ǼȍȌȖȘ
ǵǨdzǰǪDzǰǵ
ǫǭǵǭǸǨdz
ǺǶǴ Ƿǻǹ
Ȑ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȍ ȒȈȘȓȣ
Ȑ ȒȈȘȓȐȞȣ
Salamandra P.V.V.

ǵȈȓȐȊȒȐȕ Ǽ ǵ.
ǫȍȕȍȘȈȓ ǺȖȔ Ƿțș Ȑ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȍ ȒȈȘȓȣ Ȑ ȒȈȘȓȐȞȣ – ǩ Ȕ.:
Salamandra P.V.V., 2021. – 46 ș Ȑȓȓ – (Scriptorium).
DzȕȐȎȍȟȒȈ ȦȘȐșȚȈ Ȑ ȌȍȚșȒȖȋȖ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȧ Ǽ ǵ ǵȈȓȐȊȒȐȕȈ -

 ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȈ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȔ ©ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȔ ȓȦȌȧȔª Ȋ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ
© Salamandra P.V.V., ȗȖȌȋ. ȚȍȒșȚȈ ȖȜȖȘȔȓȍȕȐȍ, 2021

DZdzǻdzǾǮǹ ȀǼǺ ǽȁǿ
Ƕ ǵǻǮǺdzǻǶȀȉdz ǸǮǾǹȉ Ƕ ǸǮǾǹǶȄȉ

7
Ǫȣ ȉȍȏ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȧ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȏȈȉȈȊȓȧȓȐșȤ ȓȦȉȍȏȕȣȍ
ȌȍȚȐ ȟȐȚȈȧ ȟțȌȍșȕȣȍ ȗȘȐȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧ ȋȍȘȖȧ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ
ȈȕȋȓȐȕșȒȖȋȖ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧ ǺȖȔȈ ǷțșȈ ȋȍȘȖȧ ȐșȚȐȕȕȖ
ȔȐȒȘȖșȒȖȗȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȠțȚȖȟȕțȦ ȜȈȕȚȈȏȐȦ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ
șȖȟȐȕȐȚȍȓȤ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȝȖȚȍȓ ȌȖȊȍșȚȐ ȌȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ
ȗȘȍȌȍȓȖȊ ȖȘȐȋȐȕȈȓȤȕȖȍ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȍ dzȍȔȦȍȓȧ ǫțȓȓȐ-
ȊȍȘȈ ȕȖ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȓȐ ǺȖȔȈ ǷțșȈ Ȑ
dzȐȓȐȗțȚȞȍȊ ȐȕȈȟȍ ȒȈȒ șțȡȍșȚȊȈ ȊȖȖȉȘȈȎȈȍȔȣȍ Ȑ
ȉȣȓȐ ȗȘȈȊȣ DzȈȒ ȌȖșȈȌȕȖ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ Ȏȍ Ȑ șȒȖȓȤ ȔȕȖ-
ȋȖ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓȐ ȉȣ ȊȈș Ȑȝ ȗȘȐȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧ ȍȎȍȓȐ ȉȣ Ȋȣ
ȔȖȋȓȐ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ©ȅȚȖȚ ȔȈȓȦȚȒȈ ȒȘȖȠȍȟȕȣȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍ-
ȟȍȒ ȉȣȓ ȘȖșȚȖȔ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ ȔȓȈȌȠȍȋȖ Ȑȏ ȕȈș ȖȌȕȈȒȖ
Ȏȍ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȓ Ȑ ȕȍ ȉȣȓ ȌȐȚȧȚȍȦ ȕȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȔ
ȌȈ ȚȖȟȕȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȔ ș ȉȖȘȖȌȖȦ Ȑ țșȈȔȐ ǩȖȎȍ ȔȖȑ
ȒȈȒ șȔȍȠȖȕ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȚȤ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȅȒȖȑ ȊȏȘȖ-
șȓȣȑ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ ȗȖȓțȈȘȠȐȕȈ ȚȖȟȕȖ Ȋ ȗȖȓȖȊȐȕț ȔȖȍ-
ȋȖ ȘȖșȚȈ ȍȎȍȓȐ ȉȣ Ȗȕ ȒȖȋȌȈ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȎȍȕȐȓșȧ ȚȖ Ȗȉ
ȕȍȔ șȒȈȏȈȓȐ ȉȣ, ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȗȍșȕȍ
Mon Șèȋȍ m’a donné un mari,
Oh! Dieu! quel homme, quel petit homme!
Mon Șèȋȍ m’a donné un mari,
Ah! Dieu! quel homme, qu’il est petit!
Le chat l’a pris pour une souris.
Ah! Dieu! quel homrne! quel petit homme!
Le chat l’Ȉ pris pour une souris.
Ah! Dieu! quel homme, qu'il est petit.
ǩȈȚȦȠȒȈ ȌȈȓ Ȕȕȍ ȔțȎȈ Ȗ ǫȖșȗȖȌȐ ȟȚȖ ȏȈ ȟȍȓȖ-
ȊȍȒ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ǩȈȚȦȠȒȈ ȌȈȓ Ȕȕȍ
ȔțȎȈ Ȗ ǫȖșȗȖȌȐ ȟȚȖ ȏȈ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȒȈȒ Ȗȕ ȔȈȓ DzȖȠ-
ȒȈ șȖȟȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȏȈ ȔȣȠȤ. Ƕ ǫȖșȗȖȌȐ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ
ȒȈȒȖȑ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ DzȖȠȒȈ șȖȟȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȏȈ ȔȣȠȤ.
Ƕ ǫȖșȗȖȌȐ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȒȈȒ Ȗȕ ȔȈȓ»
Ƕ Ƕ ȒȈȒ Ȋȣ șȔȍȍȚȍșȤ ȕȈȌ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȔȐ ȓȦȌȤ-
ȔȐ Ǫȣ, ȊȍȘȕȖ, ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȚȍ ȟȚȖ ȖȌȐȕ țȟȍȕȣȑ ȕȈȗȐ-

8
șȈȓ ȚȖȓșȚțȦ ȒȕȐȋț Ȋ ȗȖȝȊȈȓț ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ Ǫ
ȥȚȖȑ ȒȕȐȋȍ Ȗȕ șȖȉȘȈȓ Ȑȏ Ȋșȍȝ ȕȈȘȖȌȖȊ ȌȈȎȍ Ȋ șȈ-
ȔȖȑ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖȑ ȌȘȍȊȕȖșȚȐ ȐȔȍȕȈ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ,
ȞȈȘȍȑ ȗȘȐȕȞȍȊ țȟȍȕȣȝ ȊȖȐȕȖȊ ȈȘȚȐșȚȖȊ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟ
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȘȖșȚ ȉȣȓ ȕȐȎȍ șȘȍȌȕȍȋȖ Ȑ Ȋ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȈȝ ȕȍ
ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȒȈ țȊȍȘȧȦ ȊȈș
— ǪȍȘȕȖ, Ȑ șȈȔ șȖȟȐȕȐȚȍȓȤ ȉȣȓ ȕȍ ȊȍȓȐȒȈȕ?
— ǪȈȠȈ ȌȖȋȈȌȓȐȊȖșȚȤ ȕȘȈȊȐȚșȧ Ȕȕȍ ǬȈ ȥȚȖȚ
ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȑ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȤ ȉȣȓ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȔȈȓ ȘȖșȚȖȔ Ȑ Ȋȍ-
ȘȖȧȚȕȖ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȌțȔȈȓ Ȑ Ȗ șȍȉȍ șȚȈȘȈȧșȤ ȗȘȍȌ-
șȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ Ȋ ȗȖȓȤȏț ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ
ǭȔț ȗȘȐȗȐșȣȊȈȦȚ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖȔȣșȓȍȕȕțȦ ȗȖȋȖȊȖȘȒț
ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ Ȋȣ ȏȕȈȍȚȍ, ȊȍȘȕȖ
— ǬțȔȈȦ, ȟȚȖ ȏȕȈȦ ©Ǫ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȝ ȒȖȘȖȉȖȟȒȈȝ
șȉȍȘȍȋȈȦȚșȧ ȝȖȘȖȠȐȍ ȔȈȏȐ» ǵȖ, ȒșȚȈȚȐ șȖȟȐȕȐ-
ȚȍȓȤ ȒȕȐȋȐ Ȗ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȝ ȓȦȌȧȝ ȕȍ ȉȣȓ ȓȐ ȕȈȗȘȐ-
ȔȍȘ ȈȗȚȍȒȈȘȤ?
— ǵȍȚ, Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȓȍȒȈȘȤ
— dzȍȒȈȘȤ ȐȓȐ ȈȗȚȍȒȈȘȤ, Ȋșȍ ȘȈȊȕȖ ȕȍ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȌȍȓȖ,
Ȉ ȏȈȉȈȊȕȈ ȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȒȕȐȋȈ
— ǯȈȉȈȊȕȈ ȥȚȖ șȓȖȊȖ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȊȈȎȕȖȍ Ȋ ȊȈȠȐȝ ȓȍ-
ȚȈȝ DzȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȖȕȈ ȏȈȉȈȊȕȈ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȏȈȉȈȊȕȈ
— Ǫ șȈȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ ȘȈșșȒȈȎȐȚȍ Ȏȍ Ȕȕȍ ȟȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ,
țȋȖȌȕȖ ȓȐ ȊȈȔ"
— ǺȍȔ ș ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ țȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȐȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ șȖȟȐ-
ȕȍȕȐȍ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȑ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȖțȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ
— Ǩȝ Ȋȣ Ȕȕȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ șȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȕȍ șȒȈȏȈȓȐ Ǵȕȍ
ȗȘȐȧȚȕȍȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ ȖȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȏȈȉȈȊ-
ȕȖ «ǴȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȍ ȓȦȌȐ» ȒȈȒȖȍ ȔȐȓȖȍ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȍ Ȍȓȧ
ȒȕȐȋȐ ȟȚȖ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȓȖ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ șȌȍȓȈȚȤșȧ ȗȖțȟȐȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȣȔ ȕȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȓ șȊȖȍ ȌȍȓȖ «ǴȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȍ
ȓȦȌȐ» ȒȈȒ ȎȈȓȤ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȐșȗȖȘȚȐȓ ȥȚț ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȕțȦ
ȔȣșȓȤ ȗȘȐȔȍȠȈȊȠȐ ȕȈțȒț Ǩȝ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȕȍȓȖȊȒȐȑ ȈȊ-
ȚȖȘ— ǪȈȠȍ ȕȍȋȖȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖ Ȑ Ȕȕȍ ȕȘȈȊȐȚ-
șȧ ǭșȓȐ Ȋȣ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȚȈȒ ȎȍȓȈȍȚȍ ȚȖ ȧ ȗȖșȚȈȘȈȦșȤ șȌȍ-

9
ȓȈȚȤ ȊȈȠȍ șȖȎȈȓȍȕȐȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȋȖȘȤȒȐȔ ǷȍȘȍȌȍȓȈȦ ȒȕȐ-
ȋț Ȗȉ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȝ ȓȦȌȧȝ
— ǰ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚȍ ȗȘȐȔȍȠȐȊȈȚȤ Ȓ ȕȍȑ ȕȈțȒț "
— DzȈȒ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ
— Ǩȝ ȒȈȒȖȍ șȟȈșȚȤȍ ȕȖ ȉȍȘȍȋȐȚȍșȤ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ Ȏȍ
ȍșȓȐ ȏȈȔȍȟț ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȝȖȚȤ ȒȖȕȟȐȒ ȕȖșȈ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖȑ
ȋȖșȗȖȎȐ ȕȈțȒȐ ȚȖ ȗȖȉȍȋț șȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȕȖȋ
— ǿțȌȍșȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ Ȋȣ ȍȍ ȗȖȓȦȉȐȓȐ ǵț,
ȗȖȓȕȖ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȑ ȠȈȓțȕ ȕȍ ȉȖȑșȧ ȏȈȗȘț ȍȑ ȌȊȍȘȤ
ȗȍȘȍȌ ȕȖșȖȔ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖȚ ȕȖș ȍȍ Țȍȉȍ ȚȈȒ șȚȘȈ-
Ƞȍȕ ǹȓțȠȈȑȚȍ Ȏȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȑ ȌȈȑȚȍ Ȕȕȍ șȚȖ-
ȓȤȒȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȧ ȔȖȋ șȖȉȘȈȚȤșȧ ș ȌțȝȖȔ ȕȈ-
ȟȈȚȤ ȊȈș ȏȈȉȈȊȓȧȚȤ
— ǶȟȍȕȤ ȌȈȊȕȖ ȕȈȏȈȌ ȚȖȔț șȖȚȕȐ Ȉ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ
Ȑ ȚȣșȧȟȐ ȓȍȚ ȖȌȐȕ șȚȈȘȐȟȖȒ șȓȍȗȖȑ ȕȖ ȊȈȎȕȖȋȖ
Ȑ ȊȍȓȐȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȊȐȌȈ ȝȖȌȐȓ ȗȖ ȋȖȘȖȌȈȔ Ȑ ȌȍȘȍȊ-
ȕȧȔ ȊȣȗȘȈȠȐȊȈȧ șȍȉȍ ȗȘȐșȚȈȕȐȡȍ Ƕȕ ȏȈ ȋȖșȚȍ-
ȗȘȐȐȔșȚȊȖ ȗȓȈȚȐȓ ȝȖȏȧȍȊȈȔ șȒȈȏȒȈȔȐ șȊȖȍȋȖ șȖȟȐȕȍ-
ȕȐȧ Ȑ ȊȖșȗȍȊȈȓ ȗȖȌȊȐȋȐ Ȑ ȌȖȉȘȖȌȍȚȍȓȐ ȗȘȍȌȒȖȊ ȓȦ-
ȉȐȓ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȚȤ Ȗ șȊȖȐȝ șȚȘȈȕșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧȝ ȐȉȖ
ȥȚȖȚ șȓȍȗȖȑ șȚȈȘȐȟȖȒ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȗțȚȍȠȍșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȋȖȊȖ-
ȘȐȓ ș șȊȖȐȔȐ ȏȍȔȓȧȒȈȔȐ Ȗ ȟțȌȍșȈȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȊȐȌȍȓ,
Ȑ Ȗ Țȍȝ Ȗ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ șȓȣȠȈȓ ȖȚ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȗțȚȍȠȍșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȐȒȖȊ ȉȣȊȠȐȝ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȍȋȖ Ȋ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȝ șȚȘȈȕȈȝ
ǿȚȖȉȣ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȓȍȕȧȚȤ șȓțȠȈȚȍȓȍȑ țȔȍȓ Ȗȕ ȌȈȎȍ
țȒȘȈȠȈȚȤ ȐșȚȐȕț ȕȍ ȖșȓȈȉȓȧȧ ȍȍ șȐȓȣ Ǫșȍ șȉȍȋȈ-
ȓȐșȤ ȚțȌȈ ȋȌȍ Ȗȕ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȓ șȓțȠȈȓȐ ș ȗȖȟȚȍȕȐȍȔ
ș ȉȓȈȋȖȋȖȊȍȕȐȍȔ ș ȊȖșȚȖȘȋȖȔ Ȑ țȟȐȓȐ ȕȈȐȏțșȚȤ ȍȋȖ
șȚȐȝȐ ǶȚȞȣ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȧȓȐ Ȑȝ Ȋ șȍȔȍȑșȚȊȈȝ șȊȖȐȝ Ȑ șȚȈ-
ȘȈȓȐșȤ țȚȊȍȘȌȐȚȤ Ȋ ȗȈȔȧȚȐ șȊȖȐȝ ȌȍȚȍȑ ș șȈȔȣȝ ȔȈ-
ȓȣȝ Ȑȝ ȓȍȚ ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌȧ Ȑȏ ȘȖȌȈ Ȋ ȘȖȌ;
ȥȚȐ ȖȉȘȈȏȞȖȊȣȍ ȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ ȌȖȠȓȐ ȌȖ ȕȈș ǰȔ-ȚȖ
ȉȖȓȤȠȍȦ ȟȈșȚȤȦ ȖȉȧȏȈȕȣ Ȕȣ ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȏȕȈȍȔ ȌȖșȚȖ-
ȊȍȘȕȖȋȖ Ȗ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖȑ ȌȘȍȊȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȖȚȚȖȋȖ-ȚȖ ȥȚȐ ȗȍș-
ȕȐ șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ ȕȍȖȞȍȕȍȕȕȖȍ șȖȒȘȖȊȐȡȍ
ȅȚȖȚ șȓȍȗȖȑ șȚȈȘȐȒ ȥȚȖȚ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȗȖȥȚ,
ȔȕȖȋȐȍ Ȑȏ ȊȈș țȎȍ, ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ, ȏȕȈȦȚ ȉȣȓ ǫȖȔȍȘ ȌȈ-

10
ȘȖȊȐȚȣȑ ȕȐȡȐȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț Ȋ ȗȖȏȌȕȐȍ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈ ȎȘȍ-
Ȟȣ ȧȏȣȟȍșȒȐȍ ȊȖȏȌȊȐȋȓȐ ȝȘȈȔȣ Ȑ ȎȍȘȚȊȍȕȕȐȒȐ
ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟȐȔ șȊȖȐȔ ȉȖȋȈȔ
ǴȍȎȌț ȟțȌȍșȈȔȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȗȕ ȐȔ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȓ
ȖȌȕȖ Ȋ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȈȓȖ Ȋ ȊȣșȖȟȈȑȠȍȑ șȚȍ-
ȗȍȕȐ Ȑȝ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ Ȑ ȒȘȈȑȕȍ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓȖ șȓțȠȈȚȍȓȍȑ
ȊȈȠȐȝ ȓȍȚ ǷȖ șȓȖȊȈȔ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȥȚȈ Ȋ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚ-
ȕȣȝ ȚȖȋȌȈ șȚȘȈȕȈȝ ǼȘȈȒȐȐ ȎȐȓȐ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȍ ȓȦȌȐ
ȘȖșȚȖȔ ȕȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ  ȊȍȘȠȒȖȊ Ȑ Ȑȏ ȥȚȐȝ ȒȘȖȠȍȟ-
ȕȣȝ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕ ȐȏȉȐȘȈȓȐ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓȖȊ ǵȍ ȔȖȋț șȒȈȏȈȚȤ
ȊȈȔ ȉȣȓȐ ȓȐ ȚȈȔ ȌȊȖȘȞȣ ȗȖȝȖȎȐȍ ȕȈ ȗȐȘȈȔȐȌȣ
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ ȗȖȊȈȘȈ ȐșȒțșȕȖ țȒȘȈȠȈȦȚ ȕȈȠȐ șȚȖȓȣ
ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȈȘȈȌȕȣȝ ȖȉȍȌȖȊ ȕȈ ȥȚȐ ȔȈșȚȍȘșȒȐȍ ȗȘȖ-
ȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ șȈȝȈȘȕȖȑ ȈȘȝȐȚȍȒȚțȘȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȈȏȕȈ-
ȟȈȓȐșȤ ȕȍ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȖȔȍȡȈȚȤ ȕȈș Ȋ ȕȐȝ Ȉ ȟȚȖ-
ȉȣ Ȕȣ ȗȖȔȍȡȈȓȐ Ȑȝ Ȋ ȕȈȠȐȝ ȎȍȓțȌȒȈȝ ǵȍ ȏȕȈȦ ȧ
ȚȈȒȎȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȓȐ Ȑȝ ȘȍȒȐ ȠȐȘȐȕȖȦ Ȋ ȚȘȐ ȠȈȋȈ ȐȓȐ
Ȋ șȖȘȖȒ ȊȍȘșȚ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȔȍșȚȈȝ ȘȍȒȈ ǨȔȈȏȖȕ-
șȒȈȧ ȐȉȖ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȊȍȏȌȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȚȖȓȤ
ȔțȌȘȖȦ ȕȍȗȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ șȖȉȓȦșȚȐ ȊȖ ȊșȍȔ
ȘȈȏȔȍȘȣ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȘȖșȚț șțȡȍșȚȊ ȌȖȓȎȍȕșȚ-
ȊȖȊȈȊȠȐȝ ȕȈșȍȓȧȚȤ șȚȘȈȕț ǰȚȈȒ, ȋȖȘȣ șȈȔȣȍ ȊȖȏ-
ȊȣȠȍȕȕȣȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ ȕȍ ȊȣȠȍ ȌțȉȈ Ȍțȉ ȕȍ
ȊȣȠȍ ȕȈȠȍȋȖ ȗȈȗȖȘȖȚȕȐȒȈ ȓȖȠȈȌȤ ș ȕȈȠț ȌȊȖȘ-
ȕțȦ șȖȉȈȒț șȖȉȈȒȈ ȕȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȒȖȠȒȐ Ȉ ȒȖȠȒȈ ș ȔȣȠȤ,
ȔȣȠȤ ș ȎțȒȈ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟ ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ, șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȊȈȔ ȖȌȕȐȔ
șȓȖȊȖȔ ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȕȈȧ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȈȧ ȗȖșțȌȈ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ
ȊȈȠȐ șȍșȚȘȐȞȣ ȒțȠȈȦȚ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș șȊȖȐȔȐ ȒțȒȓȈȔȐ
ȋȖȌȐȓȈșȤ ȉȣ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ Ȍȓȧ ȥȚȐȝ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȝ ȓȦ-
Ȍȍȑ
— ǵȖ șȚȈȘȣȑ șȓȍȗȍȞ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȐȚ ȕȈș ș
șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍȔ Ȑȝ ȕȍțȎȍȓȐ ȕȍ ȊȝȖȌȐȚ ȕȐ Ȋ ȒȈȒȐȍ
ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖșȚȐ"
— Ǩȝ ȌȈ ȚȖȟȕȖ ȚȈȒ ȧ ȉȣȓȖ Ȑ ȏȈȉȣȓ Ȗ ȓțȟȠȍȔ Ȋ
ȥȚȖȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ DzȈȎȍȚșȧ, ȗȘȐȘȖȌȈ ȊȖȗȘȍȒȐ ȗȘȐȊȣȟ-
Ȓȍ șȊȖȍȑ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȕȧȓȈ ȕȈ șȍȉȧ ȚȘțȌȈ șȖȘȈȏȔȍȘȧȚȤ ȗȖ
Ȑȝ ȘȖșȚț Ȋșȍ ȟȚȖ ȖȒȘțȎȈȓȖ ȥȚȐȝ ǷȐȋȔȍȍȊ: ȚȈȒ ȕȈ-

11
ȏȣȊȈȓ Ȑȝ ǫȖȔȍȘ ǹȓțȟȐȓȖșȤ ȖȌȕȈȎȌȣ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȓȍȚȍ-
ȓȐ Ȋ Ȑȝ șȚȘȈȕț ȎțȘȈȊȓȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȈȟȈȓȐ ȒȓȍȊȈȚȤ
ȥȚȐȝ ǷȐȋȔȍȍȊ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȗȖșȓȍ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ ȕȖ ȓȐȠȤ ȗȘȖ-
ȋȓȖȚȐȓȐ Ȑȝ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȒȈȒ ȝȘȈȉȘȣȍ ȥȚȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȒȐ
șȚȈȓȐ ȏȈȡȐȡȈȚȤșȧ ȊȖȖȘțȎȐȓȐșȤ Ȑ ȔțȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȌ-
ȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȓȐ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȐȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȊȖȑȕț ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȕȈȋȓȣȝ
ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȋȖȕȧȓȐșȤ ȏȈ ȕȐȔȐ, ȒȈȒ ȕȈ ȕȈ-
ȠȐȝ ȗȖȓȧȝ ȗȍȚțȝȐ ȏȈ șȚȘȍȒȖȏȈȔȐ Ǫ șȈȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ ȒȈȒ
țȕȐȏȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ Ȍȓȧ ȕȐȝ ǭșȓȐ ȉȣ șȢȍȓ ȟȍ-
ȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȝ ȚȐȘȈȕȖȊ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ ȔȖȘ-
șȒȈȧ șȖȉȈȒȈ ȒȘȖȒȖȌȐȓ ȉȖȈ-ȒȖȕșȚȘȐȒȚȖȘ țȌȈȊ ȓȍȊ
ȐȓȐ ȉȍȕȋȈȓȤșȒȐȑ ȚȐȋȘ ȚȈȒ ȉȣ Ȑ ȉȣȚȤ ȕȖ ȎțȘȈȊȓȤ
Ǽțȑ ȚțȚ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ țȚȍȠȐȚȤșȧ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȏȈȚȖ ȒȈȒȐȍ ȧȊ-
ȓȧȓȐșȤ ș ȚȖȑ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȗȖȌȊȐȋȐ ȝȘȈȉȘȖ-
șȚȐ Ǫ ȖȎȍșȚȖȟȍȕȕȖȑ ȥȚȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȉȐȚȊȣ ȌȖș-
ȚȖȑȕȣȍ țȌȐȊȓȍȕȐȧ șȈȔȖȋȖ ȖȚȌȈȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȚȖȔșȚȊȈ,
Ȑ ȝȖȚȧ ȕȍ ȌȖȠȓȐ ȌȖ ȕȈș ȕȐȒȈȒȐȍ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖșȚȐ
Ȕȣ ȗȖ ȌȖȊȍȘȐȦ Ȓ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȟȐȒț ȕȍ șȖȔȕȍȊȈȍȔșȧ Ȋ
ȍȋȖ ȗȖȊȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȐ
— ȅȚȖ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȐȍ șȒȈȏȒȐ ǷȐȋȔȍȐ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȊȖȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȐ șȚȈȘȐȒȈ ǫȖȔȍȘȈ
— ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ
— DzȈȒ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ" ȘȈȏȊȍ Ȋȣ ȊȍȘȐȚȍ Ȋ ǷȐȋȔȍȍȊ"
— ǵȍȔȕȖȎȒȖ
— ǺȈȒ ȖȉȢȧșȕȐȚȍșȤ, ȗȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ
— ǶȝȖȚȕȖ ȔȐȓȣȍ ȕȍȚȍȘȗȍȓȐȊȞȣ ȕȖ șȗȍȘȊȈ ȍș-
ȓȐ Ȋȣ ȕȍ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȐșȗțȋȈȍȚȍșȤ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎț ȊȈȔ ȗțȚȍ-
ȠȍșȚȊȐȍ Ȋ șȚȘȈȕȣ șȍȊȍȘȕȣȍ Ǵȣ Ȋ ǸȖșșȐȐ Ǩȝ Ȕȣ
ȐȌȍȔ ȖȟȍȕȤ șȒȖȘȖ ǽȖȘȖȠȖ șȚȈȕȍȔ șȗțșȒȈȚȤșȧ Ȓ șȍ-
ȊȍȘȕȖȔț ȗȖȓȦșț Ƕ Ƕ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȑ Ȕȣ ȋȘțșȚ-
ȕȖȑ șȚȘȈȕȍ ǯȌȍșȤ șȐȓȤȕȈȧ șȚțȎȈ ȕȍ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȠȤ ȕȐ
ȘȈșȚȍȕȐȑ ȕȐ ȌȍȘȍȊȤȍȊ ȕȐ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ ȥȚȖ ȊȍȘȖȧȚ-
ȕȖ ȕȍȖȉȐȚȈȍȔȈȧ ȏȍȔȓȧ ǵȖ ȟȚȖ ȧ ȋȖȊȖȘȦ" ǵȍ ȊȐȌȐ-
Țȍ ȓȐ Ȋȣ ȉȍȎȐȚ Ȓ ȕȈȔ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ șȚȈȌȖ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ"
ǰ ȒȈȒ șȒȖȘȖ ȉȍȋțȚ ȖȕȐ ȅȚȖ șȖȉȈȒȐ ȖȕȐ ȗȘȐȊȧȏȈȕȣ
ȗȖȗȈȘȕȖ Ȑ ȚȈȡȈȚ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȏȈ șȖȉȖȦ ǯȌȍșȤ șȖȉȈȒȐ
ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȏȈȔȍȕȧȦȚ ȓȖȠȈȌȍȑ ȕȖ Ȋșȍ-ȚȈȒȐ ȥȚȖ ȝȖȘȖ-

13
ȠȖ ȏȕȈȚȤ ǿȚȖ ȏȈ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȍ ȗȘȈȊȐȚ ȥȚȖȑ șȚȘȈȕȕȖȑ ȏȈ-
ȗȘȧȎȒȖȑ" ǰȏȌȈȓȐ ȗȖȌțȔȈȍȠȤ ȟȚȖ ȊȐȌȐȠȤ ȏȊȍȘȧ
Ȉ ȥȚȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ
— DzȈȒ șțȡȍșȚȊȖ ȉȍȏȖȉȘȈȏȕȖȍ ȚȖȓșȚȖȍ ȗȘȐȏȍ-
ȔȐșȚȖȍ ȒțȘȕȖșȖȍ ȗȖȒȘȣȚȖȍ ȋțșȚȣȔ ȔȍȝȖȔ ȥȚȖ ȟȍ-
ȓȖȊȍȒ"
— DzȖȕȍȟȕȖ, ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȍ Ȕȣșȓȧȡȍȍ
Ȑ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖȍ ȊȖȏȌȈȊȈȚȤ ǩȖȋț ȌȖȓȎȕȖȍ ǭȔț ȗȖȟȐȚȈ-
ȕȐȍ Ǵȍȝ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ Ȗȕ ȏȈȒțȚȈȕ ȕȍ ȖȚȕȐȔȈȍȚ ț ȕȍ-
ȋȖ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌȕȣȝ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ Ȑ ȥȚȐ ȕȈȘȖȌȣ
ȖȉȐȚȈȚȍȓȐ ȏȍȔȓȐ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȖȗțșȚȖȠȈȍȚ șțȘȖȊȖșȚȤ
ȊȍȟȕȖȑ ȏȐȔȣ — șȚȘȈȕ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȉȍșȗȓȖȌȕȍȑ-
ȠȐȝ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ ȔȐȘȍ — țȔȍȓȐ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ Ȏȍ, ȖȚȣșȒȈȚȤ
șȍȉȍ ȗȖșȖȉȐȍ ȧȊȕȖ ȌȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȡȍȍ Ȑȝ șȔȣȠȓȍȕȖșȚȤ
Ȑ ȖȚȊȈȋț ǯȈȔȍȚȤȚȍ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ Ȏȍ, Ȑȝ ȘȖșȚ șȈȔȣȑ ȉȖȓȤ-
ȠȖȑ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȕȍ ȊȣȠȍ  ȈȘȠȐȕ ȥȚȖ dzȈȗȓȈȕȌȞȣ ǭș-
ȓȐ ȉȣ Ȕȣ ȗȖȊȍȘȕțȓȐ ȊȓȍȊȖ ȗȍȘȍȠȓȐ ǹȍȊȍȘȕȣȑ
ǶȒȍȈȕ ȚȖ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȓȐ ȉȣ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȕȈȘȖȌ — ǭșȒȐȔȖș-
ȞȍȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔȖȋțȚ șȖȗȍȘȕȐȟȈȚȤ Ȋ ȔȈȓȖȔ ȘȖșȚȍ ș
dzȈȗȓȈȕȌȞȈȔȐ ǵȈȏȊȈȕȐȍ ȅșȒȐȔȖșȞȣ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȚ
ȖȚ ȐșȗȈȕșȒȖȋȖ quimos, ȟȚȖ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ «ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȑ ȟȍ-
ȓȖȊȍȒ» ǰșȗȈȕȞȣ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȖȚȒȘȣȓȐ ȥȚț șȚȘȈ-
ȕț
— ȅȚȐ ȕȈȘȖȌȣ ȕȍ ǷȐȋȔȍȐ ȓȐ șȚȈȘȐȒȈ ǫȖȔȍȘȈ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȣȑ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ șȓȣȠȈȓ ȒȖȑ-ȟȚȖ Ȗȉ ȕȐȝ Ȋ ȌȈȓȤ-
ȕȐȝ șȊȖȐȝ ȗțȚȍȠȍșȚȊȐȧȝ?
— ǪȈȠȈ ȗȘȖȕȐȞȈȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȊȖșȝȐȡȈȍȚ Ȕȍȕȧ ǬȈ
ȖȟȍȕȤ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ǷȐȋȔȍȐ ǫȖȔȍȘȖȊȣ Ǫ Țȍ
ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈ ȊȐȌ ȏȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȠȈȘȈ ȏȕȈȓȐ ȚȈȒ ȔȈȓȖ Ȑ ȌțȘ-
ȕȖ Ȉ șȍȊȍȘȕȣȍ șȚȘȈȕȣ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȊȖȊșȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȍȐȏ-
ȊȍșȚȕȣ ǷțȚȍȠȍșȚȊȍȕȕȐȒȐ ȕȍ ȏȈȝȖȌȐȓȐ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȌȈȓȍ-
ȒȖ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ șȚȘȈȕșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȉȣȓȐ ȏȈȚȘțȌȕȐȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȣ Ȉ ȗȘȐȚȖȔ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȖȗȈșȕȣ șȈȔȣȍ ȖȚȊȈȎȕȣȍ ȏȕȈ-
ȓȐ ǹȍȊȍȘ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖ ȕȍȊȍȘȕȖȑ ȕȈșȓȣȠȒȍ Ȑ ș ȗȖȔȖ-
ȡȤȦ ȊȖȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȌȍȓȈȓȐ Ȑȏ ȕȍȋȖ șȚȘȈȕț ȟțȌȍș.
ǫȖȔȍȘ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȗȘȈȊȌȐȊȣȑ ȌȈȎȍ Ȑ Ȋ ȉȈșȕȧȝ ȗȖȔȍș-
ȚȐȓ ȒȈȒ Ȋȣ ȊȐȌȍȓȐ ǷȐȋȔȍȍȊ Ȓ șȍȊȍȘȕȖȔț ȒȘȈȦ

14
ɎȘȈȒȐȐ ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ Ȋ ȚȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȍ ȋȌȍ dzȈȗȓȈȕ-
ȌȐȧ ǵȖ ȗȖșȗȍȠȐȔ ȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȥȚȐ ȖȓȍȌȍȓȣȍ șȚȘȈȕȣ
Ȑ Ȑȝ ȎȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ
ȒțȘȕȖșȣ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ, Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉ ȕȍ ȖȚȔȖȘȖȏȐȓȐ
ȕȖșȣ ȟȚȖ ș ȕȐȔȐ șȓțȟȈȓȖșȤ ȉȣ ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȖ ȉȍȏ ȥȚȖȑ
ȔțȌȘȖȑ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȖȘȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ
— ǯȈȟȍȔ ȉȘȖșȈȚȤ ȚȈȒ șȒȖȘȖ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ
ȕȈȑȌȍȔ ȓȐ Ȕȣ Ȑȝ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȔȍșȚȈȝ?
— ǵȍ ȉȖȑȚȍșȤ Ȕȣ Ȑȝ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȔ ȊȍȏȌȍ Ȑ ȍȡȍ ȏȈ-
ȔȍȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȍȑȠȐȝ ȔȈȓȣȔ ȘȖșȚȖȔ ǶȉțȍȔșȧ ȍșȓȐ ȝȖ-
ȚȐȚȍ Ȋ șȓȈȊȕȣȍ șȍȔȐȔȐȓȤȕȣȍ șȈȗȖȋȐ ȀȈȋȕȍȔ ǽȖ-
ȘȖȠȖ ǸȈȏ ȌȊȈ ȚȘȐ: șȟȐȚȈȑȚȍ Ȕȣ ȧ ȌțȔȈȦ șȌȍȓȈ-
ȓȐ  ȐȓȐ  ȠȈȋȖȊ Ȑ țȎȍ Ȋ ǸȐȔȍ ǻȘȈ șȍȔȐ-
ȔȐȓȤȕȣȍ șȈȗȖȋȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȌȐȕ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȑ ǷțșȍȚ ȗȖ-
ȕȐȔȈȓ șȒțȒț ȌȖȓȋȖȋȖ ȗțȚȐ ȗȍȠȒȖȔ ǪȍȓȐȒȈȕ ȥȚȖȚ
șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍ ȉȍșȗȖȒȖȧ șȍȉȧ ȔȖȋ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȖȌȕț
ȕȖȋț ȊȖ ǼȘȈȕȞȐȐ Ȉ ȌȘțȋțȦ Ȋ ǨȕȋȓȐȐ Ț ȍ Ȑȏ DzȈȓȍ
Ȋ ǬțȊȘ ǶȌȕȈȒȖ Ȏȍ ȧ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȓȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ
ȒȖȘȈȉȓȐ ș ȘȈșȗțȡȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȗȈȘțșȈȔȐ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȚȤ ȔȍȎ-
Ȍț ȍȋȖ ȕȖȋ ȒȈȒ ȕȍȒȖȋȌȈ ȔȍȎȌț ȕȖȋȈȔȐ ȒȖȓȖșșȈ ǸȖ-
ȌȖșșȒȖȋȖ ǷȍȘȖȓȤȚ ȕȍ țȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȊȈȎȕȖȔ
ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊȍ Ȋ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȋȍȘȖȧ
Ǵȣ Ȋ ǸȐȔȍ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈ ȞȍȏȈȘȍȑ DzȈȘȓȣ ȚȖȋȌȈ
ȉȣȓȐ ȟȘȍȏȔȍȘȕȖ Ȋ ȔȖȌȍ Ȑȝ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȓȐ madi ȐȓȐ ȟȈ-
ȡȍ nȈnȖȍ ȖȚ ȟȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȖȠȓȖ șȓȖȊȖ nain, ȒȈȘȓȖ
ȆȓȐȧ ȗȓȍȔȧȕȕȐȞȈ ȐȔȗȍȘȈȚȖȘȈ ǨȊȋțșȚȈ ȐȔȍȓȈ ȓȦ-
ȉȐȔȖȋȖ ȒȈȘȓț ȗȖ ȐȔȍȕȐ ǹȖȕȖȗțș ȘȖșȚȖȔ ȕȍȔȕȖȎ-
ȒȖ ȗȖȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȈȘȠȐȕȈ Ȑ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȋȖȘȌȐȓȈșȤ ȐȔ. DzȈ-
ȎȍȚșȧ, Ȑ Ȋ ȏȘȍȓȖȔ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȍ ȥȚȈ șȓȈȊȕȈȧ ȗȘȐȕȞȍșșȈ
șȖȝȘȈȕȐȓȈ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ Ȓ ȕȍȊȐȕȕȣȔ ȐȋȘȈȔ ȌȍȚșȚȊȈ Ȑ Ȑȋ-
ȘȈȓȈ ȌȈȎȍ Ȋ ȒțȒȓȣ ǷȖȏȎȍ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ Țȍȝ ȌȖȉȘȣȝ ȐȔ-
ȗȍȘȈȚȖȘȖȊ ȘȐȔșȒȐȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șȟȐȚȈȓȐ ȏȈ ȟȍșȚȤ ȗȘȍ-
ȊȖșȝȖȌȐȚȤ Ȋ ȗȘȖȒȈȏȈȝ ǵȍȘȖȕȈ ǬȖȔȐȞȐȈȕ ȉȣȓ ȖȟȍȕȤ
ȗȘȐșȚȘȈșȚȍȕ Ȓ ȒȈȘȓȈȔ Ȑ ȎȍȘȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȕȈ ȕȐȝ ȉȖȓȤ-
ȠȐȍ șțȔȔȣ ǵȖ ǬȖȔȐȞȐȈȕ ȉȣȓ ȌȖȋȈȌȓȐȊȍȍ ȆȓȐȐ
Ȗȕ țȔȍȓ ȌȖșȚȈȊȓȧȚȤ șȍȉȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ țȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȐȧ șȖ-
șȚȈȊȐȊȠȐ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȗȖȓȒȐ ȋȓȈȌȐȈȚȖȘȖȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȉȐ-

16
ȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȞȐȘȒȍ Ȓ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȑ ȘȈȌȖșȚȐ ȕȈȘȖȌȈ ȞȈȘȧ ǹȘȈ-
ȎȍȕȐȧ Ȑȝ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȍ ȗțșȚȣȍ ȔȍȟȚȣ ȕȖ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ
ȧȘȖșȚȕȣȍ ȖșȚȍȘȊȍȕȍȕȕȣȍ șȔȍȘȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȋȌȍ ȒȘȖȊȤ
ȓȐȓȈșȤ ȘȍȒȈȔȐ Ȑ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȉȖȑȞȖȊ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȐșȤ Ȋșȍ-
ȋȌȈ ȕȈ ȔȍșȚȍ ǰȋȘȣ ȥȚȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȍȓȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ
ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊ ȊȗȘȖȟȍȔ, ȒȈȘȓȐȒȖȊ ȉȍȘȍȋȓȐ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ
ȖȕȐ șȚȖȐȓȐ ȚȈȒ ȌȖȘȖȋȖ ȕȖ, ȒȈȒ ȐȔȗȍȘȈȚȖȘȣ ȔȕȖȋȖ
ȏȈȒțȗȈȓȐ Ȑȝ șȒȖȘȖ șȚȈȓȐ ȖȕȐ Ȋ ȘȍȌȒȖșȚȤ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȌȈ-
Ȏȍ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȉȣȓȖ Ȑ ȕȈȑȚȐ ǿȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ ș ȐȔȗȍ-
ȘȐȍȑ Ȑ ș ȐȔȗȍȘȈȚȖȘȈȔȐ ȉȍȏ ȒȈȘȓȖȊ" ǴȐȘ ȔȖȋ ȉȣ ȘȈȏ-
ȘțȠȐȚȤșȧ Dz șȟȈșȚȤȦ ȒțȗȞȣ ȗȘȐȌțȔȈȓȐ șȗȖșȖȉ șȗȈ-
șȠȐȑ ȘȐȔșȒțȦ ȐȔȗȍȘȐȦ; ȗȘȐȘȖȌȈ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐ-
ȓȈ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȒȈȘȓȖȊ: ȒțȗȞȣ șȈȔȐ șȚȈȓȐ ȗȖȌȌȍȓȣȊȈȚȤ
Ȑȝ ȇ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȓ ȊȈȔ țȎȈșȕȣȍ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ Ȗ
ȉȖȑȞȈȝ-ȒȈȘȓȈȝ ȕȖ ȖȕȐ ȕȐȟȚȖ Ȋ șȘȈȊȕȍȕȐȐ ș ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ
ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȍȡȍ Ǵȕȍ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȖ ȉȣ ȔȖȎȍȚ
ȉȣȚȤ țȔȖȓȟȈȚȤ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȑ țȎȈșȕȖȑ ȟȍȘȚȍ Ȋ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ
ȒȈȘȓȖȊ ȉȖȧșȤ ȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ Ȋ ȊȈȠȐȝ ȟȐșȚȣȝ ȌțȠȈȝ ȉȖ-
ȓȍȏȕȍȕȕȣȍ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ ǵȍȚ ȓțȟȠȍ ȏȕȈȑȚȍ ȌȖ
ȒȈȒȐȝ ȗȘȍșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȑ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȌȖȊȍșȚȐ ȈȓȟȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȕȍ-
țȒȘȖȚȐȔȈȧ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ Ȓ ȉȖȋȈȚșȚȊț Dz ȚȖȔț Ȏȍ, ȚȈȒȐȍ Ȏȍ-
șȚȖȒȖșȚȐ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȉȣ ȉȣȚȤ ȕȐȋȌȍ Ȋ ȕȈȠȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ǷȖ-
șȓȍ ȗȘȐȠȍșȚȊȐȧ ǹȣȕȈ ǩȖȎȐȧ ȓȦȌȐ ȕȈțȟȐȓȐșȤ ȉȖ-
ȓȍȍ țȊȈȎȈȚȤ șȍȉȧ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ȉȓȐȎȕȍȔ  ȊȐȌȧ ȉȍȏȌȕț Ȋ
ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȊȗȈȓ ȔȐȘ ȌȖ ȗȘȐȠȍșȚȊȐȧ ǴȍșșȐȐ Ȋȣ ȓțȟ-
Ƞȍ ȗȖȑȔȍȚȍ ȟȚȖ Ƕȕ ȗȘȐȠȍȓ ȐșȒțȗȐȚȤ ȕȈș ȖȚ ȏȓȈ
ȌȈȎȍ Ȋ ȏȍȔȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȑ ȗȖȟțȊșȚȊțȍȚȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȓȦȉ-
ȊȐ Ȑ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȖșȚȐ Ȓ ǵȍȔț ǷȘȖȌȈȊȞȣ ȒȈȘȓȖȊ ȊȏȌț-
ȔȈȓȐ ȗȖȒțȗȈȚȤ ȌȍȚȍȑ Ȋ ȒȖȓȣȉȍȓȐ, ȗȖȚȖȔ șȚȧȋȐȊȈ-
ȓȐ Ȑȝ ȕȍȎȕȣȍ ȟȓȍȕȣ Ȑ șȓȈȉȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ ȐșȒțșȕȖ Ȑ ȚȊȍȘ-
ȌȖ ȗȍȘȍȗȓȍȚȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȗȍȘȍȊȧȏȒȈȔȐ ȏȈȗȐȘȈȓȐ Ȋ ȧȡȐ-
ȒȐ ȌȈȊȈȧ ȗȐȚȤ Ȑ ȍșȚȤ ȕȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ, ȒȈȒ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȒȖ-
ȓȤȒȖ ȕțȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȕȐ ȕȍ țȔȍȘȓȐ ș ȋȖȓȖȌț.
dzȍȋȒȖ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ ȟȚȖ, ȊȖșȗȐȚȈȕȕȣȍ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȖȕȐ
ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȘȈșȚȐ ȐȓȐ ȘȖșȓȐ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȔȈȓȖ Ȑ Ȑȏ ȌȍșȧȚȐ
ȌȍȚȍȑ  ȊȏȧȚȣȝ Ȋ ȒȖȓȣȉȍȓȐ ȌȍȊȧȚȤ țȔȐȘȈȓȐ Ȋ Ȕț-
ȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȔ ȐȏȕȍȔȖȎȍȕȐȐ ȖȚ șȚȖȓȤ ȎȍșȚȖȒȐȝ Ȑșȗȣ-

17
ȚȈȕȐȑ ǯȈȚȖ ȖșȚȈȊȠȐȍșȧ ȗȘȖȌȈȊȈȓȐșȤ ȏȈ ȚȈȒțȦ șț-
ȔȈșȉȘȖȌȕțȦ Ȟȍȕț ȟȚȖ ȉȈȘȣȠ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȔȣȑ ȒțȗȞȖȔ
ȊȖȏȕȈȋȘȈȎȌȈȓ ș ȐȏȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȗȖȚȍȘȦ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ǵȍ ȗȘȈȊ-
ȌȈ ȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ țȎȈșȕȖ Ȑ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣ ȉȣȓȖ șȚȘȖ-
ȋȖ ȕȈȒȈȏȣȊȈȚȤ ȒțȗȞȖȊ ǵȖ ȕȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȖȕȐ ȌȍȑșȚȊȖ-
ȊȈȓȐ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȖ Ǫ ȕȈȠȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȕȍ ȕȈȠȓȖșȤ ȉȣ Ȍȓȧ
ȕȐȝ ȕȈȒȈȏȈȕȐȧ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ șȚȘȖȋȖȋȖ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȘȈȊȣ
Ȑ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȧ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȐȓȐșȤ ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȧ ȗȖȊȍȓȍ-
ȊȈȍȚ ȓȦȌȧȔ țȊȈȎȈȚȤ ȏȈȡȐȡȈȚȤ ȊȏȈȐȔȕȖ ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋȈ
ȖșțȎȌȈȍȚ Țȍȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ țȋȕȍȚȈȦȚ șȓȈȉȣȝ Ȑ ȏȈȒȖȕ, ș
ȔȍȟȖȔ Ȋ ȘțȒȍ ȐȌȍȚ ȘȧȌȖȔ ș ȘȍȓȐȋȐȍȑ ȋȖȚȖȊȣȑ ȏȈ-
șȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȗȖȟȐȚȈȚȤ ȍȍ ǩȓȈȋȖșȓȖȊȓȧȑȚȍ ǩȖȋȈ
ȔȐȓȣȍ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȍ ȌȘțȏȤȧ ȟȚȖ Ƕȕ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȓ ȊȈș ȕȈ
șȊȍȚ ȗȖȌ ȒȘȖȊȖȔ ǽȘȐșȚȈ ǹȗȈșȐȚȍȓȧ ȔȐȘȈ ȏȈȡȐȡȈȦ-
ȡȍȋȖ șȊȖȐȔ ȊșȍȔȖȋțȡȐȔ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȔ șȓȈȉȣȝ
ȉȍȌȕȣȝ ȔȈȓȣȝ Ȑ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȌȍȚȍȑ
ǴȖȌȈ ȕȈ ȒȈȘȓȖȊ ȐșȟȍȏȓȈ Ȋ ȖȉȓȖȔȒȈȝ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍ-
ȕȐȧ ȐșȗȖȘȟȍȕȕȖȑ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȏȈȊȖȍȊȈȚȍȓȍȑ
șȊȍȚȈ Ȑ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȕȈȑȚȐ ȍȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȗȘȖȑȚȐ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ
ȊȍȒȈ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȕȍșȚȐșȤ ȕȈ ǪȖșȚȖȒ Ǫȣ, ȊȍȘȕȖ, ȟȐȚȈȓȐ
©Ǻȣșȧȟț ȖȌȕț ȕȖȟȤ» Ȋ ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȕȖȔ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȐ Ȍȓȧ Ȍȍ-
Țȍȑ ȐȏȌȈȚȍȓȧ «ǺȖȔȈ ǷțșȈ» Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȗȖșȘȍȌȐ ȟțȌȍș Ȋșȧ-
ȒȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȊȣșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȍȘșȐȌșȒȐȔ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȟȐ-
ȒȖȔ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȖȘȈȏȐȚȤ ȊȈș ȘȖȓȤ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ Ȑȋ-
ȘȈȓȐ ȒȈȘȓȣ ȊȖ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ Ȑȏ ȍȋȖ șȒȈȏȖȒ ǭșȓȐ ȏȓȖȑ Ȍțȝ
ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȕȈ șȍȉȧ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȑ ȖȉȘȈȏ ȥȚȖ ȖȉȘȈȏ
ȒȈȘȓȐȒȈ ȕȖ ȒȈȘȓȣ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȖȌȈȘȍȕ ȟțȌȍșȕȖȦ
șȐȓȖȦ ȕȍșȍȚ ȕȈ ȗȓȍȟȍ ȠțȚȧ Ȏȍȓȍȏȕȣȑ ȠȍșȚ ȊȍșȖȔ
Ȋ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȌȍșȧȚȒȖȊ ȗțȌȖȊ ȖȘțȎȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ Ȗȕ
țȉȐȊȈȍȚ ȊȍȓȐȒȈȕȖȊ ȕȈȌ ȕȐȔ șȔȍȦȡȐȝșȧ Ȑ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖ-
ȋȖ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ țȌȈȘȈ Ȗȕ șȟȍȓ ȉȣ ȏȈ ȉȍșȟȍ-
șȚȤȍ șȍȉȍ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȘȈȏ ǪȖȚ șȒȖȘȖȍ ȗȘȈ-
ȊȖșțȌȐȍ DzȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȒȈȘȓȣ șȐȕȐȍ ȎȍȓȚȣȍ ȏȍȓȍȕȣȍ,
Ȋșȍȝ ȞȊȍȚȖȊ Ȑ Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȔ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȍ ȟȚȖ ȔȖȋțȚ ȏȈȕȐ-
ȔȈȚȤ ȓȦȉȖȗȣȚșȚȊȖ ǭȊȘȖȗȣ Ȋ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȍȕȐȍ  ȓȍȚ
Ȑ Ȋșȍ ȍȋȖ ȒȈȘȓȣ ȖȌȈȘȍȕȣ ȉȍșȗȘȍȌȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȔȖȋțȡȍ-
șȚȊȖȔ ǶȕȐ ȗȖȊȍȓȍȊȈȦȚ ȓȦȌȤȔȐ șȚȐȝȐȧȔȐ ȋȍȕȐȧ-

18
ȔȐ Ȑ ȓȦȌȐ șȚȐȝȐȐ Ȑ ȋȍȕȐȐ ȗȖȟȐȚȈȦȚ ȏȈ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȍ
șȟȈșȚȤȍ ȗȖȊȐȕȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȋȖșȗȖȌȈȔ ȒȈȘȓȈȔ șȊȖȐȔ ȊȓȈ-
ȌȣȒȈȔ Ȑ ȗȖȊȍȓȐȚȍȓȧȔ ȅȚȖ ȔȖȋȓȖ ȉȣ ȊȕțȠȐȚȤ ȎȍȓȈ-
ȕȐȍ ȊșȍȔ ȊȏȘȖșȓȣȔ șȌȍȓȈȚȤșȧ ȒȈȘȓȈȔȐ Ȑ ȊșȍȔ Ȍȍ-
ȚȧȔ ȕȍ ȊȣȘȈșȚȈȚȤ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ Ȏȍ ȧ ȕȍ ȉȖȦșȤ ȟȚȖȉ ȊȈȔ
ȔȖȋȓȈ ȒȖȋȌȈ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȗȘȐȑȚȐ Ȋ ȋȖȓȖȊț ȚȈȒȈȧ ȔȣșȓȤ
ǵȖ ȥȚȖ ȊȔȍȠȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȒȈȘȓȖȊ ȊȖ Ȋșȍ ȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȍ șȒȈ-
ȏȒȐ ȗȘȖȐȏȖȠȓȖ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȖȚ șțȍȊȍȘȐȧ șȊȖȑșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȚȈȔȖȠȕȐȔ ȕȈȘȖȌȈȔ. ǻ ǸȐȔȓȧȕ Ȑȝ șȟȐȚȈȓȐ ȔȈ-
ȓȍȕȤȒȐȔȐ ȓȦȉȖȗȣȚȕȣȔȐ ȏȊȍȘȤȒȈȔȐ ȋȖȌȕȣȔȐ Ȍȓȧ
ȏȈȉȈȊȣ ȋȖșȗȖȌ șȊȖȐȝ ȚȈȒ, ȒȈȒ ȏȈȉȈȊȓȧȦȚ ȉȍȓȒȐ ȐȓȐ
Șțȟȕȣȍ ȖȉȍȏȤȧȕȣ Ȑ șȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȖ ș ȥȚȐȔ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȍȔ Ȗȉ-
ȝȖȌȐȓȐșȤ ș ȕȐȔȐ ǵȈ ǪȖșȚȖȒȍ ȕȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȗȘȐȕȐ-
ȔȈȓȐ Ȑȝ ȏȈ șțȡȍșȚȊȈ ȖȉȓȈȋȖȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ ǵȍ-
ȉȖȔ ȖȌȈȘȍȕȕȣȍ șȐȓȖȦ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȌȘțȏȤȧȔ
Ȑ ȊȘȍȌȐȚȤ ȕȍȗȘȐȧȚȍȓȧȔ șȟȐȚȈȓȐ ȋȕȍȊ Ȑȝ ȖȗȈșȕȍȍ
ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȌȘțȎȉȈ Ȑȝ ȔȖȋȓȈ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȖȓȍȏȕȖȦ ǶȚȚȖȋȖ Ȑ
ȗȘȖȐȏȖȠȓȖ șțȍȊȍȘȕȖȍ Ȓ ȕȐȔ ȉȓȈȋȖȋȖȊȍȕȐȍ ǵȈ ǪȖș-
ȚȖȒȍ ș ȕȐȔȐ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȓȐșȤ ȕȍȌțȘȕȖ ǷȍȘșȐȌșȒȐȍ ȠȈȝȐ
Ȑ ǺțȘȍȞȒȐȍ șțȓȚȈȕȣ șȖȉȐȘȈȓȐ Ȑȝ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȖȋȓȐ
Ȓ șȊȖȍȔț ȌȊȖȘț Ȑ ȖȒȘțȎȈȓȐ ȐȔȐ șȍȉȧ ǺȖȋȌȈ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖ-
ȏȊȖȓȍȕȖ ȐȔ Ȋșȍ, ȒȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȒȈșȈȓȖșȤ Ȑȝ
ȊȓȈșȚȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȕȈȘȖȌ ȕȍ șȔȍȓ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȐȚȤșȧ Ȑȝ ȗȘȐȝȖ-
ȚȧȔ șȈȔȣȔ șȚȘȈȕȕȣȔ ȒȈȘȓȣ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȓȐ ȕȈȘȖȌ șȕȖ-
șȐȚȤ ȗȘȐ șȓțȟȈȧȝ ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȖȉȐȌȣ Ȑ ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ
ȔȖȋ ȎȈȓȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȗȖșȚțȗȒȖȔ ȗȖȌȊȍȘȋȈȓȐșȤ ȖȗȈ-
șȕȖșȚȐ ȓȐȠȐȚȤșȧ ȋȖȓȖȊȣ ȐȓȐ ȗȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ
ȉȣȚȤ ȉȐȚȣȔ ȗȖ ȗȧȚȈȔ ǵȍȚȘțȌȕȖ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȘȖȌ ș
ȎȐȊȣȔ ȊȖȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȊȊȖȌȐȚȤ Ȋ șȊȖȐ
ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣ șțȍȊȍȘȐȧ Ȑ țȎȈșȣ ǷȖ ȥȚȖȑ Ȏȍ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȍ
ȒȈȘȓȣ ȐȋȘȈȦȚ ȊȈȎȕțȦ ȘȖȓȤ Ȋ ȈȘȈȉșȒȐȝ Ȑ ȗȍȘșȐȌ-
șȒȐȝ șȒȈȏȒȈȝ ǺȖȋȌȈ ȒȈȘȓȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȑ șȊȖȍȑ șȓȈ-
Ȋȍ ȌȈȎȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȑȝ ȞȈȘ-
șȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȖȕȐ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ țȗȖȚȘȍȉȓȧȓȐ ȊȖ
ȏȓȖ șȊȖȦ ȊȓȈșȚȤ ȚȖ ȋȖȚȖȊȐȚșȧ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȘȖȚ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ
ȕȐȏȊȍȘȋȕȍȚ Ȑȝ ș ȊȣșȖȚȣ ȊȍȓȐȟȐȧ

19
ȇ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ȊȈȔ Ȗȉ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȐ «ǺȣșȧȟȐ Ȑ ȖȌȕȖȑ
ȕȖȟȐ» șȌȍȓȈȕȕȖȔ ȕȈȘȖȟȕȖ Ȍȓȧ ȊȈș ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȕȈȌȖȉȕȖ
șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȊȈȔ Ȗȉ ȌȘțȋȖȔ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȐ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȏȕȈȔȍ-
ȕȐȚȖȔ Ȑ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȔ ȐȏȌȈȕȕȖȔ Ȑȏ-
ȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȍȓȧ ȦȕȖȠȍșȚȊȈ ǻ ȊȈș ȧ ȌțȔȈȦ ȍșȚȤ
țȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȗȘȐȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧ șȓȈȊȕȖȋȖ ȌȖȕ DzȐȝȖȚȈ,
ȗȘȖȏȊȈȕȕȖȋȖ «ȘȣȞȈȘȍȔ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȖȉȘȈȏȈ» ǴȍȎȌț
ȉȍșȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȌțȘȈȟȍșȚȊȈȔȐ ȏȈȉȈȊȕȣȔȐ șȔȍȠ-
ȕȣȔȐ ȠțȚȖȊșȒȐȔȐ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȊȠȐȔȐșȧ ȗȖ ȌȖȘȖȋȍ ȉȍȌ-
ȕȖȔț ȘȣȞȈȘȦ dzȈȔȈȕȠșȒȖȔț Ȋȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȏȈ-
ȔȍȚȐȚȤ țȟȈșȚȐȍ ȒȈȘȓȖȊ ȅȚȖ ȖȚȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧ
ǹȍȘȊȈȕȚȍșȈ — ȗȈȘȖȌȐȧ ȘȣȞȈȘșȒȐȝ ȘȖȔȈȕȖȊ ȐȏȌȈȕ-
ȕȣȝ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȑ șȖȟȐȕȐȚȍȓȐ Ȑȝ ȉȖȧȓȐșȤ ȟȚȖ Ȑȝ
șȖȟȚțȚ ȏȈ ȕȐȟȚȖȎȕȣȝ ȗȐșȈȒ ȍșȓȐ ȖȕȐ ȕȍ ȕȈȑȌțȚ
șȘȍȌșȚȊȈ ȊȣșȚȈȊȐȚȤ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧȝ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ
ȘȈȏ ȒȈȘȓț ǪȍȘȝȖȔ ȕȈ șȊȖȍȔ ȉȍȋțȕȍ ȏȈȒȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ Ȋ
șȚȈȓȤȕțȦ ȉȘȖȕȦ Ȋ șȖȗȘȖȊȖȎȌȍȕȐȐ ȒȖȕȦȠȍȋȖ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȣȑ șȕȈȘȧȎȍȕ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȓțȟȠȍ ȉȍȌȕȖȋȖ ǹȈȕȝȖ
ǷȈȕșȣ ȒȖȋȌȈ șȚȘȈȕșȚȊțȦȡȐȑ ȘȣȞȈȘȤ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ț
ȗȖȌȢȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȔȖșȚȈ șȚȈȘȖȋȖ ȋȖȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȏȈȔȒȈ Ȋșȍ-
ȋȌȈ ȊȐȌȧȚ ȒȈȘȓț ȕȈ ȗȓȈȚȜȖȘȔȈȝ ȊȣșȖȒȐȝ ȉȈȠȍȕ Ȗȕ
ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȋȖșȗȖȌȐȕȈ ȗȘȖșȧȡȍȋȖ ȋȖș-
ȚȍȗȘȐȐȔșȚȊȈ ȚȘțȉȐȚ ȚȘȐ ȘȈȏȈ Ȋ ȘȖȋ DzȈȘȓȣ ȊșȍȋȌȈ
ȕȖșȐȓȐ ȘȖȋ ȕȈ ȗȍȘȍȊȧȏȐ ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȏȕȈȒȖ-
ȔȖȔ șȐȋȕȈȓȍ ȗȖȌȢȍȔȕȣȑ ȔȖșȚ ȖȗțșȒȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȝȘȈȉ-
Șȣȑ ȘȣȞȈȘȤ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚ ȝȖȘȖȠȐȑ ȕȖȟȓȍȋ Ȑ șȚȖȓ ȕȈ ȖȌ-
ȕț ȕȖȟȤ Ǫ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȍ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȐȍ ȜȍȖȌȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȗȘȈȏȌ-
ȕȐȒȐ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȐȕȞȍșșȣ țȌȖșȚȈȐȊȈȓȐ șȊȖȐȔ ȗȘȐșțȚ-
șȚȊȐȍȔ ȚțȘȕȐȘȣ Ȑȝ șȖȗȘȖȊȖȎȌȈȓȐ ȒȈȘȓȣ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ
Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȕȍș ȏȈ șȊȖȍȦ ȋȖșȗȖȎȖȦ ȠȓȍȑȜ ȍȍ ȞȈȘșȒȖȑ
ȔȈȕȚȐȐ Ȑ Ȗȕ Ȏȍ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȑ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȔ ȊȍȍȘȖȔ
Ȋ ȊȐȌȍ ȗȈȊȓȐȕȖȋȖ ȝȊȖșȚȈ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȗȘȖȝȓȈȎ-
ȌȈȚȤ ȖȒȖȓȖ ȕȍȑ ȊȖȏȌțȝ ǪȍȓȐȒȐȍ ȎȐȊȖȗȐșȞȣ ȠȍșȚ-
ȕȈȌȞȈȚȖȋȖ ȊȍȒȈ Ȑ Ǹțȉȍȕș ȋȓȈȊȈ Ȑȝ ȕȍ ȊȣȗțșȒȈȓȐ
Ȑȏ ȊȐȌȈ ȥȚț ȟȍȘȚț ȕȘȈȊȖȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȊȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȚȈȒ
țȌȈȟȕȖ ȠȓȈ Ȓ Ȍȍȓț Ȑ Ȋ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈȝ ȚȖ-
ȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȠȤ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȊșȍȋȌȈ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȔ-ȕȐ-

21
ȉțȌȤ țȋȓț ȌȈȎȍ ȕȈ ȗȍȘȊȖȔ ȗȓȈȕȍ ȒȈȘȓț ș ȘȈȏȔȈ-
ȓȍȊȈȕȕȖȑ ȒȖȎȍȑ ȉȍȓȣȔȐ ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȐȔȐ ȏț-
ȉȈȔȐ ș ȚȦȘȉȈȕȖȔ ȕȈ ȋȖȓȖȊȍ ȖȌȍȚȖȋȖ Ȋ ȗȓȈȚȤȍ ȧȘ-
ȒȐȝ ȞȊȍȚȖȊ Ȑ șȚȖȧȡȍȋȖ ȚȈȔ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȊȣȒȈȏȣȊȈȧ șȊȖȦ
ȊȈȎȕȖșȚȤ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȖȑ ȋȖȘȌȍȞ
ǰ ȚȈȒ ȊȖȚ ȒȈȘȓȣ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȚȐȓȐșȤ Ȋ ǭȊȘȖȗț Ȑ ȖșȖ-
ȉȍȕȕȖ ȊȖ ǼȘȈȕȞȐȦ DzȈȒ șȓțȟȐȓșȧ ȥȚȖȚ ȕȖȊȣȑ ȗȍ-
ȘȍȊȖȘȖȚ Ȋ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȒȈȘȓȖȊ" ǵȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȐȕțȚ ȊȈȠȍ-
ȋȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȉțȌȍȚ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȧ ȔȖȋ
ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȊȈȔ ȗȘȐȟȐȕț ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȘȖȚȈ
Ǫȣ ȊȐȌȍȓȐ Ȋ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈȝ ȚȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȘȈȏȔȈȓȍ-
ȊȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȒȈȘȓț ș ȚȦȘȉȈȕȖȔ ȕȈ ȋȖȓȖȊȍ ǷȖȕȐȔȈȍȚȍ
ȓȐ" ǭȊȘȖȗȈ ȏȈȕȧȓȈ ț ǨȏȐȐ ȔȖȌț ȕȈ ȒȈȘȓȖȊ Ȑ ȊȖȚ ȒȖ-
ȘȖȚȒȈȧ ȐșȚȖȘȐȧ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȘȖȚȈ ǯȌȍșȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȈ
ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ șȚȘȈȕȐȞ ȧ ȗȖȗȘȖȠț ț ȊȈș ȗȖȏȊȖȓȍȕȐȧ
ȗȘȐȌȈȚȤ ȔȖȍȔț ȗȖȊȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȦ ȚȖȕ ȉȖȓȍȍ șȍȘȤȍȏ-
ȕȣȑ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȧ șȚȈȕț ȉȍșȍȌȖȊȈȚȤ ș ȊȈȔȐ Ȗ ȗȘȖ-
ȐșȠȍșȚȊȐȧȝ șȚȖȓȤ ȊȈȎȕȣȝ ȟȚȖ ȕȍȗȘȐȓȐȟȕȖ ȗȐșȈ-
ȚȍȓȦ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗȉ ȕȐȝ șȓȍȋȒȈ ȌȈȎȍ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȔ ȟȐ-
ȚȈȚȍȓȧȔ ȊȈȠȐȝ ȓȍȚ; ȐȚȈȒ ȗȖȚȍȘȗȐȚȍ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ Ȉ Ȋ
ȕȈȋȘȈȌț ȏȈ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ Ȓ șȓȖȊȈȔ ȔȖȐȔ ȧ ȖȉȍȡȈȦ ȊȈȔ
ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȗȖșȓȍ Ȗ ȊȍȡȈȝ ȏȈȉȈȊȕȣȝ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ
ȏȈȉȈȊȕȣȝ
Ǫ ȗȖȓȖȊȐȕȍ șȘȍȌȕȐȝ ȊȍȒȖȊ ȧȊȐȓșȧ ȔȖȕȈȝ ȌȖȓ-
ȎȍȕșȚȊȖȊȈȊȠȐȑ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍșȚȤ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ șȈȔȣȝ ȊȍȓȐȟȈȑ-
ȠȐȝ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȘȖȚȖȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șȓțȟȈȓȖșȤ ȓȦȌȧȔ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ
ǿȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȥȚȖȚ ȖȌȍȚȣȑ Ȋ ȉȍȌȕȖȍ ȗȓȈȚȤȍ Ȑȏ ȚȖȓșȚȖȑ
ȠȍȘșȚȧȕȖȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȐ ȖȉțȚȣȑ Ȋ ȖȌȕȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȈȕȌȈ-
ȓȐȐ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȓ ǭȊȘȖȗț ș ȘȈșȗȧȚȐȍȔ Ȋ ȘțȒȍ Ȉ ȕȈ ȗț-
ȚȐ ȍȋȖ ȚȍșȕȐȓșȧ ȕȈȘȖȌ ȚȖȓȗȈȔȐ Ȑ Ƞȍȓ ȏȈ ȕȐȔ Ƕș-
ȚȈȊȓȧȓȐ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ Ȑ ȌȍȘȍȊȕȐ Ȑ Ȗȕ țȊȓȍȒȈȓ ȏȈ șȖȉȖȦ Ȓ
ǷȈȘȐȎț ȔȈșșȣ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ țȊȍȓȐȟȐȊȈȓȐșȤ ȉȖ-
ȓȍȍ Ȑ ȉȖȓȍȍ DzȚȖ ȉȣȓ ȥȚȖȚ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ Ȑ ȒȈȒȐȔȐ ȊȖȓȠȍȉ-
ȕȣȔȐ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ Ȗȕ ȔȖȋ ȗȖȌȕȧȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȕȈȘȖȌȣ ȕȈ ȗțȚȐ
șȊȖȍȔ" ǹȓȖȊȈ ȍȋȖ ȉȣȓȐ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȘȖșȚȣ Ȑ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ȒȘȈ-
șȕȖȘȍȟȐȊȣ Ȗȕ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ȐȔ Ȗ ǹȣȕȍ ǩȖȎȐȍȔ șȌȍȓȈȊ-
ȠȍȔșȧ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȔ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȓ Ȗȉ ǭȋȖ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȍȧ-

22
ȍȕȐȧȝ Ȑ ȎȍȘȚȊȈȝ țȒȈȏȣȊȈȓ ȕȈ ǵȍȋȖ țȔȐȘȈȦȡȍȋȖ
ȕȈ ȒȘȍșȚȍ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȐșȒțȗȐȚȤ ȔȐȘ ȖȚ ȗȍȘȊȖ-
ȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȋȘȍȝȈ ǷȖșȓȍ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȊȐȌȍȓ Ȑȝ ȘȈșȚȘȖȋȈȕ-
ȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ ȓȦȉȖȊȤȦ Ȗȕ ȕȈȗȖȔȐ-
ȕȈȓ ȐȔ ȟȚȖ ȋȘȖȉ Ȑȝ ǫȖșȗȖȌȈ ȏȈȗȍȘȚȣȑ Ȋ ǹȊȧȚȖȔ
ǫȘȈȌȍ ȉȣȓ ȊȖ ȊȓȈșȚȐ ȕȍȊȍȘȕȣȝ Ȑ ȗȖȊȍșȚȊȖȊȈȓ Ȗ ȉȍș-
ȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȖȉȐȌȈȝ Ȑ ȎȍșȚȖȒȖșȚȧȝ ȗȘȍȚȍȘȗȍȊȈȍȔȣȝ
ȐȌțȡȐȔȐ Ȋ ǰȍȘțșȈȓȐȔ ȕȈ ȗȖȒȓȖȕȍȕȐȍ ȋȘȖȉȕȐȞȍ
ǰșȒțȗȐȚȍȓȧ «ǶșȚȈȊȐȚȍ ȓȐ Ȋȣ ȥȚȖȚ ȉȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ
ȋȘȖȉ — ȊȖșȒȓȐȞȈȓ Ȗȕ — Ȋ ȘțȒȈȝ ȗȖȒȓȖȕȕȐȒȖȊ ǴȈ-
ȋȖȔȍȚȈ ȗȖȚȍȘȗȐȚȍ ȓȐ ȍȡȍ ȌȖȓȍȍ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȊȈȠȐ ȉȘȈ-
ȚȤȧ ȏȈȝȊȈȟȍȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ Ȋ ȕȍȊȖȓȦ ȖȋȘȈȉȓȍȕȣ ȕȍȌȖșȚȖȑ-
ȕȣȔȐ ȝȐȡȕȐȒȈȔȐ ȗȖȘțȋȈȕȣ ȕȍȊȍȘȕȣȔȐ ȚȐȘȈȕȈ-
ȔȐ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȐ ȐȌțȚ Ȋ șȊȧȚȖȍ șȚȘȈȕșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȗȖ-
ȒȓȖȕȍȕȐȍ ȋȘȖȉț ǫȖșȗȖȌȈ ȕȈȠȍȋȖ ǰȐșțșȈ ǽȘȐșȚȈ
ǪȖșșȚȈȕȤȚȍ ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕȍ ȗȖȑȌȍȔȚȍ ȕȈ ȊȖșȚȖȒ ȖșȊȖȉȖȎ-
ȌȈȚȤ ǹȊȧȚȖȑ ǫȘȈȌ ǩȖȋț ȚȈȒ țȋȖȌȕȖª. ǰ ȉȍșȟȐșȓȍȕ-
ȕȈȧ ȚȖȓȗȈ ȊȖșȗȓȈȔȍȕȍȕȕȈȧ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȣȔ ȎȈȘȖȔ ȊȖȓ-
ȕȖȊȈȓȈșȤ ȒȈȒ ȖȌȐȕ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȊȖșȒȓȐȞȈȧ ș ǷȍȚȘȖȔ-
ȗțșȚȣȕȕȐȒȖȔ ©ǩȖȋț ȚȈȒ țȋȖȌȕȖª ǹȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȐ ȥȚȖ-
ȋȖ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȋȖ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȘȖȓȐ ȒȕȧȏȤȧ Ȑ ȊȍȓȤȔȖȎȐ
ȚȈȒȎȍ ȊȏȊȖȓȕȖȊȈȓȐșȤ șȖȉȘȈȓȐșȤ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ȟȚȖȉ ȘȈșșțȎ-
ȌȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȐȔ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ Ȑ, ȒȖȋȌȈ
ȊȓȈșȚȤ ȋȓȈȊȣ ǯȈȗȈȌȕȖȑ ǾȍȘȒȊȐ șȚȈȓȈ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȐ-
ȊȈȚȤ țȊȍȡȈȕȐȧ ǷȍȚȘȈ-ȗțșȚȣȕȕȐȒȈ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȋȖșțȌȈȘȐ
ȊȖșȒȓȐȒȕțȓȐ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ, ȒȈȒ ȕȈȘȖȌ ©ǩȖȋț ȚȈȒ țȋȖȌȕȖ..»
ǪȍșȤ ǯȈȗȈȌ ȗȖȌ ȗȘȍȌȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȔ șȓȈȊȕȣȝ ȗȖȓȒȖ-
ȊȖȌȞȍȊ ȗȖșȗȍȠȐȓ ȕȈ ǪȖșȚȖȒ Ǫ ȏȕȈȒ șȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȧ Ȑ
ȏȈȓȖȋ Ȑȝ ȊȍȘȕȖșȚȐ șȖȦȏȕȐȒȐ ȕȖșȐȓȐ ȕȈ ȋȘțȌȐ ȒȘȍșȚ,
ȖȚȟȍȋȖ ȖȕȐ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȓȐșȤ ȒȘȍșȚȖȕȖșȞȈȔȐ Ȉ ȥȚȖȚ Ȋȍ-
ȓȐȒȐȑ ȗȖȝȖȌ ȒȘȍșȚȖȊȣȔ ȇ ȕȍ șȚȈȕț ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȊȈȔ
Ȗ șȓȈȊȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȐșȠȍșȚȊȐȧȝ  ȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȧȝ Ȑ
ȗȖȌȊȐȋȈȝ ȖȏȕȈȔȍȕȖȊȈȊȠȐȝ ȥȚț ȥȗȖȝț ȖȉȐȓȤȕțȦ ȟț-
ȌȍșȈȔȐ Ȋȣ ȟȐȚȈȓȐ ȗȖȥȔț ©ǶșȊȖȉȖȎȌȍȕȕȣȑ ǰȍȘț-
șȈȓȐȔª, ȊȕțȠȍȕȕțȦ ȉȍșșȔȍȘȚȕȖȔț ǺȖȘȒȊȈȚȖ ǺȈșșț
țȌȐȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ Ȓ ȊȍȓȐȒȐȔ ȌȍȧȕȐȧȔ ȗȘȍȌȒȖȊ Ȑ ȏȕȈȍȚȍ

23
Ȋșȍ ȟȚȖ ȍșȚȤ Ȋ ȥȚȖȑ ȥȗȖȝȍ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ǬȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ
ȇ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȈȦșȤ Ȓ ȔȖȍȔț ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚț
ǪȖȑȕȈ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȖȕȈ Ȋȓȍ-
ȟȍȚ ȏȈ șȖȉȖȦ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȍȡȍ ȚȖȘȋȖȊȓȐ ȗȘȖșȊȍȡȈȍȚ Ȑ
ȚȈȒ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȋ șȖȗȘȐȒȖșȕȖȊȍȕȐȍ ȕȈȘȖȌȣ
ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ Ȑȝ țȏȕȈȊȈȚȤ ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋȈ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȈȍȚ ȗȘȍȌ-
ȘȈșșțȌȒȐ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȔ ȉȍșȗȘȍșȚȈȕȕȣȑ ȘȈȏ-
Ȕȍȕ Ȕȣșȓȍȑ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȐȚ ș ȘȈȏȕȣȔȐ ȧȏȣȒȈȔȐ ȐȏȔȍ-
ȕȧȍȚ ȕȘȈȊȣ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȍȚ ȖȚ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȕȈȘȖȌȈ Ȓ ȌȘț-
ȋȖȔț ȕȈțȒȐ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȘțȒȖȌȍȓȐȧ
șȊȖȑșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȒȈȎȌȖȔț Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȊȓȈ-
ȌȣȟȍșȚȊȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ țȊȍȓȐȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ
ǺȈȒȖȍ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ șȚȈȓȖ ȍȡȍ ȖȡțȚȐȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȍȍ ȗȖșȓȍ ȒȘȍșȚȖȊȣȝ ȗȖȝȖȌȖȊ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ țȊȐȌȍȓȐ Ȋ
ǭȊȘȖȗȍ ȒȈȠȍȔȐȘȖȊȣȍ ȠȈȓȐ ȗȍȘșȐȌșȒȐȍ ȒȖȊȘȣ ȗȈȘ-
ȟȖȊȣȍ ȗȓȈȚȤȧ ȚȒȈȕȐ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȏȖȓȖȚȖ șȖȍȌȐȕȧ-
ȓȖșȤ ș ȠȍȓȒȖȔ ȘȖșȒȖȠȕȣȍ ȖȘțȎȐȧ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔȣȍ
ȌȈȔȈșșȒȐȔȐ ȗȖ ȐȔȍȕȐ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ǬȈȔȈșșȒȈ ȋȌȍ Ȑȝ Ȍȍ-
ȓȈȦȚ ȊȖȠȓȐ Ȋ țȗȖȚȘȍȉȓȍȕȐȍ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȑȏ ȒțȠȈ-
ȕȤȍȊ țȗȖȚȘȍȉȓȧȍȔȣȝ Ȋ ǨȏȐȐ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓȐșȤ ȕȈ șȚȖȓȈȝ
ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȐȝ Ǵȣ ȗȘȐȕȧȓȐ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȑȏ Ȑȝ
ȔȖȌ țȊȐȌȍȓȐ ȘȣȞȈȘȍȑ ȕȈȘȧȎȍȕȕȣȝ Ȋ ȌȖȓȋȖȍ ȊȖșȚȖȟ-
ȕȖȍ ȗȓȈȚȤȍ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ Ȋ ȟȈȓȔț ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȒȘȍșȚ ȏȈȔȍ-
ȕȧȓ ȗȖȓțȔȍșȧȞ ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȗȖșȘȍȌȐ ȥȚȐȝ ȟțȎȍșȚȘȈȕ-
ȕȣȝ ȔȖȌ ȊȖȠȓȐ Ȋ ȔȖȌț Ȑ ȒȈȘȓȣ
ǻ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȑ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȞȍȊ ȉȣȓȐ ȒȈȘȓȣ Ȑ ȊȍȓȤȔȖ-
ȎȐ ȘȈȏțȔȍȍȚșȧ ȝȖȚȍȓȐ ȐȔȍȚȤ Ȑȝ ȅȚȖ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍ-
ȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓȖșȤ ș ȉȖȓȤȠȍȦ ȐȓȐ ȔȍȕȤȠȍȦ șȐȓȖȦ
ȌȈȎȍ ȌȖ ȞȈȘșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧ dzȦȌȖȊȐȒȈ ;,,, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȉȣȓ
ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ Ȑȏ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȐȝ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȑ ȐȔȍȊȠȐȝ ȒȈȘ-
ȓț ǵȖ ȗȖ șȚȘȈȕȕȖȔț ȊȒțșț ȟȍȔ ȝțȎȍ Ȑ ȉȍȏȖȉȘȈȏ-
ȕȍȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȒȈȘȓȣ ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȖȕȐ Ȋ ȔȖȌȍ ȒȈ-
ȏȈȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ ȊȍȓȤȔȖȎȐ ȚȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ șȚȈȘȈȓȐșȤ ȊȣȒȈ-
ȏȈȚȤ ȍȡȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ șȊȖȍ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌșȚȊȖ
șȚȈȊȧ ȊȖȏȓȍ șȍȉȧ Ȍȓȧ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȗȖȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ șțȡȍșȚ-
ȊȈ ȉȍȏȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȍ. ǰȕȖȋȌȈ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊșȒȐȑ ȒȈȘȓȖ
șȖȍȌȐȕȧȓ Ȋ șȍȉȍ ȥȚȖ ȚȐȚȓȖ ș ȚȐȚȓȖȔ ȠțȚȈ ȕȈ ȕȍȔ

25
ȓȍȎȈȓȈ ȖȉȧȏȈȕȕȖșȚȤ ȘȈȏȋȖȕȧȚȤ șȒțȒț ȋȖșțȌȈȘȧ șȊȖȐ-
ȔȐ ȊȣȔȣșȓȈȔȐ ȊȣȝȖȌȒȈȔȐ ȠțȚȒȈȔȐ ȖșȚȘȖȚȈȔȐ
ǪșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȍȔț ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȓȖșȤ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȋșȍ Ȗȕ
ȔȖȋ ȉȍȏȕȈȒȈȏȈȕȕȖ ȕȈȗȈȌȈȚȤ ȕȈ șȈȔȣȝ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȝ Ȋȍ-
ȓȤȔȖȎ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȈ ȋȖșțȌȈȘȧ ǵȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȠțȚȣ ȕȍ
ȚȈȒ ȋȓțȗȣȍ ȒȈȒ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȌțȔȈȚȤ ȗȖ Ȑȝ ȕȈȏȊȈ-
ȕȐȦ ȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȓȐșȤ șȊȖȐȔ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȌȈȊȈȓȐ șȊȖȐȔ
ȊȓȈșȚȐȚȍȓȧȔ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȕȣȍ șȖȊȍȚȣ ǰȔȍȕȈ ǺȘȐȉțȓȍ-
ȚȈ Ȑ ǨȕȎȍȓȐ ȌȖȠȓȐ ȌȖ ȕȈș ȊȖ ȊșȍȔ ȉȓȍșȒȍ ȏȈșȓț-
ȎȍȕȕȖȑ șȓȈȊȣ
«ǿȈșȚȖ ȐȔȍȍȔ ȕȈȌȖȉȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ Țȍȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔȍȕȤ-
Ƞȍ ȕȈș», — șȒȈȏȈȓ ȌȖȉȘȣȑ dzȈȜȖȕȚȍȕ Ȉ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȗȖȓ-
ȕȍȕȐȧ ȍȋȖ ȔȣșȓȐ ȗȖșȓȖȊȐȞȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ: «ǴȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȝ
ȊȘȈȋȖȊ ȕȍ ȉȣȊȈȍȚª Ǫ ȗȖȌȒȘȍȗȓȍȕȐȍ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȕȘȈȊȖ-
țȟȍȕȐȧ ȉȈșȕȖȗȐșȍȞ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ ȗȘȐȔȍȘ șȖȏȌȈȕȕȣȑ
ȍȋȖ ȊȖȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȍȔ Ȉ Ȋ ȗȖȌȒȘȍȗȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȖșȓȖȊȐȞȣ
ȊȖȚ ȖȌȐȕ  ȊȏȧȚȣȑ Ȑȏ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ
ǷȘȐ ȌȊȖȘȍ ȥȘȞȋȍȘȞȖȋȈ ǼȍȘȌȐȕȈȕȌȈ ȎȐȓ Ȋ 
ȋȖȌț ȊȍȓȐȒȈȕ ȐȔȍȕȍȔ ǫȈȑȔȖȕ Ȑ ȒȈȘȓȖ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȍ
ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȕȍ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȓȖșȤ Ȋ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ DzȈȎȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ
ȗȘȐȕȞ ǼȍȘȌȐȕȈȕȌ ȓȦȉȐȓ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȗȖȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ǫȈȑ-
ȔȖȕ ȉȣȓ ȊȣȠȐȕȣ ȕȍȐȔȖȊȍȘȕȖȑ ȘȖșȚ ȒȈȘȓȣ ȔȍȕȤ-
Ƞȍ ȈȘȠȐȕȈ ǫȈȑȔȖȕ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȘțȒȖȑ ȗȖȌȕȐȔȈȓ ȉȣȒȈ,
Ȍȓȧ ȒȈȘȓȣ ȔȖȗș ȉȣȓ ȉȣ ȟȘȍȏȔȍȘȕȖȦ ȚȧȎȍșȚȤȦ ǫȈȑ-
ȔȖȕ ȔȖȋ ȘȈȏȌȈȊȐȚȤ ȒȈȘȓț Ȋ ȗȖȓȕȖȔ șȔȣșȓȍ șȓȖȊȈ
ȖȌȕȖȦ șȊȖȍȦ ȕȖȋȖȦ ǰ ȟȚȖ Ȏȍ ȒȚȖ ȉȣ ȗȖȊȍȘȐȓ?
ǷȖ șȓțȟȈȦ ȌȍȘȏȖșȚȐ ǫȈȑȔȖȕȈ ȊșȗȣȓȤȟȐȊȣȑ ȒȈȘȓȖ
ȘȈșșȍȘȌȐȓșȧ Ȑ ȗȘȐ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȘȐȌȊȖȘȕȣȝ ȗȖȒȓȧȓșȧ ȖȚȔ-
șȚȐȚȤ Ȑ ȌȈȚȤ ǫȈȑȔȖȕț ȗȖȡȍȟȐȕț ȗȘȐ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȊȖȏȔȖȎ-
ȕȖșȚȐ ǴȕȖȋȖ șȔȍȧȓȐșȤ ȕȈȌ ȍȋȖ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȔ ȋȕȍȊȖȔ,
Ȑ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ Ȑȏ șȔȍȧȊȠȐȝșȧ ȉȣȓ ȊȍȓȐȒȈȕ ǿȚȖȉȣ ȌȖș-
ȚȈȚȤ ȌȖ ȡȍȒȐ ȐșȗȖȓȐȕȈ ȕțȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȒȈȘȓț ȗȖȌșȚȈ-
ȊȐȚȤ ȓȍșȚȕȐȞț ȕȖ ȊȖȚ ȟȚȖ șȓțȟȐȓȖșȤ ȖȌȕȈȎȌȣ ȗȘȐ
ȔȕȖȋȖȟȐșȓȍȕȕȖȔ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȐ ȒȈȘȓȖ ȗȖȌȖȠȍȓ Ȓ ȊȍȓȐ-
ȒȈȕț ȚȐȝȖȕȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ ȍȔț ȉȣȓȖ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȓȍȋȒȖ Ȑ ȗȘȖȊȖȘ-
ȕȖ ȘȈȏȊȧȏȈȓ ȠȕțȘȖȒ ȍȋȖ ȉȈȠȔȈȒȈ ǫȈȑȔȖȕ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȊ-
ȠȐ ȥȚȖ ȕȈȒȓȖȕȐȓșȧ ȟȚȖȉ ȏȈȊȧȏȈȚȤ ȍȋȖ Ȋ Țț ȔȐȕț-

26
Țț ȒȈȘȓȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ șȚȖȧȓ ȕȍȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȗȖȌȉȍȎȈȓ Ȑ
țȌȈȘȐȊȠȐ ȍȋȖ ȗȖ ȡȍȒȍ ȊșȒȘȐȟȈȓ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ
ȋȖȓȖșȖȔ ©ǵȍ șȒȈȏȈȓ ȓȐ ȧ Țȍȉȍ ȟȚȖ ȖȚȖȔȡțª ǷȖȒȈ
ȉȍȌȕȣȑ ȊȍȓȐȒȈȕ șȔțȡȍȕȕȣȑ Ȑ țȕȐȟȐȎȍȕȕȣȑ ȕȍ
ȏȕȈȓ, ȟȚȖ ȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȥȘȞȋȍȘȞȖȋ ǼȍȘȌȐȕȈȕȌ; Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐ-
ȌȊȖȘȕȣȍ șȔȍȧȓȐșȤ ȖȚ ȊșȍȋȖ șȍȘȌȞȈ ǫȈȑȔȖȕ ȉȣȓ
ȚȈȒ ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȍȕ ȥȚȖȦ ȖȉȐȌȖȦ ȟȚȖ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ
Ȍȕȍȑ țȔȍȘ ȖȚ ȚȖȋȖ Ǫ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȝ ȔȐȓȧȝ ȖȚ ǰȕșȒȘț-
ȒȈ Ȋ ȏȈȔȒȍ ǻȔȉȘȈș ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ ȍȋȖ ȋȘȖȉȕȐȞț ȊȖȏ-
ȓȍ ȍȋȖ șȒȍȓȍȚȈ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚșȧ șȒȍȓȍȚ ȒȈȘȓȣ ȉȣȊȠȍȋȖ
ȗȘȐȟȐȕȖȦ ȍȋȖ șȔȍȘȚȐ ǩȍșșȐȓȤȕȣȍ ȟȈșȚȖ ȉȣȊȈȦȚ
șȈȔȣȍ ȏȓȣȍ
ǵȖ ȊȖȚ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȒȈȘȓȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȋȕț-
ȠȈȧșȤ ȝȐȚȘȖșȚȤȦ, ȖȚȖȔșȚȐȓ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȖȦ șȐȓȖȦ
Ǫ  ȉȣȓ Ȋ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȖȑ ȈȘȔȐȐ ȒȈȘȓȖ ȏȈșȓț-
ȎȐȊȠȐȑ ȝȘȈȉȘȖșȚȐȦ ȟȐȕ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȕȈ ȅȚȖȚ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȕ
ȗȖȓțȟȐȓ șȊȖȐ ȥȗȖȓȍȚȣ ȕȍ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȓțȟȠȍ ȕȍȎȍȓȐ
ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓ ǺȖȔ Ƿțș — ȏȈșȓțȎȐȓ Ȑȝ Ȑ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ șȕȖșȐȚȤ
ȠțȚȖȒ ǶȌȐȕ ȗȘȐȌȊȖȘȕȣȑ ȕȈșȔȍȝȈȓșȧ ȕȈȌ ȍȋȖ ȔȈ-
ȓȣȔ ȘȖșȚȖȔ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȕ ȗȖșȓȈȓ ȍȔț ȊȣȏȖȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ
ȉȣȓ ȗȘȐȕȧȚ ȗȖșȓȍ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȏȈȚȘțȌȕȍȕȐȑ Ȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ-
ȕȐȒȐ șȖȠȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕȕȖȔ ȔȍșȚȍ ǹȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȔȖȓȖ-
ȌȖȑ ȋȖșȗȖȌȐȕ ȌȍȓȈȓ Ȑȏ ȗȖȍȌȐȕȒȈ ȐȋȘț Ȑ ȡȈȌȐȓ ȗȘȖ-
ȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ ȕȖ ȗȖ șȐȓȤȕȣȔ ȕȈȗȈȌȍȕȐȧȔ Ȗȕ șȒȖȘȖ ȗȖ-
ȕȧȓ ȟȚȖ ȐȋȘȈ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȖȗȈșȕȖȦ Ȑ șȚȈȓ ȏȈȡȐ-
ȡȈȚȤșȧ ǶȌȕȈȒȖ Ȏȍ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȕ ȉȣȓ ȍȔț ȕȍ ȗȖ șȐȓȈȔ
Ȑ ȗȖȓȖȎȐȓ ȍȋȖ ȚțȚ Ȏȍ ȕȈ ȔȍșȚȍ ǷȖȗȘȖȉțȑȚȍ Ȏȍ ȌȘȈ-
ȚȤșȧ ș ȚȈȒȐȔȐ ȒȈȘȓȈȔȐ 
Ǫ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȋȍȘȖȑșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȕȈȠ șȓȈȊ-
ȕȣȑ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȕ ȎȐȓ ǮȍȜȍȘȐ ǫțȌȏȖȕ ȒȈȘȓȖ ȜȘȈȕ-
ȞțȏșȒȖȑ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȣ ǫȍȕȘȐȥȚȣ șțȗȘțȋȐ DzȈȘȓȈ II-ȋȖ
ǬȖ -ȓȍȚȕtȋȖ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȖ-
ȓțȈȘȠȐȕȈ; ȗȖșȓȍ ȊȌȘțȋ ȊȣȘȖș ȗȖȟȚȐ Ȋ ȈȘȠȐȕ ǺȖȋ-
ȌȈ ȎȐȊȣȝ ȒȈȘȓȖȊ ȏȈȊȍȘȚȣȊȈȓȐ Ȋ ȗȐȘȖȋȐ Ȑ ȗȖȌȈȊȈ-
ȓȐ ȕȈ șȚȖȓȣ ȗȘȐȕȞȍȊ ǮȍȜȍȘȐ ǫțȌȏȖȕ ȗȘȐșȊȈȐȊȈȍȚ
șȍȉȍ ȟȍșȚȤ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȚȍȕȐȧ Ȗȕ-ȚȖ Ȋ Țț ȔȐȕțȚț
ȒȖȋȌȈ ȝȖȚȍȓȐ ȊȖȚȒȕțȚȤ ȕȖȎȐȒ Ȋ ȍȋȖ șȖȟȕțȦ ȚȦȘȤ-

27
Ȕț ȗȘȐȗȖȌȕȧȓ șȊȖȦ ȗȐȘȖȎȕțȦ ȒȘȣȠȒț Ȑ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓ-
șȧ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȑ ș ȋȖȓȖȊȣ ȌȖ ȕȖȋ ȊȏȖȘȈȔ țȌȐȊȓȍȕ-
ȕȣȝ ȋȖșȚȍȑ ǷȘȍȌșȚȈȊȤȚȍ șȍȉȍ ȒȈȒ Ȗȕ ȘȈșȝȈȎȐȊȈȓ
Ȋ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȍ ȗȖ ȞȈȘșȒȖȔț șȚȖȓț ȗȘȣȋȈȓ ȗȖ șȖȓȖȕ-
ȒȈȔ Ȑ ȒȘȈȧȔ șȚȖȓȈ ȉȖȧȓșȧ ȟȚȖȉ ȕȍ țȚȖȕțȚȤ Ȋ ȉȖȓȤ-
ȠȐȝ șȚȖȗȈȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ țȗȖȚȘȍȉȓȧȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȐȓȐ
ȕȍ țȊȧȏȕțȚȤ Ȋ ȉȓȦȌȍ ȠȗȐȕȈȚț ǿȍșȚȤ Ȑ șȓȈȊȈ ȐȏȖȉ-
ȘȍȚȈȚȍȓȦ ȗȐȘȖȋȖȊ ș ȒȈȘȓȈȔȐ
ǷȖșȓȍ ȕȍȋȖ șȓȈȊȐȚșȧ ȉȍșșȗȖȘȕȖ ȇȒȖȊ ǼȍȘȘȐ
ȗȘȖȏȊȈȕȕȣȑ ǩȍȉȍ ȒȈȘȓȖ ȒȖȘȖȓȧ ǹȚȈȕȐșȓȈȊȈ Ƕȕ
ȘȖȌȐȓșȧ Ȋ  ȋ Ȋ Ƿȓȍȕȍ Ȋ ǪȖȎșȒȖȔ ȌȍȗȈȘȚȈȔȍȕ-
Țȍ ǷȘȐ ȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȐ Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȉȣȓȖ Ȋȍșț ȖȒȖȓȖ ȜțȕȚȈ
ǶȚȍȞ ǩȍȉȍ ȟȍșȚȕȣȑ ȚȈȔȖȠȕȐȑ ȏȍȔȓȍȌȍȓȍȞ ȗȘȐ-
ȕȍș ȍȋȖ Ȓ ȒȘȍȡȍȕȐȦ ȕȈ ȚȈȘȍȓȒȍ Ȑ Ȟȍȓȣȑ ȋȖȌ ȒȖ-
ȓȣȉȍȓȤȦ ȍȋȖ ȉȣȓ ȌȍȘȍȊȧȕȕȣȑ ȉȈȠȔȈȒ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ
ȉȣȓȈ ȗȖșȚȓȈȕȈ ȠȍȘșȚȤ ȒȖȓȣȉȍȓȤ ȕȍȌȖȘȖȋȈȧ Ȑ ȒȘȖ-
ȠȒȈ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȉȣȚȤ Ȋ ȚȧȋȖșȚȤ ȒȖȘȔȐȓȐȞȍ Ǫ șȓțȟȈȍ
ȕțȎȌȣ ȖȕȈ ȔȖȋȓȈ ȉȣ țșȚȘȖȐȚȤ ȍȔț ȗȖȝȖȌȕțȦ ȒȖ-
ȓȣȉȍȓȤ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ȒȈȘȔȈȕȍ.
ǰșȚȖȘȐȒ ǫȍȘȖȌȖȚ ȗȐȠȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȍȡȍ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ
ȊȐȌȍȓȐ Ȋ ȀȍȔȕȐȏȍ Ȋ ǭȋȐȗȚȍ ȉȈȠȔȈȒ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȖ-
ȋȖ ǷȍȘșȍȧ ȌȓȐȕȖȦ Ȋ ȌȊȈ ȓȖȒȚȧ ȉȈȠȔȈȒ ǩȍȉȍ ȗȖ-
ȝȖȎ ȉȣȓ ȕȈ ȖȘȍȝȖȊțȦ șȒȖȘȓțȗț Ȑ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȘȖșȚ ȏȕȈ-
ȔȍȕȐȚȖȑ ȖșȖȉȣ ȕȍ ȉȣȓ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȉȈȠȔȈȒȈ ǷȍȘșȍȍ
Ǫȣ ȔȖȎȍȚȍ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȟțȌȖ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȖ ȖșȚȈ-
ȊȈȚȤșȧ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȔ Ȋ  ȊȍȘșȚȈȝ ȖȚ ǷȈȘȐȎȈ ȅȚȖȑ
ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȖȑ ȖșȖȉȍ ȕțȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ șȖȓȕȞȍ șȚȖȓȐȞȣ
ȊȖșȚȖȘȋȐ ȓȦȉȖȗȣȚȕȖȑ ȚȖȓȗȣ Ȑ ȗȖȟȍșȚȐ ȊȖȏȌȈȊȈȍ-
Ȕȣȍ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȔ ȓȦȌȧȔ ǰȔ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓȐșȤ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ
ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȕȖȊȣȔȐ ȔȖȌȈȔȐ Ȑ ȊșȍȔȐ ȊȈȎȕȣȔȐ ȔȍȓȖ-
ȟȈȔȐ șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȔȐ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȉȖȋȈȚȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ǶȌ-
ȕȈȎȌȣ ǩȍȉȍ ȍȌȊȈ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȓ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ ȊȖȓȕȍ-
ȕȐȍ ȉȣȓȖ Ȋ șȈȔȣȝ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȐȝ șȈȓȖȕȈȝ DzȈȎȌȣȑ ȘȈș-
șȒȈȏȣȊȈȓ șȊȖȐȔ ȌȘțȏȤȧȔ ȕȖȊȖșȚȤ ȗȍȘȍȚȖȓȒȖȊȣȊȈȓ
ȍȍ ȗȖ-șȊȖȍȔț ǩȍȉȍ șȗȘȧȚȈȓșȧ Ȋ ȒȈȘȔȈȕȍ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏ-
șȒȖȋȖ ȋȊȈȘȌȍȑȞȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ȖȌȐȕ Ȋȣ ȖȠȐȉȈȍȚȍșȤ ȎȐ-
ȊȖ ȊȖȏȘȈȎȈȓ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȥȚȖ Ȋ ȒȈșȒȍ ȋțșȈȘȈ ȗȖȓȕȖȚȍ

28
ȗȍȘȍȉȐȊȈȓ ȚȘȍȚȐȑ ȌȍȓȖ ȐȌȍȚ ȕȍ Ȗȉ ȋțșȈȘȍ Ȑ ȕȍ Ȗȉ
ȋȊȈȘȌȍȑȞȍ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ Ȋ ȔțȜȚȍ ȔȈȘȒȐȏȣ Ǫ... ǰ ȊȕȐȔȈ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȉȍșȗȖȒȖȑȕȈȧ ȊȏȊȖȓȕȖȊȈȕȕȈȧ ȚȖȓȗȈ ȉȘȖșȈ-
ȓȈșȤ Ȓ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȔț ȘȈșșȒȈȏȟȐȒț ȊȖșȒȓȐȞȈȧ ©DzȈȒ"
Ȋ ȒȈȘȔȈȕȍ" Ȋ ȒȐȊȍȘȍ" Ȋ ȔțȜȚȍ" ǪȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȓȐ" țȌȐ-
ȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ» ǰȔȧ ǩȍȉȍ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȧȓȖșȤ Țȣșȧȟț ȘȈȏ Ȋ ȔȐ-
ȕțȚț «ǩȍȉȍ — ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȑ șȓȣȠȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ, — ǩȍȉȍ
ȟȚȖ șȌȍȓȈȓȖșȤ ș ǩȍȉȍ" ǵȈȌȖȉȕȖ ȘȈșșȗȘȖșȐȚȤ ȋȊȈȘȌȍȑ-
ȞȈ ȋțșȈȘȈ ȔȈȘȒȐȏț Ǫ ǴȖȎȍȚ ȓȐ ǷȈȘȐȎ ȖȉȖȑȚȐșȤ
ȉȍȏ ǩȍȉȍ" ǿȚȖ ȚȈȒȖȍ ǷȈȘȐȎ ȉȍȏ ǩȍȉȍ"» ǬȍȓȖ ȉȣȓȖ
Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȇȒȖȊ ǼȍȘȘȐ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȧ ȗȖ ǵȖȊȖȔț ȔȖșȚț
ȉȣȓ țȏȕȈȕ ȖȌȕȖȦ ȖșȖȉȖȦ Ȑ ȕȈȏȊȈȕ ȗȖ ȐȔȍȕȐ ǺȖȚ-
ȟȈș ȗȖ ȗȘȐȊȣȟȒȍ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȕȣȝ ȗȈȘȐȎȈȕ șȗȘȈȊȍȌ-
ȓȐȊȖ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȕȣȝ ȘȖȚȖȏȍȧȔȐ șȖȉȘȈȓȈșȤ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ǩȍȉȍ
ȚȖȓȗȈ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȕȈșȔȖȚȘȍȚȤșȧ ȊȌȖȊȖȓȤ ȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȓȦȉȖ-
ȗȣȚȕțȦ ȖșȖȉț ǵȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍȒ ȕȍ ȝȖȚȍȓ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ Ȑȏ
șȍȉȧ ȏȘȍȓȐȡȍ Ȑ șȒȘȣȓșȧ ȖȚ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȚȖȓȗȣ; țȉȍ-
ȎȈȊȠȐ ȗȖ ȕȈȉȍȘȍȎȕȖȑ ȗȖȊȍȘȕțȓ Ȋ ǨȊȋțșȚȐȕ șȒțȦ
țȓȐȞț ȓȦȉȖȗȣȚȕȣȍ ȉȘȖșȐȓȐșȤ ȊșȓȍȌ ȏȈ ȕȐȔ Ȑ ȒȈȒ
ȕȖȋȐ Ȑȝ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȖȌȓȐȕȕȍȍ ȕȖȋ ǩȍȉȍ ȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȗȖȟȚȐ
ȌȖȋȕȈȓȐ ȍȋȖ ǵȖ ȒȈȒȖȊȈ ȉȣȓȈ Ȑȝ ȕȍțȌȈȟȈ ȇȒȖȊ ǼȍȘ-
ȘȐ Ȑșȟȍȏ ǹȔȖȚȘȧȚ ȐȡțȚ ȊȍȏȌȍ ȘȖȦȚșȧ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ țȋ-
ȓȈȝ Ȑ ȕȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȚ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ǩȍȉȍ Ȑșȟȍȏ ȒȈȒ ȉȍȋȓȣȑ
ȖȋȖȕȍȒ ȒȈȒ ȚȍȕȤ Ƕȕ ȓȐ ȉȣȓ ȥȚȖ" ǷȘȖȝȖȎȐȍ țȝȖ-
ȌȧȚ Ȋ ȕȍȌȖțȔȍȕȐȐ ȓȐȞȈ Ȑȝ ȊȣȚȧȕțȓȐșȤ ș ȓȐȠȒȖȔ
ȕȈ ȟȍȚȊȍȘȚȤ; ȖȕȐ ȉȣȓȐ Ȋ ȘȈȏȌțȔȤȍ ȗȖȓȈȋȈȧ ȟȚȖ ȏȈ-
ȉȈȊȓȧȓȐșȤ Ȑȝ ȓȍȋȒȖȊȍȘȐȍȔ  ȕȈșȔȍȧȓȐșȤ ȕȈȌ ȕȐȔȐ
ȚȖ ȕȍ ȉȣȓ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȑ ǩȍȉȍ ǶȌȕȈȒȖ Ȏȍ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓ
Ȗȕ Ȑ ȕȍ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȊȈȓ ȉȣȚȤ ț ȕȐȝ Ȋ ȋȓȈȏȈȝ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȧ
ȔȐȔȖ ȓȈȊȒȐ ȉȈȠȔȈȟȕȐȒȈ Ȗȕ țșȒȖȓȤȏȕțȓ Ȋ șȈȗȖȋ
ȊȣșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȕȈȘțȎț Ȑ ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȌțȔȈȓ ȐșȒȈȚȤ
ȍȋȖ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȈȗȈȘȚȈȔȍȕȚȍ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ
ǹȓȈȊȈ ȇȒȖȊȈ ǼȍȘȘȐ șȒȖȘȖ ȌȖȠȓȈ ȌȈȎȍ ȌȖ ȌȊȖ-
ȘȈ ȒȖȘȖȓȧ ǹȚȈȕȐșȓȈȊȈ dzȍȡȐȕșȒȖȋȖ
 ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȉț-
ȌțȟȐ ȗȘȐȕțȎȌȍȕ ȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ǷȖȓȤȠț ȋȌȍ Ȗȕ ȞȈȘșȚȊȖ-
ȊȈȓ țȌȈȓȐȓșȧ Ȋ ǵȈȕșȐ DzȖȘȖȓȤ ȏȈȝȖȚȍȓ ȐȔȍȚȤ ȗȘȐ
șȍȉȍ ȕȈȠȍȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȒȈ Ȗȕ ȊȣȗȘȖșȐȓ ȍȋȖ ț șȍȔȍȑ-

30
șȚȊȈ ǷȘȐ ȌȊȖȘȍ ǩȍȉȍ șȌȍȓȈȓșȧ ȓȦȉȐȔȞȍȔ Ȋșȍȝ ȌȈȔ
ȕȖ ȚȡȍȚȕȖ șȚȈȘȈȓȐșȤ ȌȈȚȤ ȍȔț ȒȈȒȖȍ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȊȖșȗȐ-
ȚȈȕȐȍ ȕȍȗȖȒȖȘȕȈȧ ȍȋȖ ȕȈȚțȘȈ ȖȚȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȈșȤ ȖȚ ȚȖȋȖ
ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖ Ȗȕ ȓȦȉȐȓ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȓțȠȈȚȤ ȔțȏȣȒț Ȑ ȉȐȓ
ȒȈȌȈȕș ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȊȍȘȕȖ ǰȚȈȒ, ȋȖșȗȖȌȐȕ ǩȍȉȍ ȎȐȓ
ȒȈȒ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȖȑ ȕȍȊȍȎȈ ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȊȈȎȕȖ,
ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȉȣȓ ȌȖȉȘȣȑ ȕȘȈȊ ȕȖ ȕȍȚ — Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ
ȖȉȎȖȘȈ Ȑ ȊșȗȣȓȤȟȐȊ ȌȖ ȚȖȋȖ  ȟȚȖ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȓ Ȑȏ șȍȉȧ
ȖȚ ȔȈȓȍȑȠȍȑ ȉȍȏȌȍȓȐȞȣ DzȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ǩȍȉȍ ȉȣȓ ȟȘȍȏ-
ȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȏȈȊȐșȚȓȐȊ ǻȊȐȌȍȊȠȐ ȖȌȕȈȎȌȣ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȕ-
ȞȍșșȈ ǺȈȓȤȔȖȕ ȓȈșȒȈȍȚ șȖȉȈȟȒț Ȗȕ ȉȘȖșȐȓșȧ ȕȈ ȕȍ-
ȊȐȕȕȖȍ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȖȍ ȒȈȒ ȉȍȠȍȕȣȑ Ȑ ȏȈȒȘȐȟȈȓ «ǯȈȟȍȔ
Ȋȣ ȓȦȉȐȚȍ ȍȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ Ȕȍȕȧ» ǬțȘȕȣȍ șȚȘȈșȚȐȠȒȐ
ǩȍȉȍ țșȒȖȘȐȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȒȖȕȍȞ Ƕȕ țȔȍȘ, ȍȌȊȈ ȌȖșȚȐȋȠȐ
 ȓȍȚ șȖ ȊșȍȔȐ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȒȈȔȐ ȗȘȍȎȌȍȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȑ șȚȈ-
ȘȖșȚȐ ǫȘȈȜ ǺȘȍșșȈȕ șȖȟȐȕȐȓ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȋȖ ȥȗȐȚȈȜȐȦ
©ǯȌȍșȤ ȓȍȎȐȚ ȇȒȖȊ ǼȍȘȘȐ Ȑȏ dzȖȚȈȘȐȕȋȐȐ ȐȋȘȈ
ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ ȟțȌȖ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȔț ȔȈȓȖȔț ȘȖșȚț ȓȦȉȐȔȍȞ
ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ǨȕȚȖȕȐȕȈ șȚȈȘȐȒ Ȋ ȦȕȖșȚȐ ȌȊȈȌȞȈȚȤ ȗȧȚȤ
ȓȍȚ ȉȣȓȐ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȋȖ Ȟȍȓȣȑ ȊȍȒ» Ǫ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȖȋȌȈ
ǩȍȉȍ ȉȣȓ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȍȕȐȍȔ ȌȊȖȘȈ Ȋ ǵȈȕșȐ ȎȐȓȐ Ȋ
ǫȈȌȖȓȍ ȉȓȐȏ ȅȗȐȕȈȓȧ Ȋ ȚȖȑ Ȏȍ ȗȘȖȊȐȕȞȐȐ ȌȊȍ
ȒȈȘȓȐȞȣ ȕȍ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ ȌȖșȚȖȑȕȣȍ țȌȐȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȌȊȍ șȍ-
șȚȘȣ ǪȈȘȊȈȘȈ Ȑ ǺȍȘȍȏȈ dzȍȏȖȊȈȑ ǹȚȈȘȠȈȧ ǪȈȘȊȈ-
ȘȈ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȈ ȗȖȌ ȐȔȍȕȍȔ ȋȖșȗȖȎȐ ǩȍȉȍ ȕȍ
ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȏȈ ȔțȎȍȔ ȏȈ ȇȒȖȊȖȔ ǼȍȘ-
ȘȐ Ȉ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȖȚȚȖȋȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ șȊȈȚȈȓșȧ ȏȈ ȕȍȍ,
șȖȉȓȦȌȈȧ ȞȍȘȍȔȖȕȐȈȓ ȉȣȊȈȦȡȐȑ Ȋ ȚȈȒȐȝ șȓțȟȈȧȝ
ȗȘȐ șȊȈȚȈȕȤȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȍȊ ǹȚȈȕȐșȓȈȊ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȐȓ Ȋ ǫȈȌȖȓ,
ș ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȓȍȗȐȍȔ ȗȖșȓȈ Ȍȓȧ ȗȍȘȍȋȖȊȖȘȖȊ
Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ șȖȦȏȍ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȗȣȠȕȖșȚȤ șȖ-
ȗȘȖȊȖȎȌȈȊȠțȦ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ șȍȔȍȑșȚȊȖ dzȍȏȖȊȈȑ
ȘȍȠȐȓȖșȤ ȖȚȒȈȏȈȚȤ Ȑ ǩȍȉȍ ȉȣȓ ȗȘȐȕțȎȌȍȕ ȎȐȚȤ Ȑ
țȔȍȘȍȚȤ ȝȖȓȖșȚȣȔ ǵȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȚȖ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȍ ȋȖș-
ȗȖȎȐ ǩȍȉȍ ȖșȚȈȓȖșȤ ȏȈ ǪȈȘȊȈȘȖȑ dzȍȏȖȊȈȑ Ǫ  ȋ
ȖȕȈ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓȈșȤ Ȋ ǷȈȘȐȎȍ ǭȑ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȖȋȌȈ  ȋȖȌȈ
ȘȖșȚ ȍȍ ȉȣȓ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ ȗȖȓțȚȖȘȈ ȈȘȠȐȕȈ ǹȍșȚȘȈ ȍȍ

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ȉȣȓȈ ȕȍȔȕȖȎȒȖ ȗȖȊȣȠȍ ǶȕȐ Ȗȉȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȍșȚȈȘȖ-
ȖȉȘȈȏȕȣ ȎȐȊȣ Ȑ ȖșȚȘȖțȔȕȣ ȗȘȐȧȚȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ
Ȑȝ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȐ ȚȈȕȞȍȊȈȓȐ ȗȘȐȗȍȊȈȧ ȕȈȘȖȌȕțȦ ȗȍș-
ȕȦ Ȑȝ șȚȘȈȕȣ ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ, ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ
ȘȖșȚ ȉȣȓ ȕȈșȓȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ Ȋ Ȑȝ șȍȔȍȑșȚȊȍ ȗȖȚȖȔț
ȟȚȖ ȌȍȊȐȞȈ ǺțȘȕȍȓȤ Ȑȝ ȗȓȍȔȧȕȕȐȞȈ  ȓȍȚ ȉȣȓȈ
ȘȖșȚȖȔ ș ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ ȗȖȓȚȖȘȈ ȈȘȠȐȕȈ ǰȕȖȋȌȈ ȊșȚȘȍ-
ȟȈȦȚșȧ șȍȔȍȑșȚȊȈ ș ȚȈȒȐȔȐ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȧȔȐ
ǵȍ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȒȈȘȓȖȊ, ȎȍȕȈȚȣȝ ȕȈ
ȒȈȘȓȐȞȈȝ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȌȊȈ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȈ ȕȖ Ȑ ȥȚȐ
ȗȘȐȔȍȘȣ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȣ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ șȖ-
ȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȒȈȘȓȈȝ Ȋșȍȝ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊ ȌȖȉȘȣȝ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕ
ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȖȕȐ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȕȣȔȐ ȖȚȞȈȔȐ Ȑ
ȖȟȍȕȤ ȝȖȘȖȠȐȔȐ șțȗȘțȋȈȔȐ ȅȚȖ ȉțȌȤ șȒȈȏȈȕȖ Ȍȓȧ
ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ țȔȍȘȐȚȤ ȕȍȔȕȖȎȒȖ ȕȈȠț ȋȖȘȌȖșȚȤ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȈȧ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȕȈș șȟȐȚȈȚȤ șȈȔȐȝ șȍȉȧ șțȡȍșȚȊȈ-
ȔȐ ȊȣșȠȐȔȐ Ȋ șȘȈȊȕȍȕȐȐ ș ȥȚȐȔȐ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȔȐ ȓȦ-
ȌȤȔȐ ǰȖșȐȜ ǪȈȘȊȈȓȐȞȒȐȑ  ȓȍȚ ȖȚ ȘȖȌț ȉȣȓ ȘȖ-
șȚȖȔ ȕȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȈȘȠȐȕȈ ș ȟȍȚȊȍȘȚȤȦ. Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ ȊȖȏȘȈș-
Țȍ Ȗȕ ȎȍȕȐȓșȧ Ȑ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ǵȍȉȖ ȌȈȘȖȊȈȓȖ ȍȔț ȌȍȚȍȑ
Ȗȕ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȓ Ȓ ȕȐȔ ȕȍȎȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȗȘȐȊȧȏȈȕȕȖșȚȤ
ȏȈșȓțȎȐȊȠȐȍ ȖȌȖȉȘȍȕȐȍ ȉȓȈȋȖȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȕȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ
ǴȈȓȣȑ ȘȖșȚ ȉȣȓ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȍȕ Ȋ Ȑȝ șȍȔȍȑșȚȊȍ ȖȌȐȕ
Ȑȏ ȍȋȖ ȉȘȈȚȤȍȊ ȉȣȓ ȊȣȠȍ ȍȋȖ ȟȍȚȣȘȤȔȧ ȊȍȘȠȒȈȔȐ
Ȉ ȖȌȕȈ Ȑȏ șȍșȚȍȘ ȕȍ ȊȣȘȖșȓȈ ȊȣȠȍ  ȊȍȘȠȒȖȊ
DzȈȘȓȣ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ ȕȍșȖȘȈȏȔȍȘȕȣ Ȋ ȟȓȍȕȈȝ
ȟȈșȚȖ ȕȈ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȖȔ Țȍȓȍ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȈȧ ȋȖȓȖȊȈ ȕȖȋȐ ȚȖȕ-
ȒȐȍ Ȑ șțȝȐȍ ȚȖȓșȚȣȑ ȎȐȊȖȚ ȝțȌȣȍ Ȑ ȉȍȏ ȔțșȒțȓȖȊ
ȘțȒȐ ȗȘȐȒȘȍȗȓȍȕȣ Ȓ ȒȖȓȖșșȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȋȘțȌȐ ǶȌȕȈȒȖ
Ȏȍ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȉȣȊȈȓȐ ȒȈȘȓȣ, ȒȈȒ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȣȍ ȓȦȌȐ,
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ țȔȍȕȤȠȍȕȕȣȝ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȈȝ Ǫ ȟȐșȓȍ Ȑȝ ȔȖȎ-
ȕȖ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ǨȕȕțȠȒț ȀȚȖȒȍȘ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈ-
ȓȈșȤ Ȋ ǷȈȘȐȎȍ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț Ȑ ȊȖȏȉțȌȐȓȈ ȚȈȔ ȐșȚȐȕ-
ȕȖȍ țȌȐȊȓȍȕȐȍ
ǷȘȍȌșȚȈȊȤȚȍ șȍȉȍ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȖȍ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍ-
șȒȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȘȖșȚȖȔ ș ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ Ȋ ȈȘȠȐȕ ȕȖ ȗȓȍ-
ȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ șȖȘȈȏȔȍȘȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ ȟȈșȚȧȝ ȚȍȓȈ șȊȍȎțȦ,

32
ȒȈȒ ȘȖȏȈ ș ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȕȍȑȠȐȔ ȓȐȟȐȒȖȔ ȓȈșȒȖȊțȦ
ȗȘȐȧȚȕțȦ Ȑ ȘȈȏțȔȕțȦ ȊȖșȝȐȚȐȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȒțȒȖȓȒț
ȕȍ ȊȣȠȍ ȒțȒȓȣ ȊȈȠȍȑ șȍșȚȘȐȞȣ ȕȖ ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȐȕȚȍ-
Șȍșȕȍȍ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȝȖȌȐȓȈ ȗȍȓȈ ȚȈȕȞȍȊȈȓȈ țȌȐȊȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȈȘȐȊȈȓȈ, ȒȈȒ ȉȖȓȤȠȈȧ ȐȋȘȈ-
ȓȈ ȕȈ ȜȖȘȚȍȗȐȈȕȖ ȜȖȘȚȍȗȐȈȕȖ, șȖȘȈȏȔȍȘȕȣȍ ȍȍ ȘȖ-
șȚț
 ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȈ ȕȈ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȧȏȣȒȈȝ ȘȐșȖȊȈȓȈ șȖ ȊȒț-
șȖȔ ǺȈȒȖȊȈ ȉȣȓȈ ǨȕȕțȠȒȈ ȀȚȖȒȍȘ ǭșȓȐ ȗȘȐȉȈ-
ȊȐȚȤ Ȓ ȥȚȐȔ ȌȖșȚȖȐȕșȚȊȈȔ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȏȕȈȓȈ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌ-
ȕȖ Ȋșȍ ȘțȒȖȌȍȓȤȧ șȊȖȑșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȍȍ ȗȖȓț ȚȒȈȓȈ ȖȉȖȐ,
ȊȣȠȐȊȈȓȈ ȠȐȓȈ ȉȍȓȤȍ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟ ș ȓȖȊȒȖșȚȤȦ ȔȈȓȍȕȤ-
ȒȖȑ ȊȖȓȠȍȉȕȐȞȣ ȚȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ șȖȋȓȈșȐȚȤșȧ ȟȚȖ ȕȐ-
ȒȖȋȌȈ ȒȈȘȓȖ ȐȓȐ ȒȈȘȓȐȞȈ ȕȍ ȏȈșȓțȎȐȊȈȓȐ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ-
ȋȖ țȌȐȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȒȈȒ ǨȕȕțȠȒȈ ǶȕȈ ȌȍȓȈȓȈ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȖȚ-
ȊȍȚȣ ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȏȈȉȈȊȓȧȊȠȐȍ ȔȕȖȋȖȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȝ
ȍȍ ȗȖșȍȚȐȚȍȓȍȑ ǶȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ șȗȘȖșȐȓ ȍȍ ȝȖȟȍȚ ȓȐ
ȖȕȈ ȊȣȑȚȐ ȏȈȔțȎ ȏȈ ǰȊȈȕȈ ǫȈțȗȚȔȈȕȈ ȒȈȘȓț ȍȍ ȘȖ-
șȚȈ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȖȕȈ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȈ șȍȉȧ Ȋ ǷȈ-
ȘȐȎȍ. «ǵȍ ȏȕȈȦ ȗȖȟȍȔț — ȖȚȊȍȟȈȓȈ ȖȕȈ ȖȚȒȘȖȊȍȕ-
ȕȖ — ȖȌȕȈȒȖ Ȏȍ ȧ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȟȓȈ ȉȣ ȓțȟȠȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ
ȔțȎȈ Ȕȕȍ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȥȚȖ ȊȖȏȊȣșȐȓȖ ȉȣ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȋ ȋȓȈ-
ȏȈȝ ȌȘțȋȐȝ» ǹȗȘȈȠȐȊȈȦ ȊȈș ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȓ ȓȐ ȥȚȖȚ ȖȚ-
ȊȍȚ șȔȍȧȚȤșȧ șȓțȠȈȚȍȓȍȑ" ǷȖșȓȍ ǨȕȕțȠȒȐ ȀȚȖ-
ȒȍȘ, ȔȖȎȕȖ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȗ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȖȑ ǩȈȉȍȚȍ
ȗȘȖȏȊȈȕȕȖȑ dzȐȓȐȗțȚȒȖȑ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȐȋȘȈȓȈ
ȘȖȓȤ ȓȐȓȐȗțȚșȒȖȋȖ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓȈ Ȋ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȐ ǫțȓȓȐ-
ȊȍȘȈ ǵȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȐȔȧ ȍȍ ȉȣȓȖ ǪȈȘȊȈȘȈ ȀȘȍȍȘ ǶȕȈ
ȘȖȌȐȓȈșȤ  ȖȒȚȧȉȘȧ  ȋȖȌȈ Ȋ ǹȐȍȋȍȕșȉȈȝȍ ȔȈ-
ȓȍȕȤȒȖȔ ȋȖȘȖȌȒȍ ȉȓȐȏ ǴȈȕȋȍȑȔȈ Ȋ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȔ ȋȍȘ-
ȞȖȋșȚȊȍ ǩȈȌȍȕșȒȖȔ ǷȘȐ ȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȐ Ȋ ȕȍȑ ȉȣȓȖ 4½
ȊȍȘȠȒȈ Ȑ Ȋȍșț ȔȍȕȤȠȍ ȜțȕȚȈ șȍȔȐ ȓȍȚ ȖȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ
 ȊȍȘȠȒȖȊ Ȑ ȊȍșȐȓȈ ȖȒȖȓȖ  ȜțȕȚȖȊ ǶȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ
șȓȖȎȍȕȈ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȒȈȒ ǨȕȕțȠȒȈ ȀȚȖȒȍȘ ȝȖ-
Țȧ ȕȍ ȚȈȒ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȈ Ȑ ȖșȚȘȖțȔȕȈ ǪȖȚ ȍȍ ȗȖȘȚȘȍȚ
ȖșȚȈȊȠȐȑșȧ Ȋ ȎțȘȕȈȓȈȝ ȚȖȋȌȈȠȕȍȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȗȘȍ-
ȒȘȈșȕȣȍ șȊȍȚȓȖ-Șțșȣȍ ȊȖȓȖșȣ; ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȖȉȘȐșȖȊȈȕ-
ȕȣȍ ȒȈȠȚȈȕȖȊȣȍ ȉȘȖȊȐ ȋȖȓțȉȣȍ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȖȘȓȐȕȣȑ

34
ȕȖș ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȕȣȍ ȘțȟȒȐ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȖȒȘțȋȓȍȕȕȈȧ ȚȈ-
ȓȐȧ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȈȧ șȖȘȈȏȔȍȘȕȖșȚȤ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȟȓȍȕȈȝ Ȑ
ȊȍȓȐȟȈȑȠȈȧ ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȤ ȗȖȝȖȌȒȐ Ȑ ȔȈȕȍȘ ȌȍȓȈȓȐ ȍȍ
ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȦ. ǻ ǫțȓȓȐȊȍȘȈ ȊȐȌȐȔ ǩȈ-
ȉȍȚț-dzȐȓȐȗțȚȒț șȖ ȠȚțȞȍȘȖȔ ȕȈ ȗȓȍȟȍ ȌȍȓȈȦȡțȦ
ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȖȉȖȘȖȚȣ ș șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖȦ ȚȖȟȕȖșȚȤȦ dzȦ-
ȉȖȗȣȚȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȍȍ, ȊȓȍȏȈȊȠțȦ ȗȖ ȓȍșȚȕȐȞȍ
ȕȈ ȓȖȠȈȌȒț ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȖȕȈ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȓȈ ȉȍȎȈȚȤ ȘȣșȤȦ,
ȖȝȘȈȕȧȍȔțȦ ȌȊțȔȧ ȒȖȕȦȠȐȔȐ ǶȚȍȞ ȍȍ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȗț-
ȚȍȠȍșȚȊȖȊȈȊȠȐȑ ș ȕȍȦ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȕȖșȐȓ ȍȍ Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ Ƞȓȧ-
ȗȍ ȗȖȒȘȣȚȖȑ ȗȓȈȚȒȖȔ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓ ȉȣ șȈȔȣȑ ȌȍȠȍ-
Ȋȣȑ șȗȖșȖȉ ȗțȚȍȠȍșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȍȎȍȓȐ ȉȣ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣ-
ȓȖ ȐȏȉȍȎȈȚȤ ȐȏȌȍȘȎȍȒ ȗȍȘȍȍȏȌȈ
Ǵȣ țȗȖȔȧȕțȓȐ ȉȣ ȍȡȍ Ȗȉ șȓȈȊȕȖȔ ǵȈȕȐȖ ȈȔȍ-
ȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȔ ȔȈȑȖȘȍ ǹȚȍȊȍȕșȖȕȍ ȒȈȘȓȐȒȍ ȆȓȐȐ ǰȖ-
șȐȜȍ ǪȐȊȘȖȕȍ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȕȖ ȗȖșȓȍ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȖșȚȍȑ
ȥȚȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ Ȕȣ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȓȐ ȗȘȖȑȚȐ ȗȍȘȍȌ
ȊȈȔȐ
Le reste ne vaut pas I’honneur d'ètre nommé
(ǶșȚȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȕȍ șȚȖȐȚ ȟȍșȚȐ ȉȣȚȤ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȕȣȔ).
Ǵȣ ȗȖȋȖȊȖȘȐȔ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȗȉ ȚȘȍȝ ȒȈȘȓȈȝ Ȗȉ ȌȊțȝ
ȗȍȘȊȣȝ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ șȖȍȌȐȕȧȓȐ Ȋ șȍȉȍ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ
ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȖșȚȐ Ȑ Ȗ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȔ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓȍ ǺȖȔȍ Ƿțșȍ,
ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȟțȌȖ ȕȈȠȍȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ Ȑ ȚȐȗ ȗȖȟȚȐ
ȊȖȗȓȖȡȍȕȕȣȑ ȈȕȋȓȐȕșȒȖȋȖ șȖȟȐȕȐȚȍȓȧ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌ
ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ Ȕȣ ȊȈȔ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȓȐ Ȋ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ ȥȚȖȑ ȒȕȐȎ-
ȒȐ ǻȟȍȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȋ ǹȈ-
ȓȖȔȖȕ Ȍȍ ǪȖȔȈȘȒ țȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȔ Ȑȏ șȊȖȐȝ șȖ-
ȟȐȕȍȕȐȑ Ȗȉ ȖȌȕȖȔ ȒȈȘȓȍ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȐȊȠȍȔ ȗȘȖȟȐȝ
ȕȍȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȣȔ șȓȖȎȍȕȐȍȔ Ȑ ȗȖȓȤȏȖȦ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ
Ȗȕ țȔȍȓ ȐȏȊȓȍȟȤ Ȑȏ ȚȖȋȖ DzȈȘȓȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ Ȗȕ ȕȈȏȣ-
ȊȈȍȚ ǷȍȚȘ ǬȈȕȐȓȖȊȐȟ ǩȍȘȍȎȕȖȑ ȉȣȓ șȣȕ ȒȈȏȈȒȈ
dzțȉȍȕșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȒȈ ǩȍȘȍȎȕȖȑ ȘȖȌȐȓșȧ ȉȍȏ ȘțȒ Ȑ 

35
ȓȍȚ ȉȣȓ  ȊȍȘȠȒȖȊ Ƕȕ ȊȣțȟȐȓșȧ ȗȘȐ ȕȍțșȣȗȕȖȔ
șȚȈȘȈȕȐȐ ȗȐșȈȚȤ șȒȖȘȖ Ȑ ȟȍȚȒȖ ȓȍȊȖȦ ȕȖȋȖȦ ȕȈ
ȘțșșȒȖȔ Ȑ ȓȈȚȐȕșȒȖȔ ȧȏȣȒȈȝ ȌȍȓȈȓ ȘȐșțȕȒȐ ȗȍȘȖȔ
ȚȈȒ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȖȕȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȋȘȈȊȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ Ȑȋ-
ȘȈȓ Ȋ ȗȐȒȍȚ Ȋ ȠȈȝȔȈȚȣ ȕȈȉȐȊȈȓ șȊȖȦ ȚȘțȉȒț Ȋȧ-
ȏȈȓ ȟțȓȒȐ ȌȍȘȍȊȧȕȕȣȔȐ ȐȋȖȓȒȈȔȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șȌȍȓȈȓ
șȈȔ ȘȈȏțȊȈȓșȧ Ȑ ȍȓ ȓȍȊȖȦ ȕȖȋȖȦ ȓȍȋȒȖ ȐșȗȖȓȕȧȓ
ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȏȈȚȘțȌȕȐȓȖ ȉȣ ȕȈș ȗȖȓȤȏțȦȡȐȝșȧ ȌȊțȔȧ Șț-
ȒȈȔȐ ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ Ȑ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȊȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ
ȒȈȘȓȖȊ Ȑ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȚȐȚȤ ȐȔ ȔȍșȚȖ Ȑȝ ȔȍȎȌț ȌȘțȋȐȔȐ
ȓȦȌȤȔȐ Ȕȣ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȔ Ȋ ȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȣȑ țȔȍȓ ȗȘȐȖȉȘȍșȚȤ șȍȉȍ ȐȔȧ ȔȍȎȌț șȓȈȊȕȍȑ-
ȠȐȔȐ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȔȐ ș ȕȐȔ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȧȔȐ ȥȚȖ ǵȐȒȖ-
ȓȈȑ ǶȋȘȍ ȈȊȚȖȘ ȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȧ Ȗ ȔȍȚȖȌȐȏȔȍ șȖȟȐȕȍȕ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȐȔ  ȓȍȚ ȖȚ ȘȖȌț ǸȖșȚ ǶȋȘȍ ȕȍ ȌȖȝȖȌȐȓ ȌȖ ȗȖ-
ȓțȚȖȘȈ ȈȘȠȐȕȈ
ȇ ȊȕțȠȐȓ ȊȈȔ ȌțȔȈȦ ȓțȟȠȍȍ ȔȕȍȕȐȍ Ȗ ȒȈȘ-
ȓȈȝ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ Ȋȣ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ șȟȐȚȈȚȤ Ȑȝ ȏȈ șț-
ȡȍșȚȊȈ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȗȖȘȖȌȣ ȕȍȎȍȓȐ Ȋȣ ȖȕȐ ȓȦȌȐ ȚȈȒȐȍ
Ȏȍ, ȒȈȒ Ȑ Ȕȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ǩȖȋ ȕȍ ȖȚȒȈȏȈȓ Ȋ ȌȈȘȍ ȖȚ-
ȓȐȟȈȦȡȍȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȖȚ Ȋșȍȝ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ Ȋ ȌțȠȍ ȘȈ-
ȏțȔȕȖȑ Ȑ ȟțȊșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ Ǩ ȒȈȒ ȌțȠȈ ȕȍȊȍȡȍșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕȈ ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȕȐ ȚȍȓȈ ȕȐ ȞȊȍȚȈ ȕȐ Ȗȉ-
ȘȈȏȈ, ȚȖ ȊȍȓȐȟȈȑȠȈȧ ȌțȠȈ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȖȔȍȡȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȔȈ-
ȓȍȕȤȒȖȔ Țȍȓȍ Ȑ ȕȈȖȉȖȘȖȚ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȈȧ ȌțȠȈ ȔȖȎȍȚ
ȉȣȚȤ Ȋ ȋȘȖȔȈȌȕȖȔ Țȍȓȍ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȌțȠȐ ǬȈȊȐȌȈ ȉȣ-
ȓȖ ȉȣ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ Ȍȓȧ ȐșȗȖȓȐȕȈ ǫȖȓȐȈȜȈ Ȉ ȌțȠȍ
ǫȖȓȐȈȜȈ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȘȖșȚȖȘȕȖ Ȋ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȖȔ Țȍ-
ȓȍ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȋȖ ǬȈȊȐȌȈ ǰȚȈȒ, ȒȈȘȓȣ ȚȈȒȐȍ Ȏȍ ȓȦȌȐ
ȒȈȒ Ȑ Ȕȣ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȌțȔȈȦȚ ȎȍȓȈȦȚ ȌȍȑșȚ-
ȊțȦȚ Ȑ ȖȌȈȘȍȕȣ ȌțȠȖȦ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖȦ ȒȈȒ ȕȈȠȈ Ȍț-
ȠȈ ȗȖșȚȐȋȈȚȤ ǩȖȋȈ Ȑ șȓțȎȐȚȤ ǭȔț ǶșȚȍȘȍȎȍȔ Ȏȍ
șȍȉȧ ȖȚ ȋȓțȗȖȑ ȋȖȘȌȖșȚȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȌȖȊȍȓȈ ȉȣ ȕȈș ȌȖ
ȏȈȉȓțȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȉțȌȚȖ Ȕȣ șțȡȍșȚȊȈ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȊȈȎȕȣȍ
ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȖȕȐ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ Ȕȣ ȊȣȠȍ Ȑȝ ȕȈ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤ-
ȒȖ ȊȍȘȠȒȖȊ ȕȍ ȗȖ ȘȖșȚț ǩȖȋ ȐȏȔȍȘȧȍȚ șȊȖȐȝ Ȑȏȉ-
ȘȈȕȕȣȝ

36
ǪȖȚ Ȕȣ ȌȖȉȘȈȓȐșȤ Ȑ ȌȖ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓȈ ǺȖȔȈ ǷțșȈ ȋȍ-
ȕȍȘȈȓȈ, ȘȈȏțȔȍȍȚșȧ, ȕȍȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȋȖ ȏȈșȓțȎȐȊȠȍȋȖ
ȥȗȖȓȍȚȣ Ȋ șȐȓȤȕȖȑ ȉȐȚȊȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȉȈȉȖȟȍȒ ǵȈșȚȖȧ-
ȡȍȍ ȍȋȖ ȐȔȧ DzȈȘȓ ǹȚȘȈȚȚȖȕ Ƕȕ ȘȖȌȐȓșȧ 11 ȧȕȊȈȘȧ
 ȋ Ȋ ǩȘȐȌȎ ǷȖȘȚȍ Ȋ DzȖȕȕȍȒȚȐȒțȞȒȖȑ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ
ǹȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȕȣȝ ȀȚȈȚȖȊ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ, ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȍȔț
ȗȧȚȕȈȌȞȈȚȣȑ ȋȖȌ
Ǫșȍ ȟȓȍȕȣ ȍȋȖ șȍȔȍȑșȚȊȈ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȘȖșȚȈ,
Ȑ ȗȖȓȤȏțȦȚșȧ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȣȔ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȤȍȔ ǷȘȐ ȘȖȎ-
ȌȍȕȐȐ DzȈȘȓ ǹȚȘȈȚȚȖȕ ȊȍșȐȓ ȗȖȟȚȐ  ȜțȕȚȖȊ ȥȚȖ
ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȐȚ Ȋȍș Ȋșȍȝ ȕȖȊȖȘȖȎȌȍȕȕȣȝ ȌȍȚȍȑ Ǫ ȕȍȔ
ȚȖȋȌȈ ȉȣȓȐ Ȋșȍ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȒȐ ȒȘȍȗȒȖȋȖ șȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȌȈ-
Ȏȍ ȌȖ  ȔȍșȧȞȍȊ Ȗȕ ȘȖș Ȑ ȊȝȖȌȐȓ Ȋ șȐȓȣ ȒȈȒ ȌȘț-
ȋȐȍ ȌȍȚȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȐ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓȐ
ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȓ ȘȈșȚȐ ǵȖ, ȒȈȒ ȕȐȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈ-
ȓȖ Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȘȈșșȚȘȖȑșȚȊȈ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ Ȑ Ȗȕ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓ
ȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȝȖȘȖȠȐȔ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȤȍȔ ȚȖ Ȑ ȕȍ ȏȈȉȖȚȐ-
ȓȐșȤ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȕȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȌțȔȈȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȘȖșȚ ȍȋȖ ȖșȚȈ-
ȕȖȊȐȊȠȐȑșȧ ȕȈ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȊȖȏȤȔȍȚ ȖȗȧȚȤ șȊȖȑ ȖȉȣȒȕȖ-
Ȋȍȕȕȣȑ ȝȖȌ ȕȖ DzȈȘȓ ǹȚȘȈȚȚȖȕ ȕȍ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȐȓ Ȋ
ȥȚȖȔ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ  ȕȈȌȍȎȌț șȊȖȍȋȖ șȍȔȍȑșȚȊȈ — Ȗȕ
șȌȍȓȈȓșȧ ȖȚȔȍȕȕȖ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȍȕ Ȍȓȧ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖșȚȈ ȗȘȖ-
ȊȖȘȍȕ ȗȖȕȧȚȓȐȊ Ȉ ȕȍ ȊȣȘȖș ȕȐ ȕȈ ȖȌȕț ȟȍȘȚț Ȑ Ȋ
ȕȍȔ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȉȈȊȓȧȓȖșȤ Ȋȍșț ȕȐ ȕȈ ȖȌȕț țȕȞȐȦ
ǻ ǺȖȔȈ ǷțșȈ ȌȊȍ șȍșȚȘȣ, ȔȖȓȖȎȍ ȍȋȖ Ȑ Ȗȉȍ ȗȘȍ-
ȓȍșȚȕȣȍ ȔȈȓȦȚȒȐ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȘȖșȚȈ. ȇ ȐȔȍȓ
ȟȍșȚȤ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓȈ ǺȖȔȈ ǷțșȈ ȕȈȍȌȐȕȍ ǷȖȒȈ ȧ
ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ș ȋ ǩȈȘȕțȔȖȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȍȋȖ
ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈȏ ȟȚȖ ȚȘȖȋȈȦȚ ȔȖȦ ȕȖȋț
ȇ ȌțȔȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖȚ ȋȖșȗȖȌȐȕ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȈȘȐȊȈȧ șȖ ȔȕȖȦ
ȗȖȌȖȠȍȓ ȕȍȟȈȧȕȕȖ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȉȓȐȏȒȖ Ȑ șȊȖȍȦ
ȕȖȋȖȦ ȏȈȌȍȓ ȔȖȦ ǹȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȧ ȖȚȖȌȊȐȕțȓșȧ ȕȍ Ȍț-
ȔȈȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ Ȗ ȚȖȔ; ȕȖ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȥȚȖ ȊȖȏȖȉȕȖȊȐȓȖșȤ ȕȍ-
șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈȏ ȚȖ ȧ ȗȖșȔȖȚȘȍȓ ȟȚȖ ȉȣ ȥȚȖ ȏȕȈȟȐȓȖ
DzȈȒȖȊȖ Ȏȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȔȖȍ țȌȐȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȧ țȊȐȌȍȓ ȔȈ-
ȓȍȕȤȒȖȍ șțȡȍșȚȊȖ ș ȎȐȊȣȔȐ Ȑ ȒȖȊȈȘȕȣȔȐ ȋȓȈȏȈ-
ȔȐ ȊȣȠȐȕȖȦ ȍȌȊȈ ȌȖ ȔȖȍȋȖ ȒȖȓȍȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ șȐȌȍ-

38
ȓȖ ȊȍȘȝȖȔ ȕȈ ȔȖȍȔ șȈȗȖȋȍ Ȑ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȟȤ ȔȖȍ
ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ Ȗȕ ȉȐȓ Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȖȋȈȔȐ Ȑȏ Ȋșȍȑ șȊȖȍȑ șȐȓȣ
Ȉ ȧ Ȑ ȕȍ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȚȖȋȖ ǵȍ ȌțȔȈȦ ȟȚȖȉ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣ-
ȓȖ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȈȊȠȐȔ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȤ șȍȉȍ ȌȈȎȍ ȗȘȐȉ-
ȓȐȏȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȒȘȖȠȒț ȉȣȊȠțȦ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȗȘȍȌ ȋȓȈȏȈ-
ȔȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȖȟȍȕȤ șȖȘȈȏȔȍȘȕȖȋȖ Ȋ ȟȈșȚȧȝ ȘțȟȒț
ȌȖșȚȖȑȕțȦ țȌȐȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȕȍȎȕțȦ ȉȍȓȍȕȤȒțȦ ș
țȏȍȕȤȒȐȔȐ ȕȖȋȖȚȒȈȔȐ ȚȍșȕțȦ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ țȌȍȘ-
ȎȈȚȤ ȔȐȕȌȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȏȍȘȕȖ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȊȍȓȐȟȐȕȣ
ȕȖȎȒț ȐșȟȍȏȈȊȠțȦ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȑ șȒȓȈȌȒȍ ȔȖȐȝ ȗȈȕȚȈ-
ȓȖȕ ȉȈȠȔȈȒ ș ȕȍȍ ȉȣȓ ȉȣ ȊȗȖȘț ȕȈ ȓȈȗț ȔȖȍȑ ȒȖ-
ȠȒȍ ȘȖȚȐȒ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ș ȚȘțȌȖȔ ȔȖȋȓȈ ȉȣ ȗȘȖȑȚȐ
ȊȐȠȕȧ Ȑ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȓ ȗȘȐȧȚȕȣȑ Ȑ ȋȈȘȔȖ-
ȕȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȋȖȓȖș ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȖȉȢȍȔȈ ȝȖȚȧ ȕȍȔ-
ȕȖȎȒȖ ȌȍȚșȒȐȑ Ȑ ȥȚȖȚ ȋȖȓȖș ȊȍȎȓȐȊȖ ȎȍȓȈȓ Ȕȕȍ
ȌȖȉȘȖȋȖ Ȍȕȧ Ȑ șȗȘȖșȐȓ Ȗ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȍ ȔȖȍȋȖ ȗȖșȍȡȍ-
ȕȐȧ. ǻșȍȊȠȐșȤ ȕȈ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȕȐȏȍȕȤȒȖȔ șȚțȓȍ Ȑ ȕȈȒ-
ȓȖȕȧșȤ Ȓ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȈȘȐȊȈȊȠȍȔț șȖ ȔȕȖȦ ȧ șȒȈȏȈȓ ȍȔț
ȗȖ-ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȐ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȑ ȒȈȘȓȖ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓ
ȍȡȍ ȕȐ șȓȖȊȈ ȗȖ-ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȐ: ©ȇ ȗȘȐȠȍȓ ȋ ȋȍȕȍ-
ȘȈȓ ȏȈșȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȔȖȍ ȗȖȟȚȍȕȐȍ ȊȈȠȍȔț ȗȘȍ-
ȊȖșȝȖȌȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊț ȘȈșșȗȘȖșȐȚȤ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖ Ȗ ȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȐ
Ȑ Ȗ ȊșȍȔ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ ȒȈșȈȦȡȍȔșȧ ȌȖ ȊȈȠȍȑ ȖșȖȉȣ».
©ǶȟȍȕȤ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ — ȖȚȊȍȟȈȓ Ȗȕ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖ Ȑ ș ȊȈȎȕȖ-
șȚȤȦ ȖȚ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȧ ȍȌȊȈ ȕȍ ȘȈșȝȖȝȖȚȈȓșȧ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ
ȕȈ Ȋșȍ țșȐȓȐȧ țȌȍȘȎȈȚȤ șȍȉȧ — ȖȟȍȕȤ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ Ǫȣ,
ȊȍȘȕȖ șțȌȈȘȤ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȗȘȖșȊȍȡȍȕȕȣȑ ǩȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȦ
ȊȈș ȏȈ ȗȖșȍȡȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȏȈ ȌȖȉȘȣȍ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȔȖȑ
șȟȍȚª ǷȖȚȖȔ ȖȉȖȘȖȚȧșȤ Ȓ șȊȖȍȔț ȒȈȔȍȘȌȐȕȍȘț ȘȖș-
ȚȖȔ ȖȒȖȓȖ ȗȖȓțȚȖȘȈ ȈȘȠȐȕȈ șȒȈȏȈȓ ©ǬȈȑ ȥȚȖȔț
ȋȖșȗȖȌȐȕț ȔȖȦ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȦ Ȑ ȔȖȑ ȗȖȘȚȘȍȚ» ǫȍ-
ȕȍȘȈȓ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȗȘȐ șȍȉȍ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȧ ȍȋȖ ȎȐȏȕȐ
Ȑ ȊȖ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȥȒȏȍȔȗȓȧȘȈȝ șȊȖȐ ȗȖȘȚȘȍȚȣ ȋȘȈȊȐȘȖ-
ȊȈȕȕȣȍ Ȑ ȓȐȚȖȋȘȈȜȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ ǷȖȋȖȊȖȘȧ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤ-
ȒȖ ȔȐȕțȚ ș DzȈȘȓȖȔ ǹȚȘȈȚȚȖȕȖȔ ȧ ȘȈșȒȓȈȕȧȓșȧ ș
ȕȐȔ țȌȐȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȠȍȓ ȚȈȒ ȔȕȖȋȖ șȔȣȠȓȍ-
ȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ ȚȈȒ ȔȈȓȖȔ Țȍȓȍ

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ǫȍȕȍȘȈȓ ǺȖȔ Ƿțș ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȖȌȍȚ ȗȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȑ ȔȖȌȍ,
ș ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȣȔ ȊȒțșȖȔ Ȑ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȍȋȖ ȔȐȒȘȖșȒȖ-
ȗȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȖșȖȉȈ șȓȖȎȍȕȈ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȚȖ ȗȖȘȚȕȣȍ,
șȈȔȣȍ ȔȖȌȕȣȍ șȖȗȍȘȕȐȟȈȦȚ Ȋ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ Ȑ
ȕȈȌȖȉȕȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȗȖ ȗȘȈȊȌȍ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȟȍșȚȤ Ȑȝ
ȐșȒțșșȚȊț ǬȖȔȈȠȕȐȍ țȉȖȘȣ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓȈ șȚȖȧȚ ȉȖȓȤ-
ȠȖȋȖ ȓȦȉȖȗȣȚșȚȊȈ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȕȍ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ
șȚȖȐȚ șȈȔ Ȗȕ Ǫșȍ ȊȍȡȐ Ȍȓȧ ȍȋȖ țȗȖȚȘȍȉȓȍȕȐȧ ȖȟȍȕȤ
ȊȍȓȐȒȖȓȍȗȕȣ ȗȖșȚȍȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȏȈȊȐȌȖȊȈȓȈ ȉȣ ȊȖȓ-
ȠȍȉȕȐȞȈ ǴȈȉȈ ȞȈȘȐȞȈ ȎțȒȖȊ; ȒȘȍșȓȈ ȌȐȊȈȕȣ ȚțȈ-
ȓȍȚ ȉȦȘȖ ȒȖȊȘȣ ȖȉȖȐ — ȊȍȏȌȍ ȟȍȘȕȖȍ ȌȍȘȍȊȖ ȗȈ-
ȓȐșȈȕȌȘ ȉȈȘȝȈȚ ȠȍȓȒ ȋȈȏ Ȑ ȏȖȓȖȚȖ șȍȘȍȉȘȧȕȣȍ ș
ȗȖȏȖȓȖȚȖȑ ȗȖȌșȊȍȟȕȐȒȐ ȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȒȈȔȐȕȍ șȌȍȓȈȕȣ
ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȗȖ ȖȉȘȈȏȞț Țȍȝ șȊȍȚȐȓȤȕȐȒȖȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ
ȌȍȚȐ țȒȘȈȠȈȦȚ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȍ ȟȈșȖȊȕȐ ȌȍȓȈȍȔȣȍ ȐȔȐ
ȕȈ ȌȊȍȘȧȝ Ȋ ǺȘȖȐȞȣȕ ȌȍȕȤ ȠȗȈȋȈ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓȈ ȔȖȎȍȚ
șȓțȎȐȚȤ ȏțȉȖȟȐșȚȒȖȑ Ȍȓȧ ǫțȓȓȐȊȍȘȈ ȚȘȖșȚȐ ȍȋȖ ț
ȕȍȋȖ șȖȉȘȈȕȖ Ȑȝ ȔȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȝȖȘȖȠȐȝ
 ȔȍȕȤȠȍ
ȗȍȘȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȧ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȗȐȠț ǪȖȑȌȧ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȗȍȘȍ-
ȕȍșȍȕȕȣȑ ȊȌȘțȋ Ȋ ȥȚț ȖșȖȉȍȕȕțȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȌțȔȈȍȠȤ
ȟȚȖ ȊȐȌȐȠȤ șȖȕ Ȑ ȟȚȖ ȊȖȠȍȓ Ȋ ȊȖȓȠȍȉȕȣȑ ȌȊȖȘȍȞ
ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȖȋȖ ȌțȝȈ Ȑȏ «ǺȣșȧȟȐ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȕȖȟȐ» Ǩ ȒȈȘȍ-
ȚȈ ȓȖȠȈȌȐ ȒțȟȍȘ, ȓȈȒȍȑ DzȚȖ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȈȓ Ȋșȍȝ ȥȚȐȝ
ȟțȌȍș ȚȖȚ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȈȓ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȁȍȋȖȓȤșȒȖȑ ȒțȏȖȊ ȗȘȍ-
ȊȖșȝȖȌȕȖ ȕȈȊȍȠȍȕȕȣȑ ș țȒȘȈȠȍȕȐȧȔȐ Ȑȏ ȟȐșȚȖȋȖ
șȍȘȍȉȘȈ ȖȉȐȚ ȊȕțȚȘȐ ȉȖȋȈȚȣȔȐ ȠȍȓȒȖȊȣȔȐ ȔȈȚȍ-
ȘȐȧȔȐ țȒȘȈȠȍȕ ȋȈȓțȕȟȐȒȈȔȐ Ȋ ȖȒȕȈȝ ȊȍȕȍȞȐȈȕ-
șȒȐȍ ȘȍȠȍȚȒȐ ș ȌȖȘȖȋȐȔȐ șȚȍȒȓȈȔȐ ȞȊȍȚ ȒȈȘȍȚȣ
ȓȈȏȖȘȍȊȖȑ ȗȘȐȧȚȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȠȈȕȕȣȑ ș ȉȍȓȣȔ Ȑ ȈȓȣȔ
ǵȈ ȌȊȍȘȞȈȝ ȒȈȘȍȚȣ ȋȍȘȉȣ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓȈ ǩȘȐȚȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȉȖ-
ȋȐȕȧ șȊȖȉȖȌȣ Ȋ ȌȊȖȑȕȖȔ ȡȐȚȍ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȍȔȖȔ
ȓȤȊȈȔȐ ȈȕȋȓȐȕșȒȐȔ Ȑ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȔ ȊȊȍȘȝț ȊȖș-
ȝȖȌȧȡȍȍ șȖȓȕȞȍ ȖȒȘțȎȍȕȕȖȍ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȈȔȐ ȖȉȍȐȝ ȕȈ-
ȞȐȑ ȌȍȊȐȏ ȡȐȚȈ «Marchons en avant!», ©ǷȖȑȌȍȔ
ȊȗȍȘȍȌ» ǪȍȘȝ ȒȈȘȍȚȣ Ȉȓȣȑ ș ȉȈȝȘȖȔȖȑ Ȑȏ șȍȘȍȉ-
ȘȈ Ȑ Ȑȏ ȠȍȓȒȈ Ȉ ȗȖșȘȍȌȐȕȍ ȊȣȠȐȚȣ șȍȘȍȉȘȖȔ ȋȍȘ-
ȉȣ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ ȗȖȌ ȕȐȔȐ ȊȍȕȒȐ ȌțȉȖȊȣȑ Ȑ ȓȈȊȘȖ-

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Ȋȣȑ ǹȉȘțȧ, ȌȖșȚȖȑȕȈȧ ȥȒȐȗȈȎȈ ȕȈȉȘȈȕȈ ș șȖȊȍȘ-
ȠȍȕȕȣȔ ȊȒțșȖȔ Ȑȏ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȑ ȟȍȘȕȖȑ ȒȖȎȐ ș șȍ-
ȘȍȉȘȧȕȣȔȐ țȒȘȈȠȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȊȖ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȔȍșȚȈȝ ȊȣȘȍ-
ȏȈȕȣ ȋȍȘȉȣ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓȈ ǻȗȘȧȎȒȈ ȒȈȏȈȓȈșȤ șȌȍȓȈȕ-
ȕȖȦ ȕȈȘȖȟȕȖ Ȍȓȧ ȒȈȘȍȚȣ Ȑ Ȍȓȧ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȖȋȖ ȋȖș-
ȗȖȌȐȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț ȖȕȈ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȈȓȈ ǯȈȗȘȧȎȒȈ
ȥȚȈ șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȊȈȎȕȣȝ șȓțȟȈȧȝ Ȑȏ ȟȍȚȣȘȍȝ șȈ-
Ȕȣȝ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȝ ȒȓȍȗȍȘȖȊ ȎȐȊȣȝ ȘȍȏȊȣȝ ȒȘȈșȐ-
Ȋȣȝ ȘȖșȚȖȔ ȖȒȖȓȖ ȈȘȠȐȕȈ ș ȟȍȚȊȍȘȚȤȦ ǵȈ ȒțȟȍȘȍ
Ȑ ȓȈȒȍȍ ȓȐȊȘȍȍ ȋȖȓțȉȈȧ ș șȍȘȍȉȘȧȕȣȔȐ ȋȈȓțȕȈȔȐ
Ȑ ȈȒșȍȓȤȉȈȕȚȈȔȐ ȠȚȈȕȣ Ȑȏ ȈȓȖȋȖ ȗȓȦȠȈ ȉȍȓȣȍ
ȟțȓȒȐ ș ȗȖȌȊȧȏȒȈȔȐ Ȑ ȗȘȧȎȒȈȔȐ Ȑȏ șȍȘȍȉȘȈ ȚȘȍ-
țȋȖȓȤȕȈȧ ȠȓȧȗȈ Ȑ ȗȈȘȐȒ ȉȍȓȣȑ ȉțȔȈȎȕȣȑ ȗȘȐȟȍ-
șȈȕȕȣȑ ȗȖ ȔȖȌȍ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȖȑ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȐȔȐ ȊȍȓȤȔȖ-
ȎȈȔȐ ǷȖȓȕȣȑ ȥȒȐȗȈȎ — ȒȈȘȍȚȈ șȉȘțȧ Ȑ Ȓȓȍȗȍ-
Șȣ — șȚȖȐȓ ȕȍ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ  Șțȉȓȍȑ șȍȘȍȉȘȖȔ ǵȈ-
ȌȖȉȕȖ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓȈ, șȐȌȧȡȍȋȖ ȊȍȓȐȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ,
ȒȈȒ ȕȈ ȚȘȖȕȍ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȓȐȓȐȗțȚșȒȖȔ ȥȒȐȗȈȎȍ ȖȚȌȈȦ-
ȡȍȋȖ Ȋ ȌȊȍȘȞȣ ȒȈȘȍȚȣ, ȕȈȗȘȈȊȖ Ȑ ȕȈȓȍȊȖ ș ȒȖȔȐ-
ȟȍșȒȖȑ ȊȈȎȕȖșȚȤȦ ȓȈșȒȖȊȣȍ ȗȖȒȓȖȕȣ ȔȕȖȋȖȟȐș-
ȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȚȖȓȗȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȖȒȘțȎȈȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȓȦ-
ȉȐȔȖȋȖ ȞȈȘȧ ȗȘȖȍȏȎȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȗȖșȘȍȌȐ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȖȌȌȈȕ-
ȕȣȝ ǺȖȔ Ƿțș ȗȘȖȍȝȈȓ țȎȍ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȍ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ ǨȔȍ-
ȘȐȒȐ ǨȕȋȓȐȦ ǼȘȈȕȞȐȦ ǩȍȓȤȋȐȦ Ȑ ȗȘȖȍȏȌ ȍȋȖ Ȋȍ-
ȏȌȍ ȉȣȓ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȖ ǫȖșțȌȈȘȐ ȗȘȐȕȞȣ Ȑ ȊȍȓȤȔȖ-
ȎȐ ȖșȣȗȈȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȓȍșȚȕȣȔȐ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈȔȐ șȊȖȍȑ
ȡȍȌȘȖșȚȐ ȒȈȉȐȕȍȚ ȍȋȖ ȋȌȍ șȖȉȘȈȕȖ Ȋșȍ ȍȋȖ ȉȖȋȈȚ-
șȚȊȖ ȟȈșȣ ȋȈȓȈȕȚȍȘȍȑȕȣȍ ȊȍȡȐ ȠȗȈȋȐ ȒȈȔȕȐ ȚȈ-
ȉȈȒȍȘȒȐ ȓȖȘȕȍȚȣ ȗȍȘșȚȕȐ șțȊȍȕȐȘȣ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟ, ȕȈșȚȖȧ-
ȡȐȑ Ȕțȏȍȑ ȓȦȉȖȗȣȚȕȣȝ ȌȘȈȋȖȞȍȕȕȖșȚȍȑ DzȖȘȖȓȍ-
ȊȈ ǪȐȒȚȖȘȐȧ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȓȈșȤ ȍȋȖ ȔȈȓȍȕȤ-
ȒȖȑ ȖșȖȉȖȑ Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȘȈȏ ȎȍȓȈȓȈ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȌȍȚȐ
ȊȖșȗȐȚȈȕȕȐȒȐ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȚȈ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊ-
șȒȖȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȠȒȖȓȣ Ȑȏ ǿȍȓȏȍȧ ȗȖșȍȚȐȓȐ ȋȍȕȍȘȈ-
ȓȈ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȌȖȔȍ ȅȚȖ ȊȖȑșȒȖ dzȐȓȐȗțȚȞȍȊ șȖșȚȖȧȓȖ Ȑȏ
 ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȝ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒȖȊ ș Ȑȝ ȖȘțȎȐȍȔ Ȑ ȏȕȈȔȍ-
ȕȈȔȐ ȗȖȌ ȕȈȟȈȓȤșȚȊȖȔ ȗȖȓȒȖȊȕȐȒȈ

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ǫȍȕȍȘȈȓ ǺȖȔ Ƿțș ȉȣȓ ȗȘȐȊȍȚșȚȊȖȊȈȕ ȊșȍȖȉȡȐȔ
șȈȓȦȚȖȊȈȕȐȍȔ Ȑ ȖȚȊȍȟȈȓ ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ ȓȈșȒȖȊȖ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣȓ
ȗȘȐȔȍȚȕȖ țȌȐȊȓȍȕ ȊȐȌȧ ȥȚȐȝ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȝ șȖȓȌȈȚ
ȘȈșșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȌȖȔȈ ǷȖșȓȍ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȗȍșȍȕ
Ȗȕ ȗȘȖșȐȓ ȘȖȚț șȗȍȚȤ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȕȐȔ «ǩȖȎȍ, ȞȈȘȧ ȝȘȈ-
ȕȐ» ȕȈȘȖȌȕȣȑ ȋȐȔȕ ǨȕȋȓȐȟȈȕ ǵȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȍșȧȞȍȊ
șȗțșȚȧ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȗȘȐȋȓȈșȐȓ ȌȍȚȍȑ
ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊșȒȖȑ ȊȖșȗȐȚȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȠȒȖȓȣ Ȋ ǫȘȍȕȊȐȟȍ
șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȍȔț ȟȍșȚȤ ȗȖșȍȚȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ ǶȕȐ ȗȘȐȠȓȐ Ȓ ȕȍ-
Ȕț ȠȍȘȍȕȋȈȔȐ ȗȖȌ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȦ ȖȜȐȞȍȘȖȊ Ȑ șȖșȚȈ-
ȊȐȓȐ ȒȖȘȗțș Ȑȏ  ȔȖȓȖȌȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ
ȗȘȐȧȚȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ șȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ ȕȈ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȔȐȓȖȋȖ Ȑ ȔȐȕȐȈ-
ȚȦȘȕȖȋȖ ȋȍȘȖȧ ǺȖȔ Ƿțș ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ șȈȔȣȝ ȖȘȐ-
ȋȐȕȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȕȈȠȍȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑ-
ȕȖ ȓȖȊȖȒ Ȑ ȗȘȖȊȖȘȍȕ Ȗȕ ȗȘȖȚȈȕȞȍȊȈȓ ȗȘȍȌ ǨȕȋȓȐȑ-
șȒȖȑ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȖȑ ȖȘȐȋȐȕȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȚȈȕȍȞ ȕȍ ȗȖȝȖȌȐȊ-
ȠȐȑ ȕȐ ȕȈ ȗȖȓȤȒț ȕȐ ȕȈ ȔȈȏțȘȒț ȕȐ ȕȈ ȟȚȖ-ȕȐ-
ȉțȌȤ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȍ ȅȚȖȚ ȚȈȕȍȞ, ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ, ȐȏȖȉȘȍȚȍȕ ȉȣȓ
șȈȔȐȔ ǺȖȔȖȔ ǷțșȖȔ Ȑ ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȚȈȕȞȍȊȈȚȤ
ȍȋȖ ȗȖșȓȍ ȕȍȋȖ ȇ șȒȈȎț ȍȡȍ Ȗȉ țȗȘȈȎȕȍȕȐȐ Ȓ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȖȔț Ȗȕ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȧȊȕȖȍ ȗȘȐșȚȘȈșȚȐȍ ȌȍȓȖ ȕȐ ȉȖȓȤ-
Ƞȍ ȕȐ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ, ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖȉ ȗȖȌȘȈȎȈȚȤ ȗȖȓȖȎȍ-
ȕȐȦ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȝ șȚȈȚțȑ ȋȘȍȟȍșȒȖȑ ȌȘȍȊȕȖșȚȐ ȐȓȐ
ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȚȤ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȚȍȓȈ Ȑ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȘțȒ
ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȍ șȞȍȕȣ Ȑȏ ȌȘȍȊȕȍȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ǪȐȌȍȓȐ ȍȋȖ
ȚȈȒȎȍ ȕȈ ȒȘțȋȓȖȔ șȚȖȓȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȡȍȋȖ ȖȌȕȖ
ȏȈ ȌȘțȋȐȔ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ǬȈȊȐȌȈ ș ǫȖȓȐȈȜȖȔ ȉȖȘȤȉț
ȋȓȈȌȐȈȚȖȘȈ ǹȈȔȗșȖȕȈ ȗȖȚȘȧșȈȦȡȍȋȖ șȚȖȓȉȣ ȝȘȈ-
ȔȈ ǫȍȘȒțȓȍșȈ ȕȐșȗȘȖȊȍȘȋȈȦȡȍȋȖ ǵȍȔȍȑșȒȖȋȖ ȓȤȊȈ.
ȇ ȌțȔȈȦ ȌȈȎȍ ȗȘȖșȚȐ ǫȖșȗȖȌȐ ȟȚȖ ȍȋȖ ȝȖȚȍȓȐ ȗȘȖ-
șȐȚȤ ȗȖȌȘȈȎȈȚȤ ǨȗȖȓȓȖȕț ǩȍȓȤȊȍȌȍȘșȒȖȔț ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ
Ȑ ȐșȗȖȓȕȐȓ ȉȣ ș ȚȈȒȐȔ Ȏȍ ȗȖșȓțȠȈȕȐȍȔ Ȑ ȟțȌ-
ȕȣȔ țșȗȍȝȖȔ ȍȎȍȓȐ ȉȣ șȕȐșȝȖȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȒȖȘȖȓȍ-
ȊȈ ȕȍ ȗȖȏȈȉȖȚȐȓȈșȤ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȈȧ țșȚȈȓȖșȚȤ ȉțȌȍȚ
șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȖȗȈșȕȈ Ȍȓȧ ȍȋȖ șȓȈȉȖȋȖ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȤȧ Ȑ ȕȍ șȖ-
ȒȘȈȚȐȓȈ șȞȍȕț ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤșȧ ȚȧȋȖ-
șȚȕȖ-ȌȓȐȕȕȖȦ Ǵȕȍ ȓțȟȠȍ ȕȘȈȊȐȚșȧ ǺȖȔ Ƿțș ȒȖȋ-

43
ȌȈ Ȗȕ ȖȗȧȚȤ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȌȎȍȕȚȓȤȔȍȕȖȔ ȊȣȕȐȔȈȍȚ
ȟȈșȣ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȊȈȔ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȟȈș ȗȘȍȌȓȈȋȈȍȚ ȊȈȔ ȓȍ-
ȗȍȠȍȟȒȐ ȚȈȉȈȒț ȐȓȐ șȐȋȈȘț Ȑ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ șȖȘȈȏȔȍȘ-
ȕȖȍ ș ȍȋȖ ȘȖșȚȖȔ dzȦȉȓȦ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ șȈ-
ȌȐȚșȧ ȕȈ șȊȖȍ ȏȖȓȖȚȖȍ ȒȘȍșȓȖ șȒȘȍșȚȐȊȠȐ ȕȖȋȐ Ȑ
șȔȖȚȘȐȚ ȕȈ ȊȈș ȗȖȟȚȐ ȕȈșȔȍȠȓȐȊȖ ȚȖȋȌȈ-ȚȖ Ȗȕ ȏȈ-
ȉȈȊȍȕ DzȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ, Ȗȕ ȕȍȗȖȌȘȈȎȈȍȔ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ
ȗȖȌȘȈȎȈȍȚ ȕȐȟȍȔț ȍȋȖ ȖȘȐȋȐȕȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ șȊȍȘȝ ȚȖ-
ȋȖ ȕȍ șȚȖȐȚ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ țșȐȓȐȑ ȍȔț ȕȍ ȕțȎȕȖ ȚȘț-
ȌȐȚȤșȧ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ șȚȖȐȚ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ Ȑ ȕȐȒȚȖ
ȕȍ ȗȖȝȖȎ ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ
ǺȖȔ Ƿțș ȖȒȖȕȟȐȓ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ ȌȍȕȤ Ȋ ǺȦȓȤȐȘȐ ȉȓȍ-
șȚȧȡȐȔ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ȠȖȚȓȈȕȌșȒȖȔ ȒȖș-
ȚȦȔȍ Dz ȕȍȔț ȟțȌȍșȕȖ ȐȌȍȚ ȚȈȔȖȠȕȐȑ ȚȖȒ ș ȗȍȘȖȔ
ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȍȎȍȓȐ ȧ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȗȖȕȧȓ ȗȖȌȈȘȖȒ ǨȕȋȓȐȑ-
șȒȖȑ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȣ Ƕȕ ȊȓȈȌȍȍȚ ȔȍȟȖȔ ș ȓȖȊȒȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ
ȗȘȖȊȖȘșȚȊȖȔ țȉȐȊȈȍȚ ȕȍȗȘȐȧȚȍȓȧ șȘȈȏț ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȐȑ
ȗȓȈȡ ȋȖȘȞȍȊ ȗȘȐȧȚȕȖ ȊȖȓȕțȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȗȓȍȟȈȝ ȗȖ-
ȓțȒȈȜȚȈȕȤȍ ȕȍ ȏȈȒȘȣȊȈȍȚ ȌȊȍ ȒȘȍȗȒȐȍ ȕȖȋȐ ș ȔȈ-
ȓȍȕȤȒȖȦ șȚțȗȕȍȦ ȅȚȖȚ ȒȖșȚȦȔ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȖ ȋȍȕȍȘȈ-
ȓȈ ǺȖȔ Ƿțș ȕȍ ȏȈȉȣȓ țȌȐȊȓȧȚȤ ȚȍȔȐ șȦȘȗȘȐȏȈȔȐ
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ ȐȏțȔȓȧȓȐ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȒȈȘȓȐȒȐ ȍȋȖ
ȗȘȍȌȠȍșȚȊȍȕȕȐȒȐ ȍȋȖ ȊȐȌȈȓȐ ȗȖȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ Ȋȣ-
ȝȖȌȐȊȠȍȋȖ Ȑȏ șȈȗȖȋȈ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȓȈ Ȑȏ ȗȐȘȖȋȈ șȗȘȧ-
ȚȈȕȕȖȋȖ Ȋ ȔțȜȚț șȌȍȓȈȊȠȍȋȖ șȍȉȍ ȒȈȘȍȚț Ȑȏ ȌȍȘȍ-
ȊȧȕȕȖȋȖ ȉȈȠȔȈȒȈ ȗȖșȍȓȐȊȠȍȋȖșȧ Ȋ ȗȚȐȟȤȍȔ ȋȕȍȏ-
Ȍȍ ȗȖȔȍșȚȐȊȠȍȋȖșȧ Ȋ ȒȖȕțȘȒȍ șȖȉȈȟȒȐ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟ ǭȋȖ
ȒȘȖȠȍȟȕȣȑ ȘȖșȚ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȓ ȍȔț ȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȥȚȐ ȘȈȏȕȣȍ
ȗȘȍȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȧ ș ȊȍȓȐȟȈȑȠȍȦ ȓȍȋȒȖșȚȤȦ DzȈȘȓȖ ǵȈ-
ȕȐȖ Ȑ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȑ ȔȈȑȖȘ ǹȚȍȊȍȕșȖȕ șȚȈȓȐ ȏȈȊȐ-
ȌȖȊȈȚȤ ȍȔț ǷȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ țȊȐȌȍȊ ȕȈȠȍȋȖ ȋȍ-
ȘȖȧ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ țȌȍȘȎȈȚȤșȧ ȟȚȖȉ ȕȍ ȊșȒȘȐȟȈȚȤ ș ȌȖșȈ-
ȌȖȑ ©ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȧ ȉțȌț ȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ ȊȍȓȐȒȈȕȖȔ» ȅȚȖ ȖȚȚȖ-
ȋȖ ȟȚȖ Ȋ șȈȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ ȔȈȑȖȘ ǹȚȍȊȍȕșȖȕ, ȘȖșȚȖȔ ȗȖȟȚȐ
Ȋ ȗȖȓȚȖȘȈ ȈȘȠȐȕȈ ȊȍȓȐȒȈȕ ȊȖȏȓȍ șȓȈȊȕȖȋȖ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓȈ
Ǵȣ ȕȍ ȖȒȖȕȟȐȔ ȟȚȖȉ ȕȍ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȊȈȔ Ȗ DzȈȘ-
ȓȍ ǹȚȘȈȚȚȖȕȍ ȟȍȘȚț ȌȍȓȈȦȡțȦ ȟȍșȚȤ ȍȋȖ șȍȘȌȞț Ȋȣ

ȔȖȎȍȚȍ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȥȚȐ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȋȌȍ
ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȧȚȤ Țȍ Ȏȍ șȞȍȕȣ Ȑ Țȍ Ȏȍ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈ-
ȕȐȧ șȈȔȖȋȖ șȍȉȧ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȎȍșȚȖȒȖ ȌȖȒțȟȈȚȤ
ȉȍȌȕȖȔț ȘȍȉȍȕȒț Ȑ ȕȍȘȍȌȒȖ ȌȈȎȍ țȚȖȔȓȧȚȤ Ȑ Ȑș-
ȚȖȡȈȚȤ ȍȋȖ șȐȓȣ ǺȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ ȌȍȓȈȍȚșȧ ȒȈȗȘȐȏȍȕ Ȑ ȖȚ-
ȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȚȤ șȍȉȧ ǵȖ Ȗȕ ȗȖșȚȐȋȈȍȚ ȖșȖ-
ȉȍȕȕȖșȚȤ șȊȖȍȋȖ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȏȕȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ, ȗȖȒȈ-
ȏȣȊȈȧ șȍȉȧ ȗȘȐȖȉȘȍȚȈȍȚ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȍ șțȔȔȣ Ȍȍȕȍȋ Ȑ
ȟȚȖ ȕȍȒȖȋȌȈ ȍȋȖ șȍȔȍȑșȚȊȖ ȗȖ ȍȋȖ ȔȐȓȖșȚȐ ȉțȌȍȚ
ȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȐȔ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍȔ. ǶȚȚȖȋȖ-ȚȖ ȚȖ-
ȋȌȈ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ șȖșȒțȟȐȚșȧ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȖȉȍȌȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ țȗȖȘ-
șȚȊȖ șȚȖȐȚ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ©DzȈȘȓ șȌȍȓȈȑ ȥȚȖ Ȑȏ
ȓȦȉȊȐ Ȓ ȚȊȖȍȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐ Ȓ ȖȚȞț ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ Țȍȉȧ ȚȈȒ ȓȦ-
ȉȐȚ Ȍȓȧ șȍșȚȍȘ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ Țȣ țșȚȘȈȐȊȈȍȠȤ Ȑ Ȗȉȍșȗȍ-
ȟȐȊȈȍȠȤ ȉțȌțȡțȦ șțȌȤȉț Ȑȝ» Ȑ ȉȍȌȕȣȑ ǺȖȔ Ƿțș
ȚȖȚȟȈș ȏȈȉȣȊȈȍȚ Ȑ șȊȖȦ țșȚȈȓȖșȚȤ, Ȑ șȊȖȍ ȖȚȊȘȈȡȍ-
ȕȐȍ ȖȚ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȍȋȖ ȚȘȍȉțȦȚ ȖȚ ȕȍȋȖ Ȍȍ-
ȓȈȍȚșȧ Ȋȍșȍȓ ȗȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ, ȝȖȚȧ ȗȖ ȕȈȘțȎȕȖ-
șȚȐ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌȈȍȚ șȍȉȧ ȓȦȉȖȗȣȚșȚȊț ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ ǩȍȌȕȣȑ
DzȈȘȓ ǹȚȘȈȚȚȖȕ ț Țȍȉȧ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȍ Ȑ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌȕȖȍ șȍȘȌ-
Ȟȍ Ȋ ȚȊȖȍȑ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȖȑ ȖȉȖȓȖȟȒȍ Țȣ șȗȖșȖȉȍȕ ȓȦ-
ȉȐȚȤ ȉȣȚȤ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȣȔ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌȈȕȕȣȔ Ǻȣ ȓțȟȠȍ
ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ Țȍȉȧ ȘȖșȚȖȔ ǴȐ-
ȓȣȑ ȒȈȘȓȖ! ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȕȈȧ ȔȐȕȐȈȚȦȘȈ țȔȕȈȧ Ȑ ȟțȊșȚ-
ȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ Țȣ ȕȖȊȖȍ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȋȖ
ȊȍȓȐȟȐȧ ǹȖȏȌȈȊȠȍȋȖ ȕȈș Ȑ ȍșȓȐ Țȣ ȖȚȌȈȠȤ ǭȔț
ȚȊȖȦ ȌțȠț Ȋ ȔȖȓȖȌȖșȚȐ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ țȔȐȘȈȦȚ ȔȖȓȖ-
Ȍȣȍ ȌȍȓȈȧ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȌȍȓȈȍȠȤ 
, Ƕȕ ȕȈȋȘȈȌȐȚ Țȍȉȧ ȏȈ
ȚȖ ȟȚȖ Țȣ ȐșȗȖȓȕȧȓ șȈȔțȦ șȊȧȡȍȕȕțȦ Ȑȏ ǭȋȖ ȏȈ-
ȗȖȊȍȌȍȑ ©ǿȚȐ ȖȚȞȈ ȚȊȖȍȋȖ Ȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȤ ȚȊȖȦ ȌȈ ȉȓȈȋȖ
ȚȐ ȉțȌȍȚ Ȑ ȌȖȓȋȖȓȍȚȍȕ ȉțȌȍȠȐ ȕȈ ȏȍȔȓȐ».

Ƕȉ ȈȊȚȖȘȍ
ǼȍȌȖȘ ǵȐȒȐȚȐȟ ǵȈȓȐȊȒȐȕ -1868) — ȗȘȐșȧȎ-
ȕȣȑ ȗȖȊȍȘȍȕȕȣȑ Ȋ -ȝ ȋȋ șȍȒȘȍȚȈȘȤ ǴȖșȒȖȊ-
șȒȖȑ țȋȖȓȖȊȕȖȑ ȗȈȓȈȚȣ ȌȍȚșȒȐȑ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȤ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍ-
ȊȖȌȟȐȒ Ǫ 1840-ȝ ȋȋ ȐȏȌȈȓ ©ȆȘȐȌȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȉȐȉȓȐȖ-
ȚȍȒț ǶȗȣȚ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȈ Ȓ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȦ ȏȈȒȖȕȖȊ Ȑ Ȓ ȗȘȈ-
ȊȐȓȤȕȖȔț ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȦ Ȑȝ Ȓ șȓțȟȈȧȔª ©ǸțȒȖȊȖȌșȚ-
ȊȖ Ȓ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȦ ȗȐșȍȔ Ȑ ȌȍȓȖȊȣȝ ȉțȔȈȋª Ȑ ȗȘ
_____
DzȕȐȋȈ ȗțȉȓȐȒțȍȚșȧ ȗȖ ȗȍȘȊȖȐȏȌȈȕȐȦ  ȋ ȖȘȜȖ-
ȋȘȈȜȐȧ Ȑ ȗțȕȒȚțȈȞȐȧ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȍȕȣ Ȓ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȔ
ȕȖȘȔȈȔ

ǵȈșȚȖȧȡȈȧ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌțȍȚ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ
ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȖ-ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȞȍȓȐ Ȑ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȌȕȈȏȕȈ-
ȟȍȕȈ Ȍȓȧ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ-ȓȐȉȖ ȒȖȔȔȍȘȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȊȖșȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍ-
ȕȐȧ Ȑ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȐȧ ȐȏȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȐȉȣȓȐ Ȑ Țȗ