B. n. 6 bl 'I K 0 B
aDElfTPODPIiBOR
II 4BTOM4TII34QllR
MET4nOyprHIIIICKOrO
npOll3BOACTBJt
AonYUjeHO
MUHucmepcm80M 8blcwezo U cpeOHezo
cnequaAbHozo 06paa08aHUR CCCP
8 HaY8Cm8e yye6HOZO nOC06UR
OAR cmyoeHm08 SHepZemUY8CHUX, SA8HmpOmeXHUyeCHUX
U nOAUmeXHUyeCHUX 8ya08 U !/1aHYAbmem08

H3,QATEnbCTBO. BblCWAJI WKOnA .
MOCKBA - 1966

tOfiHneHHoe H3A8HHe
K 60-neTHIO M31i
:-I--(j
116-66

C6em/loii naMfll1lU Y'IUme/lfl
U apyea npmfJeccopa po. n.
MOpOiJ06a noceflUiuel1l U(J-
mop [Jnzy KHllZY
nPEI1HCnOBHE
HaCTOflnJ,ee yqC6HOC noc061le I1annCaHO B COOTBCTCTBHH C nporpaM-
MOM Kypca «9JIeKTpOnpHBOJJ; H 8BTOMaTHSaIJ.llH MeTaJIJIypmqeCKOrO
npoIl3BoJJ;CTBa», YTBepJKJJ;cHHOM MHHHCTepCTBOM BbIcmero II cpe,n,Hero
cnClllIaJ1bHoro 06pa30BaHlIH PC<I>CP JJ;JIH CneIJ.lIaJIbHOCTII «9neKTpo-
npMB01 I[ aBTOMaTII3aIJ.HH» 3HeprCTHqCCKIIX, 3JIeKTpOTCXHHqeCKI[X II no-
JIHTeXI-IliqecKliX BY30B.
B yqe6HOM nOC061lH BonpOCbI Kypca 1I3JIarmOTCH B TpCX pa3JJ;eJIax.
nCpBbIii pa3JJ;eJI nocmIllCH 3neKTponpHBo.n.y II aBTOMaTH3aIJ.lfH JJ;OMeII-
HOro IJ.exa, BTOpOM - CTaJICnJIaBHnbIloro It TpCTIIM - npoKaTIILIx IJ.eXOB.
HalI60JIbWee BHHMaHHe yJJ;eJIHeTCH 3JIeKTpOnpHBo.n.y II. aBTOMaTHKe
npoKaTIIbIX CTaHOB. npH 3TOM JJ;JIH II3yqCI-IllH oTo6paIIbI nlIWb CT8HbI,
WHpOKO npnMeHHlollHCCfI B MCTaJInyprlIqCCKOM npoH3BoJJ;CTBe, onpe-
JJ;cnHIonJ,nc COBpeMcHHoc COCTOSIHHC II pa3BIlTilc MCTaJwypmqeCKoro
3JIeKTponpIIBoJJ;a. B COOTBeTCTBIIH C 3TIIM B TpeTbeM pa3JJ;eJIe OCBe-
llaIOTCfI BonpoCbI 3JIeKTpOnpIIBO;1.a Ii aBTOMaTHKIi pCBepCIIBHbIX CTallOB
ropnqeii npoKaTKII, nenpepbIBHblX CTaHOB ropflqeii npOKaTI<U (3aro-
TOBOqIILIX, JIIICTOBbIX, COpTOBbIX), CTanOB xonoJJ;Hoii npoKaTKll II Mcxa-
Hli3MOB npoKaTIIblx CTaHOB. B JJ;aHHoM CJIyqac paCCMaTpliBaIOTCH TeopllH
npoKaTKH, KOIIcTpym,um CTaHOB Ii TCXHOJIOrHH, Tpc60BaHllSi K 3JIeKTpO-
npMBoJJ;aM, CHCTCMbI ynpaBJIeHHSI, MeTOJJ;liKll paCqCTOB CTaTHqeCKHX It
JJ;HI-IaMlIqeCKIIX pe>KHMOB, paCqeTOB napaMeTpoB CHCTeM. Oc06oc BIIll-
MaHIIC 06paw.aeTCSI Ha li3yqeHHe npHHIJ.HnOB nOCTpOCI-IliH CllCTCM ynpaB-
JICHllH H Ha BblSICHeHlIe <)JH3llqeCKOii CTOpOIIbI HBJICHHiL
B YIlc6HOM noco6lIH ;1.aHbI nplIMcpnbIe paCqeTbI no onpe,n,cneIIMIO
MOllHOCTH npIIBoJJ;HLIX JJ;BHraTcneii, nOCTpOeIIIIIO KplIBbIX ncpexoJJ;HbIX
npOIJ.eCCOB If onpe,n,cneHMIO napaMcTpoB CXCM ynpaBJICHIIH, qTO JJ;OJDKHO
cnoc06CTBoBaTb JIyqWeMY YCBOeIUnO BonpocoB Kypca.
1.
a

HeCOMHeHHO, qTO yqeOHOe nOCOOHe He CBOOO.n.HO OT He.n.OCTaTKOB,
n03TOMy aBTOp oy.n.eT npII3HaTeneH BceM, KTO COqTeT HeoOXO.n.IIMbIM npII-
CJIaTb CBOH 3aMeqaHHH H nO>KeJIaHIIH.
ABTOp npHHOCHT mYOOKYIO onaro.n.apHOCTb KOJIJIeKTlIBY Ka4> e .n.pbI
:meKTpooooPy.n.OBaHlIH npOMbIIIIJIeHHbIX npe.n.npIIHTHH MOCKOBCKoro op-
.n.eHa JIeHHHa 3HepreTHqeCKoro HHCTHTYTa 3a nOMOllb, OKa3aHHYro eMY
npii HanHcaHHII H OOCY>K.n.eHIIH pYKonHCH yqeOHoro nOCOOHH.
ABTOp Bblpa>KaeT IICKpeHHlO1O npH3HaTe.nbHOCTb npocl>. q HJI II-
KHHY M. r., .n.Oll. <1>IIJIlmnOBY B. A., .n.0IJ.. qYPCIIHY n. 11., .n.0IJ.. BeIIIe-
HeBCKoMY C. H. II HH>K. llleHHMaHY A. 11., B3HBIIIHM Ha ceOH TPY.n. 03Ha-
KOMIITbCH C PyKOnlICblO yqeOHOro nOCOOIIH II c.n.e.naBIIIIIM pH.n. IJ.eJ{HbIX
3aMeqaHHH, a TaK>Ke npIIHOCIiT rJIyooKYIO onaro.n.apHocTb K. T. H.
M. A. COHbKIIHY II K. T. H. B. B. BocKpeCeHCKOMy 3a Tpy.n. no peIJ.eH3H-
pOBaHIIIO PYKOnlICII.

BBE.QEHHE
MeTaJIJIyprIIH HBJ1HeTCH Be.nyIl(eH OTpaCJ1blO HapoAHOrO X03HHCTBa
CTpaHbI. TeMnbI pa3BHTlIH Bcero HapO)J.HOrO X03HHcrna onpe)J.eJIHIOTCH
ypOBHeM npOII3BO)J.crna MenlJIJIa. qyrYH, CTaJ1b, npOKaT - OCHOBHble
BII)J.bl npo.nyKIJ.lIH MeTIJIJIyprlItJ:eCKOH npOMbIIlIJIeHHOCTH. qyrYH, CTaJIb
lIJtYT Ha II3rOTOBJ1eHIIe CTaHKOB, npOII3BO)J.CTBeHHbIX II CeJIbCKOX03HH-
CTBeHHblX MaIlIIIH. DpOKaTHble lI3)J.eJIlIH B BII)J.e >KeJIe3HO)J.OpO>KHbIX
peJ1bC, CTpOlITenbHbIX 6aJIOK, pa3JIIIIlHbIX Tpy6, npOBOJIOKII, COpTOBOH
CTaJIH, JIlICTOBOH CTaJIH pa3JIIItJ:Horo copTaMeHTa HaxO)J.HT tJ:pe3BbltJ:aHHO
llIlIpOKoe npIIMeHeHIIe BO BCex OTpaCJIHX HapO)J.Horo X03HHcrna. Bea
npo.n.yKl1.IIlI MeTaJIJIypmtJ:eCKoro npOII3BO)J.CTBa He MO>KeT CYIl(ecrnoBaTb
II paSBlIBaTbCH COBpeMeHHOe He3aBlIClIMoe rocY)J.apcrno, a 6ea HaJ1lIIJIIH
B CTpaHe BblCOKOpa3BIITOH MeTaJIJIypmH HeB03MO>KHO HMeTb 6blCTpble
TeMnbl pa3BIITIIH HapO)J.Horo X03HHcrna.
MeTaJIJIypmH B POCCIIlI )J.O BeJIHKOH OKTH6pbCKOH peBOJlIOlllIH 6bIJIa
CHJIbHO OTCTaJIOH. TaK, B 1913 r. B POCCIIlI 6bIJIO npoII3Be)J.eHo 4,2 MJIH. m
tJ:yrYHa II 4,3 MJIH. m CTaJ1lI. Eho npIIMepHo B ceMb pas MeHbllIe, tJ:eM
B CIlIA, B IJeTbIpe pa3a MeHbllIe, IJeM B repMaIUm, II B )J.Ba pasa MeHbllIe,
tJ:eM B AHrJIlIII. B TO BpeMH no npOlI3BO)J.CTBY IJyrYHa H CTaJIH POCCIIH
SaHIIMana nHToe MeCTO. Y)J.eJ1bHbIH Bec MeTaJIJIyprIIlI POCCIIII B MlIpOBOM
npOlISBO)J.CTBe IJyrYHa II CTaJ1H COCTaBJIHJI Bcero JIlIllIb 5%.
B nepBble rO)J.bl COBeTcKoH BJIaCTlI npoII3BO)J.CTBO MeTaJ1JIa CHII3lI-
JIOCb, II JIHllib B 1928 r. OHO )J.OCTllrJIO AOpeBOJIIOI1.lIOHHoro ypOBHH.
BOJ1bIlIOe 3HaIJeHlIe B paSBlITIIH MeTaJIJlypnIlJecKOH npOMbIIlIJIeHHOCTII
HaWeH CTpaHbl HMeJI XVI napTlIHHblH C'be3A (1930 r.), Ha KOTOpOM
6blJIO nplIHHTo pellIeHHe 0 C03)J.aHIIlI BTOporo OCl;IOBfIoro yronbHo-MeTaJI-
JIypI1IIJeCKOro I1.eHTpa CCCP Ha OCHOBe IICnOJIb30BaHIIH 60raTeHililIX
yroJ1bHbIX H PY)J.HbIX MeCTopmK)J.eHIIH YpaJla II ClI6IIpli. Y>Ke B 1932 r.
CTpOlIJIOCb 17 HOBblX MeTaJIJIyprIIIJecKlIx saBO)J.OB, II3 HIIX llIecTb TaKIIX
rlIraHTOB, KaK MafHlIToropcKlIH, KysHeI1.KIIH, «3anOpO>KCTaJlb», «A30B-
.cTaJIb», KpHBOpO>KCKHH, HOBOTanIJIbCKlIH. B TeIJel'IlIe nepBoH nHTlI-
5

JIeTKIf (1928-1932 rr.) 6bIJIH BBe)J.eHbI B CTpOH 41 )J.OMeHHaH nelJb,
65 MapTeHoBcKIIX neqeH II 32 npoKaTHbIx CTaHa.
Bo BTOPOH nHTHJIeTKe (1933-1937 rr.) B OOJIbllllIX MaCIlITaOaX
BeJIOCb cTpOHTeJIbCTBO HOBbIX II peKoHcTpYKlJ,IIH cTapbIx 3aBO)J.OB. BbIJIO
BBeAeHO B 3KcnJIyaTa1II0 47 HOBbI npOKaTHbIX CTaHOB, B TOM qMCJle
5 MomHblX 6JIIOMHHroB II 1 CJIHOIIHr. B TpeTbeH nHTHJIeTKe (1938-
1942 rr:) 6bInO HaMeqeHO CTpOHTeJIbCTBO. HOBbIX aaBO)J.OB. nOCTaBJIeH
Bonpoc 0 npoII3Bo)!.crne KaqeCTBeHHbIX CTaJIeH.
3a BpeMH nepBbIx Tpex nHTHJIeTOK, no cYIl(ecrny, OblJIa 3aHOBO
C03)!.aHa MOllUIaH, COBpeMeHHaH MeTaJIJIyprnqeCKaH npOMbllllJ1eHHOCTb.
no pa3MepaM npOII3BOACTBa qepHblX MeTaJIJIOB CCCP B 1940 r. aaHHJI
BTopoe MeCTO B EBpone (noc,JIe repMaHlflI) II TpeTbe B MHp.
B nepBbIe MeCHlI.bl BeJIlIKOH OTeqeCTBeHHoH BOHHbI HeMell.Ko-<l>allllIcT-
CKIIe BOHCKa oKKynIIpoBanM KpynHeHlllYIO yronbHO-MeTaJIJiyprnqecKYIO
oa3Y CCCP - II.oH6acc. HeMIJ.aMH ObIJIO pa3pYllieHo 28 MeTaJIJIyprII-
qecKIIX aaBO)!.OB, OOJIblllOe KOJIIIqeCTBO AOMeHHbIX II MapTeHoBcKHX ne-
qeH II npoKaTHblx CTaHOB. Pe3Ko COKpaTIIJICH BbmycK qyryHa, CTanII,
npOKaTa. B TO BpeMH nepBOOqepe)J.HaH aa)!.aqa COCTOHJIa B TOM, qTOObI
aa CqeT 3BaKYIIpOBaHHoro OoopY)!.OBaHIIH paCIIIHpMTb MOllHOCT,b MeTaJI-
JIYpI1IlI Ha BOCTOKe. BOCCTaHOBHTeJIbHaH. paOOTa lllHpOKHM <l>POHTOM
HaqaJIaCb nOCJIe BOHHbI. II.oBoeHHbIH ypOBeHb npOH3BO)J.CTBa ,qyrYHa
ObIJI )!.OCTlIfHYT B 1949 r., a CTaJiH - B 1948 r. ,
CeMIIJIeTHHM nJIaHOM pa3BHTHH Hapo)!.Horo X03HHCTBa CCCP (1959-
1965 rr.) 6bIJIO npe)J.ycMoTpeHo C03)!.aHIIe TpeTbeH yrOJIbHO-MeTanJIYP-
mqeCKOH oa3bI Ha BOCTOKe C npoH3BO)!.CTBOM 15-20 MJIH. m qyrYHa
B ro)!.. HaMeqeHO BBeCTII OOJIblllOe KOJIHqeCTBO BbIcoKonpoH3Bo)!.HTenb-
HbIX npoKaTHblx CTaHOB H )!.OMeHHblX neqeH C BbICOKHM ypoBHeM aBTO-
MaTII3aHH TeXHOJIOrIIqeCKOrO npoll.ecca H MO)J.epHIIaHpoBaTb YCTapeBlllee
MeXaHHqeCKOe If 3JIeKTpIItJecKoe oOopY)J.oBaHHe. Ha nepBoe MeCTO Bbl-
)!.BHHYTa 3a)!.aqa OCYIl(ecTBJIeHHH KOMnJIeKCHOH aBTOMaTII3aIIII TexHO-
JIOrHqeCKMX npOll.eCcOB C npIIMeHeHIIeM BbIqHCJIHTenbHbIX H CqeTHO-
pelllaIOIl(HX MaIllHH.
* *
*
npOH3BO)!.IITenbHOCTb MeTaJIJIyprHqeCKHX arperaToB H nOBblllleHlIe
KaqeCTBa npo.n.yKlJ,HH BeCbMa CHJIbHO aaBHCHT OT cOBepllleHcTBa 3JIeKT-
pHqeCKOrO npHBo)!.a.
HaHoonee CJIO>KHbIe H OTBe'fCrneHHbIe MexaHII3MbI, pa6OTaIOllI.He C
60JIblllOH qaCTOTOH BKJIIOqHHH, C perYJIlIpOBaHHeM CKOpOCTH B lllHpOKOM
)J.IIanaaOHe npH }KeCTKHX CTaTHqeCKHX xapaKTepHcTHKax 060py.n.yIO'fCH,
KaK npaBHJIO, 3JIeKTpOnpHBO)J.OM Ha nOCTOHHHOM TOKe no. CHCTeMe r - II.
HJIH nO CHCTeMe ynpaBJIHeMbIH CTaTHqeCKIIH BbmpHMHTeJIb - )J.BIIraTeJIb.
B Haqane pa3BHTHH OTeqeCTBeHHoro 3JIeKTpOnpIIBo)!.a )J.JIH TaKHX Mexa-
HH3MOB npIIMeHHJIaCb npOCTaH CHCTeMa r - II. .c peJIeHHO-KOHTaKTOp-
HbIM ynpaBJIeHHeM. 3aTeM OHa ObIJIa BbITeCHeHa CJIO>KHOH CHCTeMOH
r --:- II. C 3JIeKTpOMalllHHHbIM ynpaBJIeHHeM. B HaCTOHIl(ee BpeMH CJIO>K-
HaH CHCTeMa r - JJ, HHTeHCHBHO BblTeCHHeTCH CHCTeMOH CTaTHqeCKHH
6

npeo6pa30BaTeJIb - ,n:BIIraTeJIb. Eho SIBJISIeTCSI HaII60nee XapaKTepHOH
, qepTOH pa3BIITlISi COBpeMeHHoro 9JIeKTponpIIBO)J.a He TonbKO B MeTaJI-
JIyprlIII,' HO II B )J.pyrnx OTpaCJISIX HapO)J.Horo X03SIHCTBa.
B KaqeCrne CTaTlIqecKoro npe06pa30BaTeJISI npHMeHSIlOTCSI pTyrnbIe
BbmpSiMIITe.JIlI; OJI.HOBpeMeHHO HaqlIHalOT Haxo,n:lITb Bce 60nbwee pac-
npoCTpaHeHIIe ynpaBnSIeMbIe KpeMHlIeBbIe BbmpSiMIITeJIlI - THpIICTOpbI.
5JIa.roAapSi npeHMymecTBaM B cpaBHeHIIII C HOHHbIMlI npeo6pa30Ba-
TeJISiMlI rnpIICTopbI B He)J.aJIeKOM 6y,n:YIIJ.eM )J.OJILKHbI 3aHSITb rJIaBeHCT-
BYlOIIJ.ee nOJIOLKeHIIe B peryJIlIpyeMbIx 9neKTpOnpHBO)l.ax.
B nOCJIeAHHe ro,n:bI B <:::CCP npoBe,n:eHa 60nbwaSi pa60Ta no cOBep-
WeHCTBOBaHIIlO 9neKTpOnpHBO)l.OB MeTaJIJIyprHqecKoro npOH3BoJI.CTBa.
Pa3pa60TaHbI II BbmycKalOTCSI )l.JISI MeTaJIJIyprnII HOBbIe 9JIeKTpIIqeCKIIe
MallIIIHbI, BbICOKHe TeXHIIqeCKIIe nOKa3aTeJIH KOTOpbIX nOJIyqeHbI 6JIa-
ro,n:apSi npHMeHeHIIlO )l.BYX- II MHorOXO)l.OBbIX 06MOTOK. K TaKIIM MaWH-
HaM B nepBYlO Oqepe,n:b CJIe)l.yeT OTHeCTII npOKaTHbIH )l.BHraTeJIb
n5K-380/l25, 7360 Kern, 60/90 06/MUH, 860 e; npoKaTHbIH )l.BHraTeJIb
MfI-11000-65, 7360 Kern, 65/100 06/MUH; npoKaTHbIH )l.BlIraTeJIb
MD-12000-65, 8800 Kern, 65/90 06/MUH.
BnepBbIe B MlIpOBOH npaKTlIKe II3roToBneHbI II B»e,n:peHbI 6e3pe.n.yK-
TopHbIe 9JIeKTpOnpIIBo,n:bI JHIHeeK MaHlInYJISITOpa II HOLKHlIU. )J.JISI 6nlO-
MIIHroB. C03,n:aH HaII60JIee MOIIJ.HbIH B MHpe npe06pa30BaTeJIbHbIH arpe-
raT C ,n:BYMSI reHepaTopaMH no 8500 Kern )J.JISI nMTaHIISI npOKaTHbIX ,n:BII-
raTeJIeH 6JIlOMlIHra 1300. Pa3pa6OTaHbI II BHe)l.peHbI CHCTeMbI IIOHHoro
B036YLK;ZJ;eHlISI, a TaKLKe CIICTeMa YPB.lI. rJIaBHbIX nplIBO)l.OB peBep-
ClIBHbIX CTaHOB rOpSIqeH npoKaTKlI II OCHOBHbIX MexaHH3MOB 9THX
CTaHOB.
Be,n:y'fCSI HCCJIe)IOBaHHSI II pa3pa6oTKlI no 3aMeHe peJIeHHO-KoHTaK-
TOpHbIX CIICTeM ynpaBJIeHHSI 6ecKoHTaKTHbIMII Ha JIOrnqeCKlIX 9JIeMeH-
Tax. I1Mee'fCSI pH,n: OnblTHbIX YCTaHoBoK C nplIMeHeHlIeM 6ecKoHTaKTHbIx
9JIeMeHTOB. OnblT nOKa3bIBaeT, lITO 6eCKOHTaKTHbIe CIICTeMbI MOryT
CYIIJ.eCTBeHHO nOBbIClI:rb KaqeCTBO nepexo,n:HbIX npou.eCCOB H YBeJIlI-
qlITb Ha)],eLKHOCTb pa60TbI 9neKTponpIIBo,n:a.
B pa3BlITHlI MeTaJIJIyprnqecKoro 9JIeKTpOnplIBo,n:a npUHHMaJIlI yqa-
CTlIe HayIIHo-IICCJIe)l.OBaTenbCKlIe II npoeKTHbIe OpraHlI3au.HII, BbICllIHe
yqe6HbIe 3aBe)J.eHIISI, 3aBO)],bI. TaK, HanpIIMep, BHI1I1MeTMaw,
BHI1113neKTponpHBO)J., rDI1 T5UKDPOM3JIeKTponpoeKT (MOCKOB-
CKoe, JIeHIIHrpa.n:CKoe, XapbKOBCKoe, CBep,n:nOBCKoe OT,n:eJIeHlISI), IJ,eH-
TpaJIbHaSi JIa60paTOpHH aBTOMa'fHKII (IJ,JIA), HI1I13JIeKTpo, I1HCTHTyT
aBTOMaTIIKlI AH YCCP, MOCKOBCKHH 9HepreTIIqecKHH IIHCTHTyT,
«3JIeKTpOCIIJIa», «X3M3», «YpaJIMaw», 3anopOLKCKIIH annapaTHbIH
aaBO)J., «Y paJI9JIeKTpOannapaT» II )l.p.
* *
*
MeTanJIyprHqecKoe npe)l.npIISITlIe npOII3BO)J.IIT qyrYH, CTanb II npo-
KaT. qyryH BbmnaBnSIlOT B ,n:OMeHHbIX neqax, C'fanb BapSiT H3 qyrYHa
- B CTanennaBIInbHbIX neqax, a npOKaTHbIe iI3,n:eJIHSI nOJIyqalOT npH npo-
7

KaTKe CTanbHbIX 3arOTOBOK B npOKaTHbIX CTaHaX. B COOTBeTCTBll1I
C 3THM BeCb MeTaJInyprHqeCKHH npou.ecc MO>KHO pa36HTb Ha Tpil 3Tana:
1 -- npoH3BoJ{CTBO qyrY!la; 2 - npoH3BoACTBO CTanH; 3 - npolI3BoJ{-
CTBO npoKaTa.
LI.nH npOII3BOJ{CTBa qyryHa Tpe6yeTCH pYJ{a, yronb H ApyrHe J{onOJI-
HIITeJIbHbIe MaTepllaJIbI. PYJ{a J{o6bIBaeTcH B pYJ{HHKax. DpeJ{BaplI-
TeJIbHO 06pa6oTaHHaH Ha pYJ{oo60raTHTeJIbHOH <l>a6pHKe (PO<l», OHa
J{OCTaBJIHeTCH B J{OMeHHYIO neqb B BII.u.e arJIOMepaTa. KaMeHHbIH yrOJIb
.u.o6blBaeTCJI B yroJIbHbIX IllaXTax; nOCJIe 06pa6oTKlI ero B KOKCOBbIX
neqax nonyqalOT KOKC, KOTOpbIH H Hcnonb3yeTcH B J{OMeHHbIX neqax
B KaqeCTBe Tonmma.
4yrYH, BbmJIaBneHHbIH B J{OMeHHbIX neqax, .u.OCTaBJIHe'fCH B CTane-
nnaBHJIbHbIH lI.ex J{JIH nonyqeHHH CTaJIH. CTaJIb cnlITKaMH TpaHcnop-
rnpyeTcH B npOKaTHble lI.eXH J{JIH npOII3Bo.u.CTBa npOKaTHblX II3.u.eJIHH.
4aCTb qyrYHa H CTaJIH lIJ{eT Ha CKJ1aJ{ B BHJ{e roTOBOH npOJ{YKlI. HII .
,06bIqHO CTaJIbHbIe CJ1HTKIl HMeIOT 60nbIllYIO Maccy, nplI KOTOpOH
npOKaTKa cnlITKa .u.o MaJIOro, KOHeqHoro CeqeHHH B OJ{HOM CTaHe HeB03-
MO>KHa. Do 3TOH nplIqlme npe.n.ycMaTpllBaeTcH npeJ{BapHTenbHoe o6>Ka-
TIle CJIlITKa, nonyqeHHoro 113 CTaJIennaBlIJIbHOrO lI.exa, B cneu.l1aJIbHbIX
06>KHMHbIX CTaHax.
TeXHOJIOrHqecKaH cxeMa MeTanJIyprHqeCKOrO 3aBo.u.a npe.u.CTaBJIeHa
HH>Ke.
VijElJII
CITIO./lb
fJet7bCO-tJOIIOl/llb/U (JMbCbl
cmall afl/(fJ.
np060110VlIb/U noo6011o/fa
II

Paa8en nep6blU
anEKTPOnPMBOJl
M ABTOMA T M3ALlMH
JlOMEHHOrO
npOM3BOJlCTBA

rnaBa
TEXHonorHECKHA npOECC.
MEXAHH3Mbi CHCTEMbl 3ArpY3KH
 1-1. Ofiw,He CBeAeHHR
.LI.nH BbmnaBKH qyryHa B AOMeHHblX neqax Tpe6YIOTCH CbIpbIe Ma-
TepHaJIbI. 9TH MaTeplIaJIbI, CMelIIaHHble B onpeJ!.eJleHHOH nponopu.HII,
3arpyma1OT qepe3 3aCbInHOe YCTPOHCTBO B BepXHlO1O IIaCTb J!.OMeHHOH
neqlI. B HlImHeH qaCTII AOMHbI cmHralOT TonnlIBO. Heo6xOAlIMbIH )I.JIH
ropeHHH TOnnIIBa B03AYX, HarpeTbIH AO 600-700° C, nOJ!.aeTCH nOA
AaBJIeHlIeM qepe3 <PYPMbI. PacnJlaBJ1eHHbIH IIyrYH II lIIJ1aK neplIoAH-
qeCKH BbInycKalOT 1I3 neqH qepe3 JIeTKII. IllJIaKOBaH JIeTKa pacnoJIo-
meHa nOA qyryHHOH neTKoH.
.il.JIH BbmnaBKII qyryI-ia Tpe6Y1OTcH CJle,II,YIOIl(lIe MaTepHaJIbI:
1. PYA a, cOAepmaIl(aH OKHCb meJle3a. LIaCTo nepe,II, TeM, KaK no-
AaBaTb py,ny B ,nOMHY, ee npeABaplITeJIbHO nO)J.BepralOT o6pa6oTKe Ha
PYAoo60raTlITeJ1bHOH <)Ja6pII Ke. pY.II.Y CMeUIlIBalOT C TOnnlIBOM II Harpe-
BaIOT, nplI 3TOM pyAa cneKaeTCH. B npou.ecce cneKaHHH pYAa npHo6pe-
TaeT noplIcToe CTp OeH lIe, BbIropaeT qaCTb Bpe,II,HbIX nplIMeceH, nOBbI-
lIIaeTCH npou.eHTHoe cOJl.epmaHlIe meJIe3a. TaKaH pyAa Ha3bIBaeTCH
aeJlOMepamoM. DplIMeHeHlIe arnoMepaTa npH BbInJIaBKe qyrYHa nOBbI-
lIIaeT npoH3BoAIITenbHocTb AOMeHHoH neqII.
2. <1> JI 10 C bI, cnoc06CTBYIOIl(He II3BJIeqeHH1O H3 qyrYHa nOCTopOH-
, HIIX nplIMeceH. B KaqeCTBe <)JnIOCOB npHMeHHIOT 1I3BecTHHK.
3. I< 0 K C, npHMeHHeMbIH B AOMeHHbIX neqax B KaqeCTBe TOnnIIBa.
.il.oMeHHbIH ex cOBpeMeHHoro MeTannypmqeCKOrO 3aBOJ!.a 06bIqHO
HMeeT HecKOJIbKO )J.OMeHHbIX neqeH. DeqH, KaK npaBHno, pacnonaralOTCH
, B OAIIH PH)J., qTO YAo6HO )J.nH 06CJlymIIBaHlIH.
Ha plIC. 1-1 npeJl.CTaBJIeH 60KOBOH BIIA AOMeHHoH nelIlI, a Ha
plIC. 1-2 - nnaH pacnonomeHHH )J.OMeHHbIX neqeH B u.exe.
.il.nH npolI3Bo,n:cTBa qyryHa B KamJ!.oH J!.oMeHHoH nelIII Tpe6yeTCH
orpoMHoe KOnlIqeCTBO CbIpbIX MaTeplIanoB. TaK, HanplIMep, )I.JIH OAHOH
)J.oMeHHoH neqlI npolI3BOAlITeJIbHOCTb1O 1000 m qyrYHa B CYTKII Heo6xo-
)J.IIMO nOAaTb B AOMHY nplIMepHo PYAbI 2000 m, pa3nHIIHbIx <)JmocoB
700 m. KOKca 1200 m. 9TO KOJ1WleCTBO MaTepHaJIOB AOJDKHO 6bITb noJl.-
11

<:::>



?
<
<:::>

;t
':S:
o
:I:
:I:

o
0:(
o:s:
o
I:Q
o
0::
:s:
E-
O:(
:s:
I:Q
:t 6
I:Q
o
:.:
o

-;'
CJ
:s:
0..

II
II
I
'"
:>-
'"
<;:
'"

=>::

'"
<:::t
""
:><
Q)
::f
:t: 0
r::s
 ...
0
:z:
:z:
Q)
;e;
0
'" "!
:>- :z:
'"
<;: ""

r:::
II c:i
II
II ....
II U
:s:
II 0..
II
II
II
11
I
II
II
I' J [
II
II i f' 
,I 
II
II i f' e:
<::s
II >:
II j l: 
II '"
t::t
II i f
II
I: J [
II

HSITO Ha BbICOTY 60JIee 36 ,M H crpy>KeHO B ,AOMeHHYIO ne%. KOJIHtJecTBo
nOTpe6HbIx MaTepHanoB )J.JISI Bcero ,AOMeHHOro exa YBenHtJHBaeTcSI
COOTBeTCTBeHHO KOJIHtJecTBY ,AOMeHHbIX netJeH.
BbInOJIHHTb TaKoH 06'beM norpY30tJHbIX pa60T MO>KHO TonbKO npH
Ha,Ane>Karn.eH MexaHH3aIJ.HH TpaHcnopTa, tJeTKOH H 6e30TKa3HoH pa60Te
OT,AeJIbHbIX Y3JIOB CHCTeMbI 3arpY3KH. .rLnSI C03,AaHHSI 6ecnepe60HHoH
pa60TbI ,AOMeHHoro l1.exa Tpe6yeTCSI HanHtJHe onpe.n;eJIeHHoro 3anaca
CbIpbIX MarepHanoB, KOTOpbIH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Y,AaneHHOcTH HCTOtJ-
HHKOB cHa6>KeHHSI CbIpbeM (PY,AHHKa, yronbHoH rnaxTbI) ,AOJI>KeH COOT-
BeTCTBOBaTb nOTpe6HocTSIM l1.exa B npe.n;eJIax OT HeCKOJIbKHX CYTOK ,AO
nOJIYTopa-,ABYx MeCSIl1.eB. 3anacbl PY,AbI H q>JIIOCOB xpaHSITCSI Ha PY,AHOM
,ABOpe, a 3anaCbI yrnSI - Ha yroJIbHOM CKJIa,Ae KOKCOXHM3aBO,Aa. BCSI
nOJIe3HaSI nnOma,Ab PY,AHOro ,ABopa nepeKpblBaeTcSI MOrn.HbIM K03JIOBbIM
rpeHq>epHbIM KpaHOM - PY,AHbIM neperpY>KaTeJIeM.
ECJIH PY,Aa ,A06bIBaeTcSI B Henocpe.n;cTBeHHoH 6nH30CTH OT 3aBO,Aa,
TO HeT He06xo,AHMOCTH B 60JIbllIHX 3anacax PY,AbI. B TaKOM CJIYtJae
PY,AHbIH ,ABOp 06bltJHO Ha 3aBO,Ae OTCYTcTByeT, a PY,Aa OT PY,AHHKa nocTY-
naeT BHatJane Ha 06oraTHTenbHYIO q>a6pHKY. TaM OHa 060ramaeTCSI H
OTTY,Aa, Y>Ke 060rarn.eHHaSI, >Ke.JIe3HO,AOpO>KHbIM COCTaBOM nO,AaeTCSI
npSIMO K PY,AHbIM 6YHKepaM ,AOMeHHbIX netJeH.
BYHKepa ,AOMeHHbIX netJeH pacnOnO>KeHbI B,Aonb nHHHH netJeH
(pHC. 1-2). OHH npe,ACTaBnSIIOT C060H pe3epByapbI ,AnSI xpaHeHHSI PY)(bI,
q>nlOcoB H KOKca. PY,AHbIe 6YHKepa B KOJIHtJeCTBe 15-21 Ha O,AHY ,AOMHY
pacnOJIO>KeHbI no 06e CTOpOHbI 6YHKepHoH nHHHH. KOKcoBbIe 6YHKepa
(,ABa 6YHKepa Ha O,AHY ,AOMHY) pacnOJIO>KeHbI HenOCpe,ACTBeHHO Ha,A
CKHnOBOH SIMOH no 06e CTOpOHbI nO,A'beMHoro MOCTa (neBbIH KOKCOBblH
6YHKep, npaBbIH KOKCOBbIH 6YHKep, eCJIH cMoTpeTb Ha netJb H3 CKHno-
BOH HMbI). 113 6YHKepOB PY,Aa H q>JIIOCbI nO,AaIOTCSI K nO,A'beMHHKY Baro-
HOM-BecaMH, KOTopbIe 6ePYT PY.AY, q>nlOCbI H3 PY,AHbIX 6YHKepOB,
B3BellIHBalOT, nO,AB03SIT K CKHnOBOH SIMe H CCbInalOT HX B CKHn. Docne
norpY3KH PY,AbI B CKHn MallIHHHCT BaroHa-BecOB nO,AaeT HMnynb"c Ha
nO,A'beM rpy>KeHoro CKHna.
OCHOBHbIM napaMeTpOM ,AOMeHHOH netJH SIBnSIeTCSI ee none3HbIH
06'beM, KOTOpbIH 3aBHCHT OT pa3MepOB ,AOMHbI. B MeTa.rrnypmtJeCKOH
npOMbIllweHHOCTH HallIeH CTpaHbI pa6OTalOT ,AOMHbI C none3HbIM 06'beMOM
930, 1033, 1386, 1513, 1719 H 2000,M3 (caMbIe MOllUIbIe B MHpe). B ,AaHHOe
BpeMSI npoeKTHpyeTcSI cBepxMollUIaSI ,AOMeHHaSI netJb C nOJIe3HbIM 06'be-
MOM 2700 ,M3.
Do 3a,AaHHoMY 06'beMY ,AOMeHHOH netJH V J; ,M3 H CYTOtJHOH npoH3Bo-
,AHTeJIbHOCTH G c HaXO,ASIT K03<p<pHI1.HeHT HCnOJIb30BaHHSI netJH no 06'beMY:
V
a = a ,M3/ m . (1-1)
C YBe.JIHtJeHHeM CYTOtJHOH npoH3BO,AHTe.1IbHOCTH netJH ex, YMeHb-
llIaeTCSI. K03<p<pHI1.HeHT HCnOJIb30BaHHSI ex, npe,AcTaBnSIeT C060H TY
tJaCTb nOJIe3Horo 06'beMa netJH, C KOTOporo nOJIYtJaeTcSI O,AHa TOHHa
tJyrYHa. 4eM MeHbllIe 3Ta tJaCTb 06'beMa netJ}I, TeM BbIllIe npoH3BO,AH-
14

TeJIbHOCTb netJH. TaKHM 06paSOM, tJeM MeHbllle a, TeM 60nee pau.HO-
HanbHO 3KcnnyaTHpyeTcH netJb. K03<l><l>nu.HeHT HcnonbSOBaHHH .AOMeH-
HOH netJH saBHCHT OT MHomx <l>aKTopOB. OH onpe.AenHeTCH KatJeCTBOM
CblpbIX MaTepHanOB, nopH.AKOM 3arpY3KH, TeMnepaTypOH .AYTbH, .AaBne-
HHeM B03.Ayxa H T. .A. LI.nH HallIHX MeTannypmtJeCKHX 3aBO.AOB
a = 0,65+0,9 Jrt3/ m .
HmKHHH npe.n;eJI K03<l><tmIJ.HeHTa HCnOJIbSOBaHHH cooTBeTcTByeT
pa60Te netJH C 60raTOH HnH o6orarn.eHHoH PY.AOH, npaBHnbHoMY, u.ene-
coo6pa3Ho YCTaHoBneHHoMY cnoc96y Be.n;eHHH netJH.
 1-2. MexaHHSMbJ CHCTeMbJ sarpYSKH
AOMeHHoH nelfM
TpaHcnopTHpoBKa MaTepHanOB OT 6YHKepHoH nHHHH B .AOMeHHYID
netJb BbInOJIHHeTCH C nOMorn.bID u.e.n:oro pH.Aa MexaHH3MOB, pa60TaIDrn.HX
B onpe.AeJIeHHOH nOCne.AOBaTeJIbHOCTH H 3aBHCHMOCTH .Apyr OT .Apyra.
COBoKynHocTb 3THX MexaHH3MOB H npe.ACTaBnHeT C060H CHCTeMY 3a-
rpY3KH .AOMeHHOH netJH.
B 3TY CHCTeMY BXO.AHT cne.n;YIDrn.He MexaHH3MbI: 1) BaroH-BecbI;
2) KOKconorpY3otJHoe YCTPOHCTBO, COCTOHrn.ee HS rpoxoToB (npaBoro
n neBoro) H KOKCOBbIX BecOB (npaBbIX H neBbIx); 3) .AOMeHHbIH nO.A'beM-
HHK; 4) Bparn.aIDrn.HHcH pacnpe.n;enHTeJIb; 5) ManbIH KOHYC; 6) 60JIbiliOH
KOHYC; 7) KOHTpOJIbHbIe 30H.AbI; 8) ypaBHHTeJIbHbIe KJIanaHbI.
Bar 0 H - B e C bI. BaroH-BecbI CJIy:mHT .AnH .AOCTaBKH PY.AbI, arno-
MepaTa H <l>JIIDCOB OT py.AHbIX 6YHKepOB K CKHnaM. OHH COCTOHT H3
:meJIe3HO.AOpO:mHOH nnaT<PopMbI, B Cepe.AHHe KOTOpOH Ha BecOBbIX pbItJa-
nix YCTaHoBneHbI .ABa 6YHKepa - KapMaHbI COOTBeTCTBeHHO npaBOMY
n neBOMY cKHny rnaBHoro nO.A'beMa (pHC. 1-3). Ha.A nnaT<l>oPMoH pac-
nOJIo:meHa nnorn.a.AKa ynpaBneHHH, OTKY.Aa MaIiIHHHCT BaroHa-BecOB
ynpaBnHeT BaroHoM-BecaMH H nO.A'beMOM CKHna, rpy:meHHoro PY.AOH.
BaroH-BecbI KypcHpyeT Me:H<.AY .ABYMH pH.AaMH 6YHKepoB, H3 KOTOpbIX
OHH 3a6HpaIDT MaTepHan, .AOCTaB-!IHIDT ero K cKHnoBoH HMe H crpy:maIDT
B CKHn. LI.nH 3arpY3KH MaTepHana B CBOH KapMaHbI BaroH-BecbI OCTa-
HaBnHBaeTCH TOtJHO npOTHB tJeTbIpex PY.AHbIX 6YHKepoB (npOTHB .ABYX
6YHKepoB C Ka:H<,AOH CTOpOHbI BaroHa-BecoB). IlpH 3TOM B Ka:m)J;bIH Kap-
MaH BaroHa-BecOB Mo:meT 6bITb 3arpy:meH Ma-repHan H3 .ABYX npoTHBo-
nOJIo:mHbIX 6YHKepoB. ,
PY.AHble 6YHKepa cHa6:meHbI 3aTBopaMll Opa (imc. 1-4). 3aTBop
, Opa COCTOHT H3 6apa6aHa, y KOToporo C O.AHOH CTOpOHbI HaXO.AHTCH
sy6tJaTbIH BeHeu.. 3TOT 6apa6aH (pHC. 1-5) HBnHeTCH .AHOM 6YHKepa.
MaTepHan. ne:maIII.HH Ha nOBepxHocTH 6apa6aHa, Y.Aep:mHBaeTcH IlIBe.n-
nepoM-<l>apTYKoM 6. LI.nH 3arpY3KH KapMaH()B BaroHa-BecOB Heo6xo.AHMO
nO.AHHTb <l>apTYK H HatJaTb nOBopatJHBaTb 6apa6aH B CTOPOHY BaroHa-
BeCOB. B 3TOM cJIytJae MaTepHan, YMeKaeMbIH nOBepxHocTbID Bparn.ae-
Moro,6apa6aHa, 6Y.AeT CCbInaTbCH B KapMaH BaroHa-BecOB (pHC. 1-5).
15

OJ
c::.
'"

"'
»
'"
<c
"'
"'
<.I
<.I
"'
:E
<.I
"'
OJ
c::.
...
'"
"'
'"
OJ
:a "[
c:::, '"
CJ "'-
0-, IJ) '"
  I::
:h cu
0 :.:
"" ... 
s CO <.I
t:Q '"
,g '"
"'
"'
 <? 0

::t: -
g oj
t::: :<; ....
p.. ;;
OJ
"'
">
c::.
0
...

»

'"
"'-
c-,
:.;
"
'"
...
'"
...
"'
"'

q---oogT

Bparn.eHl1e 6apa6aHa 3aTBOpa oCyrn.eCTBnHeTCH .nBI1 raTeneM , KOTO-
pbIH yCTaHOBJIeH Ha BarOHe-BeCaX. ,LLBl1raTeJIb 1 qepe3 pe)l,YKTop 2,
BaJI 3 11 KOHl1qeCKHe nepe)l,aqH 4 npHBo.nIIT BO Bparn.eHlIe .nBe TpaHCMHCCHII
5 (pIIC. 1-3). Ha Ka>K)I,OH TpaHcMHccHH YCTaHOBneHbI no .nBe rnecrepeH-
IIbIe Kop06KII, HMeIOrn.l1e no .nBe rneCTepHI1 9 II 10 (pIIC. 1-5). lllecrepHH
10 >KeCTKO CBH3aHa C TpaHcMIIccIIeH II cu.enneHa C nO)l,BI1>KHOH rnecTep-
IIeH 9. lllecTepeHHaH Kop06Ka MO>KeT nO)l,HI1MaTbCH II onycKaTbcSl.
B no.nHSlTOM COCTOSlHIIII Kop06KII rnecrepHH 9 coe.nIIHSleTCH 3y6qaTbIM
BeHu.OM 6apa6aHa 3aTBopa PY)l,HOro 6YHKepa npii coXpaHeHI1II cu.en-
neHiiSl C rneCTepHeH 10 TpaHcMlIcclIII. \
KpoMe TOro, npii CBoeM nO)l,HHTIIII KO-
p06Ka B03)1,eHcTByeT Ha TSlry 7, KOTO-
paH nO)l,HIIMaeT 4>apTYK, nperpa>K-
.naIOrn.IIH nepeMern.eIme MaTepiiana II3
6YHKepa. ECJII1 npii no.nHHTOH KOp06-
Ke BKJIIOQI1Tb )l,BIIraTenb TpaHCMI1C-
CIIII, TO, 6narO)l,apH YKa3aHHoMY coe-
)l,IIHeHI1IO rnecTepeH C 3y6QaTbIM BeH-
U.OM 6apa6aHa, nocne.nHIIH HaqHeT
Bparn.aTbcSl, II MaTepiian CTaHeT BbI- 2
CbmaTbCH B KapMaH BaroHa-BecoB.
,LLnH nO)l,HHTIIH Kop06KII C lieJIbIO
coe)l,IIHeHIIH 6apa6aHa 3aTBopa C
TpaHCMIICCIIeH npIIMeHHIOT nHeBMa-
THQeCKIIe liIInIIH.npbI. Ilocne TOro
KaK BarOH-BeCbI nO)l,ollIen K COOT-
BeTCTBYIOrn. I1M 6YHKepaM, MallIIIHIICT
BaroHa-BecOB B03.neHcTByeT Ha o.nHY
II3 QeTblpex PYKOHTOK ynpaBneHIIH
nHeBMaTIIQeCKI1MH liIInIIH)I,paMI1 II
no.nHIIMaeT Kop06KY. Kor)l,a 3au.en-
neHIIe IllecTepHII C 3y6QaTWM BeHliOM 6apa6aHa ocyrn.ecTBIInocb
(pl1c. 1-5), MallIIIHI1CT BaroHa-BecoB, BKnIOQaH )l,Bl1raTeJIb -rpaHcMIIccIIH,
nOBOpaQI1BaeT 6apa6aH saTBopa. MaTepiian sarpY>KaeTCH B KapMaH
BarOHa-BeCOB. Ilocne 3arpY3KII KapMaHoB MaTepIIaJIOM 3a)l,aHHoro
Beca MallIl1HI1CT OCTaHaBnl1BaeT )l,BIIraTeJIb TpaHCMI1CCIIII II nOBOpaQIIBaeT
PYKOHTKY ynpaBneHHH Kop06KOH. Kop06Ka onycKaeTcH, 6apa6aH OT-
COe)l,IIHHeTCH OT TpaHCMHCCI1II 11 4>apTYK nO>KHTCSl Ha 6apa6aH. 3arpYSl1B
BarOH-Becw, MallIHHIICT HanpaBJIHeT IIX K CKIInOBOH HMe. TaM OH C no-
MOrn.bIO nHeBMaTIIQeCKHX u.IInIIH)I,pOB oTKpbIBaeT HH>KHIIH )l,BYXCTBOP-
QaTbIH 3aTBop COOTBeTCTBYIOrn.ero KapMaHa H CCbmaeT MaTepIIaJI B CKIIn.
,LLnH MOrn.HbIX .noMeHHbIx neQeii BbICOKOH npoII3Bo.nIITenbHocTII Tpe-
6yeTcH nOJlHaH aBToMaTII3au.IIH 3arpY3KII MaTepiianaMII. K HacTOHrn.eMy
BpeMeHII eme HeT KOMnneKCHO aBTOMaTII3IIpoBaHfIbIx BarOHOB-BeCOB
60J1brnOH rpY30nO)l,'beMHOCTII B CBH3II C -rpy)l,HOCTbIO aBToMaTII3au.IIH no
XapaKTepy pa60TbI caMIIX BaroHoB-BeCOB (OTCYTCTBIIe HenpepblBHocTII
pa60TbI). Il03TOMY B03HIIKaeT_ }-IOQX9.nHMOCTb -Hbr: BaroHoB-BeCOB
1
PIIC. 1-4. 3aTBopbI Opa:
1 - (japa(jalIl>I Opa; 2 - pbl'l8r opapTYKa
3aTBopa Opa; 3 - q,apTYK; 4 - CTCIIKa
6YHKepa
17

HenpepbIBHOH CHCTeMOH nO.Aa'IH PY.AHO-I!JnIOCOBOH lJaCTH IlIHXTbI (Ma-
TepHaJICm) B CKHnbI nO.A'beMHHKa. BnepBbIe B COBeTCKOM COlO3e CHCTeMa
HenpepbIBHOH, TpaHCnOpTepHOH nO.AalJH PY.AbI, I!JJIIOCOB 6bwa npHMe-
HeHa Ha MarHHTOrOpCKOM MeTannypmlJeCKOM KOM6HHare B 1958 r.
H nOKa3ana xopolliHe pe3ynbTaTbI B 3KcnnyaTal1.HH. K .AOCTOHHCTBaM
TpaHcnopTepHoH CHCTeMbI OTHOCHTCH: 1) BblCOKaH npOH3BO.AHTenbHocTb;
1
If
7
PliC. 1-5. YCTpOHCTBO 6apa6aHH.bIx 3aTBopoB
Opa 6YHKepoB ,Z1,OMeHHblX nelleii:
1 - (japa6aH; 2 - o(joJ\ (japa(jaHa; 3 - ay6qaTKa 6apa-
(jaHa; 4 - BaJl; 5 - pblqar cl>apTYKa; 6 - cl>apTYK;
7 - Tnra; 8 - pOJlHK Tnrn; 9 - llIecTepnn I1HJlHHJ\pa;
10 - llIecTepllH; 11 - CTeHKa (jYHKepa
2) Ha.Ae)KHOCTb B pa6oTe; 3) B03MO)KHOCTb nOJIHoi'I aBTOMaTH3al1.HH 3a-
rpY3KH .AOMeHHOH nelJH.
B HaCTOHmee BpeMH pa3pa6oTaHa CHCTeMa aBTOMaTHlJeCKoi'I n0.AalJH
IlIHXTbI .AnH .AOMeHHOH nelJH 2000 ,M3, COCToHmeH H3 .ABYX O.AHHaKOBbIX
KOMnJIeKTOB MexaHH3MOB, pacnOJIO)KeHHbIX C npaBoH M C neBoi'I CTOpOH
OCH .AOMeHHoi'I nelJH (pHC., 1-6).
Ka:m.n.bIH KOMnneKT HMeeT: a) ceMb 6YHKepoB arnoMepaTa A, Ka-
:m.n.bIH 6YHKep arnOMepaTa cHa6)KeH .ABYMH BH6pal1.HOHHbIMH nHTaTe-
nHMH 1, nO.AalOmHMH arnoMepaT Ha nnaCTHHlJaTbIH KOHBei'Iep 2; 6) lJeTbIpe
6YHKepa .A06aBoK Jl. C BH6pal1.HOHHbIMH nHTarenHMH 1 H BeCOBbIMH
18

JJOpOHKaMH 3, nOCJIe OTKpbITHH 3aTBopoB KOTOpbIX .no6aBKH nOCTynalOT
'Ra JleHTOqHbIH KOHBeHep 4; B) O.nHH 6YHKep roqHOro .n03HpOBaHHH arno-
r.lepaTa P.A C nnaCTHHqaTbIM nHTaTeneM 5, npe.nHa3HaqeHHbIH .nnH .no-
seca arnOMepaTa, C TeM qTo6bI nOJIyqHTb 3a.naHHbIH Bec nOBbIIIIeHHOH
roqHOCTH; r) nnaCTHHqaTbIH KOHBeHep .nnH no.naqH arnOMepaTa B Beco-
sYIO BOPOHKY arnOMepaTa; .n) nnaCTHHqaTbIH KOHBeHep OTCeBa arno-
'MepaTa; e) neHTOqHbIH KOHBeHep, no.nalOm.HH .no6aBKH B npOMe>KYTOqHbIH
6YHKep .no6aBoK; >K) BeCOBaH BopOHKa arJlOMepaTa.
06llI.HMH .nnH .nBYx KOMnneKTOB MexaHH3MOB HBnHIOTCH: TeqKa .nnH
,l(OBecoK arnoMepaTa, npOMe>KyroqHbIH 6YHKep .no6aBoK, nepeKH.nHbIe
JlOTKH .nnH HanpaBJIeHHH MaTepllana B 3arpY>KaeMbIH 06'beM.
K 0 K con 0 r p y 3 0 q Hoe y C T P 0 H C T B O. 3ro YCTPOH-
CTBO npOll3BO)I,HT OTceB KOKCOBOH Me.JIOqH OT KOKca, B3BeIlIHBaHHe H
10
16
15
PIIC. 1-6. CliCTeMa TpaHcrropTepHoii rrOJ\a'lli IIIIIXTbi J\JlH J\oMeHHoii rre'lli 2000 M3:
A - 6YHKepa arJlOMepaTa; 1I. - (jYHKepa .AoGasoK; lI.A - (jYHKepa TOqlIOCO .A03HposaHHSI aeJlo-
MepaTa; 1 - sH(jpaI.\HOHHbli! nHTaTeJlb; 2 - nJlaCTHHqaTbIi! KOHsei!ep; 3 - seCOSble SOpOHKH;
4 - JIeHTOQHblfi KOHBeiiep; 5 - nJI.3CTHHtJaThIfi nHT8TeJIb; 6 - neconan BOpOHK3 arJIOMepaTa;
7 - IIJIaCTHHqaTbli! KOHsei!ep OTcesa KOKca; 8 - npOMC}KYTOqlIbIi! (jYHKep .A06aSOK; 9 - Te'/Ka
J\JlSI .AOSeCOK arJlOMepa1a; 10, J 1 - nepeKHl\Hl>Ie JlOTKH; 12 - (jYHKep KOKCOsoii MCJlOqH; 13 -
" KOKcosalI BecosaH sopoHKa; 14 - CKHn KOKCOBOi! MeJlOqH; 15 - CKHn AJISI y(jOpKH MeJlOqH aeJlo-
McpaTa; 16 - (jYHKep MeJlOqH aeJlOMepaTa
3arpY3KY eto B CKHn. LI.nH OTceBa KOKCOBOH MenOqH npHMeHHIOT rpo-
XOT, KOTOpbIH CJIY>KHT .nHOM KOKCOBOro 6YHKepa. B3BeIIIHBaHHe KOKca
ocym.OCTBnHeTCH KOKCOBOH BOCOBOH BOpOHKOH, 3aTBOp' KOTOpOH aBTO-
MaTHqOCKH OTKpbIBaeTCH npH )I,OCTH>KeHHH B BopOHKe 3a)I,aHHOH MaCCbI
KOKca (pHC. 1-7, a, 6).
OpHMeHHIOT )I,HCKOBbIe II BH6pau.HoHHbIe rpoxoTbI. LI.HcKoBble rpo-
XOTbI COCroHT H3 pH)I,a napannenbHbIx BanOB C )I,HCKaMH. LI.HCKll COCe)I,HHX
BanOB pacnOnO>KeHbI B IIIaXMaTHOM nOpH)I,Ke, TaK qTO .nI1CKH O)I,HOro
Bana BXO)I,HT B npocBeT Me>K)I,y )I,HCKaMH BTOpOro, COCe)I,Hero Bana.
OpH 3TOM OCTalOTCH 3a30pbI pa3MepoM 20 x 20 .MM )I,nH npoceBa KOK-
COBOH MeJIOqn (pHC. 1-7, 6). fPOXOTbI CMOHTHpoBaHbI Ha HaKJIOHHOH
paMe. HH>KHHe BanbI rpoxoTa HMelOT 66.nbillYIO CKOpOCTb Bpam.eHHH,
qeM BepxHHe. YBeJJHqHBalOm.aHcH CKOpOCTb Bpam.eHHH rpoxOTa o6ec-
neqHBaeT nyqIIIllll BbIXO)I, KOKca H3 6YHKepaH nyqIIIHH OTceB KOKCOBOll
MeJIOqH.
3neKTpOBH6pau.lloHHbIH rpoxoT MMeeT 3J1eKTpOMafHHTHbIH )I,BHra-
TeJIb C B03BpaTHo-nocTynaTeJIbHbIM )I,BH>KeHHeM. TaKHe rpOXOTbI o6JIa-
19

.nmOT pH.nOM npeHMym.eCTB no cpaBHeHHIO C .nHCKOBbIMH, n03TOMY OHH
CellIIaC nOJIYIIalOT Bce 60JIbillee pacnpOCTpaHeHHe Ha MeTannyprnIIe-
CKHX 3aBo.nax.
KOKCOBaH BeCOBaH BopOHKa HMeeT 06'beM, COOTBeTCTBYIOm.Hll 06'beMY
O.nHOro CKHna. OHa YCTaHaMJJBaeTCH Ha cpepMe, CBH3aHHOll C BeCOBbIMH
U)
6)
M
,;; r7n=
MeJ7011 l( V/ BeroB
CKI1n (P J7GBNbIU
KOKCO{JOU  CK/in
MeJ70Y/J
PliC. 1-7. CxeMa 3arpY3KH CKHrra KOKCOM
BU/lbl
iJUCKO{JUZO
2(Joxoma
pbIIIaraMH, KOTOpbIe .nellCTBYIOT Ha CTpe.n:KY YKa3aTemI Beca. B HH:Hmell
lIaCTH BOpOHKH Haxo.nHTCH oTBepcTHe, 3aKpbIBaeMoe 3aTBopoM. IlpH
OTKpbIB8HHH 3aTBopa KOKCOBOll BOpOHKH KOKC CCbrnaeTCH B CKHn.
LI. 0 M e H H bI II n 0 .n 'b e M H H K. Ha cOBpeMeHHbIx .noMeHHbIx
nellax npJJMeHHeTCH .nByxCKHnoBbIll no.n'beMHHK ypaBHoBeIIIeHHoro
\\\ THna. Pa3JIHIIalOT npaBbIll H neBbIll
37 cKHnbI, ecnH cMoTpeTb H3 cKHnoBoll
L ' - r HMbI Ha nellb. KHHeMaTHIIeCKaH cxeMa
2C; , \' (', A ST TaKoro no.n'beMHHKa H306pa>KeHa Ha
, \ \ pHC. 1-8. Ilo HaKJioHHoMY MOCTY no.n'b-
",' eMHHKa HaBCTpeIIY .npyr .npyry .nBH-
't " ' >KYTCH .nB CKHna (TeJIe>KKH). IlepBbI,
, ' rpY>KeHbIH, H)I.eT Ha no.n'beM; BTOpOH,
i' nOpO>KHHH - Ha cnycK. 06'beM CKHna
, , ,, .nnH .nOMeHHbIX neIIeH pa3HoH MOm.HO-
\)b,u rpz/, CTH pa3nHIIeH. TaK, .nnH .nOMeHHbIX
 7" 5 neIIeH 700 Jlt8 npHMeHHIOT CKHnbI no-
lL/ u 4 5 8 u
ne3HOH eMKOCTblO , JIt, .nnH neIIeH
S, / 1033 Jlt8 - CKHnbI 6,5 Jlt8; .nnH neIIeH
PIIC. 1-8. I(lIHeMaTH'lecKaH cxeMa 1386 H 1513 Jlt8 npHHHTbI CKHnbI reo-
rJlaBHOrO nOJ\'beMa MeTpJJIIeCKOH eMKOCTH 10,5 Jlt3, a
.II.JlH neIIeH 2000 Jlt8 - CKHnbI 14 Jlt8.
Kor.na O)I,HH CKHn CTOHT BHH3Y, BTOpOH B onpoKHHYTOM COCTOHHHH
HaXO)I,HTCH HaBepxy. 06WIIHO 06a CKHna npHBo)I,HTCH B )I,BH>KeHHe OT
O)I,HOH JIe6e)I,KH, paCnOJIO>KeHHOH B MaIIIJJHHOM 3)I,aHHH. CKHnbI CBH3aHbI
C 6apa6aHoM ne6e)I,KH 06m.JJM KaHaTOM.
Ilocne norpY3Ku CKun HaIIUHaeT no.nHUMaTbCSl BBepx. BHaIIane
OH npOxo)I,JJT He60JIbiliOH KPYTOH YIIaCTOK nYTH, 3aTeM nepexO)I,JJT Ha
20

-cpe,l1.HIIii, MeHee KPYTOH u YtJaCTOK H nOTOM, npH nOHH>KeHHOH CKOpOCTH,
nO,l1.XO,l1.HT K KpHBOJIHHeHHOMY ytJaCTKY, r,l1.e OH C nOMOll.\bIO CnelJ,HanbHO
H30 rH yTbIX BBepX pe.JIbC OnpOKH,l1.bIBaeTCH H BbICbmaeT rpY3 BO Bpall.\aIO-
1Il.H HCH pacnpe,l1.emneJIb. O,l1.HOBpeMeHHO BTOpOH CKHn TO>Ke C nmB1>KeH-
HOH CKOpOCTbIO nO,l1.XO,l1.HT K KOHetJHOMY YtJaCTKY nYTl-I BHH3Y HaKnOH-
HorO MOCTa H OCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH B CKHnoBoii HMe.
B p a ll.\ a IO ll.\ H H C H pac n p e ,l1. e n H Ten b. Ha3HatJeHHeM
Bpall.\aIOrn. erocH pacnpe,l1.enHTenH HBnHeTCH YJIYtJIIIeHHe pacnpe,l1.eneHHH
MaTepHana BHYTPH ,l1.0MeHHOH netJH. Bpam.aIOrn.HHCH pacnpe,l1.eJIHTeJIb
npe,l1.CTaBJIHeT C060H nOJIHbIH lJ,HnHH,l1.p, ,l1.HOM KOTOpOro CJIY>KHT ManbIH
KOHYC (pHC. 1-9).
fpY>KeHbIH CKHn npH nO,l1.XO,l1.e K BepxHeMY KOHetJHOMY nOnO>KeHHIO
onpoKH,l1.bIBaeTCH H CCbmaeT MaTepHan BO Bparn.aIOrn.HHcH pacnpe,l1.eJIH-
TeJIb. Docne 3TOro onycKaeTcH ManbIH KOHYC, H CO,l1.ep>KHMOe Bparn. aIO -
rn.erocH pacnpe,l1.eJIHTe.JIH CCbmaeTCH Ha 60JIbiliOH KOHYC. KOf.lJ:a Ha
60JIbiliOM KOHyce CKonHTCH MaTepHaJI O,l1.HOH nonyno,l1.atJH HnH nO,l1.atJH,
60nbilioH KOHYC onycKaeTcH, H MaTepHan 3aCbmaeTCH BHYTPb ,l1.0MHbI.
DpH norpY3Ke MaTepHana H3 CKHna BO Bpam.aIOrn.HHcH pacnpe,l1.eJIHTenb
KpymfbIe KYCKH nO>KaTCH Ha MaJIbIH KOHYC ,l1.anbIIIe, tJeM MenKHe. Bcnek
CTBHe 3TOro MaTepHan 6Y,l1.eT pacnpe,l1.e.JIeH no cetJeHHIO HepaBHoMepHo
(pHC. 1-10, 6, HH>KHHH KPyr). DocJIe OTKpbITHH Manoro KOHyca Ma-
TepHan CCbmaeTCH Ha 60nbilioH KOHYC, a cne,l1.0BaTeJIbHO, H B netJb
B TaKOM >Ke nopH,l1.Ke pacnOnO>KeHHH 60nbIIIHx H ManbIX KYCKOB, KO-
TOpbIH OH MMen BO Bparn.aIOrn.eMcH pacnpe,l1.eJIHTeJIe (pHC. 1-10, 6, HH>K-
HHH KPyr). EcnH MaTepHan nocJIe,l1.YIOrn.Hx CKHnOB npO,l1.OJI>KaTb CCbmaTb
TaK >Ke, TO OKa>KeTCH, tJTO co CTOpOHbI CKHna (HaKnOHHoro MOCTa) netJb
Bce BpeMH 6Y,l1.er 3arpy>KaTbCH MenKHMH KYCKaMH, a C npOTHBOnOnO>K-
HOll CTOpOHbI - KpynHbIMH. Eho npHBe,l1.eT K HepaBHoMepHoMY npo-
lJ,eccy nnaBKH tJyrYHa no cetJeHHIO ,l1.0MHbI, TaK KaK B TOM MecTe, r,l1.e
pacnOnO>KeHbI KpynHbIe KYCKH, ra3 npOXO,l1.HT nertJe H >Ke.JIe30 XOpOiliO
BOCCTaHaBnHBaeTCH; B MeCTax >Ke, r,l1.e cocpe,l1.0TOtJeHbI Me.JIKHe KYCKH,
ra3 npOXO,l1.HT C TPY,l1.0M H npOlJ,eCC BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH >Kene3a npOTeKaeT
3aMe,l1.neHHO. )].nH YCTpaHeHHH 3TOro netJH CJIe,l1.yeT 3arpY>KaTb TaKHM
06pa30M, tJT06bI KpynHbIe H MeJIKHe KYCKH PY,l1.bI, <pnIOca, KOKca pac-
npe,l1.eJIHnHCb no cetJeHHIO ,l1.0MHbI paBHOMepHO.
PaBHOMepHoe pacnpe,l1.e.JIeHHe MaTepHana B ,l1.0MenHOll netJH npOH3-
BO,l1.HTCH Bparn.aIOrn.HMCH pacnpe,l1.eJIHTe.JIeM. DYCTb MaTepHan Bcex CKHnOB
nepBOH HCXO,l1.nOH nO,l1.atJH CCbmaeTCH H3 Bparn.aIOrn.erOCH pacnpe,l1.eJIH-
TeJIH nocne OTKpbIBanHH Manoro Konyca na 6onbilioH KOHYC 6e3 nOBO-
pOTa pacnpe,l1.eJIHTe.JIH. B 3TOM cnytJae, KaK y>Ke YKa3bIBanoCb, Kpyn-
HbIe KYCKH MaTepnana 6Y,l1.YT nO>KHTbCH C npOTHBOnOJIO>KHOH CTOpOHbI,
a MeJIKHe - CO CTOpOHbI CKHna (pHC. 1-106). 3aTeM npH 3arpY3Ke
BTOpOH nO,l1.atJH nocne Ka>K,l1.0rO CKHna 6Y,l1.eM nOBopatJHBaTb Bparn. aIO -
rn.HHCH pacnpe,l1.e.JIHTeJIb BMeCTe C MaTepHanOM BCHKI1ll pa3, HanpHMep,
Ha 60°. Tor,l1.a KpynHbIe KYCKH MaTepHana BTOpOll nO,l1.atJH cTaHYT CCbI-
naTbCH Ha 6oJIbiliOll KOHYC H BHYTPb ,l1.0MHbI B MeCTe, C,l1.BHHYTOM Ha 60°
OT OCH HaKnoHHoro MOCTa (pHC. 1-10, B, cpe,l1.HHll H BepxHHll Kpym).
21

1"':1
I I
I ,
:s

I
I
,
I
I I
I',
I ,
,
I
I
- - - - - - -,
1/
/I
--------{(
_ _ - _ _ _ _ J;
- - -
,
" ,
\._----
'--- ---
<::0
C7)
<0
C>')
I
I
I
I
, I
,
, I
I I,
I ,
, I
I 1
.---'
,)
:'
,I
I'
"
II
"
rp 1800
PHC. 1-9. BpaIllalOII{HHcH pacnpeJJ;eJlIITeJlb;
I - nOi'OpOTHaH sopOHKa (nOJlbIIi Jl,HJlHH.I\P); 2 - MaJlbJII KOIIYC

rtpH SarpY3Ke TpeTbeH nO,n:aIJH nocne Ka>K,n:oro CKHna 6y,n:eM BpamalO-
j.u.HHCfI pacnpe,n:eJJHTeJIb BMeCTe C MaTepHanOM nOBOpaIJHBaTb BCflKHH
pas Y>Ke Ha ,n:pyroH yron, HanpHMep, Ha 120°. B nOM cJIYIJae KpynHbIe
KYCKH MaTepHana 6y,n:YT CCbInaTbCfI Ha 60nbIIIoH KOHYC H BHYTPb ,n:OMHbI
8 MecTe, C,n:BHHYTOM Ha 120° OTHOCHTeJIbHO OCH MOCTa. ITpH 3arpYSKe
qeTBepTOH no,n:aIJH BpamammHHCfI pacnpe,n:eJIHTeJIb nOBOpaIJHBaeM BCfI-
KHH pas nocne Ka>K,n:oro CKHna Ha 180° H T. ,n:. CCbInafl TaKHM 06pa30M
MaTepHan B ,n:OMHY, MO>KHO ,n:06HTbCfI 60nee paIJ.HOHanbHoro ero pacnpe-
AeJIeHHfI no CeIJeHHIO ,n:OMHbI.
G)

<:::.:g
0)
B)
PaCn0J70IKeNUe
MamepU0J70
NO {jOJ7bIJJOM
KON1jce
Pocn0J70l/(effUe
MomepUOIlO NO
M0J70M IWN1jCe
noclle noBopomo BP
Pocn0J70l/(eNUe
MGmepUGIlG Na
M0J70M KON1jce
iJo noBopomG BP
PIIC. 1-10. CxeMa pa60TbI BpaII{8IOII{erOCH pacnpeJJ;eJlIITeJlH:
a - CTalIJI,HSI Bpall\alOll\eeOC>J pacnpe.AeJlHTeJJ>J; 6 - 3aepY3Ka MaTepHaJia Ha
(jOJIbillOI! KOHYC (je3 nosopOTa spall\alOll\ecoc>J pacnpeJleJIHTeJlSl (I ->J CTaHJI,II>J);
B - 3aepY3Ka MaTepHaJia Ha IioJlbillOIi KOHYC C nosopOTOM spall\alOll\ecocSi pac-
npeJleJlHTeJISI Ha 60° (2-SI CTaHJI,HSI)
ITOBOpOT pacnpe,n:eJIHTeJIfI MO>KeT OCymeCTBJIflTbCfI Ha nlO6bIe B03-
paCTalOmHe yrnbI. B npOCTeHIIIeM CJIyqae yron nOBOpOTa YBeJIHIJHBaeTCfI
KpaTHO 60°. ITpH 3TOM BpamalOmHHCfI pacnpe}l.eJIHTeJIb HMeeT IIIeCTb
CTaHIJ.HH. Ha nepBOH CTaHIJ.HH pacnpe,n:enHTeJIb He nOBOpaqHBaeTCfI,
Ha BTOpOH OH nOBOpaIJHBaeTCfI nOCJIe Ka>K,n:oro CKHna Ha 60°, Ha
TpeTbeH - Ha 120°, Ha qeTBepToH - Ha 180°, Ha nflTOH"':'" Ha 120°
B 06paTHYlO CTOPOHY H Ha JIIeCTOH - Ha 60° B 06paTHYlO CTOPOHY
(pHC. 1-10, a).
K nOCTpoeHHbIM B nOCne}l.HHe ro,n:bI BbIcoKonpoH3Bo,n:HTenbHbIM ,n:o-
MeHHbIM neIJaM npe,n:'bflBJIflIOTCfI Tpe60BaHlIfl: HMeTb He IIIeCTb,_ a 60nbIIIee
qHCJIO CTaHIJ.HH -,n:o 24, KOTopbIe MO>KHO 6bInO 6bI no >KeJIaHHIO HS-
MeHflTb, a TaK>Ke HMeTb B03MO>KHOCTb nonYIJaTb pa3Hoe IJHCJIO CTaHIJ.HH
l{nfl n,paBbIx H neBbIX CKHnOB, }l.JIfI py,n:HbIX H KOKCOBbIX CKHnOB.
23

1\1 a JI bI H H 0 0 JI b III 0 H K 0 H Y C bI. ManbIH KOHYC, KaK
Y>Ke YKa3bIBaJIOCb paHee, HBJIHeTCH ,n:HOM BpalOmerOCH pacnpe,n:e-
JIHTeJIH. OnYCKaHCb BCHKHH pa3 nOCJIe Ka>K,n:oro CKHna, MaJIbIH KOHYC
CCbIllaeT MaTepHaJI Ha OOJlbIIIOH KOHYC. BOJIbIIIOH KOHYC 3aKpbIBaeT
3arpY30lIHoe OTBepCTHe ,n:OMeHHOH nelIH, npemnCTBYH BbIXO,n:y ra30B,
a C HHM H MaTepHaJIa H3,n:OMeHHOH nelIH. BOJIbIIIOH KOHYC onYCKaeTCH,
OTKpWBaH 3arpy30lIHoe OTBepCTHe ,n:OMHW, O,n:HH HnH ,n:Ba pa3a B no-
,n:aIIY. PaOOTa Manoro H OOJlbIIIOro KOHYCOB ,n:OJI>KHa OblTb TaK corna-
COBaHa, IITOObI onycKaHHe Ok
Horo KOHyca Morno npoHcxo-
,n:HTb TonbKO npH 3aKpbITOM.
,n:PyroM KOHyce.
Ma.rrbIH 'H OOJIbIIIOH KOHYCW
no,n:BeIIIeHbI Ha OaJIaHCHpax E
(pHC. I-II, a, 6). KOHYCbJ B 3a-
KpbITOM COCTOHHHH y,n:ep>KH-
BalOTCH npoTHBoBecaMH n B.
BOJlbIIIOH KOHYC no,n:BeIIIeH K
oanaHcHpy Ha IIITaHre III E, a
ManbIH - K oanaHcHPY (IIepe3
IIIapHKoBbIH no,n:nHTHHK) Ha
TPyoe III M, B KOTOpOH npoxo-
,n:HT IIITaHra oonbIIIoro KOHyca.
Y npaBJleHHe oTKpbIBaHHeM Ma-
noro H Oo.rrbIIIoro KOHYCOB npo-
H3BO,n:HTCH O,n:HOH neoe,n:KoH, YC-
TaHOBneHHOH B MaIIIHHHOM 3,n:a-
HHH. J1eoe,n:Ka KOHYCOB COCTOHT
H3 3yolIaTOro KOJIeca 3K, CBH3aHHoro C npHBo,n:HbIM ,n:BHraTe-
JIeM lIepe3 pe.n:YKTOp, oapaoaHa Manoro KOHyca EMK H oapaoaHa
OOJIbIIIOro KOHyca EEK. BanaHcHpbI KOHYCOB coe,n:HHeHbI lIepe3 Ha-
npaBnHlOmHe IIIKHBbI C cooTBeTcTBYlOmHMH oapaoaHaMH ne6e,n:KH.
3yolIaTOe Koneco YCTaHOBJleHO nocepe,n:HHe Me>K,n:y oapaoaHaMH Manoro
H oonbIIIoro KOHYCOB. B npHnHBbI 3yolIaToro KOJIeCa ynHpalOTCH KY-
naKH Ka>K:,n:oro H3 oapaoaHoB. KOHCTPYKTHBHO 3TO BbInOJIHeHO TaK,
lITO npH nOBopoTe 3yolIaToro KOJIeCa OT HCXO,n:HOro nOnO>KeHHH B O,n:HY
CTOpOHy OHO Cu.ennHeTCH C nOMomblO npHnHBa H KynaKa TonbKO C O,n:HHM
oapaoaHOM Manoro KOHyca, a npH nOBopore 3yolIaTOro Koneca H3
TaKoro >Ke Hcxo,n:Horo nOJlO>KeHHH B npOTHBOnOnO>KHYlO CTOPOHY OHO
cu.ennHeTCH TOJlbKO C oapaoaHOM OOJIbIIIOrO KOHyca. 3a Hcxo,n:Hoe nono-
>KeHHe B ,n:aHHOM cnYlIae npHHHMaeTCH TO, KOTopoe COOTBeTcTByeT 3a-
KpbITbIM OOOHM KOHycaM. TaI5aH KOHCTPYKlI,HH neoe,n:KH ooecnelIHBaeT
Ha,n:e>KHYIO paooTy CHCTeMbI, TaK KaK npH 3TOM HCKnlOlIaeTCH B03-
MO>K:HOCTb o,n:HOBpeMeHHoro onycKaHHH OOOHX KOHYCOB.
K 0 H T P 0 n b H bI e 3 0 H ,n: bI. KOHTpOJlbHbIe 30H,n:bI npe,n:Ha3-
HalIeHbI MH 3aMepa ypOBHH IIIHXTbI B ,n:OMeHHOH nelIH. OHH npe,n:CTaB-
nHlOT COOOH CTanbHbJe CTep>KHH, KOTopbIe OKaHIIHBalOTCH ,n:HCKaMH.
UJ
6'.
np K
PliC. ] -1]. !\HHeMaTII'IeCKaH cxeMa MaJIOrO
II <50JlbIIIOrO KOHYCOB:
M I( - MJlb111 KOIIYC; El( - OOJlbwoli KOHYC;
E - (jaJ1anCHpb1; Dn - npOTHsoseCb1; mE-
WTaHea AJlI! nOJ\seca (jOJlbIlIOro KOHyca; mM -
llITaHea .AJlI! nOJ\Beca MaJloeO KOHyca; EM I( - (ja-
pa(jaH MaJloro KOHyca; EEl( - (japa(jaH (jOJIbWO-
co KOHyca; 31( - 3y(jqaTOe KOJleCO; UP - npHJ1!!-
SbI 3y(jqaTOro KOJleCa; l( - KYJlaKH (japa(jaHos
24

Oocne)l.HHe He )l.alOT norpY3HTbCSI 30H)l.aM B IlIHXTY npH onYCKaHHH HX
Ha ee' nOBepXHOCTb. 30H)l.bI )l.OJDKHbI nO)l.HHMaTbCSI BCSIKHH pa3 nepe)l.
OTKpWBaHHeM 60bIlIoro KOHyca H onYCKaTbCSI npH ero 3aKpWBaHHH.
OHH cne)l.SIT 3a H3MeHeHHeM ypOBHSI IlIHXTbI. C nOBbIIlIeHHeM ypOBHSI
mHXTbI OHH nO)l.HHMaIOTCSI, a C nOHH}KeHHeM onYCKaIOTCSI. OT 30H)l.OB
qepes Hanp-aBnSIlOmHe pOJIHKH H)l.YT KaHaTbI K ne6e)l.Ke KOHTponbHbIX
30H)l.OB, HaXO)l.SImeHCSI B MaIlIHHHOM
3)1.aHHH. TIpH H3MeHeHHH nonO}Ke-
HHSI 30H)l.OB 6apa6aH ne6eAKH COOT-
BeTCTBeHHO nOBOpa'lHBaeTCSI, 'lTO BbI-
- 3bIBaeT )l.eHCTBHe naMnOBoro nepe-
KJO'laTeSI, KOTOpbIH C nOMOmblO
,CHrHanbHbIX naMn YKa3bIBaeT Ha
ypOBeHb IlIHXTbI B )l.OMeHHOH ne'lH
B )l.aHHbIH MOMeHT.
Y p a B H H Ten b H bI e K JI a-
n a H bI. TIpH nOBbIIlIeHHOM )l.aB-
neHHH ra30B Ha KonOIlIHHKe 3aTpYk
HSIeTCSI onYCKaHHe Manoro H 60b-
IlIOro KOHYCOB, TaK KaK npH 3TOM
no)l. KOHYCOM )l.aBneHHe 3Ha'IHTebHO
BbIIlIe, 'leM Ha)l. HHM. TI03TOMY B COB- PIIC. 1-12. CxeMa pacnOJlO>KeliliH
ypaBHIITeJlbHbIx KJlarraHOB:
'peMeHHblx )l.OMeHHblx neqax npe)l.Y-
CMaTpHBaeTcSI nepe)l. onycKaHHeM KO-
Hyca ypaBHHBaHHe )l.aBneHHH Ha)l. H
nO)l. KOHYCOM, 'ITO ocymecTBSIeTcSI
ypaBHHTenbHbIMH KJIanaHaMH. TIpH-
MeHSIIOT 'leTblpe ypaBHHTeJIbHbIX KnanaHa: )l.Ba KnanaHa (neBbIH H
npaBbIH) Manoro KOHyca YKMK H )l.Ba KanaHa (neBbIH H npaBbIH)
60nbIlIoro KOHyca YKEK (pHC. 1-12).
TIepeA onycKaHHeM Maoro KOHyca oTKpWBaKITCSI ypaBHHTebHwe
KanaHbI Manoro KOHyca, B pesYJIbTaTe 'lero ,lI.aBneHHe B Me}KKoHycHOM
npocTpaHcTBe CTaHOBHTCSI paBHbIM aTMoc<lJepHoMY.
TIepeA onycKaHHeM 60nbIlIoro KOHyca oTKpbIBalOTCSI ero ypaBHH-
TebHble KanaHbI. 3TO npHBO,lI.HT K YBeHqeHHIO ,lI.aBeHHSI B Me}KKO-
HYCHOM npocTpaHcTBe, T. e. K BblpaBHHBaHHIO ,lI.aBneHHH Ha,lI. H no,lI.
60nbIlIHM KOHYCOM.
 1-3. nporp8MM8 s8rpysKH
3arpY3Ka ,lI.OMeHHaif ne'lH PY,lI.OH, qmlOcaMH H KOKCOM ,lI.O}KHa npo-
H3BO,lI.HTbCSI He npOH3BOJIbHO, a B onpeAeeHHOM nOpSI,lI.Ke, no onpe.zr.e-
neHHOH nporpaMMe, YCTaHaBHBaeMOH Ha OCHOBaHHH XHMH'leCKOrO aHa-
nH3a CblpbIX MaTepHaOB (PY,lI.bI, <lJnlOcoB, KOKca), nO,lI.ne>KamHX 3arpY3Ke
B ne'lb, H He06xo,lI.HMOCTH nonY'leHHSI noce nnaBKH 3a,lI.aHHoro copTa 'lY-
ryHa. -YeM ny'lIlIe nOJI.rOTOBeHbI MaTepHabI. 'IeM OHH aTebHee B3Be-
IlIeHbI H npaBHnbHee 3arpY}KeHbI B ne'lb, TeM 6oee Y,lI.OBeTBopHTebHO
npOTeKaeT npoecc naBKH H TeM BbIllie Ka'leCTBO BbmaBeHHoro 'lyrYHa.
25
YKM f( - ypaBHHTeJlbHbIIi KJlanaH MaJlO-
ro KOHyca; Y KEf( - ypaSHHTeJlbHbII! KJla-
naH (jOJlbWOCO KOHyca; M f( - MaJlbII! KO-
HYC; Ef( - (jOJlbWOI! KOHYC; BP - Bpa-
ll\alOll\Hl!cH pacnpe,[\eJlHTCJlb

npaB11JIbHOH 3arpY3Ke AOMeHHOH neqll YJJ.eJIHeTCH 60nbIIIOe BHll-
MaH11e. Becb MaTep11an, 3arpY>KeHHblH 13 neqb, JJ.OJI>KeH qepeJJ.Ol3aTbCH
CJIOHMlf. npll 3TOM CJIOll PYJJ.bl. <lJmoca. KOKCa C ILeJIblO nyqIIIerO BOCCTa-
HOBneH11H >KeJIe3a He JJ.OJI>KHbI 6bITb BbICOKllM11. no YKa3aHHOH npll-
q11He JJ.OMHa 3arpY>KaeTCH nOJJ.aqaMll. 13 KOTopble BXOJJ.HT Bce He06xoJJ.ll-
Mble JJ.nH BbmnaBK11 JJ.aHHoro copTa qyrYHa MaTepllaJIbI B CTpOro onpe-
JJ.JIeHHbIX BeCOBbIX nponopILllHX. B nOJJ.aqy B onpeJJ.eJIeHHOH nOCJIeJJ.o-
B8TeJIbHOCTll BXOJJ.HT HeCKOJIbKO CK11nOB pyJJ.bl, <lJnIOCOB. KOKca. no-
JJ.aqa. COCTOHmaH 113 HeCKOJIbK11X CK11nOB PYJJ.bI, <lJnlOcoB II KOKca,
CCbmaeTCH B JJ.OMHY np11 OTKpbIBaH11ll 60JIbIIIOrO KOHyca 13 OJJ.llH np11eM.
cpa3Y. 11n11 13 JJ.Ba np11eMa.
HHJJ.eKcaILllH n0JJ.aq11 06nerqaeTCH, ecJI1r 0603HaqllTb MaTep11aJIbI,
norpy>KaeMble B neqb, COOTBeTCTBYIOIII.llMll llHJJ.eKcaM11. Hanp11Mep.
PYJJ.Ho-<lJnIOCOBYIO qaCTb nOJJ.aqll qepe3 P, KOKCOBYIO - K. a OTKpbIBa-
Hlle 60JIbIIIOrO KOHyca. KorJJ.a np011CXOJJ.11T CCbmaHlle nOJJ.aq11 11n11
nOJIynOJJ.aqll B JJ.OMHy, - O. B 3TOM cnyqae nOJJ.aqa, COCTOHaH 113
JJ.BYX CKllnOB PYJJ.bI 11 JJ.BYX CK11nOB KOKca 11 npll OJJ.HOKpaTHOM ony-
CKamm 60JIbIIIOro KOHyca, MO>KeT 6blTb Han11caHa B TaKOM B11JJ.e:
PPKKO.
Ha npaKTllKe np11MeHHIOT pa3n11qHble Bap11aHTbI nOJJ.aq. CYIII.eCT-
BYIOT n0JJ.aqll HopManbHble 11 pacm.enneHHble. TaK, HanpllMep.
PPPKKO - nHTllCK11nOBaH HOpMaJIbHaH nOJJ.aqa; PPPKKKO - lle-
CT11CK11nOBaH HOpMaJIbHaH nOJJ.aqa. np11 3TOM 60nbllOH KOHYC ony-
CKaeTCH OJJ.llH pa3 13 nOJJ.aqy. T. e. BHYTPb JJ.OMHbI CCbmaeTCH ILeJIKOM
BCH nOJJ.aqa. PPOKKO - qeTblpexcKllnoBaH HopManbHaH nOJJ.aqa,
PPPOKKO - nHTllCK11nOBaH HopManbHaH nOJJ.aqa, PPPOKKKO-
IIIeCTllCKllnOBaH HOpMaJIbHaH nOJJ.aqa. npll 3TOM 60JfbIIIOH KOHYC OTKpbI-
BaeTCH JJ.Ba pa3a 13 nOJJ.aqy, T. e. BHYTPb JJ.OMHbI MaTep11aJI CCbmaeTCH
JJ.BYMH nOJIyn0JJ.aqaM11.
B HOpMaJIbHblX nOJJ.aqax npll JJ.BOHHOM onYCKaH11ll OOJIbIIIOro KO-
Hyca B OJJ.HOH nOJIynoJJ.aqe 11MeeTCH TOJIbKO pYJJ.a. <lJJIIOCbI. a 130 BTO-
pOH - TOJIbKO . KOKC. Pacm.enneHHaH >Ke nOJJ.aqa pa3JJ.eJIHeTCH Ha JJ.Be
nonynOJJ.aqll. Ka>KJJ.aH TaKaH nonynoJJ.aqa 11MeeT PYJJ.Ho-<lJnlOcoBYIO
qaCTb 11 KOKC. 3JJ.ecb pYJJ.a 11 KOKC BceH n0JJ.aqll paCIII.enneHbI Ha JJ.Be
qaCT11 11 rpY3HTCH KaK B nepBoH. TaK 11 BO BTOpOH nonynoJJ.aqax. np11-
MepaM11 paCIII.enneHHbIX nOJJ.aq HBnHIOTCH: PKPOPKKO - lleCTllCKll-
nOBaH paCIII.enJIeHHaH nOJJ.aqa. PPKKOPKKO - ceMllCKllnOBaH pac-
III.enneHHaH nOJJ.aqa.
llooa'lu, lia'lUftalOU{ueCfl 8 sacPYSIW clwna pyOOU. lia3bt8alOm npfl-
.MbLM.U. J1.0 1941 r. OCHOBHbIM BllJJ.OM n0JJ.aq11 6brna npHMaH. B nocneBoeH-
Hble roJJ.bI Ha Hall11X MeTaJIJIyprnqeCK11X aaBOJJ.ax 6brna np11MeHeHa
npaKT11Ka perYJI11pOBaH11H npOlI.ecCOB nnaBK11 qyrYHa B JJ.oMeHHoH neqll
nYTeM C11CTeMaT11qeCKOrO 113MeHeHllH nporpaMMbI nOJJ.aq11. np11 3TOM
nonyq11nll III11poKoe pacnpOCTpaHeH11e TaIOKe II 06paTHble nOJJ.aq11.
HaqHHalOIII.11eCH C 3arpY3Kll KOKca. B TaKllX JJ.oMeHHbIX neqax npHMble
11 06paTHble n0JJ.aq11 qepeJJ.YIOTcH, qTO ocyrn,eCTBJIHeTCH C nOMOIII.blO cxeMbI
ynpaBJIeH11H CllCTeMOH 3arpY3Kll.
26

t 1-4. nOcneAoB8T8nbHocTb p8doTbi M8X8HH8MOB
CHCTeMbl 8arpY8KH
Py,n:a H 4>nlOcbI ,n:OCTaBJIHIOTCH BarOHOM-BecaMH OT py,n:HbIX 6YHKepoB
1< C1<HnOBOH HMe. MaIIIHHHCT OCTaHaBJIHBaeT BarOH-BeCbI Ha,n: npHeMHbIMH
,'BOpoHKaMH CKHnOBOH HMbI H OTKpbIBaeT 3aTBOp o,n:Horo KapMaHa Ba-
, roHa-BeCOB, nOCJIe qero co,n:ep>KHMOe KapMaHa CCbmaeTCH B CTOHIIJ.HH
-BHH3Y CKHn. IToCJIe 3arpY3KH CKHna py,n:OH MaIIIHHHCT BarOHa-BeCOB KO-
iMaH,n:oannapaTOM, YCTaHOBneHHbIM Ha nOCTY y CKHnOBOH HMbI, no,n:aeT
'HMnynbc Ha no,n:'beM CKHna. Eo BpeMH no,n:'beMa rpY>KeHOrO, HanpHMep,
;npaBoro CKHna nOpO>KHHH neBbIH CKHn onycKaeTCH BHH3. Kor,n:a rpy-
)KeHbIH CKHn no,n:HHMeTCH Ha KOJIOIIIHHK, OH onpoKHHeTcH H Ha'lHeT
'BblcbmaTb MaTepHaJI BO BpaIIJ.alOIIJ.HHCH pacnpe,n:eJIHTeJIb, nOpO>KHHH >Ke
CKHn, neBbIH, CTaHeT no,n: 3arpY3Ky. MaIIIHHHcT OTl,{pbIBaeT - 3aTBop
BTopOro KapMaHa BaroHa-BecoB.H sarpY>KaeT MaTepHaJIOM BTOpOH CKHn,
aTeM OH no,n:aeT HMnynbc Ha no,n:'beM CKHna. 3TOT CKHn, TaK >K.e KaK H
'npaBbIH, no,n:HHMaeTCH Ha KOJIOIIIHHK, onpoKH,n:bIBaeTcH H crpY>K.aeT Ma-
TepHan BO BpaIIJ.alOIIJ.HHCH pacnpe,n:eJIHTeJIb.
ITpoIJ,ecc 3arpY3KH KOKCOM npoTeKaeT HeCKOJIbKO HHa'le. 3arpY3Ka
'CKHna KOKCOM npoH3Bo,n:HTCH Henocpe,n:cTBeHHO H3 KOKCOBbIX oYHKepoB,
KOTopbIe pacnOJIO>KeHbI Ha,n: .cKHnoBoH HMOH no ooe CTOpOHbI OCH CKH-
nOBoro no,n:'beMHHKa: O,n:HH ,n:nH npaBoro, ,lI.pyroH ,lI.JIH neBOro CKlma.
: ECJIH, cornaCHO nporpaMMe 3arpY3KH, O'lepe,lI.HOH CKHn 3arpy>KaeTCH
'KOKCOM, TO B HH>K.HeM HCXO,lI.HOM nOJIO>KeHHH CKHna aBTOMaTH'leCKH OT-
'KpbIBaeTCH COO:rBeTCTBYIOIIJ.HH 3aTBOp -KOKCOBbIX BeCOB, H KOKC crpy-
.JKaeTCH B CKHn. ITOCJIe 3TOro 3aTBOp KOKCOBbIX BeCOB 3aKpbIBaeTCH II
, nO,lI.aeTCH HMnynbc Ha no,n:'beM CKHna. C Ha'laJIOM no,n:'beMa CKHna OY,lI.eT
no,n:aH HMnynbc Ha nYCK rpOXOTa, H KOKCOBaH BecoBaH BopOHKa CTaHeT
BanOnHHTbCH KOKCOM ,n:o 3a,lI.aHHoro Beca. HanOJIHeHHbIe CKHnbI, KaK
YKa3bIBanOCb paHee, crpY>K.alOTCH BO BpaIIJ.alOIIJ.HHCH pacnpe,lI.enHTeJIb,
'KOTOpbIH (B COOTBeTCTBHH C HOMepOM no,n:aqH) nOBOpa'lHBaeTCH nocne
Ka>K.,lI.oro CKHna Ha TOT HnH HHOH yrOJI. ITpH 3TOM ManbIH KOHYC OTKpbI-
BaeTCH, crpY>K.aH M'RTepHaJI _Ha oonbIIIOH KOHYC, oonbIIIOH. >K.e KOHYC
OTKpbIBaeTCH O,n:HH HnH ABa pa3a B no,n:a'lY, crpY>K.aH MaTepHan B ,n:o-
MeHH}'1O ne'lb. ITpH 3TOM npe.n.ycMaTpHBaeTcH, 'lTOObI nepe,lI. oTKpbIBa-
HHeM OOJIbIIIOro KOHyca KOHTpOJIbHbIe 30H,n:bI no,n:HHMaJIHCb BBepx, a
nocne 3aKpbIBaHHH onYCKaJIHCb BHHS; nepe.n. onYCKaHHeM Manoro KOHyca
OTKpbIBanHCb ypaBHHTenbHbIe KJIanaHbI YKMK, a nepe,lI. onYCKaHHeM
oonbIIIoro KOHyca - ypaBHHTenbHbIe KJIanaHbI YKEK.
BbICOKaH npOH3BO,lI.HTeJIbHOCTb COBpeMeHHOH ,lI.OMeHHOH ne'lH nOJIY-
qaeTCH npH 6oJIbIIIOH HanpH>K.eHROCTH paOOTbI MexaHHSMOB CHCTeMbI sa-
rpY3KH. IT03TOMY Heooxo,n:HMO HMeTb MHHHMaJIbHO B03MO>K.HOe BpeMH
pa60TbI OT,lI.eJIbHbIX MexaHH3MOB H naY3, T. e. MHHHMaJIbHO BOSMO>K.HOe
BpeMH IJ,HKJIa paOOTbI CHCTeMbI 3arpYSKH.
ITOCJIe,lI.OBaTeJIbHOCTb pa60TbI MexaHH3MOB CHCTeMbI sarpY3KH YCTa-
HaBJIHBaeTCH C nOMOIIJ.blO KOMaH,lI.OKOHTpOJInepa' nporpaMMbI - KKll,
HBnHIOIIJ.HMCH rnaBHbIM KOMaH,lI.OannapaTOM CHCTeMbI ynpaBJIeHHH.
27

Ha pHC. 1-13 npe)J.cTaBJIeH rpa<lJHK, nOHcHHIOm.HH nocne)J.OBaTeJIb-
HOCTb pa60TbI MexaHH3MOB CHCTeMbI 3arpysKH. ITo ropH30HTaJIbHOH OCH
OTnO>KeHO BpeMH B ceKYH)I,ax, a no BepTHKanbHoH YKa3bIBaIOTcH Mexa-
HH3MbI CHCTeMbI. [1pHMoyrOJIbHHKH 0603HaIJaIOT npO)I,OJI>KHTeJIbHOCTb
pa60TbI MexaHHSMa. BKnIOIJaIOm.HH HMnynbc nOKa3aH CTpeJIKOH. fpa-
<pHK COCTaBJIeH )J.JIH nHTHCKHnOBoH nO)I,aIJH PPOKKKO npH nOBopoTe
Bpam.aIOm.erocH pacnpe)I,eJIHTeJIfi Ha 180°,
HaIJHeM paccMoTpeHHe rpa<pHKa C Toro MOMeHTa BpeMeHH, KOr)I,a
BaroH-BecbI, 3arpY>KeHHbIH ,MaTepHanoM, HaXO)J.HTCH Ha)I,. cKHnoBoH
HMOH, KOKCOBbIe BeCOBble BOpOHKH 3anonHeHbI KOKCOM, npaBbIH CKHn
HaXO)I,HTCfI B cKHnoBoH f1Me B O>KIUl.aHHH norpysKH, a JIeBbIH - Ha KO-
nOlllHHKe. MalllHHHcT BaroHa-BecOB nO)I,aeT HMnynbc Ha oTKpbIBaHHe
saTBopa npaBoro KapMaHa BaroHa-BecOB, nOCJIe qero npOH3BO)I,HTCfI
norpY3Ka PY)I,HbIX MaTepHanOB B CKHn J P, npO)I,OJI>KaIOm.aflCfI 10 ceK.
[10 OKOHIJaHHH 3arpYSKH CKHna J P MalllHHHCT 3aKpbIBaeT 3aTBOp npa-
BOro KapMaHa.H C nOMom.bIO KOMaHAoannapaTa nO)J.aeT HMnynbc Ha
nO)J.'beM npaBoro CKHna. Ha KOJIOlllHHKe CKHn JP OnpOKH)I,bIBaeTCfI,
BbICbmafi MaTepHan BO Bpam.aIOm.HHCH pacnpe)J.eJIHTenb BP. B KpaH-
HeM BpXHeM nOJIO>KeHHH CKHna JP BKJIIOIJaeTCH KKll, nO)I,aBaH CHrnan
MalllHHHCTY )I,nH norpY3KH PY)I,HbIM MaTepuanOM CJIe)I,YIOm.ero, neBoro
CKHna 2P. O)I,HOBpeMeHHO B KpaHHeM BepXHeM nOJIO>KeHHH CKHna J P
nO)J.aeTCH HMnynbC )I,nH pa60TbI BF, KOTOpbIH HaIJHHaeT nOBOpaIJHBaTbCH
He cpa3Y, a npHMepHO IJepes 5 ceK, qTO He06xo)J.HMO )I,nH nonHoro BbICbI-
naHHH MaTepHaJIa H3 CKHna B HenO)I,BH>KHYIO BOPOHKY BP. B Haqane
norpysKH neBoro cKHIia nO)I,ae-rCH HMnynbc )I,JIH pa6oTbIo JIe6e)I,OK ypaB-
HHTeJIbHbIX KnanaHOB Manoro KOHyca YKMK, KOTopble OTKpbIBaIOTCH
B TeIJeHHe 3 ceK; 3aTeM nOCJIe nHTHceKYH)I,HOH naY3bI KJIanaHbI YKMK
)I,aIOT pa3peIlIeHHe Ha oTKpbIBaHHe Manoro KOHyca MK. I1MnYJIbC >Ke
Ha onycKaHHe MaJIOrO KOHyca )J.aeTCH B HaIJane nO)I,'beMa cne)I,YIOm.ero
CKHna 2P. ManbIH KOHYC OTKpbIBaeTcH B TeIJeHHe 7 ceK H HaXO)I,HTCH
B OTKpbITOM nOJIO>KeHHH 3 ceK. B TeIJeHHe 3TOro BpeMeHH MaTepHan
CKHna J P BblCbrnaeTCH Ha 60JIbllIOH KOHYC, nocne qero ManbIH KOHYC
3aKpbIBaeTCH. O)I,HOBpeMeHHO C 3THM .nO)J.aeTCH HMnynbc Ha 3aKpbITHe
ypaBHHTenbHbIX KJIanaHOB YKMK.
IToCJIe 3arpY3KH BTOporo, neBoro, CKHna 2P PY)I,HbIM MaTepHanOM
npOHSBO)I,HTCH ero nO)I,'beM Ha KOJIOlllHHK. B KOHle nO)I,'beMa BTOpOro
CKHna KKll nepeMem.ae-rCH B HOBoe nOJIO>KeHHe, cooTBeTcTBYIOllI.ee no-
rpY3Ke TpeTbero CKHna 3K C KOKCOM. ITpH 3TOM KKll )I,aeT HMnynbc
Ha OTKpbIBaHHe 3aTBopa npaBoH KOKCOBOH BeCOBOH BOpOHKH. 3aTBop
oTKpbIBaeTcH B TeIJeHHe 2 ceK, HaXO)I,HTCH OTKpbITbIM npHMepHo 10 ceK
H 3aKpbIBaeTCH B TeIJeHHe 2 ceK. 3a 3TO BpeMH CKHn 3K ycneBaeT Ha-
nonHHTbCH KOKCOM. IToCJIe 3aKpbIBaHHH 3aTBopa BecOBOH BOpOKH
nO)J.aeTCH aBTOMaTIIIJeCKIlH HMnynbc Ha nO)I,'beM CKHna C KOKCOM 3K.
B HaIJane nO)I,'beMa CKHna 2P, KaK H B npe)J.bI)I,ym.eM cnYIJae, npoH3-
BO)I,HTCH B03)I,eHCTBHe Ha onycKaHHe Manoro KOHyca. ITepeA 3THM ypaB-
HHTeJIbHble KJIanaHbI YKMK 6bIJIH OTKpbITbI nOCJIe OTKpbITHH aaTBopa
KOKCOBOH BecoBoH BOpOHKH. Ha KOJI<?lllH'HKe CKHn 2P OnpOKH)I,bIBaeTCH
28

I  L i
 i
:::
r
I  ::?
"'"'"  '"
" '"
'"  ::
 '" £ . l:'"
 I . .,1:'  
'" 
K : 
 :" "'"
; I I
-" 
.,
'" '" ,g
 '"   ..
,g I ,i   
 "
:; g, 
'" 15
 K  
"
   ,g
; ,I !;
- -... '" 
'" fl  '"
 '"  "'.
"" " '" 'i1-  :t
  
I c;
" g . j
 .., ",g '"
   <1
 " K
"
 /j   
>: . ! I
","'- a ; I:'
 '"
E'" i ::? .., 
,-,'"
 '" ,g
:::sl:; '"
::n  ,,-'" 
g '"
:!:oi:; ;g  
 '"  
E: <> ..,
t:;",  
 '->  
""
",,,,- I I I:'
'" .,
E-
 '" ""
I:'
:::s" '" '"
03'->  ..
 - j! 
" 
,,,''is " f 
 Q ._
g> " ::I '" '"
" j i
   ..,h
-  t : Pk ,- I I
FL '"
:?IE I I
,
- --- - - "'- J1- - f.i'" : I
'"
    ,g  t:;  J g IS  ""
 i'j   ;e; '" 
:<} "'-'"  '" 0::: g " >c:
 . t:;'" .'" >c '''' i'J t:: ",,,, '," ':::s
. -g':" .iiJ ':::s
<i!i 'i!  >c "'f'-' '"   
'" .;g E '" g   
  <!': J5   <::: <8 %  

<0
<>
'"
:.:
::r
C1J
t::
;:::
o
:I:
:I:
C1J
:;;
o
"i
:.:
:.::
'"
:>,
0..
...
'"
'"
:a
:;;
C1J
E-o
<.J
:s:
<.J

o
:;;
'"
:s:
:I:
'"
><
C1J
:;;
:a
E-o
o
.0
OJ
0..
:.:
E-o
<.J
o
:I:
.c
<:
C1J
E-o
OJ

o
"i
C1J
<:
<.J
o
t::
:.::
:.:
-e-
'"
0..

or;
-
-
U
:s:
p.

H BbICbmaeT MaTepHaJI BO BpamaIOmHHCSI paCnpe,lI.eJIHTeJIb, nOCJIe,lI.HHH
Qepe3 5 ceK nOCJIe OCTaHOBKH CKHna 2P B KpaHHeM BepxHeM nOJImKeHHH
nOBOpaQHBaeTCSI. B Ha'lane nO,lI.'beMa TpeTbero CKHna 3K nO,lI.aeTCSI HM-
nynbC Ha oTKpbIBaHHe Manoro KOHyca, H PY,lI.HbIH MaTepHan CKHna 2P
CCbmaeTCSI Ha OOJIbIIIOH KOHYC. C Ha'lanOM 3aKpbIBaHHSI Manoro KOHyca
nO,lI.aeTCSI HMnynbC Ha nO,lI.'beM KOHTpOJIbHbIX 30H,lI.OB H pa3peIIIeHHe Ha
OTKpbITHe ypaBHHTeJIbHbIX KJIanaHOB oonbIIIoroKoHyca YKEK, TaK
KaK nocne BTOpOro PY,lI.HOro CKHna 2P nporpaMMOH 3arpY3KH npe,lI.y-
CMaTpHBaeTCSI OTKpbITHe OOJIbIIIOro KOHyca. TIoCJIe 3aKpbITHSI MK
,lI.aeTCSI HMnynbC Ha OTKpbIBaHHe ypaBHHTeJIbHbIX KJIanaHOB YKEK,
3aTeM C BbI,lI.ep}KKOH BpeMeHH 5 ceK ,lI.aeTCSI HMnynbC Ha oTKpbIBaHHe
OOJIbIIIOro KOHyca EK. B Ha'laJIe onycKaHHSI oonbIIIoro KOHyca no-
AaeTCSI HMnynbc Ha 3aKpbIBaHHe YKEK.
B Ha'lane nO,lI.'beMa CKHna 3K ,lI.aeTCSI HMnynbc Ha BKJIIO'leHHe npa-
Boro rpOXOTa ',lI.JISI 3anonHeHHSI npaBoH KOKCOBOH BOpOHKIl. BpeMSI 3a-
nOJIHeHHSI COCTaBJISIeT npHMepHO 50 ceK. B KpaHHeM BepXHeM nonO}Ke-
HHH CKHna 3K BKJIIO'laeTCSI KKll, H C BbI,lI.ep}KKOH BpeMeHH 5 ceK Ha'lH-
HaeT paooTaTb BP. KpoMe TOro, oTKpbIBaeTcSI 3aTBOp neBOH KOKCOBOH
BeCOBOH BOpOHKH, 3arpY>KaeTCSI KOKCOM CKHn 4K. TIocne 3aKpbITHSI 3aT-
Bopa BeCOBOH BOpOHKH nO,lI.aeTCSI IlMnynbc Ha nO,lI.'beM CKHna 4K.-B Ha-
'lane nO,lI.'beMa <noro CKHna nO,lI.aeTCSI HMnynbc Ha OTKpbITHe MK, H
KOKC CKHna 3K Ha'lHHaeT CCbInaTbCSI Ha EK. TIepe.zr. onYCKaHHeM MK
OTKpbIBaIOTCSI ypaBHHrenbHble KJIanaHbI Y KM K .lI.anbHeHIIIaSI paOOTa
MexaHH3MOB nOBTopSIeTCSI.
113 rpa<pHKa (pHC. 1-13) BH,lI.HO, 'lTO nOJIHOe BpeMSI O,lI.HOH nO,lI.a'lH
COCTaBJISIeT 248 ceK, 'lTO SIMSIeTCSI ,lI.nSI 3a,lI.aHHOH rrporpaMMbI 3arpY3KH
MIlHHMaJIbHbIM, TaK KaK rnaBHbIH nO,lI.'beMHHK paooTaeT C npe,lI.eJIbHO
MaJIbIMH naY3aMH, TpeoyeMbIMH ,lI.nSI norpY3KH MaTepHanOB B CKHn.

rnaBa II
ABTOMATMECKAR CMCTEMA 3ArpY3KM
nOMEHHOA nEM
t 2. P88BHTHe CHCTeM Vnp8BneHHR
TIepBaH COBeTCKaH aBTOMaTHIJeCKaH CHCTeMa 3arpY3KH AOMeHHOH
neIJH Obrna H3roTOBJleHa B 1933 r. ,n:nH THnOBOH ,n:oMeHHoH neIJH nOJle3-
HbIM OO'beMOM 930 M 3 . B TaKOH CHCTeMe :meKTponpHBo,n: rnaBJ.lOrO CKH-
nOBoro no,n:'beMHHKa HMeeT ,n:Ba ,n:BHraTeJlH nOCToHHHOro TOKa no
120 K8rn Ka>K,n:bIH c peOCTaTHbIM ynpaBJleHHeM H nocne)J.OBaTeJlbHO-
napanne.nbHblM BKJUOIJeHHeM ABHraTe.neH. CKOpOCTb no,n:'beMa CKHnOB
1,8 M/ceK.
BTopaH Mo,n:enb aBTOMaTHIJeCKOH CHCTeMbI 3arpY3KH obrna H3rOTOB-
JIeHa B 1935 r. )J.JlH ,n:OMeHHbIX neIJeH OO'beMOM 930-1100 M 3 . B ::noH
CHCTeMe npHMeHeHo oe3peOCTaTHOe ynpaBJIeHHe (f - J1.) ,n:BYMH ,n:BH-
raTeJlHMH rnaBHoro nO)J.'beMa THna Kn4-4, 190 KErn, 300 8, 62006/MUH.
CKOpOCTb no,n:'beMa CKHnOB 2,5 MiceK.
TpeTbH Mo,n:eJlb H3roTOBJIeHa B 1937 r. ,n:nH ,n:OMeHHbIX neIJeH OO'beMOM
1386 M 3 . Eha MO,n:e.nb OTnHIJaeTCH OT npe)J.bI.n:ym.HX npHMeHeHHeM )J.JlH
nHTaHHH ,n:BHraTeJleH maBHoro no,n:'beMa: O,n:HOro reHepaTopa THna
TIBK-6, 500 KErn, 750 06/MUH. B HeH npoH3Be,n:eHa 3aMeHa CIJeTHbIX
MeXaHIlIJeCKHX pe.ne Ha pene C MarHHTHbIM 3anHnaHHeM. 3TO peJle THna
P3-180 oe3 naTYHHoH HeMamHTHOH npOKJla,n:KH HMeeT ,n:Be KaTYIIIKH:
BTHrHBalOm.ylO - C oonbIIIHM IJHCJlOM BHTKOB H OCa>KHBalOm.ylO - C Ma-
JIbIM qHCJlOM BHTKOB. OCa>KHBalOm.aH KaTYIIIKa ,n:eHcTByeT BCTpeqHO
BTHfHBalOm.eH, ee HaMarnHIJIlBalOm.aH CHna (HC) He,n:OCTaTOIJHa, IJTOObI
npHTHHYTb HKOpb K cep,n:eIJHHKy pe.ne. TIpH BKJllOlJeHIlH BTHrHBalOm.eH
KaTYIIIKH Ha HanpH>KeHHe, pe.ne CpaOaTbIBaeT H OCTaeTCH B TaKOM BTH-
HYTOM COCTOHHHH 3a CIJeT )J.eHCTBHH OCTaTOIJHoro MameTH3Ma H nocJle
CHHTHH HanpH>KeHHH co BTHrHBalOm.eH KaTYIIIKH. J1.nH OTKJllOlJeHIlH peJle
CJle,n:yeT ,n:aTb KpaTKOBpeMeHHbIH HMnynbC HanpH>KeHHH Ha OCa>KHBalO-
YIO KaTYIIIKY, HC KOTOpOH nonHOCTblO pa3MarHHTHT pe.ne, B pe3ynb-
TaTe IJero peJl npH,n:eT B HOpMaJIbHOe nOnO>KeHIle. B CHCTeMe Mo,n:eJlH
-1937 r. BnepabIe npHMeHeH aBTOMaTHIJecKHH neperoH xonOCTbIX CKHnOB.
MaKCHMaJlbHaH CKOpOCTb no,n:'beMa CKHnOB 2,5-3 MiceK.
31

LIeTBepTaH MO.n;eJIb H3rOTOBneHa B 1941 r. .n;JIH .n;oMeHHoH nellH
061>eMOM 1386 MS. fIpOH3Be.n;eHbI HeKOTOpbIe YCOBepWeHCTBOBaHIHI CXeMbI
ynpaMeHHSI. BOJIee 3<l><PeKTHBHa 3aIIJ.HTa; MaKCHMaJIbHaH CKOpOCTb
nO.n;1>eMa CKHnOB 2,5-3 MiceK.
fISITaH Mo.n;eJIb (1949 r.) npe.n;Ha3HallaJIaCb .n;JIH .n;OMeHHbIX nelleH
eMKOCTblO 1386 M 3 C MOIII.HOCTblO reHepaTopa .n;BHraTeJISI .n;o 600 Kem.
IllecTaH Mo.n;eJIb (1952-1953 rr.) npe.n;Ha3HalleHa .n;JIH .n;OMeHHbIX
nelleH 061>eMOM 1513 H 1719 M 3 . B HeH YBeJIHlleHa MOIII.HOCTb .n;BHra-
TeJIeH rnaBHoro no.n;'beMa. fIpHMeHeHbI .n;Ba .n;BHraTeJISI TIlna .n.fI  - 6,
260 Kem. Y BeJIHlIeHa rpY30no.n;1>eMHOCTb JIe6e.n;KH C 15 .n;o 22,5 m, a
TaIOKe KOJIHlIeCTBO YCTaHaBnHBaeMbIx pa3nH1IHbIX nporpaMM C O.n;HOH
.n;o .n;BYX. fIorpY3Ka CKHnOB npoH3Bo.n;HTCH npH nlO6oM llepe.n;oBaHHH
.n;BYX pa3JIH1IHbIX nporpaMM B IJ.HKJIe no 3apaHee YCTaHoMeHHoH npo-
rpaMMe. KQnHlIeCTBO CTaHIJ.HH Bpanr.eHHSI pacnpe.n;eJIHTenSI YBeJIHlIeHO
C 6 .n;o 24. TaKHM o6pa30M, yrnbI nOBopoTa BP MorYT 6bITb YCTaHoB-
neHbI KpaTHblMH 15°. fIpe.n:ycMaTpHBalOTcSI .n;Be nporpaMMbI H3MeHeHHSI
yrna nOBopOTa, lITO .n;aeT B03MO}KHOCTb YCTaHaBnHBaTb He3aBHCHMbIe
nporpaMMbI nOBopOTa .n;nSI npaBbIX H neBbIX KOKCOBbIX H py.n;HbIX CKH-
nOB. fIpe.n;YCMOTpeHbI BnepBble ypaBHHTeJIbHble KJIanaHbI .n;nSI 60JIbWOrO
H MaJIoro KOHYCOB. Y CTaHOBneHa pa3.n;eJIbHaSI nporpaMMa ypOBHH «nelIb
nOJIHa» .n;nSI Ka}K.n;oro H3 30H.n;OB H OT.n;eJIbHO .n;nSI py.n;HOH H KOKCOBOH
llaCTIl no.n;aIlH. B OTJIHIIHe OT npe.n;bI.n;ynr.HX Mo.n;eJIeH aBapHHHbIH TOpM03
He npHMeHSIeTCSI. MaKCHManbHaSI CKOpOCTb no.n;1>eMa CKHna 3,5-
4 MiceK.
Ce.n;bMaH Mo.n;eJIb (1961 r.) npe.n;Ha3HalIeHa .n;nSI .n;OMeHHbIX nelleH
061>eMOM 2000 M 3 . MOIIUIOCTb .n;BHraTeJIeH H reHepaTopoB coxpaHSIeTCSI
TaKoH }Ke, KaK H B Mo.n;eJIH 1952-1953 rr. Mo.n;eJIb 1961 r.OTnHlIaeTCSI
OT npe.n;bI.ZJ:YIllHx TeM, lITO OHa 06ecnellHBaeT BbICOKonpOH3BO.n;HTeJIbHYIO
pa60TY .n;OMeHHOH nellH npH .n;OCTaBKe K CKHnaM py.n;Ho-qmlOCoBoH llaCTIl
IIIHXTbI KaK BarOHOM-BecaMH, TaK H TpaHcnopTepHOH CHCTeMOH. KOJIH-
lleCTBO nporpaMM no.n;allH YBeJIHIIHBaeTCH .n;o IlleCTH C B03MO}KHOCTblO
IJ.HKJIOBaHHH lIeTblpex nporpaMM. fIpHMeHSIeTCSI .n;HCTaHIJ.HOHHbIH Ha60p
nporpaMM; Ha60p no.n;alI H IJ.HKJIOB BbIHeceH K MacTepy. fIpHMeHeHO
nporpaMMHO-HHq>opMaIJ.HOHHOe YCTPOHCTBO. MaKCHMaJIbHaSI CKOpOCTb
no.n;1>eMa 3,5-4 MIceK.
 2-2. npHHHnbl nocTpoeHHR 80TOMaTHlieCKHX
CHCTeM aarpY8KH
B CHCTeMe 3arpY3KH .n;oMeHHoH nellH 60JIbIIIOe KOJIHllecTBO MexaHH3-
MOB CBH3aHO Me}K.n;y COOH ycnoBHSIMH TeXHonornllecKoro npOIJ.ecca.
ABTOMaTHlIeCKaSI CHCTeMa 3arpY3KH .n;OJI}KHa 06eCne1IHTb pa60TY 3THX
MexaHH3MOB B CTporo onpe.n;eJIeHHOH nocne.n;OBaTeJIbHOCTH.
YnpaBneHHe MexaHH3MaMH BaroHa-BecOB npOH3Bo.n;HTCSI, KaK npa-
BHJIO, BPYIIHYIO. fIorpY3Ka py.n;bl H q>nlOCOB B CKHnbI HalIHHaeTCSI OT
HMnynbca MaIIIHHHCTa BaroHa-BecoB. Bce OCTaJIbHbIe OrrepaIJ.HH .n;OJI}KHbI
32

OCYIII.eCTMHTbCH aBTOMaTH,eCKH. TaK, nOJIHOCTblO aBTOMaTH3HpyeTcH
paOOTa MeXaHH3MOB 3aCbInHoro annapaTa - BpaIII.alOIII.erOCH pacnpe-
,lI.eJIHTeJIH, KOHYCOB, 30H,n:OB, ypaBHHTeJIbHbIX KnarraHOB; MexaHH3MOB
KOKCOBOH 3arpY3KH - rpOXOTOB H KOKCOBbIX BecOBbIX BOpOHOK; rro,n:'beM-
HHKa npH 3arpY3Ke KOKCOM.
TpaHcnopmpOBKa H norpY3Ka py,n:Ho-<pnlOCOBOH IlIHXTbI OT OYH-
KepOB B CKHrrbI C. nOMOIII.blO BaroHa-BecoB H3-3a CnO>KHOCTH ,n:o CHX nop
He aBTOMaTH3HpOBaHbI.
B HaCTOHIII.ee BpeMH Haxo,n:HT Bce oonbllIee npHMeHeHHe ,lI.nH MOIII.-
HbIX ,lI.OMeHHbIX netIeH KOHBeHepHaH, HenpepbIBHaH ,n:OCTaBKa py,n:bI H
<pnlOCOB K CKHnaM, npH KOTOpOH 3arpY3Ka B CKHnbI 3THX MaTepHaJIOB
npOH3BO,ll.HTCH aBTOMaTHtIeCKH, oe3 B03,n:eHCTBHH co CTOpOHbI one-
paTopa.
Tpe6yeMaH nOCne,ll.OBaT(JIbHOCTb pa60TbI MexaHH3MOB CHCTeMbI 3a-
rpY3KH YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH C nOMOIII.blO pa3JIHtIHoro po,n:a onOKHpOBOK.
ITpH 3TOM pa3nHtIalOT 6nOKHpOBKH nporpaMMHbIe, paOOtIHe H npe,ll.OX-
paHHTen bHbIe.
IT p 0 r paM M H bI eon 0 K iI P 0 B K H YCTaHaBJIHBalOT nopH-
,lI.OK H OtIepe,ll.HOCTb 3arpY3KH py,n:HbIX H KOKCOBbIX CKHnOB, H3MeHeHHe
yrna nOBopOTa BpaIII.alOIII.erocH pacnpe,ll.eJIHTeJIH, nOpH,lI.OK paOOTbI
60JIbllIOro KOHyca, 30H,n:OB, ypaBHHTenbHbIX KJIarraHOB H T. ,lI..
P a 0 0 tI H eon 0 K H P 0 B K H npOH3BO,ll.HT aBTOMaTHtIeCKOe
BKJIlOtIeHHe B paOOTY TOro HnH HHOro MexaHH3Ma nocne OKOHtIaHHH
paOOThI npe,n:bI,n:YIII.erO MexaHH3Ma B COOTBeTCTBHI1 C nporpaMMOH 3a-
rpY3KH. TaK, HanpHMep, rrpH orrYCKaHHH CKHna B KpaHHee HH>KHee
nOJIO>KeHHe KOHetIHbIH BbIKnlOtIaTeJIb rnaBHoro nO,ll.'beMHHKa 3aMbIKaeT
CBOH KOHTaKT B u.enH KaTYIliKH KOHTaKTopa ,lI.BHraTenH 3aTBopa KOKCO-
BOH BeCOBOH BOpOHKIL ManbIH KOHYC HatIJ1HaeT orrYCKaTbCH rrocne
HatIana nO,ll.'beMa CKHna. DonbllIOH KOHYC orrYCKaeTCH nOCJIe 3aKpbITHH
MaJIoro KOHyca, OTKpbITHH ypaBHHTenbHbIX KnarraHOB YKEK H nO,ll.'beMa
30H,lI.OB.
ITpe,ll.OxpaHHTenbHbIe
llIalOT rpY3HTb B CKHn KOKC, eCJIH
norpY3Ka PY,ll.bI, rpY3HTb MaTepHan
B CKHnOBOH HMe, H T. ,lI..
DnOKHpOBKH OCYIII.eCTMHlOTCH rnaBHbIM oopa30M cneu.mLlIbHbIM
annapaTOM - KOMaH,lI.OKOHTpOJInepOM nporpaMMbI KKfl.
B CBH3H C HeOOXO,ll.HMOCTblO B rrpou.ecce paOOTbI ,lI.OMeHHOH netIJ1
H3MeHeHHH nporpaMMbI 3arpY3KH C COOTBeTCTBYlOIII.HM tIepe,n:OBaHHeM
nporpaMM ,lI.on>KHa ObITb npe,ll.YCMOTpeHa aBTOMaTH3au.HH tIepe,ll.OBaHHH
He TOJIbKO CKHnOB B O,ll.HOH rrO,ll.atIe, HO H aBTOMaTJ13au.HH tIepe,n:OBaHHH
pa3HbIX rrO,ll.atI. TaK, HarrpHMep, 3a O,n:HH u.HKn ,n:on>KHO ObITb 3arpY>KeHO
nflTb nO,ll,atI O,ll,HOro THna H BoceMb no,n:atI ,n:pyroro. TaKOH nopfl,n:OK
3arpY3KH nO,ll.atI ,lI,OJI>KeH coxpaHflTbCfI ,n:o Tex nop, rrOKa He oy,n:eT ,n:aH
CHfHaJI Ha H3MeHeHHe u.HKJIa.
B MO,ll,eJIH 1952-1953 1'1'. npe,n:ycMaTpHBaeTcSI 3arpY3Ka u.I1KJIaMH
nO,ll.atI no ,lI,BYM pa3nHtIHbIM nporpaMMaM (rro,n:atIaM) A HE. B MO,ll,eJIH
o n 0 K }I P 0 B K H He pa3pe-
nporpaMMOH rrpe.D.YCMaTpHBaeTC
B CKHrr, ecnH OH He HaXO,ll.J1TCH
2 B. n. BblqKOB
33

1961 r. npe,!:{ycMaTpuBaeTcH IlIeCTb pa3JIUqHbIX nO.ZI:a'l, H3 HHX qeTblpe .
no,!:{atIH yqaCTBYIOT B aBTOMaTHtIecKoM IJ.UKJIOBaHHH.
J{JIH nOJIy'leHHH 3a.ZI:aHHoro nOpH.ZI:Ka tIepe.ZI:OBaHuH nO.ZI:a'l npHMe-
HHeTCH KOMaH.ZI:OKOHTpOJInep IJ.UKJIa KKl(. TaKHM oopa30M, C nOMOIIJ.blO
KOMaH.lI.OKOHTpOJInepa nporpaMMbI KKll YCTaHaBJIUBaeTCH Oqepe.ZI:HOCTb
3arpY3Ku CKunOB B O.ZI:HOH no,!:{atIe, a C nOMOIIJ.blO KOMaH.ZI:OKOHTpOJInepa
IJ.UKJIOB KKl( - qepe.ZI:OJ3aHHe caMHX nO.ZI:aq B O.ZI:HOM IJ.HKne.
fIpUHIJ.HnbI rrocTpoeHHH CHCTeMbI MO.ZI:eJIH 1952-1953 rr. H CHCTeMbI
Mo,!:{eJIH 1961 r. B OCHOBHOM O.ZI:HH U Te >Ke. O.ZI:HaKO nepBaH CHCTeMa
rrpoIIJ.e H3-3a HanHqHH MeHbIlIero KOJIUtIeCTBa nporpaMM H OTCYTCTBHH
pH.ZI:a Y3nOB, He HBJIHIOIIJ.HXCH npHHIJ.HnHanbHbIMH. fIOSTOMY B OCHOBY
paCCMOTpeHHH rrpHHIJ.HnOB nOCTpoeHHH B3HTa CHCTeMa MO.ZI:eJIH 1952-
1953 rr.
K 0 M a H ,!:{ 0 K 0 H T P 0 n JI e p IJ.HIrna KKl(, npe.ZI:CTaBJIHeT co-
OOH KOMaH.ZI:OarrrrapaT THrra KA-4289, HMelOIIJ.HH 24 .ZI:HCKa H 12 <pHKCH-
pOBaHHbIX nonmKeHHH. 3TU 24 .ZI:UCKa pa3MeIIJ.eHbI Ha .ZI:BYX napannenbHo
U O.ZI:HOBpeMeHHo paOOTalOIIJ.HX oapaoaHax rro 12 .ZI:HCKOB Ha Ka>K.ZI:OM.
fIpHBO.ZI: KOMaH.ZI:OanrrapaTa ocYIIJ.eCTBJIHeTCH OT .ZI:BHraTeJiH nOCTOHHHoro
TOKa nocne,!:{OBaTeJIbHoro B030Y>K,!:{eHHH THna fIH-5 MOIll.HOCTblO 0,38 Kern.
KpoMe OCHOBHOH, nOCne.ZI:OBaTeJIbHOH OOMOTKU B030Y>K.ZI:eHHH, STOT
.ZI:BHraTeJIb UMeeT eIIJ.e KOpOTK03aMKHYTYIO. J{JIH nonyqeHHH nOHH>KeH-
HOH CKOpOCTH .ZI:BHraTeJIH BKJIIO'leHbI .ZI:Ba conpOTHBneHHH: O.ZI:HO no-
Cne.ZI:OBaTenbHO, .ZI:pyroe napanneJIbHO HKOplO.
Ha pHC. 2-1 npe.ZI:CTaMeHa cxeMa pacrrOJIO>KeHUH KOHTaKTOB
oapaoaHoB KOMaH.ZI:OannapaTa KKl(. fIYCK .ZI:BHraTeJIH KKl( rrpoH3-
BO.ZI:HTCH 3aMbIKaHHeM KOHTaKTa 1JIl( B IJ.enH HKOpH. BpeMH nycKa
.ZI:BHraTeJIH 0,4 eeK; BpeMH nOBopOTa oapaoaHoB Ha 30° paBHo npH-
MepHo 2 eeK. fIpH OTKJIlOqeHHH .ZI:BHraTeJIH HKOpb ero 3aKOpa'lHBaeTCH
H3 KOHTaKTOM 1JIl(. B STOM cnytIae npOHCXO.ZI:HT .ZI:HHaMHqeCKOe
TOpMO>KeHUe npH Me.ZI:neHHO H3MeHHIOIIJ.eMCH nOTOKe .ZI:BHraTenH OJIa-,
rO.ZI:apH HanH'lHIO KOpOTK03aMKHYTOH OOMOTKH. Y.ZI:ep>KHBalOIIJ.aH Ka-
TYIlIKa 1JIl(yJ1. npe.ZI:Ha3HaqeHa .ZI:nH Ha,!:{e>KHOrO 3aMbIKaHHH H3 KOH-
TaKTa 1JIl( B IJ.enH .ZI:imaMHtIeCKOrO TOpMO>KeHHH. B cxeMe ucnonb-
3YlOTCH Bce 24 .ZI:HCKa KOMaH.ZI:OannapaTa H npe.ZI:YcMaTpHBaeTcH nOBopoT
oapaoaHoB KKl( 3a BpeMH O.ZI:HOrO IJ.HKJIa Ha .ZI:Ba nOJIHbIX ooopOTa.
fIpH nepBoM ooopOTe npHcoe,!:{uHHIOTCH K cxeMe U paoOTalOT 12 KOH-
TaKTOB neBoro oapaoaHa (KKl(1- KKl(12), npH BTOpOM ooopOTe
KOHTaKTbI 1-12 OTCOe.ZI:HHHIOTCH, H rrpHCOe.ZI:HHHIOTCH K cxeMe 12 KOH-
TaKTOB npaBoro oapaoaHa (KKl(13 - KKl(24).
Ha pHC. 2-2 npe.ZI:CTaBneHa cxeMa ynpaBneHHH IJ.HKJIaMH nO.ZI:aq,
r.ZI:e .ZI:nH ynpOIIJ.eHHH nOKa3aHbI He Bce 24 IJ.enH, a JIHIlIb 9: nHTb IJ.erreH
OT neBoro oapaoaHa H tIeTblpe - OT npaBoro.
B cxeMe ynpaBJIeHHH KKl( HMelOTCH pene rrporpaMM: P A - peJIe
nporpaMMbI A H P B - peJIe nporpaMMbI B. 3TH peJIe MorYT ObITb no.ZI:-
KnlOqeHbI Ha HanpH>KeHHe ceTH qepe3 KOHTaKTbI KKl( H nporpaMMHbIe
nepeKJIlOtIaTeJIH. B BepXHeM nonmKeHHH nepeKnlOqaTeJIH B03MO>KHO
BKnlOtIeHHe peJIe PA; B HH>KHeM - BKJIlOqeHHC PE; B rrpOMe>KYTOtIHOM
34

:t:
<2
'"
'"
<2
'::,
:e;
""
'"

KK412
KK411
KKlj10
KK49
KKLI. 8
KK47
KK46
KK45
KK44
KK43
KK42
KKLl.l
KopOmK03I1!ofKHymaf1
oOMomKo
I1.BuzomeJ1b KKLJ.

OBIl,
l f1 4yiJ
3600390°420°450°480°510° 540°570°600°630°660° 690 0 720 0
-- - - 1-- '- - -- - f-- - 1-- -. I-K
-- -- - - 1-- -K
- - -- - - - -- -- - K
-- -- - '-- .-1 K
- - -- - '-- - .- - .-1 - ,- - '-- -I(
-- ,- - f-- - ,- -I - - - - f-- -K
- -- K
-- -- - -- I-K
-- -- . - 1-- - - .- - K
- I- , -- - - - K
- - - - 1-- - 1-- - - - - 1-- - -K
- -I I- - - - 1-- '-- - ,K
-11-- - '-- - - -- - 1-' .- -- 1--1 I-
-- ,- - -- - 1-- ,- :-
- -
- -- - - f- -I -
- - - - - -- - - r--I .-
- - - - - -- -- -- -
- - - ,- -- - .-1 .- - -- -
- -
-,- -
- l- f-- -
-- 1--1 ,-- .- I-
- - J.- - .- - '- - - 1-- - I- - -/
K4211
K423
K422
K421
Kl1.20
Kl1.19
KljlB
KL.i17
K416
KlI,15
KL.i14
KL.i13
'>:
<2
'"

'-<S
':::;
:e;
cc

Puc. 2-1. Pa3BepTKa KOMaHJ\oKoHTpOJIJIepa l{lIKJla KK/7
0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 15001BOoZ1OoZ400Z7003fXJ033003600

I PC
'--,
2PC Pn
FCl
46KK3
46KKI rl :
KKnt9  A P5 I WA T
I ; ,46KK2 P5 .
.   'I
2PU 46KK2 I I
J I
46KK3
r=:
npaBblil
6apo6olf
1 ' t
/leBblu
6upo6011
,PC 2PC
-':)
r=:
I
KOllmOKmbl KKlJ,
KKli 2't
K li 23
KKli14
K li13
KKli 12
K li 11
KKli 3
KKli2
PC
KKli 1
ZPC oe 7PC8m
ZPC6m lPC oe
pn 8m
pn oe
l/1li
2Plj
2pn oc
2Pfi8m
lKIIA ZKl/A 3KUA 4KIlA
IKlI5 2K115 3KU5 j(Li6
@ np02paM-
MHbie nepe-
KIl1040m,
PilC. 2-2. CxeMa ynpaBJleHlIH ltlIKJlaMH no.na'l
PI)
@
K-Pbf
np02poMMbi A
K -pbl
nV02fJU MMbl 6
PA
Pelle
np02poMMbi A
P5
Pelle
np02pOMMbi 5

nOJIO>KeHHH nepeKnlOtIaTeJIH - peJIe P A HnH P E He MorYT 6b1Tb nOk
KJIlOtIeHbI K HanpmKeHIllO ceTH.
C nOMOIll.blO nporpaMMHbIX nepeKnlOtIaTeJIeH Ha6HpaeTCH nporpaMMa
lI.HKJIa. TaK, HanpHMep, eCJIH Tpe6yeTCH Ha6paTb nporpaMMY lI.HKna
H3 nfITH no.n;atI TIIlla A H BoceMb no.n;atI THna E, TO nHTb nporpaMMHbIX
nepeKnlOtIaTeneH .n;omKHbI 6bITb nOCTaMeHbI B BepXHee nOnO>KeHHe,
BoceMb - B HH>KHee, a OCTaJIbHble - B npOMe>KYTOtIHoe.
KOHTaKTbI 1 PC H 2PC B lI.enHX peJIe P A H P E npe.n;Ha3HatIeHbI .n;nH
Toro, tITo6bI npHcoe.n;HHHTb K cxeMe lI.enH KKl(2 - KKl(12 H OTKJIlO'laTb
lI.enH KKl(13 - KKl(24 npH nepBoM o6opoTe, H npHcoe.n;HHHTb lI.enH
KKl(13 - KKl(24 H OTcoe.n;HHHTb lI.enH KKl(2 - KKl(12 npH BTO-
pOM 060pOTe KKl(.
B nepBoM nOnO>KeHHlI KKl( KOHTaKT KKl(l 3aMbIKaeTCH (pHC. 2-1),
peJIe PC cpa6aTbIBaeT H ero HO KOHTaKT no.n;aeT HanpH>KeHI!e Ha
KaTylIIKH 2PC oc H 1 PCST" DpH .3TOM lI.enH OT neBoro 6apa6aHa no.n;KnlO-
tIalOTCH K cxeMe, a lI.enH OT npaBoro OTKJllOtIalOTCH (plIC. 2-2). TaKoe
COCTOHHHe 6y.n;eT coxpaHHTbcH .n;o 13-ro nOJIO>KeHHH KKl(, B KOTOpOM
onfITb 3aMbIKaeTCH KKl(l (CM. pHC. 2-1), BHOBb cpa6aTbIBaeT pene PC,
nOCJIe tIero HO KOHTaKT no.n;KnlOtIHT Ha HanpH>KeHHe lI.enH C KaTYlIIKaMH
2PC ST H 1 PCar> TaK KaK .n;o .3TOrO cpa6oTano npOMe>KYTOtIHOe peJIe P n,
nepeKJllOtIHBlIIee CBOH KOHTaKTbI B lI.enHX KaTylIIeK peJIe 1PC, 2PC.
DpH cpa6aTbIBaHHH peJIe 2PC H OTKJIlOtIeHHH 1 PC OTCoe.n;HHHlOTCH
lI.enH OT JleBoro H npHcoe.n;HHHlOTCH lI.enH OT npaBoro 6apa6aHoB.
B HatIane Ka}K.n;oH no.n;atIH 3aMbIKalOTCH KOHTaKTbI KOMaH.n;oKoHTpon-
Jlepa nporpaMMbI KKfl24 H KKfl 19 (pHC. 2-3). DpH .3TOM no.n;KJIlO-
'laeTCH KOHTaKTop 1JJl( (pHC. 2-2) H .n;BHraTenb A KOMaH.n;oKoHTponnepa
KKl( HatIHHaeT nOBOpatIHBaTb KKl( (pHC. 2-1). OCTaHoB .n;BHraTeJIH
KKl( H npeKpaIll.eHHe nOBopOTa KKl( MO>KeT npOH30HTH B HeKoTopoM
cpHKcHpoBaHHoM nOnO>KeHHH, tITO OCYIlI.eCTBJIHeTCH cne.n;YlOIlI.HM 06pa-
30M. KOHTaKT KKfl24, no.n;alOIlI.HH HatIaJlbHbIH HMnynbc Ha nOBopoT
KKl(, lIIYHTHpyeTcH lI.enblO, COCTOHIlI.eH H3 H3 KOHTaKTOB pene PC,
P A H P E (pHC. 2-2). KpoMe TOro, HMelOTCH nepeKnlOtIaIll.He KOHTaKTbI
peJIe 2Pl(. Docne HatIana Bparn.eHHH KKl( peJIe PC oma.n;aeT H ero
H3 KOHTaKT B lIIYHTHPYlOIlI.eH lI.enOtIKH 3aMbIKaeTCH, B pe3ynbTaTe
tIero peJIe 2P l( nOJIYtIaeT nHTaHHe H ero KOHTaKTbI nepeBo.n;HT miTa-
HHe KOHTaKTopa 1JJl( tIepe3 lIIYHTHpyIOllI.YlO lI.enb. C KOHTaKTaMH
PC, PA H PE. DHTaHHe KOHTaKTopa 1JJl( H BpaIll.eHHe KKl( 6y.n;eT
npo.n;omKaTbcH .n;o Tex nop, nOKa O.n;HH H3 KOHTaKTOB PC, PA HnH PE
He pa30MKHeTCH. TaK KaK peJIe PC no.n;KJIlOtIaeTCH Ha I-M H 13-M nono-
>KeHHHX, TO B .3THX nOJIO>KeHHHX lI.enb KOHTaKTopa 1JJl( pa3pbIBaeTCH,
'lTO H npHBo.n;HT K OCTaHOBKe KKl( B .3THX nOJIO>KeHHHX. B .n;Pymx
nOJlO>KeHHHX KKl( 6y.n;eT OCTaHaBJIHBaTbCH TOJIbKO npH ycnoBHH nOk
KJIlO'leHHH Ha HanpH>KeHHH peJIe PA H PE. CJIe.n;oBaTeJIbHO, .n;JlH OCTa-
HOBKH, HanpHMep, B 5-M nOJIO>KeHHH nporpaMMHbIH nepeKJIlOtIaTeJIb
)J,OJl>KeH CTOHTb HJlH B BepxHeM, HJlH B HH>KHeM nOnO>KeHHH. B nHTOM
nOJIO>KeHHlI KKl( KOHTaKT KKl(5 3aKpbIBaeTcH, H HanpH>KeHHe no-
aeTCH Ha peJIe P A H P E B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT nOJIO>KeHHfI nepeKJIlO'la-
37

TeJIH, npIf 3TOM KOHTaKT PA (PE) pa3MhIKaeTCH, KOHTaKTOp lJIIl,
TepHeT HanpmKeHHe H ,n:BIfraTeJIh KKIl, OCTaHaMHBaeTCH. TaKIfM oopa-
30M, npe,n:CTaBJIHeTCH B03MO>KHOCTh nYTeM COOTBeTCTBYIOIll.ell YCTaHOBKH
npOrpaMMHoro nepeKnIO'laTeJIH
OCTaHaMIfBaTh KKIl, B JII060M
3a)J.aHHOM cpIfKCIfpOBaHHOM no-
JIO>KeHHH npIf cpa6aTWBaHIfIf
peJIe PA H PE.
Pene P A H P E B03,n:ellcT-
BYIOT Ha u.enIf BTHrHBaIOIll.ell If
OCa>KHBaIOmell KaTYIlleK npoMe-
>KYTO'lHOrO peJIe 2Pfl. IlpIf cpa-
6aThIBaHHH peJIe P A OCa>KHBaIO-
maH KaTYIlIKa peJIe 2P fl no.n;-
KnIOtIaeTCH Ha HanpH>KeHIfe.
B 3TOM cJIytIae peJIe 2P fl CBOIfM
H3 KOHTaKTOM BKnIO'laeT KOH-
TaKTophI nporpaMMhI A (1 KIl,A,
2KIl,A, 3KIl,A If 4KIl,A), a
npH cpa6aThIBaHIfIf peJIe P E
BTHrHBaeTCH peJIe 2P E H CBOIfM
HO KOHTaKTOM BKnIOtIaeT KOH-
TaKTophI nporpaMMhI E (1 KIl, E,
2KIl,E, 3KIl,E If 4KIl,E). B
3THX u.enHX nepeKJIIOtIaTeJIh
46KK npliMeHHeTcH npH Heo6-
XO,n:IfMOCTIf If3MeHeHIffI npor-
paMMhI llHKna BPytIHYIO, tITO
B03MO>KHO TonbKO B HatIane no-
,n:atIH, Kor,n:a KKfl nepexo,n:HT
B nepBoe nOJIO>KeHIfe H KpaTKO-
BpeMeHHO 3aMbIKaeTCfI KOHTaKT
KKfl19.
C nOMOIll.bIO K 0 M a H ,n: 0 -
KOHTponnepa npor-
paM M hI BbInOJIHHeTCH 3a-
.n.aHHaH nporpaMMa 3arpY3KH
.n.OMHbI, KOHTpOJIlipyeTcH nacne-
.n.OBaTeJIbHOCTb 3arpY3Kll B CKHn
Py,n:bI II KOKca, YCTaHaBJIlieaeTCH
3a,n:aHHhIll nopH,n:OK pa60TbI ,n:OMeHHoro no,n:'beMHHKa, BpaIll.aIOIll.erOCH
pacnpe,n:eJIHTeJIH, M8JIOro H 60JIbIllOro KOHYCOB, 30H,n:OB,. KKfl n03-
BonfIeT npOH3Bo,n:HTb norpY3KY ,n:06aBO'lHbIX BHenporpaMMHbIX CKlinOB,
neperoH XOJIOCTbIX CKHnOB.
Ha pHC. 2-3 npe,n:CTaMeHa pa3BepTKa KKfl, aHa pnc. 2-4, a, 6-
cxeMa ynpaMeHHH KKfl. ,lJ,nfI ynpaMeHHH BpameHHeM H OCTaHOBKOll
KKfl npliMeHHeTcH Y3eJI, COCTOHIll.Hll li3 pH,n:a pene li KOHTaI<TOB KKn.
38
KOPomKo3aMKHymlJ1l
06MOmKG
Il.IJuzanieJlb KKn

c;;:]
OBA
12123l1S6789101112
KKfl13 - -... 5 . ......
; ..... .........
KKfi16 ...... .......
KKn12
KKn11
KKntO
KKn9
KKnB
KKn7
KKn6
KKns
KKnLJ
KKnJ
KKn2
KKn1
KKn21
KKn22
Kkn23
KKn24
KKn19
KKn20
KKrt17
KKntB
n 1 2 3 456 7 8 9 W n n
PliC. 2-3. Pa3BepTKa KOMaH,noKoHTpOJWepa
nporpaMMhi KKil
-- - - 1-.
- -- - 1-- - .... 1-- -
-
-- I-- -
1- f-I - -
-- .- -1-1 '-
- . 1-- -- !-., 1-- -
- -
- - I- ,- -
- 1- - .-:- 1- --
I-,
-I - -
-I- I-- --
r- - 1-- --f- --
 -
I.., _. . - -f- --

:T81(0H Y3eJI B ynpoIlleHHOM BlI.n;e npe.n;CTaBJIeH OT.n;eJIbHO Ha plIC. 2-5.
Ha'laJIbHbIH lIMnynbc Ha nOBopOT KKfl no.n;aeTCH OT CKlInoBoro no.n;'beM-
HHKa C nplIxo.n;oM CKlIna (npaBoro lInlI JIeBoro) B cKlInoBYIO HMY. KOH-
:T8KTbI KKfl 13 - KKfl 16 BKJIIO'leHbI nocne.n;OBaTeJIbHO (plIC. 2-5).
Bce OHlI 3aMKHYTbI B npOMe>KYTO'lHbIX nOnO>KeHlIHX KKJl; B nlOOOM <plIK-
CHpOBaHHOM nOnO>KeHlIlI KaKOH-nlIOO O.n;lIH H3 3TlIX KOHTaKTOB pa30MK-
JlYT (plIC. 2-3).
;' DlITaHlIe KaTyIlIKlI KOHTaKTopa IJJK .n;BlIraTeJIH E KOMaH)J.oKoHTpOJI-
:Jlep - nporpaMMbI MO>KeT npolIcxo.n;lITb 'lepe3 O.n;HY lI3 Tpex napa.n:neJIb-
.so coe)J.HHeHHbIX Me>K)J.Y COOOH lLeneH: 'lepe3 lLenb C KOHTaKTaMlI KOHe'l-
)Ioro BbIKnlOtIaTenH KEB-2 (KEH-2) nO)J.'beMHlIKa, 'lepe3 lLenb C KOH-
T8KTaMlI KKfl 13 - KKfl 16 ImlI >Ke tIepe3 lLenb C KOHTaKTaMlI 3P K,
8PP, 3Pfl, IPfl (plIC. 2-5). B nlOooM <PHKcHpDBaHHoM nOJIO>KeHHH
"KKfl II npH OTCYTCTBlIlI CKlIna B cKHnoBoH HMe Bce TplI napanneJIbHbIe
)J:enH pa30MKHYTbI, KOHTaKTop IJJK OTCoe.n;HHeH OT cem II KKfl HenOk
)BH>KeH. C nplIxo)J.oM CKHna B cKlInoBYIO HMY, HanpHMep npaBoro CKlIna,
;$8MbIKaeTcH KOHTaKT KEB-2 KOHetIHOrO BbIKnlOtIaTenH. KaTyIliKa
.I\oHTaKTopa IJJK nonY'laeT nHTaHHe, II .n;BlIraTeJIb HatIlIHaeT nOBOpatIH-
'BaTb KKfl. B npOMe>KYTOtIHOM nOJIO>KeHlIH KKfl Bee KOHTaKTbI
Kfl 13 - KKfl 16 3aKpbITbI; npH 3TOM KOHTaKTop 2KE cpaoaTbIBaeT
'H ero KOHTaKTbI nepeKJIlOtIalOTcH. B pe3YJIbTaTe 3TOro nlITaHHe KOH-
-TaKTopa IJJK oy.n;eT npo.n;on>KaTbCH tIepe3lLenb C KOHTaKTaMlI KKfl 13 -
:-KKflI6 , a TaIOKe 'lepe3 BTOpylO napa.n:JIenbHYIO lLenb C KOHTaKTaMH
:8PK, 3PP, 3Pfl II IPfl. B TO >Ke BpeMH nOJIY'laIOT nlITaHlIe BTH-
fllBalOIllaH KaTYIliKa peJIe 1 PEST J1 OCa>KHBaIOIllaH KaTyIliKa peJIe
,2P Eoc. 3THM no.n;rOTaBJIlIBaeTCH nlITaHlIe KOHTaKTopa 1 JJ K tIepe3
:,KoHTaKT KEH-2, Kor.n;a npH)l,eT cne.n:yIOIlllIH, - JIeBbIH CKlIn B CKH-
nOBYIO HMY.
Kor.n;a KKfl nplI.n;eT B cne.n;YIOIllee <PlIKcHpoBaHHoe nOnO>KeHlIe, TO
pa30MKHeTCH O.n;HH lI3 KOHTaKTOB KKfl 13 - KKfl 16. .LJ.a.n:bHeHlllaH
paooTa KKfl Tenepb 3aBHClIT OT TOro, oy.n;eT nlI 3aMKHYTa BTopaH 00-
Ixo.n;HaH lLenb, COCTOHIllaH lI3 H3 KOHTaKTOB 3PK, 3PP, 3Pfl II IPfl.
, EcnlI Bce 3TlI KOHTaKTbI 3aMKHYTbI B )J.aHHOM <PHKclIpoBaHHoM nOJIO>Ke-
'HlIlI KKfl, TO KOHTaKTOp IJJK OCTaHeTCH no.n;KnlOtIeHHbIM K HanpH>Ke-
Imll H KKfl He OCTaHOBlITCH, OH oy.n;eT nOBOpa'llIBaTbCH .n;o Tex nop,
nOKa He pa30MKHeTCH O.n;lIH lI3 KOHTaKTOB 3TOH BTOpOH 06XO.n;HOH lLenlI.
1Crre.n;OBaTeJIbHO, OCTaHOBKa KKfl B ero 3a)J.aHHOM <plIKCHpOBaHHOM
.,nOJIO>KeHlIlI npOH3Bo.n;lITCH pa3MbIKaHHeM COOTBeTCTBYIOIllero KOHTaKTa
:TOpOH OOXO.n;HOH lLenH (3PK, 3PP, 3Pfl lInlI IPll).
,(' DplIcoe.n;lIHeHlIe K cxeMe KKfl peJIe 3arpY3KlI CKlma KOKCOM 3PK
H pene 3arpY3KH CKlIna py.n;OH 3PP BbIIJOnHHeTCH nporpaMMHbIMH nepe-
KJIIO'laTeJIHMlI IflA - 12flA OT.n;eJIbHO .n;nH nporpaMMbI A H Ifl E -
'nfl E - nH nporpaMMbI E (plIC. 2-4, 6). B BepxHeM nOJIO>KeHlIH
nepeKJIIO'laTenH npHcoe.n;lIHHeTcH pene 3PP, B HlI>KHeM - peJIe 3PK;
'8 cpe)J.HeM nOJIO>KeHlIlI nepeKnlO'laTenH cxeMa paOOTaeT Ha nponYCK,
'T. e. Ha 3a)J.aHHOM <plIKClIpOBaHHOM nOnO>KeHI1H KKfl He_ OCTaHaBnlI-
::BaeTCH, TaK KaK pene 3PK II 3PP He pa3MbIKalOT CBonx KOI-ITaKTOB, II
39

'Iepe3 BTOPYIO 06XO)J.HYIO I1.enb npO)J.OJDKaeTCH nHTaHHe KOHTaKTOpa
lJIK. '
BKJIIO'IeHHe peJIe 1 P n npoH3Bo)J.HTCH He3aBHCHMO OT YCTaHOBKlI
nporpaMMHhIx nepeKnIOtIaTeneH Ha nepBoM nOJIO>KeHlIH KKn, 'ITO BhI-
3hIBaeT npHHY)J.HTeJIhHYIO ocTaHoBKY KKn B HatIaJIe Ka>K,lJ,OH nO)J.a'IH.
CxeMa KKn npe)J.ycMaTpHBaeT pa3HhIe ycnoBHH pa60ThI CHCTeMhI
sarpY3KH. TaK, HanpHMep: HopManhHaH pa60Ta npH norpY3Ke PY)J.hI
H KOKca, npOH3BO,lJ,HMaH B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3a,lJ,aHHOH nporpaMMoH;
oJ
2/(5
pn5 Bm
m8 0c
l__.J
ltP50C
.5PDBm fP5
,---, !:!J
2PE oc
1PD8m
2P/J,C
2P/J,C
f/lff
3PJJ.C 1PJJ.C oc f/l/(
15M-[
15M-Q,
/(lln 18
PIIC, 2-4. CxeMa KOMaH.l{OKoHT
40

0)
OlJl1HOVHhlU ne.oIJ80H
Clw.notJ
iJKll,A 12t<.-1
,
I ,II
11KA , I
iJK118 I , .
t<.M-ff iJKLI,A 21KK-1
iJt<.LJ.6
t<.Kn-tO iJf(L(A
"t<.LI,8
: B CXeM!) Opa14alO-
- w.eeOCf/ pacnpe{}/J/l,
: } B cxeMY
 KKll,
: J B cxeM!J
_ 1<.OHYCOI3
pOJlJlepa nporpaMMbI KKfl
3Pn
3PP
3Pt<.
41

norpYSKa Jl.06aBOqHbIX CKHnOB, He npeJl.YCMOTpeHHbIX nporpaMMOH;
neperOH nycTbIx CKHnOB.
PaCCMOTpliM pa60TY cxeMbI npli HopManbHOH norpy3Ke PYJl.bI II
KOKca no CneJl.YIOIlI.eMY 3aJl.aHIIIO: llIeCTb n0Jl.aq nporpaMMbI A-
PPKKKO II qeTbIpe nOJl.a'-lH nporpaMMbI E - KPPKKO. npli 9TOM
nepeKJIIOlIaT€JIIi He06xoJl.IIMO nOCTaBHTb B CneJl.YIOIlI.IIe nOnO>KeliIIH:
lllA, 3llA - BepxHee; SllA, 7llA, 9llA - HII>KHee; 2llA, 4llA,
6llA, SllA, JOllA, llllA II 12llA - cpe,n:Hee; IllE, 7llE, 9llE-
HII>KHee; 3llE, SllE - BepxHee; 2llE, 4llE, 6llE, SllE, JOllE,
11 II E II 12ll E - cpe,n:Hee. nponycKIi Me>K,n:y pa601IIIMli nOnO>KeHIIHMI1
KKll npe,n:ycMaTpIIBaIOTcH ,n:nH Toro, lIT06bI HMeTb B03MO>KHOCTb Ha
Hepa60qIIX nOnO>KeHIIHX rpy3IITb ,n:06aBOlIHbIe CKlinbI. 4epe,n:oBaHlie
nporpaMM A II E yCTaHaBJIIiBaeTCH KKI{.
rn
+ r--, ZK6 2P6 8m
IK6H-Z, 1P6 oc
'K6B-2 1
1..._.J
KKn-13
KKn-t{j
@n'ls
KKn{J
3PK 3PP 3pn Ipn
-,..
PIIC. 2-5. Y3eJl BKJlIO'IeHUJI ,!J,BHraTeJlH KKJI
B nepBoM nOnO>KeHIIH KKII. BKJIIOqeHbI KOHTaKTopbI 1 KII.A -
4KII.A. 3THM 06ecnelIIIBaeTCH aarpyaKa no nporpaMMe A. B.HalIaJIe
nepBoH no,n:alIII B cKlinoBYIO HMy onycTlIJICH nepBbIll CKlin 9TOll no,n:alIII
II 3aMKHyncH KOHTaKT KEB-2; KOHTaKTOp IJlK Cpa6aTbIBaeT II no,n:-
KnIOllaeT ,n:BIIfaTeJIb KKll K HanpH>KeHIIIO, npli 9TOM KKll HalIHHaeT
nOBopa'UmaTbC5I. B npOMe>KYTOqHOM nOnO>KeHIIH 3aMbIKaeTCH lJ.enb
KOHTaKTOB KKll13 - KKlll6 H BKJIIOlIaeTCH I\OHTaKTOp 2KE, npH
9TOM nHTaHHe KOHTaKTOpa IJlK npoH3Bo,n:HTCH lIepe3 u:enb KKllI3-
KKllI6. nepeKnIOllaTenb fllA CTOHT B BepxHeM nOJIO>KeHHH, n09ToM)'
B nepBoM nOnO>KeHHH KKll 6y,n:eT BKJIIOqeHO peJIe 3PP. O,n:HoBp€MeHHO
BKnI01faeTcH B peJIe 1 P ll. B pe3ynbTaTe 3TOro BTOpa5I o6xo,n:HaH u:enb
pa30pBeTcH, H KOHTaJ5:TOp IJlK, nOTep5IB nHTaHHe, OTKnIOlIHT ,n:BHraTeJIb,
KKll OCTaHOBHTCH. nOCJI.e OCTaHOBKII ,n:BHraTeJIH BKnIOllaeTCH KOHTaKTop
norpY3KII py,n:bI 3KP (pIiC. 2-4, a). BKJIIOlIeHHe KOHTaKTOpa 3KP B03-
MO>KHO, ecnH aaMKHyT HO KOHTaKT peJIe PllE. npH BKJIIOlIeHHH KOH-
, TaKTopa 3KP ,n:aeTCH paapellIeHHe MallIHHHC1)' BarOHa-BeCOB Ha OOf-
py3Ky py,n:bI B CKHn. npH OTKpbITOM 3aTBope KapMaHa BaroHa-BeCOB
42

BKJIIOtJaeTCH pe.ne PE H OTKJIlOtJaeTCH pe.ne PllE. Docne s8rpysKH
B HatJaJIe nO)J,'beM8 CKHn8 p83MbIK8eTCH KOHT8KT KEB-2, B pesynbT8Te
tJero Hanp5DKeHHe C KOHTaKTopa 3KP CHHM8eTCH.
C npHxo)J,oM neBoro CKlfna B CKlfnOBYIO HMY 3aMbIKaeTCH KOHTaKT
KEH-2. OnHTb BKnlOtJ8eTCH KOHTaKTop IJlK, nonytJaH nHTaHHe tJepes
S8KpbITbIH HO KOHTaKT IPE H H3 KOHTaKT 2KE; KKll BHOBb nOBO-
patJHBaeTcH. OH npoxo)J,HT BTOpoe nOJIO}KeHHe 6e3 OCTaHOBKH, TaK KaK
nepeKJIlOtJaTeJIb 2ll A CTOHT B cpe)J,HeM nOJIO}KeHHH. B TpeTbeM nonO}Ke-
H1:IH KKll BKnlOtJaeTCH peJIe 3P P H cxeMa KKll, pa60TaH B TOH }Ke
nOCJIe)J,OBaTeJIbHOCTH, tJTO H B nepBoM nOJIO}KeH1:IH, )J,aeT pa3pellIeHHe Ha
norpy3Ky PYbI B neBbIH CKHn.
TaK}Ke cOBepllIaeTcH nepexo)J, KKll B nHToe nOJIO}KeHHe C npHxo)J,oM
TpeTbera CKHna (npaBora) B cK1:InoBYlO HMY. LlaJIee, B nHTOM nonO}Ke-
H1:IH KKll nonytJaeT nHT8HHe peJIe 3arpy3KH KOKCOM 3P K (nepeKJIIO-
tJaTeJIb Sll A CTOHT B HH}KHeM nOnO}KeHHH). nOcJIe OCTaHOBK1:I BHraTeJIH
KKll KOHTaKTOp 3KK nonytJaeT nHTaHHe H )J,aeTCH HMnynbc Ha OTKpbI-
BaHHe 3aTBopa npaBoH KOKCOBOH BOpOHKH. 3aTBop oTKpbIBaeTcH, KOKC
ccnaeTCH B CKHn. C OTKpTHeM 3aTBopa npaBoH KOKCOBOH BOpOHKH
aKpbIBaeTcH ere KOHetJHbIH BKnlOtJaTeJIb, H peJIe P II E OTKnlOtJaeTCH.
Docne 3arpy3KH CKHna KOKCOM H 3aKpbITHfi 3aTBopa KOKCOBOH BO-
pOHKH nO)J,aeTCfl HMnynbc Ha era ompaBKY. B HatJane nO)J,'beMa CKHna
pa3MbIKaeTcH KOHTaKT KEB-2 H KOHTaKTOp 3KK OTKnlOtJaeTCH. 3aTeM
KKll OCTaHaBJIHBaeTCfl Ha ce)J,bMOM H eBHTOM nOJIO}KeHHHX, )J,aBaH
pa3pellIeHHe Ha, norpy3KY CKHna KOKCOM. DocJIe :JToro KKll nepeH)J,eT
B nepBoe nOJIO}KeHHe. npH nepexo)J,e H3 )J,BeHa)J,l{aToro nOJIO}KeHHH
B nepBoe 38MKHeTCH KOHTaKT KKll-24,' tJTO BbI30BeT nepeMern.eHHe
KKlI, B CJIejJ,ylOrn.ee nOnO}KeHHe, COOTBeTCTBYIOrn.ee 3arpy3Ke no npo-
rpaMMe A.
nOcJIe OKOHtJaHHH llIeCTH nO)J,atJ nO'nporpaMMe A, KOMaH)J,oKoHTpon-
JIep l{HKJIa KKlI, nepeH)J,eT B ce)J,bMoe nOnO}KeHHe, B KOTOpOM BKnlOtJa-
IOTCH KOHTaKTOpbI IKlI,E - 4KlI,E nporpaMMbI E. npH 3TOM KKll
OCTaHOBHTCH B nepBoM nOnO}KeHHH, TaK KaK nepeKnlOtJaTeJIb III E
nOCTaBJIeH B HH}KHee nOJIO}KeHHe. B 3TOM cnytJae BKnlOtJHTCH peJIe
3PK, 3aTeM 3KK, 6Y)J,eT nO)J,aH HMnynbc Ha OTKpbIB8HHe 3aTBopa KOK-
COBOH BecOBOH BOpOHKH H nO)J,'beMHHK nocne 3aKpbITHH 3aTBopa BOpOHKH
nOJIytJ1:IT HMnynbC Ha nO'beM CKHna C KOKCOM. B TpeTbeM H nHTOM no-
JIO}KeHHHX KKll BKnlOtJalOTCH pe.ne 3PP H KOHTaKTOp 3KP, tJeM )J,aeTCfl
pa3pellIeHHe MallIHH1:ICTy Ha ompaBKY CKHna C PY)J,OH. B ce)J,bMOM H )J,e-
BHTOM nOJIO}KeHHHX KKll )J,aeTCH HMnynbc Ha 3arpy3Ky H ompaBKY
CKHnOB C KOKCOM.
DOpH)J,OK onYCKaHHH 60nbllIoro KOHyca, He3aBHCHMbIH OT Ka}K)J,OH
nporpaMMbI, 3a)J,aeTCH YCTaHOBKOH nepeKnlOQaTeneH 2KA, 4KA, 6KA,
9KA, IIKA )J,nH nporpaMMbIA H 2KE, 4KE, 6KE, 9KE, l1KE )J,nH
nporpaMMbI E. nepeKnlOtJaTeJIH MOryT yCTaHaBJIHBaTbCH B nr060M no-
JIO}KeHHH KKll. BonbllIOH KOHYC Bcer)J,a onycKaeTcH B nepBOM H CejJ,b-
MOM nOnO}KeHHflX KKll, a B OCTanbHbIX - no He06xo)J,HMOCTH. I1M-
nynbc Ha onycKaHHe 60nbllIoro K()Hyca nO)J,aeTCH tJepe3 KOHTaKTbI
43

KKll-22 B nepBOM nOJIO)KeHHH KKll; tJepe3 KOHTaKTbI KKll-20 II
KKll-23 B ce)J,bMOM. a B OCTanbHbIX nOnO}KeHIIflX C nOMOmbIO pe.ne
2PK. 4PK. 6PK. 9PK II lJPK.
B nO)J,atJY MO)KeT 6bITb 3arpY)KeHO HeCKOJIbKO )J,06aBOtJHbIX CKHnOB
C PY)J,OH IInII KOKCOM, ecnII 06mee tJIIcno CKIInOB B noatJe MeHbllIe 12.
.l1.06aBotJHbIe CKIITIbI C KOKCOM rpY3f1TCfI aBTOMaTIItJeCKII, a )J,06aBotJHbIe
CKHnbI C PY)J,OH - MallIIIHIICTOM BaroHa-BecOB no YKa3aHIIIO MacTepa
)J,OMeHHoro u:exa. rIorpY3Ka )J,06aBotJHbIX CKHnOB B03MO}KHa B nonO}Ke-
HIIflX KKll. nOCTaMeHHbIX Ha nponycK. .l1.nfl 3aKa3a )J,06aBotJHbIX CKII-
nOB B03)J,eHCTBYIOT Ha KOMaH)J,oannapaT 15KK. PaCCMOTpHM cnYtJaH.
Kor)J,a B u:enH BTflrIIBaIOmeH KaTylliKH pe.ne 06aBOtJHbIX CKIInOB
1 P PC ST nepeKJIIOtJaTenb 23P HaXO)J,IITCfI B BepxHeM nOnO}KeHIIII (O)J,IIH
)J,06aBotJHbIH cKIIn). rIyCTb KKll CTOIIT B nepBoM nOJIO}KeHIIH II npaBbIH
CKIIn HaXO)J,IITCfI BHH3Y. rIpH 3TOM pe.ne 1 Pll HaXO)J,HTCfI no)J, Hanpfl}Ke-
HHeM, ero KOHTaKT B u:enH KaTyIliKH 1 P PC ST 3aKpbIT. n03ToMY pe.ne
1 P PC HaXO)J,HTCfI BO BTflHYTOM COCTOHHHH. rIpH nOBopoTe KOMaH)J,O-
annapaTa 15KK )J,nH 3aKa3a )J,06aBotJHoro KqKca 3aKpbIBaIOTcH KOH-
TaKTbI 15KK3 H 15KK4. rIpH 3TOM cpa6aTbIBaeT peJIe 2PPC. nO)J,ro-
TaBnHBaH )J,JIH BKnIOtJeHHSI pene 3P pC. H3 KOHTaKT 2P Jl.C pa3pbIBaeT
BTopyro 06XO)J,HYIO I1.enb nHTaHHH KOHTaKTopoB IJJK H 2KE. C npHxo-
)J,OM B cKHnoBYIO HMy BTOpOro neBoro CKHna 3aMbIKaeTCSI KOHTaKT
KEH-2; KOHTaKTOp IJJK cpa6aTblBaeT, H KKll HatJHHaeT nOBopatJH-
BaTbCH. OH npoii.n.eT npOMe}KYTotJHoe nOnO}KeHHe, HO BO BTOpOM £pHKCH-
pOBaHHoM nOJIO}KeHHH OCTaHOBHTCH. TaK KaK I1.enb C KOHTaKTaMII
KKll-13 - KKll-16 pa30pBeTcH, a BTOpaH u:enb pa30MKHyTa H3
KOHTaKTOM 2PPC. XOTH B 3TOM nOnO}KeHIIII cornaCHO nporpaMMe OH
He pOn}KeH OCTaHaMIIBaTbCH. B 9TOM nOJIO}KeHIIH tJepe3 3aMKHYTbIe
KOHT8KTbI 3PK. 3PP II IPll nO)J,KnIOtJaeTCH BTHrI1BaIOmaH KaTYIliKa
pf'ne 3PPC. 3aMbIKaeTCH ero HO KOHTaKT, KOHTaKTOp 3KK cpa6aTbI-
B8eT II nO)J,aeTCH lIMnynbc Ha norpY3Ky CKIIna )J,06aBOtJHbIM KOKCOM.
O)J,HOBpeMeHHO C nO)J,KJIIOtJeHIIeM BTHfJIBaIOmeH KaTYIliKH pe.ne 3P PC
nOJIytJaeT ClIfHan II OCa}KlIBaIOmaSl KaTYWKa pe.ne 1 P pC. rIpH 9TOM
peJIe 1 P pC oma)J,aeT. tJTO lICKnIOtJaeT B03MO}KHOCTb norpY3KlI BToporo
CKlIna B )J,aHHoH nO)J,atJe. rIplI nepexo)J,e KKll B cne)J,YIOmee nOJIO}KeHlIe
pe.ne 2PPC OTKJIIOtJaeTCH. TeM caMbIM cxeMa BOCCTaHaMlIBaeTCSI )J,nH'
HopManbHoH 3arpY3KH CKlInOB. 4T06bI 3aKa3aTb HeCKonbKO CKlInOB
B nO)J,atJy. Heo6xo)J,lIMO nepeKJIIOtJaTe.nb 23P nOCTaBlITb B HH}KHee nOJIO-
}KeHlIe. rIpH 3TOM peJIe 1 P pC 6Y)J,eT BKJIIOtJeHO nOCTOHHHO. Tor)J,a )J,nH
norpY3KlI )J,06aBotJHoro CKlIna B nOnO}KeHlIlI nponycKa KKll cne)J,yeT
B03)J,eHcTBoBaTb Ha KOMaH)J,oannapaT 15KK.
rIeperoH xonOCTbIX, He3arpY}KeHHbIX CKlInOB He06xo)J,lIM B pH)J,e
cnytJaeB: Kor)J,a Tpe6yeTcH H3MeHlITb CTOPOHY nO)J,atJlI. T. e. BMeCTO
npaBbIx CKlInOB rpY3lITb neBble; Kor)J,a Tpe6yeTcH nOBTOpHo ompaBlITb
, Ha KonOIlIHlIK He BnonHe BbICbInaBllIlIHCH CKlIn; nplI BbIXO)J,e H3 CTpOfl,
HanpHMep. npaBOH CTOpOHbI KOKCOBOH norpy3KlI )J,OJI}KeH 6bITb npOH3-
Be)J,eH neperOH Bcex npaBbIX KOKCOBbIX CKlInOB, H Hao6opOT. XYOH
CKHn 3arpy}KaTb HeJIb3H. cne)J,OBaTeJIbHO. Tpe6yeTcH ero neperOH.
44

Opll neperoHe XOnOCTbIX CKllnOB ,l1.OJDKHa 6bITb 3anpeHa 3arpy3Ka
B CKlln H He )J,onYCKaeTCH pa60Ta BpaIII.aIOIII.erOCH pacnpe,l1.eJIllTenH Ii
Manoro KOHyca. Opll aBTOManI'leCKOM neperOHe OAHHO'lHOro CKlma
(O)J,Horo CKHna B nO)J,a'lY), KOTOpbIH B03MO}KeH B nOnO}KeHHHX KKll-2,
-5, -8, HnH -12, nepeKJIIOtJ:aTeJlll II A H II E B m-lx nOJIO}KeHHHX 06bltJ:HO
CTaBHTCH Ha nponycK. OpHCOe,l1.1-IHeHHe K cxeMe pene neperoHa CKHnOB
3Pll npoH3Bo)J,llTCH C nOMOIII.bIO KOMaH,l1.oannapaTa 12KK )J,nH npor-
paMMbI A H 21KK )J,nH nporpaMMbI E. Opocne)J,HM pa60ry cxeMbI KKll
npH aBTOMaTll'leCKOM O)J,HHOtJ:HOM neperoHe neBoro CKHna. B 9TOM
CJlytJ:ae B HatJ:ane nO,l1.atJ:H KOMaH,l1.0annapaTa 12KK (npH neperoHe CKlma
no nporpaMMe A) CTaBllTCH B nOnO}KeHlle, npH KOTOpOM 3aMKHyT KOH-
TaKT 12KK-5. C npHxo,l1.oM neBoro, BToporo, CKllna nO)J,a'lH B CKHnOBYIO
HMY 3aMbIKaeTCH KOHTaKT KEH-2 H KKll nepeteIII.aeTCH H3 nepBoro
BO BTopoe nOJIO}KeHHe, B KOTOpOM KKll OCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH, TaK KaK
peJIe 3Pll nonYtJ:aeT nHTaHHe H CBOHM KOHTaKTOM pa3MblKaeT BTOPYIO
06XO,l1.HYIO I1.enb KOHTaKTopa IJJK. OpH 9TOM nOJIY'laeT nHTaHHe KOH-
TaKTOp neperoHa neBoro CKHna 5KE tJ:epe3 3aMKHYTbIH HO KOHTaKT
3Pll H H3 KOH'faKT IPE, nocne 'lero H3 KOHTaKT 5KE B I1.enH KaTyiliKH
KOHTaKTopOB norpY3KH KOKca 3KK H norpy3KH PY)J,bI 3KP pa3MbI-
KaeTCH, 'leM 3anpeIII.aeTCH norpY3Ka MaTepllana B neperOHHeMbIll CKHn.
C HeKOTopOH BbI)J,ep}KKOH nOCJIe npHXO,l1.a B CKHnOBYIO HMY neperOHfle-
MOro CKHna aBTOMaTHtJ:eCKH BKnIO'laeTCH npHBO,l1. nO)J,'beMHHKa H nYCTOH
CKHn nO,l1.HHMaeTCH HaBepx.
CxeMa pa60TaeT aHaJIOrH'lHO npH O)J,HHO'lHOM neperoHe npaBoro
CKHna. B 9TOM cnytJ:ae nepeKJJIO'laTeJlb 12KK Cne,l1.yeT nOCTaBHTb B Ta-
Koe nOnO}KeHHe, npH KOTOpOM 3aMKHyTbI KOHTaKTbI 12KK-2, tJ:TO COOT-
BeTcTByeT neperoHY npaBoro CKHna B BOCbMOM nOJIO}KeHllH KKll.
Opll neperOHe npaBoro CKHna pa60TaeT KOHTaKTOp 4KE. O)J,HHOtJ:HbIH
neperOH CKHnOB MO}KeT 6bITb OCYIII.eCTBJIeH H MaIllHHllCTOM BarOHa-BeCOB
npH nOMOH KOMaH,l1.oannapaTa II KK. OpH neperoHe MaIllHHHCTOM
BaroHa-BecOB JJeBOrO CKHna KOMaH,l1.oannapaT CTaBHTCH B nOnO}KeHHe,
npH KOTOpOM 3aMKHYT KOHTaKT II KK-4. Oocne npHxo)J,a neBoro CKHna
B cKHnoBYIO HMy 3ablKaeTCH KOHTaKT KEH-2, KKll 6Y)J,eT nepeMe-
III.aTbCH B cne)J,YIOIII.ee nOJIO}KeHHe, pene 1 P E oma)J,aeT, a peJIe 2P E
H PllE cpa6aTbIBaIOT. BTHrllBaIOIII.aH KaTYIllKa 5PE HT nOJIY'laeT nllTa-
Hlle 'lepe3 3aMKHYTbIH HO KOHTaKT PllE, KOHTaKTbl llKK-4 H H3
KOHTaKTbI 4KE H IPE. B pe3ynbTaTe KOHTaKTop 5KE Cp, a60TaeT
pa30MKHeTcH I1.enb KaTyIlleK KOHTaKTOpOB 3KK, 3KP, 3anpeIII.aH 3THM
norpY3KY MaTepHana B CKHn. Bo BTOpOM nOnO}KeHl1H KKll He OCTa-
HOBllTCH, TaK KaK pene 3Pll OTKJIIO'leHO nepeKnIO'laTeJIeM 12KK.
B TpeTbeM nOJIO>KeHllH KKll OCTaHOBHTCH, TaK KaK cpa60TaeT, B CO-
OTBeTCTBHH C Ha6paHHoH nporpaMMoH, peJIe 3P P. C HeKOTOpOH BbI)J,ep}K-
KOll nocne npHXO,l1.a neBoro CKllna aBTOMaTHtJ:eCKH BKnIOtJ:aeTCH npHBO)J,
nO)J,'beMHHKa, II nYCTOH CKHn nO,l1.HllMaeTCH Ha KonOIllHHK. C npHXO)J,OM
B CKHnOBYIO HMY Cne,l1.YIOIII.ero npaBoro CKHna 3aMblKaeTCH KOHTaKT
KEB-2. OpH 3TOM nO)J,aeTCH HanpH>KeHHe tJ:epe3 3aMKHYTbIH HO KOH-
TaKT 5P E Ha KaTYIllKll.1 P E HT H 2P Eoc. PeJle 1 P E BTHrHBaeTCH, pa3MbI-
45

yellbl lloCopomo OP Ye/lbl {JoCopoma
J1I61Il31I61Il3;lIblll3;lIbll2J;lIb1 41I51 8;1I61Il8n61Il8lIb Ill81I61128;lIbl 
JOHbl 30Hbl
I 9IIKlll31I61123:11611131I61IZ;1I61IgK Ilg;IIKIIZ81I61Iz81I61121I61111I6119:nKI
m 51116 Q '1I6 MK 0 ,,5/16
W m
5ZIIJ D EJ \ I O :::bIU CKun
II I "z:KI 68 ilK 1 5 %:"1 .
rG3nM 
ffj  [f9iiKl
16flK LJ
39113 = ' 61<
lIeDblu L:ZJ 6Mb
;S""'li 
57116 n 55116 I
u [J A
lIeDbiu
30HiJ
-'I
1116
0.0
JII5
0,5
"115
1,0
5116
I
611J
2p
711J
5
0113
J,O
gill<
1,,0
10nK
l!J
npoBblu
JOHiJ
n
21116
0.0
23116
0.5
2'-116
1,0
25116
1,5
26113
2,0
27113
2,5
28113
3,0
ZgllK
4.0
30/1K
59113
38113 1811K
r:j ""-
n  KOKC
D :::=,c
47116
41116 
11
67/1/(
a
am 13311611/31161 1 3 4/1 5 1 122115\ [M6l
 P3 PI1 81l K3 
1225illl 8JII5 90116 I 84116 I 1 226 /11
" A 8oeOH-DeCbl flgcmoiJ . KOKC 6
.... Z:oflll2lf31r-;lI5l/6lf7lfBll9I[HJllfil021
n OOll3 CKuno
KlJo fIll2lf3lf7lI5lI6lf7lfBll9lflOll7tlG2l
90/15 niJq
D£:GGrnGGGB0BEJ0,
21JA6 214116 Z/5/16 216/16 217116 218116 2/9116 220/16 12//16 Z22n6 22JII5 22M5
"0113

89115
C
Ii
87116
D

KaeT enb BTHrHBaIOIl(eH KaTylliKH 5P EST H nO,n:KJIIOtJ:aeT Ha HanpmKe-
HHe OCa>KHBaIOIl(yIO KaTylliKY 5P Eoc. H3 KOHTaKT 5P E B enH KaTYIliKH
IJlK 3aMbIKaeTCH, HO H3 KOHTaKT IPE ,:ITOH >Ke enH pa30MKHeTCH,
n03TOMY KOHTaKTOp IJlK He nonYtJ:HT nHTaHHe H KKn He 6y,n:eT nepe-
MeIl(aTbCH C npHxo,n:OM npaBoro CKHna, nacne TOro KaK OCYIl(eCTBJIeH
neperOH npe.zr.bI,n:yIl(ero neBoro CKHna. TaK KaK B neperOHHeMbIH neBbIH
CKHn MaTepHaJI He 6bIn crpY>KeH, TO peJIe pn E oCTanOCb BO BTHHYTOM
nOnO>KeHHH, n03TOMY npH BKJIIOtJ:emlH pene 1 P E no,n:aeTCH HanpH>KeHlIe
Ha KaTylliKy KOHTaKTopa 3KP. nocne,n:HHH, cpa6aTbIBaH, pa3pelliaeT
norpY3KY py,n:bI B npaBbIH CKHn. EcnH KOHTaKT 11 KK-4 K rrpHxo,n:y ne-
Boro CKHrra OCTaeTCSI 3aMKHyTbIM, TOT 3TOT CKHn 6y,n:et oTnpaBneH
BHOBb He3arpY>KeHHbIM Ha KonOIlIHHK.
ABTOMaTHtJ:ecKHH neperOH Bcex KOKCOBbIX CKHrrOB (npaBbIX HnH
neBbIX) rrpo1I3Bo,n:HTCH MallIHHHCTOM BaroHa-BecoB C nOMOIl(bIO KOMaH,n:o-
arrnapaTa 41 KK Ha Tex pa6otJ:Hx nOJIO>KeHHHX KKn, Ha KOTOpbIX rre-
peKnIOtJ:aTeJIH n A, n E nOCTaBJIeHbI B HH>KHee rrOJIO>KeHHe (3arpY3Ka
KOKca).
ABTOMaTH1J:eCKHH neperOH Bcex py,n:HbIX CKHnOB (npaBbIx lInH ne-
BbIX) npOH3Bo,n:lITCSI MallIHHHCTOM BarOHa-BeCOB C nOMObIO KOMaH,n:o-
annapaTa 42KK Ha Tex pa6otJ:Hx rrOnO>KeHHSlX KKn, Ha KOTOpbIX rre-
peKJIIOtJ:aTeJIH nA, n E nOCTaBJIeHbI B BepXHee nOJIO>KeHHe (3arpY3Ka
py,n:ofI).
ABTOMaTH1J:eCKHH neperoH Bcex rrpaBbIX H Bcex JIeBbIX CKHnOB
rrpOH3Bo,n:HTCSI C nOMOIl(bIO nepeKnIOtJ:aTeJIeH 24P H 22P. npH 3TOM KO-
MaH,n:oKoHTpOJlnepbI KKn, KKll. H MexaHH3MbI norpY3KH He pa6o-
TaIOT.
+-
PHC. 2-6. rJlaBHbIH ClirHaJlbHblii cBeTocjJop
30HJ\bI: I.nE; 2J.nE - SOHJ\ nOJ\HHT 16.n1<. 18.n1< - «neqb lie nOJllla,,: npOqHe JlaMnbl YKa3b1BaIOT
YPOSCHb saCbtnll C IIHTCpBaJlaMH 0,5 M.
Bpall\alOll\Hi1cH pacnpeAeJlHTeJlb; 97.nI<-BP pa(joTaeT no JleBon npoepaMMc; 98.nI<-BP pa(joTacT
no npaBoli npoepaMMe.
Y e JI 1>1: 15-30-45- 105-120-135- 195-210-225- 285-300-315-
60-75-90° 150-165-180° 240-255-270° 330-345-360°
3 0 11 bl: A fi r A
naMnbl: 1-2-3-4-5-6 1-2--3-4-5-6 1-2-3-4-5-6 1-2-3-4-5-6
M a JI b! II K 0 II Y C II Y P a B HilT e JI b H bI e K JI a n a H bl: 61.nE - saKpblT; 62.n3-
nepeMell\aCTCH 63JI I< - OTKpbIT; 68.n I< - CJla(5I1Ha; 40.n 1<, 50.n I< - JleBbllI H npaBbllI ypaBHII'
TeJlbHble KJlanaHbI M I< OTKpblTbi
fi 0 JI b W 0 II K 0 H Y C H Y P a B H H T e JI b H bl e K JI a n a H bl: 19.n I< -, sanpell\eHo onyc-
KaHHe; 64.nE - saKpblT; 65.n3 - nepeMeIl\aerCH; 66.n1< - OTKpblT; 69.n1< - cJla(jHHa; 70.nK,
60JTK - JlCBbIli H npaBbl1l ypaBHHTCJlbHble KJlanaHbl, EK - OTKpblTbi
r JI a B H bI II no A 'b e M: 51.nE, 45.nE - CKIm Hasepxy; 52JI3, 44.n3 - CKlin ,ABH}KeTCH
BBepx; 53.nK, 43.nK - pa(jOTaeT Jlc6e,AKa rJlaBHOeO nOJ\'beMa; 35.nE, 15JIE - ncpecoH He3a-
epY)l{enHblx cKHnOB; 54.n3, 43.n3 - CKHn J\BH}KeTCH BHH3; 55.nE, 41.nB - CKnn BHHsy.
M e x a H H S M bl nor p Y S K H K 0 K C a: 39.n3, 38.n3 - epoxoT pacccBa Koy-cosoll
MCJlOqll pa(jOTaeT: 34aJ1 B. 33aJI E - (5YHKCP B03BpaTa KOKCOBOII MeJlOqll 3anOJlHeH; 56.n3, 46.n3 -
rpoxoT KOKca pa(jOTaCT; 37.n3. 86.n3 - epoXOT B03spaTa pa(jOTaeT; 57.nE, 47.nE - KOKcosaH
BeCOBaH BopOHKa nOJlHa KOKCOM: 58.nK. 48JIK - S8TBOp KOKCOBOIJ BOpOHKH OTKpbIT; 88JIE.
89.nE - CKHn KOKCOBOII MCJlOqH BBCPXY; 86.n3, 85.n3 - CKHn KOKcosol! MeJlOqH nOJ\HHMaeTcH:
90.nE, 87.nE - CKHn KOKcosoli MCJlOqH BHH3Y
3 a JI H B K a BOA bl: 59.n3 - JleBbll! BeHTHJlb SaJlHBKH BO.AbI OTKpbIT; 49.n3 - npaBblii
BeHT HJlb SaJlIISKH BOAbl OTKpblT
C II e H a JI H S a JI, H H n p 0 r paM M bl: 22.n3 - npocpaMMa A: 226JI3 - npocpaMMa B;
83.nE - nocpYSK8 PYJ\bl; 99.nE - npoepaMMHbllI nepeCOH He3aepY}KCHHbIX CKHnOB; 84.nE-
norpY3Ka KOKca; 71-82.nE - HOMepa CKHnos; 201-224.nE - HOMcpa nOJ\aq; 33.lJB - 33K8S
J\o(jaBOqHOIi PYJ\bI; 13.nE - HcnOJlHeHHe saKa3a Ao(jaBOqHOIi PYJ\bI; 22.nE - 3aKa3 Ao(jaSOqHOrO
KOKca; 2.nE - HCnOJlHCHHe 3aKa3a Ao(jaBOqHOrO KOKca; 34.nE - 3aKa3 J\o(jaBOqHOIi BOAbI;
67.nK - CHeHaJi «ocaJ\Ka nCIJHit.
47

 2-3. rnaoHblH cHrHanbHblH cBeTocIJop
,.Qml KOHTponH H CHfHanH3aIJ:HH nOnO}KeHHH OT)l:enbHblX MexaHH3MOB
CHCTeMbl 3arpY3KH npHMeHHeTCH CHfHanbHblH cBeTo<lJop, YCTaHaBJIHBae-
MblH y CKHnOBOH HMbI )l:nH MalllHHHCTa BarOHa-BeCOB H B nOMeIIJ.eHHH
MaCTepa )l:OMeHHOH ne'lH. CHrHanbHblH cBeTO£pop npe)l:CTaBnHeT C060H
MeTannH'leCKHH HIIJ.HK C Bblpe3aHHblMH npHMoyrOJIbHblMH OTBepCTHHMH,
B KOTopble BCTaBJIeHbl CTeKna pa3nHtJ:HbIX IJ:BeTOB. Ha 3THX CTeKnax yKa-
3aHbl COOTBeTCTBYIOIIJ.He ycnoBHbIe 0603Ha'leHHH MexaHH3MOB. BHYTPH
HIIJ.HKa npOTHB OTBepCTHH pacnOJIO}KeHbI n,aMilbI (pHC. 2-6). npH HX
ropeHHH OCBeIIJ:aIOTCH ycnoBHbIe o603HatJ:eHllH OT)l:eJIbHbIX MexaHH3MOB,
HanpHMep, nO)l:'beM H onycKaHHe CKHnOB, nOnO}KeHHH MaJIOro, 60JIb-
lllQfO KOHYCOB H ypaBHHTeJIbHbIX KnanaHOB, pa60Ta MexaHH3MOB
norpY3KH KOKca, ypoBeHb netJ:H H T. )1:.
B cnytJ:ae aBapHHHoro pe}KHMa pa60TbI CHCTeMbI (cnytJ:aHHoe OTKnIO-
'leHHe npHBO)l:a ne6e.n.KH rnaBHoro nO)l:'beMa, KOHYCOB, BpaIIJ.aIOIIJ.erOCH
paCnpe)l:eJIHTeJIH, MexaHH3MOB norpY3KH KOKca, 'lpe3MepHoe CHH}KeHHe
HnH nOBbIllleHHe ypOBHH lllHXTbI B )l:OMHe H T. )1:.) BKnIOtJ:aeTCH aBapHHHaH
CHrHanH3aIJ:HH,

rnasa III
anEKTPonPMBO.Qbl MEXAHM3MOB
CMCTEMbl 3ArpY3KM
 3-1. 3neKTponpHBoA BarOHa-BeCOB
B OMeHHblX netIax He60JIbliiOH npOH3BOHTeJIbHOCTJf Hcnonb3yeTCH
BaroH-BecbI rpY30nO'beMHOCTbIO 25 rn C BYMH npHBoHbIMH BHra-
TeJIHMH cYMMapHoH tIaCOBOH MOIII.HOCTbIO 25 K8rn. BaroH-BecbI TaKOH
rpY30nO'beMHOCTH MO:H<eT BblIIOJIHHTb Tpe60BaHJfH OMeHHbIX netIeH
none3HbIM 06'beMOM o 1386 .M 3 . 06eCnetIHTb :H<e HHTeHcHBHYIO pa60T)'
CHCTeMbI 3arpY3KH 60nee KpynHblx OMeHHbIX netIeH C none3HbIM o6'be-
MOM 1513 .M 3 H BbIllie OHH He B COCTOHHHH. n03TOMY CHCTeMa 3arpy3KH
'OMeHHbIX netIeH TaKoro 06'beMa npeYCMaTpHBaeT npHMeHeHHe BarOHa-
BeCOB nOJIe3HOH HarpY3KH 40 rn TUna 3BB-40. XapaKTepHbIM B 3neKT-
Po060pyoBaHHH BaroHa-BecoB TUna 3BB-40 HBJIHeTCH:
I. nHTaHHe BHraTeJIeH BaroHa-BecOB oCYIII.eCTBJIFeTCH OT ceTH
Tpexa3Horo nepeMeHHoro TOKa HanpH:H<eHHeM 380 8.
2. npHMeHeHHe CHCTeMbI reHepaTOp-BHraTeJIb nH nHTaHHH THro-
BbIX BHraTeJIeH H BHraTeJIeH TpaHCMJfCCHH.
3. I1cnOJIb30BaHHe nH nepe.n.BH:H<eHHH tIeTblpex BHraTeJIeH (OHH
,J.BHraTenb Ha Ka:H<YIO OCb), tITO nOtITH B Ba pa3a YBeJIHtIHBaeT cHny
CI1.enJIeHHH B cpaBHeHHH C BaroHoM-BecaMH CTapOH OOHCTPYKU:HH.
4. npHBO Ka:H<OH TpaHcMHccHH 3aTBopoB PYHbIX 6YHKepoB npo-
H3BOHTCH OT OTeJIbHX BHraTeJIeH nOCTOHHHoro TOKa.
5. npHBO nH nO'beMHbIX Kop060K H 3aTBopOB KapMaHOB nHeB-
MaTHtIeCKHH, ynpaBnHeMbIH npH nOMOIII.H 3neKTpOMarHHTHbIX BeHTHneH.
6. TOpMO:H<eHHe - 3JIeKTpHtIecKoe. ABapHHHoe TOpMO:H<eHHe-
nHeBMaTHtIeCKoe.
.l1.nH nepeBH:H<eHHH BaroHa-BecoB npHMeHeHbI tIeTbIpe- BHraTeJIH
nOCToHHHOro TOKa THna .l1.K-809B, 35,6 K8rn, 250 8, 1650 06/.MUH C He-
3aBHCHMbIM B036Y:H<eHHeM. .l1.BHraTeJIH nOJIytIaIOT nHTaHHe OT reHepa-
Topa nocTOHHHOro TOKa MOIII.HOCTbIO 80 K8rn, 5008,985 06/.MUH. feHepa-
TOp BpaIII.aeTCH aClIHxpOHHbIM BHraTeneM TUna MA 36-72/6, 100 K8rn
985 06/.MUH, 380 8.
Ka:H<aH TpaHCMHCCHH (nepeHeli H 3aHeH CTOpOHbI BaroHa-BecoB)
JInH OTKpbIBaHHH 3aTBopOB PYHbIX 6YHKepOB npHBOHTCH OT BHraTeJIH
49

nma .rr.D32, 16 Kern npll DB-0,25; 1170 06/MUH, 2208, C He3aBHCllMon
06MoTKon B036Y)l{,D.eHHH. '
Ha pHC. 3-1 npe,D.CTaBJIeHa cxeMa ynpaBJIeHHH BarOHOM-BecaMII
CllCTeMbI 3arpY3KII ,D.OMeHHOn ne'lH. B 3Ton cxeMe reHepaTop r nO,D.aeT
nllTaHlle Ha ,D.BIIraTeJIII nepe.n.Bll)l{eHHH BarOHa-BeCOB 11.1, 11.2, 11.3 II 11.4
II Ha ,D.BIIraTeJIII TpaHcMllccIIn /1,T 1 II I1.T2. DO,D.KJIIO'leHlle O,D.HOn napbI
,D.BllraTeJIen /1,1, 11.2 K HKOpIO reHepaTOpa npOIl3BO,D.I1TCH KOHTaKTOpoM
IJIll II ,D.pyron napbI /1,2 H 11.3 - KOHT8KTOpOM 2JIll; nO,D.KnIO'leHlle
,D.BIIraTeJIen TpaHcMHcclln - KOHTaKTopaMH 1 JIT II 2JIT. B cxeMe
llMeIOTCH 6noKHpoBKH, 3anpern.aIOrn.lle O,D.HOBpeMeHHoe nllTaHHe ,D.Bllra-
Tenen nepe,D.BH)I{eHllH H ,D.BllraTeJIen TpaHcMHcclln. 06MoTKa B036Y)l{,D.e-
HHH reHepaTopa npllCOe,D.HHeHa K HKOpIO 3neKTpoMallIIIHHoro YCHnH-
TeJIH 3MY. TpH 06MOTKH ynpaBJIeHHH 3MY (06MOTKH yr3) , COe,D.H-
HeHHble nOCne,D.OBaTeJIbHO, nO,D.KJIIO'leHbI Ha BbIXO,D. MarHllTHOrO YCll-
nllTeJIH MY. 4eTBepTaH o6MoTKa ynpaBJIeHHH yrr BKnIO'leHa 13 ,D.Ha-
OHanb ,D.HHaMmleCKoro MOCTa ,D.nH cTa6HnH3aHH nepexO,D.HbIX npoeccoB
CHCTeMbI.
B cxeMe Hcnonb3YIOTCH TPH 06MOTKH ynpaBJIeimH MarHHTHoro YCH
nllTenH:
1. 06MoTKa MY-I, BKJIIO'leHHaH Ha na,D.eHHe HanpH)I{eHllH Ha co-
npOTHBJIeHllll 2C, nponopHoHanbHoe TOKY ,D.BHraTeJIen, II Ha HanpH)I{e-
HHe cpaBHeHHH (na.n.eHHe HanpH)I{eHHH Ha COnpOTHBJIeHHe 1Cll). DpH
3TOM oTpllaTenbHaH 06paTHaH CBH3b no TOKy, 6.narO,D.apH npHMeHe-
HHIO BeHTHnen 1 BC H 2BC, ,D.encTByeT C OTCe'lKon.
2. 06MoTKa MY-2, BKJIIO'leHHaH Ha tJ:aCTb HanpH)I{eHllH reHepaTopa
(noTeHHoMeTp 2Cll) H HanpH)I{eHHe cpaBHeHHH, CHHMaeMoro C nOTeH-
HoMeTpa 3C.ll B ,D.aHHOM cnytJ:ae 6narO,D.apH npliMeHeHHIO BeHTHneii
BC-B H BC-H nOJIy'laeMaH 3,D.eCb oTpllaTeJIbHaH 06paTHaH CBH3b no
HanpH)I{eHllIO ,D.encTByeT C OTCe'lKon.
3. 3a,D.aIOrn.aH o6MoTKa MY-3, BKJIIOtJ:eHHaH Ha HanpH)I{eHl1e onepa-
TllBHon enH tJ:epe3 nOTeHHoMeTp 4Cll.
YnpaBneHHe ,D.BHraTeJIHMll ocyrn.ecTBJIHeTCH C nOMorn.bIO KOMaH,D.O-
annapaTa KK. DO,D.'beM II onycKaHlle Kop060K ocyrn.ecTBnHeTcH nHeBMa-
TlltJ:eCKHMH KnanaHaMH, KOTopbIe ynpaBnHIOTcH 3neKTponHeBMaTHtJ:e-
CKHMH BeHTHnHMH 13llB - 43llB npH nO,D.'beMe H 13llH - 43llH
npH onycKaHHH. OTKpbIBaHHe H 3aKpbIBaHlle 3aTBopoB KapMaHoB ocy-
rn.eCTBJIHeTCH nHeBMaTH'leCKllMH KJIanaHaMll, ynpaBJIHeMbIMH BeHTH-
nHMH COOTBeTCTBeHHO 13KO - 23KO H 13K3 - 23K3. BKnIOtJ:eHlle
BeHTHneH npoH3BO,D.HTCH KOMaH,n:oannapaTaMH EKJI, EKll, I1.KJI H
I1.Kll - ,D.nH ynpaBJIemtH Kop06KaMH, UK H JIK - ,D.nH ynpaBJIeHllH
3aTBopaMH KapMaHOB.
CxeMon ynpaBJIeHllH npe,n:YCMaTpHBaIOTCH cne.n.YIOrn.He 6noKHpoBKll:
1. DepeMern.eHHe BarOHa-BeCOB, T. e. BKJIIOtJ:eHlle ,D.BHraTeJIeH /1,1,
11.2, 11.3, 11.4 B03MO)l{HO, ecnH llIecTepeHHble Kop06KH HaXO,D.HTCH B HH)I{-
HeM nOJIO)l{eHllH, 3aKpbITbI KapMaHbI BaroHa-BeCOB. C 3Ton eJIbIO B enH
nHHeHHbIX KOHTaKTopoB 1 JI II H 2JI II BKJIIOtJ:eHbI KOHTaKTbI KOHetJ:HbIX
BbIKnIOtJ:aTeneH Kop060K 1 KT, 2KT, 3KT H 4KT, KOTopble 3aMKHyTbI
50

  
,\;:[1
Lr-:?:f-!...__,
t:: 1 : r:==-=-'if1J
'" r r !C> fI I::
"'  i--- J1 -:L-' i
"'- "" '-" tQ l<:> -
<:::---...1  - Y "'I ---
': i r r :q I
>.!:: --
r---
<:{T
 
 
-1 
) 
'<:> X""
-Jx
- 
.... 1'"
'-Jk
-i >c:
.... IX""
,
GS 
C'J

:>:::



'"
.... '-
"'" "'"
 '
- - 
Z?
""
- - --
..
---
:s::
"
'"
t)
OJ

;.
o
:xi
o
...
'"

b:
:s::
:xi
OJ


'"
c::>.
I::
;;.,
'"
"
OJ
X
U

-
d:,
::x::

r--,
I I
I
I
I
"'I
I
I
I
I I
L_.J
t)
:s::
0..

<:::::


JIHlllb B HH>KHeM nOJIO>KeHHH Kopo6oK, H KOHTaKTbI KOHe1JHbIX BbIKnIO-
1JaTeneH 3aTBOpOB KapMaHOB BarOHa-BeCOB 1 KE II 2KE, KOTopble 3aMK-
HYTbI npH 3aKpbITOM COCT05lHlIH 3aTBOpoB.
2. BKnI01JeHHe ,n:BHraTenH TpaIIcMHcclIH I1.T 1 lInH I1.T2 C LlenbIO
OTKpbITII5I 3aTBopoB py,n:HbIX 6YIIKepoB B03MO>KHO nHlllb npH no,n:II5ITOH
llleCTepeHIIoH Kopo6Ke. ILnH 3TOro B LlenH KOIITaKTopoB 1JlT H 2JlT
BKnI01JeHbI KOHTaKTbl KOHe1JHbIX BblKnI01JaTeneH Kopo60K 11 KT, J2KT,
J3KT, 14KT, KOTOpble 3aMKHYTbl nHlllb B BepxHeM nOnO>KeHHH.
3. f1o,n:'beM II onycKaHHe llleCTepeHHblx Kop060K B03MO>KHO nHlllb
npH Heno,n:Bl:I>KHbIX ,n:Bl:Iraren5lX nepeMern.eHIIH, 1JTO 06eCne1JHBaeTCH /f3
KOHTaKTOM pene 1P3, KaTylllKa KOTOporo no,n:KJII01JeHa Ha HanpH>KeHHe
reHepaTOpa.
4. OTKpbITl:Ie KapMaHoB BaroHa-BecOB B03MO>KHO, ecnH BaroH-BecbI
Haxo,n:HTCH Ha,n: cKHnoBoH HMOH, npH HanlI1JIIH cooTBeTcTBYIOrn.ero
CKHna B HMe H npH py,n:HOM nOJIO>KeHHH KKn. f1epBaH 6JIOKHpOBKa Bbl-
nOJIH5IeTCH C nOMorn.bIO TpOJIneH A, B H C, KOTopbIe npHcoe,n:l:IHHIOT an-
napaT ynpaMeHHH n K, J7 K, BKnI01JaIOrn.HH KaTYlllKH pene 1PK B T>
2PK BT K Llenl1 ynpaMeHHH, nl1111b Tor,n:a, Kor,n:a BaroH-Becbl CTOHT Ha,n:
CKl1nOBOH HMOH. ILBe OCTanbHble 6JIOKHpOBKH ocyrn.ecTBnHIOTCH TeM,
1JTO B lLenb BTHfHBaIOrn.eH KaTylllKH 1PK sT (2PK BT ) tJKnI01JeH KOHTaKT
KEB-2 (KE/f-2), KOTOpblH 3aMKHYT npH HanH1JHI1 CKHna B CKHnOBOH
HMe, KOHTaKTbl 3KP H P n E H3 cxeMbl KKn, 3aMKHYTble, ecnH B COOTBeT-
CTBI1H C nporpaMMoH ,n:OJI>KHa npOH3BO,n:HTbCH 3arpY3Ka CKlma py,n:OH.
OTKpbIBaHl1e KapMaHOB BaroHa-BecOB ocyrn.eCTBJIHeTCH C nOMorn.bIO
KOMaH,n:oannapaTa nK - npaBblH KapMaH (JlK - neBblH KapMaH),
no,n:KnI01JaIOrn.ero KaTylllKY 1 P KilT (2P K nT ) Ha Hanp5l>Kemle ceTH, eCJIH
3aMKHYTbI KOHTaKTbl KEB-2 (KE/f-2), 3KP H pnE. f1pH cpa6aTbIBa-
HHH 1PK (2PK) BKnI01JaeTC5I BeHTHnb 13KO (23KO) nHeBMaTH1JeCKoro
KnanaHa, C nOMorn.bIO KOToporo npoH3Bo,n:lITCH oTKpbIBaHHe KapMaHa.
B cxeMe npe,n:ycMaTplIBaIOTc5I CJIe,n:YIOrn.He BaplIaHTbI nHTaHHH ,n:BH-
raTeneH OT reHepaTOpa T:
1. f1HTaHHe 1JeTblpex ,n:BHraTeneH nepe,n:BH>KeHHH BarOHa-BeCOB
(11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4).
2. f1IITaHlIe ,n:BYX ,n:BlIraTeJIeH nepe,n:BlI>KeHHH BaroHa-BecOB (11.1,
11.2 lInH 11.3, 11.4).
3. f1lITaHHe ,n:BlIraTenH TpaHcMHccHH nepe,n:HeH Hnl1 3a,n:HeH CTOpOHbl
(I1.T-1 HnH I1.T-2). '
Bo BTOpOM cnY1Jae ,n:onycTHMoe 3Ha1JeHHe TOKa B nepexo,n:HoM npo-
Llecce ,n:OJI>KHO 6bITb CHlI>KeHO B ,n:Ba pa3a, 1JTO ocyrn.ecTBJIHeTCH BBe,n:e-
HHeM 1JaCTH ,n:onOJIHHTenbHoro conpoTHMeHHH 1CI1. B Llenb nOTeHLlHO-
MeTpa JCn C nOMorn.bIO KOHTaKTa 1PJIn HnH 2PJln, OTKpbITblX
npH Hepa60TaIOrn.eH nape ,n:BHraTeneH COOTBeTCTBeHHO 11.1, 11.2 HnH
11.3, 11.4.
B TpeTbeM cnY1Jae npH nHTaHHH ,n:BHraTenH I1.T 1 HnH I1.T2 OT O,n:HOro
H Toro >Ke reHepaTopa T ,n:OJI>KHO 6blTb CHH>KeHO HanpH>KeHHe reHepa-
Topa B ,n:Ba pa3a H COOTBeTCTBeHHO CHII>KeHa yc1aBKa ,n:eHcTBHH TOKOBOH
06paTHOH CBH3H. CHH>KeHHe HanpH>KeHHH reHepaTOpa npn 3TOM npo-
52

113BO,n:I1TCH BBe,n:eHHeM B Llenb nOTeHLlHOMeTpa 3Cll ,n:OnOnHHTenbHoro
COnpOTHBJIeHHH 2CJ]" qTO BbInOJIHHeTCH C nOMOrn.bIO KOHTaKTa 1 P llT
(2PllT), KOTOpbIH 6y,n:eT OTKpbIT nocne rro,n:'beMa COOTBeTCTBYIOrn.eH
llleCTepeHHOH Kopo6KH. CHH>KeHHe YCTaBKI1 TOKOBOH 06paTHOH CBH3H
npOH3Bo,n:HTCH BBe,n:eHHeM B Llenb flOTeHLlHOMeTpa lCll C nOMorn.bIO
KOHTaKTa lPllT (2PllT) qaCTH ,n:ononHHTenbHoro corrpOTMMe-
HHH lCJ],.
HaqHeM paCCMOTpeHHe pa60Tbl cxeMbI C nYCKa ,n:BHraTeneH nepeMe-
rn.eHHH BaroHa-BecOB, Haxo,n:Hrn.erOCH Ha,n: CKHnOBOH HMOH. f10CJIe 3a-
rpY3KH CKHnOB py,n:OH MalllHHHCT ,n:on>KeH BHOBb OTnpaBHTb BaroH-BecbI
OT CKHnOBOH HMbI K py,n:HbIM 6YHKepaM. C nOH LlenbIO OH nepeBo,n:HT KO-
MaH,n:oannapaT KK B O,n:HO H3 pa60qHX nOJIO>KeHHH, HanpHMep B TpeTbe.
f1pH nOM no,n:KnIOqaeTCH Ha HanpH>KeHHe KaTylllKa pene PO, 3aTeM
KaTYlllKH 1 K3 H 2K3 (npH pa60Te qeTbIpex ,n:BHraTeneH) H ,n:aJlee Ka-
TylllKa P EB (PElf). B pe3ynbTaTe 3TOro 3a,n:aIOrn.aH o6MoTKa MJ1-3
MarHHTHoro YCHnHTenH MJ1 nonyqHT nHTaHHe 11 Ha BbIxo,n:e ero B03HHK-
HeT HanpH>KeHHe. f1o,n: BJIHHHHeM 6onbllloro HanpH>KeHHH MJ1 <pOpCH-
pOBaHHo B03paCTaIOT 3.,n:. C. 3neKTpOMalllHHHoro YCHnHTenH 3MJ1,
TOK B036Y>K.ll:eHHH H 3. ,n:. C. reHeparopa, CKOpOCTb Bparn.eHHH ,n:BHra-
Te.TIeH. f1pH TOKe ,n:BHraTenH paBHOM YCTaBOqHOMY 3HaqeHHIO, BCTY-
naeT B ,n:eHCTBHe OTpHLlaTe.TIbHaH 06paTHaH CBH3b no TOKY, OrpaHHqH-
BaIOrn.aH BenHqHHY TOKa H I1HTeHCHBHOCTb pOCTa 3.,n:. C. reHepaTopa.
B KOHLle npoLletca B036Y>KJI:eHHH, Kor,n:a HanpH>KeHHe, CHHMaeMoe C no-
TeHLlHOMeTpa 2Cll reHepaTopa, CTaHeY paBHbIM HanpH>KeHHIO cpaBHe-
HHH, nonyqaeMOrO C nOTeHLlHOMeTpa 3Cll, HaqHeT ,n:eHCTBOBaTb OTPH-
LlaTe.TIbHaH 06paTHaH CBH3b no HanpH>KeHHIO, ocyrn.eCTBJIHH OTCeqKY
<pOpCHpOBKH npOLlecca B036Y>K,n:eHHH.
f1pl1 rro,n:xo,n:e BaroHa-BecOB K py,n:HbIM 6YHKepaM, 113 KOTOpbIX Tpe-
6yeTCH 3arpY>KaTb MaTepHaJlOM KapMaHbI BaroHa-BecOB, MalllHHHCT
nepeBo,n:HT KOMaH,n:oannapaT KK B HyneBoe nOnO>KeHHe. B 3TOM CJIY-
qae 06eCToqHBaIOTCH KaTYlllKH pene PO H P E B (PElf), CHHMaeTCH
HanpH>KeHHe C 3a,n:aIOrn.eH 06MoTKH MJ1-3, a H3 LlenH 06paTHOH CBH3H
BbiKnIOqaeTCH HarrpH>KeHHe cpaBHeHHH. f1o,n: BnHHHHeM oTpHLlaTenbHoH
HaMarHHqHBaIOrn.eH CHnbI 06MOTKH o6paTHoH CBH3H MJ1-2 HanpH>KeHHe
YCHnHTenH M J1 H3MeHHT CBOIO nonHpHocTb, a TOK B036Y>KJI:eHHH H 3. ,n:. C.
reHepaTopa CTaHYT 6bICTpO CHH>KaTbCH, C03,n:aBaH ropM03HOH pe>KHM
,n:BHraTeneH nepeMeIll,eHHH. B KOHLle npOLlecca TOpMO>KeHHH pene Ha-
npH>KeHHH lP3 H 2P3 oma,n:aIOT, KaTYlllKH KOHTaKropoB lJlll, 2Jlll
06ecToqHBaIOTCH H ,n:BHraTenH nepe,n:BH>KeHHH OTKnIOqaIOTCH OT reHepa-
Topa. 06MOTKa m6KOH 06paTHoH CBH3H J1rr npH 3TOM no,n:KJIIOqaeTCH
Ha caMorallleHHe nonH reHepaTopa.
,lJ,nH 3arpY3KH MaTepHanOM KapMaHOB BarOHa-BeCOB MalllHHHCT
npe,n:BapHTenbHO C nOMorn.bIO COOTBeTCTBYIOrn.HX KOMaH,n:oannapaTOB
B03,n:eHcTByeT Ha BeHTHnlI 13llB-43llB H ocyrn.eCTMHeT no,n:'beM
Tpe6yeMoH llleCTepeHHOH Kop06KH ,n:nH coe,n:HHeHHH 6apa6aHa 3aTBopa
py,n:Horo 6YHKepa C npHBo,n:HbIM ,n:BHraTeneM J],T 1 HnH J],T2. C no,n:'beMOM
lllecrepeHHoH Kopo6KH 3aMbIKaeTCH O,n:HH H3 KOHTaKTOB llKT, 12KT,
53

13KT, 14KT, qTO npHBO)J;HT K nO)J;KnIOqeHHIO Ha HanpSDKeHHe CeTH
KaTyWeK IJlT, IPflT HnH 2JlT, 2PflT H nO)J;KnIOqeHHIO K reHepaTOpy
)J;BHraTenH Jl.T I HnH Jl.T2. C nO)J;'beMOM Kop06KH pa3MbIKaeTCH O)J;HH H3
KOHTaKTOB I KT, 2KT, 3KT, 4KT, qeM YCTpaHHeTCH B03MO}KHOCTb
O)J;HOBpeMeHHOrO nO)J;KJIIOqeHHH )J;BHraTenH TpaHCMHCCHH H )J;BHraTeJIeH
nepe)J;BH}KeHHH K HKOplO reHepaTOpa. nYCK )J;BHraTeJIH TpaHCMHCCHH
npOH3BO)J;HTCH, KaK H nYCK )J;BHraTeneH nepe)J;BH}KeHHH, 'nepeBO)J;OM
KOMaH)J;OannapaTa KK B pa60qee nOnO}KeHHe.
CBH3b BaroHa-BecOB C CHCTeMOH 3arpY3KH ocyrn.eCTBJIHeTCH npH
nOMOrn.H TpeX TponneB A, E H C, pacnOJIO}KeHHbIX Ha)J; CKHnOBOH HMOH.
.lJ.JIH OTKpbIBaHHH 3aTBopa O)J;HOro H3 KapMaHOB C nOMorn.bIO KOMaH)J;O-
annapaTa fl K (rrpaBbIH KapMaH) HnH Jl K (JIeBbIH KapMaH) nO)J;KnIOqaeTCH
Ha HanpH}KeHHe ceTH BTHrHBaIOrn.aH KaTYWKa pene C MafHHTHOH 3a-
rn.enKoH IPK sT , ecnH HMeeTCH CBH3b C CHCTeMOH 3arpY3KH qepe3 TPOJI-
neH A, B H C, eCJIH 3aMKHYTbI KOHTaKTbI KEB-2 (KEH-2), KOHTaKTbI
3KP H Pfl E H eCJIH KOMaH)J;oannapaT nO)J;'beMa CKHna 4KK CTOHT B HY-
JIeBOM nOJIO}j{eHHH.
npH cpa6aTbIBaHHH pene C 3arn.enKoH IPK (2PK) np0I13BO)J;HTCH
nO)J;KJIIOqeHHe KaTYWKH :meKTponHeBMaTHqeCKoro BeHTHnH 13KO
(23KO) , OTKpbIBaIOrn.ero COOTBeTCTBeHHO 3aTBOp npaBoro HnH neBoro
KapMaHa. npH nOJIHOCTbIO OTKpbITOM 3aTBope KapMaHa 3aMbIKaeTCH
KOHTaKT KOHeqHoro BbIKnIOqaTeJIH I KE-2 (2KE-2) , B pe3ynbTaTe oca-
}KHBaIOrn.aH KaTYWKa pene I P Koc (2P Koc) nonyqaeT nHTaHI1e, H pene
I PK (2P K) npHxo)J;HT B nepBOHaqanbHOe nOJIO}KeHHe.
3aKpbIBaHHe 3aTBopa KapMaHOB nocne BbICbmaHI1H MaTepHana
B CKHn npOH3BO)J;HTCH KOMaH)J;oannapaTaMH fl K (JlK), KOTopbIe CTa-
BHTCH Ha nO)J;KnIOqeHHe K HanpH}KeHHIO ceTH KaTywKH 3neKTponHeBMa-
TlIqeCKoro BeHTHnH 13K3 (23K3).
 3-2. 3neKTponpHBOA KOKconorpY80HorD
YCTpoiicTB8
1'13 KOKCOBOro 6YHKepa ROKC C nOMObIO rpOXOTa nocTynaeT B KOK-
COBYIO BecoBYIO BOp OH KY , a 3aTeM H3 KOKCOBOH BOpOHKH OH CCbmaeTCH
B CKHn.
fPOXOT H 3aTBOpbI KOKCOBbIX BOpOHOK HMeIOT caMOCTOHTenbHbIe
npHBO)J;bJ. B AaHHOM CJIyqae B03MO}KHbI npHBO)J;bI KaK Ha nOCTOHHHOM,
TaK H Ha nepeMeHHOM TOKe. B 060HX cnyqaHX B03MO}KHO BbIIlOJIHeHHe
o)J;Hord H3 OCHOBHbIX Tpe60BaHHH K npHBO)J;y - Manoe BpeMH TOpMO}Ke-
HHH. B CTapbIx CHCTeMax 3arpY3KH npHMeHHnHcb, KaK npaBHJJO) npH-
BOAbI Ha nOCTOHHHOM TOKe. B COBpeMeHHblX ClICTeMax npHMeHHeTCH
npHBO)J; H Ha nepeMeHHOM TOKe. npH 3TOM npellMyrn.eCTBa HMeIOT aCHH-
XpOHHbIe KOpOTK03aMKHYTbIe )J.BHraTemr B cxeMe C )J;lIHaMHqeCKHM
,TOpMO>KeHHeM.
.lJ.nH npHBO)J;a rpOXOTa lIcnonb3YIOTCH )J;BHraTeJIH THna MAI44-1/6,
15 K8m, 380 8, 980 06/ MUH, )J;nH npHBo)J;a 3aTBopa KOKCOBbIX BOPOHOK-
THna MT.K-21-6,5 K8m, 380 8, 905 06/MUH.
54

3arpY3Ka npaBOrO H neBOrO CKHnOB KOKCOM aHanOrHqHa, n03TOMY
CXeMW ynpaBneHHH Ka>KOH CTOpOHOH KOKC03arpY30qHOrO YCTpOHCTBa
OHHaKOBbI.
Ha pHC. 3-2 npeCTaBJIeHa cxeMa ynpaBJIeHHH npaBoH CTOpOHOH
KOKco3arpY30qHoro YCTpoHcTBa. PaccMoTpHM pa60TY :nOH cxeMbI
ynpaBneHHH. DycTb npaBwH CKHn HaXOHTCH B HMe H 06e BOpOHKH
, HanonHeHbI KOKCOM. EcnH npH 3TOM ycnoBHH HanpH>KeHHe Ha cxeMY
ynpaBneHHH noaHO, TO nOJIyqHT m:!TaHHe peJIe BpeMeHH 3P B H 4P B
H peJIe C MarHHTHOH 3arn.enKoH 1 P E (pTyTHbIH KOHTaKT BecoBoH BO-
pOHKH N!! 4a 3aKpbIT npH 3anOJIHeHHOH BopoHKe). B CBH3H C 3THM
KOHTaKT 4PB B LlenH KOHTaKTopa B-A, 3aMKHYT, KOHTaKT 1PE B LlenH
KOHTaKTopoB 1JIE, 2JIE l! H-A pa30MKHYTbI. EcnH eCTb pa3peweHHe
co CTOpOHbI KKll Ha norpY3Ky KOKca (OJI>KeH 6bITb 3aMKHYT KOH-
TaKT 3KK), TO KOHTaKTopbI B-A H JI-A 6YYT nOKmOqeHbI Ha
HanpH>KeHHe H BHraTenb 3aTBopa npaBOH BOpOHKH OKa>KeTCH npl!-
COel!HeHHbIM K nHTaIOrn.eH ceTH. DOJIyqHT HanpH>KeHHe H peJIe 1PT,
KOTOpoe 3aMKHeT CBOH KOHTaKT 1 PT B LlenH KOHTaKTopa T -A. OHaKo
KOHTaKTop T-A He nOJIyqHT nl!TaHHSI, TaK KaK npeBapHTenbHO 6bIn
pa30MKHYT H3 KOHTaKT B-A. .lI.Bl!raTeJIb A, nOKnIOqeHHbIH K CeTl!,
npl! CBOeM Bparn.eHl!H OTKpbIBaeT 3aTBop KOKCOBOH BOpOHKH, H KOKC,
CCbmaHCb B CKHn, pa3rpY>KaeT BOpOHKy. B KOHLle nOJIHOrO OTKpbITHH
3aTBopa BOpOHKl! pa3MbIKaeTCH KOHTaKT N!! I nYTeBoro BKnIOqaTeJIH
3aTBopa, kOHTaKTopw B-A H JI-A 06ecTOqHBaIOTcH, Bl!raTenb
OTKnIOqaeTCH OT nHTaIOrn.eH ceTH H C nOMorn.bIO KOHTaKTopa T-A
npl!coeHHHeTCH K ceTH nOCToHHHOro TOKa. .lI.BHraTenb nepeXOl!T
B pe>KHM HHaMHqeCKOrO TOpMO>KeHHH. 'OTKJIIOqeHHe CTaTOpa OT ceTH
nOCTOHHHoro TOKa npOHCXOHT B KOHLle TOpMO>KeHHH, Kora KOHTaKT
1 PT pa30MKHeTcH H CHHMeT HanpH>KeHHe C KaTywKH KOHTaKTopa T -A.
Kora KOKC CCbmneTCH B CKHn, PTYTHbIH KOHTaKT KOKCOBbIX Be-
COB N!! 4a pa30MKHeTCH, a TaKOH >Ke KOHTaKT N!! 46 3aMKHeTCH. 3TO
npHBeeT K OTKnIOqeHHIO BTHrHBaIOrn.eH H BKnIOqeHHH OCa>KHBaIOrn.eH
KaTyweK peJIe 1 P E. B pe3ynbTaTe C 13bIep>KKOH BpeMeHH KOHTaKTopbI
H-A H JI-A cpa6oTaIOT l! BHraTenb A CTaHeT 3aKpbIBaTb 3aTBOp
npaBoH KOKCOBOH BOpOHKH. BbIep>KKa BpeMeHH B aHHOM cnyqae
He06xoHMa JIH Toro, qT06bI KOKC ycnen nOJIHOCTbIO BbICbmaTbCH H3
BOpOHKH, HHaqe OCTaBWHeCH KYCKH KOKca nona,u,YT Me>Ky 3aTBopOM
H BOpOHKOH H nOMewaIOT 3aKpbITb 3aTBOp. DpH noxoe K KOHeqHoMY
3aKpbITOMY nOJIO>KeHHIO 3aTBOpa pa3MbIKaeTCH KOHTaKT N!! 2 nYTeBoro
BbIKnIOqaTenH, OTKnIOqaeTCH pene 1PC, 06eCTOqHBaIOTCH KOHTaKTopbI
H-A H JI-A, a TaK>Ke pene 1PT, cTaTOp BHraTeJIH OTcoel!HHeTCH
OT ceTH nepeMeHHoro H npHcoeAHHHeTcH K ceTH nOCTOHHHoro TOKa.
.lI.BHraTeJIb nepexoHT B pe>KHM l!HaMHqeCKOrO TOpMO>KeHl!H.
DpH 3aKpbITOM COCTOHHHH 3aTBopa BeCOBOH BOpOHKH 3aMKHYT KOH-
TaKT N!! 6 nYTeBoro BbIKJIIOqaTeJISI 3aTBopa, H Llenl! KOHTaKTopoB 1JIE,
2JI E H pene 1 P B norOTaBJIHBaIOTCH K nOKnIOqeHl!IO Ha HanpH>KeHHe
ceTH. Docne Haqana nO'beMa CKHna, B KOHLle pa3roHa BHraTenH rnaB-
HOro nO'beMa npH 3aMbIKaHHH KOHTaKTa 6J1 LlenH KOHTaKTopOB 1JI E,
55


<>..:
c::

E
c>::> ...
 
...
"
I.Q

I 0
+ 0


'C1<j
IIi 
.' t::;jC"rJ
:
ga
..... 0 c::: c:::
:t:C:::::r
  :t:1 C:J
:J::cg
Ca.

'"
:::.
""" ii;
C;) 
 
 
""
 s
'"' 
 eo
 1'.:'
!::: 
 ""
 
I
!!:! E
 :<; 
E ! II.

o. 
o-::::..
I.Q



..g
C;)
"'t
o.!.
I 0
+ 
I.
S!

:::!


::r-
S?

 .
15r;:,
cg'=t'J'
g<:<:
'::;' t;ji<:;)

<:<:
. -
_CC
 <:<:<:<:;
':::'
:<;
cg_l.t")tO
g=«<:=«<:I
::;
o

f-o
(.)
,;.:
o
0..
f-o
(.)
;>,
:!J
:a
II::
:r
g
;>,
0..
<-0
'"
'"
8
:>:
o
:>:
t>::
;.:
II::
Q)
0;:

'"
0..
I::
;>,
'"
::!i
Q)
><
u
c-i

u
;.:
Cl,

2JlE H pene IPB nOAKnIOqafOTCH K HanpH>KeHHfO CeTH. TIpH 3TOM no-
,n:aeTCH HanpH>KeHHe H Ha pene 2PB, KOHTaKT KOTOpOrO B IJ,enH COJIe-
HOH,n:a pefHCTpaTOpa BeCa 3aMblKaeTCH. O,n:HaKO IJ,enb COJIeHOH,n:a nOKa
pa30MKHYTa KOHTaKTOM IPB. C nOMOUJ.bfO KOHTaKTopoB IJlE H 2JlE
,n:BHraTenb npaBoro rpoxoTa no,n:KJIfOqaeTCSI K ceTH nepeMeHHoro TOKa
H HaQHHaeTCSI 3arpY3Ka KOKCOM npaBoH BeeoBoH BOpOHKH. Kor,n:a OHa
3anonHHTCSI ,n:o 3a,n:aHHoro Beca, npOHcxo,n:HT 3aMbIKaHHe PTYTHOro
KOHTaKTa BeCOB BOpOHKH N!! 4a H pa3MbIKaHHe pTyTHOrO KOHTaKTa N!! 46.
B CBSI3H C 3THM KOHTaKT IPE pa3MbIKaeTcH, KOHTaKTopbI IJlE, 2JlE
H pene IPB OTKnfOqafOTCSI OT ceTH, a KOHTaKTop T-E no,n:KnfOqaeTCSI
K ceTH, H ,n:BHraTeJlb rpoxoTa nepeBoAHTcH B pe)KHM ,n:HHaMHqeCKOrO
TOpMO)KeHHSI. Kor,n:a C BbI,n:ep)KKOH BpeMeHH nocne pa3MbIKaHHH IJ,enH
pe.rre 1 P B KOHTaKT 1 P B 3aMKHeTCSI, coneHOH,n: pefHCTpaTopa Beca no-
nyqHT nHTaHHe H npoH3Be,n:eT OTCqeT AaHHoH norpY3KH KOKca B KOKCO-
BYfO BOPOHKY. 3aTeM C BbI,n:ep)KKOH BpeMeHH pa3MbIKafOTcSI KOHTaKTbI
pene 2P B H coneHOH,n: pefHCTpaTOpa Beca OTKnfOqaeTCH OT ceTH.
CxeMa npe,n:ycMaTpHBaeT pyqHOe ynpaMeHHe KOKc03arpY30qHbIM
YCTPOHCTBOM. B 3TOM cnyqae He06xo,n:HMO py6HnbHHKH 5P H 6P nepe-
BeCTH B cooTBeTCTBYfOUJ.ee nOJIO)KeHHe H B03,n:eHcTBoBaTb Ha cxeMY
C nOMOUJ.bfO KOMaH,n:oannapaTa, Haxo,n:SIUJ.erocSI Ha rroCTY E.
3neKTporrpHBo,n: KOKc03arpY30qHOrO YCTpoHcTBa CBSI3aH C ,n:pyrHMH
MexaHH3MaMH CHCTeMbI 3arpY3KH cne,n:YfOUJ.HMH 6noKHpoBKaMH:
a) ,n:BHraTenH no,n:'beMa He MoryT 6bITb rro,n:KnfOqeHbI..Ha ceTb, eCJIH
3aTBOp KOKCOBOH BOpOHKH He 3aKpbInCH nonHOCTbfO;
6) 3arpY3Ka CKHrra H3 KOKCOBOH BOpOHKH B03MO)KHa, ecnH COOT-
BeTcTBYfOUJ.HH CKHn Haxo,n:HTCSI BHH3Y, ecnH eeTb pa3pellIeHHe Ha rrO-
rpY3KY co CTOpOHbI KKn H eCJIH HeT neperoHa rrYCToro CKHna (H3 KOH-
TaKT 4KE B IJ,errH KOHTaKTopa B-A 3aKpblT);
B) HMrrynbc Ha rrYCK ,n:BHraTenSI rpoxOTa no,n:aeTCH cxeMOH rnaBHoro
rro,n:'beMa;
r) cxeMa KOKC03arpY30qHOro YCTpOHCTBa no,n:aeT HMrrynbc Ha nepe-
KnfOqeHHe pene P n E cxeMbI KOMaHAOKOHTponnepa nporpaMMbI C rrO-
MOUJ.bfO KOHTaKTOB N!! 5 H N!! 15 nYTeBoro BbIKnfOqaTenSI 3aTBopoB
BOpOHOK (CM. pHC. 2-4, a).
 3-3. 3neKTpOnpHBoA CKHnOBoro
nOAbeMHHK8
f1poH3Bo,n:HTenbHocTb ,n:oMeHHoH neqH 3aBHCHT B 60nbllIOH creneHlI
OT npOH3Bo,n:HTenbHOCTH 3arpY30qHOH CHCTeMbI, KOTopaSI B CBOfO oqe-
pe,n:b 3aBHCHT OT: a) 06'beMa CKHrra; 6) CKOpOCTH rro,n:'beMa CKHrra; B) Bpe-
MeHH pa60TbI ne6e,n:KH KOHYCOB H ypaBHHTeJIbHbIX KJIanaHOB; r) Bpe-
MeHH 3arpY3KH MaTepHana B CKHnbI. LIeM 60nblIle 06'beM CKHna, TeM
BbIllIe npH npOqHX paBHbIx ycnoBHSIx 6y,n:eT npOH3Bo,n:HTe.rrbHOCTb 3a-
rpY30qHOH CHCTeMbI. I1CCJIe,n:OBaHHSI nOKa3blBafOT, qTO ,n:nSI ycnelIlHoH
pa60TbI ,n:OMeHHOH neqH COOTHOllIeHHe Me>KJJ:Y none3HbIM 06'beMoM AO-
MeHHOH neqH H 06'beMOM CKHna He ,n:on)KHO 6bITb 60JIblIle 140-150.
57

reOMeTpHqeCKHe 06'beMbI CKHnOB, npHMeHHeMbIX y ,n:OMeHHbIX nO,n:'beM-
HHKOB, yKa3aHbI B Ta6n. 3-1.
C YBenHqeHHeM CKOpOCTH no,n:'beMHHKa npoH3BO,n:HTenbHocTb CH-
CTeMbI 3arpY3KH nOBbIIllaeTCH. O,n:HaKo C YBenHqeHHeM 3TOll CKOpOCTH
,n:OJDKHbI COOTBeTCTBeHHO C 60JIbilleH CKOpOCTblO pa60TaTb JIe6e,n:Ka KO-
HYCOB H ypaBHHTenbHble KJIanaHbI. B npoTHBHOM CJ1yqae 3<}J<peKT OT
c::,
C')

8022
7
8430
5
8
2
PRC. 3-3. CKlinoBaH Jle6eJ\Ka rJlaBHOrO nOJ\1>eMHlIKa:
'" .'"
'"

t:::1(5
.  2-
 
"'''''''
1!f:j
 
1868
1 - TOpM03; 2 - ,!\sHeaTeJlb; 3 - peJ\YKTop; 4. 8 - nYTeSbie SblKJlIOqareJln; 5 - (japa6aH; 6 -
cT3HHHa; 7 - BbIKJlIOQ3TeJIb CJIatSHHbI KaH3T3
nOBbIIlleHHH CKOpOCTH 6y)];eT BeCbMa He3HaqHTeJIeH. I]03TOMY nOBbIIlle-
HHe CKOpOCTH nOJl.'beMa CKHnOB lleneco06pa3HO nHilib )];0 Onpe)];eneHHoro
npe)];ena. B HaCTOSIIllee BpeMH CKOpOCTb nO,n:'beMa CKHllOB B CCCP
4 MiceK (B CiliA OKOJIO 3 MiceK).
Ha pHC. 3-3 H306pa>KeHo YCTPOllCTBO cKHnoBoH ne6e)];KH C ,n:BYX-
,ABHraTeJIbHbIM npHBO)];OM. B COCTaB YCTpollcTBa BXO,n:HT ,n:Ba ,n:BHraTenH,
)];Ba pa60qHX TopM03a, ,n:Ba nYTeBblx BbIKnIOqaTenH, lleHTp06e>KHbIll
BbIK./IIOqaTeJIb H BbIKnIoqaTe.TIb cna6HHbI KaHaTa.
58

THnbl CKHnOBblX ne6e,n:OK, npHMeHHeMblX AJIH nO,n:'beMHHKOB ,n:OMeH-
HblX neqeli, npHBe,n:eHbI B TaM. 3-1 [.n3].
T a (5 JI 11 l{ a 3-1
C"HnOBble Jle(5e.ll."H nO.ll.1>eMHH"OB .ll.0MeHHbIX nelJeA
I1oJle3HbIIi o(j"beM
Jl,OMeHHOA netJH, ,M3
I THn cKHnosoli l rpY30nOJIDeM- \ reOMeTpHqe-
JlelSeJ\KH !lOCTb, m CKHII O(jDeM,
Al3
npHMe'laHHe
930, 1033, 1386
1513, 1719
2000
2700
C3-15-180
Cl-22,5-21O
CI-29-21O
Cl-35-240
15
22,5
29,0
35,0
6,5; 7; 10
10; 14
14-16
18-20
npoeKTlIpyeTcH
PaC'leT MOUj,HOCTH ABHraTeneA rnaBHoro nOAbeMHHKa
Pe:>KHM pa60Tbl CKHnoBoro nO,n:'beMHHKa ,n:OMeHHOH neqH COOTBeT-
cTByeT rpa<pHI<Y, npe,n:CTaBJIeHHOMY Ha pHC. 3-4.
B nepBOM nepHO,n:e 11 nYCTOH CKHn, HaXO,n:HUJ.HHCH Ha KOJIOIIIHHKe,
HaqHHaeT OnYCKaTbCH no,n: BJIHHHHeM c06cTBeHHoro BeCa. f1pH 3TOM, BO
H36eLKaHHe OCJIa6JIeHHH KaHaTa, YCKOpeHHe c6eraIOUJ.ero c 6apa6aHa
KaHaTa ,n:On:>KHO 6bJTb MeHbille YCKOpeHHH CKHna.
V, ",!CEK
V LJ
t,
a,Mlce/< I
I
I U 2
I
I
I
I
I
I t,ceK
PliC. 3-4. rpacjJlIK pa60Tbi CKlinOBoro no,n'heMHIIKa
Bo BTOpOM nepHO,n:e 1 2 YCKOpeHHe BbI6HpaeTCH 60JIbIIIHM ,n:JIH nony-
qeHHH HaHMeHbillero BpeMeHH npOllecca pa3rOHa.
B nHTOM nepHo,n:e npe,n:ycMOTpeHB nOHH:>KeHHaH CKOpOCTb ,n:nH nony-
qeHHH TOqHOH OCTaHOBKH CKHna.
B ,n:eHCTBYIOUJ.HX YCTaHOBKax npHHHMaIOTCH CJIe,n:YIOUJ.He YCKopeHHH:
a 1 = 0,3 -0,4M/cex: 2 ; a 2 = 0,6 -0,8M/cex: 2 ; a 4 '=a 6 = 0,6-0,8M/cex: 2 .
fpa<pHK CKOpOCTH COCTOHT H3 IlleCTH yqaCTKOB, n03ToMY YCHJIHH
CJIe,n:yeT onpe,n:enHTb ,n:JISI ceMH nOJIo:>Ketmii CKHna, cooTBeTcTBYIOUJ.HM
59

rpaHHqHbIM TOqKaM rpaqmKa CKOpOCTH: B nepBbIX mITH nOJIO>KeHHHX
npH nO,n:'beMe H B nOCne,n:HHX nHTH nOJIO>KeHHHX npH OnYCKaHHH CKHn
HaXO,n:HTCH Ha npHMOJIHHeHHOH
qaCTH HaKJ10HHOrO MOCTa, a B
nOCJ1e,n:HHX ,n:BYX npH no,n:'beMe
H B nepBbIX ,n:BYX npH onYCKa-
HHH - Ha pa3rpY30qHOH, KPH-
BOJ1HHeHHOH qaCTH MOCTa
(pHC. 3-5).
CTaTHCTHqeCKHe YCHJIHH B
KaHaTe CKHna Y 6apa6aHa B
YKa3aHHblx nOnO>KeHHHX onpe-
AenHIOTCH no CJ1e,n:YIOUJ.HM ypaB-
HeHHHM [JI-3]:
npH no,n:'beMe Ha npHMonH-
HeHHoM yqaCTKe MOCTa
F = A -2qL i sin a H, (3-1)
r,n:e A = (Q + 0) (sin a +
PIIC. 3-5. K paC'IeTY MOIllHOCTH J\BHraTeJlR + kcasa) (1 + 3c) +
rJlaBHOrO nOJ\'beMHlIKa + 2q [(L H - L 66 ) sin ex -L'8] H;
L3"
npH onycKaHHH CKHna Ha npHMOJ1HHeHHOM yqaCTKe
F' = A+ 2qL i sin a H, (3-2)
r,n:e A' = 0 (sin a - k cas a) (1 - 3c) + 2q [(L B - L 66 ) sin a - L 78 ] H.
f1pH no,n:'beMe CKHna Ha pa3rpY30qHOM yqaCTKe
F" = A" - 2qL i sin a H, (3-3)
r,n:e. A" = 0,660 (1 + 3c) + 2q [(LH -L 66 ) sin ex - L'8] H,
eCJIH HanpaBnHIOll{He npHMonHHeHH.
ECJIH >Ke HanpaBJIHIOll{He KpHBOJIHHeHHble, TO ,n:nH rneCTOro nOJIO-
>KeHHH CKHna
A; = 0,250 (1 + 3c) + 2q [(L H -L 66 ) sin a -L'8] H,
a ,n:JIH ce,n:bMoro nOJIO>KeHHH
A; = 2q [(L H - L 66 ) sin ex - L'8] H.
f1pH onycKaHHH nycToro CKHna Ha pa3rpY30QHOM yqaCTKe
F'" = A'" + 2qL i sin ex H, (3-4)
r,n:e A'" = 0,660 (1- 3c) + 2q [(L B - L S6 ) sin ex - L'8] H,
.eCJIH HanpaBJIHIOUJ.lIe npHMOJIHHeHHbI.
ECJIH HanpaMHIOUJ.He KpHBOJIHHeHHbI, TO ,n:nH nepBoro nOnO>KeHHH
CKHna
60
A;" = 2q [(L B - L 66 ) sin ex - L'81 H,

a .n:nH BTOpOro nOnO>KeHliH
A;' = 0,250 (1 '- 3c) + 2q [(Ls - L S6 ) sin a - L 78 ] H.
B YP'!-BHeHHHx (3-1) - (3-4):
Q - Bec no.n:HHMaeMoro rpY3a, H;
G - Bec CKHna, H;
q - Bec 1 M KaHaTa, HIM;
k - K09<P<PHIJ,HeHT conpOTHMeHHH nepe.n:BH>KeHHIO KOJIeC CKHna;
C - K09<p<PHIJ,HeHT H3MeHemm HaTH>KeHHH KaHaTa, OrH6aIOero
IlIKHB;
a - yroJI HaKJIOHa MOCTa;
L H - paCCTOHHHe Me:>K.n:y OCbIO BepxHero HanpaMHIOero IlIKHBa
H CKHnOM, Haxo.n:HHMCH B HH>KHeM KpaHHeM nOJIO>KeHHH
(pHC. 3-5), M;
Lu - paCCTOHHHe Me>K.n:y OCbIO BepxHero HanpaMHIOero IlIKHBa
H CKlmOM, Haxo.n:mll.HMCH B BepXHeM KpaHHeM nOJIO>KeHHH, M;
K03<p<PHIJ,HeHT conpOTHBJIeHHH nepe.n:BH>KeHHIO Konec CKHna
h = f.tldID 21 , (3-5)
r.n:e  - K09<P<PHIJ,UeHT, yqHTbIBaIOHH TpeHHe pe6op.n:bI 0 peJIbCbI;
f - K03<P<P H IJ,HeHT TpeHHH Konec CKHna 0 penbcbI, CM;
d l - .n:HaMeTp IJ,an<pbI, CM;
DI - .n:HaMeTp Koneca CKI-Ina, CM;
III - K03iPiPHIJ,HeHT TpeHHH no.n:IlIHnHHKOB xo.n:OBoro KOJIeca.
OpH onpe.n:eneHHH k npHHHMaIOT III = 0,015; f = 0,08 CM;  = 3.
K03iPiPHIJ,HeHT H3MeHeHHH H8TH>KeHHH KaHaTa, OrH6aIOero IlIKHB:
C = 6 + 2KIl  sin rp/2,
(3-6)
r.n:e Il - K09<P<PHIJ,HeHT TpeHHH no.n:IlIHnHHKOB IlIKHBOB;
d - .n:HaMeTp IJ,aniPbI oceH IlIKHBOB, CM;
rp - yron OrH6aHUH KaHaTaMH IlIKHBa;
6 - K09iPiPHIJ,HeHT >KeCTKOCTH KaHaTa;
D - .n:HaMeTp IlIKHBa (no IJ,eHTpy CeqeHHH KaHaTa), CM;
K - K09<P<PHIJ,HeHT, yqHTbIBaIOHH TpeHHe KaHaTa 0 CTeHKH >Ke-
no6KOB IlIKHBa.
K03iPiPHIJ,HeHT 6 onpe.n:enHIOT no ynpoeHHoH <p0pMyne
O,ld
6 = D- IO' (3-7)
r.n:e d K - AHaMeTp KaHaTa, CAt.
OpH onpe.n:eJIeHHH C npHHHMaIOT Il = 0,025; K = 3.
CTaTHqeCKOe YCHnHe Ha OKPY>KHOCTH 6apa6aHa JIe6e.n:KH .n:nH 3a-
.n:aHHoro nOJIO>KeHHH CKHnOB onpe.n:enHeTcH KaK pa3HOCTb
Fed = F i - Fi H, (3-8)
61

3,n;eCb Pi - YCHJIHe B KaHaTe Ha 6apa6aHe JIe6e,n;KH, COOTBeTcTByIOIII.ee
i-MY nOnO>KeHHIO CKHna Ha MOCTY no,n;'beMHHKa;
Pi - YCHJIHe B KaHaTe nopO>KHero CKlma.
JJ.mI nOCTpoeHHH KpHBOH CTaTHtleCKIiX YCHJIHH npe,n;BapHTeJIbHO Ha-
XO,n;SIT ,n;JIHHY nYTH L i ,n;JISI Ka>K,n;OrO 3a,n;aHHoro MOMeHTa BpeMeHH rpa-
<pIIKa CKOpOCTII, a 3aTeM no ypaBHeHIIHM AJISI YCIiJIIiH Pi' Pi II PCT. i
CTpOSIT rpa<pIIK P CT = f (t).
JJ.IIHaMlitleCKlie YCHJIIiH Ha OKPY>KHOCTH 6apa6aHa
P]1.1I11 = m'a fl, (3-9)
r,n;e m' - npllBe,n;eHHbIe K OKPY>KHOCTH 6apa6aHa MaCCbI Bcex ,n;BH>KY-
III.HXCSI tlaCTeH no,n;'beMHHKa, K2;
a - JIHHeHHOe YCKopeHlIe Ha OKPy>KHOCTH 6apa6aHa, Jrt/ceK 2 .
BeJIHtlllHa Bcex npllBe,n;eHHbIX K OKPY>KHOCTH 6apa6aHa ,n;BH>KYIII.IIXCH
Macc no,n;'beMHIIKa
m' = m + m2 + m + mi + mu 1\2.
3,n;ecb mi - npHBe,n;eHHaSI Macca nocTynaTeJIbHO ,n;BH>KYIII.IIXCSI tlaCTeH:
m' = 20+Q+40 K K2' ( 3-10 )
1 g ,
m2 - npHBe,n;eHHaSI Macca BpaIII.aIOIII.HXCH Ha BaJIY ,n;BHraTeJISI ,n;e-
Tanen:
, _ 4 (21 1 + 21 2 ) i 2 + 81RK '2 + 81 .
m2 - DB - D B l D B K2,
.g6 g6 g6
m3 - npHBe,n;eHHaSI Macca ,n;eTaJIeH Ha npOMe>KYTOtlHOM BaJIY:
, _ 4 (15 + 1 6 ) if .
ma - DB K2,
g 6
m4 - npHBe,n;eHHaSI Macca ,n;eTaJIeH Ha BaJIY 6apa6aHa:
4 ( J + 1 ) .
m' = 7 a 1\2'
& gD '
f1!5 - npHBe,n;eHHaH Macca IlIeCTH HanpaBJISIIOIII.HX IlIKHBOB:
, 6 41m
m G = ---yj9 K2.
g m
(3-11 )
(3-12)
(3-13)
(3-14)
B <popMYJIaX (3-10)-(3-14) OK - Bec KaHaTa, Jrt;
g = 9,81 - yCKopeHHe CIiJIbI TSI>KeCTH, Jrt/ceK 2 ;
J 1 , J 2 - MOMeHTbI HHepIJ.HH TOpM03HOro ,n;HCKa H Be,n;YIII.eH
IlIecTepHH, K2.Jrt2;
J R; J M - MOMeHTbI HHepIJ.HH slKopeH ,n;BHraTeJIeH H MY€pT,
K2 . Jrt2;
D6 - ,n;HaMeTp 6apa6aHa JIe6e,n;KH, Jrt;
i - nepe,n;aTOtlHOe tlHCnO OT BaJIa ,n;BIiraTemI K BaJIY 6a-
pa6aHa JIe6e,n;KH;
62

J 6 ; J 6 - MOMeHTbI IIHepIJ.1I1I 3y6tIaToro KOJ1eCa II Be,n;YIII.eH
llleCTepHII, Ki! '.M 2 ;
i 1 - nepe,n;aTOtIHOe tIlICnO Me>K,n;y npOMe>KYTOtIHbIM BaJ10M
II 6apa6aHOM;
J 7 ; J 8 ; J w - MOMeHTbI IIHepIJ.1I1I 3y6tIaToro BeHIJ.a Ha 6apa6aHe,
6apa6aHa II lllKIIBOB, Ki! '.M 2 ;
Dw - HapY>KHbIH ,n;lIaMeTp lllKIIBOB, .M.
Pe3YJ1bTlIPYIOIII.ee YCIIJ1lIe Ha 6apa6aHe
F pea.i = F cT.i + F 1um.i H. (3-15)
110 nocTpoeHHoMY rpaIIKY pe3YJ1bTIIPYIOIII.IIX YClInlIH onpe,n;eJ1HIOT
3KBIIBaJ1eHTHOe 3HatIeHlIe:
.. / '2:. Prti
F BKB = JI '2:. t i H.
(3-16)
3KBIIBaJ1eHTHaH MOIII.HOCTb ,nBlIraTeJIeH
P . _ F 9 l<B V Mal<C 1 0- 3
BKB - 'I) Kern,
r,ne 1) - K. n.,n;. CKlInOBOH ne6e,n;KII.
TaKIIM MeTo,n;OM onpe,neJIHeTCH PKB ,n;J1H Ka>K,noro CKlIna O,n;HOH 'no-
,natIlI, 3aTeM Haxo,n;IITCH 3KBIIBaJ1eHTHaH MOIII.HOCTb 3a Becb neplIO,n;
O,n;HOH no,n;atIlI:
(3-17)
I n
'2:. PB}
P _ 1
BKB - nt + 0,5 '2:. t n '
(3-18)
r,n;e n - tIlIcnO CKlInOB B no,n;atIY;
t - BpeMH no,n;1>eMa CKuna;
tn - CYMMa naY3;
0,5 - K03lIlI.lIeHT, YtIIITbIBaIOIII.IIH yxy,nllleHlIe OXJ1a>K,n;eHIIH ,nBH-
raTeJ1H BO BpeMH naY3.
CxeMB ynp8BneHMR rn8BHblM nOA'beMOM CMCT8MbI 88rPY8KM
K 3neKTponplIBo,ny rJ1aBHOrO no,n;1>eMHIIKa npe,n;1>HBJ1HIOT cne,nyIO-
III.lIe Tpe60BaHHH:
1) perYJ1lIpOBaHlIe CKOpOCTlI BpaIII.eHIIH nplIMepHo B npe,n;eJIax
1 : 7 - 1 : 8;
2) nnaBHoe 1I3MeHeHHe CKOpOCTII B HatlaJ1e II B KOHIJ.e nYTH CKlIna;
3) BbICOKaH CTeneHb Ha,n;e>KHOCTII pa60TbI;
4) nycK no,n1>eMHliKa ,nOJ1>KeH npolI3Bo,n;IITbCH no ClIrHaJ1Y MallllI-
HlICTa nplI py,n;HOM n0J10>KeHlilI II aBTOMaTlItleCKII - nplI KOKCOBOM
n0J10>KeHlIlI KKfl;
5) TOtIHaH OCTaHOBKa CKlIna Ha KonOlllHIIKe BHe 3aBlIClIMOCTlI OT
Beca rpY>KeHoro CKlIna.
63

KpOMe TOro, CXeMa rJIaBHoro nO,n;1>eMa ,n;OJI>KHa ,n;aBaTb IIMnYJIbCbI
Ha pa60TY: KOMaHJ],OKOHTpOJIJIepa npOrpaMMbI KKIl; BpaIII.alOIII.erOCSI
paCnpe,n;eJIIITeJISI; MaJIOrO KOHyca H KOKCOBbIX rpOXOTOB II KOHTpOJIHpO-
BaTb pa6oTY:
1) BarOHa-BeCOB (KapMaHbI BaroHa-BecOB He MOryT 6b1Tb OTKpbITbI,
ecnII COOTBeTCTBYIOIII.I1H CKHn He CTOHT BHH3Y);
"
"[9
+
1PM 2PM 1.DT
KC
/1
BY
KC
xc
1Y 2Y 3Y IiY
16.0-1 z 5Y
1 5Y

6Y 1
]
1B
2H
TH XM
Kt1
2 5P B p 5j 2
2  p 6J. 2
,2TP 2PTP
 ffP d
/(fiB
2B
2KTP
2KTP
PDB
--i>
KnH
-;)
PI5H
PHC. 3-6. CxeMa ynpaBJleHHH rJIaBHblM rrO'beMOM CHCTeMbi 3arpysKIi. CHJlOBaH
lterrb
2) 3aTBopoB KOKCOBbIX BOpOHOK (3aTBopbI He MorYT 6bITb OTKpbITbI,
ecnII COOTBeTCTBYIOIII.H1 CKHn He HaXOJ],HTCSI B SlMe);
3) BpaIII.alOIII.erOCSI pacnpeJ],eJIHTenSl (eCJIH pa60Ta ero H,n;eT no ,n;BYM
nporpaMMaM, pa3JIH'IHbIM AJISI npaBoro H neBoro cKHna).
06bIQHO ynpaBJIeHHe J],BHraTeJISlMH JIe6e,n;KH rnaBHoro nO1>eMHHKa
64

OCYID;eCTBJUleTCH no CIICTeMe r -,It 'ITO 06ycnOBJIlIBaeTCH Tpe60BaHIIHMII,
npe)l1>HBJIHeMbIMII K 3JIeKTpOnpIIBO)lY no.u.1>eMHIIKa.
11.JIH nplIBo.u.a ne6e)lKII, B JJ.eJIHX nonyqeHIIH 60nbllIOH Ha.u.e>KHOCTII
II 6ecnepe60HHOCTlI pa60T, nplIMeHHIDTCH )lBa .u.BHraTenH Ha CJIY'IaH
BbIxo.u.a 1I3 CTpOH O,lI,HOrO 1I3 HIIX.
Ha plIC. 3-6 npe,lI,CTaBJIeHa cxeMa rJIaBHbIX JJ.eneH II JJ.eneH B036Y>K-
,lI,eHIIH, a Ha plIC. 3-7 - JJ.enlI ynpaMeHIIH.
B paccMaTplIBaeMoH cxeMe ynpaBJIelIlIH ,lI,Ba ,lI,BlIraTeJIH, COe,lI,IIHeH-
Hble Me>K,ZI,y C060H nOCJIe,lI,OBaTeJIbHO, nonY'IaIDT nlITaHlIe OT O,lI,HOrO
reHepaTopa. CxeMOH npe,n,yCMaTplIBaeTCH B03MO>KHOCTb pa60TbI KaK
C ,lI,BYMH, TaK II C O,lI,HIIM ,lI,BHraTeJIeM. O,lI,HO,lI,BlIraTenbHbIH pe>KIIM pa-
60TbI HBJIHeTCH aBaplIHHbIM II nplIMeHHeTCH nHllIb nplI BbIXO,lI,e 1I3 CTpOH
O,lI,HOro 1I3 ,lI,BlIraTMeH. nplI ,lI,BYX,lI,BlIraTeJIbHOM pe>KIIMe Tpe6yeMaH
CKOpOCTb nO,lI,1>eMa CKlInOB (4 .MICeK) ,lI,OCTlIraeTCH nplI HOMIIHa.fIbHOM
HanpH>KeHIIII reHepaTOpa 700 6 II oCna6JIeHHOM nOJIe ,lI,BlIraTeJIH. nplI
O,lI,HO,lI,BlIraTeJIbHOM pe>KIIMe HopManbHaH npOII3EO,lI,IITeJIbHOCTb 3arpY3KlI
,lI,OMeHHOH ne'IlI 06eCne'IlIBaeTCH 3a CqeT YMeHbllIeHIIH HanpH>KeHIIH re-
HepaTOpa ,lI,O 535 6 II coxpaHeHIIH nOJIHOrO nOTOKa ,lI,BlIraTeJIH. YBeJIlI-
qeHlIe HanpH>KemIH Ha HKope ,lI,BlIraTeJIH. Ha 163% OT HOMIIHanbHoH
BeJIlIqlIHbI 330 6 .u.nH .u.aHHoro nllla )J.BHraTeJIeH HBJIHeTCH )J.onYCTIIMbIM.
nplI 3TOM CKOpOCTb nO)J.1>eMa CKlIna 6Y)J.eT paBHa 4 .MICeK.
nepexo)J. OT O)J.HOro pe>KIIMa K )J.pyroMY npOII3BO)J.IITCH nepeKJIID'Ie-
HlIeM py6lIJIbHlIKOB 1 P II 2P B CIIJIOBOH JJ.enlI, nepeKnID'IeHlIeM py6lIJIb-
HIIKOB SP II 6P B JJ.enlI B036Y>K,lI,eHIIH )J.BlIraTeJIeH II nep'eKnIDqeHlIeM
Py6IIJIbHIIKB 16P B JJ.enlI B036Y>K,lI,eHIIH reHepaTopa II B JJ.enlI ynpa-
MeHIIH.
B CBH31I C TeM, qTO ycnoBIIH npoJJ.ecca nycKa II TOpMO>KeHIIH )J.JIH
,lI,BYX 3THX pe>KIIMOB HeO)J.IIHaKOBbI, B JJ.erm B036Y>K)J.eHHH reHepaTOpoB
HMeIDTCH OT.u.eJIbHO nycKoBbIe conpOTIIBJIeHIIH )J.JIH )J.Byx)J.BlIraTeJIbHoro
pe>KIIMa II nycKoBbIe conpOTIIBJIeHHH )J.JIH O)J.HO)J.BlIraTenbHoro pe>KIIMa.
B nepBoM cnY'Iae conpOTIIBJIeHIIH pa36lITbI Ha 'IeTbIpe cryneHII, BO
BTOpOM - Ha nHTb.
B pa60Te cxeMbI IIrpaIDT 60JIbllIYID ponb nYTeBble BbIKn IDqaTen II ,
KOTopble nplIMeHHIDTCH )J.JIH ynpaaneHIIH npoJJ.eccoM TOpMO>KeHIIH II
QCTaHOBKII )J.BlIraTeJIeH, )J.JIH YBH3KH C pa60TOH )J.pymx MexaHH3MOB
CIICTeMbI 3arpY3KII. B nYTeBbIx BbIKJIID'IaTeJIHX IIMeIDTCH llIaH6bI, KO-
TopbIe 3aKpenneHbI Ha OCII C BKJIID'IaIDID;IIM II OTKJIID'IaIDID;IIM Kyna'I-
KaMII. KynaqKII nplI nOBopoTe OCII B03)J.eHcTBYIDT Ha KOHTaKTHYID
CIICTeMY. nplI 3TOM BbIKJIID'IaIDID;IIH KY JIa'IOK 3aMbIKaeT KOHTaKT, a OT-
KJIID'IaIDIII.HH - pa3MbIKaeT  Y Ka3aHHbIH TlIn annapaTa IIMeeT )J.Be OCM
C llIaMaMII - )J.Ba 6apa6aHa.
B paccMaTplIBaeMoM HaMII cJIyqae B KaqeCTBe nYTeBblx BbIKJIIDqa-
TeJIeH nplIMeHHIDTCH )J.Ba KOMaH)J.oannapaTa TlIna KA4188-3, HMeIDIII.IIX
no 24 llIaMbI, pacnOJIO>KeHHbH Ha )J.BYX OCHX (Ha )J.BYX 6apa6aHax).
ABa 3TlIX 6apa6aHa MeXaHlI'IeCKII CBH3aHbI Me>K)J.y C060H TaK, qTO,
...Kor)J.a nOBOpa'IlIBaeTCH nepBbIH 6apa6aH, BTOpOH 'Heno.u.BII>KeH, II Ha-
O()0POT. B cxeMe npIIHHTO, qTO nplI nO)J.1>eMe npaBoro CKlIna Ha nepBOH
3 B. n. BblqKOB
65

nonOBHHe nYTH CKHna nOBOpaqHBaeTCH neBH 6apa6aH nYTeBOrO B-
KnIO'1aTeJIH Ha 268°. a npaBH HenO){BH>KeH. Ha BTOpOH nonOBHHe
nYTH nOBOpa'1HBaeTCH npaBbIH 6apa6aH Ha 268°. a neBbIH HenO){BH>KeH.
MTE130U BbIKnIO'IATEllb N° 1
Tun KA 4188-3
BHUJ --flpaf3bfu. CK/ln -- B13epx IfQJHa.l,Cffu.e
IlCBbfU OapaouH flpa13bfu oapaoaH
WI ... ..; N U tl f(Offf'lH, omfrlT.lTeeffoao 2/l!/30 (2 un)
r;ooo CDoo.
NDlf  - ": N"J1 !<.OIfC<lH.omMIlBaKOeO e{JljJa (1 flO)
N°{j  ... .. N"15 f(olff<lIfOmM. mR)/(CI/, epljJO (2! iJtJ)
COoa. I c
N'2J ..,..... ..., N"'JJ XOHf'fH.omKII, mfJlK81T e{)I)Ja (1 DB)
NDLJ ;... ..,. ........; ifIll 2 3aMeOl/eHUe
COro. 0 C/Job.
N°S ...... ..,..... N°IS I<.Ol1mpo/!b. JaMe1J/1el1
N8 ...... ...", N U l8 8X1II0<l, Man. /fOil.
C/JoO. COro.
N"22 ... ,.... 1N2 flepexoiJ 3a noeilc/!,
XoD C/f/lna
nYTEBOI1 BbJXlllOl/ATEllb N°2
Tun KA 4188-3
BHU3 -- flpaf3bfu cxun -- BtJepx
fle13bfu oapaoaH npa6bfu. 6apaooH lfaJl1a<leHUC
N D 2 J.....  if 12
N°2a .... ... ..,..... N12a
NDJ ........ ...... NDJJ 1.PP 3UMeiJnelfUC
C(Joff. C806
N°S ... .... .... ... ....... .... ... HOl9 f(oHmpOlTb paOOmbl/fOlff/C
N°7 r... ...T H017 $UffCGl(,/fOIf. nOITOIK Cfruna
CI300 CDoff.
N°Jj ..,. ... ... .. N D J5 DI/OKUp. c BP
N"26 ...... ....... N°J8 D/!OIWIJ, C KOHI/C,
'(joB. I C!Job.
CtJoIi ] CBOo.
COoo. I COoo.
X08 Cffu.na
.
PIIC. 3-8. CxeMB BKJllOlIeHHH KOHTBKTOB nYTeBblx BblKJllOlIaTeJleii
rJlBBHOrO nO,A'beMB
Ha pHC. 3-8 nOKa3aHa pa3BepTKa IlIaH6 060HX nYTeBbIX BbIKnIOqa-
TeJIeH, f){e BKnIOqaIOIII.HH KynaqOK nOKa3aH TpeyronbHHKoM C BepuIH-
HOH. HanpaBneHHoH BHH3, a OTKnIOqalOIII.HH KynaQOK - C BepIlIHHoH.
HanpaBneHHoH BBepx. DOCne,AoBaTeJIbHOCTb ){eHCTBHH KynaqKOB nYTe-
66

Boro BbIKJIIOtlaTeJIH npH nO,n;1>eMe npaBoro CKHna MO>KHO YCTaHOBHTb,
eCJIH nepe,n;BHraTb BepTHKaJIbHYIO nHHHIO no JIeBOMY 6apa6aHY, a 3aTeM
nO npaBOMY BnpaBO. B MeCTe BCTpetlH JIHHHH C BKnlOtlalOIII.HM KynatlKOM
npOHCXO,n;HT 3aMbIKaHHe KOHTaKTOB, a B MeCTe BCTpetlH JIHHHH C OTKJIIO-
qalOIII.HM KY JIatlKOM - pa3MbIKaHHe KOHTaKTOB.
B CHJIOBOH IJ.enH (pHC. 3-6) HMeIOTCSI: MaKCHMaJIbHOe peJIe JPM,
KOHTponHpYIOIII.ee TOK ,n;BHraTe.neH npH nonHOM nOTOKe HX; MaKCHMaJIb-
Hoe pe.ne 2PM, KOHTpOJIHpYIOIII.ee TOK npH OCJIa6neHHOM nOTOKe; TOKO-
Boe pe.ne 1 PC, oTperYJIHpOBaHHoe ,n;JISI pa60TbI B O,n;Ho,n;BHraTeJIbHOM
pe>KlIMe; TOKOBoe pe.ne 2PC, oTperYJIHpOBaHHoe ,n;JISI pa60TbI B ,n;BYX-
,n;BHraTe.nbHoM pe>KHMe; pe.ne 1 PT - peJIe HanHtlHSI MOMeHTa Ha BaJIY
,n;BHraTe.neH. DOMHMO 3TOro, Me>K,n;y CHJIOBOH IJ.enblO H 3eMneH BKJIIO-
tleHO pe.ne 3a3eMJIeHHSI P3.
.f{JISI BbInOJIHeHHSI OCHOBHbIX npe,n;oxpaHHTenbHblx H 3aIII.HTHbIX 6JIo-
KHpOBOK B cxeMe npHMeHSleTcSI HYJIeBOe pe.ne PH H, C IJ.e.nblO YMeHbIlIe-
HHSI tlHCJIa KOHTaKTOB B IJ.enH KaTYlliKH peJIe PH, npOMe>KYTOtlHOe pe.ne
3aIII.HTbI IPll. DpH pa3MbIKaHHH IJ.enH HYJIeBOrO pe.ne PH ,n;BHraTeJIH
CKHnoBoH ne6e,n;KH OTKJIlOtlaIOTCSI, H B pe3YJIbTaTe ,n;HHaMHtleCKOrO H
MeXaHHtleCKOrO TOpMO>KeHHSI OHH 6bICTpO OCTaHaBJIHBalOTCSI (pHC. 3-7).
B IJ.enb HYJIeBOrO pe.ne PH BKnIOtleHbI cne)IyIOIII.He KOHTaKTbI: KOMaH-
,n;oannapaToB C nOCTa A-IKK, C nOCTa -E-2KK-3; KOMaH,n;oannapaToB
8BapHHHoro OTKJIlOtleHHSI C nOCTa A-14KK, C nOCTa E-9KK, co CKHno-
BOH HMbI lOKK; pe.ne oCJIaOJIeHHH nOJIH ,n;BHraTe.neH POll-B, POll-r;
npOMe>KYTOtlHOrO pe.ne 3aIII.HTbI 1 P ll; nYTeBoro BbIKJIlOtlaTe.nSl cna6HHbI
KaHaTa Bl rc, B2rC; MaKCHMaJIbHOrO pe.ne 1 PM; pe.ne 3a3eMJIeHHSI P3.
B IJ.enb npOMe>KyTOtlHoro pe.ne 3aIII.HTbI 1 P II BKJIIOtleHbI: KOHTaKT
KOMaH,n;oannapaTa BKJIlOtleHHH C nOCTa A-IKK, KOHTaKT 3PE, 3aMKHY-
ThIH npH BKJIlOtleHHOM ,n;BHraTeJIe reHepaTopa; _ KOHTaKTbI TOpM03HbIX
KOHTaKTopoB-IPTP, 2PTP, PTP; KOHTaKT MaKCHMaJIbHOrO pene 2PM,
BKJIlOtlaeMOrO npH pa60Te ,n;BHraTe.neH Ha nOBblIlIeHHoH CKOpOCTH; KJIlOq
6eaonacHocTH; KOHTaKT IJ.eHTpOOe>KHOrO peJIe npe,n;e.nbHoH CKOpOCTH
II,B2; KOHTaKT IJ.eHTp06e>KHOrO pe.ne MaJIOH CKOpOCTH II,Bl.
KOHTaKTbI nYTeBoro BbIKJIlOqaTeJIH npe,n;e.nbHoro nepexo,n;a CKHnOB
J'J.'!! 22 H N!! 32 IlIYHTHpYIOTCSI KOHTaKTaMH OKK3 H OKK4, KOTOpble
CnOJIb3YIOTCH ,n;JIH BOCCTaHOBJIeHHSI cxeMbI nOCJIe nepexo,n;a CKHnOM
npe,n;eJ1bHOrO nOnO>KeHHH. .f{JISI 3TOH >Ke IJ.eJIH npHMeHHeTcH KOHTaKT
6KK, IlIYHTHPYIOIII.HH KOHTaKTbI cnaOHHbI KaHaTa BlrC, B2rC.
KOHTaKTbI pe.ne OCJIa6JIeHHSI nOJIH ,n;BHraTeJIeH POll-B H POll-r
no,n;KJIlOtlaIOTCH B IJ.enb pe.ne PH B KOMOHHaIJ.HH C 6JIOK-KOHTaKTaMH
PYOHJIbHHKOB CHJIOBOH IJ.enH IP H 2P TaK, tlTO npH pa60Te B ABYX,n;BU-
raTenbHOM pe>KHMe B IJ.enb PH BKJIlOtlalOTCSI 06a pe.ne, a npH O,n;HO,n;BH-
raTenbHOM pe>KHMe - TOJIbKO pe.ne paOOTalOIII.erO ,n;BHraTenSl.
l1.eHTp06e>KHOe pe.ne npe,n;e.nbHoH CKOpOCTH II,B-2 npe,n;ycMaTpHBaeT
'SaIIJ.HTY OT npeBbIIlIeHHH CKOpOCTH BbIllie 115% OT HOMHHa.TIbHOH. l1.eH-
T06e>KHOe pe.ne THXOH CKOpOCTH II,B-I BKJIlOtlaeTCSI TOJIbKO Ha 2,75 At
OT KOHIJ.a nYTH H npe,n;ycMaTpHBaeT Ha 3TOM YtlaCTKe nYTH CKHna 3a-
UJ.HTy OT npeBbIIlleHHH CKOpOCTH BbIDle 50 %.
8*
67

Kmoll 6e30naCHOCTlI 3aMbIKaeT u:.enb peJIe IPfl, KOHTaKT KOTOpOro
HaX0.lI.IITCH B u:.enlI KOHTaKTOB annapaTypbI 3arn.IITbI, T. e. B u:.em1
peJle PH. ECJlII KJllOli BbIHYTb, TO peJIe PH He CMO>KeT 6bITb' nO.lI.KnlO-
lIeHO Ha HanpH>KeHlIe II cxeMa pa60TaTb He 6Y.lI.eT. DplI BpeMeHHOH
OCTaHOBKe rnaBHoro nO.lI.ceMa B u:.eJIHX npe.lI.ynpe>K.lI.eHHH cnYlIaHHoro
B03.lI.eHCTBIIH Ha cxeMY ynpaBJleHIIH KnlOli BbIHHMaeTCH II xpaHIITCH
y 06CJlY>KIIBalOrn.ero nepCOHaJla.
BKJllOlIeHlIe KOHTaKTOB peJle PTP, IPTP II 2PTP B u:.enb peJIe
1 P fl HMeeT u:.eJIb npoH3BecTlI aBaplIHHYIO oCTaHoBKY, eCJlII TOK KaTY-
IlIeK $JleKTpOMafHIITHbIX TOpM030B He )J.OCTlIr Heo6xo)J.IIMOH AJIH cpa6a-
TbIBaHIIH TOpM030B BeJllIlIlIHbI B TelleHlIe 3a)J.aHHoro BpeMeHII, YCTaHaB-
nHBaeMoro peJle PT P; STHM )J.OCTlIraeTCH 3arn.IITa OT nYCKa )J.BlIraTeJIH
B 3aTOpMO>KeHHOM COCTOHHIIII.
DplI cpa6aTbIBaHlIlI KaKOH-nIIOO 3arn.IITbI If JIll aBaplIHHOM OTKJllOlIe-
HIIII rnaBHoro nplIBO)J.a npOIICXOJ],IIT pa3MbIKaHlIe CHnOBOH u:.enlI II nplI-
coe)J.IIHeHlIe HKopeH )J.BlIraTeJleH Ha COnpOTHBJleHlIe )J.IIHaMlIliecKoro
TOpMO>KeHIIH.
11.JlH nO)J.roToBKII cxeMbI K pa60Te Heo6xo)J.IIMO nOCTaBIITb Bce PY-
6lIJlbHlIKlI B COOTBeTCTBYIOrn.ee nOJlO>KeHlIe II nocJle :noro nO.lI.KnlOlilITb
cxeMY K HanpH>KeHIIIO CeTlI. B STOM CJlYliae Ha 06MOTKII B036Y>KJ],eHIIH
)J.BlIraTeJleH nOJ],aeTCH HanpH>KeHlIe nplI HaJlHlIHH J],ononHHTenbHoro
conpOTIIBJleHIIH B u:.enlI STIIX 06MOTOK. DOJlYlialOT TaK>Ke HanpH>KeHe
KOHTaKTopbI KflB II KflH, KOHTaKTopbI KEB-l II KEB-2 (pHC. 3-7)
(eCJIII npaBbIH CKlIn BHH3Y), peJIe BpeMeHH 2pJ1, 3PJ1, 4PJ1, PJ1fl,
PTP, PBC. 11.anee, )J.JlH nO)J.KnlOlIeHHH )J.BlIraTeJIeH K reHepaTopy cne-
)J.yeT B03)J.eHcTBoBaTb Ha KOMaH)J.oannapaT 1 KK. ECJlII nplI 3TOM B u:.enlI
peJle IPfl II PH Bce KOHTaKTbI 3aMKHYTbI, TO nOJlYlialOT HanpH>KeHlIe
IPfl II PH, nO)J.KnlOlialOTCH K HanpH>KeHIIIO ceTII KOHTaKTopbI T II JI,
II )J.BlIraTenH nplIcoe)J.IIHHIOTCH K reHepaTopy. TaKoe COCTOHHlIe cxeMbI
HBJlHeTCH IICXO)J.HbIM.
YnpaBJleHlIe rJlaBHbIM nO)J.ceMOM MO>KeT 6bITb npolI3Be)J.eHo cJle-
)J.YIOIII.IIMH cnoco6aMII:
a) PYliHoe ynpaBJleHlIe, ocyrn.ecTBJlHeMoe MaIlIIIHIICTOM BaroHa-ecOB
OT KOMaH)J.oannapaTa 4KK nplI norpY3Ke PY)J.bI, OT KOMaH)J.oannapaTa
11 KK (CM. plIC. 2-4, a) nplI O)J.IIHOliHOM neperoHe XOJlOCTbIX CKl1nOB;
6) aBTOMaTlIlieCKOe ynpaBJleHlIe nplI norpY3Ke KOKca;
B) aBTOMaTlIlieCKoe ynpaBJleHlIe nplI MHorOKpaTHOM neperoHe XO-
JlOCTbIX CKlInOB C nonYlleHlIeM IIMnYJlbca OT KKfl.
YnpaBJleHlIe )J.BlIraTeJlHMII nO)J.ceMa ocyrn.eCTMHeTCH B03)J.eHCTBlIeM
Ha 06MOTKY B036Y>K)J.eHIIH reHepaTOpa. DplI nYCKe )J.BlIraTeJleH CKlIno-
BOH ne6KII nO)J.KJllOlIeHlIe 06MOTKII B036Y>K)J.eHHH reHepaTopa K Ha-
npH>KeHIIIO ceTII npOH3BO)J.HTCH C nOMorn.blO KOHTaKTopOB HanpaBJleHHH:
KOHTaKTopoB 1 B-2B nplI nO)J.ceMe npaBoro CKHna II KOHTaKTOpoB
1 H-2H nplI nO)J.ceMe JleBoro CKlIna. B 3TOM cJlYliae )J.JlH CHII>KeHIIH
nycKoBbIX TOKOB )J.BHraTeJIeH B u:.enb B036Y>K)J.eHIIH reHepaTopa BKnlO-
lIaeTCH J],ononHIITeJIbHOe conpOTIIBJleHlIe, KOTopoe BbIBO)J.IITCH cTyne-
HHMII B,npou:.ecce nycKa. KOHTaKTopbI HanpaMeHI1H IB-2B (1H-2H)
68

ynp8BJIf!IOTCf! KOHT8KTOp8MH KPB (KPH), KOTOpbIe B CBOIO Oqepe.u.b
nOJIYQ81OT B03.u.ellCTBHe OT peJIe C M8fHHTHOll 3arn.eJIKOll P EB (P EH).
9TH peJIe MorYT nonyqHTb HMnyJIbC H8 Cpa6aTbIBaHHe OT KOMaH.lJ.Oanna-
paTa MaUlHHHcTa BarOHa-BeCOB 4KK npH nO.lJ.1>eMe CKHna C py.u.Oll HJIH
aBTOMaTHqeCKH OT KOKc03arpY30qHOro YCTpOllCTBa C, 3aMbIKaHHeM
KOHTaKTa 3KK npH nO.ll.1>eMe CKHna C KOKCOM.
B u.enf!x KaTYllieK peJIe PEB H (PEH) H KOHTaKTOpoB KPB (KPH),
IB-2B (lH-2H) (pHC. 3-7) HMeeTCf! pf!.ll. KOHTaKTOB, pa3peUlalOIII.Hx
nO.ll.1>eM CKHna B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT COCTOf!HHf! pa60TbI .ll.PYrHX 3neMeHTOB
cHcTeMbI 3arpY3KH. TaK, HanpHMep, nO.ll.1>eM CKHna B03MO>KeH npH CJIe-
.ll.YIOrn.HX YCJIOBHHX.
1. DpH HanHqHH pa3peUleHHf! co CTOpOHbI KOMaH.lJ.OKOHTpOnJIepa
nporpaMMbI Ha norpY3KY PY.ll.bI (3aMKHYT KOHTaKT 3P K) HnH KOKca
(3aMKHYT KOHTaKT 3KK).
2. DpH norpY3Ke KOKca 3aTBop cooTBeTcrnYIOrn.ell KOKCOBOii BO-
pOHKH 3aKpbIT (3aMKHYT KOHTaKT H-A HJIH H-B).
3. Oqepe.ll.HOM CKHn HaXO.ll.HTCf! B CKHnOBOM f!Me (3aMKHYT KOH-
TaKT KEB-l HJIH KEH-J).
4. 3aMKHYTbI HJIH pa30MKHYTbI KOHTaKTbI peJIe 2PE, KOHTpOJIHPYIO-
rn.He npaBHJIbHOCTb qepe.ll.OBaHHfI 3arpY3KH CKHnOB.
5. 3aJIHBKa CKHna BO.ll.Oll npeKparn.eHa (3aMKHYTbI KOHTaKTbI lCB,
2CB B u.enH KOHTaKTopoB IB-2B, IH-2H).
6. KOHTaKTbI KOHeqHoro BbIKnlOqaTeJIf! 3aTBopoB KOKCOBOll BOpOHKH
N!! 3 H N!! 13 3aKpbTTbI.
DpH YKa3aHHbIx YCJIOBHf!X nO.ll.1>eM npaBoro CKHna C PY.ll.Oll ocyrn.e-
CTBJIf!eTCf! KpaTKoBpeMeHHbIM 3aMbIKaHHeM BepxHero KOHTaKTa KOMaH.lJ.O-
annapaTa 4KK (pHC. 3-7).B 3TOM cJIyqae cpa6aTbIBaeT peJIe C 3arn.eJI-
KOM PEB H n0.ll.KJIlOqeHHe Ha Hanpf!>KeHHe ceTH KOHTaKTopa KPB.
3a 3THM cne.n.yeT cpa6aTbIBaHHe KOHTaKTopoB IB-2B, peJIe P3, KOH-
TaKTopa KC H nO.ll.KnlOqeHHe 06MOTKH B036Y>K.ll.eHHfI reHepaTOpa Ha
Hanpf!>KeHHe ceTlI. .lI.aJJee BKJIIOQaeTCf! peJIe 3P B-1, KOHTaKTopbI KM,
2KTP H IJl. PeJIe 3PB-l COBMeCTHO C peJIe 3PB-2 npe.ll.Ha3HaqeHO .ll.JIf!
'TOro, qT06bI nO.lJ.aBaTb HMnynbc C BbI.ll.p>KKOll BpeMeHH nocne OCTa-
HOBKH CKHna Ha nOBopOT Bparn.alOrn.erOCf! paCnpe.lJ.eJIHTenf!. KOHTaK-
'TOp KM 3aKOpaqHBaeT Ha BpeMf! npou.ecca nYCKa .ll.OnonHHTeJIbHOe CO-
npOTHBeHHe B u.enf!X 06MOTOK B036Y>K.ll.eHHf! .ll.BHraTenell; KOHTaKTOp
CaMorallIeHHf! KC OTKnlOqaeT 06MOTKY B036Y>K.ll.eHlIfI reHepaTOpa OT
era f!KOpf!; KOHTaKTOp 2KTP nO.ll.KJIlOqaeT 3JIeKTpOMafHHTHbIe TopM03a
Ha Hanpfl>KeHHe ceTH, npHqeM nO.ll.KJIlOqeHHe KaTYUleK TOpM030B npo-
HCX0.ll.HT C <pOpCHpOBKOit KOHTaKTOp nepBoro YCKopeHHf! 1 Jl nO.ll.KJIIO-
QaeTCf! Ha Hanpf!>KeHHe ceTH qepe3 KOHTaKT 6PJl-A, 3aKpbITbIll B HaqaJIe
nYCKa H Boo6rn.e npH pa60Te .ll.BYX .ll.BHraTenell, qepe3 KOHTaKT KP B
'Ii KOHTaKT N!! 14 nYTeBoro BbIKJIlOqaTeJIf!. BCJIe.ll. 3a BbIKJIlOqeHHeM
'nepBoll cTYneHH conpOTHBJIeHHf! C BbI.ll.ep>KKOll BpeMeHH, onpe.lJ.eJIf!eMOM
peJfe 2PJl, 3aMbIKaeTCf! BTopaH CTYneHb; 3aTeM C BbI.ll.ep>KKOll BpeMeHFf,
()npe.lJ.eJIf!eMOll peJIe 3PY, 3aMbIKaeTCf! TpeTbf! c-ryneHb; C BbI.ll.ep>KKOll
BpeMeHH, onpe.ll.eJIf!eMOll peJIe 4PY, 3aMbIKaeTCf! qeTBepT8f! cTyneHb H
69

saTeM C BbI.AeP>KKOH BpeMeHH, Onpe.AeJlSleMOH peJle PYfl, nocJle OTKJlIO-
'IeHHf! KOHTaKTOpa KM, BBO.AHTCf! .AOnOnHHTenbHOe COnpOTHBJleHHe
B IJ.enH OOMOTOK B036YJKJI.eHHf! .ABHraTeJleH; .ABHraTeJlH BpaIll.aIOTCf!
C MaKCHManbHOH CKOpOCTbIO, nO.AHHMaf! Ha KOJlOlllHHK rpy>KeHbIH CKHn.
B IJ.enH KOHTaKTOpOB HanpaBJleHHf! HMeIOTCf! KOHTaKTbI nYTeBOrO
BblKnIO'IaTeJlf! rJlaBHoro nO.A1>eMa N!? 19, J\J'!? 9, N!? 12, N!? 2, N!? 12a H
N!? 2a. KOHTaI\T N!? 19 3aMbIKaeTCf!, a KOHTaKT N!? 12a pa3MbIKaeTCf!
KpaTKoBpeMeHHo, KOr.Aa npaBbIH rpY>KeHbIH CKHn npHMepHo Ha 6 .M
He .AOXO.AHT .AO KOHIJ.a nYTH; KOHTaKT N!? 9 3aMbIKaeTCf!, a KOHTaKT N!? 2a
pa3MbIKaeTCf! KpaTKoBpeMeHHo, KOr.Aa neBbIH rpY>KeHbIH CKHn Ha
CTOJlbKO >Ke MeTpOB He .AOXO.AHT .AO KOHIJ.a nYTH. KOHTaKTbI N!? 12 H
N!? 2 pa3MbIKaIOTCf! B KOHIJ.e nYTH COOTBeTCTBeHHO rpY>KeHOrO npaBoro
li JleBoro CKHnOB. DpH TaKOM nepeKJlIO'IeHHH KOHTaKTOB nYTeBoro
BbIKJlIO'IaTeJlf! IJ.enb KOHTaKTOpoB HanpaBJleHHf! 1 B-2B HJlH 1 H-2H
OTKJlIO'IaeTCf! OT HanpmKeHHf! CeTH B YKa3aHHOM MeCTe nYTH CKHnOB
C nOMOIII.bIO KOHTaKTa N!? 6 nYTeBoro BbIKJlIO'IaTeJlf! KOHYCOB, pa30MKHY-
Toro npH OTKpbI10M nOnO>KeHHH MaJlOrO KOHyca H KOHTaKTopa P E- A,
pa30MKHYToro npH OTKpbIBaHHH Manoro KOHyca. DpH YKa3aHHoH 6J10-
KHpoBKe CKHn OCTaHOBHTCf!, He .AOXO.Af! .no KOHIJ.a nYTH, eCJIH MaJlbIH
KOHYC eIll.e He 3aKpbInCf!. 3THM npOH3BO.AHTCf! 3aIll.HTa OT BbICbmaHHf!
H3 CKHna MaTepHana npH OTKpbITOM ManOM KOHyce, T. e. OT BbICbmaHHf!
MaTepHana cpa3Y Ha 60JlblllOH KOHYC 6ea npe.ABapHTeJlbHoro nOBopOTa
'ero BpaIll.aIOIII.HMCf! paCnpe.AeJlHTeJleM.
O.AHHM H3 Tpe60BaHHH, np"e.A1>f!BJlf!eMbIX K 3J1eKTpOnpHBO.AY .AOMeH-
-Horo nO.A1>eMHHKa, HBJlf!eTCf! TO'IHaf! OCTaHOBKa CKHna B KOHe'IHOM no-
JlO>KeHHH. MeCTO OCTaHOBKH CKHna 3aBHCHT OT BeJlH'IHHbI nOAHHMaeMoro
rpY3a. EcnH HCXO.AHTb H3 paBHbIX ycnoBHH B03.AeHCTBHf! Ha cxeMY, TO
npH nO.A1>eMe Tf!>Kenoro rpY3a CKHn OCTaHOBHTCf! HeCKOJlbKO paHbIlle,
'IeM npH nO.A1>eMe nemoro rpY3a. Cne.AOBaTeJlbHO, B cxeMe, HaCTpoeH-
HOM Ha cpe.AHee 3Ha'IeHHe Beca rpY3a, npH nO.A1>eMe Tf!>KeJlOrO rpY3a
CKHn 6Y.AeT lIMeTb He.A06er, a npH nO.A1>eMe JlerKOrO - nepe6er. .lI.Jlf!
YCTpaHeHHf! 3TOro He06xo.AHMO, 'IT06bI OTKJlIO'IeHHe KOHTaKTOpOB Ha-
npaBJleHHf! B KOHIJ.e nYTH CKHna npOHCXO.AHnO npH nO.A1>eMe Tf!>KeJlOrO
rpY3a HeCKonbKO n03.AHee, 'IeM npH nO.A1>eMe JlerKOro. YKa3aHHoe OCY-
III.eCTBJlHeTCH C nOMOIII.bIO KOHTaKTOB nYTeBoro BbIKJlIO'IaTeJlH, KOTopoe
BKJlIO'IaeTCH B IJ.enb KOHTaKTopOB HanpaBJleHHf! B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BeJlH-
'IHHbI rpY3a H OT pe>KHMa pa60TbI cxeMbI (.ABYX.ABHraTenbHbIH H O.AHO-
.ABHraTeJlbHbIH). TaK, HanplIMep, .AJlf! .ABYX.ABHraTeJlbHOrO pe>KHMa
Py6HJlbHHK 16P B IJ.enHX KOHTaKTopOB HanpaBJleHHf! CTaBHTCH B HH>K-
Hee nOJlO>KeHHe. DpH pa60Te Ha nO.A1>eM npaBoro CKHna nHTaHHe KOH-
TaKTopOB HanpaBJleHHH 1 B-2B B03MO>KHO 'Iepe3 KOHTaKTbI N!? 11 liJlH
N!? 15. KOHTaKT N!! 11 pa3MbIKaeTcH Ha paccTOHHHH npHMepHo 220 .M.M
OT KOHIJ.a nYTH, a KOHTaKT N!! 15 pa3MbIK8eTCf! Ha paCCTOf!HHH npHMepHo
147 .M.M OT KOHIJ.8 nYTH npH nO.A1>eMe np8Boro CKHn8. KOHT8KT N!! 15
IH<JlIO'I8eTCf! B u.enb KOHTaKTopoB H8np8BJleHHH 1 B-2B C nOMOIll.bIO
KOHT8KT8 P EC TOr.Aa, KOf.A8 TOK CHJlOBOH IJ.enH 6Y.AeT COOTBeTCTBOB8Tb
Tf!>KeJlOMY rpY3Y, 'ITO oCYIII.ecTBJlHeTCH C nOMOIII.bIO TOKOBOro peJIe 2PC.
70

KaT)'IlIKa'3TOro peJIe BKnIO'IeHa B CIIJIOBYIO u;enb, a ero HQ KOHTaKT-
B nenb BTf!rHBaIOUJ;eH KaTYlliKII peJIe P EC BT . DpII HaJIII'IIIII B CIIJIOBOH
l-{enH TOKa, COOTBeTCTBYIOUJ;ero Tf!>KeJIOMY rpY3Y, KOHTaKT peJIe 2PC
saMKHeTCf! II no,nKJIIO'IIIT BTf!rHBaIOUJ;yIO KaTYlliKY peJIe P EC sT nocne
TOre, KaK ,nBIIraTeJIII nonY'IIIJIII MaKCIIMaJIbHYIO CKOpOCTb BpaUJ;eHIIf!,
QTO KOHTpOJIUpyeTCf! H3 KOHTaKTOM peJIe PBC ST B u;enII 3TOH Ka-
rylliKII. ,
ECJIII npOII3Bo,nIITCf! no,n1>eM Tf!1KeJIOrO rpY3a, TO B KOHu;e nYTlI
Iienb KOHTaKTopOB HanpaBJIeHIIf! 1 B-2B pa3MbIKaeTCf! KOHTaKTOM
N"!! 15. DpII no,n1>eMe >Ke JIerKoro rpY3a peJIe 2PC He cpa6aTbIBaeT,
n03TOMY KOHTaKT N!! 15 He OKa1KeT BJIIIf!HIIf! Ha pa60TY cxeMbI II u;enb
KOHTaKTopOB HanpasneHII2 1 B-2B pa30MKHeTCf! KOHTaKTOM N!! 11 Ha
paCCTOf!HIIII npIIMepHo 220 .M.M OT KOHu;a nYTlI.
DpII no,n1>eMe neBoro CKIIna B ,nByx,nBIIraTeJIbHOM pe1KIIMe nIITaHIIe
KOHTaKTopoB ,HanpaBJIeHIIf! 1 H-2H B03M01KI;I0 IIJIII 'Iepe3 KOHTaKT N!! 1
IfJfII KOHTaKT N!! 5, KOTOpbJe paooTaIOT aHaJIOrII'IHO KOHTaKTaM COOTBeT-
::TBeHHO N!! 11 II N!! 15.
, B O,nHo,nBIIraTeJIbHOM pe>KIIMe Py6IIJIbHIIK l6P B u;enf!X KOHTaKTO-
pOB HanpaBJIeHIIf! CTaBIITCf! B B'epXHee nOJI01KeHIIe. DpII 3TOM nIITaHIIe
KOHTaKTopOB HanpaBJIeHIIf! npOII3Bo,nIITCf! 'Iepe3 KOHTaKTbI N!! 31,
N'!! 33, N!! 21, N!! 23, pa60TaIOUJ;IIe TaK 1Ke, KaK COOTBeTCTBYIOIll.IIe IIM
KOHTaKTbI N!! 11, N!! 15, N!! 1, N!! 5. YnpaBJIeHIIe KOHTaKTaMII N!! 5 II
N'!I 15 B O,nHo,nBIIraTeJIbHOM pe>KIIMe OCYIll.eCTBJIf!eTCf! c. nOMOIll.bIO TOKO-
BOro peJIe lPC.
" K. no,nxo,ny rpY1KeHoro CKIIna Ha KOJIOIlIHIIK ,nBIIraTeJIII ,nOJI>KHbI
laMe,nJIf!TbCf!. ECJIII npou;ecc pa3roHa B ,naHHoH cxeMe oCYIll.eCTBJIf!eTCf!
i5 cl>YHKU;IIII BpeMeHII, TO npou;ecc 3aMe,nJIeHIIf! - B cl>YHKU;IIII nYTlI.
[lepBoe 3aMe,nJIeHIIe Ha'IIIHaeTCf! 3a 12 .M ,no KOHu;a nYTII. B 3TOM MeCTe
nYTII npII nOJ;l.1>eMe npaBoro CKIIna pa3MbIKaeTCf! KOHTaKT N!! 13 nYTe-
BOro BbIKJIIO'IaTeJIf!, 'IeM CHIIMaeTCf! Hanpf!1KeHlte C KaTyllieK KOHTaK-
TOpOB BY, 4Y, 4Y-A, peJIe 5PYII P EC. DpII 3TOM BHa'Iane BBO,nIITCf!
'leTBepTaf! cTyneHb COnpOTlIBJIeHIIf! (B ,nByx,nBIIraTeJIbHOM pe>KIIMe)
tfJIH 'IeTBepTi:lf! II nf!Taf! cryneHII (B O,nHo,nBIIraTeJIbHOM pe>KIIMe). BCJIe,n
!Ia OTKJIIO'IeHIIeM KOHTaKTopa BY Tepf!eT Hanpfl>KeHIIe KOHTaKTop 2Y,
npII 3TOM COnpOTlIBJIeHIIe u;enH B030Y>l\AeHIIf! reHepaTOpa He YBeJIII'III-
aeTCf!, TaK KaK BTOpaf! CTyneHb conpOTIIBJIeHIIf!, TaK 1Ke KaK nepBaf!
n TpeTbf!, 3aKOpO'IeHa KOHTaKTopOM 5Y. Docne,nHIIH OTKJIIO'IaeTCf!
CBbI,nep1KKOH BpeMeHII, ,0npe,neJIf!eMOH peJIe 5PY. C pa3MbIKaHIIeM
KOHTaKTopa 5Y B u;enb B030Y>K,neHIIf! BBO,nf!TCf! TpeTbf! cTyneHb II 'IaCTb
BTOpOH (B ,nByx,nBIIraTeJ1bHOM pe>KlIMe). 11.Pyraf! 'IaCTb BTOpOH cTyneHII
BKJIIO'IaeTCf! C BbI,nep>KKOH BpeMeHII, onpeAeJIf!eMOH peJIe 6PY, nocne
(;:pa6aTbIBaHIIf! KOHTaKTopa 5Y. DpH O,nHo,nBIIraTeJIbHOM pe>KIIMe nacne
tpa6aThIBaHHf! KOHTaKTopa BY npoII3Bo,nIITCf! OTKnIO'IeHIIe TaK>Ke KOH-
T8KTOpOB lYII 231 II Y1Ke nocne 310ro - OTKJIIO'IeHIIe KOHTaKTopa 5Y,
a 38TeM C BbI,nep>KKOH BpeMeHII, onpe,neJIf!eMOH peJIe 6PY-A, OTKJIIO'Ie-
.BRe KOHTaKTOpa 6Y. BTOpoe 3aMeAJIeHHe ,nBIIraTeJIeH Ha'IIIHaeTCf! 3a
.75 .M ,no KOHu;a nYTlI. B 3TOM MeCTe npII no,n1>eMe npaBoro CKIIna pa3-
71

MbIKaeTCfI KOHTaKT N!! 14, OTKJIIOllaeTCfI KOHTaKTop lY, H B IJ.enb B03-
6Y>K)l.eHlUl reHepaTOpa BBO)l.llTCH nepBaH cTyneHb cOnpOTHBJIeHHH.
B KOHu.e nYTH npH nO)l.'beMe npaBoro CKllna nocne pa3MbIKaHllfl
KOHTaKTa nYTeBoro BbIKnIOlIaTeJIfI N!! 11 (nO)l.'beM nerKoro rpY3a) llJIH
KOHTaKTa N!! 15 (nO)l.'beM TH>KeJIOrO rpY3a) OTKnIOlIaeTCfI 06MoTKa B03-
6Y>K)l.eHllfl reHepaTopa, CHHMaeTCfI HanpH>KeHlle C KaTYIlIKll :meKTpo-
MarHHTHbIX TOpM030B, TOpM03Hble KOnO)l.KH onycKalOTcfI Ha TOpM03Hble
IlIKllBbI. B HallanbHbIll MOMeHT OCTaHOBKH )l.BHraTeJIell peJIe P3 eru.e
He pa30MKHyno CBOHX KOHTaKTOB B IJ.enH 'KOHTaKTopOB HanpaBJIeHllH.
n03TOMY nOCJIe OKOHlIaHllH nO)l.'beMa, HanpHMep npaBoro CKllna, cpa3Y
nOJIyllaIOT nllTaHlle KOHTaKTopbI HanpaBJIeHHH lH-2H. 06MOTKa B03-
6Y>K)l.eHllH reHepaTopa nO)l.KJIIOlIaeTCH Ha HanpH>KeHlle npOTHBOnOJIO>K-
HOll nOJIHpHOCTH. 3TO 06eCnellHBaeT HHTeHCllBHoe raIlIeHHe OCTaTOll-
Horo nOJIfI reHepaTopa )1.0 MHHHMaJIbHOll BeJIHlIHHbI, npH KOTOpOll OT-
KJIIOlIaeTCH peJIe P3. BCJIe)l. 3a 3THM pa3MbIKaIOTCfI IJ.enll KOHTaKTopOB
lH-2H H KC, II 06MOTKa B036Y>K)l.eHllfl reHepaTopa BTOpllllHO OTKnIO-
lIaeTCH OT HanpH>KeHHfI ceTH H nO)l.I\JIIOlIaeTCH Ha HKOpb reHepaTopa
C IJ.eJIbIO caMoraIlIeHllfl nOJIH reHepaTopa.
 3-4. 3neKTpOnpHBoA Bp8U\,81OU\,erocR
pacnpeAenHTenR
Ha pHC. 3-9 npe)l.CTaBJIeHa KllHeMaTHlIeCKaH cxeMa BP. npllBOJI.-
HOll )l.BHraTeJIb BP lIepe3 pe)l.YKTOp C nepe)l.aTOllHbIM OTHOIlIeHlleM 1 : 5
CBfl3aH C nYTeBbIM BbIKJIIOlIaTeJIeM. npll 3TOM O)l.HOMY nonHoMY 060-
pOTy nYTeBoro BbIKJIIOlIaTeJIH COoTBeTCTByeT nOBopoT BP Ha 30°.
PHC. 3-9. KHHeMaTH'IeCKaH cxeMa BpaIllalOlllerocH pac-
rrpe.n.eJlIITeJlH
B KalleCTBe npllBO)l.HOrO )l.BHraTeJIH BP HCnOJIb3yeTCfI aCHHxpOHHbIll
J!BHraTenb C cpa3HbIM pOTOpOM, KOTOpbIll MO>KeT llMeTb 60nbiliOll MOMeHT
(B cpe,zr,HeM )l.BYXKpaTHbIll OT HOMHHaJIbHoro) B pe>KllMe )l.llHaMHlIeCKOrO
TOpMO>KeHllH II KOTOpbIH B cpaBHeHHll C )l.BllraTeJIflMll nOCTOHHHoro TOKa
TOll >Ke MOru.HOCTH 06na)l.ae-r MeHbIlIHM MOMeHTOM llHepIJ.llH. Y Ka3aHHbIe
72

OOCTOHTeJIbCTBa Ba>KHbI .IVIH nOnYlleHHH 6bICTpOH H TOllHOH OCTaHOBKH
BP B KOHIJ.e ero nOBopOTa. Y .n.OMeHHbIX nelleH C none3HbIM 06'beMOM
He BbIIlIe 1033 M 3 .n.nH npHBo.n.a BP npHMeHHIOTCH .n.BHraTeJIH THna
.MT-42-8, 16 KBrn. Y .n.OMeHHbIX nelleH C nOne3HbIM 06'beMOM BbIIlIe
1033 M 3 npHMeHHIOTCH .n.BHraTeJIH THna MA-145-2/6<l>, 28 KBrn.
BpaIIJ,aIOIIJ,HHCH pacnpe.n.eJIHTeJIb nOBOpallHBaeT IlIHX1Y Ha 3apaHee
YCTaHOBJIeHHbIe yrnbI BpaIIJ,eHHH BOpOHKH pacnpe.n.eJIHTeJIH, JITO He06-
XO)llIMO .IVIH nOJIylleHHH paBHoMepHoro H IJ."eJIeC006pa3Horo pacnpe.n.eJIe-
HHH IlIHXTbI B .n.oMeHlioH nellH. 06bIlIHO nOBopoT pacnpe.n.eJIHTeJIH ocy-
m;eCTBJIHeTCH Ha yrnbI, KpaTHble 15°. B CBH3H C 3THM MorYT HMeTb
MeCTO CJIe.n.yIOIIJ,He BapHaHTbI nOBopOTa pacnpe.n.eJIHTeJIH
Ha 6 CTaHIJ.HH:
0°; 60°; 120°; 180°; 240°; 300°; 360° (0)
Ha 8 CTaHIJ.HH:
0°; 45°; 90°; 135°; 180°; 225°; 270°; 315°; 360° (0)
COOTBeTCTBeHHO Ha 12 CTaHIJ.HH C MHHHMaJIbHbIM yrnoM 30° H Ha 24 CTaH-
lJ.HH C'MHHHManbHbIM yrnoM 15°.
B .n.OMeHHbIX nellax HMeIOT pacnpocTpaHeHHe no.n.allH, B KOTOpbIX
WHXTa npaBbIx CKHnOB H IlIHXTa neBbIX CKHnOB nOBOpallHBaeTCH Bpa-
m;aIOIIJ,HMCH pacnpe.n;eJIHTeJIeM BP Ha yrnbI, OTnHlIaIOIIJ,HeCH Me>K.n.y
g>60H Ha 180° (TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIe «3epKanbHbIe» no,n:allH) HnH >Ke Ha He-
KOTOpbIH HHOH yron. B03HHKaIOT Tpe60BaHHH HMeTb pa3HbIe yrnbI no-
BOpOTa BP TaK>Ke .n.nH py.n.HbIX H KOKCOBbIX CKHnOB. TIo 3TOH npHlIHHe
COBpeMeHHbIe "CHCTeMbI 3arpY3KH .n.oMeHHoH nellH npe.n.ycMaTpHBaIOT
'.n.Be nporpaMMbI pa60TbI BP, He3aBHCHMbIe .n.pyr OT .n.pyra. TIpH 3TOM
MaTepHan H3 npaBbIx CKHnOB pacnpe.n.eJIHeTCH no O.n.HOH nporpaMMe,
a MaTepHaJI H3 neBbIX ----i no .n.pyroH. TaKHM >Ke 06pa30M MaTepHan
py.n.HbIX cKHnoB MO>KeT pacnpe.n:eJIHTbCH no O.n.HOH nporpaMMe, a MaTe-
,pHan KOKCOBbIX - no .n:pyroH. TIpH 3TOM npe.n.'bHBJIHeTCH Tpe60BaHHe,
llT06bI Ka>K,n:aH nporpaMMa Morna HaCTpaHBaTbCH COBepIlIeHHO caMO-
"CTOHTeJIbHO H He3aBHCHMO OT .n.pyrOH. CxeMbI ynpaBJIeHHH C .n.BYMH
.'nporpaMMaMH H3MeHeHHH nOBopOTa BP HMeIOT IlIHpOKoe npHMeHeHHe
'H,a OTellecTBeHHbIX .n.OMeHHbIX nellax. ,
113MeHeHHe yrnoB nOBopOTa BP B paCCMaTpHBaeMOH cxeMe KOHTpO-
JlHpyeTcH C nOMOIIJ,bIO KOMaH.n.OKOHTponnepa yrna KKY. B cxeMe
Ka>K.n:OH nporpaMMbI HMeeTCH CBOH KOMaH.n.OKOHTpOJInep yrna (KKY-JI
11 KKY-fl).
'-: - B KalleCTBe KKY HCnOJIb3YIOTCH KOMaH.n.oannapaTbI THna KA4269
c npHBo.n.HbIM .n.BHraTeJIeM, KOTOpbIH .IVIH nepBOH nporpaMMbI ynpaB-
JUleTCH c nOMOIIJ,bIO KOHTaKTopa JIJI (pHC. 3-10, a, 6).
Ha pHC. 3-10, a, 6 H306pa>KeHa cxeMa ynpaBneHHH H3MeHeHHeM
yrJIa nOBopoTa BP .IVIH O.n.HOH,' nepBoH nporpaMMbI. ,LLnH BTOpOH npo-
,rpaMMbI cxeMa aHanOrnllHa, n0.3TOMY Ha pHC. 3-10 OHa He npHBo.n.HTCH.
73

3a nOJIHbIH U.HKJI H3MeHeHHSI yrnoB nOBOpOTa OT 15° .lJ,0 360° KKY
.lJ,eJIaeT qeTblpe nonHbIX ooopoTa. MHHHManbHbIH HHrepBaJI Mem.lJ,y
yrnaMH nOBopOTa paBeH 15°.
Bce yrnbI nOBopOTa B npe.lJ,enax O.lJ,HOrO nonHoro ooopOTa BP pa3-
OHTbI Ha qeTbIp.e SOHbI:
30Ha A -_yrJlbI nOBopOTa OT 15 }10 90°
30H8 E - yrJlbI rrOBopOT8 OT 105 }10 180°
30H8 r - yrJlbI rrOBopOT8 OT 195}10 270°
30H8 n - yrJlbI nOBopoT8 OT 285 k\0 360° (0°)
TIpH TaKoH paBHOMepHOH pa3-
oHBKe Bcex B03MomHbIX yrnoB BP
Ha 30HbI, Kam.lJ,OH 30He yrnoB COOT-
BeTcTByeT O.lJ,HH OOOPOT KKY.
Ka)K.lJ,aSI SOHa yrnoB ynpaBJISIeTCSI
CBOHM KOHTaKTopOM ynpaBJIeHHSI:
SOHe A - KOHTaKTopoM 1 A; SOHe
E - KOHTaKTopoM 1 E; SOHe r-
KOHTaKTopoM 1 r H 30He /1. - KOH-
TaKTopoM 1/1.. Bo BTOpOH nporpaMMe
.lJ,nSI :JTOH u.eJIH npHMeHSIIOTCSI KOH-
TaKTopbI 11A, 11E, 11r, 11/1.. B so-
Hax A H E Bpam.alOm.HHcSI pacnpe-
.lJ,enHTenb nOBOpaqHBaeTCSI B npSIMoM
ManpaBJIeHHH, a B SOH ax r H /1. --.
B oopaTHOM.
KOMaH,lI,OKOHTpOJInep yrna HMeeT
illeCTb <pHKCHpOBaHHbIx nOJIOmeHHH.
B npOMemYTKe Mem.lJ,y HyneBbIM
(illeCTbIM) H nepBbIM nOJI02KeHHSIMH
KKY 3aMbIKaeTCSI BHaqane KOHTaKT
JlKK12, a 3aTeM JIKK11. TIpH nep-
BOM ooopOTe KKY (ecnH pene 1PK,
2PK, 3PK H 4PK HaXO.lJ,SITCSI B HOp-
ManbHOM, HeBTSIHYTOM COCTOSIHHH)
saMbIKaHHe KOHTaKTa JIKK12 He
0I,a3bIBaeT B03.lJ,eHCTBHSI Ha cxeMY.
3aMbIKaHHe me KOHTaKTa JI KK11
npHBO.lJ,HT K cpaoaTbIBaHHIO peJIe
1 P K H BKJIlOqeHHIO KOHTaKTopa nep-
BOH 30HbI yrnoB 1A.
TIpH BTOpOM ooopOTe KKY C sa-
MbIKaHHeM KOHTaKTa JlKK12 cpa-
oaTbIBaeT pene 21Pfl, a C saMbI-
KaHHeM KOHTaKTa JIKK11 nO.lJ,KnlO-
qaeTCSI BTSIrHBalOm.aSI KaTYillKa pene
2P K H OCa2KHBalOm.aSI KaTyillKa
74
0)
fJ6uzamenb /(/(!I-fl
/(opoml<o30HmymOR
OHomKa

{J{J
r-
/( /( !I-{J
flOnOJKeHUR K I{ y-{J
o 2 3 IJ 5 6
flKl1I1 -
{J/(/(/2 . - - - - -
{J/(/(/
{J/(/( 5
fltl/i2
{J/(/(IJ
{J/(/i 3
{J/(/(6
{J/(/(9
{J/(/(/O
PHC. 3-10. CxeMa yrrp8BJleHHH H3MeHe

oJ- nKXII 21pn liPX oc "Xm
--0  21pn 22pn 2PK[jm  IPKoc
"23m- 2PK oc 3PK[jm
23pn..... "22pn  liPK[jm 3PK oc
"
-----"""1' ;:: 2 1pn O m
22Pn[jm
" 3Pt'. 23pn[jm
"liP/<. 21 Pfioc 22 Pfio, 23Ffbc
"
nMI IA 15 0 IP , Poomo IPn
--0 1 ' " .a--- - JlponljCK' "7pn
105 0 7P
"If 195 0 13P - : "l1Pn
'Ill t)-. : "5Pn
285 0 lOP -
I 0.- I "
-
nK/(5 IA 75 0 5P
-1'" 165 0 l1P
"If 255 0 17P
"711 3li5° 23P
"
--'!''' '1';; 30 0 2P 2Pn
120 0 8P  
"If 210 0 14P ;
' 111 300 0 20P , 14Pn

"  I
nX/', " IA 60 0 liP
- 1 ' " "'-"
150 0 lOP -
' ,f 2liO° 15P ' -
"Ill 330 0 22P 
I "'-"
- 3pn IP6 IP60c
-f'K31'; li5° 3P
 "9pn ..
135 0 9P
"If 225 0 15P  I.J "
' Ill 315" 21P --
" 0---
--fKKO IA 90 0 6P 6pn
"16 180 0 12P I "12m
nKx9 ' IT J-- I "
KKI 270 0 18P
' Ill c.-
3{jO° 24P -
r "2lpn IA Iil. -
2P6
liP6 2P6 2P611.P
IP/( " .... liP/( rw-- !!,?K
.. IP/( ... 2P/( 111 'l QD 28P
.,.,. 3PK " 2P/( nIT 
3PK " liP/( .I1J1 3..:[-'- pn y@
.... "
...... ,... 't+ i"t
IIA 116 l1f 1/J1
HHeM yrJla nOBopoTa BpaalOerOCH pacnpe,ZJ;eJIHTeJIH.
75

pene lPK, B pe3ynbTaTe lIero OTKJIIOllaeTCfI KOHTaKTOp lA H BKnlO-
lIaeTCfI KOHTaKTOp BTOpOH 30HW yrnoB IE.
I1pH TpeTbeM 060poTe KKJI C 3aMbIKaHHeM KOHTaI\Ta JIKK12 cpa-
6aTbIBaeT peJIe 22PJI, a C 3aMbIKaHHeM KOHTaKTa JIKKlJ nOAKJIIO-
lIaeTCfI BTfIrHBalOIII.afI KaTylliKa peJIe 3P K H OCa.>l\HBalOIII.afI KaTYlliKa
pene 2P K, BcneACTBHe lIero OTKnlOlIaeTCfI KOHTaKTop IE H BI(JllOlIaeTCfI
KOHTaKTop TpeTbeH 30HbI yrnoB lr.
I1pH lIeTBepTOM 06opOTe KKJI C 3aMbIKaHHeM KOHTaKTa JIKK12
cpa6aTbIBaeT pene 23PJI, a C 3aMbIKaHHeM KOHTaKTa JIKKlJ nOAKnlO-
lIaeTCfI BTfIrHBalOIII.afI KaTylliKa peJIe 4P K H OCa}KHBalOIII.afI KaTYlliKa
pene 3P K, B pe3ynbTaTe OTKJIlOlIaeTCfI KOHTaKTop 1 r H BKJIIOtI;aeTCfI
KOHTaKTop lIeTBepTOH 30HbI yrnoB 111..
HaJ{oHe, npH nepBoM o6opoTe KKJI cJIeAYIOIII.eH nOAallH C 3aMbIKa-'
HHeM KOHTaKTa JIKK12 nOAKJIlOlIalOTCfI OCa}KHBalOIII.He KaTylliKH peJIe
21PJI, 22PJI H 23PJI, liTO npHBOAHT B HCXOAHoe nOnO}KeHHe 3TH pene.
TaKHM 06pa30M, C nOMOIII.blO !LeneH KOHTaKTOB JI KKII H JI KK12
KOHTaKTopbI lA, IE, I r HIll. BKnlOlIalOTCfI TonbKO B npe,AeJIax CBOHX
30H yrnoB nOBopOTa BP.
B nepBOM nOnO}KeHHH KKJI 3aMbIK?eTCfI KOHTaKT JIKKI. B 3TOM
CJlYllae B03MO}KeH nOBOpOT BP Ha yrnbI 15 H 105° B npfIMoM H o6paTHoM
HanpaBJIeHHfIx. Bo BTOpOM nOnO}KeHHH KKJI 3aMbIKaeTCfI KOHTaKT
JIKK2 H B03MO)l{eH nOBopoT BP Ha yrnbI 30 H 120° B 060HX HanpaBne-
HHfIX. B TpeTbeM nOnO}KeHHH K.KJI B03MO}KeH nOBopoT BP Ha yrnbI 45
H 135° B 060HX HanpaMeHHfIx. B lIeTBepToM - Ha yrnbI 60 H 150°;
B nfITOM -; Ha yrnbI 75 H 165°; B llleCTOM - Ha yrnbI 90 H 180°.
Ha pHC. 3-11, a, 6 npeACTaBJIeHa cxeMa ynpaBJIeHHfI ABH[aTe-
JIeM BP. B 3TOH cxeMe' nOAKJIlOlIeHHe ABHraTeJIfI BP 'npoH3BoAHTCfI
c nOMOIII.blO HO KOHTaKTa 4PE. KaTylliKa KOHTaKTopa 4PE nonYllaeT
nHTaHHe lIepe3 KOHTaKT KKJI-21 H3 cxeMbI KKJI, KOHTaKT peJIe lPEK
HnH 1 P EP B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT pOAa 3arpY}KaeMOrO MaTepHana H KOH-
TaKT 1 PC H3 cxeMbI KOHYCOB. I10BOpOT KKJI npoHcxoAHT OAHH pa3
B nOAallY (B Hallane ee), liTO KOHTpOJIHPYeTCfI KOHTaKTOM KKJI-21 ,
3aMbIKalOIII.HMCfI B nepBOM nOnO)l{eHHIf KKJI. I10CJIeAHHM B !LenH Ka-
TYlliKH pe.ne 4P E KpaTKOBpeMeHHO 3aKpbIBaeTCfI KOHTaKT 1 PC (npH
onycKaHHH .Manoro KOHyca), BCJIeA 3a 3THM nOAKJIlOlIaeTCfI KOHTaK-
TOp JIJI (pHC. 3-10) H HallHHaeTCfI BpaIII.eHHe 6apa6aHa KKJI. I10cne
Toro KaK KKJI cOHAeT C q,HKcHpoBaHHoro nOJIO)l{eHHfI, nHTaHHe KOH-
TaKTopa JIJI B npOMe}KYTKe iv1e}K,Ay q,HKcHpoBaHHbIMH nOnO}KeHHfIMH
6YJJ:eT npOAOn}KaTbCfI lIepe3 !Lenb C KOHTaKTaMH JIKK9, JIKKIO H
3aMKHYTbIH HO KOHTaKT 2PE. C npHxoJJ:oM KKY B cJIeAYIOIII.ee q,HKCH-
pOBaHHoe nOnO}KeHHe !Lenb H3 KOHTaKTOB JIKK9 H JIKKIO pa3MbI-
KaeTCfI. EcnH npH 3TOM He 6YJJ:eT CYIII.eCTBOBaTb 06XOJJ:HOH !LenH, 3aMe-
HfIlOIII.eH !Lenb H3 KOHTaKTOB JIJIK9, JIJIKlO, TO B q,HKCHpOBaHHOM
nOnO}KeHHH KOHTaKTOp JIJI nOTepfIeT nHTaHHe, ABHraTeJIb OTKJIlOlIHTCfI
H KKJI OCTaHOBHTCfI. TaI\HMH 06XOJJ:HbIMH enfIMH nHTaHHfI KOHTaK-
Topa JIJI MOryT CJlY)l{HTb !LenH C KOHTaKTaMH JIKK1, JIKK2, JIKK3,
JIKK4, JIKK5 H JIKK6, 3aMbIKalOIII.HMHCfI B COOTBeTCTBYIOIII.HX nono-
76

)KeHH HX KKY. C03)J.aHHe 06XO)J.HbIX u.eneH nHTaHHH KOHTaKTOpa JIJI
3CT8HaBJIHBaeTCH C nOMOrn;bIO nepeKnIOlIaTeJIeH 1 P24P H KOHTaKTOB
'J{OHTaKTopoB 30H yrnoB nOBopoTa BP (lA, 1E, 1F H Jp'). nepeJIIO-
aH 1 P-24P MorYT 6bITb nOCTaMeHbI B BepxHee nonmKeHHe «Pa-
6oTa» HJIH B HH}KHee nOJIO}KeHHe «TIponycK». 06xo)J.HaH u.enb B COOT-
BeTCTBYIOrn;eM nOnO}KeHHH KKY 6Y)J.eT cyrn;eCTBQBaTb npH HH}KHeM
flQJIO>KeHHH nepeKnIOlIaTeJIH 3a)J.aHHoH 30HbI yrnoB nOBopoTa BP.
a 9TOM nOJIO}KeHHH KKY He OCTaHOBH1'CH. KKY OCTaHOBHTCH B TOM
nOJIO}KeHHH, npH KOTOpOM C nOMOrn;bIO nepeKJIIOlIaTeJIH 06XO)J.HaH u.enb
6Y)J.eT pa30MKHYTa (nepeKJIIOlIaTeJIb CTOHT B BepXHeM nOnO}KeHHH).
TIYCK )J.BHraTeJIH BP HallHHaeTCH C 3aMbIKaHHH KOHTaKTa peJIe Bpe-
MeHH 3PB-J HnH 3PB-2 (pHC. 3-7 H 3-11), C nOMOrn;bIO KOTOpOro nony-
lIaeTCH C)J.BHr BO BpeMeHH Me}K)J.y npHxo)J.OM rpY}KeHOrO CKHna Ha KOJIOIlI-
HHK H HallanOM nOBopOTa BP, )J.ocTaTOllHbIH )J.nH nOJIHOrO BbICbmaHHH
BO BP MaTepHana H3 CKHna. YCTaBKa pe.ne 3PB-1 6epeTcH paBHoH
5 ceK, a peJIe 3P B-2 - 10 ceK. Tpe6yeMaH BbI)J.ep}KKa BpeMeHH B 3aBH-
CHMOCTH OT 06'beMa MaTepHana B CKHne BbI6HpaeTCH nepeKnIOlIaTeJleM
60P. HO KOHTaKT PT IlIYHTHpyeT KOHTaKTbI peJIe 3PB-1, 3PB-2,
lIT06bI npH nO)J.'beMe Ha KOJIOIlIHHK cne)J.YIOrn;ero CKHna (KoHTaKTbI 3PB-1,
3PB-2 pa30MKHYTbI npH pa60Te rnaBHoro nO)J.'beMa) BP Mor npo)J.oJI
}KaTb nOBOpallHBaTbcH. I
OCTaHoBKa )J,BHraTeJIH BP nocne 3a)J.aHHoro nOBopOTa BP npOH3-
BO)J.HTCH C nOMOrn;bIO ClIeTHbIX peJIe 1Pfl-12Pfl (pHC. 3-11), KOTopbIe
OTClIHTbIBaIOT yrOJI rroBopoTa BP. BTHfHBaIOrn;He KaTyiliKH .3THX peJIe
nOJIyllaIOT HMnynbc HanpH}KeHHH lIepe3 KOHTaKTbI KOHellHoro BbIKnIO-
lIaTeJIH Bparn;aIOrn;erocH pacnpe)J.eJIHTeJIH 1-B, 2-B, 1-H, 2-H.
CxeMa pa60TbI KOHTaKTOB BbIKJIIOlIaTeJIH nOKa'3aHa Ha pHC. 3-11.
Pene 1Pfl nonyllaeT HMnynbc nOCJIe 5° nOBopoTa BP, peJIe 2Pfl -
nOCJIe 20°, peJIe 3Pfl - nOCJIe 35° H T. )J.. ECJIH, npe)J.nonO}KHM, He06-
XO)J.HMO OCTaHOBHTb )J.BHraTeJIb npH nOBopoTe BP Ha 45°, TO nepeKnIO-
lIaTeJIb 3P )J.on}KeH 6bITb nOCTaBJIeH B BepXHee nOnO}KeHHe. B .3TOM CJIY-
lIae npH nOBopOTe BP Ha 35° nO)J.KnIOlIaeTCH Ha HanpH}KeHHe peJIe
3Pfl, 3aKpoeTcH ero HO KOHTaKT B u.enH OCa}KHBaIOrn;eH KaTYiliKH peJIe
1 P E, peJIe 1 P E cpa60TaeT H pa30MKHeT u.enb peBepcHBHbIX KOHTaKTO-
pOB 1B-3B (pHC. 3-11), TO npHBe)J.eT K OTKJIIOlIeHHIO )J.BHraTeJIH OT
ceTH Hero TOpMO}KeHHIO. ' C YlleTOM nOBopOTa BP npH TOpMO}KeHHH
)J.BHraTeJIH 06rn;HH yrOJI nOBopOTa COCTaBHT, 45°. nocne OCTaHOBKH )J.BH-
raTeJIH OCa}KHBaIOrn;He I\OHTaKTbI peJIe 1 P fl oc-12P floc nO)J.KnIOlIaIOTCH
K HanpH}KeHHIO ceTH H peJIe IJPHXO)J.HT B HCXO)J.Hoe COCTOHHHe.
C nOMOrn;bIO nepeKnIOlIaTeJIH 28P (pHC. 3-10) no nepBoH nporpaMMe
YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH pacnpe)J.eJIeHHe TonbKO neBblX KOKCOBbIX CKHnOB
(BepxHee nOJIO}KeHHe nepeKJIIOlIaTeJIH) HnH pacnpe)J.eJIeHHe Bcex JIeBbIX
CKHnOB (HH}KHee nOJIO}KeHHe nepeKnIOlIaTeJIH). B cpe)J.HeM nOnO}KeHHH
nepeKnIOlIaTeJIH B03MO}KHa pa60Ta TonbKO no O)J.HOH nporpaMMe.
TIpocne)J.HM pa60TY cxeMbI npH YCJIOBHH, liTO no nepBOH nporpaMMe
P,OJI}KHO npOH3BO)J.HTbCH pacnpe)J.eJIeHHe Bcex neBbIX CKHnOB. 3a)J.aHbI
CJIe)J.YIOU{He yrnbI nQBOpOTa 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270, 315 H 360°.
77

B .n.aHHOM CJIyqae nepeKnIOqaTeJIH 3P, 6P, 9P, 12P, 15P, 18P, 21P
H 24P CTaBfITCfI B BepXHee nonmKeHHe, a OCTaJIbHbIe - B Hmlmee.
TIepeKnIOqaTeJIb 28P CTaBHTCfI B HH>KHee no.trO>KeHHe.
HaqHeM paCCMOTpeHHe paOOTbI cxeMbI C TOro MOMeHTa BpeMeHH,
Kor.n.a nOCJIe.n.HHll CKHn npe.n.bI.n.YIII.ell no.n.l!qH crpY>KeH, a nepBbIll CKHn
npaBbIll, cne.n.YIOIII.ell no.n.aqH Haxo.n.HTCfI B CKHnOBOll fIMe. B .3TOM CJIY-
qae KKn CTOHT B nepBOM non O>KeHHH, KOHTaKT KKn-21 3aMKHYT,
3aMKHYT H KOHTaKT 1PEK HnH 1PEP (pHC. 3-11). C HaqanOM no.n.'beMa
nepBoro CKHna no.n.aqH Ha KOJIOlllHHK onycKaeTcfI ManbIll KOHYC, 3aMbI-
KaeT€fI KOHTaKT 1 PC H
peJIe 4P E, cpaoaTbIBafI,
no.n.aeT HanpfI>KeHHe Ha
KaTYlllKy KOHTaKTopa JI JI,
H KKJI HaqHHaeT nOBopa-
qHBaTbCfI. OCTaHoBHTcfI
KKJI B TpeTbeM nonO>Ke-
HHH, TaK KaK nepeKJIIO-
qaTeJIb 3P CTOHT B Bepx-
HeM nOnO>KeHHH. TIpM
.3TOM npOH30HJI:eT BKnlOqe-
HHe KOHTaKTopa 1 A......
C npHxo.n.oM nepBoro
CKHna Ha KOJIOlllHHK B
cxeMe ynpaBJIeHHfI KKn
(pHC. 2-4, a) cpaoaTbIBae-r
KOHTaKTop 1JIK; peJIe
1 P E H 11 P E BKnlOaIOT-
CfI, no.n.roTaBJIHBafI u.enb
)J.JIfI nHTaHHfI KOHTaKTG-
pOB 1 B-3B (pHC. 3-11).
KpoMe .3TOro, 3aMbIKaeTCfI
KOHTaKT nYTeBoro BbIKnlO-
qaTeJIfI N!! 35, BKJIlOqaeTCfI
peJIe PEn H OTKJIlOqaeTCfI
peJIe P EJI. CxeMa nepe-
BO.n.HTCfI Ha paoOTY no
BTOpOll nporpaMMe. BKnID-
qeHHe KOHTaKTopoB 1 B-
3B npoH3Bo.n.HTCfI cnycTfI
5-10 eel\, nOCJIe npHxo.n.a
npaBoro CKHna Ha KOJIlll-
HHK npH cpaoaTbIBaHHH
peJIe 3PB-1 HJIH 3PB-2.
C no.n.'beMOM BTOpOro,
neBoro CKHna Ha KonOlll-
HHK onfITb BKJIlOqalOTCfI
peJIe 1PE H llPE, noJJ.-
78
oj
+
bHt LJ,
18
lH
38
. 1-8
2-8
l-H
2-H
360 0
PIIC. 3.1 J. CxeNa ynpaBJIeH lIH

6)
n PB
f25-ffiK-l KKn
L_____.J
IA
15
/lA
116
If
Ip'
Ilf
/I
nK KKn
r=--, r ---,
I IPC I 1/(/(n-211
o I
L__-' L___-'
r---, I<.l<.n
131<.K I-
I
I 3KP
L_ __J
-<
IPn{Jm
IPn 2pn{J
2pn 3pn{Jm
3pn IJPn{J
4pn 5pnO m
5pn 6Pfbm
6Pn 7pn{Jm
7pn 8pnOm IOpn o r: IIPfloc 12pn oc
8Pn 9Pn{Jm
gpn IOpnm 7pnoc BPn oc 9pn oc
IOpn IIPn{Jm
IIPn 12pno m 4pnoc 5pn oc BPnoc
IPfloc 2Pnoc 3pn oc
IP50m IIP5{Jm
III
60P
IB 2B 3B
IH 2H 3/1
IB
PB
PB
4P6
,."...,..
PT
IP5/(oc IP6P oc
P6/(
 IP
IP6K{Jm
IP5 P O m
P5n{Jm
r---l
I N 5 I rn

I I
I N 3; I
I
LJ
P5n oc
P5nOm
P5fl oc
BHraTeneM BpaaroerocH pacnpeenHTenH
79

rOTaBnHBaeTCH u.enb nHTaHHfI KOHTaKTOpOB 1 B-3B, 3aMbIKaeTCfI
KOHTaKT BbIKnIOtIaTeJIfI N! 25, BKnIOlIaeTCfI peJIe P EJ/ H OTKJIIOlIaeTCfI
peJIe PEn. CxeMa nepeBo.zr.HTcfI Ha paooTY no nepBoll nporpaMMe.
C 3aMbIKaHHeM KOHTaKTa 3PB-l IInH 3PB-2 no.zr.KnIOlIaIOTCH KOH-
TaKTOpbI 1 B-3B H BP HallHHaeT nOBOpallHBaTbcfI. DpH nOBopoTe
BP Ha yrOJI 5° cpaoaTbIBaeT peJIe lpn, npH nOBopoTe Ha yrOJI 20°
cpaoaTbIBaeT peJIe 2pn H npH nOBopOTe BP Ha yron 35° - peJIe
3pn. BKnIOlIeHHe peJIe 3pn npH BepxHeM nonmKeHHH nepeKJIIO-
lIaTeJIfI 3P BbI3bIBaeT OTKnIOlIeHHe peJ1e 1 P E H KOHTaKTopoB 1 B-3B;
.zr.BHrareJIb BP OTcoe.zr.HHHeTCfI OT CeTH H nepeBOJJ:HTCfI B pe}KHM .zr.HHaMH-
lIeCKoro TOpMO}KeHHfI. C npHxo.zr.OM TpeTbero, npaBoro, CKHna Ha KonOIlI-
HHK CXeMa nepeKnIOlIaeTCfI Ha paooTY no BTOpOll nporpaMMe. C npHXO-
JJ:OM lIeTBepToro, neBoro, CKHna nYCK .zr.BHraTeJIfI BP npoHcxo.zr.HT TaK }Ke,
KaK H C npHxo.zr.oM BToporo CKHna.
Docne npHxo.zr.a nepBoro CKHna CJIe.zr.YIOmell nOJJ:allH B CKHnOBYIO
flMY KKn CHOBa npH.zr.eT B nepBoe nOnO}KeHHe H 3aMKHeTCfI KOHTaKT
KKn-2l. Depexo.zr. KKJI B cne.zr.YIOmee nOnO}KeHHe oy.zr.eT npoHcxo.zr.HTb
B TOM }Ke nopflJJ:Ke, KaK H npH nepBOll no.zr.alle. OCTaHOBKa KKJI npo-
H30ll.zr.eT B IlIeCTOM nOnO}KeHHH, B KOTOpOM nepeKJIIOlIaTeJIb 6P nOCTaB-
neH B ;sepxHee nOnO}KeHHe. DpH 3TOM MaTepHanbI Bcex JIeBbIX CKHnOB
BTOpOll no.zr.allH Oy.zr.YT nOBOpallHBaTbCH Ha 90°.
B TpeTbell no.zr.alle KKJI HallHHaeT BTOpOll OOOpOT. DpH nepexo.zr.e
KKJI H3 IlIecToro (HyneBoro) n0J10}KeHHfI B nepBoe 3aMbIKaeTCH KOH-
I TaKT J/J/Kl2, nonYllaeT nHTaHHe KaTYiliKa 2lpn, nOCJIe lIero npOH3-
BO.zr.HTCfI nepeKnIOlIeHHe 30H yrnoB nOBopOTa: KOHTaKTOp 1 A BbIKJIIO-
lIaeTCfI, a KOHTaKTOp 1 E BKJIIOlIaeTCfI. OCTaHoBKa KKJI npoH30ll.zr.eT
B TpeTbeM nOnO}KeHHH BTOpOro rIOBOpOTa, liTO COOTBeTCTByeT nOBO-
POTY BP Ha 135°.
AHaJIOrnllHO oy.zr.eT npoHcxoAHTb nepexo.zr. KKJI B 30HY r H 30HY /1..
 3-5. 8neKTponpHBoA Manoro
H lIonbworo KOHYCOB
B HaCTOflmee BpeMfI .zr.nH ynpaMeHHfI KOHycaMH npHMeHflIOTCfI .zr.Ba
THna o.zr.HoarperaTHOH JIe6e.zr.KH (o.zr.Ha JIeoeJJ:Ka .MfI Manoro H OOJIbillOrO
KOHYCOB): neoe.zr.Ka J/K-25 C MaKCHManbHbIM HaTfI}KeHHeM KaHaTa
25 m (246000 H) H neoe.zr.Ka JIK-35. C MaKCHManbHbIM HaTfI}KeHHeM
KaHaTa 35 m (344 000 H). '
JIeoe.zr.Ka J/K-25 npHMeHfleTcfI B .zr.OMeHHbIX nellax C nOne3HbIM
oO'beMoM.zr.o 1033 M 3 , a JIeoe.zr.Ka J/K-35 - CBbIIlIe 1033 M 3 . ,LLnfl .zr.OMeH-
HOM nellH 2000 M 3 neoe,LlKa J/K-35 npHMeHHeTcH BpeMeHHo, C YlleToM
3aMeHbI ee Ha HOBYIO neOe,LlKY C OOJIbIlIHM MaKCHManbHbIM HaTfI}KeHHeM
KaHaTa.
DpHBO,Ll neoe.zr.KH J/K-25 oOopY,LlOBaH .zr.BHrareJIeM nOCTOflHHoro TOKa
THna DH400, 2208,40 K8rn, 950/1300 06/MUH npH nHTaHHH ero OT CeTH
nOCTOflHHoro HanpH}KeHHfI. DpHBO,Ll ne6e,LlKH J/K-35 ooopy.zr.oBaH .zr.BH-
raTeJIeM nOCTOHHHoro TOKa THna DH1000, 220 8, 105 Kern,
80

950/1310 06/MUH. npH nHTaHHH ero OT ceTH nOCTOSIHHoro HanpSI-
)KeH HSI .
,LLJISI cxeMbI ynpaBJIeHHSI .n:oMeHHoH neqH 2000 M,3 npe.II.ycMaTpH-
eaeTCSI nHTaHHe ne6e.n:KH no CHCTeMe r -,LL (YPB-,LL). 3neKTpOnpHBO.II.
MO.II.eJIH 1961 r. .II.OnycKaeT nepeKnIOqeHHe npHBO.II.Horo .II.BHraTeJISI CH-
CTeMPl r -,LL Ha cHcTeMY YPB-,LL.
Ha ne6e.n:Ke MaJIOrO H 60JIbillOrO KOHyca YCTaHOBJIeH KOMaH.n:oanna-
paT, CBSI3aHHbIH C ne6e,n.KOH qepe3 pe.n.yKTOp TaK, qTO yrOJI nOBopOTa
KOMaH.II.OannapaTa npH onYCKaHHH KOHYCOB OT HYJIeBOrO nOJIOeHHSI
HaXO.II.HTCSI B npe.n:eJIax 10-150°.
, AB1.:OMaTHKa ynpaBneHHSI xapaKTepH3yeTcSI cne.n:YIOIlI.HM. I1Mnynbc
Ha nYCK .n:BHraTeJISI ne6e.n:KH .n:nSI onYCKaHHSI MaJIOrO KOHyca nO.II.aeTCSI
Ka.II.bIH pa3 npH no.n:'beMe rpyeHoro CKHna. O.II.HaKO nYCK ne6e.n:KH
npOHCXO.n:HT npH .3TOM nHilib B TOM CJIyqae, KOr.II.a OCTaHOBHTCSI Bpa-
m.aIOIlI.HHCSI pacnpe.n:eJIHTeJIb. I1Mnynbc Ha nYCK .II.BHraTeJISI ne6e.n:KH
.II.JISI onYCKaHHSI 60nbilloro KOHyca rro.n:aeTCSI aBTOMaTHqeCKH nOCJIe
SaKpbITHSI Manoro KOHyca. CYIll.eCTBYeT 6nOKHpOBKa', He .II.OnYCKaIOIlI.aSI
onYCKaHHSI 60JlbillOrO KOHyca, ecnH He no.n:HSITbI 30H.n:bI. I1Mnynbc Ha
nYCK .n:BHraTeJISI .n:nSI onYCKaHHSI Manoro KOHyca nonyqaeTCSI OT peJIe
BpeMeHH C BbI.II.epKOH BpeMeHH .II.O 5 eeK, a .n:nSI 60nbilloro KOHyca.-
.II.O 10 eeK.
ManbIH H 60JIbiliOH KOHYCbI KOHTpOJIHPYIOT pa60TY CJIe.n.yIOIlI.HX
MexaHH3MOB CHCTeMbI 3arpY3KH: rpyeHbIH CKHn OCTaHaBnHBaeTCSI,
He .n:OXO.II.H .n:o KonOIlIHHKa.. eCJIH ManbIH KOHYC rronHOCTblO He OTKp6InCSI
H 3aTeM He 3aKpbInCSI; 30H.II.bI MorYT HaqaTb no.n:'beM nHilib nOCJIe nOJI-
Horo OTKpbIBaHHSI Manoro KOHyca, npe.n:IlIeCTBYIOIUero OTKpbIBaHHIO
60JIbillOro KOHyca; BpaIll.aIOIlI.HHCSI pacnpe.n:eJIHTeJIb MoeT CMeHHTb
CTaHIJ.HIO nHilib nOCJIe nO.II.aqH HMnynhca Ha pa60TY Manoro KOHyca.
B cxeMe npe.n:YCMaTpHBaeTCSI, qTO nYCK ne6e.n:KH npOHcxo.n:HT B <l>YHK-
IJ.HH BpeMeHH-, a 3aMe.II.JIeHHe - B <l>YHKIJ.HH nYTH. 3aMe.II.neHHe KOH-
TpOJIHpyeTCSI KOHTaKTaMH nYTeBoro BbIKJIlOqaTeJISI ne6e.n:KH KOHYCOB.
f1YCK .n:BHraTeJISI npOH3Bo.n:HTCSI C nOMOIll.bIO nYCKoBoro peOCTaTa B TPH,
cTyneHH, a 3aMe)I,JIeHHe - B .n:Be cTyneHH. f1pH OCTaHOBKe .n:BHraTeJISI
HaKJIa.II.bIBaeTCSI .3neKTpOMafHHTHbIH TOpM03 H npOH3Bo.n:HTCH .II.HHaMHqe-
CKoe TopMoeHHe.
B cxeMe npHMeHSIIOTCSI CJIe.II.YIOIlI.He 3aIll.HTbI: OT 06pbIBa 06MOTKH
B036y.n:eHHSI .n:BHraTeJIH, CJIa6HHbI KaHaTa, nepexo.n:a ne6e.n:KH 3a YCTa-
HOBJIeHHbIH npe.II.eJI, MaKCHMaJIbHaSI H HyneBaSI 3aIll.HTa.
 3-6. 8neKTponpHBoA 80HAOBOR
neileAKH
30H.II.bI npHMeHHIOTcSI .II.nSI onpe.n:eJIeHHSI ypOBHH IlIHXTbI B .n:OMeHHOH
neqH. nO.II.)J.epaHHe 3a.II.aHHOrO ypOBHSI IlIHXTbI HBJISIeTCH BaHbIM ycno-
BHeM npaBHnbHoH pa60TbI .II.OMeHHOH neqH. f10 npHHHTbIM HopMaM ypo-
BeHb IlIHXTbI B .II.OMHe MoeT 6bITb He BbIIlIe 0,5 M H He HHe 1,5-2 M
OTHOCHTeJIbHO onYIll.eHHOrO 60JIbillOrO KOHyca.
81

30H,n:bI ,n:On>KHbI CJIe,n:HTb 3a ypOBHeM IlIHXTbI B .lI.OMeHHOH netJH H
CHrHaJIH3HpOBaTb 06 H3MeHeHHH ypOBHH, cneHanbHO npe,n:ynpe>K.lI.aH
npH BbIxo,n:e ypOBHH 3a YKa3aHHble npe,n:eJ1bI,. B TO >Ke BpeMH npH Bepx-
HeM npe,n:eJ1e ypOBHH cxeMa 30H,n:OB ,n:on>KHa ,n:aTb 3anpeT Ha onYCKaHHe
60nbilloro KOHyca.
Ha-THnOBbIX ,n:OMeHHbIX netJax npHMeHHIOT ,n:Ba 30H.lI.a, H3MepHIOIl{HX
ypOBeHb IlIHXTbI B ,n:HaMeTpanbHO npOTHBOnOnO>KHbIX TotJKax (neBbIH H
npaBbIH 30H,n:bI). B HaCTOHIl{ee BpeMH Hcnonb3YIOTCH m6KHe 30H,n:bI,
COCTOHIl{He H3 KaHaTOB HJIH eneH C rpY30M. BTOpOH KOHe KaHaTa,
nepeKHHYTbIH tJepe3 6nOKH, 3aKpenJiHeTCH Ha 6apa6aHe .ne6e,n:KH. B pa-
60tJeM nOnO>KeHHH 30H,n: CBOHM rpY30M OnHpaeTCH 0 nOBepxHOCTb
IlIHXTbI.
,L(nH no,n:'beMa H onYCKaHHH 30H,n:OB npHMeHHIOTCH ,n:Be JIe6e,n:Klf:
o,n:Ha ,n:nH neBoro, APyraH ,n:JIH npaBoro SOH,n:a, YCTaHOBneHHble B Ma-
IlIlfHHOM nOMeIl{eHlflf. 30H,n:OBaH ne6e,n:Ka lfMeeT 6apa6aH, CBH3aHHbIH
C nplfBo,n:HbIM ,n:BHraTeJ1eM tJepe3 pe,n:YKTOp; CeJ1bClfH-,n:aTtJlfK, npe,n:Ha3Ha-
tJeHHbIH ,n:JIH 3aMepa CKOpOCTlf lf3MeHeHlfH ypOBHH IlIlfXTbI; AaTtJlfK yrna
nOBopOTa ,n:JIH 3aMepa ypOBHH IlIlfXTbI; nYTeBOH BbIKJIIOtJaTeJ1b, C no-
MOIl{bIO KOToporo npOlf3Bo,n:lfTCH ynpaBneHlfe ,n:BlfraTeJ1eM 30H,n:a If JIaM-
naMH CBeToclJopa, ClfrHanlf3lfpYIOIl{lfMlf nOnO>KeHHe 30H,n:a tJepe3 Ka>K,n:bIe
0,25 M; Kono,n:otJHbIH 3neKTpoMarHHTHbIH TOpM03 AnH y,n:ep>KaHHH 30H,n:a
B BepxHeM nOnO>KeHlfH.
CYIl{eCTBYIOT ,n:Ba cnoco6a 3aMepa ypOBHH IlIlfXTbI: HenpepbIBHbIH If
TOtJetJHbIH. Dplf HenpepbIBHOM 33Mepe 30H,n:bI 60nbllIYIO tJaCTb BpeMeHlf
HaXO.lI.HTCH B Hlf>KHeM nOnO>KeHHlf, OHlf, onlfpaHCb Ha nOBepXHOCTb
IlIlfXTbI, CJIe,n:YIOT 3a HeH no Mepe H3MeHeHlfH ypOBHH IlIlfXTbI. Dplf 3TOM
30H,n:bI ,n:on>KHbI nepe,n: OTKpbIBaHlfeM EK no,n:HlfMaTbCH BBepx B eJIHX
npe,n:oxpaHeHlfH lfX OT 3aCbmaHlfH IlIlfXTOH. Dplf TOtJetJHOM 3aMepe,
30H,n:bI 60nbllIYIO qaCTb BpeMeHH Haxo,n:HTCH B BepXHeM nOnO>KeHlfH H
onYCKaIOTCH ,n:nH 3aMepa ypOBHH IlIHXTbI O,n:lfH pa3 B no,n:aqy nOCJIe 3a-
KpbIBaHlfH EK. TOtJetJHbIH 3aMep HBJIHeTCH MeHee COBepllIeHHbIM, TaK
KaK no HeMY 06 ypOBHe IlIlfXTbI MO>KHO Cy,n:lfTb no KpaTKoBpeMeHHbIM,
neplfo,n:lftJeCKlfM 3aMepaM, B TO BpeMH kaK nplf HenpepbIBHOM 3aMepe
npOH3Bo,n:lfTCH CJIe>KeHHe sa ypOBHeM IlIlfXTbI. O,n:HaKO nplf TOtJetJHOM
3aMepe 30H,n:bI pa60TaIOT B 60nee 6JIaronplfHTHbIX YCJIOBlfHX, tJeM nplf
HenpepbIBHOM, Kor,n:a OHH 66nbllIYIO tJaCTb BpeMeHlf Haxo,n:HTCH. Ha ,
IlIlfXTe.
K 3neKTponpHBO,n:y 30H,n:OBOH JIroe,n:KH npe,n:'bHBnHIOTCH CJIe.lI.YIOIl{lfe
Tpe6oBaHlfH:
1) orpaHlftJeHHe CKOpOCTH onycKaHlfH 30H,n:OB;
2) HenpepbIBHoe HaTH>KeHlfe KaHaTa npH onYIl{eHHbIX 30H,n:ax;
3) cne,n:OBaHlfe 30H,n:OB 3a ypoBHeM IlIlfXTbI nplf ero onycKaHlflf;
4) y,n:ep>KaHlfe 30H,n:OB B BepxHeM nOJIO>KeHlflf.
BbmonHeHHIO 3THX TprooBaHlfH y,n:oBneTBOpHeT 3neKTponplfBo,n:
C ,n:BlfraTe.fIeM nOCTOHHHoro TOKa napaJIneJ1bHOrO B036Y>KJI.eHlfH nplf
nHTaHlflf ero OT 3aBo,n:cKoH ceTlf. B ,n:aHHOM cnYtJae nplfMeHHeTCH .lI.Blf-
raTeJ1b THna DH-68, 37 Kern, 1000 06/MUH, 2208.
82

Ha pnc. 3-12 npe)!.cTaBJIeHa cxeMa ynpaBneHHH )!.BHraTE,l1eM O)!.HOll
SOH)!.OBOH ne6e)!.KH. B :noH cxeMe npH HenpepbIBHoM 3aMepe ABHraTeJIb
Bce BpeMH BKnIOqeH Ha ceTb H paooTaeT B pe>KHMe npoTHBOBKnIOqeHHH.
,Be.TIHqHHa TOKa ABHraTeJ1H Hero MOMeHTa 3aBHCHT OT BeJIHqHHbI AO-
nOJIHHTeJ1bHoro conpoTHBneHHH B u.enH HKOpH J(BHraTe.TIH. Eho conpo-
;-rHBJIeHHe nOJ(OHpaeTCH C TaKHM paCqeTOM, qTOObI Bpam.aIOl1I.Hll MOMeHT
]J.aHrareJIH ObW ObI MeHbllle MOMeHTa, C03)!.aBaeMoro BeCOM 30H)!.a. Mo-
MeHT J(BHrareJIH npH 3TOM HeooxoAHM J(JIH nonyqeHHH COOTBeTCTBYIO-
lI{ero HaTH>KeHHH KaHaTa.
HaqHeM paccMoTpeHHe paooTbI cxeMbI 30HJ(OBOH ne6eJ(KH C Toro
BpeMeHH, KorJ(a 30HJ( HaXOJ(HTCH B KpaiIHeM BepXHeM nOnO>KeHHH,
a 60JIbiliOll KOHYC 3aKpbIBaeTCH. B 3TOM cJIyqae KOHTaKT nYTeBoro
'BbIKJIIOqaTe.TIH 30HAOBOll neoeJ(KH .N2 16JI 3aMKHYT, KOHTaKTbI .N2 2JI,
I
.N2 15JI pa30MKHYTbI, B cxeMe KOHYCOB KOHTaKTop 2KE OTKnIOtJeH,
a KOHTaKT N2 25 pa30MKHYT; BKnIOqeHO peJ1e PO; pene PJI3 He BTH-
HyTO; J(BHraTeJ1b OTKnIOqeH OT ceTH, a 30HJ( YJ(ep>KHBaeTCH B BepXHeM
nOJIO>KeHHH TOpM030M.
C 3aKpbITHeM OOJIblllOro KOHyca 3aMbIKaIOTCH KOHTaKTbI.N2 25 H 2KE
(H3 cxeMbI KOHYCOB), nonyqaeT nHTaHHe peJ1e P E3 Hero HO KOHTaKT
II 'u.enH KaTYIliKH KOHTaKTopa IJI 3aMbIKaeTCH. KOHTaKTop IJI cpaoaTQI-
BaeT, o)!.HoBpeMeHHo nOJ(KnIOqaIOTCH Ha HanpH>KeHHe )!.BHraTeJIb H
.9neKTpOMafHHT TopM03a. B u.enH J(BHraTeJ1H BKnIOqeHO nonHoe J(onOJI-
HHTe.TIbHOe COnpOTHBneHHe CPI, CP2 H CP3. DpH 3TOM MOMeHT J(BH-
t8Te.TIH MeHbllle MOMeHTa OT Beca 30HAa, n03ToMY 30HJ( no)!. BnHHHHeM
coocTBeHHoro Beca npH HeKoTOpoM nOJ(TopMa>KHBaHHH co CTOpOHbI J(BH-
raTe.TIH onycKaeTcH C YBeJ1lfqHBaIOl1I.eHCH CKOpOCTbIO. DpH 60JIbiliOH
CKOpOCTH onycKaHHH cpaoaTbIBaeT KOHTaKTop IT Hero HO KOHTaKT
BbIKnIOqaeT H3 u.enH OJ(HY cTyneHb conpoTHBneHlfH CP I, qTO nplfBoAHT
K YBeJIHqeHHIO MOMeHTa ABHraTenH If K CHH>KeHHIO CKOpOCTH onycKaHHH.
KorJ(a CKOpOCTb CHH3HTCH J(o TaKoH BeJ1HqHHbI, npH KOTOpOH OTKJIIO-
qHTCH KOHTaKTOp IT (KoHTaKTop paoOTaeT B <!JYHKU.HIf 3. A. C. ABHra-
TeJIH), BHOBb BKnIOqaeTCH conpOTHBneHlfe CPI H CKOpOCTb onYCKaHHH
HaqHeT onHTb YBeJ1HqHBaTbCH If T. J(. J(O MOMeHTa conpHKOCHOBeHHH
30H)!.a C lUHXTOH. DpH conpHKOCHOBeHHIf 30HAa C IlIHXTOH J(BHraTeJIb
OCTaHaBnHBaeTCH, HO OH npoJ(OJI>KaeT OCTaBaTbCH BKJIIOqeHHbIM Ha
'ceTb. MOMeHT HenOJ(BH>KHOrO J(BHraTeJ1H MeHbllle MOMeHTa OT aeca 30H)!.a,
ilOTOMY OH C03)!.aeT nHllib HeoOXOJ(HMoe HaTH>KeHHe KaHaTa.
C onYCKaHHeM IlIHXTbI 30HJ( CJIeJ(yeT 3a IlIHXTOH. B 3TOM CJIyqae
OJ(HH 3a )!.pyrHM 38MbIKaIOTCH KOHTaKTbI nyreBoro BbIKnIOqaTeJ1H 30HJ(0-
BOH neoe)!.KH .N2 5JI -.N2 IIJI, cpaoaTbIBaeT peJIe 5PJI-IIPJI, 3a>KH-
raIOTCH naMnbI Ha cBeTO<lmpe, YKa3bIBaIOl1I.He Ha H3MeHeHHe ypOBHH
IlIHXTbI B J(OMHe.
KOHTponb 3a BepXHHM npeJ(eJ1bHbIM ypOBHeM IlIHXTbI .npOH3BOJ(HTCH
c nOMOl1I.bIO peJ1e OrpaHHqeHHH 3arpY3KH neqH PJI3. KorJ(a ypOBeHb
IlIHXThI AOMeHHOH neqH He BIillIe 3aJ(aHHoro npeJ(eJ1a «neqb nonHa»,
BTHfHBaIOm.aH KaTYIliKa peJ1e PJI3 nplfcoeAHHHeTCH K HanpH>KeHHIO
cem. CpaoaTbIBaH, 3TO peJ1e J(aeT pa3pellIeHHe Ha J(anbHeHIlIYIO 3arpY3KY
83


@ 
 
.... !Q
 __ [ <::;:r
""'--- 
 __"5  '"
 '<5
... .
:t:: l o -1
r- ..,
I  I "'"
'<: 1 1 C'o,j r. I C\j
"I -J : 
Lf

B

sr
:g
C')

 !,/
 C')
Q; 

<oj
 
""" <:::.
""-
1
  L
C>S ;::
 
 
- 
l
 , 
-... tC) C'¥:>
-.-
!Z
:;
1
 
"5 <:>5
""""
'Qt--..O)

-1 +1-1



tj'"
':3

'"

tj

.""

tj

<Ja<Jt3)t3);
Eo i?i?i?i? 
,,:!<t,1:5
.... <.....:.::.: ",,, ""
!Q<::;:'''''t:::>c:::,);
- -- c..,' c..,- ""- -<;>'  <!is
 -..-,-
. ---f----  -,- J
 
C:I:S CI - --
+  -- I-
""c,,- 10- --- .-- 
$2 -1---
">. ---- --
t  -- , .-
:::.,' - -- f-- -- t:::>
!.\ 5S:. -- - -. '
:f:! ."" - f-- f- -- : - ,
'"


        
 """""<:"<:««""«
--- ---f- ,- 
;". -,,- ,--f---<;>
g  -, --- . - -- 
,_-----f-:::""
t. --  f- 1-.. 
 f- ,-1-
"'.'- f--... 
i I-- -- -.  0:... +---
. /- -- j- t:::>
:;,s -I-
. .'... .  ,.::  =-I-' 
"'" ""f- 1-- j- -- f- - I
';:5 
 "<:«««««««
<::!

 <t3

 .
  CO)
 £;t 
,   
   
105   
gQo
ij
%
.""



"''<:,
'!;1':::S


t::I t::I t3 <::I
i?i?i?£t
   
.
Jj
IS:
::<:
o=f
G)
\0
Q)
<;

'IS:
o
I<>
&
:I1
o
'"
::s
Q)
<;

""
...
IS:
'"
o=f
t>:
IS:
::<::
Q)
<;
I<>
""
0.
t:::
;>,
""
::s
Q)
X
U
c-i
-

U
:<:
P..

neqH, T. e. Ha OnYCKaHHe OOnblllOrO KOHyca. I1pH oonee BbICOKOM ypoBHe
IlIHXTbI pe.TIe PJI3 OCTaeTCSI HeBKnIOqeHHbIM, BCJIe)J,CTBHe qero HaKna-
AbIBaeTCSI 3anpeT Ha onycKaHHe oonbilloro KOHyca, n091'OMY 3arpY3Ka
neqH 3a)J,epLKHBaeTcSI.
110 ycnoBHSIM TeXHonOfHH Tpe6yeTcSI 1f3MeHeHHe ypOBHSI «neqb
nonHa» B npe)J,eJIax OT 0,5 M)J,O 2 M (oTCqeT npoH3Bo)J,HTCSI OT nonOLKeHHSI
oonbilloro KOHyca npH ero onym.eHHoM COCTOSIHHH. 4eM MeHbllle pac-
C1'OSIHHe IlIHXTbI )J,O HHLKHero nonOLKeHHSI EK, reM BbIllIe ypOBeHb
IlIHXTbI). 113MeHeHHe ypOBHSI «neqb nOJIHa» npOH3BO)J,HTCSI C nOMom.bIO
nepeKJIIOqaTe.TIeH 1ll1-5ll1. HanpHMep, npH 3aMKHYTOM nepeKJIIOqa-
TeJIe 4111 H pa39MKHYTbIX OCTanbHbIX ypOBeHb «neqb nonHa» COOTBeT-
cTByeT 1,5 M. ECJIH nplf 9TOM 30H)J" onycTHBIlIHCb Ha IlIHXTY, 3aMepHT
ypOBeHb BbIllIe 1,5 M, TO pene PJI3 He BKnIOqHTCSI, TaK KaK He 3aMKHeTCSI'
KOHTaKT oN!:! 9JI H He cpaOOTaeT pe.TIe 9PJI. I1pH 9TOM He oY)J,eT )J,aHO
pa3pellIeHHe Ha onYCKaHHe oonbilloro KOHyca )J,O Tex nop, nOKa IlIHXTa,
a Bcne)J, 3a HeH H 30H)J,bI He onYCTSI)'CSI )J,O ypOBHSI «neqb nonHa». 110cJIe
CHHmeHHSI IlIHXTbI JJ..O 3a)J,aHHoro ypOBHSI (1,5 M) 3aMKHeTCSI KOHTaKT
oN!:! 9JI, cpaoOTaeT pe.TIe 9PJI H pe.TIe PJI3, nO)J,KnIOqeHHOe Ha HanpSILKe-
HHe CeTH, If )J,aCT pa3pellIeHHe Ha onYCKaHHe EK. l1epe)J, onYCKaHHeM EK
pa3MbIKaeTCSI KOHTaKT 2KE B IJ.enH BTSIfHBaIOm.eH KaTyIliKH peJIe
PE3, a 3aMbIKaeTCSI B IJ.enH ocaLKHBaIOm.eH, 3aKOpaqHBaSI )J,ononHH-
TeJIbHoe conpOTHBneHHe C IJ.e.TIbIO YOblcTpeHHSI OTKJIIOqeHHSI 9TOro pe.TIe.
C OTKnIOqeHHeM peJIe PE3 KOHTaKTOp IJ1 nonyqaeT nHTaHHe, H )J,onon-
HHTe.TIbHble conpOTHBneHHSI CP I, CP2 BbIKnIOqaIOTCSI H3 IJ.enH SIKOpSI;
TOK ABHraTeJISI H MOMeHT ero YBeJIHqHBaIOTCSI, qTO npHBO)J,HT K nOA'beMY
30H)J,a. 110 AOCTHLKeHHH 30H)J,OM KpaHHero BepxHero nonomeHHSI pa3MbI-
KaeTCSI KOHTaKT oN!:! IJI, TepSIeT nHTaHHe KOHTaK1'Op IJI, ABHrareJib H
TOpM03HOH 9neKTpoMarHHT OTKnIOqaIOTCSI. J1.BHraTe.TIb OCTaHaBJIHBaeTCSI,
a TOpM03Hble KonOAKH YJJ..epmHBaIOT 30H)J, B BepxHeM nOJIOLKeHHH.
OnYCKaHHe 30H)J,a 3anpem.aeTCSI npH OTKpbITOM oonblliOM KOHyce.
31'0 KOHTponHpYeTCSI KOHTaKTOM nYTeBoro BbIKnIOqaTeJISI KOHYCOB oN!:! 25,
3aMKHYToro B BepXHeM nOJIOmeHHH oonbilloro KOHyca. 110cJIe 3aKpbITHSI
EK 3aMbIKaeTCSI KOHTaKT oN!:! 25, cpaoaTbIBaeT peJIe P E3, KOHTaK1'Op
IJI nonyqaeT nHTaHlfe H )J,BHraTeJIb BKnIOqaeTCSI Ha onYCKaHHe 30H)J,a.
CHrHanbHble JIaMnbI ypOBHSI IlIHXTbI B ne 1 m IfMeIOT TPH IJ.BeTa. KpaH-
Hee BepXHee nOnOLKeHHe, ypOBHIf 1,0--0,5 M H HyneBoe nonOLKeHHe
OTnHqaIOTCSI ObIM IJ.BeTOM. YpOBHH HOpMaJIbHOH 3arpY3KH I,D; 1,25;
1,5; 1,75; 2,0 H 2,5 M CHrHaJIH3HpYIOTCSI 3eJIeHbIM I1.BeTOM. YpOBHH
3,0 H 4 M OTMeqaIOTCSI KpacHbIM I1.BeTOM, YKa3bIBaIOm.HM, qTO 3arpY3KY
neqH CJIe)J,y clJopclfpoBaTb, B npOTHBHOM CJIyqae OHa MomeT YHTH 3a
)J,onYCTHMble npe)J,eJIbI.
 3-7. 3neKTponpHBoA ypaBHHTenbHWX KnanaHOB
J1.nSI BwpaBHlfBaHlfSI )J,aBJIeHHSI Ha)J, If no)J, KOHycaMH npHMeHSIIOTCSI
OObIqHO qeTblpe ypaBHHTeJIbHbIX KnanaHa: )J,Ba - MaJIOrO KOHyca H
)J,Ba - oonbilloro. B KOHCTPYKTHBHOM OTHOllIeHHH ypaBHHTeJIbHble KJIa-
86

naHbI He IIMeIOT Me>K.l(Y COOOH pa3nlItJlIiL K pbltJary KnanaHa tJepe3 ceK-
TOp nO.l(BellieH KOHTprpY3, CTpeMHIl{lIikH 3aKpbITb KnanaH. OTKpbITlIe
KJIanaHa npOII3BOJ(IITCH C nOMOIl{blO KaHaTa, 3aKpenneHHoro OAHIIM
KOHllOM Ha ceKTope, a J(PYflIM - Ha 6apaoaHe JIe6eJ(KII. MaKCIIManbHbIH
nOBopOT KnanaHa OKono 70° nplI MaKCIIMaJIbHOM xOJ(e KOHTprpY3a
860 .MM. JIe6eJ(Ka ypaBHIITeJIbHOro KnanaHa COCT.()IIT lIS oapaoaHa, J(BII-
raTeJIH, tJepBHtJHoro peJ(YKTopa C nepeJ(aTOtJHbIM OTHOllIeHlIeM 1 : 50
II KOMaHAoannapaTa.
06bltJHO B KaiecTBe npIIBOJ(HOro ABlIraTeJUI nplIMeHHeTCH aCHHxpoH-
HbIH KOpoTK03aMKHYTbIH ABlIraTeJIb MOIl{HOCTblO 5 Kern, 910 06/.MUH,
XOTH IIMelOTCH nplIBoJ(w ypaBHIITeJIbHWX KnanaHOB II Ha nOCTOHHHOM
TOKe. npaKTIIKOH YCTaHOBneHO, tJTO npHBOJ( Ha nepeMeHHOM TOKe non-
HOCTblO YJ(OBJIeTBOpHeT Tpe6oBaHIIHM, CBHsalIHbIM C HeoOXOJ(IIMOCTblO
IIMeTb MaJIOe BpeMH OTKpbIBaHIIH II 3aKpbIBaHlIH KnanaHOB nplI TOtJHOH
OCTaHOBKe npIIBOJ(a. no 3TOH nplItJlIHe B HaCTOHIl{ee BpeMH BapIIaHT
3neKTponplIBOAa Ha nepeMeHHOM TOKe HaXOJ(IIT npeIIMYIl{eCTBeHHoe
nplIMeHeHHe.
npH OTKpbIBaHHl{ ypaBHHTe.TIbHOro KnanaHa J(BlIraTe.TIb npeoJ(OJIe-
BaeT Bec KOHTprpY3a H pa60TaeT B ABHraTeJIbHOM pe>KHMe; npH 3aKpbI-
BaHlI1I - ABlIraTeJIb J(eliCTByeT BCTpetJHO Becy KOHTprpysa II paOOTaeT
B reHepaTOpHOM pe>KHMe co CKOpOCTblO BbIllIe CHHXpOHHOH. OCTaHOBKa
J(BIIraTeJIH npOHCXOAHT B pe>KHMe J(IIHaMHtJeCKoro H MeXaHHqeCKOrO
TOpMO>KeHHH C nOMOIl{blO 3neKTpOMafHHTHoro TopM03a.
CxeMa ynpaBneHHH ypaBHHTe.TIbHbIMH KnanaHaMH J(OJI>KHa npeJ(Y-
CMaTpHBaTb cneJ(YIOIl{He 6nOKHpOBKH. '
1. YpaBHIITeJIbHble KJIanaHbI MaJIOrO KOHyca J(on>KHbl OTKpbIBaTbCH
HeCKOJIbKO paHbllle HatJaJIa onYCKaHIIH. MaJIOrO KOHyca (MK), C TeM
tJTo6bI He YJ(nHHHTb llHKn 3arpY3KH; B CBH31I C 3TlIM IIMnynbc Ha OT-
KpWBaHHe KnanaHOB MaJIOrO KOHyca nOJ(aeTCH B MOMeHT OTKpWBaHHH
KOKCOBWX 3aTBopOB npH norpY3Ke KOKca HJIH OTKpWBaHHH saTBopOB
BaroHa-BecOB npH norpysKe, PYJ(bI.
2. Y paBHIITeJIbHble KnanaHbI MaTIOro KOHyca J(OJI>KHbI 3aKpbIBaTbcH
oAHoBpeMeHHo C nOA'beMOM MaJIoro KOHyca.
3. OTKpbIBaHHe ypaBHIITenbHblx KnanaHOB oonbilloro KOHyca
J(on>KHO HatJHHaTbCH nOCJIe 3aKpbITHH Manoro KOHyca, 3a KOTOpbIM
CJIeAyeT onycKaHHe oonbilloro KOHyca.
4. I1Mnynbc Ha 3aKpbIBaHIIe KJIanaHOB oonbilloro KOHyca nOJ(aeTCH
aBTOMaTHtJecKII cxeMoH KOHYCOB B HatJaJIe onycKaHHH oonbilloro KOHyca.

r 11 a B a IV
ABTOMATH3HR nOMEHHOrO
npOIJ,ECCA
,I:LoMeHHbIll npou.ecc HMHeTCH BeCbMa CnO>KHbIM <p1I31IKO-XliMlIqeCKliM
npOu.eCCOM, Ha xOA KOToporo BnlIHeT oonbllIoe KOJIlIqeCTBO B3aHMOCBH-
3aHHbIX <paKTopOB. HapYllIeHHe .lI.OMeHHoro npou.ecca BbI3bIBaeTCH
B nepBYIO Oqepe)(b HenOCTOHHCTBOM CBOllCTB MaTepHanOB IlIHXThI, KOTO-
poe BJIeqeT 3a CoGOll H3MeHeHHe pacnpe)(eJIeHHH MaTeplianOB no ceqe-
HHIO )(OMHbI, H3MeHeHHe nOTOKa ra30B B neqH H CKa3bIBaeTCH Ha TennOBOM
COCTOHHlIli neqlI. Dpli BpeMeHHbIX H3MeHeHlIHX CBOHCTB IlIHXTbI HeoOXO-
)(HMO npHHHMaTb Mepw )(nH YCTpaHeHHH OTKnOHeHHH pacnpe)(eJIeHlIH
ra30Boro nOTOKa H HapYllIeHHH TennoBoro pe>KlIMa neqH, qTO )(OCTlI-
raeTCH, C O)(HOll cmpOHbI, H3MeHeHlIeM pe>KlIMa 3arpY3KH, a C )(PyroH -
H3MeHeHHeM pe>KHMa )(YTbH. 113MeHeHHe pe>KHMa 3arpY3KH H pe>KlIMa
AYTbH BwnonHHeTCH MaCTepOM )(OMeHHOH neqH Ha OCHOBe nOKa3aHliH
KOHTponbHO-H3MepHTeJIbHbIX npHoopOB H aHanH3a qyrYHa 1I IlInaKa.
O)(HaKO npli 9TOM B03MO>KHbI oonbllIHe OTKnOHeHlIH OT onTlIManbHbIX
pe>KHMOB, '1m nplIBO)(HT K CHH>KeHHIO npOH3BO)(HTeJIbHOCTH neqH,
YBeJIHqeHHIO opaKa QyryHa H nepepaCXO)(Y TonnHBa. ,I:LnH coxpaHeHlIH
HopManbHoro Xo)(a AOMeHHOll neqH npHMeHHIOT perynHpYIOHe YCTPOH-
CTBa, C nOMOI1l.bIO KOTOpbIX npOH3BO)(HTCH nO)IJI.ep>KaHHe Ha 3a)(aHHOM
ypOBHe OTAeJIbHbIX napaMeTpOB, xapaKTepH3YIOlIX )(OMeHHbIll npo--
u.ecc. TaK, HanpHMep, Ha AeHCTBYIOHX )(OMeHHbIX neqax B HaCTOHee
BpeMH npHMeHHIOT perynHpoBaHHe TeMnepaTypbI 1I Bna>KHOCTli AYTbH;
pacnpe)(eJIeHHH ra30BbIX nOTOKOB no pa)(lIYCY H OKPY>KHOCTH CeqeHHH
neqlI; )(aBneHHH Ha KonOIlIHHKe H T. )(.
PaCCMOTpHM paoOTY )(OMeHHOH neqH npli HanlIqHH OTAeJIbHO paoo-
TaIOlIX perYJIHTOpOB.
 4. PerynHpou8HHe pemHM8 AOMeHHOH neH
no 8CTHYM nepen8A8M 8BneHHR
DpH npOXQ}f{)(eHlIli ra30B qepe3 1lI1IXTY OT 30HbI <PYPM K KOJIOIlIHHKY
)(aBneHHe lIX YMeHbllIaeTCH. 113MeHeHHe )(aBneHHH ra30B no BbICOTe
IlIHXTbI 3aBlICliT OT pa3HbIX <paKTopOB. TaK, HanpHMep, B BepXHell qaCTH
(OT Cepe)(lIHbI llIaXTbI neqH )(0 KonOIlIHHKa) H3MeHeHlIe )(aBneHHH ra3a
88

(nepenaA AaBJIeHHSI) /:1P s = Pcp - P K OnpeAeJISIeTCSI rnaBHbIM 06pa30M
,naBJIeHHeM Ha KOnOIIIHHKe P K' a B HH>KHeH qaCTH (OT <PYPM AO cepe-
,nHHbI IIIaXTbI) nepenaA AaMeHHSI /:1p H = PH - Pcp 3aBHCHT OT TeMne-
paTypbI, Bna>KHOCTH, KOnHqecTBa AyTbSI.
- PerynHpoBaHHe pe>KHMa AOMeHHOH neqH no qaCTHbIM nepenaAaM
jJ.aBJIeHHSI ra30B OCHOBaHO Ha TOM, qTO Me>KAY nepena.ll.aMH AaMeHHH
BepXHeH H HH>KHeH 30H AOMeHHOH neqH HMeeTCSI onpeAeJIeHHOe AnSI
u 
pa3Hblx YCJIOBHH nnaBKH qyrYHa B .lI.oMHe COOTHOIIIeHHe s = PH '
06ecneqHBaIDll\ee HaH60nee nonHoe Hcnonb30BaHHe o6DeMa AOMeHHoH
nelIlI.
Ha pHC. 4-1 npeAcTaMeHa
CTPYKTypHaSI cxeMa perynHpo-
BHHSI COOTHOIIIeHHSI qaCTHblX
nepenaAoB AaBneHHSI ra30B
Ps B u
s = P ' paccMaTpHBaeMoH
cxeMe AaTqHKH AaBneHHSI 1, 2,
8 3aMepSIIDT AaMeHHe COOTBeT-
crneHHO B HH>KHeH qaCTH IIIHX-
TbI PH' B cpeAHeH Pcp H B Bepx-
HeH P K . Pe3ynbTaTbI H3MepeHHH
nO)J.aIDTCSI K AH<pcpepeHllHanb-
HbIM MaHoMeTpaM 4 H 5, Ha
BbIX0.ll.e KOTOpbIX nonyqalOTCSI
pa3HocTH AaBneHHH /:1p H =
= PH -Pcp H /:1P s = Pcp -P K .
B paCnpeAeJIHTeJIe 6 no 3THM
pa3HocTSIM BblqHCJISIeTCSI OTHO-
P
lIIeHHe s = ps . B 3aBHCHMOCTH
H
OT 3HaKa pa3HocTH TeKYll\ero
3HaqeHHSI COOTHOllIeHHSI nepena-
AOB H 3aAaHHoro 3HaqeHHSI (s - S3an) OT pacnpeAeJIHTeJISI 6 nOAaeTCSI
KOMaHAa HnH Ha H3MeHeHHe 3a,lI.aHHSI perYJISITOpa AaMeHHSI ra3a Ha Ko-
JIOlIIHHKe 8, HJIH Ha H3MeHeHHe 3aAaHHSI perynSITopa pacxoAa AYTbSI. DpH
PB 6 '
3HaqeHHSIX COOTHOIIIeHHSI s = PH ' onbllIHX 3aAaHHoro, KOMaH.lI.a
nOAaeTCSI qepe3 perynSITop 8 Ha YBeJIHqeHHe AaMeHHSI ra3a Ha
KonOIlIHHKe. DpH 3HaqeHHSIX COOTHOllIeHHSI S, MeHbllIHX 3aAaHHO-
ro, nOAaeTCSI KOMaH.lI.a qepe3 perynSITop 7 Ha YMeHbIIIeHHe pacxoAa
AYTbSI .
06blqHO B nOA06Horo pOAa cxeMax perynHpoBaHHSI, KpoMe perynSI-
Topa pacxoAa AYTbSI, npHMeHSIIDTcSI TaK>Ke perynSIrop TeMnepaTypbI H
perynSIrop Bna>KHOCTH AYTbSI, Koropble, AeHcTBYSI COBMeCTHO C perynSI-
ropOM pacxo.ll.a .lI.YTbSI, nO.ll.Aep>KHBaIDT nOCTOSIHCTBO COOTHOllIeHHSI
nepenaAoB AaMeHHSI ra30B no BblCOTe llIaXTbI neqH.
P K
Pcp
PH
PIIC. 4-1. CTPYKTYPHaH cxeMa perYJlllpo-
BaHIiH COOTHOlllellllH nepena.n;oB .n;aBJleHIIR
ra30B
89

 4-2, ABToMaTH..ecKoe pacnpeAeneHHe raaOBblX
nOTOKOB no paAHYcy ne"H
J1.nH HopManbHoH pa60TbI )J.oMeHHoH neqH O';leHb na:>KHO, qT06bI ra3bI
npH ABHLKeHHH BBepx K KonollIHHKy BCTpeqaJIH O.ll.HHaKOBoe conpo-
THMeHHe no BceMY CeqeHHIO neqH. Eho conpOTHBJIeHHe 3aBHCHT OT
MHOrHX <l>aKTopoB. TaK, HanpHMep, y CTeHOK neqH Ma'iepHaJIbI, ony-
CKaHCb KHH3Y, H3-3a nOCTeneHHoro YBeJIHqeHHH BHYTpeHHero AHaMeTpa
AOMHbI, HecKOJIbKO pa3pbIxnHIOTCH, n03TOMY conpOTHBneHHe .llBHLKeHHIO
ra30B Ha nepH<l>epHH MeHbllIe, qeM B rr.eHTpe neqH; MaTepHanbI, COCTOH-
- IIJ.He H3 MeJIKHX KYCKOB, OKa3bIBaIOT ra3aM 60nbillee conpOTHBJIeHHe,
Do
2
$
<ci '"
.. 
cds Qt::
...., .....
PHC. 4-2. CTPYKTYPHaR cxeMa perYJlHpOBaHHH pac-
npe.ll.eJleHHeM ra30Boro nOTOKa li3MelIeliHeM ltHKJla
nO.ll.a'l
qeM MaTepHaJIbI, COCTOHIIJ.He H3 KpynHbIx KYCKOB. I103TOMY py.lI.a, KaK
MeHee KYCKoBaTaH H MeHee nopHcTaH, OKa3bIBaeT 60JIbillee conpoTHBne-
HHe ra3aM, qeM KOKC. B CBH3H C YKa3aHHbIM rr.eJIeCOO6pa3HO, qT06bI
MaTepHaJIbI Y CTeHOK HMeJIH 60nee nnOTHble cnOH, T. e. 6bInH MeHee
ra30npOHHrr.aeMbI, TaK KaK npH onYCKaHHH OHH, pa3pbIXJIHHCb, YMeHb-
llIaIOT CBOIO nJIOTHOCTb.
I1pH onYCKaHHH 60JIbillOrO KOHyca MaTepHanbl, CCbmaHCb B neqb,
OTCOpTHpOBbIBaIOTCH: MeJIKHe KYCKH COCpe.ll.OTOqHBaIOTCH B MeCTe na-
)J.eHHH, a KpynHbIe CKaTbIBaIOTClI K rr.eHTPy neqH. TaK K1K PY.ll.a MeHee
KYCKOBaTa, qeM KOKC, TO OHa OCTaeTCH B 3HaqHTeJIbHOM KOnHqeCTBe
Y CTeHOK, a KOKC - B rr.eHTpaJIbHOH qaCTH. CJIe)J.OBaTeJIbHO, )J.JIH 06ec-
neqeHHH paBHOMepHoro npoxoAa ra3a no CeqeHHIO neqH He06xoAHMo
npOH3BO)J.HTb HepaBHoMepHoe pacnpe)J.eJIeHHe MaTepHana no pa)J.rrycy.
H paBHoMepHoe - no OKPYLKHOCTH.
90

Pacnpe)J,eJIeHIle MarepIlaJIa no pa)J,IIycy neqIl 3aBIlCIlT OT TIlna no-
;naqIl. TaK, HanpIlMep, npIl onYCKaHIlIl BK O)J,IlH pa3 B nO)J,aqy (COBMecT-
BaH 3arpY3Ka) npOIlCXOAlIT 60nbllIee cocpe)J,OTOqeHIle PYAbI Y creHOK,
,qeM npIl )J,BOHHOM onYCKaHIlH BK (pa3)J,eJIbHaH 3arpY3Ka); npH npHMbIX
nO)J,aqax nepHct>epHH 3arpY1KaeTCH 60nee nnOTHbIMH CJIOHMH MaTepmlJIa,
qeM npH 06paTIIbIX. B CBH3H C 3THM peryJIHpOBaHHe ra30BbIX nOTOKOB
no pa)J,HYCY M01KHO npOH3BO)J,IlTb H3MeHeHHeM, CbOTHOllIeHHH KonH-
qeCTBa npHMbIX H 06paTHbIX nOAaq.
, fa30npOHHllaeMOCTb IlIHXTbI M01KHO onpe)J,eJIHTb no TeMnepaType.
LIeM BbIllie B AaHHoM MeCTe CeqeHIlH AOMHbI TeMnepaTypa IlIHXTbI, reM
BbIllie ra30npoHHllaeMocTb IlIHXTbI. I1pH HopManbHoM xO)J,e neqH TeM-
nepaTypa ra30B B lleHTpe HeCKOJIbKO BbIllIe, qeM Ha nepHct>epIlH. EcnH
COOTHollIeHHe TeMnepaTYP B lleHTpe H Ha nepHct>epIlH MeHHeTCH, TO
Heo6xo)J,HMO MeHHTb nporpaMMY llHKna nOAaq TaK, qT06w coxpaHIlTb
sa.naHHoe COOTHOllIeHHe TeMnepaTYp.
Ha pIlC. 4-2 npeACTaBneHa CTPYKTypHaH cxeMa perynIlpoBaHIlH
pacnpe)J,eJIeHHH ra30Boro nOTOKa Il3MeHeHHeM llHKna nO)J,aq. TepMo-
napbI 1 H 2 3aMepHIOT TeMnepaTYPY ra30B B lleHTpe H Ha nepHct>epHH
neqH; npe06pa30BaTeJIIl 3 H 4 nepeAalOT nOKa3aHHH TepMonap B Y3eJI
cpaBHeHHH 5; bIxo)J,HmI BeJIHqHHa ysna cpaBHeHHH, nponopllHoHanb-
HaH pa3HocTH TeMnepaTYP, nO)J,aeTCH Ha BXOA perymITopa llIlKna
nO)J,aq 6, KOTOpbIH B CBOIO oqepe.nb B03)J,eHcTByeT Ha KOMaH)J,oKoHTpOJI-
JIep llHKna 7. I1pH 3TOM npeJIYcMaTpHBaeTCH B03M01KHOCTb oTpa6oTKH
3a)J,aHHoro llHKna 3arpY3KH B 3aBIlCHMOCTH OT BeJIIlqHHbI OTKnOHeHHH
TeMnepaTYP Ha nepHct>ePHH.
 4-3. ABToMaTH..ecKHM pac..eT napaMeTpOB
perynHpoBaHHR IOAa ne"H
ABTOHOMHb1e perYJIHTOpbl, nOMep1KIlBalOIl{Ile sa)J,aHHoe SHaqeHHe
O.ll.Horo napar-JeTpa, He MorYT 06ecneqHTb nonyqeHHe OnTHMaJIbHOH
pa60TbI neqH. B CBH3H C 9THM npoBoAHTCH pa60TbI no KOMnneKCHOH
aBTOMaTH3allHH )J,OMeHHoro npOllecca C npHMeHeHIleM Bb)qHCJIHTeJIbHbIX
Manum, npH nOMOIl{H KOTOpbIX M01KHO 6bWO 6bI BbInOJIHHTb aBTOMaTH-
qeCKHe paCqeTbI Tex BeJIIlqHH, KOTopble B KOMnneKce onpe)J,eJIHIOT AO-
MeHHbIH npOllecc.
TaKaH pa60Ta 6bwa npOBe)J,eHa B J1.oHellKoM IlH)J,YCTpHaJIbHOM IlH-
cTHTyre. I1poct>. B. B. COpOKHH BbIBeJI OCHOBHble ypaBHeHHH, xapaKTe-
PIl3YIOIl{He )J,OMeHHbIH npollecc. 9TH ypaBHeHIlH nOKa3bIBaIOT, qTO Ha
XO)J, AOMeHHoro npollecca BnIlHIOT 39 napaMeTpoB, H3 KOTOpbIX BoceMb
MeHHIOTCH OTHOCHTeJIbHO 6bICTpO. TaKHMH napaMeTpaMH HBJIHIOTCH:
TeMnepaTypa KOJlOIIIHHKOBoro ra3a . . . . . .
TeMnepaTypa XOJlO.!);Horo H rOpH'IerO .!);YTbH .
Pacxo.!); Ii }!aBJleHlie XOJlOl\Horo .!);YTbH ....
COCTaBJIHI01I{He KOJIOIIIHHKOBoro ra3a . . . . .
t K
t x ; tf'
[Ix; Px
CO, CO 2 , H
91

B030YXOffaepc-
tJamet7b
J(O/lOOHOe
--
oymbe
Bbl'IUCt7U mellb-
ffoe !/cmpoucmrJo
OIlR PCWCffUR
ypqDffCffUU pyo-
HOU NQZP1jJlfU
Y13MepReM ;l e DCt7UIIUflbl
PIIC. 4-3. CTPYKTypHaH cxeMa ynpaBJleHlIH ,nOMeHHbIM npOlteCCOM C no-
MOIllbIO BbI'IlICJlIITeJlbHOrO YCTpoHCTBa:
CO, co.. H. - aHaJlH3 KOJlOIlIHHKOsoeo ea3a; t K , t x ' t e - TeMneparypa KOJlOIlI-
HHKosoeo ea3a; XOJlO.AHoeO H eopSlqeeo .AYTbSl; V x' Px - pacxo.n H .AaBJleHHe XOJlOA-
HOro ,AYTbSl; PM - MHHYTHaSl npOH3S0.AHTeJlbHOCTb. rnlM.uH; Pc - pacxo.n yeJlepO.A a
. p
Ha TOHHY qyeYHa, KeIrn; P p - PY.AHaSl HaepY3Ka s nO)J;aqy, rn; K. - OTHOllIeHHe
PY)J;a - KOKC
C nOMOIII.blO 3THX napaMeTpOB MO}KHO paCCtIHTaTb OCHOBHble nOKa-
3aTeJIH ,n:OMeHHOrO npoecca, K KOTOpbIM OTHOCHTCH:
1) MHHYTHaH npOH3Bo,n:HTeJIbHOCTb ,n:OMeHHOH netIH PM;
2) pacxo,n: yrJIepo,n:a Ha TOHHY tIyrYHa pc.;
3) py,n:HaH HarpY3Ka B no,n:atIe Pp;
4) oTHoroeHHe py,n:a - KOKC.
Ha pHC. 4-3 npe,n:CTaBneHa CTpYKTypHaH cxeMa ynpaBJIeHHH ,n:o-
MeHHbIM npoeCCOM C nOMOIII.blO BbltIHCJIHTeJIbHOrO YCTpOHCTBa. B pac-
92

CM8TplIBaeMOH CXeMe 6bICTpO MemIIOw.HecH napaMeTpbI 3aMepHIOTCH
,aaT1lHKaMH H nO,n:aIOTCH nocne COOTBeTCTBYIOW.HX npeo6pa30BaHHH Ha
BXO,n: pewaIOw.ero YCTpOHCTBa. Me,n:neHHO MeHHIOw.HeCH napaMeTpbI
IS YCTPOHCTBO BBO,n:HTCH BPYtlHYIO. Ha Bblxo,n:e ClIeTHO-pewaIOw.ero
YCTpOHCTBa 3aMepHIOTCH OCHOBHble nOKa3aTeJIH ,n:OMeHHoro npOL{ecca.
BbIxo,n:Hble BeJIHIIHHbI B onbITHOH YCTaHOBKe He 6bInH Hcnonb30BaHbI
WJH nOJIYlIeHHH CHCTeMbI aBTOMaTHlIeCKoro perynHpoBaHHH, a npHMe-
HHJIHCb B L{eJIHX KOHTponH 3a XO,n:OM ,n:OMeHHoro npOL{eCca, OHH nOMO-
1'8JIH MacTepy ,n:OMHOH nelIH onpe,n:eJIHTb TenJIOBOe COCTOHHHe nelIII II
YJIyqWaTb XO,n: nelIH.
 4-4. KOMnneKCHaR aBTOM8THSaI,tHR AOMeHHblM
npOl,teCCOM
.lI.anbHeHwHM 3TanOM P<l3BHTHH aBTOMaTH3aL{HH ,n:OMeHHoro npo-
L{eCca HBJIHeTCH pa3pa6oTKa cxeMbI KOMnJIeKCuHOH aBTOMaTH3aL{HH
C npHMeHeHHeM pH,n:a BbIIIHCJIHTeJIbHbIX YCTPOHCTB, YIIHTbIBaIOw.HX
p8aJIIIIIHble CBH3H H 3aBHCHMOCTH Me2K,n:y napaMeTpaMH ,n:OMeHHoro
npoL{ecca.
PIlC. 4-4. CTPYKTYPHaH cxeMa KOMnJleKCHOll aBTOMaTlI3altIlli ,nOMeH-
HOH ne'lH
Ha pHC. 4-4 npe,n:CTaBJIeHa CTPYKTypHaH cxeMa KOMnJIeKCHOH aBTO-
MaTH38.L{HH ,n:oMeHHoll nelIH. CorJIaCHO 3TOH cxeMe ynpaBneHHe ,n:OMeH-
HbIM npOL{eCCOM npoH3Bo,n:HTCH B03,n:eikTBHeM Ha: 1) cHcTeM}' perynHpo-
BaHIIH pe2KHMa ,n:YTbH; 2) cHcTeMY aarpY3KH ,n:oMeHHoH nelIH; 3) cHcTeMY
ynpaBJIeHHH Bpaw.aIOw.HMcH pacnpe,n:eJIHTeJIeM; 4) CHCTeM}' perYJIHpo-
BaHHH pe2KlIMa neqH.
B03,n:eHcTBIIe Ha C H C T e M Y per Y JI H P 0 B a H H 51 P e 2K H M a
JI, y T b 51 (B03Ayxo,n:YBKa) npoH3Bo,n:IITCH C nOMow.bIO YCTpoHcTBa 1 BY,
93

KOTopoe Bblpa6aTbIBaeT KOMaH,n:bI, M3MeHHIOHe 3a,n:aHHe ,n:JIH perymr-
TOpOB KOJIHqeCTBa ,n:YTb51 PKII., perYJI51TOpa TeMnepaTypbI PTII. H
BJIa>KHOCTH P BII.. B YCTpoikTBO 1 BY nocTynaeT HH4>opMaL{H51 OT ,n:H4>-
MaHOMeTpa 1, M3Mep51IOII.{erO HH>KHHH nepena,n: ,n:aBJIeHH51 t!P H; OT npM-
60pa 5, H3Mep51IOII.{erO CKOpOCTb cxo,n:a lIlHXTbI; OT npH60poB 2, 3, 4,
H3Mep51IOII.{HX TeMnepaTYPY BHYTPH 4>YPMbI, lIlJIaKa H qyrYHa.
B03,n:eHcTBHe Ha C II C T e M Y 3 a r p y 3 K H ,n: 0 M e H H 0 H
n e q H (A I B) npoH3Bo,n:HTC51 C nOMOII.{bIO YCTpoHcTBa 2BY, H3MeH51lO-
II.{ero COOTHOlIleHlfe Me>K,n:y CKlinaMM ,n:BYX nporpaMM 3arpY3KII A II E.
B 3TOM CJIyqae no nporpaMMe A MarepHaJI 3arpY>KaeTC51 no nepH4>epIIII
neqlf, a no nporpaMMe E - B L{eHTpanbHoH qaCTH neqlf. nYTeM 1f3Me-
HeHH51 COOTHOlIleHH51 qlICJIa norpY>KaeMbIX CKlinOB no nporpaMMaM A II B
MO>KHO nony-qlITb paL{HOHaJIbHOe pacnpe,n:e.neHlIe MaTepliana no CeqeHHIO
nC'lH. I1H4>opMaL{II51 B YCTPOHCTBO 2BY nocTynaeT OT ra30aHaJIJI3aTO-
pOB 10 H 11, H3Mep51IOII.{HX co,n:ep>KaHlie CO 2 Ha neplI4>epliH II B L{eHTpe
neqH; OT ,n:H4>MaHoMeTpa 9, II3Mep51IOII.{ero BepxHHH nepena,n: AaBJIeHH51
t!P s ; OT nplI60pa 12, H3Mep51IOero TeMnepaTYPY; OT nplI60pa 5 H
ynpaBJI51IOII.{erO YCTPOHCTB8 3BY qepe3 PB.
B03,n:eHcTBHe Ha p a 6 0 T Y B P a II.{ a IO IU. e roc 51 pac n p e -
,n: e JI H T e JI 51 (BP) npoH3Bo,n:HTC51 C nOMOII.{bIO YCTpoHcTBa 3BY,
B KOTopoe nocTynaeT IIH4>opMaL{IIH OT TepMonap 6 H 7, H3Mep51IOII.{HX
reMnepaTYPY neplI4>epHHHbIX ra30B II B ra300TBo,n:ax H OT ra30aHaJIH3a-
, Topa 8. B COOTBeTCTBHH C nOJIyqeHHOH IIH4JoPMaL{IIeH yC'rpOHCTBO 3BY
BbI,n:aeT KOMaH,n:y Ha nOBopoT Bpaw.aIOII.{erOC51 pacnpe,n:eJIHTeJI51. ECJIH
npH 3TOM He y,n:aeTC51 nOJIyqHTb paBHOMepHbIH CXo,n: MaTepHarIOB, TO
qepe3 npOMe)KYTOqHOe YCTPOHCTBO P B no,n:aeTC51 KOMaHAa B YCtpOH-
CTBO 2BY, ynpaBJI51IOII.{ee pa60TOH CHcreMbI 3arpY3KII.
B03,n:eHCTBHe Ha C II C T e M Y per Y n H p 0 B a H H 51 P e )K II M a
n e q II (PIK) BbInOJIH51eTC51 C nOMOII.{bIO YCTpOHCTBa 4BY, qTO AOCTH-
raeTC51 aBTOMaTHQeCKOH KoppeKTHpOBKOH nporpaMMbI pa60TbI BarOHa-
BeCOB IIJIII >Ke pa60TbI KOKC03arpY30qHOrO yC'rpOHCTBa, II3MeH5151 COOT-
HOlIleHl}e CKHnOB PYAbI II KOKca PI K. Y CTpOHCTBO 4BY nOJIyqaeT HH4Jop-
MaL{HIO 0 TeMnepaType 4>YPM, lIlJI8K8 II qyrYHa, 0 COOTHOlIleHHII CO II CO 2
B KOJIOlIlHHKOBbIX ra3ax (13, 14, 15).

Paa8en emopoii
anEKTPOnPMBOD.
M ABTOMA TM3A IJ.MR
CTAnEnnABMnbHOrO
npOM3BOD.CTBA

rl1asa v
snEKTPonPMBO,n
CTAnEnnABMnbHOrO npOMSBO,nCTBA
 5-1. Ofiw,He CBeAeHHR
COBpeMeBllble npOL{eCCbI nOJIytIeHlUl CTanIf If3 tIyrYHa pa3AemiIOTcSI
Ha MapTeHoBcKIfH, KOHBepTopHbIH H npOL{eCC nJIaBKIf B .:meKTpHtIeCKIfX
netIax.
npH MapTeHoBcKoM npOL{eCce paCnnaBJIeHIfe lIlIfXTbI H OKIfCJIeHHe
npIfMeceH npoIf3Bo,n:HTCH B pe3ynbTaTe CLKHraHIfH TonnHBa B caMOH netIIf.
.lI.JIH nOBbIIlIeHIfH TeMnepa-rypbI ropeHIfH B MapTeHOBCKOH netIH TOnJIIfBO
H B03,n:yX npe,n:BapIfTeJIbHO HarpeBaIOT OTXO,n:HIII.IfMIf ra3aMH. MeTan-
JIIftIeCKaH tIaCTb lIlIfXTbI 06bltIHO COCTOIfT If3 LKIf,n:Koro HJIH TBepAoro
qyrYHa If If3 MeTaJIJIHtIecKoro JIOMa.
npH KOHBepTopHoM npOL{eCce CTanb nOJIytIaeTCH If3 LKIfAKoro tIy-
rYHa npH B03,n:eHcTBIfIf ,n:YTbH. B 3TOM cnytIae KIfCJIOpO,n: OKIfCJIHeT npH-
MeCIf, B pe3YJIbTaTe tIero BbI,n:eJIHeTCH 60JIblIlOe KOJIIftIeCTBO Tenna iii
nOBbIlIlaeTCH TeMnepa-rypa MeTanna. TaKIfM 06pa30M, npIf KOHBepTop-
HOM npoL{ecce nonytIeHIfH CTanIf He Tpe6yeTcH 3aTpaTbI TOnJIIfBa.
 5-2. SneKrponpHBoA MapreHOBCKHX nee
YCTpOUCTBO MapTeHOBCKHX neqeu. MapTeHoBcKaH ne% (pHC. 5-1, a)
COCTOIfT If3 BepxHeH tIaCTIf, YCTaHOBJIeHHOH BbIlIle pa60tIeH nJIOIII.a,n:KIf,
H HIfLKHeH tIaCTH. B BepxHeH tIaCTIf netIH paCnOJIOLKeHbI pa60tJ:ee npo-
CTpaHcTBo, B KOTOpOM npoIfcxo,n:IfT npOL{ecc nJIaBKIf CTanH, If rOJIOBKIf-
rOpeJIKH, KOTopble npe,n:cTaBJIHIOT C060H KaHanbI ,n:nH no,n:Bo,n:a B03,n:yxa
H ra30B If ,n:JIH OTBo,n:a npo,n:YKTOB ropeHIfH. B HIfLKHeH tIaCTIf netIIf YCTa-
HOBJIeHbI pereHepaTOpbl - KaMepbI, npe,n:Ha3HatIelIlIble ,n:JIH npe,n:BapIf-
TeJIbHoro HarpeBa B03,n:yxa If ra30B, If KaHaTIbI, coe,n:IfHHIOIII.He pereHepa-
THBHble KaMepbI C ,n:bIMOBOH Tpy60H If KnanaHaMH.
B KatIeCTBe TonnIfBa ,n:JIH MapTeHoBcKIfX netIeH oObltIHO npIfMeHHeTcH
CMeCb If3 ,n:OMeHHoro H KOKCOBoro ra30B. ra3006pa3Hoe TOnJIHBO If B03-
,n:yx npe,n:BapIfTeJIbHO HarpeBaIOTcH B pereHepaTOpax, CMelIlIfBaIOTCH H
no,n:aIOTCH B pa60tIee npocTpaHcTBo netIIf, me B pesYJIbTaTe cropaHIfH
TOnJIIfBa pa3BIfBaeTcH TeMnepaTypa nopH,n:Ka 1850-1900° C, He06xo-
4 B. n. BblqKOS
97

AHMaH AJIH nJIaBJIeHHH lIlHXTOBbIX MaTepHanOB H OKHCJIeHHH npHMeCeH
qyrYHa. Cpe)l.HHH npO)l.OJI>KHTenbHOCTb nJIaBKH COCTaBJIHeT 8-12 't,
qTO cooTBeTcTByeT )l.BYM-TpeM nnaBKaM B CYTKH.
PereHepaTopbI npe)l.CTaBJIHIOT C060H KaMepbI, 3anOJIHeHHble pelIleT-
KOB H3 ofHeynopHoro KHpnHtIa - HaCa)l.KoH. B MapTeHoBcKoH netIH
npHMeHHIOT tIeTblpe pereHepaTOpa, no )l.Ba C Ka}K)l.OH CTOpOHbI: OAHH )l.nH
HarpeBa ra3a, )l.pyroH )l.nH HarpeBa B03)1.yxa. ITpaBble H JIeBble pereHepa-
TOpbI pa60TaIOT B nonepeMeHHoM pe}KHMe. ECJIH, HanpHMep, npaBble
pereHepaTopbI HarpeBaIOT nocTynaIOHH B pa60tIee npocTpaHcTBo ra3
H B03)1.YX, TO neBble caMH HarpeBaIOTCH TenJIOM OTXO)l.HW.HX H3 netIH
npO)l.YKTOB ropeHHH. ITepeBO)l. pereHepaTopOB H3 O)l.HOrO pe}KHMa B )l.py-
rOH ocyw.eCTBJIHeTCH C nOMow.bIO KnanaHOB, KOTopble nepeKJIIOtIaIOTCH
tIepes Ka}KAble 10-20 MUff,.
Ha cxeMe YCTpOHCTBa MapTeHOBCKOH netIH (pHC. 5-1, a) npaBble
pereHepaTOpbI N!! 3 H N!! 4 HarpeBaIOT ra3 H B03)1.YX, nocTynaIOw.HH
B p60tIee npocTpaHcTBo. B 3TOM CJIyqae 3a)l.BJI}KKa 7 coe)l.HHHeT B03-
AyxonpoBoA c npaBbIM B03)1.YlIlHbIM pereHepaTopoM N!! 3, a OTKpbITbIH
ra30BbIH KJIanaH 10 coe)l.HHHeT ra30npOBO)l. c npaBbIM ra30BbIM pereHe-
paTopoM N!! 4. 3a)l.BH)KKa 6 COe)l.HHHeT )l.bIMOXO)l. c neBbIM B03)1.YlIlHbIM
a)
2
2
PHC. 5-1. MapTeHoBcKaH ne%:
a - CxeMa YCTpol!cTsa: 1 - 3a.AsH}KKa peeYJlHpOSaHHH TSleH S .AbIMoxoJ\e; 2 - peey-
J1HPYlOlqHe SHHTOSble KOJlOHKH .AJlH 'PyqHOeO peeYJlHpOSaHHSI SblCOTbI nO.A'beMa KJlana-
HOS; 3 - (jJlOK XOJlOCTOro nepeMelqeHHSI; 4. 10 - ea30Sble KJlanaHbI; 5, 9 - AblMOSble
KJlan8HbI; 6, 7 - B03AywHble S8)1SH}KKH; 8 - perYJlHpYlOlqaH 3a.ASH}KKa .IIJlS! pacnpe)1e-
JleHHH H perYJlHposaHHH THeH npoJ\YKTOS eopeHHH
98

t
;
I--
I--
-I--
""
I--
!i<?1--
I--
'-


;!:


t::

"'"
"'"
.....
<o
a.r,
c.5
<:t-J::
...., ;:..
N1..t)
I--
I-
-
-
-
I-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
'-
-
-
-
'-
I--
f--
I--
,.
J,
'-r)
-I'
,
I
f-
-
l-
i-
I-
-
-
-
,....


r--
I.ti



r--
f--
-
-

-
-
-
-
-
-
r--
-'a5 !
",,><: 
<:t- ",4J I;S?<D!J
 fDJ XfipfOg xfi{Jcog CDJ
 /QdowndJJlJ2ad /QdowndJJlJzad
amQJY WMU

4.


8
"'....,
:::

....
><:
.1-
i-
l-
I-
l-
I-
i-
--'
-
-
-

E2
'"
">
:::


-
-
-

-
-
-
-
-
I---
I---
I---
I--
I---
I--
I---
I--
I--
-
-
f-
I-- J::
- 
-E:;
- 
-

--
--
--
--
f---
r---
--
--
--
--
--.,; -
--
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
== 1
- +-
-II
<0_'"
'ii_Iv;
-

<%5





t::
C'-JC'r')

"" "" ""




'tS


E:;
. ...




c.5


....,
 i ll

 <:c
<:::>
>:::
'"
<:::
'"
t:;
""
=
>(
...
0:
:::.
  E:
  
 
r::::
01
 0:
 
 
.. ...
 
E: '"
<::::> ....,

'"
f-<
,8
o
0.
f-<
'-'
:>,
><
:a
Ie

'"

'-'
0.
'-'
_ c
a.b :a
f-<
t) 0
::s: 'g
0.. 0.

'"
-e
'"
"'-
k
'"
'"
:E
'-'
><
u
I
10

pereHepaTopOM N!! 2, a OTKpbITbIH KJIanaH 5 npH 3aKpbITOM ra30BOM
KJIanaHe 4 coe,n:HHHeT ,n:bIMOXO,n: C neBbIM ra30BbIM pereHepaTopoM N!! 1.
Ha pHC. 5-1, 6 npe,n:cTaBJIeHbI cxeMa H rpa4>HK pa60TbI nepeKH,n:-
HbIX YCTPOHCTB, C nOMOIqblO KOTOpbIX npoH3Bo,n:HTCH nepeBo,n: pereHe-
paTopoB H3 o,n:Horo peR{lfMa B ,n:PyroH.
MapTeHoBcKHe nellH H3tOTOBJIHIOTCH eMKOCTblO (KOJIHlleCTBo MeTaJI-
nHllecKoH llaCTH lllHXTbI) OT 5 ,n:o 900 m. .lI.anbHeHlllee nOBbIllleHHe eM-
KOCTH nellH orpaHHIlHBaeTcH rpY30no,n:'beMHOCTblO pa3JIHBOllHbIX Kpa-
HOB.
PacnOJIOmeHHe H 060PYJl:OBaHHe MapTeHOBCKHX u.eXOB. MapTeHOB-
CKHH [{ex HMeeT 06bIIlHO HeCKonbKO MapTeHOBCKHX nelleH, paCnOJImKeH-
HbIX B O,n:HH pH,n:. .lI.nH nnaBKH CTaJIH MapTeHoBcKHH [{ex Tpe6yeT nOA-
IOTOBKH H TpaHcnopTHpoBKH 60JIblllOrO KonHlleCTBa MaTepHanoB: IlY-
rYHa (>KH,n:Koro H TBep,n:oro), CTaJIbHOro JIOMa, $1UOCOB, >KeJIe3HOH Py,n:bI
H T.,n:. no,n:alla TBep,n:bIx lllHXTOBbIX MaTepHaJIOB npoH3Bo,n:HTCH, KaK
npaBHno, >KeJIe3Ho,n:opO>KHbIM TpaHcnopToM C nOMOIqblO BarOHeTOK
C MYJIb,n:aMH; 3aBanIa TBep,n:oH lllHXTbI - 3aBanOllHbIMH MalllHHaMH;'
3aJIHBKa >KII,l(KOro llyrYHa B nellb llepe3 3aBaJIOllHble OKHa - 3aJIHBOIl-
HbIMH KpaHaMH; pa3JIHBKa >KH,n:KOH CTanH - B H3nO>KHH[{bI; YCTaHo-
BJIeHHble Ha >KeJIe3Ho,n:opO>KHbIX nJIaT4>opMax.
B COCTaB [{exa BXO,n:HT CJIe,n:YIOIqHe OT,n:eJIeHHH:
1) lllHXTOBbIH ,n:BOp; 2) MHKcepHoe OTAeJIeHHe; 3) nellHOH npOJIeT;
4) pa3JIHBOllHbIH nponeT; 5) OT,n:eJIeHHe H3JIO>KHH[{ (pHC. 5-2).
IllHXTOBbIH ,n:BOp npe,n:Ha3HalleH ,n:nH xpaHeHHH lllHXTOBbIX MaTepHa-
nOB. nOrpY3Ka MaTepHanOB B Mynb,n:bI npOH3Bo,n:HTCH rpeH4>epHbIMH HnH
MarHHTHbIMH KpaHaMH. )l(eJIe3Ho,n:opO>KHble COCTaBbI H3 BaroHeToK
C rpY>KeHbIMH MYJIb,n:aMH nOAalOTCH B nellHOH nponeT K 3aBaJIOtIHbIM
OKHaM MapTeHOBCKHX nelleH.
Heo6xo,n:HMbIH ,n:JIH 6ecnepe6oHHOH pa60TbI ,n:OMeHlIOH nellH 3anac
>KH,n:Koro llyrYHa xpaHHTCH B pe3epByape, Ha3bIBaeMOM MHKcepOM
(CMeCHTeJIeM). LJyrYH H3 ,n:OMeHHoro [{exa K MHKcepy ,n:OCTaBJIHeTCH
B KOBlllax llyrYHOB030M. KOBllIH C llyrYHOM no,n:HHMaIOTCH MHKcepHbIM
KpaHOM, 3aTeM onpOKH,n:bIBalOTCH, H llyrYH BblnImaeTCH B MHKcep. .lI.anee
llyryH B KOBlllax ,n:OCTaMHeTCH K MapTeHOBCKHM nellaM. nocne nnaBKH
CTaJIb, pa3JIHTaH B 1f3JIO>KHH[{bI, nepeB03HTCH B OTAeJIeHHe H3nO>KHH[{;
TaM CTanbHOH CJIHTOK OCBo6o>K,n:aeTCH OT H3JIO>KHH[{bI C nOMOIqblO cne-
[{HaJIbHbIX KpaHOB. CHHTble H3JIO>KHH[{bI nOCJIe COOTBeTCTBYIOIqeH nOA-
rOTOBKH B03BpamalOTCH B pa3nHBOIlHbIH npOJIeT, a COCTaB CO CJIHTKaMH
HanpaBJIHeTCH B npOKaTHbIH u.ex K HarpeBaTeJIbHbIM KOJIo,n:[{aM.
3JIeKTpOnpHBOJl: MHKcepa. B MHKcepe npOHcxo,n:HT CMelIIHBaHIfe IlY-
rYHa pa3nHIlHbIX BbmYCKOB, qTO n03BonHeT BblpaBHHBaTb XHMHlleCKHH
COCTaB H TeMnepaTYPY llyrYHa. TeMnepaTypa B MHKcepe nOMep>KHBaeTCH
paBHOH npHMepHo 1100 0 C 3a ClleT C>KHraHHH ra3006pa3Horo TonnHBa,
nOAaBaeMoro BHYTPb MHKcepa llepe3 OTBepCTl-IH B TOP[{OBbIX CTeHKax.
MHKcep COCTOHT H3 u.HnHH,n:pHllecKoro cocy,n:a, ,n:BYX ponHKoBbIX onop,
peellHoro MexaHH3Ma nOBopoTa, MexaHH3Ma OTKpbIBaHHH KpbIlliKH 3a-
JIHBOqHOro oTBepcTHH If YCTaHOBKH ,n:JIH no,n:orpeBa qyrYHa. .lI.JIH
100

""
'"
s::::""
C"tJ'"
:>.:&
0-
i:::,
13
a)
:I::::s
C:>
s::::
C"tJC"tJ
:>.:::t
::t
0-
i:::,
2
B npOKamHblU
Ijex, K Hozpe-
fJamenbHblM
KonoiJljUM
OOJ/<UMHOf-O
cmulfu
0)
I-I
II
_ OOcJl!/JKIl-
ne'llfoiJ lUllXmoBbll1 BalOl1J,lle
npoJ1em OmKIiblJlOK nOHellJ,elfllfi
PIlC. 5-2. MapTeHoBcKlIii uex:
a - ynpoelUlbIn nJlaH Jl,exa H cxeMa TeXHOJlOeHqeeKOeO np0Jl,ecca;
6 - nonepeqHbllI pa3pe3 no I-I
I - KpaH pa3.AeSaHH>I CJ1HTKOS 175/25/15 m; 2 - TeJle}KKa c H3J10}KHHJI,aMH; 3 - pa3JIHSOqHbllI
KpaH 300/75/15 m; 4 - cTaJlcpa3J1HSOqHbIl! KOSIlI; 5 - SeHTHJI>ITOp neqH; 6 - MapTeHoscKaH
neqb 185 m; 7 - SaJlHSOqHbllI Kpan 125-135 m; 8 - TeJle}KKH c MYJlb.AaMH; 9 - saSaJlOqHaH
MaWHHa 7,5 m; 10 - qyrYHoS0311b1e ",OSIlIH; II - KOTeJl'YTHJlH3aTOp; 12 - .AblMosaH Tpy(ja;
13 - }KeJleSHO.A0p0}KHbII! nyrb; 14 - MarHHTO-epell4>epHlxll KpaH 10/10 III

nO,lJ.'beMa H OnYCKaHHH KpbIlIIKH SaJIHBOqHOrO OTBepCTHH npHMeHHeTCH
JIe6e,lJ.Ka C npHBO,lJ.OM OT aCHHxpoHHOro KOpOTKOSaMKHYTOrO ,lJ.BHraTeJIH
MOllJ;HOCTbJO nOpH,lJ.Ka 4-6 K8m. KpbIlIIKa CJIHBHOro oTBepcTHH OTKpbI-
BaeTCH H saKpbIBaeTcH BPyqHYJO HJIH C nOMOllJ;bJO 3JIeKTpOnpHBO,lJ.a.
lIJiH CJIHBa qyrYHa MHKcep nOBOpaqHBaeTCH BOKpyr ropHSOHTBJIbHOH
OCH B CTOPOHY OnYCKaHHSI CJIHBHOrO HOCKa.
+-----
3
2
PHC. 5-3. KHHeJ,{aTH'leCKaJl: cxeMa npHBOJ\a nOBopOTa MHKcepa.
1 - .ABHeaTeJlb; 2 - 3y(jqaTaH pellKa; B - cepbea
KHHeMaTHqeCKaJt CXeMa MeXaHH3Ma nOBOpOTa MHKCepa npe,lJ.CTa-
BJIeHa Ha pHC. 5-3. Cepbra 3 coeAHHeHa C sy6qaTOH peHKoH 2, KOTopaH
CBHsaHa C peeqHOH lIIecTepHeH. PeeqHaSI lIIecTepHH nepeMellJ;aeTcH ,lJ.BH-
raTeJIeM 1 qepes nepe,lJ.aTOqHOe yc-rpoHCTBO; npH 3TOM H MHKcep nOBO-
paqHBaeTCH, nepeKaTbIBaHcb Ha pOJIHKaX H HanpaBJIHIOllJ;HX.
,MeXaHHqeCKaH CHCTeMa MHKcepa CTpOHTCH TaK, qT06bI ero YCTOH-
qHBbIM nOJI01KeHHeM 6bIJIO BepTHKaJIbHoe. OpH 3TOM YCJIOBHH, B cJIyqae
102

nOTepH ynpaBJIHeMOCTH, MHKCep CaMOCTOHTeJIbHO B03BpaaeTCH B HC-
XO,lJ.HOe nOJI01KeHHe, tJeM npe,lJ.ynpe2K,lJ.aeTCH nepenOJIHeHHe KOBIIIa H
CJIHB MeTaJIJIa Ha nOJI.
THnOBaH eMKOCTb MHKCepa, npHHHTaH B COBeTCKOM COI03e, 600 H
1300 m. MHKcep eMKOCTblO 600 m YCTaHaBJIHBalOT B exax C rO,lJ.OBOH
npOH3BO,lJ.HTeJIbHOCTblO 700 TbIC. m CJIHTKOB, a eMKOCTblO 1300 m-
B exax C rO,lJ.OBOH npOH3BO,lJ.HTeJIbHOCTblO ,lJ.0 1,5 MnH. m CJIHTKOB.
B exax C OOJIbIIIeH npOH3BO,lJ.HTeJIbHOCTblO YCTaHaBJIHBalOT ,lJ.Ba MHK-
cepa.
K 3JIeKTpOnpHBO,lJ.y MexaHH3Ma nOBopOTa MHKcepa npe,lJ.1>HBJIHIOTCH
CJIeA}'IOHe Tpe6oBaHHH: 1) nJIaBHOe perYJIHpOBaHHe CKOpOCTH B IIIH-
pOKHX npe,lJ.eJIax; 2) 6bICTpbIH H TOtIHbIH OCTaHOB; 3) 60JIbIIIHe MOMeHTbI
TporaHHH; 4) BblCOKaH Ha,lJ.e2KHOCTb.
OepBoe H 'BTopoe Tpe60BaHHH BbI3bIBalOTCH He06xo,lJ.HMOCTblO TOtJHO
perYJIHpOBaTb KOJIHtIeCTBO tJyryHa, BbIJIHBaeMoro H3 MHKcepa B KOBIII,
a TaK1Ke npeAoTBpaaTb BbIOJIeCKHBaHHe tJyrYHr:
L{JIH npHBO,lJ.a MexaHH3Ma nOBopoTa MHKcepa npHMeHHIOTcH ,lJ.BHra-
TeJIH nOCJIe,lJ.OBaTeJIbHOrO B036Y1KJJ.eHHH, o6ecnetJHBalOHe BblCOKHe
MOMeHTbI TporaHHH. OpH 3TOM ,lJ.BHrareJIb nHTaeTCH OT ceTH nOCTOHH-
Horo HanpH1KeHHH H peryJIHpOBaHHe CKOpOCTH ocyeCTBJIHeTCH BBe-
,lJ.eHHeM cTyneHeH cOnpOTHBJIeHHH B enb ero HKOpH.
OpH nO,lJ.DeMe MHKcepa HKOpb ,lJ.BHraTeJIH IIIYHTHpyeTcH, a 06MoTKa
BQ36Y1K,lJ.eHHH nO,lJ.KnlOtJaeTCH Ha HanpH1KeHHe ceTH, T. e. B 3TOM cJIytJae
nOJIytJaeTcH MaIllHHa nOCTOHHHoro TOKa He3aBHCHMoro B036Y1K,lJ.eHHH.
TaK KaK npH nO,lJ.1>eMe ,lJ.BHraTeJIbHbIH MOMeHT C03AaeTCH caMHM MHKce-
pOM, TO ,lJ.BHraTeJIb 6Y,lJ.eT paOOTaTb B reHepaTopHOM pe2KHMe. L{JIH
nOJ1ytJeHHH BbICOKOH Ha,lJ.e2KHOCTH npHMeHHIOT ,lJ.Ba ,lJ.BHraTeJIH H ,lJ.Be
naHeJIH, H3 KOTOpbIX OAHH ,lJ.BHraTeJIb H O,lJ.Ha naHeJIb pa60TalOHe,
a BTopble - pe3epBHble.
C eJIblO nOJIytJeHHH TOtJHOH OCTaHOBKH MHKcepa HCnOJIb3YlOTCH
3JIeKTpOMexaHHtJeCKHe TopM03a, C nOMOblO KOTOPb!X npOH3BO,lJ.HTCH
TOtJHbIH OCTaHOB B 3aAaHHOM nOJI01KeHHH. OpH nOTepe ynpaBJIeHHH,
a TaK2Ke npH HCQe3HOBeHHH HanpH1KeHHH nHTalOeH ceTH MHKcep He
,lJ.OJI1KeH 6bITb B 3aTOpM01KeHHOM COCTOHHHH, TaK KaK 3TO 6Y,lJ.eT npenHT-
CTBHeM ,lJ.JIH caMOCTOH-TeJIbHOrO B03BpaTa ero B HCXO,lJ.HOe nOJI01KeHHe.
003TOM}' npHMeHHIOTCH 3JIeKTpOMeXaHHtIeCKHe TopM03a, KOTopble npOH3-
BO,lJ.HT TOpM01KeHHe MexaHH3Ma He npH CHHTHH HanpH1KeHHH C Ka1)'IlleK,
a npH ero nO,lJ.atJe.
9J1eKTpOnpHBO.n. JIe6e.n.oK nepeKH,lJ.HblX KJlanaHOB MapTeHOBCKOH ne1JH.
nepeKnlOtIeHHe pereHepa'I'OpOB H peBepCHpOBaHHe nJlaMeHH Map-
TeHOBCKOH netIH npOH3BOAHT KnanaHaMH H 3aABH1KKaMH, ynpaBnHeMbIMH
TpeMH JIe6e,lJ.KaMH C npHBO,lJ.HbIMH ,lJ.BHraTeJIHMH (pHC. 5-1,a). JIe6e,lJ.Ka
N!! 1 ynpaBJIHeT ra30BbIM KJIanaHOM 10 H ,lJ.bIMOBbIM KnanaHOM 9; JIe6e,lJ.Ka
N!! 2 - ra30BbIM KJIanaHOM 4 H ,lJ.bIMOBbIM KJIanaHOM 5; JIe6e,lJ.Ka N!! 3 -
B03AYIIIHbIMH 3a.D:BH1KKaMH 6 H 7.
Ha pHC. 5-1,a nOKa3aHo, KaK tJepe3 npaBble pereHepaTopbI iIPOXO,lJ.HT
ra3 H B03,lJ.YX, OXJIa2K,lJ.alOw.He Haca,lJ.KH, a tJepea JIeBbIe - npoA}'KTbI ro-
103

peHHH, HarpeBalOHe HaCa,lJ.KH. B 3TOM CJIYIJae HanpaBJIeHHe nJiaMeHH
B pa60IJeM npOCTpaHCme neIJH JIeBOe. OOCJIe nOBbIIlleHHH ,lJ.0 HeKOTOpOH
TeMnepaTypbI HaCa,lJ.OK JIeBbIX pereHepaTOpOB H nOHH>KeHHH TeMnepa-
TypbI HaCa,lJ.OK npaBbIX pereHepaTOpOB ,lJ.OJI>KHO 6bITb npOH3Be,lJ.eHO H3Me-
HeHHe HanpaBJIeHHH nOTOKOB ra30B, B03Ayxa H npO.n.yKTOB rOpeHHH,
T. e. tIepe3 JIeBble pereHepaTOpbI C HarpeTbIMH HaCa,lJ.KaMH CJIe,lJ.yeT Ha-
npaBHTb ra3bI H B03)J.YX, a tJepe3 npaBbIe C OXJIa>KJ{eHHbIMH Haca)J.KaMH -
npOAYKTbI ropeHHH.
OOCJIe)J.OBaTeJIbHOCTb pa60TbI nepeKH)J.HbIX YCTPOHCTB npH npaBOH
nepeKH)J.Ke npe,lJ.CTaBJIeHa Ha pHC. 5-1,6. BHatJaJIe BKJIlOtJaeTCH JIe6e)J.Ka
N!! 2. OpH 3TOM 3aKpbIBaeTcH B TetJeHHe 5-7 ceK )J.bIMOBOH KJIanaH 5,
nOCJIe tIero B TetJeHHe 11,3 ceK oTKpbIBaeTCH ra30BbIH KJIanaH 4 H ABH-
raTeJIb JIe6e,lJ.KH N!! 2 OCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH. BCJIe,lJ. 3a 3TH BKJIlOtJaeTCH
JIOOe,lJ.Ka N!! 3 H nepeKJIlOtJalOTCH 3aABH>KKH 6 H 7;
JIeBbIH B03AYIllHbIH pereHepaTop npHcoeARHHeTcH K
B03)J.yxonpoBo)J.Y, a npaBbIH - K AbIMOCOCY, nOCJIe
tJero ,lJ.BHrareJIb JIe6e)J.KH N!! 3 OCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH.
C HeKoTopoH BbI)J.ep>KKOH BpeMeHH, He06xo,lJ.HMOH
,lJ.nH nOJIHoro Y,lJ.a.neHHH B03Ayxa B AbIMOXOAe,
BKJIlOtJaeTCH JIe6e,lJ.Ka N!! 1, npH 3TOM 3aKpbIBaeTcH
ra30BbIH KJIanaH 10 H 3aTeM oTKpbIBaeTcH ,lJ.bIMOBOH
KJIanaH 9. CYMMapHoe BpeMH pa60TbI Bcex Tpex Jle-
6e)J.OK no rpaq>HKY (pRC. 5-1,6) COCTaBJIHeT 39,5 ceK,
a 06ee BpeMH nepeKH)J.HbIx KnanaHOB npHMepHo
50 ceK.
Ka>KJ{aH JIe6e,n.Ka nepeKH)J.HbIX KJIanaHOB co-
CTOHT H3 6apa6aHa, pe)J.YKTOpa, 3JIeKTpOMafHHT-
Horo TopMo3a, nYTeBoro BbIKJIlOtJaTeJIH H npH-
BO)J.Horo ,lJ.BHraTeJIH. Eapa6aH JIe6eAKH CBH3aH
C THrOBbIM YCTPOHCTBOM KnanaHoB HJIH 3a)J.BH>KeK C nOMOblO
TpOCOB. B KatJeCTBe npHBo)J.Horo )J.BHraTeJIH JIe6e,lJ.KH npHMe-
HHIOTCH aCHHxpoHHble ,lJ.BHraTeJIH THna MTK, MOHOCTblO OKOJIO 5-
7,5 Kern.
B COBpeMeHHbIX MapTeHOBCKHX netJax nepeKHAKa KJIanaHOB COBep-
maeTCH aBTOMamtJeCKH. B 3TOM CJIYtIae C nOMOblO TepMonap saMe-
pHIOTCH TeMnepaTypbI HacaAOK npaBbIX H JIeBbIX pereHepaTopOB H
pa3HOCTb 3THX TeMnepaTYP nO,lJ.aeTCH Ha BXO,lJ. )J.aTtJHKa.
OpHMeHHeMbIH B 3TOM CJIYtJae )J.aTtJHK npeACTaBJIHeT C060H KOHTaKT-
HbIH MHJIJIHBOJIbTMeTp C HYJIeM nOcpe,lJ.HHe IllKaJIbI (pHC. 5-4). KaTYIllKa
3TOro MHJIJIHBOJIbTMeTpa nOAKnlOtIaeTCH Ha pa3HOCTb 3. A. c. repMO-
nap, 3aMepHIOHx TeMnepaTypbI pereHepaTopoB. C nOBbIIlleHHeM 3TOH
pa3HocTH YBeJIHtIHBaeTCH HanpH>KeHHe Ha KaTyIllKe AaTtJHKa. OpH
HeKOTopOH 3a,lJ.aHHOH pa3HHe TeMnepaTYP CTpeJIKa B CBoeM KpaHHeM
nOJIO>KeHHH 3aMKHeT PTYTHbIH KOHTaKT. KaTYIllKa )J.aTtJHKa npHcOe,lJ.H-
HHeTCH TaK, tJTO C YBeJIHtJeHHeM TeMnepaTypbI JIeBbIX pereHepaTopOB H
YMeHbIlleHHeM TeMnepaTypbI npaBblx CTpeJIKa OTKnOHHTCH BnpaBO H
3aMKHeT KOHTaKT Kr-fl, a C YBeJIHtJeHHeM TeMnepaTYpbI npaBbIX pereHe-
104
r---O--l
I I
I I
I
I :
,Kr-ll Kr-n:
L_ ___ _.J
flP np
PHC. 5.4. KOHT8KT-
HbIii MIIJlJlHBOJlbT-
MeTp

'PaTOpOB H YMeHbWeHHeM JIeBbIX CTpeJIKa, OTKJIOHHBIIIHCb BJIeBO, 3aMK-
HeT KOHTaKT Kr-JI.
Ha pHC. 5-5 H306pa>KeHa aBTOMaTHtJeCKaH cxeMa ynpaBJIeHHH nepe-
KHHbIMH YCTpOHCTBaMH MapTeHoBCKoH netJH. B 3TOH cxeMe 10, 20
H 30 - BHraTeJIH JIe6eOK N!! I, N!! 2 H N!! 3; Fnn- peJIe npaBoH
nepeKHKH KJIanaHOB; FnJI - peJIe JIeBOH nepeKHAKH KJIanaHOB; n,
JI - KOHTaKTOpbI npaBoH H JIeBOH nepeKHKH; JInB - KOHTaKTop
BHraTeJIH nporpaMMHoro peJIe BpeMeHH on B; lJI, 2JI, 3JI - JIHHeH-
Hble KOHTaKTOpbI _BHraTeJIeH JIe6eAOK; 1 K, 2K, 3K - nYTeBble BbIKJIIO-
qaTeJIH JIe6eOK; 1 KA, 2KA, 3KA - KOHeqHbIe BbIKnlOtJaTeJIH JIe6eAoK.
TIoCJIeOBaTeJIbHOCTb paooTbI nepeKHAHbIX YCTpOHCTB YCTaHaBJIH-
B3.eTCH nporpaMMHbIM peJIe BpeMeHH nB, npeCTaBJIHIOHM C060H Bpa-
w.alOw.HHcH KYJIaqKOBbIH KOMaHAoannapaT C npHBoAHbIM CHHXpOHHbIM
BHraTeJIeM onB. CxeMa pa60TbI nporpaMMHoro peJIe nB npeCTa-
BJIeHa Ha pHC. 5-5.
TIpH npaBoH nepeKHAKe KJIanaHOB cxeMa pa60TaeT B CJIYIOeM
nopHKe. TeMnepaTypa JIeBbIX pereHepaTopoB BblIIIe TeMnepaTypbI npa-
BbIX, BCJIeCTBHe qero AaTqHK 3aMbIKaeT KOHTaKT Kr-n; peJIe Fnn no-
JIyqaeT nHTaHHe H nOKnlOqaeT KOHTaKTop n Ha HanpH>KeHHe ceTH.
1.Iepe3 KOHTaKT nporpaMMHoro peJIe n B-2, 3aMKHYTbIH B HCXOHOM
nOJIO>KeHHH peJIe nB, H H3 KOHTaKTbI lJI, 2JI, 3JI nOKJIlOqaeTCH KOH-
TaKTop JInB, H BHraTeJIb nporpaMMHoro peJIe onB HatJHHaeT nOBO-
patJHBaTb OCb peJIe nB. 1.Iepes 3 ceK nOCJIe B03eHcTBHH Ha peJIe nB
KOHTaKT nB-2 pasoMKHeTcH, a KOHTaKTbI nB-l H nB-5 saMKHYTcH.
TIpH 3TOM noaeTCH HMnYJIbC Ha OTKJIlOqeHHe KOKCOBOro rasa H BKnlO-
tJaeTCH cHpeHa, onOBealOaH nepCOHaJI 0 npoHcxoAHeH nepeKHKe
KJIanaHOB. ,1J.aJIee, tJepe3 6 ceK saMbIKaeTCH KOHTaKT n B-3, nOJIyqaeT
nHTaHHe H KOHTaKTop 2JI, OTKJIlOtJaeTCH ABHraTeJIb onB nporpaMMHoro
peJIe BpeMeHH H BKnlOqaeTCH BHraTeJIb 20 JIe6eKH N!! 2. JIe6eKa
N!! 2 npoHsBoHT nepeKnlOqeHHe KnanaHOB 4 H 5, nOCJIe qero pasMbI-
KaeTCH KOHTaKT 2K-l H BHraTeJIb 20 OCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH. OHoBpeMeHHo
3aMbIKaeTCH KOHTaKT 2K-5, nOJIyqaeT nHTaHHe KOHTaKTOp 3JI H ABHra-
TeJIb 30, BKnlOqeHHbIH Ha ceTb, nOBOpaqHBaeT 6apa6aH JIe6eKH N!! 3;
SaBH>KKF! 6 H 7 rr.epeKnlOqaIOTcH. B KOHlle nepeKnlOtJeHHH pasMbIKaeTcH
KOHTaKT 3K-l, ABHraTeJIb 30 OCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH, saMbIKaeTCH H3 KOH-
TaKT 3JI B nenH KOHTaKTopa JInB H BHraTeJIb onB, BKnlOqaHCb Ha
ceTb, BHOBb nOBOpaqHBaeT OCb nporpaMMHoro peJIe nB. TIo HCTeqeHHH
11 ceK 3aMbIKaeTCH KOHTaKT nB-4 H qepes KOHTaKT 3K-5, 3aMKHYTbIH
nOCJIe OCTaHOBKH BHraTeJIH 30, nOJIyqaeT nHTaHHe KOHTaKTOp lJI;
BHraTeJIb 10 BKnlOqaeTCH, H JIe6eKa N!! 1 npoHsBoAHT nepeKHAKY
KnanaHOB 9 H 10. OAHoBpeMeHHo C pa3MbIKaHHeM KOHTaKTa n B-5
BHOBb nOAaeTCH KOKCOBblH ras. B KOHne nepeKHKH KJIanaHOB 9, 10
pasMbIKalOTcH KOHTaKTbI 1 K-l H 1 K-5. TIpH 3TOM ABHraTeJIb 111. OCTa-
HaBJIHBaeTCH, peJIe Fnn H KOHTaKTop n TepHIOT nHTaHHe, a qepes KOH-
TaKT n B-1 nOJIyqaeT nHTaHHe KOHTaKTop JIn B, npH 3TOM BKJIlOqaeTCH
BHraTeJIb I1.n B H nporpaMMHoe peJIe n B npHxoHT B HcxoAHoe nOJIO-
>KeHHe.
105

A!
I7c{ n& lllnnB
nB
fA&2A W ""W
Kr-n fK-5
 "
pnn 
If r- f/ ZIt. fj

n n-2
II --
...i... fiB-1
,
-'-
0
fiB-5
nB-J
-
n8-1J
..L. 2K- 5
o
1K-6

pnn
PI7Il
Cu.peHa
+
n 7/<,-1 2lfA
r' Er """
I 2K-2
II
I r'"
17 ,11<.-1 111A
I j-" ........i..o
II ..l.
r;; 3K-1 3KA
1 r'...L. ..l..
f/ ..L.
I r"
UMn!JllbC lia omcfJII/<,1j
/<,o/<,co!30eo ea8a
211
fll
311
CxeMa
npoepaMHH080 pelle tJpeMtliu. I7B
N D KOHm. BpeMfl, ce/f
nB-1
17B-2 - -
nB..,3 -
17B-/J. -
nB 5
3 6 it 11 I; 9 3
1;0
PliC. 5.5. ABToMaTHtJecKasr cxeMa ynpaBJIeHHH nepeKHJ\HblMH YCTpoAcTBaMH Map-
TeHOBeKoA neqH

B HalIaJIe JIeBOH nepeKH,lJ.KH 3aMKHYTbI KOHTaKTbI nYTeBbIX BbIKJUO-
qaTeJIeH 1 K-2 2K-2, 3K-2, 2K-6, TeM caMbIM nO,lJ.rOTaBJIHBaH cxeMY
J1.JIH paooTbI npH JIeBOH nepeKH,lJ.Ke. PaooTa cxeMbI npH JIeBOH nepeKH,lJ.Ke
aHaJIOmlIHa, O,lJ.HaKO nOCJIe,lJ.OBaTeJIbHOCTb paooTbI JIeOe,lJ.oK OOpaTHaH,
T. e. BHalIaJIe paooTaeT JIeoe,lJ.Ka N!! 1, 3aTeM N!! 3 H ,lJ.aJIee N!! 2.
HapH,lJ.Y C aBTOMaTHlIeCKHM ynpaBJIeHHeM Ha npaKTHKe npeAycMaT-
pHBaeTcH H PY'lHOe ynpaBJIeHHe, He YKa3aHHoe Ha cxeMe pHC. 5-5.
 5-3. 8neKTponpHBoA KOHBepTopOB
YCJIOBHO KOHBepTopbI, BbmJIaBJIHIOHe CTaJIb, MO>KHO pa3,lJ.eJIHTb Ha
KOHBepTOpbI C B03AYlIIHbIM H KOHBepTopbI C KHCJIOpO,lJ.HbIM JJ.yTbeM. npH-
MeHHIOT KOHBepTopbI H co CMeIIIaHHbIM JJ.yTbeM.
KOHBepTopbI C B03,lJ.YlIIHbIM JJ.yTbeM npe,lJ.CTaBJIHIOT COOOH rpYlIIeBH,lJ.-
HbIH cocy,lJ. H3 JIHCTOBOro >KeJIe3a, BbIJIO>KeHHbIH BHYTPH ofHeynopHbIM
KHpnHlIeM (pHC. 5-6). B ,lJ.HHw.e BCTaBJIeHbI YPMbI C OTBepCTHHMH-
9
71
5
2
72
3
q
15
PIIC. 5-6. CxeMa YCTpoiicTBa KOHBepTopa:
1 - Kopnyc; 2 - onoplloe KOJlbJl,O; 3 - .AHHll\e; 4 - B03p;ywHaH KopooKa;
5 - KO}KYX; 6 - COMa; 7 - «cnHHa», 8 - rOpJlOBHHa; 9 - nycToTeJlaH
Jl,an4>a; 10 - npHSO.AHaH Jl,an4>a; /1 - nop;wHnHHKH; 12 - onopHble CTaHH-
1Ib1; 13 - wCCTepHH; 14 - 3y(jqaTaH pellKa; 15 - S03.AYWHbII! naTpy(joK
COnJIaMH ,lJ.JIH nO,lJ.alIH B03AYlIIHOrO ,lJ.YTbH B KOHBepTOp. ,1J.aBJIeHHe AYTbH
2-2,5 am. CBepxy HMeeTCH rOpJIOBHHa, lIepe3 KOTOPYIO npOH3BO,lJ.HT
3aJIHBKY lIyrYHa, nO,lJ.alIY ,lJ.OoaBOIIHbIX MaTepHanOB H CJIHB CTaJiH H
lIIJIaKa. lI.HJIHH,Iij)HlIecKaH lIaCTb KOHBepTopa onOHcaHa KOJIbII.OM C ABYMH
II.anaMH, Ha KOTOpbIX KOHBepTOp nOBopalIHBaeTcH BOKpyr ropH30H-
TaJIbHOH OCH. O,lJ.Ha II.ana npHBO,lJ.HaH, CBH3aHHaH lIepe3 pe,lJ.YKTOp
C BaJIOM ABHraTeJIH. BTopaH II.ana nycTOTeJIaH, cOe,lJ.HHeHHaH C B03,lJ.YXO-
npOBO,lJ.OM, lITO n03BOJIHeT nO,lJ.aBaTb AYTbe B pa3nHIIHOM nOnO>KeHHH
KOHBepTopa. HaKJIOH KOHBepTopa HeOOXO,lJ.HM ,lJ.JIH 3aJIHBKH qyryHa,
B3HTHH npoo, CJIHBa CTaJiH H lIIJI8K8.
107

DpOAYBKa CTaJIH npOHCXOAHT B BepTHKaJIbHOM nOJIO>KeHHH KOHBep-
TOpa, 3aJIHBKa qyrYHa - npH HaKnOHeHHOM Ha 96° OT BepTlfKaJIbHoro,
pa60qero nOnO>KeHHH, a CJIHB lllJIaKa H CTaJIH - HaKJIOHeHHOM BbIllle
118 ° OT BepTHKaJIbHoro. '
KOHBepTOp pa60TaeT npHMepHo B CJIeA}'lOeM nopHAKe: 1) HaKnOH
KOHBepTopa Ha 96° OT BepTHKaJIbHOrO nOJIO>KeHHH AnH 3aJIHBKH qyrYHa;
2) nYCK AyTbH H 3aTeM B03BpaT KOHBepTOpa B BepTHKaJIbHOe nOJIO>Ke-
HHe; 3) npoAYBKa qyrYHa; 4) HaKJIOH KOHBepTopa H npeKpaeHHe
AYTbH AJIH CJIHBa lllJIaKa H CTaJIH; 5) B03BpaT B HCXOAHoe nOnO>KeHHe.
DpOAOJI>KHTeJIbHOCTb II.HKJIa nJIaBKH nopHAKa 40-50 MUH.
TOHHa>K KOHBepTOpoB B03A}'IllHOro AYTbH JIe>KHT B npeAeJIaX OT
12 H 60 m. ,
OCHOBHbIMH Tpe60BaHHHMH K .9JIeKTpOnpHBO)l.Y KOHBepTOpa C B03-
AYlllHbIM AYTbeM HBJIHIOTCH: 1) lllHpoKHe npeAeJIbI peryJIHpOBaHHH CKO-
pOCTH; 2) nJIaBHOe H TOqHOe peryJIHpOBaHHe CKOpOCTH; 3) MHHHMaJIbHOe
BpeMH nO)l.'beMa H HaKJIOHa )l.0 Haqana CJIHBa; 4) nO)l.'beM nOCJIe 3aJIHBKH
qyryHa TOJIbKO npH HaJIHqHH )l.YTbH; 5) nOBbIllleHHble Tpe60BaHHH
Ha.n.e>KHOCTH. '
LUHpOKHH AHana30H peryJIHpOBaHHH CKOpOCTH )l.HKTyeTcH He06xo-
AHMOCTblO HMeTb MaJIbIe CKOpOCTH npH CJIHBe CTaJIH H OTHOCHTeJIbHO
60JIblllYIO npH B03BpaTe H npH HaKnOHe AO CJIHBa. BbInOJIHeHHe qeTBep-
Toro Tpe60BaHHH npeAoxpaHHeT KOHBepTop OT B03MO>KHOCTH 3aJIHBKH
coneJI B03)l.YlllHoro )l.YTbH MeTaJIJIOM. B ropH30HTaJIbHOM nOnO>KeHHH
MeTaJIJI HaxOAHTCH HH>Ke coneJI H He nOna)l.eT TY)l.a. B BepTHKanbHOM
nOnO>KeHHH KOHBepTopa ConJIa HaXOAHTCH nOA MeTaJInOM, H JIHlllb npH
HaJIHqHH B03AYlllHoro AYTbH MeTaJIJI He nonaAeT B HHX.
OCHOBHaH II.eJIb npHMeHeHHH KHCJIOpOAa B KOHBepTopHOM npOH3-
BOAcTBe CTaJIH - .9TO nOBbIllleHHe KaqecTBa MeTaJIJIa. DpH pa60Te Ha
KHCJIOpOAHOM )l.YTbe YMeHblllaeTCH COAep>KaHHe a30Ta B MeTaJIJIe, qTO
npHBO)l.HT K YBeJIHqeHHIO MeXaHHqeCKOH npOqHOCTH H AOJIrOBeqHOCTH
MeTaJIJIa. KpOMe Toro, npH KHCJIOpO)l.HOM AYTbe 3HaqHTeJIbHO YBeJIH-
qHBaeTCH KOJIHqecTBO HCnOJIb3yeMoro )l.JIH HarpeBa MeTaJIJIa H lllJIaKa,
CHH>KaeTCH paCXO)l. TOnJIHBa Ha HarpeB ra30B. D03TOMY npH pa60Te Ha-
KHCJIOPOAHOM AYTbe MO>KHO YBeJIHqHTb KOJIHqeCTBO BbInJIaBJIHeMOH CTaJIH
npH6aBJIeHHeM K >KHAKOMY qyrYHY TaKHX A06aBOK, OXJIa>K,IJ.alOHX
npOII.eCC nJIaBKH, KaK CTaJIbHOH JIOM HJIH PY)l.a.
DpH CMelllaHHOM ,llyTbe (B03A}'X, 060raeHHbIH KHCJIOpOAOM) KOH-
CTPYKII.HH KOHBepTOpa OCTaeTCH TaKOH >Ke, KaK H npH B03AYlllHOM, Tal<
KaK npOA}'BKa npOH3BOAHTCH qepe3 q>YPMbI )l.HHa.
DpH KHCJIOpO)l.HOM AYTbe npOAYBKa qepe3 AHHIII.e BbI3bIBaeT HH3KyIO
CTOHKOCTb AHH H q>YPM. D03TOMY npOA}'BKa MeTaJIJIa KHCJIOpOAOM
B KOHBepTopax ocyeCTBJIHeTCH JIHlllb npH nO)l.aqe KHCJIOpO)l.a cBepxy,
qepe3 ropJIOBHHY 1<0HBepTOpa.
Ha pij)l.e HalllHX 3aBO)l.OB pa60TalOT KOHBepropbI c. KHCJIOpOAHbIM
)l.YTbeM eMKOCTblO 90-100 m H cnpoeKTHpoBaH KOHBepTop Ha 250 m.
B KOHBepTope eMKOCTblO 250 m 3aJIHBKa qyrYHa npOH3BO)l.HTCH co
CTOpOHbI pa3JIHBotJ:Horo npoJIeTa. CKpan 3arpY>KaeTCH C npOTHBOnOJIO>K-
108

HOll CTOpOHbI C nOMOI1l.bIO 3aBaJImlHOll MaIIIHHbI. fJIy6HHa >KH,lJ.KOro IIY-
rYHa B KOHBepTope 1500 MM. BbICOTa BHYTpeHHell OOJIOCTH KOHBep-
Topa 8,5 M.
00 YCJIOBHHM TeXHonOfHH KOHBepTOp HaKJIOHHeTCH Ha 60 0 B O,lJ.HY
CTOPOHY npH 3aBaJIKe cKpana H ,lJ.0 130 0 B npoTHBOnOJIO>KHYIO npH
cnHBe CTaJIH. HaKJIOH KOHBepTOpa ,lJ.JIH 3aJIHBKH IIyrYHa, 3aBaJIKH
cKpana npOH3BO,lJ.HTCH co CKOpOCTbIO 1 06/MUH, a Me,lJ.neHHbIll HaKnOH
npH CJIHBe CTaJIH - co CKOpOCTbIO 0,1 06/MUH. YCTaHoBKa ,lJ.JIH nO,lJ.alIH
KHCJIOpO,lJ.a pacnt>JIaraeTCH Ha,lJ. KOHBepTOpoM, H COCTOHT OHa H3 ,lJ.BYX
OXJIa>K,lJ.aeMbIX q>YPM. Ka>K)J.aH q>YPMa HMeeT CBOll npHBoA, C nOMOI1l.bIO
KOToporo OHa OOYCKaeTCH BHH3 npH BepTHKanbHOM nOJIO>KeHHH KOH-
BepTopa H nO,lJ.HHMaeTCH BBepx nepe,lJ. HaKJIOHOM.
K 3JIeKTpOnpHBO.n.y nOBopOTa KOHBepTOpa KHCJlOpO,lJ.HOro .n.yTbH
npe,lJ.1>HBJIHIOTCH B OCHOBHOM Te >Ke Tpe60BaHHH, lITO H K 3JIeKTpOnpH-
BOAY KOHBepTOpa C B03,lJ.YIIIHbIM ,lJ.YTbeM, ,lJ.06aBHB K 3TOMY, lITO HaKJIOH
KOHBepTOpa ,lJ.OJI>KeH npOH3BO,lJ.HTbCH TOJIbKO npH nO,lJ.HHTbIX q>YPMax
KHCJIOpO,lJ.HOro ,lJ.YTbH.
l-:lcXO,lJ.H H3 YKa3aHHbIX Tpe60BaHHll ,lJ.JIH npHBO,lJ.a nOBopOTa KOH-
BepTOpa eMKOCTbIO 250 rn npHMeHHIOTcH IIeTblpe ,lJ.BHraTeJIH nOCTOHHHoro
TOKa THna LU1-102, 200 K8rn, 2208, 405 06/MUH, H3 KOTOpbIX O,lJ.HoBpe-
MeHHO pa60TaIOT ,lJ.Ba ,lJ.BHraTeJIH. LLBa OCTaJIbHbIX HaXO,lJ.HTCH B pe3epBe.
K Ka>K)J.Oll II.anq>e KOHBepTopa npHCOe,lJ.HHHeTcH no O,lJ.HOMY ,lJ.BHraTe.JIIO.
LLBHraTe.JIH, COe,lJ.HHeHHble nOCJIe,lJ.OBaTeJIbHO, nOJIYlIaIOT nHTaHHe no CH-
CTeMe f - LL OT reHepaTopa THoa f1151-8K, 600 K8rn, 4608, 100006/MuH.
B KalIeCTBe B036Y,lJ.HTeJIH npHHHT 3JIeKTpOMaIIIHHHbIll YCHJIHTeJIb
3MY-100, 5 K8rn, 230 6, 1450 06/MUH.
Ha pHC. 5-7 H306pa>KeHa ynpOI1l.eHHaH cxeMa ynpaBJIeHHH MexaHH3-
MOM nOBopOTa KOHBepTOpa eMKOCTbIO 250 rn. B 3TOll cxeMe 3JIeKTpOMa-
IIIHHHbIll YCHJIHTeJIb aMY-! HMeeT: TOKOBYIO 06MOTKY TO; 06MOTKY
06paTHOll CBH3H no CKOpOCTH - 3a,lJ.aIOI1I.YIO 06MOTKY YO; q>OpMHPYIO-
I1I.YIO 06MOTKY CPO H 06MOTKY m6Koll 06paTHOll CBH3H roc.
TOKOBaH 06paTHaH CBH3b npHMeHHeTCH C OTCeIIKOll; ee Ha3HalIe-
HHe - OrpaHHqeHlle TOKa ,lJ.BHraTe.JIH npH nepeXO,lJ.HbIX npOII.eccax.
C nOMOI1l.bIO 06paTlIOll CBH3H no CKOpOCTH nonYlIaeTCH BbICOKaH
CTeneHb >KeCTKOCTH MexaHHlIeCKOll xapaKTepHCTHKH ABHraTe.JIH, lITO
Heo6XO,lJ.HMO B CBH3H C Tpe60BaHHeM HMeTb BbICOKYIO TOIIHOCTb ynpa-
BJIeHHH. B II.enHX y6blcTpeHllH npOTeKaHHH nepeXO,lJ.HbIX npOII.eccoB,
B IIaCTHOCTH npOII.eCca nYCKa ABHraTeJIH, Heo6XO,lJ.HMO q>OpCHpOBaTb
npoII.ecc B036Y>K,lJ.eHHH reHepaTopa. Ee3 q>OpCHpOBKH 3Toro npOII.eCca
BpeMH nYCKa ,lJ.BHraTe.JIH 6YAeT Qpe3MepHO 60JIbIIIHM. CPOpCHpOBaHHe
npOII.eCca B036Y>K,lJ.eHHH reHepaTOpa OCYI1I.eCTBJIHeTCH nYTeM OO,lJ.aIIH Ha
BXO,lJ. CHCTeMbI (B neob B036Y>K,lJ.eHHH YCHJIHTe.JIH) nOBblIIIeHHOll HaMar-
HHIIHBaIOI1I.ell CHJIbI (He) B HeCKOJIbKO pa3 60JIbIIIell HOMHHaJIbHOll HC.
B KOHII.e npoII.ecca B036Y>K,lJ.eHHH reHepaTopa 3Ta nOBblIIIeHHaH HC
,lJ.OJI>KHa 6bITb CHH>KeHa ,lJ.0 HOMHHanbHoll BenHQHHbI, lITO H OCYI1I.ecT-
BJIHeTCH B paCCMaTpHBaeMOM CJIyqae C nOMOI1l.bIO OTpHII.aTJIbHOll 06-
paTHoll CBH3H no CKOpOCTH.
109

rHOKaSI OOpaTHaH CBSI3b nOJIyqaeTCSI nO)1.KnlOqeHHeM OOMOTKH roc
B MOCTHK, O)1.HHM nJIeQOM KOTOporo CJIy1KHT OOMOTKa B030Y1K)1.eHHSI fe-
/I
+
a
+
+ TaxaeCHepamop
Tr {JIJueamMCIt
I t
I ,1Y2Y3YliY5Y
I H+ 
r 1
",  y:
t:
i;-
PIIC. 5-7. YnpoIlleHHaR cxeMa ynpaBJleHHR MexaHII3MOM nOBopoTa KOH-
BepTopa 250
HepaTopa. ECJIH npH 3TOM nO)1.00paTb COnpOTHBJleHHSI nJIeQ MOCTHKa
COrJIaCHO COOTHOIIIeHHIO
r Be = ra
rl rt'
(5-1)
TO B yCTaHoBHBIIIeMCH pe:a<HMe HanpH1KeHHe Ha OOMOTKe roc OYAeT
paBHO HYJIIO.
. 'B nepeXO)1.HbIx npOI1.eccax OJIarO)1.apH HaJIHQHIO 3. )1.. C. HHAYKTHB-
HOCTH OOMOTKH B030Y>K)1.eHHSI reHepaTOpa Ha OOMOTKY roc nO)1.aeTCH
110

HanpmKeHHe, npOnOpu.HOHaJIbHOe :nOM 3. l1.. C., T. e.
U - L dlBr
cac = de
(5-2)
HJIH, eCJIH iDe = en
U - T dee
cac= r lit'
(5-3)
rl1.e Te - nOCTOHHHaH BpeMeHH 06MOTKH B036Y>KAeHHH reHepaTOpa.
TIpH pa3roHe npHBOl1.HOrO l1.BHraTeJIH B HanpaBJIeHHH «Bnepel1.»
3aMbIKalOTCH KOH'I1tKTbI B, H B u.enb 06MOTOK YO H CPO nOl1.aeTCH HanpH-
>KeHHe U 3a J1,' TIo 06MOTKe YO nOTelIeT TOK, H Me>KAY TOIIKaMH a H 6
'(pHC. 5-7) 06pa3yeTcH naeHHe HanpH>KeHHH U a6 . ECJIH U a6 6Yl1.eT
60nblIIe U cp , TO TOK nOTelIeT H lIepe3 06MOTKY CPO.
HaMafHHIIHBalOaH CHJIa OOMOTKH YO
IyW y = 6 W}"
y
(5-4)
a 06MOTKH CPO
3l1.eCb
f W - U a6 - Ue I>.. W
cjJ cjJ- R,/) cjJ'
U cp - HanpH>KeHHe cpaBHeHHH, CHHMaeMoe C Ol1.HOM no-
JIOBHHbI nOTeHu.HoHoMeTpa nCl;
fy, Ry - TOK H conpOTHBJIeHHe u.enH 06MOTKH YO Me>K.llY
TOIIKaMH a H 6;
w y - IIHcno BHTKOB 06MOTKH YO;
f ",; R",; WcjJ - TO >Ke AJIH 06MOTKH CPO.
Pe3YJIbTHpYIOaH HC
F - f f F - U a 6 U a6 - U c p F
pC3 - yW y - <t>W'" - eoe - Ry W y - R,/) - WcjJ - eoc, (5-6)
OTKYAa
F pe3 = U a6 (- : ) + U cp : - Feoc, (5-7)
rl1.e Feoe - HC 06MOTKH m6KoM 06paTHOM CBH3H, KOTopaH B nepexoll.-
HOM npou.ecce BeJIHIIHHa npHMepHo nOCTOHHHaH_
113 ypaBHeHHH (5-7) CJIel1.)'eT, !ITO pe3YJIbTHpYIOaH HC BO BpeMH
npou.ecca B036Y>KAeHHH reHepaTOpa 3aBHCHT OT H3MeHHIOeMcH BeJIH-
IIHHbI HanpH>KeHHH U a6 , OT 3al1.aHHOrO 3HalIeHHH HanpH>KeHHH cpaB-
HeHHH U cp H OT HC 06MOTKH m6KOH 06paTHOM CBH3H Feoc. B l1.aHHOM
CJIylIae l1.eHCTBHe TOK()BOH 06MOTKH He YIIHTbIBaeTCH, TaK KaK npeAno-
JIaraeTCS:, lITO TOK l1.BHraTeJJH MeHblIIe YCTaBolIHoro ,3HalIeHHH.
B npou.ecce nycKa HanpH>KeHHe U a6 YMeHblIIaeTcH, TaK KaK BCTpelIHo
l1.eiicTBYIOee 3a.n:alOeMY CHrHaJIY HanpH>KeHHe TaxoreHepaTopa YBe-
JIHIIHBaeTCH.
ECJIH OTHOlIIeHHe; >);:' TO npH nYCKe, KaK 3TO BHl1.HO H3 (5-7),
pe3YJIbTHpYIOaH HC F pe3 6Yl1.eT YMeHblIIaTbcH; eCJIH >Ke
(5-5)
u.'y_ WcjI
R;- Rc/) '
(5-8)
111

TO F pea OYJ{eT 11MeTb nOCrmlHHOe 3HaqeHlIe:
F - U w<I> - F (5 - 9)
pe3 - cp R; coo
H eCJIH 7! < <I> , ro F pC3 oYJ{eT YBeJI11q11BaTbcH.
TaK11 00P30M, BbIOOpOM COnpOTlIBJIeHHn Ry H R q ) MORmo nOJIY-
qHTb pa3Hbln xapaKTep 113MeHeHIIH 3a BpeMH npou.ecca B030Y:>KJ{eH11H
reHeparopa.
KorJ{a U a6 CH1131I'CH J{O 3HaqeHlIH V cp' TOK B u.enH CPOpM11PYIOIII.en
OOMOTKH CTaHeT paBHbIM HYJIIO. C 3roro MOMeHTa BpeMeHH F pC3 oYJ{eT
HenocpeJ{cTBeHHo 3aB11CeTb OT HanpH:>KeH11H U a6 , B pe3YJIbraTe qero
oHa CTaHeT pe3Ko' YMeHblllaTbCH J{O HOMHHaJIbHOH BeJIHqIIHbI.
B npou.ecce TOpM02KeHlIH peBepC11BHble KOHTaKTbI B 11 H pa3MbI-
KaIOTCH. TIpH 3TOM HanpH:>KeH11e U 3a JJ. paBHO HYJIIO, II B eml OOMOTOK
J{eHcTByeT nonHoe HanpH:>KeH11e TaxoreHeparopa. K 06MOTKaM nplIIma-
.zu,lBaeTCH HanpH:>KeHHe OTpHu.aTeJIbHOH nOJIHpHOCTH. 11 B J{aHHOM
CJIyqae B HaqaJIe npou.ecca co6JIlOJ{aeTCH HepaBeHCTBO U a6 > U cp , rJ{e
Uro - naJ{eH11e HanpH:>KeHHH Ha BepxHei'I nOJIOBIIHe nOTeHu.HOMeTpa.
TIC I. HaMafH11q11BalOIII.11e CHnbI 06MOTOK JlO 11 CPO TaK:>Ke HanpaBneHbI
BCTpeqHO J{Pyr J{Pyry. ECJIH np11 3TOM napaMeTpbI u.eneH 3THX 06MOTOK
BbIopaHbI COrJIaCHO YCJIOBHIO (5-8), TO F Pe3 YCIInIITeJIH 3a BpeMH npo-
u.ecca TOpMO:>KeHHH OYJ{eT BeJI11qIIHOH nOCTOHHHOH.
C pa3BIIT11eM npOu.ecca U a6 YMeHblllaeTCH. KorJ{a U a6 = Ucp,OO-
MOTKa CPO npeKpaTlIT CBOe B03J{eikTBHe 11 HC YCIIJIlITe.JIH HaqHeT pe3KO
CHH:>KaTbCH. K KOHU.Y npou.ecca, npII Cpa6aTbIBaHlIH peJIe JP3, BKJIIO-
qaeTCH KOHTYP CaMOrallleHlIH, H 3. J{. C. reHeparopa CH11:>KaeTCH nOqTII
J{O HYJIH.
 6-4. 3neKTponpHBOA AyroBblx neqeH
BbICOKOKaqeCTBeHHaH CTanb C H113K11M cOJ{ep:>KaHHeM cepbI, q,ocq,opa,
KHCJIOpOJ{a II J{PYflIX np11MeceH, 06JIa,n:alOIII.aH BbICOK11MII MeXaH11qe-
CKIIMII H XIIMIIqeCKIIMH CBoi'IcTBaMH, BbInJIaBJIHeTCH B HaCTOHIII.ee BpeMH
B 3JIeKTpHqeCKHX neqax. B 3JIeKTpOneqa?, JIerKO OCYIII.eCTBHTb ObICTpbIH
nOJ{'beM, TOqHOe perYJI11pOBaH11e TeMnepaTypbI MeTanJIa H BbInOnHHTb
TexHOnOmqeCKIIe YCJIOBHH BbInJIaBKII CTaJIII 3aJ{8HHbIX CBOHCTB.
no cnoc06y npeoopa30BaHHH 3JIeKTpIIqeCKoi'I 3HepflIH B TenJIOBYIO
3JIeKTp11qeCK11e neqH pa3J{eJIHIOTCH Ha neqH COnpOTlIBJIeHlIH, .IIHJ{yK-
U.IIOHHble 11 J{yroBble neqH.
B neqax conpOTIIBJIeHIIH TenJIO BbIJ{eJIHeTCH B HarpeBaTeJIbHbIX
3JIeMeHTax 11 nepeJ{aeTCH HarpeBaeMOMY TeJIY nyqeIIcnYCKaHHeM 11 KOH-
BeKu.Hen; 11JIH :>Ke npHMbIM HarpeBOM, npOIICXOJ{HIII.11M npH npOXO:>KJ{eHIIH
TOKa qepe3 HarpeBaeMoe TeJIO. B IIH.lI:YKU.HOHHhIX neqax MeTaJIJI Harpe-
BaeTCH TOKa\\UI 3neKTpOMafH11THOH IIHJ{YKU.1111. TIp11 3TOM nepeMeHHbIH
TOK nepBIIqHOH KaTYlllKH (HHJ{YKTopa) C03J{aeT BOKpyr KaTY!llKH nepe-
MeHHoe 3JIeKTpOMafHHTHoe nOJIe, KOTopoe B CBOIO OqepeJ{b BbI3bIBaeT
] 12

BO BTOpmlHOH enH (B MaCCe MeTaJIJIa) BTOpHqHble TOKH, HarpeBaIOIU.He
MeTaJIJI.
B .u.yroBblx neqaX 3JIeKTpO:mepnUI npeBpaIU.aeTCfl B TenJIOBYIO B pe-
3YJIbTaTe rOpeHlUI .u.ym. flpH 3TOM TenJIO HarpeBaeMOMY MeTaJIJIY nepe-
.u.aeTCH H3JIyqeHHeM. HaHOOJIbillee paCnpOCTpaHeHHe B npOMbIIIIJIeHHOCTH
.u.JIH BbJnJIaBKH CTaJIH nonyqHJIH .u.yroBble neqH.
flpoIJ,ecc BblllJIaBKH CTaJIlI B 3JIeKTpHqeCKHX neqaX npH TBep.u.oH
3aBaJIKe JIMeeT TPH nepHo.u.a: 1) paCnJIaBJIeHHfl TBep.u.oH IIIHXTbI; 2) OKHC-
JIeHHH; 3) BOCCTOBneHHH.
B nepBOM nepHo.u.e TpeoyeTcH OOJIbiliafl MOIU.HOCTb, BO BTOPOM-
nOTpeoHaH MOIU.HOCTb HeCKOJIbKO YMeHbiliaeTCH H B TpeTbeM - .u.omKHa
ObITb no.u.aHa nOHlUKeHHafl MOIU.HOCTb. B TeqeHHe Ka:>K.u.oro nepHo.u.a
nJIaBKH nOTpeOJIHeMafl MOIU.HOCTb .u.0JI:>KHa no.u..u.ep:>KHBaTbCH HeH3MeH-
HOH. MOIU.HOCTb .u.ym 3aBHCHT OT ,lI.JIHHbI .u.ym. flepeMeIU.eHHeM 3JIeKTpO-
.u.OB MO>KHO H3MeHHTb .u.JIHHY .u.ym, a CJIe.u.OBaTe.JIbHO, perYJIlIpOBaTb ee
MOIU.HOCTb. flpH ynpaBJIeHHH 3JIeKTpo.u.aMH BpyqHYIO Tpy.u.HO .u.OOHTbCfl
nonyqeHHH OnTHMaJIbHOrO pe:>KHMa paooTbI 3JIeKTpOneqH, qTO npHBo.u.HT
K nOBblIIIeHHOMY pacxo.u.y 3JIeKTp03HepmH H K YBe.JIHqeHHIO npo.u.on-
>KHTenbHOCTH nJIaBKH. flo 3TOH npHqHHe 3JIeKTpOneqH CHa:>KaIOTCfl
aBTOMaTHqeCKHMH perY.JIflTOpaMH, OCHOBHoe Ha3HaqeHlIe KOTOpbIX CBO-
.u.HTCH K TOqHOMY no.u..u.ep:>KaHHIO OnTHMaJIbHOrO pe:>KHMa paoOTbI neqH.
B COOTBeTCTBHH C YCJIOBHflMH npoIJ,ecca BblllJIaBKH CTaJIH B 3JIeKTpO-
neqax K perYJIHTOpaM npe.u.'bflBJIHIOTCfl CJIe.u.YIOIU.He TpeooBaHlUI:
1. flo.u..u.ep:>KaHHe TOKa .u.ym C TOqHOCTbIO He HH:>Ke 4-5 %.
2. YBenHqeHHe CKOpOCTH nepeMeIU.eHlUI 3JIeKTpo.u.oB C YBenHqeHHeM
OTKJIOHeHHH TOKa OT 3a,n:aHHoH BenHqHHbI.
3. MHHHManbHoe BpeMH perYJIHpOBaHHH.
4. ABTOMaTHqeCKOe 3a:>KHraHHe .u.ym npH BKJIIOqeHHH neqH.
5. flnaBHoe H3MeHeHlIe YCTaBKH perYJIHTOpa B npe.u.enax OT 30
.u.o 125 % 3a.u.aHHoro TOKa.
6. BbICOKaH CTeneHb Ha.u.e:>KHOCTH H npocToTa B 3KCnJIyaTaIJ,HH.
Ha pHC. 5-8 npe.u.cTaBneHa cxeMa perYJIflTopa .u.yroBoH neqH .u.JIH
O.u.HO H <p a3bI . AHaJIOmqHble perYJIHTOpbI npHMeHHIOTCfl H .u.JIH .u.BYX
.u.pymx <pa3. HanpH:>KeHHe TpaHc<popMaTOpa TT qepe3 aBToTpaHc<pop-
MaTOp AT no.u.aeTCH Ha BblllpflMHTe.JIbHbIH MOCTHK BT. Ha conpOTHBJIe-
HHH CP5, no.u.KJIIOqeHHOM K BbIXO.u.y MOCTHKa BT BMeCTe C nepBHqHOH
OOMOTKOH ICTl CTaOHJIlI3HpYIOIU.erO TpaHc<popMaTOpa, B03HHKaeT na-
.u.eHHe HanpmKeHlUI, npOnOpIJ,HOHaJIbHOe TOKY .u.ym. Ha conpOTHBJIeHlIH
>Ke CP6 B03HHKaeT na,n:eHHe HanpH:>KeHHH, npOnOpIJ,HOHaJIbHOe HanpH-
>KeHHIO .u.ym. Pa3HocTb 3THX na.u.eHHH Hanpfl:>KeHHH no.u.aeTCH Ha 00-
MOTKY ynpaBJIeHHH OY 3JIeKTpOMaIIIHHHoro YCHJIHTe.JIH aMY, nHTaIO-
IU.ero .u.BHraTe.JIb P. nepeMeIU.eHHH 3JIeKTpo.u.oB. BTOpaH oOMoTKa YCH-
JIHTe.JIfl OOC Hcnonb3yeTcfl .u.JIH nonyqeHHH 2KeCTKOH OTpHIJ,aTe.JIbHOH
06paTHOH CBH3H no HanpH:>KeHHIO,. KOTopafl HMeeT IJ,e.JIb CHH3HTb BnHH-
HHe OCTaTOqHOH 3. .u.. c. aMY, T. e. YMeHbIIIHTb 30HY HeqYBcTBH'Ie.JIb-
HOCTH peryJIHTopa. K03<P<lmIJ,HeHT OOpaTHOH CBfl3H npH no.u.DeMe H
cnYCKe oepeTcH pa3HbIM, qTO .u.OCTHraeTCfl npHMeHeHHeM BeHTHJIfl BC,
113

lliYHTHPylOero qaCTb COnpOTHBJIeHHSI nOTeHllHOMeTpa npH OnYCKaHHH
meKTpO,ll.a. 06blqHO B THnOBbIX perYJISITOpaX llenb 06paTHOii CBSI3H
paCC1UITbIBalOT TaK, IIToObI HC OOMOTKH oopaTHoii CBSI3H npH nO,ll.neMe
:OCTaBJISIJIa 30%, a npH onycKamUI - 50% OT HC ynpaBJISIIOeii
OOMOTKH.
B cxeMe npHMeHSIeTcSI CTaOHJIH3HPYIOHii TpaHccpopMaTOp THna
rC-72-60, npe,ll.Ha3HaIJaeMblii ,lI.JISI nOJIYlJeHlISI Y,lI.OBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHoro

flYJ
r
nYI
OY 1.

Cpg
DBA
CPIO
tf.uaefJaMMa paoombl
flY
 e::'"
! 
1 X
2 x
3 X
Ii X
5X
ex
ll,uaepaMMa {JIlOombl
nY-1
J%
. "'
1 X
2 X
3x
PHC. 5-8. CxeMa perYJlSITopa ,AyroBoH ne'l" (J\JlH O,AHOH cjJa3bI)
xapaKTepa npolleccoB perYJIHpOBaHHSI (oe3 KoneoamIii). TpaHccpopMa-
TOp HMeeT ,lI.Be O,ll.HHaKOBble nepBHqHble OOMOTKH ICT! H ICTU, no KOTO-
pbIM npoTeKalO TOKH, nponOpllHOHaJIbHble COOTBeTCTBeHHO TORy H Ha-
npSI1KeHHIO ,lI.yrH, H ,lI.Be BTopHqHble OOMO:rKH 2CT I H 2CTU, BKJIlOIJeHHble
B llenb ynpaBJISIIOeii 06MOTKH OY. B HOMHHaJIbHOM pe:>KHMe nepBHIJ-
Hble OOMOTKH C03,l1.alOT O,ll.HHaKOBble no BenHIJHHe H BCTpeqHO Hanpa-
BneHHble ,lI.pyr ,lI.pyry HC. B 3TOM CJIyqae 3. ,lI.. C. BTOPHqHbIX OOMOTOK
paBHa HYJIIO. DpH H3MeHeHIUI TOKa H HanpSI1KeHHH ,lI.ym BO BTOPHqHbIX
06MOTKax B03HHKalOT 3. ,lI.. C., ,lI.eiiCTBHe KOTOpbIX HanpaBJIetIo B CTO-
pOHbI CHH:>KeHlISI KoneoaHHii, T. e. B CTOPOHY ynyqWeHHSI xapaKTepa
npOllecca perYJIHpOBaHHSI.
114

.L1.JIH OrpaHHqeJBUI HanpH>KeHHH Ha BllraTe.JIe nepeMeIIJ,eHHH 3JIeKT-
po.rr.a npH 3HaQHTe.JIbHbIX OTKJIOHeJBIHX pe>KHMa pa60TbI OT HOMHHaJIb-
HOrO (KOpOTKOe 3aMbIKaHHe, OOpbIB .rr.ym) CJIY>KaT BeHTHJIH BCH H
BCT.
CXeMa paOOTaeT CJIe.rr.YIOIIJ,HM 06pa30M. DpH HOMHHanbHOM pe>KHMe
TOK 06MOTKH ynpaBJIeHlUI YO paBeH HYJIIO, npH 3TOM .rr.BHraTe.JIb 3JIeKT-
po.rr.a HenO.rr.BlI>KeH. C OTKJIOHeHHeM pe>KHMa .rr.ym OT 3a.rr.aHHOrO (H3Me-
HeHHe TOKa, HanpmKeHHH .rr.ym) Ha OOMOTKe YO nOHBnHeTCH HanpH>Ke-
HHe, YCHJIHTeJIb amy B030Y>K,lI,aeTCH H Ha HKOpb .rr.BHraTeJIH no.rr.aeTCH
HanpH>KeHHe. .L1.BHraTeJIb, nOBOpaQHBaHCb, nepeMeIIJ,aeT 3JIeKTpo.rr. B CTO-
POHY YMeHbllIeHHH OTKJIOHeHHH.
B HaCTOHIIJ,ee BpeMH Haxo.rr.HT npHMeHeHHe perYJIHTOpbI, Y KOTOpbIX
3JIeKTpOManIHHHbIM YCHnHTe.JIb 3aMeHeH CHnOBbIM MarHHTHbIM YCHJIHTe-
JIeM. HapH.rr.y C 3THM HMelOTCH H cxeMbI C .rr.BYMH KacKa,u.aMH YCJIJIeHHH.
HanpHMep, nOJIynpOBo.rr.HHKOBbIH HJIH MafHHTHbIM YCHJIHTenb H CHJIO-
BOM MafHHTHbIM YCHnHTe.JIb. B YKa3aHHbIX CJIYQaHX npHHIJ,Hn perYJIH-
pOBamUi coxpaHHeTCH npe>KHHM.

r naB a VI
ABTOMA TM3ALU1R
CTAnEnnABMnbHOrO npOM3BOnCTBA
CBblille 90% BceH CTaJIH, npOH3BOJI.HMOH B CCCP, BbInJIaBJISIeTCSI
B MapTeHoBcKHX neqax. B CBSI3H C 3THM npH06peTalOT 6oJIbiliOe 3Haqe-
HHe BonpocM YBenHqeHHSI npOH3BOJI.HTeJIbHOCTH H CHHJKeHHSI pacxoJI.a
TOrrJIHBa H Aj'TbSI B 3THX neqax. ;
CneJI.yeT OTMeTHTb, qTO MapTeHoBcKaSI neqb, KaK 06'beKT aBTOMaTlI-
qeCKoro perYJIlIpOBaHHSI, HCCJIeJI.OBaHa eIIJ;e HeJI.OCTaTOqHO. OTCYTCTBYIOT
aHaJIHTHqeCKHe 3aBHCHMOCTH, OnpeJI.eJISIIOIIJ;He XOJI. npoIl,ecca nJIaBKH
CTaJIH; HeH3BeCTHbI rrOKa JIOfHqeCKHe CBSI3H MeJKAY OTJI.enbHbIMH napa-
MeTpaMH rrpoIl,ecca. Bce 3TO BbI3bIBaeT 60nbiliHe TPYJI.HOCTH npH onpe-
JI.eJIeHHH Tex ynpaBnSIIOIIJ;HX B03JI.eHCTBHH, KOTopble Heo6xoJI.HMbI JJ.JISI
aBTOMaTH3aIl,HH TenJIOBOrO H TeXHOJIOnIqeCKOrO npOIl,eCCOB BMnJIaBKH
CTaJIH.
B nOCJIeJI.Hee BpeMSI npOBOJI.SITCSI HCCJIeJI.OBaHHSI no BbISIBneHHIO 3a-
KOHoMepHocTeH 4>H3lHlecKHx npOIl,eCCOB rrnaBKH, KOTopble JI.OnJKHbI 6bITb
B3HTM 3a OCHOBY npH pa3pa60TKe KOMnJIeKCHOH CHCTeMM aBTOMaTH3a-
Il,HH MapTeHoBcKoH neqH.
HapSIJI.Y C 3THM He06xoJI.HMO C03JI.aHHe H cOBepIIIeHcTBoBaHHe pa3-
JIHqHbIX npH60poB, 3aMepSIIOIIJ;Hx H KOHTpOJIHPYIOIIJ;HX OCHOBHble napa-
MeTpbI MapTeHoBcKoro npoIl,ecca: TeMnepaTYPY pa60qero npocTpaHcTBa,
nnaMeHH, npo.z:r.yKToB ropeHlISI, JKHJI.KorO MeTaJIJIa 3a BpeMSI npoIl,ecca
nJIaBKH, XHMHqeCKHH COCTaB H pacxoJI. JKHJI.KOro TOrrJIHBa, COCTaB ra30H.
Heo6xoJI.HMa pa3pa60TKa YCTPOHCTB, rrpe06pa3YIOIIJ;HX napaMeTpbI npo-
Il,eCca B CHrHanbI, YJI.06Hble JJ.JISI HCnOJIb30BaHHSI B CHCTeMe aBTOMaTHqe-
CKoro perYJIHpOBaHHSI peJKHMa neqH.
K HaCTOSIIIJ;eMY BpeMeHH pa3pa60TaHbI CHc.TeMbI aBTOMaTHqeCKoro
perYJIlIpOBaHHSI TenJIOBbIM rrpOIl,eCCOM MapTeHoBcKoH neqH. TexHonofH-
qeCKHH JKe npoIl,ecc COBepIIIeHHO He aBTOMaTH3HpOBaH H ynpaBJIeHHe HM
npOH3BOJI.HTCSI CTaJIeBapOM.
ABTOMaTH3aIl,HSI TenJIOBOrO npOIl,eCca COCTOHT H3: 1) aBTOMaTlIqe-
CKoro ynpaBneHHSI nepeKHJI.KOH KJIanaHOB (peBepcHpoBaHlIe nJIaMeHH);
2) aBTOMaTHqeCKOrO perYJIHpOBaHHSI JI.aBJIeHHSI B pa60qeM npocTpaH-
CTBe; 3) aBTOMamqeCKorO perYJIHpOBaHHH ropeHlISI.
116

YnpaBJIeHHe nepeKH,lI.KH KJIanaHOB ObIJIO paCCMOTpeHO BbIllle. ABTO--
MaTlI3aIl,HSI ,lI.aBneHHSI B paOO'IeM npOCTpaHCTBe H rOpeHHSI npOH3BO,ll.HTCSI
Cpe,ll.CTBaMH TenJIOBOH aBTOMaTHKH, H 3,l1.eCb nO,ll.pOOHO OHH He paCCMaT-
pHBaIOTCSI. OTMeTHM TonbKO, 'ITO peryJIHpOBaHHe ,lI.aBJIeHHSI, OCYlll.eCT-
BJISIeMOe nYTeM B03,l1.eHCTBHSI Ha ,lI.bIMOBOH llIHoep, ,lI.aeT Y,lI.0BneTBopH-
TenbHble pe3YJIbTaTbI. PerynJIpOBaHHe ropeHlISI nOcpe,ll.CTBOM perYJISI-
TOpOB KOJIJI'IeCTBa ,lI.OMeHHOro ra3a, KOKCOBOro ra3a JI B03,l1.yxa, CBSI-
3aHHbIX Me}K,lI.Y COOOH, OObI'IHO JIMelOT OrpaHJI'IeHHYIO Il,enb - nO,ll.,lI.ep-
}KaTb Ha 3a,ll.aHHO ypOBHe pacxo,ll. TOnJIJIBa JI COOTHOIueHHe KOnJI'IeCTBa
nO,ll.aBaeMoro TOnnJIBa H B03,l1.yxa. TaK KaK TenJIOBOH pe}KHM ne'IJI
CHJIbHO OTJIH'IeH ,lI.JISI pa3JIJI'IHWX nepHO,ll.OB nnaBKJI, TO Ka}K,lI.WH pa3
C nepeXO,ll.OM OT O,ll.HOro nepHO,ll.a nJIaBKH K ,lI.PyroMY HeOOXO,ll.HMO MeHSITb
YCTaBKJI peryJISITOpOB.
B TaOJI. 6-1 npJIBe,ll.eHbI npJIMepHble ,lI.aHHble, xapaKTepH3YIOlll.He
TennoBoH pe}KHM MapTeHOBCKOH ne'IJI no nepJIO,ll.aM nJIaBKH.
T a <5 JI " l{ a 6-1
OCHoBHbIe napaMeTpbl TenJlOBOrO pe>KHMa no nepHo.o.aM nJIaBKH
YCT3SKa 'Pacxo,l\ Taaa. M3/'l TenJlOBaH 034><lm-
peJle Bpe- Jl,HeHT
nepHO,l\ D.naSKH MeHH. KOKcosoeo I.AOMeHHOeo HacpY3Ka, H3(jblT,Ka
'l-MUH MJlH. KiJO/CI'l S03J\Yxa
3anpaBKa ne'lli . . . . . w . - 3200 6000 82 1,3
3aBaJlKa 1II1IXTbI. . . . . . . w 1-00 6500 6000 141,7 ],3
ITporpeB . . . . . . . . . . . . - 5500 6000 123,2 1,3
3aJllIBKa 'IyrYHa. . . . . . . . 0-15 3000 6000 78,1 2,0
TIJlaBJleHlIe . . . . . . . . . . . 3-30 4200 6000 100,0 1,7
J],oBO}!Ka . . . . . . . . . . . . - 3800 6000 92,9 1,6
TaK KaK B OT,lI.eJIbHble nepJIO,ll.bI nJIaBKH TpeoyeTCSI pa3HbIH pacXO,ll.,
pa3HaSI TenJIOBaSI HarpY3Ka, TO Il,eJIeCOOOpa3HO npJIMeHHTb npOrpaMMHOe
perYJIHpOBaHJIe, npJI KOTOpOM ObI OOeCne'IJIBaJIOCb aBTOMaTJI'IeCKOe JI3-
MeHeHJIe TennoBoro pe}KHMa C nepeXO,ll.OM OT O,ll.HOrO nepJIO,ll.a nJIaBKJI
K ,lI.pyrOMY, OpHeHTJIpYSICb Ha OnTHManbHWH npOIl,eCC nJIaBKH CTaJIJI
B MapTeHOBCKOH ne'IH.
 6-1. nporp8MMHoe perynHpoB8HHe TennOBoro
pemHM8 M8pTeHoBCKOH nellH
JJ.JISI aBTOMaTJI'IeCKOrO JI3MeHeHJISI TenJIOBOrO pe}KHMa MapTeHOB-
CKOH ne'IJI pa3pa6OTaHbI CHCTeMbI nporpaMMHoro perYJIJIpOBaHJISI.
CTpYKTYPHaSI cxeMa nporpaMMHoro perYJIHpOBaHJISI TennOBoro pe.
}KHMa MapTeHOBCKOH ne'IJI 3aBO,ll.a «3anOp0}KCTaJIb» npe,ll.CTaBJIeHa H8
pJIC. 6-1. CJICTeMa paoOTaeT TaK, 'ITO pacxo,ll. ,lI.OMeHHOro ra3a B pa3JIH'I-
Hble nepHO,ll.bI nJIaBKH OCTaeTCSI HeH3MeHHbIM, perYJIJIpOBaHJIe 1Ke
TenJIOBoro pe}KJIMa oCYlll.eCTBnSIeTcSI 3a C'IeT H3MeHeHlUI KOnJI'IeCTBa
KOKCOBOro rasa.
117

B OCHOBY nOCTpoeHJIH paCCMaTpHBaeMOH CHCTeMbI npOrpaMMHoro
perYJIHpOBaHJIH B3SITO CJIe)I.YIOIl{ee:
1) CHCTeMa BKJIIQI,laeTCSI B HatIaJIe BToporo nepHO)I.a nnaBKH - B Ha-
tIaJIe 3aBanKH WHXTbI, nepHo.ll sanpaBKH nporpaMMOH He ytIHTbI-
BaeTCSI;
rOJ
BOJOYX-

'---
PHC. 6-1. CTPYKTYPHaH cxeMa nporpaMMHoro perYJlHpOBaHHH Ten-
JIOBOrO pe>KHMa MapTeHoBcKoii ne'lH no CHCTeMe SaBO,Aa «3anopo>K-
CTaJIb»:
I - MapTeHOBCKaH ne'lb; 2 - pa,!\HaJl,HOHHbIA nHpoMerp; 3. 4, 5 - repM09J1e-
MeHTbl; PBI, PB2, PB3, PB4 - peJle speMeHH; Krl, Kr2 - KOHTaKTHble eaJlb-
BaHoMeTpbl; p,1 H 1I.2 - peeYJlHPYlOlJI,He opeaHbI (J\PocCeJlH); HMI, HM2 - HC-
nOJlHHTeJlhHble MexaHH3MbI; BKr - pecyJlHTOp pacxo,!\a KOKcosoro ra3a;
prB - perYJlHTOp COOTHOWeHHH TOnJlHSO-s03,!\YX; P,B - 38J1arqHK K034>qm-
Jl,HeHTa Hs(jblTKa s03J\Yxa
2) npO)I.OJDKHTeJlbHOCTb nepHO)I.a SaBaJIKH WHXTbI 3a)I.aeTCSI C no-
MOIl{bIO peJIe BpeMeHH P B1, npH '3TOM YCTaBKa peJIe 6epeTCSI paBHOH
npHMepHO 1 It;
3) BpeMSI nepHO.lla nporpeBa nporpaMMOH He YtIHTbIBaeTcSI;
4) HatIaJIO nepHO)I.a 3aJIHBKH tIyrYHa YCTaHaBJIIIBaeTCSI C nOMOIl{blO
TepM03JIeMeHTOB 4 H 5, paCnOJIO}KeHHbIX Ha)I. SaBaJIOtIHbIMH OKHaMH,
tIepes KOTopble npOH3BO.llHTCSI 3aJIHBKa }KH)I.KOro qyrYHa;
5) npO)I.OJI}KHTeJIbHOCTb nepHo.lla SaJIHBKH tIyrYHa (10-15 MUH)
aa)I.aeTCSI C nOMOIl{bIO peJIe BpeMeHH P B2;
6) npO)I.OJI}KHTeJIbHOCTb nepHO)I.a nJIaBJIeHHSI (npHMepHo 3,5 It)
sa.lJ.aeTCH C nOMOIl{bIO peJIe BpeMeHH P B3;
118

7) BpeM5I nepHO,ll.a ,lI.OBO,ll.KH nporpaMMOH He YCTaHaBnHBaeTC5I:
KOHell nepHO,ll.a ,lI.OBO,ll.KH, COOTBeTCTBYIOIl{HH- Ha1IaJIY BbmYCKa CTanH,
onpe,ll.eJI5IeTC5I C nOMOIllblO TepM03JIeMeHTa 3, pacnOJIO>KeHHOrO Ha,ll.
BbmycKHbIM >KeJIOOOM.
PeJIe PBI KOHTpOJIHpyeT pacxo,ll. KOKCOBoro ra3a B nepHO,ll. 3aBaJIKH.
B KOHlle nepHO,ll.a 3aBaJIKH peJIe PBI B03,l1.eHCTByeT Ha ,lI.aT'UIK pacxo,ll.a
KOKCOBoro ra3a Kr 1, IJeM YCTaHaBnHBaeTC5I TennoBoH pe>KHM B npHo.u.
nporpeBa.
DpH SaJIHBKe qyrYHa TepM03JIeMeHTbI 4 H 5 IJepe3 KOHTaKTHbIH raJIb-
BaHOMeTp Krl nO,ll.aIOT HMnYJIbC Ha peJIe PB2, KOTopoe MeHSIeT B COOT-
BeTCTBHH C nepHO,ll.OM 3aJIHBKH qyrYHa paCXO,ll. KOKCOBoro ra3a. B KOHlle
nepHo,ll.a SaJIHBKH qyrYHa peJIe P B2 nO,ll.aeT HaIJanbHbIH HMnyJIbC Ha
peJIe PB3. DpH BbmYCKe CTaJIH'TepMo:meMeHT 3 nO,ll.aeT HMnYJIbC
Ha ranbBaHoMeTp Kr2, KOTOpbIH MeHSIeT TenJIOBOH pe>KHM ,lI.JISI cJIe,ll.YIO-
IlleH nJIaBKH H B03BpaIllaeT cxeMY B HCXO,ll.Hoe COCTOSIHHe.
B pacMaTpHBaeMoH CHCTeMe npe,ll.ycMaTpHBaeTcSI aBTOMaTHIJeCKOe
CHH>KeHHe TenJIOBOH HarpY3KH neIJH, eCJIH neIJb neperpeTa BbIllie sa,ll.aH-
Horo npe,ll.eJIa. .IJ:nSI KOHTpOJISI TeMnepaTypbI neIJH HcnonbsyeTcSI pa-
,lI.HallHoHHbIH nHpoMeTp. C nOBbIllIeHHeM TeMnepaTypbI neIJH IJepes peJIe
.BpeMeHH P B4 nO,ll.aeTCSI HMnYJIbC Ha CHH>KeHHe pacxo,ll.a KOKCOBoro
rasa. DpH 3TOM npO,ll.On>KHTeJIbHOCTb ,lI.eHcTBHSI Y3JIa OrpaHHIJeHHSI TeM-
nepa'FypbI onpe,ll.eJISIeTCSI YCTaBKoH peJIe PB4.
 6-2. npHMeHeHHe BblllHcnHTenbHblX YCTPOHCTB
AnR 8BTOM8TH88HH M8pTeHoBCKHX nelleii
B COBpeMeHHbIX MapTeHOBCKHX neIJax nOJIb3YIOTCSI O,ll.HOB'peMeHHo
HeCKOJIbKHMH BH,lI.aMH TOnJIHBa. TaK, HanpHMep, ,lI.OMeHHbIM, KOKCOBbIM
ra30M, >KH,lI.KHM TonnHBOM - MaSYTOM. .IJ:JISI perYJIHpOBaHlISI TenJIOBOrO
pe>KHMa nelJH HeOOXO,ll.HMO MeHSITb CYMMapHoe KOJIHtlecTBo nO,ll.aBaeMOro
TOnJIHBa H KOJIHlJeCTBO KHCJIOpO,ll.a.
B ,lI.aHHOM CJIYlJae Heooxo,ll.HMO YIJHTWBaTb, IJTO HCnOJIb3yeMoe TO-
flnHBO HMeeT pa3nHIJHYIO KanopHHHoCTb. D03TOMY ,lI.JISI CYMMHpOBaHHSI
TOnJIHBa CJIe,ll.yeT npHMeHSIeMble BH,lI.bI TOnJIHBa npHBeCTH K YCJIOBHOMY,
HMelOIlleMY onpe,ll.eneHHYIO KaJIOpHHHOCTb. .IJ:OJI>KHO ObITb TaK>Ke yIJTeHO,
IJTO B03,l1.yX H KHCJIOpO,ll., nO,ll.aBaeMble B nelJb, HMelOT pa3JIHIJHOe CO,ll.ep-
>KaHHe O 2 , ABTOMaTHIJeCKOe onpe,ll.eJIeHHe paCXO,ll.OB TOnJIHBa H KHCJIO-
pO,ll.a npOH3BO,ll.HTCSI C nOMOIllblO CYMMHPYIOIllHX YCTPOHCTB.
Ha pHC. 6-2 npe,ll.cTaBneHa CTpYKTypHaSI cxeMa BbIIJHCJIHTeJIbHOro
YCTpOHCTBa ,lI.nSI onpe,ll.eJIeHHSI cYMMapHoro pacxo,ll.a TOnJIHBa H KHCJIO-
pO,ll.a. B TaKOH cxeMe HCnOJIb3YIOTC5I npHoopbI, saMepSIIOIllHe pacxo,ll.
,lI.OMeHHOro, KOKCOBoro ra30B, Ma3YTa, B03,l1.yxa H KHCJIOpo,ll.a.
CoOTBeTCTBYIOIllHe ,lI.aTIJHKH pO,r, PKr, PM, PB H PK npeoopa-
3YIOT ,nOKa3aHHSI 3THX npHoopoB B Hanp5I>KeHHSI, KOTopble nO,ll.alOTCSI
Ha nOTeHllHoMeTpbI 1, 2, 3, 4 H 5. .IJ:aTIJHKH paCXO,ll.a TOnJIHBa pO,r,
PKr, PM npeoopa3YIOT nOKa3aHHSI npHoopoB C YlJeTOM KaJIOpHHHOC:m
Ka>K,lI.oro BH,lI.a TOnJIHBa, BCJIe,lI.CTBHe lJero cYMMa HanpSI>KeHHH (VI +
119

+ V 2 + VS) npOnOpll.HOHanbHa CYMMapHOMY pacxo YCJlOBHOrO TO-
nJlHBa. .IJ.aHHKH paCXO,ll.a B03,l1.yxa H KHCJlOpO,ll.a P B H P K npeOOpa3YlOT
nOKa3aHH5I npH6opOB C yqeTOM CO,ll.epJKaHHH O 2 B B03,l1.yxe H KHCJlOpO,ll.e.
003TOMY CYMMa HanpHJKeHHH (V 4 + V,,) npOnOpll.HOHaJIbHa KOJlHqe-
CTBY KHCJlOpO,ll.a, nO,ll.aBaeMoro B neqb. Ko3<fxPHlI.HeHTbI npOnOpll.HOHaJIb-
HOCTH TOnJlHBa H KHCnOpO,ll.a BbIOHpaIOTC5I TaK, qTOObI paBeHCTBO V l +
+ V 2 + V s = V 4 + V" COOTBeTCTBOBaJlO OnTHManbHOMY COOTHorue-
HHIO TOnJlHBa H B03Xa. DpH HapyruemUI 3TOro paBeHCTB3 BCTynaeT
PHC. 6-2. CTPYKTYPHBH cxeMB BbI'IHCJllITeJlbHOrO YCTpoiicTBB AJIH
BBTOMBTH'IeCKOrO perYJllIpOBaHHH ropeHHSI B MapTeHoBcKoii ne'lH:
PlI.F, PI(F, PM, PE, PI( - pacxO.AOMepbl COOTSeTCTSeHHO AOMeHHOCO H KOK-
cosoeo eaaos, MaaYTa, S03.Ayxa H KHCJlOpO.Aa; PC - peeYJlHTOp COOTHoweHHH;
HM - HCnOJlHHTeJlbHbl1! MexaHH3M; 1I. - pecyJlHPYIOHI! opeaH (.APOCceJlbHbli!
. KJlanan)
B ,lI.eHCTBHe perYJl5ITOp paCXO,ll.a B03,l1.yxa, C nOMOUI.blO KOToporo H3Me-
HHeTCH nOJlOJKeHHe 3aCJlOHKH perYJlHpYIOIII.ero ,lI.pOCCeJIH p., qeM ooee-
neqHBaeTCH nO,ll.,lI.epJKaHHe 3a,ll.aHHoro OnTHManbHoro CooTHorueHHH TO-
nJlHBO - B03X.
.IJ.JlH nOBblrueHHH TOqHOCTH perYJlHpOBaHH5I COOTHorueHH5I TOnnHBO-
BOS,lI.yX B -CXeMe npHMeHHeTCH aBTOMaTHqeCKHH ra30aHaJlH3aTOp, C no-
MOIII.blO KOTOpOro onpe,ll.eJIHeTCH CO,ll.epJKaHHe KHCJlOpO,ll.a B OTXO,ll.HIII.HX
ra3aX. ECJIH CO,ll.epJKaHHe KHCJlOpO,ll.a He COOTBeTCTByeT 3a,n:aHHOMY, TO
ra30aHanH3aTOp nO,ll.aeT HMnynbc Ha nepeMeIII.eHHe ,lI.BHJKKa nOTeHlI.HO-
MeTpa 4 B nOJlOJKeHHe, npH KOTOpOM nOJlyqaeTCH HeboxO,ll.HMOe H3Me-
HeHHe KOnHqeCTBa B03,l1.yxa, nO,ll.aBaeMoro B neqb.
TpeoyeMbIH TenJlOBOH peJKHM, cooTBeTcTBYIOIII.HH OnTHMaJlbHbIM
yCJIOBH5IM npoll.ecca nJiaBnemI5I, MOJKeT ObITb nOJlyqeH nYTeM npHMe-
HeHHH cqeTHO-perualOIII.HX MaruHH. B 3TOM CJIyqae CHCTeMa perYJlHpo-
BaHHH TexHonOrHqeCKOrO npoll.ecca ,lI.OJI>KHa BbInOnHHTb:
a) KOHTpOJIb H perYJlHpOBaHHe TeMnepaTYPbI MeTanJia H ruJlaKa
BO BpeMeHH no 3a,ll.aHHoMY peJKHMY;
0) KOHTpOJIb XHMHqeCKoro COCTaBa MeTaJlna;
B) KOHTpOJIb O,ll.HOpO,ll.HOCTH runaKa;
r) KoppeKTHpOBaHHe TenJlOBOrO peJKHMa B COOTBeTCTBHH C «pH3H-
qeCKHMH npOll.eCCaMH nJlaBKH;
,lI.) perynHpoBaHHe CO,ll.epJKaHHH KHCJlOpO,ll.a B OKHCJlHTeJIbHbIH ne-
pHO,ll..
120

DpHMepHaH CTpYKTypHaH CXeMa KOMnJIeKCHOH aBTOMaTH3aIl,HH Map-
TeHOBCKOH nelm C npHMeHeHHeM BblqHCJIHTenbHbIX YCTPOHCTB npel\CTa-
BJIeHa Ha pHC. 6-3.
PHC. 6-3. CTPYKTYPHaSi cxeMB KOMnJleKCHOM BBTOMBTH3Bl{HH MBpTe-
HOBCKoro npOl{eCCB C npHMeHeHHeM BbI'IHCJlHTeJlbHbIX YCTpoikTB:
I - (jJlOK perYJlHpOSaHHH TeIIJIosoeo pe}KHMa neqH; 2 - (jJlOK onpep;eJleHHH on.
THMaJlbHOeO TenJlOSOeo pe}KHMa; 3 - (jJlOK H3MepeHHH TeXHOJlOeHqeCKHX napa-
MeTpOS; " - (jJlOK H3MepeHHH TenJlOSblX nOTepb; 5 - YCTpolicrso .AJlH H3MepeHHH
TeMnepaTypbl MeTaJlJla; 6 - (jJlOK peeYJlHpOSaHHH TeMnepaTYPbl MeTaJlJla; 7 -
YCTPOI!CTsO /l.JlH onpe.AeJleHHH COCTasa MeTaJlJla H WJlaKa; 8 - (jJlOK perYJlHpOSa-
HHH COCTasa MeTaJlJla H WJlaKa; 9 - ycrPOIiCTSO .AJlH paCqeTa .Ao(jaBOK neeHpylO-
HX H WJlaKOoopa3YIOHx; 10 - YCTpolicTSO .AJlH .A031!pOSKH H sse.AeHHH JleeH-
PYIOHX H WJlaKoo(jpa3YIOHx; II - (jJlOK OepaHHqeHHH TeMnepaTypbl CTeHOK
H cBop;a neqH; 12 - YCTpctlicTSO .AJ/H H3MepeHHH TeMneparypbl SHYTpeH!lel! no-
sepxHocTH KJl8,AKH H CSO.Aa neqH
TennOBOH pe:>KHM neqH B nepHO,ll. nJIaBJIeHHH 3a,ll.aeTCH COBMeCTHbIM
,lI.eHCTBHeM CB5I3aHHbIX Me:>K,lI.y COOOH OJIOKOB: OJIOKa perYJIHpOBaHHH
TenJIOBOrO pe:>KHMa neqH; onoKa onpe,ll.eJIeHHH onTHManbHoro TenJIOBOrO
pe:>KHMa; OJIOKa H3MepeHHH TeXHOJIOmqeCKHX napaMeTpOB, Ha KOTopble
B CBOIO Oqepe,ll.b ,lI.eHcTBYIOT H ,lI.Pyme OJIOKH H YCTpoiicTBa.
 6-3. npHMeHeHHe BqHCnHTenbHX YCTPOHCTB
AnA BBTOMBTHSBI.\MH AyroBblX neqeH
DpH OnTHMaJIbHOM npoIl,ecce nnaBKH CTanH B AYrOBoH neqH KOJIH-
qeCTBO :meKTpHqeCKOH 3HeprHH, BbI,lI.e.nHeMoe B Ka:>K,lI.bIH nepHO,ll. nJIaBKH,
,lI.OJI>KHO ObITb BnOJIHe onpe,ll.eJIeHHbIM H He3aBHCHMbIM OT pa3nHqHOrO
pO,ll.a BHeWHHX B03MyeHHH, OT HanpH:>KeHHH nHTaIOeH ceTH H T. ,lI..
YKa3aHHoe YCJIOBHe aHaJIHTHqeCKH MO:>KeT ObITb Bblpa:>KeHO B CJIe-
AYIOeM BH,lI.e:
t
I1w =  (p - P3alJ,) dt = 0,
o
(6-} )
r,ll.e I1w - OTKJIOHeHHe 3HepmH OT HOpMbI;
P; P3alJ, - ,lI.eHCTBHTeJIbHOe H 3a,ll.aHHoe 3HaqeHHH nOJIe3HOH MOUUIOCTH.
121

B .n.aHHOM CJIY'Ilae He06xo.n.HMO npHMeHeHHe CHCTeMbI aBTOMam'lle-
CKOrO pery.nHpOBaHHH MOHOCTH KaJK.n.OH cpa3bI cem, nHTalOeH .n.yro-
BYIO ne'llQ.
Ha pHC. 6-4 npe.n.cTaBJIeHa npHHlI.HnHaJIbHaH cxeMa 3.neKTpoMallIHH-
Horo pery.nHTopa .n.yroBoH ne'llH C BbI'IlHCJIHTeJIbHbIM YCTPOHCTBOM.
B CXeMe npHMeHeH npe06pa30BaTeJIb - 6JIOK YMHOJKeHHH n, Ha BXO.n.
KOToporo no.n.aeTCH TOl< H HanpHJKeHHe O.n.HOH cpa3bI. Ha BbIxo.n.e 6.noKa
YMHOJKeHHH nonY'IlaeTCH CHrMan, npOnOpll.HOHa.nbHbIH npOH3Be.n.eHHIO
BXO.n.HbIX BeJIH'IlHH, T. e. npOnOpll.HOHa.nbHbIH no.ne3HOH MOHOCTH. BbI-
xo.n.HaH BeJIH'IlHHa 6JIOKa YMHO:!KeHHH E cpaBHHBaeTCH C sa.n.aHHOH £3alI.'
+
D8P.
n


PHC. 6-4. TIpHHHnHaJlbHa cxeMa 3J1eKTpOMaIIIHHHoro perYJlHTO-
pa .nyroBoii ne'lH C Bbl'lHCJleHHblM YCTpoiicTBOM
Oy
u
H pa3HocTb HanpH:!KeHHH /1£ = £ - £3alI. nO.n.aeTCH Ha BXO.n. HHTerpH-
pYIOll\.erO YCTpOHCTBa, COCToHerO H3 YCH.nHTeJIH Y H cepBo.n.BHraTeJIH
Cp'. CepBO.n.BHraTeJIb CPr CBH3aH C pery.nHpYIOHM YCTPOHCTBOM aBTO-
TpaHccpopMaTopa AT. BbmpHM.neHHoe BbIxo.n.Hoe HanpH:!KeHHe aBTO-
TpaHccpopMaTopa no.n.aeTCH B lI.enb 06MOTKH ynpaBJIeHHH 3.neKTpoMa-
llIHHHoro YCH.nHTeJIH aMY. ECJIH B nepHO.n. n.naBJIeHHH MeTa.n.na no-
Tpe6JIHeMaH MOHOCTb H3MeHHTCH B cpaBHeHHH C sa.n.aHHOH, TO Ha Bxo.n.e
YCH.nHTeJIH Y nOHBHTCH pa3HOCTb /1£, B pe3y.nbTare 'Ilero cepBo.n.BHra-
TeJIb CPr Ha'ilHeT nOBOpa'llHBaTb OCb non3YHKa aBTOTpaHccpopMaTopa AT,
Ha 06MOTKe OY nOHBHTCH HanpH:!KeHHe, aMY B036y.n.HTCH H .n.BHraTeJIb
p. CTaHeT nepeMeaTb 3.neKTpO.n.. TIpH 3TOM none3HaH MOHOCTb CTaHeT
H3MeHHTbCH B CTOPOHY YMeHbllIeHHH paccor.naCOBaHHH MeJK.n.y TeKyeH
H 3a.n.aHHOH BeJIH'IlHHaMH MOHOCTH. C nOMOblO no.n.06HbIX BbI'IlHCJIH-
TeJIbHbIX YCTPOHCTB MO:!KHO nOJIY'IlHTb 3a.n.aHHble cpe.n.HeKBa.n.paTH'IlHble
3Ha'lleHHH TOKOB B .nr060M HS nepHo.n.OB n.naBKH.

Paa8en mpemuii
anEKTPonPMBO.Q
M ABTOMATM3AUMH
npOKATHOrO
npOM3BO.QCTBA

r 11 a B a VII
nnACTMilECKAR .QEClJOPMALl.MR MET AnnA.
TEOPMR npOKATKM. KOHCTPYKLl.MM CTAHOB
 7-1. OlipalioTKa MeTanna AaBneHHeM.
nnacTHecKHe CBOHCTB8 MeT8nnOB
OCpafiOTK8 M8Tanna A8Bn8""8M
TIO.D. 06p86oTKOH MeT8JIJI8 .D.8BJIeHHeM CJIe.D.yeT nOHHM8Tb H3MeHeHHe
- 4>OpMbI H p83MepoB MeTaJIJI8 B pe3YJIbT8Te B03.D.eHCTBHH H8 Hero BHeUl-
HHX CHJI. ()6p800TK8 MeT8JIJI8 .n.8BJIeHHeM npOH3BO.D.HTCH: npOK8TKOH,
BOJIOqeHHeM, npeCCOB8HHeM, KOBKOH H UlT8MnOBKOH.
113 Bcex BH.D.OB OOp800TKH MeT8JIJI8 .D.8BJIeHHeM H8HOOJIbUlee p8cnpo-
CTp8HeHHe HMeeT npOK8TK8. ()KOJIO 75 % Bcero BbInJI8BJIeHHOrO MeT8JIJI8
oop868TMBaeTCH npoK8TKOH.
TI p 0 K 8 TKO H H83bI-
B8eTCH npOll.eCC .D.e4><>PM811.HH
MeT8JIJI8 Mem.l!.Y .D.BYMH Bp8-
Il\.B.1OIl\.HMHCH B8JIK8MH. TIpH
STOM P83JIHq81OT npO.D.OJIb-
HylO, KOCYIO H nOnepeqHYIO
npOK8TKH (pHC. 7-1). TIpH
npO.D.OJIbHOH npoK8TKe Me-
TaJIJI .D.e<PoPMHpYeTCH MeLK.D.Y
.D.BYMH B8nK8MH, BpaIl\.81O-
Il\.HMHCH HaBCTpeqy .D.pyr .D.PY- PHC. 7-1. CxeMbI npoKaTKH:
ry (pHC. 7-1 ,a). TIpH KOCOH a - npO)\OJlbHaSl; 6 - KocaH; 6 - nonepeqllaH
H nOnepeqHOH npOK8TKe
(pHe. 7-1,6 H 7-1,6) BaJIKH BP8Il\.8IOTCH B O.D.HOM H8np8BJIeHHH H MeT8JIJI
npHOopeT8eT nOC1)'n8TeJIbHO-Bp8Il\.8TeJIbHOe .D.BH:!KeHHe. Koe8f1 npOK8TK8
npHMeHHeTCH .D.JIH nOJIY'lleHHH H3 enJIOUlHOrO MeT8JIJI8 nOJIOH TPY-
6bI, 8 nOnepe'llH8H - .D.JIH H3rOTOBJIeHHH TeJI BpaIl\.eHHH. H8HOOJIbUlee
p8enpOCTp8HeHHe HMeeT npO.D.OJIbH8H npOKaTK8 (OKOJIO 90% Bcero
npOK8Ta).
125

rIpH B 0 JI 0 q e H H H OOpa6aTbIBaeMbIii MeTaJIJI B XOJIO.n.HOM CO-
CTOHHHH npOTHrHBaeTCH qepe3 OTBepCTHe - BOJIOKy, KOTOpOe MeHbIlle
nOnepeqHOrO pa3Mepa MeTaJIJI? B pesYJIbTaTe CeqeHHe MeTaJIJIa Ha
BbIxo.n.e H3 BonOKH YMeHbIllaeTCH. BOnOqeHHeM npOH3Bo.n.HTCH npYTKO-
BbIH MaTepHaJI, TOHKHe TPYObI, npOBonOKa. rIpH npeCCOBaHHH Tpeoye-
MaH <lJopMa nOJIyqaeTCH nyTeM BbI.n.aBJIHBaHHH MeTaJIJIa qepe3 cne-
QHaJIbHOe OTBepCTHe.
rIpH K 0 B K e H III TaM n 0 B K e oopaOOTKa MeTaJIJIa npOH3-
BO.n.HTCH c nOMOInblO MonOTa H IllTaMna.
nnaCTHQeCKHe cBoAcTBa MeTannOB
113MeHeHHe <lJOpMbI H pa3MepOB TeJIa no.n. BJIHHHHeM BHeIllHHX B03-
.n.eHCTBHH Ha3bIBaeTCH iJerpopJrtal{ueu. Pa3JIHqalOT .n.Ba BH.n.a .n.e<PoPMaQHH:
n JI aCT H q e c K Y 10 .n.e<jJopMaQHIO, npH KOTOpOH nOCJIe CHHTHH CHJI
B03.n.eHCTBHH TeJIO npHoopeTaeT HOBbIe pa3MepbI H <lJOPMY, H Y n P Y-
r Y 10, npH KOropOH nOCJIe CHHTHH CHJI B03.n.eHCTBHH TeJIO coxpaHHeT
CBOH npeLKHHe pa3MepbI H <lJOPMY.
Ha3HaqeHHeM npOKaTKH HBJIHeTCH H3MeHeHHe pa3MepOB H <lJOpMbI
MeTaJIJIa. rI03TOMY BaLKHO, qTOObI MeTaJIJI, no.n.nemaIl{HH oopaOOTKe,
OOJIa.n.aJI cnoc06HOCTblO nJIaCTHqeCKOH .n.e<jJopMaQHH. BaLKHO, qro6bI CO-
npOTHBJIeHHe MeTaJIJIa .n.E$opMaQHH 6bIJIO HeBbICOKHM H B TO :!Ke BpeMH
MeTaJIJI OOJIa.n.aJI oonbIllOH npOqHOCTblO, He pa3pYIllaJICH 6bI npH .n.e-
<lJopMaQHH. 3TO TpeOOBaHHe HBJIHeTCH OCHOBHbIM npH paCCMOTpeHHH
nJIaC;fHqeCKHX CBOHCTB MeTaJIJIa, nO.ll.JIe:!KaInero oopa60TKe .n.aBJIeHHeM.
fInaCTHqeCKHe CBOHCTBa MeTaJIJIOB B nepBYIO Oqepe.n.b 3aBHCHT OT HX
COCTaBa, TeMneparypbI H TepMHqeCKOH oopa60TKH.
C YBeJIHqeHHeM TeMneparypbI YMeHbIllaeTCH conpOTHBJIeHHe .n.e<PoP-
MaQHH, CJIe.n.Q.BaTeJIbHO, YMeHbIllalOTCH YCHJIHH If pacxo.n. 3HeprHH npH
npOKaTKe. TaK, npH TeMneparype 1150-1200° C conpOTHBJIeHHe .n.e-
<lJopMaQHH CTaJIH npHMepHo B 10 pa3 MeHbIlle, qeM B XOJIO.ll.HOM COCTOH-
HHH. rI03TOMY OOblqHO Be.n.YT npoKaTKY npe.n.BapHTeJIbHO HarpeToro
MeTaJIJIa.
I1Hor.n.a no YCJIOBHHM TeXHOJIOrHH Heooxo.n.HMa npoKaTKa MeTaJIJIa
B XOJIO.n.HOM COCTOHHHH. 3TO OTHOCHTCH K npOKaTKe TOHKoro JIHCTa
(TOJIInHHOH MeHbIlle 1 .M.M). TaKoH TOHKHH JIHCT He MOmeTObITb nonyqeH
npH rOpHqeH npOKaTKe H3-3a oopa30BaHHH Ha nOBepXHOCTH MeTaJIJIa
OKaJIHHbI, TOJIIIJ.HHa KOTOpOH COH3MepHMa C MaJIOH TonInHHOH JIHCTa.
rIpaKTHKa nOKa3bIBaeT, qio B npoQecce npOKaTKH B XOJIO.n.HOM COCTOH-
HHH MeTaJIJI CTaHOBHTCH :!KeCTKHM Hero conpOTHBJIeHHe .n.e<jJopMaQHH
YBeJIHqHBaeTCH. O.n.HOBp'eMeHHO OH CTaHOBHTCH xpynKHM, T. e. MeTaJIJI
B npoQecce xono.n.HOH npOKaTKH TepHeT nJIaCTHqeCKHe CBOHCTBa. YBe-
JIHqeHHe COnpOTHBJIHeMOCTH MeTaJIJIa B npOQecce .n.e<PoPMaQHH Ha3bI-
BaeTCH ynpofiHe1iue.M, HJIH 1iaK/lenO.M.
H a K JI e n - COCTOHHHe HeYCTOHqHBOe, ero MO}KHO CHHTb, eCJIH
MeTaJIJI HarpeTb .n.o TaKOH TeMneparypbI, npH KOTOpOH B03HHKaeT
126

npqecc peKpHCTa.nJIlI3a1lI1, npe.n.CTaBmnOInIIH COOOH nepexo.n. OT He-
YCTOMlIlIBOro COCTOHHHH K YCTOllIIHBOMY. fIpoecc peKpHCTa.n.n1I3aHH
COBepwaeTCH He MfHOBeHHO, a co CKOpOCTblO, 3aBHCHIneH OT TeMne-
paTypbI MeTa.n.na. 4eM Bblwe TeMnepaTYpa, TeM ObICTpee npOTeKaer
npoecc peKpHCTa.n.nH3aHH.
fIpOKaTKa npH TaKHX BbICOKHX TeMnep aTYP ax , Kor.n.a npoecc
HaKJIena OTCYTCTByeT H.nH npOTeKaeT Me.n..neHHee, lIeM npoecc peKpH-
CTa.n.nH3aHH, Ha3bIBaeTCH C!opJlHeU npOlwmKOU. EC.nH }l{e npOKaTKa
MeTa.n.na npOHcxo.n.HT npH TaKOll TeMnepaType, Kor.n.a npoecc peKpH-
CTa.n.nH3allHH ycneBaeT 3aKOHIIHTbCH, TO TaKaH npOKaTKa Ha3bIBaeTCH
xOllo8HOU. fIo.nHaH peKpHCTa.n.nH3aHH CTa.nH npOHcxo.n.HT npH TeM-
nepaType 600-650° C. CIIHTaIOT, lITO npOKaTKa CTa.nH npH TeMnepa-
TYpe HH}I{e 400-450° C cooTBeTcTByeT XO.nO.n.HOM npoKaTKe, a npiI TeM-
nepaType Bblwe 600-650° C - ropHlIell npoKaTKe.
 7-2. TeopHR npOK8TKH
OCHOBHe nOHHTHH H onpeAeneHHH
MeTa.n.n, no.n..nemaInHH npOKaTKe, no.n.aeTCH K .n.BYM Ba.nKaM, BpaInalO-
InHMCH BCTpelIHO .n.pyr .n.pyry. fIpH no.n.xo.n.e K Ba.nKaM MeTa.n.n 3aXBaTbI-
BaeTCH H OO}l{HMaeTCH HMH, B pe3y.nbTaTe lIero YMeHbwaeTCH celleHHe,
r.naBHbIM o6pa30M 3a cller YBe-
.nHlleHHH .n..nHHbI Mera.n.na, TaK
KaK WHpHHa npH npOKaTKe
YBe.nHIlHBaeTCH He3HaIlHTe.nbHO.
, Ha pHC. 7-2 npe.n.cTaB.neHa
npocTpaHcTBeHHaH cxeMa npo-
KaTKH. fIpH paccMoTpeHHH npo-
ecca npoKaTKH 6y.n.eM HCXO-
.n.HTb H3 YCJIOBHH TaK Ha3bIBae-
MOll npocmou npOKaTKH, Kor.n.a PHC. 7-2. TIpoCTpaHCTBeHHaH cxeMa npo-
o6a Ba.nKa np, HBO.n.Hble HMelOT KaTKH
O.n.HHaKOBble .n.HaMeTpbI H OK-
PY}I{Hble CKOpOCTH H Ha MeTa.n.n .n.eMCTBYIOT TonbKO CH.nbI, npH.nO}l{eH-
Hble K Ba.nKaM. fIpHHHMaeM TaIOKe, IlTO MeTa.n.n no MexaHHlleCKHM CBOM-
CTBaM HB.nHeTCfl O.n.HOpO.n.HbIM.
BBe}!eM CJle,!!YIOllllIe nOHHTliH H 0003Ha'leHlIH:
BbIcOTa MeTaJlJla ,!!O H nocJle npoKaTKH. . .
ll1lIpHHa MeTaJlJla ,.,.,. »
J],JlHHa MeTaJlJla ,.,.,. ,.
Ce'leHHe CJllITKa ,.»,. ,.
A6coJlIOTHOe OO>KaTHe .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
AOCOJlIOTHaH BbITH>KKa . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Y IIIHpeHlIe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
H. h
B l ;' B 2
L 1 ; L 2
PI = HB 1 ; P 2 = hB 2
M=H-h
/).L=L 2 -L l
/)'B = B 2 - Bl
127

OTHOCHTeJlbHaH BbITH>KKa . , . . . . . . . . . .
M H-h
--v = If
I:1L L 2 -Lt
T; = Lt
OTHOCHTeJlbHOe OO>KaTHe. . . . . . . . . . . . .
O.n.HOKpaTHbIH npoxo.n. MeTaJIJIa 'Ilepes Bpam;alOUUleCH BaJIKH Ha3bI-
BaeTCH nponYCKO.M. 06bI'IlHO npOKaTKa MeTaJIJIa ocym;ecTBmieTCH B He-
CKOJIbKO nponYCKOB, TaK KaK npOKaTKa B O.n.HH nponYCK He.n.OCTaTO'llHa,
'IlTo6bI nOJIY'llHTb Tpe6yeMoe KOHe'llHOe Ce'lleHHe MeTaJIJIa.
OTHOIlIeHHe .n.JIHHbI MeTaJIJIa nOCJIe npOKaTKH K .n.JIHHe .n.o npOKaTKH
L
A = L 2 Ha3bIBaeTCH Koaq)(jJUl{ue1imo.M 6blmR()fCKU.
1
Pa3JIH'IlalOT 'IlaCTH'IlHbIH Ko3<}JcpHlI.HeHT BbITH)KKH
A' - L n +1 ( 7-1 )
n - L 1 '
H nonHbIH K03cpcpHlI.HeHT BbITH)KKH
An = L'L;I , (7 -2)
r.n.e Ln+l - .lI.JIHHa CJIHTKa nOCJIe n-ro nponycKa;
Ln - .n.JIHHa CJIHTKa .n.o n-ro nponYCKa;
Ll - nepBOHa'llanbHaH .n.JIHHa CJIHTKa.
TIonHbIH Ko3$PHlI.HeHT BbITH)KKH paBeH npOH3Be.n.eHHIO 'IlaCTH'IlHbIX
K03cpcpHlI.HeHTOB
An =A;AA; ... A. (7 -3)
C'IlHTalOT, 'IlTO olYbeM MeTaJIJIa npH npOKaTKe OCTaeTCH HeH3MeHHbIM,
T. e.
VI = V 2'
(7-4)
TaK KaK npH npHMoyrOJIbHOM Ce'lleHHH VI = FILl' a V 2 = P'2L2, TO
A = L 2 = F 1
L 1 F 2 '
ECJIH :!Ke B3HTb TOT CJIY'llaH, Kor.n.a B03MO)KHO npeHe6pe'llb yumpe-
HHeM, TO
(7-5)
 _L2_H
"'- 4 -7j'
(7-6)
.IT.yra OKPY:!KHOCTH pa6o'llero BaJIKa, no KOTOpOH OH conpHKacaeTcH
C npoKaTbIBaeMbIM MeTaJIJIOM, Ha3bIBaeTCH ayeou aaX6ama, a lI.eHTpaJIb-
HbIH yroJI ex, OnHpalOIl\.HHCH Ha 31)' .n.yry, - ye/lO.M aax6ama. TIpocTpaH-
CTBO Me)K.n.y BaJIKaMH (3aUlTpHXOBaHO Ha pHC. 7-2), orpaHH'IleHHOe .n.y-
raMH 3aXBaTa, 60KOBbIMH cTOpoHaMH MeTaJIJIa H nJIOCKOCTHMH Bxo.n.a
H BbIxo.n.a MeTaJIJIa, Ha3bIBaeTCH a01iou aecjJOp.Mal{UU.
128

YcnOBH8 aaXBaTa MBTanna BanHaMH
npoecc npOKaTKH HatJ:HHaeTCH C 3aXBaTa MeTaJIJIa BaJIKaMH. He
npH BCex YCJIOBHHX B03MmKeH sax BaT MeTaJIJIa. .IT.eno B TOM, tJ:TO B npo-
ecce 3aXBaTa, KpOMe BTHfHBaIOIneH, B03HHKaeT eII{e H OTTaJIKHBaIOlllaH
CHJIa. ECJIH OHa OOJIbllIe BTHfHBaIOIneH, TO sax BaT MeTaJIJIaBaJIKaMH
He npOHcxo.n.HT.
B MOMeHT 3aXBaTa BaJIKH .n.eHCTBYIOT Ha MeTaJIJI C CHJIOH P, no.n.
.n.eHCTBHeM KOTOpOH B03HHKaeT CHna TpeHHH T (pHC. 7-3). B 3TOM CJIY-
tJ:ae ropH30HTaJIbHaH COCTaBJIHIOInaH CHJIbI TpeHHH Tx = Tcos(t, oy.n.eT
BTHfHBaTb MeTaJIJI, a ropHSOHTaJIbHaH COCTaBnflIOInaH Px = P sin (t,-
OTTaJIKHBaTb.
.
---l
I
I
I
_____J
Q
PHC. 7-3. 'CHJlHH npH 3aXBaTe MeTaJlJla BaJlKaMH
.IT.JIH OCYIneCTBJIeHHH 3aXBaTa MeTaJIJIa Heooxo.n.HMO, tJ:To6bI BTHfH-
B8IOInaH CHJIa ObIJIa OOJIbllIe OTTaJIKHBaIOllleH, T. e. tJ:TOObI
Tcosa>Psina.
YtJ:HTbIBaH, tJ:TO T = fP, r.n.e f r- K03<}J<}JHHeHT TpeHHfI, nOJIYtJ:HM
f>tga.
(7-7)
CJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHO, 3aXBaT MeTaJIJIa BaJIKaMH npOH30H.n.eT B TOM'CJIY-
tJ:ae, eCJIH K03<}J<}JHHeHT TpeHHH oonbllIe TaHreHca yrJIa saXBaTa.
I1s reoMeTpHtJ:eCKHX COOTHOllIeHHH (pHC. 7-3) CJIe.D.yeT, tJ:TO
BC = DC - DB ; DB = AO cos a;
6 B. n. BbI'lKOB
129

OC=OA' , D 2 . , BC = H-h _ M
2 - 2 '
r.n;e D - .n;HaMeTp BaJIKOB. Crre.n;OBaTeJIbHO,
I1h = D (I - cos a).
(7-8)
Y paiHeHHe (7-8) C1HISbIBaeT MeLK.n;y cooon Be./IHtJ:HHY OO:!KaTHH, .n;Ha-
MeTp BaJIKOB H yron saXBaTa.
ITpH ropHIJ:en npoKaTKe K03<}J<}JH1I.HeHT TpeHHH MO:!KeT 6bITb onpe.n;eJIeH
no <}JopMYJIe
f = n (1,05 - O,oo05t),
(7-9)
rJ{e, t - TeMnepaTypa MeTaJIJIa, °c;
n = 1 -:- npH ropHtJ:eH npoKaTKe Ha CTaJIbHbIX BaJIKaX;
n = 0,8 - npH ropHtJ:eH npoKaTKe Ha tJ:yryHHbIX SaKaJIeHHbIX BaJI-
Kax.
ITo J{aHHbIM onbITa, npH ropHtJ:eH npoKaTKe Ko3<}J<}JHI.\.HeHT TpeHHH
KOneOJIeTCH B npe,n;eJIax f = 0,25 + 0,6. ECJIH BSHTb yroJI TpeHHH
f = 0,5, TO COOTBeTCTBYIOIl.\.HH eMY yrOJI 3aXBaTa, COrJIaCHO (7-7),
a = arctgf = arctgO,5 25°.
Bocnonb30BaBlIIHCb ypaBHeHHeM (7-8), nOJIytJ:HM J{JIH paccMaTpHBae-
Moro CJIYtJ:aH COOTHOlIIeHHe MeLK.n;y J{HaMeTpOM BaJIKOB H 06:!KaTHeM:
I1h = D(I-cos25°)O,ID.
TaKHM 06pa30M, no YCJIOBHHM saXBaTa MeTaJIJIa BaJIKaMH J{onycTH-
MaH BeJIHtJ:HHa 06:!KaTHH B CTaHax ropHtJ:eH npoKaTKH (npH rJIaJ{KHX
BaJIKax) paBHa npHMepHo 0,1 .n;HaMeTpa paootJ:Hx BaJIKOB.
YWHpeHHe
ITpH npoKaTKe MeTaJIJIa npoHcxoJ{HT YBMHtJ:eHHe lIIHpHHbI ero, T. e.
!flUupeHue, KOTopoe BJIetJ:eT 3a COOOH CHH:!KeHHe BbITH:!KKH. TaK KaK
OCHOBHaH liMb npOKaTKH - nOJIytJ:HTb HaH6onblIIYIO .n;JIHHY npOKaTaH-
Horo MeTaJIJIa, TO YlIIHpeHHe He:!KeJIaTeJIbHO. YlIIHpeHHe paCTeT C YBe-
JIHtJ:eHHeM 06:!KaTHH, J{HaMeTpa BaJIKOB H Ko3<}J<}JHIJ.HeHTa TpeHHH.
.IT.JIH onpe,n;eJIeHHH BeJIHtJ:HHbI YlIIHpeHHH npe.n;JIO:!KeHa ynpOIl.\.eHHaH
<}JopMYJIa
B 2 -B 1 = a(H -h),
(7-10)
r.n;e a - K03<}J<}JHItHeHT, ytJ:HTbIBaIOIl.\.HH BJIHHHHe TeMneparypbI Ha YlIIH-
, , peHHe. K03<}J<}JHIJ.HeHT a 6epeTCH paBHbIM 0,25 npH TeMnepary-
pax, oonblIIHx 1000 0 C, H 0,35 - npH TeMnepaTypax, MeHb-
illHX 1000 0 C.
130

Onepe)l(eHHe
npaKTHKa 1l0Ka3bIBaeT, 'IlTO OObI'IlHO MeTaJIJI npH npOKaTKe BbIXO.n.HT
HS BaJIKOB co CKOpOCTbIO Vh, OOJIbllIeH OKPY>KHOH CKOpOCTH pa60tlHX
BaJIKOB V. TaKoe HBJIeHHe Ha3bIBaeTCH
onepeOlCef{.UeM.
BeJIH'IlHHa onepe>KeHHH xapaKTe-
PH3YeTCH COOTHOllIeHHeM
s = Vh - V
V '
(7-11)
r.n.e Vh -CKOpOCTb BbIxo.n.a MeTaJIJIa
H3 BaJIKOB;
V-GKpY>KHaH CKOpOCTb BaJIKOB. PHC. 7-4. OnblTHoe onpeJ\eJleHHe
BeJIli'llHHa Onepe>KeHHH JIerKO BeJlH'IHHbI onepe>KeHHH npH npoKaTKe
Onpe.n.eJIHeTCH OnbITHbIM nYTeM. .IT.JIH
nOH lJ,eJIH Ha OKPY>KHOCTH BaJIKa HaHOCHT KepHOM MeTKH (pHC. 7-4).
nOCJIe npOKaTKH TaKHM BaJIKOM Ha MeTaJIJIe OCTaIOTCH OTne'llaTKH. TIpH
, ,3TOM Onepe>KeHHe
s = Lh - L
L '
(7-12)
r.n.e Lh - paCCTOHHHe Me>K.n.y OTne'llaTKaMH Ha MeTaJIJIe;
L - paCCTOHHHe Me>K.n.y MeTKaMH Ha OKPY>KHOCTH BaJIKOB.
OObI'IlHO BeJIH'IlHHa onepe>KeHHH JIe>KHT B npe.n.eJIax 3-5 %; npH npo-
KaTKe TOHKHX JIHCTOB BeJIH'IlHHa onepeLKeHHH .n.OCTHraeT 10-15%.
OnbIT YKa3bIBaeT TaK>Ke, 'IlTO CKOpOCTb Bxo.n.a MeTaJIJIa B BaJIKH VI
MeHbllIe OKPY>KHOH CKOpOCTH paOO'llHX BaJIKOB V. TaKHM oopa30M, .
V1<V<Vh'
(7-13)
CJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHO, eCTb TaKoe Ce'lleHHe MeTaJIJIa B 30He .n.e<p0pMalJ,HH,
B KOTOpOM cpe.n.HHH CKOpOCTb lvieTaJIJIa paBHa OKPY>KHOH CKOpOCTH BaJI-
KOB. TaKoe Ce'lleHHe Ha3bIBaeTCH KpUmUttecKuM, HJIH 1ieUmpaJlb1iblM.
IJ.eHTpaJIbHbIH yrOJI, COOTBeTCTBYIOHH 3TOMY Ce'lleHHIO, Ha3bIBaeTCH
KpUmUttecKuM ye/lOM, HJIH 1ieUmpaJlb1ibLM.
KpHTH'IleCKOe Ce'lleHHe .n.eJIHT 30HY .n.e<PoPMalJ,HH Ha OOJIaCTb OTCTa-
13aHHH H OOJlaCTb onepe>KeHHH.
KpHTH'IleCKHH yroJI,Onpe.n.eJIHeTCH no <poPMYJIe TIaBJIOBa:
- " =  ( 1 - 2 ) ,
(7 -14)
T.n.e. ex - yrOJI 3aXBaTa;
P = arctg f - yrOJI TpeHHH.
OnepeLKeHHe no H3BecTHoMY KpHTH'IlecKoMY yrJIY
6-
131

DV 2
S=2H
(7 -15)
r,ng D - JUJ3MeTp Ba.nKOB, _Ht;
H - BLlCOTa MeT3JIJIa )1.0 rrpOI\3TKII, AUt.
AaoneHHe Me!3nna H3 BanKH
th06bl npOI\3TaTh MCTa/rn, IIc06xo,u.IIMO J{ HCMY 'lCpC3 BanKII nplI-
JIml\l1TL UIIClliHIOIO Cn,JIY, npCO)I.OJICBaJOlIJ,YIO BIIYTPCIIIICC corrponmJICIIIJC
)eqJOpMaIJ.I1IJ .
fIpH 3TOM nOJIHOe J\aBJICIHfC MCTa.TJJla Ha OJl:HH BaJIOI';
p = PcpQ H.
(7 -16)
I')I.C Pc;; ---- cpc)J,llee YJI'.TJhIlOe )aB,JICHIJC MCT3JIJI3 Ha BaJII<H, 1-t!jUt2;
(I -- nOBcpXH0CTb COllplJ KOCIIOBCHIIH MCTaJIM! C O)I.HIIM Ba.TJI<OM,
.MAI 2 .
Be.IJII'lIma CpC)I.HCro Yllc.rlblloro ;J.aBJICIIIIS1, To e. )J.an.lJeIIIIH, nplIxo-
;HIIcrOCH na 1 AUt 2 1l00WPXHOCTII conpHI<OCHOBe1Il1H MCTaJWa C BaJI-
1,3MII, 33BIICIIT 0'1' XIIMlI'lCCl\Oro corTana MCTaJIJla, 0'1' Tel\InCpaTypLI, Be-
JIJI'HIIILI 062KaTHH, TOJIIIIIHbI nOJIOCbl, clmpocTII rrpOl<3TKIf, K034JqJIIIJ.HeHTa
TIH'II1IH II JJ.Pynrx qJaKTopoB.
.L(JIH I10)I.C'leTa cpe,1J;lIero YJJ.eJlblIoro )I.aBJIeHIJH HaH60JIee llIHpOI<O
fIpIll\:CHHCTCS1 qJOpMYJIa 1\. H. le.lIIlKoBa:
211 ( ilK ) [ f ilK ) " ]
Pcp = k /i7 /Tb _: -j) -'z, \Ii - 1
H!AUt 2 ,
(7-17 )
rne k = 1 15 k , H/MAt2. () =: f l/ 2D .
'" , - ' J fl.h'
k, - rrpc)I.e.lI TeKY'leCTII MeTaJrna, H/,ltAt 2 ;
f - KO.3qJqmIJ.HeHT TpCHIm;
/l.h = H - h - 06)J<3TIle, MAt;
h,{ - BbiCOTa npOKaTbIB3eMoro MeTaJIJIa B KpHTI-PleCKOM ce-
'leHHH, AUt;
D -- )I.HaMeTp pa60'lero B3,JIKa, AUt.
COOTHOllIeI-me \ BXO)I.SHIJ.CC B qJOpMyny (7-17), H3XO)I.HTCH H3 pa-
.z
BCHCTBa
\ - 1 +- II j +- (b 2 -= I) ( ' ,- )  I 
ilK  h
-h' ,= -------60-------
(7 - 18)
B YP3BIICIIlIlI (7-16) Q rrpcJ\CT<ln,TlHCT c060ii He .n-eiicTBHTeJlbHYIO
IIOBCpXIIOCTL COrrpH1\OCHOBCIII1H MeTa.TJJIa C BaJlI<OM, a ce rrpoeKUHIO Ha
nnOCKOCTb, HOpM3.lIbHYlO p3BHo.rr.eikTBYlOllI.ei'I .rr.aBJICHH5J _ fIpH p3CQeT3X
132

nplfu.nmKC'IJIlO npllllllMa10T, lITO paBlIO}J.C'ilcmYIOHI,3H JI.aBJ1CIIII5J npOXOJI.I!T
llCpC3 CCPC}l,IIIIy XOP}l.bI ,1J,yru 3aXBaTa. B 3TOM c.'JytIaC
Q = Bi M_I,
(7 -19)
( ) HI + n..
J =" ---- ') - -- CPC}J.I1HH lUHpHIla lIfCTa,lj,na. .MAt;
1 -- xop.u.a Jwrn 3aXBaTa, MAt.
' [ 1 D . u (7 8)
aI< I\'al{ upn :"TOM C7,= SlIl 2' TO C Y1ICTOi\f paBCIICfBa -
nO.'lylJIIM
rJW
r--"-
1 == .' Rt1!t JHA1,
(7-2U)
'f0 r,'{a
p = Pcp131/ I{t>..h 1-1.
(7 -21)
YpaBIlCIIIIC (7-21) nOl\a3blBaCT, '1TO npn 0/J,1I0M II TOI\I )KC OUlliaTIIII
IIO,!IIIOC JaB.'IC'Il!IC l\1l'T,J.:IJla Ha !aJJI\lI pacTcT C ynCJJlJl!CJlI1CM lJ,l1aMcTpa
B,:1.TJh013. cho YKa:SblBacT Ha HCOOXU}J,I1MOCTh npmvlcncIIIIH Ba.!1J\OB C MH-
1I1!1\IaJJbIlO nO!vi()JjOJ"11\f no YC./lOBlIHM 3axnaT<J ,lJ.llaMCTpoM.
MUlI1eHTbl n pH npOK3TKe
MOMCJIT, l!o6xOlJ,lIMh!!1 ,lJ.JJ5J npHBO,lJ.a pa60 l IJIx 13aJJl{OB npoKaTIIoro
CTaIW:
1\.1 coo-, M np +- jUrI' +- Mxx -I- 1\.1'l"1I'
(7-22)
rjl,e M"p -- 1\IOMCIIT npOKaTEII, TpeOYCMbIii JI.JI5J npeOJI.OJleHlIH CIiJI JW-
(lJOpMau.llII npOKaTblBaCMOrO 1\IeTaJIJI3 II cun TpeHIIH MC)K,ITY
MCTanJIOl\f II BaJIKaMU;
JH Tp - MOMCHT ,lJ.06aBO'lHbIX CH.'I TpeHWI 13 nO,lJ.llllJnHIfKaX pa6011UX
B3J1KOB II 13 nepe.rr.aTOIIUbIX MeXaUlI3MaX npli npOKaTl{e MC-
T3JJJla;
A1xx - MOMCIIT )(O.'1OCTOro XO,lJ.a;
Mr\1IH - ,lJ.IHlaMH<J:eCKlfli HOMeHT, Tpe6YlOllllIiioi ,lJ.JI5I npeO.rr.OJJeHIH!
CJUI mrepuniL
OO.'lHbIii MO.\H'II r CTaTlIllCCKOI'O COnpOTIIB,nellIl5I IIpe,lJ.CT313.!I5IeT C060H
CYMMY nCpBblX TpCX COCTaBJIp.IOIIU1X, H3 KOTOpbIX JlllIUb COCTaBJI5IIOw,afl
J\t1"p COOmcTcTByCT nOnC3HOii HarpY3Ke.
.0) III a !\1IIlfeC 1m rl MOMcnT n05JB.TIHCTC5I nHIIIh 13 pCBCpCllBHhlX H pery-
J1JIpYCI\IhIX eTallaX, paUOTaJOllUlX C 113;VICllmoucjIcH CI\OpOCTbIO. Ero
BeJ1JI 1 llfIla OlipeJI,C.'IHCTC5I no 1I3BCCTI-IOii (fJOpMy.nc
'\' 1 _ , (i)
. 111111 '-. ell flA1,
(7 -2:3)
Hilll
MJ\IIII
J rln
- I-/Al.
H,55 dt
133

2.1tn ;:\
3p,eCb ro = 60 - yrJIOBaH CKOpOCTb, pavlceK,
rp,e J - MOMeHT Imepu.HH CTaHa H p,BHraTeJIH.
OnpeJJ.eneHue MOMeHTa npOKaTKU no JJ.aBneHUlO Ha BanKU. MO}lmo
CtIHTaTb, tITO npH npocTo npoKaTKe H3 ycnoBHH cHMMeTpHM MeTaJIJI
u;e4>opMHpyeTcH op,HHaKOBO Ka>K)J,bIM BaJIKOM. B CBH3H C .3THM p,JIH 060HX
BanKOB paBHbI yrJIbI 3aXBaTa (ex l = ex 2 ), paccTOHHHH TOtIeK npHJIO>KeHH
paBHoJJ.ecTBYIOIIJ.HX CHJI p,aMeHHH (a l = a 2 = a) paBHbI H BCTpetIHO
HanpaMeHbI paBHop,ecTBYIOIIJ.He (PI = P 2 ) (pMC. 7-5).
,1'
I. .
G,
\
\.
1 0 /
PRC. 7-5. K onpe.ZJ;eJJeHHIO MOMeHTa npoKaTKH
B CBH3M C YKa3aHHbIM MOMeHT, Heo6xop,HMbI p,JIH BpaIIJ.eHHH op,Hom
BaJIKa npM npOCTO npoKaTKe:
M np = Pa,
(7-24)
-IJIH
M np = P,¥I, (7-25)
nr a u u
')I,e Y = T - OTHOllieHMe nJIetIa a paBHop,eHcTBYIOIIJ.eH CIIJI p,aMeHHH
K p,JIHHe XOpp,bI I.
YtIlITbIBaH (7-20) II (7-21), nOCJIe cooTBeTcTBYIOIIJ.HX npe06pa30Ba-
m B (7-25), nOJIytIHM '
M np = 2P cp B'¥R!:1h HM,
')I,e 2 - COOTBeTCTBYeT p,BYM BaJIKaM;
PCP - yp,eJIbHOe p,aBneHHe, HI1.ut 2 ;
B - llilIpHHa MeTaJIJIa, MM;
R - pap,HYc BaJIKa, M;
!:1h - o6>KaTHe, MM.
npH rOpHtIeH npOKaTKe 'Y = 0,5; npH XOJIO.D;HOH - '¥ = 0,35 +
f- 0,45.
34
(7-26)

MOMeHT p,06aBQt;lHbIX CHJI TpeHHH
M = PJ.tl + ( 1. _ 1 ) Mnp -+: PdJ.tl 1-l.M.
TP t 'IJ t
(7-27)
3p,ecb PdJ-Ll - MOMeHT OT CHJI TpeHHH B nop,umnHHKax BaJIKOB; BTO-
pOM tIneH ypaBHeHHH - MOMeHT CHJI TpeHHH B nepep,a-
TOtIHOM YCTpoMcTBe CTaHa;
P - p,aBJIeHHe MeTaJIJIa Ha BanKH, li/MM 2 ;
d - p,naMeTp weHKH BaJIKOB, M;
'11 - K. n. /1.. nepe.n:aTOtIHOrO YCTpoHcTBa;
i - nepep,aTOtIHOe tIHCnO;
M np - MOMeHT npoKaTKH;
J-Ll - K03<M>HHeHT TpeHHH B nO/1.WHnHHKax BaJIKOB.
MOMeHT XOJIOCTOrO XO/1.a npl:l paCtIeTaX 6epeTcH paBHbIM 3-5 % OT
HOMHHanbHoro MOMeHTa npoKaTHoro /1.BHraTenH.
OnpeAeJIeHHe MOMeHTa npOKaTKH no YAeJIbHOMY paCXOAY 9HeprHH.
npHBe/1.eHHble Bblwe aHanHTIItIeCKHe cpOPMYJIbI no onpep,eneHHIO pac-
xop,a 3HeprHH npH npOKaTKe He YtIHTbIBalOT, tITO K03<M>nHeHTbI, BXO-
p,HHe B 3TH <PoPMYJIbI, MeHHIOTCH B WHpOKHX npep,enax B saBHCMMOCTH
OT ycnoBHH npOKaTKH. n03TOMY TOtIHOCTb paCtIeTa no aHaJIHTHtIeCKHM
<PoPMYJIaM HeBbICOKa. Oc06eHHo 3TO OTIlOCl:ITCH K CJIytIalO npOKaTKH
CJIO)KHbIX npocpHJIeH. B CBHSH C 3TMM Ha npaKTl:IKe tIame Bcero npH
onpep,eneHHl:I MOHOCTM p,BHraTenH nOJIbSYIOTCH OnbITHbIMH KPHBbIMH
yp,enbHoro pacxop,a 3HeprnH. 3TH KpHBble npep,CTaBJIHIOT c060H saBH-
CHMOCTp paCXO/1.a 3HeprHH npH npOKaTKe Op,HOM TOHHbI MeTaJIJIa OT
06eH BbITH)KKH. npH 3TOM no OCH opp,HHaT OTKJIap,bIBaeTCH 3HeprnH
Kem.It 6
T--' ytIHTbIBalOmaH pa6qTY Ha p,ecpopMal:IlO MeTanJIa, pa OTY Ha
npeOp,OJIeHHe CHJI TpeHHH MeTaJIJIa 0 BaJIKH H pa60TY Ha npeo/1.0JIeHHe
/1.06aOOtIHbIX CHJI TpeHHH B weHKax BaJIKOB (3HeprnH nOTepb Ha Bpe-
HHe CTaHa BXOJIOCTYIO He ytInTbIBaeTCH) Op,HOH TOHHbI MeTaJIJIa.
PaCtIeT no KpHBbIM yp,enbHoro pacxo/1.a 3HeprHH MO)KeT p,aTb XOPO-
WHe pe3YJIbTaTbI, ecnH sa/1.aHHble ycnoBHH npOKaTKH CXO)J,HbI C YCJIO-
BHHMH, npH KOTOpbIX CTpOHnaCb HCnOJIbsyeMaH KpHBaH. I1MelOTCH aJIb-
60MbI TaKoro p0/1.a KpHBbIX, CHHTbIX 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHO, p,JIH paSJIHtIHbIX
CJIytIaeB npOKaTKH. npH BbI60pe Kpl:lBOH y/1.eJIbHOrO pacxop,a 3Heprnl:l
CJIep,yeT CTpeMl:ITbCH K TOMY, tIT06bI HatIanbHble CetIeHHH paCtIeTHOH sa-
rOTOBKH H sarOTOBKH, npH npOKaTKe KOTOpOM nOCTpoeHa OnbITIIaH KPH-
BaH, 6bIJIH paBHbI. ECJIH CetIeHHe paCtIeTHOH sarOTOBKH MeHbWe'OnbITHOH,
TO He06xo/1.HMO BBecTH ycnoBHbIM nponYCK, B KOTOpOM 6bIJIa 6bI npOHs-
Bep,eHa ycnoBHaH HatIaJIbHaH BbITH)KKa MeTanJIa. npH 3TOM ycnoBHaH
BbITH)KKa p,OJI)KHa paBHHTbCH OTHoweHHIO nJIOa.n.H CetIeHHH OnbITIIOM
sarOTOBKH Pon K nJIOa/1.H CetIeHHH paCtIeTiiOH P pacq , T. e.
Ao = Pon (7-28)
F pacq
Yp,eJIbHbIH pacxop, .9HeprnH W o , cooTBeTcTBYIOHM YCJIOBHOH BbI-
135

TH>KKe A o , He YIlI:ITbIBaeTCH B nOCneJI.YIOIlU:lX paClleTax, T. e. OTClleT
YJI.eJIbHOrO paCXOJI.a .3Heprl:ll:l npl:l .3TOM CJ1eJI.yeT BecTI:I He OT HallaJIa
KOOp,II.I:IHaT, a OT TOIlKI:I KP1:1 BOM, COOTBeTCTBYIOIIJ.eM ycnoBHoM BbITH>KKe.
OMeHT npOKaTKI:I
AD
M np + M Tp = 2L HM.
(7 -29)
Ecnl:l npl:l OnpeJIeHI:II:I pacxoJI.a .3Heprl:ll:l I:ICnOnb3YIOTcH Kpl:lBWe
YJI.eJIbHOrO paCXOJI.a, TO
A - 3600.75.9,81, A w
- 0736 L1 m M HM.
,
(7-30)
YIlI:IThIBaH, IlTO Macca- npOKaTbIBaeMOM sarOTOBKI:I
= 'YMFL, nOJ1YIlI:IM
m M = 'YM V =
A = 3600.75. 9,81VM /1WFL
0736 liM,
,
(7 -31)
rJ-l.e 'YM = 7,8 m/M 3 - YJI.eJ1bHaH Macca MeTaJ1J1a,
I1s (7-29) 1:1 (7-31) CJ1e.n.yeT, IlTO
M np + M Tp = 1,4 .107/1WFD HM.
(7-32)
OIIJ.HOCTb npOKaTKI:I B JI.aHHOM nponycKe
A 3600,(\ W
N = t = t m M KBm.
(7 -33)
B npHBeJI.eHHWx paclleTHwx ypaBHeHI:IHx:
A - pacxoJI. .3Hepfl:ll:l, flM;
D - JI.l:laMeTp BanKOB, M;
L - )J.JIHHa, M;
F - celleHHe, M 2 ;
m M - Macca sarOTOBKH, m.
 7-3. OfioPYAoB8HHe npOK8THX CT8HOB
Ha npOKaTHbIX CTaHax, KpOMe OCHOBHOM onepau.1:I1:I - nJ1aCTI:Ille-
CKOM JI.E$OpMalLI:II:I MeTaJ1na, BbInOJ1HHeTCH eme pHJI. BcnOMoraTenbHbIX,
K KOTOpbIM OTHOCHTCH: non.alla MeTanJ1a K BanKaM CTaHa, y60pKa Me-
TaJ1J1a nOCJ1e npOKaTKI:I, KaHTOBKa, pe3Ka, npaBKa, CMaTbIBaHHe B PY-
J10HbI 1:1 T. JI..
OCHOBHaH onepalLHH, KaK Y>Ke YKa3bIBaJ10Cb paHee, npOH3BOJI.HTCH
c nOMOIIJ.blO BPaIlLalOIIJ.I:IXCH BanKOB, pacn0J10>KeHHbIX B pa60lleM Kn eTI:I ,
KOTopaH COCTOI:IT 1:13 JI.BYX BepTHKaJIbHbIX CTaHI:IH, I:IMelOIIJ.I:IX q>OPMY paM.
136

B OKHax paM pa3Mel11.eHbI nOJI.YUlKH C nO)J.llIHnHHKaMH pa60tIHX BaJ1KOB.
BepXHHH pa60llHH BanOK C nOMOl11.bIO Ha>KHMHoro YCTpOHCTBa nepeMe-
l11.aeTCH B BepTl:IKanbHOH nnOCKOCTH, a OCb HH>KHero HaXO)J.HTCH Bcer)J.a
B HeH3MeHHOM n0J10>KeHHH.
Y npOKaTHbIX CTaHOB nepe)J.aTOIlHble MexaHH3MbI (pHC. 7-6) COCTOHT
H3 mecTepeHHoH KJ1eTKH, pe)J.Y KTOp a , pa60llHx llInHH)J.eJIeH, COeJI.HHH-
Te.JIbHbIX MY4>T.
II1 e C T e p e H H a H K J1 e T b HMeeT Ha3HalleHHe nepe)J.aTb OT
O)J.Horo )J.BHraTeJIH Bpali.{eHHe )J.BYM HnH TpeM BaJIKaM. ORa npe)J.cTa-
BJ1HeT C060H 3y6qaryIO nepe)J.aqy, COCroHI11.YIO H3 )J.BYX HnH Tpex llIe-
cTepeH O)J.HHaKOBoro )J.HaMeTpa, pacnOnO>KeHHbIX B 3aKpbITOH Kop06Ke.
B Tex cnyqaHX, Kor)J.a Ka>K)J.bIH BanOK npHBo)J.HTCH BO Bpal11.eHHe OT-
)J.eJIbHbIM )J.BHraTeJIeM, OTCYTcTByeT
He06xo)J.HMOCTb B npHMeHeHHH llIe-
cTepeHHoH KJ1eTKH.
P e)J. Y K TOp npe)J.Ha3HallaeT-
CH)J.JIH roro, qro6bI npH He60J1b-
mHX CKOpOCTHX npOKaTKH nOJ1Y-
qHTb B03MO>KHOCTb npHMeHHTb
)J.BHraTeJIH C OmOCHTeJIbHO 60J1b-
mOH HOMHHanbHOH CKOpOCTblO H
TeM caMbIM CHH3HTb ra6apHTbI M
CTOHMOCTb )J.BHraTeneH. B HeKOTO-
pbIX cnyqaHX, Kor)J.a CKOpOCTb npo-
KaTKH BeJ1HKa H OHa He 06ecneqH-
BaeTCH )J.onYCTHMOH MaKCHMaJIbHOM CKOpOCTbIO Bpal11.eHHH )J.BHraTeJ1H,
npHMeHHIOT nOBbIllIaIOI11.He pe.n.YKTOpbI. B peBepcHBHbIX cTaHax, pa60-
TaIOI11.HX C 60J1bllIOH qaCTOTOH BKnIOqeHHH, pe)J.YKTopbI 06bIqHO He HC-
n0J1b3YIOTCH, qTO CBH3aHO C He06xo)J.HMOCTbIO nOJ1yqeHHH Tpe6yeMoro
KaqeCTBa nepeXO)J.HbIX npou.eCCOB H CHH>KeHHH norepb B nepe)J.aTOqHbIX
YCTpoikTBax.
II1 n H H )J. e JI H cnY>KaT )J.nH nepe.n.aqH Bpmu.eHHH BanKaM OT me-
CTepeHHOH KJ1em. Oc06eHHOCTb HX pa60TbI 3aKJ1IOqaeTCH B TOM, qTO
C H3MeHeHHeM n0J10>KeHHH BepXHero BanKa H3MeHHeTCH H paCCTOHHHe
Me>K)J.Y .9THM BanKOM H llIeCTepeHHOH KJ1eTbIO. Ka>K)J.bIH TaKOH llInHH)J.eJIb
HMeeT Ha CBOHX KOHu.ax no llIapHHpy, H3 KOTOpbIX O)J.HH coe)J.HHHeTCH
C KOHU.OM BanKa, a )J.pyroH - C mecTepeHHOM KJ1eTbIO.
M y 4> T bI npHMeHHIOTCH )J.nH coe)J.HHeHHH )J.BHraTeJlH H llIecTepeH-
HOH KJ1eTH C pe)J.YKTopOM.
M a x 0 B H K npHMeHHeTCH qacro B .9J1eKTpOnpHBO)J.ax HenpepbIB-
HbIX CTaHOB, pa60TaIOI11.HX C nOCTOHHHOH CKOpOCTblO.
B COBpeMeHHbIX npOKaTHbIX CTaHax )J.nH npHBO)J.a pa60qHX BanKOB
npHMeHHIOT .9neKTpHqecKHe JI.BHraTeJ1H. B npOllIJ10M CTOJ1eTHH )J.JIH npH-
BO)J.a npOKambIX CTaHOB HCn0J1b30BaJ1HCb napOBbIe MallIHHbI, rH)J.paBJ1H-
qeCKHe ryp6HHbI, )J.BHraTeJ1H BHYTpeHHero cropaHHH. O)J.HaKO OHH no-
CTeneHHO BbITeCHHJ1HCb .9J1eKTpHqeCKHMH )J.BHraTeJ1HMH, KaK 6oJ1ee CO-
BepmeHHbIMH, 3KOHOMHqHbIMH H Y)J.06HbIMH B .9KCnJ1yaTau.HH.
2
1\
PHC. 7-6. KHHeMaTHQeCKaR cxeMa npH-
Bo,na npoKaTHoro CTaHa:
1 - wecTepeHHaH KJleTb: 2 - pe)\YKTop;
3 - uJnHH)\eJlb; 4 - COC)\HHHTeJ1bHaH MY4>Ta;
5 -MaXOBHK
137

B 3aBMCHMOCTH OT pe}KHMa paOOThI H THna CTaHa HCnOJIb3YlOT .3JIeK-
TpHqeCKHe )J.BHraTeJIH nepeMeHHoro HnH nOCToSIHHOro TOKa. B TeX
cnyqaSIX, KOr)J.a qaCTOTa BKnlOqeHHSI HeBbICOKaSI H He Tpe6yeTcH pery-
nHpOBaHl:IH CKOpOCTH npOKaTKM, npl:lMeHHIOT, KaK npaBHJIO, )J.Bl:IraTeJIH
nepeMeHHoro TOKa. npH 60JIblIlOii qacroTe BKnlOqeHHSI, a TaK}Ke Kor)J.a
Heo01W)J.HMO perYIHpOBaHHe CKOpOCTlI npOKaTKl:I, OObIqHO YCTaHaBJIl:I-
BalOT )J.BHraTeJIH nOCToHHHOro TOKa.
 7-4. Kn8ccHIIJHK8QHR npoK8THbiX CT8HOB
npoKaTHbIe CTaHbI MO>KHO KnaccmlmIJ.HpoBaTb no CJIe.n.yIOlIl.HM npH-
BHaKaM: HaBHaqeHHIO; qHcny H pacnOnO}KeHHIO paOOqHX BanKOB; qHcny
H paCnOJlO}KeHHIO paOOqHX KJIeTeii; pe>KHMY paooTbI.
KnaccmlmKaIJ.HH CTaHOB n 0 H a B H a q e H H 10 npHBe)J.eHa
B Taon. 7-1.
Ta6J1Hna 7-1
J{JlaccHcIIHKanHSI npoKaTHbIx CTaHOB no Ha3HaIJeHHIO
HaJlMellosaHJle CTaHa
Ha3HaqeHHe CTaHa
Pa3Mep BaJl-
KOD, MoM
06>KHMHble CTaHbl:
a) 6moMHHrH
6) CJlH6HHrH
3arOTOBO'lHble CTaHbl
PCJIbc06aJlO'lHble CTaHbl
KpynHocopTHble CTaHbl
Cpe}!HeCOpTHble CTaHbl
MeJlKOCOpTHble CTaHbl
TIpOBOJlO'lHble CTaHbl
TOJICTO- H cpe.!);HeJlHCTOBble
CTaHbl
TOHKOJlHCTOBble CTaHbl
CTaHbl xOJlo.gHoii npo-
KaTKH
Tpy60npoKaTHble CTaHbl
BOH.ga>Ke-KOJleCHble CTaHbl
138
J],HaMeTp
800-1300
J],HaMeTp
1100-1150
J],HaMeTp
450-750
J],HaMeTp
750-900
J],HaMerp
500-750
J],HaMeTp
350-500
J],HaMeTp
250-350
J],HaMeTp
250-350
J],JlH Ha
2000-5000
J],JlHHa
,no 2500
J],JlHHa
.!);O 2800
06>KaTHe CJllITKOB B KBa.!);paTHYIO 3a-
rOToBKY, B 6J1IOMbl
06>KaTHe CJlHTKOB B nJlocKYIO 3aro-
TOBKY, B CJlH6bl
J],onOJlHHTeJlbHOe 06>KaTHe 6J1IOMOB
TIpoKaTKa peJlbCOB H KpynHblx 6aJlOK
BbICOTOii OT 240 .no 600 MM
TIpoKaTKa CTaJlH KBa.1l:paTHOii H Kpyr-
Jloii ./1,0 150 MM, 6aJlOK BblCOTOii .11:0
240 MM H .!);p.
TIpoKaTKa CTaJlH KBa.1l:paTHoii H Kpyr-
noii .11:0 80 MM, 6aJloK BblCOTOii J\O
120 MM, CTaJlH yrJloBoii ./1,0 120 MM,
CTaJlH yrJloBoii );\0 100 X 100 MM
TIpoKaTKa CTaJlH KBaJ\paTHoii H Kpyr-
Jloii ./1,0 38 MM, CTaJlH yrJloBoii .go
50 X 50 MM H J\p.
TIpoKaTKa npOBOJlOKH OT 5 .!J.O 9 MM
TIpoKaTKa TOJlCTblX JlHCTOB TOJlIllHHOii
60Jlee 4 MM
rOpH'IaH npoKaTKa TOHKHX JlHCTOB TOJl-
IllHHOii OT 1,0 );\0 4 MM
XOJlo.1l:HaH npoKaTKa TOHKHX JlHCTOB H
JleHT OT 0,008 .go 4 MM
TIpoKaTKa Tpy6
TIpoKaTKa 60H}Ja>Keit H >KeJJe3HO.!l,OpO>K-
HblX KOJleC

fI 0 K 0 JI l:I 'l e C T B Y P a 6 0 'l l:I X B a JI K 0 B KneTH npOKaT-
HbIX CTaHOB pa3,lI.eJIHIOTCH Ha ,lI.BYXBanKOBbIe (,lI.yo), TpeXBaJIKOBble
(Tpl:lO), 'leTbIpeXBaJIKOBbIe (KBapTO), MHOrOBaJIKOBbIe, a no pac n 0-
JI 0 }K e H l:I IO Ban K 0 B Ha KneTl:I C rOpl:lSOHTaJIbHbIMl:I, BepTl:IKaJlb
HbIMl:I, C ropH30HTaJlbHbIMH H BepTl:IKanbHbIMH (YHHBepCaJlbHbIe KJleTH),
C KOCbIMl:I Ban KaMl:I.
OJ$- t- t-
2)

.

PIIC. 7-7. KJlaCcm!JHKal{UR npoKaTHblx CTaHOB no 'IHCJlY H pacnoJlo-
>KeHllIO pa60'lllx BaJlKOB:
a - AByxsaJiKoBble (AYO); 6 - TpeXSaJiKOSble (TpJlO); B - qeTblpeXSaJiKOSble
(KsapTo); e - IIJfCTHsaJiKOBbIe; 0 - AseH8J\JI,aTJlBaJiKOBble; e - ABaJ\1\8TJlsaJl-
KOSbIe
,QBYXBanKOBbIe KJlem C rOpH30HTaJlbHbIMH BaJlKaMH (pHC. 7-7, a)
HaH60nee pacnpocTpaHeHbI. OHl:I npHMeHHIOTCH B Ka'leCTBe peBepCHB-
HbIX 06}Kl:IMHbIX H TOJlCTOnl:lCTOBbIX CTaHOB, B 3arOTOBO'lHbIX l:I COpTOBbIX
CTaHax.
TpeXBaJlKOBbIe KneTH (pHC. 7-7, 6) l:IMelOT TPH BepTl:IKaJIbHO pacno-
JlO}KeHHbIX BaJlKa. fIpoKaTKa B TaKHX KneTHX npoHSBO,lI.HTCH B 060HX
HanpaBJIHHHX 6e3 peBepCl:IpOBaHHH. OHH HaXO,lI.HT npHMeHeHHe 'B cTa-
Hax ,lI.JlH npoKaTKH cpe,lI.HHX l:I TOJlCTbIX JlHCTOB, B peJl, bCo6aJlO'lHbIX
06}KHMHbIX CTaHax HeOOJIblIlOM npOHSBO,lI.HTenbHocTH.
4eTbIpeXBaJIKOBbIe KneTH (pHC. 7:7,6) HMeIOT 'leTblpe BaJIKa, pac-
nOJIO}KeHHbIe B O,lI.HOM BepTHKaJlbHOM nnOCKOCTH. fIpoKaTKa MeTaJlna
npOl:lCxO,lI.HT TOJlbKO Me>K,lI.Y BHYTpeHHHMl:I, pa60'll:lMH BanKaMH. ,QBa
OCTaJIbHbIX BaJIKa - BHelIlHl:IX - cnY}KaT TOJlbKO onopoM ,lI.JlH pa60-
'lHX, Ha3bIBaIOTCH 0 n 0 p H bI M H H npe,lI.HaSHa'leHbI ,lI.nH CHl:I}KeHHH
ynpyroM ,lI.e<PoPMalJ,JIl:I pa60'lHX BaJIKOB. 4eTbIpeXBaJIKOBbIe KJlem npH-
MeHHIOTCH B Jll:ICTOBbIX CTaHax rOpH'leM H XOJlO,lI.HOM npoKaTKH.
139

MHoroBaJIKOBbIe KJIeTI-I C IlleCTblO, p,BeHa.n.u.aTblO H p,Ba)J,IJ.aTblO Ban-
KaMH (pHC: 7.7,2, 7-7, a, 7-7, e) HMelOT no p,Ba pa60(lHX BanKa. OCTanb-
HbIe BaJIKH onopHbIe. MHorOBanKOBbIe KJIeTII nplIMeHHIOTCH Y TOHKO-
nHCTOBbIX peBepCHBHbIX CTaHOB XOJIOp,HOH npOKaTKJI, npOKaThIBaIOIIX
OqeHb TOHKYIO nanocy. TOqHaH npOKaTKa TOHKoro JIIICTa B03MO)KHa nHIllb
npH OTHOCHTeJIbHO MaJIbIX p,HaMeTpax pa60(lHX BanKOB II Tpe6yeT MaKCII-
MaJIbHOrO CHmKemIH p,eq>0pMau.HH pa60(lHx BanKOB. n03TOMY B p,aHHOM
CJIyqae yp,eJIHIOT oc060e BHIIMaHHe CHII)KeHHIO 3roH p,e<PoPMau.MM, nplI-
MeHHH onopHbIe BaJIKH He TOJIbKO B BepTHKanbHOH, HO II B 60KOBbIX
nJIOCKOCTHX.
KJIeTIi C BepTIIKaJIbHbIMH BaJIKaMIi npHMeHHIOTCH p,JIH ()OKOBoro
06)KaTIiH MeTaJIna, Korp,a He)KeJIaTeJIbHa KaHTOBKa.
n 0 q H C JI Y H pac non 0 )K e H H 10 P a () 0 q II X K JI e-
i e H. 4HCJIO H pacnOnO)KeHlIe KJIereH npoKaTHoro CTaHa B 3aBIiCII-
MOCTII OT Ha3HaqeHIIH ero MO)KeT 6bITb caMbIM pa3nIlqHbIM.
no 3TOM)' npH3HaKY CTaHbI pa3p,eJIHIOTCH Ha: 1) O)J.HOKJIeTbeBbIe;
2) MHOrOKJIeTbeBbIe JIIIHeHHbIe; 3) nOCJIe)J.OBareJIbHbIe; 4) HenpepbIBHble;
5) nOJIYHenpepbIBHbIe; 6) 3IIr3aro06pa3HbIe; 7) IllaXMaTHbIe.
o p, H 0 K JI e T b e B bI e C T a H bI (pHC. 7-8, a) JIMelOT 60nbIlloe
pacnpoCTpaHeHlIe H npHMeHHIOTcH KaK: a) peBepcHBHbIe 06)KHMHbIe
CTaHbI; 6) peBepcHBHbIe CTaHbI )J,JIH npoKaTKH Tpy6, TOJICTbIX JIHCTOB;
B) peBepCHBHbIe CTaHbI )J.nH XOJIO)J.HOH npOKaTKH TOHKHX JIHCTOB II T. )J..
JI,nH nOJIyqeHIIH CJIO)KHOrO npocpHJIH npOKaTa BanKH I1MeIOT KaJIH6pbI,
pyqbH, C nOMOblO KOTOpbIX )J.OCTliraeTCH Tpe6yeMaH <PoPMa CeqeHHH
MeTanJIa. 4acro 6bIBaeT, qro Ha BanKax O)J.HOH KJIeTH He y)J.aeTCH pac-
nOJIO)KHTb Bce KaJIH6pN, Tor)J.a B03HHKaeT He06xo)J.IIMOCTb I1CnOJIb30-
BaHHH B CTaHe HeCKonbKIIX KJIeTeH. HeCKanbKO KJIeTeH npHMeHHIOT H
B TOM CJIyqae, Kor)J.a Tpe6yeTcH BbICOKaH npOH3BO)J.I1TeJIbHOCTb CTaHa.
HaH60JIee )J.eIlleBbIM MHorOKneTbeBbIM CTaHOM HBnHeTCH JI H H e H-
H bI H CTaH, y Koroporo Bce KneTH pacnOJIO)KeHbI B O)J.HY JIIIHHIO, C 0)].-
HHM )J.BHraTeJIeM H O)J.HOH 06III.eH IlleCTepeHHOH KJIeTblO (pIlC. 7-8, 6).
4IICJIO KJIeTeH TaKHX CTaHOB 06bIqHO 6NBaeT OT )J.BYX )J.O nHTH. JIHHeH-
HbIe CTaHbI npHMeHHIOTCH p,JIH npoKaTKH rnaBHbIM 06pa30M coproBoro
MeTaJIna. K He)J.OCTaTKaM JIHHeHHbIx CTaHOB OTHOCHTCH: a) nOnepeqHOe
nepeMeeHHe MeTanna npH nepe)J.aqe ero H3 O)J.HOH KJIem B )J.pyrylO;
6) CKOpOCTb BanKOB Bcex KJIeTeH O)J.IIHaKOBa, n03ToMY npoKaTKa C YBe-
nHqIlBalOIII.eIICH CKOpOCTblO no Mepe y)J.nHHeHHH MeTaJIna HeB03MO)KHa.
n 0 C JI e)J. 0 BaT e JI b H bI e CTaHbI COCTOHT H3 HecKOJIbKIIX KJIe-
TeH, pacnOnO)KeHHbIX nocne)J.OBaTeJIbHO, O)J.Ha sa )J.pyrOH. Ha pHC. 7-8,8
npep,CTaBJIeHa cxeMa )J.ByxKJIeTbeBOro nocnep,OBaTeJIbHOrO CTaHa. B Ta-
KOM CTaHe BHaqaJIe B HeCKOJIbKO nponycKoB npoHcxo)J.IIT npoKaTKa
B nepBOH KJIeTH, a 3aTeM - BO BTOpOH. nOCJIe)J.OBareJIbHOe pacnOJIO-
)KeHlIe pa60qlIx KJIereH Hepe)J.KO BCTpeqaeTCH B Q6)KHMHbIX, TOJICTO-
JIIiCTOBbIX CTaHax.
Hen pep bI B H bI e CTaHbI HMelOT pH)J. pa60qHX KJIeTeH, pacno-
JIO)KeHHbIX nocne)J.OBaTeJIbHO (pHC. 7-8, 2). PaCCTOHHHe Me)K)J.y KJIeTHMH
MeHbIlle )J.nHHbI npOKaTbIBaeMoro MeTaJIJIa, n03TOM)' npOKaTKa npoHc-
140

U) f

8)


il)
6
Z)

H<)



't mr
PHC. 7-8. KJlaCcHcjJlIKal{HH npoKaTHblx CTaHOB no 'IHCJlY H pacnOJlO>KeHHIO
pa60'lHX KJleTeii:
a - O.AHOKJleTbeBbIe; 6 - JlHHeIlHble; 8 - nOCJIe,l\OBaTeJlbHbIe; 2 - HenpepbISHbIe;
O. e - nOJlYHenpepbIBHble; OIC - 3Hr3aroo(jpa3Hoe pacnOJlO}KeHHe KJleTel!; 8 - wax-
MaTHoe pacnOJlO}KeHHe KJlCTell

KO,lI.HT npH O,lI.HOBpeMeHHOM HaXO>K,lI.eHHH MeTaJIJIa BO BCeX KJIeTHX.
B 3TOM cnY'Iae BaJIKH paOO'IHX KJIeTefi CBH3bIBaIOTCH Me>K,lI.y cooofi 'Iepe3
MeTanJI, H3-3a qerO COOTHOI.UeHHH CKOpOCTefi BaJIKOB KJIeTefi ,lI.OJI>KHbI
DbITb Onpe,lI.eJIeHHbIMH. I1Ha'Ie npOKaTbIBaeMbIfi MeTaJIJI Me>K,lI.y KJIeTHMH
pa30pBeTCH HJIH oopa3yeTcH OOJIbI.UaH neTJIH. HenpepbIBHbIe CTaHbI
HaH60JIee COBepI.UeHHbI H BbICOKOnpOH3BO,lI.HTeJIbHbI. HenpepbIBHOe pac-
nOJIO>KeHHe KJIeTeH npHMeHHIOT B 3arOTOBO'IHbIX CTaHaX, TOHKOJIHCTO-
BbIX CTaHaX rOpHqeH H XOJIO,lI.HOfi npOKaTKH, COpTOBbIX, npOBOJIO'IHbIX,
TPYOHbIX CTaHaX H ,lI.p.
Hepe,lI.KO B npOKaTHbIX CTaHax no YCJIOBHHM TeXHOJIOrHH, HapH,lI.Y
C HenpepbIBHofi rpynnofi, npHMeHHIOTCH rpynnbI KJIeTeH C O,lI.HOJIHHeH-
HbIM (pHC. 7-8, a) IIJIH nOCJIe,lI.OBaTeJIbHbIM pacnOJIO>KeHHeM IfJIH peBep-
CHBHbIe KJIeTH (pHC. 7-8, e). TaK, HanpHMep, B HeKoTopbIX COpTOBbIX
CTaHax npe,lI.BapHTeJIbHOe OO>KaTHe, He Tpe6YIOrqee BbICOKOfi TO'IHOCTH
npOKaTKH, npOH3BO,lI.HTCH B HenpepbIBHOH rpynne, a OKOH'IaTeJIbHOe
YCTaHOBneHHe KOHe'IHbIX pa3MepOB - B rpynne KJIeTeH C O,lI.HOJIHHeH-
HbIM HX pacnOJIO>KeHHeM, r,lI.e KJIeTH Me>K,lI.y COOOH He CBH3aHbI qepe3
MeTanJI, XOTH OH H HaXO,lI.HTCH O,lI.HOBpeMeHHO BO Bcex KJIeTHX. B 3TOM
CJIY'Iae OOJIee y,lI.OOHa peryJIHpOBKa H HaCTpofiKa CTaHa. B JIHCTOBbIX H
KpynHocopTHbIX CTaHax 'IaCTO ,lI.JIH npe,lI.BapHTeJIbHOrO OO>KaTHH npH-
MeHHIOT peBepCHBHYIO .KJIeTb. TaK KaK B OOOHX YKa3aHHbIX CJIy'IaHX
'IaCTH'IHO HapYI.UaeTCH npmru,Hn HenpepbIBHOCTH npOKaTKH, TO no,lI.OO-
HbIe CTaHbI Ha3bIBaIOT nO.llYHenpepb18HbtMU.
ITpH npOKaTKe cpe,lI.HecopTHofi CTanH qaCTO HaXO,lI.HT npHMeHeHHe
CTaHbI C nOCJIe,lI.OBaTeJIbHbIM pacnOJIO>KeHHeM KJIeTeH, npH KOTOpOM pac-
CTOHIIHe Me>K,lI.y KJIeTHMH OOJIbI.Ue ,lI.JIHHbI MeTaJIJIa. B 3TOM CJIY'Iae ynpo-
rqaeTcH HaCTpOHKa H paCI.UHpHeTCH copTaMeHT CTaHa. l(JIH Toro qTOObI
TaKofi CTaH He ObIJI 'Ipe3MepHO ,lI.JIHHHbIM, KJIeTH pacnOJIaralOTCH B He-
CKOJIbKO pH,lI.OB. 06bI'IHO npHMeHHIOT 3Uc3acoo6pa3ftoe (pHC. 7-8, ) H
maXMamHoe (pHC. 7-8, 3) paCnOJIO>KeHHe.
IT 0 P e >K H M aMp a 0 0 T bI npOKaTHble CTaHbI pa3,lI.eJIHIOTCH
Ha: a) peBepCHBHbIe peryJIHpyeMbIe; 0) HepeBepClIBHbIe HeperYJIHpye-
MbIe; B) HepeBepCHBHbIe perYJIHpyeMbIe.
Pa3MepbI npOKaTHoro CTaHa Onpe,lI.eJIHIOTCH pa3MepaMH npOKaTbI-
BaeMbIX npocI>HJIefi. LJeM OOJIbI.Ue pa3MepbI npOKaTbIBaeMOro MeTanJIa,
TeM 60JIbI.Ue ,lI.OJI>KeH ObITb ,lI.HaMeTp paOoqero BaJIKa. IT03TOMY OCHOBHOH
BeJIHqHHOH, xapaKTepH3YIOrqefi pa3Mep npOKaTHoro CTaHa, HBJIHeTCH
,lI.HaMeTp paOO'Iero BaJIKa. Pa3Mep JIHCTOBOro npOKaTHoro CTaHa xa-
paKTepH3yeTcH ,lI.JIHHOfi paOO'Iero BaJIKa, KOTOpofi onpe,lI.eJIHeTCH B03-
MO>KHaH I.UHpHHa npOKaTbIBaeMoro nHCTa. Pa3Mep TpyoonpoKaTHoro
CTaHa xapaKTepH3yeTcH HapY>KHbIM ,lI.HaMeTpOM npOKaTbIBaeMbIX TPYO.

r 11 a B a VIII
anEKTPonPMBOn M ABTOMATM3AUMR
PEBEPCMBHX CTAHOB rOPREA npOKATKM
 8-1. X8p8KTepHcTHK8 peBepcHBHblX CT8HOB
ropReH npoK8TKH. TexHonorHecKHH npoecc.
TpefioB8HHR K aneKTponpHBoAY
XapaKTepHCTHKa peBepCHBHX CTaHOB
K peBepCHBHbIM CTaHaM rOpHqeH-- npOKaTKH OTHOCHTCH Bce CTaHbI
ropHqefi npOKaTKH, TpeoYIDHe peBepCHpOBaHHH BaKOB, HeooxoAH-
MOro AH ocyeCTBeHHH npOKaTKH MeTaa B HeCKOJIbKO nponYCKOB
(CIDAa He BKIDqaIDTCH peBepCHBHbIe C'I:aHbI ropHqefi npOKaTKH no-
OCbI - CTaHbI CTeKKeJIH, KOTopble no xapaKTepy paOOTbI omKe CTOHT
K peBepCHBHbIM CTaHaM XOJIOAHOfi npOKaTKH). 4aCTOTa BKIDqeHHfi
Y TaKHx CTaHOB OObIqHO OObIIIaH. OHa qaCTO npeBbIlliaeT 1000 BKJIID-
qeHHfi B qac.
PeBepCHBHbIMH CTaHaMH HBJIHIDTCH OO}KHMHbIe (ABYXBaKOBbIe)
CTaHbI, TOJICTOHCTOBbIe, opOHeBbIe, HeKOTOpbIe 3aroTOBOqHbIe H peb-
COOaOqHble CTaHbI. B CBOID oqepe)l.b peBepCHBHbIe KJIeTH B KaqeCTBe
OO}KHMHbIX BXOAHT B COCTaB CnO}KHbIX npOKaTHbIX arperaTOB: peJIbCO-
Oa.nOqHbIX, IIIHpOKOnOOqHbIX, KpynHocopTHbIX CTaHOB H nOJIYHenpe-
pbIBHbIX COpTOBbIX H HCTOBbIX CTaHOB, COCTOHHX H3 pHAa paOOqHX
KeTefi.
Bce peBepCHBHbIe CTaHbI ropHqefi npOKaTKH H peBepCHBHble OO}KHM-
, HbIe KneTH npOKaTHbIX arperaTOB vaOOTaIDT npHMepHO B OAHHaKOBbIX
YCOBHHX. PaOOTa HX xapaKTepH3yeTCH qaCTbIM BKIDqeHHeM, YAapHofi
HarPY3Kofi C OObIIIHMH TOKaMH B MOMeHT 3aXBaTa MeTaa BaKaMH,
HeooxOAHMOCTbID perYHpOBaHHH CKOp'OCTH npOKaTKH B OTHOCHTeJIbHO
IIIHpOKHX npe)J,eJIax H T. A. B CBH3H C 3THM TpeOOBaHHH Bcex peBepCHB-
HbIX CTaHOB K ::meKTponpHBOAY npHMepHO OAHHaKOBbI.
1-'13 Bcex peBepCHBHbIX CTaHOB ropHqefi npOKaTKH HaHOOJIbIIIee 3Ha-
qeHHe B npOKaTHOM npOH3BOACTBe HMeIDT OO}KHMHbIe CTaHbI. OHH HB-
HIDTCH raBHbIMH CTaHaMH, Ha KOTOpbIX npon:mOAHTCH npeABapHTeJIb-
Hoe OO}KaTHe Bcex CTabHbIX CJIHTKOB OOJIbIIIOrO Beca, noyqaeMbIX H3
CTa.IIenaBHbHoro l{exa, C TeM qTOObI Aa.TIbHefiIIIYID npOKaTKY CTaH
143

O KOHeqHoro CeqeHlIH MmKHO ObIJIO ObI OCymeCTBJIHTb Ha CTaHaX roTO-
BOH npO,IJ.YKl{Hll: COpTOBbIX, JIliCTOBbIX, TpYOHbIX H T. n.
rIpH paCCMOTpeHHll XapaKTepHCTliKH peBepCHBHbIX npOKaTHbIX CTa-
HOB 3a OCHOBY 0Y,lJ.YT B3HTbI OO}KIIMHbIe npOKaTHbIe CTaHbI, KaK HallOO-
JIee XapaKTepHbIe. .aJIH npe,IJ.BapHTeJIbHoro OO}KaTHH KpynHblx CJIHT-
KOB, nOJIyqaeMbIX H3 CTaJIenJIaBHJIbHoro l{eXa, npllMeHHIOTCH MOmHbIe
OO}KIIMHbIe CTaHbI - 0 n 10 M II H r II II C JI 51 0 II H r II.
BJIIOMHHr npeCTaBJIHeT COOOH OO}KHMHOH CTaH, npOKaTbIBalOmliH
nOJIynpO,IJ.YKT KBa,IJ.paTHoro (HJIII OJIH3KOro K HeMY) CelleHHH, Ha3bIBae-
MbIH 6JlIOMOM. MeTaJIJI 113 OJIIOMHHra OObIIlHO nocTynaeT ,lJ.a.nee Ha 3aro-
TOBOIlHbIe, peJIbCOOaJIOIlHbIe, KpynHocopTHbIe CTaHbI.
CnHOIIHr - OO}KHMHOH CTaH, npOKaTbIBalOmliH nOJIynpO,IJ.YKT nJIO-
CKOrO CelleHHH, Ha3bIBaeMbIH CJlfl6oM. MeTaJIJI OT CJIHOHHra nocTynaeT
aJIee Ha JIHCTOnpOKaTHble CTaHbI.
BJIIOMIIHrll (He BKJIlOllaH OO}KIIMHbIe KJIeTH, BXO,IJ.HmHe B CTaHbI ,lJ.nH
npOKaTKH llIllpOKOnOJIOqHbIX oanOK) MO}KHO YCJIOBHO pa3,IJ.eJIIITb Ha Tpll
rpynnbI: OOJIbIIllle, C ,lJ.llaMeTpOM BaJIKOB 1300-1150 MM; Cpe,IJ.HHe,
C ,lJ.HaMeTpoM BaJIKOB 1100-1000 MM; MaJIbIe, C ,lJ.HaMeTpoM BaJIKOB HH}Ke
1000 MM. CnHOIIHfH HMelOT OObIIlHO ,lJ.HaMeTp BaJIKOB 1100-1150 MM.
HallOOJIbIllee pacnpOCTpaHeHlle nOJIyqllJIli OJIIOMIIHfH 1150, Ha KOTO-
pbIX npo1l3Bo,IJ.IITCH OO}KaTlie cnllTKOB MaccOH OT 5,IJ.0 17 m B OJIIOMbI
KBa,IJ.paTHoro celleHHH OT 150x 150 MM ,lJ.0 400 X 4000 MM.
Cpe,IJ.Hlle OJIIOMIIHrH OObIIlHO npe,IJ.Ha3HallalOTCH ,lJ.JIH npOKaTKH CJIliT-
KOB KaqeCTBeHHOH CTaJIli MaCCOH OT 2,5,A0 6 m, MaJIbIe OJIIOMIIHrll - ,lJ.nH
npOKaTKll CJIHTKOB MaCCOH ,lJ.0 3 m.
OCHoBHoe KOHCTPYKTHBHoe OTJIlllllle CJIHOHHra OT OJIIOMHHra - 3TO
,lJ.OnOJIHHTeJIbHaH paoollaH KJIeTb C BepTIIKaJIbHbIMH BaJIKaMll, YCTaHaB-
JIliBaeMaH nepe,IJ. KneTblO C ropH30HTaJIbHbIMH BaJIKaMli. fOpH30HTanb-
Hble, a TaK}Ke H BepTHKaJIbHbIe BaJIKH cnHoHHra rna,IJ.Klle, oe3 KaJIliOpOB.
Ha3HalleHHe BepTHKaJIbHbIX BaJIKOB - np01l3Bo,IJ.HTb oOKoBoe OO}KaTlie
MeTaJIJIa, lITO n03BOJIHeT npOH3BO,IJ.HTb npoKaTKY CJIIITKa oe3 KaHTOBKll.
Ha npaKTHKe HaXO,IJ.HT pacnpoCTpaHeHHe OJIIOMIIHra C YBeJIHlleHHOH
BbICOTOH nO,IJ.'beMa BepxHero BanKa, lITO ,lJ.aeT B03MO}KHOCTb npOKaTbI-
BaTb CJIIITKH KaK B KBa,IJ.paTHbIe 3aroToBKll (,ll,JIH COpTOBbIX CTaHOB),
TaK II B nJIOCKHe 3arOTOBKll (,ll,JIH JIliCTOBbIX CTaHOB), - 3TO TaK Ha3bI-
BaeMbIe OJIIOMHHrH-CJIHOHHrll.
.aJIH peBepCIIBHbIX CTaHOB ropHqeH npOKaTKH npllMeHHIOTCH ,lJ.Ba
OCHOBHbIX BapliaHTa npHBO,IJ.a paOOIlHX BaJIKOB: O,IJ.HO,IJ.BllraTeJIbHbIH
C IllecrepeHHOH KJIeTblO (rpynnoBoH npllBO,IJ.) H IIH,lJ.HBll,IJ.ya.nbHbIH npll-
BO,IJ. ,ll,JIH Ka}K,lJ.oro BaJIKa.
Ha pHC. 8-1 npe,IJ.CTaBJIeHbI BapllaHTbI rJIaBHoro npHBO,IJ.a peBepcHB-
HbIX CTaHOB rOpHqeH npOKaTKll.
TexHonorHecKHA npoecc
Ha pHC. 8-2 npllBe,IJ.eH nJIaH paCnOJIO}KeHIIH OJIIOMIIHra 1150. B Ha-
qaJIe l{exa OJIIOMHHra YCTaHOBJIeHbI HarpeBaTeJIbHble KOJIO,IJ.l{bI, a B
KOHl{e - CKJIap, OJIIOMOB.
144

OO6
I ' 
, \ 
.Q
c:::.

<--J
<--J
I
'"
...
:= "!
= 0
;!i CO
 i5.
0: t:
\0 -=
'" :is
I:[ :c
o ,Q
'" :;j
= »
c:>. "!
r:: i:i
g l!i
o :c
:= '"
'"
'"
0: \0
...

co
'"
""
t:
-=
o
CO
o
t:
.... 
rl> e
:<!
!-o
:=
'"
=
c:>.
'"
t:Q
t.i
=
0.. t:I .

: E: 15
lr)<::;
_>c:
'-"

:::
',"
:0
>:::
<::;
i:3
i:

0,
co
....
«>
lr)
;!:
.c=c:
=:0
:C:c
't",

"''''
"=
ISj
\c:i
>''''

 
",,,,=
3"' , 
"" ""
"':s
:a:s::......o::
= ..

&
..",I::
31
C'\J t:Q.';t\'
@ 1-;;-'
::s: It:I g t;
::;; '" ""
 
\0 t,; 
.c=:c"
:0 't=
@
8.1:>:
OI g
8
It;
...."=
",I
tt: b
@ ::
 2.
2 g,1
g ""Co 
t) :0 i::C
 @I
"'..
= E.
«I I:: 0..
e 1 ""@

 CO a
C() Op.,
t) g; p.
:s: -;; 
r:L. 5
11:i
C\1
..1 
.... 1
't
 ::
i:
"'=
",,,=,,,
:CO'-'
:g p.
"=",, 0
!';::o""
"':c
..",
"'''=
""'"
.....
"'=
:c:c
1=
-.
I>:
:s:
::<:
«I

o

0.
S
o
"'"
N

OOIll.ee KOJIHqeCTBO HarpeBaTeJlbHbIX KOJlOAJ;I.{eB paBHO 20-24.
B OAHOM TaOM KOJlOAI.{e MorYT oAHoBpeMeHHo HaXOAJ;HTbCH qeTWpe-
BOCeMb CJlHTKOB MaccoH no 5-25 m Ka>KAbIH.
rOpHqHe CJlHTKH AOCTaBJlHIOTCH Ha nJlaT<popMax H3 MapTeHoBcKoro
uexa K HarpeBaTenbHbIM KOJIOAI.{aM, B KOTopble 3arpY>KaIOTCH CneUHaJlb-
HbIM KJleIll.eBbIM KpaHOM AJIH AOnOJlHHTeJlbHOrO HarpeBa AO TeMnepa-
TypbI 1200-1250° C. HarpeTble CJlHTKH BbIHHMaIOTCH 9THM >Ke KpaHoM
H3 HarpeBaTeJlbHbIX KOJIOAI.{eB H rpY3HTcH Ha CJlHTKOB03, TpaHcnopTH-
PYIOIlI.HH CJlHTKH OT KOnOAI.{eB AO npHeMHoro pOJlbraHra. OT npHeMHoro
ponbraHra CJlHTOK nocTynaeT Ha nOBopoTHbIH CTOJI, KOropbIH npH
HeooxoAHMOCTH nOBOpaqHBaeT cnHTOK Ha 180°. POJlHKaMH nOBopOTHOro
CTOJIa CJlHTOK nOAaeTCH Ha nOABo)J.Hli\HH: pOJlbraHr, 3aTeM OH nepeMe-
IlI.aeTCH Ha YAnHHHTeJIbHbIH H AaJlee Ha nepe)J.HHH paOOqHH pOJlbraHr,
KOropWH HanpaBJlHeT ero K paOOqeH KJleTH.
Ka>KAbIH pa3 nepe)J. nOAaqeH CJlHTKa B paOOqyIO KJleTb oneparop
C nOMOIll.bIO Ha>KHMHoro YCTpoHcTBa, H3MeHHH nOJlO>KeHHe BepxHero
paooqero BaJlKa, YCTaHaBJlHBaeT HeooxoAHMbIH pacTBop BaJlKOB. IToCJIe
YCTaHoBKH B HeooxoAHMoe nOJlO>KeHHe BepxHero paooqero BaJlKa one-
paTOp npOH3BOAHT BKJlIOqeHHe )J.BHraTeJlH paOOqHX BaJIKOB Ii ABHraTeJlH
nepe)J.Hero paOoqero pOJlbraHra. ITpH 9TOM onepaTOp AOn>KeH nOAaTb
CJlmOK B BaJlKH C TaKHM paCqeTOM, qTOObI CKOpOCTb 3aXBaTa cnHTKa
BaJlKaMH He Obwa OqeHb BbICOKOH, TaK KaK B npOTHBHOM CJlyqae MeTaJlJl
He BOHAeT B BaJlKH (K09qxpHI.{HeHT TpeHHH YMeHbI.UaeTCH C nOBblI.UeHHeM
CKOpOCTH). OOblqHO 9Ta CKOpOCTb HH>Ke CKOpOCTH npOKaTKH, n09roMY
nocJle 3aXBaTa MeTaJlJla npOHcxOAHT AaJlbHeiimee nOBblweHHe CKOpOCTH.
B AaHHOM CJlYllae BpaIll.aIOIlI.HH MOMeHT ABHraTeJIH AOn>KeH npeoAOJle-
BaTb KaK HHepUHOHHble YCHJlHH, TaK H MOMeHT CTaTHqeCKOrO conpOTHB-
JleHHH - MOMeHT npOKaTKH.
ITepeA KOHUOM npOKaTKH CJlHTKa B Ka>K)J.OM nponYCKe oneparop
B03AeiicTByeT Ha cxeMY ynpaBneHHH AJIH peBepCHpOBaHHH )J.BHraTeJIH
BaJlKOB. HaqaJlo B03AeikTBHH BblOHpaeTCH C TaKHM paCqeTOM, qroObI
CKOpOCTb BbIopoca MeTaJlJla H3 BaJlKOB He ObIJla OOJlbI.Uoii, HHaqe CJlHroK
OYAeT BbIopoweH Ha OOJlbI.UOe paccTOHHHe, H nOTpeoyeTcH 3HaqHTeJlb-
Hoe BpeMH )J.nH B03BpaTa ere K paOOqHM BaJIKaM.
ITpoKaTKa CJlHTKa BO BTOpOM H B nOCJleAYIOIlI.HX nponYCKax MO>KeT
HaqHHaTbCH nOCJIe TOro, KaK )J.BHraTeJlb paOOqHX BaJlKOB 3aKOHqHT pe-
Bepc, Ha>KHMHOe YCTPOHCTBO OKOHqHT paoOTY no nepeMeIll.eHHIO Bepx-
Hero paOoqero BaJlKa B HOBoe nOJlO>KeHHe H 3a)J.HHH paOOqHH pOJlbraHr
BepHeT CJlHTOK K paOOqHM BaJlKaM. C TeM, qTOObI YMeHbI.UHTb BpeMH
naY3bI Me>K)J.Y nponYCKaMH, ueJleCOOOpa3HO paoOTY Ha>KHMHoro YCTPOH-
cma, pOJlbraHra H ABHraTeJIH paOOqHX BaJlKOB npH peBepce He C)J.BH-
raTb no BpeMeHH, a npOH3BOAHTb O)J.HOBpeMeHHO, qTO OOblqHO H BbInOJl-
HHeTCH Ha npaKTHKe. ITocJle BTOpOro nponYCKa CJlHTOK nonaAaeT Ha
nepe.D:HHH paOOqHH pOJlbraHr. 3AeCb, npH HeooXOAHMOCTH, OH KaHTyeTcH
Ha 90° npH nOMOIll.H KaHTOBaTeJlH, YCTaHOBJleHHOrO Ha npaBoH nepek
HeH JlHHeHKe MHHHnYJlHTOpa. IToCJIe KaHTOBKH H H3MeHeHHH nOJlO>KeHHH
BepXHero paOoqero BanKa CJlHTOK nepe)J.HHM paOOqHM pOJlbraHrOM Ha-
141

npaBJIHeTCH K paOOqHM BaJIKaM )J.JIH npOKaTKH ero B TpeTbeM nponYCKe
H T. }1.. 4HCJIO nponYCKOB npH npOKaTKe B 06>KHMHOM CTaHe 3aBHCHT OT
HaqaJIbHOrO H KOHeqHOrO CeqeHHH CJIHTKa H KOneOJIeTCH B npeeJIax
9-19.
C npoKaTKoM CJIHTKa }1.JIHHa ero YBeJIHqHBaeTCH. ECJIH npoKaTKY
CJlHTKa BO Bcex nponycKax npoH3Bo}1.HTb C O}1.HOM H TOM >Ke CKOpOCTbIO,
TO BpeMH npOKaTKH B nOCJIe}1.HHX nponYCKax OY}1.eT OqeHb OOJIblllHM.
IT03TOMY }1.JIH COKpameHHH BpeMeHH npOKaTKH CKOpOCTb BpameHHH
paOOqHX BaJIKOB C nOBbIllleHHeM HOMepa nponYCKa, KaK npaBHJIO, YBe-
JIHqHBaeTCH. ITo OKOHqaHHH npOKaTKH MeTaJIJI 3a}1.HHM paOOqHM Y}1.JIH-
HHTeJIbHbIM H TpaHcnopTHbIM pOJlbraHraMH nO}1.aeTCH K HO>KHlUJ.aM }1.JIH
06pe3KH KOHOB H nope3KH ero Ha MepHwe }1.nHHw.
YnpaBJIeHHe CJIHTKOB030M, npHeMHbIM pOJIbraHroM H nOBopOTHbIM
CTOJIOM npOH3BO}1.HTCH C nOCTa 1 (CM. pHC. 8-2). YnpaBJIeHHe MeXaHli3-
MaMH rnaBHoM JIHHHH CTaHa npoH3Bo}1.HTCH }1.BYMH onepaTopaMH
C nOCTa 2. OCHOBHOM onepaTOp ynpaBnHeT pa60qHMH BaJIKaMH, Ha>KHM-
HbIM YCTPOMCTBOM, paOOqHMH H Y}1.JIHHHTeJIbHbIMH pOJlbraHraMH; no-
MOmHHK onepaTOpa - nO}1.BO}1.HmHM pOJlbraHrOM, KaHTOBa'NJIeM H Ma-
HHnynHTOpaMH.
lpelioB8HHR K 3neKTpH'IeCKOMY npHBOAY
BpeMH npoKaTKH O}1.HOro CJIHTKa, T. e. BpeMH HKJla, COCTOHT H3
MalllHHHoro BpeMeHH (BpeMeHH HaXO>K}1.eHHH MeTaJIna B BaJIKax) H
BpeMeHH naY3. Oomee BpeMH naY3 onpe}1.eJIHeTCH BpeMeHeM nO}1.H
pOJIbraHraMH CJIHTKa }1.JIH npoKaTKH B nepBoM nponycKe, BpeMeHeM
KaHTOBOK H BpeMeHeM paOOTbI Ha>KHMHoro YCTpoMcTBa. Cpe}l.HHH npo-
}1.0JI>KHTeJIbHOCTb naY3bI Me>K}1.Y nponycKaMH 1,5 ceK. EcnH npH 3TOM
B3HTb OObIqHO npHMeHHeMbIe cpe)J.HIOIO CKOpOCTb BbI6poca 30-40 o61MUfl
H cpe}1.HIOIO CKOpOCTb 3aXBaTa 15-30 o61MUfl, TO peBE'pCHpOBaHHe rJIaB-
HOro npHBO}1.a nOCJIe BbIopoca CJIHTKa H3 BaJIKOB AO CKOpOCTH 3aXBaTa
}1.0JI>KHO npOHCXO)J.HTb 3a cpe}1.Hee BpeMH naY3bI 1,5 ceK co cpe)J.HHM
YCKopeHHeM H 3aMe)J.neHHeM, paBHbIMe,.30-50 o61MUfl B ceKYH}1.Y. ITpH
OOJIblllHX YCKopeHHHx, eCJIH npe}1.HaMepeHHO He 3a}1.ep>KHBaTb rJIaSHbIii:
npHBO}1. Ha CKOpOCTH 3aXBaTa, 3aXBaT cnHTKa npoH30ii:}1.eT npH qpe3-
MepHO nOBbIllleHHoii: CKOpOCTH.
TIpH HH)J.HBH)J.yaJIbHOM npHBO}1.e paOOqHX BaJIKO)3 3aXBaT MeTaJIJIa
B03MO>KeH H Ha OCHOBHOii: CKOpOCTH, n03TOMY B TaKOM CJIyqae }1.ony-
CTlfMbI OOJIblllHe YCKopemiH (}1.0 100 o61MUfl B CeKYH)J.Y).
OOWqHO B peBepCHBHWX CTaHax rOpHqeii: npOKaTKH }1.HHaMHqeCKHM
MOMeHT, onpe)J.eJIHIOmHii: BeJIHqHHY YCKopeHHH, BbIOHpaeTCH npHMepHO
paBHbIM HOMHHaJIbHOMY, }1.nH TOro qT06bI MO>KHO ObIJIO HCnOJIb30BaTb
OOJIblllYIO qaCTb neperpY30qHOro MOMeHTa }1.BHraTeJIH }1.nH OO>KaTHH
MeTaJIJIa.
)XHana30H perYJIHpOBaHHH peBepCHBHbIX CTaHOB rOpHqeii: npOKaTKH
onpe)J.enHeTCH HaHMeHbllleii: CKOpOCTbIO npOKaTKH B nepBbIX nponYCKax
H HaHOOJIbllleii: B nOCJIe)J.HHX nponycKax.
148

113 YCJIOBHH TeXHOJIOfH'IeCKOrO npol\ecca npOKaTKH Ha peBepCHBHbIX
CTaHaX BbITeKaIOT CJIe)1,YIOmHe 06mHe Tpe60BaHHH.
1. BpeMH npOTeKaHHH nepexo)1,HblX npOl\eCCOB npH 3a)1,aHHbIX 3Ha-
'IeHHHX MaKcHMYMa ,lI.llHaMH'IeCKoro TOKa )1,OmKHO 6bITb MHHH-
MaJIbHbIM.
2. BO'JIbiliaH 'IaCTOTa BKJIIO'IeHHH npHBo)1,HorO )1,BllraTeJIH (1000 BKJIIO-
-qeHllH B 'Iac H BbIIlIe).
3. IllllpoKHH )1,Hana30H perYJIHpoBa'HllH CKOpOCTH (1 : 10).
4. BeJIH'IHHa YCKopeHllH He )1,OJI}i<Ha 3aBHceTb OT CKOpOCTH, )1,0
KOropOH pa3rOHHeTCH )1,BHraTeJIb.
5. BbICOKaH neperpY30'IHaH cnoc06HocTb npHBo)1,Horo ,lI.BllraTeJIH
no TOKY II MOMeHTY, Y'IllTblBaH, 'ITO nOCJIe 3aXBaTa MeTaJIJIa B Te'IeHHe
HeKoToporo npOMeJKYTKa BpeMeHll )1,BllraTeJIb )1,OJUKeH npeo)1,OJIeBaTb
O)1,HOBpeMeHHo HHepl\HOHHWe YCHJIllH H MOMeHT npOKaTKll.
6. BblcOKaH CTeneHb Ha)1,e>KHOCTll pa60TbI CHCTeMbI 3neKTponpHBO)1,a.
K 3JIeKTpOnpHBO)1,Y pa60qHx BaJIKOB CJIH6HHra H YHHBepCaJIbHWX
KJIeTeH )1,PYfHX peBepcHBHbIX CTaHOB rOpH'IeH npoKaTKH npe)1,'bHBJIHeTCH
)1,onOJIHHTeJIbHOe Tpe60BaHHe,.,s:BH3aHHoe C o)1,HoBpeMeHHoH npoKaTKoH
MeTaJIna B )1,BYX KJIeTHX, - 06ecne'IHTb Tpe6yeMoe COOTHOIlIeHlle CKO-
1 pOCTeH BepTllKaJIbHbIX II ropH30HTaJIbHbIX BanKOB, pa3Hoe B 3aBllCH-
MOCTll OT HanpaBJIeHllH npOKaTKH.
 8-2. X8p8KTepHcTHK8 aneKTpoo6oPYAOB8HHR
rn8BHoro npHBoA8 peBepcHBHwX CT8HOB
B rJIaBHbIX 3JIeKTpOnpHBo)1,aX peBepcHBHbIX CTaHOB ropHqeH npo-
KaTKll npHMeHHIOTCH roJIbKO )1,BHraTeJIll nOCTOHHHoro TOKa, nllTaHlle
KOropbIX npoH3Bo)1,llTCH OT HH)1,HBH)1,yanbHbIX llCro'IHHKOB 3JIeKTpO-
3HeprllH. TaKllMH HCTOqHHKaMH )1,0 HaCTOHmero BpeMeHH B CoI03e
HBJIHIOTCH rJIaBHWM 06pa30M reHepaTopbI nOCToHHHOro TOKa, Bpam ae -
Mble )1,BllraTeJIeM nepeMeHHoro TOKa (CHHXpOHHbIM HJIH aCllHxpOHHbIM
C MaxoBHKoM). I1MeIOTcH TaK>Ke )1,eHcTBYIOmHe YCTaHOBKH C nHTaHHeM
npoKaTHoro )1,BHraTeJIH OT ynpaBJIHeMOrO pTYTHoro BbIllpHMHTeJIH:
peBepCHBHoro CTaHa 750, 6JIIOMllHra C rpynnoBbIM npHBO)1,OM II MIO-
MllHra C llH)1,HBH)1,yaJIbHWM npHBo)1,oM BaJIKOB.
ITHTaHHe 06MOToK B036Y>K)1,eHHH reHeparopoB H npoKaTHbIx )1,BHra-
TeJIeH npoll3Bo)1,HTCH KaK OT 3JIeKTpoMarullHHbIX B036Y)1,llTeneH - reHe-
paTOpoB, TaK II OT PTYTHbIX BwnpHMHTeJIeiL
MeTaJIJIypfHqeCKOe npoH3Bo)1,CTBO xapaKTepHo HenpepblBHocTbIO
TeXHOnOfHqeCKOro npol\ecca, TecHoH CBH3bIO Me>K)1,Y OT)1,eJIbHbIMH
3BeHbHMH TeXHOJIOfHqeCKoro npol\ecca, n03TOMY nepepblB B pa60Te
KaKoro-JIH60 MexaHH3Ma, BbIllOJIHHIOmero OT)1,eJIbHYIO onepal\llIO B Tex-
HOnOfH'IeCKOM npol\ecce, MO>KeT npHBecTH K CHH>KeHHIO BbmycK8
npo)1,Y K l\llH 3aBO)1,a B l\eJIOM, a B HeKOTOpbIX CJIyqaHX K nopqe 060py-
)1,OBaHHH, K aBapHll. IT03TOMY 06mee, BeCbMa Ba>KHOe Tpe60BaHHe
K 3JIeKTpo060PY)1,oBaHHIO MeTaJIJIypfH'IecKoro npoH3Bo)1,CTBa - 3TO H a-
)1, e >K HOC T b II 6 e C n e p e 6 0 H HOC T b HX pa60TbI.
149

npOK8rHbl8 ABHr8renH rn8BHbiX npHBOAOB
D.JUI npHBO)J,a paOO'IHX BaJIKOB peBepCHBHbIX CTaHOB npHMeHHIOTCH
)J,BHraTeJIH nOCTOHHHOrO TOKa MeTaJIJIyprHqecKoro THOa C HeBMCOKOH
HOMHHaJIbHOH CKOpOCTbIO BpameHHH (B npe)J,eJIax 40-70 06IMuH).
OCHOBHbIM' TeXHH'IeCKHM nOKa3aTeJIeM peBepcHBHbIX noKaTHblx
ABHraTeJIeH HBnHeTCH COOTHOIlleHHe
PnMn
a=-
J .
(8-1 )
3)J,eCb PH - HOMHHaJIbHaH MOmHOCTb, Kem;
M H - HOMHHaJIbHbIH MOMeHT, Kfl.M;
J - MOMeHT HHepIJ.HH HKOpH, mM 2 .
3TOT OOKa3aTeJIb M02KeT XapaKTepH30BaTb MaKCHMaJIbHYIO B03M02K-
HYIO npOH3BO)J,HTeJIbHOCTb npOKaTHoro CTaHa [JI -131, 'ITO CJle)J,yeT H3
ypaBHeHHH
a v -
P = 0,726p N mCllFa.lO 6 MilH.m/ZOO,
(8-2)
r)J,e p - K09cpqmIJ.HeHT, yqHTbIBaIOmHH TBep)J,OCTb CTaJIH ()J,nH CnOKOH-
HbIX II KHOHmHX CTaJIeH p = 1);
N - 'IHCJIO nponycKoB;,
F - CeqeHHe npoKaTbIBaeMoH 3aroToBKH nOCJIe npoKaTKH, M.M 2 ;
m CJI - Macca CJIHTKa, m;
a - 'IHCJIO )J,BHraTeJIeH.
ITo )J,aHHoMY ypaBHeHHIO (8-2) npOH3BO)J,HTenbHOCTb BblqHCJlHeTCH
)J,nH 7000 I{. paooTbI 3a ro)J,. ITpH )J,pyroM 'IHCJIe 'IaCOB paooTbI CTaHa
B ro)J, Heooxo)J,HMO BbInOJIHHTb nepeC'IeT.
1'13 ypaBHeHHH (8-2) CJle)J,yeT, 'ITO 'IeM oonbIlleH BeJIHqHHOH nOKa3a-
TenH a oooa)J,aeT npoKaTHbIH )J,BHraTenb CTaHa, TeM OOJIbirIaH npoH3Bo-
)J,HTeJIb_HOCTb M02KeT ObITb nOJIY'IeHa OT npoKaTHoro CTaHa.
PeBepcHBHbIH )J,BHraTeJIb Tilna MIT24-7000; 5170 Kem, 50/120 o61MuH;
M H = 981 KHM; J = 96,2 mM 2 , npHMeHHBIllHHCH )J,nH npHBo)J,a peBep-
5170.981
ClIBHbIX CTaHOB )J,O 1941 r., HMeer a = 96 2 = 52 700.
ITocJIe 1945 r. 3JIeKTpOnpoMblumeHHoc;b 3Ha'IHTeJIbHO YJIY'IIllHJIa
TeXHH'IeCKHe nOKa3aTeJIH 9neKTpHqeCKHX MaIllHH, opHMeHHeMbIx B Me-
TanJIyprH'IecKoM npOH3BO)J,CTBe, B 'IaCTHOCTH, nOKa3aTeJIH KPYOHbIX
peBepcHBHbIX ,JI.BHraTeJIeH.
CTpeMJIeHHe'YMeHbIllHTb MaxoBoH MOMeHT rJIaBHOrO npHBo)J,a npH-
BeJIO K C03)J,aHHIO )J,BYX'bHKOpHbIX )J,BHraTeJIeH C )J,BYMH HKOpHbIMH 00-
MOTKaMH H )J,BYMH KOJIJIeKTOpaMH. D.BYX'bHKOpHbIH )J,BHraTeJIb HMeer
MeHbIllHe )J,HaMeTp H MaxoBoH MOMeHT B cpaBHeHHH C O)J,HOHKOpHbIM TOH
2Ke MOmHOCTH.
150

-
00
'"
::f
:s:
0::
\0
'"
E-o
G:
G,)
0::
G,)

I'd
..
:=
IC


:a
:c
IC
:=
tJ
Co
G,)
IC
G,)
Co

:a
:c
I::
>.
Co

IC
0
I::
:=


:a
Co
0

0

G,)
:c
G,)
:a
:c
:c
I'd

G,)
:=

tJ
G,)
:r
:=
:c

G,)
E-
.. 1
'"
'"
Q) "" "" Cf) Cf) 0 - N
..:'> "" li) li) li) <0 <0 <0
0'"
t..,o Cf) Cf) Cf) Cf) Cf) Cf) Cf)
... - - - - - - -
e
CO)
'"
,Q !3
'>
Q) '"
... ::;; '" '" '" '"
'" '" 
'" 0:: 0:: 0:: 0:: 0::
0 :s: D:: :s: :s: :s: :s:
...
0 t)  t) t) t) t)
.. 0 0 0 0 0 0
CO) 0. ('t') 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
'"      
 :<: ::s :<: :<: :<:  :<:
OJ (i) OJ OJ OJ OJ OJ
'" 0::  0:: 0:: 0:: 0::
oj (i) :x: (i) (i) (i) (i)
M
,Q . <=, <=, <=, <=, <=, .. ..
:J "'I  0 :3
.. "' - - - - - -
 ",,->.  t- o li) <0 C'-J 0 0
;;10.. I: <:'-1 ..,,:- <O ",,- 0 C'i cD
13   li) W t- C'-J - Cf) S:!
-
--
..:si' C'-J 00 <f) t- li) 0
'" "'
Q)::;'", <O- ro "" C'i C'i C'i If")
 2'1: Cf) M - <f) - "" t-
:>1'" - -
'"
""
:a
'" - 0
,Q", - C'-J 0 0 0 0
Q):a:: 00 C'-J 00 li) 0 M 00
Cf) <0 - M r- -
;a - - -
Q) C'-J
:a :>1:>1
'" 0
'" '"
oj
..:
Q) .oJ:
'" 0 0 0 0
:.: g C'-J C'-J 0 C'-J 0 - 0
u - Cf) Cf) Cf)
Q) 0 0 0 0 ;:0- 0 ;:0-
!;': p.--
010
;:; :.:'" li) r- <0 <0 <0 r- <0
'" u
Q)
..
Q)
:a oi
'" '"
'" '" 0
0 Q) 0 li) 0 0 0 0 0
'" .,
u li) <0 <0 Cf) 0 0 0
0 t- oo 00 Cf) Cf) Cf)
0.
t:: <:'-1
oj
'"
.o 0
.. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
gl: r- <0 <0 C'I "" li) 0
",0> - li) M "" 00 M 0
S-'" li) "<t' r- OO li) 00
0 N
:>1
.",
Q)
'>
Q) to to 0 to to
.. '<!' G'I
oj 0 - - <.c <.c 0 "9
.. 0 6 6 t-
'" -- -- 0
'" 0 0 0 0 0 6 0
..: t- to 00 t- o 0 0
..;. G'I ('I") 00 G'I ('I") -
:a G'I :.::: ::.:: t:: - r- --
t::
'" t::   ::s t:: t:: t::
!-< ::s t:: t:: G'I ::s ::s ::s
151

B TaOJI. 8-1 npe)J,cTaBJIeHbI TeXHHtleCKHe nOKa3aTeJIH HeKoTopbIX
KpynHblX peBepcHBHbIX npoKaTHblx )J,BHraTeJIeH, H3rOTOBJIeHHbIX B CCCP
B nOCJIe)J,HHe rO)J,bI, H )J,JISI cpaBHeHHSI peBepcHBHoro )J,BHraTenSI
Mn24-7000. XapaKTepHbIM )J,JISI 3THX )J,BHraT{JIeH SIBJISIIOTCSI OTHOCH-
TeJIbHO MaJIble 3HatIeHHSI MaXOBoro MOMeHTa, nOBbIllIeHHble 3HatIeHHSI
PM
TeXHHtIeCKOrO nOKa3aTeJISI a = , a TaK>Ke HeCKonbKO nOBbI-
llIeHHaSI OCHOBHaH CKOpOCTb Bparn;eHHSI (60-70 06/MUH).
He6onbliloe 3HatIeHHe OCHOBHOH CKOpOCTH Bparn;eHHSI npoKaTHblx
)J,BHraTeneH peBepcHBHbIX CTaHOB (OO:lliHMHbIX cTaHoB) cTaporo npoH3-
BO)J,CTBa (5006/MUH) npHBeno K OrpaHH'leHHIO rrpoH3Bo)J,HTenbHocTH
CTaHa. YKa3aHHoe OO'bSICHSIeTcSI TeM, tITO H3-3a HaJIH'lHSI HM3KOH OCHOB-
HOH CKOpOCTH B03HHKaeT Heooxo)J,HMOCTb B oCJIaOJIeHHM nOTOKa )J,BH-
raTeJISI Y>Ke B nepBblx nponycKax, tITO npHBo)J,MT K YBeJIHtIeHMIO TOKa
ero npH 3a)J,aHHbIX BeJIHtIHHaX HarpY30'lHOrO MOMeHTa, T. e. K neperpeBY
)J,BHraTeJISI.
O)J,HaKo cyrn;ecTByeT H )J,pyraSI TOtIKa 3peHHSI, KOTopaSI OCHOB-
BaeTCSI Ha TOM, tITO HHTeHcHqJHKaHSI pe>KHMa paOOTbI OO>KHMHOrO CTaHa
)J,OJI>KHa ObITb nOJIytIeHa He 3a CtIeT YBeJIHtIeHHSI CKOpOCTH npOKaTKll,
a 3a CtIeT npHMeHeHHSI nOBbIllIeHHbIX OO>KaTHH H COKpmeHHSI TeM caMbIM
KOnHtIeCTBa nponYCKOB. YBeJIHtIeHHe >Ke OO>KaTHH LbI3bIBaeT npHMe-
HeHHe )J,BHraTeJIeH C nOBbIllIeHHbIM HOMHHaJIbHbIM MOMeHTOM, tITO MO>KeT
ObITb ocyrn;ecTBneHO nYTeM YBeJIHtIeHHSI MOrn;HOCTH ,lJ.BHraTeJIeH HJIH npH
coxpaHeHHH npe1KHeH MOrn;HOCTH nYTeM CHH>KeRTH! BeJIH'lHHbI HOMH-
HaJIbHOH CKOpOCTH Bparn;eHHSI. no YKa3aHHOH npH'lHHe B aMepHKaHCKOH
npaKTHKe B nocne)J,HHe 15-20 JIeT HaMeTHJIaCb TeH)J,eHHSI He K YBeJIH-
tIeHHIO HOMHHaJIbHOH CKOpOCTH, a K YMeHbllIeHHIO ee. BonbllIHHCTBO
onlOMHHrOB, H3rOTOBJIeHHbIX B CIlIA B 9TOT nepHO)J, BpeMeHII HMelOT
HOMHHaJIbHYIO CKOpOCTb Bparn;eHHSI 40 06/ MUH.
B nocne)J,HHX nponycKax, Kor)J,a )J,JIHHa MeTaJIJIa Y>Ke CTaHOBHTCSI
3HatIHTeJIbHOH, C eJIblO YMeHbllIeHHSI BpeMeHH npoKaTKH Heooxo)J,HMO
nOBbIllIaTb CKOpOCTb npoKaTKH, tITO npOH3BO,lJ.HTCSI nYTeM oCJIaOJIeHHSI
nOJISI )J,BHraTenSI. npoKaTKa MeTaJIJIa C oCJIaOJIeHHbIM noneM ocyrn;ecTB-
JISIeTCSI rrpH CHH>KeHHbIX 3HatIeHHSIX MOMeHTa, TaK KaK neperpY30'lHaSI
cnocooHoCTb )J,BHraTeJISI YMeHblilaeTcSI C YBeJIHtIeHHeM CKOpOCTH. TIo-
TpeoHaSI CTeneHb oCJIaOJIeHHSI nonSI )J,BMraTeJISI OObltIHO He npeBbIlliaeT
0,5 OT HOMHHanbHoro.
TIpH paCtIeTe H npoeKTHpOBaHHH rJIaBHbIX npHBO)J,OB peBepCHBHbIX
CTaHOB CJIe)J,YeT 3HaTb neperpY30tIHYIO cnocooHoCTb npOKaTHoro )J,BHra-
TeJIeH npH pa3HoH CKOpOCTH Bparn;eHHSI, T. e. HMeTb B CBoeM pacnopSI-
>KeHHH TaK Ha3bIBaeMble 3KCnJIyaTaHoHHble xapaKTepHcTHKH )J,BHra-
TeJISI. nOcJIe,IUme onpe)J,eJISIIOT COOOH 3aBHCHMOCTb MaKCHMaJIbHO )J,ony-
CTHMbIX 3HatIeHHH MOrn;HOCTH, TOKa H MOMeHTa )J,BHraTeJISI OT CKOpOCTH
Bparn;eHHSI.
Ha pHC. 8-3 ...npe)J,CTaBJIeHbI 9KCnJIyaTaHoHHble xapaKTepHcTHKH
)J,BHrareJISI THna nM24-7000, 5170 Kern; 50/120 06/MUH H THna
nBK250/145; 4560 Kern; 70/120 06/Jr!UH AJISI MaKCHMaJIbHbIX neperpy-
152

30'IHbIX 3Ha'IeHHH MOrn;HOCTH, MOMeHTa H TOKa. 113 XapaKTepHCTHK CJIe-
JJ.yeT, 'ITO JJ.O OCHOBHOH CKOpOCTH neperpY30'IHaH CnOC06HOCTb JJ.BHraTeJIH
no TOKY H MOMeHTY He 3aBHCHT OT CKOpOCTH, a rreperpY30'IHaH MOrn;HOCTb
nporropHOHaJIbHa CKOpOCTH Bparn;eHHH. npH CKOpOCTHX Bparn;eHHH
OJ p,M,I
3
0) P, M,l
3
2,25
1,95
2
1,7
/
/
/
/p

120 /
,100 n,06/MUff
1,0
70
120
100 n.o6/MuH
50
50
PIIC. 8-3. 3KcnJlyaT8l{1I0HHble xap8KTeplicTlIKlI:
a - p;SHraTeJlSl DM-24-7000; 5170 "8m; 50/120 06/MUH; 6 - P;SH-
raTeJlSl DBI<-250/I45; 4560 "om; 70/120 06!MUH
BbIlile OCHOBHOH rrpeJJ.eJIbHbIH MOMeHT 3aBHCHT OT CTeneHH oCna6neHHH
nOnH ABHraTeJIH:
M npel! = killAn I H'
(8-3)
rJJ.e <D - BeJIH'IHHa nOTOKa;
IHAn - npe,n.eJIbHO JJ.OnYCTHMbIH TOK, COOTBeTCTBYlOrn;HH 3TOMY no-
TOKY;
An - neperpY30'IHaH cnoc06HOCTb JJ.BHraTeJIH no TOKY.
npe)J.eJIbHO JJ.onycTHMbIH TOK YMeHblilaeTcH C oCJIa6JIeHHeM nOTOKa
ABHraTeJIH. 'ITO CBH3aHO C YBeJIH'IeHHeM peaKTHBHOH 3. A. C. KOpOTKO-
saMKHYToH KOMMYTaUHoHHoH ceKUHH npH pOCTe CKOpOCTH Bparn;eHHH
ABHraTeJIH e p = cIn H, CJIeAOBaTeJIbHO, C YXYAllIeHHeM YCJIOBHH KOMMY-
TaHH. nO.3TOMY npH CKOpOCTHX Bparn;eHHH BbIlile OCHOBHOH He06xo-
JlHMo YMeHbllIaTb npeAeJIbHO JJ.onycTHMoe SHa'IeHHe TOKa.
ID co 1
ECJIH YllecTb, 'ITO ID H = ; = k' a M H = kH<DHI H , TO ypaBHeHHe
(8-3) MOJKHO 6YAeT 3anHcaTb B CJIeAYlOrn;eM BHAe
M npeJl = M H A: ' (8-4)
rJJ.e
k-!!!...
- ro H '
TaKHM 06pa30M, npeAeJIbHO AonycTHMbIH MOMeHT npH OCJIa6JIeH-
H An
OM none JJ.BHraTeJIH nponopHOHaJIeH OTHOllIeHHlO Ii'
153

reHspaTOpw AnR nHTaHHR ASHraTsnsA
pa60HX sanKOS pSBepCHBHWX CTaHOS
Ha plIC. 8-4 npe):lCTaBJIeHa cxeMa nlITaHlISI ):lBHraTeJISI peBepclIBHoro
npoKaTHoro CTaHa OT reHepaTOpoB, BpaaeMblx aCHHxpoHHbIM ):lBHra-
TeneM C MaXOBlIKOM.
.l1.JISI nHTaHHSI ):lBHraTeJIeH MOHbIX peBepCHBHbIX CTaHOB OObI'lHO
npHMeHSIlOTCSI ):lBa reHepaTopa. JIHllIb ):lJISI OO:>KHMHbIX npOKaTHbIX
CTaHOB C .n.HaMeTpOM BanKOB HH:>Ke 1000 MM HCnOJIb3yeTcSI O}J,HH reHe-
paTOp. 061>SIcH5IeTCSI 9TO TeM, 'ITO B COBpeMeHHOM 9JIeKTpOMallIHHO-
cTpoeHHlI ):lnSI MallIHH nOCTOSIHHoro TOKa cyecTBYlOT npeAeJIbHble
MOHOCTH npH 3a):laHHoM ):lHaMeTpe ee SIKOpSI.
A
, "
npeo6pu30Bame17bl1blU uzpezam
PRC. B-4. CxeMa nliTaHliR )l.BlIraTeJlR peBepClIBHoro npo-
KaTHoro CTaHa OT reHepaTOpOB:
1 - eeHcpaTopbl; 2!- npHSo.AHoli ABHraTeJlb; 3 - MaxosnK; 4-
peeYJlHTOp CKOJlbllieHHH; 5 - npoKaTHbl1l ASMeaTeJlb; 6 - llIeCTe-
peHHaH KJleTb; 7 - pa(jOqHe SaJiKH
npe):leJIbHaSI MOHOCTb MallIHHbI nOCTOSIHHOrO TOKa OrpaHH'IHBaeTCSI
CJIe):lYlOlU.HMlI iPaKTOpaMH:
1) HanpSI:>KeHHeM Me:>K):lY COCe):lHHMH KOnJIeKTOpHbIMH nJIaCTH-
HaMH UK;
2) BeJIH'IHHOH JIHHeHHOH HarpY3KH AS, T. e. HarpeBOM SIKOpSI;
3) OKPY:>KHOH CKOpOCTblO SIKOpSI V, T. e. MeXaHH'IeCKHMH HanpSI:>Ke-
HHSIMH B 51Kope;
4) BeJIH'lHHOH peaKTHBHOH 9.):l. C. B KOMMYTHpya1OH CeKI.\HH e s ,
T. e. YCJIOBHSIMH HOpMaJIbHOH KOMMYTaI.\HH.
TIpe,n.eJIbHO ):lonYCTHMble 3Ha'IeHHSI YKa3aHHbIX BeJIH'IlIH COOTBeTCT-
BeHHO paBHbI: UK = 10-20 6; AS = 600 a/cM; v = 70 MiceK; e s =
= 5-8 6.
113 TeopHH 9JIeKTpH'leCKHX MallIHH H3BeCTHbI CJIeJI.YlOHe JlBa COOT-
154

HOllIeHlHl, YCTaHaBJIHBalOIll.He 3aBllCHMOCTb MOIll.HOCTH 9JIeKTpHqeCKOH
MallIHHbI P OT pSIJ].a KOHCTPYKTHBHbIX napaMeTpOB:
P = 3ASv .!!... e Kem'
n pw K ,
3B 6 f1.v 1
P=-',e s Kem.
n WT\o
ECJIH B ypaBHeHHSI (8-5) H (8-6) nOJ].CTaBHTb npeAeJIbHble 3HatIeHHSI
J].JISI AS, e K , v, e s H B3SITb Ba = 8600-10 000 2C, ex. = 0,7; 'A = 3,5 +
+ 4,5; w = 1; !!... = 1 (npH npocToH neTJIeBOH 06MOTKe), TO
p
YK = (Pn)e K = (1,8+2,0) 10 6 ; (8-7)
"Is = (pn)e S = (2,2+2,6) 10 6 . (8-8)
G nOMOllI.blO ypaBHeHHSI (8-7) HeTpYAHo onpeAeJIHTb AJISI MallIHHbI
C npocToH neTJIeBOH 06MOTKOH ee npeAeJIbHYlO MOIll.HOCTb. no BeJIHtIHHe
HanpmKeHHSI Me)l{Ay coceAHHMH KOJIJIeKTOpHbIMH nJIaCTHHaMH, a C no-
MOIll.blO ypaBHeHHSI (8-8) - ee npeAeJIbHYlO MOIll.HOCTb no YCJIOBHSIM
KOMMYTaHH. YpaBHeHHSI (8-7) H (8-8) CJIY)I{aT KpHTepHSIMH BbInonHH-
MOCTH MallIHH no ABYM YKa3aHHbIM YCJIOBHSIM. 3TH ypaBHeHHSI nOKa-
3bIBalOT, tITO npH npOCTOH neTJIeBOH 06MOTKe npeAeJIbHaSI MOIll.HOCTb
no YCJIOBHSIM KOMMYTaHH BbIlile npeAeJIbHOH MOHOCTH no HanpSI)I{eHHIO
Me)l{AY KOnJIeKTOpHbIMH nJIaCTHHaMH. TaKHM 06pa30M, npH npOCTOH
neTJIeBOH 06MOTKe' npeAenbHaSI MOIll.HOCTb' MallIHHbI OrpaHHtIHBaeTCSI
HanpSI)I{eHHeM Me)l{AY KOJIJIeKTOpHbIMH nJIaCTHHaMH.
no ypaBHeHHlO (8-7) MO)l{HO YCTaHoBHTb, tITO reHepaTop C neTJIeOH
06MOTKOH MOIll.HOCTblO 3500 Kem npH 375 06/Jr!Ufl 6JIH30K K npeAeJIbHOH
MOIll.HOCTH. TaK KaK OAHH reHepaTOp He 06eCnetIHBaeT nOJIYtIeHllSI nOJI-
ROH MOIll.HOCTH, Heo6xoAHMOH )J.JISI nHTaHHSI npOKaTHoro ABHraTemI, TO
npHMeHSIlOT ABa TaKHX reHepaTOpa, coeAHHeHHbIX Me)l{AY C060H napaJI-
JIeJIbHO.
113 ypaBHeHHSI (8-5) CJIeAyeT, tITO npH npeAeJIbHbIX 3HatIeHHSIX
AS, e K , v, e s YBeJIHtIeHHe npeAeJIbHOH MOIll.HOCTH .3JIeKTpHtIecKoH Ma-
a
llIHHbI B03MO)l{HO TonbKO 3a CtIeT YBeJIHtIeHHSI OTHOllIeHHSI -. 3TO
p
COOTHOllIeHHe MO)l{eT 6bITb nOBbIllieHO nYTeM npHMeHeHHSI MHorOXOAo-
a
BbIX 06MOTOK SIKOpSI, Y KOTOpbIX -- = m , rAe m -tIHCJIO XOAOB 06MOTKll.
p
npH AByxxoAoBOH 06MOTKe m = 2 H npH npOtIHX paBHblx YCJIOBHSIX
qHCJIO KOJIJIeKTOpHbIX nJIaCTHH YBeJIHtIHBaeTCSI B ABa pa3a, tITO npll-
BOAHT K CHH)I{eHHlO BABoe HanpSI)I{eHHSI Me)l{AY HHMH H, CJIeAOBaTeJIbHO,
K nOBbIllIeHHlO npeAeJIbHOH MOIll.HOCTH no BeJIHtIHHe HanpSI)I{eHHSI Me)l{AY
KOJIJIeKTOpHbIMH nJIaCTHHaMH BCJIeACTBlle 9Toro npeAeJIbHaSI MOllI.HOCTb
MallIHHbI C ABYXXOAOBOH 06MOTKOH 6YAeT onpeAeJISITbCSI He HanpSI)I{e-
HHeM Me)l{AY KOJIJIeKTOpHbIMH nJIaCTHHaMH, a YCJIOBHSIMH KOMMYTaHH.
. B HaCTOSIIll.ee BpeMH YJKe npOH3BOASIT BbmYCK .3JIeKTpHtIeCKHX
Mam:HH AJISI MeTanJIyprntIeCKOH npOMbIllIJIeHHOCTH C ABYXXOAOBbIMH
06MOTKaMH, KOTopbIe npH Tex )l{e ra6apHTHbIX pa3Mepax, tITO H npe)l{-
(8-5)
(8-6)
155

HHe MalIIHHbI C O)J,HOXO)J,OBbIMH 06MOTKaMH, HMelOT 60JIblIIHe HOMHHanb-
Hble MOrn;HOCTH. 3TO OTHPCHTCSI KaK K reHepaTOpaM, TaK H K )J,BHraTeJISIM.
TaK, HanpHMep, )J,BHraTeJIb THna Mn24, 5170 Kem, 50/120 06/MUH
MO>KeT 6bITb 3aMeHeH 60nee COBpeMeHHbIM npOKaTHbIM )J,BHraTeJIeM
THna n51(385/125; 7360 K8m; 60/90 06/MUH 6e3 nepe)J,eJIKH 4>YH)J,a-
MeHTOB, tITO OtIeHb Ba>KHO npH ocyrn;eCTBJIeHHH MO)J,epHH3aHH )J,eH-
CTBYlOrn;HX peBepcHBHbIX CTaHOB.
T a 6 JI H l{ 8 8-2
TeX,HH'IeCHHe )J.aHHble HeHoTopblX THnOB HpynHblx reHepaTOpOB
)J.nH rnaBHbIX npHBo)J.oB peBepcHBHblX CTaHOB
OCHOBHble TeXHHqeCKHe
AaHHble nOKaSaTeJlb 3aSOA-HseOTO- fOA
THn reHepaTOpos I T=Pn, SHTeJlb HseOTOS-
MOll\- HanpSI-lcKOPOCTb. KBrn . o61MUH JleHHH
HOCTb, }Ke=He. o61MUH
KBrn
,
rm6-3000 3000 750 375 1,123. 10 8 3J1eKTpOCHJIa 1934
TIBK215-40 4930 865 500 2,46 . 10 8 , X3M3 1953
rTI3500-500 3500 900 500 1,75.10 8 3J1eKTpOCHJla 1956
rTI5000-375 5000 750 375 1,87. 10 8 3J1eKTpOClIJl8 1958
rTI5700-375 5700 900 375 2,14. 10 8 3J1eKTpOClIJl8 1961
rTI5200-375 5200 900 375 ],95. 10 8 3JIeKTpOCHJl8 1962
TI21-30-17K 3600 630 500 1,80. 10 8 X3M3 1962
rTIB500-375 89 00 900 375 3,2 . 10 8 3J1eKTpOCHJl8
B Ta6JI. 8-2 npe)J,CTaBJIeHbI TeXHHtIecKHe )J,aHHble KpynHblx reHepa-
TOpOB nOCTOSIHHoro TOKa. lI.JISI cpaBHeHHSI B .3TOH Ta6J:IHe npHBe)J,eHbI
)J,aHHble reHeparopa paHHero BbmYCKa rn16-3000 C O)J,HOXO)J,OBOii: neT-
JIeBOH OOMOTKOH.
ABHraTsnH npsoGpa8oBaTsnsR
B KatIeCTBe )J,BHraTeJIeH reHepaTopoB rJIaBHOrO npHBO)J,a peBepcHB-
HbIX npoKaTHblx CTaHOB npHMeHSIlOTcSI CHHxpOHHbIe HJIH aCHHxpoHHbIe
C MaXOBHKOM.
l{o nOCJIe)J,Hero BpeMeHH B npe06pa30BaTenbHbIx arperaTax peBep-
CHBHbIX npOKaTHbIX CTaHOB npeHMyrn;ecTBeHHO npHMeHSIJICSI aCHHxpoH-
HbI" )J,BHraTeJIb C MaXOBHKOM. 3TO OO'bSICHSIeTCSI CJIe)J,YlOrn;HMH ocooeH-
HOCTSIMH TaKoro npHBo)J,a. B nepHO)J,bI cna)J.a HarpY3KH MaXOBHK YBe-
JIHtIHBaeT 3anac KHHeTHtIeCKOH 9HeprHH, HarpY>KaSI )J,onOJIHHTenbHO
aCHHxpoHHbIH )J,BHraTenb, BO BpeMSI nHKa HarpY3KH OH BocnpHHHMaeT
tIaCTb HarpY3KH, pa3rpY>KaSI aCHHxpoHHbIH )J,BHraTeJIb. npH TaKOM
nepepacnpe)J,eJIeHHH HarpY3KH aCHHxpoHHbIH )J,BHraTenb reHeparopa
HarpY>KaeTCSI oOJIee paBHOMepHo, H B ceTb He nepe,n.alOTCSI nHKH Ha-
rpY3KH, KOTopble npH OTHOCHTeJIbHO He6oJIblIIOH MOrn;HOCTH ceTH OK a-
>KYT OTpHaTeJIbHOe BJIHSIHHe Ha pa60TY )J.pymx nOTpeOHTeJIeH .3JIeKT-
pHtIeCKOH 9HeprHH.
156

lI.JI5I nOnYtIeHH5I 6onbIllero 3<P<PeKTa paOOTbI MaXOBHKa B I.\enb PO-
TOpa aCHHXpOHHOrO ABHraTeRSI BKJIlOtIaIOT >KHAKOCTHbIH perymITOp
CKOJIb>KeHH5I (pHC. 8-5).
TaKoH perYJI5ITOp npeACTaBJUleT COOOH oaK, 3anOJIHeHHbIH 3neKTpo-
JIHTOM (1-2%-HbIH paCTBOp COAbI Na 2 CO S )' BHYTPH oaKa HaxoASITCSI
TPH HenoABHlliHbIX 1 H TPH nOABHlliHbIX 3JIeKTpoAa 2. BepxHHe 3JIeKT-
pOAbI CBSI3aHbI MelliAY COOOH TpaBepcoH 3 H oopa3YIOT OOIII;YIO HYJIeBYIO
TOtIKY. HHlliHHe 3JIeKTpOAbI coeAHHeHbI tIepe3 KOHTaKTHble KOnbl.\a
C OOMOTKOH pOTopa aCHHxpOHHoro ABHraTeJISI. TpaBepca C BepXHHMH
3JIeKTpOAaMH CBSI3aHa C npOTHBOBeCOM 5 TpOCOM 6, KOTOpbIH OXBaTbI-
BaeT IllKHB 7 OaJIaHCHOro ABHraTenSI. nOCJIeAHHH nonyqaeT nHTaHHe
OT BTOpHtIHOH OOMOTKH TpaHccpopMaTopa TOKa 8, nepBHtIHble OOMOTKH
lK
8
9
5
C7
I
I
I
I
I
L-_______..J
PliC. 8-5. )K1I,nKOCTHblii perYJlRTOp CKOJlb>KeHHR
KOToporo oOTeKaIOTC5I TOKOM aCI'lHXpOHHoro ABHraTeJI5I 9. MOMeHT
6aJIaHCHOro )J.BHraTeJISI npOnOpl.\HOHMeH KBaApaTY TOKa aCHHxpoH-
Horo ABHraTeJISI H AeHcTBYeT B TY llie CTOPOHY, tITO H npOTHBOBec,
cTpeMSIcb YBeJIHtIHTb paCCT05lHHe MelliAY BepXHHMH H HHlliHHMH 3JIeKT-
pOAaMH. lI.eHcTBHe npoTHBoBeca HeAOCTaTOtIHO, tITOObI YAeplliaTb Bepx-
HHe 3JIeKTpOAbI Ha onpeAeJIeHHOH BbICOTe, n03TOMY AOnOJIHHTeJIbHbIH
MOMeHT AJISI 3TOH l.\eJIH c03AaeT OaJIaHCHbIH ABHraTeJIb. 3TOT MOMeHT
6YAeT TeM oonbIlle, tIeM MeHbIlle rpY3 npOTHBOBeca. MO>KHO BblopaTb
BeJIHtIHHY rPY3a npoTHBoBeca TaK, tITOObI npH paBHoBecHH CHCTeMbI
MOMeHT oanaHcHoro ABHraTenSI ObIJI onpeAeneHHbIM H COOTBeTCTBOBaJI
OnpeAeJIelIHOH HarpY3Ke aCHHxpoHHoro ABHraTeJISI. ECJIH npH 3TOM
HarpY3Ka aCHHxpoHHoro ABHraTeJISI CTaHeT nOBbIIllaTbCSI, TO YBeJIH-
QHTCSI MOMeHT OaJIaHCHOro ABHraTeJISI, H OH, nOBOpatIHBa5lCb, HatIHeT
nOJJ.HHMaTb BepXHHe 3JIeKTpoAbI. ConpOTHBJIeHHe B l.\enH pOTopa aCHH-
xpOHHoro ABHraTeJISI YBeJIHtIHTCSI, CKOpOCTb ero CHH3HTCSI, H MaXOBHK
BocnpHMeT Ha ceo51 tIaCTb HarpY3KH. TaKHM oopa30M, C npHMeHeHHeM
MaXOBHKa HarpY30tIHa51 p'HarpaMMa ABHraTeJI5I npHHHMaeT oOJIee
157

paBHOMepHbIH XapaKTep, nHKH HarpY3KH crn, a>KHBaIOTCSI a .3TO npH-
Be)J,eT. K YMeHbIlIeHHIO nOTeph .3HeprHH B )J,BlIraTeJIe, YMeHhilieH1l1O
cpe)J,HeKBa)J,paTHtIHOrO TOKa H, KaK CJIe]l.CTBHe, K B03MO>KHOCTH CHmKe-
HHSI HOMHHaJIbHOH MOIll.HOCTH )J,BHraTf'.JISI. BepXHHH npe)J,eJI MOMeHTa
HHepl.\HH MaXOBHKa OrpaHHtIHBaeTCSI ero CTOHMOCThlO H nOTepSIMH, TaK
KaK C YBeJIHtIeHHeM MOMeHTa HHepl.\HH MaXOBHKa paCTYT KanHTaJIhHble
3aTpaTbI H nOTepH .3HepfHH Ha TpeHHe B nO)J,IlIHnHHKax MaXOBHKa H
BeHTHJISlI.\HOHHble nOTepH Ha TpeHHe o6o]l.a 0 BO)J,yX.
LLJISI MOm.HbIX peBepCHBHbIX npOKaTHbIX CTaHOB OTHOIlIeHHe 3anaca
.3HeprHH MaXOBHKa K HOMJIHaJIhHOH MOIll.HOCTH aCHHxpOHHoro )J,BHra-
TeJISl 6epeTCSI paBHbIM
: = 30+35 eeK.
(8-9)
npaKTHKOH YCTaHOBneHO, tITO B COBpeMeHHbIX 6JIIOMHHrax, Y KOTO-
pbIX 3Ha'tIHTeJIbHO COKpam.eHO BpeMSI I.\HKna H BpeMSI naY3bI Me>K)J,Y
nponycKaMH, .3HeprHSI MaXOBHKa, BbI6paHHoro B COOTBeTCTBHH C pa-
BeHCTBOM (8-9), He ycneeT BOCCTaHOBHTbCSI 3a BpeMSI cna)J,a HarpY3KH.
I( He)J,OCTaTKaM npeo6pa30i3aTeJIeH C aCHHxpOliHbIM )J,BHraTeJIeM H
MaXOBHKOM CJIe]l.yeT OTHeCTH:
1) ManO.3c1><PeKTHBHYIO pa60TY MaXOBHKa npH ManOM BpeMeHH cna)J,a
HarpY3KH, KaK .3TO HMeeT MeCTO Y cOBpeMeHHblx peBepCHBHbIX CTaHOB;
2) cpaBHHTeJIbHO C CHHXpOHHbIM )lBHraTeJIeM HH3KHH Koo4Ji!>mmeHT
MOm.HOCTH H K. n. ]I..;
3) 60JIbiliOH Bec, pa3Mephl H BbICOKYIO nepBOHB.tIaJIhHYIO CTOHMOCTb
(Bec MaXOBHKa COCTaBnSIeT npHMepHO 30% Bcero Beca npeo6pa30Ba-
TeJISI).
CHHXpoHHble )J,BHraTeJIH B nOCJIe)J,HHe rO)J,bI HailiJIH IlIHpOKoe npHMe-
HeHlie B KatIeCTBe )J,BHraTeJIeH B npeo6pa30BaTeJISiX peBepCHBHbIX npo-
KaTHblX CTaHOB. npeo6pa30BaTeJIH C CHHXpOHHbIMH )J,BHraTenSIMH HMelOT
JIYtIIlIHe Tt;XHHKO-.3KOHOMHtIecKHe nOKa3aTenH, qeM npeo6pa30BaTeJIH
C aCHHXpOHHbIMH )J,BHraTenSIMH. OHH HMelOT 60JIee BblCOKHe K. n. )J,.
H KO.3i!>i!>HI.\HeHT MOIll.HOCTH, MeHbiliHe KanHTaJIbHble 3aTpaTbi. He)J,o-
CTaTOK 6e3MaXOBHKOBbIX npeo6pa30BaTeJIeH - nHKH HarpY3KH H3-3a
OTCYTCTBHSI MaXOBHKa nOJIHOCTblO BocnpHHHMalOTCSI CHHXpOHHbIM )J.BH-
raTeJIeM H nepe)J,alOTCSI B CeTb - Hecym.eCTBeH. ho 06'bSICHSleTC}},
Bo-nepBbIX, TeM, tITC? ceTh Ha COBpeMeHHbIX MeTaJInyprHtIeCKHX 3aBO-
)J,ax, KaK npaBHno, SlBnSleTCSI MOm.HOH H, BO-BTOPbIX, 6JIaro)J,apSi .3JIeKT-
pOMarHHTHOH HHepl.\HH CHHxpOHHoro )J,BHraTeJISI npH npHnO>KeHHH
K BaJIY ero nHKOBOH HarpY3KH nepe)J,aBaeMaSi B ceTh HarpY3Ka 6Y)J,eT
HeCKonbKO CI:'JIa>KeHa [JI-I5l.
B Ta6JI. 8-3 npHBe)J,eHbI TeXHHKO-.3KOHOMHtIeCKHe nOKa3aTeJIH )J,BYX
BapHaHTOB npeo6pa30BaTeJIbHOrO arperaTa )J,nSI 6JIIOMHHra 1150 C HH)J,H-
BH)J,YaJIbHbIM npHBO)J,OM BaJIKOB [JI-I5J.
Ha OCHOBaHHH npHBe)J,eHHoro BbIIlIe npHMeHeHHe 6e3MaxoBHKoBbIX
npeo6pa30BaTeJIeH 60nee l.\eJIeC006pa3Ho KaK )J,nSI BHOBb npoeKTHpye-
MbIX, TaK H )J,nSI peKoHcTpYHpyeMblx peBepCHBHbIX npOKaTHbIX CTaHOB.
158

T a (j JI H  a 8-3
TexHHHo-3HoHoMHecKHe nOKaaaTenH BYX BapHaHToB
npeo6paaoB8TenbHoro arperaTa 6J1IOMHHra 1150
c
c
.0
=" ;., ><
.cPo .:, '" .
... =- 0. "'\0
() '" . to 
0 '" ..... 0
'" .. g '"
<fi. 1f 0. '" to .
npeoopa30SaTeJlb "'", .c'" Po ()
 \0 .c:a
::0 ...- 0 t...
oi ",,,, =-- u>< >:
0.'" 0", o .
I:i 0.'" ::0", I::: ::0'"
"' '" . "''''  "'-
!3 !3 ::f 0",
 ...",
t::", t::", Uto (:Q u-
aClIHxpoHHbIM .!);BlIraTeJleM II
M8XOBliKOM. . . . . . . . . . . . 82,4 1600 12,5. 10° 80 000 2470. 10 3 187,3
CHHXpOHHbIM }!BHraTeJJeM . . 93,4 600 4,8 . 10° 30 000 1960. 10 8 176,4
B Ta6JI. 8-4 npe)J,cTaBneHbI THnbI reHepaTopOB H npe06pa30B8TeJIeH
rJIaBHbIX npHBo)J,oB HeKoTopbIX 06)KHMHbIX CTaHOB.
PTYTHb18 npeofipaso8aTenH H TpaHccIJopMaTopbl K HHM
OCHOBHbIMH .3JIeMeHTaMH prYTHoro npe06pa30BaTensI SIBJISIlOTCSI:
a) PTYTHbIH BbmpSlMHTeJIb C CHCTeMOH c06CTBeHHbIX HY)K)J,; 6) nHT81OIIJ;HH
TpaHCtPopMarop; B) CHCTeMa ceTOtIHoro ynpaBJIeHHSI. KpoMe Toro, ClO)J,a
c.ne.u.yeT BKnlOtIHTb 6blcTp0)J,eHcTBYlOIIJ;YlO 38IIJ;HTHYlO annapaTYPY-
KaTO)J,Hble H aHO)J,Hble BbIKJIlOtIaTeJIH, CrJIa>KHB81OIIJ;He H ypaBHHTenb-
Hble peaKTopbI, aHO)J,Hble )J,eJIHTeJIH.
PTYTHble BbmpSIMIfTeJIIf. lI.JISI nHTaHHSI )J,BHraTeJIeH peBepCHBHbIX
npOKaTHbIX CTaHOB OT PTYTHbIX BbmpSlMHTeJIeH npe)J,YCMaTpHB81OT npH-
MeHeHHe MeTaJIJIHtIeCKHX H8COCHbIX PTYTHbIX BbmpSIMHTeJIeH C BO)J,SI-
HbIM OXJIa>K)J,eHHeM cepHH PMHB, a )J,nSI nHTaHHSI 06MOTOK B036Y)K)J,eHHSI
\ ,t!.BHraTeJIeH H reHepaTopOB - MeTanJIUtIeCKHe 3anaSIHHble cepHH PM
C B03)J,YllIHbIM OXna>K)J,eHHeM H cepHH PMB C BO)J,SIHbIM OXJIa>K)J,eHHeM.
, 3anaSIHHble PTYTHble BbmpSIMHTeJIH HMelOT 60nbllIHH CpOK CJIY)K6bI,
(50JIbllIYlO Ha)J,e)KHOCTb B .3KCnJIyaT8HH 11 MeHbllIYlO CTOHMOCTb, tIeM
HaCOCHble.
B Ta6JI. 8-5 npHBe)J,eHbI TeXHHtIeCKHe )J,aHHble PTYTHbIX BbmpSIMH-
-'reJIeH PB, H3rOTaBJIHB8eMblX OTetIeCTBeHHoH .3JIeKTpOnpOMbIllIJIeH-
, HOCTblO.
KpoMe YKa3aHHblx B Ta6JI. 8-5, npe)J,ycMaTpHBaeTcSI B 6JIH)KaHllIee
BPeMSI C03)l8HHe BbmpSIMHTeneH THna PM-350x6 Ha 2100 a H 825 6
H PM-500x6 H8 3000 a.
TpaHcf}>opMaTopbl. TpaHctPopMaTopbI, nHT81OIIJ;He PTYTHble BbmpSI-
MHTeJIH, pa6oTalOT B cneHtPHtIHbIX YCJIOBHSIX. Bo-nepBblx, tIepe3 BTO-
PHQHYlO 06MOTKY Tp8HctPopMaTopoB npoxo)J,SlT o)lHoHanpaBJIeHHble TOKH,
a TOKH nepBHtIHOH 06MOTKH co.nep>K8T BblCllIHe rapMOHHtIeCKHe; BO-
BTOpbIX, npH B03HHKHOBeHHH o6paTHblx 3a>KHraHHH B PTYTHOM BbmpSI-
159

"<I'
cO
co
::!
IS:
t;
10 Ie
CO 0
E-< =
at
t-
V
><
:a
=
::E
==
:Ii:
10
0
at
o:t
0
Ie
==
P.
=
0
'"
0
=
Ie
ea
t;
'"
I!IC
41
II:;
41
t-
ea
Ie
0
<'J
at
P.
10
0
41
P.
=
==
Ie
0
P.
0
...
ea
p.
Go)
:I:
Go)
'"
><
:a
p.
0
t-
O
:.=
Go)
=
:is
=
:;:
E-<
160
.0
"'
" co co co co
.. t; t; t; t;
..
'" IS: :.: :.: :.:
0 () () () u
.. 0 0 0 0
!: p. c. CI'") c. c.. CI'")
to !-< !-< !-< !-<
..   ::;:   ::;:
iJ (1) (1) (1') (1) (1) (1')
t; J3 t; J3
'" m ><: m ><:
'"
'"
.;
..
.. 0 0 0 0 0 8
"
:., 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
'" <D <D <D 0 0 S
r:: - .-
'"
:r:
e ;,:
::! 11:)  0  11:) 0
0<.> 
:Co I'- 0 I'- 0
:C'" \0 e>:> e>:> 11:) e>:> e>:> 11:)
00 C
0...
><:u
:c
==
<.>
t: 
u.. 
0", 0 0 0 0 0 8
"'.. 00 I'- 0 0 0
S".. <D <D e>:> 0 11:) 11:)
0'"
:;;"1: e>:> e>:> 0 l- I'- 00
- .- -
!:DI 10
0", r- C\1 <D <D C\1
:c" C? - ....
:c.. -- .- .... --
0'" 0 10 C') .... .... 0
"'''' 0 r- C'I C'I
><:0 0 C'? .n C'I C'I .n
:c tO 10 .- ....
..'" tb C'I   C\1
<.>'" 0 <D C') e>:>
..\0 CI'") CI'")
0 10 (, 
r::"   
='" < < ::;:
...r::
.0';
"'" 0 8 0 0 0
E 0 e>:> 0 8 0 0 0
=",., 0 0 0> 0 0 <D 0
S""' e>:> e>:>  10 11:) 11:) e>:> 11:)
0'-' C'I 00 C'I
:;; C'I C'I C'I C'I C'I
..
..
8- 10 0 10 10 10
r- 0 "<I'  I<:
.. C"J 0 -- r- r- r- r- C'I
'" C? C? C')
'" 6 0 10 .... -
'" C') .... 0 0 6 .n
= 0 tb C'I 0 0 0 0
'" 0  C? "<I'
.. C') .... 0 0 10 6
6 6 10 C') co ....
r:: LQ    C'I C'I
..
... I-.. I-..  I-.. I-.. I-..  
0 0 0 0
10 0 10 0 0 0
'" .... 0 .... 10 C') 10
:c - .... .... .... .... ....
.. - ....
.. e... e... e... '" '" '"
<.> :I: :t: :I: :t:
c :.: IS: :.: :I: IS: :t:
.. ;:;: ::E ::E IS: ;:;: :.:
... !2 !2 !2 10 !2 10
 
t; t; t; t; t; t;
LQ LQ LQ U LQ U

MMTene 06MOTKM TpaHCOpMaTOpa nOABepraIDTCH 3HaqHTenbHo 6onb-
IlIHM AMHaMMqeCKMM B03AeHCTBHHM, qeM npM 06blqHOM KOpOTKOM 3aMbI-
KaHHM. B CBH3M C .3TMM AnH nMTaHHH PTYTHbIX BbmpHMMTeneH Heo6xo-
AMMO npMMeHeHMe cnelLHanbHbIX TpaHcopMaTopOB.
T a  JI H IJ. a 8-5
YnpaBJISleMbJe PTYTHble BbmpSlMHTeJIH OTelJeCTBeHHoro npOH3BO)J.CTBa
, HOMHllaJlbHbl1l TOK, a

 :<:
0 0 .,
0 0 I- '" 0
THn l- I- 0 '" "'''' 3aSO,l\-H3eOTO-
0 0 '" '" Q)'" npHMeqaHHe
SbmpBMHTeJlB , '" '" JOt .... BHTenb
"! "! 0  '"
0 0 :<: ,,
'" :<: '" ;;j: O)
'" '" '" '" "">E
0 >< .. :<:0
:<: ., u .,1- 1:",
 "" ., ",0 :<I""
.. a "!'" rQ,l:
PMHB 500 500 1500 2500 5000 825 YpaJl3J1eKTpO- MeTaJlJllI'IeCKH-ii
annapaT
PMHB 1000 1000 2000 4000 8000 825 To jj{e :t
PM 200 - 200 - - 825 3anOpO>KCKlIii "
annapaTHblii
3aBO,!!
PMB 250/2 250 750 1500 3000 600 To >Ke "
PM 500 - - 500 -- 600 " » "
I1BC 500 X 12 500 - - 5000 910 B3H HrHlITpOH
CxeMa coeAHHeHMH 06MOTOK nHTaIDIII.erO TpaHcopMaTOpa H qHCJIO
<lJaa onpeAeJIHIDT BeJIMQMHY nynbcalLMH BbmpHMJIeHHOrO HanpH>KeHHH,
>KeCTKOCTb BHeulHeH xapaKTepHcTMKM, BeJIHqHHY ypaBHMTeJIbHbIX TO-
KOB H ra6apMTHYID MOIII.HOCTb TpaHcopMaTOpa. TIo .3TOH npHqHHe BbI60p
'cxeMbI coeAHHeHHH 06MOTOK TpaHcopMaTopa M QHCnO a3 AOJI>KHbI
ObITb 06ocHoBaHbI B Ka>KAOM oTAeJIl;>HOM cnyqae.
Ha npaKTMKe HaHoonee IlIHpoKoe npHMeHeHMe HaxoAHT cneAYIDIII.Me
C1CeMbI coeAHHeHMH 06MOTOK TpaHc<l>opMaTopa: 1) 3Be3Aa (Tpeyronb-
HHK) - 3Be3Aa; 2) 3Be3Aa (T.peyronbHMK) - 3Hf3ar HnM ABa 3Hf3ara;
3) 3Be3Aa (TpeyronbHHK) - ABe o6paTHble 3Be3AbI C ypaBHHTenbHbIM
peaKTopoM.
. TIpHMeHHTenbHO K cxeMaM C HyneBbIM BbIBOAOM nepBaH cxeMa
coeAHHeHHH OOMOTOK TpaHc<l>opMaTOpa o6naAaeT HeAoCTaTKOM - HanM-
qHeM nOTOKa BbIHY>KAeHHOro HaMarHHQHBaHHH. B CBH3H C .3TMM OHa
npMMeHHeTCH TOnbKO npM ManOH MOIII.HOCTH, KorAa BTOpHqHble TOKM He
npeBbIIlIaIDT 100 a. BTopaH cxeMa He HMeeT nOTOKa BblHY:>KAeHHOro
i'i&1arHMqHBaHHH. OAHaKO OHa Tpe6yeT HeCKonbKO nOBbIIlIeHHoro
pacxoAa MeAM B CBH3H C coeAHHeHHeM BTOPHqHOH OOMOTKH B 3Mr3ar.
ha cXeMa o6naAaeT npeHMYIII.eCTBoM B cpaBHeHHH, C nepBoH npH BTO-
PHQHbIX TOKax 60JIee 100 a H npHMeHHeTcH npH cpeAHHx MOIII.HOCTHX
harpY3KM. TpeTbH cxeMa o6ecneQHBaeT YAoBneTBOpMTenbHYID }ReCT-
KOCTh BHeIlIHeH xapaKTepHcTMKM, xopOIuee Hcnonh30BaHMe TpaHc<l>op.
J4aTOpa M OTCYTcTBMe nOTOKa BbIHY>KAeHHoro HaMarHHqMBaHMH.
6 B. n. BblqKOB 161

LLJHI MOCTOBbIX CXeM B03MmKHO npHMeHeHHe JII060H H3 YKa3aHHbIX
CXeM COe,lI.HHeHHH 06MoToK TpaHCOpMaTOpa, TaK KaK npH MOCTOBOH
CXeMe OTCYTCTBYeT Bo06m.e nOTOK BbIHY>K,lI.eHHOrO HaMafHHqHBaHHH.
IlpH HOHHOM B036yeHHH 3neKTpHqeCKHX MallIHH rnaBHOrO npH-
BO,lI.a npHMeHHeTCH 06blqHO BTOpaH CXeMa COe,lI.HHeHHH 06MOTOK - 3Be3,lI.a
(TpeyronbHHK) - 3Hr3ar, HnH ,lI.Ba 3Hr3ara, TaK KaK OHa 60nee npOCTa,
qeM TpeTbH CXeMa. ,
OT qHCna a3 3aBHCHT BenHqHHa aMnnHT)',lI.bI nepeMeHHOH- COCTaB-
nHIOm.eH BbmpHMJIeHHoro HanpH>KeHHH. 4eM MeHbllIe qHCJIO a3, TeM
60nbllIe aMnnHTY,lI.a nepeMeHHOH COCTaBJIHIOm.eH HanpHeHHH BbmpH-
MHTenH. 3Ta COCTaBnHIOm.aH, nO,lI.aBaeMaH Ha HKOpb ,lI.BHraTenH, BbI3bI-
BaeT ,lI.onOnmnenbHbIH HarpeB ,lI.BHraTenH H nOBbIllIaeT HanpH>KeHHe
Ha KonneKTope, qTO YXY,lI.IIlaeT ycnoBHH KOMM}'TaIJ,HH. KpOMe Toro,
npH ManOM qHCne a3 BbmpHMHTenH CHnbHO HCKa>KaeTCH opMa KPH-
BOH nepBHqHOrO TOKa, qTO npH 6onbllIoH MOm.HOCTH YCT8HOBKH OKa3bI-
BaeT He6naronpHHTHoe BnHHHHe Ha pa60TY reHepaTOpOB 3neKTpHqe-
CKOH CTaHIJ,HH H Ha pa60Ty nHHHH. Ilo YKa3aHHbIM npHqHHaM npH
nHTaHHH OT PTYTHbIX BbmpHMHTeneH npOKaTHbIX ,lI.BHraTeneH peBep-
CHBHbIX cTaHOB, KaK npaBHno, npHMeHHeTCH 12-a3Hoe BbInpHMneHHe.
IlpH HOHHOM B036Y>K,lI.eHHH 06bIqHO npHMeHHeTCH Tpexa3Hoe BbmpHM-
neHHe, TaK KaK B 3TOM cnyqae nepeMeHHaH COCTaBnHIOm.aH BbmpHMneH-
HOro HanpH>KeHHH He OKa3bIBaeT cym.eCTBeHHoro BnHHHHH Ha pa6oT)'
CHCTeMbI H3-3a OqeHb 6onbilloH nocTOHHHOH BpeMeHH IJ,enH 06MOTKH
B036Y>K,lI.eHHH.
LLnH PTYTHbIX npeo6pa30BaTeneH OTeqeCTBeHHoH 3neKTponpoMbIIll-
neHHocTbIO H3roTaBnHBaIOTCH cne,lI.YIOm.He TpaH<$opMaTOpbI: 1) TCP -
CYXHe; 2) TMP - MacnHHble; 3) TMPY - MacnHHble C BCTpoeHHbIM
ypaBHHTenbHbIM peaKTopoM.
TpaHcqmpMaTopbI TCP H TMP HMeIOT coe,lI.HHeHHH 06MOTOK 3Be3,lI.a
(TpeyronbHHK) - 3Hr3ar HnH 3Be3JI,a (TpeyronbHHK) - JI.Be 06paTHble
3Be3,lI.bI. B nepBoM cnyqae 3TO ,lI.Byxo6MOTOqHble, BO BTOpOM - Tpexo6-
MOTOqHble. Bce TpaHcopMaTopbI TMPY BbmonHHIOTCH KaK Tpexo6Mo-
TOqHble.
B Ta6n. 8-6 npHBe,lI.eHbI TeXHHqeCKHe ,lI.aHHble no HeKOTOpbIM PTYT-
HbIM TpaHcopMaTopaM, npHMeHHeMbIM B 3neKTpOnpHBO,lI.aX npoKaTHblx
CTaHOB.
CHCTeMa CeTOqHOro ynpaBneHIISI. CHcTeMa CeTOqHOrO ynpaBneHHH
pa3,lI.enHeTcH Ha ,lI.Be OCHOBHble qaCTH: a30perynHTop lJJC II naHenb
CeTOqHoro nHTaHHH ncn.
<I>a30perynHTOp cnY>KHT ,lI.JIH H3MeHeHHH a3bI HanpH>KeHHH, nO,lI.a-
BaeMoro Ha ceTKY PB. TIaHenb CeTOqHOrO nHTaHHH npeo6pa3yeT CHHY-
COH,lI.a.JIbHYIO OPMY HanpH>KeHHH B HanpH>KeHHe C KpYToHapaCTaIOm.HM
nepe,lI.HHM pOHTOM H nO,lI.aeT ero Ha ceTKH P B.
HaH60nbillee pacnpocTpaHeHHe nonyqHnH CTamqeCKHe a30perynH-
TOpbI H naHenH CeTOqHOrO nHTaHHH C nHK-,lI.pOCCenHMH. IlepBaH CHCTeMa
CeTOqHOrO ynpaBneHHH co CTaTljqeCKHM a30perynHTOpoM n C nHK-
,lI.poccenHMH B COBeTcKoM COI03e 6i;>Ina pa3pa60TaHa B 1954 r. TaKaH
162

.CHCTeMa BKJIIOqaeT CTaTHqeCKHH <pa30perYJISITOp <I>C-ll H naHeJIb ce-
TOqHOrO nHTaHHH DCD-l HJIH DCD-2.
Ta6JIHlta 8-6
TeXHH'IeCKHe ,/I.aHHble no HeKOTopbIM TpaHctlJopMaTopaM ,/I.JI" PTYTHbIX
BbmpHMHTeJIeR
Ii:
<:I OJ'" -= Po
:a I::
 0 '"
'" - '" '"
.$,  '" OJ CoeAHHe-
THn OJ YpaSHHTeJlb- 3aSOA-
.. ..'" .. '" HHe O(jMO-
TpaHc4>opMaTopa u :.a " Hbln peaKTOp HaeOTOSHTeJlb
0 '" .. . TOK
'" "'", :S:OJ
g. "':s:
Of I:: - Po'"
0 :0", :o OJ OJ
::;; I:Q", I:Q t::1E
TMPY 6200/35 910 2900 10 000 6/)..,1)").., KPOM350 YpaJl3J1eK-
BCTpoeHHblii TpoannapaT
TMP 5600/35 910 4600 10 000 6/)..,ly).., KPOM500  "
825 5000
TMPY 3500/35 825 2500 10 000 6/)..,/y).., BCTpoeHHblii  
TMP 7500/35 750 5000 6000 )..,fy).., KPOM125 " "
TMP 3200/35 750 2500 6000 )..,/Y).., KPOM125  "
TMP 2400/10 825 1500 6000 )..,fY).., KPOM125 " 
600 3000
TMP 1800/10 825 800 6000 )..,/Y).., KPOM33/35 " "
600 2000
TMP 1000/10 485 750 6000 )..,fy).., KPOM33/35  "
TMP 750/10 600 1000 6000 )..,/Y).., KPOM33/35  
TMPY 600/10 600 500 6000 )..,/YJ.. BCTpoeHHblii " "
460 500
TMPY 2000/10 460 1500 6600 6/)..,/y).., BCTpoeHHblii " "
TC 180/10 102.5 380 )..,/ZoZl1 MOCKOBCKHi!:
TpaHccjJopMa-
TOpHbli!:
TCY 120/0,5 82,5 380 )..,/11 3BBO,g
 
230 6/Z12  "
TCY 120/0,5 73 380 )..,fZl1

CTaTHqecKHH <pa30perYJISITOp <I>C-ll (pHC. 8-6) HMeeT TPH aKTHBHO-
HH.II.YKTHBHbIX MOCTHKa, .ll.BYMSI nJIeqaMH KOTOpbIX CJIY>KaT 06MOTKH nH-
Tarom.ero TpaHc<popMaTopa, a ,l1.BYMSI ,l1.pymMH - aKTHBHoe conpoTHB-
JIeHHe R H ,l1.pOCCenb HaCblm.eHHSI P.H - MarHHTHbIH YCHJIHTeJIb. B ,l1.Ha-
rOHaJIb MOCTa Ka>K,l1.0H <pa3bI BKJIIOqaeTCSI nepBHQHaSI 06MOTKa CeTOq-
HOro TpaHcqmpMaTOpa. 113MeHeHHe yrJIa C,l1.BHra <pa3bI HanpSI>KeHHSI.
,l1.HaroHamI MOCTa ,l1.0CTHraeTCSI nO,l1.MarHHqHBaHHeM ,l1.pOCCeJISI HaCbI-
lU.eHHSI p'H. C lI,eJIbIO YMeHbllleHHSI MOm.HOCTH ynpaBneHHSI npHMe-
HSIeTCSI BHYTpeHHSISI nOJIO>KHTeJIbHaH 06paTlf8.H CBSI3b, ocym.eCTBJISIe-
MaSI C nOMom.bIO HenHHeHHblx 9JIeMeHTOB BC. B nJIeqo ,l1.pOCCeJISI HaCbI-
lU.eHHH BBO,l1.HTCSI ,l1.0nOJIHHTeJIbHaSI 06MOTKa nHTaIOm.ero TpaHc<popMa-
TOpa cJIep.YIOm.eH <pa3bI, 9. Jl. c. KOTOpOH CJlBHHYTa Ha 120 0 no OTHO-
6-
163

IlleHlHO K 3. ]1.. C. OCHOBHOM 4Ja3bI. TaKOe IIO]1.KnIOqeHHe ]1.0IIOJIHHTenb-
HaM 06MOTKH YBeJIHqHBaeT ]1.HaIIa30H C]1.BHra 4Ja3bI OTIIHpalOIIJ.HX HM-
UYJIbCOB ]1.0 170°.
T-l
numaJ()utl mpal1cf/lopMamop
LU T-Z
LU T-3
Rt
R 2
R3
BC
BC
p'H-1
fl
BC
BC
/l,H-2

BC
BC
p'H-3
fl
CMeel1Ue
K cemO'l110MIj mpuHcf/lopMumopy
Pile. 8-6. CTaTH'IeCKHii cjJa30perymITop cI>C-ll
naHenb CeTOqHOrO IIHTaHHSI nCn-l (pHC. 8-7) HMeeT TPH IIHK-]1.POC-
CeJISI 1 flp" 2flp" 3llp" BbITIOJIHeHHblX H3 MarepHaJIa C BbICOKOR MarHHT-
ABC
L 2TC U 3TC
+-- -
1C
7f7/l, 2np, 3n/l,
1CY 'ICy 3CY 6CY 5CY 2CY
tBC 'IBC 3BC 6BC 5BC
CC
K cemKUM flmymHOZO BbmpSIMUmenR
PHC. 8-7. TIaHeJlb CeTO'lHOrO nlITaHHH TICTI-l
HOR IIpoHHaeMocTblO II KPYTHM KoneHOM HaMarHHqHBaHHSI. Ka1K]1.HR
IIHK-]1.pOCCeJIb IIO]1.KJIlOqaeTCSI IIOCJIe]1.0BaTeJIbHO C aKTHBHbIM COIIpO-
THBJIeHHeM K BTOPHqHOR 06MOTKe rc, IIepBHqHaSI 06MOTKa KOTOpOrO
164

nIiTaeTC5I OT Cl:IHYCOH,l1.aJIbHOrO Hanp5l>KeHH5I iPa30perYJI5ITopa. .D:o
HatIaJIa HaCblm.eHH5I ,l1.pOCceJI5I nOtITH Bce Hanp5l>KeHHe BTOpHtIHOH
OOMOTKH na,l1.aeT Ha OOMOTKY ,l1.pOCceJI5I; nocne HaCbIm.eHH5I nOtITH Bce
Hanp5l>KeHHe na,l1.aeT Ha aKTHBHoe conpOTHBJIeHHe, T. e. Ha ceTKH PTyT-
Horo Bbmp5lMHTeJI5I. AKTHBHoe conpOTHBneHHe B IJ,enH ,l1.pocceJI CO-
CTOHT H3 ,l1.BYX OJI,HHaKOBbIX nJIetI If 06pa30BaHHe nOJIO>KHTeJIbHbIX
HMnYJIbCOB npOH3Bo.u.lfTC5I B .06a nonynepHo.u.a. HenlfHeHHbIe 3JIeMeHTbI
BG, rnYHTHpYIOm.lfe nnetIH aKTlfBHoro conpOTHBJIeHlf5l, npe,l1.Ha:matIeHbI
]I.JI5I cpe3aHH5I OTplfIJ,aTeJIbHbIX HMnYJIbCOB CeTOtIHOrO Hanp5l>KeHH5I.
LJ
_ 1TC 2TC -3TC
Wi, I
1BC
1CY
4nll, I 1 3n Jl,
4BC 3BC
/iCY 3CY
6nJl, I
6BC
6CY
CC
"
K femKGM pmymflozo BbrnpRMumellfi
PHC. 8-8. TIaHeJlb CeTO'lUOrO nHTaHHH TICTI-2
ITaHeJIb THna nCn-l HCnOJIb3yeTC5I.!I.JI5I ynpaBJIeHlf51 PTYTHbIMH Bbmp5l-
MHTeJI5IMH, BKJIIOtIeHHbIMH no HYJIeBOH TpexiPa3HoH cxeMe HJIH no cxeMe
c-p.se 06paTHble 3Be3.u.bI c ypaBHlfTenbHbIM peaKTopOM».
naHeJIb THna nCn-2 (pHC. 8-8), HMeIOm.a51 rneCTb nHK-.u.pocce.neH
lflp,-6flp" Ifcnonb3yeTC5I ,l1.n51 ynpaBJIeHlf51 PE, BKJIIOtIaeMbIMH no
OCTOBOH TpexiPa3HoH IfJIH npoTHBOnapaJIJIenbHOH rnecTHiPa3HoH CXeMaM.
, B naHeJI5IX nCn-l H nCn-2 YCTaHOBJIeHbI CeTOtIHble cOnpOTHBJIeHH5I
 YJ-IeTOM nHTaHlf51 .u.BYx ceTOK BbmpHMHTen51 PMB-250.
, - B JI,anbHeHrneM 3a CtIeT npHMeHeHlf51 repMaHHeBbIx Bbmp5lMHTeJIeH
H BbI60pa OnTlfMaJIbHbIX BeJIHtIHH conpoTHBneHHH H .u.PyrHx 3JIeMeHTOB
cpa30perYJI5ITOp <I>C-ll H naHeJIb nCn-l 6bIJIH KOHCTPYKTHBHO ycoBep-
Il1eHCTBOBaHbI If Ha OCHOBe 3TOro pa3pa6oTaHbI iPa30perYJI5ITOp <I>C-l2
H naHenb nCn-3. npH 3TOM npHHIJ,Hn pa60TbI cOXpaHlfJIC5I npe>KHlfM.
napaMeTpbI npHBe.u.eHHbIx CHCTeM CeTOtIHOrO ynpaBJIeHlf51 cJIe.u.YIOm.lfe:
3anlIpaIOIllHii nOTeHUHaJl .... 150 B
AMnJlHTy.!!a oTnHpaIOIllero IIHKa 320-380 8
llllIpliHa lIMnyJlbca . . . . . . .. 100-110 3J1. rp.
KpYTH3Ha cjJpoHTa. . . . . . . . . 40-50 B/3J1. rp.
ConpOTHBJleHHe B uenH ceTOK 1000-1250 OM
.lJ.Hana30H cABHTa 4>a3bI . . . .. 0-170 !lJI. rp.
165

(f>a30perYJISITOpbI (f>C-ll, (f>C-12 H naHenH nCn-l, nCn-2 H nCn-3
paCClIHTaHbI Ha paOOTY C BbillpSIMHTeJISIMH PM-200, PM-250 H PM-500.
Pa3paOOTaHa CHCTeMa CeTOllHOrO ynpaBneHHSI C nHK-reHepaTOpOM
H CTaTHQeCKHM <pa30perynSITopoM, npe,lI.Ha3HalleHHaSI ,lI.nSI ynpaBneHHSI
HaCOCHbIMH PTYTHbIMH BbillpSIMHTenSIMH THna PMHB 500 x 12, PMHB
1000x6 H PMHB 1000 x 12.
fi 8-3. P8C'Iey MOIQ,HOCYH ABHr8T8nR rn8BHoro
npHBOA8 CT8H8 ropR'IeR npoK8TKH
PaClIeT MOHOCTH ,lI.BHraTenSI CTaHa SIBJISIeTCSI nOBepOllHblM, Hero
Ha3HaqeHHe 3aKnIOllaeTCSI B BbISICHeHHH B03MmKHOCTH BbillonHeHHSI
npe,lI.BapHTenbHO BbIopaHHbIM ,lI.BHraTeneM 3a,lI.aHHOH nporpaMMbI npo-
KaTKH. npe,lI.BapHTenbHO ,lI.BHraTenb ebIOHpaeTCSI HCXO,lI.SI H3 onbITHbIX
,lI.aHHbIX ,lI.nSI KOHKpeTHoro CTaHa C H3BeCTHbIMH ycnoBHSIMH npOKaTKH.
l1CXO,lI.HbIM MaTepHanOM npH nOBepollHOM paClIeTe MOHOCTH npOKaT
Horo ABHraTenSI cnY>I<aT: copTaMeHT, paClIeTHaSI npOH3BO,lI.HTenbHoCTb
CTaHa H nporpaMMa npOKaTKH.
,B nporpaMMe npOKaTKH YKa?blBaeTCSI lIHCJI{) nponYCKOB, pa3MepbI
CJm:rKOB ,lI.O H nocne npOKaTKH B Ka2KAOM nponycKe, pacnpe,lI.eneHHe
002KaTHH no nponYCKaM, nOpSI,lI.OK KaHTOBKH cnHTKa, COpT H TeMnepa-
Typa CTanH, ,lI.HaMeTp BanKa B Ka2KAOM KanHope. npH HanHlIHH He-
CKonbKHX nporpaMM npOKaTKH pa3HOro npoc}mnSI MeTanna paClIeTOObilIHO
npOH3BO,lI.HTCSI ,lI.JISI BCero copTaMeHTa CTaHa, nocne lIero YCTaHaBJIH-
BaeTCSI HaHoonee TSI2KenaSI nporpaMMa, KOTOpaSI xapaKTepHa HaHoonb-
UlHM 3HalleHHeM npOH3Be,lI.eHHSI nonHoro YAnHHeHHSI MeTanna Ha MaK-
CHManbHYIO npOH3BO,lI.HTenbHOCTb C YlIeTOM lIHCJIa nYCKOB B lIac.
PaClIeT MOHOCTH HallHHaeTCSI C nOCTpoeHHSI rpa<pHKa CKOpOCTH,
3aTeM Ha OCHOBaHHH rpa<pHKa CTpOHTCSI HarpY30llHaSI ,lI.HarpaMMa H no
HeM BbIlIHcnSIeTCSI Cpe,lI.HeKBa,lI.paTHlIHbIM TOK. ECJIH Cpe,lI.HeKBa,lI.paTHlI-
HbIH TOK oonbUle HOMHHanbHoro TOKa npe,lI.BapHTenbHo BbI6paHHoro
p'BHraTenSI, TO ,nHOO BbIOHpaIOT ,lI.PyroH ,lI.BHraTenb, nHOO MeHSIIOT ripo-
rpaMMY npOKaTKH B CTOPOHY CHH2KeimH 002K8THH H YBenHlIeHHSI
qHCJIa nponYCKOB.
lI.nH nOCTpoeHHH HarpY30llHOM ,lI.HarpaMMbI HeoOXO,lI.HMO HMeTb
rpa<pHK CKOpOCTH. B Ka2K,lI.OM nponYCKe )J.BHraTeJIb pa3rOHHeTCH Jl.O
onpe,lI.eneHHOH CKOpOCTH, 3aTeM OH TOpM03HTCH H nocne OCTaHOBKH
pa3rOHSIeTCSI B npOTHBOnOJI02KHOM HanpaBneHHH ,lI.JIH ocyeCTBJIeHHH
002KaTHSI MeTanna BanKBMH B Cne,lI.YIOeM nponYCKe. B nepBOM npH-
OnH2KeHHH npHHHMaeTCSI, liTO B nepeXO,lI.HbIX npOl1.eCcax CKOpOCTb
,lI.BHraTenSI H3MeHSIeTCSI no npHMOJIHHeHHOMY 3aKOHY. THnOBble rpa<pHKH
CKOpOCTH ,lI.nH OT,lI.enbHbIX nponYCKOB npe)J.CTaBneHbI Ha pHC. 8-9.
B nepBblx nponYCKax, Kor.l(a CJIHTOK HMeeT HeoonbUlYIO ,lI.nHHY,
CKOpOCTb BpaeHHSI ,l1.BHraTenSI He ycneBaeT ,lI.OCTHrH}'Tb YCTaHOBHB-
UleHCH BenHlIHHbI. B 3TOM cnYlIae HMeeT MecTO pa3rOH ,l1.BHraTenSI, 3a
KOTOpbIM cpa3Y 2Ke CJIeJl.yeT npOl1.eCC TOpM02KeHHH. npH 3TOM nonYlIaeTCSI
TpeyronbHbIH rpa<pHK CKOpOCTH (pHC. 8-9, a). B nocne.n.YIOHx npony-
166

C"K8X, KOr,l1.a }J.nlma CJIHTKa YBenHqHJIaCb, CKOpOCTb Bpall{eHHSI JI,BHra-
:teJISI }J.OCTHraeT YCTaHOBHBilieficSI BenHqHHbI, H rpaqmK CKOpOCTH npH-
'IiHMaeT BH}J. Tpanell,HH (pHC. 8-9, 6). B nOCJIe,l1.HHX nponYCKax, npH
;HaqHTeJIbHOfi ,l1.JIHHe CJIHTKa, ll,eJIeco06pa3Ho npOH3BO}J.HTb npoKaTKY
-Ha nOBbIIlleHHbIX CKOPOCTSIX, qTO ocYll{eCTBJISIeTCSI n)'TeM oCJIa6JIeHHSI
nOJISI )J.BHraTeJISI. Kor}J.a BeJIHqHHbI YCKopeHHSI H 3aMe)J.neHHSI npH
OcJIa6JIeHHOM nOJIe )J.BHraTeJISI MeHbIlle, qeM npH nOJIHOM, rpaqmK
CKOpOCTH HMeeT BH}J., npeJI,CTaBJIeHHblfi Ha pHC. 8-9, 6.
e K 0 P 0 C T b 3 a x BaT a H C K 0 P 0 C T b B bI 6 P 0 C a.
8axBaT MeTa.nJIa BaJIKaMH npH HH3KOfi CKOpOCTH BbI3bIBaeT nOB.bIIlleH-
Rblfi HarpeB JI,BHraTenSI, TaK KaK co CHH}KeHHeM CKOpOCTH 3aXBaTa
YMeHbiliaeTcSI cpe)J.HSISI CKOpOCTb npoKaTKH H YBenHqHBaeTCSI BpeMSI'
a) 0) B)
n,OD/MUff n.oD/Muff n,OD/MUH
n MGK
nM=n OCH
t
OM
\; t s
t
PliC. 8-9. THnoBble rpacjJHKH CKOpOCTIi a, 6, B
- ::11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111II"1II1111111111111111
npOKaTKH. 3axBaT }Ke MeTaJIJIa nplf dOJIbiliefi CKOpOCTH MO}KeT 6bITb
If He OCYqJ.ecTBneH H3-3a CHH}KeHHSI K03qxpHll,HeHTa TpeHHSI C YBenHqe-
HHeM CKOpOCTH. .lI.JISI peBepCHBHbIX CTaHOB CKOpOCTb 3aXBaTa 6epeTCSI
B npe}J.e.n:ax n = 10-45 06/MUH. MeHbiliHe 3HaqeHHSI npHMeHSIIOTCSI
B nepBbIX nponYCKax, 60JIbiliHe - B nOCJIe}J.YIOll{Hx. TIpHMepHo B 3THX
npe}J.eJIax 6epeTCSI H CKOpOCTb BbI6poca. B nOCJIe)J.HeM nponycKe BbI6poc
CJIHTKa OH3BO}J.HTCSI C MaKCHMaJIbHOfi CKOpOCTblO, TaK KaK B 3TOM
CJIyqae MeTaJIJI He B03Bpall{aeTCSI 06paTHO K CTaHY, a HanpaBJISIeTCSI
K HO}KHHll,aM )J.JISI nope3a.,
B e JI H q H H bI Y C K 0 P e H H SI H 3 a M e ,l1. JI 'e H H SI. BenH-
qHH YCKopeHHfi H peBepCHBHX CTaHOB ropHqefi npOKaTKH B6H-
palOTCH HCXO}J.H H3 Heo6xo,l1.lfMOCTH nOJIyqHTb 3a}J.aHHoe BpeMH nepexoA-
Horo npOll,eCca npH 3a}J.aHHofi BenHqHHe AHHaMHqecKofi COCTaBJISIIOll{efi
TOKa. 06blqHO BpeMH pa3rOHa 6epeTCSI B npe)J.eJIax 0,7-1 ceK, a )J.HHa-
MHqeCKHfi TOK nopH,l1.Ka (0,8-1,0) I H" TIpH YKa3aHHblx YCJIOBHHX YCKO-
peHHe BbI6HpaeTcSI paBHbIM AJISI rpynnoBoro npHBO,l1.a
dn
,a= dt = 40+ 60 06/M , uH/ceK (8-10)
a ,l1.nH HH,l1.HBHAyaJIbHOrO npHBo)J.a
a = 70-100 06/MuH/ceK.
(8-11 )
167

BenHtIHHa 3aMe}J.JIeHHSI BbI6HpaeTCSI HeCKOJIbKO OOJIbllleH:
}J.JISI rpynnoBorO npHBO}J.a
b = 50 - 70 06fMuft!ceK,
( 8-12)
}J.JISI HH}J.HBHAyaJIbHOrO npHBo}J.a
b = 80 -130 06!MUft/ceK.
(8-13 )
MaKCHMaJIbHaSI CKOpOCTb npoKaTKH npH
T p e y r 0 JI b H 0 M r p a <l> H K e C K 0 P 0 C T H onpe}J.enSIeTcSI no
ypaBHeHHIO
.. f 2ab+na+n;b
n MaKC = JI a + b '
(8-14)
r}J.e L - }J.nHHa CJIHTKa nocne npOKaTKH B }J.aHHOM nponYCKe, MM
D - }J.HaMeTp BaJIKOB, MM;
no - CKOpOCTb BbI6poca, 06!MUft;
na - CKOpOCTb 3axBaTa, 06!MUft.
B P e M e H a r p a <l> H K a C K 0 P 0 C T H. BpeMSI naY3bI Me2K}J.y
nponycKaMH onpe}J.eJISIeTCSI BpeMeHeM pa60TH HmKHMHOrO YCTpOHCTBa
H npH paCtIeTe rpa<l>HKa CKOpOCTH 6epeTCSI KaK ycpeJI.HeHHaSI BenHtIHHa,
paBHaSI t n = 1,5-2,0 ceK.
ECJIH 2Ke nepe}J. CJIeJI.YIOll\HM nponycKoM npe.u.YCMaTpHBaeTCSI KaH-
TOBKa, TO BpeMSI naY3bI 6epeTCSI paBHOH tnK = 2-3,5 ceK.
BpeMSI naY3bI Me2K)I.y CJIHTKaMH onpe}J.eJISIeTCSI BpeMeHeM pa60TbI
Ha2KHMHOrO YCTpOHCTBa, nepeMemalOmero BepXHHH pa60tIHH BanOK H3
KpaHHero HH>KHerO nOJIO>KeHHSI B KpaHHee BepXHee H 6epeTCSI paBHbIM
t nc = 5-6 ceK.
BpeMSI YCKopeHHSI 6e3 CJIHTKa (pHC. 8-9)
t na
1 = - ceK.
a
(8-15)
BpeMSI YCKopeHHSI co CJIHTKOM npH nOJIHOM nOTOKe }J.BHrareJIH
n -n
/2 = OCH 3 CeK.
a
(8-16)
BpeMSI YCKOpeHHSI co CJIHTKOM npH OCJIa6JIeHHOM' nOTOKe }J.BHrarenSI
t' n M3KC - n OCH
2 = a' CeK,
(8-17)
r.ne a' - YCKopeHHe npH OCJIaOJIeHHOM nOJIe, 06! MUft!ceK.
BpeMSI npoKaTKH npH YCTaHoBHBllleHcSI CKOpOCTH H nonHOM nOTOKe
}J.BHraTeJISI
t =_, [ nCfI-n: + nH-n: J
Y :rtDn OCH nOCI! 2a 2b.
(8-18)
3}J.eCb n OCH - OCHOBHaSI CKOpOCTb BpameHHSI }J.BHraTenSI, 06/ MUft.
168

BpeMSl npOKaTKH npH YCTaHOBHBIlleiicSl MaKCHMaJIbHOii CKOpOCTH
C OCJIa6JIeHHbIM nOTOKOM
, 60L 1 [ nCH - n nCH - n
t y = -- + +
:rtDn MaKc n MaKc 2a 2b
+ naKc - nCH ( .l + .l )1
2 a' b"
3,l1.eCb n M3KC - YCTaHoBHBIllaSlcSl MaKCHMaJIbHaSl CKOpOcTb_npH
, JIeHHOM nOTOKe, 06/ MUH;
b' - YCKopeHHe npH oCJIa6neHHoM nOTOKe.
BpeMSl 3aMe,lI.JleHHSl co CJIHTKOM npH oCJIa6JIeHHOM nOTOKe
(8-19)
oCJIa6-
t' - n MaKc - n OCH
(- b'
BpeMSl 3aMe,lI.JleHHSl co CJIHTKOM npH nOJIHOM nOTOKe
(8-20)
.
t - n OCH - n B
4 - b .
BpeMSl 3aMeJJ:JIeHHSl 6e3 CJIHTKa
t nS
6=1)'
(8-21 )
(8-22)
B 06meM cnyqae BpamalOmHii MOMeHT .u.BHrareJISl COCTOHT H3 CTaTH-
qeCKOrO Mc H ,l1.HHaMHqeCKOrO M';HH MOMeHTOB:
M = Mc + IIHH' (8-23)
B YCTaHoBHBIlleMcSl pe>KHMe M IIHH = 0 B npou,ecce pa3roHa .u.HHaMH-
qeCKHii MOMeHT JJ:eiicTByeT COrJIaCHO, a B npou,ecce TOpMO>KeHHSl-
BCTpeqHO CTaTHqeCKoMY.
.l1.HHaMHqeCKHH MOMeHT nponopu,HoHaneH YCKopeHHIO, nOJIHOMY
MOMeHTY HHepu,HH npHBo,l1.a H paBeH:'
npH pa3roHe
J
MIIH" = 955 a HM,
,
(8-24)
npH TOpMO>KeHHH
J
M IIHH = 955 b HM.
,
(8-25)
DOJIHbIii MOMeHT HHepu,HH npHBO,l1.a npe.u.CTaBJISleT c060ii CYMMY
MOMeHTOB HHepu,HH .u.BHrarenSl, CTaHa H CJIHTKa:
J = Jj\ + J CT + J cn ' (8-26)
MOMeHT HHepu,HH CJIHTKa OTHOCHTeJIbHO MaJI, n09ToMY HM npH pac-
qeTaX npeHe6peralOT.
MOMeHT npOKaTKH M np + M Tp onpe.u.enSlIOT, nonb3YSlcb ypaBHe-
HHSlMH (7-26), (7-27) HJIH >Ke ypaBHeHHeM (7-32).
rpaqmK MOMeHTOB CTpOHTCSl ,lI.JISl Bcero u,HKJIa npoKaTKH o.u.Horo
CJIHTKa. Do HeMY onpe.u.enSleTcsr 9KBHBaJIeHTHbIii MOMeHT, KOTOpbIii
cpaBHHBaeTcSl C HOMHHaJIbHbIM MOMeHTOM npe.u.BapHTenbHo BbI6paHHoro
,l1.BHraTeJI sr.
169

npHMep 8-1. TIoBepo'lHblii paC'IeT MOiUHOCTH }!BHrareJlH 6J1IOMHHra
TeXHO/102U'leCKUe iJaHHble:
MaTepHaJl - CTaJlb
MaKCHMaJlbHOe 'IHCJlO BKJllO'IeHllii B 'lac 700
Pa3Mepbl CJlHTKa H nporpaMMa npOKaTKlI npe.u.-
CTaBJleHbI B rpacjJax 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 pac'IeTHoii
Ta6J1. 8-7
Macca CJlHTKa, m . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,5
XapaKmepucmuKa cmaHa
1(0JlHlIeCTBO BaJlKOB . . . .
J],JlHHa 60'lKH BaJlKOB, MM
. MOMeHT HHeplIH, mM 2 ','
MOMeHT XOJlOCTOrO xO./.la, H.
2
2350
9,5
30 000
XapaKmepucmUKa iJeuzameM
KOJlHlIeCTBO J.):BHraTeJleH .... ...
THn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
HanpH>KeHHe, e . . . . .' .......
MOiUHOCTb, Kem .,. . . . . . . . . . . .
HOMHlJaJlbHblii MOMeHT, HM. . . . .
CKOpOCTb BpaiUeHHH, 06/MUH . . . .
MOMeHT HHepltHH, mM 2 . : . . . . .
1
MTI-6250
900
5520
883.10 3
60/120
65
B ,lXaHHOM CJlY'Iae npoBo,IXHTCH nOBepO'lHblii paclIeT MOiUHOCTH ./.IBHraTeJlH
590x590 .
MTI-6250 npH npoKaTKe 6J1IOMOB 200X200 H3 CJllITKa 500X500 1800 MM, MaCCOIi
3,5 m B 17 nponycKoB.
Pe3YJlbTaTbI paClIeTa CBO.!);HTCH B Ta6JI. 8-7.
HH>Ke npHBo.!);HTCH pac'IeT }J.JlR nepBoro nponycKa. J],JlH OCTaJlbHblX nponycKoB
paClIeT aHaJlOrH'IeH.
Pac'IeT BbInOJlHHeTCH no MeTo.ny y}!eJlbHOro pacxo.!);a 3HeprHH. B OCHOBY pac-
670 X 610
qeTa B3HTa KpHBaH npH npoKaTKe 6J110Ma 220X220 MM H3 CJlHTKa 740 X 680
(pHC. 8-10). B rpacjJbI 1-6 BHOCHTCH\ }!aHHbIe nporpaMMbI npoKaTKH. B rpacjJbl 8, 14,
18, 22, 26, 30 3aHOCHTCH COOTBeTCTBeHHO KaTalOIllHii .!);HaMeTp, CKOpOCTb 3aXBaTa,
YCTaHoBHBlIIaHcH CKOpOCTb H CKOpOCTb BbI6poca. 3TH BeJlH'IHHbl 3a.!);alOTcR TeXHO-
JIOraMH COBMeCTHO C 3J1eKTpHKaMH C YlleTOM B03MO>KHOCTeH cxeMbI ynpaBJleHHH.
B OCTaJlbHbIe rpacjJbl 3aHOCHTCH BeJllIlIlIHbl, nOJlYlleHHbIe npH paC'IeTax.
OTHOClITeJlbHOe Y}!JlHHeHHe CJlHTKa nOCJIe npOKaTKH B ./.IaHHoM nponycKe
. (rpacjJa 7):
Iv = Fn
Fn+1 '
r.!);e F n - CelleHHe CJlHTKa nepe.!! nponycKoM, M 2 ;
F n+1 - CelleHHe CJlHTKa nOCJIe nponycKa, M 2 .
f1a'laJlbHOe CeqeHlIe npOKaTbIBaeMOro CJlHTKa 6epeTcH KaK Cpe}!Hee 3HalleHHe
CelleHHR CJlHTKa
590 . 590 + 500 . 500
F Haq = 2 0,3 M 2 .
OTHOCHTeJlbHOe y.l.!JlHHeHHe }!JlH nepBoro nponycKa
. 0,3 I 05
1\,1= 0286 = , .
,
170

HallaJlbHOe CelleHHe OnbITHOrO CJlIITKa, npH npOKaTKe KOTOpOrO CTpOHJlaCb KPH-
'Bag ygeJlbHoro paCXo)!a 3HeprHH:
...r
v _ 670.610 + 740 . 680 0 456 2
'Haq. 0 - 2 =, M .
. Ha'laJlbHOe CelleHlIe onbITHoro CJlHTKa 60JlblIIe Ha'laJlbHOrO CeqeHHH 3a./!,aHHoro,
n03TOMY paClIeT y);{eJlbHOrO pacxo,!!a 3HeprHH no Bbl6paHHoH KpHBOii CJle.!);yeT HallH-
;uaTb C TOi'i TO'lKOi'i KPHBOii, T. e. C Toro OTHOClIreJlbHOrO ygJlHHeHHH, npH KOTOpOM
celleHIIH CJllITKOB onbITHoro H npoKaTbI-
ilaeMoro paBHbI.
. YCJlOBHOe Y.!!JlHHeHHe (rpacjJa 9) paB- W,KBm'"ac/m
HO )!eiiCTBlITeJlbHoMY Y.!);JlHHeHHlO, YMHO-
lKeHHOMY Ha OTHOlIIeHlIe HallaJlbHOrO ce- 12
'leHHR onbITHoro CJllITKa K Ha'laJlbHOMY 11
Ce'leHHIO npoKaTbIBaeMoro CJllITJ{a
10
'A - 'A FHa",. 0
YCJI - F Haq ' 9
TaKHM 06pa30M, YCJlOBHoe Y)!JlHHe- 8
HHe nepe)! nepBbIM nponycKOM 7
0,456
'A YCJI . o::=; 0,3 ::=; 1,52, 6
a nocJle nepBoro nponycKa 5
'A YCJI . 1 = 1,05 X 1,52 = 10,6. LJ
YJ!eJlbHblii pacxo,!! 3HeprHlI_{rpacjJa 3
IO} HaXO)!HTCH no YCJlOBHOMY Y.!);JlHHe- 2
BHIO H3 KPHBOii. H30<5pa>KeHHoi'i Ha
pHC. 8-10: 1
W 1 = 1,67 KBm. ,,-/m.
YJ!eJlbHblii pacxo)! 3HeprHH (rpa-
41a II )
11 WI = WI - W o = 1,67 - 1,5 =
= 0,17 KBm. "-/m,
..,..,
-
PHC. 8-1Q. KpHBag y,neJlLHoro pacxo,na
3HeprHH
r,!!.e W o = 1,5 KBm.It/m - YJj,eJlbHblii pacxo)! 9HeprHH, COOTBeTCTBylOlllHii YCJlOB-
HOMY Y.!);JlHHeHlIlO CJlHTKa .!);O nepBoro nponycKa.
MOMeHT npoKaTKH (rpacjJa 12) ,
M np -I- M Tp = 1,4.10 7 (WI - W o ) FD = 1,4. J07. 0,17.0,286,0,86 = 585 .J03 HM.
MOMeHT )!BHraTeJlH npH YCKopeHHH 6es CJlHTKa (rpacjJa 13)
M = Mp,HH + Mxx = 9 a+Mxx = 74,;oa 50+30 .J03 = 420 .10 8 HM.
, ,
B .!);aHHOM CJlYlIae nplIHHTO a = 50 06!MuH!ceK.
BpeMH YCKopeHHH 6e3 CJllITKa (rpacjJa 15)
n 8 10 2
t 1 = a = 50 = 0, ceK.
TIpoH3Be.!);eHlIe M 2 t 1 , cOOTBerCTBYIOIllee YCKopeHHIO 6e3 CJlHTKa B BaJlKaX (rpa-
a 16)
M2ti-= 420 2 . 10 6 .0,2 = 0,354. 1011.
CYMMapHbIii MOMeHT yCKopeHHH H npoKaTKH (rpacjJa 17)
M = .-!- a + M np + M Tp + Mxx = (390 + 585 + 30) 10 3 = 1005. 10 3 HM.
9,55
171

B .. Op eHIUt,"npH npOKaTKe (rpaq,a IJ
peMR yCK
n Ml - n 3 25 - 10 0
t a = a = -00- = ,3 eeK.
TIpoH3BeJleHHe Mllt 2 , cooTBeTcTBYlOlII.ee YCKopeHHIO co
(rpacjJa 20)
CJ1HTKOM B BaJlKaX
M 2 t 2 = 1005 11 .10 8 .0,3 = 3,03.10 11 .
CYMMapHblJ':i MOMeHT npoKaTKH H XOJlOCTOrO XOJla (rpacjJa 21)
M = M np + M Tp + Mxx = (585 + 30) 10 3 = 615. 10 3 MM.
YCTaHc,BHBwaHCH CKOpOCTb (rpacjJa 22)
nMl = 25 06/MUH.
BpeMH npoKaTKH C YCTaHoBHBlIIeiicH CKOpOCTb!O (rpacjJa 23)
60L 1 [ nl - n: nl - n: ]
t =--- + =
y nDnMl nMl 2a 2b
60.1,8 1 [ 625 -100 625 -100 ]
= 3,14.0,86.25 -25 2.50 2.60 = 1,215 eel(.
3Jlecb n B = n 3 = 10 06/MUfl; b = 60 o6jMufl/eeK.
TIpoH3BeJleHHe M 2 t y , cooTBeTcTBYlOlII.ee npoKaTKe C YCTaHoBHBlIIeiicH CKO-
pOCTblO (rpacjJa 24):
Mllt y = 615 2 . 10 8 . 1,21$ = 4,6. 1011.
Pe3YJlbTlIPYIOJI!Hii MOMeHT npH 3aMe,nJleHHH co CJlHTKOM B BaJlKaX (rpacjJa 25)
J U
M = - 955 b+M np +MTp+Mxx= - 955 60 . 103 +
, ,
+ 585. 10 3 + 30. 10 3 = 145. 10 3 H.M.
BpeMH 3aMe}!JleHHH co CJlHTKOM B BaJlKaX (rpacjJa 27)
nMl - n B 25 - 10
t 4 = b =60=0,25 eeF:.
TIpoH3Be.!!,eHHe M 2 t 4 , cooTBeTcTBYlOlII.ee 3aMe,!lJleHHIO co CJlHTKOM (rpacjJa 28)
M 2 t 4 = 145 2 .10 8 .0,25 = 0,053.10 11 .
MOMeHT saMe.!.\JleHHH ()e3 CJlHTKa B BaJiKax (rpacjJa 29)
M = - 9,:5 b+Mxx=( -  60 +30) 10 3 = -0'103 H.M.
BpeMH 3aMe.!!,JIeHHH ()e3 CJlHTKa (rpacjJa 31)
n B 10 0 16
t 5 = b = 60 = , 7 eeK.
TIpoH3Be./XeHHe M2/5' COOTBeTCTBYlOlllee BpeMeHH saMe.!!JleHHH ()e3 CJlHTKa (rpa-
cjJa 32)
. Mllt 6 = 440 11 .10 8 .0,167 = 0,324.10 11 .
BpeMH npoKaTKH (rpacjJa 33)
t np = t 2 + t y + t 4 = 0,3 + 1,215 + 0,25 = 1,765 eel(.
BpeMH naysbl (rpacjJa 34)
t n = 1,6 eeK.
172

.-
.
co
oG
1:1' at
:.::
== foo ;i
s; ==
s; =
'" u 
'" '"
E-< == 
 Q
 
 -
$'
x i
i 11:1

at 
:s
sa tt:I
tt:I
s; ..
\0  
 S
:01
foo . It:)
at c: 0>
:.:: 
0 II
Co at
1:1 ...
I: "i'
== ==
Co foo .;
I: .a :1£
 S;
Qj S
foo
- at It:>
"" 
at == II
"" =
= I:{ ..
==
:s :CC ...;<
sa :is fi
0; =
\0 foo ;!;
at
1:11: :.:: 
I'; 0
Qj Co
foo I:
at C'I:)
"" i
==
= II
I:{ It:)
== ct) =
foo :CC 
u 0
0 U
= u
E!' at
0 :s
:Iii 
foo
Qj 
Ir
U 
at
Co -
'! 
5: It:>
gx X
8
= It:) It:>
0
c:
-    -  -  - - - - - - - - -
00000000000000000
- -----------------
-- 
. ----
:= 
><: 00000000000000000
...
"'
><: I
0 'J/a3 'Hwada MMMM
'"
I: 00000000000000000
0
"t I OOOOOOOOOO
'" ,mw190 ----------NNNN
:= 11/11'"'111111"
'" 'q.L;)odo}l;)
'"
'" 00000000000000000
0
><: 6
u
;>. "    M   M          
<I SS
;>,.,;
..."'''' :::;
","''''
",OJ 00000000000000000
;0'" 
0 
;0
...=       M          
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOQ
",><: -----------------
OJ"' 
 OOOOMOOOOOOOO
OOMOMOO
::;:'" =oooo
I:
b ){J;UOd RE I:: t-t-oo MOOOOOO 
"' :s:"
"':s:1: ---roromm
",,"'- 00000000000000000
- "''''
. OJag I S
"''''I: t-M  t- oo I!:>
 OOOMOOO
>< S
  t- 00 -
aHHaHmr1lJ; aOHgOlr R '" OMOO-
_..._.....-.. ......;C'fc-1C'foo..oo...  trSr.6t":-oo"8':::"
d.LaI'lRmt IIHIDOIE.LR)i I 00 ---

00000000000000000
aHHaHHlr\!J; aOHqlta.LH I '" 
   
-OH.LO aOHqlta.LHg.LlIa)1 O__Mt-OOot-oo
-roror.6
- oo
ZW 'HHH M OO- MOM
(!) oo--oo
-aba q\!RmOItU roNNN-----ooooooo
000000000000000000
"' ww 'aH.L){{90 I'" 1!:>1!:>000000
><:
... 
:s:
'> W 'RHHIt\! I...
u    
OJ ooooooo-t-OO
:s: C'fC'fNoorooooo6
:c --
OJ
0- ww 'RHHdHm I '"
OJ ggg88g8
U
MMMOOM
ww 'RHHmlJ'O.L I "" 000000000
OMOOMt-oo
MMMM-
R){J;uodu dal'ioH t- O_MOOO-M
_"""",__.,.....4
173

_ H  _     _       
0000000000000000
... -------------
- 00 . .
-:.. '" -M__
q666
-= 00 0000000
0
 Nil;) '., Ht'iilda I
...  r_
.,
 r- r_r_r_r_ 
0 '" 
0. 00000000000000000
t:
u .... OOOOOOoodo
01 ---------N
'" t", '" lAJJJ
:= 0111
01 0.- '"
 010 r-r-r-
Q
<II U 
:I!
'" '"
(V) 0: .
1-0=:   C'I:I  CY:! c:I ,., co co:> co «I CI:I   11:1 CQ 01
0000000000000000-
=gjl-o ----------------
f;1 .0 . . . . . . . . . . . ., .'0
'"
001 0 r_OOOOOr_
:1::1:0.  -
..t:
..",
-         " "  "  - - -
S! 00000000000000000
.0 ->- -----------------
... .... . .
u
0 "'III '" r_r_r_-
0. Or-r--r-
0 ....-...._O-. <£

u -  --
0:
u I
"" 2r_ 
01 Nil;) ,A, 1!I'Iilda 
a
.. r_or_
:= 
..
0 I
'"
.. Hnwlgo '" 
... '" g
u 'qodO:H,j
;0,
u
'" CQ C'I:I C'I:I CQ     CY:! co C'I:I  «I 11:1  C'I:I C'I:I
 ...= £S
.. III
>: 
0 ;I;>: g88g
0. 00
i:: ;1;0. N
J::
.
- ... .... .... """ .... -r .... .... .-.I    .... .-.I ... ...
00000000000000000
'" -----------------
- 0 - . . .
-- -or_o-
 '" 
-=
0

...
'" I 
>: Nil;) 'r-I Ht'iilda  ooo
0 00000000600000
0.
J::
U .... 
<II
:= ...", oooo
:c gill  JJJ'J'iiiiI111111
<II '2"
0.
0 o oo oo
 
u u ----------NN
;;.
0: . 00000000000000000
tc: -----------------
GJc1I !:::
g.8 r-o008°or-o
o ooo- -r_
:I:o. o o--oo
t: - ----------
ImaAiJoc!u c!ill'I0H I - o-r_ooo-r_
--------
r_
o
00
.:

'"
...
4.1
:s:
:x:
QJ
:I;
'"
o

c:>.
t::
174
2>


r_

r_
oo
....



r_

<£
o
-

""
ih

c

'"'
GJ
IS:
:c
'11>
'!II
't!I
<)
'
P-
c:
'"
"
,.
'"
:f
'"
""
MM  M
OOO OOOOOMM
MMOOM-OOM



Ii
:E
OJ
""
CQ
:a
'"
»
'"
0::
...
""
O
OOOOOOOOOOOO
'"
,.
...
..
,.
o
0.
0::
'
MM  M
OOO OOOOOMM
OOOOOOOOMOMOO


00

00







  -   -      -  - - - - 
SS8S 2:>
f: -
""
"" --M -
;,; OOOOOOOOOOOO 
o6 8
00000000000000
'"
,. t- M"'MM
... Ii
'"  c;; MM"'M--
,. ------NNNNMroMMN
0 ooooo6ooooooooo6
"" ""
" '"
'"
OJ
10
OJ
'" ,,;
'" 00000000000000000
OJ to:!
" 0 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
0( 0;'; ""
" ""- oooooooooo
:E 0\0
'" ,.<> ----------NNNNNN
(V) ()
Ii
'"
'"     =     = 0      
"
" 00000000000000000
 -----------------
""
:E;'; "" 
 
... 16q6qoOOOOO1°1601
'" I I I I I I I I I! I I I
OJ
:E
0
:E
-
'"
",,15
OJ» - O-MOOO-M
:E" --------
00
:X:;""
0::
Ii5

BpeMH naY3bl Me>K.!);Y npOnYCKaMI-I (BpeMH Me>K,ny Bbl6poCOM CJlI-ITKa 1-13 BaJlKOB
B npeJ\bI)J;YIlleM nponycKe H 3aXBaTOM ero B nOCJIe.!);YlOllleM) 6epeTCH paBHblM 1,6 eeK.
eCJlH Me1K.!);y 3THMlI nponycKaMH HeT KaHTOBKH CJlHTKa, 11 inK = 3,6 eeK, eCJllI Me>K)J;Y
nponycKaMli npolIcxo}JHT KaHTOBKa. BpeMH naY3bl Me>K.!);Y CJllITKaMH Bbl6paHo
paBHblM 4 eeK,
BpeMH lIKJla npoKaTKII B nepBoM nponycKe
t11, = t np + in = 1,765 + 1,6 = 3,365 eel<.
ECJllI npoKaTKa npo1I3Bo.!);HTCH Ha CKOpOCTHX BbIlIIe OCHOBHoii, TO npH Qnpe-
J\eJleHlIli cpe)J;HeKBa.!);paTH'IHOrO MOMeHTa }!eiiCTBHTeJlbHblii MOMeHT cJlegyeT YBe-
n,OOIMli/l
20
10
o
-10
-20
L____
20
t. ceKY/10bl
L___
20
t, ceKYffobl
PHC. 8-11. PaCIJeT MOlIl.HOCTH npoKaTHoro J\BlIraTeJlH 6J1IOMHHra. fpacjJHK
CKOpOCTI-I H HarpY30IJHaH HarpaMMa
n
pa3, IJeM Y'IUTbIBaeTcH YBeJJlIIJeHlIe TOKa npH OCJIa6J1eHHH nOJlH
JllI'IHBaTb B
n OCH
1!.BHraTeJlH.
TIO.!);06HbIM cnoc060M BblITOJlHHeTCH pac'IeT .!);JlH Bcex OCTaJlbHblx nponycKoB.
Ha OCHOBaHHH paC'IeTOB Ha pHC. 8-11 nocTpoeHbI rpacjJI-IK CKOpOCTli 1-1 Harpy-
30'lHaH .!);lIarpaMMa .!);JlH nepBblx nHTli nponycKoB.
TIo .!);a HHbIM Ta6J1. 8-7 onpe.!);eJl.aeTcH 3KBHBaJleHTHbIH MOMeHT .!(Bl-lraTeJlH
M _.. ; 0,9728.10 12 + 10,957.10 12 + 15,487.10 12 + 0,754.10 12 + 1,051. 10 12 _
9K - JI 85,815 -
= 584 . 10 3 flM.
TaKliM 06pa30M, .!);BuraTeJJb l(JlH 3a}!aHHOii nporpaMMbl npOKaTKU Bbl6paH co
3Ha'lHTeJlbHblM 3anaCOM no MOMeHTY.
 8-4. COCT8BHbie 1f8CTH CHCTeMbl ynp8BneHHR
peBepCHBHblMH CTaHaMH ropRlfeii npOKaTKH
]LnH nyqeHHH Tpe6yeMoro no ycnoBHHM TeXHonorHH AHana30Ha
perynHpoBaHHH CKOpOCTH B CHCTeMax ynpaBJIeHHH rnaBHbIM npHBOAOM
peBepCHBHbIX CTaHOB rOpHqeH npOKaTKH npHMeHHeTCH ABYX30HHoe pe-
rynHpoBaHHe: perynHpoBaHHe H3MeHeHHeM HanpHmeHHH Ha HKope
)UmraTeJIH H perYJIHpOBaHHe H3MeHeHHeM nOTOKa ABHraTeJIH. B COOT-
176

BeTCTBHH C 3THM OCH CHCTeMa ynpaBneHHH npHBO)J.OM BKnlOqaeT CHCTeMY
ynpaBJIeHHH HanpmKeHHeM Ha HKOpe )J.BHraTenH H CHCTeMY ynpaMe-
HHH B036Y}K)J.eHHeM )J.BHraTerrH.
npH 3TOM )J.On}KHa npe)J.YCMaTpHBaTbCH onpe)J.eJIeHHaH nOCne)J.OBa-
renbHOCTb B pa60Te YKa3aHHbIX )J.BYX CHCTeM. TaK, nYCK )J.BHraTeJIH
v..0 nOBbIlIIeHHOH CKOpOCTH BHaqane )J.OJI}KeH npOHCXO)J.HTb 3a CqeT pOCTa
HanpH}KeHHH Ha ero HKope, a 3aTeM 3a C'leT ocna6neHHH nOJIH )J.BHra-
TeJIH. TopMo}KeHHe C nOBbIlIIeHHOH CKOpOCTH )J.O HynH )J.on}KHO npo-
HCXOJ1.HTb BHaqane 3a CqeT YCHneHHH nOJIH )J.BHraTerrH, a 3aTeM 3a CqeT
, CHH}KeHHH HanpH}KeHHH Ha HKope. TaKHM 06pa30M, nepeXO)J.Hble npo-
lI.eCCbI B 3THX CHCTeMax 6Y)J.YT npOTeKaTb HeO)J.HOBpeMeHHO H He3aBHCHMO
)J.pyr OT )J.pyra. B ,CBH3H C 3THM )J.onYCTHMO pa3)J.eJIbHOe paCCMOTpeHHe
_ nepeXO)J.HbIX npOL(eCCOB CHCTeMbI ynpaBneHHH HanpH}KeHHeM reHepaTO-
pOB H CHCTeMbI ynpaMeHHH B036Y}K)J.eHHeM )J.BHraTerrH.
HapH)J.y C YKa3aHHbIMH )J.BYMH OCHOBHbIMH 'laCTHMH B CHCTeMe
ynpaBneHHH rnaBHbIM npHBO)J.OM CTaHa npe)J.YCMaTpHBaeTCHY3eJI pe-
rynHpoBaHHH TOKa HKOpH )J.BHraTerrH - perynHTop TOKa, KOTOpbIH
BCTynaeT B )J.eHCTBHe npH npeBbIlIIeHHH TOKOM 3aJl,aHHoro npe,n.eJIa.
 8-5. OnTHManbHblii saKOH HSMeHeHHR CKOpOCTH
BpaeHHR ABHraTenR npH nYCKe
nepeXO)J.HbIH npOL(eCC, 06eCneqHBalOIIJ,HH Tpe6YeMYlO npOH3BO)J.H-
TerrbHOCTb npH HaHMeHblIIHX nOTepHX B )J.BHraTeJIe, npHHHTO Ha3bIBaTb
onTHManbHbIM. MO}KHO )J.OKa3aTb [JI-30J, qTO YKa3aHHoe Tpe60BaHHe
 l 


"
II
...

"
1\
...
.J-


"
T
o
o
T
Tn =0,1875 Tn
PHC. 8-12. rpacjJHKH TOKa npH pa3rOHe ,nBHrareJlH:
1 - npH napa(joJlHqeCKOM H3MeHeHHH CKOpOCTH )\BHeaTeJl!l; 2 -
npH np!lMOJlHHeliHOM H3MeHeHHH CKOpOCTH ABHeaTeJl!l
BwnonHHeTCH npH napa60JIHqeCKOM 3aKOHe H3MeHeHHH CKOpOCTH Bpa-
IIJ,eHHH ABHraTerrH, T. e. npH npHMOnHHeHHOM H3MeHeHHH TOKa )J.BH-
raTeJIH (pHC. 8-12, a, npHMaH 1). GJI,HaKO Ha npaKTHKe OObIQHO opHeH-
177

THPYIOTCH Ha npHMOJIHHeHHOe H3MeHeHHe CKOpOCTH, npH KOTOpOM TOK
ABHraTeJIH - BeJIHIIHHa nOCTOHHHaH (pHC. 8-12, a, npHMaH 2).
PaccMoTpHM npoecc nYCKa ABHrarenH BxonocTYIO ){nH ){BYX 3THX
cnYllaeB.
TOK H CKOPOCTb BpaIIJ,eHHH ABHraTenH CBH3aHbl MemAY COGOH CJIe-
AYIOIIJ,HM ypaBHeHHeM:
R . I dro
ol = dt ',
HJIH B OTHOCHTenbHblX eAHHHax
(8-27)
dv
t=-
d-e '
(8-28)
rJI.e
I ro t
t = I H ; '\I = roo ; 1:' = tKT M ;
I K = : ; Eo = cero O ;
roo - yrJIOBaH CKOpOCTb BpaIIJ,eHHH JI.BHraTenH npH H,uganbHoM
XOJIOCTOM Xo,ug;
JR
TM =  - 3JIeKTpOMexaHHlleCKa51 nOCTOHHHaH npHBoAa;
CeC M
J - MOMeHT HHepHH;
Ro -::- conpOTHBneHHe enH HKOpH JI.BHrTeJIH;
lK
tK=r;
H
C = En .
e ro o '-
113 (8-28) CJIeJI.yeT, qTO
M
PM = I; Ell. - 3. ft. c. ABHraTeJIH.

,'\1= td1:'.
o
(8-29)
da
TaK KaK '\I = d-e ' TO
a
a =  '\I d1:',
o
(8-30)
r.II.e CG - yrJIOBOH nYTb B OTHOCHTeJIbHblX eAHHHax, oTpaGaTbIBaeMblH
ABHraTeJIeM H, XapaKTepH3YIOIIJ,HH AJIHHY npOKaTaHHoro 3a
BpeMH 't' MeTanna.
.ll.nH TpeyrOJIbHOH tPOpMbI KpHBOH TOKa HMeeM CJIeAYIOIIJ,He COOTHO-
IIleHHH:
T
t=t -t -'
M M -en'
_ Tn.
'\1 M - t M2 ,
t M
t cp . KS tra ;
. ,;9
M n
an = 3'
(8-31)
a AnH npHMoyrOJIbHOH tPOpMW KpHBOH TOKa
t = t M ; t cp . KS = t M ;
-e
'\1 M = LM't'n; an = t M 2'
(8-32)
178

B TaOJI. 8-7 CBe.D.eHbl pe3YJIbTaTbI paClleTOB no ypaBHeHHHM (8-31)
H (8-32).
. CpaBHIITeJIbHble paclleTbl npoBe)J.eHbI )J.nH Tpex BapHaHToB:
-1) O)J.HHaKOBbl L ep . KS H Tn; 2) O]lHHaKOB.bI L cp . KS H an; 3) O)J.HHaKOBbl
'cpo KS H '\1M'
T a 6 JI n- n a 8-8
CpaBHeHHe TpeyrOJIbHOrO rpac}JHKa TOKa c npRMoyrOJIbHbIM
tc.p. KB = nOCT; 'cpo "S = noCT; 'cp. KS = noeT;
BHA epa4>HKa TOKa 't n = nOCT an = nOCT Y M = nOCT
'M I y I an 'M I y M I  n 'M I an I  n
M
TpeyrOJIbHblH ... y'3 0,865 1,155 y'3 0,805 0,93 y'3 1,54 1,155
DpHMoyroJlbHblii. . 1 1 I 1 ] I 1 1 1
Bce BeJIHIIHHbl, COOTBeTCTBYlOm;He npHMoyrOJIbHOMY rpaqmKY TaKa,
AJIH HarmI)J.HOCTH B3HTbI paBHblMH e)J.HHIUJ.e. 113 )J.aHHbIX TaOJI. 8-8
BH)J.HO, IITO npH TpeyrOJIbHOM rpaqmKe TOKa:
a) BO Bcex BapHaHTax MaKCHManbHoe 3HalleHHe TOKa OOJIbllIe B
V:r pa3;
0) npH O)J.HHaKOBOM HarpeBe (L ep . KS = nocT) H O)J.HHaKOBOM BpeMeHH
pa3roHa (Tn = nOCT) yron OTpaOOTKH an BbIllie Ha 15,5%;
B) npH O,Z!.HHaKOBOM HarpeBe (L ep . KS = nOCT) H O)J.HHaKOBOM yrne
OTpaOOTKH (an = nOCT) BpeMH npoecca MeHbiue Ha 7,0%;
r) npH O».HHaKOBOM HarpeBe (L ep . KS = nocT) H o)J.HHaKoBoH CKOpOCTH
('\1 M = nOCT), )J.O KOTOpOH pa3rOHHeTCH ,Z!.BHraTeJIb, BpeMH npoecca
pa3rOHa oonbllIe, lleM npH npHMoyronbHOM.
TIpH BbIoope rpaHKa TOKa He06xo)J.HMO HMeTb B BH,Z!.y cne)J.YlOm;ee.
1. Pa3rOH ,Z!.BHraTeJIH )J.O 3aXBaTa MeTanna BanKaMH npOHCXO)J.HT
BxonOCTYIO. B )J.aHHOM CJIYllae Ba>KHO nonYIlHTb 3a O)J.HO H TO >Ke BpeMH
He HaHoonbllIHH yron OTpaOOTKH, a HaH60JIbllIYIO CKOpOCTb Bpam;eHHH,
T. e. HaHMeHbllIee BpeMH npoTeKaHHH npoecca. 113 Taon. 8-8 BH)J.HO,
qro 3TO YCJIOBHe y,Z!.oBJIeTBOpHeTcH npSlMoyronbHbIM rpaHKoM TOKa.
2 BpH)J. JIH eJIeCOOOpa3Ho npOeKTHpOBaTb CX€MY, B KOTOpOH ooec-
nellHBaeTCSI MrHOBeHHoe HapaCTaHHe Toa H MOMeHTa ,Z!.BHraTeJISI,
HOO 3TO oY)J.eT OKa3bIBaTb HeOJIarOnpHHTHoe BJIHSlHHe Ha MexaHHlleCKHe
OIlJIeHeHHH CTaHa, K TOMY >Ke nonYIIHTb MrHOBeHHoe H3MeHeHHe TOKa
npaKTHllecKH HeB03MO>KHO H3-3a HaJIWIHH HH)J.YKTHBHOCTH B enH
SlKOpH )J.BHraTeJISi. ECJIH >Ke TOK B HallaJIbHbIH MOMeHT H3MeI-IHeTcH He
MfHOBeHHO, TO npeHMym;eCTBO TpeyronbHoro rpaHKa TOKa B cpaBHe-
I;IHH C TpaneeH)J.aJIbHbIM no yrny oTpa6OTKH HClle3aeT. TaK, HanpHMep,
)J.JIH )J.BYX rpaHKOB TOKa pHC. 8-12, 6 yron oTpa60TKH 6Y)J.eT O)J.HHaKOB.-
TIo YKa3aHHbIM npHIlHHaM )J.nSl rJIaBHOrO npHBo)J.a peBepcHBHbIX
cTaHoB oy,Z!.eT oOJIee paHOHaJIbHbIM HCXO)J.HTb He H3 TpeyronbHoro
rpaHKa TOKa, a H3 npHMoyrOJIbHorO (npaKTHlleCKH TpaneeH)J.anb-
HOro).
179

 8-6. CHCTeMbi ynp8BnsHHA H8npR)f(SHHSM
npOK8THoro ABHraTsnR
.[{mI ynpaMeHHH HanpmKeHHeM )J.BHraTeJISI pa60qHX BanKOB peBep-
CHBHoro CTaHa rOpHqeH npOKaTKH 06bIqHO npHMeHHeTCSI CHCTeMa
r e H e paT 0 p -)J. B H raT en b (r -.[{). JIHilib B nocne)J.Hee BpeMSI
B OTeqeCTBeHHOH npaKTHKe npH npoeKTHpOBaHHH rJIaBHHX npHBO)J.OB
peBepCHBHbIX CTaHOB CTanH npe)J.YCMaTpHBaTb H npHMeHeHHe CHCTeMbI
ynpaBnHeMHH PTYTHHH BHnpHMHTenb-)J.BH-
raT e n b (YPB-.[{).
B Haqane pa3BHTHH 3JIeKTpHqeCKOrO npHBO)J.a
peBepCHBHbIX CTaHOB rOpSIqeH npOKaTKH npHMeHH-
JIaCb npeHMYIIJ,eCTBeHHO n pot T a SI C H C T e M a
r -.[{, pe.rreHHO-KOHTaKTopHaSI (pHC. 8-13), ynpaB-
neHHe KOTOpOH npOH3BO)J.HTCH B03)J.eHcTBHeM Ha
enb B036Y}I{)J.eHHSI reHepaTopoB. flYCK )J.BHraTeJISI
B npocToH CHCTeMe r -.[{ oCYIIJ,ecTMSIeTcH nO)J.KJIIO-
qeHHeM Ha HanpH}I{eHHe 06MOTOK B036Y}I{)J.eHHSI
reHepaTOpoB, coe)J.HHeHHbIX Me}I{)J.y C060H 06bIqHO
nOCJIe)J.OBaTeJIbHO; perynHpoBaHHe CKOpOCTH )J.BHra-
TenH - H3MeHeHHeM BeJIHqHHbI )J.onOJIHHTeJIbHOrO
conpOTHBJIeHHSI enH 3THX 06MOTOK; TOpMO}I{eHHe-
CHSITHeM HanpH}I{eHHH C 06MOTOK H nO)J.KJIlOqeHHeM
HX Ha pa3pH)J.Hoe conpoTHMeHHe. YKa3aHHbIe ne-
peKJIlOqeHHSI BbInOnHSIIOTCH C nOMOIIJ,blO peJIeHHO-
KOHTaKTopHoH annapaTypH.
K He)J.OCTaTKaM npocTOH CHCTeMbI r -.[{ OTHO-
CHTCH CJIe)J.YIOIIJ,ee.
1. HaJIHqHe B 6onbilioM KOJIHqeCTe peJIeHHO-
KOHTaKTopHoH annapaTypbI 60nbIIIHx ra6apHToB (Ha
150 a). 3TH KOHTaKTopbI YBeJIUqHBalOT o6IIJ,ee BpeMH
PliC. 8-13. TIpocTaH nepexo)J.HbIX npoeccoB 3a CqeT co6CTBeHHoro Bpe-
CHCTeMa f - J],
MeHH cpa6aTbIBaHHH, TeM caMbIM CHH}I{aH npoH3Bo-
)J.HTenbHoCTb CTaHa.
2. flpHMeHeHHe ManOHap,e2KHbIX H CJIO}I{HbIX B Hana)J.Ke BH6paHoH-
HbIX perYJIHTOpOB TOKa.
3. OTHOCHTeJIbHO 60JIbIUHe nOTepH B enH B036Y}I{)J.eHHH reHepaTO-
pOB B CBSI3H C HanHqHeM )J.onOITHHTeJIbHHX conpoTHMeHHH B 3TOH
enH.
YKa3aHHbIe He)J.OCTaTKH npocTOH CHCTeMbI r -.[{ OrpaHHqHBaJIH
B03MO}I{HOCTH nOBbIIIIeHHSI npoH3Bo)J.HTeJIbHOCTH CTaHa, n03ToMY OHa
CTaJIa BbITeCHSITbCH, Ha CMeHY eH npHiliJIH 60nee cOBepIIIeHHbIe CHCTeMbI
r -.[{ C 3neKTpoMaIUHHHoH aBToMaTHKoH. B TaKHX CHCTeMax- nHTaHHe
06MOTOK B036Y}I{)J.eHHSI reHepaTopa oCYIIJ,eCTMSIeTcSI OT B030Y)J.HTenSI,
o6MoTKa B036Y}I{)J.eHHH KOToporo nonyqaeT HanpH}I{eHHe OT 3JIeKTpO-
MaIIIHHHoro YCHJIHTeJIH (3MY) (pHC. 8-17). TaK KaK CHfHaJI B03)J.eH-
CTBHH nO)J.aeTCH Ha 06MOTKY B030Y}I{JJ;eHHH 3MY. TO npH 3TOM nony-
1Y
5!1
:fP
+ -
2!1
3!1
II !I
180

qaeTcSl Ky6MqHaH CMCTeMa B030Y*.AeHMSl reHepaTOpOB, npeMMYIII,eCTBO
KOTOpOH B CpaBHeHMM C npOCTOH CMCTeMOH 3aKJIlOqaeTCSl B TOM, qTO
u.enb ynpaBneHMH HBJISleTCH u.enblO ManbIX TOKOB. TIpMMeHHeTCSl npM
3TOM Manora6apMTHaSl annapaTypa, HMelOIII,aSl OqeHb He60JIbiliOe c06-
CTBeHHOe BpeMH Cpa6aTbIBaHMH. He)J.OCTaTOK Ky6MqHOH CMCTeMbI-
3TO OTHOCMTeJIbHO 60nbiliOe KOJIMQeCTBO MHepUMOHHbIX 3BeHbeB, 38-TPY.zr.-
HSlIOIII,ee norrYQeHMe OnTMManbHOrO XapaKTepa nepeXOAHOrO npouecca.
TIporpecCMBHOH CMCTeMOH HMHeTCSl CMCTeMa r -.ll. C nMTaHMeM
06MOTOK B036ymAeHMSl reHepaTOpOB OT ynpaMHeMbIX PTYTHbIX BbmpH-
MMTeneH YPB, B KOTOpOH KOnMQeCTBO HHepuMOHHbIX 3BeHbeB B CpaB-
HeHMM C Ky6MQHOii CMCTeMOii YMeHbiliaeTCSl npM COXpaHeHMM MaJIbIX
TOKOB B uenM ynpaMeHMSl. B CBSl3M C 3TMM YAaeTCH nOJIyqMTb BeCbMa
6JIarOnpmlTHbIH XapaKTep npOTeKaHMSl nepeXOAHbIX npoueCCOB nYCKa,
TOpMOmeHMSl M peBepCa ABMraTeJISl, OOJIbiliOe 6bICTpOAeHCTBMe npM
perYJIMpOBaHMM HanpSlmeHMH M TOKa ABMraTeJISl C AOCTaTO'lHO BbICOKOH
TOQHOCTblO. CMCTeMa r -.ll. npM nMTaHMM 06MOTOK B036ymAeHMSl reHe-
paTopa OT PB HaXOAMT Bce 60JIbillee pacnpOCTpaHeHMe B rJIaBHbIX npM-
BOAax peBepCMBHbIX CTaHOB, BbITeCHHH Ky6MQHbIe CMCTeMbI C 3neKTpOMa-
IIIMHHOH aBTOMaTMKOH.
TIpeMMYIII,eCTBOM CMCTeMbI YPB-.ll. HMSleTCH BeCbMa ManaSl MHep-
U.MOHHOCTb, npM KOTOpOH B03MomHO nOJIY'leHMe Tpe6yeMoro xapaKTepa
.npOTeKaHMH nepeXOAHbIX npoueCCOB nYTeM OpMMpOBaHMH MaJIOMOIII,-
Horo 3aAalOIII,erO CMrHaJIa.
 8-7. nepexoAHble npOl.l.eCCbl
AO OCHOBHOR CKOpOCTH
TIpOM3BOAMTeJIbHOCTb peBepCMBHbIX CTaHOB rOpSlQeH npOKarKH,
pa60TalOIII,MX C BbICOKOH 'laCTOTOH BKnIOQeHMSl, B 60nbiliOH CTeneHM
saBMCMT OT xapaKTepa npOTeKaHMH nepeXOAHbIX npoueCCOB. TIpM 3a-
MeAJIeHHOM xapaKTepe npoueCCOB cpeAHSlH CKOpOCTb npOKaTKM, a CJIe-
.n.OBaTeJIbHO, M npOM3BOAMTenbHOCTb 6YAYT 3aHMmeHHbIMM.
HaMMeHbillee BpeMSl nepeXOAHoro npouecca MMeeT MecTO npM npSl-
MoyrOJIbHOM rpaMKe TOKa, KorAa B TeQeHMe Bcero BpeMeHM npouecca
TOK ABMraTeJIH paBeH AonycTMMoH no CJIOBMSlM KOMMYTaUMM BeJIMqMHe.
TIpM pa3roHe ABMraTeJIH BxonOCTYIO C nOCTOHHHbIM 3HaQeHMeM TOKa
SlKOpH .n.eHcTBMTenbHO paBeHcTBo
I R T dCew T Cew
JllUIO= M--;Jt= Mt'
OTclOAa BpeMSl pa3rOHa ABMraTeJISl AO OCHOBHOH CKOpOCTM roo:
t - T Cewo - T - lKRo - T t K (8 34 )
o - M Ip,'!HRo - J\I - Ip,'IHRo - M tp,H" J -
T IRo lK I Eo 6
rAe M = C C ; t K = T; K = - R - OTHOCMTenbHaSl M a conlOTHaH
M e H 0
(8-33)
BeJIMqMHbl TOKa KopOTKoro 3a-
MbIKaHMSl;
181

I
t llHH = i: H ; IIIHH - OTHOCHTeJIbHaSi H a6COnlOTHaSi BeJIHIlHHbl ,l{HHa-
MHlleCKoro TOKa;
E
C e = -E - K03qxpHIJ.HeHT 3. ]J.,. C. ]J.,BHraTeJISI.
(00
ECJIH npHHSlTb III"H paBHblM npe,l{eJIbHoMY TOKY no YCJJOBHSlM KOM-
MYTaU.HH, TO
t M . s . np = TM'
t npell
(8-35)
BpeMSI t M . s. np - 3TO npe,l{eJIbHOe MHHHMaJIbHO B03MmKHoe BpeMSI
pa3rOHa ,l{BHraTeJISI ,l{0 OCHOBHOM CKOpOCTH, KOTopoe He MO>KeT 6Tb
CHH>KeHO 3a ClleT COBepIlleHCTBOBaHHSI cxeMbl ynpaBJIeHHSI.
L(JISI ,l{BHraTeJISI C napaMeTpaMH T M = 0,05 eex:; t K = 16 H t npell =
= 2,5 3TO BpeMSI
16 '
t M . B = 0,05 25 = 0,2 eef(.
,
BpeMSI pa3roHa 3aBHCHT OT BeJIHIlHHbl]J.,HHaMHllecKoM COCTaBJISIIOIlI.eM
TOKa. 06blllHO pa3roH ]J.,BHraTeJISI peBepcHBHoro CTaHa npoH3BO,l{HTCSI
npH t llHH = 0,8 +1,0, lITO 06'bSlCHSleTCSI HeQ6xo]J.,HMOCTblO npOH3BO-
]J.,HTb 3aXBaT MeTanna H 06>KaTHe ero npH YCKopeHHH CTaHa. B 3TOM
CJJYllae (npH IIIHH = nocT) l:IaHMeHbIllee BpeMSI
t M . B = TM = 0,05 08 1 0 = 1,0- 0,8 eef(.
L AllH , . ,
ECJIH MIlHHMaJIbHO B03MO>KHOe BpeMSI 60JIbIlle Tpe6yeMoro, TO e,l{HH-
CTBeHHbIM nYTb CHH>KeHHSI BpeMeHH npou.ecca - 3TO YMeHbIlleHlle
3JIeKTpOMexaHHIleCKOM nOCTOSlHHOM BpeMeHH T M .
CIiCTeMa ynpaBJIeHIlSi B036Y>K,n;eHlleM reHepaTopOB ]J.,OJI>KHa .6blTb
cnpoeKTHpOBaHa TaK, IlTo6bl BpeMSI np'ou.ecca He OTJIHllanOCb 3HaIlH-
TeJIbHO OT MIlHHMMbHO B03MO>KHOro BpeMeHH ]J.,nSl 3a,n;aHHOM BeJIHIlHHbl
,n;IlHaMHlleCKOM COCTaBJISIIOIlI.eM TOKa. 3TO MO>KeT 6blTb nOJIYlleHO npH
HaH60nbIlleM npH6JIH>KeHHIl <pOpMbl KpHBOM TOKa K- npSlMoyrOJIbHOM.
4eM 60JIbIlle 3TO nplc{6nH>KeHHe, TeM 60JIee COBepIlleHHa CHCTeMa ynpaB-
JIeHHSI.
L(JISI BblSlCHeHHSI B03MO>KHOCTeM TOM IlJIH HHOM CHCTeMbl ynpaBne-
HIiSi He06xo,l{IlMO Hcc.ne]J.,oBaHlle xapaKTepa nepexo,n;HblX npou.eccoB
CHCTeMbI.
PaCCMOTpHM BHallaJIe nepexo,n;Hble npou.ecCbl pa3rOHa ]lBHraTeJISI
B npOCTOM CHCTeMe r - 11.
nepsxOAHblS npol.\sccbI B npocToli CHCTSMS r - .Q
B ,n;aHHoM CJJYllae ynpaBnSlIOIlI.HM CHrHaJI no,n;aeTCSI B u.enb B036Y>K-
,n;eHHSI reHepaTopa (pHC. 8-13). ECJIH npHHSlTb XapaKTepHCTIlKY XOJIO-
CToro xO,l{a reHepaTOpa npSlMOJIHHeMHOM H npeHe6pellb ,n;eH:CTBHeM BHX-
peBblx TOKOB, TO npou.ecc H3MeHeHHSI 3. ,l{. C. reHepaTopa npH nO]J.,KnlO-
182

qeHlUI OOMOTKH B036Y>K,n:eHHSI K 3a,n:a1OIlI.eMY HanpSI>KeHHIO 6y,n:eT OnH-
CNBaTbCSI ypaBHeHHeM
t
ee = Eo (1- e-r;), (8-36)
r,n:e Eo - YCTaHOBHBIllaSICSI BenHtIHHa 3. ]1.,. C.;
L
T -r = R e - nOCTOSIHHaSI BpeMeHH reHepaTOpa;
se
Lr' R Be - HH,n:YKTHBHOCTb H conpOTHBJIeHHe uenH B036Y>K,n:eHHSI re-
HepaTOpa.
Ha pHC. 8-14 npe]1.,CTaBJIeHa KpHBaSI 1, nocTpoeHHaSI no ypaBHeHHIO
(8-36). 113BecTHo, tITO B 3TOM CJIYtIae BpeMSI npouecca B03oY>K,n:eHHSI
BOJ1bm
e z

o 3 IJ 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CeKYNiJbl. t
PHC. 8-14. KpHBbIe 3.,n. C. reHepaTopa B npOCTOH
CHcreMe f - J],:
I - (jes 4>oPCHpOSKH; 2 - C Ij!OpcHPOSKOIi
paBHO npHMepHO to = (3-4) Te. nOCTOSIHHaSI BpeMeHH uenH B030Y>K-
;nelIHSI reHepaTOpa fJIaBHoro npHBO]1.,a Te = 2,5-3,5 eeK, nOTpeoHoe
>Ke BpeMSI npouecca nycKa no ycnoBHSIM TeXHOJIOrHH to = 0,7 - 1 eeK.
TaKHM oopa30M, BpeMSI npouecca no KpHBOH 1 3HaQHTeJIbHO 60nbIlle
!IOTpeoHoro.
L(nSI CHH>KeHHSI BpeMeHH nepeXO]1.,Horo npouecca Heooxo,n:HMO npH-
MeHHTb <pOpCHPOBKY npouecca B030Y>K,n:eHHSI reHepaTOpa, tITO ocYIll.e-
eTBJISIeTCH 3a CtIeT npHnO>KeHHSI K 06MOTKe B030Y>KJJ..eHHH nOBbIIlleH-
Horo HanpSI>KeHHSI, KOTopoe B KOHue npouecca CHH>KaeTCSI,n:o HOMHHaJIb-
HOH Be.nHtIHHbl.
B 9TOM cJIYQae
ypaBHeHHe nepexo]1.,Horo npouecca HMeeT BH,n:
I
ee = noEo(1- e- T;),
no = t. B . IlI '- K03cl><lmUHeHT <pOpCHpOBKH;
B.H
lB. cj! - nOBblIlleHHoe HanpSI>KeHHe, npHnO>KeHHOe K uenH B03-
OY>K,n:eHHSI B nepeXO]1.,HOM npouecce;
lB. H - HOMHHanbHoe HanpH>KeHHe uenH B036Y>KJJ..eHHH, npH
KOTOpOM B YCTaHOBHBIlleMCSI pe>KHMe 3. ]1.,. C. reHepa-
Topa paBHa Eo.
(8-37)
r,n:e
183

CrIe.l(yeT OTMeTHTb, qro ypaBHeHHe (8-37), nOJIyqeHHOe npH ycnoBHH
npS!MOJIHHeHHOcTH xapaKTepHcTHKH xonOCToro xO.l(a reHepaTopa, MO}KeT
6bITb Hcnonb30BaHO H rrpH HenHHeHHoH xapaKTepHcTHKe. Ha pHC. 8-15
npe.l(CTaBJIeHa HenHHeHHaH xapaKTepHcTHKa reHepaTopa, HOMHHanbHoe
3HaqeHHe 3. .l(. c. KOTOpOH COOTBeTCTByeT TOqKe a KpHBonHHeHHOH qaCTH
xapaKTepHCTHKH. EcnH K 06MOTKe B036Y}K.l(eHHH reHeparopa npHno-
}KHTb HOMHHanbHoe HarrpH}KeHHe, TO 3. .l(. C. reHepaTopa B npe.l(enax
rrpHMOJIHHeHHOH qaCTH xapaKTepHCTHKH
6Y.l(eT H3MeHHTbCH no 3aKOHY
t
-r-
e r = E 01 (1- e c), (8-38)
r,n:e E 01 = ftE o , ft = 10 1 - K03cl><lmu. HeHT
yqeTa HaCbIIlI.eHHH.
CrIe,n:oBaTenbHo,
t
ee = ftEo (1 - e-- t).
TaKHM 06pa30M, HenHHeHHaH xapaKTe-
1 B pHCTHKa reHeparopa 06eCneqHBaeT nOJIY-
qeHHe HeKOTopoH cl>OpCHpOBKH C K03cl><lm-
PRC. 8-15. K Y'IeTY HaCblllle- u.HeHToM, paBHbIM ft.
IIlIH reHepaTopa TIOJIHbIH K03cl>cpHu.HeHT cl>OpCHpOBKH a,
yqHTbIBaIOIlI.HH o.l(HoBpeMeHHo BnHHHHe He-
nHHeHHocTH XapaKTepHCTHKH H rrOBbIIIIeHHH HanpH}KeHHH Ha 06MOTKe
reHepaTopa:
e z
I
I
I
I '"
<L>
I
I
I
o
IBf1
;;
<L>
(8-39)
u =ftu o .
(8-40)
KpHBaH 2 (pHC. 8-14) nocTpoeHa no ypaBHeHHIO (8-37). 113 cpaBHe-
HHH KpHBbIX 1 H 2 BH.l(HO, qTO BpeMH npou.ecca B036Y>K.l(eHHH .l(0 HOMH-
HanbHOH 3. .l(. C. reHepaTopa YMeHbIIIHnOCb 6naro.l(apH npHMeHeHHIO
cl>OpCHpOBKH rrpou.ecca.
BpeMH npou.ecca B036Y>K.l(eHHH .l(0 HOMHHaJIbHOH 3. .l(. C. MO}KHO
nOJIyqHTb H3 (8-37), ecnH rrpHHHTb ee = Eo. Tor.l(a nocne COOTBeTCTBYIO-
IlI.HX npe06pa30BaHHH nonyqHM
a
tOr = Te ln a- I' (8-41)
r.l(e a - nonHbIH K03cl><PHu.HeHT cl>OpCHpOBKH.
B KOHu.e npou.ecca B036Y>K.l(eHHH reHepaTopa npOH3BO.l(HTCH CHH}Ke-
HHe nOBbIIIIeHHoro HanpH}KeHHH U B, <!J.l(0 HOMHHanbHoH BenHqHHbI Us. l"
ocYIIJ.eCTBnHeMOe rrYTeM BKnIOqeHHH B u.enb 06MOTKH .l(orrOnHHTenbHoro
conpOTHBJIeHHH, paBHoro r Bo ]J.on = R B . e (ao - 1).
YpaBHeHHe ,n:nH CKOpOCTH BpaIlI.eHHH ,n:BraTenH B npou.ecce nycKa
era BXOJIOCTYIO HMeeT BH.l(
t t
" [1 Te -r- + TM -Y ]
<u.=u<U o -Tr-T M . e e Tr-TM e M,
184
(8-42)

r)J.e (00 - CKOpOCTb H)J.eanbHOrO XOJIOCTOrO xO)J.a )J.BHraTensl,
-paiJ!ceK;
JR
TM = C/;M - ::WeKTpOMeXaHH'IeCKaSI nOCTOSIHHaSI npHBO)J.a, eeK;
J - MOMeHT HHepu.HH;
Ro - conpOTHBneHHe CHnOBOH u.enH, OM;
M
C M = 7 - K03q>qmu.HeHT MOMeHTa )J.BHraTenSI.
.IT.nSI onpe)J.eneHHSI BpeMeHH nYCKa ABHraTenSI )J.O OCHOBHOH CKO-
pOCTH to Bocnonb3yeMcSI ypaBHeHHeM (8-42), B KOTOpOM B03bMeM (0 =
= (00 H t = to. npH 3TOM nOJIY'IHM
to to
a.-I -y-r
- ( T - T ) = Tee - T e M
a. r M r M.
(8-43)
.IT.nSI M0LIJ.HbIX 3neKTponpHBo)J.oB 3neKTpoMeXaHH'IecKaSI nOCTOSIHHaSI
BpeMeHH TM 3Ha'IHTenbHO MeHbIlle 3neKTpoMarHHTHoH nOCTOSIHHOH T p
n03TOMY BTOpOH 'IneH npaBoH 'IaCTH paBeHcTBa (8-43) K KOHU.Y npo-
u.ecca 6YAeT HaCTOJIbKO MaJIbIM, 'ITO HM 6e3 YLIJ.ep6a AnSI TO'IHOCTH
MO>KHO npeHe6pe%. Tor)J.a
to = Te In a. a. 1 . T  T .
e M
(8-44)
HJIH
to=Teln a. a. 1 -Teln(I- : ).
Y T .# T I (1 TM ) ™
'IHTbIBaSI, 'ITO npH M  co a n - TT  Te .' nOJIY'IHM
toTeln ( a. a. T) + TM = tOe + T M . (8-45)
TaKHM 06pa30M, npH YKa3aHHoM BbIIlle npH6nH>KeHHH BpeMSI npo-
u.ecca pa3roHa ABHraTenSI AO OCHOBHOH CKOpOCTH 60JIbIlle BpeMeHH
npou.ecca B036yeHHSI reHepaTopa Ha BenH'IHHY 3neKTpoMeXaHH'Ie-
CKOH nocToSIHHOH BpeMeHH npHBo)J.a.
YpaBHeHHe )J.nSI TOKa SIKOpSI )J.BHraTeJISI B npou.ecce nycKa ere BXO-
JIOCTYIO HMeeT BHA
t t
. TM -y -r
t = a/ K T T (e e -e M), (8-46)
e- M
E
r)J.e I K = ;0 - TOK KopOTKoro 3aMbIKaHHSI.
KpHBaSI TOKa, nocTpoeHHaSI no ypaBHeHHIO (8-46), HMeeT MaKCHMYM
(pHC. 8-16), BenH'IHHa KOTOpOro onpe)J.eJISIeTCSI cornaCHO ypaBHeHHIO
Te
( T ) 
I MaKC = all( T: eM.
(8-47)
185

KaK BH.l(HO H3 ypaBHeHHSI (8-47), BeJIHqHHa MaKcHMYMa TOKa npo-
nOpl(HOHanbHa K03<J!<J!Hl(HeHTY <J!OpCHpOBKH, TOKY KopoTKoro 3aMbl-
KaHHSI H 3aBHCHT OT COOTHoweHHSI nOCTOSlHHX BpeMeHH.
L(nSi YMeHbweHHSI BpeMeHH npol(eCca nYCKa .l(BHraTeJISI HeOoXo.l(HMO
YBeJIHqHBaTb K03cl><PHl(HeHT <J!OpCHpOBKH. O.l(HaKO C pOCTOM :JToro K03<J!-
<J!Hl(HeHTa npOnOpl(HOHanbHo nOBblwaeTCSI MaKcHMYM TOKa. npH 3a.l(aH-
HOM MaKCHMYMe TOKa I Mal(C .l(OnycTHMoe 3HaqeHHe K03cl><PHl(HeHTa -<J!op-
, T
CHpOBKH 3aBHCHT OT COOTHoweHHSI nOCTOSlHHblX BpeMeHH T: ' l.JeM
OOJIbWe 3TO COOTHoweHHe, TeM 60JIbWe nOT-
pe6HblH K03cl><lml(HeHT <J!OpCHpOBKH, a c.ne.l(O-
BaTeJIbHO, TeM MeHbwe BpeMSI npol(ecca. no
YKa3aHHoH rrpHqHHe .l(nSi rJIaBHbIX rrpHBO.l(OB
peBepcHBHX CTaHOB l(eJIeCOO6pa3HO npHMe-
HSlTb reHepaTopbI C OTHOCHTeJIbHO OOJIbWOH
nOCTOSlHHOH BpeMeHH Tn a .l(BHraTeJIH - C
OTHOCHTeJIbHO MaJIOH 3neKTpoMeXaHHqeCKOH
nocToSlHHOH T M . B 3TOM cJIyqae OOJIbWaSi Be-
T
JIHqHHa COOTHoweHHSI TM rr03BOJI.SleT BbIOH-
paTb OOJIbWHe K0.9cl><PHl(HeHTbI <J!OpCHpOBKH
npH 3a.l(aHHX 3HaqeHHSlX MaKCHMYMa TOKa
B rrepeXO.l(HOM npOl(ecce.
OqeHb OOJIbWHe 3HaqeHHSI COOTHoweHHSI
T
T: (oOJIbWe 50 + 60) Hel(eJIecooopa3Hbl, TaK
KaK OHH, TpeoySi rrpHMeHeHHSI 3HaqHTeJIbHbIX K03<J!<J!Hl(HeHTOB <J!OpCHpOB-
KH, He 06ecrreQHBaIOT cymecTBeHHoro COKpameHHSI BpeMeHH rrpOl(ecca.
npHMeHSIeMble B rJIaBHbIX rrpHBO.l(aX KpynHblx oO}KHMHbIX CTaHOB
reHepaTOpbl HMeIOT nOCTOSlHHYIO BpeMeHH Tr = 2,5-3 eeK.; 3neKTpo-
MeXaHHQeCKaSi }Ke nOCTOSlHHaSi npoKaTHblx .l(BHraTeJIeH T M =
= 0,04-0,05 eeK.,oTKY.l(a  = 02:. = 50 - 60, T. e. COOTBeTCT-
M , ,
ByeT OrrTHMaJIbHoMY COOTHOIlleHHIO. B npocTOH CHCTeMe r - L( npH
T
COOTHoweHHH nOCTOSlHHbIX BpeMeHH / = 50-60 nOJIYQaeTCSI Y.l(O-
M
BJIeTBOpHTeJIbHbIH XapaKTep npOTeKaHHSI npol(ecca nycKa. O.l(HaKO
He.l(OCTaTKH npocTOH CHCTeMbl r - L( npHBenH K TOMY, QTO 3Ta CHCTeMa
B rnaBHOM npHBO.l(e COBpeMeHHblX peBepcHBHblX CTaHOB He npHMe-
HSleTCSI.
i
o t,.,axe to
PHC. 8-16. KpHBaH TOKa
HKOpH 1\BHraTeJJH npH ny-
CKe B npocToii CHCTeMe
r-J],
nepSXOAHblS npou,eccbI B CHCTSMe r - .Q
. C KyIlH'IHblM B0311YJKAeHHSM rSHepaTopa
Ha CMeHY npOCTbIM CHCTeMaM r - L( nOSlBHJIHCb CHCTeMbI r - L(
C KYOHQHblM 036Y}K.l(eHHeM reHepaTOpOB. Ky6HQHble CHCTeMbI B03-
6Y}K.l(eHHSI reHepaTOpOB fJIaBHOrO npHBO.l(a CTaHa SlBJISIIOTCSI CHCTeMaMH
aBTOMaTHQeCKOrO perYJIHpOBaHHSI, n03TOMY OHH .l(OJI}KHbl HMeTb BbICO-
KHe K03<J!<J!Hl(HeHTbl YCHneHHSI. A 3TO CBSl3aHO C HeOOXOD,HMOCTbIO npH-
186

MeHeHlUI YCIWHTeneH (::meKTpOMallIHHHbIX HnH MarHHTHbIX). 113-3a
HeOOJIbllIOH MOIIJ;HOCTH YClL1JHTeJIH He MorYT ObITb HCnOJIb30BaHbI AnH
HenocpeCTBeHHoro nHTaHHH OOMOTOK B030yeHHH reHepaTopOB, H
B paCCMaTpHBaeMbIX CJIYtJaSix OHH HaXOSlT npHMeHeHHe B' KatJecTBe
nOB036YHTeJISI, nHTaSi OOMOTKY B03-
6yeHHSI B030YHTenSi reHepaTopOB.
B KYOHtJHOH CHCTeMe r - L( 3aaIO-
InHH CHrRaJI noaeTCSI Ha u.enb B030Y>K-
.lleHHSI nOB030YHTeJISI (pHC. 8-17). L(nSi
.<}JOpcHpoBaHHSI npou.ecca B03oyeHHSI
.reHepaTOpa K 3aaIOIIJ;eH ooMOTKe npH-
KJIabIBaeTCSI HanpSl>KeHHe, B HeCKOJIbKO
pa3 OOJIbllIee, tJeM 9TO TpeoYeTCSI B yc-
TaHOBHBllIeMCSI pe>KHMe. B KOHu.e npo-
JJ.ecca B036Y>KeHHH reHepaTOpa Kora
YoUr CTaHeT paBHbIM U cp ' BCTynaeT B
.lleHCTBHe OOMOTKa OTpHu.aTeJIbHOH 06-
paTHOH CBSl3H no HanpSl>KeHHIO, HC
KOTOpOH eHcTByeT BCTpetJHo HC 3a-
AaIOIIJ;eH OOMOTKH. Pa3HocTb HC 9THX
QOMOTOK H onpeeJISIeT HOMHHanbHoe
'SHatJeHHe 9. . C. reHepaTopa.
PaCCMOTpHM' BHatJane nepeXOHbIH
:ppou.ecc O OTcetJKH <pOpCHpOBKH, Kora
U,enb 06paTHOH CBSl3H pa30MKHYTa. ECJIH
'npenOJIaraTb, tJTO xapaKTepHCTHKH re-
'Hep aTOp a , B036YHTeJISI H YCHJIHTeJISi npSlMOJIHHeHHbI, HH.llYKTHBHOCTb
,(:HnOBOH u.enH paBHa HYJIIO, TOK CTaTHtJeCKOH HarpY3KH paBeH HYJIIO,
.If He YtJHTbIBaSi eHCTBHe BHxpeBbIX TOKOB, MO>KeM HanHcaTb cne-
AYIOIIJ;He ypaBHeHHSI:
r
Cj
t;jB
r H
-+
lf p

+
PHC. 8-17. Ky6HIJecKaH
Ma f -JI.
CHCTe-
. U . R + I, di 3 ,
ex 38 = '3 3. Lj3 fit'
- . R + I, diu.
eJl, - lB B L B dt '
. R + b di ur
e u = 'Be Br 'Br (if;
e r = Ce(J) + iRo;
. R - JR o . dCeCf) _ T dCeCf)
I 0 - CeC M dt - M dt J
(8-48)
(8-49)
(8-50)
(8-51)
(8-52)
r.lle U 3H - HOMHHaJIbHOe HanpSl>KeHHe Ha 3aaIOIIJ.eH OOMOTKe nOk
B030YHTeJISI;
i 3 ; R 3 ; L - TOK, COnpOTHBJIeHHe H HHYKTHBHOCTb u.enH 3aalOIIJ.eH
06MOTKH YCHJIHTeJISI;
is; R B ; Ls - TO >Ke u.enH 06MOTKH B030Y>KeHHSI B036YHTeJIH;
i ur ; Rue; Lse - TO >Ke u.enH B036yeHHSI reHepaTOpa;
e y ; e B ; e r - 3. ]J.. C. YCHJI, HTeJIH B036YAHTeJISi. reHepaTOpa.
187

YMHO>KaeM ypaBHeHHe (8-48) Ha Ky =  3 - K03cl><lmu.HeHT YCH-
neHHSI 3neKTpoMaIllHHHoro YCHnH'renSi OT .l(eHCTBHSI 3a.l(alOrn;eH 06-
MOTH 1, ypaBHeHHe (8-49) Ha K B = s - K03cl><lmu.HeHT YCHJIeHHSI
B036Y.l(HTenSi H ypaBHeHHe (8-50) - Ha Ke =  R eWse -K03cl><fJHIJ.HeHT
Be
YCHneHHSI reHepaTOpa. DOJIyqHM
V K - A' + L3 dyiawa.
a 8H y - t' y t 8 W 3 R3 -,
K - A' + Ls dsiBWS .
e y s - t'StBW B Rs dt '
K - A . + LBr dseiBeWse
e B e - t-'etseWBe R dt .
se
(8-53)
(8-54)
(8-55)
e
3.l(eCb y = ----L. - OTIfOIlleHHe, onpe.l(enSieMOe no xapaKTepHcTHKe XO-
aw y
JIOCTOrO xO.l(a YCHnHTenSl;
s; se - TO >Ke .llnSi B036Y.l(HTenSi H reHepaTOpa;
W 3 ; Ws; W Be - qHCJIa BHTKOB 06MOTOK B036Y>KJJ.eHHSI YCHnHTeJISI,
B036Y.l(HTenSi H reHepaTOpa.
YqHTbIBaSl, qTO yi3WI = e y ; SiBWB = e B ; eiBeWse = ee;
Ls T
Ra = y;
Ls - T '
-- B'
R B
L Be T
- R = r>
se
nOCJIe COOTBeTCTBYIOrn;HX npe06pa30BaHHH 3anHIlleM:
, dB
aU 3 "KyKBKr = TyTBTr d: +
+ (TyTB + Ty + Te + TBTe) d;: + (T y + 1'B + Te) d;; + ee'
06rn;ee peIlleHHe ypaBHeHHSI (8-56) HMeeT BH.l(:
(8-56)
t ,t t
e r = Ao + Ale - Ty + A 2 e- T B + Ase- Tr .
(8-57)
3.l(eCb, COrJIaCHO (8-56), Ao = (J.D8.HKyKBKe.
DpH HYJIeBblX HaqaJIbHbIX ycnoBHSlX nOCTOSlHHble HHTerpHpOBaHHSI
}
T: I '
A 2 =-A o ( T)(
B - Y 1' B - 1'e)
p
As = - Ao e J
(1'r - 1'y) (1'r - 1's)
P
Al = - Ao (1' y - 1's) f1' y -1'c)
(8-58)
188

TIOCJle nO}1.CTaHOBKH (8-58) B (8-57) HanHIIIeM ypaBHeHHe B OTHOCH-
TeJIbHbIX e}1.HHHuaX
[ p -
8r = a 1 - (1'y- 1' B ) (ry- Te) e Ty_
1'2
B
(1' B - 1'y) (1' B - 1'r)
-t
er;l
-t
T
e B_
p
e
(Te - 1'y) (1' e - 1' B )
e
r)1.e 8e= E: ; Eo = U 3 . H KyKBKe.
,lJ.nSl onpe}1.eneHHSI BpeMeHH B036Y>K)1.eHHSI }1.0 npOH3BOJIbHOro 3Haqe.
HHSI toe 3. )1.. c; reHepaTOpa B ypaBHeHHH (8-59) 3aMeHHM t Ha'toe> npe-
He6pe>KeM BTOpbIM H TpeTbHM qJIeHaMH, KaK OqeHb ManbIMH. Tor)1.a
(8-59)
1'2 - toe
1 _..5:- = e e ---r; ,
aEo (1'r - 1'y) (1'r - 1's)
(8-60)
OTKY}1.a
[ a 1'; ]
toe=Te in a- Br' Ue:-1'y)(1'e-1'B) ,
e
f)1.e 8r = E - OTHOCHTeJIbHaSi BenHqHHa 3. }1.. C. reHepaTOpa.
o
TIpH6nH>KeHHOe ypaBHeHHe :n.nSl 3TOrO cnyqaSl HMeeT BH}1.
tor = T r In (  ) + T y + T B'
a -- Be
06rn;ee pemeHHe ypaBHeHHSI B OTHOCHTeJIbHbIX e)1.HHHUaX )J.nSl CKO-
pOCTH Bparn;eHHSI HMeeT BH}1.
-t -t -t -t
T B T T B T
'\I = Bo + B 1 e y 1-- 2e B + B 3 e e + 4 e 1.1
'\I_CO a T__ 1 . T-]' T_ 1 . T-]
r.ue - COo J Y - PI ' B - P2 J e - Ps ' 1.1 - P4
npe}1.CTaBnSlIOT C060H 06paTHbIe 3HaqeHHSI KOpHeH XapaKTepHCTHqeC-
KOrO ypaBHeHHSI
TyTsTrTMp4 + (TyTBTe + TsTeTM + TeTMTy + TMTyTB) p 3 +
+ (TyTB + TyTe + TyTM + TsTe + TBTM + TeTM) p2 +
+(Ty+TB+Te+TM)p+l=O. (8-64)
TIpH HYJIeBbIX HaqaJIbHbIX ycnoBHSlX nOCTOSlHHble HHTerpHpOBaHHSI
B 1 , B 2 , B3' B4 onpe}1.eJISIIOTCSI H3 cne}1.YIOrn;HX ypaBHeHHH:
1'
B 1 = - Bo (
1'y- 1's)(ly- 1'r)(1'y- 1'1.1)
B 2 = - Bo 1.
(1's - 1'y) (1'B - 1'e) (1'B - 1'1.1)
B3=-Bo 1':
(1'e - 1'y) (1'e - 1's) (Te - 1'1.1)
1'
B4 = -Bo (1'..- 1'y)(1'..- 1'B)(1'..- 1'r) ,
(8-61)
(8-62)
(8-63)
(8-65)
189

TaK KaK
B aU 3H KyKsKe = a,
o CeCJ)o
TO
[ Ta =i
'V = a -I - y e Ty -
(Ty- TB)(T y - Te)(Ty-TN)
p ::::...!.- T3 -t
B e T B _ r eTe _
(T B - Ty)(T B - Te)(TB - TN) (T r - Ty)(I'r - TB)(T r - TN)
-t
_ T e TM ]
(TN - Ty) (TN - T B ) (T M - Te) ,
ECJIH B (8-66) nOJIO>KHTb t = to; 'V = 1 H npeHeOpe% BTOpbIM, Tpe-
TbHM H nSlTblM qJIeHaMH, KaK OqeHb ManblMH npH t = jo, TO nonyqHM
I=a[l,: (Te-Ty)'(I'rTB)(Te-TM) e--;'; J.
(8-66)
OTKY,ll;a
[ T a ]
to=Te 1n (Te-Ty)(Te-TB)(Te-TN) ' a- I'
HJIH
toTeln( a a l)+Ty+TB+TN' (8-67)
113 ypaBHeHHSI (8-67) CJIe,ll;yeT, qTO BpeMSI nYCKa ,lI;BHraTeJISI ,lI;O
OCHOBHOH CKOpOCTH to OOJIbllIe BpeMeHH B030Y>K,lJ,eHHSI reHepaTOpa'
COOTBeTCTBYlOrn;ero npOCTOH CHCTeMe r - L( [CM. ypaBHeHHe (8-41»),
Ha CYMMY nOCTOSlHHbIX BpeMeHH YCHJIHTeJISI, B036Y,lI;HTeJISI H ,lI;BHraTeJISI.
L(Hlp<pepeHIJ.HPYSI ypaBHeHHe (8-66) H nO,ll;CTaBJISISI nOJIyqeHHYlO
npOH3BOJJ.HYlO B ypaBHeHHe ,lJ,nSl' TOKa B OTHOCHTeJIbHblX eJJ.HHHIJ.aX
L dv
L K = TN dt ' 0YJleM HMeTh
[ p -I
=aTM . y eTy +
L K (Ty- TB)(Ty- Te)(Ty- TN)
p -t ' p
+ B e T B + r, X
(T B - Ty) (T B - Te) (T B - TN) (Tr - Ty) (Te - T B ) (Tr - T M )
X e --;.: + T e --;.  J (8 68)
(T M - Ty)(TM - TB)(T M - Te) __ . -
i I
3.!(ecb t = T; t K = / - OTHOCHTeJIbHble BeJIHqHHbI TOKa H TOKa
,H H E
KOpOTKOro 3aMbIKHH, paBHoro I K = R: '
TIpoJlH<p<pepeHIJ.HpyeM Jlanee (8-68), npHpaBHHeM npOH3BoJlHYlO
HYJIlO H, oT6poCHB nepBblH H BTOpOH q,neHbl ypaBHeHHSI, peIlIHM ero
OTHOCHTeJIbHO t MaKc :
t - TeTs 1 TB(Tr-Ty)(Te-TM)
MaKC - Tr - T B n Te (T B -:: Ty)(TB- T M )'
(8-69)
190

YpaBHeHHe .l(nSi MaKCHMYMa TOKa nOJIyqaeTCSI H3 (8-68) nocne
1I0}J.CTaHOBKH B Hero t = t MaKc .
Tr
tMaKC =a TMTB [ Te(Ts-:-TY)(Ts-TM) ] Te-TB (8-70)
L K (T s - Ty) ( t B - T M ) T B (T e - Ty) (Tr - T M ) .
Ha pHC. 8-18 nocTpoeHbI KpHBble TOKa SlKOpSi .l(BHraTeJISi .l(JISI npocToH
(KpHBaSi 1) H KYOHqHOH CHCTeMbI f - LL (KpHBaSi 2). 113 cpaBHeHHSI
KpHBbIX BH.l(HO, qTO <popMa KpHBOH TOKa
B CHCTeMe f - LL C KYOHqHbIM B030Y}K-
;UeHHeM reHepaTopOB MeHee Y.l(OBneTBO-
pHTeJIbHa, qeM B' npocTOii: CHCTeMe
r - LL, H3-3a BnHSlHHSI HHepu.HoHHOCTeH
B030Y.l(HTeJISI H YCHnHTenSi.
Y nyqIlleHHe KaqeCTBa npOTeKaHHSI Q 5
.nepeXO.l(HbIX npou.eccoB B CnO}KHbIX CH-
:CTeMax B030Y}KAeHHSI reHepaTopa MO}K-
>HO nonyqHTb, ecnH TeM HnH HHbIM
'<;ilOCOOOM CHH3HTb nOCTOSlHHble Bpe-
'MeHH B030Y.l(HTeJISI H YCHnHTenSi OTHO- to 2,D f.eel(
CHTeJIbHO nOCToSlHHoii: BpeMeHH reHepa- PHC. 8-18. KpHBble TOKa HKOpH
:.: Ts ,nBHrareJlH:
'TQpa, T. e. CHH3HTb COOTHOIlleHHSI T H
' T . / - B npocToli CHCTeMe r-.l(; 2 -
 Y B Ky(jH'leCKoli CHCTeMe r-.l(
.r r . MeHbIlleHHe YKa3aHHbIX COOTHO-
meHHH nOCTOSlHHbIX BpeMeHH MO}KHO OCYIlI.eCTBHTb nYTeM npHMeHeHHSI
'rHOKHX H }KecTKHX OOpaTHbIX CBSl3eH.
fHOKHe 06paTHbIe CBSl3H OKa3bIBaIOT BJIHSlHHe Ha CHCTeMY nHIllb B ne-
,peXO.l(HbIX npou.eccax; }KeCTKHe - KaK B nepeXO.l(HbIX npou.eccax, TaK
iI B YCTaHOBHBIllHXCSI pe}KHMaX. n03TOMY OOJIee pau.HOHanbHO .l(JISI
YKa3aHHbIX u.eJIeii: npHMeHSlTb rHOKHe OOpaTHble CBSl3H. B CBOIO Oqe-
pe.l(b C nOMOIll.bIO 3THX }Ke rHOKHX CBSl3eH YCTaHaBnHBaeTCSI TpeoyeMbIH
XapaKTep npOTeKaHHSI nepeXO.l(HbIX npou.eccoB nOCJIe OTCeqKH <pOp-
'CHpOBKH, T. e. nocne BKnIOqeHHSI B CHCTeMY }KeCTKOH oTpHu.aTeJIbHOH
:oopaTHOH CBSl3H.
rHfiKH8 ofipaTHe 08RSH
K.aK npaBHJIO, mOKHe 06paTHble CBSl3H npHMeHSIIOTCSI B BH}J.e OTpH-
u.aTeJIbHbIX oopaTHbIX CBSl3eH, 3aMeAJISIIOIlI.HX npOTeKaHHe nepeXO.l(Horo
npou.ecca. 3TO n03BOJISIeT YBeJIHqHTb <pOpCHPOBKY npou.ecca, ynyqIllHTb
KaqeCTBO ero H !).PH }J.onYCTHMbIX 3aqeHHSlX MaKCHMYMa TOKa CHH3HTb
BpeMSI npou.ecca.
ll.enecooopa3HO, qTOObI npH BBe.l(eHHH rH6KHX oopaTHbIX CBSl3eH
nOpSl.l(OK .l(H<p<pepeHu.HanbHoro ypaBHeHHSI He YBeJIHqHBanCSI H qTOObI
xapaKTep nepeXO.l(HOrO npou.ecca OCTaBancSi anepHO.l(HqeCKHM. 3TH
YCJIOBHSI TpeOYIOT, Bo-nep, BbIX HCnOJlb30BaHHSI H.l(eaJIbHbIX rHOKHX
oopaTHbIX cBSl3eH H, BO-BTOPbIX, npHMeHeHHSI onpe,!];eJIeHHOrO KOJIH-
qeCTBa oopaTHbIX CBSl3eH.
191

C IJ.enblO paCCMOTpeHHSI nHX BOnpOCOB B03bMeM CHCTeMY ynpaBJIe-
HHH C qeTbIpbMH HHepIJ.HOHHbIMH 3BeHbHMH, K KOTOpOM OTHOCHTCH M
KYOMqHaH CHCTeMa r - .LJ.. .LJ.JIH TaKOM CHCTeMbI,lI.eikTBMTeJIbHbI XapaK-
TepHCTHqeCKHe ypaBHeHHH
TyTsTeTMp4 + (TyTsTe + TsTe™ +
+ TyTsTM + TeTMTy)PS + (TyTs + TyTe + Ty™ +
+ TsTe + TsTM +TrTM)p2+(Ty+Ts+Te+TM)P+ 1 =0.
KopHM ypaBHeHMH BeeCTBeHHbIe, paBHbIe
1 I I 1
PI = - - r ; P2 = - T; P3 = - T; P4 = - T'
y B e M
TIepeXO,ll.HbIM npOIJ.eCC anepMO,ll.HqeCKHM.
KOJIMqecTBO rHoKHx oopaTHbIX cBH3eM onpe,ll.enHeTcH He06xo,ll.HMO-
CTblO HMeTb CBOOO,ll.HbIM BbI60p 9KBHBaJIeHTHbIX nOCTOHHHbIX BpeMeHH.
TaKoM BbI60p ,lI.ocTHraeTcSI npMMeHeHHeM (n - 1) rHoKHx 06paTHblx
cBH3ell, r,ll.e n - nopSI,lI.oK ,lI.MqxpepeHIJ.HaJIbHOrO ypaBHeHHH. .
BKJIlOqHM B cHcTeMY TPH rH6KHe OTpHIJ.arenbHble oopaTHble CBSI3M:
06paTHYlO CBH3b no nepBoll npoH3Bo)J.HOM BbIXO)J.HOll BenHqHHbI (CKO-
pOCTH Bpall\eHHH ,lI.BHraTeJIH), 06paTHYlO CBH3b no BTOpOM npOH3BO,ll.-
HOll H 06paTHYlO CBH3b no TpeTbeM npOH3BO)J.HOll. B 9TOM CJIyqae xapaK-
TepHCTHqeCKOe ypaBHeHMe npHMeT BH,lI.
TyTBTe™p4 + (TyTsTe + TyTsTM + TsTe™ + TeTMTy + bsKs) X
X p 3 + (TyTs + TyTe + Ty™ + TBTe + TsTM +
+ TeTM + b 2 K 2 ) p2 + (T y + Ts + Te + TM + b1K 1 ) P + 1 = O. (8-71)
3,l1.eCb blKI - K09<!J4JMIJ.HeHT, yqHTbIBalOll\HM ,lI.ellCTBHe rHOKOM 06-
paTHOM CBSI3M no nepBOM npOH3BO,ll.HOll CKOpOCTH; b 2 K 2 - TO :>Ke no
BTOpOM npOH3BO,ll.HOll CKOpOCTH; bsKs - TO :>Ke no TpeTbell npOH3BO,ll.:
HOll CKOpOCTH.
XapaKTep nepeXO,ll.HorO npOIJ.eCca B CHCTeMe C mOKMMM 06paTHbIMM
CBSI3HMH MO:>KeT ObITb KOJIe6aTeJIbHbIM, MOHOTOHHbIM C KOMnJIeKCHbIMM
KOpHSIMH H anepHO,ll.HqeCKMM. Bce 3aBMCHT OT TOro, KaK BbIopaHbI K09<!J-
<!JMIJ.HeHTbI m6KMX 06paTHbIX CBH3ell. KaK BH,lI.HO H3 (8-71), K09<!J<!JH-
IJ.HeHTbI m6KHX oopaTHbIx cBSI3eM BOIliJIH BO Bce qJIeHbI ypaBHeHHH.
3a HCKJIlOqeHMeM nepBoro H nOCne,ll.Hero. JIHllIb npM 9TOM YCJIOBHH
HMeeTCH B03MO:>KHOCTb BbloHpaTb cB060,ll.HO 9KBMBaJIeHTHble nOCTOHH-
HbIe BpeMeHM C coxpaHeIIHeM anepMo,ll.MqeCKOrO xapaKTepa nepexo)J.-
Horo npoIJ.ecca. ECJIM K09qxpHIJ.MeHTbI mOKMx 06paTHbIx cBH3eM BblopaHbI
TaK, qTO anepHo,ll.HqeCKHll xapaKrep npoIJ.ecca COXpaHSIeTCSI, TO xapaK-
repHCTHqecKoe ypaBHeHHe (8-71) MO:>KeT 6bITb 3aMeHeHO 9KBMBaJI€HT-
HbIM:
TTT;Tp4 + (TTT; + TT;T + T;TT + T;TT) p S +
+ (TT + TT + TT. + TT + TT + TT) p2 +
+ (T + T +!; + T) P + 1 = O. (8-72)
192

1
KOpHH 5)TOrO ypaBHelIH51 Bew.ecTBemlble, paBHble PI = -17;;
1 1 y
pz = - 1" ; P3 = - 1" ; P4 = - T" XapaKTep nepexO,lJ,HOrO npo-
s e M
ecca anepHO,lJ,HqeCKHH.
no CTpYKType xapaKTepHCTHqeCKOe ypaBHeHHe (8-72) COOTBeTCT-
ByeT CHCTeMe 6e3 m6KHX 06paTHbiX CBSI3eH C nOCTOSIHHblMH BpeMeHH
T;; T; T; T [eM. ypaBHeHI-Ie(8-64)J, II03TOMY)J.JISI CHCTeMbI C rH6KHMH
06paTHbIMH CBSI3SIMH 6Y,lJ,eT ,lJ,eikTBHTeJIbHo ypaBHeHHe nepeXO,lJ,HOrO
npoecca (8-66), a TaKLKe (8-67), B KOTOpbIX peaJIbHble nOCTOSIHHbIe
BpeMeHH ,lJ,OJILKHbI 6blTb 3aMeHeHbI 3KBHBaJIeHTHbIMH.
npeHMyw.ecTBoM CHCTeMbl C rH6KHMH o6paTHbIMH CBSI3SIMH SIBJISIeTCH
B03MOLKHOCTb MeHSITb C nOMOIILblO 3THX cBSI3eii COOTHOllIeHHSI 3KBH-
BaJIeHTHblX nocTosiHHbIX BpeMeHH B LKeJIaeMYIO CTOPOHY. .lI.JISI CHHLKe-
HHSI BpeMeHH nepeXO,lJ,HOrO npoecca Heo6xo,lJ,HMO, KaK 3TO BH,lJ,HO H3
(8-67), YMeHbllIHTb 3KBHBaJIeHTHble nOCTOSIHHble BpeMeHH T; T; T.
DpH 3TOM T; ,lJ,OJILKHO 6bITb YBeJIHqeHO TaK, qTo6bI C06JIIO,lJ,a.nOCb pa-
BeHCTBO
TyTsTeTM = T;TT;T.
(8-73)
TaKoe H3MeHeHHe COOTHOlueHHSI 3KBHBaJIeHTHbiX nOCTOSIHHblX Bpe-
MeHH II03BOJISIeT YBeJIHqHTb K03iP<tmHeHT iPOpCHpOBKH C yqeTOM ,lJ,OIIY-
CTHMoro nOBbIllIeHHSI MaKcHMYMa TOKa H nOJIyqHTb cOKpaw.eHHe BpeMeHH
nepeXO,lJ,HOrO IIpoecca.
06paTHYlO CBSI3b no nepBoH npOH3BO,lJ,HOH CKOpOCTH Bpaw.eHHSI
,lJ,BHraTenSI 06hlqHO nonyqalOT C IIOMOW.blO o6paTHoH CBSI3H no ,lJ,HHa-
MHqeCKOH COCTaBJISIIOw.eH TOKa ,lJ,BHraTeJISI, TaK KaK
. R T dCeOJ
l 0= Mdt.
(8-74)
06paTHaSI CBSI3b no BTOpOH npOH3BO,lJ,HOH OT CKOpOCTH MOLKeT 6bITb
nOJIyqeHa HJIH C nOMow.blO TOKa, TaK KaK
diRo _ T d 2 C e OJ ( 8- 75 )
dt - M dt '
MJIM LKe C nOMow.blO 06paTHoH CBSI3H no npOM3BO,lJ,HOH 3. ,lJ,. C. reHepa-
Topa, TaK KaK
dec, = dCeOJ + diRo = dCeOJ + T d 2 C e OJ ( 8-76 )
dt dt dt dt M dt .
KaK BH,lJ,HO M3 (8-76), o6paTHaSI CBSI3b no npOH3BO,lJ,HOH 3. ,lJ,. C. re-
HepaTopa C03,lJ,aeT, KpOMe 06paTHOH CBSI3M no BTOpoii, ew.e M 06paT-
HYIO CBSI3b no IIepBOH npOH3BO,lJ,HOH CKOpOCTH.
06paTHaSI CBSI3b IIO TpeTbeH npOH3BO,lJ,HOH CKOpOCTH MOLKeT 6bITb
nOJIyqeHa MJIM C nOMow.blO 06paTHOH CBSI3H no BTOpOH npOM3BO,lJ,HOH
TOKa, TaK KaK
d2iRo d 3 C e OJ
dt 2 - = TM'
(8-77)
7 B. n. BblqKOB
193

HJIH mc C nOMOlI1.bIO OOpaTHOii CB5I3H no npOH3BOJl.HOi-'! 3. JI.. c. B036y-
Jl.HTeJI 51
K deB de e + T d 2 e e T T d 3 C e OJ +
e - dt = lit e dt 2 = e M--cfi3
+ ( T _ }-- T ) d2CeOJ + dCeOJ
e M dt2 dt .
(8-78)
113 (8-78) BH,lI.HO, qTO oOpaTHa51 CB5I3b no npOH3BO,ll.HOll 3. ,lI.. C.
B030Y,ll.HTen51 C03,l1.aeT, KpOMe oopaTHOll CB5I3H no TpeTbell npOH3BOJl.-
HOll, elI1.e oopaTHYlO CB5I3b no nepBOll H BTOpOll npOH3BO,ll.HOll CKOpOCTH.
OOpaTHa51 CB5I3b no nepBOll npOH3BO,ll.HOll TOKa, OCYlI1.eCTBJI5IeMa51
C nOMOlI1.blO oopaTHOll CB5I3H no Jl.HHarvmqeCKOll COCTaBJI5IlOlI1.ell TOKa,
OXBaTbIBaeT Bce qeTblpe HHepIJ.HOHHbIX 3BeHa, n03TOMY OHa OKa3bIBaeT
BJIH5IHHe Ha Bce qeTbIpe 3KBHBaJIeHTHbIX nOCT05lHHbIX BpeMeHH. npH ee
OTCYTCTBHH nOCneJl.Hee 3BeHO - Jl.BHraTenb - OCTaeTC5I He OXBaqeHHbIM
oopaTHOll CB5I3blO, BCJIeJl.CTBHe qero OCTanbHbIe rHoKHe oopaTHble
CB5I3H He B COCT05lHHH OKa3bIBaTb BJIH5IHHe Ha 3KBHBaneHTHYlO no-
CT05IHHYlO BpeMeHH TM' T. e. npH YKa3aHHOM ycnoBHH T = T M .
BooolI1.e me rOBOp5l, HeT ocoooii HeoOxoJl.HMOCTH B YMeHbllIemtH no-
CT05lHHOll BpeMeHH TM' TaK KaK OHa B paCCMaTpHBaeMOM cnyqae H oe3
Toro OqeHb MaJIa cpaBHHTenbHO C nOCT05lHHOH BpeMeHH reHepaTopa Te.
CJIe,ll.OBaTeJIbHO, H HeT HeOOXO,ll.HMOCTH B npHMeHeHHH oopaTHOH CB5I3H
no nepBOH npOH3BO,ll.HOH, nOJIyqaeMOH C nOMOlI1.blO oopaTHOH 'CB5I3H no
TOKY. OrpaHHqeHHe me TOKa ,lI.BHraTen51 B MOMeHT 3aXBaTa MeTaJIJIa
BaJIKaMH npH YCKopeHHH CTaHa OObIqHO npOH3BOJl.HTC5I oopaTHOH CB5I-
3blO no TOKY C OTCeqKOH.
CHrHaJI, npOnOpIJ.HOHaJIbHbIll nepBOH npOH3BO,ll.HOH 3. JI.. c. reHepa-
Topa, nOJIyqaeTC5I npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH Jl.HHaMHqecKoro MOCTa B IJ.enH
B030Y)K)J.eHH5I reHepaTopa, a CHrHaJI, npOnOpIJ.HOHanbHbIll nepBOH
npOH3BO,ll.HOH 3. JI.. C. B030Y,lI.HTen5l, - npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH Jl.HHaMH-
qeCKoro MOCTa B IJ.enH B030ymJl.eHH5I Jil030Y,lI.HTen5l. BKJIlOqeHHe 3THX
MOCTOB nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 8-19. YKa3aHHbIe CHrHaJIbI nOJIyqalOTC5I
TaKme H npH HCnOJIb30BaHim CTaOHJIH3HPYlOlI1.erO TpaHc4>opMaTOpa
HJIH IJ.enOqKH RC. HaHOOJIee IJ.eJIeCOOOpa3Ho npHMeHeHHe ,lI.HHaMflqe-
CKoro MOCTa, TaK KaK npH 3TOM rHOKa51 oOpaTHa51 CB5I3b He BBOJl.HT
B CHCTeMY HOBYlO nOCT05IHHYlO BpeMeHH, T. e. He nOBbIllIaeT nOp5lJl.OK
ypaBHeHH5I.
ConpOTHBJIeHHe nJIeq ,lI.HHaMHqeCKOrO MOCTa B IJ.enH B030ymJl.eHH5I
reHepaTopa (pHC. 8-19) BbloHpaeTC5I C yqeTOM paBeHcTBa
'se 'sell
, ne = r nel '
(8-79)
r,ll.e 'se - conpOTHBneHHe OOMOTKH B030Y}K)J.eHH5I reHepaTopa;
'se)!. - Jl.OIlOJIHHTenbHoe conpOTHBJIeHHe IJ.enH B030ymJl.eHH5I;
'ne; 'nc1 - conpOTHBJIeHH5I nJIeq nOTeHIJ.HOMeTpa.
TIpH YCJIOBHH (8-79) Hanp5lmeHHe Ha BbIXO,ll.e ,lI.HHaMHqeCKOrO MOCTa
B YCTaHOBHBIlleMC5I pelKHMe paBHO HYJIlO. B nepeXOJI.HOM npOIJ.ecce
194

di
B03HHKaeT 3. Jl,. C. CaMOHHJl,YKIIHM be ;; , KOTopaSI H BbI3bIBaeT IIOSIB-
neHHe HaIIpmKeHHSI Ha BbIXOJl,e Jl,HHaMHqeCKOrO MOCTa
V sblX = iHoR Ho '
YpaBHeHHe, CBSI3bIBaIOIII;ee Me)KJl,Y COOOM 3. Jl,. C. CaMOHHJl,YKIIHH H
BbIXOJl,HOe HaIIp5l)KeHHe, HMeeT BHJl,
L disc
. e dt
V SblX = lHoRuo = + ,(8-80)
, se 'Bell + ( I + r ne ) ' se
r sell \ r ncl RHo
rJl,e RHo = 'HO + 'HOJ( - COIIpOTHBJIeHHe lleIIH OOMOTKH 2 YCHJIHTen51
oe3 yqeTa COIIpOTHBJIeHHSI MOCTa;
'110 - COIIpOTHBneHHe 3TOM OOMOTKH.
Y L disc Te de e
qHThIBa5l, ITO r ----eft = Ke . dt H IIpHHHMa51 3. )1.. C. reHepaTopa
sa BbIXO)1.HYIO BeJIHqIlHY MOCTa (ee = Vsx), IIOJIyqMM ypaBHeHHe IIepe-
Jl,aTOqHOM 4>YHKIIHH
!! bIX _ _ Te (8-81)
Us - /(e [ rse + rsCl\ + ( 1 + rnr ) 'se ] p,
'sell rse RHo
rJl,e p - CHMBOJI Jl,H4>4>ep eH IIHpOBaHH5I.
YpaBHeHHe IIepe)1.aTOqHOM 4>YHKIIHH )1.HHaMHqeCKOrO MOCTa B lleIIH
B030YlliJJ.eHHSI B030Y)1.HTen51 BbIBO)1.HTCSI aHanOmqHO. OHO OYJl,eT HMeTb
BHJl,
!!SbIX = T s P (8-82)
U BX Ks [ ' s + 'Sll + ( 1 + 'ns ) 2 ] .
'Sll 's Rso
3)1.eCb 's - COIIpOTHBJIeHHe OOMOTKH B030YlliJJ.eHHSI B030YJJ.H-
TeJI 51;
'Sll - Jl,OIIOJIHHTeJIbHOe COIIpOTHBJIeHHe lleIIH 3TOM 00-
MOTKH;
'ns - COIIpOTHBJIeHHe IIJIeqa nOTeHIIHOMeTpa;
R Bo = 'so + 'so». - COIIpOTHBJIeHHe lleIIH OOMOTKH 4 YCHnHTeJISI oes
yqeTa COIIpOTHBneHHSI )1.HHaMHqeCKOrO MOCTa;
'BO - COIIpOTHBJIeHHe 3TOM OOMOTKH.
nepeXOJl,Hbl8 npoll,eCCbI B CHCTeMax
C rHtlKHMH otlpaTHblMH CBR8RMH
Ha pHC. 8-19 IIpeJl,CTaBJIeHa KYOMQHa51 CHCTeMa r -,[( C Jl,J3YMSI
OObIQHO IIpHMeH5IeMbIMH rHOKHMH oopaTHbIMI1 CB5I351MH: IIO IIpOH3BO)J.-
HOM 3. )1.. C. reHepaTOpa H IIO npOH3BOJl,HOM 3. Jl,. C. B030YJl,HTenSI. ,[(JISI
TaKOM eHCTeMbI Ha pHC. 8-20 npeJl,cTaBJIeHa OJIOK-CxeMa. I1cxOJl,Hoe
ypaBHeHHe Jl,nSI OJIOK-CXeMbI (pHC. 8-20) HMeeT BHJI.
[a.V sH K 3 - TeKHoPee - TsKsope s ] KsKe ;- (1 + Typ) X
X (1 + Tsp)(1 + Tep)(l + T..p) CeCl). (8-83)
7-
195

;= I =:
0:;J
:<::<:IQ
:»E-oo
:S:"'c.
\0 c.:s:
»\0 u
Oo.
:s:0
'" :E-&
:E :s: :s:
Cl)
>< \0 :»
E
 E-o
2 uo
r.oJ::i&
. I :s:
o:E
C'-I c::
'::ace
OO:EC::
Cl)/XI
t;
0.5:E
",""
"'-
>-;--=
""
...'i!
"'"""
...
f-
:\-J::il.
 I 2..:s:
»\O :E
;:.:; oc::
'" co
:E c::
. Cl):S: /XI
O>E-o:E U
--;,u:s::s:
0050:E
. :s::;J
Uc::'--:<:
:S:t'<!
o.:<:u
 

3,neCb
K K = yWHO . (8-84)
HO e. rse + r sen RHo + ( 1 + rm ) rse '
r sen rse
KfWK B = yWsO (8-85)
rs + r nn Rso + ( 1 + r ns ) r"
r sn r s ,
Wuo - lHIcno BlITKOB OOMOTKlI 2;
W IIO - TO me OOMOTKlI 4.
YqlITbIBa5l, qTO cllKe = (1 + TeP) (1 + TnP) Gem; ee = (1 +
+ T"p) Gem, nocne COOTBeTCTBYlOIll,lIX npeoopa30BaHlIll nOJIyqlIM
a.U 3H K3KnKe = { TyTsTrTMp4 + [TyTsTe + Tr™Ty +
+ TMTyTH + TnTrTM (1 + KnoKs)] p 3 +
+ [TyTn + TyTr + Ty™ + Te™ (1 + KuoKsKr) +
+ Ts (Te + T M ) (1 + KsoKs)] p2 +
+ [Ty + TM + T H (1 + KnoKs) + Te (1 + KHoKsKe)] p + 1 } Gem. (8-86)
3TOMY cyqalO COOTBeTcTByeT xapaKTeplICTlIqeCKOe ypaBHeHlIe
TyTsTeTMp4 + [T yTsTr + TeTMTy + TMTyTs + TsTe™ X
X (1 + KnoK,,)]p3 + [TyTs + TyTe + Ty™ + Te™ X
X (1 + KuoKnKe) + Ts (Te + T M ) (1 + KnoKs)] p2 +
+ [Ty + TM + Ts (1 + KnoKs) + Tr (1 + KHoKsKe)] p + 1 = 0. (8-87)
EcnlI lICXO,nlITb lI3 ycnoBlI5I coxpaHeHlI5I aneplIo,nlIqeCKOrO xapaK-
Tepa nepexo,nHoro npoecca, TO ypaBHeHI-Ie (8-87) MOmeT ObITb 3aMe-
HeHO 3KBlIBaeHTHbIM:
TTTT;p4 + (TTT; + T;TT; + TT;T + TT;T) p3 +
+ (T;T + TT; + TT + T;T. + TT; + TT) p2 +
+ (T; -/-- T + T; + T) p + 1 = 0, (8-88)
r)J.e T  = T M' TaK KaK oOpaTHa5! CB5!3b no TOKY, OXBaTbIBalOIlla5! Bce
I-IHeplJ,lIOHHbIe 3BeHb5!, OTCYTcTByeT.
YpaBHeHI-I5I (8-87) II (8-88) Tom)J.eCTBeHHbI. Ce)J.oBaTenbHo, I-IX
qneHbI )J.onmHbI ObITb COOTBeTCTBeHHO paBHbI )J.pyr )J.pyry.
YqI-lTbIBa5!, qTO T = TM' 3anl-llUeM
T;TT; = TyTsTe;
T;T + TT + TT; = TeTy:+ TyTn + TnTe (1 + KsoKs);
T; + T + T;. = Ty + Ts (1 + KnoKn) + Te (1 + KuoKnKr);
(8-89)
(8-90)
(8-91 )
oTKy,na
T'T' + T' T' + T' T' - (T T + T T + T T)
K K = e y y s Bee y y sse (8-92)
so s TsTe
1-1
K K K = T+T+T;-[Ty+Ts(1+l(si(s)+Te]
so s e Te
(8-93)
197

C nCMCll\blO ypaBHemdi (8-92) 1-1 (8-93) no. BbI6paHHbIM 9KBI-IBaJIeHT-
HbIM nCCTCSIHHbIM BpeMeHI-I T; T; T; cnpe)J.eJISIlOTCSI nOTpe6Hbie K09<P-
<p1-IIJ.l-leHTbI m6KlIx c6paTHbIx CBSI3eH KsoKs 1-1 KHOKsKp a 3aTeM, nQJIb-
3YSICb (8-84) If (8-85), paCClIl-ITbIBalOT napaMeTpbI IJ.enell C6MOTCK YCI-I-
nl-lTenSI 1-1 )J.I-IHaMl-IlIeCKMX MOCTOB.
npli BbI6cpe 9KBI-IBaJIeHTHblX nCCTCSIHHbIX BpeMeHI-I peKCMeH)J.yeTcSI
6paTb CCCTHCllIeHl-le
T'
/ = 50+60.
s
TaK, lIT06bI CHI-I MaJIC
T'
T = 1,05-1,1. ECJII-I
y
YKa3aHHble CCCTHCllIeHI-ISI 9KBI-IBaJIeHTHbIX nCCTCSIHHbIX yme 1-13BeCTHbI,
TO. 9KBI-IBaJIeHTHaSI nCCTCSIHHaSI BpeMeHI-I BC36Y)J.lITeJISI cnpe)J.eJISIeTCSI
-KaK
BeJIMlIl-IHbI me T 1-1 T; cne)J.yeT BbI61-1paTb
CTnMlIanl-lCb )J.pyr CT JJ.Pyra, 6epSI CCCTHCllIeIi..lIe
T  = 11 3 r!:'!... T ,
T; T
T
(8-94)
r)J.e Go = TyTsTe.
TIpl-l nOCTpCeHl-I1-I KpMBbIX CKOpCCTI-I 1-1 TCKa npl-l nYCKe )J.Bl-lraTeJISI
B CI-ICTeMe C lIeTblpbMSI I-IHPIJ.I-ICHHbIMI-I 3BeHbSIMM 1-1 )J.BYMSI m6KI-IMM
CBSI3SIMM McmHC nCJIb3CBaTbCSI ypaBHeHI-I5IMI-I, BbIBe)J.eHHbIMI-I )J.JISI CI-I-
CTeMbI 6e3 m6KI-IX c6paTHbIX CB5I3ell, T. e. ypaBHeHlISIMM (8-66), (8-68),
a TaKme (8-67) M (8-70).
npHMep 8-2. ClicTeMa f -J], C Ky6H'IHbIM B036Y>K.!!eHHeM reHepaTopa IIMeeT
eJIe.!);YIOIllHe .!);aHHble: Te = 2,5 ceK; Ts = 0,5 ceK; Ty = 0,2 ceK; TM = 0,05 ceK.
COnpOTI-IBJleHHe 06MOTKH B036Y>K}!eHHR reHepaTopa rse = 0,07 OM; COnpOTHBJleHHe
06MOTKH B036Y>K.!);eHHR B036Y.!);IITeJlR rs = 2 OMa; K03cjJcjJlID:HeHT YCHJIeHIIR B036y-
IDiTeJlR K B = 5; COnpOTHBJleHHe 06MOTOK YCHJlHTeJlR rHO = rBO = 46 OM; 'IHCJlO
e
BHTKOB 3THX 06MOTOK WHO = W so = 460; y =-L = 4; TOK KopOTKoro 3aMblKaHHH
aw y
I K = 16I H .
Onpe,!!eJlHTb K09cjJcjJHl{HeHT cjJOpCHpOBKH H BpeMR npoD:ecca B036Y>K}!eHHR reo
Hep aTop a, eCJIH MaKCHMYM TOKa npH nYCKe ,!!BHraTeJlR BXOJlOCTYIO I MaKC = 0,81 H"
Onpe,geJlHTb K03cjJcjJHD:HeHTbI YCHJleHHH m6KHx 06paTHbix cBR3eii, paCC'IHTaTb
conpOTHBJleHHH }!IIHaMH'IeCKHX MOCTOB H l{eneii 06paTHblx cBH3eH npH 3a,aaHHOM
r' T'
COOTHOlIIeHHII 3KBHBaJleHTHblX nOCTOHHHb1X BpeMeHH r = 60; T = 1,1.
B Y
Onpe}!eJJHTb K09cjJcjJHltHeHT cjJOpCHpOBKH H BpeMR npoltecca B036Y>K,!\eHHR re-
HepaTopa npH HaJllIlIHH rH6KHx 06paTHblx CBH3eii.
P e III e H H e. K03cjJcjJHltHeHT cjJOpClIpOBKH .!);JlR cxeMbl 6e3 m6KIIx 06paTHbIx
CBH3eii (8-70):
Te
a = I MaKc .- (T s - Ty) (Ts - T M ) [ Ts (Te - Ty) (T e - TM ) ] Te - Ts =
I K TMTB Te(Ts-Ty)(Ts-TM)
2,5
= 0,8I H 0,3 . 0,45 [ 0,5.2,3" 2,45 ] 2 = 3,82.
16I H 0,05.0,5 2,5.0,3.0,45
198

BpeMH npOIJ,eCC3 B036Y>K)l.eHHH reHepaTOpa B CXeMe 6e3 m6KHX 06paTUbIX CBH3eH
toe = Te ln a a 1 +Ts+Ty=2,51n '; +0.5+0,2=O,76+0,7=l,46eeK.
,
3KBlIB3J1eHTHaR nOCTOR HHaH Bpe MeHH B036Y}!HTeJlR (8-94)
3 ( ' 00 T V 0m-
7= 1, T ' T = W. 1 ,l =0,166 eeK.
r T
BbI6HpaeM T = 0,15 ceK.
Tor./);a
T' = TeTsTy" _ 0,25 _
e TT - 0,166.0,15 - 10 eeK.
K03cjJcjJHltHeHT rH6Koii 06paTHoii CBR3H no npOH3BO,AHOii 3. lJ,. C. B036y,AHTeJlH
(8-92)
T;T; + T T + TT; - (Te Ty + TyTs + TsTe)
/(SO/(S = TsTr'-
= 10.0,]5 + 0,15.0,166 + 0,166.10 - (2,5.0,2 +0,2.0,5 + 0,5.2,5) = 1068
. ' .
K03cpcjJHltlIeHT YCIIJleHHH ltenH rlI6Koii o<5paTHoii CBH3H no npOII3BO./);HOii 3. }!. C.
reHep3Topa (8-93) .
T + T + r;- [Ty + Ts (] + KsoKs) + Te]
KHo/(e = =
Te/(s .
,_ 0,15+0,166+ 10,0-[0,2+0,5(1 + ],068} +2,5] -0526
- 2,5.5 -,.
TIapaMeTpbl,AHHaMHlIeCKoro MOCTa H uenH m6Koii 06paTHoii CBR3H no npoH3Bo./);-
Hoii 3. }!,. C. B036Y./);HTeJlH onpe}!eJlHIOTCR cJle./);YIOIllHM 06pa30M: 38}!aIOTCR OTHOlIIe-
r
HHeM  = 0,3; Bbl6HpalOT ,AonOJlHHTeJlbHOe conpOTHBJleHHe l{enli 06MOTKH .4, a
rs
T3K>Ke 1-1 06MOTKH 2 YCI-IJlHTeJlH r Bon = r HOA = 150 OM, HCXO./);H H3 He06xo./);HMOCTli
OrpaHHlIeHHR TOKa 3TH X 06MOTOK H nOJlY'IeHHR B03MO>KHOCTH perYJlHpOBaHIiH K09cjJ-
cjJHltUeHTa YCIIJleHHH m6KHX 06paTHblX CBH3eii.
TIOJlHOe conpOTHBJleHlIe ltenli 06MOTKH 4
Rso = rso + r son = 46 + 150 = 196 0.11.
ConpOTHBJleHlIe JleBOrO HH>KHerO nJle l 18 MOCTa (8-85)
1+
rs
- yWso R
r ns - KBO/(s - so
_ _ 4.460 _ 196 1 + 0,3 _ 2 = 870
r s 1 068 0 3 WI.
, ,
rSA
r B
ConpOTHBJleHUe npaBoro HH>KHero nJlella MOCTa
rnsl= rns rSll =870.0,3=251 OM.
rs .
IlapaMeTpbl J;l.HHaMHlIeCKoro MOCTa H nenH m6Koii 06paTHoii CBH3H no npOH3-
BOll,Hoii 3. .1);. c. reHepaTopa onpe}!eJlHIOTCR aHaJlOm'lHo.
3a}!aeMCR
r
sell = 0,1; RHo = rBO + r HOll = 196 OM.
rse
199

ConpOTHBJleHHe JleBOrO HH>KHero nJle'la MOCTa (8.84)
, 1 + r sen .
yWHO rse _ 4.460 ]96 1,1 007 - ]3 44
r ne = _ I< - RHo--r se - 0526 - _ 01 -, - OAt.
HoI(e r srll ' ,
rse
ConpOTIIBJleHHe npaBoro HII>KHerO nJlella MOCTa
rnrl = r ne r se  = 1344.0,1 = 134,4 OAf.
rse
K03cjJcjJHllHeHT cjJOpClIpOBKII }!JlH cxeMbl C r1I6KHMH 06paTHblMli CBH3HMII
T'
I ' (T - T;) (T - T) [ T (T; - T;)(T; - T) 1 T' e T'
a= Mr C . T'T T' (T' _ T')(T' _ T') e- s=
K SM e s y s M
10
_ 0,8I H . 0,016.0,116 [ 0,166,9,85,9,95 ] 10_0.166_
- 16I H 0,166.0,05 10.0,016.0,116 -
= 0,016 . 0,116 . 876 1 ,0169 _ 10 85
0,166 - , .
BpeMH npoltecca B03<5Y>K}!eHHH reHepaTopa B cxeMe c rlI<5KHMH o<5paTHblMIi
CBH3HMH
toe = T; In ( a a 1 ) + 7 + T; = 10 In :; + 0,166 + 0,15 = 1,286 eeK.
nepeXOAHble npou,eccbI nocne OTCe'lKH IjIOpCHpOBKH
113yqeHl-le nepexO)J.HblX npou.eccoB nOCJIe OTCeQKlI 4>OpCl-lpOBKlI OCO-
6eHHO BamHO )J.JIH onpe)J.eneHlIH xapaKTepa 1I3MeHeHlIH HanpHmeHlIH
reHepaTOpa. )I\ecTKaH oTplIu.aTenhHaH 06paTHaH CBH3h no HanpHme-
Hl-110 reHepaTopa, BKJIlOqaeMaH B KOHu.e npou.ecca 4>OpClIpOBKI-I B03-
6ym)J.eHI-IH, npl-l HeKOTOphIX YCJIOBI-IHX cnoc06Ha BhI3hIBaTh KOJIe6aTenb-
HhIH xapaKTep nepexO)J.Horo npou.ecca. B 9TOM cJIyqae B03MomHO npe-
BhIWeHl-le HanpHmeHI-I5I reHepaTopa )J.onycTliMoro 3HaqeHlIH 1-1 B He-
6JIarOnpl-lHTHOM cnYQae B03HlIKaeT onaCHOCTh 06pa30BaHliH KpyroBoro
orHH no KOJIJIeKTOpy. 3TO I-IMeeT oc060e 3HaqeHlIe )J.JIH 9JIeKTpl-lqeCKI-IX
MaWI-IH npe)J.eJIhHOH MOll\HOCTI-I, KaKOBbIMli HBJIHIOTCH reHepaTopbI 1-1
)J.Bl-lraTenl-l rnaBHoro nplIBo)J.a peBepclIBHbIX CTaHOB rOpHqerr npoKaTKlI.
B 3a,naQy I-ICCJIe)J.oBaHliH nepexoJI.HbIX npou.eccoB nocne OTCeqKI-I
4>OpCl-lpOBKI-I )J.OJImHO BXO)J.I-ITb BbIHCHeHl-le BJII-IHHI-IH OT)J.enbHbIX 4>aK-
TOpOB Ha Benl-lql-lHY nepeperynlIpoBaHliH HanpHmeHI-IH 1-1 BbI60p napa-
MeTpOB CXeMbI. Kor)J.a HanpHmeHlIe reHepaTopa )J.OCTl-lrHeT 3HaqeHlIH,
npl-l KOTOpOM HaQI-lHaeT BCTynaTb B )J.errCTBl-le mecTKaH OTpl-lu.aTeJIbHaH
06paTHaH CBH3b no HanpHmeHlIlO reHepaTopa, nepexo)J.HoH npou.ecc
1-13MeHI-IT CBOH npemHI-IH xapaKTep. ,L:(n51 onpe)J.eJIeHlIH xapaKTepa
npou.ecca nocne OTCeqKI-I He06xo)J.I-IMO COCTaBlITb HOBoe ypaBHeHlIe,
YQI-lTbIBalOll\ee )J.eHCTBI-IH rH6KI-IX 1-1 meCTKOH 06paTHbIX CBH3err II HeHY-
JIeBbIe HaQanbHbIe YCJIOBI-ISI.
200

I1cxo,ll.Hoe ypaBHeHfIe )J.JISI OJIOK-CXeMbI (pl:!c. 8-21) l:!MeeT Bl:!,lI.
[a.V sH K 3 - TrKHopee - TsKnope s - (YoV - V cp ) K H ] KsKe =
= (1 + Typ) (1 + Tsp) (1 + TeP) (1 + TMP) CeW. (8-95)
Yql:!TbIBaSI, qTO ee = VI' + "AiRo; fRo = 1 JM:MP eCJ l:! npl:!Hl:!MaH
npl:!OJIl:!>KeHHO V e = e p nacne COOTBeTCTBYIOIII.l:!X npeoopa30BaHl:!M B
(8-95) nOJIyql:!M C (U
e
a.V SII K3 K s K e + VCpKHKnKe =
= {TyTsTep3 + [TyTs + TyTe +
+ TsTr (1 + KsoKn)] p2 + [Ty +
+ T s (1 + K soK n) + T e (1 +
+KHoKsKe)] p + 1 +
+ YoKnKsKe} V e . (8-96)
3 rnr
,lI.eCb Yo = - R - OTHOIlIeHl:!e co-
ne
npOTl:!BneHl:!H
nJIeqa nOTeH-
lJ,l:!OMeTpa reHe-
paTopa K non-
HOMY COnpOTl:!B-
JIeHl:!1O nOTeH-
lJ,l:!OMeTpa;
K 11 = y;1 - K03cpqmlJ,l:!eHT
YCl:!neHl:!SI YCl:!-
nl:!TeJIH OT ,lI.eM-
CTBl:!SI OOMOTKl:!
)KeCTKOM oopaT-
HOM CBSI3l:!;
.-Jrpe r
-pe6
c.: U JH
PHC. 8-21. BJlOK-CXeMa Ky<5HlIHOii CH-
CTeMbl f -J], C m<5KlIMH o<5paTHblMli CBR-
3HMH nocJle OTCellKIi 1}>0pCHpOBKH
RH='n+'n)J.+
+ 'ne (1 - Yo) - COnpOTl:!BneHl:!e
lJ,enl:! OOMOTK!I
)KeCTKOM oopaTHoM CBH3l:! C yqeTOM COnpOTl:!BneHl:!H nOTeHlJ,l:!OMeTpa
l:! .nonOnHl:!TenbHOro COnpOTl:!BJIeHl:!SI 'n)J.'
113 ypaBHeHl:!H (8-96) CJIe,ll.yeT, qTO YCTaHOBl:!BIlIeeCSI 3HaqeHl:!e 3. .n. C.
reHepaTOpa
E - aU 3H K 3KBKe + UC p KHKBKe
o - 1 + VoKHKsKe
KpoMe Toro, npl:! OTCYTCTBl:!l:! )KeCTKOM OOpaTHOM CBH3l:! l:! cpOpCl:!-
pOBKl:!, HanpmKeHl:!e V SII ' npl:!nOmeHHOe K 3a,ll.alOIII.eM OOMOTKe, onpe-
,lI.eJISIeT 3. .n. C. reHepaTOpa B YCTaHOBl:!BWeMCH pe)KHMe, T. e.
(8-97)
VSHK3KBKr = Eo.
(8-98)
201

HaIJ:aJIO OTCeIJ:KH <pOpCHpOBKII HMeeT MeCTO npH
YoU e . o = U cp ,
r)].e U e . o - Hanp5UKeHHe reHepaTOpa B MOMeHT OTCeIJ:KH
y13 nOCJIe)].HHX Tpex ypaBHeHHH nOJIYIJ:aeM
a + '\'oU e (O)KHKBK e = 1.
] + '\'oKHKBKe
U.
3)].ecb U e (0) = Eo - OTHOCHTenbHa51 BeJIHIJ:HHa Hanp5lLKeHH5I reHe-
paTopa B MOMeHT OTCeIJ:KH <pOpCHpOBKH.
PeIllHB ypaBHeHHe (8-100) OTHOCHTenbHO K03<P<PHI.{HeHTa I.{enH 06-
paTHoH CB5I3H no Hanp5lLKeHHIO YOKHKBKp HanHIlleM
I
K K a-I
Yo H BKe = l-u e (O) ' (8-101)
113 ypaBHeHH5I (8-101) BHJI.HO, IJ:TO 3TOT K03<p<pHUHeHT 3aBHCHT OT
K03<P<PHI.{HeHTa <pOpCHpOBKH CG H Hanp5lLKeHH5I reHepaTOpa B MOMeHT
OTCeIJ:KH. "lJeM BbIIlle K03<p<pHI.{HeHT <pOpCHpOBKH H IJ:eM 60nbIlle Hanp5l-
LKeHHe reHE'paTOpa, npH KOTOpOM HaIJ:HHaeTC5I OTCeIJ:Ka <pOpCHpOBKH,
TeM BbIIlle AonLKeH 6bITb K03<p<pHI.{HeHT YCILJIeHH5I 06paTHoH CB5I3H no
Hanp5lLKeHHIO. DonbIllHe 3HaIJ:eHH5I Hanp5lLKeHH5I OTCeIJ:KH <pOpCHpOBKH
6paTb He peKOMeH)].YeTC5I, TaK KaK npH STOM nOCJIe OTCeIJ:KH <pOpCH-
pOBKH B03MOLKHO nepeperYJIHpOBaHHe Hanp5lLKeHH5I reHeparopa BbIIlle
JI.OnYCTHMoro npe)].ena. 06bIIJ:HO Ha npaKTHKe Hanp5lLKeHHe OTCeTIKH
BbI6HpaeTC5I B npe)].e.nax U e (0) = 0,7 -}- 0,85.
ECJIH KOpHH xapaKTepHCTHTIeCKOrO ypaBHeHH5I KOMnJIeKCHble, TO
peIlleHHe ypaBHeHH5I (8-96) B OTHOCHTenbHblX e)].HHHI.{aX HMeeT BH)].
(8-99)
<pOpCHpOBKH.
(8-100)
r)].e
U e = 1 + Ble- P , t + e- at (B 2 sin bi + B3 cos bt),
[1- U e (0)] (a 2 + b 2 ) - 2au; (0) - u; (0)
(PI - a)2 + b 2
(8-102)
B I =
(8-103)
[1 - U e (0)] (a 2 - b 2 - apl) PI - (a 2 - b 2 - pi) u; (0) - (a - PI) u; (0)
B 2 = b [(PI - a)2 + b 2 ]
(8-104)
(8-105)
[1- U e (0)] (2a - PI) PI - 2au; (0) - u; (0)
B3 = . [(PI - a)2 + b 2 ]
3)].eCb . PI - BeIII.eCTBeHHbIH KopeHb;
a H b - BeIII.eCTBeHHa51 H MHHMa51 IJ:aCTH KOMnJIeKCHblX
KopHeH xapaKTepHCTHIJ:eCKOrO ypaBHeHH5I;
U e (0); u; (0); u; (0) - HaTIa.JIbHble 3HaTIeHH5I Hanp5lLKeHH5I Hero nep-
BOH H BTOpOH npOH3BOJI.HX.
,[{JI5I nOCTpOeHH5I KpHBOH Hanp5lLKeHH5I reHeparopa no ypaBHeHHIO
(8-102) He06xo)].HMO npe)].BapHTeJIbHO onpe)].eJIHTb HaTIaJIbHble 3HaTIe-
HH5I nepBoH H BTOpOH npOH3BOAHbIX u; (0) H u" (0), KOTopble Haxo)].HTC5I
202

no KpHBOH nepeXO)1.Horo npOI.{eCca )1.0 OTCeqKH 4>OpCHpOBKH. TIpH 60nb-
i1IJIX K03qxpHI.{HeHTaX 4>OpCHpOBKH, Kor)1.a HanpSUKeHHe reHepaTOpa
H3MeHSIeTCSI no 3aKOHY, 6JIlI3KOMY K npSIMOJIlIHeHHOMY, MOLKHO npH-
C)JIJILKeHHO CqHTaTb, qTO
u' (0) ",JMaKC
e - IK™ '
a
u; (0) '"'-, 0.
(8-106)
BpeMSI MaKCHMYMa nepeperYJIlIpOBaHHSI onpe)1.eJISIeTCSI H3 paBeHCTBa
!1 t - 1 t bB2-aBa
MaKC - barc g aB 2 + bBa '
(8-107)
a BenHqHHa MaKCHMYMa nepeperYJIlIpOBaHHSI
!1 - b B + B -allt MaKc b A t
U MaKC -  aB 2 + bBa e cos Ll MaKC'
(8-108)
Y paBHeHHeM (8-108) MO)KHO BOCnOJIb30BaTbCSI )1.JISI onpe)1.eJIeHHSI
'MaKCHMaJIbHOH BeJmqHHbI nepeperynHpoBaHHSI 6e3 nocTpoeHHSI KpHBOH
nepexo)1.Horo npoI.{ecca. .
Ha pHC. 8-22 npe)1.CTaBJIeHbI KpHBble HanpSILKeHHSI reHepaTopa B
npoI.{ecce B036YLK)1.eHHSI ero )1.0 H nOCJIe OTCeqKH 4>OpCHpOBKH npH pa3-
T;
HbIX COOTHOIlleHHSIX 3KBHBaneHTHblX nOCTOSIHHbIX BpeMeHH T" nony-
B
qaeMbIX 3a CqeT BBe)1.eHHSI m6KHx 06paTHblx cBSI3eH. I(pHBble nocTpoeHbI
,npH O)1.HOM H TOM LKe MaKCHMYMe TOKa I MaKc = 0,8 I H H O)1.HOM H TOM
>Ke HanpSILKeHHH reHepaTopa B MOMeHT OTCeqKH U e (0) = 0,75.
113 CpaBHeHHSI. KpHBbIX BH)1.HO, qTO BenHqHHa nepeperYJIHpOBaHHSI
HMeeT OqeHb 60nbIllOe 3HaqeHHe npH OTCYTCTBHH m6KHX 06paTHbIX
'CBSI3eH (KpHBaSI 1, !1U MaKc = 0,26), XOTSI. KQ34>4>HI.{HeHT 4>OpCHpOBKH H
K034>4>HI.{HeHT YCHJIeHHSI LKeCTKOH OTpHI.{aTeJIbHOH 06paTHOH CBSIm
HMelOT OTHOCHTeJIbHO Manble 3HaqeHHSI (a = 3,82; VoKnKBKe = 11,28).
T'
, C YBeJIlIqeHHeM COOTHOIlleHHSI T: ' npH YCJIOBHH I MaKc = const, HH-
TeHcHBHoCTb' npoI.{ecca B036YLK)1.eHHSI reHepaTOpa )1.0 OTCeqKH 4>OpCH-
pOBKH nOBbIIllaeTCSI. 3TO 06'bSICHSIeTCSI CJIe)1.YlOIII.HM. YBenHqeHHe COOT-
T
HOIlleHHSI T )1.0CTHraeTCSI nYTeM YCHJIeHHSI )1.eHcTBHSI m6KHX 06paT-
B
HbIX CBSI3eH, KOTopble BbI3bIBalOT 3aMe)1.neHHe npoTeKaHHSI nepexo)1.HbIX
npOI.{eCCOB H CHHLKeHHe BeJIlIqHHbI MaKcHMYMa TOKa. ,[{JISI y6blcTpeHHSI
npoI.{ecca CJIe)1.yeT COOTBeTCTBeHHO nOBblCHTb K034>4>HI.{HeHT 4>OpCHpOBKH
)1.0 TaKoH BeJmqHHbI, npH KOTOpOH MaKcHMYM TOKa coxpaHHT CBoe
npe:amee 3HaqeHHe. B 3TOM cnyqae nOBbIIlleHHoe HanpSILKeHHe Ha 3a-
)1.alOIII.eH 06MOTKe 3MY He TOJIbKO KOMneHcHpyeT 3aMe)1.nSIlOIII.ee )1.eH-
CTBHe rH6KHX 06paTHbIX CBSI3eH, HO H nOBbIIllaeT HeCKOJIbKO HHTeHCHB-,
T'
HOCTb npOI.{ecca. B 06JIaCTH 60JIbIllHX 3HaqeHHH T pa3HHI.{a B )1.eHCT-
B
BHSIX YBeJIlIqeHHOH 4>OpMHpOBKH H YCHJIeHHbIX rH6KHX 06paTHbIX CBSI-
203

3eu HeBenHKa, n09TOMY Heu.eJIecoo6pa3HO YBeJIHIJ:lmaTb COOTHOIlIeHHe
T'
T 3a CIJ:eT YCHJleHHH m6KHX 06paTHbIX CBH3eu BbII1le HeKOToporo npe-
B
,!J.eJIa.
Ha nepeXO,!J.HOU npouecc nOCJle OTCeIJ:KH, KaK BH,!J.HO H3 cpaBHeHliH
KpHBbIX (pHC. 8-22), fH6KHe o6paTHble CBH3H ,!J.eikTBYIOT B CTOPOHY
CHH}KeHHH BeJlHIJ:HHbI nepeperYJlHpOBaHHH. TaKHM o6pa30M, C nOMO-
III.bIO rH6KHx o6paTHblx cBH3eH YJIYIJ:IlIaeTCH nepexo,!J.Hoii npoI.{ecc KaK
,!J.O, TaK H nocne OTCeIJ:KH <pOpCHpOBKH.
Ur
tJ t MaKC
1.0
Q5
€
:3-
o
7,0
7,5
2,0 t,ceK
PHC. 8-22. KpHBbIe 3..l(.c.reHepaTopa B npoltecce B036Y>KJ\eHlIH J\O H
nOCJle OTCe'lKH cjJOpClIpOBKlI npli p83HbIX COOTHOlIIeHlJHX nOCTOHHHbIX
BpeMeHH
I1ccJIe,!J.oBaHHe pa60TbI CHCTeMbI C nOMOIII.bIO aH<IJIHTHIJ:ecKHX ypaB-
HeHHii HeTOIJ:HO, TaK KaK npH 9TOM He YIJ:HTbIBaIOTCH HeJlHHeiiHOCTH
xapaKTepHCTHK 3JIeKTpHIJ:eCKHX Maillim. O,!J.HaKO JIHilib npH HCnOJIb30-
BaHHH aH<IJIHTHIJ:eCKHX ypaBHeHHii npe,!J.CTaBJIHeTCH B03MO}KHbIM Bbl-
HCHHTb KaIJ:eCTBeHHoe BJIHHHHe OT,!J.eJlbHbIX napaMeTpOB CHCTeMbI H pa3-
nHIJ:HbIX 06paTliblX CBfI3eH Ha xapaKTep npOTeKaHHH nepeXO,!J.HbIX
npoueCCOB. H npe,!J.CTaBHTb ce6e <pH3HIJ:eCKYIO KapTHHY 9THX npoueCCOB.
KpoMe Toro, MeTO,!J.HKa paCIJ:eTa napaMeTpOB ,!J.HHaMHIJ:eCKHX MOCTOB H
K09<p<p H I.{HeHTOB rH6KHX 06paTHbIX CBH3eii, nonYIJ:eHHaH Ha OCHOBe
aHanHTHIJ:eCKHX ypaBHeHHH, MO}KeT 6bITb HCnOJlb30BaHa ,lI.JIH peaJlbHbIX
CHCTeM ynpaBJleHHH C HenHHeHHbIMH xapaKTepHCTHKaMH 3JleKTpHIJ:e-
CKHX MaIlIHH. '
npHMep 8-3. TIo )l8HHbIM npliMepa 8-2 nocTpoHTb KPlIBYIO U e = I(t) nocJle
OTCeIJKH iPOpClIpoBKlI npli HaJllI'Ilili r1I6KlIx o15paTHblx cBH3en. B3HTb HanpH>KeHHe
UTCe'lKli ue(O) = 0,75; npHHHTb
u' (0) = I MaKc = O,8I H 1 H u; (0) = O.
e IKIM 16I H .0,05
204

P e III e II He. BpeMH OTce'IKlI
, ( T' ) 2
t = T' In [ a e ' ]
OTC e a-ue(O)' (1';- 9(1';- 1') =
( 10,85 100 )
= 10 In 10,85 _ 0,75 . 9,85.9,834 = 10 In 1,107 = 1,016 ee«.
K03cjJcjJHulIeHTb! xapaKTeplicTH'lecKoro ypaBHeHHH
1' 1' + T T; + TT; 0,15.0,166 + 0,15.10 + 0,166.10
T'1"1" = 0 25 = 12,74.
Y B r I
T' + T' + T'
= Y B e __ 0,15 + 0,166 + 10 = 41264'
U 2 T' T' T' 0 25 ' ,
Y B r I
1 + VoKHKsKr a-I 10,85 - 1 5
I;TT;, n - ul' (of] TT T; (1- 0,75) .0,25 - 1 7,7.
a l =
U3 =
XapaKreplJCTlI'IeCKOe ypaBHeHlIe
p 3 + 12,74p 2 + 41,264p + 157,7 = O.
KOpHli xapaKTepHCTHqeCKOrO ypaBHeHHH
PI = - 10,21; P2,3 = - 1,265 -:r.j 3,724; (a = 1,265; b = 3,724).
OOCTOHHHbIe ypaBHeHHH nepexoJ\Horo npoltecca
[1 - u r (0)] (a 2 + b 2 ) - 2au; (0) - u (0)
B I = - ' (PI _ a)2 + b2 =
= 0,25 (1,265 2 + 3,724 2 ) - 2.1,265.1 _ _ 0 014'
(10,21 - 1,265)2 + 3,724 2 , ,
[1 - u e (0)] (a 2 - b 2 - apI) PI - (a 2 - b 2 - pi) u; (0) - (a - PI) U; (0)
B 2 = b[(pI-a)2+b 2 ]
0,25 (1,265 2 - 3,724 2 - 1,265.10,21) 10,21 - (1,265 2 - 3,724 2 -10,21 2 ) _ 0,15;
3,724 [(10,21- 1,265)2 + 3,724 2 ]
[1 - u e (0)] (2a - PI)'PI - 2au; (0) - u; (0)
= -+ -
= 0,25 (2,53 - O-,l ) 10,21 - 2,53 = _ 0 236
(10,21 -1,265)2 + 3,724 2 ,.
YpaBHeHlIe nepexoHoro npouecca
u r = 1 - 0,014- 1O,21t + (0,15 sin 3,7241 - 0,236 cas 3,724t)- 1,265/.
TIo p;aHHoMY ypaBHeHHIO Ha pHC. 8-23 nOCTpoeHa KpliBaH nepeXO}!HOrO npo-
ltecca.
BpeMH MaKclIMYMa nepeperYJlHpOBaHHH
1 ,bB 2 - aB 3
MMaKc = b arctg aB. + bB 3
1 3,724.0,15 + 1,265.0,236
= 3 724 arctg 1 265 . 0 15 _ 3 724 . 0 236 - 0,62 ee«.
I ""
205

BeJllI'IliHa MaKCHMYMa nepeperYJlHpOBaHHH
B2+B2 -aM
AUMaKc=-b (JB:+bB a e M cosbAt M =
2 0,152 + 0,236 2 - 1 265.062 (3 724 0 62) 0 1295
= - 3,7 4 1 2 65 . 0 15 _ 3 724 . 0 236 e' . COS, " =, .
, , , ,
Ur
1.0
0'
/
"
" "
"
,
"
, "
"
--
0 tD11.016 1.0 1.5 2.0 t.eeK
PHC. 8-23. KpHBaH nepexoJ\Horo npoltecca B KY-
61I'IHOii CHCTeMe r-LL nocJle OTCe'lKH cjJOpClIpOB-
KH npli HaJlH'IHH m6KlIx 06paTHbIx cBH3eii
TaKHM 06pa30M, npli 3agaHHblx napaMeTpaX BeJlH'IllHa nepeperYJIpOBaHHH
COCTaBJlHeT npHMepHo 13%.
 8-8. YnpaBneHHe BoafiYJKAeHHeM ABHr8Teneii
peBepCHBHX CT8HOB
OnTHM8nbHbli a8KOHbI p8arOH8 H TOpMO)f(IHHR
ABHr8TsnR H8 CKOpOCTRX BblWI OCHOBHOA
YcnOBHH nonYIJ:eHHH MHHHMaJlbHoro BpeMeHH nepexo.n.Horo npo-
u.ecca, CBH3aHHoro C H3MeHeHHeM MarHHTHoro nOTOKa .n.BHraTeJIH, OT-
nHIJ:HbI OT OnTHMaJIbHbIX YCJIOBltH nepexo.n.HbIX npou.eCCOB, CBH3aHHbIX
C H3MeHeHHeM HanpH}KeHHH Ha HKope .n.BHraTeJIH. Pa3nHIJ:He 3aKnIO-
IJ:aeTCH B .TOM, IJ:TO npH nOJIHOM nOTOKe neperpY30IJ:HaH cnoc06HOCTb
.n.BHraTenH MaKCHMaJIbHa H OHa He 3aBHCHT OT CKOpOCTH BpameHHH;
C OCna6JIeHHeM }Ke nOTOKa neperpY30IJ:HaH cnoc06HOCTb YMeHbIllaeTCH.
TaK, HanpHMep, Y .n.BHraTeJIH MTI-24-7000, 5150 Kern, 50/120 06/MU1t
C oCJIa6JIeHHeM nOJIH neperpY30IJ:HaH cnoc06HoCTb no TOKY CHH}KaeTCH
no npHMOJIHHeHHoMY 3aKoHY C 2,5' IH.n.o 1, 95/ H (pHC. 8-3, a). TaK KaK
Ha MaKcHManbHoH CKOpOCTH Y 3Toro .n.BHraTenH nOTOK <D OCJI = 4
a 1 )Ion = 1,951 H' TO .n.onYCTHMaH neperpY3Ka no MOMeHTY ,
Ml\on = KM<DocJl/l\on = KM  .1 ,95 1 H = : Kil> HI H = 0,81 M H .
9TO 03HaIJ:aeT, IJ:TO eCJIH npoKaTKa MeTaJina npoHcxo.n.HT Ha MaKCH-
MaJIbHOH CKOpOCTH, TO CTaTHIJ:eCKHH MOMeHT He .n.OJI}KeH npeBbIIllaTb
0,81 M H .
206

Ha OCHOBaHMH YKa3aHHOrO AnH onpeAeneHMH OnTHManbHX ycno-
BMH: npOTeKaHMH nepeXOAHbIX npoueCCOB npH CKOpOCTHX BbII1le OCHOB-
HOH: He06xoAHMO yqeCTb H3MeHeHHe neperpY304HOH: CnOC06HOCTH ABH-
raTemI H npHHHTb BO BHHMaHHe, 41'0 TOK npH nOCTOS!HHOM CTaTH4eCKOM
MOMeHTe MeHHeTCS! B 3aBMCHMOCTH 01' CTerreHH OCna6JIeHHH nonS! ABH-
raTeJIH.
,[{nS! onpeAeneHHS! onTHManbHbIX ycnOBHH: npOTeKaHHS! npouecca
pa3rOHa ABHraTemI npH ocna6nemiH ero nonS! Hcnonb3YIOTCH cneAYIO-
[l(He ypaBHeHHH [J]-31].
Eeo = K/J>w + iRo;
M = KM<Di = Mc + J d;; ;
i = AlII - BII! W.
00 0
(8-109)
(8-11 0)
(8-111 )
YpaBHeHHe (8-111) Y4HTbIBaeT npS!MOJIHHeH:HYIO 3aBHCHMOCTb npe-
AenbHoro TOKa ABHraTenS! OT CTerreHH OCJIa6JIeHHS! nonH. B 3TOM ypaB-
HeHHH
l -l
A = t + MaKC MaKC. 0 .
MaKC '\I MaKc - 1 '
(8-112)
(8-113)
B = lMaKC -lMaKC.O
'II MaKc - f
t MaKc = IM;Kc - OTHOCHTeJIbHaS! BeJIH4HHa
II
MaKCHMaJIbHO Aony-
CTHMoro TOKa ABHraTeJIH npM nOJIHOM nOTOKe;
t MaKc . 0 - TO }Ke npH ocna6neHHOM nOTOKe;
00 '
'V MaKc = :"C - CKOpOCTb Bparn.eHHH ABHraTenS! B OTHOCHTenbHblx
o
eAHHHI.{ax npH OCna6JIeHHOM none.
EcnH npeHe6pe4b BenH4HHOH: iRo no cpaBHeHHIO C 3. A. C. ABHra-
TenS!, TO ypaBHeHHe (8-109) MO}KeT 6bITb 3anHcaHO B cneAYIOrn.eM BHAe:
Eeo = Ke<Dw. (8-114)
rAe
TIpHHHMaS! BO BHHMaHHe, 41'0 Eeo = const, nocne AHcpcpepeHUHpo-
BaHHS! (8-114) nonY4HM
doo 00 d<D
dt = - <D . ill .
(8-115)
B pe3YJIbTaTe cooTBeTcTBYIOIlI.HX npe06pa30BaHHH: B (8-110), (8-111)
H (8-115) 6YAeM HMeTb
K AI<D-M +B. Eeo K __ Ero . d<D (8-116)
M II - C 00 0 Ke ,. Ke <D 2 dt'
J
Y4HTbIBaS! AaJIee, 4TO Eeo = I KRo = Ke<Dllwo; TM = K K <D 2 ceK,
e M H
3anHI1leM
T ,.t K i = (l-1c + B) <p2 - A<p8,
(8-117)
207

M
r)1.e I-Lc = -d - OTHOCIITeJIbHaSI BeJIlIqlIHa CTaTlIqeCKOrO MOMeHTa;
"
«D
cP = (j) - nOTOK )1.BlIraTeJISI B OTHOCIITeJIbHbIX e)1.IIHHI.{aX;
"
I
lK =]!£ - TOK KOpOTKOrO 3aMbIKaHliSI B OTHOCIITeJIbHbIX e)1.IIHII-
"
uax.
113 (8-117) CJI, e)1.yeT qTO
q>
t = T MlK \' ( + B)dCP2 A 8 .
i V-c cP -- cP
PellIeHlIe 3Toro ypaBHeHIISI IIMeeT BII)1.:
t = T l [ L MaKc + B In (L MaKc -V-c) cP - !-1cB ( r - 1 )] . (8-1 19 )
M K (!-1c + B)2 (Acp - B -!-1c) ...
,.QnSI npouecca TOpMO}KeHIISI )1.BlIraTeJISI npli YClIJIeHlI1i ero nOJISI
cnpaBe)J.JIIiBbI paBeHcTBa:
Eeo = K/J)w + iRo;
K/JJi = Mc + J dd ;
i = - AI" + w.,
W o
(8-118)
(8-120)
(8-121)
(8- 122)
nOCJIe cooTBeTcTBYIOIII.IIX npe06pa30BaHliH nOJIyqaeM
T MlK i = (I-Lc - B) cp2 + Acp3,
(8- 123)
OTKY)1.a
Cj)
\' dq:>
t=TMl K J cp2[(V-c-B)+ Aq:>j '
<i'OCJl
(8-124)
OKOHqaTenbHO HMeeM
t - T l [ A In ( CPocn . V-c - B + Acp ) + 1 ( 1 )]
- M K (V-c - B)2 cP V-c - B - Aq:>ocJI B - V-c '  - CPocn '
(8-125)
r)1.e CPocn - ocna6neHHoe HaqaJIbHOe 3HaqeHlIe nOTOKa )1.BlIraTeJISI.
no ypaBHeHlI10 (8-119) nocTpoeHa OnTliMaJIbHaSI KpliBaSI npOI.{eCca
ocna6neHlISI nonSI (plIc.,8-24), a no ypaBHeHlI10 (8-125) - OnTliManbHaSI
KPHBaSI npoI.{ecca YCIIJIeHIISI nOJISI (pIiC. 8-25). 113 KpIiBbIX, H306pa}KeH-
HbIX Ha pliC. 8-24 II 8-25, BH)1.HO, qTO xapaKTepHbIM .ll.JISI OnTHManbHoro
npoI.{ecca pa3roHa )1.BHraTeJISI BbIllie OCHOBHOH CKOpOCTIi SIBJISIeTCSI
60nbllIaSI HHTeHCIIBHOCTb ocna6.JIeHIISI nOJISI B Haqane npoI.{ecca II 3a-
Me)1.neHHbIH npoI.{ecc B KOHI.{e, )1.nSI onTIiManbHoro }Ke npoI.{ecca TOpMO}Ke-
HHSI - Ha060poT.
B lleJISIX 60nee nonHoro IIcnonb30BaHliSI )1.BlIraTeJISI no TOKY I.{ene-
co06pa3Ho, qTOObI CIiCTeMa ynpaBJIeHIISI 06eCneqlIBaJIa B03MO}KHO
208

60JIbIllee npII6mUKeHIIe XapaKTepa II3MeHeHII5I nOTOKa )1.BIIraTeJI5I K on-
TIiMaJIbHOMY. Ha npaKTIIKe npIIMeHJIIOTC5I pa3JIlIqHbIe BapIIaHTbI CIiCTeM
ynpaBJIeHII5I. HaII60nbIllee paCnpOCTpaHeHIIe IIMeIOT Ky6IIqHble CHCTeMbI
C 3JIeKTpOMalllHHHbIM B036Y)1.IITe.neM II .3JIeKTpOMaIllHHHbIM IIJIlI Mar-
HHTHbIM YClinliTeneM. BCTpeQaIOTC5I TaK}Ke KBa)1.paTHQHble CHCTeMbI
C Tpex06MOTOQHbIM B036Y)1.IITeJIeM. B nOCne)1.Hee BpeM5I HaQaJIH npIIMe-
HSlTb IIOHHoe, a TaK}Ke THpliCTopHoe B036Y}K)1.eHIIe, n03BOJISlIOIII.ee
nOJIYQIITb HaII60nbIllee npH6JIlI}KeHIIe npOI.{eCCOB K onTIiMaJIbHbIM.
rp
cp
1,0
St
0.5
"
...
'"
s.,
0.5 W t,eel< 0 t.ee/<
0.5 1.0
7.D
o
PIIC. 8-24. OITTlJMaJlbHaH KpliBaH npo-
uecca oc3ia6J1eHlIH, nOJlH .l(BlirareJlH
PIIC. 8-25. OITTlIMaJlbHaH KpHBaH npo-
uecca YCHJleHlIH nOJlH .l(BHraTeJlH
TIp0I.{eCCbI,OCJIa6JIeHHSl H YCIIJIeHIISl nOJI5I )1.BIIraTeJISl J!.OJI}KHbI npo-
TeKaTb C 4>OpCHpOBKOiL B 'CB5I3II C .3TIIM BO Bcex CIiCTeMax ynpaBJIeHH5I ,
npe)1.YCMaTpIiBaeTCSl OTpIII.{aTe.JIbHaSl 06paTHaSl CBSl3b no TOKY B036y-
}K)1,eHIISl )1.BHraTe.JISl, C nOMoIII.bIO KOTOpOH oCYIII.eCTBnSleTcSl CH5ITHe 4>op-
CIIpOBKH B KOHI.{e npoI.{eCca, II HeJIHHeHHble .3neMeHTbI, IICnOJIb3yeMble
)1.nSl ynpaBneHHSl 06paTHOH CBSl3bIO no TOKY B036Y}K)1.eHH5I. B HeKOTO-
pbIX CHCTeMax npe)1.YCMaTpHBaeTCSl nOJ!O}KIITeJIbHa51 06paTHa51 CBSl3b
no TOKY B036Y}K)1.eHIISl )1.BIIraT{JISl, 06eCneQIIBaIOIII.aSl, B COOTBeTCTBIIII
C onTIiManbHbIM pe}KIIMOM, YBenIIQeHIIe 4>OpCIIpOBKII B KOHeQHOH CTa-
)1.IIII npoI.{eCca YCIIJIeHII5I nonSl.
CHCTeMbl ynp80neHHR o03I!Y)f(JJ,eHHeM JJ,oHr8TenR
peoepcHBHoro CTaHa
Ha pliC. 8-26 npe)1.CTaBneHa CHCTeMa ynpaBneHHSl B036Y}K)1.eHIIeM
)1.BIIraT{JISl peBepcIIBHoro CTaHa, IIMeIOIII.aSl IllHpoKoe pacnpocTpaHeHIIe.
B .3TOH CIiCTeMe npliMeHeHbI B036Y)1.IITenb Bll. H nO)1.B036Y)1.IITe.JIb-
sneKTpOMaJIlIIHHbIH YCIiJIlITeJIb Y ll.. Ha cxeMe nOKa3aHbI )1.Be 06MOTKII
yClinIITeJI Sl Y ll.: 06MOTKa Y ll.30, SlBJI SlIOIII.aSlCSl o)1.HoBpeMeHHo 3a)1.aIO-
I1l.eH 06MOTKOH II 06MOTKOH OTpIII.{aTeJIbHOH 06paTHoH CB5I3II no TOKY
B036Y}K)1.eHIISl, II 06MoTKa He3aBIICIiMoro nIiTaHII5I Y ll.H. TOKoBaSl
06MoTKa YCIiJIlITeJISl, BKnIOQeHHaSl B cxeMY perYJISlTOpa TOKa, Ha
pliC. 8-26 He nOKa3aHa.
209

06MOTKa YjJ,30 BKnIOIJ:aeTCSi Ha pa3HOCTb )1.ByX HanpSi}KeHIIH: 3a-
)1.aIOIerO U 3an ' CHIiMaeMoro C npaBOrO nJIeIJ:a nOTeHI.{IIOMeTpa ll3, II
HanpSi}KeHIISi V BP.' npOnOpU:IIOHanbHOrO TOKY B036Y}K)1.eHIISi )1.BlIraT{JISi,
CHIiMaeMOrO C )1.0nOJIHIITenbHOrO COnpOTIIBJIeHIISi rBP' u:eIIII 06MOTKII
B036Y}K)1.eHIISi )1.BlIraTenSi. 06MOTKa Y jJ,H nO)1.KnIOIJ:aeTCSi Ha He-
1I3MeHHOe HanpSi}KeHlIe CeTIi. B YCTaHOBIIBllleMCSi pe}KIIMe 06-
MOTKII )1.eHcTBYIOT BCTpeIJ:HO )1.Pyr )1.pyry. 06MoTKa Y jJ,30 cTpe-
MIITCSi YBenlIIJ:IITb TOK B036Y}K)1.eHIISi )1.BlIraTenSi, 06MoTKa YjJ,H-
YMeHbllllITb.
113MeHeHlIe TOKa B036Y}K)1.eHIISi npoII3BO)1.IITCSi KOHTaKT?MII 4Y II
5Y. TIpli ocna6neHHoM none )1.BlIrarenSi KOHTaKTbI 4Y II 5Y 3aMKHYTbI,
a npli nonHOM nOJIe - pa30MKHYTbI. TIpou:ecc OCJIa6JIeHIISi nOJISi )1.BII-
raTeJISi HaIJ:IIHaeTCSi C MOMeHTa
3aMbIKaHliSi KOHTaKTOB 4Y II 5Y.
TIpli 3TOM conpoTIIMeHIISi r 4 II
r 5 3aKOpaIJ:IIBaIOTCSi II HanpSi-
}KeHlIe Ha npaBoM nneIJ:e nOTeH-
- U:lIoMeTpa V 3a P' = VaG pesKO
YMeHblllaeTCSi, HanpSi}KeHlIe }Ke
Ha conpOTIIBJIeHlI1i r BP.' npo-
nopU:IIOHaJIbHOe TOKY B036Y}K-
)1.eHIISi )1.BlIraTenSi, 1I3-3a IIHep-
b U:IIOHHOCTIi u:enli B036Y}K)1.eHIISi
6Y)1.eT OCTaBaTbCSi B HaIJ:anbHbIH
MOMeHT HeII3MeHHbIM. Bnaro)1.a-
pSi 3TOMY HanpSi}Kelilie V a6 CTa-
HeT MeHbllle HanpSi}KeHIISi VsP"
r r 5 5 TOK B 06MOTKe Y jJ,30 1I3MeHlIT
U JaG HanpaMeHlIe II 06e 06MOTKII
PHC. 8-26. ClIeTeJlla ynpaBJleHlIH B03l5Y>K- 6Y)1.YT )1.eHcTBoBaTb cornaCHO
J\eHlIeM .D:BHraTeJlH peBepcHBHoro CTaHa B CTOPOHY pa3MarHIIIJ:IIBaHIiSi
YCIiJIIiTenSi Y jJ,. TIpH 3TOM Ha-
npSi}KeHlIe YCIIJnlTenSi MO}KeT npeBbICHTb )1.0nYCTIiMoe 3HaIJ:eHHe. ,[{nSi
OrpaHHIJ:eHHSi 3TOro HanpSi}KeHHSi B u:enH 06MOTKH Y jJ,30 npe)1.YCMaTpH-
BaeTCSi )1.ononHHrenbHoe conpOTHMeHHe ryp' C nO)1.KnIOIJ:eHHbIM napan-
nenbHO K HeMY BeHTHJIeM BG. B HaIJ:aJIe npou:ecca OCJIa6JIeHHSi nOJISi TOK
3TOH 06MOTKII, MeHSiSi CBoe HanpaMeHlIe, 6Y)1.eT npOTeKaTb He IJ:epe3 BeH-
TIiJIb, a IJ:epe3 conpOTHMeHHe ryp" IJ:TO npHBe)1.eT K OrpaHHIJ:eHIIIO TOKa
06MOTKH, a CJIe)1.0BaTeJIbHO, H HanpSi}KeHHSi YCHJIHTenSi. TIo)1. BJIlISiHHeM
OTpHu:aTenbHoro HanpSi>KeHHSi -YCHJIHTeJISi TOK 06MOTKH B036Y}K)1.eHIIH
B036Y)1.HTeJISi H HanpSi}KeHHe ero HaIJ:HYT 6bICTpO YMeHblllaTbCSi, a 3TO
BbI30BeT !j)OpClIpOBaHHoe CHH}KeHlIe TOKa B036Y}K)1.eHIISi )l.BHraTenSi.
C na)1.eHHeM TOKa B036Y}K)1.eHIISi )1.BHraTenSi 6Y)1.YT YMeHblllaTbCSi pa3-
HOCTb HanpSi}KeHHH V up. - V a6 . )1.eHCTBYIOIII.aSi B u:enli 06MOTKH Y jJ,30.
H !j)OpCHpOBKa npou:ecca ocna6JIeHHSi nOJISi )1.BHraTeJISi. TIoCJIe nepexo)1.a
TOKa 06MOTKH YjJ,30 IJ:epe3 Hynb (npH VsP' - VaG) )1.0nOnHHTeJIbHOe
COnpOTHBneHHe ryp' H3 u:enH BbIKJIIOIJ:aeTCSi H HC 3TOH 06MOTKH, HanpaB-
210

- CT1
+
Yji,H
t
Yji,30
f
BC

neHHa51 BCTpeqHO HC 06MOTKH Y/l.H, 6Y)1.CT pe3KO CHH>KaTb HHTeHCHB-
,HOCTb npou.ecca OCJIa6JIeHH5I nOJI5I.
, TIpOu.ecc YCMJIeHH5I nOJI5I HaQHHaeTC5I C MOMeHTa pa3MbIKaHH5I KOH-
,TaKTOB 4Y H 5Y. TIpH 3TOM YBeJIHQHBaIOTC5I 3a)1.aIOIII.ee Hanp5l}KeHHe
;U 86 H pa3HOCTb U a6 - URn: TaK KaK pa3HOCTb U a6 - URll. B HaQanbHOH
CTa)1.HH npou.ecca YCHneHH5I cpaBHHTeJIbHO BeJIHKa, TO npou.ecc YCMJIe-
JIH5I nOJI5I npOTeKaeT C 4>OpCHpOBKOH. C pa3BHTHeM npO[{eCCa pa3HOCTb
:u 86 - U Bll. H3-3a BJIH5IHH5I OTpH[{aTeJIbHOH 06paTHOH CB5I3H YMeHb-
)naeTC5I, YMeHbIllaeTC5I H 4>OpcHpoBKa npO[{eCca.

YJJ.H t

+
!/JJ.fl
BCI U B8
Yp'3D
lJ!J 5Y
flJ r n
Bel
U 3a iJ
PHC. 8-27. ClicTeMa ynpaBJleHHH B0315Y>KJ\eHHeM J\BH
raTeJlH peBepcHBHoro CTaHa C npHMeHeHHeM nOJTO>KH-
TeJlbHOii o<5paTHoii CBH31I no TOKY B03<5Y>KJ\eHHH .l(BlI-
raTeJlH
Ha pHC. 8-27 npe)1.CTaBJIeH BTOpOH BapHaHT cHcTeMbI YIlpaBJIeHH5I
,B036Y)l()1.eHHeM )1.BHraTeJI5I. B 3TOH CHCTeMe npe)1.ycMaTpHBaeTC5I npH-
MeHeHMe nOnO}KMTeJIbHOH 06paTHoH CB5I3H no TOKY B036Y}K)1.eHM5I )1.BM-
raTeJI5I, 06eCneQMBaIOrn.eH YJIYQIlleHMe xapaKTepa npo[{ecca YCMJIeHM5I
non51 )1.BMraTeJI5I. TIonO}KHTeJIbHa51 06paTHa51 CB5I3b BbIIlOJIH5IeTC5I C no-
'MOIII.bIO 06MOTKM Y/l.ll, npHCOe)1.HHeHHoH K )1.0nOJIHHTeJIbHoMY conpo-
:TMBJIeHMIO [{eIlM 06MOTKH B036Y}K)1.eHH5I rBll.'
- B cxeMe (pMC. 8-27) Hanp5l}KeHHe UBll.' npOnOp[{HOHaJIbHOe TOKY B03-
l>Y)1.MTeJI 51 , B YCTaHoBHBIlleMc5I pe}KMMe 60nbIlle 3a)1.aIOIII.erO Hanp5l}Ke-
'HH5I U 33 11.' B HaQaJIbHOH CTa)1.MH npo[{eCca YCMJIeHH5I nOJI5I )1.BHraTeJI5I
:Hanp5l}KeHMe URll. MeHbIlle 3a)1.aIOIII.erO URalI." O)1.HaKo, 6JIaro)1.ap51 BeH-
'TMJIIO BC2, TOK B [{enM 06MOTKH B 3TOM CJIYQae 6Y)1.eT paBeH HynIO.
211

T8KHM 06p830M, TOK 06MOTKH Y Jl.30 He MO>KeT MeHHTb CBoero H8np8B-
JIeHHH, K8K 3TO HMeJIO MeCTO B npe.n.bI.l1.YIII.ell cxeMe. B npOlJ,eCce OCJI86-
neHHH nonH .n.BHr8TeJI5I, Kor.n.8 U BJ1 3H8qHTeJIbHO 60JIbille U 3aJ1 , orp8HH-
qeHlle TOK8 06MOTKH Y Jl.30 npOH3Bo.n.HTCH C nOMOIII.bIO BeHTHJI5I BC 1,
IllYHTlIpYIOIII.erO 3TY 06MOTKY. B OTJIlIqlIe OT cxeMbI, 1I306p8>KeHHOll
H8 pliC. 8-26, HC 06MOTKII He38BIICIiMoro nIIT8HII5I Y Jl.H n8np8BJIeH8
B CTOPOHY H8MarnHqlIB8HlIH B036y.n.lI'reJIH BJl., 8 HC 06MOTKII Y Jl.30 -
B CTOPOHY ero p83M8rHlIqIIB8HIIH.
TIpolJ,ecc oCJI86JIeHlIH nonH .n.BlIr8TeJI5I H8qlIH8eTCH C MOMeHT8 P83-
MbIK8HlIH KOHT8KTOB 4Y H 5Y. Dpli 3TOM H8npH>KeHlIe H8 np8BoM nJIeqe
nOTeHlJ,IIOMeTp8 U 3a 11. pe3Ko YMeHbIllIITcH. TIo.n. BnlIHHlIeM YBeJIlIqIIB-
IllellCH p83HIIlJ,bI H8np5I>KeHlIll U SJ1 - U 3a 11. B03p8cTe:r TOK 06MOTKII
Y Jl.30, BeJIlIqlII-I8 KOToporo OrpaHIIQIIBaeTCH BeHTIIJIeM BC1, IllYHTII-
PYIOIII.IIM 06MOTKY npH 60nbIlllIX 3H8QeHH5IX p83HIIlJ,bI U B 11. - U 3a 11.'
YBeJIIIQIIBIll85ICH OTplIlJ,8TeJIbH8H HC 06MOTKII Y3Jl.O CT8HeT 60nbille
CYMM8PHOll HC 06MOTOK Y Jl.H II Y Jl.ll, B pe3YJIbT8Te Qero YCHnlITeJIb
Y Jl. nepeMarHIITIiTCH. TIo.n. BnHHHlIeM oTpmJ.8TeJIbHOrO Hanp5I>KeHII5I
YCHJIIITeJIH <pOpClIpOB8HHO CHH>K8eTC5I TOK B036Y>K.n.eHIIH B036YJlIITeJI5I
BJl. II TOK B036Y>K.n.eHIIH .n.BlIr8TeJI5I. O.n.HoBpeMeHHo YMeHbIll8eTcH P83-
HOCTb H8npH>KeHlIll UBlJ. - U 3a lJ.' O.n.H8KO TOK 06MOTKII YJl.30, nOK8 3T8
06MOTK8 IllYHTlIPOB8H8 BeHTIIJIeM BC1, OQeHb Mano 3aBliCliT OT YMeHb-
IllaIOIII.ellCH p83HIIlJ,bI H8npH>KeHlIll U B 11. - U 3a 11.' T. e. npolJ,ecc ocna6-
JIeHIIH nOJIH .n.BlIr8TeJI5I npolIcxo.n.IIT npli nOQTH HelI3MeHHoH <pOpCII-
pOBKe. JIIIIllb K KOHlJ,Y npOlJ,eCC8, Kor.n.8 p83HOCTb UBlJ. - U 33J1 CT8HeT
He6onbilloll, BeHTIiJIb BCl OTKJIIOQaeTC5I OT 06MOTKH Y Jl.30 II YMeHb-
I118IOIII.85ICSI p83HOCTb UBlJ. - U 3 8JJ. pe3Ko CHII3IIT.n.O Tpe6yeMoll BeJIIIQIIHbl
<pOpCHpOB8HHYIO OTplIlJ,8TeJIbHYIO HC 06MOTKII Y Jl.30. TIpOII30ll.n.eT
OTCeQK8 <POpClIpOBKII npolJ,ecca.
TIpolJ,ecc YCIIJIeHII5I nOJIH H8QlIH8eTCH C 3aMblK8HlIH KOHTaKTOB 4Y
H 5Y. TIpli 3TOM 38.n.8IOIII.ee H8npH>KeHlIe U 3a lJ. MrHOBeHHO B03p8CTeT II
B H8Q8JIbHOll CT8.n.IIH npOlJ,eCC8 OHO 6y.n.eT 60nbille H8np5I>K.eHHH U B 11.'
113-38 H8JIlIQlIH BeHTHJI5I BC2 TOK 06MOTKII Y Jl.30 p8BeH HYJIIO. Cne-
.n.oBaTeJIbHO, Ha BpeM5I YCIIJIeHII5I nOJI5I lJ,enb OTplIlJ,8TeJIbHOll 06paTHOll
CB5I31I p83MbIK8eTC5I. 3TO Heo6xQ.n.IIMO JlJI5I TOro, QTo6bl YCTP8HlITb BJIII5I-
Hlie OTplIlJ,8TeJIbHOll 06p8THOll CB5I31I Ha .n.ellCTBlie nOnO>KIITeJIbHOll,
YQ8CTBYIOIII.ell B <POpMlIpOB8HIIH npOlJ,ecC8 YClIJIeHII5I. CYMM8pH85I HC
He38BlIcliMOll 06MOTKII Y Jl.H II 06MOTKII nOJIO>KIITeJIbHOll 06p8THOll
CB5I31I Y Jl.ll pacTeT C TeQeHlIeM npolJ,eCC8, QT.O lJ,eJIeC006pa3HO .ll.JI5I no-
BbIIlleHII5I <pOpClIpOBKII B KOHeQHOll CT8.n.1I1i npOlJ,eCc8. OTplIlJ,8TeJIbH8H
06P8TH85I CB5I3b BKJIIOQaeTC5I B KOHlJ,e, TeM C8MbiM CHIIM8eTC5I <pOpCII-
pOBK8 H KOMneHclipyeTC5I .n.ellCTBlie nOnO>KIITeJIbHOll 06p8THOll CB5I31I.
H8 pliC. 8-28 npeJlCT8BJIeH8 CHCTeM8 ynp8BJIeHII5I B036Y>K.n.eHHeM
]:{BHr8Ten5I peBepcHBHoro CT8H8, npe.ll.JIO>KeHH85I B. 11. ApX8HreJIb-
CKIiM [JI-31 J. 06MOTK8 Y Jl.30 HBn5IeTC5I 38.n.8IOIII.ell II B TO >K.e BpeM5I
06MOTKOll OTpHlJ,8TeJIbHOll 06p8THOll CB5I3H. B YCT8HOBliBilleMCH pe>KIIMe
06MOTKa YJl.H .n.ellcTByeT B CTOPOHY YBeJIIIQeHII5I TOKa B036Y>K.n.eHII5I
.n.BlIr8TeJI5I, 8 06MOTK8 Y Jl.30 - BCTpeQHo.
212

npOlJ,eCC YCIIJIeHlUI noml HaIJHHaerC51 C pa3MbIKaHH51 H3 KOHTaKTOB
4Y H 5Y H 3aMbIKaHH51 HO KOHTaKTa 4Y. npH 3TOM HanpmKeHHe U 33J1
pe3KO YBeJIHIJHBaeTC51 H CTaHOBHTC51 BbIIlle HanpmKeHH51 USlJ.' B pe3YJIb-
TaTe 3Toro K 06MOTKe Y 11.30 npHKJIa.n.bIBaeTC51 HanpmKeHHe npOTHBO-
nOJIo}j{HOH nOJI51pHOCTH H, 6JIaro.n.ap51 BeHTHJIIO BCl, TOK 3TOH 06MOTKH
6y.n.eT paBeH HYJIIO. K o6MoTKe LKe YI1.H, KpOMe Hanp51LKeHH51 U HC3 '
npHKJIa,n,bIBaeTC51 ellJ,e pa3HOCTb Hanp51LKeHHH (V SJ1 - V 3a l1,) IJepe3 BeH-
THJIb BCS, BCJIe,n,CTBHe IJero no 06MOTKe YI1.H 6y.n.YT npOTeKaTb .n.Be
fj Ii
BCI
BC3 ;:
BC2
+ '2
R, R 2 RJ
If
1'5
eJ

!ill
-I- 0811
+
o
I 'i,t1,30
tJ
f/illi 4!J
a
-f. r Ij - R"
Vallo "
PliC. 8-28. ClicTeMa ynpaBJleHliH B03<5Y>KJ\eHlieM J\BlIraTeJlH
peBepcliBHoro CTaHa, npeJ\JlO>KeHHaR B. H. ApXaHreJlbCKliM
COCTaBJI51IOllJ,He TOKa: nepBa51, onpe.n.eJI51eMa51 .n.eHCTBHeM Hanp51LKeHH51
V HC " H BTOpa51, onpe.n.eJI51eMa51 .n.eHCTBHeM pa3HOCTH Hanp51LKeHHH
(V SJ], - V 3aJ. nepBa51 COCTaBJI 5lIOllJ,a51 - nOCT051HHa51 no BeJI H'lHHe,
BTOpa51 - B HaIJaJIe npolJ,ecca B03paCTaer CKaIJK9M, a 3aTeM C TeIJeHHeM
BpeMeHH YMeHbillaeTC51 .n.o HYJI51. 3TH COCTaBJI51IOllJ,He .n.eHCTBYIOT BCTpeIJ-
. HO .n.pyr .n.pyry, n03TOMY pe3YJIbTHpYIOllJ,HH TOK 06MOTKH YI1.H BHa-
IJaJIe CKaIJKOM CHH3HTC51 .n.o HeKOToporo 3HaIJeHH51, a 3aTeM 6y.n.er paCTH,
IJeM 06eCneIJHBaeTC51 HeBWCOKa51 OpCHpOBKa YCHJIeHH51 nOJI51 B HaIJane
npOlJ,eCca, HenpepbIBHO B03paCTaIOllJ,a51 C ero pa3BHTHeM. B KOHlJ,e npo-
lJ,eCca, Kor.n.a Hanp51LKeHHe U S l1, CTaHeT 60JIbille U 3a]1' BKJIIOIJaeTC51 06MOTKa
Y 11.30, HC KOTOpOH CHHMaeT OpCHPOBKY YCHneHH51 nOJI51.
npolJ,ecc OCJIa6neHH51 non51 HaIJHHaeTC51 3aMbIKaHHeM H3 KOHTaK-
TOB 4Y H 5Y H pa3MbIKaHHeM HO KOHTaKTa 4Y. B 3TOM CJIYIJae 3a.n.aIO-
uJ,ee Hanp51LKeHHe U 33J1 CKaIJKOM YMeHbillaeTC51, a pa3HOCTb Hanp51LKeHHH
213

U S11. - U sa 11. YBeJIlIlJIIBaeTCH. BCJIe,nCTBlie 3TOrO CKalJKOM YBeJIlIlJlIBaeTCH
TOK II HC OOMOTKII J1 P30, pe3YJIbTlipYIDIII.aH HC YCIiJIIITeJIH CTaaO-
BliTCH OTplIuaTenbHOH, II YCIiJIIiTenb nepeMarHlIlJlIBaeTCH, HalJIIHaerCH
<pOpClIpOBaHHOe CHII>KeHIIe TaKa B036Y>K,neHIIH ,nBliraTeJIH. npli OlJeHb
60JIbillOH BeJIIIlJIIHe pa3HOCTli (U B 11. - U 38 11.) nbTeHUlIaJI TOlJKII 26y,ner
BbIIlle nOTeHulIaJIa TOlJKII 6, II lJepe3 BeHTlInb BC2 II 06MOTKY J1 PH
npoH,neT ,nonOJIHIITenbHbIH TOK. Bcne,ncTBIIe 3Toro HC 06MOTKII J1 PH
YBeJIIIlJIITCH, a pe3YJIbTlIpYIOIII.a51 HC YCIIJIlITeJI5I - YMeHbillIITC5I.
.lI.OCTOIIHCTBO CIiCTeMbI (pIiC. 8-28) 3aKnIOlJaerC5I B B03MO>KHOCTII
pa3,neJIbHOrO II He3aBliCliMoro perYJIIIpOBaHIiH BeJIlIlJlIH <pOpClIpOBOK
B pe>KIIMaX oCJIa6JIeHlI5I II YCIIJIeHIIH nOJIH II B03MO>KHOCTII nOJIYlJeHlI5I
_ npoueccoB, 6JIlI3KlIX K OnTIiMaJIbHbIM.
 8-9. PerynRTop TOKa
.lI.JI5I nOBbIIlleHIIH Ha,ne>KHOCTIi pa60TbI rJIaBHOrO nplIBo,na CTaHa
B CIiCTeMax ynpaBJIeHIIH nplIMeHHeTC5I 3aIII.IITa aT lJpe3MepHO 60JIbIlllIX
TOKOB uenli HKOpH. ::ha 3aIII.HTa ,nOJI>KHa IICKnIOlJlITb B03MO>KHOCTb
npeBbIIlleHHH TOKOM ,nonYCTIiMoro no YCJIOBH5IM KOMMYTaUli1i 3HalJeHH5I.
Ha npaKTIIKe B ueJI5IX nonYlJeHlI5I 60JIee Ha,ne>KHOH TOKOBOH 3aIII.HTbI
II o,nHOBpeMeHHO nonYlJeHIIH 60nbilleH rH6KOCTH ynpaBneHlI5I pa3nH-
lJaIOT CJIe,nYIOIII.lIe MaKCHMaJIbHble TOKII:
1) M a K C II M a JI b H bI H B bI K JI IO lJ a e M bI H T 0 K (nplI-
MepHo 270% OT HOMIiHaJIbHoro);
2) MaKCIiMaJIbHbIH 9KCnJIyaTaUlIoHHbIH TOK
(npliMepHo 250% OT HOMIiHaJIbHoro);
3) M a K C II M a JI b H bI H HOp M a JI b H bI H T 0 K n 0 Y C -
JI 0 B II H M K 0 M M Y Tau II II, 3aBIIC5IIII.HH OT CTeneHII OCJIa6JIeHlIH
nOJIH ABliraTeJIH. ...
ECJIIi TOK ,nBliraTeJIH ,nOCTlirHeT MaKCIiManbHOH BbIKJIIOlJaeMOH Be-
JIlIlJHHbI, TO ,nBliraTeJIb ,noJi>KeH 6bITb HeMe)I:JIeHHO OTKJIIOlJeH aBTOMaTOM
OT reHepaTopa. 3TO TaK Ha3bIBaeMaH r naB H a 51 TO K 0 B a H
3 a III. II T a. TIpli ,nOCTII:>KeHIIII TOKOM ,nBlIra.Temi: MaKCHManbHOH 3K-
CnJIyaTaUlIoHHOH BeJIHlJlIHbI, ,nonYCTIiMOH no YCJIOBlI5IM KOMMYTaUlIlI,
HeT He06xo,nIIMOCTIi B OTKJIIOlJeHIIII ,nBliraTeJIH OT reHepaTopOB, TaK
KaK neperpY3Ka MO:>KeT HOCIITb KpaTKOBpeMeHHbIH xapaKTep. n09TOMY
B cxeMe npe,nYCMaTpIiBaeTCH CHHTlie HanpH>KeHIIH C uenH ynpaBJIeHIIH
C nOMOIII.bIO KOHTaKTopa 3aIII.IITbI, B pe3YJIbTaTe lJero Hanp5l>KeHlIe
reHepaTopa II TOK ,nBliraTeJIH CHII>KaIOTCH,no HYJIH. 3TO n p e,n B.a p II -
Ten b H a 51 TO K 0 B a H 3 a III. II T a, KOTopaH IIMeeT MeHbIIIYIO
YCTaBKY lJeM rnaBHaH. ECJIIi pe>KIIM npOKaTKII OlJeHb HanpH:>KeHHbIH
(npH 60JIbIlllIX 06>KaT1I5IX II YCKopeHIIHX), TO npe,nBapliTenbHaH 3aIII.IITa
6y,ner lJaCTO cpa6aTbIBaTb. nacne cpa6aTblBaHliH npe,nBaplITeJIbHOH
3aIII.IITbI ,nnH B0306HOBJIeHlIH pa60TbI CTaHa He06xo,nIIMO B03BpaTlITb
KOMaH,nOKOHTpOnJIep B HYJIeBOe nOnO:>KeHlIe II 3aTeM BHOBb nOCTaBIITb
B pa60lJee. O,nHaKO no Tpe6yeT ,nonOJIHIITeJIbHOH 3aTpaTbI BpeMeHII,
BbI3bIBaIOIII.eH CHH>KeHIIe TeMna npOKaTKII. no YKa3aHHOH npHlJIIHe
214

HapH,lI.Y C npeABaplITeJIbHOH TOKOBOH 3aIIJ.HTOH He06xo.ll.HMO npHMeHHTb
a B TOM a T H q e C K 0 e 0 r p a H H q e H H e T 0 K a ,lI.BHraTeJIH,
C TeM qT06bl TOK He BbIXO,lI.HJI 3a YCTaHOBJIeHHble npe,lI.eJIbI. TOKoBaH
saIIJ.HTa - rJIaBHaH H npe,lI.BapHTeJIbHaH ,lI.omKHbI pa60TaTb npH aBa-
pHHHblX pe>KHMaX, aBTOMaTHqeCKOe OrpaHHqeHHe - B HOpMaJIbHbIX,
pa60qHX ycnoBHHX, He ,lI.onYCKaH npeBblllleHHH TOKOM MaKCHMaJIbHO
,lI.onYCTHMbIX 3HaqeHHH.
ABTOMaTHqeCKOe perYJIHpOBaHHe TOKa ,lI.BHraTeJIH Heo6xO,lI.HMO BO
Bcex pe>KHMax: npH pa3roHe H TOpMO>KeHHH,lI.O OCHOBHOH H BbIllie OCHOB-
HOH CKOpOCTH, a TaK>Ke B YCTaHOBHBIIIHXCH pe>KHMax. OrpaHHqeHHe
TOKa npOKaTHoro ,lI.BHraTeJIH OCYIIJ.eCTBJIHeTCH C nOMOIIJ.blO perYJIHTopa.
K perYJIHTOpy TOKa CHCTeMbI ynpaBJIeHHH peBepCHBHblM CTaHOM
npe,lI.'bHBJIHIOTCH CJIe,lI.YIOIIJ.He Tpe60BaHHH:
1. TIpH 60JIbIIIHX 06>KaTHHX OrpaHHqHBaTb BeJIHqHHY nonHoro roKa
,lI.BHraTenH sa CqeT CHH>KeHHH HHTeHCHBHOCTH pOCTa HanpH>KeHHH reHe-
paTopa npH pa3roHe ,lI.0 OCHOBHOH CKOpOCTH H 3a CqeT CHH>KeHHH HH-
TeHCHBHOCTH OCJIa6JIeHHH nOJIH ,lI.BHraTeJIH npH pa3roHe BblIIIe OCHOBHOH
CKOpOCTH.
2. TIpH TOpMO>KeHHH ,lI.BHraTeJIH C OCHOBHOH CKOpOCTH B CJIyqae
He06xo,lI.HMOCTH 3aMe.ll.JIHTb TeMn CHH>KeHl\H HanpH>KeHHH reHepaTopoB,
a npH TOpMO>KeHHH C nOBbIIII-eHHOH ,lI.0 OCHOBHOH CKOpOCTH - nOMep-
>KHBaTb Ha nOCTOHHHOM ypoBHe HanpH>KeHHe reHeparopa.
3. TIpH 60JIbIIIHX neperpY3Kax B YCTaHoBHBIIIHXCH pe>KHMaX ,lI.0
OCHOBHOH CKOpOCTH YMeHbIIIaTb HanpH>KeHHe reHepaTopa, OrpaHHqHBaH
nOTpe6JIHeMYIO MOIIJ.HOCTb, a Ha CKOpOCTHX BblIIIe OCHOBHOH - YBeJIH-
qHBaTb nOTOK, OrpaHHqHBaH TOK ,lI.BHraTeJIH.
4. 06eCneqHBaTb pa3JIHqHble YCTaBOqHbIe 3HaqeHHH TOKa B 3aBHCH-
MOCTH OT XapaKTepa npouecca.
5. YCTaBKa perYJIHTOpa ,lI.OJI>KHa aBTOMaTHqeCKH YMeHbIIIaTbCH C oc-
JIa6neHHeM nOJIH ,lI.BHraTeJIH.
6. )KecTKocTb CTaTHqeCKOH xapaKTepHcTHKH perYJIHTOpa ,lI.on>KHa
6blTb .ll.OCTaTOqHO BbICOKOH.
Ha pHC. 8-29 npe,lI.cTaBJIeHa cxeMa perYJIHTOpa TOKa, HMeIOIIJ.erO
ulHpoKoe npHMeHeHHe B Ky6HqHbIX CHCTeMax B036Y>K,lI.eHHH reHeparopa
H .ll.BHraTeJIH. TaKoH perYJIHTOp HMeeT YCHJIHTeJIb YT (3neKTpoMaIIIHH-
HblH HJIH MarHHTHbIH) C nOAKJIIOqeHHblM K ero BbIXO,lI.Y nOTeHUHOMeTpOM
ne. HanpH>KeHHe cpaBHeHHH, CHHMaeMoe C nOTeHUHoMeTpa ne, pa3-
Hoe ,lI.JIH Ka>K,lI.OrO npouecca, cpaBHHBaeTCH C na,lI.eHHeM HanpH>KeHHH U T
Ha ,lI.onOJIHHTeJIbHbIX nonIOcax H KOMneHcaUHOHHOH 06MOTKe, nponop-
LJ;HOHaJIbHbIM TOKY HKOpH ,lI.BHraTenH. Pa3HOCTb 3THX HanpH>KeHHH
nO,lI.aeTCH Ha TOKOByro 06MOTKY YCHJIHTeJIH B036yeHHH reHepaTopa
yrT HJIH Ha TOKOByro 06MOTKY YCHJIHTeJIH B036Y>K,lI.eHHH ,lI.BHraTeJIH
Yp'T. EJIarO,lI.apH HanHqHIO BeHTHJIeH TOK B uenHX 3THX 06MOTOK npo-
reKaeT JIHIIIb B TOM CJIyqae, ecnH HanpH>KeHHe, nponopUHOHaJIbHOe TOKY
[J.BHraTeJIH, CTaHeT 60nbIIIe HanpH>KeHHH cpaBHeHHH.
TIpHcoe,lI.HHeHHe TOKOBOH 06McYrKH Y rT YCHJIHTenH B036Y>K,lI.eHHH
reHeparopa K nOTeHUHOMeTpy ne npOH3BOJl,HTCH C nOMOIIJ.blO HO KOH-
215

TaKTOB 4J1, BH IIJIII BE. KOHTaKT 4J1 pa30MKHYT npII pa3roHe .I1.BII-
raTemI OT OCHOBHOH .11.0 nOBbIllleHHoH II npII pa60Te B. YCTaHoBIIBlileMcH
pe)KII C oCJIa6JIeHHbIM non eM. B OCTaJIbHbIX peLKIiMax KOHTaKT 4J1
3aMKHYT. KOHTaKT BB 3aKpbIT npII pa60Te B HanpaBJIeHIIII «BnepeA»,
a KOHTaKT BH - B HanpaBJIeHIIII «Ha3a.l1.». 3TlI KOHTaKTbI pa3MbI-
KaIOTCH npli HanpHLKeHIIII reHepaTOpa U e < (0,1+0, 15)U ce .
f(O .II /J
 _'"V"
lI T -
 4Y !!!
'--
85. Bot 87 88
8 5/f 58
tl e 1l.C
a )f(
89 811
!JilT -
810 812
+1 I-
I YTl -
+(8j
+
I
i !fro
I
I
I
I
I
,
,---,
. I
PHC. 8-29. CxeMa perYJlHTOpa TOK,a
ll.enII C BeHTlInHMII B5 II B8 npe.l1.Ha3HaQeHbI .I1.JIH pa601'bI perYJIH-
Topa npII pa3roHe .I1.BIIraTeJIH .11.0 OCHOBHOH CKOpOCTlI, a IJ,enII C BeHTII-
JIHMII B6 II B7 - .I1.JIH-pa60TbI perYJIHTOpa npII TOpMoLKeHlI1i .I1.BIIraTeJIH
C nOBblllIeHHOH .11.0 OCHOBHOH II C OCHOBHOH .11.0 MIIHIIMaJIbHOH CKOpOCTIi.
C nOMoIIJ,bIOMOCTIiKa 1I3 BeHTIIJIeH B9, BlO, B11 II B12 HanpaBneHlIe
TOKa B 06MoTKe YCIIJIIITeJIH J1 P.T coxpaHHeTcH HelI3MeHHbIM II He3aBIiCII-
MbIM OT HanpaBJIeHIIH TOKa HKOpH .I1.BIIraTeJI5I, T. e. HC 06MOTKII J1p'T
BCer.l1. a .I1.eHcTByeT B CTOPOHY YCIIJIeHII5I non5I JlBIIraTenH. Ilo ::nOH npII-
QIIHe 06MoTKa J1p'T He .I1.0JDKHa pa60TaTb B peLKIiMe TOpMO:>KeHII5I .I1.BII-
raTenH C OCna6JIeHHbIM nOJI eM , TaK KaK npII 3TOM C nOBbIllieHIIeM TOKa
216

.I1.BMraTemI CBepX YCTaBOIJHoro 3HaIJeHMH HC 06MOTKM J1 J1.T 6Y.I1.e-r
CTpeMMTbCH YBeJIMIJMTb MHTeHCMBHOCTb YCIIJIeHIIH nOJIH .I1.BIIraTeJIH, T. e.
He OrpaHMIJIIBaTb, a ee 60JIee YBeJIMIJMBaTb TOK TOpMO>KeHIIH.
I1CKJIIOIJeHMe II3 .I1.eiicTBMH 06MOTKII J1 J1.T B pe>KMMe TOpMO>KeHMH
ocym.eCTBJIHeTCH TeM, IJTO HanpH>KeHMe cpaBHeHIIH U a }I(U a6 ) .I1.JIH 06MOT-
KM J1 J1.T BbI6IIpaeTCH 66JIbIIIMM HanpH>KeHMH cpaBHeHIIH U"J1. (U ar )
B pe>KMMe TOpMO>KeHMH .I1.JIH 06MOTKM J1FT, T. e. YCTaBOIJHOe 3HaIJeHMe
perYJIHTOpa TOKa OT .I1.eiicTBMH 06MOTKM J1FT B pe>KMMe TOpMO>KeHMH
BbI6IIpaeTCH MeHbIllIIM YCTaBOIJHOrO 3HaIJeHMH perYJIHTOpa TOKa OT
.I1.eHCTBIiH 06MOTKM J1 J1.T. B 3TOM CJIYIJae HaIJHeT nepBOH pa60TaTb 06-
MOTKa J1FT M eCJII1 OHa .I1.eHCTByeT .I1.0CTaTOIJHO 34xPeKTIIBHo, TO TOK .I1.BII-
raTeJIH He .I1.0JI>KeH .I1.0CTMraTb 3HaIJeHHH, a)
npM KOTOpOM HaIJIIHaeT BCTynaTb B .I1.eHCT- e,
BMe 06MOTKa J1 J1.T.
YCMJIMTeJIb J1T perYJIHTOpa MMeeT .I1.Be
06MOTKII: OCHOBHYIO J1TO M BcnOMOraTeJIb-
HYIO J1TB. OcHOBHaH 06MOTKa J1TO no.ll.-
KJIIOIJaeTCH Ha HeM3MeHHoe Hanp H>KeHMe;
BcnOMOraTeJIbHaH J1T B - Ha HanpH>KeHIIe, 0}
nponopUMOHaJIbHOe TOKY B036Y>K.I1.eHIIH.I1.BM- I
raTeJIH. 06e 06MOTKII .I1.eHCTBYIOT cornaCHO.
IlpM nOJIHOM none .I1.BIIraTeJIH CYMMapHaH
HC 3TMX 06MOTOK M BbIXO.l1.HOe HanpH>Ke-
HMe YCMJIIITeJIH 6Y.I1.YT HaII60JIbIllIIMM. C
OCJIa6JIeHMeM nOJIH HC 06MOTKM J1T B, a
CJIe.l1.0BaTenbHO, M HanpH>KeHMe J1T YMeHb-
IllaIOTCH, ,IJeM .I1.0CTliraeTCH CHM>KeHMe YCTa-
BKM perYJIHTOpa no Mepe OCJIa6JIeHMH
nOJIH .I1.BIIraTenH.
Pa60Ta perYJIHTOpaTOKa
.11. 0 0 C HOB H 0 H C K 0 P 0 C T II. Il pM a 6 P:;=a:. T'K;' l\:P";
pa3rOHe .I1.BMraTeJIH 6e3 MeTanJIa B BaJIKaX
perYJIHTOp TOKa He pa60TaeT, TaK KaK .I1.IIHaMIIIJecKMH TOK MeHbille VC-
TaBKM perynHTopa TOKa.
IlpM 3aXBaTe MeTaJIJIa BaJIKaMM B03paCTaeT TOK .I1.BIIraTeJIH M na.l1.e-
Hlie HanpH>KeHMH Ha .I1.0nOJIHMTeJIbHHX nonIOcax M KOMneHcauIIOHHOH
06MOTKe npeBbIIllaeT HanpH>KeHMH cpaBHeHMe Uas npM pa60Te B HanpaB-
JIeHMM «Bnepe.l1.» IIJIM U ae npM pa60Te B HanpaBJIeHMM «Ha3a.l1.».
Pa3HOCTb 3TIIX HanpH>KeHMH BbI3bIBaeT npOTeKaHlie TOKa B 06MOTKe
J1 FT IJepe3 KOHTaKT 4J1 M BeHTIiJIb B5 npM pa60Te B HanpaBJIemili
«Bnepe.l1.». B 3TOM CJIYIJae .I1.eHCTBMe perYJIHTOpa TOKa HanpaBJIeHO Ha
CHM>KeHMe TeMna HapaCTaHMH HanpH>KeHIIH reHepaTOpa, T. e. Ha YMeHb-
IlleHMe .I1.MHaMIIIJeCKOH COCTaBJIHIOm.eH TOKa.
Ha pliC. 8-30 npe.l1.CTaBJIeHbI KpMBble 3. .11.. c. reHepaTOpa M TOKa .Il.BM-
raTenH npM 3aXBaTe MeTaJIJIa BanKaMM B npOuecce pa3rOHa. B TOIJKe a
HaIJIIHaeTCH 3aXBaT MeTanna, TOK .I1.BMraTenH npli 3TOM B03paCTaeT M
B TOIJKe 6 BCTynaeT B .I1.eHCTBMe perYJIHTOp TOKa, CHM>KaH MHTeHCMBHOCTb
PHC. 8-30. I(pHBble 3.}.\.C. re-
HepaTopa 11 TaKa }.\BHraTeJlH
npH 3aXBaTe MeTaJlJla BaJlKa-
MH B npouecce pa3roHa:
217

HapaCTaHHH HanpH)KeHHH reHepaTOpa H OrpaHHqRBaH BeITHqHHY no-
HOro TOKa .zumraTE.TIH;
3<jJ<jJeKTHBHOCTb .n.eiicTBHH perYHTOpa 3aBHCHT OT )KeCTKOCTH ero
xapaKTepHCTHKH, npe.ll.CTaBnHIOIII.eM C060M 3aBHCHMOCTb .n.HHaMl!qe-
CKOro TOKa OT nOHoro TOKa HKOpH .n.BHraTeH (pRC. 8-31). )l(ecTKocTb
3TOM xapaKTepHCTHKH onpe.ll.eHeTCH
COOTHOIIleHHeM
I
ox - A.1II. 0
- Ioep-Io '
r.n.e I AIm . o H 10 - .n.HHaMHqeCKHM H
nOHbIM TOK )J.BH-
raTeH B Haqab-
HbIM MOMeHT pa-
60TbI pery HTopa;
loep - nonHbIM TOK, npH
KOTOpOM B pe-
3YbTaTe .n.eMcT-
BHH TOKa .n.HHaMH-
qeCKaH COCTaB-
HIOIII.aH paBHa
HYIO.
nOHoe 3HaqeHHe TOKa .Il.BHraTeH, npH KOTOpOM HaqHHaeT pa60TaTb
perysITop TOKa:
(K)
J aUh
I D
(8-126)
5
/J
J
c
x

'"
2
ID2p
o
2
/J
6
8
10
I
12 /fA
Pnc. 8-31. XapaKTepHcTHKa pery-
.TJRTOpa TOKa
1 _U cp
0- r KA '
(8-127)
r.ll.e r KA - cOnpOTHBJIeHHe KOMneHCaIJ:HOHHOM 06MOTKH H .Il.onOJIHHTeb-
HbIX nOJIIOCOB;
U cp - HanpH)KeHHe cpaBHeHHH, no.n.aBaeMoe B IJ:enb 06MOTKH YrT
OT nOTeHIJ:HOMeTpa cpaBHeHHH nc (CM. pHC. 8-29).
113 ypaBHeHHM (8-126) H (8-127) 6Y.ll.eM HMeTb
r
I = I AHH . 0 + cp
oep ox r KA .
(8-128)
. YpaBHeHHe (8-128) nOKa3bIBaeT, qTO npH HeBbICOKOM )KeCTKOCTH
xapaKTepHcTHKH (npH MaOM 3HaqeHHH ox) TOK )J.BHraTeH npo.n.on)KaeT
paCTH H lI0ce BCTyneHHH perYHTopa B pa60TY, XOTH H C MeHbIIleM
HHTeHCHBHOCTbIO. B 3TOM cyqae, qTo6bI TOK He npeBbICH npe.n.ebHoro
3HaqeHHH, He06xo.n.HMO )'MeHbIIlHTb HaqabHbIM TOK cpa6aTbIBaHHH
perYHTOpa. O.n.HaKO lIPH 3TOM perYHTOp, BCTynaH paHO B pa60ry,
CHH3HT cpe.n.HIOIO CKOpOCTb npOKaTKH H YMeHbIIlHT npOH3BO.ll.HTeb-
HOCTb npOKaTHoro CTaHa. B CBH3H C 3THM Tpe6yeTcH npHMeHeHHe
perynHTopoB C )KeCTKOM xapaKTepHCTHKOM, y KOTOpbIX HaqabHOe
3HaqeHHe TOKa 10 Mano OTHqaeTCH OT TOKa lorp' O.n.HaKO perYHTopbI
C )KeCTKOM xapaKTepHCTHKOM, KaK nOKa3bIBaeT npaKTHKa, BbI3bIBaIOT
Koe6aTebHbIM XapaKTep H3MeHeHHH TOKa (pHC. 8-30), qTO Oe)'bHC-
HHeTCH BHHHHeM o6paTHoM CBH3H no HHaMHqeCKOM COCTaBJIHIOIII.eM
218

TOKa .u.BHraTeJIH. PerYJIHTOp TOKa, Ha BXO)J. KOTOpOrO nO.u.aeTCH TOJIbKO
cTaTHqeCKaH COCTaBnHIOrn;aH TOKa, MOLKe'T 06eCneqHTb YCTOHqHBYIO,
6e3 Kone6aHHH TOKa pa60TY CHCTeMbI npH OqeHb BbICOKOH m.eCTKOCTH
xapaKTepHCTHKH perYJIHTOpa, TaK KaK CTaTHqeCKaH COCTaBnHIOrn;aH
TOKa B u:enH 06paTHOH CBH3H He OKa3bIBaeT BJIHHHHH Ha nepeXO)J.HbIH
npou: ecc .
Ha pHC. 8-32 npe)J.cTaBJIeHa cxam BbI)J.eJIeHHH CTaTHqeCKOH COCTaB-
JIHIOrn;eH TOKa. DapaMeTpbI KOHTypa R 2 , L 2 , C BbIoHpaIOTcH TaK, qT06bI
TOK noro KOHTypa 6bIJI nponopU:HoHaJIeH )J.HHaMHqeCKOH COCTaBJIHIOrn;eH
TOKa, a napaMeTpbI KOHTypa Rl> LI TaK, qTOObI TOK :,noro KOHTypa 6bIJI
nponopU:HoHaJIeH nOJIHoMY TOKY. Tor)J.a V 2 = iI/.HH' VI = i noJ1 ' a HX
pa3HOCTb VI - V 2 = V BX - I cT "
Pa60Ta perYJIHTOpa npH pa3roHe C OC-
HOB H 0 H .u. 0 no B bI III e H H 0 H C K 0 P 0 C T H. B 3TOM CJIyqae
KOHTaKT 4J1 pa30MKHYT, cne.n.OBaTeJIb-
HO, TOK B OOMOTKe JlrT npOTeKaTb He
MOLKeT (CM. pHC. 8-29). Kor)J.a HanpH-
LKeHHe Ha KOMneHcaU:HoHHoH oOMOTKe
H )J.onOJIHHTeJIbHbIX nOJIIOCaX CTaHeT
oonbIlIe HanpHLKeHHH cp3.BHeHHH U a6
(U IDK)' YMeHbIIlaIOrn;erOCH C OCJIa6.ne-
HHeM nOJIH )J.BHraTeJIH, no 06MOTKe
JI P.T nOTeqeT TOK. TaK KaK HC 3TOH
OOMOTKH HanpaBneHa B CTOPOHY nOA-
MarHHqHBaHHH )J.BHraTeJIH, TO npo-
H30H)J.eT CHHLKeHHe HHTeHCHBHOCTH
OCJIaOJIeHHH nOJIH H, CJIe)J.OBaTeJIbHO,
OrpaHHqeHHe TOKa )J.BHraTeJISI.
Pa60Ta perYJISITOpa
T 0 K a n p H TOp M 0 LK e H H H.
DpH TOpMOLKeHHH )J.BHraTenSI C OCHOBHOH CKOpOCTH, HanpHMep C Ha-
npaBJIeHHH «Bnepe)J.», 3aMKHYT KOHTaKT £B. DonHpHOCTb HanpSI-
>KeHHH U T B npou:ecce TopMOLKeHHH C )J.aHHoro HanpaBneHHH npOTHBO-
nOJIOLKHa YKa3aHHOH Ha pHC. 8-29, n03TOMY npH U T > UaI/. BeHTHJIb E7
He oy.u.eT npenHTCTBOBaTb npOXOLK)J.eHHIO TOKa qepes 06MOTKY JlT r.
B pesYJIbTaTe HHTeHCHBHOCTb CHIDKeHHSI 3. )J.. C. reHepaTopa H TOp-
M03HOH TOK .u.BHraTeJIH OY)J.YT OrpaHHqeHbI. XOTH B )J.aHHOM CJIyqae
KOHTaKT 4J1 H 3aKpbIT, O)J.HaKO OH Ha pa60TY cxeMbI He OKaLKeT HHKa-
Koro BJIHSIHHH, TaK KaK HanpH>KeHHe cpaBHeHHSI )J.JIH u:enH 06MOTKH
JlrT C BeHTHJIeM E8 3HaqHTenbHO 60JIbIIIe, qeM .u.JIH u:enH 3TOH OOMOTKH
C BeHTHJIeM B7 (U ae > UaI/.)'
DpH TOpMO>KeHHH )J.BHraTeJIH C nOBblIIIeHHOH CKOpOCTH KOHTYP 06-
MOTKH JI rT OCTaeTCH TaKHM >Ke, KaK H B npe)J.bI)J.yrn;eM cnyqae. T OK
06MOTKH npOXO)J.HT qepes KOHTaKT BE H BeHTHJIb B7. KaK YKa3bIBa-
JIOCb paHee, TOKOBaH oOMoTKa Y P.T He .u.onLKHa BKJIIOqaTbCH B )J.eH-
CTBHe. B 3TOM CJIyqae npH U T > U aA BCTynHT B .u.eHCTBHe OOMOTKa
yrT, C nOMOrn;bIO KOTOpOH SaMe)J.JIHeTCH CHHLKeHHe 3. .u.. C. reHepaTopa
R,
f?2
£2
c
U BblX
PHC. 8-32. CxeMa Bbl,ne.TJeHHH ,nHHa-
MH'IeCKOH COCTaBJlRIDIlteii TOKa BII-
raTeJlH
219

H OrpaHHqHBaeTCH TOpM03HOH TOK TaK, qTO BCera liT 6yeT MeHhllle
llam.
B pe)KHMe TOpMO)KeHHH C nOBhlllleHHOH O OCHOBHOH CKOpOCTH, XOTH
H nOaH B CXeMY HMnYJlhC Ha CHH)KeHHe HanpH)KeHHH reHepaTOpa, 9TO
HanpH)KeHHe no BJlHHHHeM TOKOBOH 06MOTKH YFT OCTaeTCH npHMepHO
Ha nepBOHaqaJlhHOM ypOBHe. Bo06Il{e roBOpH, npH 60J1hlllHX TOpM03HhIX
TOKaX B03MO>KHO a>Ke H HeKOTOpOe npeBhnneHHe HanpH>KeHHeM
reHepaTOpa CBOerO HOMHHaJlhHOrO 3HaqeHHH, OHaKO OHO 6yeT HH-
>Ke na,n:eHHH HanpH)KeHHH B CHJlOBOH L{enH, T. e. HH>Ke 10%, qTO
OnYCTHMO.
 8-10. CHcTeMa 3neKTpOM8WHHHoro ynpaBneHHR
rpynnoBblM npHBoAoM pafiO'lHX BanKOB peBepcHBHblX
CTaHOB
Ha npaKTHKe npHMeHHIOTCH pa3J1HqHhIe BapHaHThI CHCTeM 9neKTpo-
MalllHHHoro ynpaBJleHHH peBepCHBHhlMIi CTaHaMIi.
O,n:Ha II3 TaKIiX cxeM npe,n:CTaBJleHa Ha pHC. 8-33 II 8-34 (peJleHHO-
KOHTaKTopHaH qaCTh cxeMhI).
B CIiCTeMe B036Y)K,n:eHIIH reHepaTopoB npliMeHeH 9neKTpoMaurnHHhIH
YCIIJlIITeJlh YF B KaqeCTBe no,n:.B036y,n:IITeJlH. YCIIJlIITeJlh YF IIMeeT
qeThlpe 06MOTKII; 3a,n:aIOIl{YIO II B TO >Ke BpeMH 06MOTKY OTpHL{aTeJlhHOH
06paTHOH CBH3H no HanpH>KeHHIO reHepaTopOB YF30, 06MOTKY HanpaB-
JleHHH YFH, 06MOTKY rH6KOH 06paTHOH CBH3H YFF II TOKOBYIO 06-
MOTKY Y FT.
3a,n:aIOlL{aH 06MoTKa H 06MoTKa 06paTHoH CBH3H YF30 B YCTaHo-
BHBllleMCH pe)KHMe nOJlyqaIOT nHTaHlIe OT pa3HocTH HanpH)KeHIIH: Ha-
npH>KeHHH, CHHMaeMoro C nJleqa nOTeHL{HOMeTpa MarHHTHoro YCH-
JlHTeJlH YH, H HanpH)KeHHH, CHHMaeMoro C nJleqa nOTeHL{HOMeTpa re-
HepaTopoB.
B KaqeCTBe HCTOqHIIKa 9TaJlOHHOrO HanpH>KeHHH npHMeHHeTcH
MarHHTHhlH YClIJIHTeJlh YH, HMeIOlL{HH Be OOMOTKH: 3a,n:aIOlL{YIO 06MOTKY
YH3 H 06MOTKY CMeru:eHHH YHC. C nOMOlL{hIO 06MOTKII CMelL{eHHH YCTa-
HaBJIHBaeTCH nOTpe6HaH BenHqHHa HanpH)KeHHH cpaBHeHHH Ha nepBoM
nOJIO>KeHHH KOMaH,n:oKoHTpOJlJlepa K-K. B L{enH 3a,n:aIOlL{eH 06MOTKH
BKJlIOqeHhI cTyneHH COnpOTHBJleHHH, ynpaBJlHeMhle KOHTaKTaMH KOH-
TaKTopoB YCKopeHHH lY, 2Y, BY. He06xo,n:HMaH BeJlHqHHa HanpH)Ke-
HHH cpaBHeHHH Ha BTOpOM, TpeTheM H qeTBepToM nOnO)KeHHHX K-K
onpe,AeJiHeTCH COBMeCTHhlM ,n:eHcTBHeM 06MOTKH CMelL{eHHH H 3a,n:aIOlL{eH
06MOTKH (CM. pHC. 8-33). Ha pHC. 8-35 II306pa)KeHa xapaKTepHcTHKa
YCIIJlIITeJlH YH C YKa3aHHeM pa60qIIX TOqeK, COOTBeTCTBYIOlL{HX pa3-
JlHqHhlM nOnO>KeHHHM K-K. B nepexo,n:HhIX pe)KHMaX L{enh 06MOTKII
06paTHoH CBH3H no HanpH>KeHIIIO reHepaTOpoB pa30MKHYTa. DpH nepe-
CTaHOBKe K-K H3 pa60qero nOnO)KeHIIH 60J1hllleH CKOpOCTH B pa60Qee
nOnO>KeHHe MeHhllleH CKOpOCTH HanpH)KeHHe cpaBHeHHH YMeHhlllaeTCH
CKaqKOM, a HanpmKeHHe reHepaTopoB - BO BpeMeHH, n03TOMY pa3-
HOCTh HanpH>KeHIIH (Yolle -llcp), noaBaeMaH Ha 06MOTKY YF30.
220

I
I
l' oBBr,
U r
IY

i ---n 
I CT2
BILJ
Y 5Y
-t
U.ail
PHC. 8-33. CxeMa 3J1eKTpOMalIIlIHHoro ynpaBJleHlIH rpyn-
nOBb!M npHBOJ\OM paOO'lliX BaJlKOB peBepCHBHoro CTaHa
a

pe3KO B03paCTaSI, MOJKeT BbI3BaTb B HeM 60JIblllHe TOKH. .lI.JISI OrpaHHtIe-
HHSI 9THX TOKOB o6MoTKa J1r30 lllYHTHPYeTCSI BeHTHJISIMH B3 H B4.
06MoTKa J1 r H nOp;KJIlOqaeTCSI Ha HeH3MeHHoe HanpSIJKeHHe, H
ee HC B 8-10 pa3 60JIblllee Toro, qTO Tpe6yeTCSI B YCTaHoBHBllleMcSI
pe>KHMe, ecJIH 6bI OTCYTcTBOBaJIa oTpHuaTeJIbHaSI o6paTHaSI CBSI3b no
HanpSIJKeHHlO. Eha nOBbIllleHHaSI HC H onpep;eJISIeT <pOpCHPOBKY npo-
necca B036YJKp;eHHSI reHepaTopoB.
06MoTKa J1 r r, nOp;KJIlOtIaeMaSI K BbIXOP;Y p;HHaMHtIeCKOrO MOCTa
CHCTeMbI B036YJKJ(eHHSI reHepaTOpa, npep;Ha3HatIeHa P;JISI nOJIyqeHHSI
06paTHoM CBSI3H no npoH3-
BOP;HOM 9. p;. C. reHepaTOpa.
BTopaSI rH6KaSI 06paTHaSI
CBSI3b - no npoH3BoP;HOH
HanpSIJKeHHSI YCHnHTeJISI-
BbInOJIHSIeTCSI C nOMoblO
cTa6RnH3HpYlOero TpaHc-
<popMaTOpa TC 1. B p;aHHOM
cJIYtIae ueJI eco06pa3Hee 6bIJIO
6bI npHMeHHTb o6paTH}'lO
CBSI3b no npOH3BOP;HOH 9. Ji.. c.
+
KH
NH
f(OH.71. .10/LIl1mb/
554321 012 H5
I I: J III
: I : I I : .i : I II I
/(11 I: I I I l(B I 1 I I I
I I I I I: :  i
, ' I I , ,((/(0. ,
, "
I : II I I  I I
I I I I : 1/(/(11: :
'T.f.. : I '
I I II I I
.: I: I: I ::
1 11 ,1, I I.
: : :  : :J(k2: :
.,., I I  T
:::: I :/(KJ: : i I I
T" 1. I I I I . iT
I::: : :/(K4: :: I I
,
f I: I I : I I t '1'.
I I I I I: : I I :  : :
:: :11: : ::::::
'1,'I'KK5.,""1
II ,'"  .f'tl l
: : : : : :ff,rO:  : : : :
.....L 
18
I,
I,
"
:'
II
18
, PH L. 58
. fH  5H
.
5H
58 5H
PHC. 8-34. PeJlellHO-KoHTaKTopuaR qaCTb cxe-
MbI pliC. 8-33.
u""

PHC. 8-35. XapaKTepHcTHKa YCH-
JlHTeJlR YH (cxeMa pHC. 8-33)
B036yp;HTeJISI Br, HCnOJIb3YSI npH 9TOM p;HHaMHtIeCKHH MOCT B uenH
B036YJKP;eHHSI B036yp;HTeJISI.
3JIeKTpOMalllHHHbIH YCHJIHTeJIb J1 jJ, HMeeT qeThlpe 06MOTKH: 3ap;alO-
YlO H B TO JKe BpeMSI 06MOTKY OTpHlI,areJIbHOH 06paTHOH CBSI3H no TOKy
B036ymp;eHHSI J1 jJ,30, 06MOTKY He3aBHCHMoro nHTaHHSI J1 jJ,H; 06MOTKY
fH6KOM 06paTHOH CBSI3H J1 jJ,r H TOKOBYlO 06MOTKY J1 jJ,T. 3ap;alOaSI
06MOTKa J1 jJ,30 nOJJ;KnlOtIaeTCSI Ha pa3HOCTb HanpSIJKeHHM: 3aJ(alOero
HanpSIJKeHHSI UsalJ. H naJ(eHHSI HanpSIJKeHHSI Ha JJ;onOJIHHTeJIbHOM conpo-
THBJIeHHH B lI,enH 06MOTKH B036YJKP;eHIISI J(Bl1raTeJISI Us)!,, Q6MoTKa
222

mOKOH OOpaTHOrl CBSI31I J1 IJ,r nOJIYtIaeT nHTaHHe OT HecoaJIaHCHpOBaH-
HOrO )1.HHaMHtIecKoro MOCTa, OJIarO)1.apSI tIeMY ."nOH OOMOTKOM C03)1.aeTCSI
rHOKaSI OOpaTHaSI CBSI3b H 2KecTKaSI nOJI02KHTenbHaSI OOpaTHaSI CBSI3b
no TOKY B03'OY}K)J.eHHSI. BTOpaSI mOKaSI oopaTHaSI CBSI3b BbInOJIHSIeTCSI
C nOMOrn;blO CTa:OHJIH3HpYlOrn;ero TpaHccpopMaTOpa CT2, nO)1.KnlOtIeH-
Hora nepBHtIHOM OOMOTKOH K HanpSI2KeHHlO YCHnHTenSI J111.. VI B )1.aH-
HOM CJIYtIae lI,eJIecooopa3Hee npHMeHHTb oopaTHYIO CBSI3b no npOH3BO,D.-
HOM 9. )1.. C. B030Y)1.HTeJISI ')1.BHraTeJISI Bll., HCnOJIb3YSI )1.HHaMHtIecKHH
MOCT B lI,eTIH B030Y2K)1.eHHSI B030Y)1.HTeJISI.
Pa3rOH ,D.BHraTeJISI ,D.O OCHOBHOH CKOpO-
C T H. IlpH nepeBO,D.e K-K H3 HYJIeBOrO nOJI02KeHHSI B tIeTBepToe, Ha-
npHMep B HanpaBJIeHHH «Bn, epe,D.» BKnlOqalOTCSI peBepCHBHble KOH-
TaKTopbI IB, 2B, KOHTaIITOpbl YCKopeHHSI 1J1, 2J1, 3J1, a 3aTeM KOH-
TaKTOp TOpM02KeHHSI BB (pHC. 8-34). B peaYJIbTaTe 9Toro nO,D.KJIlO-
qalOTCSI Ha HanpSI2KeHHe ceTH oOMoTKa HanpaBJIeHHSI J1rH YCHJIHTenSI
J1r H 3a,D.alOrn;aSI OOMOTKa J1H3 YCHJIHTeJISI J1H. OOMoTKa OTpHlI,aTeJIb-
HOM OOpaTHOH CBSI3H J1 r30 oJIaro.a.apSI H3 KOHTaKTY, B B B lI,enH KOH-
Typa caMorallIeHHSI, pa30MKHYBllIeMYcSI npH 9TOM, OTCOe,D.HHeHa OT no-
TeHlI,HOMeTpa reHepaTopoB. Enaro)1.apSI BeHTHJIlO Bl TOK B oOMOTKe
J1r30 0Y,D.e'r paBeH HynlO,D.O Tex nop, nOKa U cp > 'YoUe' TaKHM oopa-
30M, B npOll,ecce B030Y2K,D.eHHSI reHepaTOpOB _)1.0 3aXBaTa MeTaJIna Ban-
KaMH lI,enb oopaTHOH CBSI3H no HanpSI2KeHHlO reHepaTOpOB pa30MKHYTa
H nepexO,D.HblH npOll,eCC onpe)1.eJISIeTCR )1.eHCTBHeM HC OOMOTKH HanpaB-
JIeHHSI J1rH H )1.eHCTBHeM mOKHX oopaTHbIX CBSI3eH. [HOKHe oopaTHble
CBSI3H, KaK Y2Ke YKa3bIBaJIOCb paHee, npe)J.Ha3HatIalOTCSI )1.JISI YBeJIH-
T'
tIeHHSI COOTHOllIeHHR 9KBHBaJIeHTHbIX nOCTOSIHHbIX T H YMeHbllIeHHR
s
]'.
COOTHOllIeHHSI nOCTORHHbIX /. ' tITO n03BOJISIeT npH 3a)1.aHHOM MaKCH-
B
MYMe TOKa SIKOpSI )1.BHraTenSI nOBbICHTb cpOpCHPOBKY, T. e. YBenHtIHTb
TOK H HC OOMOTKH J1 r H H TaKHM oopa30M CHH3HTb BpeMSI nepeXO)1.Horo
npOll,ecca.
OiCetIKa cpOpCHpOBKH npOll,eCca B030Y2K)1.eHHSI reHepaTopOB HatIH-
HaeTCR C BKJIlOtIeHHeM OTpHlI,aTeJIbHO oopaTHOH CBSI3H no HanpSI2Ke-
HHlO, T. e. KOr)1.a na)1.eHHe HanpSI2KeHHR, CHHMaeMoe C nOTeHlI,HOMeTpa
reHepaTopOB, CTaHeT paBHbIM HanpR2KeHHlO cpaBHeHHSI Ucp- B 9TOM
CJIytIae, eCJIH pa3rOH )1.BHraTeJISI npOHCXO)1.HT B HanpaBJIeHHH «Bnepe.ZI.»,
TOK OY,D.eT npOTeKaTb OT + nOTeHlI,HOMeTpa reHepaTOpOB qepe3 BeH-
THJIb B1, tIepea nJIetIO nOTeHlI,HOMeTpa YCHJIHTeJISI J1H, tIepe3 3aKpbITbIH
KOHTaKT 2B H OOMOTKY J1r30. B YCTaHOBHBllIeMCR pe2KHMe 3HatIeHHR
9. )1.. C. renepaTopOB H CKOpOCTH Bparn;eHHSI ,D.BHraTeJISI onpe)1.eJISIlOTCSI
pa3HOCTblO HC OOMOTOK J1rH H J1r30.
Pa3roH )1.BHraTeJIR )1.0 nOBllIeHHOM CKO-
p 0 C T H HatIHHaeTCR C nepeBO)1.0M K-K H3 HYJIeBOrO nOJI02KeHHSI B llIe-
CToe (nIToe). IlpH 9TOM pa3rOH ,)1.0 OCHOBHOM CKOpOCTH npOHCXO)1.HT
npH nOJIHOM nOJIe )J.BHraTeJIR. OCJIaOJIeHHlO nOJIR )J.BHraTeJISI B 9TOM
223

cnyqae npensncTByeT H3 KOHTaKT pene HanpsuKeHlul PH B LleIIl-i, IlIYH-
TllpYIOllJ.eH KOHTaKT KK5 KOMaH)1.oKoHTpOJIJIepa, pa30MKHYTblH B nSITOM
H IlIeCTOM nOJIO}KeHHSIX K-K. Kor)1.a HanpSI}KeHHe reHeparopoB )1.0CTHr-
HeT 3HaqeHHSI npHMepHo 0,8 HOMHHanbHoro, peJIe HanpSI}KeHHSI PH
cpaoaTbIBaeT, ero H3 KOHTaKT pa3MblKaeTcSI H KaTYIlIKa KOHTaKTopa
4Y, a BCJIe)1. 3a HeH KaTYIlIKa KOHTaKropa 5Y TepSIIOT HanpSI}KeHHe
(pHC. 8-34); HO KOHTaKTbl 4Y H 5Y pa3MbIKalOTcSI H BKnlOqalOT co-
npOTHBJIeHHSI B JIeBOe nneqo 3a)1.alOllJ.erO nOTeHlI,HoMeTpa B LlenH B03-
6Y}K)1.eHHSI )1.BHraTenSI; TOK nOTeHLlHoMeTpa YMeHbIlIaeTcSI, H CHH}KaeTCSI
3a)1.alOw.ee HanpSI}KeHHe U 3a )l,' TIpH nOM B03HHKaeT OOJIbIlIaSI pa3HOCTb
HanpSI}KeHHH UBlJ. - U 33)1,' KOTopaSI BbI3bIBaeT OOJIbIlIHe 3HaqeHHSI
roKa pa3MarHHqHBalOllJ.eH OOMOTKH Y 11.30, OrpaHHqHBaeMble BeHTH-
JIeM B13, IlIYHTHpYIOW.HM ::ny OOMOTKY; 3JIeKTpOMaIlIHHHblH yCHJIHTenb
Yll. nepeMarHHqHBaeTCSI, HHTeHCHBHO Cna)1.aeT TOK B030YLK)1.eHHSI B03-
oY)1.HTeJISI H cpOpcHpoBaHHo npOTeKaeT npOLlecc CHH}KeHHSI TOKa B030YLK-
)1.eHHSI )1.BHraTeJISI.
EcnH npH pa3rOHe BbIIlIe OCHOBHOH CKOpOCTH TOK )1.BHraTenSI npeBbl-
CHT YCTaBKY perynSITopa roKa )1.nSI )1.aHHOro pe2KHMa, BKnlOqaeTCSI
TOKOBaSI OOMOTKa Y Il.T, KOTopaSI oY)1.eT )1.eHCTBOBaTb B CropOHY CHH}Ke-
HHSI HHTeHCHBHOCTH OCJIaOJIeHHSI nOJISI )1.BHraTeJISI.
TopMoLKeHHe )1.BHraTenSI C OCHOBHOH CKO-
po C T H. TOpMO}KeHHe )1.BHraTeJISI HaqHHaeTCSI C nepeBO)1.0M K-K H3
paooqero nOnO}KeHHSI (HanpHMep «Bnepe)1.») B HYJIeBoe. B 3TOM cnyqae
OTKJIlOqalOTCSI peBepCHBHbIe KOHTaKropbI 1 B, 2B H KOHTaKTbl yCKope-
HHSI lY, 2Y, 3Y. ll.enb KaTYIlIKH KOHTaKTopa EB OCTaeTCSI nO)1.KJIIO-
qeHHOH Ha HanpSILKeHHe ceTH qepe3 HO KOHTaKT peJIe PH, 3aMKHYTbIH
npH HanpSILKeHHH reHeparopoB, OOnbIlIeM (0,1-0,15)U H . 4epe3 KOH-
TaKTbI EB H KK-O nO)1.KnlOqaeTCSI Ha HanpSI}KeHHe ceTH KaTYIlIKa KOH-
TaKropa IH (pHC. 8-34), BCJIe)1.CTBHe qero Ha OOMOTKY HanpaBJIeHHSI
Y r H nO)1.aeTCSI HanpSI}KeHHe npOTHBOnOJIO}KHOH nOJI SIp HOCTH , qeM
oOeCneqHBaeTCSI ropMO}KeHHe JI.BHraTeJISI B pe}KHMe peBepca (pHC. 8-33).
ll.enb OOMOTKH OOpaTHOH CBSI3H yr30 B pe2KHMe ropMoLKeHHSI pa30MK-
HYTa, TaK KaK KOHTaKTbl 2B H 2H, npHCOe)1.HHSIIOllJ.He 3TY OOMOTKY K no-
TeHlI.HOMeTpy cpaBHeHHSI, pa30MKHYTbI (KoHTaKT EH B lI.enH KaTYIlIKH
KOHTaKTopa 2H pa30MKHYT). rIO)1. BnH5IHHeM OTpHlI.aTeJIbHOH 3. )1.. C.
YCHJIHTeJISI Y r npOHCXO)1.HT cpOpCHpOBaHHoe YMeHbIlIeHHe TOKa B03-
OY}K)1.eHHSI B030Y)1.HTeJISI, ero nepeMarHHqHBaHHe H cpOpCHpOBaI-IHOe
CHH}KeHHe TOKa B030Y}K)J,eHHSI reHeparopa. Kor)1.a HanpSI}KeHHe reHepa-
TOpOB CHH3HTCSI )1.0 3HaqeHHSI npHMepHO 10-15% OT HOMHHaJIbHOrO,
pe.ne PH Oma)1.aeT H KaTyrnKH KOHTaKTopOB EH H IH ooecroqHBalOTCSI,
peLKHM TOpMO}KeHHSI peBepCOM npeKpaw.aeTCSI H HaqHHaeTCSI raIlIeHHe
nOJISI reHeparopa 3a CqeT )1.eHCTBHSI OOMOTKH yr30, nO)1.KnlOqeHHOH
H3 KOHTaKTOM EB Ha HanpSI}KeHHe reHeparopa. rIpH OOJIbIlIHX TOp-
M03HblX TOKax roK lI.enH oopaTHoH CBSI3H npoH)1.eT qepe3 Cpe)1.HIOIO
TOqKY nOTeHLlHOMeTpa cpaBHeHHSI (TOqKa a), KOHTaKT EB, BeHTHnb B7
H OOMOTKY YrT. .lI.eHcTBHe TOKOBOH OOMOTKH HanpaBJIeHO B CropOHY
CHH}KeHHSI HHTeHCHBHOCTH npoll.ecca ropMO}KeHHSI.
224

TopMO}j{eHlie ).{BliraTeJlfI C nOBblfiIeHHOH
c K 0 P O,C T li. ITpli nepeCTaHOBKe l(-l( li3 IlIeCTOrO nOJIO}j{eHlISI B HY-
JIeBOe 3aMbIKaIOTC5! KOHTaKTbl KK-5, KK-6 li KK-O KOMaHp;OKOHTPOJI-
JIepa, nOp;aeTC51 Hanp5!}j{eHlie Ha KaTyruKli KOHTaKTOpOB 4J1, 5J1, KOH-
TaKTbl 4J1, 5J1 B lI.enli 3ap;alOIlI.erO nOTeHlI.liOMeTpa 3aMbIKaIOTC5!, li
Sap;alOIlI.ee Hanp5!}j{eHlie U 3a J1. B03paCTaeT eKatIKOM. Hanp5!}j{eHlie U 3a
CTaHOBHTC5! OOJIbIlIe V BIJ.' H TOK OOMOTKH J1 Jl.30 pe3KO CHH}j{aeTC5! P;
HYJI5!, TaK KaK B uenH OOMOTKH HaXOp;liTC5! BeHTlinb B14. 3. p;. C. YCH-
JIHTeJI5! J1 Jl. nop; B03p;eHcTBHeM HC 06MOTKH J1 Jl.H B03pacTaeT p;o MaK-
cHManbHoro 3HatIeHH5!, TOK B036Y}j{P;eHH5! B030yp;HTeJIfI, ero 9. p;. c.
H TOK B036Y}j{P;eHH51 p;BHraTeJI5! <pOpCHpoBaHHo YBeJIHtIHBaIOTC5!. YBe-
JlHtIHBaeTC5! TaK}j{e H nap;eHHe Hanp5!}j{eHH5! UBIJ. Ha p;onOJIHHTenbHOM
cOnpOTHBJIeHHH B uenH B036Y}j{p;eHH5! p;BHraTeJIfI. C MOMeHTa BpeMeHH,
Korp;a UBIJ. CTaHeT paBHblM U 3a IJ.' BCTynaeT B p;eHcTBHe 06MoTKa 06paTHoH
CB5!3H J1 Jl.30, KOTOpa5! npoH3BoP;HT OTCetIKY <pOpCHpOBKH npouecca
YCHJIeHH5! non5!.
ECJIH TOK p;BHraTeJI5! npH TopMo}j{eHHH npeBblcHT 3ap;aHHoe npep;eJIb-
HOe 3HatIeHHe, TO BCTynaeT B p;eHCTBHe TOKOBa5! 06MOTKa YCHJIHTeJI5!
reHepaTOpa J1Fr, KOTOpa5! p;eHcTByeT B CTOPOHY CHH}j{eHH5! HHTeHCHB-
JIOCTH cnap;a Hanp5!}j{eHH51 reHepaTopOB.
ITpoll.ecc TopMO}j{eHH5! C OCHOBHOH CKOpOCTH npOTeKaeT aWiJIOrHtIHO
onHcaHHOMY BblIlIe.
PeBepc C nOBWIlIeHHOH CKOpOCTH Ha no-
B bI III e H, H Y 10. ITpH nepeBop;e l(-l( H3 Q)J.Horo KpaHHero nOJIO}j{eHH5!
(c HanpaBneHH5! «Bnepep;») B p;pyroe KpaHHee nOJIO}j{eHHe HC 3ap;alOIlI.eH
OOMOTKH J1F30 YCHJIHTeJI5! J1F MeH5!eT CBoe HanpaBJIeHHe, npH 9TOM
MeH5!eTC5! nOn5!pHOCTb Hanp5!}j{eHH5! YCHJIHTen5! J1 F, Bbl3bIBa5! 9THM
nepeMarHHtIHBaHHe B036yp;HTeJI5! H 3aTeM reHepaTOpOB. ITpOll.eCC pe-
BepCHpOBaHHSl npOTeKaeT npH OTKJll{}tIeHHOH 06MOTKe J1F30. OP;HO-
BpeMeHHO nOp;aeTC51 B03p;eHCTBHe Ha YCHneHHe nOJI5! p;BHraTeJI5! H Ha
CHH}j{eHHe Hanp5!}j{eHH5! reHepaTOpOB.
Op;HOBpeMeHHoe B03p;eHCTBHe Ha YCHneHHe nOTOKa .I!.BHraTeJI5! H
CHH}j{eHHe nOTOKa reHepaTopOB BbI3bIBaeT OOJIbIlIOH TOK B CflJIOBOH
lI.enH, n09TOMY BCTynaeT B p;eHCTBHe TOKOBa5! 06MOTKa J1FT, KOTopa5!
3ap;ep>KHBaeT cna)1.eHHe 9. )1.. c reHepaTopOB, OrpaHHtIHBa5! BeJlHqHHY
TOpM03Horo TOKa. TOKOBa5! 06MOTKa YJl.T B 9TOM CJIYtIae He pa60TaeT,
TaK KaK YCTaBOtIHOe 3HatIeHHe TOKa )1.n5! Hee BblIlIe, qeM )1.n5! TOKOBOH
OOMOTKH YFT.
rIpOll.ecc CHH>KeHH5! Hanp5!>KeHH5! reHepaTOpOB C nOMOIll.blO TOKOBOH
06MOTKH J1FT oyp;eT 3a)1.ep>KHBaTbC5! P;O Tex nop, nOKa nOTOK )1.BHra-
TeJI5! He npH6JIH3HTC5! K HOMHHaJIbHOMY 3HatIeHHIO. rIocne 9Toro Hanp5!-
JKeHHe reHepaTopOB HatIHeT CHH>KaTbC5! )1.0 HYJI51, a 3aTeM B03paCTaTb
npH 06paTHOH nOJI5!pHOCTH. l(or)1.a Hanp5!>KeHHe reHepaTopOB .lI.0-
CTHrHeT 3HatIeHH5! npHMepHO O,8U H , BKJIlOtIaeTC5! peJIe PH, KOTOpoe
)1.aCT pa3peIlIeHHe Ha OTKnlOQeHHe KOHTaKTopoB 4J1 H 5J1, B pe-
3YJIbTaTe tIeIfo pa3roH )1.BHraTeJI5! 6Y)1.eT npO)1.OJI>KaTbC5! 3a CtIeT oCJlao-
J1eHH5! ero nOJl5!.
8 B, n. EblqKOB
225

i 8-11. HHAHBHAyanbHbdi npHBoA paIiO'lHX BanKOB
peBepcHBHX CTaHOB
npH HHAHBHAyaJIbHOM,npHBOAe Ka>KAblH pa60 I lHH BanOK npHBOll H TCSI
BO BpaII.(eHHe OTAeJ1bHbIM ABHraTeJIeM (pHC. 8-36).
K npeHMyw.eCTBaM HHllHBHAyaJlbHOrO npHBoAa pa60 I lHx BanKOB
cne)O'eT OTHeCTH:
1) B03MO>KHOCTb YBeJIHIJeHHSI MOW.HOCTH npHBoAa pa60IJHX BanKOB;
2) YMeHbIlIeHHe CYMMapHoro MaXOBoro MOMeHTa npHBo.n;a;
3) OTCYTCTBHe He06xoAHMOCTH B TOIJHOM nOA60pe AHaMeTpoB pa60-
IJHX BaJlKOB;
PHC. 8-36. fJlaBHaH JlIIHIIR 6J1IOMIIHra 1150 Y3TM C HH.!(HBH.!(yaJlhHblM nplIBo.!(oM
pa60'lHx BaJlKOB
4) OTCYTcTBHe llIecTepeHHoH KJIeTH, B pe3YJIbTaTe IJerO/HCKJIIOIJaIOTCSI
nOTepIPMow.HOCTH B HeM, paBHble npHMepHO 5% OT nOJIHOM MOW.HOCTH
npHBo.n;a.
. nepBoe H BTopoe npeHMyw.ecTBa npHBOASIT K YBeJIHIJeHHIO .n;onYCTH-
MblX YCKopeHHM H 3aMeAJIeHHM, K YBeJ1HqeHHIO 06>KaTHM, K POCTY cpek
HeM CKOpOCTH npOKaTKH H, cne1l0BaTeJ1bRO, K nOBbIllleHHIO npOH3BOAH-
TenbHOCTH npOKaTHoro CTaHa.
npH npOKaTKe MeTaJIJIa B peBepCHBHbIX CTaHax HepeAKO B03HH-
KalOT H3fH6bI MeTaJIJIa, KOTopble HapYllialOT HOpMaJIbHYIO pa60TY CTaHa,
CHH>KaIOT TeMn npOKaTKH. HaH60JIee HeOJ1arOnpHSITHbIM SlBJISIeTCR H3-
rHO MeTaJIJla BHH3, npH KOTOpOM B03MO>KHa nOJIOMKa pa60IJero POJIb-
raHra. B rpynnoBoM npHBoAe CKOpOCTH paOOIJHX BanKOB BcerAa Haxo-
p'RTCSI B CTporo onpeAeJ1eHHOM COOTHOllleHHH. ECJIH npH STOM AHaMeTpbl
pa60IJHX BaJIKOB nOAoopaHbI HeTOIJHO, TO OKpy>KHble CKOpOCTH BaJIKOB
OYAYT pa3nHIJHbI, B _CBSl3H C IJeM HeH30e>KeH H3rHO MeTaJIJIa. 3roT HeAo-
CTaTOK YCTpaHSleTCSI npH HHp'HBH,«yaJIbHOM npHBOAe, KOfJa COOTHOllIe-
226

He CKOpOCTeH pa60 t IHX BaJIKOB MOmHO MeHHTb B COOTBeTCTBHH C H3-
:MeHeHHeM COOTHOllleHHH HX HaMeTpOB.
f OHaKO H3rM6 MeTanJIa B03MOmeH H npH HHHBH)];yaJIbHOM npHBOe
saJi'KoB 3a CtJeT pa3nHtJHH TeMnepaTypbI BepXHeH H HHmHeH CTOpOH
t\{eTaJIJIa, HeoHHaKoBbIX CKOpOCTeH Bpani;eHHH pa60qHX BaJIKOB, pa3-
'HOH BeJIHqHHbI yapHorO nepenaa CKOpOCTH, pa3HOrO YPOBHH HHm-
Hero pa6otJero BanKa no OTHOllleHHlO K pa60tJeMY pOJIbraHry. fIpH pa3-
Hof% TeMnepaType BepxHeH H HHmHeH CrupOH MeTaJIJIa HMeeTCH cTpeM-
neHHe K H3rM6y B CTOPOHY MeHee HarpeTOH nOBepXHOCTH. ,lJ,JIH YCTpa-
HeHHH H3rM6a no 3TOH npHtJHHe Heot5XOHM 60nee paBHoMepHbIH HarpeB
MeTanna. DpH pa3HoH CKOpOCTH Bpam.eHHH pa60tJHx BaJIKOB H3rM6
MeTaJIna npOHcxoHT B CTOPOHY BaJIKa C MeHbllleH CKOpOCTblO Bpam.e-
HHSI. EOJIblllOe 3HaqeHHe HMeeT yapHblH nepena CKOpOCTH. TaK,
,HanpHMep, npH yap-HOM npHJIOmeHHH HarpY3KH B MOMeHT 3aXBaTa
MeTanJIa BanKaMH MomeT oKa3aTbcH, qTO CKOpOCTb HHmHero BaJIKa
ynaeT 3HatJHTenbHO 60JIbllle, tJeM BepxHero. B 3TOM cJIytJae npoH30H--
AeT H3rH6 MeTaJIJIa BHH3 H B03HHKHeT onaCHOCTb nOJIOMKH pa6otJero
pOJIbraHra. rIpH HH3KOH YCTaHoBKe HHmHero pa6oqero BaJIKa yroJI
saXBaTa BepxHero BanKa 60JIbllle yrJIa 3aXBaTa HHmHero, B CBH3H
C 3THM BepxHHH BanOK 60nee 3arpymeH, tJeM HHmHHH. fIpH BbICOKOH
YCTaHoBKe HHmHero BaJIKa 3TOT BanOK HMeeT YBeJIHtJeHHblf% yron 3ax-
BaTa H 60JIblllYlO HarpY3KY. CaM. no ce6e yroJI 3aXBaTa He OKa3bIBaeT
60JIblllOrO BJIHHHHH Ha H3rM6 MeTanna, OHaKO npH HepaBHbIX yrJIax
3aXBaTa BaJIKOB HarpY3Ka Memy BHraTenHMH pacnpeeJIHeTCH HepaB-
HOMepHO. ECJIH BHraTenb C 60JIbllleH HarpY3KOH CHH3HT CKOpOCTb, TO
MeTanJI CTaHeT H3m6aThCH B CTOPOHY 3TOro BaJIKa.
,lJ,nSl YCTpaHeHHH H3fH6a MeTaJIna cne,l\yeT nOMepmHBaTb Tpe6ye..
Moe COOTHOllleHHe CKopOCTeH BaJIKOB HJIH, qTO r50JIee 3<IxPeKTHBHO npH
HaJIHqHH MeTaJIJIa B BanKax, ot5ecneqHBaTb paBHOMepHoe pacnpe,l\eJIe-
HHe HarpY3KH Memy .l{BHraTeJIHMH. rIoMepmaHH Tpe6yeMoro COOT-
HOllleHHH CKopOCTeH BamHO npH OTCYTCTBHH MeTaJIJIa B BanKax, Kora
z(BHraTeJIH He CBH3aHbl Memy C0t50H qepe3 MeTaJIn, T. e. B MOMeHT
9aXBaTa MeTanna BaJIKaMH. B 3TOM CJIytIae n.eJIecoo6pa3HO JIH nOJIY-
tIeHHH He6oJIblllOrO H3rM6a MeTaJIJIa BBepx, cnoc06CTBYIOm.ero JIYtIllleMY
npOXomeHHIO MeTanna no pOJIbraHry, tJTo6bI CKOpOCTb HHmHero BaJIKa
t5bwa HeCKOJIbKO BbIllle CKOpOCTH BepxHeto. Kora me MeTaJIn BTSlHYT
aaJIKaMH, HaH60JIblllee 3HaqeHHe .ZI.JIH pa60TbI npHBoa HMeeT He nOk
AepmaHHe Tpe6yeMoro COOTHOllleHHSI CKopOCTeH, a ypaBHHBaHHe Har-
PY3KH Mem.AY BHraTenHMH.
B cym.eCTBYIOm.HX., CHCTeMax ynpaBJIeHHH HHHBH,l\yanbHblM npHBo-
AOM pa60tJHx BanKOB ypaBHHBaHHe HarpY3KH BHraTeJIeH HBJIHeTCH
OCHOBHbIM, a YCTaHOBJIeHHe 3aaHHoro COOTHOllleHHH CKopocTeH BaJI-
KOB - BcnOMOraTeJIbHbIM. ,
HHHBHyaJIbHbIH npHBo pa60tJHx BanKOB 60JIee CJIOmeH, tJeM
rpynnoBof%, HMeeT 60JIblllOe KOJIHtIeCTBO 3JIeKTpHtJecKHx MalllHH, pa3-
Melll.eHHe KOTOpblX B MaUlHHHOM 3aJIe CBSl3aHO co 3HatJHTeJIbHbIMH TpYk
HOCTSlMH, H Bce me HHJlHBHAyaJIbHbIf% npHBOA HMeeT PHA npeHMym.eCTB
 W

no cpaBHeHHIO C rpynnoBbIM. OH npHMeH5!eTC5! J{n5! MOllJ.HbIX COBpeMeH-
HblX onlOMHHrOB H Cn5!OHHrOB BbICOKOH npoH3BoJ{HTenbHocTH (3,5-
6 MJIH. m B rOJ{) C J{HaMeTpOM BanKOB 1300, 1150, 1100 .MM. .lI.n5! OJIIO-
MHHrOB 1000 .M.M B03l\l0>KeH KaK HHJ{HBHJ{yanbHbIH, TaK H rpynnoBoH
npHBOJ{. TIpH 9TOM J{JI5! rpynnoBoro npHBOJ{a LJ,eneCOOopa3HO HCnOJIb30-
BaHHe J{BYX5!KOpHOro J{BHraTeJI5!, HMelOllJ.erd MeHblllee 3HaqeHHe MO-
MeHTa HHepLJ,HH no cpaBHeHHIO C OJ{H05!KOpHbIM J{BHraTeneM Tex >Ke raoa-
pHTOB. Y 3arOTOBOqHbIX, peJIbc06aJIoqHblX onIOMHHrOB - 900 .MM H
HH>Ke npHMeH5!IOT rpynnoBoH npHBoJ{.
CxeMbi nHraHHR ABHrareneii pafiO'lHX BanKOB
npH HHAHBHAYanbHOM npHBOAe
nHTaHHe J{BHraTeJIeH BaJIKOB npH HHJ{HBHJ{yanhHoM npHBoJ{e B03-
MO>KHO OT OOm.HX HJIH OTJ{eJIbHbIX reHepaTOpOB. TIpH nHTaHHH J{BHra-
TeJIeH OT OOm.HX reHepaTopoB CHH>KaeTC5! paccornacoBaHHe CKopocTeH
paOOqHX BanKOB H oOnerQalOTC5! ycnOBH5! paBHoMepHoro pacnpeJ{eJIe-
HH5! HarpY3KH, cpaBHHTeJIhHO C nHTaHHeM 0'1' OTJ{eJIbHbIX reHepaTOpoB.
HeJ{ocTaTKoM cxeMbl nHTaHH5! OT OOm.HX reHepaTOpoB CJIe.n;yeT CQHTaTb
rpoM03J{KOCTb OOm.HX lllHH H OOJIblllHe TOKH KopoTKoro 3aMbIKaHH5!.
B CB5!3H C 3THM Ha COBpeMeHHblX CTaHax npHMeH5!eTC5! nHTaHHe J{BHra-
TeJIeH OT OTJ{enbHbIX reHepaTopoB.
YpaBHHrenbHble cxeMbl
PaBHoMepHoe pacnpeJ{eJIeHHe HarpY3KH Me>KJ{Y J{BHraTeJI5!MH npH
HHJ{HBHJ{yanbHoM npHBOJ{e paOOQHX BanKOB npoH3BoJ{HTC5! C nOMom.blO
ypaBHHTeJIbHbIX cxeM, ooecneQHBaIOm.I:iX Tpe6yeMoe COOTHOllleHHe CKO-
pOCTeH J{BHraTeJIeH. TIpH 3TOM OOJIee 3arpy:>keHHbIH J{BHraTeJIb YMeHb-
lllaeT CKOpOCTb Bpam.eHH5!, a MeHee 3arpY>KeHHblH - YBenHQHBaeT,
QeM H C03J{aeTC5! oOJIee paBHOMepHoe pacnpeJ{eJIeHHe HarpY3KH Me>KJ{Y
J{BHraTeJI5!MH.
Ha npaKTHKe HMeIOT npHMeHeHHe:
1) ypaBHHTeJIbHble CXeMbI C B03J{eHCTBHeM Ha,B03o}'JKJ{eHHe reHepa-
TOpOB;
2) ypaBHHTe.JIbHbIe cxeMbI C B03J{eHCTBHeM Ha B030Y>KJ{eHHe J{BHra-
TeJI eH.
YpaBHHTe.JIbHble cxeMbI C B03J{eHcTBHeM Ha B030Y>KJ{eHHe reHepa-
TOpOB npOH3BOJ{5!T BblpaBHHBaHHe HarpY30QHblX TOKOB H MOMeHTOB
.n;BHraTeJIeH, npH 3TOM MeH5!eTC5! COOTHOllleHHe Mom.HocTeH, OTJ{aBaeMbIX
J{BHraTeJI5!MH. YpaBHHTenbHble cxeMbI C B03J{eHcTBHeM Ha B030Y>KJ{eHHe
.n;BHraTeJIeH npOH3BOJ{5!T BblpaBHHBaHHe HarpY30QHbIX TOKOB H OTJ{aBae-
MbIX Mom.HocTeH, npH 3TOM MeH5!eTC5! COOTHOlllHHe MOMeHTOB J{BHra-
TeJIeH. CJIeJ{yeT OTMeTHTb, QTO ypaBHHTeJIbHble cxeMbl C B03J{eHcTBHeM
Ha B030Y>KJ{eHHe reHepaTOpa 5!Bn5!IOTC5! oOJIee OblcTpoJ{eHcTBYIOm.HMH,
, QeM cxeMbI C B03J{eHcTBHeM Ha B030YlliJ{eHHe J{BHraTeJI5!.
B ypaBHHTenbHbIX CXeMax HCnOJIb3yeTC5! Y3eJI perYJIHpOBaHH5! co-
OTHOllleHH5! CKopocTeH J{BHraTeneH, OCHOBHoe Ha3HaQeHHe KOToporo
CBOJ{HTC5! K TOMY, QTOObl B MOMeHT 3aXBaTa MeTaJIna BanKaMH (Kor.n;a
228

CBSI3b Me)!{));y ));BI-IraTeJ1SIMI-I IJepe3 MeTaJ1JI HeYCTOHIJI-IBa) I-ICKJIIOIJHTb
B03MO)!{HOCTb npeBbIIlleHI-ISI CKOpOCTI-I BepXl!ero BaJIKa OTHOCHTeJIbHO
CKOpOCTI-I HI-I>KHerO.
Ha pI-Ic. 8-37 npe));CTaBJIeHa ypaBHHTeJIbHaSI cxeMa C B03));eH:CTBHeM
Ha B030Y}K,l{eHI-Ie reHepaTOpoB. B :noH: cxeMe YCI-InI-ITeJIb YP BKnIOIJeH
B ));I-IarOHanb MOCTa, nneIJaMI-I KOToporo SIBnSIIOTCSI B030Y));I-ITeJII-I reHepa-
TOpOB Br 1, Br2 I-I OOMOTKI-I B030Y}K,l{eHI-ISI reHepaTOpoB OBr 1, OBr2.
YCI-InI-ITeJIb YP I-IMeeT TPI-I OOMOTKI-I; ));Be OOMOTKI-I ypaBHI-IBaHI-ISI Har-
PY3KH (YPH1, YPH2) I-I OOMOTKY perynI-IpOBaHI-ISI COOTHOilleHI-ISI CKOpO-
CTeH: YPC. OOMOTKI-I ypaBHI-IBaHI-ISI HarpY30K nO));KnIOIJaIOTCSI Ha ));0-
nOJIHI-ITenbHble nonIOCbl ));BI-IraTeJIeH:, I-I OHH ));eHcTBYIOT BCTpeIJHO ));pyr
_fer OBn
-I!fp
08Br 2,
 r
PHc.8-37. YpaBHHTeJlbHaH cxeMa c B03,neiic:rBHeM
Ha B03<5Y>K,neHHe reHepaTopoB
));pyry. Pe3ynbTI-IpYIOrn;aSI HC 3TI-IX OOMOTOK npI-I paBHbIX TOKax B u.enI-I
));BI-IraTeneH: paBHa HynIO. IlpI-I HaJII-IIJI-II-I paCCOrJIaCOBaHI-ISI B HarpY3Kax
));BI-IraTeJIeH: pa3HOCTb HC OOMOTOK BbI3bIBaeT nOSIBJIeHI-Ie HanpSI>KeHI-ISI
Ha SIKope YP TaKOH nOJISIpHOCTH, npI-I KOTOpOH: TOK OOMOTKI-I B030Y>K));e-
HI-ISI reHepaTOpa OOJIee 3arpY>KeHHOrO ));BI-IraTeJISI YMeHbillaeTC'SI, a TOK
B030Y>K));eHHSI reHepaTOpa MeHee 3arpY>KeHHOrO ));BI-IraTeJ1SI _ YBeJII-IIJI-I-
BaeTcSI, B pe3ynbTaTe IJero npoI-ICXO));I-IT BblpaBHI-IBaHI-Ie HarpY3KI-I. Ha
cxeMe (pI-Ic. 8-37) YKa3aHHaSI BBepxy nOJISIpHOCTb yCI-InHTeJISI YP on-
pe)];eJISIeTCSI ));eH:CTBI-IeM OOMOTOK ypaBHI-IBaHHSI HarpY30K H COOTBeT-
cTByeT cnYIJaIO, KOr));a )];BI-IraTeJIb IJ.2 oOJ1ee 3arpY>KeH, _ IJeM ));BHraTenb
11.1.
OOMoTKa perynI-IpOBaHI-ISI COOTHOilleHI-ISI cKOpOCTeH: ));BI-IraTeneH:,
nOJ1YIJaSI HanpSI)!{eHI-Ie OT TaxoreHepaTOpoB, nponOpLJ,I-IOHanbHoe pa3-
HOCTI-I CKopocTefi, B03));eH:CTByeT Ha B030Y>K));eHI-Ie reHepaTOpOB TaK,
IJTO I-I3MeHeHI-Ie 3. ));. C. YCI-InI-ITenSI YP I-I 3. ));. C. reHepaTOpOB npH 3TOM
HanpaBJIeHO B CTOPOy YMeHbllleHI-ISI paccornaCOBaHI-ISI CKOpOCTeH:
.!l.BI-IraTeJ1eH:.
229

Ha pHC. 8-38 npe)];CTaBJIeHbl )];Ba BapHaHTa ypaBHHTeJ1bHbIX cxeM
C B03)];eHCTBHeM Ha B036Y}K)];eHHe ,ZJ.lmraTeJIeH. Oc06eHHocTblO - 3TlIX
cxeM SIBnSIeTCSI Heo6xo)];HMOCTb nepeKnIOqeHHSI perYJIHpYIOHX 06MO-
TOK npH H3MeHeHHH HanpaBJIeHHSI TOKa )];BHraTeJIeH, qTO BW3WBaeTCSI
HeH3MeHHOCTblO HanpaBJIeHHSI nOTOKa )];BHraTeJIeH. B cxeMe,- H306pa-
eHHoH Ha pHC. 8-38, a, nepeKJIlOqeHHe TOKOBblX 06MOTOK BbInOJIHSleTCSI
C nOMOblO BeHTHJIbHbIX MOCTHKOB Bl, B2, a B CXeMe, npe)];CTaBJIeHHOH
Ha pHC. 8-38, 6, - C nOMOblO KOHTaKTOB EB H EH, 3aMbIKaHHe KO-
TOpbIX npOHCXO)];HT B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HanpaBJIeHHSI BpaII.(eHHSI )];BHra-
TeJIeH. npH BpaeHHH )];BHraTeneH B HanpaBJIeHHH «Bnepe)];» 3aMKHYTbI
0)
 _ --l '---;---' 0.
/3111 -fs,p + I -
_-I gp
I" - iJ/ll
PHe. 8-38. YpaBHHTeJIbHbIe cxeMbI C B03.nelicTBHeM Ha 036Y>K.neHHe
ABHraTeJleii :
a - nepeKJlIOqeHHe TOKOSblX OI5MOTOK .c nOMObIO SeHTHJlbHblX MOCTOB BI H B2;
(5 - nepeKJlIOqeHHe TOKOSblX O(jMOTOK C nOMObIO KOHTaKTOB BB H EH
KOHTaKTbI EB;. a npH BpaII.(eHHH B HanpaBJIeHHH «Ha3a)];» - KOHTaKTbI
EH. ECJIH TOKH )];BHraTeJIeH paBHbl, 19 pe3YJIbTHpYIOaSI HC TOKOBbIX
06MOTOK paBHa HYJIIO H YCHnHTeJIb Y P He OKa3bIBaeT B03)];eHCTBHSI Ha
u.enH B036Y}K)];eHHSI )];BHraTeJ1eu. npH HaJIHqHH paccornaCOBaHHH Har-
PY30K B03HHKaeT pe3YJIbTHpYIOaSI HC TOKOBbIX 06MOTOK, 06pasyeTCSI
3. ));. C. YCHnHTenSI YP, KOTopaSi B03)];eHCTByeT Ha u.enH B036Y}K)];eHHSI
)];BHraTeneH TaK, qro nOTOK 60JIee HarpY}KeHHOrO )];BHraTeJ1SI YCHnH-
BaeTCSI, a MeHee HarpymeHHoro - OCJIa6JISIeTCSI, qTO npHBO)];HT K CHH-
}KeHHIO TOKa 60JIee HarpY}KeHHoro )];BHraTenSI H K YBenHqeHHIO TOKa
MeHee HarpymeHHoro.
CHcreMa aneKTpOMaWHHHoro ynpaBneHNR
HHAHBHAyanbHYM npHBoAOM p8aOHX BanKOB
Ha pHC. 8-39 npe)];CTaBJIeHa CHCTeMa ynpaBJIeHHSI HH)];HBH)];yaJIbHbIM
npHBO)];OM paOOtlHX BaJIKOB peaepCHBHbIX CraHOB, B KOTOpOH npHMe-
HSIeTCSI perynHpoBaHHe COOTHOllIeHHSI CKopocTeH B03)];eHCTBHeM Ha B03- '
6ym)];eHHe reHepaTopoB H BbIpaBHHBaHHe HarpY3KH B03)];eHCTBHeM Ha
B036Y}K)];eHHe )];BHraTeneU. .
C H C T eM a B 0 3 6 y }K )]; e H H H r e H e paT 0 p 0 B. JJ.JISI
nHTaHHSI 06MOTOK B036ym)];eHHSI reHepaTopOB HCnOJIb3yeTcSI B036Y)];H-
Tenb Br. 3JIeKTpOMallIHHHbIH yCHJIHTeJIb yr, nHTalOHH 06MOTKY
230

C8rt _
-IIJ{J
r,
- 1____Jfi?___
'2
'5
r
yrf tq
fiB DIt YfJO
83
IfH 8U
+ Sf
CBSf
CT1
r-------------
r..
U 3f1 8
+
'f2
- --,
I
I
I
I
I
,
I
I
I
I
I
lY I
1
I
I
I
I
J :
1 +'
'1(0 I
1-"
I I
1-,
1
J
Bf/J
CT2
PHC. 8-39. CxeMa ynpaBJIeHHH HH)I,HBH.D;y8J1bHhIM npHBO,!{OM pa60 t IHx
B8JIKOB peBepeHBHoro CT8Ha

B036ymAeHHSI B036y.n;HTeJISI reHepaTOpOB, HMeeT lIeTbIpe 06MOTKH:
3a.n;aIOm.yIO H 06paTHOH CBSl3H no HanpSlmeHHIO reHepaTopOB YF30,
06MOTKY HanpaBJIeHlISl YFH, rH6KOH 06paTHOH CBSl3H YFF H TOKOBYIO
YFT.
B llenH B036YiKJI.eHHSI reHepaTopOB 06pa30BaHbI .n;Ba MOCTa. ITJIe-
lIaMH o.n;Horo MOCTa CJIymaT 06MOTKH B036YiKJI.eHl1S1 OBF I, OBF2 reHe-
paTopOB H conpOTHBneHHSI rl H r 2 . B AHarOHanb .:noro MOCTa BKnIOqeH
9neKTpOMaIllHHHbIH YCHnHTeJIb Y P, C nOMom.bIO KOToporo ocym.eCT-
BJISleTCSI perynHpoBaHHe COOTHOIlleHHSI CKopOCTeH ABHraTeJIeH p'l
H P.2. YCHJIHTeJIb YP HMeeT .n;Be 06MOTKH: perynHpyIOm.yIO YPC H
06MOTKY 06paTHOH CBSl3H YPO. 06MOTKa YPC no.n;KJIIOlIe_Ha Ha pa3-
HOCTb HanpSlmeHHH TaxoreHepaTOpOB ABHraTeJIeH lIepe3 nOTeHllHOMeT-
pHlIeCKHe conpOTHBJIeHHSI. ITpH paBeHCTBe CKOpOCTeM .n;BHraTeJIeH p'l
H P.2 TOK B 06MOTKe YPC H 9. .n;. C. yCHnHTenSi YPC paBHbI HYJIIO H
TOKH 06MOTOK B036Y:>KJleHHSI reHepaTOpOB paBHbI MemJ(y C060H. ITpH
HaJIHlIHH paccornaCOBaHHSI CKopOCTeM 06MOTKa YPC 06TeKaeTCSI TOKOM.
HC 9TOM 06MOTKH C03.n;aeT 9_ A. C. YCHnHTeJISI YP, KOTopaSi BbI3bIBaeT
ypaBHHTeJIbHbIM TOK lIP B 06MoTKax B036ym.n;eHHSI reHepaTopoB. 3TOT
Y2aBHHTeJIbHbIH TOK c>y.n;eT YBeJIHlIHBaTb TOK B036ym.n;eHHSI I se TOro
reHep,aTOpa, KOTOpbIH nHTaeT JlBHraTenb, HMeIOm.HH nOHHmeHHYIO
CKOpOCTb, H YMeHbIllaTb TOK I Be .n;pyroro reHepaTopa. Ha CXeMe
(pHC. 8-39) nOKa3aHbI HanpaBneHHSI ypaBHHTeJIbHbIX TOKOB B npeA-
nonomeHHH, lITO CKOpOCTb Bpam.eHHSI .n;BHraTeJISI p'l 60JIbIlle CKOpOCTH'
.n;BHraTeJISI 11.2. 06MoTKa 06paTHOH CBSl3H YPO nOJlKnIOlIeHa Ha SlKOpb
YCHnHTemI Y P H CJIymHT AnSI YMeHbIlleHHSI BJIHSlHHSI OCTaTOlIHoro Mar-
HHTH3Ma yCHJIHTenSi. ITJIelIaMH .n;pyroro MOCTa SlBnSlIOTCSI Te me 06MOTKH
B036ymeHHSI OBFl H OBI2 reHepaTopoB, .n;onOJIHHTeJIbHOeCOnpoTHB-
JIeHHe B llenH B036ym.n;eHHSI reHepaTopoB r 6 H conpOTHBJIeHHSI ra H
r 4' B AHaroHanb BToporo MOCTa BKJIIOlIaeTCSI 06MOTKa m6KOH 06paTHOH
CBSl3H YFF. B OCTaJIbHOM CHCTeMa B036ym.n;eHHSI reHepaTopOB COBna-
)J.aeT C CHCTeMOH, npe.n;CTaBneHHOH Ha pHC. 8-33.
C H C T e M a B 0 3 6 y :>K .n; e H H SI A B H raT e JI e ii. B CH-
CTeMe B036ym.n;eHHSI .n;BHraTeneii npHMeHeHbI ABa B036y.n;HTeJISI Bp'l
H BP.2 C caMOCTOSlTeJIbHbIMH llenSlMH 06MOTOK B036YiKJI.eHHSI. 06MOTKH
B036ymAeHHSI B036y.n;HTeneH, coeAHHeHHbIe nocne.n;OBaTeJIbHO, OOJIY-
lIaIOT nHTaHHe QT 06m.ero YCHnHTeJISI Y p., KOTOpbIii HMeeT lIeTbIpe 06-
MOTKH: 3a.n;aIOm.yIO H 06paTHoH CBSl3H Y p'30, He3aBHCMMoro nHTaHl1S1
YP.H, rH6Koii 06paTHoH CBSl3H YP.F H TOKOBYIO Yp'T.
B llelm B036YiKAeHHSI B036YJlHTeJIeH .n;BHraTeJIeH 06pa30BaH MOCT,
nJIelIaMH KOToporo SlBnSlIOTCSI 06MOTKH B036ym.n;eHHSI B036y.n;HTeJIeH
OBBp'l, OBBp'2 H conpoTHBneHHSI r 6 , r7' B .n;HarOHanb 9TOro MOCTa
BKJIIOlIeH yCHnI:lTenb YPT, KOTOpbIH HMeeT TPH 06MOTKH: ):(Be perynH-
pYIOm.He YPHI H YPH2 H 06MOTKY 06paTHoH CBSl3H YPTO. ITpH
paBeHcTBe HarpY30K TOKH 06MOTOK o.n;HHaKOBbI, pe3YJIbTHPYIOm.aSl HC
9THX 06MOTOK H 9. Jl. C. YCHnHTeJISI YPT paBHbI HynIO H TOKH B036y-
:>K.n;eHHSI B036YAHTeJIeii paBHbI Mem.n;y c060ii: I B11. 1 = I B11. 2. ITpH paccor-
JIaCOBaHHH HarpY3KH HC OT .n;eHcTBHSI 06MOTOK YPHI H YPH26y.n;eT
232

OTnHqaTbCH OT HynH, B pe3YJIbTaTe qerO B .n;HarOHanH MOCTa B03HHKaeT
a. .n;. c. YCHnHTenH YPT TaKOH non Hp.HOCTH, npH KOTOpOH ypaBHH-
TeJIbHbIH TOK 6y.n;eT YBenHqHBaTb TOK 06MOTKH B036YiK.n;eHHH B036y.n;H-
TenH 60nee HarpYiKeHHoro .n;BHraTenH H YMeHbIllaTb TOK 06MOTKH B03-
6YiK,lJ;eHHH B036y.n;HTeJIH MeHee HarpYiKeHHoro .n;BHraTenH, qTO npHBe.n:eT
K BblpaBHHBaHHIO HarpY3KH.
ITOpH.n;OK pa60TbI paCCMaTpHBaeMOH CHCTeMbI B YCTaHOBHBIIIHXCH H
nepexo.n;HbIX peiKHMax aHanOrHqeH paHee paCCMOTpeHHOH CHCTeMe
ynpaBneHHH rpynnoBbIM npH!;Io.n;OM BaJIKOB (CM. pHC. 8-33).
 8-12. SneKTpOnpHBoA YHHBepc8nbHbix
peBepCHBHX cr8HOB
YHHBepcanbHbIe peBepCHBHbIe CTaHbI HMeIOT O.n;HY napy ropH30H
TanbHblX H o.n:HY napy BepTHKanbHbIX BaJIKOB. K TaKHM CTaHaM OTHO-
CHTCH cnH6HHrH, 6aJIOqHble CTaHbI H HeKOTopble TonCTonHCTOBbIe.
TaK KK BepTHKanbHbIe BanKH pacnonaraIOTCH OTHOCHTenbHO ro-
pH30HTanbHbIX Ha He60nbiliOM paCCTOHHHH, TO npOKaTKa MeTanJIa B YHH-
BepcanbHHX CTaHax npOHcxo.n;HT o.n;HOBpeMeHHO B ropH30HTanbHHX H
BepTHKanbHbtX BanKax. ITpli o.n;HOBpeMeHHOH npOKaTKe MeTanna B .n;BYX
KneTHX He06xo.n;HMO, qTOObI MeTann He HcnbITblBan 3HaqHTenbHbIX CiKa-
THH H HaTHiKeHHH. C aTOH TOqKH 3peHHH K aneKTponpHBO.n;y 6aJIoqHbIX
CTaHOB npe.n;'bHBnHIOTCH 60JIee BbICOKHe Tpe6oBaHHH, qeM K aneKTpo-
npHBo.n:Y cnHoHHra H TOJICTOnHCTOBbIX CTaHOB, TaK KaK B nepBoM cnyqae
BaiKHO BO Bcex nponYCKax coxpaHHTb nOCTOHHCTBO COOTHOIlleHHH TOJI-
IIJ.HH IlleeK H nonOK 6anoK.
ITpH o.n;HoBpeMeHHoH rrpoKaTKe MeTaJIJIa B .n;ayx KneTHX .n;OJIiKHO
c06nIO.n;aTbcH cne.n;YIOIlI.ee YCJIOBHe:
FIv l = F 2 v 2 , (8-129)
r.n;e FI H F 2 - CeqeHHe MeTanna npH BbIxo.n;e H3 KneTeH;
VI H V 2 - CKOpOCTH BbIxo.n;a MeTanJIa H3 KneTeH.
YqHTbIBaH, qTO
VI = D1;1 (l + Sl); V 2 = DOJ2 (1 + S2)'
(8-130)
r.n:e Sl H S2 - onepeiKeHHH.
MOiKHO HanHcaTb
OJ2 _ 1;1 D 1 (1 + SI)
OJI - F 2 . D 2 (l +S2)'
(8-131)
OfKy.n;a cne.n:YeT, qTO npH o.n;HoBpeMeHHoH npoKaTKe MeTanna B .n;BYX
KneTHX COOTHOIlleHHe CKopocTeH paOOqHX BaJIKOB KneTeH 3aBHCHT OT
BeJIHqHHbI 06*aTHH, .n;HaMeTpoB BanKOB II BenHqHH onepeiKeHIIH.
Be3 yqeTa onepeiKeHHH
OJ 2 _ A D 1
OJ 1 - 2 D 2
(8-132)
233

F
, 3.n;eCb 1. 2 = F- - K034><lmllHeHT BbITHiKKH npH npOKaTKe BO BTOpOH
KJIeTH.
ECnM npH 3a.n;aHHOM K03qxpHllHeHTe BbITHiKKH 1. 2 H 3a.n;aHHbIX .n;Ha-
MeTpaX BaJIKOB p'l H P'2 COOTHomeHHe CKopOCTeH He COOTBeTcTByeT
paBeHcTBY (8-132), TO npH npoKaTKe MeiK.n;y KJIeTHMH CSy.n;eT HMeTb
MecTO CiKaTHe, Kor.n;a OTHomeHHe CKOpOCTeH
0)2 , < A D 1 ( 8-133 )
0)1 2 D 2 "
a paCTHiKeHHe, Kor.n;a
 >1.2 Dl . (8-134)
0)1 D 2
C TeM tlT06bI H36e>KaTb CiKaTHH H paCTHiKeHHH MeTaJIJIa, KOTopbIe
He.n;onYCTHMbI no YCJIOBHHM TeXHOJIOrHH npOKaTKH, B oc06eHHOCTH
lIa 6anOtlHbIX' CTaHax, He06xo.n;HMO, tlT06bI CHCTeMa ynpaBJIeHHH CTaHOM
, a)
15)
%
PIIC. 8-40. CxeMa npoKaTKII MeTaJlJla Ha CJlH-
6lIHre:
a - npOKaTKa B HeqeTHOM nponYCKe; 6 - npoKarKa B
qerHOM nponYCKe
npe.n;YCMaTpHBana aBTOMaTHtleCKOe nO)UJ.epiKaHHe nOCTOHHCTBa COOT-
HOmeHHH CKopOCTeH B COOTBeTCTBHH C paBeHCTBoM (8-132).
TIpH YCTaHoBKe BepTHKaJIbHbIX' BaJIKOB nepe.n; ropH30HTaJIbHbIMlf,
MeTann B HetleTHOM nponYCKe H.n;eT OT BepTHKanbHblx BaJIKOB K ropH-
30HTanbHbIM, a B tleTHOM - OT ropH30HTanbHblx K BepTHKaJIbHbIM
(pHC. 8-40). TI03TOMY B COOTBeTCTBHH C paBeHcTBoM (8-132) OTHOIlIeHHe
CKopocTeH BepTHKaJIbHbIX BanKOB K ropH30HTaJIbHbIM 'npH pa3HoM
HanpaBJIeHHH MeTaJIJIa 6y.n;eT MeHHTbCH. TaK, HanpHMep, .n;JIH HetleT-
Hom nponycKa MOiKHO HanHCaTl';, tlTO
O)B Dc 1 (8- 135)
0;;= .DB '1;'
r.n;e O)e = 0)2 - CKOpOCTb BpameHHH ropH30HTaJIbHbIX BaJI-
KOB;
O)B = 0)1 - CKOpOCTb BpameHHH BepTHKaJ(bHbIX Ban-
KOB;
Ae = 1. 2 - K03<lxPHllHeHT 06iKaTHH, COOTBeTCTBYlOmHH
npOKaTKe B ropH30HTaJIbHbIX BanKax;
D I = DB; D 2 ,= Dc - .n;HaMeTpbI BepTHKaJIbHbIX H ropH30HTaJIb--
HbIX BaJIKOB.
234

Jl qeTHOrO rrporrYCKa
TaK KaK B 9TOM cyqae
(OB _ Dc A
(Oe - DB D'
(8-136)
0)2 = O)B; 0)1 = roc; A 2 = A B ; D 1 = Dc; D 2 = DB'
y!3 cpaBHeHH (8-135) H (8-136) BHJJ;HO, tlTO COOTHOIlIeHHe CKopocTeH
BepTHKabHbIx H ropH30HTabHblx BaJIKOB JJ;omKHO MeHTbC C H3Me-
HeHHeM HarrpaBeHH JJ;BHmeHH MeTana. B npMoM HanpaBneHHH
(B HetleTHOM rrponycKe) COOTHomeHHe CKopocTeH (OB JJ;omHO 6bITb
(Or '
MeHbme, tleM B 06paTHOM HanpaBeHHH (B tleTHOM nporrYCKe). ECH 9TO
He ytlHTbIBaTb H 3aJJ;aTbC rrOCTOHHbIM cpeJJ;HHM COOTHOIuemleM CKOpO-
creH (0.. , TO npH 9TOM B HetleTHOM nporrYCKe MeTan 6YJJ;eT HCrrbITbIBaTb
(Or '
cmaTHe, a B tleTHOM - paCTSlmeHHe.
Ha cSl6HHrax H Ha TOnCTOJIHCTOBbIX CTaHax rrpOH3BOJJ;HTCSI rrpo-
K&TKa OTHOCHTe.JIbHO TOCTbIX 3arOTOBOK, n09TOMY C TeXHOOrHtleCKOH
CTOpOHbI YCHHSI cmaTHSI H paCTSlmeHHSI, CBSl3aHHbIe c OTKOHeHHeM
COOTHomeHHSI CKopOCTeH OT YCTaHOBneHHoro, He OKa3bIBaIOT cym.eCT-
BeHHoro BnHSlHHSI Ha KatleCTBO rrpOKaTKH. B 9TOM cYtlae Heo6xoJJ;HMO
ytlHTbIBaTb, tlTO npH rrpOKaTKe B03MomHa rreperpY3Ka JJ;BHraTe.JISI Bep-
THKanbHbIX BanKOB, KaK MeHee MOm.HOro, tleM JJ;BHrarenb ropH30HTanb-
HbIX BaKOB. n09TOMY JJ;SI npHBOJJ;a BepTHKanbHbIX BaJIKOB npHMe-
SleTCSI JJ;BHraTe.JIb C MSlrKOH MeXaHHtleCKOH xapaKTepHCTHKOH.
CTapble CHCTeMbI ynpaMeHHSI peBepCHBHbIMH CTaHaMH C OJJ;HOBpeMeH-
HOH npOKaTKOH_MeTana B JJ;BYX KeTSlX npeJJ;YCMaTpHBaIDT nHTaHHe
JJ;BHraTeSI BepTHKanbHbIX BaKOB H JJ;BHraTe.JIeH ropH30HTaJIbHbIX Ba-
KOB OT 06m.HX reHepaTopOB (06bltlHO Tpex, coe.ZJ,HHeHHbIX Mem.ZJ,Y C060H
napanenbHO). OJJ;HaKO TaKaSl CHCTeMa HMeeT TOT HeJJ;OCTaTOK, tlTO
06m.He IlIHHbI SlBnSlIDTCSI BeCbMa rpoMo3JJ;KHMH H OTCYTcTByeT B03Mom-
HOCTb paaJJ;ebHorQ perYHpoBaHHSI CKopocTeH JJ;BHraTeneH HanpSlme-
HHeM. BonbmHHcTBo cOBpeMeHHblx CHCTeM ynpaBeHHSI HMeIDT pa3-
JJ;ebHoe nHTaHHe JJ;BHraTeeH. B 9TOM cytlae Heo6xoJJ;HMbI MepbI JJ;nSl
o6ecrrtleHHSI Tpe6yeMoro coraCOBaHHSI CKopocTeH Bpam.eHHSI JJ;BHra-
TeeH H npaBHbHoro pacnpeJJ;eeHHSI HarpY30K Me>KJJ;y HHMH. YnpaB-
eHHe BceMH JJ;BHraTeSlMH npH pa3JJ;eJ1bHoM HX nHTaHHH rrpoH3BoJJ;HTCSI
OT oJJ;Horo KOMaHJJ;Horo arrrrapaTa.
CxeMbI yrrpaBneHHSI rrpHBoJJ;OM ropH30HTanbHbIx BanKOB CSl6HH-
rOB, peBepCHBHbIX KeTeH 6anOtlHbIX, TOCTOHCTOBbIX CTaHOB CTpOSl.TCSI
Ha OCHOBe Tex JKe rrpHHllHnOB, tlTO H cxeMbI 6IDMHHroB, H 3JJ;ecb He
p aCCMaTp HBaIDTCSI.
Ha pHC. 8-41 rrpeJJ;cTaMeHa cxeMa npHBoJJ;a BepTHKanbHblx BanKOB
cSl6HHra. B 9TOH CeMe CKOpOCTb Bpam.eHHSI JJ;BHraTenSl yrrpaBSleTcSI
H3MeHeHHeM HanpSlJKeHHSI reHepaTopoB H nOTOKOM JJ;BHraTeSI.
06MoTKa B036YiKJJ;eHHSI reHepaTopa OBr nonytlaeT rrHTaHHe OT B03-
6YJJ;HTeSI reHepaTopa Br, a 06MoTKa B036Y*.ZJ,eHHSI B036YJJ;HTeSI
OBBr - OT YCIIJIHTe.JISI Yr. YCllJIHTem,. yr HMeeT tleTbIpe 06MOTKH:
235

I
*l
IH
[ 
1/i I 18
,YrT
+
B Br
tyrB
/JY 5Y
lY 2Y 3Y
PHC. 8-4C CxeMa ynpaBJleHIIH nplIBo,nOM BepTIIKaJlbHblX
BaJlKOB cJlH6IIHra

388rorn.yro J1f3, 06paTHOH CBH3H J1fO, 06MOTKY COrn8COBaHHH CKOpO-
CTeM J1 fC H TOKOBYro J1 fT.
3aarorn.a5I 06MOTKa J1f3 nOKnrotlaeTC5I H8 HanpRlli.eHHe ceTH KOH-
TaKTopoM 1 B HnH 1 H. HaMarHHtlHB8rorn.8H Clwa 3a):(arorn.eH 06MOTKH,
C llenbro tlJopcHpoBaHHH npoTeKaHH5I nepexoHbIX npoueccoB, 3HatlH-
TenbHO 60nbille HOMHHanbHoM BenHtlHH. 06MoTKa 06paTHoM CB5I3H
J1fO B YCTaHoBHBilleMcH pe:>KHMe nonYtlaeT nHTaHHe OT pa3HocTH Ha-
np5I)I{eHHM: Hanp5I)I{eHH5I nnetla nOTeHUHoMeTpa reHepaTOpa U a6 H
Hanp5I)I{eHH5I cpaBHeHH5I U cp' CHHMaeMoro C nOTeHllHoMeTpa cp8BHe-
HHH, KOTOpbIH npHcoe):(lIHeH K MarHHTHoMY YCHnlnenro Y H. B nepe-
XOHbIX npoueccax 06paTHa5I CB5I3b pa3MbIKaeTCH KOHTaKTOM 2B HnH
2H H BKnrotlaeTC5I nlIillb B KOHue npouecca B036Y)I{):(eHHH reHepaTOpa,
Kora HanpH)I{eHHe reHep8TOpa 6nH3Ko K HOMHH8nbHoMY.
He06xoHMO, tlTo6bI COOTHOilleHH5I CKopocTeH BepTHK8JIbHbIX H ro-
pH30HTanbHblx BaJIKOB COOTBeTCT,BOBanH 3aaHHbIM npH nro60M pery-
nHpOBOtlHOH CKOpOCTH npoKaTKH. LLmI !:ITOM uenH o6MoTKa cornaCOBa-
HH5I CKopocTeii BHraTeneH ropH30HTanbHbIx H BepTHKanbHbIx BanKOB
YfC nOKnrotlaeTC5I Ha pa3HocTb Hanp5I)I{eHHH TaxoreHepaTOpoB TfF
H TfB tlepe3 nOTeHUHOMeTpHtlecKHe conpoTHBneHlI5I. Ha3HatleHlfe
9TOM 06MOTKH COCTOHT B nOAAep)l{aHHH nOCT05IHCTBa 3aaHHoro COOT-
HOilleHH5I CKopocTeH, a TaK)I{e H3MeHeHHH 9Toro COOTHOilleHHSI B 3aBH-
cHMOCTH OT HanpaBneHHH npoKaTKH.
CornacHo (8-135) H (8-136) B HetleTHOM nponycKe COOTHOIlIeHHe CKO-
pOCTeH BepTHKanbHbIx H ropH30HT8JIbHbIX BanKOB On)l{HO 6bITb MeHbIlIe,
tleM B tleTHOM. 113MeHeHHe 9TOro COOTHomeHHSI npoH3BoHTCH TeM, tlTO
npH pa60Te CTaHa B HanpaBJIeHHH «Bnepe», T. e. B HetleTHOM nponYCKe,
KOHTaKT B 3aMKHYT H onOnHHTeJIbHOe conpoTHBneHHe RB BbIKnrotleHO
a npH pa60Te CTaHa B HanpaBneHHW«H83a», T. e. B tleTHOM nponycKe,
KOHTaKT B pa30MlmYT H ononHHTe.nbHoe conpoTHBneHHe RB BKnrotleHO
" B llenb TaxoreHepaTopa BepTHKanbHblx B8JIKOB.
DpH BbIKnrotleHHOM OrrOJIHHTeJIbHOM conpoTHBneHHH RB HanpSl)l{e-
HHe cpaBHeHH5I U cp OT TaxoreHepaTopa BepTMK8JIbHbIX BanKOB 60JIbme
Hanp5I)I{eHH5I cpaBHeHH5I U cP . r OT TaxoreHepaTopa ropH30HTanbHbIx
BanKOB. B 9TOM cJIYtlae HC 06MOTKH YfC, eiicTBYH BCTpetlHO HC
06MOTKH Yf3, YMeHbmaeT 9. . C. reHepaTOpa H CKOpOCTb Bparn.eHH5I
BHraTenH BepTHKanbHbIX B8JIKOB.
LLn5I ynpaBneHH5I B036Y)I{eHHeM BHraTenH BepTHKanbHbIX BanKOB
Hcnonb3yeTC5I B036YHTenb BP' C TpeM5I 06MOTKaMH: 3aarorn.eH BP.3,
06MOTKOH OTpHuaTenbHoij 06paTHoii CBH3H no TOKY B036Y)I{eHHH BH-
raTen5I.Bp'O H 06MOTKOH nOnO)l{HTenbHOH 06paTHOH CBH3H no Harrp5I-
)l{eHHro B036Y):(HTen5I Bp'fl. B uenH 3aarorn.eH 06MOTKH HMeroTcSI CO-
npOTHBJIeHHsi, KOTOpbIe BKnrotlaIOTC5I KOHTaKTaMH 4Y H 5Y B IlIeCTOM
nOJIO)l{eHHH K-I(. 06MOTKa OTpHllaTenbHOH 06paTHOH CB5I3H BP.O,
- eHcTByrorn.aH HenpepbIBHO, npeHa3HatleHa n5I CHHTH5I tlJOpCHPOBKH
npolleccoB ocna6neHH5I H YCHJIeHH5I non5I BHraTenH. 06MOTKa nono-
)l{HTenbHOM 06paTHOH CB5I3H Bp'fl npHMeHHeTC5I JIH ynYtlmeHHH Ka-
tleCTBa npOllecca YCHneHHH non5I BHraTen5I.
237

Ynp8BJleHHe lI.BHraTeJlHMH BepTHK8JIbHblX H rOpH30HTaJlbHblX BaJl-
KOB npOH3BO,nHTCH O,nHHM 06lUHM KOMaH,nOKOHTpOJIJIepOM, H B03,neit-
CTBHe Ha CXeMbI rOpH30HTaJIbHbIX H BepTHKanbHbIX BaJIKOB OCym.eCT-
BJlHeTCH o6lUHMH ,nJlH 06eHx CXeM KOHTaKTOpaMH JB, 2B, JR, 2R, JY,
2Y, BY, 4Y, 5Y.
 8-13. HOHHblii npHBOA H HOHHoe BoaliYBCAeHHe
rn8BHbiX M8WHH peBepcHBHblX CT8JlOB
l10HHble npeo6pa30BaTeJIH npHMeHHJIHCb B HaweH npOMbIIlIJIeH-
HOCTH eIUe ,no 1940 r. O.n;HaKo, KaK npaBHJIO, HX Hcnonb30BaHHe orpa-
HHlIHBanOCb JIHWb npeo6pa30BaHHeM nepeMeHHOrO TOKa B nocToHHHbIH
.n;JIH nHTaHHH 3aBo.n;CKHX ceTeH.
B .n;aJIbHeHWeM 9JIeKTpOTeXHHlIeCKOH npOMbIWJIeHHOCTblO 6bIJIH
OCBoeHbI H BHe.n;peHbI ynpaBJIHeMbIe o.n;HoaHo.n;Hble H MHoroaHo.n;Hble
HaCOCHble H 3anaHHHble PTYTHble Bbmp, S\MHTeJIH paclIlHpeH BbmycK
TpaHc4>opMaTopoB .n;JIH PTYTHbIX BbmpHMHTeneH. Bce 9TO 6naronpHHT- '
CTBOBano lIIHPOKOMY npHMeHeHHIO HOHHbIX npeo6pa30BaTeJIeH B npo-
MblIllneHHOCTH H, B lIaCTHOCTH, B MeTanJIyprHH .n;JIH ' HCnOJIb30BaHHH
B CHCTeMax 9JIeKTpOnpHBo.n;OB npoKaTHbIx CTaHOB. .
110HHbIH npHBO.n; B MeTaJIJIyprHlIecKoH npOMbIIIIJIeHHOCTH WHpOKO
np]iMeHHJIH .n;nH HepeBepcHBHbIX H HenpepbIBHbIX npOKaTHbIX CTaHOB,
r.n;e no YCJIOBHHM TeXHonOfHH OTCYTCTByeT Heo6xo.n;HMOCTb B peBepcHpo-
BaHHH npHBo.n;a. I( nepBbIM MOlUHbIM YCTaHoBKaM C ynpaBnHeMbIMH
pTyTHbIMH BbrnpHMHTeJIHMH YPB CJIe.n;yeT OTHeCTH HenpepbIBHble TOH-
KOJIHCTOBble CTaHbI rOpHlIeH npOKaTKH 1450 H 1700, Tpy6Hble CTBHbI
140, 250 H 450, TPeXKJleTbeBOH CTaH XOJIO.n;HOH npoKaTKH H T. .n;.
B HaCTOHlUee BpeMH .IJ..1IH 60JIbWHHCTBa BHOSb. npoeKTHpYeMbIX He-
npepbIBHbIX, CTaHOB (JIHCTOBbIX, COpTOBbIX, Tpy6HbIX) .IJ..1IH nHTaHHH
npoKaTHbIx .n;BHraTeneH npe.n;YCMOTpeHbI YPB.
B nOCJIe.n;Hee BpeMH PTYTHble BbrnpHMHTeJIH npHMeHHIOT H .n;JIH peBep- _
CHBHbIX CTaHOB rOpHlIeH npoKaTKH. YBeJIHlIHBaIOlUeecSi pacnpocTpa-
HeHHe PTYTHbIX BbrnpSlMHTeJIeH .n;JISI npHBo.n;oB npoKaTHblx CTaHOB
06DSlCHHeTCSI CJIe.n;YlOlUHMH npeHMYlUeCTBaMH HX B cpaBHeHHH C Bpa-
. lUaIOlUHMHCSI npeo6pa30BaTenSlMH:
1) npocToTa KOHCTPYKU,HH pTyrHblx BbmpSlMHTeJIeH (HeT BpalUaIO-
lUHXCSI lIaCTeH, KOJIJIeKTOpOB, lUOK);
2) cpaBHHTeJIbHO HeBbICOKaSi eToHMocTb HOHHOro npeo6pa30BaTeJISI;
,3) BecbMa ManaH HHepu,HoHHOCTb;
4) MaJIaH MOlUHOCTb ynpaBJleHHH;
5) BbICOKHH KO.94>4>Hu,HeHT nOJIe3HOrO .n;eHcTBHSI;
6) OTCYTcTBHe Heo6xo.n;HMOCTH coopymeHHSI TSI>KeJIbIX 4>YH.n;aMeHToB.
B rJIaBHOM npHBo.n;e peBepcHBHbIX CTaHOB rOpSIlIeH npoKaTKH PTYT-
Hble BbmpHMHTeJIH MotYT 6bITb npHMeHeHbI KaK .n;JISI nHTaHHSI )J.l3Hra-
TeJIeH pa601IHX BanKOB, TaK H .n;JISI nHTaHHSI 06MOTOK B036ym.n;eHHSI
lI.BHraTeJIeH H reHepaTopoB.
npH 3aMeHe reHepaTOpoB Ha YPB pe3Ko )'MeHbWaeTCH HHepu,HoH-
HOCTb u,eneH ynpaBneHHH, lITO 06JIerlIaeT nOJIYlIeHHe on'J'HMaJIbHOrO
238

nepexo.n;Horo npou.ecca. npH 3TOM H3-3a OTCYTCTBHH 3JIeKTpOMarHHTHOH
Juiepu. HH XapaKTep H3MHeHHH 3a.n;aIOII1.erO CHfHa.n:a nOBTOpHeTCH Ha-
fIPH>KeHHeM pTYTHOrO BblIIpHMHTeJIH. Cne.n;OBaTeJJbHO, nOnYlIeHHe 3a-
,aHHOrO XapaKTepa nepeXO.n;HOrO npUu.ecca CBO)J.HTCH K 4>OpMHpoBaHHIO
a.naIOII1.erO HanpH>KeHHH.
CXeMb! nHTaRHR ABHraT8nsA H OIiMOTOK BosliY)I(ASHHR
OT YPB B rnaBHOM npHBOAS pSBSpCHBHb!X CTaHOB
LLnH peBepCHBHbIX npHBO.n;OB, pa6OTalOII1.HX B YCJIOBHHX lIaCTOrO
UYCKa, peBepca H TOpMO>KeHHH, Heo6xo.n;HMO, qT06bI CXeMa nHTaHHH
e)T Y P B 06eCnelIHBaJIa B03MO>KHOCTb H3MeHeHHH HanpaBJIeHHH TOKa
B HKOpe .n;BHraTeJIH (06MOTKe B036Y>K.n;eHHH). TaK KaK PTYTHbIH BbmpH-
MHTeJJb B HOpMaJIbHbIX YCJIOBHHX MOmeT npOnYCKaTb TOK TOJIbKO B Ok
HoM HanpaBJIeHHH, TO .n;JIH nO,JIYlIeHHH B03MO>KHOCTH peeepca H pemHMa
,peKynpaTHBHOrO TOpMO>KeHHH, CJIe.n;yeT HJIM Ka>K,lJ;bIH pa3 C H3MeHeHHeM
HanpaMeHHH TOKa HarpY3KH npOH3BO.n;HTb nepeKJIIOlIeHHe B u.enH
HarpY3KH, HJIH HMeTb BTOpOH KOMnJIeKT PTYTHbIX BbmpSlMHTeJIeH.
BTOpOH KOMnJIeKT P B .n:OJI1KeH 6bITb nO.n;KJIIOlIeH K nepBOMY TaK, lIT06bI
OR aBTOMaTHlIeCKH BKJIIOlIanCH B pa60TY npH Heo6xo.n;HMOCTH H3MeHe-
HHH TOKa B u.errH HarpY3KH.
B03MO>KHbI CJIe.n;YIOII1.He BapHaHTbI cxeM nHTaHHH OT YPB B peBep-
CHBHX npHBo.n;ax:
1. CxeMbI C O.n;HHM KOMnJIeKTOM P B H C nepeKJIIOlIaTeJIeM B u.enH
HarpY3KH.
2. CXeMbI C .IJ.BYMH KOMnJIeKTaMH P B: a) nepeKpecTHaH cxeMa;
6) BCTpelIHo-napanJIeJIbHaSi cxeMa.
CxeMa C O.n;HHM KOMnJIeKTOM P B H C nepeKJIIOlIaTeJIeM B u.enH HKOpH
.n;JIH nHTaHHH npoKaTHoro .n;BHraTeJIH peBepcHBHoro CTaHa npe.n;eTaB-
JIeHa Ha pHC. 8-42. B .n;aHHOM CJIYlIae MorYT 6bITb HCnOJIb30BaHbI .n;Ba
PTYTHbIX npe06pa30BareJISI THna PMHB-lOO X 6 HJIH o.n;im - THna
PMHB-lOOO X 12 c HOMHHaJIbHbIM TOKOM 8000 a. CXeMa c nepeKJIlOlIa-
TeJJeM He 06ecnelIHBaeT HenpepbIBHOCTb ynpaBneHHH: HaJIHtiHe KOH-
TaKTOB B CHJIOBOH u.enH CHHmaeT Ha.n;emHOCTb H MaHeBpeHHOCTb CHCTeMbI;
.n;JIH nepeKJIlOlIeHHH B CHJIOBOH u.enH Heo6xo.n;HMbI cneu.HaJIbHble nepeK-'
JIIOqaTenH  peBepcopbI, pacctUiTaHHble Ha 60nblliHe TOKH, Ha 60nbilioe
qHCJIO BKJIIOlIeHHH H Ha Manoe BpeMH cpa6aTbIBaHHH. B HallieH npo-
MbIIlIneHHOCTH CXeMbIC nepeKJIIOlIaTeJIeM .n;JIH fJraBHoro npHBo.n;a peBep-
CHBHoro CTaHa He npHMeHHIOTCH.
B nepeKpeCTHOH cxeMe npoKaTHoro .n;BHraTeJIH peBepCHBHoro CTaHa
OT PB, npe.n;CTaBJIeHHOH Ha pHC. 8-43, Hcnonb3yroTcH .IJ.Ba KOMnJIeKTa
pTyTHblx BbIIIpHMHTeJJeH C TpaHc4>opMaTopaMH. O.n;HH KOMnJIeKT pa6o-
TaeT B HanpaBJIeHHH «Bnep, e.n;» BTOpaH - B HanpaBJIeHHH «Ha3a.n;».
ECJIH nepBbIH pa60TaeT B BpmpHMHTeJIbHOM pemHMe, TO BTOpOH. no.n;ro-
TaMHBaeTCH K pa60Te B HHBepTopHoM pemHMe. TaKHM 06pa30M, B nepe-
KpecTHoH cxeMe HeT nonHoro HCnOJIb30BaHHH KaK P B, TaK H TpaHc4>op-
MaTOpOB. npeHMYII1.eCTBOM ,naHHOH cxeMbI, B cpaBHeHHH c npeAblJlYII1.eH,
239

HBnHeTCH HerrpepblBHOCTb yrrpaBJIeHl-lH, roTOBHOCTb B JlI060H MOMeHT
rrepeHTH OT ABHrarenbHoro pe}KHMa K TOPM03HOMY, H Hao6opOT. f1epe-
Kpec'l'HbIe cxeMbI MorYT 6bITb BbIIIOJIHeHbI C OAHoaHOAHbIMH H MHoroaHOJ(-
1Tl1pA 2Tf1pD
3YP
8
PHC. 8-42. CxeMa nlITaHHR npOKaTHoro J\BurareJlH peBepcuBHoro CTaHa
C O,nHIIM KOMnJleKTOM FE U nepeKJlIO'laTeJleM B uenH HKOpH
HbIMH BeHTHnHMH. f1pH STOM rrpHMeHHeTCH JIH60 O):(HH TpaHccpopMaTOp
C ):(BYMH caMOCTOHTeJIbHbIMH KOMIIneKTaMH BTOpHIlHbIX 06MOTOK, JIH60
JJ.Ba oTAeJIbHbIX TpaHccpopMaTOpa.
A 6 A 6
P/'f1l8-IOOllx5
148
P/'f1l8-lllllllxfj
ICP
2CP
PIIC. 8-43. ITepeKpecTHaR cxeMa nUTaHUH npoKaTHoro ,nBuraTeJlH OT .nayx KOMnJleK-
TOB pTYTHblX BblnpHMUTeJleH C TpanccjJopMaTopaMu
Ha pHC. 8-44 H306pa}KeHa BCTpetlHO-rrapaJIne.n:bHaH cxeMa nHTaHHH
OT P B npoKaTHoro ):(BHraTenH peBepcHBHoro CTaHa. 3Ta cxeMa COCTOHT
H3 ABYX rpyrrrr BeHTHJIen: aHoAHoH rpynrrbI, B KOTopon aHOAbI BeHTHneH
240

coeJJ;HHeHbI B OJJ;HY TOqKY, H KaTOJJ;HOH rpyrrrrbI, B KOTOpOH KaTOJJ;bI coe-
JJ;HHeHbI B OJJ;HY TOqKY. B CBSI3H C 9THM B TaKHX cxeMax B03MomHO
npHMeHeHHe JIHIllb OJJ;HoaHOJJ;HbIX BeHTHneiL AHOJJ;HaSi H KaTOJJ;HaSi
rpyrrrrbI pa60TaIOT rrOOqepeJJ;HO. OJJ;Ha rpyrrrra pa6OTeT B HarrpaBneHHH
«BrrepeJJ;», JJ;pyraSi - B HarrpaBneHHH «Ha3a.n;», T. e. H B 9TOii cxeMe HeT
rrOJIHOrO HCrrOJIb30BaHHSI BeHTI-rneii. BTOpHqHble me 06MOTKH TpaHc<l>op-
MaTopOB B OTnHqHe OT rrepeKpeCTHoii cxeMbI, pa60TaIOT HerrpepbIBHO.
OJJ;HH H Te me BTOpHqHble 06MOTKH 3arpY}KeHbI KaK rrpH pa60Te rrepBOH,
TaK H rrpH pa60Te BTOpOH rpyrrrr, qTO rr03BOnSieT OrpaHHqHTbCSI OJJ;HHM
A D
,
PtlIIB-r!lO!lx8 !If(-JII Pf/IIB-rOOOx8
!!P-8 !/P-H
PIIC. 8-44. BCTpe'lHO-napaJlJleJlbH8JI cxeMa nHTaHHH npoKaTHoro ,nBliraTeJlH
peBepcHBHoro CTaHa
KOMrrJIeKTOM BTOPHqHbIX 06MOTOK H JIyqme HCrrOJIb30BaTb TpaHc<l>opMa-
TOp. fa6apHTHaSi MOIl\HOCTb TpaHc<l>opMaTopa CHH}KaeTCSI rrpH 9TOM
rrpHMepHO Ha 20%, qTO HMeeT CYIl\eCTBeHHoe 3HaqeHHe JJ;JISI 9JIeKTpO-
rrpHBOJJ;OB 60nbmOH MOIl\HOCTH. B CBSI3H C YKa3aHHbIM HaH60JIee u.eJIe-
coo6pa3HO .n;nSI rrHTaHHSI JJ;BHraTenSi BanKOB peBepCHBHoro CTaHa rrpH-
MeHSITb BCTpeqHO-rrapaJIJIenbHYIO cxeMY.
Ha pHC. 8-45 rrpeJJ;cTaBJIeHbI CXeMbI nHTaHHSI 06MOTOK B036Y}KJJ;eHHSI
reHepaTopa H JJ;BHraTeJISI peBepcHBHbIX CTaHOB. Bo Bcex 9THX cxeMax
rrpHMeHSIeTCSI coeJJ;HHeHHe rrepBHqHOH 06MOTKH TpaHc<l>opMaTopa B
3Be3JJ;y (TpeyrOJIbHHK), BTOPHqHOH - B 3Hrsar (JJ;BoiiHOii 3Hrsar).
CxeMa C rrepeKnIOqaTe.n:eM (pHC. 8-45, a) Ha npaKTHKe He rrpHMeHSIeTCSI
H3-3a HeJJ;OCTaTKOB, OTMeqeHHbIX Bblme. .lI.nSI rrHTaHHSI 06MOTKH B03-
6Y}KJJ;eHHSI reHepaTopOB 60JIee rrpe.n;rrOqTHTeJIbHa rrepeKpeCTHaSi cxeMa
(pHC. 8-45, 6), TaK KaK rrpH OTHOCHTeJIbHO He6oJIbIlIOii rroTpe6HoH MOIl\-
HOCTH 9KOHOMHSI B ra6apHTax H CTOHMOCTH TpaHc<l>opMaTopa npH HC.
241

nOJIbSOBaHIUI BCTpeIJHO-napaJ1JIenbHOH CXeMbl Hecyw.eCTBeHHa. B TO
)l{e BpeMSI no MOW.HOCTH B Jl,aHHOM CJIYIJae nOAxoASIT TpexaHOAHble PTYT-
Hble BbmpSlMHTeJIH THna PM-200, KOTOpble BO BCTpeIJHO-napaJIJIenbHOH
0) 6) B) 2)
/J.p, OBr JlP2
PHC. 8-45. CxeMbi nHTaHHH 06MOTOK B036Y>K.l\eHHR reHepaTopa H nBB-
raTeJIH peBepcHBHoro CTaHa:
a - OT O.AHOeO KOMnJleKTa PB c nepeKJIIOqaTeJleM B Jl,enH o(5MOTKH Bos(jY}K.AeHHSI;
6 - nepeKpeCTHaSl; 6 - BCTPeqHO-napaJIJIeJIbHaR; e - nHTaHHe O(jMOTOK B03(jY}KJ\e-
HHR ASHeaTeJlR -
cxeMe (pHC: 8-45, 8) lIe MorYT 6bITb npHMeHHbI. .lI.JISI nHTaHHSI 06MOTKH
B036Y)I{AeHHSI npOKaTHoro ABHraTeJISI HCnOJIbsyeTcsr HepeBepcHBHaSi
cxeMa (pHC. 8-45, 2), B KOTOpOH OObIIJHO npHMeHSleTCSI KOMnJIeKT OAHO-
aHOJl,HbIX PTYTHbIX BbmpSlr.mTe.neH THna PM-250 X 3.
PsrynHpoB8HHS H8npR)f(SHHR PTYTHIlIX 810lnpRMHTSnsA
B ynpaBJISIeMOM PTYTHOM BbmpSlMHTene Sa)l{HraHHe Jl,YfH npoH3BO-
Jl,HTCSI C nOMow.blO ceTKH. C MOMeHTa 06pa30BaHHSI AyfH ceTKa TepSieT
CBoe BOSAeHCTBHe Ha XOA paspSlAa. nOCJIe BOSHHKHOBeHHSI pa3pSlJl,a no-
raCHTb Ayry MO)l{HO pasMbIKaHHeM aHOAHOH 1I.enH HJIH CHH)I{eHHeM aHOJl,-
Horo HanpSl)l{eHHSI. llyra ropHT AO Tex nop, nOKa' AeHCTBYIOw.ee B 1I.eI1H
. aHOJl,a HanpSl)l{eHHe U a 60JIbllIe naAeHHSI HanpSl)l{eHHSI B Ayre f:..U a .
KorJl,a 9TO HanpSl)l{eHHe CTaHeT MeHbllIe f:..U a , J(yra raCHeT.
AHOAbI MHOrOaHOJl,HbIX PTYTHbIX npe06pa30BaTeneH pa60TalOT (ro-
pSlT) nOOIJepeAHO. B Ka»<AbIH J(aHHbIH MOMeHT BpeMeHH rOpHT TOT aHOA,
KOTOpbIH HMeeT HaH60JIbllIHH nOTeH1I.Han no OTHOllIeHHIO K KaTOAY.
nOTeH1I.Ha.n pa60TalOw.ero aHOJl,a JIHllIb Ha He60JIbllIYlO BenHIJHHY OTJIH-
IJaeTCSI OT nOTeH1I.HaJia KaTOJl,a. n03TOMY nOTeH1I.HaJi KaTOAa 6YJ(eT
BbIllie nOTeH1I.Ha.nOB Hepa60TalOw.HX aHOAOB. B CBSISH C 9THM npH Sa)l{H-
raHHH KaKOrO-JIH60 aHOAa npOHCXOAHT nOTYxaHHe paHee rOpeBllIerO
aHOJl,a, TaK KaK ero nOTeH1I.HaJI CTaHOBHTCSI MeHbllIe nOTeIUJ.Hana KaTOJl,a.
nepexoA Jl,yfH C OAHOro aHoAa Ha ApyroH npH Ha.nHIJHH HHAYKTHBHOCTH
B 1I.enH HarpY3KH npOHcxOAHT He MrHOBeHHO, a B TeIJeHHe HeKOTOpOro
He6oJIbllIOrO npoMe)l{yTKa BpeMeHH.
PerYJIHpOBaHHe HanpSl)l{eHHSI pTYTHoro BbmpSlMHTenSi ocyw.eCT-
BJISleTCSI HSMeHeHHeM yrJIa sana3AbmaHHSI Sa)l{HraHHSI, yrJIa perYJIHpO-
, 242

BaHHSI. YrOJI 3ana3l1.blBaHHSI 3a>KHraHHSI OTCIJHTblBaeTCSI OT TOtJKH eCTe-
CTBeHHOrO 3a>KHraHHSI, COOTBerCTBYIOw.eH TOIJKe nepeCeIJeHHSI COCe)J.HHX
CHHYCOHA BTOpHIJHOrO' HanpSl>KeHHSI nHTalOw.erO TpaHapOpMaTOpa
(TOIJKa a, pHC. 8-46).
npH aKTHBHoH HarpY3Ke aHo)J.HblH TOK nponopHOHaJIeH BbmpSlM-
JIeHHoMY HanpSl>KeHHIO P B H HMeeT MeCTO JIHllIb npH nOJIO>KHrenbHblX
nonyBOJIHaX BTOpHIJHOrO HanpSl>KeHHSI TpaHccpopMaTopa. npH HanHIJHH
B enH Harpy3KH ApoccenSi (HHAYKTHBHOCTH) HanpSl>KeHHe Ha aHOAe
CKJIaAblBaeTCSI H3 BTOpHIJHOrO HanpSl>KeHHSI TpaHccpopMaTopa H 9. )J.. C.
CaMOHH.z(YKHH ApoccenSi. 1(0rAa aHOAHblH TOK HapaCTaeT, 9. )J.. C.
caMOHHAYKHH OTpHaTenbHaSi H B enH aHOAa AeHcTByer pa3HOCTb
3. A. C. (9. A. c. BTOpHIJHOH 06MOTKH TpaHccpopMaTopa H 9. A. c. caMO-
HH)J.yKHH APoccenSl). npH cna)J.aHHH TOKa 9. A. c. caMOHHAYKHH nOJIO-
>KHTenbHa H B enH aHOA8 AeHCTByeT CYMMa 9THX 9. A. c. 4aCTb 9. ')J.. c.
caMoHHAyKHH TpaTHTCSI B conpOTHBJIeHHH enH, a OCTanbHaSi ee IJaCTb
KOMneHcHpyer BTOpHIJHOe HanpSl>KeHIte, Kor)J.a OHO OTpHaTeJIbHO.
3THM c03AaeTCSI B03MO>KHOCTb npOXO>K)J.eHHSI TOKa B OTpHaTenbHblH
nOJIynepHoA BTopHHoro HanpSl>KeHHSI TpaHccpopMaropa.
CpeAHee BbmpSlMJIeHHOe HanpSl>KeHHe pTYTHoro npeoopa30BaTeJISi
.npH oeCKOHeIJHO oonbllIOH HHAYKTHBHOCTH B enH BbrnpSlMJIeHHOrO
TOKa onpe)J.enSiercSi KaK
Ud = Udo COS a,
(8-137)
r)J.e a - yrOJI 3amffi)J.bIBaHHSI 3a>KHraHHSI;
Udo = 112 £2!!!.. sin - cpeAHe-BblnpSlMJIeHHOe HanpSl>KeHHe npH non-
n m, ,
HOCTblO OTKpbITOM BeHTHne, T. e. npH a = 0;
V d - cpeAHe-BbrnpSlMneHHoe HanpSl>KeHHe npH a =j:::
=j::: O.
. 113 ypaBHeHHSI (8-137) CJIeAyeT, IJTO npH a = 90° cpe.nHe-BbrnpSlM-
JIeHHOe HanpSl>KeHHe paBHo HynlO. 3TOMY cJIYIJalO cooTBercTByeT KPH-
BaSI BbrnpSlMJIeHHOrO HanpSl>KeHHSI (pHC. 8-46, 8), Y KOTOpOH nnow.a)J.b,
OrpaHHIJeHHaSi nOJIO>KHTenbHOH IJaCTblO KpHBOH, paBHa nnow.a)J.H,
OrpaHHIJeHHOH OTpHaTeJIbHOH IJaCTblO. EcnH a < 90°, TO cpeAHe-BbI-
npSlMJIeHHOe HanpSl>KeHHe - nOJIO>KHTeJIbHaSi BenHIJHHa (pHC. 8-46, a, 6),
a npH a> 90° - oTpHaTeJIbHaSi (pHC. 8-46, z, a). B nepBoM cJIYIJae
BeHTHnb paooTaer B BbrnpSlMHTeJIbHOM pe>KHMe, a BO BTOpOM - B re-
HepaTopHoM-HHBepTopHoM, eCJIH co CTOpOHbl HarpY3KH Ha aHO)J. oY)J.er
nOAaH nOJIO>KHTeJIbHbIH noreHHan.
I1HBepTHpoBaHHe - 9TO npoecc npe06pa30BaHHSI nOCTOSlHHoro
TOKa B nepeMeHHbIH, npH KOTOpOM nOTOK 9JIeKTpHIJeCKOH MOW.HOCTH
H)J.eT OT HCTOIJHHKa nOCTOSlHHoro TOKa B enb nepeMeHHoro. B peBep-
CHBHbIX 9JIeKTpOnpHBoAax HMelOT MeCTO BbmpSlMHTeJIbHblH H HHBep-
ropHbIH pe>KHMbl. TaK, npH )J.BHraTeJIbHOM pe>KHMe PTYTHblH npe06pa-
30Barenb paooTaer B BbrnpSlMHTenbHoM pe>KHMe, npH reHepaTopHqM
pe>KHMe ABHraTeJISi PTYTHblH npeoopasoBareJIb lI.OJI>KeH paooTaTb B HH-
BepTopHoM pe>KHMe.
243

J
n
m
0(=0 0
0(=150 0
j3 HUH
PIIC. 8-46. KpliBbIe BbmpRMJleHHOrO HanpH>KeHIIH PTYT-
Horo BblnpHMHTeJlH npH pa3HbIx yrJlax perYJlHpoBaHHH:
a -11=0; 6-11=60°; B -11=90.; e-'I1= 120°: iJ - 11=150°
. I

nepeXOA OT BlotnpRMHTenloHOrO K HHBepTOpHOMY
pe)f(HMy H H80lSopOT
HaanloHaR a3HpOBK8
nepexop. OT Bbrnp5lMHTeJIbHoro pe>KHMa K HHBepTopHoMy npH coxpa-
HeHHH HanpaBneHH5l TOKa B BeHTHne MO}KeT ObITb nOnYIJeH npH CJIe-
JlYIOrn.HX ycnoBHHx: 1) nOAKnlOIJeHHbIH K PTYTHOMY npeoopa30BaTeJ11O
ABHraTeJIb paoOTaeT B reHepaTOpHoM pe}KHMe; 2) Ha aHO)l BeHTHnH
nO)laeTCH nOnO}KHTenbHbIH nOTeHL(HaJI Hanp5l}KeHHH )lI3HraTenH, npHIJeM
-Hanp5l}KeHHe )lBHraTen5l oonbllIe cpeAHe-BbrnpHMneHl-Ioro OTpHL(aTeJIb-
floro HanpH}KeHHH P B; 3) OTllHpaHHe ceTKoH BeHTHnH npoH3BoAHTCH
B oonacTH oTpHIJ,aTeJIbHbIX nonYBonH BTOpHIJHOrO HanpH}KeHH5l TpaHc-
cpopMaTOpa. B HHBepTOpHoM pe}KHMe TOK, He MeHHH HanpaBneHH5l,
npOXOAHT IJepe3 BeHTHnb nO)l B03)leHcTBHeM pa3HocTH MrHOBeHHbIX
3HaIJeHHH 3. A. c. (E}1s - e 2 ), rAe E}1s - 3. )l. c. ABHraTen5l, paOOTalO-
rn.ero B reHepaTOpHoM pe}KHMe; e 2 - 3. )l. c. BTOpHIJHOH OOMOTKH TpaH-
-ccpopMaTOpa. B )laHHoM cnyIJae e 2 npOTHBo)leHcTByeT E}1s, cne)lOBa-
TenbHo, MOrn.HOCTb OY)leT nepe)laBaTbC5l OT )lBHraTenH IJepe3 BeHTHnb
B ceTb nepeMeHHoro TOKa. Dpe)lenbHbIH yron perynHpoBaHH5l npH
HHBepTopHoM pe}KHMe, ecnH He npHHHMaTb BO BHHMaHHe nepHO)lbI KOM-
MYTalJ,HH H Aem-IH3alJ,HH, paBeH 180°. DpH oonbIIIHx 3HaIJeHH5lX 3Toro
yrna nOTeHlJ,Han aHoAa, KOTOpbIH AOJI}KeH BCTynHTb B paooTY, CTaHO-
BHTC5l MeHbllIe nOTeHlJ,HaJIa paooTalOrn.ero aHoAa. Do 3TOH npHIJHHe
Ayra He nepeH)leT Ha OIJepe)lHOH aHoA, a OY)leT npoAon}KaTb ropeTb
Ha paOOTalOrn.eM aHO)le, IJTO npHBe)leT K aBapHHHOMY pe}KHMY KOPOT-
KOro 3aMbIKaHH5l. B peaJIbHbIX ycnOBH5lX npe)lenbHbIH yrOJI MeHbllIe
180°.
4TOObI oOeCneIJHTb nepexoA AyrH OT npe)lbIAyrn.ero aHOAa K oIJepe)l-
HOMY B HHBepTOpHoM pe}KHMe, OTKpbITHe OqepeAHOro aHOAa )lOn}KHQ
npOHcXO)lHTb C HeKoTopbIM onepe}KeHHeM npOTHB HaIJana OTpHlJ,aTeJ1b-
Horo nonynepHo)la. B 3TOM cnYIJae npH BbIoope'MHHHManbHoro yrna
onepe}KeHH5l IIH (pHC. 8-46, 0) HeooxoAHMO He' TonbKO YIJeCTb BpeMH
KOMMYTalJ,HH, H3Mep5leMOe yrnoM 'Y, HO TaK}Ke npeAycMOTpeTb H TO,
IJTO npeJlbIAyrn.HH BeHTHnb AOn}KeH ycneTb BOCCTaHOBHTb CBOH 3anHpa-
IOrn.He CBOHCTBa. B npOTHBHOM cnYIJae npOH30iiAeT nOBTOpHoe 3a}KHra-
HHe 3TOro BeHTHnH. CJIeAOBaTeJIbHO, JI.JIH HOpMaJIbHOH paOOTbI Bbrnp5lMH-
TeJ15l B HHBepTOpHOM pe>KHMe HeOOXO)lHMO, IJTOObI
MHH = 'Y + (),
(8-138)
rJle () - yrOJI, COOTBeTCTBYIOrn.HH BpeMeHH BOCCTaHOBneHH5l3anHpaHH5l;
'Y - BpeM5l AeOHH3aL(HH.
MHHHManbHoe 3HaIJeHHe yrna  onpeAen5leTCH HaHoonbllIHMH BenH-
IJHHaMH yrnoB 'Y H (). YrOJI KOMMYTaL(HH )lOCTHraeT MaKCHMaJIbHOH Be-
JIHIJHHbI npH TOnIJKaX Harpy3KH H paBeH 15-18°, a yrOJI AeoHH3alJ,HH -
npHMepHo 12°.
TaKHM oopa30M, MHHHManbHbIH yrOJI onepe}KeHH5l
MHH 18 + 12 = 30°. (8-139)
245

OrclO)J.a CJIe.nyer, qro )(onycrHMoe 3HalleHHe yrJIa perYJIHpOBaHHSI,
OrpaHHIlHBaeMOe KOMMyraHoHHOH CnOCOOHO<;TbIO P B B HHBepTOpHOM
pe)KHMe, Onpe.IleJIReTCSI KaK
ajton = 180- MIiH = 180 - 30 = 1500.
JiIsMeHeHHe yrJIa perYJIHpOBaHHSI npOH3BO)(HTCSI H3MeHeHHeM cre-
neHH nOAMarHHIlHBaHHSI )(pOCCeJIeH HaCbIeHHSI <tJa30perYJISITopa.
l(a)K)(bIH )(pOCCenb HMeeT OOMOTKY CMeHHR, C nOMOblO KOTOpOH
C03)(aeTCSI HallaJIbHOe nOAMarHHIlHBa-
HHe )J.pOCCeJISI, H OOMOTKY ynpaBne-
HHSI, C nOMOblO KOTOpOH H3MeHSIer-
CSI COCTOSIHHe nOAMarHHIlHBaHHSI .npoc-
CeJISI H npOH3BO)(HTCSI H3MeHeHHe
C)(BHra <tJa3bI HanpSI)KeHHSI Ha BbIxoAe
<tJasoperYJISITopa.
npH HallanbHOM nOAMarHHIlHBa-
HHH, Kor)J.a yrOJI C)(BHra <tJasbI Me)K,Il.y
HanpR)KeHHeM aHO)(a H HanpSI)KeHH-
eM Ha BbIXO)(e <tJasoperYJISITOpa pa-
BeH a o = 90° (cpeAHe-BbrnpSIMJIeH-
Hoe HanpSI)KeHHe pryTHoro BbInpSI-
MHTeJISI paBHO HYJIIO) , H8MarHHIlH-
BaroaSI ClL1Ia OOMOTKH ynpaBJIeHHSI
AOJI)KHa ObITb paBHa HYJIIO (Fy = 0).
ECJIH npH 9TOM YlleCTb, liTO npH
nOJIHOCTblO OTKpbITbIX BeHTlL1ISIX
a = 0, a )(OnYCTHMbIH nOJIHbIH )J.Hana-
Fm F 30H yrna perYJIHpOBaHHSI L\a MaKc =
u Fyo = 150°. TO )(OnYCTHMoe MaKCHMaJIb-
# Hoe H3MeHeHHe yrJIa B HHBepTopiIoM
PIIC. 8-47. 3aBlicHMoCTb yrJla C,nBH- peJKHMe COCTaBHT 60°.
ra cjJa3bl HanpR>KeHHH Bblxo.na cjJa30-
perYJlRTOpa OT HaMarHH'UfBaIOll{eii Ha pHC. 8-47 npeACTaBJIeHa KPH-
CHJlbI, npHJlO>KeHHOii KO BXO.ny cjJa- BaSI 3aBHCHMOCTH yrJIa C)l.BHra <tJa3bI
30perynRTopa OT H8MarHHIlHBaroeH CHnbI, nphIJIO-
)KeHHOH KO BXO)(Y <tJa30perYJISITOpa
" = j(F). Ha KpHBOH TOIlKa 0 1 , COOTBeTCTBYIOaSI HallaJIbHOMY nOk
MarHHIlHBaHHlO, nOJIYlleHa 3a cller HaMarHHIlHBalOeii CllJIbI OOMOTKH
cMeHHSI F CM' .L{JISI nOJIHoro OTKpbITHSI BeHTllJIeH: KO BXO)l.y <tJasopery-
JISITOpa OT OOMOTKH ynpaBJIeHHSI CJIe,Il.yer npHJIO)KHTb HaMarHHIlHBalO-
YIO CHJIY Fys. ,Il.eHCTBYIOYIO COrJIaCHO C FCM' a ,Il.JISI nOJIylleHHSI HH-
BepropHoro peJKHMa C ,Il.OnYCTHMbIM yrJIOM perynHpOBaHHSI, paBHbIM
60°, CJIeAyer npllJIO)KHTb HaMarHHIlHBalOYIO CllJIy F YH - AeHCTBYIO-
ylO BCTpellHo F CM ' npH 9TOM F YH = FclI.'
HapSI)(Y C YKa3aHHbIM paHee nepeKpecTHaSI H BCTpeIlHO-napaJIJIeJIb-
HaR cxeMbI OTnHllaIOTCSI APyr OT )(pyra e TeM, liTO B nepeKpeCTHOH
cxeMe aHO,Il.Hbte HanpSI)KeHHSI OOOHX' np_eoopasoBaTeJIeH HaXO)(SITCSI
B <tJa3e, a BO BCTpeIlHO-napaJIJIeJIbHOH - B npOTHBO<}Ja:!!e. B COOTBer-
246
tt

o
10
760
150
1fJD
30
120
50 100
90.
70
80
90
110
/J/J
i30
60°
150

CTBIUI C 3THM naHenH nHTaHHH npeOOpa30BaTeJIeH BO BCTpeqHO-napaJI-
JIeJIbHOH CXeMe AOJIJKHbI ObITb nOAKJIlOqeHbI K CeTKaM TaK, qToObI nOJIO-
)l{HTeJIbHbIe HMnYJIbCbI, nOAaBaeMble Ha CeTKH OAHOrO npeOOpa30Ba-
TeJIH, ObIJIH c,lI,BHHYTbI OTHOCHTeJIbHO nOJIOJKHTenbbIX HMnYJIbCOB CeTOK
,nPyroro npeo6pasoBaTenH Ha 180°.
MOHHWA npMBOA p8doMX B8nKOB peBepCMBMoro CT8H8
Ha pHC. 8-48 npeACTaBJIeHa ynpoll{eHHaH nepeKpeCTHaH cxeMa pe-
BepcHBHoro HOHHoro npHBoAa B OAHOJIHHeHHOM H300pa}l(eHHH Oe3 YKa-
3aHHH npHcoeAHHeHHH 06MOTOK CYMMHpylOero MarHHTHoro YCHJlH-
TeJIH CMY.
" B 3TOH cxeMe napannenbHo coeAHHeHHbIe OOMOTKH ynpaaneHHH OY
KaJKAoro cpasoperYJIHTOpa (1lJJC H 2CPC) nO,l(KJIlOtUlIOTCH ooeH L(enblO
J
- - -


.,..rv'\"\-o
PHC. 8-48. nepeKpecTH8H cxeM8 peBepcHBHoro HOHHoro npHBoJJ;8
B OJJ;HOJlHHeiiHOM H306pa1l5eHHH
K BbIXOA}' CYMMHpYIOero MarHHTHoro YCHJlHTeJIH. YnpaBJIHIOll{He
06MOTKH KaJK,l(OrO cpasoperYJIHTOpa IllYHTHPYIOTCH L(enOqKOH H3 BeH-
THJIH BC H conpOTHBJIeHHH Rn. BeHTHJIH BC H conpOTHBJIeHHH Rn
CJIYJKaT AJIH OrpaHHqeHHH TOKa ynpaBneHHH 06MOTOK cpa30perYJlHTopOB
B HHBepTopHOM peJKHMe, npH KOTOpOM ,l(Hana30H H3MeHeHHH yrJIa CABHra
cpasbI MebIlle, qeM B BbII:IPHMHTeJIbHOM (60° BMeCTO 90°).
.lI.JIH nOJIyqeHHH YKa3aHHoH Ha cxeMe (pHC. 8-48) nOJIHpi:J:ocTH Ha-
npHJKeHHH ,l(BHraTeJIH HeooxoAHMO, qTOObI npeoopasoBaTeJIb j P B paoo-
TaJI B BbInpHMHTeJIbHOM peJKHMe, a 2P B ,- ObIlI nOArOToaneH K HHBep-
TOPHOMY peJKHMY. ,D;JIH 3Toro Ha BXOA CMY nOAaeTCH CHrHan TaKoro
HanpaBJIeHHH. npH KOTOpOM paOOqaH TOqKa xapaKTepHcTHKH cpasopery-
JIHTOpa jlJJC nepeMeaeTcH BBepx. a cpa30perYJlHTOpa 2lJJC - BHH3
(CM. CnJIOIllHbIe CTpeJIKH Y KpHBbIX pHC. 8-48); yrOJI perYJIHpOBaHHH
247

npeOOpa30'BaTemI J P B yMeHbllIaeTCH, a npeoopa30BarenSI 2P B -
YBenHqHBaeTCH. DpH H3MeHeHHH HanpaBneHHH CHrHana Ha BXOJ{e CMY
paOOqaSI TOqKa X8paKTepHCTHKH tlJa30perynHTopa JcjJC nepeMern.aeTCSI
BHH3, a 4>a30perYJlHTopa 2cjJC - BBepx (CM. nYHKTHpHble CTpenKH
y KpHBbIX pHC. 8-48); yron perynHpoBaHHH npeoopasoBaTenSI JPB
YBenHqHTCSI, 8 2P B - YMeHbIlIHTCH, T. e. Tenepb 2P B OYAeT paoo-
TaTb B BbmpHMHTenbHOM pe)KHMe, a J P B - nOJ{rOTOBneH K HHBep-
TOPHOMY.
ECJlH npH paOOTe CHCTeMbI CJIrHan co BXOAa CMY CHHTb, TO TOKH
B ynpaBnSIIOw.HX OOMOTKax tlJa30perYJlSITOpOB ObICTpO ynaAYT J{O HynH
H yrnbI perynHpoBaHHH OOOHX npeoopa30B8TeneH CTaHYT paBHbIMH 90 0 .
Dpeoopa30BaTenb J P B, paHee paooTaBIlI!'lH B BbmpSIMHTenbHoM pe-
)KHMe, BbIKnlOqHTCSI HS paooTbI, TaK KaK Ha aHOJ{ax ero nOAaeTCSI OT
J{BHraTeJIH OTpHL(aTeJIbHbIH nOTeHl(HaJl. npeoopa30BaTenb 2PB oYAeT
HMeTb B 8HOJ{e nOJIO)KHTenbHbIH nOTeHl(Han, HO OH He BKnlOqHTCH B pa-
OOTY, TaK KaK npH a = 90 0 cpeAHe-BbmpHMHTeJIbHOe HanpH)KeHHe ero
paBHo HyJlIO. B AaHHOM cnyqae 3TOT npeoopa30BaTenb AnSI J{BHraTeJIH
3KBHBaneHTeH OMHqeCKoMY conpoTHBneHHIO ManoH BenHqHHbI, n03TOMY
ABHraTenb OYAeT paOOTaTb B pe)KHMe AHHaMHqeCKOrO TOpMO)KeHHSI
C oonbllIHMH TOKaMH B l(enH. SIKOpH. .IJ:nH orpal-!HqeHHH TOKa B u;enH
HKOpH npHMeHSIeTcSI OTpHl(aTeJIbHaSI oopaTHaSI CBH3b no TOKY ABH-
raTenSI OOblqHO C OTCeqKoi-i. EcnH TOK B u;enH SIKOpSI ABHfaTeJISI npe-
BbICHT npeAenbHoe 3HaIIeHHe, TO BCTynaeT B J{ei-icTBHe QTpHu;aTenbHaSI
oopaTHaH CBSI3b no TOKY, KOTopaH B pe>KHMe TOpMO)KeHHH CTpeMHTCH
3aMeJ{nHTb TeMn cnaAaHHH BbIXOJ{HOro HanpH)KeHHH CMY H TQKa
ynpaBJlHIOw.HX OOMOTOK tlJasoperynSITOpOB. D03TOMY BbmpSIMneHHbIe
HanpHJKeHHH npeoopa30BaTenSI 2PB He CHH3SITCSI cpa3Y AO HynSI npH
nepeBoJ{e KOMaHJ{oKoHTpOJInepa H3 paOoqero HanpaBneHHH «BnepeJ{»
B HyneBoe nOJIO)KeHHe. 3TO HanpH)KeHHe, J{ei-icTBYH BCTpeqHO 3. J{. C.
J(BHraTeJISI, YMeHbllIaeT TOpM03HOH: TOK ABHraTenSI.
C yqeTOM AeikTBHH OTpHl(aTeJlbHOH OOpaTHOH: CBSI3H TOK J{BHraTeJlSI
B HHBepTopHoM pe)KHMe
+E + U d cosu-/}.U
l TOPM liB R a (8-140)
rJ{e E JIB - 3. A. C. ABHraTenSI B reHepaTOpHOM pe)KHMe;
U d cos a - cpeAHe-BbmpHMneHHoe HanpH)KeHHe npeoopa30Ba-
TeJISI 2P B B HHBepTOpHOM pe)KHMe;
a - yron perYJlHpOBaHHH npeoopaSOBaTenH 2PB, oonb-
IlIHH 900;
 R - nOJIHOe conpoTHBneHHe SIKOpHOH: u;enH;
!1U. - naAeHHe HanpHJKeHHH B Ayre.
Jib (8-140) BHAHO, qTO BeJIHqHHa TOKa ABHraTenH B HHBepTopHoM
peJKllMe YMeHbllIaeTcSI C yBenHqeHHeM a, TaK KaK cos a npH 3TOM B03-
pacTaeT no aOCOJIIOTHOH BenHqHHe.
DpH nycKe ABHraTeJISI OT pTYTHoro npeoopa30BaTenSI Henb3H cpaay
npHnOJKHTb K oOMoTKe ynpaBJIeHHSI 4>a30perYJlSITopa nOJIHOe HanpSI-
248

)i{eHlie, TaK KaK HanpmKeHIle BblrCpSiMIlTeJISI HaqHeT qpe3MepHO ObICTpO
B03paCTaTb, qTO npIlBe,AeT K B03HIlKHOBeHIllO OqeHb OOJIbllIliX nYCKOBbIX
'tOKOB B lLenli SlKOpH ,ABIlranJIH. TaKIiM oopa30M, B OTnIlqIle OT CIiCTeMbI
r - )J., rAe Tpe6yeTcSI cpOpCIlpOBKa npou;ecca pOCTa HanpSl)KeHHH reHe-
p'aTOpa npli nycKe ,ABliraTenH, B CIiCTeMax YPB - )J. cJIe,AYeT orpaHIl-
qHBaTb pOCT HanpH)KeHIlH BbrnpHMIITenH. )J.nSl :)TOH lLeJIli npIlMe-
UHIOTCH TOKOBoe perynIlpi:>BaHlie II cpOpMIlpOBal-me 3aAalOIIJ;erO CIlHlaJIa.
, B nepBoM cnyqae ,AeikTBlie TOKOBOH OTplilLaTenbHOH oopaTHOH CBH3Il,
SlBJISlIOIIJ;eikH oopaTHOH CBH3blO no npOIl3BOAHOH CKOPOCTIl, HanpaBneHo
B CTOPOHY CHIl)KeHIlH IlHTeHCIlBHOCTII Il3MeHeHIlH HanpH)KeHIlH BbrnpSl-
M,IlTeJIH. O,AHaKO o,AHa rlioKaH oopaTHaH CBH3b, oXBaTbIBalOIIJ;aSl I-Ie-
CKOJIbKO IlHeplLlloHHbIX 3BeHbeB, MO)KeT BbI3BaTb KOJIeOaHIiH B KpliBOH
aanpH)KeHIlH PB II TOKa ,ABliraTenSi. B CBH3Il C 3TIlM TpeoYeTCSI-npeAY-
'CMaTpIiBaTb eIIJ;e AononHIITenbHylO rliOKYlO oopaTHYlO CBSl3b. -
npliMeHeHIle B cxeMe IlOHHOro npIlBO,Aa rlioKlix oopaTHbIX CBSl3eH,
aaMe,AJIHlOIIJ;IlX npoTeKaHlie nepeXO,AHbIX npolLeccoB, npIlBO,AIlT K TOMY,
tJ:TO nepeXO,AHble npolLeccbI no xapaKTepy Mano OTnIlqaIOTCH OT npOlL ec -
COB B npOCTOH CIiCTeMe r -)J.. B pe3yJIbTaTe npeIlMYIIJ;eCTBO IlOHHoro
npIlBOAa - ManaH IlHeplLllOHHOCTb - He IlCnOJIb3YeTCH. HaIlOOJIee lLe-
necooopa3HO AnH nonyqeHIISI TpeoyeMoH IlHTeHCIlBHOCTII Il3MeHeHIISI
HanpSl)KeHIlH P B cpOpMIlpOBaTb 3a;:I.alOIIJ;IlH ClirHan, nO,AaBaeMbIH Ha
BXOA cyMMlipYlOIIJ;erO YClIJIIiTenSi. npli 3TOM, eCJIIi IlHepU;IlOHHOCTb CYM-
MlipYIOIIJ;ero yClinIlTeJISi II cpa30perynHTopa MaJIbI, HanpH)KeHIle P B
oy,AeT no cpopMe COOTBeTCTBOBaTb 3a,AalOIIJ;eMY clirHany.
Ha pliC. 8-49 npe,AcTaMeHa CIiCTeMa IlOHHOro npIlBo,Aa peBepcIlBHoro
CTaHa, pa3paOOTaHl-IaSi JIel-IlIHrpaAcKIiM OTAeneHIleM rnI1 TSI)KnpOM-
3neKTponpoeKT. B TaKoH CIiCTeMe ,ABliraTenb nonyqaeT nliTaHlie OT
,ABYX rpynn PTYTHbIX BbrnpHMIITeneH IPB II 2PB, COe,AIlHeHHbIX no
BCTpeqHO-napannenbHoH cxeMe. EbICTp0,AeHcTBYlOIIJ;Ile CIiCTeMbI CeTQq-
HOro ynpaBJIeHIlH Ka}K,!:(oH rpynnbI lCCJ11l 2CCJ1 nliTalOTCH OT OT,Aenb-
HbIX CYMMlipylOIIJ;IlX YClinliTeneH lCMJ1, 2CMJ1. Ka)K,AbIH YClIJIlITeJIb
HMeeT no llIeCTb OOMOTOK: OOMOTKY ypaBHIlTenbHoro TOKa OJ1T, npIl-
KnlOqeHHYlO K BbIXO,Ay ,AIlO,AHOrO MOCTIiKa fJ,M3; HanpH)KeHIISI OH -
nOAKnlOqeHHYlO K HanpSl)KeHIllO SlKOpH; OOMOTKY 3a,AaHIiH ypaBHIlTeJIb-
HOro TOKa 03J1T, nO,AKJIlOqeHHYIO K He3aBlicliMoMY HanpH)KeHIlIO II
npe,AHa3HaqeHHYlO AnH YCTaHOBJIeHIlH 3aAaHl-IOH BenIlqllHbI ypaBHll-
TenbHoro TOKa; CMeIIJ;eHIlH OCM, C nOMOIIJ;blO KOTOpOH BblolipaeTcH
HaqanbHaH TOqKa cpa3llpoBKIl; 3a,AalOIIJ;ylO 03, onpe,AenHIOIIJ;ylO 3a;:I.aH-
HYIO BeJIIlqllHY CKOpOCTlI BpaIIJ;eHIlH ABliraTenH; cpOpMIlpylOIIJ;YIO Oct> -
cpOpMIlPYlOIIJ;YlO nepeXOAHOH npou;ecc npli nYCKe II TOpMO)KeHIlIi ,ABIl-
raTeJIH.
)J.nH COnpH)KeHIlH xapaKTepliCTIiK BbrnpHMIlTeJISI II IlHBepTopa npe-
AycMaTpIiBaeTCH perynIlpoBaHlie ypaBHliTenbHoro TOKa. I13MepeHlle
ypaBHIlTeJIbHOrO TOKa npOll3BO,AliTCH C nOMOIIJ;blO ,ABYX nOCJIe,AOBaTeJIbHO
BKJIlOqeHHbIX MarHliTHbIX YClinIlTeJIeH 1M J1 H 2M J1, paOOTalOIIJ;IlX Ha
qaCTOTe 1000 cLf. Y ClinIlTeJI b 1M J1 nOAMafHIlqllBaeTCH TOKOM KaTO,AHOH
rpynnbI, YClinliTenb 2MJ1 - TOKOM aHO,AHOH rpynnbI. YCllnIlTeJIb,
249

nO,lI.MafHHqHBaeMbIH TOKOM pa60TalOllI.eH rpynnbI, CllJIbHO HaCbIllI,eH Ii
He OKa3bIBaeT BnHSIHHH Ha pa60TY CHCTeMbI. YCHnHTeJIb Hepa60T alO w. eH
rpynnbI nO,lI.MarHHqHBaeTCSI ypaBHHTeJIbHbIM TOKOM, BenHqHHa KOTOpOro
He,lI.OCTaTOqHa ,lI.JISI Hacblw.eHHSI YCllJIHTe.JISI. TI03TOMY Ha 06MOTKY OYT
6Y,lI.eT nO,lI.aBaTbCSI CHrHaJI, npOnOpIJ;HOHaJIbHbIH ypaBHHTeJIbHOMY TOKY.
2C/'!!I
O!ll
+ 14 - 011
{JJIIT
't'f OCI1
,
+ 03 OJ
C fNll
OtP
U Rip Ii
PHC. 8-49. CHq'eMa HOHHoro npHBo)l;a peBepcHBHoro CTaHa, pa3pa60TaHHaR
JIeHHHrpa,ncKHM OT,neneHHeM rTIH TR>KnpOM9J1eKTpOnpOeKT
HC 06MOTKH OYT cpaBHHBaeTCSI C HC 06MOTKH 3a,lI.aHHSI ypaBHHTe.JIb-
HOro TOKa 03YT H pe3yJIbTHpYIOw.aSI HC 3THX 06MOTOK B03AeHcTByeT
Ha HanpSI1KeHHe PB, nOMep>KHBaSI Ha 3aAaHHOM YPOBHe Be.JIHqHHY
ypaBHHTe.JIbHOrO TOKa.
06MOTKa OH npHa3HaqeHa AJISI nonyqeHHSI >KeCTKHX MeXaHHqe-
CKHX xapaKTepHCTHK npHBO,lI.a. 3a,lI.alOw.aSI 03 H 4>oPMHpYIOw.aSI OCP
06MOTKH n<;>JIyqaIOT CHrHaJI OT sa,lI.alOIl{ero nOTeHIJ;HOMeTpa 3fl H yCH-
250

JIHTenbHOrO Jl,HOJl,HOro MOCTHKa p'M 1. npH 3TOM oOMoTKa (flp npHCOeJl,H-
HSleTCSI K KOHTYPY mITaHHSI C nOMOmblO KOHAeHCaTOpa C.
.L{HoAHbIM YCHJIlITe.JIbHbIM MOCTHK p'M 1 BKJIlOqeH Ha HanpSl>KeHHe
VI TaK, qTO no HeM}' Bce BpeMSI npOTeKaeT TOK. npH 3TOM, ecJIH HanpSl-
>KeHHe V S8 11. paBHO HYJIIO, TO HanpSl>KeHHe Me>KJI,Y TOtIKaMH a H 6 MO-
CTHKa, a TaK>Ke TOKH OOMOTOK 03 H OctJ paBHbI HYJIIO.
npH CKaqKOOOpa3HoM H3MeHeHHH 3a,rr,alOmero Hanp$I>KeHHSI, nOJISlp-
HOCTblO, YKa3aHHoM Ha pHC. 8-49, K BeHTHJISIM 1 H 2 MOCTHKa p'MI
CHH3Y nplWO>KeH nOnO>KHTe.JIbHbIM nOTeHHaJI, B pe3YJIbTaTe tIero 3TH
BeHTHnH OyAYT 3anepTbI. ('YClIJIHTe.JIbHbIM MOCTHK p'MI Jl,JISi HarJISI)J,-
HOCTH npe.ACTaBneH OT.AenbHO Ha pHC. 8-50, a.) B YKa3aHHoM cJIyqae
+
a) u ,
R, 8 OJ R OJ
+ C Dr/J ROf/J
nJ RIJJ
e
6} .L  m ROJ
+
I ic t C DID ROf/J
U,+U3tIl1 lqJt illfli
R, Rrp
PHC. 8-50. YCHJlHTeJlbHbIH MOCTHK cxeMbi pHC. 8-49
TOK npOMJI,eT OT + VI tIepe3 BeHTHJIb 4, HarpY3Ky, COnpOTHBJIeHHe sa-
Jl,alOmero nOTeHHOMeTpa fl3, tIepe3 BeHTHnb 3, COnpOTHBJIeHHe R I K
- VI' TaKHM oopaSOM, npH npHJIO>KeHHH K CHCTeMe 3aAalOmerO CHrHa.na
V S 811. B HeM OYJI,e:C AeHCTBOBaTb HanpSl>KeHHe, paBHoe cYMMe V S811. +
+ VI'
npH HaJIHqHH saAaIQllI.erO CHrHa.J1a V 3811. cxeMa (pHC. 8-50, a) MO-
>KeT 6bITb 3aMeHeHa 3KBHBaJIeHTHOM, npe)J.cTaBJIeHHOM Ha pHC. 8-50, 6.
.L{JISI TaKoM cxeMbI CnpaBeJl,JIHBbI CJIe)J.YIDmHe HCXOAHbIe ypaBHeHHSI:
VI + V S8 11. = C " e + iR + iIR I ;
p -
. R - ie + . R .
t os os - Cp to 04>'
i04JRo = iR;
i l = ios + ic;
Ie = i 04J + i4J'
(8-141)
(8-142)
(8-143)
(8-144)
(8-144a)
251

3.n.eCb VI - BXO.n.HOe HanpfDKeHHe YCHnHTeJIbHoro MOCTa PM1;
ic - TOK I.{enH KOH.n.eHCaTOpa C;
i - TOK B I.{enH COnpOTHBneHH5I R<j:;
II - TOK B I.{enH COnpOTHBJIeHH5I 1<1;
ios; Roo< - TOK H cOnpOTHBJIeHH5I I.{enH sa.n.aIOmeH 06MOTKH;
imp; Rort> - TOK H COnpOTHBneHHe I.{enH CPOpMHpYIOmeH 06MOTKH;
p - onepaTOp .n.mpcpepeHI.{HpOBaHH5I.
BbInOnH5I5I B npHBe.n.eHHbIX ypaBHeHH5IX COOTBeTCTBYIOmHe npeo6-
paSOBaHH5I, sanHllIeM
-I
. _ VI + V 3aJl T-;.
tort> - [ 1 I 1 1 ] e ,
RIRort> Rort> + R03 + RI + Rrt>
[ + -I ]
. _ VI + V 33J1 1 _ Rrp Rort> eT;
1 03 -, RI+R03 +++ .
Rort> R03 Rl Rrt>
(8-145)
(8-146)
3)I.eCb
Tc = [ rpRo + RIR03 J C.
, Rrt> + Rort> RI + Roo
B Ha1lanbHbIH MOMeHT BKnIOqeHH5I HanpmKeHH5I V 3aJl (npH t = 0)
HaMamHqHBaIOmHe CHnbI 06MOTOK OCP H 03, cornaCHO ypaBHeHH5IM
(8-145) H (8-146), COOTBeTCTBeHHO paBHbI:
F - VI + V 3aJl Wort> .
ort>. Haq - RI [  +  +  +  ] Rorp ,
Rorp Roo RI Rrp
F - ' VI + V 3aJ1 W 03
03. Haq - [ 1 1 1 1 J R03'
RI -+--+-+-
. Ro R03 RI Rrp
Ha pHC. 8-51 Hso6pa}KeHbI KpHBble HC sa.n.aIOmeH H CPOpMHPYIOmeH
06MOTOK CYMMHpYIOmHX YCHnHTe.TIeH B npoI.{ecce nycKa H TOpMO}KeHH5I
.n.BHraTe.TI5I. 06bIqHO Hanp5I}KeHHe VI npHMepHO pa3 B 20-30 60nbllIe
sa,n.aIOmero, n03TOMY npH )I.OCTaTOQHO 60nbllIHx SHaQeHH5IX nOCT05IHHOH
BpeMeHH Tc (nop5I.n.Ka 2-3 eeK) nOCJIe CKaQKOo6pasHoro npHnmkeHH5I
sa.n.aIOmero Hanp5I}KeHH5I cYMMa HaMamHQHBaIOmHX CHn F 03 + Fort>
6y.n.eT npaKTHQeCKH H3MeHHTbC5I no np5IMOJIHHeHHoMY saKoHY OT Ha-
QanbHOro SHaQeHH5I F03.lIaq + Fort>. Haq (I YQaCTOK KpHBOH). Kor.n.a,
Hanp5I}KeHHe HarpysKH (HanpH}KeHHe Me}K)I.y TOQKaMH 8 H 2 pHC. 8.50, a)
CTaHeT paBHbIM sa)I.aIOmeMY HanpH}KeHHIO V 3aJl , T. e. Kor)I.a VaG CTaHeT
paBHbIM HynIO, BeHTHnH 1 H 2 BHOBb OTKpOIOTC5I H no.n.aQa HanpH}KeHH5I
VI B I.{enb 06MOTOK O<P H 03 npeKpaTHTC5I, npeKpaTHTCH H .l\anbHeHIlIHH
pOCT Hanp5I}Kt:HHH pTYTHOrO BbmpHMHTenH (II YQaCTOK KpHBOH
pHC. 8-51).
LLn5I TOpMO}KeHHH .n.BHraTe.TI5I .n.o ero nonHoH OCTaHOBKH, sa.n.aIOmHH
CHman CJIe.n.yeT CHH3HTb .n.o Hyn5I. npH 3TOM sanHpaIOTC5I BeHTHnH 3
H 4, TaK KaK Ha YCHnHTe.TIbHbIH MOCTHK 6y.n.eT no.n.aHO HanpH}KeHHe co
252
(8-147)
(8-148)

CTOpOHbI KOH)l.eHCaTOpa. B 9TOM cny1lae pe3ynbTHpYIOmafi HaMamlflUf-
BaIOmafi CHna, paBHafi pa3HOCTH
F pe3 = Fo.p-F03'
BHatIane pe3K6 CHH3HTCfI)l.O HeKOTOpOH Be.TIHtIHHbI, a 3aTeM CTaHeT YMeHb-
maTbCfI no 3aKOHY, npH6nH>KaIOmeMYCfI K npfiMonHHeHHoMY (III ytIa-
CTOK KpHBOH). TaK KaK B paccMaTpHBaeMoH CHCTeMe npHMeHflIOTcfI
6bICTpO)l.eHcTBYIOmHe YCHnHTeJIH H <pa30perynfiTopbI, TO <popMa Hanpfl-
>KeHHfI Ha flKope )l.BHraTeJIfi 6Y)l.eT nO)l.06Ha <popMe KpHBOH pe3ynbTH-
pYIOmeH HC CYMMHpYIOmero YCHnHTe.TIfi COOTBeTCTBYIOmeH rpynnbl BbI-
npflMHTeJIeH. B.narO)l.apfi Ha1.J:anbHOMY CKatIKY Hanpfl>KeHHfI PB H
F
o '
\
F"J,HOIJ .. Fu" HO"
t
FuJ -Fur;
PHC. 8-51. KpRRbIe HC 06MOTOK 3aJ\alOIllero Y3J1a B nepexo,n-
HbIX np0l{eccax cxeMbl pRC. 8-49
IJpaKTHtIeCKH npfiMOJIHHeHHOMY ero nOCJIe.n.yIOmeMY H3MeHeHlliO, TOK
)l.BHraTenfi B nepexO)l.HbIX npoLleccax 6Y)l.eT HMeTb npHMepHo nOCTOflH-
Hoe 3HatIeHHe.
B CHc1'eMe npe)l.YCMaTpHBaeTCfI )l.nfl KOHTponfi TOKa )l.BHraTe.TIfi OT-
pHLlaTe.TIbHafi 06paTHafi CBfl3b no TOKY e OTCetIKOH. C nOMOmbIO MarHHT-
Horo YCHnHTe.TIfi MY tIaCTOTOH 1000 elf 3aMepfleTcfI TOK LlenH flKOPfl)l.BH-
raTe.TIfI, HeHman, nponopLlHOHanbHbIH 9TOMY TOKY, tIepe3 )l.HO)l.HbIH
MOCTHK /l.M4 nO)l.aeTCfI B Llenb cpaBHeHHfI. OCHOBHbIM .omeMeHTOM Y3na
TOKOBOH OTCetIKH flMfleTCfI nOJIynpOBO)l.HHKOBbIH TpHO)l. nT, BKJIIOtIeH-
HbIH tIepe3 YCHnHTe.TIbHbIH MOCTHK /l.M2 B Llenb 3a)l.alOmeH 06MOTKH.
TpHo)l. 06bItIHO HaXO)l.HTCfI B OTKpbITOM COCTOflHHH. EcnH TOK )l.BHra-
Te.TIfi npeBblCHT 3a)l.aHHOe npe)l.e.TIbHOe 3H a1.J:eH He, TO Ha BXO)l. TpHO)l.a
6Y)l.eT nO)l.aH 3anHpaIOm HH CHman,. tITO npHBe)l.eT K YMeHbllIeHHIO 3a..
pfl)l.HorO TOKa KOH)l.eHCaTOpa H, CJIe)l.OBaTe.TIbHO, K CHH>KeHHIO HHTeH-
CHBHOCTH HapaCTaHHfI Hanpfl>KeHHfI U c , TOKa 3a)l.aIOmeH 06MOTKH 03
H Hanpfl>KeHHfI BbmpflMHTeJIfI, T. e. K CHH>KeHHIO )l.HHaMHtIeCKOrO TOKa
)l.BHraTeJIfi.
253

MORRol B08ISY*AIRMI MaWMR rnaBROrO npMBOAa
PIBlpCRBRYI CTaROB
HpHMeHeHHe ynpaBJUleMbIX PTYTHbIX BbmpflMJneJIeH ,nJIfi nJnaHHSI
06MoToK Bos6Y>K,neHHSI reHepaTOpOB H ABHraTeJIeH rnaBHOrO npHBO,na
CTaHOB.,naeT BOSMO>KHOCTb nOJIyqHTb BbICOKOe KaqeCTBO AHHaMHqeCKHX
H CTamqeCKHX pe>KHMOB. Bnaro,napfl 6eSbIHepLlHOHHOCTH II BbICOKOM}'
K03$PnnHeHTY YCIIJIeHHSI P B CHCTeMa ynpaBJIeHllfi C HOHHbIM Bos6y-
>K,neHHeM HMeeT MaJIOe KOJIHqeCTBO IIHepLlHOHHbIX SBeHbeB II MaJIYIO
MOIIUlOCTb ynpaBJIeHHSI.
OC06eHHOCTb pa60ThI 1I0HHbIX npe06paSOBaTeJIeH npH nHTaHHH HMH
06MoToK Bos6Y>K,neHHSI COCTOIIT B TOM, qTO B HHBepTOpHOM pe>KHMe TOK
06MOTKII Bos6Y>K,neHIISI reHepaTOpa, B peSYJIb1aTe ,neHCTBIISI 3. A. C.
caMOHHAYImHIt 06MOTKII, npOAOJI>KaeT npOTeKaTb qepeS TY >Ke rpynny
BeHmneH, KOTOpaSi pa60TaJIa paHee B BbmpfiMIITeJIbHOM pe>KHMe. TaKHM
06paSOM, B CHCTeMe r -LL C HOHHbIM Bos6Y>K,neHHeM reHepaTOpa npH
OAHOM II TOM >Ke HanpaBJIeHHII BpeHHSI npOKaTHOrO ABHraTeJISi KaK
B BbInpSlMHTeJIbHOM, TaK II B HHBepTOpHOM pe>KHMaX pa60TaeT TOJIbKO
OAIIH KOMnJIeKT PB. B CBSISH C 3THM B CXeMaX C HOHHbIM Bos6Y>K,neHlleM
nOAaqa nOJIO>KIITeJIbHbIX OTnHpaIOIqHX IIMnynbcoB Ha CeTKH Hepa6o-
TaIOIqerO KOMnneKTa P B npOHSBOAHTCSI He AJISI no,nrOTOBKH K IIHBep.
TOpHOM}' peHMY, a AJIH OrpaHHqeHHSI ypaBHIITeJIbHOrO TOKa. CneAyeT
,TaK>Ke yqeCTb, qTO MaKCHMaJIbHOe HanpSl>KeHlle HOHHOro Bos6y,nHTeJIfi
,nOJI>KHO BbI6HpaTbCfI IICXO,nSl HS Heo6xo,nHMOCTH 06eCneqHTb cpopCHpO-
BaHHbIH npOLlecc Bos6y>KAeHHfI' rHepaTopOB II ,nBHraTeJIeH.
MaKCHMaJIbHoe nOTpe6Hoe HanpSl>KeHHe ,nJISI nllTaHIISI 06MOTKII
Bos6Y>K,neHHH reHepaTopa onpe,neJISieTCH cqOTHOIlleHlleM
Use. MaKC = Isr.D{rsr+rsn+R9)(u4J+ 1), (8-147a)
rAe lse. D - HOMIIHaJIbHbIH TOK Bos6Y>K,neHHH;
r Be ; r sn - conpOTHBJIeHHe 06MOTKH B036Y>K,neHIISI H AonOJI-
HIITeJIbHOe COnpOTIIBJIeHHe B Llenll 3TOH 06MOTKH;
xm
Ra = - 2 T + R T - SKBHBaJIeHTHOe conpOTHBJIeHHe;
11: ,
R T ; X T - aKTHBHoe H HH.nYKTHBHoe conpOTHBJIeHHe €}>aSbI
BTOPHqHOH 06MOTKH TpaHc€}>opMaTopa;
, a4J - K03$PnnlleHT cpopCHpOBKH.
HanpSl>KeHlle PB, COOTBeTCTBYIOIqee HOMHHaJIbHOMY TOI{}' Bos6y-
>K,neHHSI reHepaTOpa:
u. - Use. MaKC
SD - l+u4J'
OTCIO,na CJIe.nyeT, qTO npH HOMIIHaJIbHOM TOKe Bos6Y>K,neHHSI reHepa-
Topa pB Haxo,nHTCSI B ClIJIbHO saperYJIHpOBaHHOM pe>KHMe.
Ha pHC. 8-52 Hs06pa>KeHa CHCTeMa ynpaBJIeHHH rJIaBHbIM npllBo,noM
peBepcHBHoro CTaHa C HOHHbIM Bos6Y>K,neHlleM reHepaTopoB II npOKaT-
Horo ,l1BHraTeJISi /1., r,ne He npe,l1CTaBJIeHa peJIeHHO-KOHTaKTopHaSi qaCTb
CHCTeMbI, B OCHOBHOM MaJIO OTJIllqaIOIqaH OT paHee paCCMOTpeHHOH
254
(8-148a)

-!]
--.t  }--
j--'
I
I

I
e '"->
..
 ::::,...
&:0
i'
 
:g
- 
,-'" +:>;»
"" <:t
tQ
......
131

IE

'"
o
IQ
:I
:!!
::c
::c
o
:s:
u
'"
::c
'"
t
O
5f
::C:s:
IQIQ
I::[
e
mg
c:>.
:d\
o
g-
a,:s:
I::IQ
::eO
:!!c:>.
::ct
1Qc:>.
"'<I>
E::c
<I>
1>:"
:S:::e

::c
g,&
I::
»
'"
::e

u
II:
U
c-i
IQ
cO
d
:s:
Q.

B CHCTeMe 3neKTpOMallIHHHOrO ynpaBneHHH. UHTaHHe 06MOTOK B036y-
)K.n.eHHH reHepaTOpOB B TaKOll CHCTeMe ocyllI,eCTBnHeTCH OT .n.BYX KOM-
nneKTOB P8 THna PM-200, coe.n.HHeHHbIX no nepeKpeCTHOll cxeMe. UpH
.9TOM HCnOJIb3YIOTCH TpaHciPopMaTopbI THna TMP-180/0,5.
YnpaBnHIOllI,He 06MOTKH iPa30perynHTopoB /cfJC H 2cfJC, coe.n.HHeH-
Hble B 06llI,YIO Llenb, nOJIyllaIOT nHTaHHe OT 06llI,ero MarHHTHoro YCHnH-
TeJIH J1Mr, KOTOpbIll HMeeT lleTbIpe 06MOTKH: 3a.n.aIOllI,YIO J1r30,
TOKOBYIO Y rT, rn6KOll 06paTHOll CBH3H Y r r H 06MOTK)' nOnO)KHTe.TIbHOll
06paTHOll CBH3H J1r17. 06MOTKa ynpaBneHHH yr30 npHcoe.n.HHHeTCH
K nOTeHLlHOMeTpy reHepaTopa 17r, K 3a.n.aIOllI,eMY nOTeHLlHOMeTpy 173r
H 3aTeM llepe3 BeHTHnb 83 HnH 84 K nOTeHLlHoMeTpy cpaBHeHHH 17CH.
B Llenb 06MOTKH J1r30 C nOTeHLlHoMeTpa 17r no.n.aeTCH HanpH>KeHHe
r
"(oU co r.n.e '\'0 = R ne - OTHOllIeHHe conpoTHBneHHH nnella nOTeHLlHO-
ne .
MeTpa K nOJIHoMY conpoTHBneHHIO nOTeHLlHOMeTpa; C nOTeHLlHOMeTpa
173r - U 33n ; C nOTeHLlHoMeTpa 17CH - Ucp-
Kor.n.a
U U >U Rl+Ry
3a.n-'\'0 r cp Rl '
06MoTKa Y r30 no.n.KJIIOllaeTCH o.n.HoBpeMeHHo K .n.BYM HanpH)KeHHHM:
U 3a .n - '\'oU e H U cp (3.n.eCb Rl - conpOTHBneHHe B LlenH HanpH)KeHHH
U 3a .n - '\'oU e ; Ry - COnpOTHBneHHe LlenH 06MOTKH yr30 Me>K.n.y TOIl-
KaMH 6 He). UpH 3TOM TOK 06MOTKH yr30 paBeH CYMMe TOKOB: OT Ha-
npH>K:eHHll U S3 .n - '\'oU e H U cp ' LLnH CHH>K:eHHH MHHHHH pa3HOCTH
U 3a .n - '\'oU co T. e. .n.nH OCna6JIeHHH .n.ellCTBHH OTpHLlaTeJIbHOll 06paT-
HOll CBH3H no HanpH>K:eHHIO B nepexo.n.HbIX upOLleccax, COnpOTHBneHHe
Rl LlenH HanpH>K:eHHH (U 3a .n - '\'oU e ) BbI6HpaeTCH BO MHoro pa3 60JIb-
llIHM conpOTHBneHHH Rcp LlenH HanpH>K:eHHH U cp . UpH 60JIbIIIHX 3Ha-
qeHHHX COOTHOllIeHHH R RI TOK 06MOTKH Y r30 - npHMepHO nOCTOHH-
cp
HaH Be.TIHIlHHa, TaK KaK ero Be.TIHIlHHa onpe.n.e.rrHeTCH rnaBHbIM 06pa30M
HanpH>K:eHHeM cpaBHeHHH U cpo Uo.n. BnHHHHeM nOCTOHHHOll no Be.TIHIlHHe
HC 06MOTKH J1r30 Ha BbIxo.n.e YCHnHTeJIH J1Mr B03HHKHeT HanpH>K:e-
HHe, KOTopoe 6y.n.eT .n.ellCTBOBaTb B CTOPOHY YMeHbllIeHHH yrna perynH-
pOBaHHH nepBoro KOMnneKTa P 8 H B CTOPOHY YBe.TInlleHHH yrna pery-
nHpoBaHHH BToporo KOMnneKTa P B. UpH 3TOM Ha 06MOTKH B036Y>K:.n.e-
HHH reHepaTopoB JI.JlH nonYlleHHH iPOpcHpoBaHHoro npoLlecca 6y.n.eT
no.n.aHO OT P 8 nOBbIllIeHHoe HanpH>K:eHHe. C pa3BHTHeM npoLlecca YBe-
JIHIlHBaeTCH 3..n.. C. reHepaTopOB, YBeJiHIlHBaeTCH TaK>K:e CYMMapHaH
HC YCHnHTe.TIH B pe3ynbTaTe .n.ellCTBHH 06MOTKH nOJIO>K:HTe.TIbHOll 06-
paTHOH CBH3H J1r17. O.n.HoBpeMeHHo YMeHbllIaeTcH pa3HocTb (U 3a .n-
- '\'oU e ). Kor.n.a U 3a .n - '\'oU e CTaHeT paBHbIM U cp Rl tRy , Llenb 06-
y.
MOTKH yr30 OT HanpH>K:eHHH U cp 6JIaro.n.apH BeHTHnIO 83 (84) pa30MK-
HeTCH, H nHTaHHe 3TOH 06MoTKH 6y.n.eT npoHcxo.n.HTb .n.anee OT YMeHb"
llIaIOllI,eHcH pa3HocTH U 3a .n - '\'oU e . C 3Toro MOMeHTa BpeMeHH HaIlH-
HaeTCH OTcellKa iPOpCHpOBKH npoLlecca B036Y>K:.n.eHHH. HC 3a.n.aIOllI,ell
256

\06MOTKH YF30 CTaHeT pe3KO YMeHbIllaTbCH l1.0 3UatIeHHH, COOTBeTCT-
'BYIOllI,erO HOMHHaJIbHOMY YCTaHOBHBilieMYCH pe}KHMY, CTaHeT YBeJIHtIH-
BaTbCH yron perynHpoBaHHH paOOTaIOllI,erO KOMnneKTa H YMeHbIllaTbCH
"HanpH}KeHHe Ha OOMOTKaX B030Y}K)J.eHH5I reHepaTOpOB.
: TOKOBaH OOMOTKa YFT nOJ(KJIIOtIaeTCH Ha pa3HOCTb HanpH}KeHHM:
(JIRo *, npOnOpI.{HOHanbHOe TOR)' 51KOp51 J(BHraTeJIH, ,H U cpo TO CHH-
'MaeMOe C nOTeHI.{HOMeTpa nCT. B I.{enH OOMOTKH YFT HMeeTCH HeJIH-
HeHbIH MOCTHK BI, C nOMOllI,bIO KOToporo OOpaTHaH CBH3b no TOKY
BKnIOtIaeTC5I nHilib TOrJ(a, KorJ(a TOK J(BHraTeJI5I npeBblcHT YCTaBOtIHOe
U.
3HatIeHHe, paBHoe I YCT = - R cI!.. C nOMOllI,bIO HO KOHTaKTOB 4J1 I.{enb
(j 0
TOKOBOM OOMOTKH Y rT pa3MbIKaeTC5I. npH OCJIaOJIeHHH nOJI5I J(BHraTeJIH
Ii npH YCTaHoBHBIlleMC5I pe>KHMe Ha CKOpOCT5IX BpallI,eHH5I Bblilie OCHOB-
HOM. UpH 9TOM KOHTpOJIb 3a H3MeHeHHeM TOKa oCyllI,ecTBJIHeTCH B03J(eM-
CTBHeM Ha noTOK J(BHraTeJIH.
UHTaHHe OOMOTKH B030Y}K)J.eHHH J(BHraTeJI5I npoH3BoJ(HTCH OT OJ(HOro
KOMnneKTa FB THna PMB250x3 C TpaHciPopMaTopoM THP-600/1O.
YnpaBnHIDllI,He OOMOTKH YcJ> iPa30perYJIHTOpa cJ>C npHcoeJ(HHeHbI K Bbl-
xO)J.Y MarHHTHOrO YCHJIHTeJIH J1Mp" HMeIOllI,erO tIeTblpe 06MOTKH: 3a-
)aIOllI,YIO J1p,3, <!x>PMHPYIOllI,YIO J1p,cJ>, oopaTHoM CBH3H J1p,O H TOKOBYIO
Y p,T. 3a,u.aIOllI,aH oOMoTKa Y p,3 nOJIYtIaeT nHTaHHe OT 3aJ(aIOllI,ero
nOTeHI.{HOMeTpa n3p" conpOTHBJIeHHe KOToporo MeHHeTC5I C nOMOllI,bIO
HO..KoHTaKToB 4Y H 5J1. UpH 3aMKHyTblx KOHTaKTax 4J1 H 5Y TOK
3al1.aIOllI,eM 06MoTKH HMeeT 3HatIeHHe, cOOTBeTCTBYIOllI,ee HOMHHaJIbHOMY,
nonHOMY TOKY B030Y}K)J.eHHH )J.BHraTeJIH,' a npH pa30MKHYTbIX - ocna-
6JIeHHoMY. <I>opMHPYIOllI,aH oOMoTKa Y p,cJ> nOJ(KJIIOtIaeTCH nOCJIel1.0Ba-
TeJIbHO C COnpOTHBJIeHHeM H KOHJ(eHcaTopoM K nOTeHI.{HOMeTpY n3p,;
KpoMe Toro, K oOMoTKe J1 p,cJ> napaJIneJIbHO npHcoeJ(HHeH BeHTHJIb B7,
pa'3peIllaIOllI,HM npoxo>Kl1,eHI-Ie TOKa B oOMoTKe Y p,cJ> nHilib B OJ(HOM Ha-
npaBJIeHHH: OT KOH)J.eHcaTopa 'K oOMoTKe. <I>opMHPYIOllI,aH oOMoTKa
npeJ(Ha3HatIeHa J(nH Toro, tITOObl npH pa3roHe J(BHraTeJI5I BbIIlle OCHOB-
HOM CKOpOCTH, YBeJIHtIHTb TeMn OCJIaOJIeHHH B HatIaJIe npoI.{ecca, KOM-
neHcHpoBaTb 3aMeJ(nHIOllI,ee J(eHCTBI-Ie BHxpeBblx TOKOB B CTaHHHe l1.BH-
raTeJI5I. Ee;D.eHCTBHe CBOl1.HTCH K CJIeJI.yIOllI,eMY. B HatIaJIe npoI.{ecca
OCJIaOJIeHlUI nOJIH J(BHraTeJIH nOCJIe pa3MbIKaHHH KOHTaKTOB 4Y H
5Y pe3Ko CHH}KaeTCH HanpH}KeHHe, nOJ(aBaeMoe B I.{enb oOMOTKH Y p,cJ>
H KOHJ(eHcaTopa C. UOCJIeJ(HHM CTaHeT pa3pH}KaTbCH Ha OOMOTI{)' Y p,cJ>,
KOTopaH, J(eMcTBY5I BCTpetIHO 3a)J.aIOllI,eM J1 p,3, YBeJIHtIHT <!x>PCHPOBKY
npoI.{ecca OCJIaOneHHH. C paspHAoM KOHJ(eHcaTopa TOK B iPopMHPYIOllI,eH
oOMoTKe naJ(aeT nOCTeneHHO J(O HYJI5I. UpH YCHJIeHHH nOTOKa J(BHraTeJIH
c I.{eJIbIO OrpaHHtIeHI-IH TOKa ero B pe>KHMe TOpMO}KeHHH J(onOJIHHTeJIbHaH
HatIanbHa51 iPOpCI-IpOBKa !: nOMOllI,bIO 06MoTKH J1 p,cJ> He TpeoyeTC5I, no-
STOM)' ee J(eMCTBHe HCKJIIOtIaeTCSl npHMeHeHHeM BeHTHJIH B7, IllYHTHPYIO-
llI,ero OOMOTKY. B STOM cnYtIae, KorJ(a HanpH}KeHHe, nOJ(aBaeMoe B I.{enH
r + r
>to 3,!leCb (j = nn Ro KO .
9 B. n. BblqKOB
257

OOMOTKIT Y/1.cfJ IT KOH,AeHCaTOpa npn 3aMbIKaHHH KOHTaKTOB 4Y, 5Y,
YBeHqHTCfl, pa3pfl KOH,AeHCaTOpa oyeT npOHCXoAHTb He qepe3 00-
MOTRy, a qepe3 BeHTHnb B7.
OOMOTKa oipHaTeITbHOM oopaTHOM CBfl3H no TOKY B030Y*AeHHfl
J1/1.0 nOAI\JIIOqeHa K BbIXO,n,y MOCTHKOBOrO BbmpflMHTeITfl B2. nOCek
HHM CBfl3aH co BTOPHqHOM OOMOTKOM npOMe*YTOqHOrO TpaHcopMaTOpa
Tn (TOqKH a, 6, CM. pHC. 8-52), nepBHqHafl oOMoTKa KOTOpOro nonyqaeT
nHTaHHe OT TpaHcopMaTopa TOKa TT, 3aMepflIOero nepBHqHbIM TOK
TpaHc<lx>PMaTopa pTYTHOrO BbmpflMHTenfl TP/1.. HanHqHe B cxeMe 00-
MOTKH J1 /1.0 n03BOfleT npHMeHHTb nOBbIIueHHbIe 3HaqeHHfl 3aAaIOmero
HanpmKeHHfl, qTO oOeCneqHBaeT npoTeKaHHe npoeccoB ocnaoneHHfl
H YCHneHHfl nOfl C OpCHpOBKOM.
TOKoBafl oOMoTKa J1 /1.T nO,AI\JIIOqaeTCfl Ha pa3HocTb HanpmKeHHM;
alRo, nponopHOHabHoro TOKY ,ABHraTeITfl, H HanpmKeHHfl cpaBHeHHfl
V cpo T - npH paooTe Ha YCTaHoBHBIueMcfl CKOpOCTH C ocaoeHHbIM
noeM ,ABHraTeITfl H B pe*HMe pa3rOHa ,ABHraTeITfl C OCHOBHOM AO nOBbI-
llIeHHOM CKOpOCTH. OrpaHHqeHHe TOKa ,ABHraTeITfl npH 9TOM npOH3BO-
)J.HTCfl C nepeMeHHoM YCTaBKoM, YMeHbllIaIOmei'rcfl npH YBeHqeHHH
CTeneHH OCJIaOeHHfl nOfl ABHraTeITfl. nepeMeHHafl YCTaBKa AOCTHraeTCfl
TeM, qTO Ha nOTeHHOMeTp cpaBHeHHfl nCT nOAaeTCfl CYMMa ABYX
Hanpfl}KeHHM: nOCTOflHHoro no BenHqHHe Hanpfl}KeHHfl H Hanpfl}KeHHfl
V a6 , nponopHOHanbHoro TORy B030Y>K,lJ.eHHfl ABHraTeITfl. B CBfl3H
C 9THM C OCJIaOeHHeM nOfl ,ABHraTeITfl YMeHbllIaeTCfl Hanpfl*eHHe
cpaBHeHHfl V cpo T H TOKOBafl OOMOTKa J1 /1.T BCTynaeT B AeMCTBHe npH
MeHbllIHX 3HaqeHHflX TOKa ABHraTeITfl.
K ynpaBnflIOHM OOMOTKaM a30perynflTopa YcfJ nOAKnIOqeH BeH-
THnb B5, a K ,AonOHHTebHOMY conpOTHBeHHIO B enH 9THX OOMOTOK -
BeHTHnb B6. BeHTHnb B5 npeAHa3HaqeH Afl OrpaHHqeHHfl TOKa 06-
MOTOK J1cfJ B npoecce YCHneHHfl nonfl ABHraTenfl. BeHTHnb B6 Heooxo-
,AHM Anfl aBTOMaTHqeCKOrO BKIOqeHHfl AonOnHHTeITbHOrO conpOTHBne-
HHfl B npoecce OCJIa6neHHfl nonfl ,ABHraTeITfl, KorAa MeHfleTCfl nonflp-
HOCTb YCHnHTenfl J1M/1., Anfl OrpaHHqeHHfl OpCHpOBKH ocna6neHHfl
nOJIfl.
nYCK ABHraTenfl o OCHOBHOM CKOpOCTH
npOH3BO,AHTCfl nepeBOAOM KOMaHAoKoHTponepa H3 HyneBoro B qeT-
BepToe nOO}KeHHe. B .3TOM cyqae 3aMbIKaIOTCfl KOHTalITbI B (npH '
nYCKe B HanpaBneHHH «BnepeJl.») H KOHTaKTbI lY, 2J1, 3Y H B enb
OOMOTKH J1F30 nOAaeTCfl Hanpfl}KeHHe V aa l1. - "roVp YMeHbllIaIOmeeCfl
C pa3BHTHeM npoecca. OAHaKo TOK H He OOMOTKH J1 F30 OCTaHYTCfl
npaKTHqeCKIT nOCTOflHHbIMll ,AO Tex nop, nOKa V aa l1. - "roVe 6YAeT
60bllIe V cp ' Rl: Ry . BnarO,Aapfl AononHHTebHOMY ,AeMCTBHIO 00-
y .
MOTKH nOnO}KHTebHOM 06paTHOM CBfl3H Y F n npoecc B030Y>K,lJ.eHHfl
reHepaTOpOB 6Y,AeT npOTeKaTb npH B03paCTaIOeM K09HHeHTe op-
CHpOBKH B036Y>K,lJ.eHHfl reHepaTOpOB. 3THM npecne,n,yeTCfl eb noy-
qHTb npflMoyrobHYIO <lx>PMY KpHBOM TOKa H nHHeHHbIH xapaKTep H3-
MeHeHHfl CKOpOCTH BpaeHHfl ,ABHraTeJIfl npH nYCKe. npH nYCKe ,ABH-
258

raTeJIH JI.O nI060H npOMe>KYTOqHOH CKOpOCTH HHTeHCHBHOCTH pOCTa CKO-
pOCTH H JI.HHaMHqecKHH TOK OCTaeTCH OJI.HHM H TeM >Ke, TaK KaK HC
06MOTKH J1r30 He 3aBHCHT OT nOJIO>KeHHH KOMaHJI.OKOHTponnepa H
, U
paBHa Fy = RP W y ' rJI.e R y ; W y - conpOTHBneHHe I.{enH H qHCJIO BHT-
KOB 06MOTKH YT30. .
C H3MeHeHHeM TOKa B036Y>KJl.eHlIH reHepaTOpOB BCTynaeT B JI.eHCTBHe
06MOTKa rH6KOH 06paTHOH CBH3H J1 r r, C nOMOmbIO KOTOpOH JI.OCTHraeTCH
YBenHqeHHe 9KBHBaneHTHOH nOCTOHHHOH BpeMeHH reHepaTopOB H CHH-
>£<eHHe nOCTOHHHOH BpeMeHH <}>a30perynHTopa. 3TO 06CTOHTenbCTBO
HapHJI.Y C COOTBeTCTBYIOmHM nOBbIIlleHHeM K09<}><}>HI.{HeHTa <}>OpCHpOBKH
npHBOJI.HT K ynyqIlleHHIO xapaKTepa npOTeKaHHH npOI.{eCca nYCKa.
TOKoBaH 06MOTKa yrT BCTynHT B JI.eHCTBHe B npOI.{eCce nYCKa B MOMeHT
saxBaTa MeTanna BanKaMH, ecnH TOK JI.BHraTeJIH npeBbICHT YCTaBOqHOe
SHaqeHHe. UpH nonHpHOCTH naJI.eHHH HanpH>KeHH.H Ha KOMneHCaI.{HOH-
HOH 06MOTKe H JI.OnOnHHTenbHblx nOJIIOCaX, COOTBeTCTBYIOmeH YKasaH-
HOH Ha pHC. 8-52, TOK B I.{enH 06MOTKH J1rT 6YJI.eT HanpaBneH OT nnIOca
TJ:epes 06MOTKY YrT, conpoTHBneHHe RlI.n KOHTaKT 4Y (saKpbITbIH npH
pa60Te JI.BHraTeJIH JI.O OCHOBHOH CKOpOCTH), neBoe HH>KHee nneqo BeH-
THnbHoro MOCTHKa Bl, KOHTaKT 4Y, conpoTHBneHHe nneqa nOTeHI.{HO-
¥eTpa J/CT C HanpH>KeHHeM Ucp,n npaBoe BepxHee nneqo BeHTHnbHoro
MOCTHKa Bl - K MHHYCy. UpH 9TOM JI.eHCTBHe 06MOTKH Y rT Hanpa-
BneHO B CTOPOHY CHH>KeHHH HHTeHCHBHOCTH pOCTa HanpH>KeHHH PTYT-
HOro BbmpHMHTeJIH H reHepaTDpOB.
TopMo>KeHHe JI.BHraTenH OT OCHOBHOH CKO-
P 0 C T H JI. 0 H Y n H. UpoI.{eCC TOpMO>KeHHH JI.BHraTeJIH HaqHHaeTCH
c nepeBOJI.OM KOMaHJI.OKOHTponnepa HS pa60qero B HY neBoe nOJIO>KeJIHe.
B 9TOM cnyqae KOHTaKTbI B (H) pa3MbIKaIOTCH H 3aJI.aIOmee HanpH>KeHHe
BbIKnIOqaeTCH H3 I.{enH 06MOTKH J1r30. EnarOJI.apH COnpOTHMeHHIO sa-
JI.aIOmero nOTeHI.{HOMeTpa J/3r, I.{enb 06MOTKH J1 r30 npoJI.On>KaeT OCTa-
BaTbCH saMKHYTOH, HO B 9TOH I.{enH Tenepb y>Ke JI.eHcTByeT HanpH>KeHHe
yoU e . TaK KaK npH 9TOM YeUe> U ql , TO TOK B 06MOTKe J1r30 onpe-
JI.eJIHeTCH HanpH>KeHHeM Ucp. H nOqTH He 3aBHCHT OTBenHqHHbI HanpH-
>KeHHH reHepaTopOB. TOK OOMOTKH Y r30 npH 9TOM HMeeT B cpaBHeHHH
C JI.BHraTenbHbIM pe>KHMOM, 06paTHoe HanpaBneHHe, n09TOMY HC 06-
MOTKH J1r30 6YJI.eT cTpeMHTbcH HSMeHHTb nOJIHpHOCTb HanpH>KeHHH
YCHnJITenH H nonHpHocTb HanpH>KeHHH Ha 06MoTKax Bos6Y>KJI.eHHH re-
HepaTOpoB. Pe3KoMY CHH>KeHHIO HanpH>KeHHH PB H 9. JI.. c. re-
HepaTopOB npenHTcTByeT 06MOTKa rH6KOH 06paTHOH CBHSR Y r r, HC
u u disc E u
KOTOpOH npOnOpI.{HOHanbHa npOH3BoJI.HOH ([[. cnH >Ke TOpM03HOH
TOK JI.BHraTenH npeBbICHT 3aJI.aHHoe 3HaqeHHe, TO BCTynHT B pa60TY
TOKOBaH 06MOTKa J1 rT, KOTopaH TO>Ke, JI.eHCTBYH BCTpeqHO 06MOTKe
J1r30, BbI3bIBaeT CHH>KeHHe HHTeHCHBHOCTH npOI.{eCca TOpMO>KeHHH.
B KOHI.{e npOI.{eCca TOpMO>KeHHH, KorJI.a yoU e CTaHeT MeHbIlle U cp ,
06MOTKa Yr30 OTKnIOqaeTCH OT HanpH>KeHHH U cp H TOK 06MOTKH YF30
noJI. BJIHHHHeM HanpH>KeHHH yoU e HaqHeT pe3KO YMeHbIllaTbCH, qeM
g-
259

o6ecne l HfBaeTCH CHHTJIe cpOpCHpOBKJI npoecca OCJIa6JIeHHH nOJIH re-
HepaTOpOB.
PeBepC .l(BHraTenH C OCHOBHOH CKOpOCTH
H a 0 C HOB H Y 10. C nepeBO.l(OM KOMaH.lI.OKOHTpOJInepa JIS O.lI.Horo
pa6otlero nOJIO>KeHHH B .lI.pyroe, npOTJIBOnOJIO>KHOrO HanpaBJIeHJIH
MeHHeTCH nonHpHOCTb HanpH>KeHHH VaaTJ.' H B enH 06MOTKH YF30
HatlHHaeT .l(eHCTBOBaTb CYMMa HanpH>KeHHH V 3aTJ. + "roUe. TaK KaK
U 3a TJ. + "roVe 60JIbIIIe U cp Rl  Ry , TO TOK B 06MOTKe YF30 6y.l(eT
y
on pe.lI.eJIHTbCH, KaK H B npe.lI.bI.nyIII.HX cnytlaHX, HanpH>KeHHeM cpaB-
HeHHH V cp JI nOtlTH He SaBJICHT OT HanpH>KeHHH reHepaTopOB. B CBHSJI
C .9THM npOLlecc TopMO>KeHHH npJI peBepce 6Y.lI.eT npOTeKaTb aHanOrJItlHO
npoeccy TOpMO>KeHJIH, OnJIcaHHOMY BblIIIe. PaSJIJItlHe SaKJIlOtlaeTCH
JIHIIIb B TOM, tlTO B paCCMaTpHBaeMOM CJIytlae B KOHe npoecca TOpMO-
>KeHHH He npOHCXO.lI.JIT OTCetlKJI cpOpCHpOBKH OCJIa6JIeHJIH nOJIH reHepa-
TOpOB, TaK KaK npH .9TOM B LlenH Ot)MOTKH YF30 npO.lI.OJI>KaeT .lI.eHCTBO-
- R +R .
BTb HanpH>KeHHe, paBHoe V 3a TJ.' 60JIbIIIee U cp fRy y . ITpoecc
pasrOHa .lI.BHraTeJIH npJI peBepce npOTeKaeT TaK >Ke, KaK JI npH 06bIIlHOM
nYCKe .lI.BHraTeJIH B .lI.aHHOH CHCTeMe.
PasrOH .lI.BHraTeJIH .lI.0 nOBIIIeHHOH CKO-
p 0 C T JI. LLJIH pasrOHa .lI.BJIraTeJIH '.lI.0 nOBblIIIeHHOH CKOpOCTJI KOMaH.lI.O-
KOHTpOJInep CJIe.lI.yeT nepeBeCTJI HS HYJIeBOrO B IIIeCTOe nOJIO>KeHJIe.
fIpJI .9TOM BHatlaJie npOHXO.lI.HT npOLlecc Bos6Y>K.lI.eHJIH reHepaTopOB H
pasrOH .lI.BJIraTeJIH .l(0 OCHOBHOH CKOpOCTH TaK, KaK .9TO YKa3aHO BblIIIe.
Kor.l(a HanpH>KeHJIe reHepaTopOB .l(OCrnrHeT SHatleHHH (9,8-0,85) Vrn'
peJIe HanpH>KeHHH, nO.lI.KJIlOtleHHOe K HKOplO O.lI.HOrO H3 reHepaTopOB
(CM. pHC. 8-52), cpa6aTbIBaeT H npOJI3BO.lI.JlT pasMbIKaHHe enH KaTYllieK
KOHTaKTopoB 4J1 JI 5Y. KOHTaKTbI KOHTaKTopoB 4J1 H 5J1 B enH sa-
.lI.alOIII.eH OOMOTKH J1 /1.3 pa3MbIKalOTCH JI BKJIlOtlalOT B .9TY enb .lI.Be cry-
neHJI conpOTHBJIeHJIH. HanpH>KeHHe Ha OOMOTKe Y3/1. JI HC .9TOH 00-
MOTKH peSKO YMeHbIIIaIOTCH, a HC OOMOTKJI OOpaTHOH CBHSJI Y /1.0
B nepBbIH MOMenT BpeMeHJI JI3-Sa JIHepHOHHOCTH OOMOTKH BOSOY>K.lI.eHJlH
.l(BHraTeJIH OCTaeTCH HeJISMeHHOH. fIpJI .9TOM HC 06MOTKH J1 /1.3 CTaHO-
BHTCH MeHbIIIe HC oOMOTKH J1/1.0 H pesYJIbTHpYIOIII.aH HC .9THX OOMOTOK
0Y.lI.eT oTpnnaTeJIbHoH. KpoMe Toro, co CHH>KetmeM HanpH>KeHHH Ha
OOMOTKe Y /1.3 HatlHHaeT paSpH>KaTbCH KOH.lI.eHcaTOp C Ha OOMOTKY
J1/1.cfJ. PaSpH.l(HbIH TOK KOH.l(eHCaTOpa COS.lI.aeT HC OOMOTKJI Y PcfJ,
KOTopaH, .lI.eHcTBYH BCTpetlHO sa.lI.alOIII.eH oOMoTKe, YCHJIJIBaeT «PoPCH-
pOBK)' npOLlecca OCJIaOJIeHJIH nOJIH .lI.BHraTeJIH B HatlaJIbHOH CTa.lI.JIH
npoecca. ITo.lI. BOS.lI.eHCTBJIeM HC YKasaHHbIX OOMOTOK HanpH>KeHHe Ha
BblX0.lI.e YCJInHTeJIH J1 M/1. MeHHeT nOJIHpHOCTb, MeHHeT HanpaBneHHe
JI TOK OOMOTOK ynpaBJIeHJIH YcfJ cpasoperynHTopa, 'BeJIJItlHHa KOToporo
OrpaHHtlHBaeTCH .lI.ononHHTenbHblM COnpOTJIBJIeHJIeM rTJ.' PTYTHbIH Bbl-
npHMJITeJIb P B/1. nepeXO.lI.HT B HHBepTOpHblH pe>KJIM, JI TOK BOSOY>K.lI.eHlUI
.lI.BJIraTeJIH HHTeHCHBHO CHJI>KaeTCH. C YMeHbIIIeHHeM TOKa B030Y>K.lI.eHHH
.l(BJIraTeJIH YMeHbIIIaeTCH HG OOMOTKJI Y /1.0, B pe3YJIbTaTe .9TOro OTpJl-
260

II.aTeJIbHoe HanpSUKeHHe yCHJIHTe.JIH Y Mil. CHHSHTCH 11.0 HY JIH, a saTeM
CTaHeT paCTH B npe>KHeM HanpaBJIeHHM, qTO npHBe11.eT K nepexo11.y PTYT-
Horo BbmpHMHTeJIH HS HHBepTopHoro B BbmpHMHTe.JIbHbIii Pe>KHM. npH
HSMeHeHHH nOJIHpHOCTH HanpH>KeHHH yCHnHTe.JIH B KOHII.e npOII.ecca
OCJIa6JIeHHH nonH 11.BHraTe.JIH 11.0nOJIHHTe.JIbHOe conpOTHBJIeHHe 'n llIYH-
mpyeTcH BeHTHJIeM B6, qeM 11.0CmraeTCH 60nee pesKaSi. OTCeqKa iPop-
CHpOI!KH OCJIa6JIeHHH nOJIH 11.BHraTe.JIH B KOHII.e npOII.ecca.
TOKoBaS! 06MOTK8 J1I1.T n011.KnIOqaeTCH H3 KOHTaKTOM 4Y Ha pas-
HOCTb HanpH>KeHHH (afRo - V CP . T )' UpH npe11.e.JIbHbIX SHaqeHHHX TOKa,
pasHblx B saBHCHMOCTH OT CTeneHH OCJIa6JIeHHH nOJIH 11.BHraTe.JIH, TO-
KOBaH 06MOTKa J1I1.T 11.eHcTByeT cornaCHO C sa11.a1OIlI,eii 06MOTKOH J111.3,
- saMe11.JIHH HHTeHCHBHOCTb OCJIa6JIeHHH nom! 11.BHraTe.JIH B npOII.eCce
pasrOHa BbIllie OCHOBHOH CKOpOCTH. '
Top M 0 >K e H H e 11. B H raT e JI H C n 0 B bI 1lI e H H 0 H C K 0-
P 0 C T H OCYIII.eCTBnHeTCH nepeB011.0M KOMaH11.0KOHTpOJInepa C llIeCToro
nOJIO>KeHHH B HYJIeBoe. UpH 3TOM saMbIK810TCH HO KOHT8KTbI 4Y, 5Y,
paSMbIKalOTCH H3 KOHTaKTbI 4Y, 5Y, HO KOHTaKTbI B (npH TOpMO>KeHHH
C HanpaBneHHH «Bnepe11.»), lY, 2J1 H 3Y. Ha saJJ.alOIII.YIO 06MOTR)' YI1.3
YCHnHTeJIS! J1MI1. 11.BHraTeJIS! I]011.aeTCS! YBeJIHqeHHOe HanpH>KeHHe.
TaK KaK HC 06MOTKH 06paTHOH CBHSH J111.0 HSMeHS!eTCS! OTHOCHTe.JIbHO
MeJJ.JIeHHO, TO paSHHII.a HC 06MOTKH Y 11.3 H Y 11.0 6Y11.eT Be.JIHKa H Ha-
npH>KeHHe Ha BbIX011.e YCMJIMTenH J1 Mil. peSKO BospaCTaeT, npH 3TOM
.YBeJIHqHTCS! TOK 06MOTOK ynpaBJIeHHS! YGb iPasoperynS!Topa H HanpH-
>KeHHe pTYTHoro BbmpHMHTe.JIH PBI1., nOCJIe qero H-aqHeT HHTeHCHBHO
BospaCTaTb TOK Bos6Y>K11.eHHH 11.BHraTe.JIH. HeKoTopoe saMe11.JIeHHe
B pOCTe TOKa H HC 06MOTKH Y 11.3 B Haqane npOII.eCca YCHneHHH nOJIH
11.BHraTe.JIH BbISOBeT 11.pOCCeJIb }1,P, qTO II.e.JIec006pasHo 11.nH YJIyqllIeHHH
KaqeCTBa npoII.ecca YCHJIeHMH nOJIH. CYBe.JIHqeHHeM TOKa Bos6Y>K11.e-
HHS! 11.BHraTe.JIS! YBe.JIHqHBaeTcS! H HC 06MOTKH J111.0, C nOMOIII.blO
KOTOpOH npoHsBo11.HTCH OTCeqKa 4><>pcHpOBKH npoII.ecca. TOK 06MoToK
iPa30perynS!Topa B pe>KHMe YCHJIeHHH OrpaHHqHBaeTCH BeHTH-
JIeM B5.
B pe>KHMe YCHneHHH nonH 11.BHraTe.JIS! II.enb TOKOBOH 06MOTKH J1I1.T
pasMbIK8eTcS! H3 KOHTaKTOM 4J1. aTO Heo6xo11.HMO 11.nSl. TOro, qT06bI
HCKlOqHTb 11.eHcTBHe 06paTHOH CBHSH no TOR)', TaK KaK B pe>KHMe
YCHneHHS! HC 06MOTKH YI1.T 6Y11.eT He CHH>K8Tb, a YBe.JIHqHBaTb HHTeH-
CHBHOCTb npOII.eCca, cne11.0BaTe.JIbHO, 6Y11.eT He OrpaHHqHBaTb, a nOBbI-
llIaTb TOK 11.BHraTe.JIS!; C paSMbIKaHHeM peBepCHBHbIX KOHTaKTOB B HS
II.enH 06MOTKH J1r30 yCHnHTenS! YMr reHepaTopOB BbIKn1OqaeTCS!
3a11.alOIII.ee HanpS!>KeHHe V 3811 H B II.enH 3TOH 06MOTKH npo11.0JI>KaeT 11.eH-
R +R
CTBOBaTb HanpS!>KeHHe VoVe. TaK KaK npH 3TOM VoVe>Vcp lR Y ,
y
TO TOK M HC 06MOTKH yr30 6Y11.YT onpe11.e.JIS!TbCH rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M
HanpS!>KeHHeM V cpo .lLeHcTBHe HC 06MOTKH Y r30 HanpaBneHO B CTO-
POHY HSMeHeHHS! nOJIHpHOCTH HanpH>KeHHS! YCHJllITeJIH J1Mr H HanpH-
>KeHHH Ha 06MOTKax Bos6Y>K11.eHHH reHepaTopOB. TaKHM 06paSOM, O11.HO-
BpeMeHHO C npou.eccOM YCHJIeHHH nOJIS! 11.BHr8Te.JIH HaqHHaeTCH H npo-
261

I.{ecc CHlI>KeHlUI HanpH>KeHlIH reHepaTOpOB, tJTO BbI3bIBaeT HHTeHCHBHOe
CHH:>KeHHe CKOpOCTII Bparn.eHlHI )];BHraTeJIH. KOHTpOnb T9Ka ABHraTeJIH
npH TOpMO:>KeHIIH npOH3BOAHTCH C nOMorn.blO TOKOBOH 06MOTKII J1 rT
YCHnHTeJIH J1Mr reHepaTopa. DpII 3TOM TOKOBaH 06MOTKa J1rT YCH-
nHTeJIH reHepaTopa nOCJIeAOBaTenbHO C COnpOTHBJIeHHeM R]1.. TO tJepe3
HO KOHTaKT 4J1, AIIOAHbIH MOCTHK Bl BKnlOtJeHa Ha pa3HOCTb naAeHIIH
HanpH:>KeHIIH Ha 06MOTKax AonOnHHTeJIbHbIX nonlOCOB H KOMneHca-
I.{HOHHOH 06MOTKII H HanpH:>KeHHH U CP . T '
B npoI.{ecce YCHneHHH nonH Tpe6yeTcH YBeJIHtJeHHe AeHCTBIIH TOKO-
BOH 06parnOH CBH3H. B paCCMaTpHBaeMOH cxeMe 3TO ocyrn.eCTBnHeTCH
3a CtJeT CHH:>KeHIIH YCTaBKII perynHTopa TOKa, tJTO npOII3BOAHTCH C no-
MOrn.blO peJIe PC H conpOTIIBneHHH rill' KaTYlilKa pene PC nOAKnlOtJeHa
Ha HanpH>KeHHe TaxoreHepaTopa ABIIraTeJIH. DpH CKOpOCTII ABHraTenH
BbIIlle OCHOBHOH peJIe PC BTHrHBaeTCH Hero HO KOHTaKT B I.{enH C co-
npOTIIBneHHeM rIll 3aMbIKaeTCH. TaKHM 06pa30M, npoH3BoAHTCH IllYHTH-
pOBaHHe )];IIOAHOro MOCTHKa Bl KaK B npOI.{eCce ocna6neHHH nonH ABH-
raTeJIH, TaK II B npOI.{ecce YCHneHHH. O)];HaKO TaKoe IllYHTHpOBaHHe, CHH-
:>KalOrn.ee YCTaBKY peryJIHTOpa TOKa, OKa3bIBaeT BJIHHHHe Ha pa60TY
cxeMbI TonbKO B npOI.{ecce YCHneHHH, KorAa AeHcTByeT 06MOTKa J1rT
YCHnHTeJIH reHepaTOpa. B npOI.{eCce ocna6neHHH nOJIH ABHraTeJIH 06-
MOTKa J1 rT OTKnlOtJaeTCH, a 06MoTKa J1 /l.T YCHnHTeJIH ABHraTeJIH
BKJIlOtJaeTCH. DpH 3TOM, KaK BHAHO H3 cxeMbI pHC. 8-52, conpoTHBne-
HHeM rIll IllYHTHpyeTcH conpoTHBneHHe KO H /l.n, tJTO, pa3YMeeTCH,
He CMO:>KeT nOBJIHHTb Ha 3eKTHBHOCTb AeHCTBHH TOKOBOH 06MOTKH
J1 /l.T YCHnHTeJIH ABHraTeJIH.
B npOI.{ecce TOpMO:>KeHHH HC 06MOTKH J1 rT, HanpaBneHHaH BCTpetJHO
HC 06MOTKH J1r30, AeHcTByeT B CTOPOHY 3aMe)];neHHH TeMna CHH:>KeHHH
HanpH:>KeHHH reHepaTopOB H YMeHbIlleHHH TOpM03HOro TOKa. DpH
60nbIIIOM TOpM03HOM TOKe HC 06MOTKH J1 rT MO:>KeT CTaTb 60nbIlle
BCTpetJHO )];eHcTBYlOrn.eH HC 06MOTKH J1r30, TorAa HanpH:>KeHHe reHe-
paTopOB 6YAeT CHH:>KaTbCH BeCbMa 3aMeAneHHO HnH Aa:>Ke OCTaBaTbCH
HeH3MeHHbIM. 06bItJHo B cyrn.ecTBYlOrn.HX CHCTeMax HOHHOro B036Y:>KAe-
HHH B pe3ynbTaTe )];eMCTBHH TOKOBOH 06MOTKH J1rT HanpH:>KeHHe reHe-
paTOpoB B npOI.{ecce yCIIneHHH nonH ABHraTenH OCTaeTCH notJTII HeH3-
MeHHbIM II CHH:>KeHHe CKOpOCTH npH 3TOM npOHCXOAHT 3a ctJeT YCHneHHH
nonH. C YMeHbIlleHHeM HHTeHCHBHOCTH YCHJ1eHHH nonH ABHraTeJIH TOp-
M03HOH TOK CHH:>KaeTCH, YMeHbIllaeTCH AeHcrnHe 06MOTKH J1rT H HatJH-
HaeTCH cnaAaHHe HanpH:>KeHHH reHepaTOpoB. DpH CHH:>KeHHH CKOpOCTH
)];0 HOMHHanbHOH pa3MbIKaeTCH KOHTaKT PC, YBeJIHtJHBaeTCH YCTaBKa
perynHTOpa TOKa, AeHcTBHe TOKOBOH 06MOTKH YMeHbIllaeTCH, tJTO
npHBoAHt K 60nee HHTeHCHBHOMY CHH:>KeHHlO HanpH:>KeHHH reHepa-
TOpOB. '
PeBepc ABHraTeJIH C nOBbIIlleHHOH CKOpOCTH
H a n 0 B bI III e H H Y lO. PeBepc ABHraTeJIH C nOBbIIlleHHoH CKOpOCTH
«BnepeA» Ha nOBbIIlleHHYlO CKOpOCTb «Ha3aA» npOII3BO)];HTCH nepeBOAOM
KOMaHAoKoHTponnepa H3 IllecToro nOnO:>KeHHH «BnepeA» B IllecToe
nOJIo:meHMe «Ha3a)J.». DpH STOM OTKnlOtJaeTCH KOHTaKTOp B H BKJIlO-
262

qaeTCH KOHTaKTOp H, OTKJUOllalOTCH KOHTaKTOpbI IJ1, 2J1 H 3J1, a 3aTeM
OHH BHOBb BKnlOlIalOTCH; KOHTaKTOpbI KK5 H KK6 BHallane 3aMbIKalOTCH,
a nOTOM BHOBb pa3MbIKalOTCH; KaTYlllKli KOHTaKTopOB 4J1 H 5J1 nO)J,KJIlO-
qalOTCH Ha HanpH>KeHHe ceTH (CM. cxeMa puc. 8-34); HO KOHTaKThI 4J1
II 5J1 B u.enH 3a)].alOIII.eH 06MOTKH J13/l. YCHmITeJIH J1 Mil. 3aMbIKalOTcH,
H CHCTeMa B036Y>K)].eHHH )].BHraTeJIH nonYlIaeT HMnynbc Ha YCHneHHe
nonH.
'O)].HoBpeMeHHo npoHcxo)].HT H3MeHeHHe nOJIHpHOCTH 3aAalOIII.ero
HanpH>KeHHH B CHCTeMe B036Y>KAeHHH reHepaTopoB; B pe3ynbTaTe B lI.enH
06MOTKH J1 F30 YCHnHTeJIH J1 Mr AeHcTByeT cYMMa HanpH>KeHHH U 3all. +
+ 'YoUe' f1pH STOM HC 06MOTKII J1F30 6YAeT onpe)].enHTbCH HanpH>Ke-
HHeM U cp II )].eHcTBoBaTb B CTOPOHY H3MeHeHHH nOJIHpHOCTH HanpH>KeHHH
Ha 06MoTKax B036Y>KAeHHH reHepaTOpOB. TOKoBaH 06MOTKa J1FT 6y)].eT
)].eHcTBoBaTb BCTpellHo 06MoTKe J1r30, CTpeMHCb nO)IJJ.ep>KHBaTb Ha
,J;IOCTOHHHOM ypoBHe HanpH>KeHHe reHepaTOpoB II TOpM03HOH TOK )].BH-
raTeJIH. Kor)].s >Ke HHTeHCHBHOCTb YCHneHHH nOTOKa ABHraTenH CHH-
3HTCH, TOpM03HOH TOK H AeHcTBHe 06paTHoH CBH3H no TOKY YMeHblllHTCH,
noc.ne lIero Ha'lHeT, no)]. BnHHHHeM 06MOTKH J1F30, YMeHblllaTbCH Ha-
npH>KeHHe reHepaTopoB AO HynH C nOHH>KeHHbIM AeHCTBHeM 06MOTKH
J1 rT 3a ClIeT OTKnlOlIeHHH rnyHTHPYlOIII.erO conpOTHBneHHH rIll KOH-
TaKTOM PC.
Pa3roH ABHraTenH B npoTHBOnOnO>KHOM HanpaBneHHH)].O nOBbIllleH-
HOll CKOpOCTH aHanorHlIeH onHcaHHoM}' .paJIee.
fi 8-14. 6eCKOHT8KTHbie CHCTeMbl ynp8BneHHR
aneKTpOnpHBoA8MH peBepCHBHblX CT8HOB
DonbIlIHHCTBO CYIII.eCTBYlOIII.HX peBepCIIBHbIX npOKaTHbIX CTaHOB
HMelOT CHCTeMbI ynpaBneHHH, B03AeHcTBlie Ha KOTopble ocyrn.eCTBnHeTCH
C nOMOIII.blO KOHTaKTHbIX KOMaHAoannapaToB. f1pH STOM AnH nepeKJIlO-
lIeHHH B lI.enHX ynpaBneHHH Hcnonb3yeTcH peJIeHHO-KOHTaKTopHaH
annapaTypa. ClO)].a OTHOCHTCH peBepCHBHbIe KOHTaKTopbI, KOHTaKTopbI
YCKopeHHH H TOpMO>KeHHH H T. A. XOTH c06C'fBeHHoe BpeMH cpa6aTbI-
BaHHH STOH annaparypbI II HeBeJIHKO, Bee >Ke ee npHMeHeHIIe CHH>KaeT
rn6KOCTb ynpaBneHHH H, rnaBHoe, He 06ecnellHBaeT nonYlleHHe BbICOKOH
Ha)].e>KHOCTH pa60TbL Ka>K)].bIH AononHIITenbHbIH KOHTaKT B CHCTeMe
ynpaBneHHH'MO>KeT HBHTbCH HCTOllHHKOM TOH HnH HHOH HeHcnpaBHOCTH
B pa60Te. B CBH3H C STHM B nOCJIeAHee BpeMH HallanH HaxOAHTb npHMe-
HeHHe 6eCKOHTaKTHble eHCTeMbI ynpaBneHHH, Y' KOTOpbIX' OCHOBHbIMH
sneMeHTaMH HBnHlOTCH MarnHTHble YCHnIITeJIII, nonynpOBO)].HHKOBbIe
AHOAbI, 6eCKOHTaKTHbIe CeJIbCHHbI. PeJIeHHO-KOHTaKTopHaH annaparypa
B TaKHX CHCTeMax Hcnonb3yeTcH nIIIlIb B lI.eJIHX 3aIII.IITbI. MarHHTHbIe
YCHnHTe.IlH npHMeHHlOTCH B KalleC'fBe CYMMHPYlOIII.HX H perynHpYlOIII.HX
SneMeHTOB, B KalleCTBe YCHnIITeneH II npeo6pa30BaTeneH. DeCKOHTaKT-
HbIe cenbCHHbI Hcnonb3YlOTCH B KalleCTBe KOMaH)].OKOHTponnepOB H
nYTeBbIX BbIKnlO'laTeneH.
263

6eCKOHTaKTHe KOMaHAOKOHTpOnnep
Ha pIIC. 8-53 npIIBe.n.eHa o.n.Ha II3 cxeM CeJIbCIIHHOro oeCKOHTaKTHoro
KOMaH.n.oKoHTpOJIJIepa .n.JIH. ynpaBJIeHIIH rJIaBHbIM npIIBo.n.oM peBep-
CIIBHbIX CTaHOB. CxeMa COCTOIIT H3 CeJIbCIIHa H q,a30IlYBcTBHTeJIbHOrO
MOCTa. CeJIbCHH HMeeT o.n.Hcxpa3HYIO nepBIIIlHYIO OOMOTKY 11 II Tpexq,a3-
HylO BTOPIIIlHYIO. I1epBIIIlHaH oOMoTKa 11 CeJIbCIIHa no.n.KJIlOllaeTCH
K o.n.Hcxpa3HoH ceTII nepeMeHHoro TOKa. I1YJIbCHPYIOIlI.IIH MarHHTHbIH
nOTOK, c03.n.aBaeMbIH TOKOM nepBIIlIHoH OOMOTKII, IIH.n.YKTHpyeT B q,asax
lIs 6IxI
81
U Oi +
R 52
+ liD,
Ro,
lI.fblxlf
2
"C.....
PHe. 8=53. CxeMB 6ecKoHTBKTHoro KOMBH.I\OKOHT-
pOJlJlepB e cjJa30QYBcTBHTeJlbHblM MOCTOM
Tpex!}>a3HoH OOMOTKII 3. .n.. C., KOTopble COBna.n.aIOT no q,aae C HanpH-
>KeHIIeM nepBII1IHOH OOMOTKII. 3..n.. C. Ka>KAOH q,a3bI Tpexq,a3HoH 00-
MOTKII OTJIIf1laIOTCH Me>K.n.y coooH nIIIlIb BeJIIIIlIIHOH, 3aBIICHIlI.eH OT pac-
nOJIO>KeHIIH' Ka>K)I.oH q,a30BoH OOMOTKII OTHOCIITeJIbHO nepBIIlIHOH 00-
MOTKII. B q,a30BoH pOMOTKe 3. .n.. - C. IIMeeT MaKCIIMaJIbHOe 3HalleHIIe npJt
COBna.n.eHHII oceH nepBHIJHOH H BTOpHIJHOH OOMOTOK II HYJIeBOe 3Halle-
HIIe - eCJIII OCM OOMOTOK nepneH.n.IIKYJISlpHbI.
BbIXO.n.HbIM HanpH>KeHIIeM CeJIbCIIHa SlBnHeTCSI pa3HOCTb "HanpSl>Ke-
HHH 1 II 3 q,a3 (ooMoTKa 2 He IICnOJIb3yeTCH). B 3TOM CJIYllae HYJIeBOe
HanpSl>KeHHe Ha Bblxo.n.e HMeeT MeCTO, Kor.n.a. OCb nepBHIJHOH OOMOTKH
264

COBna)l.aeT C OCblO !JJa30BOH OOMOTKM 2 (pMC. 8-54, a). C nOBopOTOM nep-
BMtIHOH OOMOTKM Ha HeKoTopbIH yroJI cp (pMC. 8-54, 6) HanpSnKeHHe Hi
BbIXOAe cenbCMHiiI OY)l.eT MeHSITbCH COrJIaCHO ypaBHeHHIO
VI -Va = V3V MaKc sincp,
(8-149)
r)l.e V MaKC - MaKCMManbHoe HanpH>KeHHe <pa3bI npM COBna)l.eHHH oceH
nepBHtIHOH H BTOpHtIHOH OOMOTOK.
Bo BpeMeHH 3TO BbIXO)l.HOe HanpH>KeHHe H3MeHHeTCH no CHHYCOM)l.aJIb-
HOMY 3aKOHY, HaXO)l.HCb B <pa3e MJIM B npOTMBo<Pa3e C Hanp.Sl>KelmeM
nepBHtIHOH OOMOTKM. u
Ha pMC. 8-55 npeACTaBJIeHbI
KpMBble HanpH>KeHHH <pa30BbIx 00-
MOTOK H JIHHeHHOro HanpH>KeHMH
Me>K)J.y !Jm.3aMM 1 M 3 B <PYHKILMM
0)
6)
RH
-3
It
3
lit
PHC. 8-54. CxeMbi coeJ\HHeHlISi 06MOTOK
CeJlbCHHa:
a - U BbIX = 0: 6 - U BbIX *- 0;
y
PHC. 8-55.. KpliBbie HanpH>KeHHH cPa30-
BbiX 06MOTOK H JlHHeHHOro HanpH>KeHHH
Me>K)l.Y cPa3aMH 1 H 3 B cjJYHKl{im yrJla
nOBopOTa nepBH'IHOH 06MOTKH CeJlbCHHa
yrna nOBopOTa nepBMtIHOH OOMOTKH CeJIbCHHa. 113 KpMBOH JIMHeHHOrO
HanpH>KeHMH VI - Va BH)l.HO, tITO BeJIMtIMHa 3TOrO HanpH>KeHHH H3Me-
HHeTCH OT HYJIH )1.0 HaHOOJIbIlIerO 3HatIeHHH, paBHoro vaV MaKc npH
H3MeHeHMH yrJIa nOBopOTa )1.0 90°.
<I>a30tIYBcTBHTenbHbIH MOCT coopaH H3 )l.BYX BTOpHtIHbIX OOMOTOK
CeJIbCHHHOro TpaHc<PoPMaTopa CT, )l.BYX BTOplftIHbIX OOMOTOK onopHoro
TpaHC<PoPMaTOpa OT M )l.BYX BbmpHMHTeJIeH lB, 2B (pMC. 8-53). DepBHtI-
HaH OOMoTKa TpaHc<PoPMaTOpa CT nO)l.KnlOtIeHa Ha BbIXO)l. CeJIbCMHa;
nepBMtIHaH oOMOTKa TpaHc<PoPMaTopa OT nMTaeTCH OT cem nepeMeH-
Horo TOKa. BTOpMtIHbIe OOMOTKH TpaHc<PoPMaTOpoB CT H OT
BKJIlOtIalOTCH TaK, liTO HanpH>KeHHH OOMOTOK CT 1 H CT2 COBna)l.alOT
Me>K)J.Y COOOH no <pa3e, a OOMOTOK- OT 1 M OT2 - )l.eHcTBYIOT B npo-
mBo<P a3e .
265

Pe3ynbTHpYlOIII.He HanpmKeHHH npOTHBOnOJIO}KHbIX nnetJ !JJa30tJYB-
CTBliTeJIbHoro MOCTa BbmpHMnHlOTCH li nO)J;alOTCH Ha 6annaCTHbIe CO-
npOnIBJIeHlIH R 6h I R 62 .
BbIXOAHOe HanpH}KeHIIe !JJa30tJYBCTBIITeJIbHoro MOCTa npe.n:CTaBnHeT
c060H pa3HOCTb naAeHIIH HanpH}KeHIIH Ha 6annaCTHbIX COnpOTlfBneHIIHX
VSblxl = V 6l - V 62 . B HyneBoM nOJIO}KeHIIli KOMaH.n:OIWHTpOnnepa
pe3ynbTlIpYlOIII.ee HanpH}KeHIIe BTOpIItJHbIX 06MOTOK TpaHC<pOpMaTOpa
CT paBHO HynlO If HanpH}KeHIIH V 6l , V 62 onpe.n:eJIHlOTCH HanpH}KeHIIHMIf
BTOplftJHbIX 06MOTOK TpaHCcpopMaTOpa OT. BeJIlftJlIHbI 3TlIX HanpH}Ke-
HIIH BbI6IIpalOTCH O.n:IIHaKOBbIMIi II paBHbIMIf npliMepHO nOnOBIiHe pe3ynb-
TlipYlOIII.erO MaKCIiManbHoro HanpH}KeHIIH BTOplfllHbIX 06MOTOK CeJIb-
va
CIIHa, T. e. V on =  V MaKC (CM. plfC. 8-55).
TaK KaK BTOpIItJHbIe 06MOTKII onopHoro TpaHccpopMaTopa AeHcrnYlOT
BCTpetJHo )J;pyr APYry, TO BbIXOAHoe HanpH}KeHIIe V SblX I npli HyneBoM
nOnO}KeHIIII K-K paBHO HYJIlO.
Dpli nOBopOTe K-K Ha yrOJI cp = 30° HanpH}KeHIIe Ka}K)J;oH BTOPWI-
HOH 06MOTKII TpaHccpopMaTopa CT, npIIHIIMaH Ko!JJIIII.HeHT TpaHc<pop-
Mau.IIII ero paBHbIM e)J;IIHIIIl.e, 6y.n:eT
,r- . va
V CT = V 3V MaKC sm30 = VMaKc'
T. e. nplf cp = 30° BTOpIItJHbIe HanpH}KeHIIH onopHoro II CeJIbCIIHHOro
TpaHc$:>pMaTopOB paBHbI Me}K)J;y C060H
V CT = Von.
TaKIiM 06pa30M, BbIXOAHOe HanpmKeHIIe !JJa30tJYBCTBIITeJIbHOro
MOCTa npli cp = 30° 6y.n:eT
V V V 2 v-g V . 30 ° va v
62 - 61 = SblX I = 2 MaKC SIn =  MaKC'
C .n:anbHeHIlIIiM nOBopoTOM KOMlHAOKOHTpOJIJiepa BHOBb npoHcxoAIiT
YBenlflleHlIe OT HYJIH )J;eHcrnYlOIII.erO HanpH}KeHHH OAHOH napbI BTOPWI-
HbIX 06MOTOK II npo)J;on}KaeTCH AanbHeHIlIee YBeJIIItJeHIIe OT 3lj MaKC
AeHCTBYlOIII.erO HanpH}KeHIIH APyroH nap'bI BTOpIItJHbIX 06MOTOK, liTO
npliBOAIiT K POCTY Ha O)J;HY II TY }Ke BeJIIItJIIHY KaK V 6l ' TaK II V 62 .
OTClO.n:a cne.n:yeT, IJTO nplf nOBopOTe KOMaH.n:OKOHTpOnJIepa Ha yrOJI,
60nbIlIliH 30°, BbIXOAHoe HanpH}KeHIIe VsbIxI OCTaeTCH HeII3MeHHbIM no
BeJIlflJlfHe If paBHbIM VI- V MaKc (plfC. 8-55, nYHKTlIpHaH KpIIBaH).
BTopaH BbIxo.n:HaH BeJIHtJIIHa KOMaH.n:oKoHTpOJIJIepa VSbIXII nponop-
Il.IIOHanbHa BbmpHMneHHoMY nlfHeHHoMY HanpH}KeHIIlO CeJIbCIiHa. ha
BeJIIIIJIIHa pacTeT C II3MeHeHIIeM yrna nOBopoTa CeJIbCIiHa OT HynH .n:o
90° (KpIiBaH VI - VII = VCT> plfC. 8-55).
266

BbIXO.n. I (pHC. 8-55) KOMaH.n.oKoHTpOJInepa npe.n.Ha3Ha1JaeTCH .n.JIff
ynpaBneHrIH HanpH>KeHHeM reHepaTopoB, a BbIXO.n. II - .n.nH ynpaBJIe-
HHH noneM .n.BHraTeJIH. K BbIXO.n.y I npHcoe.n.HHHeTCH 3a.n.alOIlI.aH 06MoTKa
YCHnHTeJIH cxeMbI B036Y>K.n.eHHH reHepaTopoB; K BbIXO.n.y II - pa3Mar-
HHtIHBalOIlI.aH 06MoTKa 3a.n.alOIlI.erO YCHnHTenH cxeMbI B036Y>K.n.eHHH
.n.BHraTeJIH.
Ha - pHC. 8-56 npe.n.cTaBneHa cxeMa 6ecKoHTaKTHoro KOMaH.n.OKOHT-
ponnepa .n.nH npHBo.n.oB BcnOMoraTenbHblX MexaHH3MOB peBepcHBHbIX
CTaHOB. B TaKOH cxeMe B .n.Be a3w Tpexa3HoH 06MOTKH BKnlO1JeHW
a)
6)
U 8blX
B)
U8blX
US blX
3
Uiil
J-o Uiil
b <;:0
+
Uii2
- +
:f ..,,-
+
.
PHC. 8-56. CxeMa 6eCKOHTaKTHoro KOMaH,noKoHTpOJlJlepa J\JIH nplIBo,noB
BcnOMOraTeJlbHbIX MexaHH3MOB peBepcnBHblx CTaHOB:
a - cp = 0; 6 - cp =:' 30 e ; 8 - cp = !Joe
BeHTHnII lB, 2B. B HYJIeBOM nOJIO>KeHIIII KOMaH.n.OKOHTpOnnepa HanpH
>KeHHe Ha BWXO.n.e, T. e. BbmpHMneHHOe JIHHeHHOe HanpH>KeHHe Me>K.n.y
!JJa3aMH 1 H 3, paBHo HynlO (pHC. 8-56, a). I1pn H3MeHeHHH yrna nOBopoTa
CeJIbCHHa OT 0 .n.o 30° HanpH>KeHHe u
Ha BbIxo.n.e CeJIbCHHa H3MeHHeTCH
no 3aKOHY
V S I.1X = VI-Va =
= 0,451/3 V MaKC sin «p.
CJIe.n.oBaTeJIbHO, npH «p = 30°
V3-
V SL1X = 0,45 2 VMaKC> r.n. eO ,45,=
= _Y2 _ K03!JJ<tmIl.HeHT, COOTBeT-
11:
CTBYIOIlI.HH OAHonOJIynepno.n.HoMY
BbmpHMneHHIO.
C .n.anbHeHuIHM B03paCTaHHeM
yrna qJ. HanpH>KeHHe Vg, n3MeHHB
!JJa3Y, Ha1JHeT YBeJIHtIHBaTbcH. O.n.HaKo nonHpHOCTb HanpH>KeHHH
V 61 H3-3a BeHTHJIH lB He MO>KeT H3MeHHTbCH. I103TOMY C B03paCTaHIIeM
267
2
3
9
a 3D' 60" 90' 180' 270' 360'
PHC. 8-57. KpHBaH BblXO,nHOro
meHHH KOMaH,noKoHTpOJlJIepa
pnc. 8-55)
HanpH-
(cxeMa

IlpII HyneBoM nOJIOmeHIIM KOMaH}J.OKOHTpOJIJIepa HC 3a}J.alOIlI.eH 00-
MOTKII J1F3 YCIiJIMTensl reHepaTOpa paBHa HYJ1lO, paBHbI HYJIlO HanpH-
meHlIe YClinliTenH J1 r II, Cne.n;OBaTeJIbHO, HanpH:>KeHMe reHepaTOpa.
ll.enb me 3a}J.alOllI.eH (pa3MarHlIlJI-IBalOIlI.eH) OOMOTKII J111.3 YClInMTeJIH
}J.BMraTeJIH pa30MKHYTa (nonynpOBO}J.HMKOBH TpliOA TPP 3anepT Ha-
npH:>KeHlIeM U 3am B CBH3M C IJeM B pe3YJIbTaTe }J.eHCTBIiH OOMOTKM CMe-
IlI.eHMH J1I1.C M HanpaBneHHOH eH BCTpeIJHO 06MOTKII 06paTHOH CBH31I
no TOKY, B036Y:>K}J.eHUH }J.BMraTenH J1I1.B HanpH:>KeHMe YCMJ1IITeJIH J111.
II TOK B036y:>K}J.eHMH ABliraTeJIH MMelOT Hau60nbIlIlIe 3HaIJeHMH).
C nepeBO}J.OM K-K II3 HyneBoro nOJIO:>KeHIIH B nOnO:>KeHMe OCHOBHOH
CKOpOCTM CKaIJKOM B03paCTalOT HC 06MOTKII J1r3 II HanpH:>KeHlIe YCM-
JIMTeJIH J1r. IlpII 3TOM YCMnlITeJIb J1r CMnbHO HaCbIIIJ,aeTCH. Ilo}J. BnIIH-
HlieM 06paTHOH CBH3M no HanpH}KeHMlO reHepaTopa II C pOCTOM 3Toro
..
HanpH:>KeHUH pe3YJIbTMpYlOIlI.aH HC YCMnlITeJIH J1r YMeHbIllaeTCH,
O}J.HaKO HanpH:>KeHlIe ero OCTaeTCH npaKTlIlJeCKM HelI3MeHHbIM II3-3a
HaCbIIlI.eHIIH YCMnIITeJIij J1r. Kor}J.a HanpH:>KeHlIe reHepa1'opa npMOJIII-
3MTCH K 3a}J.aHHOH YCTaHOBMBIlIei'IcH BeJIIIIJMHe, pa60IJaH TOIJKa xapaK-
TepMCTMKM nepeH}J.eT M3 HaCbIIlI.eHHOH IJaCTM B HeHaCbIIll.eHHylO; HanpH-
}KeHMe YCMJIIITeJIH HaIJHeT pe3KO CHM:>KaTbCH, IJeM npeKpaIll.aeTCH
cpopCMpOBKa npOIJ,ecca B036Y}K)J.eHIIH reHepaTopa. B 31'0 1Ke BpeMH
BCTynaeT B }J.eHCTBMe rM6KaH 06paTHaH CBH3b IJepe3 06MOTKY J1rF.
06eCneIJMBalOIlI.aH CHII:>KeHMe BeJIMIJMHbI nepeperynMpoBaHIiH HanpH-
:>KeHMH reHepaTOpa nOCJIe OTCeIJKM cpopCMpOBKM.
EcnM npM 3axBaTe MeTaJIJIa BanKaMM B npOIJ,eCce pa3rOHa TOK }J.BII-
raTenH npeBbICMT }J.onycTMMoe 3HaIJeHMe, 3aMbIKaeTCH IJ,enb TOKOBOi'I
06MOTKM 3rT. HC KOTOpOH }J.ei'IcTByeT B CTOPOHY CHM}KeHIIH IIHTeHCIIB-
HOCTM HapacTaHMH HanpH:>KeHIIH reHepaTopa. 3aMbIKaHlie IJ,enli TOKOBOH
06MOTKII 3rT npoM3Bo}J.IITCH C nOMOIll.blO Y3JIa J1Tr. Y3eJI J1Tr,
BKnlOIJeHHbli'I B IJ,enb TOKOBOH 06MOTKM 3rT, COCTOMT 1I3 ycunUTeJIH
J1T r, 3anMpalOIlI.erO HanpH:>KeHMH U 3am BbmpHMMTenbHoro Mocnma
II nOJIynpoBoAHMKoBoro TpMo}J.a TTr (CM. }J.eTaJIMpoBKY Y3na J1Tr H
xapaKTepMCTHKII YCMJIIITeJIH J1Tr Ha pMC. 8-58). HanpH:>KeHMe YCMnlI-
TeJIH J1Tr 3aBliCliT 01' TOKa HKOpH }J.BMraTenH II ero TOKa B036Y:>K}J.eHMH.
C YBeJIIIIJeHMeM TOKa HKOpH }J.BlIraTeJIH YBenUIJUBaeTCH HanpH}Ke-
Hlie YCMnMTeJIH U YTr . EcnM HanpH:>KeHMe YCMJIliTeJIH U YTr CTaHeT
60nbIlle HanpH:>KeHMH U 3an , TO nOJIynpOBO}J.HUKOBbIH TpliOA TTF
OTKpOeTCH II IJ,enb 06paTHoi'I CBH3M no TOKy IJepe3 06M01'KY 3rT
3aMKHeTCH.
Ilpn UYTr < U san TpMO}J. TTr 3aKpT II u.enb 06paTHoi'I CBH3M no
TOKY pa30MKHYTa. TaKoe pa3MbIKaHMe II 3aMKaHlie IJ,enM TpMO}J.OM TTr
npoM3BoAliTCH npM nlO60M HanpaBneHMII TOKa HKOpH }J.BuraTeJIH.
C nepeBoAoM K-K M3 HyneBoro nO.l\O}KeHIIH B nOnO:>KeHlIeMaKCIiManb-
HOH CKOpOCTM nOAalOTCH O}J.HOBpeMeHHO HanpH:>KeHlIe BbIXO}J.a I Ha 3aAalO-
m.ylO 06MOTKY J1r3 M HanpH}KeHMe BbIXOAa II Ha TpMO}J. TPP. B 3TOM
cnYIJae cpa3Y me HaIJHeTCH npoIJ,ecc B036Y:>K}J.eHIIH reHepaTOpa. IlpoIJ,ecc
:>Ke oCJIa6JIeHIIH nOJIH ABIIraTeJIH 3a.n:eP}KUTCH. OH HaIJHeTCH C 3aMblKa-
HMH lI.enu pa3MarHlIIJMBalOIlI.eH 06MOTKM J111.3. oCYIll.ecTBJIHeMOrO TpIIO-
270

lI.OM TPP. TpHOlI. TPP 3anrrpaeTCH HanpmKeHHeM U 3nIl , a HanpH}KeHHe
BbIXO)J;a II )J;enCTByeT BCTpeqHO U 3an . O)J;HaKO HanpH}KeHHe BbIXO)J;a II
He)J;OCTaTOqHO, qT06bI OTKpbITb TpHOA. ,Z:(onOJIHHTeJIbHOe HanpH}KeHHe
iI.nH OTKpbIBaHHH TpHO)J;a nonyqaeTCH 01' YCHnHTeJIH J1PP, HMeIOIlI.ero
06MOTKY CMeIll.eHHH J1 PC, AenCTBYIOIlI.YIO B CTOPOHY YBenHqeHrrH"HanpH-
>KeHHH J1PP, H 06MOTKY J1PP3, )J;enCTBYIOIlI.YIO B CTOPOHY CHH}KeHHH
HanpH}KeHHH J1pP. B CBOIO OqepeAb K 06MOTKe J1PP3 npHKJIaAbIBaeTcH
pa3HOCTb HanpH}KeHHn: HanpH}KeHHH O)J;Horo H3 OAHOTaKTHbIX YCHnH-
Tenen YCHnHTeJIH J1F rr HanpH}KeHHH Ha COnpOTrIBJIeHHH 14C HnH 15C,
npOnopu.HOHanbHoro HanpH}KeHHIO reHepaTOpa. B HaqanbHOn CTa)J;HH
npou.ecca B036Y}K)J;eHHH reHepaTopa 3Ta pa3HOCTb BeJIHKa, n03TOMY Be-
JIHKO H pa3MarnHqHBaIOIlI.ee )J;enCTBHe 06MOTKH J1PP3. B 3TOM cnyqae
HanpH}KeHHe J1pp He)J;OCTaTOqHO, qT06bI COBMeCTHO C USbIXII npeOAO-
JIeTb 3anHpaIOIlI.ee AenCTBHe Hanp5l}KeHHH U 3an . C YBeJIrrqeHHeM Han'pH-
}KeHHH reHepaTopa pa3HOCTb HanpH}KeHHn, nOAaBaeMaH Ha 06MOTKY
J1 PP3, YMeHbWaeTCH. ITpH 3HaqeHHHX HanpH>KeHHH reHepaTopa,
6JIH3KHX K HOMHHaJIbHOn BeJIrrqHHe, )J;enCTBYIOIlI.ee Ha 06MOTKe J1 PP3
HanpH}KeHHe paBHO HYJIIO, a HanpH}KeHHe YCHnHTenH J1 PP 6Y)J;eT MaKCH-
MaJIbHbIM H AOCTaTOqHbIM, qT06bI OTKpbITb TpHO)J; TPP H nO)J;aTb HanpH-
}KeHHe Ha pa3MamHqHBaIOIlI.YIO 06MOTKY J1 /1.3.
B npou.ecce oCna6JIeHHH nonH pa3MbIKaeTcH u.enb TOKOBon 06MoTKrr
3FT (lI.enCTBrre HaMarnHqHBaIOIlI.en 06MOTKH J1TF B YMeHbwaeTcH) H
aaMbIKaeTCH u.enb TOKOBon 06MOTKH 3/1.T ()J;encTBHe pa3MarnHqHBaIOIlI.en
06MOTKH J1T /1.B YMeHbwaeTcH), BcnelI.CTBHe qero OrpaHHqeHHe TOKa
)J;BrrraTeJIH B 3TOM pe}KHMe 6Y)J;eT npoHcxoArrTb 3a CqeT CHH}KeHHH HH-
TeHCHBHOCTH ocna6neHHH nonH. 06MoTKa rH6Kon 06parnon CBH3rr
J1T /1.F, 6JIaro)J;apH HaJIrrqllIO BeHTrIJIH B14, B npou.ecc OCJIa6JIeHHH nOM!
He pa60TaeT.
C nepeBO)J;OM K-K rr3 nOnO}KeHHH MaKcrrManbHon CKOpOCTH B HyneBoe
CHH}KaIOTCH lI.0 HynH HanpH}KeHHH U ""IX I H U BbIX II. ITpH 3TOM CHHMaeTCH
HanpH}KeHHe C 3a)J;aIOIlI.en 06MOTKH J1F3 YCHnH1'eJIH reHepaTOpa rr C pa3-
MamHqHBaIOIlI.en 06MOTKH J1 /1.3 YCHnHTeJIH ABHraTeJIH. Cpa3Y }Ke HaqH-
HaeTCH npou.ecc YCHJIeHHH nOJIH ABHraTeJIH. ITonHpHocTb BbIXO)J;HOro
HanpH}KeHHH lI.HHaMHqeCKOrO MOC:ra npH YCHneHHH nOJIH n03BOJIHeT
npoxoAHTb TOKY qepe3 BeHTHnb B14 H 06MOTKY rH6Kon 06parnon CBH3H
J1T /1.F. ITOlI. BJIHSmHeM HaMarnrrqHBaIOIlI.en CHnbI 06MOTKH J1T /1.F
YCHnHTenb J1T /1. CHH}KaeT HanpH}KeHHe, TpHOlI. TT /1. 3anHpaeTCH H u.enb
TOKoBon 06MOTKH 3/1.T pa3Mb1KaeTCH. O)J;HoBpeMeHHo 3a CqeT )J;encTBHH
06parnon CBH3H no TOKY )J;BHraTeJIH (qepes 06MOTKY J1TFF) YBeJIHqH-
'BaeTCH HanpH}KeHHe YCHJIHTeJIH J1TF, TpHOA TTF OTKpbIBaeTcH H u.enb
TOKOBon 06MOTKH 3FT 3aMbIKaeTCH. TaKHM 06pa30M, OrpaHrrqeHHe TOKa
)J;BHraTenH B npou.ecce YCHJIeHHH nonH ero npoH3BoAHTCH B03)J;eikTBHeM
Ha HanpH}KeHHe reHepaTOpa.
,Z:(nH HCKnIOqeHHH BJIHHHHH 06paTHon CBH3H no HanpH}KeHHIO reHe-
paTOpa qepe3 06MOTKY J1FO, )J;enCTBYIOIlI.YIO B CTOPOHY YBeJIHqeHHH
HHTeHCHBHOCTH CHH}KeHHH HanpH}KeHHH reHepaTopa, u.enb 06MoTKrr
3F3 Ha BpeMH npou.ecca TOpMO}KeHHH pa3MbIKaeTCH C nOMOIll.bIO YCll-
271

nJneJHI Y PT. Y ClInHTeJIb Y PT HMeeT 06MOTKY CMern.eHIIH Y PTC,
06MoTKY no TOKY B036Y.>K,lI.eHHH .n;BHraTeJIH Y PT B II 3a.n;alOrn.ylO 06-
,MOTKY YPT3. 3a,ll.alOrn.aH 06MoTKa no.n;KJIlOlIeHa lIepe3 BeHTHJIb B13
Ha HanpH>KeHHe 06MOTKH 3/1.3 y , .n;eiIcTBYlOrn.eiI B CTOPOHY YCfIJIeHHH
nOJIH .n;BIIraTeJIH (06MoTKa 3/1.3 0 .n;eiIcrnyeT B CTOPOHY oCJIa6JIeHHH nonH
.n;BHraTeJIH). B npou.ecce YCHneHHH nonH HC 06MOTKH Y PT3, .n;eiIcT-
BYlOrn.eiI B HanpaBJIeHHH CHH>KeHHH HanpH>KeHHH YCHnHTeJIH YPT,
3HallHTeJIbHa. B STOM cnyqae TpHO.n; TPT 3anepT, u.enb 06MOTKH 3r3
pa30MKHYTa H TOK 06MOTKH 3r3 paBeH HYJIIO.

r 11 a 8 a IX
snEKTPonPMBOa M ABTOMATM3AMR
HEnPEPblBHblX CTAHOB rOPR'IEA npOKATKM
HenpepbIBHbIe CTaHbI - 3TO CTaHbI, COCTOHIIUfe M3 IJ,eJIOrO pH,lI.a
pa60tIMX KneTeH, paCnOJIO>KeHHbIX nO-pa3HOMY ,lI.pyr OTHOCMTeJIbHO
,lI.pyra B 3aBMCHMOCTM OT XapaKTepa TeXHOnOrHtIeCKOrO npOIJ,eCCa npo-
KaTKH H Ha3HatIeHHH CTaHa. B TaKMX MHOrOKJIeTbeBbIX CTaHaX BCer,lI.a
HMeeTCS(rpynna KJIeTeM, B KOTOpOH npOKaTKa MeTaJIJIa OCYIIJ;eCTBJIHeTCH
O,lI.HOBpeMeHHO BO BCeX KJIenlX 3TOM rpynnbI M MeTaJIJI npOXO,lI.MT B O,lI.HOM
HanpaBJIeHHM npM O,lI.HOBpeMeHHOM 06>KaTMM ero B Ka>K,lI.OM pa60tIefi
,KJIeTH. TaKaH rpynna KJIeTeH Ha3bIBaeTCH Henpepbl6HOU epynrwu.
_ HenpepbIBHbIe CTaHbI rOpHtIeH npOKaTKH OTJIlltIalOTCH 60nbIllMMM
KOpOCTHMM npOKaTKM M BbICOKOH npOM3BO,lI.MTeJIbHOCTblO. EnarO,lI.apH
BbICOKOH CKOpOCTII npOKaTKM TeMnepaTypa M:eTanJIa He ycneBaeT CMJIbHO
nOHM3MTbCH, M npOKaTKa- npOMCXO,lI.llT npll BbICOKOH cpe.nHeM TeMnepa-
Type. I10nytIaeTCH BbIC<;JKoe KatIeCTBO npOKaTa, nOBbIIllaeTCH CpOK
cny>K6bI pa60tIMX BanKOB II nOHll>KeHHbIM paCXO,lI. 3neKTp03HepfHM.
B HacTOHIIJ;ee BpeMH Bce 3aroToBOtIHbIe, TOHKOJIMCTOBbIe, COpToBble,
npOBOJIOtIHble, Tpy6Hble CTaHbI CTpOHT KaK HenpepbIBHble, BKJIlOtIalOIIJ;Me
,B ce6H O,lI.HY MJIM HeCKOJIbKO HenpepbIBHbIX rpynn.
 9-1. OcofieHHocTH HenpepblBHoii npoK8TKH
HenpepbIBHaH npOKaTKa ropHtIerO MeTaJIJIa He3aBMCMMO OT TOro,
Ha KaKOM CTaHe OHa npOM3BO,lI.MTCH (3aroToBOtIHOM, JIMCTOBOM, COpTO-
BOM M T. ,lI..), MMeeT 06IIJ;Me oc06eHHocTM, KOTopble CBO,lI.HTCH K CJIe,lI.YIO-
Il{eMY:
I) O,lI.HOBpeMeHHaH npoKaTKa MeTaJIJIa BO Bcex KJIeTHX HenpepbIBHoH
rpynnbI II CBH3b Me>K,lI.y 3TllMM KJIeTHMH tIepes npoKaTbIBaeMbIM MeTanJI;
2) y,lI.apHOe npMJIO>KeHMe M c6poc HarpY3KM npH nOJIHOH pa60tIeM
CKOpOCTH .
OAHOBpIMIHHaR pOKaTKa MITanna BO BCIX KnlTRX
I1pll O,lI.HOBpeMeHHoH npoK8TKe MeTanJI8 B HeCKonbKMX KJIeTHX
KOnHtIeCTBO MeTanJIa, BbIXO,lI.HIl{erO M3 npe,lI.bI,lI.YIl{eH KneTM, AOJI>KHO
paBHHTbCH KOJIlltIeCTBY MeTaJIJIa, BXO,lI.HIl{erO B nocJIeAYIOIl\YIO KJIeTb.
273

B npOTHBHOM CJJylIae MelK}J.Y KneTHMl1 OY}J.eT npOl1CXO}J.l1Tb JJHOO HaKO-
nJJeHHe MeTanna, JJHOO YMeHbllIeHHe ero. B nepBOM CJJylIae npH oonb-
llIHX celleHHHX npOI<aTbIBaeMoro MeTanna B03HHKalOT yCHJJHH ClKaTHH,
a npH ManbIX celleHHHX oopa3yeTcH neTJJH. Bo BTOpOM CJJYllae B03HH-
KalOT YCHnHH paCTHlKeHHH.
a) II ---- III
v' 3 "' 8 V3 8
F, Fz fj
II
15)
V OblX 1 VOAl V UblX 2
re;,x 1 Fux2 FublX 1
8) II
---
Pnc. 9-1. TIpoKaTKa Ha HenpepblBHoM CTaHe:
a - npOKaTKa B TpeXKJleTbeSOM CTalle; 6 - npoKaTKa B
ABYXKJleTbeBOM;,6 - npOKaTKa C neTJleli
OcHOBHbIM YCJJOBHeM HenpepbIBHOH npOKaTKH HBJJHeTCH nOCTOHHCTBO
CeKYH}J.Horo oOneMa MeTanJJa no KneTHM. 3TO 03HaliaeT, liTO B e}J.HHHY
BpeMeHH lIepe3 KalK}J.YIO KneTb npOXO}J.HT O}J.HO H TO lKe KOJJHlIeCTBO
MeTaJJJJa (fJHC. 9-1).
coBHe nOCTOHHCTBa ceKYH}J.Horo oObeMa MeTana 3anHCBaeTCH
KaK
F 1 v 1 = F 2 v 2 = F 3 v 3 = .. . = Fnvn.
(9-1)
r}J.e F 1 ; F 2 ; F3 - celleHHe MeTanJJa nepe}J. BXO}J.OM B cooTBeTcTBYIOrn.ylO
KneTb;
VI; V 2 ; va - CKOpOCTb }J.BHlKeHHH MeTaa nepe}J. BXO}J.OM B KeTb.
274

ECJIII ylJeCTb Onepe>KeHlIe MeTaJIJIa, TO CKOpOCTb BbIXO.l(a ero II3
BaJIKOB
v = V s (1 + S) = c:!. '2 D (1 + S), (-2)
r.l(e VB; W S ; D - JIlIHeHHaH CKOpOCTb, yrJIOBaH CKOpOCTb Bpalll,eHlHI,
.l(HaMeTp pa60IJHX BanKOB;
S - orrepe)KeHHe.
OplI STOM ycnoBlIe nOCTOHHCTBa ceKYH.l(Horo OO'beMa
FDw s (1 + S) = const. (9-3)
B yCTaHoBIIBllieMcH pe)KHMe rrpOKaTKlI, IICXO,AH 1I3 YCJIOBIIH (9-3),
Bcer,Aa C06JIIO,AaeTCH paBeHcTBo
FBbIX.lVSbIX.l = F BX . 2 V BX. 2'
(9-4)
r,Ae FSbIX.l - CeIJeHHe MeTaJIJIa nocne BbIXO,Aa ero 1I3 BanKOB npe,AbI,Ay-
llI,eH KJIeTlI;
F BX . 2 - TO )Ke nepe,A BXO,AOM B nOCJIe,AYIOllI,YIO KJIeTb.
ECJIH rrpH STOM rrpe,AnOJIO)KHM, IJTO FOLIX.l = F BX . 2 , TO
VBbIX.l = V Bx . 2 ,
(9-5)
T. e. B YCTanOBHBllieMCH pe}KHMe CKOpOCTb BbIXO,Aa MeTaJIJIa 1I3 BaJIKOB
rrpe,A,Aylll,eH KJIeTH paBHHeTCH CKOpOCTII BXO,Aa MeTaJIJIa B BaJIKII no-
CJIe,AYIOllI,en KJIeTH.
B03bMeM B HenpepblBHOH rpynne ,ABe CMe)KHbIX KJIeTII (CM. plIC. 9-1, 6)
II paccMoTplIM BHaIJaJIe CJIYlJaH, KOr.l(a CBH3b Me>K,Ay Ba.J:IKaMII KJIeTeH
lJepe3 MeTaJIJI OTCYTcTByeT, T. e. HeT HaTH)KeHIIH II C)KaTIIH MeTaJIJIa.
Tor,Aa CKOpOCTb BbIXO,Aa MeTaJIna H3 rrepBoH KJIeTH
VSbIX.l = D 1 ;1 (1 + Sl)' (9-6)
a CKOpOCTb BbIXO,Aa MeTanJIa H3 BTopon KJIeTII
VBbIX.2 = DOJ2 (1 + S2)'
YlJlITblBaH (9-1) II npHHHMaH Dl = D2' nOJIylJlIM
OJ; _ 1 + 8 1 ')., _ b
OJI - 1 + 8 2 2 - ,
(9-7)
(9-8)
r,Ae ').,2 = F F RX .2 - Kos4J4JHI1.lIeHT BbiTH)KKII;
BbIX.2
. W2 - CKOpOCTb BaJIKOB BTOpOH KJIeTII B peJKHMe CBOOO,A-
Hon npOKaTKII.
ECJIII 3a,AaTb COOTHOllIeHlIe CKOpOCTeH BanKOB rrepBon II BTOpOH
KJIereH B COOTBeTCTBIIH C paBeHcTBoM (9-8), TO MeTaJIJI He OY,AeT ncnbI-
TblBaTb YCIIJIIIH C)KaTIIH II HaTH)KeHIIH. TaKaH HenpepblBHaH rrpOKaTKa
HaSblBaeTCH ceo608flOU, fl£npUflY0lC8eflflOU.
275

I(ora celJeHJ.le MeT8JIJI8 HeOOJIbllloe H B03MOJKHO OOp830B8HHe
neTJIH MeLKy KJIeTHMH, TO CBOOOHaH rrpOKaTKa MOLKeT HMeTb MeCTO
II nplI HaJIHlJlIlI rreTJIlI, )1.JIlIHa KOTopon OCTaeTCH HeH3MeHHOH 3a Bce
BpeMH npOKaTKlI (pHC. 9-1, B).
YBeJIlIlJlIM B peLKlIMe CBoOOHon npOKaTKlI rrpH HaJIlIIJlIH nerJIlI
CKOpOCTb BTopon KJIeTlI B fJ = (O pa3, T. e. B03bMeM COOTHOllleHlIe
(02
CKopOCTen fJb = (02 ', re (j) - CKOpOCTb BTOpOH KJIeTH rrplI HaTHLKeHlIH
(01
MeTaJIJIa. nplI STOM YCJIOBlIlI p8BeHcTBo (9-5) HapYllllITcH, B pe3YJIbT8Te
B03HlIKHeT rrepexoHbln rrpoIl.ecc, HarrpaBneHHbln B CTOpoHy YMeHbllle-
HlIH pa3HHIl.bl CKopocTen VBb,X. 1 II VBX. 2' CKOpOCTb Bxoa .MeTaJIJIa BO
BTOPYIO KneTb YBeJIlIIJHTCH, YBeJIlIlJlITCH H KOJIlIlJeCTBO MeTaJIJIa, BXO-
HllI,ero B STY Knerb, BCJIeCTBlIe lJero nerJIH CTaHeT YMeHblllaTbCH.
C BbIOOpOM rreTJIH B03HlIKHYT yCHJIlIH HaTHLKeHlIH, KOTopble OYYT CTpe-
MlITbCH YBeJIHlJlITb CKOpOCTb Bblxoa VBbIX.l H YMeHblllHTb CKOpOCTb
Bxoa VBX. 2'
npH HaJIlIlJlIlI HaTHLKeHlIH MeTaJIJIa MeJKy KJIeTHMlI CKOpOCTb BbI-
xoa MeTaJIJIa lI3 BaJIKOB rrepBOn KnerH OnpeeJIHeTCH KaK
V SbIX . 1 = D(01 [1  8 1 + 1fT], (9-9)
B CKOpOCTb BXOB MeTliJIJIa B BBnKlI BTOpOH KJIem KBK
V Bx . 2 = D;:22 [1 + 8 2 -1fT], (9-10)
re 1f - Kos<p<plIlI.lIeHT npOnOpll.lIOHBJIbHOCTj{ MeLK.lI.Y onepeLKeHlIeM II
HaTHLKeHlIeM;
T - BeJIHlJlIHa HaTHLKeHlIH;
1fT - orrepeLKeHlIe, Bbl3BaHHoe YClIJIlIeM HaTHLKeHlIH;
8 1 ; 8 2 - OnepeLKeHHH Oe3 YlJe:a HaTHLKeHHH.
113 nplIBeeHHblX ypaBHeHlIH CJIeyeT, IJTO C pOCTOM HaTHLKeHlIH
OOlll,ee onepeLKeHlIe MeTaJIJIa B nepBon KJIem, paBHoe (8 1 + 1fT),
YBeJIlIlJlIBaeTCH, oOllI,ee onepeLKeHlIe MeTaJIJIa BO BTopon KneTH, paBHoe
(8 2 - 1fT), YMeHblllaeTCH. COOTBeTCTBeHHO oyeT YBeJImilIBaTbCH Bbl-
XOHaH CKOpOCTb V sb1x .l H YMeHblllaTbCH BXOHaH VBX. 2' I(ora CKOpOCTb
Vsx 2 CTaHeT paBHOH VSblx.l, pOCT HaTHLKeHlIH npeKpaTlITCH.
.PernaH ypaBHeHlIH (9-9) II (9-10) OTHOCHTeJIbHO T rrplI vSblx.l =
. (02 = M H D 1 = D 2 II YlJlITbIBaH (9-8), rroYIJHM
= Vax. 2' (01
T= (45-1)(1+8 1 ) (9-11)
( 1+45 1+81 ) '1"
1 +82
YpaBHeHHe (9-11) nOKa3bIBaeT, IJTO lJeM OOJIbllle K03<M>HU.HeHT fJ,
T. e. lJeM OoJIbrne COOTHorneHHe CKopOCTen BaJIKOB coceHHX neTen
b 1 +8H
OTJIHlJaeTCH OT COOTHOllleHlIH = 1 + 8 2 1\.2' COOTBeTCTBYlOllI,erO peLKHMY
216

es060HOH npOKaTKlI, TeM 60JIbIlle BeJIlIlllIHa HaTSDKeHIIH. nplI (, = 1
eLKlIM CB060,AHOH rrpOKaTKII), HaTHLKeHHe paBHO HYJIIO.
, npH YMeHbIlleHlI1I COOTHOIlleHHH CKOp,OCTeH  B cpaBHeHIIH C COOT-
1 +81
!loweHlIeM b = 1 + 8 2 A. 2 YMeHbIllaeTCH CKOpOCTb BXO,Aa MeTanJIa BO
)3TOpyIO KJIeTb, B CBH31I C lleM MeLKY KneTHMII rrOHBnHeTCH 1I36bITOK
MeTanJIa II B03HHKaIOT, eCJIII celleHlIe MeTaJIJIa BeJIlIKO, yCIIJIHH CLKaTMH.
,:(3 3TOM CJIYllae CKOpOCTb BbIXO)J.a MeTaJIJIa 1I3 rrepBOH KJIeTJI
VBbIX.l = DCJh [I + 8 1 -1fT], (9-12)
a CKOpOCTb BXO)J.a MeTaJIJIa BO BTOpyIO KJIeTb
v sx . 2 = :2 [1 + 8 2 + 1fT]. (9-13)
3)J.ecb 1fT - orrepeLKeHHe, BbI3BaHHoe YCIIJIHeM CLKaTHH.
YpaBHeHIIH (9-12) H (9-13) rroKa3bIBaIOT, lITO npH CHHLKeHlI1I COOT-
u W2
HOIlleHIIH CKopOCTeH - rrOHBnHIOTCH yCIIJIIIH CLKaTHH, KOTopbIe BbI3bI-
WI
BaIOT YMeHbIlleHlIe onepeLKeHIIH B nepBOH KJIeTH (8 1 - 1fT), II YBeJIII-
lleHHe onepeLKeHHH BO BTOpOH KJIeTII (8 2 + 1fT), lITO B CBOIO Ollepe,Ab
'npIIBOHT K BbIpaBHHBaHIIIO CKopOCTeH V SbIX .l II V Bx . 2 ' K:or)J.a 3TH CKO-
pOCTH oKaLKyTcSI paBHbIMH ,APyr ,APyry, pOCT YCHJIIIH CLKaTHSI npeKpa-
T.HTCSI.
PelliaSl ypaBHeHHSI (9-12) II (9-13) OTHOCHTe.[IbHO T rrpH VSbIX.l =
= V Bx . 2 ; ::1 = M II YIlHTbIBaSl (9-8), rrOJIylllIM ypaBHeHlIe (9-11), CJIe-
,n;OBaTenbHO, ypaBHeHHe ,AJISI orrpe}J.eJIeHIIH KaK YCHJIHH CLKaTIIH, TaK II
pacTHLKeHIISI rrpH H3MeHeHHlI COOTHOIlleHIISI cKopocTeH W2 HBnHeTCH
WI
,OOll{IIM.
ECJIII celleHlIe MeTanJIa HeBeJIIIKO II B03MOLKHO 06pa30BaHlIe neTJIII,
TO C YMeHbIlleHlIeM COOTHOIlleHIISI CKopOCTefi neTJIH OY,AeT HenpepbIBHO
YBenIIIlIIBaTbCSI. B .n.aHHOM CJIYllae HeT ypaBHIIBaIOll{IIX B03,AeHCTBHH,
KOTopbIe ObIJIII ObI HarrpaBneHbI K BbIpaBHIIBaHIIIO- CKopOCTeH Bxoa
V sx . 2 II BbIXO)J.a MeTaJIJIa V sb1x .1o n03TOM}' pa3HOCTb STIIX CKopOCTeH,
3a)J.aHHaSl paHee, oy,AeT coxpaHSlTbCSI no BeJIHIlHHe.
TaKHM 06pa30M, B 3aBlIClIMOCTlI OT COOTHoweHIIH CKOpOCTeH Bpa-
li{eHHH BaJIKOB KJIeTeH B03MOLKHbI TplI peLKIIMa npOKaTKH.
I. CB0(0)J.HaSl npOKaTKa, Kor)J.a
W2 = I I + S SI A. 2 ' i> = 1.
WI + 2 '
2. npoKaTKa C HaTHLKeHHeM MeTaJIJIa, Kor)J.a
W2 > 1+81 .. i» 1
WI 1 + S2 1\.2' .
277

3. npoKaTKa co C>KaTHeM MeTaJIJIa HJIH C 06pa30BaHHeM neTJIH,
Kora
0)2 < I + 8 1 A.. t> < 1
0)1 1 + 8 2 2' .
CJIeyeT OTMeTHTb, lITO cB06oHaH npOKaTKa B03MOJKHa TaKJKe II nplI
HaJIlIlllIlI neTnlI, B STOM cnYllae JIHHa ee COXpaHHeTCH HeH3MeHHOiL
CBo6oHaH npOKaTKa HBnHeTCH rpaHHQeM Me>KY npoKaTKoM C Ha-
THJKeHlIeM H npoKaTKoM CO CJKaTHeM (C 06pa30BaHHeM neTJIH); OHa
HBnHeTCH HCYCTOHIlI1BOM II He MOJKeT JIIITeJIbHO nOepJKIIBaTbCH.
nOSTOMY B 3aBlICHMOCTlI OT TeXHonOflIlI npOKaTKY Be,l(yT nlI60 C HaTH-
>KeHlIeM, JIlI60 co C>KaTHeM (IIJIH C neTJIeH). K034J4JIIHeHT t> nOKa3bI-
BaeT, BO CKOJIbKO pa3 YBeJIlIllHJIOCb IIJIH YMeHbllIHJIOCb COOTHOllIeIIHe
CKopOCTeH 0)2 no cpaBHeHIIIO C COOTHOllIeHlIeM CKopOCTeH, COOTBeTCTBYIO-
0)1
ll{HM CBo6oJJ;HOH npOKaTKe. ECJIH t> > 1, TO STOT Ko::4J4JIIlIeHT Ha3bI-
BaIOT Koaq]{pUlfUeHmOM. HamflOlCeHU51; nplI t> < 1 ero Ha3bIBaIOT Koar/Jr/Ju-
ltueHmoM. no8nopa.
n p 0 KaT K a C HaT H JK e H II e M. nplI OHOBpeMeHHOH npo-
KaTKe B BYX KJIeTHX C YBeJIlIlleHlIeM CKOpOCTII BpaIl{eHHH BanKOB
BTopOM KJIeTII B03HlIKaeT HaTHJKeHlIe, KOTopoe npHBoHT K YMeHbllIeHHIO
MOMeHTa BlIraTenH nepBoM KJIeTII
M I = M OI - T1 (9-14)
H YBenlIlleHHIO MOMeHTa BlIraTeJIH BTopoM KJIeTII
M 2 = M 02 + T 2 .
(9-15)
3eCb MOl; M 02 - MOMeHTbIBHraTeneM KJIeTeM 6e3 YlleTa HaTHJKeHHH
MeTanna.
TaKoe 1I3MeHeHlIe HarpY30K nplI MHrKIIX MexaHlIIleCKHx xapaKTe-
pHCTIIKax BlIraTeJIeM B30BeT YBeJIlIIleHlIe CKOpOCTII Bpall{eHlIH BH-
raTeJIH nepBoM KJIeTH II YMeHbllIeHHe CKOpOCTII BpaIl{eHIIH BlIraTeJIH
BTOpOM KJIeTH, lITO nplIBeeT K orpaHlIlleHIIIO pOCTa HaTHJKeHIIH Me-
TaJIJIa. 3TO 06CTOHTeJIbCTBO HBJIHeTCH nOJIO>KIITeJIbHbIM C TOIlKII 3peHlIH
nOMepJKaHIIH nOCTOHHcrna HaTH>KeHIIH. n03TOMY nplI npoKaTKe C Ha-
THJKeHlIeM JKeJIaTeJIbHO npHMeHeHlIe BH!,aTeJIeM C MHrKIIMH xapaKTe-
plIcTIIKaMII. OHaKo OlleHb 60nbllIaH MHrKOCTb xapaKTeplICTHK HeIJ;eJIe-
coo6pa3Ha no xapaKTepy nepexoHbIX npoeccoB, BbI3bIBaeMbIX yap-
HbIM npHJIOJKeHlIeM HarpY3KH.
CYll{eCTBeHHoe BnHHHHe Ha HenpepbIBHYIO npoKaTKY OKa3bIBaIOT
ynpyme e4JopMaQIIII BaJIKOB, CTaHIIHbI II HaJKIIMHbIX BIIHTOB. C YMeHb-
llIeHHeM MOMeHTa HarpY3KlI BHraTeJIH nepBoM KJIeTKII ynpyraH e4>op-
MaQIIH YMeHbllIaeTcH, B pe3YJIbTaTe ,STore 06>KaTHe B nepBoM KJIeTH
YBeJIIIIlIIBaeTcH, a celleHHe MeTaJIJIa YMeHbllIaeTCH. TaK KaK B STOM
cJIYllae oHoBpeMeHHo YBcnlIIllIBaeTcH CKOpOCTb ere BbIxoa, TO ce-
KYHHbIH 06'beM MeTanna, BbIXO.D.Hll{erO 1I3 nepBoM KJIeTII, MO>KeT YBe-
JIIIIlIITbCH, OCTaTbCH 6e3 H3MeHeHHH IIJIH YMeHbIllHTbCH. C TOIlKII 3peHHH
278

orpaHlflleHIIH HanDKeHIIH JKeJIaTeJIbHO YBeJIlI'leHlIe CeKYH)J.Horo 06'beMa
MeTanJIa, BbIXO)J.HIIJ.ero 1I3 nepBOH KJIeTII.
TaKIiM 06pa30M, OnepeJKeHlIe .MeTaJIJIa, MHrKOCTb MeXaHII'leCKIIX
XapaKTeplICTIiK .ZI.BlIraTeJIeH II ynpyraH .ZI.eQ:>OpMall.IIH Ban KOB, CTaHIIHbI
II HaJKIIMHbIX BIIHTOB HBJIHIOTCH BaJKHbIMII Q:>aKTopaMII caMOBbIpaBHII-
BaHIiH npOll.eCca rrpOKaTKII C HaTHJKeHlIeM. TaKoe caMoBbIpaBHIIBaHlIe
06N'lHO He OOeCne'lIIBaeT rrOJIHOCTblO TpeOOBaHIIH HenpepNBHOH npo-
KaTKII, n03TOMY B CIiCTeMax yrrpaBneHIIH COBpeMeHHbIMII HenpepbIB-
HbIMII CTaHaMII npe)J.YCMaTpIIBaeTCH nplIMeHeHlIe aBTOMaTII'leCKIIX pery-
JIIIPYIOIIJ.IIX YCTPOHCTB.
n p 0 KaT K a C rr e T JI e 0 6 p a 3 0 B a H II e M. nplI TaKOH
npoKaTKe rreTJIH He OCTaeTCH HeII3MeHHOH, OHa IInlI YBeJIlI'lIIBaeTCH,
IIJIII YMeHbIIIaeTCH. Pa3MepbI neTJIII He )J.onJKHbI BbIXO.D.IITb 3a 3a,n;aH-
HbIe npe)J.eJIbI, B npOTlIBHOM cn-y'lae HapywaeTcH HOpMaJIbHbIH npOll.eCC
npOKaTKII.
JJ:nH HlI3KOCKOpOCTHbIX HenpepblBHbIX CTaHOB nO.ZI.peryJIlIpOBKa CKO-
pOCTeH BpaIIJ.eHIIH pa60'lIIX KJIeTeH, C eJIblO nO)Ul.epJKaHHH 3a)J.aHHOH
)J.JIIIHbI rreTJIII, npOII3BO.ZI.IITCH BPY'lHYIO.
BpeMH npOKaTKII nonOCN
't -  - M ( 9-16 )
- - v - I1v'
OTKY.D. a
M=L MJ
V '
(9-17)
r)J.e /11 - .ZI.JIIIHa neTJIH, .M;
L - )J.JIIIHa rrOJIOCbI, .M;
/1v - BeJIII'lIIHa paccOrJIaCOBaHIIH cKopocTeH CMeJKHbIX KJIeTeH,
.MICeK;
v - CKOpOCTb rrpOKaTKII, .MICeK.
113 ypaBHeHIIH (9-17) BH)J.HO, 'lTO .ZI.nlIHa neTJIH 3aBlICliT OT )J.JIHHbI
u I1v
rrOJIOCbI II OTHOCHTeJIbHoro paccOrJIaCOBaHIIH CKopocTelI v II He 3aBlIClIT
OT CKOpOCTH rrpOKaTKII. O)J.HaKO, 'leM Bblwe CKOpOCTb npOKaTKII, TeM
6bICTpee 1I3MeHHeTCR neTJIH. n03TOMY npII BbICOKIIX CKOpOCTHX npOKaTKII
HeB03MOJKHO BPY'lHylO BbIOlIpaTb 6bICTpO HapaCTalOIII.YIO neTJIIO. 4eM
Jl,JIIIHHee nonoca II 'leM BbIwe CKOpOCb rrpOKaTKII, TeM MeHbwe )J.onYCTII-
MaH BeJIII'lIIHa paCCOrJIaCOBaHIIH CKOpOCTeH paOO'lIIX BanKOB KJIeTeH.
Y AapHOe npHnOJKeHHe H8rpYSKH
nplI BXO.ZI.e MeTanJIa B BaJIKII B03HlIKaeT BHe3arrHoe y)J.apHoe npIIJIOJKe-
HlIe HarpY3KH, COOTBeTCTBYIOIII.ee MOMeHTY Me. B 3TOM CJIY'lae xapaKTep
rrpoll.eCca 1I3MeHeHlIH CKOpOCTIi II TOKa .D.BlIraTeJIeH nOCTOHHHoro TOKa He-
3aBlIclIMoro B030yJK)J.eHIIH, nplIMeHHeMbIX B Ka'leCTBe rrpIIBO)J.HbIX Y He-
T
npepblBHbIX CTaHOB, 3aBlIClIT OT COOTHOWeHIIH nOCTOHHHbIX BpeMeHII T M
R
(T M -;- 3JIeKTpOMexaHIfIleCKaH nOCTOHHHaH BpeMeHII npHBO)J.a; TfJ-
279

3JIeKTpOM8rHHTIl8H nOCTOHHH8H BpeMeHII genII HKOpH ,lJ.BlIraTeJIH). 0PB
TM < 4T H npoecc 6Y,lJ.eT KOJIe6aTeJIbHbIM. Ha plIC. 9-2 npe,IJ.CTaBneHbI
KplIBble nepexo,IJ.Horo npogecca, BbI3BaHHoro BHe3anHbIM nplIJIOJKeHlIeM
H8rpY3KlI nplI T M < 4T H , 113-3a HanlIllHH IIH,lJ.YKTIIBHOCTlI B genII HKOpH
TOK ,lJ.BlIraTeJIH He MOJKeT B03paCTlI MrHOBeHHO, n03TOMY B Hallane
npoecca (npOMeJKYTOK BpeMeHH to - t 1 ) TOK ,lJ.BlIraTeJIH MeHbllIe TOKa
CTaTlIlleCKOH HarpY3KlI i < Ic II CKOpOCTb ,lJ.BlIraTeJIH YMeHbllIaeTC.H.
B npOMe.JKYTKe BpeMeHII t 1 - t 2 TOK ,lJ.BlIr8TeJIH 60nbIlle TOKa CTaTlIlle-
CKOH HarpY3KlI i> Ie II CKOpOCTb ,lJ.BlIraTenH B03paCTaeT.
113MeHeHlIe CKOpOCTII /1wJJ. B MOMeHT BpeMeHH t l Ha3bIBaeTCH OUllaMU-
tlCCKUM naOellUeM cKopocmu, a 1I3MeHeHlIe CKOpOCTII /1w e cOOTBeTcTBYIO-
llI,ee YCTaHoBIIBllIeMycH peJKHMY,-
cmamUlieCKUM naOellueM cKOpocmu.
XapaKTep nepexo,IJ.HbIX npogec-
COB nplI y,lJ.apHOM nplInOJKeHlI1I Ha-
rpY3KlI HMeeT BaJKHOe 3HalleHlIe ,lJ.nH
HenpepbIBHOH npOKaTKII, TaK KaK
nplI 3TOM B03MOJKHO TaKoe paCCOfJIa-
COBaHHe CKOpOCTeH BpaIl{eHIIH Ban-
ROB KJIeTeH, KOTopoe MOJKeT BbI3BaTb
He,IJ.onycTHMble Kone6aHlIH HaTH>Ke-
HHH, CJKaTHH HJIH neTJIII.
Ha plIC. 9-3 H306paJKeH xapaK-
Tep 1I3MeHeHlIH cKopoCTeH Bp8meHlIH
,lJ.BlIr8TeJIeH nepBoH H BTOpOH "Kne-
TeH, r.l(e .l(JIH HarJIH,lJ.HocTH YCJIOBHO
2v 2
llepe3 W2 = jj: 0603HalleHa CKO-
pOCTb .l(BHraTeJIH BTOpOH KneTH,
COOTBeTcTByrolll,aH CKOpOCTH BXO,IJ.a
2v MeT8JIJIa BO BTOpyIO KJIeTb Vox. 2'
YIlHThIBaH, lITO WI = 'D: x 1 tOOTBeTcTByeT CKOpOCTH ,lJ.BHraTeJIH nep-
BOM KJIeTH, nplI Dl = D 2 ,lJ.O BXO.l(8 MeTaJIJI8 B KJIeTII II B YCTaHOBHB-
IlleMCH peJKHMe npOKaTKII WI = W2. OpH HepaBeHCTBe 3THX CKopOCTeH
MeTaJIJI 6Y,lJ.eT IICnbITbIBaTb YCIIJIIIH paCTHJKeHJ1:H IIJIII C>KaTHH.
B MOMeHT BXO,IJ.a MeTaJIJIa B nepBYIO KJIeTb CKOpOCTb ,lJ.BlIraTeJIH nep-
BOH KJIem WI HallHeT YMeHbIllaTbCH (CM. KpHBaH 1). B MOMeHT BXO,IJ.a
MeTanJIa BO BTOPYIO KJIeTb (MoMeHT BpeMeHII t 1 ) CKOpOCTb .l(BHraTeJIH
BTOpOH KJIeTlI W2 6Y,IJ.eT BbIllie CKOpOCTlI ,lJ.BlIraTeJIH nepBOH WI' B TOIlKe
a 3TH CKopocm cpaBHIIBaIOTCH, nOCJIe Ilero CKOpOCTb ,lJ.BlIraTenH nepBOH
KJIem CTaHeT 60nbllIe CKOpOCTII .n;BlIraTeJIH BTOpoii KJIeTII. B TOIlKe 6
3TH CKOpOCTH onHTb OKaJKYTCH OJl;IIHaKOBbIMII. 3aTeM CKOpOCTb .n;BlIra-
TeJIH BTOpoii -KJIem CTaHeT 60nbIlle CKOpOCTII ,lJ.BHraTeJIH nepBoii H T. ,IJ..
3a BPeMH t 2 -t 1 MeT8JIJI 6y.n;eT HcnbITbIBaTb paCTHJKeHlIe, 3a BpeMH t s -
- t 2 - C>KaTlIe, 3a BpeMH t 4 - t s - paCTHJKeHlIe H T. .l(.
TaKHM 06pa30M, 3aXBaT MeTanJIa BanKaMII nocne.n.YIOmeii KJIeTII
npOHCXO,IJ.HT C 60JIbIlleH CKOpOCTbIO, lleM 3TO Tpe6yeTcH, n03TOMY B nep-
280
ltJ
<1
ltJ y
o
I
to
,
t,
Me
o . to t, t 7 t 3
PliC. 9-2. KpHBble CKOpOCTH n TOKn
J\BnrareJlR npH YJ\apHoM npnJlo>Ke-
Hnn HarpY3KH
t

BbIH rrepHO,IJ. BpeMeHI-f nOCJIe 3aXBam MeTaJIJI Bcer,IJ.a HcnbITbIBaeT yCH-
,1IHH paCT5rllieHHH. 3TO paCTHHHe 6y.lteT TeM 60JIbllIe, qeM 60JIbllIe
pa3HHn.a Melli,IJ.y CKOpOCTblO xonOCTOro xO,IJ.a 11 CKOpOCTblO npH HarpY3Ke,
T. e. qeM MHrqe MexaHI-fqeCKHe xapaKrepHCTHKH ,lJ.BHfaT(JIeH. CJIe,IJ.O-
BaTeJIbHO, rrpH rrpOKaTKe C HaTHllieHHeM, KOf,IJ.a n.eJIeC006pa3HO npHMe-
HeHHe ,lJ.BHraTeJIeH C MHfKHMH xapaKTepHCTHKaMH, npH 3aXBaTe MeTaJIJIa
BaJIKaMH MeTaJIJI 6Y,IJ.eT HCnbITblBaTb 3HaqHTeJIbHble yCHJIHH paCTHllie-
HIfH. O,IJ.HaKO 3TO MOllieT II He HBJIHeTCH He,IJ.OCTaTKOM, TaK KaK nOBblllIeH-
(,J
(,J/ (,J2
, {V', V'.: '
t+ +
I '
I 2 I
, CJ= Vb/X/ I (,;',= 2V 6 x 2
I  D, I 2 D 2
I 2
I a
__.I.__
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
t,
2
t 3
t 4
 t
to
PHC. 9-3. H3MeHeHHe CKOpOCTH BpaIlleHHH ,nBHrareJleii .D;BYX
COcep,HlIX KJleTeii HenpepbIBHoro CTaHa npH Bxop,e MeTaJlJla
B BaJlKH
HbIe YCHJIIIH paCTH>KeHHH npII 3aXBare cnoc06CTBYlOT CHH>KeHIIIO yTOJI-
ll1.eHIIH rrepe,IJ.HerO KOHa nOJIOCbI. .
npII rrpoKaTKe C neTJIeii 60nbllIaH BeJIIIqIIHa ,lJ.IIHaMIIqecKoro rra,IJ.e-
HIIH CKOpOCTH /).(f)]J, BbI3bIBaeT 06pa30BaHIIe HaqaJIbHOH rreTJIH, 'ITO
TaK>Ke He HBJIHeTCH He,IJ.OCTaTKOM, eCJIH B yCTaHoBIIBllIeMCH pellilIMe
npOKaTKH ,lJ.JIHHa neTnH He 6y.lteT BbIXO.ltIITb 3a ,lJ.onYCTIIMbIe npe,IJ.eJIbI.
ECJIH >Ke npII rrpoKaTKe neTJIH He,IJ.onycTHMa, TO COOTHOllIeHHe nOCTOHH-
HbIX BpeMeHII M ,lJ.On>KHO 6bITb BbI6paHO TaK,' qTo6bI nepeXO,IJ.HOH npo-

u.ecc npH 3aXBaTe MeTaJIJIa BaJIKaMH npII6.nH>KaJICH K _anepHO,IJ.lf1leCKOMY.
 9-2. TexHonofHR H TpefioB8HHR K aneKTpoopHBOA8M
HeopepblBHblx CT8HOB. THo OpHBOA8
TeXHOJIOrHH rrpoKaTKH Ha HerrpepbIBHoM CTaHe B 3aBIICHMOCTH OT
Ha3HaqeHIIH CTaHa pa3JIHQHa, n()3ToMY pa3JIMQHbI II Tpe60BaHIIH K 3JIeK-
TponpHBo,IJ.Y. PaCCMOTpHM '3TH BorrpOCbI OT,lJ.eJIbHO ,lJ.JIH Ka>K,lJ.oro BlI.lta
HenpepblBHoro CTaHa.
281

3 a rOT 0 B 0 II H hI e C T a H bI. Ha HHX rrpOH3BOHT rrpoKaTKy
3arOTOBKH nH COpTOBbIX, rrpOBonOIIHbIX H Tpy6HbIX CTaHOB. I1cxOHbIM
MaTepHaJIOM JIH 3arOTOBOIIHbIX CTaHOB CJIYlKaT omoMbI ceIIeHlIH 300 X
X 300 MM. KOHellHOe CelleHHe 3aroToBKH npHMepHO OT 55 X 55 MM o
150x 150 MM.
HenpepbIBHO-3arOTOBOllHbIe CTaHbI COCTOHT lI3 OHOM, BYX HJIll
Tpex HerrpepblBHbIX rpyrrn KneTeM. TaK, HarrpIIMep, CTaH 700/500 lIMeeT
Be HenpepbIBHbIe rpynnbI: nepBaH C HaMeTpoM HallaJIbHoM OKpylK-
HOCTII BaJIKOB llIeCTepeHHoM KneTlI 700 MM (HaMeTpoM pa601lHX BaJIKOB
730 MM), BTopaH - C HaMeTpoM HallaJIbHOM OKpylKHOCTlI BanKOB llIe-
cTepeHHoM KJIeTlI 500 MM (HaMeTpoM pa601lIIX BaJIKOB 530 MM). fpynnbI
KJIeTeM pacnonolKeHbI nocne,n.oBaTeJIbHO OTIIOCHTeJIbHO pyr pyra Ha
60-80 M. npH 3TOM KpyrrHbIe 3arOTOBKII npOKaTbIBalOTCH TOJIbKO B nep-
BOM rpyrrne, a MeJIKlIe - BO Bcex rpynrrax.
)JJIH oOKoBoro oOlKaTHH 3aroToBKH B cOBpeMeHHbIx 3aroToBOllHbIX
CTaHax rrplIMeHHIOT BepTIIKaJIbHbIe KJIeTII. 3axBaT MeTanJIa npoHcxoIIT
rrpII nOJIHOM CKOpOCTlI. CKOpOCTb npoKaTKH OXOHT J1.0 5-6 MIceK.
3arOTOBOllHbIe CTaHbI, KaK rrpaBHno, BbmYCKalOT OrpaHHlleHHbIM COPTa-
MeHT, n03TOMY OHII 60bIllHO He Tpe6YlOT II3MeHeHHH CKopOCTeM BanKOB
pa601lIIX KneTell. KOHellHOe CelleHIIe 3arOTOBKH OTIIOCIITeJIbHO BeJIHKO,
IIMeeT npocT)'1O <POp MY (KBa,n:paT, npHMoyrOJIbHHK) II He HBnHeTCH
OKOHllaTeJIbHbIM, TaK KaK rrpo,n:YKIJ.IIH 3arOTOBOllHOrO CTaHa H,n:eT ,n:nH
rrpOKaTKII Ha ,n:pyrnx CTaHax. no 3TOM rrpHllIIHe YCIInIIH ClKaTIIH II pa-
CTHlKeHHH MeTaJIJIa MelK,n:y KneTHMII He OKa3bIBalOT CYIII.eCTBeHHoro
BnIIHHIIH Ha KalleCTBO npOKaTbIBaeMOM 3arOTOBKII. 06bIllHO lKe 3aro-
TOBOllHbIll CTaH HaCTpaHBaeTCH ,n:JIH npOKaTKII C He6o.nbllIIIM HaTHlKelmeM
() = 1,01-1,03. npII nepellHCJIeHHbIX BbIllIe YCJIOBIIHX rrpoKaTKH J1.JIH
OOJIbllIOrO KOJIII1JeCTBa 3arOTOBOllHbIX CTaHOB B03MO"lKHO rrpHMeHeHIIe
rpyrrrroBoro rrpIIBo,n:a, npH KOTOpOM pa601lIIe BaJIKH HeCKonbKIIX KJIe-
Tell npHBo,n:HTCH BO Bpaw.eHIIe OT O,n:HOro ,n:BIIraTeJIH. B KalleCTBe npH-
BO,n:HbIX ,n:BIIraTeJIell npII 3TOM HCnOJIb3YlOTCH ,n:BHraTeJIII nepeMeHHoro
TOKa (CIIHXpOHHbIe lIJIH aCIIHxpOHHbIe).
npII rpynnoBoM rrpIIBo,n:e BonpOCbI, CBH3aHHbIe C y,n:apHbIM na,n:eHI-feM
CKOpOCTII, OTna,n:aIOT. B 3TOM CJIYllae C rrOMOIII.blO Ha"lKIIMHbIX BIIHTOB
KneTeM CTpeMHTCH nOJIYllIITb rrpOKaTKY oe3 HaTHlKeHIIH II no,n:nopa.
OJ1.HaKO npaKTlIKa nOKa3bIBaeT, llTO OObIllHO B03HHKalOT 3HallHTenbHbIe
YCIIJIIIH MeTanna MelK,n:y KneTHMII, rrpHBo,n:HIII.IIe K Heo,n:lIHaKOBOM 3a-
rpY3Ke llIrrIIH,n:eJIeM II ,n:pyrnx ,n:eTaneM CTaHa. n03TOM)' II ,n:JIH 3arOTO-
BOllHbIX CTaHOB ueJIeco06pa3HO npIIMeHeHHe lIH,n:IIBII,n:yaJIbHOrO rrpIIBo,n:a
KJIeTeM, Kora pa601lIIe BaJIKII Ka>K,n:OM KJIeTlI rrpIIBo,n:HTCH BO BpaIII.eHIIe
OT,n:eJIbHbIM ,n:BIIraTeJIeM. npII IIH,n:IIBIIJ1.YaJIbHOM rrpIIBo,n:e KJIeTeM npH-
MeHHIOT ,n:BIIraTeJIII rrOCTOHHHoro TOKa He3aBIIcIIMoro B036Y>K,n:eHlIH,
n03BOnHIOIII.He perYJIIIpOBaTb COOTIIOllIeHlIe CKopOCTeM pa60llIIX BanKOB
KJIeTeM B TpeoyeMbIx npc,n:enax.
T 0 H K 0 JI II C T 0 B bI e C T a H bI. CoBpeMeHHoe pa3BIITIIe rrpo-
KaTIIOrO npOH3Bo,n:CTBa xapaKTepHO CHCTeMaTHlleCKIIM YBeJIIIIIeHIIeM
,n:OJIH JIIICTa B 06III.eM npOH3Bo,n:CTBe npOKaTa. TaK. HanpHMep. B CCCP
282

nHCTOBOH npOKaT OT 06lqero npOH3BOACTBa npOKaTa B 1940 r. paBeH
23%, B 1958 r. - 30%. B CBH3H C 3TlIM npeAnonaraeTCH YBeJIHqeHlIe
:.MOlqHOCTlI JIHCTOnpoKaTHbIx ueXOB rJIaBHbIM oopa30M 3a CqeT CTpOII-
TenbCTBa HOBbIX HenpepblBHbIX npoKaTHbIx CTaHOB.
TOHKOJIIICTOBbIe CTaHbI 06bIqHO IIMeIOT ABe rpynnbI paOOqHX KJIeTeH-
qepHoBYIO II qIICTOBYIO. B qepHOBOH rpynne npolI3BoAHTCH npeABaplI-
TenbHoe oO:lliaTlIe cJIH6a AO TonlqHHbI nplIMepHo 20-25 MM C TeM, qTOObI
, npll npoxolliAeHlI1I MeTaJIJIa qepe3 KJIeTlI qlICTOBOH rpynnbI II nplI AO-
nycTHMbIX 06lliatlIHx B KaJKAoH KJIeTlI Obwa nonyqeHa 3aAaHHaH TOJI-
.lqlIHa rOToBoro nHCTa. 4lICTOBaH rpynna CTaHa HBJIHeTCH HenpepblBHOH.
, B HeH MeTaJIJI nplI npOKaTKe HaxoAIITCH O,D;HOBpeMeHHO BO BCex
KJIeTHX.
B CYlqeCTBYIOlqlIX TOHKOJIHCTOBbIX CTaHax KOHCTPYKUIIST qepHOBOH
rpynnbI IIMeeT ,D;Ba BaplIaHTa. no nepBOMY BaplIaHTY pa60qlIe KJIeTlI
0:



""


.9 8
8100 BIfIJIJ
PHC. 9-4. CxeMa pacnOJlO>KeHHH 060PY.QoBaHHR HenpepblBHoro CTalia 2500 MMK:
1 - HarpeBareJlbHble ne'm; 2 - 'JepHoBol! OKaJIHHOJlOMaTeJlb; 3 - YlllH"nTeJIbllaH KJleTb; 4-
YHHBepC8JIbHbIe 1JepHOBbte KJIeTH; 6 - JIeTY'lJue HO:i:::{HHl1.bl; 6 - IfHt'Tona':l rpynna: 7 - MOT8JIKU;
8 - KOHBeliep IIa CKJla)J; PYJlOIfOB; 9 - KOHBeliep K exy xC'JlonH();1 npOKaTKH
qepHOBOH rpynnbI paCnOnOJKeHbI Apyr OT APyra Ha paCCTOHHHlI, 60JIb-
llIeM, qeM AJIIIHa CJIIITKa, n03TOMY npOKaTKa MeT3nJIa B qepHOBOH
rpynne npolIcxoAIIT pa3AeJIbHO, T. e. MeTaJIn BXO,D;HT B nOCJIeAYIOlqYIO
KJIeTb nOCJI€ TOrO, KaK OH BbIllIeJI 1I3 npeAbIAYllleH. IIpoKaTKa npOIICXO-
AHT nplI HeH3MeHHOM HanpaBJIeHlI/l MeTaJIna. no BTOPOMY BaplIaHTY
qepHOBaH rpynna IIMeeT O,D;HY IIJIlI .D.Be peBepClIBHbIe KJIeTII. npOKaTKa
OCYlqeCTBnSJeTCH npH npHMOM II oopamOM HanpaBneHIIHX MeTaJIna.
JIlIcTOE},Ie CTaHbI C nepBbIM BaplIaHTOM hOHCTPYK1I1I qepHOBOH
rpynnbI KJI eTeH , KorAa nOTOK MeTaJIJIa HAeT B OAHOM, npHMOM Hanpa-
BneHIIII, W13bIBaIOTCH flenpepbl8flblMU (CM. plIC. 9-4). JIlIcToBbIe CTaHbI
C peBepcIIBHbIMII qepHOBbIMlI KneTHMII, KorAa nOTOK MeTanna MeHHer
CBoe HanpaBJIeHlIe, Ha3bIBaIOT nOJlgHenpepbl8flblMU (CM. plIC. 9-5).
nOJIYHenpepblBHbIe CTaHbI IIMeIOT MeHbllIee KOJIlIqeCTBO KJIeTeH,
MeHee rpoM03AKII, OAHaKO OHII II MeHee npo1l3BOAlITeJIbHbI, qeM Henpe-
pblBHbIe CTaHbI.
B CCCP K HaCTOHlqeMY BpeMeHII pa60TaeT nOKa qeThIpe HenpepblB-
HbIX H ABa nonYHenpepblBHbIX JIIiCTOBbIX CTaHa (TaOJI. 9-1).
283

';;:=
LJ
'!::.
!:j
 
  --'

I [

" If
V)/


""
<:::
't::.


0000£
tltltlLZ

_ -I=::;i I¥.F
:

"'"

<:::,

"'5
..
">


..
"" >-----<

'is
-<I-
V)
;\
""
""
'\
l
-
=


<»
>-----< ">

V)
<Z


<-;,
:-g
>---I
7

"""
-t!SI
->--I2SI
..o,U i-I8I

"'"
1/
'


'"

...

j'-:"<-;,
<'-.J
--
"'" ...


"" '-- fE- ---{-,
....(
I[ I
II
..../
r- -- --,
, ,
L_ ____J
OtltlU tltltl[J

">
I
tltltlLZ
",.
«I ",=
0::( :'J 
 
(f) 
 g.
 I
 tt
;; 0'1
... ..""
 ...
0;: \'2:a-
0;: ::f
«I ..=
f-o OJ=
 
e t:J::l::1Q
o :  g
a :D"
 g,t
o &:0;
'!
 I m
::r ....;;5
o ..o
  I
- ""
-.;:;- .a 0) ....
&5 !=
C'I =
«I 1>:0:",
;;; : !;
t "'0::&
OJI
o ",:;5
 G.lmC't
o fQo......
; !i1.
:a I H
 ""I 
go :000 I:-
  Cj
>. ,,,:is '"
0;: g:
o t:;G.lu
 g;
 gl
;;; :;5'"
 O::f.....
:;:o
c.. :'J
 t:;D::«I
o I
b: ....::3
:s: p:0:
:<: "'OJ
CI) 1:0.
!E 0
o "'e::
a =
5 
«I e::..
c.. OJ"
«I  g
;:;! e::
 1}
u 101
or.) g!<o
dI 1:-..-
. -::
. 1 
0. ...:&

T a 6 JI H U a 9-1
JIHcToBLle UIHpoKonOnOCHLIe CTaHLI CCCP
8
!\\
M
ij
q
q
-
AJlHHa ()OqKH rO)\ YCTaHOBKH rOJ\OBaH npo-
MeCTO YCTaHOBKH (3aBO)\) THn BaJIKOB, (peKOHCTPYH- H3BO)\CTBeHHaH
MOIJI,HOCTb Ha
.111.111 pOBaHHH) 1960 r.. TblC. m
anOpO>KCTaJlb HenpepblB- 1680 1936/1957 2000
HblH
MK To me 1450 1954 1300
.MK " " 2500 1960 3850
M. l1J1bH'Ia r. )Kp,aHoB " " 1700 1960 3200
epenoBeUKHii TIOJlYHenpe- 2800/1700 1960 1800
pblBHblii
eJlH6HHCKHH To me 2300/1700 1962 1200
B nonYHenpepbIBHbIX JIHCTOBbIX CTaHax 2800/1700 H 2300/1700
AJIHHa 6mlKH BaJIKOB qepHOBbIX KJIeTeH 60JIbIlle AJIHHbI 60qKH BaJIKO
qJICTOBbIX KJIeTeH. 'B TaKHX KOM6HHHpoBaHHblx CTaHax MO>KHO nOJIY
qHTb JIHCTbI OTHOCHTeJIbHO 60nbIlloH TonID;HHbI H IllHpHHbI (np.H npOKaTKe
TOJIbKO B qepHOBOH rpynne), T. e. B03MO>KHa npoKaTKa KaK TonCTbIX,
, TaK H TOHKHX JIHCTOB. -
B HenpepbIBHoM JIHCTOBOM CTaHe, npeACTaBJIeHHOM Ha pHC. 9-4,
qepHOBaH rpynna COCTOHT H3 OKaJIHHOJIOMaTeJISi AYo, YIllHpHTeJIbHOH
KJIeTH KBapTo H Tpex YHHBepCaJIbHbIX 06>KHMHbIX KJIeTeH. I
B nonYHenpepbIBHoM CTaHe, npeACTaBJIeHHOM Ha pHC. 9-5, qepHOBaH
- rpynna COCTOHT H3 OKaJIHHOJIOMaTeJIH, peBepcHBHoH KJIeTH Ayo H BTOpOH
'peBepCHBHOH KJIem KBapTO. '
YHCTOBaH rpynna B 060HX CJIyqaHX HMeeT qHCTOBOH OKaJIHHOnOMa-
TeJIb H ceMb HJIH IlleCTb pa60qHX KJIeTeii C neTJIeAep>KaTeJIHMH H Hanpa-
BJIHIDID;HMH JIHHeHKaMH Me>KAY HHMB. YepHoBaH H qHCTOBaH rpynn
3THX CTaHOB coeAHHHIDTCH Me>K)J.y C060H npoMe>KyTOqHbIM ponbraHrOM,
AJIHHa KOToporo 60nbIlle AJIHHbI MeTaJIJIa, nOCJIe np'oKaTKH ero B qepHO-
BOH rpynne. TIepe)J. qHCTOBOH rpynnoHH qaCTO nOCJIe Hee YCTaHaBJIH-
BaIDTCH JIeTyqHe HO>KHHlI.bI AJIH 06pe3KH nepe)J.HHX H 3a)J.HHX KOHU.OB
nOJIOCbI.
TIpoKaTKa MeTaJIJIa Ha HenpepbIBHOM CTaHe npOH3BOAHTCH B CJIe)J.YID-
ID;eM nopHAKe. CJIH6, HarpeTbIH B HarpeBaTeJIbHbIX neqax AO 1200° C,
BbI)J.aeTCH Ha neqHOH pOJIbraHr H 3aTeM TpaHcnopTHpYeTCH K qepHoBoMY
OKaJIHHOJIOMaTeJIID, 06>KaTHe B KOTOpOM BbI6HpaeTcH He60nbIllHM, no-
pHAKa 5-10%. TIocJIe OKaJIHHOnOMaTeJIH MeTaJIJI nocTynaeT B YIllHPH-
TeJIbHYID KJIeTb, rAe B03MO>KHa npoKaTKa «Ha npHMYID» HJIH C «)'IllHpe-
HHeM». Bo BTOpOM CJIyqae, AJIH YBeJIHqeHHH IllHpHHbI, MeTaJIJI nepeA
BXOAOM B YIllHpHTeJIbHYID KJIeTb H nOCJIe BbIxoAa H3 Hee nOBOpaqHBaeTCH
Ka>K)J.bIH pa3 Ha 90°. .lI.JIH 3TOH u.eJIH AO H nOCJIe YIllHpHTeJIbHOH KJIeTH
YCTaHaBJIHBaIDTCH nOBOpOTHble CTonbI. OT YIllHpHTeJIbHOH KJIeTJI Me-
TaJIJI nocTynaeT B OO>KHMHble KneTH, B KOTOpbIX npoHcxo)J.HT 06>KaTHe
AO 3a)J.aHHoro pa3Mepa (OOblqHO AO 20-25 MM). B nonYHenpepbIBHX
285

JIHCTOBbIX CTaHaX CJISIO OT HarpeBaTeJIbHbIX nelleH nocTynaeT K peBep-
CHBHbIM KJIeTSlM llepHOBOH rpynnbI, Ha KOTOpbIX npOKaTKa OcymecT-
BnSleTCSI B HeCKOJIbKO npOnYCKOB npH H3MeHeHHH HanpaBJIeHHSI BH-
1KeHHSI MeTaJIJIa, a 3aTeM noaeTCSI B IlHCTOBYlO rpynny. f1epe BXOOM
MeTanJIa B IlHCTOBYlO rpynny JIeTYIlHe H01KHHll.bI OOpe3alOT KOHll.bI ere;
3aTeM MeTaJIJI nocTynaeT nOCJIeOBaTenbHO B IlHCTOBOH OKaJIHHOJIOMa-
TeJIb H B Ka1KYlO paOOIlYlO KJIeTb IlHCTOBOH rpynnbI. PaCCTOSlHHe Me1KJ!Y
KJIeTSlMH IlHCTOBOH rpynnbI HeBeJIHKO (npHMepHo 6 .M), n03ToMY npo-
KaTKa npoH3BoHTCSI oHoBpeMeHHo BO Bcex KJIeTSlX. B 3TOM CJIYllae
3aXBaT MeraJIJIa BaJIKaMH npoHcxoHT npH nOJIHOH paoolleH CKOpOCTlf.
Ha cOBpeMeHHbIx HenpepblBHbIX TOHKOJIHCTOBbIX CTaHax CKOpOCTH npo-
KaTKH He npeBbIllialOT 12-15 .MICeK, lITO 001>SlCHSleTCSI CJIeYlOlll.HMH
npHIlHHaMU: 3aXBaT MeTaJIJIa BaJIKaMH npH oOJIee BCOKOH CKOpOCTH
npoHcxoHT HeYOBJIeTBOpHTenbHo, npH BbIxoe nOJIOCbI H3 nOCJIeHHX
KJIeTeH npoHcxoHT 3aopoc KOHll.a nOJIOCbI, 3aTpYHHTenbHa YKJIaKa
Ha xoy JIHCTOB, pa3pe3aeMbIx JIeTYIlHMH H01KHHll.aMH. f10JIYlleHHaSl
nOCJIe npoKaTKH nOJIoca pe1KeTCSI Ha MepHbIe JIHHbI 4-10 .M HJIH CMa-
TblBaeTCSI B PYJIOHbI, HymHe Ha CTaHbI XOJIOHOH npoKaTKH.
B IlHCTOBOH rpynne HenpepblBHoro H nOJIYHenpepblBHoto CTaHOB
i-IaTSl1KeHHe 1KeJIaTeJIbHO, TaK KaK npH 3TOM npoll.ecc npoKaTKH npoHc-
XOHT oOJIee CTaOHJIbHO; lleM oe3 HaTSl1KeHHSI. f1paKTHKa nOKa3blBaeT,
lITO' npoll.ecc npoKaTKH HeT YCTOHIlHBO, Oe3 HeonycTHMbIX YTSl1KeK no
TOJImHHe H IIIHpHHe npH 3HalleHHSlX cpeHero yeJIbHoro HaTSl1KeHHSI
(O,15+0,2Gs), r.n.e Gs-npe.n.eJI TeKYlleCTH ropSlllero MeTaJIJIa npH
aHHoH TeMnepaType.
K:JIeTH llepHOBOH rpynnbI HenpepblBHoro JIHCTOBOro CTaHa He CBSI-
3aHbI Me1K.n.y CPOOH llepe3 MeTaJIJI, TaK KaK npOKaTKa ocymeCTBJISleTCSI
pa3.n.eJIbHO, n03TOMY B .n.aHHOM CJIYllae perYJIHpOBaHHe CKopOCTeH He
TpeoyeTCSI. B CBSl3H C 3THM B KalleCTBe npHBo.n.HbIX .n.BHraTeJIeH nSl
llepHOBbIX KJIeTeH npHMeHSllOTCSI BHraTeJIH nepeMeHHoro TOKa: 1) aCHH-
XpoHHbIe BHraTeJIH C MaXOBHKOM, 2) CHHXpoHHbIe BHraTeJIH.
ll,eJIeCOOOpa3Ho npHMeHSlTb CHHXpoHHbIe .n.BHraTenH, TaK-KaK OHH
HMeIOT: 1) oOJIee BbICOKHH K03q)(pHll.HeHT MOmHocm; 2) OOJIbIIIHH B03-
.n.YIIIHbIH 3a30p (n03ToMY oOJIee Hae1KHbI B 3KCnJIyaTall.HH); 3) oOJIee
BbICOKHH K03<P<PHll.HeHT nOJIe3HOrO eHCTBHSI.
YepHoBaSl rpynna nOJIYHenpepblBHoro JIHCTOBOro CTaHa HMeeT
peBepCHBHbIe KJIeTH. PeBepcHpoBaHHe paoollHx BaJIKOB CBSl3aHO C npo-
TeKaHHeM nepexo.n.HbIX npOll.eccoB, n03ToMY 3.n.eCb HeooxoHMO npHMe-
HeHHe BHraTeJIeH nOCTOSlHHoro TOKa npH HH.n.HBH.n.yaJIbHOM nHTaHHH
IIX OT 3JIeKTpOMaIIIHHHbIX reHepaTOpoB HJIH OT YPB.
TeXHOJIOrnlleCKHH npoll.ecc npoKaTKH B IlHCTOBOH rpynne Henpe-
pblBHbIX II nOJIYHenpepblBHbIX JIHCTOBbIX CTaHOB onpe.n.eJISleT CJIe,AylOmHe
OCHOBHbIe TpeooBaHHSI K 3JIeKTpOnpHBo.n.y IlHCTOBOH rpynnbI:
1) nOJIYlleHHe 3a)!aHHOrO COOTHOIIIeHHSI CKopocTeH paoollHx BaJIKOB
KJIeTeH, ooecnellHBalOmee H3MeHeHHe HaTSl1KeHHSI B 3a)!aHHbIX npe)!eJIax
KaK npH YCTaHoBHBIIIeMcSI npoll.ecce npoKaTKH, TaK H npH Bxoe Me-
TaJIJIa B BaJIKH;
286

2) perynHpoBaHHe CKOpOCTH npoKaTKH C yqeTOM H3MeHeHHH copTa
npoKaTblBaeMOrO nHCTa, Tpe6yeMbIH J].Hana30H perynHpoBaHIUI 1,5 : 1;
3) COBMeCTHoe H pa3J].enbHoe ynpaBneI-me KneTHMH.
DepeqH(:"'leHHbIe Tpe60BaHHH MorYT 6bITb BbInonHeHbI npH Hcnonb-
SOBamIH J].BHraTeneH nOCToHHHOro TOKa He3aBHCHMoro B036YJKJ].eHHH.
npH 3TOM, KaK npaBHno, npHMeHHeTcH HHJ].HBHJ].yanbHbIH TIpHBOJ]. KJIe-
TeH npH nHTaHHH J].BHrareneH OT PTYTHbIX BbInpHMHTeneH.
,lJ,nH KOHTponH H OrpaHHqeHHH H3MeHeHHH HaTHJKeHHSl nonOCbI,
CBH3aHHoro C HenOCTOHHCTBOM TexHOnOfHqeCKHX H 3neKTpoMexaHH-
qeCKHX napaMeTpoB, npHMeHHlOT neTneJ].epJKaTeJIH, pacnOnOJKeHHble
MeJKJ].y KneTHMH HenpepbIBHoH rpynnbI nHCTOBoro CTaHa. OHCTPYKU.HSl
2
2
PIIC. 9-6. KHHeMaTlIlIeCKaR cxeMa neTJle)J.ep>KaTeJlSI:
1 - CTOJl; 2 - pOJlHK; 3 - ASHeaT.eJlh
TaKoro neTneJ].epJKaTenH npeJ].CTaBJIeHa iIa pHC. 9-6. DeTne.n.epJKaTeJIb
npeJ].CTaBJIHeT C060H CTon 1, C OJ].HOH CTOpOHbI KOToporo YKpenneH po-
nHK 2. C nOMOlIJ.blO .n.BHraTenH 3 CTon MOJKeT nOBOpaqHBaTbCH BOKpyr
CBoeH OCH. DpH OTCYTCTBHH nOJIOCbI MeJKJ].y KneTHMH neTneJ].epJKaTeJIH
Haxo.n.HTCH B HCXOJ].HOM, ropH30HTanbHOM TIOJIOJKeHHH. DpH BKJIlOqeHHH
.n.BHraTeJIH neTne.n.epJKaTeJIb CTpeMHTCS! nOBepHYTbCH B BepXHee TIOJIO-
>KeHHe. 3TOMY npenHTcTByeT nonoca. 4eM C 60nbilieH CHnOH J].aBHT
nonoca Ha neTne.n.ep>KaTenb, T. e. qeM 60nbilie HaTH>KeHHe nOJIOCbI
MeJK.n.y KneTflMH, TeM HH>Ke onYCTHTCH neTneJ].ep>KaTenb. TaKHM 06-
pa30M, no nOnO>KeHHlO ,neTJIe.n.ep>KaTenH MO>KHO CYJ].HTb 0 BenHqHHe
HaTHJKeHHH MeTanna H B03AeHcTBoBaTb TeM HnH HHbIM cnoc06oM Ha
cHcreMY ynpaBneHHH J]..tIH YCTaHOBJIeHHH 3aJ].aHHoro peJKHMa HaTH>Ke-
HHH. DpoKaTKa C 06pa30BaHHeM HaTH>KeHHH nonOCbI neTneJ].ep>KaTe-
JIHMH Ha3bIBaeTCH npoKamKou C CUA080U nemAeu.
,lJ,nH npHBoJ].a neTneJ].epJKaTeJIeH npHMeHHlOTcH J].BHraTeJIH nOCTOHH-
Horo TOKa, nonyqalOlIJ.He nHTaHHe OT reHepaTopa, 06lIJ.ero J]..IJH Bcex
neTneJ].ep>KaTeJIeH.
287

Ha pHC. 9-7 npe.n;cTaBJIeaa cxeMa ynpaBJIeHHSI npHBo.n;oM neTJIe.n;ep-
1KaTeJISI Me1K.AY nSlTOR H llIeCTOH KJIeTSlMH qHCTOBOR rpynnbI CTaHa.
CxeMbI .n;pyrHx neTJIe.n;ep1KaTeJIeH aHaJIOmIlHbI. OepeKJIlOllaTeJIb HMeeT
TPH nOn01KeHHSI: neBoe - aBToMaTHllecKaH pa6oTa; npaBOe - pyqHaSl;
CpeJlHee - HYJIeBOe nOn01KeHHe. OYCK .n;BHraTeJIH iIa no.n;'beM npOH3-
BO.n;HTCSI npH 3aKopolleHHoM, a Ha cnycK - npH BBe.n;eHHOM .n;06aBo1lHoM
{)--<- 9---- .
/I i1
PHT 08.4
PH
!lno
"1
I
,
,', I
. PHT.
p--l
, ,.
:Y.r12
· · f
!1m I I , 51m om
.:r--1
PH
1m PI1
5P5T
oP5T
-<
PHC. 9-7. CxeMa ynpaBJleHml npHBO.l\OM neTJle.l\epJKare-
Jlfl MeJK.I\y nflToH .H lIIeCTOH KJleTflMH lIHCTOBOH rpynnbI
JlHCTOBOro HenpephlBHoro CTaHa
conpOTHBJIeHHH Cp" lITO CBH3aHO C Heo6xo.l1.HMOCTblO HMeTb HeCKOJIbKO
60JIbllIYlO CKOpOCTb nO.n;'beMa CpaBHHTeJIbHO CO /CKOpOCTblO cnYCKa.
OpH aBTOMaTHlleCKOM ynpaBJIeHHH BKJIlOlleHHe H OTKJIlOlleHHe .n;BH-
raTeJISI neTJIe,nep1KaTeJIH npOH3BO.n;HTCH C nOMOblO T.QKOBbIX peJIe
5PBT, 6PBT H npOMe>KYTOIlHbIX KOHTaKTopOB 5K.fl, 6K.fl. OpH BXO.n;e
MeTaJIJIa B nSlTYIO KJIeTb cpa6aTbIBaeT TOKOBOepeJIe 5P BT, a npH Bxo.n;e
MeTaJIJIa B llIeCTYIO KJIeTh - peJIe 6PBT. OocJIe 3aMbIKaHHH KOHTaKTOB
3THX peJIe no.n;KJIlOllaroTCH Ha HanpH1KeHHe ceTH KaryllIKH KOHTaKTopoB
5Kfl, 6K.fl, a 3areM KaTYllIKH KOHTaKTopoB B H K.ep, H ,nBHraTeJIb Ha-
IlHHaeT nOBopallHBaTb neTJIe.n;ep1KaTeJIb Ha no.n;'beM. OTKJIlOlleHHe ,nBH-
raTeJIH H onycKaHHe neTJIe,nep1KaTeJIH HallHHaeTCSI C BbIXO,nOM MeTaJIJIa
HS nHTOH KJIeTIf nacJIe OTKJIlOlleHHH TOKOBoro peJIe 5PBT, KOTopoe
2BB

pa3MbIKaeT u.enb npOMeJKYTOIIHOrO KOHTaKTOpa 5KIl. npH 3TOM CHH-
MaeTCH HanpSDKeHHe C KOHTaKTOpa B, a 3aTeM nOJJ;aeTCSI HanpmKeHHe
Ha KOHTaKTOp H B TelIeHHe BpeMeHH, paBHoro YCTaBKH peJIe PBH H
JJ;OCTaTOIIHoro JJ;JISI onYCKaHHH CTOJIa neTJIeJJ;ep)KaTeJISI B ropH30HTaJIb-
Hoe nOJIO)KeHHe.
B Taon. 9-2 npeJJ;CTaBJIeHbI TeXHHlIeCKHe JJ;aHHbIe HenpepblBHoro
JIHCTOBOro CTaHa 2500 MMK H JJ;BHraTeJIeH KJIeTeH, a B Taon. 9-3-
nonYHenpepblBHoro JIHCTOBOro CTaHa 2800/1700.
B HaCTOHlqee BpeMSI B CCCP npoeKmpyeTcH HOBbIH MOlqHbIH TOH-
KonHcToBoH CTaH 2000 co CJIe.AYlOlqHMH TeXHHlIeCKHMH nOKa3aTeJISlMH:
14 KJIeTeH, HCXOJJ;HbIH CJIHO MaccoH 40 m, npoeKTHaH npoH3BOJJ;HTeJIb-
HOCTb 5 MnH. m B rOJJ;, HaHOOJIbIIIaSl. BbIXOJJ;HaSl CKOpOCTb npoKaTKH
,25 .MICeK, CYMMapHaH YCTaHOBJIeHHaSl MOlqHOCTb KJIeTbeBbIX JJ;BHraTeJIeH-
146000 Kern. rnaBHOH ocooeHHOCTblO HOBoro npoeKTHpyeMoro CTaHa
SlBJIHeTCSI HenpepblBHoe HcnOJIHeHHe lIepHOBOH rpynnbI KJIeTeH, T. e.
OJJ;HOBpeMeHHaSl, HenpepblBHaH npOKaTKa MeTaJIJIa BO ocex KJIeTSlX
lIepHOBOH rpynnbi.
Cop T 0 B bI e C T a H bi. ITpOH3BOJJ;CTBO COpTOBOH CTaJIH B CCCP
K HaCTOHlqeMY BpeMeHH COCTaBJISleT CBbIllie 60% OT oOlqero npoH3BoJJ:-
CTBa npOKaTa. COpTaMeHT COpTOBbIX CTaHOB BKJIlOlIaeT oonee 600 npo-
IjJHnei-i H CBblIIIe 5000 npoljJHJIepa3MepoB. J{JISI npoH3BOJJ;cTBa TaKoro
IIIHpOKOro COpTaMeHTa COpTOBOH CTaJIH npHMeHSlIOTcSI KpynHocopT-
HbIe H MeJIKOCOpTHbIe CTaHbI.
COpToBbIe CTaHbI CTpOSlTCSI KaK JIHHeHHble (CM. pHC. 7-8, 6), nOCJIeJJ;o-
BaTeJIbHbIe , [3Hr3arooopa3Hble (CM. pHC. 7-8, :JIC) HJIH IIIaXMaTHble (CM.
pHC. 7-8, a)J, HenpepblBHbIe HJIH nOJlYHenpepblBHbIe (CM. pHC. 7-8, a).
HaHoonee cOBepIIIeHHbIMH COpTOBbIMH CTaHaMH SlBJISlIOTCSI Henpe-
pblBHbIe cTaHbI, y KOTOpbIX npoKaTKa nonOCbI npoHcxoJJ;HT oJJ;HoBpeMeHHo
BO Bcex KJIeTSlx. npeHMYlqeCTBaMH HenpepblBHbIX CTaHOB B cpaBHeHHH
'C JJ;pymMH THnaMH COpTOBbIX CTaHOB HBJIHIOTCSI: a) oonbIIIaSl npoH3BG-
JJ;HTeJIbHOCTb; 6) MeHbIIIee OCTblBaHHe MeTaJI.iIa H, CJIe.zr.OBaTeJIbHO,
MeHbIIIHH pacxoJJ; 3HepmH H JIYIIIIIee KalIeCTBO npoKaTa; e) OOJIbWaSl
KOMnaKTHOCTb CTaHa; e) o6nbIIIaH rHoKocTb ynpaBJIeHHSI.
nonYlIeHHe CJIO:>KHbIX npoljJHJIeH Ha HenpepbIBHbIX CTaHax CBH3aHO
co 3HalIHTeJIbHbIMH TPYJJ;HOCTHMH, lITO OO'bSlCHHeTCH CJIeJJ;YlOlqHMH npH-
IIHHaMH. npOKaTKa CJIO)KHOrp npoljJHJIH JJ;on)KHa npOHCXOJJ;HTb Oe3 YCH-
nHH C)KaTHSI fI HaTSI)KeHHSI. ECJIH K TOMY )Ke He.zr.onYCTHMO oopa30BaItHe
neTJIJf, TO B03MO)KHbIe H3MeHeHHSI TeXHonomlIeCKHX H 3JIeKTpHIIeCKHX
napaMeTpOB B npou.ecce npOKaTKH npH OTCYTCTBHH neTnH npHBe.zr.YT
K B03HHKHOBeHHIO HaTH)KeHHH H C)KamH B MeTaJIJIe Ha YlIaCTKe MeJKJJ;Y
KJIeTSlMH, lITO HapYIIIHT HOpMaJIbHbIH XOJJ; npOKaTKH.
HeCMOTpSl Ha 3TH TPy.zr.HOCTH, B HaCTOSllqee BpeMSI IIIHpOKO pac-
npOCTpaHeHbI HenpepblBHble MeJIKOCOpTOBbIe CTaHbI. Ha pHC. 9-8 npeJJ:-
CTaBJIeHa CXeMa HenpepbIBHoro CopToBoro CTaHa, HMeIOlqero JJ;Be He-
npepblBHbIe rpynnbI: lIepHoBYIO, COCTOHlqYIO H3 ceMH KJIeTeH, H IIHCTO-
BYIO, COCTOSllqYIO H3 BOCbMH KJIeTeH. MeTaJIJI npH npoKaTKe HaXOJJ;HTCH
OJJ;HOBpeMeHHO BO ocex KJIeTHX lIepHoBoH H IIHCTOBOH rpynn. 3axBaT
10 B. n. BblqKOB
289

C'I
d,
'"
::f
=:
I:;
\0
'"
E-< ::J:::
:::!E
:::!E
8
It')
C'I
'"
:c
'"
'"'
u
0
...
0
IQ
0
'"'
U
:I:

0
...
0
:c
IQ
:a
c;I,

c;I,
I::

:c
G:


IU
'"'
<II
...
:I:
IQ
0:(
:1:.
G:

'"'


:z:
<II
:z:
:I:
'"'
u
:I:
c;I,

'"'
:z:
<II
c;I,
<II
>:
290
.. -  0
..'" "" C'I CD 00 C'1 C'i'
u:'''' 0 0 I'- "" "" C'i' C'i' ro- 1l) r-:- -
c"" I I I I I I I
0."''' ..... ..... ..... C'i' C'i'
c:.
:.c'"' CD ..... 00 0> CD If) 0
uo. e ..... ..... C'I r0- ll) CD-
t:
I .;:s: 0 0
:;:;5 ...
0
== <II = CL>
t: =='" :E A A A = '" :E A A A A A
'" OCL> t>: 
.. 0..::;;0 0 ,., " A 0 0 0 A A ,., ,., A
>(CL>'"' '"' E-< E-< E-<
=0.. 0
;:s:CL> 0
C;t:: t::
'" . g
"
'"  c;  0 0 0 0 0 0
.. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
'" U"'" 0 00 00 00 00 ..... M M C'1 C'1 M M
1-0 O I I I I I I I
'" o.". 0 C'1 C'1 C'1 C'1
"' C_\C 11) "" "" "" "" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
f::[ :'''''' 0 11) 11) 0 0 If) 11)
Uo.
'" 11) ..... ..... ..... ..... - .....
C'1
,,;
..
U 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CE: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
=", 11) CD CD CD CD M C'1 C'1 C'1 C'1 C'1 C'1
Ef'" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" ""  ""
C
:I!
b "" CD M M C'1 CD 11)
"i:",'" M CD 00 "" "" 0> 11) 00 0 0 0 0
"'C'"
;g ro- ",,- ..... <:J:) <:J:) 1l)- ",,- C'i' ..... ..... - .....
I::C," C'1 C'1 ..... ..... n
..
I I=-
t; 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 g 0 0 0
..C:O":o: I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
uQ)J::f:( C'1 I'- C'1 0 0> C'1 C'1 C'1 C'1 C'1 C'1
=(l):.:=  C'1 ..... C'1 00 CD CD CD CD CD CD
p..:t:o..Q) C'1 C'1 11) ""
J:Ef
:0: '" 0 0 0 0 g 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
'" 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
:0: '" 0 C'1 11) 11) 11) 11) 11) 11) 11) 11) 11)
",- :'it C'1 M C'1 C'1 C'1 C'1 C'1 C'1 C'1 C'1 C'1 C'1
0
:.
"
'" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
'"
0. 0> 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0. .. "" :! "" "" "" "" "" "" :! ""
'" '" 0 ..... ..... ..... 0 ..... ..... ..... .....
:I! :I! 11) 0- 0- 0- 0- 0 0- 0- 0- 0- 0- 0-
eo '" 00 I'-
'" '" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P, "i: ..... 0> 0> 0> I'- I'- I'- I'- I'- I'-
.....
0 0
>. >.
"'Ii "'Ii
'" '" '"
.. I:; .. I:;
'"
" CL> t>: <II
:. E-< '" E-<
'" '" = '"
::;; 0 '" ::;;
'" 0 E-< I:; 0
'" 0..
'" I:; '" '" I:;
'" 0 0 0
'" = IQ 0.. =
'"  0
eo =: CL> =: E-<
'" <;: t>: IQ I:; 0..
'" '" '" =: '" '"
'"  = =  IQ
J: 0 '" >. 0  CL>
'" I:; :E A A ,., ,.,
Eo> .=: CL> t>: 0 ,;:s: t>:
0 f-o '" 0 '"
IQ f-o CL> " 0 " A " A
=: IQ 0.. ::E IQ IQ
0 0.. 0 '" 0 0 E-<
= ;:s: = IQ 0 " t E-<
0.. E1 0..  E-< 0
CL> CL> ;:s: ;:s:
::r ;:;.. ::r ::r ::r

M
d,
'"
::f
:s:
0: 
\0
'" -
E-< 8
co
C'I
I'd
=:
I'd
'"'
U
0
...
0
=:
=:
I'd
IQ
0
c;I,
:I:
=:
:I:
\0
:s
0
:z:
0
...
0
=:
IQ
:a
c;I,

c;I,
I::

=:
»

0
I::
==



'"'
I'd
...
:I:
IQ
!:(
:I:
==

'"'


:z:
I'd
:z:
:I:
'"'
U
:I:
c;I,

'"'
:z:
I'd
c;I,
I'd
>:
.. . "'" 00 <0 C'1 C'1
....'" <0 0 C'1 <0 lI) 0 <5 <5
u:( '" r:rS «)- -. C'i' "". cD
0....., T -
0."''' 1 I I I I I I 1 I
0:':--
:.;0:0: 00 lI) "" C'1 0> 00 0 -
uo. C'1 - C',r <5 00 C'1 0 r:rS Ie;; or:)
t:: - <5 C',r
.:s:
:<I
:s: Q)
t:: :s:   A '" '" A A A A ..
'" t>: 0
.... 0
E-< E-< 0 A A A A " " A A
() E-<
0
t::
..
'>  of 
'" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
....
'" c;"'" lI) 0 C'1 0 lI) lI) lI) lI) 0 0
... O"''iii '" <0 I' 0> lI) lI) lI) lI) '" '"
'" 0. s- I I I I I I I i I
'"
hi: CrJ 0 0 0 0 lI) Ie) 1!2 1!2 0 0
c;o.  '" <0 0 t- t-  lI)
'" '" C'1 C'1 C'1 C'1 -
.rr 0 lI)
.... t- O>
gi: 0 lI) 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0
"'''' 0 C'1 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ef'" 0> X lI) lI) lI) lI) lI) lI) lI)
lI) lI) '" '" '" '" '" '"
° C'1 <0
::s
 t-
;; lI)
00 "'" - lI) C'1
;s - 0 0 '" "" C'1 lI) - 0 0
"'0° lI)- - r:rS - t-=' "". r:rS - -
I::.... C'1 -
°
I ':S:
tt:1--£-o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
O:a lI) 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0
 I 0 '" 0 0 00 00 00 00 00
0> t- O> <0 lI) lI) lI) lI) lI)
8: = g.'5 '" -
Ef -
 '" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
'"
'" I 0 0 0  0 0 0 0 0
'> 00 00 t- t- t- t- t- t-
.; "I: C'1 C'1 - - - - - - -
°
:.:
'>
'"
CO
:0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0. .... 0 0 0 lI)  lI) lI) lI) lI)
'" "" 0 C'1 C'1 C'1 C'1 C'1
., ::s 0 lI) - 0 - -
::s '" 0 - 0 <0 0 0 0 0 0 0
'" - -
'" '"
P, "I: 0 lI) lI) lI) lI) lI) If)
00 <0 <0 <0 <0 <0 <0
'" 0
<;: »
Q)
E-< 0 "'IJ
'" '" E-<
.... :;; 0. '"
., 0 '" <;:
'> <;: IQ Q)
:.:  E-<
0 '"
., :s: 0 :;;
'" :s: 0
'" t; 0.
., 0:
'" '" Q) 0
'"  IQ :s:
'" 0 0 :s: :s: 0
'" » :s: E-<
'" .:s: "'!; » <;: 0.
'" '"
:<I  '"
'" :s: t>: t>: 0 IQ Q)
'" '" '"   A " " A
t:: t; :s: :s: ':S:
'" IQ IQ t>: 0
!-< '" 0 " A .. A
:<:.. :s: :s: IQ '" E-<
:s: () () 0 IQ
0. 0. 0
E-< Q) Q) E-< E-<
0. IQ IQ () ()
Q) Q) OJ :s: :s:
r;Q c;I, c;I, :;r It
10.
291

Me'l'aJIna npOHCXO,AHT npH nOnHOH CKOpOCTH. MaKCHMaJIbHaSl CKOpOCTb
npoKaTKH 13-15 .MICeK.
B nonYHenpepbIBHbIX COpTOBbIX CTaHax qepHOBaSl KJIeTb HenpepblB-
HaSl, a B qHCTOBOH KJIeTH npOH3BO,AHTCSI pa3,AeJIbHaSl npOKaTKa. 3TO
HMeeT CJIe.AYIOHe npeHMymeCTBa no cpaBHeHHIO C HenpepblBHbIM CTa-
HOM: 1) He TpeoyeTcSI CHHXpOHli3au.HSI CKopOCTeH paOOqHX BaJIKOB
qHCTOBOii rpynnbI; 2) nonyqaeTCSI B03M01KHOCTb npoKaTKH CJIO)KHoro
npo<pHJISI H .n.OCTHraeTCSI OOJIbIIIaSl TOqHOCTb npoKaTKH; 3) ynpomaeTcSI
HaJIa,AKa CTaHa; 4) ynpomaeTcSI npHBO,A BaJIKOB. Pa3,AeJIbHaSl npoKaTKa
MeTaJIJIa B qHCTOBbIX rpynnax nOJIYHenpepblBHbIX COpTOBbIX CTaHOB
ffi--$-
18 192012 J "56 7 21 8 9101112131415  
I I i9 9 9f  /11/, I
 >-iJ m--1 : : ·
-'6 . 1= ... ._.- F
17
-_#_
PHC- 9-8. CxeMa pacnOJlO>KeHHH KJleTeii HenpepblBHoro copToBoro CTaHa 300:
1-7 - qepHOBble KJleTH; 8-/5 - qHCTOBble KJleTH; /6 - nO,!\Bo,!\IIIl\HII pOJIbraHr neqH;
17 - neqHoli TOJIKaTeJlb; /8 - BbIT8J!KHBaTeJlb; /9 - ,!\eJlHTeJlbHble HO}KHHJI,bl; 20 - no.A-
sO,!\IIll\HII pOJIbraHr K CTOJlY; 2/ - HO}KHHJI,bI XOJlO.AHoli pe3KH; 22 - JleryqHe HO}KHHJI,bI;
23 - npHeMHbllI pOJIbeaHr XOJlO,!\HJlbHHKa
nonyqaeTCSI HJIH npH nHHeHHOM pacnOn01KeHHH KJIeTeii qHCTOBOH rpynnbI
(CM. pHC. 7-8, a) HJIH 1Ke npH nOCJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHOM pacnOn01KeHHH (3Hr-
3arooopa3HoM HJIH IIIaxvaTHoM). nonYHenpepblBHble COpToBble CTaHbI
MeHee npOH3BO,AHTenbHbI, qeM HenpepblBHble.
K OCHOBHbIM TpeooBaHHHM HenpepblBHbIX COpTOBbIX CTaHOB 01'-
HOCSlTCSI.
1. nonyqeHHe 3a,AaHHoro COOTHOIIIeHHSI paOOqHX cKopocTeii; ,AJISI
CTaHOB, r,Ae npoKaTKa C oopa30BaHHeM neTJIH npOHCXO,AHT npH BbICOKHX
CKOpOCTSlX (15-30 .MICeK), HeOOXO,AHMO nOMep1KaHHe nOCTOSlHCTBa
CKopOCTeii paOOqHX BaJIKOB C TOqHOCTbIO nOpSl,AKa 0,1 - 0,2 %H MaJIbIM
BpeMeHeM perynHpoBaHHSI: nOpSl,AKa 0,1 ceK. B Tex cJIyqaSlx; KOma
oopa30BaHHe neTJIH He):(onYCTHMO (npoKaTKa CJIo}lmoro np0<pHJISI),
HeOoxO,AHMO, qTOObI ,AHHaMHqeCKOe na,AeHHe CKOpOCTH oblno Heoonb-
f:1oo '
IIIHM - nOpSl,AKa--A .100 = 1,15-1,2 %, T. e. npou.ecc npH BHe3an-
, 00 0
HOM npHJI01KeHHH HarpY3KH ,Aon1KeH HMeTb MaJIYIO KOJIeOaTeJIbHOCTb,
a BeJIHqHHa CTaTHqeCKorO na,AeHHSI CKOpOCTH He ,AOn1KHa npeBblIIIaTb
2% OT OCHOBHOH CKOpOCTH.
2. PerYJIHpOBaHHe CKOpOCTH npoKaTKH C ;lJ;Hana30HOM (2-3,5) : 1.
3. COBMecTHoe H pa3,AeJIbHOe ynpaBJIeHHe KJIeTHMH.
B CBSl3H C YKa3aHHbIMH Tpe60BaHHSlMH ,AJISI HenpepbIBHbIX COpTOBbIX
CTaHOB npHMeHSlIOTcSI ,ABHraTenH nOCTOSlHHoro TOKa He3aBHCHMoro
B03oY1K,AeimSl H HH,AHBH,AyaJIbHblii npHBO,A KJIeTeH.
292

f1 P 0 BOn 0 II H bI e C T a H bI. Ha npOBOJIOIIHbIX CTaHax OObIIIHO
npOH3BO)J.HTCSI npOKaTKa npOBOJIOKH )J.HaMeTpOM OT 5 )J.O 10 MM. BbIXO)J.-
HaSl CKOpOCTb Ha COBpeMeHHOM npOBOnOIIHOM CTaHe npeBbIIlIaeT 30 MiceK.
OCHOBHbIM THnOM COBpeMeHHOrO npOBOJIOIIHOro CTaHa SlBJISleTCSI
HenpepblBHbIH CTaH. CxeMa O)J.Horo H3 TaKHX HenpepblBHbIX npOBonOII-
HbIX CTaHOB npe)J.CTaBneHa Ha pHC. 9-9. CTaH HMeeT lIeTbIpe rpynnbI.
f1epBaSl rpynna HenpepbIBHaSl lIepHoBaSl; BTopaSl - HenpepblBHaSl npo-
MeJKyToIIHaSl; TpeTbSl - neTJIeBaSl, COCTQSlmaSl H3 )J.BYX KJIeTeH; lIeT-
BepTaSl - HMeeT )J.Be napaJIJIeJIbHO paooTalOmHe rpynnbI. BaJIKH JlepBbIx
Tpex rpynn HMelOT no lIeTbIpe O)J.HHaKOBbIX KaJIHOpa; BaJIKH lIeTBepTOH
,- ----r-
20  I
,
23
-j -
21
I
L-- 28
PIIC. 9-9. CxeMa pacnOJlO>KeHIIR KJleTeii npOBOJlO'lHOrO CTaHa 250:
1-7 - qepHOBaH cpynna KJleTell; 8-11 - npOMe}KYTOqHall cpynna KJlCTell; 12-
18 - nCTJleBall cpynna KJlCTell; 14-19 - qHCTOBaH epynna KJleTell; 20 - TOJl-
KaTeJlb; 21 - HaepeBaTeJlbHaSi neqb; 22 - BblTRJlKHBaTeJlb; 23 - .ABHraTeJlb
qepHOBOIi epynnbr; 24 - JleTyqHe HO}KHHJI,bI; 25 - .ASHeaTeJlb npOMe}KYTOqHOIi
epynnbr; 26-27 - .c:BHraTeJlH neTJleBOIi rpynnbl; 28 - .c:BHeaTeJlH qHCTOBOIi
epynnbl
rpynnbI HMelOT no )J.Ba O)J.HHaKOBbIX KaJIHOpa, lITO n03BonSleT BeCTH
npOKaTKY B lIeTbIpe HHTH. f1pH npOKaTKe MeTanJI O)J.HOBpeMeHHO Ha.
XO)J.HTCSI BO Bcex KJIeTSlX H HaMaTblBaeTCSI Ha MOTaJIKH.
f1pH npOKaTKe npOBonOKH He)J.onYCTHMO B03HHKHOBeHHe 3HalIHTenb-
HbIX HaTSl1KeHHH MeTaJIJIa Me1K)J.y KJIeTSlMH HJIM MeJK)J.y rpynnaMM KJIeTeH,
a TaK1Ke H oopa30BaHHe neTJIH. f1pHMeHeHHeM neTJIeBOH rpynnbI KJIe-
TeH npe)J.YCMaTpHBaeTCSI YCTpaHeHHe HaTSl1KeHHH npOBonOKH Me1K)J.y
KJIeTSlMH npOMe1KYTOIIHOH H IIHCTOBOH rpynn. Me1K)J.y KJIeTSlMH lIepHOBOH
H npOMe1KyrolIHoH rpynn neTJIeBaSl rpynna KJIereH He CTaBHTCSI, TaK KaK
MeTaJIJI Ha 3TOM YlIaCTKe KJIeTeH HMeeT OTHOCHTenbHO OOJIbIlIoe celleHHe.
Y CTpaHeHHe 3HalIMTenbHbIX C1KaTHH H HaTSl1KeHHH MeTaJIJIa Ha 3TOM
YlIaCTKe npOH3BO)J.HTCSI nO)J.oopOM COOTBeTCTBYlOmero COOTHOIlIeHHSI CKO-
pocrefi paOOqHX BaJIKOB )J.aHHWX ,rpynn.
293

K 3neKTpOnpHBO)J,Y HenpepbIBHbIX npOBOnOtIHbIX CTaHOB npe)J,'bHB-
JIHIOTCH Cne)J,YIOII{He Tpe60BaHHH:
1. nonytIeHHe 3a)J,aHHoro COOTHOIlleHHH cKopoCTeii pa60tIHX BanKOB
KneTeii.
2. PerymlpoBaHHe CKOpOCTH BpaII{eHHH )J,BHraTeJIeii, He06xo)J,HMoe
npH npoKaTKe pa3nH'IHOrO CetIeHHH npoBonoKH B )J,Hana30He npH-
MepHo 2 : 1.
, 3. Manble BenHtIHHbI CTaTHtIecKoro H )J,HHaMHtIeCKOrO na)J,eHHH CKO-
pOCTH.
B COOTBeTCTBHH C YKa3aHHbIMH Tpe60BaHHHMH )J,nH HenpepbIBHbIX
npOBOJIOtIHbIX CTaHOB npHMeHHIOT )J,BHraTeJIH nOCTOHHHoro TOKa He3a-
BHCHMOro B036Y}K)J,eHHH. TaK KaK copTaMeHT npOBOnOtIHbIX CTaHOB cpaB-
HHTeJIbHO Y30K, TO )J,nH Knereii OT)J,eJIbHbIX rpynn 3mx CTaHOB npHMe-
HHIOT rpynnoBoH npHBO)J, (pHC. 9-9), npH 3TOM nOJIytIaIOTCH 66JIbIllaH
KOMnaKTHOCTb CTaHa H MeHbIllaH ero CTOHMOCTb. .
T P Y 6 H bI e C T a H bI. B Tpy6onpoKaTHOM npOH3BO)J,CTBe npH-
MeHHIOTCH HenpepbIBHble paCKaTHble, KanH6pOBO'lHble H pe)J,YK[(HOHHble
CTaHbI.
Ha paCKaTHbIX CTaHax YCTpaHHeTCH pa3HOCTeHHOCTb Tpy6bI H
pa3rna}KHBaIOTCH ee HapY}KHaH H BHYTpeHHHH nOBepXHOCTH; Ha Ka-
nH6pOBOtIHbIX CTaHax npOH3BO)J,HTCH )J,OBO)J,Ka HapY}KHOrO )J,HaMeTpa )J,O
3a)J,aHHoro pa3Mepa B npe)J,enax )J,onycKoB; Ha pe)J,YK[(HOHHbIX CTaHax
YMeHbIllaIOTCH )J,HaHeTp Tpy6bI H TOJIII{HHa creHKH.
HenpepbIBHaH npOKaTKa 6eCIllOBHbIX Tpy6 HBnHeTCH nporpeCCHB-
HbIM cnoc060M npOH3BO)J,CTBa 3Toro BH)J,a Tpy6. K OCHOBHbIM npeHMY-
II{eCTBaM HenpepbIBHoii npOKaTKH 6ecIllOBHbIX Tpy6 no cpaBHeHHIO
C )J,PYrHMH cnoc06aMH HX npOH3BO)J,CTBa OTHOCHTCH: BbICOKaH CKOpOCTb
npOKaTKH (BbICOKaH - npOH3BO)J,HTeJIbHOCTb), B03MO}KHOCTb npOKaTKH
TOHKOCTeHHbIX Tpy6 (co CTeHaMH TOnIll.HHOii 11.0 2 .M.M), nytIIllee KatIeCTBO
Tpy6 H 60nbIllaH TOtIHOCTb HX H3rOTOBJIeHHH.
B HenpepbIBHbIX Tpy6HbIX CTaHax npoKaTbIBaeMaH Tpy6a HaXO)J,HTCH
o)J,HoBpeMeHHo B HeCKOJIbKHX KJIeTHX. npH 3TOM npoKaTKa npoHcxo)J,HT
06bltIHO C HroonbIllHM HaTH}KeHHeM. KaK npaBHno, C}Kame H 06pa30-
BaHHe neTnH He)J,onycTHMo.
K 3neKTponpHBo)J,y HenpepbIBHbIX Tpy6HbIX CTaHOB npe)J,'bHBJIHIOTCH
cne)J,YIOII{He Tpe60BaHHH:
1. nOJIytIeHHe TaKoro COOTHOIlleHHH CKopocTeii pa60tIHX BanKOB
KneTeii B yCTaHoBHBIlleMcH H nepexo)J,HbIX peJKHMaX, npH KOTOpOM 6bI
He B03HHKaJIH YCHnHH C}KaTHH B MeTanne Ha ytIaCTKe Me}K)J,y Kne-
THMH.
2. PerynHpoBaHHe cKopocm BpaII{eHHH )J,BHraTeJIeii B )J,Hana30He
nopH)J,Ka 2 : 1.
3. MaJIble BeJIHtIHHbI CTaTHtIeCKoro H )J,HHaMHtIeCKoro na)J,eHHH CKO-
pocm.
B CBH3H C YKa3aHHbIMH Tpe60BaHHHMH )J,nH HenpepbIBHbIX Tpy6o-
npOKaTHWX CTaHOB npHMeHHIOTcH )J,BHraTeJIH nOCTOHHHoro TOKa He3a-
BHCHMoro B036y}K)J,eHHH npH HH)J,HBH)J,yanbHoM npHBo)J,e KneTeii.
294

 9-3. CHCTeMbi nHT8HHR H ynp8BneHHR
aneKTponpHBOA8MH HenpepblBHblX CT8HOB
Tpe60BaHHH, npe)J,'bHBJIHeMbIe K ::meKTponpHBO)J,aM HenpepblBHbIX
rpynn pa3JIH1JHbIX CTaHOB ropHqefi npOKaTKH, HMelOT MHoro 06HX
1JepT. TaK, HanpHMep, )J,nH BCex HenpepblBHbIX CTaHOB ropH1Jefi npOKaTKH
Tpe6yeTcH nO)Ul.epLKaHHe nOCTOHHCTBa COOTHOIlleHHH cKopocrefi pa6mmx
BanKOB C Tofi HnH HHOfi CTeneHblO T01JHOCTH, onpe)J,eJIHeMOfi B KaLK)J,OM
CJIyqae TeXHOJIOfH1JeCKHM npoueCCOM )J,aHHoro CTaHa, perynHpoBaHHe
CKOpOCTH BpaeHHH )J,BHraTeJIefi C TeM HnH HHbIM )J,Hana30HOM. Do 3TOfi
npH1JHHe )J,nH 60JIbIllHHCTBa HenpepblBHbIX CTaHOB coxpaHHlOTcH OAHH
H Te LKe npHHUHnbI nocTpoeHHH CHCTeM ynpaBneHHH. He OCTaHaBJiH-
BaHCb Ha Bonpocax, CBH3aHHbIX C oc06eHHocTHMH npoKaTKH Ha OT)J,eJIb-
HbIX HenpepblBHbIX CTaHax, paccMoTpHM 06He nOJIOLKeRHH, Ha OCHO-
-BaHHH KOTOpbIX onpe)J,eJIHeTCH 06aH CTpYKTypa cHcreM ynpaBneHHH
HenpepblBHbIMH CTaHaMH ropH1Jefi npoKaTKH.
DHTaHHe )J,BHraTenefi KneTefi HenpepbIBHbIX
r p y n n C T a H a npH HH)J,HBH)J,yanbHoM npHBo)J,e Knerefi MOLKeT
6bITb ocyeCTBJIeHo: 1) OT 06HX IllHH; 2) OT OT)J,eJIbHbIX HCT01JHHKOB
nHTaHHH (6n01JHOe nHTaHHe).
Dn01JHOe nHTaHHe, Kor)J,a KaLK)J:bIfi )J,BHraTenb npHcoe)J,HHeH K OT)J,eJIb-
HOMY npe06pa30BaTenlO, HMeeT CJIe)J,YlOHe npeHMyecTBa no cpaB-
HeRHlO C nJnaHHeM OT 06HX IllHH:
1) MeHbIllee BpeMH BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH CKOpOCTH nocne 3aXBaTa Me-
Tanna BanKaMH;
2) 60nee IllHpOKHfi )J,Hana30H perynHpoBaHHH CKOpOCTH, TaK KaK
B03MOLKHO perynHpoBaHHe He TOJIbKO noneM )J.BHraTeJIH, HO H Hanps;.-
LKeHHeM ero Ha HKope;
3) 06ner1JaeTCH OIllHHOBKa, MeHbIlle TOKH KopoTKoro 3aMbI-
KaHHH.
B Ka1JeCTBe npe06pa30BaTeJIefi, nHTalOHX KJIeTbeBbIe )J,BHraTeJIH,
MorYT 6bITb HCnOJIb30BaHbI KaK 3neKTpoMaIllHHHbIe reHepaTopbI, TaK
H PTYTHbIe BbmpHMHTeJIH. B nOCJIe)J,Hee BpeMH CTanH HaXO)J,HTb npe-
HMyecTBeHHoe npHMeHeHHe PTYTHbIe BbmpHMHTeJIH, 06na)J,moHe cne-
)J,ylOHMH )J,OCTOHHCTBaMH:
1) B03MOLKHOCTb nOJIY1JeHHH T01JHOfi H 6bIcTpo)J,eficTBYlOefi CHCTeMbI
aBTOMaTHqeCKOrO perynHpoBaHHH CKopocTefi )J,BHraTenefi KneTefi (npH
6nOqHOM nHTaHHH) 6naro)J,apH BbICOKOMY K03<pqmUHeHTY YCHneHHH H
BeCbMa Manofi HHepUHoHHOCTH pTYTHoro BbmpHMHTeJIH;
2) HeBbICOKaH CTOHMOCTb YCTaHoBKH;
3) BbICOKHfi K. n. )J,.;
4) 60nee npoCTaH KOHCTPYKUHH (OTCYTCTBYlOT eTKH, KonneKTop,
CMa30qHOe 060pY)J,oBaHHe).
DHTaHHe 06MOTOK B036YLK)J,eHHH )J,BHraTe-
n e fi. B )J,aHHOM cnyqae, aHanOrH1JHO CHCTeMaM nHTaHHH HKopefi )J,BH-
raTenefi, npHMeHHeTCH nHTaHHe KaK OT 06ero HCT01JHHKa, TaK H OT
HH)J,HBH)J,Y<lnbHbIX HCT01JHHKOB HanpHLKeHHH.
295

DpH nHTaHHH 06MOTOK OT 06w.ero HCTOtIHHKa HanpmKeHHSI ,!VIH
pytIHOro ynpaBneHHH nOJIeM Ka>K)J,oro )J,BHraTenSI HCnOJIbSYIOTCH nnoc-
KHe KOHTpOnnepbI, peOCTaTbi (pHC. 9-10, a, 6); ,!VISI aBTOMaTHtIeCKoro
ynpaBJIeHHSI - 6ycTep-reHepaTOpbI (pHC. 9-10, 6).
B CXeMaX nHTaHHH 06MOTOK Bos6Y>K)J,eHHSI )J,BHraTe.neH OT HH)J,HBH-
)J,yaJIbHbIX HCTOqHHKOB HanpH>KeHHH npe)J,ycMaTpHBaeTCH OT)J,enbHbIH
B036Y)J,HTeJIb, B KatIeCTBe KOTO-
poro npHMeHSIIOTCSI reHepaTopbI
nOCTOSIHHoro TOKa, 9neKTpo-
MamHHHbIe YCHn, HTeJIH PTYT-
HbIe BbmpSIMHTeJIH, THpaTpOHbI,
HnH MarHHTHble YCHJIHTeJIH.
HaH60JIbmee pacnpocTpaHeHHe
HMeIOT PTYTHbIe BbmpHMHTeJIH.
CHcTeMbI ynpaBJIe-
HliSI )J,BHraTeJIHMH
K neT e H. CHCTeMa ynpaBne-
HHSI )J,on>KHa 06eCnetIHTb aBTO-
MaTHtIeCKOe nO)J,)J,ep>KaHHe no-
CTOHHCTBa CKOpOCTH Bpaw.eHHSI
)J,BHraTenH KneTH B YCTaHOBHB-
meMCH pe>KHMe H O)J,HOBpeMeHHO
nOJIytIeHHe Tpe6yeMoro xapaK-
Tepa nepeXO)J,Horo npo[(eCca
npH saXBaTe MeTa.JIna BaJIKaMH
(MaJIOe )J,HHaMHqeCKOe na)J,eHHe
CKOpOCTH, He6onbmoe BpeMSI
BOCCTaHOBneHHSl CKOpOCTH), T. e.
CHCTeMa ynpaBneHHSI )J,OJI>KHa
SIBJISITbCSI CHCTeMOH aBTOMaTH-
tIeCKOrO perynHpoBaHHSI CKO-
pOCTH BpaII{eHHSI )J,BHraTeJISI.
TaKaSI CHCTeMa B npOCTeH-
meM BH,lJ.e C B03MO>KHOCTblO
a - ynpaBJleHHe C nOMOlJI,blO nJlOCKHX KOHTpOJl-
JlCpOB; 6 - ynpasJleHHe C nOMOIJI,blO peOCTaTOB; nO)J,perynHpoBKH BPY'lHYIO co-
B - ynpaBJleHHe C nOMOlJI,blO (jYCTep-eeHepaTopOB OTHOmeHHSI CKOpOCTeH coce)J,-
HHX KneTeH C nOMOII{blO nno-
CKOrO KOHTpOnnepa npe)J,CTaBJIeHa Ha pHC. 9-11. B 3TOH CHCTeMe 3a-
)J,alOII{ee HanpSI>KeHHe U 3a lJ. cpaBHHBaeTcSI C HanpH>KeHHeM nnetIa nOTeH-
[(HOMeTpa TaxoreHepaTopa yU n . Pa3HocTb (UsalJ. - yU n ) nO)J,aeTCSI Ha
BXO)J, YCHnHTeJISI Jl H )J,anee Ha BXO)J, CHCTeMbI CeTOtIHOrO nHTaHHSI Ceil.
DOJIytIaeMaSI npH 3TOM OTpHuaTeJIbHaSl 06paTHaH CBSI3b no CKOpOCTH
YMeHbmaeT BnHSIHHe HarpY3KH Ha CKOpOCTb, tITO B CBOIO OtIepe)J,b YMeHb-
maeT CTaTHtIeCKHH nepena,lJ. CKOpOCTH. I1sMeHeHHe CKOpOCTH BpaII{eHHSI
romraTeJIH BpytIHYIO ocyw.ecTBnSIeTcSI nepeMew.eHHeM TpaBepcbI nnoc-
Koro KOHTpOJInepa. DnocKHH KOHTponnep HMeeT )J,Be ceKUHH: CeK[(HIO
ilK-I, BKnlOtIeHHYIO B uenb 06MOTKH B036Y>K)J,eHHSI )J,BHraTeJISI OB/1.,
O}
OBJlI
081/2
081/J
Tn/(
in/(
JnI(
0)
IJ8Jll
IJ8J/2
IJBJl3
IPO
2PO
D)
08JlI
08Jl2
(J8JlJ
" ' JOr 
+- +- +-
PHC. 9-10. CxeMbl nHTaHHR OOMOTOK B03-
6Y>KJ\eHHH J\eTaJleH 'IIiCTOBOH rpynnbl OT
O<5IllHX IIIIIH;
296
3PO

H CeK[(HIO llK-2, BKnI01JeHHYIO Ha HanpH}KeHHe TaXOreHepaTOpa Tr.
Ooe 9TH CeK[(HH ynpaBnHIOTCH oomei-i: TpaBepcoi-i:. CeK[(HH llK-l npe)1.-
Ha3Ha1JeHa .n;nH perynHpoBKH CKOpOCTH BPY1JHYIO H3MeHeHHeM nonH.
npH nepeMern.eHHH TpaBepCbI BHH3, OCJIaOnHeTCH nOJIe .n;BHraTEJIH H
YBeJIH1JHBaeTCH CKOpOCTb BpaII{eHHH. O.ll;HOBpeMeHHO YBenH'IHBaeTCH
H HanpH}KeHHe TaXOreHepaTOpa UTe' O.n;HaKO npH 9TOM HanpH}KeHHe
yU TC' CHHMaeMOe C nOTeH[(HOMeTpa TaXOreHepaTOpa H nO.n;aBaeMOe B
J13H
nx-]
t.
+
PHC. 9-11. CHCTeMa C He3aBHCIIMblM ynpaBJleHlIeM
nOJlR J\BHraTeJlR KJleTIi 'IHCTOBOii rpYilnbl Henpe-
pblBHoro CTaHa
[(enb ynpaBJIeHHH, .n;OJI}KHO OCTaBaTbCH HeH3MeHHbIM. B npOTHBHOM
cJIY1Jae pa3HocTb (U 3a JJ. - yU Te ) YMeHbIlIHTcH, CHH3HTCH TaK}Ke HanpH-
}KeHHe Ha PB H CKOpOCTb BpameHHw.n;BHrarenH. 4TOObI npii perynH-
pOBaHHH CKOpOCTH BpyqHYIO B03.n;ei-i:cTBHeM Ha nOTOK OCTaBHTb nOCTOHH-
HbIM HanpH}KeHHe yUTC' Heo6xo.n;HMO H3MeHHTb nepe.n;aT01JHbli-i: K09H-
[(HeHT nOTeH[(HOMeTpa oopaTHO npOnOp[(HOHaJIbHOrO H3MeHeHHIO HanpH-
}KeHHH UTe' 3Ta 3a.n;a'la BbInOJIHHeTCH C nOMOII{bIO CeK[(HH nK-2. npH
nepeMern.eHHH TpaBepCbI BHH3 COnpOTHBneHHe nne1Ja nOTeH[(HOMeTpa 'n'
C KOTOpOrO CHHMaeTCH HanpH}KeHHe yU n YMeHbllIaeTCH, T. e. YMeHb-
llIaeTCH y = ;: ' r.n;e Rn - nOJIHOe COnpOTHBneHHe nOTeH[(HOMeTpa.
YnpaBneHHe CKOpOCTbIO BpameHHH .n;BHra'i'enH nYTeM H3MeHeHHH
ero nOJIH B CHCTeMe, npe.n;CTaBJIeHHoi-i: Ha pHC. 9-11, He 3aBHCHT OT BeJIH-
297

qHHbI HanpSDKeHHSI Ha SIKOpe )J,BHraTeJISI; n03TOMY TaKOe ynpaBJIeHHe
Ha3bIBaeTCSI He3aBHCHMbIM.
Ha pHC. 9-12, a npe)J,cTaBneHa CHCTeMa 3aBHcHMoro ynpaBJIeHHSI
noneM )J,BHraTenSI. B TaKOH CHCTeMe )J,BHraTeJIb II. Hero 06MOTKa B03-
6Y>K)J,eHHSI DBII. nHTalOTCSI OT OT)J,eJIbHbIX BbmpSIMHTeJIeH: )J,BHrarenb -
OT PB, a 06MOTKa B036Y>K)J,eHHSI - OT PBB. CHCTeMa CeTOqHOrO ynpaB-
neHHSI pTYTHoro BbmpSIMHrenSI P BB nOJIyqaeT HanpSI>KeHHe OT pTYTHoro
BbmpSIMHTenSI PB )J,BHrarenSI. Cne)J,OBaTeJIbHO, pa60Ta PBB 3aBHCHT OT
 {.J 18.
2,0
oj 1.0 I6H
1.0
U
0.5 0.15 1,0 U H
,
I
I
,
I
:000
PHC. 9-12. CHcTeMa C 3aBIICIIMbiM ynpaBJleHHeM noml BHrareJlR
KJleTH 'IHCTOBOii rpynnbl HenpepblBHoro CTaHa
BeJIHqHHbI HanpSI>KeHHSI' PB. 06blqHO CHCTeMa CTpOHTCSI TaK, qTO npH
HanpSI>KeHHH )J,BHraTeJISI B npe)J,enax 0-95% OT HOMHHaJIbHOro PTYTHb1H
BbmpSIMHrenb P BB OTKpbIT nOJIHOCTbIO, H TOK B036Y>K)J,eHHSI )J,BHraTeJISI
paBeH HOMHHaJIbHOMY. I1Jm HanpSI>KeHHSIX, npeBbIllIaIOII{HX 95% HO-
MHHanbHoro, PTYTHbIH BbmpSIMHTeJIb P BB HaqHHaeT 3anHpaTbCSI H
none )J,BHraTenSI OCJIa6nSIeTCSI. IlOJIHbIH )J,Hana30H H3MeHeHHSI CKOpOCTH
ocna6neHHeM nonSI )I,1mraTeJISI nonyqaeTCSI npH H3MeHeHHH HanpSI>Ke-
HHSI PB B npe)J,eJIax OT 95)J,0 100% HOMHHanbHoro HanpSI>KeHHSI )J,BH-
rareJISI. Ha pHC. 9-12,6 H306pa>KeHbI KpHBble H3MeHeHHSI TOKa B036Y>K-
)J,eHHSI H CKOpOCTH )J,BHraTeJISI B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HanpSI>KeHHSI pTYTHoro
BbmpSIMHTenSI PB. B CHCTeMe perynHpOBaHHe CKOpOCTH BpaII{eHHSI
)I.BHrarenSI KneTH BpyqHYIO npoH3Bo)J,HTCSI B03)J,eHcTBHeM Ha 3a)J,aIOII{ee
HanpSI>KeHHe U 3a JJ,' IlpH 3TOM. KaK BH)J,HO H3 rpa(}ma (pHC. 9-12, 6),
CKOpOCTb BpaII{eHSI )J,BHraTeJISI 6Y)l.eT perynHpoBaTbcSI 3a CqeT H3Me-
HeHHSI ero nOJISl npH nOqTH nOCTOSIHHOM HanpSI>KeHHH Ha SIKope.
298

CHCTeMa C 3aBHCHMbIM ynpaBJIeHHeM nOJISI SIBnSIeTCSI 60JIee npOCTOM,
TaK KaK B HeM OTCYTcTByeT Heo6xo)J,HMOCTb B npHMeHeHHH nnOCKHX
KOHTponnepOB C )J,BYMSI ceKnHSIMH conpOTHBneHHM_
B OCTanbHOM )J,Be npHBe)J,eHHble CHCTeMbI ynpaMeHHSI npHMepHo
paBHoneHHbI.
 9-4. nepexoAHble npOl.l.eCCbI npH YAapHOM
npHnO>KeHHH HarpY8KH
XapaKTep nepeXO)J,HbIX npOneCCOB npH 3aXBaTe MeTa.nna BanKaMH
HMeeT Ba>KHOe 3Ha1JeHHe npH npoeKTHpOBaHHH CHCTeMbI ynpaBneHHSI
::meKTponpHBo)J,oM HenpepbIBHbIX rpynn npOKaTHbIX CTaHOB. Ha OCHOBe
H3Y1JeHHSI 3THX npOneCCOB npe)J,CTaBnSIeTCSI B03MO>KHbIM BbISICHHTb
BnHSIHHe OT)J,enbHbIX napaMeTpOB CHCTeMbI Ha XapaKTep nponecca,
BbI6paTb onTHManbHoe cooTHorueHHe 3THX napaMeTpOB, onpe)J,eJIHTb
Heooxo)J,HMOCTb npHMeHeHHSI Tex HnH HHbIX o6paTHblx CBSI3eM )J,nSI nony-
qeHHSI HaHnY1Jruero xapaKTepa nepeXO)J,Horo nponecca, He ycnO>KHSISI npH
3TOM 3Ha1JHTeJIbHO CHCTeMY ynpaBneHHSI.
PaCCMOTpHM BHa1Jane nepeXO)J,Hble npOneCCbI npH y)J,apHOM npHno-
>KeHHH HarpY3KH B CHCTeMe 3neKTponpHBO)J,a 6e3 perynSITopa CKOpOCTH.
nepeXOAHble npOLUlccbI npH YAapHOM npHnOHCeHHH
HarpYSKH fiea npHMeHeHHR perynRTopa CKOPOCTH
CHCTeMbI ynpaBneHHSI 6e3 perYJISITOpa CKOpOCTH nmpOKO pacnpo-
CTpaHeHbI B 3neKTponpHBO)J,ax HenpepbIBHbIX CTaHOB C HeBbICOKOM CKO-
pOCTbIO npOKaTKH, HanpHMep, Tpy6onpoKaTHbIX, 3arOTOB01JHbIX, 'lep-
HOBbIX rpynn HenpepbIBHbIX H nOJIYHenpepbIBHbIX, npOBOJI01JHbIX H
MenKocopTHbIX CTaHOB.
DponeCCbI . npH y)J,apHOM npHnO>KeHHH HarpY3KH 6e3 perynSITOpa
CKOpOCTH onHCbIBaIOTCSI cne)J,YIOll{HMH HCXO)J,HbIMH ypaBHeHHSIMH:
o = Cero + iRo + L : ; (9-18)
. I T Ce d6.w (9 19)
l = c + M Ro . ---;It. -
3)J,ecb ro - npHpall{eHHe CKOpOCTH Bpall{eHHSI )J,BHraTenSI,
paiJ/eeK;
i - TOK SIKOpSI )J,BHraTenSI, a;
Ro - conpoTHBneHHe nenH SIKOpSI, OM;
L - HH)J,YKTHBHOCTb nenH SIKOpSI, 2ft;
Ie - TOK CTaTH1JeCKOM HarpY3KH, a;
JR
T M = C C - 3neKTpoMeXaHH1JeCKaSI nOCTOSIHHaSI BpeMeHH npH-
e M
BO)J,a, eeK;
J - MOMeHT HHepnHH, Kc?M 2 ;
E B.ceK
C e = - - K03HnHeHT 3. )J,. C. )J,BHraTeJISI'-- a ;
w pa
M fl. At
C M = T - K03HnHeHT MOMeHTa p'BHraTeJISI, {l'
299

PernaH ypaBHeHHH (9-18) H (9-19) OTHOCHTenbHO /).Ci) H i, nonyqHM
COOTBeTCTBeHHO
d 2 I':J.w dl':J.w )
THT M lif2 + T M lit + /).(J) = /).(J)c;
d 2 ' d'
THTM dt +TM ;t +i=Ic.
(9-20)
L
r)J,e T H = Ro - :meKTpoMarHHTHaH nOCTOHHHaH BpeMeHH uenH HKO-
pH, cex:;
IR
/).Ci)c = CO - CTaTHqeCKOe na)J,eHHe CKOpOCTH, paa/cex:.
e
YpaBHeHHH (9-20) TaK>Ke MO>KHO 3anHcaTb B BH)J,e
d 2 I':J.v dl':J.v
TH™ lit2 + TM lit + /).v = 1; (9-21)
d 2 t dL
THT M dt 2 + TM dt + t = I, (9-22)
I':J.w
r)J,e /).v = -;;-- - OTHOCHrenbHaH BenHqHHa npHpaeHHH CKOpOCTH;
aW c
i
t = T- OTHOCHTeJIbHaH BenHqHHa TOKa.
c
XapaKrepHCTHqeCKOe ypaBHeHHe B )J,aHHOM cnyqae HMeeT BH)1.
THTMP2 + TMP + 1 = O. (9-23)
KOpHH xapaKTepHCTHqeCKOrO ypaBHeHHH:
)J,nH anepHo)J,HqeCKOrO npouecca
P1,2 = -T [--- +  V m m 4]; (9-24)
)J,nH Kone6arenbHoro npouecca
P1,2 = i M [-  + j  -V 4 m m], (9-25)
T '
r)J,e m = r M - OTHOllIeHHe nOCTOHHHbIX BpeMeHH.
H
KOMnneKcHble KOpHH ypaBHeHHH HMeIOT MecTO npH m < 4, )1.eHCT-
BHrenbHbIe - npH m > 4.
PellIeHHe ypaBHeHHH (9-21) H (9-22) HMeeT BH)J,
/).v = Ao + A1e Plt + A2elJ2t; (9-26)
t = Bo + B1e Plt + B 2 e P2t . (9-27)
3)J,ecb Ao = 1 H Bo = 1 - KOHeqHbIe 3HaqeHHH BenHqHH /).V H - t;
AI, A 2 , B 1 , B 2 - nOCTOHHHble HHTerpHpOBaHHH, onp e ll enH -
eMbIe no HaqaJIbHbIM ycnoBHHM;
PI H P2 - KOpHH xapaKTepHCTHqeCKOrO ypaBHeHHH.
B MOMeHT npHJIO>KeHHH HarpY3KH, T. e.:npH t = 0, t = 0 (TaK KaK
B uenH HKOpH HMeeTCH HH)1.YKTHBHOCTb, npenHTCTBYIOII{aH MrHOBeHHOMY
( dI':J.V ) 1
H3MeHeHHIO TOKa), /).v = 0 H dt t=o = - TM . DpH onpe)1.eJIeHHH no-
300

CTOHHHbIX HHTerpHpOBaHHH 6epeM nOJIO>KHTenbHOe 3HaqeHHe npOH3-
u ( d6.:V ) 1 .'
BO)J,HOH dt t=D = r-;;'
YqHTbIBaH npHBe)J,eHHble HaqanbHble ycnoBHH, HanHllIeM cne)J,YI01lI.He
paBeHcTBa ,nnH onpe)J,eneHHH nOCTOHHHbIX HHTerpHpOBaHHH:
o = 1 + Al + A 2 ; I
-.j- = PIAl + P2 A 2; l
M ( (9-28)
o = 1 + BI + B 2 ; J
o = PIBI + P2 B 2'
nOcne onpe)J,eJIeHHH H3 ypaBHeHHH (9-28) c yqeTOM ypaBHeHHH
(9-24) H (9-25) nOCTOHHHbIX HHTerpHpOBaHHH H nO)1.CTaHOBKH HX B (9-26)
H (9-27), nOJIyqHM:
)1.JIH anepHo)J,HqeCKOrO npouecca npH m > 4
'\fmo.r- .r- '\fm .r- .r-
--(rm+rm-4)'t ---(r m-rm-4)'t
/).V = 1 + 2 [ e 2 e 2 ] _
Vm-4 Vm+Vm-4 Vm-Vm-4
'\fm .r- .r- '\fm .r- .r-
- - - (r m+ r m-4)'t - --- (r m- r m-4) 't
_ [e 2 - e 2 ]; (9-29)
'\fin .r- '\fm .r- .r-
--T(m+rm-4)'t e- T (r m -rm-4)'t ]
t = 1 + 2 [ e ' ; (9-30)
V m - 4 V In + V m - 4 Vm:- V m - 4 .
)1.JIH KOJIe6aTeJIbHOrO npouecca npH m < 4
2 -  't . [ 1 .. r V 4 - m ]
fj.v = 1- _ e 2 . SIn -V 4m-m 2 . 't+ arctg - +
V4-m 2 m
m
--'t
2e 2 . l..r
+ 'SIn- V 4m-m 2 . 't.
V 4m - m 2 2 '
2 -'t . [ ]..r -.r 4 - m ]
t = 1- V4 e 'SIn 2" V 4m-m 2 .'t + arctg y -m .
(9-32)
(9-31 )
t
3)J,ecb 't = T - OTHOCHTeJIbHOe BpeMH.
M
YpaBHeHHH nepexo)1.HbIX npoueccoB nOKa3bIBaIOT, qTO xapaKTep
3THX npoueccoB 3aBHCHT TonbKO OT OTHOIIIeHHH nOCTOHHHbIX BpeMeHH.
A6coJIIOTHOe >Ke 3HaqeHHe 3neKTpoMeXaHHqeCKOH nocToHHHOH BpeMeHH
T M BJIHHeT nHIIIb Ha BeJIHqHHY MacmTa:6a OCH a6cUHcc KpHBbIX nepe-
XO)1.HbIX npoueccoB. OTCIO)1.a CJIe)1.yeT, qTO H3MeHHTb xapaKTep nepexo)1.-
Horo npouecca MO>KHO nYTeM H3MeHeHHH OTHomeHHH nOCTOHHHbIX Bpe-
MeHH TM H T D .
301

Ha pHC. 9-13 npe,ncTaBneHbI KpHBble npHpaeHHH CKOpOCTH H TOKa
)l.BHraTeJIH npH Y)l.apHOM npHJIO}KeHHH HarpY3KH, nOCTpoeHHble no ypaB-
HeHHHM (9-29), (9-30), (9-31) H (9-32) ,nnH pa3nHtIHbiX 3HatIeHHH m.
YI3 cpaBHeHHH 3THX KpHBblX BH)l.HO, tITO C YMeHbIlleHHeM OTHOIlleHHH m,
Hat.J.HHaH C tIeTblpeX, npou.ecc nepexo,nHT OT anepHO)l.HtIeCKoro K KOJIeOa-
TenbHOMY. DpH 3TOM YBenHtIHBaIOTCH ,nHHaMHtIeCKOe na)l.eHHe CKOpOCTH
H MaKCHMYM TOKa. BpeMH HapaCTaHHH TOKa OT HYJIH ,no TOKa CTaTHtIec-
KOM HarpY3KH t11. paBHO BpeMeHH H3MeHeHHH npHpaeHHH CKOpOCTH /).V
2.0
m=4
epaHuu,a
anepuoiJu-
lJeCKOeO
npou,ecca
. 1;J..
1.8 < Ie
1.6 /  ':P!.
m;0,36 m=O,04
1.4 m= 17'" ><
1.2 m=1
l ...... V r-.... '\. ,/ "
' I--
I / .., - \.
0.8  I
I / -; / I
0.6
I !. I 1/ ,
0.4 . 'I ./ ,
0.2 ---/ '[=-:1-
, Tu
' tn'" !,,=I91; =I6 7 I 9 10 11 I
I
, [..... -o.36 ..... "..-
2. I
 .... ';:0.16 I
3 I
...... I
4  ,
'" . ./
5 I
'C a K r-:- -;;;=0.04
6
, I I
7 I
t1=:f , I
B I
2
PHC. 9-13. KpHBbIe npHpaIlleHIIH CKOpOCTH H
TOKa J\BHraTeJlH npH npHJlO>KeHHII HarpY3KH
I:1v = Me); L = Me)
OT HynH ,no , BeJIHtIHHbI ,nHHaMHtIecKoro na)l.eHHH CKOpOCTH /).v11.' TaK KaK
dv 1 dw . [
npH t = t11. npoH3BO)l.HaH dt = W o d{ = 0 H £ = Ie cornaCHO ypaB-
HeHHIO (9-19)]. 3TO BpeMH pa3nHtIHO B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT m. DpH 3Ha-
tIeHHHX m, onH3KHX K, tIeTbIpeM, BpeMH t11. BenHKO, C YMeHbIlleHHeM m
BpeMH t]1. CHH}KaeTCH, a 3aTeM HatIHHaeT paCTH. CJIe,nOBaTenbHO, KpHBaH
't"11. = f(m) HMeeT MHHHMYM. YpaBHeHHe KpHBOH 't"11. = f(m) MO}KHO nony-
t
tIHTb H3 (9-32), eCJIH nOnO}KHTb B HeM t = 1 H 't" = 't"11. = 1'11,-.
M
B 3TOM cnytIae
sin [ 11 4m-m 2 .'t"11. + arctg Y 4 mm J = O. (9-33)
- 3T0 paBeHcTBo Bb InOJIHHeTC H, ecnH
 114m - m 2 . 't"j\ + arctg -y 4 m m = 31:. (9-34)
302

PernaH (9-34) OTHOCHTenbHO TJt, nOJIyt.J.HM
V 4 - m
11: - arctg -
T =2 m
Jt y 4m _ m2
Ha pHC. 9-14 nocTpoeHa KpHBaH TJt = f(m), H3 KOTOpOH BH)1,HO, t.J.TO
HaHMeHbrnee OTHOCHTenbHoe BpeMH H3MeHeHHH npHpaeHHH CKOpOCTH
OT HYJIH )1,0 BenmIHHbI )1,HHaMHt.J.eCKoro na)1,eHHH CKOpOCTH paBHO 'tJt. om =
= 2,3, a cooTBeTcTBylOee '(if
3TOMY BpeMeHH, OTHOllIeHHe
m = 1,5. CJIe)1,OBaTeJIbHO,
mom = 1,5 HBnHeTCH onTH-
ManbHbIM, TaK KaK npH 3TOM 10.0
OTHOllIeHHH nOJIyt.J.aeTcH MH-
HHManbHoe BpeMH 'tJt = 2,3.
DpH Bcex OCTa.JIbHbIX 3Hat.J.e-
HHSJX m BpeMH 'tJt 6Y)1,eT60JIb-
llIe. O)1,HaKO Ba>KHO OTMeTHTb,
t.J.TO BpeMH 'tJt npH OTHorne-
HHHX m B npe)J,e.nax npHMep-
HO OT 0,85)1,02,4 Mano OTnH-
t.J.aeTCH OT onTHManbHoro, t.J.TO
cne.n.yeT yt.J.HTblBaTb npH Bbl-
60pe napaMeTpOB CHCTeMbl.
DpHBo)1,H nO)1,CTaHOBKY.
't = TJt B ypaBHeHHe (9-31),
nocnecOOTBeTcTBYIOHX npe-
06pa30BaHHH nonyt.J.HM
m
--'t
e 2 Jt
!J.'V Jt = 1 + Jim ' (9-36)
(9-35)
5.0
o
m
-m=.k
4.0 T R
2.0
3,0
PHC. 9-14.
J\BHraTeJlR
KpHBaR BpeMeHH H3MeHeHHR TOKa
OT HYJlR J\O L = I c npli pa3Hbix
T
3Ha'leHHRX m = T =
6.w
r)1,e 1'!)'.'V Jt = A Jt - )1,HHaMHt.J.ecKoe na)1,eHHe CKOpOCTH, OTHeCeHHOe K CTa-
aW c
THt.J.ecKOMY na)1,eHHIO CKOpOCTH.
DpH onTHMa.JIbHOM 3Hat.J.eHHH mom = 1,5 H T Jt . om = 2,3 H3 (9-36)
6Y)1,eM HMeTb
-1,5.2.3
e 2
"Jt,OnT = 1 + yf.5
= 1,145,
T. e. B 3TOM cnyt.J.ae )1,HHaMHt.J.eCKoe na)1,eHHe CKOpOCTH Ha 14,5% 60JIbrne
CTaTHt.J.eCKoro na)1,eHHH CKOpOCTH.
, Onpe)1,enHTb OTHorneHHe m no 3a)1,aHHOMY )1,HHaMHt.J.ecKoMY na)1,eHHIO
CKOpOCTH aHanHTHt.J.ecKH, nOJIb3YHCb ypaBHeHHeM (9-36), HeB03MO>KHO,
n03TOMY npH Heo6xo)1,HMOCTH cJIe)1,YeT nonb30BaTbCH KpHBOH "Jt =
= f(m), nocTpoeHHo H no ypaBHeHHHM (9-35) H (9-36). 3Ta KpHBaH no-
303

Ka3bIBaeT, qTO npH H3MeHeHHH mOT 0,85ll.0 2,4ll.HHaMHqeCKOe nall.eHHe
CKOpOCTH MeH5!eTC5! B npell.eJIax 1-1,35.
ECJIH TaKHe 3HaqeHH5! ll.HHaMHqeCKOrO nall.eHH5! CKOpOCTH Yll.OBJIeT-
BOp5!IOT TpeOOBaHH5!M TeXHonorHH, TO npH paCqeTe BbIOHpaeTC5! OTHO-
lIIeHHe m B npeJJ.eJIax 0,85-2,4, a no ypaBHeHHIO (9-36) YTOqH5!eTC5!
BeJIHqHHa ll.HHaMHqeCKOrO na-
ll.eHH5! CKOpOCTH.
BpeM5! MaKcHMYMa TOKa on-
pell.eJISleTC5! nOCJIe ll.H«p<pepeH-
I.{HpOBaHH5! ypaBHeHH5!ll.JI5! TOKa
(9-32) H npHpaBHHBaHH5! nony-
qeHHOH npOH3 BOll.HOH HYJIIO:
0= tg [ V4m-m 2 ''f MaKc +
t -. / 4 - m ] -. / 4- m
+ arc g r ----m- - r ---nz.
.QaHHoe paBeHCTBO COOJIIO-
ll.aeTC5! B cJIyqae, eCJIH
1 r
2' 11 4m-m2''fMaKc = n.
TT
}
fiT
6£R o
+ +
..,
'"
::5'
PHC. 9-15. YnpoIlleHHaH OJlHOJlHHeiiHaH
CHCTeMa ynpaBJleHHH JJ.BlIraTeJleM KJleTH
c perYJlHTopOM CKOpOCTH H KOMnaYHJ\H-
P OBaHlieM
t(,
npH 3TOM
2:n:
'f MaKc = V . (9-31)
4m - m 2
ECJIH nOll.CTaBHTb nonyqeHHOe 3HaqeHHe T MaKc B ypaBHeHHe (9-33), TO
I,rm-
1 2 -3t JI 4=m . [ t -. / 4 - m ]
t MaKc = - V 4 _ m e Sin n + arc g r ----m- .
Yq, HTbIBa5! qTO sin[ n + arctg J/4 m m ] = -sin arctg J/m =
V . HaHIIIeM
t = I + e-3t V4m
MaKC .
(9-38)
lh ypaBHeHH5! (9-38) CJI, ell.yeT qTO MaKcHMYM TOKa npH Yll.apHOM
npHJIO>KeHHH HarpY3KH 3aBHCHT TOJIbKO T m. npH m = 0; I MaKC = 2,
a npH m = 4; I MaKC = 1. TaKHM oopa30M, npH H3MeHeHHH m B npell.eJIax
OT 0 ll.0 4 MaKCHMaJIbHOe 3HaqeHHe TOKa MeH5!eTC5! OT 0 ll.0 2.
npHMep 9-1. Onpe.!);eJJHTb nOKa3aTeJJH nepexoJ\Horo npoltecca npH YJ\apHoM
'npHJlO>KeHHH HarpY31tH, paBHoii HOMHHaJlbHOii, K BaJlY }!BlIrareJlH MTI6800-175;
5000 Kern; 825 B; 175 06/MUH.; 6410 a, 272000 H.' M; RII = 0,00345 OM; 'IHCJlO no-
JlIOCOB 2p = 18; .!);BHraTeJJb nHTaeTCH OT 06IllHX IIIHH. MOMeHT HHepl{liH npHBo.!!a
J = 1,2.27500=33000 KeM 2 . -
304

P e III e H H e. HHP.YKTHBHOCTb l{enH HKOpH (cjJOpMYJla YMaHCKoro-JIHH-
BHJlJla)
60 U H 60 825
III = 0,25 2pn H :rr. . I H = 0,25 18 ,175,3,14 . 6410 = 0,000195 2/01.
3J1eKTpOMarHHTHaH nOCTOHHHaH BpeMeHH
III 0,000195 0
T R = RII = 0,00345 = ,056 eel<_
K03cjJcjJHl{HeHT 3. .!!. C. .!!BHraTeJJH
C = U H - IHRII 825 - 6410.0,00345 = 439 8
e" OOH - 18,3 ' paiJ/eel<'
3 IT ecb - 2:rr.n H _ 2.3,14.175 ._ 18 3 0/
" OOH - -00 - 60 -, pa eel<.
K03cjJcjJHltIIeHT MOMeHTa J);BHraTeJlH
C = M H = 272000 = 42 5 If- . .M
M I H 6410 'a
3.neKTpoMexaHHtIecKaH nOCTOHHHaH BpeMeHH
TM = JR II = 33000.0,00345
CeC M 43,9.42,5 0,061 eel<.
COOTHOlIIeHHe nOCTORHHblX BpeMeHH
TM 0,061 1 9
m = TII = 0,056 = ,0.
TIOJlY'IeHHOe OTHOlIIeHHe m He BblXO./lHT 3a npe}!eJlbl OnTHMaJlbHbIX no YCJlOBHHM
6blCTpo,/\eiicTBHSI CHCTeMbl.
CTaTH'IeCKOe na.!);eHHe CKOpOCTH
o _ IHR II _ 6410. 0,00345 _ 0
Aoo c /0 - U H - IHRII 100 - 825 _ 6410.0,00345 100 - 2,76/ 0 .
BpeMH ,/\HHaMII'IeCKOrO na.!);eHlIH CKOpOCTH [ypaBHe HHe (9.3 5)]
- ...14=1i1 ...f4-109
:rr.-arctg r -m 3,14-arctg r 1,09
't"JI= 2 =2 V =2,38;
V 4m - m 2 4 . 1,09 - 1,09 2
tJl = 1:JlTM = 2,38.0,06] = 0,145 eel<.
J],HHaMHlIeCKOe na){eHHe CKOpOCTIi [ypaBHeH'He (9-36)]
-!!!.  -.238
e 2 JI e 2 '
AV JI = 1 + ----;r=- = ] + V = 1,26;
r m 1,09
AooJloJo = AoocoJo; AV JI = 2,76.1,26 = 3,480J0.
BpeMR MaKcHMYMa TOKa [ypaBHeHHe (9-37)]
2:rr. 2.3,14
't"MaKc = = = 3,52;
V 4m-m 2 V 4. ],09-1,092
t MaKc = 1:MaKcTM = 3,52.0,061 = 0,215 eel<.
MaKCIIMaJlbHOe 3Ha'leHHe TOKa [ypaBHeHHe (9-38)]
- V m " -814 V 1,09
L=I+e 4-m =1+e' 4-1,09=1,147.
305

nepeXOAHwe npoeccw npH YASPHOM npHnOmeHHH
HSrpY3KH C C!e3WHepHOHHWM perynRTopoM CKOpOCTH
D:m! nHTamU! .zumraTEJIell KneTell COBpeMeHHbIX HenpepbIBHbIX CTa-
HOB npHMeHSIIOTCSI PTYTHble BbmpSIMHTeJIH. PTyTHbIll BbmpSIMHTeJIb
HMeeT OtIeHb ManyIO HHepI.{HOHHOCTb, OnpeAeJISIeMYIO HHepI.{HOHHOCTbIO
CeTOtIHOrO ynpaBneHHSI.
D:nSI 3neKTpOnpHBOAOB HenpepBHX npOKaTHX CTaHOB HCnOnb-
3YIOTCSI cne)J,YIOrn.He CHCTeMbI CeTOtIHOrO ynpaBneHHSI: 1) C nHK-reHepa
TopaMH; 2) C nHK-ApoCCeJISIMH H CTaTHtIeCKHMH cl>a30perynSITopaMH;
3) C oAHononynepHoAHbIMH MarHHTHbIMH YCHnHTeJISIMH.
CHcTeMa CeTOtIHOrO ynpaBneHHSI C oAHononynepHoAHMH MarHHT-
HbIMH YCHnHTenSIMH oonaAaeT pSIAOM npeHMyrn.ecTB B cpaBHeHHH C APY-
fHMH CHCTeMaMH. TaK, HanpHMep; a) B Hell COBMern.eHbI cl>YHKI.{HH nHKO-
00pa30BaHHSI H cl>a30CMern.eHHSI B OAHOM annapaTe, tITO ynpocTHno CH-
CTeMY 3a CtIeT HCKnIOtIeHHSI cpaBHHTenbHO cnmKHoro, rpOM03AKoro
CTaTHtIecKoro cl>a30perynSITopa; 0) OHa SIMSIeTCSI ObICTpoAellCTBYIOrn.ell:
H3MeHeHHe HanpSI}KeHHSI OT HY nSI AO HOMHHanbHoro npoHcxoAHT 3a BpeMSI,
MeHblIIee 0,01 ceK, T. e. npHMepHo B lIIecTb-ceMb pa3 oblcTpee, tIeM B CH-
CTeMe C nHK-)J,poCCeJIeM H CTaTHtIeCKHM cl>a30perynSITOpoM. BcTpoAell-
CTBHe CHCTeMbI CeTOtIHOrO ynpaBneHHSI nOBbIlliaeTCSI C YBenHtIeHHeM
tIaCTOTbI HanpSI}KeHHSI, nHTaIOrn.ero MarHHTHbIll yCHnHTenb.
YtIHTbIBaSI YKa3aHHoe, PTYTHbIll BbmpSIMHTenb C CHCTeMOll CeTOtIHOrO
ynpaBneHHSI C oAHononynepHoAHbIM MarHHTHbIM YCHnHTeJIeM npH pac-
tIeTe nepexo)J,HbIX npOI.{eCCOB MO}KHO paccMaTpHBaTb KaK oe3bIHepI.{HOH-
Hoe 3BeHO. n03TOMY npH Hccne)J,OBaHHH nepeXOAHbIX npOI.{eCCOB, CBSI-
3aHHbIX C YAapHbIM npHnO}KeHHeM HarpY3KH, B CHCTeMe ynpaBneHHSI
ABHraTeneM tIaCTO ytIHTbIBaIOT JIHlIIb 3JIeKTpOMeXamtIeCKYIO T M H 3JIeK-
TpOMarHHTHYIO Ts nOCTOSIHHble BpeMeHH.
OObltIHO, KpoMe OTpHI.{aTeJIbHOll 06paTHoll CBSI3H no CKOpOCTH, npH-
MeHSIIOT TaK}Ke H OTpHI.{aTeJIbHYIO oopaTHYIO CBSI3b no TOKY. Ha pHC.
9-15 H300pa}KeHa ynporn.eHHaSI oAHOnHHellHaSI CHCTeMa C YKa3aHHbIMH
oopaTHbIMH CBSI3SIMH. D:JISI TaKoll CHCTeMbI AellCTBHTeJIbHbI cne.l(yIOrn.He
ypaBHeHHSI:
Ci1(i}K c - iRoKT = I1U PB; (9-39)
I1U pB = iRo + Ls : + C c l1n; (9-40)
i = Tc + TM : dt(J) . (9-41)
3Aecb Kc = 'YlJ..TKyK pB - K03qxpHI.{HeHT YCHJIeHHSI oopaTHoll CBSI3H no
CKOpOCTH;
K T = aKyK ps - K03cl>cl>HI.{HeHT oopaTHoll CBSI3H no TOKY;
aT = C UTe - nepeAaTOtIHbIll K03cl>cl>HI.{HeHT TaxoreHepa-
e(J)
Topa;
'YT = R r fiT - nepeAaTOtIHbIll K03cl>cl>HI.{HeHT nOTeHI.{HOMeTpa
nT
TaxoreHeparopa;
306

RfiT' r fiT - COnpOTHBJIeHHSI nOTeHlI,HOMeTpa H ero nJIetJa;
(J - peaYJIbTHpYlOIII.Hii nepe)J,aTOtJHbIii KO.9q><lm-
l{HeHT npeo6pa30BaTenSi llT H TpaHcq>opMa-
Topa TOKa TT B lI,enH o6paTHoii CBSl3H £Io
TOKY;
Ky, K PB - KO.9q>q>Hl{HeHTbI YCHJIeHHSI YCHnHTemI J1 H
pTYTHoro BbmpSlMHTenH P B;
l1U ps - H3MeHeHHe BbmpSlMJIeHHOrO Ha£IpSl}KeHHSI
pTyrHoro BbmpSlMHTeml PB, BbI3BaHHoro
Y)J,apHbIM npHnO}KeHHeM HarpY3KH;
Ro, L H - co£IpoTHBneHHe H HH)J,YKTHBHOCTb l{e£IH SlKO-
pSi )J,BHraTeJISI.
YpaBHeHHSI Ha£IHcaHbI B npe)J,nOJIO}KeHHH, tJTO Ka}K)J.bIii .9neMeHT
CHCTeMbI pa60TaeT Ha npSlMonHHeiiHoM YtJacTKe cTaTHtJecKoii xapaKTe-
PHCTHKH.
l1cKnIOtJaSi H3 ypaBHeHHii (9-39), (9-40) H (9-41) HanpSl}KeHHe I1U ps
H TOK i, nOJIYtJHM
d 2 !1ro d!1ro K IeRo
T H T Mdi2 +TM(l +KT)dt+(l + e)l1ffi=- C e (1 +K T ).
(9-42)
CornaCHO ypaBHeHHlO (9-42), CTaTHtJeCKoe na)J,eHHe CKOpOCTH C YtJe-
TOM )J,eRCTBHSI 060HX 06paTHX cBSl3eii paBHo: '
11 '_ I eRo 1 + K T
ffie-- C e ] +Ke'
(9-43)
HnH
!1ro c = l+Kc ={,
!1ro 1 + K T
(9-44)
A IeRo
r)J,e tiffie = - CTaTHtJeCKoe na)J,eHHe CKOpOCTH npH OTCYTCTBHH
c;
06paTHblx CBSl3eii;
f - KO.9q>q>I1lI,HeHT, XapaKTepH3YlOIII.Hii, BO CKonbKO
pa3 YMeHblIIaeTCSI CTaTHtJeCKHii nepena)J, CKO-
pOCTH C BBe)J,eHHeM 06paTHbIX CBSl3ell.
113 ypaBHeHHSI (9-44) cne)J,yeT, tJTO OTpHlI,aTeJIbHaSi o6paTHaSi CBSl3b
no TOKY YBenHtJHBaeT CTaTHtJeCKoe £Ia)J,eHHe CKopOCTH, a OTpHlI,aTenbHaSi
06paTHaSi CBSl3b no CKOpOCTH YMeHblIIaeT ee.
XapaKTepHcTHtJecKoe ypaBHeHHe B paccMaTpHBaeMoM cnYtJae HMeeT
BH)J,
TH™P2+(l +K T )T M P+(1 +Kc) =0.
(9-45)
OHO MO}KeT 6bITb 3aMeHeHO .9KBHBaJIeHTHbIM xapaKTepHCTHtJeCKHM
ypaBHeHHeM
TTp2 + Tp + 1 = 0,
(9-46)
307

rAe SKBIiBaJIeHTHbIe 3H8tJeHII5! nOCT05!HHbIX BpeMHII onpeAeJI5!IOTC5! II3
p8BeHCTB
T ' T ' - T"TM .
II M- I+Kc'
- T ' T 1 + K T
M= M l+Kc '
Cp8BHIIB85! MeJKAY C060H x8p8KTeplicTIItJecKlie yp8BHeHII5! (9-23) II
(9-46), 38MetJ8eM, tJTO OHII nonHOCTbIO TOJKAeCrneHHbI Apyr APyry. T8K
K8K npli STOM TOJKAeCTBeHHbI II H8tJ8nbHble YCJIOBII5!" TO )J.JI5! onpe.u;eJIe-
HII5! X8p8KTep8 npOTeK8HII5! nepeXOAHWX npoeCCOB B CIiCTeMe C 06-
p8THbIMli CB5!35!MII MorYT 6bITb IIcnonb30B8HbI yp8BHeHII5!, BbIBe.n.eHHble
AJI5! CIiCTeMbI 6e3 06P8THbIX CB5!3eH, T. e. yp8BHeHII5! (9-29), (9-30),
(9-31) II (9-32).
113 (9-47) II (9-48)
(9-47)
(9-48)
nonytJ8eM
T  = T II 1  K T . (9-49)
Yp8BHeHH5! (9-48) II (9-49) nOK83bIB8IOT, tJTO SKBIiBaJIeHTHble no-
CT05!HHble BpeMeHII MOJKHO MeH5!Tb B lIIlIpOKIiX npeAeJI8X C nOMOIIJ.bIO
06P8THbIX CB5!3eH. TaK, C YBeJIIItJeHIIeM Kos<l>qmIIeHT8 YCIIJIeHII5! 06-
p8THOH CB5!3II -no TOKY K T YMeHb1II8eTC5! SKBIIB8neHTH8SI sneKTpoM8r-
HIITH8H nOCTOHHH8H T II YBeJIIItJIIB8ercH SKBIIB8neHTH85! SJIeKTpOMe-
X8HIItJeCK85! nOCTOSIHH8H T. C YBeJIIItJeHIIeM JKe Kos<l><PIIIIeHT8 YCII-
neHII5! 06p8THOH CB5!eII no CKOpOCTIi Kc YMeHbIfI8erC5! SKBIiBaJIeHTH85!
sneKTpoMex8HIItJecK85! nOCTOHHH8H T, 8 SKBIiBaJIeHTH85! SJIeKTpOM8r-
HIITH85! nOCTOHHH8H T npli STOM He MeHSIeTCSI.
nOCJIe COOTBeTCTBYIOIIJ.IIX npe06p830B8HIIH B yp8BHeHII5!X (9-47)
II (9-48) 6YJJ.eM IIMeTb
m' = m (11  )2 , (9-50)
T' c
fAe m' = / - COOTHOllieHIIe SKBIIB8JIeHTHbIX nOCTOSIHHbIX BpeMeHII;
"
TM U
m = T" - COOTHOllieHIIe AeIICTBIITeJIbHbIX nOCTOSIHHbIX BpeMeHII.
113 (9-50) cneAyer, tJTO OTpII8TeJIbHa5! 06P8TH85! CB5!3b no TOKY AeH-
cTByeT B CTOPOHY YBeJIIItJeHII5! OTHOllieHIISI m', 8 OTpII8TeJIbH85! 06-
P8TH8H CB5!3b no CKOPOCTII, H8060pOT, - B CTOPOHY CHIIJKeHIIH SToro
OTHOllieHII5!. npli STOM 06p8TH85! CB5!3b no TOKY AeHcTByeT 60nee s<l>-
cpeKTIIBHO, tJeM 06P8TH85! CB5!3b no CKOpOCTIi.
113 YP8BHeHIIH (9-44) II (9-50) nonytJ8eM
fni' = m (1 + K T ),
OTKYA8
m't
K T =----1.
m
(9-51 )
I(poMe Toro, II3 (9-44)
Kc =1(1 +KT)-l.
(9-52)
308

YpaBHeHHSI (9-51) H (9-52) SlBJISlIOTCSI paC1J:eTHbIMH. no HHM BHa1J:ane
HaXO,l(HTCSI K094>4>Hl{HeHT Kn a 3aTeM Kc. .llJISI 9TOH l{eJIH npe,l(BapH-
. T
.TeJIbHO cneAyeT 3a,l(aTbCSI OTHOlIIeHHeM m' = T B npe,l(enax OT 0,85
R
]1.0 2,24, K094>4>HlI.HeHTOM CHH:>KeHHSI CTaTH1J:eCKOrO nepena]1.a CKOpOCTH f
T
n 3HaTb OTHOlIIeHHe m = T: '
npHMep 9-2. J],BHraTeJlb KJIeTH HenpepblBHoii rpynnbl CTaHa THna MTI6800-175;
'5000 Kem; 825 B; 175 06/MUH nOJIY'IaeT nHTaHHe OT pTYTHoro BblnpHMHTeJlH. CHCTeMa
ynpaBJleHIIH HMeeT 6e3blHepnHoHHblii perYJIHTOp H npHMeHHeTCH KOMnaYH.!);HpoBa-
HH.e. TIOJIHOe conpOTHBJleHHe enH HKOpH Ro = 0,0195 OM; EM = 803 B; T M =
= 0,34 ceK; TII = 0,03 ceK; C e = 4,6. CTaTH'IeCKOe na.!);eHHe CKOpOCTH .!);OJl>KHO
paBHHTbcH 0,1% npH y.!);oBJIeTBOpHTeJlbHOM xapaKTepe nepexo.!);Horo npoltecca
(J.1.HHaMHlIeCKOe na,!\eHHe CKOpOCTH He ,!\OJl>KHO 6bITb BblIIIe 0,2%).
Bbl6paTb K09cPcPHnHeHTbI YCHJleHlIH 06paTHblx cBH3eii no CKOpOCTH H no TOKY.
Onpe.!);eJlHTb nOKa3aTeJlH nepexo,!!,Horo nponecca. .
P e III e H H e.
OTHolIIeHlIe nOCTOHHHblX BpeMeHH
T M 0,34 11
m = Tfl = 0,03 = ,3.
CTaTH'IecKoe na}!eHlIe CKOpOCTH npH OTCYTCTBHH 06paTHbIx cBH3ei'i
A 0 / - IHRo 100 - 6410.0,0195 100 - 1560 /
roc 0 - E - 803 -, o.
H
nOTpe6HaH CTeneHb CHH>KeHHH CTaTH'IeCKOrO na}!eHHH CKOpOCTH
f = Aro c = 15,6 = 156
Aro% 0,1 .
BbI6HpaeM m' B npe.!);eJlax 0,85-2,4; 6epeM m' = 2.
K03cPcPliltHeHT YCHJIeHHH o6paTHoH CBH3H no TOKY
m'f 2,0
K T = m - 1 = 11,33 ' ]56 - 1 = 26,5.
K03cPcPHl{HeHT YCHJleHHH 06paTHoii CBH3H no CKOpOCTli
Kc=f(l + K T ) -1 = ]56(1 + 26,5)-1 = 4290.
3T0 Bbl3blBaeT He06xoJ\HMOCTb npHMeHHHH YCHJlHTeJleH C 01leHb 60JlblIIHM KO-
ElcPcPHltHeHTOM YCHJleHlIH. B cOBpeMeHHblx CHCTeMaX ynpaBJleHHH B KalleCTBe npo-
Me>KYTOllHblX YCHJlHTeJleii npHMeHHIOTcH ElJleKTpOHHble YCHJlHTeJlH, 06J1a.l!alOlllHe
60JlblIIHM K03cjJcjJHltHeHTOM YCHJleHHH H npaKTH'IeCKH 6e3blHepnHoHHble.
3KBHBaJleHTHaH .3J1eKTpOMeXaHH'IeCKaH nOCTOHHHaH peMeHlI
, T 1 + K T 34 ] + 26,5 0 0218
T M =  1 + Kc = 0, 1 + 4290 =, CeI'.
3KBHBaJleHTHaH 3J1eKTpOMarHHTHaH nOCTOHHHaH BpeMeHH
T = Tfl 1  K T = 0,03 1 + 26,5 0,00109 CeI'.
BpeMH .n;HHaMHlIeCKOrO naeHHH CKOpOCTH
'1 i 4-m' '1/, 4- 2
:n:-arctg r  = 2 3,14-arctg y 
=2  
4m' -m'2 4.2-2 2
309

tlJ. = T 't'lJ. = 0,00218 .2,35 = 0,00512 eelC.
J],lIHaMlI'IecKoe na)J.eHHe CKOpOCTH (9-36)
m'
--"t
e 2 }J, e- 2 ,35
£\v =] +-=- = 1 +---=-= 1,0675;
}J, V m' -,r2
£\w}J,D/o = t1wcD/ot1vlJ. = 0,1.1,0675 = 0,1068.
BpeMH MaKclIMYMa TOKa
't' = 231 = 2.3,]4 = 3,14;
MaKe V4m'-m'2 V4.2-22
t MaKc = T't'M = 0,00218.3,14 = 0,0069 eelC.
MaKCHMaJlbHOe 3Ha'leHlIe TOKa
. - V m' ." - V 2 .3.14
lMaKc = 1 + e 4 - m', = I + e 4 - 2 = 1,043.
IfHepHOHHblii perynRTop CKOpOCTH
npH Hccne,l(OBaHHH rrepexO,l(HbIX npOl{eCCOB, CBSl3aHHbIX C Y,l(apHbIM
npHnO}KeHHeM HarpY3KH, Heo6xo,l(HMO ytJHTbIBaTb HHepl{HOHHOCTb HC-
TOtJHHKa nHTaHHSl ,l(BHraTe.nSl. Pery.nSlTOp CKOpOCTH C ytJeToM nOCTOSlH-
HOM BpeMeHH HCTOtJHHKa nHTaHHSl, a B 06ll{eM cnytJae C ytJeToM rrOCTOSlH-
Tf
JlleKmpOHH6/U YCII/Illme1l6
- +
:3


....
"" +
to

H3H
PHC. 9-16. YnpoIlleHHaH O,nHOJlHHeiiHaH CHCTeMa ynpaBJleHHH )J.BH-
raTeJleM KJleTH C 3J1eKTpOHHblM YCHJlHTeJleM
HbIX BpeMeHH Bcex HHepl{HOHHbIX 3BeHbeB CHCTeMbI perynHpoBaHHSl,
SlBnSleTCSl HHepl{HOHHbIM. PactJeT napaMeTpOB CHCTeMbI C TaKHM perynSl-
TOpOM OTnHtJaeTCSl OT paCtJeTa napaMeTpOB CHCTeM C 6e3bIHepl{HOHHbIM
perYJISlTOpOM.
PaCCMOTpHM cHcTeMY perynHpoBaHHSl CKOpOCTH, npe,l(CTaBneHHYIO Ha
puc. 9-16, r,l(e Hcnonb3yeTcSI ::meKTpoHHbIM YCHJIHTe.nb. A.nSl TaKoM CH-
310

CTeMbI OnOK -CXeMa C yqeTOM HHepl{HOHHOCTH P B H300pa}KeHa Ha pHC. 9-17.
a [J1. 44].
HeooxoAHMO oTMeTHTb, qTO npH YAapHoM npHnO}KeHHH HarpY3KH
BXOAHOH BeJIHqHHOH CHCTeMbI cneAyeT CqHTaTb CTaTHqeCKHH TOK, TaK
KaK OH RBnReTCR npHqHHOH B03HHKHOBeHHR nepexoAHoro npol{ecca.
ECJIH npHHRTb CTaTHqecKHH TOK 3a BXOAHYIO BeJIHqHHY. TO onOK-cxeMa
a)
L1D J aD
MR.-MeR. t
y-
C e .1w
0)
irf/. T
CeM,j
A
PHC. 9-17. EJlOK-CXeMa CHCTeMbI, npe.ncTaBJleHHOH Ha pHC. 9-16
npH 3TOM OYAeT HMeTb BHA. npeACTaBneHHbIH Ha pHC. 9-17, 6. .LI.JIR TaKoH
cxeMbI AeHcTBHTenbHo cne)J,YIOrn.ee onepaTopHoe ypaBHeHHe. COCTaBneH-
HOt> no OObIqHbIM npaBHnaM:
- 1 ( K ) ] -
I eRo = - T 1 + y- 1 + T P I Ro'
.,p pB P 11-
OTclOAa nepeAaTOqHaR cl>YHKl{HR pa30MKHYTOH CHCTeMbI (pa3MbIKaHHe
B TOqKe A)
(9-53)
W =  = 1 + K + TpBP
paa 7 e TMP (1 + TIIP}(1 + TpBP)'
(9-54)
3p,eCb T PB - nOCTORHHaR BpeMeHH CHCTeMbI CeTOqHOrO nH-
TaHHR pTYTHoro BbmpRMHTenR;
K = '\,aTKyK pB - K03cl>cl>Hl{HeHT YCHneHHR CHCTeMbI.
YpaBHeHHe (9-54) MO}KHO npeAcTaBHTb B cne,!J;YIOrn.eM BH)J,e:
W paa = TMP(1  TIIP) (1 + ] + PBP )'
(9-55)
HnH
W paa = Wop(l + W pee ).
(9-56)
311

1
rrr e W n epe rraTOqHaSl "' YH KTTHSI 06'beKTa P er y -
f-\ op= TMP(l+THP) A 't'....
JIHpOBaHHSI;
K
W per = 1 + T. B P nepe.u;aTOqHaSl cl>YHKI1.HSI perYJISlTOpa.
ECJIH npH YKa3aHOH nepeJ(aTOqHOH cl>YHKI1.HH nepeXOJ(HbIH npOI1.eCC
npOTeKaeT HeYJ(OBnemOpHTeJIbHO, TO Heo6xoJ(HMO H3MeHHTb_ nepeJ(a-
TOqHYIO cl>YHKI1.HIO BBeJ(eHHeM B CHCTeMY perYJIHpOBaHHSI KOppeKTHpyIO-
III.eH I1.enH.
KOppeKTHpYIOIII.He I1.enH BKJIIOqaIOT,B CHCTeMY nH60 nOCJIeJ(OBaTeJIbHO
C perynSlTopoM H 06'bKTOM, nH60 napanneJIbHO. npH nOCJIeJ(OBaTeJIbHOM
BKJlIOqeHHH KOppeKTHPYIOIII.eH I1.enH, npHMeHeHHOH J(nSl nonyqeHHSI }Ke-
naeMOrO XapaKTepa nepeXOJl.HQrO npOI1.eCCa, nepeJl.aTOqHaSl cl>YHKI1.HSI
CHCTeMbI HMeeT BHJI. '
W>KeJl = W op (1 + WpeeW K ), (9-57)
rJl.e W K -,- nepeJl.aTOqHaSl cl>YHKI1.HSI KoppeKTHpYIOIII.eH I1.enH.
ECJlH WpeeW K > 1, TO MO}KHO npHHSlTb, qTO
W pa3 = W opW pee (9-58)
H
W>KeJl = W pa3 WK' '(9-59)
B HaCTOSlIII.ee BpeMSI pa3pa60TaH pSlJl. MeTOJl.OB BbI60pa H paCqeTa
KoppeKTHpYIOIII.HX I1.eneH, H3 KOTOpbIX HaH60nee npOCTbIM H HMeIOIII.HM
llIHpOKoe npHMeHeHHe B HH}KeHepHOH npaKTHKe SlBnSleTCSI MeTOJl. nora-
pHcl>MHqeCKHX qaCTOTHbIX xapaKTepHCTHK.
4aCTOTHe xapaKTepHCTHKH CTpOSlTCSI no nepeJl.aTOqHOH cl>YHKI1.HH
CHCTeMbI. J1orapHcl>MHqeCKHe qaCTOTHble xapaKTepHcTHKH nonyqaIOTCSI
nOCJIe JIOrapHcl>MHpoBaHHSI qaCTOTHbIX xapaKTepHcTHK. Ha npaKTHKe
MSI ynpOIII.eHHSI paCqeTOB JIOrapHcl>MHqeCKHe xapaKTepHcTHKH 3aMeHSI-
IOTCSI npH6nH}KeHHbIMH aCHMnTOTHqeCKHMH, npe.u;cTaBnSlIOIII.HMH C060H
JIOMaHbIe nHHHH, COCTaBneHHble H3 npSlMonHHeHHblx oTpe3KoB C HaKno-
HaMH KOCH qaCTOT, KpaTHbIMH 20 06/0K.
nepexoJl. OT ypaBHeHHSI nepeJl.aTOqHOH cl>YHKI1.HH K ypaBHeHHIO aM-
nnHTYJl.HOH qaCTOTHoH xapaKTepHcTHKH 3anHllleM B BHJl.e
A (00) = A>Ken (0)
K A pa3 (0) .
nOcJIe norapHcl>MHpoBaHHSI H yt4HO}KeHHSI Ha 20, nonyqHM
(9-60)
20 19 A K (00) = 20 19 A>Ken (00) - 20 19 A pe3 (00).
(9-61 )
3J1.eCb AK(oo) - aMnnHTYJl.HaSl qaCTOTHaSl xapaKTepHcTHKa KoppeK-
THPYIOIII.eH I1.enH;
A>Ken(OO) - }KeJIaeMaSl aMnJIHTYJl.HaSl qaCTOTHaSl xapaKTepHcTHKa;
A pe3 (OO) - aMnJIHTYJl.HaSl qaCTOTHaSl xapaKTepHcTHKa pa30MKHY-
TOH CHCTeMbI 6e3 KoppeKTHpYIOIII.eH I1.enH.
312

lJ.JUI paCCMaTpHBaeMOrO CJIyqaSl
R.
A pa3 (00) = ,
TMw V + (TI!W)2 VI + (Ten w )2
(9-62)
H
20 19 A pe3 (00) = 20 IgK -201 g TN 00 -20 IgV 1 + (Tl!oo)2 -
- 20 19 VI + T enoo)2. (9-63)
Ha pHC. 9-18 no ypaBHeHI-!IO (9-63), nocTpoeHa norapHcl>MHqeCKaSl
xapaKTepHcTHKa pa30MKHYTOH CHCTeMbI 6e3 KoppeKTHpYIOeH l{enH.
. fLI,
IV q3
-IJ(J
, -I/O
... - ,..,. _,_ ,-' v ' w I, " 3
l-r,''Tz-r;;"} J=ry;,=oN,
PIIC. 9-18. JIorapHcjJMHlIeCKHe aMITJlHTy,nHble xapaKTepHcTHKH K
npHMepy (9-3)
npH nOCTpOeHHH npHHSlTbI 3HaqeHHSI K = 155; TM = 0,34 eeK; T g =
= 0,03 eeK H T PB = 0,1 eeK. .
)l(e.naeMaSl JIOrapHcl>Ml-!qeCKaSl aMnJIHTy.u;HaSl xapaKTepHcTHKa, co.
oTBeTcTBYIOaSl XOpOIlleMY KaqeCTBY nepexo.u;Horo npol{ecca, CTpOHTCSI
B CJIe.u;YIOeM nopSl.u;Ke:
, 1. JIorapHcl>MHqecKYIO xapaKTepHcTHKY l{e.necooopaaHo pa3.u;eJIHTb
Ha TPH yqaCTKa: HH3KOqaCTOTHbIH, cpe.u;HeqaCTOTHbIH H BbICOKOqaCTOT-
HbIH.
2. Cpe.u;HeqaCTOTHbIH yqaCToK. xapaKTepHcTHKH npOBo.u;HTCSI qepe3
, TOqKY OCH qaCTOT, COOTBeTCTBYIOYIO qaCTOTe cpe3a xapaKTepHCTHKH.
HaKJIOH cpe.u;HeqaCTOTHoro yqaCTKa oepeTCSI paBHbIM 20.
3. qacToTa cpe3a :>Ke.naeMOH xapaKTepHcTHKH )VISI paccMaTpHBa-
eMoro CJIyqaSl HHepl{HOHHOro perYJISlTOpa CKOpOCTH onpe.u;e.nSleTcSI no
ypaBHeHHIO
OOc= KT g [ '111+ nTM(TIIB-Tg) -1 ] (9-64)
TM(TpB-:.Tg) r 3KT: '
eCJIH T pB > T g, H no ypaBHeHHIO
OOe = KT PB [ '111+ nTM(T g -; T pB ) -1 ] , (9-65)
TM (T g - T pB ) r 3KT PB
eCJIH T PB < Tg.
YpaBHeHHSI (9-64) H (9-65) nonyqeHbI npH aanace no cl>aae Ye = 30°.
313

4. 4aCTOTa 0)3' COOTBeTCTBYIOaSl KOHI.{Y cpe.zI.HeqaCTOTHOrO yqaCTKa
XapaKTepHCTHKH, Onpe.u.e.nSleTCSl KaK
1
0)3 = - (9-66)
T g
npH_ T ps > T g
H
1
0)3 = -
T ps
(9-67)
npH T ps < Tg.
5. 4aCTOTa 0)2 - COOTBeTCTBYIOaSl HaqaJIY cpe.u.HeqaCTOTHorO yqa-
TKa xapaKTepHcTHKH, Haxo.u.HTCSl no ypaBHeHHIO
0)2 = (j)T g
(9-68)
npH T ps > T g H no ypaBHeHHIO
0)2 = 0)2 c T en (9-69)
npH T < Tg.
6. l1aKJIOHbI HH3KOqaCTOTHbIX H BbICOKOqaCTOTHbIX yqaCTKOB JIora-
pmlJMHqecKHX xapaKTepHCTHK 6epYTCSl paBHbIMH 40 iJ6f()1\,.
Pa3HOCTb Me2K.u.y JIOrapmpMHqeCKOH
a) c, xapaKTepHcTHKOH pa30MKHYTOH CHCTeMbI
H 2KeJIaeMOH xapaKTepHcTHKOH .u.aeT JIO-
rapmpMHqecKYIO xapaKTepHCTH-KY KOp-
peKTHpYIOero 3BeHa.
R, DOCJIe nocTpoeHHSl 2Ke.naeMoH xa-
U R 2 (J. paKTepHcTHKH Heo6xo.u.HMO ee npoBe-
! 8 j or pHTb, qTo6bI OHa He 6bIJIa pacnOJI02KeHa
 C 2 T ! BblIIIe JIOrapmpMHqeCKOH xapaKTepHCTH-
KH o6DeKTa perYJIHpOBaHHSl:
0) 20 Ig Aop = - 20 Ig T MO) -
AU5 -201gV l + (TgO)2.
B HOHHOM npHBO)l.e HenpepbIBHbIX
(i),poJJ/eel( CTaHOB rOpSlqeH npoKaTKH B aqeCTBe
KoppeKTHpYIOII.{HX 3BeHbeB npHMeHHIOT-
CH qeTblpeXnOJIIOCHHKH C I.{enOqKaMH
R.C. DpH .:ITOM Hcnonb3yeTCSl OOblqHO
HHTerpo-.u.mp<pepeHI.{HpYIOee 3BeHO,
npe.u.cTaBneHHoe Ha pHC. 9-19, a. JIora-
pH<pMHqecKaH aMnJIHTy,l!HaSl xapaKTe-
pHcTHKa 9TOro 3BeHa H306pa2KeHa Ha
PIIC. 9-19. pHC. 9-19, 6.
a - 3sellO; 6 - JlorapH4>MHqeCKa>l aM- PaCqeT napaMeTpOB HHTerpO-.u.mp<pe-
TIJlHTY.A 1l 0-4>a30Ba>l xapaKTepHCTHKa peHI.{HpYIOero (KOppeKTHpYIOero) 3Be-
Ha npOH3BO,n:HTCSl CJIe,n:YIOHM 06pa30M.
CTpOSlTCSl JIOrapH<pMHqeCKaH XapaKTepHCTHKa pa30MKHYTOH CH-
CTeMbI A pa3 H 2KenaeMaH nOrapH<pMHqeCKaSl XapaKTepHCTHKa A}!{en.
314

JIorapHMHqecKaSl XapaKTepHCTHKa KOppeKTHpYlOmero 3BeHa onpe,n:e-
JISleTCSl pa3HOCTbIO A pa3 - Amen. 113 XapaKTepHCTHKH KOppeKTHpylO-
mero 3BeHa Haxo,n:HTCSl 3HaqeHHe 201gG, a 3aTeM BeJIHqHHa G
(CM. pHC. 9-18).
TIocTOSlHHbIe BpeMeHH HHTerpo-,n:Hc}xlJepeHI.{HpYlOmero 3BeHa (pHC.
9-19, a), HCnOJIb3yeMoro B KaqeTBe KOppeKTHpYlOmero:
1
Tl =. (9-70)
, cuCTg .
T 2 = Tps. (9-71)
3,n:ecb @c - qaCTOTa cpe3a, onpe,n:eJHleMaSl no JIOrapHMHqeCKOH xa-
paKTepHcTHKe pa30MKHYTOH CHCTeMbI.
OTHoIlIeHHe Rl 2R2 = a Haxo,n:HTCSl no ypaBHeHHIO
GT l
a = Tl + Tdl - or
EMKOCTblO o,n:Horo H3 KOH,n:eHcaTopoB CJIe.n:YeT
HanpHMep, npH 3a,n:aHHOM
(9-72)
3a,n:aTbCSl. Tor,n:a,
R T2
2 = C 2
- (9-73)
conpOTHBJIeHHe
'l-a
Rl = --a R 2 .
(9-74)
eMKOCTb
.c _ Tl
1 --=- Rl'
(9-75)
npHMep 9-3. J],BlIraTeJlb KJleTli HenpepbIBHoro CTaHa THna MTI6800-145,
5000 Kern; 825 e; 6410 a; T M = 0,34 ceK; T" = 0,03 ceK; T ps = 0,1 ceK; K = 155.
PerYJlHTOp lIHepltlIOHHbli'i.
HaiiTli napaMeTpbI lIHTerpo-./);lIcjJcjJepeHltlIPYIOlllero 3BeHa.
P e III e H 11 e.
Ha pliC. 9-18 nocTpoeHa JlOrapncjJMlI'IeCKaH aMnJllITY./);HaH xapaKTeplicTliKa pa-
30MKHYTOi'i CliCTeMbI (KpliBaH A pa3 )' J],JlH 3TOi'i xapaKTeplicTlIKlI cu = 1 COOTBeT-
K 155 1 1
cmYeT aMnJllITy./);a 20 Ig T = 20 Ig 0 34 = 53,2; a cu = T = 0 34 = 2,94 COOT-
M' M ,
BeTCTByeT aMnJllITY.1(a 20lg K = 20lg 155 = 43,8.
4acTOTa cpe3a
_ KT" [ -. ,r 1 + nT M (T ps - Tn) 1 ] = 155.0,03 X
CUe - TM (T ps - T,,) JI ' 3KT: 0,34 (O,I - 0,03)
[ -. r I + 3,14.0,34 CO, 1- 0,03) I ] 155.0,03.0,086 = 168 _I_
X JI 3 . 155 . 0,03 2 0,34.0,07' ceK'
4acTOTa cu 3 , COOTBeTCTBYIOIllaH KOHlty cpe,/!HellaCTOTHOro YllacTKa >KeJlaeMoii
xapaKTepliCTlIKH:
1 I 1
003 = r; = 0,03 = 33,3 eel( '
315

qaCTOTa CO 2 COOTBeTCmYIOIllaJi HaqaJIY Cpe}!HellaCTOTHOrO YlIaCTKa >KeJlaeMoii
xapaKrepHcTHKH:
1
CO2 = co c 2TII = 16,8 2 .0,03 = 8,47 -
ceIC
)KeJlaeMaH JIOrapHMlIlIeCK8J1 xapaKTepHcTliKa CTpOlITCJI Ha cpeJ\HellaCTOTHOM
YlIaCTKe C HaKJlOHOM 20 06jiJtc, a Ha HH3KOllaCTOTHOM H BblCOKO'laCTOTHOM Y'IaCTKaX
C HaKJIOHOM 40 06/0«.
BbI'IliTaH "3 xapaKTepliCTliKH A 3aM xapaKTeplIcTHKY Amen> nOJlY'IaeM xapaKTe-
PliCTliKY KoppeKTlIpylOlllero 3BeHa (CM. pHC. 9-18), xapaKTeplIcTHKa A K . TIo xa-
paKTepHcTHKe KoppeKTHpYIOIllero 3BeHa Haxo,glIM nOCTOHHHble BpeM£'Hli
1 1 1
Tl = - = 847 = 0,118 ceIC; T 2 = - = T ps = 0,1 ceIC,
CO2 , C06
a TaK>Ke
20 19 a = - 28,5,
OTKy.zt a
a = 0,04.
OTHolIIeHlIe a onpe,neJlHeTCJI H3 paBeHcTB8
aT l 0,04.0,118
a = Tl + T 2 (1- a) = 0,118 + 0,1.0,96 . 0,022.
3a,naeMCJI eMKOCTblO KOH,neHcaTOpa,. npHMeM C = 1 MICifJ; Tor.zta
T. 01
R 2 = C: = T 10 6 = 100 ICOM,
conpOTHBJleHHe
1 - a 1 - 0,022
Rl = -a R 2 = 0,022 . 100 = 4450 ICOM,
eMKOCTb
c _ Tl _ 0,118-10 6
1 - Rl - 4450. 10 8
0,0265 MICifJ.
fi 9-5. ABTOM8THileCKOe perynHpOB8HH8 Tonw.HHW
nHCT8 HI HenpepWBHOM CTIHe ropR'IeR
npOK8TKH
KaIIeCTBO npOKaTHOrO JIHCTa B 60JIbllIOH CTeneHH OnpeJ/.eJISleTCSl Be-
JIHIIHHOH pa3HOTOJImHHHOCTH JIHCTa. 1.JeM MeHbllIe pa3HOTOJImHHHOCTb.
TeM BbIllie KaIIeCTBO JIHCTa.
JIHCTbI, npOKaTaHHbIe Ha CTaHax 6ea npHMeHeHHSl aBTOMaTHIIeCKOrO
perYJIHpOBaHHSl TOJImHHbI, HMeIOT 60JIbIIIOe paCXO>KJ/.eHHe no TOJImHHe.
B CBSl3H C 3THM 3HaIIHTeJThHOe KOJIHIIeCTBO np0J/.YKIJ.HH CTaHa BbIXOJ/.HT 3a
npeJ/.eJIbI J/.onYCKOB no TOJImHHe. .
npHIIHHaMH pasHoTOJImHHHOCTH JIHCTa SlBJISleTCSl cJIeJ/.YlOmee:
1) npeBbIllIeHHe TeMTIepaTypbI nepeJ/.Hero KOHIJ.a JIHCTa B cpaBHeHHH
, c TeMnepaTYPoH 3aJ/.Hero KOHU.a. IITO npHBoIJ:HT K nocTerreHHoMY YTOJI-
mel:lHIO nOJIOCbI OT HaIIaJIa K KOHU.Y;
316

2) npoKaTKa nepe.u.Hero H 3a.u.Hero KOHI.{OB nOJIOCbI npoHcxo,n:HT 6e3
HaTSDKeHHSl"B pe3YJIbTaTe qero KOHI.{bI nOJIyqalOTCSl YTOnLl{eHHbIMH;
3) 3KCI.{eHTpHCHTeT onopHbIx BaJIKOB;
4) HepaBHoMepHocTb HarpeBa CJIH60B B neqax.
Pa3HOTOJIlI.{HHHOCTb OT BJIHHHHH nepBoH H BTOpOH npHqHH MO)KeT
6Tb yCTpaHeHa nYTeM npHMeHeHHH CHCTeM aBTOMaTHqeCKOrO perYJIH-
pOBaHHS! TOJIlI.{HHbI. YCTpaHeHHe BJIHHHHH TpeTbeii npHqHHbI B03MO)KHO
nepeBo.u.oM onopHbIx BaJIKOB CTaHa Ha no,n:IIIHnHHKH )KH.u.KOCTHoro Tpe-
HHH, a BJIHHHHe qeTBepToH npHqHHbI - cOBepIlleHcTBoBaHHeM TeXHO-
JIOfHH HarpeBa CJIS!60B.
C H3MeHeHHeM TeMnepa-
, TypbI MeTaJIJIa HJIH TOJIlI.{H-
HbI no.u.KaTa H3MeHHIOTCH co-
"oTBeTcTBeHHo H YCHJIHH .u.aB-
JIeHHS! MeTaJIJIa Ha. BaJIKH.
9TO npHBo.u.HT K H3MeHeHHIO :
ynpyroii .u.e<PoPMaI.{HH CHCTe- I
, MbI «BaJIOK-KJIeTb», BbI3bI- I I I :
BaIolI.{eH B CBOIO oqepe.u. b '-----j--t------'
H3MeHeHHe pacTBopa BaJIKOB, I i {J
a CJIe.u.OBaTeJIbHO, H TOJIlI.{H- r----I-t--------,
HbI nOJIOCbI. B CBH3H C 3THM : I '1P 1 I
.u.JIH YCTpaHeHHH pa3HOTOJI- : :,1 ,"/ :
lI.{HHHOCTH JIHCTa Heo6xo- II, / I
.u.HMO B03.u.eHCTBHe Ha Ha- -+ft-+-3 -
)KHMHbIe YCTpOHCTBa KJIeTeH, 
C TeM qTo6bI KOMneHCHpO-
BaTb H3MeHeHHe paCTBopa
BMHOB, Bbl3BaHHoe H3MeH';; ___ _' _'_______j
HHeM ynpyrHx .u.opMaI.{HH .-
BaJIKOB H CTaHHHbI.' PHC. 9-20. CTPyKTYPHaH cxeMa peHTreHoB-
B CHCTeMax aBTOMaTHqeC- CKoro 1I3MeplITeJlH TOJlllllIHbl
Koro perYJIHpOBaHHS!TOJIlI.{H-
HbI nOJIOCbI Ha HenpepbIBHbIX CTaHax ropHqeii npOKaTKH B03.u.eHCTBHe
Ha Ha)KHMHbIe YCTpOHCTBa KJIeTeH npOH3Bo,n:HTCH Ha OCHOBe H3Me-
peHHH TOJIlI.{HHbI nOJIOCbI. B .u.aHHOM CJIyqae B03MO)KeH HJIH. Henoc-
pe,n;CTBeHbIH 3aMep TOJIlI.{HHbI, HJIH KOCBeHHbIH, Kor.u.a 3aMepHeMaH
BeJIHqHHa KOCBeHHO CBS!3aHa C TOJILl{HHoii, HanpHMep, paCTBOp BaJI-
KOB, YCHJIHe ,n:opMaI.{HH MeTaJIJIa H T. .u..
.lI.JIS! Henocpe,n;CTBeHHoro saMepa TOJIlI.{HHbI rOpHqerO MeTaJIJIa C
I.{enblO aBToMaTHqeCKOrO perYJIHpOBaHHH TOJILl{HHbI npHMeHHeTCH peHT-
reHOBCKHii HSMepHTeJIb. TIpHHI.{Hn .u.eiiCTBHH ero OCHOBbIBaeTCH Ha H3-
MeHeHHH CTeneHH nOrOLl{eHHS! peHTreHOBCKoro HSJIyqeHHH B 3aBHCH-
MOCTH OT TOJIlI.{HHbI CTaJIbHOH nOJIOCbI, qepe3 KOTOPYIO npOXO,AHT peHT-
reHOBCKHe JIyqH.
Ha pHC. 9-20 npe.u.cTaBJIeHa CTPYKTYPHaH cxeMa peHTreHOBCKoro
H3MepHTeJIH TOJILl{HH. PeHTreHoBCKaH Tpy6Ka 2 pOJIyqaeT nHTaHHe
10
317

OT 6JIOKa I. TIpH nOMpH CBHHI.{OBbIX 9KpaHoB 3 H3JIyqeHHe OT peHTre-
HOBCKOH Tpy6KH pa3,n:eJISleTCSl Ha ,n:Ba JIyqa. O,n:HH JIyq npoxo,n:HT qepe3
9TaJIOHHYlO nJIaCTHHKY 4 TOH :>Ke TOJIHHbI H Toro :>Ke MeTaJIna, qTO H
npoKaTbIBaeMaSl nOJIOca, H nona,n:aeT Ha c})JIyopeCI.{HpYIOHH 9KpaH 5.
3KpaH HaqHHaeT CBeTHTbCH, Hero OCBeIl\eHHe B03,n:eHcTByeT Ha c}X)T0YM-
HO:>KHTenb CPYI. )J.pyroH JIyq npoxo,n:HT qepe3 npOKaTbIBaeMylO nonocy 6,
9TanoHHbIH KJIHH 7 H nona,n:aeT Ha <pnyopecuHpYIOHH 3KpaH 8, OCBe-
,eHHe KOToporo BocnpHHHMaeTCSl <POTOYMHO:>KHTeJIeM CPY2. TIepeMeH-
HbIe COCTaBJIHIOHe <pOTOTOKOB <POTOYMHO:>KHTeJIeH CPYI H CPY2 nOCJIe
YCHJIeHHSl HX 3neKTpoHHbIMH YCHJIHTeJISlMH 3YI H 3Y2 cpaBHHBalOTcH
Ha Bxo,n:e <POTOqYBcTBHTenbHoro YCHJIHTeJISl CP3Y. TIpH pa3HoM CBeqeHHH
3KpaHoB 5 H 8 Ha BbIxo,n:e YCHJIHTeJISl CP3Y nOSlBJIHeTCH HanpH:>KeHHe,
(/JP2 (/JPI
__________ -  HI
----------- --
Tf
PHC. 9-21. CTPyKTYPHaH cxeMa CliCTeMbi aBTOMaTH'IeCKOrO perYJlHpOBaHliH
TOJlIlllIHbI nOJlOCbI HenpepbIBHoro JlHCTOBOro CTaHa ropH'Ieii npoKaTKH
no,n:aBaeMoe Ha ,n:BHraTeJIb /l,; JJ:BHraTeJIb /l, nepeMer.n;aeT KJIHH 7 B CTO-
POHY BblpaBHHBaHHSl CBeqeHHSl 9KpaHoB. K:or,n:a CYMMa TOJIHH H3Me-
pSleMoH nOJIOCbI H KJIHHa CTaHeT paBHoH TOJIHHe 3Ta.JIOHHOH nJIaCTH-
HbI 4, ,n:BHraTeJIb OCTaHOBHTCSl.
TIpH OTCYTCTBHH H3MepSleMoH nOJIOCbI KJIHH C ,n:BHraTeJIeM YCTaHaB-
JIHBaeTCSl B TaKoe nOnO:>KeHHe, npH KOTOpOM ero TonHHa H TOJIMHa
3TanoHHoH nJIaCTHHbI 4 o,n:HHaKOBbI. B 3TOM cJIyqae HanpSl:>KeHHe Bblxo,n:a
CP3Y paBHSleTCSi HYJIIO. TaKoe nOJIQ:>KeHHe KJIHHa COOTBeTCTBYeT HYJIe-
BOH TOJIHHe nOJIOCbI. TIpH nOSlBJIeHHH nOJIOCbI OCBer.n;eHHe 3KpaHa 8
YMeHbIllaeTCSl, B03HHKaeT pa3HocTb HanpSl:>KeHHH Ha Bxo,n:e CP3Y H
,n:BHrarenb /l, HaqHHaeT nepeMer.n;aTb KJIHH B CTOPOHY YMeHbIlleHHSl ero
TOJIHHbI H YBeJIHqeHHSl OCBer.n;eHHSl sKpaaa 8. DepeMer.n;eHHe KJIHHa
318

6y,n:eT npO,n:OJDKaTbCSl ,n:0 TeX nop, nOKa CyMMa TOJlmHHbI H3Mep5J:eM u
nonOCbI H KJlHHa He CTaHeT paBHa TOJlmHHe KnHHa B HYJleBOM nOJI O ow
U r"_ }Re-
HHH, T. e. TOJlmHHe ::naJlOHHOH nJlaCTHHbI. VoJle,n:OBaTenbHO, B aI-lI-lO
CJIyae nepeMemeHHe KJIHHa nponOpl{HOHaJlbHO TOJlmHHe npOI{aTbIBa
eMOH nOJlOCbI. <PHKcaUHSl nepeMew.eHHSl KJlHHa npOH3Bo,n:HTC5J: npu6o_
pOM 9 C nOMOmblO peocTaTHoro ,n:aHHKa 10.
OpH nocTpoeHHH CHCTeMbI aBTOMaTHqecKoro perYJlHpOBaHll5J: TOJI-
mHHbI B03HHKalOT Tpy,n:HOCTH, CBSl3aHHbIe C TeM, qTO HMeeTCSl BecbMa
60JlbIllaSl pa3HHl{a BO BpeMeHH (no ,n:JlHHe) Me:>K,n:y MOMeHTOM (MeCTOM)
npHJIO:>KeHHSl KOppeKTHpYlOmero B03,n:eHcTBHSl H MOMeHTOM (MecTOM)
H3MepeHHSl TOnmHHbI. B 3TOM cJlyqae 06bIqHaSl 3aMKHYTaS! CI1CTeMa
aBTOMaTHqeCKOrO perynHpoBaHHSl TOJImHHbI MO:>KeT 06ecnetJHTb nOJIy-
qeHHe XOpOIIIHX pe3ynbTaToB.
Ha pHC. 9-21 H306pa:>KeHa CTPYKTypHaSl cxeMa CHCTeMbI perYJII1po_
BaHHS! TonmHHbI C caMoHacTpaliBalOmeii nporpaMMOH:, npe,n:nO:>KeHHaS!
HHCTHTYTOM aBTOMaTHKH H TeJleMeXaHHKH AH CCCP. TaKaS! CI1CTeMa
He cpa3Y, a nOCTeneHHO, nOCJIe npe,n:BapHTeJlbHOH npOKaTKH HeCKOJIbKI1X
nonoc, caMOHaCTpaHBaeTCSl Ha BbmYCK JIHCTa C HaHMeHbIIIeH pa3HOTOJI-
mHHHOCTblO.
OpllHl{I1n pa60TbI 3TOH CllCTeMbI peryJIHpOBaHHSl 3aKJIIOQaeTCSl B
cne.n:ylOmeM. BbIXO,n:S!maSl ll3 nOCJIe,n:HeH KJIeTH npOKaTaHHaSl nOJIOca
pa36HBaeTCSl Ha HecKOJlbKO yqaCTKOB (B paCCMaTpHBaeMOM cnyqae Ha
nSlTb yqaCTKOB). .l1.JIHHa Ka:>K,n:oro yqaCTKa 3aMepSleTCSl C nOMOI.ltblO
TaxoreHepaTopa Tr. HaqaJIo H KOHel{ nonOCbl <PHKCllPYIOTCSl <pOTOpene
CPP2 H CPP 1. 3aMepeHHoe peHTreHoBcKHM H3MepHTeneM HT OTKnOHeHlle
TonmHHbI nOJlOCbI 01' 3a,n:aHHoH BeJlHtJHHbI no,n:aeTCSl Ha BXO,n: CqeTHO-
pernalOmero YCTpoHcTBa. OOCJIe,n:Hee COCTOHT ll3 HeCKOJlbKHX HHTerpll-
PYlOllllX 3BeHbeB C 3anOMHHaHI1eM H3, paBHblx qI1CJIY yqaCTKOB nOJIOCbl,
KOMMYTaTopa Bxo,n:a K1 H KOMMYTaTopa Bblxo,n:a K2. TIpH npOXO}KJJ:eHllll
qepe3 nOCJIe,n:HIOIO KneTb nepBoro yqaCTKa nonOCbI KOMMYTaTop Bblxo,n:a
K2 CTOHT B nepBoM nOJlO:>KeHHH. 4epea HeKoTopbIii npOMe:>KYToK BpeMeHH
T C MOMeHTa BbIxo,n:a nOJIOCbI H3 nocJIe,n:Heii KneTH, cooTBeTcTBYIOI.ltllii
BpeMeHH npOXO:>K,n:eHHSl qepea nOCJIe,n:HIOIO KJIeTb nepBoro yqaCTKa no-
JIOCbI, npoHcxo,n:HT MrHOBeHHoe nepeKJIlOtJeHHe BbIxo,n:Horo KOMMYTaTopa
K2 BO BTopoe nOJlO:>KeHHe, a qepea BpeMSl 2 T - nepeKJIlOqeHI1e K2
B TpeTbe nOJIO:>KeHHe H T. ,n:.
OepeBo,n: KOMMYTaTopa Bxo,n:a K1 npoH3Bo,n:HTCSl C OTCTaBaHHeM BO
BpeMeHH II TaK, qTO K1 nepexo,n:HT B nepBoe nOnO:>KeHHe JlHIIIb nocne
Toro, KaK K2 nepeH,n:eT BO BTopoe. TaKHM 06pa30M HCKJIlOqaeTCS! o,n:HO-
BpeMeHHoe no,n:KJIlOqeHHe oAHoro H TOro :>Ke HHTerpHpYlOmero 3BeHa C
06eHx CTOpOH. OpH npOKaTKe nepBoro yqaCTKa nonOCbI B CHCTeM,?I
ynpaBJIeHHSl Ha:>KHMHbIMH YCTpoikTBaMH Ka>K)!.oii KJIeTH no,n:aeTCSl B03,n:ell-
CTBHe 01' HHTerpHpYlOmero 3BeHa H31, KOTopoe COXpaHHJIO CllrHan,
nonyqeHHbIii llM 01' H3MepHTeJlSl TOJlmHHbI HT npH npOKaTKe BTopor9
yqaCTKa npeJJ:bIJJ:ymeii nOJlOCbI. ECJlH nepBbIH: yqaCTOK npOKaTbIBaeMO
nonOCbI OTJIHqaeTCSl no TOJImHHe 01' BToporo yqaCTKa npe,n:bIJJ:ymeH
nOJIOCbI, TO npOH30ii,n:eT BKJIlOqeHHe ,n:BllraTeJIeH Ha:>KHMHbIX YCTpoiicTB
319

KJIeTeH H H3MeHeHHe paCTBOpa BaJIKOB B CTOPOHY CHH>KeHIHI HMelOerOCfI
paCCOrJIaCOBaHHfI. npH npOKaTKe BToporo YllaCTKa nOJIOCbI K CHCTeMe
ynpaBJIeHHfI Ha>KHMHbIMH YCTpoiicTBaMH nOAKnlOllaeTCfI H32, a K H3-
MepHTenlO TOJIHHbI - H31. ECJIH TOJIHHa BToporo YllaCTKa npOKa-
TbIBaeMOii nOJIOCbI OTJIHllaeTCfI OT TOJIHHbI TpeTberO YllaCTKa npeAbI-
Aymeii nonOCbI, TO onflTb HallHHalOT pa60TaTb Ha>KHMHbIe YCTpoiicTBa,
H3MeHfllOHe paCTBOp BaJIKOB B CTOPOHY CHH>KeHHfI paCCOrJIaCOBaHHfI,
H T. A.
HeAOCTaTKOM .:ITOH CHCTeMbI flBJIfleTCfI TO, liTO npH nepexoAe Ha HO-
BYJO napTHlO JIHCTOB Tpe6yeTcfI AJIfi caMoHacTpoHKH npoKaTKa HeCKOJIb-
KHX nOJIoc, BbIxoAfIHX H3 AonycKoB. KpoMe Toro, H3-3a HHepI.{HOH-
HOCTH CHCTeMbI He 06ecnellHBaeTCfI aBTOMaTHlleCKoe perYJIHpOBaHHe
tOJIHHbI nepeAHero KOHI.{a nOJIOCbI.

rJ1aBa x
anEKTPonPMBOn M ABTOMATMaAMR
CTAHOB xononHoA npOKATKM
 10-1. X8p8KTepHCTHK8 CT8HOB xonoAHoH
npoK8TKH
Bo BCex OTpacnSlX HapO}J.Horo X03SliicTBa HenpepbIBHO paCTeT no-
TpeoHocTb B TOHKOJIHCTOBOii CTanH C paBHoMepHoii TOJImHHOii no nmpHHe
H J!.JIHHe, BbICOKHM KaqeCTBOM IIOBepXHOCTH H cnOCOOHOCTblO K rny6oKoH
llITaMnOBKe.
f1pH ropSlqeii npOKaTKe HeB03MO)KHO nonyqHTb JIHCT xopOIllero Ka-
qeCTBa TonmHHOii MeHee 1 MM. 3TOMY npenSlTcTByeT oopasYlOmaSlCSl npH
ropSlqeii npOKaTKe OKaJIHHa, TOJImHHa KOTOpoii COH3MepHMa C TOJImH-
Hoii caMoro npOKaTbIBaeMoro MeTaJIJIa. JIHIllb npH XOJIo}J.Hoii npOKaTKe
y}J.aeTCSl nOJIyqHTb TOHKHii JIHCT 6JIecTSlmeii nOBepxHoCTH, paBHOMep-
HbIH no TOJImHHe, C MeXaHHqeCKHMH CBOHCTBaMH, He06xo}J.HMbIMH npH
}J.aJIbHeiiIlleii ero o6pa60TKe.
f10}J.aBJISllOmaSl qaCTb xonO}J.HOKaTaHHoro JIHCTa nonyqaeTCSl npH
PYJIOHHOM cnoco6e npOH3BO}J.CTBa, OCHOBHbIM npeHMymecTBoM KOToporo
SlBJISleTCSl B03MO)KHOCTb ocymeCTBneHHSl HenpepbIBHOCTH nOTOKa Me-
TaJIJIa B l{exe.
KnaCCHHKaHR H KOHCTPYKHR CTaHOS
xonOAHoA npOKaTKH
B KOHCTPYKTHBHOM OTHOllleHHH JIHCTOBbIe CTaHbI XOJIOJl.HOH npOKaTKH
(pHC. 10-1) pa3».eJISlIOTCH Ha HenpepbIBHbIe H peBepcHBHbIe O}J.HOKneTb-
eBbIe.
HenpepbIBHbIe CTaHbI COCTOSlT H3 HeCKOJIbKHX pa60qHX KJIeTeii, pac-
nOJIO)KeHHbIX nOCJIe}J.OBaTenbHO (pHC. 10-1, a). f1poKaTKa B TaKHX CTa-
Hax npoHcxo}J.HT o}J.HoBpeMeHHo BO Bcex KJIeTSlX npH HeH3MeHHOM Ha-
npaBJIeHHH }J.BH)KeHHSl MeTaJIJIa. 4HCJIO 06)KaTHii paBHo KOJIHqeCTBY
KneTeii. 4eM OOJIbIlle KJIeTeH, TeM 60JIblllee 06)KaTHe MO)KHO nOJIyqHTb
Ha CTaHe H TeM MeHbIlle CeqeHHe npoKaTaHHoro MeTaJIJIa. Ha npaKTHKe
HaXO}J.SlT npHMeHeHHe Tpex-, .qeTbIpeX- H nSlTHKJIeTbeBbIe HenpepbIBHbIe
CTaHbI. f1SlTHKneTbeBbIe CTaHbI 06bIqHO npe}J.Ha3HaqalOTCSl JJ,JISl npo-
11 ' B. n. BhIqKOB 321

KaTKH OTHOCHTenbHO TOHKOrO JIHCTa - >KeCTH, ynOTpe6JHleMOH B KOll-
CepBHOH npOMbIIllJ1eHHOCTH.
)J.mI pa31'vIaTbIBaHHH nHCTa B Hallane CTaHa YCTaHaBnImaeTCH pa3Ma-
TbIBaTenb, a .II.JIH HaMaTbIBaHHH nHCTa nOCJIe npOKaTKII B KOHI.{e CTaHa -
MOTaJIKa.
HenpepbIBHble CTaHbI HMHIOTCH BbICOKonpOH3BO.II.HTeJ1bHbIMH. TaK,
ro.II.OBaH npOH3BO.II.HTeJIbHOCTb COBpeMeHHoro lleTblpexKJteTbeBoro CTaHa
HaXO.II.HTCH B npe.II.eJIax 1,5-2 MnH. m, a nHTHKJIeTbeBOro - 750-
800 TbIC. m. B CBH3H C 3THM HX YCTaHaanHBaIOT TaM, r.II.e Tpe6yeTcH Bbl-
nYCK npO.II.YKI.{HH B MaCCOBOM MaCIllTa6e.
PeBepCHBHble CTaHbI XOJIO.II.HOH npOKaTKH BbIllonHHIOTCH O.II.HOKJIe-
beBbIMH (pHC. 10-1, 6), TIpoKaTKa nonOCbI npoH3Bo.II.HTCH B HeCKonbKO
I
2
---
----
0)
o
1 3 '" 5
PRC. 10-1. TeXHOJloru'leCKRe cxeMbl CTaHOB XOJlo.l(Hoii npOKaTKH:
a - lIcnpcpbIBlIoeo CTalIa; 6 - pcncpcHsHOCO CTaHa; 1 - pa3M,1TbIBa-
TeJIb; 2 - MOTaJIKa; 3 - BX0.AH8H MOT8JIKa; 4 - peBcpcHBU8H KJIeTb;
5 - BbIX0.AlIaH MOTaJiKa
nponYCKOB npH peBepCHpOBaHHH pa6011HX BaJIKOB KJIeTH. Cne.II.OBaTeJIbHO,
Ka>K,!I.blH pa3 nOCJIe Ka>K.II.OrO npOnYCKa CTaH .II.OJI>KeH OCTaHaBnHBaTbCH;
npH 3TOM H3MeHHeTCH nOnmKeHHe BepXHerO pa6011erO BaJIKa, nocne llero
npOKaTKa npOH3BO.II.HTCH B npOTHBOnOnO>KHOM HanpaMeHHH. C 06eHX
CTOpOH peBepCHBHoro CTaHa npe.II.YCMaTpHBaeTCH npHMeHeHHe MOTa.JIOK,
no O.II.HOH C Ka>K.II.OH CTOpOHbI. TIpHqeM B O.II.HOM HanpaBneHHH O.II.Ha MO-
TanKa pa60TaeT B KaqeCTBe HaMaTbIBaIOeH, a BTopaH - B KalleCTBe
pa3MaTbIBaIOeH. TIpH H3MeHeHHH HanpaMeHHSi npOKaTKH ponH MOTa-
JIOK MeHHlOTCH.
PeBepCHBHbIH CTaH XOJIO.II.HOH npOKaTKH Ha BXO.II.HOii: CTopOHe, KpOMe
MOTanKH, HMeeT ew.e H pa3MaTbIBaTenb, Ha3HaqeHHe KOTOporo CBO.II.HTCSi
K TOMy, qT06bI npHHHTb PynoH, npe.II.Ha3HalleHHblii: .II.nH npOKaTKH, H
nepeMOTaTb ero Ha MOTa.JIKY, CTOHYlO Ha BbIXO.II.HOH CTOpOHe CTaHa.
PeBepCHBHble CTaHbI SiMHlOTCH MeHee rpOM03.II.KHMH, 1J:eM HenpepbIB-
Hble; OHH 60nee Y.II.06HbI B HacTpoii:Ke npH nepexo.II.e C OJJ,Horo Ha .II.Pyroe
celleHHe nonOCbI, HO B TO >Ke BpeMH H MeHee npOH3BO.II.HTeJIbHbI. TIo 3THM
npWlHHaM peBepCHBHble CTaHbI HaXO.II.SiT npHMeHeHHe npH npOH3BO.II.CTBe
JIHCTa IllHpOKoro COpTaI\1eHTa npH He60JIbillOM OTHOCHTeJIbHOM 06'beMe.
322

HenpepbIBHble CTaHbI XOnO,n:HOH npOKaTKH, KaK npaBHnO, BbInO
IOTCH C KJIeTHMH KBapTO. .l1.HaMeTp pa60llHX BanKOB 06bltIHO 500 JIHSI-
a ,n:HaMeTp onopHblx BaJIKOB npHMepHo 1300 MM. Ha HenpepbIBBbIX MM,
Hax xono,n:HOH npOKaTKH npOH3Bo,n:HTCH JIHCT TonHHOH He l'vIel{Ta-
0,25-0,3 MM. TOHKHH nHCT MeHbIlIeH TOJIHHbI Ha TaKHX CTaHax noe
llHTb Y)Ke 3aTpy,n:HHTenbHO, TaK KaK ynpyraSI ,n:ecpopMaI.{HH BaJIKO-
KneTH H Ha)KHMHbIX BHHTOB OKa3bIBaeTCH COH3MepHMOH C TOJIIl\l1.l{O
MeTaJIJIa. KpoMe TOro, npH 60JIbIlIHX ,n:HaMeTpax pa60llHX BanKOB Be
npe,n:CTaBnHeTCSI B03MO)KHbIM npOH3Bo,n:HTb TOllHYIO npOKaTKY nOJIOCbI
OlleHb ManOH TOnHHbI. YCTaHOBneHO, llTO npH npOKaTKe MeTaJIJIa
TonHHbI h ,n:HaMeTp pa60llHX BanKOB He ,n:OJI)KeH 6bITb 60nbIlIe (1000-
2000) h. CJIe,n:oBaTeJIbHO, C YMeHbIlIeHHeM TonHHbI npoKaTbIBaeMoro
MeTanna Heo6xo,n:HMO COOTBeTCTBeHHO YMeHbIlIaTb H ,n:HaMeTp pa60llHx
BaJIKOB. TaK, eCJIH npoH3Bo,n:HTb npoKaTKY nOJIOCbI, TonHHoH 0,1 MM, TO
,n:naMeTp pa60llHX BaJIKOB ,n:OJI)KeH 6bITb paBeH npHMepHo 100-200 MM.
O,n:HaKO C YMeHbIlIeHHeM ,n:HaMeTpa pa60llHX BaJIKOB 6y,n:eT YBeJInllHBaTbCSI
ynpyraSI ,n:eQJopMaI.{H5I. OpH 3TOM OKa)KeTCH Y)Ke He,n:OCTaTOllHbIM HaJIn-
llHe ,n:BYX onopHbIX BaJIKOB. B CBSI3H C 3THM ,n:nH npH,n:aHHSi 60nbIlIeH
)KeCTKOCTH MexaHHlleCKOll: CHCTeMe KneTH H CHH)KeHHH ,n:ecpopMaI.{HH B
pa3nHllHbIX HanpaBneHHHX llHCJIO onopHbIX BaJIKOB YBeJIHllHBaeTCSI ,n:o
4, 10 H 18.
MHoroBanKoBble KJIeTH H3-3a KOHCTPYKTHBHOH CJIO)KHOCTH npH-
MeHHIOTCH TonbKO B peBepcHBHbIX CTaHax. TaKHM o6pa30M, B03HHKnH
IlIeCTH-, ,n:BeHa,n:I.{aTH- H ,n:Ba,n:I.{aTHBanKOBble peBepCHBHble CTaHbI ,n:nSi
XOJIO,n:HOH npoKaTKH OlleHb TOHKOll: nonOCbI. B MHOrOBaJIKOBbIX CTaHax
npH OlleHb MaJIOM ,n:HaMeTpe pa60llHx BaJIKOB (,n:HaMeTp pa6ollero BaJIKa
JJ:Ba,n:I.{aTHBaJIKOBOrO CTaHa 10-55 MM) npHBo,n:HbIMH 06bIllHO SiBnSiIOTCfl
onopHble BanKH.
TeXHonorHeCKHA npoecc npOH3BOACTB3
xonOAHOK3TaHoro nHCTa
TeXHOJIOrHlleCKHH npoI.{ecc npoH3Bo,n:cTBa XOJIo,n:HOKaTaHoro nHCTa
BKJIlOllaeT 06bIllHO cne,n:ylOHe OnepaI.{HH:
1) OllHCTKY nOBepxHocTH nonOCbI, nocTynalOeH Ha CTaH xono,n:HoH
npoKaTKH OT OKaJIHHbI H p)KaBllHHbI;
2) xono,n:HYIO npoKaTKY MeTanna;
3) TepMHllecKYIO o6pa6oTKY XOJIo,n:HOKaTaHoro MeTanna ,n:nSI npH-
,n:aHIIH eMY 3a,n:aHHbIX CBOHCTB;
4) ,n:ononHHTenbHYIO xono,n:HYIO npOKaTKY nocne OT)KHra C He6oJIb-
IlilIM 06)lWTHeM (,n:peccIIpoBKa);
5) OKOHllaTeJIbHYIO oT,n:enKY (npaBKY, pe3KY Ha KapTbI, o6pe3KY KpO-
MOK, nY)KeHHe H T. ,n:.).
YKa3aHHaSi TeXHOJIOrHlleCKaSi cxeMa SIBnSieTCH 06enpHHSiTOH,
XOTH B03MO)KlIbI H OTKnOHeHHSi.
OllHcTKa nOJIOCbI OT OKanHHbI II p)KaBllHHbI npoIl3Bo,n:HTCSI TpaBne-
HHeM B KHCJIOTHbIX BaHHax. CxeMa TpaBHJIbHOH JIHHHH nOKa3aHa Ha
11.
323

pliC. 10-2. B II.exe xonoJJ,Hoii npoKaTKII YCTaHaBnllBalOT JJ,Be IInli TPIi
TaKHe JIHHIIIi. npOK8TaHHbIii Ha CTaHe ropHqeii npOKaTKH nHCT B BIIJJ,e
PYJIOH8 nocTynaeT Ha pa3MaTHBaTeJIb 1 TpaBlInbHoii JIIIHIIII, oTKYJJ,a
nepe.n:HHii KOHeII. nOJIOCb1 nOJJ,aeTCH B THHYIl.\lIe pOJIIiKH 11 B npaBl1JIbHYlO
MallIHHY 2. Ha HQ}KHHII.aX 3 npo1l3BoJJ,IITCH 06pe3Ka nepe.n:Hero KOHII.a,
KOTOpbIii B CBapOqHOii MalliliHe 4 cBapliBaeTcH C 3aJJ,HHM KOHII.OM npe.n:bI-
JJ,YIl.\eii nOJIOCbI. 4acTo BMecTOCBapOqHOii MallIHHbI npllMeHHlOT CllIlIBHYlO
MaIlIHHY, KorJJ,8 He Tpe6yeTcH nocne TpaBJIeHIIH COCTaBJIHTb PynoH
113 HeCKOJIbKIIX nOJIOc. nocne CBapOqHOii MallIlIHbI nOJIoca qepe3 THHY-
Il.\lIe pOJIHKH 5, neTJIeBYlO HMY 6, THHYIl.\lIe pOJIHKH 7 nocTynaeT B Tpa-
BlInbHbIe BaHHbI 8, rJJ,e 11 npollcxoJJ,IIT TpaBneHlIe B pacTBope cepHoii
KlicnOTbI (pacTBop KlicnOTbI 1O-15%-HbIii, TeMnepaTyp8 pacTBopa
lJ 14
PRC. 10-2. TeXHOJlOm'leCKaH cxeMa TpaBIIJlblIOii JlIIHHH
70-80° C). nOCJIe noro nOJIoca npoxoJJ,IIT npoMbIBHbIe BaHHbI 9, 10,
onKHMHbIe pOJIIiKH 11, CYIliKY 12, rJJ,e neHTa 06JJ,YBaeTcH TennbIM B03JJ,Y-
XOM, H HO}l{HHII.bI 13, C nOMOIl.\blO KOTOpbIX npo1l3BoJJ,IITCH BbIpe3Ka MeCTa
cBapKH HnH CIlIHBKII; 3aTeM nOJIoca HaMaTblBaeTCH B PYJIOH Ha MOTanKe 14.
PYJIOH MO}l{eT COCTOHTb 113 HeCKOJIbKIIX nOJIOC, CBapeHHbIX Ha CBap01J:HOii
MaIlIHHe.
npOllIeJJ,IIIHii TpaBJIeIme PynoH no.n:aeTCSI Ha nplleMHbIii TpaHcnopTep
HenpepHBHoro CTaHa xonoJJ,Hoii npOKaTKII, C KOToporo nocTynaeT Ha
pa3MaTbIBaTeJIb CTaHa. B pe}l{IIMe TOnqKa PynoH, 3aKpenneHHbIii Ha
pa3MaTblBaTeJIe, npOBOpaqllBaeTCSI B CTOPOHY CTaHa, 11 nOJIOca Ha 3anpa-
BOHOii CKOpOCTII, paBHoii 1-1,5 MiceK, nOJJ,aeTCH nocneJJ,OBaTeJIbHO
B nepBYlO, BTOpylO H nOCJIeJJ,YlOIl.\lIe KneTIi. no BbIxo.n:e H3 nOCJIe.n:HeH
KneTIi nepeJJ,HHii KOHeII. nOJIOCH 3anpaBnSIeTCSI Ha 6apa6aHe MOTaJIKH.
KorJJ,8 MOTanK8 C 3anpaBJIeHHbIM nepeJJ,HIIM KOHII.OM CJJ,eJIaeT HeCKOJIbKO
060POTOB, nOJJ,aeTCSI B03JJ,eiicTBlie Ha nOBbIllIeHlIe CKOpOCTIi BpaIl.\eHHSI
BanKOB KneTeii H MOTanKH C 3anpaBOqHOH JJ,O pa60qeii, Pa3roH CTaHa
JJ,O pa601J:eH CKOpOCTH Ha1J:IIHaeTCSI nocne Toro, KaK YCTaHOBJIeHa C no-
MOIl.\blO Ha}l{HMHbIX BHHTOB nOTpe6HaSI BeJIlIqllHa 06}l{aTHH. nepeJJ, OKOH-
1J:aHHeM npOKaTKH CTaH 3aMeJJ,JISIeTCH JJ,O 3anpaBOqHOH CKOpOCTH, npH
KOTOpoii nponYCKaeTCSI Qepe3 KneTIi 3aJJ,HlIii KOHeII. nOJIOCbI. nOCJIe
:)Toro CMOTaHHbIii Ha MOTanKe nliCT CBH3bIBaeTCSI npOBOJIOKOii, CHIIMa-
eTCH C MOT8JIKH 11 OTnpaBJISIeTCSI ,n;JISI nOCJIe.n:YlOIl.\eii 06pa60TKH.
PYJIOH, npeJJ,Ha3HaqeHHbIii JJ,nSI npOKaTKH B peBepCIIBHOM CTaHe,
YCTaHaBnHBaeTCH B pa3MaTbIBaTeJIe CTaHa (pIiC. 10-1, 6). nepe.n:HIIH
KOHeII. PynoHa nponYCKaeTcSI Ha 3anpaBOQHOH CKOpOCTIi 1J:epe3 KJIeTb H
SaKpenJIHeTCSI Ha 6apa6aHe BbIXOJJ,HOii MOTaJIKH. nOcJIe 3Toro YCTaHaB-
324

mmaeTCSI 3aAaHHOe nOnmKeHHe BepxHero BanKa, COOTBeTCTBYlOIl.\ee
HeOOnbllIOMY OOMaTHlO, H CTaH pa3rOHSIeTCSI AO nonHoii paooqeii CKO-
pOCTH. B KOHII.e TaKoii nepeMOTKH C HeoonbllIHM OOMaTHeM CTaH OCTa-
HaBnHBaeTCSI, H KOHeII. rronOCbl, OCBOOOAHBIlIHiicSI H3 pa3MaTbIBaTeJISI,
. 3aKperrnSIeTCSI Ha BXOAHOii MOTanKe. 3aTeM C03AaeTCSI HaTSlMeHHe rrOKOSl,
KOTopoe B AanbHeiillIeM CTpeMSITCSI rrOMepMHBaTb HeH3MeHHblM KaK
rrpH pa3rOHe H 3aMeAneHHH, TaK H rrpH YCTaHOBHBllIeiicSi CKOpOCTH
rrpOKaTKH. .
nepeA KOHII.OM rrpOKaTKH BO BTOpOM rrporrYCKe CTaH 3aMeAJISleTCSI AO
rronHoii OCTaHOBKH, 3aTeM H3MeHSIeTCSI rronOMeHHe BepXHero paOoqero
BaJIKa AJISI rronY1J:eHHSI 3aAaHHoro OOMaTHSI B TpeTbeM rrporrYCKe, KOH-
TponHpyeTcSI HaTSIMeHHe H BeJIH1J:HHa OOMaTHSI, rrOCJIe 1J:ero rrpOH3BOAlITCSI
rrYCK CTaHa B rrpOTIiBorronOMHOM HarrpaBJIeHHH H T. A. no OKOHqaHIiH
rrpOKaTKH, 1J:TOObl rrporrYCTIITb qepe3 BanKIi HerrpOKaTaHHblii KOHeII. rro-
nOCbl, BepXHHii BanOK rrpeABapHTenbHO rrOAHHMaeTCSI BBepx, rrocne 1J:ero
3aAHlIii KOHeII. rronOCbl OCBOOOMAaeTCSI 11 rronoca rrpOXOAHT qepe3 BaJIKH
oe3 rrpOKaTKII.
3arrpaBKa rronOCbl, HaCTpoiiKa CTaHOB rrpOll3BOAHTCSI rrpH rrOHIiMeH-
HOH CKOpOCTIi B peMHMe TOn1J:Ka. PaOOqaSI CKOpOCTb rrpOKaTKII Ha He-
rrpepbIBHblX CTaHax AOCTliraeT 30-40 MIceK, a Ha peBepCHBHbIX-
15 MiceK. B rrpoII.ecce rrycKa H TOpMoMeHIISI CTaHa CKOpOCTb npoKaTKII
MeHSIeTCSI OT 3arrpaBOqHOii AO rronHoii B HerrpepbIBHblX CTaHax 11 OT HYJISI
AO rroJIHoii - B peBepcHBHblX CTaHax. npH H3MeHeHHH CKOpOCTH rrpo-
KaTKII TOnIl.\IIHa MeTanna He OCTaeTCSI rrOCTOSIHHOii, ecnH AaMe paCTBOp
paOoqllX BanKOB OCTaeTCSI HeH3MeHHblM (SIMeHHe «3<p<peKTa CKOpOCTH»).
B HeKOTopblX cnyqaSIX YBeJIHqeHHe TOnIl.\HHbl rronOCbl rrpH rrepexoAe OT
3arrpaBOqHOii CKOpOCTH AO rroJIHoii MOMeT AOCTHraTb 20-40%. B CBSI3H
C 3THM HeooxoAHMO, 1J:TOObl AnliHa qaCTH rronOCbl, rrpoKaTbIBaeMoii B
rrpoII.ecce rrycKa 11 TOpMoMeHHSI H BblXoASIIl.\eii H3 AorrycKoB rro TonIl.\HHe,
OblJIa MHHHManbHoii, T. e. 1J:TOObI-BpeMSI rrpOII.eCCOB OblJIO HaHMeHbIlIIiM.
XOJIOAHaSi rrpOKaTKa MeTanna AonMHa BbIIIOJIHSITbCSI C HaTSIMeHHeM
rrOJIOCbl Me»<AY KJIeTSIMH 11 Me»<AY KneTblO H MOTanKoii, JIHllIb rrpH 3TOM
ycnoBHII B03MOMHO rrOJIyqeHHe nliCTa BblCOKoro KaqeCTBa. OTcYTcTlme
HaTSIMeHHSI CqllTaeTCSI aBapHiiHblM peMHMoM, TaK KaK OHO MOMeT rrpH-
BeCTH B JIY1J:llIeM cnyqae K HeKa1J:eCTBeHHoii rroBepxHocTH, a B xYAllieM -
K rreTneoopa30BaHHlO, rrorraAaHlilO rreTJIH B BanKH H rronOMKe BanKOB.
AoconlOTHaSI Benll1J:IIHa YAenbHoro HaTSIMeHHSI TeOpeTH1J:eCKH MOMeT
AOCTliraTb rrpeAeJIa TeKY1J:eCTH. OAHaKo OOblqHO rrpliMeHSIIOT YAeJIbHble
HaTSIMeHHSI, He rrpeBblllIalOIl.\He 50-60% rrpeAena TeKyqeCTH. TaK, AJISI
MSIrKHX cTaneii YAenbHoe HaTSIMeHlIe rrpH XOJIOAHOii rrpoKaTKe oePYT
paBHblM 30-32 KF I MM 2 .
nOCJIe XOJIOAHOH rrpoKaTKII, 1J:TOObl nliCT ObIn rrpHroAeH K rrocne-
AYlOIl.\eii Ae<popMaII.HH (rrpoKaTKa, IlITaMrroBKa), OH rroABepraeTcSI TepMo-
oopaooTKe -- oTMlIry, KOTopaSI BbIIIonHHeTCSI B crreII.lIanbHblX KaMep-
HblX rreqax rrpll TeMrrepaType 600-700° C. OTO»OKeHHblii nliCT rrocTY-
rraeT Ha ApecCHpOB01J:Hii CTaH, Ha KOTOpOM rrpoH3BoAHTCH XOJIOAHaSI
rrpoKaTKa C MaJIblM oOMaTHeM, nopSIAKa 0,5-3%. .u.pecclIpoBKa Heoo-
325

xo,n;IIMa ,n;nSI Toro, 1J:To6bI rrOJIYtBiTb cTanbHoll nHCT, OTHOCHTeJIbHO MSIrKHll
BHYTPH H TBep,n;b1ll Ha rroBepxHocTH, rrpHro,n;HbIH ,n;mI rny60Koll lIITaM-
rrOBKH, H, KpOMe TOro, rrpOH3BeCTH OKOHqaTenbHYlO OT,n;enKY rrOBepx-
HOCTH xono,n;HOKaTaHoro OTO>K>KeHHoro nHCTa.
.II.nSI ,n;peCCHpOBKH cnY>KaT CrreII.HanbHbIe ,n;peCCHpOBOqHble CTaHbI,
HepeBepCHBHbIe, Mano OTnH1J:alOlIJ.HeCSI B KOHCTPYKTHBHOM OTHoIlIeHHH
3
PHC. 10-3. TeXHOJloru'leCKaH cxeMa JJ:ByxKJleTbe Boro
JJ:pecclipOBO'lHoro CTaHa:
1 - pa3MBTbJBaTeJIb; 2. 4 - HBTJDKHbJe pOJJIfI<H; 3 - KJleTH;
5 - MOTaJJI{a
OT OObI1J:HbIX CTaHOB xono,n;HOll rrpOKaTKH. .II.peccHpOBOqHble CTaHbI 6bI-
BalOT o,n;HOKneTbeBbIMH H ,n;BYXKneTbeBbIMH (lI,JiSI ,n;peCCHpOBKH >KeCTH).
no 06eHM CTOpOHaM Ha He60JIbIlIOM paCCTOSIHHH OT pa601J:HX BanKOB
B ,n;peCCHpOB01J:HbIX CTaHax rrpe,n;YCMaTpHBalOT HaTSI>KHbIe ponHKH, C
rrOMOlIJ.blO KOTOpbIX y,n;06HO rrOMep>KHBaTb Ha rrOCTOSIHHOM ypOBHe Ha-
TSI>KeHHe rronOCbI (pHC. 10-3). nocne ,n;peCCHpOBKH nHCT pe>KeTCH Ha
MepHbIe ,n;nHHbI, CKna,n;bIBaeTCSI B rraKeTbI H OTrrpaBnSIeTCSI Ha CKna,n;
roTOBOH: rrpo,n;YKII.HH. CKOpOCTb rrpOKaTKH Ha COBpeMeHHbIX ,n;peCCHpo-
BOqHbIX CTaHax ,n;OCTHraeT 20-30 .MiceK.
 10-2. OfiHe TpefioB8HHR K aneKTpoopHBOAY.
Bblfiop TH08 aneKTpOOpHBOA8
06lIJ.HMH Tpe60BaHHSIMH K 3neKTporrpHBo,n;aM HerrpepbIBHbIX H pe-
BepCHBHbIX CTaHOB SIBnSIlOTCSI:
I) rrOMep>KaHHe rrOCTOSIHCTBa HaTSI>KeHHH MeTanna KaK Me>K,n;y I<ne-
TSIMH, TaK H Me>K,n;y KJIeTblO H MOTanKoll B YCTaHoBHBIlIeMcH H rrepexo,ll;-
HbIX pe>KHMaX;
2) IlIHpOKHll ,n;Harra30H perynHpoBaHHSI CKOpOCTH, paBHbIll rrpH-
MepHo 10: I H BbIIlIe;
3) B03MO>KHOCTb cOBMecrnoro H pa3,n;eJIbHOrO yrrpaBJIeHHSI ,n;BHraTe-
nSIMH CTaHa;
4) rrnaBHbIH rrpoII.ecc rrycKa H TOpMO>KeHHSI rrpH MHHHManbHOM Bpe-
MeHH;
5) B03MO>KHOCTb TOnqKOBOll pa6oTbI.
THrr :meKTporrpHBo,n;a KJIeTeH BbI6HpaeTcSI Ha OCHOBe Tpe60BaHHH
TeXHOnOnl1J:eCKOrO rrpoII.ecca C Y1J:eTOM B03MO>KHOCTeH COBpeMeHHoro
:meKTpOMaIlIHHOCTpoeHHSI H crroco60B yrrpaBneHHH :meKTporrpHBo,n;aMH.
BbI60p THrra 'jIneKTporrpHBo,n;a HOCHT TeXHHKO-3KOHOMH1J:eCKHH xapaK-
326

Tep, n0.3TOMY Cne,ll,yeT yqHTbIBaTb KaK ycnoBHSI paOOTbI CTaHa H Tpc6o-
BaHHSI K 3JIeKTponpHBO,ll,y, TaK H 3aTpaTbI Ha 3neKTpOo6opY,ll,OBaHHe.
B ,lI,aHHOM CJIyqae BaMHOe 3HaqeHHe npH,lI,alOT MaKCHManbHOH YHH(lm-
KaHH npHMeHSleMoro 3neKTpOOOopy,ll,OBaHHSI, QTO ynpOmaeT 3Kcnnya-
TaHlO II YMeHblllalOT 3aTpaTbI Ha C03,l1,aHHe Heo6xo,ll,HMOro pe3epBa.
npH onpe.n,eJIeHIIH THna 3neKTpOnpIIBO,ll,a pelllalOTCSI BOnpOCbI BbI60pa:
THna ,lI,BHraTeJIeH KneTeH H MOTanOK; CHCTeMbI nHTaHIISI ,lI,BUraT{JIeH;
KHHeMaTHKH npHBO,ll,a; CHCTeMbI ynpaBneHHSI.
,lJ.nSI npHBO,ll,a BanKOB paOOqHX KJIeTeH IT MOTanOK HenpepbIBHbIX
CTaHOB HCnOnb3YlOTCSI HepeBepCIIBHbIe ,lI,BHraTeJIH nOCTOSIHHOrO TOKa
He3aBHCHMOrO B036YM,lI,eHHSI, perynHpyeMble nOneM B npe,ll,eJIax 2 : 1,
3 : 1. ,lJ.nSI npHBO,ll,a BanKOB paOOqeH KneTH H MOTanOK peBepcHBHbIX
CTaHOB npHMeHSIlOTCSI peBepcHBHbIe ,lI,BHraTeJIII nOCTOSIHHoro TOKa, pe-
ry nHpyeMble noneM B npe,ll,enax 3 : 1 - 4 : 1.
 10-3. CHCTeMbl nHT8HHR ABHr8Teneii CT8HOB
xonoAHoii npOK8TKH
B HenpepbIBHbIX CTaHax xono,ll,HoH npOKaTKH npIIMeH5IlOTCSI cne-
,lI,YlOm He CHCTeMbI nHTaHHSI ,lI,BHraTeneiI: C 06mHMII lllHHaMH; C o6mHMH
lllHHaMH lJ C 6ycTepreHepaTOpaMH; C HH,lI,HBH,lI,yanbHbIM nHTaHHeM
,lI,BHrareJIen.
B peBepCHBHbIX CTaHax Haxo-
,lI,HT npHMeHeHHe, rnaBHbIM o6pa-
30M, HH,lI,HBH,lI,yanbHoe nHTaHHe
,lI,BHraTeJIeH KJIeTII H MOTanOK.
Ha pHC. 10-4 II300paMeHa CH-
CTeMa nHTaHHSI ,lI,BHraTeJIeH KJIe-
TeH H MOTanKH TpexKneTbeBoro
CTaHa OT oomHx lllHH. B TaKoH
CHCTeMe Bce ,lI,BHraTeJIII nonyqalOT
nHTaHHe OT 06mero HCTOqHHKa
HanpSIMeHHSI - OT HeCKonbKHX
napanneJIbHO paooTalOmHX reHe-
paTopoB. B 3TOM CJIyqae ynpaBneHHe o,ll,HOBpeMeHHo BceMH ,lI,BHraTe-
JISIMH ocymecTBnSIeTcSI B03,l1,eHCTBHeM Ha OOMOTKH B036YM,lI,eHHSI reHe-
paTOpoB. B ,lI,aHHOM CJIyqae 3aTpY,ll,HHTenbHo nonyqHTb npoKaTKY C
HeH3MeHHbIM HaTSIMeHHeM nonOCbI KaK B nepexo,ll,HbIX peMHMax, TaK
H B YCTaHoBHBlllHXCSI, TaK KaK OTcYTCTByeT B03MOMHOCTb pa3,l1,eJIbHOrO
ynpaBJIeHHSI KaM,lI,bIM ,lI,BHraTeJIeM II3MeHeHHeM HanpSIMeHHSI Ha ero
SIKope. Eho HMeeT cymecTBeHHoe 3HaqeHHe ,lI,JISI CKOpOCTHbIX CTaHOB,
y KOTOpbIX nOTepSI HaT5IMeHHSI nonOCbI MOMeT BbI3BaTb aBapHlO. fIo
YKa3aHHbIM npHqHHaM CHcreMa nHTaHHSI C o6mHMH lllHHaMH MOMeT
npHMeHSITbcSI TOnbKO ,lI,nSI HeOOJIblllHX, HH3KOCKOpOCTHbIX CTaHOB Ma-
nOH npoH3Bo,ll,HTenbHocTH.
Ha pHC. 10-5 npe,ll,cTaBneHa CHCTeMa nHTaHHSI ,lI,BHrareJIeH KneTeH
qeTblpeXKneTbeBoro CTaHa OT OOmHX lllHH C npHMeHeHHeM 6YCTep-
327
PHC. 10-4. CHcTeMa nHTaHHH J(BHra-
TeJleii KJleTeH H MOTRJlKH TpeXKJleTbe-
Boro HenpepbIBHoro CTaHa OT 06IlllIX
IIIHH

reHepaTopOB - :meKTpUtIeCKUX MalliHH, BbInOnHeIUIblX Ha He6oJIblliOe
HanpSDKeHHe H Ha 60JIbllIHe 3HatIeHHSI TOKOB, COOTBeTCTBYIOIl.\He TOKaM
ABHraTeJIeH KJIeTeH. CHCTeMbI C ,6ycrep-reHepaTOpaMH npHMeHSIIOTCSI
6
PIIC. 10-5. CHcTeMa nHTaHIIH ,nBliraTeJleii KJlereii H MO-
TaJlKH 'IeTblpeXKJleTbeBOro HenpepblBHoro CTaHa C 6yc-
Tep-reHepaTopaMH
rnaBHbIM 06pa30M Ha BbICOKOCKOpOCTHbIX .lI.peccrrpOBOqHblX CTaHax H
ManOMOIl.\HbIX CTaHax XOJIOAHOH npoKaTKH, rAe HeT OC060H He06xoAH-
MOCTH B Hcnonb30BaHHH 60nee COBepllIeHHOH, HO H 60JIee AoporoH CH-
CTeMbI nHTaHHSI 0'1' HHJI,HBHAyanbHbIx HCTOtIHHKOB Hanps!:>KeHHSI.
Ha pHC. 10-6 npeAcTaMeHa CHCTeMa nHTaHHSI ABHraTeJIeH - nSlTH-
KJIeTbeBOrO HenpepblBHoro CTaHa OT HHAHBHAyanbHblx HCTOqHHKOB Ha-
npsDKeHHH. OCHOBHbIM npeHMYIl.\eCTBOM CHCTeMbI C HHJI,HBHAyanbHbIM
nHTaHHeM CJIeAyeT CqHTaTb B03MO}l{HOCTb perynHpoBaHHSI CKOpOCTH
PFC. 10-6. CHcTeMR ITIITaHliJi J\BHraTeJleii KJleTeH nHTHKJleTbe-
Boro HenpepblBHoro CTaHa OT lIHHBlIJ\yaJlbHblx reHepaTopoB
BpaIl.\eHHSI ABHraTeJISI H3MeHeHHeM HanpSI}l{eHHSI Ha ero HKope. aTO
npHBoJI,HT I{ pacllIHpeHHIO AHana30Ha perynHpoBaHHH, K B03MO}l{HOCTH
c03AaHHH 6bICTp0JI,eHCTBYIOIl.\HX perynHTOpoB CKOpOCTH, 06eCneqHBaIO-
Il.\HX BbICOKYIO TOqHOCTb nOMep}l{aHHH COOTHOllIeHHH CKopOCTeH cocek
HHX KJIeTeH, T. e. 60nee TOqHOe nOMep}l{aHHe Me}l{KneTbeBoro HanpH}l{e-
HHH. CHcTeMa nHTaHHSI C HHJI,HBHAyanbHbIMH reHepaTopaMH npH3HaHa
B HaCTOHIl.\ee BpeMH HaHnyqllIeH, yqHTblBaH eIl.\e H TO 06CTOHTeJIbCTBO,
qTO npH 60JIblUOH BeJIHqHHe YCTaHOBneHIWH MOIl.\HOCTH reHepaTopoB
328

o

::I
:s;
c;
\0

E-
G:
CIj
0;
CIj
f-
eu
...
::
=
t:1:
Q
c;I.
f-
:.::
CIj
c;
m

::
::

E-
re
»
=
Q
::
eu
f-
C,j

:a
:c
=
:a
c;I.
CIj
c;I.
c
CIj
:c
:a
c;I.
f-
CIj
::!1
eu
c;I.
eu
c
QJ
:s
;;
Q
:c
C,j
o
'"
'"
0<0
1-0
Uo:
t
>.
:)Ia/w 'H!I.lI1>!OdU
qodo» HRHqRWH»R
oueU--qUaEJHa
;,"lIamOHO aOHhoR}(adaIl
m
'1.
o

"-
r::
"
'"
!--
9 laHH.HKHdu
-Bll aOHqItC HHWOII
..
'"
<::
'"
I-
m
1-0
0:
<0
"i
'"
:is
0:
0:
m
1::1
,J, -
<::'"
g
"'.. <:!
:>i:iS
00:
0:
 I tE:  c!J 
;5g
O:t:..ao.t..Q)
:I: ro t:; o:s: t:;:\C)
u::l!!c:J:t;ttl c
o :::e(,)
c:
'"
0:
01:>
<:: -
"'01:>
0:1-
!ig
g'"
o
:>i
;j
'"
o
:a :s: >< p.co",,;:
el<:at:s:
;=
C';Jgtl3:s:f-o
f1: 0 <O'" 
Half" dawoH
'"
0:
'"
l-
t)
'"
'"
(-0
::.::
;;€
;;€
"'"
00.
-
if.)
-
00
ro
00
ro
"'"
O:J
t-
eS-
c..
u
u
-'
,f)
ro
o
"t
<.0
O:J
:.:;.
<.0
O:J
if.)
-
.a
o 0    O X  
:c :c ::a.::s::.::s::.::s::_:c >. ::a,::s::::a.::s::
  ::a::a::a  ::a::a
OOc;:Cc;:Cc;:cO"tc;:Cc;:C
a::a::amomm
O:CO:C>.O>. >.OO:cO:c>.O>.

000°::S::::S::::S::0000=::s::
CcogoxO
::S:::C::S::::S:::C>'CC::s:::C::s::>.
>. >. >. >. 8
    O C  
o
1!2
o
o
O:J
C'I
o
o
ro
;Q
C'I
-
o
o
o
C'I
o
o
ro
-
o
o
if.)
.::s::
o

Q)
g
Q)C'I
-


t::
o
1!2
o
o
CO
"'"
o
01
"'"
o
if.)
C'I
o
o
o
<.
o
o
ro
-
o
o
if.)
C'I
o
if.)
t-
if.)
00
C'I
C'I
C'I
o
if.)
<.0
o
o
"'"
o
o
<.0
-
+
o
o
<.0
o
o
ro
-
o
o
if.)
ro
o
if.)
t-
if.)
00
C'I
C'I
C'I
o
if.)
<J:)
0-
o
"'"
o
o
<.0
-
+
o
o
CO
o
o
ro
<3
o
if.)
"'"
o
1!2
if.) 0
t- if.)
rot-
if.)
01
00
01
01
00
0<.0
<.0 -
-ro
o
00
t-
O
00
"'"
o
00
C'l0
-ro
;Q;t3"
t- C'I
ro-
<=>
o
o
01
+
o
o
o
01
o
if.) 0
," 0
. C'I
C'lC'J
o
o
ro
o
o
if.)
if.)
o
o
oro
0-
if.) 0
o
if.)
;;€-
.:s;
o

Q)
O
1->0
Q)C'I
-
::s::
I->

t::
o
if.)
t-
o
"'"
<.0
C'J
C'I
o
"'"
"'"
o
o
C'I
o
if.)
00
-
C'I
o
o
ro
-
o
o
if.)
C'I
o
if.)
t-
o
if.)
t-
o
"'"
<.0
C'I
C'I
o
00
"'"
-
"'"
o
"'"
"'"
0-
o
C'I
o
<.0
<.0
0-
ro
ro
o
if.)
00
-
o
if.)
o
+
o
if.)
00
<:'1
+
o
if.)
o
C'J
o
o
ro
-
0-
o
if.)
o
o
ro
0-
o
if.)
ro
"'"
329

,
o
'"
'"
0,"
1-<0
U",
'-'",
:;s
U
>.
,,;
\0
""
...
fs: ya3/W 'H>!.LB>!O<lU
:I: q.LJodo}J;) H1?UQItBWHJ:HBW
CU
:11
'"
o :HQueS - qIta.LB..IHmt
 aHIIamOH.LO aOHhO.LI:\1adau
p.,
t::
330
'"

OJ
'"
0.
"
"
'"
I-
9 laHH.nKudu
aI?H aOnQItBHHwOH
'"
<l)
"
<l)
I-<
"
1-0
'"
OJ
"i
<l)
:;;
=
"'
t1
J1
"0
"'I-<
;,= t3
iP
="'
. '"
tI::,tl::E-<dJ 
coo:s:(Ij()E-< 
:ggE
Ocat.;O=S:t::;;\C
=;:::;ro:;S::CJ c
g ;:Sut:'{
"
"
::J
'"
= .
",,,,
:0;1-<
OU
=8
"EJ-
"'0
:::f:o;
'"
o
::q:I:><: o.ro.-::
t:x:ct:;:s:
C]) :s: =tI ::2\0 E 
gg
::\9 C CCI t={C':! b
1=10. 0 "':o;
H.Lau>! dawoH
"
=
"
I-<
U
"
'"
I-
CD
O:J
if.)
-
"d'
O:J
if.)
--
"d'
O:J
ti)
o'ES 
t::ro

::¥"':;
if.)
0J
00
co
CD
-
,
cu
::r,::s; 
:S::s:O
"',c'"
u
'"
00
o
CD
-
CD
o
-
«     I 6 
« =  
mp.,mmmm  '"
mommmmoo
p.,mp.,p.,p.,p.,   p.,
8ommmo
x:<D:D:D:"'p.,,,,p.,,,,p.,
:s:D::S:D::s:D::S::S:OOOOOOD:
",","'o","'x"'xx:<:<o
:s:x:s:m:s:x:S::S:cuD:D:m
 ",",p.,   O 
mromommmp., p., p.,
       
o

. r-
M
o 00 0 0 0
if.) ti)if.) if.) if.) ti)
r- Mr- r- r- r-
o
CD
r-
-
C'I
C'I
o
00
00
o
H:>
"d'
o
H:>
01
o
if.) 0
MO
. "d'
C'I C'I
++
00
ti)0
M"d'
. C'I
C'I
C'I
+
o
If?
C'J
-
C'I
o
o
M
o 0
o 0
OM M
a. 0
o 0
ti) if.)
0-
o
ti)
ti)
;;:;:- C'I
':s:
o
'"
CU
O
"'0
CUC'l
"'-
,c
:s:
...
D:
t::
o
00
00 """
OM
C'I
o
MO
M"d'
-C'J
----
00
if.) C'I
M-
o
o
,r-
-
):s:
 0
...'"
CUCU
::r.:3
CU
'"

o
o
"d'
M
C'I
C'J
o
o
"d'
<:3
o
C'I
o
o
"d'
C'I
C'I
+
o
o
"d'
C'I
C'I
o
o
"d'
M
C'I
C'I
o
o
if.)
o
CD
C'I
o
o
"d'
C'I
C'J
+
o
o
"d'
C'J
C'I
o
o
M
0-
o
ti)
M
o
o
"""
M
C'I
C'J
o
o
'f'
O-
M
M
00
00
OOM
0-0
....- t()
C'J -
o
o
"d'
C'I
C'J
+
o
o
"d'
C'I
C'I
o
00
g
oM
M
o
M
o
o
ti)
o
II:>
OM
0-
<.00
C'J
ti)
"d'
;;:;:-
o
ti)
M
"d'
':s:
o
'"
cu

"'0
cuO
if.)
:<C'J

cu
p.,

o
if.)
r-
o
if.)
M
;()
r-
-
o
o
o
M
o
if.)
M
0-
C'J
ti)
C'J
o
12
o
o
"d'
0-
o
C'J
o
o
If:>
0-
ti)
o
o
o
M
o
o
CD
o
ti)
M
o
o
r-
0-
C'I
ti)
M
;;:;:

rrpllMeHeHlle llHAllBllAyanbHx reHepaTopOB He B3BaeT YBenllqeHllH
llX KOnllqeCTBa rro cpaBHemfiO C CllCTeMOH rrllTaHllH OT 06llJ,llX lllllH.
B CBH3ll C 3TllM CIiCTeMbI IIHAIIBllAyanbHoro rrIITaHIiH JI,BIIraTeJIeH Haxo-
AHT rrpeIIM)'llJ,ecTBeHHoe rrpliMeHeHlle B cOBpeMeHHblx HerrpepbIBHbIX
CTaHax xonoAHoH rrpoKaTKll.
B rroAaBnHlOllJ,eM 60JIblllIIHCTBe CJIyqaeB rrIITaHlie ABllraTeJIeH ImeTeH
HerrpepbIBHbIX CTaHOB xonoAHoH rrpoKaTKII npoH3BoAliTCH OT 3neKTpo-
MallllIHHbIX reHepaTopoB. B rrOCJIeAHee BpeMH JI,nH rrllTaHIiH JI,BIIraTeneH
KneTeH II MOTanOK CTanll HaxoAIITb npliMeHeHIIe ynpaBnHeMe pTYTHe
BbmpHMIITeJIll. EnaroAapH BbICOKOMY 6bICTpoAeHCTBli1O PTYTHOro B-
rrpHMIITeJIH rrpll cOBpeMeHHoH CIiCTeMe CeTOqHoro ynpaBneHIIH MOMHO
rronyqIITb cOBepllIeHHYlO cllcTeMY, OTBeqaIOllJ,ylO BeCbMa BbICOKllM Tpe-
60BaHIIHM rro 6bICTpoAeHCTBlllO II KaqeCTBY perynllpoBaHIiH HaTHMe-
HIIH rronOCbI B CTaHax xonoAHoH rrpoKaTKII. OocTaBneH Borrpoc 0 rrpoeK-
TllpOBaHlill 3neKTponpIIBoAoB CTaHOB xonoAHoH npoKaTKll C npllHe-
HlieM TllpIiCTOpOB.
,lJ.nH HerrpepbIBHbIX CTaHOB xonoJI,HOH rrpoKaTKll, pa60TalOllJ,IIX C He-
60nbllIoH CI<OpOCTblO, 06bIqHO BOIIpalOTCH JI,BIIraTeJIll oAHoro II Toro Me
Tlina C rrOHIiLKalOllJ,llM peJI,YKTopOM. B HenpepbIBHbIX CKOpOCTHblX CTaHax
XOJIOAHOH rrpOKaTKII JI,n5I rrepBOH KneTIi 06qHO npIIMeHHeTCH rpynrro-
BOH oe3peAYKTopHbIH npIiBOA. B rrocneAYlOllJ,IIX KneTHX CKOpOCTb rrOBbI-
llIaeTCH, cneJI,OBaTenbHO, YBenllqllBaeTCH II rrOTpeOHaH MOllJ,HOCTb, ll,
KaK npaBllno, OAHOABliraTenbHbIH rpyrrrroBoH npliBOA 0I<a3BaeTCH
HeBbIITOnHIIM, TaK KaK MOllJ,HOCTb ABliraTeJIH rronyqaeTCH BblllIe rrpeJI,enb-
HOH. no 3TCH rrpllqIIHe rrOCJIeJJ.YIOllJ,IIe KneTll BbICOKorrpOll3BOJI,IITenbHbIX
CTaHOB IIMelOT llHJI,llBIiAyanbHbIe rrpIiBOAbI, npll KOTOpbIX AnH KaMAoro
paOoqero BanKa rrpeAYCMaTpllBaeTCH OTAeJIbHbIH ABliraTeJIb (CM.
pllC. 10-6). B rrocneAHIiX KJIeTHX rrHTllKJIeTbeBoro CTaHa OOblO Ha-
PHAY C JI,p06neHlleM MOllJ,HOCTll CJIeAyeT npIIMeHHTb rrOBbIlilalOllJ,IIH
peJJ.YKTOp (CM. Ta6n. 10-1). YacTo AnH rrpllBoAa ImeTeH llcrronb3YIOT
ABllraTeJIIi B ABYX'bHKOpHOM II AaMe TpeX'bHKOpHOM llcrronHeHllll, IIMelO-
I4lle cpaBHIITenbHo C OAHOHKOpHbIMll Manble MaXOBbIe MOMeHTbI, qTO
AOJIMHO 06eCrreqIITb YMeHbllIeHlle BpeMeHll YCKopeHIIH II 3aMeAneHIIH
(Taon. 10-1), KneTlI 4, 5 II MOTanKa.
 10-4. npHHI.I.Hn nOCTpoeHHR CHCTeMbl ynpaBl1eHHR
311eKTponpHBoAoM Kl1eTeH HenpepblBHblX CT8HOB X0l10AHOH
npoK8TKH
CIiCTeMa yrrpaBneHllH 3JIeI{TponpllBOJI,OM KneTeH HerrpepbIBHbIX CTa-
HOB xonOAHOH npOKaTKll AonMHa OblTb rrOCTpoeHa TaK, qT06 HaII60nee
rronHO YAOBJIeTBOpHnOCb OCHOBHoe Tpe60BaHlie - rrOMepMaHlie no-
CTOHHCTBa HaTHMeHHfI rronOCbI MeMAY KneTHMll KaK B YCTaHOBIIBllIllXC5I,
TaI{ II B nepeXOAHbIX peMllMax. YeM JIyqllIe BbInOnHHeTCH 3TO TpeOO-
BaHIIe, TeM 60nee COBepllIeHHa CllCTeMa yrrpaBneHllH.
,lJ.nH rronyqeHllH HeII3MeHHbIM 3aJI,aHHOrO HaTHMeHIIH rrOJIOCbI MeMAY
KneTHMll B rrpou.ecce rrpOKaTKII CTpeMHTCH coxpaHIITb HeII3MeHHbIM
331

COOTHOrneHHe CKOpOCTeH KJIeTeH, YCTaHaBJIHBaeMbIX B pe:1KHMe 3a-
npaBKH, T. e.
=-==
oo 3n 1 00 311 2 00 311 3

oo 3l1n '
(10-1 )
r,ll,e (oJ]> (oJ2, (oJ3 - pa60qHe CKOpOCTH KneTeH;
(oJ"lIlJ (oJ3112, (oJ3113 - 3anpaBOqHbIe CKOpOCTH KJIeTeH.
CqHTaJOT, qTO ecnH ycnoBHe (10-1) CHCTeMOH 6y,ll,eT BbmonHeHO, TO
HaTH:1KeHHe npH pa60qeH CKOpOCTII OCTaHeTCSI TaKHM :1Ke, KaKHM OHO
6bInO YCTaHoBneHo npH 3anpaBOQHOH CKOpOCTH.
O,ll,HaKO ,lI,nSl coxpaHeHHH HeH3MeHHbIM HanpH:1KeHHSI B nepexo,ll,HbIX
pe:1KHMaX YCJIOBHe (10-1) Y:1Ke He SIMSIeTCSI ,lI,OCTaTOQHbIM. He06xo,ll,HMO,
KpoMe TOro, QT06bJ COOTBeTcrneHHO paBHbI 6bIJIH Me:1K,lI,y C060H, ,lI,nSI no-
nYQeHHSI TO>K}J,ecTBeHHoro npOTeK8HHSI nepexo,ll,HbIX npoeccoB, no-
CTOHHHbIe BpeMeHH, T. e. qT06bI
Tel = T r2 = T r3 = . . . = Ten'
(lO-2a)
(10-26)
T M1 = T M2 = T M3 = . . . = TMll
r,ll,e 1' MlJ 1"'2' 1"3 - ::meKTpOMeXaHHQeCKHe nOCTOSIHHbIe BpeMeHH ,lI,BH-
raTeneH;
T r1 , 1' r2 , T r3 - nOCTOSIHHble BpeMeHH reHepaTopOB.
B CBSI3H C SIBJIeHHeM {(3cpcpeKTa CKopOCTeH» cne,ll,yeT YMeHbllIaTb TY
qaCTb ,lI,nHHbI nOJIOCbI, KOTopaSI npOKaTbIBaeTCH C H3MeHSIJOeHCSI CKO-
pOCTblO, . T. e. YMeHbllIaTb BpeMSI
nYCKa H TOpMO:1KeHHSI CTaHa. B
3TOM CJIYQae ,lI,JISI HaHnyqllIero
HCnOJIb30BaHliSI ,lI,BHrarenSI no TO-
KY H, CJIe,ll,OBaTenbHO, nOJIyqeHHSI
HalIMeHbllIero BpeMeHlI nepexo,ll,-
HOro npou.eCC8 npli 3a,ll,aHHOM
,lI,HHaMlIqeCKOM TOKe CJIe,ll,yeT CH-
PHC. 10-7. CxeMa nJlOCKOrO KOHTpOJl- cTeMY CTpOHTb TaI<, qro6bI CKO-
Jlepa pOCTb BpaeHHSI ,lI,BlIraTeJISI B
nepexo,ll,HoM npoecce H3MeHSI-
naCb no npSIMonlIHeHHOMY 3aKoHY. C 3TOH eJIblO, a TaK:1Ke C eJIblO
nonyqeHHSI nnaBHoro H3MeHeHHSI TOKa ,lI,BHraTeJISI H HaTSI:1KeHHSI nOJIOCbI
B 3neKTponpHBO,ll,ax CTaHOB xonO,ll,HOH npOKaTKH npliMeHSIlOT nnOCKHe
KOHTpOJIJIepbI, C nOMoblO KOTOpbIX Ha BXO,ll, CliCTeMbI ynpaBJIeHlISi
nO,ll,aeTcSI 3a,ll,alOHH ClirHan, H3MeHSllOlIHCSI no npSIMOJIHHeHHOMY
3aKoHY.
nJIOCKMH KOHTpOJInep COCTOliT 1I3 conpOTHBJIeHlISI, pa361IToro Ha
3JIeMeHTbI, KOHbI KOTOpbIX BblBe,ll,eHbI K KOHTaKTaM, pacnOJIO:1KeHHbIM
B O,ll,HOH nnOCKOCTli. TpaBepca 1 nnOCKoro KOHTpOJInepa nepeMeaeTcSI
no XO,ll,OBOMY BHHTY 2, nplIBo,ll,SIeMYcSI BO BpaeHlIe Qepe3 QepBSlqHYlO
nepe,ll,aqy CepBO,ll,BlIrareJIeM Cll. (pliC. 10-7). npli nocTOSIHHOH CKOpOCTII
BpaeHlISI cepBo,ll,BlIraTenSi HanpSI:1KeHHe, nOJIyqaeMOe OT nnocKoro
332

'[1:,,;

KOHTpOJIJIepa:
U BbIX = U Haq -/- at,
r,ll,e U Haq - Ha1J:aJIbHOe 3HaqeHIIe HanpSDKeHIIH. COOTBeT-
CTBYlOIl.\ee IICXO,ll,HOM)' nOJIO:>KeHIIlO TpaBepCbI;
U,-U,
a =  to H3q -- TeMn II3MeHeHII5I HanpH:>KeHIIH, 3aBliCHIl.\IIH: OT
CKOpOCTlI nepeMem,eHII5I TpaBepCbI;
UK - KOHeqHOe 3HaqeHIIe HanpH:>KeHIIH;
to - BpeMH II3MeHeHIISI Hanp5I:>KeHIIH OT U Haq ,lI,O UK'
IlnOCI<I1e KOHTponncpbI MOryT IIMeTb HeCIwnbKO conpOTIIBJIeHIIH:
(ceKu.IIH). ynpaBJI5IeMbIX O,ll,HOH II TOH :>Ke TpaBepCOH:.
B CliCTeMaX C 06Il.\IIMII llllIHaMli 3a):{a1OIl.\IIH: Y3eJI C nnOCKliM KOHTPOJI-
nepOM pacnOnO:>KeH B u.enlI 06MOTOK B036Y:>K,lI,eHIIH reHepaTOpOB r 1.
r2 (pliC. 10-8). Ilpli nepeMeIl.\eHIIII TpaBep-
CbI cnpaBa HaneBO Hanp5I:>KeHIIe. nO,ll,aBae-
Moe Ha 06MOTKII B036Y:>K.n:eHIIH reHepaTO-
POB. paCTeT no npHMonIIHeHHOMY 3aKOHY.
113-3a IIHepu.IIOHHOCTli u.enli B036Y:>K,lI,eHIISI
xapaKTep II3MeHeHIIH HanpH:>KeHliSI reHe-
paTOpOB 06Il.\IIH ,lI,nH Bcex .n:BIIraTeneH:, OT-
nIIqeH OT npHMonIIHeHHoro.
l1ccne.n:yeM ycnoBliH pa60TbI CliCTeMbI
C 06Il.\IIMli llllIHaMli nOKa 6e3 yqeTa .n:eH:-
CTBIIH IIHepu.IIOHHOCTli u.enli B036Y:>KJJ.eHIIH
reHepaTopOB TpeXKJIeTbeBoro CTana. By-
,lI,eM npH 3TOM C1J:HTaTb. 1J:TO pa601J:IIe CKO-
pOCTli BpaIl.\eHIIH WI; W2. W s . CKOpOCTH npo-
KaTKII VI. V 2 . V s . MOMeHTbI Ha llInlIH,lI,eJIHX
KJIeTeH MI. M 2 . Ms. BpeMSI YCKopeHHH
CTaHa to. 3anpaB01J:HaH CKOpOCTb nOJIOCbI
npH BbIxo.n:e 113 nOCJIe.n:HeH KJIeTlf V 3lJS II3-
BecTHbI lf3 3a.n:aHHbIX YCJIOBIIH npOl<8TKII.
ECJII1 npeHrope1J:b IIHepu.lfOHHOCTblO re-
HepaTopOB. TO C nepeMeIl.\eHIIeM TpaBepCbI
nnOCKoro KOHTponnepa, HanpH:>KeHIIe re-
HepaTOpOB npli YCKopeHIII1 6Y,ll,eT II3MeHHTbCH no 3aIwHY
U = U 3n + at.
r.n:e U 3n - 3anpaBOqHOe HanpH:>KeHIIe.
B 3TOM CJIyqae Ha1J:anbHOMY nOnO:>KeHHlO TpaBepCbI COOTBeTCTBYlOT
ypaBHeHII5I
U 3lJ = CCIW3lJI + fiR I )
U 3n _ Ce2W3n2 + f 2 R 2 .
U 3n - CesW3ns + laR3
C"HCTeMbl C OIiW,HMH WHH8MH
OBn
OBr2
+
PIIC. 10-8. CliCTeMa nHTaHIiH
OT 06IllHX IIIHH C nJlOCKHM
KOHTpOJlJlepOM
[J1-50J:
(10-3)
(10-4)
333

a KOHeLIHOMY nOJIOLKeHHlO
Up = C e1 (J)I + IIR I ]
Up = C e2 (J)2 + 1 2 R 2 ,
Up = Ces(J)s + IsRs
(10-5)
r.n.e Up - Hanp5ILKeHJIe reHepaTOpOB nOCJIe OCT3HOBKH TpaBepcbL
B npHBe.n.eHHbIX ypaBHeHH5IX npHH5ITO, LITO TOK .n.BHraTeJIH KaLKlI.OH
KJIeTH OCTaeTC5I HeH3MeHHbIM C nepeMern.eHHeM TpaBepCbL
113 ypaBHeHHH (10-4), (10-5) Cne)I.yeT, LITO
( (i)I 1 \
-- \
_ . (i)31I1 \ (i)3nl _ I = I .
C I '
e2 (i)3n2 (i)2 _ 1 .'
\ (i)3n2 /
(10-6)
/ -] \
fC2 . (i)3n2 : (i)3n2 ) ' -, I
C e3 (i)3n3 \ (i)3 1 - ,
\ (i)3113 - /
( I 0- 7)
ECJIH YLIecTb YCJIoBHe (10-1), TO ypaBHeHJIH (10-6) H (10-7) MOLKHO 3a-
nHcaTb B BlI)I.e
C el . h = I .
( ' '1'1 '
'e2
(10-8)
2 'l\J2 = 1,
e3
(10-9)
r)I.e
.h _ (i)3nl .
'1'1 - (i)3n2 '
'I\J - (i)3n2
2 - 00 3113 '
OTCIO)I.a cne)I.yeT, LITO
C e1 (J)31II = C e2 (J)3n2 = C es (J)3n3'
(10-10)
ConOCTaM5I5I MeLK)I.y C060H ypaBHeHH5I (10-4) H (10-10), npHXO)I.HM
K BbIBO)I.y, LITO )I.JIH coxpaHeHH5I HeH3MeHHbIM COOTHOllIeHH5I CKopocTeH
na)I.eHHH HanPHLKeHHH B u.en5IX )I.BHraTeJIeH KJleTeH npH nHTaHHH HX
01' 06lI.{HX IlIHH )I.OJILKHbI 6bITb O)I.HHaKOBbIMH:
IIR I = 1 2 R 2 = IsRs.
(10-11)
BbInOJIHeHHe )Toro YCJIOBH5I CBH3aHO C 60JIbllIHMH Tpy.n.HOCT5IMH, TaK
KaK npH npOKaTKe pa3JIHLIHoro copTa MeTanJIa MeH5IIOTCH 06LKaTH5I,
a CJIe)I.OBaTeJIbHO, H TOKH )I.BHraTeJIei:i, nO.3TOMY MeHHIOTC5I II COOTHOllIe-
HHH CKopOCTeH.
334

Heo6xo)I.HMbIC COOTHOIlIeHHH CKOpOCTeH H 3a)I.aHI-IYIO BCJIUtJ:IIHY Ha-
TH)KeHHH npH 3anpaBKe MO)KHO nOJIYtJ:I1Tb COOTBeTCmYIOlI.{HM H3MeHe-
HHeM nOTOKOB )I.BHraTeJIeH. O)I.HaKO npH .3TOM H3MeHHIOTCH KO.3cpcpH-
u.HeHTbI C c H B03MO)KHO Hapy-
IlleHHe YCJIOBHH (10-10) H (10-11),
tJ:TO npHBe)I.eT K H3MeHeHHIO HaTH-
)KeHHH nOJIOCbI 3a BpeMH nepeMe-
u:r.eHHH TpaBepCbI. B CBH3H C .3THM
B03HHKaeT Heo6xo)I.HMOCTb B He3a-
BHCHMOM B03)I.eHCTBHH Ha BeJIHtJ:H-
HbI na)I.eHHH HanpH)KeHHH B u.e-
nHX )I.BHraTeJleH, C TeM tJ:T06b1 He-
3aBHCHMO OT 3a)I.aHHoro COOTHO-
IlIeHHHCKopOCTeH,YCTaHOBJIeHHOrO
nporpaMMOH 06)KaTHH, MO)KHO 6bI-
JIO nOJIYtJ:HTb paBeHCTBO na)I.eHHH
HanpH)KeHHH.
113MeHHTb na)I.eHHH HanpH)Ke-
HHH B u.enH )I.BHraTeJIH MO)KHO C
nOMOIll.blO IWMneHCHpYIOIlI.ero re-
HepaTopa, BKJIIOtJ:eHHoro B u.enb
HKOpH )I.BHraTeJIH (pHC. 10-9).
06MoTKa B036Y)K)I.eHHH KOMneHcHpYIOIlI.erO reHepaTOpa KT tJ:epe3
YCHJIHTeJIb J11( nOJIYtJ:aeT CHmaJI, npOnOpu.HoHaJIbHbIH TOKY HKOpH
)I.BHraTeJIH. DpH .3TOM HanpH)KeHHe KOMneHcHpYIOlI.{ero reHepaTopa
CKna)I.blBaeTCH C HanpH)KeHHeM 06lI.{HX IllHH, T. e. nOJIyqaeTCH nOJIO)KH-
TeJIbHaH o6paTHaH CBH3b no TOKY )I.BHraTenH.
,QJIH cxeMbI (pHC. 10-9) )I.eHCTBHTeJIbHbI ypaBHeHHH
U + U Ke = Cc(i) + iR,,;
. I + J dm
l = c C dt ;
M
U"b 'at
[)
PHC. 10-9. CHcTeMbI ynpaBJleHHH J],BH-
raTeJleM KJleTli C KOMneHcHpYIOIllHM re-
HepaTopoM
U Ke = iR"Kn
U
r)I.e K T = . R Kr - K0.3cpcpHu.HeHT YCHJIeHHH u.enH 06paTHOH CBH3H no
t "
TOKY.
Docne cooTBeTcTBYIOlI.{IIX npeo6pa30BaHHH (10-12), (10-13) H (10-14)
HanpH)KeHHe
U = C --1 - I R (1 _ K ) + JR" (1 - K T ) . dCem
e(i) c" r C C dt .
c M
113 ypaBHeHHH (10-15) cne)I.yeT, tJ:TO )I.eHcTBHe nOJIO)KHTeJlbHOH o6paT-
HOH CBH3H no TOKY .3KBHBaJIeHTHO YMeHbIlIeHHIO conpoTHBncHHH u.enH
HKOpH )I.BHraTeJlH. TaKHM o6pa30M, BBe)I.eHHe nOJIO)KHTeJIbHOH o6paTHoH
CBH3H no TOKY .3KBHBaJIeHTHO YMeHbIlleHHIO na)I.eHHSI HanpH)KeHHSI B u.enH
HKOpH )I.BHfaTeJlH, a TaK)Ke YMeHbIlIeHHIO .3JIeKTpOMexaHHtJ:ecKoH no-
u JR ( I-K )
CTOHHHOH BpeMeHH T M = " T
CCC M
(10-12)
(10-13)
(10-14)
(10-15)
335

CJIe)I.OBaTeJIbHO, C rrOMOlII.blO COOTBeTCTBYIOlII.ero BbI60pa K03cpqm-
lJ,HeHTOB YCHJIeHHH 06paTHhIX CBH3eH no TOKY MOMHO )I.06HTbCH nOJIY-
'leHHSI paBeHCTBa
I 1 Rdl-K r1 ) = 1 2 R 2 (I-K T2 ) = 1 3 R 3 (I-K Ts ), (10-16)
06eCne'lHBalOlII.erO coxpaHeHHe HeH3MeHHbIM COOTHOllIeHHSI CKopOCTeH
COrJIaCHO ycnoBHIO (10-1). O)I.HaKO rrpH 3TOM H3MeHHIOTCH 3KBHBaneHT-
HhIe 3JIeKTpOMeXaHHtJ:eCKHe nOCTOHHHhIe BpeMeHH, T. e. ycnoBHe (1O-2a)
Heo6xo)I.HMOe )I.JISI coxpaHeHHSI nOCTOHHCTBa HaTHMeHHH B nepeXO)I.HhIX
npOlJ,eccax, MOMeT 6hITb He BhInOJIHeHO.
PeKOMeH)I.yeTcSI CJIe)I.YIOlII.HH nOpH)I.OK onpe)I.eJIeHHH OCHOBHhIX 3aBH-
CHMOCTeH CHCTeMhI C 06lII.HMH WHHaMH.
1. Onpe)I.eJISiIOT K03cpcpHlJ,HeHT hI C M COrJIaCHO ypaBHeHHHM *
C _ U + V {fl - 4w l M l R l .
..1 - 2w l '
C _ U+ V U2-4w 2 M 2 R 2
M2 - ------2---
2. HaxO)I.HT TOKH )I.BHraTeJIeH
11 = e Ml ; 1 2 = e M2 ; 13 = C lS .
Ml M2 MS
(1 0-1 7)
(10-18)
3. Onpe)I.enHIOT 3anpaBoIHYIO CKOpOCTh BanKOB nepBoH KJIeTKH:
ffi = ffi Van S .
3nl 1 'l's '
(10-19)
3anpaBOtJ:Hoe HarrpSIMeHHe:
U 3n = Celffi3ul + IIRl'
3anpaBO'lHYIO CKOpOCTh BanKOB BTOpOH KneTKH:
U 3n -/ 2 R 2
ffi an2 = ( ' ;
'e2
(10-20)
(10-21)
3anpaBO'lHYIO CKOpOCTb BaJIKOB TpeTheH KJIeTKH:
U 3n -/sRs
ffi 3 = ------ (10-22)
3n ees
nOCJIe 3Toro HaXO)I.HT COOTHOIlIeHHH CKopOCTeH ( , ,  )
W anl W 3n2 W 3ns
HJIH Me na)I.eHHH HanpHMeHHH (fIR 1 ; 1 2 R 2 ; 13Rs). EcnH YKa3aH-
HhIe COOTHOIlIeHHH CKopocTeH (HJIH na)I.eHHSI HanpHMeHHH) paBHhI
MeM)I.y co60H, TO HaTHMeHHe, YCTaHOBJIeHHOe npH 3anpaBOtJ:HOH CKO-
pOCTH, coxpaHHTCH HeH3MeHHhIM H npH pa60'leH CKOpOCTH. npH He-
paBeHCTBe na)I.eHHH HanpHMeHHH cne)I.yeT npHMeHHTh KOMneHCalJ,HIO,
C nOMOlII.hlO KOTOpOH BhInOJIHHeTCH paBeHCTBO (10-16).
· U = . c Ml Rl + CelW!> TaK KaK C el = C M !> TO ClWl - UC M1 + MlRl = 0,
Ml -
OTKY.1la 11 nOJlYllaeTCR ypaBHeHHe (10-17).
:n6

npHMep 10-1. )JnHr3TeJllI KJleTen TpeXKJleTbeBoro CT3H3 IIHTalOTCH OT O<5ll\lIX
: IIInH reHep3TopoB, H3npH>KeHlIe KOTOpbIX npn YCKopeHlIn CT3Ha 1I3MeHHeTCH no
npHMOJlHHenHoMY 33KOHY.
)J3HHbIe no J\Bnr3TeJlHM CBe,/:\eHbI B Ta<5J1. 10-2. J],aHHbIe n3 nporpaMMbI npoKaTKlI
nOMell\eHbI B Ta<5J1. 10-3.
T a <5 JI n 11, a 10-2
,lI,aHHbIe no ,lI:BHraTeJIHM KJIeTe".
I ConpoTH-
HOMHHaJlb- CKOpOCTb D(jlI\HII
!<OJlH- HOe Hanpl!- HOMHHaJlb- MOMeHT BJleHHe
AnHraTeJlH qeCTBO >KeHUe, BpalI\eHHH. HbIIi TOK, HHeplI,HH. Jl,enH
8 061MUH a Kr'M' HKOpH,
OM
TIepBaH KJleTb . . . . . 1 600 80/190 4700 22 300 0,00383
BTopaH KJleTb . . . 2 600 120{275 3340 21 100 0,00335
TpeTbH KJleTb . ., . . . 2 600 140{350 3340 21 100 0,00275
· npHSOJ\ HI! Bcex KJleTI!X (je3 pe1lYKTOpOS.
Ta6nlIu.a 10-3
,lI,aHHbIe no nporpaMMe 06>KaTH"
I(JleT:I I 1 I 2 3
TOJlll\lIH3 JlHCT3, MM . . . 1,5 1,1 0,8 0,6
CKOpOCTb nOJlOCbI, M/eeK. 5,3 7,25 9,7
CKOpOCTb BaJlK3. paiJ/eel( 18,85 26,2 36,65
MOMeHT Ha IIInlIH.l\eJlHX H' M 79 500 94 600 70 000
BpeMH YCI<opeHlIH CTaH3 t c = 10 eeK. 3anpaBO'lHaH CKOpOCTb nOJlOCbI nocJle
TpeTbeii KJleTH V 3n 3 = 1 M/eeK.
OnpeJ\eJlHTb OCHOBHbIe 33BlICliMOCTli npli npOKaTKe Ha ,/:\aHHOM CTaHe.
P e UJ e H 11 e.
1. K03cjJcjJlIl{HeHTbl
c _ U+ YU2-4coIMIR !_
Ml 2COI -
600 + Y 360 000 - 4. 18,85.79500.0,00383 -31 4'
2. 1 8,85 - "
C _ U+ YU2-4co2M2R2 _
M2 - 2C02 -
_ 600 + Y360 000 - 4.26,2.94600.0,00335 _ 21
- 2 . 26 2 - ,fJ.
,
AH3J10rH'IHO ,/:\JlH .l\BnraTeJlH TpeTbeii KJleTn C M3 = 16,0.
2. TOK .l\BnraTeJleii
It = C !l'fl- = 793 = 2530 a; 1 2 = M c 2 = 9 2 4 1 6 5 °0 = 4400 a;
Ml' M2,
I - Ms _ 70000 - 43 707
s - C MS ---w- - a.
337

3. Da){eHlIH HarrpH>KeHlIii
flR I = 2530.0,00383 = 9,7 6;
f 2 R 2 = 4400.0,00335 = 14,7 B;
f3R3 = 4370.0,00275 = 12,0 6.
4. 3anpaBO'lHaH CKOpOCTb rrepBoii KJleTli
(03nl = WI 'V 3n 3 = 18,85 9 1 7 = 1,94 pao/eelC.
'V3 ,
5. 3arrpaBO'lHOe HarrpH>KeHlIe
U 3n = Cel(Ognl + IIRI = 31,4.1,94 + 9,76 = 70,8 B.
6. 3arrpaBO'lHaH CKOpOCTb BTOpoii KJleTH
_ U 3n -I 2 R 2 _ 70,8-14,7 _ 26 " I
(03n2 - -------c--- - 21 5 -, pau eeIC.
e2 ,
7, 3anpaBO'lHaH CKOpOCTb TpeTbeH KJleTII
U 3n -f3 R 3 70,8 - ]2 ,,'
W gn 3 = C£3 = 16 = 3,65 pauleelC.
8. CooTHolIIeHIIH cKopocrei'!
 = 18,85 = 9,72;  = 26,  = 10,7; _ = 36,65 = 104
(03nl 1,94 W 3n2 2,6 W 3n 3 3,65 ' .
COOTHOlIIeHlIH CKopOCTeii He paBHbI ){pyr J\pyry, He paBHbI II na){eHIIH HanpH
>KeHlIii, rr03TOMY HaTH>KeHHH npli pac5o'lei'i CKOpOCTli c5Y){YT HeCKom,KO OTJlH'IaTbCfl
OT HaTH>KeHHii, YCTaJfOBJleHHbIX I1a 3arrpaBO'lHOii CKOpOCTH.
9. 3J1eKTpOMeXaHHlIeCKUe rrOCTOHHHbIe upeMelIu
T _ J 2 R 2
M2 -- C e2 C" 2
22 300 . 0,00383 = 0 086 .
31,4.31,4 ,eeIC,
21 100.0,00335
21,5.21,5 =0,153 eeIC.
T _ JlR J __
..1 - CelC" l -
AHaJlOrn'lIlO T M3 = 0,226 eel(.
HepaBeHCTBO 3J1eKTpOMeXaHlI'IeCKHX rrOCTOHHHbIX BpeMeHlI npHBe,neT K HeKO-
TOPOMY 1I3MeHeHHIO HaTH>KeHHH B rrepeXO){HOM npOltecce. .
BBO./);lIM KOMrreHcaltHIO rra){eHHH HarrpH>KeHHH C l{eJlblO BbirrOJlHeHlIH YCJlOBHH
(10-16). TIpH 3TOM }JJlH }JBlIraTeJlH, lIMelOw;ero MHHHMaJlbHoe rra./);eIme HanpH>KeHHH,
<5epeM K T = O.
TaKHM 0<5pa30M,
IlRl = f 2 R 2 (1 - Kd = f3R3 (1 - K 73 ),
OTKYJ\a
flR l 9,7
K T2 = 1- R = 1- 147 =0,34;
2 2 ,
hRl 1 9,7
K 73 = 1- 1 - R = - 120 =0,19.
3 3 I
338

TaKliM OUpa30M, npliMenCIUleM KOMneHCaltHl! nOJlY'ICHO paneHCTBO 9KBliBaJleHT-
HbIX nal1.eHlIii HanpH>KeHliii, T. e. Ol1.liHaKOBOe COOTHOlIIeHlie CKopocTei'i [ycJ!oBlie
(10-1). TIpli 3TOM YMeHblIIaeTcSJ TaK>Ke paCXO>K}JcHlie Me>K.D:y 3KBliBaJleHTHbIMli no-
CTOHHHbIMIi BpeMeHlI:
T M1 = 0,086 CeT<;
T2 = T M2 (I - K T2 ) =
= 0,153.0,66 = 0,101 ceK;
T3 == TM3 (I - K T3 ) =
= 0,226.0,81 = 0,183 ce/<,
'ITO cnoco<5cTByeT ClImKeHHIO l!3MeHeHHSJ
HaTH>KelU!H nOJlOCbI BO BpeMH nepexOk\HOrO
npoltecca.
m
112
Rn
CHCTeMbl C HHAHBHAyanbHblMH
reHep8TopaMH
Bce cOBpeMeHHhle CKOpocTHhle He-
rrpephIBHhle CTaHhI HMeIOT CHCTeMLI
, yrrpaBJIeHHH C HH.lI.HBH.lI.yanhHhIMlI
reHepaTopaMH, KOTophle 06JIa.ll.aIOT
3HaqHTeJIhHhIMH rrpeHMYllI.eCTBaMH C
TOqKH 3peHHH rn6KocTH H B03MO)K-
HOCTH rrOJIyqeHHH OrrTHMaJIbHhIX rre-
pexO.ll.HhIX rrpOIl,eccoB B cpaBHeHlIH C
CHCTeMaMH yrrpaBJIeHHH C 06llI.HMlI
IlIHHaMH.
Ha pHC. 10-10 rrpe,n:cTaBJIeHa CH-
CTeMa yrrpaBneHHH C HH.lI.HBll,n:yanL-
HhIMH reHepaTopaMH TpexKneTbeBoro
HerrpephIBHoro CTaEa. B TaKoll CH-
CTeMe 06MOTKH B036Y)K,n:eHHH reHe-
paTopoB rrOJIyqaIOT rrHTaHHe. OT 06-
llI.ero 3a.ll.aIOllI.ero YCTpollcTBa - rrJIOC-
KOro rrOTeHIl,HOMeTpa CllK. B CBOIO Oqepe,n:h .lI.nH H3MeHeHHH COOTHO-
IlIeHHH 3arrpaBOqHhIX CKopocTefi H TeMrra HapaCTaHHH HarrpH)KeHHH
Ka)K.lI.0ro reHepaTopa rrpHMeHeHhI rrOTeHIl,HOMeTphI II 1, ll2, ll3.
B 3TOM CJIyqae .lI.JIH YCTaHOBHBIlIHXCH pe)KHMOB MO)KeM HarrHcaTb
[JI-50], qTO
03
R nJ
+
'fi,
r, OBn
'fi2
r 2
OBrz
'nJ
rJ
OBn
U 8r 'b'at
CflX
PliC. 10-10. CliCTeMa ynpaBJleHlIH
.D:BlIraTeJlHMlI KJleTeii C lIH.D:lIBlI)!y-
aJlbHbIMli reliepaTopaMIi
El = E 3ll1 + alto = C e1 (J)1 + ItRI I
E 2 = E 3n2 + a 2 t o = C e2 (J)2 + 12R 2
E3 = E 3ll3 + agio = C e3 (J)3 + 13R3 ;
E 3ll1 = Ce1(J)anl + IIRI I
E 3n2 _ C e2 (J)an2 + 1 2 R 2 .
E 3n3 - C e3 (J)3n3 + 13R3
(10-23)
(10-24)
339

3)1.eCb
- 9. )1.. c. reHepaTO-
pOB IIPH paOOLIeH
CKOpOCTH;
£3Ut = bKt; £3n2 = bK 2 ; £3113 = - TO >Ke IIPH 3aIIpa-
= bKs BOLIHOH CKOpOCTH;
at = aK t ; a 2 = aK 2 ; a 3 = aK 3 - TeMIIbI YCKopeHHH
pOCTa 3. )1.. C. re-
HepaTopOB;
a - TeMII YCKopeHHH
pOCTa HaIIpH>Ke-
HHH, nO)1.aBaeMoro
Ha OOMOTKH B03-
OYM)1.eHHH reHepa-
ropOB;
b - HaLIaJIbHOe HaIIpSI-
MeHHe Ha BbIXO)1.e
IIJIOCKOrO KOHT-
ponnepa;
K -  t\? r !_. K -  -" \\" r2 . K 3 = P3 \7  - K03cpqmIJ.HeHTbI
t -- Rn' 2 -- l?r2 ' " 3
r YCHneHHH reHepa-
TOpOB;
Wrt; fV r2 ; Wrs; - LIHCJIa BHTKOB 06-
MOTOK B030YM)1.e-
A e r2 A e r 3 HHH reHepaTOpOB;
t = air -; 1"2 = -aW-; 1"3 = -lIW-:-- OTHOIlIeHHe H3 xa-
rI r2 13 paKTepHCTHK reHe-
paTOpOB;
Rrt -.-= rt + rnl (1 -Yt); R'2 = 1'2 + r u2 (1 - Y2); - COIIpOTHBneHHH
R'3 = rs + r u3 (1 - Y3) IJ.eIIeH 06MOTOK
B036Y>K.lI. eHHH :
Y -!.!!!. Y - r n2 . Y3 = .-!- - OTHOIlIeHHe COIIpO-
t - Rill' 2 -- R n2 ' R II3
THBneHHH IIJIeLIa
IIOTeHIJ.HOMeTpa K
nOnHOMY COIIpO-
THBneHHIO IIOTeH-
IJ.HOMeTpa.
Et; E 2 ; E3
113 ypaBHeHHH (10-23) H (10-24) CJIe)1.yeT, LIro
C et (W t - W 3ut ) = atto; C C2 (W 2 - W 3n2 ) = a 2 t o ;
C e3 (W 3 - W 3n3 ) = aio.
IlocJIe )1.eJIeHHH nepBoro ypaBHeHHH Ha BTopoe IIOJIYLIHM
(10-25)
- [ WI 1 ]
f . W 3n l  - = a l ,
Gel'. W gn2  _ 1 a 2
(03n2
(10-26)
340

a nOCJIe )1.eJIeHHH BToporo Ha TpeTbe
[  -- 1 ]
\"! (J)3n2 (J)3n2 = _ .
C C3 (J)3n3 _I G3
(J)3n3
EcnH HCXO)1.J-ITb H3 YCJlOBHH
T. e. npHHHTb BO BHHMaIme pa-
BeHCTBO (10-1), TO
el'IjJl = a 1 = /(1 .
C e2 a 2 /(2 '
C e2 'IjJ _ G 2 _ /(2
C e3 2 - G 3 - 1(3 '
r)1.e
(10-27)
coxpaHeHHH COOTHOllIeHHH CKOpOCreH,
(10-28)
(10-29)
.h _ (J)snl. .h _ (J)3n2
't'1--, 't'2--'
(J)3n2 (J)3n3
113 (10-28) H (10-29) BH)1.HO,
LITO nOnYLIHTb 3a.n;aHHbIe COOT-
HOllIeHHH 3anpaBOLIHbIX CKOpOC-
TeH 'ljJ1 H 'ljJ2 MOLKHO KaK B03)1.eH-
CTBHeM Ha nOTOKH )1.BHraTeJIeH
(H3MeHeHHeM K03cpcpHIJ.HeHTOB
C e10 C e2 , Ces), TaK H B03)1.eHCT-
BHeM Ha nOTOKH reHepaTOpOB
(H3MeHeHHeM K03cpcpHIJ.HeHTOB
K10 K 2 , K 8 ).
06bILIHO )1.nH OCHOBHOH npo-
rpaMMbI npOKaTKH Ha CTaHe
Tpe6yeMoe COOTHOllIeHHe CKO-
pOCTeH npH 3anpaBKe Nl; 'ljJ2)
nOJIYLIaIOT 3a CLIeT H3MeHeHHH
rrOTOKOB ,lJ:BHraTeJIeH. npH 3TOM,
npHHHMaH TeMnbI pOCTa 3. )1.. C.
reHepaTopOB O)1.HHaKOBbIMH
at = a 2 = a 3 , HMeeM
1\1 = 1\2 = 1\3'
TOr)1.a
£1 =£2=£3;
£3nl = £3n2 = £3n3'
flI
c
n2
+
n3
1.
I
L__
-1
PliC. 10-11. CncTeMa ynpaBJleHIIH ,nBnraTe-
JlHMn KJleTeH C npnMeHeHHeM OTplIl{aTeJlb-
HOH o<5paTHoH CBH31I no HanpH>KeHHIO
T. e. B )1.aHHOM cnYLIae npOIJ.eCc
npOKaTKH B CHCTeMe C HH)1.H-
BH)1.yanbHbIMH reHepaTopaMH CXOLK C TOKOBbIM B CHCTeMe C 06IIJ.HMH IlIH-
HaMH, TaK KaK npH 3TOM 6Y)1.YTCOOJIIO)1.aTbCH YCJIOBHH (10-10) H (10-11).
EcnH nporpaMMa npOKaTKH MeHHeTCH, TO MeHHIOTCH na)1.eHHH Ha-
npHLKeHHH B CHnOBbIX IJ.enHX H COOTHOllIeHHH CKopOCTeH. .lI.JIH nOJIYLIe-
HHH Tpe6yeMbIx YCJIOBHH npOKaTKH rrpn )1.PyroH rrpOrpaMMe HeoOXO)1.HMO
341

HOBoe COOTHOIlIeHI1e 3anpaBOLIHhIX CKOpOCTeH, KOTOpOe AOJI>KHO coxpar
HHThCH 11 nocne pa3roHa CTaHa. 3TOro MmKHO A06I1ThCH cooTBeTcTBYlO-
Il\HM I13MeHeHHeM K03cpqmIJ.I1eHTOB Cel> C e2 , Ces H, Kl' K 2 . Ks.OAHaKO
I13MeHeHI1e K03cpcplIU.I1eHTOB Kl' K 2 . Ks BJIeLIeT 3a C060H He TOJIhKO
I13MeHeHHe 3anpaBOLIHhIX CKOpacTeH, HO 11 I13MeHeHHe TeMnOB pOCTa
3. A. C. reHepaTOpoB. TIpH pa3nHLIHhIX Me TeMnax pOCTa 3. A. c. reHe-
paTOpoB HaTHMeHHe 3a BpeMH nepexoAHoro npoIJ.ecca MOMeT cYIl\e-
CTBeHHO MeHHThCH. OTclOAa B03HHKaeT Tpe60BaHHe, LIT06hI npH nepe-
x0.ll.e Ha APY rylO nporpaMMY npoKaTKH CHCTeMa n03BOnHJIa H3MeHHTb
COOTHOIlIeHHH 3anpaBoLIHbIX CKOpOCTeH 6e3 H3MeHeHIfH TeMna pOCTa
3. A. c. reHepaTOpOB.
YKa3aHHoe Tpe60BaHHe BhInOnHHeTCH CHCTeMOH, npeACTaBneHHOH
Ha pHC. 10-11.
TaKaH CHCTeMa OTJIHLIaeTCH OT npeAhIAYIl\eH TeM, LITO B IJ.enH 06MO-
TOK B036YMAeHHH reHepaTOpoB BKJIlOLIeHhI YCHnHTeJIH KY J, KY2
I:I.KY3.
L(nH CHCTeMhI (pHC. 10-11) AeHCTBHTeJIhHhI CJIeAYlOIl\He ypaBHeHHH.
£1 = (b -+- ato) Kl + E"YI = C el (t)l + flR l )
£2 = (b + ato) K 2 + £"Y2 = C e2 (t)2 + f 2 R 2 ,
Es = (b +- ato) K3 +- £"Y3 = CC3(t)3 + fsRs
£3111 = bK l + £"Yl = C el (t)3l1l +- flR l )
£3112 = bK z + £"Y2 = C e2 (t)3n2 +- f 2 R 2 ,
£311S = bKs +- £"Y3 = C es (t)311S + fsRs
(10-30)
(10-31)
r.ll.e £"Yl; £"y2; £"YS - 3. A. C. YCHnHTeJIeH KYJ, KY2, KY3.
KaK BHAHO H3 (10-30) H (10-31), H B AaHHOM cnYLIae OCTalOTCH cnpa-
BeAJIHBhIMH ypaBHeHHH (10-28) H (10-29).
B paccMaTpHBaeMoH cxeMe Tpe6yeMoe H3MeHeHHe 3anpaBOLIHbIX
3. A. c. reHepaTOpOB npOH3BOAHTCH C nOMOIl\hlO YCHJIHTeJIeli: KY J,
KY2, KY3. TIpH 3TOM TeMnhI pOCTa 3. A. c., paBHble aKl> aK 2 , aK s ,
coxpaHHlOTCH HeH3MeHHhIMH. Heo6xoAHMhIH TeMn pacTa 3. A. c. reHe-
paTopoB nonYLIaeTcH C nOMOIl\blO nOTeHIJ.HOMeTpoB fl J, fl2, fl3 BhI60-
pOM K03cpcpHIJ.I1eHTOB K l , Kz, Ks, a coxpaHeHHe HeH3MeHHhIMH 3anpa-
BOLIHhIX 3. A. C. reHepaTopOB npOH3BOAHTCH COOTBeTCTBYlOIl\HM H3Me-
HeHHeM 3. A. c. YCHnHTeJIeH £"Yl; £"y2; £"Ys'
KorAa KaMAhIH ABHraTeJIb nHTaeTCH OT OTAenbHoro reHepaTOpa,
HMelOIl\ero CBOlO nocToHHHYlO BpeMeHH, TO nepeXOAHhle npOIJ.eCCbI npH
nYCKe H TOpMOMeHHH ABHraTeJIeH 3aBI1CHT H OT nOCTOHHHhIX BpeMeHH
reHepaTOpOB, KOTophle 06hILIHO OTHOCHTeJIhHO BeJIHKH H MorYT 6hITh He
paBHhI APyr APyry. TI09TOMY AnH ynYLIIlIeHHH XapaKTepa nepeXOAHhIX
npOIJ.eCCOB He06xOAHMO HX CHH3HTb H ypaBHHTh, LITO OCYIl\eCTBJIHeTCH
C nOMOIl\blO MeCTKOH OTpHIJ.aTeJIhHOH 06paTHOH CBH3H no HanpH-
MeHHlO reHepaTOpOB.
342

Ha pHC. 10-12 npeACTaBneHa CHCTeMa ynpaBneHHH ABHraTeJ1HMH
KneTeH C npHMeHeHHeM oTpHaTenbHoH o6paTHoH CBH3H no HanpH)Ke-
HHlO reHeparopoB. B TaKOH CHCTeMe Ha 06MOTKY B036Y}MeHHH reHepa-
Topa nOAaeTCH HanpH)KeHHe OT o6lI.{em B036YAHTenH BF H OT OTAenb-
Hom AnH Ka)KAOH 06MOTKH <POpcHpYlOlI.{erO
YCHnHTenH (CPYJ, CPY2, CPY3). YnpaBnHlOIQaH
o6MoTKa <POpcHpYlOlI.{ero YCHnHTeJ1H nOJIyqaeT
nHTaHHe OT pa3HOCTH HanpH)KeHHH: HanpH)Ke-
HHH reHepaTopa H HanpH)KeHHH cpaBHeHHH,
H3MeHHlOIQerocH no npHMonHHeHHoMY 3aKoHY.
L(nH 60nbllleH HarnHAHOCTH Ha pHC. 10-13
npeACTaBneHa cxeMa ynpaBneHHH OAHHM ABH-
raTeneM KJIeTH. 3Aecb B036YAHTenb BF, KaK
H Ha pHC. 10-12, HBnHeTCH 06lI.{HM .lI.nH Bcex
reHeparopoB.
nnaroAapH HanHqHlO HHepHoHHOCTH B enH
B036Y)KAeHHH reHeparopa, a TalOKe B036YAH-
TenH, CKOpOCTb BpalI.{eHHH ABHraTenH B npo-
ecce pa3roHa He H3MeHHeTCH no npHMonHHeH-
HOMY 3aKOHY, 3aAaBaeMOMY Ha BXOAe CHCTeMbI.
I1MeeTcH OTKJIOHeHHe, KOTopoe TeM 3HaqHTeJ1b-
Hee, qeM 60JIbllIe no BenHqHHe nOCTOHHHbIe
BpeMeHH Te H Ts.
f/JZ
f/Jy/
CfJY2
DMZ
DBn
PliC. 10-12. CHcTeMa ynpaBJleHHH
){BHraTeJlHMlI KJleTei'i C npliMeHeHlIeM
cjJOpCHPYIOLltHX YCHJllITeJleii B ltenHX
B03<5Y>KJ\eHHH reHepaTopoB
DBB
.FI"",.a,
+
+
b3a3t
f/JJ
f/JY3
OBr

GJ G'+ a't
+ - +
PHC. 10-13. CHcTeMa
ynpaBJleHlIH O){HOrO
){BliraTeJlH KJleTH C cjJop-
ClIPYIOLltHM YCHJlHTeJleM
343

ECJnI npeHeOpeqb na}1,eI-IHeM HanpSUKeHHH B HKOpe reHepaTOpa, T. e.
npHHHTb, qTO U e = e r H npeHeOpeqb HHeplI.HOHHOCTbfO YCHnHTeJIH CPY.
TO }1,JIH cxeMbI (pHC. 10-13) npHOJIH.>KeHHO MO.>KHO 3anHcaTb:
[(b + at) Ks + (b' + a't - e..) Kcj!] Ke = (1 + T sp)(l + T..p) X
X (1 + T MP) CeW' (10-32)
3}1,eCb b' - HanpH.>KeHHe cpaBHeHHH npH HCXO}1,HOM nonO.>Ke-
HHH TpaBepCbI;
d - TeMn H3MeHeHHH HanpH.>KeHHH cpaBHeHHH;
KB' K<jJ' Ke - K03<]J<pHlI.HeHTbI YCHJIeHHH B030YJ1,HTeJIH, iPOpCH-
PYfOll(erO YCHJIHTenH H reHepaTopa.
npOH3BO}1,H COOTBeTCTBYfOll(He npeoopa30BaHHSJ B (10-32), nonyqHM
KB + b'K Il)_ K + .!S::B-=t_ 'KIl)_ K t -I R =
1 + K<jJK e r 1 + K,pKr r c 0
= (I + T B P)(1 + T;p)(1 + TMP)Cew, (10-33)
I c - TOK CTaTHqeCKOH HarpY3KH J1,aHHOrO }1,BHra-
TeJI SJ ;
T; = 1 +  Kr - 3KBHBaJIeHTHaSJ nOCTOHHHaSJ BpeMeHH reHepa-
cj! u 6 u
Topa C yqeTOM J1,eHCTBHH 0 paTHOH CBSJ3H no
HanpSJ.>KeHHfO.
113 ypaBHeHHSJ (10-33) BH}1,HO, qTO 3anpaBOqHOe 3HalleHHe 3. A. C.
}1,BHraTeJISJ (npH t = 0)
C - bKs+b'Kcj! K 1
eWsn - T+ Kcj!K;. - e - cRo.
n03TOMY B J1,aHHOM CJIyqae
r}1,e
(I 0-34)
aKs + a' KIl)_ K.
C ( _ _1- 1 + KolJKe e
e W p) - p (I + 7J)(1 + 1';)(1 + TMP) .
1
MHO}!(HTeJIb - B (10-35) HBnSJeTCH CHMBOJIOM HHTerpHpOBaHHSJ B
P
npe}1,eJIax OT 0 }1,O t, CJ1e}1,OBaTeJIbHO, perneHHe ypaBHeHHH (10-35)
OY}1,eT HMeTb BH}1,:
_ aKs + a'1(4) J ' ll - 1': --f _'
Cew - C c w 3n + 1 + l(, K. K, _ (7' _ T') (1' _ l' ) e B
cj! r B e B M
,t t
Te 2 e-7 1' - TM ]dt
- (7" - l' ) (T' - l' ) r - ( 1' _ T' ) ( 1' _ l' ) e ,
r Dr ltf M r M B
OTKY}1,a
_ aKs + o'KolJ [ 1' -.-'-
Cew - C e w 3n + 1 + Kc'pKe - Ke t + (1' B _ T;) (1' B _ I'M) e Ts +
7"8 - ,t TB - t
+ (1'; - Ts) (1'; - T M ) e Te + (T.. - T;) (1'.. _ 1' B ) e™]. (10-37)
(10-35)
(1 0-36)
344

npO}1,H<l><l>epeHIJ.HpOBaB ypaBHelme (10-37), yqHTbIBaH, lITO 1,l\I1H Ro=
dC w
= T M d; , HanHIlieM ypaBHeHHe }1,JIH }1,HHaMHQeCKOrO TOKa, COOTBeT-
CTBYfOrn. erO npHMOJIHHeHHOMY H3MeHeHHIO CKOpOCTM }1,BMraTeJIH:
I aKs + a' K K T M ( 0 3
,1\11" = KK -- e Ro . 1 - 8)
TaR I{a!{
C - aK B + a'K K t
e «(()p - ((),m) - - 1+ 1(<1>1(,, - 1 0'
(10-39)
TO
I _ C e (w p - ( 311 ) T M ( 10-40 )
11"H - to Ro .
npM I's = 0 ypaBHeHMe (10-37) 6Y}1,eT HMeTb BH}1,
-t -t
_ aKs + a' K K [ _-.!.i 7" T T M ] (1 0 - 38)
C e(() - C e(()3n + 1 + K. K. .. t + T' _ Tee + T _ T' e ,
e e M M e
npIf T" = 0; T; = 0
-t
C C aKs+a'K T r-
e(() = e(()3n + 1 + K<1>Ke [t + Me M];
H npH T s = 0; T = 0; T M = 0
C - C aKs+a'K t (1 040 )
e(() - C(()311 + 1 + KKe . -
Ha pIfC. 10-14 npe}1,CTaaneHbI KpMBbIe nocTpoeHHbIe no ypaBHeHIfHM
(10-37) - (10-40).
few
 3 2 1


<->
o
PIIC. 10-14. KpHBble 3.JJ;.C.JJ;BHraTe-
JlH KJleTH B npoltecce pa3roHa CTaHa
npH pa3Hblx COOTHOlIIeHIUlX nOCTOHH-
HblX BpeMeHH CHCTeM
1 - T B * 0; T *0;
2-Ts*0; T;*O;
3 - T B * 0; T; = 0;
4-T o =0; T;=O;
TM*O;
TM=O;
TM = 0;
T., = O.
(1 0-39)
6J
Q
.....
'-
>c:
-.::-
a.>c:
.'Ie: 13-
. <:J >c
 .
--
""
"'
i-
a:<"
II
3""-
o
6J}fI
t
to
PHC. 10-15. KpHBbIe CKOpOCTH J\BHraTeJlH
KJleTH B npolteCce pa3roHa CTaila J\O H noc-
Jle OCTaHOBa TpaBepCbl nJlOCKOrOKOHTpOJl-
Jlepa
345

CpaBHeHue KpUBbIX (puc. 10-14) l1oI<a3bIBaeT, lITO lleM 60JIbIlle KO-
nHlleCTBO HHepu.I10HHbIX 3BeHbeB II lleM 60nbIlle HX 3HalleHI1H, TeM
6o.nbIlle KpI1BaH 3. .zr.. C. .zr.BUraTeJIH OTnI1llaeTCH OT I1pHMOH.
B CBH3H C 3TI1M u.eJIeC006pa3HO KOHCTpYI1pOBaTb CXeMY TaK, qro6bI
OHa I1MeJIa MHHI1ManbHOe KOJII1llecTBO HHepu.I10HHbIX 3BeHbeB C MaJIbIMIi
rrOCTOHHHbIMI1 BpeMeHH.
Ha pIIC. 10-15 rro ypaBHeHHfO (10-37) rrocTpoeHa KpIIBaH CKOpOCTI1
.ll.BHraTenH, 110Ka3blBafOlIJ.aH, qTO B Haqane rrpou.ecca 6JIarO.ll.apH BJII1H-
HI1fO 110CTOHHHbIX BpeMeHI1 T;, T B II TM CKOpOCTb pacTeT 3aMe.ll.JIeHHO,
a 3aTeM, Kor.zr.a rrepeXO.ll.HOH rrpou.ecc, cBH3aHHbIH C 3THMH rrOCTOHHHbIMI1
BpeMeHI1 3aTYXHeT (rrpI1 I> 4T;), CKOpOCTb CTaHeT MeHHTbCH rro rrpH-
MOJII1HeMHoMY 3aKoHY.
B MOMeHT BpeMeHH OCTaHOBKH TpaBepcbI (npI1 t = 1 0 ) CKOpOCTb
.ll.BI1raTeJIH elIJ.e He .ll.OCTI1rHeT YCTaHOBI1BIlleikH BeJIHIlI1HbI (()p (CM.
pHC. 10-15). npII HaJII1qI1II Tpex rrOCTOHHHbIX BpeMeHII TB' T;, TM
CKOpOCTb nOCJIe OCTaHOBKII TpaBepcbI 6Y.ll.eT II3MeHHTbCH no ypaBHeHHIO
t t t
-r ---;- -r
(() = (()p + Ale s + A 2 e Te + A 3 e M, (10-41)
r.ll.e AI, A2' A3 - rrOCTOHHHbIe HHTerpHpoBaHHH, orrpe.ll.eJIHeMble no
HallaJIbHbIM ycnoBHHM.
CKOpOCTb BpalIJ.eHHH .ll.BHraTeJIH nplI OCTaHOBKe TpaBepcbI, KaK 3ro
CJIe.zr.yeT H3 pI1c. 10-15, paBHa
(()oCT=(()3n+ C:B::,) Ke[to-(Ts+T;+TM»)' (10-42)
a YCTaHOBI1BIllaHCH pa60llaH CKOpOCTb
aK B + a'Kw. K 1
(()p = (()3n + C e (l + K.pKJ I 0'
( I 0-43)
OTKY.ll.a
aF<B -\- a'I<. rtJ_ K = (D11- (D'ln
C c (1 + K.pK e ) e to'
(10-44)
EcnH HallaTb OTCqeT BpeMeHII C MOMeHTa OCTaHOBKII TpaBepCbI, TO
rrpI1 t = 0
(() = (() _ (Dp - (Dan (T + T + T )
OCT p to B ; M ;
d 2 (D
dt 2 = O.
d(D _ 1'- (D3n .
dt - to '
B 3TOM CJIyqae
(()p-  I' to (Dan (T B + T; + T M ) = (()p + Al + A 2 + A3)
 to (D,m = - : - ;; - ;;, . (10-45)
O Al + A2 A3 I
= P ]"2 + p )
B r ltf
3,16

nOcne onpe}1,eneHHH nOCTOHHHblX HHTerpnpOBaHH51 113 (10-45) no-
JIyqHM
p _--.!..-
 - (i)'n I n T +
ro=ro p -  (Tn-TM)(TB-T;)e n
T'3 t ra t
+ (T;- T B ) (T; - T M ) e- T; + (T M - T;) CT M _ Tn) e-- Tl (10-46)
Ha pHC. 10-15 no ypaBHeHHfO (10-46) nocTpoeHa KpHBaH ro = f (i),
xapaKTepH3Y fO m aH npou.ec c H3MeHeHHH CKOpOCTII nacne OCTaHOBKH
TpaBepCbI.
TaKHM 06pa30M, nonHoe BpeMH nepeXO}1,HOrO npou.ecca COCTaBHT
ton = t 01 + to,
r}1,e i OI - BpeMH npou.ecca nocne OCTaHOBKII TpaBepCbI, paBHoe npH-
MepHo (3 + 4) r;;
r; - HaH60nbIllaH nOCTOHHHaH BpeMeHH.
npH HanlIqHH cHnbHoH OTpHu.aTEJIHOH 06paTHoH CBH3H no HanpH-
.>KeHHfO reHepaTopa B03MO.>KeH KOJIe6aTeJIbHbIH npou.ecc B CIICTeMe
nOCJIe OCTaHOBKH TpaBepcbI. L(JIH nonyqeHHH Tpe6yeMoro xapaKTepa
nepexO}1,HOrO npou.ecca npHMeHHfOTcH rH6KHe OTpHu.aTeJIbHble 06paT-
Hble CBH3H.
B CHCTeMe (pHC. 10-12) npoII3BO}1,HTCH cpaBHeHHe HanpH.>KeHHH re-
HepaTopa C 3TanOHHblM HanpH.>KeHHeM b n + ani. IJ.eJIeco06pa3Hee .>Ke
npOH3BO}1,HTb CpaBHeHHe 3. }1,. C. }1,BHraTeJIH C 3TaJIOHHbIM HanpH.>KeHHeM.
B 3TOM CJIyqae MO.>KHO }1,OCTHrHYTb HaH60JIbIllerO npH6JIII.>KeHHH xapaK-
Tepa H3MeHeHHH CKOpOCTH .ll.BHraTeJIH K npHMonHHeHHOMY 3aKOHY.
CHCTeMa perynHpOBaHHH no 3. .ll.. C. .ll.BHraTeJIH nOJlyqaeTCH npH BKJIfO-
qeHHH KOMneHCHpYfOmero YCHnIITeJIH B u.enb 06paTHOH CBH3H.
Ha pHC. 10-16 npe.zr.CTaBJIeHa CHCTeMa aBTOMaTHqeCKOrO perYJIHpO-
BaHHH .ll.BHraTeJIH KJIeTH HenpepbIBHoro CTaHa B 60nee pa3BepHYTOM
BII.ll.e. B TaKOH CHCTeMe K HKOpfO 3TanOHHoro B036Y.ll.HTeJIH B3, 06mero
.ll.JIH Bcex reHepaTOpOB, nO.ll.KnfOqeHbI nOTeHu.IIOMeTpbI cpaBHeHHH nc.
(B cxeMe Ka.>K.ll.OrO reHepaTopa HMeeTCH CBOH nOTeHu.HOMeTP cpaBHe-
HHH.) 06MOTKa OB3 3TaJIOHHOrO B036Y.ll.HTeJIH nlITaeTCH OT YCIIJIHTeJIH
Y, HMefOmero TPH 06MOTKH: 3a}1,afOmyfO Y3, OTpHu.aTeJIbHOH 06paTHOH
CBH31I no HanpH.>KeHHfO 3TanOHHoro B036Y.ll.HTeJIH YO H cTa6HnH3H-
PYfOmyfO 06MOTKY YC. <I>opCHpYfOmHH YCHnHTeJIb CPY HMeeT qeTblpe
06MOTKH: ynpaMeHHH CPY, OTplIu.aTeJIbHOH 06paTHOH CBH3H CPO,
rH6KOH 06paTHOH CBH3H CPC H 06MOTKY TOnqKOBOH pa60TbI cpr.
npH TOnqKOBOH pa60Te 06MOTKa cpr YCHnHTeJIH CPY nO.ll.KnfOqaeTCH
qepe3 peBepCHBHbIH MOCTHK Ha HanpH.>KeHHe. npH 3TOM B036Y.ll.HTeJIb
BT OTKJIfOQaeTCH H nHTaHHe 06MOTKH B036Y.>K.ll.eHHH reHepaTOpa npo-
H3BO.ll.HTCH TOnbKO OT YCHJIHTeJIH CPY qepe3 3aMKHYBIlllIHCH KOHTaKT KT.
TIpH TOnQKe B u.enb cpaBHeHHH BKJIfOqaeTCH conpOTHBneHHe r m' ocna6-
nHfOmee .ll.eHCTBHe 06paTHOH CBH3H no HanpH.>KeHlIfO reHep aTOp a , H
347

3aKopallHBaeTCH COrrpOTHBJIeHHe '11 }1,JIH HHTeHCHBHOrO rarneHHH OCTa-
TOQHOrO rronH :naJIOHHOrO B036Y,lIJ1TeJIH E3.
e rrOMOIll.bIO rrOTeHlLHOMeTpa nc MOLKHO H3MeHHTb TeMrr HapaCTaHHH
HarrpSDKeHHH reHep aTOp a , a c rrOMOIll.bIO 06MOTKH K2 KOMIIeHCHpyIO-
IlI.ero YCHJIHTeJIH KY MeHSITb 3arrpaBOqHOe HarrpHLKeHHe reHepaTopa
6e3 H3MeHeHHH TeMrra pOCTa, QTO rr03BonHeT YCTaHaBJIHBaTb Heo6xo-
AHMoe 3HaQeHHe HaTHLKeHHH nonOCbI Ha 3anpaBollHoi\: CKOpOCTH 6e3
H3MeHeHHH COOTHorneHHSI nOTOKOB ABHraTeJIei\:.
KT
cn. JB 'K-2 YO  c rn oB3
83 - - 83 ",,'"
D
KT
-I- jg
OBBr
Cfij(-[ -I-
b-at sr_
$0
OBr
TB : TH.
r.r
PHC. 10-16. TIpliHUlinlIaJlbHaH cxeMa CliCTeMbI ynpaBJleHlIH ,nBliraTeJleM KJleTli lIe-
npepblBHoro CTalla XOJlO,nHOH npOKaTKH
npH HanHQHH B lLerrH 06paTHoi\: CBH3H KOMrreHcHpYIOIlI.erO YCHJIII-
TeJISI KY perynHPyeMoH BeJIHQHHoi\: 6YAeT:
e K = V r -oiRoK2 - V1KI = ee -'AiRo -OiRoK2 - V1KI' (10-47)
rAe V1KI - 3. A. C. KOMneHCHpYIOIlI.erO YCHJIHTenSI, npeAHa3HaQeH-
HaH AJIH H3MeHeHHSI 3arrpaBOQHOrO HanpHLKeHHSI reHe-
paTOpa;
oiRoK2 - 3. A. c. KOMneHcHpYIOmero YCHJIHTeJIH OT AeHCTBHH
06paTHOH CBSI3H no TOKY;
K 1 ; K 2 - K03<MmlLHeHTbI YCHJIeHHH YCHJIHTeJISI KY;
VI - HarrpSI>KeHHe, rrOAaBaeMoe Ha 06MOTKY KJ YCHJIH-
TeJISI KY;
'A = : - OTHorneHHe COrrpOTHBJIeHHSI HKOpSI reHepaTOpa K rrOJI-
HOMY corrpOTHBneHHIO CHJIOBOH lLenH;
'AiRo ..;... naAeHHe HarrpH>KeHHH B lLerrH HKOpH reHepaTOpa.
348

)J.nH YCTanOBIIBIllerOCH pe.>KIIMa
E K = Ei.p- ('A + aK 2 ) IcRo- V 1 K 1 , (10-48)
(b + at o ) KBKr + (b' + a'f o - E K ) Kq,Kr = Ecp- (10-49)
3Aecb (b + at o ) K B = V rm - narrpH.>KeHHe B036YAIITeJIH:
(b' + a't o - E,,) Kq, = Uq,H - HanpH.>KeHHe q>OpcHpYfOrn.ero
YCHJIHTeJIH;
Eep - 9. A. c. reHepaTOpa rrpH nonHOM
pa60QeM CKOpOCTH ABHraTeJIH
[1OCJIe p HAa npeo6pa30BaHHM B (10-48) H (10-49) rronyqHM
E = bKb'Kq, + U1KIKq, + (A. + aK2) Kq,lcRo K +
rp 1 + Kq,Ke e
aK B + a'Kq, K
+ 1 + KrpK e efO'
(10-50)
OTCfOAa 3arrpaBOqHaH 9. A. C. reHepaTOpa C yqeTOM AeMCTBHH YCHJIH-
TeJIH KY
E = bK B + b'Krp + U1K1Krp + (A. + aK 2 ) Krp1cRo K ( W-51 )
3n 1 + Kq,Ke P
a TeMrrbl pOCTa 9. A. c. reHepaTOpa
a" = aK B + a'Krp K ( 10-52 )
1 + KrpK e r'
113 (10-48) cne.n.yeT, qTO
E" = Ce(J) + [1 - ('A + aK 2 )] IcRo - U 1 K l'
YpaBHeHHe (10-53) rrOKa3blBaeT, qTO eCJIH
'A + aK 2 = 1,
(10-53)
(10-54)
TO perYJIHpOBaHHe 6YAeT rrpOHcxOAHTb no 9. A. C. (CKOpOCTlI) ABHra-
TeJI H.
TIpH opHeHTHpOBOqHOM paCqeTe OCHOBHbIX napaMeTpOB CHCTeMbl
perYJIHpOBaHHH MO.>KHO nOJIb30BaTbCH CJIeAYfOrn.HM rropHAKOM.
K03<!><!>HlI.HeHT YCHneHHH Kq,Kr BbI6HpaeTCH HCXOAH H3 He06xOAH-
MOCTH YMeHbIlleHHH 9KBHBaJIeHTHOM rrOCTOHHHOM BpeMeHH reHepaTopa
COrJIaCHO paBeHCTBY
T' Te
e = 1 + KrpK e
TIapaMeTpbI 06paTHOM CBH3H no TOKY orrpeAeJIHfOTCH H3
'A +aK 2 = (0,7+0,9)
( 1 0-55)
YCJIOBHSI
(10-56)
Ha TOM OCHOBaHHH, qTO CHJIbHaSi nOnO.>KHTeJIbHaSi oopaTHaSi CBSl3b no
TOKY ,ll,ImraTe.TIH MO.>KeT Bbl3BaTb YXY}J.IlleHHe KaqeCTBa nepeXO.llHoro
npOlI. ecca .
349

HanpmKeHlIe, Heo6xo.D-IIMOe .D-n5I B036Y*.D-eHIIH reHepaTOpa .D-BHra-
TenH KneTH npH nOnHO" CKOpOCTH:
U BlI + U(j\H = i:- . (10-57)
PeKoMeH.D-yeTCH HanpmKeHHe lfJopclIpYIOmero YCHJIIITeJIH U rpll 6paTh
paBHhIM npHMepHo 50% OT HanpH.>KeHHH B036Y.D-HTeJUI UBI!' T. e.
Urpll = 0,5U BII .
(10-58)
n pH 3TOM
U - Eep
nil -15 /(, -'
, e
(10-59)
HanpH.>KeHHe B036Y.>K,QeHI-IH B036Y,QHTenH
b + at o = !:hI'!.
K B
(10-60)
HanpH.>KeHHe cpaBHeHHH
b' -+ dt o = Uct>1I t-:I<Krp- . (10-61)
OTHorneHHe HanpH.>KeHHH cpaBHeHHH K HanpH.>KeHHIO B036Y.>K.D-eHHH
B036y J\lITenH
b' + a't o _ U<!JII + EI<K<!J K B (10-62)
b + ato - U BII . Kct> '
npH paClleTe MO.>KHO nplIHHTb, lITO
a' b' _ b' + a't o
a -b- - b + ato
(10-63)
CorJIaCHO ypaBHeHHIO (10-40), HMeeM
a'
K.. + - Krp
--K _ e(wp--wa
a 1 + KrpK e e - to '
(10-64)
OTKY.D- a
a = C c (w p - w '!L. 1 + Krp fSx__
to ( a' ) .
Ke Kn + a Kct>
(10-65)
113 ypaBHeHHH (10-60) cne.D-yeT, lITO
b =  I-ato._
(1 0-66)
npHMep 10-2. TpeXKJleTbeBoii CTaH HMeeT CliCTeMY nplIBo»,a OT HH»,lIBlI}JyaJlbHbIx
reHepaTopOB; npliMeHeHa o<5paTHaH CBH3b no HanpH>KeHlIIO (CM. pliC. 10-16). 06paT-
HaH CBH3b no TOKY OTCYTcTByeT. J],BlIraTeJllI KJleTeii H nporpaMMa 06:H<aTHH B3HTbl
H3 npliMepa 10-1. ConpOTlIBJleHHH lteneH HKopeii Rl = 0,0114 OM, R 2 = 0,010 OM;
R3 = 0,0085 O.Ift. ITocToHIIHble BpeMeHH reHepaTOpOB Tel = 2,0 eeK; T e2 = 2,2 eeK;
Tea = 1,9 eeK. l(03cjJcjJlJIllIeHT YClIJleHlIH KmK./);oro reHepaTopa Kr = 2,5; K03cjJcjJlI-
ltHeHT yCHJleHHH B03<5Y./);lITeJlH K B = 2,2.
PaCC'IHT8Tb OCHOBHble napaMeTpbl CHCTeMbI.
350

P e UJ e H H e.
1. 3aJ\aeMcH 3KBHBaJleHTHOii nocToHHHOll BpeMeHlI T = 0,1 CCK ObJ,HHaKOBoll
,!\JlH Dcex reHep8TopoB. Tor.!J,a K03cjJcjJHltHeHTbI YClIJleHHH o<5paTHblx cBH3eii no H8-
npH>KeHHIO
v v Tel 1 2 1 1 9 V T e2 I 2,2 1 '
I\<jJl'\e=y- =01- = ; '\<jJ2Ke=r- =01- =21;
fl' e2'
K<jJ3 / {,.. = 1  - I = O !,9 1 - -1 = 18; K,pl =  f(, 9- = 2 l = 7,6.
1'3' l' ,
2. K03cp(HltlIeHT
G MI = Jli1! =
= 610 + V3n 100 - 4. 1 8,85.79500.0,0114 = 308
2. 18,85 ' , .
3,necb El = 610 B-3. ,n. C. reHepaTopa B3HTa opHeHTlipOBO'lHO.
3. K03cpcpHltHeHTbI
C C rol 30 8 18,85 22 2 . C C ro2 22 2 26,2 15 82
M2 = Ml w =, , 26,2 = " M3 = M2 Co3 = , 36,65 = , .
4. TOKH ,nBliraTeJleii
I =  = 79500_ = 2560' I = M2 _ = 94 600 = 4260'
1 C Ml 30,8 2 C M2 22,2 '
M3 70 000
13 = C M3 = 15,82 = 4425 a.
5. ITaJ\eHlIH HanpH>KeHlIii
IlRl = 2560.0,0114 = 29,2 B; 1 2 R 2 = 4260.0,01 = 42,6 B;
laRa = 4425.0,0085 = 37,6 B.
6. 3anpaBO'lHble CKOpOcTIi onpe,neJleHbl B npe,nbl,nYIlleM npHMepe
ro 3n l = 1,94 paalceK; ro 3n 2 = 2,6 paalceK; ro 3n a = 3,65 paajceK.
7. 3. ,n. c. ,nBHraTeJleii
Carol = Ce2ro2 = Cearoa = 30,8 . 18,85 = 580 B.
8. 3. lI.. c. reHepaTOpOB
El = Celrol + IlRl = 580 + 29,2 = 609 B;
E 2 = C e2 ro 2 + I 2 R 2 = 580 + 42,5 = 623 B;
Ea = C ea ro 3 + laRa = 580 + 37,6 = 618 B.
9. TeMnbI YCKopeHlIH
Cel (rol - ro 3n l) 30,8 (18,85 - 1,94) 52 I
to = 10 = B ceK;
C e2 ( ro 2 - ro 3n2 ) 22,2 (26,2 - 2,6) 52 I
to = 10 = B ceK;
C ea ( ro 3 - ro 3n a) _ 15,82 (36,65 - 3,65) _ 52 I
to - 10 - B ceK.
J],aJlbHeiilIIlIii paC'IeT npo1I3Bo,!\HM ./);JlH npHBOl(a .!J,BlIraTeJlH nepBOl[ KJIeTli.
Pac'leT lI.JlH lI.PYflIX }JBlIrareJleii aHaJlOflI'IeH.
351

10. TIOJIHoe HanpH>KeHlIe B030Y>K,1\eHHH reHepaTOpa, nOJlY'IaeMOe OT IJOJUYl.\I1-
TeJlH II OT CPOpCHPYIOlllerO YCHJllITeJlH
U. - 1':1 _ 609 = ? 43
UBI + <jJ1 - V - 2 5 - B.
L\e ,
BbI6npaeM HanpH>KeHlIe B03<5Y.!!,HTeJlH
UBI = 162 B
11 HanpH>KeHlIe CPOpCHPYIOII\erO YClIJllITeJlH
Uq,l = 81 B.
11. I1anpmHcIInc I1a OUMOTKC uOJ<5Y>KJ\eIlIHI BOJUYJ\HTCJHl
b + at = U B ! = 16 = 73 6 B
o K B 2,2 ,.
12. HanpS1>KeHlIe CpaBHeIlliH
b' + a't o = U<jJl + Ell(<jJl = 81 + 60:,7,6 = 620,8.
KcjJl 7,
13. OTlIOIlIeHlIe HaIlpH>KeHlIM
 _  _ b' + a't o _ 620,8 = 8 44
a - b - b + at o - 73,6 ,.
14. TeMn pOCTa HanpH>KeHlIH B03<5Y>KJ\eHlIH B03<5y,nnTeJlH
a = Cel (CDI - CD 3n l) 1 + K<jJlr 52 , 1 + 19 , = 6,27.
to Ke ( K B + a K<1)l) 2,5 (2,2 + 8,44 . 7,6)
15. TeMn pOCTa HanpH>KeHlIH cpaBHeHlIH
b' +a't
a' b + at: a = 8,44 . 6,27 = 53 B/ceK.
16. 3anpaBOt,HOe HanpH>KeliHe B03<5Y>K,neHlIsI B03<5YAlITeJlH
UBI 162
b = K B - at o = 2,2 - 6,27 . 10 = 10,9 B.
17. 3anpaBO'lHOe HanpH1KeHHe cpaBHeHlIH
b' +a't
b' = b t 0 b = 8,44 . 10,9 = 90,2 B.
+a 0
 10-6. Pacller MOHocrH ABHrareneii Knereii
HenpepblBHoro craHB
PaCqeT MOHOCTH HraTeeH KneTeH CTaHOB xonoHoH npOKaTKH
Be)l;eTCH, KaK H )l;nH PYrHX npOKaTHblX CTaHOB, no KpHBbIM yebHoro
pacxoa 3HeprHlf H no aHaHTHqeCKHM 4>opMyaM.
Pe3YbTaTbl paCqeTa cpaBHHBaIOTCH Me)Ky c060H H conOCTaBnHIOTCH
C MOHOCTblO BHraTeJIeii )l;eHcTBYIOHX CTaHOB.
KpHBble yebHoro pacxoa 3HepfHH npH xonoHoH npOKaTKe
HCTa CTpOHTCH 6e3 yqeTa HaTH)KeHHH. nOTpe6HaH MOHOCTb npH npo-
KaTKe C nepe.!J.HHM H 3a)l;HHM HaTH)KeHHeM
P1J.B= Pnp-Pnll+P3H (10-67)
1')
352

re P np - MOlqHOCTb, nOTproHaH J1..JIfI npOKaTKH MeTaJIJIa oea
Y1JeTa HaTfI>KeHHH;
P nH; P 3H - MOlqHOCTH 3aHero H nepeHero HaTR>KeHHH;
1] - K. n. A. peYKTopa.
MOlqHOCTb HaTR>KeHHR
P HaT = Tv10- 3 K8rn, (10-68)
rJ1..e T - HaTR>KeHHe, H;
v - CKOpOCTb ABH>KeHHR nOJIOCbI, MiceK.
PaC1JeT MOlqHOCTH npOKaTH.oro BHraTeJIfI HenpepbIBHoro CTaHa XO-
JIOHoii npOKaTKH no KpHBbIM YAeJIbHOrO pacxoa :meprHH aHaJIOrH1JeH
nO.ZJ,OOHOMY paC1JeTY MOlqHOCTH npOKaTHblX BHraTeJIeH APYrHX npo-
KaTHblX CTaHOB, B 1JaCTHOCTH, peBepCHBHblX CTaHOB ropR1Jeii npOKaTKH.
D03TOMY Ha 3TOM MeTOAe paC1JeTa 3eCb OCTaHaBnHBaTbCfI He oY.ZJ,eM.
DpH pac1JeTe MOlqHOCTH aHaJIHTH1JeCKHM MeToAoM 1JaCTO nOJIb3YIOTCfI
4>oPMYJIOH . A. - l1. IJ,eJIHKOBa.
MeTOA p8ceT8 MOutHOCTH C Hcnonb30B8HMeM
lIIopMynbl A. M. UinHKoBa
MOMeHT npoKaTHoro ,lI.BHraTeJIR
M = M np + M Tp + MxX' (10-69)
3J1..eCb M np - MOMeHT, HeooxoAHMbIH,lVIR npeOAOJIeHHR conpoTHBneHHH
AecpopMalI.Hii MeTanJIa;
M Tp - MOMeHT AOOaB01JHbIX CHJI TpeHHR;
Mxx - MOMeHT XOJIOCTOrO XOAa.
MOMeHT npoKaTKH
M np = 2bl'apcp, (10-70)
re b - nIHpHHa npoKaTbIBaeMoii nonOCbI;
if _ .ZJ,JlHHa yrH 3aXBaTa C Y1JeTOM yrrpyroro C>KaTHR BaJlKOB;
Pcp - cpeHee yeJlbHoe AiBJleHHe MeTaJlJla Ha BaJlKH, HIMM 2 .
CpeAHee YAeJlbHoe AaBneHHe MeTaJlJla Ha BaJlKH onpeAeJlfleTCR no
cpopMYJle A. l1. lJ,eJlHKOBa:
ho
p = 8 1 Kl ' 1 ( 8 0 K!I. ) h o +h 1 em _ 80Ko . _ ] ( 10-71 )
cp m 8 1 K 1 81Kl ho + hi ho + hi .
3ecb Ko = 1,150'so; K 1 =,l,150'sl;
O'so - npeAeJl TeKY1JeCTH MeTaJlJIa AO npoKaTKH, HIMM 2 ;
O'sl - npeeJl TeKY1JeCTH MeTaJlJIa nocJle npOKaTKH B MHHOH
KJleTH, HIMM 2 (BeJlH'UIHbl O'so H O'SI onpeeJlRlOTCfI no KpH-
BOH, npHBeeHHoH 'Ha pHC. 10-17);
ho - TOJllqHHa nonOCbI o npoKaTKH, MM;
hi - TOJllqHHa nOJlOCbI nOCJIe npOKaTKH, MM;
/(0 - 0"0
80 = Ko ;
12 B, n. BIi'lKOB
353

0'0 - yenbHoe 3aHee HaTfDKeHHe, H/MM 2 ;
KI - al
8 1 = ----x:;-;
0'1 - yp,eJIbHOe nepe)J,Hee HaTfDKeHHe, H/MM 2 ;
_ 2f.t/' '.
m - ho + hI '
J..I. - K09clJclJ H lllIeHT TpeHHH Me)K)J.y npOKaTbIBaeMbIM MeTaJIJIOM
H BaJIKaMH.
C yqeTOM ynpyroro C)KaTHfi BaJIKOB )J,JIHHa )J,YrH 3aXBaTa
.1' = -V R!!-.h + xg + Xo.
(10-72)
rIl,e R - pa)J,HYc BaJIKa, MM;
!!-.h - o62KaTHe, MM;
X PcpR
o 92400'
(10-73)
l13 ypaBHeHHH (10-71), (1O-72), (10-73) BH)J,HO, qTO ,n:JIfi oIIpe,n:ene-
HHfI Xo cJIe)J,YeT 3HaTb Pcp' B TO )Ke BpeMfi ,n:nH OIIpe)J,eneHHfI Pcp BenH-
qHHa Xo )J,OJI)KHa 6bITb H3BeCTHa,
G S ,H/MM2 TaK KaK OT Hee 3aBHCHT l' H COOT-
700 , 2f.t/'
HOIlleHHe m = h + h ,BXO)J,flIllee
DOl
G B ypaBHeHHe (10-71). B ,n:aHHOM
50 CJIyqae AJIfi onpe)J,eneHlIH ,n:JIHHbI
40'0 )J,yrH 3aXBaTa c yqeTOM CIIJIIDIllH-
JO'O BaHHfI BaJIKOB L', 3aBlICflIlleH OT
200 y,n:enbHoro )J,aBJIe HHfI Pcp, 6epYT
10'0 3HaqeHHe L = -V R!!-.L 6e3 yqeT
CnJIIDIllHBaHHfI BaJIKOB. no 9TOH
. '0 ZO . '0 0 6 h h BenHqHHe, pernafl ypaBHeHHe
" ", q 50 '0 ° h - 100%
o (10-71), HaxoAHT cpe)J,Hee y)J,eJIb-
Hoe )J,aBJIeHHe, a 3areM, nOJIb3YflCb
PRC. 10-17. KpHBaH as = {(M) - 3a- ypaBHeHHflMH (jO-72) H (10-73) _
BIICHMOCTb npe)\eJla TeKY'IeCTH OT Be-
JllI'IlIHbl OO>KaTHH npH XOJlO)\HOH npo- Xo H )J,JIHHY )J,yrH 3aXBaTa C yqe-
KaTKe TOM cnJIIDIlllIBaHHH BaJIKOB' l'.
nOCJIe 9TorO pernaeTCfI BHOBb
ypaBHeHHe (10-71) )J,JIfi onpe)J,eneHHH cpe)J,Hero y)J,eJIbHOrO )J,aBJIeHHH C
yqeTOM CnJIIDIllHBaHHH BaJIKOB.
nJIeqO paBHoAeHcTBYIDIlleH CliJI p,eclJopMaUHH C yqeTOM ynpyroro
C)KaTHH BaJIKOB
a = 'I'[-VR!!-. + X- (  - 1) XoJ.
K:03clJclJHlllIeHT 'IjJ 6epeTcfI B IIpe)!.eJIaX 0,4-0,5.
(10-74)
354

OMeHT TpeHHH B arrax orrpeAenHeTCH rro ypaBHeHHID
M - 2Pp, !ZP_. d (10-75 )
TP -  Don 2'
rAe P - HarpY3Ka Ha rrO)1.111HrrHHKH, paBI-IaH AaBJIeHHID MeTaJIJIa
Ha BaJIKH, H;
p, - K03q)HHeHT TpeHHH B uarrax OrropHbIX BaJIKOB;
D p ; Don - Jl,HaMeTpbI pa60QHX H orropHbIX BaJIKOB, oM;
d - AHaMeTp arr orropHbIX BaJIKOB, oM.
npH pacqeTe MOIIJ;HOCTH ABHraTeneH KJIerefI CTaHOB XOJIO)1.HOH rrpo-
KaTKH )1.HHaMHQeCKHe COCTaBJIHIDIIJ;He TOKOB He yqHTbIBaIDTCH, TaK KaK
BpeMH rrepeXO)1.HbIX rrpoueCCOB HeBeJIHKO B cpaBHeHHH C BpeMeHeM
HKJIa, rr03TOMY )1.HHaMHQeCKHe TOKH He OKa3bIBaIDT CYIIJ;eCTBeHHoro
BJIHHHHH Ha HarpeB ABHraTeJIH.
npHMep 10-3. PaCC'IliTaTb nOTpe6HYIO MOIllHOCTb .!I;BlIraTeJlH KJleTH nHTlIKJleTb-
eBoro HenpepbIBHoro CTaHa xOJlo./);Hoii npoKaTKlI.
TIporpaMMa 06JKaTHii nplIBe./);eHa B Ta6J1. 10-4.
T a 6 JI Ii l{ a 10-4
, nporpaMMa npoKaTKIi nonOCbI 0,25 X 10 ,M,M2. MCxOJl.HOe CeIJeHHe nonOCbI
2,2 X 710 ,M,M2. CMa3Ka nanbMOBblM MacnOM. CTanb MHrKaH yrnepOJl.HCTaH
,
l1h= O(j}KaTHe CKOpOCTb 3a)\nee nepe)\HCe
HOMcp sa npo-
KJleTell ho ht = ho - ht, nYCK, npOKaTKH. HaTSl>K€'HHe, HaTSI>KeHHe.
At.1It % Atlce" H- H-
I 2,2 1,2 ] 45,5 7,3 29 400 117 800
II 1,2 0,75 0,45 37,5 11,7 117 800 98 100
III 0,75 0,5 0,25 33,3 17,5 98 100 78 500
IV 0,5 0,35 0,15 30 25 78 500 58 900
V 0,35 0,25 0,1 28,5 35 58 900 56 350
J],lIaMeTp pa60'lliX BaJlKOB Dp = 500 MM, .!);HaMeTp onopHbIX BaJlKOB Don =
= 1300 MM; ./);lIaMeTp ltancjJbI OIIOpHbIX BaJlKOB d = 900 MM; K. n. }!. nepe.!!a'lH
'I') = 0,95.
BbmOJlHHTb paC'IeT MOIllHOCTH .!I;BHraTeJlH BTOpoii KJleTH.
P e III e H H e.
1. TIpe)];eJJbI TeKY'IeCTli CTaJlH (KpHBaH pliC. 10-17).
J],JlH 06>KaTliH go npOKaTKlI BO BTOpOM nponYCKe, paBHOM
h o - h 1 .100 _ 2,2-"],2 .100_455°/
ho - 2,2 -, 0,
(]so = 600 H/J,tM 2 .
J],JlH 06>KaTliH nocne rrpOKaTKH BO BTOpOM nponYCKe, paBHOM
ho - hi = 2,2 - 0,75 . 100 = 660/0,
ho 2,2
(]Sl = 685 H/MM 2 .
12.
355

2. K03cPcPlIl{HeHTbI
Ko = 1,150'80 = 1,15.600 = 690 H/MM2;
KI = 1,15a 81 = 1,15. 68,5 = 787 H/MM 2 .
3. YJ!eJlbHOe 3a}!Hee HaTH>KeHHe
T aH 117800 8 2 / 2
0'0 = 7f = 1,2.710 = 13, H MM .
4. YJ!eJlbHOe nepeJ!Hee HaTR1KeHHe
_ T nH _ 98100 _ 184 2 / 2
0'1- F 2 - 0,75.710 - , H MM.
5. 'COOTHOrneHlIH
Ko-a o 690-138,2
Eo = Ko = 690 0,8;
_ Kl-a l _ 787-184,2 - 076
EI - KI - 787 ' .
6. J],JIHHa .l\yrlI 3aXBaTa De3 Y'leTa CnJlIOIll lIBaHHH BaJlKOB
1 = Y RAh = Y250. 0,45 = 10,6 MM.
7. CooTHorneHlIe m De3 Y'IeTa CnJlIOIlllIBaHHR BaJlKOB
m = 2(11 = 2. 0,03 . 10,6 = 0,326.
ho + hi 1,2 + 0,75
I
8. Cpe.l\Hee Y.l\eJlbHOe .l\aBJleHHe Des Y'IeTa CnJlIOIlllIBaHliH BaJlKOB
- ho h . J
P _ EIKI [( EoKo ) ho+lii em_ EoKo . _  =
cp- m ElK I BIKI ho+hl ho+hl
= 0,76.787 [( 0,8.690 ) 1,2,7& 0,326 _ 0,8.690 . 1,2
0,326 0,76.787 e 0,76.787 1,2 + 0,75
- 1,2 ,75 J = 649 H/MM2.
9. TIplipaIlleHHe J\JIlIHbl KOHTaKTa
_ PCF!i. _ 649 . 250 _ 5
Xo - 92400 - 92400 - 1,7 MM.
10. J],JIHHa J\yrH 3aXB aTa c Y'IeTO M CnJlIOIllHBaHHH BaJlKOB
l' = Y RAh + X + Xo = Y250. 0,45 + 1,75 2 + 1,75 = 12,5 MM.
11. CooTHolIIeHlIe m' c Y'IeTOM CnJlIOIllHBaHHR BaJlKOB
m' =  = 2.0,03. 12,5 = 0,384.
ho + hi 1,2 + 0,75
12. Cpe,nHee YJ\eJlbHOe J\aBJleHHe c Y'IeTOM cnJlIOIllIIBaHliH BaJlKOB
ho
Pc = elK I [ ( EoKo ) ho+h1 em' _ e oKo _ ] =
p m' EIKI elK I ho + hi ho + hi
= 0,76.787 [( 0,8.690 ) l'2,75 '0,384 _ 0,8.690 . 1,2
0,384 0,76.787 e 0,76.787 1,2 + 0,75
0,75 ] _ 666 2
-1,2 + 0,75 - H/MM.
356

13. .lI.aBJleHHe MeTaJlJla Ha BaJlOK
P = bl'pcp = 710. 12,5 .666 = 5910. 10 3 H.
14. TIJlello p aBHoJJ,eiicT BYIOIlleii CRJI ,necP0PMaltHH
a=1jJ [V RM+Xg- (  -l)Xo] =0,45 [V250. 0.45 + 1,75 2 --
- ( 0:45 -1) 1,75] = 3,87 MM.
15. MOMeHT npoKaTKlI
M np = ZPa = 2.5910 . 3,87 = 45800 HM.
16. MOMeHT TpeHHH
d D 900 0,5
M Tp = 2PI11 2J1, Do; = 2.5910 .10 3 .0,005 2 .10- 3 1,3 = 10200 HM.
3.neCb 111 = 0,005.
17. MOMeHT XOJlOCTOrO xOJ\a oepeTcH paBHblM (no ,naHHbIM Y3TM)
Mxx = 3920 HJrt.
18. CYMMapHbIii MOMeHT npOKaTKH
M = M np +M Tp +Mxx = 45800+ 10200 + 3920 =59920 HM.
19. CKOpOCTb BpaIlleHlIH pa<50'lliX BaJlKOB
ro = 2v = ]1.7 =467 paiJ
. B Dp 0,25 ' ee,,'
20. MOIllHOCTb npoKaTKlI
P np = Mro = 59 920 . 46.7 = 2800 "8m.
2!. MOIllHOCTb, Heo<5xOJ\HMaH J\JlH C03,naHHH 3a,nHero HaTH>KeHlIH
117800.11.7
P SH = TSHv = 1000 = 1380 "8m.
22. MOIllHOCTb, HeooxJJ,HMaH .D;JIH C03J\aHliH nepe,nHero HaTH>KeHlIH
98100.11,7 '
. P nH = TnHv = 1000  1147 "8m.
3.n.eCb T 3H =]17800 H; T nH '=98100 H.
23. MOIllHOCTb npoKaTKII C Y'IeTOM HaTH>KeHHH
P = P np + P SH - PnH = 2 800 + 1380 -1147 = 3033 "sm.
24. TIoTpeoHaH CTaTH'IeCKaH MOIllHOCTb
P 3033
P AB = - = 095 = 3200 "sm.
'l') ,
 10-6. 3neKTponpHBOA MOT8nOK H P8SM8TblB8Teneli
HenpepBHX CT8HOB
TpedoB8HHR K anBKTponpHBOAY
Ha HenpepbIBHbiX CTaHax XOJIOAHOH npOKaTKH CTaJIbHOH JIHCT, no-
AaHHbIH K CTaHY, B npoecce npOKaTKH pa3MaTbIBaeTCfI C PYJIOHa nepe)1. -
CTaijOM H HaMaTb1BaeTCfI B PYJIOH nOCJIe CTaHa. HaTfI)KeHHe nOJIOCbI,
357

B ocot5eHHocTH Me>K,AY tIOCJIe,AHeH KJIeTbIO H MOTaJIKOH, OKa3bIBaeT
cYIl{eCTBeHHOe BJIHflHHe Ha TOJIIl{HHY rrpOKaTbIBaeMOrO MeTaJIJIa. npH
H3MeHeHHH 3TOrO HaTfI>KeHHfI MeHfleTCfI H TOJIIl{HHa JIHCTa. .D:JIfi rrOJIy-
qeHHfI JIHCTa C ,AOrrYCTHMOll HepaBHOMepHOCTbIO TOJIIl{HHbI HeOOXO,AHMO
rrpH rrOCTOflHHOll CKOpOCTH rrpOKaTKH rrOMep>KHBaTb HeH3MeHHbIM Ha-
TfI>KeH.He rrOJIOCbI.
TOnIl{HHa rrOJIOCbI 3aBHCHT OT CKOpOCTH rrpOKaTKH (YMeHbIlIaeTCfI
C YBeJlHqeHHeM CKOpOCTH). n03TOMY u.eJIeCOOOpa3HO B rrepeXO,AHbIX rrpo-
u.eccax pa3rOHa H TOpMO>KeHHfI He rrOMep>KHBaTb rrOCTOflHHOll BeJIH-
qHHbI HaTfI>KeHHfI, a YMeHbIlIaTb ee C YBeJIHqeHHeM CKOpOCTH rrpOKaTKH.
B CBfl3H co CnO>KHOCTbIO rrOJIyqeHHfI HeOOXO,AHMorO 3aKOHa H3MeHeHHfI
HaTfI>KeHHfI B rrepeXO,AHbIX rrpou.eccax OOblqHO 3HaqHTeJIbHafi qaCTb
rrOJIOC, rrpOKaTaHHafi 3a BpeMfi YCKopeHHfI H 3aMe,AJIeHHfI, BXO,AHT
H3 ,AorrYCKOB. 3TO OOCTOfiTenbCTBO BbI3bIBaeT HeOOXO,AHMOCTb B MaKCH-
MaJIbHOM COKpaIl{eHHH BpeMeHH rrepeXO,AHbIX rrpoueCCOB.
B npouecce HaMOTKH nonOCbI Ha oapaoaH YB{JlHqHBaeTCfI ,AHaMeTp
PYJIOHa, JIHHellHafi CKOpOCTb HaMOTKH, a CJIe,AOBaTenbHO, H HaTfI>KeHHe.
.D:JIfi coxpaHeHHfI B npouecce HaMOTKH HeH3MeHHbIM HaTfI>KeHHfI rro-
JIOCbI CJIe,AYeT C YBeJlHqeHHeM ,AHaMeTpa PYJIOHa YMeHbIlIaTb CKOpOCTb
BparqeHHfI oapaoaHa MOTaJIKH, TaK, qTOObI JIHHellHafi CKOpOCTt HaMOTKH
OCTaJIaCb HeH3MeHHOfI. B rrpouecce >Ke pa3MOTKH ,AHaMeTp PynoHa
YMeHbIlIaeTCfI, rr03TOMY ,AJIfi coxpaHeHHfI HeH3MeHHOH JIHHellHOll CKO-
pOCTH pa3MOTKH CJIe,AyeT YBenHqHBaTb CKOpOCTb BpaIl{eHHfI ,ABHraTeJISi.
B COOTBeTCTBHH C TeXHOJIOmeH rrpOKaTKH K 3JIeKTpOrrpHBO,AY MOTa-
JIOK H pa3MaThIBaTe.nell HenpepbIBHbIX CTaHOB rrpeA'bflBJIflIOTCfI CJIe,AYIO-
rqHe TpeooBaHHfI:
1) rrOMep>KaHHe rrOCTOflHHbIM HJIH perYJIHpOBaHHe rro 3a,AaHHoMy
3aKOHY HaTfI>KeHHfI rronOCbI Me>K,AY KJIeTbIO H MOTaJIKOll (pa3MaTbIBa-
TeneM);
2) rrnaBHoe YCKopeHHe H 3aMe,AJIeHHe rrpH .B03MO>KHO MaJIOM Bpe-
MeHH rrepeXo,AHX rrpoueccoB;
3) IlIHpOKHll ,AHarra30H perYJIHpOBaHHfI;
4) COBMeCTHoe H pa3,AenbHOe yrrpaBJIeHHe MOTaJIKOH, pa3MaTbIBaTe-
neM H CTaHOM;
5) HaTfI>KeHHe «rro'Kofl»;
6) TOnqKOBafi paooTa.
B COOTBeTCTBHH C YKa3aHHbIMH TpeooBaHHflMH HaHOOJIee u.eJIecooo-
pa3HbIM flBnfleTCfI rrpHMeHeHHe ABHraTeJIeH rrOCTOflHHoro TOKa He3aBH-
CHMoro B030Y>K,AeHHfI. .D:JIfi rrOMep>KaHHfI 3a,AaHHorO HaTfI>KeHHfI
Me>K,AY KJIerbIO H MOTaJIKOH, KJIeTbIO H pa3MaThIBareneM OOblqHO rrpH-
MeHflIOTCfI CHCTeMbI perynHpoBaHHfI C B03,AeHCTBHeM Ha rrOTOK ,ABHra-
Tenfl. npH 3TOM rrpe,AenbI H3MeHeHHfI rrOTOKa ,ABHrareJIfi ,AOJI>KHbI ObITb
paBHbI rrpe,AeJIaM H3MeHeHHfI ,AHaMeTpa PYJIOHa. n03TOMY TpeoyeTcfI
rrpHMeHeHHe ,ABHraTeneH, perYJIHpyeMblx rrOJIeM. Cne,AyeT OTM.eTHTb,
qTO OOIl{Hll ,AHana30H perYJIHpOBaHHfI ABHraTenfi MOTaJIKH 3aBHCHT OT
CHCTeMbI HX nHTaHH5I. npH rrHTaHHH ,ABHraTeJIell KJIeTeH H MOTaJIOK OT
OOIl{HX llUIH AHarraaQH perYJIHpOBaHHfI ,ABHraTeJIeH MOTaJIOR omKeH
358

,OXBaTHTb KaK perYJIHpOBaHHe CKOpOCTH, CBfl3aHHOe C H3MeHeHHeM
'COpTaMeHTa rrpOKaTblBaeMOrO nHCTa (TOJICTbIe JIHCTbI rrpOKaTblBalOTCfI
C MaJIOH CKOpOCTblO, TOHKHe - C 60JIbIllOH), TaK H perynHpoBaHHe
CKOpOCTH, Heo6xoJI.HMoe JI.JIfi rro.n..n.ep}KaHHfI 3a.n.aHHoro HaTfI}KeHHfI
rrOJIOCbI, T. e. JI.BHraTeJIb MOTaJIKH .n.OJI}KeH HMeTb Ot5ru;HH AHarra30H
perynHpoBaHHfI rroneM:
d DMaKc d
06111 = D6 np'
r.n.e DM"KC - MaKCHManbHbIH AHaMeTp 6YHTa;
D6 - JI.HaMeTp 6apa6aHa MOTaJIKH;
d np - JI.Harra30H perynHpoBaHHfI CKOpOCTH rrpOKaTKH.
n09TOMY rrpH rrHTaHHH .n.BHraTeJIeH MOTaJIOK OT 06ru;HX IllHH 3TH
.n.BHraTeJIH AOJI}KHbI HMeTb OqeHb IllHpOKHH .n.Harra30H perYJIHpOBaHHfI
. rrOJIeM. C03JI.aHHe TaKHX .n.BHraTeJIeH flBnfleTCfI CJIO}KHOH 3aAaqeH.
B HaCTOflru;ee BpeMfi rrHTaHHe JI.BHraTeJIeH KJIeTeH H MOTaJIOK OT
':06ru;HX IllHH rrpHMeHfleTCfI peAKO. Ha COBpeMeHHbIX CTaHax .n.BHraTenH
MOTaJIOK, a TaK}Ke pa3MaTbIBaTeJIeH rrHTalOTCfI OT HHAHBH.n.yaJIbHbIX
feHepaTopOB. B 3TOM CJIyqae perYJIHpOBaHHe CKOpOCTH, CBfl3aHHoe
C H3MeHeHHeM JI.HaMeTpa pynoHa, rrpOH3BOAHTCfI H3MeHeHHeM rronfl
ABHraTeJIfI, a perYJIHpOBaHHe, Heo6xoJI.HMoe JI.nfl H3MeHeHHfI CKOpOCTH
rrpOKaTKH, - H3MeHeHHeM Harrpfl}KeHHfI reHepaTOpa. TaKHM 06pa30M,
rrpH rrHTaHHH ABHraTenfi MOTaJIKH (pa3MaTbIBaTenfl) OT HHJI.HBHJI.YaJIb-
Horo reHepaTopa JI.Harra30H perYJIHpOBaHHfI rroneM
d = D MaKc
D(j
Pe)t(HM HaMOTKH
Ha pHC. 10-18 H306pa}KeHa cxeMa HaMOTKH rrOJIOCbI Ha 6apa6aH
MOTaJIKH. npoKaTbIBaeMafi B CTaHe rrOJIoca BbIXOAHT H3 rrOCJIeJI.HeH
KJIeTH H rrocTyrraeT Ha MOTanKY .n.JIfi HaMaTbIBaHfI B PYJIOH.
t
PliC. 10-18. CxeMa HaMaTblBaHliH nOJlOCbl
Ha lSapalSaH MelIIaJlKH
llJIfi rrOJIyqeHHfI KaqeCTBeHHoro MeTaJIJIa HaMaTbIBaHHe rrOJIOCbI
JI.on}KHO rrpoHcxoAHTb C HaTfI}KeHHeM. BeJIHqHHa YAenbHoro HaTfI}KeHHfI
BbI6HpaeTCH TaK, qT06bI OHa He rrpeBbIIllaJIa rrOJIOBHHbI rrpe.n.ena TeKY-
qeCTH rrpOKaTblBaeMoro MeTaJIJIa, T. e.
359

 T as
,...= Bh :::;;;2'
(10-76)
r.l1.e '" - y.l1.enbHoe HaTfDKeHHe, H/MM 2 ;
T - rrOJIHOe HaTfDKeHHe, H;
B; h - IIlHpHHa H TOJIIII.HHa rrOJIOCbI, MM;
as - rrpeAen TeKyqeCTH rrpOKaTI;>iBaeMOrO MeTaJIJIa, H/MM 2 .
npH 9TOM yqHTbIBalOT YBenHqeHHe rrpeAena TeKyqeCTH 3a CqeT Ha-
KJIerra. BbI60p BenHqHHbI HaTfDKeHHSI 3aBHCHT TaIOKe OT TOJIIII.HHbI
MeTaJIJIa, ero MeXaHHqeCKHX CBOHCTB H THrra CTaHa. TaK, HarrpHMep,
rrpH rrpoKaTKe TOHKHX rrOJIOC 6ePYT 60JIbIIlHe 3HaqeHHSI y.l1.enbHblx
HaTSI}KeHHH, qeM rrpH rrpoKaTke TonCTblX rrOJIOc. DOJIee BblCOKHe Y.l1.eJIb-
Hble HaTSI}KeHHSI rrpHMeHSlIOT rrpH rrpoKaTKe Ha MHOrOBaJIKOBbIX
CTaHax.
npH HaMaTbIBaHHH rrOJIOCbI Ha 6apa6aH MOTaJIKH rrpoHcxo.l1.HT YBe-
nHqeHe .l1.HaMeTpa pYJIOHa H rrOSlBnSleTCSI CTpeMJIeHHe K YBenHqeHHIO
CKOpOCTH HaMaTbIBaHHSI OTHOCHTeJIbHO CKOpOCTH BbIXO.l1.a MeTaJlJIa H3
BaJIKOB rrOCJIe.l1.HeH KJIeTH v o ' B CBSl3H C 9THM B03HHKaeT pa3HocTb CKO-
pocTeH v - v o ' KOTopaSl BbI3bIBaeT YBenHqeHHe HaTSI}KeHHSI. ECJIH
CKOpOCTb BpaIII.eHHSI ABHraTenSl MOTaJIKH OCTaBHTb B nOM CJIyqae He-
H3MeHHOH, TO YBeJIHqeHHe CKOpOCTH. HaMaTbIBaHHSI v, CBSl3aHHoe C pO-
CTOM AHaMeTpa pYJIOHa 6bICTpO rrpHBeAeT K pa3pbIBY rronOCbI, rr09TOMY
Heo6xo.l1.HMO YMeHbIIlHTb CKOpOCTb BpaIII.eHHSI .l1.BHraTenSl TaK, qT06bI
CKOpOCTb HaMaTbIBaHHSI rrOJIOCbI v OCTaBaJIaCb paBHOH CKOpOCTH BbIxoAa
MeTaJIJIa H3 BaJIKOB rrOCJIe.l1.HeH KJIeTH, T. e.
Vo = v.
(10-77)
J1HIIlb KpaTKoBpeMeHHo, rrpH HeycTaHoBHBIIleMcSI pe}KHMe, B03MO}KHO
HepaBeHcTBo 3THX CKopocTeii.
B YCJIOBHSlX HeYCTaHoBHBIIlerocSI pe}KHMa rrpoKaTKH HaTSI}KeHHe
t
EF S
T=[ (v-vo)dt+T o ,
o
(10-78)
fAe To - HaqaJIbHOe 3HaqeHHe HaTSI}KeHHSI, H;
E - MO.n.YJIb yrrpyrocTH, H/MM 2 ;
Q - CeqeHHe rrOJIOCbI, MM 2 ;
1 - paccToSlHHe -Me}K.l1.Y OCSlMH KJIeTH H MOTaJIKH, .MM.
113 ypaBHeHHSI (10-78) BH.l1.HO, 'ITO rrpH HepaBeHcTBe CKopoCTeii Vo H v
rrpoHcxo.l1.HT HerrpepbIBHoe H3MeHeHHe HaTSI}KeHHSI. C OKOH'IaHHeM rrepe-_
X0.l1.HorO rrpouecca BHOBb YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCSI paBeHcTBo CKopocTeii
Vo H V.
CKOpOCTb BbIX0.l1.a MeTaJIJIa H3 BaJIKOB Vo pacTeT C YBe.rmqeHHeM Ha-
TSI}KeHHSI, BbI3I;>IBalOIII.erO .l1.0rrOJIHHTeJIbHOe orrepe}KeHHe MeTaJIna. 91'0
oocToSlTenbCTBO crroco6cTByeT BbIpaBHHBaHHIO CKopocTeii Vo H v npH
B03HHKHOBeHHH HX pa3HoCTH.
360

Y paBHeHHe, CBH3bIBalOee CKOpOCTb BbIXO,n:a MeTaJIJIa H3 BaJIKOB
, C HaTH>KeHHeM, HMeeT BH,n::
Vo = V K [1 + So + 'fT].
,.
(10-79)
3,n:eCb V K - oKpY>KHaH CKOpOCTb pa60qHX BaJIKOB rrocne,n:.
HeH KJIeTH, .MiceK;
So - orrepe>KeHHe MeTaJIJIa rrpH rrpOKaTKe 6e3 H-
TH>KeHHH;
"If - K03clJqJHI1HeHT rrporropUHOHanbHOCTH Me>K,n:y
orrepe>KeHHeM M HaTH>KeHHeM;
T = Tn - T3 - pe3YJIbTHpYlO1I1ee HaTH>KeHHe, Kr (ft);
Tn - rrepeAHee HaTH>KeHHe (HaTH>KeHHe Me>KAY rro-
cneAHeH KJIeTblO H MOTaJIKOH);
T 3 - 3aAHee HaTH>KeHHe (HaTH>KeHHe Me>KAY rrpeA-
rrOCJIe,n:HeH H rrOCne,n:HeH KJIeTHMH CTaHa).
JIHHeHHaH CKOpOCTb HaMaTbIBaHHH rrOJIOCbI B PYJIOH
. D (fJ
V = --,
( to-80)
r,n:e (0 - CKOpOCTb Bpa1I1eHHH 6apa6aHa MOTaJIKH, paa/ceK.
EC.)1H peIllHTb ypaBHeHHH (10-77), (10-79) H (10-80) C yqeTOM,
qTO T = Tn - T3' TO rrOJIyqHM
Tn=Ta+ [': -(I+So») 1 .
. (10-81)
YpaBHeHHe (10-81) rrOKa3bIBaeT, qTO HaTH>KeHHe Me>K,n:y KJIeTblO H
MOTaJiKOH Tn 3aBHCHT OT 3aAHero HaTH>Kel!HH T3' OT AHaMeTpa pYJIOHa
Dp H CKOpOCTII Bpa1I1eHHH MOTaJIKH (0 rrpH HeH3MeHHbIX npOqHX BeJIH-.
qHHaX, BXOAHHX B 3TO ypaBHeHHe.
TaKHM 06pa30M, AJIH coxpaHeHHH HeH3MeHHbIM HaTH>KeHHH Me>K,n:y
KJIeTblO H MOTanKOH rrpH YCJIOBHH HeH3MeHHOCTH 3a,IJ:HerO HaTH>KeHHSI
H CKOpOCTH Bpa1I1eHHH BanKOB KJIeTH Heo6xOAHMO, qT06bI rrpOH3BeAe-
HHe Dp(O OCTaBaJIOCb rrOCTOSIHHbIM rro BenHqHHe rrpH H3MeHeHHH AHaMeT-
pa pYJIOHa OT D6 ,n:o D KOH ' T. e. tlTo6bI
D 6 (Onaq = D;(O,
(10-82)
r,n:e (OHaq - CKOpOCTb Bpa1I1eHHSI t5apa6aHa MOTaJIKH B HaqaJIe HaMa-
TbIBaHHSI .
113 (10-82) rrOJIyqHM, qTO
ro = (fJHaq
d '
(10-83)
r,IJ:e d =  - OTHOIlleHHe AHaMeTpa pYJIOHa, H3MeHHIOIIJ;erOCH B rrpouecce
HaMOTKH, K AHaMeTpy 6apa6aHa.
361

HaII60JIbIIlIIH AIIarra30H H3MeHeHIIfI CKOpOCTII BpaIIJ;eHIIfI 6apa6aHa
MOTanKH orrpeAenfleTcfI MaKCHMaJIbHbIM .l{HaMeTpOM PYJIOHa D KOIl H
paBeH
(OHaq _ D K Oll - d
(OKOIl - D6 - KOH'
(10-84)
3AeCb (OKOH; D KOH - CKOpOCTb Bpam.eHHfI 6apa6aHa MOTanKII II AHa-
MeTp pynoHa B KOHe HaMOTKH.
B Haqane HaMOTKII MOMeHT Ha 6apa6aHe
M - T Ha 'lD6
Haq - 2 '
a rrpII HaMOTKe rronocw
M _ TD
- 2
(10-85)
(10-86)
npII YCJIom1H rrOCTOflHCTBa HaTfI}KeHIIfI, rrpH T = T lIaq , H3 (10-85)
II (10-86) CJIeAyeT, qTO
M - M 
- lIa< ID 6'
T. e. MOMeHT HaTfI}KeHIIfI nporropUIIOHaJIeH AHaMeTpy pYJIOHa.
CeqeHHe py JIOHa orrpe.n:eJIfleTCfI KaK
1tD2 1tD 2
-R_--.? = hi
4 4 '
nD2
rAe T - CYMMapHoe CeqeHIIe PYJIOHa H 6apa6aHa, MM 2 ,
1tD .
4 - CeqeHHe 6apa6aHa MOTanKH, MM 2 ;
h - TOJIIIJ;HHa rronOCbI, MM;
1 - .n:JIHHa rronOCbI, MM.
DpII rrOCTOflHHOH CKOpOCTH rrpOKaTKH
1 = vt,
rAe v - nIIHeHHafi CKOpOCTb UOJIOCbI, MM/ceK;
t - BpeMfI, rrpoIIleAIIlee C HaqaJIa HaMOTKII.
l13 (10-88) H (10-89) HMeeM
 (b - Dg) = hvt,
OTKy.n: a
d=V1 + at,
r.n:e
- 4hv
a = 1tD2 .
6
362
( 10-87)
( 10-88)
(10-89)
(10-90)
(10-91)

YI:IHTbIBaH ypaBHeHMSI (10-83), MO)KeM HanHcaTb, I:ITO
no 3TOMY 3aKoHY AOJI)KHa perynHpoBaTbCH CKOpOCTb BpaIII.eHHH
MOTanKH, IlT06bI nOJIYIlHTb HeH3MeHHbIM HaTSI)I{eHHe nOJIOCbI.
, Ha pHC. 10-19 (KpHBaSl 1) npeAcTaMeHa 3aBHCHMOCTb CKOpOCTH
BpaIII.eHHH 6apa6aHa MOTaJIKH Ct) aT fvloMeHTa Ha 6apa6aHe npH HaMOTKe
nOJIOCbI, KOTopaH nOCTpoeHa no ypaB-
HeHHIO (10-87). 113 KpHBOH 1 BH.n.HO,
IlTO C lleJIblO coxpaHeHHH HeH3MeHHbIM
HaTH)KeHHH nOJIOCbI npHBoAHoi'I ABHra-
, Tenb MOTaJIKH AOn>KeH HMeTb MexaHH-
lIecKYIO XapaKTepHCTHKY, npHMepHo no-
- A06HYIO xapaKTepHcTHKe ABHraTeJIH no-
CTOHHHoro, TOKa nOCJIeAOBaTeJIbHOrO
B036Y>K.D:eHHH. 06bIIlHO AJIH npHBoAa
MOTaJIOK npHMeHHIOTcH ABHraTemi no-
CTOHHHoro TOKa He3aBHcHMoro B036Y)K-
AeHHH, MexaHHlleCKHe xapaKTepHcTHKH
KOTOpbIX - npHMbIe. ECJIH BbI6paTb 0 M Haq
)KeCTKOCTb MexaHHllecKoH XapaKTepHC-
THKH TaKoro JI.BHraTe.JIH TaK, IlT06bI
npH 3TOM 06ecnellHBaJIOCb BbInOJIHeHHe
paBeHcTBa (10-87) B HallaJIe (ToilKa A)
H B KOHlle (ToilKa E) HaMoTKH, TO B npo-
u.ecce HaMOTKH 3T9 ycnoBHe BbInOJI-
HHTbCH He 6YAeT, lITO HarnHAHo BHJI.HO
H3 conOCTaMeHHH KpHBOH 1 H xapaKTepHcTHKH JI.BlIraTeJIH He3a-
BHCHMoro B036Y)KJI.eHHH 2. 3TO 06CTOHTe.JIbCTBO YKa3bIBaeT, lITO npH
HCnOJIb30BaHHH B npHBOJI.e MOTaJIKH ABHraTe.JIH nOCToHHHOro TOKa He3a-
BHCHMoro B036Y)KJI.eHHH He06xoAHMa CHCTeMa aBTOMaTHllecKoro perYJIH-
pOBaHHH, 06ecnelIHBalOIII.aH nOJI..n.ep)KaHHe nOCTOHHCTBa HaTH>KeHHH
C He06xoAHMOH TOIIHOCTblO.
Ct) = CJ)Haq
Y l+at '
(10-92)
w
W Hay
WKDH
M
Mf(OH
PHC. 10-19. 3aBHCliMOCTb CKO-
pOCTH BpaIlleHHR 6apa6aHa MO-
TaJlKH OT MOMeHTa Ha ero Ba-
JlY, nOCTpoeHHaH no ypaBHeHHIO
(10-87) C Y'leToM (10-82)
Pe)t(HM pa3MoTKH
.l1.JIH c03AaHHH HaTH)KeHrfH nOJIOCbI Me>KAY pa3MaTbIBaTe.JIeM H nep-
BOH KJIeTblO ABHraTeJIb pa3MaTbIBaTeJIH AOJI>KeH pa60TaTb B reHepaTop-
HOM, TOpM03HOM pe>KHMe. I1pH pa3MaTbIBaHHH nOJIOCbI C 6apa6aHa pa3-
MaTbIBaTeJISI npoHcxoAHT HenpepblBHoe YMeHbllIeHHe AHaMeTpa pYJIOHa.
B 3TOM cJIYllae npH nocToHHHOH CKOpOCTH JI.BH)KeHHH nOJIOCbI, onpeAe-
nHeMoH CKOpOCTblO BpaIII.eHHH pa60llHx BaJIKOB nepBOH KJIeTH, CKO-
pOCTb BpaIII.eHHH pa3MaTbIBaTe.JIH 6YJI.eT YBeJIHIlHBaTbCH.
113 ypaBHeHHH
E AB = K.eQJCt) = Ee + fRo
( 10-93)
363

CJIe.n;yeT, llTO YBeJIHlleHHe CKOpOCTH BpaIIJ.eHHH .n;BHraTeJIJ.! pa3MaTbIBa-
TeJIH, pa60TaIOIIJ.erO B KalleCTBe reH ep aTOp a , npHBo.n;HT K YBeJIHlleHHIO
TOKa, TOpM03Horo MOMeHTa H, KaK cne.n;CTIHe, K YBeJIHlleHHIO HanUKe-
HHH nOJIOCbI. .LI:nH nOMep>KaHHH Ha 3a.n;aHHOM ypOBHe HaTH>KeHHH no-
nOCbI Heo6xo.n;HMO B03.n;eH:CTBHe Ha TOK B036Y>K.n;eHHH .n;BHraTeJIH HnH
Ha HanpH>KeHHe reHepaTOpa.
COOTHOllIeHHH, nOJIYlleHHble .n;nH npOII.ecca HaMOTKH, .n;eH:CTBHTeJIbHbI
H .n;nH npOII.ecca pa3MOTKH. Pa3nHllHe nHllib B TOM, llTO B HallaJIe npo-
II.ecca pa3MOTKH .n;HaMeTp pynoHa HMeeT HaH60JIbllIee 3HalleHHe, a ,CKO-
pOCTb Bpam.eHHH .n;BHraTeJIH - HaHMeHbllIee. C npOII.eCCOM pa3MOTKH
.n;nH nOMep>KaHHH nOCTOHHCTBa HaTH>KeHHH npH YMeHbllIaIOIIJ.eMCH
.n;HaMeTpe pynoHa CKOpOCTb BpaIIJ.eHHH .n;BHraTenH .n;on>KHa COOTBeT-
CTBeHHO YBeJIHllHBaTbC.
npHHHn nOCTpceHHA CHCTeM ynp8sneHHA
aneKTponpHsOA8MH MCT8nOK H P83M8TblS8TeneA
CHCTeMbI ynpaMeHHH MOTaJIKaMH H pa3MaTbIBaTenHMH CTpOHTCH no
O.n;HOMY H TOMY >Ke npHHII.Hny, TaK KaK OHH HMeIOT o.n;HHaKOBble COOT-
HOllIeHHH OCHOBHbIX BeJIHllHH, onpe.n;eJIHIOIIJ.HX HaTH>KeHHe, H K HHM
npe.n;'bHBnHIOTCH o.n;HHaKOBble Tpe6oBaHHH.
PaCCMOTpHM BHallane npHHII.HnbI nOCTpoeHHH CHCTeM ynpaBJIeHHH
MOTanKaMH H' 3aTeM OTMeTHM oc06eHHocm, CBH3aHHble C nOCTpoeHHeM
CHCTeM ynpaBneHHH pa3MaTWBaTeJIHMH.
CHCTeMbI ynpaBneHHH MOTanKaMH cOBpeMeHHbIX HenpepbIBHbIX
CTaHOB HBnHIOTCH CHCTeMaMH aBTOMaTHlleCKOrO perynHpoBaHHH HaTH-
>KeHHH nonOCbI MeJK.n;y KJIeTbIO H MOTanKOH:. CHCTeMa pery nHpOBaHHH
HaTH>KeHHeM He .n;on>KHa .n;onYCKaTb YBeJIHlleHHH pa3HHII.bI HaTH>KeHHH:
B KOHII.e H B HallaJIe HaMOTKH pynoHa !1.T = TKoH - T Haq BbIllie 3a.n;aH-
HOH: BeJIHllHHbI. 4eM MeHbllie .:na pa3HHII.a, TeM MeHbllie npo.n;OJIbHaH
pa3HOTOJIIIJ.HHHOCTb nHCTa H TeM BbIllie ero KalleCTBO. .LI:nH nOJIY1JeHHH
CHCTeMbI aBTOMaTHllecKoro pery nHpOBaHHH HaTH>KeHHeM Heo6xo.n;HMO
3aMepHTb BeJIHtIHHY HaTH>KeHHH H no.n;aTb ee C nOMOIIJ.bIO OTpHII.aTenbHOH:
o6paTHoH: CBH3H Ha BXO.n; CHCTeMbI. TIpH OTKJIOHeHHH .n;eH:CTBHTenbHOH:
BeJIHllHHbI HaTH>KeHHH OT 3a.n;aHHOH:, OTpHII.aTeJIbHaH 06paTHaH CBH3b
.n;OJI>KHa .n;eH:CTBOBaTb B CTOPOHY YMeHbllIeHHH paccornaCOBaHHH.
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT cnoco6a 3aMepa perynI;IpyeMOH: BeJIHllHHbI Hanl-
>KeHHH pa3.n;eJIHIOTCH C H C T e M bI n p 51 M 0 r 0 H K 0 C B e H H 0 r 0
per y n H p 0 B a H H H.
B CHCTeMax npHMoro perynHpoBaHHH HaTH>KeHHH nOJIOCbI HCnOJIb-
3YIOTCH .n;aTllHKH HaTH>KeHHH, C nOMOIIJ.bIO KOTOpbIX OCYIIJ.eCTBJIHeTCH
npHMoe, Henocpe.n;CTBeHHoe H3MepeHHe HaTH>KeHHH. CHCTeMbI npHMOrQ
perynHpoBaHHH paHee He Haxo.n;HnH IlIHpOKoro npHMeHeHHH H3-3a
OTCYTCTBHH Ha.n;e>KHOrO, MaJIOHHPII.HOHHoro .n;aTIJ:HKa HaTH>KeHHH.
B HaCTOHIIJ.ee BpeMH C03.n;aH .n;aTllHK HaTH>KeHHH, y.n;OBJIeTBOpHIOIIJ.HH:
Tpe6oBaHHHM, npe.n;'bHBJIHeMWM K 3neKTponpHBo.n;aM CTaHOB XOJIO.n;HOH:
npOKaTKH, n03TOMY CHCTeMbI npHMoro perynHpoBaHHH HallanH Haxo.n;HTb
IlIHpOKoe npHMeHeHHe Ha npaKTHKe.
364

B CHCTeMaX KOCBeHHOrO perYJlHpOBaHHH 3aMepHeTCH He caMa BeJIH-
.qHHa HaTH»ceHHH, a BenHqHHa, KOCBeHHO CBH3aHHaH C HaTH»ceHHeM.
,HanpHMep, MOIl{HOCTb ,nBHraTenH MOTanKH npH HaMaTbIBaHHH CBH3aHa
: C HaTH»ceHHeM cne,nYlOIl{HM COOTHOllIeHHeM:
P Tv.
= 1000'1") Kern,
(10-94)
r,ne T - HaTH»ceHHe, H;
v - nHHeHHaH CKOpOCTb HaMOTKH, MiceK;
1) - K. n.,n. npHBo,na MOTanKH.
113 (10-94) HMeeM
T = 10001)  H.
v
(10-95)
HaTH»ceHHe npH nocToHHHOH CKOpOCTH Bblxo,na MeTaJIna H3 BaJIKOB
; nOCJIe,nHeH KJIeTH B03MO»CHO nHllib npH nocToHHHOH nHHeHHoH CKO-
: pocm HaMOTKH. Cne,noBaTenbHo, KaK 3TO BH,nHO H3 ypaBHeHHH (10-95),
,nnH coxpaHeHHH HeH3MeHHbIM HaTH»ceHHH Heo6xo,nHMO no.n.nep»CHBaTb
Ha nOCTOHHHOM ypOBHe nOJIe3HYlO MOIl{HOCTb HaTH»ceHHH.
EcnH npHHHTb, qTO
P = VI = (E I\B + 1 R) I,
TO ypaBHeHHe '(10-95) MO»CHO HanHcaTb eIl{e KaK
U
T = 10001)-1,
v
(.1 0-96)
HJIH
T = 10001) EIID + IR I. (10-97)
v
113 ypaBHeHHH (10-95), (10-96) H (10-97) cne,nyeT, qTO perynHpoBa-
HHe HaTH»ceHHH no KocBeHHoM}' napaMeTpy - MOIl{HOCTH MO»CHO nony-
qHTb, 3aMepHH MOIl{HOCTb P, TOK 1 HJIH o,nHOBpeMeHHO 3. ,n. C. ,nBHra-
TenH EI\B H TOK I.
B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3THM Ha npaKTHKe HMelOT pacnpOCTpaHeHHe CJIe-
,nYlOIl{He CHCTeMbI KOCBeHHoro perynHpoBaHHH HaTH»ceHHeM:
1) CHCTeMa perynHpoBaHHH C 3aMepoM MOIl{HOCTH (perynHTopbI MOIl{-
Hocm); . .
2) CHCTeMbI pery nHpoBaHHH C 3aMepoM TOKa HKOpH ,nBHraTenH MO-
TanKH (cTamqecKHe perYJIHTOpbI TOKa);
3) CHCTeMbI perynHpoBaHHH C 3aMepoM TOKa H 3. ,n. C. ,nBHraTenH
(aCTamqecKHe peryJIHTOpbI TOKa).
CHCTeMbl perynHpos8HHR C 38MepOM MOIltHOCTH
H8TR)I(eHHR (perynRTopbl MOIltHOCTH)
Ynp0Il{eHHaH cxeMa TaKOH CHCTeMbI npHBe,neHa HapHc. 10-20 [JI-52J.
B paccMaTpHBaeMoH CHCTeMe o6MoTKa B036Y>K.neHHH ,nBHraTenH OBp,M
no,nKJIlOqeHa Ha nOCTOHHHoe HanpH»ceHHe. DOTOK ,nBHraTenH OCTaeTCH
365

HeH3MeHHbIM no BeJIlfllHHe. 06MOTKa B036Y}K.n;eHIUI reHeparopa OET M
nonyqaeT HanpH}KeHHe OT YCHnHTeJIH Y2, KOropbIH HMeeT .n;Be 06MOTKI1:
3a,naIOllI.YIO FM3 H perynHpyIOllI.YIO FMP. 3a.n;aIOllI.aH 06MOTKa FM3
no.n;KnIOqeHa Ha HanpH}KeHHe ceTH. B IJ.enH !:nOH 06MOTKH HMeeTCH peo-
CTaT pnH, C nOMOlll.bIO KOTOpOO YCTaHaBnHBaeTCH BenHqHHa HaTH}Ke-
HHH «nOKOH», H nepBaH CeKIJ.HH nnOCKoro KOHTponnepa cn K1, C no-
MOlll.bIO KOTOpOH npOH3Bo.n;HTCH nYCK .n;BHraTeJIH MOTanKH pM. O.n;HO-
BpeMeHHbIH nYCK .n;BHraTeJIH KneTI1 OCYllI.eCTBnHeTCH C nOM0lll.bIO BTOpOH
CeKIJ.HH 3Toro KOHTponnepa. IlpH nYCKe .n;BHraTeJIH TpaBepca nnOCKoro
KOHTponnepa cn K nepeMelll.aeTCH B CropOHY YBeJIHqeHl1H HanpH}KeHHH
Ha 3a.n;aIOllI.eH 06MoTKe,
BW3WBaH 3THM nnaBHoe
H3MeHeHHe HanpH}KeHHH
reHepal'Opa F M H CKO-
pOCTH BpaIIJ.eHHH .n;BHra-
TeJIH MOTanKH.
Pery nHpYIOllI.aH 06-
MOTKa F M P no.n;KJIIOqeHa
Ha HanpH}KeHHe TaxoreHe-
paTopa TFM, 06MOTKa
B036Y>K,lJ.eHHH KOTOpOH nH-
TaeTCH OT YCHnHTeJIH Y 1.
B CBOIO Oqepe.n;b 06MoTKa
B036Y}K.n;eHHH YCHnHTeJIH
Y 1 no.n;KJIIOqeHa K .n;onon-
HHTeJIbHOMY conpoTHBne-
HHIO cHnoBoH IJ.enH, no-
3TOMY HanpH}KeHHe Taxo-
reHeparopa T F M H TOK
perynHpYIOllI.eH 06MOTKH
FMP npOnOpIJ.HOHanbHbI npoH3Be.n;eHHIO CKOpOCTH Bpalll.eHHH MOTanKH
Ha TOK .n;BHraTenH MOTaJIKH, T. e. npOnOpIJ.HOHanbHbI MOlll.HOCTH npo-
KaTKH:
8 /(flemb
PliC.
o Momafl/ra
\
\
\
 
OMh \  r:;:'_fBrM
 -ttJ 
 p

rM3

+
10-20. ClJCTeMa perYJllJpOBaHlJH HaTH>KeHlIH
nOJlOCbI C 3aMepoM MOIllHOCTli
UUM - wI.
- (10-98)
B npoIJ.ecce HaMOTKH C pOCTOM .n;HaMeTpa PY nOHa YBeJIHqHBaIOTCH TOK
.n;BHraTeJIH MOTaJIKH, HanpH}KeHHe YCHnHTeJIH Y 1 H HanpH}KeHHe Taxo-
reHeparopa TFM. IlpH 3TOM YBeJIHqHBaeTCH- pa3MafHHqHBaIOllI.aH HC
perynHpYIOllI. eH 06MOTKH FMP, a HanpH}KeHHe reHeparopa FM H
CKOpOCTb BpaIIJ.eHHH MOTaJIKH YMeHbllIaIOTcH TaK, qTO npOH3Be.n;eHHe
3. .n;. C. )J:BHraTeJIH Ha TOK ero OCTaeTCH npHMepHO nOCTOHHHbIM.
EcnH yqeCTb, qTO npH nOCTOHHHOM nOTOKe B036Y}K.n;eHHH .n;BHfaTeJIH
ero 3..n;. C. npOnOpIJ.HOHWbHa CKOpOCTH Bpalll.eHHH, TO ypaBHeHHe
(10-92) MO}KHO nepenHcaTb B cne.n;YIOllI.eM BH.n;e:
E = E Haq
M Y l+at '
366
(10-99)

r.n;e EH"'I - 3. .n;. C. .n;BHraTe.rIH MOTaJIKH B Ha1lane HaMOTI<H;
EM - TO }Ke B npou.ecce HaMOTKH.
ECJIH Y1leCTb, 1ITO B npOu.ecce HaMOTKH MOlll.HOCTb, nOTpe6mIeMaH .n;BH-
raTeJIeM, OCTaeTCH HeH3MeHHOH, T. e. 1ITO EMM = E Haq , M llaq , TO
M = MHaq'V 1 + at . (10-100)
Ha pHC. 10-21 no ypaBHeHHHM (10-99) H (10-100) nocTpoeHbl KPH-
Bble 3. .n;. C. H MOMeHTa .n;BHraTeJIH BO BpeMeHH B npou.ecce HaMOTKH.
CHCTeMbl perynHpoBaHHH E'M
HaTH}KeHHH npH 3aMepe M0lll.- '
HOCTH npHMeHHlOTCH .n;nH He-
60nbIIIOH MOlll.HOCTH peBepCHB-
HbIX CTaHOB C MaJIblM .n;Hana-
30HOM H3MeHeHHH .n;HaMeTpa
pynoHa.
CHCTeMbl perynHpoB8HHR C 38MepOM
TOK8 ABHr8TenR MOT8nKH (CT8TH'IeC-
KHe perynRTopbl TOKa)
B TaKHX CHCTeMax npH no-
CTOHHHOH CKOpOCTH npOKaTKH
3. .n;. C. reHepaTOpa .n;BHraTe.rIH
MOTanKH OCTaeTCH HeH3MeHHOH.
TIOCTOHHCTBO }Ke HaTH}KeHHH
.n;OCTHraeTCH 3a C1IeT no.n;.n;ep}KaHHH Ha nOCTOHHHOM ypOBHe TOKa .n;BHra-
TeJIH nYTeM B03.n;eHCTBHH C nOMOlll.blO 06paTHOH CBH3H no TOKY Ha
nOTOK .n;BHraTeJIH. TIpH 3TOM T01lHOCTb no.n;.n;ep}KaHHH HeH3MeH-
HbIM TOKa .D.BHraTeJIH 6Y.D.eT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb T01lHOCTH nOMep}KaHHH
HeH3MeHHblM HaTH}KeHHH nOJIOCbI (10-96).
TIpH perynHpoBaHHH CKOpOCTH H3MeHeHHeM nOTOKa .n;BHraTenH
npOH3Be.n;eHHe nOTOKa Ha CKOpOCTb eCTb Be.rIH1IHHa npHMepHO nOCTOHH-
HaH:

l'-J

'"

'::i;:.""
>:

LCJ
t."aM
PlJC. 10-21. KplJBbIe 3.J\.C. II MOMeHTa J\BH-
raTeJlR npH HaMOTKe nOJlOCbI, nOCTpoeHHbIe
no ypaBHeHlIHM (10-99) 11 (l0-100)
<Dffi = <DHaqffinaq = nOCT.
(10-101)
vb ypaBHeHHH (10-82) H (10-101) CJIe.n;yeT, 1ITO
ID Haq _ D6
IIJ - Dp '
(10-102)
T. e. B .n;aHHOl! CHCTeMe perynHpoBaHHH .n;nH nOMep}KaHHH nOCTOHHHblM
TOKa .D.BHraTe.rIH H HaTH}KeHHH nonocbI He06xo.n;HMO, 1IT06bI nOTOK .n;BHra-
TenH MeHHnCH npHMO nponopu.HOHanbHO .n;HaMeTpy pynoHa. TaK KaK
CHCTeMa perynHpoBaHHH HBnHeTCH CTaTH1IecKoH, TO .n;nH nOJIY1leHHH
Tpe6yeMoH T01lHOCTH perynHpoBaHHH He06xo.n;HMO, 1IT06bl ManOe H3Me-
HeHHe TOKa .n;BHraTenH Bbl3b1BanO OTHOCHTe.rIbHO 60nblliOe H3MeHeHHe
nOTOKa, COOTBeTCTBYlOllI.ee ycnoBHlO (10-102). ,lLnH nOHCHeHHH npHBe-
.n;eM cJIe.n;YlOllI.HH npHMep. TIYCTb T01lHOCTb perynHpoBaHHH HaTjJ}KeHHH
367

3aaHa H paBHa T Koll - T llaq 100 = I KoH - I Ha ., 100 = 5 % , a OTHO-
T Haq Ilia.,
weHHe KOHeqHOrO HaMeTpa pynoHa K HaMeTpy 6apa6aHa MOTanKB
D .
iJ;H = d KOH = 4. B 3TOM CJIyqae OTHOCHTeJIbHOe H3MeHeHHe HaMeTpa
pynoHa DKoH Do = d KOH -1 = 3. CJIeOBaTeJIbHO, 5% H3MeHeHHR
TOKa OJI>KHbI BbI3BaTb 300% H3MeHeHHH nOTOKa BHraTeJIH K KOHy
npoecca HaMOTKH. YKa3aHHoe HBJIHeTCH OTnHqHTeJIbHOH oc06eHHOCTblO
CHCTeM CTaTHqecKoro pery nnpoBaHHH C B03eHcTBHeM Ha nOTOK Bnra-
TeJIH.
Ha pnc. 10-22, a npeCTaBJIeHa cxeMa reHepaTOpa nOCTOHHHoro
TOKa. PaccMaTpHBaH 3TOT reHepaTop KaK 3neMeHT CHCTeMbI aBTOMaTH-
qeCKOrO perynHpoBaHHH, MO>KeM nH YCTaHoBHBwerocH pe>KHMa Ha-
nHcaTb, qTO
V1Kl = V 2 , (10-103)
re V 1 - HanpH>KeHHe Ha Bxoe 3neMeHTa,
Kl - K03<lJ<lJHHeHT YCHneHHH 3neMeHTa;
V 2 - HanpH>KeHHe Ha Bblxoe.
YpaBHeHHe (10-103), HanHcaHHoe B npHpaeHHHx, HMeeT BH
IY.V1K 1 = IY.V 2 , (10-104)
OTKya
, tJ.V I Kl = tJ.V 2 . V 2
VI V 2 VI'
( 10-105)
TaK KaK
V 2 = K 1>
'V I
TO
tJ.V I _ tJ.V 2
V I -: V 2 '
(10-106)
TaKHM 06pa30M, B aHHOM 3neMeHTe CHCTeMbI ynpaBJIeHHH OTHOCH-
TeJIbHOe npHpaeHHe Ha Bxoe paBHO OTHOCHTeJIbHOMY npHpaeHHlO
Ha Bblxoe. ECJIH CHCTeMa perynHpoBaHHH no TOKy C B03eHCTBHeM Ha
nOTOK BllraTenH 6bwa COCTaBJIeHa TonbKO H3 TaKHX 3neMeHTOB, TO
5% H3MeHeHHH TOKa BHraTeJIH BbI3BaJIO 6bI TaKoe >Ke 5-npoeHTHoe
H3MeHeHHe nOTOKa, qTO He o6ecneqHJIo 6bI BbInOJIHeHHH OCHOBHOro Tpe-
60BaHHH nOMep>KaHHH nOCTOHHCTBa HaTH>KeHHH C 3a.naHHoH CTeneHblO
TOqHOCTH.
Ha pHC. 10-22, 6 npeCTaBJIeHa cxeMa reHepaTOpa C nOKnlOqeH-
HbIM B enH B036Y>K.neHHH ero 3TaJIOHHbIr<1 HanpH>KeHHeM V fH HanpaB-
JIeHHbIM BCTpeqHO OCHOBHOMy HanpH>KeHHlO V 1 .
- ,lLJIH TaKOH cxeMbI CnpaBe)VIHBbIM 6yeT paBeItCTBO
(V 1 - Va) Kl = V 2 ,
,(10-107)
368

.- HnH
U1Kl - UsKl = U 2 .
YpaBHeHHe (10-107) B npHpaIl{eHHHX npHHHMaeT BH.n
I1.U 1 Kl' = I1.U 2 .
(10-108)
(10-109)
. , B .naHHOM cnyqae npHpaIl{eHHe 3TaJIOHHOrO HanpR>KeHHH I1U" paBHo
" HynIO, TaK KaK HanpH>KeHHe Us He 3aBHCHT OT OCHOBHoro nepe.naIOIl{ero
CHrHaJ:Ia.
6) 8)
QQ
GJ tI

a)
+
U3  J
Gjt
u  ::
33
+ + 82 -
UJ2  ·
 t
u + 
iJ I
m t
PHC. 10-22. PaSJlH'IHbIe cxeMbI Bos6Y>KJ\eHIIH MalIIHH C 3TaJlOHHbIM
HanpR>KeHlIeM
BepH OTIIOCHTeJIbHble npHpaIl{eHHH, nOJIyqHM
- - V 2
I1.U 1 K 1 =I1.U 2 . VI ' (10-1-10)
- AU - AU.
r.ne I1.U 1 = VII ; I1.U 2 = V 2 2 - OTIIOCHTeJIbHble npHpaIl{eHHH BXO.n-
HOM H BXO.nHOM BeJIHqHH.
vb (10-107) H (10-110) cne.nyeT, qTO
I1.U 1 ql = I1U 2 , (10-111)
r.ne
VI
ql = U U
1- s
(10-112)
TaKHM 06pa30M, OTHOCHTeJIpHOe H3MeHeHHe BXO.nHOH BeJIHqHHbI
11. VI' YMHO>KeHHOe Ha K03<lJ<t>HII.HeHT ql> paBHO OTHOCHTenbHOMY H3Me-
HeHHIO BbIXO.nHOH BeJIHqHHbI I1.U 2 . CJIe.nOBaTeJIbHO, no aHaJIOfHH C K03<lJ-'
<lJHII.HeHTOM YCHJIeHHH a6COJIIOTHbIX H3MeHeHHH Kl = :: ' [ypaBHeHHe
AU
(10-109)], K03qxpHII.HeHT ql = ---d- MO>KHO Ha3BaTb KoarpqJULfummoM
AV 1
YCU/leliuu omliOCUme/lbliblX U3MeH£liuu (npupClU{eliuu).
369

K03cpqmII.HeHT ycnneHHH OTHOCHTeJIbHbIX H3MeHeHHH 3aBHCHT 0'1'
BeJIHqHHbI 3TaJIOHHOrO HanpH}KeHHH. DpH OTCYTCTBHH 3TaJIOHHOrO Ha-
npH}KeHHH (npH V 9 = 0) K03cpqmll.HeHT ql = 1. 3TO 03HaqaeT, qTO
YCHneHHe OTHOCHTenbHOrO npHpaIII.eHHH B .n;aHHOM 3neMeHTe OTCYT-
cTByeT. 4eM MeHbllle pa3HHll.a Me>K,ll;Y 3TanOHHbiM HanpH}KeHHeM V"
H OCHOBHbIM nepe.n;alOIIJ.HM CHfHanOM VI' TeM 60JIbllle K03cpcpHII.HeHT
YCHneHHH OTHOCHTeJIbHbIX H3MeHeHHH q.
Me}K.n;y K03cpcpHII.HeHTaMH K H q CYIIJ.eCTByeT 3aBHCHMOCTb, HanHCaH-
HaH B 06IIJ.eM BH.n;e:
K = q U BbIX .
U BX
(10-113)
3.n;eCb V RbIX - HanpH}KeHHe Ha BbIXO.n;e CHCTeMbI;
V BX - HanpH}KeHHe Ha BXO.n;e CHCTeMbI.
DpHMeHHTeJIbHO K CHCTeMe perynHpoBaHHH no TOKY C B03.n;eHCTBHeM
Ha nOTOK .n;BHraTeJIH nOTpe6HbIH K03<p<pHII.HeHT ycnneHHH OTHOCHTenb-
HbIX npHpaIIJ.eHHH
d KOH - 1
q= AT '
(10-114)
r.n;e d KOIl - 1 - OTHOCHTeJIbHOe H3MeHeHHe .n;HaMeTpa py nOHa, paB-
Hoe OTHOCHTenbHOMY H3MeHeHHlO nOTOKa .n;BHra-
TeJIH 3a BpeMH HaMOTKH;
-- AT
!1.T = y-- - .n;onycTHMoe OTHOCHTeJIbHOe H3MeHeHHe HaTH}KeHHH.
H .
DpH !1.T = 0,05 H d KOH = 4 K03cpcpHII.HeHT YCHneHHH OTHQCHTeJIb-
u d KOH - 1 4 - 1 6 0
HbIX H3MeHeHHH q = AT = 0,05 = .
.- EcnH }Ke V BblX - HanpH}KeHHe, npHnO}KeHHOe K II.enH 06MOTKH
U. 220
B036Y}K.n;eHHH .n;BHraTeJIH, paBHo d BH = 4 = 55 6, a HanpH}KeHHe
KOH
Ha Bxo.n;e VDX' npOnOpII.HOHanbHoe TOKY HKOpH .n;BHraTeJIH B3HTb paB-
HbIM 5 - B, TO K03<p<pHll.HeHT YCHneHHH CHCTeMbI
K = q C;;bIX = 60  = 660.
DX
TaKOH K03<p<pHII.neHT YCHneHHH HBJIHeTCH 3HaqHTenbHbIM, H npH
O)J.HOM KaCKa.n;e YCHneHHH OH He MO}KeT 6bITb nonyqeH. DOTpe6HbIH K03cp-
cpHII.HeHT CHCTeMbI K MO}KeT 6bITb CHH}KeH 3a CqeT YBeJIHqeHHH BXO.n;HOro
CHfHana VBX' G.n;HaKO 3TO CBH3aHO C Heo6xo.n;HMOCTblO npHMeHeHHH
OTHOCHTe.JIbHO 60nblllHX COnpOTHBneHHH B ll.enH .n;BHraTeJIH MOTaJIKH,
qTO MO}KeT 6blTb HepaII.HOHanbHbIM C TOqKH 3peHHH nOTepb B 3TOH II.enH.
4aCTO .n;nH nOJIyqeHHH CHCTeMbI C YCHneHHeM OTHOCHTeJIbHbIX npH-
paIIJ.eHHH npHMeHHlOT CXeMY (pHC. 10-22, 8), B KOTOpOH CpaBHHBalOT
Me}K.n;y C060H He HanpH}KeHHH, a HaMafHHqHBalOIIJ.He CHnbI He. ,lLnH
TaKOH cxeMbI
V1KI-VeK2 = Va,
(10-115)
370

r.ne Kl - K03<lJqmII.HeHT YCHJIeHHH reHepaTOpa OT .neikTBHH 06MOTKH 1;
K 2 - TO >Ke, OT 06MOTKH 2.
KaK H B npe.nbI.nYIli.eM c.iryqae, HMeeM
tJ.V1K 1 = tJ.V 3 . (10-116)
vl3 ypaBHeHHH (10-115) H (10-116) cne.nyeT
f ' l(, - ,
v I - U -
K "K I _ !! _ t-J.V I . V s . t-J.v s _ t-J.V I . V s K
1 _ VI ' - VI --- VI t-J.V S t-J.V 1 - VI t-J.V S I'
OTKy.n a
tJ.V Iql = tJ.V 3'
(10-117)
r)J.e
VI
ql = /(, .
{JI-V e K:
TaKHM 06pa30M, .nnH 06eHX CXeM nonyqeHbL aHanOmqHble ypaBHe-
HHH.
B COBpeMeHHbIX CHCTeMaX perynHpoBaHHH no TOKY C B03)J.eHCTBHeM
Ha nOTOK .nBHraTeJIH npHMeHHlOT 06blqHO HecKOJIbKO 3TanOHHbIX Ha-
npH>KeHHH.
Ha pHC. 10-22,2 npHMeHeHbI TPH 3TanOHHblX HanpH>KeHHH:
V 91 - B II.enH 06MOTKH 2 YCHnHTeJIH Y2 BTOporo KaCKa)J.a YCHneHHH;
V"2 - B 06MoTKe 3 3Toro >Ke YCHnHTenH; V 93 - B caMOH 06MoTKe B03-
6Y>K.neHHH )J.BHraTeJIH. B TaKoH cxeMe 06MoTKa B036Y>K.neHHH )J.BHraTenH
nonyqaeT HanpH>KeHHe V 6 = V"3 -:- V 4 . 3. .n. c. YCHJIHTeJIH 2Y onpe-
)J.eJIHeTCH .neHcTBHeM )J.BYX ero 06MOTOK: 06MOTKH 3, HaMafHHqHBalOIli.aH
CHna KOTOpOH YBeJIHqHBaeT HanpH>KeHHe Y2 B HanpaBneHHH oCJIa6ne-
HHH nonH )J.BHraTeJIH; 06MOTKH 2, HaMafHHqHBalOIli.aH CHna KOTOpOH
HanpaBneHa B CTOPOHY YCHneHHH nonH .nBHraTeJIH.
HanpH>KeHHe VI> nponopII.HoHanbHoe TOKY HKOpH .nBHraTeJIH MO-
TanKH, )J.eHcTByeT B CTOPOHY YCHneHHH nonH )J.BHraTeJIH.
YpaBHeHHH CTaTHKH )J.nH cxeMbI, H306pa>KeHHOH Ha pHC. 10-22,2,
HMelOT BH.n
V 92
(V1K 1 - V"I) K 2 = V;
V92K3-V . V 4 ;
V e3 -V 4 = V 6 .
V 4 - 3. .n. C. YCHnHTeJIH Y2;
V4 - 3. )J.. C. YCHnHTeJIH Y2 OT .neHCTBHH TOnbKO 06MOTKH 2;
Ks - TO >Ke OT 06MOTKH 3;
KI - K03qxpHII.HeHT YCHneHHH YCHnHTenH nepBoro KaCKa.na
Yl;
K 2 - K03<lJ<lJHII.HeHT YCHJIeHHH YCHJIHTeJIH Y2 OT .neHCTBHH
06MOTKH 2;
K3 - TO >Ke OT 06MOTKH 3.
(10-118)
( 10-119)
(10-120)
3)J.eCb
, 371

113 ypaBHeHHH (10-118) CJIe.n;yeT, llTO
K u;.
Kl "2 = ql VI .
COOTBeTCTBeHHO H3 ypaBHeHHH (10-119)
1 V4
= q2 v '
(10-121)
(10-122)
a H3 ypaBHeHHH (10-120)
3 VI .
:n.ecbql = {}" q2 =
VI-
KI
HeHT YCHneHHH OTHOCHTeJIbHX H3MeHeHHH.
Ilep-eMHo}KaH ypaBHeHHH (10-121), (10-122)
. u,
KIK2 = qlq2qa V: .
1 V6
= qa v 4 .
U'
4 .
V s2 K a - V '
(10-123)
V 4
qa = V a3 -V 4
K03<l><l>H-
H (10-123), nOJIYllHM
TaKHM o6pa30M, B CHCTeMe, HMeIOLqeH HeCKOJIbKO 3TanOHHblX HanpH-
}KeHHH, 06LqHH K03<l><PHHeHT YCHneHHH OTHOCHTeJIbHbIX H3MeHeHHH
paBeH npoH3Be.n;eHHIO K03<l><l>HHeHToB YCHneHHH, cooTBeTcTBYIOLqHX
OT.n;eJIbHbIM 3TaJIOHHbIM HanpH}KeHHHM, T. e.
q = qlq2qa'
(;10-124)
npHMep 10-4. ClicTeMa perYJIlipOBaHliR HaTH>KeHlIH (cTaTH'IeCKliH perYJlHTOp
TOKa (pliC. 10-22, e) HMeeT J\Ba KaCKa.ua YClIJleHlIH. HOMlIHaJlbHOe B036Y>KJ\eHHe
.uBliraTeJIH U DH = 220 B. MarHHTHaR xapaKreplICTHKa ./);BHraTeJlR npHMOJlHlfeiiHa.
HanpH>KeHlIe, npOnOpl{lIOHaJlbHOe TOKY. p'BHraTeJlH MOTaJlKH, no.uaBaeMoe Ha 06-
MOT'Ky ynpaBJleHlJH YCHJllJTeJIH nepBoro KaCKa,!!a, paBHo 5 B. OTHOlIIeHlJe HalJ<5OJ1b-
D
lIIero }JlJaMeTpa PYJlOHa K ,!!uaMeTpy 6apa6aHa d KOH = ;;OH = 4; OTHOClITeJlbHOe
AT 6
H3MeHeHlIe HaTH>KeHHH - T He ,nOJl>KHO 6bITb BbIlIIe 0,1.
Ha'!
Onpe,!\eJllJTb nOTpe6HbIii K03cjJcjJHltlIeHT YClIJleHHH CliCTeMbI. HaiiTli BenlI'IHHbI
3TaJlOHHbIX HanpH>KeHlJiL
P e III e H H e.
1. HanpH>KeHlJe l{enu O<5MOTKlI B036Y>K.!!eHlIR V 5 B Ha'laJle HaMOTKH npH npHMQ-
JllIHeiiHOM MarHlITHOM xapaKTeplICTHKe ,nBHraTeJlR ,nOJl>KHO 6bITb B d KOll pa3 MeHblIIe
HOMlIHaJlbHOrO HanpR>KeHHR, T. e.
V 5 = V BH = 220 = 55 B.
d KOH 4
2. 06IlllIM K03cjJcjJlIl{HeHT YCHJleHHR OTHOClITeJlbHbIX 1I3MeHeHlIii
= d KOH - 1 = 4 - 1 = 30
q AT 01 .
,
T Ha ,!
3. O<5IlllIii K09cjJcjJlIl{HeHT YCHJIeHHH a6COJllOTHbIX BeJllI'IliH
' l(, V6 55
1<.= IK2 =q U 1 =30' S =330..
372

4. 3. 71.. c. 8M.Y BToporo KaCKa.!!a YCHJIeHlIH OT JJ;eACTBHH OI5MOTKH 3 (pac-
C'IHTbIBaeTCR 113 YCJlOBliR ./);OnYCTlIMOii renJIoBoii HarpY3KH OI5MOTKH 3).
BepH K03cjJcjJlIUHeHT TenJlOBOii HarpY3KH 06MOTKH '\' = 5, HanlJIlleM
Va2K3 = ,\,V YH = 5 .220 = 1100 e
(V ytl - HOMlIH8J1bHOe H8npH>KeHlIe YCHJIlITeJIR .Y2).
. 5. K03cjJcjJlIl{lIeHT YClIJleHlIH .Y2 OT ,neiicTBHH OI5MOTKlI 3
v _ ,\,VY J! _ 1100 - 5
'\3 - V 92 - 220 -- .
B .(\8HHOM CJlY'I8e nplIHlIM8eTCR, 'ITO l{enb OI5MOTKlI 3 no,nKJIIO'IeH8 H8 H8npH>Ke-
Hlie U 32 = V c = 2206.
6. 3. ,!l. c. .Y2 B H8'18J1e H8MOTKH
V 4 = V 93 - V 6 = 220-55 = 165 e,
7. 3. ,n .c. .Y2 OT ,neiicTBHH 06MOTKlI 2
V = V 92 K 3 - V 4 = llOO -165 =,{t35 e.
B. K03cjJcjJlIltUeHT YClIJleHlIR OTHOClITeJlbHblX 1I3MeHeHlIii, COOTBeTCTBYIOIlllIii
..9T8J10HHOMY H8npR>KeHlIIO V 91 (10-121):
= V 1 KIK2 = 5 . 330 = 1 76
ql V 935 ,.
9. K09cjJcjJlJltlIeHT YClIJleHlIR OTHOClITeJlbHbIX H3MeHeHHii, COOTBeTCmYIOIllHii
9T8J10HHOMY H8npH>KeHlIIO V 92 (10-122):
V 935
q2  V 4 =: 165 = 5,66.
10. K09cjJcjJlIl{lIeHT YCHJleHlIH OTHOCHreJlbHbIX 1I3MeHeHlIu, COOTBeTCTBYIOIlllIH
9T8J10HHOMY H8npH>KeHlIIO V 93 (10-123):
V 4 ]65
q3 = V 6 = 55 = 3.
11. Ko3cjJcjJlIl{lIeHTbl, YClIJleHHR K8CK8,nOB BbII5lIp8IOTcH npHMepHo 0,nHH8KOBblMH.
BepeM Kl = 20; K 2 = 16,5.
12. 3T8J10HHOe H8npH>KeHUe U 91 (lO-llB)
V - U 1 KIK2 - U _ 5 .330 - 935 _ 43 4
91- K 2 - 16,5 ' e.
Ha pHC. 10-23 H306pa}KeHa npHHII.HnHanbHaH cxeMa TOKOBoro CTa-
THqeCKoro perynHTopa HaTH}KeHHH. 06MoTKa B036Y}K.n;eHHH reHepa-
Topa MOTanKH r M nonyqaeT nHTaHHe OT Y I, KOTOpbIH HMeeT TPH 06-
MOTKH: 06MOTKY rn6KoH 06paTHoH CBH3H II, no.n;KJIIOqeHHYIO K BbIXO.n;y
.n;HHaMHlleCKoro MOCTa; 3a.n;aIOIIJ.YIO 06MOTKY H B TO }Ke BpeMH 06MOTKY
06paTHOH CBH3H no HanpHJKeHHIO reHepaTOpa 12, no.n;KJIIOqeHHYlO Ha
pa3HocTb HanpH}KeHHH (3TanoHHoro"":' 3a.n;alOlIJ.ero HanpH}KeHHH, II3-
MeHHlOIIJ.enJCH B nepexo.n;HbIX npoII.eccax no npHMonHHeHHoMY 3aKoHY
H HanpH}KeHHH reHepaTopa); 06MOTKY TOnqKOBOH pa60TbI 13.
06MoTKa B036Y}K)l.eHHH )l.BHraTeJIH MOTanKH OEp' nOJIyqaeT nHTaHHe
OT pa3HocTH HanpH}KeHIIH: 3TanOHHoro HanpH}KeHHH U 93 (HanpH}KeHHH
onepaTHBHoH II.enH) H HanpH}KeHHH yCHnHTe.i:IH Y3 BToporo KaCKa)l.a
373

YCllJleHllH. YCllJIllTeJIb Jl3 llMeeT tIeTblpe 06MOTKII B036Y}K.l(eHlHJ:
06MOTKY oTpllu.aTenbHOM CBH311 34, no.n;KJllOtIeHHylO Ha HanpH}KeHlle Jl3;
06MOTKY OrpaHllqeUIiH Hll}KHerO npe.n;ena TOKa B036Y}K.n;eHHH .n;BHra-
TenH npll o6pbIBe nOJlOCbI 33; 06MoTKY 32, no.n;KJllOqeHHYlO Ha HanpH-
}KeHlle cem (Ha 3TaJlOHHOe HanpH}KeHlle V. 2 ); 06MoTKY ynpaBJIeHHH 31,
no.n;KJllOqeHHYlO Ha pa3HocTb HanpH}KeUIiM (3TaJlOHHoro HanpH}KeHHH
V. I , CHHMaeMoro C nOTeuu.HoMeTpa nCI, H HanpH}KeHHH YCHJlHTenH
nepBoro KaCKa.n;a YCHJleHHH Jl4).
a
o
z
8
OBIJ
+ U88-
BK2
u cp
BP
t nCf
BM
BP
FJ
6 z
PIIC. 10-23. TIpliHUlInlI8J1bHaR cxeMa TOKOBoro CTaTII'IeCKoro perYJlHTOpa HanpH-
>KeHIIR
YCHJlHTeJlb Jl4 HMeeT TPH 06MOTKH: 06MOTKY oTpHu.aTenbHoM 06paT-
HOM CB5I3H 42; TOKOBYlO 06MOTKY 41 H 06MOTKY KOMneHcau.HH .n;HHaMH-
qecKOM COCTaBJlHlOIII.eM TOKa 43.
B u.enb 06paTHOM CBH3H no HanpH}KeHHlO reHepaTopa (u.enb 06MOTKH
12) BKJllOqeH YCHJlHTenb Jl2 (KoppeKTop), HMelOIII.Hll .n;Be- 06MOTKH:
06MOTKY 06paTHOM CBH3H 22 H 06MOTKY ynpaBneuHH 21, no.n;KJllOqeH-
HylO Ha HanpH}KeHHe YCHJlHTeJlH Jl3.
HaqHeM paccMoTpeHHe pa60TbI 3J1eKTpOnpHBo.n;a MOTaJlKH C MOMeHTa
nepeKJllOqeHHH CTaHa Ha pa60qylO CKOpOCTb. B 3TOM cJlyqae KOHTaKTbI
BP H E.n 3aMKHYTbI H B u.enb 06paTHOll CBH3H no HanpH}KeHHlO reuepa-
Topa (06MoTKa 12 YCHJlHTeJlH Jl1) OT IlIHH 3TaJlOHHOrO HanpH}KeUHH
374

nO.l1-a.eTCH HanpmKeHHe, H3MeHHIOIII.eeCH no npHMo.nHHeHHOMY 3aKOHY
VaT' Do.l1- B.nHHHHeM pa3HOCTH HanpH}KeHHH - ,na.nOHHOrO VaT H Ha-
npH}KeHHH reHepaTOpa MOTa.nKH V eM - YBe.nHIlHBaeTC5I Hanp5I}KeHHe
Y 1 H HanpH}KeHHe reHepaTOpa. DpH 9TOM npOHCXO.l1-HT pa3rOH .I1-BHra-
TenH MOTa.nKH COBMecTHO co CTaHOM. B KOHe pa3rOHa, nOCJIe OCTaHOBa
TpaBepCbI r.naBHoro n.nOCKoro KOHTpo.n.nepa (Ha pHC. 10-23 OH He YKa-
3aH), npeKpaIII.aeTCH pOCT 3Ta.nOHHoro HanpH}KeHHH H CKOpOCTb. BpaIII.e-
HHH .I1-BHraTe.nH .I1-0CTHraeT HaH60.nblliero 3HaqeHHH (nOJIe oc.na6.neHO),
<;OOTBeTCTBYIOIII.ero Haqa.ny HaMOTKH nOJIOCbI. .
DpH HaMOTKe no.nOCbI TOK .I1-BHraTenH CTpeMHTCH YBe.nHqHTbCH. Eh6
npHBO.l1-HT K YBe.nHqeHHIO 3. .11-. c. Y4 3a CqeT .I1-eHCTBHH HC 06MOTKH 41,
nO.l1-K.nIOqeHHOH .Ha Hanp5I}KeHHe, nponopHoHa.nbHoe TOKY HKOpH .I1-BH-
raTeJIH. C pOCTOM 9. .11-. C. Y4 paCTeT H TOK 06MOTKH 31 YCH.nHTenH Y3,
B pe3y.nbTaTe qero 9. .11-. c. Y3 YMeHblliaeTCH, a pa3HOCTb HanpH}KCHHH
(Vas - V ys ) YBenHqHBaeTCH, qTO BbI3bIBaeT YBenHqeHHe TOKa B036Y}K-
.I1-eHHH H, KaK CJIe.l1-CTBHe, CHH}KeHHe CKOpOCTH Bpanr.eHHH .I1-BHraTenH.
, B paCCMaTpHBaeMOH CXeMe HaTH}KeHHe «nOKOH», T. e. HaTH}KeHHe
nOJIOCbI Me}K.I1-Y KJIeTbIO H MOTa.nKOH npH OCTaHOBneHHOM CTaHe, .I1-0CTH-
raeTCH C nOMOIII.bIO YCH.nHTe.nH Y2, BKnIOqeHHoro B enb 06MOTKH yn-
paBneHHH 12 Y.CH.nmenH Y1. 06MOTKa ynpaB.neHHH21 YCH.nHTenH Y2
B 3TOM c.nyqae nOJIyqaeT nHTaHHe OT YCH.nHTen5I Y3. Do TeM H.nH HHbIM
npHqHHaM MO}KeT B03HHKHYTb He06xo.l1-HMOCTb OCTaHOBHTb CTaH .11-0
KOHa npOKaTKH no.nOCbI. Ba}KHO, qT06bI npH TaKOM BbIHY}K.I1-eHHOM
OCTaHOBe HaTH}KeHHe «nOKOH» COXpaHH.nOCb npe}KHHM no Be.nHqHHe,
T. e. qT06bI OHO He 3aBHceno OT .I1-HaMeTpa HaMoTaHHoro py.nOHa. DPH,
OCTaHOB.neHHOM CTaHe 3..11-. c. reHepaTopa H TOK .I1-BHraTenH onpe.l1-e-
.nHIOTCH HanpH}KeHHeM YCH.nHTenH Y2 (3Ta.nOHHoe HanpH}KeHHe Ha IlIH-
Hax B 3TOM CJIyqae paBHO HY.nIO). D03TOMY .I1-.nH pe}KHMa «nOKOH» .I1-eH-
CTBHTenbHbI c.ne.l1-YIOIII.He HCXO.l1-Hble ypaBHeHHH:
Ec.nOK = (V ys K21 - V e . noK ) KI2Ke;
V yS = - (InoKR o aK 41 - Val) KSI + V 32 K s2 ;
Ec.nOK = / nOKRo;
V e . noK = Ee.nOK - ')../noKRo.
( 10-125)
(10-126)
(10-127)
( 10-128)
3.11-ecb
,
K 21 - K03<P<PHHeHT YCH.neHHH YCH.nHTeJIH Y2 OT .I1-eH-
CTBHH 06MOTKH 21;
K 12 - TO }Ke YCH.nme.nH Y 1 OT .I1-eHCTBHH 06MOTKH 12;
K41 - TO }Ke YCH.nHTenH Y 4 OT .I1-eHCTBHH 06MOTKH 41;
K S1 ; K S2 - TO}Ke YCH.nHTe.nH Y3 OT .I1-eHCTBHH COOTBeTCTBeHHO
06MOTOK 31 H 32;
. Ke - TO }Ke reHepaTOpa;
Val; V a2 - 3Ta.nOHHble HanpH}KeHHH;
rc u 6
a = Ro ; r c - conpOTHB.neHHe KOMneHcaHOHHOH 0 MOTKH P. .11-0-
no.nHHTe.nbHbIX no.nIOCOB;
375

Ro - nOJlHOe COnpOTHBJleHHe CHJlOBOH llenH;
r
A = R: ; r He - conpoTHBneHHe HKOpH reHepaTopa.
TIpoH3BO.n;H cooTBeTcTBYIOIII.He npeo6pa30BaHHH B npHBe.n;eHHblx
ypaBHeHHHx, nOJlyqHM
U 91 K si + U 92 K s2 .
InoKRo = v v + 1 + (I-A.) K12Ke '
O'L\4I1 L \SI K v /(,
12 L \21 e
U Y3 = (U 31 K 31 + V 92 K 32 ) O'K41KsII<i21Kk +: l (f A.) K12Ke] . (10-130)
. 113 ypaBHeHHH (10-129) H (10-130) Bn.n:HO, qTO npH <nOKoe» TOK
.n;BHraTeJlH H 3. .n;. C. YCHJlHTeJIH Y3, a CJle.n;OBaTenbHO, H nOTOK .n;BHra-
TeJlH He 3aBHCHT OT .n;HaMeTpa PYJlOHa.
TaK KaK npH «noKoe» TOK H nOTOK .n;BHraTeJIH OCTalOTCH HeH3MeH-
HbIMH npH pa3HbIX .n;HaMeTpax PYJlOHa, TO coxpaHHeTCH HeH3MeHHbIM
H MOMeHT HaTH}KeHHH. TIpH HeH3MeHHOM }Ke MOMeHTe, KaK BH.n;HO H3
(10-86), HaTH}KeHHe nOKOH MeHHeTCH '06paTHo nponopllHOHaJlbHO
.n;HaMeTpy PYJlOHa. TaKHM 06pa30M, B CHCTeMe perYJlHpOBaHHH co CTa-
THqeCKHM perYJlHTOpOM TOKa HaTH}KeHHe «nOKOH» CHH}KaeTCH C YBeJIH-
qeHHeM .n;HaMeTpa HaMOTaHHoro PYJlOHa. B CBH3H C 3THM Tpe6yeTcH
Ka}K.n;H pa3'.n;onOJlHHTenbHaH perYJlHpOBKa .n;JlH YCTaHOBneHHH CooT-
BeTCTBHH Me}K.n;y .n;HaMeTpoM PYJlOHa H nOTOKOM .n;BHraTenH COrJlaCHO
ycnoBHIO (10-102) C lleJlblO nOJlyqeHHH 3a.n;aHHoto HaTH}KeHiIH «nOKOH»
. npH .n;PyroM .n;HaMeTpe PYJlOHa, qTO BbI3bIBaeT 60Jlbllioe Hey.n;oocTBO npH
ynpaBJleHHH CTaHOM.
TIpH pa3roHe MOTaJlKH TOK HKOpH .n;BHraTeJIH
1= I HaT + I AHH ,
(10-129)
(10-131)
a npH TOpMO>KeHHH pa3HOCTH
1= I HaT - I AHH .
(10-132)
Pery mITop TOKa, HacTpoeHHbIH Ha BeJlHqHHY TOKa I HaT> CTpeMHTCH
H B nepexo.n;HOM pe)I{HMe no.n;.n;ep}KHBaTb 06III.HH TOK .n;BHraTenH Ha 3TOM
ypOBHe. B pe3YJlbTaTe 3Toro TOK HaTH}KeHHH npH pa3rOHe MOTaJlKH
, YMeHblliHTCH, crnpH 3aMe.n;JleHHH YBeJlHqHTCH, qTO npHBe.n;eT K COOTBeT-
CTBYIOIII.eMY H3MeHeHHIO HaTH}KeHHH B 3THX pe}KHMax. llJlH coxpaHeHHH
nOCTOHHCTBa HaTH}KeHHH B nepexo.n;HbIX npOlleccax He06xo.n;HMO npH
pa3roe MOTaJlKH YBeJlHqHBaTb YCTaBKY perYJlHTOpa TOKa, a npH 3a-
Me.n;JleHHH YMeHblliaTb Ha BeJlHqHHY, paBHYIO .n;HHaMHqeCKOH COCTaB-
JlHIOIII.eH TOKa. Y3en KOMneHcallHH .n;HHaMHqeCKOH cOCTaBnHIOIII.eH TOKa
B cxeMe CTaTHqeCKOrO perYJlHTOpa TOKa pa60TaeT CJleAYIOIII.HM 06pa30M.
TIpH pa3roHe MOTaJlKH 3aMbIKaeTCH KOHTaKT PCY H lleb 06MOTKH 43
YCHJlHTenH Y4 nOJlyqaeT HanpH>KeHHe TaKoH nOJlHpHOCTH, npH KOTOpOH
HC 3TOH 06MOTKH .n;eHcTByeT BCTpeqHO HC TOKOBOH 06MOTKH 41, KOM-
neHtHpYH TeM .n;eHcTBHe 06MOTKH 41 vo .n;HHaMHqeCKOH cocTaBnHIOIII.eH
TOKa. TIpH TOpMO>KeHHH 3aMbIKaeTCH KOHTaKT pca, H u.enb 06MoTKH 43
376

YClIJlIITeJUI 3M Y 4 nOJlyqaeT HanpH>KeHlIe npOTlIBOnOJlO}KHOH nOJlHp-
HOCTII, npH KOTOpOH HC 3TOH 06MoTKH )J;eHcTByeT COrJlaCHO C HC TOKO-
BOH 06MOTKH 41. B KOHll,e npoll,eCca.pa3roHa (TopMO}KeHIIH) pa3MbIKaeTcH
KOHTaKT PCY (PC3) H C 06MOTKH 43 CHIiMaeTCH HanpH}KeHHe.
.l!.JlH nOJlyqeHHH H3MeHeHHH TOKa 06MOTKH KOMneHCall,HlI aHaJIOmqHO
H3MeHeHHIO )J;HHaMHqeCKOH cocTaB.i:IHIOmeH TOKa B u.enb 06MOTKII BKnlO-
qaIOT Apoccenb J1.P, KOTOpbIH )J;OJl}KeH HMMHTHpoBaTb )J;eHcTBlie HHepu.HH
npHBoAa MOTaJIKH.
Pa3roH MOTaJlKH COBMeCTHO co CTaHOM MO}KeT nOTpe60BaTbCH He
TOJlbKO B HaqaJle HaMOTKII nOJlOCW, Kor)J;a 6apa6aH nYCTOH, CKOpOCTb
HaH6oJlbllIaH, nOJle MaKCHMaJlbHO OCJIa6J1eHO, HO H B npOMe}KYTKe
Me}K)J;y HaqaJlOM IIKOHOM HaMOTKII nOCJIe BWHy>K)J;eHHoro OCTaHOBa
CTaHa. Pa3rOH'}Ke MOTaJIKH C ApymM )J;lIaMeTpOM pYJlOHa II ApyroH
CTeneHbIO OCna6J1eHHH nOJlH )J;BHraTeJlH 6Y)J;eT npOHCXO)J;HTb npM )J;pyroH
BeJlHqHHe )J;HHaMHqeCKOrO TOKa.
PaCCMOTpHM npoecc pa3rOHa )J;BHraTeJlH MOTaJlKH npH npOH3BOJlb-
HOM )J;HaMeTpe HaMOTaHHoro pyJloHa.
.l!.HHaMHqeCKHH MOMeHT )J;BHraTenH MO>KeT 6bITb npe)J;CTaBJleH B BH)J;e
)J;BYX CJlaraIOIl{IIX:
M AHH = MAHH + M AHH2 ,
(10-133)
- do>
r)J;e M AIIH -:- (JAB + J Mex ) dt - MOMeHT, He06xo)J;HMbIH )J;JlH pa3roHa
MaXOBWX Macc MexaHH3Ma H )J;BHra-
TenH;
M AHH = J/f ff - MOMeHT, He06xo)J;HMbIH )J.JlH pa3rOHa
MaXOBbIX Macc pYJlOHa;
JAB; J Mex ; J p - MOMeHTbI HHepll,HH COOTBeTCTBeHHO
)J;BHraTeJIH, MexaHH3Ma H pyJlOHa,
KF .,M2.
TaK KaK npou.ecc pa3rOHa M TOpMO>KeHHH )J;BHraTeJISl MOTaJlKM yn-
paBJlHIOTCH C nOMOmbIO nJlOCKOrO KOHTpOJlJlepa, BbIXO)J;Hoe HanpH}KeHHe
KOToporo H3MeHHeTCH no npHMOJlHHeHHOM}' 3aKOHY, TO npII6J1H}KeHHO
do> 0> O>KOH d WH
d{ = t o =4'7'
(10-134)
r)J;e ffi KOH - CKOpOCTb BpameHIIH )J;BlIraTeJISl npH nOJlHOM nOJle, COOT-
BeTCTBYIOrn.aH )J.HaMeTpy nOJlHOrO 6YHTa;
d D d DKOH
= D6 ; KOH = D6
D; D6 - )J;lIaMeTp pynoHa H )J;HaMe-rp rOJloro 6apa6aHa;
to - BpeMH npOll,eCca, 3a)J;aBaeMoe BpeMeHeM nepeMern.eHHH Tpa-
BepCbI nJlOCKOrp KOHTpOJlJlepa. .
0603HaqlIB JAB + J Mex = J AH' HanHllIeM
M = J . O>KOH . d KOH ( 10-136 )
AliH AH to d
377

(j) II> D d
YIIHTbIBafI, qTO KOH = -- = -= -, H3 (10-135) nOJIyqIlM
(j) ID H D KtJH dJ{OH
d 2
J (j)KOH KOH
tj(I!Hl= j( H- M t "(j2'
H 0 '
(10-136)
3.n;eCb tj(I!Hl = I i : l - OTHOClITeJIbHafi BeJIHqllHa .QlIHaMlIqeCKOrO TOKa;
M H - HOMlIHaJIbHbIH MOMeHT ,l(BlIraTenH, HM;
D lwH - nOJIHbIH .n;lIaMeTp PYJIOHa. .
oMeHT lIHepHlI PyJIOHa
J p = nx: (D4-D) Kr'M 2 .
(10-137)
3.n;ecb B - llmpHHa PYJIOHa, M;
'Y - y.n;enbHbIll Bec CTaJIlI, paBHbIll 76600 H/M 3 .
DocJIe cooTBeTcTBYlOIl{lIX npeo6pa30BaHHll B (10-137) nOJIyqHM
nyBDdOH(j)KOH d'" - [
tj(I!H2= 32M t i' .
HOM
(10-138)
CYMMapHbIll .n;lIHaMlIqeCKlIll TOK B OTHOCllTeJIbHbIX e.n;lIHlIax
tj(HH = C 1 d 2 +  ,
(10-139)
r.n;e
nyBDdOH(j)KOH
C 1 =
32Mloi
d . n y BD4d' (j)
C - J (j)KOH KOH 6 KOH KOH
2 - j(M MHt o - , 32Mlvi
Ha pllC. 10-24 no ypaBHeHlIlO (10-139) nocTpoeHbI TPll xapaKTepHble
KpHBble tj(HII = f (d) npll pa3Hblx 3HaqeHHfIX K094>4>lIlIeHTOB C 1
II C 2 .
B nepBoM CJIyqae (MlIHlIMYM KpllBOll .n;o pa60qeH 30HbI) C YBMlIqe-
HlIeM .n;lIaMeTpa pYJIOHa, npll KOTOpOM npoll3Bo.n;HTCfI pa3roH MOTaJIKH
nOCJIe BbIHY:>K.n;eHHoH OCTaHOBKlI, .n;HHaMlIqeCKlIll TOK paCTeT; BO BTOpOM
(MlIHHMYM KpHBOll nOCJIe pa60qell 30HbI) - YMeHbillaeTcfI; B TpeTbeM -
BHaqaJIe na.n;aeT, a 3aTeM paCTeT. Bo Bcex 9TlIX Tpex B03MO:>KHbIX CJIY-
qafIX Hall60JIbillee 3HaqeHlIe .n;lIHaMlIqeCKOrO TOKa lIMeeTcfI lIJIlI B KOHe,
HJIlI B HaqaJIe HaMOTKlI.
BCJIe.n;cTBlIe TOro, qTO npH pa3roHe MOTaJIKlI C pa3HbIM .n;lIaMeTpoM
PYJIOHa .n;lIHaMlIqeCKlIII TOK lIMeeT pa3Hoe 3HaqeHlIe, Y3M KOMneHca-
HlI .n;lIHaMlIqecKoro TOKa C nocTOfIHHOll YCTaBKoll, KaK 9TO HMeeT
378

, MeCTO B paCCMaTpHBaeMOH CHCTeMe, He MO}KeT 06ecne I lHTb nonHYIO
. KOMneHcaHIO .n;HHaMHIleCKoro TOKa, lITO HeH36e}KHO BbI30BeT H3MeHe-
HHe HaTSI}KeHHSI nOJIOCbI npH pa3roHe C npOH3BOJIbHbIM .n;HaMeTpOM PY-
JIOHa.
OpH 06pbIBe nOJIOCbI BO BpeMSI HaMOTKH TOK .n;BHraTeJISI p-e3KO CHH-
3HTCSI .n;o BeJIHIIHHbI TOKa XOJIOCTOro xo.n;a. B 9TOM CJIYlIae 3. .n;. C. YCH-
JIHTeJISI Y4 yna.n;eT .n;o HYJISI, YMeHbllIHTCSI .n;o HYJISI HC 06MOTKH 31
H 9. .n;. C. YCHJIHTeJISI Y3 3a ClIeT .n;ellCTBHSI 06MOTKH 32 CHJIbHO YBenH-
IIHTCSI, lITO npHBe.n;eT K He.n;onYCTHMOMY CHH}KeHHIO TOKa B036Y}K.n;eHHSI
.n;BHraTenSI. C enbIO orpaHHlIeHHSI TaKoro CHH}KeHHSI HCnOJIb3yeTCSI
06MoTKa 33. ECJIH npH CHH}KeHHH TOKa B036Y}K.n;eHHSI Us)!, CTaHeT MeHbllIe
U cp (CM. pHC. 10-23), TO no
06MoTKe 33 nOTeIJeT TOK H l!JUH
HC 3TOll 06MOTKH, .n;ellcTBYIO-
aSI BCTpelIHo HC 06MOTKH
32; 6y.n;eT npenSITcTBoBaTb
.n;aJIbHeHllIeMY YMeHbllIeHHIO
TOKa B036Y}K.n;eHHSI.
TOJIIJKOBaSI pa60Ta HMeeT
MecTO npH 3aMbIKaHHH KOH-
TaKTOB TB (B HanpaBJIeHHH
«Bnepe.n;») HJIH KOHTaKTOB
.'1' H (B HanpaBneHHH «Ha-
3a.n;») B enH 06MOTKH13YCH-
JIHTenSI 3MY (pHC. 10-23).
npH TOJIIIKOBOll pa60Te KOH-
TaKTbI BP H E.n pa30MKHY-
TbI, OTKJIIOlIeHbI peryJISITOp
HaTSI}KeHHSI H 3TaJIOHHOe Ha-
npSI}KeHHe. .lI.JISI CHH}KeHHSI
.n;ellcTBHSI 06paTHoll CBSI3H no HanpSI}KeHHIO reHepaTopa npH TOJIII-
KOBOll pa60Te B enb 3TOll CBSI3H BKnIOIJaeTCSI .n;onOJIHHTeJIbHOe co-
npoTHBneHHe R)!,e'
K He.n;OCTaTKaM CHCTeM C TOKOBbIM CTaTHlIeCKHM perYJISITOpOM CJIe-
.n;yeT OTHeCTH:
a) HaJIHIIHe CTaTH3Ma, BbI3bIBaIOero pa3HY HaTSI}KeHHlll} HalIaJIe
H B KOHe HaMOTKH;
6) «onpoKH.n;bIBaHHe» perYJISITOpa npH MaJIbIX HanpSI}KeHHSIX Ha
SIKope .n;BHraTenSI, Kor.n;a OTCYTcTByeT BJIHSIHHe nOTOKa .n;BHraTeJISI Ha
,BeJIHIIHHY TOKa SIKOpSI;
B) OTCYTCTBHe COOTBeTCTBHSI Me}K.n;y nOTOKOM .n;BHraTenSI H .n;HaMeT-
pOM PYJIOHa B pe}KHMe «nOKOSI», lITO npHBo.n;HT K H3MeHeHHIO HaTSI}KeHHSI
«nOKOSI» npH pa3HbIX .n;HaMeTpax PyJIOHa;
r) OTCYTCTBHe B03MO}KHOCTH MeHSITb YCTaBKY Y3JIa KOMneHcaHH
.n;HHaMHlIeCKOll COCTaBnSIIOell TOKa, B pe3YJIbTaTe IIero npH pa3rOHe
.n;BHraTeJISI C pa3HbIM .n;HaMeTpOM pYJIQHa Hanm<eHf!e I1QJ!OCbI He OCTaeTCSI
nOCTQflHHJJIM flO eJ!WnUle,
{Ja6oQafl
o
ri
I
J
PIIC. 10-24. Kpl!Bble ,nHHaMl!'IeCKOrO TOKa
npli pa3roHe CTaHa, nocTpoeHHble no ypaB-
HeHIIIO (10-19)
379

CHCTeMbiperynHpoBaHHR C aaMepOM
TaKa H 3. A. C. ABHraTenR (aCTaTH'IeCKHe perynRTopbl TaKa)
B TaKHX CHCTeMax npOH3BO.ll.HTCH O.ll.HOBpeMeHHO peryJlHpOBaHHC
.lI.BYX BenHqHH: TOKa .lI.BHraTeJIH MOTaJIKH C B03.l1.eHCTBHeM Ha HanpmKe.
HHe reHepaTopa - perYJlHTOp TOKa H 3. .lI.. C. .lI.BHraTenH C B03.l1.eHCTBHeM
Ha nOTOK .lI.BHraTenH - perYJlHTOp 3. .lI.. c.
Ha pHC. 10-25 H306pa}KeHa npHHlI.HnHaJIbHaH cxeMa TaKOH CHCTeMbl
perYJlHpOBaHHH [JI-54J. B 3ToH CXeMe 06MoTKa B036Y1KAeHHH reHepa-
Topa F M nHTaeTCH OT YClIJIHTenH Y 1, a 06MoTKa B036Y1KAeHHH Y 1 - OT
MarHHTHoro YCHJlHTenH IMY. YCHJIHTenb IMY HMeeT nHTb 06MoToK:
I) 06MOTKY «nOKOH» 11, HCnOJIb3yeMYlO TaK}Ke H npH TOJIqKOBOM pe-
>KHMe; 2) 06MOTKY KOMneHC8lI.HH .lI.HHaMHqeCKOiI COCTaBJIHlOIl{eH TOKa 12;
3) 06MOTKY OrpaHHqeHHH CKOpOCTH npH 06pbIBe nOJIOCbI 13; 4) TOKOBYlO
06MoTKY 14; 5) 3a.ll.alOIl{YlO 06MOTKY 15, nO.ll.KnlOqeHHYlO Ha HanpH}Ke-
HHe TaxorHepaTopa ;ABHraTeJIH nOCJIe.ll.HeH KneTH TFK.
06MoTKa OrpaHHqeHHH CKOpOCTH npH 06pbIBe nOJIOCbl 13 nOJIyqaeT
nHTaHHe OT YCHJlHTenH 3MY, HMelOIl{ero qeTblpe 06MVTKH: 06MOTKY
CKOpOCTH 31, nO.ll.KnlOqeHHylO Ha HanpH}KeHHe TaxoreHepaTOpa .lI.BHra-
TeJIH nOCJIe.ll.HeH KneTH TTK; TOKOBYlO 06MOTKY 32; 06MOTKY HanpH}Ke-
HHH 33 H 06M:OTKY CMeIl{eHHH 34. HanpaBneHHe .lI.eikTBHH 3THX 06MOTOK
nOKa3aHbI Ha CTaTHqeCKOiI xapaKTepHcTHKe 3MY, H306pa>KeHHOiI Ha
TOM }Ke pHC. 10-25.
06MoTKa B036Y>K){eHHH .lI.BHraTeJIH MOTaKH OBp' nOJIyqaeT nHTaHHe
OT pa3HOCTH HanpH}KeHHiI: HanpH}KeHHH onepaTHBHoiI lI.enH H HanpH-
}KeHHH Y2. YCHJlHTenb Y2 HMeeT ){Be 06MOTKH: 06MOTKY ynpaBJIeHHH 21
H 06MoTKY OTpHI1.aTenbHoiI 06paTHoiI CBH3H 22. 06MoTKa ynpaBJIeHHH 21
nOJlyqaeT nHTaHHe OT pa3HocTH HanpH}KeHHiI: HanpH}KeHHH U BlI , npo-
nOpI1.HOHaJIbHOrO TOKY B036Y}K){eHHH ){BHraTeJIH, H HanpH}KeHHH cpaB-
HeHHH U cp , CHHMaeMoro C nOTeHI1.HOMeTpa H perYJlHpyeMoro C nOMOIl{blO
CeKI1.HH nJlOCKOrO KOHTpoJIJIepa 3CnK-I. TpaBepca KOHTpOJIJlepa
3Cn K nepeMeIl{aeTcH CepBO){BHraTeneM Cp', KOTOpbliI ynpaBnHeTCH
YCHJlHTeneM 4MY. YCHJlHTenb 4MY HMeeT qeTblpe 06MOTKH: 1) 06MOTKY
CKOpOCTH 41, 2) TOKOBYlO 06MOTKY 42, 3) 06MoTKY HanpH}KeHHH 43 H
4) 06MOTKY CMeIl{eHHH 44. HanpaBneHHe ){eiICTBHH 3THX 06MoToK nOKa-
3aHbI Ha CTaTHqeCKOiI xapaKTepHcTHKe yCHJlHTenH 4MJ1.
B npoI1.ecce HaMoTim YBeJIHqHBaeTCH ){HaMeTp pYJlOHa, B CBHaH
C 3THM CKOpOCTb HaMaThIBaHHH nOJIOCbI cTpeMHTcH nOBbICHTbCH, qTO
B CBOlO Oqepe){b npHBO){HT K YBeJIHqeHHlO HaTH>KeHHH H TOKa ){BHra-
TeJIH. C YBenHqeHHeM TOKa ){BHraTenH B03pacTaeT TOK 06MoTKH 14
YCHJIHTenH 1 MY, BbI3bIBalOIl{HiI CHH}KeHH€ 3. ){. c. reHepaTopa, 3. ){. C.
){BHraTenH H OrpaHHqeHHe pOCTa TOKa .lI.BHraTenH. Pa3HOCTb HaMafHH-
qHBalOIl{HX CHJI 06MOTKH HanpH>KeHHH 43 H TOKOBOiI 06MOTKH 42 YCH-
JlHTenH 4MY BbI6HpaeTcH TaK, qTo6bI OHa 6bIJIa nponopII.HOHaJIbHa
3. ){. C. ){BHraTenH. 3Ta pa3HOCTb HC cpaBHHBaeTcH C HC 06MOTKH CKO-
pOCTH 41, nO){KJIlOqeHHOiI Ha HanpH}KeHHe TaxoreHepaTopa ){BHraTeJlH
nocJIe){HeiI KJIeTH. I1pH paBeHcTBe cpaBHHBaeMbIX BeJIHqHH HC HanpH-
380

...
...
'<>
:::.
:a

<>
I
 I..t"
 I....'"
II
"
I
I
.E J,l;
l !
----
-
'" ""


....
+
9 :;:-
 - 
 =» \.A
,,:>-'"
- -
:::
'0
.a"'t>:
0;:0=
"':><::<:
=U(1)
sg!!E
::r=t>:
:<:E-oE-o
="''''
o.tJ:<:
1:::0",
.0",0.
CN=-
'(1)t>:
2
Ut>::U
o.




""
o
I
I
I

r..;:
 
 
 
 "'-
'" '"

(t, G8

1
;r

}KeHHe BbIX0.l1-a YCHJlHTeJIH 4MY paBHO Hymo H CepBO.l1-BHraTeJIb C Tpa-
BepCOll nJlOCKoro KOHTpOJlJlepa 3Cll K HenO.l1-BH}KeH.
CHH}KeHHe 3. A. C. .I1-BHraTenH B npoecce HaMOTKH BbI3bIBaeT pa3-
6aJlaHC HC YCHJlHTeJlH 4MY, lITO npHBO.l1-HT K nOHBneHHIO HanpH}KeHHH
Ha BbIXO.l1-e YCHJlHTenH 4MY, npH 3TOM cepBO.l1-BHraTenb nOBopalIHBaeTCH
H nepeMemaeT TpaBepcy 3Cll K BneBO.
TpaBepca nJlOCKOrO KOHTpOJlJlepa 3Cll K B HaqaJle HaMOTKH Haxo-
.I1-HTCH B KpallHeM npaBOM nOJlO}KeHHH (B nOJlO}KeHHH «cJla6oe nOJle»).
OpH nepeMemeHHH TpaBepCbI 3Cll K B npoecce HaMOTKH HanpH}KeHHe
U cp YBenHIIHBaeTCH, 3. .11-. c. Y2 YKa3aHHOll nOJlHpHOCTH YMeHblllaeTCH,
B pe3YJlbTaTe IIero YBeJIHIIHBaeTCH TOK B036Y}K.I1-eHHH .I1-BHraTenH. 3TO
BJleqeT 3a C060ll CHH}KeHHe TOKa .I1-BHranJlH, nOBbIllleHHe ero 3. .11-. C.,
CHH}KeHHe pe3YJlbTHPYIOmell HC, paBHoll F CK + F T - FH' HanpfI}Ke-
HHH YCHJlHTenH 4MY, lITO npHBO.l1-HT K OCTaHOBY cepBO.l1-BHraTemI Cp
H TpaBepCbI 3CllK. DepeMemeHHe TpaBepcbI 3CllK HaqHHaeTCH Tor.l1-a,
KOr.l1-a paCCOrJlaCOBaHHe 9. .11- C. .I1-BHraTeJIH .I1-0CTHraeT TaKOll BeJIHIIHHbI,
npH KOTOpOll HarpY30lIHbIll TOK YCHJlHTenH 4MY npeB30ll.l1-eT TOK TpO-
raHHH cepBO.l1-BHraTenH H 6Y.I1-eT np0.l1-0JI}KaTbCH .11-0 Tex nop, nOKa He
nHKBH.I1-HPyeTcH B03HHKlllee paCCOrJlaCOBaHHe 3. .11-. c. TaK KaK B CHCTeMe
perYJlHpOBaHHH 3..11-. C. HMeeTCH cep, BO.l1-BHraTenb npe.l1-CTaBJIHIOmHll
C060ll HHTerpHpYIOmee 3BeHO, TO 3Ta CHCTeMa HBnHeTCH aCTaTH-
IIecKOll.
B KOHe npOKaTKH CTaH nepeBO.l1-HTCH Ha 3anpaBOIJ:HYIO CKOpOCTb,
npH KOTOpOll HenpOKaTaHHbIll KOHe nponYCKaeTCH IIepe3 CTaH. DpH
BbIXO.l1-e 3MHero KOHa nOJIOCbI H3 nOCJIe.l1-Hell KJIeTH, PYJIOH CBH3bIBaeTCH
H CHHMaeTCH C 6apa6aHa MOTaJIKH C nOMOmbIO CHHMaTeJIH PYJlOHOB.
B MOMeHT CHHTHH PyJlOHa nYTeBOll BbIKJIIOlIaTenb CHHMaTenH pa3MbI-
KaeT enb KOHTaKTopa llll H 3aMbIKaeT enb KOHTaKTopa E. B pe3YJIb-
TaTe 3TOro .I1-BHraTenb CIl. OTKnIOlIaeTCH OT YCHJIHTenH 4M Y H nO.l1-KnIO-
IIaeTCH C nOMOmbIO KOHTaKTOB E IIepe3 nOTeHHOMeTp Ha HanpH}KeHHe
ceTH, H .I1-BHraTenb CIl. nepeMemaeT TpaBepcy CJleBa HanpaBO B HCXOk
Hoe nOJIO}KeHHe.
DpH 06pbIBe nOJIOCbI Me}K.I1-Y nOCJIe.l1-Hell KneTbIO H MOTaJIKOll TOK 06-
MOTKH 14 yCHJlHTeJIH 1 MY pe3Ko CHH3HTC5t, BCJIe.l1-CTBHe 3Toro 3. .11-. c.
reHepaTopa COOTBeTCTBeHHO nOBbICHTCH, lITO npHBe.l1-eT K IIpe3MepHOM)'
YBenHlIeHHIO CKOpOCTH BpameHHH .I1-BHraTeJIH. .lI.JIH orpaHHlIeHHH 3TOll
CKOpOCTH npe.l1-YCMaTpHBaeTCH npHMeHeHHe 06MOTKH 13 YCHJIHTenH
1MY, KOTopaH npH 06pbIBe nOJIOCbI HJIH npH OTCYTCTBHH nOJIOCbI Me}K.I1-Y
nOCJIe,l(Hell KJleTbIO H MOTaJIKOll.l1-0JI}KHa 3aMeHHTb 06MOTKY 14. 06MoTKa
13 B HOpMaJlbHOM pe}KHMe HaMOTKH 6e3.11-ellcTByeT, 6naro.l1-apH HaJlHIIHIO
B Hell BeHTHJIH 81. 3TOM)' CJIYlIaIO cooTBeTcTByeT nOJlHpHOCTb YCHJIH-
TeJIH 3MY, YKa3aHHaH Ha cxeMe, H TOIIKa a xapaKTepHcTHKH 3MY.
DpH o6pbIBe nOJlOCbI HJIH npH OTCYTCTBHH ee HC TOKOBOll 06MOTKH 32
YCHnHTenH 3MY - F T YMeHbillaeTcH nOIJ:TH .11-0 HYJIH. 3TO npHBo.l1-HT
K TOM)', lITO HanpH}KeHHe YCHJlHTenH 3MY MeHHeT nOJlHpHOCTb (TolIKa 6
xapaKTepHcTHKH YCHJlHTenH) H nOHBHBlllHllCH TOK B o6MoTKe 13 06pa-
3yeT HC, KOMl1eHcHpyIOW.YIO CHH*eHfre HC 06MOTKH 14.
382

I1YCK }Ke ,nBHraTenH MOTaJlKH noc.ne OCTaHOBKH CTaHa B npOI1.eCCe
npOKaTKH C H3MeHeHHbIM ,nHaMeTpOM PYJIOHa H ,nPyroH CTeneHblO ocJIa6-
JIeHHH nOJIH ,nBHraTenH 6y,neT npOHCXO,nHTb npH ,npyroH BeJIHqHHe ,nH-
HaMHqecKoro TOKa. D03TOMY ,nJIH TOqHOH KOMneHCaI1.HH ,nHHaMHqeCKOrO
TOKa npH B03MO}KHOM nYCKe ,nBHraTeJIH MOTaJIKH C pa3HbIM ,nHaMeTpOM
pYJIOHa He06xo,nHMo, qT06bI MeHHJIaCb COOTBeTCTBeHHO H YCTaBKa
,neHCTBHH Y3JIa KOMneHCaI1.HH ,nHHaMHqeCKOrO TOKa. .lI.JIH 3TOH I1.enH
B I1.enb 06MOTKH 12 BKJIlOqeHa BTopaH ceKI1.HH nJIOCKOrO KOHTpOJIJIepa
3CllK, C nOMOIII.blO KOTOpOH MeHHeTCH conpOTHBneHHe u.enH 06MoTKH 12
B COOTBeTCTBHH C H3MeHeHHeM ,nHaMeTpa pYJIOHa. B 3TOM cJIyqae co-
npOTHBJIeHHe u.enH 06MOTKH 12 B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT ,nHaMeTpa pYJIOHa
,nOJI}KHO MeHHTbCH TaK, qTo6bI HC 3TOH 06MOTKH 6bIJIa nponopu.HoHaJIbHa
,nHHaMHqeCKOH COCTaBJIHlOIII.eH TOKa. DpH pacqeTe conpoTHBneHHH 3TOH
ceKu.HH 3CllK CJIe,nyeT BOCnOJIb30BaTbCH ypaBHeHHeM (10-139). B pe-
}KHMe «nOKOH» KOHTaKTbI T B H T H B u.enH 06MOTKH 11 YCHJIHTenH 1M J1
pa30MKHYTbI, a KOHTaKTbI E.n 3aMKHYTbI. B 3TOM c.nyqae 3. ,n. C. reHe-
paTOpa TM onpe,neJIHeTCH ,neHCTBHeM ,nBYX 06MOTOK YCHJIHTeJIH lMJ1:
06MOTKH 11 H 06MOTKH 14, T. e.
Ec.noK = InoKRo = (UnKll -alno«RoKlJ KBKn (10-140)
OTKy,na
I - UnKnKBKe
nO« - (1 + aKuKBKe) Ro'
3,necb K B - K09<pqmI1.HeHT YCHJIeHHH B036y,nHTenH J11;
K14 - TO }Ke YCHJIHTenH lMJ1 OT ,neHCTBHH 06MoTKH 14.
M3 (10-141) c.ne.lI.yeT, qTO BeJIHqHHa TOKa «nOKOH» I nOK He 3aBHCHT
OT .lI.HaMeTpa pYJIOHa H onpe,nenHeTCH npH BbI6paHHbIX napaMeTpax
CHCTeMbI JIHllIb HanpH}KeHHeM Un.
I3JIaro,napH HaJIHqHlO ceKI1.HH nJIOCKoro KOHTpOJIJIepa 3Cll K -1,
npH OCTaHOBneHHOM ,nBHraTeJIe ero MarHHTHbIH nOTOK 6Y.lI.eT HMeTb 3Ha-
qeHHe (10-102):
(10-141 )
<I> - <1> Dp
nOK - Haq D6 '
(10-142)
T. e. cyIII.ecTByeT COOTBeTCTBHe Me}K,ny nOTOKOM .lI.BHraTenH H .lI.HaMeTpoM
pYJIOHa He TOJIbKO B pe}KHMe HaMOTKH, HO H npH «noKoe», qTO Ba}KHO
,nJIH nOJIyqeHHH nOCTOHHHoro 3HaqeHHH HaTH}KeHHH «nOKOH» npH JI106bIX
.lI.HaMeTpax pYJIOHa.
.lI.OCToHHCTBaMH CHCTeMbI C aCTaTHqeCKHM perYJIHTOpOM HBJIHlOTCH:
1. OTCYTcTByeT CTaTHqeCKaH norpelliHocTb perYJIHTOpa, B pe3YJIb-
TaTe qero HaTH}KeHHe 3a BpeMH HaMOTKH MeHHeTCH OqeHb MaJIO.
2. CYIII.ecTBYlOIII.ee COOTHOllIeHHe Me}K,ny nOTOKOM .lI.BHraTeJIH H ,nHa-
MeTpoM pYJIOHa npH OCTaHOBneHHOM .lI.BHraTene MOTaJIKH npHBo,nHT K
nOJIyqeHHlO nOCTOHHHoro 3HaqeHHH HaTH}KeHHH «nOKOH» npH JI106bIX
,nHaMeTpax pYJIOHa.
3. Y3eJI KOMneHCaI1.HH .lI.HHaMHQeCKOH COCTaBJIHIOIlI.eH TOKa HMeeT
nepeMeHHYlO YCTaBKY, MeHHlOIII.YIOCH B COOTBeTCTBHH C H3MeHeHHeM
.lI.HaMeTpa pYJIOHa, qTO 06ecneqIIBaeT nOJIHYlO KOMneHCaI1.IIlO ,nHHaMH-
383

1J:eCKOrO TOKa npH pa3rOHe H 3aMe)J.JIeHHH C npOH3BOJIbHbIM )1.HaMeTpOM
PYJIOHa.
BnarO)1.apH YKa3aHHbIM )1.OCTOHHCTBaM CHCTeMa C aCTaTH1J:eCKHM pe-
rynHTopoM B HaCTOHm;ee BpeMH n01J:TH nOJIHOCTbIO BbITeCHHJIa CHCTeMY
C TOKOBbIM CTaTH1J:CKHM perYJIHTOpOM.
CHCTeMbi perynHpoB8HHR H8TRHCeHHR npH p8SMOTKe pynoH8
B npoecce pa3MOTKH nOJIOCa H)1.eT OT pa3MaTbIBaTeJIH K BaJIKaM
CTaHa. B .9TOM CJIY1J:ae 6apa6aH C PYJIOHOM M )1.BHraTeJIb pa3MaTbIBaTeJIH
Bpam;aIOTCH pa601J:HMH BaJIKaMH 1J:epe3 nO;/IOcy. ECJIH )1.BHraTeJIb pa3Ma-
TbIBaTeJIH OTKnI01J:eH, TO HaTH>KeHHe nOJIOCbI 6Y)1.eT npHMepnO paBHO
HynIO. HaTH>KeHHe nOnOCbI C03)1.aeTCH TOpMO>KeHHeM )1.BHraTeJIH pa3Ma-
TbIBaTeJIH, T. e. )1.BHraTeJIb )1.0JI>KeH pa60TaTb B reHepaTOpHOM pe>KHMe.
TIpH .9TOM )1.nH CHJIOBOH enH )1.eHCTBHTeJIbHO paBeHCTBO
K e{J>ro = Ee + I Ro.
C eJIbIO COXpaHeHHSI HeH3MeHHbIM HaTSI>KeHHSI npH pa3MoTKe, TaK
>Ke KaK It npH HaMoTKe, )1.0JI>KHO C06JIIO)1.aTb YCJIOBHe nOCTOSlHCTBa TOKa
H .9. )1.. c. )1.BHraTeJIH, T. e. 1J:To6bI npoH3Be)1.eHHe nOTOKa Ha CKOpOCTb
«pro coxpaHHnocb HeH3MeHHbIM. B Ha1J:aJIe pa3MoTKH )1.HaMeTp pYJIOHa
HMeeT HaH60JIbllIee 3Ha1J:eHHe, a CKOpOCTb Bpam;eHHSI 6apa6aHa - HaH-
MeHbllIee. C YMeHblUeHHeM )1.HaMeTpa ,pYJIOHa CKOpOCTb Bpam;eHHSI
)1.BHraTenSl )1.0n>KHa YBenH1J:HBaTbCSI 3a C1J:eT oCJIa6JIeHHSI ero nOJISI.
, CHCTeMa perynHpoBaHHSI HaTSI>KeHHSI npH pa3MOTKe He OTJIH1J:aeTCSI
KOHCTPYKTHBHO OT CHCTeMbI peryJIHpOBaHHSI HaTSI>KeHHeM npH HaMOTKe.
Pa3JIH1J:He JIHlUb B TOM, 1J:TO nOTOK )1.BHraTeJISI paSMaTbIBaTeJISI B Ha1J:aJIe
pa3MOTKH HMeeT HaH60JIblUee 3Ha1J:eHHe, a B npoecce pa3MOTKH OH,
B pesynbTaTe )1.eHCTBHSI CHCTeMbI peryJIHpOBaHHSI, YMeHblliaeTCSI. B CH-
CTeMe aCTaTH1J:eCKoro perynSlTopa (pHC. 10-25) TpaBepca nJIOCKOrO KOH-
TpOJIJIepa 3Cll K B Ha1J:aJIe pa3MoTlm CTOHT B KpaHHeM JIeBOM nOJIO>KeHliH,
1J:eM YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCSI non Hoe nOJIe )1.BHraTeJISI.
B npoecce pa3MoTKH YMeHbiliaeTcSI )1.HaMeTp pynoHa, a CKOpOCTb
Bpam;eHHSI 6apa6aHa pa3MaTbIBaTeJISI, .9. )1.. C. H TOK )1.BHraTeJISI YBeJIH-
1J:HBaIOTCSI. C YBenH1J:eHHeM TOKa )1.BHraTeJISI YBeJIH1J:liBaeTCSI HC 06MOTKM
14 YCHJIHTeJISI IMY Ii .9. )1.. c. reHepaTOpa, 1J:TO npHBO)1.HT K OrpaHH1J:e-
HHIO TOKa SlKOpSl )1.BHaTeJISI. O)1.HoBpeMeHHO C YBeJIH1J:eHHeM .9.)1.. c.
)1.BHraTeJISI YBenH1J:HTCSI H CYMMa HC 06MOTKH HanpSl>KeHHSI 43 H TOKOBOH
06MOTKII 42 YCHJIHTenSl 4MY, nponOpHOHaJIbHaSl .9. )1., c. )1.BHraTeJISI.
IloSlBHBlUeecSI paccOrJIaCOBaHHe HC 06MOTOK YCHJIHTeJISI 4MY o6pa-
3yeT Ha BbIXO)1.e ero HanpSl>KeHHe, B pe3ynbTaTe 1J:ero cepBO)1.BHraTeJIb
Ha1J:HeT nOBOpa1J:HBaTbCSI, nepeMem;aSl YpaBepcy nJIOCKOrO KOHTpOJInepa
3Cll K CJIeBa HanpaBO. TIpH .9TOM TOK B036Y>K)1.eHHSI )1.BHraTeJISI paSMa-
TbIBaTeJISI CTaHeT YMeHblUaTbCSI, BbI3bIBaSl YMeHbllIeHHe .9. )1.. C. )1.BHra-
TeJISI. 11 B )1.aHHOM cnY1J:ae nepeMem;eHHe TpaBepCbI 3CllK Ha1J:HHaeTCSI
C Toro MOMeHTa BpeMeHH, KOr)1.a paCCOrJIaCOBaHHe .9. )1.. C. )1.BHraTeJISI
)1.0CTHraeT BeJIH1J:HHbI, npH KOTOpOH TOK enH cepBO)1.BHraTeJISI npeBSOH-
384

Jl.eT TOK ero TporaHlUJ H 6YJl.eT npOJl.On>KaTbCH 11.0 TeX nop, nOKa He nHK-
BHJl.HpyeTcSI B03HHKII1ee paccornaCOBaHHe.
LLnH YCTaHOBneHHH HaTH>KeHHH «nOKOH» nOTpe6Hoe 3HaqeHlle
9. 11.. c. reHepaTOpa C03Jl.aeTCH Jl.eHCTBHeM Toil >Ke 06MOTKH 11.
Ha pHC. 10-25 HanpaBJIeHHH Jl.eHCTBHSI HC 06MOTOK YKa3aHbI Jl.nSl
npHBOJl.a MOTaJIKH CnnOII1HbIMH CTpeJIKaMH, a Jl.nH npHBOJl.a pa3MaTbIBa-
TenSl - nYHKTHpHbIMH.
 10-7. 3neKTponpHBoA peBepcMBHX CT8HOR
xonoAHOH npOK8TKH
npoecc npOKaTKH nonOCbI Ha peBepCHBHOM CTaHe ocYIIJ;eCTBnHeTcH
CJIe.D.YIOIIJ;HM 06pa30M. nOJl.aHHbIH K CTaHY PynoH YCTaHaBnHBaeTCSI B
pa3MaTbIBaTenb, saTeM KOHe nonOCbI nponYCKaeTCSI qepe3 BanKH H
SanpaBJIHeTCSI B MOTanKY. nOcne 9TOro YCTaHaBnHBaeTCH nOTpe6HaSl
_BeJIHqHHa HaTSI>KeHHH H 06>KaTHH H CTaH pa3rOHHeTCH 11.0 nOJIHOH CKO-
pOCTH. KorJl.a Ha pa3MaTbIBaTene OCTaHeTCH HeCKonbKO BHTKOB, CTaH
OCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH, KOHe HS pa3MaTbIBaTeJIH 3aKpennHeTcH B MOTaJIKY,
CTOHIIJ;yIO C sa)J.HeH (BXOJl.HOH) CTOpOHbI CTaHa, YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH no-
Tpe6HaSl BeJIHqHHa HaTH>KeHHSI H 06>KaTHH H CTaH pa3roJISleTCSI B npo-
THBOnOnO>KHOM HanpaBJIeHHH.
MOTaJIKH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HanpaBneHHSI pa60TaIOT nOOqepeJl.HO
TO B pe>KHMe HaMOTKH, TO B pe>KHMe pa3MOTKH.
TpefioB8HHR K sneKTponpHBOAY
K 9neKTponpHBo.D.Y peBepCHBHbIX CTaHOB XOJIOJl.HOH npOKaTKH npeJJ.'b-
SlBJISlIOTCH CJIe.D.YIOIIJ;He Tpe60BaHHH:
1) nOCTOHHCTBO HaTH>KeHHSI nonOCbI KaK C BXOJl.HOH, 'I'aK H C BbIXOJl.-
HOH CTOpOHbl CTaHa;
2) II1HpOKHH Jl.Hana30H perynHpoBaHHSI CKOpOCTH Jl.BHraTeJIH KneTH.
MaKcHManbHaH CKOpOCTb cOBpeMeHHblx peBepcHBHblX uJHpoKononocT-
HbIX CTaHOB XOnOJl.HOH npoKaTKH 10-12 .MICeK, a sanpaBoqHaSl CKOpOCTb
0,5-1,0 .MiceK. CJIeJl.OBaTeJIbHO, Jl.Hana30H perynHpOBaHJISI COCTaBJISleT
nopHJl.Ka 10-25;
3) II1HpOKHH Jl.llana30H H3MeHeHllSl HaTH>KeHHH;
4) peBepcHpoBaHHe Jl.BHraTeneH KneTeH H MOTanOK;
5) pa60Ta Ka}KJl.OH MOTaJIKH TO B pe>KHMe HaMOTKH, TO B pe>KHMe
pa3MoTKH;
6) Manoe BpeMSI npOTeKaHHSI nepexOJl.HbIX npoeccoJ3;
7) coxpaHeHHe HaTSI>KeHHSI npH OCTaHOBKe CTaHa;
8) COBMeCTHaH H pa3Jl.eJIbHaH pa60Ta Jl.BHraTeJIlH;
9) TOnqKOBaSl pa60Ta KJIeTH H MOTaJIOK.
CxeM8 nHT8HHR ABHr8TeneA peBepcHBHoro
CT8H8 xooAHOA npoK8TKH
06blqHO y cOBpeMeHHblx peBepcHBHbIX CTaHOB nHTaHJIe Jl.BHraTeJIeH
MOTaJIOK H KJIeTli npOH3BOJl.HTCSI OT HHJl.HBHJl.YaJIbHbIX reHeparopoB.
Ha pHC. 10-26 npeJl.CTaBneHa npHHllnHaJIbHaH cxeMa nHTaHHSI Jl.BH-
385
13 B. n. BblqKOS

faTeJIeii KJIeTH H MOTanOK peBepCHBHOfO CTaHa OT HH)J.HBH)J.YaJIbHbIX re-
HeparopoB C YKa3aHHeM OCHOBHbIX eneii B036Y)K)J.eHHSI reHeparopOB.
B TaKoii cxeMe 06MOTKH B036Y>K)J.eHHSI reHeparopoB )J.BHraTeJIeH
KJIeTH H MOTaJIOK nOJIyqaIOT nHTaHHe OT MarHHTHbIX YCHnHTeJIeH. Mar-
HHTHble YCHnHTeJIH reHeparopoB )J.BHraTeJIeH MOTanOK MYJI H MYn
HMeIOT no TPH 06MOTKH ynpaBJIeHHSI: 3a)J.aIOIltyIO 06MOTKY IJI (In),
nO)J.KnIOqeHHYIO K HanpSl)KeHHIO TaxoreHeparopa )J.BHraTeJISI Knem
TF; perYJIHpYIOIltyIO TOKOBYIO 06MOTKY 2JI (2n), nO)J.KnIOqeHHYIO
OBm
G
1/1 tt
2/1 H
3/1 tt
G
c!J
OBm
G
m !t
2n H
an H
OBrK
G
21( +t
II( ,
m:=r n
f/ln mn
+
PHC. 10-26. TIpHHQIInlI8J1bHaR cxeMa nHTaHHR ,nBHraTeJleii KJleTeii H MOTaJlOK
peBepcHBHoro CT8Ha xOJloJ\Hoii npoKaTKH OT HHHBHJ\yaJlbHblx reHepaTopoB
K conpOTHBJIeHHIO B cHnoBoii enH )J.BHraTeJISI MOT8JIKH; 06MOTKY HaTSI-
>KeHHSI 3JI (3n), C nOMOIltbIO KOTOpOH 3a)J.aeTcSI BeJIHqHHa HaTSI>KeHHSI
B pe>KHMe HaMOTKH (pa3MOTKH) H B pe>KHMe «nOKOSl». 06MoTKa HaTSI-
>KeHHSI 3JI (3n) H TOKOB8S1 2JI (2n) BO Bcex pe>KHMaX )J.eiicTBYIOT BCTpeq-
HO )J.pyr )J.pyry. 3a)J.aIOIltaSl 06MoTKa IJI (In) B pe>KHMe HaMOTKH )J.eH-
cTByeT cornaCHO C 06MOTKOH 3JI (3n), a B pe>KHMe pa3MOTKH - BCTpeq-
HO, B pe>KHMe «nOKOSl» HC 3a)J.aIOIlteii 06MOTKH paBHa HYJIIO. .[(eHcTBHe
06MOTKH HaTSI>KeHHSI 3JI (3n) HanpaBJIeHO B CTOPOHY HaMaTbIBaHHSI .no-
JIOCbI Ha MOTaJIKY.
MarnHTHbIH YCHJIHTeJIb reHeparopa )J.BHraTeJISI KJIeTH MYK HMeeT
)J.Be 06MOTKH: 3a)J.aIOIltyIO I K H oTpHaTeJIbHYIO 06paTHOH CBSl3H no
HanpSl>KeHHIO 2K. 3a)J.aIOIltaSl 06MoTKa I K npHcoe)J.HHSleTcSI K 3MaIO-
IlteMY HanpSl)KeHHIO C nOMOIltbIO KOHTaKTOB IJIn (npH neBOH npOKaTKe)
H KOHTaKTOB Inn (npH npaBoH npoKaTKe). ECJIH KOHTaKTW IJIn H
Inn pa30MKHYTbI, TO HanpSl>KeHHe reHepaTopa FK paBHO HYJIIO H
386

.v;BHrareJIb J1.K HenO.l{BH}KeH. TIpH 9TOM HaTSI}KeHHe «nOKOSl» onpe.l{e-
JISleTCSI .l{eHCTBHeM 06MOTOK 2JI, 3JI (2n, 3n), T. e.
(U a Ks-a/ noK RoK2)Kr = Ee.noK'
(10-143)
OTKy.v;8
I Us KsF<e
nOK = (1 + r1K2Ke) Ro .
(10-144)
3AeCb U 3 - HanpSl}KeHHe, peryJIHpYIOIII.ee HaTSI}KeHHe nonOCbI;
K 2 ; K3 - K09<l><l>HlHeHTbI YCHJIeHMSI MarHMTHbIX YCHnHTeneH OT
.l{eHCTBHSI COOTBeTCTBeHHO 06MOTOK 2JI H 3JI (2n H
3n);
Ke - K09<l><l>HlHeHT YCHJIeHJiSl reHepaTopa r JI (r n);
a = rc
Ro'
KaK BH.l{HO HS (10-144), Tpe6yeMoe 3Ha1J:eHHe TOKa «nOKOH» MO}KeT
6bITb YCTaHOBJIeHO C nOMOIII.bIO peocTaToB HaTSI}KeHHH JIeBOH PHJI H
npaBoH PH n MOTaJIOK.
TIpH 3aMKHYTbIX KOHTaKTax lJIll nOJIHpHOCTb HanpSl}KeHHSI reHepa-
Topa r K H BpaIII.eHHe .l{BHrareJISI KJIeTH J1. K cooTBeTcTBYIOT JIeBOH npo-
: KaTKe. B 9TOM cJIY1J:ae )J.JIH 9JIeKTpOnpHBO.l{a JIeBOH MOTaJIKM .l{eHCTBH-
TeJIbHO paBeHcTBo
(U 3 K 3 - alRoK 2 + UnKl)Ke = E11.s + IRo. (10-145)
,UBHraTeJIb npaBoH, pasMaTbIBaIOIII.eH MOTaJIKJi npH 9TOM pa60TaeT
B reHepaTOpHoM pe}KHMe. C nepeXO.l{OM OT nponecca HaMOTKH Knpo-
neccy pasMoTKH MeHSlIOTCH nOJISlpHOCTH 9. .l{. C. reHepaTopa H 9..l{. C.
.l{BHraTeJISI, HO TaK KaK 9. .l{. C. .l{BHraTeJIH CTaHOBHTCH 60nbille 9. .l{. C.
reHepaTopa, TO HanpaBJIeHHe TOKa nenH reHepaTOp - .l{BHraTeJIb CO-
xpaHHeTCSI HeH3MeHHWM.
TaKHM 06pa30M, .l{JISI 9eKTponpHBO.l{a npaBOH, paSMaTWBaIOIII.,
MOTaJIKM MO}KeM HanHcaTb
(U 3 K 8 - alR o K 2 - UTCK 1 ) Kr = - E llo + IRo.
ECJIH B ypaBHeHHSlX (10-145) H (10-146) npHHSlTb, 1J:TO
(10-146)
UTCKIKe -. E11.0'
(10-147)
TO TOK .l{BHraTeJISI, KaK BH.l{HO JiS 9THX ypaBHeHHH, YCTaHOBJIeHHbIH
B pe}KHMe «nOKOSl», 6Y.l{eT COXpaHSlTbCSI HeH3MeHHbIM H B pe}KHMaX
HaMOTKH H paSMOTKH.
TIpH YCJIOBHH (10-147) paSHOCTb HC 06MOTOK 2JI, 3JI (2n, 3ll) co-
3.l{aIOT BeJIH1J:HHY TOKa .l{BHraTeJISI, a HC 06MOTKH lJI (1 n) - BeJIH1J:MHY
H HanpaBJIeHHe 9. .l{. C. .l{BHraTeJISI.
Ha pHC. 10-26 CnJIOIIIHble CTpeJIKH COOTBeTCTBYIOT JIeBOH npoKaTKe,
a nYHKTHpHble - npaBoH.
W 

B03MOHCHbili AH8n830H H8TRH<eHHii
CTaHW xonOAHOH npOKaTKH 06WqHO npeHa3HaqaIDTCH nH npOH3-
BOCTBa nmpoKoro COpTaMeHTa nHCTa no lI1HpHHe H Tonm;HHe, T. e.
JIHCTa pa3nHqHOrO CeqeHHH. TaK KaK BeJmqHHa HaTH}KeHHH 3aBHCHT OT
CeqeHHH nonOCbI, TO .9neKTpOnpHBO OJI}KeH o6ecneqHTb nonyqeJiHe
HaTH}KeHHH B lI1HpOKOM Hana30He. TaK, HanpHMep, Ha HeKOTopbIX
peBepCHBHbIX CTaHax -rpe6yeMbIH Hana30H HaTH}KeHlIH T T MaKC OXOHT
M"H
o 20, a Ha cl>anbronpoKaTHblx CTaHax - o 50 H BbIlI1e.
B CHCTeMax KOCBeHHoro perynHpoBaHHH HaTH}KeHHH, nocTpoeHHblx
Ha npHHlHne coxpaHeHHH nOCTOHHCTBa MOm;HOCTH, nonyqeHHe TaKHX
lI1HpOKHX Hana30HOB HaTH}KeHHH npeCTaBn5leT 3HaqHTeJIbHble TPYk
HOCTH. .n.e.JJ.0 B TOM, qTO B YKa3aHHbIX CHCTeMax npOH3BOHTCH nOMep-
}KaHHe nOCTOHHCTBa He MOm;HOCTH HaTH}KeHHH, a nOTpe6JIHeMOH .9neK-
TpOMarHHTHOH MOm;HOCTH BHraTe.nH, T. e. CHCTeMbI KOCBeHHoro pery-
nHpOBaHHH He yqHTbIBaIDT nOTepH B peAYKTope H BHraTeJIe.
EcnH 6bI npH HaMOTKe nOTepH OCTaBaJIHCb HeH3MeHHbIMH, TO npH
nOCTOHHCTBe nOTpe6n5leMOH MOm;HOCTH coxpaHHnacb 6w HeH3MeHHoH H
Be.JJ.HqHHa HaT5I}KeHHH. OHaKo B npoI.{ecce HaMOTKH npoHcxoHT He-
npepbIBHoe H3MeHeHHe CKOpOCTH Bpam;eHHH BHraTeJIH Hero MOMeHTa,
qTO CBH3aHO C H3MeHeHHeM nOTepb. TIpH npOKaTKe C 60JIblI1HM HaTH}Ke-
HHeM BHraTeJIb MOTanKH no-rpe6nHeT MOm;HOCTb, 6nH3KYID K HOMH-
HaJIbHOH, H H3MeHeHHe nOTepb, OTHOCHTeJIbHO ManbIX no BeJIHqHHe, He
OKa3bIBaeT cym;ecTBeHHoro BJIH5IHHH .Ha pa60TY CHCTeMbI perynHpoBa-
HHH. TIpH npOKaTKe C MaJIbIM HaTH}KeHHeM BHraTeJIb MOTanKH nOTpe6-
JIHeT COOTBeTCTBeHHO MaJIYID MOm;HOCTb, n03TOMY M3MeHeHHe nOTepb,
OTHOCHTeJIbHO 6onblI1Hx no BenHqHHe, MO}KeT BbI3BaTb 3HaqHTeJIbHOe
H3MeHeHHe HaTH}KeHHH B npOI.{eCce HaMOTKH. 8TO 06CTOHTe.JJ.bCTBO orpa-
HHqHBaeT B03MO}KHbIH Hana30H HaTH}KeHHH nH CHCTeM KocBeHHoro
perynHpoBaHHH.
B npaKTHKe npoeKTHpoBaHHH .9JIeKTpOnpHBooB peBepCHBHwX CTa-
HOB XOJIOHOH npOKaTKH B03MO}KHbIM Hana30HOM HaTH}KeHHH B CH-
CTeMax KOCBeHHOrO perynHpoBaHHH npH OHOM BHraTene MOTaJIKH
npHHHTO CqHTaTb
TaKC = 3-5.
1M"H
B .9TOM CJIyqae, KaK nOKa3bIBaIDT paCqeTbI, H3MeHeHHe HaTH}KeHHH
B npoI.{ecce HaMOTKH KOJIe6neTC5I B npeeJIax 5-15%.
B CJIyqae, Kora CHCTeMa KOCBeHHOro perYJIHpOBaHHH npHMeHHeTcH
Ha CTa,Hax, KOTopble Tpe6YIDT 60nee lI1HpOKOro Hana30Ha HaTH}KeHHH,
He06xoHMO npHMeH5ITb nH MOTaJIKH Ba npHBoHbIX BHraTeJIH:
OHH BHraTenb 60nblI10H MOm;HOCTH, pyroH - MaJIOH MOm;HOCTH. TIpH
npoKaTKe C 60nblI1HMH HaTH}KeHHHMH MOTanKa npHBOHTCH BO Bpam;e-
HHe OT BHraTeJIH 6onblI1oH MOIIUIOCTH, a npH npoKaTKe nonOCbI C MaJIbIM
HaTH}KeHHeM BHraTeJIb 60nblI10H MOm;HOCTH OTcoeHHHeTCH OT peYK-
Topa npH nOMOm;H MY<lITbI H MOTanKa npHBOHTCH BO Bpam;eHHe OT BH-
raTeJIH MaJIOH MOm;HOCTH.
388

Bbillop ABHraTeJIR MOT8JIKH
TIpH BbI60pe .n.BHraT(JIH MOTanKH Heo6xo.n.HMO B nepBYIO Otlepe.n. b
HMeTb CJIe.n.YIOllI;IIe HCXO.n.Hble .n.aHHbIe:
J],lIana30H pa60'lliX HaTR>KeHlIii, H. . .
J],lIana30H CKOpOCTeii npOKaTKH, MIceK
J],lIaMeTp.6apa6aHa, M . . . . . . . . . .
MaKCHMaJlbHbIii }!l-!aMeTp PYJlOHa, M .
MOMeHT IIHepnlIH MexaHH3Ma, Kr. M 2 .
J],lIana30H 06>KaTI-IH ...........
T MaKC, T MHll
VMaKCt V MMlI
D6
D KOII
J
8 MaKc , 8 MH "
06bIqHO npH paCqeTe nOJIb3YIOTCSI cne.n.yIOIII;HM nopSl.n.KOM:
I. MOIII;HOCTb HaMOTKH
P llaM =
T MaKCVM3KC
1000 Kern.
(10-148)
2. MOIII;HOCTb .n.BHraTenSl
P _ PIIO",-
JJ;S - Kern,
'lJpcJJ;
(10-149)
r.n.e 'l'Jpcn - K. n..n.. pe.n.YKTopa.
3. ,UHana30H perynHpoBaHHSI CKOpOCTH BpaIII;eHHSI .n.BHraTeJISI no-
neM
d -- (i)MaKc - D KOH K K
KOH - (i)1I - D6 3 o'
(10-150)
3.n.eCb K3 = I, 1-1,15 - K03<!>cpHILHeHT 3anaca, yqHTbIBaIOIII;llH YBeJIH-
qeHlle .n.Hana30Ha CKopOCTeH B CBH3H C B03MO>KHOCTbIO nepeTOqKH BaJI-
KOB, H3MeHeHHeM Onepe>KeHllSl H HeKOTopbIM sanaCOM no pynOHY:
1-8
Ko = 1 MIIH K03<!><!>HUHeHT, yqHTbIBaIOIII;HH YBeJIllqeHHe AHa-
- 8 MaKc
na30Ha cKopqcreH 3a CqeT pa3HllUbI B 06>KaTHSlX MeTaJIna. Heo6xo.n.H-
MOCTb yqeTa 3TOH pasHHUbI CBSl3aHa C TeM, qTQ YBeJIHqeHHe 06>KaTHSI
npHBo.n.HT K YMeHbllIeHHIO CKOpOCTH Bxo.n.a nonOCbI B CTaH, qTQ .n.OJI>KHO
KOMneHClipOBaTbcSI 3a CqeT nOJISI .n.BHraTeJISI MOTanKH npH pa3MaTbIBa-
HHH.
4. TIepe.n.aTOqHOe qHCJIO pe.n.yKTopa MOTaJIKH BbI6HpaeTcSI C HeKOTO-
pbIM 3anaCOM
. D 6 (i)MaKc
t M = (1,03 + 1,05) 2. V MaKC .
(10-151 )
5. TIpoBepKa .n.BllraTeJISI nO neperpY30qHOH cnoC06HOCTH. ,UnSl
nOH uenH cJte.n.yeT Bocnonb30BaTbCSI ypaBHeHHeM (10-139). TIpoBepKa
npoH3Bo.n.HTCSI .n.nSl .n.BYX 3HaqeHHH d: d = I; d = d KOW TIpH 3TOM
Heo6xo.n.llMO, qTQ6bI co6nIO.n.anocb HepaBeHcTBo
A.> 1+ tJJ;IIH'
r.n.e A. - neperpysOqHaSl cnoco6HoCTb .n.BHrareJISI.
389

npHMep 10-5.
Bbl6paTb }1BlIraTeJJb ./);JlSI MOTaJlKH npH CJleYIOIllHx HCXOHblX .!I.aHHblX:
J],l-Ian830H pa60tlHX HaTR>KeHHii T MaKC = 29500 /t
T MHH = 11300 /t
V MaKc = 10 M!celC
V"A!IH = 5 M!celC
u6 = 0,5 M
D KOH = 1,5 M
1=245 ICr'M 2
E MaKc = 0,35
E MIIH = 0,18
to = 8 celC
J],Hana30H cKopocTeA npoKaTKH .
J],HaMeTp 6apa6aH8 MOTaJlKH . . .
M8KcHMaJlbHbIA ,!!HaMeTp PYJlOHa.
MOMeHT HHepQI-IH MeXaHI-I3Ma. . . . .
J],lIana30H 06>KaTHA . . . . . . . . , .
BpeMH pa3roHa CTaHa
P e III e H H e.
I. MOIllHOCTb HaMOTKH
P _ TM8KcVMaKc _ 29500. 10 _ 295
HaM - 1000 - 1000 - «8m.
2. MOIllHOCTb }!BHraTeJlH
P11.D = PHaM = 295 = 307
'I1peJl 0,96
3}!ecb 'l'Jpe11. B3HTO paBHbIM 0,96.
3. llHana30H perYJlHpOB8HHH CKOpOCTH BpaIlleHHR ./);BHraTeJlH nOJleM
«8m.
d KOH = W MaKc = D KOH KsKo = D KOH Ks 1 - E MHH = ],5 1,15 I - 0,18 = 4,35.
W H D6 D(j 1 - E MaKc 0,5 1 - 0,35
3}JeCb Ks = 1,15.
Bbl61-1paeM }1Ba }!BHraTeJlH PROM = 2Xl50 IC8m; 350/1500 06!MU/t; 440 e;
111.D = 2X28=54 ICr'M 2 ; M H = 2X4100=8200 /t'M; neperpYSOtlHaR cnoc06-
HOCTb A = 2,5.
4. TIepe}!8TOllHoe lIHCJlO pyKTopa
i M = D6WMaKc = 0,5. ]57 = 3,74
1,05 . 2 . V MaKc 1,05 . 2 . 10 .
5. TIpHBe,!!eHHblA MOMeHT HHepUHH MexaHH3M8
J - J Mext - 245 - 1 5 r . 2
Mex - i: - 3,74 2 - 7, « .M.
6. TIOJlHblA MOMeHT HHepQHH
J11.H = JJlD + J Mex = 54 + 17,5 = 71,5 «r. .M'.
7. K03cpcjJHuHeHTbl C 1 H C 2 Yl'aBHeHHH (10-139)
C - nvBDdOHWKOH _ 3,14.76600.0,4.0,5,.4,35 2 .36,6 _ 0014
t - 32.MHtoi - 32.8200.8.3,74 2 -"
W d 2 36'6 4352
C = J . KOH KOR _ C = 71 5 " , - 0 , 014 = 0 , 741 .
2 '. 11.8 MHt o 1 '8200 . 8
8. J],HHaMHtleCKHii TOK npH d = 1
t11.HHt" =.C 1 tJ2 + : = 0,014 + 0,741 = 0,755.
390

9. J],HHaMH'IeCKHA TOK npH d = d KOH = 4,35
, C 2 C 2 14 ' 4 35 2 + 0,741 3
IAHH.K = ld KOH + T = 0,0 ., 435 2 = 0, 04.
HOR '
TaKHM o6pa30M,
),> 1 +0,755.
CJle,nOBaTeJlbHO, Bbl6paHHble ,lJ,BHraTeJlH npoxo,lJ,HT no neperpY3Ke.
 10-8. ABTOM8THileCKOe perynHpoB8HHe Tonw,HHbI
nonocbI H8 HenpepblBHblX CT8H8X xonOAHoR
npOK8TKH
Ocol!eHHocTH perynHpoB8HHR TOJIHHbJ nonocbl
Ka1J:eCTBO XOJIO)1.HOKaTaHoro JIHCTa B SHa1J:HTeJIbHOH CTeneHH onpe-
)1.eJIHeTCH paBHoMepHocTbIO TOJIm;HHbI ero KaK no lIIHpHHe, TaK M no
')1.JIHHe.
TOJIm;HHa npOKaTaHHOrO Ha CTaHe JIHCTa saBHCHT OT pH)1.a cl>aKTopOB:
CKOpOCTH npOKaTKH, paSHOTonm;MHHocrn IH paSJIH1J:HOH TBep)1.0CTH no
(jf)
I
I
@.
I
I
@
I
I
@
I
I
PHC. 10-27. PerYJllIpOBaHHH TOJlIllHHbl nOJlOCbl HenpepblBHoro CTa-
Ha xOJloJ\Hoii npOKaTKH C B03J\eikTBHeM Ha Ha>KHMHble BHHTbl nep-
BoA KJleTH H Ha CKOpOCTb BpaIlleHHSI BaJlKOB nOCJIeJ\Heii KJleTH:
lI.B - .ASHeSTeJl>l SSJlKOB; 'lI.K - .ASHeSTeJlH KJleTell; lI.P - .ASHrSTeJlb pS3MS-
TblSSTeJl>l; lI.M - .ABHrSTeJlb MOTSJlKH; 1M, 2M - MHKpoMeTpbl; 1-5 - KJleTH
.D.JIHHe nO)1.KaTa (MeTaJIJIa, nOCTynaIOm;ero Ha CTaH) , pe1KHMa CMaSKll,
TeMnepaTypbI paOO1J:HX H onopHbIX BaJIKOB, HaTH}KeHHH nOJIOCbI H T. )1..
JJ.a}Ke CaMOe CTporOe BbInOJIHeHHe TeXHOJIOrHH He OOeCne1J:HBaeT
y)1.0BJIeTBOpeHHH B03pOCUuHX TpeOOBaHHH K Ka1J:eCTBY XOJIO)1.HOKaTaHoro
JIHCTa, eCJIH He npHHHTb COOTBeTCTBYIOm;HX Mep no perynHpoBaHHIO
Tonm;HHbI. n03TOMY Bce COBpeMeHHble CTaHbI XOJIO)1.HOH npOKaTKH CHao-
}KaIOTCH CHCTeMaMH aBTOManl1J:ecKoro perynHpoBaHHH TOJIm;MHbI no-
JIOCbl. PerynHpoBaHHe TOJIm;HHbI nOJIOCbI MO}KHO nOJIY1J:HTb, eCJIH Ha
OCHOBe pesynbTaToB 3aMepa TOJIm;HHbI nOCJIe KJIeTH npOHSBO)1.HTb B03-
)1.eikTBHe Ha Ha>KHMHble BMHTbI 3TOH KJIeTH, HSMeHHH OO}KaTHe, HnH Ha
CKOpOCTb Bpam;eHHH BaJIKOB KJIeTH, H3MeHHH HaTH}KeHHe. OnbiT nOKa-
SbIBaeT, 1J:TO HaHOOJIee 3qxpeKTHBHoe perynHpoBaHHe TOJIm;HHbI nOJIOCbI
391

nOJIYllaeTCH npH OHOBpeMeHHO B03eHCTBHH Ha Ha>KHMHbIe BHHTbI
nepBOH KneTH H Ha CKOpOCTb BpaeHHH pa601lHX BaJIKOB nocneHell
KneTH HenpepbIBHoro CTaHa (pHC. 10-27).
CJIeyeT OTMeTHTb, liTO B03ellCTBHeM Ha Ha>KHMHbIe BHHTbi nepBOH
KneTH CHHMaeTCH TOnbKO «HacnecTBeHHaH» pa3HOTOnHHHOCTb, BbI3-
BaHHaSI ycnoBHHMH npOKaTKH nOnOCbI Ha CTaHe rOpHlIeH npOKaTKH.
TaKOe perynHpoBaHHe HMHeTCSI npeBapHTenbHbIM, OHO npHBOHT
K ynYllrneHllID ycnoBHH npOKaTKH Ha aHHOM CTaHe B nOCJIeYIDHX
KneTHX. B03eHCTBlleM Ha CKOpOCTb Bpam;eHHH BanKOB nocneHeH KneID
H3MeHHeTCH HaTH>KeHHe nOnOCbI Me>K.zr.y nOCJIeHell H npenocnHell
KneTHMH C eJIbID CHH>KeHHH pa3HOTOJIHHHOCTH, nOJIYlleHHOH B pe-
3ynbTaTe npOKaTKH B npebIyHX KneTHX CTaHa. B CBSI3H C 3THM pery-
nHpOBaHHe TOnIIJ.HHbI B nepBOll KneTH npHHHTO Ha3bIBaTb «rpy6bIM»,
a peryJIHpOBaHHe TOJIHHbI B nocnHeH KneTH - «TOHKHM».
PerynHTopbI TonHHbI no cnoc06y 3aMepa TonHHbI pa3eJIHIDTCH Ha
npHMbIe H KOCBeHHbIe.
npSIMbie perynHTopbI pa60TaIDT B CPYHKHH TOnHHbI, Henocpek
CTBeHHO 3aMepeHHOH C nOMOIIJ.bID MHKpOMeTpa. MHKpOMeTp no KOHCTPYK-
THBHbIM C006pa>KeHHSIM YCTaHaMHBaeTCH nocne KneTH Ha HeKOTopOM
paCCTOHHHH OT OCH BaJIK()B (0,5-1,5 At). TaK KaK H3MepHTeJIbHbIH opraH
(MHKpOMeTp) paCnOJIO>KeH Ha HeKOTopOM paCCTOHHHH OT pa601lero op-
raHa (pa601lHX BaJIKOB), TO JIH perynHTOpoB npHMoro eHCTBHH xapaK-
TepHO HaJIHlIHe TpaHcnopTHoro 3ana3bIBaHHH. TpaHcnopTHoe 3ana3bI-
BaHHe BHOCHT 3aTpYHeHHH B C03aHHH BbICOKOKalleCTBeHHoro perynH-
Topa. )XnH YCTpaHeHHH eHCTBHH TpaHcnopTHoro 3ana3bIBaHHH npH
MeHHIDT:
1) HMnynbCHbIeCHCTeMbI perynHpoBaHHH (aMepHKaHcKaSI npaKTHKa);
2) peJIeHHO-HenpepbIBHbIe CHCTeMbI perynHpoBaHHH (oTellecTBeHHaH
npaKTHKa).
B HMnynbcHbIx CHCTeMax perynHpoBaHHH B03eHcTBHe Ha H3>KHM-
HbIe BHHTbI npoHcxoHT C nocToHHHOH CKOpOCTbID B TelleHHe BpeMeHH,
nponopHoHanbHoro MrHoBeHHoMY OTKnOHeHHID TOJIHHbI OT 3aaHHoH
BenHlIHHbI; nHTeJIbHOCTb >Ke naY3bI paBHa BenHlIllHe TpaHcnopTHoro
3ana3bIBaHHH .
B peneHHo-HMnynbcHbIx CHCTeMaX B03eHcTBHe Ha Ha>KHMHbIe BHHTbI
npoHcxoHT co CKOpOCTbID, nponopHoHanbHoH CKOpOCTH npoKaTKH,
H TaK, liTO KoppeKTHpOBaHHe TonHHbI nonOCbI 3a BpeMH TpaHcnopT-
Horo 3ana3bIBaHHH He npeBbIrnaeT 30Hbi HellYBCTBHTeJIbHOCTH perymr-
Topa.
I(ocBeHHbIe perynHTopbI n03BOJIHIDT perynHpoBaTb TOJIHHY npOKa-
'TbIBaeMOH nonOCbI, npOH3BOH 3aMep TOnIIJ.HHbI KOCBeHHbIM nYTeM: no
aBJIeHHID MeTanna Ha BaJIKH HnH no nOJIO>KeHHID Ha>KHMHbIX BHHTOB
(MeTO CHMca). )XaBJIeHHe MeTanna Ha BanKH BbI3bIBaeT H3M,eHeHHe
, paCTBopa BaJIKOB B CBH3H C ynpyroH ecpopMaHeH CHCTeMbI «KneTb -
BaJIOK». B 3TOM cnYllae TonHHa nOJIOCbI h 6yeT onpeenHTbCH KaK
h = 0'0 + 1!10' .MM,
(10-152)
392

re 0'0 - 3a30p..Me}Ky BanKaMH npH OTCYTCTBIIH MeTaJIna, .M.M;
110' F u,+,,, u
= M - H3MeHeHHe 3a30pa B CBfl3H C ynpyroll e'f'VpMaHeli
CHCTeMbI KneTb - BaJIOK, .M.M;
F - CYMMapHOe aBJIeHHe Ha BanOK, H;
M - M0.l!J'nb ynpyrocTH, H/.M.M.
B aHHOM CJIYllae nfl 3aMepa TOJImHHbI nOnOCbI Heo6xoHMO HC-
nOJIb30BaTb a'fllHK nOnO}KeHHSI Ha}KHMHbIX BHHTOB, cl>HKCHpYIOmHH
BeJlHlIHHY Sa30pa MeJKy BanKaMH 6es MeTanJIa 0'0, H MeCC03Y, H3Me-
pSlIOmyIO .n;aBJIeHHe Ha BaJIKH, npOnOpHOHanbHOe H3MeHeHHIO Sa30pa
OT ynpyroH e4>opMaHH. T. e. F =MI1O'. CYMMa CHrHanOB a'fllHKa H
MeCC03bI HCnOJIb3yeTcH nSl perynHpoBaHHH TOnmHHbI. npH 3TOM
nOJIYllaeTCSI CHCTeMa aBToMaTHlIecKoro perynHpoBaHHSI ronmHHbI 6es
TpaHCnOpTHOrO Sana3WBaHHSI.
HeOCTaTKOM KOCBeHHbIX perYJISlTOpOB SlBJIfleTCSI HerollHbIH 3aMep
TOJImHHbI nOnOCbI H3-3a TOrO, liTO .n;aTlIHK nOnO}KeHHfI Ha}KHMHbIX BHH-
TOB He B COCTOSlHHH KOHTponHpOBaTb H3MeHeHHSI HallaJIbHOrO 3a30pa
Me}K.l!J' BaJIKaMH, CBfl3aHHoro C H3MeHeHHeM TOJImHHbI MaCJISlHOH nneHKH
B nOIIIHnHHKax }KHKOCTHoro TpeHHSI onopHbIX BanKOB npH pa3HOH
CKOpOCTH npOKaTKH II pa3HOM aBJIeHHH MeTanna Ha BaJIKH. He KOHTpO-
JIHpyeTcSI TaK}Ke H3MeHeHHe HallaJIbHoro 3a30pa B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TeM
nepaTypbI BanKOB. B CBH3H C yKa3aHHbIM HapSly C KOCBeHHbIM saMepoM
npoH3BoHTCSI TaK}Ke H HenocpeCTBeHHbIH saMep TonmHHbI C nOMOmbIO
MHKpoMeTpa.
CHcTeMbI perynHpoBaHHH C KOCBeHHbIM 3aMepoM TOnmHHbI nonOCbI
nonYllHnH HaH60nbillee npHMeHeHHe B peBepcHBHbIX CTaHax XOJIOHOH
npoKaTKH.
PeneiiHO-HenpepblBH8n CHCTeM8 perynHpoB8HHR
TonHHbI
Ha pHC. 10-28 npeCTaBJIeHa CTPYKTypHaSl CXeMa peJIeiiHO-Henpe-
pbIBHOH CHCTeMbI perynHpoBaHHfI TOnmHHbI (B 30He nepBoH KneTH)
BnepBble npHMeHeHHaSI E. H. JJ.panIOKoM H r. B. CHHaHcKHM Ha nflTH-
KneTbeBOM }KecTeKaTaJIbHOM CTaHe MarHHToropcKoro MeTannyprH-
lIeCKOrO KOM6HHaTa [JI-55].
B TaKoii cxeMe neTYllHH MHKpoMeTp M npeo6pasyeT OTKnOHeHHe
ronmHHbI I1h OT 3a)J.aHHoii BeJIHlIHHbI B nepeMeHHoe HanpH}KeHHe C aM-
nnH'ryoH, nponopHoHanbHoH paccornacoBaHHIO, H cl>a30H, H3MeHflIO-
meHcSI Ha 180 0 npH H3MeHeHHH sHaKa paccornaCOBaHHSI. nepeMeHHOe Ha-
npSl}KeHHe MHKpOMeTpa BbrnpSlMnSleTCSI cl>a301lYBCTBHTenbHbIM BbrnpSl-
MHTeJIeM CPYB. C BbIxoa CPYB HanpSl}KeHHe nOCTOflHHoro TOKa no-
aeTCSI Ha BXO HeJIHHeiiHOro npeo6pa30BaTeJIfI Hn. npeo6pa30BaTeJIb
Hn cosaeT peJIeiiHYIO 3aBHCHMOCTb BbIXOHoro HanpH}KeHHSI OT HanpSl-
}KeHHSI CPYB, T. e. OT saMepeHHoH MHKpoMeTpoM BenHlIHHbI paccorna-
COBaHHSI TOJImHHbI. Eha 3aBHCHMOCTb, npecTaBneHHaSl Ha pHC. 10-29,
HMeeT 30HY HeqyBcTBHTeJlbHOCTH I (OT 0 o + I1h o ), pa6ollYIO 30HY I I
(OT + I1ho o + I1h 1 Ii OT -Mo o -!J.h 1 ) , SOHY 6JIOKHpOBaHHSI I I I
393

(60JIb1lIEY l1.h 1 H MeHbllIe - l1.h 1 ). B SOHe HeqYBCTBHTeJIbHOCTH H B SOHe
6JIOKHpOBaHHfI HanpflJKeHHe Ha BbIXO,lI.e Hn paBHO Hymo. 30Ha HeqYB-
CTBHTeJIbHOCTH l1.ho Heo6xo,lI.HMa )l.nfl cTa6HJIHSaHH pa60TbI perynfl-
PliC. 10-28. CTPYKTYPHaH cxeMa TOJlIlllIHbI:
M - JleTyqHII MHKpOMeTp; t1>YB - 4>a30qYBcTBi!TeJlbHblti YCH-
JlHTeJlb BbmpflMHTeJlb; H n - HeJlHHellHbllI npeo(jpa30BaTeJlb;
YM - YCHJlHTCJlb MOHOCTH; aMY - sJleKTpoMalliHHlIbIli YCH-
JlHTeJlb; r - rellepaTOp; lI.B - ASHraTeJlb Ha}KHMlIblX BHHTOB;
TH - TaxoeeHepaTOp Ha}KHMlIbIX BHIITOB; TK - TaXOl'eHepaTOp
KJleTH; aM - SJleKTVOMarHHTHaH MycjJTa:; C - CeJlbCHH; PBH -
peJle B03BpaTa B HCXO.AHOe nOJlO}KeHHe; P KB - peJle KOHTaKT-
Holl (jJlOKHPOBKH peryJlHTOpa
Topa, a SOHa 6JIOKHpOBaHHH - )l.nfl OTKJIIOqeHHH perynfiTopa npH JIOJK-
HbIX CHrHanax MaKCHManbHoro paccornaCOBaHHfI. B pa60qeH SOHe Ha-
npflJKeHHe H n He 3aBHCHT OT saMepeHHOH MHKpOMeTpOM BeJIHqHHbI pac-
V H .6
v ,tn
-!Jh -Ah o Aho M tJh
°1
I
I
I
I III
III t--- H ' I .
PHC. 10-29. XapaKTepHcTHKa HeJllIHeiiHOro npe06pa30BaTeJlH
cornaCOBaHHH TOJIHHbI, HO saBHCHT OT HanpflJKeHHfI TaxoreHepaTOpa
KJIeTH TK, T. e. OT CJ{OpOCTH BbIXO)l.a nOJIOCbI HS KJIeTH.
HanpflJKeHHe npeo6pasOBaTeJIfi H n qepes YCHnHTeJIb Y M nO,lI.aeTCfI
Ha OOMOTKY Bos6YJK)l.eHHH YCHJIHTeJIfi aMY, nHTaIOero OOMOTKY BOS-
394

6Y>K)l.eHHSI reHepaTOpa r )l.BHraTeJISi Ha>KHMHbIX BHHTOB p,B. feHepaTOp
npH 3TOM nonyqaeT HanpSl>KeHHe, H )l.BHraTeJIb p,B nepeMem.aeT Ha>KIfM-
Hble BHHTbI H B B CTOPOHY CHH>KeHHSI paccOrnaCOBaHHSI l1h, 3aMepeH-
HOrO MHKpOMeTpOM. nepeMem.eHHe Ha>KHMHbIX BHHTOB 6Y)l.eT npo)l.on-
>KaTbCSI )1.0 TeX nop, nOKa K MHKpOMeTpy He nO)l.OH)l.eT yqaCTOK nonOCbI
C OTKJIOHeHHeM TOnll\HHbI, paBHbIM BeJIHqHHe 30H,bI HeqYBCTBHTeJIbHOCTH
l1ho (CM. pHC. 10-30). K MOMeHTY OCTaHOBa )l.BHraTeJIH Ha>KHMHbIX BHH-
TOB pacTBop BanKOB )l.on>KeH COOTBeTCTBOBaTb 3a)l.aHHoH TOJIll\HHe no-
JIOCbI. B 3TOM cnyqae 3a BpeMSI nepeMem.eHHSI MeTaJIJIa OT OCH pa60qHX
aanKOB )1.0 MeCTa pacnOnO>KeHHSI MHK-
S
pOMeTpa, paBHoe to = (v non - CKO-
V non
pOCTb nepeMem.eHHSI nonocbI), 06>Ka-
THe )l.on>KHO H3MeHHTbCSI Ha BeJIHqHHY
l1ho; T. e. t o = ho (v H . s - CKOpOCTb
"V H . S
nepeMem.eHHSI Ha}kHMHbIX BHHTOB, K-
K03HHeHT, CBSl3bIBaIDll\HH BeJIHqHHY
nepeMell\eHHSI BHHTOB C BeJIHqHHOH 06.
>KaTHSI).
TaKHM 06pa30M,
Mo _ 
Kv a . s - V non
16
-£'non
/lh.
T
So
(10-153) . PHC. 10-30. CxeMa npoKaTKH
npH pa60Te perYJlHTOpa TOJlIllHHbl
3)1.eCb So - pacCToSlHHe Me>K.n.y OCSlMH pa60qHX BaJIKOB H MeCTOM pac-
nOnO>KeHHSI MHKpOMeTpa.
113 (10-153) cne.n.yeT, qTO
/!h o
V a . s = KS o V non '
(10-154)
YpaBHeHHe (10-154) nOKa3bIBaeT, qTO C H3MeHeHHeM CKOpOCTH npo-
KaTKH He06xo)J.HMO COOTBeTCTBeHHO .MeHSlTb H CKOpOCTb nepeMem.eHHSI
BHHTOB. TaKoe H3MeHeHHe CKOpOCTH rrepeMem.eHHSI Ha>KHMHbIX BHHTOB
B paccMaTpHBaeMoH cxeMe oCYll\eCTBJ1S1eTCSI C nOMOll\bID TaXOI'eHepa-
Topa KJIeTH T K (CM. pHC. 10-28), HanpSl>KeHHe KOToporo nponopHO-
HanbHO CKOpOCTH nepeMem.eHHSI nonOCbI nocne KJIeTH. C H3MeHeHHeM
CKOpOCTH npOKaTKH MeHSleTCSI no BeJIHqHHe CHrHan, no.n.aBaeMbIH T
TaxoreHepaTOpa T K K HeJIHHeHHOMY npe06pa30BaTeJIID H n, MeHSlIDTCSI
HanpSl>KeHHe Ha BbIXO)l.e H n H CKOpOCTb Bpall\eHHSI )l.BHraTeJISI P,B,
T. e. CKOpOCTb nepeMem.eHHSI Ha>KHMHbIX BHHTOB.
B npoecce npOKaTKH B pe3ynbTaTe .n.eHCTBHSI perynSiTopa Ha>KHM-
Hble BHHTbI OTKJIOHSlIDTCSI OT HCXO)l.HorO nonmKeHHSI. .lI.nSl B03BpaTa
Ha>KHMHIX BHHTOB B HCXO)l.Hoe nOnO>KeHHe nepe)J. HaqanOM npOKaTKH
cne)J.YIDll\erO pynoHa npHMeHSleTCSI CeJIbCHH C, KOTOpbIH qepe3 3neKTpo-
MarHHTHYID MYqyry 3M H pe.n.yKTOp npHcoe)J.HHeH K Ha>KHMHOMY BHHTY.
B03BpaT Ha>KHMHbIX BHHTOB B HCXO)l.Hoe nOnO>KeHHe HaqHHaeTCSI BKnID-
qeHHeM peJIe B03BpaTa P BM, KOTopoe pa3MbIKaeT enb CBSl3H C Taxo-
395

reHepaTOpOM KneTH TK, paSMbIKaeT OCHOBHyIO enb perynHpoBaHHSI
no TOnll\HHe H 3aMbIKaeT enb CJIe,n;SIll\eH CHCTeMbI perynHpoBaHHSI nono-
JKeHHSI HaJKHMHbIX BHHTOB qepe3 CeJIbCHH C. DpH paccornaCOBaHHH
nOJIOJKeHHSI HaJKHMHbIX BHHTOB B03HHKaeT HanpSIJKeHHe Ha BbIxo,n;e
Ce.TIbCHHa, B pe3ynbTaTe HaJKHMHble BHHTbI HaqHHaIOT nepeMell\aTbCSI
K HCXO,n;HOMY nOJIOJKeHHIO. Co CHHJKeHHeM paccornaCOBaHHSI YMeHb-
llIaeTCSI HanpSIJKeHHe CeJIbCHHa. DpH MHHHManbHOM HanpSIJKeHHH Ce.TIb-
CHHa, COOTBeTCTBYIOll\eM CTaTHqecKoH TOqHOCTH CHCTeMbI, HaJKHMHbIe
BHHTbI OCTaHaBn HBaIOTCfI .
Enaro,n;apSI HHepHOHHOCTH HaJKHMHbIe BHHTbI He OCTaHaBnHBaIOTCSI
cpa3Y, MrHOBeHHO, BCJIe,n;CTBHe qero B03MOJKeH nepexo,n; sa HX Hcxo,n;Hoe
nOJIOJKeHHe. .lI.nfI KOMneHcaHH BbI6era H nOJIyqeHHfI 60JIee TOqHOrO
OCTaHOBa npHMeHfIeTCfI OTpHaTe.TIbHafI 06paTHafI CfI3b no KBa,n;paTy
CKOpOCTH HaJKHMHbIX BHHTOB, C nOMOll\bIO KOTOpOH ,n;BHraTe.TIb HaJKHM-
HbIX BHHTOB OTKnIOqaeTCfI C HeKOTOpbIM ynpeJK,n;eHHeM. HanpfIJKeHHe,
nponopHOHanbHoe KBa,n;paTy CKOpOCTH, C03,n;aeTCSI TaxoreHepaTopOM
HaJKHMHbIX BHHTOB TH, 06MOTKa B036yJK,n;eHHSI KOTOporo no,n;KJIIOqeHa
Ha fIKOpb reHepaTOpa r. HanpSIJKeHHe TaxoreHepaTOpa TH, OT,n;aBae-
Moe Ha BXO,n; HeJIHHeHHOro npeo6pa30BaTe.TISI H17, YBe.TIHqHBaeT SOHY
HeqyBcTBHTeJIbHOCTH. 4eM BbII1e CKOpOCTb nepeMell\eHHSI HaJKHMHbIX
BHHTOB, TeM 60JIbllIe 30Ha HeqyBcTBHTe.TIbHOCTH H TeM paHbllIe OTKJIIO-
qaeTCfI ,n;BHraTe.TIb HaJKHMHbIX BHHTOB. OTKnIOqeHHe perynSITopa npH
OCTaHOBKe CTaHa npOH3Bo,n;HTCfI C nOMOll\bIO peJIe P KE.
B npOMbIllIJI"eHHOH 3KcnnyaTaHH paCCMOTpeHHbIH perynSITop Ton-
ll\HHbI nOKa3an ce6SI C xopOllIeH CTOpOHbI, KOHCTPYKTHBHO HeCJIOJKeH.
J? HaCTOfIll\ee BpeMSI OH Haxo,n;HT Bce 60nbllIee npHMeHeHHe Ha Henpe-
pWBHWX CTaHax XOJIO,n;HOH npOKaTKH.

r 11 a B a XI
anEKTPonPHBOa H ABTOMATH3AHR
MEXAtfH3MOB npOKATHblX CTAHOB
 11-1. Ha8Ha'leHHe H KnaccHIIJHKaijHR MexaHH3MOB
npoKaTHx CTaHOB
CoBpeMeHHbIH npoKaTHbIH CTaH npe.n;CTaBnSleT COOOH CnO>KHbIH
KOMnneKC pa3nHqHbIX MexaHH3MOB, CBSl3aHHbIX Me>K.n;y COOOH e.n;HHbIM
TeXHOnOmqeCKHM npOu,eccOM. KpoMe OCHOBHOH Onepau,HH, Ha npOKaT-
HOM CTaHe npOH3BO)];HTCSI u,enbIH PSi)]; BcnOMOraTeJIbHbIX, oea KOTOpbIX
HeB03MO>KHa npOKaTKa MeTanna. K BcnOMOraTeJIbHbIM onepau,HSlM
OTHOCSlTCSI: no.n;aqa MeTaJIna K BanKaM, YCTaHOBKa paOOqHX BanKOB,
KaHTOBKa MeTanna, HanpaBneHHe ero B onpe.n;eJIeHHbIH KaJIHOp, TpaH-
cnopTHpOBKa, pe3Ka, npaBKa H T.J1.. Bce 3TH onepau,HH BbInOnHSlIOTCSI
C nOMOIQbIO MexaHH3MOB CTaHa.
3HaqeHHe 3THX MexaHH3MOB B npOKaTHOM npOH3BOJ1.CTBe BeCbMa
BenHKO, TaK KaK OHH OKa3bIBaIOT cyIQecTBeHHoe BnHSlHHe Ha npOH3BO-
.n;HTeJIbHOCTb CTaHa, Ha KaqecTBo npOJ1.YKII.l-IH. TIpOH3BO.n;HTeJIbHOCTb
MOIQHOrO npOKaTHoro CTaHa MO>KeT OKa3aTbCSI HeBbICOKOH, ecnH XOTSI
ObI OJ1.HH H3 ero MexaHH3MOB He B COCTOSlHHH BbInOnHHTb COOTBeTCTBYIO-
IQee KMHqeCTBO Onepau,HH B 3a.n;aHHoe BpeMSI. TaK, HanpHMep, Ha>KHM-
Hoe YCTPOHCTBO nHMHTHpyeT paoOTY onIOMHHra, ecnH OHO He ycneBaeT
3a BpeMSI peBepca rnaBHoro npHBo.n;a H3MeHHTb nOnO>KeHHe BepXHero
paOoqero BanKa; Me.n;neHHO paOOTaIOIQHe HO>KHlIlI.bI, OCYIQeCTBnSlIOIQHe
nope3 MeTaJIna nacne npOKaTKH, CHH>KaIOT TeMn npOKaTKH Ha CTaHe.
B CBSl3H C 3THM BonpocaM npoeKTHpOBaHHSI 3neKTponpHBo.n;OB Mexa-
HH3MOB npOKaTHbIX CTaHOB .n;on>KHO y.n;eJISlTbCSI TaKoe >Ke BHHMaHHe,
KaK H BonpocaM npoeKTHpOBaHHSI rnaBHbIX npHBOJ1.0B CTaHOB.
MexaHH3MbI npOKaTHbIX CTaHOB MOryT ObITb pa3.n;eneHbI no CJIe.n;yIO-
IQHM npH3HaKaM: no Ha3HaqeHHIO, no pe>KHMaM paOOTbI, no Heooxo.n;H-
MOCTH perynHpoBaHHSI CKOpOCTH, no Heooxo.n;HMOCTH OrpaHHqeHHSI
MOMeHTa.
no Ha3HaqeHHIO MexaHH3MbI npOKaTHbIX CTaHOB pa3J1.eJISiIOTCSI Ha
CJIe.n;YIOIQHe rpynnbI.
T p a H C n 0 p T H bI e M e x a H H 3 M bI - MexaHH3MbI nepeMe-
IQeHHSI H H3MeHeHHSI nOnO>KeHHSI MeTanna. CIO.n;a OTHOCHTCSI cnHTKO-
397

B03bI, pOJIbraHrH, MaH, HnYJISITOpbI KaHTOBaTeJIH, nOBopOTHbIe H no,Q'b-
eMiIO-KaqaIOII\HeCH CTOJIbl, IIIJIennepbI, ynopbl, TOJIKareJIH H T. ,Q.
Y C T a HOB 0 q H bI e M e x a H H 3 M bI - Ha>KHMHble y.cTpoikTBa
,QnH YCTaHOBKH BepXHero H cpe,QHero Ban KOB, YCTpoikTBa ,QnH nepe-
BanKH BanKoB, nepeMeII\eHHH Kneren H T. ,Q.
Me x a H H 3 M bl P e 3 K H MeT ann a - HO>KHHIJ.bI, nHnbI H T. ,Q.
n p a B M JI b H bI e M e x a H H 3 M bI.
MexaHH3MbI ,QnH CMaTbIBaHHH H pa3MaTbIBa-
H II H MeT a JI JI a - MOTanKII, pa3MaTbIBaTeJIH.
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT pe>KHMa pa60TbI pa3JIHqaIOT MexaHH3MbI:
J1. n H T e JI b H 0 r 0 pe>KHMa pa60TbI - B 9TOM pe>KHMe pa60TaIOT
HeKOTopbIe ponbraHrH, ,QHCKOBble HO>KHHIJ.bI, npaBMJIbHbIe MexaHH3MbI
H T. ,Q.

V M
0) V.
M
t
t
o
V M
PHC. 11-1. XapaKTepHhIe rpacjJHKH CKOpOCTH MexaHH3-
MOB npOKaTHbIX CTaHOB, pa60TalOIllHX B nOBTopHO-
KpaTKOBpeMeHHOM pe>KHMe
K paT K 0 B P eM e H H 0 r 0 pe>KHMa pa60Tbi - TaKIIMH Mexa-
HH3MaMH HBnHIOTCH Ha>KIIMHbIe YCTponCTBa COpTOBbIX II nHCTOBbIX He-
npepbIBHbIX CTaHOB, MexaHII3MbI nepeMeII\eHIIH II nepeBanKH BaJiKOB,
HeKOTopbIe BH,QbI TOnKaTeJIen H ynopOB.
n 0 B TOp H 0 - K paT K 0 B P e M e H H 0 r 0 pe>KHMa pa60:rbI.
CIO,Qa OTHOCHTCH 60nbIIIoe KOnHqeCTBO MexaHH3MOB npoKaTHbIx cTaHoB,
B TOM qHCne npHeMHbIe II pa60QHe ponbraHrH, MaHHnynHTopbI, KaHTOBa-
TeJIH, Ha>KHMHble YCTpoHCTBa, HO>KHHIJ.bI M T. J1.. XapaKTepHbIe rpa-
CPHKH CKOpOCTII nOBTopHo-KpaTKoBpeMeHHoro pe>KHMa npe,QcTaBJIeHbI
Ha pHC. ll-la, 6. npH TpeyrOJIbHOM rpacpHKe CKOpOCTH npHBo,Q pa6o-
TaeT TOJIbKO B nepexo,QHblX npoIJ.eccax II BpeMH oTpa6oTKH 3a.n;aHHoro
nepeMeHHH MexaHH3Ma onpe,QeJIHeTCH IIHTeHCHBHOCTbIO npoTeKaHHH
nepexO)I:HbIX npoIJ.eCcoB.
no Heo6xo,QHMOCTH perynHpoBaHHH CKOpOCTH HMeIOTCH:
MexaHH3MbI, He T p e 6 y IO  H e per y JI H P 0 B a H H H CKO-
pOCTH - npHeMHbIe, nO,QBO,QHII\He, OTBb,QHHe, HeKOTopble TpaHcnopT-
Hble pOnbraHrH, KaHTOBaTeJIH, nHJIbl, TOJI KaTeJI H. ynopbI M T. ,Q.
398

MexaH1I3MbI, T P e 6 y IO  II e per y JI II P 0 B a H II SI C K 0 -
po C T II, - cnIITKOB03bI, pa60qlIe ponbraHflI, HeKOTopble TpaHcnopT-
Hble ponbraHflI, HaJKIIMHble yCTpoiicTBa, MaHlInynSiTOpbI, HOJKHlill.bI
II T. ,n.
TIo HeOOXO,nIIMOCTII OrpaHlIqeHIISi MOMeHTa IIMeIOTCSI MexaH1I3MbI, He
pa60TaIOlIe Ha ynop, II MeXaHII3MbI, pa60TaIOlIe Ha ynop II Tpe6yIO-
He OrpaHlIqeHIISi MOMeHTa. YnopHaSi MeXaHlIqeCKaSi xapaKTeplICTIIKa
,nBlIraTeJISi Heo6xo,nIIMa B TOM cnyqae, Kor,na B03MOJKHa 3HaQlITeJlbHaSi
neperpY3Ka. OHa orpaHIIQIIBaeT MOMeHTbI II TOKII ,nBlIraTeJISI, qTO CO-
3,naeT 60nbIllYIO Ha.n;eJKHOCTb MexaHlI3Ma OT nonOMOK II npe,noxpaHSIeT
,nBlIraTeJIb OT Qpe3MepHoro HarpeBa B pe3ynbTaTe ,neiicTBIISi neperpy-
30QHbIX TOKOB.
 11-2. Bblfiop THn8 ABHr8Teneii H ofiw,He
coofip8meHHR no Bblfiopy MOW,HOCTH ABHr8Teneii
MeX8HH3MOB CT8HOB
TlIn ,nBlIraTeJISi ,nnSi nplIBo,na MexaHlI3MoB npoKaTHblx CTaHOB BbI-
6lIpaeTcSI IICXO,nSl 1I3 peJKIIMa pa60TbI II HeOOXO,nIIMOCTII perynlIpoBaHIISi
CKOpOCTII .
Bce MexaH1I3MbI, pa60TaIOHe B ,nnIITeJIbHOM peJKIIMe II He Tpe6yIO-
IIUIe perynlIpoBaHIISi CKOPOCTII, KaK npaBlIno, IIMeIOT ,nBlIraTeJIlI nepe-
MeHHOrO TOKa - aCIIHxpOHHble, KaK HalI60nee ,nellieBble II y,n06Hble
B 3KcnnyaTalIlI.
MexaH1I3MbI, pa60TaIOlIe B ,nnIITeJIbHOM IIJlII nOBTopHO-KpaTKOBpe-
MeHHOM pe>KIIMe II Tpe6YIOlIe perYJllIpOBaHIISi CKOpOCTII, 06blqHO IIMeIOT
,nBlIraTeJIlI nOCTOSlHHoro TOKa. OAHaKO B Tex CJ1yqaSlX, KorAa B OAHO
II TO JKe BpeMSI npOlI3BOAlITCSI cornaCOBaHHoe perynlIpoBaHlIe CKOpOCTlI
eJloro pSlAa ABlIrareneH, HanplIMep, IIHAIIBH,QyanbHbIX ABlIraTeJIeH
TpaHcnopTHoro ponbraHra, nplIMeHSiIOT aCIIHxpOHHble ABlIraTeJIlI nplI
nlITaHlI1I MX OT 06ero npe06pa30BaTeJISi qaCTOTbI.
MexaH1I3MbI, pa6OTaIOlIe B nOBTOpHO-KpaTKOBpeMeHHOM peJKIIMe
II He Tpe6YIOlIe perynlIpoBaHIISi CKOpOCTII, IIMeIOT ABlIraTeJIlI nepeMeH-
Horo IInlI nOCToSlHHOro TOKa. BbI60p TlIna ABlIraTeJISi B 3TOM cJlyqae
npOlI3BOAlITCSI B 3aBlIClIMOCTlI OT qlICna BKJlIOqeHIIH B Qac, IICXOASI 1I3
cne,QyIOlIx C006paJKeHIIH. KOpOTK03aMKHYTble aCIIHxpOHHble ABlIra-
TeJIlI IIMeIOT 60nbilIlIe nYCKOBble TOKII, n03TOMy AonYCTIIMoe QIICnO
BKJlIOqeHlIH TaKIIX ABlIraTeJIeH no ycnoBIISiM HarpeBa HeBeJlIIKO. TaK,
,QJISI KOpOTK03aMKHYTbIX aCHHxpOHHbIX ABlIraTeJIeH CpeAHeH MOHOCTII
,nonycTHMaSi qaCTOTa BKJlIOQeHIISi npn 3J1eKTpHQeCKOM TOpMOJKeHHH
paBHa 150-200 B qac. BOJlee TOqHO AonYCTlIMaSi qaCTOTa BKJlIOqeHHSI h
KOpoTK03aMKHyToro ABHraTeJISi [JI-19J:
h = 3600 (PH - P) 8 + PH (1- 8) (11-1)
0,97 (Ap + AT) ,
rAe A.P R - HOMHHaJlbHble nOTepH MOHOCTII ABH, raTeJISi Kern;
A.P H - MOHOCTb nOTepb nplI HenOABIIJKHOM ,nBlIraTeJIe, Kern;
399

Ap + AT - nOTepH 3HepfHH npn pa3rOHe H TOpMO:H<eHHH, Kern/cerc;
f
B = _ a(j - npO.D;On:H<HTeJIbHOCTb BKJIIOqeHI1H.
1\
HeoonblliaH .n;onycTHMaH qaCTOTa BKnIOqeHI1H He n03BMHeT npHMe-
HflTb KOpOTK03aMKHYTble .n;BHraTeJIH ,Qnfl MexaHH3MoB, pa60TaIOHX
C 60nbllIHM qHCJIOM BKJIIOqeHHll. ACHHXpOHHble .n;BHraTeJIH C <l>a3HbIM
pOTOpOM HMelOT 60nee 6naronpHflTHoe COOTHOllIeHHe MOMeHTa K TOKY
B npoecce nycKa, qeM KOpoTK03aMKHYTble, n03ToMY ,QonycTHMaH
qaCTOTa BKJIIOqeHHfI HX BbIllIe H paBHa npHMepHo 500-700 BKJIIOqeHHll
B qac. J1.BHraTeJIH nocTOflHHoro TOKa ,QonycKaIOT 1000 BKJIIOqeHHll
B qac H BbIllIe. n03TOMY .n;nfl MexaHH3MOB, KOTopble paooTaIOT C 60nbilioll
qaCTOTOll BKnIOqeHHfI, CJIe.n;yeT npHMeHHTb .n;BHraTeJIH nOCToHHHOro
TOKa ,Qa:H<e H TOr.n;a, Kor.n;a perynHpoBaHHe CKOpOCTH He Tpe6yeTCfI.
B 06eM :H<e cnyqae Bonpoc BbI60pa po.n;a TOKa npHBOJI.a npH 3a,QaHHOll
qaCTOTe BKnIOqeHI1f1 cne.n;yeT pellIaTb Ha OCHOBe paCqeTa IJO HarpeBY
,QBHraTeJIfi.
npH BbI60pe MOHOCTH .n;BHraTeJIH TOro HnH HHoro MexaHH3Ma,
pa60TaIOero B nOBTOpHO-KpaTKOBpeMeHHOM pe:H<I1Me, npH,Qep:H<HBaIOTCH
cne.n;yIOero nopH.n;ka.
1. PaCCqHTbIBaIOTcH CTaTHqecKHe YCHnHfI H MOMeHTbI.
2. Ha OCHOBaHHH peaynbTaToB paCqeTa CTamqeCKOH HarpY3KH HnH
:H<e no ,QaHHbIM no.n;06HbIX YCTaHoBoK BbI6HpaIOTcfI npe.n;BapHTeJIbHO
MOUQHOCTb H THn ,QBHraTeJIfi.
3. no ,QaHHbIM MexaHH3Ma H ,QBHraTeJIfi paCCqI1TbIBaeTCfI onTHManb-
Hoe nepe,QaTOqHOe OTHOllIeUHe pe.n;YKTopa.
4. no 3a,QaHHbIM ycnOBHflM TeXHOnOfHqeCKoro ':lpoecca CTpOHTCfI
rpa<l>HK CKopocm.
5. Onpe.D;eJIHIOTCfI MOMeHTbI YCKopeHHll H 3aMe,QneHHll.
6. CTpOHTCfI HarpY30qHafi ,QHarpaMMa H no Hell BblqHCJIfleTCfI 3KBH-
BaneHTHoe 3HaqeHHe TOKa HJIH MOMeHTa.
PaCqeT CTaTHqeCKHX YCHJIHH H MOMeHTOB npOH3BO,QHTCfI no ypaBHe-
HHflM, pa3HbIM .n;nfl KaJK,Qoro MexaHH3Ma.
nepe,QaTOqHOe OTHOllIeHHe pe.n;YKTOpa npHBo.n;a MexaHH3Ma, paOOTaIO-
ero B JI.nHTeJIbHOM pe:H<HMe, onpe,QeJIfleTCfI no 3a.n;aHHOH CKOpOCTH
BpeHHfI Bana MexaHH3Ma ffiM H no BH6paHHOH CKOpOCTH BpaeHHfI
,QBHrareJIfi ffil(' T. e.
. WI(
t =-.
w M
(11-2)
Depe.n;aTOqHoe.OTHOllIeHHe pe.D;YKTOpa npHBOJI.a MexaHH3Ma, pa60TaIO-
ero B nOBTopHO-KpaTKOBpeMeHHOM pe:H<I1Me, BbI6paHHoe H3 ycnoBHfI
OTpa60TKH 3a.n;aHHoro nYTH 3a HaHMeHblllee BpeMH, flBnfleTCfI OnTHMaJIb-
HbIM. 06blqHO He Bcer.n;a y.n;aeTCfI Ha npaKTHKe npHMeHHTb onTHManbHoe
nepe,QaTOqHOe qHCnO H3-3a He06xo,QHMOCTI1 HMeTb nOTpe6HYIO CKOpOCTb
MexaHH3Ma npH 3a,QaHHOll HOMHHanbHOll CKOpOCTH BpaeHHH ,QBHraTeJIfi.
O,QHaKO CJIe,QyeT CTpeMHTbCfI K HaH6onbllIeM)' npH6JIH:H<eHHIO nepe.n;a-
TOqHorO qHCna K onTHManbHOM)'.
400

BpeMH pa3rOHa ABHraTenH 3aBHCHT OT nepeAaTOqHOrO OTHOllieHHH
peAYKTOpa
'l')MAPi = MM + (J M + JP) dd '
( 11-3)
rAe MAP - Bpall\alOll\HH MOMeHT Ha Bany ABHraTeJIH, HM;
MM - MOMeHT CTaTHqeCKoro conpoTHBneHHH Ha Bany MexaHH3Ma,
HM;
J M - MOMeHT HHepIJ.HH Ha Bany MexaHH3Ma, Kr'M 2 ;
Jll, - MOMeHT HHepIJ.HH Ha Bany ABHraTeJIH, Kr .,M2;
i - nepeAaroqHoe OTHOrneHHe peAYKTopa;
'I') - K. n. A. peAYKropa.
C yBeJIHqeHHeM nepeAaTOqHOrO OTHOllleHHH YBeJIHqHBaeTCH Bpall\aIO-
ll\HHCH MOMeHT Ha BaJIy MexaHH3Ma MAi, qTO BbI3bIBaeT cOKpaIIJ.eHHe
BpeMeHH pa3roHa. B TO JKe BpeMH C YBeJIHqeHHeM i npOHCxOAHT yBeJIH-
qeHHe MOMeHTa HHepu,HH ABHraTeJIH J A i 2 , npHBeJJ;eHHoro K Bany MeXa-
HH3Ma, qro BbI3bIBaeT yBeJIHqeHHe BpeMeHH pa3rOHa. CJIeAOBaTeJIbHO,
 . AOJI>KHO CYI.l(eCTBOBaTb HeKOTOpOe OnTHMaJIbHOe 3HaqeHHe nepe)J.aTOq-
, Horo OTHorneHHH, npH KOTOpOM BpeMH pa3rOHa 6YAeT MHHIIManbHbIM.
BpeMH pa3roHa nplI npHMonlIHeHHOM H3MeHeHlIlI CKOpOCTH, HaHAeH-
[.
 HOe 1I3 (1l-3):
i
;.
t
l
t JM -+- Jll,i 2
P= M . M m.
"1H Jtp l - M
(11-4)
t.'
,
..
npOAIIepeHu,lIpOBaB (11-4) II nplIpaBHHB npolI3BoAHYlO HynlO,
nocne perneHIIH nOJIyqeHHOrO ypaBHeHIIH 6YAeM IIMeTb
i =+ -'/ (  ) 2 + JM
op "1HMll,p JI "1HMll,p Jll, .
(1l-5)
BbInOnHHH aHanOrnqHble npeo6pa30BaHlIH AnH cnyqaH TOpMOJKeHIIH,
HanlIrneM
i OT ='_ MM"1n + -. I ( MM"1H ) 2 + J M ,
M.. y JI Mll,T J p
(11-6)
rJJ;e M ll,T - TOpM03HOH MOMeHT, BlrnlOqaH II MOMeHT TOpMOJKeHlIH OT
MexaHlIqeCKOrO TopM03a.
nplI TpeyroJIbHOM rpaIIKe CKOpOCTII OnTIIMaJIbHOe nepeAaTOqHOe
qlICJIO, COOTBeTCTBYIOll\ee MIIHIIManbHOMY BpeMeHII npOu,eCCOB pa3rOHa
II TOpMOJKeHIIH onpe.D.eJIHeTCH KaK cpeAHeaplIMeTlIqecKoe
. _ i OQ + i OT
to - ----z-,
(11-7)
IInlI, qTO 60JIee TOqHO, KaK ycpeAHeHHoe no BpeMeHlI:
. _ io Jlp + iOTt T
to - - t p + t T
( 11-8)
401

EcnH CTaTHqeCKaSi HarpY3Ka Mana, a HHepu.HOHHble MaCCbl 3Haql1-
Te.JIbHbI, TO onpe)I;e.JIeHHe io B03MOJKHO no ynpOIQeHHOH clJopMYne:
. 1/ J M (11 9)
to  r J1I. ' -
Ecnl1 rpaclJHK CKOpOCTH Tpaneu.eH)I;anbHbIH (pHC. 11-1,6) H ecJIH
MOMeHT CTaTHqeCKOrO COnpOTHBJIeHHSI Man, TO ,QJISI onpe,Qe.JIeHHSI nepe-
)I;aTOqHOrO OTHOIlleHHSI MOJKHO Bocnonb30BaTbCSI ypaBHeHHeM
. -.3 r JMw; (M p + M T )
to = JI 0, 171 IjiMpMT '
r)I;e M p ; M T - MOMeHTbl )I;BHraTenSi npH pa3roHe H npH TOpMOJKeHHH
H.M;
J M - MOMeHT HHepu.HH MexaHH3Ma, Kr '.M 2 ;
"I' - yroJI nOBopOTa Bana MeXaJlH3Ma 3a O)I;HO BKJIIOqeHHe;
COy - CKOpOCTb BpaIQeHHSI )I;BHraTe.JISi B YCT8HOBHBIlleMCSI
peJKHMe, paiJ/ceK.
Jl.nSl nocTpoeHHSI rpaclJHKa CKOpOCTH Heo6xo)I;HMO HMeTb 3a)I;aHHbIMH
Be.JIHqHHaMH YCKopeHHSI a, 3aMe)I;neHHSI b H nYTb nepeMeIQeHHSI S.
nYTb nepeMeIQeHHSI S 3a BPeMSi i ps6 cBSl3aH 'co CKOpOCTbIO Mexa-
HH3Ma v Cne)I;YIOIQHM paBeHCTBoM:
tps(j
S=  vdi,
o
(11-10)
(11-11)
r)I;e tpa(j - BpeMSI pa60TbI MexaHH3Ma.
113 ypaBHeHHSI (11-11) BH)I;HO, qTO nYTb nepeMeIQeHHSI nponopu.HO-
HaneH nnOIQa)I;H, orpaHHqeHHOH KpHBOH rpaclJHKa CKOpOCTH v = f (i).
YqHTbIBaSi 3TO, HanHU1eM ypaBHeHHe )I;nSl nYTH nepeMeIQeHHSI pa60-
qero opraHa MexaHH3Ma, pa6OTaIOIQero no TpeyronbHoMY rpaclJHKY
CKOpOCTH (CM. pHC. 11-1, a):
S _ vMt p + VMtT
- 2 2'
EcnH yqeCTb npH 3TOM, qTO
(11-12)
t - v M .
p- a'
(11-13)
t VM
T =7i'
(11-14)
TO nocne COOTBeTCTBYIOll{HX npeo6 pa30BaH HH nonyqHM
i - -. r 2Sb .
p - r a(a+b)'
-. r 2Sa
iT = r b (a + b) .
(11-15)
(11-16)
402

11s TeX >Ke ypaBHeHHH OY,QeM HMeTb
-g r 2ab
V M = JI S a + b
( 11-17)
3.n;eCb V M - HaHoonbU1aH CKOpOCTb, MM/eeK;
S - npOH.n;eHHbIH nYTb, MM;
a, b - YCKopeHHe H saMe.n;neHHe, MM/ceK 2 .
TIocne,QHHe ypaBHeHHH MorYT ObITb Hcnonb30BaHbI ,QnH onpe.n;eJIeHHH
t p , t T H V M H nocTpoeHHH TpeyrOJIbHOrO rpailJHKa CKOpOCTH.
TIpH TpaneIJ.eH,QanbHOM rpaqmKe CKOpOCTH (CM. pHC. 11-1, 6) yp"aB-
HeHHe .n;nH npoH.n;eHHoro nYTH HMeeT BH,Q
S = ( Vyt p + t + VytT )
2 V yy 2'
(11-18)
EcnH npH 9TOM yqeCTb, qTO
t = y-. t _ v y
p a' T-7i'
TO Bp'eMH paOOTbI MeXaHHSMa C YCTaHOBHBU1eHCH CKOpOCTbIO npH Sa.n;aH-
HbIX vya H b OY,QeT paBHO
t =  _ V a + b (11-19 )
y V y y 2ab
 11-3. CnHTKOB03b1
, H8SH8'1eHHe H Kn8ccH!jJHK8I.1.HA
CJIHTKOBOS npe.n;HaSHaqaerCH AnH TpaHcnopTHpOBaHHH CJIHTKOB 01'
HarpeBaTeJIbHbIX KoJio,QIJ.eB. K npHeMHOMY ponbraHry. CnHToK, Harpe-
TbIH ,QO 1200-1250° C, BbIHHMaIOT KJIeIII.eBbIM KpaHOM HS HarpeBaTeJIb-
Horo Kono.n;IJ.a H CTaBHT B nIOJIbKy cnHTKOB03a. TIoCJIe 9Toro cnHTKOBOS
nepeMeIII.aeTCH K npHeMHOMY ponbraHIY, Ha KOTOpbIH H onpOKH.n;bIBaeTCH
no.n;aHHbIH cnIfTOK. 3aTeM CJIHTKOB03 CHOBa B03BpaIII.aeTCH K HarpeBa-
TeJIbHbIM KonO,QIJ.aM sa CJIe,QYIOIII.HM cnHTKOM. Pe>KHM paooTbI cnHTKO-
Bosa nOBTopHo-KpaTKoBpeMeHHbIH, npH KOTOpOM BpeMH paooTbI qepe-
.n;yeTcH C naY30H, Heooxo,QHMOH AnH sarpysKJI CJIHTKOBOsa CJIHTKOM H
,QnH yKJIa.n;KH CJIHTKa Ha rrpHeMHbIH ponbraHr.
CYIII.eCTBYIOIII.He B HaCTOHIII.ee BpeMH cnHTKOB03bI ,QeJIHTCH Ha caMO-
xo.n;Hble (rponneHHble) H KaHaTHble.
C a M 0 X O,Q H bI H C n H 'I' K 0 B 0 S npe,QcTaBnHeT COOOH .n;BYX-
OCHyIO TeJIe>KKY, nepeMeiU.aIOIII.YIOcH no peJIbCaM C nOMOIII.bIO o,QHoro
HnH ,QBYX .n;BHraTeJIeH, nonyqaIOIII.Hx nHTaHHe qepes TponneH. JIIOJIbKa
CJIHTKOB03a, B KOTOPYIO YKJIa,QbIBaeTcH cnHTOK, HMeeT MexaHHSM nOBO-
pOTa .n;nH nnaBHoro onycKaHHH cnHTKa Ha npHeMHbIH ponbraHr.
TIpOHSBO,QHTeJIbHOCTb CJIHTKOBOsa 3aBHCHT OT CKOpOCTH ero nepeMe-
III.eHHH, BeJIHqHH YCKopeHHH H saMe.n;neHHH, KOnHqeCTBa nepeB03HMbIX
sa O,QHH pas cnHTKOB. 3a nOCJIe.n;HHe 5-6 neT CKOpOCTb nepe,QBH>KeHHH
403

CaMOXOJl.HbIX CJIHTKOB030B B03pOCJIa C 3-4 AO 6-7 MIceK. )J.aJIbHefnlIee
YBeJIlfIleHHe CKOpOCTH HelI.eJIecoo6pa3Ho, Hoo nYTb, npOXOAHMbIH npli
YCTaHOBHBllleHCH (MaKCHMaJIbHOH) CKOpOCTH, nOJIYtIaeTCH Y>Ke OTIIO-
CHTeJIbHO Heoon, blllHM a 3<p<peKT OT nOBbIllleHHH CKOpOCTH - He3Ha-
tIHTeJIbHbIM. BeJIHtIHHbI YCKopeHHH H 3aMe,!J.JIeHHH 3aBHCHT OT K03<P<PH-
lI.HeHTa ClI.enJIeHHH KOJIeC C peJIbCaMH. ECJIH npH ABH>KeHHH CJIHTKOB03a
a
CHna HHeplI.HH T = Go - 60nbllle CHn ClI.enJIeHHH GoCfJ Me>KAy XOAOBbIMH
g
KOneCaMH II peJIbCaMH, TO npOH30flJl.eT CKOJIb>KeHHe KOJIeC 0 peJIbCbl
 290000
 250000
- _.


--fEt-_. ,
.--fE1-.--fBa--
4100
---tES--
'--S---f2j--
!1UllIUHHblU
3UIl


PliC. 11-2. KOJlbueBaR CJlIITKOnO}!a'la
(6YKCOBaHHe). 3Aecb Go - Bec cnHTKOB03a co CJIHTKOM, Ii; a - YCKO-
peHHe, M!ceK 2 ; g' = 9,81 MlceK 2 ; CfJ = 0,18-0,22 - K03<p<PHlI.HeHT ClI.en-
JIeHHH. DpH ycnoBHH T  GoCfJ npOCKaJIb3bIBaHHe 6YJl.eT OTCYTC'PBOBaTb.
113 paBeHCTBa
a
T=Gog=GoCfJ
MO>KHO OnpeAeJIHTb AOnYCTHMoe YCKOpeHHe, Ha3bIBaeMOe KpUmU'ieCKUM,
BbIwe KOTOpOrO HatIHHaeTCH 6YKCOBaHHe, T. e.
a Kp =CfJg MjceK 2 . (11-20)
TaKHM 06pa30M, !{pHTHtIeCKOe YCKopeHHe CJIHTKOB03a a Kp = (0,18-
-0,22) .9,81 = 1,75-2,16 MlceK 2 .
CnHTKoB03 6nIOMHHra, paCCtIHTaHHbIH Ha nepeB03KY OAllora CJIHTKa,
MO>KeT o6ecnetIHTb npoH3BOAHTeJIbHOCTb CTaHa 2-2,5 MJIH. m B roA.
DpH 60JIbllleH npoH3BOAHTeJIbHOCTH 6nIOMHHra (4-5 MJIH. m B rOA)
npHMeHHIOT ABYXMecTHbIH CJIHTKOB03 HJIH ABa OAHOMeCTHbIX. B nocne.n;-
HeM CJIYtIae cnHTKOB03bI ABH>KYTCH no napa.rrJIeJIbHbIM nYTHM.
)J.nH 6nIOMHHroB elIJ.e oonbllleH npoH3BOAHTeJIbHOCTH YpaJIMalll3a-
BOA npHMeHHJI CHCTeMY KOJIblI.eBOH nOAatIH (pHC. Il-2). TpaHcnopmpo-
404

BaRile CJIHTKOB npH 3TOM npOH3BOAHTCH CJIHTKOB03aMH, nepeMeII{alO-
mHMHCH nocneAOBaTeJIbHO no 3aMKHYTOMY nYTH, no KonblLY. TpOnJIeH,
qepe3 KOTopbIe nOAaeTCH nHTaHHe Ha ABHraTenH CJIHTKOB030B, TO>Ke
3aMKHYTbI no Kpyry. Ha O)J.HOM 6JIIOMHHre 1150 ocymecTMeHa KOnbIJ.e-
BaH nOAaqa C TpeMH CJIHTKOB03aMH npH CKOpOCTH nepeMeIIJ.eHHH
5 MIceK. TaKaH KOlIbIJ.eBaH nOAaqa CJIHTKOB npe.n;YCMOTpeHa H AnH
6nIOMHHra 1300.
K: a HaT H bI e C JI H TKO B 0 3 bI 6bIBaIOT OAHO- H AByx6apa6aH-
HbIe. BOJIee npocTaH KOHCTPYKIJ.HH y AByx6apa6aHHoro KaHaTHoro
CJIHTKOB03a, B CBH3H C qeM OH umpoKo npHMeHHeTcH.
Ha pHC. 11-3 npeACTaBneHa KHHeMaTHqeCKaH cxeMa AByx6apa6aH'
Horo CJIHTKOB03a. B TaKOll cxeMe 6apa6aHbI C npHBoAHbIMH )J.BHraTe-
JIHMH CTOHT no 06e CTOpOHbI cnHTKOB03a. DpH nepeMeIIJ.eHHH cnHTKO-
B03a 1 K npHeMHoMY ponbraHry 6 ABHraTenb 4 BpaIIJ.aeTCH B CTOPOHY
6
000000
J
PIIC. 11-3. KIiHeMaTlI'IeCKaH cxeMa KaHaTHoro CJlIlT-
KOB03a:
I - CJlH'fKOB03; 2-3 - (japa(jaHbI; 4-5 - .l\BHeaTeJlH; 6-
npHeMllbli! pOJIbeaHe
HaMaTbIBaHHH Tpoca Ha 6apa6aH 3, c03AaBaH nepeAHee HaTH>KeHHe Tpoca.
B 3TO BpeMH, qT06bI HM€Tb HaTH>KeHHe Tpoca C 3aAHell CTOpOHbI cnHT-
KOB03a, )J.BHraTenb 5 6apa6aHa 2 AOJI>KeH pa60TaTb B pe>KHMe TOpMO>Ke-
HHH. DpH nepeMeIIJ.eHHH cnHTKOB03a OT npHeMHoro ponbraHra ABHra-
Tenb 5 Bpam.aeTcH B CTOPOHY HaMaTbIBaHHH Tpoca Ha 6apa6aH 2; ABH-
raTenb 4 npH 3TOM pa60TaeT B pe>KHMe TOpMO>KeHHH.
DpeHMymecTBaMH KaHaTHoro cnHTKOB03a B cpaBHeHHH C CaMOXOA-
HbIM HBJIHIOTCH:
1) BenHqHHbI YCKopeHHll H 3aMe)J.JIeHHll MorYT 6bITb B3HTbI 60nee
BbICOKHMH, TaK KaK OHH He OrpaHHqHBaIOTCH CHJIaMH CIJ.enJIeHHH Me>KAY
KonecaMH H peJIbCaMH;
2) HCKJIIOqaeTCH He06xoAHMOCTb npHMeHeHHH MHOrOqHCneHHbIX
TpOJIJIeeB, qTO pe3Ko YBeJIHqHBaeT H8Ae>KHOCTb pa60TbI CHCTeMbI;
3) CJIHTKOB03 nonyqaeTCH 60nee JIerKHM, qTO YMeHbllIaeT H3HOC
peJIbCOBX nYTell.
PaceT CTaTHeKHX MOMeHTOB H YCKopeHHA
CTaTHqeCKHll MOMeHT ABHraTenH npH .n;BH>KeHHH caMOXOAHoro cnHT-
KOB03a co cnHTKOM
G
Mc=  (J1R + 110 2 )  Wrt,
'11 1
(11-21)
405

r.n.e Go - Bec CJIHTKOB03a co CJIHTKOM, H;
f - K03(pqJHlI.HeHT TpeHHH KaqeHHH xo.n;OBoro KOJIeCa (f = 0,05-
0,08 eM);
,... - K03<p<pHIJ;HeHT TpeHHH B nOAlllHnHHKax (,... = 0,08-0,15 -
nplf nOAlllHnHHKax CKOnb>KeHHH, ,... = 0,008-0,01 - npH
nOAlllHnHHKax KaqeHHfI);
 - K03<p<pH1{HeHT, yqHTbIBBIOIII.HH TpeHHe pe60pA XO.n;OBbIX Konec
o peJIbCbI ( = 1,5 + 2);
R - 'pa)I.Hyc XOAOBbIX KOJIeC, M;
i - nepe)I.aTOqHOe OTHOllleHHe;
1) - K. n. A. peAYKTopa.
L{HHaMHqeCKHH MOMeHT Ha BaJIY .n;BHraTeJIH
M)tHB = M)tIUII +M)tHII2 HAt.
'(11-22)
3AeCb
M moaR
)tHIII =  HAt
1]t
AHHaMHqeCKHH MOMeHT, HeooxoAUMbIH AJIH npeOAoneHHH CHJI HHepll.HH
nOCT)'naTeJIbHO ABH>KYIII.HXCH Macc;
(11 -23)
Ja
M)tHII 2= iR HM
(11-24)
AHHaMHqeCKHH MOMeHT, Heooxo.n;HMbIH .n;nH npeo.n;oneHHH CHJI HHepll.HH
BpaIII.aIOIII.HxcH Macc;
mo - Macca nOCT)'naTeJIbHO ABH>KYIII.HXCH qaCTeH, K2;
a - YCKopeHHe, M/eeK2;
J - MOMeHT HHepll.HH BpaIII.aIOIII.HxcH Macc, npHBeAeHHbIH K Bany
.n.BHraTeJIH, K2' M 2 . -
ITOJIHbIH MOMeHT .n;BHraTeJIH npH YCKopeHHH, COOTBeTCTBYIOIII.eM
KpHTHqeCKOMY, Ha3bIBaeTCH npeOe/lbHO onpaOOb18aeM,bt.M:
M np . o = ; (,...R + flO- 2 )  + mopR + J:;r-
(11-25)
 11-4. HaJKHMHbl8 YCTpoiicTB8
Ha3H8'1eHHe, KnacCHIIIHK8L\.HR H KOHcrPYKL\.HH
L{JIH MHornx npOKaTHbIX CTaHOB HMeeTCH He06xoAHMOCTb H3MeHHTb
no YCJIOBHHM TeXHOJIOrnqeCKOrO npOll.eCca paCCTOHHHe Me>K)I.Y pa6o-
IJ:HMH BaJIKBMH. Y OAHUX npOKBTHbIX CTBHOB H3MeHeHHe pBCCTOHHHH
Me>K.n;y BaJIKBMH npOH3Bo.n;HTCH IJ:BCTO, nOCJIe KB>K)I.OrO nponYCKB (y onIO-
MHHrOB, CJIHOHHrOB, TOJICTOJIHCTOBbIX CTBHOB, peBepCHBHbIX CTBHOB
XOJIOAHOH npoKBTKH), y APyrnx - pe.n.KO, JIHlllb B npOll.eCce HBCTpOHKH,
npH nepeXOAe OT OAHoro npOKBTbIBBeMoro npoq>HJIH K APyrOMY HJIH npH
H3Hoce KBJIHOpOB, nOAlllHnHHKOB. JI.JIH H3MeHeHHH pBCCTOHHHH Me>K.n;y
BBJIKBMH MO>KHO.nepeMBTb BepXHHH HJIH HH>KHHH pB6oIJ:He BaJIKH
406

B .n;BYXBaJIKOBOM CTaHe, HJIH OAHH H3 BaJIKOB TpeXBaJIKOBOrO CTaHa.
B 60JIbllIHHCTBe CJIYtJ:aeB nepeMem.aeTCH BepXHHll pa60tJ:Hll BaJIOK.
MeXaHH3M, C nOMOIIJ.blO KOTopOrO H3MeHHeTCH nOJIO>KeHHe pa60tJ:ero
BaJIKa, Ha3bIBaeTCH 1iQ[)ICUMl-lbLM ycmpouCmeOM. BOJIbllIOe BJIHHHHe Ha
KOHCTpYKl(HIO Ha>KHMHOrO YCTpOllCTBa OKa3bIBaeT CKOpOCTb, C KOTOpOll
nepeMeIIJ.aeTCH pa60tJ:Hll BaJIOK. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CKOpOCTH nepeMe-
IIJ.eHHH BaJIKa Ha>KHMHbIe YCTpOllCTBa MO>KHO pa36HTb Ha TPH rpynnbI:
, 1. Ha>KHMHbIe YCTpollcTBa C PYtJ:HbIM np, HBOAOM npHMeHHeMble
B COpTOBbIX CTaHax, Y KOTOpbIX KaJIH6pOBKa pacctJ:HTaHa Ha onpe.n;eJIeH-
HbIll, HeH3MeHHbIll pacTBop BanKOB, a TaK>Ke B cTapbIx KOHCTPYKl(HHX
He60JIllIHX CTaHOB rOpHqell H xonOAHOll npoKaTKH JIHCTOB. -
2. THXOxoAHbIe Ha>KHMHbIe YCTpollcTBa C 3neKTponpHBoAoM ,u.nH
JIHCTOBbIX CTaHOB ropHtJ:ell H xonoAHoll npoKaTKH, Y KOTOpbIX BbICOTa
nOA'beMa HeBeJIHKa, nopHAKa 100-200 MM. TIpH 3TOM CKOpOCTb nepe-
Mem.eHHH OtJ:eHb MaJIa, tJ:TO BbI3bIBaeTCH Heo6xo.n;HMOCTblO HMeTb MaJIble
nepeMem.eHHH H TOtJ:HYIO OCTaHOBKY.
3. BbICTpOxoAHbIe Ha>KHMHbIe YCTpollcTBa C 3JIeKTpOnpHBo.n;oM,
npeAHa3HatJ:aeMbIe ,u.nH CTaHOB C OTHOCHTeJIbHO 60JIbllIOll BbICOTOll
nOA'beMa BepxHero pa60tJ:ero BaJIKa, .n;OXOAHIIJ.ero AO 1500 MM H BbIllie.
TaKHe YCTpollcTBa npHMeHHIOTcH AnH 6nIOMHHroB, cJIH6HHrOB, TOJICTO-
JIHCTOBbIX CTaHOB H T. n.
Ha npaKTHKe npHMeHHIOTcH CJIe.n;YIOIIJ.He CKOpOCTH nepeMem.emffi
BepxHero BanKa, MM!ceK:
BJlIOMllHrll 1100-1300 . . .
BJlIOMIIHrH 1150 . . . . . . .
BJiIOMIIHrH 800-900 ....
T OJiCTOJlIICTOBbIe II cpe./);He-
JllICTOBbIe . . . . . . . . .' 12-25
COpToBbIe . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
TOHKOJIIiCTOBbIe ropRIJ:eii II
XOJlO./);HOil: npoKaTKH ...
PeBepcHBHbIe CTaHbI XOJlO./);-
Hoii npoKaTKll . . . . . . .
80-200
50-120
40-80
0,05-0,2
0,01-0,02
TIpH OTCYTCTBHH MeTaJIJIa B BaJIKaX nOA BJIHHHHeM Beca BaJIKa
Me>KAy KOHl(OM BHHTa H nHToll H B pe3b6e rallKH Ha>KHMHOrO BHHTa
06pa3YIOTcH sasopbI. B 3TOM cJIYtJ:ae npH sax BaTe MeTaJIJIa BaJIKaMH
6y.n;YT BOSHHKaTb CHJIbHbIe y.n;apbI, KOTopbIe BbISOBYT nOBbIllIeHHbIll
HSHOC H 6bICTpoe paspYllIeHHe MexaHHSMa. D:JIH npeAoxpaHeHHH Ha>KHM- -
Horo YCTpOllCTBa OT y.n;apOB npH saXBaTe MeTaJIJIa He06xOAHMO YCTpa-
HHTb sasopbI, qTO BbInOJIHHeTCH C nOMOIIJ.blO ypaBHoBellIHBalOIIJ.Hx
YCTPOllCTB. Ha COBpeMeHHbIx npOKaTHbIX CTaHax BCTpetJ:aIOTCH tJ:eTbIpe
cnoc06a ypaBHoBellIHBaHHH.
TI p Y >K H H Hoe, npH KOTOpOM npY>KHHbI ynHpalOTCH Ha CTaHHHY.
TaKOll cnoc06 npHMeHHeTCH TOJIbKO B Tex CJIytJ:aHX, KorAa BbICOTa
no.n;'beMa He npeBbIlliaeT 50-100 MM (AJIH COpTOBbIX CTaHOB C nOCTOHH-
HbIM pacnOJIO>KeHHeM KanH6poB).
r p y SOB 0 e, OCYIIJ.eCTBJIHIOIIJ.eeCH npH nOMOIIJ.H KOHTprpYSOB,
pacnOJIO>KeHHbIX nOA pat'5otJ:eH KJleTblO (pHC. 11-4). OlIo llIHpOKO npH-
407

PliC. 11-4. KliHeMaTII'IeCKaSi cxeMa Ha>KllMHOrO YCTpoii-
CTBa C rpY30BblM ypaBHoBelIIllBaHlIeM:
I - Ha}KHMHOIi BHHT; 2 - ealiKa Ha}KHMHoro BHHTa; 3 - nOJ\YW-
Ka BaJlKa; 4 - PCJ\YKTOP; 5 - ABHeaTCJlb; 6 - epYSbI
A
1 r .l
9 I 
. 5 D
BUD no A-fj
10
6
6
5
J
PIIC. 11-5. KllHeMaTllQeCKaH cxeMa Ha>KIIMHOro YCT.
pot!cTBa C rlI,npaBJlII'IeCKliM ypaBHoBelIIlIBaHlIeM:
1 - IIa}KHMHol! BIIIIT; 2 - ealiKa HaJKHMHOeO BHHTa; 3 - no.l\Yw,
Ka BaJIa; 4 - (jyeCJIb; 5 - qCpBHqHaH nepe.Aaqa; 6 - nJIYH}Kep;
7 - eH.ApaBJlHqeCKHI! Jl,HJlHH.AP; 8 - )1BHeaTeJIb; 9 - TOpMOS;
10 - TpaBepca CHCTeMbI ypaBHoBewHBaHHH

MeHHeTCH AnH 6bICTPOXOAHbIX Ha>KHMHbIX YCTPOHCTB npH 3HaqHTeJIbHbIX
nepeMeeHHHX BepxHero BaJIKa.
f HAP a B JI H q e C K 0 e, npOH3BO,lI.HeeCH npH nOMOH rHApaB-
JIHQecKHX II.HnHH,lI.pOB. Ha pHC. 11-5 npeACTaBJIeH OAHH H3 BapHaHTOB
CHCTeMbI rHApaBJIHQeCK9f'O ypaBHoBeIllHBaHHH.

10
8
PliC. 11-6. KliHeMaTII'IeCKaH cxeMa Ha>KIIMHoro
YC.TpOiiCTBa C npY>KlIHHbIM ypaBHoBelIIlIBaHlieM
npli nOMOIlllI o<5paTHOrO BlIHTa:
1 - .l\BHeaTeJlb; 2 - COCJ\HHHTeJlbHaSi Myq,Ta; 3 - Myq,Ta
npe.AeJlbHOCO MOMeHTa; 4 - qepBSlqHaSi nepeJ\aqa; 5-
onopHbli! nOJ\lllHnHHK; 6 - lIa}KHMHol! BHHT; 7 - npe-
J\oxpaHHTeJlblibII! CTaKaH; 8 - nOJ\yulKa BaJlKa; 9 - eal!-
Ka lIa}KHMHOeo BHHTa; 10 - nOJlblll o(jpaTHbII! BHHT; 11 -
TpaBepca (noJ\BH}KHaSi onopHaSi eaIlKa); 12 - ypaBHoBe-
IIUIBalOlJI,aSl npY}KHHa
nJIYH>KepbI rH,lI.paBJIHQeCKHX II.HJIHH,lI.pOB COe)l,HHeHbI C TpaBepCOH,
KoropaH THraMH CBH3aHa C nO,lI.YIllKOH BepxHero BaJIKa. Pa3BHBaeMOe
nnYH>KepOM yCHnHe npeOAOneBaeT BeC ypaBHoBeIllHBaeMbIX ,lI.eTaneH.
fHApaBJIHQeCKOe ypaBHoBeIllHBaHHe npHMeHHeTCH y CTaHOB C OTHOCH-
TeJIbHO He60nbIllHM nepeMeeHHeM BepxHero BanKa.
n p y >K H H HOe y p a B HOB e III H B a H H e C 0 6 P a T-
H bI M H B H H TaM H (pHC. 11-6), npH KOTOpOM npY>KHHbI onHpaIOTCH
He Ha CTaHHHY, KaK B nepBOM cnYQae, a Ha nOABH>KHbIe onopHbIe raHKH,
ABH>KyHecH co CKOpOCTbIO, paBHOH CKOpOCTH nepeMeelUlH BaJIKa.
409

nO)J.YUlKa BepxHero BaJIKa 8 nO)J.BeweHa Ha THrax, OnIrpalOm.HxcH Ha
npY>KHHbI 12, YCTaHOBJIeHHbIe Ha nO)J.BH}imOH onopHoH raHKe 11.
faMKa Haxo)J.HTcH Ha nOJIOM BHHTe 10. npH Bpam.eHHH Ha>KHMHoro
BHHTa 6 oAHoBpeMeHHo Bpam.aeTcH H nonbIH BHH 10. War nOJIoro
BHHTa paBeH wary Ha>KHMHOrO BHHTa, HO HMeeT 06paTHoe HanpaBJIe-
HHe. TIpH 3TOM ycnOBHH C nOBopoTOM Ha>KHMHOrO BHHTa B CTOpoHy
nOA'beMa BepxHero BaJIKa nOJIbIH, 06paTHbIH BHHT 6YAeT TO>Ke Bpa-
m.aTbCH, nepeMem.aH onopHYIO raHKY BBepx.
He)J.ocTaTKoM ypaBHoBewHBaHHH C 06paTHbIM BHHTOM' HBJIHeTCH:
I) )J.onOJIHHTeJIbHble nOTepH Ha TpeHHe B oopaTHoM BHHTe; 2) 60JIbWaH
BbICOTa; 3) oTcyTcTBHe He3aBHCHMoro nepeMem.eHHH BepxHero BaJIKa OT
Ha>KHMHbIX BHHTOB. B CBH3H C YKa3aHHbIMH He)J.OCTaTKaMH 3Ta CHCTeMa
ypaBHoBewHBaHHH npHMeHHeTcH cpaBHHTeJIbHO peAKO,
Bo Bcex ypaBHoBeWHBalOm.HX YCTpOHCTBax YCHJIHH ypaBHoBeWHBa-
HHH BbI6HpalOT C TaKHM paCtJ:eTOM, tJ:T06bI OHH ObIJIH 60JIbWe Beca ypaB-
HOBeWHBaeMbIX )J.eTaJIeH Ha 20-40%.
Pe)l(HMbI palloTbi H THn npHBClAa
3HatJ:HTeJIbHOe KOJIHtJ:eCTBO Ha>KHMHbIX YCTPOHCTB CTaHOB pa60TalOT
B nOBTopHo-KpaTKoBpeMeHHoM pe>KHMe C 6onbIlIoH tJ:acToToH BKJIIOtJ:eHHH
(06)KHMHbIX, TOJICTOJIIiCTOBbIX, cpe)J.HeJIHCTOBbIX cTaHoB). TaK, tJ:HCJIO
nepeMem.eHHH BepxHero BaJIKa 6.rrIOMHHra B tJ:ac COCTaBJIHeT no pactJ:eTY
II 00-1 300. Ha npaKTHKe 3Ta BeJIHtJ:HHa em.e BbIIlIe H )J.OXO)J.HT )J.O
1600-2000 nepeMem.eHHH B tJ:ac. Y HenpepbIBHbIX JIHCTOBbIX CTaHOB
ropHtJ:eH npoKaTKH, COpTOBbIX, 3arOTOBotJ:HbIX H npOBOJIotJ:HbIX CTaHOB
Ha>KIiMHOe YCTPOHCTBO pa60TaeT B KpaTKoBpeMeHHoM pe>KHMe. Bepx-
HHH pa60tJ:HH BaJIOK nepeMem.aeTCH JIHIlIb npH HacTpoHKe CTaHa. Y He-
npepbIBHbIX Ii peBepcHBHbIX CTaHOB XOJIOAHOH npoKaTKIi tJ:aCTOTa BKnlO-
tJ:eHHH Ha>KHMHbIX YCTPOHCTB - BeJIHtJ:HHa OtJ:eHb He6oJIbIlIaH. B He-
npepbIBHbIX JIHCTOBbIX CTaHax C aBTOMaTHtJ:eCKHM perYJIHpOBaHHeM
TOJIm.HHbI nOJIOCbI Ha>KHMHble YCTpoHcTBa pa60T81OT C tJ:acToToH, )J.OXO-
AHm.eH )J.O 1800 BKnlOtJ:eHHH B tJ:ac.
B COOTBTCTBHH C YKa3aHHbIM AJIH npHBoAa Ha>KHMHbIX YCTPOHCTB
6JIIOMHHrOB, CJIH6HHroB, TOJICTOJIHCTOBbIX H cpe)J.HeJIHCTOBbIX CTaHOB,
a TaK>Ke HenpepbIBHbIX TOHKOJIHCTOBbIX CTaHOB ropHtJ:eH Ii XOJIO)J.HOH
npoKaTKH C aBTOMaTHtJ:eCKHM perYJIHpOBaHHeM TOJIm.HHbI nOJIOCbI npH-
MeHHKITCH )J.BHraTeJIH nOCTOHHHoro TOKa; L{JIH npHBoAa HenpepbIBHbIx
CTaHOB 06bltJ:HO HCnOJIb3YlOTCH )J.BHraTeJIH nepeMeHHoro TOKa.
PaceT CTaTHeCKHX MOMeHTOB H BenHHH YCKopeHHA
npIi Bpam.eHHH Ha>KHMHbIX BHHTOB B03HHKalOT CHJIbI TpeHHH B Ha-
pe3Ke H B nHTax Ha>KHMHbix BHHTOB, B Hape3Ke 06paTHblx BHHTOB
(B cHcTeMax ypaBHoBewHBaHHH C oopaTHbIMH BHHTaMH), B OnOpJibIX
nO)J.IlIHnHHKax H HanpaBJIHIOm.HX, no KOTOpbIM CKOJIb3HT nO)J.YIlIKH
Ha>KHMHbIX BHHTOB.
410

npH rpYSOBOM H rHApaBJIHqeCKOM ypaBHoBeIllHBaHHHX MOMeHT
CTaTHqeCKOrO COnpOTHBJIeHHH, npHBeAeHHbIH K Bany ABHraTeJIH:
Me = 1,1 [(Py-GB-2GlIs)tg(cp + a) +
+(Py-Gs) n l-Ln L HM. (11.26)
3AeCb Py = (1;2-1,4) (G s + 2G ns ) - YCHJIHe, AeHCTBYIOru;ee Ha Ha-
>KHMHbIe BIiHTbI, H;
G s - Bec, BepXHero BaJIKa C nOAym-
KaMH, onopHbIMH CTaKaHaMH H
ApyrHMH AeTaJIHMH, H;
G IIS - Bec Ha>KIiMHOrO BHHTa, H;
d cp - Cpe.llHIiH .llHaMeTp Hape3KH BHH-
Ta, oM;
a - yrOJI nO.ll'beMa BHHTOBOH JIHHHH
HapeSKIi H.a>KIiMHOrO BHHTa;
cp - yrOJI TpeHIiH B HapeSKe Ha>KHM-
Horo BHHTa, paBHbIH npH Tpe-
HIiH CTaJIIi no 6poHse 5°40';
d n - AHaMeTp nHTbI, M;
l-Ln - K03<IxPHIJ.HeHT TpeHIiH B nHTe,
paBHbIH npli TpeHHH CTaJIH -no
qyrYHY 0,12-0,18;
i - nepe.llaTOqHOe OTHomeHHe pe-
.llYKTopa;
t') - K. n. J];. pe.llYKTOpa;
I, I - K03<p<pHI1.HeHT, yqHTbIBaIOru;HH
TpeHHe nOAYmeK 0 HanpaBJIHIO-
ru;He, TpeHHe B onopHbIx nOJ];-
mHnHHKax.
npli ypaBHoBemHBaHHH 06pa'JHbIMIi BHHTaMIi MOMeHT CTaTliqeCKOrO
conpOTHBJleHHH, npHBe.lleHHbIH K BaJIY ABliraTe.JIH:
Mc = I ,I {[(Py-Gs-2Gs)l!tg(cp + a) +
d' }
+ (P Y -G B ) I! l-Ln] + (Py+ 2G Tp ) p tg(cp' + a') i HM, (11-27)
rAe G Tp - Bec TpaaepcbI, J];BIi>Kyru;eHcH no 06paTHoMY/ BHHTY;
- p - cpeAHHH AHaMeTp Hape3KH 06paTHoro BHHTa, M;
cp' - yroJI TpeHHH B Hape3Ke 06paTHoro BHHTa'.
B ypaBHeHHHx (1l-26), (1l-27) BepxHHH SHaK cooTBeTcTByeT ony-
CKaHHIO BaJIKa, a HH>KHIiH - nOJ];'beM)'.
CKOpOCTb nepeMeru;eHIiH Ha>KIiMHbIX BHHTOB CBHsaHa co CKOpOCTbIO
HX Bparu;eHHH roB CJIe.llYIOru;IiM COOTHomeHlieM:
v = h 2 liJ b MMjceK, (1l-28)
1C '
411

r,lJ.e h - liar BHHTa, .MM.
B TO }Ke BpeMH YCKopeHHe
dv h dmb h dm / 2
a = dt = 2n . fit = 211:i ' dt .M.M eeK ,
r,lJ.e CI) - CKOpOCTb BpaIII.eHHH ABHraTeJIH.
EcnH
J dm
M}1.-Me = dt HM,
(11-29)
TO
h M -M /
a = ----:. }1. e MM eeK 2
2m J '
r,lJ.e M}1.' Mc - nYCKOBOH H CTaTHtIeCKHH MOMeHTbI Ha BaJIY ABHra-
TeJIH, H.M;
J - MOMeHT HHepp.HH, npHBe,lJ.eHHbIH K Ba.n:y ,lJ.BHraTeJIH,
K2 'M 2 .
AHaJIOrHtIHO nonYtIaeTCH ypaBHeHHe AnH 3aMe,lJ.JIeHHH
b = l!:...., M T + Me + MMT MM / ceK2
211:i J '
rAe M T - TOpM03HOH MOMeHT ABHraTenH, HM;
. MMT - MOMeHT MeXaHHtIeCKHX TOpM030B, HM.
TIpliMep 11-1. PaCC'IIiTaTb CTaTlI'IeCKlie MOMeHTbI Ha>KllMHOrO YCTpoiicTBa C
rpy30Bb!M ypaBHoBelIIlIBaHlIeM, eCJIll MaKCIIMaJlbHaH CKOpOCTb nepeMeIlleHIIR Ha-
>KlIMHbIX BlIHTOB VB = 100 MMlcelC; cpe):\HlIt! ):\llaMeTp Ha>KlIMHOrO BIIHTa, d ep =
= 272 MM; lIIar Ha>KlIMHOrO BlIHTa h = 40 MM; ):\lIaMeTp onopHoii 'IaCTll nHTb! Ha-
>KlIMHOrO BIIHTa d n = 235 MM; yroJi nO));'beMa BIIHTOBOii JlIIHIIII Ha>KlIMHOrO BIIHTa
a = 2°40'; yroJl TpeHlIH B Hape3Ke Ha>KlIMHoro BIIHTa p = 5°40'; K03cjJcjJlll{lIeHT
TpeHIIH B nRTe !-tn = 0,16; Bec Ha>KIIMHOrO BllHTa G HB = 15000 Ii; Bec BepXHero
BaJiKa C nO./);YIIIKaMli 0 8 = 250 000 Ii; YCIIJllIe ypaBHoBelIIlIBaHliH Py = 350 000 Ii;
nepe));aTO'lHoe 'IlICJlO pe));YKTOpa i = 3,2; K. n. ./);. pe));YKTopa 'YJ = 0,72; MOMeHT
IIHepl{lIli J M = 565 ICe. M 2 ; MOMeHT llHepl{lIli ));BlIraTeJlH J}1.= 70 ICr. M 2 ; BeJlII'IIiHa
nepeMeIlleHIIH S = 45 MM; HOMlIHaJlbHblt! MOMeHT l);BlIraTeJlH M H = 4000 IiM; MO-
MeHT MeXaHlI'IeCKllX TOpM030B MMT = 3100 IiM.
P e III e H II e.
1. MOMeHTbl CTaTlI'IeCKOro conpOTIIBJIeHHR:
a) npli onYCKaHlill BepXHero BaJiKa
(11-30)
(11-31)
MMI = 1,1 [(P y - 0 8 -20 IlB ) l tg (p + a) + (Py- Os) n !-t n ] =
= 1,1 [(350 000 - 250 000 - 2.15000) 0,2;2 tg (5°40' + 2°40') +
+ (350 000 - 250000) 0,2;5 0,16] = 4120 IiAt;
6) npli nO}!'beMe BepxHero BaJiKa
MM2= 1,1 [Wy- Os - 20Ils) tg (p - a) + (Py-Os) n !-tn] =
= 1,1 [ (350000 - 250 000 - 2. 15000) 0,2;2 tg (5°40' - 2°40') +
+ (350 000 - 250 000) 0,2;5 0,]6] = 2410 IiAt;
412

B) Cpe.!);HlIii CTaTlI'IeCKlIii MOMeHT
M - MMI + MM2 _ 4120 + 2410 - 3265
M - 2 - 2 - HM.
. 2. OITTliMaJIbHOe nepe.!);aTOIJ:HOe OTHOlIIeHlIe. TIplIHIIMaeM cpel!;HHii nycKoBoii
MOMeHT }1BlIraTeJlH paBHblM MAP = 1,7 M H = 1,7.4000 = 6800 HM, a cpe)J.HlIii TOp-
M03Hoti MOMeHT l!;BlIraTeJlH paBHbIM M T = 2 Mil = 2.4000= 8000 HM. TOpM03HOii
MOMeHT, ,!!eiicrnyIOIlllIii Ha BaJIY l!;BlIraTeJlH:
MAT = M T + MMT = 8000 -+= 3100 = 11100 HM.
TIo yCJlOBlIHM MlIHIIMaJlbHOrO BpeMeHH pa3roHa
. MM 1 f ( MM ) 2 JM 3265 -. I ( 3265 ) 2 565 3786
lop = 'l')M AP + JI 'l')M AP + J A = 0,72.6800 + JI 0,72.6800 + 70 =, .
TIo YCJIOBIIHM MlIHIIMaJIbHOrO BpeMeHII TOp MO>KeHHH
i OT = _ MM'I') + -. I ( MM'I') ) 2 + J M = _ 3265. 0,72 +
MAT JI M llT J A ' 11100
+ -. 1 ( 3265.0,72 ) 2 + 565 = 2 65
JI 11100 70"
OnTIIMaJlbHoe nepe}!aTO'lHOe 'IlICJlO
. _ p_ + i OT _ 3,786 + 2,65 _ 3 22
1-.2 - 2 -,.
TaKHM 06pa30M, npe.!:\BaplITeJJbHO BbI6paHHoe nepe.!);aTO'lHoe OTHOlIIeHlIe O'leHb
MaJlO OTJllI'IaeTCH OT OnTlIMaJlbHoro.
CTaTlI'IeCKlIii MOMeHT, rrplIBe}!eHHblil: K BaJlY .[!BlIraTeJIR npH onYCKaHlili
M MMI 4120 .
Cl = i'l') = 3,2.0,72 = 1790 HM,
npli nO.[!'beMe
M 2410
M C2 =  = 32.072 = 1045 HM.
1'1') "
TIOJlHbIiI: MOMeHT lIHepu.HII npIIBo.!:\a, nplIBe}!eHHblA K BaJlY l!;BlIraTeJIH
J =  + J A = ;2 + 70 = 125,I«r. .M 2 .
YCKopeHlIe Ha>KIIMHbIX BHHTOB:
npH onycKaHHH
_ . MAP-M c1 _ 40
a l - 2 :n:i J -2.3,]4.3,2
6800 - 1790
= 79,7 .M.Mlcelc 2 .
125,1
3aMe,nJleHlIe Ha>KIIMHbIX BHHTOB:
npli onyCKaHIiH
b _ h . MAT +MCI +MMT 40 . 8000+1790+3100 _ 206 . 1 2.
1 - 2:n:i J  2.3,14.3,2 125,1 -.M.M CeiC ,
npli nOJ\'beMe
b _-.!!:... MAT+Mc2 +MMT _
2 - 2:n:i J -
40 8000+1045+3100 193 1 2
= 2.314.32 ' 1 25 1 =.M.M ce« .
" ,
413

BpeMH pa3rOHa npH OnYCKaHHH
-. / 2b l S -. / 2.206.45
t pl = r al(al + b l ) = r 79,7 (79,7 + 206) = 0,903 eelC.
BpeMH TOpMO>KeHHH npH onycK8HHH
-. / 2a l S -. / 2.79,7.45
t TI = r b l (al + b l ) = r 206 (79,7 + 206) = 0,327 ceK.
MaKCHMaJlbHaH CKOpOCTb nepeMeIlleHHH B npe,nnOJlO>KeHHH, 'ITO rpacjJHK CKO-
pOCTH TpeyroJlbHblii
-. / 2Sa 1 b l -. /2.45.79,7.206
(1M = r al +b l = r 79,7 + 206 = 72MMlcelc.
TaK KaK (1M < (lu. TO rpacjJHK CKOpOCTH TpeyroJlbHbIl!.
t 11-5. PonbraHrH
H88H8'feHHe H KJ1aCcHIIJHKaHR
POJIbraHrH - 3TO MexaHH3MbI, npe)I.Ha3HaqeHHbIe )I.nH TpaHcnopTH-
pOBaHHH npoKaTbIBaeMOrO MeTaJIna BpaaIOHMHCH pOJIHKaMH, no
Ha3HaqeHIO pOJIbraHrH ,ZJ;eJIHTCH Ha CJIe)I.YIOHe rpynnbI.
P a 0 0 q H e p 0 JI bra H r H pacnOJIO>KeHbI HenOCpe)I.CTBeHHO
y KJIeTH c'nrna. OHH CJIy>KaT )I.JIH nO)I.aqH MeTanna K BanKaM H OTBO,ZJ;a
HX OT BaJIOB. nepBbIe pOJIHKH paOOqHX BaJIKOB KpynHbIx OO>KHMHbIX
CTaHOB pa3MaIOTCH B CTaHHHe KJIeTH. CTaHHHHbIe pOJIHKH HaXO,ZJ;HTCH
OJIHSKO K paOoqHM BanKaM; HX u.eJIb - YJIyqWHTb YCJIOBHH saXBaTa
MeTanna Ban KaMH , B ocooeHHOCTH KOpOTKHX CJIHTKOB.
PaOOqHe BcnOMoraTenbHbIe ponbraHrH HnH
y )I. JI H H H T e JI b H bI e HBnHIOTCH npO)I.OJI>KeHHeM OCHOBHbIX pa6o-
qHX. OHH HCnOJIbSYIOTCH B TOM CJIyqae, Kor,ZJ;a ,ZJ;JIHHa npOKaTbIBaeMOrO
MeTanJIa npeBbIwaeT )I.nHHY OCHOBHbIX paOOqHX pOJIbraHrOB.
T p a H C n 0 p T H bI e p O,JI bra H r H nepe)I.aIOT MeTann OT
O)I.Horo MexaHHBMa CTaHa K )I.pyrOMY HJIH OT CTaHa K CTaHY. TpaHcnopT-
HbIe pOJIbraHrH MOryT ObITb no080aRU{UMU H om800RU{UMU B saBHCHMOCTH
OT HanpaBJIeHHH nOTOKa MeTaJIJIa OTHOCHTeJIbHO ,ZJ;aHHoro MexaHHSMa
CTaHa. POJIbraHr, paCnOJIO>KeHHbIH B Haqane CTaHa H CJIY>KaHH ,ZJ;nH
npHeMa MeTaJIJIa, HaSbIBaeTCH npU£.MHbtM.
OCHOBHbIMH napaMeTpaMH pOJIbraHr HBJIHIOTCH )I.HaMeTp H )I.JIHHa
OOqKH pOJIHKa, war pOJIbraHra (paCCTOHHHe Me>K)I.y OCHMH ,ZJ;BYX coce,ZJ;-
HHX POJIHKOB), KOJIHqeCTBO pOJIHKOB. .lJ.HaMeTp pOJIHKOB pOJIbraHra ,ZJ;nH
CHH>KeHHH Beca BbI6HpaeTCH MHHHManbHbIM no YCJIOBHHM npOqHOCTH.
Y paOOqHX pOJIbraHrOB OJIIOMHHroB H CJIHOHHrOB )I.HaMeTp pOJIHKOB
HaXO)I.HTCH B npe)I.eJIax 600-400 .MM; Y pOJIbraHrOB nHCTOBbIX H COpTO-
BbIX CTaHOB - B npe)I.eJIax 350-200 .MM. ,I::{nHHa OOqKH pOJIHKOB oe-
peTCH paBHOH ,ZJ;nHHe OOqKH BaJIKOB CTaHa WIH HeCKOJIbKO OOJIbwe.
IIlar pOJIHKOB BbIOHpaeTCH C TftKHM paCqeTOM, qToObI MeTanJI O,ZJ;aOBpe-
414

MeHHO ne>KaJI He MeHee, qeM Ha )l.BYX pOJIllKaX II OTCYTCTBOBaJI nporno
MeTaJIna OT COOCTBeHHOrO Beca. Y pOJIbraHrOB 06>KllMHbIX CTaHOB war
.h p = 0,7-1 .M; Y KpynHocopTHbIX CTaHOB - hp = 1,2-1,6.M; Y cpeJI.-
HecOpTHbIX - hp = 0,9-1,0.M; Y TOHKOJIHCTOBbIX - hp = 0,5-0,7.M.
KOJIHqeCTBO ponHKOB saBllCllT OT )l.nllHbI TpaHcnopTHpyeMoro MeTaJIna.
B HeKoTopbIX cnyqaHX OHO )l.OXO)l.HT )1.0 HeCKOJIbKHX )l.eCHTKOB. JIllHeH-
HaH CKOpOCTb paOOqllX II OTBO)l.HInHX ponbraHroB npllMepHo Ha 5-10%
Bblwe CKOpOCTH npoKaTKll. Y nO)l.BO)l.HInllX pOJIbraHrOB CKOpOCTb
COCTaBnHeT 1,5-2,5 .MICeK; y TpaHcnopTHbIX OHa onpe)l.eJIHeTCH npo-
llSBO)l.llTeJIbHOCTbIO II paBHa 1,5-12 .MICeK. HeKOTopble ponbraHfll
Tpe6YIOT nnaBHoro llnH cryneHqaTOrO perynllpoBaHllH CKOpOCTH. TInaB-
Hoe perynllpoBaHlle qaCTO Heo6xo)l.llMO y pOJIbraHrOB pa60qllx KJIeTeH
peryllpyeMwx HepeBepCHBHWX CTaHOB. CryneHqaTOe perynllpoBaHlle
llMeIOT 06blqHO pa60qlle pOJIbraHfll peBepCllBHbIX 06>KllMHbIX CTaHOB.
PeHUIMbi pafiOTbi ponbraHrOB H THn sneKTponpHBOAa
BOJIbWOe KOJIllqeCTBO pOJIbraHrOB paOPTT B.riOBTOpHo-KpaTKOBpe-
MeHHOM pe>KllMe. TIpll 9TOM qllCJIO BKJIIOqeHllH B qac II npO)l.OJI>KHTeJIb-
HOCTb BKJIIOqeHllH saBHCHT OT HaSHaqeHllH pOJIbnrnra II Tllna cnrna.
B Taon. 11-1 npllBe)l.eHbI )l.aHHble 0 qllCJIe BKJIIOqeHllH II OTHOCllTeJIbHOH
npO)l.OJI>KllTeJIbHOCTH BKJIIOqeHllH )l.nH HeKoTopbIX pOJIbraHrOB [JI-56J.
T a () JI H l{ a 11-1
Pe>KHMbI pa60TbI pOJIbraHrOB
Ha3HaqeHHe pOJlbraHea
npOJlOJl}KHTeJlb- 1 tIHCJlO BKJlIO-
HOCTb BKJllOqe- qeHHII B qac
HHII, %
npHeMHblii pOJlbraHr ()JlIOMHHra . . . . . . . . . ... .
Pa()O'lHe pOJlbrSHrH ()JlIOMHHrS . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pa()O'lHe pOJlbrSHrH TOJlCTOJlIICTOBOro CTSHS . . . . .
POJlbrSHr nepe,!! HO>KHHl{aMH ()JlIOMHHrS . . . . . . .-
4-8
60
40
15-18
90
1000-1200
800
500-550
Tlln 9JIeKTpOnpllBO)l.a pOJIbraHra BbIOllpaeTCH llCXO,lJ;H llS pe>KllMa
paOOTbI, Heo6xo,lJ;HMOCTll perynllpoBaHHH CKOpOCTll II )l.PYfllX YCJIOBllH.
PonbraHfll HMeIOT r p y n n 0 B 0 H WIll II H ,lJ; II B II )I. Y a n b -
H bI H npllBO)l.. TIpll rpynnoBoM npllBO,lJ;e (pllC. 11-7, a) ceKlI.llH POJIb-
raHra, BKJIIOqaIOInaH OT Tpex )1.0 )l.eCHTll H OOJIbWe pOJIllKOB, llMeeT
pOInHH O)l.Ho)l.BHraTeJIbHbIH llJIll )l.BYX,lJ;BHraTeJIbHbIH npllBO)I.. fpynnoBoH
npllBO)l. npllMeHHeTcH y pOJI braH rOB, nepeMeInaIOInHX KopOTKlle saro-
TOBKll, Kor)l.a Ha O,lJ;HH pOJIllK MO>KeT npllXO,lJ;llTbCH nOqTH BeCb Bec
sarOTOBKll: TaKllMll pOJIbraHraMll HBnHIOTCH paOOqHe, y,lVIllHllTeJIbHble
II nplleMHble pOJIbraHrn OO>KllMHbIX CTaHOB, pOJIbraHfll y nqeH II T. ,lJ;.
.lJ.nH pOJIbraHrOB C rpynnoBwM npllBO,lJ;OM, paOOTaIOInllX C qaCTOTOH He
Bblwe 500 BKJIIOQeHllii: B qac II He Tpe6YIOInllX perynllpoBaHllH, npllMe-
HHIOTCH aCllHxpOHHble )l.BllraTeJIH C 4>asHbIM pOTOpOM (nplleMHble POJIb-
415

raHrH 06>KHMHbIX CTaHOB, pOnbraHrH Y neqeH, pOJIbraHrH TpeXBaJIKOBbIX
06>KHMHbIX CTaHOB H T. )I..).
npH HH)l.HBH)l.yanbHoM npHBO)l.e (pHC. 11-7, 6) Ka>K)J.bIH pOJIHK HMeeT
oT)J.enbHbIH )J.BHrarenb. I1H)J.HBHJl.YaJIbHbIH npHBO)l. npHMeHHeTcH Y CTa-
HHHHbIX ponHKoB H Y TpaHcnopTHbIX pOJIbraHrOB, nepeMew.aIOIII.Hx
MeTaJIn 6onbIIloH )J.JIHHbI, npH KOTOpOH Bec MeTanna pacnpe)J.enHeTCH Ha
60JIbIIlOe qHCJIO POJIHKOB.
a} II
0)
PIIC. 11-7. KIIHeM8TH'IeCK8R cxeM8 npHBO}!8 pOJlbraHra:
a - epynnoBoeo; 6 - HII.AHBHAY8J1bIlOCO
npHMeHeHHe HH)l.HBHJl.YaJIbHOrO npHBO)J.a CTaHHHHbIX pOJIHKOB 06oc-
HOBbIBaeTCH Cne)J.YIOIII.HMH YCJIOBHHMH. BbIXO)l.HIII.HH HS BanKOB C HeKO-
TOpOH CKOpOCTbIO MeTann npHBO)J.HT BO Bparn.eIiHe CTaHHHHble pOJIHKH
H HX npHBO)J.HOH )J.BHraTeJIb. ECJIH npHBO)J. CTaHHHHbIX pOJIHKOB rpyn-
nOB0I1 H C pe)J.YKTOpOM, TO )J.nH npOBOpaqHBaHHH )J.BHraTeJIH pOJIHKOB
nOTpe6yeTcH 60JIbIIlOH MOMeHT, nepe.n.aBaeMbIH Ha BaJI )l.BHraTeJIH qepes.
pe)l.YKTOp, qTO npHBO)l.HT K nOBbIIIleHHOH SarpY3Ke pe)J.YKTOpa HerO
YCHneHHOMY H3HOCY. npH 6espeJI.YKTopHOM npHBO)J.e CTaHHHHbIX POJIH-
KOB MOMHT, nepe)l.aBaeMbIH OT pOJIHKa K )J.BHraTeJIIO, He60JIbIIlOH.
B 9TOM OCHOBHoe npeHMYIII.eCTBO HH)J.HBHJl.YaJIbHOrO npHBO)l.a no cpaB-
HeHHIO C rpynnoBbIM )l.nH CTaHHHHbIX POJIHKOB.
l( npeHMYIII.eCTBaM HH)l.HBH)J.yanbHoro npHBO)l.a TpaHcnopTHbIX ponb-
raHffiB OTHOCHTCH:
416

I) B03MO>KHOCTb 3aMeHbi )J.BHraTeneii 6e3 OCTaHOBKH pOJIbraHra;
2) B03MO>KHOCTb pa60TbI pOJIbraHra npH BblXO)J.e JI3 CTpOH O)J.Horo
HJIH HeCKOJIbKHX )J.BHraTeneH;
3) OTCYTcTBHe nepe)J.aTOIlI-IblX YCTpoi1cTB.
)1.JIH HH)J.JIBH)J.yanbHoro npuBo)J.a CTaHHHHbIX pOJIHKOB npHMeHHIOTcH
06bIIlHO )J.BHraTenH nOCToHHHOro TOKa, a )J.JIH HH)J.HBH)J.yanbHoro npH-
BO)J.a TpaHcIIopTHbIX ponbraHroB - aCHHxpoHHble KOpoTKo3aMKHYTble
)J.BHraTenH, IIHTaeMbie OT o6Il.\ero npeo6pa30BaTenH llaCTOTbI.
P8ceT CT8THeCKHX H AHH8MHeCKHX MOMeHTOB
MOMeHT CTaTHllecKoro conpoTHBneHHH ponbraHra CKna)J.blBaeTCH H3
MOMeHTa XOJIOCTOrO XO)J.a H MOMeHTa, Tpe6YIOIl.\erOCH )J.nH TpaHcnopTH-
pOBaHHH MeTanna no ponbraHry.
MOMeHT xonOCToro xO)J.a ponbraHra, npHBe)J.eHHbIH K Bany )J.BHra-
TenH,
M = pOpdrnl-Lrn HM
x 2i1Jx '
(11-32)
r)J.e zp - KonHlleCTBO ponHKOB ponbraHra;
G p - Bec O)J.Horo pOJIHKa, H;
dIU - )J.lJaMeTp II1eHKH ponHKa, M;
fJ-1U - K03<p<PHlI.HeHT TpeHHH CKOnb>KeHHH B nO)J.II1HnHHKax po-
nHKa, paBHbIH npH ponHKOBblX nO)J.II1HnHHKax 0,005--
0,007 H IIPH 6pOH30BbIX - 0,06-0,08;
'I1x = 0,5'11H - K. n. )J.. pe)J.YKTOpa npH XOJIOCTOM xO)J.e;
'11" - K. n. )J.. pe)J.YKTopa npH HOMHHanbHoIl HarpY3Ke;
i - nepe)J.aTOqHOe OTHOII1eHHe.
IlonHb1H MOMeHT CTaTHqeCKOrO conpOTHBJIeHHH
(ZpOp + OMCT) d2' I-Lrn+OMcTflO-2
Mc=
i1Jx
HM,
( 11-33)
r)J.e f - K03<p<PHlI.HeHT TpeHHH KaqeHHH MeTanna no ponHKaM, paBHb1H
)J.nH rOpHqerO MeTanna 0,15 CM, a ):I.nH XOJIO)J.HOro - 0,1 CM.
TaK KaK MOMeHT, Tpe6yeMblH )J.nH TpaHcnopTHpoBaHHH MeTan.na,
06blqHO HeBenHK, To" H B 3TOM CJIyqae 6epeTCH 'I1x = 0,5 'I1H' IlpH rpyn-
nOBOM npHBo)J.e ponbraHra Bec G MCT npHHHMaeTcH paBHbIM Becy Bcero
MeTanna. IlpH HH)J.HBH)J.yanbHoM npHBo)J.e BenHqHHa G M . CT 3aBHCHT OT
pH)J.a <paKToPOB, MaJIO IIOMaIOIl.\HXCH Yllery, n03TOMY BeJIHqHHY G MCT
onpe)J.enHIOT Ha OCHOBe onblTa. B Ta6JI. 11-2, COCTaBJIeHHOH fIll1 TH>K-
npoM3neKTponpoeKT, npHBe)J.eH OTHocHTenbHbIH Bec MeTanJla Ha O)J.HH
pOJIHK pOJIbraHra HH)J.HBH)J.yanbHoro npHBo)J.a K = Q O MPT , r)J.c G cn -
CJl
nOJIHbIH Bec MeTanna (cnHTKa).
14 13. n. Eldql<OB
417

T a 6 JI 11 It a 11-2
OTHOCHTeJlbHblA Bec MeTaJlJla Ha OAHH pOJlHK pOJIbraHra
XapaKTcpHCTHKa npOKaTa
G
K  -"
G cn
PaCKaT CeqeHHeM CBhIlIJe 1000 .AU1 2 II }JJllJHoii I\leHee Tpex
lIIarOB POJlUKOB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TIOJlOcbI Ce'leHlleM 60Jlee 2000 .IMZ 2 II ./);JllIIIOi'i CBhIIIIe Tpex
lIIarOB pOJllJKOB. . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TIOJlOCbI CeqeHlJeM 60Jlee 2000 MM 2 II ./JJlHHOi'i CBbllIIe qe-
Tblpex lIIarOB pOJllJKOB ....................
TOHKlJe nOJlOCbl II MeJlKOcOpTHbli'i npoK8T gJllJHOi'i 60.!Jee
,!!eBRTli lIIarOB pOJllIKOB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0,75
0,5
0,3
Bec MeT8J1J1a Ha
./);JlIIHe YTpoeHHoro
lIIara pOJlIIKOB
TIpH CnHIIlKOM 60nbIIlHX YCKOpeHHHX H 3aMe.n:neHHHX, npH BbI6poce
MeniJIna H3 BaJIKOB Ha pOJIHKH, npH ynope MeTaJIna B 60pTbI pOnbraHra
H B HanpaBnmOIIJ.He JIlfHellKH npOBO.n:KH npOHCXO.n:HT 6YKCOBaHHe (npo-
CKanb3blBaHHe) ponHKOB no MeTanny. TIpH 3TOM pe3KO B03paCTaeT
HarpY3Ka.
CTamqeCKHll MOMeHT .n:BHraTeJIH npH 6YKCOBaHHH onpe.n:enHeTCH no
ypaBHeHHlO
M = (zpOp + 0MeT) dww + OMeT6dp
c6 2i1]H '
r.n:e d p - .n:HaMeTp ponHKa, .M;
J.-t6 - K03<p<PHlHeHT TpeHHH MeTanna 0 pOJIHKH npH 6YKCOBaHHH.
MOMeHT .n:BHraTenH, Heo6xo.n:HMblll .n:nH npeo.n:oneHHH CHn HHepHI1
MeTanna, ponHKOB H .n:BHraTenH:
(11-34)
M = 2 [ ZpJ + J MCT + i]A ]
AnH a . d d '
1]1 P. p
(11-35)
dv U I 2
r.n:e a = dt - JIlfHeHHOe YCKopeHHe pOJIHKOB H MeTaJIna, .MIceK;
J - MOMeHT HHepHH ponHKa OTHOCHTenbHO OCH pOJIHKa,
Ke'M 2 ;
J MeT - MOMeHT HHepHH .n:BH>KYIIJ.erOCH MeTanna, npHB, .n:eHHbIll
KOCH pOJIHKa, KZ '.M 2 ;
J it - MOMeHT HHepHH .n:BHraTeJIH H pe.n:YKTOpa.
TIonHbIll MOMeHT .n:BHraTeJIH, pa3BHBaeMbIll npH YCKOpeHHH:
(ZpOp+ 0MCT) ll w+OMeTflO-2 [ J +J J ]
M = . + 2a 1. +i.A . (11-36)
I1]H I1]Hdp d p
B ypaBHeHHH (11-36) nnlOC COOTBeTcTByeT YCKopeHHlO, MHHYC - 3a-
Me.n:neHHlO.
418

EcnH npH )J,BH>KeHHH MeTanna no pOJIHKaM CHna HHepll.HH MeTanna
1
T = Ga- 60nLUle CHn TpeHHH Me>K)J,Y MeTannOM H ponHKaMH G MCT I1G'
g
TO npOH30H)J,eT npOCKanb3bIBaHHe. npH 9TOM KpHTHIleCKoe YCKopeHHe
a Kp = M 6 g. (11-37)
no 9TOH npHqHHe He cne)J,yeT BbI6HpaTb YCKopeHHH BbIUle KpHTHqeCKoro. -
YqHTbIBaH, qTO npH rOpHqeH npOKaTKe 116 = 0,15-0,3, a IIPH XO-
JIO)J,HOH 116 = 0,1-0,15, KpHTHqeCKHe YCKopeHHH npH TpaHcnopTHpo-
BaHHH MeTaJIna no pommaM cornaCHO (11-37):
)J,nH rOpHqerO MeTanna
a,, 1,47 -2,94 M/ceK,2;
)J,nH XOJIO)J,Horo
aKO,98-1,47 M!ceK 2 .
npe)J,eJIbHO-OnpaB)J,bIBaeMbIH MOMeHT
M = (zpOp + °MeT) dIlllll :!: OMeT6dp + 2 ( .:.p!y_ + . JIl. )
np.o 2' - a"p . d t d .
(1)11 (1)H P P
(11-38)
3)J.eCb 3HaK «nJIlOc» COOTBeTCTByeT yCKopeHHIO, a 3HaK «MHHYC» -
3aMe)J.neHHIO.
BenHqHHa npe)J,enbHo-onpaB)J,bIBaeMoro MOMeHTa HCnOJIb3yeTCH )J,nH
npoBepKH )J,BHraTenH no neperpY30qHOH cnoc06HoCTH H npH npOBepKe
3a.u.aHHoro nepe)J,aTOqHOrO OTHOUleHHH pe)J,YKTopa.
npllMep 11-2. PaCCqlITaTb MOMeHTbI lJ;BlIraTeJlH pOJlbr8Hra, eCJllI Bec pOJlllK8
G p = 28000 I-l; Bec MeTaJlJla G MCT = 59000 I-l; IWJllI'IeCTBO pOJIIiKOB zp = 10;
,!!:lIaMeTp pOHK8 d,F.  0,4 M; ./);lIaMeTp lIIeHlI pOJllIKa [IJ = 0,2 M; nepelJ;aTO'lHOe
OTHOlIIeHHe t = 5,52, K. n. ./);. HOMlIHaJlbHbllI 1)" = 0,82, K. n. l1.. XOJlOCToro XO}!8
1)x = 0,5 1]H = 0,41; MOMeHT lIHepl{lIH pOJllIKa J p = 65,5 KZ'M 2 ; MOMeHT HHeplt HH
l!,BlIr8TeJlH J  = 32 KZ' M 2 . MOMeHT lIHepl{IIH TpaHcnopTlIpyeMoro MeTaJlJla J MeT =
=240 KZ' M ; K09cjJcjJlIIlHeliT TpeHlIR B lIIeHKaX pOJlHKOB Ill = 0,01; K03cjJcjJlIl{lIeHT
TpeHlIH KaqeHIIR MeT8J1J1a no pOJlIIKaM f = 0,1 eM; K03cPcPliltlIeHT TpelllIH npli GYK-
COBaHlili 6 = 0,3.
P e III e H H e.
MOMeHT XOJlOCTOrO X0l1.8 pOJlbr8Hr8
M =  OpdlllUI = 10 . 28 000 .0,2 . 0,01 = 124
x 2i1)x 2 . 5,52 . 0,41 HN
CTaTlI'IecKIli'i MOMCHT npll TpaHcnopTllpoBaHHH MeT8J1J18
(ZpOp + 0MeT) d2' 1II + 0Me.J1O- 2
Mc= .
(1)x
_ (10.28000 + 59 000) 0,1.0,01 + 59000.0,1.10- 2 = 176 HN.
- 5,52.0,41
14*
419

CTaTHlleCKlJi'i MOMeHT npli <5yKcoBaIlliH
M = (zpOp + OMCT) dwftm + OMft6 d p =
c6 2i1JH
(10.28000 + 59 000) 0,2 . 0,01 + 59000.0,3.0,4
2 . 5,52 . 0,82 = 856 H_It.
KplJTHlJeCKOe YCKopeHlJe
al{p = gft6 = 9,81.0,3 = 2,94 N[CeI(2.
npe.neJlbHO onpaB,nbIBaeMbIii MOMeHT:
npli YCKopelllIli po.!JbraHra
M = (zpOp + OM€T) dmftm + OM€Tft6 d p +
np.o 2i1JH
+ 201{ ( ..:r + i {!Ie ) = (10 . 28000 + 590(0) 0,2.0,01 + 59000.0,3.0,4 +
p i1JHdp d p 2 . 5,52 . 0,82
( 10 . 65,5 32 ) .
+ 2 . 2,94 5,52.0,82.0,4 + 5,52 O = 856 + 4720 = 5576 H.M,
npli 3aMe.nJleHlIH ponbraHra
M np . o = - 5427 HN.
TIpoBepKa 3a.n;aHHoro nepe.n;aTOlJHOrO OTHOlIIeHlIH np01I3Bo,nHTCH no ypaB-
HeHlISiM (11-5) 11 (11-6):
i op = "'- + -. f (  ) 2 +!M =_1 76.5,52 +
1JH M AP JI 1JHMAP fA 0,82.5576
+ -. f ( 176.5,52 ) 2 + 10.65,5 + 240 =021 + 5 3 = 551
JI 0,82.5576 32 ", .
i OT = MM1JH + -. f ( MM1JH ) 2 + { = _ 176.5,52.0,82 +
MAT JI MAT fA 5427
+ -. f ( 176 . 5,52 ,0,82 ) 2 + 10.65,5 + 240 = _ 0 15 + 53 = + 5 15
JI \ 5427 32 " , "
. _ i o p + iOT _ 5,51 + 5,15 _ 5 33
10 - 2 - 2 -,'
TIplIHHToe 3HalJeHlIe nepe,QaTOlJHOrO OTHoweHHH OlJeHb MaJlO OTJllIlJaeTCH
OT OnTlIMaJlbHoro.
fi 11-6. HO>KHHl.!,bl
Ha3HaeHHe H KnaccHHKaHR
HmKHHII.hI npe)J.Ha3HaQalOTCH )J.JIH nOnepeQHOrO H npO)J.onhHoro pe3a
B ropHQeM H xonO)J.HOM COCTOHHHH npOKaTaHHoro MeTanJia. npH 3TOM B03-
MOLKHhI CJIe)J.YlOIII.He BH)J.hI pe3aHHH MeTanna: 1) pe3aHHe MeTanna Ha
MepHhIe )J,JIHHhI; 2) 06pe3aHHe nepe)J,Hero H 3a)J.Hero KOHIJ.OB; 3) npo-
)J,onhHoe pa3pe3aHHe umpoEHX nHCTOB Ha neHTh1; 4) 06pe3aHHe KpOMOK
Y nHCTOB.
420

B 3aBHClIMOCTI1 OT Ha3HaqeHlIH H XapaKTepa nOpe3a nplIMeHHlOT
pa3nHqHYlO KOHCTPYKIJ.HlO HO>KeH. ITo KOHCTpYKTUBHOMY HCnOnHeHHlO
HO>KeH pa3.11l1qalOT CJIe}J.YlOIIJ.He THnbI HO>KHHIJ.: C napanJIenbHbIMH 11 C Ha-
EnOHHbIMH HO>KaMH, neTYQl1e 11 }J.I1CKOBbIe.
H 0 >K H H IJ. bI C nap ann e n b H bI M H H 0 >K a M H I1MelOT
HO>KI1, pe>KYIIJ.He KpOMKH KOTOpb1X pacnOnO>KeHbI napanJIeJIbHO. OHH
npHMeHHlOTCH rnaBHbIM 06pa30M }J.JIH pe3aHI1H rOpHQUX 3arOTOBOK
KBa}J.paTHoro H npHMoyronbHoro CeqeHHH XOJIO}J.HbIX Memmx npoqmneH.
B KOHCTPYKTI1BHOM OTHOWeHHH HO>KHHIJ.bI pa3}J.enHlOTCH Ha }J.Ba
THna: HO>KHHIJ.bI C Be p x H If M P e 30M (}J.BH>KeTCH BepXHI1H HO>K,
PHC. 11-8. KliHeMaTlJ'IeCKaH cxeMa HO>KHlilt C Bepx-
HliM pe30M:
I - BepXHHfi HO}K; 2 - HH}KHu:n HO>K; 3 - nOJ1,"be11HhIfi CTOJI;
4 - pa3pe3aeMblfi MeTaJlJl
HI1>KHHH HenO}J.BH>KeH) H HO>KHIfIJ.bI C H If >K H H M P e 30M (npH pe3a-
HHH }J.BH>KeTCH HH>KHI1H HO>K, BepXHHH HenO}J.BH>KeH).
Ha pl1C. 11-8 npe}J.CTaBneHa KHHeMaTHqeCKaH cxeMa HO>KHHIJ. C Bepx-
HHM pe30M. llBH>KeHl1e OT }J.Bl1raTenH Qepe3 pe}J.YKTOp H Kpl1BOWl1nHbIH
MeXaHI13M nepe}J.aeTCH K BepXHeMY HO>KY. ITpl1 nOBopOTe Bana KpI1BO-
WHIIa OT BepxHero MepTBoro nOnO>KeHHH Ha 180 0 BepXHIfH HO>K ony-
CKaeTCH. B HH>KHeM MepTBOM nOnO>KeHHI1 HO>KH COnpI1KaCalOTCH. ITo}J.
}J.eHCTBHeM BepXHero HO>Ka CTon onYCKaeTCH BMeCTe C OTpe3aHHbIM
KOHIJ.OM MeTanna. 3TOT THn HO>KHHIJ., Hal160nee npoCToH no KHHeMa-
THKe, nOJIYQIfn Wl1pOKOe pacnpoCTpaHeHIIe.
Ha pliC. 11-9 npe}J.cTaBneHa KHHeMaTHQeCKaH cxeMa HO>KHHIJ. C HH>K-
HI1M pe30M. llBHraTenb Qepe3 pe}J.YKTop npIfBo}J.HT B }J.BH>KeHl1e nnaBalO-
IIJ.HH 3KCIJ.eHTpI1KOBbIH Ban, C nOMOIIJ.blO KOTOpOro BHaQane }J.Bl1raeTCH
BepXHI1H HO>K. ITocne TOro KaK HO>K nO}J.OH}J.eT K pa3pe3aeMOMY MeTanny,
OH OCTaHaBJIIfBaeTCH If HaqHHaeT }J.BHraTbCH HH>KHI1H HO>K, KOTOpbIH H
pe>KeT MeTaJIn. HO>KHHIJ.b1 3TOro THna nonYQHnIl 60nbliloe pacnpOCTpa-
421

PliC. 11-9. KliHeMaTlI'IeCK8H cxeM8 HO>KHlIl{ C HlI>KHIiM
pe30M:
1 - BCPXHHI! HO}/{; 2 - HH}/{IIHI! HO}/{; 8 - npH}/{HM; 4 - nJl8-
B31Ol1\HI! 5KC1(CHTpHKOBbIli BaJl; 5 - pe.llYKTOP; 6 - ,ABHraTCJlH;
7 - nYTeBol! KOMaH.AOannapaT; 8 - pa3pe3aeMf,rl! MCTaJlJl

9
T
'-I
PIiC. 11-10. KHHeMaTlI'IeCK8R cxeM8 HO>KHlIIl C HaKJlOHHbIM HO>KOM:
1 - BepxHHII HO}/{; 2 - HH}/{HHII HO}/{; 8 - MycjJT8 Cl\enJlCHHH; 4 - pe.AYKTOP;
5 - KOJlCHqaTbIl! BaJl; 6 - M8XOBHK; 7 - TCKcTponHaH ncpe.I\aqa; 8 - .ABHra-
Tcnb; 9 - nYTeBol! KOMaH.I\Oannap8T; 10 - TOpM03

HeHHe )J.nH pe3aHHH 6nIOMOB H COpTOBOro MeTanna BhICOTOH 60nee
30-60 MM.
H 0 LK H H IJ. hI C H a K n 0 H H hI M H H 0 LK a M H HMeIOT HHLKHHH
HOLK, YCTaHOBneHHhlH ropH30HTaJIhHO, a BepXHIiH - HaKJIOHHO
0) if-.
\ )
-. 
0)

\
(
\
PliC. 11-11. KHHeMani'leCKaH cxeMa oapa6aHHblX Jle-
TY'IlJX HO>KHlilt:
a - CXCMa 1I0}KHHl1;; 6 - cxeM8 pe3aHHH
(pnc. 11-10). TaKHe HOLKHnUhI npe)J.Ha3HaqaIOTCH )J.nH pe3aHHH roPH-
qHX n XOJIO)J.HhIX nHCTOB, COpTOBOrO MeTanna naqKaMH.
JI e T y q He H 0 LK H n U hI B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Ha3HaqeHHH HMeIOT
pa3HYIO KOHCTPYKIJ.HIO. HaH60nee qaCTO BCTpeqaIOTCH 6 a p a 6 a H -
H hI e n K pH B 0 III H n H hI e H 0 LK-
H H IJ. hI. Eapa6aHHhIeneTyqne HOLKHHIJ.bI
(pHC. 11-11) npe)J.Ha3HaqaIOTCH )J.nH nO-
nepeqHOrO pe3aHHH TOHKoro nnCTOBoro
H MeJIKOrO COpTOBOro npOKaTa Ha XO)J.Y.
He)J.ocTaTKoM 6apa6aHHhIX HOLKHHIJ. HB-
nHeTCH HenapaJIneJIhHOCTh HOLKeH npn
pe3aHHH, qTO BnHHeT Ha KaqeCTBO no-
BepXHOCTH MeTanna B MeCTe pa3pe3a.
n03TOMY )J.nH nope3a TOnCThIX nHCTOB
06hIqHO npHMeHHIOTCH KpnBOIllHnHhIe
JIeryqne HOLKHHIJ.hI C nOC1)'naTeJIhHO
)J.BHLKYHMHCH HOLKaMH. PliC. 11-12. J],licKOBbIe HO>KHlJltbI
.IT. n C K 0 B hI e H 0 )K H n IJ. hI HMe-
IOT 06a HOLKa B BH)J.e KpyrnhIx )J.HCKOB
(pHC. 11-12). npH pe3aHHH MeTanna )J.nCKH Bparu.aIOTCH B npo-
THBononOLKHhIe CTOpOHhI. .IT.ncKoBhIe HOLKHHIJ.hI npHMeHHIOTcH npH pe-
3aHHn )J.BHLKyerocH MeTaJIna BeChMa 60JIhIllOH )J.nHHhI, HanpHMep,
npH 06pe3aHHH KpOMOK nHCTOB, npo)J.OJIhHOM pa3peaaHHH nHCTOB Ha
neHThI.
423

Pe)l(HM paliOTbl H THn aneKTpOnpHBOAa
HmKHHllbI C napannenbHbIMHH HaKnOHHbIMH HO}KaMH, a TaK}Ke neTY-
liMe KpHBOllIHnHbIe HO}KHHllbI HMeIOT KpHBOllIHnHbIe MexaHH3MbI. JJ.JIH
TaKHX HO}KHHll npHMeHHeTCH HenpepbIBHO pa60TaIOIIJ.HH npHBOJ( C 3a-
nYCKOM H OCTaHOBKOH HO}KHHll C nOMOIIJ.bIO MY<ln'bI HnH npHBOJ(, BKnIO-
llaeMbIH OJ(HOBpeMeHHO C HO}KHHllaMH. B nepBOM cnYllae npHBOJ( pa60-
TaeT B J(BHrarenbHOM pe}KHMe C nepeMeHHOl! HarpY3KOH, B CBH3H C lleM
06bIIIHO npHMeHHeTCH aCHHxpOHHbIH J(BHraTenb. Bo BTOpOM CJIYlIae
LLBHraTeJIb BKnIOllaeTCH Ka}KJ(bIH pa3 nepeJ( nopC30M, n03TOMY pe}KHM
pa60TbI nOBTopHO-KpaTKOBpeMeHHbIH, C 60nblliOH llaCTOTOl! BKnIOlle-
HHH, Tpe6YIOIIJ.HH npHMeHeHHH J(BHraTeJIH nOCTOHHHoro TOKa.
JJ.HCKOBbIe HO}KHHllbI pa60TaIOT B J(nHTenbHOM pe}KHMe. B Tex CJIY-
lIaHX, KorJ(a He Tpe6yeTCH perynHpoBaHHH CKOpOCTH, npHMeHHeTCH
aCHHxpOHHbIH J(BHrarenb, npH He06xoJ(HMOCTH }Ke perYJIHpOBaHHH -
LLBHraTeJIb nOCTOHHHoro TOKa.
PaceT CTaTHeCKHX MOMeHTOB
Q,nR HO)l(HH C napannenbHblMH HO)l(aMH
Y CHnHe HO}KHHll C napanJIenbHbIMH HO}KaMH
P = 'tQ fl,
rJ(e 't' - YJ(e.n:bHoe conpOTHMeHHe pe3aHHIO, 3aBHCHIIJ.ee OT OTHOCH-
renbHOH rny6HHbI pC3a, fl/MM 2 ;
Q - nnOIIJ.aJ(b celleHHH pa3pe3aeMoro MeTanna, MM 2 .
YJ(enbHoe conpOTHMeHHe pe3aHHIO onpeJ(enHeTCH 3KcnepHMeH-
ranbHO H CTpOHTCH B BHJ(e KpHBbIX B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT OTHOCHTeJIbHOH
II -II
rny6HHbI pe3a B = ,
110
rJ(e ho - HallanbHoe 3Halle-
HHe TOnIIJ.HHbI MeTanna; It -
TeKYIIJ.ee 3HalleHHe TOJIIIJ.H-
HbI; ho - It rny6HHa pC3a.
Ha pHC. 11-13 npHBeJ(eHbI
KpHBbIe YJ(enbHoro conpoTHB-
neHHH pe3aHHIO npH pa3HoH
TeMnepaType B 3aBHCHMOCTH
OT OTHOCHTeJIbHOH rny6HHbI
pe3aHHH.
JJ.nH paclleTa yJ(06HO BbI-
pa3HTb YCHneHHe pe3aHHH B
3aBHCHMOCTH OT yrna nOBO-
l pOTa BaJIa, KpHBOllIHna. C
3TOH lle.n:bIO npeJ(BapHrenbHO
onpeJ(enHeTCH CBH3b Me}KJ(y
yrnoM nOBopOTa Bana KpHBO-
llIHna H OTHOCHrenbHOH rny-
6IiHOH pe3a E.
'l"
80
70
820.
60
50
i
 liD
30
20
10
q1 q2 0.3 D,/J 0.5 0.6 W 0/3
'liC. 11-13. KpliBble y.neJlbHoro conpOTlIBJle-
lIH pe3aHIJIO HarpeToH MaJloyr JlepOAliCTOii
TaJllI npli pa3Hoii TeMnepaType B 3aBliCliMOC-
TH OT rJly<5lIHbI pe3alUBI
24
(11-39)

3aBIiCHMOCTb reKYllI.eH TOnlll.HHbI pa3pe3aeMoro MeTanna h OT yrna
nOBOpOTa Bana KpHBOllmna HaXO,ll,HTCH no ypaBHeHHIO [JI-561:
h = r (1 + cos a) -- h n , (11-40) H {J
r,ll,e r - pa,ll,Hyc KpHBolimna;
h" - nepeKpblTHe HO}KeH.
KpoMe TOro,
h = (1- 8) ho. (11-41)
I1MeH KPHBYIO 't = f (8) H
nonb3YHCb ypaBHeHHHMH (11-40)
H (11-41), MO}KHO nOCTpoHTb
KPHBYIO'T = ft (a) HnH B HHOM
MaCllITa6e KPHBYIO YCHnHH pe-
3aHHH P = f2 (a). IloCTpoeH-
HaH TaKHM cnoco6oM KpHBaH
PHC. 11-14. KpliBafI YCHJllIH pe3aHliH B
P = f2 (a) ,lI,nH KOHKpeTHoro cjJYHKltliH yrJla nOBopOTa KpliBolIIlIna
cnyqaH npe,ll,CTaBJIeHa Ha pHC.
11-14.
CTaTHqeCKHH MOMeHT Ha BaJIY ,lI,BHraTenH B 3aBHcHMOCTH OT YCHnHH P
H yrna nOBopoTa KpHBollmna a [JI-561:
Mc= Prsina.
'Ill
7000
6000
'JODD
qOOO
]000
ZOW
/ODD
50 60 70 80 .90 100 110 120 VO ci., apaiJ
(11-42)
 11-'1. TpelioBaHHR K 3neKrpOnpHBOAaM MexaHH3MOB
peBepCHBHX CraHOB ropReH npOKarKH
Y cnOBHH pa60TbI MexaHH3MOB peBepCHBHbIX CTaHOB rOpHqeH npo-
KaTKH npHMepHO O,ll,HHaKOBbI: Bce OHH pa60TaIOT B nOBTOpHO-KpaTKO-
BpeMeHHOM pe}KHMe pa60TbI C 60nblllOH qaCTOTOH BKnIOqeHHH. TaK
KaK Ka}K,lI,bIH 113 HHX MO}KeT nlIMHTHpOBaTb pa60TY CTaHa, TO npe,ll,y-
CMaTpHBaeTCH pa60Ta HX npH nOBbIllleHHOH CKOpOCTH C 60nblllHMH
YCKopeHHHMH H 3aMe,ll,neHHHMH. TaK, MaKCHManbHaH CKOpOCTb nepeMe-
llI.eHHH BepxHero pa6oqero BanKa 60nblllHX 6nIOMHHroB npeBbIlliaeT
150 MMlceK npH YCKopeHHH 100 MMlceK 2 ; CKOpOCTb pa60qHX pOJIbraH-
roB 6nIOMHHrOB 60nee 2,6 MiceK; CKOpOCTb nepeMelll.eHHH nHHeeK MaHH-
nynHTopoB 60JIee 1 MiceK; CKOpOCTb ,lI,BH}KeHHH cnHTKOB03a 60JIee
5 MiceK.
OTCIO,lI,a B03HHKaIOT 06ll1.He Tpe60BaHHH K 3neKTpOnpHBO,ll,aM Mexa-
HH3MOB peBepCHBHbIX CTaHOB rOpHqeH npOKaTKH - 3TO 6b1CTpOe npOTe-
KaHHe nepeXO,ll,HbIX np, ou.eCCOB perynHpoBaHHe CKOpOCTH, peBepCHpo-
BaHHe pa60qHX opraHOB MexaHH3MOB. HapH,lI,y C 3THM HMeIOTCH H cne-
u.HanbHbIe Tpe6oBaHHH, CBH3aHHbIe C oco6eHHOCTHMH pa60TbI OT,lI,enb-
HOro MexaHH3Ma. HanpHMep, npHBO,ll, Ha}KHMHOrO YCTpOHCTBa H npHBO,ll,
nHHeeK MaHHnynHTOpa ,lI,OJI}KHbI 06eCneqHTb TOQHYIO OCTaHOBKY H aBTO-
MaTHQeCKOe OrpaHHQeHHe MOMeHTa ,lI,BHrarenH npH B03MO}KHbIX nepe-
rpY3Kax,
425

TaKHM 06pa30M, CHCTeMbI ynpaMeHHH MeXaHH3MaMH JI.OmKHbI
CTpOMTbCH no TOMY }Ke npHHlJ,Hny, qTO H CHCTeMbI ynpaBJIeHHH rnaB-
HbIM npHBOJI.0M, T. e. no npMHlJ,Hny nonyqeHHH MHHHManbHoro BpeMeHII
npOTeKaHHH nepeXOJI.HbIX npOlJ,eCCOB.
CJIeJI.yeT ClIHTaTb, lITO H JI.nH npHBOJI.OB MexaHH3MOB peBepCHBHbIX
CTaHOB ropHlIeH npOKaTKH lJ,eneC006pa3HO nf)H nOCTpoeHHH cxeMbI
ynpaBneHHH opHeHTHpOBaTbCH He Ha TpeyronbHbIH rpaqmK TOKa JI.BH-
raTeJIH B nepeXOJI.HOM npOlJ,eCce, a Ha npHMoyrOJIbHbIiL
C lJ,enbIO CHM}KeHHH MOMeHTa HHeplJ,HH, a TaK}Ke nOBbIIIleHHH HaJI.e}K-
HOCTH H 6ecnepe6oHHOCTM pa60TbI JI.nH npHBOJI.a MexaHH3MOB npHMe-
HHIOTCH 06bIqHO JI.Ba JI.BHraTenH. IlHTaHHe 3THX JI.BHraTeJIeH npOH3BO-
JI.HTCH no CHCTeMe r -JI. HnH no CHCTeMe YPBp'. CHCTeMa r -JI., KaK
npaBHno, KBa.II.paTHlIHaH, y KOTOpOH B KalIeCTBe B036YJI.HTenH npHMe-
HHeTCH 3neKTpOMaIIlHHHbIH YCHnHTenb.
 11-8. nepexoAHble npOl.l.eCCbl B KB8ApaTH'IHOii
CHCTeMe r-J1
C H C T e M a 6 e 3 r H 6 K H X 0 6 paT H bI X C B 51 3 e H. KBaJI.-
paTHqHaH CHCTeMa r -JI. B ynpow.eHHOM BHJI.e npeJI.CTaBneHa Ha
pHC. 11-15. Ha 3aJI.aIOIII.YIO 06MOTKY Yr3 YCHnHTenH Yr B npOlJ,eCce
6)
a)
- +
Cl

+
t
yrJ .
Q
ct.U 31f
PliC. 11-15. KBa,gpaTlI'IHaH CHCTeMa f -J], <5e3 m<5KlIx o<5paTHblx cBR3eii:
a - npllllJl,llnllanbllaSi cxeMa; 6 - (jJlOK-CXeMa
B036Y}KJI.eHHH reHepaTopa nOJI.aeTCH HanpH}KeHHe, npM KOTOpOM HC
3TOH 06MOTKH B a pa3 60nbllle HC, Heo6xoJI.HMOH JI.nH C03JI.aHHH HOMH-
HanbHOH 3. JI.. C. YCHJIHTenH (B036YJI.HTenH) H HOMHHaJIbHOrO TOKa
426

B036Y}K.II.eHHSI reHepaTOpa B YCTaHOBHBIlleMCSI pe}KHMe. B KOHlT,e npo-
IT,eCCa B036Y}K.II.eHHSI BKnIOqaeTCSI OTpHlT,aTeJIbHaH 06paTHaH CBH3b no
HanpH}KeHHIO reHepaTopa, KOTopaH C nOMOmbIO 06MOTKH J1 r H, .II.eH-
CTBYlomeH, BCTpeqHO 06MOTKe J1r3, CHH}KaeT pe3ynbTHpYlomyIO HC
YCHnHTenSI .II.O HOMHHaJIbHOH BenHlIHHW.
K.Ba.n:pamliHOH CHcreMe r -Jl. 6e3 YlieTa HH.II.YKTHBHOCTH CHnOBOH
IT,enH H BHxpeBbIX TOKOB, CqHTaSI, liTO YCHnHTeJIb J1 r npe.II.CTaBnSIeT
C060H HHeplT,HOHHOe 3BeHO nepBoro nOpH.II.Ka, COOTBeTC'fByeT 6nOK-
cxeMa, npe.II.CTaMeHHaH Ha pHC. 11-15, 6.
IlonaraH, liTO xapaKTepHcTHKH HaMafHHqHBaHlfSI B036Y.II.HrenSI H
reHepaTOpa npSIMonHHei'lHbl, HanHllleM HCXO.II.HOe ypaBHeHHe .II.nSI pa-
30MHYTOI1 CHcreMbl:
aU 3H K 3 K.. = (1 + Typ) (1 + TeP) (1 + TMP) CeO)'
06mee pellleHHe 3TOro ypaBHeHHH HMeeT BH.II.
t t t
-Y -1' - T M
0) = Ao + Ale y + A 2 e e + A 3 e ,
(1I i 43)
(11-44)
r.II.e nOCTOHHHble HHTerpHpoBaHHSI onpe.II.enHIOTCSI no ypaBHeHHSIM
1'
At = - Ao (1'y - 1'e) (1'y - 1' M )
n
A 2 = - Ao l' )( l' ) l
(1'e- y e- 1'M {.
1'2 I
A3 = - Ao (T M - 1'y) CT M - T..) }
113 ypaBHeHHH (11-43) H (11-44) CJIe.II.yeT, liTO npH t = co
A aU3HKyKe
o = ---c - = aO)o,
e
CJIe.II.OBarenbHO,
'V=a[1
t
1' - Ty
e
(1'y- 1'e)(1'y - 1' M ) (1'e - Ty) (1'1' - 1' M )
1'2 ]
- (TM-Ty)(1'M-1'e) ,
1'2
e
(J 1-45)
( 11-46)
t
- Te
e
(11-47)
W
r.II.e 'V = - - OTHOCHTeJIbHaH BenHlIHHa CKOpOCTH;
Wo
0)0 - CKOpOCTb H.II.eaJIbHOrO XOJIOCTOrO XO.II.a.
Y paBHeHHe .II.nH onpe.II.eneHHSI BpeMeHH npOlT,ecca nYCKa .II.BHrarenH to
MO}KHO nOJIYllHTb H3 (11-47), ecJIH npe.II.nOnO}KHTb, liTO TM < Te If
Ty < Te. B 3TOM cnYllae, npeHe6peraH BTOpblM H lIeTBepTblM lIneHaMH
ypaBHeHHH (11-47), KaK cpaBHHTeJIbHO ManblMH npH t = 1 0 , 6Y.II. eM
HMeTb
[ 1'2 ]
to = T"ln a a 1 (1'e- 1'y) (Te- 1' M ) .
( 11-48)
427

LI.mpcpepeHIJ.Hpy 51 (11-47) H yqHTbIBa5l, QTO
iRo = TMPCe(f),
(11-49)
nonYQHM
t
t = aT M t " r (1' y _ TMY(1'y _ 1'1') e- r; +
1'e
(1'e - 1'y) (Tr -- 1' M )
t
l' -T ]
+ M e M
(1' M - Ty) (1' M - 1'r) ,
t
-r
e e +
(11-50)
i
r.II.e t = T;
H
I K Eo
t - -
K - I H - ROll! '
KpHBbIe, nocTpoeHHbIe no ypaBHeHHIO (11-50), HMeIOT MaKCHMYM.
f1pO.II.HcpcpepeHIJ.HpyeM (11-50) H, npHpaBH5IB 3aTeM nonYQeHHYIO npoH3-
BO.II.HYIO Hymo, HanHllieM ypaBHeHHe .II.n51 onpe.II.eneHH5I BpeMeHH MaK-
CHMYMa TOKa:
0=
(1'y - 1'1')(1'y - 1' M )
t
MaKC
-- ----r-
e M
+ Tt;;= 1'y) ( t M - 1'e) = 0,
KOTopoe pelliaeTC5I TonbKO rpacpHllecKH.
EcnH >Ke Te> Ty> TM' TO MO>KHO TpeTbHM IIneHOM npeHe6peQb,
H Tor.II.a H3 (11-51) Cne.II.yeT, QTO
t - 1'r1'y 1 1'e - 1'M
MaKC - l' - TnT - l' '
e y y M
HnH >Ke npH Tr> T M > Ty
t - 1'e 1'" 1 1'1' - 1'y
MaKC - Te- 1' --:' n 1'M- 1';'
t M3KC
- -y--
e y
t MaKc
-r;
e
+ (1'e- 1'y)(1'1'- 1' M ) +
(1 I-51)
(II-52)
(11-53)
YpaBHeHHe .II.n51 MaKcHM}'Ma TOKa nOJIYQaeTC5I H3 (11-50) nocne
nO.II.CTaHOBKH B Hero t = t MaKc H npeHe6pe>KeHH5I nepBbIM HnH TpeTbHM
IIneHOM.
B 3TOM cnYQae npH Ty> TM
Te
_ 1'M ( 1' y - 1'M ) Te- Ty
t MaKc - at K l' _ l' T --=-- 1' --- ,
Y M r M
(11-54)
npH TM>Ty
T
, T _e T
t M3 "C = at K f 1'M l' ( M ; ) eM,
M y l' Y
I MaKC
r.II.e tMa"c = -7- .
JI
(11-55)
428

C H C T e Mac r II 6 K H MHO 6 paT H bI M H C B H 3 H M H. Xa-
paKTepHbIM }J,JIH CHCTeM ynpaMeHHH npHBO}J,aMH MexaHIi3MOB peBepCH-
pOBaHHH CTaHOB HM5IeTCH cpaBHHTeJIbHO He6onbilloe 3HalleHue OTHO-
T
llleHIIH nOCTOHHHbIX BpeMeHH / ' paBlIOe npuMepHo 10--15. IlpH TaKHX
M
COOTHOllleHH5IX nOCTOHHHbIX BpeMeHH }J,nH nonYlleHU5I 6bIcTporo npore-
KaHH5I nepeXO}J,HbIX npou.eccoB Henb35I npHMeH5ITb 60nbillHe cpOpCH-
pOBKII, TaK KaK B 3TOM cnYliae B03HHKaIOT 60nbillHe nUKH TOKa npH
HeY}J,oBJIeTBOplITe.nbHOH cpopMe KpHBOii TOKa. B CB5I3H C 3TUM n05IB-
JIHeTCH He06xo}J,uMOCTb YBe.nUIIUTb OTHorneHHe nOCTOHHHbIX BpeMeHH
T
T r }J,O u.enecoo6pa3Horo npe}J,ena, liTO H }J,enaeTCH C nOMOll\bIO rH6KHX
M
OTpuu.aTenbHbIx 06paTHbIx CB5I3eH. C BBe}J,eHHeM nI6KHX 06paTHbIx
cBH3eH YBeJIHIIHBaIOTC5I OTHOrneHIi5I 3KBIiBaJIeHTHbIX nOCTOHHHbIX Bpe-
  0
MeHH r H T' liTO npHBO}J,UT K ynYllrneHHIO cpOpMbI KpHBOH TOKa }J,BH-
M Y
rareJI5I H K B03MO)j(HOCTH npUMeHeHH5I BbICOKHX Ko.:4>qmu.HeHTOB cpop-
CHpOBKH, T. e. B KOHeliHOM ClleTe K YMeHbrneHHIO BpeMeHH npOTeKaHHH
nepeXO}J,HbIX npou.eCCOB.
TaK KaK B paCCMaTpHBaeMOM cnYliae TPH HHepu.HOHHbIX 3BeHa, TO
cne}J,yeT npUMeHUTb }J,Be ru6KHe 06paTHbIe CBH3H, O}J,Ha H3 KOTOpbIX
}J,on)j(Ha OXBaTbIBaTb O}J,HO 3BeHO - ycunHTenb Yr, a BTopaH - }J,Ba
3BeHa: YCHnHrenb H reHepaTOp. IlepBaH nI6KaH 06paTHaH CB5I3b BbITIOn-
H5IeTC5I C nOMOll\bIO cTa6HJIU3HpYIOll\erO TpaHccpopMaTopa HnH C no-
MOll\bIO }J,UHaMl-JIlecKoro MOCTa, a BTOpaH - B BH}J,e OTpHu.aTeJIbHOH
06paTHOH CB5I3U no }J,UHaMHlleCKOH COCTaM5IIOll\eH TOKa, aHanOnIIIHOH
no }J,eikTBHIO OTpHU.aTe.JIbHOH 06paTHOH CB5I3U no npOH3BO}J,HOH CKO-
pOCTU, T. e. nI6KOH 06paTHOH CBH3U no CKOpOCTU.
Ha pHC. 11-16, a, npe}J,cTaBJIeHa KBa}J,pamllHa5I CHCTeMa r-1I.
C YKa3aHHbIMH m6KHMH 06paTHbIMH CBH3HMH, a Ha pHC. 11-16, 6-
6noK-cxeMa 3TOii CI1CTeMbI 6es )j(ecTKoH OTpl1u.arenbHoH 06paTHOH CB5I3H
no Hanp5I)j(eHI1IO reHepaTopa (}J,o OTCellKH cpOpCHpOBKH npou.ecca nycKa
}J,BHraTeJIH) .
1I.nH 3TOH CHCTeMbI }J,eHcTBHTe.JIbHO cne}J,YIoll\ee HCXO}J,Hoe ypaBHeHHe:
(aU"HK 3 - KHoTepe r - aiRoK T ) Kr = (1 + Typ) (1 +
+ TeP) (1 + T MP) C e ((). (11-56)
TaK KaK e r = (1 + T.,p)Ccw H iRo = TMPCCw, TO 113 (11-56) cne}J,yeT,
liTO
aU 3H K 3 K r = [(1 + Typ)(1 + Trp)(1 + TMP) +
+ KnoKI'TI'P (1 + T .,p) + aKTKeT.,p] C c (()'
(11-57)
3TOMY CJIYllaIO cooTBeTCTByeT xapaKTepHcmllecKoe ypaBHeHue
TyTrT.,p3 + [TyTe + TyTM + TrTM (1 + KnoKr)] p2 +
+ [Ty + Tr (1 + KnoKI') + TM (1 + aKTK,)l P + 1 = O. (11-58)
429

ECJIM npe,ll,nOJI, O}KMTb IJTO C BBe,ll,eHMeM m6KMX 06paTHbIX CBSI3eM
anepMO,ll,HIJeCKMM XapaKrep nepeXO,!!,Horo npOlleCCa COXpaHHeTCH, TO
XapaI\TepHCTHIJeCKOe ypaBHeHMe
TT,:r;,p3 --I- (1';,1',: + T;T + 1';'T) p2 +
+ (1'; + T; + T)p + 1 = O. (11-59)
3,!!,ecb T;; T;; T.; - 3KBlmaneHTHbie nOCTOHHHble BpeMeHH CMcreMbI
C m6KHMH o6paTHbIMM CBH3HMH, paBHbIe o6paTHbIM 3HaIJeHMHM KopHei'I
xapaKrepHCTH'leCKOro ypaBHeHl-IH (11-58).
a)

+
- +
r n fir
"9
}i ,
Q
t)
..
-T,pe, - 6tR o
PliC. 11-16. KBapaTlI'IHaH CHCTeMa f -J], c rlI<5KlIMli 06paTHbiMli CBH3RMlI:
a - npHH'-"WHaJlbHaH cxeMa; 6 - 6J10K-CXeMa
Y paBHeHHH (11-58) H (11-59) TO}K,!!,eCTBeHHbI, n03TOMY COOTBeTCTBYIO-
UJ,He IJneHbI MX paBHbI MeiK,!!,y C060M, T. e.
TyTeT,. = T;T;T; (11-60)
TyTe + TyT,. + TeTM (1 + KHoKe) =
= TT; + T;T + T;T; (11-61)
Ty + Tr (1 + KHoKe) + I'M (1 + aKTK..) = T + T; + T. (11-62)
OTCIO,!!,a nOJIYIJaIOTCH CJIe,!!,YIOIIJ.He paCIJeTHble ypaBHeHHH ,!!,nH onpe-
n.eneHHH K03<pqmllHeHTOB YCMJIeHMH m6KHX 06paTHblx cBH3eM no M3-
BeCTHbIM ,lI,eHcTBMTenbHbIM H 3a,ll,aHHbIM 3KBJ-IBaneHTHbIM nOCTOHHHbIM
BpeMeHM
K _ !;T; + T;T + T;T - (Ty™ + TyTe + TeTM). (11 - 63)
HoKe - T T '
e M
aKTK.. = T; + T; + T - [Ty  Te (I + I<.mKe) + T M ] (11-64)
M
430

J],JIH nOCTpOeHI1H KpHBOH CKOpOCTI1 Bpam.eHHH J(BHraTenH C YlIeTOM
nr6KHX 06paTHbIX CBH3eH CneJ(yeT BOCnOnb30BaTbCH ypaBHeHHeM (11-47),
nOJ(CTaBlfB BMecTO J(eHcTBHTenbHbIx 3HalIeHHII nOCTOHHHbIX BpeMeHH,
3KBHBaJIeHTHbIe; J(JIH onpeJ(eneHI1H BpeMeHH nYCKa J(BHraTeJIH J(O
OCHOBHOH CKOpOCTH - ypaBHeHHeM (11-48); J(nH onpeJ(eJIeHHH BpeMeHH
MaKcHMYMa TOKa - ypaBHeHHHMH (11-52) HnM (11-53). J],nH nOCTpoe-
HHH KpHBOH TOKa MO>KHO Bocnonb30BaTbCH ypaBHeHHeM (11-50), 3aMe-
HHB B HeM J(eHCTBHTenbHbIe 3HalIeHHH nOCTOHHHbIX BpeMeHH 3KBIfBaJIeHT-
HbIMH, 3a HCKJIIOlIeHHeM 3neKTpOMeXaHHlIecKoH nOCTOHHHOH BpeMeHM
T M , CTOHI.leH BnepeJ(H, T. e. ypaBHeHHeM
T'
t = atl(TMI (1'- 1') (T _ 1') e
t t
T 1'; - T;
+ (1'; - T)(1'; _ 1') e +
t
1';. - T J
+ (1' - 1')(1'- 1';) e .
YpaBHeHHe J(nH MaKCHMYMa TOKa B 3TOM cnYlIae 6YJ(eT:
npH T > T
(11-65)
T;
l' ( T' - 1" ) T;-T- y '
M y M
tMal(C = atl( T ' _ 1" 1" - 1" ,
Y M r l'¥t
(11-66)
npH T> T
T;
1'M ( 1' - 1' ) l';-T
tMal(C = at K -t' _ t ;- 1';-::::1" .
M Y e Y
(11-67)
4eM 60nbille no BenHlIHHe BbI6paHa 3KBHBaneHTHaH nOCTOHHHaH
BpeMeHH T;, 'reM nYlIille npOllecc. OJ(HaKO YBenHqeHHe T; OrpaHHlIH-
BaeTCH 3aTpYJ(HeHHeM nOJIYlIHTb npaKTHQeCKH 60nbillHe K03cpq m llHeHTbI
YCHneHHH m6KHx 06paTHbIX CBH3eH KnoKe H aKTKe.
PeKOMeHJ(yeTcH CJIeJ(YIOlll.I-Ji-i nopHJ(OK paClIeTa CHCTeMbI. BbI6M-
paeTCH MaKCHManbHO B03MO>KHbIH K03cpcpHllHeHT cpOpCMpOBKH
a - y
- U Be . II '
( 11-68)
rJ(e E YH - HOMHHanbHoe HanpH>KeHHe YCMnI-ITeJIH;
U Be . II - HOMMHanbHoe HanpH>KeHMe B036Y>KJ(eHMH reHepaTopa.
Ilo npH6JIH>KeHHOH cpopMyne
T ' ' tl( T
e=a- M
L M3ICC
(11-69)
onpeJ(enHeTCH 3KBHBaneHTHoe 3HalIeHMe nOCTOHHHOH BpeMeHM reHepa-
Topa. IlocJIe 3Toro 3KBHBaneHTHbIe 3HalIeHHH OCTanbHbIX nOCTOHHHbIx
BpCMeHH BbI6MpaIOTCH, HCXOJ(H M3 YCJIOBMH (11-60).
431

JJ.a.n:ee no ypamlcHli10 (11-66) linll (11-67), 3a,!!,aBaHCb BeJIlIIHIHOii
MaKcHMYMa TOKa L"aI<C' HaXO,!!,HT K03cpqmu.lleHT cpOpCHpOBKH cz. JJ.nH
60nee TOIIHOro onpe,!!,eneHIIH Ko3<l>qmlllleHTa a CJIe,!!,yeT no ypaBHeHlllO
(11-65) nOCTpOllTb KPHBYIO TOKa npH a = 1 H onpe,!!,enHTb MaKcHMYM
TOKa laI<c' Tor,!!,a nOTpe6HbIH K03<MmlllleHT cpOpCllpOBKII HaXO,!!,IITCH
113 COOTHoweHHH
a _ LM""C
-, ,
"MaKc
(11-70)
r,!!,e L MaKc - 3a,!!,aHHaH BenHIIIIHa MaKCHMYMa TOKa.
IlpH BbI60pe 3KBHBaneHTHbIX nOCTOHHHbIX BpeMeHII CJIe,!!,yeT IIMeTb
B BH,!!,y, llTO eCJIH O,!!,Ha H3 BbI6paHHbIX 3KBHBaneHTHbiX nOCTOHHHbIX
BpeMeHII paBHa HaHMeHbWeH ,!!,eHCTBHTenbHOH, TO K03cpcpHllHeHT YCHne-
HHH 06paTHOH CBH3H no TOKy aKTK r = 0, T. e. B 3TOM cnYllae OTna,!!,aeT
He06xo,!!,HMOCTb B ee npHMeHeHHH. B 3TOM HeTpY,!!,HO y6e,!!,HTbCH, eCJIH
B ypaBHeHHHX (11-60), (11-61) H (11-62) nOnO>KIITb T=TM HnH
TM = T, r,!!,e TM - HaHMeHbwaH nOCTOHHHaH BpeMeHH. ECJIH >Ke
O,!!,Ha H3 BbI6paHHbIx 3KBHBaneHTHbIX nOCTOHHHbIX BpeMeHH T; HnH T:,
60nbwe HaHMeHbweH ,!!,eHcTBHrenbHoH nocTOHHHOH T; > T M , TO 06paT-
HaH CBH3b no TOKY ,!!,on>KHa 6bITb He OTpHllaTenbHOH, a nOJIO>KHTeJIbHOH.
C YlleTOM conpOTHBneHHH ,!!,HHaMHllecKoro MOCTa K03cpcpHllHeHT YCH-
neHHH YCHnHTenH 01' ,!!,eHCTBHH 06MOTKH 06paTHOH CBH3H no nepBOH
npOH3BO,!!,HOH 3. ,!!,. C. reHepaTOpa:
K lIo = ,  y Wllo _
tRllo( !-Brrrn ")+(l+ :'J rBrJI<;- .
(11-71)
3,!!,eCb W IIO - IIHCnO BHTKOB 06MOTKH J1 r r YCHnIITenH .v;
R llo = r llo + (110)\ - COrrpOTHBneHlle llerrH 06MOTKH .vrr 6e3 YlleTa
COrrpOTHBneHHH MOCTa;
'11 - COnpOTHMeHHe nnella rrOTeHllHOMeTpa;
'1Ill. - ,!!,OrrOJIHHrenbHOe COrrpOTHMeHHe B llerrH 06MOTKH
B036Y>K,!!,eHHH reHepaTOpa;
'Be - COrrpOTlfBneHHe 06MOTKH B036Y>K,!!,eHHH reHepa-
TOpa.
113 (11-71) cne,!!,yeT, IITO
ywllo - KlloKe (1 + ;" ) rar
, = Be -'< 10 ' ( 11-72 )
HOll. r + r <
K. K. --""------
e no r Bll.
JJ.JIH peweHIIH 3Toro ypaBHeHHH He06xo,!!,HMO 3a,o;aTbCH ,!!,onOJIHHTenb-
HbIM conpOTHMeHHeM llerrH 06MOTKH B036Y>K,!!,eHHH reHepaTopa '''JI'
IlpH 3TOM cne,!!,yeT YIIIITbIBaTb, IITO C YBenHlleHlleM conpOTHBJIeHHH
'BJ1 YBeJIHIIHBaeTCH CHrHan 06paTHoi'1 CBH3H, IITO >KenarenbHO, HO B TO
>Ke BpeMH YBenllllHBalOTCH H nOrepH B uerrH B036Y>K,!!,eHHH reHepaTopa.
432

r
B paCCMaTpHBaeMOM CJIyqae Ha npaKTHKe 3a,n:aIOTCH OTHOllIeHHeM A
. r Be
B npe,n:e.nax npHMepno 0,3-0,5.
IlpH c6anancHpoBaHHoM MOCTe B YCTaHoBHBllleMcH pe>KHMe HMeeT
MeCTO paBeHcTBo
r II
r Br
I Ben
/;'
(11-73)
r,n:e InrI! - TOK B036Y>K,n:eHHH reHepaTOpa B YCTaHOBHBllleMCH pe>KHMe;
I II - TOK nOTeHI1.HOMeTpa.
r
JJ.nH onpe,n:eneHHH COOTHOllIeHHH -'-!. no ypaBHeHHIO (11-73) Heo6-
r Be
XO,n:HMO 3a,n:aThCH TOKOM nOTeHI1.HOMeTpa II!"
IlpoH3Be,n:eHHe K03cpcpHI1.HeHTOB KnoKr Haxo,n:HTCH no ypaBHenHIo
(11-63).
IlpH H3BeCTHhlX K03cpcpHI1.HenTaX YCHJIeHHH aKTKn Ke H a ,n:onon-
HHTenhHOe conpOTHBJIeHHe I1.enH o6paTHoH CBH3H onpe,n:enHeTcH no
ypaBnenHIO
_ yWT
rTIl.--K-;--r T .
(11-74)
3,n:eCh r T - conponmnenHe TOKOBOH 06MOTKH ycnnHTenH Yr.
npl1Mep 1.-3. J],aHa KBaJ;(paTlI'IHafI ClicreMa f -J],:
Eo = 460e; III = 445 a; I Ben = 6,1 a; Ro = 0,0846 0.101; r Be = 5 O_C;
I
rn,'= 1,5 ON; IBm =6,la; L MaKc = M['- "- = 1,6;
II
Te = 0,8 CelC; TM = 0,1 cef(; Ty = 0,2 cef(; /3y = 4;
wI!O = W T = 200; r"o = r T = a8 OAl; cr =  = 0,1.
DOCTpOlITb KpliBble nepeXOJ;(HbIX npOltecCOB: 6e3 rlI<5KlIx 06paTHbIX CBH3eii 11
C m6KHMlI 06paTHbIMli CBH3HMH. Pacc'IHTaTb napaMeTpbI 06paTHbIX CBH3eii 11 .!);H-
HaMH'IeCKOrO MOCTa.
P e UI e H H e.
C Ii C T e M a <5 e 3 r 11 6 K 11 X 06 paT H b! X C B H 3 e ii.
TOK KopoTKoro 3aMbIKamIfI
_ I K _ Eo _ 460
L --- - 00846.445 = 12,2.
K - III - RoII! - ,
TIO.D;CTaBJlHH COOTBeTCTBYIOIlllIe }JaHHble ypaBHeHHH (11-47) 11 (11-50), nOJlY'IHM
t t t
v =Q [1 + O,667e - 0.2 - 1,524e - 0,8 _ 0,143e- 0,1 1 ;
l t t
L = al,22 [-- 3,333e- 0,2 + 1,905e - 0,8 + 1,428e - 0,f1.
B Ha'laJle cTpOI1TCH KpliBaH TOKa npli a = 1 (plic. 11-17, rrYHKTlIpHaH KpliBaH 1)
11 no Heii onpe.!);eJlHeTcH MaKclIMYM TOKa
LaKc = 0,922.
433

TIOTpe6HbIii K03cjJcjJHltHeHT cjJOpCHpOBKH
a = la"c;_ = = 1,735.
lMaKc 0,922
.D.aJlee npH a = 1,735 CTpOHTCH KpliBbIe TOKa II CKOpOCTH (pHC. 11-7, KpliBble 2
11 3).
BpeMII MaKcHMYMa TOKa no cjJopMYJle (1l-52)
_ TeTy 1 Te- TM _ 0,8.0,2 1 0,7 _ 052
t MaKc - 7:- 1-- n T -:r:- - n01-' eeK.
e y Y M , ,
TIoTpe6HbIii K03cjJcjJHltHeHT cjJOpCHpOBKH no cjJopMYJle (II-54)
Te
a= lMflKC . !.y-TM f Te-!,M ) Te- Ty =
lK TM \Ty-l M
=lE . 0,1 ( O,7 ) : =] 75
12,2 0,1 0,1 ,.
BpeMH rrepexo}JHoro rrpoltecca no cjJop-
MYJle (11-48)
[ a T; ]
to=Te 1n a-I ' (Te-Ty)(Te-TM) =
= 0,81n [ g . 0 :\2 ] = 0,8 In 3,56 =
, "
= 1,017 eeK.
TIpH HCnOJlb30BaHHH npHBe)J;eHHbIx cjJop-
MY JI nOJlY'IaeTCH J\OCTaTQ'IHO BbICOKaH TO'lHOCTL
paC'IeTa OCHOBHbIX nOKa3aTeJleii npOltecca.
C H C T e Mac r II 6 K H MilO <5 P a T-
II hI M 11 C B H 3 H M H.
EepeM MaKCIIMaJlbHO B03MO>KHbIH K03q,-
cjJHltlIeHT q,OpCHpOBKH
_ E YH _ EYII
a -- -
- U SeH - IsCl! (rse + rap; + r"y)
230
6,] (5 + 2 + 2) = 4,2.
TIo npH6J1lI>KeHHOii cjJopMYJle onpe.!);eJlHeM
3KBI!BaJleHTHOe 3Ha'leHlIe nOCTOHHHOH BpeMeHH
reHepaTopa:
PHC. 11-17. KpHBbIe npOl{eCca 'lK 12,2
nycKa .!!BHrareJlII K npHMepy 11-3: Te = a - T M = 4,2 _ I 6 0 1 = 3,2.
lMaI<C ,
Bbl61!paeM T; = 0,0775 eeK H T  =
= O,0645ceK, HCXOJ\H 1I3 TOro, 'ITO TeTyTM =
= TT;T. TIoCJle nO,/J.CTaHOBKH cooTBeTcmylOlltl!X BeJll!'llIH B ypaBHeHHH (1l-47)
11 (1l-65) nOJlY'IliM
a)
"
to  1,017 ce
LDo,905 ce
(0
0.5
o
 [
Z,o
0.5
1,0
J.

II
J

""-
-J
0,5
t MaKe 0, 52 ceK
a - KpHSb!e CKOpOCTH; 6 - K1HI13ble
TOI{a
t, celt
1,0
[,ce
1,0
t t t
V = a [I + O,147e- 0,0775 -1,045e- 3,2 - 0,102e- 0, 0615 J
, t t
\= a 1.22l- 1,91e-o;om + 0,327e- 3.2 + 1,583e- 0,0645 ).
43\

TIOpH,!I;OK rrOCTpOeHlIH KpHBbIX OCT8eTCH npe>KHHM.
B pe3YJlbT8Te npe.!);B8pHTeJlbHoro rrOCTpOeHHH KpHBOii TOKa npli a = I nOTpeo-
HbIi'i K03q,cjJHl{HeHT cjJOpCllpOBKlI a = 4,67.
Ha pHC. (11-17) nocTpoeHbI KpHBbie npoltecca nycK8 .!);BHraTeJlH B CliCTeMe C
rH6KIIMil 06paTIIbIMH CBH3HMH (KpliBbIC 4 11 .1).
BpeMSI M8KcHMYMa TOK8 no cjJopMYJle (11-52)
T'rT T - T 3,2.0,0775 3,2 - 0,0645
t M3 «C = T _ T In T _ TM 3,1225 In 0,075 _ 0,0645 = 0,435 Ce/C.
TIoTpe6HbIii K03cjJcjJHI.\lIeHT cjJOpCHpOBKII no cjJopMYJle (11-66)
T-T' T-T' 
_ t M3I <c . Y M ( e M ) ' _ ' _
a-. l' \T '_ T ,TrTy-
t" M Y M
3,2
= 1,6 . 0,0775 - 0,0645 ( 3,2 - 0,0645 <' ) 3.2-0.0775 = 4,73.
12,2 0,1 \ 0,0775 - 0,0640.
Bper.15I
npOlteCC8 nycK8 rro cjJopMYJle (11-48)
, [ a 1';2
to = Te In -. , . , ,
a-I (Te-Ty)(Te-T.J
]=
[ 4 73 3 2 2 J
= 3,2 In 3:73 . 3,122.1)',3,1355 = 0,905 cef(.
H B ,p;aHHOM cJlY'Iae rpacjJH'IeCKOe nocTpoemIe 11 paClIeTbl no cjJopMYJlaM ,p;81OT
BeCbM8 OJlll3KOe COBna}JeHlle.
K03cjJcjJHltHeHT YCHJleHIIH reHep8Top8
K. -
e - E YH
Eo
I aeH (rae + r aA + r"y)
460
6, I (5 + 2 + 2) = 8,4.
K03cjJq,HltlIeHT YCIIJleHHSI YCHJllITeJlH OT .!);eiiCTBliSi 06MOTKH o<5paTHoi'i CBSI31I no
nepBoi'i np01l3BO}JHoil 3. ,p;. C. reHep8TOpa (11-63)
v _ TT + TT + TeT - (Ty TM + TyTe + TeTM) _
'\no - TeTMKe -
_ 0,0775 . 3,2 + 0,0775 . 0,0645+3,2 . 0,0645-(0,2 . 0, I + 0,2 . 0,8 + 0,8 . 0, I) = ° 311
- 0,8.0,1.8,4 ' .
K03cjJq,Hl{lIeHT YClIJleHlISi YCHJlHTeJlH OT }!ei'icTBliH 06MOTKH 06paTHoi'i CBH3H no
TOKY (11-64)
K _ T + T + T-[Ty + Te(1 + KnoKe) + T M ] _
T - TMKe(j -
_ 0,075 + 3,2 + 0,0645 - [0,2 + 0,8 (I + 0,311.8,4) +0,1] = I 8
- 0,1.8,4.0,1 ,;)
3a.naeMCH In = 0,5a. Tor,na conpOTlIBJIeHlle nJle'la nOTeHQlIOMeTpa
_ IaeHrae _ 6,1.5 _ 6 1 °
r n - I - 05 - , OM.
I! ,
435

TIOJlIIoe COnpOTHBJleIIHe nOTeHllHoMeTpa
_ EYII _ 230 __ 460
Rn - 7;: - 0,5 - ) O.lt.
llono.mITe.%HOe conpOTHBJleHHe B lenH O<5MOTKH 06paTHoH CBH31I no nep-
EOH npOH3BOJ(Hoii 3. J(. c. reHepaTopa (11-72)
B yw IIo - KuoKe (1 +f:J rse
rIlOi'. = - r + r - ruo =
1/ /(, Be SJ\
'\e 110 r
RJ\
. I 61,0 )
4.200-0,311.8,4 \ 1 +5 5 800 _ 172,4
( 1 - 38 = ------rr32- - 38= 17,5 OM.
8,4.0,311 ,0.3 + 1) ,
.D.r>nOJlHHTeJlbIlOe conpOTHBJleHHe B llenli 06MOTKlI 06paTiJOH CBH3H no
TOKY (11-74)
_ Byw T _ 4. 200 _ .
rTJ\ - -g:;- r T - IJs- - 38 - 394 ON.
flepeXO.D-Hble npOIJ.eCCbI nocne OTCeIIKH <pop-
C H P 0 B K H.
OTCe'lKa <pOpCHpOBKH npOIJ.ecca nYCKa .D-BHraTeJIH HaIIHHaeTCH
c MOMeHTa BKnlOIIeHHH B
CHCTeMY >KecTKOH o11mIJ.a-
TeJIbHOH 06paTHOH CBH31l
no HanpH>KeHHlO reHepaTO-
pa, T. e. KOr.D-a YrVr = Vcr'
rIll'
r.D-e y,. = I? - nepe.D-aTOII-
111'
HbIH K03<P<PHIJ.HeHT nOTeHIJ.HO-
MeTpa; V cp - HanpH>KeHHe
cpaBHeHHH (CM. pHC. 11-16).
Ha pHC. 11-18 npe.D-CTaB-
neHa 6noK-cxeMa CHCTeMbI C
rH6KHMH o6paTHbIMH CBH35I-
MH nocne OTCeIIKH <pOPCH-
pOBKH.
HCXO.D-HOe ypaBHeHHC
.D-nH 3Toro cnYIIaH HMeeT
BH.D-
PHC. 11-18. DJlOK-CXeMa KBaJ(paTH'IHOH CliCTe-
MbI r---ll C m<5KHMH 06paTHbIMli CBH3HMH noc-
Jle OTce'IKil q,OpCIIpOBKII
436
[aV: m K 3 - TrKIIope r -
- aiRoK T -- (YPr-
-Vcr) K II ] K i = (1 +
+-Typ) (1 +T,p)e r . (11-75)

3,n:eCb Kn =  Y R . Wn - K03<pqmIJ.HeHT YCHneHHH yCHnHTeJIH OT ,n:eHCTBlfH
\H
06MOTKlf OTplfIJ.an:\TIbHOH 06paTHOlI CBH3lf no Ha-
npmKCHlfIO.
Y +  . R . R TMP
qHTbIBaH, qTO ee = U r Fl.l 0, a l 0= r+-r;"pC p nocne COOT-
BeTCTBYIOilUIX npe06pa30BaHlfH B (11-75) nOJIyqnM
uu,,,,KaKe + VcpKnKr = {TyTrTMp3 + [TyTr + Ty™ + Tr™ (1 +
+ KnoKe)] p2+ITy + Tr (1 + KnoKr) + T M (1 + aKTK e + 'YrKHKr-
-'YrAKIlK,))p+ 1 +'YeK"KI} V e . (11-76)
UpH nOM XapaKTeplfCTHqeCKOe ypaBHeHlfe
TyTJMP3 + [TyTe + TyTM + TrTM (1 + KnoKe)] p2 +
+ [T y -+- Tr(I + K'IOKr) -+- T M (1 + aKTK r + 'YrKnKe-
- 'YrAKlIKe)] P + 1 + 'YrKnKr = O. (11-77)
1-13 (11-76) cn , e,n:yeT qTO
aU3n _,"- + Uc p KnKe = V
1 + VJ(,./(r . '0'
(11-78)
3,n:eCb V IO - HanpmKeHHe Ha HKope ,n:BIIraTeJIH B YCTaHOBllBlileMCH
pe)KHMe nplf If,n:ea,TIbHOM XO,TIOCTOM xo,n:e.
KpoMe Toro,
V 3n K;,K r = V eo .
(11-79)
EcnH
V cp = 'YrVe.oT'
(11-80)
TO
a-I
'YrKnKe = [J,
1 -.--------':-.<'!.-
U eo
(11-81)
3,n:eCb V r . oT - HanpH)KeHHe Ha HKope ,n:BHraTenH, npH KOTOpOM BCTy-
naeT B ,n:eHCTBHe )KecTKaH OTplfIJ.aTeJIbHaH 06paTHaH
CBH3b no HanpH)KeHHIO.
YpaBHeHHe (11-81) MO)KeT 6bITb Hcnonb30BaHO ,n:nH onpe,n:eneHHH
K03<P<P H IJ.HeHTa YCHneHHH 3a1KHYToH CHCTeMbI no H3BecTHoMY K03<p-
<pHIJ.HeHTY <pOpCHpOBKH CG H no 3a,n:aHHoMY HanpH)KCHHIO OTCeqKH Vr.OT'
1-13 (11-81) c,TIe,n:yeT, qTO qeM 60JIblile K03<P<PHIJ.HeHT <pOpCHpOBKlf H Ha-
npH)KeHHe OTCeqKH, TeM BbIlile ,n:OJI)KeH 6bITb K03<P<PHIJ.HeHT YCHneHHH
3aMKHYToH CHCTeMbI.
UpH KOMnneKCHblX KOpHHX XapaKTepHCTHqeCKOrO ypaBHeHHH npo-
IJ.ecc H3MeHeHHH HanpH)KeHHH Ha HKope ,n:BHraTenH npH nycKe ero 6y,n:eT
onnCHBaTbCH ypaBHeHHeM
llr== Co + C1e -PIt + (C 2 cas bi -+ C 3 sin bi) e- at . (11-82)
437

3,geCb Co = 1 - YCTaHOBJfBllIeecfl 3HalleHJfe HanpmKeHJffl B OTHOCJf-
TeJIbHbIX e,gJfHI-Iu,aX;
PI - BeIU,eCTBeHHbIH KOpeHb XapaKTepJfCTJflleCKOro ypaBHe-
HJfH;
a, b - BeIU,eCTBeHHaH Jf MHJfMaH lIaCTH KOMnneKCHbIX KopHeli.
D.,TIfi onpe,geJIeHJfH nOCTOHHHblX JfHTerpHpOBaHJfH cne,gyeT BOCnOJIb-
30BaTbCfI crrCTeMOH ypaBHeHJfH
Ul' (0) = 1 + C I + C 2 ]
U; (0) = - CIPI ...:.. aC 2 + bC 3 ,
u; (0) = CIPi + C 2 (a 2 - b 2 ) - 2abC 3
Jf3 KOTOpOH cne,gyeT, liTO
C _ 'I - U e (0)] ( a 2 + b 2 ) - 2au; (0) - u; (0) .
I - - ---. (Yl - a)2 + b 2 ,
C 2 = U e (0) - (1 + C 1 );
C __ Cl(a-Pl)+a[l-ue(O)]-u; (0 )
3- b
U e (0) - HallanbHOe 3HalleHHe HanpmKeHJfH Ha HKO-
pe ,gBJfraTeJIfI;
U; (0); U; (0) - rrepBafi Jf BTOpafl npOJf3BO,gHble HanpH>KeHJfH,
COOTBeTCTBYIOIU,Jfe Hallany BKnIOlleHHfI >KeCT-
KOH OTpJfu,aTeJIbHOH 06paTHOH CBH3Jf.
Ha pJfC. 11-19 npe,gCTaBneHbl KpJfBble Hanpfl>KeHHH Ha HKope ,gBJf-
raTeJIH nOCJIe OTCellKJf tPOpCHpOBKH, nOCTpoeHHble no ypaBHeHJfIO (11-82)
u, 2
1 ,
3 ::--- W
3,geCb
G5
ur(O)= 0. 7 G5 ulO)=0,8 0.5 u,(O)=0,9
ce l,ce l, ce
0,5 W 0 0.5 to 0 0.5 1,0
o
PHC. 11-19. KpHBble HanpH>KeHHH reHepaTopa nocJle OTCe'lKH cjJop-
MHpOBKH npH pa3Hblx 3Ha'leHHHX HanpH>KeHHH OTCe'lKH Ue(O) H pa3-
HbIX 3KBHBaJleHTHblX nOCTOHHHbIX BpeMeHH:
1 - T e = 0,8 eel<; T y = 0,2 eel<; T M = 0, I eel!: (oe3 eHoKHx oopaTHwx CSS!-
sei1); a = 1,65; 2 - 1; = 2,0 eel<; Ty = 0,1 eel<; T = 0,08 eel<; KnoKe =
= 1,35; CIKTKe = 0; a = 3; 3- T = 4,0 eel<; Ty = 0,08 eel<: T = 0,05 eel<;
KHoKe = 3,3; CIKTKe = 3,9; a = 5,46
(11-83)
(11-84)
(11-85)
(11-86)
2
npH pa3HbIX 3HalleHJfflX Hanp5I>KeHJfH OTCellKH Jf pa3HbIX KO.3tP<pliU,JfeH-
Tax rn6KJfX 06paTHbIX CBH3eli. CpaBHeHJfe KpJfBbIX nOKa3bIBaeT, liTO
C YBeJIJflleHUeM ,geiiCTBHH rJf6KJfX 06paTHbIX CBH3eH MaKCHManbHaH BMH-
IIIlHa nepeperynJfpOBaHHfI HanpH>KeHJffl YMeHbIIIaeTCH. TaK, HanpJfMep,
438

npH OTCYTCTBHH rn6KHx 06paTHbIX CBH3eH (Te = 0,8 eeK; Ty = 0,2 eeK;
TM = 0,1 eeK) H npH U e (0) = 0,9 nepeperynHpoBaHHe t!.U MaKc =
= 0,11, a npH HanHIIHH rn6KHx 06paTHblx CBH3eH (T; = 4,0 eeK;
T; = 0,08 eeK, T = 0,05 eeK) nepeperymlpoBamle HeBe.nHKO. YMeHb-
IllaeTCSI, KaK BH,n:HO H3 KpHBbIX, nepeperynHpoBaHHe H co CHH}KeHHeM
HanpH}KeHHH OTCeIIKH.
OTcIO,n:a c.ne,n:yeT, IITO npHMeHeHHe m6KHx 06paTHblx cBSl3eH Ba}KHO
He TonbKO ,n:nSl !jJOpMHpOBaHHSI nepexo,n:Horo npou,ecca ,n:o OTCeIIKH,
HO H ,n:.nH CHH}KeHHH BeJIHIIHHbI nepepery.nHpOBaHHH HanpH}KeHHH Ha
HKope ,n:BHraTenH noc.ne OTCeIIKH !jJOpCHpOBKH. HanpH}KeHHe OTCeIIKH
U e (0) c.ne,n:yeT 6paTb no B03MO}KHOCTH 60.nbIllHM, TaK KaK co CHH}Ke-
HHeM ero BpeMSI yCTaHoBneHHH npou,ecca YBe.nHIIHBaeTCH. O,n:HaKO
c.ne,n:yeT nOMHIITb, qTO C YBe.nHqeHHeM HanpH}KeHHH OTCeIIKH paCTeT
Be.nHIIHHa nepeperynHpoBaHHSI. no .:)TOH npHIIHHe npH y}Ke paCCIIHTaH-
, HbIX rH6KHX 06paTHbIX CBH3HX HanpH}KeHHe OTCeIIKH ,n:O.n}KHO BbI6HpaTbCH
C TaKHM paCIIeTOM, qTo6bI BeJIHIIHHa nepeperynHpoBaHHH He npeBb1-
Illana ,n:onYCTHMoro npe,n:e.na.
 11-9. CrBrHlfecKHe peJKHMbl
.lI.nH no.nYIIeHHH Tpe6yeMoH !jJOpMbI MeXaHHIIeCKOH xapaKTepHCTHKH
npHBo,n:a npHMeHHIOTCSI OTpHU,aTe.nbHaH 06paTHaSl CBH3b no HanpH:>Ke-
a)
+
nCT
r
!:f{ T
Ucp.r
Vcp.r
!If
0)
r
- 'i:
6IRo OBr
+ G;J
. !irs
81
'Hi}
r,V r
r nr

PliC. 11-20. BaplIaHTbI BKJlIO'IeHHH 06paTHblx CBH3eii C OTCe'lKaMH:
a - CXCMa C paSJ\enbHbJMH OTCeqK8MH; 6 - CXC'Ma C COBMeI.qCIIHbIMH OTCeqKa,"
HHIO reHepaTOpa H oTpHu,aTe.nbHaH 06paTHaH CBH3b no TOKY ,n:BHraTeJiSl,
KOTopbIe MorYT 6bITb KaK HenpepbIBHbIMH, TaK H C OTCeIIKaMH. Ha npaK-
THKe BCTpeIIaIOTCH cxeMbI C p as,n:enb HbIMH OTCeIIKaMH (pHC. 11-20, a)
H C COB M e  e H H bI M H (pHC. 11-20, 6),
439

3.D-eCb
B YCTaHOBIIBmeMCH pe>KlfMe Ha BXO.D- CHCTeM nplf O.D-HOBpeMeHHOM
.D-eikTBlfH o6elfx 06paTHbiX CBH3eH C OTCeIIKaMlf npH.TIO>KeI-Ia pe3ynbTH-
PYIDaH HaMarHIIIIlfBaIDaH Clfna Aw, paBHaH
aIOw j - (VrUe - U CP . H ) w R ----!! - (fRoa - U CP . T )  = Aw. (11-87)
II 'T
aJw 3 - HC 3a.D-aIOeH 06MOTKlf Yr3;
( VrUe-Ucp.n)w R --" - HC 06MOTKII 06paTHOH CBH3II no Ha-
Il
npH>KeHIIID;
- HC 06MOTKlf o6paTHoH CBH3II no TOKy;
(fRoa - U Cp . 1 ) :
r nr
V --
e - Rnc
- nepe.D-aTOIIHOe OTHomeHHe nOTeHIJ,IIOMeT-
pa reHepaTOpa JIr;
r nr - COnpOTIIB,TIeHIIe nneIIa nOTeHUlioMeTpa,
C KOTOpOro nO.D-aeTCH HanpmKeHlfe n
uenb o6paTHoH CBH3II;
Rne - conpoTIiBneHIIe nOTeHUlfoMeTpa;
U cp." - HanpH>KeHIIe cpaBHeHIIH B uenli o6paT-
HOH CBH3II no HanpH>KeHlIIO;
<1 _ r c .
- Ro'
U cp . T = aI". TRo - HanpH>KeHIIe cpaBHeHIIH B uenlf o6paTHoH
CBH3II no TOKY;
I H . T - HaIIanbHbIH TOK, npli KOTOpOM BCTynacT
B .D-eHcTBlie o6paTHaH CBH3b no TOKY.
YIIIITbIBaH, IITO HanpH>KeHIIe reHepaTopa
U e = Er - 'AI Ro, (I 1-88)
'A = r SIr - OTHomeHIIe conpoTIiBneHIIH uenli HKOpH reHepaTopa
Ro
K nOJIHoMY conpoTIiBneHIIID uenli reHepaTop - .D-BII-
raTeJIb.
Y paBHeHIIe (11-87) 3amnlleM B CJIe.D-YIDeM BII.D-e:
I + U WH + I R WT E '\'rWn
a ,w 3 cp.1IIT a II.T 0 R -- e- R --
\11 T II
- ( '1IJ.:r_ - A,\,,,W n ) IRo = Aw. (11-89)
R T R,,'
nonYIIeHHOe paCIIeTHOe ypaBHeHIIe MO>KeT 6bITb HCnOJIb30BaHO
.D-nH pa3nIIIIHbIX cnYIIaeB BKJIIDIIeHlfH o6paTHblx CBH3eH. TaK, HanpH-
Mep: npll HanIIIIIIlf O.D-HOH o6paTHoH CBH3II no TOKY C OTCeIIKOH II 6C3
, OTCeIIKII; npli HanIIIIlfli O.D-HOH o6paTHoH CBH3II no HanpH>KeHIIID C OT-
CeIIKOH II 6e3 OTCeIIIUI; npH Ha,TIIIIIIIII 06eIIX o6paTHbix CBH3eH C OTCeII-
KaMIi II 6e3 OTCeIIeK.
PaccMoTpliM CTaTIIIIeCKlie pe>KIIMbI B cxeMax C pa3HbIM BKnIDIIetmeM
06paTHbIX cBH3eH.
I'.n.e

CxeMa C OAHOH OfipaTHOIi CBR3blO no TOKY
.lI.mI cxeMbl C 06paTHOH CBH3bIO no TOKY C OTCeIIKOH CnpaBe.D-nHBO
ypaBHeHHe
I (JWT I R (Jw,.! Po A
3 W 3 + - R -- n.T 0 - - p = W.
T \T
(11-90)
B npe.D-eJIax TOKa .D-BHraTeJUI OT 0 .D-O In. T 06paTHaH CBH3b no TOKY
He pa60TaeT H HC YCHnHTeJIH, a TaK)Ke 3. .D-. c. reHepaTopa He 3aBHCHT
OT TOKa HarpY3KH. C B03paCTaHHeM TOKa HarpY3KH, HaIIHHaH co 3Ha-
lIeHHH In. T nOHB.TlHeTCH HC 06MOTKH 06paTHOH CBH3H no TOKY, paBHaH
(JW
(I - liLT) R o7 <.-;, KOTOpaH YMeHbwaeT pe3ynbTHpYIOIIJ;YIO HC YCH-
nHTeJIH H 3. .D-. c. reHepaTOpa.
Ha pHC. 11-21, a npe)J.cTaBneI-la 0606IIJ;eHHaH XapaKTepHCTHKa xo-
nOCToro xO)J.a 1 CHCTeMbI, Y KOTOpOH no OCH a6Cu,Hcc OTnO)KeHa HC YCH-
nHTenH, a no OCH op)J.HHaT - 3. .D-. c. reHepaTopa. 0606IIJ;eHHaH xa-
paKTepHCTHKa CTpOHTCH no xapaKTepHCTHKaM XOJIOCTOro XO.D-a reHepa-
Topa H YCHnHTeJIH npH H3BecTHOM conpOTHBneHHH u,enH 06MOTKH B03-
6Y:>K.D-eHlIH reHepaTopa.
OTnO)KHM no OCH aOCu,HCC OT TOIIKH eo, COOTBeTCTBYIOIIJ;ei'I 3. )J.. C. XOJIO-
- (JW
CTOro xO)J.a BnpaBO OTpe30K eoa, paBHblH R T T In.,Ro, a no BepTHKanH
BBepx - OTpe30K eob o , paBHbIH IH.,Ro. flpOBe)J.eM lIepe3 TOIIKH b o H a npH-
MYIO.D-O nepeCeIIeHHH C xapaKTepHCTHKOH XOJIOCTOro xO.D-a. flpH 3TOM yron
HaKnOHa npmlOH KOCH a6Cu'HCC cp = arctg Ji!_.
(Jw T
B03bMeM Ha xapaKTepHCTHKe XOJIOCTOrO XO.D-a npOH3BonbHYIO TOIIKY
a. Tor.D-a, B COOTBeTCTBHH C ypaBHeHHeM (11-90), oTpe30K Ha OCH a6c-
- (JW -- (JW --
U,HCC eeo = R T T (I - I n . T ) Ro, oTpe30K eo = I Ro R: ' a OTpe30K eb =
= IRo. Cne)J.oBaTeJIbHO, oTpe30K ab paBeH 3. )J.. C. )J.BHraTeJIH H nponop-
u,HOHaneH CKOpOCTH BpaIIJ;eHHH.
K:aK BH)J.HO H3 rpacpHI\a, B TOIIKe nepeCeIIeHHH npHMOH biJ C xapaK-
TepHCTHKOH xonOCTOro xO)J.a (B TOIIKe b 1 ) 3..D-. C. )J.BHraTeJIH paBHa
HynIO, a 3..D-. c. reHepaTopa Eyn  IynRO' r)J.e I YII - TOK ynopa,
T. e. TOK npH Hen0.D-BH)KHOM .D-BHraTe,ne.
.lI.nH Y)J.06crna nOCTpoeHHH CTaTHIIeCKOH xapaKTepHCTHKH ffi = f (I)
2'O)KHM no BepTHKanH B lIeTBepToM KBa)J.paHTe OT TOIIKH el oTpe30I
elclo paBHbIH B BbI6paHHoM MaCllITa6e TOKy ynopa Iyn, HnH )Ke OT TOIIKH
eo = oTpe30K eoco, paBHbIH HaIIaJIbHOMY TORY I H . n H npOBe.n.eM lIepe3
TOIIKH Cl (HnH Co) H a npHMYIO. OTKJIa.D-blBaH BO BTOpOM KBa,n:paHTe no
OCH a6cu,HCC. TOKH )l.BHraTeJIH, a no OCH 0P.D-HHaT COOTBeTCTBYIOIIJ;He HM
3HaIIeHHH 3. .D-. c. reHepaTopa, nOJIYIIHM KPHBYIO Ee = iI (I). B 3TOM
MacwTa6e npOBO.D-HTCH npHMaH IRo = /2 (I). B pe3ynbTaTe BbIIIHTaHHH
H3 KpHBOH Er = fl (I) npmlOH IRo = f2 (I) nOJIYIIHM B HeKOTopOM
MaCllITa6e HCKOMYIO xapaKTepnCTHKY ffi = f (I).
441


I! 

e
t:J
iI

----------\ ",,<>
....
LJ..J
.....
-.;s-
.....
'-
LJ..J
LJ..J""
J J
/ I I
/ / I
 / / /
......."'./"" / /
--- ./ /
"-i.-......./ /
<:: ""
--/
t3'
'-I
<::>


.....

-
;t l ....
I.O
>,
:.:
o
E-o
o
I::
!2
,Q
'"
'"
<Q
(.)
'=:
o
:<:
E-o
'"
0.
'" ..
o to
0:
,::<: ..
o v
:<: ..
 !iJ
..
(.) ..
0,
:is '8
:Ii ..
G) 0
>< '"
(.) ..
t>: 
'" .,
"IJ go
'" .,
"IJ '"
o ..
t:Q 0,
:<: c
I
Ie
 .0;-
::s: 0
f-o t:
(.) .,
=: V
0. ..
G) 0
!;; V
'" ..
0. to
'" 0:
>< e
'-t
.::<: ..
0 0
:.: '"
(.) ..
G) ..
::r 0,
::s: '"
E-o 0
'" ..
E-o 0,
(.) c
!2
::s: <:I
:<:
G)
0
0.
E-o
(.)
0
I::

-

-
-
U
::<:
Q.,

EcnH 3aJJ,aHbl HallanbHbIH TOI\ I H . T H TOK ynopa I ym H3BeCTHbI xa-
paKTepHCTHKa XOnOCTOrO XO)1.a CHCTeMbI H COnpOTHBneHHe u,enH reHepa-
TOp - JJ,BHraTeJIb, TO COOTHOllleHHe napaMeTpOB u,enH 06paTHOH CBSl3H
HaXO)1.HTCSI no ypaBHeHHro
aW T _ 13wa - AW vn
R T - (Iyn - I H . T ) Ro '
(11-91)
rJJ,e AW yn - pe3ynbTHpYIOIIJ,aSl HC YCHnHTe.TISI B pe>KHMe ynopa,
onpeJJ,e.TIHeMaH no xapaKTepHCTHKe XOJIOCTOrO xOJJ,a.
DpH HenpepbIBHOH 06paTHOH CBH3H no TOKY I H . T = 0, T. e. OTpe30K
eoo = O. CHCTeMe C HenpepbIBHOH 06paTHOH CBH3bro no TOKY COOTBeT-
cTByeT rpa<pHK, npeJJ,CTaBneHHbIH Ha pHC. 11-21, 6.
CxeMa C OAHOR olipaTHoii CBA3blO
no HanpAHCeHHIO reHepaTopa
B 3TOM cJIYllae npH OOpaTHOH CBH3H C oTCellKoH )1.eHCTBHTe.TIbHO
ypaBHeHHe
I + U WH E 'YeWH + A'YewH IR A
a a W 3 Cp.H R H - e R H  0 = w;
(11-92)
H3 KOToporo BHJ],HO, liTO C YBeJIHqeHHeM TOKa HarpY3KH YBeJIHqHBaroTcH
HC YCHJIHTeJISI H 3. JJ,. C. reHepaTopa.
.lI.nSl pe>KHMa HJ],eanbHoro xonOCToro xOJ],a ypaBHeHHe HMeeT BH)1.
I + V WH E 'YewH - I
a a W 3 Cp.H R H - 0 R H - a W 3'
(11-93)
DpOBe.n.eM Ha pHC. 11-22 npSlMYro, CoeJJ,HHHroIIJ,Yro TOqKH eo H ao.
Tor)1.a, COrJIaCHO ypaBHeHHro (11-93), oTpe30K no OCH aOCu,Hcc Ae o =
'Y W -
= Eo R e H H npSlMaSl eoao HMeeT yrOJI HaKnOHa KOCH aOCu,HCC, paBHbIH
H
R -
cp = arctg---.!!..-, a Bce oTpe3KH 60, 3aKnIOlIeHHble Me>K,n:y npo,n:oJI>Ke-
YeWH
u -  E 'YeWH E
HHeM npHMoH aoeo H BepTHKaJIbro eouo, paBHbI e R H - ,r,n:e < e - 3. )1.. c.
reHepaTOpa no xapaKTepHcTHKe xonOCToro xo,n:a. B CBSl3H C 3THM H B co-
OTBeTCTBHH C paBeHcTBoM (11-92) OTpe3KH 00 , Me>K,n:y npo,n:OJI>KeHHeM
npSlMoH aoeo H XapaKTepHCTHKOH XOJIOCTOrO xo,n:a,'paBHbI  Y. R eWH IRo,
H
T. e. OHH nponopu,HoHanbHbI TOKY HarpY3KH I. TaK KaK yrnbI 6 1 ; 6 2 ;
6 3 TpeyronbHHKoB a16lCl; a 2 6 2 c 2 paBHbI arctg - R !!_, TO OTpe3KH, 3aKJIro-
YrWII .---
qeHHble Me>K,n:y XapaKTepHCTHIWH XOnOCTOrO xo,n:a H npHMOH aOeO,
COOTBeTCTBeHHO paBHbI
alcl = '}.J lRo; a?p2 = 'AI2Ro.
443

CnC)J.OBaTeJIbHO, 0p.lU1HaTbI npHMOH aOCO paBHbl HanpmKeHnIO I'eHe-
paTOpa, T. e.
Ee-AfRo = U,,,
.QnH Y)J.06CTBa nOCTpoeHlIH MeXmmlIeCKOH xapaKTepnCTJIKn np OBO -
)J.HTCH npSIMble ae , napannenbHble aoc o . ITpHMbie no ropH30HTami ai)
OTceKaIOT OTpe3KH a 0 6', nponoplUIOHanbHbIe TOKY HarpY3KH. Ecnn H3
w E,
Aw
E trWH
2 II H
1
0 1
8.
4
Eo E, [2
"-
.....
\1 1
\
\
\ Ii v 3-
,
"
.....
.....
---
"-
.....
'"
..... .....
::...-.-- Aw y
e, e 2
0:1 3 W3.
lJ. Vl H
t1J,H R H
i,ED
PUC. 11-22. K rrOCTpoeHlIlO C1'aTU'IeCKOii xapaKTepi-lCTI-IKI-I nplIBoa JlH cxeMbI C
oHoii o<5paTlIOii CBH3blO no HarrpH>KeHHIO
TOlIKH A Ha OCH a6CI1.HCl'. COOTBeTCTBYIOlll.eH 3. )J.. C. H)J.eanbHorO xono-
CTOrO xO)J.a reHepaTOpa Eo, npoBecTH no)J. HeKoTopbIM yrnoM npHMYIO
AE , TO OTpe3KH Me}K)J.Y :>TOII npHMOH H OCLIO a6CI1.HCC 6Y)J.YT TaK}Ke npo-
nOpI1.HOHanbHbI TOKY H:!rpY3KH.
OTKJIa)J.bIBaSI BO BTq10M KBa)J.paHTe no OCH a6cI1.ncc TOKH )J.BHraTeJISI,
a no OCH op)J.HHaT - COOTBeTCTBYIOlll.He HM 3HalIeHHH 3. Jl.. c. reHepa-
Topa, efpOH'f KPIIBYIO Ee = fl (I). B 3TOM }Ke MaCIlITa6e npOBOJl.SIT
npHMYIO fRo = f2 (I). BbIlIHTaH Jl.anee H3 op)J.HHaT KpllBOH Er = fl (I)
naJl.eHHe HanpH}KeHHH fRo = f2 (I), nonYlIHM 3aBHCHMOCTb E:!II =
= f3 (I) HnH B HeKOTopOM MaCllITa6e xapaKTepHCTJIKY (() = f (I). Ha
pHC. 11-22 HnnIOcTpHpyeTcSI nOCTpOeHJle xapaKTepHcTHKH (() = f (I)
npH HanHlIHH B cxeMe OJl.HOH 06paTHoH CBH3H no HanpH}KeHHIO C OTCelI-
KOII. ITpH HenpepblBHoH 06paTHoH CBSI3H no HanpH}KeHJIIO MeTOJl.HKa
444

nOCTpoeHl!.,H_ COXpaIIHeTCH TaKoi'! }Ke, HO yqHTbIBaeTCH, qTO Vcp.1\ = 0,
npHMYlO aoeo cne.n:yeT npOBo.n:HTb qepe3 TOqI<y Ha OCH a6CI1.HCC, COOTBeT-
CTBYlOIIJ;YIO HC 3a.n:alOIIJ;eH 06MOTKH aI 3 w 3 (TOqKY eo).
ITpH o6paTlwII CBH3H C OTCeqKOH HanpH}KeHHe cpaBHeHHH Vcp.1\
U
06bIqHO BbI6HpaeTCH paBHbIM HnJI HeCKonbKO MeHblllHM -l, r.n:e V c
HanpmKeHHe, K KOTOPOMY no.n:KJIlOqeH nOTeHI1.HOMeTp cpaBHeHHH nCH.
HanpH}KeHHe reHep aTop a , KaK npaBJInO, 3HaqHTeJIbHO 60nhllle HanpH-
}KeHHH V cpo II" IT03TOMY cpaBHeHHe Me}K.n:y C060H 3THX HanpH}KeHHH
npOJI3Bo.n:HTCH qepe3 nOTeHI1.HOMeTp reHepaTopa nr. B 3TOM cnyqae
U CP . H = 'YeUe.oT = 'YeaEO,
(11-94)
VC.OT - HanpH}KeHHe reHepaTopa, npH KOTOpOM HaqHHaeT
BCTynaTh B .n:eHcTBHe o6paTHaH CBH3b;
U
r.n:e a = E OT - OTHOCHTeJIbHaH BeJIHqHHa HanpH}KeHHH OTCeqKH.
'0
113 ypaBHeHHH (11-94) CJIe.n:yeT, qTO
'Y - Uc p
e - aE o .
(11-95)
3a.n:aBaHCb a = 0,6-0,85, 3HaH Eo H BhI6HpaH V cp . H' no ypaBHe-
HHlO (1 r -95) onpe.n:eJIHlOT nepe.n:aTOqHOe OTHOllleHHe nOTeHI1.HOMeTpa
reHepaTopa 'Ye'
YqHTbIBaH (11-95), nepemIllieM ypaBHeHHe (11-93) B CJIe.n:YlOIIJ;eM
BH.n:e:
aI w + aE 'YeWu - E 'YeWH = I w
3 3 0 Ru 0 Ru 3 3'
(11-96)
OTKy.n: a
'YeWH _ _ a-l . I 3 w 3
Ru - 1 - a Eo'
(11-97)
113 (11-97) CJIe.n:yeT, qTO Heo6xo.n:HMaH BeJIHqHHa nonHoro conpOTHB-
JIeHHH I1.enH o6paTHoi'! CBH3H no HanpH}KeHHlO
1 - a Eo
R H = 'Yewl\ a-I ' 1 3 w 3 '
(1l-98)
::ha BenHqHHa nOJ1HOrO cOnpOTHBJ1eHHH I1.emI 06paTHOH CBH3H
MO}KeT 6bITb nOJIyqeHa C nOMOIIJ;blO .n:ononHHTeJIbHoro conpOTHBJIeHHH,
BKJIlOqaeMoro B 3TY I1.enb. ITpH 3TOM CJIe.n:yeT yqHTbIBaTb, qTO nonHoe
COnpOTJIBJIeHHe I1.enH 3aBHCHT OT COnpOTJIBJIeHHH nOTeHI1.HOMeTpoB
nr H nCH, C KOTOphIX CHHMalOTCH HanpH}KeHHH, no.n:aBaeMbIe B .n:aH-
HYlO I1.enb. .IT.nH onpe.n:eJIeHlIH BJIHHHHH COnpOTlIBneHlIH nOTeHI1.HOMeTpa
Ha BeJIHqllHY nonHoro COnpOTlIBJIeHHH paCCMOTpHM cxeMY, npe.n:CTaB-
neHHYlO Ha pHC. 1I-23, a. B 3TOH cxeMe K reHepaTOpy r npHcoe.n: HHeH
nOTeHI1.HOMeTp nr, nonHoe conpOTHBJIeHHe KOTOporo paBHO Rnn
445

a COnpOTllBneHlle nJIeqa nOTeHIJ.HOMeTpa - 'ur. .IT.nH 3TOfI cxeMbI jl,eH-
CTBHTeJIbHW ypaBHeHHH
U e = In (R ne - 'ne) + (In -1 110 ) 'Ile; (11-99)
(l Il - 1 110 ) , ne = 1 110 (, H + 'Ill{) , (11-1 00)
rjl,e I Ho - TOK B 06MOTKe 06paTHOH CBH3H no HanpH}KeHHIO;
In - TOK nOTeHUHOMeTpa;
'H - conpOTHBJIeHlle 06MOTKH 06paTHOH CBH3H;
'IIJ1, - jl,OnOnHHTeJIbHOe COnpOTlIBJIeHHe B uenH 3TOH 06MOTKH.
113 3THX ypaBHeHHH nOCJIe COOTBeTCTBYIOIUHX npe06pa30BaHlIH no-
JIyqHM
YeUe = ['H + 'IIJ1, + 'ne (1 -Ye)] 1 110 , (11-101)
TaKHM 06pa30M, YBeJIHqeHHe conpOTHBJIeHHH 1!.enH 06MOTKH, CBH-
saHHoe C nHTaHHeM ee OT nOTeHIJ.HOMeTpa, paBHHeTCH 'nc (l-Ye)'
0)
6)
 (fr fir
'Or Ror -r or rnr R pr oro,
r;,o -+
rHii 'OCH (fCH
-2:
r nCII
PHC. 11-23. K paClIeTY cOnpOTHBJleHHH enH oopaTHoii CBH31I npH
HaJlH'IHH nOTeHl{HOMeTpoB:
a - (jes 118npH}KeIlHH cp8BlleHHH; 6 - C lIanpH}KellHeM cp8BllellHH
ECJIH 06MOTKa nHTaeTCH OT HanpH}KeHHH .u.BYX nOTeH1!.HOMeTpOB,
KaK 3TO HMeeT MeCTO npH 06paTHOH CBH3H C OTCeqKOH (pHC. 11-23, 6),
TO Ye U e-Ycp.II U c = ['II + 'II]!. + 'B + 'ne (1 -Ye) +
+'ncH (I-Y ncH )]1 110 , (11-102)
r.u.e U C YCP.II=U CP . II ;
U c - HanpH}KeHlle, K KOTOPOMY nOAKJIIOqeH nOTeH1!.HOMeTp
cpaBHeHHH nCH;
r nCH
Y Cp.1I = -rr-- ;
nCH
RncH - conpOTHBJIeHHe nOTeH1!.HOMeTpa cpaBHeHHH nCH;
'ncII - conpOTHBJIeHHe nJIeqa nOTeHUHOMeTpa;
'B - COnpOTHBJIeHHe BeHTHJIH B uenH 06paTHOH CBHSH
446

TaKHM 06pa30M, OnOnHHTenbHOe COnpOTHBneHHe enH 06paTHOH
CBH3H no HanpmKeHHlO
'n1J. =' R.. - ['n + 'B + 'nc (1 '\'c> + 'flC.. (1 -'Y cp »), (11-103)
re Rn - COnpOTlIBneHHe enIT 06paTHOH CBH3H, nOJlYlIeHHOe B pe3ynh-
TaTe peweHHH ypaBlleHHH (11-98).
ECJIlI Rn < r'n + 'a + 'ne (l - 'Ye) + 'ncH (1 - 'Ycp. ,JJ. TO 3aaH-
Hhle YCJIOBHH CTaTHKH He MorYT 6hITb BhmonHeHhI. B aHHOM cnYlIae
cneyeT CHH3HTh conpOTHBneHHH nOTeHHOMerpOB mH llie YBemrlIITTb
nOTpe6Hoe 3HalIeHHe conpOTHBJIeHHH Rn. YBeJIHlIeHHe R... MOlliHO nony-
lIHTb, KaK 3TO BH)J,HO IT3 (11-98), 3a ClIeT CHHllieHHH K03<P<l)HHeHTa op-
[J,
CHpOBKH ex HnH YMeHhweHHH K03HlI.HeHTa a = E: T , T. e. YMeHb-
weHHH HanpHJKeHHH OTCelIKH U e . oT '
CxeM8 C OtiP8THOR CBR3bW no TOKY M OfiP8THOR
CBR3bW no H8npR)f(eHMW tie3 OTCe'leK
3TOMY cnylIalO cooTBeTcTByer ypaBHeHHe
al w' -E '\'eWH _ ( IJW T - ?1'T W n ) f Ro = A. ( 11-104 )
3 3 r R H R T R H .
IJW .;y W
DpH ycnoBHH R; > R H II C YBenHlIeHHeM TOKa HarpY3KH OT
HynH 3. . C. reHepaTOpa 6yeT YMeHbWaTbCH.
w if
1, .
." WH E
urR 0
O:;:E,
w
i, 7f;, £2

8,
R
'1=arctg--1!-
'IrWH
Aw
e. v
o 1
'Y=arctlj
 +O-}.)
Ii} R H
IJw J
cJ.I W 3
1
PIIC. 11-24. K nocTpoeHll1O CTaTII'IeCKOii xapaKTeplicTIiKII npHBo,ga
}!JlH cxeMbi C }!BYMH 06paTHbiMII CBH3HMH
Ha pHC. 11-24 H306pallieHa xapaKTepHcTHKa xonOCToro xoa 1.
DpHMaH aoe o npoBeeHa lIepe3 TOlIKY eo Ha OCH a6cHcc, cOOTBeTCTBYlO-
447

IIJ.YIO HC 3a)I,aIOIIJ.eH 06MOTKH a/ 3 w 3 . Y roJI
I{ OCH a6cIl.HCC, KaK H B npe)I,bl)I,YIIJ.eM cnyqae,
HaKJIOHa 3TOii
t R"
cp = arc (1__.
D YrUln
BaTenbHO, Bce OTpe3KlI 6a, 3aKnIOqeHHble Me}K)I,y npHMOH -aro " Bep-
THKanbIO aoc o , paBHbl Ee "'N Wi2 ,3 OTpe3KlI a6, 3aKnIOqeHHbIe Me}K)J.y
" -
xapaKTepHCTJIKOll xonOCToro xO)I,a H npHMOH aoe o , KaK 3TO cne)J.yeT
H3 paBeHcTBa (11-104), paBHbI( U;TT _ AY R :I1 )IRo, T.e. OHH nponop-
II.HOHanbHbI TOKY HarpY3KH.
.IT.nH y)I,06CTBa nocTpoeHlIH npOBO)I,HT npHMble aIel; a2c2' napannenb-
HbIe a, a H3 TOqKH Co - npHMYIO eoA, yroJI HaKnOHa KOTOpOH KOCH
a6ClI.HCC BbI6HpaeTCH C yqeTOM He06xo)I,HMOCTH nonyqeHHH nO)I,XO)I,51-
IIJ.ero MaClllTa6a )I,nH TOKa. .IT.anbHeHlllHH XO)I, nOCTpoeHHH COOTBeTcTByeT
npe)I,bI)J.YIIJ.eMY cnyqaIO.
COOTHOllleHHe napaMeTpOB lI.enH 06paTHOH CBH3H no HanpH}KeHHIO
onpe)I,enHeTCH no ypaBHeHHIO (11-97), a COnpOTHBneHHe lI.enH 3TOii
06paTHoH CBH3H RII - no ypaBHeHHIO (11-98), B KOTOpblX K03cp<p H II. HeHT
U
a = 1: T 6epeTcH paBHblM HynIO. CooTHollleHHe napaMeTpoB lI.emr
06paTHoH: CBH3H no TOKy paCCqHTblBaeTcH no ypaBHeHHIO
gW T _ a/aW3 - AW yn _ '\'eWn (1 _ A)
R T - lynRo RH,'
TOK ynopa npH 3a)I,aHHb1X napaMeTpax HaXO)I,HTCH rpacpnqeCKH.
.IT.JIH 3TOH lI.eJIH H3 TOqKH eo npOBO)I,HTCH npHMaH ea no)I, yrJIOM Ha-
KnOHa K OCli a6ClI.HCC
np5lMoii
CJIeJJ.o-
, (11-105)
]
'IjJ = arctg
(JW T + (I-A) '\'ewn
R T R H
ToqKa nepeCeqeHlIH 3TOH npHMoH C xapaKTepHCTJIKOH: XOnOCTOrD
xO)I,a 6Y)I,eT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb 3. )I,. C. reHepaTopa B pe}KHMe ynopa Ey" =
= lynRo.
CxeMa C ofipaTHoR CBR3bm no TOKY H ofipaTHoR
CBR3bm no HanpR)f(eHHm C pa3AenbHblMH OTCe'lKaMH
B 3a)1.aHHOM CJIyqae MeXaHHqeCKaH xaparnepHcTHKa npHBo)1.a HMeeT
B pa3Hbix 06nacTHx HarpY31U1 pa3HyIOcTeneHb }KeCTKOCTH. Ha pHC. 11-25
npe)1.CTaMeHa THnOBaH CKopocTHaH xapar<TepHCTHKa npH HanHq!U:I
)1.BYX 06paTHbIx CBH3eH: C OTCeqKaMH. B 06JIacTH MaJIblX HarpY30qHbiX
TOKOB (OT 0 )1.0 II) }KeCTKOCTb xapaKTepHCTHKH BbICOKaH; npH 3TOM pa-
60TaeT O)I,Ha OTpHlI.aTenbHaH 06paTHaH CBH3b no HanpH}KeHHIO, )I,eii-
CTBYIOIIJ.aH B CTOPOHY YBeJIJIqeHHH }KeCTKOCTH xapaKTepHCTHKH. B 06-
naCTH Cpe)1.HHX HarpY30K (OT 1 1 )1.0/ 2 ) }KeCTKOCTb xapaKTepHCTHKH nO/HI-
}KeHa H pa60TaIOT 06e 06paTHbie CBH3H, TaK KaK B roqKe 1 BKJIIOqaeTCH
448

OTpHIJ,aTeJIbHaH 06paTHaH CBH3b no TOKY, .n.eHCTBYIOllJ,aH B CTOPOHY
CHH}KeHlUI }KeCTKOCTlI xapaKTepHCTHKH. B 06naCTlI 60JIblliHX HarpY30K
(OT 12.n.o la) }KeCTKOCTb XapaKTepHCTHKH OqeHb H1I3KaH; B 3TOM CJIYlIae
pa60TaeT o.n.Ha 06paTHaH CBH3b no TOKY, TaK KaK B TOlIKe 2 06paTHaSl
CBH3b no HanpH}KeHHIO BbIKJIIOqaeTCH. nOCTpoeHHe xapaKTepHcTHKH
B 06JIaCTlI ManblX HarpY30K,
Kor.n.a .n.eHcTByeT o.n.Ha 06paT.
HaH CBH3b no HanpH}KeHHIO,
npOH3BO)1,HTCH C nOMOllJ,bIO ypaB-
HeHHH (11-92) H nOKa3aHO Ha
pHC. 11-22. TIoCTpoeHHe xapaK-
TepHcTHKH B o6nacTlI Cpe)1,HHX
HarpY30K - C nOMOIIJ,bIO ypaB-
HeHHH (11-104) H no CYllJ,eCTBY
He OTJIHlIaIOTCH OT nOCTpoe-
HHH, BbInOJIHeHHOro Ha pHC.
11-24, Pa3HHIJ,a JIHllib B TOM,
lITO OTpe3KH, npOnOpIJ,HOHaJIb-
Hble TOKY HarpY3KH, 3aKnIO-
qeHbI Me}K)1,y xapaKTepHCTH KOH
XOJIOCTOrO XO)1,a H npHMOH e6 1 ,
npOBe)1,eHHOH napanJIeJIbHO npHMOH lloe o H3 TOqKH e OClI a6CIJ,lICC
(plIC. 11-26). TIpH 3TOM TOqKa e cooTBeTcTByeT cYMMapHoH HC, paBlIOH
a/ 3 w 3 + U cp.1l : + I H.TRo 11;; .
B COOTBeTCTBHH C paBeHcTBoM (11-89) M rpa<}:>HKoM (plIC. 11-26) OT-
pe3KH, 3 aKn IOqeHHble Me}K)1,Y xapaKTepHcTHKOH XOJIOCTOrO XO)1,a H
npSlMoH e6 1 :
6)
6J o
1
PHC. 11-25. MeXaHHlIeCKaR xapaKTepHCTH-
Ka nplIBOJJ;a npli HaJllI'IlIli B cxeMe BYX
06paTHbIx CBH3eii C OTcetJKaMH
a6 = ( I1W T _ A:VeWH ) I Ro.
R T R H
Kor)1,a HanpH}KeHHe reHepaTopa C. pOCTOM TOKa HarpY3KH CHH3HTCH
)1,0 3HaqeHHH U e . on 06paTHaSl CBH3b no HanpH}KeHHIO BbIKJIIOqaeTCSI.
BeJIHqHHa HanpH}KeHHH OTCeqKH U r . oT rpa<}:>HqeCKH onpe.n.eJIHeTCH
oTpe3KoM Ae a BepTHKaJIH, npOBe)1,eHHOH H3 TOqKH ea, cooTBeTcTBYIOllJ,eH
HC 3a,lI.aIOllJ,eH 06MoTKH a1 3 w 3 , qTO CJIe)1,yeT H3 rpa<}:>HqeCKHX nocTpoe-
HHH, T. e.
ese o _ 'YewH
Ae a - R H .
(11-106)
YqHTbIBaH npH 3TOM, qTO
- W
eseo = U Cp.1I R H ,
II
nOJIyqHM
(11-107)
- ]
Ae s = '\'e U CP . H = U r . oT '
(11108)
15 B. n. BblqKOB
449

ITpoBe.n:eM H3 TOqKH 6 2 rOpH30HTanH A6 2 npHMYIO 62 no.n: yrJIOM
'AR
'ljJ2 = arctg . B 3TOM cnyqae TOqKa nepeCeqeHHH XapaKTepHCTHKH
IJW T --
XOJIOCTOrO xo.n:a C npHMOH: 62 6y.n:eT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb TOqKe 2 CKOPOCT-
HOH: xapaKTeplICTHIm (pHC. 11-26).
IToCTpoeHHe xapaKTepHcTHKH B o6nacTH 60nblllHx HarpY30K npoH3-
Bo.n:mCH no ypaBHeHJlIO (11-90), KaK YKa3aHo Ha pHC. 11-21.
06blqHO .n:nH nOCTpoeHHH CTaTHqeCKOH xapaKTepHcTHKH .n:ocTaTOqHO
onpe.n:enHTb nJIllib xapaKTepHble TOqKH ee, T. e. TOqKII 1, 2, 3.
Er
E
, fl. H
a
e 3
'I1J' =a/'C,fn-1lL . R H
, ""crw r 'farctg-w.
U WH 1. H
"PH 7C,
e
Aw.!l
ocI 3 11J
1 D G'W,
Hr"0 fl.7
PliC. 11-26. K nocTpocHHIO CTaTlIlIeCKOii xapaKrepliCTliKII nplIBo.!);a ,!IJlH cxeMbI C
.!!BYMH 06paTHblMli CBH3HMH C pa3,!1eJlbHbIMH OTCellKaMH
ITpH 3TOM peKoMeH.n:yeTcH CJI.n:YIOHH: nopH.n:oK.
1. ITo OClI a6CI1.HCC rpaqmKa OT TOlIKH eo BnpaBo (CM. pHC. 11-26)
OTKJla.n:bIBaIOT oTpe30K
- 'A'YeWH I R
eoe 1 = - R H.T o.
, H
3aTeM qepe3 TOqKY el npoBo.n:HT npHMYIO ela!> napaJIJIeJIbHYIO eoa o .
TOqKa nepeCeqeHHH npHMoH elal , C xapaKTepHcTimoH XOJIOCTOrO xo.n:a
onpe.n:eJIHeT 3..n:. C. reHepaTopa, COOTBeTCTBYIOYIO TOqKe 1 CTaTlI-
qecKOJI xapaKTepHcTHKH.
B 3TOH TOqKe HaqHHaeT BCTynaTb B .n:eH:CTBHe 06paTHaH CBH3b no
TOKy, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO,
II = I n . T .
2. 4epe3 TOqKY nepeCeqeHHH npHMoH aoe o C BepTHKaJIbIO Aes
npoBo.n:HT ropH30HTaJIb A62 ' a lIepe3 TOqKY nepecelIeHHH 3TOH: ropH30H-
TaJIH C npHMoH 6 1 e - npHMYIO a 2 6 2 no.n: yrJIOM K ropH30HTaJIH '1'2 =
= arctg 'ART . B 3TOM CJIyqae TOqKa nepeCeqeHHH npHMOH: a 2 6 2 C xapaK-
IJW T
TepHCTHKOH XOJIOCTOrO xo.n:a onpe.n:eJIHeT 3. .n:. C. reHepaTopa, COOTBeT-
CTBYIOYIO TOqKe 2 CTaTHqeCKOH xapaKTepHcTlIKH.
450

B TOqKe 2 06paTlIaH CBH3b no HanpH}KeHlHO pa3MbiKaeTcH, OCTaeTCSI
O,ll,Ha 06paTHaH CBH3b no TOKY. npH 3TOM TOK ,lI,BllraTenH 1 2 onpe,ll,e-
JIHeTCH TaK }Ke, KaK Ha rpaqmKe, H306pa}KeHHOM Ha pHC. 11-21.
3. TOqKa 3 CTaTHqeCKOH: xapaKTepHcTHKH onpe,ll,eJIHeTCH no HanpH-
}KeHHIO ynopa
E3 = Eyn = lynRo.
CoOTHOllIeHHe napaMeTpoB o6paTHoH: CBH3H no HanpH}KeHHIO onpe-
,lI,eJIHeTCH ypaBHeHHeM (11-97), a o6paTHoH: CBH3H no TOKy - ypaB-
HeHHeM (11-91).
CxeM8 C COBMeut8HHblMH OTCe'lKaMH
Oco6eHHOCTblO cxeMbI C COBMeeHHbIMH OTCeqKaMH (pHC. 11-20,6)
HBJIHeTCH OTCYTCTBHe BHellIHHX HanpH}KeHHH: cpaBHeHHH B I1.enHX 06-
paTHblx cBH3eH, qTO HBJIHeTCH cyrn;ecTBeHHbIM npeHMyrn;ecTBOM ee no
cpaBHeHHIO co cxeMoH C pa3,l1,eJIbHbIMH OTCeqKaMH. HanpH}KeHHeM cpaB-
HeHlIH ,lI,JIH o6eHx 06paTHblx cBH3eH B TaKoH cxeMe CJIY}KHT na,ll,eHHe Ha-
npH}KeHHH Ha o6MoTKe ynpaBneHHH. B 06JIaCTH MaJIbIX HarpY30qHbIX
TOKOB na,ll,eHHe HanpH}KeHHH I yr y Ha 06MoTKe ynpaBJIeHHH Y FY 60nbilie
na,ll,eHHH HanpH}KeHHH Ha conpOTHBJIeHHH CHJIOBOH I1.enH alRo (CM.
pHC. 11-20, 6). B 3TOM cJIyqae npH HaJIHqHH BeHTHJIH B2 HanpH}KeHlle
alRo He OKa3bIBaeT BJIHHHHH Ha BeJIHqHHY TOKa 06MOTKH, T. e. KOHTYP
TOKa 06MOTKH YFY OT HanpH}KeHHH alRo pa30MKHYT, BKJIlOqeHa JIHllib
O,ll,Ha 06paTHaH CBH3b no HanpH}KeHHIO 6e3 HanpH}KeHHH cpaBHeHHH.
n0.9TOMY npH MaJIbIX HarpY3Kax cnpaBe,ll,JIHBO ypaBHeHHe
I E 'YeWy + A'YeWy IR - A
a 3 W 3- e- R -- - R 0- w Y '
H I-I
06paTHaH CBH3b no TOKY HaqHHaeT BCTynaTb B ,lJ,eHCTBHe (TOqKa 1
xapaKTepHCTHKH (pHC. 11-25), KOr,ll,a C pOCTOM TOKa HarpY3KH HanpH-
}KeHHe alRo CTaHeT paBHbIM HanpH}KeHHIO Ha 06MoTKe YFY, T. e. KOr,ll,a
(11-109)
C11 R - 'YeUel
H.T o-- R ry,
II
(11-11 0)
HJIH
I R aw = V Yew)':
!I.T 0 r el R '
y II
r,lJ,e Vel - HanpH}KeHHe reHepaTOpa, COOTBeTCTBYlOll{ee HaqaJIy pa-
60TW 06paTHOH CBH3H no TOKY;
R II - COnpOTJIBJIeHHe I1.enH 06paTHOH: CBH3H no HanpH}KeHHIO
reHepaTOpa;
ry - conpOTHBJIeHHe 06MOTKH YFY.
HanpH}KeHHe V rl 06blqHO OqeHb Mano OTJIHqaeTCH no BeJIHqHHe
OT 3.,lJ,. C. reHepaTOpa Eo. ECJIH B ypaBHeHHH (11-111) npHHHTb V n =
= Eo, TO
(11-111)
I R awy - E 'YeWy
H.T 0 r - 0  R .
Y B
(11-112)
16-
451

B TO }Ke BpeMH H3 ypaBHeHHH (11-109), HanHCaHHOrO .u.JIH pe}KHMa
H.u.eaJIbHOrO XOJIOCTOrO xo.u.a, CJIe.u.yeT, qTO
(a -I) I s w 3 = Eo "R:!i . (11-113)
B pe3YJIbTaTe HeKoTOpbIX npeo6pa30BaHHH B ypaBHeHHHx (11-112)
H (11-113) nOJIyqHM
l R (Jw y _
H.T 0 r
a=l+ I Y
3 W 3
(11-114)
YpaBHeHHe (11-114) nOKa3bIBaeT, qTO K03<}JqmI1.HeHT <}JOpCHpOBKH
3aBHCHT OT 3a.u.aHHoro 3HaqeHHH TOKa I". T> HJIH 3HaqeHHe TOKa 11 =
= I H . T 3aBHCHT OT K03<WmI1.HeHTa <}JOpCHpOBKH. aTO 03HaqaeT, qTO npH
BbI6paHHOM K03<}J<}JmIJleHTe ex Henb3H npOH3BonbHO 3a.u.aBaTbCH TOKOM 11'
OH o.u.H03HaqHO onpe.u.eJIHeTCH no ypaBHeHHlO (11-114). TaKHM o6pa30M,
B cxeMe C COBMeeHHbIMl-I OTCeqKaMH BbI60p K03<P<}JHI1.HeHTa <}JOpCHpOBKH
.u.OJI>KeH npOH3Bo.u.HTbCf! He no .u.HHaMHqeCKHM, a no CTaTHqeCKHM pe-
>KHMaM, qTO HBJIf!eTCH He.u.OCTaTKOM cxeMbI C COBMelI1.eHHbIMH OTCeqKaMH.
C pOCTOM HarpY3KH HanpH>KeHHe reHepaTOpa YMeHbllIaeTCf!, npH
3TOM .u.eHCTime 06paTHOH CBH3H no TOKY YCHJIHBaeTCH, a no HanpH}Ke-
HHIO OCna6JIHeTCf!. npH TOKe HarpY3KH, paBHOH 1 2 , H COOTBeTCTBYlOlI1.eH
TOqKe 2 xapaKTepHcTHKH (pHC. 11-25), na.u.eHHe HanpH}KeHHH B nJIeqe
nOTeHI1.HOMeTpa 6y.u.eT paBHo na.u.eHlllO HanpH>KeHHH B o6MoTKe ynpaB-
JIeHHH:
'YCU2 = IY2ry.
npH 3TOM 06paTHaH CBH3b no HanpH}KeHHIO reHeparopa pa30M-
KHYTa, U 2 = Uc. OT> a TOK 06MOTKH ynpaBJIeHHH I y2 = (J;o .
CJIe.u.oBareJIbHO,
U (J/2 R O
'Yc C.OT =  r y ,
(11-115)
r.u.e R T - conpoTHBneHHe I1.enH o6paTHoH CBf!3H no TOKY.
npH 3HaqeHHHX TOKa .u.BHrareJIf! I  1 2 .u.eHcTByeT o.u.Ha o6paTHaf!
CBH3b no TOKY 6e3 HanpH}KeHHf! cpaBHeHHH. B 3TOM cJIyqae cnpaBeA-
JIHBO ypaBHeHHe
a/ 3 w 3 - 7t:- IRo = Aw y . (11-116)
B 06JIaCTH Cpe.u.HHx HarpY30K npH o.u.HoBpeMeHHoM .u.eHcTBHH 06eHX
o6paTHblx CBH3eH nHTaHHe 06MOTKH YFY npOH3Bo.u.HTCf! OT .u.BYX HanpH-
>KeHHH (alRo l-I 'YcUc)' Tor.u.a ypaBHeHHe 6aJIaHCa HC HMeeT Bl-I.u.
(Jw y _ _ "cA.W
a/sws-Ec ( V C;Y -r ) _ (r T Xr r";:) IRo=AW' (11-117)
r 1111. I + J... +J_ 1 +3_ + __Y-
r HA r TA rll)!, r TA
452

r,lI.e rul!. - ,lI.OnOnHlITeJIbHOe COnpOTHBJIeHlre B u.emr 06paTHOH CBSl3H
no Hanp5UKeHHIO;
'TI!. - TO >Ke B u.enM 06paTHOH CBH3H no TOKY.
Y paBHeHHe (11-117) rpoM03,lI.KO, M ero HCnOJIb30BaHHe ,lI.JISI nOCTpoe-
HHSI xapaKTepHCTHKH CBH3aHO co CJIO>KHbIMH rpaqmqecKHMH BblqHCJIe-
HlUIMH. 06blqHO ,lI.nH npaKTHqeCKHX u.eJIeH ,lI.OCTaTOqHO onpe,lI.eJIHTb JIHlllb
rpaHHqHble TOqKH MexaHHqeCKofr xapaKrepHCTHKH.
DpH 3TOM peKOMeH,lI.yeTcH CJIe,lI.YIOIll.HH nOpH,lI.OK paCqeTa.
1. ECJIH 3a,lI.aH TOK 11 = I Hm TO no ypaBHeHHIO (11-114) onpe-
,lI.eJISleTCH K03cpqmu.HeHT cpOpCHpOBKH.
Er,/J
fa
50
I RQ!!i = 1/9
loR
R
(rarr: tg-!!..
d,.
e; 150 AWy
d.IJW J
PHC. 11-27. K nocTpoeHHIO CTaTHlIeCKOH xapaKTepHcTHKlI npHBoAa
.!);JIH cxeMbI C .!);BYMH oopaTHbIMH CBH3HMII C COBMeIlleHHbIMH OTce'I-
KaMH
2. Do ypaBHeHHIO (11-113) HaXO,lI.HT COOTHOllleHHe napaMeTpoB
u.enH o6paTHoH CBSl3H no HanpH>KeHHIO reHeparopa 'Y::'Y. .
3. OT TOqKH eo, cooTBeTcTBYIOIll.eH HC 3a,lI.alOIll.eH 06MOTKH, BnpaBo
- 'A:yw
no OCH a6Cu.Hcc OTKna,lI.bIBaIOT oTpe30K eoe 1 = R H H I H.TRo H npOBO,lI.HT
npHM)'1O e1a1 ' napaJIJIeJIbHYIO elflo (CM. pHC. 11-27). TOqKa nepeCeqeHHH
3TOH npHMoH C xapaKTepHCTHKOH xonocToro' XO,lI.a (roqKa a 1 ) 6Y,lI.eT
onpe,lI.eJIHTb 3. ,lI.. C. reHepaTopa E1' COOTBeTCTBYIOIll.YIO TOqKe 1 CTaTH-
qeCKOH xapaKTepHcTHKH.
4. CooTHollleHHe napaMeTpoB u.enH 06paTHOH CBH3H no TOKY 11;:-
. HaXO,lI.HT pellleHHeM ypaBHeHHSI (11-116).
5. BBepx no BepTHKaJIH H3 TOqKH eo OTKna,lI.blBalOT oTpe30K eoA =
= U C . OT = aE o , a H3 TOqKM A npOBO,lI.HT npHMYIO Aa2 no,lI. yrJIOM K ro-
AR --
pH30HTaJIH 'ljJ2 = arctg--.-!.. TOqKa nepeCeqeHHSI npHMoH Aa2 C xapaK-
I1W y
TepHCTHKOH XOJIOCTOrO XO,lI.a (TOqKa a2) Onpe,lI.eJIHeT 3. ,lI.. C. reHepaTopa
Ea, COOTBeTCTBYlOlUylO TOqKe 2 CTaTlilieCKOH xapaKTepHCTHKH.
453

6. 113 TO'lKlJ eo npOBO)].lJTCH npHMaH eoa s no)]. yrnoM K oeH a6eHee
1/'1 = arctg R T . B 9TOM cnY'lae TOK /2 onpe)].eJHlTCH 113 rpa<pI1Ka, Y'lI1-
aw y
TWBaH, 'lTO OTpe30K
- aw
e 2 eo = /2 Ro R: '
npHMep 11-4. PaCC'IHTaTb }JJlH cxeMbI C pa3l\eJlbHbIMH OTCe'lKaMH (CM. pliC. 11-20,
a) napaMeTpbI ueneii 06paTHblx cBH3eii H nocTpoHTb MeXaHH'IecKYIO XapaKTepHCTliKY
npHBo,ga.
.D. a H H bI e 3. l\. c. lI./J,eaJlbHOrO XOJlOCTOro xoga
Eo = 5006; I" = 500a; 00 0 = 78,5 paa!ceK; Ro = 0,0833 OM; /, = 0,4;
U.
(J = 0,1; a = E OT = 0,7; U ep . n = 1106; w n = W T = 230 BHTKOB;
o
T" = TT = 10 OAt; 11 = I".T = 1,21 n = 600a; Iyn = 2,41" = 1200a_
K03cjJcjJlIltneHT cjJOpCHpOBKlI a = 4. 0606IlleHHaH xapaKTepHcTliKa XOJlOCTOrO
Xo}!a npe}!CTaBJleHa Ha pHC. 11-28.
Er. 6
,
A
'¥. = arc .M1J
z 6W,
.4
,
R'
'K - arctg/.!L I
mv,:e o
Allf
U rOl
1,500
C z 50
cd W3 80
PliC. 11-28. TIoCTpoeHlIe CTaTlIlIeCKOii xapaKTeplIcTHKH nplIBo.!);a JJ,JlH
cxeMbI C .!);BYMH 06paTHbIMli CBH3HMH C pa3}!eJlbHbIMH OTCe'lKaMli. K
npliMepy 11-4
P e III e H H e.
K03cjJcjJHUHeHT 3. )!. C. ,!lBHraTeJlH
C Eo 500 .
e = 00 0 = 78,5 = 6,37.
HanpH>KeHHe OTCe'lKH
U C . OT = aEo = 0,7.500 = 350 B.
HC YClIJlHTeJlR, COOTBeTCTBYIOll{aH 3. ll.. c. reHepaTopa Eo (onpe}JeJlHeTCH no
xapaKTepHcTHKe XOJlOCTOrO xO./J,a) , I3w3 = 20.
CooTHolIIeHlIe napaMeTpoB l{enH 06paTHoii CBH31I no HanpH>KeHHIO (11-97)
YHWH = a-I . / 3 w 3 =.=04
R" 1 - a Eo 1 - 0,7 500 ' .
TIepe}!aTO'lHOe OTHOlIIeHHe nOTeHUHoMeTpa reHepaTopa (11-94)
U CP . H 110 16
'\'c = U C . OT = 350 = 0,3 .
45A

ConpOTHBJleillie ltenH 06paTllOii CBH3H no nanpH>KeHlIIO (11-98)
R = VHwn (1 - a) . = 0,316.230 (1 - 0,7) . 50 = 182 ON
H (a-I) I 3 w s 4-1 20
3a.naeMCH conpOTlIBJleHHeM nOTeHlllIoMeTpa reHepaTopa
500
Rnc = 2 = 250 ON
H conpOTlIBJleHHeM nOTeHllHoMeTpa cpaBHeHHH
220
R ncH = 2 = 110 ON.
TO
ECJlH HanpH>KeHlIe ceTH U c = 220 6, a HanpH>KeHlIe cpaBHeHlIH U cp . H = 1106,
_ U Cp . H _110 -05
VCp.H - U. - 220 - ,.
e
.D.onOJlHHreJlbHOe conpOTlIBJleHlIe B ltenli 06paTHoii CBH3H no HanpH>KeHHIO
6e3 Y'IeTa conpOTIIBJleHHH BeHTHJlH (11-103):
r U 1\ = R,,- [r H + RncVc (1- Vc) + RneHVep.H (I-Vep.H)] =
= 182 - [10 + 250.0,316 (1 - 0,316) + 110.0,5 (1- 0,5)] = 90,4 ON.
COOTIlOlIIeHHe napaMeTpoB ltenli o<5paTHoii CBH31I no TOKy (11-91)
(1W T = aI s w 3 - Awy  = 4.20-9 = 142.
R T IynRo-IH.TRo (1200-600).0,0833 '
3.!);eCb AW YII = 9 onpe}JeJleHa no xapaKTepHcTliKe XOJlOCTOrO XOlla.
ConpOTlIBJleHlIe ltenli o<5paTHoii CBH3H no TOKY
R = ,!y nRo -1".TRo = (1200-600).0,0833 0 1 . 230 = 11 2
T I _ A (1WT 4 20 _ 9 ' , ON.
a 3W3 w yn .
LlOnOJlHHTeJlbHOe conpOTIIBJleHHe B ltenH 06paTHoii CBH3H no TOKY
r T 1\ = R T - r T = 16,2 -10 = 6,2 ON.
H3 TO'lKH A, cooTBeTcTBYIOIlleii HC 3a.!);alOIlleii 06MOTKH aI 3 w 3 = 80 H HanpH-
>KeHlIlO OTCe'lKH, npoBo.!);HM npHMYIO Aao (pliC. 11-28). 3aTeM OTKJlallbIBaeM no Bep-
THKaJlH OT TO'lKH A BBepx oTpe30K A61 ' paBHblii ').J H'TR o , a H3 KOHQa 3TOro OTpe3Ka
(113 TO'lKH 6 1 ) npOBO.[\HM npHMYIO 61a1 . napa.nJleJlbHYIO npHMoii Aao . TO'lKa nepece-
'IeHHH xapaKreplICTHKH XOJlOCTOrO xo.!);a C npHMoii 61a1 onpe.!);eJlHeT 3. }J.. C. reHepa-
Topa E 1 = 520 e, COOTBeTCTBYIOIllYIO TO'lKe 1 xapaKTeplICTHKH.
CKOpOCTb BpaIlleHHH }!BHraTeJlH B TO'lKe 1
E C1 - IH.TRo 520 - 600.0,0833 73 8 at
rol = C = = , pa ce/(o
e 6,37
'AR
H3 TO'lKH 6 2 npOBO,!!lIM npHMYIO nOlI yrJlOM 1)Jz = arctg (1;:' ('Iepe3 TO'lKY 6 1 ),
f1pH 3TOM TO'lKa nepeCe'leHHH xapaKTepHCTliKH XOJlOCTOro xOlla C npHMoii 6 2 6 1 on-
pe)J;eJlHeT 3. }J.. C. reHepaTopa E C2 = 385 e cooTBeTcmYIOIllYIO TO'lKe 2 xapaKTeplI-
CTHKH.
455

TOK, COOTBeTCTBYIOIIlIii TOtlKe 2 cTaTHtlecKoii xapaKTepllcTHKH:
/2 = I2 = O,09::3 = 1116 a.
3,!!ecb I2Rz. = cb; = 93 onpe.11eJlHeTCH H3 rpacjJHKa.
CKOpOCTb BpaIlleHlIH ,!!BlIraTeJlH B TO'lKe 2
E C2 -12 R o
"'2=
C e
385 - 93 ....
6,37 = 45,9 paulceK.
[1al\eHlIe HanpH>KeHIIH I2Ro = 93 B orrpe.!);eJleHO rpacjJH'IeCKli.
npHMep 11-5. PaCC'IliTaTb .!);JlH cxeMbI C COBMeIlleHHbIMli OTCe'lKaMli (CM. pllC. 11-20,
6) napaMeTpbI l{eneii 06paTHblx CBH3eii H nocTpolITb MeXaHlI'IecKYIO xapaKTeplicTliKY
npHBO)!a.
.D. a H H bl e. 3.}!. c. H,[leaJlbHOrO XOJlOCTOrO X0J..!,a Eo = 500 B; III = 500 a;
Ro = 0,0833 OM; 00 0 = 78,5 paiJjccK; '}., = 0,4; CJ = 0,1; w = 230; 'y = 10 OM;
It = I HT = 1,2IH = 600 a; Iyn = 2,4 Il!= 1200 a; a = UoTI = 0,7. 0606IlleHHaR
o
MeXaHlI'IeCKaH xapaKrepHcTHKa npe,[lcTaBJleHa Ha pliC. 11-27.
P e III e H H e.
K034xIJHltHeHT 3. ,[l. c. ,[lBHrareJlH
Eo 500
C e = 00 0 = 78;5 = 6,37.
[10 xapaKTepHCTlJKe XOJlOCTOro xO,[la HC, COOTBeTCTBYIOIIafl 3. ,!!. C. renepaTopa
Eo = 500,
Iawa = 20.
K03cjJcjJHltHeHT cjJOpCHpOBKH (11-114)
a=l+
I R CJw
H.T 0 ry
Ia w 3
600.00833 0,1 .230
, 10
1+ 20 = 6,75.
COOTHOlIIeHHe napaMeTpoB ltenli 06paTHoii CBH3H no HanpH>KeHHIO
'\'c Wy = ( _ 1 ) I3w3 -5752c?"=023
R a E-'500 ,.
H 0
OT TOllKH Co, cooTBeTcTByIOIlleii HC 3a.!);aIOIIeii 06MOTKII a1aw3 = 6,75.20=] 35,
BnpaBo no OCH a6Cl{HCC OTKJla,[lWBaeM OTpe30K
- '\'W
e O e l = '}., R H H I H . TRo = 0,4.0,23.600.0,0833 = 4,6.
TIpOBO}JHM npHMYIO Clal' napaJlJleJlbHyIO coa o H HaXOl\HM 3. J..!,. C. reHepaTopa,
COOTBeTCTBYIOIllYIO TO'lKe 1 CTaTH'IeCKOii xapaKTepHCTHKH: £1 = 512 B.
CKOpOCTb BpaIlleHlIH .11BlIraTeJlH
E 1 -IH.TRo 512 - 600.0,0833 _ 72 - .... 1
WI = C = 637 -,::J pau CCK.
e ,
COOTHOIII"eHlIe napaMeTpoB ltenH 06paTHoii CBH3H no TOKY (11-116)
CJw y _ a1aw3 - AW yn _ 135 - 9
I R 1200.0,0833 = 1,26.
NT -" yn 0
456

. 3./\eCL AW yn = 9 HaiiJ\ello no xapaKTeplicTliKe XOJlOCTOrO XOJla reHepaTopa )l.JlH
Eyn = 1200.0,0833=100 B.
TIpOBO./\HM H3 TOllKli eo npHMYIO eas no./\ yrJlOM K OCli a6CltliCC
R T 1
1\'1 = arctg - = arcgt 1 26 '
aw y ,
a H3 TO'lKH A - npHMYIO Aa 2 no.!); yrJloM
1\'2 = arctg 'ART = arctg ] 0 2 ,4 6 .
aw y ,
OpJllIHaTa TO'lKli nepeCe'leHHH npHMoii Aa 2 C xapaKTepHcTHKOii XOJlOCTOrO xOJ\a
£2 = 387 B.
TOK HarpY3KH, cooTBeTcTBYIOIllHii TOllKe 2 CTaTH'IeCKOii xapaKTepHCTHKIJ, on-
- aw
peJ\eJlHeTCH H3 rpacjJHKa, Y'lHTbIBaH, 'ITO e2eO = I2Ro -y- = 119, T. e.
R T
119
00833.126 = 1137 a.
, ,
I _ e 2 e O
2-
Ro aw 
R T
CKOPOCTb BpaIlleHHH ./\BHraTeJlH B TO'lKe 2
£2 - I2 R o _ 3h7 - 11:n . 0,0833 _ 46 O J
C - 67 3 - pa eel(.
e ,
CO2
ConpOTlIBJleHlIe ltenli 06paTHoii CBH3H no TOKY
_ IynRo _ 1200.0,0833 _
R T -- l -A aw y - 132-9 0.1.230-18,2oJoI.
a sW s w yn
LlOnOJlHlITeJlbHoe conpOTHBJleHHe ltenH 06paTHoii CBH3H no TOKY
r Tll = R T - r T - ro = 18,2- 10 = 8,20.1.1.
3)1.ecb conpOTlIBJleHHe BeHTHJlH B2 npHHHTo paBHbIM HYJlIO.
TIepeJ\aTO'lHOe OTHOlIIeHHe nOTeHltliOMeTpa reHepaTopa (11-115)
'Yc = ar . I2 R o = 0,1 . 10. 1137.0,0833 = 0,0182.
R T U C . OT 18,2.350
ConpOTlIBJleHHe nOTeHltHOMeTpa reHepaTopa
3J\eCb lllc = 2 a.
ConpOTlIBJlelllIe nJle'la nOTeHltHOMeTpa
Eo 500
Rnc= 1= 2= 250 OM.
nc
r nc = Rnr'Yr = 250.0,0182 = 4,55.
ConpOTHBJleHHe ltenH 06paTHoii CBH3H no HanpH>KeHIJIO (11-113)
R - 'YcW y_._ 0,0182.230 .2_ 182
n- a _l Isw s - 5,75 20 - , OM.
.D.onOJlHHTeJlbHOe conpOTHBJleHHe B l{enH 06p'aTlIOii CBH3H no HanpH>KeHlIlO
r Hll = R H - [r y + rs + r nc (1 - 'Yr)] = 18,2 - [10 + 4,55 (1 - 0,0182)] = 3,73 O.l!.
3./\ecb conpOTlIBJleHHe BeHTHJlH Bl npHHHTo paBHbIM HYJlIO.
457

 11-10. OnMcaHHe patiOTbI cxeMbl aneKTpOMaWHHHoro
ynpaBneHMH aneKTponpMBoAoM MexaHM8MOB peBepcMBHX
CTaHOB
Ha pHC. 1I-29, a, 6 npe)1.CTaBneHa pa3BepHyTaH npHHIJ.HnHanbHaH
cxeMa ynpaBneHllH )1.BllraTe.TIHMIl Ha>KIIMHOrO YCTPollcTBa peBepcllBHoro
CTaHa rOpH'leH npoKaTKIl. TaKaH cxeMa MO>KeT 6bITb npllMeHeHa )1.nH
JIIo6oro MexaHH3Ma peBepcllBHoro CTaHa. TIpH 3TOM 113MeHeHllH, CBH-
3aHHble c oco6eHHocTHMil KOHKpeTHoro MexaHU3Ma, He HMeIOT npHH-
IJ.HnHanbHoro xapaKTepa. CxeMa npe)1.yCMaTpliBaeT pa3nlI'lHble BapHaH-
Tbl BKnIO'leHllH )1.BllraTeJIeH DIll D2, 'lTO ocym.ecrnnHeTcH c nOMom.bIO
nepeKJIIO'laTe.TIH n 1 II py611nbHllKoB 2P, 3P. TIepeKJIIO'laTe.TIb n 1 IIMeeT
)1.Ba nOJIO>KeHllH: HOpMaJIbHOe H II aBaplIHHoe A. B HOpMaJIbHOM nOJIO-
>KeHIIII nepeKJIIOqaTe.TIH n 1 )1.BHraTe.TIb /1.1 nOJIyqaeT nHTaHIIe OT reHepa-
a)
t=
2P
-
2P
rc
grg If
B
!J r
If B
H
fl!lme8ov BblffnlO'fOmenb
KOHmOKmb HUJ
fiBl
nB2 _
flB3
flBlf
flB5
Sept HOJHO'feHUe
OcmoHo8KO f7pli .Koile 88epx
30Meilf7ewe f7pU .Kooe BBepx
OcmoHo8f(O npli XODe OHliJ
_ 30Meilf7eHlJe npu xoi/e 8HlJJ
_ HOflOHleHlie mopMOJo(J
PliC 11-29. [1pHHltHnlIaJ1bHaH cxeMa ynpaBJleHHH npliBolloM Ha>KHMHOrO YCTpoii
458

Topa F 1, a )J.BHraTeJlb 11.2 - OT reHepaTOpa F2. B aBapIIHHoM nonome-
HHH (O)J.HH 1I3 reHepaTopoB BbImeJl H3 CTpOfI) )J.BHraTe.JIH 11.1 H 11.2 coe-
)J.HHHIOTCH Me>KJJ.Y C060H nOCJle,n.oBaTeJlbHO H nonYllalOT nHTaHHe OT
O)J.Horo H3 reHepaTopoB F 1 IIJlH F2 B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TOro, KaKoH H3
Py6IInbHHKoB 2P IIJlII 3P 3aMKHYT. B 3TOM cnYllae )J.BIIraTeJlH pa6o-
TalOT C nonoBHHHoH HOMIIHaJlbHOH CKOpOCTblO BpaIII.eHHH.
06MOTKII B036ym)J.eHIIH reHepaTopoB OBF 1 II OBF2 nonYllalOT
nHTaHHe OT 3J1eKTpOMamHHHoro YCHJlHTenH .Y F. B paccMaTpIIBaeMoH
cxeMe HcnoJlb3ylOTcH TPH 06MOTKH yCHnHTenH: 3a)J.alOIII.aH o6MoTKa
JlF3, o6MoTKa ynpaBneHHH JlFJI H o6MoTKa ru6KOH 06paTHOH CBH3II
JlFF.
3a)J.alOIII.aH o6MoTKa JlF3 nO)J.KnlOllaeTCH qepe3 peBepclIBHbIH KOH-
TaKTHbIH MOCTHK Ha HanpmKeHHe ceTH. LLonOnHHTeJlbHOe conpOTHBJle-
6J +
1-l
IP
rp
-
K
IP \
H
IP3 " f(1
I
I : r : :
OB/l,1 IPHT
OB/l,Z ZPHT 2tp
fT TMJJ.I Z T
 2 .
f(H A  flJ  '?/ flZ f(fI 2PBH 2PHT 2PM
f(fI f(fI ' JP 2P' n
KH 2P 3P JP fiI rii-jp IPBH IPHT {PM In
I
;PJ 1';;3 H
IT"'""" ,
2P3' I I 'I TN flBZ";"""I
I ' TB
tOf5< . ";"""1
IP3 I' I : I fiB Ii TN
I I ,
."1. II
'1 f II
: :f(k2::
I   '
JKf/J
PqJT
, flB5
5 H
H 1B
{KIP
-<
21
B
ff
B PlpB
r--l
r--l
H PI/JI/
CTBa peBepclIBHoro CTaHa ropmleii npoKaTKH (c COBMeIlleHHbIMli OTCe'lKaMIJ)
459

Hire B IJ.enll 3aAaIOm.eH OOMOTKIl '3}J. BbIOllpaeTCSl C TaKIlM paC'leTOM,
'lT06bI HaMarHll'lIlBaIOm.aSl Cllna 06MOTKil aI 3 w 3 paBHSlnaCb BbI6paHHOH
no YCJIOBllSlM CTaTll'leCKOrO pe>KllMa.
06MOTKa rll6KOH o6paTHoii CBSl311 .Y r r B paCCMaTpllBaeMOM CJIY'lae
nOAKnIO'leHa Ha BTOpll'lHyIO 06MOTKY cTa611JIIl311PYIOm.ero TpaHC<PoP-
MaTopa, Ha nepBll'lHYIO 06MOTKY KOToporo nOAaeTCSl HanpSl>KeHlle
YCllnllTe.JISl .Yr.
PerynllpoBaHlle CKOpOCTIl Bpam.eHllSl ABllraTeJIeH BABe cTyneHIl
npOll3BOAllTCSl 113MeHeHlleM HanpSl>KeHllSI reHepaTopOB. npll 3TOM Hall-
oonbIlIaSI CKOpOCTb Bpam.eHIlSI nonY'laeTCSI 3a C'leT YBenll'leHIlSI conpo-
TllBneHIlSI nOTeHIJ.llOMeTpa reHeparopa Rnc, T. e. YMeHbIlIeHIlSI nepeAa-
r
TO'lHOrO OTHOIlIeHIlSI nOTeHIJ.llOMeTpa '\' c = - R nc , 'lTO npIlBOAllT, KaK 31'0
nr
BIlAHO 113 (11-95), K YBeJIll'leHIlIO 3. A. c. reHepaTopa Eo. PerynllpoBaHlle
CKOpOCTIl Bpam.eHIlSI ABllraTe.JIeii 113MeHeHlleM nOTOKa cxeMoii He npe-
AYCMaTpIlBaeTCSI. OOMOTKIl B036Y>KAeHIlSI ABllraTe.JIeH OBllI II OB/1.2,
paCC'lIlTaHHble Ha HanpSI>KeHlle 110 6, BKJlIO'leHbI 'lepe3 AOnOJIHllTeJIb-
Hble conpOTllBneHIlSI Ha HanpSI>KeHlle 220 6. .LI:ononHIlTenbHble conpo-
TllBJIeHIlSI ynpaBJISIIOTCSI KOHTaKTopaMIl I KcP, 2KcP AnSI KpaTKoBpeMeH-
Horo yCllJIeHIlSI nonSI ABllraTe.JIeii B npoIJ.ecce nycKa ABllraTeJISI.
npllMeHllTeJIbHO K 9JIeKTpOnpllBoAY Ha>KllMHOrO YCTpoHcTBa B cxeMe
npeAycMoTpeHbI KOHTaKTbI nYTeBoro BbIKnIO'laTeJISI n B, CBSI3aHHoro
C BaJIOM Ha>KllMHOrO YCTpoiicTBa. nYTeBoii BbIKJIIO'laTeJIb n B llMeeT
nSITb KOHTaKTOB: n BI - AnSI OCTaHOBKIl Ha>KllMHOrO YCTpoiicTBa B
KpaiiHeM BepxHeM nOnO>KeHllll pa6o'lero BanKa; n B3 - AnSI OCTaHOBKIl
Ha>KllMHOrO YCTpoiicTBa B KpaiiHeM Hll>KHeM nOJIO>KeHllll paOO'lero
BanKa; n B2 II n B4 - AnSI npeABapllTe.JIbHoro CHll>KeHIlSI CKOpOCTH
nepeMem.eHIlSI BanKa B6n1l311 KpaiiHllx nOnO>KeHllii (n B2 pa3MbIKaeTcSI
npll nOAxoAe K KpaiiHeMY BepxHeMY nOnO>KeHllIO, n B4 - npll nOA-
xOAe K KpaiiHeMY Hll>KHeMY nOnO>KeHllIO); n B5 - AJISI nOAa'll-! llMnynbca
Ha cpa6aTbIBaHile 3JIeKTpOMeXaHll'leCKllX TOpM030B TMllI, TMll2
B KpaiiHllx nOnO>KeHIlSIX MeXaHl-!3Ma. K:oHTaKT n B5 B 3Tl-!X nOnO>KeHIlSIX
pa3MbIKaeTcSI. CxeMa pa60ThI KOHTaKTOB nYTeBoro BbIKJIIO'laTenSI 11306-
pa>KeHa Ha pilC. 11-29. .
BKnIO'leHlleM Py611nbHllKa I P nOAaeTCSI HanpSI>KeHlle Ha IJ.enll yn-
paBneHIlSI. IJpll 3TOM cpa6aTbIBaeT KOHTaKTOp Kn, C nOMom.bIO KOTO-
poro nOAKJIIO'laIOTCSI Ha Hanp5l>KeHlle ceTIl 06MOTKil B036Y>KAeHIlSI
OB/1.1 II OB/1.2 ABllraTe.JIeii. K:OHTaKTOp Kn npeAHa3Ha'laeTCSI AJISI Ha-
Ae>KHOrO pa3MbIKaHilSI IJ.enll C OqeHb OOJIbIlIOH llHAYKTllBHOCTbIO (IJ.enll
06MOTOK B036Y>KAeHIlSI OB/1.I, OB/1.2) nocne OTKJIIO'leHIlSI IJ.eneii ynpaB-
neHIlSI py611JIbHllKOM IP.
B HyneBoM nOnO>KeHllll KOMaHAoKOHTpOJIJIepa 3aMKHYT KOHTaKT
KKI II H3 KOHTaKT peJIe HanpSI>KeHIlSI IP3. BCJIeACTBlle 3Toro npll
aaMKHYTbIX KOHTaKTax onOKllpOBO'lHbIX II 3aIIJ.llTHbIX peJIe BKnIOqllTCSI
HYJIeBOii KOHTaKTOp KH. K:aTYlliKa peJIe HanpSI>KeHIlSI 1 P3 nOAKJIIO'leHa
K HanpSI>KeHIlIO reHepaTopa II ero H3 KOHTaKT 3aMKHYT npll OTCYTCTBl-!1l
HanpSI>KeHIlSI reHepaTopa. TaKaSI onoKHpoBKa 3anpem.aeT nOBTopHoe
460

BKJIIO'lemle )J.BHraTemI nocJle Cpa6aTbIBaHHSI 3aHTbI, eCJlH HanpSI>Kemle
reHepaTOpa He CHH3HnOCb)J.0 MHHHMaJlbHOrO 3Ha'leHHSI.
B u.enb KaTYlliKH KOHTaKTopa KH BKnIO'leHbI H3 KOHTaKTbI peJle
nOBbIllieHHoro HanpSl>KeHHSI reHepaTopOB IPBH H 2PBH, HO KOHTaKThI
peJle HyneBoro TOKa IPHT H 2PHT u.eneH B036Y>K)J.eHHSI )J.BHraTeJIeH,
H3 KOHTaKTbI MaKCHMaJlbHbIX TOKOBbIX peJle IPM, 2PM u.eneH )J.BHra-
TeneH. B u.enb KOHTaKTopa KH BBe)J.eHbI TaK>Ke HO>KH nepeKnIOqaTe-
neH ll2, ll3, 6nOlmpOBO'lHble KOHTaKTbI py6HnbHHKOB 2P, 3P H nepe-
KJIIO'laTeJlSl II I, c nOMObIO KOTOpbIX npe)J.OTBpaaeTCSI BKnIO'leHHe
KOHTaKTopa KH npH HenpaBHnbHOH YCTaHOBKe py6HJIbHHKOB 2P, 3P
H nepeKnIO'laTeneH II I, ll2, ll3. KpOMe Toro, B u.enH KOHTaKTopa KH
HMeeTCSI 6nOKHpOBO'lHbIH KOHTaKT A MarHHTHoro nYCKaTeJISi npHBO)J.-
Horo )J.BHrareJiSI YCHJlHTeJISi Y r, KOHTaKTbI KJI KOHTaKTopoB npHBO)J.-
HbIX )J.BHraTeJIeH reHepaTopoB, 6J1aro)J.apSi 'leMY BKJIIO'leHHe KOHTaK-
Topa KH H cxeMbI ynpaBJleHHSI HeB03MO>KHO npH Hepa6OTaIOHx npe-
o6pa30BaTeJlbHbIX arperaTax. KOHTaKT Kll B u.enH KOHTaKTopa KH
C03)J.aeT nOCJle)J.OBaTenbHOCTb B pa60Te KOHTaKTopOB Kll H KH: BHa'laJle
)J.OJI>KeH BKJIIO'lHTbCSI KOHTaKTOp Kll H nocne :onoro KOHTaKTOp KH.
C nO)J.KJIIO'leHHeM HyneBoro KOHTaKTopa KH Ha HanpSl>KeHHe ceTII
3aMbIKaIOTCSI HO KOHTaKTbI KH B u.enH KaTYllieK nHHeHHbIX KOHTaKTO-
pOB IJI, 2JI. DpH 3TOM )J.BHraTeJIH npHcoe)J.HHSlIOTCSI KOHTaKTaMH IJI,
2JI K reHepaTopaM. DOCJle)J.OBaTeJlbHOe coe)J.HHeHHe KOHTaKTOB KH
npHMeHeHO )J.nH nonY'leHHSI 60JIee Ha)J.e>KHOrO pa3pbIBa u.enH KaTYllieK
MOHbIX nHHeHHbIX KOHTaKTOpOB IJI, 2JI.
DpH BKnIO'leHHH py6HJlbHHKa I P nonY'laIOT mnaHHe peJIe C BbI)J.ep>K-
Koii BpeMeHH PcPT (OpCHpOBKH 3J1eKTpOMafHIITHbIX TOpM030B),
PC/JB H PC/JH - pene OpCl-!POBKH nOTOKa )J.BHraTeneH. Docne cpa6aTbI-
BaHHSI peJle PC/JT BKnIO'laIOTCSI KOHTaKTopbI IKC/JT, 2KC/JT, KOTopble
3aKOpa'lHBaIOT )J.onOJlHHTeJIbHble conpOTHBneHIISI B u.enSix KaTYllieK
3J1eKTpOMeXaHH'leCKHX TOpM030B TM/l,I, TM/l,2. 3aMbIKaHIIe KOHTaK-
TOB peJle PcPB, PC/JH He BbI3bIBaeT nO)J.KnIO'leHIISi KOHTaKTopOB op-
CHpOBKII nOJISI )J.BlIraTeneH I KC/J, 2KC/J Ha HanpSl>KeHHe ceTH B HyneBoM
nOnO>KeHHH KOMaH)J.OKOHTpOJInepa, TaK KaK npH 3TOM KOHTaKTbI peBep-
CHBHbIX KOHTaKTOpOB B H H B u.enH KOHTaKTopOB I KC/J , 2KC/J pa30M-
KHYTbI.
DYCK )J.BHraTeJleH Ha nOBblIIIeHHYIO CKOpOCTb
B H a n p a B JI e H II H «Bnepe)J.» npoII3Bo)J.HTCSI nepeBo)J.oM KOMaH)J.o-
KOHTpOnJlepa H3 HyneBoro BO BTopoe pa6o'lee nOJlO>KeHHe «Bnepe)J.».
DpH 3TOM pa3MbIKaIOTCSI KOHTaKTbI KKI H 3aMbIKaIOTCSI KOHTaRTbI
KK2, KK3, KK5. KOHTaKTOp KH nocne pa3MbIKaHHSI KKI npo)J.on-
>KaeT nOJlY'laTb nHTaHHe 'lepe3 6nOK-KOHTaKT KH. DpH 3TOM nOJly'lHT
nHTaHHe KaTYlliKa KOHTaKTopa B H BKJIIO'lHTCSI Ha HanpSl>KeHHe 3a)J.aIO-
aSl 06MOTKa Y r3. 4epe3 KOHTaKT KK2 nOJly'laT nIITaHHe KOHTaKTopbI
IT, 2T, 3JIeKTpOMeXaHH'leCKHe TopM03a TM/l,I, TM/l,2 BKnIO'laTCSI
Ha HanpSl>KeHHe ceTII npH 3aKOpO'leHHbIX )J.ononHHTeJIbHbIX conpoTHB-
JleHHSlX, qeM npe)J.ycMaTpHBaeTcSI OpclIpoBaHHoe HapacTaHHe TOKa
B KarylliKax TOpM030B II 6bICTpoe HX Cpa6aThIBaHlIe. C pa3MbIKaHHeM
461

H3 KOHTaKTa 2T TepHeT mnaHIIe KaTYIllKa peJIe PepT, C BbI)1.ep>KKOH
BpeMeHII OTKnIO'laIOTCH KOHTaKTopbI 1 KepT, 2KepT H B enII KaTYIlleK
TOpM030B BBO)1.HTCH )1.0nOnHIITenbHwe conpOTIIBneHIIH, OrpaHII'lIIBaIO-
III.IIe )1.aJIbHeHIllee B03pacTaHIIe TOKOB B 3TIIX I{aryIllKax.
TIpII 3aMbIKaHHII KOHTaKTa B 'lepe3 3aKpbITbIH HO KOHTaKT PepB
BKnIO'laIOTCH KOHTaKTopbI 1 Kep, 2Kep, 'lTO npIIBO)1.IIT K 3aKOpa'lIIBaHIIIO
'laCTII )1.0nOJIHIITeJIbHbIX conpOTIIBJIeHIIH B enHX 06MOTOK B036Y>K)1.e-
HHH )1.BIIraTeJIeH H K YCIIneHIIIO nOTOKOB IIX. Y CIIneHIIe nOTOKOB )1.BIIra-
TeJIeH npoH3Bo)1.IITCH KpaTKoBpeMeHHo, 'lTO He06xo)1.HMO )1.JIH YBeJIII'le-
HIIH nycKoBoro MOMeHTa )1.BIIraTeJIeH. C pa3MbIKaHIIeM H3 KOHTaKTa B
o6ecTO'lIIBaeTCH u.enb pene PepB, BCne)1. 3a 3THM C BbI)1.ep>KKOH BpeMeHII
CHIIMaeTCH HanpH>KeHIIe C KaTYIlleK KOHTaKTopoB 1 Kep, 2Kep H )1.onoJI-
HHTeJIbHble cOnpOTIIBJIeHIIH BHOBb BBO)1.HTCH B enH 06MOTOK B036Y>K)1.e-
HIIH )1.BIIrareJIeH. LIepe3 KOHTaKT KK5, 3aMKHYTbIH B Ha'laJIe nycKa
KOHTaKT 1 P 3 nOJIY'lIIT nIITaHIIe KOHTaKTop YCKopeHIIH .v, KOTOpbIH
pa30MKHeT CBOH H3 KOHTaKT H YBeJIII'lIIT conpoTIIBneHIIe nOTeHIIO-
MeTpa. Ilo)1. BJIHHHHeM HC 3a)1.aIOIII.eH 06MOTKII .vr3 B03pacTaeT op-
CIIpOBaHHO 3. )1.. C. YCIIJIIITeJIH .v F, 'lTO BbI30BeT B CBOIO O'lepe)1.b op-
CIIpOBaHHoe B03paCTaHIIe TOKOB B036Y>K)1.eHIIH 06MOTOK OBr I, OBF2
H 3.)1.. C. reHepaTopOB. Kor)1.a HanpH>KeHIIe reHepaTopOB .n:OCTIIfHeT
npIIMepHO 50 6, peJIe IP3 BTHHeTCH, ero HO KOHTaKTbI 3aMKHYTcH,
a H3 pa30MKHYTCH. LIepe3 3aMKHYBIllIIHCH KOHTaKT IP3 nonY1J:IIT nIITa-
HIIe KaTYIllKa KOHTaKTOpa T B, KOTOpbIH 3aTeM caM06noKIIpyeTcH CBOIIM
HO KOHTaKTOM TB. TIplI 3TOM nIITaHIIe KaTYIllKII KOHTaKTopa TB
npOII3BO)1.IITCH He3aBIICIIMO OT COCTOHHIIH KOHTaKTa B. TIocJIe pa3MbI-
KaHIIH H3 KOHTaKTa IP3 B enII KaryIllKII KOHTaKTopa .v 3Ta enb
KpaTKoBpeMeHHo pa3pbIBaeTCH II 3aTeM onHTb npIIcoe)1.IIHHeTCH K Ha-
npH>KeHIIIO ceTH KOHTaKTOM TB. LIT06bl npII TaKOM pa3pbIBe enII
KOHTaKTop .v He OTKnIO'lIIJICH, ero KaryIllKa C nOMOIII.bIO H3 KOHTaK-
TOB TB H TH IllYHTIIpyeTcH conpOTIIBJIeHIIeM CP, 'lTO C03)1.aeT
3aMe)1.neHHOe CHII>KeHIIe TOKa B KaTYIllKe .v npII CHHTIIII C Hee HanpH-
>KeHHH.
TIpII B03paCTaHIIII HanpH>KeHIIH reHepaTopa npIIMepHO )1.0 200 6
cpa6aTbIBaeT peJIe 2P3. HO KOHTaKTbI 2P3 3aMbIKaIOTCH, nO)1.rOTaBJIH-
BaeTCH K nO)1.KnIO'leHIIIO enb KaTYIllKII KOHTaKTopa H, KOTopaH nOJIy-
'lIlT nIITaHIIe cpa3Y >Ke nacne nepeBo.n:a KOMaH)1.0KOHTponnepa H3 pa-
60'lero B HyneBoe nOJIO>KeHIIe. BTOpOH HO KOHTaKT peJIe 2P3, 3aMbI-
KaHCb, C03)1.aeT 06XO)1.HYIO enb nIITaHIIH KaTYIlleK KOHTaKTopoB IT, 2T.
B Ha'lanbHOH CTa)1.IIII npoecca nycKa )1.BIIrareJIeH HanpH>KeHIIe
reHepaTopoB HeBeJIHKO, n03ToMY TOK ynpaBnHIOIII.eH 06MOTKII .v r.v
onpe)1.eJIHeTCH TOJIbKO HanpH>KeHlIeM Ha conpOTIIBJIeHIIII cIInoBoH enII
reo T. e. B npoecce nycKa )1.BIIraTeJIeH )1.eHcTByeT O)1.Ha HenpepbIBHaH
06paTHaH CBH3b no TOKY (HanpH>KeHHe cpaBHeHIIH OTCYTcTByeT).
Kor)1.a HanpH>KeHIIe reHepaTopoB )1.0CTIIrHeT 3Ha'leHIIH, 6JIII3KOro K HO-
MIIHanbHoMY (HanpH>KeHHH OTCe'lKII U C ' OT ), BCTynIIT B )1.eHCTBIIe 06paT-
HaH CBH3b no HanpH>KeHIIIO, OCIII.eCTBJIHIOIII.aH OTCe'lKY OpCIIpOBKII
npouecca B036Y>K)1.eHIIH reHepaTOpoB. B KOHue npoecca TOK )1.BHra-
462

TemI CHIl311TCH, HanpH>KeHlle Ha ]1,OnOnHllTeJIbHOM COnpOTllBJIeHllll CI-!nO-
BOH enll YMeHblllllTCH II 06paTHaH CBH3b no TOKY pa30MKHeTCH.
.LI: n 51 n Y C K a ]1, B II raT e JI 51 H a n 0 H II >K e H H Y IO C K 0-
P 0 C T b KOMaH]1,OKOHTpOJIJIep CTaBI-!TCH B nepBoe pa60qee nOJIO>KeHI-!e.
B 3TOM cnyqae pa3MbIKaeTCH KOHTaKT KKI II 3aMbIKaIOTCH KOHTaKTbI
KK2, KK3. KOHTaKT KK5 OCTaeTCH pa30MKHYTbIM, n03TOMY KOHTaK-
TOp .Y He nonyqllT nIlTaHIlH. B nepBOM pa60qeM nOnO>KeHllI-! HanpH>Ke-
HI-!e reHepaTopOB MeHbllle HanpH>KeHllH cpa6aTbIBaHI-!H peJIe 2P3.
YBeJIllqeHlle YCTaBKIl peJIe 2P3 nOJIyqaeTCH 3a CqeT BBe]1,eHllH B enb
9TOm peJIe ]1,onOJIHIITenbHoro conpOTllBneHllH, qTO BbInOJIHHeTCH C no-
MOm.bIO HO KOHTaKTa .Y. H3 KOHTaKT .Y 3aKOpaqilBaeT qaCTb conpOTllB-
neHllH nOTeHIlOMeTpa, qTO BbI3bIBaeT YBeJIllqeHI-!e ]1,eHCTBIiH OTpMa-
TeJIbHOH 06paTHOH CBH311 no HanpH>KeHIlIO ll, KaK Cne]1,CTBlle, YMeHb-
llleHlle YCTaHOBllBlllerOCH 3HaqeHliH 3. ]1,. C. reHepaTOpa II CKOpOCTI-! Bpa-
m.eHllH ]1,BI-!raTeJIH. B OCTanbHOM npoecc nYCKa ]1,BllraTe.JIeH npOTeKaeT
aHaJIOmqHO npe]1,bIJ1.}'m.eMY.
.LI: JI 51 TOp M 0 >K e H II 51 ]1, B I-! raT e JI e H C n 0 B bI III e H-
H 0 H C K 0 P 0 C T II «B n e p e]1,» KOMaH]1,OKOHTpOJInep CJIe]1,yeT
nepeBeCTIl 1I3 BTOporo nOnO>KeHllH «Bnepe.n.» B HYJIeBoe. Dpll 9TOM pa3-
MbIKaIOTCH KOHTaKTbI KK2, KK3 II KK5 II 3aMbIKaeTCH KOHTaKT KKI;
BbIKnIOqaIOTCH KOHTaKTopbI B II .Y; KOHTaKTOp TB OCTaeTCH BKJIIOqeH-
HbIM ]1,0 Tex nop, nOKa He oma]1,eT peJIe I P3; BKJIIOqaeTCH KOHTaKTOp H
qepe3 3aMKHYTbIe KOHTaKTbI 2P3 II TB; KOHTaKTopbI IT II 2T OCTaIOTCH
BKJIIOqeHHbIMll, nOJIyqaH nlnaHlle qepe3 KOHTaKTbI RB5 M 2P3.
Dpll BKJIIOqeHMIl KOHTaKTopa H 3a.n.aIOm.aH 06MoTKa YCllnllTe.JIH
nOJIyqMT HanpH>KeHMe npoTIlBOnOnO>KHOH nOJIHpHOCTI-!. Do.n. BnllHHlleM
M3MeHMBllleHcH nonHpHocTIl HanpH>KeHllH yCllnllTe.JIH TOKIl n036Y>K.n.e-
HllH reHepaTopoB, a TaK>Ke llX 3. .n.. C. CTaHYT YMeHblllaTbCH, TOKll .n.BI-!-
raTeJIeH I-!3MeHHT HanpaBneHI-!e Ha 06paTHoe, B03HI-!KHeT pe>KllM peKy-
nepaTllBHoro TOpMO>KeHllH .n.BllraTeJIeH.
DpM CHll>KeHim HanpH>KeHI-!H reHepaTopOB npllMepHO ]1,0 170 6
OTKJIIOqllTCH peJIe 2P3, pa30MKHeTCH KOHTaKT 2P3, npeKpaTIlTCH nll-
TaHlle KaTYllleK KOHTaKTopoB IT, 2T, KaTYlllKI-! 3neKTpoMeXaHMqeCKllX
TOpM030B OTKJIIOqaTCH M npOM30H]1,eT MeXaHllqeCKOe TOpMO>KeHlle ]1,BM-
raTeneH. BKJIIOqeHlle 3JIeKTpOMeXaHllqeCKllX TOpM030B npll He60JIblllOH
CKOpOCTll I-!MeeT eJIb YMeHblllllTb 113HOC TOpM03HbIX KOnO]1,OK II lllKMBOB.
Dpll CHM>KeHMM HanpH>KeHllH reHepaTopoB]1,O 15-25 6 OTKJIIOqllTCH
peJIe IP3, BCJIe.n. 3a HI-!M M KOHTaKTOp TB KOHTaKTOp H; C 3a]1,aIOm.eH
06MOTKll CHMMeTCH HanpH>KeHlle, 06MOTKa .Y F.Y no.n.KnIOqllTCH Ha Ha-
npH>KeHlle reHepaTopOB II HaqHeTCH npoecc caMOrallleHI-!H nonH reHe-
paTopOB. B npoecce caMOrallleHI-!H 06MOTKa .Y F.Y no.n.KnIOqaeTCH
qepe3 H3 KOHTaKTbI B M H K HanpH>KeHIlIO reHepaTopa, a TaK>Ke K na-
.n.eHIlIO HanpH>KeHllH Ha ]1,onOJIHllTeJIbHOM conpOTllBneHI-!M B CMJIOBOH
enll. B 3TOM cnyqae TOK 06MOTKil OT HanpH>KeHllH reHepaTopOB .n.eH-
cTByeT B CTOPOHY y6bIcTpeHllH llHTeHCllBHOCTIl pa3MafHllqllBaHllH reHe-
paTopOB, a TOK 06MOTKM OT HanpH>KeHllH Ha .n.ononHMTeJIbHOM con pO-
TMBJIeHMM B CMJIOBOH enM, HanpaBneHHbIH BCTpeqHO nepBOMY TOKY,
463

J{eHcTByeT B CTOPOHY CHH}!{eHHH HHTeHCHBHOCTH pa3MarHHIJHBaHHH re-
HepaTopOB. I1epBbIH TOK OOJIbIIIe BTOporo, n03TOMY, IJeM OOJIbIIIe TOp-
M03HOH TOK, TeM MeHbIIIe pe3YJIbTHpYIOIl{aH HC OOMOTKH ynpaBJIeHHH H
MeHbIIIe HHTeHCHBHOCTb pa3MarHHIJHBaHHH reHepaTopOB.
OCTaHOBKa MexaHH3Ma B KpaHHeM nOJIO}!{eHHH J{OJI}!{Ha npOHCXO-
J{HTb ObICTpO, n03toMY cxeMOH npeJ{YCMaTpHBaeTCH OJ{HOBpeMeHHO
.:meKTpHIJeCKOe H MexaHHIJecKoe TOpMO}!{eHHe. TaK, HanpHMep, B KpaH-
HeM BepXHeM nOJIO}!{eHHH pa3MbIKaeTCH KOHTaKT n BI, OTKJIIOIJaeTCH
KOHTaKTOp B, pa3MbIKaeTCH KOHTaKT n B5 H OTKJIIOIJaIOTCH KOHTaKTopbI
IT, 2T. I1pH 3TOM J{BHraTenb nepexoJ{HT B pe}!{HM peKynepaTHBHoro
TOpMO}!{eHHH. B TO }!{e BpeMH KaTYIIIKH 3JIeKTpOMarHHTHbIX TOpM030B
OTKJIIOIJaIOTCH OT ceTH H KOJIOJ{KH HaKJIaJ{bIBaIOTCH Ha TOpM03HbIe IIIKHBbI,
BbI3bIBaH MeXaHHIJecKoe TOpMO}!{eHHe J{BHraTenH.
C H H }!{ e H H e C K 0 P 0 C T H J{ B H raT e JI e H. I1pH nepeBOJ{e
KOMaHJ{OKOHTpOJIJIepa H3 BToporo nOJIO}!{eHHH «BnepeJ{» B nepBoe nOJIO-
}!{eHHe «BnepeJ{» pa3MbIKaeTCH KOHTaKT KK5 H OTKJIIOIJaeTCH KOHTaK-
TOp Y, 3aTeM OTKJIIOIJaeTCH KOHTaKTOp B, a KOHTaKTOp H BKJIIOIJaeTCH
IJepe3 3aKpbITbIe KOHTaKT 2P3 H KOHTaKT TB. B CBH3H C 3THM npOHCXO-
J{HT CHH}!{eHHe HanpH}!{eHHH reHepaTOpOB H TOpMO}!{eHHe J{BHraTeJIeH.
C YMeHbIIIeHHeM HanpH}!{eHHH reHepaTOpOB J{O 170 8 OTKJIIOIJHTCH pene
2P3, KOTopoe CBOHM HO KOHTaKTOM pa30MKHeT u.enb KOHTaKTopa H,
a CBOHM H3 KOHTaKTOM BHOBb BKJIIOIJHT KOHTaKTOp B. I1pH 3TOM J{BH-
rareJIH 0YJ{YT paOOTaTb Ha nOHH}!{eHHOH CKOpOCTH, TaK KaK KOHTaKTOp
YCKopeHHH Y OTKJIIOIJeH.
CHH}!{eHHe CKOpOCTH J{BHraTeJIeH OT nOBbIIIIeHHOH J{O nOHH}!{eHHOH
npOHCXOJ{HT B pe3YJIbTaTe nepeKJIIOIJeHHH peBepCHBHbIX KOH;raKTOB,
IJTO BbI3bIBaeT OObIIJHO OIJeHb pe3Koe CHH}!{eHHe HanpH}!{eHHH H nepexoJ{
qepe3 nOHH}!{eHHYIO CKOpOCTb. 3TO npHBOJ{HT K 3aTpare J{onOJIHHTenb-
Horo BpeMeHH Ha YCTaHOBneHHe npou.ecca. .lI.JIH YCTpaHeHHH YKa3aH-
Horo HeJ{OCTaTKa B nOJ{OOHbIX cxeMax npHMeHHIOT J{Be OOMOTKH ynpaB-
JIeHHH: OJ{HY - J{JIH HanpaBneHHH «BnepeJ{», J{PYryIO - J{JIH HanpaB-
JIeHHH «Ha3aJ{».
PeBepc J{BHraTeJIH C nOBbIIIIeHHOH CKOpOCTH
«B n e p e J{» H a n 0 B bI III e H H Y IO C K 0 P 0 C T b «H a 3 a J{».
B 3TOM CJIYIJae KOMaHJ{OKOHTpOJIJIep nepeBOJ{HTCH CO BTOporo nOJIo}!{e-
HHH «BnepeJ{» BO BTopoe nOJIO}!{eHHe «Ha3aJ{». I1pH 3TOM pa3MbIKaeTCH
KOHTaKT KK3, KpaTKOBpeMeHHO pa3MbIKaIOTCH KOHTaKTbI KK2, KK5,
3aMbIKaeTCH KOHTaKT KK4. Pa3MbIKaHHeM KOHTaKTa KK30TKJIIOIJaeTCH
KOHTaKTOp B, KOHTaKTOp TB OCTaeTCH nOKa BKJIIOIJeHHbIM,. TaK KaK ero
KaTYIIIKa npoJ{OJI}!{aeT nOJIYIJaTb nHTaHHe IJepe3 3aMKHYTbIe KOHTaKTbI
IP3 H TB, KOHTaKTopbI IT, 2T OCTaIOTCH BKnIOIJeHHbIMH, n03TOMY
3aMeJ{JIeHHe J{BHraTeneH npH peBepce nporeKaeT nOJ{ BnHHHHeM JIHIIIb
3JIeKTpHIJeCKOrO TOpMO}!{eHHH. C 3aMbIKaHHeM KOHTaKTa KK4 nOJIYIJaeT
IlHTaHHe KaTyIIIKa KOHTaKTOpa H H 3aJ{aIOIl{aH oOMoTKa YCHJIHTenH
YF3 nOJ{KJIIOqaeTCH Ha HanpH}!{eHHe npoTHBOnOJIO}!{HOH nOJIHpHoCTH.
YCHJIHTenb YF nepeMarHHIJHBaeTCH, H K oOMoTKaM B030Y}!{J{eHHH reHe-
paTopoB nOJ{aeTCH HanpH}!{eHHe 06paTHOH nOJIHpHOCTH, no,A BJIHHHHeM
464

KOTOpOH TOKH B036Y}KJleHHH reHepaTOpOB, 3 T3KLKe HX 3. ll.. C. cTaHyT
<POpCHpOBaHHO CHHLKaTbCH, a 3aTeM HaqHYT paCTH B npOTHBOnOJIOLKHOM
HanpaBJIeHHH.
lfa nepBOM 3Tane peBepca H3MeHHJIOCb HanpaBJIeHHe TOKa ll.BHra-
TeneM, a nOJIHpHOCTb HanpHLKeHHH reHepaTopOB OCTaJIaCb nOKa npeLK-
HeM. .lI.BHraTenH paOOTaIOT B peLKHMe peKynepaTHBHoro TopMoLKeHHH.
TaK KaK lf3 KOHTaKT H, npHcoell.HHHIOU{HH OOMOTKY YFY K nOTeHIJ.HO-
MeTPy qepe3 BeHTHJIb 3BC, pa30MKHYT, TO Ha nepBOM 3Tane peBepca
pa30MKHYTa H 06paTHaH CBH3b no HanpHLKeHHIO reHepaTOpoB. I1CKJIIO-
qeHHeM BJIHHHHH OOpaTHOH CBH3H no HanpHLKeHHIO reHepaTopoB orpa-
HHqHBaIOTCH BenHqHHa pa3MarHHqHBaIOIl{eM lfC YCHJIHTenH, HHTeHCHB-
HOCTb CHHLKeHHH 3. ll.. c. reHepaTopOB H CBH3aHHaH C 3TOM HHTeHCHB-
HOCTbIO BenHqHHa TOKa ll.BHraTeneM B peLKHMe HX TopMOLKeHHH. DOJIHp-
HOCTb HanpHLKeHHH Ha conpOTHBneHHH rc H3MeHHJIaCb, n03TOMY TOK
B 06MOTKe Y FY 0Yll.eT npOTeKaTb qepe3 lf3 KOHTaKT B H BeHTHJIb
2BC. DpH 3TOM lfC OOMOTKH Y FY ll.eMcTByeT BCTpeqHO lfC 3all.aIOIl{eM
OOMOTKH. TaKHM 00pa30M, npH TopMOLKeHHH OOMOTKa Y FY nOJIyqaeT
nHTaHHe TOJIbKO OT HanpHLKeHHH, npOnOpIJ.HOHaJIbHoro TOKY, cnell.OBa-
TenbHO, OHa ll.eMcTByeT KaK TOKOBaH 06MOTKa, OrpaHHqHBaIOIl{aH TeMn
CHHLKeHHH HanpHLKeHHH reHepaTopOB, T. e. BenHqHHY TOpM03HOro
TOKa. DpH CHHLKeHHH B npoIJ.ecce TopMOLKeHHH HanpHLKeHHH reHepa-
TOpOB ll.O 1706 OTKJIIOqaeTCH pe.TIe 2P3, HO nHTaHHe KaTYIliKH KOHTaK-
Topa H npoll.OJILKaeTCH qepe3 KOHTaKT TB H H3 KOHTaKT 2P3. DpH
CHHLKeHHH HanpHLKeHHH reHpaTopoB 1l.0 15-25 6 OTKnIOqaeTCH pene
JP3, KOHTaKTOp TB TepHeT nHTaHHe, KOHTaKTOp LKe Y npOll.OJILKaeT
OCTaBaTbCH BKJIIOqeHHbIM npH nOMOIl{H lf3 KOHTaKTa JP3. Docne OKOH-
qaHHH npOIJ.eCca TOpMOLKeHHH HaqHHaeTCH pa3roH ll.BHraTe.TIeM B npo-
THBOnOJIOLKHOM HanpaBneHHH.
DpH pa60Te ll.BHraTeJIeM B HanpaBJIeHHH «Bnepell.» ObIJIO BKJIIOqeHO
pene PcJJH. C HaqaJIOM peBepca 3aMbIKaeTCH lfO KOHTaKT H H nOJIyqaIOT
nHTaHHe KaTYIliKH KOHTaKTOpOB J KcJJ, 2KcJJ, B pe3YJIbTaTe qero YCHJIH-
BaeTCH nOTOK B030Y}KJleHHH ll.BHraTeneM npH peBepce Ha BpeMH, onpe-
ll.eJIHeMOe YCTaHOBKOM peJIe PcJJH.
PeBepc ll.BHraTeneM C nOBbIllIeHHOH CKOpOCTH «lfa3all.» Ha nOBbIllIeH-
HYIO CKOpOCTb «Bnepell.» I1pOTeKaeT aHaJIOmqHO onHcaHHOMY.
 11-11. 8neKTponpHBOA M9X8HH8MOB npOK8THbiX
CT8HOB c npHMeHeHHeM PTYTHbiX BblnpRMHTeneA
lfell.OCTaTKaMH CHCTeM r -.lI. C 3MY HBJIHIOTCH:
1) HaJIHqHe OTHOCHTeJIbHO OOJIbllIOro KOJIHqeCTBa HHepu.HoHHbIX
3BeHbeB C nOCTOHHHbIMH BpeMeHH, He OTJIHqaIOU{HXCH 3HaqHTe.TIbHO
Me}KJlY COOOM no Be.rmqHHe, qTO BbI3bIBaeT TPYll.HOCTH B nOJIyqeHHli
LKenaTeJIbHOrO xapaKTepa npOTeKaHHH nepexOll.HbIX npou.eccoB;
2) BbIOOp napaMeTpOB CHCTeMbI MOLKHO npoH3Boll.HTb HJIH no CTaTH-
qeCKHM, HJIH no ll.HHaMHqeCKHM peLKHMaM; BbI6paHHble napaMeTpbI no
465

CTaTHIJeCKHM peLKHMaM MOryT H He Y,lI,OBJ1eTBOpHTb TpeOOBaHHHM ,lI,lma-
MHKH, H Ha060pOT;
3) HeCTa6HJ1bHOCTb xapaKTepHcTHK 3MY;
4) npHMeHeHHe BpaIl{aIoIl{HxCH npe06pa30BareneH :mepnm.
B CBH3H C YKa3aHHbIM, B nOCJle,ll,HHe rO,ll,bI CHCTeMbI r - J], C 3MY
,lI,J1H MexaHH3MOB npoKaTHbIx CTaHOB HaIJaJ1H HHTeHCHBHO BbITeCHHTbCH
60J1ee cOBepllIeHHoH cHcreMoM ynpaBJ1eHHH, cHcTeMoM C nHTaHHeM ,lI,BH:
raTeneM OT ynpaBJ1HeMbIX PTYTHbIX BbmpHMHTeJIeM (cHcTeMoM YPB-J],).
CHcTeMbI YPB - J], He HMeIOT nepeIJFICJIeHHbIX BbIllie He,ll,OCTaTKOB,
06J1a,ll,aIOT 60JIee BbICOKHMFI TeXHHKO-3KOHOMHIJecKHMH nOKa3aTenHMH,
n03TOMY OHH B HaCTOHIl{ee BpeMH HaXO,ll,HT Bce 60JIbllIee pacnpOCTpa-
HeHHe B 3J1eKTpOnpHBO,ll,aX MexaHH3MOB peBepCHBHbIX npOKaTHbIX CTa-
HOB. J],J1H 3J1eKTpOnpHBO,ll,OB MexaHH3MOB npOKaTHbIX CTaHOB 06bIIJHO
npHMeHHeTCH cxeMa c peBepcopOM (npH OTHOCHTenbHO MaJ10M MOIl{HO-
CTH npHBO,ll,a) H cxeMa CO BCTpeIJHO-napa.nJ1enbHbIM BKJIIOIJeHHeM PTYT-
HbIX BbmpHMHTeneM.
CxeMa YPB -.Q C BCTpe'lHO-napannenbHbIM BKnlO'IeHHeM PB
TaKaH cxeMa, cnpoeKTHpOBaHHaH BHI1113J1eKTponpOBO,ll, ,lI,J1H yn-
paBJIeHHH 3J1eKTpOnpHBO,ll,OM HaLKHMHoro YCTpOMCTBa 6J1IOMHHra, npe,ll,-
CTaBJIeHa Ha pHC. 11-30, a, 6. 3J1eKTpOnpHBO,ll, HMeeT ,lI,Ba ,lI,BHraTeJ1H,
nOJ1YIJaIOIl{Hx nHTaHHe OT BbmpHMHTenbHoro npe06pa30BaTenH, co-
CTOHIl{ero H3,l1,BYX rpynn BeHTHJ1eH PMB-250x,6, BKJIIOIJeHHbIX B llIeCTH-
<}>a3HYIO BCTpeIJHO-napaJ1JIeJ1bHYIO cxeMY.
CYMMHPYIOIl{HM MarnHTHbIH YCHJ1HTeJIb CMY, nHTaIOIl{HM ynpaB-
J1HIOIl{He 06MOTKH <}>a30peryJ1HTOpOB PTYTHbIX Bbmp, HMHreneM HMeeT
nHTb 06MOTOK: 3a,ll,aIOIl{yIO 06MOTKY MY3; 06MOTKY oTpHLaTenbHoH
06paTHOH CBH3H no HanpHLKeHHIO ,lI,BHrareneM npH pa60Te HX B HanpaB-
J1eHHH «Bnepe,ll,» MYHB; 06MOTKY OTpHLaTenbHoM 06paTHOM CBH3H
no HanpHLKeHHIO ,lI,BHraTeJIeH npH pa60Te HX B HanpaBneHHH «Ha3a,ll,»
MYHH; 06MOTKY ru6KOM 06paTHOH CBH3H MYF; TOKOBYIO 06MOTKY
MYT.
3a,ll,aIOIl{aH o6MoTKa MY3 Qepe3 peBepcHBHbIM MOCTliK nO,ll,KnIO-
qaeTCH K HanpHLKeHHIO ceTH. EJ1arO,ll,apH HaJIHIJHIO eMKOCTH 2£, llIYHTH-
pYIOIl{eH 06MOTKY, TOK 06MOTKH npH npHJ10LKeHHH K HeM HanpHLKeHHH
B03paCTaeT He cpa3Y, a nJIaBHO, qTO He06xo,ll,HMO ,lI,JIH H36eLKaHHH
IJpe3MepHO 60J1bllIHX TOJ1qKOB TOKa B enH HKOpH ,lI,BHraTenH B nepe-
XO,ll,HbIX npoeccax. HC 3a,ll,aIOIl{eM 06MOTKH 3HaIJHTenbHO 60J1bllIe TOM,
KOTOpaH Tpe6yeTcH B YCTaHoBHBllIeMcH peLKHMe, T. e. nepexo,ll,Hble
npoeccbI npoTeKaIOT C <}>OpCHpOBKOM. J],J1H CHHTHH <}>OpCHpOBKH B KOHe
npoecca B cxeMe npHMeHeHbI ,lI,Be oTpHareJ1bHbIe 06paTHbIe CBH3H
no HanpHLKeHHIO ,lI,BHrareJ1eM: O,ll,Ha npH pa60Te B HanpaBJIeHHH «Bnepe,ll,»,
,lI,pyraH npH pa60re B HanpaBJ1eHHH «Ha3a,ll,». KaLK,lI,aH 06paTHaH CBH3b
,lI,eHcTByeT C OTCeIJKOH, nOJ1YIJaeMoM C nOMOIl{bIO npHMeHeHHH B enHx
06paTHbIX cBH3eH MafHHTHbIX YCHJ1HTeJIeH COOTBeTCTBeHHO YBO H
466

YlfO C HeJIHHeHHbIMH XapaKTepHCTHKaMH (pHC. 11-30,a). I<a}KJlbIH YCH-
JIHTenb 06paTHOH CBH3H no HanpH}KeHHIO HMeeT no ,n:Be 06MOTKH: CMe-
ll{eHHH YBCM, YlfCM 11 ynpaBneHHH YB, YIf. 06MOTKH CMenr.eHHH
,n:ei1cTBYIOT B CTOPOHY CHH}KeHHH HanpH}KeHHH Ha Bblxo,n:e YCHJIl1TeJIH,
T. e. B CTOPOHY pa3MbIKaHHH enH 06paTHOH CBH3H. 06MOTKH ynpaBJIe-
HI-U'I coe,n:HHeHbI Me}K,n:y c060ii nOCJIe,n:OBaTeJIbHO H no,n:KJIIOIleHbI K nOTeH-
110MeTpy ,n:I3HraTeJIH. f1pH pa60Te cxeMbI B HanpaBJIeHHH «Bnepe,n:»
06MoTKa Y B ,n:eHcTByeT BCTpeIlHo 06MoTKe CMenr.eHHH Y BCM, a 06-
MOTKa YH - COrJIaCHO 06MoTKe YHCM. f1pH pa60Te cxeMbI B HanpaB-
JIeHHH «Ha3a,n:» 06MoTKa Y If ,n:eHcTByeT BCTpellHo 06MOTKe CMell{eHHH
YHCM, a 06MOTKa YB - COrJIaCHO 06MOTKe YBCM. TaKHM 06pa30M,
YCHJIHTeJIb Y B MO}KeT BKJIIOllaTb 06paTHYIO CBH3b no HanpH}KeHHIO
,n:BHraTeneH JIHllIb npH pa60Te cxeMbI B HanpaBneHHH «Bnepe,n:», a YCH-
JIHTeJIb Y H - npH pa60Te cxeMbI B HanpaBneHHH «Ha3a,n:». EJIaro-
,n:apH HenHHeHHocTH MarHHTHbIX xapaKTepHcTHK YBO H YHO 06paTHble
CBH3H BKnIOllaIOTCH JIHllIb npH onpe,n:eJIeHHOM 3HalleHl1H HC 06MOTOK
ynpaBneHHH YB, YIf, T. e. npH onpe,n:eneHHoM 3HalleHHH HanpH}KeHHH
lJ;BHraTeJIeH, YCTaHaBJIHBaeMblx C nOMOll{bIO TOKa 06MOTOK CMenr.eHHH.
OTpHaTenbHaH 06paTHaH CBH3b no TORY BWnOJIHeHa C OTceIlKOH.
B paCCMaTpHBaeMOM CJIyllae OTCellKa ,n:OCTHraeTCH 3a ClleT npHMeHeHHH
B enH 06paTHOH CBH3H ,n:BYX CTOJI6HKOB BeHTHJIeH 1 BC H 2BC. BeHTHJIH
1 BC H 2BC, B KalleCTBe KOTOpbIX Hcnonb30BaHbI CeJIeHOBbIe BbmpHMH-
TenH, HaIlHHaIOT llepe3 ce6H nponycKaTb TOK B npHMoM HanpaBJIeHHH,
eCJIH Ha Ka}K,n:yIO waH6y HTHJIH npHxo,n:HTCH HanpH}KeHHe He MeHee
0,5 6. 3TO TaK Ha3bIBaeMoe noporoBoe HanpH}KeHHe. f1pH 3HalleHHHx
HanpH}KeHHH, MeHbllIHx noporOBoro V nop , TOK qepe3 BeHTHJIb He npo-
Xo,n:HT, enb 06paTHOH CBH3H no TOKY pa30MKHYTa. ECJIl1 H3BeCTeH TOK
OTCeQKH lOT> TO HanpH}KeHHe, ,n:eHCTBYIOll{ee B enH 06paTHOH CBH3M
no TOKY B MOMeHT OTceIlKH,
V OT = IOT'c'
Ih06bI npH 3TOM HanpH}KeHHH BeHTHJIH HallanH nponycKaTb TOK
B npHMOM HanpaBneHHH, IlHCJIO llIaH6 Ka}K,n:oro CToJI6HKa ,n:OJI}KHO paB-
HHTbCH
. V OT V OT
m------
- U nop - 0,5'
f1peHMYll{eCTBOM TaKoro cnoc06a nOJIYlleHHH 06paTHOH CBH3H C oT-
cellKoH HBJIHeTCH OTcYTCTBHe HanpH}KeHHH cpaBHeHHH.
CxeMoH npe,n:YCMaTpHBaIOTcH TPH c1)'neHH CKOpOCTH. f1epBaH H
BTopaH CTyneHH nonYllaIOTCH H3MeHeHHeM HanpH}KeHHH Ha HKope
,n:BHraTeneH, TpeTbH - OCJIa6JIeHHeM nOJIH ,n:BHraTeneH. B COOTBeT-
CTBHH C 3THM KOMaH,n:oKoHTpOJIJIep, KpoMe HYJIeBOrO, HMeeT TPH pa60llHx
nOJIO}KeHHH «Bnepe,n:» H TPH pa60llHx nOJIO}KeHHH «Ha3a,n:».
lI.JIH nYCKa ,n:BMraTeJIeH B HanpaBJIeHHH «Bne-
p e,n:» KOMaH,n:oKoHTpOJIJIep nepeBo,n:HTcH H3 HYJIeBOrO nOJIO}KeHHH
B O,n:HO H3 pa6mmx. B nepBoM nOJIO}KeHHH K-K HC 06MOTKH CMenr.e-
467

I
Ijt
 
E;:
'"
OJ::) Lc.'"
>c::
 '" ..."
g:
 r..'-'

""

ex::.

<:>.:
h

[Uti
T
::r
Q)
0.
I-<
()
I!:j
o
()
t::[
I

0..
»
'"
:e
Q)
I-<
()
::<:


1-<0..
()
':= :e
OQ)
0.::<:
I-<:I:
!¥
::
0:>::
:I: I!:j
:e
::<::e
iJE :ti
::;
8 65

",'"
B.
I:
o
t>::I:
::<:
:I:
Q)
"=
'"
'"
0.
I:
»
.'"
:e
CIJ
x
U
o
'?
-
-
()
::<:
0..

1-
JBG
o 8,iJ, 1 1PHT
°BA2 2PHT
T ITMA CtP r
 II
/{H
/(H
I 111f i I 'i' nBB
III 
111 II I Y nSH
w...::
PY 1PY
I .
Y
lJJ
1(/(2
111111'
LI 1  1
II T"
1P8
1
f([j
I
T
B
H
Pf/)T
-c
T PCPT

HHH YCHJIHTeJIH 06paTHOH CBH3H no HanpmKeHHIO YBO 3aHH}KeHa
6JIaro.n:apH HanHIlHIO .n:onOJIHHTenbHoro conpOTHBneHHH r cnc 11. u.enH
06MOTOK CMenr.eHHH. B CBH3H C 3THM OTcellKa <POpCHpOBKH npou.ecca
nYCKa 6y.n:eT npOHcxo.n:HTb npH nOHH}KeHHOM 3HalleHHH HanpH}KeHHH
.n:BHraTeneH. Bo BTOpOM nOJIO}KeHHH K-K KaTYiliKa peJIe yCKopeHllH
PY nOJIyllaeT nHTaHHe (pHC. 11-30,6) .n:onOJIHHTenbHoe COnpOTlIBne-
HHe r cnc 11. u.enH 06MOTOK cMerqeHHH 3aKopallHBaeTcH KOHTaKTOM PY,
HC cMerqeHHH YBeJIHlIHBaeTCH H OTcellKa <POpCHpOBKH npou.ecca nycKa
npoHcxo.n:HT npH OoJIee BWCOKOM 3HalIeHHH HanpH}KeHHH .n:BHraTeJIeH.
B TpeTbeM nOJIO}KeHHH K-K no.n:KJIIOlIaeTCH Ha HanpH}KeHHe ceTH Ka-
TYiliKa pene YCKopeHHH JPY, BCJIe.n: 3a 3THM 06ecTOlIHBaeTCH KaTywKa
KOHTaKTopa Y, pa3MbIKaeTcH ero HO KOHTaKT, B u.enb 06MOTOK B036Y}K-
.n:eHHH .n:BHraTeneH BKJIIOlIaeTCH .n:ononHHTeJIbHOe cOnpOTHBJIeHHe r 011.1 H
CKOpOCTb BparqeHHH .n:BHraTeJIeH YBeJIHlIHBaeTCH 3a ClleT OCJIa6JIeHHH
nOJIH.
B HYJIeBOM nOJIO}KeHHH K-K npH BKJIIOlIeHHOM HYJIeBOM KOHTaK-
Tope KH no.n:KJIIOlIeHbI Ha HanpH}KeHHe JIHHeHHbIH KOHTaKTOp Jl H KOH-
TaKTOp .n:HHaMHlIeCKOrO TOpMO}KeHHH JI.T. I1pH 3TOM .n:BHraTeJIH npH-
coe.n:HHeHbI K PTYTHOMY npe96pa30BaTenIO, a u.enb .n:HHaMHqeCKoro
TOpMO}KeHHH pa30MKHYTa. B HYJIeBOM nOJIO}KeHHH K-K BKnIOlIeHW Ha
HanpH}KeHHe TaK}Ke pene PCPT H KOHTaKTop CPT. I<oHTaKTop <POpCH-
pOBKH YCHJIeHHH nOJIH .n:BHraTeJIeH CP, IlIYHTHpYIOrqHH B npou.ecce YCH-
JIeHHH nOJIH .n:BHraTeJIeH 06rqee .n:onOJIHHTenbHoe conpoTHBneHHe 06eHx
06MOTOK B036Y}K.n:eHHH rod + r S 11.2 , OTKJIIOlleH H3 KOHTaKTOM PCP,
KOTOpbIH 3aMKHYT npH OCJIa6JIeHHOM nOJIe ,nBHraTeJIeH.
PaCCMOTpHM npou.ecc nYCKa .n:BHraTeJIeH B HanpaBJIeHHH c<Bnepe.n:»
.n:o MaKCHMaJIbHOH CKOpOCTH. C nepeBo.n:OM K-K B TpeTbe nOJIO}KeHHe
BKJIIOlIaIOTCH KOHTaKTopbI B, BB, T H KB, pene PY H JPY H OTKJIIO-
lIaeTCH pene PCPT. I1pH 3TOM npHcoe.n:HHHIOTCH K HanpH}KeHHIO cem
KaTYWKH TOpM030B JTMJI. H 2TMJI. .H TOpM03Hble KOJIO.n:KH OCB060}K-
.n:aIOT TOpM03Hble IlIKHBbI. C BbI.n:ep}KKOH BpeMeHH, onpe.n:enHeMOH peJIe
PCPT, 06eCTOllHBaeTCH KaTYiliKa KOHTaKTopa 1jJ0pCHpOBKH TOpM030B
CPT H B u.enb 3JIeKTpOMarHHTHbIX TOpM030B BKJIIOlIaeTCH COnpOTHBJIeHHe
CCP, qeM npeKparqaeTcH <POpcHpoBKa HapacTaHHH TOKa B 3THX KaTYiliKax.
C 3aMbIKaHHeM peBepcHBHbIX KOHTaKTOB B no.n:aeTCH HanpH}KeHHe Ha
sa.n:aIOrqyIO 06MOTKY MY3 CYMMHpYIOrqero YCHnHTeJIH. I1pH 3TOM Ha-
npH}KeHHe Ha BbIxo.n:e CMY YBenHlIHBaeTCH, yroJI perYJIHpOBaHHH
paOoTaIOrqeH rpynnbI BeHTHJIeH PB-B YMeHbiliaeTcH, HanpH}KeHHe H
CKOpOCTb Bparu;eHHH .n:BHraTeJIeH B03pacTaIOT. I1HTeHCHBHoCTb npo-
u.ecca nycKa .n:BHraTeneH OrpaHHlIHBaeTCH .n:eHCTBHHMH rn6KoH 06paT-
HOH CBH3H no HanpH}KeHHIO .n:BHraTeJIeH H (npH Ilpe3MepHo 60JIbWOH
HHTeHcHBHocm) no TOKY C oTcellKoH. B KOHu.e npou.ecca nycKa BCTYnaeT
B .n:eHcTBHe oTpHu.aTeJIbHaH 06paTHaH CBH3b no HanpH}KeHHIO .n:BHra-
TeJIeH llepe3 MarHHTHbIH YCHJIHTenb Y BO, npoH3Bo.n:H OTCelIKY <POPCH-
pOBKH npou.ecca nycKa. Cpa6aTbIBae-r TaK}Ke pene HanpH}KeHHH JP3,
KOTopoe CBOHM H3 KOHTaKTOM pa3MbIKaeT enb KOHTaKTopa YCKopeHHH
Y, B pesYJIbTaTe Ilero B u.enb B036Y}K.n:eHHH .n:BHrareJIeH BKJIIOllaeTCH
470

J{onOJIHHTenbHoe COnpOTHBJIeHHe r o11l , nOJIe J{BHraTeJIeii: OCJIa6mleTCH
H CKOpOCTb HX npOJ{OJILKaeT paCTH J{O MaKCHManbHoro YCTaHOBHBIIIe-
rOCH 3HaIJeHHH.
TopMOLKeHHe J{BHraTeJIeH C HanpaBJIeHHH
«B n e p e l1.». npH nepeBOJ{e KOMaHJ{OKOHTpOJIJIepa H3 TpeTbero pa60-
IJero nOnOLKeHHH «BnepeJ{» B HYJIeBOe CHHMaeTCH HanpHLKeHHe C KOH-
TaKTopOB B, KB H pene PY, JPY H nOJ{aeTCH HanpHLKeHHe Ha KOHTaK-
TOpbI Y, CPo B 3TOM CJIYIJae 3aJ{a1Oll{aH OOMOTKa MY3 OTcoeJ{HHHeTCH
OT HanpHLKeHHH ceTH H npHcoeJ{HHHeTCH K COnpOTHBJIeHH1O raT' EJIa-
rOJ{apfl eMKOCTH 2£ TOK B OOMOTKe CHHLKaeTCH nOCTeneHHO. Pa30M-
KHYBIIIHHCH KOHTaKT KB B enH OOMOTOK CMenr.eHHH YCHJIHTeJIeH 06-
paTHbIX CBH3eH CHH3HT HC 06MOTOK CMell{eHHH, a 3aMKHYBIIlHHCH KOH-
TaKT KB B enH ynpaBJIH1Oll{HX 06MOTOK 3THX YCHnMTeJIeH YCHJIHT
J{eHcTBHe 06paTHOH CBH3H no HanpHLKeHH1O. B pe3YJIbTaTe YKa3aHHbIx
nepeKJI10IJeHHH 3aJ{aeTCH Tpe6yeMaH MHTeHCHBHOCTb CHH}KeHHH BbIXOJ{-
HOro HanpHLK,eHHH YCHJIHTenH CMY, a CJIeJ{OBaTeJIbHO, H HanpHLKeHHH
PTYTHOro npeoopa30BaTeJIH. npH 3TOM rpynna BeHTHJIeH PB-B npe-
Kpall{aeT pa60TY, a rpynna BeHTHJIeH PB-H HaIJHHaeT paoOTY B HHBep-
TOpHOM peLKHMe; nOHBnHeTCH TOpM03HOH TOK H J{BHraTeJIH CHHLKa10T
CKOpOCTb. ECJIM TOpM03HOH TOK npeBbIcHT YCTaBoIJHoe 3HaIJeHHe, TO
BCTynHT B J{eHCTBHe OTpHaTenbHaH oopaTHaH CBH3b no TOKY, KOTopaH
OrpaHHIJHT MHTeHCHBHOCTb TOpMOLKeHMH H BenHIJHHy TOKa J{BHraTeJIeH.
C BKn10IJeHHeM KOHTaKTopOB Y H cP 3aMbIKa1OTCH KOHTaKTbI Y H cP
B enH 06MOTOK B030YLKJ{eHHH J{BHraTeneH, B CBH3H C IJeM TOpMOLKeHHe
J{BHraTeJIeH npOMCXOJ{HT C YCHJIeHHbIM nOJIeM. I<orJ{a HanpHLKeHHe
J{BHraTeJIeH CHH3HTCH J{O MHHHMaJIbHOH BenHIJHHW nopHJ{Ka 15--20
OT HOMHHaJIbHOH, HO KOHTaKT pene HanpH}KeHHH lP3, B enH KOHTaK-
Topa T pa30MKHeTCH M KOHTaKTbI T OTKn1OIJaT KaTYllIKM 3JIeKTpOMar-
HHTHbIX TOpM030B; HaIJHHaeTCH MeXaHMIJeCKOe TopMOLKeHMe J{BMraTeJIeH.
OJ{HOBpeMeHHO nOJIYIJaeT HanpHLKeHMe pene PCPT, ero HO KOHTaKT
3aMKHeTCH M BKJI10IJMTCH KOHTaKTop CPT. Co CHHTMeM HanpHLKeHHH
C pene lP3 OTKJI1OIJMTCH KOHTaKTOp BB, H cxeMa npHJ{eT B HCXOJ{Hoe
COCTOHHHe.
PeBepc J{BHraTeJIeH C nOBwllIeHHoH CKO-
p 0 C T H B H a n p a B JI e H H H «B n e p e J{» H a n 0 B bI III e H-
H Y 10 C K 0 P 0 C T b B H a n p a B JI e H H H «H a 3 a J{». npH nepe-
BOJ{e KOMaHJ{oKoHTpOJIJIepa H3 TpeTbero nOJIO}KeHHH «BnepeJ{» B TpeTbe
nOJIOLKeHHe «Ha3aJ{» OTKJI1OIJHTCH KOHTaKTOp B H BKJI10IJHTCH KOHTaK-
TOp H; IJepe3 3aKpbIBllIHecH KOHTaKTbI B H BB BKJI10IJaTCH TaKLKe KOH-
TaKTopbI Y H CP, YCHJIHBaH nOJIe J{BHraTeJIeH. I<oHTaKTop 3JIeKTpOMar-
HHTHbIX TOpM030B T OCTaeTCH BKJI10IJeHHbIM Ha HanpHLKeHHe ceTH, T. e.
npH peBepce MeXaHHIJeCKOe TopMoLKeHHe J{BHraTeneH He npeJ{YCMaTpH-
BaeTCH.
C nepeKn10IJeHHeM peBepCHBHbIX KOHTaKTOB 3aJ{a1Oll{aH 06MOTKa
nOJIyqaeT HanpHLKeHHe npOTHBOnOJIOLKHOH nOJIHpHOCTH, TOK OOMOTKH
nOCTeneHHO (H3-3a HaJIHqHH eMKOCTH 2£) CHHLKaeTCH J{O HYJIH H 3aTeM
pacTeT B npoTHBOnOJIOLKHOM HanpaBneHHH. npH 3TOM YMeHbllIaroTcH
471

coorneTCTBeHHO HanpmKeHHH CM.Y H pTYTHOrO npeoopa30BaTeJUI.
rpynna BeHTHJIeH P B-B npeKpalI.I.aeT paoOTY, a rpynna BeHTHneH
P B-H HallHHaeT paoOTY B HHBepTopHOM peLKHMe. C H3MeHeHHeM Ha-
npaMeHHH BpalI.I.eHHH ,n:BHraTeneH rpynna BeHTHJIeH PB-H nepexo,n:HT
B BbmpHMHTenbHbIH peLKHM.
B peLKHMe TopMOLKeHHH, Kor,n:a HanpHLKeHHe ,n:BHrareneH CHH3HTCH
npHMepHO ,n:o 15-206, pene HanpHLKeHHH lP3 npH,n:eT B HopManbHoe
COCTOHHHe, OTKJIIOIlHTCH KOHTaKTop BB H BKJIIOIlHTCH KOHTaKTop EH.
TaK KaK H3 KOHTaKT lP3 3aMKHYT, TO nHTaHHe KOHTaKTOpOB .Y H cP
npo,n:OJILKaeTCH H npoecc pa3rOHa ,n:BHrareneH B npOTHBOnOJIOLKHOM
HanpaBneHHH oy,n:eT npOHcxo,n:HTb C YCHJIeHHbIM nOJIeM. I<or,n:a iIanpH-
LKeHHe .n:BHraTeneH npHOJIH3HTCH K CBoeMY YCTaHOBHBlileMYCH 3Halle-
HHIO, cpaOOTaeT pene lP3, pa30MKHeTCH ero H3 KOHTaKT, KOHTaK-
TOpbI .Y H cP nOTepHIOT nHTaHHe H B enb B030YLK,n:eHHH ,n:BHrareJIeH
oy,n:eT BBe,n:eHO ,n:onOJIHHTenbHoe conpOTHMeHHe; HallHeTCH ,n:aJIbHeH-
mHH pa3roH ,n:BHraTeneH 3a ClleT OCJIaOJIeHHH HX nOJIH.
OKOHllaHHe pOCTa HanpHLKeHHH PB B npoecce pa3rOHa ,n:BHraTeJIeii:
,n:o OCHOBHOH CKOpOCTH npOH3Bo,n:HTCH OTpHareJIbHOH oopaTKOH CBH3bIO
no HanpHLKeHHIO ,n:BHraTeneH. I1pH 3TOM HC ynpaBJIHIOlI.I.eH OOMOTKH
YCHJIHTeJIH oopaTHOH CBH3H .Y HO nOJIYIlHT TaKoe 3HalleHHe, npH KOTO-
pOM paOOllaH TOIlKa xapaKTepHCTHKH BbIji:,n:eT Ha npHMOJIHHeHHbIH Ylla-
CTOK H nOHBHBmeecH HanpHLKeHHe Ha Bblxo,n:e YCHJIHTeJIH .Y HO BbI30BeT
HC OOMOTKH M.YHH, CHHLKaIOlI.I.YIO ,n:eHCTBHe <POpCHpOBaHHOH HC 3a-
,n:aIOlI.I.eH OOMOTKH M.Y3 CYMMHPYIOlI.I.ero YCHJIHTeJIH. I1HTeHcHBHoCTb
npoecca peBepca KOHTpOJIHpyeTcH ,n:eHCTBHeM rHOKOH oopaTHOH CBH3H
H TOKOBOH OOMOTKH.
I1pH cpa6aTbIBaHHH o,n:Horo H3 3alI.I.HTHbIX pene pa3MbIKaeTCH enb
HyneBoro KOHTaKTOpa KH, CHHMaeTCH HanpHLKeHHe C enH ynpaBneHHH
H KaTymeK KOHTaKTopOB JI II p'T. B 3TOM CJIYllae ,n:BHraTenH OTcoe,n:H-
HHIOTCH OT pTYTHOrO npeoppa30BaTeJIH H npHcoe,n:HHHIOTCH K enH ,n:H-
HaMHlleCKoro TopMOLKeHHH.

nMTEPATYPA
1. JI e 6 e JJ, e B E. f. BBe.!);eHlIe B MeT8J1J1yprHIO. MeT8J1J1yprH3,!!8T, 1951.
2. Hay M e H K 0 ¥I. E. 3J1eKTpoo<5opYJJ,oBaHlie COBpeMeHHoro .!);OMeHHoro
uexa. MeTaJlJlYPrH3J\aT, 1941.
3. III H P e H K 0 H. C. MeXaHH'IeCKOe o<5oPy.!!oBaHHe .!);OMeHHblX neXOB.
MeT8J1J1YPrH3J\aT, 1962.
4. JI e B If T a H C K If ii E. A. 3J1eKTpoo<5oPY1I.0BaJHe npe}J,rrpliSITlfii tJepHoii
MeTaJlJlyprHlf. MeTaJlJlyprH3}JaT, 1955.
5. A cjJ a H 8 C be B B. .D.., E 0 P JJ COB 10. M. 11 JJ,p. 3J1eKTpoo<5oPYJJ,OBa-
Hlie npe.(\rrpHHTlfii 'IepHoii MeT8J1J1yprHIf. MeTaJlJlyprlf3}JaT, '1963.
6. III e ii H M aHA. ¥I. 06 3J1eKTpOrrpHBO)\e rroRopoTa MlIKcepa. «TexHIf'lec-
KlIii C<50PHHK U.eITp03J1eKTpOMOHTa>K», N2 3. 1946.
7. E bl 11 K 0 B B. TI. KOHcrreKT JleKQlIii rro KYpCY «3J1eKTpo060py.!);oBaHHe
MeTaJlJlypnI'IecKliX rrpe.!);npHHTlIii». M3¥l, 1960.
8. E cjJ P 0 11 MOB 11 'I 10. E.. cI> e ii r H H B. ¥I. ABTOMaTH'IeCKOe pery-
JllJpOBaHHe .!);yroBblx MeTaJlJlYPrH'IeCKHX ne'leii. MeTaJlJlyprII3J\aT, 1951.
9. E 0 H J\ 8 P e H K 0 TI. C. ABTOMaT1I3aQlfH npOQeCCOB J\OMeHHoro np01I3-
BO}!CTBa C rrpliMeHeHlIeM C'IeTHO-pelIIaIOII.\HX YCTpoiicTB. f0C3HeproH3JJ,aT, 1960.
10. q e JlIO C T K H H A. E. TIpliMeHeIlIe Bbl'llICJIIfTeJlbHoii TeXHHKH JJ,JlH
yrrpaBJleHlIH MeTaJlJlypm'lecKlIMH arperaTaMH. MeTaJlJlypm3}JaT, 1960.
11. U. e JllI K 0 B A. H., C M 11 P HOB B. B. TIpoKaTHble CTaHbI. MeTaJl-
JIypm3JJ,aT, 1958.
12. K 0 p 0 JI e B A. A. MexaHHtJecKoe o<5opy.!);oBaHHe npoK8THbIX l{eXOB.
MeTaJlJlypm311.aT, 1959.
13. T If III e H K 0 H. A. 3a);!.a'lli MeTaJIJlypm'leCKoro SJleKTpOrrplIBo.!);a B Te-
KYIlleM CeMHJleTlilI. C<5. «TpYJJ,bI HaY'IHO-lICCJlell.OBareJlbCKOrO HHCTliTYTa SJleKTpO-
npOMblIIIJleHHocTH», T. 5, 1959.
14. THIll e H K 0 H. A., f e H }! e JI b M a H E. P. C6. «P8<50Tbl MlIHH-
CTepCTBa 3J1eKTpOTexHlItJecKoii npOMbIIIIJleHHOCTH no aBTOMaT1I3aQlIIf MexaHlf3aQlIH
HapO.!);Horo X03HiicTB8». T. I, 1956.
15. f e H .!); e JI b M a H E. P. Ee3MaXOBlI'IHble arperaTbl rJIaBHblX nplIBO}!OB
peBepclfBHbIX CTaHOB. «3J1eKTplI'IeCTBo», 1957, Ng 12.
16. K 8 C b H HOB B. T. M81IIlfHbi rrOCTOHHHoro TOKa npe}!eJlbHOii 11 60JlblIIOH
MOIllHOCTli 11 oc06eHHOCTH HX rrpoeKTlIpoBaHliH. BeCTHliK 3J1eKTpOrrpOMblIIIJleHHOCTlI,
1939, Ng 5.
473

17. Mop 0 3 0 B .n:. TI. TeopliH 3J1eKTpOnplIBo.!);a 11 aBTOMaTliKH peBep-
ClIBHbIX CTaHOB. f0C3Hepro1I3,gaT, 1949.
18. .n: p Y >K 11 H 11 H H. H_ 3J1eKTpoo60py,goBaHlie npoKaTHblx ueXOB. Me-
TaJlJlypr1I3,gaT, 1956.
19. f 0 JI 0 B aHA. T. OCHOBbI 3J1eKTpOnplIBO}!a. foc3Hepr01I3}!aT,
1959.
20. '-I H JI 11 K 11 H M. r. 06IltHii KYPC 3J1eKTpOnplIBO}!a. f0C9Hepr01I3}!aT,
1960.
21. Be III e H e B C K H ii C. H. PaC'IeT xapaKTepliCTliK Ii conpOTlIliIJleHHii l\JlH
9J1eKTpOl\BlIraTeJIeii. foc9Hepro1I3.!);aT. 1954.
22. TI a B JI 0 B H. M. TeopliH npoKaTKlI. MeTaJlJlYPflI3}!aT, 1951.
23. U. e JllI K 0 B A. H. 0 pacnpe,geJleHlIli KPYTlIIlllIX MOMeHTOB Me>K.!);Y BaJl-
KaMli npoKaTHoro CTaHa. BeCTHliK MalIIlIHocTpoeHlIH, 1954, N2 6.
24. K pay 3 e r. H. 060PY}!OBaHlie' npOKaTHbIX CTaHOB. MalIIflI3, 1963.
25. K pay 3 e f. H. HOBblii MOIllHblii COBeTCKlIii 6J1IOMlIHr 1150. CTaJlb,
1955, N2 11.
26. P e B H H H. A. TOJlCTOJIliCTOBOii CTaH 2800. BeCTHliK 9J1eKTpOnpoMbIIII-
JleHHOCTH, 1957, N2 7.
27. K 0 p 0 JI e B A. A., K 0 roc A. M., To K ape K H H A. TI.. H 0-
C a JI b B. B. 11 .!);p. BJlIOMlIHr 1000. MalIIflI3, 1955.
28. B Y P b 11 HOB B. <1J., f y p e B H 'I A. E., Po K 0 T H H E. C. Pac'IeT
MOIllHOCTli rJlaBHbIX npliBolI.oB npoKaTHbIx CTaHOB. MeTaJlJlYPflI3.!);aT, 1962.
29. C JI e>K a HOB C K 11 ii O. B. 3J1eKTpOnpHBo,!! peBepclIBHbIX CTaHOB ropH-
'Ieii npoKaTKlI. MeTaJlJIypflI3lI.aT, 1961.
30. K 0 >K e B H 11 K 0 B K. H. .n:lIarp8MMa TOKa lI.BlIraTeJlH BcnOMor8TeJJbHblX
MexaHliSMOB npoKaTHblx CTaHOB. «3JIeKTpH'IeCTBo», 1956, N2 6.
31. A p x a H r e JI b C K 11 ii B. H. HOBaH cxeMa ynpaBJIeHlIH nOJleM gBlIra-
TeJJH 6JIIOMlIHra. «3J1eKTpH'IeCTBo», 1955, N2 9.
32. K a r a HOB H. JI. 3JIeKTpOHHble II HOHHble npe06pa30BaTeJllI. fOC9Hep-
rOil 3lI.aT , 1950.
33. III e n II JI JI 0 B. TI. CIiCTeMbi CeTO'lHOrO ynpaBJleHlIH PTYTHbIMli BbmpHMH-
TeJlHMlI l\JIH aBTOMaTlI'IeCKliX 3J1eKTpOrrplIBO}!OB. foc3Hepr01I3}!aT, 1961.
34. 3 T T 1I H r e p E. JI., f y T K II H B. M., Bop O}! a B 'I e H K 0 TI. M.
COBpeMeHHble cxeMbI BeHTlIJlbHOrO 3J1eKTponplIBo,/!8. «3J1eKTplI'IeCTBo», 1956, N2 9
H 1957, N2 1.
35. TI H C T P 8 K M. 51., B a JI a 6 y e B JI. M. ClicTeMbI HOHHoro B03<5Y>K,!!e-
HliH rJlaBHOrO nplIBo,!!8 6J1IOMlIHrOB AJI'IBCKOro, '-IepenOBel{KOrO 11 BXlIJlaiicKOro
MeTaJlJlypflI'IecKlix 3aBO.!);OB. C<5. «TpygbI HaY'lHo-HccJle,/!oBaTeJJbcKoro lIHcTHTYTa
SJleKTpOnpOMbIIIIJleHHocTH», T. 5, 1959.
36. K y H 11 l{ K 11 ii H. TI. HOHHoe B036Y>K,!!eHlIe reHepaTopoB H }!BlIraTeJJeii
peBepclIBHbIX npoKaTHblx CTaHOB. foc3Hepro1I3,/!8T, 1962.
37. Map T bl HOB E. M. BeCKOHTaKTHble nepeKJlIO'IaIOllllIe YCTpoiicTB3.
r0C9HeprOII3}!aT, 1958.
38. A P x a H r e JI be K H ii B. H. BeCKOHTaKTHble cxeMbi ynpaBJIeHIIH 3JIeK-
'l'pOnpHBo,/!aMli peBepClIBHbIX npOKaTHbIX CT8HOB. foc3Hepro1I3,gaT, 1960.
39. TI 0 6 e.!); 11 H H. C., .n: p 03lI. B. f. TIpOH3BO}!CTBO COpTOBOii CTaJllI,
MeTaJIJlypflI3,/!aT, 1962.
474

40. M a K 0 r 0 H B. r.. E y P b 51 HOB B. cI>. HenpepbIBlible 1II1IpOKOno-
JlOCHbIe CTaHbI ropH'Ieii rrpOKaTKlI. MeTaJlJlYPrlI3)J.8T, 1963.
41. C a cjJ b H H M. M. HenpepbIBHble JllICTOBble CTaHbI ropH'Ieii npoKaTKII.
MeTaJlJlypr1I3.[I.aT, 1956.
42. cI> 8 H H 6 e p r 10. M., 3 e JI e HOB A. B. PeryJllIpoBaHlie 3J1eKTpOnpll-
BO)J.a HenpepbIBHbIX CTaHOB ropH'Ieii npOKaTKlI. MeTaJlJlypr1I3l\aT, 1956.
43. .n: p Y >K Ii H 11 H H. H.. X 0 T Y JI eBB. K. BonpocbI l\lIHaMlI'IeCKOrO
na.[I.eHlIH CKOpOCTH l{BliraTeJJeH B HenpepbIBHbIX CTaHax. «3JIeKTplI'IeCTBo», 1955,
N29.
44. C 0 JI 01\ Y x 0 51. 10. HCCJle.!);oBaHlie 1I0HHoro aBToMaT1I31IpoBaHHoro
9J1eKTpOnplIBo.[I.a HerrpepbIBlibIX npoKaTHblx CTaHOB. KaH1I;1Il{aTcKaH .!I;HccepTalt liH .
M3H, 1963.
45. E r 0 p 0 B E. TI. ABTOMaTlI'IeCKOe peryJllIpOBaHlie TOJIIlllIHbI JllICTa Ha
HenpepbIBHoM CTaHe ropH'Ieii npoKaTKH. TPY.!);bJ KOHcPepeHltlili. TexHlI'IecKlIii npo-
rpecc B TeXHOJlOrliH npoKaTHoro npo1I3Bo}JcTBa. MeTaJlJIYPrll3l{aT, 1960.
46. III e cjJ T e JI b H. H. TIp01I3BOl{CTBO KaJl1I6pOBaHHoii H XOJlo./J,HoKaTaHHoii
CTaJllI. MeTaJIJIyprll3}!aT, 1956.
47. T e peT b H K 0 B A. B. TIpoKaTKa TOH'IaiilIIeii JleHTbI. MeTaJIJlYPrll3l\aT,
1957.
48. .n: p Y>K Ii H 11 H H. H. OCHoBHble rrOJlO>KeHlIH 11 aHaJl1I3 3JIeKTpOMexaHlI-
'IeCKliX npOlteCCOB HenpepbJBHOii npoKaTKH XOJIOl{Horo MeTaJlJla. CG. 'fpYl\OB
l1.HHI1TMAIII, «HCCJle.!);oBaHlie aBToMaT1I31IpoBaHHoro 3JIeKTpOnplIBol{a npoKaTHbix
CTaHOB», KH. 50. MalIIrH3, 1952.
49. .D. p y >K 11 H Ii H H. H., r y p e B 11 'I A. E. 3JIeKTpOnplIBO}! CKOpOCTHbIX
HenpepbIBHbIX CTaHOB xOJlo.!);Hoii npoKaTKlI. C6. TPY./J,OB l1.HI1I1TMAIII, «HccJle-
,/;\OBaHlie aBTOMaTH3lipOBaHHoro 9J1eKTpOnplIBO.!.l.a npoKaTHblx CTaHOB», KH. 50.
MalIIrll3, 1952.
50. .D. p Y >K H H 11 H H. H., X 0 T Y JI eBB. K. K TeOplili 3J1eKTpOnpHBO}!a
HenpepbIBHbIX CTaHOB xOJlo.!.l.Hoii npoKaTKlI. C6. TPY.[I.OB l1.HI1I1TMAIII, «HccJle,/!o-
BaHlie aBToMaT1I3HpoBaHHoro 3JIeKTpOnplIBO}!a npoKaTHblx cTaHoB», KH. 50. M8lIIrH3,
1952.
51. .D. p Y >K 11 H II H H. H., X 0 T Y JI eBB. K. TIpliMeHeHlIe aBTOM8TlI-
'IeCKOrO perYJllIpOBaHlifi B 3J1eKTpOnpHBo,/!e HenpepbIBHoro CTaHa XOJIO.!);HOH
npoK8TKlI. C6. TPY,/!OB l1.HI1I1TMAIII, «l1cCJle}!OBaHlie 8BToMaT1I31IpoBaHHoro 3JIeK-
TpOnpHBO}!a npoK8THbiX cTaHoB», KH. 50. M8lIIrH3, 1952.
52. r Y p e B H 'I A. E., C T e cjJ a HOB H 'I B. JI., III a r a C JI. 51. Pery_
JllipOBaHlie HaTH>KeHlIH nOJIOCbI Me>K.!);Y KJleTblO H MOTaJlKOii B cjJYHKl{IIH MOIllHOCTli.
C6. TPY,/;\OB l1.HHI1TMAIII, «HCCJleOB8HHe 8BToMaTII31IpoBaHHoro 3J1eKTpOnpHBo,/!a
npoK8THbIX CTalIOB», KH. 50. M81IIrH3, 1952.
53. cI> H JI aT 0 B A. C. HeKOTopble cxeMbI perYJllIpOB8HlIH HaTH>KeHlIH rro-
JlOCbl B CTaHax xOJlo.!);Hoii npOKaTKlI. C6. TPY,!!OB l1.HI1I1TMAliI, «HCCJIe}!OBaHlie
aBTOMaT1I31IpOBaHHoro 3J1eKTpOnplIBo.!);a rrpOKaTHbJX CTaHOB», KH. 50. MalIIrlI3, 1952.
54. 0 JI e cjJ 11 P B. <1J., Po r a HOB B. cI>., C 11 JI 8 e B 3. <1J. 3J1eKTpOnpH-
BO}J MOTaJlKli C aCTaTII'IeCKliM perYJIHTOpOM HaTH>KeHlISi nOJIOCbI «3J1eKTplI'IeCTBo»,
1961, N25.
55. .D. p a JI 10 K B. H., C H H 8 H C K H M r. B. PerYJlHTOp TOJIIllHHbI npo-
KaTblBaeMoro JIHCT8 co CneUH8J1bHOH peJleMHoii X8paKTepliCTIIKOii H Y3J10M B03BpaTa,
475

TIpoKaTHoe npOH3BOl!CTBO, Bbill. II. MeTaJlJlypr1I3.!);aT, CBepJ\JlOBCKOe oT}JeJleHlIe,
1960.
56. 3 e JI e HOB A. B. T peT 11 'I H H K 0 B B. H., f Y JI H K 11 H B. r.
3J1eKTpoo60PYl!OBaHlie MexaHH3MOB npoKaTHblx CTaHOB. MeTaJlJIypr1l3}!aT, 1963.
57. T 11 III e II K 0 H. A., Blip cjJ e JI b l! A. r. Pa3BlITlie 3J1eKTpOnplIBoa
BcrrOMOraTeJlbHbIX MexaH1I3MOB, B MeTaJIJIyprlIli. l1.HHTI1 3J1eKTpOnpoMa, 1960.
58. K y H H U K II H H. TI. 3JIeKTpOMalIIHHIIoe ynpaBJleHlIe peBepCHBHbJMlI
npoKaTHblMli CTaHaMli. MeTaJIJlyprH3.l\aT, 1957.
59. T B e p .!); H H JI. M. 3J1eKTpoo60pYl!oBaHHe 11 aBTOMaT1I3aUliH MexaHH3MOB
rrpoKaTHblx CTaHOB. M3H, 1959.

ornABnEHHE
TI pelICJlOBlie
BBeeHlIe . .
Pa3};{eJl nepBbIii
3J1eKTpOrrpHBO,n H aBTOMaTH3aHR AOMeHHOrO npOH3BOACTBa
r /laea I. TeXHOJIOrH'IeCKliM npOl{ecc. MexaH1I3M CHCTeMbI 3arpY3KlI .
 1-1. 06111He CBe,!I.eHHH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , .
 1-2. MexaHH3MbI CliCTeMbI 3arpY3KH ./);oMeHHoii ne'lH . . . . . . . ,
 1-3. TIporpaMMa 3arpY3KH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 1-4. TIoCJIe}!OBaTeJJbHocTb pa60Tbi MexaH1I3MOB CliCTeMbI 3arpy3KH .
r/laBa II. ABTOMaTHqeCKaH CHCTeMa 3arpy3KH oMeHHoii ne'lH. .
 2-1. Pa3BlITHe CliCTeM ynpaBJleHHH ...,...........
 2-2. TIpHHUlinbI nocTpoeHlIH aBTOMaTlI'IeCKliX CliCTeM 3arpY3KH
 2-3. rJlaBHblii ClirHaJlbHbJii cBeTocjJop ....
r/laBa III. 3J1eKTpOnpHBo.!.J; MexaH1I3MOB ,!I.oMeHHOH ne'lH
 3-1. 3J1eKTponpHBoA BarOHa-BeCOB . . . . . . . .
 3-2. 3J1eKTpOnplIBO}! KOKC03arpY30'lHoro YCTpoiicTBa .
 3-3. 3J1eKTpOnpIIBo./); CKHnOBoro nO./);'beMHHKa . . . . .
 3-4. 3J1eKTpOnpHBO}! BpalllaIDlllerocH pacnpe,!I.e.tIlITeJJH
 3-5. 3J1eKTpOnpHBo MaJlOrO H 60JIblIIOrO KOHYCOB
 3-6. 3JIeKTpOnpHBO}! 30HOBOii Jle6e}JKlI . . . . .
 3-7. 3JIeKTpOnpHBo ypaBHlITeJIbHbIX KJlanaHOB .
r /laBa IV. ABToMaTH3aUliR }!OMeHHOro npol{ecca .
 4-1.
 4-2.
 4-3.
 4-4.
PerYJllIpOBaHlie pe>KlIMa ./);oMeHHoii ne'lli no 'IaCTHbIM nepenaAaM aB-
JleHlI H ..................,..............
ABTOMaTH'IeCKOe pacnpe}!eJleHHe ra30BbIX nOTOKOB no paglIYcy ne'lli .
ABTOMaTH'IeCKHM paC'IeT napaMeTpOB peryJlHpoBaHHH xoga ne'lli .
KOMnJleKCHaH aBTOMaTH3aUliH OMeHHoro npouecca . . , . . . . . .
CTp.
3
5
11
11
15
25
27
31
31
32
48
49
49
54
57,
72
80
81
,86
88
88
90
91
93
477

Pas.!!eJl BTOpOM
3.neKTpOrrpHBOA 11 aBTOMaTH3aHR CTa.nen.naBHJIHoro rrpOH3BOACTBa
r /lflBa V. 3J1eKTpOnplIBO CTaJlerrJlaBlIJIbHOrO npo1I3BO,!lCTBa 97
 5-1. 06111lIe CBep'eHlIH .........,. 97
 5-2. 3JIeKTpOnplIBo,n MapTeHoBcKliX ne'leii . 97
 5-3. 3JIeKTpOrrpliBOp. KOHBepTopOB . . . . . ] 07
 5-4. 3JIeKTpOnplIBoJ\ .!);yroBblx ne'leii. . . . 112
r /laBa
V I. ABToMaT1I3al{lIH CTaJlerrJIaBlIJlbHOrO npo1I3Bo.!);cTBa.
TIporpaMMHoe perYJllIpOBaHlie TerrJIOBOrO pe>KlIMa MapTeHoBcKoii rre'IlI
TIpliMeHeHlIe BbI'IlICJlHTeJIbHbfX YCTpoikTB ,!!JlH aBTOMaT1I3al{1I1i MapTe-
HOBCKliX ne'lei'i .....,..........,...........
TIpJIMeHeHlIe BbI'IlICJllITeJlbHbJX YCTpoiicTB p'JIH aBTOMaTJI3aUlili 3J1eK-
TpJI'IeCKliX lIyroBblx ne'leii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
116
117
119
121
 6-1.
 6-2.
 6-3.
Pa3.lleJi TpeTHH
3J1eKTpOnpHBo,n H aBTOMaTH3aHR npOKaTHoro npoH3Bo,ncTBa
r/laea VII. TIJ;!acTlI'IeCKaH .!);ecjJopMal{HH MeTaJIJIa. TeopHH rrpOKaTKlI. KOH-
CTPYKl{lIH CTaHOB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 125
 7-]. 06pa60TKa MeTaJlJIa ,!!aBJIeHlIeM. TIJlaCTlI'IeCKlie cBoikTBa MeTaJlJIOB . 125
 7-2. TeopliH npoKaTKlI . . . . . . , . . . 127
 7-3. 060pyp.oBaHlJe npOKaTHbJX CTaHOB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ]36
 7-4. KJlaCclIcjJlJKaQlIH npoKaTHblx CTaHOB . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . ]38
r /laea V I I I. 3J1eKTpOrrplIBoJ1 H aBTOMaTlJ3aUliH peBepcHBHbIX CTaHOB ro-
pH'Ieii rrpoKaTKH .....,................. 143
 8-1. XapaKTeplJCTlJKa peBepcHBHbIX CTaHOB rOpH'IeH npoKaTKII. TexHoJlo-
rH'IeCKlIii rrpoQecc. Tpe60BaHlJH K 9J1eKTponpHBo,!!y . . . . . . , .. ]43
 8-2. XapaKTeplIcTHKa 3JIeKTpo06opYl!oBaHlJH rJlaBHOrO rrpHBo,!!a peBep-
CHBHblX CTaHOB ............................ 149
 8-3. Pac 'leT MOlllHOCTIi J1BlIraTeJlH rJlaBHoro rrpHBo.!!a peBepClIBHoro CTaHa
ropH'Ieii npOKaTKII .......................... 166
 8-4. CocTaBHble 'IaCTli CliCTeM yrrpaBJleHlIH peBepclIBHbIMli CTaHaMIi ropH-
'Ieii npoKaTKlI .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 176
 8-5. OnTHMaJIbHbIH 3aKOH 1I3MeHeHlIR CKOpOCTli BpallleHHH ,!!BlIraTeJJH rrpli
rrycKe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
 8-6. ClicTeMa ynpaBJleHHH HarrpH>KeHlIeM npOKaTHoro .!);BHrareJlH 180
 8-7. TIepexo,!!Hble npOl{eCCbI B CIiCTeMe B036y>K.!.J;eHlIH reHepaTopoB . . .. ]81
 8-8. YnpaBJleHlIe B036Y>K,!!eHlIeM .!);BHraTeJleii peBepclIBHbIX CTaHOB 206
 8-9. PerYJlHTop TOKa . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 214
 8-10. CHcTeMa 9JIeKTpOMalIIlIHHoro yrrpaBJleHlIH rpyrrnoBbIM rrplIBO.!!OM pa-
60'lliX BaJlKOB peBepclIBHbIX CTaHOB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 220
 8-1 I. HH.!);lIBH.!);yaJIbHbIM nplIBO pa6o'llix BaJiKOB peBepclIBHbIX CTaHOB ., 226
 8-12. 3JIeKTpOrrplIBo,!! YHlIBepcaJlbHbIx peBepclIBHblX CTaHOB . . . . . .. 233
 8-13. HOHHbIii nplIBo,!! 11 HOHHoe B036Y>K.!);eHHe rJIaBHblX MalIIlIH peBepcHB-
HblX CTaHOB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . .. 238
 8-14. 5ecKoHTaKTHble CliCTeMbI yrrpaBJleHlIH 3J1eKTpOrrplIBo}JaMli peBepclIB-
HblX' CTaHOB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 263
r /laea IX. 3J1eKTpOrrplIBO}! II aBTOMaTII3al{IIH HerrpepbIBHbIX CTaHOB ropH'Ieii
npoKaTKH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., 273
 9-1. Oc06eHHocTH HenpepbIBHoii npoKaTKH ....... . . . . . . . ., 273
 9-2. TeXHOJlOrHH H Tpe60BaHHH K 9J1eKTponpHBogaM HenpepblBHblx CTaHOB
THn npHBo,/!a ............................. 281

CHCTeMbi rrHT8HHH H yrrpaBJleHHH 3J1eKTpOrrpHBOaMH HerrpepblBHblX
CTaHOB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TIepeXO.!);Hble rrpOueCCbI rrpli YJ:\apHOM rrplIJlO>KeHlIli HarpY;K : : : :
ABTOM8TH'IeCKOe peryJllIpoBaHHe TOJlIIJ.llHbI JllICTa Ha HerrpepbIBHOM
CTaHe ropH'Ieii rrpOK8TKH . , . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . , . .
r /laea X. 3J1eKTpOrrpHBO H 8BTOMaTH38l{lIH CT8HOB XOJloHoii rrpOKaTKlI . .
 10-1. Xap8KTepliCTliKa CTaHOB xOJlo.!);Hoii rrpOK8TKlI. . . . . . . . . . . .
 10.2. 06111lIe Tpe6oB8HlIH K 3J1eKTpOnplIBo.!);y. BbI60p TlIrr8 3J1eKTpOrrpliBoga
 10-3. ClicTeMbI rrlITaHliH .!);BlIr8TeJleii CTaHOB xOJlo.!);Hoii rrpoK8TKlI ....
 10-4. TIpliHUlIrrbI rrocTpoeHlIH CliCTeMbI yrrpaBJleHlIH 3J1eKTpOrrplIBo.!);oM KJle-
Teii HerrpepblBHbIX CT8HOB xOJloJ:\Hoii rrpoKaTKlI . . , . . . . . . . .
 10.5. PaC'IeT MOlllHOCTli .!);BlIraTeJleii KJlereii HerrpepbIBHoro CTaH8 . . . . .
 10.6. 3J1eKTpOnplIBo.!); MOT8J10K 11 pa3M8TblBaTeJleii HerrpepbJBHbIX CT8HOB .
 10-7. 3J1eKTpOnplIBo.!); pe1!epclIBHbIX CTaHOB xOJlo.!);Hoii rrpoK8TKlI . . . . . .
 10.8. ABTOM8TlI'IeCKOe perYJllIpoB8HHe TOJlllllIHbI rrOJlOCbI H8 HenpepbJBHbIX
CTaH8X xOJloJ!Hoii npoK8TKII .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 9-3.
 9-4.
 9-5.
r /laBa X I. 3J1eKTpOrrpIIBo.!); 11 8BTOM8T1I3al{lIH MeX8H1I3MOB npoKaTHbIx CT8HOB
 11-1. Ha3H8qeHlIe 1I KJIaCClIIplIK8UllH MexaH1I3MOB npOKaTHbJX CTaHOB. .
 11-2. BbI60p Tlirra .!!.BlIraTeJleii II 06111lIe co06pa>KeHlIH no BbI<50py MOlllHOCTH
.!);BlIr8TeJleii MeX8H1I3MOB CT8HOB . . . . . . . . . . . .
 11-3. CJlIITKOB03bI ......................
 11-4. H8>KlIMHble YCTpoiicTB8 ................
 1] -5. POJIbr8HrlI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 11-6. HO>KHHl{bI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 11-7. Tpe60BaHliH K 3J1eKTporrpHBo.!!,8M MeX8H1I3MOB peBepclIBHbfX CTaHOB
ropHQeii npoK8TKH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 11-8. TIepexo.!!.Hble rrpOl{ecCbI B KBap8TlIQHOii CliCTeMe r -J],. .....
 11-9. CT8TIJIJeCKlie pe>KlIMbI .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 11-10. OrrlIc8HlIe p860TbI CXeMbJ 3J1eKTpOM81II1IHHOrO yrrp8BJIeHlIH 3J1eKTpO-
rrplIBop'oM MeX8H1I3MOB peBepclIBHbIX CTaHOB . . . . . . . . . . . .
 11-11. 3JIeKTpOrrplIBo,!!; MexaH1I3MOB rrpoKaTHblx CTaHOB C npliMeneHHeM
PTYTHbIX BblrrpHMlITeJleii .'
JIliTepaTypa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
295
299
316
321
321
326
327
331
352
357
385
391
397
397
399
403
406
414
420
425
426
439
458
465
47

BaCHnHH naBJlOBH'J 6b1'1KOB
snETPonPMBOA M ABTOMATM3AM
METAnnyprMqECOrO DPOM3BOACTBA
Pe.A8KTOp r. H. t1>ytjJae8a
XY.AO}KeCTBeHHbIIi pe.A8KTOp H. J(. rYTOp08
TeXHHqeCKHII pell.8KTOp C. C. rOpOX080
OppeKTOp B. B. /(O:JICYCKUH(J
nCpCnneT XY.A0}KHHKa E. r. lI.yiJope8Q
T-06130. C.A8HO B H8liOp 16JXI 1005 c_ DO.An. K neq8m 23/IV
1966 C. q,0PM8T 6OXI.JO'/,6. OIi'beM 30 neq. n. +11 BKn. 0.25 n.
n. Yq.-H3A. n. 28,06. M3.A. N. CTen-ll. THp8}K 10 000 3K3.
eH8 1 p. 18 K. 38K83 N. 56.
TeM8rnqeCKHII M8H H3A8TenbCTB8 «BbICW8H WKon8»
(SY3b1 H TexHHKyMbI) H8 1966 c. n03HJI,HH N. 116.
MOCKB8, M-5,1, HecnHHH811 yn., A. 29/14.
M3.A8TeJIbCTBO «BbICW8H WKon8»
neHHHcp8.ACK8H THnocp84>HH N. 1 «Deq8THbllI Asop» HMeHH
A. M. rOpDKOCQ rn8SnOJlHCp8c!mpoM8 KOM"ITeT8 no neq8n1
npH COBeTe MHHHCTpOB CCCP, f8TQHHCK8H, 26.