ǵȐȕȈ
ǹǭǸǷǰǵǹDzǨȇ
ǪǪǭǸǽ
ǰ
Ǫǵǰǯ
Salamandra P.V.V.

ǹȍȘȗȐȕșȒȈȧ ǵ ȇ
ǪȊȍȘȝ Ȑ ȊȕȐȏ ǹȉȖȘȕȐȒ șȚȐȝȖȊ — ǩ Ȕ: Salamandra P.V.V.,
2021. — 47 c. Ȑȓȓ — (Scriptorium).
Ǫ ȒȕȐȋȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȕȣȑ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ ©ȏȊȍȏ-
ȌȖȟȒȐ ȔȖșȒȖȊșȒȖȑ ȉȖȋȍȔȣª -ȝ ȋȖȌȖȊ ȗȖȥȚȍșșȣ ȔȍȔțȈȘȐșȚȒȐ Ȑ
ȗȘȖȏȈȐȒȈ ǵ ȇ ǹȍȘȗȐȕșȒȖȑ (1893-1955) ©ǪȊȍȘȝ Ȑ ȊȕȐȏª Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȉȐȖ-
ȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȣ
© Salamandra P.V.V., ȗȖȌȋ ȚȍȒșȚȈ ȉȐȖȋȘ ȖȟȍȘȒ ȖȜȖȘȔȓ 2021

ǰǰdzǾȃ
Ƕ
ǰǻǶǵ

8
©ǴȐȘ ȕȍȖșȖȏȕȈȕ Ȑ ȒȘȍȗȖȒ
ǯȕȈȦ Ȋ ȎȍȓȈȕȤȧȝ ȔȈȓȈ
ǶșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȚȖȟȕȣȑ ȔȖȑ șȓȍȗȖȒ
ǹ ȔȍȓȖȟȤȦ ȎȍȕșȒȖȋȖ ȏȓȈª
ǰǼǵǺǼǴǻǼǿȀȊ ȀdzǽdzǾȊ
ǵȈȑȚȐ Ȧȕȣȑ ȘȖȚ ȈșȒȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐ șȎȈȚȣȑ
ǾȍȓȖȊȈȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȕȍȎȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȖșȚȣȓȐ ȗȖȞȍȓțȧȔȐ
ǿȚȖȉ ȉȣȓȈ ȊȍșȕȈ ȗȈȝȓȖ ȒȓȍȊȍȘȖȔ ȔȧȚȖȑ :
Ǩ ȍȋȖ ȌțȠȈ — ȕȈ ȒȖȓȍȕȧȝ ȗȍȓȈ ©ȈȓȓȐȓțȑȧª
ǵȍ ȉȖȓȚȈȚȤ Ȗ ȊȖȑȕȍ Ȑ ȉȘȈȚșȚȊȍ ȕȈȘȖȌȖȊ
ǰȏțȟȈȧ ȥȚț ȕȍȊȐȕȕțȦ ȒȈȒ ț ȗȍȘșȐȒȈ ȒȖȎț
ǵȈ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȏȈȔȒȕțȚȣȝ șȊȖȌȖȊ
ǬȊțȝ șȓȖȊ ȌȊțȝ ȋțȉ ȏȕȈȟȈȡȐȝ ȖȌȕȖ Ȑ ȚȖ Ȏȍ
Ǩ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȊȖȏȤȔȍȔșȧ ȏȈ ȘțȒȐ ȓȐȒțȧ
ǻ ȗȘȖȗȈșȚȐ ȓȍȋȒȐȑ ȊȈȓȤș șȚȈȕȞȖȊȈȊ ȕȈ ȚȘȈȊȍ ȗȖȌ
șȊȐșȚ ȗȚȐȞ
ǰ Ȋșȧ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȈ ȏȈȞȊȍȚȍȚ Ȋ ©ȈȓȓȐȓțȑȐª,
DzȖȋȌȈ ȉȣȚȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȏȈ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊȖ Ȕȣ ȉȘȖșȐȔșȧ ȊȕȐȏ

9
ǻ Ȕȍȕȧ ȗȖȌ ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ ȖȉȊȖȌȣ
ǹ ȒȈȎȌȣȔ ȌȕȍȔ ȉȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȓȐȞȖ,
Ǩ ȕȍȉȈ Ȋșȍ ȧȘȟȍ ȚȖȟȕȍȍ șȊȖȌȣ
ǹȖȓȕȞȍ ȘȈȏȌȊȐȋȈȍȚ ȒȖȓȤȞȖ!
Ǭȓȧ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȚȖ ȔȍȘȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȔȍȘȕȖșȚȐ
Ƕȕ ȘȈșȚȖȗȟȍȚ ȌțȠț ȔȖȦ,
ǪșȒȘȣȚțȦ ȕȍȎȕȖșȚȤȦ,
ǹȕȖȊȈ ȧ ȍȍ ȕȍ ȕȈȑȌț
ǺȈȒ ȉȍșșȔȣșȓȍȕȕȖ ȞȍȗȤ ȕȈȕȐȏȈȕȈ
ǰȏ ȕȍȕțȎȕȖȑ ȉȖȘȤȉȣ ȧ Ǫȣ
ǺȖȟȕȖ ȒȕȐȋȈ ȗȘȈȊȐȓ ȕȍ ȐȏȌȈȕȈ
ǰ ȕȍȚ ȏȈȗȈȝȈ ț ȚȘȈȊȣ"
ǹȘȍȌȐ ȏȓȣȝ Ȑ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȕȣȝ ȖȉȔȈȕȖȊ
ȇ ȗȘȐȊȣȒȓȈ — țșȚȈȓȈ ȎȌȈȚȤ
ǵȖ ȧ ȕȍ ȋȍȘȖȐȕȧ ȘȖȔȈȕȖȊ
ǷȖșȓȍ ȥȚȖȑ ȚȖȟȒȐ ȕȍ ȊșȚȈȚȤ

10
DzǾȁǴǯǮ ǴdzǻȇǶǻȉ
Ǫȣ — ȖȗȈșȕȣȑ ȗȈȘȚȕȍȘ Ȍȓȧ ȘȖȔȈȕȈ
ǩȖȓȤȠȍ ȕȍ ȉțȌț ȕȈ ǪȈș șȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ
ǹȓȐȠȒȖȔ șȚȘȈȕȕȖ ȗȘȧȕȖ Ȑ ȗȤȧȕȖ
Ǫ ȋȖȓȖȊȍ ȗȖșȓȍ ȕȈȠȐȝ ȊșȚȘȍȟ
ȅȚȖȚ ȘȖȚ, ȖȉȖȓȤșȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȒȘȈșȕȍȑ,
ǵțȎȕȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȗ ȕȍȔ ȚȖșȒȖȊȈȚȤ"
ǷțșȚȤ ȉțȌȍȚ ȗȖ ǪȈȠȍȔț — ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖ
ǬȘțȋ ȌȘțȋȈ ȌȖ ȒȖȕȞȈ ȕȍ țȏȕȈȚȤ
Ǵȣ ȉțȌȍȔ ȌȘțȏȤȧȔȐ ȔȍȘȕȖ Ȑ ȌȖȓȋȖ
ǬȘȖȎȈ ȕȍ ȕȈȚȧȕȍȔ ȕȐȚȐ ȋȓȈȏ
ǰ Ȋșȍ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȔ ȘȈȊȕȖ ȌȖȘȖȋȖ
ǵȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȊȣȗȤȍȔ ȊȌȊȖȍȔ ȏȈȘȈȏ

11
ǰdzǿǻǼǷ
ǴȖșȒȊȈ ȈȗȘȍȓȤ Ȑ ȧ ȚȘȍȊȖȎȕȈ
ǬȈ ȊȍȘȕȣȑ ȏȕȈȒ ȟȚȖ ȊȓȦȉȓȍȕȈ,
DzȈȒȈȧ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ ǵȈȔ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣ
ǹȓȖȊȈ ȗȘȖșȚȣȍ Ȇȋ ȊȍșȕȈ
ǯȐȔȖȑ ȠȍȗȚȈȓȐ: ©ȓȤȌȣȠȒȐ Ȋșȍ Ȕȣ
ǷȘȐȌȍȚ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȈȗȘȍȓȤª.
ǰ ȓȐȗȒȖ ȐȏțȟȈȧ ȋȍȔȔȣ
ǵȍ șȗȖȘȐȓȐ ȏȈ ȈȒȊȈȘȍȓȤ.
ǵȈ ȔȐȋ șȍȑȟȈș Ȕȣ ȚȈȒ țșȚȈȓȐ
ǶȚ șȚȘȖȒ ȗȖȓȖȚȍȕ Ȑ șȚȐȝȖȊ
dzȐȠȤ ȕȍȐȏȉȣȊȕȖ ȗȐȠțȚ ȌȈȓȐ
ǪȌȖȝȕȐ ȊȖȓȕȍȕȐȍ ȓȍșȖȊ

12
Ǽ ȅȁDzdzǿǻǼǺ
ǹȐȧȓȐ ȏȈȒȈȚȕȖ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȈ ǪȍȕȍȞȐȐ.
Ǫ ȓȈȋțȕȈȝ ȚȖȕȒȖ ȏȍȓȍȕȍȓȈ ȊȖȌȈ
ȀȍȗȚȈȓ Ȗȕ ©ǹ ȚȈȒȐȔȐ ȋțȉȈȔȐ dzțȒȘȍȞȐȐ
ǵȍ șȚȈȕȍȚȍ ȔȖȕȈȝȐȕȍȑ — ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈª
DzȈȟȈȓȐșȤ șȓȖȊȈ ȒȈȒ ȜȖȕȈȘȐȒȐ ȎȍȓȚȣȍ
Ǫ ȚȧȋțȟțȦ ȚȖȗȤ ȗȖȋȘțȎȈȧ ȋȓȈȏȈ
ǷȘȍȎȌȍ ȓȦȉȐȊȠȐȍ ȊȊȍȘȚȣȊȈȓȐ ȔȍȘȚȊȣȍ
ǮȍȓȈȕȐȍ ȚȖȕȟȍȑ ȖșȚȘȐȧ ȕȖȎȈ
DzțȌȈ-ȚȖ ȗȘȖȊȈȓȐȊȈȓȖșȤ ©ȧª ǴȖșȒȖȊșȒȖȍ
ǿȍȘȚȧȡȍȍ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȕȈ țȋȓȣ ȒȘțȋȐ
ǰ ȉțȌȚȖ ȏȈȗȍȓȈ ȈȘȐȦ Ȑȏ ©ǺȖșȒȐª ȧ,
Ǫ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȒȈȟȈȕȤȍ ȐȚȈȓȤȧȕșȒȖȑ ȓȦȉȊȐ

13
ǿǾdzDzǻdzǰdzǸǼǰȉdz ǺǼǵǮǶǸǶ
ǯȖȓȖȚȖ ȗȘȧȕȖȍ șȐȕȍȍ șȐȕȍȍ
dzȐȕȐȐ șȚȘȈȕȕȖ ȗȘȖșȚȣ
ǿȐșȚȖ ȕȈȐȊȕȣȍ ȌȍȚșȒȐȍ ȓȐȞȈ
ǫȓȈȏȈ ȊȍȓȐȒȐ ȒȈȒ ȞȊȍȚȣ.
ǿȍȚȒȐ ȚȖȟȕȖ ȗțȋȓȐȊȣȍ ȗȚȐȞȣ
ǸțȒȐ ȊȏȔȍȚȕțȊȠȐșȤ ȉȓȍȌȕȣ
Ǫ ȒțȗȖȓȍ ȕȍȉȖ Ȋșȍ șȐȕȍȍ șȐȕȍȍ
Ǵȣ ȊȌȊȖȍȔ Ȕȣ ȖȌȕȐ
DzȈȔȕȐ ȌȘȍȊȕȐȍ șȚȈȘȣȍ șȚȈȘȣȍ
ǺȘȖȕ ȋȌȍ ǨȚȐȓȓȈ șȐȌȍȓ
ǯȕȈȟȈȚșȧ ȟțȚȤ ȗȘȐȔȐȚȐȊȕȖ ȒȖȘȧȊȣȍ
ǷȈȓȤȔȣ — ȓȐȕȍȑȕȣȑ ȗȘȍȌȍȓ
dzȐșȚȤȧ ȜȘȐȏȣ ȒȖȓȖȕȕȣ ȖȉȓȖȔȒȐ
ǮȍșȚȣ șȊȧȚȣȝ ȏȈȊȐȚȣ
ǺȖȓȤȒȖ șȊȍȘȒȈȦȚ șȚȍȘȚȣȍ ȒȖȘȖȕȒȐ
Ǩ ȕȈȌ ȕȐȔȐ șȐȕȍȦȚ ȒȘȍșȚȣ

14
ǰ ǼȀǰdzȀ ǻǮ ǼȀǸǾȉȀǸȁ Ƕǵ ǽdzǾǿǶǶ
ǺȐȝȖ ȗȘȖȟȓȈ ©ȅȕȏȍȓȐª
ǷȖȕȦȝȈȊ ȗȍȘșȐȌșȒțȦ ȔȈȘȒț
ǸȈȌȖșȚȕȖ ȔȣșȓȐ ȚȍȒȓȐ
Dz ȊȖșȚȖȟȕȖȔț ȧȘȒȖ ȔȈȘȒȖȔț
ǵȐȚȐ ȕȍȏȕȈȕȕȖȑ ȏȍȔȓȐ
ǺȧȕțȓȐșȤ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ Ȑȏ ȒȥȉȈȊȕȐ
ǹ ȒȖȜȍ Ǫȣ ȚȈȔ Ȋ ȅȕȏȍȓȐ
ǹȟȈșȚȓȐȊȍȞ ȊșȍȔț ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȣ
Ǫȣ ȗȘȐȊȍȏȐȚȍ ȠȍȘȉȍȚ
ǰ ȌȎȈȕȖȎȈȜȐȓ ȟțȚȤ ȧȕȚȈȘȕȣȑ
DzȈȎȌȈȧ șȚȘȖȟȒȈ ȖȚȊȍȚ:
ǴȖșȒȖȊșȒȖȍ — ȝțȎȍ ȒȖȊȈȘȕȍȑ
ǹȚȘȖȜȣ Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȍ ȕȈȠȓȐ
ǯȈȌȈȊȓȍȕȈ ȔȍȓȒȖ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȣȔ
ǯȕȈȦ ȟȚȖ ȚȈȔ Ȋ ȅȕȏȍȓȐ
ǹȚȐȝȐ Ȗ ȘȈșȞȊȍȚȐȐ ȦȎȕȖȔ
ǺȐȝȖ ȗȘȖȟȓȈ ©ȅȕȏȍȓȐ»,
ǷȖȕȦȝȈȊ ȗȍȘșȐȌșȒțȦ ȔȈȘȒț
ǸȈȌȖșȚȕȖ ȔȣșȓȐ ȚȍȒȓȐ
Dz ȊȖșȚȖȟȕȖȔț ȧȘȒȖ ȔȈȘȒȖȔț

15
ǹȌǯǶǺǮȍ ȂǮǻȀǮǵǶȍ
ǪșȧȒȐȑ ȊȍȟȍȘ ȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȔ ȗȓȈȚȒȖȔ ȗȖȒȘȣȊȈȦ ȗȖșȚȍȓȤ ȧ
ǶȚȒȘȣȊȈȦ șȚȘȈȕȐȞȣ ǫȖȕȒțȘȖȊ ȧȗȖȕȞȍȊ ǫȖȚȤȍ
ǯȈȉȣȊȈȧ ȊȖȑȕț Ȋ ȖȌȐȕȖȒȖ ȓȍȚȧȡȍȔ ȊȍșȍȓȤȍ
ǷțȚȍȠȍșȚȊțȦ ș ǪȈȔȐ Ȋ ȗȍȘșȐȌșȒȖȑ ȕȈ ȔȐȘȕȖȑ ȏȍȔȓȍ
ǷȖȌ ȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȔ ȗȓȈȚȒȖȔ ȖȗȈȌȈȍȚ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȖȍ DzțȓȤȚȣ
ǨșȊȈȋȖȠȐ ǨșȚȈȘȚȣ Ȑ ǩțȌȌȣ șȊȐȊȈȦ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖ
ǷțșȚȤ «șȍȋȖȌȕȧ ȒȐȊȕȍȚª ȒȈȒ ȕȈ ȗȍȘșȖȊ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȣȍ ȚțȘȒȐ,
ǿȚȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȗȈșșȐȊȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȔȍȘȚȊȖ ȕȍ ȕȖȊȖ
ǹȖȉȓȈȏȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ șȓȈȌȒȖ ȒȈȟȈȚȤșȧ ȊȌȊȖȍȔ ȕȈ ȊȍȘȉȓȦȌȈȝ
ǷȘȐȎȐȔȈȚȤșȧ Ǫ ȔȍȟȚȈȝ ǪȈȠ ȘȈșȞȊȍȚȕȖ–ȘȈșȠȐȚȣȑ ȒȖșȚȦȔ
ǸȈȏȕȖȚȖȕȍȕ ȓȐȠȤ ș ȕȍȉȖȔ ǰ ȜȐȕȐȒȐ ȌȈȑȚȍ ȐȓȤ ȋțȉȣ
Ǩȝ ȘȈșȚȈȧȓ ȐȔȉȐȘȕȣȑ ș ȗȖȔȈȌȒȖȑ Ȓțȗȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȘȈȝȈȚ-ȓțȒțȔ

16
Ǫȣ ȕȍ ȕȈȏȊȈȓȐ ©ȓȦȉȖȊȤª ȗȖ ȗȍȘșȐȌșȒȐ
ǺȈȒȎȍ ȞȊȍȚȣ ȗȖȞȍȓțȑ ȓțȕȈ
ǰ ȗȖ ȊȈȠȐȔ ȒȘȈȚȒȐȔ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȒȈȔ
ȇ ȊșȒȘȣȊȈȓȈ ǷȍȘșȐȦ șȖȊșȍȔ ȖȌȕȈ
ǯȕȈȦ: ȊȚȧȕțȊȠȐ ȐȏȊȐȊȣ ǽȐȘȤȧȒȐ,
ǴȖȎȕȖ șȊȍȘȕțȚȤșȧ țȗȈșȚȤ ȌȖ ȌȕȈ.
ǷȘȖȗȐȠȐȚȍ ©ǵȍȘȊȕȖșȚȤ ȒȘȐȊȓȧȒȐ
ǷȖȓȍȟȐȚȤ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȕȈȚȖȡȈȒ șȖ șȕȈ».
ǫȘȍȎț ȊȐȌȕȍȓȐșȤ șȒȊȖȏȤ ȗȓȈȔȧ ȒțȘȐȓȤȕȐ
ǸȖȏȖȊȖșȚȤ ȊȐȠȍȕ Ȑ ȧȕȚȈȘȐ
ǪȈȠȐ ȋțȉȣ ȉȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ șȐȓȤȕȣȍ
DzȈȒ ȐȏȖȋȕțȚȖ ȖșȚȘȣȍ ȎȋȓȐ ȔȍȟȐ
ǵȍȉȖ șȋțȡȍȕȕȖ-ȜȐȈȓȒȖȊȣȔ ȞȊȍȚȖȔ
ǸȍȏȈȓȖșȤ șȊȍȚȖȔ ȖȚ ȜȖȕȈȘȍȑ,
ǵȈ ȞȣȕȖȊȒȍ Ȕȣ ȉȍȏ ȖȚȊȍȚȈ
ǸȈșȚȖȗȐȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȟțȌȖȊȐȡȕȖșȚȐ Ȋȍȡȍȑ

17
ǯȈȟȍȔ, ȕȈȟȈȊ ș ȝȖȓȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȊȘȈȚȈ
Ǫȣ șȍȘȌȞȍ țȊȍȓȐ Ȓ ǷȍȚȘȈȘȒȐ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈȔ
ǶȚȒțȌȈ ȕȍȚ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȖȋȖ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȚȈ
Dz ȖȗȘȖȏȈȐȟȍȕȕȣȔ ȌȍȓȈȔȐ șȒțȟȕȣȔ ȌȕȧȔ
DzȈȒ ȏȈȓȍȟȐȚȤ ȕȍȕțȎȕțȦ ȘȈșȚȘȈȚț
ǷȖȘȣȊȖȊ ȐșȒȘȍȕȕȐȝ Ȑ ȊȍȘȧȡȐȝ șȚȖȓȤ ǪȈȔ
ǻșȔȍȠȒȖȑ țȔȕȖ ȏȓȖȑ țȒȘȣȚȤ țȚȘȈȚț
ǷȖȑȚȐ ȗȘȖșȚȣȔ ȗțȚȍȔ ȕȍȗȘȣȋȈȊȠȐȝ Ȑȏ ȘȈȔ"
ǽȖȚȍȓȐ Ǫȣ Ȕȕȍ ȖȚȖȔșȚȐȚȤ ȉȣȚȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ
ǯȈ ȔȖȓȖȌȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȐȚȤ ȒȈȒ ȋȓȖȎȍȚ
ǪȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȤȍ ȗȖ ȐȕȣȔ ȕȍ ȉȣȊȠȐȔ șȕȈȔ
ǯȈȟȍȔ ȕȍ șȖȏȌȈȓȐ șȍȉȍ ȔȍȟȚȈȔȐ
Ǫ ȗȖȚȖȒȍ ȟțȊșȚȊ ȔȖȐȝ ȗȤȧȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȘȖȔȈȕ
ǹ ȎȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȐȔȐ ȓțȟȈȔȐ

18
©ǽǼǻȍȀȉdz ǽǼǶǿǸǶª
ǴȖȧ Ȋȍșȍȕȕȧȧ ȊȓȦȉȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤ
ǹȚȐȝȐ Ȗ ǷȍȘșȐȐ Ȗ ǪȈș
ǰ ȊȍȘȕȖ — Ȋșȧ Ȑȝ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ
ǵȍ Ȍȓȧ ȕȈȘȖȌȕȣȝ ȏȕȈȦ ȔȈșș
Ǩ Ǫȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȏȈȗȤȧȕȐȓȈ
ȇ Ȋșȍ ȉȖȒȈȓȣ Ȍȓȧ Șȍȟȍȑ
Ǫȣ Ȕȕȍ șȒȈȏȈȓȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ©ȔȐȓȖ
ǵȖ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȕȍȚ ȚȈȒȐȝ Ȋȍȡȍȑª
ǺȖȋȌȈ șȚȈȘȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȖșȓțȠȕȖ
ǯȈ ©ȘȍȈȓȐȏȔȖȔª ȧ ȗȖȠȓȈ
ǹȚȐȘȈȧ ©ȕȈȒȐȗȤ ȘȈȊȕȖȌțȠȤȧª
Ǫ ȕȍȔ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȖȗȣȚȈ ȕȈȠȓȈ
ǵȖ șȟȈșȚȤȧ ȕȍȚ ǰ Ȋșȍ ȟȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ
ǽȖȚȤ-ȉȣ ȉȘȍȌ ȐȓȓȦȏȐȑ șȕȈ
Ǵȕȍ ȕțȎȕȖ ȊȍȟȕȣȔ ȖșȊȧȚȐȓȖșȤ
DzȈȒ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȋȖȌ — ȊȍșȕȈ
ǴȈȑ 

19
ǽǶǸǶȀǰǭ dzǭǺǨ
ȅȚȖȚ ȊȍȟȍȘ ȚȈȒ ȊȒȘȈȗȓȍȕ Ȕȕȍ Ȋ ȗȈȔȧȚȤ
ǯȈȗȈȝ ȌȍȋȚȧ, ȚȘȈȊȣ Ȑ ȊȖȌȣ...
ǷțșȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȔȐȓȖ ȗȘȖșȚȖȍ Ȑ ȒȈȕȍȚ
ǺȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȉȍȏȔȧȚȍȎȕȖșȚȤ ȕȈȑȚȐ.
ǩȍȓȖȊȍȓȐ ȞȍȘȒȖȊȕȣȍ șȚȍȕȣ
ǬțȓȐ Ȉȕȋȍȓȣ ȊȍȚȘȧȕȖ Ȋ ȘȖȋ
ǿȚȖȉ ȐȦȕȤșȒȐȍ ȊȐȓȐșȤ ȊȍȘȉȍȕȣ
ǷȘȐșȚȈȕȤ ȒȘȈșȐȓ ȓțȉȖȟȕȖ ȕȈȘȖȌ
ȇ șȐȌȍȓȈ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȖ ț ȓȖȌȒȐ
DzȘȍȗȒȐȔ șȖȓȕȞȍȔ ȗȘȖȕȏȧșȤ ȒȈȒ ȗȍșȖȒ
DzȐșȚȤȦ ȔȍȘȕȖȑ ȗȖ ȕȖȊȖȔț ȒȘȖȚȒȖȑ
ǪșȈșȣȊȈȧ ȚȍȔȕȍȦȡȐȑ șȚȖȋ

20
©DZǼǿȀǶ ǰ ǿǮDzȁª
©ǵȈȌȗȐșȤ Ȓ ȗȖȘȚȘȍȚțª
dz ǫ Ǩ
ǪȍȘȈȕȌȈ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȌȍȘȍȊȍȕșȒȖȋȖ ȌȖȔȈ
ǷȖȌ ȕȐȚȒȖȑ ȕȍșȊȍȎȍȑ ȓțȕȣ
ǷȘȍȘȣȊȐșȚȣȑ șȗȖȘ Ȗ ȘȈșȗțȚșȚȊȍ ǹȖȌȖȔȈ,
ǹ ȏȈȋȈȌȒȖȑ Ȋ ȋțȉȈȝ — Ǫȣ...

21
ǰǽdzȅǮȀǹdzǻǶdz dzǵDzȉ
Ǫ ȒȈȘȍȚȒȍ ȌȊțȝșȚȊȖȘȟȈȚȖȑ
ǭȌț ȧ
ǴȖȧ ȦȉȒȈ ȟțȚȤ ȔȖȘȡȐȚșȧ
ǵȍ ȊȍȌȈȧ.
ǶȕȈ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ ȏȈȋȕțȚȈ
Ǫ ȘȈȏȘȍȏ ȟțȓȒȈ
ǶșȚȘȣȔ ȒȘȐȒȖȔ ȖȉȔȈȕțȚȈ
ǬțȠȈ ȌȖ ȏȓȈ
DzȈȒ ȚȈȕȞțȍȚȍ ȒȘȈșȐȊȖ
ǺȈȕȋȖ Ǫȣ
ǰ șȒȖȓȤȏȐȚȍ ȓȍȕȐȊȣȑ
ǶȘȈȕȎȍȊȣȑ!

22
 ȀǮǻǸǶ
ǵȈ ȗȖȐșȒȈȝ «ȧª
ǶȚȖȔȐȚșȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ
ǯȕȈȒ ȘȖȏȖȊȣȔȐ
ǵȖȋȚȧȔȐ ȞȈȘȈȗȈȧ
ǵȈ ȖȒȕȍ ȔȈȋȈȏȐȕȈ
ǴȖȘȖȎȍȕȖ Ȕȕȍ
ǯȐȔȖȑ ǵȦȝȈȦ ȏȍȓȍȕȤ
ǰ ȞȊȍȚ ȧȉȓȖȕȐ.
ǩȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȖ DzȈȘȚȐȕȣ
ǴȖȍȑ ȒȘȈșȒȐ — ȊȌȘțȋ ȗȈȝȕțȚ"

23
ǻdzǺǻǼDZǼ ǿȀǮǾǼDZǼ ǾǼǺǮǻǮ
Ǫȣ Ȓ ȕȈȔ șȖȠȓȐ ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ Ȑȏ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȐȝ ȒȕȐȎȍȒ,
ǫȌȍ ȓȖȘȌ Ȑ ȓȥȌȐ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ȊȒțșȕȖ ȗȐȓȐ ȟȈȑ
ǹȍȑȟȈș ȕȍȚ ǬȐȒȒȍȕșȈ ȕȖ ȏȈ Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȈȕȐȎȍȚ
ǭȋȖ ȘȈșșȒȈȏ ǪȈȠ Ǭțȝ ȓȍȚȧȡȐȑ Ȋ șȊȍȚȓȣȑ ȒȘȈȑ
ǰ ǪȈȠȐ ȓȖȒȖȕȣ șȐȧȕȤȍ ȕȈȌ țșȚȈȓȣȔ
ǵȈȊȍȘȕȖ ȎȐȏȕȤȦ ȕȍȏȈȟȍȘȟȍȕȕȣȔ ȓȐȞȖȔ
ǰ șȒȘȖȔȕȖșȚȤ țȏȒȐȝ ȘțȒ ȓȍȋȒȖ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȣȝ ȔȈȓȣȔ
ǵȈ ȜȖȕȍ ©ȌȍȊțȠȍȒ șȒȓȖȕȍȕȕȣȝ Ȋ ȊȖȌȖȍȔª
ǸȍȏȕȈȧ ȌȊȍȘȤ ȒȈȔȐȕ Ȑ ȚȐȠȐȕȈ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȣ
Ǫ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȕȍȚ ©ǴȖșȒȊȣª Ȉ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȋȐȔȕ ȌțȠȐ
ǴȍȟȚȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȋ șȍȉȍ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ șȐȘȖȚȓȐȊȖȑ
ǬȈ Ǫȣ Ȋșȧ ȥȚȖ ȔțȌȘȈȧ Ȑ Ȕȣ ȗȘȐȌȍȔ Ȓ Țȍȉȍ
ȇ șȒȊȍȘȕȈȧ ȚȡȍșȓȈȊȕȈȧ ȕȍȊȍȘȕȖ-ȏȓȈȧ
DzȐȗȧȡȈȧ Ȋ ȒȘțȋț șȍȋȖȌȕȧȠȕȐȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ
ȇ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈȔȐ ȗȈȌȈȦ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȊșȚȈȊȈȧ
ǪșȦ ȕȈȠț ȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȟțȊșȚȊțȦ ȉȖȓȤȕȍȑ

24
ȅȁDzǼ
DzȘȈșȕȖȍ ȊȏȘȍȧȓȖ Ȋ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȈȝ
ǵȈȌ ȗȘȖșȚȣȔȐ șȍȘȣȔȐ ȔțȕȌȐȘȈȔȐ
ǷȖȏȈȉȣȊ ȗȖȝȖȌȒț șȈȓȖȕȖȊ
Ǵȣ ȉȍȎȐȔ ȊȕȍȏȈȗȕȖ șȚȈȊ ȒȘȈșȐȊȣȔȐ
ǹȍȘȌȞȍ ȕȈȗȘȧȎȍȕȖ ȌȖ șȚȘȈșȚȐ
ǷȘȍȌȘȈșșȊȍȚȕȖ ȒȘȈșȕȈȧ ȏȖȊȍȚ ȗȓȖȡȈȌȤ
Ƕ ȔȍȟȚȈ Ȗ ȊșȍȖȉȡȍȔ șȟȈșȚȤȐ —
Ǫȕȍ DzȘȍȔȓȧ ȋȌȍ șȋȕȐȊȈȦȚ ȔȖȡȐ

25
ȇ ȕȍ ȗȖȔȕȦ ȕȈȐȏțșȚȤ ȌȍȒȘȍȚȖȊ
ǿȈșȚȖ ȕȍ ȟȐȚȈȦ ȋȈȏȍȚ
ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȏȕȈȦ ȟȚȖ ǹȖȊȍȚȣ
ǶȏȈȘȧȚ ȕȖȊȣȔ șȟȈșȚȤȍȔ șȊȍȚ
ǰ ȒȖȋȌȈ țȓȣȉȈȦȚșȧ ȒȘȐȊȖ
«ǫȖȓȖȌ ȘȈȏȘțȝȈ ȊȖȑȕȈ»,
ǷȖȊȍȘȝ ȋȖȓȖȊ ȊȐȎț ȌȐȊȕȖȍ
ǺȘȍȗȣȝȈȕȤȍ ȏȕȈȔȍȕ ȉȍȏ ȒȖȕȞȈ.
ǩțȌȍȚ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȖȍȌț ȗȖ șȊȍȚț
ǷȘȖȊȍȘȧȚȤ șȊȖȑ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȐȑ ȌȈȘ
ǪȐȎț ȕȈ ȕȍȉȍ ȒȖȔȍȚț,
ǪȖȏȊȍȡȈȦȡțȦ ȗȖȎȈȘ

26
ǰ ǼȀȅǮȍǻǶǶ ǰǿdzȃ
ǹȕȍȎȕȣȍ ȌȍȘȍȊȤȧ ȓȖȔȈȦȚșȧ
Ǫ ȕȈȠȐȝ ȌțȠȈȝ ȔȖȘȖȏ
ǻȓȐȞȣ ȖșȊȍȡȈȦȚșȧ
ǶȚȉȓȍșȒȖȔ șȔȍȘȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȒȖș
ǷȈȌȈȦ ȊȕȐȏ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȕȣȍ
ǩȍȏ ȗȓȈȔȍȕȐ ǩȖȋȈ șȓȖȊȈ
ǰ ȗȖȥȚȣ șȓțȟȈȑȕȣȍ
ǹȊȐșȚȧ ȗȓȦȦȚ Ȋ ȖȉȓȈȒȈ
ǹȚȈȕțȚ ȧȉȓȖȕȐ ȉȍȓȣȔȐ
Ǫ ȘȈȌȖșȚȐ ȊȍșȍȕȕȐȝ ȊșȚȘȍȟ
ǵȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȉȍȏțȌȍȘȎȕȖ șȔȍȓȣȍ
ǹțȔȍȦȚ șȍȉȧ șȉȍȘȍȟȤ

27
ǿǸȁǸǮ
ǶȉȈȓȌȍȓȣȍ ȓȦȌȐ ȚȧȕțȚ șȈȓȈȏȒȐ
©ǷȖȓȍȕȖ, ȒȈȘȚȖȜȍȓȤ ȝȓȍȉª
ǸȈȏȊȍ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȚȤ șȒȈȏȒȐ
ǴȖȎȍȚ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȑ ȗȖȥȚ"
ǵȍȚ ȧ ȕȈȒȘȖȦ ǪȈș ȉȘȖȕȍȑ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ,
ǫțȉȈȔȐ ȗȘȐȎȔțșȤ Ȓ ȋțȉȈȔ
ǰ Ȕȕȍ ȒȈȒ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȘȈȌȖșȚȕȖ ȟțȊșȚȊȖ
ǹȉȘȖșȐȚȤ ȚȘȍȏȊțȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȓ șȊȖȐȔ ȕȖȋȈȔ
ǰ ȔȐ ȖȚȖȋȘȍȍȔșȧ Ȋ ȦȎȕȣȝ șȚȘȈȕȈȝ
ǪȌȖȝȕȍȔ ȈȘȖȔȈȚ ȊȒțșȕȍȑȠȐȝ ȞȊȍȚȖȊ
ȇ ȗțșȚȤ ȞȍȕȖȑ șȈȔȖȖȉȔȈȕȈ
ǩțȌȍȔ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȣ — șȟȈșȚȤȍȔ șȕȖȊ

28
ǰdzǿdzǻǻȍȍ ǰǮǸȃǮǻǮǹǶȍ
ȀțȚȖȟȕȣȑ ȘȖȔȈȕș
ǹȚȈȕȍȔ șȖȊșȍȔ șțȔȈșȠȍȌȠȐȔȐ
ǯȈȉțȌȍȔ ȚȘȍȏȊȖșȚȤ ȌȍȓȈ
ǸȈȏ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȔȍȘȚȐ ȗȘȍȌȠȍșȚȊțȍȚ
ǸȈȌȖșȚȤ șȖȓȕȞȍ ȊȍșȕȈ.
ǷțșȚȤ ȔȐȘȖȊȣȍ șȖȉȣȚȐȧ
ǷțșȚȤ DzȖȓȟȈȒȐ Ȑ ȊȖȑȕȈ
ǹȍȑȟȈș ȔȖȋț ȓȐȠȤ ȓȦȉȐȚȤ ȧ,
ǽȖȚȧ-ȉ ȘȈșșȚȘȍȓȧȓȐ Ȕȍȕȧ.
ǺȧȕȍȚ ȏȍȔȓȧ ȗȓȍȕȍȕȕȈȧ
ǰȏ-ȗȖȌ ȒȈȔȕȍȑ ȔȖșȚȖȊȣȝ
ǹȒȖȘȖ ȧ ȉțȌț șȗȈȓȍȕȕȖȑ
dzȦȉȖȊȤȦ șȍȘȌȍȞ ȗȘȖșȚȣȝ
ǹȚȈȕȍȔ șȖȊșȍȔ șțȔȈșȠȍȌȠȐȔȐ
ǯȈȉțȌȍȔ ȚȘȍȏȊȖșȚȤ ȌȍȓȈ
ǸȈȏ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȔȍȘȚȐ ȗȘȍȌȠȍșȚȊțȍȚ
ǸȈȌȖșȚȤ șȖȓȕȞȍ ȊȍșȕȈ

29
ǰdzǿdzǻǻdzdz ǰ DZǼǾǼDzdz
Ǩ ǹ ǺȐȘȚȈȌȖȊț
ǹȕȖȊȈ șȖȓȕȞȍȔ ȌțȠȈ ȏȈȝȊȈȟȍȕȈ
ǵȈȌȖ ȊșȍȔ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȍșȚȤ ȊȍșȕȈ.
ǹȍȘȌȞȍ ȘȈȕȖ ȐșȚȘȈȟȍȕȖ
ǵȖ ȏȕȈȦ — ȓȦȉȖȊȤ ȕțȎȕȈ
ǮȌț șȗȈșȍȕȤȧ ȏȍȓȍȕȣȝ ȓȐșȚȤȍȊ,
ǺȖȓȟȈșȤ Ȋ ȚȘȍȊȖȎȕȖȑ ȚȖșȒȍ
ǵȈȟȈȓȐ șȚȐȝȐ ȓȐȚȤșȧ
ǿȚȖȉ șȒȘȣȚȤ ȟȚȖ șȖȓȕȞȍ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ
ǪȐȎț ǪȈș ȚȈȒȐȔ ȟȐșȚȖ ȕȈȐȊȕȣȔ
ǹ șȊȖȐȔ ȒȖȓȓȍȒȚȐȊȖȔ ȓȦȌȍȑ
ǿȚȖ ȘȈȏȊȍȘȚȣȊȈȚȤ ș ǪȈȔȐ ȋȐȔȕȣ
ǹȚȈȕț Ȋ ȟȍșȚȤ ȏȖȓȖȚȐșȚȣȝ Ȍȕȍȑ
ǩțȌțȚ ȟȈșȣ ȗȘȍȌȊȍșȍȕȕȐȍ
Ǫ șȚȖȘȖȕȍ șȚȘȖȋȐȝ ȐȌȍȑ
ǵȈș ȖȉȢȧȊȧȚ ȗȓȍȕȕȣȔȐ
ǩȍșșȔȣșȓȍȕȕȖ șȓȈȌȒȐȝ șȚȘȈșȚȍȑ
1918

30
ǺȉǿǹǶǺǮȍ ǰdzǿǻǮ
ǹȗȖȒȖȑȕȣȔ șȟȈșȚȤȍȔ ȊȕȖȊȤ ȖȏȖȘȍȕȈ
ǪȖȚ ȒȕȐȋȐ șȚȖȓ ȔȖȍ ȗȍȘȖ
ǵȈȗȘȈșȕȖ ȧ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȓȈ ȏȖȘȐ ȕȈ
ǼȓȐȘȚȖ-ȊȍȟȍȘȈȝ ȐȋȘȖȑ ș ǷȤȍȘȖ
ǺȍȒțȚ ȌȍȘȍȊȤȧ ȕȈȌ șȚȘȈȕȐȞȈȔȐ
ǰ ȏȈȏȍȓȍȕȍȕȕȈȧ ǵȖȊȤ
ǴțȌȘȍȕȕȖ ȟȐșȚȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȐȚșȧ
ǶȚ ȊȣȊȍȘȚȖȊ ȘȈȏȘȣȊȕȣȝ Ȋ ȒȘȖȊȤ
ǬȖ ȦȋȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗțȚȍȠȍșȚȊȐȍ
Ǵȕȍ ȔȍȘȕȖ șȕȐȚșȧ ȗȖ ȕȖȟȈȔ
ǫȖȘȧ ȊȓȦȉȓȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȈȏȌȕȖ ȠȍșȚȊțȍȔ
ǪȌȊȖȍȔ ȗȖ ȧȘȒȐȔ ȋȖȘȖȌȈȔ
ǰȓȤ ȥȚȖ ǰȕȌȐȧ ȐȓȤ ǷȍȘșȐȧ
ǵȖ ȏȖȊȕȖ ȎȍȓȚȖȊȍȍȚ șȊȍȚ,
DzȖȋȌȈ ȒȓȖȕȦ șȊȖȐȔ ȗȘȐȊȍȚșȚȊȐȍȔ
ǵȍȏȕȈȍȔȖȑ ȓȦȉȊȐ ȖȚșȊȍȚ
ǰ ȖȗȈȝȈȓȈȔȐ ȒȈȒ ȌȖșȔȈȔȐ *,
ǵȈȌ ȕȈȔȐ ȘȍȦȚ ȌȊȈ ȞȊȍȚȒȈ,
DzȈȒ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ șȚȈȓȈ ȧ ȕȍȔȖȌȕȖȦ
ǯȈȟȍȔ Ȏȍ ȥȚȈ ǪȍȟȕȖșȚȤ — șȕȈ"
* Ɍɚɤ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɉɪɢɦ ɪɟɞ.). ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɬɨɹɬɶ ©ɤɨɫɦɚɦɢª

31
ǽǾǼǯǹdzǿǸǶ
ǹȒȖȘȖ ȊȍșȕȈ ǩȓȖȒȈȌȣ șȕȧȚȣ
ǷȘȐȍȌțȚ ȚȖȊȈȘȣ — ȞȊȍȚȣ ȊȐȚȘȐȕ
ǹ ȌțȠ șȗȈȌȍȚ ȒȈȒ ș ȖȒȖȕ ȊȈȚȈ
ǵȣȚȤȍ ȟȚȖ ȚȧȕțȓȖ Ȋ ȚȖȗȤ ȕȐȏȐȕ
Ǵȣ ȗȖȍȌȍȔ Ȓ ǰșȗȈȕȐȦ, DzȈȐȘ DzȈȓȤȒțȚȚț,
ǯȈȗȤȧȕȐȔșȧ șȖȓȕȞȍȔ ȔȖȘȍȔ ȊȐȕȖȔ
ǰ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ Ȕȣ ȎȐȓȐ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖ ȧȒțȚȈȔ
ǶȚȧȎȍȓȐȚ ȓȐȠȤ ȐșȚȖȘȐȒȈ ȚȖȔ.
ǹȒȖȘȖ ȊȍșȕȈ ǹȊȍȘȒȈȦȚ ȓȈȚȣ
ǵȈ ȗȍȘȊȣȝ ȗȖșȓȈȕȕȐȒȈȝ ǹȖȊȕȈȘȝȖȏ
Ǫ DzȖȗȍȕȋȈȋȍȕȍ ȖȕȐ ȉțȌțȚ ȒȘȣȓȈȚȣ
Ǫ ȒȘȈșȕȖȔ ȕȖ ȔȐȘȕȖȔ ȊȍȕȒȍ Ȑȏ ȘȖȏ
ǴȈȘȚ 1920

32
ȂǹȌǶDzȉ ǰǼǵDzȁȃǮ
ǵȈȘȒȖȔȊȕȍȠȚȖȘȋț
Ǫȣ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȍȚȍ ȘȣȕȒȈȔȐ
ǹȍȊȍȘȈ ǪȖșȚȖȒȈ ǯȈȗȈȌȈ
ǸțșșȒȐȝ ș ȒțșȚȈȘȕȣȔȐ ȒȘȣȕȒȈȔȐ
ǪȖȓȤȍȚȍ Ȋ ȔȈȠȐȕȣ ǯȈȗȈȌȈ
ǷțȚȐ ȒȈȘȈȊȈȕȈȔ ȊșȒȘȖȍȚȍ
ǹ ȝȓȖȗȒȖȔ ȘȐșȖȔ ȉȈȕȈȕȈȔȐ
DzȘȈșȕȖȍ ȊȏȘȍȍȚ ȉȍȏ ȒȘȖȊȐ
ǵȈȌ ȌȈȓȍȒȐȔȐ șȚȘȈȕȈȔȐ
Ǫȣ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȍȚȍ ȘȣȕȒȈȔȐ
ǹȍȊȍȘȈ ǪȖșȚȖȒȈ ǯȈȗȈȌȈ
DzȈȒ ȎȌțȡȈȧ șȖȓȕȞȈ ȉȣȓȐȕȒȈ
ǷȘȐȊȍȚșȚȊțȦ ȗȘȖȘȣȊ ȕȈ ȏȈȗȈȌ
ǨȗȘȍȓȤ 

33
Mȣ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȓȐșȤ ȒȈȒ ȌȊȈ ȊȘȈȋȈ ȕȈ ȗȈȓțȉȍ ȉȍȏțȔȐȑ
DzȘțȋȖȔ ȘȍȊȍȓ ȊȏȔȍȚȍȕȕȣȝ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȑ ȠȒȊȈȓ
Ǫ ȕȍȔ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȕȍȒȖȋȌȈ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȎȕȖșȚȐ ȘȈȏȌțȔȤȧ
ǰ șȘȈȏț ȊȘȈȋ ȊȘȈȋȈ țȗȖȘȕȖ ȞȍȓȖȊȈȓ
ǵȖ ȊșȗȓȣȓȐ ȖȚȏȊțȒȐ ȚȖșȒȐ ȗȖ ȗȈȓȤȔȈȔ ǫȖȕȖȓțȓț
ǰ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȒȈȒȈȌț ȗȘȖȊȐȌȍȓȐ ȊȖșȝȖȌ
DzȈȒȐȝ-ȚȖ Ȧȕȣȝ șȓȖȊ ȕȍ ȏȈȒȘȍȗȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȋȘțȉȖ
ǩȖȘȤȉȖȑ ȋȌȍ ȎȌțȚ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȐȒ ȐȏȕȍȔȖȋ
ǰ ȊȖȚ țȎ ȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȖ ȒȈȟȈȧșȤ Ȋ ȘȖȏȖȊȖȔ ȞȊȍȚȍȕȤȍ
ǵȈȠ ȒȈȒȈȌț șȊȍȘȋȈȓ șȓȍȗȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ șȕȖȗȖȔ
ǫȖȘȚȈȕȕȣȔ ȋȖȊȖȘȖȔ Ȗȕ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȓ ȕȈȔ ȚȍȕȐ
ǺȈȕȞțȦȡȐȝ ȔțșȔȥ ȕȈ ȉȍȘȍȋț ȔȖȘșȒȖȔ
Ǵȣ ȏȈȒȘțȎȐȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȚȈȒȚ ȗȖȌ ȔȍȘȕȣȍ ȕȈȗȍȊȣ ȉȖȧ,
ǰ ȏȈȗȈȝ ȖȓȍȈȕȌȘ ȋȊȖȏȌȐȒȐ ȈȓȖȥ
ǷȘȖȕȐȏȣȊȈȓ ȕȈșȒȊȖȏȤ ȘȐȚȔȐȟȕȖ șȓȈȌȒȖ ȊȚȖȘȧ
ǹ ȠȍȓȒȈȔȐ ȗȘȈȏȌȕȐȒȈ ȓȐȒțȦȡȐȝ ȔțșȔȥ..
Ǵȣ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȓȐșȤ ȒȈȒ ȌȊȈ ȊȘȈȋȈ ȕȈ ȗȈȓțȉȍ ȉȍȏțȔȐȑ
DzȘțȋȖȔ ȘȍȊȍȓ ȊȏȔȍȚȍȕȕȣȝ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȑ ȠȒȊȈȓ

34
ǻǮǿȀǾǼdzǻǶdz ǹdzȀǮ
ǪȖȏȌțȝ ȔȖȘȍȔ ȖȗȖȍȕ
ǪȏȓȍȚȣ șȖșȍȕ ȏȊȍȕȧȚ
DzȈȎȌȣȑ ȓȦȉȊȐ ȌȖșȚȖȐȕ
Ǫ ȚȍȘȗȒȐȑ ȏȈȒȈȚȕȣȑ ȟȈș
ǷȓȖȚȕȖ Ȓ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȗȘȐȓȤȕțȓȈ
DzȘȍȗȒȖ șȍȘȌȞȍȔ ȗȤȧȕȧșȤ
ǸȈȏȊȍ ȍșȚȤ ȋȌȍ-ȚȖ ȌțȓȈ
ǵȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȕȈ ȕȈș"
ǵȍ ȘȈșȚȖȟȈȚȤșȧ ȏȣȉȒȖ
ǩțȌț Ȋ ȘȐȚȔȍ șȚȐȝȖȊ
ǵȖ șȖȝȘȈȕȦ țȓȣȉȒț
ǹȓȈȌȖșȚȕȣȝ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȊ.

35
ǿdzDZǼDzǻȍȆǻǶǷ ǹȌǯǼǰǻǶǸ
ǻǰǺ
Ƕȕ ȏȈȝȖȌȐȚ ȘȈȏ Ȋ ȔȍșȧȞ șȓțȟȈȑȕȖ ș ȏȈșȍȌȈȕȐȑ
ǸȖȚ ȍȋȖ ȗȈȝȕȍȚ ȌȣȔȖȔ Ȑ ȋȈȘȤȦ Șȍȟȍȑ,
ǹȒȘȣȊȈȧ ȘȈșȚțȡȍȍ Ȋ ȌțȠȍ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȐȍ
ǷȖȞȍȓțȐ ȉȘȖșȈȦ ȖșȚȘȍȑ Ȑ ȏȊȖȕȟȍȑ
ǹȚȘȖȒȐ ǴȈȘȒșȈ ȗȈȌȈȦȚ ȕȈ ȒȘȖȊȈȚȤ Ȑȏ ȒȈȘȔȈȕȖȊ
ǩȖȓȤȠȐȍ ȐȌȍȐ ȘȈȊȍȕșȚȊȈ Ȋșȍȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ...
ǴȖȐ ȓȈșȒȐ Ȑȝ ȕȈ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ țȕȍșțȚ ȖȌțȘȔȈȕȧ
ǿȚȖȉ ȗȖșȓȍ ȐȔ ȊșȗȓȣȚȤ ȍȡȍ ȧșȕȍȑ
ǸȈȏȖȑȌȧșȤ Ȕȣ ȗȖȘȖȏȕȤ ȖȉȈ ȔȍȟȚȈȍȔ
Ƕ șȖȓȕȞȍ Ȋȍșȕȍ ȐȚȈȓȤȧȕșȒȐȝ Ȍȕȧȝ
ǰ ȖȉȈ ȚȧȎȍȓȖ Ȑ țȗȖȘȕȖ ȏȕȈȍȔ,
ǿȚȖ ȕȈȠȐȔ ȎȐȏȕȧȔ ȥȚȖ ȕȍȌȖșȚțȗȕȖ șȍȑȟȈș
ǹȍȕȚȧȉȘȤ 

36
ǽǼǸǶǻȁȀǼǿȀȊ
ǻǰǺ
ǹȍȑȟȈș ȕȐȟȍȔț ȕȍ țȌȐȊȓȧȦșȤ
ǩȖȓȤȠȍ ȕȐȒȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȎȌț
ǻȚȘȖȔ ȖȌȍȊȈȧșȤ
ǯȕȈȦ ȟȚȖ ȕȖȟȤȦ țșȕț
ǮȐȏȕȤ șȚȈȓȈ ȚȘȍȏȊȖȑ șȚȘȖȋȖȑ
ǸȈȏȔȍȘȍȕȣ Ȋșȍ ȟȈșȣ
Ǵȣ ȖȚȒȈȏȈȓȐșȤ ȖȚ ȔȕȖȋȖȋȖ
ǶȚȔȍȕȐȊ ȘȖȔȈȕȚȐȏȔ ȔȍȟȚȣ
ǰ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȚțȔȈȕȍ
ǪșȗȓȣȊȈȦȚ ȚȊȖȐ ȟȍȘȚȣ
Ǫ ȟȐȚȈȕȕȖȔ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ȘȖȔȈȕȍ
ǷȣȚȈȦșȤ Țȍȉȧ ȕȈȑȚȐ
ǬȍȒȈȉȘȤ 

37
Ƕȕ ȤȖȘșȎ «ǽǼǸǶǻȁǰȆdzǺȁ ǾǼDzǶǻȁª
©Ǫ ȘȈȏȓțȒȍ ȍșȚȤ
ǪȣșȖȒȖȍ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȤȍª
TȦȚȟȍȊ
I
CȔȖȚȘȦ ȚȊȖȦ ȜȖȚȖȋȘȈȜȐȦ —
ǬȈȓȍȒȖ ȟțȎȖȍ ȓȐȞȖ
DzȈȒ Ȕȣ țȠȓȐ ȖȚ șȟȈșȚȤȧ
ǿȚȖ ȦȕȖȑ ȊȍșȕȖȑ ȞȊȍȓȖ.
Ǫ ȋȓȈȏȈȝ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȖȚȘȈȎȈȦȡȐȝ
ǷȖȓȍȚ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȐȝ Ȗȋȕȍȑ
ǷȘȖȠȓȖ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȐȍ
ǩȖȓȐ ȉȍșȞȍȓȤȕȣȝ șȚȘȈșȚȍȑ.
ǰ ȋțȉȣ șȚȖȒȘȈȚ ȊȒțșȐȊȠȐȍ
ǻȋȈȘ ȖȌȕȖȕȖȟȕȖȑ ȓȦȉȊȐ
ǵȍ ȗȖȞȍȓțȦȚ șȒȘȣȊȠȐșȤ,
ǹȚȘȈȕȐȞȣ ȔȖȐ
ǰȦȕȤ 1920

38
ǟǟ
DzȖȋȌȈ Țȣ ȖȚ Ȕȍȕȧ ȖȚșȚțȗȐȓșȧ
ǰ țȍȝȈȓ Ȋ ȌȈȓȍȒȐȑ ȒȘȈȑ
ǴȖȑ ȒȘȣȓȈȚȣȑ Ȍțȝ ȖȗțșȚȐȓșȧ
ǰ țȚȘȈȚȐȓ ȌȖȘȖȋț Ȋ ȘȈȑ
ǰ Ȋ ȗȍȕȤȐ ȔȖȐȝ șȍȘȈȜȐȔȖȊ
ǸȈȏȓȐȟȐȓȈ șȖȉȈȟȐȑ ȓȈȑ
ǰ ȕȍȎȕȖșȚȤ ȓȦȉȊȐ ȖȚȒȐȕțȊ,
ǸȍȠȐȓȈ ©Ǫșȍ Ȓ ȟȖȘȚț ȉȘȖșȈȑª
ǵȖ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ Țȣ ȊȍȘȕȖ ȔȖȓȐȓșȧ
ǯȈ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȋ ȕȖȟȕȣȍ ȟȈșȣ
ǰ ȏȈ ȥȚȖ ȧ ȖșȊȧȚȐȓȈșȤ
ǹȎȐȋȈȧșȤ Ȋ ȖȉȢȧȚȤȧȝ ȚȖșȒȐ
ǶȒȚȧȉȘȤ 

ȁȆdzDzȆdzǺȁ
ǻǰǺ
Ǫȣ ȉȍȎȈȊȠȐȑ ȕȈ ǯȈȗȈȌ
ǶȚ ȕȈȠȐȝ Ȏȍȓȍȏȕȣȝ ȚȐșȒȖȊ
ǵȍțȎȍȓȐ Ǫȣ ȕȍ șȓȣȠȐȚȍ ȏȈȗȈȝ
ǷȘȖșȚȣȝ ȌȍȘȍȊȍȕșȒȐȝ șȕȖȗȖȊ"
ǵȍțȎȍȓȐ Ǫȣ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȐȚȍ ȘțȒȐ
ǶȒȘȖȊȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȚȘțȌȖȔ ȓȦȌȍȑ
ǵȍțȎȍȓȐ Ǫȣ ȕȍ șȓȣȠȐȚȍ șȚțȒȐ
ǹȍȘȌȍȞ ȕȍ șȗȈȊȠȐȝ ȕȖȟȍȑ"
1921

40
Ǽǯ ǮǰȀǼǾdz
ǵ ȇ ǹȍȘȗȐȕșȒȈȧ ȘȖȌȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ ǷȈȘȐȎȍ Ȋ  ȋ Ȋ șȍȔȤȍ ȗȖȓȐȚȐ-
ȟȍșȒȐȝ ȥȔȐȋȘȈȕȚȖȊ ǶȚȍȞ ȒțȘșȒȐȑ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȑ-ȕȈȘȖȌȖȊȖȓȍȞ țȟȐȊȠȐȑ-
șȧ Ȋ ǮȍȕȍȊȍ ȕȈ ȝȐȔȐȒȈ ȗȖȌȖȏȘȍȊȈȓșȧ Ȋ țȉȐȑșȚȊȍ ȗȘȖȊȖȒȈȚȖȘȈ ȔȈȚȤ
ȉȣȓȈ șȚțȌȍȕȚȒȖȑ ȔȍȌȐȞȐȕșȒȖȋȖ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȚȈ ǶȒȖȓȖ  ȋ șȍȔȤȧ ȊȍȘ-
ȕțȓȈșȤ Ȋ ǸȖșșȐȦ ȋȌȍ ǵ ȇ ȗȖșȚțȗȐȓȈ Ȋ ȋȐȔȕȈȏȐȦ ǸȎȍȊșȒȖȑ ǹȍȔȤ
ȓȍȚ șȗțșȚȧ ȗȘȖȐȏȖȠȓȈ ȋȘȖȔȒȈȧ țȋȖȓȖȊȕȈȧ ȐșȚȖȘȐȧ ș țȉȐȑșȚȊȖȔ ȉȖ-
ȋȈȚȖȑ ȚȍȚȒȐ șȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȖȚȞȈ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȈșȤ ȏȈȔȍȠȈȕȈ ȔȈȚȤ
ǹȍȘȗȐȕșȒȖȑ ȗȖȓțȟȐȊȠȈȧ  ȓȍȚ ȒȈȚȖȘȋȐ ȍȍ șȖțȟȈșȚȕȐȒ ȉȣȓ ȗȘȐ-
ȋȖȊȖȘȍȕ Ȓ ȗȖȊȍȠȍȕȐȦ
 Ȑ țȔȍȘȠȈȧ ȊȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ Ȋ ȒȈȚȖȘȎȕȖȑ ȚȦȘȤ-
Ȕȍ ǵ ȇ Ȑ ȍȍ șȍșȚȘȣ ȉȣȓȐ șȗȍȠȕȖ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȣ Ȋ ǭȊȘȖȗț ȊȍȘȕțȊ-
ȠȐșȤ ȗȖșȚțȗȐȓȐ Ȋ ȋȐȔȕȈȏȐȦ Ǫ Ǫ ǷȖȚȖȞȒȖȑ ǪșȒȖȘȍ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȈ
șȔȍȘȚȤ ȖȚȞȈ ǷȖ ȔȕȍȕȐȦ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȑ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȐ șȖȉȣȚȐȧ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ-
ȓȐ ȕȍ ȕȈȌȓȖȔȐȚȤ ȗșȐȝȐȒț ȦȕȖȑ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ Ȑ ȉȍȏ ȚȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȊ-
Ƞȍȑșȧ ȒȘȍȗȒȐȔ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȤȍȔ
ǷȖ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȕȐȐ ȋȐȔȕȈȏȐȐ țȟȐȓȈșȤ ȎȐȊȖȗȐșȐ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȐșȓȍ Ȋ ȠȒȖ-
ȓȍ Dz Ǽ ȆȖȕȈ ȥȗȐȏȖȌȐȟȍșȒȐ ȗȖȔȍȡȈȓȈ șȚȐȝȐ Ȑ ȗȘȖȏț Ȋ ȗȍȘȐȖȌȐȒȍ
ǪȝȖȌȐȓȈ Ȋ ©ǴȖșȒȖȊșȒȖȍ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȞª ȊȣșȚȈȊȓȧȓȈ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ

41
ȕȈ ȊȣșȚȈȊȒȈȝ ǹȖȦȏȈ ȎȐȊȖȗȐșȞȍȊ ǻȟȈșȚȊȖȊȈȓȈ Ȋ ȗȍȘȊȖȔ ©ǪȍȟȍȘȍ Ȏȍȕ-
șȒȖȋȖ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȈª Ȋ ǷȖȓȐȚȍȝȕȐȟȍșȒȖȔ Ȕțȏȍȍ  ȧȕȊȈȘȧ  ȋ ȍȍ
ȊȣșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ ȊȣȏȊȈȓȖ Ȋ ȖșȕȖȊȕȖȔ ȕȈșȔȍȠȓȐȊȣȍ ȖȚȒȓȐȒȐ
ɇ ə ɋɟɪɩɢɧɫɤɚɹ Ɏɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ -1920-ɯ ɝɝ
ǩȐȖȋȘȈȜȣ ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȦȚ ǵ ȇ ȒȈȒ ©ȒȘȈșȐȊțȦ Ȑ ȓȍȋȒȖȔȣșȓȍȕȕțȦ
ȌȐȓȍȚȈȕȚȒțª Ǵ ǫȈșȗȈȘȖȊ Ƕ DzțȠȓȐȕȈ Ǻ ǵȐȒȖȓȤșȒȈȧ
 Ȑ ©ȏȊȍȏȌȖȟ-
Ȓț ȔȖșȒȖȊșȒȖȑ ȉȖȋȍȔȣª ȟȤȍ ©ȊȘȍȔȧȗȘȍȗȘȖȊȖȎȌȍȕȐȍ șȊȖȌȐȓȖșȤ Ȓ
ȗȖșȍȡȍȕȐȦ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ³ǹȊȖȉȖȌȕȖȑ ȥșȚȍȚȐȒȐ´ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȊ ȚȈȕȋȖ ȐȕȚȐȔ-
ȕȣȝ ³ȌȐȖȕȐșȐȑșȒȐȝ´ ȒȘțȎȒȖȊ ȊȘȖȌȍ <…> ³ǯȖȓȖȚȖȑ ȋȘȖȏȌȐ´ >dz ǹȚȖ-
ȓȐȞȣ], — ȌȈ Ȑ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȘȍșȚȖȘȈȕȈȔȐ Ȑ ȕȖȟȕȣȔȐ ȒȈȜȍ ȉȍȏ ȊșȧȒȖȑ Ȑȕ-
ȚȍȓȓȍȒȚțȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȗȖȌȒȓȈȌȒȐ ǹȍȘȗȐȕșȒȈȧ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȕȍȉȘȍȋȈȓȈª C ȀțȔȐ-
ȝȐȕ
 DzȈȒ ȖȚȔȍȟȈȦȚ Ǩ ǹȖȉȖȓȍȊ Ȑ Ǹ ǺȐȔȍȕȟȐȒ ©ȠȐȘȖȒȐȑ ȒȘțȋ ȏȕȈ-

44
ȒȖȔșȚȊ ȧȘȒȈȧ ȊȕȍȠȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȈȜȜȍȒȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȍ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȗȖȗț-
ȓȧȘȕȖȔț ȎȍȕșȒȖȔț ȚȐȗȈȎț -ȝ ȋȖȌȖȊ șȕȐșȒȈȓȖ ȍȑ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕțȦ
ȗȖȗțȓȧȘȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȒȘțȋȈȝ ȔȖșȒȖȊșȒȖȑ ȉȖȋȍȔȣª Ȓ ȥȚȖȔț șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȌȖȉȈ-
ȊȐȚȤ ȔȕȖȋȖȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȣȍ ȗȘȐȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȧ ©ȖȌȕȖȕȖȟ-
ȕțȦª ȍșȓȐ ȊȖșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤșȧ șȓȖȊȍȟȒȖȔ Ȑȏ șȚȐȝȖȊ ǵ ȇ șȊȧȏȤ ș ǵ ǫț-
ȔȐȓȍȊȣȔ
ǷȖșȓȍ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ ǵ ȇ ȊȝȖȌȐȓȈ Ȋ ©ȕȍȜțȚțȘȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑª ȒȘț-
ȎȖȒ ©ǯȍȓȍȕȖȍ ȧȉȓȖȒȖª țȟȈșȚȊȖȊȈȓȈ Ȋ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȝ ȊȍȟȍȘȈȝ Ȋ ȚȖȔ
ȟȐșȓȍ ©ǮȐȊȣȝ ȈȓȤȔȈȕȈȝȈȝª Ȋ ©ǴțȏȣȒȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȚȈȉȈȒȍȘȒȍª ǭȍ ȗȖȗȣȚ-
ȒȐ ȗȘȐȔȒȕțȚȤ Ȓ ©șȚȈȕț ȗȖȉȍȌȐȚȍȓȍȑª Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȊșȚțȗȐȚȤ Ȋ ǪDzǷ ȉ
 țș-
ȗȍȝȈ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȕȍșȓȐ ȝȖȚȧ Ȋ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧȝ - ȋȋ ȐȏȓȖȎȍȕȈ Ȑș-
ȚȖȘȐȧ ȘȖȔȈȕȈ ș ©ȗȈȘȚȐȑȕȣȔ ȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȐȒȖȔª ȊȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȗȘȐȕȍșȠȍ-
ȋȖ ȖȌȕȐ ȘȈȏȖȟȈȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ǫ  ȋ ȊȣȗțșȚȐȓȈ Ȋ ǷȍȚȘȖȋȘȈȌȍ șȊȖȑ ȗȍȘ-
Ȋȣȑ Ȑ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ șȚȐȝȖȊ ©ǪȊȍȘȝ Ȑ ȊȕȐȏª
ǷȖȏȌȕȍȍ ǵ ȇ ȊȣȠȓȈ ȏȈȔțȎ ȏȈ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ ǵ ǵ ǼȈ-
ȚȖȊȈ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ Ȋ  ȋ ȗȍȘȍȉȘȈȓȈșȤ Ȋ ǨȓȔȈ-ǨȚț ǭȍ ȘȈșșȒȈ-
ȏȣ Ȑ ȖȟȍȘȒȐ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȗȖȝȊȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȖȚȏȣȊȣ ǼȈȚȖȊȈ ȖșȚȈȓȐșȤ ȕȍ-
ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȕȣȔȐ Ȉ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȕȈ ȒȈȏȈȝșȚȈȕșȒȖȑ
ȋȘțȗȗȖȊȖȑ ȊȣșȚȈȊȒȍ  ȋ ȊȣȏȊȈȓȐ ȒȐșȓȣȍ ȖȚȏȣȊȣ ȘȍȞȍȕȏȍȕȚȖȊ Ǫ
ȘȈșșȒȈȏȍ ©ȅȚȈ ȥȚȐȒȈª ȖȗȐșȈȕ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȍȕȕȣȑ ȘȈȏȊȖȌ ș ǼȈȚȖȊȣȔ șȖȠȍȌ-
ȠȐȔșȧ șțȌȧ ȗȖ ȘȈșșȒȈȏț șȖ șȊȖȍȑ șȚțȌȍȕȚȒȖȑ
 Ȑ ©ȔȣȒȈȕȤȧ ȗȖ ȕȈȍȔ-
ȕȣȔ ȒȖȑȒȈȔª Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ Ǫ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ ǵ ȇ ȖȟțȚȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ țȗȘȈȏȌ-
ȕȍȕȕȖȔ ǵȖȊȖȌȍȊȐȟȤȍȔ ȔȖȕȈșȚȣȘȍ șȚȈȊȠȍȔ ȜȐȓȐȈȓȖȔ ǫȖșțȌȈȘșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ Ȕțȏȍȧ; ȍȍ șȖșȍȌȖȔ ȗȖ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȡȍȕȕȣȔ Ȋ Ȗȉ-
ȡȍȎȐȚȐȍ ȒȍȓȤȧȔ ȉȣȓ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȤ ǩ ǹȈȌȖȊșȒȖȑ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ©ȉȣȊȠȐȍ ȓȦ-
ȌȐªǪ -ȝ ȋȋ ǹȍȘȗȐȕșȒȈȧ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȗȐșȈȚȤ ©ǴȍȔțȈȘȣ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȐȋȍȕȚ-
ȒȐ ȌȊțȝ ȥȗȖȝª Ȋ șȊȧȏȐ ș ȊȖȑȕȖȑ ȒȕȐȋȈ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȏȈȊȍȘȠȍȕȈ Dz șȍȘȍ-
ȌȐȕȍ -ȝ ȋȋ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȗșȐȝȐȈȚȘȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȒȓȐȕȐȒȍ ȎȈȓȖȊȈȓȈșȤ
ȕȈ ȗȖȚȍȘȦ ȗȈȔȧȚȐ ©șȐȓȤȕȍȑȠȐȍ ȋȖȓȖȊȕȣȍ ȉȖȓȐª ȉȍșșȖȕȕȐȞț Ȑ
ȗȘȐșȚțȗȣ țȌțȠȤȧ Ǫ  ȋ ȗȣȚȈȓȈșȤ ȗȘȖȌȈȚȤ șȊȖȑ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȈȘ-
ȝȐȊ Ȑ ȔȍȔțȈȘȣ Ȋ ǸǫǨdzǰ ȚȖȋȌȈ ǾǫdzǨ
; ȥȒșȗȍȘȚȣ ȈȘȝȐȊȈ ȖșȒȖȉȐȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȖ ȕȐȏȒȖ ȖȞȍȕȐȓȐ ȌȊȍ ȒȕȐȋȐ ș ȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȕȈȌȗȐșȧȔȐ ǹ ǭșȍȕȐ-
ȕȈ Ȑ ȗȐșȤȔȈ Ǫ ǰȕȉȍȘ Ȑ Dz ǯȍȓȐȕșȒȖȋȖ ȔȍȔțȈȘȣ Ȏȍ șȖȟȓȐ ©șȍȒȘȍȚ-
ȕȣȔȐª Ȑ ȔȈȓȖȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ ǹȍȘȗȐȕșȒȈȧ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȊȈȓȈșȤ ȏȈȉȘȈȚȤ ȉț-
ȔȈȋȐ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȥȚȖ ȕȍ țșȗȍȓȈ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȉȣȓȈ ȊȕȖȊȤ ȗȖȔȍȡȍȕȈ Ȋ
ȗșȐȝȐȈȚȘȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȉȖȓȤȕȐȞț ȋȌȍ șȒȖȕȟȈȓȈșȤ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț ǭȍ ȉțȔȈȋȐ,
ȊȒȓȦȟȈȊȠȐȍ ȕȍȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȏț Ȑ ȖȟȍȘȒȐ ȌȖșȚȈ-
ȓȐșȤ ȈȘȝȐȊț ȒȈȒ «ȉȍșȝȖȏȕȣȍ» Ȑ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȓȐ ȓȐȟȕȣȑ ȈȘȝȐȊȕȣȑ ȜȖȕȌ
ȹ.
DzȖȓȖȘȐȚȕȣȍ Ȑ ȗȖȓȕȣȍ ȏȈȟȈșȚțȦ țȕȐȒȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȌȍȚȈȓȍȑ ȔȍȔțȈȘȣ
ǵ ȇ ǹȍȘȗȐȕșȒȖȑ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ ǹ ȀțȔȐȝȐȕȣȔ Ȋ  ȋ ©ǵȈȠȍ

ȼ ɏɨɞɚɫɟɜɢɱ ɉɨɪɬɪɟɬ ɇ ə ɋɟɪɩɢɧɫɤɨɣ
Ⱥɫɬɪɚɯɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɧɚɹ ɝɚɥɟɪɟɹ ɢɦ ɉ Ɇ Ⱦɨɝɚɞɢɧɚ

ȕȈșȓȍȌȐȍª ȹ  ȗȖȓȕȖȍ ȒȕȐȎȕȖȍ ȐȏȌ ǹȍȘȗȐȕșȒȈȧ ǵ ȇ ǼȓȐȘȚ
ș ȎȐȏȕȤȦ ǴȍȔțȈȘȣ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȐȋȍȕȚȒȐ ȌȊțȝ ȥȗȖȝ Ǵ 
 ȊȣȏȊȈȓȐ
ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȐȕȚȍȘȍș ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ ǹȍȘȗȐȕșȒȖȑ ȊȖȠȓȐ Ȋ ȈȕȚȖȓȖ-
ȋȐȦ ©ǹȚȖ ȖȌȕȈ ȗȖȥȚȍșșȈ ǹȍȘȍȉȘȧȕȖȋȖ ȊȍȒȈª ǹǷȉ 
 Ǫ Ȓȕ ©Ǫȍ-
ȕȍȞȐȧ Ȋ ȘțșșȒȖȑ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ ǶȗȣȚ ȈȕȚȖȓȖȋȐȐ -ª Ǵ 

șȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȑ Ǩ ǹȖȉȖȓȍȊȣȔ Ȑ Ǹ ǺȐȔȍȕȟȐȒȖȔ șȖȌȍȘȎȐȚșȧ ȌȖȗȖȓ-
ȕȧȦȡȐȑ ȐȏȣșȒȈȕȐȧ ǹ ȀțȔȐȝȐȕȈ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȖȟȍȘȒ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕ-
ȕȣȑ ș ȗȘȐȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȍȔ ȈȘȝȐȊȕȣȝ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȊ
_____
ǷȘȐȊȍȌȍȕȕȣȑ ȊȣȠȍ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȖȟȍȘȒ șȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕ ș ȐșȗȖȓȤ-
ȏȖȊȈȕȐȍȔ țȒȈȏȈȕȕȣȝ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȖȊ ǺȍȒșȚ ȒȕȐȋȐ ©ǪȊȍȘȝ Ȑ ȊȕȐȏª ȗțȉȓȐ-
ȒțȍȚșȧ ȗȖ ȗȍȘȊȖȐȏȌȈȕȐȦ ș șȖȝȘȈȕȍȕȐȍȔ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȍȑ ȈȊȚȖȘșȒȖȑ ȖȘ-
ȜȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ Ȑ ȗțȕȒȚțȈȞȐȐ ǰȓȓȦșȚȘȈȞȐȐ ȊȏȧȚȣ Ȑȏ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈȞȐȑ ǹ Ȁț-
ȔȐȝȐȕȈ ȜȖȚȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ
 Ȑ ȒȈȚȈȓȖȋȖȊ ȔȖșȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȈțȒȞȐȖȕȕȖȋȖ ȌȖȔȈ
©dzȐȚȜȖȕȌª ȈțȒȞȐȖȕȣ ȹȹ   ȈȜȐȠȐ
 Ǫ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȜȘȖȕȚȐș-
ȗȐșȈ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕ ȘȐșțȕȖȒ ǹ dzȖȌȣȋȐȕȈ
ǰȏȌȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ Salamandra P.V.V ȊȣȘȈȎȈȍȚ ȋȓțȉȖȒțȦ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘ-
ȕȖșȚȤ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȦ ǶșȚȈȕȐȕț ȏȈ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ Ȍȓȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ șȒȈȕ ȒȕȐ-
ȋȐ ǵ ǹȍȘȗȐȕșȒȖȑ

ǵȈșȚȖȧȡȈȧ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌțȍȚ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ
ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȖ-ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȞȍȓȐ Ȑ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȌȕȈȏȕȈ-
ȟȍȕȈ Ȍȓȧ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ-ȓȐȉȖ ȒȖȔȔȍȘȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȊȖșȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍ-
ȕȐȧ Ȑ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȐȧ ȐȏȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȐȉȣȓȐ Ȑ Țȗ