ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘ
ǨǸǽǨǵǫǭdzȄǹDzǰDZ
ǿǭǸǵȃǭ
ǶǩdzǨDzǨ
Salamandra P.V.V.

ǨȘȝȈȕȋȍȓȤșȒȐȑ Ǩ. ǫ.
ǿȍȘȕȣȍ ȖȉȓȈȒȈ: ǹȚȐȝȐ. — ǩ. Ȕ.: Salamandra P.V.V., 2021.
— 104 c. — (Scriptorium).
Ǫ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȐ ȗȖȓȕȖșȚȤȦ ȊȖșȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ
ȓȐȘȐȒȐ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȖȋȖ ȗȈȘȖȌȐșȚȈ Ǩ ǨȘȝȈȕȋȍȓȤșȒȖȋȖ -1938)
©ǿȍȘȕȣȍ ȖȉȓȈȒȈª ǿȍȘȕȐȋȖȊ 
 ǺȈȒȎȍ ȊȒȓȦȟȍȕȣ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍ-
ȕȐȧ ǨȘȝȈȕȋȍȓȤșȒȖȋȖ Ȑȏ ȘȍȌȒȖȋȖ ȒȖȓȓȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈ ©DzȖȕȤ Ȑ
ȓȈȕȐª ǭȑșȒ 
 Ȑ ȗȐșȤȔȖ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ǵ ǫțȔȐȓȍȊȈ
© Salamandra P.V.V., șȖșȚȈȊ ȗȖȌȋ ȚȍȒșȚȖȊ, ȖȜȖȘȔȓ 2021

ȅdzǾǻȉdz
ǼǯǹǮǸǮ

I.

9
ǰǼǷǻǮ
ǫȓȧȎț Ȋ ȉȍȏțȔșȚȊȖ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȍ,
ǰșȗțȋȈȕȕȣȑ ȍȌȊȈ ȌȣȠȈ
ǫȌȍ șȓȖȊȖ ǫȖșȗȖȌȈ ȎȐȊȖȍ"
ǫȌȍ ȖȒȘȣȓȍȕȕȈȧ ȌțȠȈ"
ǿțȌȖȊȐȡȕȣ ȈȊȚȖȔȖȉȐȓȐ
ǰ șȚȘȈȠȍȕ șȒȘȍȎȍȚ Ȑȝ Ȑ ȊȖȑ
DzȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȐ Ȋ ȌȣȔț Ȑ ȗȣȓȐ
ǷȖȓȏțȚ-ȗȖȓȏțȚ ȗȖ ȔȖșȚȖȊȖȑ
1914.

10
ǹȗțșȒȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȏȍȔȓȦ ȔȋȓȈ
ǵȈ șȍȘȌȞȍ — ȚȈȑȕȈȧ ȚȘȍȊȖȋȈ
ǬțȠȈ ȉȍȏȔȖȓȊȕȈ Ȑ țȉȖȋȈ
Ǫ ȖȉȢȧȚȐȧȝ ȏȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȏȓȈ
Ƕ ȕȖȟȤ Ƕ ȚȖȕȒȈȧ ȐȋȓȈ
ǵȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȦȡȍȋȖ ǩȖȋȈ
Ƕ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȚȘțȌȕȈȧ ȌȖȘȖȋȈ
ǷȘȍȌ ȊșȍȔȐ — ȘȈȊȕȈȧ ȓȍȋȓȈ
1914.

11
ǻǮ ǰǵȍȀǶdz ǽdzǾdzǺȉȆǹȍ
Ǫ ȊȍȟȍȘȕȍȑ Ȕȋȓȍ șȐȧȦȚ Ȋȍȕȏȍȓȧ
ǰȋȘȈȍȚ ȔțȏȣȒȈ ǺȘȍȗȍȡțȚ ȜȓȈȋȐ
ǹȒțȗȈȧ ȌȈȕȤ ȉȍȏțȔșȚȊț Ȑ ȖȚȊȈȋȍ
ǺȊȖȐȝ șȣȕȖȊ ȖșȓȍȗȠȈȧ ȏȍȔȓȧ
ǪȖȐșȚȐȕț ȊȏȓȍȚȈȧ ȖȚțȗȍȚȤ
ǵȈȔ șțȎȌȍȕȖ ȖȚ ȎȈȓȒȖȋȖ ȊȖșȚȖȘȋȈ
DzȖȋȌȈ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȟțȌȖȊȐȡȕȖȋȖ ȔȖȘȋȈ
ǭȡȍ Ȕȣ ȔȖȎȍȔ ȚȈȕȞȍȊȈȚȤ Ȑ ȗȍȚȤ
Ǩ ȉȖȋ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȉȍșȟțȊșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ Ȑ ȋȓțȗȣȑ
Ǭȓȧ țȚȖȓȍȕȤȧ ȎȈȎȌȣ ȚȧȕȍȚ ȒȘȖȊȤ
ǷȧȚȖȦ ȚȧȎȒȖȑ ȗȘȐȌȈȊȐȊ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ
ǰ ȗȓȧȠȍȚ ǹȔȍȘȚȤ ǰ ȊșȦȌț — ȚȘțȗȣ ȚȘțȗȣ
1915.

12
ǹȝȊȈȚȐȓȐ ȘțȒȈȔȐ ȋȘȧȏȕȣȔȐ
ǰ ȗȖ țȓȐȞȈȔ ȊȖȓȖȒțȚ
ǯȈȡȐȡȈȦ ȘȍȟȤȦ ȉȍșșȊȧȏȕȖȑ
ǺȊȖȦ șȊȧȚțȦ ȚȖșȒț
ȅȑ Ȋȣ ȖȉȍȏȤȧȕȣ țȟȍȕȣȍ
ǪșȍȖȉȡȐȍ ȗȈȓȈȟȐ
DzȖȔț ȗȖȌȕȍșȍȚȍ ȒȖȘȖȕȣ
ǰ ȚȦȘȍȔ ȊȈȠȐȝ ȒȓȦȟȐ"
DzȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȌȈȌȐȚȍ ȈȕȈȜȍȔȍ?
DzȈȒȐȝ ȗȘȐȏȖȊȍȚȍ ȊȈȘȧȋ"
ǿȤȍȑ ȗȘȖȓȐȚȖȑ ȒȘȖȊȤȦ ȕȈ ȗȓȈȝȍ
ǶȒȘȈșȐȚȍ ȉȍȓȣȑ ȜȓȈȋ"

13
ǯȈȌȣȝȈȦșȤ ȖȚ ȉȖȧȏȕȐ
Ǵȕȍ ȕȍ ȔȐȓȣ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȌȕȐ
ǭșȓȐ Ȕȣ ȌȖșȚȖȑȕȣ ȒȈȏȕȐ —
Ǻȣ șȒȖȘȍȍ ȕȈș ȒȈȏȕȐ
ǷȍȘȍȌ ȎȍȘȚȊȍȕȕȖȦ ȟȈȠȍȑ
ǹȒȘȣȚȖȑ ǫȖșȗȖȌȖȔ ȊȖ Ȕȋȓȍ
ȇ ȔȖȓȦșȤ Ȗ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȕȈȠȍȑ
ǵȈ ȔțȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȏȍȔȓȍ

14
ȁǿȀǮǹǮȍ ǿǺdzǾȀȊ
ǹȚțȟȈȓșȧ ȒȚȖ-ȚȖ ț ȗȖȘȖȋȈ —
ǵȍ ȏȕȈȓ ȧ ȕȍȌȘțȋ ȐȓȐ ȌȘțȋ
ǵȈ ȔȐȋ Ȋ ȋȘțȌȐ ȊȏȌȖȝȕțȓ Ȑșȗțȋ
Ǫ ȚȖșȒȍ ȗȖȔȍȌȓȐȓ ȧ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ
ǰ ȖȚȗȍȘ ȌȊȍȘȤ.
ǰ ȏȈȔȍȘ —
ǹȔȍȘȚȤ
ǪȖȠȓȈ ȖȕȈ Ȑ șȚȈȓȈ ȘȧȌȖȔ
DzȖșȕțȓȈșȤ ȚȘȍȗȍȚȕȖ ȘțȒȖȑ
ǴȖȍȑ ȘțȒȐ Ȑ ȔȖȑ ȗȖȒȖȑ
ǶȒȐȕțȓȈ țșȚȈȓȣȔ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȖȔ
— ǵȍ ȉȖȑșȧ
ȇ ȕȍ ȏȈ ȚȖȉȖȑ
ǻȒȘȖȑ Ȕȍȕȧ ȇ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȓȈ ȝȖȚȍȚȤ
ǰ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȕȍ ȔȖȋț ǰȡț ȗȖȒȖȑ
ǩȍȋț ȉȍȋț ȇ ȚȈȒ țșȚȈȓȈ
ǻȒȘȖȑ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȖȚ ȏȓȣȝ ȗȖȎȈȘȐȡ,
ǹȓțȝ ȖȚ ȘȣȌȈȕȐȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȍȑ
ǶȚ șțȔȈșȠȍșȚȊȐȧ ȞȈȘȍȑ
ǹȗȈșȐ șȗȈșȐ Ȕȍȕȧ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡ
ǶȚ șȔȘȈȌȕȣȝ Țȍȓ Ȑ ȌȣȔȕȖȑ ȒȘȖȊȐ
ǶȚ ȐșȒȖȊȍȘȒȈȕȕȣȝ ȒȈȓȍȒ
Ǵȕȍ șȚȘȈȠȍȕ șȚȘȈȠȍȕ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ
ǪȍșȤ ȔȐȘ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȋ ȉȍȏțȔȤȐ ȓȖȊȐȚ
ǹȗȈșȐ
ǻȒȘȖȑ
.
.
.
.
.

15
ǹȚțȟȐȚșȧ ȒȚȖ-ȚȖ ȚȐȝȖ-ȚȐȝȖ
ǵȍ ȗȘȖșȣȗȈȍȚșȧ Ȑșȗțȋ
ǷțșȒȈȑ șȚțȟȐȚșȧ — ȊȘȈȋ ȐȓȤ ȌȘțȋ
ǻșȚȈȓȣȑ ȗțȚȕȐȒ ȐȓȤ ȊȖȓȟȐȝȈ —
ȇ ȏȈȗȍȘ ȌȊȍȘȤ
ȇ șȗȘȧȚȈȓ ǹȔȍȘȚȤ
1916.

16
Ǫ Țȍ ȌȕȐ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȉȍșȐȓȈșȤ ȕȍȎȐȚȤ
ǪȖȌȖȦ ȗȘȖȓȐȊȈȧ ȒȘȖȊȤ
ǵȍșȓȣȠȕȖ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȓȈ ȔȍȎȐ
Ǭȓȧ ȕȈș ȕȍȚȓȍȕȕȈȧ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ
DzȈȒ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȘțȌȕȖ ǬȓȐȓȐșȤ ȔȐȋȐ
ǹȚȖȓȍȚȐȍȔ ȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ȟȈș
ǵȐ ȖȌȐȕȖȟȍșȚȊȖ ȕȐ ȒȕȐȋȐ
Ǫ Țȍ ȌȕȐ ȕȍ ȖȝȘȈȕȧȓȐ ȕȈș
ǵȖ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȗȍȓ șȔȍȧșȤ Ȑ ȗȓȈȟȈ
ǰ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ ȒȘȖȗȐȓȈ ȒȘȖȊȤ
ǰ ȊȍȒ ȋȘȧȌțȡȐȑ ȖȉȖȏȕȈȟȐȓ
ǹȊȖȦ ȔțȟȐȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȕȖȊȤ

17
ǷȘȖȚȧȎȕȣ ȗȖ-ȗȘȍȎȕȍȔț șȊȐșȚȣ
ǯȈțȕȣȊȕȣ ȏȖȊȣ ȚȖșȒȐ
ǷȖ-ȗȘȍȎȕȍȔț șȕȣ ȕȍȕȈȊȐșȚȕȣ
ǹȎȐȔȈȦȚ Ȋ ȚȐșȒȈȝ ȊȐșȒȐ
DzȘțȋȖȔ ȒȖȠȔȈȘȕȣȍ ȓȐȞȈ
ǫȘȈȕȐȞȣ ȚȦȘȍȔȕȣȝ șȚȍȕ
ǹȍȘȌȞȍ ȒȈȒ ȌȐȒȈȧ ȗȚȐȞȈ
ǪȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȗȖȗȈȊȠȈȧ Ȋ ȗȓȍȕ

18
ǼȀǿȀȁǽǹǠǻǶdz
ǵȈ șȒȈȚȍȘȚȤ ȉȍȓțȦ șȚȖȓȈ
ǹȓȍȏȐȕȒȐ țȗȈȌțȚ...
ȇ ȏȕȈȦ — șȒȖȘȖ șȒȘȖȍȚ ȔȋȓȈ
Ǻȍȝ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȗțȚȐ ȐȌțȚ
ǰȌțȚ ȖȕȐ ȚȖȘȖȗȓȐȊȖ
ǶȏȐȘȈȦȚșȧ ȗȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȈȔ
ǿȚȖ ȏȈ ȌȐȊȕȖȍ ȌȐȊȖ
ǪȣȗȈȌȈȍȚ ȕȈ ȌȖȓȦ ȕȈȔ"
ǪȖȍȊȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȝȖȚȐȔ — ȊȖȦȍȔ
ǻȝȖȌȐȚȤ ȕȍ ȎȍȓȈȍȔ — ȐȌȍȔ
ǷȖȌșȒȈȒȐȊȈȧ — ȈȓȓȐȓțȑȧ —
ǷȖȚȐȝȖȕȤȒț ȗȖȍȔ
Ǩ șȈȔȣȑ ȔȖȓȖȌȍȕȤȒȐȑ
ǵȈ ȌȍȘȍȊȕȍ ȊȖȌȣ ȗȖȗȘȖșȐȓ
ǪȖȌȣ ȗȖȗȘȖșȐȓ —
DzȘȖȊȤȦ ȏȍȔȓȦ ȖȘȖșȐȓ

19
ȇ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦ ȔțȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȍȑ ȕȖȟȐ
ǰ ȚȘȍȊȖȋȐ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦ ȧȘȟȍȑ
ǰșșȚțȗȓȍȕȕȖȍ ȗȍȕȤȍ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȝ
Ƕ șȊȍȘȎȍȕȐȐ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȈȓȈȟȍȑ
ǵȈȘȈșȚȈȕȐȍ ȧȘȖșȚȐ ȌȐȒȖȑ
ǺȈȔ ȋȌȍ șȔȖȚȘȐȚ ȞȐȒȓȖȗȖȔ ȊȖȒȏȈȓ
ǷȖȒȘȣȊȈȦȡȐȑ ȗȍȕȤȍ Ȑ ȒȘȐȒȐ
ǹțȝȖȑ ȏȓȖȊȍȡȐȑ ȏȈȓȗ

20
ǺȖșȒȖȑ Ȋ ȏȖȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȔ șȈȌț
ȇ Ȋ ȗȖșȍȡȍȕȤȍ ȒȈȎȌȖȍ țȎȈȓȍȕ
ǯȊȍȘȐȕȣȑ ȘȍȊ ȚȈȒ ȋȘțșȚȍȕ Ȑ ȗȍȟȈȓȍȕ
ǺȈȒ ȔȖȕȖȚȖȕȍȕ ȎȈȓȒȐȑ ȒȈȒȈȌț
Ƕ ȎȍȘȚȊȣ Ȋ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȔ ȈȌț
ǫȌȍ ȗȘȈȊȍȌȕȐȒȐ — ȒȖȚȍȓȒȐ Ȑ ȌȈȔȣ —
ǵȍ ȊȍȌȈȧ ȒȈȒȐȍ Ȋ ȒȓȍȚȒȈȝ ȌȘȈȔȣ
ǹȚȖȧȚ ȋȓȈȏȍȧ Ȑ ȟȍȋȖ-ȚȖ ȎȌțȚ
1914. ǷȍȚȍȘȉțȘȋ

21
Ǵȣ ȐșȟȐșȓȧȍȔ șȘȖȒȐ
ǰȏȔȍȘȧȍȔ ȋȓțȉȐȕț
Ǩ Ƕȕ ș ȊȣșȖȚȣ ȌȈȓȍȒȐȑ
ǻȓȣȉȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈȠȍȔț șȕț.
ǺȖȚ Ȏȍ ȒȓȦȊ ȒȓȦȍȚ șȍȘȌȞȈ ȕȈȔ
ǪȘȈȟțȍȚ ȕȈș ȚȖȚ Ȏȍ ȊȘȈȟ
Ǵȣ șȓȈȋȈȍȔ ȔȖȓȐȚȊȣ ȘȈȕȈȔ
ǰ ȗȍȊțȟȐȑ ȗȓȈȟ
ǰ ȗțșȒȈȑ ȕȈȠȐ șȒȖȘȉȐ ȕȐȎȍ
ǰ țșȚȈȓȍȍ șȍȘȌȞȈ —
Ǵȣ șȖȏȐȌȈȚȍȓȐ ȉȓȐȎȍ
ǹȖȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȚȈȑȕȍ ǺȊȖȘȞȈ

22
ǽǾǼǾǼǸ
ǬțȠȈ ȎȌȈȓȈ ȚȖȔȐȓȈșȤ Ȑ ȖșȓȍȗȓȈ —
ǵȍ ȊȐȌȐȚ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȔȐȘȈ șȊȖȍȋȖ
Ǩ ȚȈȔ ȊȊȍȘȝț ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȉȣ Ȑȏ ȗȍȗȓȈ
ǷȓȣȊțȚ-ȗȓȣȊțȚ ȗȖșȓȈȕȕȐȒȐ ǭȋȖ
ǺȖ ȖȉȓȈȒȈ ȗȓȣȊțȚ Ȋ ȐȋȘȍ ȊȍșȍȓȖȑ
ǵȖ ȊȓȈȋȐ ȔȐȓȖȑ Ȑ ȎȍȓȈȕȕȖȑ ȕȍȚ
ǰ șȖȓȕȞȍ ȠȓȍȚ țșȚȈȓȣȑ șȍȘȣȑ șȊȍȚ
ǩȍșȗȓȖȌȕȣȑ șȊȍȚ ȕȈ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ Ȑ șȍȓȈ
ǵȈ ȗȓȖȡȈȌȐ ȏȈȚȍȘȧȕȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȘȖȒ
ǪȖȗȐȚ ȉȍȏțȔȕȖ Ȗ ȋȘȧȌțȡȍȔ șȚȘȈȝȍ
— Ƕ ȎȈȓȒȐȍ ǷȘȖȏȘȐȚȍ Ǫȣ ȕȈ ȗȓȈȝȍ
ǹȊȍȘȠȈȍȚșȧ ǻȎȍ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕ șȘȖȒ
Ǫ ȗȖȓȧȝ ȉȍșȗȓȖȌȕȣȝ ȋȖȓȖȌ Ȑ ȟțȔȈ
ǸȍȠȈȦȚ șȗȖȘ Ȗ ȗȍȘȊȍȕșȚȊȍ Ȑ ȊȓȈșȚȐ! —
Ǩ ȔȍȘȚȊȍȞȣ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȣ țȟȈșȚȤȧ
— ǵȍșȟȈșȚȕȣȑ Ƕȕ șȖȠȍȓ ș țȔȈ

23
ǩȖȋ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖșȚȐ țȚȍȠȍȕ
ǹȊȖȍ șȗȘȈȊȓȧȧ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȖ
ǩȍȋȓȍȞ ȕȈ ȌȍȘȍȊȍ ȗȖȊȍȠȍȕ
Ǫ ȕȖȟȤ ȗȖȌ ǽȘȐșȚȖȊȖ ǸȖȎȌȍșȚȊȖ
ǵȖ ȟȚȖ Ȏȍ" ǯȊȍȏȌȣ ȕȍ ȗȖȋȈșȓȐ
ǪȖȓȝȊȣ ȕȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȓȐ ȗțȚȤ
ǰ ȗȈșȚțȝȐ șȚȖȧȚ ț ȧșȓȍȑ
ǵȍ șȔȍȧ Ȋ ȚȐȠȐȕȍ ȊȏȌȖȝȕțȚȤ
ǷȖȒȖȘȕȖȍ ȗȘȐȚȐȝȓȖ șȚȈȌȖ.
dzȐȠȤ ȕȍȎȕȣȑ ȏȊȧȒȕȍȚ ȉțȉȍȕȍȞ
ǷȘȖșȚȐ ǫȖșȗȖȌȤ ǻȎȍȓȐ ȕȈȌȖ
ǿȚȖȉ Ȋ ȥȚț ȕȖȟȤ ȗȖȋȐȉ ȉȍȋȓȍȞ"

24
ȆǮǯǹǼǻ
ǯȈ ȋȖȘȖȌȖȔ — șȈȌ ȋȖȘȖȌșȒȖȑ ȉȖȓȤȕȐȞȈ
DzȈȏȈȘȔȣ ȒȓȈȌȉȐȡȍ Ȑ ȚȦȘȤȔȈ
Ǫșȍ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ Ȑ ȕȍ șȕȐȚșȧ
ǵȖ ȓȦȌȐ ȎȐȊțȚ Ȑ ȕȍ șȝȖȌȧȚ șțȔȈ
ǵȖ ȓȦȌȧȔ ȕȍ șȚȘȈȠȍȕ ȥȚȖȚ ȎȘȍȉȐȑ
ǶȚ ȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȌȖ ȗȖȝȖȘȖȕ
ǰ ȗȖșȓȍ șȔȍȘȚȐ Ȑȝ ȎȌȍȚ ȕȈ ȕȍȉȍ
Ǫșȍ ȚȖȚ Ȏȍ șȚȈȘȣȑ ȏȍȔȕȖȑ ȠȈȉȓȖȕ.

25
ǭȡȍ ȗȖȍȌȐȕȖȒ ȕȍ ȒȖȕȟȍȕ
ǰ ȗȈȌȈȦȚ ȋȘțȏȕȖ ȚȍȓȈ
ǵȖ ȊȐȎț — Ȋșȍ ȚȖȕȤȠȍ Ȑ ȚȖȕȤȠȍ
ǸȈȏȌȖȘȈ ȒȘȖȊȈȊȈȧ ȔȋȓȈ
Ǫșȍ ȋȘȖȔȟȍ Ȑ ȧȘȖșȚȕȍȑ ȒȓȐȒȐ
ǹȝȖȌȧȡȐȝșȧ Ȋ ȉȐȚȊȍ Țȍșȕȍȑ
ǵȖ ȓȐȘȕȐȒȖȊ ȚȖȕȒȐȍ ȓȐȒȐ
DzȈȒ ȗȍșȕȐ Ȗ ȔȐȘȍ ȧșȕȍȑ
ǰ Țȣ țȌȘțȟȈȍȔȣȑ ȒȘȖȊȤȦ
Ƕ ȔȐȘȍ ȔȖȓȧșȤ țȓȖȊȐ
ǿȚȖ șȕȖȊȈ ȕȈȔ șȊȍȚȐȚ ȓȦȉȖȊȤȦ
ǵȍȚȓȍȕȕȖȍ ǹȖȓȕȞȍ dzȦȉȊȐ

II.

27
ȇ ȗȘȐȒȖșȕțșȤ Ȓ Țȍȉȍ ȈȓȔȈȏȕȖ
ǰ Ȋ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȋȌȍ ȊȓȈșȚȐȚȍȓȤ ȔȘȈȒ
ǫȌȍ ȌȊțȝ ȕȈȟȈȓ ȉȖȘȤȉȈ ȉȍșșȊȧȏȕȈ
dzȦȉȊȐ șȊȖȍȑ ȖșȚȈȊȓȦ ȏȕȈȒ

28
ǬȊȍȕȈȌȞȈȚȤ șȕȖȊ ȌțȠȍ ȗȘȐșȕȐȓȖșȤ
ȇ ȊșȚȈȓ — ȚȘȐȕȈȌȞȈȚȣȑ — ȗȖȠȍȓ
ǰșȒȈȚȤ ȘȍșȕȐȞ ȌțȠȐșȚȣȑ ȠȍȓȒ
ǵȈȋȘȈȌț șȍȘȌȞț ǩȖȎȤȦ ȔȐȓȖșȚȤ
ǹȒȈȏȈȓ Ȕȕȍ ǩȖȋ șȍȉȧ ȋȖȚȖȊȤ
ǹȚȘȈȌȈȕȤȧȔ țȎȈșț ȔȖȓȟȈȕȤȦ
ǰȌȐ ȕȍȔȖȑ ȏȈ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȑ ȌȈȕȤȦ,
ǰȡȐ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȦȦ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ
1916.

29
ǵȍ ȗȖȏȖȊȍȚ ȕȍ ȏȈșȔȍȍȚșȧ
ǵȖ ȋȓȧȕȍȚ ȔȖȓȟȈ ȕȍ ȓȦȉȧ
ǰ șȍȘȌȞȍ Ȋ ȗȍșȕȐ ȗȍȘȍȓȤȍȚșȧ
ǰ Ȋ ȗȍșȕȧȝ ȖȉȘȍȚȍȚ șȍȉȧ
ǹțȘȖȊȈȧ ȗȘȖșȕȍȚșȧ ȏȓȖȉȈ
ǺȧȎȍȓȣȍ ȗȘȐșȕȧȚșȧ șȕȣ
Ƕ ȍșȓȐ ȉ ȕȍ ȓȦȉȐȓȐ ȖȉȈ
Ǫ ȌȣȝȈȕȤȐ ȗȘȐȏȘȈȟȕȖȑ Ȋȍșȕȣ
1917.

30
ȇ ȖȚȘȈȊȓȍȕ șȔȍȘȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȧȌȖȔ
ǵȍȉȣȊȈȓȣȔ ȉȘȍȌȖȔ ȓȦȉȊȐ
ǶȎȐȌȈȦȡȐȔ șȍȘȣȔ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȖȔ
ǷȖșȔȖȚȘȐ ȗȘȖȕȏȐ ȗȖȏȖȊȐ
ǷȖȏȈȉȣȓȐșȧ Ȋșȍ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȤȧ
ǷȍȘȍȗțȚȈȓȐșȤ Ȋșȍ ȗțȚȐ
ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȐȓȣȍ ȌȕȐ șȊȐȌȈȕȤȧ
Ǵȕȍ ȓȍȋȒȖ ȓȦȉȐȚȤ Ȑ ȕȍșȚȐ
1917.

31
Ƕ șȚȈȘȈȧ șȚȈȘȈȧ șȒȈȏȒȈ
ǺȘȈȋȍȌȐȧ ș ȎȈȓȒȖȦ ȘȖȓȤȦ!
ǹȒȘȣȊȈȍȚ ȊȍșȍȓȈȧ ȔȈșȒȈ
dzȐȞȖ ȐșȒȈȎȍȕȕȖȍ ȉȖȓȤȦ
ǵȐȒȚȖ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ țȏȕȈȍȚ
ǺȖșȒț ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȝ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȑ —
DzȈȒ ȅȘȖș ȔțȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȘȈȕȐȚ
DzȈȒ ȌțȠț ȓȦȉȖȊȤ ȘȈșȗȐȕȈȍȚ
ǰ Ȋ ȟȈș ȖȌȐȕȖȟȍșȚȊȈ ȗȖȏȌȕȐȑ
DzȖȋȌȈ Ȋșȍ ȗțȚȐ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȍȑ
Ǫ ȓȈȌȖȕȐ ȊȉȐȊȈȦȚșȧ ȋȊȖȏȌȐ —
ǺȧȎȍȓȣȍ ȚȍȔȕȣȍ ȗȍșȕȐ
1917.

32
Ǻȣ ȚȡȍȚȕȖ ȎȍȓȈȕȤȍ ȕȍȊȖȓȐȠȤ
ǰ șȔȖȚȘȐȠȤ șțȘȖȊȖ
Ǫ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȖȔ
ǶȌȕȖ ȓȐȠȤ șȚȈȘȐȕȕȖȍ șȓȖȊȖ
ǯȈȊȍȚȕȖȍ ȔȐȓȖȍ șȓȖȊȖ —
ǰ ș ȕȐȔ ȕȍ ȖȗȈșȕȖ
ǵȈȗȘȈșȕȖ Țȣ șȔȖȚȘȐȠȤ șțȘȖȊȖ
ǵȈȗȘȈșȕȖ
1915.

33
ȇ ȕȍ ȎȍȓȈȦ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖȋȖ
ȇ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȔȈȓȖȍ ȝȖȟț —
ǬȍȓȐȚȤ ȔȖȓȟȈȕȐȍ ȌȖȘȖȎȕȖȍ
ǹ ȚȖȉȖȑ ȊȌȊȖȍȔ — ȗȓȍȟȖ Ȓ ȗȓȍȟț
ǰ ȖȗȤȧȕȧȚȤșȧ ȔȣșȓȤȦ șȓȈȌȒȖȦ
ǿȚȖ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȍȕȤȧ ȕȍȚ ȕȈȏȈȌ
ǿȚȖ ȊȗȍȘȍȌȐ ȖȗȧȚȤ ȏȈȋȈȌȒȖȦ —
ǮȍȓȈȕȕȣȑ șȍȘȌȞț ǷȍȚȘȖȋȘȈȌ

34
ǼǯǾdzȅdzǻǻǼǿȀȊ
ǯȈȚȧȕțȓȐ ȗȍȚȓȦ ȚțȋȖ
ǰ ȕȐȒȈȒ ȕȍ ȘȈȏȊȧȏȈȚȤ
ǹȔȖȚȘȐȔ șȔȖȚȘȐȔ ȌȘțȋ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȈ
ǶȉȍȏțȔȍȓȐ ȋȓȈȏȈ
Ǩ Ȑȏ ȗȓȈȔȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȒȘțȋȈ
ǶȗțșȒȈȍȚșȧ ȋȘȖȏȈ
ǵȖ ȋȘȖȏȣ ȕȍ șȓȣȠȕȖ ȋȘȖȔȈ
ȇȘȒȐȝ ȔȖȓȕȐȑ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȈȚȤ —
ǿȚȖȉ ȔȖȋȓȐ Ȕȣ ȖȉȈ — ȌȖȔȈ
Ǫ ȚȐȝȖȑ ȚȍȔȕȖȚȍ ȘȣȌȈȚȤ
ǵȍ ȟȈșȣ — ȕȍȌȍȓȐ ȋȖȌȣ
ǹȖȒȘțȠȈȚȤșȧ ȊȖ ȗȓȍȕț
ǵȈȠȍ ȟȈȧȕȤȍ șȊȖȉȖȌȣ
ǺȖȕȒȖȑ ȕȐȚȒȖȦ ȚȧȕțȚȤ

35
DzȖȋȌȈ ȘȈșȝȖȌȧȚșȧ ȗțȚȐ
ǰ Țȍ ȒȚȖ ȉȣȓȐ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ȊȔȍșȚȍ
ǬȘțȋ ȌȘțȋț ȗȖșȣȓȈȦȚ ȊȍșȚȐ
ǹ ȗȘȐȗȐșȒȖȑ ȋȖȘȍșȚȕȖȑ ȗȘȖșȚȐ —
Ƕ ȒȈȒ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȚȖȔȐȚ șȍȘȌȞȈ
ǸȈȏȓțȒȐ ȚȧȋȖșȚȕȖȍ ȉȘȍȔȧ
ǷȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȖ ȔȍȘȚȊȖȍ Ȑ ȊȘȍȔȧ
ǵȍ ȊȍȌȈȦȡȍȍ ȒȖȕȞȈ

36
ǾǮǵǹȁǸǮ
I.
ǵȍ ȗȖȔȣȠȓȧȍȔ Ȗ ȘȈȏȓțȒȍ
ǭȡȍ ȓȈșȒȈȍȔ ȕȍ șȗȍȠȈ
ǹȍȘȌȞȈ ȕȖ ȉȓȐȏȐȚșȧ ȒȘțȠȈ
Ǫșȍ ȕȈ ȗțȚȐ ȒȈȒ ȏȊȍȘȤ șȚȖȘțȒȐȑ
ǵȍȖȚȊȘȈȚȐȔȈȧ ȚȖșȒȈ
ǵȍțȔȖȓȐȔȈȧ ȘȈȏȓțȒȈ
ǰ șȓȍȏȣ Ȑ ȗȍȟȈȓȤ Ȑ ȔțȒȈ
ǰ ȏȖȊ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȋȖ ȏȊȖȕȒȈ
II.
ǯȔȍȑ ȊȐȝȘȍȕȖșȕȣȑ ȘȍȓȤșȣ ȘȍȎȍȚ
Ǫ ȊȈȋȖȕȍ ȌțȠȕȖ Ȑ ȚȍȔȕȖ
ǵȈ ȔȐȋ țȔȖȓȒȕȍȚ ȊȖȗȓȤ Ȑ șȒȘȍȎȍȚ
ǵȈ ȔȐȋ ȖșȊȍȚȐȚșȧ ȖȒȕȖ
ǪȐȌȍȕȐȍȔ — ȚȍȓȍȋȘȈȜȐșȚ
ǹȒȓȖȕȐȊȠȐȑșȧ ț ȈȗȗȈȘȈȚȈ
ǰ șȕȖȊȈ ȒȖȓȖȒȖȓ Ȑ șȊȐșȚ
ǰ șȕȖȊȈ ȔȟȐȔșȧ ȕȍȚ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȚȈ
ǰ ȔȖȕȖȚȖȕȕȖȍ ȒȈȟȈȕȤȍ
ǰ ȖȌȐȕȖȒȖȍ ȔȍȘȞȈȕȤȍ
ǺȖșȒȖȑ ȒȖȓȍȉȓȍȔȖȑ șȊȍȟȐ
ǪȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȤȍ ȉȖȘȔȖȚȈȕȤȍ.
ǯȈșȕȐ țșȕȐ ȔȖȓȟȐ ȔȖȓȟȐ

37
ǿȚȖ ȍșȓȐ ȗȘȈȊȌȈ ȕȍȚ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȚȈ
Ǩ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȟȈȕȤȍ ȉȍȏ ȒȖȕȞȈ"
ǪȖ Ȕȋȓț ȔȖȓȟȈȡțȦ ȒțȌȈ-ȚȖ
ǫȌȍ ȕȍȚ ȓȦȉȐȔȖȋȖ ȓȐȞȈ"

38
ǪȐȒȚȖȘȐȐ ǹ
ǯȌȍșȤ Ȋșȍ ȔȍȘȚȊȖ ȚțȔȈȕȕȖ șȣȘȖ
ǪȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȑ ȚȐȠȐȕȈ
ǪȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȑ ȗȈțȚȐȕȈ
dzȦȉȖȊȤ țșȚȈȓȈȧ — ȎȍȕȈ
ǶȗȧȚȤ ȧ Ȋ șȕȍȋȖȊȣȝ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȈȝ,
Ǫ ȗȖȌȊȈȓȣ ȗȈȔȧȚȐ ȗȘȖȕȐȒ
ǻșȚȈȓȣȍ ȚȖȔȧȚ șȚȘȈȕȐȞȣ
ǻșȚȈȓȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȌȕȍȊȕȐȒ
ǪȍȘȕȐșȤ ǪȍȘȕȐșȤ ǰȏȕȍȔȖȋȈȦ
ǺȊȖȘȍȞ ȗȖȍȚ ǸȣȌȈȍȚ ǺȊȈȘȤ
ǪȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȑ ȗȈțȚȐȕȈ
ǰ ȔțȝȈ ȔȍȘȚȊȈȧ — ȇȕȊȈȘȤ
1 ȇȕȊȈȘȧ 1917.

39
ǪȖȚ șțȔȈșȠȍșȚȊȐȍ ȗȖȥȚȈ
ǵȖȟȍȑ ȉȍșșȖȕȕȣȝ ȓȎȐȊȣȑ ȧȌ
ǷȘȐȒȖșȕȖȊȍȕȤȍ ȗȐșȚȖȓȍȚȈ
ǰȏ ȏȍȘȒȈȓȈ ȉȍȏțȔȕȣȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ
ǶȌȕȖ ȕȈȎȈȚȤȍ Ȑ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ
ǵȖ ȐșȗȣȚȈȕȤȦ ȕȍȚ ȒȖȕȞȈ
ǰ ȊȣȕȖșȐȚȤ Ȕȕȍ ȌȖȓȤȠȍ ȉȖȓȤȕȖ
ǪȏȋȓȧȌ ȐșȒȈȎȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȓȐȞȈ
ȇ ȖȚȝȖȎț Ȑ Ȋ șȚȘȈȝȍ ȊȖȦ
DzțșȈȦ ȗȈȓȤȞȣ Ȑ ȒȘȐȟț
— DzȚȖ șȌȍȓȈȓ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȔȖȦ ȚȈȒȖȦ"
ȇȕȍȔȖȋțȐȕȍȝȖȟț
ǶȚȊȍȚȤ ǶȚȊȍȚȤ — ǵȖ ȕȍȚ ȖȚȊȍȚȈ
Ǫșȍ ȚȖȚ Ȏȍ ȗȓȈȊȈȍȚ ȚțȔȈȕ
ǬȈ Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȌȣȔȖȒ ȖȚ ȗȐșȚȖȓȍȚȈ
ǰ ȒȘȖȊȤȦ șȔȖȟȍȕȕȣȑ ȌȐȊȈȕ
1914.

40
ǾǮǿǽȍȀǶdz
ǷȖȓȖȊȐȕȈ ȟȍȚȊȍȘȚȖȋȖ ȐȓȐ ȗȧȚȖȋȖ"
ǵȖȟȐ ȐȓȐ Ȍȕȧ"
Ǻȣ ȝȖȟȍȠȤ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȘȈșȗȧȚȖȋȖ"
ǷȖșȔȖȚȘȐ ȕȈ Ȕȍȕȧ
Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ Țȍȓȍ ȌțȠȈ ȌȘȖȎȈȡȈȧ
DzȈȒ șȚȘțȕȈ
Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ ȌȖȔȍ — ȖȌȕȈ ȚȐȠȐȕȈ
ǯȓȖȊȍȡȍ ȔȖȓȟȈȡȈȧ
ǵȍ șȓȣȠȕȖ ȕȐ șȚȖȕȖȊ, ȕȐ ȎȈȓȖȉ
ǵȖȟȐ" Ǭȕȧ"
ǹȔȍȘȚȤ
ǪȖȕȏȐ șȊȖȍ ȎȈȓȖ Ȋ Ȕȍȕȧ
1915.

41
Ƕ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȎțȚȒȐȑ ǴȐȔȖ ǴȐȔȖ
Ǻȍȉȧ ȉȍȋțȚ ȔȖȐ ȋȖȌȈ
ǸȈȏȣȋȘȈȕȕȈȧ ȗȈȕȚȖȔȐȔȈ
ǵȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ
ǭȡȍ ȔȖȋț ȊȌȣȝȈȧ șȣȘȖșȚȤ
ǹȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ ȕȈ ȉȓȍșȒ ȚȊȖȐȝ Ȗȋȕȍȑ
ǵȖ Ȍțȝ ȔȖȑ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȕȣȑ ȊȣȘȖș
Ǫ ȠțȘȠȈȕȐȐ ȏȔȍȐȕȣȝ Ȍȕȍȑ
DzȈȒȐȍ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȕȐȔ ȊȐȌȍȕȤȧ
ǷȘȖȠȓȐ DzȈȒȖȑ ȒȘȖȊȈȊȣȑ șȊȍȚ
ǰ ȟȚȖ ȍȔț ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȗȈȌȍȕȤȧ
ǹȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȣȍ Ȋ șȍȔȕȈȌȞȈȚȤ ȓȍȚ
Ǫșȍ ȟȚȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ-ȚȖ ȒȈȒ țȋȘȖȏȈ
ǪȐșȍȓȖ ȕȈȌ ȒȘȍșȚȖȔ ȔȖȐȔ
ǹȍȑȟȈș, ȗȖȌ ȊȏȌȖȝȐ ȗȈȘȖȊȖȏȈ
ǷȘȐȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚșȧ ȟțȎȐȔ
1915 ȋ
ǸȖșȚȖȊ-ǬȖȕ ǷȖȍȏȌ

42
ǷȈȕȍ
ǭȌȊȈ ȊȏȌȖȝȕțȓ — țȎȍ ȌȈȓȍȟȍ
DzțȉȈȕȤ Ȑ ȌȘȍȔȓȦȡȐȑ ǺȍȔȘȦȒ
ǵȖ ȗȖȞȍȓțȑ ȗȖȎȈȚȤȍ ȘțȒ
ǵȖ șȓȍȏȣ șȟȈșȚȤȧ șȓȍȏȣ ȊșȚȘȍȟȐ
ǵȍȎȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȊșȚȘȍȟȐ — Ȋșȍ șȖ ȔȕȖȑ
dzȦȉȓȦ Țȍȉȧ Ǻȍȉȍ ȖȌȕȖȑ
ǺȖșȒțȦȡȍȋȖ șȍȘȌȞȈ ȌțȔȣ
ǷțșȚȤ ȖȒȍȈȕ ȊȖȑȕȣ țȋȘȦȔȣȑ
ǩȤȍȚ Ȋ ȉȍȘȍȋ ȕȖȊȖȦ ȊȖȓȕȖȑ
ǫȘȖȏȐȚ șȚȘȈȌȈȕȐȍȔ ȉȍȏȔȍȘȕȣȔ —
ǹȊȍȚ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȋ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȕȍ ȗȖȋȈș
dzȦȉȓȦ Țȍȉȧ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȘȈȏ
ǰ ȌȖ ȒȖȕȞȈ ȗȘȍȉțȌț ȊȍȘȕȣȔ
1915.

43
ǼȀȆdzǹȊǻǶǸ
Ǵȕȍ ȌȈȓȍȒȐ Ȋȍșȕȣ ȏȈȉȈȊȣ
ǴȖȑ ȌȖȔ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȕȈ ȒȘȈȦ
ǵȍ Ȍȓȧ ȓȦȌșȒȐȝ ȗȖȝȊȈȓ Ȑ șȓȈȊȣ,
ȇ ȗȍșȕȐ ȋȖȘȤȒȐȍ ȗȖȦ
ǵȖ ȍșȓȐ Țȣ ȔȖȑ ȋȖșȚȤ șȓțȟȈȑȕȣȑ
DzȖ Ȕȕȍ șȔȍȧșȤ ȖȚȒȘȖȍȠȤ ȌȊȍȘȤ
Ǫ ȔȖȍȑ ȌțȠȍ ȗȘȖșȕȍȚșȧ ȚȈȑȕȣȑ
ǬȈȊȕȖ-ȌȈȊȕȖ țșȕțȊȠȐȑ ȏȊȍȘȤ
ȇ țȒțȠț Ȟȍȓțȧ ȘțȒț
ǹȌȈȊȓȦ ȝȖȓȖȌȕȖȍ ȗȓȍȟȖ
ǰ Țȣ ȗȖȟțȊșȚȊțȍȠȤ ȗȖ șȚțȒț
DzȈȒ ȥȚȖ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȋȖȘȧȟȖ
ǰ Țȣ ȍȡȍ ȗȖȟțȍȠȤ șȔțȚȕȖ
ǻșȓȣȠȈȊ ȔȖȑ ȏȊȍȘȐȕȣȑ ȗȓȈȟ
ǻȊȐȌȧ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ȉȍȏțȔȕȖ-ȔțȚȕȣȑ
ǿȚȖ ȎȍȘȚȊȈ ȧ Ȑ Țȣ — ȗȈȓȈȟ

44
ǾǼǻDzdzǹȊ
ǯȈȉȣȚȤ ȊȓȦȉȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȏȈȚȍȑ
ȇȕȍȔȖȋțȐȊȏȓțȦȏȐȔț
ǸȈȏȣȋȘȈȕȕțȦ ȗȈȕȚȖȔȐȔț —
ǰ ȜȓȍȑȚȣ ȏȊțȒ Ȑ șȚțȒ ȒȖșȚȍȑ
ǰ ȒȘȐȒ șȔȍȦȡȐȝșȧ ȌȍȚȍȑ
ǪȓȍȒȖȔȣȝ Ȓ șȒȈȏȖȟȕȖȔț ǸȐȔț
ǯȈȉȣȚȤ ȊȓȦȉȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȏȈȚȍȑ
ȇȕȍȔȖȋțȐȊȏȓțȦȏȐȔț.
ǿȚȖ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ șȊȧȚȍȑ
DzȖȋȌȈ ȟȈșȣ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣ ȌȣȔț"
DzȈȒȖȑ țȌȈȘ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȣȑ ǴȐȔț —
Ǫ ȗȓȍȕț ȘȈșșțȌȖȟȕȣȝ șȚȘȈșȚȍȑ
ǯȈȉȣȚȤ ȊȓȦȉȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȏȈȚȍȑ

III.

46
DzȈȒ ȕȍțșȚȈȕȕȈȧ ȗȟȍȓȈ
ǮțȎȎȐȚ Ȑ ȌȍȕȤ Ȑ ȕȖȟȤ ȏȈȉȖȚȈ
ǰ Țȣ — ȕȍ Țȣ Ȉ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȒȚȖ-ȚȖ
ǵȈȌ ȒȍȔ ȎțȎȎȐȚ, ȎțȎȎȐȚ ȏȈȉȖȚȈ —
ǵȍȖȚȋȖȕȐȔȈȧ ȗȟȍȓȈ
1914.

47
ǵȍ ȧ ȖȌȐȕ ȘȈȏȌȈȊȓȍȕ șȊȍȚȖȔ
ǰ ȗȈȌȈȦ Ȋ ȋȓțȝțȦ ȕȖȟȤ
ȀȍȗȟȐ ȠȍȗȟȐ șȊȖȍ ȗȘȖȘȖȟȤ
ǰȌȐ ȗȖ țȓȐȞȈȔ șȒȍȓȍȚȖȔ
ǵȍ ȊșȍȔ ȗȖȕȧȚȍȕ ȉțȌȍȠȤ Țȣ
ǰ ț ȋȓțȗȞȖȊ țȓȣȉȖȒ ȔȕȖȋȖ
DzȖȋȌȈ ȗȖȒȈȎȍȠȤ ȐȔ ȞȊȍȚȣ
Ǻȍȉȍ ȗȖȌȈȘȍȕȕȣȍ ǩȖȋȖȔ
1916.

48
ȀǾǶǼǹdzȀȉ
I.
ǬȍȕȤ ȖȚȖȠȍȓ ȏȊȍȕȧ ȚȖșȒȖȑ
ǯȈȎȍȋșȧ șȕȖȊȈ șȊȍȚ ȊȍȟȍȘȕȐȑ
DzȈȒ ȊȖȘ ȗȖȝȐȚȐȊ ȔȖȑ ȗȖȒȖȑ
ǬȍȕȤ ȖȚȖȠȍȓ ȏȊȍȕȧ ȚȖșȒȖȑ
ǰ ȧ ȌȘȖȎȈȡȍȦ ȘțȒȖȑ
DzȘȍȡț ȊȍȕȖȒ Ȑȏ ȖșȚȘȣȝ ȚȍȘȕȐȑ
ǬȍȕȤ ȖȚȖȠȍȓ ȏȊȍȕȧ ȚȖșȒȖȑ
ǯȈȎȍȋșȧ șȕȖȊȈ șȊȍȚ ȊȍȟȍȘȕȐȑ
II.
ǯȈȎȍȋșȧ șȕȖȊȈ șȊȍȚ ȊȍȟȍȘȕȐȑ
ǰ ȚȐȝȐȑ șȊȍȚ ȔȖȍȑ ȌțȠȐ
ǻȌȈȘȣ șȍȘȌȞȈ ȘȈȊȕȖȔȍȘȕȍȑ —
ǯȈȎȍȋșȧ șȕȖȊȈ șȊȍȚ ȊȍȟȍȘȕȐȑ
ǺȈȔ ȋȌȍ-ȚȖ ȠțȔȕȣȑ ȘȖȗȖȚ ȟȍȘȕȐ
Ǩ ȏȌȍșȤ Ȋ ȔȖȓȟȈȕȤȐ Ȑ Ȋ ȚȐȠȐ
ǯȈȎȍȋșȧ șȕȖȊȈ șȊȍȚ ȊȍȟȍȘȕȐȑ
ǰ ȚȐȝȐȑ șȊȍȚ ȔȖȍȑ ȌțȠȐ

49
DzȖȋȌȈ ȉȣȓȐ ȘȖȏȌȈȕȣ ȘȖȓȐ
Ǵȕȍ ȕȍ ȔȖȧ ȌȖșȚȈȓȈșȤ
ǷȘȐȕȧȓ ȟțȎțȦ țșȚȈȓȖșȚȤ
ǿȤȐ-ȚȖ ȚȧȎȒȐȍ ȉȖȓȐ
ǵȖ ȐȋȘȈȦ ȗȖȒȖȘȕȖ
ǰ șȚȘȈȌȈȓȤȟȍșȒȐ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȉȤȍȚșȧ
Ǩ ȚȈȔ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȗȘȐȚȊȖȘȕȖ
ǺȖȘȎȍșȚȊțȍȚ, ȓȦȉȐȚ șȔȍȍȚșȧ
1917.

50
ǫȖșȗȖȌȤ ȗȘȖșȚȐ ǫȖșȗȖȌȤ ȖȟȐșȚȐ
ǴȖȐ ȋȘȍȝȐ ȈȒȚȍȘșȚȊȖ ȓȖȎȤ
ȇ ȔțȝȈ Ȋ ȗȈțȚȐȕȍ ȐșȚȐȕ
ǰșȗȣȚȣȊȈȦȡȈȧ ȌȘȖȎȤ
ǰ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȌȍȕȤ — ȗȖȌȖȉȤȍ ȒȈȏȕȐ
ǰ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȟȈș — ȚȖșȒȈ ȚȖșȒȈ
Ǫ ȚȐșȒȈȝ ȉȍȏțȔȤȧ Ȑ ȉȖȧȏȕȐ
ǵȍȊȐȌȐȔȖȋȖ ȗȈțȒȈ

51
ǯ. ǬȈȊȣȌȖȊț
ǹȔȍȦșȤ ȕȈ ȓȦȌȧȝ ǺȈȑȕȖ ȗȓȈȟț
ǩȖȓȤ ȗȖȔȕȦ ǯȈȉȣȊȈȦ ȓȈșȒț
ǰ ȗȖȌ ȗȓȈȡȖȔ ȏȈȟȍȔ-ȚȖ ȗȘȧȟț
DzȐȕȎȈȓ Ȑ ȉȈȘȝȈȚȕțȦ ȔȈșȒț
ǩȍȏțȔșȚȊȈ ȕȈȌȖȍȓȐ ȗȖȏȣ
ǰ ȔțȒȈ ȕȈ ȓȐȞȍ țșȚȈȓȖȔ
Ǩȝ ǸȈȏȊȍ ȔȈșȒȈ șȒȘȖȍȚ șȓȍȏȣ"
ǰ ȘȈȏȊȍ ȉȖȓȤ țȉȤȦ ȒȐȕȎȈȓȖȔ"
1917.

52
ǿǸǶȀǮǹȊȄȉ
ǴȖȘȖȏȕȣȑ ȊȍȚȍȘ ȡȍȒȐ ȒȖȓȍȚ
ǶșȓȍȗȓȐ ȌțȠȐ Ȑ ȋȓȈȏȈ
ǺȈȒȖȑ ȕȍȊȣȕȖșȐȔȖȑ ȉȖȓȐ
ǵȍ șȔȖȍȚ ȎȋțȟȈȧ șȓȍȏȈ
ǶȚ ȝȖȓȖȌȈ ȒțșȈȍȔ ȗȈȓȤȞȣ
ǷȖȌȗȘȣȋȐȊȈȍȔ Ȑ ȗȖȍȔ
ǵȍ ȏȕȈȍȔ ȉȍȌȕȣȍ șȒȐȚȈȓȤȞȣ
DzțȌȈ ȐȌȍȔ" ǯȈȟȍȔ ȐȌȍȔ"
ǯȈȉȣȓȐ Ȕȣ șȊȖȐ ȎȐȓȐȡȈ
ǺȍȗȓȖ ȘȖȌȐȔȖȋȖ țȋȓȈ
ǵȈȌ ȕȈȔȐ ȊȍȚȍȘ ȖșȚȘȣȑ șȊȐȡȍȚ
ǰ șȍȘȈȧ șȚȘțȐȚșȧ ȔȋȓȈ.
ǰ ȊȗȍȘȍȌȐ — ȕȐ ȏȊȍȏȌ ȕȐ ȏȊțȒȈ
ǵȐ ȏȕȈȒȈ Ȗ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȗțȚȐ
DzȈȒȈȧ ȉȖȓȤ DzȈȒȈȧ ȔțȒȈ —
ǹȓȍȗȣȔ Ȋ șȓȍȗțȦ ȕȖȟȤ ȐȌȚȐ

53
ǯȈȟȍȔ ȖȉȔȈȕȣȊȈȚȤ șȍȉȧ
ǵȍ ȏȕȈȦ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȟȚȖ ȧ ȋȌȍ ȧ
ǩȖȓȤȕȖȍ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȝȖȓȖȌȍȧ
ǭȡȍ ȚȘȍȗȍȡȍȚ ȕȖ șȒȖȘȉȧ
ǩȍșȟțȊșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȕȍȔȖȑ ȐȌț
ǵȍșț ȚȧȎȍȓȣȍ ȊȍȘȐȋȐ —
dzȦȌȍȑ ȗȘȐȘȖȌț ȗȍșȕȐ ȒȕȐȋȐ —
ǷȖȒȈ ȗȖȌ ȕȐȔȐ ȕȍ ȗȈȌț

54
ǵȐȒȖȔț ȕȍ ȖȚȒȘȖȍȠȤ
ǬțȠȐ ȔȖȓȟȈȓȐȊȖ ȎȐȊțȡȍȑ
ǹȚȘȈȌȈȕȤȧ
ǬȕȐ ȍȍ ȏȖȓȖȚȖȋȖ ȔȖȓȟȈȕȤȧ
ǺȈȒ ȔțȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȣ
ǰ ȝȖȘȖȠȐ
Ǫșȍ ȟȚȖ ȊȓȈșȚȕȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȚȖ ȊȓȍȒȓȖ
ǰ Ȗ ȟȍȔ ȋȖȘȧȟȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȖșȤ —
Ǫ ȥȚȐȝ Ȍȕȧȝ ȏȖȓȖȚȣȝ ȘȈșȚȊȖȘȐȓȖșȤ
Ǫ ȗȖȓȍ ȗȈȔȧȚȐ ȚȘțȗȖȔ ȓȍȋȓȖ
1914.

55
DzȈȒțȦ ȚȖșȒț ȗȖȊȍȌȈȦ ȔȐȘț?
ǹȕȐȔț ȓȐ ȚȧȎȍșȚȤ ș țșȚȈȓȣȝ ȗȓȍȟ"
ǰȏ ȘțȒ ȖșȓȈȉȍȊȠȐȝ ȊȣȘȖȕȐȓ ȓȐȘț
ǰ Ȋ ȘțȒȐ ȗȘȐȕȧȓ ȒȈȘȚȖȕȕȣȑ Ȕȍȟ
ǻȌȈȘȣ șȍȘȌȞȈ Ȋșȍ ȋȘȖȔȟȍ ȟȈȡȍ
ǺȖșȒȈ țȕȣȓȍȑ Ȑ ȚȧȎȍȓȍȑ
ǵȍ ȉȖȑșȧ ǩȖȎȍ ȘțȒȐ ȋȘȖȏȧȡȍȑ
ǰ ȏȓțȦ ȌțȠț ȗȖȎȈȓȍȑ

56
ǿǺdzǾȀȊ
I.
Ǵȣ ȏȕȈȓȐ — ȥȚȖ ȒȖȕȍȞ
ǰ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȔțȒȐ
ǻȟȈșȚȓȐȊȖ ȟȤȐ-ȚȖ ȘțȒȐ
ǵȈ ȚȘțȗ ȊȖȏȓȖȎȐȓȐ ȊȍȕȍȞ.
ǰ ȋȖȓȖș ȎȍȕșȒȐȑ șȒȈȏȈȓ
ǺȈȒȖȑ ȏȓȖȊȍȡȐȑ Ȑ ȘȍȏȒȐȑ
— ǯȈȌȍȘȕȐȚȍ ȏȈȕȈȊȍșȒȐ —
ǰ ȚȐȠȍ — ȏȈȒȘȖȑȚȍ ȋȓȈȏȈ
II.
ǷȓȈȒȈȓȐ Ȑ ȗȘȐȟȐȚȈȓȐ
ǷȖȝȖȘȖȕȕȣȍ ȗȍȓȐ ȗȍșȕȐ
ǴȖȕȈȠȒȐ ȗșȈȓȚȐȘȤ ȟȐȚȈȓȐ
ǩȖȘȔȖȟȈ ȊȖșȒȘȍșȕȐ ȊȖșȒȘȍșȕȐ
ǷȖȒȖȑȕȐȒ ȕȍ ȠȍȊȍȓȐȓșȧ
ǷȖȒȖȦ șȔȍȘȚȐ ȉȣȓ ȘȈȌ Ȗȕ
ǯȈȌȣȝȈȧșȤ ȚȐȝȖ șȚȘțȐȓșȧ
ǹȐȕȐȑ țȌțȠȓȐȊȣȑ ȓȈȌȈȕ

57
ǽǮDzdzǻȊdz
DzȈȒȈȧ ȔțȒȈ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȈȧ
ǷȈȌȍȕȤȍ Ȋ ȉȘȍȌ Ȑ ȗțșȚȖȚț
ǵȖȟȤ — ȌȖ țȚȘȈ — ȚȖșȒȈ ȒȈȘȚȍȎȕȈȧ
Ǩ ȌȕȍȔ ȒȖșȚȧȠȍȒ ȟȍȚȒȐȑ șȚțȒ
DzȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȌȕȐ ȕȈȊȍȒ ȖȗțȚȈȕȣ
ǩȍșȗȓȖȌȤȍȔ ȗȖȠȓȖșȚȐ ȓȦȌșȒȖȑ
DzȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȕȍȌȘțȋț — ȔȐȕțȚȈȔȐ
ǹȐȧȍȚ șȖȓȕȞȍ ȕȈȌȖ ȔȕȖȑ
ǰ ȒȈȒ-ȚȖ ȚțȗȖ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȔȍȟȍȚșȧ
ǪȌȘțȋ ȖȒȘȣȓȧȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȊȖȚ
ǶȗȧȚȤ ȕȈ ȗȓȖșȒȖșȚȐ ȒȈȓȍȟȐȚșȧ
ǹȊȖȑ ȎȈȓȒȐȑ ȏȈȊȍȘȠȈȧ ȊȏȓȍȚ
ǰ Ȋ ȏȈȊȣȊȈȕȤȐ ȈȌșȒȖȑ ȔțȏȣȒȐ
ȇ țȏȕȈȦ ȏȈȒȖȕ șțȌȤȉȣ
ǹȚȈȒȐȔ ȧȉțȌțșȊȧȏȈȕțȏȈȔȐ
ǬȖ ȏȖȊȈ ȈȕȋȍȓȤșȒȖȑ ȚȘțȉȣ
1917.

58
ǼǿǰǼǯǼǴDzdzǻǶdz
DzȘțȋ ȗȖșȚȣȓȣȑ ȌȖȘȐșȖȊȈȕ
ǰ ȏȈȗȘȧȚȈȕ ȒȓȈȌ ȏȐȔȣ
ǰ ș ȌȊȍȘȍȑ ȔȖȍȑ ȚȦȘȤȔȣ
ǹȉȐȚȣ ȘȎȈȊȣȍ ȏȈșȖȊȣ
ǹȊȍȚȓȣȑ ȌȍȕȤ ȖșȊȖȉȖȎȌȍȕȤȧ
ǪȖșȒȘȍșȍȕȤȍ Ȋșȍȝ ȕȈȌȍȎȌ
ǶȚȟȍȋȖ Ȏ ȕȍ ȟțȦ ȊȍȎȌ
ǶșȚȖȘȖȎȕȖȋȖ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȤȧ"
ǶȚȟȍȋȖ Ȏȍ ȟȍȘșȚȊȣȑ ȝȓȍȉ
ǰȏ ȒȖȚȖȔȒȐ ȔȕȖȑ ȕȍ ȊȣȕțȚ"
ǰȓȐ ȎȈȓȒȖ Ȕȕȍ ȗȖȒȐȕțȋȤ
ǴȖȑ ȗȘȐȦȚ ȕȍȊȖȓȤȕȣȑ — șȒȓȍȗ"
ǵȖ ȗȘȖȡȈȦșȤ ǵȍ șȗȍȠȈ
ǪȣȊȖȎț țȋȓȍȔ ț ȊȝȖȌȈ
— Ǻȍȓț ȔȕȐȔȈȧ șȊȖȉȖȌȈ
ǯȌȍșȤ ȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȈ ȌțȠȈ —
1917.

59
«Ǫ ȟȈș ȘȈșșȚȈȊȈȕȤȧ Ȕȣ ȊȐȌȐȔ ȧșȕȍȑ».
dzȍȘȔȖȕȚȖȊ
Ǫ ȟȈș ȘȈșșȚȈȊȈȕȤȧ Ȋ ȟȈș ȚȘȍȊȖȋȐ
ȇ ȊȐȎț ȋȓțȉȎȍ Ȑ ȧșȕȍȑ —
DzȈȒȐȍ ȚȘțȌȕȣȍ ȌȖȘȖȋȐ
dzȍȋȓȐ ȕȈ ȗȍȘȍȓȖȔȍ Ȍȕȍȑ
ǰ ȒȈȒ ȗȖ ȕȐȔ Ȋ ȉȍȏțȔȕȖȔ șȚȘȈȝȍ
ǹ ȔȍȟȖȔ ȏȈȏțȉȘȍȕȕȣȔ Ȋ ȘțȒȍ
ǰȌț ȧ Ȋ ȠțȚȖȊșȒȖȑ ȘțȉȈȝȍ
Ǫ ȒȘȖȊȈȊȖ-ȒȘȈșȕȖȔ ȒȖȓȗȈȒȍ
ǰȌț ȗȖȒȖȘȕȣȑ Ȑ șțȘȖȊȣȑ
ǬȖ ȖȉȍȚȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ ȊȖȘȖȚ
Ǩ ȚȈȔ ȏȈ ȕȐȔȐ ȉțȌȍȚ ȕȖȊȣȑ
ǻȎȍ ȕȍȉȍșȕȣȑ ȥȠȈȜȖȚ
1914.

IV.

61
ǸǮǺǶǻȁ *).
Ƕ ȔȐȘ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȐȑ,
ǶȉȘțȟȍȕȕȣȑ ȖȌȕȐȔ ȒȖȓȤȞȖȔ
ǹȘȍȌȐ ȖȉȣȊȈȚȍȓȤșȒȖȑ ȟȈȡȐ
ǻȓȣȉȈȦȡȍȍșȧ ȓȐȞȖ
ǬȖȋȖȘȍȓȐ ȌȘȖȊȈ Ȑ ȝȊȖȘȖșȚ
ǸȈșȚȈȧȓ șȕȍȎȕȣȑ ȗȖșȍȊ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ Ȕȣ ȉțȌȍȔ ȕȍ șȒȖȘȖ
ǿȐȚȈȚȤ șȚȐȝȐ ȕȈȘȈșȗȍȊ
ǵȖ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ Ȋ ȗțȚȐ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖȔ
ǪȍȌțȡȐȑ ș ǴțȏȖȦ ȘȍȟȤ
ǺȖȚ ȋȖȓȖș ȏȐȔȕȐȑ șȊȐȘȍȓȤȕȣȑ
ǬȖ ȋȘȖȉȈ ȉțȌȍȚ ȉȍȘȍȟȤ.
1919.
__________
*) ɇ Ʉɥɟɩɩɟɪ ɉɚɧɟ ɋ ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɫɤɨɣ Ɉ Ɏɟɪɥɢɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ 3. Ⱦɚɜɵɞɨɜɭ
ɘ ɂɜɚɧɨɜɭ Ⱥ ɋɤɚɡɤɟ ɇ ɑɢɪɤɨɜɭ

62
ǿǼǻdzȀ-ǮǸǾǼǿȀǶȃ
ǸȖȔȈȕț ǭȜȘȍȔȖȊț
ǸȈȏȓțȒȖȑ ȏȓȖȑ ȘȈȏȖȘȊȈȕ ȌȘțȎȉȣ ȒȘțȋ
ǶȋȕȐ ȗȘȐȊȍȚȖȊ ȗȖȋȈșȐȓȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ
Ǵȕȍ ȊȣȗȈȓȖ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȣȝ șȚȘȈȕșȚȊȐȑ ȉȘȍȔȧ
Ǩ Țȣ ȖșȚȈȓșȧ ȌȖȔȈ ȔȐȓȣȑ ȌȘțȋ
ǵȖ ȕȈș ȚȖȔȐȓ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȔȍȟȚȣ ȕȍȌțȋ
ǻȗȖȘȕȖ Ȕȣ ȉȘȖșȈȓȐ Ȋ ȏȍȔȓȦ șȍȔȧ
ǭȋȖ ȗȖșȍȊ șȉȍȘȍȚ ȐȕȖȍ ȗȓȍȔȧ
ǼȐȕȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȟȈș ȗȘȖșȓȈȊȐȚ ȊȍȘȕȣȝ șȓțȋ
ǸȖȌȕȣȝ șȍȘȌȍȞ șȓȐȊȈȧ șȚțȒ ȗȖȉȍȌȕȣȑ,
ǭȌȐȕȣȑ ȕȈș ȉȓȈȋȖșȓȖȊȐȚ ȊȍȕȍȞ
ǴȍȟȚț ȏȍȔȓȐ ȕȍșȓȐ Ȕȣ ȕȍ ȉȍșșȓȍȌȕȖ
ǶȉȖȐȔ ȕȈȔ Ȋ ȗțȚȐ ȖȌȐȕ ȒȖȕȍȞ
ǪȖȏȎȍȟȤ ȔȈȧȒ ȕȈȌ ȥȚȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȤȦ ȉȍȌȕȖȑ
ǻȊȓȍȟȤ Ȓ ȔȍȟȚȍ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ ȟțȎȐȝ șȍȘȌȍȞ
1919.

63
ǼȀǰdzȀ
ǹ Ǫ ǺȘȖȞȒȖȔț
ǵȍȎȕȣȔ ȏȖȊȖȔ ȗȘȖȠțȔȍȓȐ
ǹȚȘȖȒȐ ȚȊȖȍȋȖ ȗȐșȤȔȈ
ǰȏ ȚțȔȈȕȕȣȝ ȏȓȣȝ țȡȍȓȐȑ
ǪȤȍȚșȧ ȋȖȘȕȣȝ ȚȘȖȗ ȚȍșȤȔȈ
ǷȖ ȖȌȕȖȑ — ȚȊȖȧ ȌȖȘȖȋȈ
ǪȖșȝȖȎȌȍȕȤȧ șȓȈȌȒȐȑ ȗțȚȤ
ǵȈȌ ȚȖȉȖȑ ȌȣȝȈȕȤȍ ǩȖȋȈ —
ǸȈȏ ȊȏȌȖȝȕțȚȤ ȕȈȊȍȒ țșȕțȚȤ
Ǩ ȌțȠȈ ȒȈȒ ȋȖȘ ȊȍȘȠȐȕȣ
ǩȍȓȖșȕȍȎȕȈ Ȑ ȕȍȎȕȈ
ǰ ǪȍȕȍȘȈ — ȟȈș ȍȌȐȕȣȑ —
ǪȏȖȘț ȚȊȖȍȔț ȊȐȌȕȈ
1916.

64
ǰ ǸǼǺǻǮȀdz ǽǼȋȀǮ
ǯ. ǬȈȊȣȌȖȊț
ǯȌȍșȤ ȚȐȠȐȕȈ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȋȓțȉȖȒȈ
ǸȖȊȕȈ ȒȈȒ ȓȈȔȗȐȖȕȈ șȊȍȚ
ǵȍȌȊȐȎȕȈ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȥȚȈ ǩȓȖȒȈ
ǵȈ ȗȐșȤȔȍȕȕȖȔ șȚȖȓȍ ȗȖȘȚȘȍȚ
ǯȌȍșȤ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȓȧȓșȧ Țȣ Ȑ ȗȓȈȒȈȓ
ǵȖ ȕȍ ȈȒȚȍȘșȚȊțȧ ȖȌȐȕ
ǰ ȕȈȌ ȚȖȉȖȑ ȉțȌȐȓȤȕȐȒ ȚȈȒȈȓ
ǹȟȐȚȈȧ ȗȘȈȝ ȚȊȖȐȝ ȋȖȌȐȕ
ǯȌȍșȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ Ȋ ȟȈȌț ȘȈșșȊȍȚȈ
ǷȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ ȗȘȖȟȐȚȈȊȠȐ șȚȐȝ
Ǻȣ ȋȘȖȔȒȐȔ ȚȘȍșȒȖȔ ȗȐșȚȖȓȍȚȈ
ǪșȚȘȍȊȖȎȐȠȤ șȖȕ ȓȦȉȐȔȣȝ ȒȕȐȋ.
1916.

65
ǹ ǹȖȒȖȓȖȊșȒȖȑ
Ǻȣ ȖȌȕȈ Ȋ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȔ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȖȔ ȌȖȔȍ
Ǻȣ ȋȘțșȚȐȠȤ ȗȖ ȊȍȟȍȘȈȔ ȖȌȕȈ
ǰ ȌțȠȍ ȚȊȖȍȑ ȊșȍȋȖ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȍȑ
ǹȍȘȈȧ șȓȍȗȈȧ ȚȐȠȐȕȈ
ǯȕȈȍȠȤ Țȣ ȚȖșȒț șȈȔȖșȖȎȎȍȕȤȧ
ǹȔȍȘȚȤ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȈȔȧȚȤ șȉȍȘȍȋȓȈ
ǸțȒ ȚȊȖȐȝ țșȚȈȓȣȍ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȤȧ
ǷȖȊȚȖȘȧȦȚ ȔȖȓȟȈ ȏȍȘȒȈȓȈ
1916.

66
Ǵ.Ǫ.ȇ.
ǴȕȖȋȖ ȧ ȏȕȈȦ șȍȘȌȍȞ ȕȖ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȊȍȌȈȓ ȌȖȕȣȕȍ
ǨȕȋȍȓȤșȒȐȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ț Țȍȉȧ — Ȋ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȚȘȍȊȖȋȈ Ȑ șȚȘȈȝ
ǸțȒȐ ȌȘȖȎȈȡȐȍ ȚȈȒ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȒȚȖ-ȚȖ ȕȍȔȐȓȣȑ ȞȍȓțȍȚ
ǻȏȒȐȍ Ȋ ȒȖȓȤȞȈȝ ȖȕȐ ȉțȌȚȖ ȊȚȖȘȖȍ ȓȐȞȖ
ǹȕȣ ȌȈ ȗȘȐșȕȧȚșȧ Țȍȉȍ Ȗ ȗȘȖȠȍȌȠȍȔ — ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȔ
Ȑ ȔȐȓȖȔ
ȇ Ȏȍ ȗȘȖȡȍȕȤȧ ȗȘȖȠț ȍșȓȐ ȌțȘȕȖȍ șȒȈȏȈȓ

67
ǿȁǺǮǿȆdzDzȆǶǷ
ǫ Ǩ Ǩ-Ȕț
ȇ ȉȣȓ Ȋ ȏȈȉȊȍȕȤȐ — ȊȍȌȖȔ ȕȣȕȍ
Ǵȕȍ șȓȈȌȒȖȑ șȓȈȊȣ ȖȘȍȖȓ
ǬȈ ȅȋȖ ȧ ǭȒȈȚȍȘȐȕȍ
ǷȈȘȐȒ ȖșȖȉȣȑ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȓ
ǴȖȋț ȓȤ ȏȈȉȣȚȤ ȊȖșȚȖȘȋȈ ȒȓȐȒȐ
ǷȘȐȌȊȖȘȕȣȝ ȒȈȊȈȓȍȘȖȊ ȌȈȔ
DzȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȈ Ȗ ȔȐȋ ȊȍȓȐȒȐȑ
ǷȖȠȓȈ șȖ ȔȕȖȦ Ȓ Ȑȝ ȘȧȌȈȔ
ǰ ȊșȍȔ ȒȚȖ ȋȕțȓ ȗȘȍȌ ȕȍȦ șȗȐȕț
ǹ țȓȣȉȒȖȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȈ — Ȗȕ
ǷȖȘȈȌȖȊȈȓ ǭȒȈȚȍȘȐȕț
ǭȊȓȈȔȗȐȍȊ ǪȐșșȈȘȐȖȕ
Ƕȕ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȓ ȗȈȘȐȒ ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȕȣȑ
ǰ Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȧ Ȋșȍȝ ȒȘȈșȐȊȍȑ ȌȈȔ
ǯȈ ȥȚȖ ȧ ȍȔț ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȑ
ǰ șȈȔȣȑ ȓțȟȠȐȑ ȚȐȚțȓ ȌȈȔ
ǰ ȊȌȘțȋ — ȏȈȉȐȓ ȜȖȕȚȈȕ ȒȘȖȊȈȊȣȑ
ǸȈȏȌȈȓșȧ ȊȣșȚȘȍȓ ȋȘȧȕțȓ ȋȘȖȔ
ǰ ȧ ȗȘȐȌȊȖȘȕȖȦ ȖȘȈȊȖȑ
ǩȣȓ ȉȘȖȠȍȕ Ȋ șțȔȈșȠȍȌȠȐȑ ȌȖȔ
1916.

68
ǰǶǵǶȀ
ǶȗȧȚȤ ȏȊȖȕȖȒ ȏȈȓȈȧȓ
ǪȖȠȍȓ ȓȍȕȐȊȖ Ƕȕ
ǪȐȏȐȚȈ șȒțȒȈ ȏȓȈȧ
dzȐȓȈșȤ șȖ Ȋșȍȝ șȚȖȘȖȕ
ǷȘȧȔȖȑ șțȝȖȑ Ȑ șȚȘȖȋȐȑ
Ǫ ȒȈȓȖȠȈȝ Ȑ ȗȈȓȤȚȖ
Ƕȕ șȚȈȓ ȠȐȗȍȚȤ Ȗ ǩȖȋȍ
ǰ ȓȖȋȐȒȍ ǴȐȕȚȖ
Ƕ ȕȖȊȖȔ șȐȔȊȖȓȐȏȔȍ
Ƕ ȚȈȑȕȍ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȈ
DzȈȒ Ȋ ȘȎȈȊȖȔ ȔȍȝȈȕȐȏȔȍ
ǾȍȗȓȧȓȐșȧ șȓȖȊȈ
ǶȌȐȕ ȌȘțȋȖȑ Ȑ ȚȘȍȚȐȑ
ǻȕȣȓȖ ȠȓȐ ȟȈșȣ
ǺȈȒȖȑ ȚȖșȒȐ ȕȈ șȊȍȚȍ
ǵȍ ȊȍȠȈȓȐ Ȋȍșȣ
1918.

69
ǿǻȉ
I.
ȅȚȈ ȊȤȦȋȈ ȎȍȓȍȏȕȣȔȐ ȐȋȓȈȔȐ
ǷȘȖȒȈȓȣȊȈȍȚ ȕȍȎȕțȦ ȒȖȎȐȞț
Ǫ ȗȈȘȐȒȔȈȝȍȘșȒȖȑ ȉȘȐȓȐ Ȑ șȚȘȐȋȓȐ
ǰ ȏȓȖȊȍȡȍ ȓȧȏȋȈȓȐ ȕȖȎȕȐȞȈȔȐ
Ǫ ȗȈȘȐȒȔȈȝȍȘșȒȖȑ ȊȖȏȓȍ dzȈȋțȚȐȕȈ
Ǫ șțȘȘȖȋȈȚȈȝ ȊșȧȒȖȑ ȒȖșȔȍȚȐȒȐ
ǷȈȘȐȒȔȈȝȍȘ șȔȍȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȠțȚȐȚ
ǰ țȕȣȓȖ șȐȌȧȚ ȗȖȥȚȣ
ǵȖ ȊȖȚ ȏȈ șȚȍȒȓȧȕȕȖȑ ȊȐȚȘȐȕȖȦ
ǷȘȖșȒȖȓȤȏȐȓȈ ȕȍȚȓȍȕȕȈȧ dzȍȕȈ
ǻ ȖȉȖȐȝ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ ȊȣȕțȓȐ
ǹȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ ȗȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȖ
ǶȌȐȕ ȗȘȖȠȍȗȚȈȓ Ȗ ȔȐȓȈȧ
ǬȘțȋȖȑ ȗȘȖȝȘȐȗȍȓ ȗȘȖȒȓȧȚȈȧ
ǰ ȡȍȒȐ ȖȉȖȐȝ țȕȣȓȖ
ǵȈȗțȌȘȐȓȈ ȊȈȚȈ
ȅȚȈ ȊȤȦȋȈ ȎȍȓȍȏȕȣȔȐ ȐȋȓȈȔȐ
ǷȘȖȒȈȓȣȊȈȍȚ ȕȍȎȕțȦ ȒȖȎȐȞț
Ƕ ȓțȟȠȍ ȉ ȕȍ ȉȘȐȓȐ Ȑ ȕȍ șȚȘȐȋȓȐ
ǰ ȏȓȖȊȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȓȧȏȋȈȓȐ ȕȖȎȕȐȞȣ
1918.

70
II.
ǷȈȘȖȊȖȏ ȗȍȘȍȘȍȏȈȓ ȘȍȓȤșȣ
ǷȘȖȝȘȐȗȍȓ ȗȘȖșȊȐșȚȍȓ ȘȈșȚȈȧȓ
dzȦȌȐ ȗȖȒȖȘȕȖ șȐȌȍȓȐ
ǻ ȔȖȒȘȖȋȖ ȒțșȚȈ
ǸȣȉȈȒȐ ȏȈȒȐȕțȓȐ șȍȚȐ
ǷȈȘțșȈ ȕȈȌțȓȐșȤ ȋȘțȏȕȖ
Ǫ ȜȖșȜȖȘȐȟȍșȒȖȔ ȚȐȝȖȔ șȊȍȚȍ
ǷȓȈȊȈȓȐ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȍ ȔȍȌțȏȣ
ǰ ȊȌȘțȋ — ȏȈȒȘȐȟȈȓȐ ȟȈȑȒȐ
ǯȈȝȓȖȗȈȓȐ Ȋ ȓȈȌȖȠȐ ȓȦȌȐ
ǺȈȒȖȋȖ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȤȧ
ȇ ȏȕȈȦ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ
1918.

V.

ǰdzǻǼǸ ǿǼǻdzȀǼǰ
(1916-


73
ǵȈ șȖȕ ȌțȠȐ ȌȈȊȕȖ ȏȈȉȣȚȖȑ ǩȖȋȖȔ
Ƕ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȔȐȓȖșȍȘȌȕȖȍ ȊȏȋȓȧȕȐ
ǶȕȈ ȝȘȈȕȐȚ ȖȉȔȈȕțȚȣȍ ȌȕȐ
ǹȊȖȍ șȖȒȘȖȊȐȡȍ, Ȋ ȔȖȓȟȈȕȤȐ șȚȘȖȋȖȔ
ǵȖȟȤ ȗȖȓȖȋȖȔ ȊȐșȐȚ ȕȈȌ șȐȘȣȔ ȓȖȋȖȔ;
ǪȖ ȚȤȔȍ ȍȍ ȊșȍȋȌȈ, ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȖȌȕȐ
ǯȈȉȖȚ ȋȓȈȏȈ șȓȍȗȣȝ ȕȈȌȍȎȌ ȖȋȕȐ
DzȈȒ ȗșȣ șȚȖȘȖȎȍȊȣȍ ȗȘȍȌ ȗȖȘȖȋȖȔ
ǪȖȒȘțȋ ȓȍȎȈȚ șȚȘȈșȚȍȑ ȏȍȔȕȣȝ ȋȘȖȉȈ
ǪȖȏȕȖșȧȚ Ȓ ȕȍȉț ȚȍȔȕȣȑ ȏȈȗȈȝ ȚȓȍȕȤȧ.
ǰ ȎȈȎȌȍȚ șȔȍȘȚȤ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȋȖ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȤȧ —
ǪȖȚ ȋȘȧȕȍȚ ȋȘȖȔ Ȑ ȋȘȖȏȕȈȧ ȚȘțȉȈ
Dz ȎȍȓȈȕȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȗȘȐȏȖȊȍȚ Ȕȍȕȧ
ǰ ȊșȗȣȝȕȍȚ șȊȍȚ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȋȖ Ȗȋȕȧ

74
I.
ǵȈ șȖȕ ȌțȠȐ ȌȈȊȕȖ ȏȈȉȣȚȖȑ ǩȖȋȖȔ
dzȤȍȚ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȈȧ ȚȈȑȕȈ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȚȤ
ǰ șȓȈȌȒȖ Ȕȕȍ Ȋ ȚȐȠȐ ȕȖȟȍȑ ȘȣȌȈȚȤ
ǺȘȍȊȖȎȈ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȗȘȖșȤȉȖȑ Ȗ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖȔ
ǰ șȓȈȌȒȖ Ȕȕȍ Ȋ ȗțȚȐ ȔȖȍȔ țȉȖȋȖȔ
ǽȖȚȤ ȒȈȗȓȦ ȒȘȖȊȐ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȑ ȌȈȚȤ
ǵȍ ȏȊȍȘȍȔ ȉȍșșȓȖȊȍșȕȣȔ țȊȧȌȈȚȤ
ǵȖ ȊȖȏȕȖșȐȚȤșȧ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȉȖȋȖȔ
ǰ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ Țȣ — ȖȌȐȕ ȕȐȟȍȑ
dzȍȚȧȡȐȑ Ȋ ȊȣșȤ Ȋ ȔȖȓȟȈȕȐȐ ȕȖȟȍȑ
ǺȍȘȏȈȍȔȣȑ ȚȖȉȖȑ ȚȊȖȘȐȔȖȑ ȕȖȊȤȦ
ǰ ȟȚȖ Țȍȉȍ șȚȖȒȘȈȚȕȣȑ ȒȘȐȒ ȘȈșȗȕȐ
ǵȈ ȕȐȝ ȕȍȊȍȌȈȦȡȐȝ Țȣ ș ȓȦȉȖȊȤȦ
Ƕ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȔȐȓȖșȍȘȌȕȖȍ ȊȏȋȓȧȕȐ

75
II.
Ƕ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȔȐȓȖșȍȘȌȕȖȍ ȊȏȋȓȧȕȐ
DzȈȒ șȚȘȈȎȌȍȚ ȗȓȖȚȤ Ȋ ȘȈȏȘȣȊȈȝ ȏȓȖȑ ȘȈȏȓțȒȐ
ǿȈșȣ șȓȐȧȕȐȑ ȋȖȘȠȍ ȒȘȍșȚȕȖȑ ȔțȒȐ —
ǿȍȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ Ȑȝ ȚȍȔ ȚȧȋȖșȚȕȍȑ ȖȕȐ
ǯȈȒȖȕ ȖȌȐȕ ȚȍȘȏȈȑșȧ Ȑ ȒȓȧȕȐ
ǹȟȐȚȈȑ șȒȖȘȉȧ ȚȖșȒȐ ȋȓțȝȐȍ șȚțȒȐ
Ǿȍȓțȑ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȐȞȣ ȕȍȔȐȓȖȑ ȘțȒȐ
Ǫ ȗȖșȚȣȓȖȑ șȚȘȈșȚȐ ȎȍȘȚȊȖȦ ȚȖȕȐ
DzȖȋȌȈ ȕȈ ȔȐȋ Țȍȉȧ ȒȖșȕȍȚșȧ ȊȍȟȕȖșȚȤ
DzȖȋȌȈ ȕȈ ȔȐȋ ȌțȠȈ țȊȐȌȐȚ ȘȈȑ
dzȍȎȐ ȕȍȌȊȐȎȕȣȑ ȗȓȈȟȤ Ȑ ȏȈȔȐȘȈȑ
ǰ ȊșȗȖȔȐȕȈȧ ȌȍȚșȒțȦ ȉȍșȗȍȟȕȖșȚȤ
ǪȏȌȣȝȈȑ ȌțȠȖȑ țșȚȈȓȖȑ Ȑ șȚȖȕȐ
ǶȕȈ ȝȘȈȕȐȚ ȖȉȔȈȕțȚȣȍ ȌȕȐ

76
III.
ǶȕȈ ȝȘȈȕȐȚ ȖȉȔȈȕțȚȣȍ ȌȕȐ—
ǩȍșȗȓȖȌȐȍ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȐ Ȑ țȚȘȈȚȣ
DzȈȒ ȟȍȘȕȣȑ ȌȈȘ ȒȈȒ ȚȍȔȕȣȑ ȏȕȈȒ ȘȈșȗȓȈȚȣ
ǰ Ǻȣ ȖȚ ȕȐȝ ȓȐȞȈ ȕȍ țȒȓȖȕȐ
DzȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ȚȘțȉț ȊȖȏȔȍȏȌȤȧ ȗȘȖȏȊȍȕȐȚ
ǺȊȖȑ ȊȍșȚȕȐȒ șȚȘȖȋȐȑ șȊȍȚȓȣȑ Ȑ ȒȘȣȓȈȚȣȑ
ǷȖșȓȍȌȕȐȔ ȋȕȍȊȖȔ ȖȋȕȍȕȕȣȔ ȖȉȢȧȚȣȑ
Ǻȣ ȌțȠț ȊȕȖȊȤ ȕȈ ȏȍȔȓȦ ȕȍ ȊȍȘȕȐ
ǶȕȈ ȒȖȕȞț ȗțȚȐ ȏȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȘȈȌȈ
ǰ ȍȑ ȕȍ șȚȘȈȠȍȕ Ȋȍȟȕȣȑ ȗȓȈȔȍȕȤ ȈȌȈ —
ǯȕȈȒȖȔȣȑ șȖȕ ȔțȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȏȍȔȓȐ
ǰ dzȦȞȐȜȍȘ ȖȉȓȍȟȤ ȗțȘȗțȘȕȣȔ ȚȖȋȈȔ
ǷȖȏȊȖȓȐȚ Ȋșȍȝ ȒȚȖ ȕȈ ȏȍȔȓȍ ȕȍșȓȐ
ǹȊȖȍ șȖȒȘȖȊȐȡȍ Ȋ ȔȖȓȟȈȕȤȐ șȚȘȖȋȖȔ

77
IV.
ǹȊȖȍ șȖȒȘȖȊȐȡȍ Ȋ ȔȖȓȟȈȕȤȐ șȚȘȖȋȖȔ
ǶȚ ȊȏȖȘȖȊ ȎȈȌȕȣȝ ȒȘȍȗȒȖ ȖȝȘȈȕȐ
ǷțșȚȤ ȊȐȌȧȚ ȕȖȟȐ Ȑ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦȚ ȌȕȐ
ǺȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ șȒȘȣȚȖ ȏȈ ȚȊȖȐȔ ȗȖȘȖȋȖȔ
ǪȖȘȊȈȊȠȐȝșȧ ȕȍȏȊȈȕȣȝ ȕȐȏȒȐȔ șȓȖȋȖȔ
Ǹȍȟȍȑ Ȗȉȣȟȕȣȝ ȔțȌȘȖ ȖȉȔȈȕȐ
ǵȍ ȊȣȌȈȑ ȚȈȑȕȣ ǬȈ țȑȌțȚ ȖȕȐ
ǰ Țȣ ȖȌȐȕ ȊȍȌȐ ȉȍșȍȌț ș ǩȖȋȖȔ
ǶȌȐȕ ȔȖȓȐșȤ Ȑ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȧ ȎȌȐ
ǹȓȈȋȈȑ șȚȐȝȐ — ȌțȠȐ ȕȖȟȕȖȑ ȞȊȍȚȍȕȤȧ
ǶȚ ȏȓȖȋȖ ȔȐȘȈ ȒȘȍȗȒȐȑ ȡȐȚ șȗȈșȍȕȤȧ
ǹȊȐȘȍȗȣȑ ȌȍȕȤ țȉȐȚ ǭȌȐȕȖȘȖȋȖȔ
ǻȎ ȉȓȐȏȖȒ șȘȖȒ ǹȊȍȘȠȈȍȚșȧ ȋȓȧȌȐ
ǵȖȟȤ ȗȖȓȖȋȖȔ ȊȐșȐȚ ȕȈȌ șȐȘȣȔ ȓȖȋȖȔ.

78
V.
ǵȖȟȤ ȗȖȓȖȋȖȔ ȊȐșȐȚ ȕȈȌ șȐȘȣȔ ȓȖȋȖȔ
ǰ ȚȧȎȍr ȋȕȍȚ ȗȖșȚȣȓȖȋȖ ȚȘțȌȈ
ǰ ȌȈȊȧȚ ȗȓȍȟȐ ȋȘțȏȕȣȍ ȋȖȌȈ
ǰ ȔȕțȚ ȔȍȟȚȣ ȏȈȊȍȚȕȣȍ Ȗ ȔȕȖȋȖȔ
ǵȖ ȏȕȈȦ ȧ ȟȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȒȖȕȍȞ ȚȘȍȊȖȋȈȔ
ǿȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȗȖȒȖȑ — ȗȈșȚȐ șȊȖȐ șȚȈȌȈ
ǪȍșȚȐ ȚțȌȈ ȋȌȍ ȚȘȈȊȣ Ȑ ȊȖȌȈ
ǰ șȓȈȌȒȐȑ șȖȕ Ȋ ȚȐȠȐ ȕȖȟȕȖȑ ȗȖȌ șȚȖȋȖȔ
ǵȖȟȕȣȝ ȟȈșȖȊ ȋȓțȉȖȒȈ ȚȐȠȐȕȈ
ǰ Ȋ ȕȍȉȍ ȏȊȍȏȌȕȖȔ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȊȍȡȐȝ ȏȕȈȒȖȊ
ǻȊȐȌȐȠȤ ș ǩȖȋȖȔ ȉȖȘȍȚșȧ ǰȈȒȖȊ
ǰ Ȋ ȚȘȍȗȍȚȍ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȖȔ ȊșȚȈȊ ȖȚ șȕȈ
ǻȊȐȌȐȠȤ ȕȖȟȤ Ȑ ȌȈȓȤȕȐȍ ȖȋȕȐ —
ǪȖ ȚȤȔȍ ȍȍ ȊșȍȋȌȈ-ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȖȌȕȐ

79
VI.
ǪȖ ȚȤȔȍ ȍȍ ȊșȍȋȌȈ-ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȖȌȕȐ
ǶȋȕȐ ȓȦȉȊȐ — ȗțȚȐ ȕȖȟȕȖȋȖ ȏȊȍȕȤȧ
ǰ ȔțȏȣȒȈ Ȑ ȖȚȏȊțȒ ȌȈȓȤȕȐȑ ȗȍȕȤȧ
ǰ ȋȖȓȖș ȕȍȎȕȣȑ, ȠȍȗȟțȡȐȑ țșȕȐ
ǺȖ ȋȖȓȖș ǺȊȖȑ Ƕȕ ȔȈȕȐȚ Ȑ ȗȤȧȕȐȚ
ǪȏȊȍȊȈȧ ȗȍȗȍȓ ȝȓȈȌȕȖȋȖ ȏȈȉȊȍȕȤȧ
ǰ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȊșȚȈȍȚ Ȑ ȊȖȚ ȖȗȧȚȤ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȧ —
ǹȊȧȚȖȋȖ ȌȍȚșȚȊȈ ȏȖȓȖȚȣȍ ȌȕȐ
Ƕ ȍșȓȐ ȉ Ȕȕȍ ȕȍșțȡȍȔț ȌȖȕȣȕȍ
ǹȊȖȑ ȒȘȍșȚ ȚȧȎȍȓȣȑ Ȋ ȋȖȘȕȐȍ ȒȘȈȧ
ǵȈ ȔȐȋ ȊȍȘȕțȓȈșȤ ȚȈ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ ȔȖȧ
ǿȚȖ ȧ ȘȈȏȊȍȧȓ Ȋ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȑ ȗțșȚȣȕȍ
ǵȖ ȉȍȑșȧ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȏȓȖȍ Ȑ ȒȓȧȕȐ
ǯȈȉȖȚ ȋȓȈȏȈ șȓȍȗȣȝ ȕȈȌȍȎȌ ȖȋȕȐ

80
VII.
ǯȈȉȖȚ ȋȓȈȏȈ șȓȍȗȣȝ ȕȈȌȍȎȌ ȖȋȕȐ —
DzȈȒ ȔȕȖȋȖ Ȑȝ DzȈȒ ȏȓȣ ȖȕȐ Ȑ șȚȘȖȋȐ
ǻȎȍȓȤ ȖȕȐ ȗțȚȐ Ȋ ǺȊȖȐ ȟȍȘȚȖȋȐ
ǫȌȍ ȈȕȋȍȓȤșȒȈȧ ȔțȏȣȒȈ ȏȊȍȕȐȚ"
Ǫșȧ ȊȓȈșȚȤ Ȋ Ǻȍȉȍ Ƕ ǩȖȎȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȐ
ǺȧȎȍȓȣȍ ȕȍȘȖȊȕȣȍ ȌȖȘȖȋȐ
ǰ șȚȘȈȕȕȐȒȖȊ ȐȏȔțȟȍȕȕȣȍ ȕȖȋȐ
Ǫ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒ ȚȊȖȑ ȗȘȖȝȓȈȌȕȣȑ ȖȒțȕȐ
ǪȖȐșȚȐȕț ȌȖșȚȖȑȕȣ ȓȈșȒȐ ȕȍȉȈ —
ǿȤȍ ȏȕȈȔȧ ȒȘȖȊȐȦ ȚȊȖȍȑ ȖȒȘȖȗȓȍȕȖ
DzȚȖ ȖȚȌȈȓ Ȋșȍ ȒȖȔț ȊȏȈȔȍȕ ȌȈȕȖ
Ǫ ȕȈȋȘȈȌț ȎȌȈȚȤ ȓȖȔȚȐ ȐȕȖȋȖ ȝȓȍȉȈ
ǪȏȋȓȧȕȐ ȕȈ ȕȈș Ǵȣ ȎȌȍȔ Ȋ ȔȖȓȟȈȕȤȐ șȚȘȖȋȖȔ
DzȈȒ ȗșȣ șȚȖȘȖȎȍȊȣȍ ȗȘȍȌ ȗȖȘȖȋȖȔ

81
VIII.
DzȈȒ ȗșȣ șȚȖȘȖȎȍȊȣȍ ȗȘȍȌ ȗȖȘȖȋȖȔ
ǽȘȈȕȧȚ ȗȖȒȖȑ ȌȖ ȗȍȘȊȖȋȖ ȓțȟȈ,
DzȖȋȌȈ Ȗ șȖȓȕȞȍ ȗȍȚțȝȐ ȒȘȐȟȈȚ
ǰ ȖȉȓȈȒȈ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣ ȒȘȈșȕȣȔ ȚȖȋȈȔ
ǰ ȕȖȟȤ șȗȍȠȐȚ ȗȖ ȒȈȔȍȕȕȣȔ ȖȚȘȖȋȈȔ
ǻȑȚȐ Ȓ șȍȉȍ ȚțȔȈȕȖȊ ȠȓȍȑȜ ȊȓȈȟȈ
DzȖȋȌȈ ȗȈșȚțȝ ȏȖȊȍȚ șȚȈȌȈ ȏȊțȟȈ
Ǫ ȌȖȓȐȕȣ ȋȖȘ șȊȖȐȔ ȗȍȊțȟȐȔ ȘȖȋȖȔ —
ǺȈȒ ȖȝȘȈȕȧȦ ȚȧȎȒȐȑ șȊȖȑ ȕȍȌțȋ
Ǫ ȟȈșȣ ȕȖȟȍȑ ȗȘȖȚȧȎȕȣȝ Ȑ ȗȘȖȏȘȈȟȕȣȝ
ǰ ȏȖȘȖȒ ȊȏȖȘ Ȑ ȚȖȕȖȒ ȖșȚȘȣȑ șȓțȝ
ǺȊȖȐ ȓȤ ȠȈȋȐ" ȕȍ Ǻȣ ȓȤ Ȋ ȖȌȍȎȌȈȝ ȉȘȈȟȕȣȝ
ǰȌȍȠȤ șȦȌȈ ȋȌȍ ȖȉȓȍȗȐȊ ȘȈȉȈ
ǪȖȒȘțȋ ȓȍȎȈȚ șȚȘȈșȚȍȑ ȏȍȔȕȣȝ ȋȘȖȉȈ"

82
IX.
ǪȖȒȘțȋ ȓȍȎȈȚ șȚȘȈșȚȍȑ ȏȍȔȕȣȝ ȋȘȖȉȈ —
ǩȍȏțȔȕȣȝ Ȍȕȍȑ ȒȖȠȔȈȘȕȣȍ ȧȊȓȍȕȤȧ
ǵȍȔȣȍ ȏȕȈȒȐ ȏȓȖȋȖ ȖȏȊȍȘȍȕȤȧ
DzȈȒȐȝ ȌȖșȍȓȤ ȕȍ ȊȍȌȈȓȈ ȉȖȘȤȉȈ
ǵȍ ȋȘȈȌȖȔ ȉțȘȤ ȗȖȉȐȚȣȍ ȝȓȍȉȈ
ǵȍ ȔȖȓȕȐȍȑ șȖȎȎȍȕȕȣȍ șȍȓȍȕȤȧ
ǷȘȐȏȊȈȓȈ — șȔȍȘȚȤ Ȑ ȔȍȘȏȖșȚȤ ȏȈȗțșȚȍȕȤȧ
ǺȊȖȐȝ șȣȕȖȊ ȒȘȖȊȈȊȈȧ ȋțȓȤȉȈ
ǯȌȍșȤ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȓȐ ȌȤȧȊȖȓȤșȒȐȍ ȘȈȚȐ
DzȈȒ ȌȐȒȈȧ Ȑ ȏȓȈȧ șȈȘȈȕȟȈ
ǫȘȍȔȍȓȐ ȊȣșȚȘȍȓȣ Ȑ ȘțȒȐ ȗȈȓȈȟȈ
ǯȈȉȣȓȐ șȟȍȚ ȔțȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȘȈșȗȧȚȐȑ
DzȈȒ ȎȍȘȚȊț ȔȐȘȈ ȝȈȖș ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȤȧ
ǪȖȏȕȖșȐȚ Ȓ ȕȍȉț ȚȍȔȕȣȑ ȏȈȗȈȝ ȚȓȍȕȤȧ

83
ȃ
ǪȖȏȕȖșȧȚ Ȓ ȕȍȉț ȚȍȔȕȣȑ ȏȈȗȈȝ ȚȓȍȕȤȧ
ǩȍȏȔȖȓȊȕȣȍ Ȋ ȘțȐȕȈȝ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ
ǰ șȍȍȚ șȊȍȚ ȊȣșȖȒȈȧ ȏȊȍȏȌȈ —
ǩȓȈȋȈȧ ȊȍșȚȤ Ȗ ȚȈȐȕșȚȊȍ ȗȘȖȡȍȕȤȧ
ǵȖ ȧ ȔȖȓȟț Ȋ ȗȣȓȐ țȕȐȟȐȎȍȕȤȧ
Ǫ ȚȐșȒȈȝ ȉȍȏțȔȕȖȑ ȔțȒȐ Ȑ șȚȣȌȈ
ǻȎȍȓȐ Ǻȣ ȖȚȊȍȚȐȠȤ ȒȘȖȚȒȐȔ ȌȈ
ǵȈ țȎȈș ȕȍȉȣȊȈȓȖȋȖ ȗȈȌȍȕȤȧ"
ǵȖ ȒȚȖ ȞȍȓțȍȚ Ȋ șȎȈȚȣȍ țșȚȈ"
ǿȍȑ ȋȖȓȖș ȕȍȎȕȣȑ ȗȖȓȕȣȑ șȖȎȈȓȍȕȤȧ
Ǵȕȍ ȠȍȗȟȍȚ ȊȕȧȚȕȖ ©ǩȣȓȖ ȚȘȐ ȒȘȍșȚȈ
ǰ ȚȘȐ ȘȈșȗȧȚȣȝ ȊȍȌȈȓȐ ȚȖȔȓȍȕȤȧ
Ǩ ȕȣȕȍ ȔȐȘ — ȋȖȓȋȖȜșȒȐȍ ȔȍșȚȈ
ǫȌȍ ȎȈȎȌȍȚ șȔȍȘȚȤ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȋȖ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȤȧ».

84
XI.
ǬȈ ǮȈȎȌȍȚ șȔȍȘȚȤ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȋȖ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȤȧ
ǷȖȉȍȌȣ ȊȍȟȕȖȑ ȕȈȌ ȐșȚȖȒȖȔ ȏȓȈ
DzȖȋȌȈ ȔȍȟȖȔ ȘȈȏȘțȉȧȚ ȊȧȏȤ țȏȓȈ
ǫȘȧȌțȡȐȍ Ȑȏ ȔȘȈȒȈ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȤȧ
DzȖȋȌȈ ȊȖșȚȖȘȋ Ȑ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȤȧ
ǷȓȍșȕțȚ ȓțȟȐ ȌȖ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ țȋȓȈ
ǰ șȊȐȚȖȒ șȊȖȑ șȖȊȤȍȚ șȓȍȗȈȧ ȔȋȓȈ
ǷȘȍȌ ȗȓȈȔȍȕȕȣȔ ȖȋȕȍȔ ǷȘȍȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȤȧ
ǭȡȍ ȒȘȍȗȒȈ șȚȘȈșȚȍȑ ȏȍȔȕȣȝ ȉȘȖȕȧ
ǭȡȍ șȍȘȌȞȈ ȚȖȔȧȚșȧ Ȋ ȌțȠȕȖȔ șȒȓȍȗȍ
ǵȖ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȘȊȍȚ ȘțȒȖȑ ȌȘȖȎȈȡȍȑ ȞȍȗȐ
ǹȊȖȉȖȌȣ șȚȧȋȖȔ șȍȘȌȞȍ Ȗșȍȕȧ
ǰ ȋȘȖȔȟȍ ȔȐȘȈ ȒȘȍȗȒȈȧ ȔȖȓȤȉȈ
ǪȖȚ ȋȘȧȕȍȚ ȋȘȖȔ Ȑ ȋȘȖȏȕȈȧ ȚȘțȉȈ

85
XII.
ǪȖȚ ȋȘȧȕȍȚ ȋȘȖȔ Ȑ ȋȘȖȏȕȈȧ ȚȘțȉȈ
ǷȘȖȓȤȍȚ ȕȈ ȏȍȔȓȦ ȊȍșȚȤ ȖșȊȖȉȖȎȌȍȕȤȧ
ǰ șȉȘȖșȐȔ Ȕȣ ș ȋȘȖȉȖȊ șȊȖȐȝ ȒȈȔȍȕȤȧ
ǰ ȌȘȍȊȕȍȑ șȔȍȘȚȐ ȒȖȕȟȐȚșȧ ȒȖșȤȉȈ
ǹȕȐȔț ȧ ȊȍȕȟȐȒ ș ȊȖșȒȖȊȖȋȖ ȓȉȈ
ǷȖȒȐȕț ȔțȌȘȣȑ ȔȍșȚȖ ȏȈȚȖȟȍȕȤȧ
ǹȖȑȌț ȧ Ȋ ȕȍȌȘȈ Ǫ ȚȈȑȕȍ ȖȉȘțȟȍȕȤȧ
ǷȈȌț ȏȍȘȕȖȔ ȟȚȖȉ ȊȣȘȖșȓȐ ȝȓȍȉȈ
ǰ Ȋșȍ ȟȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȈȔ — ȊȊȍȘȝț — ȗțșȚȣȕȍȑ
ǿȚȖ ȏȈșȣȗȈȓȖ ȗȍȗȓȖȔ ȏȍȓȍȕȧ
ǯȌȍșȤ Ȋ ȋȓțȉȐȕȍ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ ȝȘȈȕȧ
Ǫ ȏȍȔȓȍ șȣȘȖȑ ȕȈȟȈȓȖ ȏȓȖȍ ȊȣȕȍȚ
ǰ ȏȕȈȦ ȧ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȕȈȗȘȈșȕȖ ȕȣȕȍ
Dz ȎȍȓȈȕȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȗȘȐȏȖȊȍȚ Ȕȍȕȧ

86
XIII.
Dz ȎȍȓȈȕȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȗȘȐȏȖȊȍȚ Ȕȍȕȧ
ǵȍ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ ȖȒȖȊȈȕȕȖȍ ȔțȒȖȑ
ǵȍ șȚȘȈșȚȐ ȏȖȊ ȋȘȖȏȧȡȐȑ ȏȓȖȑ ȘȈȏȓțȒȖȑ,
ǵȍ ȠțȔȕȣȑ ȉȓȍșȒ ȖȉȔȈȕȟȐȊȖȋȖ Ȍȕȧ
Ƕ ȕȍȚ ȕȍ Ȓ ȕȐȔ ȟȚȖ ȔțȟȈ Ȑ ȌȘȈȏȕȧ
ǴȖȑ ȗȘȍȎȕȐȑ ȗțȚȤ ȊȧȏȈȓȐ șȍȘȖȑ șȒțȒȖȑ
ǿȚȖ ȠȓȐ ȏȈ ȔȕȖȑ ȉȍȏȋȓȈȏȖȑ Ȑ ȉȍȏȘțȒȖȑ
ǰ ȏȓȖȑ șțȌȤȉȖȑ Ȋ ȋȓțȝțȦ ȕȖȟȤ ȔȈȕȧ
ǺȖ ȉȖȓȤ ȉȣȓȈ ǺȖ ȉȣȓȐ Ȋ ȔțȒȈȝ ȘȖȌȣ
DzȖȋȌȈ ȖȔȣȓȈ ȒȘȖȊȤ ȓȐȞȖ șȊȖȉȖȌȣ
ǰ ǾȈȘșȚȊȖ ǬțȝȈ ȗȘȐȕȧȓȖ Ȕȍȕȧ
ǴȖȑ ȗțȚȤ ȊȚȖȘȖȑ — ȌȈȘȣ ȓȦȉȊȐ ȖȚȊȍȚȕȖȑ
Ǻȣ ȗȘȐȔȍȠȤ Ȑȝ ș țȓȣȉȒȖȦ ȗȘȐȊȍȚȕȖȑ
ǰ ȊșȗȣȝȕȍȚ șȊȍȚ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȋȖ Ȗȋȕȧ

XIV.
ǰ ȊșȗȣȝȕȍȚ șȊȍȚ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȋȖ Ȗȋȕȧ
dzȐȧ ȗȖȚȖȒȖȔ ȧȘȖșȚȕȣȔ șȖȎȎȍȕȤȍ.
ǰ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȏȍȔȓȐ ȒȘțȎȍȕȤȍ
DzȈȒ ȉȣșȚȘȣȑ ȉȍȋ ȗȓȍȕȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȕȧ
Ƕ ȔȈȚȤ-ȏȍȔȓȧ ǹ ȚȖȉȖȦ ț Ȕȍȕȧ
ǶȌȕȈ ȌțȠȈ ȖȌȕȖ ț ȕȈș ȌȊȐȎȍȕȤȍ
ǶȌȕȖȑ ȔȍȟȚȍ șȊȍȘȠȈȓȐ Ȕȣ șȓțȎȍȕȤȍ
Ǫ ȗțȚȐ șȊȖȍȔ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȚȖșȒȖȑ ȏȊȍȕȧ
ǶȉȖȐȝ ȕȈș ȗȖȐȓȈ ȊȍȟȕȖșȚȤ ȉȘȍȌȖȔ
dzȍȚȍȓȐ Ȕȣ Ȑ ȉȣȓ ȗȖȓȍȚ ȕȍȊȍȌȖȔ
ǰ Ȕȣ ȊȧȏȈȓȐ Ȋ ȞȍȗȐ ȒȖȓȤȞȈ ȓȍȚ
ǴȖȓȐȓȐșȤ Ȕȣ ȗȘȍȌ ȖȋȕȍȕȕȣȔ ȟȍȘȚȖȋȖȔ
ǰ ȗȘȖȓȐȓ Ȗȕ ȎȍȓȈȕȕȣȑ ȔȐȓȣȑ șȊȍȚ
ǵȈ șȖȕ ȌțȠȐ ȌȈȊȕȖ ȏȈȉȣȚȖȑ ǩȖȋȖȔ

ǿȠȖȣȜȠȐȜȞȓțȖȭ Ȗȕ ȟȏȜȞțȖȘȎ
©ǸǼǻȊ
Ƕ
ǹǮǻǶª

93
ȀǮǯȁǻǮǺǶ DZǾǼǵ
ǵȈȌ șȚȈȘȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȤȦ șȚȘȈȌȈȦȡȍȑ șȒȓȍȘȖȏȖȔ
ǵȈȌ șȓȍȗȣȔȐ ȟȈșȈȔȐ șȒțȟȈȦȡȐȝ Ȍȕȍȑ
Ǵȣ ȗȘȖȔȟȐȔșȧ ȋȘțȏȕȣȔȐ ȋȘȖȏȈȔȐ
ǺȈȉțȕȈȔȐ ȒȘȈșȕȣȝ ȒȖȕȍȑ
ǯȈȌȘȖȎȈȊ ȖȚȗȘȧȕțȚ ȗțȋȓȐȊȣȍ ȓȈȕȐ
ǹȓȍȏȈȔȐ ȕȈȗȖȓȕȧȚșȧ ȋȈȏȍȓȍȑ ȋȓȈȏȈ
ǵȖ ȘȈȏȊȍ ȕȍȎȕȖȑ Ȑ ȚȐȝȖȑ șȚȈȕȍȚ
Ǫȍșȕȣ ȕȍȉȣȊȈȓȖȑ ȋȘȖȏȈ"
ǪȏȘȣȊȈȧ ȗȘȖȚȖȗȚȈȕȕȣȍ ȚȘȖȗȣ
ǷȖȌ țȌȈȘȈȔȐ ȉȘȖȕȏȖȊȣȝ șȍȌȖȒȖȊ
ǬȖȔȟȐȔșȧ Ȓ ȚȍȔȕȐȞȈȔ ȇȋȐ-ǭȊȘȖȗȣ
ǸȈȏȉȐȊȈȧ șȖ ȏȊȖȕȖȔ ȏȊȍȕȤȧ ȖȒȖȊ
ǪȣȓȍȚȈȑȚȍ ȗȓȍȕȕȐȒȐ ȊȖȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȗȚȐȞȈȔȐ
ǹȍȌȓȈȑȚȍ ȖȋȕȍȕȕȖȋȘȐȊȣȝ ȒȖȕȍȑ
Ǫ ȒȕȐȋȍ ȋȘȧȌțȡȍȋȖ ȕȖȊȣȍ șȚȘȈȕȐȞȣ
ǪȗȐșȣȊȈȑȚȍ ȘțȒȖȦ ȕȖȊȣȝ Ȍȕȍȑ

94
ǮǰDZȁǿȀ 
ǨȕȋȍȓȐȕȍ Ǵ
ǪȣșȒȖȟȐȓ ȈȊȋțșȚ ȒȈȒ ȘȣȎȐȑ Ȋ ȞȐȘȒȍ,
ǪȍȌȧ ȕȈ ȈȘȒȈȕȍ ȊȘȈȎȍșȒȐȑ ȌȍșȈȕȚ
ǶȗȈșȕȖșȚȤ ȏȈȚȒȕțȓȈ ȗȘȖȎȎȍȕȕȣȍ șȒțȒȖȦ ȌȣȘȒȐ
ǵȈșȚțȗȐȓȈ ȊȍșȍȓȈȧ ȗȖȓȖșȈ
ǬȕȐ ȏȈȏȊȍȕȍȓȐ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȐȔ ȏȊȖȕȖȔ
ǪȐȕȚȖȊȒȐ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȖ ȗȘȐȎȈȓȐșȤ ț ȗȓȍȟȈ
DzȈȒ ȖȚȘȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȗșȣ ȏȈȔȖȓȟȈȓȐ ȚȍȓȍȜȖȕȣ
ǷȍȓȐ ǵȍ șȗȈȓȐ ȗȖ ȕȖȟȈȔ
ǺȘȍȊȖȎȕȖ ǨȏȈȘȚȕȍȑ ȒȈȘȚȍȎȕȣȝ ȈȏȈȘȚȖȊ
ǵȖ ȒȚȖ ȗȍȘȍȌ șȔȍȘȚȤȦ ȗȖșȔȍȍȚ ȘȖȉȍȚȤ"
ǹȍȋȖȌȕȧ ȎȐȊ Ȉ ȗȘȖșȕȍȠȤșȧ ȕȈȏȈȊȚȘȈ
ǩȣȚȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȖȓȚȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȜȖȕȈȘȕȖȔ șȚȖȓȉȍ
ǰ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȈȧ ȌȘțȎȉȈ șȚȈȓȈ ȟȍȚȒȖȑ
DzȈȒ șȔȍȘȚȤ ȗȘȖșȚȈ Ȑ ȖșȚȘȈ
ǰ ȗȖȕȧȚȕȖȦ ȎȈȓȖșȚȤ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȒȖȘȖȚȒȖȑ
ǩȣȓȈ ȕȈȗȘȧȎȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȖȘȣ ȐȋȘȈ

95
Ȁdzǯdz ȀǼǿǸȁȌȇdzǺȁ
ȇ ȊȍȘȦ — Țȣ șȓȈȊȕȣȑ Țȣ ȕȍȎȕȣȑ
Ǻȣ ȎȈȓȍȍȠȤ ȘȈȏȌȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȒȓȖȗȈ
ǵȖ Țȣ ȏȕȈȍȠȤ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȌ șȈȊȈȕȖȔ șȕȍȎȕȣȔ
ǿȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȝ ȎȐȏȕȍȑ ȕȈ șȒȓȖȕȈȝ DzȈȘȗȈȚ"
Ǻȣ ȗȓȈȟȍȠȤ ȕȈȌ ȓȐȘȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȖȔ
ǿȐȚȈȧ ȟȈșȈȔȐ ȕȈȘȈșȗȍȊ șȚȐȝȐ
ǵȖ șȒȈȎȐ Țȣ ȗȓȈȒȈȓ ȒȖȋȌȈ țȌțȠȓȐȊȣȍ ȋȈȏȣ
ǼȈȉȘȐȒȖȊȈȓȐ ȚȣșȧȟȈȔȐ șȓȍȗȣȝ Ȑ ȋȓțȝȐȝ"
Ǻȣ ȊȐȌȍȓ țȉȐȚȣȝ ȌȍȚȐȠȍȒ ȓȐȞȈ"
ǰȓȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȖȋ ȖȚ șȚȘȈȝȈ ȘȣȌȈȚȤ,
DzȖȋȌȈ ș ȕȍȉȈ șȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȗȚȐȞȣ
ǵȍșȓȐșȤ ȉȖȔȉȈȔȐ Ȋ ȋȕȍȏȌȈ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ"
ǵȍ ȎȈȓțȑșȧ ȔȐȓȣȑ ȕȈ ȕȈȠț ȋȘțȉȖșȚȤ.
ǵȍ ȗȘȖșȐ ȗȖȒȖȧ Ȋ ȚȖșȒȍ ȖȊȍȟȤȍȑ
ǴșȚȐȚȍȓȐ ȚȘțȉȧȚ ȗȖȉȍȌȕȖ Ȋ ȚȘțȉȣ
ǶȒȖ ȏȈ ȖȒȖ Ǵȍȟ ȕȈ Ȕȍȟ

96
ǿǸǰǼǵȊ ǼǿȀǾȉǷ ǿȀǾǼǷ
ǹȒȊȖȏȤ ȖșȚȘȣȑ șȚȘȖȑ ȖȉȍȏțȔȍȊȠȐȝ Ȍȕȍȑ
ǷȘȖȉȍȋȈȦ Ȓ ȏȍȔȕȖȔț ȘȈȦ
ǫȖȘȖȌȈ Ȑ șȍȓȍȕȤȧ ȗȣȓȈȦȚ Ȋ Ȗȋȕȍ,
ǰ ȧ șȋȖȘȈȦ șȋȖȘȈȦ
ȅȚȖȚ ȎȍȘȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȗțȚȤ ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȐȚ
ǵȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ șȌȍȓȈȍȚ Ȗȋȕȍȕȕȣȑ ȗȘȣȎȖȒ
ǵȐ ȖȌȐȕ șȈȔȣȑ ȓțȟȠȐȑ ȒȘȍȔȈȚȖȘȐȑ
ǺȈȒ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȕȍ șȖȎȎȍȚ
ǷȖȌ ȟȍȘȕȣȔ șȖȓȕȞȍȔ șȖȏȘȍȊȠȍȑ ȎȈȚȊȖȑ
DzȖȓȣȠȍȚșȧ ȒȖȓȖș Ȑ ȎȌȍȚ ȎȕȍȞȈ
ǰ șȖȏȘȍȊȠȍȍ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȓȦȉȖȊȤȦ șȎȈȚȖȍ
ǷȘȖȉȍȋȈȍȚ șȒȊȖȏȤ șȚȘȖȑ Ȓ ȗȖȒȖȦ ȒȖȕȞȈ

97
ǰǼ ǶǺȍ DzdzȀǿǸǶȃ ȁǹȉǯǼǸ
ǵȖȊȖȍ ȕȖȊȖȦ ȔȍȘȖȦ ȔȍȘȤȚȍ
DzȘȖȗȐȚȍ ȋȘȧȌțȡȍȍ ȈȓȖȦ ȒȘȖȊȤȦ
ǶȗȘȈȊȌȈȕȕȖȍ ȋȖȓȋȖȜșȒȖȑ șȔȍȘȚȤȦ
ǸȈșȞȊȍȚȍȚ ȕȍȉȣȊȈȓȖȦ ȕȖȊȤȦ
ǰ ȚȖȔȐȊȠȐȍșȧ Ȋ șȒȓȍȗȍ
ǰ Ȗșȓȍȗȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȓțȟȈȔȐ
ǸȈȏȘțȉȧȚ ȚȧȎȒȐȍ ȞȍȗȐ
ǯȖȓȖȚȣȔȐ ȔȍȟȈȔȐ
ǷțȚȤ ȕȈȠ țȏȒȐȑ Ȑ ȏȣȉȒȐȑ
ǵȍ ȘȖȏȣ ȕȈ ȕȍȔ Ȉ ȚȍȘȕȐȐ
ǵȈȠȐ ȌȍȓȈ ȊȍȟȍȘȕȐȍ
ǶȏȈȘȧȚ ȌȍȚșȒȐȍ țȓȣȉȒȐ

98
ǰ ȆǮȃȀǮȃ ǺǼdzǷ DzȁȆǶ
Ǫ ȠȈȝȚȈȝ ȔȖȍȑ ȌțȠȐ
dzȦȉȖȊȤ ȘȈȏȖȉȘȈȓȈ ȏȈȓȍȎȐ ȕȍȎȕȖșȚȐ
ǶșȚȈȓȈșȤ ȧȘȈȧ ȘȍȊȕȖșȚȤ
ǫȘȍȔțȟȐȔ ȋȈȏȖȔ ȍȍ ȏȈȌțȠȐȚȤ
ǵȖ ȉȘȖȌȐȚ ȉȘȖȌȐȚ Ȋ ȗȖȌȏȍȔȕȣȝ ȕȖȘȈȝ
ǹȗȖȚȣȒȈȧșȤ Ȗ ȊȣșȚțȗȣ ȗȘȖȋȕȐȊȠȐȝ șȒȘȍȗ
ǷȤȧȕȈȧ ȉțȑȕȈȧ ȘȍȊȕȖșȚȤ
ǸțȋȈȧșȤ ȒȈȒ ȖȉȔȈȕțȚȣȑ ȊȖȘ
ǷȘȐȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȉȖȘȔȖȟȈ ȗȘȖȒȓȧȚȤȧ
ǹȒȊȖȏȤ ȏȊȍȕȧȡȐȑ ȏȣȉȒȐȑ șȖȕ.
ǰ șȕȖȊȈ ȞȍȗȓȧȧșȤ Ȗ șȚȍȕȣ
ǵȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ șȋȖȘȉȧșȤ ȠȈȋȈȚȤ
ǻȔȘȐ Ȏȍ șȒȖȘȍȍ ȖȚ ȋȖȓȖȌȈ,
ǷȖȒȐȕțȚȈȧ ȓȦȉȖȊȤȦ Ȋ ȗȖȌȏȍȔȕȖȑ ȚȐȠȐ
ǻȔȘȐ ȏȈȉȣȚȈȧ ȘȍȊȕȖșȚȤ
Ǫ ȠȈȝȚȈȝ ȔȖȍȑ ȌțȠȐ

99
ǵǮǰdzȇǮǻǶdz
DzȖȋȌȈ ȧ țȔȘț ȌȖȘȖȋȐȍ ȕȍ ȗȓȈȟȤȚȍ
ǵȍ ȕȈȌȖ ȕȈȌȖȍȊȠȍȑ șȓȍȏȓȐȊȖȑ ȟȍȗțȝȐ
ǵȖ ȉȍȓȣȑ ȜȓȈȋ ȕȈȌ ȔȖȋȐȓȖȑ ȗȖȊȍșȤȚȍ ȕȈ ȔȈȟȚȍ
ǪȔȍșȚȖ ȗȈȕȐȝȐȌȣ ȗțșȚȤ ȗȘȖȟȐȚȈȦȚ șȚȐȝȐ
ǷțșȚȤ ȖȘȈȚȖȘ ȕȖ ȒȘȈȚȒȖ
 ȗȘȐȠȍȌȠȐȔ șȒȈȎȍȚ,
ǿȚȖ ȚțȚ ȗȖȝȖȘȖȕȍȕ Ȋȍșȍȓȣȑ ȗȖȥȚ
ǹȓțȟȈȑȕȖ ȏȈȝȊȈȚȐȊȠȐȑ ȕȈ ȗȓȧȎ
ǪȔȍșȚȖ ȒȕȐȋȐ șȚȐȝȖȊ — ȗȐșȚȖȓȍȚ
Ǫȍșȍȓȣȑ șȈȔȖțȉȐȑȞȈ ǩȘȖȕȏȖȊȖȚȍȓȣȑ
ǪȓȦȉȓȍȕȕȣȑ Ȋ șȖȓȕȞȍ Ȋ ȔȖȘȍ Ȋ ȋȖȘȧȟȐȑ ȗȍșȖȒ
ǸȈȏȊȍ ȊȐȕȖȊȈȚ Ȗȕ ȟȚȖ ȗțȓȧ șȈȔȈ ȏȈȝȖȚȍȓȈ
ǪșȒȖȟȐȚȤ Ȋ ȗȘȈȊȣȑ ȊȐșȖȒ"
ǵȍ ȐȡȐȚȍ Ȋ șȔȍȘȚȐ ȕȐ șȓȈȉȖșȚȤ ȕȐ șȐȓț
Ǫ șȖȏȕȈȕȐȐ șȌȍȓȈȕȖ ȥȚȖ ȐȓȤ Ȋ șȓȍȗȖȚȍ
ǵȖ ȗțșȚȤ ȊȍșȕȖȑ ȕȈ ȔȖȦ ȔȖȋȐȓț
ǷȘȐȝȖȌȧȚ ȊȓȦȉȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȏȈȟȐȕȈȚȤ ȌȍȚȍȑ

100
ǷȘȐȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ
ǻ DZȁǺǶǹdzǰ ǽǶǿȊǺǼ Ǹ Ǯ ǮǾȃǮǻDZdzǹȊǿǸǼǺȁ
<ǷȍȚȍȘȉțȘȋ 20 șȍȕȚȧȉȘȧ 1910 ȋ!
ǴȐȓȖșȚȐȊȣȑ! ǫȖșțȌȈȘȤ!
ǰșȗȖȓȕȧȧ ǪȈȠț ȗȘȖșȤȉț ȗȐȠț ǪȈȔ Ȗ ǪȈȠȐȝ șȚȐȝȈȝ ǷȖ
ȔȖȍȔț ȔȕȍȕȤȦ ȖȕȐ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȝȖȌțȓȤȕȣ ȗȖ ȔȣșȓȐ ȕȍ ȖȘȐ-
ȋȐȕȈȓȤȕȣ ȗȖ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȤȦ ȥȗȐȚȍȚȣ Ȋ ȕȐȝ șȓțȟȈȑȕȣ ȊȣȘȈ-
ȎȍȕȤȧ Ȑ ȖȉȘȈȏȣ ȕȍȚȖȟȕȣ ǶȚ Ȋșȍȝ ȥȚȐȝ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȒȖȊ ȒȖȕȍȟ-
ȕȖ ȓȍȋȒȖ ȖȚȌȍȓȈȚȤșȧ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȧ ȕȈȌ șȖȉȖȑ Ȑ ȐȏțȟȈȧ ȌȘț-
ȋȐȝ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ ȓțȟȠȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȒȓȈșșȐȒȖȊ — ȕȖ ȗȖȒȈ Ǫȣ ȕȍ șȖȊȍȘ-
ȠȐȓȐ ȥȚȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȊȣșȚțȗȓȍȕȤȍ ǪȈȠȍ Ȋ ȗȍȟȈȚȤ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ
ȖȗȈșȕȖ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ Ȍȓȧ ǪȈș șȈȔȐȝ ȒȈȒ Ȍȓȧ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȦȡȍȋȖ
ȗȖȥȚȈ ǷȘȐ șȍȔ ȧ ȗȖșȣȓȈȦ ǪȈȔ ǪȈȠȍ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȤȍ ș Ȍȍ-
ȚȈȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȐȔȍȟȈȕȤȧȔȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȗȖȧșȕȐȚȤ ǪȈȔ
ȔȖȦ ȔȣșȓȤ
ǪȕȈȌȍȎȌȍȕȈǪȈȠȐȉțȌțȡȐȍțșȗȍȝȐǵǫțȔȐȓȍȊ
Ƕȕ șȚȈȓ ȕȈȌ ȏȍȔȓȍȑ Ȑ ȋȖȘȈȔȐ1
ǰ ȋȓȧȕțȓ Ȋ ȉȍȏȌȖȕȕțȦ ȊȣșȤ
ǰ ǹȖȓȕȞȍ șȎȐȋȈȧ ȓțȟȈȔȐ2,
ǭȔț ȗȘȖȠȍȗȚȈȓȖ — ǴȖȓȐșȤ —
Ƕȕ ȘȐȕțȓșȧ Ȋ ȉȍȏȌȕț ȕȍȔțȦ3,
ǫȌȍ ȏȔȍȐ Ȋ ȐȏȋȐȉȈȝ șȊȐȓȐșȤ4,
ǰ șȓȣȠȈȓ Ƕȕ ȗȘȖșȤȉț ȋȓțȝțȦ
ǺȘȍȊȖȎȕțȦ ȗȘȖșȤȉț — ǴȖȓȐșȤ —
ǰ ȒȘȐȒȕțȓ Ƕȕ ȋȖȓȖșȖȔ ȌȐȒȐȔ5:
— ǯȈȟȍȔ Ȏȍ Ȕȣ ȎȐȚȤ ȘȖȌȐȓȐșȤ"6
ǿȚȖȉ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȖȓȐȚȤșȧ ȉȍȏȓȐȒȐȔ"7
— ǬȈ ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȖȓȐȚȤșȧ ǴȖȓȐșȤ

1. ǯȍȔȓȧ Ȑ ȋȖȘȣ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȖȌȕȖ Ȑ ȚȖ Ȏȍ
2. ǹȎȐȋȈȧ ȒȖȋȖ? DzȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȕȈ ȊȣșȖȚȈȝ ȝȖȓȖȌȕȍȍ ȟȍȔ Ȋ
ȕȐȏȐȕȈȝ
3. ©ǵȍȔȈȧ ȉȍȏȌȕȈª — ȉȈȕȈȓȤȕȈ Ǫșȧ șȚȘȖȟȒȈ ȕȈȗȣȡȍȕȈ
4. DzȈȒȐȍ ȏȔȍȐ" ǷȖȟȍȔț" DzȈȒ ȔȖȎȕȖ șȊȐȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȐȏȋȐȉȈȝ"
5. ǬȐȒȐȑ ȋȖȓȖș — ȏȈȍȏȎȍȕȕȣȑ ȘȖȔȈȕȚȐȏȔ
6. ©ǮȐȚȤ ȘȖȌȐȓȐșȤª — ȗȓȍȖȕȈȏȔ
7. ǪȍȓȐȒȖȍ ǩȍȏȓȐȒȖȍ — ț ǩȈȓȤȔȖȕȚȈ ǪȘȧȌ ȓȐ ȉȍȏȓȐȒȐȝ
ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȍȌȤ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȉȣ ȖȕȐ ȐȔȍȓȐ ©ȓȐȒª ȒȈȒ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȤȍ
ǷȖ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȦ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȤȍ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚ ǩȈȓȤȔȖȕȚȈ
©ȇ șȗȘȖșȐȓ ț șȊȖȉȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȊȍȚȘȈª Ȑ ǺȦȚȟȍȊȈ ©ǪȖșȚȖȒ ȉȓȍȌ-
ȕȍȓª

102
ǮǹdzǸǿǮǻDzǾ ǮǾȃǮǻDZdzǹȊǿǸǶǷ
(1889-1938)
DzȘȈȚȒȐȑ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȖȟȍȘȒ
Ǩ ǨȘȝȈȕȋȍȓȤșȒȐȑ ȘȖȌȐȓșȧ  
 ȕȖȧȉȘȧ  ȋ Ȋ ǭȑșȒȍ Ȋ șȍȔȤȍ
ǫȘȐȋȖȘȐȧ ǨȓȍȒșȍȍȊȐȟȈ ǨȘȝȈȕȋȍȓȤșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ȍȋȖ Ȏȍȕȣ ǪȈȘȊȈȘȣ ǰȊȈ-
ȕȖȊȕȣ țȘȖȎȌ ǹȈȜȘȖȕȖȊȖȑ. ǹȖȋȓȈșȕȖ ȈȊȚȖȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȚȍȒș-
ȚȈȔ ȔȈȚȤ ȉțȌțȡȍȋȖ ȗȈȘȖȌȐșȚȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȠȊȍȍȑ ȘȈȕȖ țȔȍȘȠȐȑ ȖȚȍȞ —
ȗȈȘȐȒȔȈȝȍȘȖȔ
ǷȖșȓȍ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȕȐȧ Ȋ  ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌșȒȖȋȖ țȟȐȓȐȡȈ ǨȘȝȈȕȋȍȓȤșȒȐȑ
șȚȈȓ țȟȍȕȐȒȖȔ ȚȍȓȍȋȘȈȜȐșȚȈ Ȉ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȒȖȕȚȖȘȡȐȒȖȔ ȗȈȘȖȝȖȌȕȖȋȖ Ȗȉ-
ȡȍșȚȊȈ Ǫ - ȋȖȌț ȗȘȖȊȍȓ  ȔȍșȧȞȍȊ ȗȖȌ ȈȘȍșȚȖȔ ȒȈȒ țȟȈșȚ-
ȕȐȒ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȖȋȖ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ Ǫ - ȋȋ — ȒȖȕȚȖȘȡȐȒ Ȋ ǸȖș-
ȚȖȊȍ Ȋ - ȋȋ șȟȍȚȟȐȒ-șȚȈȚȐșȚȐȒ Ȋ ǷȍȚȍȘȉțȘȋȍ ǯȌȍșȤ ǨȘȝȈȕ-
ȋȍȓȤșȒȐȑ ȊȘȈȡȈȓșȧ Ȋ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȝ Ȑ ȖȒȖȓȖȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȝ ȒȘțȋȈȝ ȗȖ-
șȣȓȈȓ șȊȖȐ șȚȐȝȐ ȕȈ ȖȚȏȣȊ ǵ ǫțȔȐȓȍȊț Ȋ  ȋ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȓșȧ Ȋ ȌȖȔȍ
ǭ Ƿ ǰȊȈȕȖȊȈ ș Ǩ ǩȓȖȒȖȔ ȒȈȒ ȏȈȗȐșȈȓ ǩȓȖȒ Ȋ ȌȕȍȊȕȐȒ ©ȗȘȐȠȍȓ ȋ-ȕ
ǨȘȝȈȕȋȍȓȤșȒȐȑ șȖ șȊȖȍȑ ȎȍȕȖȑ ȕȍ ȊȍȕȟȈȕȣ
 ǽȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȣȍ ȦȎȈȕȍ
ȗȓȖȝȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȡȐȍ ȗȖ-ȘțșșȒȐ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȐȋȍȕȚȣ ȗȈȘȍȕȤ ȉȍȏ Ȍȍȕȍȋ ȕȖ Ȑ ȉȍȏ
ȊȓȈșȚȐ ȉȍȏ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȈ șȐȌȍȓ Ȋ ȚȦȘȤȔȍ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȊȐȌȍȓ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȗȘȧ-

Ȕȣȍ ȅȚȖ Ȋșȍ — ȚȖȚ ³ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕ´ Ȓ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț ȔȖȎȕȖ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȚȤ ȓȐȠȤ Ȋ
ȉȘȖȕȍ ȏȈȒȖȊȈȕȕȣȔ Ȋ ȜȖȘȔț ȐȕȈȟȍ ȥȚȐ ȔȐȓȣȍ ȓȦȌȐ ³ȔȖȓȖȌȍȎȤ´ ș
³ȐșȒȈȕȐȧȔȐ´ — ȘȈșȚȈȡȐȚ Ȋșȍ ȚȊȖȍ Ȋșȍ ȌȘȈȋȖȞȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȘȈȏȔȍȕȧȍȚ ȕȈ
ȔȍȌȕȣȍ ȋȘȖȠȐ Ȋșȍ ȘȈșȚȍȘȧȍȚ ȘȈȏȐȕȧ ȘȖȚ«»).
Ǫ  ȋ ǨȘȝȈȕȋȍȓȤșȒȐȑ șȖ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȎȍȕȖȑ Ƿ ǰ ǴȐȕȐȕȖȑ
ȗȍȘȍȉȘȈȓșȧ Ȋ ǿȍȘȕȐȋȖȊ ȋȌȍ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓ ȌȖȓȎȕȖșȚȤ șȟȍȚȟȐȒȈ-șȚȈȚȐșȚȐȒȈ
ǶȞȍȕȖȟȕȖ-șȚȈȚȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȉȦȘȖ Ȑ șȖȉȘȈȓ ȊȖȒȘțȋ șȍȉȧ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘ-
ȕȣȑ ȒȘțȎȖȒ ©DzȈȔȐȕª Ǫ ǿȍȘȕȐȋȖȊȍ Ȏȍ ȊȣȠȍȓ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ Ȑ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȣȑ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ ȍȋȖ ȓȐȘȐȒȐ ©ǿȍȘȕȣȍ ȖȉȓȈȒȈª
Ǫ - ȋȋ ǨȘȝȈȕȋȍȓȤșȒȐȑ ȘȍȌȈȒȚȐȘȖȊȈȓ Ȋ ǭȑșȒȍ ȔȍșȚȕțȦ
ȋȈȏȍȚț ©ǰȏȊȍșȚȐȧª ȗțȉȓȐȒțȧ Ȋ ȕȍȑ ȗȖȌ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȖȌȗȐșȤȦ Ȑ ȘȈȏ-
ȓȐȟȕȣȔȐ ȗșȍȊȌȖȕȐȔȈȔȐ șȚȈȚȤȐ ȏȈȔȍȚȒȐ ȒȖȘȘȍșȗȖȕȌȍȕȞȐȐ Ȑ șȚȐȝȖ-
ȚȊȖȘȕȣȍ ȜȍȓȤȍȚȖȕȣ Ǫ  ȋ ȗȖȌȉȖȘȒȈ Ǩ ǨȘȝȈȕȋȍȓȤșȒȖȋȖ ȖȚȒȘȣȓȈ
șȉȖȘȕȐȒ ȍȑșȒȐȝ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ ©DzȖȕȤ Ȑ ȓȈȕȐª
Ǫ ȧȕȊȈȘȍ  ȋ ǨȘȝȈȕȋȍȓȤșȒȐȑ ȗȖȍȝȈȓ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț ȌȍȓȍȋȈȚȖȔ Ǫșȍ-
ȘȖșșȐȑșȒȖȋȖ șȢȍȏȌȈ ǸǶǹǺȈ ǷȖșȓȍ șȢȍȏȌȈ ȖșȚȈȓșȧ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ ȗȖșȚț-
ȗȐȓ ȕȈ ȘȈȉȖȚț Ȋ ȘȍȌȈȒȞȐȦ ©ǸȈȉȖȟȍȑ ȋȈȏȍȚȣª ǹ Țȍȝ ȗȖȘ șȖȚȘțȌȕȐȟȈȓ
Ȋ ȔȕȖȋȖȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȍȘȐȖȌȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧȝ ©DzȘȖȒȖȌȐȓª ©ǩȍȋȍȔȖȚª
©DzȘȈșȕȣȑ ȗȍȘȍȞª ©ǹȔȍȝȈȟª ©ǶȋȖȕȍȒª ©DzȘȈșȕȈȧ ȕȐȊȈª ©ǪȍȟȍȘ-
ȕȧȧ ǴȖșȒȊȈ», ©ǵȈ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȔ ȗȖșȚțª
 ȊȣȗțșȚȐȓ șȊȣȠȍ ȌȍșȧȚ-
ȒȈ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ ȦȔȖȘȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖ-șȈȚȐȘȐȟȍșȒȐȝ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȖȊ
Dz ȒȖȕȞț -ȝ ȋȋ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȔ ȎȈȕȘȖȔ ǨȘȝȈȕȋȍȓȤșȒȖȋȖ șȚȈȓȈ ȗȈ-
ȘȖȌȐȧ ș  ȋ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȐ ȍȋȖ ȗȈȘȖȌȐȑ ȏȈȟȈșȚțȦ Ȋ șȖȗȘȖȊȖȎȌȍȕȐȐ
ȒȈȘȐȒȈȚțȘ DzțȒȘȣȕȐȒșȖȊ ȐȏȌȈȊȈȓȐșȤ ȕȍȖȌȕȖȒȘȈȚȕȖ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ
ȐșȒȓȦȟȈȓȐșȤ ȗȈȘȖȌȐȐ ȕȈ ȘȍȗȘȍșșȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ ©ȊȘȈȋȖȊ ȕȈȘȖȌȈª ȕȈȐ-
ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȖȓȕȖȍ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȍ ȗȈȘȖȌȐȑ Ȑ ȥȗȐȋȘȈȔȔ Ǩ ǨȘȝȈȕȋȍȓȤșȒȖȋȖ ȊȣȠ-
ȓȖ ȓȐȠȤ Ȋ  ȋ

ǩȣȓ ȎȍȕȈȚ ȊȚȖȘȣȔ ȉȘȈȒȖȔ ȕȈ ǼȐȘȍ ǨȉȘȈȔȖȊȕȍ ȅșȚȍȘ
 ǸȍȑȏȍȘ
(1905-1980).
ǻȔȍȘ ȖȚ ȚțȉȍȘȒțȓȍȏȈ ǷȖȝȖȘȖȕȍȕ ȕȈ ǵȖȊȖȌȍȊȐȟȤȍȔ ȒȓȈȌȉȐȡȍ Ȋ
ǴȖșȒȊȍ
_______
ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ Ǩ ǨȘȝȈȕȋȍȓȤșȒȖȋȖ ȗțȉȓȐȒțȦȚșȧ ȗȖ ȗȍȘȊȖȐȏȌȈ-
ȕȐȧȔ ș șȖȝȘȈȕȍȕȐȍȔ ȈȊȚȖȘșȒȖȑ ȗțȕȒȚțȈȞȐȐ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ǵ ǫțȔȐȓȍȊȈ —
ȗȖ ȚȖȔț  Ƿǹǹ Ǵ 


ǵȈșȚȖȧȡȈȧ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌțȍȚ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ
ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȖ-ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȞȍȓȐ Ȑ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȌȕȈȏȕȈ-
ȟȍȕȈ Ȍȓȧ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ-ȓȐȉȖ ȒȖȔȔȍȘȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȊȖșȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍ-
ȕȐȧ Ȑ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȐȧ ȐȏȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȐȉȣȓȐ Ȑ Țȗ