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ISBN: 978-5-7695-7183-1
Текст
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AuaJIM3 MH<popMaUMM 0 Ha,ne)KHOCTH He06xo,nMMO npOBo,nMTb no
3JIeMeHTaM aBToM06R1UI. TaKoH aHaJIH3 ,nOJDKeH 6blTb KaqeCTBeHHblM
M KOJIHqeCTBeHHbIM. KaqeCTBeHHblH aHaJIH3 n03BOJUleT YCTaHOBHTb
CTeneHb BJIIUIHMH pa3JIHqHhIX OTKa30B M HeMcnpaBHocTe:n OT,neJIbHbIX
arperaTOB M CHCTeM B ueJIOM, BbIHBHTb OCHOBHbIe KOHCTPYKTMBHO-
npOH3Bo,nCTBeHHble He,nOCTaTKH, He,nOqeTbI 3KcnrryaTaQHH M peMOHTa.
KOJIMQeCTBeHHbIH aHaJIH3 HH<l>opMaUMH 0 Ha.ne)l(HOCTH n03BOJIHeT
7
onpe.neJUITb <l>aKTHqeCKHH ypOBeHb Hau;e)f(}{OCTH aBTOM06Hlli1, OueH-
Ka KOTOpOrO npOH3BO.nHTCH C nOMOIUblO nOKa3aTeJIeH, no.rryqaeMbIX
no onpe.neJIeHHbIM MaTeMaTWleCKHM 3aBHCHMOCTHM.
npH oueHKe KOJIHQeCTBeHHbIX nOKa3aTeJIeH Ha,u,e)f(}{OCTH OCHOB-
HbIMH BeJIHqHHaMH, HCnOJIb3yeMbIMH B paCqeTaX, HBJUlIOTCH qHCJIO
OTKa30B HJlH HeHcnpaBHOCTeH, BeJIHQHHa Hapa60TKH, K03<t><I>HUHeHT
BapHaUHH H cpe.nHeKBa,u,paTHqeCKOe OTKJIOHeHHe, napaMeTP nOTOKa
OTKa30B.
nOKa3aTeJIH Ha,u,e)f(}{OCTH arperaTOB, Y3JI0B H CHCTeM aBTOM06HJIeH
n03BOJUIIOT no.rryqHTb 3KcnrryaTaUHOHuyIO oueHKY <l>aKTOpOB, BJIHH-
IOIUHX Ha HHTeHCHBHOCTb H3MeHeHHH TeXHHqeCKoro COCTOHHIDI arpe-
raTOB B npouecce 3KCTIJIyaTaUHH, oueHHTb HX 3KCnJIyaTaUHOHHYlO
Ha,u,e)f(}{OCTb, B3aHMOCBH3b np06eroB .no 3aMeHbI H BJIIDIHHe HHTeH-
CHBHOCTH H3MeHeHHH TeXHWIecKoro COCTOHHIDI Ha y.neJIbHbIe 3aTPa-
TbI no no.nnepxaHHIO HX pa60Tocnoc06HOCTH.
HaH60JIee qaCTO HCnOJIb3yK>TCH CJIe.nyIOIUHe nOKa3aTeJIH Haoe -
Hocmu:
. cpe.nIDIH Hapa60TKa Ha OTKa3
n
T = LI;p;; (1.1)
;=1
. cpe.nHeKBa,u,paTHQeCKOe OTKJIOHeHHe Hapa60TKH Ha OTKa3
n
crl = L(l; -I) Pi ; (1.2)
;=1
. K03<1><t>HUHeHT BapHaUHH Hapa60TKH Ha OTKa3
OJ
Vi =-=-; (1.3)
I
. napaMeTp nOTOKa OTKa30B
ro = l/T,
r,ne n - KOnHqeCTBO HHTepBaJIOB Hapa60TKH; I; - cepe,nHHa i-ro HH-
TepBaJIa Hapa60TKH; p; - qaCTOCTb nona,u,aHIDI B i-H HHTepBaJI.
,n:JIH oueHKH OOJl208eltHOCmU H3.neJIHH HCnOJIb3yJOT cne.nyJOIUHe
nOKa3aTeJIH:
. cpe,nHHH pecypc
n
R = R. p .'
"'" I "
;=1
. cpe.nHeKBau;paTHqeCKOe OTKJIOHeHHe pecypca
n
OR = L(R;- R )p;;
;=1
8
. K03<!><!>HUHeHT BapHaO;HH pecypca
OR
V R =-=-,
R
( 1.4)
r.ne R j - Cepe.nHHa ;-ro HHTepBaJIa pecypca.
nOpRAOK BblnOnHeHMR pa60Tbi
TeXHUlteCKOe 06eCnelteHUe U MeCmO 8blnOllHeHUJl - KOMnblOTep-
HblM KJIaCC, npOrpaMMHOe Cpe.nCTBO STATISTICA, Ha60p KapTOqeK
C .naHHbIMH ,lJ)ISI paCqeTa nOKa3aTeJIeH Ha,ne)f{HOCTH.
3aIDITHe npOBOJI,HTCH no.n PYKOBO.nCTBOM nperrO.naBaTe.rnI C rpynnoH
cTy.neHTOB.
nOCJIe H3yqeHIDI MeTo.nHqeCKJlX YKa3aHHH KIDK,!{bIM cTy.neHT no-
JIyqaeT nepCOHaJIbHble .naHHble,lI)Ul paCqeTa (BapHaQHOHHble PMbI) H
no.n KOHTPOJIeM npeno.naBaTeJUI BblnOJIIDIeT He06xo.nHMbIe BbIqHCJIe-
HIDI no onpe.neJIeHHIO nOKaJaTeJIeH Ha,ne)I(HOCTH, HCnOJIb3YSl npH 3TOM
BapHaHTbl pemel-;lIDI npHMepOB 3a,naHHH 1 H 2.
no OKOHqaHHH 3aHHTHH o<!>opMllileTCH OTqeT no pa60Te H ocy-
meCTBJUleTCH ern 3amHTa.
npO.nOJI)KHTeJIbHOCTb pa60Tbl - 2...4 q.
3 a,l( a H H e 1. Onpep,enHTb nOKB3BTenH 6e30TKB3HOCTH
BrperBTB
no npe.ncTaBJIeHHoMY BapHaUHoHHoMY PMY Hapa60TKH Ha OTKa3
(Ta6JI. 1.1) HaxOMT nOKaJaTeJIH 6e30TKa3HOCTH arperaTa aBTOM06RJU1.
T a 6 11 U. a 1. 1 . BapMa MoHHblM PIiA Hapa60TKM Ha OTKa3
HOMep BapHaHTa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Hapa60TKa Ha 24 16 22 24 26 36 51 32 46 15 17 14 50
OTKa3, TbIC. KM
OKOHltaHUe ma6Jl. 1.1
HOMep BapHaHTa 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 -
Hapa60TKa Ha 23 32 8 21 21 22 7 16 34 10 21 37 -
OTKa3, TbIC. KM
npHMep 1.1. C nOMOI.IJ;blO nporpaMMHoro cpe,nCTBa STATISTICA
onpe.neJImOT nOKaJaTeJIH 6e30TKa3Hocrn: I = 25 TbIC. KM; (5, = 12,15 ThIC.
KM; Vi = 0,486; ro = 0,04 oTKa30B/TbIC. KM.
9
nOJIb3YBCb C1])OKOH «no,n6op pacrrpe,neJIeHHH», C1])ORT rpa$HK
pacnpe,neJIeHIDI Hapa60TKH Ha OTKa3 B KOOp,nHHaTax «Hapa6oTKa (TbIC.
KM)-qaCTOCTb (%»)aK..aK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 1.2.
p,%
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
10
20
30
40
50 J, TbIC. KM
PHC. 1.2. Pacnpe.neJIeHHe Hapa60TKH Ha OTKa3 CHCTeMbI nHTaHHB .nBHraTeJIB
KAMA3-EBPO
3 a a H Iff e 2. Onpe,qenJfT. nOK838TenJf ,qonroselfHOCTJf
arperaTa
no npe,ncTaBJIeHHoMY BapHaUHoHHoMY PMY pecypCOB (Ta6JI. 1.2)
HaXOJUIT nOKa3aTeJIH ,nOJIrOBeqHOCTH arperaTa aBTOM06H.JU1.
T a 6 n i4 U. a 1.2. BapMal.\MOHHblM PRA pecypca
HOMep I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13
Bapl1aHTa
Pecypc, 38 55 82 120 135 142 148 155 168 177 185 193 205
TbIC. KM
OKOH"IaHUe ma61l. 1.2
HOMep 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 -
Bapl1aHTa
Pecypc, 215 225 252 265 283 310 328 235 352 361 195 272 -
TbIC. KM
npHMep 1.2. C nOMOWbIO rrporpaMMHoro C pe,llCTBa STATISTICA
onpe.neJIBIOT nOKa3aTeJIH ,lI0JIrOBeqHOCTH: R = 203,8 TbIC. KM; 0' R =
= 86,6 TbIC. KM; V R = 0,424.
10
,lJ.JIB HaXOx.aeHHB raMMa-pecypca Ry 3a.nalOT 3HaqeHHe 'Y = 0,8
(80 %). C nOMOIUblO C1])OKH «no.n6op pacnpe.neJIeHHH» CTPOBT rpa-
<l>HKH pacnpe.neJIeHIDI pecypca (pHC. 1.3) H Bepos.uHocm pacnpe.neneHIDI
pecypca B KOOp.lUiHaTax «Hapa6OTKa (ThIC. KM)-qaCTOCTh» «<COBOKYII-
Hoe pacnpe.ne.rreHHe» B nporpaMMe) KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 1.4.
no 3a.naHHOMY 3HaqeHHIO y onpe.neJIBIOT BeJIHqHHY I - Y H no
rpa<l>HKY paCqeTHOH BepOBTHOCTH HaxOJUIT 3HaqeHHe raMMa-pecypca:
Ry 130 TbIC. KM (CM. pHC. 1.4).
p,%
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
Jz++t
o 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 I, TblC. KM
PHC. 1.3. Pacnpe,neJIeHHe pecypca ,nBHraTeJIeii KAMA3-EBPO
p,%
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
I - y 20
10
<> u. ,<> > <
Co. ." u" _. " "' .) ),..). . .
-t
"u ,Co - "
-- ...-----. .. '
o 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 I, TblC. KM
R,
PHC. 1.4. 113MeHeHHe BepOBTHocm BbIxo,na B peMOHT D.BHraTeJIeH KAMA3-
EBPO no Hapa60TKe
11
COAep)I(aHMe OT"IeTa
OTtIeT no pa60Te ,nOJDKeH 01'pIDKaTh HaH60JIee BIDKHbIe rrOJIOXeHIDI
no MeTo,nHKe c60pa, 06pa60TKH H aHaJIH3a CTaTHCTWIeCKHX ,naHHbIX
no Ha)].eXHOCTH aBTOM06K1IeH C 06B3aTeJIbHbIM BKJIlOqeHHeM CJIe,ny-
IOI.J..(HX CBe,neHHH:
. Ha3BaHHe H QeJIb pa60TbI;
. onHcaHHe MeTo,nHKH c60pa, 06pa60TIGI H aHaJIH3a ,naHHbIX no
Ha)].e)l(}fOCTH aBTOM06HIDI;
. HCxo,nHbIe ,naHHbIe HH,nHBH,nYaJIbHOrO 3a,naHHB H pe3YJIbTaTbI
paCqeTOB nOKa3aTeJIeH Ha)].eXHOCTH;
. rpact>HKH pacnpe,ne.rreHHB Hapa60TKH Ha OTKa3, pecypca H Ha-
KOnJIeHHOH qaCTOCTH;
. BbIBO,nbI no pa60Te.
KOHTPonbHblE BOnpOCbl
1. Ha30BHTe OCHOBHble nOKa3aTeJIH Ha.ne)l{}lOCTH.
2. nepeqHCJIHTe napaMeTpbI 6e30TKa3HocTH H npHBe.ll.HTe paCqeTHbIe
Q>OPMYJIbI ,LJ)UI HX BblqHCJIeHJUI.
3. Ha30BHTe napaMeTpbI, onpe.ll.eJI IOllJ;He .lI.OJIrOBeqHOCTb arperaTa, H
npHBe.ll.HTe paCqeTHble cl>oPMYJIbI ,lI)I HX BbIqHCJIeHH .
1.2. OnpeAeneHMe nepMOAM'IHOCTM TeXHM'IeCKOrO
06cnY)I(MBaHMSI aBToM06MneM no AonycTMMoMY
YPOBHIO BepoSiTHoCTM 6e30TKa3HoM pa60Tbi
I.!eJlb pa60mbl - H3YQHTb MeTo,nHK)' paCqeTa nepHo,nHqHOCTH TO
no ,nonYCTHMOMY ypOBHIO BepOBTHOCTH 6e30TKa3HOH pa60TbI.
06w.Me CBeAeHMII M OCHOBHble nOHIiTMII
,LJ.aHHbIH MeTO,n paCqeTa OTHOCHTCB K rpynne aHaJIHTHqeCKHX,
OCHOBaHHbIX Ha KpHBOH pacnpe,neJIeHIDI Hapa60TIGI Ha OTKa3 3JIe-
MeHTa aBTOM06HJIB. ,LJ.JIB peaJIH3aUHH MeTo,na He06xo,nHMO no H3-
BeCTHbIM MeTo,nHKaM nOC1]JOHTb KPHByIO pacnpe,neJIeHIDI Hapa60TKH
Ha OTKa3 (pHC..:. 1.5) H orrpe,neJIHTb ee napaMe1]JbI: cpe,nHIOIO Hapa60T-
KY Ha OTKa3 I, cpe,nHeKBa)].paTHqeCKOe OTKJIOHeHHe Hapa60TIGI Ha
OTKa3 (Jb K03ct>ct>HQHeHT BapHaUHH Vi (ct>OpMyJIbI (1.1)-(1.3».
BepOBTHOCTb OTKa3a B k-M HHTepBaJIe orrpe,neJUleTCB KaK HaKOruIeH-
HasI qaCTOCTb OTKa30B (3allI1'pHXOBaHHasI nJIOI.J..(a)].b Ha pHC. 1.5):
k
k = Pi'
;=1
12
o
p.
I
P6
1,0
:/ TO
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
0,5 ------------}-------
I
I
I
I
I
o
I TO
I
I
PUC. 1.5. Pacnpe,AeJleHHe Hapa60TKU Ha OTKa3 l(a) H BepOSiTHOCTb 6e30T-
Ka3HOH pa60TbI P6 (6)
BepOHTHOCTb 6e30TKa3HOH pa60TbI
k
=l- =I-LPi'
;=1
npH 3TOM MeTO,ne 3a,aaeTCH oonycmuMblU yp08eHb BepOHTHOCTH
6e30TKa3HOH pa60TbI P6.JJ. WIH BepOHTHOCTII OTKa3a PO.JJ.' Ha3bIBaeMbIe
pHCKOM. 06bIqHO ,lI)IH arperaTOB H MeXaHH3MOB aBTOM06HJIH, o6e-
CrreqHBalOI.J..(HX 6e30rraCHOCTb ,nBIDKeHIDI, P 6 .JJ. = 0,9...0,98, ,lI)IH npoqHJ{
Y3JIOB H arperaTOB P 6 .JJ. = 0,85...0,9. 3TH 3HaqeHHH 06YCJIOBJIeHbI, KaK
npaBWIO, BeJIHqHHOH K03ct>ct>HUHeHTa onaCHOCTH OTKa3a ko:
C
ko = -,
C n
r,ne C - pa30BbIe (a6COJIIOTHbIe) 3aTpaTbI Ha YCTpaHeHHe OTKa3a;
C n - pa30BbIe 3a1paTbI Ha npe,nynpex.neHHe OTKa3a.
Onpe,neJIeHHaR TaKHM 06pa30M nepHo,nHqHOCTb TO I TO (CM. pHC.
1.5) 3HaqHTeJIbHO MeHbllIe cpe.nHeH Hapa60TKH Ha OTKa3 H CBH3aHa c
HeH Qepe3 K03ct>ct>HUHeHT paUHOH8JIbHOH nepHo,nHQHOCTH f3:
I To = f31 ,
( 1.5)
yqHTbIBalOl.J..(HH K03ct>ct>HUHeHT BapHaUHH H npHHSlTyJO ..aorrYCTHMyJO
BepOHTHOCTb 6e30TKa3HOH pa60TbI P 6 .JJ. (pHC. 1.6).
TaKHM o6pa30M, QeM MeHbllIe BapHan;HSI Hapa60TKII Ha OTKa3, TeM
60JIbllIaH nepHO,L:(HQHOCTb TO MoxeT 6bITb Ha3HaQeHa np" npOQHX
paBHbIX YCJIOBIDIX. BOJIee xeCTKHe TPe60BaHIDI K 6e30TKa3HocTH (oco-
6eHHo 6e30nacHocrn ,nBIDKeHIDI) CHIDKalOT paUHOHaJIbJIy1O nepHO.zmq-
13
f3
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
°
0,2
0,4
0,6
v
PHC. 1.6. BJIHSlHHe K03<P<I>HUHeHTa BapHaUHH V H J10nYCTHMoro YPOBHSI
BepOSlTHOCTH 6e30TKa3HOH pa60TbI P6.JJ. Ha K03<1><I>HUHeHT paUHOHaJIbHOH
nepHOJ1HQHOCTH 13:
1 - P611 = 0,99; 2 - P611 = 0,95; 3 - P 611 = 0,90; 4 - P 611 = 0,85; 5 - P 611 = 0,80;
6 - P 611 = 0,70; 7 - P 611 = 0,50
HOCTb TO. ,lJ.aHHbIH MeTO.n npHMeHBeTCB npH HeBbICOKHX 3HaqeHHBX
K03<1><I>HUHeHTa onaCHOCTH OTKa30B, HeB03MOXHOCTH oueHKH H3-
MeHeHHH TeXHHqeCKOrO COCTOHHHH 3JIeMeHTOB B npouecce 3KCnJIya-
TaUHH. HaH60JIee qaCTO 3TOT MeTO.n HCnOJIb3yeTcH npH onpe.neJIeHHH
nepHo.nHQHOCTH Kpene)f(HbIX pa60T, AmI KOTOpbIX = 0,4...0,5.
nOpRAOK BbinonHeHMR pa60TbI
TeXHU"teCKoe o6ecne"teHue U Mecmo 8blnOAHeHUR - KOMnblOTep-
HbIH KJIaCC, nporpaMMHoe cpe.nCTBO STATISTICA, Ha60p KapTOqeK
C .naHHbIMH AmI paCqeTa nOKa3aTeJIeH Ha.n.e)f(HOCTH.
3aIDITHe npOBO,lUITCB no.n PYKOBO.nCTBOM nperro.naBaTellil C rpyrrrroH
cTy.neHTOB.
nOCJle H3yqeHHB MeTo.nHqeCIGfX yx:a3aHHH Ka)f{,lJ:bIH cTy.neHT no-
JIyqaeT nepCOH8JIbHbIe .naHHbIe AmI paCqeTa (BapHaUHOHHbIe PMbI) H
no,n KOHTPOJIeM npeno.naBaTellil BbIrrOJIlUleT He06xo.nHMbIe BbIqHCJIe-
HHH no onpe,neJIeHHIO rrepHo,nHqHOCTH TO, HCnOJIb3YH rrpH 3TOM
BapHaHTbI pemeHHH rrpHMepOB 3a.n.aHHH 1 H 2.
no OKOHqaHHH yqe6HbIx 3alUlTHH o<l>opMJUleTCR OTtleT rro pa60Te
H ocym:eCTBJIReTCB ero 3aIIJ;HTa.
npO.nOJDKHTeJIbHOCTb pa60TbI - 2... 4 q.
14
3 a a H H e 1. OnpeAenMT6 nepMoAHlfHOCT& TO
no M3MeHeHMIO BepoflTHoCTM 6e30TK83HOM pa60T&1
no npe.ncTaBJIeHHoM)' BapHaIJ;HoHHoM)' psr,ny 3HaqeHHH Hapa60TKH
Ha OTKa3 (Ta6JI. 1.3) HaXO,lI.HT nepHo.aHqHOCTb TO npH .nonYCTHMOM
ypOBHe BepOSiTHOCTH 6e30TKa3HoH pa60TbI P6.JJ. = 0,8.
T a 611 u. a 1.3. BapM8L\MOHHbiM PRA Hapa60TKM H8 OTKa3
HOMep BapHaHTa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Hapa60TKa Ha 24 16 22 24 26 36 51 32 46 15 17 14 50
OTKa3, TbIC. KM
OKOH'IaHUe ma61l. 1.3
HOMep BapHaHTa 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 -
Hapa60TKa Ha 23 32 8 21 21 22 7 16 34 10 21 37 -
OTKa3, TbIC. KM
npHMep 1.3. C nOMOIUblO nporpaMMHoro cpe.nCTBa STATISTICA
onpe.neJISIIOT napaMeTpbI pacnpe.neJIeHHR: I = 25 TbIC. KM; crt =
= 12,15 TbIC. KM; Vi = 0,486. nOJIb3YSlCb CTPOKOH «no.n60p pacnpe.ne-
JIeHHH», HaXO,lI.HT 3HaqeHHe HaKOnJIeHHOH qaCTOCTH «<CoBoKynHoe
pacnpe.neJIeHHe» B nporpaMMe) KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 1.6. no 3a,naH-
HOMY 3HaQeHHIO P6 11 onpe.neJIRIOT BeJIHqHHY I - P 6 . 11 H no rpa<l>HK)'
paCqeTHOH BepOSiTHOCTH Haxo.nSlT I TO 15 TbIC. KM (pHC. 1.7).
p,%
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
/- P6.JJ. 20
10
/
/
J
/
"/ <" ',.i' i '
" f .-
,
--- ...- /
I
:
o
10 /TO 20
30
40
50 /, ThIC. KM
PUC. 1.7. H3MeHeHue BepORTHOCTI1 OTKa3a (/- P6.JJ.) CHCTeMbI nHTaHUSI 11BU-
faTeillI KAMA3-EBPO no Hapa60TKe /
15
3 a a H H e 2. Onpe,qenHTb nepHoAHlfHOCTb TO
no Koat/Jt/JHLCHeHTY pSLCHoHanbHoii nepHo,qHlfHOCTH
I1cnoJIb3YH npe,nbI.L(YIUHe ,naHHble, HaXO.IUIT nepHo,nINHOCTb TO no
<l>oPMYJIe (1.5) H ,naHHbIM HOMorpaMMbl (CM. pHC. 1.6)._
npHMep 1.4.Cpe,zuumHapa6orKaHa0TKa3COCTaBTmeT I = 25 TbIC. KM;
K03<1><I>HUHeHT BapHaUHR = 0,486. npH 3a,aaHHOM ypOBHe P6.n. C yqe-
TOM K03<1><I>HUHeHTa BapHaUHH no HOMorpaMMe (CM. pHC. 1.6) onpe,ne-
lliIlOT = 0,53, CJIe,nOBaTeJIbHO, I TO = 25 · 0,53 = 13,25 ThIC. KM.
COAep*8HMe OT'4eT8
OTtIeT no pa60Te ,nOJDKeH 01'pIDKaTb HaH60JIee BIDKHble nOJIOXeHIUI
no MeTo,nHKe onpe,neJleHHSI nepHo,nH1.JHOCTH TO no H3MeHeHHIO Be-
pOSITHOCTH 6e30TKa3HoH pa60Tbl C 06H3aTeJIbHblM BKJIlOqeHHeM CJIe-
,nYK>IUHX cBe,neHHH:
. Ha3BaHHe H ueJIb pa60TbI;
. onHcaHHe MeTo,nHKH onpe,neJIeHIUI nepHO,lUlqHOCTH TO no H3-
MeHeHHIO BepOHTHOCTH 6e30TKa3HOH pa60Tbl;
. HCxo,nHble ,naHHble HH,nHBH.nYaJIbHOrO 3a,aaHHH H pe3YJIbTaTbl
paCqeTOB nepHo,nHqHOCTH TO;
. rpa<l>HKH pacnpe,neJIeHIUI Hapa60TKH Ha OTKa3, pecypca H Ha-
KOnJIeHHOH 1.JaCTOCTH;
. BbIBO,nbl no pa60Te.
KOHTPonbHblE BonpOCbI
1. J.l.aHTe onpe.neJIeHHe BepOSiTHOCTH OTKa3a H 6e30TKa3HOH pa60TbI.
2. lIeMY paBHa CYMMa BepOSITHOCTeH OTKa3a H 6e30TKa3HOH pa6oTbI?
3. Ha30BHTe .nonycTHMbIH ypOBeHb BepOSiTHOCTH 6e30TKa3HOH pa60TbI.
4. liTO TaKoe K03<P<PHUHeHT onaCHOCTH oTKa3a?
5. nOSlCHHTe CMbICJI K03<1><I>HUHeHTa paUHOHaJIbHOH nepHo.nHqHOCTH.
1.3. OnpeAeneHMe nepMOAM'IHOCTM TeXHM'IeCKOrO
06cnY)I(MBaHMR no M3MeHeHMIO M AonycTMMoMY
YPOBHIO AMarHOCTM'IeCKOrO napaMeTpa
I{etlb pa60mbl - H3yqHTb MeTO,lUIKY pacqera nepHO.lUf1lHOCTIf TO no
H3MeHeHHIO H ,nOrryCTIlMOM}' ypOBHIO ,nHaruoC1WIecKoro napaMeTpa.
06IQMe CBeAeHMR M OCHOBHble nOHRTMR
3HaqHTeJIbHaSi qaCTb OTKa30B OTHOCHTCR K npo<l>RTIaKTHPyeMblM
(nocTeneHHbIM, 3aKoHoMepHbIM). 113MeHeHHe KOHKpeTHoro nOKa3a-
16
TeJIH TeXHHqeCKOrO COCTOHHHR - ,aHafHOCTHqeCKOfO napaMeTpa,
KOTOpbIM OH KOJIHqeCrneHHO oueHHBaeTCH no KOCBeHHbIM npH3HaKaM
ero npOHBJIeHIDI, B npouecce 3KCIIJIyaTaUHH npOHcxo,aHT C pa3JIHQHOH
HHTeHCHBHOCTblO, qTO 06YCJIOBJIeHO neHCTBHeM MHorHX <paKTopOB
(KpHBbIe 1, 2, 4, 5 Ha pHC. 1.8). B cpeLlHeM DJIH 3TOH rpynnbI TeH,aeH-
UHH H3MeHeHHH xapaKTepH3yeTcH KpHBOH 3. no HeM H LlonYCTHMoMY
ypOBHIO Y ll LlHafHOC TH 1.JeCKOrO napaMeTpa MO)I{HO onpe.LJ.eJ1HTb cpell.-
HIOIO Hapa60TKY 13 (I ), KOf,aa B cpeLlHeM BCR cOBoKynHocTb H3.rr.eJIH"
LlOCTHfHeT ,aonYCTHMoro 3HaqeHHH (Y ll ). 3TOH Cpe.LJ.Hei1 Hapa60TKe
COOTBeTcTByeT cpeLlHRH HHTeHCHBHOCTb H3MeHeHHH TeXHH1.JeCKOrO
COCTOHHHH a. llpH 3TOM H3LleJIHH, HMelOlI..{He 60JlbllIYlO HHTeHCHB-
HOCTb H3MeHeHHH TeXHHQeCKOrO COCTOHHHH a> a (Kpl1BbIe J, 2 Ha
pHC. 1.8), LlOCTHralOT npe,aeJIbHOrO COCTOHHHH 3HaQHTeJIbHO paHbllIe
npH Hapa6oTK II' 1 2 Mel-lbllIeH, 1.JeM I = 13' CJIeLlOBaTeJIbHO, npH ne-
pHO,aWlHOCTH I JI)I$I HHX C BepOHTHOCTblO F3 = 0,5 HacTynaeT OTKa3.
lloLlo6HaH CHCTeMa RBJIHeTCR HepaUHOHaJIbHoi1, TaK KaK 3aTPaTbI
Ha YCTpaHeHHe OTKa3a 3HaQHTeJlbHO npeBOCXOLlHT 3aTpaTbI Ha HX
npe.rr.ynpex.aeHHe. n03TOM)' Ha3HaqalOT TaKYIO nepHOLlH1.JHOCTb 10 = I ,
npH KOTOpOH BepOHTHOCTb OTKa3a He 6y.rr.eT npeBbIllIaTb pHCKa F, Ha-
npHMep F = F 2 . 3TOT CJIyqaH cooTBeTcTByeT 60JIbmeM HHTeHCHBHOCTH
H3MeHeHHH TeXHHqeCKOrO COCTOHHHH, qeM cpe,aHHH, Ha3bIBaeMoH
MaKCHMaJIbHO LlonYCTHMOH: a2 = J..1 a , rLle Jl - K03<P<PHUHeHT MaKCH-
MaJIbHOH HHTeHCHBHOCTH H3MeHeHHH TeXHHqeCKoro COCTOHHHH. npH
3TOM LlOJIXHO C06JIIO,aaTbcH YCJIOBHe
P6 lli( ai < all) = I - F = P 6 . 11 ,
r,ae ai' a.a - COOTBeTCTBeHHO TeKYJ..Uee H .rr.onYCTHMoe 3Ha1.JeHHe HH-
TeHCHBHOCTH H3MeHeHHH TeXHH1.JeCKOrO COCTOHHHH; P611i(ai < all) -
Y
Y lt
I. 1 2 13 /4 Is I
PHC. 1.8. CxeMa onpeJ1eJleHHH nepHOLlHQHOCTH TeXHHtJeCKoro 06CJI}')KHBaHIDI
ITO no H3MeHeHHIO H J10nycTHMoMY ypOBHIO nOKa3aTeJIH TeXHMqeCKOrO CO-
CTOSlHHSI Y lt :
1- 5 - BapHaHTbI 3aBHCHMOCTeH TeXHH\feCKOrO COCTOSlHHSI OTD.enbHbiX 3JIeMeHTOB
aBTOM06H.J1S1 OT npo6era /
17
2,4
J.1
2
1,6
1,2
P6lt=0,70
0,8 0,2 0,4
0 0,6 V
PHC. 1.9. BJIHSlHHe K03<P<PHQHeHTa BapHaQHM V Ha K03<P<PHQHeHT MaKCH-
MaJIbHOH HHTeHCHBHOCTH H3MeHeHHSI TeXHHqeCKOrO COCTOSlHHSI f.1
BepOHTHOCTb TOro, qTO a.; < a..l1; P6..l1 - ,lJ,OnYCTHMaH BepoHTHoCTb 6e3-
oTKa3HoH pa60TbI.
Ha K03ct>ct>HUHeHT f.l RTIHHIOT CTeneHb pHCKa, BapHaUIDI V H BH.lI. 3a-
KOHa pacnpe,lJ,eJIeHHH C.JIyqaHHoH BeJIHQHHbI. 4eM 60JIbllIe V HJIH P.l1'
TeM 60JIbllle f.l H MeHbllIe OnTHMaJIbHaH nepHO,lJ,HIJHOCTb TO (pHC. 1.9).
,lJ.aHHbIH MeTO,lJ, HCnOJIb3yeTcH ,lI)1H 3neMeHTOB aBTOM06HJIH C HBHO
ct>HKcHPyeMbIMH nOKa3aTeJlHMH TeXHHIJeCKOrO COCTOHHHH (H3HalllH-
BaeMbIe Y3J1bI, MexaHH3MbI, TeXHHqeCKOe COCTOHHHe KOTOpbIX no,lJ,-
,lJ,ep)KHBaIOT nYTeM perYJlHpOBOIJHbIX pa60T (KJlanaHHbIH, TOpM03HOM
MexaHH3MbI, TOnJlHBHaH annapaTypa H ,lJ,p.». LI.JIH perYJIHpOBOIJHbIX
pa60T xapaKTepHbI 3HaqeHHH V = 0,5...0,8, npH KOTOpbIX J! = 1,6... 2,1,
T.e. paUHOHaJIbHaH nepHO,lJ,HIJHOCTb TO 6Y,lJ,eT B 1,6-2,1 pa3a HHxe
Cpe,lJ,HeH.
nOpRAOK BbinonHeHMR pa60Tbi
TeXHUlleCKoe o6ecnelleHue U Mecmo 8blnOJlHeHUJI - KOMnbIOTep-
HbIM KJlaCC, nporpaMMHble cpe,lJ,CTBa STATISTICA H Excel, Ha60p
KaPTOqeK C ,lJ,aHHbIMH .lI)UI paCqeTa nepHO,lJ,WlHOCTH TO no H3MeHeHHIO
,lJ,HarHOCTHqeCKOrO napaMeTpa.
3aIDITHe npOBO,lJ,HTCR no,lJ, PYKOBO,lJ,CTBOM npenO,lJ,aBaTeJUI C rpynnoH
CTY,lJ,e HTO B.
nOCJIe H3yqeHHR MeTO,lJ,HIJeCKHX YKa3aHHH Ka)l(,lJ,bIH CTY,lJ,eHT no-
JIyqaeT nepCOHaJIbHble ,lJ,aHHbIe ,lI)1R paCqeTa (Ta6JIHua 3HaqeHHH ,lJ,Har-
HOCTHqeCKOrO napaMeTPa) H no,lJ, KOHTponeM npeno,lJ,aBaTeJlR BbInOJI-
18
HReT Heo6xoJI.HMbIe BbIQHCJIeHHR rro onpeJI.eJIeHHIO rrepHOIIJlqHOCTH
TO, HCrrOJIb3YH npH 3TOM rrpHMep 3a.n.aHHH.
no OKOHqaHHH yqe6HbIx 3aIDITHH o<l>opMllileTCH o eT no pa60Te
H OCyIUeCTBJIReTCH ero 3a HTa.
npOJI.OJDKHTeJIbHOCTb pa60TbI - 2... 4 IJ.
3 a a H Iff e. OnpeAenHTb nepHoAHlfHOCTb TO
no H3MeHeHHIO AHarHOCTMlfeCKoro napaMeTpa
no H3MeHeHHIO JI.HarHOCTHqeCKOrO napaMeTpa B npouecce 3KC-
ruIyaTaUHH (Ta6JI. 1.4) HaXO.lI.SlT nepHOJI.HQHOCTb TO.
I, TbIC. KM
T a 6 11 U. a 1 .4. 3aBMcMMoCTb AMarHOCTM'IeCKOrO napaMeT a Y
OT Hapa60TKM I
I
y
1,5
2
2,2
3
2,5
4
3,8
5
4,3
UpHMep 1.5. .u:onycTHMbIl1 ypOBeHb JI.HarHOCTHqeCKoro napaMeTJ)a
npHHHMalOT KaK Y.l1 = 5,8. .u:orrycTHMaH BepOHTHOCTb 6e30TKa3HOH
pa60TbI P6..l1 = 0,8, K03<1><I>HUHeHT BapHaUHH paBeH 0,4.
CTpOHT 3aBHCHMOCTb YPOBHR JI.HarHOCTHqeCKOrO rrapaMeTpa OT
Hapa60TKH H onpeJI.eJIHIOT ee rrOKa3aTeJIH, npHHHB, qTO 3aBHCHMOCTb
HMeeT 3KcnOHeHUHaJIbHbIH xapaKTep:
Y = Yoe bl , (1.6)
rn.e Yo - 3HaqeHHe napaMe1'pa B Haq8JIe 3KcruIyaTaUHH; b - K03<1>-
<l>HUHeHT HHTeHcH<I>HKaUHH; / - Hapa6oTKa.
Y n 7
6
3
2
5 Y = 1 2031e o ,2653x.
, I'
4 R 2 = 0,9695
1
o
1
2
3
I, TbIC. KM
4
PHC. 1.10. 3aBHCHMOCTb ,AHarHOCTHqeCKOrO napaMeTpa OT Hapa6oTKH:
J - CpeD.Hee 3HalfeHHe; 2 - C yqeTOM K03 <I>HUHeHTa MaKCHMaJIbHOH HHTeHCHBHOCTH
H3MeHeHHSI TeXHHtJeCKoro COCTOHHHH f.1
19
BOCnOJIb30BaBIllHCb nporpaMMoH Excel H Ta6JI. 1.4, CTJ)ORT rpa<pHK
H onpe,neJIHIOT K03<P<PHUHeHTbI ypaBHeHHH (1.6) Yo H b.
Onpe,neJUlIOT K03<P<PHUHeHT fl C yqeToM 3a,naHHbIX 3HaqeHHH P6.n
H Vno HOMorpaMMe (CM. pHC. 1.9). B ,naHHOM CJIyqae fl = 1,33. C yqe-
TOM 3Toro Ha pHC. 1.10 nOCTJ)oeHa KpHBaR 2. Y'IHTbIBasI ,nonycTHMbIH
YPOBeHb ,nHarHOCTH'IeCKOrO napaMeTPa Y n = 5,8, no KpHBOH 20npe-
,nellillOT nepHo,nH'IHOCTb TO: I TO = 4,8 TbIC. KM.
COAep>K8HMe OT'IeT8
OT'IeT no pa60Te ,nOJDKeH OTJ)IDKaTb HaH60JIee BIDKHble nOJIOXeHIDI
no MeTo,nHKe onpe,neJIeHIDI nepHo,nH'IHOCTH TO no H3MeHeHHIO ,nHar-
HOCTH'IeCKOrO napaMeTPa C BKJIIO'IeHHeM CJIe,nyIOIUHX cBe,neHHH:
. Ha3BaHHe H ueJIb pa60TbI;
. onHcaHHe MeTo,nHKH onpe,neJIeHIDI nepHo,nH'IHOCTH TO no H3-
MeHeHHIO ,nHarHOCTH'IeCKOrO napaMeTPa;
. HCxo,nHble ,naHHble H pe3YJIbTaTbI paC'IeTOB nepHo.nwrnOCTH TO;
. rpa<pHK H3MeHeHHH YPOBHH ,nHarHOCTH'IeCKOrO napaMeTpa B
3aBHCHMOCTH OT Hapa60TKH;
. BbIBO,nbI no pa60Te.
KOHTPonbHblE BonpOCbl
1. Ha30BHTe KpHTepHH npe,neJIbHOrO 3HaqeHHR ,nHarHOCTH'IeCKOrO napa-
MeTPa.
2. JJ.aHTe onpe,neJ1eHHe ,nOnyCTHMOro ypOBIDI )1HarnOCTH1JeCKoro napaMeTpa.
3. 06'bSlCHHTe CMbICJI K03Q>Q>HUHeHTa MaKCHMaJIbHOH HHTeHCHBHOCTH
H3MeHeHHSI TeXHHtJeCKoro COCTORHHSI.
1.4. OnpeAeneHMe nepMOAM'IHOCTM TeXHM'IeCKOrO
06cnY)I(MB8HMR no TexHMKo-3KOHOMM'IeCKoMY MeToAY
l(eJlb pa60mbl - H3yqHTb MeTo,nHK}' paC'IeTa nepHo,nH'IHOCTH TO
no TeXHHKO-3KOHOMH'IeCKOMY MeTO,ny.
06w.Me CBeAeHMR M OCHOBHble nOHRTMR
)].aHHbIH MeTO,n OCHOBaH Ha MHHHMH3aUHH CyMMapHbIX y,neJIbHbIX
3aTJ)aT Ha TO H TeKYIIJ;HH peMOHT (TP). MHHHMaJIbHbIM y,neJIbHbIM
3aTpaTaM COOTBeTcTByeT OnTHMaJIbHaH nepHo,nH'IHOCTb 10 06cJIyxH-
BaHHH. npH 3TOM y,neJIbHble 3aTPaTbI Ha TO COCTaWIHIOT
C' - C TO
TO- I'
r,ne I - nepHo,nH'IHOCTb TO; C TO - pa30Bble 3aTJ)aTbI Ha TO.
20
c'
10
1
PUC. 1.11. Onpe.n;eJIeHUe OnTHMaJIbHOH nepHo.n;HqHOCTH TeXHHQeCKOrO 06CJIY-
)I(}IBaHHSI 10 no TeXHHKO-3KOHOMHQeCKOMY MeTO.ny:
C' - YJJ.eJIbHbIe 3aTPaTbI Ha TO If TP
npH YBeJIH1.JeHHH nepHo,nH1.JHOCTH TO pa30BbIe 3a1'paTbI (C TO ) HJ1H
OCTalOTCH nOCTOHHHbIMH, HJ1H He3Ha1.JHTeJIbHO B03paCTaIOT, a y,neJIb-
HbIe 3aTpaTbI 3Ha1.JHTeJIbHO COKpamaIOTCH. YBeJIH1.JeHHe nepHo,nH1.J-
HOCTH TO nOBbIIllaeT BepOHTHOCTb OTKa3a 3JIeMeHTOB aBTOM06HJIH, a
CJIe,nOBaTeJIbHO, YBeJIH1.JHBaeT 3aTpaTbI Ha TeKYInHH peMOHT (TP) C TP '
nOCKOJIbKY a6COJIIOTHbIe 3aTpaTbI Ha TP npaKTH1.JeCKH nponopUHO-
HaJIbHbI BepOHTHOCTH OTKa30B P(/), y,neJIbHbIe 3aTpaTbI Ha TP co-
CTaBJUIIOT
, CTPp(/)
C TP = / .
Onpe,neJIHTb MHHHMYM CYMMapHbIX y,neJIbHbIX 3aTpaT
Ci = C o + C p (1.7)
MO)I{HO rpa<pH1.JeCKH HJ1H aHaJIHTH1.JeCKH npH H3BeCTHbIX Q>opMax 3a-
BHCHMOCTeH C o =1(/) H C p = q>(/) (pHC. 1.11).
3TOT MeTO,n HCnOJIb3yeTcH ,lI,JIH HaXO)f(,l(eHHH OnTHMaJIbHOH nepHO-
,nH1.JHOCTH 60JIbIllHHCTBa OnepaQHH, He CBH3aHHbIX C 6e30naCHOCTblO
,nBIDKeHIDI. ECJIH npH Ha3Ha1.JeHHH YPOBHH pHCKa yqHTbIBaTb nOTepH,
CBH3aHHbIe C ,nOpO)KHO-TpaHcnopTHbIM npOHCIlleCTBHeM, TO MeTO,n
MO)f{HO npHMeIDITb,lLJUl onepaUHH, WIHRIOIl(HX Ha 6e30naCHOCTb ,nBH-
)KeHHH.
TeXHHKO-3KOHOMH1.JeCKHH MeTO,n Tpe6yeT Tw:aTeJIbHOrO yqeTa 3a-
TpaT Ha peMOHT H TO, a TaIOKe yqeTa YCJIOBHH 3KCIIJIyaTaUHH aBTO-
Mo6HJIeH B Te1.JeHHe ,lI)IHTeJIbHOH 3KCIIJIyaTaUHH.
nOpRAOK BbinonHeHHR pa60Tbi
TeXHUtteCKoe o6ecne"teHue U Mecmo 8blnOJlHeHUR - KOMnblOTep-
HbIH KJIaCC, nporpaMMHbIe cpe,nCTBa STATISTICA Ii Excel, Ha60p
21
KapTO'IeK C ,naHHbIMH ,lI)IH paC1.JeTa nepHo,nH1.JHOCTH TO no TeXHHKO-
3KOHOMH1.JeCKOMY MeTO,ny.
3aIDITHe npOBo,nHTCH noon PYKOBO,nCTBOM npeno,naBaTeIDI C rpynnoH
CTYD.eHTOB.
nOCJIe H3yqeHHH MeTo,nH1.JeCKHX }'Ka3aHHH Ka)l(,lJ:bIH cTy,neHT no-
nyqaeT nepCOHaJIbHble ,naHHble )J)UI paC1.JeTa (Ta6JII1IJ.a 3Ha'IeHI1H 3aTpaT
Ha TO 11 peMoHT) 11 noon KOHTpOJIeM npeno,naBaTeJIH BblnOJIHHeT He-
06XOD.HMbIe Bbl'Il1CJIeHHH no onpe,neJIeHI1IO nepHo,nH1.JHOCTH TO, I1C-
nOJIb3YH npH 3TOM npHMep 3a,u,aHI1H.
no OKOH1.JaHHH yqe6Hblx 3aH5ITHH OQ>opMJIHeTCH o eT no pa60Te
11 ocyrueCTBJIHeTCH ero 3aIUHTa.
n P0D.OJI)KI1TeJIbHOCTb pa60TbI - 2... 4 q.
3 a a H He. OnpeJ;tenJfTh nepJfoJ;tJfIlHOCTh TO
no TeXHJfKO-3KOHOMJflleCKoMY MeToJ;ty
npHMep 1.6. OnpeD.eJI5IlOT nepI10D.H1.JHOCTb TO, eCJII1 113BeCTHO,
1.JTO CTOHMOCTb ero COCTaBJUleT 5 TbIC. py6. B pe3YJIbTaTe Ha6JIIO,neHHH
3a OTKa3aMH aBTOM06H.1IeH HaH,neHbI 3Ha1.JeHHH y,neJIbHblX 3aTpaT Ha
TP, KOTopble npe,nCTaBJIeHbl B Ta6JI. 1.5.
T a 611 u. a 1.5. 3asMcMMoCTb YAenbHblx 3aTpaT OT nepMOAMliHOCTM
TeXHM'IeCKOrO o6cnY)I(MSaHMR, py6./TbIC. KM
nepl10JJ.l1lJHOCTb TO, TbIC. KM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
YJJ.eJlbHble 3al'paTbl Ha TO c o 5 2,5 1,66 1,25 1 0,83 0,71
YJJ.eJlbHble 3aTpaTbi Ha TP C p 0,8 1,2 1,5 2 2,5 2,9 3,2
CYMMapHble YlI.eJlbHble 3al'paTbl 5,8 3,7 3,16 3,25 3,5 3,73 3,91
Ha TO 11 TP Ci
.
BOCnOJIb30BaBllIHCb nporpaMMoH Excel 11 Ta6JI. 1.5, CTpOHT rpa-
Q>I1KH 11 onpeD.eJIHIOT K03<P<PHIJ.HeHTbl ypaBHeHI1H CyMMapHbIX YD.eJIb-
HblX 3aTpaT B BH,ne nOJIHHOMa TpeTbeH CTeneHH (pl1c. 1.12). 113 npH-
Be,neHHbIX 3KCnepl1MeHTaJIbHblX ,naHHbIX (CM. Ta6JI. 1.5, pHC. 1.12)
BH.nHO, 'ITO MHHHM}'M CyMMapHbIX 3aTpaT HacTynaeT npl1 nepHo,nH'I-
HOCTH TO 3...4 TbIC. KM.
OD.HaKO BCJIeD.CTBHe HeT01.JHOCTI1 yqeTa CTaTI1CTI11.JeCKHX ,naHHbIX
IJ.eJIeC006pa3Ho I1CnOJIb30BaTb paC1.JeTHYJO 3aBHCI1MOCTb CyMMapHblX
y,neJIbHblX 3aTpaT (Q>opMYJIa (1.7», no KOTOpOH nepHo,nH1.JHOCTb TO
COCTaBJIHeT 3,4 TbIC. KM. T01.JHee nepHOD.H1.JHOCTb TO onpe,neJIHIOT no
ypaBHeHHIO KpHBOH (CM. pHC. 1.12), npo,nH<p<pepeHIJ.HpOBaB ero H
npHpaBHHB npOH3Bo,nHyK> K HYJIIO.
22
,
C, py6.jTbIC. KM
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
00
y= -0,062x 3 +0,938x 2 - 4,245x+ 9,101;
R 2 = 0,985
3
2
1
1
2
6
7 I, TblC. KM
3 I To 4
5
PHC. 1.12. 3aBHCHMOCTb y.neJIbHbIX 3aTPaT C' Ha TeXHH1JeCKOe 06CJIyxHBaHHe
(1), TeKYWHH peMOHT (2) H CYMMapHbIX y.neJIbHbIX 3aTPaT (3) OT nepHOJI.H1J-
HOCTH 'TO:
R 2 - nOKa3aTeJIb 1l0CTOBepHOCTH
COAep>K8HMe OT'teT8
ONeT no pa60re ,nOJDKeH OTPIDKaTb HaH60JIee BIDKHble nOJIO)KeHIDI
no Mero,nHKe onpe,neJIeHIDI nepHOJUNHOCTH TO no TeXHHKO-3KOHOMWle-
CKOM)' MeTO.ny C 06H3aTeJIbHbIM BKJIlOqeHHeM CJIe,LI,ylOIUHX cBe,aeHHH:
. Ha3BaHHe H ueJIb pa60Tbl;
. onHcaHHe MeTo,aHKH onpe,aeJIeHHH nepHo,nHqHOCTH TO no
TeXHHKO-3KOHOMHQeCKOMY MeTO,ny;
. HCxo,aHbIe ,naHHble H pe3YJIbTaTbl paCQeTOB nepHo,nWlHOCTH TO;
. rpaQ>HK H3MeHeHHH 3aT}JaT Ha TO H peMOHT B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT
Hapa60TKH;
. BbIBO,abI no pa60Te.
KOHTPonbHblE BonpOCbl
1. qTO TaKoe YJI.eJIbHbIe 3aTPaTbI?
2. Ha30BHTe YCJIOBHSI OnTHMaTlbHOH nepHo.nHlJHOCTH TO.
3. K TeXHHQeCKOMY 06CJIYXHBaHHIO KaKHX 3JIeMeHTOB aBTOM06HJISI npH-
MeHHM TeXHHKO-3KOHOMH1.JeCIGIH MeTo.n?
4. C yaeJIWleHHeM nepHo.nIf1lHOCTH TO YJI.eJIbHbIe 3aTPaTbI Ha TP B03pac-
TalOT K11H YMeHbllIalOTcSI?
5. 3aBHcHT JIH CTOHMOCTb pa60T OT nepHo.nH1.JHOCTH HX BbInOJIHeHHSI?
23
1.5. OnTMMM3al.4MR nepMOAM'IHOCTM nnaHOBblX
peMoHToB C Mcnonb30BaHMeM
3KOHOMMKo-BepoRTHocTHoro MeTOAa
£(eAb pa60mbl - H3yqHTb MeTo,nHKY HCnOJIb30BaHH5I 3KOHOMHKO-
Bep05lTHOCTHOro MeTo,na ,lLJUI OITTHMH3aUHH nepHo,nwrnoCTII ITJIaHOBbIX
peMOHTOB aBTOM06HID1.
06w.Me CBeAeHMR M OCHOBHble nOHRTMR
PaCCMOTpHM pemeHHe 3a,na'IH no onpe,neJIeHHIO nepHo,nHqHOCTH
npe,nynpe,nHTeJIbHbIX peMOHTOB, Kor,na Qepe3 HeKOTopoe BpeM5I 3KC-
nJIyaTaUHH t 3 aBTOM06HJI5I onpe,neJIeHHa51 ,neTaJIb, Y3eJI HJIH arperaT
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50
o
100
F(/)
fi(/)
12(/)
200
300 10 400
500 I, TbIC. KM
PHC. 1.13. Onpe.neJIeHHe OnTHM3JIbHOrO cpOKa CJIyx6bI 10 aBTOM06HJI
COAep)l(8HMe 01'leT8
O eT no pa60Te .l10JDKeH o1pIDKaTb HaH60JIee BIDKHbIe nOJIO)l(eHHSI
no MeTO.l1HKe onpe.l1eJIeHIDI cpoKa CJI}')K6bI aBTOM06HJUI 110 TeXHHKO-
3KOHOMHQeCKoMY MeTO.l1Y C 06H3aTeJIbHbIM BKJIlOqeHHeM CJIe.l1yIOIUHx
CBe.l1eHHH:
· Ha3BaHHe H ueJIb pa60TbI;
· onHcaHHe MeTO.l1HKH onpe.l1eJIeHHH cpoKa CJI}')K6bI aBTOM06HJIH
no TexHHKo-3KOHOMHqeCKoMY MeTO.l1Y;
· HCXO.l1HbIe .l1aHHbIe H pe3YJIbTaTbI paCqeTOB cpoKa CJIyx6bI aBTO-
M06HJIH;
· BbIBO.l1bI no pa60Te.
30
KOHTPonbHblE BOnpOCbl
1. Ha30BHTe OCHOBHbIe npHQHHbI pOCTa Yl1eJIbHblX 3a-rpaT Ha 06eCneQeHHe
pa60TOCnoco6HOCTH aBTOM06HJUI B npouecce ero 3KCnJ1yaTaUHH.
2. C<I>oPMYJIHpyHTe YCJ10BHe OnTHMaJIbHOCTH cpOKa CJ1)')K6bl aBTOM06HJUI.
3. npHBel1HTe nOp 110K COOTHOllIeHH 3aTPaT Ha 06eCneQeHHe pa6oTo-
cnoco6HOCTH aBTOM06HJI H 3aTpaT Ha ero H3rOTOBJIeHHe.
1 .7. rpynnMpoBaHMe onepa MM TeXHM eCKoro
o6cnY>KMBaHMII M npeAynpeAMTenbHoro peMoHTa
l{eflb pa60mbl - H3YlJMTb MeTO}]}IK)' rpynnHpoBaHHH onepaUHH
TO H npe,aynpe,aHTeJ1bHOrO peMOHTa (np).
0611.\Me CBeAeHMII M OCHOBHble nOHIiTMII
A6C0J1IOTHbIe 3aTpaTbI Ha peMOHT npH onpe,aeJ1eHHOH Hapa60TKe
C, onpe,aeJ1HIOTCH C YlJeTOM CTOHMOCTH YC1paHeHMH OTKa3a C; H Be-
pOHTHOCTH ero nOHBJ1eHMH P/i:
k
C[ = L ;C;,
;=1
r,ae k - t.J:MCJ10 B3aMMOCBH3aHHbIX (paccMaTpHBaeMbIx B KOHKpeTHOM
cJ1yqae) 3J1eMeHTOB.
AHaJIHTHlJeCKOe BbIpa)f(eHHe 3aBHCHMOCTH C, OT I npe,aCTaBJ1HeT
C060H KOMn03HUMIO 3aKOHOB pacnpe,aeJ1eHHH C pa3J1HlfHbIMH napa-
Me1paMH. )].JIH ynpomeHHH ee MO)f(HO annpOKCHMHpOBaTb 60J1ee npo-
CTOH CTeneHHOH 3aBHCHMOCTbIO B BH,ae
C, =C 01 +al n ,
r,ae Co, - 3aTpaTbI Ha peMOHT npH I = 0 (Ha YCTpaHeHHe BHe3anHbIX
OTKa30B XOTH H C MaJIOH BepoHTHoCTblO); a, n - napaMeTpbI, onpe,ae-
J1HeMbIe no 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIM CTaTHCTHt.J:eCKHM ,aaHHbIM, xapaK-
TepH3yK>T HHTeHCHBHOCTb B03paCTaHHH 3aTpaT (n > 1).
C yqeToM 3Toro CYMMapHbIe y,aeJ1bHble 3a1paTbI Ha 06eCneQeHHe
pa60Tocnoc06HoCTH 3J1eMeHTOB COCTaBJUlIOT
C' = C n + C, +al n - l
I I '
r,ae C n - 3aTpaTbI Ha np (I1JIaHOBbIH TP).
npH npOBe,aeHHH TO H np UeJIeC006pa3HO rpynnHpoBaTb peMOHT-
HbIe B03,aeHcTBHH .lJ.J1H COKpaIIleHHH npOCTOH B peMOHTe. O,aHHM H3
HaH60J1ee ,aeHcTBeHHbIx MeTo,aOB rpynnHpoBaHHH peMOHTHbIX B03-
,aeHcTBHH HBJ1HeTCH TexHHKo-3KOHOMHQeCKHH, lllHpOKO HCnOJIb3ye-
MbIH D.JIH rpynnHpoBaHHH np0<pHJ1aKTMQeCKHX onepaUHH B BH.l(bI TO.
31
HanpHMep, B ,aBHraTeJIe MO)I(HO 06'be,aHHHTb 3aMeHY BKJIMbIWeH H
nOpWHeBbIX KOJIeu npH OLl.HOH Hapa60TKe. npH 3TOM paUHOHaJIbHaH
Hapa60TKa ,ao TO HJIH np 060HX COnpR)f(eHHH HaXOLl.HTCR Me)K)];Y
paI.(HOHaJIbHbIMH 3HaqeHIDIMH MH KIDK.lI.Oro conpIDKeHIDI (pHC. 1.14).
npH 06'beLl.HHeHHH 3aMeH B OLl.HH peMOHT IIOBbIwalOTCR YLl.eJIbHbIe
3a1paTbI ,lUIR 060HX conpIDKeHHH KaK OT HeLl.OHCIIOJIb30BaHHoro pe-
cypca OLl.HOrO COnpH)f(eHHH, TaK H OT nOBbIweHHH BepOHTHOCTH aBa-
pHMHbIX nOBpe)K)];eHHH Ll.Pyroro. OLl.HaKO npH OLl.HOBpeMeHHOM pe-
MOHTe 060HX COnpSl)f(eHHH COKpamaeTCH npocToH B peMOHTe, a
CJIeLl.OBaTeJIbHO, H IIOTepH npH6bIJIH OT npOCTOH. I1cXOLl.H H3 3Toro
YCJ10BHe LI.eJIeC006pa3HocTH 06'beLl.HHeHHR peMOHTa Ll.BYX conpIDKeHHH
MO)f(HO 3anHcaTb B BH.ZJ:e
C{min +C 2min +p(tl +t2» Cfmin +Pt ,
r,ae C{min, C 2min , Cfmin - MHHHM)'M Y,L(eJIbHbIX 3a1paT COOTBeTCTBeHHO
Ha nepBoe, BTopoe COnpH)f(eHHe H 06a BMeCTe (pHC. 1.14); P - IIPH-
6bIJIb OT pa60TalOI.IJ;erO aBTOM06H.11H (MallIHHbI) B eLl.HHHUY BpeMeHH;
t" t2, 't - YLl.eJIbHbIH npocToH B peMOHTe COOTBeTCTBeHHO TOJIbKO
nepBoro, BToporo conpIDKeHHH H 060HX BMeCTe.
B 06meM CJIyqae npH 06'beLl.HHeHHH no Hapa60TKe TO HJIH np
HeCKOJ1bKlIX 3JIeMeHTOB YCJIOBHe ueJIeC006pa3HocTH rpynnHpoBaHHH
npHMeT BHLI.
m m
LCjmin +PLtj Cfmin +Pt ,
j=l j=l
(1.13 )
rLl.e m - t.JHCJIO rpynnHpyeMblx 3JIeMeHTOB (B03L1.eHCTBHH).
npH LI.eJIeC006pa3HocTH rpynnHpoBaHHH peMOHTOB HeCKOJIbKHX
3JIeMeHTOB no YCJIOBHIO (1.13) onpeLl.eJUleTCH paUHOHaJIbHaH Hapa60T-
C'
C min
,
c i min ----------- I ,
I I
C min --------------:---- ----
II II.
1 2
I
PHC. 1.14. Onpe.neJIeHHe paUHOH3JIbHOH Hapa60TKH II. .no o.nHOBpeMeHHoro
peMOHTa .nBYX 3JIeMeHTOB npH pa3JIHQ'HOH paUHOH3JIbHOH Hapa60TKe n.n
KIDKlloro 3JIeMeHTa II H 1 2
32
Ka ,no TO WIH UP Bcex rpynnupyeMbIX 3JIeMeHTOB /n rryreM ,nHcI>cI>e-
peHl(HpOBaHHR ypaBHeHHR CYMMapHbIX, no BceM rpynnHpyeMbIM
3JIeMeHTaM y,neJIbHbIX 3a1]>aT, KOTopoe HMeeT BH,lI;
1 m m
Cf = - L(C n -Co). + Lajnjl n - 1 .
I j=l J j=l
(1.14)
AHarnrruqeCKoe BblpIDKeHHe It nOCJIe ,nucl><I>epeHIJ;HpOBaHIDI cl>YHK-
UHH (1.14) 3a1]>y,nHeHO H3-3a 60JIbillOro KOJIH'IeCTBa napaMe1]>OB H
qJIeHOB ypaBHeHIDI. B 06w:eM CJIyIlae Ir. onpe.neIDIIOT npH6JIHXeHHO
(reOMe1]>H'IecKH) C yqeToM BeJIH1JHHbI 3aTpaT Ha peMOHT KaX,noro
rpynnHpyeMoro 3JIeMeHTa. I1cnoJIb3YSl pHC. 1.14, MO}J{l{O COCTaBHTb
nponopUHIO ,lI)lH ,nBYX 3JIeMeHTOB:
It -II C 2
1 2 -It = Cj '
OTK}',na
I - Ci/l + C 2 / 2
t - C ' C ' ,
1+ 2
r,ne C;, C; - y,neJIbHhIe MHHHMaJIbHhIe 3a1'paTbI no 3JIeMeHTaM; I.,
1 2 - paIJ;HOHaJIbHhIe 3Ha1JeHIDI Hapa60TKH ,no np 3JIeMeHTOB.
AHarrOrlNHO H ,lI)lH HeCKOJIbKHX rpynnHpyeMblx 3JIeMeHTOB:
( 1.15)
m
LlpjCjmin
I - j=l
nt - m
LC jrnin
j=1
(1.16)
B ,naHHbIX <l>oPMYJIax He yqreHO H3MeHeHHe 3aTpaT Ha peMOHT OT-
,neJIbHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB H3-3a OTKJIOHeHHH HX <l>aKTH'lecKHX 3HaqeHHH
Hapa60TKH ,no 3aMeHbI OT paInlOHaJIbHoro 3HaqeHIDI ,lI)lH ,naHHoro 3JIe-
MeHTa BCJIe,nCTBHe H3MeHeHIDI BepORTHOCTH aBapHibIbIX nOBpe}l{,ll;eHHH.
O,l(HaKO MO)f{HO C'lHTaTb, 1JTO 3m H3MeHeHHe B3aHMHO KOMneHCHpy-
eTCSI 3a CqeT nOBbIllieHIDI Hapa60TKH .no peMOHTa O,nHOro 3JIeMeHTa H
nOHIDKeHIDI,lI)m ,npyroro. npHBe.neHHble «pOPMYJIbI (1.12), (1.13), (1.15),
(1.16) JIerKO Ta6YJIHpyJOTCSI c nOMOIUblO KOMnblOTepa. MO}J{l{o, HC-
nOJIb3YSl cl>oPMY.1IY (1.15), onpe,neJIHTb It,lI)lH MHOrnx 3JIeMeHTOB nyreM
n03TallHoro o6neLUfileHIDI 3JIeMemOB B napbI. AnsI y,no6cTBa onpe,ne-
JIeHIDI It UeJIeCO06p33HO HCnOJIb30BaTb HOMOrpaMMy, npHBe,neHHYK> Ha
pHC. 1.15, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT COOTHoweHIDI 3a1paT Ha peMOHT H pecyp-
33
III I 1 1 2 / II
1,45 1,9
1,40 1,8
1,35 1,7
1,30 1,6
1,25 1,5
1,20 1,4
1,15 1,3
1,10 1,2
1,05
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 c nun/ci nun
PHC. 1.15. HOMorpaMMa.lJ)Ul OnpelleJIeHIDI Hapa60TKH llO peMOHTa Ir. .nayx 3JIe-
MeHTOB B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT COOTHomeHIDI HX MHHHM3JIbHbIX 3a1paT C min!C min
H OnTHM3JIbHbIX peCypCOB 1 2 /1)
COB 3JIeMeHTOB. CJIe,nyeT OTMeTHTb, qTO npHBe,neHHYIO MeTO,nHKY
06'be,nHHeHHSI B03,neHCTBHH MO)I{HO HCnOJIb30BaTb KaK B npe,neJIax OT-
,neJIbHoro arperaTa, TaK H .LJ)1H HeCKOJIbKHX arperaTOB aBTOM06HJUI.
nOpRAOK BblnOnHeHMR pa60Tbi
TeXHU"teCKoe o6eCne"teHUe U MeCmO 8blnO.llHeHUR - KOMnblOTep-
HbIH KJIaCC, npOrpaMMHOe cpe,nCTBO Excel, Ha60p KapTOqeK C ,naHHbI-
MH ,lI)UI paCqeTa rpynnHpoBKH onepaU:HH no TO H np no TeXHHKO-
3KOHOMWleCKOM)' MeTO.ny.
3amrme npOBO,lUITCH no,n PYKOBO,nCTBOM npenOJJ;aBareIDI C rpynUOH
CTYJJ;eHTOB.
nOCJIe H3yqeHHH MeTo,nHqeCKHX }'Ka3aHHH KIDK.abIH cTy,neHT no-
JIyqaeT nepCOHaJIbHbIe ,naHHbIe ,lLJIH paCqeTa (K03«P<PHUHeHTbI ypaB-
HeHHH (1.17) H (1.18), CM. ,naJIee) H no,n KOHT})OJIeM npeno,naBaTeJIH
BbInOJIIDIeT Heo6xo,nHMbIe BbIqHCJIeHIDI no onpe,neJIeHHIO OnTHMaJIb-
HOH Hapa60TKH ,no np rpynnbI 3JIeMeHTOB, HCnOJIb3YH UpH 3TOM
npHMep 3a,naHIDI.
no OKOH'IaHHH yqe6HbIx 3aIDITHH o«popMIDleTCH OT'leT no pa60Te
H ocym:eCTBJIHeTCR em 3aIUHTa.
npO,nOJDKHTeJIbHOCTb pa60TbI - 2 q.
34
3 a,Q a H He. Onpe,qenHTb OnTJfM8n.HWH np06er
,qnfl rpynnHpoB8HHfI npe,qynpe,qHTen.Horo peMOHT8
no,qWHnHHKOB KOneH'I8TOrO B8nB H qMnlfH,qponopWHeBOH
rpynnb'
npHMep 1.7. Onpe,nellilIOT OnTHMaJIbHbIH rrp06er wrn rpynnHpo-
BaHHH np nO,LUIIHnHHKOB KOJIeHqaTOrO BaJIa (nKB) H UHJIHH.nPO-
nopwHeBoH rpynnbI (Qnr), eCJIH 3aBHCHMOCTb a6COJIIOTHbIX 3a1'paT
OT np06era nKB HMeeT BH.L\
C 1 = 0,00003805/ 3 - 0,002716/ 2 + 0,4969/ + 9,649, (1.17)
3aBHCHMOCTb a6COJIIOTHbIX 3a1paT OT np06era Qnr ,nBHraTellil
C 1 = 0,004433/ 2 - 0,18/ + 2,578. (1.18)
,lLrnI pellieHIDI 3a,naqH He06xo,nHMO:
. paCCqHTaTb y,neJIbHbIe 3HaqeHHH 3aTpaT Ha peMOHT nKB H
Qnr;
. 3a,naBaH PM 3HaqeHHH, nocTpoHTb 3aBHCHMOCTb cYMMapHbIx
y,neJIbHbIX 3aTpaT Ci OT np06era / ,no COBMeCTHoro peMoHTa
nKB H Qnr;
. no no.rryqeHHOM}' rpa<pHKY onpe,neJIHTb OllTHMaJIbHOe 3HaqeHHe
np06era ,no COBMeCTHoro peMoHTa nKB H Qnr;
. onpe,neJIHTb OnTHMaJIbHOe 3HaqeHHe np06era no HOMorpaMMe
COBMecTHoro peMoHTa nKB H Qnr (pHC. 1.15);
. onpe,neJIHTb OnTHMaJIbHOe 3HaqeHHe np06era COBMeCTHoro pe-
MOHTa nKB H Qnr no <poPMYJIe (1.15);
. pe3YJIbTaTbI BbIQHCJIeHHH npe,nCTaBHTb B BH.L\e rpa<pHKoB H Ta-
6JIHQ;
. cpaBHHTb pe3YJIbTaTbI BbIQHCJIeHHH, c.neJIaHHbIX pa3JIHQHbIMH
MeTOJ],aMH;
. c,neJIaTb BbIBO.n 06 OnTHMaJIbHOM np06ere ,no np 3JIeMeHTOB
nKB H Qnr.
COAep)l(8HMe OT'IeT8
()rqeT no pa60Te ,nOJDKeH 01'pIDKaTh HaH60JIee BIDKHbIe nOJIO)KeHIDI
no MeTOJ],HKe rpynnHpoBaHHH onepa HH TO Ii np no TeXHHKO-
3KOHOMHQeCKOMY MeTO.ny H co.nep)l(aTb CJIe.nyromHe CBe.neHIDI:
. Ha3BaHHe H ueJIb pa6oTbI;
. onHcaHHe MeTo.nHKH rpynnHpoBaHIDI onepaUHH TO H np no
TeXHHKO-3KOHOMHQeCKOMY MeTO.ny;
. MCxo,nHbIe ,naHHbIe II pe3YJIbTaTbI paCqeTOB CpOKOB npOBe.neHIDI
np rpynnbI 3JIeMeHTOB aBToMo6HlliI;
. BbIBO.nbI no pa60Te.
35
KOHTPonbHWEBonpocw
1. OxapaKTepH3yHTe. .x!AHOCTb TeXHHKO-3KOHOMHlIeCKoro MeTO,na onpe,ne-
J1eHH Hapa60TKH llO peMOHTa rpynnbI 3J1eMeHTOB aBTOM06HJU1.
2. nepeQHCJ1HTe MeTOllbI rpynnHpoBaHIUI npo<l>HJIaKTH'leCKHX H peMOHT-
HbIX B03lleHcTBHH.
3. C<l>OPMYJ1HPyHTe YCJ10BHe Qe.neco06pa3HOCTH rpynnHpoBaHIDI peMOHT-
HbIX B03lleHCTBHH.
4. npHBellHTe <l>OPMY.ny )I)UI onpe.neJIemm Hapa60TKH .no peMOHTa rpynnbI
3J1eMeHTOB aBToM06HJU1.
1.8. O....eHK8 TOliHOCTM, HOpM8TMBOB M 3..eKTMBHoCTM
AM8rHOCTMpOB8HMII TeXHMileCKOrO COCTOIIHMII
3neMeHTOB 8BToMo6Mnll
I(e.tlb pa60mbl - H3yqHTb MeTo,nHK}' ou;eHKH TOqHOCm, HOpMam-
BOB H 3<1><I>eKTHBHOCTH ,nHarHOCmpOBaHIDI TeXHHqeCKoro COCTOHHHH
3J1eMeHTOB aBTOM06KID1.
06IQMe CBeAeHMR M OCHOBHble nOHRTMR
,[lrnI OueHKH TO'lHOCTH H 3<P<I>eKTHBHOCTH ,nHamOCTHpOBaHIDI HC-
nOJlb3yeTcH PH.D: nOKa3aTeJIeH, OCHOBHbIMH H3 KOTOphIX RBJlHIOTCH
0,nH03HaQHOCTb, qyBCTBHTeJlbHOCTb, cTa6HJIbHOCTb H HH<popMaTHB-
nOCTh. npOBe,neM oueHKY C TO'lKH 3peHHH npe,n'bHBJIHeMbIX K ,nHa-
rHOCTH'IeCKHM napaMeTPaM TPe60BaHHH.
Tpe60Bamte O,lUl03Ha'lHOCTH xapaKTepH3YeTCR OTCyrcTBHeM 3KC1pe-
MYMa B 3aBHCHMOCTH ,lUIamOC1WlecKoro napaMeTpa OT C1pYKTYPHOro:
dS '*0
dx '
r,ne dS, dx - H3MeHeHHe COOTBeTCTBeHHO ,lJ,HarnOC1WlecKoro H C1pYK-
TypHOro rrapaMeTPa.
C06paHHbIe CTaTHCTWleCKHe ,lJ,aHHbIe no H3Hocy,neTaJIeH H ,nHa-
rHOCTH'IeCKHM napaMeTpaM 3J1eMeHTOB aBTOM06HJIH n03BOJlRIOT
onpe,neJIHTb napaMeTPbI 3aBHCHMOCTII ,nHarnOCTH'IeCKHX napaMeTPOB
OT CTPYKTYPHbIX Ha KOMnblOTepe.
qYBCTBHTeJlbHOCTb ,nHarHOCTH'IeCKOrO napaMeTPa OJ..(eHHBaeTCH
K03<P<PHUHeHTOM qyBCTBHTeJIbHOCTH
k = dS
II ·
dx
npH JlHHeHHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH S OT X (S = So + bx) K03<1><I>HU;HeHT
qyBCTBHTeJIbHOCTH k ll paBeH napaMeTPY b.
36
CTa6HJIbHOCTb ,lI,HarHOCTHlleCKOrO napaMeTpa XapaKTepH3yeTcH
BeJIH'IHHOH ero pacceHBaHIDI rrpH HeH3MeHHOM 3HaqeHHH CTPYKTYP-
HOro. npOBe,lI,eHHbIe 25 He3aBHCHMbIX H3MepeHHH ,lI.HarHOCrn'leCKoro
napaMeTpa npH HeH3MeHHOM 3Ha'leHHH CTPYKTypHoro n03BonHIOT
Onpe,ll.eJIHTh napaMeTPbI pacnpe,neneHIUI H a6coJIIOmyIO norpelliHOCTb
S BbI6paHHoro ,nHarHOCTH'IeCKoro napaMeTJ)a t P n no <popMYJIe
,
(Js
6.S = t P. n .r;, '
r,ae t P, n - KpHTepHH CTblO,lI,eHTa npH ,noBepHTeJIbHOH BepORTHOCTH P
H 'IHCJIe H3MepeHHH n; (Js - cpe,nHeKBa,npaTH'IeCKOe OTKJIOHeHHe
e.l1HHH'lHoro H3MepeHIDI napaMe1'pa S. OrHocHTeJIbHasI norpemHOCTb
(TO'lHOCTb) Onpe,lI,ellileTCR .l1eJIeHHeM a6COJIIOTHOH norpemHocm Ha
Cpe.l1Hee 3Ha'leHHe napaMeTPa.
MH<popMaTHBHocTb ,lI.HarHOCTHllecKoro napaMeTJ)a oueHHBaeTCR
nOBbImeHHeM BepORTHocrn COCTORHIDI o6'beKTa .lI.HarHOCmpOBaHIDI
nOCJIe ,nHarnOCTHpOBaHIDI. Ee MO)I{HO oueHHTb no pe3YJIbTaTaM aHa-
JIH3a pacnpe,neJIeHHH .l1HarnOCmllecKoro napaMe1'pa no HcnpaBHbIM
H HeHcnpaBHbIM o6DeKTaM .l1HarnOCTHpOBaHIDl. TaKHe pacnpe,lI,eJIeHIDI
nOJIy'lalOT no pe3YJIbTaTaM H3MepeHHH yxa3aHHbIX .l1HarnOCrnlleCKHX
napaMeTpOB no HcnpaBHbIM H HeHcnpaBHbIM 3JIeMeHTaM. AmI oueHKH
3HaQ HM OCrn pa3JIH'lIDI Cpe,lUiHX 3HaQeHHH HcnpaBHbIX Sl H HeHcnpaB-
HbIX S2 3JIeMeHTOB, CJIe,lI,OBaTeJIbHO, HH<popMaTHBHocTH napaMe1])a
S, onpe.l1eJUIIOT KpHTepHH CTblO.l1eHTa
I S 2 - Sd
t = (1.20)
cr I + I '
n 1
( 1.19)
r.l1e (J - cpe,nHee 3HalleHHe Cpe,lI,HeKB3JJ:paTWIeCKHX OTKJIOHeHHH H3-
MepeHHblX napaMe1])OB Y HcnpaBHbIX H HeHcnpaBHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB; nl,
n2 - 06'beM BbI6opOK.
ECJIH paClleTHbIH KpHTepHH CTblO,neHTa t p 60JIbme K H rn 'le CKoro
t KP npH .lI.OBepHTeJIbHOH BepORTHOCTH 0,9, TO pa3JIHQHe Sl H S2 3Ha-
IlHMO C ,lI,OBepHTeJIbHOH BepOHTHOCTblO 0,9 H BbIIIIe, T. e. .lI.HarnOCTH-
lleCKHH napaMe1'p MO:xrnO C'IHTaTb HH<popMaTHBHbIM.
06 3<p<peKTHBHOCTH ,lI.HarHOCTHpOBaHIDI MO:>KHO Cy,nHTb no OTHO-
rneHHIO Y,lI,eJIbHbIX 3a1'paT npH npe.nynpe,lUlTeJIbHOM peMOHTe C ,nHa-
rHOCTHpOBaHHeM c K Y,lI,eJIbHbIM 3a1paTaM IIPH npe.nynpe.l1HTeJIbHOM
peMOHTe 6e3 ,lI,HarnOCrnpOBaHIDI npH Ha3HaQeHHOH Hapa60TKe C;:
C ' - C + Cn . C ' _ C n
1- I ' 2-/'
/pP6 +/p Jif(/)d/
o
37
r.l1e C - CTOHMOCTb YCTPaHeHIDI OTKa3a; Po - BepOSITHOCTb OTKa3a;
P 6 - BepOSITHOCTb 6e30TKa3HOH pa60TbI; lp - nepHO.l1H'IHOCTb pe-
MOHTa;j(l) - WIOTHOC'Fb paCnp e.l1 eJIeHIDI pecypca; C n - CTOHMOCTb
npe.l1ynpe.l1HTeJIbHOrO peMOHTa; I - Cpe.l1IDISI Hapa60TKa Ha OTKa3.
AAaJIH3 3aTPaT Ha YC1paHeHHe OTKa30B H Ha HX npe pe)l{)],eHHe
nOKa3bIBaeT HX OTHoweHHe (K03<1><I>HUHeHT onaCHOCTH OTKa3a ko) H
K03<1><I>HQHeHT BapHaUHH pecypca V R (BbIpIDKeHHe (1.4». npH 3TOM
cpaBHHTeJIbHaSi 3<l><I>eKTHBHoCTb .l1HarHOCTHpOBaHHSI onpe.l1eJIHeTCH
no pe3YJIbTaTaM aHaJIH3a HX CO'leTaHIDI (pHC. 1.16), T. e. npOBe.l1eHHe
.l1HarHOCTHpOBaHIDI n03BOJUleT B HeCKOJIbKO pa3 COKpaTHTb 3a1paTbI
no cpaBHeHHIO C peMOHTOM npH Ha3Ha'leHHOH Hapa6oTKe.
B Ka'leCTBe HOMHHaJIbHbIX 3Ha'leHHH .l1HarnOCTH'IeCKHX napaMeT-
pOB ueJIeC006pa3HO npHIDITb 3Ha'leHIDI, KOTopbIe .l10JDKHbI 6bITb npH
c60pKe arperaTOB.
npe.l1eJIbHOe 3Ha'leHHe ,nHarHOCTH'IeCKOrO napaMe1])a onpe.l1eJIH-
eTCH CTaTHCTH'IeCKHM MeTo,nOM, 3aTeM ero MO)I{HO yrO'lHHTb no 3KO-
HOMH'IeCKOMY KpHTepHIO. no nOJIyqeHHOMY pacnpe.l1eJIeHHIO .l1Ha-
rnOCTH'IeCKHX napaMeTPOB HcnpaBHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB onpe.l1eJUlIOTCH ern
OCHOBHbIe napaMeTPbI, no KOTOpbIM HaxO)UlTCH npe.l1eJIbHbIe 3Ha'leHIDI
4,5
4
=
0
5
E 3,5
==
t::(
3
0
0
==
Q) 2,5
-&
-&
2
==
V R =O,2
==
== 1,5
=
u
11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ko
PHC. 1.16. 3aBHCHMOCTb cpaBHHTenbHOH 3<pQ>eKTHBHOCTH ,lI;HarHOCTHpOBaHIDI
OT BapHaUHH ,lI;OnroBetJHOCTH 06'beKTa V R H K03Q>Q>HUHeHTa onaCHOCTH OT-
Ka3a ko
38
I(S)
S
PHC. 1.17. Onpe,LJ;eJIeHHe HOpMaTHBHoro 3HaqeHIDI ,LJ;HarnOCTINeCKOrO napaMe-
T}Ja S no 3aKOHY pacnpe,LJ;eJIeHIDI HcnpaBHbIX (1) H HeHcnpaBHbIX (2) o6neKTOB
,LJ;HarHOCTHpOBaHH (npH B03paCTaHHH S B npouecce 3KCI1JIyaTau.HH)
npH O.l1HOCTOpoHHeM orpaHHQeHHH H .l10BepHTeJIbHOH BepoSiTHoCTH
p > 0,95 (pHC. 1.17):
8 0 ,95 = 8. + 1,70'.,
f.l1e 8., 0'. - COOTBeTCTBeHHO Cpe.l1Hee 3HaqeHHe H Cpe.l1HeKBanpaTH-
qeCKOe OTKJIOHeHHe 3HaIJeHIDI .l1HarnOCTWlecKoro napaMe1pa HcnpaB-
HbIX arperaTOB.
AmI y6bIBalOIUHx .l1HarnOCTWlecKHX napaMe1'pOB 8 0 ,95 onpe.l1eJUleT-
CSI no <popMYJIe (pHC. 1.18)
8 0 ,95 = 8. -1,70'..
npe.l1eJIbHYIO BeJIHIJHHY .l1HarHOCTHIJeCKOrO napaMeTpa MO)f(HO
onpe.l1eJIHTb nyreM H3MepeHHSI ero Y HeHcnpaBHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB. no
HHM HanO TaIOKe nOJIyqHTb pacnpe.l1eJIeHHe H onpe.l1eJIHTb ero napa-
MeTpbI. B ,naHHOM CJIyqae He06xo,nHMO OrpaHHQeHHe npe.l1eJIbHOrO
3HaIJeHIDI ,nHarHOCTHIJeCKOrO napaMe1'pa no HIDKHeMY npe.l1e.rry C Be-
I(S)
5t
1,7o t
PHC. 1.18. Onpe.neJIeHHe HopMaTHBHoro 3HaqeHHH ,LJ;HarHOCTHqeCKoro napa-
Me1pa S no 3aKOHY pacnpe,neJIeHIDI HcnpaBHbIX (1) H HeHcnpaBHbIX (2) 06'b-
eKTOB ,LJ;HarHOCTHpOBaHH (npH y6bIBaHHH S B npouecce 3KCI1JIyaTaUHH)
39
0,1
Jl OnT
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
o
2
4
6
8
10 ko
PHC. 1.19. 3aBHcHMoCTb K03<P<PHIJ;HeHTa OnTHMaJIbHOH nepHO.ll.HqHOCTH ll onT
OT K03<P<I>HQHeHTa onaCHOCTH OTKa3a ko H K03<P<I>HQHeHTa BapHaQHH V R
pOSITHOCThIO P > 0,95; JI)ISI y6bIBalOIUHX ,lUfarnOCTWlecKHX napaMeTpOB
orpaHJI1IeHHe 6epeTcSI no BepXHeMY npe,neJIY:
SO,95 = S2 -1,70'2;
SO,95 = S2 + 1,70'2'
r,ne S2, 0'2 - COOTBeTCTBeHHO cpe,nHee 3HaqeHHe H cpe,nHeKBMpaTH-
qeCKOe OTKJIOHeHHe ,nHarHOCTHqeCKOrO napaMeTpa HeHcnpaBHbIX
3JIeMeHTOB.
npH pa.3.1IWlIDIX B npe,neJIbHbIX 3HaqeHIDIX, onpe,neJIeHHbIX no rpyn-
ne HcnpaBHbIX H HeHcrrpaBHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB, nOCKOJIbK}' HX HeHcnpaB-
Hocm He Bcer,na 06YCJIOB1IeHbI TeXHWIeCKHM COCTOSIHHeM (H3HOllIeH-
HOCThIO) ,neTaJIeH, B KaqeCTBe npe,neJIbHbIX UeJIeC006pa3HO npHHHMaTh
3HaqeHHSI, nOJIyqeHHbIe no HcnpaBHbIM 3JIeMeHTaM. B ,naJIbHeHllIeM
HopMaTHBbI CJIe.nyeT YTOqHHTh no 3KOHOMJI1IeCKOMY KpHTepHIO.
npOBe,neHHbIH aHaJIH3 Ha,ne)f{}lOCm 3JIeMeHTOB n03BOJISIeT onpe,ne-
JIHTb nepHO,LJ;WIHOCTh ,nHarnOCTHpOBaHIDI no 3KOHOMHKO-BepOHTHOCT-
HOMY MeTO.ny, B COOTBeTCTBHH C KOTOpbIM onpe,neJISIeTCSI no HOMO-
rpaMMe K03<P<PHUHeHT OnTHMaJIbHOH nepHo,nHqHOCTH lJ.onT H B 3a-
BHCHMOCTH OT K03<P<PHUHeHTa onaCHOCTH OTKa3a H K03<P<PHUHeHTa
BapHaUHH pecypca:
LJJ. = J..lonT R ,
(1.21)
40
I e LJJ. - nepHO,nHqHOCTb ,l(HarHOCTHpOBaHIDI; R - Cpe,nHHH pecypc
3J1eMeHTa.
npH onpe,neJIeHHOM K03<P<I>HIUleHTe onaCHOCTH 0TKa30B ko H K03<1>-
<pHUHeure BapHaUHH V R K03<P<I>HUHeHT OIITHMaJIbHOH nepHOLUl'lHOCTH
flonT onpe,neJUleTCSI no HOMorpaMMe (pHC. 1.19). npH 3TOM onpe,neJISIeT-
CSI nepHO,l(ll1lHOCTb JJ.HamOCTHpOBaHIDI no <poPMYJIe (1.21).
npH npHHSIToH nepHo,nWIHOCTH ,nHaruocTHpoBaHHH ,nonYCTHMoe
(ynpe)KJJ;aIOIUee) 3HaqeHHe ,nHamOCTWlecKoro napaMe1pa SJJ. onpe,neJISI-
eTCH H3 3aBHCHMOCTH .LI.HamOCTH'leCKoro napaMeTpa OT Hapa60TKH:
S =s _ S;-SH ( 1.22 )
JJ. n .'
I
r,ne i - tfflCJIO ,nHarHOCTHpOBaHHH C HaqaJIa pa60TbI }'3JIa, npH KOTOpbIX
3HaqeHHe napaMeTpa H3MeHHJIOCb OT SH ,no Sj; Sn' SH - COOTBeTCTBeHHO
npe,neJIbHOe H HOMHHaJIbHOe 3HaqeHHe ,nHarHOC1WIecKoro napaMeTpa.
C yqeToM 3aBHCHMOCTH ,nHarHOCTHqeCKoro napaMe1])a OT Hapa-
60TKH (no 3a.naHHIO) H paCqeTa no <popMYJIe (1.22) onpe,neJISIIOT SJJ.'
nOpRAOK BbinonHeHMR pa60Tbi
TeXHUtteCKoe o6eCnetteHUe U Mecmo 6blnO/lHeHUR - KOMnblOTep-
HbIH KJIaCC, nporpaMMHbIe cpe,nCTBa STATISTICA H Excel, Ha60p
KapTOqeK C ,naHHbIMH .lJ)UI paCqeTa CTaTHCTHqeCKHX xapaKTepHCTHK
,nHamOCTHqeCKoro napaMe1])a.
3aHSITHe npOBO,nHTCSI no,n PYKOBO,nCTBOM npeno,naBaTeJUI C rpynnoH
cTy,neHTOB.
nOcJIe H3yqeHHH MeTo,nHqeCKHX }'Ka3aHHH KIDK.lI.bIH cTy,neHT no-
JIyqaeT nepCOHaJIbHble ,naHHble WISI paCqeTa (3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHble
3HaqeHIDI ,nHarHocTWlecKoro napaMeTPa B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CTPYKTYP-
Horo, BapHaUHOHHbIe PMbI ,nHarHOCTHqeCKOrO napaMeTpa no HC-
npaBHbIM H HeHcnpaBHbIM arperaTaM) H no,n KOHTPOJIeM npeno,naBa-
TeIDI BbInOJIIDIeT He06xo,nHMbIe BbIqHCJIeHIDI no onpe,neJIeHHIO TOq-
HOCTH H HopMaTHBOB ,nHarHOCTHpOBaHHSI, HCnOJIb3YH npH 3TOM
npHMep 3a.n;aHIDI.
no OKOHqaHHH yqe6Hblx 3aIDITHH o<popMIDleTCH OT'IeT no pa60Te
H OCyJ.neCTB.TUIeTCSI ero 3aW;HTa.
npO,nOJDKHTeJIbHOCTb pa60TbI - 2...4 q.
3 a a Hue. Onpe,qenJfTb nOKB3BTenH rolfHOCTH
Jf 3t/Jt/JeKTJfBHOCTJf ,qJfBrHOC7JfpOBBHH"
AaTh oueHI(}' TOqHOCm, HopMaTHBOB H 3<t><I>eKTHBHOCTH ,nHamo-
CTHpOBaHHH TeXHHqeCKoro COCTOHHHH pe,nyKTopa Be,nym;ero MOCTa
aBTOM06HIDI KAMA3-5320 no HCXO,lUlbIM ,naHHbIM. 3aBHCHMOCTh ,l(Har-
41
HOCTHqeCKOrO napaMeTpa (pa,nHaJIbHOrO 3a30pa <pJIaHu:a Be.nYIUerO
BaJIa) OT C1pYKTYPHOro (H3HOCa IIIJIHU:OB BeL{yl.l.(ero BaJIa), nO.rryqeHHasI
rryreM c60pa CTaTHC1WIeCKHX .naHHbIX, npHBe,neHa B Ta6JI. 1.8.
T a 6 11 U. a 1.8. 3aBMcMMoCTb paAManbHoro 3a30pa cl»naHL\a
BeAYlQerO Bana OT M3Hoca WnML\OB BeAYlQerO Bana peAYKTOpa
CTPYKTYPHbIH napaMeTP 20 80 120 170 220 340 385
,[{HarHOCTl{qeCIodt napaMeTP 20 100 120 160 290 560 630
Pe3YJIbTaTbI 25 He3aBHCHMbIX H3MepeHHH ,nHarHOCTWlecKoro na-
paMe1pa npH HeH3MeHHOM 3HaqeHHH C1pYKTYPHOro npe,nCTaB1IeHbI B
Ta6JI. 1.9.
,lI.IDI paCqeTa TOqHOCTH npHIDITh ,nOBepHTeJIbJIylO BepOSITHOCTb P =
= 0,9.
T a 6 11 U. a 1.9. BapMaL\MOHHblM PillA AMarHOCTM'IeCKOrO napaMeTpa
HOMep 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
H3MepeHIDI
3HatJeHHe 220 225 210 220 225 215 220 220 215 210 225 205 210
napaMeTPa,
MKM
OKOH"IaHUe ma6Jl. 1.9
HOMep 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 -
H3MepeHIDI
3HatJeHHe 220 215 220 215 220 210 205 210 220 215 220 210 -
napaMeTPa,
MKM
Pe3YJIbTaTbI H3MepeHIDI ,nHamOCTHQeCKOrO napaMe1"pa 25 HcnpaB-
HbIX H 25 HeHcnpaBHbIX pe,nyJ{TopOB Be,nyw;HX MOCTOB npHBe,neHbI B
Ta6JI. 1.10.
T a 6 11 U. a 1.10. BapMaL\MOHHblM PRA AMarHOCTM'IeCKOrO
napaMeTpa 5 AIIR McnpaBHblx (51) M HeMCnpaBHIaIX (52) peAYKTOpOB
HOMep H3MepeHIDI 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
S., MKM 150 160 155 150 165 150 140 145 150
S2, MKM 300 290 310 320 310 320 280 270 310
42
"pOaOJl eHUe ma6Jl. 1.10
HOMep H3MepeHIDI 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
-.
S), MKM 130 180 145 150 135 165 200 190 180
S2, MKM 250 320 260 280 335 300 325 290 330
OKOH"IaHUe ma6Jl. 1.10
HOMep H3MepeHIDI 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 -
S), MKM 140 170 155 160 140 120 130 -
S2, MKM 310 350 310 300 290 300 320 -
npHMep 1.8. nOJIb3YRCb nporpaMMoH Excel, onpe,neIDIIOT napa-
Me1])bI 3aBHCHMOCTH S OT x (pHC. 1.20):
S = So + bx = -61,437 + 1,757x, (1.23)
f.ne So - cBo6o,nHbIR qJIeH; b - K03<P<PHUHeHT npOnOpIJ;HOHaJIbHO-
CTH.
113 pHC. 1.20 H <pOPMYJIbI (1.23) BH.nHO, qTO 1pe6oBaHHe o,nH03Haq-
Hocm BbInOJIIDIeTCR, a K03<P<PHUHeHT qyBCTBHTeJIbHOCTH = b = 1,757,
T. e. Ha Ka)f{,[\YIO e,nHHHIJ;Y H3MeHeHIDI x BeJIHqHHa S H3MeHReTCSI B
1,757 pa3a 60JIbllIe, qTO roBOpHT 0 xopollieH qyBCTBHTeJIbHOCTH ,nHa-
rHOCTHqeCKOrO napaMe1pa.
700
600
500
400
300
0
200
M
100
0
-100
0
y= 1,7567x-61,437
R 2 =0,97
100
200
H3HOC, MKM
300
400
PHC. 1.20. 3aBHCHMOCTb ,lJ;HamOCTHQeCKoro napaMeT}>a S (pa,u,HaJIbHOro 3a-
30pa JIaHl..{a Be ero BaJIa) OT CTPYKTYPHOro napaMeTPa x (H3Hoca llIJIHQOB
Be.aym:ero BaJIa)
43
40
35
30
25
,A'"
E-4
g 20
E-4
()
tU 15
t:r
10
5
o
204
208
212 216 220
3a3op S, MKM
224
PHC. 1.21. Pacnpe,lJ.eJIeHHe ,lJ.HaruocTHtJeCKoro napaMeT}>a S npH HeH3MeHHOM
3HatJeHHH CT}>YKTYPHOro x
nOJIb3YRCb nporpaMMHbIM cpe,nCTBOM STATISTICA, no BapHaUH-
OHHOMY pR,ny (Ta6JI. 1.9) orrpe,neJIRIOT rrapaMeTpbI pacnpe,neJIeHHR
(pHC. 1.21): cpe,nHee 3HaqeHHe S = 216 MKM, cpe,nHeKBa.n;paTHqeCKOe
OTKJIOHeHHe crs = 5,95 MKM. no <poPMYJIe (1.19) HaXO,1UlT a6COJIIOTHyID
rrorpelliHOCTb AS = 2,02 MKM. OrHOCHTeJIbHaH norpelliHOCTb C yqeToM
cpe,nHero 3HaqeHIDI COCTaBHT 0,93 %.
JIR ou;eHKH HH<popMaTHBHocTH, rrOJIb3YRCb nporpaMMHbIM
cpe,nCTBOM STATISTICA, BbIqHCJIRIOT napaMeTpbI pacnpe,neJIeHHR
,nHarHOCTHqeCKHX nOKa3aTeJIeH no HcnpaBHbIM H HeHcrrpaBHbIM
pe,nYKTopaM (pHC. 1.22). npH 3TOM HCnOJIb3YIOT BapHaU;HOHHbIe
PMbI, npe,l(CTaBJIeHHbIe B Ta6JI. 1.9.
Tor,na cpe,nHee 3HaqeHHe ,nH ar HOCTHqeCKOrO napaMeTpa no HC-
I1PaBHbIM 06'beKTaM COCTaBHT S) = 154,2MKM, no HeHcnpaBHbIM -
S2 = 303,2 MKM, cpe,nHeKBa,npaTH'leCKOe OTKJIOHeHHe COOTBeTCTBeHHO
crt = 19,18 MKM, cr2 = 23,44 MKM.
no <poPMYJIe (1.20) orrpe,neJlRlOT paCqeTHbIH KPHTepHH CTbIO,neHTa
t p = 25. KpHTH'leCKOe 3HaqeHHe KpHTepIDI CTblO,neHTa npH n = 25 H
,noBepHTeJIbHOH BepORTHOCTII 0,95 COCTaBllileT tKJ) = 2,1, T. e. pa3JIHQHe
Sl H S2 3HaqHMO, a ,nHarnOCTINeCKHH napaMe1"p HH<popMaTHBeH.
COAep)l(8HMe OT'leT8
ONeT no pa60Te ,nOJDKeH 01"pIDKaTb HaH60JIee BIDKHbIe nOJIOXeHIDI
no MeTo,nHKe ou;eHKH rrapaMeTpOB TOqHOCTH, 3<p<peKTHBHOCTH ,nHa-
rHOCTHpOBaHHR H orrpe,neJIeHHR ,nHarHOCTHqeCKHX HopMaTHBOB H
BKJIlOqaTb B ce6R CJIe,nyIOIUHe CBe,neHIDI:
. Ha3BaHHe H u;eJIb pa60TbI;
44
35
30
25
10
5
o
120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
3830p S, MKM
a
20
u
15
tU
t:r
22
20
18
16
14
e 12
10
8
6
4
2
o
250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350
3830p S, MKM
6
PHc. 1.22. PacnpeJ{eneHHe J{HamOCTWIecKoro napaMeTpa S no HcnpaBHbIM (a)
H HeHcnpaBHbIM (6) pe,D.yKTOpaM
. onHcaHHe MeTO,lJ;HKH ou:eHKH napaMe1'poB TOQHOCTH, 3<p<peK-
THBHOCTH ,nHarnocrnpoBaHIDI II onpe,lJ;eJIeHIDI ,nHarHOCTWIecKJIX
HOpMaTHBOB;
. HCXO,lJ;HbIe ,naHHbIe H pe3YJIbTaTbI paCqeTOB rrapaMe1])oB ,nHa-
rnocmpoBaHIDI 3JIeMeHTOB aBTOM06HJU1;
. BbIBO,nbI no pa60re.
KOHTPonbHblE BonpOCbI
1. nepetJHCJIHTe OCHOBHbIe 1]>e60BaHHH K J{HarHOCTHtJeCKHM napaMeT-
paM.
2. Ha30BHTe ,D.HarnOCTII'IeCKHe HopMaTHBbI II npHBeJ{HTe <bOPMYJIbI .lUUI
HX onpeJ{eJIeHHH.
3. KaKuM napaMeTpOM o emmaeTCH 3<lMPeKTHBHOCTb .nuarHOCTHpOBaHIDI?
2.0CHOBbITEXHonorMM
TEXHM'tECKOrO O&CnY>KMBAHMSI
M TEKYL!-'ErO PEMOHTA
ABTOMO&MnEM
2.1. TexHonorMSI TeXHM'IeCKOrO o6cnY)l(MBaHMSI
aBToMo6MnSi
eAb pa60mbl - H3yqHTb npHMepHblH nepeqeHb onepaUHH no
TO, npHMelUleMoe 060Py,noBaHHe, HopMaTHBHble 3HaqeHH$I perYJIH-
POBOqHblX napaMe1"pOB 3JIeMeHTOB aBTOM06HJIeH H no.rryqHTb npaK-
THqeCKHe HaBblKH no npOBe,neHHIO KOHTpOJIbHO-Kpene)I{HbIX, pery-
JIHPOBOqHblX H CMa30QHblX pa60T npH TO aBToM06wrn.
06w.Me CBeAeHMR M OCHOBHble nOHRTMR
ABTOM06HJIbHblH 1"paHcnopT RBIDleTCR HCTOqHHKOM nOBblIIIeHHOH
onaCHOCTH H 3arpR3HeHIDI oKpyxalOmeH cpe,nbl. B POCCHHCKOH <l>e-
,nepaUHH 3a nOCJIe,nHHe ro,nbl B cpe,nHeM COBepIIIaeTCR npH6JIH3HTeJIb-
HO 172 TbIC. ,nopO)I{HO-TpaHcnopTHbIX npoHcIIIecTBHH, 15 % KOTOpbIX
c.rryqaIOTCR H3-3a TeXHHqeCKHX HeHcnpaBHocTeH.
Ha ,nOJIIO aBTOM06HJIbHoro 1"paHcnopTa npHXo,nHTCR CBblIIIe 50 %
Bbl6poCOB TOKCWlHbIX coe,nHHeHHH B aTMoc<I>epy. TIpH 3TOM KOJIHqe-
CTBO TOKCHqHbIX KOMnOHeHTOB, co,nepxaIUHXCR B 01"pa60TaBIIIHx ra-
3ax, B OCHOBHOM onpe.neJIReTCR ypOBHeM TO CHCTeM nHTaHHR, 3a-
XHraHHR H MexaHH3Ma ra30pacnpe,neJIeHHR ,nBHraTeJIR, 06eCneqH-
BalOIUHe nOJIHOTY cropaHIDI TOII.1IHBa.
06IUHe 3a1"paTbl Ha nOMepxaHHe aBTOM06HJIeH B TeXUHqeCKH HC-
npaBHOM COCTOHHHH COCTaBJlSllOT 15...25 % ce6eCTOHMOCTH nepeB030K.
3TH 3aTpaTbI BO MHorOM 3aBHCRT OT B03MOXHOCTH onpe,neJIeHHR
,neHCTBHTeJIbHOH nOTpe6HOCTH aBTOM06HJIeH B npo<pHJIal{TIfqeCKHX H
peMOHTHblX B03,neHCTBIDIX; BbInOJIHeHIDI peKOMe a HH llJIaHOBO-
npe,nynpe,nHTeJIbHOH CHCTeMbl TO H peMOHTa; BHe,npeHIDI COBpeMeH-
HbIX, HayqHo 060cHoBaHHblx TeXHOJIOrHqeCKHX npo eCCOB TO H
peMOHTa.
MCCJIe,noBaHIDI H OnbIT pa60ThI Be,nyw:HX aBTOTpaHcnOpnibIX npe,n-
npIDITHH (ATTI) nOKa3b1Ba1OT, qTO npOBe.neHHe TO B nOJIHOM 06'beMe
no nporpeCCHBHbIM TeXHOJIOrIDIM cymecTBeHHO y.rryqIIIalOT KaqeCTBO
H KYJIbTYPY 1"py,na pa60qHX, YMeHbIIIalOT qHCJIO BHe3anHbIX OTKa30B H
3a1"paTbI Ha TP Ha 8...12 %, COKpamalOT pacxo,n TOII.1IHBO-CMa30qHbIX
MaTepHaJIOB Ha 7 ...10 %, nOBbIIIIalOT K03<1><PH HeHT TeXHHQeCKOH
rOTOBHOCTH Ha 3...5 % H np06er IIIHH ,no 5...7 %.
46
,aeHCTBYJOII..\aSI nnaHOBO-npe,nynpe,lJJ-fTeJIbHaR CHCTeMa TO H pe-
MOHTa no,LtBIDKHoro COCTaBa aBTOM06HJIbHoro TPaHCnO})Ta npe,nyCMaT-
pUBaeT BbInOJIHeHHe KOHKpeTHoro nepeQIDI OnepaII-IfH 06CJIy)KHBaHIDI
C 3a,naHHoH TPy,noeMKOCTblO qepe3 onpe.neife1tElbIe npo6erH. TaKHM
o6pa30M, TO RBJUleTCR MeponpHHTHeM npo$HJIaKTHqeCKOrO xapaK-
Tepa.
Ha3HaqeHHe TO COCTOHT B o6eCneqeHHH 6e30naCHOCTH ,nBIDKeHIDI,
npe.nynpe)f{)],eHHH B03MO)I{HbIX OTKa30B H HeHcnpaBHocTeH, a TalOKe
CHHxeHHH HHTeHCHBHOCTH H3HaIIIHBaHHH MexaHH3MOB, CHCTeM H
arperaTOB aBTOM06H.1U1 B npouecce 3KcnnyaTaUHH.
TeXHoJIorWlecKHH npouecc TO - 3TO 3aI1-aHHWI nOCJIe,nOBaTeJIb-
HOCTb onepaUHH, BbInOJIHReMbIX Ha.n 3JIeMeHTaMH aBTOM06HJISI C
ueJIblO y.rryqIIIeHHSI ero TeXHWlecKoro COCTORHIDI. KaK npaBHJIO, one-
paUHH TO rpynnHpYIOT no BH,ny CneUHaJIH3aUHH pa60TbI npH HX
BbInOJIHeHHH, KOTopbIe O'TpIDKaIOTCSI B TeXHOJIOrnqeCKHX KapTax pa-
60qHX nOCTOB ,lI)IR HCnOJIHHTeJIeH. 06menpuHRTaSI THnOBaR TeXHO-
JIOrHSI TO aBTOM06HJIR npe,nYCMaTpHBaeT cJIe,nYlOmuH nopSI,nOK:
CHaqaJIa BbInOJIHSIIOTCR y60POQHO-MOeqHbIe pa60TbI, 3aTeM KOHT-
pOJIbHo-,nHarHOCTHQeCKHe, Kpene)I{HbIe, perYJIHpOBOQHbIe H CMa30q-
HbIe.
no nepHo,nHQHOCTH, nepeqHIO onepaUHH H Tpy,noeMKOCTH BbI-
nOJIHSIeMbIX pa60T pa3JIWlalOT BHJ];bI TO: exe,nHeBHoe 06cJIy)KHBaHHe
(EO), nepBoe (TO-I), BTopoe (TO-2) H ce30HHoe (CTO).
Exe,nHeBHoe 06CJIyxHBaHHe BbInOJIIDIeTCR nOCJIe B03BpameHIDI H
nepe,n BbIe3,nOM Ha JIHHHIO nO,LtBIDKHoro COCTaBa. npH EO ocymecT-
BJISIIOT 06mHH KOHTpOJIb CHCTeM H MexaHH3MOB, 06eCneqHBaIOII..\HX
6e30nacHocTb ,LtBHXeHHR aBTOM06HJISI, y60PKY H MOHKY, 3anpaBKY
TOllJIHBOM, MaCJIOM H OXJI3.)f{)],alOmeH )({HJ];KOCTblO.
BH,LtbI TO-I H TO-2 OTJIHQalOTCSI nepHo,nHQHOCTblO, 06'beMaMH
pa60T H TPy,noeMKOCTblO. npH TO-I pa60TbI BbInOJIIDIIOTCSI 6e3 pa3-
60pKH arperaTOB aBTOM06HJISI. npH TO-2 ,nonYCKaeTCSI QaCTHQHaSI
pa360pKa HeKOTopbIX 3JIeMeHTOB aBTOM06HJUI C ueJIblO BbInOJIHeHIDI
perYJIHpOBOQHbIX H CMa30QHbIX pa60T.
Ce30HHoe TO, KaK npaBHJlO, BbInOJIIDIeTCR ,LtBa pa3a B ro,n C ueJIblO
no,nrOTOBKH aBTOM06HJU1 K oceHHe-3HMHeH H BeCeHHe-JIeTHeH 3KC-
IIJIyaTaUHH H COBMemaeTCR C OQepe,lUlbIM TeXHWleCKHM B03,LteHCTBHeM
(no rpa<l>HKY) TO-2.
HOpMaTHBHbIM ,nOK}'MeHTOM, Ha OCHOBe KOTOpOro npOH3BO,lUlTCR
OJIaHHpOBaHHe H opraHH3aUIDI TO H peMOHTa, HBIDleTCR nOJIOXeHHe
o TeXHHQeCKOM 06CJIyxHBaHHH If peMOHTe nO,LtBIDKHoro COCTaBa aB-
TOM06HJ1bHOrO TpaHcnopTa (,narree nOJIO)f{eHHe), KOTopoe nepHo,nH-
QeCKH nepeCMaTpHBaeTCR H KOppeKTHpyeTCSI. <1>HpMbI - H3roTOBHTeJIH
aBTOM06HJIeH B paMKax o6meH IDIaHoBo-npe.nynpe,LtHTeJIbHOH c1"pa-
TerHH, onHcaHHOH B nOJIO}KeHHH, KOHKpeTH3HpYIOT HopMaTHBbI
TeXHHQeCKOH 3KCIIJIyaTaUHH npHMeHHTeJIbHO K OT,neJIbHbIM 6a30BbIM
47
Mo,neJUlM H HX MO,nH<pHKan;IDIM. ,LJ:aHHbIe HOpMaTHBbI 01])IDKaIOTCR B
PYKOBO,nCTBax no 3KcnrryaTan;HH Komq>eTHhIX CeMeHCTB BbIrryCKaeMbIX
aBTOM06HJIeH HJIH B HX cepBHCHbIX KHIDKKax.
B HaqarrbHhIH nepHO,n 3KcnrryaTaUHH aBTOM06HID1, Kor,na npOHC-
XO,nHT npHpa60TKa conpIDKeHHH OCHOBHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB ,nBHraTeJIB
BHYTPeHHero cropaHHR ()J.BC), 1])aHCMHCCHH H XO,nOBOH qacm, no-
MHMO EO BBO,lUlTCR ,nonOJIHHTeJIbHbIe BHJ(hI 06CJIy)KHBamm TO-IOOO
H TO-4000. nepBbIH H3 HHX BbInOJIIDIeTCB B HHTepBaJIe nepBbIX 500...
1500 KM np06era aBToM06HIDI, BTOpOH - nOCJIe 3000...4000 KM.
B nOCJIe06KaTO'IHbIH, TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIH OCHOBHOH nepHO,n 3KC-
nnyaTaUHH ,lJ)m COBpeMeHHhIX OTeqeCTBeHHbIX aBTOM06HJIeH HOpMaTHB-
HasI nepHOLUl'lHOCTh TO-I Ha3HaqaeTCR B npe,neJIax 4000...5 000 KM,
TO-2 - 15 000...20000 KM. YKa3aHHbIe 3HaqeHIDI nepHo,nHqHOCTH
TO-I H TO-2 npHBe,neHbI wm I KaTeropHH 3KcnrryaTaUHH H KoppeK-
THpyJOTCB B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT peaJIbHbIX YCJIOBHH pa60TbI aBT01paH-
CnOpTHbIX cpe,nCTB.
TeXHH'IeCKOe 06cJIy)KHBaHHe wm aBTOM06HJIeH KAMA3 npOBO-
,nHTCR no cxeMe EO - TO-IOOO (cepBHcA) - TO-4000 (cepBHc B)-
TO-I (cepBHc I - qepe3 4000 KM) - TO-2 (cepBHc 2 - qepe3
16000 KM) - CTO (cepBHc C - ,nBa pa3a B ro,n).
HaCTORm;ee MeTo,nHqeCKOe PYKOBO,nCTBO HanpaBJIeHO Ha H3yqeHHe
06meH C1])aTerHH TeXHOJIOfHqeCKHX npoueCCOB BbInOJIHeHHR ll.1Ia-
HOBo-npe.nynpe,nHTeJIbHbIX pa60T no TO aBTOM06HJIeH. B pe3YJIbTaTe
BbInOJIHeHHR ,naHHoH JIa60paTopHoH pa60TbI CTy,neHT ,nOJDKeH:
. HMeTb npe,nCTaBJIeHHe 06 06m;eM YC1])oHCTBe H npHHUHne ,neH-
CTBHR 060Py,noBaHIDI, npHMeHSIeMoro npH npOBe,neHHH onepa-
n;HH TO aBTOM06HJIR;
. 3HaTh HopMamBbI H ,nHarnOCTH'leCKHe napaMe1pbI TeXHH'IeCKO-
fO COCTORHHR 3JIeMeHTOB aBTOM06HJIR H 06m;He CBe,neHHB 0
TeXHOJIOfHH npOBe,neHHR Bcex BH.l(OB TO Ha npHMepe OTeqe-
CTBeHHbIX aBTOM06HJIeH;
. YMeTb BbInOJIHSITh pa60ThI no TO OCHOBHbIX arperaTOB, Mexa-
HH3MOB H CHCTeM aBToM06HIDI.
nOpllAOK BbinonHeHMII pa60Tbi
TexnulfeclWe o6ecnelfenue - aBTOM06HJIb KAMA3, fA3, JIHA3,
3HJ1, TIA3, BA3 (aBT06yc, rpY30BOH H/HJIH JIerKOBoH), YCTaHOBJIeH-
HbIH Ha OCM01])OBOH KaHaBe HJIH no,n'beMHHKe, npH60pbI peryJIHpOB-
KH <pap, npOBepKH napaMe1pOB YCTaHOBKH nepe,lUlHX KOJIeC, PYJIeBO-
ro ynpaBJIeHIDI, HHJJ;HKaTOp ,lJ)m3aMepa JIIO<l>Ta B llIKBopHeBOM coe,nH-
HeHHH, MepHTeJIbHaR JIHHeHKa, ,nOMKpaT, COJIH,nOJlOHarHeTaTeJIb,
KOMll.1IeKT CJIeCapHbIX HHC1pYMeHTOB, ,nHHaMOMe1pH'leCKaSI PYK0RTKa,
MaKeTbI OT,neJIbHbIX arperaTOB H CHCTeM aBTOM06HID1, yqe6HbIe nna-
KaThI no YC1])OHCTBY H 3KcnrryaTaUHH aBTOM06HJIeH.
48
Mecmo 8blnOllHeHUR - nOCT TO aOTOM0611JB1.
3aHRTIDI npOBO,lUlTCR no,n PYKOBO,nCTBOM npeno,naBaTeJIH C no,n:-
rpynnoH CTY,n:eHTOB H3 5 - 7 'IeJIOBeK.
80 BpeMR HcnbITaHHH aBTOM06R1IH HJIH ero arperaTOB He CJIe,l(yeT
KacaTbCSI BpaUJ;alOIl(HXCH qaCTeH.
nOCJIe H3yqeHHR MeTo,nHqeCKHX yx:a3aHHH KIDK,L(bIH CT}',n:eHT no-
J1yqaeT nepCOHaJIbHOe 3a.naHHe Ha npooe.neHHe KOHKpeTHbIX pa60T no
O,nHOMY H3 reXHH'lecKHX B03,n:eHCTBHH: EO, TO-I, TO-2 HJIH CTO H
B npHcyrcTBHH BceH no.nrpynnbI no,n PYKOBO,nCTBOM npeno,n:aBaTeJUI
CaMOCTOwreJIbHO BbInOJIIDleT HX, OTBeqasI B npou;ecce pa60TbI Ha KOHT-
pOJIbHbIe BonpOCbI B npe,nenax MarepHaJIa, H3JI0XeHHoro B HaCTORUJ;eM
PYX:°Bo,n:CTBe.
no OKOHqaHHH yqe6HbIx 3aIDITHH o<l>opMllileTCR OTtleT no J1a60-
paTopHoH pa60Te.
npO,n:OJDKHTeJIbHOCTb pa60TbI - 6...8 q.
3 a,Q a H H e 1. H3ya1JfTb onepsqJfJf eJICeAHeSHoro
o6CnYJICJfSSHJffl SBTOM06Jfnfl
Exe,nHeBHoe 06CJIy)KHBaHHe, 3a HCKJIJOqeHHeM MOHKH aBToM06H-
IDI, npOBO,nHTCR Bo,n:HTe.rreM. 06UJ;ee TeXHWleCKoe COCTORHHe aBTOMO-
6HJIR B paMKax EO KOHTpOJIHpyeTcR ,nexypHbIM MexaHHKOM npH
BbInycKe aBTOM06HID1 Ha JIHHHIO.
npH no,n:roToBKe aBTOM06HJIR K BbIe3,l(y He06xo,nHMO:
. npOBepHTb ypOBeHb H, eCJIH H}')KIIO, ,n:OJIHTb MaCJIO B KapTep
,n:BHraTeIDI, a oXJIIDK,L(alO Xu,nKOCTb - B pa.nHaTOp;
. y6e,nHTbCR B OTCyrCTBHH no,n:TeKaHHH TOUJIHBa, CMa3KH, OXJIIDK-
,nalOUJ;eH H TOpM03HOH )I(Ii,lJ;KOCTH B TPy60npoBo,n:ax H coe,n:HHe-
HmIX;
. 06TepeTb 06JIHIJ;OBKY pa.nHaTopa, <l>apbI, no,n<papHHKH, 3a,nHHe
<l>oHapH, CTeKJIa Ka6HHbI, HOMepHbIe 3HaKH;
. y6e,nHTbcSI B HcnpaBHOCTH pa60qeH H CTOSlHOqHOH TOpM03HOH
CHCTeMbI, pYJIeBoro ynpaB1IeHIDI. npH OTCyrCTBHH B fH,l(paBJIH-
qeCKOM npHBo,n:e B03JJYXa ne,naJIb TopM03a He ,nOJDKHa npoXO,lUITb
60J1ee 1/2 pa60qero xo,na. CTORHOqHbIH (pyqHOH) TOpM03 npo-
BepRIOT np06HbIM 3aTRrHBaHHeM pbIqara, KOTOpbIH ,n:OJIXeH
nepeMem;aTb Ha 4 - 6 <l>HKcHPYIOmHX UJ;eJIQKOB. TeXHHqeCKOe
COCTORHHe pYJIeBoro ynpaBJIeHIDI ou;eHHBaJOT C nOMOmblO npH-
60pa K-187 (K-402) HJIH BH3YaJIbHO no cBo60,nHOMY Xo,n:y
(JIIO<IITY) pYJIeBoro KOJIeCa npH npmfOJIHHeHHO YCTaHOBJIeHHbIX
nepe,nHHX KOJIecax. CYMMapHbIH JIIO T B PYJIeBOM ynpaBJIeHHH
npH OTCyrCTBHH ,aaHHbIX npe,n:eJIbHbIX 3HaQeHHH, YCTaHOBJIeH-
HbIX <pHpMOH - H3roTOBHTe.rreM aBToM06H.1IS1, COrJIaCHO fOCT P
51709 - 2001 «ABToTpaHcnopTHbIe cpe.nCTBa. Tpe60BaHHSI
6e30nacHocTH K TeXHH'leCKOMY COCTORHHIO H MeTo,nbI npOBep-
49
KH» He ,aOJDKeH npeBbIllIaTb 10° .rum JIerKOBbIX aBTOM06HJ1eH H
C03,aaHHbIX Ha 6a3e HX arperaTOB rpY30BbIX aBTOM06HJIeH H
aBTo6ycOB, 20° - .rum aBTo6ycOB H 25° - MH rpY30BbIX aBTO-
Mo6HJIeH npH 3a,aaHHOM HopMaTHBHOM YCHJIHH Ha PYJIeBOM
KOJIeCe;
. IIYCTHTb ,aBHraTeJIb H no KOHTpOJIbHbIM npH60paM npOBepHTb
em pa6oT)'. CHrHaJIbHbIe JIaMnbI - HII,l:(HKaTOpbI nOHIDKeHHoro
,aaBJIeHID! MaCJIa B rJIaBHOH MarHCTpaJIH CMa30qHOH CHCTeMbI
,lJ;BC (MHHHMaJIbHO ,aonYCTHMoe ,aaBJIeHHe MaCJIa.rum 6eH3H-
HOBbIX ,.lJ:BC COCTaBJIHeT 0,05 H 0,1 Mna.rum ,aH3eJIeH) H HeHC-
IIpaBHoH pa60TbI reHepaTopa (3apMKH aKK)'MYIDITOpHOH 6aTa-
peH (AK6)) - ,aOJIXHbI noraCHYTb. He ,aonYCKaeTCH K 3KC-
nJIyaTaUHH aBTOM06HJIb, eCJIH npH BKJIlOqeHHH 3aXHraHHH
3aropaeTCH CHrHaJIH3aTOp KOHTpOJIH 3JIeMeHTOB TOpM03HbIX
CHCTeM, aBapHHHoro na,aeHIUI ypOBIDI TOpM03HOH KOCTH, a
3HaqeHHe ,aaBJIeHHH B03,ayxa B peCHBepax nHeBMaTHqeCKOH
TOpM03HOH CHCTeMbI Ha MaHOMeTpe HIDKe HopMaTHBHoro. 06-
paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha KOJIHqeCTBO TOII.1IHBa B 6aKe H ,aeHcTBHe
npH6opoB OCBeIr(eHID! H CHrHaJIH3aUHH.
HHCTpYKIUffi ,aexypHOM}' Mexamn<y ATn no npOBepKe TeXHWIecKoro
COCTOHHID! aBTOM06HJ1eH npH BbInycKe Ha JIHHHIO npe,aYCMaTpHBaeT
3arrpeT BbIe3,lJ;a 1]>aHcnopmoro cpe,aCTBa npH o6Hap}')KeHHH CJIe,l(ylOIr(HX
Heucnpa8Hocmeu HJIH HapyweHuu HopMamU8HbIX iJOIo/MeHmo8.
no 8HeWHeMY 8UiJy U ICOMn./leICmau,uu:
. TpaHcnopTHoe cpe,aCTBO He OTBeqaeT Tpe60BaHHHM qHCTOTbI
COCTOHHHe BHellIHeH H BJIyTpeHHeH qaCTeH KY30Ba aBTOM06HJ1H
( aBTo6yca);
. nOBpe)K,ll,eHbI HJIH OTCyrCTByIDT HOMepHbIe 3HaKH, Ha,aKOJIeCHbIe
rpH3e3aIr(HTHbIe Ir(HTKH, 60KOBbIe H ueHTpaJIbHbIe 3epKaJIa 3a,a-
Hero BH,aa, npOTHBOCOJIHeqHbIe K03bIpbKH, orHeTYllIHTeJIH,
aIITeqKa, 3HaK aBapHHHOH OCTaHOBKH;
. He HcnpaBHbI 3aMKH ,aBepeH naccIDKHpcKOro CaJIOHa HJ1H Ka6H-
HbI Bo,aHTelliI;
. npHcyrcTByIOT TpeIr(HHbI Ha BeTpOBbIX CTeKJIaX B 30He OqHCTKH
CTeKJIOOqHCTHTeJIeM nOJIOBHHbI CTeKJIa, pacnOJIOXeHHOH co
CTOpOHbI Bo,aHTeIDI.
no pYAe80MY ynpa8AeHUIO:
. mo<Pr pyJIeBoro KOJIeCa npeBbIllIaeT HOpMaTHBHOe 3HaqeHHe HJ1H
3aTpy,aHeHO BpaIr(eHHe PYJIeBoro KOJIeCa, HMelOTCH nOBpe)l{):{e-
HID! PYJIeBOH KOJIOHKH;
. HapymeHa repMeTHqHOCTb KapTepa PYJIeBOrO MexaHH3Ma HJ1H
IIHeBMOJ1.l)l;pOCHCTeMbI YCHJIHTeIDI PYlliI;
. nOBpeX,neHO HJIH OCJIa6JIeHO KpenJIeHHe KapTepa K KOJIOHKe
PYJIeBoro MexaHH3Ma;
50
. nOBpe)l{,[l:eHbI, He 3aKpellJIeHbI HJIH HMelO! nOBbIllleHHbIH JIIO<pT
lllapHHpHbIe coe,nHHeHIDI PYJIeBoro npHBo,n;a.
no cucmeMe mopM03H020 ynpa8AeHUR:
. npH pa60TalOIUeM ,nBHraTeJIe npH o,nHOKpaTHOM HaxaTHH Ha
ne,aarrb TopM03a C YCHJIHeM 686 H (70 IITc) 3a30p MeX,nY rre,na-
JIblO H nOJIOM Ka6HHbI cocTawmeT MeHee 25 MM;
. HapymeHa repMeTHqHOCTb rrHeBMaTHqeCKoro HJIH rHJJ:paBJIHqe-
CKoro rrpHBo,aa. ,L:J;orrycTHMoe na,aeHHe ,naBJIeHHB B03,ayxa B
CMCTeMe TOpM03HOro rrpMBo,aa rrpH Hepa6oTalOIUeM ,aBHraTeJIe:
rrpM cBo6o,aHOM rrOJIOXeHHH opraHa yrrpaBJIeHHB TOpM03HOH
CHCTeMbI - He 60JIee qeM Ha 0,05 Mna (0,5 IIT/CM 2 ) 3a 30 MHH;
npM rrpHBe,aeHHM B ,aeHcTBHe TOpM03HOH CHCTeMbI - 15 MMH.
YTeqKH B03,ayxa H3 KOJIeCHbIX pa60qHX TOpM03HbIX KaMep He
,aorrycKaIOTcB;
. rrpH BKJIlOqeHHH 3IDKHraHIDI 3aropaeTcB CHrHarrH3aTOp KOlITpO-
IDI 3JIeMeHTOB TOpM03HbIX CHCTeM, aBapHHHoro rran;eHIDI YPOB-
IDI TOpM03HOH KOCTH;
. He 06eCrreqHBaeTCB 3<p<peKTHBHOCTb TopMoxeHHB aBTOM06Hlli1
1pe60BaHIDIM fOCT P 51709-2001. npH ,aOpO)f(}lOM McnbITa-
HMM Ha pOBHOM, CYXOM ac<paJIbT06eToHHoM rrOKpbITHH rrpH
npBMOJIHHeHHOM ,aBIDKeHHH C HaqarrbHOH CKOpOCTblO TOpMO-
xeHIDI 40 KM/q rryreM o,aHOKpaTHoro HIDKaTIDI Ha rre,aarrb pa-
60qeH TOpM03HOH CHCTeMbI C YCHJIHeM 686 H (70 IITc) TOpM03-
HOH nYTb rpY30BbIX aBTOM06HJIeH KaTeropHH Nl, N2, N3,
naCCIDKHpcKHX H rpY30naCCIDKHpcKHX aBTOM06HJIeH KaTeropHH
M2 H M3 rrpeBbIllIaeT 17,7 M HJIH «}'Bo,n» aBTOM06Hlli1 npH 3TOM
CBbIllIe HopMaTHBHoro KOpH)J;opa ,aBIDKeHIUI llIHpHHOH 3 M. ,[lrrB
JIerKOBbIX aBTOM06HJIeH KaTeropHH M 1 npH YCHJIHH Ha ne,aaJIM
490 H (50 KI'C) TOpM03HOH nyTb He ,aOJDKeH 6bITb 60JIee 15,8 M;
. CTOBHOqHIDI TOpM03HIDI CHCTeMa He 06eCneqHBaeT Herro,aBIDK-
Hoe COCTOBHHe aBTOM06HID1 Ha orropHOH nOBepXHOCTH C yKJIO-
HOM 16 %;
. He BKJIlOqaeTCB CBeTOBOH CHrHaJI TopMoxeHIDI (CTorr-CHrHarr)
rrpH B03,neHCTBHH Ha ne,aarrb TopM03a;
. He pa60TaeT YCTPOHCTBO <pHKcaUHII CTOBHOqHOrO TopM03a.
YCHJIlle, rrpHKJIan;bIBaeMoe K opraJIy yrrpaBJIeHIDI CTOBHOqHbIM
TOpM030M, rrpeBbIllIaeT 589 H (60 Kr).
no 08U2ame.n.1O U 3AeMeHmaM mpaHCMUCCUU:
. HapymeHa repMeTHqHOCTb CHCTeM rrHTaHIDI II BbIrrYCKa o1pa-
60TaBllIHX ra30B ,LJ;BC;
. HapymeHa repMeTWIHOCTh CHCTeM CMa3KH ,LJ;BC, Kopo6KH nepe-
,aaq, KapTepa pe.ayKTopa 3a,nHero MOCTa;
. OCJIa6JIeHO KperuIeHHe ,lJ;BC, Kopo6KH nepe,naq, JIaHQeB Kap-
,naHHoro Barra, 3JIeMeHTOB rJIyIIIHTeIDI, peccop;
51
. He rrOJIHOCTbIO BblKJIIOqaeTCB CueIIJIeHHe, caMorrpOH3BOJIbHO
BbIKJIIO'IaeTCB HJIH C 3aTPy,nHeHHeM BKJIIOlIaeTCB rrepe,naqa;
· 3aMeTHbI BH6paUIDI H CTyKH Kap,naHHoro BaJIa npH rrepeKJIIO-
'1eHHH nepe,na'l H ,nBIDKeHHH aBTOM06HID1.
no I(,()AeCllM U WUHllM:
· OTC}'TCTBHe HJIH CJIa6asI 3aTIDKKa raHKH KpellJIeHIDI ,nHCKOB H
060,nbeB KOJIeC;
· HaJIWlHe 1peIUHH H BHJJ;HMbIX HapymeHHH <pOPMbI H pa3MepOB
Iq>erreXHbIX OTBepCTHH Ha ,nHCKax KOJIeC;
. rJIy6HHa pHC}'HKa rrpOTeKTOpa illHHbI rpY30Boro aBTOM06HJIB
COCTaBIDleT MeHee 1 MM, aBTo6yca - MeHee 2 MM, JIerKOBbIX
aBTOMo6WIeH - 1,6 MM (WIH rrommeHHe O,nHOro HH)J;HKaTOpa
H3Hoca npOTeKTOpa);
· HaJIH'lHe rroBpe)l{)]:eHHii illHH, 06HIDKaIOIIJ.HX KOp,n, HJIH MeCTHbIX
OTCJIOeHHH rrpOTeKTOpa;
. ,naBJIeHHe B03.nyxa B illHHe He COOTBeTCTByeT YCTaHOBJIeHHOH
HopMe.
no 8HeWHUM C8em08bl.M npu60pllM:
. He pa60TaIOT HJIH He OTperYJIHpOBaHbI <papbI ,naJIbHerO HJIH
6JIIDKHero CBeTa;
. Hepa60T0cnoco6HbI CHrHaJIH3aropbI BKJIIO'IeHIDI CBeTOBbIX rrpH-
60POB, HaxoMIIJ.HeCB B Ka6HHe BO,nHTeIDI;
. HeHcrrpaBeH rrepeKJIIO'IaTeJIb CBeTa <l>ap;
. He pa60TaeT CHrHaJI TopMoxeHIDI (CTorr-CHrHaJI);
. He pa60TaeT yJ{a3aTeJIb rrOBopOTOB HJIH ero 60KOBOH rrOBTopH-
TeJIb;
. He pa60TaeT <l>oHapb 3a,nHero xo,na rrpH BKJIIO'IeHHH rrepe,na'lH
33J];Hero xo,na;
. He pa60TaeT ra6apHTHbIH <pOHapb HJIH <l>oHapb OCBeIIJ.eHIDI 3a,n-
Hero rocy,napCTBeHHoro pemC1paI(HOHHoro 3HaKa;
. BKJIIO'IeHHe aBapHHHOH CHrHaJIH3aI(HH He 06eCrrellHBaeT pa6o-
TY Bcex YKa3aTeJIeH rrOBopOTa H 60KOBbIX rrOBTOpHTeJIeH B npo-
6JIeCKOBOM pe)J{HMe;
. HMeIOTCB pa3pymeHIDI H 1pew.HHbI pacceHBaTeJIeH <pap.
no iJonoAHUme.JlbHOMY 060pyiJ08QHUIO: He pa60TalOT CTeKJIOO'lH-
CTHTeJIH HJIH OMbIBaTeJIH Be1"poBoro CTeKJIa, crrJ{):\oMe1"p, CHCTeMa
BeH'fH.IDIUHH H OTOllJIeHIDI (B xOJIo,ZJ;Hoe BpeWl ro,na).
no 8blnOAHeHUIO mpe608QHUU 1(, Za306atL/lOHHblM Q8mOM06U/lRM:
. rrpH BbIrrycKe Ha JIHHHIO aBTOM06Hlli1, pa60TaJOw;ero Ha C)I{H-
xeHHOM He<PrmIOM HJIH KOMrrpHMHpOBaHHOM npHpO)UlOM ra3e,
Heo6xo,nHMO rrpOBepHTb KpellJIeHHe ra30BbIX 6aJUIOHOB, co-
CTOBHHe H repMeTHlIHOCTb coe,nHHeHHH 3JIeMeHTOB ra30BOH
CHCTeMbI nHTaHIDl.
52
llpu 8038paw,eHUU Ha npeiJnpuRmue 2Q306aJlJlOHH020 a8mOMO-
6UAR C./leiJyem np08epUmb repMeTHIJHOCTb ra30BOH Ii 6eH3HHOBOH
CHCTeM nHTaHH , 3aKpbITb paCXO,nHbIH BeHTHJIb H BbIpa60TaTb BeCb
ra3, HaXO,nS[U.(HHC B CHCTeMe.
L{BIDKeHHe no ATn B 30HbI TO, TP If Ha napKOBK)' aBTOM06HJI
ocyw:eCTBJI Tb TOJlbKO npH pa60Te Ha 6eH311HoBOH HJlH ,nH3eJlbHOH
CHCTeMe nHTaHH .
Oco6ble YCJl08UR: ,nexypHbIH MexaHHK o6 3aH <t>HKcHpoBaTb Bce
c.rryqaH B03BpaTa aBTOM06HJIeH Ha ATn C BHemHHMH nOBpex,neHIUIMH,
3aHOCHTb B XypHaJI H COCTaB.IDlTb aKT Ha HaJIHqHe nOBpe)l(,[(eHHH.
3 a,it a H H e 2. H3ya1JfTb onepsLf,JfJf nepsoro TeXHJflfecKoro
o6CnYJICJfSaHJffl
,L:I..1rn aBTOM06HJIeH KAMA3 TO-I npOH3Bo,nHTC IJepe3 4 000 KM
np06era (JI)UI I KaTeropHH 3KCUJlyaTaUHH), TPYJJ;oeMKOCTb 3,6 qeJI.-IJ.
B ATn C qHCJleHHOCTblO nOJJ;BHXHoro COCTaBa 60JIee 100 e,nHHHQ
peKOMeH.llYeTC TO-I BbInOJIH Tb Ha TPex cneQHaJIH3HpOBaHHbIX noc-
Tax nOTOqHbIM MeTOJJ;OM.
IIocm 1 - KOHmpOAbHO-KpeneXHble pa6ombl:
. npOBepHTb COCTO HHe nJlaT<!>0pMbI, Ka6HHbI, HcnpaBHOCTb
MexaHH3MOB ,nBepH, JJ;eHCTBHe CTeKJIOOqHCTHTeJleH;
. npOBepHTb KpeWIeHHe nOBopOTHbIX pbIIJarOB H llIapHHpHbIX
coe,nHHeHHH: npOJJ;OJlbHOH H nOnepeqHOH PYJleBbIX T r. nOBbI-
rneHHbIH 3a30p B rnapHHpHbIX coeJJ;HHeHHSIX PYJleBbIX T r onpe-
JJ;eIDIIOT BH3YaJIbHO HJIH Ha omynb no OTHOCHTeJlbHOMY nepe-
MemeHHIO conpIDKeHHbIX ,neTaJIeH, B03HHKalOmeMY OT BpameHIDI
PYJleBoro KOJleCa B npOTHBOnOJlO)f{HbIe HanpaBJIeHIUI C YCHJIHeM
50... 60 H, IJTO ocyw:eCTB.1I eT onepaTOp, CH.LUII..UHH B Ka6HHe.
83aHMHbIe nepeMel..UeHIDI JJ;OJDKHbI 6bITb He3HatIHTeJIbHbIMH;
. npOBepHTb 3aTSDKKy raeK CTPeM HOK peccop;
. nOJJ;T HYTb raHKH KpeUJIeHWI <!>J1aHueB npHeMHbIX TPy6 fJIyIllH-
TeIDI, 60JlTOB <!>JIaHQeB Kap,naHHbIX BarrOB, KpeWIeHIDI Kop06KH
nepeMeHbI nepe,naq;
. npOBepHTb KpenJIeHHe onopbI H 3aTSDKKy CaJIbHHKOBOro ynrrOT-
HeHIUI nOJJ;BIDKHoro IIIJIHQeBoro coeJJ;HHeHIDI;
. npOBepHTb KperuIeHHe KapTepa PYJIeBoro MexaHH3Ma K paMe If
COllIKe, 3aTSDKKy raeK KOJIeC, COCTOHHHe liHH H ,aaBJIeHIDI B03-
.nyxa B HHX;
. IIOJJ;T HYTb raHKH KpeDJIeHlfH BOMHoro Hacoca, reHepaTopa,
CTapTepa, TOI1J1HBHOro Hacoca BbICOKOro AaBJIeHH (Kap6IOpa-
Topa), npHBo,nbI ,npOCCeJIbHbIX H B03,nymHbIX 3aCJIOHOK JJ;OJI)f(HbI
pa60TaTb 6e3 3ae,aaHHH;
. OqlfCTHTb HapyxHylO nOBepXHOCTb CBeqeH H KpbIllIK)' pacnpe-
JJ;eJIHTeJI BeTOIIIblO, CMOqeHHOH B qHCTOM 6eH3HHe;
53
. rrpO'lHCTHTb BeHTHJUlU;HOHHbIe OTBepCTHH AK6 H rrpOBepHTb
ypOBeHb 3JIeKTpOJIHTa (Ha 10... 15 MM BbIllIe cerrapaTopHbIX
ITJIaCTHH) ;
. npOBepHTb ypOBeHb TOpM03HOH )f(H,l(KOCTH B rJIaBHOM TOpM03-
HOM U;HJIHH)];pe H HaJIH'IHe BO bI B 6a'lKe YC1]JOHCTBa ,lI)UI 06-
MbIBa Be1]>OBoro CTeKJIa;
. rrpOBepHTb H rrpH He06xo HMOCTH 3aKpenHTb BHraTeJIb Ha
paMe.
fiocm 2 - peZYAup080"lHble pa6ombl:
. rrpOBepHTb COCTOHHHe H HaTRxeHHe peMHeH BeHTHJIRTOpa H
reHepaTopa (nporn6 peMIDI OJDKeH COCTaBJUITb 10...20 MM npH
HaxaTHH 60JIbillHM rraJIbu;eM PYKH Ha peMeHb B cpe HeH ero
'1aCTH C HopMHpyeMbIM YCRJIHeM 40...80 H);
. rrpOBepHTb cB060,nHbIH xo,n ne,naJIH Cu;eIIJIeHIDI npH nOMO H
JIHHeHKH. YBeJIH'leHHbIH XO,n ne,naJIH Cu;ellJIeHIDI MoxeT BbI3BaTb
HerrOJIHOe pa3ne,nHHeHHe BaJIa ,lI,BHraTeIDI C nepBHqHbIM BaJIOM
Kop06KH nepeMeHbI rrepe,na'l, 'lT0 3a1]>Y,lI,IDIeT HX rrepeKJIIO'IeHHe
H HHTeHCHBHO H3HallIHBaeT Be,ll,OMbIH ,lI,HCK cu;enrreHIDI. Ha060-
pOT, MaJIbIH CB060,ll,HbIH xo,n He 06eCrre'lHBaeT Ha,ll,exHOrO
BKJIlOqeHIDI Cu;eIIJIeHIDI, '1TO npHBO,ll,HT K rrp06YX:COBKe ,lI,HCKOB
H 6bIC1]JOMY HX H3HallIHBaHHIO;
. npOBepHTb TeXHH'IeCKOe COCTORHHe CTORHO'lHOrO H pa60'lero
(HO)l(}{Oro) TopM03a, C rrOMO blO JIHHeHKH onpe,ll,eJIHTb CB060,ll,-
HbIH H pa60'lHH XO,ll, rre,ll,aJIH pa60'lero TopM03a. npH He06xo-
,nHMOCTH 01])eryJIHpOBaTb TopM03a;
. rrpOBepHTb 3a30pbI B llIKBopHeBOM COe,ll,HHeHHH rrOBopOTHbIX
KYJIaKOB npH60pOM HMMAT -I (pa,nHaJIbHbIH 3a30p - He 60JIee
0,75 MM, oceBOH 1,5 MM) HJIH BH3YaJIbHO, rrOKa'lHBIDI BbIBellIeH-
Hoe KOJIeCO pyx:aMH B BepTHKaJIbHOH IIJIOCKOCTH;
. rrpOBepHTb Ha C.TIyX pa60TY KJIanaHHoro MexaHH3Ma H npH He-
06XO,nHMOCTH oTperYJIHpOBaTb 3a30pbI Me)f{,lJ;Y KJIanaHaMH H
KOpOMbICJIaMH.
fiocm 3 - CMa30"lHble U 3anpa80"lHble pa6ombl:
. ,lI,OBeCTH ypOBeHb MaCJIa B KapTepe ,lI,BHraTeJUI ,lI,0 HOpMbI;
. CMa3aTb BaJIHK rre,ll,aJIeH Cu;eIIJIeHIDI H TopM03a;
. CMa3aTb llIapHHpbI PYJIeBbIX THr H illKBOpHH rrOBopOTHbIX KYJIa-
KOB '1epe3 rrpeCC-MaCJIeHKH ,no rrORBJIeHIDI CBexeH CMa3KH H3
coe,nHHeHIDI;
. CMa3aTb rrO,ll,llIHnHHK npoMexYTO'lHOH onopbI '1epe3 npecc-
MaCJIeHKY ,no rrORBJIeHHH CBexeH CMa3KH H3 KOHTpOJIbHOrO
OTBepCTIDI;
. rrpOBepHTh H ,nOBecm ,no KOIITpOJThHOH rrp06KH ypOBeHb MaCJIa B
Kaprepax Be,nyuniX MOCTOB, a TaIOKe B Kaprepe Kopo6KH rrepe,ll,a'l;
. rrpOBepHTb H ,nOBecrn ,lI,0 HOpMbI ypOBeHb TOpM03HOH )f(H,l(KOCTII
( «ToMb», «Poca») B rJIaBHOM U;HJIHH,lI;pe;
54
. CJIHTb TOTIJIHBO H3 <pHJIbTPa-OTCTOHHHKa.
KaK npaBHJIO, B 30HaX TO-I H TO-2 Ha KOHKpeTHbIX nOCTaX wrn
HCnOJIHHTeJIeH ,naIOTCH TeXHOJIOfHqeCKHe KapTbI COOTBeTCTByIOIII;HX
06CJIy)KHBaHHH. ,[LrnI TO-I aBTOM06HJIeH KAMA3-5320 TeXHOJIOfH-
qeCKasI KapTa npe,nCTaBJIeHa B Ta6JI. 2.1.
T a 6 11 U. a 2. 1 . TeXHonorM'teCKaR KapTa OnepaL\MM TO-1
aBTOMo6MnR KaMA3-5320
npH60pbI,
Co,nepxaHHe pa60T TeXHHtJeCKHeTPe60BaHHH HHCTPYMeHT,
MaTepHaJI
,1J;BHraTeJlh
llpo6epumb:
COCTORHHe H repMeTHq- TIo,nTeKaHIDI OXJIIDK,l{a- BH3YaJIbHO
HOCTb 3JIeMeHTOB CHCTeM lOI.QeH )l(H)];KOCTH, TODJIH-
OXJIIDK,l{eHIDI,nHTaHIDI, Ba,MaCJIa,HapyrneHHe
CMa3KH, B03,nyxono,naqH, repMeTHqHOCTH 3JIeMeH-
BbInYCKHbIX KOJIJIeKTOpOB TOB B03,ZJ;yXono,naQH He
H TPy6 rJIyIIIHTeIDI, TPY- ,nonycKalOTcH
60npOBo,nOB OTODJIeHIDI H
BeHTHJIRI..(HH CaJIOHa;
COCTOHHHe coe,nHHHTeJIb-
HbIX llIJIaHrOB B03,nYWHOro
<pHJ1bTPa;
COCTORHHe H KperuIeHHe
onop ,nBHraTeIDI, KOMnpec-
copa, Hacoca rH,ll;pOYCH-
JIHTeIDI, THB,L\ H ,npyroro
HaBecHoro 06oPy,nOBaHHR;
COCTORHHe H ,neHCTBHe
XaJII03H pa.n;HaTopa;
pa60TY npHBo,nOB ynpaWIe-
HIDI CHCTeMOH TODJIHBOnO-
,naQH (THB,L\) H OCTaHOBa
,L\BC
OmpeZYllup06amb:
HaTIDKeHHe peMHeR npHBO- TIPH H3.}J{aTHH C YCHJIHeM TIpH60p
,na reHepaTopa H BO,lUIHOro 40 H (4 Krc) Ha Cepe,lJ;HHY KH -8920
Hacoca; BeTBH 15...20 MM HJIH K-403
MHHHMaJIbHyIO QaCTOTY n x . x = 500...600 MHH- 1 TaxoMeTP
Bpam:eHIDI KOJIeHQaToro
BaJIa B pe)J(HMe XOJIOCTOro
xo,na n x . x;
55
llpoiJoA:JICeHUe ma6A. 2.1
npH6opbI,
CO,lJ,epxaHHe pa60T TexuuqecKHeTPe60BaHHB HHCTPYMeHT,
MaTepHaJI
,naBJIeHHe BnpbICKa TOIDIH- p = 18... 18,5 MTIa llPH60p
Ba <POpcynOK p Kif -652
O&tucmumb:
CHCTeM)' BeHTHJISlIJ;HH BeH3HH,
KaPTepa; C)I{aTbIH
<PHJIbT}) OqHCTKH B03,LJ;yxa; B03,nyx
CJIHTb OTCTOH H3 <pHJIbT})a
rpy60H OqHCTKH TOIDIHBa
CMa30&fHble u 3anpa60&fHble pa60mbl
llpo6epumb ypOBeHb:
MaCJIa B KaPTepe ,nBHraTe- YpoBeHb MaCJIa no Il(yIIy BH3Y3JIbHO
illI, )I{H,l{KOCTH B CHCTeMe ,nOJDKeH 6bITb Me)l{,l{y OT-
OXJIIDK.lleHIDI ; MeTKaMH «0» H «ll» HJIH
)I{H,l{KOCTH B 6aqKe OMbIBa- BbIwe OTMeTKH «MIN» Ha
Teilll BeT})OBoro CTeKJIa; 20...40 MM; npH He06xo-
3aMeHHTb <PHJIbT})yJOIl(HH ,nHMOCTH ,nOJIHTb
3JIeMeHT OqHCTKH MaCJIa
,nBHraTemI (qepe30,nHo
TO-I)
npo6epumb:
COCTOSlHHe H repMeTHq- llo,nTeKaHHe )I{H,l{KOCTH H BH3Y3JIbHO
HOCTbr ponHeBMonpH- MaCJIa He ,nonYCKaercSI
Bo,naCIJ;eIDIeHHSI,Kop06KH
nepe,naq,r pOMeXaHHqe-
CKOH nepe,naqH H KapTepOB
Be.nyw;ux MOCTOB;
COCTOSlHHe H Iq>eIDIeHHe lUapHHpbI H qeXJIbI He BH3Y3JIbHO
TSlr, wapHHpOB, 3aIl(HTHbIX ,nOJDKHbI HMeTb nOBpe)l{-
qeXJIOB MexaHH3Ma ,nHCTaH- ,neHHH
IJ;HOHHOro nepeKJIIOqeHIDI
nepe,naq;
COCTOHHHe, Iq>eIDIeHHe Ha WHHax H 060,nbmc He BH3Y3JIbHO
WHH H KOJIeC, H3JII{tIHe ,nOJDKHO 6bITb nOBpe:xc,ne- MaHoMeT})
npe,nMeTOB B c,nBoeHHbIX HHH. fJIy6HHa pHcynKa JIHHeitKa
KOJIeCaX, ,LJ;aBJIeHHe BOJ,LJ;yXa npOTeKTOpa He MeHee
B WHHax 1 MM. ,lJ;aBJIeHHe B03.ny-
xa B WHHax ,LJ;OBeCTH ,no
HOpMbI
56
DpOOOA:JICeHUe ma6A. 2.1
npH6opbI,
CO.ll.epxaHHe pa60T TeXHHtJeCKHeTPe60BaHHH HHCTJ)yMeHT,
MaTepHaJI
1PUCMHCCHR H XO,lJ.OBaJI ..aCTb
llpoBepumb:
3aTSDKKy raeK 3JIeMeHTOB OCJIa6JIeHHbIe raUKH KOMnJIeKT
TPaHCMHCcHH; nO,lI.TRHyrb KJIIOqeH
HaJIHqHe :>KH,nKOCTH B 6aqKe YpoBeHb Ha 15...20 MM BH3YaJIbHO,
rJIaBHoro UHJIHH.l1pa npH- HIDKe BepXHeM Iq)OMKH TOpM03H
BO,lI.a BbIKJIlOqeHIDI cuenJIe- 6a1.fKa :>KH,nKOCTb
HIDI; «Poca»
CBo60,lI.HbIU XO,lI. ne,lI.aJIH CB06o,lI.HbIH XO,lI. ne,lI.aJIH npH60p
CuenJIeHHR; 10... 15 MM K -446
KpenJIeHHe <pJIaHueB Kap- C}'MMapHbIH yrJIOBOH JIIO<l>'rO Mep
,lI.aHHoro BaJIa H HaJIHqHe JIIO<PT He 60JIee 5°, B npo- KI1-4832
JIIO<pTa B ero wapHHpax H THBHOM CJIyqae Kap,lI.aH-
WJIHueBOM COe,lI.HHeHHH; HbIM BaJI 3aMeHHTb
KpenJIeHHe pbNaroB nOBO- BOJIThI lq)eIIJIeHIDI KY-
pOTHbIX KYJIaKOB nepe,lI.Hero JIaKOB ,lI.OJDKHbI 6bITb 3aTR-
MOCTa; uyTbI MOMeHTOM 300 H · M
HaJIHtIHe JIIO<pTa B WKBOp- . JIIO<I>'r B WKBopHeBbIX npH60p
HeBbIX COe,lUlHeHIDIX H no,lI.- COe,lI.HHeHIDIX He 60JIee T-l
wHnHHKax CTYDHU KOJIeC; 0,75 MM
repMeTHtIHOCTb H KpenJIe-
HHe aMOpTH3aTOpOB
CMD30&fHble u 3anpaBO&fHble pa60mbl
llpoBepumb ypOBeHb MaCJIa UPH Heo6xo,lI.HMOCTH ,lI.0- BH3YaJIbHO
B Kaprepax: JIHTb ,lI.O ypOBIDI MaCJIo-
Kopo6KH nepe,lI.aq pa3,lI.a- p33.lI.aTtlHK
TOtIHOH Kopo6KH, Be.nyIIUIX C 223-1,
MOCTOB, 3anpaBOqHOH eM- TCn-15K
KOCTH nO,lI.'beMHoro Mexa-
HH3Ma Ky30Ba, B CTynHIJ;ax
Be.nyIItHX MOCTOB
CMa3amb:
3JIeMeHTbI TPaHCMHCCHH
B COOTBeTCTBHH C Ka})TOH
CMa3KH;
WKBOpHH nOBopOTHbIX
KyJIaKOB
57
llpoiJoA3ICeHue ma6A. 2.1
"PH6oPbI,
Co.nepxaHHe pa60T TeXH eCKHeTPe60BaHHB HHCTPYMeHT,
MaTepHaJI
exaHH3MYynpaBHeHHB
IIpo6epumb:
JIIO<pT PYJIeBOrO KOJIeCa; JIIO<pT He 60JIee 15° npH60p
K-187
(K-402)
COCTORHHe 3aIUHTHbIX KOJI- HapyweHHe repMeTHIIHO- BH3YaJIbHO
naKOB llIapHHpOB PYJIeBbIX CTH KOJInaKOB He .lI.ony-
TRr, KpeIDIeHHe COllieK H CKaeTCR
PYJIeBbIX TRr;
COCTORHHe, repMeTHIIHOCTb npH 3aMeHe KOJInaKOB COJIu,no-
H KpeIDIeHHe Tpy60npoBO- 3aJIO)J(HTb B HHX CMa3KY JIOHar-
.lI.OB PYJIeBOrO ynpaBJIeHIDI JIHTOJI-24 HeTaTeJIb
K 6allKY Hacoca, MexaHH3- C321 M
Ma PYJIeBoro ynpaBJIeHHR;
COCTORHHe, ypOBeHb MaCJIa, JIIO<pT B PYJIeBbIX TRrax BH3YaJIbHO
repMeTHIIHOCTb H KpeIDIe- He.lI.OnYCTHM
HHe 6aKa ru,npOYCHJIHTeJIR
PYJIeBOrO ynpaBJIeHIDI;
repMeTHIIHOCTb H Ha;:J;ex- YTellKa B03.lI.yxa B MecTax EMKOCTb
HOCTb KpeIDIeHHR 3JIe- COe.lI.HHeHHH He .lI.OnYCKa- C MbIJIbHOH
MeHTOB nHeBMaTHlleCKOH eTCR neHOH
CHCTeMbI TOpM030B;
COCTORHHe TOpM03HbIX )];OnyCTHMbIH H3HOC Ha- llITaHreH-
KOJIO.lI.OK TOpM03HbIX Mexa- KJIa;:J;OK He 60JIee 3 MM UHPKYJIb
HH3MOB;
CB060.lI.HbIH XO.lI. ne.lI.aJIH CBo6o.lI.HbIH XO.lI. ne.lI.aJIH npH60p
TopM03a; TopM03a 20...40 MM K-446,
JIHHeHKa
3a30p Me)K,[{y TOpM03HbIMH 3a30p He 60Jlee 0,6 MM Ha60p
HaKJIMKaMH H TOpM03HbIM IUYIIOB
6apa6aHoM;
XO.lI. llITOKa TOpM03HbIX XO.lI. llITOKa 20... 30 MM JIHHeHKa
KaMep
CMa3amb:
llIapOBbIe naJIbUbI npo- COJIu,no-
Ll.OJIbHbIX, nonepellHbIX JIOHar-
PYJIeBbIX TRr; HeTaTeJIb
C321M,
JIHTOJI-24
58
OKOHr.taHue ma6A. 2.1
npH60pbI,
COJJ.epxaHHe pa60T TeXHHQeCKHeTPe60BaHHB HHCTPYMeHT,
MaTepHaJ1
BTYJIKH npOMexyrOqHbIX
pblqarOB PYJIeBbIX TSlr;
BTYJIKH pa3)I(HMHbIX
K}'JIaKOB H perYJIHpOBOq-
HbIe TOpM03HbIe pbIQarH
TOpM030B
3neKTpoo6oPy oBaHHe
OItUCmUmb AKB OT nbIJIH, BbIBO,abI H HaKOHeqHHKH BeTollIb,
y,aaJIHTb C nOBepXHOCTH 3aQHCTHTb H CMa3aTb lO%-HbIH
3JIeK'TpOJIHT pacTBop
KaJIbUHHH -
pOBaHHoH
CO,nbI,
CMa3Ka
llpo8epumb: OBK
ypOBeHb 3JIeKTpOJIHTa; YpoBeHb 3JIeK'rpOJIHTa Ha CreKJISIH-
KperuIeHHe AKB H H3JIeX- 10...15 MM BbIllie cenapa- HaR TPy6Ka,
HOCTb KOHTaKTa HaKOHeQ- TOpHbIX IDIaCTHH 3JIeK1pOJIHT
HHKOB npOBo,aOB C BbIBO-
.aaMH 6aTapeH;
pa60TY npH60poB CHrHa- neperopeBllIHe JIaMnOQ-
JIH3a1111H H OCBelI{eHHSI, KH 3aMeHHTb
KperuIeHHe ruIa<l>oHoB
Ky30B
llpo8epumb:
KperuIeHHe K}'30Ba H OCJIa6JIeHHbIe 60JITbl H Ha60p
3JIeMeHTOB rJIyI.UHTeJISI; raUKH no.aTHH}'Tb KJIIOQeu,
COCTOSlHHe H .aeHcTBHe OTBep'rKH
3aMKOB H pyqeK .aBepeH
n p H M e q a H H e. TH B,L:( - TOllJIHBHbIH Hacoc BbICOKOro .aaBJIeHIDI; ,lJ;BC - JJ.BH-
raTeJIb BH}'TPeHHero cropaHHB; AKE - aKKYMYJUlTopH3.SI 6aTapeB.
3 a,Q a H H e 3. H3}111HTb onepaLCHH BToporo Jf ce30HHoro
TeXHHlfeCKHX o6cnYJICHsaHHH
Pa60TbI no TO-2 BbIIIOJIHRIOTCR Ha cnen:HaJIH3HpOBaHHOM IIOCT)'
C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM OCM01]>OBOH KaHaBbI R1IH no,n'beMHHKa. OceHbIO
59
If BeCHOH TO-2 06bIqHO COBMem;aIOT C Ce30HHbIM 06CJIy)KHBaHHeM,
n03TOMY TeXHOJIOrHQeCKMI KapTa (Ta6JI. 2.2) COAep)I{HT o6a BH,.lJ:a Tex-
HHqeCKoro B03AeHCTBH.H.
,[(arree npeACTaBJIeHa XHMMOTOJIOrHqeCKa.H KapTa TOQeK CMa3bIBa-
HIDI TpaHcnopTHoro cpe,nCTBa (Ta6JI. 2.3).
T a 6 11 U. a 2.2. TexHOnOrM'IeCK811 K8pT8 onep8 MM BToporo
M ce30HHoro TeXHM'IeCKMX 06CnJ]KMB8HMM 8BToMo6MneM KAMA3
npH6opbl,
Co.n.epxaHHe pa60T TexHHtJecKHeTPe60BaHHB HHCTPYMeHT,
MarepHaJI
.nBHraTeJIh
npo8epumb:
COCTOgHHe H repMeTHt.J- nO,Ll.TeKaHIDI OXJIIDK,lI,a- BH3YaJIbHO
HOCTb CHCTeM OXJIIDK,lI,eHIDI, lOI.QeH )I{H,lU(OCTH, TOrmH-
OTonneHIDI,nHTaHIDI, Ba, MaCJIa He LtonyCKalOTCg
CMa3KH;
pa60TY TepMOCTaTa, npH- KrrIOt.JH,
BOLtOB XaJII03H panHaTopa, OTBePTKa
oeHTHnSlTopa,ynpasneHHg
nOLtat.JeH TormHBa;
COCTOgHHe H KpermeHHe PaCCJlOeHHe H pa3pbIB BH3YaJIbHO
onop LtBHraTeJlg; nO.nyIUeK HeLtOnYCTHM
rmOTHOCTb OXJIIDK,lI,alOIII.eH AmI TOCOJl-A-40 ApeOMeTP
)l{H)J,KOCTH p P = 1,075... 1,085 r/cM 3
npo8epumb "pentleHue:
reHepaTopa H CTapTepa; OCJla6J1eHHbIe raHKH H faH KO BePT,
rOJlOBOK 6J10Ka HJlHHLtpOB; 60JlTbI nOLtTgJIyTb KJIlOqH,
llIKHBa KOJleHt.JaToro BaJIa; MOMeHT 3aTIDKKH raeK OTBepTKH,
Q>JlaH eB H KpOHllITeHHa roJlOBOK HJIHHLtPOB LtHHaMOMe-
npHeMHbIX TPy6 rJIYlIIHTeJUI; 180 H. M TPHt.JecKHH
nonepet.JHH nOLtBeCKH LtBH- KJIlOq
raTeJlg, nOLtym:eK;
BbInYCKHoro KOJUIeKTOpa,
BnycKHoH TPy6bI, TPy6
CHCTeMbI BbInycKa oTPa60-
TaBllIHX ra30B, rJIYlIIHTeJlg,
pe30HaTopa;
MaCJlgHoro KapTepa;
B03.nyIUHOro <pHJIbTPa;
Q>HJIbTPOBTOnnHBHoH
CHCTeMbI, TH B,[(, MYQ>TbI
60
HpoiJO/l:JICeHUe ma6/l. 2.2
npH6ophI,
Co.n.epxaHHe pa60T TeXH ecKHeTPe6oBaHHB HHCTPYMeHT,
MarepHaJI
npHBo,na THBJJ:, HX TPy60-
npOBo,nOB;
BeHTH.JUITOpa, pa.z:\HaTopa,
llIKHBa BO,ngHOro Hacoca,
HaTIDKHbIX pOJIHKOB, KOp-
nyca TepMocTaTa
OmpeZ)'.IlUp08amb:
HaTSDKeHHe peMHeH npHBO- nporn6 peMHeH B cpe.l(- npH60p
,na arperaToB Mex.ny llIKH- Hen qaCTH npH HIDIGlTHH KH-8920,
BaMH reHepaTopa, BeHTH- C YCHJIHeM 40...50 H KOMUJIeKT
JISITOpa, BO,ngHOro Hacoca, He 60JIee 20 MM. npH CJIeCapHbIX
rn.npOYCHJIHTeIDI PYJIeBoro He06xo,nHMOCTH peMHH HHCTPY-
ynpaBJIemUI, KOMnpeccopa; 3aMeHHTb MeHTOB
MHHHMaJIbHyIO qaCTOTY nmin X.x = 500... 600 MHH- 1 TaxoMeTP
BpaIII.eHHB KOJIeH'laToro
BaJIa B pe)I{HMe XOJIOCTOro
xo,na nmin x.x;
CHCTeM)' nHTaHIDI no JJ:bIMoMe-
.l(bIMHOCTH oTPa60TaBwHX pbI
r3.30B: ABTO-
npH MaKCHMaJIbHOn qac- npH n max .l(bIMHOCTb He TECT
TOTe BpaIII.eHIDI n max ; 60JIee 15 % CO-CH-
npH pe3KOM 10-KpaTHoM npH 10-KpaTHoM HIDKa- -T-JJ:,
HIDKaTHH Ha aKcenepa- THH Ha aKCeJIepaTOp ,nbIM- HM-I06,
TOp (ne,naJIb ynpaBJIeHIDI HOCTb He 60JIee 40 % M,[(H-I08
peHKoH no,naqH TOUJIHBa
TH BJJ:);
33.30pbI Mex.ny KOpO- 33.30phI AIDI BbInycKHbIX KJIIoq
MhICJIaMH H KJIanaHaMH KJIanaHOB 0,35...40 MM; 13 MM,
ra30pacnpe,neJIHTeJIbHOro BnyCKHbIX 0,25...0,30 MM OTBepTKa,
MexaHH3Ma Ha XOJIO,nHOM Ha60p
,nBHraTene npH 15...20 °C mynOB
Ortucmumb (3a.MeHumb):
CHCTeM)' BeHTHIDI HH <l>HJIbTPYK>W;HH 3JIeMeHT BeH3HH,
Kaprepa; (ro<pp) npo.nyTb H3HYTPH, cxaTbIH
<PHJIbTPbI CHCTeMbI a 3aTeM CHap}')KH npH B03.n)'X,
nHTaHIDI; Oqepe.ll.HOM TO-2; npH KJIIOqH
CJIe.nyIOIUeM - 3aMeHHTb
61
npoiJoll eHue ma61l. 2.2
npH6opbI,
Co.n.epxaHHe pa60T TeXHHtJecKHeTPe60BaHHB HHCTPYMeHT,
MaTepH3JI
Kopnyc (nbIJIec6opHHK)
B03.nYWHOro Q>HJIb'Tpa H
<PHJIb'TpYIOIII.HH 3JIeMeHT
npo.nyrb;
KOH'TpOJIbHOe oTBepcTHe 3acopeHHe OTBepCTIDI He MeTaJI-
B BOJUlHOM Hacoce LUUI .nonYCKaeTCSI JIHqeCKHH
BbIxo.na OXJIIDK,lJ.alOIII.eH CTepxeHb
)l{H)J,KOCTH; ,lI.HaMe'TpOM
3MM
Kopnyc TOn.rrHBHOro npH CTO
<pHJIb'Tpa-OTCTOHHHKa H ero
<PHJIb'TpYIOll.{HH 3JIeMeHT; nOCJIe YCTaHOBKH <pHJIb- 6eH3HH,
<pHJIb'TpYIOIII.HH 3JIeMeHT 'Tpa Ha MeCTO y6e.nHTbCSI cxaTbIH
<pHJIbTpa TOHKOH OqHCTKH B OTCyrCTBHH no.nTeKaHIDI B03.nyx
Ton.rrHBa; Ton.rrHBa
CJIHTb OTCTOH H3 Kopnyca npH CTO KrrlOq
TOn.rrHBHOro Q>HJIb'Tpa-
OTCTOHHHKa
CMa30"tHble pa60mbl:
CMeHHTb MOTopHoe MaCJIO MapKa MaCJIa onpe.neJISI- BH3YaJIbHO,
H MaCJISlHbIH <pHJIb'Tp; eTCSI H3 nepeqIDI cepTH- ,lI.0 ypOBHSI
3aMeHHTb MaCJIO B THB)];; <pHIJ;HpOBaHHbIX MOTOp- MeTOK Ha
OqHCTHTb IJ;eH'Tp06e)f{}{bIH HbIX MaCeJI MaCJUlHOM
MaCJISlHbIH <PHJIb'Tp III.yne
TpaHcMHCCHJI
llpo8epumb:
COCTOSlHHe H repMeTHq- nO.nTeKaHHe )l{H)J,KOCTH H BH3YaJIbHO
HOCTbrHLtpOnpHBo.na MaCJIa He .nonycKaeTcSI
cu;en.rreHHSI, Kop06KH nepe-
.naq H KapTepOB Be.nYJ.l.{HX
MOCTOB;
Kpen.rreHHe pe.nyJcropa 3a.z:\- MOMeHT 3aTIDKKH raeK faHKOBepT,
Hero MOCTa; pe.uyKTopa 70...100 H'M KOMn.rreKT
Kpen.rreHHe rJIaBHoro H OCJIa6JIeHHbIe raHKH CJIeCapHbIX
pa60qero U;HJIHH.LJ:pOB no.nTSlH}'Tb HHC'Tpy-
cu;en.rreHHSI, OCH TOJIKa- MeHTOB,
TeJISI rJIaBHOrO U;HJIHH.LJ:pa KJIlOqeH,
Cu;eI1.TleHHSI; rOJIOBOK
62
llpoiJoAJlCeHUe ma6A. 2.2
npH6opbI,
Co.nepxaHHe pa60T TeXHHQeCKHeTPe60BaHHB HHCTPYMeHT,
MaTepHaJI
Kpen.rreHHe KapTepa cue- Qepe3 O,lIHO TO-2
n.rreHHB K 6JIoKY I.J.HJlHH.n-
POB;
Kpen.rreHHe Kop06KH nepe- OCJIa6JIeHHbIe 60JIThI H
.nat.J H ee KapTepa; ranKH nO,l(TBuyTb
KpenJIeHHe ranKH Q>JIaHua
Be.nYUJ.eM: lIIecTepHH fJIaB-
Hon nepe.nat.JH, Q>JIaHl.(eB
BTopHt.JHoro BMa Kop06KH
nepe,lIat.J, Kap.naHHbIx Ba-
JIOO, KpOHlIITeM:Ha npo-
Me)l(YT0t.JHon onopbI, TBr
H lIIapHHpoo MexaHH3Ma
.nHCTaHUHOHHOfO nepeKJIIO-
t.JeHHSI Kn;
JIIO<pT B KpecToBHHax H CYMMapHbIn yrJIOBOn JIIO<pToMep
llIJIHl.(eBOM coe.nHHeHHH JIIO<pT Kap.naHHoro BaJIa KI1-4832
Kap.naHHoro BMa; He 60JIee 5°
OceOOM: 3a30p 0 no.nlIIHn- OceooH JIIO<pT He .nony- )];OMKpaT,
HHKax CTynHl.( KOJIeC CKaeTCB BH3YaJIbHO
Ollucmumb: MeTaJI-
canYHbI Kop06KH nepe.nat.J H JIHt.JeCKHH
Be.nYUJ.HX MOCTOB CTep)l(eHb
.nHaMeT-
pOM 3 MM,
BeTOllIb
CMa30llHble pa6ombl:
npOBepHTb ypOBeHb Mac- )];OJIHTb ,l(0 ypOBIDI HIDK- MaCJI03a-
JIa B KapTepax Kop06KH HeM: KpOMKH OTBepCTIDI npaBOt.JH3.SI
nepe.nat.J, 33)J;Hero MOCTa, MaCJI03aJIHBHOH npo6KH YCTaHOBKa
cTynHuax Be.nymHx MOCTOB C-IOI
H 6at.JKe fH,lIpOYCHJIHTeJISI,
6aKe CHCTeMbI no,a'beMa
KY30Ba;
CMeHHTb MaCJIO B KapTepax 3aMeHa MaCJIa Qepe3 npo-
Kop06KH nepe.nat.J, 3an.Hero 6ef 60 TbIC. KM
MOCTa H 6at.JKe fIi.L1POYCH-
JIHTeJISI
63
llpoiJoA:JICeHUe ma6A. 2.2
npH6ophI,
Co.n.epxaHHe pa60T TeXUaqeCKHeTPe60BaHHB HHCTPYMeHT,
MaTepH3JI
CMa3amb:
HroJlbt.JaTbIe nO.lUIIHnHHKH CM3.3aTb t.Jepe3 npecc- COJlH,l(O-
Kap.llaHHbIX llIapHHpoB; MaCJleHKH .lI0 BbI,L\aBJIH- J10HarHe-
lIIJIHueBbIe COe.llHHeHIDI Kap- BaHHR H3 COqJIeHeHHH TaTeJIb,
.lIaHHbIX BaJIOB; cBexeH CMa3KH JIHTOJl- 24
BTYJlKH H onopHbIe nO.lllIIHn-
HHKH llIKBopHeH nOBopOT-
HbIX KYJlaKOB
XO,ll;OBaJI ..aCTb
llpo8epumb:
peryJlHpOBKY nO.lllIIHn- MOMeHT 3aTIDKKH no.ll- Ha60p
HHKOB CTynHU nepe.llHHX llIHnHHKOB 50...80 H. M; KJIIOt.JeH
ynpaBJIReMbIX, Cpe.llHHX H oceBOH J1IO<pT KOJleC H
33)J.HHX MOCTOB Be.llyiQHX HarpeB CTynHU BbIllIe
KOJleC; 70°C He.llorrycTHM
J1IO<PT llIKBopHeH nOBopOT- JIIO<l>T He 60Jlee 0,75 MM npH60p
HbIX KYJlaKOB; H3HOlIIeHHbIe .lIeTaJIH 3a- T-l
MeHHTb
COCTORHHe llIHH, KOJleC Ha llIHHax H 060.llbSIX MaHoMeTP,
H .lIaBJIeHHe B03.l1yxa B nOBpe)f(.lleHHR He .lI0- J1HHeHKa
lIIHHax; nycKaIOTCR. OCTaTOqHasI MeTPHt.Je-
rJIy6HHa npOTeKTOpa He CKasI
MeHee 1 MM
CXO)f(.lleHHe nepe.llHHX CXO)f(.lleHHe 1...2 MM JIHHeHKa
KOJleC; KM-650
COCTORHHe, repMeTHt.JHOCTb npoBepReTcR np06HbIM BH3YaJIb-
H Kpen.rreHHe aMopTH3aTO- nO.llTRfHBaHHeM raeK HO, KJIIOqH
pOB;
COCTORHHe paMbI, lIIKBOp- OceBOH XO.ll KpIOKa BH3YaJIb-
IDI Ce.lleJlbHO-CuenHoro TRroBo-cuenHoro YCTPOH- HO,JIHHeU-
YCTPOHCTBa, KpIOKa TRro- CTBa He 60Jlee 0,5 MM Ka
Bo-cuenHoro YCTPOHCTBa
llpo8epumb 3amJl KY:
raeK KOJleC H raeK llInHJIeK OCJla6J1eHHbIe raHKH faHKoBepT
nOJIyoceit; nO.llTRuyTb MR raeK
3J1eMeHTOB llIapHHpOB no.ll- KOJleC
BeCKH; 11-303M,
64
llpoiJoA:JICeHUe ma6A. 2.2
npH6opbI,
CO.l1ep:>KaHHe pa60T TeXUHtJeCKHetpe60BaHHB HHCTPYMeHT,
MarepH3JI
raeK c'TpeMRHoK H naJIb- Ha60p
eB peccop, peaKTHBHbIX raeqHbIX
lIITaHr, OCH 6aJIaHCHpOBKH roJIOBOK
no,nBeCKH; H KJIIOqeH
BepXHHx H HIDKHHX KOH OB
aMop'rH3aTopoB
llpoU38ecmu nepecmaHo8K)J: no peKoMeanyeMoH EMKOCTb
KOJIeC (npH He06xo,nHMO- cxeMe nepecTaHoBKH C KepocH-
CTH) KOJIec. CIDITbIe CTynH bI HOM, C)Iffi-
npOMbITb KepOCHHOM H ThIH ,
npocYWHTb. BeTOllIb
CMa3o"tHble pa6ombl:
CMa3aTb no,nllIHnHHKH Qepe3 ,nBa TO-2 COJIn,aOJIO-
CTynH KOJIeC; HarHeTa-
TeJIb
cTe6eJIb KplOKa TSlroBO- C321M,
c enHoro H ce,neJIbHO- JIHTOJI - 24
c enHoro YC'TpOHCTB; HJIH JIHTA
lIIapOBbIe naJIb bI PYJIeBbIX
TSlr;
,nOBeCTH ,no HOpMbI ypo- MacJIo-
BeHb MaCJIa B 6alIIMaKax p33.naT'lHK
33.nHeH no,noeCKH C 223-1,
TCn-15K
PyJleBOe ynpaBJIeHHe
llpo8epumb:
JIIO<I>T PYJIeBoro KOJIeCa; ,lJ;OrryCTHMbIH JIIO<I>T npH60p
He 60JIee 25° K-187 HJIH
K-402
COCTOSlHHe H WnJIHHTOBKY BH3YaJIbHO
raeK wapOBbIX naJIb eB
PYJIeBbIX TSlr;
KpenJIeHHe COlIIKH PYJIe-
BOro MexaHH3Ma, pbNaroB
nOBOpOTHbIX KYJIaKOB;
repMeTIf1lHOCTb Hacoca nO,nTeKaHHe MaCJIa BH3YaJIbHO
rn,apOYCHJIHTeilll PYJIeBoro He ,nonYCKaeTCB
ynpaBJIeHIDI;
65
IIpOaOIl:JICeHUe ma61l. 2.2
npH6opbI,
Co.nep:>KaHHe pa60T TeXHHqeCKHeTPe6oBaH HHCTPYMeHT,
MaTepH3JI
Kpen.rreHHe H JIIO<pT map- 113HomeHHbIe ,neTaJIH 3a- BH3YaJIbHO
HHpOB PYJIeBbIX TSlr; MeHHTb
3a30p B mapHHpax Kap-
,naHHoro BaJIa PYJIeBoro
ynpaBJIeHIDI ;
3aTIDKK}' 60JITOB pbIQarOB OCJIa6JIeHHbIe raHKH Ha60p
nOBopoTHbIX KYJIaKOB; H 60JITbI no,nTSlH}'Tb CJIeCapHbIx
Kpen.rreHHe KapTepa PYJIe- HHCTPY-
Boro MexaHH3Ma; MeHTOB
Kpen.rreHHe PYJIeBOH KO- Qepe3 O,nHO TO-2
JIOHKH K naHeJIH npH60poB
H PYJIeBOrO KOJIeCa;
JIIO<pT B 3JIeMeHTax 3aue- B03MO:>KH0 YCTPaHeHHe
nJIeHIDI PYJIeBOrO Mexa- JIIO<tYra co CIDITHeM PYJIe-
HH3Ma 80ro MexaHH3Ma C aBTO-
M06H.11S1
CMa3o"tHble pa6ombl: I
MapKa MaCJIa B COOTBeT- MaCJIOpa3- I
npoBepHTb ypoBeHb MaCJIa
B KapTepe PYJIeBOrO Mexa- CTBHH C XHMMOTOJIOrnqe- ,naT1JHK
HH3Ma; CKOH KapToH CMa3KH C 223-1,
(CM. Ta6JI. 2.3) TCn-15K,
npOMbITb <pHJlbTPYJOIUHH COJIu,no-
3JIeMeHT H 3aMeHHTb MaCJIO JIOHar-
8 Hacoce ru,npOYCHJIHTeJISI HeTaTeJIb
PYJUI; C321 M
CMa3aTb yruIOTHHTeJIb PYJIe- npH CTO JII1TA
Boro BaJIa;
CMa3aTb Kap,naHHbIe map- » CMa3Ka
HHpbI PYJIeBOrO npHBo,na 158 HJlH
JIHTOJI - 24
TOpMo3Hoe ynpaBJIeHHe
npo8epumb:
COCTOSlHHe H repMeTHQ- BH3YaJIbHO
HOCTb npHBo,na TOpM030B;
COCTOSlHHe <pPHKUHOHHbIX npH H3Hoce <pPHKUHOH- UlTaHreH-
HaKJIan;OK, oceH KOJIO,nOK, Horo CJIOSI 60JIee 7 MM UHPKYJIb
pa3)I{HMHbIX KYJIaKOB, OT- HaKJIartKH 3aMeHHTb
T DKHbIX npyxHH nepe,nHHX,
66
llpoiJoAJlCeHUe ma6A. 2.2
npH6opbI,
Co.n.ep:>KaHHe pa60T TeXHHtJecKHeTPe60BaHHB HHCTPYMeHT,
MaTepHaJI
Cpel1HHX H 3a,nHHX TOpM03-
HbIX MexaHH3MOB;
COCTOBHHe TOpM03HbIX HaJIHqHe nOBpe)l{,l!eHHH BH3YaJIbHO
6apa6aHOB; He 110nYCKaeTCB. M3HOC
nOBepXHOCTH 110JDKeH
6bITb paBHOMepHbIM
3a30p Me)l{,l!Y HaKJIa,nKaMH 3a30p He 110JDKeH npeBbI- IlITaHreH-
TOpM03HbIX KOJI0110K llIaTb 0,6 MM QHPKYJIb
H TOpM03HbIMH 6apa6a-
HaMH - npH He06xol1HMO-
CTH O'TperYJIHpOBaTb;
KpenneHHe H repMeTHt.J- YTet.JKa B0311yxa He .110ny- BH3YaJIb-
HOCTb'Tpy60npOBo,aOB, npH- CKaeTCSI, ,aaBJIeHHe npo- HO,
coe,aHHeHHbIX: BepKH 0,7...0,75 Mna MbIJIbHbIH
K KOMnpeccopy; paCTBOp
B03.11YWHbIM 6aJI.1IOHaM;
TOpM03HOMY Kpauy pa6o-
t.Jero TopM03a;
TOpM03HOMY KpaHY
CTOBHOt.JHoro H 3anaCHoro
TopM03a;
BJIarOMaCJIOOT,aeJIHTeJI10 ;
3aIUHTHbIM, nepenYCKHbIM
H YCKopHTeJIbHbIM KJIana-
HaM;
TOpM03HbIM KaMepaM;
3HeprOaKKYMYJIRTOpaM;
CB060,aHbIH XO,ll, ne,ll,aJIH 3Hat.JeHHe XOl1a ne,ll,aJIH JIHHeHKa
TopM03a; TopM03a 20...40 MM HJlH npH-
,lI,eHCTBHecToBHot.JHoro 60p K -446
TopM03a H TopM03a-
3aMe,lUIHTeJUl;
CJIHTb KOH,aeHCaT H3
peCHBepOB TOpM03HOH
CHCTeMbI
CMa3amb:
llITOKH TOpM03HbIX KaMep C 6 - 7 KaneJIb 1'paHCMHC- MaCJIeHKa
perYJIHpOBOqHbIMH pbIt.Ja- CHOHHoro MaCJIa
raMH;
67
npoiJO.ll:JICeHUe ma6.1l. 2.2
npH60pbl,
Co,nepxaHHe pa60T TeXH eCKHeTPe60BaHHR HHCTpYMeHT,
MarepHaJI
lIepBSlIIHble napbl pbltJ:aroB
KOJIeCHbIX ropM030B;
mynKH Pa3}KHMHbIX KYJIaKOB COJIH.D.O-
TOpM030B; nOHar-
ne,naJIH TOpM03HOro KpaHa H HeTaTeJIb
cuenneHHSI C321 M,
JIHTon-24
3 eKTP006oPYAoBaHHe
OIlHCTHTb AKB OT nbIJIH H BbIBO,nbl H HaKOHellHHKH BeTolllb,
rpSl3H, y,naJIHTb C nOBepXHO- 3atJ:HCTHTh H CMa3aTb 10%-HbIH
CTH 3neKTPOJIHT; paCTBOp
KaJIbUHHH -
pOBaHHoH
CO,nbI
npOBepHTb KpenneHHe AKB CMa3aTb HaKOHellHHKH CMa3Ka
H Ha,ae:>KHOCTb KOHTaKTa Ha- AKB BTB-l,
KOHellHHKOB npOBo,nOB HJIH nBK
C BbIBo,naMH 6aTapeH;
npOBepHTb ypOBeHb 3neKTPo- YpoBeHb Ha 10... 15 MM CreKJISlH -
JIHTa; BbIllIe ypOBHSI cenapaTopa HaR TPy6Ka
npOBepHTb nnOTHOCTh p JIeToM p = 1,25... ApeOMeTP,
3JIeKTPOJIHTa; 1,27 r/cM 3 , 3HMOit p = repMOMeTP
= 1,27... 1,29 r/cM 3 npH
20°C (CTO)
OIJHCTHTh HapyxH}'IO nOBepx- npH pa60Te ,nBHrarenSl, BH3YaJIbHO
HOCTb, npOBepHTb KpenneHHe BKJIIOIJeHHbIX ra6apHTHblX
H pa60TY reHeparopa; orIDIX, CHCTeMbI OTO-
CTaPTepa H pene; nneHHSI H BeHTHJlSlTOpa
peryJISlTOpa HanpIDKeHHSI; KOHTPOJIbHaR naMna
He ,nOJDKHa ropeTb
npOBepHTb COCTOSlHHe me- UJ.eTKH ,nOJDKHbI 6bITb
roIJHOro Y3JIa reHeparopa; IJHCThIMH II CB0601l.HO
nepeMemaTbCSI (CTO)
npOBepllTb II npH He06xo- 3KpaH,
,nHMOCTII O'rperynHpoBaTb OTBePTKa,
nOnO:>KeHHe <pap; KJIIOIJH 8;
10' 12' 13'
, , ,
17 MM
68
llpoOOIl:JICeHUe ma61l. 2.2
npH6opbI,
Co.n.epxaHHe pa60T TeXUHQeCKHeTPe600aHHB HHCTPYMeHT,
MarepHaJI
rrpoBepHTb .lI.eUCTBHe 3BYXO- neperopeBwHe JIaMnOq- BH3YaJIbHO
BOro CHfH3JIa, YKa3aTeJIeU KH 3aMeHHTb
rrOBopOTa, 3azI.Hero XO.lI.a,
TopMoxeHIDI, JIaMn OCBeIl(e-
HIDI Ka6HHbI;
CTeKJIOOIJHCTHTeJIeH H OMbI-
BaTeJIeH BeTPOBoro CTeKJIa
KyaOB
npo8epumb pa6omy: 3ae,lJ,aHHe CTeKJI OnO.lI.'beM- COJIH,lJ.O-
CTeKJIOnO,lJ,'beMHHKOB H HHKOB H 3aMKOB .lI.Bepeu JIOHar-
3aMKOB .lI.BepeU Ka6HHbI; He .lI.onYCKaeTCSI HeTaTeJIb
MexaHH3Ma nO.lI.'beMa Ka- C321M,
6HHbI; JIHTOJI - 24
HJIH JII1TA
MexaHH3Ma nO.lI.'beMa caMO- KpaHHK OTOnHTeJISI OT- COJIH,lJ.o-
CB3JIbHOH llJIaT<POpMbI; peryJIHpOBaTb Ha nOJIO- JIOHar-
OCH wapHHpOB H rnapHHp- xeHIDI «OrKpbITO» HeTaTeJIb
HbIe COe,lJ,HHeHHSI 33,lU1HX BH- H «3aKpbITo» (CTO) C321M,
JIOK C onopou rma'nPopMbI; JIHTOJI - 24
onopHoH nJIHTbI Ce.lI.eJIbHO-
ro YCTpoHcTBa;
npHBO.lI.OB ynpaBJIeHHSI OTO-
nHTeJIeU H BeHTHJ1S1UHH;
BeHTHJ1S1UHOHHbIX JIIOKOB
llpo8epumb cocmORHue CTO Ha60p
u "pentleHue: KJIIO'IeH,
CH,lJ,eHHU; OTBep-rOK
3epKaJI 33)J;Hero BH,lJ,a;
.lI.BepeH H 3anopOB OTceKOB
AK6, .lI.BHfaTeJISI
O1IucmHble pa6ombl:
npOIJHCTHTb .npeHIDKHbIe MeTaJI-
OTBepCTHSI B .lI.BepSIX Ka- JIHQeCKHH:
6HHbI, .lI.BepSlX H noporax CTepxeHb
K}'30Ba; ,l(HaMeTJ)OM
3MM
BbInOJIHHTb ,lJ,e3HHQ>eKUHIO no CneUHaJIbHOMY rpa-
CaJIOHa H MOUK}' TellJIOU <pHKY
69
OKOH"IaHUe ma6Jl. 2.2
npH6opbI,
Co,nepxaHHe pa60T TeXHHtIeCKHeTPe60BaHHB HHCTPYMeHT,
MaTepHaJI
BO,aOH C MOIOIUHM cpe,a-
CTBOM CTeH, nOTOJIKa,
OKOH, ,aBepeH, no,ayweK H
cnHHOK CH.LIeHHH
CMa3amb: MacJIo
3aMKH H npHBo,abI 3aMKOB TO-2 BMr3 HJIH
,aBepeH; MrEIOA
nepe,a
BbII(JIlOqaTeJIH 3aMKOB CTO cMa3KoH
,aBepeH; npoTepeTb
orpaHHqHTeJIH ,aBepeH CTO BeTO llIblO,
Ka6HHbI; JIHTOJI - 24
neTJIeBbIe llIapHHpbI CTO HJIH JII1TA
n pH Me 'I a H He. CM. npHMe'l. K Ta6n. 2.1.
T a 611 H U. a 2.3. XMMMOTOnOrM'IeCK8R K8pT8 TOlieK CM83blB8HMR
8BToMo6Mnei KAMA3
BH.l1 TeXHH-
tIeCKoro
TOtIKa 06cJIy)IGIBa-
CMa30tIHbIH HIDI BbInOJlHBeMble
:s:: CMa3bIBaHHB pa60TbI
c..:S:: (pHC. 2.1) MaTepHaJI
o ::r ...... N 0
:s:: I I
o M 0 0
x@ U
1 DCH nepe,nHeH JIHTOJl-24 * CMa3aTb tIepe3
onopbI Ka6HHbI npecc- MaCJleHKH
,no BbI.lI.aWIHBaHHB
CBexeH CMa3KH
2 CHcTeMa AHTH<I>PH3 * CMeHHTb XHlI.KOCTb
OXJIIDKJJ.eHHB « TOCOJl- A40» (paJ B ro,n, oceHblO)
3 KapTep ,nBHra- JIeToM - * CMeHHTb MaCJlO
TeJlB MIor 2 K,3H-
MOH - M8r 2 K
4 n pe,noxpaHH- 3THJIOBbIH * CMeHHTb. npHMe-
TeJlb OT 3aMep- TeXHJilIeCKHH HBTb npH TeMnepa-
3aHHB CnHPT Type OKpyxalOll(ero
B03.ayxa HHxe +5°C
70
npoiJOJl eHUe ma6Jl. 2.3
BH.lI. TeXHH-
qeCKoro
TOqKa 06CJIYXHBa-
CMa30'lHhIH HIDI BbInOJIlUleMble
:s:: CMa3bIBaHIDI pa60TbI
:s:: (pHC. 2.1) MaTepHarr
o ::r ...... N 0
:s:: I I
o M 0 0 f-
::c8 f- f- U
5 BbIBO,nhI AKE JIHTOJI-24 * CMa3aTb TOHKHM
CJIOeM
6 nO.ll.llIHnHHKH JIHTOJI-24 * CMa3aTb qepe3
Barra BHJIKH npeCC-MaCJIeHKH,
H My<l>TbI C.lI.eJIaB llInpHueM He
BbIKJIlOqeHHg 60JIee TPex XO.ll.OB
CuenJIeHHg
7 KapTep Kop06- TCn-15K * npoBepHTb ypOBeHb
KH nepe,naq MaCJIa, npH He06-
XO,nHMOCTH .lI.OJIHTb.
CMeHHTb MaCJIO npH
np06ere 50000 KM,
HO He pe)l{e O,nHOro
pa3a B ro,n
8 KapTep cpe,n- TCn-15K * * To )l{e
Hero Be.ll.ym:ero
MOCTa
9 lIJapHHpbI JIHTOJI-24 * CMa3aTb qepe3
peaKTHBHhIX npecc- MaCJIeHKH
llITaHr 3a,n,HeH .lI.O BbI)J.aWI HBaHIDI
no,nBeCKH CBe)l{eH CM3.3KH
10 PhIqarH JIHTOJI - 24 * To )l{e
TOpM03HOro
MexaHH3Ma
II lIIapHHphI Kap- CMa3Ka 158 * »
n.aHHoro Barra
3a,n,Hero MOCTa
12 CTe6eJIb JIHTOJI-24 * CMa3aTb qepe3
KplOKa TgroBO- npecc- MaCJIeHKH
cuenHoro
YCTPOHCTBa
71
IIpoiJoJl;JICeHue ma6Jl. 2.3
BH.l1 TeXHH-
tIeCKoro
TOtIKa 06cJIy)KHBa -
CMa30tIHhIH HIDI BblnOJlHHeMbIe
:s:: CMa3hIBaHIDI pa60TbI
c..:S:: (pHC. 2.1) MarepHaJI
o ::r ...... N 0
:s:: I I
o M 0 0 f-
::c@ f- f- U
13 KapTep 3a,nHe- TCn-15K * * npoBepHTb ypOBeHb
ro Be,nymero MaCJla, npH He06-
MOCTa XO,nHMOCTII ,nOJlHTb.
CMeHHTb MaCJlO npH
np06ere 50000 KM,
HO He pe)l{e O,nHOro
pa3a B ro,n
14 OCb 6aJIaHCHpa JIHTOJl-24 * CMa3aTb tIepe3
npecc- MaCJleHKH
,no Bb.l,L{aBJIHBaHIDI
CBe)l{eH CMa3KH
/5 nO,nlllHnHHKH JIHTOJl- 24 * * 3aJIO)I{HTb CMa3Ky
cTynHU KOJleC npH CHHTOH cTynHue
cpe,nHero Me)l{)J;Y pOJlHKaMH
H 3a,nHero H cenapaTopaMH
MOCTOB paBHOMepHO no BceH
BHYTPeHHeH nOJlOCTH
no,nlllHnHHKOB
/6 6alllMaKH TCn-15K * * npoBepHTb ypOBeHb
6aJIaHCHpHoit MaCJla, npH He06-
no,nBeCKH XO,nHMOCTH ,nOJlHTb.
CMeHHTb MaCJlO npH
np06ere 50 000 KM
/7 lllapHHphI CMa3Ka 158 * CMa3aTb tIepe3
Kap,naHHbIX npeCC-MaCJleHKH
BaJIOB Be,I:(yl..UHX ,no BbJ.l{aWIHBaHIDI
MOCTOB CBe)l{eH CMa3KH
/8 OnopbI npo- CMa3Ka 158 * CMa3aTb tIepe3
Me)I{}'TOtIHolt H TeXHOJlOmtIeCKHe
nepe,nHelt TSlr npecc- MaCJleHKH
,nHCTaHIJ;HOH - ,no BbI,l(aBJIHBaHIDI
HOro npHBO- CBe)l{eH CMa3KH
,na Kop06KH
nepe,natI
72
llpoiJOJl:JICeHUe ma6Jl. 2.3
BM TeXHH-
'1eCKoro ,
TOtIKa 06 CJIy)KHBa-
CMa30tIHbIM HHSI BbIIIOJIHSIeMbIe
:= CMa3hIBaHIDI MaTepHaJI pa60TbI
:= (pHC. 2.1)
o ::r ...-.4 N 0
:= I I
o M 0 0 f-
:c8 f- f- U
19 ru,npOYCHJIH - MacJIo I'H.npo- * npOBepHTb ypOBeHb
TeJlb PYJIeBoro CHCTeM MapKH MaCJIa B 6atIKe H
ynpaBJIeHIDI P npH He06xo,nHMOCTH
.lI.OJIHTb
20 MY<PTa onepe- M8r 2 K * CMeHHTb MaCJIO O,nHH
)l{eHIDI BnpbIC- pa3 B ro,n (oceHblO)
Ka TOUJIHBa npH npOBepKe H
THBA peryJlHpOBKe THBA
Ha CTeH,ll.e
21 IllKBopHH JIHTOJI-24 * CMa3aTb tIepe3
nOBopOTHbIX npecc- MaCJIeHKH
KyJIaKOB H ,no BbI.naBJIHBaHIDI
llIapHHpbI CMa3KH
PYJIeBbIX THr
22 nO,nllIHnHHKH JIHTOJI-24 * * CIDITb CTYDHUY.
CTYDHU KOJleC 3anO)I(HTb CMa3Ky
nepe,nHero paBHOMepHO no BceM
MOCTa BHyrpeHHeM nOJlOCTH
no,nllIHnHHKOB
(n03. 15)
23 PeryJIHpOBOtI - JIHTOJl-24 * CMa3aTb tIepe3
HbIe pbl'JarH npecc- MaCJIeHKH
ropM03HbIX ,no BbI.naBJIHBaHIDI
MexaHH3MOB H CBe)l{eH CMa3KH
BTYJIKH BanOB
Pa3)I(HMHbIX
KyJIaKOB nepeJ{-
Hero H 3a.ZI.Hero
KpOHIIITeHHOB
24 ru,nponpHBo,n TOPM03HasI * * DpOBepHTb ypOBeHb
BbIKJIlOtIeHIDI }J{H,l{KOCTb XH.LJ.KOCTH, npH He-
CueUJIeHIDI « Poca», 06XO,l(HMOCTH ,nOJIHTb.
«TOMb» CMeHHTb )l(}f)J;KOCTb
pa3 B .lI.Ba ro.ll.a
73
OKOH"taHue ma6Jl. 2.3
BH.n TeXHU-
tIeCKoro
TOtIKa 06CJIy)KHBa-
CMa30tIHbIH HIDI BbInOJlIDle Mble
:= CMa3bIBaHIDI pa60TbI
:= (puc. 2.1) MaTepHaJI
::r ...... N 0
:= I I
o M 0 0
x8 U
25 naJIbUbI nepe.lt- JIHTOJI-24 * CMa3aTb tIepe3
HHX peccop npecc- MaCJIeHKH
.lt0 BbI.naBJIHBaHHH
CBe)l{eH CMa3KH
26 Tpoc KpaHa TCn-15K * CMa3aTb C nOMOlI.{blO
ynpaBJIeHIDI MaCJleHKH
.lteJIHTeJIeM
n p H M e tI a H H H: 1. CM. npHMetI. K Ta6JI. 2.1.
2. 3HaKOM «*» OTMetIeHbI TeXHH'leCKHe B03.lteHCTBIDI, npH KOTOpbIX BbInOJIHHIOTCH
.ltaHHble onepaUHH no TO.
COAep)l(8HMe OT'teT8
OTtleT rro JIa60paTopHOH pa60Te ,nOJDKeH OTPIDKaTb HaH60JIee BIDK-
HbIe rrOJIOXeHIDI 0 TeXHWleCKOM 06CJIy)KHBaHHH rro,nBIDKHoro COCTa-
Ba aBTOM06HJIbHOrO TPaHcrropTa C 06R3aTeJIbHbIM BKJIlOqeHHeM CJIe-
,nyIOmHX CBe,neHHH:
. Ha3BaHHe H n;eJIb pa60TbI;
. TeXHHQeCKOe 06eCrreQeHHe;
. rrpOTOKOJI OCHOBHbIX KOHTPOJIbHbIX orrepan;HH, BbIrrOJIHeHHbIX
rrpH TO aBTOM06HJIR (Ta6JI. 2.4) B COCTaBe yqe6HoH rpyrrrrbI
(rro,nrpyrrrrbI) ;
T a 611 VI U. a 2.4. npOToKon no na60paTopHoM pa60Te
TeXHHtJecKHe.ltaHHMe
BH.n onepa- no peryJIHpOBOtIHbIM H .ltpyrHM
UHH TO, Ha- nepHO.ltHtJ - 060py.ltOBaHUe, pa60TaM TO
3BaHHe Y3JIa HOCTb TO, OCHaCTKa, H3-
06 CJIy)KHB a- TbIC. KM MepHTeJIbHbIH no pe3YJIbTaTaM
HIDI HHC'lpyMeHT no TY, 3aMepa
fOCT
.lt0 TO nOCJIe TO
74
f-I
f-I
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f-I
Q,)
f-I
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:s::
:1
:s::
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0::: f-I
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= (.)
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r:Q =r
a
(J f-I
0
o
o
(J r:Q
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=
:a
f-I .,Q
=
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f-I
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= :s::
r:Q M
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= 1::
()
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75
. rrpOTOKOJI Heo6xo,nHMbIX KOHTpOJIbHO-KperreXHbIX, perYJIH-
POBOQHbIX H CMa30QHbIX OrrepaIJ;HH TO KOHKpeTHbIX 3 - 4
3JIeMeHTOB aBTOM06HJI KAMA3 (H3 rrepeQHR rr03HIJ;HH Ha
pHC. 2.1) no HIU(HBH,l(YaJIbHOM)' 3a,naHHIO (BbI,naeTCH nperro-
,naB aTeJIe M );
. OCHOBHbIe BbIBO,nbI rro BbIrrOJIHeHHbIM OrrepaIJ;HHM TO B co-
CTaBe yqe6HoH rpyrrrrbI (no,nrpyrrrrbI) H HH,nHBH.n)'aJIbHOrO 3a-
,naHIDI.
KOHTPonbHblE BonpOCbI
1. KaKOBO Ha3HatJeHHe TO?
2. nepetJHCJIHTe BH,lI.bI TeXHH'leCKHX B03,neHCTBHH.
3. qTO TaKoe pe}f(HM H HOpMaTHBbI TO?
4. Ha30BHTe OCHOBHbIe BH.lI.bI CMa30qHbIX MarepHaJIOB npH npOBe,neHHH
TO.
5. npHBe,nHTe nepeqeHb OCHOBHbIX pa60T npH EO, TO-I, TO-2, CTO.
6. KaKoBa reXHOJIOfH1:leCKaSI nOCJIe,nOBaTeJIbHOCTb BbInOJIHeHIDI pa60T npH
TO?
7. Ha30BHTe 3HatJeHHSI OCHOBHbIX peryJIHpOBOtJHbIX napaMeTJ)OB no ,nBH-
raTeJIlO aBTOM06H.1UI KAMA3.
8. YKIDKHTe HopMaTHBHbIe 3HatJeHHSI cB060,nHOro xo,na ne.naJIH TopM03a,
ne,naJIH Cu;enJleHHSI, JIlO<I>Ta PYJIeBOrO KOJIeCa, xo,na WTOKa TOpM03HOH Ka-
MepbI.
9. npHBe,nHTe 3HatJeHHe ,nOnyCTHMOro H3Hoca TOpM03HbIX HaKJIa,n,OK.
10. YKIDKHTe ,nonycTHMbIe 3HaqeHIDI ypOBHSI H ruIOTHOCTH 3JIeK1pOJIHTa B
AKB .nIDI 3HMHHX YCJIOBHH 3KCIIJIyaTanHH aBTOM06HJIeH.
11. KaKoe 060py,noBaHHe He06xo,nHM0 ,nIDI npoBe,nemm CMaJO'lHbIX pa6OT?
12. npHBe,nHTe nOpSl.nOK npOBe,n;eHIDI onepaU;HH no npOBepKe COOTBeT-
CTBHSI CHJIbI HaTSlxeHHSI peMHSI npHBo,n;a reHepaTopa H Bo.nSlHoro Hacoca
HopMaTHBHbIM 3HaqeHIDIM.
13. nepeQHCJlHTe OCHOBHbIe onepaQHH, BbInOJIHSleMbIe npH TO-2 no
XO,.nOBOH tJaCTH aBTOM06H.1U1.
14. KaKoBa TeXHOJlOrHSI npOBepKH CTOSlHOQHOH H pa60tJeH TOpM03HOH
CHCTeMbI npH EO?
15. YKIDKHTe nepHo,nH'lHOCTh 3aMeHbI OXJIIDK.ZI.alOIIJ;eH )l(}f,nKOCTH TOCOJI-
A40 B ABC.
16. C nOMOIIJ;blO KaKHX npH60poB onpe.neJUleTCSI TeXHH'leCKOe COCTOSlHHe
WKBopHeBbIX COe,lJ;HHeHHH H no,nWHnHHKOB CTyIIHIJ: KOJlec?
17. Ha30BHre OCHOBHbIe HeHcnpaBHOCTH H.1IH HapymeHIDI HopMaTHBHbIX
,nOKYMeHTOB, npH HaJIHQHH KOTOpbIX 3anpemaeTCSI BbInyCK aBTOM06H.1U1 Ha
JIHHHIO.
18. nepetJHCJIHTe ,nHarHOCTH'IeCKHe napaMeT})bI, xapaKTepH3yIOIIJ,He Tex-
HHQeCKOe COCTOSlHHe TOpM03HOH CHCTeMbI aBTOM06HID1.
19. Ha30BHTe TOPM03HYIO XH,lJ;KOCTb, HCnOJIb3yeMyIO B fH,lJ;pOnpHBo,ne
BbIKJIlOtJeHHSI CQerureHIDI, H }'KIDKHTe nepHo,nHtJHOCTb ee 3aMeHbI.
76
2.2. KOHTponb COAep)KaHMIl OKCMAa yrnepoAa,
yrneBoAopoAOB M AblMHOCTM B oTpa6oTaBWMX ra3ax
ABMraTeneM BHyrpeHHero cropaHMR.. '-
e.n.b pa60mbl - H3yqHTh KOHCTPYKJ-nIIO, OCHOBHbIe TeXHWleCKHe
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fO THna ABTOTECT CO - CH -)]. H npH06pecTH npaKTHqeCKHe
HaBblKH no KOIITpOmo co,nep)JGlHIDI yrJIeBo,nopo,nOB, OKCH,na yrJIepo,na
B 0'rpa60TaBillHX ra3ax (Of) 6eH3HHoBoro ,nBHraTeJm H ,nbIMHOCTH -
,nH3ellil.
06IQMe CBeAeHMR M OCHOBHble nOHRTMR
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POCCHHCKOH <l>e,nepaIUlH npHXO,lUITC CBblille 42 % BbI6poCOB Bpe,nubIX
,l.I)UI )f{H3He,ne TeJIbHOCTH qeJIOBeKa BemeCTB C Of.
npO,n)'KTbI cropaHIDI TOIUlHBOB03,nymHOH CMeCH )].BC co,nepxaT
CJIO:>KUylO CMeCb, HaC'IHTbIBaIOIIJyIO 60JIee 200 COe.ll.HHeHHH. B OCHOB-
HOM 3TO ra3006p33HbIe BemeCTBa C He60JIbIlIHM KOJlH'leCTBOM TBep,nbIX
qaCTHQ. TBep.ll.bIe 'IaCTHl.(bI - 3T0 npO I .lI.erHJJ.pHpOBaHIDI TOllJIH-
Ba, MeTaJIJIbI H ,npyrue BemeCTBa, CO.ll.epxalIU'lec B TOllJIHBe, KOTopbIe
He MOryr cropeTb.
no xapaKTepy B03,neHCTBIDI Ha opraHH3M qeJIOBeKa XHMHqeCKHe
COe,lUfHeHIDI, cocTawrnlOI.I.J.He Of, no,np33J(eJImOT Ha HeTOKCH'IHbIe (N 2 ,
CO 2 , H 2 0, "2) H TOKCH1JHbIe (CO, CmHn, NO x , H 2 S, a.TWJ:efH,lIpI H ,np.).
Exero,nHO B POCCHH H3 BblnYCKHhIX TPy6 aBTOM06HJIeH B aTMoc epy
BbI6paCbIBaeTC npHMepHO 9 MJIH T OKCH,na yrJIepo,na (CO), 1,5 MJIH T
OKCH,nOB a30Ta (oKcu.na NO H ,nHOKcu.na N0 2 ) H CBblille 40 TbIC. T
CIDKH (C).
3a nOCJIe.ll.HHe 10 JIeT cym.eCTBeHHO yxeCTOqeHbI HopMaTHBbI npe-
,neJIbHbIX 3HaqeHHH BbI6poCOB TOKCWlHbIX KOMnOHeHTOB. B CTPaHax
EBponeHcKoro COlO3a H POCCHH .wrn 6eH3HHoBbIX ,L\BC ,neHcTByJOT
HopMaTHBbI, npe.n.yCMOTpeHHbIe .lI.HpeKTHBaMH E3C 91/542, 99/96
(npaBHJIa E3K OOH N2 49 - e,nHHbIe npe.ll.nHCaHIDI, KacalOIUHec
TPaHcnopTHbIX Cpe.ll.CTB, OCHameHHbIX ,nBHraTeJIHMH C BOCllJIaMeHe-
HHeM OT C)JGlTIDI, ,nBHraTeIDlMH, pa6OTalOInHMH Ha npHpo,nHOM r33e -
C)I{IDJ{eHHOM He$T HOM ra3e (CHf), H ,nBHraTellilMH C npHHy,nHTeJIb-
HbIM 33.)J{HraHHeM, pa60TalOIUHMH Ha CHf, B OTHOlIIeHHH BbI,nellile-
MbIX HMH 3arpH3ID1IOI..I.UiX BemeCTB - EURO I - EURO V) H fOCT P
17.2.02.06 - 99 «OxpaHa npHpo,nbI. ATMoc4>epa. HOpMbI H MeTO.ll.bI
H3MepeHIDI co,nep)J(aHIDI OKCH)J;a yrJIepo,na H yrJIeBo,nopo,nOB B 0TPa-
60TaBlliHX ra3ax ra306aJI.1IOHHbIX aBTOM06HJIeH», fOCT P 52033-
2003 «ABTOM06K1IH C 6eH3HHoBbIMH ,lJ:BHraTeJUlMH. BbI6poCbI 3arp 3-
H lOmHX BemeCTB C oTpa6oTaBlliHMH ra3aMH. HOpMbl H MeTo,nbI
77
KOHTPOIDI npH Ol(eHKe TeXHHqeCKoro COCTORHIDI». ,lI..rnI KOHTpOJIR He-
np03pa1JHOCTH (,l(bIMHOCTH) Of ,l(H3eJIeH npHMelUllOT HOpMbI TIpaBH-
JIa E3K OOH NQ 24-03, fOCT P 52160-2003 «ABTOT})aHCnOpTHbIe
Cpe,l(CTBa, OCHaIUeHHbIe ',l(BHraTellilMH C BOCllJIaMeHeHHeM OT C)I(aTHR.
,[(bIMHOCTb 0T})a60TaBwHx ra30B. HOPMbI H MeTO,l(bI KOHT})OJIR npH
oueHKe TeXHWIecKoro COCTORHIDI» (01.05.2005) H fOCT P 41.24- 2003
(01.01.2005).
3TH ,l(0K}'MeHTbI npe)l(,[l;e Bcero He06xo,l(HMbI, 1JT06bI CTHMYJIHpO-
BaTb npOH3BO,l(HTeJIeH aBTOM06H.1IeH Ha COBepWeHCTBOBaHHe KOH-
CTPYKUHH ,[(BC Hero ynpaBJISlIOIUHX CHCTeM, OTBe1JaIOIUHX 3a 1JHCTO-
TY B03,l(ymHOro 6acceHHa.
B npouecce 3KCllJIyaTaUHH aBTOM06HJ1eH H3-3a nOc.TOSlHHoro H3-
MeHeHIDI TeXHHqeCKoro COCTORHIDI 3JIeMeHTOB ,l(BHraTeJUI TeXHOJIOrH-
1JeCKHM npOl(eCCOM TO-2 npe,l(YCMOTpeHbI HcnbITaHHSI Ha TOKCHI.f-
HOCTb H ,l(bIMHOCTb Of. AHaJIH3 COCTaBa or npOBO,l(HTCSI TaIOKe nOCJIe
peMOHTa HJlH perYJIHpOBKH TODJIHBHOH H ,l(pyrux CHCTeM H MexaHH3-
MOB ,l(BHraTeJIR, BJIIDIIOIUHX Ha HX COCTaB.
AJIR 3THX l(eJIeH OTe1JeCTBeHHaR npOMbIWJIeHHOCTb BbInYCKaeT
ra30aHaJIH3aTOpbI rHAM, MH<I>PAKAP, rA3TECT -ABECTA 4.01,
ACKOH-OI.03 - JI)IR KOHT})Ollil 6eH3HHoBbIX ,l(BHraTeJIeH H H3MepH-
TeJlH ,l(bIMHOCTH M,[t-Ol, ));0-1 - JI)IR ,l(H3eJ1eH. MMelOTcSI H KOMIIJIeKC-
HbIe npH60pbI MR COBMeIUeHHoro KOHT})OJISI OCHOBHbIX TOKCH1JHbIX
KOMnOHeHTOB B or Bcex THnOB ,[(BC.
B ,l(aHHbIX MeTO,l(H1JeCKHX YKa3aHIDIX npHBO,nSlTCSI CBe,l(eHIDI 0 Tex-
HH1JeCKHX xapaKTepHcmKax aBTOM06HJ1bHoro ra30aHaJIH3aropa KOM-
IIJIeKcHoro THna ABTOTECT CO - CH -,[(, nO,l(roToBKe ero K pa60-
Te, nOpSl,l(Ke pa60TbI C HHM B pe)J{JIMaX npOBepKH .l(bIMHOCTH HJIH
CO,l(ep)l(aHHSI CO, CmHn B Of. B pe3YJIbTaTe BbInOJIHeHHSI ,l(aHHOH
JIa60paTopHoH pa60TbI CTY,l(eHT ,l(OJDKeH:
. HMeTb npe,l(CTaBJIeHHe 06 06w;eM Ha3HaqeHHH, YCTpoHcTBe H
npHHQHnax pa60TbI ra30aHaJIH3aTOpa H H3MepHTeJISI ,l(bIMHO-
cm;
. 3HaTb ,l(HarHOCTIf'leCKHe napaMeTPbI, HopMaTHBbI H TeXHOJIOfHH
npOBepOK COCTaBa XHMHtleCKHX COe,l(HHeHHH H ,l(bIMHOCTH 0 r
aBTOM06HJ1bHbIX ,l(BHraTeJIeH;
. YMeTb BbInOJIIUITb KOHT})OJlbHO-,l(HamOCm'IeCKHe pa60TbI CH-
CTeM nHTaHDR 6eH3HHoBbIX ,l(BHraTeJIeH H ,l(H3eJIeH C nOMOIUblO
ra30aHaJIH3aTOpa H ,l(bIMOMepa.
nOpllAOK BbinonHeHMII pa60Tbi
TeXHU'IeCKOe o6ecnelleHue: aBTOM06HJ1H KAMA3, BA3, ra30aHa-
JIH3aTOp KOMIIJIeKcHoro THna ABTOTECT CO - CH -));, KOMIIJIeKT
CJIeCapHoro HHCT})YMeHTa, yqe6HbIe IIJIaKaTbI no YCT})OHCTBY CHCTeM
H MexaHH3MOB 6eH3HHoBbIX ,[(BC H ,l(H3eJIeH.
78
Mecmo 8blnOAHeHUR - nOCT ,l(HarHOCTHpOBaHHH ,nBHraTeJIeH aB-
TOM06u.neH KAMA3, BA3.
3alUlTIDI npOBO,WITCSI no,n PYKOBO,nCTBOM npenO,naBaTellil co BCeH
rpynnoH H.1IH nO,nrpynrroH 113 5 - 7 cTy,neHTOB: ..
YcnelliHoe BbInOJIHeHHe pa60TbI B03MOXHO nOCJIe 03HaKOMJIeHHH
C MeTo,nHqeCKHMH YKa3aHIDIMH no npOBe,neHHIO JIa60paTopHbIX pa60T
H TeXHHqeCKHM 06eCneQeHHeM, a TaIOKe npH YClIOBHH C06JIIO,neHHSI
npaBHJI TeXHHKH 6e30nacHocTH pa60TbI C npH6opoM ABTOTECT
CO-CH-,[{.
K pa60Te C npH60poM ,nonYCKaIOTCH JIHQa, 03HaKOMJIeHHbIe C
HHCTPYKQHeH no ero 3KcWIyaTaQHH.
3anpern:aeTcSI c6poc aHaJIH3HpyeMoH np06bI IIJIH nOBepOQHbIX
ra30BbIX CMeceH B nOMern:eHHH. nepe,n npOBe,neHHeM H3MepeHHH Ha
llITyQep «CBPOC» Ha,neBaIOT pe3HHOByJO HJlH nOJIH3THJIeHOByIO TPy6-
KY C BHyrpeHHHM ,nHaMeTpOM He MeHee 8 MM, a BTOpOH KOHeQ TPy6-
KH BbIBOJUIT 3a npe,neJIbI nOMern:eHHH. ,lJ.nHHa OTBOJUIll.\eH TPy6KH He
,aoJDKHa npeBbIllIaTb 5 M.
npH aHaJIH3e or aBTOM06u.nSl He06xo,nHMO npHIDITb MepbI 6e3-
onaCHOCTH, HCKJIlOqalOrn:He ero caMorrpOH3BOJIbHOe ,nBIDKeHHe.
CJIe,nyer npe.nyCMOTpeTb 06IIUfe 1pe60BaHIDI 3aIIUITbI OT B03.neHCTBIDI
or aBT01paHcnOp11fbIX cpe,nCTB Ha opraHbI .l(bIXaHIDI onepaTopa.
no OKOHqaHHH yqe6HbIx 3aHHTHH o<popMJIHeTCSI OT'IeT no BceM
3a,naHIDIM JIa60paTopHOH pa60TbI H ocymecTBlliIeTCH ero 3all.\HTa.
npO,nOJI)f{HTeJIbHOCTb pa60T - 6 Q.
3 a t( a H H e 1. H3ya1ltTb KOHCTPYKLCltlO It npltHLCltn pa60TbI
YCTpoHcTsa
ra30aHaJIH3aTOp KOHQeHTpal.\HH OKCH.L1a yrJIepo,aa Ii yrJIeBo,aopo-
,aOB, a TaIOKe ,abIMHOCTH or ABTOTECT CO - CH -,[( npe,aHa3HaqeH
.IJ)UI onpe,neJIeHHSI co,nepxaHIDI yrJIeBo,nopo,aOB (CmH n ), OKcn.na yrJIe-
po,na (CO) B or H HX Henp03paqHOCTH (,abIMHOCTH), QaCTOTbI Bparn:e-
HIDI KOJIeHqaToro BaJIa aBTOM06HJIbHbIX ,nBHraTeJIeH (n). B KOMfiJIeK-
Tal.\HIO npH60pa BXO,nHT 3JIeMeHTbI CHCTeM oT60pa np06 or ,l(JISi
6eH3HHoBbIX ,nBHraTeJIeH H ,nH3eJIeH, HX nO,ll.rOTOBKH K aHaJIH3Y, a
TaIOKe 6JIOKH 3JIeKTPOHHbIX npe06pa30BaTeJIeH aHaJIH3HpyeMbIx na-
paMe1pOB H HH,lI,HKal(IIH.
06I.UHH BH.L1 npH60pa npe,ll.CTaBJIeH Ha pHC. 2.2.
K opraHaM ynpaBJIeHHH ra30aHaJIH3aTOpa or ABTOTECT CO-
CH -,[( OTHOCSIT (CM. pUC. 2.2) HH,lI,HKaTOp 1 BKJIlOqeHIDI YC1pOHCTBa;
l.\H<PPOBOH HH,lIJiKaTOp 3 0T06pIDKeHIDI KOHIJ;elITpaQHH yrJIeBo,nopo,nOB;
l.\H<PPOBOH HH,lI,HKaTOp 4 oT06pIDKeHIDI KOHueHTPaQHH OKCH,lI,a yrJIe-
po,na H ,abIMHOCTH (B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT pe}f{HMa pa60TbI); CTpeJIOQHbI:H
npH60p 5 QHCJIa 060pOTOB ,lUJHraTellil WIH OnTHMaJIbHOH HaC1pOHKH
TOfiJIHBHOH annapaTypbI ,lI.BHraTeIDI (B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT pe)f{HMa pa-
79
1 2
3
4
5
%CH
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800 1 200
f830aH8JIH3arop/.nbIMOMep
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Puc. 2.2. BHewHHH BH,l( npH60pa «ABTOTECT CO-CH-)];»:
1- HH,lUfKarop BKJIIO'IeHIUI; 2 - pacxo.nOMep; 3 - HH,lUfKaTOp eH; 4 - HH.nHKarop
eO/.nbIMHOCTH; 5 - TaxoMeTp/onTHMH3arop; 6 - nepeKJIIO'IaTeJlb pe)K}fMa TaxoMe-
1pa/OIITHMH3aTopa; 7 - nepeKJIIO'IaTeJlb .nHana30Ha WK3JIbI TaxoMe1pa; 8 - KHonKa
KOH1pOIDI 'l}'BCTBHTeJlbHOCTH; 9 - peryIDIrop KoppeKlUlH HYJUI eo; 10 - peryIDIrop
KOppeKlJ,HH HYIDI eH; J 1 - nepeKJIIO'IaTeJlb pe)K}fMa pa60T ra30aHaJIH3aropa/.lI,bIMO-
Mepa; J2 - nepeKJIIO'IaTeJlb pe)K}fMa H3MepeHHIf .lI,bIMOMepa (TeKYIUee -/nHKoBoe 0);
J3 - KHonKa KOppeKQHH H)'JIB .nbIMHOCTH; 14 - TyM6JIep npo.nyaKH
60TbI «TaxoMe1p/OnTHMH3aTOp»); TYM6JIep 14 BKJIIO'IeHIDI n06y,nH-
TeJISI pacxo,na aHaJIH3HpyeMoro ra3a «UpO,DyBKa»; KHonK}' 13 KoppeK-
QHH nyllil ,nbIMHOCTH Of; nepeKJIIO'IaTeJIb 6 pe)l{}fMa pa60TbI «Taxo-
MeTp/OnTHMH3arop»; nepeKJllO'IaTe.1Ib 7IIIKaJIhI ,l(Han330Ha H3MepeHIDI
qaCTOTbI BpameHHR TaxoMe1pOM; nepeKJIIO'IaTeJIb 1 1 pe)I{HMa pa60TbI
«fa30aHaJIH3arop/,[{bIMOMep»; perylliITOpbI KOppeKQHH nynSi «O-CO»
H «O-CH» «rpy60-ro'lHO» 9H 10COOTBeTCTBeHHO; KHonK}' 8 KOHT-
pOJIR qyBCTBHTeJIbHOCTH npH60pa «KOH1pOnb»; nepeKJIlOqaTeJIb 12
peXHMa H3MepeHHH ,nbIMOMepa «<TeKYInee- /UHKoBoe 0» 3Ha'leHIDI).
Ha npH60pe 3TO 60JIblliOH Kp}')KOK.
Ha 3a,nHeH naHeJIH npH60pa (pHC. 2.3) pa3MemeHbI TYM6JIep 1
BKJIlOqeHHR nHTaHHR; lliTyQep «Bxo,n» 2 ,lI)UI no,na'lH np06bI ra3a B
npH60p; lliTyn;ep «C6poc» 3 MR c6poca aHaJIH3HpyeMoro ra3a 83
npH60pa; <pH.1Ib1p 4 TOHKOH O'lHCTKH raJa; IIITYQepbI 5 H 6 <pHJIb1pa
TOHKOH O'lHCTKH «Bxo,n» H «BbIXO,n» COOTBeTCTBeHHO; me3,n0 7,l1)U1
nOJUOIIO'IeHIDI Ka6e.rnI cern nHTaHIDI (220 B); pa3'beM 8 no,nKJIIO'IeHIDI
Ka6eJIH TaxoMe1pa; ,nepxaTeJIb 9 npe,noxpaHHTeJIR, pa3beM 10 no,n-
KJIIO'IeHIDI ,naT'lHKa H3MepHTellil ,nbIMHOCTH.
UpHHQHn ,neHcTBHH ra30aHaJIH3aTOpa COCTaBa Of 6eH3HHOBbIX
,[{BC OCHOBaH Ha H3MepeHHH CTeneHH nOrJIOmeHHR ra3aMH HH<ppa-
80
KpaCHoro H3JIyqeHHSI, KOTOpaR npOnOpl(HOHaJIbHa HX KOHIJ.eHTpa-
IJ.HH.
npH npOBe.aeHHH H3MepeHHH CO,lJ.epXaHIIR OKCH,lJ.a yrJIepo,na H
yrJIeBO,nOpO,nOB aHaJIH311pyeMbIH ra3 H3 BbIXJ10nHOH TPy6bI aBTOM06H-
lliI nocTynaeT B npo60oT6oPHHK, cHa6xeHHbIH 3IDKHMOM .lJ)ISI 3aKpe-
UJIeHHSI em Ha BbIXJIOnHOH TPy6e. )].nHHa 3ar.1IY6JIeHHSI npo60oT6op-
HHKa 300 MM. 113 npo600T6opHOH Tpy6KH npo6a or nocTynaeT B
<pHJIbTP rpy60H OqHCTKH, B KOTOpOM OT,neJIRIOTCR XH.aKI1" KOHL{eHCaT
npH OXJIIDK,neHHH ra3a, nbllib, CIDKa H .apyrue MeXaHHqeCKHe npHMeCH,
co,nepxaInHeCR B Of. ,[{aJIee npo6a ra3a ,nOCTaBJ1S1eTCR no nOJIHBH-
HHJIXJIOpH,nHOH TPy6Ke B npH60p 'Iepe3 BXO.aHOH llITYQep, r,ne npOH3-
BO,nHTCSI ,nononHHTenbHaSl 01.JHCTKa ra3a B <pHJIbTPe TOHKOH 01.JHCTKH
H aHaJIH3 KOMnOHeHTOB ra3a B KIOBeTe OnTH1.JeCKoro 6JIOKa.
Mo,nynSlIJ.HR HH<ppaKpacHoro H3nY1.JeHHSI, nporne,nmero KIOBeTY,
nocpe,nCTBOM BpamalOmemcSI ,nHCKa MOJIYnSlTOpa, cHa6xeHHoro TPe
HHTep<pepeHIJ.HOHHbIMH <pHnbTPaMH, <popMHpyeT Ha BbIxo,ne <POTO-
npHeMHHKa nocne,nOBaTeJIbHOCTb 3neKTPWIeCKHX HMnynbCOB. AMnJlH-
TY,na HMnYJIbCOB nepe,naeT HH<popMaIJ.HIO 0 KOHIJ.eHTPaIJ.HH aHaJIH3H-
pyeMbIx KOMnOHeHTOB raJa CO H CmHn, 3Ha1.JeHHR KOTOpbIX OTo6pa-
xalOTcSI IJ.H<PPOBbIMH HH.nHKaropaMH Ha J1Hu.eBoH naHeJIH npH6opa.
HMnynbcHbIH CHrHaJI, CHHMaeMbIH C KJIeMMbI KaTYillKH 3IDKHraHHSI
aBTOM06H1ISI, npe06pa3yeTcSI B nOCJIe,nOBaTeJIbHOCTb npSlMoyrOJIbHbIX
HMnYJIbCOB, 1.JaCTOTa KOTOpbIX npOnOpIJ.HOHaJIbHa qaCTOTe BpameHHSI
KOneH1.JaToro Bana aBTOM06H1IR. qacTOTa BpameHIDI KoneWlaToro BaJIa
,nBHraTeJISI <pHKcHpyeTcR CTpenOqHblM HH,nHKaTopOM B nonoxeHHH
nepeKJII01.JaTenSl pe)((HMa pa60TbI npH60pa «TaXOMeTp».
1 2
3
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5
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J - T}'M6JIep BKJlI01.JeHHSI cerH nHTaHHB; 2 - IDT}'I.I.ep nOlla1.JH raJa «BxOJ1»; 3 - ep
BbIBOJ1a ra3a «C6poc»; 4 - Q>H.1IbTJ) TOHKO" OtJHCTKH; 5 - lllTYQep <pHJlbTJ)a «Bxo.l(»;
6 - mTYUep Q>H.1IbTJ)a «BbIXO.l(»; 7 - pa3'beM CeTH nHTaHHSI; 8 - pa3'beM TaxoMe1pa;
9 - .l(ep)l(aTeJIb npe.aoxpaHHTeJIR; 10- pa3'beM J1aTtlHK3 H3MepHTenB J1bIMHOCTH
81
B ,npyrOM nOnOXeHHH nepeKJIlOqaTeng pe)((HMa pa60TbI «<OnTH-
MH3aTOp») CTpenOqHbIH HH,nHKaTOp oT06pa)((aeT CHrHaJI, nponop-
UHOHaJIbHbIH CYMMe 3HaqeHHH KOH eHTPal.U1H OKCH.[(a yrnepo,na CO
H yrneBo,nopo,nOB CmHn. MHHHMaJIbHOe HX 3HaqeHHe, ,nOCTHfaeMoe
perynHpoBaHHeM CHCTeM 3aXHfaHHB H nHTaHHB .n.BHfaTeng, COOT-
BeTcTByeT OnTHMaJIbHOH ero HaCTpOHKe no TonnHBHOH 3KOHOMHq-
HOCTH H MO HOCTH.
113MepeHHe Henp03paqHOCTH (.n.bIMHOCTH) or OCHOBaHO Ha 3<p-
<peKTe ocna6neHIDI CBeTOBoro nOTOKa Henp03paQHbIMH qaCTH aMH,
co,nepxa HMHCH B ra3ax. Henp03paqHOCTb or B OCHOBHOM onpe.n.e-
JUleTCB HaJIHQHeM QaCTH Ca}l(H, HeCfopeBllIero TOruIHBa, MOTOpHOfO
Macna H BOMHoro napa.
AHanoroBbIH CHfHaJI CBeTOBOfO nOTOKa, npoxOlUlIUero Qepe3 aHa-
nH3HpyeMYlO cpe,ny or aBTOM06HnB, npe06pa3yeTcB npH60pOM B
e,nHHH bI K03<t><PH HeHTa nOfnOIUeHHg, npHBe.n.eHHOfO K ,lJ.nHHe
<pOTOMeTPHQeCKOH 6a3bI OnTHQeCKoro ,naTtlHKa, C yqeToM TellJlOBoro
paCllIHpeHIDI ra30B no H3MepgeMOH TeMnepaType:
K = 273+1 InT
273L '
r,ne K - K03<P<PH HeHT nOrnOlll.eHHB, M- 1 ; L - <pH3HQeCKaB <pOTO-
MeTpHQeCKaB 6a3a H3MepHTenB ,nbIMHOCTH; T - OnTHQeCKOe npo-
nycKaHHe nornOIUalOIUero cnOB ra3a; 1 - TeMnepaTypa ra3a, °C.
CHCTeMa OT6opa np06bI H3MepHTeJUI ,abIMHOCTH or BKJIJOqaeT B ce6B
np0600T6oPHHK, COBMe eHHbIH C <pHJIb1pOM rpy60H OQHCTKH H3 CTe-
KJIOBOnOKHa, rn6KHH llIJIaHf, <pHJIbTP TOHKOH OQHCTKH H on eCKHH
,naTtlHK (pHC. 2.4). On1WlecKHH ,naTtlHK cHa6}1(eH Ka6eneM CBB3H 1 H
TeJIeCKOnWleCKOH PYKOSITKOH 2, pa3.nBHralOIUeHcB ,no .lI)IHHbI 1,5 M.
B naTPy6Kax H3nyqaTellil 10 H <t>oTonpHeMHHKa 3 pacnonaralOTCB
OTBepCTHB 4, 9,lLJU1 OQHCTKH OnTHQeCKHX 3neMeHTOB. O,lJ.HOBpeMeHHo
OTBepCTHe 9 BBJIBeTCB na30M )J..1IB YCTaHOBKH KOHTponbHoro CBeTO-
<pHnbTpa. B Hepa601.JeM nonoxeHHH OTBepCTHB 3aKpbITbI nepBbIM
3BeHOM PYKOBTKH H 3alll.HTHbIM KOnnaqKOM 11. nep<popHpoBaHHbIH
OTBepCTIDIMH naTPy60K H3MepHTenbHoro KaHaJIa 7 C ,nBYMB npOTHBO-
nono)I{Ho YCTaHOBJIeHHbIMH ,nHa<ppafMaMH-neperOp0,lJ.KaMH cHa6)((eH
HanpaBJUlIO HM na30M A1UI YCTaHOBKH np0600T60pHHKa.
A.JIropHTM <pyJlKUHOHHpOBaHIDI npH60pa B pe)I{HMe H3MepeHIDI He-
np03paQHOCTH (.nbIMHOCTH) or ,nH3eng npe,lJ.YCMaTJ)HBaeT cpaBHeHHe
BeJIH'IHH np03paq}iOCTH HCXO,nHOro (3TanoHHoro) cBeTOBoro nOTOKa <1>0
H CBeTOBOro nOTOKa <l>x, ocna6neHHoro cnoeM Henp03paqHbIX QaCTH
HCIIbrryeMoro ra3a. nonyqeHHasI BeJIH1.JHHa OnrnqeCKoro nponyCKaHIDI
T = <l>x!<I>o
nYTeM norapH<pMHpoBaHHB HCXO,nHbIX CHfHaJIOB npeo6pa3yeTcB B
K03<P<PH HeHT norno eHIDI
82
2
3
4 5
6
7
8 9 10 11
-lEE
1
PHC. 2.4. OnTHQeCKHH .naT1lHK:
/ - Ka6e.nb C pa3'beMOM; 2 - TeneCKOnHtIeCK PYKOSlTKa; 3 - <l>oTonpHeMHHK; 4 -
OTBepCTHe.lI.IDl OtJHCTKH <l>OTonpHeMHHKa; 5 - 3aIUHTHbli1: naTPy60K <l>oTonpHeMHHKa;
6 - TepMo.naTtIHK; 7 - H3MepHTeJIbH KaMepa C .nHa<!>parMaMH; 8 - 3aIUHTHblH
naTpy60K H3nytIaTeJISI; 9 - na3 KOHTpOJIbHOrO cBeTo<l>J.1JIbTpa; /0 - H3JIytJaTeJIb;
/ / - 3aIUHTHaSi KpblWKa
K = In(<I>xf<l>o),
KOTOpbIH, B CBOIO Oqepe,nb, KOppeKTHpyeTcSI C yqeToM K03<P<PHUHeH-
Ta TellJIOBOrO paCllIHpeHHSI ra3a
f = (273 + t)/373.
113MepeHHe TeMnepaTYPbI t ra3a ocyw:eCTBnSleTCSI TepMO,naTqH-
KOM 6, YCTaHOBJIeHHbIM B H3MepHTenbHOH KaMepe onTWleCKoro ,naT-
qHKa (CM. pHC. 2.4).
3 a,ll a H H e 2. nO,qroToBHTb npH60p K ps60Te B peJICHAfe
rB30SHSnH3STOpS
YCTaHOBHTh npH60p Ha CJleCapHOM BepCTaKe, 1)'M6nep 11 peXHMa
pa60T (CM. pHC. 2.2) nepeKJIlOtIHTb B nOJIOXeHHe «fa30aHaJIH3aTOp CO».
3aKpenHTb Ha 33,lU1eH naHeJIH (CM. pHC. 2.3) <pHJIb'Tp TOHKOH OqHCTKH 4.
Coe,nHHHTh KOpOTKHM lllJIaHroM IIITYUep <pHJIbTpa «BbIXO,n» 6 co IIITy-
uepOM 2 no,na'IH raJa «Bxo,n» npH6opa. K pa3DeM}' nHTaHIDI 7 Ha 33,lU1eH
naHeJIH no,nKJIlOqHTh Ka6eJIb nHTaHIDI KI H3 KOMruIeKTa npHH3,lJ)Iex-
HOCTeH. OrneTHbIe npOBo,na 3JIeKTPWlecKoro Ka6e.rnI IllITaHIDI KI no,n-
KJIlOqalOTCSI K HcnbrryeMOMy aBTOM06HJIIO CJIe.nyIOllUIM 06P330M:
. KpacHbIH 3IDKHM - K KJIeMMe aKKyMyilllTopa «+» 12 B;
. qepHbIH 3IDKHM - K KJIeMMe aKKYMYlliITopa «-».
K rHe3,ny «TaxoMeTP» npHcoe,nHHHTb Ka6eJlb K2, 3a)({HMbI KOTO-
porn no,nKJIlOqalOTCSI K CHCTeMe 3IDKHraHIDI aBToMo6H.1U1 B CJIe,nyJOw:eM
nOPMKe:
. KpacHbIH 3IDKHM - K KJIeMMe KaTyIlIKH 3a>KHraHIDI, coe,nHHeH-
HOH C npepbIBaTeneM (3neKTPOHHbIM KOMMyraTopoM);
. qepHbIH 3IDKHM - K Kopnycy «<Macce») aBTOM06Hlli1.
83
npH nHTaHHH npH60pa OT cern 220 B He06xo,nHMO 6JIOK nHTaHIDI
coe,nHHHTb C npH60poM tJepe3 paJ'beM «nHTaHHe» Ha 33)];HeH naHenH,
a 3aTeM no,nKJIlOtJHTb 6noK nHTaHHB BnH 220/12 K p03eTKe ceTH
220 B, 50 fn.
K IIITynepy «Bxo,n» 5 «!>HJIbTPa (CM. pHC. 2.3) no,nKJIlOtJHTb CHCTeMY
oT60pa np06bI. nO,nBecTH K BbIXJIOnHOH TPy6e HcnbITYeMoro aBTO-
M06HJI pyKaB CHCTeMbI OTBo,na Of. YCTaHOBHTb pbJ1lar nepeKJII01.JeHIDI
nepe,natJ aBTOM06HJU1 B HeiITpaJIbHOe nonoxeHHe H 3aTOpM03HTb aB-
TOM06HJIb CTOBHOtJHbIM TOpM030M.
nepe,n H3MepeHHeM KOHQeHTpaUHH OKCHJ(a yrJlepo,na H yrJleBO,no-
PO,nOB B Of ,nBHraTeJlb ,nOJDKeH 6bITb nporpeT ,no pa60'leH TeMnepa-
T}'Pbl OXJIa.x,naIOIneH )I{H,l(KOcrn - He HIDKe 80 °C.
BKJIIO'IHTb 1)'M6J1ep «nHTaHHe» Ha 3a,nneH naHMH npH60pa H tJepe3
5 C - 1)'M6J1ep «npO.nyBKa» Ha 20 c, 3aTeM ero BbIKJIIO'IHTb. Ha UH«!>-
pOBbIX HH.nHKaTOpax npH60pa ,nOJDKHhI YCTaHOBHTbC nOK33aHIDl:
. no KaHaJIy CO 0,00 + 0,02;
. no KaHaJIy CH 0,000 + 0,002.
ECJlH nOKa3aHH HHJ(HKaTOpOB OTJlH'IaIOTC OT YKa3aHHbIX, He-
06xo,l(HM0 BbmOJIHHTh KOppeKU,HJO nOK33anHii pery.rnrropaMH «0 - CO»,
«0 - CH» H «rpy60 - TO'lHO», pacnOJlOXeHHbIX Ha JlHueBOH naHeJlH
npH60pa (CM. pHC. 2.2).
OKOHtJaTeJlbHbIH KOHTpOJlb npaBHJlbHOCTH nOKa3aHHH npH60pa
oCYIUeCTBlliIeTC C HCnOJlb30BaHHeM 3TaJIOHHOro CBeTO«!>HJIbTpa:
. YCTaHOBHTb Ha HOJlb QH«!>pOBbIe HH,lUIKaTOpbl lllKaJI KOHueHTPa-
QHH CO, CH;
. TYM6J1epOM 12 (CM. pHC. 2.2) nepeKJIlOtJHTb npH60p B pe)KHM
HenpepbIBHbIX H3MepeHHH;
. OTBepHYTb KPbIlliKY OnTH'IeCKOrO ,naTtJHKa (CM. pHC. 2.4) H
YCTaHOBHTb KOIITpOJlbHbIH cBeTo«!>H.1IbTp B cneQHaJIbHOe rHe3-
,no 9;
. CH Tb 'IHCJleHHbIe nOKa3aHIDI Ha IllKaJIaX 4, 5 npH60pa (CM.
pHC. 2.2). OHH ,nOJl)I{HbI COOTBeTCTBOBaTh ,naHHbIM, YKaJaHHbIM
Ha cBeTo«!>HJIbTpe, B npe,neJlax + 10 %; KOppeKnHIO nOKa3aHHH
HH.nHKaTOpOB npOH3BO,l(SlT C nOMOInblO peryJUlTOpOB KoppeKUHH
HYJlB 9, 10.
TaKHM 06pa30M, npH60p H aBTOM06HJIb no,nroToWleHbI K H3Mepe-
HHIO KOHuelITpaUHH OKCHJ(a yrJlepo,na H yrJleBo,nopo,nOB B Of.
3 a.It a H H e 3. H3AfepHT. KOHqeHTPBLPfIO OKCIfAB yrneptJAB
M yrneBO,J:Iopo,J:IOB
YCTaHOBHTb np0600T6oPHHK ra30aHaJlH3aTOpa B BbInyCKJIyIO TpY-
6y aBTOM06HJIB C 6eH3HHOBbIM ABC Ha fny6HHY He Menee 300 MM OT
cpe3a (,no ynopa) H 3a«!>HKcHpOBaTb ero 3IDKHMOM.
84
nOJIHOCTblO OTKpblTb B03JJ:YIIIHYIO 3aCJIOHKY Kap61OpaTOpa (.LUI
aBTOM06H.1I BA3-2106).
nYCTHTb ,nBHraTeJIb. YBeJIHqHTb qaCTOTY Bpalll.eHHH KOneHlfaTOrO
BMa ,nBHraTe.rnI,aO 3HalfeHHH, 6nH3KHX K MaKCHMaJIbHOH (4500...5000
MHH- 1 ) H npopa60TaTb B 3TOM pe}l(HMe He MeHee 15 c.
npH ,nOCTH}I(eHHH TeMnepaTypbl OXlIa}l(,L\alOIUeH )l(H,nKOCTH 80...
95 °C YCTaHOBHTb MHHHMaJIbHyJO lfaCTOTY BpameHHSI Bana ,nBHraTeJI
(nmin x.x = 750...800 MHH- 1 ) H npopa6oTaTb B 3TOM pe)l(HMe He MeHee
20 c.
BKJIlOqHTb TYM6nep /4 «npO,aYBKa» (CM. pHC. 2.2) Ha nepe,aHeH
naHeJIH npH60pa H qepe3 20...30 C BbIKJIlOlfHTb.
CqHTaTb nOKa3aHH Ha IJ.H<PPOBbIX HH.LI.HKaTopax 4, 5 nepe,aHeH
naHenH npH60pa H3MepeHHbIX KOHIJ.eHTPaIJ.HH H3Mep eMbIX KOMno-
HeHTOB H 3aHeCTH HX B npOTOKOJI HcnbITaHHH.
nOBTOpHO npOH3BeCTH H3MepeHHe KOHIJ.eHTPaUHH CO, CmHn npH
HOMHHaJIbHOH qaCTOTe Bpa eHH Bana (nHOM.X.X = 3 200...3 600 MHH- 1 )
,nBHraTeJIH H 3aHeCTH HX B npOTOKOJI.
3arJIylllHTb ,aBHraTenb. BblHyrb npo600T6oPHHK ra30aHaJIH3aTOpa
H3 BbInyCKHOH TPy6bl aBTOM06H.1IH.
BKJIlOqHTb T}'M6JIep 14 «npO,a}'BKa» H qepe3 20...30 C BbIKJIlOqHTb
em. OnepaIJ.H npo,a}'BKH npH60pa ocymecTBJIHeTCH aTMoc<pepHbIM
B03,nYXOM; Ha IJ.H<PPOBbIX HH.nHKaTOpax ,nOJDKHbI YCTaHOBHTbCH HYJIe-
BbIe nOKa3aHH .
Co,nep}l(aHHe OKCH.l{a yrJIepo,aa H yrJIeBo,aopo,aOB B 0 r aBTOM06H.1IH
,nOJDKHO 6bITb B npe,aeJIax 3HaqeHHH, YCTaHOBJIeHHblX npe,anpHSlTHeM-
H3rOTOBHTeJIeM aBToM06Hn , HO He BbIllIe Tex, KOTopbIe npe,aYCMOT-
peHhI rOCT P 52033 - 2003 «ABToM06HnH C 6eH3HHoBbIMH ,aBHraTe-
n MH. Bbl6poCbI 3arpSl3HSlIO HX Belll.eCTB C oTpa60TaBIlIHMH ra3aMH.
HOpMhI H MeTo,abI KOHTpOJI npH oueHKe TeXHHlfeCKoro COCTOSlHH »
(,n;rn aBTOM06HJIeH KaTeropHH M 1 H N I 3HaqeHH CO H CmHn npH-
Be,aeHhI B Ta6n. 2.5).
T a 6 11 H U. a 2.5. npeAenbHo AonYCTMMble 3Ha'leHMR nOKa3aTeneM
oTpa6oTaBwMx r830B aBToMo6MneM KaTeropMM M 1 M N 1 ,
06oPYAoBaHHblx ABYXKoMnoHeHTHoM cMcTeMoM HeMTpanM3aL\MM
ra30B M He 060PYAOBaHHblX elO (AJlfl nOC11eAHHX 3Ha eHHfI YKa3aHbi
B cKo6Kax)
qacToTa BpaweHluI YrneBOD.OpoJJ.bI CmHm
(ycTaHaBJI H BaeTCSI Tex- OKCHLt yrnepo.ll.a 06'beMHaH D.onSi
HHtIeCKOH .lI.oJ<yMeHTa- CO, 06. %
UHeii Ha aBToMo6HJ1b) % MJlH- 1
nmin X.x 1,0 (3,5) 0,04 (0,12) 400 (I 200)
nHOM.X.X 0,6 (2,0) 0,02 (0,06) 200 (600)
85
3 a a H H e 4. OTperynHpoBsTb ABHrSTenb
HS MHHHMsnbHYIO TOKCHIfHOCTb oTps6oTSBWHX rS30B
H3BeCTHO, liTO B npou.ecce 3KcnnyaTaUHH ,aBHraTeJIb, H3HalUH-
BaSlCb, yxy,alUaeT nepBOHallaJIbHble 3KOnOrHqeCKHe nOKa3aTenH,
o,aHaKO npH KOHKpeTHOM TeXHHqeCKOM COCTOHHHH MHHHMaJIbHO
B03MOXHoe COlleTaHHe 3HaqeHHH KOHu.eHTpaUHH CO H CmHn CO-
OTBeTcTByeT OnTHMaJIbHOH ero HaCTpOHKe no 3KOnOfHQHOCTH, TO-
llJIHBHOH 3KOHOMHqHOCTH H MOIUHOCTH. MHHHMaJIbHO B03MO}l(HOe
COQeTaHHe 3HaQeHHH KOHu.eHTpaUHH CO H CmHn ,nOCTHraeTCSI H3-
MeHeHHeM perynHpOBOQHbIX napaMeTpOB CHCTeM nHTaHHSI H 3a-
:>KHraHHSI ABC.
fa3oaHaJIH3aTop oTPa60TaBllIHx ra30B ABTOTECT CO - CH - A
n03BonSleT onTHMH3HpOBaTb pa60QHH npouecc ABC nyreM Henpe-
pbIBHOro KOUTpOllil C}'MMapHoro 3HaqeHIDI KOHueUTpaUHH CO H CmHn
B Of npH ero pa60Te. ,[lrnI 3TOro He06xo,nHMO nepeKJIlOqaTenb 6 pe-
)l{HMa pa60ThI (CM. pHC. 2.2) npH60pa nepeBeCTH B nOnO}l(eHHe «OnTH-
MH3aTOp». B TaKOM pe)f(HMe pa60TbI npH60pa CTPenOqHbIH H HKaTOp
50T06pIDKaeT CHrHaJI, nponopuJ-fOHaJIbHbIH CYMMe 3HaqeHHH KOH-
ueHTPaUHH OKCH,na yrnepo,na CO H yrneBo,nopo,aOB CmHn.
YCTaHoBHTb np0600T6oPHHK ra30aHaJIH3aTOpa B BbIXJIOnHyK) TPY-
6y aBTOM06H.Tm H nyCTHTb ,nBHraTenb. npH ,nOCTIDKeHHH TeMnepaTypbI
OXJIIDK.naIOIUeH )l{}l)];KOCTH 80... 95°C YCTaHOBHTb MHHHMaJIbHyK) qa-
CTOTY BpaIUeHHSI BaJIa ,aBHraTenH (.LUIH aBTOM06HJIeH BA3 nmin X.x =
= 750...800 MHH- I ) H npopa60TaTb B 3TOM pe}I(HMe He MeHee 20 c.
BKJIIOQHTb T)'M6JIep 14 «npO,aYBKa» (CM. pHC. 2.2) H perynHpoBaTb
pa60TY ,nBHraTeJIR nOBopOTaMH BHHTOB KaqeCTBa H TOKCHqHOCTH
CMeCH Kap6lOpaTopa, ,n06HBaRCb MHHHMaJIbHOrO OTKJIOHeHIDI CTpeJ1-
KH npH60pa 5 no llIKaJIe «OnTHMH3au.IDI», qTO COOTBeTcTByeT MHHH-
MaJIbHOM}' pacxo.ny TOllJIHBa H co,aep}l(aHHIO TOKCWlHbIX KOMnOHeHTOB
B Of npH pa60Te ,nBHraTenR. Donee TOQHaSl HacTPoHKa ABC B03MO}l(-
Ha npH H3MeHeHHH He TOJ1bKO perYJ1HpyeMbIx napaMeTpOB CHCTeMbI
XOJIOCTOrO xo,na Kap6lOpaTopa, HO H 3HaqeHHH HaqaJIbHOrO yrJ1a
onepexeHHSI 3IDKHraHHSI.
3 a a H H e 5. nOAroToBHTb npH60p K ps60Te B peJICHMe
AblMOMeps
nepeKJIIOQHTb TYM6nep 11 pe)l(HMa pa60T (CM. pHC. 2.2) npH60pa
B nOnO:>KeHHe «AbIMOMep».
npHBeCTH onTWleCKHH ,aa]"qHK B pa60qee nOnO:>KeHHe, pa3,aBHHYB
TeJIeCKOnHllecKYJO PYKOSlTK)' ,ao MaKCHMaJIbHOH .LUIHHbI.
YCTaHOBHTb H30rnyryJO TPy6K)' B OTBepCTHe Kopnyca npo6ooT6op-
HHKa B nOnO:>KeHHe, nepneHJJ:HK)'JUlpHOe llJIOCKOCTH Kopnyca. 3a<l>HK-
CHpOBaTb n0J10:>KeHHe TPy6KH BHHTOM.
86
nO,nKJIlOqHTb OnTHQeCKHH ,naTqHK K npH60pHOMY 6JIOKY Qepe3
pa3'beM 10 «,[{aT1JHK ,nbIMOMepa» (CM. pHC. 2.3).
):lrnI KOHTPOllil npaBHJIbHOCTH nOKa3aHHH UHQ>POBOro HH,l{HKaTOpa
,nbIMHOCTH npH60pa npOBeCTH npOBepKY ero pa60TbI no KOHTPOJIb-
HOMY cBeT0<pHJIbTPY:
. YCTaHOBHTb nepeKJIlOqaTeJIb pe)f(HMa 12 H3MepeHHH (CM. pHC.
2.2) B nOJIOXeHHe «TeKYIUee 3HaqeHHe ,nbIMHOCTH», COOTBeT-
CTByIOIUee 3HaKY «-»;
. OTBepHyrb KpbIlliKY OnTHqeCKOrO ,naT'IHKa. HIDKaTb KHonKY 10
KOppeKIJ;HH HYJI5I, npH 3TOM Ha UH<PPOBOM HIU(HKaTOpe npH-
60pa ,nOJDKHO oT06pa3HTbcSI 3HaqeHHe 0,00 + 0,02, 3aTeM KHon-
KY OTnYCTHTb;
. YCTaHOBHTb KOHTPOJIbHbIH cBeTo<pHJlbTJ) B rHe3,n0 9 (CM. pHC.
2.4) OlITIf1leCKoro .aaT'-lHKa, npH 3TOM nOKa3aHIDI npH60pa ,nOJDK-
HbI COOTBeTCTBOBaTb ,naHHbIM no IlIKaJIe ,L1bIMHOCTH (K, M- 1 ),
HaHeceHHbIM Ha cBeTo<pHJIbTPe B npe.neJIax + 10 % (npH TeMne-
paType OKpyxalOIUero B03,nyxa (23 + 5)OC).
TaKHM 06pa30M, npH60p ABTOTECT CO - CH -,[{ no,nroTOBJIeH
K H3MepeHHIO ,nbIMHOCTH (Henp03paqHOcTH) or ,nH3eJIbHbIX aBTOMO-
6HJIeH.
3 a,ll a H H e 6. H3AfepJfTb ,QbIAfHOCTb oTps6oTSBWJfX rS30B
,QJf3enbHOro ,QBJfrBTenfl BHyrpeHHero CrOpSHJffl
113MepeHHe ,nbIMHOCTH or ,nH3eJIeH BbInOJIHSleTCSI B ,L1BYX peXHMax:
npH MaKCHMaJIbHOH qaCTOTe Bpalll.eHIDI KOJIeHqaTOrO BMa (orpaHH-
qeHHOH perYIDITopoM) H MaKCHMaJIbHOH HarpY3Ke.
B COOTBeTCTBHH C rOCT P 52160-2003 «ABTOTpaHcnopTHbIe
cpe,nCTBa, OCHalll.eHHbIe ,nBHraTellilMH C BOCIIJIaMeHeHHeM OT C)KaTHSI.
,[{bIMHOCTb oTPa60TaBllIHx ra30B. HOpMbI H MeTo,nbI KOHTpOJISI npH
oueHKe TeXHHqeCKOrO COCTOSIHIDI» A1UI ,nH3eJIeH 6e3 Ha,u.ayBa, Haxo-
MllI.HXCSI B 3KCI1.1IYaTaUHH, 3HaqeHHe ,nbIMHOCTH npH MaKCHMaJIbHOH
qaCTOTe BpaIUeHIDI (n max ) He ,nOJDKHO npeBbImaTb 15 %, COOmeTCTBeH-
HO K03<P<I>HUHeHT nOfJIOIUeHIDI K 0,3...0,4 M- 1 ; A1UI pe)f(HMa MaKCH-
MaJIbHOH MOIUHOCTH - He 60JIee 66 % (K 2,5 M- 1 ). ):lrnI ,nBHfaTeneH
C Ha,u.ayBOM nOKa3aTeJIb ,nbIMHOCTH B nOCJIe,nHeM cnyqae He ,nOJDKeH
npeBbIllIaTb 72,5 % (K 3,5 M- 1 ). BOJIee TOqHbIe CBe,neHIDI 03HaqeHHH
,nbIMHOCTH ,nBHraTellil yJ<a3bIBaIOTCSI 3aBo,naMH-H3roToBHTeJISlMH.
MaKCHMaJIbHasI HarpY3Ka ,nBHraTeIDI C03,ll;aeTCSI KpaTKOBpeMeHHblM
HIDKameM Ha ne,nanb aKce.rrepaTopa, npH 3TOM ocym.eCTBJISIeTCSI pe}J{HM
cB060,nHoro YCKopeHIDI (pa3roHa) Bana ,nBHraTen5l. B03HHKaeT ,nHHa-
Ml{qeCKOe caMOHarpyxeHHe ,nBHraTeJUI ern B03BpaTHO- nocTynaTenbHO
,nBIDK)'IUHMHCSI H Bpalll.alOIUHMHCSI HHepUHOHHbIMH MaccaMH KpHBO-
llIHnHO-llIaT)'HHoro MexaHH3Ma H MaXOBHKa.
87
AmI H3MepeHIDI ,abIMHOCTH or B pe:>KHMe CB060,aHOro YCKopeHHB
,aBHraTellil YCTaHOBHTb nepeKJIlOqaTenb 12 (CM. pHC. 2.2) pe:>KHMa H3-
MepeHHH «-/0» npH60pa B nonoxeHHe «0» (pe)l{}fM perHCTPaUHH
nHKOBbIX 3HaqeHHH); A1UI H3MepeHIDI B pe)f(HMe MaKCHMaJIbHOH qa-
CTOTbI BpaIIJ:eHIDI BaJIa - B nonoxeHHe «-».
BBeCTH H30myryK> TPy6KY np0600T60pHHKa B BbIXJIOnHyK> TPy6y
aBTOM06Hlli1 H H3MepHTb ,abIMHOCTb or HcnbI1)'eMoro aBTOM06Hlli1 B
peXHMe YCKopeHHSI ,aBHraTenB H B peXHMe MaKCHMaJIbHOrO qHCna
060pOTOB.
nOBTOpHTb H3MepeHIDI He MeHee 1pex pa3. Pe3ynbTaTbI 3aHeCTH B
npOTOKon HcnbITaHIDI (CM. Ta6n. 2.6).
nocne Ka)K)];OH cepHH H3MepeHHH ,abIMHOCTH BbI,aepxaTb naY3Y
30...60 C A1UI eCTeCTBeHHOH BeHTKIDlUHH H3MepHTenbHoro KaHaJIa OT
OCTaTKOB or H npOH3HeCTH KoppeKUHIO nyJUl. He ,nonycKaeTcSI Ha-
xaTHe KHOnlGl 9 Koppe HH nyllil npH HaJIH'lHH ra30B B OnrnqeCKOM
,aa'NHKe.
nOcne 3aBepmeHIDI H3MepeHHH ,aeMOHTHpOBaTb np0600T60PHHK
,abIMOMepa C OnTHqeCKoro ,na'NHKa H MSIfKOH BeTomblO OqHCTHTb no-
BepxHOCTH nep<popHpOBaHHoro naTpy6Ka OnTHqeCKOrO ,l(aTqHKa H
TPy6KH np0600T6opHHKa OT CIDKH.
npOTepeTb nOBepxHOCTb CBeTo<pH.1Ib1pa qepe3 CneUHaJIbHOe OT-
BepCTHe OnTH'leCKOrO ,na'NHKa BaTHbIM TaMnOHOM, HaBepJIyTbIM Ha
CnHqKY HJIH ,apyroH CTepxeHb ,aHaMeTPOM 1...2 MM H .lUIHHOH 50...
80 MM.
BaTHbIH TaMnOH CMOtIHTb CnHPT<>3<pHpHOH CMeCblO (npHMeHeHHe
BO,abI, MOIOIIJ:HX cpe,nCTB HJIH paCTBOpHTeJIeH He ,aonycKaeTCSI).
BbIKJIlOqHTb nHTaHHe npH60pa H npoH3BecTH ,aeMOHTIDK 3neMeH-
TOB ra30aHaJIH3aTOpa C aBTOM06KID1.
0<P0PMHTb O'NeT no na60paTopHOH pa60Te.
COAep)I(aHHe OT'leTa
ONeT no JIa60paTopHOH pa60Te ,aOJDKeH 0TPIDKaTb HaH60nee BIDK-
HbIe nonoxeHHSI H HopMaTHBHbIe ,nOKYMeHTbI, HanpaBJIeHHbIe Ha
orpaHHqeHHe BbI6poCOB TOKCHqHbIX KOMnOHeHTOB nO,l(BIDKHbIM CO-
CTaBOM aBTOM06H.1IbHoro TpaHcnopTa, C 06S13aTeJIbHbIM BKJIlOqeHHeM
CJIe,l(yIDIIJ:HX cBe,l(eHHH:
. Ha3BaHHe H ueJIb pa60TbI;
. onHcaHHe KOHCTPYKUHH ra30aHaJIH3aTOpa;
. KpaTKHe cBe,neHIDI no TeXHOJIOrHH onpe,neJIeHIDI KOHueUTpaUHH
OKCH,l(a yrJIepo,l(a, yrJIeBo,aopo,nOB H .l{hIMHOCTH or ,aBC;
. pe3YJIbTaTbI H3MepeHHH (npoTOKOJI HCnbITaHHH, Ta6n. 2.6);
. OTBeTbI no HH.nHBH,l(yaJIbHbIM 3anaHIDIM;
. BbIBO,abI no pa60Te.
88
T a 6 11 H U. a 2.6. npOToKon McnblT8HMM ABMraTenli ra30aHanM38TopOM
ABTOTECT CO-CH-A
3HatIeHHe
napaMeTPa
AHaJlH3HpyeMbIA PeXHM J],HarHOCTHpO- 3aKJIIOQe-
napaMeTJ), eJ],H- Q,) Q) I 0
BaHHSI ABC I 0 I 0 HHe
HHQbI H3MepeHIDI := :I: v :I:
Q..
o t::5 0
e
:t:I: t:{
CO, % n min x x
n HOM x x
CmHm % nmin x x
n HOM x x
K M- 1 MaKCHMaJlbHOH QaCTO-
,
(.nbIMHOCTb) TbI BpameHHSI n max x x
K M- 1 MaKCHMaJlbHOH Mom-
,
(.nbIMHOCTb) HOCTH
KOHTPonbH EBonpoc
I. nepeqHCJIHTe HopMaTHBHbIe ,nOK}'MeHThI, HanpaBJIeHHhIe Ha orpaHH-
qeHHe co,nepxaHIDI OKCHlI.a yrJIepOlla, yrJIeBOllopo,nOB H ,nbIMHOCTH or aBTO-
M06HJIeH.
2. nOBTopHTe TPe60BaHHSI no TeXHHKe 6e30naCHOCTH npH pa60Te C npH-
60pOM ABTOTECT co - CH - A.
3. PaCCK3.)({HTe 0 Ha3HaqeHHH, YCTPOHCTBe H npHHQHne pa60TbI npH60pa
B pe}l(}fMe ra30aHaJIH3aTopa.
4. PaccKIDKHTe 06 06ll.{eM Ha3HaqeHHH, YCTPOHcTBe H npHHQHne pa60TbI
npH60pa B pe}l(}fMe H3MepHTeJUI ,lJ,bIMHOCTH.
5. KaKHe YCTPOHCTBa BXO.lJ.SlT B CHCTeMY oT6opa np06bI npH H3MepeHHH
,nbIMHOCTH Or?
6. AnSI KaKOH UeJIH B OnTHQeCKOM ,naT'lHKe YCTaHOWleH TepMo,naT'lHK?
7. npHBe,lJ,HTe nOCJIe,nOBaTe.1IbHOCTb OnepaQHH no no,nroroBKe ra30aHaJIH-
3aTopa K pa60Te.
8. KaKHM 06Pa30M ocyrueCTBJUleTCSI KOHTPOJIb nOKa3aHHH npH6opa?
9. YKIDKHTe pe}KJfMbI pa60TbI )].BC, npH KOTOpbIX onpe,neJISiIOTCSI 060-
eMHbIe .nOJIH OKCHlI.a yrJIepOlla " yrJIeBo.nopo.nOB.
10. npHBe.nwre Mero.nHKY H3MepeHH KOHu;eHTPaUHH OKCHlI.a yrJIepo.na H
yrJIeBo.nopo.nOB.
11. KaK OCYll.{eCTBHTb onTHMH3aQHIO pa60Qero npou;ecca B UH.1IHHlIpaX
ABC C nOMOll.{blO ra30aHaJIH3aTOpa ABTOTECT CO-CH-J].?
12. Ha30BHTe pe)l{lfMhI pa60Thl ABC, np" KOTOpbIX onpe.neJISleTCSI nOKa-
3aTeJIb ,lJ.bIMHOCTH Of.
13. npHBe.nHTe MeTO,nHKY H3MepeHHSI nOKa3aTeJISI ,nhIMHOCTH npH60poM
ABTOTECT CO- CH -A.
89
14. YKa)l(HTe npe,aeJlbHO ,aonycTHMble 3HaqeHH nOKa3aTeJIeH or aBTO-
Mo6HJ1eH KaTeropHH Mt H Nt, o6opy,aoBaHHblx ,aByxKOMnOHeHTHOH CHCTe-
MOH HeHTP3JlH3au.HH or H He OCHaUJ,eHHbIX eIO.
15. YKIDKHTe npe,aeJlbHO lI.onycTHMble 3HaqeHIDI nOKa3aTeJleH lI.bIMHOCTH
or aBTOM06HJ1eH C lI.H3eIDIMH.
2.3. YCTpOMCTBO, npMHI4Mn pa60Tbi M pe)l(MMbl
AMarHOCTMpOBaHMII ABMraTeneM BHyrpeHHero
cropaHMII MOTop-TeCTepOM M1-2
l(eAb pa60mbl - H3yqHTb KOHCT})yJGJ;HIO, OCHOBHbIe TeXUH1JeCKHe
xapaKTepHCTHKH, npaBHJIa no,nroToBKH K pa60Te H pe)I(HMbI ,nHarHO-
CTHpOBaHHSI ABC MOTop-TeCTepOM Ml-2.
06 Me CBeAeHMR M OCHOBHble nOHRTMR
3<p<peKTHBHoCTb HCnOJIb30BaHIDI aBTOM06HJIeH H ,npyrHX TpaHC-
nopTHbIX cpe,nCTB B 3Ha1JHTeJIbHOH CTeneHH onpe,neJISleTCSI TeXHH1Je-
CKHM COCTOSlHHeM ,nBHraTellil, SlBJISllOlI(erOCSI HaH60JIee CJIO)l{HbIM H
OTBeTCTBeHHbIM HX arperaTOM. Ha ern ,nOJIIO npHxo,nHTCSI 1/30TKa30B
H npHMepHO 20 % T})y,noeMKOCTH TO H TP aBToM06R1U1.
OCHOBHOH npH1JHHOH H3MeHeHHSI (nerpa.naUHH) TeXHH1JeCKOrO
COCTOSIHIDI MexaHH3MOB aBTOM06H.JUI SlBJUleTCSI H3HarnHBaHHe ,neTaJIeH.
B pe3YJIbTaTe H3HaIlIHBaHHSI npOHcxo,nHT T})aHc<popMaUHSI MHKpO- H
MaKpOreOMeT})}lqeCKHX napaMeT})OB conpIDKeHHbIX ,neTaJIeH, Hapyrna-
IOTCSI YCJIOBHSI CMa3KH, npOCT})aHCTBeHHaSI opHeHTaUHSI oceH KHHe-
MaTH1JeCKH CBSl3aHHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB, a TaIOKe yBeJIH1JHBaeTCSI HX ,nHHa-
MH1JeCKaSl HarpyxeHHOCTb.
113HaIlIHBaHHe OKa3bIBaeT OT})HIJ;aTeJIbHOe BJIIDIHHe Ha 3<p<peKTHB-
HOCTb npOTeKaHHSI pa601JHX npoueCCOB B ABC. npH 3TOM Hapyrna-
eTCSI TepMo,nHHaMHKa cropaHHSI pa601JeH CMeCH B UHJIHHJ(paX BCJIe,n-
CTBHe YMeHbilieHIDI CTeneHH C)I{aTHSI, H3MeHeHIDI yrJIa onepexeHHSI
3IDKHraHHSI (BnpbICKa), no,naqH TOnJIHBa H YCJIOBHH cMece06pa30Ba-
HHSI, <paJ raJopacnpe,neJIeHIDI; yBeJIH1JHBaIOTCSI pacxo,n MaCJIa Ha yrap,
MOIll.HOCTh MeXaHH1JeCKHX nOTepb, ypoBeHb rnyMa H BH6paIJ;HH. 113-3a
H3Hoca conpIDKeHHH H HapymeHIDI peryJIHpOBOK OCHOBHbIX CHCTeM
H Y3JIOB ,nBHraTellil B03pacTaeT HepaBHoMepHocTb pa60TbI UHJIHHJI.POB
(,no 25... 30 %), CHIDKaeTCSI 3<p<peKTHBHaSI MOlI(HOCTb (,no 15... 20 %),
yBeJIH1JHBaeTCSI pacxo,n TOnJIHBa (,no 25 %) H yxy,nIlIaIOTCSI 3KOJIOm1Je-
CKHe nOKa3aTeJIH ern pa60ThI.
n03TOMY He06xo,nHMbI nepHo,nH1JeCKHe npo<pHJIaKTH1JeCKHe H
peMOHTHbIe pa60TbI no CBoeBpeMeHHOMY npe,nynpex.neHHIO OTKa30B
H HeHcnpaBHocTeH, 1JaCTHqHOMY HJIH nOJIHOMY BOCCTaHOBJIeHHIO
yrpa1JeHHOH pa60Tocnoc06HoCTH ABC.
90
06S13aTeJIbHbIM TeXHOJIOrHqeCKHM 3JIeMeHTOM npouecca TO ABC
SlBJISlIOTCSI ,aHarHOCTHqeCKHe pa60TbI, QeJIb KOTOpbIX onpe,aeJIHTb Tex-
HHqeCKOe COCTOSlHHe CHCTeM H MexaHH3MOB ,lJ.BHraTeJISI 6e3 HX pa3-
60PKH, JIOKaJIH30BaTb MeCTO H npHqHHY HeHcnpaBHOCTH, a CJIe,aOBa-
TeJIbHO, nOBblCHTb TeXHHKO-3KOHOMHQeCKHe H 3KOJIOrHQeCKHe no-
Ka3aTeJIH 3Kcn.rryaTaQHH ABC H CHH3HTb MaTepHaJIbHbIe 3aT})aTbI Ha
no.n.aep)l{aHHe ero pa60Tocnoc06HoCTH.
MeTO,lJ.bI H cpe,aCTBa ,aHarHOCTHpOBaHHSI ,aBlfraTeJIeH, HX CHCTeM If
MexaHH3MOB no,apa3,aeJISlIOTCSI Ha KOMnJIeKCHble (<pYHKUHOHaJIbHble)
H n03JIeMeHTHble.
nepBaSl rpynna MeTo,aOB H cpe,aCTB npe,aHa3HaqeHa ,lJ)ISI onpe,aeJIe-
HHSI 06Il1.ero TeXHHqeCKOrO COCTOSlHHSI ,aBHraTeJISI no napaMeTpaM
MOIll.HOCTH, KpyrSlIll.ero MOMeHTa, pacxo,ay TOnJIlfBa, ypOBHIO IlIYMa If
BH6paUHH. ECJIH no pe3YJIbTaTaM 06Il1.ero ,aHarnOCTHpOBaHIDI napa-
MeTpbI ABC He COOTBeTCTBYIOT HopMaTHBHbIM HX 3HaqeHHSlM, TO
npHqHHbI HeHcnpaBHOCTH onpe,aeJISlIOT JIOKaJIbHbIMH MeTo,aaMH.
AHarnocrnpoBaHHe B 3TOM c.nyqae npOH3BO,aHTCSI no 60JIee IlIIIpOKO-
MY pSIJ(y ,aHarHOCTWIecKHX napaMerpOB: BH6poaKYCTIlQeCKHM; nepHO,lI,H-
QeCKH nOBTOpSlIOIlI.HMCSI npoueccaM; repMeTWlHOCTH pa60qm{ 06DeMOB;
Ha OCHOBe cneKTPaJIbHoro aHaJIH3a COCTaBa KaprepHOro MaCJIa; reMne-
paType OXJIIDK,l(aIOIlI.eH KOCTH; BpeMeHHbIM napaMeTPaM pa60QID{
npoueCCOB; ,aaBJIeHHIO MaCJIa B MaCJUlHOH MamCTpaJIH H ,ap.
COOTBeTCTBeHHO H cpe,aCTBa ,aHarHocTHpoBaHIDI,aBHraTeJIeH no,a-
pa3,aeJISlIOTCSI Ha KOMnJIeKCHble, 06eCneQHBalOIlI.He onpe,aeJIeHHe
TeXHHQeCKoro COCTOSlHHSI 60JIbllIHHCTBa CHCTeM H MexaHH3MOB ,aBH-
raTeJISI, H cneQHaJIH3HpOBaHHble - npe,aHa3HaQeHHble .lI.IDI ou;eHKH
COCTOSlHHSI KOHKpeTHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB.
K CneUHaJIH3HpOBaHHbIM cpe,aCTBaM ,aHarHOCTHpOBaHHSI OTHOCSlT-
CSI, HanpHMep, nHeBMOTeCTep K-272M H KOMnpeCCOMeTpbI K-52,
KM-201 WISI onpe,aeJIeHHSI TeXHHQeCKOrO COCTOSIHIDI IJ;nf; npHcno-
C06JIeHHe (KI1-8918) lJ)ISI npOBepKH 3a30pOB B KJIanaHax ra30pacnpe-
,aeJIHTeJIbHOrO MexaHH3Ma (fPM); npH60p 3-242 ,aJISI npOBepKH
3JIeMeHTOB 3JIeIcrpo060py,aoBaHHSI; CT})060CKOn AC-2 .lI.IDI onpe,aeJIe-
HHSI yrJIa onepexeHHSI 3aXHraHHSI; ra30aHaJIH3aTopbI-,abIMOMepbI;
pacxo,aOMepbI TOnJIHBa K-427, PT-2, K-516, KI1-13967.
K KOMnJIeKCHbIM cpe,aCTBaM ,aHarHOCTHpOBaHIDI OTHOCSIT MOTOp-
TeCTepbI, KOHCTPYKTHBHOH: oc06eHHocTblO KOTOpbIX SlBJUIeTCSI BbICOKaSl
onepaTHBHOCTb H TOqHOCTb H3MepeHHH. MOTop-TecTepbI n03BOJISlIOT
onpe,aeJISlTb ueJIbIH PSIJI napaMeTpOB ,aBHraTellil npH O,aHOM no,aKJIIO-
qeHHH ,aaTqHKOB. npH 3TOM BbI60p pe}f(HMa 1f3MepeHIDI 06eCneQHBa-
eTCH nocpe,aCTBOM nepeKJIlOqaTeJIeH po,aa H3MepeHHH, QTO 3HaQHTeJIb-
HO COKpaIll.aeT Tpy,aoeMKOCTb ,aHarHOCTHpOBaHRSI.
Ha ATn HaH60JIbllIee pacnpOC'rpaHeHHe nOJIyqH.1IH MOTop-recrepbI
K-461, K-486, KI1-5524, K-518, 3A-2A, 3,l1.-3, EMT-IOIO, «Macrep-2»,
-3, -4, -5, -7 C aHaJIOrOBOH HH,aHKaU;HeH: pe3YJIbTaTOB ,aHarHOCTHpO-
91
BaHHSI. CpaBHHTeJIbHO He,nOpOrHe aHaJIOrOBbIe npH60pbI 06JIa,aa1OT
XOpOIlIHMH MeTPOJIOrH1JeCKHMH XapaKTepHCTHKaMH, n03BOIDIJOT no-
JIyqHTb He TOJIbKO KOJIH1JeCTBeHHYIO, HO H Ka1JeCTBeHHyJO HH<I>opMa-
QHIO 0 KOHT})OJIHpyeMoM npoQecce, HanpHMep, 0 HaXO)K.neHHH napa-
MeTpa B 3aL\aHHbIX npe,neJIax, .lI.HHaMHKe npOTeKaHHSI pa60llHX npo-
l.(eCCOB. O.lI.HaKO B npH60pax C aHaJIOrOBOH HH,nHKaQHeH, Kor,na
HH)l.HKaTOp neperp}')KeH IlIKaJIaMH H Ha O,nHH HH)l.HKaTOp nOO1Jepe,nHO
BbIBO,lJ,SlTC pe3YJIbTaTbI H3MepeHHSI HeCKOJIbKHX napaMeTPOB, C1JHTbI-
BaHHe pe3YJIbTaTOB H3MepeHHH YCJIO)l(H eTC , YBeJIH1JHBaIOTCSI BpeWi
H BepOHTHOCTb 0llIH6KH nOCTaHOBKH .lI.HarH03a onepaTopOM.
Pa3pa6oTKa H OCBoeHHe B MaCCOBOM npOH3BO.lI.CTBe HOBbIX BH,lJ,OB
l.(H<I>POBbIX HH,nHKaTopOB H YCTPOHCTB ynpaBJIeHH HMH Ha OCHOBe
MHKpocxeM cpe,aHeH H 60JIbllIeH CTeneHH HHrerpaUHH npHBeJIO K C03-
,naHHIO Cpe.lI.CTB TeXHH1JeCKoro .lI.HarnOCTHpOBaHIDI HOBOro nOKOJIeHIDI
Ha 6a3e MHKpOnpOQeCCOpOB - MOTop-recrepoB KA,[(-300, MT-5, MI-2;
M 1-3, Sun-200t H ,np. I1MeHHo 3a HHMH 6Y.lI.YIUee, TaK KaK 6YKBeHHO-
QH<PPOBaH HHJI.HKaQIDI 06eCneQHBaeT 60JIee BbICOKYK> CKOpOCTb Ii T01J-
HOCTb H3MepeHHH, Y.lI.06cTBO ClIHTbIBaHIDI H 06pa6OTKH HH<I>OPMaIJ,HH.
B .lI.aHHbIX MeTO.ll.Ht.feCKHX YKa3aHHHX npHBO.lI. TCSI CBe.lI.eHH 06
OCHOBHbIX TeXHHlleCKHX xapaKTepHcTHKax MOTop-TeCTepa M 1-2, no.ll.-
rOTOBKe H nOpSl.ll.Ke pa60TbI C HHM, B03MO)l(HbIX pe)l(}lMaX n03JIeMeHT-
Horo ,aHarHOCTHpOBaHHH ,lI.BC.
B pe3YJIbTare BblnOJIHeHIDI JIa60paTopHoH pa60ThI CTy.ll.eHT .lI.O.TDKeH:
. HMeTb npe.ll.CTaBJIeHHe 06 YCTpoHcTBe H npHHQHne pa60TbI
MOTop-TeCTepa M 1- 2;
. 3HaTh nepet.feHb .lI.HarnOCTINeCKHX napaMerpOB, KOH1pOJlHpyeMbIX
C nOMOlll.blO MOTop-Tecrepa, H 06I.IJ:He CBe.lI.eHIDI 0 pe)l{}fMax npo-
Be.ll.eHIDI OnepaQHH n03JIeMeHTHoro .lI.HarHOCTHpOBaHHSI ,lI.BC;
. YMeTb nO.ll.rOTOBHTb MOTop-TeCTep M 1- 2 K pa60Te, npOBepHTb
npaBHlIbHOCTb ero <l>YHKUHoHHpoBaHHSI, Ha3Ha1JHTb pe)l(HMbI
.lI.HarHOCTHpOBaHHSI H Ct.fHTaTb pe3YJIbTaTbI KOHTpOJIHpyeMbIx
napaMeTpOB.
nOpRAOK BbinonHeHMR pa60Tbi
TeXHUlleCKoe o6ecnelleHue - aBTOM06HJIb BA3, MOTop-TeCTep
M 1- 2, KOMruIeKT CJIeCapHbIX HHCTpYMeHTOB, yqe6Hble nJIaKaTbI no
YCT})OHCTBY 6eH3HHOBbIX ABC.
Mecmo 8blnOAHeHUJl - nOCT ,nHarHOCTHpOBaHH .lI.BHraTeJIeH aB-
TOM06HJIeH BA3.
3aHSITHSI npOBO,lUlTCSI no,n PYKOBO.lI.CTBOM npeno,naBaTeJISI C no.ll.-
rpynnoH CTY.lI.eHTOB H3 5 - 7 1JeJIOBeK.
YcnellIHoe BblnOJIHeHHe pa60TbI B03MOXHO nOCJIe 03HaKOMJIeHH
C MeTO.lI.H1JeCKHMH YKa3aHIDIMH no npOBe.lI.eHHIO JIa60paTopHbIX pa60T
92
H npH YCJIOBHH C'rpororo C06JIIO.neHIDI npaBHJI TeXHHKH 6e30naCHOCTH
pa60TbI C 3JIeK1pOYCTaHOBKaMH. KpOMe TOro, npH pa60Te C MOTOp-
TeCTepOM CJIe.nyeT ytlHTbIBaTb CJIe,nyIOm;ee:
. B cTp060CKOne HMeeTCSI HCTOqHHK OnaCHOrO HanpSlxeHHSI
300 B;
. KaTerOpHqeCKH 3anpemaeTCSI pa60Ta C MOTop-TeCTepOM 6e3
npe,nBapHTeJIbHOro ero 3a3eMJIeHIDI;
. 3anpem;aeTCSI no,nKJIlOqaTb MOTop-Tecrep K ,lUJHraTeJIIO C paJOM-
KHyrOH «MaCCOH» AKE HJIH pa3MbIKaTb «Maccy» AKE npH
,nHarnOCTHpOBaHHH ABC MOTop-TeCTepOM.
"OCJIe H3yqeHHSI MeTo,nHtJecKHX }'Ka3aRH" KIDKJ{bIH cTy,neHT no-
JIytJaeT nepCOHaJIbHOe 33,lUlHHe Ha npOBe.neHHe KOHKPeTHbIX onepaUHH
no no,aroToBKe MOTop-TeCTepa K pa60Te HJIH ,aHarnOCTHqeCKHX one-
paUHH no onpe,aeJIeHHIO TeXHHqeCKoro COCTOSIHIDI 3JIeMeHTOB ,lI.BC.
B npHcyrCTBHH BceH no,arpynnbI CT}',aeHT no,n PYKOBO,nCTBOM npeno-
,aaBaTeJISI BbInOJIHSleT HX, ,aeMOHCYpHPYSl nOCJIe,nOBaTeJIbHOCTb YCTa-
HOBKH ,naTtJHKOB Ha ABC H npHMepbI 6}'KBeHHo-UH<I>poBoro ,nHaJlOra
C ,nHCUJleeM MOTop-reCTepa, a TaIOKe OTBeq3.S1 B npouecce pa60TbI Ha
KOH'rpOJIbHbIe BonpOCbI B npe,neJIax MaTepHaJIa, H3JIOXeHHoro B Ha-
CTOSlm;eM P}'KOBo,nCTBe.
no OKOHqaHHH yqe6HbIx 3aHSlTHH o<l>opMJISleTCSI OT'leT no BceM
3anaHIDIM JIa60paTopHbIx pa60T.
npO,nOJDKHTeJIbHOCTb pa60T - 6...8 q.
3 a a H H e 1. H3ya1Hn xapaICTepJfCTJfKY Jf npJfHqJfn pa60Tw
MOTOp-TecTepa M1-2
MOTop-TeCTep Ml-2 npe,nHa3HatJeH JI)lSI aBToMaTH3HpoBaHHoro
KOIITpOllil H ,aHamocTHpoBaHIDI 6eH3HHOBbIX ABC C qHCJIOM UHJlHH-
,npOB OT ,aBYX ,no BOCbMH. OCHOBHbIe TeXHHtJeCKHe ,aaHHbIe:
. tJHCJIO KOH'rpOJIHpyeMbIx ,aHarHOCTHtJecKHX napaMeYpOB - 23
(Ta6JI.2.7);
T a 6 n H U. a 2.7. AMarHOCTM'I8CKMe napaMeTpbl, KOHTponMpyeMbie
MOTop-TeCTepoM M1-2
A6coJIlOT-
HaHMeHOBaHHe .lI.HarHOCTH'leCKoro Jl.Hana30H Hasl (OTHO- .l(HcKpeT-
napaMeTpa H em 0603HatIeHHe H3MepeHIDI CHTeJlbHaJI, HOCTb H3Me-
Ha3KpaHe.ll.HCnneH(BcKo6Kax) napaMeTpa %) norpem- peHHif
HOCTb H3Me-
peHH"
qacToTa BpaIUeHHj( KOJIeH'IaTO- 100... 7000 + 10 1
ro BMa .l1BHraTeJ1j( (N), MHH- 1
93
npoiJoA eHue ma6A. 2. 7
A6COJIIOT-
HaHMeHOBaHHe D.HafHOCTH'IeCKoro ,aHana30H HWI (OTHO- ,aHcKpeT-
napaMeTPa H ero 0603HatIeHHe H3MepeHIDI CHTelIbH , HOCTb H3Me-
Ha3KpaHeD.HCnJIe (BCKo6Kax) napaMeTPa %) norpem- peHHH
HOCTb H3Me-
peHHH
HepaBHOMepHOCTb BpameHHH 0... 700 + 10% 1
KOJIeHqaTOrO BMa (DN), MHH- 1
3,aC AKB (3,aC), B o ... 40 + 0,2 0,1
HanpIDKeHHe Ha KJIeMMaX aK- o ... 40 + 0,2 0,1
KYMYillITOPHOH 6aTapeH
(U AD), B
HanpH)I(eHHe 3apMa aKKYMY- o ... 40 + 0,2 0,1
JIHTOpHOH 6aTapeH (U 3AP), B
CHJIa nOCToHHHOro 31IeKTPHQe- 0...500 + 4% 1
CKoro TOKa (I), A
OTHocuTelIbHaH KOMnpeCCHH 0... 100 - 1
lUUIUH.LJ.POB (KOMnPEC-
CM}}), %
3<lJ<lJeKTHBHaH MOmHOCTb lI.BH- 0... 400 + 4% 1
raTelIH (NE), KBT (11. c.) (0...540) (1)
MOlJ..{HOCTb MeXaHHQeCKHX no- 0... 100 - 1
Tepb (NM), KBT (11. c.) (0...135) (1)
Yroll 3aMKHyroro COCTOH- 0... 180 + 0,5 0,1
HUH KOHTaKTOB npepbIBaTeilll
(Y3CK) no yrlIY nOBopOTa pac-
npelI.elIHTelIbHoro Barra, ... 0
YrOJI onepe)l(eHIDI 3IDKHraHIDI -15... +70 + 0,5 0,1
(Y03), ...0
ACHHXpOHH3M Y3CK 0... 10 + 0,5 0,1
(D Y3CK), ...0
ACHHXPOHU3M HCKpo06pa30Ba- 0... 10 + 0,5 0,1
HIDI (D Y03), ...0
YroJI onepe)l(eHIDI 3IDKHraHIDI, 0...90 + 0,5 0,1
C03lI.aBaeMbIH u.eHTPo6e)I(HbIM
aBTOMaTOM (Y03 Q), ...0
94
O"OHltaHUe ma6Jl. 2. 7
A6COJIIOT-
HaHMeHOBaHHe .L(HarHOCTHtIeCKOrO ,lJ.Hana30H H (OTHO- ,lJ.HcKpeT-
napaMeT{>a H ero 0603HaQeHHe H3MepeHIDI CHTeJlbHaJI , HOCTb H3Me-
%) norpem-
Ha 3KpaHe .L(HCnJIe (B cKo6Kax) napaMeT{>a peHHj;i
HOCTb H3Me-
peHHit
YrOJI onepexeHHSI 3IDKUraHHSI, 0... 90 + 0,5 0,1
c03,aaBaeMbIH BaKYYMHbIM
aBTOMaTOM (Y03 B), ...0
HanpSIxeHHe Ha KJIeMMe Ka- o ... 40 + 0,2 0,1
TYIIIKH 3IDKHraHHSI (U K3), B
na.aeHHe HanpSIxeHHSI Ha 0... 2 + 0,05 0,01
3aMKHyrbIX KOHTaKTax npepbI-
BaTeJISI (U n P), B
AMnJIHTy,aa BTOpHQHOrO 3JIeK- o ... 40 + 10 1
TPHqeCKOrO HanpIDKeHHSI Ha
CBeqax 3IDKUraHHSI (U npo-
60 ), KB
HanpSIxeHl1e I1CKpeHHSI Ha 0... 10 - 1
CBeqax 3aXl1raHHSI (U J].yrl1),
KB
AnHTeJIbHOCTb I1CKpeHHSI Ha CBe- 0...5 - 0,1
qax 3IDKJtraHI1SI (T ,L(YfI1), MC
npona.aaHl1e I1CKpbI (npOnA- 0... 100 - + 1
;JAHI1E I1CKPbI), %
OTHOCHTeJIbHOe H3MeHeHHe 0... 100 - 1
qaCTOTbI BpameHHSI KOJIeHqa-
Toro BMa npH OTKJIlOqeHl111
UHJIHH.apa (6AJIAHC MOlll.-
HOCTI1), %
. MaKCHMaJIbHOe IIHcno oTo6pIDKaeMbIx Ha 3KpaHe HH,l(HKaTOpa
CHMBonOB - 160;
. HanpIDKeHHe IIHTaHHR - 220 B, nOTPe6ill1eMag MOIUHOCTb He
60nee 80 BT;
. Macca 10 lIT npH ra6apHTHbIX pa3Mepax 370 x 270 x 180 MM.
npHH HII )];eHCTBHg MOTop-TeCTepa OCHOBaH Ha MHKpOIIpoo;ec-
COpROH o6pa6oTKe CHrHaJIOB .n:aTqHKOB, YCTaHaBJIHBaeMbIx Ha 3JIe-
95
[!] [!]
[!]
r!J[!]
MOTop-Tecrep MI-2
PHC. 2.5. BHelllHHH BHJI MOTop-TeCTepa Ml-2
MeHTbI 3neKTpoo6opy,aoBaHHg J],BHraTeng, C nocne,aYJOIUHM oTo6pa-
)l(eHHeM pe3ynbTaToB H3MepeHHH B UH<!>POBOM BH,ae Ha ra30pa3PM-
HOM MaTpHIIHoM HH,aHKaTope. B MOTop-TecTepe M 1-2 HMelOTCg
BCTpoeHHbIe nporpaMMbI aBTOMaTHlleCKoro ,aHaJlOrOBOro pe)l(HMa
,aHarHOCTHpOBaHHH J],BHraTeng H caMOKOHTpOng HcnpaBHOCTH npH-
6opa.
JJ.nH KOHTpOllil ,aBHraTeneH, OCHaIUeHHbIX BCTpoeHHbIM ,aaTIlHKOM-
BepXHeH MepTBoH TO'lKH (BMT) nopllIHSI nepBoro UHJlHH.l(pa H ,aHa-
rHOCTH'IeCKOH p03eTKoH, npH60p YKOMnneKTOBaH CneUHaJlbHbIM
coe,aHHHTeneM. OCTaHoBKa ,llBHraTenH npOH3BOJ],HTCSI C KJIaBHaTypbI
npH6opa.
BHeUlHHH BM nepellHeH naHenH TeCTepa npHBelleH Ha pHC. 2.5,
a llaTIIHKOB BbICOKoro HanpSl)l{eHH (,ABH), HallaJIa OTClleTa (LI-HO)
H TOKa (LI-T) HaKJIaJ],Horo THna H HX no,aKJIlOlleHHe K npH60py - Ha
pHC. 2.6.
B KOMIDIeKT MOTop-TeCTepa TalOKe BXOJUIT CTp060CKOn, nynbT ,aHC-
TaHUHoHHOro ynpaRTIeHIDI H coeJ],HHHTeJIbHbIe ycrpOHCTBa (YCI, YC3).
Ha nepeJ],HeH naHeJI" MOTop-TeCTepa Haxo,aHTCg MaTpH'IHbIH J],HCnJIeH
H KJIaBHaTypa, BbInOJIHeHHIDI B BH.lI.e 16 MeM6paHHbIX KJIaBHUl. KJIa-
BHaTypa Hcnonb3yeTcH J],JIH ynpaBJIeHHSI pa60TOH npH60pa H BBo,aa
,aaHHbIX.
Ha 33.aHIOIO naHenb npH60pa (CM. pHC. 2.6) BbIBe.neHbI nepeKJIIO-
IJaTeJIb «CETb» (220 V, 50 Hz), UlHYP nHTaHHg, KJIeMMa JJ)lg coeJ],H-
HeMHSI C IlIHHOH 3a3eMJ1eHIDI, npe,aoxpaHHTenb Ha 1 A Ii p03eTKH,lI)Ig
no,nKJIIO'IeHHSI nynbTa ,aHCTaHUHoHHOro ynpaBJIeHHg «,AY», C1P060-
CKona «CTP06», ,aaT'lHKa TOKa «LI-T», coe,aHHHTenbHoro YC1pOHCTB3
«YC».
96
CeTb 220 V 50 Hz lA ,lJ;Y
CTP06
,aT
YC
D0(9
g ffi
1
nYJIbT ,lJ;y
lL
2
PHC. 2.6. KOMnJIeKTYJOIIJ.He 3JIeMeHTbI H lI.a HKH MOTop-TeCTepa H cxeMa
HX COelI.HHeHHH:
1 - D.a'NHKH HaKJIMHoro THna; 2 - KOHTaKTHbIe 3IDKHMbI «KPOKOD.HJI»
3 a A a Hille 2. nOAroToBHT. MOTop-TecTep K pa60Te
nepe,n HaqarrOM pa60TbI Heo6xo,nHMO y6e.n:HTbcR B Ha,neXHOCTH
3a3eMJIeHHR Koprryca MOTop-TeCTepa. 3aTeM BhInOJlHHTb CJIe,nyJOI1(He
onepanHH (CM. pHC. 2.6):
97
. nO,lU<JII01JHTh CTP060CKOn K p03eTKe «CTP06», a ,aa'fllHK TOKa -
K p03eTKe «,lJ:T» MOTop-TeCTepa;
. "PH ,aHarHOCTHpOBaHHH ,aBHraTeJIR BA3-2103, He HMelOIJ.J;erO
BC1'pOeHHOH ,aHarHOCT}lqeCKOH p03eTKH, YC1'pOHCTBO coe,aHHH-
TeJIbHOe YCI no,aKJII01JHTb K p03eTKe «YC», a YCTPOHCTBO CO-
e.nHHHTeJIbHOe YC3 - K p03eTKe «XSI» coe,aHHHTeJIbHOrO
YC1'pOHCTBa YC 1 MOTop-TeCTepa;
. nO,lU(JllOIfiITb nyJIbT W K p03eTKe «,lJ:Y» MOTop-recrepa. npH 3TOM
nyJIbT ,lJ:Y paJMeCTIITb PSI.aOM C Bo,aHTeJIeM, B ,nOCTYDHOM Mecre;
. no,aKJII01JHTb IlIH)'p nHTaHIDI MOTop-TeCTepa K ceTH HanpIDKeHH-
eM 220 B; YCTaHOBHTb ,aaT1JHKH Ha ,aHarnocTHPyeMbIH ,aBHraTeJIb
COrJIaCHO pHC. 2.7: ,aa'fllHK TOKa 4 YCTaHOBHTh Ha npOBO,a, H.nY-
IUHH OT aKKYMYlliITOpHOH 6aTapeH Ha «Maccy» aBTOM06Hlli1;
. 3IDKHMbI «+» H «-» YC1'pOHcTBa coe,nHHHTeJIbHoro YC3 no,nKJIIO-
1JHTb K COOTBeTCTByIOIUHM KJIeMMaM AK6;
. 3IDKHM «SW» YC1'pOHcTBa coe,aHHHTeJIbHOrO YC3 no,aKJII01JHTb
K BbIBO,ny KaTynIKH 3IDKHraHIUI 3, coe,aHHeHHOM)' npOBo.nOM C
3aMKOM 3IDKHraHIDI 6, a 3IDKHM «CB» no,aKJIlOqHTb K .LI.pyrOMY
BbIBO,LJy KaTynIKH 3IDKHraHIDI, coe,aHHeHHOM)' C npepbIBaTeJIeM-
pacnpe,aeJIHTeJIeM (npoBo,a Ha pHC. 2.7 YCJIOBHO He nOKa3aH);
. YCTaHOBHTb ,aaT1JHK Ha1Jarra OTC1JeTa 10 H3 COCTaBa YC 1 Ha rrpo-
BO,a, no,axo,aRIUHH K CBe1Je 3IDKHraHHR rrepBoro QHJIHH,apa, a
,aaT1JHK BbICOKoro HanpIDKeHHR 2 - Ha QeHTparrbHbIH BbICOKO-
BOJIbTHbIH npOBO,n rrpepbIBaTellil- pacnpe,neJIHTellil 8.
YrrpaBJIeIDIe MOTOp-recrepoM ocymeCTB.JUIeTCR nyreM KPaTKOBpeMeH-
HOro HIDKaTIrn KJIaBHIlI KJIaBHaTYPbI H nOCTPOeHO Ha rrpHHUHne BbI60pa
onepaTOpOM pe)f(IfMa pa60T H3 HMelOIJ.J;erocR Ha HH)(HKaTOpe nepe1lHR:
. Harra,n01JHbIe: «3JI nMTAHME», «nPEPbIBATEJIb», «3A)1(I1-
fAHI1E»;
. H3MepHTeJIbHble: «MI1H 060POTbI», «Y03», «6AJIAHC
MOIll.H», «MOIIJ:HOCTb», «KOMnPECCIUI»;
. aBTOMaT}lqeCKHH.
ATrn BbI60pa pe)l{}fMa HIDIGIMalOT KJIaBHrny, COOTBeTCTByIOIUyIO no-
PMKOBOMY HOMepy pe)l{}fMa.
Harra,a01JHble pe)I{HMbI pa60TbI BbI6HpalOTcR npH HeCBeTRIJ.J;eMCR
CBeTo,aHo,ne, pacnOJIO)l{eHHOM Ha nOJIe KJIaBHIlIH «R» (CM. pHC. 2.5).
YnpaBJIeHHe CBeqeHHeM CBeTo,aHo,aa npOHcxo,aHT rryreM HIDKaTIDI 3TOH
KJIaBHIlIH. 113MepHTeJIbHble H aBTOMaTHqeCKHe pe)l{}fMbI BbI6HpalOTcR
rrpH CBeTRIJ.J;eMCR CBeTo,aHo,ae.
,lJ:JIR B03BpaIUeHHR K npe,abI,nYIJ.J;eMY nepe1JHIO CJIe,nyeT Ha)l{aTb
KJIaBHrny C 3aIDITOH «R» npH CBeTRIJ.J;eMCR CBeTo,aHo,ne.
npHBe.neHHbIe ,aarree no TeKC1)' 3Ha1JeHIDI oT06pIDKaeMbIX rrapaMeT-
pOB COOTBeTCTByIOT ,nBHraTeJIIO BA3-2103 aBTOM06HJIR BA3-21061.
LLrrR ,apyrHx aBTOM06R1IeH 1JHCJIeHHble 3Ha1JeHHR H3MepReMblx rrapa-
MeTpOB 6y,nyT HHbIMH.
98
CeTb 220 V 50 Hz lA .lI.y CTP05.l1.T YC
8 €>
7 6
4
11
PUC. 2.7. CxeMa nO,l{KJIlOqeHIDI MOTop-TeCTepa Ml-2 K ,l{BuraTeJIIO
BA3-2103:
1 - nyJlbT .lI.HCTaHUHoHHOro ynpaBJIeHHSI; 2 - D.aT\lHK BbICOKOro HanpSDKeHIDI; 3 -
KaTyuIKa 3IDKHraHHSI; 4 - .lI.aT\lHK TOKa; 5 - aKKYMYIDITopH3SI 6aTape ; 6 - 3aMOK
3IDKHraHH ; 7 - CTapTep; 8 - npepbIBaTeJlb-pacnpe.neJIHTeJIb; 9 - CBetIa 3IDKHraHIDI;
10 - .naT\lHK HatIaJIa OTCtIeTa; 11 - CTJ)060CKOn
99
THn JJ.BHraTeJUI
1 BA3-2101... 2107
2 BA3-2108...2112
3 3M3-24
4 3M3-406
5 BMW-320j4
6 YOLYO-240
7 FORD-GRAN
o ,lq>yroA THn
K034>4>HUHeHT
HHepu.HH:
PHC. 2.8. BbI60p THna .n;Harno-
cTHpyeMoro .n;BHraTeJUI
PHC. 2.9. BbI60p THna .n;BHraTeJISI, eCJIH
OH OTcyrcTByeT B nepeQHe
npH OTCyrCTBHH CHrHaJIOB ,na'f1lHKOB HJIH HX HeYCTOHqHBOH pa6o-
Te Ha HH.LJ.HKaTOp MaTPHqHOrO ,nHCllJIeR BbIBO.IUITCR COOTBeTCTByJOlUHe
coo6lUeHIDI: «HET Cl1fHAJIA nPEPbIBATEJ151», «HET CMfHA-
JIA ,LJ:ATqI1KA HAqAJIA OTCqETA», «HET CHfHAJIA BMT».
OrcyrcTBHe CHrHaJIOB ,naTtlHKOB HJIH HX HeYCTOHtJHBaR pa60Ta MO)l(eT
6bITb BbI3BaHa KaK 06pbIBOM Ka6eJlR HJlH llJIOXHM KOHTaKTOM KJIeMM
,naTtJHKOB, TaK H HenpaBHJlbHbIM HX BKJIlOtJeHHeM. CJle,nyeT TaIOKe
06paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha COCTORHHe KOHTaKTOB npepbIBaTeJlSl. npH
Hey,nOBJIeTBOpHTeJlbHOM COCTOSlHHH KOHTaKTOB pa60Ta MOTop-TeCTepa
MO)l(eT 6bITb HeycTOHIJHBOH, a IJaCTOTa BpalUeHHSI KOJleHqaToro BaJIa
6y,neT H3MepRTbcR HeBepHO.
,lI.JIR npHBe,neHHR MOTop-TecTepa B pa60tJee COCTOSlHHe Heo6xo,nH-
MO YCTaHOBHTb T}'M6J1ep «CETb» Ha ero 3MHei1 naHeJlH B BepxHee
nOJlO)l(eHHe (BKJllOtJeHo). npH BKJIlOtJeHHH nHTaHHR B TetJeHHe He
60Jlee tJeM 5 C npOH3Bo,nHTCSI caMo,nHarHOCTHKa HcnpaBHOCTH OCHOB-
HbIX Y3J10B MOTop-TeCTepa.
no OKOHQaHHH caMo,nHarHOCTHKH MOTop-TeCTep nepexo,nHT B pe-
)l{HM BbI60pa THna ,nBHraTeJUI H npH 3TOM BbICBeqHBaeTCR HH<p0pMaUIDI
(pHC. 2.8). ,lI.JIR BbI60pa THna ,nHarHocTHpyeMoro ,nBHraTeIDI CJ1e,nyeT
- - -
K034>4>HUHeHT
HHepUHH: 290
PHC. 2.10. BBO.n; 3HaQeHHSI npHBe.n;eHHoro MOMeHTa HHepUHH .n;BHraTeJISI
100
HIDKaTb KJIaBHIIIy, COOTBeTCTByJOlI(yIO em rrOPMKOBOM)' HOMepy; eCJIH
OH OTcyrcTByeT B rrepeqHe, HIDKaTb KJIaBHmy «7» (pHC. 2.9).
nOCJIe 3TOro B MOTop-TeCTepe He06xo,nHMO BBeCTH 3HaqeHHR:
. K03<P<PHUHeHTa HHepUHH ,nBHraTeJIR - BbI6HpalOT COOTBeT-
CTBYIO ee qHCJlO H BBO,lUlT ero B naMRTb MOTop-TeCTepa Ha-
)I{aTHeM KJIaBHIlIH «M» (pHC. 2.10);
. HOMHHaJIbHOH tJaCTOTbI BpaweHIDI KOJleHtJaToro BaJIa ,nBHraTe-
lliI, Ha KOTOpOH ,nBHraTeJlb pa3BHBaeT HaH60JlbIllHH KpyrHWHH
MOMeHT;
. nopMOK pa60TbI UHJIHH,l:tPOB: HIDKaTb KJIaBHIllH, COOTBeTCTBY-
IOIUHe HOMepaM UHJIHH,lI.pOB, H BBeCTH HH<popMaUHIO, HIDKaB
KJIaBHIllY «M»;
. npH HaJIHqHH ,naTtlHKa BMT HJIH CTP060CKOna HIDKaTb KJIaBH-
IllY « 1 », eCJIH Ha aBTOM06HJIe HMeeTCR BCTpoeHHbIH ,naTtJHK
BMT, HJlH KJIaBHIllY «2» npH H3MepeHHH Y03 C rrOMO blO
CTP060cKona.
Bce OCTaJIbHble ,naHHbIe 0 ,nBHraTeJle BBO,lUlTCR aHaJIOrHtJHO K03<P-
<pHUHeHTY HHepUHH. B cJlyqae eCJlH Ha6paHbI 01lIH60tJHble UH<PPbI,
,no HIDKaTHR KJIaBHIllH «M» HX MO)l(HO y,naJIHTb C HH.LJ.HKaTOpa, no-
CJle,nOBaTeJlbHO HIDKHMaH KJIaBHIllY «C», nocJle tJero CJle.nyeT nOBTO-
pHTb Ha60p H HIDKaTb KJIaBHIllY «M» .lJ)lH BBo,na HH<popMaUHH. ECJlH
BBO,n 6bIJI OIllH60tJHbIM, HIDKaTb KJIaBHIIIy C 3anRTOH «,» H nOBTopHTb
BBO,n CHatJaJIa.
nocJle BBo,na THna ,nBHraTellil Ha 3KpaHe HH,l:tHKaTOpa BblCBetJHBa-
eTCR nepetJeHb pe)I{HMOB pa60TbI MOTop-TeCTepa (pHC. 2.11).
HIDKaTHe KJIaBHIllH «0» onpe,neJlReT BBO,n Ha HHJJ;HKaTOp ,nonOJlHH-
TeJlbHOH HH<popMaUHH (pHC. 2.12), eCJlH 3TO He06xo,nHMO.
TaKHM 06pa30M, nocJle BblnOJlHeHHbIX no,nrOTOBHTeJlbHbIX onepa-
UHH MOTop-TeCTep MI-2 no,nroTOBJIeH K pa60Te Ha JlI060M H3 HMe-
IOIUHXCH B nepetJHe pe)l{HMOB ,nHarHOCTHpOBaHHR LJ:BC.
B H3MepHTeJlbHbIX pe)l{HMaX pa60TbI npOH3Bo,nHTCH H3MepeHHH
CJle,nYIOIUHX napaMeTpOB ,nBHraTeJlH: KOMnpeCCHH no UHJlHH,npaM,
RM 3n nHTaHHe
R# npepbIBarenb
R* 3WKHraHHe
1 MHH 060POTbI
2 Y03
3 BanaHc MOUJ.H
4 MOUJ.HOCTb
5 KOMnpeccIDI
6 nOnpaBKa
o n pOJJ.OJDKeHHe
# AaToMaTHqeCKH
peXHM
, B03BpaT
o npOCMOTp
pe3ynbTaToB
PUc. 2.11. nepeqeHb pe)KUMOB
pa60TbI MOTop-TeCTepa MI-2
PHC. 2.12. OnepaLU1S1 BBo.n;a Ha HH.nHKa-
TOp .n;OnOJIHI1TeJIbHOH U H<I>opMaUHH
101
MHHHMaJIbHbIX 060pOTOB XOJlOCTOrO xo,na, MOIUHOCTH, yrJla onepe-
)l{eHHSI 3a)l{HraHHR, 6anaHca MOll.{HOCTH IIO UHJlHH.lI.paM, nonpaBKH
IIOKa3aHHH MOTop-TeCTepa npH pa60Te ,naTtlHKa TOKa.
npH 3TOM H3MepeHHR npOBO.IUITCSI O,nHH pa3 no HIDKaTHIO COOT-
BeTCTBYIDIUeH KJlaBHllIH, pe3YJlbTaTbI H3MepeHHH 3aHOCRTCR B naMHTb
npH60pa.
npOCMOTP pe3YJlbTaTOB H3MepeHHH IIpOH3BO,nHTCSI no KJIaBHllIe
«C» .
B aBTOMaTHqeCKOM pe)I{HMe pa60TbI MOTop-TeCTep aBTOMarnqeCKH
nepexo,nHT B pe)l{HMbI «1», «2», «3», «4», «5» (CM. pHC. 2.11) 6e3 BbI-
Bo,na npOMexyrOqHbIX pe3YJlbTaTOB. npOCMOTP pe3YJlbTaTOB OCyJ.I.{eCT-
BJIReTCSI HIDKaTHeM KJIaBHllIH «0».
3 a ,l( a H H e 3. H3)111JtTb MeTOAJtKY nposeAeHJtfl
AJtsrHOCTJtlfeCKJtX onepsLCJtH s HSnBAOIfHb'X peJICJtMSX
PS60Tb'
B HaJI3,lI,0QHbiX pe)I{HMax pa60TbI npOH3Bo,nHTCSI ,nHarnOCTHpOBaHHe
3J1eMeHTOB 3J1eKTpOnHTaHHR, npepbIBaTeJlR H CHCTeMbI 3aXHraHHR
,nBHraTeJlH, npH 3TOM H3MepeHHR ocym:eCTBJlHIOTCH HenpepbIBHO co
CMeHOH pe3YJlbTaTOB Ha HH.LJ.HKaTope.
,.l:{.rnI nepexo,na B HaJI3,lI,0qHble pe)I{HMbI pa60TbI He06xo,nHMO HIDKaTb
KJIaBHrny «R» (cBeTo,nHo,n ,nOJDKeH noracuyTb) H 3aTeM BbI6paTb JlI060H
H3 HaJIa,nOqHbIX pe)l(HMOB pa60TbI B COOTBeTCTBHH C pHC. 2.11:
«M» - 311 nI1TAHI1E;
«#» - nPEPbIBATFJIb;
«*» - 3A)1(MrAHME.
B pe)I{HMe «311 nMTAHME» H3MepRIOTCR CJle,nYIDm:He napaMeTpbI
,nHarHocTHpyeMoro ,nBHraTeJlR:
U A6 - 3HaqeHHe HanpSl)l{eHHR AK6, B;
U K3 - 3HaqeHHe HanpR)I(eHHSI Ha KJIeMMaX KaTyuIKH 3a)l(Hra-
HHSI, B;
U np - 3HaqeHHe naaeHHSI HanpSlxeHIDI Ha 3aMKHyrblx KOHTaK-
Tax npepbIBaTeJlR, B;
I - 3HaqeHHe TOKa, IIOTpe6lli1eMoro HJIH OT,naBaeMoro aKKYMYJlH-
TOpOM, A;
DN - HepaBHOMepHOCTb qaCTOTbI Bpam:eHHH KOJleuqaToro BaJIa,
MHH- 1 ;
N - 3HaqeHHe cpe,nHeH qaCTOTbI Bpam:eHHR KOJleHqaTOrO BaJIa,
MHH- 1 .
B pe)I{HMe «nPEPbIBATFJIb» H3MepRIOTCSI napaMeTPbI:
Y3CK - 3HaqeHHe cpe,nHero no UHJIHH.LJ.paM yrJla 3aMKHyroro co-
CTORHHR KOHTaKTOB npepbIBaTeJlR, rpaaYCbI no yrJlY nOBopOTa pac-
npe,neJlHTeJlbHOrO BaJIa;
102
D Y3CK - pa3HOCTb Me)l{)];Y MaKCHMaJIbHbIM H MHHHMaJIbHbIM
3HaqeHHeM Y3CK IIO UHJIHH.npaM, rpa.nYCbI no yr.rry nOBopOTa pac-
npe,aeJlHTeJlbHoro BaJIa;
Y03 - 3HaqeHHe yrJla onepexeHIDI 3IDKHraHHj{, rpanYCbI no yr.rry
nOBopOTa KOJIeHqaToro Bana .l1BHraTeJUl;
D Y03 - aCHHxpOHH3M HCKpo06pa30BaHIDI no UHJIHH.apaM, rpa-
,aYCbI no yr.rry nOBopOTa KOJleHqaToro BaJIa ,aBHraTeJISI;
ON - HepaBHOMepHOCTb qaCTOTbI BpameHIDI KOJIeHqaTOrO BaJIa,
MHH- t .
,
N - 3HaqeHHe qaCTOTbI BpaIUeHIDI KOJIeHqaToro BMa, MHH- t .
B pe)I{HMe «3A)I(HfAHI1E» H3MepSiIOTCSI napaMeTPbI:
U np060 - 3HaqeHHe HanpIDKeHIDI npo6oSl HCKpOBoro npo-
MexyrKa CBeqeH 3IDKHraHIDI no UHJIHHJJ;paM, KB;
U ,[\YfM - 3HaqeHHe HanpIDKeHHSI ropeHIDI HCKpbI B CBeqaX 3a-
)l{HraHHSI no l.(HJIHHJ(paM, KB;
T ,[\Yfl1 - J])IHTeJlbHOCTb ropeHIDI HCKpbI B CBeqaX 3IDKHraHHSI no
IJ.HJIHu,npaM, MC;
npOfIA,lJAHI1E I1CKPbI - npona.naHHe HCKpo06pa30BaHHSI B
CBeqaX 3IDKHraHIDI no IJ.HJIHHJ(paM, %.
npH HIDKaTHH KJIaBHllIH «M» MOTop-TeCTep onpe,aeIDleT napaMeTPbI
3J1eKTpOnHTaHHSI ,aBHraTeJIR H BbIBO,aHT Ha HH,aHKaTOp pe3YJlbTaTbI
KIDK.L{oro IJ.HKJIa H3MepeHHH.
,[\aHHble napaMeTpbI MorYT H3MepSlTbCR H npH Hepa60TalOmeM
,aBHraTeJle, HO B 3TOM cJlyqae qaCTOTa BpameHHSI KOJIeHqaToro BaJIa
HH.aHIJ.HpOBaTbCR He 6y,aeT.
npH HaxaTHH KJIaBHllIH «#» MOTop-TeCTep nepexo,aHT B pe)l(HM
H3MepeHHSI napaMeTPOB npepbIBaTellil-pacnpe,aeJIHTellil.
AnSI H3MepeHHR Y03 He06xo,aHMO OCBeTHTb CTP060CKonoM llIKHB
KOJleHqaTOrO BaJIa. HIDKHMaSI KJIaBHllIH «.... », « » cTp060cKona, ,ao-
6HBalOTCR COBMemeHHSI MeTOK Ha llIKHBe H Ha KapTepe ,aBHraTeJlSl,
COOTBeTCTByIOIUHX BepXHeH MepTBoH TOqKe (BMT) nopllIIDI nepBoro
IJ.HJIHu,npa. HIDKHMalOT KJIaBHllIY «.» CTP060CKOna, <PHKCHPYSI TeM
caMbIM COBMemeHIDI MeTOK. Qepe3 5...7 C HHJ(HKaTOp BbICBeqHBaeT
3HaqeHHe H3MepeHHoro Y03.
Pe3YJlbTaTbI H3MepeHHH napaMeTpOB npepbIBaTeJlSl BbIBO,aSlTCR B
BH,[{e Ta6J1HIJ.bI Ha HHJ(HKaTOpe ,lJ;HCIIJIeSl.
B ,aaHHOM pe}J{HMe pa60TbI MOTop-TeCTep MOXHO HCnOJlb30BaTb
,aJlSl perYJlHpOBKH Y3CK. ,[\JISI 3Toro H}'}KHO CHSlTb KPbIllIKY npe-
pbIBaTeIDI-pacnpe,aeJIHTeJUI H, BKJIlOqHB 3ID1G1raHHe, B TeqeHHe 5... 10 C
BpamaTb KOJleHqaTbIH BaJI ,nBHraTeilll CTapTepOM. npH 3TOM Ha HH.aH-
KaTope BbIBO,lJ;HTCR TOJlbKO 3HaqeHHe Y3CK.
B aBTOM06HJIRX, 060py,aoBaHHbIx BCTPoeHHOH ,aHarHOCTHQeCKOH
p03eTKoH (HMelOmHx ,aaTtlHK BMT), onpe.neJIeHWe yrJIa onepe)l(eHIDI
3IDKHraHIDI npOH3Bo,aHTCH aBTOMaTHqeCKH, 6e3 nO.l1KJIlOqeHHSI CTPO-
60cKona.
103
npH HaXaTHH KJIaDHllIH «*» MOTOp-TeCTep nepeXO,nHT B pe}l{HM
BbI60pa H3MepReMbIX napaMeTPOB CHCTeMbI 3IDKHraHHH. Ha 3KpaHe
,nHCIDIeR BbICBeqHBaer R nepeqeHb H3MepReMbIX napaMeTPOB: U npo-
6051; U ,aYfl1; T ,aYfl1; npOfINIAHl1E I1CKPbI; Y3CK.
,aaJIee He06xoJI.HMO BKJIlOqHTb 3IDKHraHHe H 3anYCTHTb ,lJ,BHraTeJIb.
3aTeM BbI6paTb H3MepReMbI:H napaMeTP CHCTeMbI 3IDKHraHIDI nyreM Ha-
)IQlTIU! COOTBeTCTByJOllUIX KJIaBHW « 1 », «2», «3», «4», «5». npH HIDKaTHH,
HanpHMep, KJIaBHllIH «I» H3MepReTCR 3HaqeHHe HanpIDKeHIDI np060Sl
HCKpOBOro npOMe}I{}'TKa CBeqeH 3IDKHraHIDI no BceM UHJIHHlI.paM JI.BH-
raTellil, «2» - HanpIDKeHHe ,lJ,yrH (ropeHIDI HCKpOBoro npOMe}I{}'TKa)
CBeIJeH, «4» - IJHCJIO nponaaaHHH HCKpbI B CBeqaX 3IDKHraHIDI no UH-
JIHH.apaM 3a KIDI<JU>Ie 100 UHKJIOB HCKp006pa30BaHIDI Ii T.,lJ,. Pe3YJIbTaTbI
H3MepeHHH Ha HHJ],HKaTOpe BbIBO.lUITCR B BH,[{e Ta6JIHU no KIDKlI.OMY
JI.HaruocTWleCKOM}' napaMeTpY J])UI Bcex UHJIHH.aPOB C YJQl3aHHeM qa-
CTOTbI BpalUeHIDI KOJIeH'laToro Dana H ee HepaBHOMepHOCTH.
3 a a H H e 4. H3YlfJtTb MeTo,qJtKY npose,qeHJtfl
,qJtsrHOCTJtlfeCKJtx oneps Jtjf s Jt3MepJtTenbHb'x peJICJtMsx
PS60Tb'
,lJ;uI nepexoJI.a K H3MepHTe.1IbHbIM pe}I{HMaM pa60TbI CJIe,lJ,yeT HIDKaTb
KJIaBHllIY «R» (cBeTO.ll.HOJI. JI.OJDKeH cBeTHTbcSI). 3aTeM BbI6paTb JII060H
H3 pe}I{HMOB pa60TbI:
« I» - MI1HI1MAJIbHbIE 060POTbI;
«2» - Y03;
«3» - 6AJIAHC MOIIJ:HOCTI1;
«4» - MOllI.HOCTb;
«5» - KOMnPECCIUI;
«6» - nOnPABKA.
B pe)I(HMe «MI1HI1MAJIbHbIE 060POTbI» H3MepmorcR H3BeCTHble
paHee napaMeTpbI: Y03; Y3CK; D Y3CK; D Y03; U K3;
U np0605l; U ,aYfI1; T ,aYfl1; npOI1A,[(AHI1E I1CKPbI; DN; N.
B pe}I{HMe «Y03» H3MepSilOTCSI napaMeTPbI:
Y03 IJ. - Y03, paBHbIH pa3HOCTH yrJIOB onepexeHIDI 3IDKHraHHH
Ha HOMHHaJIbHbIX H MaKCHMaJIbHbIX 060poTax XOJIOCTOrO XOJI.a. 113-
MepReTCH co CHRTOH BaKYYMHOH TPy6KOH Ii xapaKTepH3yeT pa60TY
ueHTP06e}I{Horo perYllilTopa Y03;
Y03 B - Y03, paBHbIH pa3HOCTH yrJIOB onepe)l(eHIDI 3IDKHraHIDI
co CIDITOH H HMeTOH BaKY}'MHOH TPy6KOH Ha HOMHHaJIbHOH qaCTOTe
BpalUeHHR KOJIeHqaTOrO BaJIa JI.BliraTellil. XapaKTepH3yeT pa60TY Ba-
KYYMHoro perYJIHTOpa Y03;
U 3AP - 3HaqeHHe HanpIDKeHHR 3apMa AK6, B.
B pe}I{HMe «6AJIAHC MOIIJ:HOCTI1» H3MepSieTCH nMeHlie qa-
CTOTbI BpalUeHIDI KOJIeH'laToro BaJIa JI.BHraTellil npH aBTOMaTWleCKOM
104
OTKJIlOqeHHH KIDK,LJ:Oro H3 UR1IHJlLl:POB. nO.rryqeHHble 3HaQeHHSI 06pa-
6aTbIBalOTCR MHKpOnpOueCCOpOM H BbICBeQHB310TCSI Ha 3KpaHe, npH
3TOM 3HaqeHHe MaKCHMaJIbHOro nau.eHIDI qaCTOTbI BpameHHR KOneH-
4aToro Bana npH OTKJIIOQeHI1H O,nHOro 113 UHJIHH.LJ:POB npHHHMaeTCR 33
100 %, no OCTanbHbIM UK1IHH,L{paM - B cpaBHeHHH C HHM. npe.nyCMO-
T{JeHO TaIOKe pyqHoe BbIKJlIOQeHHe JII060ro H3 URJIIIHJJ.POB.
B pe)I{HMe «MOI.IJ:HOCTb» H3MepRIOTCR napaMeTPbI:
NE - 3<1><I>eKTHBHaR MOIUHOCTb ,nBHraTenSl, KBT (n. c.);
NM - MOIUHOCTb MeXaHHqeCKHX nOTepb, KBT (n. c.).
3HaQeHHSI MOIUHOCTHbIX nOKaJaTeneH ,nBHraTeJUI H3MepSilOTCR ,nH-
HaMHQeCKHM MeTo,nOM. 3<1><I>eKTHBHaSi MOIUHOCTb - no YCKopeHHIO
pa3roHa KoneWlaToro Bana ,nBHraTe.IDI npH pe3KOM HIDKarnH Ha ne,nanb
aKcenepaTopa. MOIUHOCTb MeXaHHqeCKHX nOTepb onpe,nellileTCSI Me-
TO,nOM cB060,nHoro BbI6era - no 3HaqeHHIO 3aMe,ll)1eHIDI BpaIUeHHR
KoneWlaToro Bana npH OTKJII01.JeHHH 3ID1GfraHIDI nOCJ1e ocyw;eCTBJIeHIDI
peXHMa pa3rOHa L{BC. L{BHraTenb BO BpeMSI HcnbITaHHR HarpyxaeT-
CSI c06CTBeHHbIM MOMeHTOM HHepUHH OT BpaIUalOIUHXCR H nocTyna-
TeJIbHO ,nBH)f{YIUHXCR Macc KpHBOUlHnHO-UlaTYHHoro MexaHH3Ma,
3HaqeHHe KOToporo xpaHHTCSI B naMSITH MOTop-TeCTepa.
B pe)I{HMe «KOMnPECCH.H» H3MepSilOTCSI napaMeTPbI:
OTHOCHTeJIbHaR KOMnpeCCHR no UHJIHHJJ.paM, %;
U A6 - HanpSIxeHHe AK6 BO Bpew. nycKa L{BC, B;
I CT - TOK, nOTPe6JISIeMbIH CTapTepOM npH nYCKe ,nBHraTellil, A;
N MAX - 3HaQeHHe 1.JaCTOTbI Bpam:eHIDI KOneHqaToro Bana ,nBH-
raTenSi BO BpeMR nYCKa, MHH- 1 .
OTHocHTenbHaR KOMnpeCCHR H3MepReTCR no nynbcaUHH HanpR-
xeHHR AK6 BO BpeMSI npoKpyqHBaHHR ,nBHraTeJIR CTapTepOM. L{JIR
npe,nOTBpaIUeHHR nYCKa ,nBHraTeJIR CHCTeMa 3IDKHraHHR aBTOMaTHqe-
CKH 6noKHPyeTcSI MOTop-TeCTepOM.
B pe)I{HMe «nOnPABKA» npOH3Bo,nHTCR 6anaHcHpoBKa MOTOp-
TeCTepa ,l))UI nOBbIUleHHSI TOqHOCTH H3MepeHHH.
npH HIDKaTHH KJIaBHUlH «I» MOTop-TeCTep nepexo,nHT B peXHM
H3MepeHHR MHHHManbHblX 060pOTOB xonOCToro xo,na.
L{aJIee npOH3Bo,nRT H3MepeHHe Y03 C nOMOIUblO cTp060cKona.
npH 3TOM Ha HHJJ.HKaTOpe BbICBeqHBaeTCSI 3HaqeHHe Y03.
npH HIDKaTHH KJIaBHUlH «0» nOOQepe,nHO BbICBeQHBalOTCR pe3ynb-
TaTbI Bcex H3MepeHHH.
npH HaxaTHH KJIaBHIIIH «2» MOTop-TeCTep nepexo,nHT B pe)f{HM
KOHTPOllil ueHTP06eXHoro H BaKYYMHoro perY.IDITOpOB onepe)f{eHIDI
3IDKHraHHR. Ha HHJJ.HKaTOpe MOTop-TeCTepa BbICBeqHBaeTCSI KOMaHJJ.a
«YCTAHOBI1Tb XXXX 06/M».
no KOMau,ne «YCTAHOBI1Tb XXXX 06/M» YCTaHaBJIHBalOT TPe-
6yeMYlO qaCTOTY Bpam:eHIDI ,nHarnocrnpyeMoro ,nBHraTeJISI C TOtffiOCTbIO
+ 100 MHH- I . L{aJIee nOSlBHTCR Ha,nnHCb «CH Tb BAKYYMHYIO
TPY6KY». no 3TOH KOMaH,ne OTCoe,lUfllHTb TPy6KY OT BaKyyMHOro pe-
105
rymrropa Y03 HJIH OT Kap61OpaTOpa B mo60M ,nOC1)'IIH0M MeCTe, nOCJIe
qero HIDKaTb KJUlBmny «*» Ha KJIaBHaType MOTOp-TeCTepa. Ecmt OTCOe)J.H-
HeHHe BaK}'YMHOH TPy6KH Ha pa6OTalOIUeM ,l{BHraTeJIe 3aTPY.lI.HeHO, TO
He06xo,lUiM0 BbIKJl101IHTh ,l{BIffilTeJIb, OTCOe;nnrnTb BaK)'YMHYlO TPy6KY,
3anYCTHTb ,aBHraTeJlb H TOJlbKO nocJle 3TOro HIDKaTb KJIaBHrny «*» Ha
KJIaBHaType.
no KOMaH,ne «113MEPEHI1E Y03», OCBeIUaR cTp060CKonOM
MeTKH Ha IIIKHBe KOJleHqaTOrO Barra H KapTepe ,aBHraTeJlR, CJle,nyeT
COBMeCTHTb HX ,npyr C ,apyroM, HIDKHMWI KJIaBHrny «.... » WIH « », 3a-
TeM nocJle COBMeIUeHIDI MeTOK - KJIaBHmy «.» CTP060CKona. nOCJle
3Toro Ha HHJ];HKaTOpe BbICBeTHTCR KOMaHJJ;a «YCTAHOBI1Tb XXXX
06/M». no 3TOH KOMaHJ];e YCTaHOBHTb TPe6yeM}'lO qacTOTY BpaIUeHillI
,nHarHocTHpyeMoro ,nBHraTe.IDI C TOqHOCTblO + 100 MHH- 1 .
no KOMaH,ne «113MEPEHI1E Y03», OCBeIUaH cTp060cKonoM
MeTKH Ha IIIKHBe KOJIeHqaTOrO Barra H KapTepe ,nBHraTeJIH, CJle,ayeT
COBMeCTHTb HX ,apyr C ,npyroM, HIDKHMWI KJIaBHrny «.... » HJIH « », 3a-
TeM nocJle COBMemeHIDI MeTOK - KJIaBHrny «. » CTP060CKona.
no KOMaH,L\e «HAAETb BAKYYMHYIO TPYBKY» YCTaHoBHTb
Ha MeCTO BaK)'YMHyIO TPy6KY H HIDKaTb KJIaBHllIY «*» KJIaBHaTypbI.
no KOMaH,ae «113MEPEHI1E Y03», OCBemaH cTp060cKonoM
MeTKH Ha llIKHBe KOJleHqaTOrO Barra H KapTepe ,nBHraTellil, CJle,nyeT
COBMeCTHTb HX ,npyr C ,apyroM, HIDKHMWI KJIaBHmy «.... » HJIH « », 3a-
TeM nOCJIe COBMemeHHR MeTOK - KJIaBHrny «. » CTP060CKona. qepe3
5...7 C BbICBeTHTCH HH<popMaUIDI Ha 3KpaHe HHJ];HKaTopa.
npH Ha)l(aTHH KJlaBHIIIH «3» MOTop-TeCTep nepexo,nHT B pe)l(HM
H3MepeHHH 6arraHca MOIUHOCTH no UHJIHH.npaM. npH 3TOM Ha HH.nH-
KaTope BbICBeqHBaeTCH HH<popMaUIDI: 1 - ABTOMATI1QECKOE
OTKJIIOQEHI1E QI1JII1 POB; 2 - BbI60P OTKJIIO MOrO
Ul111 I1H,aPA.
ECJlH HIDKaTb KJIaBHrny «I», TO npoH30H,neT nOOqepe,nHoe aBTOMa-
THtJeCKoe OTKJIlOtJeHHe 3IDKHfaHillI UHJIHH,lJ;pOB. HOMep OTKJIlOtJaeMoro
UHJIHH)];pa nOHBJlReTCR Ha HH)];HKaTope B npouecce H3MepeHHR. no
OKOHtJaHHH H3MepeHHH na,neHHe qaCTOTbI BpaIUeHHH KOJleHtJaToro
Barra ,nBHraTe.IDI npH KOHKpeTHbIx OTKJIlOqeHHbIX UHJIHH)];paX B npo-
ueHTax oT06pIDKaeTCSI Ha HH,lJ;HKaTope.
ECJlH Ha)l(aTb KJIaBHIIIY «2», TO MO)l(HO OTKJIlOqaTb UHJlHH,apbI
BpyqHYIO, oueHHBaSi na,neHHe qaCTOTbI BpameHHH no HII,.lJ:HKaTOpy.
HOMep OTKJIlOqaeMOrO UHJIHH)];pa BBO,nHTCSI nyreM HaxaTHR COOT-
BeTCTByJOmeH KJIaBHWH C nOCJIe,l{yIOmHM HIDKarneM Ha KJIaBHrny «M».
3aTeM MO)I{HO HaxaTb KJIaBHrny «C» H BBeCTH HOMep ,npyroro OTKJIIO-
qaeMOrO UHJIHH)];pa.
npH HaxaTHH KJlaBHWH «4» MOTop-TeCTep nepexo,aHT B pe)J{HM
H3MepeHIDI MOmHOCTH ,nBHfaTeJlH H BbICBeqHBaeTCH KOMaH,lJ;a «PA3-
rOH». npH 3TOM CJle,nyeT pe3KO HaxaTb Ha ne,aarrb aKCeJlepaTopa,ao
ynopa. ,aBHraTeJlb pa3roIDIeTcSI ,ao onpe,neJleHHOH (HeCKOJIbKO BbIllIe
106
HOMHHaJIbHOH) qaCTOTbI Bpaw:eHH , nOCJIe tJero MOTop-TeCTep aBTO-
MaTHtJeCKH BbIKJIlOqaeT 3IDKHraHHe H ,aaJIbHeHIlIHH pa3fOH npeKpa-
maeTCH. ,L(aJIee BbICBeqHBaeTCH KOMaH.aa «BbIBEr». npH 3TOM He-
06XO,aHMO OTnYCTHTb ne,aaJIb aKCeJIepaTopa. qacToTa BpameHIDI no-
HIDKaeTC ,ao ypOBH qaCTOTbI BpameHIDI Hal.faJIa pa3rOHa H BbICBe-
qHBaeTC KOMaH,aa «PA3fOH». npH 3TOM CJIe,nyeT CHOBa pe3KO
HIDKaTb Ha ne,aaJIb aKCeJIepaTopa.
OnepaUHIO «PA3fOH - BbIBEf» nOBTOpHIOT elUe ,aBa pa3a, nOCJIe
qero BbICBeqHBaeTCH Ta6JIHua 3HaqeHHH 3<l><t>eKTHBHOH MOmHOCTH H
MOmHOCTH MeXaHHqeCKHX nOTepb.
3aTeM BbIKJIlOqalOT 3a)l{HraHHe H ,aBHraTeJIb OCTaHaBJIHBaeTC .
B CJIyqae 3KCTPeHHOH He06xo,aHMOCTH OCTaHOBKH ,L(BC HIDKHMalOT
KJlaBHllIY «5». npH 3TOM Ha pa60TalOmeM .lI.BHraTeJIe 6JIOKHpyeTc
HCKpo06pa30BaHHe B CBeqaX 3IDKHraHH H .lI.BHraTeJIb OCTaHaBJIHBa-
eTCH aBTOMaTHqeCKH.
,L(aJIee He06xo,aHMO HIDKaTb KJIaBHllIY «*». npH 3TOM BbICBetJHBa-
eTCH KOMaH.LJ,a «nYCK», nOCJIe qero nOBopatJHBalOT KJIlOtJ 3IDKHraHH
H Y.lI.ep)f{HBalOT ero B nOJIOXeHHH «CTapTep». B TeqeHHe npHMepHO
10 C MOTop-TeCTep 6JIOKHpyeT 3anYCK .lI.BHraTeJIH. no HCTetJeHHH 3TO-
ro BpeMeHH BbICBetJHBaeTCH KOMa a «CTon» H ,aBHraTeJIb .lI.OJDKeH
3anYCTHTbCH.
Pe3YJIbTaTbI H3MepeHIDI KOMnpeCCHH no UHJIH paM BbIBO,lUlTC B
BH,lJ.e Ta6JIHUbI, nOKa3bIBalOmeH 3HaqeHH KOMnpeCCHH B Kax.nOM
UI1.1IHH,l(pe OTHOCHTeJIbHO caMOH BbICOKOH, npHH ToH 3a 100 %.
npH HaxaTHH KJIaBHIlIH «6» MOTop-TeCTep nepeXO.ll.HT B pe)f{HM
«nOnPABKA», npH KOTOpOM onpe.ll.eJI eTC 01lIH6Ka nOKa3aHHH
MOTop-TeCTepa npH H3MepeHHH 3JIeKTPWlecKoro TOKa. npH 3TOM He-
06XO,aHMO CH Tb .lI.aTtJHK TOKa C npOBo,aa AK6 H 3aKpbITb HpMO .lI.aT-
tJHKa. nOCJIe 3Toro HaxaTb KJIaBHllIY «6». Ha HH.LI.HKaTOpe BbICBeTHT-
CH 3HaqeHHe 01lIH6KH H3MepeHIDI TOKa B aMnepax.
3HatJeHHe 0llIH6KH H3MepeHIDI TOKa xpaHHTCSI B na TH MOTOp-
TeCTepa H BnOCJIe,aCTBHH pe3ynbTaTbI H3MepeHH TOKa 6y,ayr KoppeK-
THpOBaTbC C yqeToM 3TOH BeJIINHHbI.
Bce napaMeTPbI, onpe,aeneHHbIe B H3MepHTeJIbHbIX pe)f{HMaX, 3a-
HOC TC B na Tb MOTop-TeCTepa H xpaIDITCH ,ao BbIKJIlOqeHIDI nHTa-
HHH MOTop-TeCTepa. OHH Mor}'T 6bITb nOCJIe.ll.OBaTeJIbHO BbI3BaHbI Ha
HH.LI.HKaTOp nyreM HIDKaTH KJIaBHIlIH «0».
3 a a H H e 5. H3Y'fHTb MeTOAHKY AHBrHOCTHp08SHHfI
,qSHrSTenfl sHYTpeHHero cropSHHfI 8 BBTOMSTHlfeCKOM
peJICHMe
B aBTOMaTHqeCKOM pe}I(HMe ,nHarHOCTHpOBaHIDI .l1BHraTeJISI MOTOp-
TeCTepOM MI-2 3HaqeHH H3MepeHHbIX napaMeTPOB He BbIBO.ll.HTC Ha
107
HH.nHKaTOp JI.O OKOHqaHIDI H3MepeHHH, a 3aHOC TC B naMRTb. B npo-
uecce H3MepeHHH Ha HH,LJ:HKaTOp BbIBOJUITC TOJlbKO KOMaH,LJ:bI onepa-
TOPY.
,lLJI nepeXOJI.a B aBTOMaTHIJeCKHH pe)l{}lM CBeTOJI.HOJI. Ha nOJle KJla-
BHIllH «R» JI.OJDKeH CBeTHTbC (eCJlH He CBeTHTC - HaxaTb KJlaBHllIY
«R»). 3aTeM CJleYJI.eT HaxaTb KJlaBHrny «#».
3aTeM 3anYCKalOT ,aBHraTeJlb. Ha HH,LJ:HKaTope BbICBeqHBaeTC Te-
KYIUee 3Ha1.JeHHe 1.JaCTOTbI BpameHH KOJleHIJaTOrO BaJIa JI.BHraTeJlH.
B TeqeHHe 5 C CBeTHTC HMnHCb «H3MEPEHI1E Y03». He06xoJI.H-
MO BKJII01.JHTb CTP060CKOn, OCBeTHTb BpamalOIUHHcH llIKHB KOJleHqa-
TOro BaJIa H ,a06HTbC COBna,u,eHIDI MeTOK Ha llIKHBe KOJleJ{qaToro BaJIa
H KapTepe JI.BHraTeJl , Ha)KHMaH KJIaBHllIH «.... », « » C1'p060CKona.
nocJle COBMemeHH MeTOK HIDKHMalOT KJIaBHrny «. » CTP060CKona.
B TeIJeHHe 10 C MOTop-TeCTep nepexo,aHT K CJleJI.yIOmeM)' pe)I{HMY H3-
MepeHHH.
Ha HHJ];HKaTOpe BbICBeIJHBaeTCH KOMau,na «YCTAHOBI1Tb XXXX
06/M». no 3TOH KOMau,ae YCTaHaBJlHBalOT TPe6yeMYlO qaCTOTY Bpa-
meHH JI.HarHocTHpyeMoro ,aBHraTe.IDI C TOqHOCTblO + 100 MHH- 1 . no
KOMaH,l(e «CH Tb BAKYYMHYIO TPY6KY» OTcoe,aHHHTb TPy6KY
OT BaK)'YMHoro perYJl Topa onepe)l{eHH 3a)l{HraHH RJIH B JlI060M
JI.OCTynHOM MeCTe, nocJle 1.Jero HaxaTb KJIaBHrny «*» KJIaBHaTypbI.
no KOMaH,ae «113MEHEHI1E Y03», OCBemaH cTp060cKonoM
MeTKH Ha llIKHBe KOJleHlJaTOrO Bana H KapTepe ,aBHraTeJl , CJleJI.yeT
COBMeCTHTb HX JI.pyr C ,apyroM, HIDKHMaH KJIaBHrny «.... » RJIH « » Ha
Kopnyce CTJ)060CKona. nocJle COBMemeHIDI MeTOK HIDKaTb KJIaBHllIY
«.», nO BHTCH KOMaH,l(a «YCTAHOBI1Tb XXXX 06/M». npH 3TOM
He06xoJI.HMO YCTaHOBHTb TPe6yeMYlO qaCTOTY BpaIUeHH ,aHarHOCTH-
pyeMoro JI.BHraTeJlH C TOIJHOCTblO + 100 MHH- 1 .
no KOMaH,ae «H3MEHEHI1E Y03», OCBema cTp060cKonoM
MeTKH Ha llIKHBe KOJleuqaToro BaJIa H KapTepe ,aBHraTe.IDl, COBMeCTHTb
HX .lI.pyr C JI.pyroM, HIDKHMaH KJIaBHllIH «.... » RJIH « », 3aTeM HaxaTb
KJIaBHrny «. » CTP060CKona.
no KOMau.ae «HAAETb BAKYYMHYIO TPY6KY» YCTaHOBHTb
Ha MeCTO BaK)'YMHyIO TPy6KY H HaxaTb KJIaBHrny «*» KJIaBHaTypbI.
no KOMaHJI.e «H3MEHEHI1E Y03», OCBemaH cTp060cKonoM
MeTKH Ha llIKHBe KOJIeH1.JaTOrO Barra H KapTepe ,aBHraTeJl , CJleJI.yeT
COBMeCTHTb HX JI.pyr C ,apyrOM, HIDKHMa KJIaBHllIY «.... » WIH « » Ha
Kopnyce cTp060CKona. npH COBMemeHHH MeTOK HIDKaTb KJIaBHllIY
«.». Qepe3 5...7 C MOTop-TeCTep nepexo,aHT K CJle.ayIOIUeM)' pe)I{HMY
H BbICBeqHBaeTCH KOMau,aa «YCTAHOBI1Tb XXXX OE/M».
no 3TOH KOMau.ne He06xo,aHMO YCTaHOBHTb TJ)e6yeMyIO IJaCTOTY
BpaIUeHH ,aHarHocTHpyeMoro JI.BHraTeJl C TOqHOCTblO + 100 MHH- 1 ,
nOCJIe qero npOH3BeCTH aBTOMaTHQeCKOe nOCJle,aOBaTeJIbHOe OTKJIIO-
1.JeHHe 3IDKHraHH B KIDK,nOM H3 UWIHu.aPOB ,lI,BHraTeJlH, HaxaB KJIa-
BHrny «*».
108
MOTop-TeCTep nepeXOLtHT K CJIe,nYJOIUeMy pe)f{HMY H3MepeHHH, Ha
HH,nHKaTOpe BbICBeQHBaeTCH KOMaHJJ,a «PA3fOH». npH 3TOM He06-
XO,nHMO pe3KO HIDKaTb Ha ne,nanb aKCeJlepaTOpa, nOCJIe qero Ha HH.aH-
KaTOpe BbICBeTHTCH KOMaH,aa «BbIEEf». 3aTeM Heo6xo,nHMO oTny-
CTHTb ne,naJIb. OnepaUHIO «PA3fOH - BbIEEf» nOBTOpHIOT ell..(e ,nBa
pa3a, nocJle qerO MOTOp-TeCTep nepeXOLtHT K CJle,nyJOll..(eMY H3Mepe-
HHIO. ,L:{BHraTeJlb OCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH H Ha HH,I:J:HKaTOpe BbICBeqHBaeTCR
HH<pOpMaUHR 0 3HaqeHHHX HanpR}I{eHHH AKE H nOT})e6JIHeMOH CHJIe
TOKa.
npOKOH1pOJIHpOBaB 3HaqeHHe HanpIDKeHHR AKE H n01]>e6.1U1eMoro
TOKa, HIDKHMalOT KJlaBHIIIY «*». npH 3TOM BbICBeqHBaeTCH KOMaH.aa
«nYCK». nOCJIe 3Toro Heo6xo,nHMO nOBepuyrb KJIlOq 3IDKHraHIDI Ha
3anYCK H y,nep}I{aTb ero B TaKOM COCTORHHH npHMepHO 10 c, B TeqeHHe
KOTOpbIX MOTop-TecTep 6J1oKHpyeT nYCK ,nBHraTeJlH. no HCTeqeHHH
3Toro BpeMeHH BbICBeqHBaeTCH KOMaH.lJ.a «CTon» H ,nBHraTeJlb 3a-
nYCKaeTCH.
no OKOHqaHHH aBTOMaTHqeCKOrO pe)l(HMa HJlH nocJle Ha)l(aTHH
KJIaBHIIIH «0» Ha HH,nHKaTope nOCJle,nOBaTeJlbHO oT06pIDKalOTCH pe-
3YJlbTaTbI H3MepeHHH.
,lI..rnI aBTOM06H.1IeH, 060py,nOBaHHbIX BC1pOeHHOH ,nHarnOCTWleCKOH
p03eTKOH (HMeeTCH LtaTlJHK BMT), no,nKJIlOlJeHHH cTp060CKona He
1pe6yeTcH H3MepeHHe Y03 npOH3Bo,nHTCR aBTOMaTWIeCKH. KTIaBHIIIH
«#» H «*» MO)l(HO Ha)l(HMaTb KaK Ha KJIaBHaType MOTop-TeCTepa, TaK
H Ha nYJlbTe ,L:{Y, He BbIXOLtH H3 CaJIOHa aBTOM06HJlH.
COAep*aHMe OT'IeTa
OTlJeT 0 LtaHHOH pa60Te LtOJI)I(eH BKJIlOlJaTb B ce6S1 CJle,nYIOI.l(He
CBe,neHHSI:
. Ha3BaHHe H ueJlb JIa60paTopHOH pa60TbI;
. KpaTKoe onHcaHHe KOHCTPYKUHH, TeXHWleCKyJO xapaKTepHCrn-
KY MOTop-TeCTepa M 1- 2;
. 3TanbI no,nrOTOBKH MOTop-TeCTepa K pa60Te;
. pe)l(HMbI pa60TbI MOTop-TeCTepa, H3MepHeMbIe napaMe1pbI (CM.
Ta6J1. 2.7) H MeTOLtHKa HX H3MepeHHR;
. npHHUHn onpeLteJleHIDI nOKa3aTeJIeH 3<1><l>eKTIlBHOH MOIUHocrn,
MOIl..(HOCTH MeXaHHlJeCKHX nOTepb H HepaBHOMepHOCTH pa60TbI
UHJIHHLtPOB ,L:{BC;
. OTBeTbI no HH.lJ.HBH.lI.YaJIbHOMY 3a,naHHIO.
KOHTPonbHblE BonpOCbI
l. ,n:aHTe onpe,neJleHHe nOHSITHIO «IlHarHOCTHpOBaHHe».
2. Ha30BI1Te OCHOBHbIe 11l1arHOCTHQeCKHe napaMeTPbI lJ)ISI CHCTeM II Me-
xaHH3MOB ,nBHraTeJleH.
109
3. nepe1JHCJIHTe Mo,neJIH OTe1JeCTBeHHbIX H 3apy6e)l(HbIX aBTOTeCTepOB,
aHaJIH3aTOpOB H MOTop-TeCTepOB.
4. PaccKIDKHTe 0 Ha3Ha'IeHHH, npHHUHne ,neHcTBHSI H KOMnJIeKTYJOI.l(HX
3JIeMeHTax MOTop-TeCTepa M 1- 2.
5. npHBe,nHTe TeXHH'IeCKYK> xapaKTepHCTHKY MOTop-TeCTepa MI-2.
6. H3JIO)I(HTe nepe'IeHb H nOCJIe,nOBaTeJIbHOCTb onepaUHH npH no,nrOTOB-
Ke MOTop-TeCTepa K pa6oTe.
7. OxapaKTepH3yHTe HaJIa,n01JHbIH pe)I{HM pa60TbI MOTop-TeCTepa: H3Me-
pSieMbIe napaMeTJ)bI H MeTo,nHKY HX H3MepeHIDI.
8. nepe'IHCJIHTe H3MepSieMble MOTop-TecrepOM napaMeTJ)bI B pe)l(HMe «3JI
nI1TAHHE», B pe)I(HMe «3A)1(HfAHHE».
9. KaKHe napaMeTJ)bI ,[{BC KOHTJ)OJIHPYJOTCSI B H3MepHTeJIbHOM pe)I(HMe
pa60TbI MOTop-TecTepa?
10. KaK npOBepHTb pa60TY peryIDITopoB onepe)l(eHHSI 3IDKHraHHSI?
11. KaKHe nOKa3aTeJIH ,[{BC H3MepSilOTCSI npH pa60Te MOTop-TeCTepa B
pe)I(HMe «MOI..U.HOCTb»? OxapaKTepH3yHTe npHHUHn HX onpe,neJIeHHSI.
12. KaK npOH3BO,lUlTCSI H3MepeHIDI MOTop-TeCTepOM B pe)I(HMe «I)AJ1AHC
MOIIJ.HOCTH»? 113JIo)I(HTe nopsmoK pa60TbI B 3TOM pe)I(HMe.
13. KaK onpe,neJISIIOTCSI KOMnpeCCHOHHbIe CBOHCTBa UHJIHH,npOB L{BC
MOTop-TeCTepOM B pe)I(HMe «KOMnPECCIUI»?
14. H3JIO)l(HTe MeTo,nHKY ,nHarHOCTHpOBaHHSI L{BC MOTop-TeCTepOM B
aBTOMaTH1JeCKOM pe)I(HMe.
15. nepe1JHCJIHTe OCHOBHble Tpe60BaHHSI TeXHHKH 6e30naCHOCTH npH
pa60Te C MOTop-TeCTepOM MI-2.
2.4. OCHoBHble HeMcnpaBHocTM ABMraTeneA
BHyrpeHHero cropaHMR M MX onpeAeneHMe
MOTop-TecTepoM M1-2
l(eAb pa60mbl - H3yqHTb OCHOBHbIe OTKa3bI H HeHcnpaBHOCTH
,lJ.BC, npHqHHbI, HX BbI3bIBalOIIJ;He, nOJIyqHTb npaKTHqeCKHe HaBblKH
n03JIeMeHTHoro ,nHamocrnpOBaHIDI,nBHrare.rnI Morop-TecrepOM M 1-2,
a TaIOKe Hayq:HTbCH ,neJIaTb 3aKJIIOQeHHe 0 TeXHHqeCKOM COCTOHHHH
OT,neJIbHbIX ero 3JIeMeHTOB.
06w.Me CBeAeHMR M OCHOBHble nOHRTMR
A.1IropHTM, BbI60p nOCJIe,nOBaTeJIbHOCTH npOBe,neHIDI ,nHarHOCTH-
QeclGIX onepaUHH no ,nBHraTeJIlO onpe,neIDIeTCH 3HaHHeM onepaTopOM-
,nHamOCTOM OCHOBHbIX OTKa30B H HeHcnpaBHocTeH ero 3JIeMeHTOB,
npH3HaKOB H npH'lHH HX npOHBJIeHHH.
OTKa3 - 3TO Hapym:eHHe pa60Tocnoc06HoCTH ,nBHraTeJUI HJIH OT-
.neJIbHbIX ern CHCTeM H MexaHH3MOB. npH OTKa3e JII06oro 3JIeMeHTa
,lJ.BC pa60Ta aBTOM06Hlli1 HeB03MO)I(Ha.
110
HeHcnpaBHbIM TeXHHqeCIGIM COCTOHHHeM Ha3bIBaeTCH COCTOHHHe
,ABC KaK e,lUlHoH CHCTeMbI, B KOTOpOH 0,LUffi H3 CTpYKTYPHbIX KJIH BbI-
XO.lUlbIX napaMeTpOB BbIIlleJI 3a npe,ne1IbI ,aOnyCTHMbIX 3HaqeHHi1. A8T0MO-
6HJIb npH HaJIHtD.iH HeHcnpaBHOCTH, eCJIH OHa He B1IlliIeT Ha 6e3onacHOCTb
,nBIDKeHIDI, MO)I(HO 3KCIUIyarnpOBaTb, HO ero TeXHHKO-3KOHOMWIeCIGIe
H 3KOJIOrnqeCIGIe nOKa3aTeJIH 6y.nyr CHIDKeHbI. HeHcnpaBHocrn KOH-
KpeTHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB ,ABC KOCBeHHO npOHBJImOT ce6S1 l.Jepe3 onpe,neJIeH-
HbIe npH3HaKH, CHMITfOMbI, KOTOpbIe MOryr CJIy)KHTb ,nHarHOC1WIeCKHMH
napaMeTPaMH OueHIGI HX TeXHWIecKoro COCTOHHIDI.
113 06mero qHCJIa OTKa30B H HeHcnpaBHOCTeH Ll.BC Ha ,aOJIIO u.nf
npHXo,nHTCH 13 %, KllIM 12 %, fPM 7 %, CHCTeM 3IDKHraHIDI H 3JIeK-
TP0060py,aoBaHIDI 45 %, nHTaHIDI 18 %, OXJIIDK,l{eHHH 4 %, CMa3IG1 1 %.
Tpy,noeMKocTb YC1paHeHIDI ,ne<l>eKTOB nepeqHCJ1eHHbIX CHCTeM H Mexa-
HH3MOB COCTaBIDIeT COOTBeTCTBeHHO 23; 17; 7; 40; 10; 2 H I % OT 06meH
TPy,aoeMKocrn TO H TP no ,aBHraTeJIIO. KaK BH,nHO H3 npHBe,neHHbIX
,naHHbIX, HaH60JIbIllHH 06'beM Tpy,nOBbIX H MaTepHaJIbHbIX 3aTPaT Ha
nOMep)l{aHHe pa60Tocnoc06HoCTH Ll.BC npHXo,nHTCH Ha u.nr, KlllM
H rPM, a TalOKe CHCTeM 3IDKHraHHH, 3JIelcrpo060py,noBaHIDI H nHTaHIDI.
n03TOM}' B npouecce ,nHarHOCrnpOBaHIDI ,nBHraTeJUI OCHOBHoe BHHMa-
HHe y,neJUleTCH HMeHHO 3THM CHCTeMaM H MexaHH3MaM.
K xapaKTepHbIM H3MeHeHHHM TeXHHQeCKOrO COCTOHHHH KIllM
,nBHraTeJIH OTHOCHT H3HOC UHJIHu.npOB, nopIllHeBbIX KOJIeu, KaHaBOK,
meeK H BKJIa.LI.bImeH KOJIeHQaToro BaJIa, 3aKOKCOBbIBaHHe KOJIeu. npH
,nOCTH)I{eHHH npe,neJIbHbIX 3HatIeHHH HX H3Hoca B03MO)I(HbI OTKa3bI:
nOJIOMKa nopmHeBbIX KOJIeu, 3a.L1.HPbI 3epKaJIa UHJIHH.nPOB H 3aKJIH-
HHBaHHe nopmHeH, no,nOJIaBJIeHHe, npOBOpatIHBaHHe H 3aKJIHHHBa-
HHe no,nmHnHHKOB KOJIeH'laToro BaJIa, nOHBJIeHHe 1pemHH B 6JIOKe
UHJIHH,npOB H rOJIOBKe 6JIOKa UHJIHHLJ:POB.
OCHOBHbIMH npH3HaKaMH HeHcnpaBHoCTeH KIllM HBIDIIOTCH YMeHb-
meHHe KOMnpeccHH B UHJIHH,LJ;paX, nOHBJIeHHe rnYMoB H CTyJ<OB npH
pa60Te ,nBHraTeJUl, npopbIB raJOB B Kaprep, YBeJIWleHHe pacxo,aa MaCJIa,
3arpH3HeHHe CBetIeH 3IDKHraHIDI MaCJ10M. npH 3TOM, KaK npaBHJIO, no-
BbImaeTCH pacxo,n TOruIHBa H CHIDKaeTCH MOIUHOCTb ,nBHraTeJUl.
113MeHeHHe TeXHHtIeCKOrO COCTOHHIDI fPM xapaKTepH3yeTcH 3Ha-
tIeHHHMH H3Hoca KYJIatIKOB H onopHbIX meeK pacnpe,neJIHTeJIbHOrO
BaJIa, TOJIKaTeJIeH H HX HanpaBJIRlOmHX BTYJIOK, TapeJIOK KJIanaHOB H
HX rHe3,a, IlleCTepeH, HapymeHHe 3a30pOB Me y CTep)I(HHMH KJIana-
HOB H KOpOMbICJIaMH (TOJIKaTeIDIMH). B03MO)I(HbIe OTKa3bI: nOJIOMKa
H nOTepH ynpyroCTH KJIanaHHbIX np}')KHH, nOJIOMKa 3y6beB pacnpe-
,neJIHTeJIbHbIX meCTepeH, nporopaHHe KJIanaHOB. npH3HaKaMH HeHC-
npaBHOCTeH fPM CJIyxaT nOHHxeHHaH KOMnpeCCHH B UHJIHH,npe,
nOHBJIeHHe CTyJ<OB B 06JIaCTH em pacnOJIOXeHIDI, HaJIWlHe XJIOnKOB
B Kap61OpaTope HJIH rJIYIIIHTeJIe.
HaH60JIee THnHQHble HeHcnpaBHOCTH .lI.BHraTeJ1H H npHtIHHbI HX
B03HHKHOBeHHH npHBe,aeHbI B Ta6JI. 2.8.
111
T a 6 Jl Li1 U. a 2.8. HeMcnpaBHocTM ABMraTenR M npM'tMHbl
MX B03HMKHOBeHMR
npH3HaK HeHcnpaBHOCTH B03MO:>KH(iB npHtIHHa
L{BHraTeJIb He pa3BHBaeT He,nOCTaTOqHaR KOMnpeCCHSI. HeHcnpaB-
nOJIHOH MOI«HOCTH HOCTH 3JIeMeHTOB CHCTeMbI nHTaHHSI HJIH
3IDKHraHIDI. lleperpeB HJIH nepeOXJIIDK.neHHe
,nBHraTeJUI
nOBbImeHHbIH pacxo,n H3HOC nopmHeBbIX KOJIeu, noplIIHeH H
TOllJIHBa H MaCJIa UHJIHH.nPOB. llOBpe)K,ll;eHHe npH6opOB CH-
CTeM nHTaHIDI H 3IDKHraHHSI. nOBbImeHHbIH
ypOBeHb MaCJIa B KapTepe
CT}'KH B ,nBHraTeJIe H3HOC KopeHHbIX H maTYHHbIX no,nmHn-
HHKOB, nopmHeBbIX naJIbueB H BTYJIOK.
BOJIbmOH 3a30p Mex.ny KJIanaHaMH H
TOJIKaTeJISlMH. llOJIOMKa np}')KHH KJIanaHOB.
eTOHaUHOHHbIe CTyJ<H
L{BHraTeJIb He 3anYCKa- nOBpe)K,ll;eHHe HJIH HapymeHHe perYJIH-
eTCSI pOBKH B cHcTeMax nHTaHHSI, 3IDKHraHHSI,
3JIeKTPo06oPy,nOBaHHSI
HeHcnpaBHOCTH CHCTeMbI 3IDICHraHIDI H npH6opOB 3JIeKTPoo6oPY-
.lI.OBaHHH B 80 % CJIyqaeB HBlliIlOTCH npHqHHOH nOBbIIIJeHHOrO pac-
XO.ll.a TOnJIHBa (YBeJIHqeHHe Ha 5... 15 %) H CHHxeHHH MOIUHOCTH
.lI.BHraTeJIH.
XapaKTepHbIMH HeHcnpaBHOCTHMH CHCTeMbI 3IDICHraHIDI HBJUlIOTCH
pa3pyIIJeHHe H30JIHUHH npOBO.ll.OB H CBeqeH 3IDKHraHIDI, HapyIIJeHHe
KOHTaKTa B MeCTax COe.ll.HHeHHH, OCJIa6JIeHHe npy;KHHbI nO.ll.BH.)I(HOrO
KOHTaKTa npepbIBaTelliI, nOBbIIIJeHHbIH JIIO<pT BaJIHKa pacnpe.ll.eJIHTe-
JIH, Harap Ha 3JIeKTpO.ll.aX CBeqeH 3a)l{HraHHH, H3MeHeHHe 3a30pa
Me)J{.ll;Y 3JIeKTpO.ll.aMH CBeqeH, MeXBHTKOBbIe 3aMbIKaHHH KaTYIIJKH
3aXHraHHH, H3MeHeHHe xapaKTepHCTHK pa60TbI u.eHTpo6e)J{Horo H
BaK}'YMHoro perYlliITopOB.
OCHoBHbIe HeHcnpaBHOCTH AKE: CHIDKeHHe YPOBIDI 3JIeKTPOJIHTa
H em ruIOTHOCTH, pa3PM H caMOpa3pH.a, KopOTKoe 3aMbIKaHHe nJIa-
CTHH npH BbIna.n.eHHH aKTHBHOH MaCCbI.
OCHoBHbIe HeHcrrpaBHOCTH reHepaTopa: H3HOC KOHTaKTHbIX KOJIeu.
H m:eTOK, 06PbIB KJIH Me)I{BHTKOBbIe 3aMbIKaHIDI B 06MOTKax B036yx-
.lI.eHHH pOTopa H CTaTopa, rrpo6oH KJIH 06PbIB .lI.HO.ll.OB BbInpHMHTeJIb-
HOro 6JIOKa, oCJIa6JIeHHe, qpe3MepHoe HaTIDKeHHe HJlH H3HOC npHBO.ll.-
Horo peMHH.
112
OCHOBHOH HeHCrrpaBHOCTblO peJIe-perYJIHTOpa HBJISIeTCH Henpa-
BHJIbHbIH ypOBeHb peryJIHpyeMoro HanpIDKeHIDI, KOTOpOe.rum 06bIQ-
Horo 12-BoJIbToBoro o6opy.n;OBaHIDI .nOJDKHO 6bITb 13,7 ...14,2 B.
B CTapTepe B03HHKalOT rJIaBHbIM o6pa30M MeXaHHtIeCKHe rrOBpex-
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nepe,n rrpoBe,neHHeM orrepaUHH ,nHarHocTHpoBaHHR ,nBHraTeJIb
,nOJDKeH 6bITb nporpeT .ao pa60tJeH TeMnepaTypbI 80...95 °C. MOTOP-
TeCTep no,nrOTOBJIeH K pa60Te B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3a,naHHeM 2 JIa60pa-
TOpHOH pa60TbI 2.3.
npoBepKa AK6, CTapTepa H KOMrrpeCCHH rrpOH3BO,L(HTCR B CJIe-
.ayIOIneM nOpR,nKe.
BKJIlOtJHTb MOTop-TeCTep B pe)f{HM «5». HarrpIDKeHHe nOKOR npH
BbIKJIlOtJeHHbIX nOTPe6HTeJUIX 3HeprHH ,nOJDKHO Haxo,nHTbCR B npe.ae-
JIax 12,6... 13,6 B. BKJllOtJHTb nOTpe6HTeJIb 3HeprHH (ra6apHTHbIe
<poHapH HJIH 6JIIDKHHH cBeT), tJT06bI pa3PMHbIH TOK B ceTH COCTaBllilJI
npHMepHO 5...6 A (1/10 eMKOCTH AK6 ,nHarHocTHpyeMoro ,LJ;BC) H
Bb aTb rraY3Y 20... 30 c. 3aHecTH nOKa3aHHSI MOTop-TeCTepa B npo-
TOKOJI HcnbITaHHH OTtJeTa no pa60Te. npHMepHaR 3aBHCHMOCTb
Me)KJJ;y HanpRxeHHeM AK6 (U AD) H CTeneHblO ee pa3pIDKeHHOCTH:
HanpIDKeHHe AKB, 8............................ 12,6 12,0 11,6 11,3 10,5
CTeneHb pa3pIDKeHHOCTH AKB, % ........ 0 25 50 75 100
ECJIH AK6 pa3pIDKeHa, TO B03MO)f{HbI rrplf1IHHbI:
. CJIa6asI CTeneHb 3apRLUGi (rrpoBepHTb reHeparop H peJIe-perymrrop,
3apMHTb AKD) WIH He,nOCTaTOtJHbIH ypOBeHb 3JIeKTPOJIHTa;
. CYJIb<paTaUHR R1IH KopOTKoe 3aMbIKaHHe I1JIaCTHH (3aMeHHTb
AKE).
CYJIb<paTaUHIO I1JIaCTHH AK6 MO)I(HO nonbITaTbCR CIDITb J])IHTeJIb-
HbIM 3apR,nOM MaJIbIM TOKOM (1/50 eMKOCTH AKE).
npH nOJIO}l{lfTeJIbHOM pe3YJIbTaTe npOBepKH (,L(orrycTHMaR CTeneHb
pa3pR,nKH AK6 JIeTOM 50 %, 3HMOH 25 %) OCYIUeCTBJlSleTCR npOBepKa
OTHOCHTeJIbHOH KOMnpeCCHH UWIHHJJ;pOB B pe)I(HMe npOBopatJHBaHIDI
KOJIeHtJaToro BaJIa CTapTepOM npH 6JIOKHpOBKe CHCTeMbI 3IDKHraHHR
OT nYCKa ,LJ;BC.
Ha)KaTb KJIaBHIlIY «*» H rroBepHyrb KJIlOq 3a)f{HraHHR Ha 3anYCK
,nBHraTeJIR CTapTepOM. He OTnYCKaTb KJIlOq B TeqeHHe npHMepHO
119
8... 10 C n;o rrOSlBJIeHID! Ha 3KpaHe HH,lJ;HKaTOpa KOMaH,lJ;bI «CTOn».
nOcJIe ee rrOSlBJIeHIDI n;BHraTeJIb aBTOMaTHqeCKH 3arrYCKaeTCSI, a Ha
HH,aHKaTOpe MOTop-TeCTepa rrORB.IDIIOTCSI 3HaqeHIDI HarrpIDKeHID! AKB
(U AD), OTHOCHTeJIbHOH KOMrrpeCCHH rro UHJIHH,lJ;paM (KOMnPEC-
CH ), TOKa CTapTepa (I CT) H qaCTOTbI BparneHIDI KOJIeHqaToro Barra
rrpH rrpoKpyrKe CTapTepOM (N MAX). Pe3YJIbTaTbI H3MepeHHbIX Be-
JIHqHH CJIe.nyeT 3aHeCTH B rrpOTOKOJI HcrrbITaHHH.
npH aHaJIH3e pe3YJIbTaTOB H3MepeHHH rryreM cpaBHeHID! no.rryqeH-
HbIX 3HaqeHHH C HOMHHaJIbHbIMH (CM. Ta6JI. 2.12) Heo6xon;HMo yqH-
TbIBaTb, qTO:
. HarrpSl)J(eHHe AKE rrpH npOBOpaqHBaHHH KOJIeHqaTOrO Barra
,L(BC CTapTepOM n;OJI)f(HO 6bITb He MeHee 9,5...9,7 B. ECJIH Ha-
rrpSl)J(eHHe AKC HH)J(e 9,5 B, 3HaqHT, AKE pa3pSl)J(eHa H ee
CJIen;yeT 3apH,L\HTb;
. rrOBbIllIeHHbIH TOK rrYCKa (I CT) 60JIee 145 A ,lUUI n;BHraTeJIeH
BA3 CBHJ(eTeJIbCTByeT 0 HeHcrrpaBHOCTH CTapTepa;
. rrYCKOBaSl qaCTOTa BparneHHSI KOJIeHqaTOrO BaJIa n;BHraTeJISI
,L\OJI}J{Ha HaXOn;HTbCSI B npen;eJIax 200...350 MHH- 1 . nOHIDKeHHoe
3HaqeHHe qaCTOTbI BpaIUeHHSI MO)J(eT 6bITb CJIen;CTBHeM pa3pSl-
)J(eHHOCTH AKE, HeHcrrpaBHOCTH CTapTepa HJIH )J(e nJIoxoro
KOHTaKTa B rrO,L\BOJUlIUHX rrpOBOn;ax H KJIeMMaX AKE;
. B HeKOTopbIX n:H1IHH,lJ;pax 3HaqeHHe OTHOCHTeJIbHOH KOMrrpeCCHH
MO)J(eT 6bITb MeHbllIe 70 %. B HHX B03MO)J(eH H3HOC KOMrrpec-
CHOHHbIX KOJIen:, rHJIb3 n:H1IHH,lJ;pOB, HerepMeTHqHOCTb rrOCa;J.KH
HJIH rrporopaHHe KJIarraHOB.
3 a A a H H e 2. nposepHTb COCTOflHHe HH3KosonbTHb'X
npH6opos3neKTpoo6oPYAosaHHfI
npOBepKa rrpoH3BOn;HTCSI B CJIen;yIOrneM rroPMKe:
. BKJIlOqHTb pe)J(HM 3JI nHTAHHE, Ha)J(aB rrOCJIen;OBaTeJIbHO
KJIaBHllIH «R» H «M» (cBeTon;Hon; Ha KJlaBHllIe «R» He n;OJDKeH
CBeTHTbCSI);
. rrYCTHTb n;BHraTeJIb H YCTaHOBHTb MHHHMaJIbHbIe 060POThI XO-
JIOCTOrO Xon;a. Qepe3 5...7 C Ha HH,lJ;HKaTope BbICBeTSlTCSI 3Haqe-
HID! H3MepeHHbIX rrapaMe1pOB: qaCTOTbI BparneHIDI KOJIeHqaTO-
ro BaJIa (N); rra;J.eHHSI HarrpIDKeHIDI Ha KOHTaKTaX rrpepbIBaTeIDI
(U np); HarrpIDKeHHe 3apMa AKE (U AE); HarrpIDKeHIDI Ha
KaTynIKe 3IDKHraHID! (U K3).
3HaqeHHe MHHHMaJIbHOH qaCTOTbI BparneHHSI KOJIeHqaTOrO BaJIa
n;OJI)J(HO COOTBeTCTBOBaTb 3HaqeHHIO 800...900 MHH- 1 (CM. Ta6JI.
2.12). ECJIH qaCTOTa BparneHHSI OTJIHqaeTCR, YCTaHOBHTb HOMH-
HaJIbHOe ee 3HaqeHHe C nOMOrnbIO BHHTa «KOJIHqeCTBa» Ha Kap61O-
paTope.
120
na,neHHe HanpIDKeHIDI Ha KOHTaKTax npepbIBaTeJI5I (U rrp) n;OJI)J(-
HO COCTaBIDITb He 60JIee 0,15 B. ECJIH 3HaqeHHe Hanp5l)J(eHIDI BbIwe
HopMaTHBHoro, TO CJIen;yeT npOBepHTb H rrOqHCTHTb rrpHropeBllIHe
KOHTaKTbI rrpepbIBaTeIDI. B03MO)J(HbIMH rrpHtlHHaMH MorYT 6bITb TaK-
)J(e IIJIOXOH KOHTaKT 3a3eMJIeHIDI orropHOH IDIaTbI rrpepbIBaTeJUI HJIH
nepeKOC (HeCOOCHOCTb) KOHTaKTOB rrpepbIBaTeJUl.
,lI..rnI ABC C 6eCKOHTaKTHOH CHCTeMOH 3IDKHraHH5I 3HaqeHHe U np
n;OJDKHO 6bITb MeHee 3,5 B. ECJIH 3HaqeHHe HanpIDKeHH5I Ha KOHTaK-
Tax rrpepbIBaTeJI5I BbIllie 3,5 B, CJIen;yeT rrpOBepHTb 3JIeKTpOHHbIH
KOMM}'TaTOp HJIH 3aMeHHTb ero.
AJI5I rrpOBepKH Harrp5l)J(eHH5I 3ap5ln;KH AKfi Heo6xo,nHMO YCTaHO-
BHTb KOH1pOJIbHyJO qaCTOTY BpaIUeHH5I BaJIa reHepaTopa (,[(JI5I JIerKO-
BbIX aBTOM06HJIeH N = 1500... 2000 MHH- 1 ). Harrp5l)J(eHHe 3ap5ln;a
AKE n;OJDKHO HaXOn;HTbC5I B rrpen;eJIax 13,8... 14,5 B. npoBepHTb re-
HepaTOp rron; HarpY3KoH, ,[(JI5I 3Toro BKJIlOqHTb <t>apbI n;aJIbHerO CBeTa.
Harrp5l)J(eHHe ,nOJDKHO 6bITb He MeHee 13,8 B. ECJIH Harrp5l)J(eHHe 3a-
p5l.na AKE HIDKe 13,8 B, npOBepHTb HaTIDKeHHe peMH5I BeHTIDI5ITOpa:
eCJIH peMeHb HaT5IHyr HOpMaJIbHO, npOBepHTb peJIe-perYJI5ITOp HJIH
reHepaTOp (coen;HHeHHe H COCT05lHHe IUeToK). ECJIH Harrp5l)J(eHHe
BbIllie 14,5 B, rrpOBepHTb peJIe-perYJI5ITOp H rrpH Heo6xon;HMocTH
3aMeHHTb.
npoBepHTb 3ap5l.nHbIH TOK AKE. nOcJIe nycKa n;BHraTeJI5I OH n;OJI-
)J(eH COCTaBJUlTb 6... 10 A (B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CTerreHH pa3p5l,lum AKE)
H rro Mepe pa60TbI n;BHraTeIDI rrpH BKJIlOqeHHbIX n01pe6HTeJI5IX 3Hep-
rHH Me,[(JIeHHO YMeHbllIaTbC5I ,no HYJUl.
HanpIDKeHHe Ha KaTyuIKe 3IDKHraHH5I, He HMelOIUeH 6aJIJIaCTHOro
pe3HCTopa, HJIH Ha KaTYllIKe, HMelOIUeH 6aJIJIaCTHbIH pe3HCTOp CO
CTOpOHbI nOn;KJIlOqeHIDI AKE, n;OJDKHO OTJIHqaTbC5I OT Harrp5l)J(eHH5I
AKE He 60JIee qeM Ha 1 B. OTJIHQHe Harrp5l)J(eHH5I 60JIee qeM Ha 1 B
rOBopHT 0 rrJIOXHX KOHTaKTax B rrOn;BOn;5IIUHX npOBOn;ax HJIH 3aMKe
3IDKHraHH5I. Y KaTynIeK 3IDKHraHH5I C 6aJIJIaCTHbIM pe3HCTopOM (Ha
BbIBOn;e 6aJIJIacTHoro pe3HcTopa) HanpIDKeHHe n;OJDKHO 6bITb B rrpe,ne-
JIax 5... 9 B. ECJIH Hanp5l)J(eHHe Ha KaTynIKe 3IDKHraHH5I HH)J(e 5 B,
B03MO)J(eH IIJIOXOH KOHTaKT B rrOn;BOMIUHX rrpoBon;ax HJIH HeHcrrpaBeH
6aJIJIaCTHbIH pe3HCTOp. ECJIH Harrp5l)J(eHHe Ha KaTYIliKe 3IDKHraHH5I
BbIllie 9 B, B03MO)I{JIO KopOTKoe 3aMbIKaHHe 6aJI.1IaCTHOro pe3HCTopa
IDIH HeHcrrpaBHa KaTynIKa 3IDKHraHIDI.
3 a A a H H e 3. nposepHTb COCTOflHJfe npepblSaTenJl-
pacnpe,qenHTenfl, qeHTpo6eJICHoro H SBKYYAfHOrO
perynflTopos onepeJICeHHJI 3BJlCHraHHfI
KOH1pOJIb pa60TbI rrpepbIBaTeJUl-paCnpen;eJIHTeJUI ocyr.ueCTBJUleTCSI
B CJIen;yJOIUeM nOp5l.nKe:
121
. HIDKaTb KJIaBHllIY «#» (CBeTOn;HOn; Ha KJIaBHllIe «R» He ,nOJDKeH
CBeTHTbCR);
. rrYCTHTb n;BHraTeJIb.
Qepe3 2...3 C Ha HHLUiKaTope BbICBeTRTCSI 3HaqeHIDI Y3CK, aCHH-
XpOHH3Ma HCKpoo6pa30BaHHSI (D Y3CK), MHHHMaJIbHOH qaCTOTbI
BpameHIDI (N) H ee HepaBHOMepHOCTH (DN).
YroJI 3aMKH}'Toro COCTORHIDI KOHTaKTOB n;OJDKeH COOTBeTCTBOBaTb
nacnopTHOMY (CM. Ta6JI. 2.11) 3HaqeHHIO Y3CK 52...58° C TOQHOCTblO
+ 3°. npH 60JIbllIHX OTKJIOHeHIDIX CJIen;yeT 01'perYJIHpOBaTb 3a30p B
KOHTaKTaX rrpepbIBaTeJISI (qeM BbIllie 3HaqeHHe Y3CK, TeM MeHbllIe
3a30p B KOHTaKTaX, H Hao6opoT).
B n;BHraTeJJJIX C 6eCKOHTaKTHOH CHCTeMOH 3IDKHraHIDI Y3CK MO)J(eT
6bITb <PYHKUHeH qaCTOTbI BpameHIDI, n03TOMY 3TOT yrOJI H3MeIDIeTCR
npH yaeJIHqeHHH qaCTOTbI BpameHIDI 60JIee qeM Ha 10° (,lI)UI BA3-2108
H BA3-2109 - OT 14 n;o 45°).
ACHHXPOHH3M HCKpoo6pa30BaHIDI xapaKTepH3yeT pa3HHl(y Me)J{)(y
Y3CK OTn;eJIbHbIX UHJIHlmPOB H n;OJDKeH 6bITb MeHee 3°. ECJIH aCHH-
XpOHH3M HCKpoo6pa30BaHIDI 60JIbllIe 3°, rrpOBepHTb pacnpen;eJIHTeJIb.
B03MO)I{HbI HeHcnpaBHOCTH: o6rOpeJIH HJIH «pa36oJITaJIHCb» KOHTaK-
TbI npepbIBaTeJISI; OCJIa6JIeHa onopHaSl II.1IaCTHHa pacnpen;eJIHTeJISI;
H3HOllieH KYJIaqKOBbIH pacnpen;eJIHTeJIb.
YCTaHOBOqHbIH yroJI onepe)J(eHIDI 3IDKHraHIDI onpen;elliIIOT Ha HOp-
MaTHBHbIX MHHHMaJIbHbIX 060POTax XOJIOCTOro Xon;a (800... 900 MHH- 1 )
npH BKJIlOqeHHOM cTpo6ocKone, OCBemaR HM HenOn;BH)J(HbIe (Ha
6JIOKe UHJIHH.aPOB) H nOn;BIDKHbIe MeTKH BMT Ha llIKHBe KOJIeHqa-
Toro BaJIa n;BHraTeJISI. Ha)J(HMaSl KHonKH « », « » cTpo6ocKona,
COBMeCTHTb MeTKH. npOH3BecTH OTCqeT Y03 Ha HHIJ;HKaTope MOTOp-
TeCTepa. OH He n;OJDKeH OTJIHQaTbCSI OT HopMaTHBHoro 3HaqeHIDI 2... 6° .
ECJIH OTJIHqHe eCTb, Heo6xon;HMo OTperYJIHpOBaTb Y03 nOBopOTOM
Kopnyca npepbIBaTeIDI- pacnpen;eJIHTeIDI.
B aBTOM06HJISlX, o6opyn;oBaHHbIx n;HarHOCTHqeCKOH p03eTKoH H
BCTPoeHHbIM n;aTtlHKOM BMT (BA3-2108, BA3-2109),,lI)UI H3MepeHIDI
Y03 CTp060CKOn He Tpe6yeTCR.
B pe)I{HMe H3MepeHIDI Y03 MO)I{HO CIDITb xapaKTepHCTHKH ueH-
Tpo6e)J(Horo perYJISlTopa. napaMeTP H3MeHeHHSI yrJIa onepe)J(eHHSI
3IDKHraHHR B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT qaCTOTbI BpameHIDI KOJIeHqaTOrO BaJIa
(Y03 Q) onpen;eIDIeT HcnpaBHOCTb pa60TbI ueHTPo6e)I{Horo perYIDI-
Topa. Ero 3HaqeHHe onpen;eJISleTCSI KaK pa3HOCTb nOKa3aHHH yrJIa
onepe)J(eHIDI 3IDKHraHIDI Ha MHHHMaJIbHOH H MaKCHMaJIbHOH qaCToTax
BpameHHSI. ,[LrrSl 3Toro CJIen;yeT OTcoen;HHHTb BaKY}'MHyJO Tpy6KY OT
npepbIBaTellil-paCrrpen;eJIHTellil; yaeJIHqHBaSl qaCTOTY BpameHIDI KO-
JIeHQaTOrO BaJIa OT MHHHMaJIbHO:U n;o MaKCHMaJIbHO:U, OTCqHTaTb H3-
MeHeHHe Y03.
nOJIyqeHHoe 3HaQeHHe cpaBHHTb C HOMHHaJIbHbIM 3HaqeHHeM
23... 26° (CM. Ta6JI. 2.11).
122
napaMe1p H3MeHeHMH yrJIa Onepe)l{eHIDI 3IDKHfaHIDI B 3aBHCHMOCrn
OT HarpyJKH L{BHraTe.rnI (Y03 B) onpeJ:(e.IDIeT pa6OTocnoco6HOCTh BaKy-
YMHOro pery.rnrropa. XapaKTepHCTHKY BaKY}'MHoro peryJUlT()pa onpe,ne-
JljllOT Ha YCTaHoBHBUIeHCjI qaCTOTe Bpam:eHIDI (2 500... 3 000 MHH- 1 ),
H3MepjlSl pa3HHUY 3HaqeHHH yrJIOB onepexeHHSI 3IDKHraHIDI npH Ha-
,aeToH H npH CHSITOH BaKYYMHoH TPy6Ke. HOMHHaJIbHOe 3HaqeHHe
COCTaBlliIeT 10...14° (CM. Ta6JI. 2.11).
norryqeHHbIe 3HaqeHHjI Y03 Q H Y03 B LJ;OJDKHbI coomeTCTBOBaTb
HopMaTHBHbIM 3HaqeHHSlM C norpelliHOCTblO He 60JIee + 3°. B npo-
THBHOM CJIyqae He06xoLJ;HMO onpeLJ;eJIHTb npHlJHHY HeHcnpaBHOCTH
ueH1"p06e)I{Horo HJIH BaKYYMHoro peryJIjlTOpOB.
3 a A a H H e 4. nposepMTb COCTOJlHMe aneMeHTOS CJfCTeMW
3aJICMraHHJI
n03JIeMeHTHaSl npoBepKa CHCTeMbI 3IDKHraHHSI npOBOLJ;HTCjI B CJIe-
,ayIOIUeM nOPMKe:
. HIDKaTb KJIaBHUIY «*» (cBeTon;Hon; Ha KJIaBHWe «R» He n;OJDKeH
CBeTHTbCSI);
. nYCTHTb ,aBHraTeJIb, YCTaHOBHTb MHHHMaJIbHyIO lJaCTOTY Bpa-
IUeHHSI.
Ha Hn,nHKaTope BbICBelJHBaeTCSI nepeqeHb H3MepSleMbIX napaMe-
TpOB: U np06051 - 3HalJeHHe Hanpjl)l{eHHSI np060jl HCKpOBoro
npOMe Ka CBelJeH 3IDKHraHIDI no UHJIHH.apaM, KB; U ,llyrH - 3Ha-
lJeHHe HanpIDKeHHSI ropeHIDI HCKpbI no UHJIHn,npaM, KB; T ,llyrH -
.LVIHTeJIbHOCTb ropeHHSI HCKpbI no UHJIHHn;paM, MC; npOIIAMHI1E
HCKPbI - HapyrneHHe HCKpo06pa30BaHHjI no CBeqaM 3IDKHraHHjI B
UHJIHH,L(paX, %.
B CJIyqae OTKJIOHeHHSI nOJIyqeHHbIx pe3YJlbTaTOB OT HopMaTHBHbIX
3HalJeHHH (CM. Ta6JI. 2.11) He06xon;MMo onpen;eJIHTb B03MO)I{HbIe npH-
lJHHbI HeHcnpaBHOCTM H YCTpaHHTb HX, HCnOJIb3YjI TeOpeTHqeCKHe
3HaHHSI H npHBe,aeHHbIe nOCJIe KIDK,I:(orO 3Tana npOBepOK MeTo,nH'Ie-
CKHe peKOMen,naUHH.
,L:J:JISI npOBepKH HanpSlxeHHSI np060jl HCKpOBoro npOMexyTKa B
CBeqaX no UHJIHII.npaM HIDKaTb KJIaBHmy «1 ». ,lL1uI n;BHraTeJIeH BA3 C
KOHTaKTHOH CHCTeMOH 3IDKHraHIDI HanpIDKeHHe np060Sl n;OJDKHO 6bITb
B npe,aeJIax 6... 11 KB, C 6eCKOHTaKTHOH - 12... 16 KB. Pa3HHua B no-
Ka3aHHHX HanpH)I(eHHH np060jl B CBeqaX no I.J:HJIHII.npaM He n;OJDKHa
npeBbIllIaTb 2 KB.
npHqHHbI nOBbIllIeHHoro HanpIDKeHHSI np060Sl ,aBHraTeJISI BA3-
2103 (11 KB) BO Bcex UHJIHII.npax:
. 6e,nHaSI CMeCb (npoBepHTb yreqKY B03n;yxa H Hac'rpoHKY Kap6IO-
paTopa);
. H3HOllIeHHbIe HJIH C 60JIbllIHM Me)l{3J1eIcrpOLJ:HbIM 33.30pOM CBe-
lJH 3IDKHraHHH (OlJHCTHTb HJIH 3aMeHHTb CBeqH);
123
. HapyrneH KOHTaKT rrpHCOe.n.HHeHIDI HJIH 06PbIB ueHTPaJIbHOrO
rrpOBO,na 3a)I{HraHHSI (rrpOBepHTb rrpOBO.n;);
. rrOBpe)K,l(eH HCKpOraCSlIIJ;HH pe3HCTOp HJIH pOTOp pacrrpe.n;eJIH-
TeJUI (npOBepHTb pacnpe.neJIHTeJIb).
npHqHHbI rrOHIDKeHHOrO HarrpIDKeHIDI rrpo60Sl (MeHbllIe 6 KB) BO
Bcex UHJIHH.npax:
. MaJIbIM 3a30p B CBeqaX 3IDKHraHIDI;
. OqeHb 60raTWI CMeCb (rrpoBepHTh co.nepxaHHe CO, CmHn B Of);
. HerrpaBHJIbHO YCTaHOBJIeH Y03.
ECJIH pa3HHua B HarrpIDKeHHH rrpo60Sl Me)J(3JIeKTPo.n.Horo 3a30pa
CBeqeM 3IDKHraHHSI 60JIee 2 KB, TO:
. CMeCb Hec6aJIaHCHpOBaHHaSl (rrpOBepHTb BnYCKHOM KOJIJIeKTOp
Ha yreqKY B03,[(yxa);
. 3a30pbI 8 CBeqaX 3a)l(}fraHHSI HepaBHOMepHbIe;
. MeHbrnee 3HaqeHHe KOMrrpeCCHH B UHJIHH.npaX, B KOTOpbIX Ha-
6JIIO.naeTCSI rrOHH.)f{eHHOe 3HaqeHHe HarrpIDKeHIDI rrp060Sl;
. rrOBpe)K,l(eHa KpbIlliKa pacnpe.neJIHTeJISI HJIH BbICOKOBOJIbTHbIH
rrpOBO.n K CBeqaM 3IDKHraHIDI TeX UHJIHH.apOB, r.ne HarrpIDKeHHe
np060Sl nOBbIUIeHO.
nOCJIe YCTpaHeHHSI (BbIRCHeHHH) npHqHHbI HeHCrrpaBHOCTH rrpH
OTKJIOHeHHH OT HOpMaTHBHOrO 3HaQeHHSI HarrpSl)l{eHHSI rrp060Sl HC-
KpOBOrO rrpOMe)l(YfKa B CBeqaX rrepeMTH K CJIe.n.YIOUJ;HM 3TanaM rrpo-
BepKH 3JIeMeHTOB CHCTeMbI 3IDKHraHHSI.
Ha)l{aTb KJ1aBHlIIH «*» H «2» H rrpOBepHTb 3HaqeHIDI HarrpSl)l{eHIDI
ropeHHSI .nyrH HCKpeHHSI Me)K,l];Y 3JIeK1'p0.n;aMH CBeqH no UHJIHHJJ.paM.
BbICBeqeHHbIe 3HaQeHHSI HarrpSl)J(eHHe ropeHHSI HCKpbI He .nOJDKHbI
npeBbIllIaTb 1,7 KB; rrpH 60JIbUIeM HarrpSl)l{eHHH rrpOBepHTb BbICOKO-
BOJIbTHbIM npOBO.n. Ha 06pbIB.
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3a)l{HraHHSI Ha)l{aTb KJIaBHllIH «*» H «3». HopMaTHBHoe 3HaqeHHe
.LVIHTeJIbHOCTH ropeHHSI HCKpbI COCTaBJISleT 1,2... 2,3 MC.
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)f(}fraHIDI Bcex UHJIHH.apOB, TO B03MO)I{Hble npHQHHbI 3TOro - 06PbIB
ueHTPaJIbHoro rrpOBo,na, HeHcrrpaBHOCTb KaTyuIKH 3IDKHraHIDI, H3HOC
yrOJIbHOrO KOHTaKTa HJIH YBeJIHqeHHbIH 3a30p B CBeqaX 3IDKHraHHSI
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MeHblIIe 1,2 MC TOJIbKO Ha O.n.HOM CBeqe 3IDKHraHIDI, TO CJle.n.yeT rrpo-
BepHTb BbICOKOBOJIbTHbIM rrpOBO.n., rro.n.XOMIUHH K .naHHOH CBeqe, Ha
06PbIB, a TaIOKe Me)l{3JIeKTpo.nHbIM 3a30p B HeM.
ECJIH .LVIHTeJIbHOCTb ropeHIDI .nyrH 60JIbllIe 2,3 MC, TO B03MO)I{HOH
rrpHqHHOM HeHcnpaBHOCTH RBlliIIOTCSI «3aKOpOQeHHbIe» CBeqH 3IDKH-
raHIDI H.1IH BbICOKOBOJIbTHble rrpOBo,[(a B KOHKpeTHbIX UR1IHHJJ.Pax JII160
nOBpe)K,l];eHHSI B npepbIBaTeJIe-pacnpe.n.eJIHTeJIe.
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06pa30BaHHSI B CBeqaX 3IDKHraHHSI no UHJIHHJJ.paM He06xo.n.HMO no-
124
CJIe,nOBaTeJIbHO HIDKaTb KJIaBHllIH «*» H «4». TIpH 3TOM aBTOMaTlf1IeCKH
MOTop-TeCTep orrpe,neJIHT rrpoueHT rrponYCKa HCKpo06pa30BaHHR B
CBeqaX KIDK.l10rO UIDIHH.lI;pa 3a 100 pa60qHX UHKJIOB ,aBHraTeJIR. npo-
ueHT nporrycKa HCKpo06pa30BaHHR B CBeqaX 3CUKHraHIDI no UHJIHH.n-
paM He ,nOJDKeH rrpeBbIllIaTb 5 %.
3 a A a H H e 5. npOSepJfT& 6anaHc MOLLCHOCTH
no JfnJfH,qpaM
npOBepKY 6aJIaHCa MOIUHOCTH rro UHJIHH,apaM BbInOJIHRIOT rrpH
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JIHH.npOB.
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YCTaHOBHTb C nOMOIUblO B03.nyrnHOH 3aCJIOHKH qaCTOTY BpaIUeHIDI
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CTOTbI (qaCTOTa BpaIUeHHSI, Ha KOTOpOH ,nBHraTeJIb pa3BHBaeT HaH-
60JIbUIHH KPYTRIUHH MOMeHT; LUISI ,nBHraTeJIeH BA3 3Ta BeJIHqHHa
COCTaBJIReT 2000...2200 MHH- I ), H Ha)J(aTb KJIaBHlllY «*» - npH60p
aBTOMarnqeCKH nOOqepe,nHO OTKJIlOqaeT KIDK.l1bIH H3 UKJIHu,apOB ,aBH-
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paBHbIe 100 %, 3a BbIqeTOM qaCTHOro OT 3HaqeHHH OTHOCHTeJIbHoro
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npoueHTbI npH OTKJIlOqeHHH Ka)J(,l{OrO H3 UHJIHH.LI.POB. 3HaqeHHSI 6a-
JIaHCa MOIUHOCTH no UHJ1HH,npaM LUISI ,aBHraTeJIeH BA3 ,nOJDKHbI co-
CTaBJUlTb He MeHee 80...90 %. npH OTpHuaTeJIbHOM pe3YJIbTaTe npo-
BepKH npHqHHaMH HeHcnpaBHOCTH MorYT 6bITb no,ncoc B03,nyxa
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HapymeHHe B pa60Te CBeqeH 3a)J(HraHHSI.
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npOBepKa MOIUHOCTHbIX napaMe1])OB ,aBHraTeJIR ocyru:eCTBJISIeTCR
B CJIe,nyIOIUeM nOpSl,lJ;Ke.
nYCTHTb ,aBHraTeJIb, nporpeTb ero ,no TeMrrepaTypbI 85...95 °C H
BKJIlOqHTb pe)J(HM «4». nOcJIe nORBJIeHHH Ha HH,aHKaTope MOTOp-
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H y,nep)I{HBaTb ee B HIDKaTOM .no yrropa COCTOSlHHH ,no nOHBJIeHHSI Ha
3KpaHe ,nHCIDIeR KOMaH.ll;bI «BbIEEf» (rrpH ,aOCTH)J(eHHH ,nBHraTeIDI
125
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CTeMa 3IDKHraHIDI H ,nBHraTeJlb rrepeCTaeT pa3rOHSlTbCSI).
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HHSI H ,nBHraTeJlb pa60TaeT Ha MHHHMaJIbHbIX 060pOTaX XOJIOCTOrO
xo.n.a.
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Tepb.
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HopMaTHBHoro ee 3HaqeHIDI (NE = 56,7 KBT) 60Jlee qeM Ha 7 %. npH
0TPHuaTeJIbHOM pe3YJlbTaTe ,nHarHOCTHpOBaHIDI Heo6xo,nHMO rrpOBe-
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5... 12 % OT HopMaTHBHoro 3HaqeHHSI 3<p<peKTHBHoH MOIUHOCTH.
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HOCHTeJlbHOH KOMrrpeCCHH; npepbIBaTeJlSl; ueHTpo6e)I{Horo H
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CHCTeMbI 3IDKHraHHR; 3<p<peKTHBHOH MOIUHOCTH H MOIUHOCTH
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126
. BbIBO,nbI no OTpHu.aTeJIbHO nOJIyqeHHbIM pe3YJIbTaTaM n03J1e-
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T a 6 11111 U. a 2.13. npOToKon AMarHocTMpOB8HMS1 ABMraTenli
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OKOH"taHue ma61l. 2.13
Ll.HarHocTHpyeMbIe 3HatJeHHB HopMaTHBHbIe B03MO)I(HbIe
napaMe'rpbI napaMe'rpOB 3HatJeHIUI HeHcnpaB-
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3<1><I>eKTHBHaH MOlU- 56,7 ( + 7%)
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HcnpaBHOCTb». B lJeM HX rJIaBHOe OTJIHlJHe?
2. nepelJHCJlHTe OCHOBHbIe npWlHHbI OTIG130B no CHCTeMaM H MexaHH3MaM
.lI.BHraTeJISI.
3. Ha30BHTe OCHOBHbIe HeHcnpaBHOCTH H npHlJHHbI HX B03HHKHOBeHHH
B KIll M H fPM.
4. KaKoBbI HaH60JIee THnHlJHbIe HeHcnpaBHOCTH 3JIeMeHTOB CHCTeMbI
3IDKHraHHSI H npH60poB 3JIeIcrpo060PYl1oBaHHH?
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pbIBaTeJISI»? npH H3MeHeHHH Y3CK npepbIBaTeJISI B npo ecce perYJIHpOBKH
H3MeHHTCSI JIH HalJaJlbHbIH Y03?
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HHSI 6eH3HHOBbIX .lI.BHraTeJIeH.
7. KaKHM 06pa30M OCYlUeCTBJISIeTCH perYJIHpOBKa CHCTeMbI XOJIOCTOrO
xO.ll.a Kap6lOpaTopa?
8. 113J10)I{HTe nopSUJ.OK npOBepKH MOTop-TeCTepOM M 1-2 aKKYMYJISITOpHOH
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Te B03MO)I(HbIe npHlJHHbI HeHcnpaBHocTeH B 3THX 3JIeMeHTax.
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)KeHHH B 60pTOBOH enH 3JIeIcrpOcHa6)KeHHH, 3apSl.ll.KH AK6? KaKOBO HOp-
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BaKY}'MHorO perYJIHTOpOB onepe)KeHHH 3IDKHraHHSI?
12. KaKoBa nOCJIe.ll.OBaTeJIbHOCTb npOBepKH MOTop-TeCTepOM M 1-2 3JIe-
MeHTOB CHCTeMbI 3IDKHraHIDI?
13. Ha30BHTe B03MO)I(HbIe npHlJHHbI He.ll.OCTaTOlJHO 3<1><I>eKTHBHoH MOlU-
HOCTH l1BHraTeJISi.
14. qTO SlBJISleTCSI npHlJHHOH HH3KOH MOlUHOCTH MeXaHHlJeCKHX nOTepb
,lJ.BC npH ee npOBepKe B pe)I(HMe CB060.ll.HOro BbI6era?
130
15. H3JIO)f(}lTe nOpJI,nOK npOBepKH MOTop-TeCTepOM Ml-2 6aJIaHCa MOlU-
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2.5. TeXHM'IeCKOe 06cnY)l(MBaHMe CMCTeMbl nMTaHMR
ra306annOHHbix aBTOMo6Mnei1
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B01JHbIX pa60T npH TO fCn.
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10... 12 T TPaJ(HUHOHHOro HeQ>TBHoro TOI1.1IHBa B ro.LJ;. K HeCOMHeHHbIM
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. nOBbIIIIeHHe MOTopecypca .LJ;BHraTeIDI B Cpe.LJ;HeM Ha 35 % H3-3a
OTCyrCTBIDI Harapa Ha ,aeTarnIX UHJIHH.npOnOpIIIHeBoH rpyrrnbI;
. YBeJIWIeHHe cpOKa CJIyx6bI CBeqeH 3IDKHraHIDI .LJ;O 40 %;
. CHH)I(eHHe B 3 - 4 pa3a BbI6poca TOKCH'IHbIX (KaHueporeHHbIx)
BeIUeCTB C oTpa60TaBllIHMH ra3aMH H Ha 3...4 .LJ;6 - ypOBHB
llI}'Ma pa60TbI .LJ;BHraTe;m;
131
. B ,aBa C JIHllIHHM pa3a MeHbllIaSi CTOHMOCTb ra30BOrO TOllJIHBa,
3KBHBaJIeHTHOro no TeruIoco,aepxaHHIO 6eH3HHY.
HapSl,ay C nOJIOXHTeJIbHbIMH KaqeCTBaMH nepeBO,a aBTOM06HJIeit
Ha nHTaHHe Knf CBSl3aH C PMOM He,aOCTaTKOB:
. H3-3a MeHbllIeH TenJIOTBOpHOH cnoc06HOCTH ra30B03,aYlllHOH
CMeCH MOIUHOCTb 6eH3HHOBbIX LJ:BC YMeHblllaeTCSI Ha 10...
15 %;
. ,aaJIbHOCTb e3.aKH Ha O,aHOH 3anpaBKe ra30M He npeBbIlllaeT 200 KM
(BMecTo 450...500 KM Y 6eH3HHoBbIX). npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH
pe3epBHoH 6eH3HHOBOH CHCTeMbI nHTaHHSI rEA 3KcruIyaTaUH-
OHHbIH pacxo,a 6eH3HHa Ha 25...30 % npeBbIllIaeT pacxo,a Ton-
JIHBa 6a30Boro aBTOM06HJISI;
. HaJIHqHe ,aonOJIHHTeJIbHOH ra306aJIJIOHHOH annapaTypbI YBeJIH-
qHBaeT Ha 7 ... 8 % TPy,aoeMKOCTb TO H TP;
. MeTaJIJIOeMKOCTb ra30BOH annapaTypbI C 4- 10 6aJIJIOHaMH
BbICOKOro ,aaRJIeHHSI COCTaRJISIeT 400 ... 950 lIT, qTO COOTBeTCTBeH-
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. B ATn He06xo,aHMO BbI,aeJIeHHe H 060py,aoBaHHe CneUHaJIbHbIX
nOMeIUeHHH H nJIOmaz:uCH ,lI)ISI 06eCneqeHHSI TeXHOJIOrHqeCKoro
npouecca TO H TP fEA;
. BbICOKHe KanHTaJIbHbIe RJIO)l(eHHSI H 3KCllJIyaTaUHoHHbIe pac-
XO,abI Ha aBTOM06HJIbHbIe ra30HanOJIHHTeJIbHbIe CTaHUHH.
KaK BH.l{HO H3 nepeqHSI He,aOCTaTKOB, 60JIblllHHCTBO H3 HHX OT-
HOCHTCSI TOJIbKO K 6eH3HHoBbIM rEA.
B OTJIHqHe OT rEA C LJ:BC C HCKpOBbIM 3IDKHraHHeM ra30,aH3eJIbHbIe
LJ:BC KAMA3-7409.10, YCTaHOBJIeHHble Ha 60pTOBbIX TSlraqaX
KAMA3-53208 H KAMA3-53218, ce,aeJIbHOM TSlraqe KAMA3-54118
H CaMOCBaJIe KAMA3-55118, Moryr pa60TaTb KaK no 06bIqHOMY (,aH-
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HbIX KaqeCTB no cpaBHeHHIO C 6a30BbIM ,aBHraTeJIeM, pa60TalOIUeM Ha
,aH3eJIbHOM TOruIHBe. Ero pacxo,a TOruIHBa Ha 100 KM npH CKOpOCTH
60 KM/q COCTaBJISIeT 6,5... 7 JI ,aH3eJIbHoro TOruIHBa H 27 ... 30 M 3 Knf,
npH 3TOM pacxo,a XH,L{KOro TOllJIHBa YMeHblllaeTCSI Ha 70... 75 % (JIH-
HeHHaSi HopMa pacxo,aa ,lI)ISI 60pTOBbIX H ce,aeJIbHbIX TSlraqeH KAMA3
B ,aH3eJIbHOM pe)I(HMe 26...26,5 JI/I00 KM). nepeqHCJIeHHbIe Q>aKTOpbI
,aalOT onpe,aeJIeHHbIe npeHMyrueCTBa ra30,aH3eJIbHOH Mo,aHQ>HKaUHH
aBTOM06HJIeH no cpaBHeHHIO C rEA C 6eH3HHOBbIMH ABC.
3KOHOMHqeCKHe paCqeTbI nOKa3aJIH, qTO rEA 3Q>Q>eKTHBHbI npH
ro.nOBOM np06ere, COCTaBllilIOIUeM 60JIee 20 TbIC. KM. 3Kcn.rryaTaUIDI
rpY30BbIX fEA HaH60JIee ueJIeC006pa3Ha npH BHyrpHropO,aCKHX nepe-
B03Kax, Kor,aa xapaKTep nepeB03HMbIX rpY30B He n03BOIDIeT nOJIHOCTblO
HCnOJIb30BaTb MaKCHMaJIbnyIO rpY30no,a'beMHOCTb aBTOM06HJIeH.
B ,aaHHbIX MeTo,aHqeCKHX YKa3aHHSlX paCCMOTJ)eHbI KOHCTPYKTHB-
HbIe oc06eHHOCTH CHCTeM nHTaHHSI fEA, pa60TalOIUHX Ha Kn f, H
132
peKOMeH,lJ,aUHH no HX TeXHHlJeCKOMY 06CJI}'}KHBaHHe H peMOHTY B
YCJIOBIDIX ATn.
B pe3YJIbTaTe BbInOJIHeHIDI .lI.aHHOH JIa60pa."QPHOH pa60TbI C1)',lJ,eHT
,lJ,OJDKeH:
. nOJIyqHTb npe,lJ,CTaBJIeHHe 06 06meM YCTpoHcTBe 3JIeMeHTOB
fen H npHHUHne ,L(eHCTBH 060PY,lJ,OBaHHH, npHMeHHeMoro
npH npOBe,lJ,eHHH onepaUHH TO fEA;
. 3HaTb ,lJ,OCTOHHCTBa H He,lJ,OCTaTKH fEA, HopMaTHBbI H ,lJ,HarHO-
CTHlJeCKHe napaMeTpbI TeXHHqeCKOrO COCTOHHHS! 3JIeMeHTOB
CHCTeMbI nHTaHIDI fEA, oc06eHHOCTH TeXHH1JeCKOH 3KCllJIya-
TaUHH H TeXHOJIOrHH TO H TP;
. YMeTb BbInOJIHSlTb pa60TbI no TO fEA.
nOpRAOK BbinonHeHMR pa60Tbi
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pa60TalOIUHx Ha Knf, CTeH,n TO H peMOHTa ra30Boro 060PY,lJ,OBaHHH
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pHTeJIbHaR JIHHeHKa, pa3pe3HbIe 3JIeMeHTbI CHCTeMbI nHTaHIDI - pe-
,lJ,YKTOPbI BbICOKoro H HH3Koro ,lJ,aBJIeHHR, YlJe6HbIe nJIaKaTbI no
YCTJ)OHCTBY H 3KCnJIyaTaUHH fEA KAMA3, fA3.
Mecmo 8blnOAHeHUR - nOCT TO fEA.
3aHRTHSI npOBO,lJ,HTCSI no,lJ, PYKOBO,lJ,CTBOM npenO,lJ,aBaTeJISI C no,lJ,-
rpynnoH CTY,lJ,eHTOB H3 5 - 7 lJeJIOBeK.
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TO 3JIeMeHTOB fen. B npHC}'TCTBHH npenO,lJ,aBaTeJISI H BceM no,lJ,-
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ce pa60TbI Ha KOHTPOJIbHbIe BonpOCbI B npe,lJ,eJIax MaTepHaJIa, H3JIO-
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no OKOHqaHHH yqe6HbIx 3aIDITHH OQ>opMJIReTCSI OT1JeT no JIa60-
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npO,lJ,OJDKHTeJIbHOCTb pa60TbI - 6 q.
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rS306snnoHHblx SSToMo6Jtneii, PS60TSIOUCJtX
HS KOMnpJtMJtpoSSHHONl rS3e
OTet.tecTBeHHaSi npOMbIillJIeHHOCTb BbInycKaeT KOMnJIeKTbI fen
,lJ,JISi nepe060PY,lJ,OBaHHR aBTOM06H.1IeH 311JI, fA3, KAMA3, MA3,
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BO,lJ,CTBa.
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133
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JIOHbI BbICOKOro ,lJ,aBJIeHIDI BMeCTHMOCThIO no 50 11 KIDK,nbIH H pa60QHM
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nO,lJ,OrpeBaTeJIb ra3a H <pHJIbTp OQHCTKH ra3a, a TaIOKe pSl,lJ, ,lJ,PyrHx
3JIeMeHTOB (pHC. 2.13). llo,norpeBaTb ra3, oco6eHHO B 3HMHee BpeMH,
Heo6xo,lJ,HMO ,L(.JUI HCKJIIOQeHIDI B03MO)K}lOCTH 3aMep3aHIUI yrJIeKHCJIO-
TbI npH ,lJ,pOCCeJIHpOBaHHH ra3a B pe,lJ,YKTope BbICOKoro ,lJ,aBJIeHHSI
(3<p<peKT Ax0YlliI- TOMcoHa) H3-3a HaJIHQIDI B npHpO,lJ,HOM ra3e (Me-
TaHe) BJIarH.
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pe,lJ,)'KTopa HH3KOro ,lJ,aBJIeHIDI (PHJJ:). PaCCMOTPHM o6I.UYK> QaCTh CH-
CTeMbI nHTaHIDI fBA npHMeHHTeJIbHO K 6eH3HHoBbIM ,lJ,BHraTellilM.
B o6 eM c.rryqae ra30BaSl TOllJIHBHaSI CHCTeMa fBA (CM. pHC. 2.13)
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Me)l{,l(Y C060H nOCJIe,lJ,OBaTeJIbHO npH nOMO H yrJIOBbIX IIITyuepoB,
TpOHHHKOB H TOJICTOCTeHHbIX CTaJIbHbIX 6eclUoBHbIX Tpy60K C Ha-
P}'}KHbIM ,lJ,HaMeTpOM 10 MM H TOJIW;HHOH CTeHOK 2 MM. CTaJIbHbIe
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npe,lJ,OXpaIDIIOW;HX ox OT nOJIOMOK npH ,lJ,e<p0pMaUHH paMbI aBTOMO-
6HJISI .
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YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCSI MaHOMeTp 3 BbICOKoro ,lJ,aBJIeHHSI THna MT-I
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Qcnr = 10V6(P 2 - PI),
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PHC. 2.13. fa30BasI CHCTeMa nHTaHIDI ra30,aH3eJIbHbIX H 6eH3HHOBbIX ,aBHra-
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CalJ,HOHHbIMH BMTKaMM; 3 - MaHOMeTP; 4 - paCXOlI.HbIH BeHTHJIb; 5 - MexceKUH-
OHHIDI KpeCTOBHHa; 6 - HanOJIHHTeJIbHbIH BeHTHJIb; 7 - MarHC1'paJIbHhIH BeHTHJIb;
8 - nOlI.orpeBaTeJIb ra3a; 9 - pelI.yJ<Top BbICOKOro ,naBJ1eHIDI; 10 - ,naTtlHK naneHIDI
lI.aBJIeHHB ra3a B MarHC1'paJIH; 11 - npelI.OXpaHHTeJlbHbIJI KJlanaH; 12 - cl>HJIbTP C
3J1eI<TpOMarHHTHbIM KJIanaHOM; 13 - pelJ.YKTop HH3KOro lI.aBJ1eHIDI; 14 - ra30BbIH
CMeCHTeJlb; 15 - Kap6IOpaTop-CMeCHTeJIb; 16 - TPy6Ka no,natIH ra3a CHCTeMbI xono-
CTOro xo.n.a; 17 - 3J1eI<TpOMarHMTHbIH KJIanaH nyCKOBOH CHCTeMbI; 18 - KHOnOtIHbIH
nepeKJIlOtIaTeJlb; 19 - cl>HJIbTP 6eH3HHOBOH CHCTeMhI nHTaHHB C 3J1eI<TpOMarHHTHbIM
KJIanaHOM; 20 - lI.03aTOp ra3a; 21 - 1pexxo,noBoH 3neIcrpOMarHHTHbIH KJIanaH; 22 -
CMeCHTeJlb ra3a; 23 - COruIO BeHTypH; 24 - lI.aTtlHK 6JIOKHPOBKH; 25 - MexaHM3M
YCTaHOBKH 3anaJIbHOH ,n03bI; 26 - no,nBIDKHbIJI ynop; 27 - TeJleCKOnHtIeCKaR T ra;
28 - TBra perYJUlTOpa THBtI-; 29 - ,naTtlHK qaCTOTbI BpallJ,eHHs.I; 30 - 3y6qaThIH
BeHeI..( ,naTtlHKa; 31 - ne,naJIb aKCeJIepaTOpa
135
r,lI,e PI' P 2 - COOTBeTCTBeHHO 3HaqeHHSI HaQaJIhHOrO H KOHetIHOrO
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JISleMhIH YMHO)l(eHHe ..aMeCTHMOCTH O,lI,HOrO 6aJI.110Ha (0,05 M 3 ) Ha me
tIHCJIO, HanpHMep, ,U)lSI aBTOM06HJISI 31111 C BoceMblO 6aJIJIOHaMH V6=
= 0,05.8 = 0,40 M 3 .
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JIOHbI pa311eJIeHbI Ha l1Be ceKUHH, Kax,aaSi H3 KOTOpbIX cHa6}1(eHa
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l1aqH ra3a B MarHCTpaJIbHbIH Tpy60npOB0l1. Ha KpeCTOBHHe pa3-
MemeHbI HanOJIHHTeJIbHbIH 6 H MarHCTpaJIbHbIH 7 BeHTHJIH. Bce
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CKOH «MeTaH».
C}I(aTblH ra3 H3 6aJIJIOHOB qepe3 MarHCTPaJIbHbIH BeHTH.1Ib 7 no-
cTynaeT B n0110rpeBaTeJIb 8, B KOTOpOM npOHCXOl1HT ero no,norpeB
TenJIOTOH OXJIIDK,l(alOmeH )l{Jf,aKOCTH ABC. 113 n0110rpeBaTeJISI ra3 no-
cTynaeT B pe,nYKTOp BbICOKoro l1aBJIeHHSI 9, rl1e pel1YUHpyeTcSI 110
,naBJIeHHSI 0,8... 1,2 Mna. Pe,nyJ<Top cHa6}1(eH ,nHCTaHUHOHHbIM l1aT-
QHKOM 10 CHrHaJIH3aTOpa na,aeHHSI ,naBJIeHHSI Knf H npe110XpaHH-
TeJIbHbIM KJIanaHOM /1. npH CHIDKeHHH pa60Qero l1aBJIeHHSI MeHee
0,6 Mna pel1yJ<Top 9 nOJIHOCTblO OTKpbIBaeTCSI, pacnOJIO}l(eHHbIH Ha
ero Kopnyce ,naT1IHK JOcpa6aTbIBaeT H BKJIlOqaeT KOHTpOJIbHYIO JIaM-
ny B Ka6HHe Bo,nHTeJlSl. nOCJIel1Hee CBH.lI.eTeJIbCTByeT 0 TOM, QTO OCTaB-
llIHHCSI 3anac Knr B 6aJ1JIOHaX 06eCneqHBaeT np06er aBTOM06HJISI
6... 7 KM, T. e. CHH)J(eHHe ,naBJIeHHSI ra3a Ha 0,1 Mna o6eCneQHBaeT
np06er aBTOM06HJISI OKOJIO 1 KM. npH nOBbIllleHHH l1aBJIeHKH Ha BbI-
XOl1e H3 pel1yJ<Topa BbICOKOro l1aBJIeHHSI 60JIee 1,7 Mna cpa6aTbIBaeT
npe110XpaHHTeJIbHbIH KJIanaH 11, BbInYCKaSi ra3 H3 CHCTeMbI nHTaHIDI
3a npel1eJIbI nO,lI,KanOTHoro npOCTPaHCTBa ,lJ.BC.
113 pel1YKTopa BblCOKoro l1aBJIeHIDI Knf HanpaWISleTCSI K 3JIeIcrpO-
MarHHTHOMY KJIanaHY 12 C <t>eTpoBbIM <PHJ1bTpOM TOHKOH OQHCTKH
ra3a OT MexaHJ.{qeCKHX npHMeceH (npel1BapHTeJIbHyJO l1BYXCTyneHQa-
TYJO OQHCTKY qepe3 KepaMHQeCKHH <pHJIbTP ra3 npOXOl1HT B pe,lI,yJ<To-
pe BbICOKoro l1aBJIeHHSI).
3JIeKTpOMarHHTHbIH KJIanaH npe,lI,OCTaBJISleT C060M COJIeHOH,n,
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KpbIBaeTCSI npH nepeKJIIOQeHHH B nOJIO}l(eHHe «fa3» TPexn03HUHOH-
HOro BKJIIOQaTellil, pacnOJIO}l(eHHOrO B Ka6HHe BOl1HTeJISI aBTOM06Hlli1
C 6eH3HHOBbIM ,lJ.BC. npH OTKpbITOM KJIanaHe ra3 H3 <pHJ1bTPa no-
cTynaeT B pel1yJ<TOp /3 HH3Koro l1aBJIeHHSI. npH BbIKJlIOQeHHH no-
l1aqH TOKa KJIanaH 3aKpbIBaeTCSI, npeKpamaSi nOl1aQy ra3a.
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qaTbIH aBTOMaTHtIeCKHH perYllilTOp l1aWIeHIDI ,lI,Ha<pparMeHHoro THna.
B nepBoH cTyneHH l1aBJIeHHe Knf CHH}I(aeTCSl110 0,13...0,2 Mna, BO
BTOpOH 110 50... 70 na. OCHoBHoe Ha3HaQeHHSI pel1YKTopa HH3Koro
136
,lJ,aBJIeHHSI - CHH3HTb .naBneHHe ra3a nocne pe.nYKTopa BbICOKoro
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TeJISI Ha JII06bIX peXHMax H npeKpawaTb ero no.naqy B UHJIHH,npbI
npH OCTaHOBKe .nBHraTeJISI. KaK yKa3bIBaJIOCb paHee, BCSI nepeqHC-
JIeHHaSi nOCJIe,lJ,OBaTeJIbHOCTb 3JIeMeHTOB 1-13 CHCTeMbI nHTaHHSI
rEA SlBJISleTCSI YHH<I>HUHpoBaHHoH, O,lJ,HHaKOBoH KaK .LUISI ra30,nH-
3eJIbHbIX ,l:{BC, TaK H ,l:{BC C HCKpOBbIM 3a)l(HraHHeM. He3HaqHTeJIb-
HbIe OTJ1HqHSI HMelOTCSI B perYJIHpOBOqHbIX napaMeTpax pe,nYKTopOB
BbICOKoro H HH3Koro ,naBJIeHHH. KpoMe Toro, B pe,lJ,YKTope HH3Koro
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CTBO.
Y ,nBHraTeJIeH fEA C HCKpOBbIM 3a)I{HraHHeM H3 BTOpOH C1)TIeHH
pe,nyIcropa 13 HH3Koro J(aBJIeHHSI ra3 nocTynaeT B ,lJ,03HpYIOIUee 3KO-
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ero KOJIHqeCTBa B ra30BbIH CMeCHTeJIb 14 Kap6lOpaTopa-cMeCHTeJISI
15. B Kap61OpaTope ra3 CMelUHBaeTCSI C OqHweHHbIM B03,lJ,YXOM, no-
cTynalOWHM H3 B03J(YlliHoro <l>HJ1bTpa, 06pa3yeT ra30B03,lJ,YlllHYIO
CMeCb, KOTopaSi HanpaBJISleTCSI BO BnycKHoH TPy60rrpOBO,lJ, H pacnpe-
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paTHbIH KJlanaH YCTaHOBJ1eH B naTpy6Ke CMeCHTeJ1S1 /5, KOTOpbIH
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ero cTyneHb, nocTynRTI Henocpe,nCTBeHHO B ra30BbIH CMeCHTeJIb 15.
no,naQa ra3a HenOCpe,lJ,CTBeHHO B Kap6lOpaTop-cMeCHTeJIb no,lJ, ,naB-
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ABC.
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Kap6lOpaTopHbIe, TaK H Ha HIDKeKTOpHbIe }].BC.
137
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3HpOBaHHe nO,lJ,aqH ra3a ocyw:eCTBJISleTCSI CneUHaJIbHbIM YCTPOH-
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nO,lJ,aqeH ra3a HIDKeKTOpHbIe CHCTeMbI aHaJIOrHqHbI CHCTeMaM ynpaB-
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BnpbICKOM.
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TOIIJIHBa Ha ,apyroH He06xoJUfMo nOCTaBHTb TyM6JIep nepeKJIlOqeHIDI B
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raHH3aUHH BOCllJIaMeHeHIDI pa60qeH CMeCH SlBJISleTCSI ra30,aH-
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CSI OT He60JIbiliOH 3anaJIbHOH ,lJ,03bI ,lJ,H3eJIbHOrO TOnJIHBa,
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138
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ra30JJ;H3eJIbHOM pe)l{}fMe CHH)f{aeTCSI Ha 75...80 %.
KOHCTPYKUHSI ra30,aH3eJUI no cpaBHeHHIO C Kap61OpaTopHoH ra30-
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ra3 nOCJIe npOXO}l{.l];eHHSI pe,l(yJcropa HH3KOro ,aaBJIeHHSI 13 non aeT
B ,a03aTop-CMeCHTeJIb, BbInOJIHeHHbIH B BJ.-me caMOCTOSlTeJIbHbIX 6JIO-
KOB ,a03aTopa 20 H CMeCHTeJISI 22.
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MaJIbHOH 1.JaCTOTbI BpaIUeHIDI KOJIelNaroro BaJIa (2 550 MHH- I ). CHCTeMa
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XO,aOBOro 3JIeKTPOMamHTHoro KJIanaHa 21.
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Hero ,l(H<P<PY30POM THna COllJIa BeHTypH 23. BHYTPH L{n<l><I>Y30p HMe-
eT KOJIbueBOH KOJIJIeKTOp IIOJJ;BO.l1a ra3a C pa,nHaJIbHbIMH OTBepCTIDlMH,
139
qepe3 KOTOpbIe ra3 CMemHBaeTCR C B03.nyxOM, 06pa3YSI roMoreHHyK>
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no,naqa TOUJIHBa npH pa60Te no ,nH3eJIbHOMY UHKJIy COCTaBIDleT B nRTb
pa3 60JIbmyIO BeJIWlHHY - 79...81 MM 3 .
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nHTaHHR ,nBHraTeJIH HJIH B aBapHHHbIX cHTyaUHSlx, CBR3aHHbIX, Ha-
npHMep, C BbIXO,nOM H3 CTpOSl 3JIeKTpOMarHHTa MexaHH3Ma YCTa-
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rnqeCKasI cxeMa opraHH3aUHH TO H TP fEA Ha ATn npe,nCTaBJIeHa
140
Ha pUC. 2.14. TeXHoJIorHqeCKHe oco6eHHOCTU pa3pa60TaHbI npUMe-
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aJIbHbIH nOCT Bblpa60TKH, BblnYCKa ra3a H ,nera3aU;HH ra30BbIX 6aJI-
JIOHOB. BblnyCK ra3a npOH3BO.nHTCSI Qepe3 OTKpbITbIH HanOJIHHTeJIbHbIH
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llBIDKeHHe fEA npH HeHcnpaBHoit fen; ...... -llBIDKeHHe rEA npH I1CnpaBHoit fen,
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141
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BOH yrnoBoA BeHTHJIb ynpaBJIeHH nOllaqH ra3a; 5 - BbInYCKHIDI Tpy6a «<cBeqa»);
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142
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6aJIJIOHbI He06xo,nHMO OCTaBJIHTb B HHX ra3 C ,naBJIeHHeM He MeHee
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npe,noxpaHHTeJIbHOH apMaTypbI H YCTpoHcTBa BbInYCKa ra3a «Ha
CBeqy». C nOMOlUbJO cneu.HaJIbHOH rOJIOBKH YCTaHOBKa co06lUaeTcSI
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KOB BHYTPb TPy6bI.
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a KOHTJ)OJIb KOJIHqeCTBa BbInycKaeMoro ra3a OCyJ1J.eCTBlliIeTCSI no 60p-
TOBOMY MaHOMeTPY 3 aBTOM06HJISI. MarHCTPaJIb HH3Koro .naBJIeHHSI
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COCTaBJISIeT 5 MHH.
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ra30M 6aJI.1IOH.
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JllftIeCKHX (,aaBJIeHHeM 25 Mna) HJIH nHeBMaTlftIeCKHX (norpyxeHHeM
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ro ,naBJIeHHSI.
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B03,nyxe, npH KOTOpbIX CMeCb B3pbIBoonaCHa.
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146
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. He npOBo,aHTb perYJIHpOBOqHbIX pa60T npH BpaI.l(alOI.l(HXCR ,ae-
TaJUlX CTeJma;
. He BKJIlOqaTb CTeH,abI 6e3 pa3pellIeHHH PYKOBOL{HTeJIH 3aHH-
TIDI;
. He L{orrycKaTb pa36pbI3rHBaHIDI TOllJIHBa npH pa60Te;
. pa60TaTb TOJIbKO HcnpaBHbIM HHcTPYMeHToM.
148
nOCJIe H3yqeHHH MeTo,nlftIeCKHX YKa3aHHH KIDK,lIbIH cTy,neHT nOJIY-
qaeT nepCOHaJIbHOe 3a,aaHHe Ha npOBe.neHHe KOHKpeTHbIX ,nHarnOCTH-
lfecKHX H peryJIHpOBOqHbIX onepaUHH no onpe.ll.eJIeHHIO TeXHHqeCKoro
COCTOHHHH 3JIeMeHTOB TOOJIHBHOH CHCTeMbI ,n1i3eJIH. B npHcyrcTBHH
BceH no,nrpynnbI no,n PYKOBO,nCTBOM npeIIo,naBaTeJIH cTy.n.eHT BbIllOJI-
HHeT HX, OTBeqaH B npou;ecce pa60TbI Ha KOHTpOJIbHbIe BonpOCbI B
npe,neJIax MaTepHaJIa, H3JIO}f(eHHoro B HaCTOHIII.eM PYKOBo,nCTBe.
no OKOHqaHHH yqe6HbIx 3aHHTHH O<popMJIHeTCSI OTqeT no BceM
3a,naHIDIM JIa60paTopHOH pa60TbI.
npO,aOJI)f{HTeJIbHOCTb pa60TbI - 6 If.
3 a,.Q a H H e 1. H3YlfJfTb TexHHlfecKYIO xapaKTepHCTJfKY
Jf YCTpoiicTBO CTeHp,a C.QTA-2
CTeH.LI. CL(TA-2 ,nHarHocTHpoBaHHH ,nH3eJIbHOH TOllJIHBHOH anna-
paTypbI co CHHTHeM C aBTOM06HJU1 SlBJIHeTCH CTaU;HOHapHbIM, npe,n-
Ha3HaqeHHbIM ,nJIH HcnbITaHHH TH BL( C KOJIHqeCTBOM ceKU;HH ,no
BOCbMH. npHBO,a BaJIa ,nHarHocTHpyeMoro THBL( ocymeCTBJIHeTCH OT
3JIeKTpo,nBHraTeJIH. qacToTa BpameHHH Bana npHBo,na THBL( H3Me-
HHeTCH MeXaHHqeCKHM ,nBYXCTyneHqaTbIM BapHaTopoM: Ha I-H cTyne-
HH COOTBeTcTByeT 120...420 MHH- 1 , Ha 2-H - 360...1300 MHH- 1 .
Onpe.neJIeHHe npOH3Bo.nHTeJIbHOCTH no,naqH TOnJIHBa ceKU;HHMH
THBL( Be,neTCH 06'beMHbIM MeTo,nOM. YroJI HaqMa BnpbICKa TOruIHBa
no ceKU;HHM onpe,neJIHeTCH cTp060CKOIIHQeCKHM YCTPOHCTBOM C TOq-
HOCTblO 0,5°.
C nOMomblO CTeH.LJ.a MO}f(HO BbInOJIHHTb CJIe,nYlOmHe KOHTpOJIbHO-
,nHarHOCTHqeCKHe onepaU;HH:
. 06KaTKY THBL( nOCJIe TP (npH 3aMeHe nJIytDKepHbIX nap);
. npOBepHTb H HaC1pOHTb peryJUlTOp qaCTOTbI BpameHHH THBLI. Ha
HaqMO ,neHCTBIDI H nOJIHOe npeKpameHHe no,naqH TOllJIHBa;
. ,nHarHOCTHpOBaTb H OCYlUeCTBJIHTb perYJIHpOBOqHbIe pa60TbI
THBL( no IIOKa3aTeJIHM ,naBJIeHHH OTKpbITHH HarHeTaTeJIbHbIX
KJIanaHOB; yrJIa onepe)l(eHIDI Haqana no.n.aqH TOllJIHBa ceKUHH-
MH Hacoca; npOH3Bo,nHTeJIbHOCTH HaCOCHbIX ceKUHH (HepaBHO-
MepHOCTH no,naqH TOillIHBa ceKUHHMH Hacoca);
. npOBepHTb nponYCKHYIO cnoc06HOCTb <pOpC}'HOK;
. onpe,neJIHTb 3HaqeHHH npOH3B0.L1HTeJIbHOCTH H MaKCHMaJIbHOrO
.naBJIeHIDI TOnJIHBono.nKaqHBalOlUero Hacoca;
. npOBepHTb repMeTHqHOCTb H nponycKHyIO cnoco6HOCTb Ton-
JIHBHbIX <pHJIbTPOB.
CTeH.LI. (pHC. 2.16) COCTOHT H3 Kopnyca, npHBo.aa C MeXaHHqeCKHM
BapHaTopOM, CHCTeMbI TOruIHBono,naqH BbICOKOro ,naBJIeHH co CTeH-
,nOBbIM HaCOCOM, CqeTHOrO YCTJ)OHCTBa H 3JIeKTPo,nBHraTeJIH.
Kopnyc 1 CTeH.LI.a CBapeH H3 yrOJIKOB C KO)f(}'XaMH, Ha HeM YCTa-
HOBJIeH CTOJI 5 B Bu,ae qyryJIHOH llJIHTbI, Ha HanpaBJIHIOI.I..1l1e KOTOpOH
149
13
23
14
9 15 22 24
8 21 25
7 16 26
6
27
5 20
4 19 28
18
1 17
PUC. 2.16. CTeHD; ,LJ;UarHOCTUKH TOnJIUBHOH annapaTypbI ,LJ;H3eJIei1:
1 - KOpnyC CTeH.lIa; 2 - pery.rnrrop tJaCTOTbI BpameHHSI; 3 - ,nBYX3JIeMeHTHasI CTaHUIDI
ynpaBJIeHIDI 3JIeKTPo,nBHraTeJIeM CTeH.lIOBoro Hacoca; 4 - TPeX3JIeMeHTHasI CTaHUIDI
ynpaBJIeHHSI 3JIeKTpo,nBHraTeJIeM BaTla npHBo,na CTeH.lIa; 5 - CTOJI; 6 - nepe,nHSISI
naHeJIb; 7 - CTP060CKonHtJeCKoe YCTPOHCTBO; 8 - MaHOMeTp HH3Koro ,naBJIeHIDI;
9 - 3JIeKTPHtJeCKHtt ,nHCTaHUHOHHbItt TaXOMeTp; 10 - MeH3ypKH; 11 - PYKOSlTKa
CJIHBa; 12 - TyM6JIepbI; 13 - ,naTtJHKH HatJaTla BnpbICKa; 14 - n.naCTHHa npeKpa-
meHHSI no,natJH TOnJIHBa; 14 - aBTOMaTHtJeCKHH pbItJar; 15 - CtJeTtJHK-aBTOMaT;
16 - coe,nHHHTeJIbHbIe lllT}'UepbI; 17 - 3JIeKTpo,nBHfaTeJIb; 18 - MepHoe CTeKJIO;
19 - CTeH,nOBbItt Hacoc; 20 - npe,noxpaHHTeJIbHbItt KJIanaH; 21 - BaTI npHBo,na
CTeH,na; 22 - PYKOSlTKa ynpaBJIeHHSI KpaHOM pacnpe,neJIHTeJISI; 23 - KHonKa aBTO-
MaTa; 24 - MaHOMeTP BbICOKOro ,naBJIeHHSI; 25 - ,npOCCeJIb; 26 - pbItJaf BKJIlOtJeHHSI
CtJeTtlHKa; 27 - BapHaTOp; 28 - TOnJIHBHbIH 6aK
CTaBHTCH Iq>OHllITeHH C HCnbITbIBaeMbIM TOllJIHBHbIM HaCOCOM. K llJIH-
Te npHBepHYTa nepe,lI;HHH naHeJlb 6, Ha KOTOpOH CMOHTHpOBaHbI
KOH1pOJlbHO-H3MepHTeJlbHbIe npH6opbI: MaHOMeT}) 8 HH3Koro ,lI;aBJle-
HHH (,lI;O 0,6 Mna), 3J1eKTpHqeCKHH ,lI;HCTaHU:HoHHbIH TaXOMeTp 9,
CT})060CKOnHqeCKOe YCT})OHCTBO 7 H Cqe HK -aBTOMaT 15.
TaxoMe1p nOKa3bIBaeT qaCTOTY BpameHHH Bana 21 npHBO,lI;a CTeH-
,lI;a BO BceM pa60qeM ,lI;Hana30He; MaHOMeTp npe,lI;Ha3HaQeH MH H3-
MepeHHSI ,lI;aBJleHHH B CHCTeMe HH3Koro ,lI;aBJleHHH TonJlHBonO,lI;aQH
CTeHJJ:a; CQe HK-aBTOMaT - MH OTCQeTa QHCJla 060POTOB (U:HKJIOB)
npHBO,lI;a CTeH,lI;a. Tpe6yeMoe QHCJlO 060POTOB Bana npHBO,lI;a YCTa-
HaBJIHBaeTCH PYKOSITKOH CQe HKa no llIKane. KOJlHQeCTBO BnpbICKH-
BaeMoro TOITJIHBa <PopcYHKaMH H3MepSIeTCH MeH3ypKaMH 10. Mc-
nbITaHHH THB,L( npOBO.l(HTCH COBMeCTHO C KOMruIeKTOM HcnpaBHbIX
H 01'perYJlHpOBaHHbIX <pOpC)'HOK, KOTopbIe COe,lI;HHHIOTCH TPy60npo-
150
Bo.n;aMH BbICOKOrO .n;aBJIeHHH O.n;HHaKOBOH MHHbI «600 + 2)MM). Ha
npaBOH CTOpOHe CTeH.n;a paCnOJIOXeHbI KHOnKH rrepeKJIlOqaTeJIH no-
.n;aqH HanpHxeHHH 220 B K 3JIeKTpoo60py.n;oBaHHIO CTeH.n;a Hero
OTKJIlOqeHHH.
CTp06oCKOnHqeCKOe YCTPOHCTBO CTeH.n;a npe,lJ,Ha3HaqeHO .n;JIH
onpe.n;eJIeHHH yrJIa HaqaJIa BnpbICKa TOnJIHBa qepe3 <POPCYHKH. Ha
nepe.n;HeH naHeJIH Kopnyca CMOHTHpOBaHbI KHOnOqHble CTaHU:HH:
TPeX3JIeMeHTHasI 4 ,l])IH yrrpaBJIeHIDI 3JIeIcrpO,lJ,BHraTeJIeM 17 BaJIa npH-
Bo.n;a CTeH,I:J:a H .n;BYX3JIeMeHTHasI 3 ,l])IH ynpaBJIeHIDI 3JIeIcrpo.n;BHraTeJIeM
CTeH.n;OBoro Hacoca BbICOKoro .n;aBJIeHHH. PerYJIHTOp 2 CJI}')KHT ,lJ,JIH
H3MeHeHIDI qaCTOTbI BpaIUeHIDI BaJIa npHBo.n;a CTeH.n;a. Ha nepe,lJ,HeH
naHeJIH HMelOTCH nrryQepbI 16,l])1H npHCOe,lUiHeHIDI TOllJIHBOnpOBo.n;OB
THB,L(, nO,lJ,KaqHBaIOIUHX HaCOCOB H TOTI.1IHBHbIX <pHJIbTPOB.
Ha npaBoH naHeJIH CTeH,I:J:a pacnOJIOXeHbI PYKOHTKH 22 yrrpaBJIeHIDI
KpaHOM pacnpe.n;eJIHTeJIH C Ta6JIHqKOH nOJIOXeHHH KpaHOB npH H3-
MepeHHHX pa3JIHqHbIX napaMeTpOB, MaHOMeTp 24 ,lJ,JIH H3MepeHHH
.n;aBJIeHHH B CHCTeMe BblCOKoro .n;aBJIeHHH TOnJIHBono.n;aqH CTeH,lJ,a,
.n;pOCCeJIb 25 ,l])IH H3MepeHIDI .n;aBJIeHHH B rOJIOBKe Hacoca.
BHYTPH CTeH,I:J:a CMOHTHpOBaH BapHaTOp 27 C KJIHHOBbIMH peMHHMH
H 3JIeKTpo.n;BHraTeJIb npHBo.n;a CTeH,I:J:a. TOTI.1IHBO B CHCTeMY TOllJIHBO-
no.n;aqH CTeH,I:J:a no.n;aeTCH H3 TOTIJIHBHOrO 6aKa 28, o60py.n;oBaHHoro
MepHbIM CTeKJIOM 18 H TepMOMeTPOM ,l])IH KOHTPOJIH TeMnepaTypbI BO
BpeMH H3MepeHHH. PMOM C TOTIJIHBHbIM 6aKOM YCTaHOBJIeH CTeH,I:J:O-
BbIH Hacoc 19 BblcOKOro .n;aBJIeHIDI C 3JIeIcrpo.n;BHraTeJIeM H npe.n;oxpa-
HHTeJIbHbIM KJIanaHOM 20. Cqe1'lHK-aBToMaT npHBo.n;HTCH B .n;BH)J{eHHe
OT BaJIa npHBo.n;a qepe3 u:enH)'lO nepe.n;aqy. BKJIlOqeHHe Cqe1'lHKa npo-
H3BO.n;HTCH pblqarOM 26, a npeKpaI.QeHHe no.n;aqH TOllJIHBa B MeH3YP-
KH OCYI.QeCTBJIHeTCH pblqarOM 14, KOTOpbIH BbLnBHraeTCH aBTOMaTH-
qeCKH.
MeH3ypKH H3MepeHIDI no.n;aqH TOTIJIHBa pacnOJIO)l(eHbI B .n;Ba PMa,
CJIHB TOllJIHBa H3 HHX npOH3Bo.n;HTCH nOBopOTOM PYKOHTOK 11. Pa60-
qHH 06'beM MepHbIX MeH3ypOK 100 CM 3 , u:eHa o.n;Horo .n;eJIeHIDI 1 CM 3 .
CTp060CKOnHqeCKOe YCTPOHCTBO BKJIlOqaeTCH TYM6JIepaMH 12 OT
.n;a1'lHKOB 13 HaqaJIa BnpbICKa, pacnOJIO)l(eHHbIMH no.n; COOTBeTCTBY-
IOIUHMH <popC}'HKaMH II MeH3ypKaMH.
3 a,ll a H H e 2. OnpeAenJfTb TeXHJflleCKOe COCTOflHJfe
aneMeHTOB TOnnJfBHoro H8COC8 Bb'COKOro AasneHMfI
,L(.rnI onpe.n;eJIeHIDI ,lJ,aBJIeHIDI OTKpbITIDI HarHeTaTeJIbHbIX KJIanaHOB
THB,L( He06xo.n;HMO:
. YCTaHOBHTb TOTIJIHBHbIH Hacoc 6e3 MY<PTbI Ha CTeH,LJ:e H coe.n;H-
HHTb ero C BaJIOM npHBo.n;a CTeH,lJ.a;
. coe.n;HHHTb llITyuepbI CTeH,LJ;a H THB,L( pe3HHOTKaHeBbIMH PYKa-
BaMH. K IlITyu:epaM TOTIJIHBHbIX ceKUHH Hacoca npHCOe,lJ,HHHTb
151
TOruIHBOnpOBO,lI;bI HH3KOrO ,naBJIeHIDI, ,npyrHe KOH bI KOTOpbIX
BCTaBHTb B OTBepCTIDI KpOHllITeHHa;
. PYKOHTKH KpaHOB paCnpeAeJleHHH YCTaHOBHTb B rrOJlOXeHHe
«HaCOCbI MeTOAOM HarHeTaHHH» COrJlaCHO Ta6J1HqKe, paCnOJIO-
XeHHOH Ha npaBOH CTeHKe CTeu.n:a;
. BKJIlOqHTb CTeH,I:J: B CeTb BepXHeH KHOnKOH «<CeTb») Ha npaBOH
CTOpOHe CTeu,na;
. BKJIlOqHTb 3J1eKTpOABHraTeJIb CTeu.n:OBOrO HaCOCa nepeKJIlOqa-
TeJleM 23. BpameHHeM PYKOHTIGI 25,npocCeJlH (CM. pHC. 2.16)
no qaCOBOH CTpeJlKe nOAHHTb AaBJleHHe B rOJlOBKe Hacoca ,no
nOHBJIeHIDI TeqH TOruIHBa H3 TPy60K. ,L(aBJIeHHe, npH KOTOpOM
HaqHHaeT BbITeKaTb TOruIHBO, COOTBeTcTByeT AaBJIeHHIO OTKpbI-
THH HarHeTaTeJlbHOrO KJIanaHa ,lI;aHHOH ceKIJ:HH. OHO H3MepH-
eTCH no MaHOMeTPY 24 Ha npaBoH CTeHKe CTeu.n:a. AHanorWIHo
npOBepHIOTCH H APyrHe ce HH.
3HaqeHHe ,naBJleHIDI Haqana BbITeKaHIDI TOruIHBa ,nOJDKHO 6bITb B
npe,aeJlax 1,7 ... 2 Mlla (no MaHOMeTPY 17... 20 Kr/CM 2 ). llpH HeCOOT-
BeTCTBHH ,aaBJIeHIDI He06xo,aHMO 3aMeHHTb npyxHny HarHeTaTeJlbHO-
ro KJIanaHa.
Onpe,aeJleHHe yrJla Haqana H npo,aOJDKHTeJlbHOCTH nOAaqH TPruIH-
Ba CeKIJ:IDIMH THB,L( npOH3BOAHTCH CJle,ayJOru:HM 06pa30M:
. YCTaHOBHTb HYJleBOe nOJlOXeHHe ,aHCKOB CTP060CKonWIecKoro
YCTpoHcTBa, ,lUllI qero, Me,l(JleHHO nOBOpaqHBaH Ban npHBo,aa
BOpOTKOM, onpe,aeJlHTb MOMeHT npeKparu:eHIDI BbITeKaHIDI TO-
nJlHBa H3 TPy60npOBo,aa nepBOH ceKU:HH Hacoca no llIKarre
3HaqeHHH yrJla nOBopOTa no,aBIDKHoro ,aHCKa;
. npOBOpaqHBaH Barr B 06paTH)'IO CTOPOHY, CHOBa HaHTH MOMeHT
npeKparu:eHIDI BbITeKaHIDI TOruIHBa H3 3TOH xe TPy6KH;
. pa3,aeJlHTb CYMMY nOJlyqeHHblx yrJlOB nOnOJlaM H HaltneHHoe
cpe,aHee HX 3HaqeHHe COBMeCTHTb C BH3HpOM Heno,aBIDKHoro
,aHcKa CTP060CKona;
. OCJla6HTb KperuIeHHe HenoABH)l{HOrO ,nHcKa H nOBepHyrb ero
,ao COBMeru:eHHH BH3Hpa C HYJleBbIM ,aeJleHHeM no,aBHxHoro
,aHcKa; 3TO nOJlOXeHHe cooTBeTcTByeT HaxO)K,LI:eHHIO IIJIyIDKepa
nepBoH CeKIJ:HH B BepXHeH MepTBOH TOqKe. 3TOT nOPMoK cnpa-
Be.n.rrHB ,lUllI THB,L( C cHMMeTPHqHbIMH KYJlaqKaMH BaJIa.
AmI onpe,ae.rreHIDI yrna Haqarra no,aa'ill TOIIJIHBa KOHKpeTHbIMH ceK-
IDIMH Hacoca, Me,lJ)leHHO nOBOpaqHBasI BaJI no xo.lJy Bpa eHIDI BaJIa
Hacoca Ha ,l(BHraTeJIe, onpe,aeJIHTh 3HaqeHHe yrJla no nO,l(BIDKHoMY ,nHcKY
B MOMeHT, KOma npeIq)aIIJ:aeTCH Te'lb TOIIJIHBa H3 TPy6KH. MMeIrnO B 3TOT
MOMeHT Iq)OMKa IIJIyIDKepa npHKPbIBaer BbmycKHoe OTBepcme BTyJIKH
H HatfilHaerCH no,aaqa TOIIJIHBa HCIThITbmaeMOH ceKIUleH Hacoca.
BeJlHqHHa yrJla Haqana no,aaqH TOruIHBa ,aoJDKHa COOTBeTCTBOBaTb
,aaHHbIM Ta6J1. 2.16. llPH HeCOOTBeTCTBHH yrJIOB Ta6J1H1JHbIM 3Haqe-
HIDIM He06xo,aHMO peryJlHpOBaTb THB,L(.
152
,l:LrnI rrpaBHJIbHO 01]JerYJIHpOBaHHOrO THB,l( ,nBHraTeJIeH KAMA3
HaqarrO rrO,n:aqH TOIIJIHBa BOCbMOH CeKI:(HeH THB,L( ,n:OJDKHO 6bITb 3a
42...43°, a 51M3 rrepBoH ce HeH 3a 38,5...39,5° .no OCR CHMMe1'pHH
rrpO<pHIDI KYJlaqKa. HeTOqHOCTb HHTepBaJIa Mex.n;y HaqaJIOM rrO,n:aqH
TOIIJIHBa JlI060H CeKUHeH HaCOCa OTHOCHTeJlbHO nepBOH He ,nOJDKHa
rrpeBbIllIaTb 1/30.
YroJl Haqarra rro,n:aqH TOIUIHBa THB.LI: ,n:BHraTeJUI KAMA3- 740 pe-
rYJlHpyeTcH H3MeHeHHeM TOJlIUHHbI waH6 Me}l{,ll;Y npyxHHOH H IDITOH
TOJIKaTeJUI cooTBeTcTByJOIUeH CeKI:(HH. npH orrpe,neJIeHHH rrpOH3BO-
,n:HTeJlbHOCTH ceKUHH Ha CTelU( YCTaHaBJIHBalOTCH <pOPCyHKH, o1]Jery-
JlHpOBaHHhIe Ha ,n:aBJleHHe BrrpbICKa (18 + 0,5)Mna.
T a 6 11 VI U. a 2.16. PerynMpOBO'lHble nOKa3aTenM TonnMBHoM
annapaTYPblAM3eneM
nOK33aTeJIb 51M3-238 KAMA3-740
));aBJIeHHe BnpbICKa TOruIHBa <l>opCyH- 16,5 + 0,5 18 + 0,5
KaMH, Mna
));aBJIeHHe OTKpbITIDI HarHeTaTeJIbHbIX 1,7...2 0,9... 1,1
KJlanaHOB THB));, Mna
YroJI Haqarra no,naqH TOruIHBa ceKUHSI- 1/0 8/0
MH THB));, ...0 (HoMep CeKIJ;HH/3Haqe- 3/45 4/45
HHe yrJIa) 6/90 5/90
2/135 7/135
4/180 3/180
5/225 6/25
7/270 2/270
8/315 1/315
YroJI Haqarra BnpbICKa, ...0 (HoMep 1/23 8/23
CeKIJ;HH/3HaqeHHe yrJIa) 3/68 4/68
4/113 5/113
2/158 7/158
4/203 3/203
5/248 6/248
7/293 2/293
8/338 1/338
npOH3Bo,nHTeJIbHOCTb ceKUHH THB,l( 84 ... 86 60...62
npH HOMHHarrbHOM CKOpOCTHOM pe)f{H-
Me 3a 800 I.J;HKJIOB, CM 3
HepaBHoMepHocTb no,naqH TOllJlHBa 6 5
CeKIJ;IDIMH THB,l(, %
153
OKOH'taHue ma61l. 2.16
nOKa3aTenb }lM3-238 KAMA3- 740
fH.lIPOruIOTHOCTb HarHeTaTeJlbHOrO
KJIanaHa:
no pa3rpY30QHOMY noSlcKY (npH 20 20
CHH)KeHHH .lIaBJIeHHSI OT 0,2
.lIO 0,1 Mna), c, He MeHee
C}'MMapHaSl (OT 0,8 .lIO 0,7 Mna), c, 30 30
He MeHee
npOH3BO,lJJfTeJlbHOCTb ceKUHH orrpe,nellileTCH rrpH CKOpOCTH Bpa-
meHHH BaJIa Hacoca 1 300 MHH- I , a perYJlHpyeTcH rryreM rrOBopOTa
Koprryca ceKUHH OTHOCHTeJlbHO Hacoca rrpH oCJla6J1eHHH raHKH Kpe-
rrJleHHH <bJlaHua CeKl..{HH. llpH rrOBopOTe ceKUHH BrrpaBO rrpOH3BO-
,nHTeJlbHOCTb ceKUHH }'MeHbllIaeTCH, BJleBO - YBeJlH1JHBaeTCH. llpH
Heo6xo,nHMOCTH TPe6yeTcH rrepeCTaBHTb Ha O,nHH-,nBa 3y6a CTorropHYlO
lUaH6y lUTyuepa.
,L:\JlH THB,L( ,nBHraTeJleH 51M3 yroJl Ha1JaJIa rro,na1JH H3MeHHeTCH
rrOBopOTOM perYJlHpOB01JHOrO 60JlTa TOJlKaTellil. npH 3aBepTbIBaHHH
MOMeHT Ha1JaJIa rro,na1JH 6y,neT rr03)1(e, a rrpH OTBepTbIBaHHH - paHb-
me. nocJle perYJlHpOBKH xo.u.a TOJlKaTeJlH Heo6xo,lI;HMO 3aKOHTpHTb
perYJlHpOB01JHbIe 60JlTbI raHKaMH.
.LI.nH orrpe.ll.eJleHIDI rrpO.ll.OJDKHTeJlbHOCTH rrO,lI;a1JH TOIIJIHBa CJle.ll.yeT
rrpO.ll.OJDKaTb rrOBOpa1JHBaTb BaJI ,lI;O MOMeHTa, Kor,lI;a TOIIJIHBO Ha1JHeT
BHOBb BbITeKaTb H3 TOH xe Tpy6KH; rrOBOpa1JHBaH BaJI B o6paTHoM
HarrpaBJIeHHH, orrpe.ll.eJlHTb MOMeHT rrpeKpameHHH HCTe1JeHIDI TOIIJIH-
Ba (rrpH 3TOM KpOMKa rrJlYH)I(epa OTKpbIBaeT OTCe1JHOe OTBepCTHe
BTYJlKH). llporpanYHPOBaHHaH ,nyra lUKaJIbI Me y MOMeHTaMH, Kor-
.lI.a rrJlyJDKep rrepeKpbIBaeT OTCe1JHOe OTBepCTHe BTYJlKH H OTKpbIBaeT
3TO OTBepCTHe, COOTBeTcTByeT reOMeTPH1JeCKOH rrpO,ll,OJDKHTeJlbHOCTH
rrO.ll.a1JH TOIIJIHBa. AuaJIOrH1JHO orrpe,nellillOTCH Ha1JaJIO H rrp0.ll.OJl)I(JI-
TeJlbHOCTb rrO.ll.a1JH TOIIJIHBa OCTaJIbHbIMH ceKUHHMH Hacoca.
npOH3BO.ll.HTeJlbHOCTb ceKUHH THB,L:\ orrpe.ll.eJUleTCH B KOMIIJIeKTe
C 3TaJIOHHbIMH <bopcYUKaMH, 01perYJlHpOBaHHbIMH Ha HopMaTHBHyID
BeJlH1JHHY .lI.aBJIeHIDI BrrpbICKa «18,0 + 0,5) Mlla H (16,5 + 0,5) Mna
COOTBeTCTBeHHO ,nJlH THB,L( ,nBHraTeJleH KAMA3, 51M3). nocJle
YCTaHOBKH Hacoca Ha CTeHJ( H Coe,lI;HHeHIDI ero C BaJIOM rrpHBO.ll.a K
HeMY CJle,lI;yeT rrpHCoe.ll.HHHTb TOIUIHBOrrpOBO.ll.bI HH3KOro If BbICOKoro
.lI.aBJIeHHH. TeMrrepaTypa TOrrJIHBa rrp" H3MepeHHH ,nOJI)I(Ha 6bITb
25... 30 °c.
3aTeM BKJII01JHTb 3J1eKTP0.ll.BHraTeJlb H YCTaHOBHTb HOMHHaJIbHyID
1Jacrory Bp eHIDI KYJIa'IKOBoro BaJIa THB,L:\ (1300 + 10) MHO-I (KAMA3)
HJIH (1 030 + 10) MHH- I (51M3). BbIrrycTHTb B03.l1.YX H3 CHCTeMbI TO-
154
nJIHBono,aaqH HH3KOrO ,aaBJIeHIDI. PbIqar perYIDITOpa npH H3MepeHHH
YCTaHaBJIHBaeTC5I Ha MaKCHMaJlbHyID nOL1aqy TOruIHBa npH nOMoIUH
CTOHKH H T5IrH co CneUHaJIbHOH raHKOif, PYKOHTKa CqeT'IHKa-aBTO-
MaTa /5 (pHC. 2.16) - Ha 3an.aHHoe QHCJlO 060pOTOB (UHKJIOB), 06bN-
HO paBHoe 800. BKJIlOqHTb CqeTqHK-aBTOMaT PYKOHTKOH 22 H H3Me-
pHTb npOH3Bo,aHTeJlbHOCTb ceKUHH THB,LI. no MepHbIM MeH3ypKaM.
HOMHHaJIbHa51 npOH3BO.lI.HTeJlbHOCTb ceKUHH YKa3aHa B Ta6J1. 2.16.
no nOJlyqeHHbIM 3HaqeHH5IM onpe,aeJlHTb HepaBHOMepHOCTb nOL1aqH
TOnJlHBa CeKUH5IMH no <t>opMYJle
0= 2(V rnax -Vmin) lOO%,
V rnax + V rnin
r,ae V rnax , V rnin - MaKCHMaJIbHasI H MHHHMaJIbHasI npOH3BO,IUITeJlbHOCTb
CeKll.H H.
HepaBHoMepHocTb no,aaqH TOnJIHBa no CeKll.IDIM He ,aOJDKHa npe-
BbIlllaTb 5 %.
npH OTJlHqHH <l>aKTHqeCKHX 3HaqeHHH npOH3Bo,aHTeJIbHOCTH H
HepaBHOMepHOCTH OT peKOMeH,lJ,yeMbIx perYJlHpOBaHHe 06'beMa no-
,aaqH TOnJlHBa IIJIYH)I(epHOH napoH npOH3Bo,aHT CMemeHHeM nOBO-
pOTHOH BTYJlKH OTHOCHTeJlbHO IIJIyn)l(epa. nOBOpOT BJIeBO }'MeHbwa-
eT UHKJIOByID no,aaqy TOruIHBa, BnpaBO - yoeJlHqHBaeT. CHH)I(eHIDI
HepaBHOMepHOCTH no,aaqH TOnJlHBa MO)J(HO TaIOKe ,a06HTbCH nyTeM
nepeCTaHOBKH HarHeTaTeJlbHbIX KJIanaHOB H nJIymKepHbIX nap Me)K,lty
CeKUH5IMH.
YroJl HaqaJIa BnpbICKa TOnJIHBa onpe,ae.1llleTCH npH qaCTOTe Bpame-
HH5I KYJlaqKOBOrO BaJIa Hacoca Ha HOMHHaJIbHOM CKOpOCTHOM pe)I(H-
Me ,aBHraTeJl51 C nOJlHOH no,aaqeH TOnJlHBa. ,LI.Jl5I 3Toro HyxHO ,aaTb
npopa60TaTb TH B,LI. Ha CTeH,LJ.e B TeqeHHe 5 ... 7 MHH, 3aTeM BKJIlOqHTb
cTp060CKOnHqeCKOe YCTPOHCTBO H, cnYCTH 1,5... 2 MHH, T}'M6J1ep 12
npOBep5leMOH CeKll.HH THB,LI.. 4epe3 30...60 C OKHO HenOl(BIDKHoro
,aHCKa CT})060cKona OCBeTHTCH. eJleHHe Ha llIKaJIe nO,lI:BIDKHoro ,aHC-
Ka, KOTopoe HaxO,lI:HTC5I npOTHB BH3Hpa HenO.lI.BIDKHoro ,lI:HCKa, yJ(3)KeT
yroJl HaqaJIa BnpbICKa TOnJlHBa. 3HaQeHHe yrJloB Haqarra BnpbICKa
TOnJIHBa CeKUH5IMH THB,LI. ,aaHbI B Ta6J1. 2.16. nOpH.nOK peryJlHpOBa-
HH5I yrJla HaqaJIa BnpbICKa TaKOH )l(e, KaK Ii yrJIa HaqaJIa nO,lI:aqH TO-
nJIHBa. BeJlHqHHa yrJla HaqaJIa BnpbICKa TOTIJIlfBa 3aBHCHT TalOKe If OT
COCT05lHH5I <l>OPCYHKH.
3 a,ll a H H e 3. npOBepMT& TeXHMlfeCKoe COCTOflHJfe
t/JOPCYHOK M nnYHJKepH&'X nap
<l>OpCynKH H nJIymKepHble napbI npOBepSlIOT C nOMOIUblO npH60pa
KI1-562M. CTeH,LJ. 06eCneqHBaeT npOBepKY H peryJIHpOBKY <l>0PCyJlOK
155
no CJIe.ll:yJOIllJfM nOKa3aTeJUlM: repMeTHqHOCTb COnp5lXeHHH; ,lJ.aBJIeHHe
Haqarra nO.ll:'beMa HrJIbI; KaqeCTBO pacnbillHBaHIDI TOnJIHBa. H3HoweH-
HOCTb nJIYH)I(epHbIX nap THB,a: npOBepHeTCH no rH,lJ.paBJIHqeCKOH
llJIOTHOCTH 3a30pa Me)KJ:(y BTYJIKOH H IIJIyIDKepOM.
OCHOBaHHeM CTeH,lJ.a (pHC. 2.17) CJIyxHT BaHHa 1 cBapHoH KOH-
CTPYKIJ:HH, Ha KOTOpOH 3aKpenJIeHbI YCTPOHCTBO 4,lJ.JI5I npOBepKH
<bopCYHOK H npH60p 8 ,lI)I5I npOBepKH IIJIyIDKepHbIX nap. Or,lJ.eJIbHO Ha
CTOHKe 10 YCTaHOBJIeH 6aqOK 6.l1.J1H ,lJ.H3eJIbHOrO TOnJIHBa, HMelOmHH
<t>HJIbTPYlOmHH 3JIeMeHT.
B Kopnyce /6 YCT})oHcTBa .lI.JI5I npOBepKH <t>OpCYHOK YCTaHOBJIeHbI
IIJIYH)I(ep /5, BTYJIKa J 4 H HarHeTaTeJIbHbIH KJIanaH BbICOKoro ,lJ.aBJIe-
HH5I /7. B BepxHeH qaCTH CTOHKH J 2 YCTaHOBJleH MaHOMeTp 5 C
BepXHHM npe,lJ.eJIOM H3MepeHH5I .lI.aBJIeHHH 40 Mna. npHBO.ll: IIJIYH)I(e-
pa ocymeCTBJI5IeTC5I npH nOMOmH pbIqara 18, a B03BpaT nJIYHxepa
BHH3 - npH nOMOmH npYXHHbI 13. CTaKaH - KOHYC 2, YCTaHaBJIH-
BaeMbIH Ha BaHHY CTeH,lJ.a no,lJ. <t>opCYHKY, n03BOJIHeT BH3YaJIbHO KOH-
TpOJIHpOBaTb KaqeCTBO paCnbIJIHBaHH5I TOnJIHBa. C6poc ,lJ.aBJIeHH5I
ocyrueCTBJl5IeTC5I HrOJIbqaTbIM KJIanaHOM 3.
npoBepKa rH.ll.paBJIHqeCKOH nJIOTHOCTH nJIYH)I(epHbIX nap npOH3-
BO.ll:HTC5I YCTPOHCTBOM 8, OCHOBHbIMH qaCT5IMH KOToporo 51BJI5IIOTCH
CTOHKa 20, pbIqar /9 H Kopnyc co C'beMHbIM CTaKaHOM 7, B KOTOpbIH
YCTaHaBJIHBaeTC5I npOBep5leMa51 nJIYH)I(epHaH napa. <l>HKcHpoBaHHe
BTYJIKH llJIYH)I(epa ocyrueCTBJI5IeTC5I C nOMOmblO BHHTa 21. fepMeTH-
3aUH5I nJIYH)I(epHOH napbI npOH3BO,lJ.HTCSI nO,lJ.)I(aTHeM ynopa 22 K
TOPIJ:Y BTYJIKH nJIYH)I(epa C nOMOmblO BHHTa 21. B BepxHeH qaCTH
CTOHKH 20 HMeeTC5I BTYJIKa C ynopOM. K BTYJIKe npHBapeHa 060HMa
C 3anpeCCOBaHHbIM llIapHKOBbIM nO,lJ.llIHnHHKOM, OTHOCHTeJIbHO KO-
Toporo KaqaeTC5I pbIqar 9, KOTOpbIH qepe3 pOJIHK .lI:aBHT Ha TOpeIJ:
IUIyH)I(epa.
nO,lJ.aqa ,lJ.H3eJIbHOrO TOruIHBa K npH60PY .lI.JI5I npOBepKH <t>OpCYHOK
H rH.ll.pOnJIOTHOCTH ruIYH)I(epHbIX nap ocyrueCTBJI5IeTC5I pyqKoH KpaHa
Ha nepeXO.ll:HHKe 11 (Ha pHCYHKe He nOKa3aH), KOTOpylO nOBOpaqH-
BalOT B CTOPOHY Toro npH60pa, Ha KOTOpOM npOBO.lUlT npOBepKY.
fepMeTHqHOCTb COnp5l)l(eHHH <bOPCYHOK onpe,lJ.eJI5IeTC5I no Bpe-
MeHH, B TeqeHHe KOToporo npOH30H,lJ.eT na,lJ.eHHe .lI:aBJIeHH5I OT 35
,lJ.0 30 Mna, KOTopoe He ,lJ.OJI)I(HO 6bITb MeHee 5 c. nO,lJ.TeKaHHe TO-
ruIHBa H3 oTBepcTHH paCnbIJIHTeJI5I <t>OPCYHKH He ,lJ.onYCKaeTCH, TaK
KaK 3TO npHBO,lJ.HT K 3aKOKCOBbIBaHHIO ConeJI paCnbIJIHTeJISI H YXY,lJ.-
waeT KaqeCTBO pacnbillHBaHH5I TOnJIHBa. DbICTPoe CHH)I(eHHe .lI.aBJIe-
HHH 06YCJIOBJIeHO HapyweHHeM repMeTHqHOCTH B 3anopHOH qaCTH
HrJIbI pacnbillHTeJI5I HJIH conpIDKeHHH Kopnyc paCnbIJIHTeJUI - Kopnyc
<t>OpCYHKH.
aBJIeHHe BnpbICKa TOllJIHBa <t>OpCYHKOH H3Mep5leTCH no MaHOMe-
T})Y 5. npH nOMOIIJ:H pblqara 18 Hacoca MeMeHHO nOBbIllIalOT .lI:aBJIe-
HHe TOnJIHBa B <t>opcYHKe, Ha6JIIO,lJ.a51 npH 3TOM 3a nOKa3aHH5IMH
156
MaHOMeTPa. KOf.n.a ,aaBJIeHHe ,nOCTHfHeT 12,5 Mna, CKOpOCTb ,narrb-
HeHmero nOBbIweHIDI ,naBJIeHHH He ,aOJDKHa npeBbIIllaTb 0,5 Mnajc.
)];aBJIeHHe BnpbICKa (Haqana IIOL(oeMa HfJIbI <pOpCyJlKH) <pHKcHpyeTcH
MaHOMeTPOM B MOMeHT pacnbIDHBaHHH TOllJIMBa <POpCYHKOH. ECJIH
2
1
5
4
3
7
8
9
o
19 8
17
16
15 20
14
13
12
6 8
PUC. 2.17. npH60p KM-562M (0), YCTPOHCTBO.LWI npOBepKH cPOPCYHOK (6)
H YC1pOHCTBO .lIJlSl npOBepKH OJIymKepHbIX nap (8):
1 - BaHHa; 2 - CTaKaH; 3 - HroJIbtIaTbIH KJIanaH; 4 - npH60p D.JISI npOBepIrn cl>op-
CyJlOK; 5 - MaHOMeTP; 6 - TOruIHBHbIH 6aK; 7 - C'beMHbIH CTaKaH; 8 - npH60p .LUISI
npOBepKH IlJIY}DKepHbIX nap; 9, 19 - pbIqam; 10 - CTOHKa 6aqKa; 11 - nepexo,n-
HHK; 12, 20 - CTOHKH; 13 - B03BpaTHasI np)'}KHHa; 14 - BTYJIKa; 15 - IIJIyIDKep;
16 - KOpnyC; 17 - KJlanaH BbICOKOro ,naBJIeHIDI; 18 - pbI'Iar npHBo,na IIJIyIDKepa;
21 - cTonopHblH BHHT; 22 - ynop
157
BeJIHqHHa .n:aBJIeHIDI 6y.n:eT HIDKe RJIH BbIme HOpMaTHBHbIX 3HaqeHHH
(CM. Ta6JI. 2.16), TO <bopCYHKY He06xo.n:HMO OTPerYJlHpOBaTb.
PerYJIHpOBaHHe <bOPCYUOK .n:BHraTeJleM KAMA3 OCYIneCTBlliIeTCH
nyreM 3aMeHbI perYJlHpOBOqHbIX llIaH6. llpH yaeJlHqeHHH TOJlmHHbI
perYJIHpOBOqHbIX llIaH6 Ha 0,05 MM .n:aBJIeHHe Haqana no.n:'beMa HrJIbI
<pOPCYUKH yaeJlHqHBaeTCH Ha 0,3...0,35 Mlla.
llOPMOK peryJllipOBKH .n:aBJIeHIDI Haqana nO,l{beMa HrJIbI <t>OPCYUKH:
. oTBepHyrb raHKY pacnbillHTeJlH, CHHTb ero, npe.n:oxpaHHB Hr.rry
<t>OPCYUKH OT BbInaneHIDI;
. CHHTb npOCTaBK)' pacnbillHTellil H BbIHyrb H3 <t>OPCYUKH llITaH-
ry, onopHyIO npyxMHY H perYJlHpOBOqHbIe llIaH6bI;
. no,a60poM TOJlmHHbI perYJlHpOBOqHbIX llIaH6 ,a06HTbCH TPe6ye-
MOM BeJlHqHHbI ,aaBJIeHHH Haqarra no.n:'beMa HrJlbI <t>OPCYHKH.
C60pKa <t>OPCYUKH npoH3Bo,aHTCH B 06paTHOM nOPMKe.
<l>OpCYHKH ,aBHraTeJleH JIM3 perYJlHpyroTCH npoIUe. He06xo,aHMO
oTBepHyrb H CHHTb KJIanaH <bopCyJIIGI, oTnYCTHTb KJIlOqOM KOHTPraM-
K)' perYJlHpOBOqHOrO BHHTa H 3aBOpaqHBaTb (npH nOHIDKeHHOM ,aaB-
JleHHH BnpbICKa) HJIH OTBOpaqHBaTb (npH nOBbIllIeHHOM ,aaBJleHHH)
perYJlHpOBOqHbIH BHHT .n:o .n:ocTIDKeHIDI TPe6yeMoH BeJlHqHHbI .n:aBJle-
HHH BnpbICKa.
KaqeCTBO pacnbillHBaHIDI TOnJIHBa <bOpCYUKOH ou:eHHBaIOT BH3Y-
arrbHO. llpH oTperYJlHpOBaHHoM ,aaBJleHHH BnpbICKa H 3aBepHYToM
MaXOBHKe npH60pa (CM. pHC. 2.17) nepeMemalOT pbIqar 18 Hacoca C
qaCTOTOM 50-60 XO.n:OB B MHHyry, Ha6J1IO.n:aH 3a xapaKTepOM pacnbI-
JlHBaHHH TOnJlHBa. TOnJlHBO, BbIxo.n:HI.Qee H3 COnJlOBbIX oTBepcTHH
pacnbillHTellil, .n:OJDKHO Haxo.n:HTbCH B T}'MaHo06pa3HoM COCTOHHHH H
paBHOMepHO pacnpe,aellilTbCH no nOnepeqHOM)' CeqeHHIO np03paqHO-
ro KOnyCHOro CTaKaHa 6e3 3aMeTHbIX KaneJlb H CTPyH. Haqarro H KOHeu:
BnpbICKa .n:OJl)l(HbI 6bITb qeTIGIMH H conpOBO)l()J;aTbCH xapaKTepHbIM
3BYKOM (rJlYXHM TpecKoM).
fHJJ:paBJIHqeCKYIO llJIOTHOCTb IIJIyIDKepHbIX nap He06xo,aHMO npo-
BepHTb CJleJJ:YlOI.QHM 06pa30M. IlrrymKepuyro napy, CMOqeHuyro B .n:H-
3eJlbHOM TOnJIHBe, YCTaHOBHTb B cneU:HanbHoe npHcnoc06J1eHHe -
CTaKaH 7. BHHT 21 3aBepuyTb .n:o OTKa3a, npH 3TOM BTYJlKa IIJIyIDKepa
,aOJlXHa HMeTb B CTaKaHe npo.n:OJlbHbIH JlIO<t>T. YCTaHoBHTb CTaKaH
BMeCTe C BTYJlKOH IIJIyIDKepa B KOpnyC npH60pa H nOBepuyTb ero TaK,
qT06bI BbICTyrrbI CTaKaHa 3allIJIH no,a coomeTCTByJOIUHe BbICTyrrbI KOp-
nyca,ao COBMemeHIDI BTYJlKH-<bHKcaTopa C TOnJIHBHbIM rHe3,aOM CTa-
KaHa. CJlerKa 3aTHHyrb pbIqar 9. llpoBepHTb JlerKOCTb H llJIaBHOCTb
nepeMeI.QeHIDI nJIymKepa no BTYJlKe. OTKpbITb KpaH no.n:aqH ,aH3eJlb-
HOro TOllJIHBa Ha nepexo.n:HHKe 11 (Ha pHCYUKe He nOKa3aH). BbIuyTb
II.TIyIDKep H3 BTYJIKH H nocJle 3anOJlHeHIDI BT)'JlKH H yr.rry6J1eHIDI B CTa-
KaHe npH60pa ,aH3eJlbHbIM TOllJIHBOM 3aKpbITb KpaH. 3aTeM OnyCTHTb
II.TIyIDKep BO BTYJIK)' TaK, tff06bI CBOHMH HanpaBIDIIOIUHMH OH BOllIeJl
B na3 BT)'JIKH. llpH 3TOM pHcKa, HMelOI.QasICH B II.TIyIDKepe, .n:oJDKHa 6bITb
158
06paIUeHa K OrrepaTOpy. TIoBepHYTb pbJ1lar 19 rrpH60pa ,[(0 conpHKOC-
HOBeHIDI C TOp OM II.JIyH)Kepa H OnyCTHTb era Ha IIJIyIDKep, o.n;HOBpe-
MeHHO BKJIlOqHB ceI<YHJ]:OMep. B MOMeHT 6bIC1pOro onycKaHIDI pbNa-
ra ceI<YHJ]:OMep BbIKJIlOqHTb. 3a<pHKcHpoBaHHoe BpeMH rra,neHIDI ,[(aB-
JIeHIDI TOTIJIHBa B II.JIyH)KepHOH nape 3aHeCTH B npOTOKOJI.
YKa3aHHYlO rrpOBepKY CJIe,nyeT rrpOH3BeCTH He MeHee Tpex pa3.
llJIyJDKepHaR rrapa CqHTaeTCR rO,[(HOH, eCJIH ee cpe,LJ;IUUI rl'IJJ:paBJIWle-
CKaR UJIOTHOCTb no TPeM 3aMepaM COCTaBlliIeT He MeHee 10 c.
B Hacoc BbICOKoro .lI.aBJIeHHR CJIe.ll.yeT rro,[(6HpaTb H YCTaHaBJIHBaTb
II.JIyH)KepHbIe rrapbI C 6JIH3KOH rro BeJIHqHHe fH.npaBJIWleCKOH TIJIOT-
HOCTblO.
3 a,ll a Hue 4. npOSepHT& repMeTHIlHocTb HarHeTaTenbHoro
KnanaHa
rMpaBJIWleCKYIO lliIOTHOCTb HarneTaTeJIbHbIX KJIarraHOB orrpe,[(eIDI-
lOT C rrOMOIUblO npH60pa KH-I086 (TIrK), cxeMa KOToporo rrpHBe,[(e-
Ha Ha pHC. 2.18. OCHOBHbIMH 3JIeMeHTaMH npH60pa RBlliIIOTCR Mexa-
HH3M (3aTBop),lI)UI KpenJIeHIDI npOBepHeMoro KJIanaHa, pyqHoH Hacoc,
rH,L(paBJIHqeCKHH aKK)'MYlliITOp, YC'TpOHCTBO ,lI)UI c60pa H co,[(epxaHIDI
TOlliIHBa, MaHOMeT}), KJIanaHHbIH MexaHH3M, TPy60npOBO,[(bI.
11 12 13
10
9
8
7
6
5
1
14
16
4
15
3
2
17
18
19
PHC. 2.18. npH60p KI1-1086 npOBepKH HarHeTaTeJIbHbIX KJIanaHOB:
1 - BopOHKa; 2 - TpemOTKa; 3 - 3IDKHM; 4 - BHHT; 5 - YCTaHOBOqHbIH BHHT;
6 - BTynKa; 7 - ce.l(JlO KJIanaHa; 8 - HarHeTaTeJIbHbIH KJIarraH; 9 - npYXHHa;
10 - Kopnyc; 11 - COe,l1HHHTeJIbHaH TPy6Ka; 12 - ynOpHbIH llIapHKOTIO,l1WHnHHK;
13 - MaHOMeT}); 14 - aKKyMYilllTOp; 15 - pyqHOH Hacoc; 16 - 06paTHbIit KJIanaH;
17 - BnycKHOH KJIaTIaH; 18 - npHeMHCUI TPy6Ka; 19 - 6aK
159
MexaHH3M 3aTBOpa COCTOHT H3 Kopnyca 10, B KOTOpOM pa3Mem:a-
eTC BTYJIKa 6 C BBepHYTbIM B Hee BHHTOM 4. B BHHTe 4 HMeeTCJI
YCTaHOBOlJHbIH BHHT 5, Ha BepXHeM Topue KOToporo pa3MemeH ynop-
HbIH lllapHKono.nlllHnHHK 12, a Ha HH:>KHeM - TpemOTKa 2 (KaK Y
MHKpoMeTpa). LJ:JUI 3a:>KHMa HJIH oCB060)K.lJ.eHH npOBep eMoro Ha-
rHeTaTeJIbHOrO KJIanaHa BTYJIKY 6 3a PYKO TKY nepeMemalOT B.nOJlb
Kopnyca 10 BMeCTe C BHHTaMH 4 H 5.
PyqHOH Hacoc 15 npe.ll.Ha3HalJeH ,lI)UI HarHeTaHH.H TOnJIHBa H3 6aKa
19 lJepe3 BnycKHoH KJIanaH 17 H 06paTHbIH 16, B aKK)'MYJUlTOp 14, a
oTTy.na B nOJIOCTb lllTyuepa Ha.n HcnbITbIBaeMbIM HarHeTaTeJIbHbIM
KJIanaHOM. AKKYMYJIJlTOP 14 BMemaeT 500 CM 3 TOnJIHBa H CJI}')KHT
OCHOBHOH .neTaJIblO, Ha KOTOpOH KpenSlTCSI .npyrHe. CBepxy B aKKyMY-
JISiTOp BBepHyr MaHOMeTP 13. oaK 193anpaBJI.HeTcSI <pR11bTPOBaHHbIM
.nH3eJIbHbIM TOnJIHBOM.
Y HarHeTaTeJIbHbIX KJlanaHOB TH B,LJ. npOBepSiIOT repMeTWlHOCTb B
.nBYX conpIDKeHIDIX - no 3anopHbIM nOBepXHOCTSIM H pa3rpY30lJHOMY
nOSiCKY. Cyrb cnoc06a npOBepKH repMeTHlJHOCTH KJIanaHOB CBO,lUITCSI K
OnpelleJIeHHIO KOJIWleCTBa TOI1JllIBa, npOTeKalOmero Me)l(,l{}' pa3rpY30q-
HbIM nOSiCKOM KJlanaHa H OTBepCTHeM ero rne3.ll.a, 0 qeM MO)I{HO cY.IJ.HTb
no BpeMeHH CHIDKeHH.H .lI.aRTIeHIDI TonnHBa. CHalJana ru.npaRTIWlecKYIO
nJIOTHOCTb onpe.neJI.HIOT no 3a30Py pa3rpY30lJHOro nOSiCKa KJlanaHa, a
3aTeM no 3anopHbIM nOBepXHOCTSIM H noSiCKY, T. e. CYMMapnyIO.
nOCJIe npe.nBapHTeJIbHOH MOHKH .neTaneH HarHeTaTeJIbHOrO KJIa-
naHa B IIHCTOM .nH3eJIbHOM TOnJIHBe ero npOBepKY OCYIUeCTBJlSlIOT B
CJIe.nYIOIUeM nOpSl,ll,Ke:
. OTBOpalJHBalOT Ha nOJI-060pOTa npH)I(HMHOH BHHT 4 H 3a PY-
KOSlTKY onYCKalOT BHH3 BTYJIK)' 6;
. YCTaHaBJIHBalOT BHHT 5 TaK, lJT06bI ero BepXHHH KOHel.1 Haxo-
.nHJICSI 3anO,lJJIH1.10 C nJIOCKOCTblO ynopHoro lllapHKOnO.ll.lllHnHH-
Ka, Ha KOTOpbIH YCTaHaBJIHBalOT HcnbITyeMbIH HarHeTaTeJIbHbIH
KJlanaH C npOKJIa.nKoH H Ce,lI,JIOM 7;
. 3a PYKOSlTKY nO.ll.HHMalOT BTYJIKY 6 .no ynopa Ii nOBOpalJHBalOT
BnpaBO .no OTKa3a. .LI.nSl JIyqlllero ynnoTHeHIDI HarHeTaTeJIbHOrO
KJIanaHa BpamalOT BHHT 4 .no ynopa;
. ocyrn.eCTBlliIIOT npOBepKY KJIanaHHOH napbI Ha repMeTHlJHOCTb
no pa3rpY30lJHOMY no cKY. .LI.nSl 3Toro BpamalOT rOJIOBK)' TPe-
mOTKH 2 no lJaCOBOH CTPeJIKe H no.nBOAAT BHHT 5 .no conpHKOC-
HOBeHHSI C KJIanaHOM, Iff 0 06HapY:>KHBaeTCSI no lllYMY TPeIUOTKH.
nO.nHHMaIOT KJIanaH Han ero rHe3110M, nOBOpalJHBIDI 3a 3IDKHM
3, TeM caMbIM BBepTbIBaSi YCTaHOBOqHbIH BHHT 5 Ha .neJIeHHSI
lllKanbI 0,2 MM. 3aTeM pyqHbIM HaCOCOM 15 HarHeTalOT TOnJIHBO
B aKKYMYJUlTOp, OTK)'.na OHO nocTynaeT B lllTYUep Han HCnbITbI-
BaeMbIM HarneTaTeJIbHbIM KJIanaHOM. Kor.na .naBJIeHHe B CHCTeMe
.nOCTHrneT 0,22...0,25 Mna, npeKpamalOT HarHeTaHHe H CJIeJ],SlT
3a CTpeJIKOH MaHOMeTPa. llpH .naBJIeHHH 0,2 Mna BKJIlOlJalOT
160
ceK)'lI)J;OMep H BbIKJIJOqalOT ern npH .naBJIeHHH 0,1 Mna. lIeM
60JIblIIe 3a30p no pa3rpY30'lHOMy no cKY, TeM 6bICTPee CHIDKa-
eTC .lI.aBJIeHHe. KrranaHbI c repMeTINHOCTblO HIDKe 2 C BbI6pa-
KOBbIBaJOT.
3aKoWlHB nepBy:IO npOBepKY, KJIanaH BbIHHMalOT H3 npH6opa, npo-
MbIBaIOT B qHCTOM .lI.H3eJlbHOM TOllJIHBe H CHOBa YCTaHaBJIHBalOT B
npH60p. B TaKOM xe nop Ke, HO npH onyn:(eHHOM YCTaHOBOqHOM
BHHTe 5 npOBep JOT C)'MMapHy:IO fJf):{paBJIWIecKYIO rr.nOTHOCTb, KOr.ll.a
KJIanaH 3anopHbIM KOHYCOM pacnOJIaraeTC Ha <l>acKe ero rHe3.ll.a. Pyq-
HbIM HaCOCOM nO.ll.HHMalOT .lI.aRJIeHHe .lI.O 0,82... 0,85 Mna H H3Mep JOT
BpeWI CHlDKeHIDI .lI.aBJIeHIDI OT 0,8 .lI.O 0,7 Mna. ECJlH repMeTH'lHOCTb
HIDKe 30 c, KJIanaH BbI6paKoBbIBaIOT. He.ll.OCTaTOqHylO WIOTHOCTb 3a-
nopHbIX nOBepXHocTeH KJIanaHOB H rue3.l1. MO)f(}lO BOCCTaHOBHTb npH-
THpKOH npH Ha,ne)I{HOH repMeTHqHOCTH no pa3rpY30QHOMY no cKY
(nepBIDI npoBepKa).
COAep*8HMe OT"IeT8
OTtIeT no JIa60paTopHoH pa60Te .lI.OJDKeH BKJIlOqaTb B ce6 :
. Ha3BaHHe H u:eJlb pa60TbI;
. TeXHH'leCKOe 06eCneQeHHe;
. KpaTKHe CBe.ll.eHIDI no MeTO.ll.HKe BbInOJlHeHH onepaU:HH npo-
BepKH H peryJIHpOBaHIDI 3J1eMeHTOB TOllJIHBHOH CHCTeMbI .lI.H-
3eJIeH;
. npOTOKOJl (Ta6JI. 2.17) pe3YJIbTaTOB .lI.HarHOCTHQeCKHX H perYJIH-
POBOqHbIX pa60T no BceM 3a.naHIDIM;
. aHMH3 nOJlyqeHHbIx pe3YJlbTaTOB H BbIBO.ll.bI no pa60Te.
T a 6 11 U. a 2.17. npOToKon no na60paTopHoM pa60Te
Ha3BaHHe KOHTPOJIHPY-
,nHarHOCTHpy- HopMaTHBHoe
HcnOJIb3yeMoe eMbIH napaMe1'p,
eMoro 3JIeMeHTa o6oPy,noBaHHe ero <!>aKTHtfeCKOe 3HatfeHHe napa-
TOruIHBHOH Me1'pa
3HatfeHHe
CHCTeMbI
KOHTPonbHblE BOnpOCbl
1. Ha30BHTe OCHOBHble npH'IHHbI H3MeHeHIDI TeXHH'IeCKOrO COCTOSlHHSI
3JIeMeHTOB THB,lJ; H <POpC}'HOK B npouecce 3KcnJlyaTaUHH.
2. nepeQHCJIHTe CTeH,l1bI H npH6opbI, C nOMOWblO KOTOpbIX npOBepSIIOTCSI
3JIeMeHTbI CHCTeMbI nHTaHIDI ,l(H3eJIbHbIX ABC.
161
3. no KaKHM napaMeTpaM ,l(HarHOCTHpYIOT TeXHHqeCKOe COCTOSlHHe
TH B,l].?
4. PaCCKa)l{}fTe 0 nOM,nKe onpe,l(eJIeHIDI K03<P<PHUHeHTa HepaBHOMep-
HOCTH nO,l(aqH TOnJIHBa CeKI.\HSlMH THBLJ;. KaKOBO ero ,l(OnYCTHMoe 3Haqe-
HHe?
5. KaKHe perYJIHpOBOqHbIe napaMeTpbI KOHTpOJIHPYIOTCSI C nOMOll{bIO
C'rpo60cKona?
6. KaK npOBepSleTCSI TeXHHqeCKOe COCTOSlHHe <pOPCYHOK?
7. no KaKHM peXHMaM npOBepSiIOTCSI HarHeTaTeJIbHbIe KJIanaHbI?
2.7. AMarHocTMpoBaHMe M perynMpoBaHMe AM3enbHoM
TonnMBHoM annapaTYpbl aHanM3aTopoM K-261
eAb pa60mbl - H3yqHTh YC1'pOHCTBO, Ha3HalJeHHe, 06pa3bI He-
HcnpaBHocTeH 3JIeMeHTOB CHCTeMbI nHTaHIDI .lI.H3eJIeH no OCUHJ1JIO-
rpaMMaM npouecca BnpbICKa TOnJIHBa H nOJIylJHTb npaKTHlJeCKHe
HaBbIKH no .lI.HarHOCTHpOBaHHIO .lI.H3eJI aHaJIH3aTOpOM TOnJIHBHOH
annapaTypbI K-261.
06iQMe CBeAeHMR M OCHOBHble nOHRTMR
TeXHWIecKoe COCTO HHe TOllJIHBHOH annapaTypbI .lI.H3eJIeH xapaK-
TepH3yeTc nOKa3aTeJI MH, KOTopbIe He06xo.ll.HMO KOHTpOJIHpOBaTb
npH TO. TaKHMH nOKa3aTeIDIMH BlliIIOTCH .lI.aBJIeHHe BnpbICKa TOWIH-
Ba <popCYHKaMH, yroJI onepe:>KeHIDI BnpbICKa, MHHHMaJIbHa H MaK-
CHMaJIbHaH qaCTOTa Bpam;eHH KOJIeHqaTOrO BaJIa .lI.BHraTeJI , He-
paBHOMepHOCTb .lI.aBJIeHIDI BnpbICKa no <popCYHKaM .lI.BHraTeJIH. 3TH
nOKa3aTeJIH OKa3bIBalOT CyII..(eCTBeHHoe BJIIDIHHe Ha paCXO.ll. TOruIHBa,
.lI.bIMHOCTb OTPa60TaBWHX ra30B, .lI.OJIrOBeqHOCTb .lI.BHraTeJIH.
KOHTPOJIb YKa3aHHbIX nOKa3aTeJIeH, KaK npaBHJ10, OCyn:(eCTBJIHIOT
C nOMOIUblO CneUHaJIbHbIX CTeHJJ:OB, Tpe6yIOm;HX CH TIDI Y3JIOB TO-
nJIHBHOH annapaTypbI C .lI.BHraTeJIeH. MOHTa:>K H .lI.eMOHTa:>K Y3JIOB
TOllJIHBHOH annapaTypbI Ha .nBHraTeJIe BbI3bIBaeT YBeJIHlJeHHe TPy.no-
eMKOCTH TO. n03TOMY B nOCJIe.nHee BpeWl Bce 60JIbllIee npHMeHeHHe
HaXO.ll. T CTeHJJ:bI .LUIH KOHTpOJUI COCTO HH TOllJIHBHOH annapaTypbI
6e3 CIDITIDI C .lI.BHraTeJIH. K lJHCJIy TaKHX CTeHJJ:OB OTHOC TCH MOTOp-
TeCTep MT-5, aHaJIH3aTOpbI K-261, 3M.an.
B .naHHbIX MeTo.nHlJeCKHX YKa3aHIDIX npHBOMTC CBe.neHIDI 0 Tex-
HHlJeCKHX xapaKTepHcTHKax aHaJIH3aTOpa TOllJIHBHOH annapaTypbI
K-261, nO.ll.rOTOBKe ero K pa60Te H nOPMKe pa60TbI C HHM. B pe3YJIb-
TaTe BbInOJIHeHIDI .lI.aHHOH JIa60paTopHOH pa60TbI CTY.lI.eHT .nOJDKeH:
. nOJIyqHTb npe.ll.CTaBJIeHHe 06 06m;eM Ha3HaqeHHH, YCTPOHCTBe
H npHHUHnax pa60TbI aHaJIH3aTOpa TOruIHBHOH annapaTypbI
K-261;
162
. 3HaTb KOHTpOJIbHO-perYJIHpOB01JHbIe napaMeTpbI, pe)l{HMbI H
MeTO.nbI onpe.neJIeHH TeXHH1JeCKOrO COCTOHHH perYJI TOpa
lJaCTOTbI BpaIUeHIDI, THB,L{ H <l>opCYHOI{.;-
. YMeTb aHaJIH3HpOBaTb, onpe.neJUlTb B03MO)f{HbIe npH'IHHbI He-
HCrrpaBHOCTeH 3JIeMeHTOB TOIIJIHBHOH CHCTeMbI JJ:H3eJIeH, .lI.eJIaTb
3aKJIIOQeHHe 06 HX TeXHHqeCKOM COCTORHHH H npaKTHlJeCKH
ocyrueCTBJI Tb .nHarHOCTHlJeCKHe H perYJIHpOBOlJHble pa60TbI C
nOMOIUblO aHaJIH3aTOpa K-261.
nOpRAOK BbinonHeHMR pa60Tbi
TeXHUtteCKoe o6eCnetteHUe - CTeH.ll. C .nBHraTeJIeM KAMA3-740,
51M3-236, -238, aHaJIH3aTOp TOruIHBHOH anrrapaTypbI K-261, OCURJI-
JIorpa<l>, KOMruIeKT CJIeCapHOro HHCTPYMeHTa, yqe6HbIe ruIaKaTbI no
YCTPOHCTBY CHCTeMbI nHTaHH .lI.H3eJIeH.
Mecmo 8blnOAHeHUR - nOCT .nHarnOCTHpOBaHH .lI.BHraTeJIeH.
3aHSITHSI npOBo.n TCSI no.n PYKOBO.ll.CTBOM npenO.ll.aBaTeJISI co BceH
rpynnoH HJIH nO.ll.rpynnoH H3 5 - 7 CTY.lI.eHTOB.
YcnemHoe BbInOJIHeHHe pa60TbI B03MO)l{}{O nOCJIe 03HaKOMJIeHH
C MeTO.ll.HlJeCKHMH YKa3aHH MH no npOBe.ll.eHHIO JIa60paTopHbIX pa-
60T H npH YCJIOBHH C06JIIO.lI.eHHSI npaBHJI TeXHHKH 6e30nacHocTH
pa6oTbI:
. npH BKJIIOlJeHHH aHaJIH3aTOpa K-261 B ceTb HanpIDKeHHeM 220 B
He06xo.ll.HMO y6e.ll.HTbC B HaJIHIIHH 3a3eMJISIIOmero KOHTaKTa B
p03eTKe;
. nO.ll.KJIlOlleHHe H OTKJIlOlleHHe aHaJIH3aTOpa ocyrueCTBJI Tb npH
Hepa60TalOIUeM !l.BC;
. nepe.ll. nYCKOM ,L{BC npOBepHTb HaJIHlJHe H ypOBeHb MOTOpHOro
MaCJIa, OXJIIDK.lI.alOmeH )l(}f}],KOCTH, TOruIHBa, rrpaBHJIbHOCTb npH-
COe.ll.HHeHIDI .lI.aNHKOB aHaJIH3aTOpa K-261;
. npH nYCKe .nBHraTeJISI C06JIIO.lI.aTb OCTOpO)l{}{OCTb;
. He .lI.orrycKaTb nonanaHH KJIIOQeH, npOBo.nOB H .lI.pyrHX npe.ll.-
MeTOB Ha BpamalOmHec qaCTH .lI.BHraTeIDI;
. He06xo.nHMO npe.nYCMaT}JHBaTb 06IUHe 'rpe60BaHHSI 3aIUHTbI OT
B03.neHCTBIDI or .LJ:BC Ha opraHbI .lI.bIXaHH qeJIOBeKa.
no OKOHlJaHHH yqe6HbIx 3aHSlTHH o<l>opMJIHeTC OTlJeT no BceM
3a.naHH M H OCYIUeCTBlliIeTC ero 3amHTa.
npO.ll.OJDKHTeJIbHOCTb pa60TbI - 4 Q.
3 a tI a H H e 1. H3YlfMTb Ha3HalfeHJfe, KOHCTPYKQMIO
M npasMna no,qrOTOSKJf K pa60Te BHanJf3BTOpa K-261
AHaJIH3aTOp K-261 rrpe.nHa3Ha1JeH .lI.JISI rrpoBepKH TeXHHlJeCKOrO
COCTO HHSI TOnJIHBHOH arrnapaTypbI .nH3eJIeH ceMeHCTBa 51M3 H
163
5
6
7
4
3
p{
2
11>
8
9
PHC. 2.19. AHaJIH3aTOp TOnJIHBHOH annapaTypbI:
1 - OCBeTHTeJ1b; 2 - pyqKa; 3 - maCCH; 4 - H3MepHTeJ1bHbItt npH6op; 5 - Kopnyc;
6 - KHOnOqHblit nepeKJIlOqaTeJ1b; 7 - KHOnOqHbIit BKJIIOQaTeJ1b; 8 - CHfHaJIbHWI
J1aMna; 9 - BKJIlOqaTeJ1b CeTH; 10 - PYKOSlTKa peryJ1HpOBKH HMnYJ1bCa; 11 - npOBo.na
ceTeBoro nHTaHHSI; 12 - npeo6pa300aTeJ1b .naWIeHHSI
KAMA3 HenOCpe.ll.CTBeHHO Ha aBTOM06HJ1e. AHaJIH3aTOp 06ecnellH-
BaeT onpe.ll.eJIeHHe napaMe1'pOB: qaCTOTbI BpameHKH KOJIeHqaToro BaJIa
.lI.BHraTeIDI H KYJIaqKOBoro BaJIa THBLJ:, CKOpOCTHOro .lI.Hana30Ha .lI.eH-
CTBHR perYJISITOpa qaCTOTbI BpameHHR, YCTaHOBOqHOrO yrJIa onepe-
:>KeHIDI BnpbICKa TOllJIHBa, MaKCHMaJIbHOro .lI.aBJIeHIDI BnpbICKa TOIIJIH-
Ba <pOpCYHKaMH. KpOMe TOro, aHaJIH3aTOpOM MO)I{HO Ol.(eHHTb Kaqe-
CTBO pa60TbI perYJIRTOpa qaCTOTbI BpameHRR R aBTOMaTHlleCKOH
MY<PTbI onepe:>KeHIDI BnpbICKa TOllJIHBa.
npe.ll.YCM01]>eHO nO.ll.KJIlOqeHHe K aHaJIH3aTOpy OCl.(HJ1JIorpa<pa, no
xapaKTepy oCl.(HJ1JIorpaMM KOToporo MO)I{HO onpe.ll.eJIHTb TeXHHqeCKOe
COCTORHHe HarHeTaTeJIbHOrO KJIanaHa, llJIyJDKepHOH napbI, pacnbillH-
TeIDI <pOPCYHKH, a TaIOKe nOJIOMKH npY:>KHH HarHeTaTeJIbHOrO KJIana-
Ha H TOJIKaTellil II.JIYIDKepa.
AHaJIR3aTOp TOnJIHBHOH annapaTypbI (pHC. 2.19) npe.ll.CTaBJIReT
C060H HaCTOJIbHbIH nepeHocHoH npH6op, COCTOHT H3 Kopnyca 5,
maCCR 3, npe06pa30BaTeJIR .lI.aBJIeHHR 12, OCBeTHTeJIR 1, npOBO.ll.a
ceTeBoro nHTaHIDI 11.
Ha nepe.ll.HeH naHeJIH aHaJIH3aTOpa pacnOJIO:>KeHbI H3MepHTeJIbHbIH
npH60p 4, KHOnOqHbIH nepeKJIlOllaTeJIb 6 Ha ceMb nOJIO)l(eHHH .LUIR
BKJIlOqeHIDI COOTBeTCTBYlOmero nOKa3aTeIDI H3MepeHIDI (npe.aeJIa H3-
MepeHIDI qaCTOTbI BpameHIDI n KOJIeHqaToro 8aJIa .lI.BHraTeIDI TaxoMe-
164
1'pOM Ha 800 H 3000 MHH- I ; yrna onepexeHIDI BnpbICKa <p - 15 H 40 0 ;
,naBJIeHIDIp BnpbICKa TOruIHBa - 20; 40; 60 MIla), KHOnOqHbIH BKJIIO-
qaTenb 7 H3MepHTeJl ,naBJIeHH , KHOnOqHbIH BKJIlOqaTeJIb ceTH 9,
CHrHaJIbHasI JIaMna 8 BKJIlOqeHIDI ceTH H pyKO TKa perynHpoBKH HM-
nYJlbCa CHHxpOHH3aUHH 10 WUI 3anYCKa BHellIHHX YC1'pOHCTB.
Ha 3anHeH CTeHKe pacnOJlOXeHbI pa3"beMbI WUI npeo6pa30BaHIDI
,naBJIeHHH, OCBeTHTenH H npOBO.ll.a ceTeBoro nI1TaHHH, ,nepxaTenb
npe,noxpaHHTeIDI H rHe3,n WUI C"beMa BbIXO,nHbIX CHrHaJIOB (OCUHJlJIO-
rpaMMbI .lI.aBneHHH, HMnYJlbCa 3a,nepXKH cTpo6oCKona, HMnYJIbCa
3anYCKa). npOBO,n ceTeBoro rrHTaHHH 11 co,nep}J{HT BHJIKY C 3a3eM-
JlHIOll(HM KOHTaKTOM.
nO,nroToBKa aHaJIH3aTOpa TOruIHBHOH arrnapaTypbI K-261 K pa6o-
Te npOH3Bo,nHTC CJle,nyIOIUHM o6pa30M:
. no,nKJIlOqHTb pa3"beM ceTeBoro nHTaHIDI 11 K OTBeTHOH qaCTH
Ha 3anHeH CTeHKe aHaJIH3aTOpa;
. nO.LI.KJIlOqHTb K aHaJIH3aTOpy nocpe,nCTBOM pa3"beMOB Ka6eJlH
OCBeTHTeIDI 1 H npeo6pa30BaTeJISI ,naBJIeHIDI 2 (pHC. 2.20);
. YCTaHOBHTb .LI.aNHK npeo6pa30BaTeJUI ,naWIeHKH K TOllJIHBHOH
CHCTeMe .lI.BHraTeJUl. ,LLrnI 3TOro Heo6xo.LI.HMO OTcoe,nHHHTb TPy6-
KY 4 BbICOKOro ,naBJIeHIDI OT IIITyuepa OpCYHKH H HaneTb Ha
Hee HaKH.ll:H}'IO raHKY 6 H3 npHH3,lUIe)I(HOCTeH aHaJIH3aTopa. Ha
IIITyuep <t>OPCYHKH HaBepHYTb a.ll.arrTep 3, B OKHO KOToporo
BCTaBHTb HaKOHeqHHK npeo6pa30BaTeIDI .lI.aBJIeHIDI 1;
. YCTaHOBHTb Ha TPy6KY BbICOKoro .lI.aBJIeHIDI cyxapH H 3aTSlHyrb
raHKH 6 Ha ananTepe 3 (coe,nHHeHHe ,nOJl)I(HO 6bITb repMeTHq-
HbIM).
3
4 5
6
2
PIIC. 2.20. npeo6pa30BaTeJIb ,naBJIeHIDI:
1 - HaKOHeqHHK npeo6pa30BaTeJUI .naBJIeHHSI; 2 - lIJTyuep BbICOKOro lI.aBJIeHIDI; 3 -
3.llanTep; 4 - TJ>y6Ka; 5 - ynJIOTHHTeJIb; 6 - raJiKa
165
TaKHM 06pa30M, ,aBHraTeJlb H aHaJIH3aTOp K-261 nO,arOTOBJIeHbI K
npOBe,aeHHIO KOH1]>OJIbHO- ,aHarHOCTHqeCIGIX pa60T.
3 a,ll a H H e 2. H3y-1MTb AMarHOCTH"eCKHe napBMeTpbl
3neMeHTOB CMCTeMbI nMTaHMfI no OCLf,MnnOrpBMMe BnpblcKa
TonnMBB
OCUHJlJIorpaMMa BnpbICKa TOllJlHBa B ,aH3eJIe 01])IDKaeT TeXHWle-
CKoe COCTOSlHHe 3JIeMeHTOB TOllJlHBono,aaqH BbICOKoro ,aaBJIeHHSI H
.lI.aeT 60JlbillOe KOJIHt.JeCTBO .lI.HarHOCTHqeCKOH HH<popMaQHH. AHaJIH-
3HPYlOT 06bIt.JHO oCQHJlJIorpaMMbI, nOJlyqaeMbIe npH MHHHMaJIbHOH
t.JaCTOTe BpameHIDI KOJIeHt.JaToro BaJIa Ha XOJIOCTOM XO.ll.Y H Ha pe)I(H-
Me MaKCHMaJIbHOH MOlll.HOCTH, <pOpMbI KOTOpbIX npH HcnpaBHOH
TOllJlHBHOH annapaType npHBe.ll.eHbI Ha pHC. 2.21.
B TOt.JKe 1 B pe3YJlbTaTe ,aBH:>KeHIDI IIJIyIDKepa THB,LJ: HatJHHaeTCSI
npou.ecc nOBbIilleHHSI ,aaBJIeHHSI. ,lJ.aBJIeHHe, npH KOTOpOM cpa6aTbI-
BaeT HarneTaTeJIbHbIH KJIanaH, xapaKTepH3yeTcSI TOt.JKOH 2. npH MaJIOH
CKOpOCTH .lI.BIDKeHIDI llJIymKepa nOCJIe T01JKH 2 .lI.aBJIeHHe HeCKOJIbKO
na,naeT, a 3aTeM HHTeHCHBHO B03paCTaeT. Op.ll.HHaTa TOt.JKH 3 xapaK-
TepH3yeT MaKCHMaJIbHOe .lI.aBJIeHHe, npH KOTOpOM no,aHHMaeTCSI HrJIa
<pOpC}'HKH npH pa60Te Ha MHHHMaJIbHOH t.JaCTOTe BpameHHSI KOJleH-
qaToro BaJIa ,LJ:BC; ,aaBJIeHHe nOCJIe TOt.JKH 3 nanaeT, TaK KaK OCBo6o-
.lI.HBIlIHHCSI 06'beM npH 3TOM He ycneBaeT 3anOJIHHTbCSI TOllJlHBOM.
npH nOJlHOH no,aa1Je TOllJlHBa Ha HOMHHaJIbHOM CKOpOCTHOM pe-
)l(HMe Tot.JKa 4 xapaKTepH3yeT MaKCHMaJIbHOe .lI.aBJIeHHe YCTaHOBHB-
llIerocSi npou.ecca BnpbICKa. TOt.JKa 5 xapaKTepH3yeT ,aaBJIeHHe, npH
KOTOpOM npOHCXO.ll.HT noca,nKa HrJIbI <pOpCyJlKH, H npoQeCC BnpbICKa
4
6
1 18
a 6
PHC. 2.21. OCQHJI.1IorpaMMbI, nOJIyqeHHbIe npH MHHHMaJIbHOH qaCTOTe Bpa-
weHHSI KOJIeHqaToro BMa Ha XOJIOCTOM XO.l1y (a) H Ha pe)KJIMe MaKCHMMbHOH:
MOWHOCTH (6)
166
TOnJIHBa B l.(HJIHH.aP 3aKaH HBaeTC . 3aTeM npOHCXO.aHT nOCa,nKa Ha-
rHeTaTeJIbHoro KJIanaHa, qTO rrpH MaJIbIX 060pOTax BbI3bIBaeT 6bIC'rpOe
na,aeHHe .aaBJIeHHR B pe3YJIbTaTe YBeJIHqeHIDI 06'beMa TPy60npOBO.aa
Ha 06'beM pa3rpY30qHOro nOSlCKa KJIanaHa. B TOqKe 6 Ha6JIIO.aaIOTcSI
HMnYJIbCbI OCTaTOQHOrO .aaBJIeHHR, KOTopbIe nOSlBIDlIOTCSI B npOMe-
)l{YTKe Me)f{,l{Y BnpbICKaMH B pe3YJIbTaTe He,nocTaTOQHOH repMeTHq-
HOCTH HarHeTaTeJIbHOrO KJIanaHa.
npH ,nHarHOCTHpOBaHHH 3JIeMeHTOB CHCTeMbI nHTaHHR aHaJIH3H-
PYIOT CJIe.ayIOm;He napaMeTpbI OCl.(H.1IJIOrpaMMbI. BeJIH1.JHHa CHrHaJIa
SI onpe.aeJIReT ,naBJIeHHe HaqMa BnpbICKa TOnJIHBa. nepena,n .aaB.11e-
HUSI AP xapaKTepH3yeT no.aBIDKHOCTb H COCTOSlHHe HrJIbl <pOPCYJfKH.
MaKCHMaJIbHOe ,naBJIeHHe BnpblCKa S3 onpe.aeJISIeT 3<p<peKTHBHoe
npoxo,nHoe CeqeHHe ConeJI paCnbL1IHTeJUI, 3HaR KOTopoe no npo.aOJI-
)l{HTeJIbHOCTH BnpbICKa t 8 MOXHO Ol.(eHHTb UHKJIOByIO no,na1.JY TOruIH-
Ba. BpeMSI 3a,nepXKH BnpbICKa S2 xapaKTepH3yeT 3a30p B IIJIyIDKepHOH
nape, a CJIe.aOBaTeJIbHO, ee repMeTH1.JHOCTb. AMUJIHTy,na 8 4 H KOJIHlle-
CTBO HMnYJIbCOB KOJIe6aHHH OCTaT01.JHoro .aaBJIeHIDI TOUJIHBa B03pac-
TaeT co CHHxeHHeM repMeTH1JHOCTH HarHeTaTeJIbHOrO KJlanaHa, 1.JTO
oTPIDKaeTcR H Ha nOJIOXeHHH TOIIKH 2, KOTopoe nOHIDKaeTCR no cpaB-
HeHHIO C 3TaJIOHHOH oCl.(HJUIorpaMMoH.
3 a,Q a H H e 3. CHflTb M BblnonHMTb KonMlfeCTBeHHblH
aHanM3 OC MnnorpaMMbl BnpblCKa TonnMBa
nO.aKJII01.JHTb oCl.(HJUIorpacJ> K aHaJIH3aTOpy, 3anYCTHTb H nporpeTb
.aBHraTeJIb ,no TeMnepaTypbI OXJIax.aaIOIUeH )l{l([(KOCTH 85...95 °C.
CHRTb OCl.(HJIJIorpaMMbl npH HcnpaBHbIX <PopcYHKe, TIJIymKepHOH
nape H HarHeTaTeJIbHOM KJIanaHe Ha MHHHM3JIbHOH tJaCTOTe BpaIUeHIDI
KOJIeHtJaToro BaJIa, H306pa3HTb HX Ha rpa<t>HKe.
3aTeM nOCJIe,nOBaTeJIbHO BHOCHTb HeHcnpaBHOCTH B Y3JIbI TOTIJIHB-
HOH annapaTypbl, HMeHHO CHH3HTb 3HatJeHHe ,naBJIeHHR BnpblCKa
TOnJIHBa Ha 2 Mna OT HOpMbI, nOBbICHTb .aaBJIeHHe BnpbICKa Ha
2 Mna OT HOpMbI, 3aMeHHTb Ha <popcynKe pacnbillHTeJIb Ha 3aKOK-
cOBaHHbIH, nOCTaBHTb HerepMeTHqHbIH HJIH co CJIOMaHHOH IIPyxHH-
KOH HarHeTaTeJIbHblH KJIanaH.
npH Ka)l(,l(OH HeHcnpaBHOCTH CHHMalOT OCUHJIJIorpaMMY, 3aHOCSIT
ee Ha rpacJ>HK H cpaBHHBalOT C 06pa30M HcnpaBHoH annapaTYPbI
(3TaJIOHHOH oCl.(H.1IJIorpaMMbI).
nOcJIe npHo6peTeHHR orrpe.aeJIeHHOrO onbITa aHaJIH3a 3KcnepH-
MeHTaJIbHbIX ,nHarpaMM He06xoJ1HMO YCTaHOBHTb Q>opCYHKY H HarHe-
TaTeJIbHblH KJIanaH C HeH3BeCTHbIM TeXHWIeCKHM COCTOSlHHeM H CHRTb
OCl.(HJlJIorpaMMY H3MeHeHIDI ,naBJIeHIDI BnpbICKa 110 BpeMeHH. CpaB-
HHTb nOJIyqeHHYIO OCl.(HJIJIOrpaMMY C o6pa30M npH HcnpaBHblX H
HeHcnpaBHbIX Y3JIaX TOI1.1IHBHOH annapaTYPbI H c,neJIaTb 3aKJIIOlleHHe
o TeXHHQeCKOM COCTOSlHHH TOIIJIHBHOH anrrapaTypbI ;::(BC.
167
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"aCTOTb' Bpau.aeHHfI
, .)' \
npoBepKa pa6oTocnoco6HoCTH perYJIHTOpa qaCTOTbI BpaIUeHHSI
oCyu.J;ecTBlliIeTcSI n}ITeM H3MepeHIDI MHHHMaJIbHOH H MaKCHMaJIbHOii
qaCTOTbI BpaIUeHKH KOJIeHqaTOrO BaJIa Ha XOJIOCTOM xo,ay ,L(BHraTeIDI.
nOpSl,L(OK npoBepKH CJIe,aYIOIUHH:
. HIDKaTb KHOnKY 800 H BKJIlOqHTb nHTaHHe aHaJIH3aTOpa K-261;
. nYCTHTb ,aBHraTeJIb H YCTaHOBHTb Ha CJIYX MHHHMaJIbHO YCTOH-
qHByJO qaCTOTY BpameHKH KOJIe}fqaToro BaJIa. CIDITb nOKa3aHHe
H 3aHeCTH B npOTOKOJI HcnbITaHIDI;
. YCTaHOBHTb MaKCHMaJIbHYIO no,aaqy TOllJIHBa H H3MepHTb qa-
CTOTY BpameHKH ,aBHraTellil. 3HaqeHHe MaKCHMaJIbHOH qaCTOThI
KOJIeHqaToro BMa 3aHeCTH B npOTOKOJI;
. cpaBHHTb 3HaqeHHH MHHHMaJIbHOH H MaKCHMaJIbHOH qaCTOThI
BpameHIDI KOJIeHqaToro BaJIa Ha XOJIOCTOM XO.aY ,aBHraTeIDI C HX
HopMaTHBHbIMH 3HaqeHHHMH (Ta6JI. 2.18).
T a 6 11 l.\ a 2.18. HopMaTMsHbie 3Ha'leHMR MMHMManbHoM
M MaKcMManbHoM '1aCTOTbi Spall.\eHMR KOneH'IaTOrO sana
"IacToTa opallleHHjf jJM3-236, jJM3-240, KAMA3-740
KOJ1eHqaToro Dana, MHH- 1 jJM3-238 jJM3-240B
MHHHMaJIbHaSi 450... 550 500 ... 600 500 ... 600
MaKCHMaJIbHaSi 2 225... 2275 2 225...2325 2905...2955
npH pa60Te ,aBHraTeJIH B pe)l{HMe nOJIHOH no,aallH TOnJIHBa Ha
XOJIOCTOM xo,ay pbIllar ynpaBJIeHHH perYJIHTOpOM ,aOJI)I{eH ynHpaTbcH
B 60JIT orpaHHlJeHHH MaKCHMaJIbHOH 1JaCTOTbI BpameHHH, eCJIH 3TO-
ro He Ha6JIIO,aaeTCH, TO Heo6xo,aHMO OTperYJIHpOBaTb ,lJ)IHHY THrH
pbIqara. B CJIyqae, Kor,aa pbIlJar ynHpaeTCH B 60JIT OrpaHH'leHHH, a
MaKCHMaJIbHaH lJaCTOTa BpameHHH MeHbllIe HopMaTHBHoro 3Ha'le-
HHH, perYJIHpOBKY lJaCTOTbI BpaIUeHHH npOH3BOMT 60JITOM orpaHII-
'leHHH.
npH BbIBepTbIBaHHH 60JITa 1JaCTOTa BpaIUeHHH YBeJIHlJHBaeTCH II
Hao6opOT.
npH Heo6xo,aHMOCTH perYJIHpOBaHHH 3Ha'leHHH MHHHMaJIbHOH
'laCTOTbI BpameHHH KOJIeHlJaTOrO BaJIa CJIe,ayeT:
. OCJIa6HTb KOHTPraHKY, BbIBep"}lTb KOpnyC 6y<pepHOH npYXHHbI
perYJIHTOpa 'laCTOTbI BpaIUeHHH Ha 2...3 MM;
. 60JITOM orpaHH'leHIDI 'laCTOTbI BpaIUeHIDI (pbI'lar ynpaBJIeHIDI
,aOJDKeH ynHpaTbcH B 3TOT 60JIT) 0TPeryJIHpOBaTb MHHHMaJIbHYlO
'laCTOTY YCTOH1JHBOrO BpameHHH KOJIeH1JaTOrO BaJIa ,aBHraTelliI
,ao HopMaTHBHoro ee 3Ha'leHHH. nOcJIe perYJlHpOBKH 3aKOH-
168
1pHTb 60JIT MHHHMaJIbHOH qaCTOTbI XOJIOCTOro xo,na H Kopnyc
6y epHoH npyxHHbI KOHTPraHKOj:i.
HCnpaBHOCTb pery.rnm>pa TalOKe oueHHBaeTCR no HepaBHOMepHOCTH
qaCTOTbI BpameHIDI KOJIeHqaToro BaJIa Ha pe)l(}{Me MHHHMaJIbHOH qa-
CTOTbI XOJIOCTOro xo.na. ECJIH KOJIe6aHIDI qaCTOTbI BpameHIDI KOJIelNa-
Toro BaJIa Ha MHHHMaJIbHbIX 060pOTax XOJIOCTOrO xo.na npeBbIllialOT
50 MHH -1, peryJUlTop HeHcnpaBeH H ero Heo6xo.n.HMO 3aMeHIITb.
3 a tI a H H e 5. npOBepJfTb Jf oTperynJfpOB8Tb yron
onepeJICeHJffl BnpblCK8 TOnnJfB8
H3MepeHHe 3HaqeHHSI yrJIa onepe:>KeHHR BnpbICKa TOruIHBa aHaJIH-
3aTopOM K-261 ocyrueCTBJISleTCSI B CJIe.nyIOIUeM nOpSl.l1Ke:
. YCTaHOBHTb MHHHMaJIbJIylO YCTOWIHByJO qaCTOTY XOJIOCTOro xo.na
(He 60JIee 600 MHH- I ) .nBHraTeJIR;
. HIDKaTb KHOnOqHbIH BKJIIOqaTeJIb ceTH 9 aHaJIH3aTOpa H KHonKY
BKJllOqeHIDI HMnyJIbCHOH JIaMnbI Ha Kopnyce 5 (CM. pHC. 2.19);
. pyqKY peryJUlTOpa qaCTOTbI HMnYJIbCOB OCBeTHTeJISI YCTaHOBHTb
B KpaHHee nOJIO:>KeHHe, KOr.ll.a CTpeJIKa npH60pa HaXO.ll.HTCR
npaKTHqeCKH Ha HYJIeBOH OTMeTKe, HO eme Ha6JIIO.naeTCR CTa-
6WIbHOCTb BcnbIllieK CBeTa;
. OCBeTHTb IlIKaJIY yrJIa onepe:>KeHHR BnpbICKa Ha KpbIlliKe llIe-
CTepeH H MeTKY Ha llIKHBe KOJIeHqaTOrO BaJIa .LI.BHraTeJUI. B pe-
3YJIbTaTe cTpo6oCKOnHqeCKoro 3<p<peKTa BpamalOIUaRCR MeTKa
Ha lllKHBe KOJIeHqaTOrO BaJIa 6Y.lI.eT Ka3aTbCSI HenO.ll.BH:>KHOH.
3a<pHKCHpOBaHHoe 3HaqeHHe YCTaHOBolfHOro yrJIa onepe:>KeHHSI
BnpbICKa 3aHeCTH B npOTOKOJI H cpaBHHTb C HopMaTHBHbIM ero
3HaqeHHeM.
J].JISI pa3JIHqHbIX .lI.BHraTeJIeH HopMaTHBHoe 3HaqeHHe YCTaHOBOlf-
o
Horo yrJIa onepe:>KeHHSI BnpbICKa TOIIJIHBa, ... , COCTaBJIReT:
$IM3-236, $IM3-238 .............................. 23 + 1
$IM3-240, $IM3-240E ........................... 21 + 1
KAMA3-740 .......................................... 16 + 1
ECJIH yroJI onepe:>KeHHR BnpbICKa TOllJIHBa He COOTBeTcTByeT HOp-
MaTHBHOMY 3HaqeHHIO, TO BpameHHeM PYKORTKH perYJIRTOpa Ha
OCBeTHTeJIe Heo6xo.nHMO COBMeCTHTb MeTKY C OTMeTKOH IlIKaJIbI, co-
OTBeTCTByIOIUeH YCTaHOBOqHOMY yr.rry orrepe:>KeHHH BnpbICKa TOIIJIHBa.
no lllKaJIe aHaJIH3aTOpa onpe.n.enHTb, B KaKOH Mepe Heo6xo.ll.HMO H3-
MeHHTb 3TOT yrOJI.
PeryJIHpOBaHHe YCTaHOBOQHOro yrJIa onepe:>KeHIDI BnpbICKa TOUJIH-
Ba npOH3BO.ll.HTCSI B CJIe.ll.YlOrneM nOpSl.Ll.Ke:
. OCTaHOBHTb .nBHraTeJIb;
. paCllInJIHHTOBaTb H OCJIa6HTb raHKH nOJIYMY<PTbI npHBo.na
THB,[{;
169
. 3aMeTHTb nOJlOXeHHe MeTKH Ha nOJlYMY<PTe no OTHOllIeHHIO K
pHCKaM Ha <pJlaHue (O,nHO ,neJleHHe Ha <pnaHue COOTBeTcTByeT
4° yrJla nOBOpOTIl' KOJleHqaToro BMa ,nBHraTeJlJl);
. nOBepHyrb aBTOMaTHqeCKYK> MY<PTY TUBA C <pJlaHueM OTHO-
CHTeJlbHO nO.1IYMY<PTbI npHBo,na Ha 1'pe6yeMbIH LUIJI perynHpo-
BaHIDI yrOJl no qaCOBOH C1'peJlKe (cM01'peTb co CTOpOHbI BeHTH-
JUlTOpa) npH n03,nHeM BnpbICKe, H Hao6opoT;
. 3aTffiIYTb ramrn K.pelUleHIDI nOJIyMy<tnoI H YCTaHOBHTb IlIIUIHHTbI.
3 a,ll a H H e 6. OnpeAenHTb XBpBlCTepHCTHKY
BSTOMBTHlfeCKOH MycpTbI onepeJICeHHfI snpblCKB TonnHSB
nOCJle npOBe,neHIDI perYJlHpOBOqHbIX pa60T no BOCCTaHOBJIeHHIO
HopMaTHBHoro 3HaqeHIDI yrna onepe)f{eHIDI BnpbICKa TOll.1IHBa MO)I(HO
npOBepHTb pa60TY aBTOMaTHqeCKOH MY<PTbI, BblnOJlHHB CJle,nyJOIUHe
Onepau.HH:
. C nOMoIUblO ne,narrH aKCeJlepaTOpa YCTaHOBHTb qaCTOTY BpaIUe-
HHJI KOJleHqaTOrO Barra ,nBHraTeJUI paBHoH 1300 MHH- 1 ;
. HaxaTb KHOnOqHbIH BKJIlOqaTeJlb ceTH 9 H KHonK}' BKJIlOqeHIDI
HMJIyJIbCHOH JlaMnbI Ha KOpnyC OCBeTHTe.rnI (CM. pHC. 2.19). Bpa-
IUeHHeM peryIDlTOpa Ha CTpo60CKone COBMeCTIITb MeTKy Ha lllKH-
Be C MeTKOH IIIKaJIbI, COOrBeTCTByIOIUeH yrny onepexemm BnpbICKa
TOTIJIHBa, onpe,ne.neHHOMY npH qaCTOTe BpaIUeHIDI 600 MHH- 1 . 3a-
<PHKcHpOBaTb no.rryqeHHoe 3HaqeHHe yrJla onepe}l(eHIDI BnpbICKa
Ha IIIKaJIe aHaJIH3aropa H CpaBHHTh C HOMHHaJIbHbIM 3HaqeHHeM.
CKOpocTHble pe)((}lMbI, Ha KOTOpbIX npOH3Bo,nHTCJI onpe,neneHHe
xapaKTepHCTHK aBTOMaTHqeCKHX MY<PT, a TaIOKe ,nonYCTHMble yrnbI
onepe}l(eHIDI BnpbICKa TOllJlHBa.amI ,nBHraTeJleH pa3J1HqHbIX MO.ll.H<pH-
KaUHH npHBe,neHbI B Ta6n. 2.19.
T a 6 11 H U. a 2. 19. CKOpocTHbie pe)l(MMbI onpeAeneHMR
xapaKTepMcTMK aBTOMaTMileCKMX MYcI»T M AonycTMMble yrnbl
onepe)l(eHMR BnpblcKa TonnMBa
ABTOMaTHqeCKasi MY<PTa qacToTa BpalI.{eHHSI, YroJl onepexeHIDI
no lllKaJIe
JI.BHraTeJlSl MHH- 1 0
aHaJIH3aTOpa, ...
M3-236, M3-238, 2100 6 + 1
-238H, -238K 1700 4,5 + 0,5
1300 2,5 + 1,5
M3-240H 2100 8 + 1
1300 4 + 2
KAMA3-740 2600 2 + 1
170
3 a,ll a H H e 7. OnpeAenHTb AssneHHe HSllana snpWCKa
qT06bI onpe.neJlHTb .naBJIeHHe HaqaJIa Bnpbl'1Ka, He06xo.nHMO:
. HIDKaTb KHonl(}' «800» aHaJIH3aTOpa H YCTaHOBHTb MHHHMaJIb-
HYIO YCTOHqHByJO qaCTOTY XOJlOCTOrO xo.na ,l{BHraTeJlJl, HO He
60Jlee 600 MHH- 1 ;
. HIDKaTb nOCJle.nOBaTeJlbHO KHonl(}' «200» Ii KHonl(}' «P». no HC-
TeqeHHH 20 C onpe.neJlHTb .naBJIeHHe HaqaJIa BnpbICKa no CTpe-
JlOqHOH IlIKaJIe aHaJIH3aTopa.
LI.onycTHMoe .naBJleHHe, Mna, HaqaJIa no.n1>eMa HrJlbI <pOpCyJiKH
.lI.JIJI pa3J1HqHbIX .nBHraTeJleH COCTaB.IDleT:
M3-236, -238 (KpoMe -238H), M3-240 ..........15,0... 17,0
M3-238H, 240H ................................................18,5...20,5
KAMA3-740.........................................................18,0...20,0
npH HeCOOTBeTCTBHH 3HaqeHHH .naBJleHHH Ta6J1HqHbIM .naHHbIM
CJle.nyeT 0TPerYJlHpOBaTb .naBJIeHHe BnpbIcKa <POPCYHKH.
3 a,ll a H H e 8. OnpeAenHTb 3HalfeHHe MaKCHManbHoro
AasneHHfI snpblCKa TonnHsa
MaKCHMaJIbHOe .naBJIeHHe BnpbICKa TOruIHBa JlBJlJleTCJI KOMruIeKC-
HOH xapaKTepHCTHKOH TeXHHqeCKOrO COCTOSIHIDI CeKl(HH THBLI., TaK
KaK OHO 3aBHCHT OT COCTOSIHIDI paCnbIJIHTeJUI <pOPCYHKH, peryJlHpOB-
KH CeKl(HH Ha BeJlHqHHY l(HKJIOBOH no.naqH H H3Hoca ruIymKepHbIX
nap.
YBeJlHqeHHe MaKCHMaJIbHOrO .naBJIeHHJI BnpbICKa TOruIHBa MO}l(eT
6bITb BbI3BaHO 3acopeHHeM, 3aKOKCOBbIBaHHeM COruIOBbIX oTBepcTHH
paCnbIJIHTeJUl, 3aTIDKHOH npyxHHbI HJlH 3aKJIHHHBaHHeM HrJlbI <pop-
CYHKH, YBeJlHqeHHeM l(HKJlOBOH no.naqH ceKUHH H3-3a HapymeHHJI ee
perYJlHpOBKH .
YMeHbllIeHHe MaKCHMaJIbHOrO .naBJleHHSI MO}l(eT 6bITb BbI3BaHO
3aBHcaHHeM HrJlbI <pOPCYHKH, 06pbIBOM HOCHKa paCnbIJIHTeJUl, YMeHb-
llIeHHeM l(HKJlOBOH no.naqH H3-3a HapymeHHJI peryJlHpOBKH ceKUHH
HJlH H3Hoca llJIymKepHOH napbI.
Onpe.neJleHHe MaKCHMaJIbHOrO .naBJIeHHSI BnpbICKa TOllJlHBa aHa-
JlH3aTOpOM K-261 OCyiUeCTBJmeTCSI B CJle.nyIOIUeM nopMKe:
. YCTaHOBHTb HOMHHaJIbHbIH pe)((HM pa60TbI ,l1BHraTeJUl;
. HIDKaTb KHonKH YCTaHOBKH npe.neJla H3MepeHHSI qaCTOTbI Bpa-
meHHJI KOJleHqaTOrO BaJIa .nBHraTeJUI TaXOMe1'pOM (n) Ha 3Ha-
qeHHH «3000», a .naBJIeHIUI BnpbICKa TOllJIHBa (P) Ha - «400»
HJIH «600» COrJlaCHO O aeMOMY .naBJIeHHIO, opHeHTHpYSlCb Ha
.naHHbIe Ta6J1. 2.20.
npH Ha}l(aTOH KHonKe «P» no llIKaJIe aHaJIH3aTOpa onpe.neJlHTb
3HaqeHHe MaKCHMaJIbHOro .naBJIeHIDI H cpaBHHTb ero C HopMaTHBHoH
171
T a 611 H U, a 2.20. AonycTMMoe 3H8'1eHMe A8BneHMR BnpblCK8 TonnMB8
qacToTa BpameHIDI, ,lJ;onycTHMoe 3HaqeHHe
,lJ;BH raTeJIb MHH- 1 MaKCHMaJIbHOrO
.n.aBJIeHHH, M na
M3-236, M3-238 2100 34...42
M3-240 2100 36...44
KaMA3-740 2900 54...60
BeJlHqUHOH. MaKCHMaJIbHOe ,naBneHHe BnpbIcKa ,lI)I ceKUHH THB)];
He ,nOIDKHO OTJlHqaTbCSI ,npyr OT ,npyra 60Jlee qeM Ha 10 %.
Ecnu 3HaqeHH ,naBJIeHIDI, H3MepeHHbIe C nOMOI..UblO aHaJIH3aTOpa,
BbIXO.lUIT 3a npe,neJlbl, YKa3aHHbIe B Ta6n. 2.20, He06xo,nHMO oTPery-
nHpOBaTb ,naBneHHe, YMeHbllIHB HJlH YBenHqHB UHKJIOBYIO no,naqy
BHHTOM qaCOBOro pacxo,na (.nn ,nBHraTeJleH KAMA3-740 BHHTOM
peryJIUpOBKH HOMHHaJIbHOH no,naqH).
PerynupoBaTb 3HaqeHHe MaKCHMaJIbHOrO ,naBJIeHH CJIe,nyeT npH
pa60Te ,nBuraTelliI Ha HOMHHaJIbHOM pe:>KHMe, KOHTPonHpySl ,naBJIeHUe
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He06xo,nHMO OTnYCKaTb KHonK}' «P» aHaJIH3aTopa.LI)UI c6poca npe,nbI-
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B ,nBHraTeJUlX KAMA3-740 nopsmoK perynHpoBKH cne,nyJOI..UHH:
. BbIBepHYTb pe3b60BYJO 3arJIyllIK}' Ha Kopnyce THB)];, TopueBbIM
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no,naqH;
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. Ha3HaqeHHe H KpaTK}'IO xapaKTepHCTHK}' aHaJIH3aTOpa K-261;
. KpaTKHe CBe,neHIDI no MeTo,nHKe BbInOJlHeHH onepaUHH npo-
BepKH H perynHpoBaHHH 3neMeHTOB TOllJIHBHOH CHCTeMbI ,nH-
3eneH aHaJIH3aTOpOM K-261;
. OCUKJIJIorpaMMbI ,nHamocTHpyeMbIX Y3J10B TOllJIHBHOH annapa-
TypbI;
172
. npOTOKOJl (Ta6J1. 2.21) pe3YJIbTaTOB .nHamOCTHQeCKHX H pery-
JIHPOBOqHbIX pa60T 110 BceM 3a,aaHHSlM;
. aHaJIH3 no.rryqeHHbIX pe3ynbTaToB H BbIBO,nbI no pa6oTe.
I
T a 6 11 H U. a 2.21. npOToKon no na6opaTopHoi pa60Te
HaJBaHHe 3HaqeHHe KOH- HopMaTHBHoe
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pa60T napaMeTJ)a MeTPa
KOHTPonbHblE BOnpOCbI
1. PaccKIDKHTe 0 Ha3HatJeHHH aHaJIH3aTOpa K-261.
2. npHBe.l{HTe nepetJeHb Onepau.HH no nO.l{roToBKe .l{BHraTeJUI, aHanH3a-
Topa H OCUHJlJIorpa<l>a K pa60Te C yqeToM TJ)e60BaHHH TeXHHKH 6e30nac-
HOCTH.
3. nepetJHCJIHTe napaMeTpbI, xapaKTepH3YIOIlI.He npouecc BnpbICKa TO-
ruIHBa.
4. B tJeM CyiUHOCTb .l{HarHOCTHpOBaHHjI HeHcnpaBHocTeH MeTO.l{OM pac-
n03HaBaHHjI 06pa30B?
5. Onpe.l{eJIHTe THnHlIHbIe HeHcnpaBHOCTH TOnJIHBHOH annapaTypbI,
onpe.l{eJIjleMbIe no OCUHJIJIorpaMMe BnpbICKa.
6. KaK H3MepHTb aHaJIH3aTOpOM MHHHMaJIbHyK) H MaKCHMaJIbHYIO tJaCTO-
TY BpaIll.eHHjI KOJIeHtJaToro Bana Ha XOJIOCTOM XO.l{Y?
7. KaKHM 06pa30M npOBepjleTCSI H perYJIHpyeTcSI 3HalleHHe yrJIa onepe-
)l(eHHSI BnpbICKa TOruIHBa?
8. KaKHMH nOKa3aTeJISlMI1 ou.eHHBaeTCSI xapaKTepHCTIlKa aBTOMaTWleCKOH
MY<l>TbI onepe}l(eHHSI BnpbIcKa?
9. HeHcnpaBHocTH KaKI1X 3JIeMeHTOB CHCTeMbI nHTaHHSI BJIHSlIOT Ha 3Ha-
tJeHHe MaKCHMaJIbHOro .l{aBJIeHHSI BnpbICKa TOnJIHBa?
10. nepetfHCJIHTe OCHOBHbIe .l{HarHOCTHtJeCKHe napaMeTJ)bI, no KOTOpbIM
onpe.l{eJIjleTCSI TeXHHtJeCKoe COCTOSlHHe 3JIeMeHTOB CHCTeMbI nHTaHIDI C no-
MOIll.blO aHaJIH3aTOpa K - 261.
2.8. AMarHOCTMpOBaHMe TOpM03HbiX CMCTeM
aBTOMo6MneM Ha CTa....MOHapHOM CTeHAe
l(ellb pa60mbl - H3yqHTb Tpe60BaHHJI, npe DSlBJlJleMbIe K CTeH-
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npHHUHnbI pa60TbI CTaUHOHapHbIX CTeH.lIOB H nOJIyqHTb npaKTHqe-
CKHe HaBbIKH no npOBe.neHHIO .lIHarHOCTHQeCKHX onepaUHH Ha
CTen.ae.
173
0611.\Me CBeAeHMR M OCHOBHble nOHRTMR
BbICOKHe CKOpOCTH COBpeMeHHbIX aBTOM06HJIeH, a TaIOKe 6ypHbIH
pOCT aBTOM06HJIbHOr O n apKa CT})aHbI npeJrb BlliIIOT oc06bIe TPe60Ba-
HH K TOpM03HbIM KaqeCTBaM aBTOM06HJIeH.
no ,lJ,aHHbIM CTaTHCTHKH, KOJIHqeCTBO ,lJ,OpO}l(HO-TpaHcnopTHbIX
npOHCllIeCTBHH, 06YCJIOBJIeHHbIX HeHcnpaBHOCT MH TOpM03HbIX CH-
CTeM aBTOM06HneH, COCTaBJI eT npHMepHO 50 % OT Bcex aBapHH,
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HHqeCKH HcnpaBHOM COCTO HHH TOpM03HOH CHCTeMbI OTBO,lJ,HTC
npH6JIH3HTeJIbHO 10 % T})Y,lJ,OeMKOCTH 06 3aTeJIbHbIX pa60T, BbInOJI-
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llIHnHHKOB CTynHU KOJIeC yaeJIHqHBaeT paCXO,lJ, TOnJIHBa Ha 5... 15 %.
n03TOMY ,lJ,HarHOCTHpOBaHHe TeXHHqeCKOrO COCTO HIDI TOpM03HbIX
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BHeM KaqeCTBeHHoro BbInOJIHeHIDI TeXHWleCKoro 06CnyxHBaHH .
no Ha3HaqeHHIO ,lJ,HamOCTHpOBaHHe TOpM03HbIX CHCTeM aBTOMO-
6HneH nO,lJ,pa3,lJ,en eTC Ha 06mee (KoMnneKcHoe) H yrJIy6neHHoe
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onpe,lJ,eJIeHIDI TeXHHqeCKOrO COCTO HIDI TOpM03HOH CHCTeMbl 6e3 BbI-
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MeCTO, npHqHHY H xapaKTep HeHcnpaBHocTeH, B03HHKWHX B 3JIeMeH-
Tax TOpM03HOH CHCTeMbl aBToM06wrn.
COrJIaCHO fOCT P 51709-2001 «ABToTpaHcnopTHbIe Cpe,lJ,CTBa.
Tpe60BaHH 6e30naCHOCTH K TeXHHqeCKOMY COCTO HHIO H MeTO,lJ,bI
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CTO HIDI 3neMeHTOB TOpM03HOH CHCTeMbI MO}l(eT 6bITb BbInOJIHeHO KaK
B ,lJ,OpO}I(HbIX yc.rrOBIDIX, TaK H Ha CTen,nax. OCHOBHbIMH ,lJ,HarHOCrnqe-
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TOpM03Horo n}'TH, 3aMe,lJ,JIeHH , BpeMeHH cpa6aTbIBaHH npHBO,lJ,a
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Be,lJ,eHbI B Ta6n. 2.22, JJ.IDI 3anaCHOH - B Ta6JI. 2.23.
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llIHHbI - qHCTbIMH, CYXHMH, a ,lJ,aBJIeHHe B HHX COOTBeTCTBOBaTb
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npH npOBepKax pa60qeH TOpM03HOH CHCTeMbI aBToM06Hn Ha
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174
T a 6 11 H U. a 2.22. HOpM8TMBbi 3c1»4»eKTMBHOCTM TOpMO)l(eHMR
8BToTpaHcnopTHbiX cpeACTB pa6o'l8i TOpM03HOM CMCTeMOM
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ABTO'rpaHcnopTHble YCHJIHe H3 TOpM03- Y.aeJlbHasi
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cpe.aCT03 He 60nee He MeHee
naCCIDKHpCKHe Ml 490 0,53
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CKHe aBTOM06HJIH
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T a 6 11 H U. a 2.23. HopMaTMBbi 34»cI»eKTMBHOCTM TOpMO)l(eHMR
aBTOTp8HcnopTHbiX cpeACTB 38naCHOM TOpM03HOM cMcTeMoM
npM npoBepKe H8 CT8HA8X
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6oJ1ee 20 %, a .lI)UI oceH C 6apa6aHHbIMH KOJ1eCHbIMH TOpM03HbIMH
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CTO HOqHaSi TOpM03HIDI CHCTeMa .lI)UI aBTOTPaHcnopTHbIX Cpe,l1CTB
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maTb 392 H ,l1J1 aBTOTpaHcnopTHbIX cpeJ].CTB KaTeropHH M 1 H
589 H - .lI)UI OCTaJIbHbIX; B CJ1yqae HO)I{HOrO opraHa ynpaBJ1eHH -
COOTBeTCTBeHHO 490 H 686 H.
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175
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aBTOM06HID1, YCTaHOBJIeHHbIX Ha 6eroBbIX pOJIHKax, ,l10 Onpe,l1e.rreHHOH
CKOpOCTH (40... 60 KM/q). npH ,l10CTHXeHHH 3a,l1aHHOH CKOpOCTH
onepaTOp (HJIH CneUHaJIbHOe YCT})OHCTBO) HIDICHMaeT Ha ne,l1arrb TOp-
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HOro C'be3,l1a aBTOM06HID1 co CTeH)::{a HHepUHoHHOro mna, HaH60J1bllIee
pacnpOCTPaHeHHe nOJIyqHJIH CHJIOBbIe pOJ1HKOBbIe CTeH,l1bI.
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nepe,l1alOT COOTBeTCTByJOIII-He YCHJIHH Ha ,l1aT1IHKH perHCT}JHpYlOrn;HX
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OCHOBaH Ha H3MepeHHH TOpM03HOH CHJIbI, C03,l1aBaeMOH Ha K(l)K,[(OM
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npOH3B0,l1CTBa HallIJlH IlIHpOKoe pacnpOCTpaHeHHe. B HaCTOHrn;ee
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CHJ10BOrO CTeH,l1a MOTEX BOA-7518. B pe3YJ1bTaTe BbInOJIHeHHH
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MaM ATC, HopMamBbI, ,l1HamOCTINeCKHe napaMeT})bI H MeTO,l1bI
onpe,l1eJ1eHHSI TeXHHqeCKOrO COCTOHHHH TOpM03HbIX CHCTeM,
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176
nOpRAOK BblnOnHeHMR pa60Tbi
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rpynnoH cTy,neHTOB H3 5 - 7 qeJ10BeK.
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CTH.
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npO,nOJDKHTeJ1bHOCTb pa60T - 6... 8 Q.
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177
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. OBaJIbHOCTb TOpM03HbIX 6apa6aHOB;
. pa60TOCnoco6HOCTb CTOHHOqHOrO TOpM03a.
TeXHM'IeCKMe XapaKTepMCTMKM CTeHAa MOTEX BOA- 7518
CKOpOCTb BpameHHSI KOJIeC aBTOM06HJISI, KM/q ......... 3...5
,lI.HaMel'p Be.nymHX KaTKOB, MM ................................... 188 + 0,5
nOl'pe6JISleMaSl MomHOCTb, KBT ................................. 4,6
npe.neJI H3MepeHHH TOpM03HOH CHJIbI
Ha KOJIeCe, H .............................................................. 500...5000
npe.neJI H3MepeHHH YCHJIHH ynpaBJIeHHSI, H .............. 100... 750
,lI.onycTHMaSI oceBaSI HarpY3Ka Be.nymHx KaTKOB, H.... 10 800
IlIHpHHa KOJIeH KOJIeC, MM ......................................... 1 000... 1 700
MaKCHMaJIbHaSl Macca aBTOM06HJ1S1, Kf...................... 2 000
HanpSlxeHHe nHTaH HSI, B........................................... 380
ra6apHTHbIe pa3MepbI, MM.......................................... 2320 x 1 300 x 100
KOHC1pY'I'QIDI CTelU(a MOTEX BOA-7518 (pHC. 2.22, a) BKJIlOqaeT
B ce6H paM)' 1, ,aBe napbI Be HX 6erOBbIX ponUKOB 2, CHrHaJIbHbIH
pOJIHK 3 C npepbIBaTeneM, npHBo,aHOH 3neKTPo,aBuraTeJIb 4, BepTH-
KaJIbHbIH rH,l(paBJIHqeCKHH QHJIHH.aP 5 C ,aaTIlUKOM ,aaBJIeHHH 6, ,au<p-
<pepeHQHaJIbHyK> Kopo6Ky nepe,aaq 7, 3y6qaTyK> MY<PTY 8, pacnono-
)l(eHHyIO Ha Kopnyce KOHTpnpHBo,aa 9. B KOMnneKT CTelU(a BXO,aHT
naHenb ynpaBJIeHHH, ne,aOMeTp (puc. 2.22, 6), KOHTponHPYIOI..UHH
YCKJIHe Ha TOpM03HOH ne,aaJIH, H CHJIOBOH IlIKa<p (pHC. 2.22, 8).
Ha naHeJIH ynpaBJIeHIDI pacnOnO)l(eHbI CHrHaJIbHaH naMnOqKa 10
6noKHpoBKH KOJIeCa, KHonKa BbIKJIlOqaTeJ1H «CTon» 11, nYCKOBble
KHonKH: JI)UI nYCKa 3JIeKTPo,aBHraTenH 12, npaBoH H neBOH nap 6e-
roBbIX ponHKOB 13 H 14 COOTBeTCTBeHHO, KHonKa 15,WIH BpeMeHHoH
OCTaHOBKH ,aBIDKeHIDI JIeHTbI 3anHCbIBalOI..UerO npu60pa (caMOnUCQa),
HMHTaTOp HHTeHCHBHOCTH TOpMO)l(eHHH 16 Konec C YKa3aTeneM 17
YCHJIIDI Ha ne,aaJIU TopM03a.
K nyJIbT)' ynpaBJIeHHH no,aKJIlOqeH ne,aOMe1p 18, npe,aHa3HaqeH-
HbIM JI)UI C03,aaHIDI H nO,lI)l;ep)l(aHUH 1'pe6yeMoro YCHJIHH Ha ne,aaJIU
pa6oqero TopM03a aBToMo6HlliI. B Kopnyce ne,aOMe1pa pacnOnO)l(eH
BbIKJIlOqaTeJIb, CJIyxaI..UHH ,l(JIH BKJIlOqeHHH ,aBHraTeJIH caMOnHCQa,
OCYIneCTBlliIIOI..UerO nepe,aBIDKeHHe JIeHTbI 3anHCbIBalOI..UerO npu60pa
,aa:>Ke npH He6onbIlloM YCHnHH Ha)l(aTHH Ha ne,aaJIb TopM03a qepe3
ne,aOMeTP.
Ha 60KOBOH naHenH CHJIOBOro IlIKa<t>a (CM. pHC. 2.22, 8) pacnono-
:>KeH BKJIlOqaTenb 19, npe,aHa3HaqeHHbIH ,WIH BKJIlOqeHHH CTeH,aa B
ceTb, a Ha nepe,aHeH naHeJIH - KOHTpOJIbHaH J1aMnOqKa 20, CHrHa-
nH3upYIOI..UaH 0 no,aaqe HanpH)I(eHHH 3JIeKTpOCeTH Ha CTeH,a. PH,aOM
178
a
MOTEX
:%
6
8
PUC. 2.22. CTeH,LJ; MOTEX BOA-7518 ,LUISI npOBepKU TOpM030B JlerKOBblX
aBTOM06HJIeH:
a - BH,n cBepxy; 6 - naHeJIb ynpaBJIeHHH C ne,nOMeTpOM; 6 - CHJIOBOtf lllKa<p;
1 - paMa; 2 - pOJlHKH; 3 - CHrH3JIbHbIH pOJlHK; 4 - 3neIcrpo,nBl1raTeJlb npHBo,na;
5 - fH.npaBJIHqeCKHH QHJIHH.nP; 6 - ,naTtIHK ,naBJIeHIDI; 7 - Kop06Ka nepe,naq; 8-
MY<PTa; 9 - KOpnyC KOHTPnpHBo,na; 10 - CHrHaJIbHasi J1aMna; 11- KHonKa «CTOn»;
12 - KHonKa «nYCK»; 13, 14 - KHonKH npHBo,na npaBoH H JIeBOH nap pOJlHKOB co-
eTCTBeHHO; 15 - KHonKa BpeMeHHoH OCTaHOBKH J1eHTbI caMonHc a; 16 - HMH-
Ta op TopMoxeHHH; 17 - yJ(a3aTeJIb YCHJIHSI Ha ne,naJIH TopM03a; 18 - ne,nOMeTP;
1 - BKJIlOqaTeJlb ceTH; 20 - CHrH3JIbHasI JIaMna BKJllOqeHHH ceTH; 21 - MaHOMeTP;
2 - caMonHceQ
179
C CHrHaJIbHOH naMnOqKOH Haxo,nHTC MaHOMeT}> 21, <pHKCHPYJOIUHH
BenHqHHY TOpM03HOH CHJIbI Ha HcnbITyeMbIx Konecax, a TalOKe caMO-
nHceu 22 .nn rpa<pHqeCKOrO oT06pa)l(eHHB 3HaqeHHH YCHnH Ha
ne,naJIH TopM03a H TOpM03HbIX CHJI Ha OT,neJIbHbIX Konecax aBTOMO-
6Hn .
YnyqmeHHe K03<P<PHUHeHTa CuellJIeHIDI mHH C onopHoH nOBepx-
HOCTbIO 6eroBbIx ponHKOB ,nOCTHrnyrO nOKpbITHeM ponHKOB paCnJIaB-
neHHbIM 6a3aJIbTOM C noCne.nyIOIUeH HX CneUHaJIbHOH 06pa60TKoH.
C ueJIblO HCKJIlOqeHIDI cy6'beKTHBHOrO BJIIDIHIDI ,neHcTBHH onepa-
Topa Ha pe3ynbTaTbi HcnbITaHHH B KOHCTPYKUHIO CTeH,na BBe,neH
HMHTaTOp TeMna npHBo,na H YCHJIH Ha)l(aTH Ha ne,naJIb TopM03a,
KOTOpbIH n03Bon eT nonyqHTb o,nHHaKOByIO HHTeHCHBHOCTb HIDKaTIDI
Ha ne,naJIb TopM03a npH nOBTopHbIX HcnbITaHIDIX (TopMoxeHIDIx).
I1MHTaTop npe,nCTaBJUleT C060H ,nHCK C T}>eM UBeTHbIMH cerMeH-
TaMH, BpaIUaIOIUHHc C nOCTO HHOH CKOpOCTblO H <PYHKUHOHaJIbHO
no,ncoe,nHHeHHbIH K llIKaJIe MaHOMeT}>a .lI)UI BocnpOH3Be,neHH YCHlIIDI
Ha)l(aTH Ha ne,naJIb TopM03a. KaK TonbKO 0603HaqeHHa qaCTb UBeT-
Horo cerMeHTa npH6nH3HTc K HaqaJIY llIKaJIbI MaHOMeT}>a, npOH3BO-
,n T Ha)l(aTHe Ha ne,naJIb TopM03a TaK, qT06bI CTpenKa MaHOMeTpa,
<pHKCHpyIOIUa YBenHqeHHe ,naBJIeHH , nepeMeIUaJIaCb CHHXpOHHO C
qaCTOTOH BpaIUeHIDI BbI6paHHoro UBeTHOfO cerMeHTa ,no He06xo,nH-
Moro ,naBJIeHH . 3TO n03BOllileT BbUl.ep)l(HBaTb TeMn npHBo,na B ,neH-
CTBHe ne,naJIH TopM03a nOCTO HHbIM npH HcnbITaHH X TOpM03HOH
CHCTeMbI aBTOM06HJ1 .
LI.n npOBepKH TOpM03HbIX KaqeCTB aBToM06Hnb HcnbITyeMbIMH
KonecaMH YCTaHaBJIHBalOT Ha ponHKH 2 CTeH.na (pHC. 2.23). Ha TOp-
M03lfY1O ne,naJIb ,nHarHocTHPyeMoro aBTOM06Hl1 nOMeIUalOT ne,nOMeTP
18 .lI)UI KOH1pOIDI YCHlIIDI HIDKaTIDI Ha ne,naJIb TopM03a. TeMn HIDKaTIDI
onepaTopOM ne,naJIH TopM03a H YCHJIHe HIDKaTIDI KOHT}>onHpYIOTC no
llIKaJIaM 17 naHenH ynpaBJIeHH (CM. pHC. 2.22, 6, 2.23). BKJIlOqalOT
3neKTpo,nBHraTenb 4 npHBo,na ponHKOB CTeH.na, KOTopbIe HaqHHalOT
BpaIUaTb Koneca HcnbIT}'eMoro aBTOM06HID1 C nOCTO HHOH CKOpOCTbIO.
npH HIDKaTHH Ha ne,naJIb TopM03a C onpe,neneHHbIM TeMnOM (He 60nee
0,2 c) H YCHlIHeM Pn (He 60nee 490 H) Koneca aBTOM06HJI pa3BHBa-
lOT TOpM03HOH MOMeHT M n ,neHCTByIOIUHH npOTHB Kpyr IUero MO-
MeHTa M KP ponHKOB CTeH,[(a. nO BJUlIOIUHHC npH 3TOM peaKTHBHbIH
MOMeHT npHBo,nHT K OTKJIOHeHHIO ,nH<p<pepeHUHaJIbHOH Kop06KH
nepe,naq 7, KOTopaB qepe3 6aJIaHCHpHbIH pbIqar nepe,naeT ,naBJIeHHe
Ha flfJl:paBJIHqeCKHH UHJIHH.nP 5 H ,naJIee - qepe3 coe,nHHHTenbHbIH
T}>y6onpoBo,n - Ha perHCT}>HpyIOIUHH MaHOMeT}> 21. KpoMe Toro, Ha
3TOM xe fHJI.paBJIHqeCKOM UHlIHH.npe YCTaHOBJIeH ,naNHK ,naBJIeHH 6,
npe06pa3yIOIUHH 3HeprnlO ,naBJIeHH pbIqara B 3neKTPINecKYJO BenH-
qHHY. 3neKTPHqeCKHH CHrHaJI OCYIUeCTBJUleT rpa<pHqeCKYK> HHTep-
npeTaUHIO 3HaqeHH ,naBneHH Ha neHTY 3anHCbIBalOIUero npH60-
pa 22. CHrHaJI .nn ,nBHxeHH neHTbI 3anHCbIBalOIUero npH60pa 22
180
17
2/
22
P T
Pn R
10
7
5
4
PUC. 2.23. CxeMa pa60TbI CTeHlla MOTEX BOA-7518 (o603HaQeHUe n03HIU1H
CM. Ha pUC. 2.22)
nepe,naeTC OT MHKpOBbIKJII01.JaTen , YCTaHOBJIeHHOfO Ha ne,nOMeTpe,
npH HIDKaTHH Ha TOPM03HYIO ne,naJIb.
Me)KJ:(Y Be,nYJ..UHMH 6apa6aHaMH CTeH.na pa3MelI.\aeTC CHfHaJIbHbIH
ponHK 3 C npepbIBaTeneM, KOTOpblH CHfHaJIH3HpyeT 0 MOMeHTe 6J10-
KHpOBKH Koneca npH TOpMO)f(eHHH (naMna 10). MOMeHT 6J10KHPOBKH
Koneca TalOKe <t>HKcHPyeTc Ha neHTY 3anHCblBalOlI.\erO npH60pa 22.
3 a A a H H e 2. npOSepJfTb pa60TY CTeH,qa
nepe.n Ha1.JaJIOM pa60Tbi He06xo,nHMO y6e.nHTbcB B Ha.ne)f(HOCTH
3a3eMJ1eHH CTeH.na, 3aTeM BbInonHHTb cne.nyJOlI.\He .ne"CTBH H npo-
BepKH B COOTBeTCTBHH C pHC. 2.22:
. 3anpaBHTb 6YMa)I(HYIO neHTY B 3anHCbIBaIOLUH" npH60p.
3Toro Ha)f(aTb BKJII01.JaTenb 19, pacnOnO)f(eHHbIH Ha 60KOBOH
naHenH CHJIOBOro llIKa<t>a, y6e,nHTbC , 1.JTO 3afOpeJ1aCb CHrHaJIb-
HaSi naMna 20 H Ha1.JaJI BpaLUaTbCSI ,nHCK HMHTaTopa 16, a caMO-
nHCUbI 3anHCbIBalOIUero npH60pa 3aH nH Hcxo.nHoe HyneBoe
nOnO)f(eHHe;
. BbInonHHTb KOH1pOJIbHYIO npOBepKY no.naqH C)f(aTOrO B03,nyxa
K CTeHl(y OT KOMnpeccopa;
. npOKOH1ponHpOBaTb .neHcTBHe CHfHaJIbHOH naMnbI 106noKH-
pOBKH Koneca, pacnOJIO)f(eHHOH Ha naHenH ynpaBneHH . npH
nOBopOTe CHfHaJIbHbIX ponHKOB 3 BKJII01.JeHHbIH CBeTOBOH CHr-
181
HaJI nynbcHpyeT H O,nHOBpeMeHHO ocymeCTBJIReT nepe,L1BIDKeHHe
CaMOnHCua B CeKI.J;HH 3anHCbIBalOlUerO npH60pa 22;
. cnerKa HIDKHMCUI Ha ne,naJIb ne,nOMeTPa 18, npOKOHTponHpOBaTb
,neHcTBHe MHKpOBbIKJII01.JaTenR H BMeCTe C 3THM ,nBM)I(eHMe 3a-
nHCbIBalOllI.eH neHTbI. lJepe3 2 C nocne CHHTMSI YCHJIIDI C ne,no-
MeTpa 3anHCbIBalOmaR neHTa ,L10n)l(Ha OCTaHOBMTbCR. O,nHO-
BpeMeHHO npOBepHTb ,neHcTBMe KHonKM 15 - BpeMeHHoH
OCTaHOBKH neHTbI caMonHcua (npH Ha)l(aTHH Ha KHonKY 15 H
ne,L1aJIb ne,nOMeTPa 18 neHTa He ,nOIDKHa ,nBHraTbCR);
. npH HaxaTHH KHonKH 12 nYCKa 3neKTpo,nBMraTenR ,L10n)l(HbI
Bpalll.aTbCR o6e napbI 6eroBbIx ponHKOB;
. npH HaxaTHH KHonKH 13 ,nonXHa Bpalll.aTbCR TonbKO npaBaR
napa ponHKOB CTeH.na;
. npH HaxaTHH KHonKH 14,noJDKHa BpalUaTbCSI TonbKO neBWI napa
6eroBbIx ponHKOB;
. npM HIDKaTHH KHonKH 11 «CTon» BbIKJII01.JaeTCSI Bpalll.alOIUaSiCR
napa ponHKOB WIH o6e napbI o,nHOBpeMeHHO;
. nYTeM He3Ha1.JHTenbHoro Ha)l(aTHSI Ha ne,nOMeTp npOBepHTb,
pearHpyeT nH Ha H3MepeHMe ,naBJ1eHHR CTPenKa YKa3aTenR YCH-
nIDI 17, a TaIOKe caMonHceu 22 CeKI.J;HM J])ISI 3anHCH BenM1.JHHbI
YCHJIHR HaxaTHH Ha ne,naJIb TopM03a.
nocne nOnO)I{HTenbHOro TeCT-KOHTponR CTeHJI. rOTOB ,lI)ISI npOBe-
,neHIDI HcnbITaHHH TOpM03HOH CHCTeMbI aBTOM06Hl1R.
3 a A a H H e 3. npOSepHT& COCTOflHHe pa60lfeH TOpM03HOH
CJfCTeMbl aSToMo6Hnfl
nepe,n Ha1.JaJIOM ,nHarnOCTHpOBaHHSI npOBepHTb ,naBJIeHHe B03,nyxa
B mHHax HcnbITyeMoro aBTOM06HJIR M npH Heo6xo,nMMOCTH ,nOBeCTH
ero ,no HOpMbI. 3aTeM YCTaHOBHTb aBTOM06HJIb nepe,nHHMH KonecaMH
Ha 6apa6aHbI CTeH.na H 3aKpenHTb ne,L10MeTP K TOpM03HOH ne,naJIH.
K BbIXJIOnHOH TPy6e npHcoe,nHHHTb mnaHr OTcoca Of.
OTKJII01.JHTb OT TpaHCMHCCHH ,L1BMraTenb, OCYllI.eCTBHTb 3anYCK
,L1BHraTellil H YCTaHOBHTb MHHHMaJIbH)'lO YCTOH1.JHByIO 1.JaCTOTY Bpalll.e-
HIDI KOneH1.JaToro BaJIa. .LJ.HarnocTHpoBaHHe pa601.JeH H CTORH01.JHOH
TOpM03HbIX CHCTeM aBTOM06Hl1eH KaTeropHH M 1 M N 1 OCYllI.eCTBJIRIOT
npH HaJIH1.JHH Ha nepe,nHHX Cl1,lJ.eHHRX BO,L1HTenR M naCCIDKHpa.
HaxaTb Ha KHonK}' 12, a 3aTeM 13 (CM. pHC. 2.22, 6), npH 3TOM
,ltOIDKHO Bpalll.aTbCR TonbKO npaBoe nepe,L1Hee Koneco. npOH3BeCTH
,nBYKpaTHoe HaxaTHe Ha ne,naJIb TopM03a co cpe,nHHM YCHJIHeM B ue-
nRX npOCynIKH TOpM03HbIX HaKJIa.LI.OK.
HIDKHMCUI Ha ne,naJIb TopM03a (He3aBHCHMO OT 1.JaCTOTbI BpameHIDI
,ltHCKa HMHTaTopa), nOCTeneHHO yaenH1.JHTb YCHJIHe, cneJUI 3a npepbI-
BHCThIM CBeTOBbIM CHrnaJIOM naMnbI 106nOKHpOBKH Koneca ,no Tex
nop, nOKa OHa He nepeCTaHeT MHraTb (MOMeHT 6nOKHpOBKH Koneca).
182
ne,lJ.aJIb TOpM03a npu.nepXaTb B TOM xe nOJIOXeHHU Ha 3... 5 C H 3a-
nHcaTb BenH'IHHY YCHJIIDI Ha ne,lJ.aJIH TopM03a co IDKaJIbI )'Ka3aTenB
YCHnHB Ha ne,lJ.aJIH TopM03a 17. nocne 3anDCH YCHJlHB Ha:>KaTHeM
KHonKH 11 «CTon» npeKpaTIlTb Bpam:eHHe npaBon napbI pOJIHKOB.
HaxaTHeM KHonKH 12, a 3aTeM 14 npHBeCTH BO Bpa eHHe JleBbIn
ponHK CTeH,lJ.a C nepe,lJ.HHM KoneCOM aBTOM06HJlB H aHaJIOrH'IHbIM
o6pa30M onpe,lJ.enHTb YCHnHe Ha ne,lJ.aJIH TopM03a ,n;o 6J10KHpOBKH
neBoro Koneca.
CpaBHHB nonyqeHHbIe YCHJIHB HaxaTHB Ha ne,lJ.aJIb TopM03a .lJ)IB
nonHOH 6noKHpoBKH npaBoro H neBoro nepe,n;HHX Konec, onpe,n;eIDIIOT
MHHHMaJIbHOe YCHnHe 6nOKHpOBKH. HanpHMep, nonyqeHHbIe npH
HcnbITaHHH YCHJIHB Ha ne,lJ.aJIH TopM03a, npH KOTOpOM HacTynaeT
6nOKHpOBaHHe nepe,n;Hero npaBoro Koneca, paBHO 600 H, a neBoro
530 H. Tor,n;a OKOH'IaTenbHaB BenH'IHHa YCHJIHB Ha ne,n;aJIH TopM03a
npH ,nHarHOCTHpOBaHHH TOpM03HbIX CBOHCTB Konec nepe,n;HeH OCH
npHHHMaeTCB paBHoH 530 H.
nocne onpe,neneHHB YCHJIHB Ha ne,lJ.aJIb TopM03a HaxaTb nocne,lJ.o-
BaTenbHO KHonKH 12 H 13. npH 3TOM ,nonXHO Bpam:aTbCB TonbKO
npaBoe nepe,lJ.Hee Koneco. npHroToBHTbCB K HaxaTHIO Ha ne,lJ.aJIb
TopM03a B COOTBeTCTBHH C 'IaCTOTOH Bpam:eHIDI ,lJ.HCKa HMHTaTopa.
KaK TonbKO 0603Ha'leHHaB qaCTb UBeTHoro CefMeHTa HMHTaTopa 16
npH6nH3HTcB K Ha'laJIY llIKaJIbI )'Ka3aTenB YCHJIIDI Ha ne,n;aJIH TopM03a
17, HaxaTb Ha ne,naJIb TopM03a TaKHM 06pa30M, 'IT06bI CTpenKa Ma-
HOMeTpa, <l>HKcHPYlOmaB YBenH'IeHHe ,lJ.aBneHHB, nepeMemaJIaCb
CHHXpOHHO C 'IaCTOTOH BpameHHB BbI6paHHoro UBeTOBoro cerMeHTa
HMHTaTopa,no BenH'IHHbI, paBHoH 530 H.
nonyqeHHoe co llIKaJIbI MaHOMeTPa 21 3Ha'leHHe TOpM03HOH CHJIbI
P T (CM. pHC. 2.23) npaBoro nepe,aHero Koneca 3anHcaTb B npOTOKon
HcnbITaHIDI (Ta6n. 2.24). HaxaTb KHonK)' 11 «CTOn» H ,nononHHTenb-
HO npOH3BeCTH 2 - 3 aHaJIOrH'IHbIX H3MepeHHB TOpM03HOH CHnbI,
pe3ynbTaTbI KOTOpbIX ,lI)UI ycpe,n;HeHIDI 3aHeCTH B npOTOKon.
HaxaTb KHonKH 12, 3areM 14. Ha CTeHJJ;e .nOJDKHO BpamaTbCB TOJIb-
KO neBoe nepe,lJ.Hee Koneco. nOBTOpHTb npe,lJ.bmyInHe onepaUHH ,lI)UI
onpe,lJ.eneHIDI cpe,n;HeH TOpM03HOH CHlIbI P T neBoro nepe,n;Hero Koneca.
nonyqeHHbIe pe3ynbTaTbI 3aHecm B npOTOKOJI ,lJ.HarnOCmpOBaHIDI.
nO,nC'IHTaTb cpe,n;HHe 3HaqeHHB TOpM03HbIX CHJI WIB npaBoro H
neBoro nepe,nHHX Konec H onpe,nenHTb HX y,n;enbHYIO TOPM03HYIO
C R1IY
YT = 'LPT/(mag),
(2.1 )
r,lJ.e 'LP T - C}'MMa TOpM03HbIX CHJI P T Ha Konecax O,lJ;HOH OCD, H; ma -
MaCCa aBTOM06Hlli1, paBHaB 'IaCTHOMy OT ,n;eneHHSI C}'MMbI BCeX peaK-
UHH OnOpHOH nOBepXHOCTH Ha KOneCa aBT01'paHCnOpTHOrO Cpe,nCTBa
B HenO,nBIDKHOM COCTOBHHH Ha YCKOpeHHe CB060,lJ;HOro naaeHIDI, Kr;
g - YCKOpeHHe CB060,lJ.HOro na,neHIDI, M/c 2 .
183
CpaBHHTb nonyqeHHYIO BenHqHHY y.n;enbHOH TOpM03HOH CR1IbI C
HOpMaTHBHbIM ee 3HaqeHHeM ,lJ)l HCnbITyeMOH KaTerOpHH aBTOMO-
6HID1 (CM. Ta6n. 2.23).
Onpe.n;enHTb OTHOCHTenbHYIO pa3HOCTb TOpM03HbIX CHn KOJIeC
O.n;HOH OCH
F = 100 %(P T . np - P T . neB )/ P T max'
r.n;e PT. np' PT. neB - 3HaqeHHSI TOpM03HbIX CR1I Ha npaBOM H neBOM KO-
necax npOBepReMOH OCH, H; P T max - HaH60nbillee 3HaqeHHe 1'13 YKa-
3aHHbIX TOpM03HbIX CHJI, H.
ECJIH pa3HHua B TOpM03HbIX CHJIax KOJIeC OCH 6Y.IIeT rrpeBbIillaTb
J])UI.IIHCKOBbIX TOpM03HbIX MexaHH3MOB 20 %, a 6apa6aHHbIx - 25 %,
TO He06xo.IIHMO npOH3BeCTH perynHpOBKY HJIH 3aMeHY 3neMeHTOB
pa60QeH TOpM03HOH CHCTeMbI (OT})eryJIHpOBaTb 3a30p Mex.ny TOpM03-
HbIMH HaKJIMKaMH 1'1 6apa6aHOM, nOCMOTpeTb, He 3aMacneHbI JIH
TOpM03HbIe HaKJIa.n;KH, npOBepHTb TonmHHY HaKJIMOK, paBHOMep-
HOCTb H3Hoca TOpM03HbIX .IIHCKOB).
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JIyqaeT nepCOHaJIbHOe 3an.aHHe Ha npOBe,aeHHe KOHKpeTHbIX AHarHO-
CTHqeCKHX onepaUHH no onpeAeJIeHHIO TeXHHqeCKOrO COCTOBHHR
TOpM03HOH CHCTeMbI aBTOM06HIDI. B npHC)'TCTBHH BceH no,arpynnbI
no,a pyKOBO,aCTBOM npeno,aaBaTellil cTy,aeHT BbInOJIIDIeT HX, OTBeqaH
B npouecce pa60TbI Ha KOHTPOJIbHbIe BonpOCbI B npe,aeJIax MaTepHa-
JIa, H3JIOXeHHOro B HaCTOBIUeM pyKOBo,aCTBe.
no OKOHqaHHH yqe6HbIx 3aHRTHH o<l>opMJIBeTCR OTQeT no BceM
3an.aHHRM JIa60paTopHbIX pa60T.
npO,aOJDKHTeJIbHOCTb pa60T - 4 q.
3 a,ll a Hille 1. H3YlfHTb TexHHlfecKYIO xapaKTepHcTHKY
H YCTpoiicTBO npH60pa «3t/)t/)eKT»
npH60p «3<l><l>eKT» npe,aHa3HaqeH ,lUIR npoBepKH TeXHHqeCKOrO
COCTORHHR pa60qeH TOpM03HOH CHCTeMbI aBTOM06HJIbHbIX TpaHc-
nopTHbIX cpe,acTB MeTo,aOM ,aOpO)J{HbIX HcnbITaHHH (pHC. 2.24).
B npouecce ,aOPOXHbIX HcnbITaHHH npH60p perHcTpHpyeT CJIe-
AYIOIUHe 3HaqeHHR: YCTaHOBHBllIeeCB 3aMe,lUleHHe jycn YCHJIHe Ha-
)l(aTHR Ha ne,aaJIb TopM03a Pn, ,lUIHHY TOpM03Horo nYTH Sn BpeMR
cpa6aTbIBaHHR TOpM03HOH CHCTeMbI t cp ' HaQaJIbHyro CKOpOCTb TOp-
MoxeHHR V o H JIHHeHHOe OTKJIOHeHHe aBTOM06HJIR npH TOpMO)l(e-
HHH.
npH60p «3<l><l>eKT» B aBTOMaTHqeCKOM pe)I(HMe npOH3Bo,aHT nepe-
CqeT HOpMbI TOpM03Horo n)'TH S; K peaJIbHOH HaqaJIbHOH CKOpOCTH
TopMoxeHIDI, eCJIH OHa OTJIHqaeTCR OT HopMaTHBHoH (40 KM/q).
npH60p «3<l><l>eKT» (CM. pHC. 2.24) COCTOHT H3 perHCTPHpYlOIUero
YCTPOHCTBa - npH60pHoro 6JIOKa 1 C qeTbIpbWI KHonKaMH ynpaBJIe-
HHR 2 H HH<l>opMaUHoHHoro Ta6JIo 3, ,aaT'IHKa YCHJIIDI - ne,aOMeTPa
4 H npHHTepa 10, KOTopbIe coe,aHHeHbI Me)f(,[{Y C060H Ka6eJIbHbIMH
)I(f}'TaMH C pa3'beMaMH. Bce 3JIeMeHTbI YCTPOHCTBa YCTaHaBJIHBalOTCR
B Ka6HHe Bo,aHTellil HcnbITyeMoro aBToM06HIDI.
C TbillbHOH CTOpOHbI npH60pHoro 6JIOKa (CM. pHC. 2.24, 6) HMe-
IOTCR 3IDKHMHoe YCTPOHCTBO H pe3HHOBaR npHCOCKa .nIDI 3aIq>eWIeHIDI
6JIOKa Ha 60KOBOM CTeKJIe npaBoH ,aBepH Ka6HHbI Bo,aHTeJIR.
CoeAHHeHHe YCTPOHCTB npH60pa OCYIUeCTBJIReTCR C nOMOIUblO
pa3'beMOB H He BbI3bIBaeT 3aTPy,aHeHHH. Macca 3JIeIcrpOHHoro 6JIOKa
C ,aaTqHKOM YCHJIIDI 0,9 Kf.
nHTaHHe npH60pa «3<l><l>eIcr'» ocyrn;eCTBJmeTCR or AK6 RTIH 60pTOBOH
cern 12 B (HMeeTCB CTa.JI.D:ap1HbrH p33'beM 7 C Ka6e.rreM 8 (CM. pHC. 2.24, a)
,lJ)llI npHcoe.rnrneHIDI npH60pa K IIPm<ypHBaremo aBTOM06KrnI). nO'rpe6-
lliIeMasI MOIUHOCTh - He 60JIee 2 BT.
190
1
.... .... 3cPcPeKT 5
6
13
7
3
. META
2
4
+
+
o
+
+
a
6
9
10
PUC. 2.24. npu60p «3<t><t>eKT» ,lI)IH npOBepKH TOpM03HbIX CHCTeM aBTOMO-
6HJIH:
a - YC1'pOHCTBO H cxeMa COeL{HHeHIDI 3JIeMeHTOB; 6 - IIpH60pHblH 6JIOK (BH.lI. c6oKY);
1- npH60pHbIH 6J10K; 2 - KHonKH BKJIlOtJeHIDI IIHTaHIDI «BKJI», BBOL{a HH<l>OpMaI.tHH
«BBOLJ;», BbI60pa pe)f(HMa «BbI60P», OTMeHbI KOMaH.abI «OTMEHA»; 3 - HH<l>opMa-
u,HOHHoe Ta6J1o-HH.l{HKaTOP; 4 - .aa'NHK YCHJ1ID1; 5 - Ka6e.rrb CBSl311 C L{a1'IHKOM ycH.1IIDI;
6 - Ka6eJIb CBSl311 C npHHTepOM; 7 - p33'beM .lI)ISI nOJJ.KTIlOtJeHIDI K me3.L(y npHKYPHBare-
J1S1; 8 - Ka6eJ1b nHTaHIDI; 9 - KHOIIKa BKJ1lOtJeHIDI nHTaHIDI IIpHHTepa; 10- npHHTep;
11- 3IDKHM; 12 - npHCOCKa; 13 - rHe3L{O lIJISI no.aKJIlOtJeHHSI npHHTepa
191
3 a ,lI a Hille 2. nposepHTb H no,qrOTOSHTb npH60p «3CPCPeKT»
K pa60Te
nepeJ( HalJaJIOM pa60TbI He06xoJ(MMO y6eJ(MTbcSI B Ha,ae)((HOCTM M
npaBMJIbHOCTM nOKa3aHMM npM60pa. ,lLTISI 3Toro npM60p «3<1><I>eKT»
nO.lI.KJIlOlJalOT K ceTM 12 B, HIDKHMalOT KHOnKY «BKJI» M Bbl.lI.ep)KHBalOT
naY3Y 5... 10 C ,lI,JUI TepMOCTa6RJIM3aUMM 3JIeKTPOHHbIX Cpe.lI.CTB M3Me-
peHMSI. )].aJIbHeMillaSl npOBepKa TeXHMlJeCKOrO COCTOSlHMSI npM60pa
npOM3BO.lI.MTCSI B pe)l(MMe npOBepKM pa60Tocnoc06HoCTM J(aT'-lMKOB.
B pe)l(MMe «11» onepaTOp J(ep)I(MT npM60p B PYKax BepTMKaJIbHO
(TIl6JIO MH.LI.MKaTOpa npM60pa napaJIJIeJIbHO JIHHMM ropM30HTa), npM 3TOM
Ha Ta6JIo J(OJDKHO 6bITb BbICBelJeHO 3HalJeHMe, 6JIH3KOe K 0,00 (M/C 2 ).
MeD.JIeHHO nOBOpalJMBaSl npM60p Ha JIeByJO 60KOByJO CTOPOHY, KOH-
TPOJIMPYIOT nOKa3aHHSI HH.lI.MKaUMH, KOTopble J(OJI)((HbI YBeJIHlJMTbCSI
J(O 3HalJeHMSI (9,81 + 0,39) M/C 2 .
B pe)l(MMe «12» onepaTOp J(ep)l(MT npM60p B PYKax BepTMKaJIbHO
(KaK B pe)l(HMe «11 »), npH 3TOM Ha Ta6JIo MH.lI.HKau.MM J(OJDKHbI 6bITb
nOKa3aHMSI, 6JIM3KMe K 0,00 (M/C 2 ). nOJIO:>KHB npH60p Ha JII06yJO ro-
pH30HTaJIbHYIO nOBepXHOCTb, KOHTPOJIHPYIOT nOKa3aHMSI MH.lI.MKaUMM,
KOTopble J(OJI)I(HbI yaeJIMlJHTbCSI J(O 3HalJeHIDI (9,81 + 0,39) M/C 2 .
npM BKJIlOlJeHMH nO.lI.pe)l(MMa «F» Ha Ta6JIo HH.lI.MKaUMM 3HalJeHMe
paBHO HYJIIO (Krc). CJIeJ(yeT nOJIO)l(MTb .lI.aTlJHK YCMJIMSI Ha POBHYIO
nOBepXHOCTb BepCTaKa H, 3a,aaBaSI np06Hoe Ha)l(aTHe PYKOM Ha .lI.aT'-lHK
YCHJIHSI, KOHTpOJIMpOBaTb nOKa3aHMSI HH.lI.HKau.HH, KOTopble B03pac-
TalOT C pOCTOM YCMJIMSI. Cl1.1Ia HIDKaTIDI He J(OJDKHa npeBbIIllaTb 1 200 H
(120 Krc) D.JISI HCKJIlOlJeHMSI HapyrneHHSI pa60Tocnoc06HoCTM J(aT'-lMKa
YCHJIHSI.
3 a,ll a Hille 3. nposepHTb pa6olfYIO TOPM03HYIO CHCTeMY
aSToMo6Hnfl
MOHTa)l( npH60pa, KaK npaBHJIO, OCYIIJ,eCTBJISleT npenOJ(aBaTeJIb
3aHSlTHSI COBMeCTHO C BOJ(HTeJIeM aBTOM06MJISI.
YCTaHoBMTb aBTOM0611.1Ib B HalJaJIe BbI6paHHoro npSlMOJIMHeMHOro
cyxoro yqacTKa J(oporM C ac<paJIbT06eToHHbIM nOKpbITMeM, npeJ(Ha-
3HaQeHHOrO D.JISI McnbITaHMM TOpM03HbIX CMCTeM. npH60pHbIM 6JIOK 1
(CM. pMC. 2.24) C nOMOIUblO pe3HHoBoM npMCOCKH 12 M 3a)l(MMa 3a-
KpenMTb Ha CTeKJIe npaBoM ,IJ:BepM aBTOM06MJISI (npe,IJ:BapMTeJIbHO
onYCTHB CTeKJIo). npM 3TOM HanpaBJIeHMe CTpeJIOK, pacnOJIO)l(eHHbIX
Ha Kopnyce npM60pa, .lI.OJI)((HO COBna.n.aTb C HanpaBJIeHMeM .lI.BJ.DKeHIDI
TpaHcnopTHoro Cpe.lI.CTBa. YCTaHoBHTb .lI.aTlJHK YCMJIMSI Ha ne,IJ:aJIb
TopM03a aBTOM06RJISI.
npOM3BecTM COe.lI.MHeHMe npM60pa C .lI.aT'IMKOM YCRJIIDI M 60pTOBOM
ceTblO aBTOM06RJISI TaKMM 06pa30M, lJT06bI Ka6eJIM nMTaHMSI M ne.lI.O-
MeT})a He MeillaJIM pa60Te BO.lI.MTeJISI.
192
npH He06xo.lI.HMOCTH paClIeqaTKH pe3ynbTaToB H3MepeHHH 1I0,n-
KJIlOtlHTb Ka6eJIb nHTaHIDI 8 (c OTMeTKOH Kl) K pa3'beMY npHHTepa 10
H coe,lUrnHTb ero Ka6eJIeM CBSl3H (c OTMeTKOH K2) C npH60pHbIM 6J10-
KOM qepe3 pa3'beM 13 (pHC. 2.24, 6), KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 2.24, a.
BKJIlOqHTb npH60p H npHHTep COOTBeTCTBYlOmHMH KHOIIKaMH
«BKJI». Ha HIi,l{HKaTOpe nOBBHTCB HanlIHCb «HArPEB». BbUl.epXaTb
He60JlbwyIO naY3Y (He 60nee 3 MHH) ,lI)UI TepMOCTa6HJIH3aUHH 3neK-
TPOHHbIX 3J1eMeHTOB npH60pa ,no nOHB1IeHIDI Ha HanHKaTOpe co06Ine-
HIDI «HOMEP TC».
BBeCTH TPeX3HaQHbIH HOMep aBTOM06HlliI. Ha60p HOMepa HaqH-
HaeTCSI co cTapweu IJ;H<!>PbI, He06xo,nHMO HIDKaTb Ha KHOIIKY «BbI-
BOP» ,no ee nOBBJIeHHSI. 3aTeM HaxaTb KHonKY «BBOA». 3anHcb
cTapweu IJ;H<!>PbI ocym;ecTBJIeHa. no aH8JI0fHH BBeCTH OCT8JIbHbIe
UH<!>PbI rocy,napCTBeHHoro HOMepa pernC1'paUHH aBTOM06HlliI.
no 3aBepweHHH BBo,na TPeX3HaqHoro HOMepa Ha HanHKaTOpe npH-
60pa IIORBHTCJI C006IneHHe «XAPAKTEPI1CTI1KA TC».
HIDKaTHeM KHOIIKH «BbIBOP» BbI6paTb KaTeropHIO aBToM06HlliI,
COOTBeTCTBYIOInYIO npOBepBeMOMY TpaHClIopTHOMY cpe,nCTBY IIO
fOCT P 52051- 2003 (,lI)UI HCnOJlb3yeMoro J1efKoBoro 1'paHClIopTHO-
fO cpe.n;CTBa, npe.n;Ha3HaQeHHOfO .lI.lliI nepeB03KH He 60JIee BOCbMH
naCCWKHpOB, KpOMe BO,nHTeJIJI - Ml).
HaxaTb KHOnKY «BBO,lt». Ha HIi,l{HKaTOpe npH60pa ,n06aBHTcJI
HannHCb: «O,lt» - O.n;HHOQHOe ATC (KHonKou «BbI60P» MO)l(}{O H3-
MeHHTb THn TpaHCIIOPTHOro cpe.n;cTBa Ha «All» - aBTOIIOe3,1I). nO.lI.-
TBep,nHTe CBOU BbI60p nOBTopHbIM HaxaTHeM KHonKH «BBO,lt».
Ha HH,nHKaTOpe .lI.06aBHTCSI C006IneHHe «CH» - B CHapIDKeHHOM
COCTORHHH (KHOIIKOH «BbI60P» MO)l(}{O H3MeHHTb xapaKTepHCTHKy
Ha «nM» - IIOJIHOH MaCCbI). nO.n;TBep.lI.HTb BbI60p XapaKTepHCTHKH
HaxaTHeM KHOIIKH «BBO ».
Ha HH,nHKaTOpe ,n06aBHTCJI C006IneHHe «> 81».
KuonKou «BbI60P» BbI6paTb ro,n H3roTOB1IeHIDI 1'paHcnopTHoro
Cpe.lI.CTBa B COOTBeTCTBHH C co06m:eHIDIMH Ha HIi,l{HKaTOpe «<> 81» -
H3roTOBJIeHO nOCJIe 01.01.1981; «< 81» - H3roTOBJIeHO .n;o 01.01.1981).
nO,nTBep,nHTb CBOU BbI60p HaxameM KHonKH «BBO)].».
Ha HH,nHKaTope nOBBHTCJI Ha,nnHCb «PA60TA». 3TOT peXHM
BKJIlOtlaeT B ce6J1:
. OCHOBHOH pe}KHM pa60TbI (pa6OTa no npOBepKe aBToM06HIDI);
. pe}KHM npOBepKH pa60TOcnoc06HoCTH .n;aTtlHKOB 3aMe.lJ)leHIDI,
JIHHeHHoro OTKJIOHeHIDI H .n;aTtlHK8 YCHJIIDI.
ECJIH HaxaTb KHOnKy «BbI60P», npH60p BXO,nHT B peXHM HH.lI.H-
KaUHH nOKa3aHHU ,naTtlHKOB:
jt - 3aMeMeHIDI B .lI.HalIa30He 0... 9,8 M/C 2 ;
j2 - JIHHeHHoro OTKJIOHeHIDI, M;
F - YCH.1IIDI B ,nHana30He 0...1 000 H (0...100 IITc).
193
HaxarneM KHOnKH «OTMEHA» MOXHO BbIHTM M3 pe}J{}fMa npo-
BepKH ,n:aT1lHKOB, a TaIOKe Ha JII060M 3Tane BepHYTbCR K rrpe,n:bI,l{)'me-
MY nyHIcry pe)I{HMa HaCTPOHKH, eCJIH onepaTopOM npH BBo,n:e HH<pOP-
MaUHM COBepllIeHa oWH6Ka.
OCHOBHOH peXHM HcnbITaHHR BbI3bIBaeTCR HaxaTHeM KHOnK"
«BBO,lJ;», Kor,n:a Ha HH.nHKaTOpe nORBHTCR co06IUeHMe «PA60TA».
3aTeM nOCJIe,n:yeT O,n:HO H3 Tpex co06meHHH: «HAKJ10H HA3AL(»,
«HAKJIOH B HOPME» WIH «HAKJIOH BnEPE,lJ;». AnR HOpMaJIb-
Hon YCTaHOBKH npM60pa He06xo,n:HMO, H3MeHRSI ero nOJIOXeHHe C
nOMOIUblO npHCOCKH, ,n:06HTbCR Ha HH.nHKaTOpe co06w:eHHR «HA-
KJIOH B HOPME», tfrO nO,lJ:TBep,n:HTCR 3BYKOBbIM CMrH8JI0M. npM60p
roTOB K H3MepeHMIO.
I1cnbITaHHe TOpM03HOH CHCTeMbI aBTOM06WIR ocymeCTBJlReTCR B
CJIe,n:yIOmeM nopMKe:
. HaxaTh KHOnKY «BBO,lJ;» npH60pa «3<p<I>eKT» H ,n:ox.n:aTbCSI no-
RBJleHIDI Ha HH,l(HKaTOpe C006Il(eHIDI «llPOBEPKA TC»;
. no,n:aTb KOMaH.D:Y Bo,n:HTeJIIO .LUIR pa3rOHa aBTOM06RJIR ,n:o CKO-
pOCTH 40 KM/q H BbInOJIHeHIDI pe)KHMa 3KCTpeHHoro nOJIHoro
TopMoxeHIDI npH o,n:HOKpaTHOM B03,n:eHcTBHH Ha opraH ynpaB-
JIeHMR. TopMoxeHHe npOH3Bo,n:HTCR C OTcoe,aHHeHHbIM OT
TpaHCMHCCMM ,n:BHraTeJIeM, OTKJllOqeHHbIX npHBo,n:ax ,n:onOJIHH-
TeJIbHbIX Be.nym:HX MOCTOB M pa36JIOKHpOBaHHbIX TPaHCMMCCH-
OHHbIX ,n:H<I><I>epeHUHaJIax, eCJIH 3TO npe.n:yCMOTPeHO KOHCTPYK-
UMeH aBTOM06HJIR. B npouecce TopMoxeHMR He .lI.OnYCKaeTCR
KoppeKTHpOBKa TPaeKTOpHH ,n:BMxeHIDI ATC PYJIeBbIM ynpaB-
JIeHHeM, eCJIH 3Toro He TPe6yeT 06eCneqeHMe 6e30naCHOCTH
HcnbITaHHH;
. nOCJIe nOJlHOH OCTaHOBKH aBTOM06HID1 CHSlTb B03.lI.eHCTBHe Ha
ne,aaJIb TopM03a. Ha HH,nHKaTOpe nORBHTCR co06IUeHMe «PE-
3YJIbTATbI llPOBEPKI1 TC»;
. HaxaTb nOBTopHO KHOnKY «BBO,lJ;». Ha HH,l(HKaTOpe nORBHTCR
co06meHHe «XAPAKTEPI1CTI1KA TC», r,n:e B HIDKHeit CTPO-
Ke 6y.nyr 3HaQeHIDI, COOTBeTCTByIOIUHe npOBepReMOM)' aBTOMO-
6HJIIO, BBe,n:eHHbIe B pe)I{HMe HaCTPOHKH HCXO,n:HbIX ,n:aHHbIX;
. HaxaTb KHOnKY «BBO,lJ;». Ha MH.D:MKaTope nOSlBHTCSI Ha,anMCb:
«HOMEP TC» XXX, r,ae XXX - HOMep TpaHcnopTHoro cpe,n:-
CTBa, BBe,n:eHHbIH nepe,n: HaqaJIOM H3MepeHHR. 3aTeM Ha HH,l(H-
KaTope nORBRTCR 3HaQeHHSI: S; - H3MepeHHoe 3HaqeHHe
,n:JIHHbI TOpM03Horo nYTH, M; Sn - nepeCQHTaHHaSi HopMa
TOpM03Horo rryTH, M. Pe3YJIbTaTbI HcnbITaHMR 3aHeCTH B npo-
TOKOJI (Ta6JI. 2.27);
. HaxaTb KHonKY «BBO,lJ;». Ha HH,l(HKaTOpe nORBRTCSI 3HaqeHIDI:
j - YCTaHOBHBwerOCR 3aMe,n:JIeHHR, M/C 2 ; V O - HaqaJIbHOH
CKOpOCTH TopMoxeHIDI, KM/q. Pe3YJIbTaTbI HcnbITaHIDI 3aHeCTH
B npOTOKOJI;
194
. HIDKaTb KHOnKy «BBO,LJ;». Ha HII,lJ;HKaTOpe nOJIBSlTCB 3Ha1.JeHHB:
t - BpeMeHH Cpa6aTbIBaHIDI TOpM03HOH CHCTeMbI, C; F - YCH-
JIHB HIDKaTHB Ha ne,narrb. nO.rryqeHHble pe3YJIbTaTbI 3aHeCTH B
npOTOKOJI HCnbITaHHH;
. HIDKaTb KHOnK}' «BBO ». Ha HH,ltHKaTOpe nORBHTCB 3HaqeHHe
JIHHeHHOrO OTKJlOHeHHH 1'paeKTOpHH ,nBH}I{eHHH aBTOM06HJIB
npH TOpMOXeHHH.
KuOnKOH «OTMEHA» MO}I{HO BepuyTbCB K HlmHKaUHH npe,nbUIY-
mHX napaMeTPOB.
,[lrnI paCne1.JaTKH npOTOKOJIa H3MepeHHH HIDKaTb KHOnKy «BBO,lJ;».
Ha HII,lJ;HKaTOpe nOBBHTCB C006meHHe «BbIBECTI1 npOTOKOJI?»
npH nOJIO}I{HTeJIbHOM OTBeTe H3.}I{aTb KHOnK}' «BBO,LJ;». npH OT-
pHuaTeJIbHOM - KHonK)' «OTMEHA». Ha HH.nHKaTOpe nOSlBHTCSI
co06meHHe «PE3YJIbTATbI npOBEPKH TC». HIDKaTHeM KHonKH
«BBO,lJ.» MO}I{HO nOBTopHTb npOCMOTP pe3YJIbTaTOB. npH Ha}l{aTHH
KHonKH «OTMEHA» npH60p nepexo,nHT B pe}l{}fM «PABOTA».
no pe3YJIbTaTaM ,n0P0)J{HbIX HcnbITaHHH pa601.JeH TOpM03HOH CH-
CTeMbI aBTOM06HIDI nyreM cpaBHeHIDI HX C HopMaTHBHbIMH ,naHHbIMH
3<1><I>eKTHBHOCTH TOpMO}l{eHIDI (CM. Ta6JI. 2.24, 2.25) c,neJIaTb 3aKJIIO-
1.JeHHe 0 ee pa60Tocnoc06HOCTH.
COAep)I(aHMe OT'IeTa
OTtIeT no JIa60paTopHOH pa60Te ,nOJDKeH BKJII01.JaTb B ce6H CJIe.nyIO-
IUHe CBe,neHHSI:
. Ha3BaHHe H ueJIb pa60TbI;
. OCHOBHbIe TPe60BaHHB, npe,n'bSlRJISleMbIe K TeXHH1.JeCKOMY CO-
CTOSlHHIO pa601.JeH, BcnOMOraTeJIbHOH, 3anaCHOH H CTOSlH01.JHOH
TOpM03HbIX CHCTeM npH npOBepKax B ,n0P0}I{HbIX YCJIOBHSlX;
. cxeMY npH60pa «3<1><peKT» C onHcaHHeM Ha3Ha1.JeHIDI 3JIeMeH-
TOB ero KOHCTPYKUHH;
. TeXHOJIOrHIO ,nHarnocmpOBaHIDI pa601.JeH TOpM03HOH CHCTeMbI
aBTOM06HJIH C nOMOIUbIO npH60pa «3<1><peKT»;
. npOTOKOJI HcnbITaHHSI (Ta6JI. 2.27) C pe3YJIbTaTaMH npOBepKH
pa601.Jei1: TOpM03HOH CHCTeMbI;
. pe3YJIbTaTbI 3KcnepHMeHTa, HX aHaJIH3 H BbIBO,L{bI.
T a 6 n L4 U, a 2.27. npOToKon AH8rHOCTHpOB8HMII TOpM03HblX K8'1eCTB
8BToMo6Mnli
3Ha'leHHe napaMeTJ)a TeXHH'Ie-
113MepSieMbIA napaMe1]> CKOro COCTOSIHIDI
HopMaTHBHoe H3MepeHHoe
YCTaHoBHBweecB 3aMeMeHHe, M/C 2
195
OKOHllaHue ma6A. 2.27
3HatJeHHe napaMe'Tpa TeXHH'Ie-
113MepSieMbIH napaMe1'p CKOro COCTOSlHHSI
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nOpRAOK BbinonHeHMR pa60Tbi
TeXHu"teCKoe o6ecne"teHue - ,aBHraTeJIb KAMA3-740, YCTaHOBKa
M<I>C-5, KOMnJIeKT CJIeCapHOro HHCTpYMeHTa, MaKeTbI OT,aeJlbHbIX
arperaTOB H CHCTeM aBTOM06HJIH, yqe6HbIe nJIaKaTbI no YCTPOHCTBY
H. 3KCllJIyaTaQHH aBToM06WIeH KAMA3.
202
Mecmo 8blnOllHeHUR - nOCT TO ,nBHraTeJljl KAMA3-740, Jla60-
paTOpIrn cneKTPaJIbHoro aHaJIH3a MaCeJI.
3aHHTHH npOBO)UlTCH no,n P}'KOBO,nCTBOM npenO.lIaBaTeilll C no,n-
rpynnoH cTy,neHTOB H3 5 - 7 qeJIOBeK.
YcnellIHoe BbInOJlHeHHe pa60TbI B03MO)I{H0 nocJle 03HaKOMJIeHHH
C MeTo,nHlJeCKHMH }'Ka3aHHHMH no npOBe,neHHIO JIa60paTopHOH pa-
60TbI H npH YCJIOBHH CTPororo C06JIIO,neHJUI npaBH.1I TeXHHKH 6e30nac-
HOCTH:
. Henocpe,nCTBeHHO K pa60Te Ha YCTaHOBKe M<I>C-5 ,nonYCKaIOT-
CH TOJIbKO CneUHaJIHCTbI H3 lJHCJIa COTPy,nHHKOB JIa60paTopHH
cneKTPaJIbHoro aHaJIH3a MaCeJI;
. He BKJIlOlJaTb npH60pbI H He npHcTynaTb K 3KcnepHMeHTaJIb-
HbIM HCCJIe,nOBaHHHM np06 MaCeJI 6e3 pa3pemeHHH npeno,na-
BaTeJIH;
. He ,nonycKaTb pa36pbI3mBaHIrn MaCJIa npH pa60Te, He nOJIb30-
BaTbCH OTKpbITbIM orHeM.
nOCJIe H3yqeHHH MeTo,nHlJeCKHX }'Ka3aHHH Ka)f(,l:(bIH cTy,neHT no-
JIyqaeT nepCOHaJIbHOe 3a,naHHe no BblnOJIHeHHIO onepaUHH cneK-
TPaJIbHOro aHaJIH3a np06 MaCeJI. B npHC}'TCTBHH BceH no,nrpynnbI no,n
PYKOBO,nCTBOM npeno,naBaTeJIH cTy,neHT BblnOJIHHeT HX, OTBelJaH B
npou.ecce pa60TbI Ha KOHTPOJIbHbIe BonpOCbI B npe,neJIax MaTepHaJIa,
H3JIO)l{eHHoro B HaCTOHI..UeM P}'KOBo,nCTBe.
no OKOHlJaHHH yqe6Hblx 3aHHTHH o<popMJIHeTCH OTtJeT no BceM
3aL(aHHHM JIa60paTopHbIX pa60T.
npO,nO.1DKHTeJIbHOCTb pa60TbI - 4 lJ.
3 a,lt a H H e 1. H3ya1HTb YCTPOHCTBO H npHHLf,Hn PS60TW
YCTSHOBKH MtPC-5
YCTaHoBKa M<I>C-5 pa60TaeT no 06I..UenpHHHToH cxeMe 3MHCCH-
OHHoro cneKTPaJIbHoro aHaJIH3a (pHC. 2.26).
npH aHaJIH3e MaCeJI BaHHOQKa 7 C aHaJIH3HpyeMoH np060H MaCJIa,
XHMHlJeCKHH COCTaB KOTOpOH He06xo,nHMO onpe,neJIHTb, YCTaHaBJIH-
BaeTCH B llITaTHB 5, cHa6)1{eHHbIH ,nB}'MR yrOJIbHbIMH 3JIeKTPo,naMH:
BepXHHM - CTep)I{HeBbIM 3 H HIDKHHM - ,nHCKOBbIM 6, BpaI..UalOI..UHM-
CH C nOCTOHHHOH CKOpOCTblO. qacTb .lIHCKOBoro 3JIeKTPo,na nOCTOHH-
HO norp eHa B BaHHOQKy C np060H MaCJIa. I1pH BpaI..UeHHH ,nHCKa
MaCJIO C HaXO,lI,SlI..UHMHCH B HeM npO.lIYKTaMH H3Hoca nocTynaeT B 30HY
3JIeKTPHlJeCKOrO pa3pH,LJ;a, C03.lIaHHoro Me)f(,l:(y 3JIeKTPo,naMH C nOMO-
I..UblO HCTOlJHHKa B036yx,neHIDI cneKTPa 4, r.lIe npOHcxo,nHT HcnapeHHe
MaCJIa H B036y)1{J.(eHHe H3JIyqeHIDI aTOMOB 3JIeMeHTOB, npHC}'TCTBY-
IOI..UHX B np06e.
nOJIHXpOMaTop 2 C BOrHYTOH ,nH<ppaKUHoHHoH peweTKoH 1 pa3-
JIaraeT H3JIy'1eHHe aTOMOB B crrelcrp, KOTOpbIH xapaKTepH3yeT XHMH-
lJeCKHH COCTaB BeI..UeCTBa np06bI. KaJK,l:J:OMY 3JIeMeHTY COOTBeTcTByeT
203
1 2 3 4
D D
000
6 5
9
8
PHC. 2.26. CxeMa CneKTPaJIbHOH YCTaHOBKH M<I>C-5:
1 - BOrnyICUl.ll.H<I>paKUHoHHasI peWeTKa; 2 - nOJIHXpoMarop; 3 - crep}KHeBoR 3JIeK-
TP0.ll.; 4 - HCTOtIHHK B036y)1C.L\eHIDI cneIcrpa; 5 - WTaTHB; 6 - .lI.HCKOBblH 3JIeIcrpO.ll.;
7 - BaHHOtIKa C aHaJIH3HpyeMoH npo6oH; 8 - BbIXO.ll.HbIe W.eJIH; 9 - <l>0T03JIeKlpOH-
Hble YMHOXHTeJIH
2
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I
fill' I
---- I
, - :
I
n
20
n cp
10
8
6
4
3
1
2
3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 C 31l
20 C, rIll
PHC. 2.27. Onpe.l1eJIeHHe KOHueHTPaUHH 3J1eMeHTa C 3JJ no rpanynpOBOQHOMY
rpa$HKY 3aBHCHMOCTH C = f(n):
n cp - ycpe.ll.HeHHOe 3HatIeHHe OTCtIeTOB
204
CBOH COBOKYITHOCTb CneKTpaJIbHbIX JIIIHHH, HHTeHCHBHOCTb KOTOpbIX
3aBliCHT OT KOHQeH1paQHH 3JIeMeHTa B ,naHHOH npo6e.
AHaJIHTHqeCKHe J1HHUH pa3nH'IHbIX 3J1eMeHTOB Bbl)J.enHIOTCH 113
cneKTpa np06bI C nOMOID:blO BbIXO,nHbIX I..UeJIe:n 8, YCTaHOBJIeHHbIX Ha
<pOKaJIbHOH nOBepXHOCTH nOJIHXpOMaTopa 2.
BbI.neJIeHHbIe MOHoxpOMaTHqeCKHe H3.TIyqeHIDI npoeQHpyIDTCH Ha
<pOTOKaTO,nbI <poT03JIeKTpOHHbIX YMHO)I{HTeJIeH 9, BbI3bIBasI cl>OTOTOKH
B HX aHo,nHbIX QeIDIx.
AnH onpe,neJIeHHH KOHQeHTpau.HH aHaJIH3HpyeMbIx 3JIeMeHTOB,
COOTBeTCTBYJOID:HX no.nyqeHHbIM nOKa3aHIrnM npH6opa, He06xo,nHMO
npe,nBapHTeJIbHOe nOC1poeHHe rpaayHPOBOqHbIX rpacl>HKoB no 3Ta-
JIOHHbIM 06pa3QaM.
JIH nOCTpoeHHR rpa,nYHPOBO'lHbIX rpa<pHKoB no,nrOTaBJIHBaIOT
ceMb 3TaJIOHHbIX 06pa3QOB Macna C H3BeCTHOH KOHueH1paUHeH aHa-
JIH3HpyeMbIx XHMHqeCKIIX 3neMeHTOB. 3Ta onepaUIDI npOH3Bo,nHTCSI
nyreM BBe,neHIrn OKCH,l(OB MeTaJIJIOB H KpeMHIDI B CBexee MaCJIO TOH
xe MapKH, KOTOpaSI ynoYpe6J1IDIaCb B HCCJIe,nyeMbIx ,nBHraTeIDIX npH
HX 3KcnrryaTaUHH. Kax,nbIH 3TaJIOHHbIH 06pa3eQ no,nBepraeTCSI aHa-
JIH3Y Ha YCTaHOBKe MCI>C-5 He MeHee ,neCSITH pa3. nOcne aHaJIH3a
3TaJIOHHbIX 06pa3UOB no,nCqHTbIBaIOTCSI cpe,nHHe BeJIHqHHbI OTC'IeTa
npH60pa n cp no K3.)1{,[{oMY 3JIeMeHTY.
rpanyHpOBO'lHbIe rpacl>HKH crpOSITCSI B JIOrapH<pMWlecKHX KOOp,lUl-
HaTax (pHC. 2.27). no OCH a6cUHcc OTKJIa,nbmaJOT BeJIWlHHbI KOHQeH-
YpaUHH 3JIeMeHTOB B 3TaJIOHHbIX 06P33Uax C, a no OCH op,nHHaT -
cpe,nHHe 3Ha'leHIrn OTC'IeTOB n QII<PPOBoro BOJlbTMe1pa YCTaHOBKH.
nOCJle nocrpoemm: rpa<pHKOB CJIe.nyeT 3anHCaTb peXHM pa60ThI MCI>C-5,
npH KOTOpOM B ,naJIbHeHllIeM BbInOJlIDIeTCSI aH3JIII3 npo6 MaCeJI.
3 a,lt a H H e 2. BwnonHHTb aHanH3 npo6 KapTepHoro Macna
ASHraTenfl
He06xo,nHMO npOBeCTH cneK1'paJIbHbIH aHaJIH3 IDITH 3apaHee 3a-
roTOBJIeHHbIX 06p33QOB MOTOpHOro MaCJIa, oTo6paHHbIX H3 KaPTepa
aBTOM06Hlli1 npH pa3HbIX np06erax B YCJlOBIDIX 3KcnrryaTaUHH.
Or6op np06 MaCeJI B KOJIH'leCTBe 30... 50 MJI npOH3Bo,nmcSI C no-
MOI..UblO np0600T60pHHKa (pHC. 2.28) H3 KapTepa ,nBHraTeJISI Qepe3
OTBepcrne ,lI)IR H3MepeHIDI ypOBIDI MaCJIa npH TeMnepaTYPe MaCJIa He
HIDKe 40°C.
llInpHU ,nOJDKeH o6eCneQHBaTb He06xo,nHMoe pa3pexeHHe, no-
3BOllillOI.IJ:ee npOH3Bo,nHTb oT6op npo6 MaCJla "PH MHHe XJI0pBHHH-
JIOBOH Ypy6KH 1... 1,5 M.
nOCJIe oT6opa np06bI Ha cl>J1aKOH HaKJIeHBalOT 3THKeTKY, Ha KOTO-
pOH }'Ka3bIBaeTcR HOMep np06bI, Mo,neJlb H rocy,napcTBeHHbIH HOMep
perHc1paQHH aBTOM06Hlli1, Ha3BaHHe arperaTa, MapKa MaCJIa, Hapa-
60TKa MaCJIa OT Oqepe,nHoH 3aMeHbI II ,naTa oT6opa np06bI.
205
1
2
3
4
PUC. 2.28. YCTPOHCTBO npo6ooT6opHUKa:
1 - XJI0pBHHHnOBa Tpy6Ka; 2 - MaCJISlHa TPy6Ka; 3 - OTcaCblBalOllI.a Tpy6Ka;
4 - mnpHU .lIJISi C03.llaHH pa3pexeHHSI; 5 - yruIOTHHTeJIbHasi npo6Ka; 6 - <l>naKoH
lJ)I MaCJIa
nepe,a HaqaJIOM pa60TbI Ha YCTaHOBKe M<I>C-5 He06xo,aHMO npo-
BeCTH <l>oT03JIeKTpHqeCKHH KOHTpOJIb nOJlOXeHHSI aHaJIHTHqeCKHX
JIHHHH OTHOCHTeJIbHO BbIXO,aHbIX IUeJIeH nOJIHXpOMaTopa no JIHHHH
Me,aH H YCTaHoBHTb rrapaMeT}JbI, onpe,aellillOIUHe pe)I{HM aHaJIH3a B
COOTBeTCTBHH C BbI6paHHbIMH BeJIWlHHaMH.
B llITaTHB YCTaHaBJlHBalOT ,aHCKOBbIH 3J1eKTpo,a ,ao ynopa Ha OCH
npHBo,aa, BepxHHH 3J1eKTpo,a pa3MeIUalOT B n;aHroBoM 3axHMe, CO-
6JIIO,aaH 3a,aaHHbIH MeX3JIeKTpo,aHbIH 3a30p 1,5 MM. nO,arOTOBJIeH-
HYIO ,aJISI aHaJIH3a np06y MaCJIa 3aJIHBalOT B BaHHOqKY, KOTOpylO
YCTaHaBJIHBalOT Ha CTOJIHKe llITaTHBa, H rro,aBo,aRT K HHXHeMY
3JIeK1'p0,ay ,ao conpHKOCHOBeHHSI ,aHCKOBoro 3JIeKTpo,aa C nOBepx-
HOCTblO np06bI nJllOc nOJI-060pOTa BHHTa no,a'beMHOrO CTOJIHKa
lIITaTHBa. HaxaTb KHorrl{)' BKJIlOqaTeJlSl ,LUIH npOBe,aeHHR CXHraHHSI
np06bI MaCJIa.
nOCJIe OKOHqaHIDI aHaJIH3a He CJIe.nyeT 6bICTPO OTKpbIBaTb llITamB,
HyxHO ,aaTb B03MO)f(HOCTb B TeqeHHe 1 MHH 06pa30BaBllIHMcH ra3aM
YJIeTytlHTbCSI H3 KaMepbI cropaHIDI Qepe3 BbITIDKHYJO TPy6KY MC<I>-5.
B 3TO BpeMSI npOH3Bo,aHTCSI onpoc no KaHaJIaM H3MepeHIDI, a pe3YJIb-
TaTbI 3anHCbIBalOTCH B npOTOKOJI H3MepeHHH, <l>opMa KOTOpOro npH-
Be,aeHa B Ta6JI. 2.29.
C}J(HraHHe KIDK,aOH rrp06bI MaCJIa H)')KHO npOH3Bo,aHTb ,aBa pa3a,
MeHSlSI KIDK,abIH pa3 ,aHCKOBbIH H CTep)f(HeBOH 3JIeIcrpo,abI. Pacxo}f{,ae-
HHe Me}f{J(y pe3YJIbTaTaMH ,aBYX napaJIJIeJIbHbIX onpe,aeJIeHHH KOHu.eH-
206
T a 6 J1 U. a 2.29. npOToKon cneKTpal1bHOrO aHal1M38 npo6 Macen
I I nOK3.3aHIDI I
5 :s: no npH60py 1
=:I 5 ::c
t::{ 9
L-o L-o\OM :J'I
o.:a 0:: OO ::;; 0
\O \Ot:: \0 :s: 2
2 0 0. o o 0 ::c 1 2 3 CpellHee :s:
o. o.f-e 0.
00. t:: 35 t:
Xc:: t::L-o
TPaUHM He ,aOJIXHO npeBbIlIIaTb 15 %. npH nOJIyqeHHH pacxo eHHH
60JIee 15 % npOH3BO)UlT T}JeTbe H3MepeHHe, a 3a pe3YJIbTaT npHHHMa-
lOT cpe,aHee apH<pMeTHlIeCKoe 3HalleHHe pe3YJIbTaTOB Tex ,aBYX onpe,ae-
JIeHHM, ,aJIH KOTOpbIX paCXO)J(J1eHHe Me}K.D:Y pe3YJIbTaTaMH MeHblIIe
15 %.
KOHQeHTpaUHIO 3JIeMeHTOB onpe,aeJIHIOT no cpe,aHHM 3HalleHIDIM
nOJIyqeHHbIx OTClIeTOB C nOMOII.J:blO rpa.aYHPOBOllHbIX rpa<pHKoB (CM.
pHC. 2.27). ,[{JIH onpe,aeJIeHHH KOHueHTpaUHH npo,aYKTOB H3Hoca B
np06e MaCJIa HMO npOBeCTH npHMYI<>, COOTBeTCTByJOIUyIO ycpe,aHeH-
HOMY 3HalleHHIO nOKa3aHHH npH60pa n cp , ,ao nepecelleHHH C rpa-
,aYHPOBOllHbIM rpa<pHKOM. npoeKUHH OT TOllKH nepecelleHHH Ha
Koop,aHHaTHYIO OCb nOKaxeT KOHueHTPaUHIO ,aaHHoro 3JIeMeHTa B
np06e.
Ha OCHOBaHHH conOCTaBJIeHHH pe3YJIbTaTOB aHaJIH3a C ,aaHHbIMH
,aHarHOCTHlIeCKOM Ta6JI. 2.28 He06xo,aHMO oxapaKTepH30BaTb npo-
uecc H3HalIIHBaHHH OCHOBHbIX TPYI..UHXCH COnpH)I(eHHH ,aBHraTeJIH
KAMA3-740.
,lJ.JIH o,aHoro-,aBYX 3JIeMeHTOB (no }'Ka3aHHIO npeno,aaBaTeJIH) 06-
pa60TaTb pe3YJIbTaTbI aHaJIH3a no npe,aBapHTeJIbHO COCTaBJIeHHOH
THnOBOH nporpaMMe Ha KOMnblOTepe, ClIHTaH, liTO 3aBHCHMOCTb KOH-
ueHTpaUHH 3JIeMeHTa OT np06era aBTOM06HJIH Me)KJI.y 3aMeHaMH
MaCJIa onpe,aeJIHeTCH <POPMYJIOH (2.4). PaCneqaTaTb pe3YJlbTaTbI 06-
pa60TKH H npHJIOXHTb HX K OT'leTY no JIa60paTopHoH pa6oTe. no-
CTPOHTb rpa<pHKH pacclIHTaHHoH 3aBHCHMOCTH KOHueHTPaUHH 3JIe-
MeHTa OT np06era MaCJIa.
06pa60TKa pe3YJIbTaTOB cneIcrpaJIbHoro aHaJIH3a .naeT paClIeTHble
3HaqeHHH K03<P<PHUHeHToB A H B B <l>opMYJIe (2.4). ,[{anee CJIe.nyeT
onpe,aeJIHTb, KaKoro 3HalleHIDI .lI.OCTHrHeT KOHueHTPaUHH HCCJIe.nye-
Moro 3JIeMeHTa B MOTOpHOM MaCJIe lIepe3 2 000 KM np06era aBTOMO-
6HJIH nOCJIe oT60pa nOCJle.lI.HeH np06bI. nYTeM cpaBHeHHH nonyqeH-
Horo 3HalleHHH KOHueHTpaUHH C C ,aonYCTHMbIMH 3HaqeHHHMH B
,aHarHOCTHqeCKOH Ta6JI. 2.28 C,LteJIaTb nporH03 TeXHHtJeCKoro COCTOSl-
HIDI COOTBeTCTByJOI..UerO Y3JIa ,aBHraTeIDI Qepe3 2 000 KM np06era aB-
TOM06HJ1H nocJle oT60pa nOCJIe.lI.HeH np06bI MaCJIa.
207
COAep)l(8HMe OT'IeT8
OTtIeT no JIa60paTopHOH pa60Te ,nOJDKeH BKJIlOqaTb B ce6 CJIe,ny-
IOInHe CBe,neHIDI:
. Ha3BaHHe H ueJIb pa60TbI;
. KpaTKoe onHcaHHe MeTo,nHKH onpe,neJIeHHSI KOHueHTpaQHH
npHMeceH B OTPa60TaHHOM MaCJIe;
. npOTOKOJI HcnbITaHHH (CM. Ta6JI. 2.29) C 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIMH
H paCqeTHbIMH 3HaqeHHSlMH BeJIHlJHH KOHueHTPaUHH 3JIeMeH-
TOB;
. rpacl>HKH H3MeHeHIDI KOHuelITpaUHH 3JIeMeHTOB B 3aBHCHMOCTH
OT np06era aBTOM06Hlli1 Me:>K,l{Y 3aMeHaMH MOTOpHOro MaCJIa H
nporH03;
. BbIBO,nbI no pa60Te.
KOHTPonbH EBonpoc
1. PacKpoHTe CyruHOCTb MeTo,na cneIcrpaJIbHoro aHaJIH3a np06 Macna.
2. 06'bSlCHHTe Ha3HaqeHHe OCHOBHbIX Y3JI0B YCTaHOBKH MC<I>-5.
3. KaKOBO Ha3HaqeHHe 3TaJIOHHbIX 06pa3uoB Macna?
4. KaKoB nOPMOK nOCT(>oeHHSI rpanYHPOBOqHbIX rpa$HKoB ,LJJUI onpe,ne-
neHHSI KOHueHTpaUHH Hccne,nyeMoro XHMHqeCKOrO 3neMeHTa Ha cneIcrpO-
rpa$e?
5. KaK npaBHJIbHO oT06paTb np06y Macna H3 KaPTepa .l1BHraTenSl?
6. nepeQHCnHTe OCHOBHble $aKTOpbI, BJlHSlIOID-He Ha YBenHqeHHe KOH-
ueHTPaUHH 3neMeHTOB H3Hoca B pa60TaIOID-eM Macne.
7. KaKoB npHHUHn onpe.l1eneHHB TeXHHqeCKOrO COCTOSlHHSI OCHOBHbIX
.l1eTaJIeH .l1BHraTeJUI no KOHuempaUHH 3neMeHTOB H3Hoca B Macne?
8. KaK ocyrueCTBJlSleTCSI nporH03HpoBaHHe nepHO.l1a 3aMeHbI MOTOpHOro
Macna B .l1BHraTene Ha OCHOBe CneKT(>aJIbHoro aHaJIH3a B3S1TOH H3 KapTepa
3TOro .l1BHrarenSi np06bI Macna?
2. 11. TeXHM'IeCKOe o6cnY)l(MB8HMe 8BToMo6MnbHbix
Konec M WMH
#eAb pa60mbl - H3yqHTb OCHOBbI npaBHJI 3KcnrryaTaUHH aBTO-
M06HJIbHbIX IlIHH A3 001-04, nepelJeHb onepaUHH no TO H npHMe-
HSleMoe 060Py,noBaHHe, npHlJHHbI npe:>K,l{eBpeMeHHoro H3HaWHBaHIDI
WHH H nOJIy'lIITb npaKTH'leCKHe HaBbIKH no npOBe,neHHIO BH3YaJIbHO-
ro KOHTPOllilllIHH H KOJIeC npH TO.
06IQMe CBeAeHMR M OCHOBHble nOHRTMR
,[(Ollil pacxo,nOB Ha pa60TbI no TO H peMOHT)' aBTOM06HJIeH, CBSI-
3aHHbIe C 3KCll.1IyaTaUHeH KOJIeC H WHH, ,nOCTHraeT 10 % ce6eCTOH-
208
MOCTH aBTOM06HJIbHbIX nepeB030K. YlIHTbIBaSl, \lTO Y.lI.eJlbHbIH BeC
KOMruIeKTa IlIHH B CTOHMOCTH aBTOM06HlliI COCTaBJI.sIeT OT 7 .no 12 %
H 60JIee, a 3a nepHO,n 3KcruryaTaIl.HH ,no CnHCaHIDI 3aMeIDIeTCSI CBbIIlIe
llIeCTH KOMnJIeKTOB, np06JIeMa CHIDKeHHH 3aTPaT Ha IllHHbI CTaHO-
BHTCH O,nHOH H3 caMbIX aKTYaJIbHbIX.
OCHOBHOH rryTb pellIeHIDI 3TOH 3a,naqH - 60JIee nOJIHOe HCnOJIb-
30BaHHe 3aJIOXeHHblX B IlIHHe nOTeHUHaJIbHbIX B03MOXHOCTeH no
pecypcy 3a ClIeT HCKJIlOqeHIDI npHlIHH npe)l{,l:\eBpeMeHHoro HX H3Hoca.
He,nocTaTOqHOe BHHMaHHe K yxo,ny 3a llIHHaMH B npouecce 3KCnJIya-
TaUHH, HCKJIlOqeHHe B03MOXHOCTH BOCCTaHOBJleHHSI H3HOUleHHbIX
llIHH MeTo,nOM HaJIO)l(eHIDI npOTeKTOpa npHBo.u.UT, no oueHKaM cne-
UHaJIHCTOB, K He,nOHCnOJlb30BaHHIO 5...20 % HX pecypca.
BMecTe C TeM YBeJIHqeHHe pecypca llIHH Ha 1,5...2 % B MacllITa6ax
POCCHHCKOH Cl>e.u.epaUHH n03BOJIUT 3KOHOMHTb B ro.u. npHMepHO
1 TbIC. T KayqYKa, 0,5 TbIC. T TeXHHlIeCKoro yrJIepo,aa, 1,8 MJIH M 2
TeKCTHJIbHOfO H CHHTeTHlIeCKoro Kop,aa, qTO 3KBHBaJIeHTHO 3KOHO-
MHH 5 TbIC. T He<t>TH (Ha H3roTOBJIeHHe cpe,aHecTaTHCTHqeCKOH lliHHbI
pacxo,ayeTcH npHMepHO 28 JI CblpOH He<t>TH). nOBbIllIeHHaSi ,aOJIfO-
BellHOCTb IIIHH CHIDKaeT y,aeJ1bHbIe 3aTpaTbI Ha HX yrHJIH3aUHIO, liTO
HBJIHeTCSI CYI..UeCTBeHHOH 3KOHOMHlIeCKOH H 3KOJlOrHlIeCKOH npo-
6JIeMOH.
nOCKOJIbK}' nOBbIllIeHHaH HHTeHCHBHOCTb H3HaUlHBaHHSI npOTeK-
Topa IIIHH, BbI3BaHHaSi HapYIlleHHHMH npaBHJ1 HX 3KCnJIyaTaUHH,
Tpe6yeT ,aonOJIHHTeJ1bHOH 3HepfHH B Bn,ae 60JIbIIIero pacxo,na TOnJIH-
Ba ,aBHfaTeJIeM aBTOM06HJlH, TO OlleBH.nHO, liTO MeponpHHTHSI, Ha-
npaBJIeHHbIe Ha nOJIHyJO peaJIH3aIJ.HIO nOTeHUHaJIbHOrO pecypca IIIHH
B npouecce 3KcruryaTaIJ.HH, cnoc06CTByJOT 3KOHOMHH 3HepropecypCOB
" oxpaHe OKpyxalOI..UeH cpe,abI.
nOBbIllIeHHbIH HHTepec H BHHMaHHe K Hane)l(HOCTH llIHH BbI3BaH
H TeM, liTO HX KOHCTPYKTUBHble oc06eHHOCTH " TeXHHlIeCKoe CO-
CTOSlHHe B 3HallHTeJIbHOH Mepe onpe,aeJIHIOT 6e30naCHOCTb, ynpaB-
JIHeMOCTb, YCTOHlIHBOCTb H KOM<popTa6eJIbHOCTb ,aBIDKeHHSI, ,aOJIro-
BellHOCTb ,aeTarreH XO,aOBOH qaCTH, TonJlHBHYIO 3KOHOMHlIHOCTb H
ypOBeHb wyMa KOJIeC aBTOM06HJUI. Ha ,nOJlIO nOBpe)f(,ll.eHHH, ,ae<t>eKTOB
H ,apyrHX npINHH, CBH3aHHbIX C TeXHHqeCKHM COCTOHHHeM IlIUH, npH-
XO,nHTCH 3...5 % ,nopO)I{HO-TPaHcnopTHbIX npoHcIIIecTBuH. n01.JTH 3/4
HeClIaCTHbIX cJlyqaeB MOfJIH 6bITb npe,aOTBpaw.eHbI CBoeBpeMeHHbIM
TeXHlNeCKHM KOH1])OJIeM IIIUH.
TaKHM 06pa30M, BonpOCbI npaBHJIbHOH TeXHHlIeCKOH 3KCnJIyaTa-
UHH III"H TeCHO CBH3aHbI C 3c1>cl>eKTHBHbIM HCnOJIb30BaHHeM aBTOMO-
6HJ1H. OTBeTbI Ha MHOfHe H3 HHX MO)f(}lO HaHTH B OCHOBHOM HopMa-
THBHOM ,aOK}'MeHTe - npaBHJIax 3KcruryaTaUHH aBTOM06HJIbHbIX IllHH
A3001-04.
HacToSilUee MeTo,nHlIeCKoe PYKOBO,aCTBO onpe,aeJUleT 06w.YIO c'rpa-
TerHIO BblnOJIHeHHH nrraHOBo-npe.nynpe,aHTeJIbHbIX B03.neHcTBHH npH
209
3KCrrJIyaTaU:HH aBTOM06HJIbHbIX IIIHH. B pe3YJIbTaTe BbIrrOJIHeHHSI
,naHHOH JIa60paTOpHOH pa60TbI cTy,neHT ,nOJDKeH:
. rrOJIyqHTb npe,nCTaBJIeHHe 06 06w;eM YC1'poHcTBe H npHHUHne
,neHcTBHSI 060py,noBaHHSI, rrpHMeHSleMoro npH npOBe,neHHH
orrepaU:HH TO aBTOM06HJIbHbIX IIIHH;
. 3HaTb rrpaBHJIa 3Kcn.rryaTaU:HH llIHH, rrp}lqHHbI rrpe)f{)].eBpeMeH-
Horo H3Hoca rrpOTeKTopa H 06W;He CBe,neHHSI 0 TeXHOJIOrHH
rrpOBe,neHHSI Bcex BH.aOB TO;
. YMeTb orrpe,neJISlTb rrpHqHHbI HepaBHOMepHoro H3Hoca npOTeK-
Topa If BbITlOJIHSlTb pa60TbI rro TO aBTOM06HJIbHbIX IIIHH.
nOpRAOK BbinonHeHMR pa60Tbi
TeXflUtteCKoe o6eCnetteflue - aBTOM06HJIb BA3, KOJIeCa H IlIHHbI
aBTOM06HJIeH KAMA3, 311JI, fA3, BA3 (rpY30BbIe H JIerKOBbIe) C
pa3JIHqHbIMH BH.aaMH H3Hoca npOTeKTopa (He MeHee ceMH), B03,ny-
xopa3,naTOqHaSl KOJIOHKa C-401, KJIeTb,ll)lSl HaKaqKH IlIHH, raHKoBepT,
KOMI1.1IeKT CJIeCapHoro HHCTpYMeHTa, yqe6HbIe TlJIaKaThI no YCTpOHCTBY
IlIHH H npaBHJI HX 3Kcn.rryaTaU:HH.
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Horo rro,n'beMHHKOM.
3aHSlTHSI npOBo,nSlTCSI rro,n PYKOBO,nCTBOM npeno,naBaTeJISI C no,n-
rpynnoH cTy,aeHTOB H3 5 - 7 qeJIOBeK.
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C MeTo,nHqeCKHMH YKa3aHIDIMH no npOBe,neHHIO JIa60paTopHoH pa-
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HOCTH:
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6e3 PYKOBo,nHTeJUI 3aIDITIDI;
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Bpaw;alOW;HXCSI ,neTaJUIX CTeH.aOB;
. pa60TaTb TOJIbKO HcrrpaBHbIM HHCTpYMeHTOM;
. nOCJIe MOHTIDKHo-,neMOHTIDKHbIX pa60T HaKaqKy llIHH rpY30BO-
ro aBTOM06HJ1S1 ocyw:eCTBlliITb TOJIbKO B cneU:HaJIbHOH npe,no-
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pa60T H3 nepeqHSI npaKTHqeCKHX 3a,naHHH H B npHcyrcTBHH BceH
no,nrpynrrbI no,n PYKOBO,aCTBOM npeno,naBaTeJISI BbInOJIHSleT HX, OT-
BeqaSl B npou:ecce pa60TbI Ha KOHTpOJIbHbIe BonpOCbI B npe,neJIax
MaTepHaJIa, H3JI0XeHHOro B HaCTOSlw;eM PYKOBo,nCTBe.
llo OKOHqaHHH yqe6HbIx 3aHSlTHH o<popMJISleTCSI OTQeT no BceM
3an;aHIDIM JIa60paTopHOH pa60TbI.
llpo,nOJDKHTeJIbHOCTb pa60TbI - 4 q.
210
3 a A a H H e 1. H3YlfHTb t/JSKTOPW, onpe,qenfllOUCHe
pecypc WHH
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rpY30BbIX aBTOM06HJIeH paBHa 1 MM, JIerKOBbIX - 1,6 MM, aBT06y-
COB - 2 MM. llIHHa CqHTaeTCSI HenpHro,nHOH K 3KcnrryaTaU:HH, eCJIH
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paBHOMepHOM H3HallIHBaHHH - ,nBa HH.aHKaTOpa H3Hoca npOTeKTOpa
(B pa3HbIX CeqeHIDIX IlIHHbI). TIpH OTCyrCTBHH HHJJ.HKaTOpOB H3Hoca
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HHTeHCHBHbIH HepaBHoMepHbIH H3HOC npOTeKTOpa HJIH ,npyrHe
BH,nbI nOBpe)f()];eHHH, npHBO,L(Rll(He K He,nOHCnOJIb30BaHHIO pecypca
IlIHH, CBSl3bIBalOT JIH60 C He,nOCTaTOqHbIM KaqeCTBOM H3rOTOBJIeHHSI
(OPHqHHbI npOH3Bo,nCTBeHHoro xapaKTepa), JIH60 C HenpaBHJIbHOH
3KCI1.1IyaTaU:HeH (noBpe)f()];eHIDI 3KcrmyaTaU:HOHHoro xapaKTepa).
npH HarweXall(eM KaqeCTBe H3roTOBJIeHIDI pecypc llIHH onpe,ne-
JISleTCSI npaBHJIbHOH HX KOMIIJIeKTaU:HeH (B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT YCJIOBHH
3KcrmyaTaU:HH), TeXHHqeCKHM COCTO.SIHHeM 3JIeMeHTOB aBTOM06H.IDI,
MaCTepCTBOM BO)f()];eHH.SI, opraHH3aU:HeH yxo,na 3a IlIHHaMH.
<l>aKTOpbI, BbI3bIBalOIUHe rrpe)f()];eBpeMeHHoe H3HaIllHBaHHe H pa3-
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B03MO}f(HOCTH B03,neHcTBIDI Ha HHX co CTOpOHbI TeXHHQeCKOH CJI}')K6bI
ATll (ynpaBJUleMbIe H HeynpaBJUleMbIe) npe,nCTaBJIeHbI B Ta6JI. 2.30.
JII06bIe OTKJIOHeHIDI TeXHWIecKoro COCTOSIHIDI 3JIeMeHTOB XO,nOBOH
qaCTH aBTOM06HJISI OT HopMaTHBHbIX 3HaqeHHH BbI3bIBalOT B03pac-
TaHHe HOpMaJIbHbIX CHJI H B03HHKHOBeHHe KaCaTeJIbHbIX YCHJIHH B
nSlTHe KOHTaKTa IlIHHbI C ,noporoH, qTO npHBo,nHT K YBeJIHqeHHIO
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HOCTeH aBTOM06H.IDI C KOHKpeTHbIM BH,l(OM HepaBHoMepHoro H3Hoca
npOTeKTopa IlIHH (pHC. 2.29) n03BOJUleT CBoeBpeMeHHO YCTPaHHTb
npHqHH}' HHTeHcHBHoro me H3Hoca.
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ro ,naBJIeHHSI B03.nyxa B IlIHHe H yrJIa CXO)l{)l;eHHSI KOJIec. Oc06eHHO
HeXeJIaTeJIbHO nOHIDKeHHoe ,naBJIeHHe (pRC. 2.29, 3). 113-3a nporH6a
u:eHTPaJIbHOH 6eroBoH ,nOpO:>KKH HHTeHCHBHOM}' H3HOCY rro,nBepraIOT-
CSI KpaSl npOTeKTOpa. YMeHbllIeHHe ,naBJIeHIDI B03,nyxa Ha 25...30 %
OT HopMaTHBHoro HaCTOJIbKO CHIDKaeT HanpIDKeHHOCTb HHTeH Kap-
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pbIBOM HHTeH Kop,na KapKaca II 6peKepa.
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PHC. 2.29. BH.lIbI H npH'-IHHbI HepaBHoMepHoro H3Hoca npOTeKTOpa llIHHbI:
a - HOpMaJIbHbIH paBHoMepHbIH H3HOC npOTeKTOpa; 6, 8 - nHJI006pa3HbIH H3HOC
COOTBeTCTBeHHO BHelllHHX H BHyrpeHHHX llOpO)l{eK npOTeKTopa H3-3a YBeJlHqeHHoro
H HelI.OCTaTO'lHOrO (OTPHuaTeJIbHoro) yrJIOB CXOXlleHHH KOJIeC; z - rJI3lI.KHH H3HOC
BHyrpeHHHX lI.OpO)({eK npOTeKTOpa H3-3a 0TPHuaTeJlbHOrO yrJI3 pa3BaJIa Konec; a -
rn3.lI.KI1H H3HOC BHYTPeHHHX lI.OpO)({eK npOTeKTOpa 33lI.HHX Konec H3-3a nporn6a 33.lI.HeH
6aJIKH; e - nSlTHHCTbIH H3HOC npOTeKTopa H3-3a lI.Hc6aJIaHCa KOJleCa, oceBoro 6He-
HHSI (.n.e<!>opMaUHSI) o6olI.a, HaJIHqH JIIO<!>Ta B nOlI.llIHnHHKax CTyJIHUbI, COttJIeHeHHSlX
pyneBoro ynpaaneHHSI H nepeD.Heit nOlI.BeCKH, HeHcnpaBHOCTH aMopTH3aTopa; :JIC -
HHTeHCHBHbIH H3HOC KpaHHHX lI.OpOXeK npOTeKTOpa H3-3a nOHJ.DKeHHoro lI.aBJIeHIDI
B03lI.yxa B lIIHHe; 3 - HHTeHCHBHbI H3HOC CpeD.HeH qaCTH D.OPO)({J<I;f npOTeKTOpa H3-3a
nOBbIlIIeHHoro lI.aBJIeHHSI B03.nyxa 8 lIIHHe
213
no 3TOH npHqHHe KOH1]>OJIb ,naBJIeHHSI B03.nyxa B llIHHax Heo6xo-
,nHMO npOBo,nHTb He pexe O,lUforo pa3a B He,neJIIO; pe3HHOBbIe KaMepbl
H 6eCKaMepHbIe llIHHbI e SlBJUlIOTCSI li,l:(eaJIbHO repMeTHqHbIMH. )].H<1>-
<1>Y3HOHHoe npOHHKHOBeHHe B03,nyxa qepe3 pe3HHY MeT HenpepbIB-
HO H ,nOCTaTOQHO 3aMeTHO (0,01 ... 0,03 Mila 3a MeCSlQ).
3 a A a H H e 2. OnpeAenHTb npHIfHHY npeJICAeBpeMeHHoro
cnHcaHHfI WHH
,lJ;JISI npe,nCTaBJIeHHOrO accopTHMeHTa 6bIBIIlHX B 3KCnJIyaTaQHH
llIHH rpY30BbIX H JIerKOBbIX aBTOM06HJIeH C xapaKTepHbIM HepaBHO-
MepHbIM BIi,l:(OM H3Hoca npOTeKTOpa He06xo,nHMO onpe,neJIHTb npH-
qHHY npe)f{J(eBpeMeHHoro cnHcaHHSI Ka)l()(oH H3 HHX. npH OQeHKe
Bli,l:(a H3Hoca npOTeKTOpa HCnOJIb30BaTb ,naHHbIe pHC. 2.29. B xapaK-
TepHCTHKe H3Hoca pHCyJlKa npOTeKTOpa 06S13aTeJIbHO YKa3aTb HaJIH-
qHe (OTcyrcTBHe) OCTaTOqHOH r.rry6HHbI npOTeKTOpa no TPeM nOSlcaM,
paBHOMepHOCTH H3HallIHBaHHSI npOTeKTopa no IlIHpHHe, rJIa,nKoro
HJIH nHJI006pa3Horo O,nHOCTopOHHero H3Hoca pHCyJlKa npOTeKTOpa,
nSlTHHCToro H3Hoca, BHeIlIHHX nOBpe)f{)].eHHH H npOKOJIOB, a TaIOKe
COCTOSlHHe HHJ],HKaTopOB H3Hoca.
Pe3YJIbTaTbI HCCJIe,nOBaHIDI BH.aOB H npHqHH npe)l()(eBpeMeHHoro
H3Hoca npOTeKTOpa IlIHH 01])a3HTb B npOTOKOJIe (Ta6JI. 2.31).
T a 6 11111 U. a 2.31. npOToKon aHanM3a npM'IMH npe1KAeBpeMeHHoro
cnMcaHMH WMH
0603HatIeHHe XapaKTepHCTHKa H3Hoca npHtIHHbI
UJHHbI npOTeKTopa npe)({,ll,eBpeMeH HOro
cnHcaHHSI IllHH
3 a A a H H e 3. npoBepHTb TeXHHlfeCKoe COCTOflHHe WHH
BbInOJIHHTb Ha nOCTY TO C JIerKOBbIM H rpY30BbIM aBToM06HlliIMH
llIHHHbIe pa60TbI B 06'beMe EO, TO-l H TO-2.
npH EO: npOBepHTb TeXHHqeCKOe COCTOSlHHe IlIHH, 060,LI.OB H ,L(HC-
KOB KOJIeC; 3aC1])SlBIlIHe B npOTeKTOpe, 60KoBHHax H Me)I(JJ.Y c,nBoeH-
HbIMH llIHHaMH KaMHH, rB03,L(H, CTeKJIa H ,L(pyrHe npe,L(MeTbI Y,L(aJIHTb;
npOBepHTb HaJIHqHe KOJInaqKOB BeHTHJIeH, raeK Kpen.rreHIDI KOJIeC H
MOMeHT HX 3aTSI)f{KH.
npH TO-I: MaHOMeTpOM npOBepHTb ,LI.aBJIeHHe B03,nyxa B IlIHHax;
npH He06xo,nHMOCTH ,LI.OBeCTH ,naBJIeHHe B IlIHHax ,no HOpMbI C no-
MOll.(blO B03,L(yxopa3,L(aTOqHOH KOJIOHKH MO,L(. C-401; HopMaTHBHbIe
3HaqeHHSI ,naBJIeHHSI B03,nyxa .LUISI pa3JIHqHbIX IlIHH H aBTOM06HJIeH
214
npHBe,neHbI B Ta6JI. 2.32; HOpMbI BHyrpeHHero ,naBJIeHH ,nOJDKHbI co-
6JIIO,naTbcR .nmI HOBbIX H 01peMOHTHpOBaHHbIX IlIHH B TeqeHHe Bcem
cpOKa HX 3KCllJIyaTaIJ;HH C TOqHOCTblO ,no + 0,01 Mna AJIR JIerKOBblX
H + 0,02 Mna,lI)lR rpY30BbIX aBTOM06HJIeH H aBTo6ycOB.
T a 6 11 H U. a 2.32. HopMaTMBHble 3Ha'leHMIl B03Ayxa B WMHax
JI.aBJIeHl1e B03.ll.yxa
MapKa B WHHax, Mna
aBTOM06RJI 0603HaQeHHe llJHH
nepe.ll.Hero Cpe.ll.HerO
MOCTa H 3a.LI.Hero MOCTOB
rA3-3302 195/75R16C 0,475 0,475
311J1-4331 260R508 0,45 0,60
KAMA3-5320 260-508P, 9.00R20 0,70 0,43
BA3-2110 175/70R13 0,18 0,19
BA3-2112 175/65R14 0,18 0,20
npH TO-2: onpe,neJIHTb C nOMOIUblO JIHHeHKH, IIITaHreHIJ;HpKYJIR
HJIH CneIJ;HaJIbHOrO H)'TpoMepa BeJIHqHJIy H3Hoca npOTeKTOpa B He-
CKOJIbKHX paBHoMepHo y,naJIeHHbIX ,npyr OT ,npyra TOqKaX no IJ;eHTPY
6eroBoH ,n0POXKH; onpe,neJIHTb pa3HocTb H3Hoca mHH c,nBoeHHbIX
KOJIec.
Bce 3aMeqaHIDI, pe3YJIbTaTbI oCMo1])a H H3MepeHHH He06xo,nHMO
3aHeCTH B npOTOKOJI (Ta6JI. 2.33) H c,neJIaTb 3aKJIIOqeHHe 0 TeXHHQe-
CKOM COCTORHHH IIIHH.
T a 6 11 H U. a 2.33. npOToKon npoBepKM TeXHMileCKOrO COCTORHMR WMH
0603HatIeHHe ,[\aBJIeHHe OCTaTOtIHM TeXHHtIeCKOe
lllHHbI H ee "0- B03.ll.yxa r.1IY6HHa PH- COCTOHHHe 3aKJIIOtIeHHe
311U Ha OCH B UJHHe, CyHKa npOTeK- UJHHbI, 060.ll.a
aBTOMo6HnH Mna Topa, MM HJIH .lI.H C Ka
3 a tl a H H e 4. H3ya1HTb Tpe60BBHHfI K KOMnneKTOSBHHIO
H MOHTaJICHo-,qeMOHTaJICHWM pa60TBM Konec aSToMo6Hnfl
DOJIbllIOe BJIHRHHe Ha pecypc illHH H 6e30nacHocTb ,lJ;BHXeHHR
aBTOM06HJU1 HMelOT npaBHJIbHOe KOMnJIeKTOBaHHe llIHH H aKKYPaTHoe
BbInOJIHeHHe MOHTIDKHo-,neMOHTIDKHbIX pa60T.
215
ABTOM06HJlb KOMnJleKTyeTcH HCnpaBHbIMH IlIHHaMH COOTBeT-
CTByK>IUerO pa3Mepa, KOHCTPYKUHH, MO,aeJlH H THna (YKa3aHbI B TeX-
HHqeCKOH ,aOKYMeHTaUHH <pHpMbI-H3roToBHTeJlH). llIHHbI Ha O,nHOJt
" J.'"
OCH ,aOJDKHbI 6bITb o,aHHaKOBbIMH BO Bcex OTHOllieHIDIX H HMeTb H,lI.eH-
THqHbIH PHCYHOK npOTeKTopa. npH KOMruIeKTOBaHHH IIIHH c,nBoeH-
HbIX KOJleC Ha OCH ,nonOJlHHTeJlbHO YCTaHOBJIeHa MaKCHMaJIbHaH Pa3-
HHua B H3Hoce (rJly6HHe) HX pHCYHKa npOTeKTopa, KOTopaH He
,nOJDKHa npeBbIIIIaTb 3 MM.
npH He06xo,aHMOCTH YCTaHOBKH Ha aBTOTPaHcnopTHoe cpe,nCTBO
IIIHH C IlIHnaMH npOTHBOCKOJIbXeHHH Bce 6e3 HCKJllOqeHHSI KOJleCa
.nOJDKHbI 6bITb yJ<OMruIeKTOBaHbI H,lI.eHTHqHbIMH IlIHHaMH.
KOMnJleKTaUIDI IlIHH, nepeCTaHOBKa, 6anaHCHpOBKa, peMOHT KOJleC
conpOBO)f()J,aIOTCH ,neMOHTIDKHO-MOHTIDKHbIMH pa60TaMH.
MOHTIDKHo-,neMOHTIDKHbIe onepaUHH B ATn npOH3BO,lUlT Ha cne-
UHaJIbHbIX CTeH,nax, TaK KaK nOJlb30BaHHe pytlHbIMH JlOnaTKaMH-
MOHTHpOBKaMH - Tpy.noeMKHH npouecc H MoxeT npHBeCTH K no-
Bpe)f()J,eHHIO 60PTOB IlIHHbI, a .LUIH 6eCKaMepHbIX IIIHH - K nOBpex-
.neHHIO repMeTH3HpyIOll.(ero CJlOSI pe3HHbI.
OCHOBHaH CJlOXHOCTb .neMOHTa}f(HbIX pa60T - OTIKaTb 60pTa IlIHH
OT 3aKpaHH 060.na. PaCqeTHbIe YCI1JIHH npH 3TOH onepaUHH.IJ.,JUI CTeH-
.nOB rpY30BbIX IlIHH ,nOCTHraIOT 25 KH, JlerKOBbIX - 2...3 KH.
.LJ:JlH rpY30BbIX OJHH HaH60JlbOJee pacnpOCTpaHeHHe nOJlytlHJlH
CTeHJ(bI 1lI-509, Ill-513, 1lI-515 C rH,lI.paBJIHtfeCKHMH YCTPoHcTBaMH
O.ll.HOBpeMeHHoro OTxaTHH 60pTa IIIHHbI no BceH OKp}')KHOCTH; .IJ.,JUI
JlerKOBbIX IlIHH - YIII-l, 1lI-501M, 1lI-514, 1lI-516H C nHeBMaTHqe-
CKHMH HaXHMHbIMH YCTpoHcTBaMH. IllHHoMoHTaxHbIe CTeH,nbI,
npe.nHa3HaqeHHbIe .l1JIH JlerKOBbIX OJHH, HCnOJlb3yIOTCH KaK ,lJ,.1IH ,ae-
MOHTIDKa, TaK H .l1JISi MOHTIDKa, B TO BpeMH KaK IIIHHbI rpY30BbIX aB-
TOM06HJleH 06bItfHO MOHTHPYIOT BpyqHYIO, TaK KaK npH 3TOM He
Tpe6yeTcH 60JlbIllHX <pH3HQeCKHX YCHJIHH H coxpaHHeTCH BbICOKaH
npo H3Bo,nHTeJlbH OCTb.
npH MOHTaxe IIIHHbI C HanpaBJleHHbIM PHCYHKOM npOTeKTopa
(nOBbIOJeHHOH npoxo,aHMOCTH) He06xo.nHMO, QT06bI HanpaBJleHHe
CTPeJlKH Ha 60KOBHHax IIIHHbI COBna,nano C HanpaBJIeHHeM BpameHIDI
KOJleca.
IlIHHbI C aCHMMeTPHqHbIM pHCYHKOM npOTeKTOpa Tpe6YIOT YCTa-
HOBKH Ha .nHCKe B COOTBeTCTBHH C Ha,nnHCblO Ha 6oKoBHHax:
«OUTSIDE» I1JIH «Side Facing Out» .lI.OJDKHa 6bITb 06pameHa K BHeIll-
HeH CTopOHe aBTOM06H.Jrn; «INSIDE» I1JIH «Side Facing Inwards» - K
BHyrpeHHeH. Ha.u.nHcb Ha 60KoBHHe «LEFf» 03HaqaeT, QTO IIIHHa
YCTaHawrnBaeTCSI TOJIbKO Ha JleByIO croPOHY aBTOM06HID1, a «RIGHT» -
Ha npaByK>.
npaBHJIaMH npOBe.neHHH pa60T npe.nyCMOTPeHO, qTO nocJle MOH-
Taxa KaMepHYIO IlIHHY HaKaQHBalOT B03.nYXOM .no HopMaTHBHoro
.naBJIeHHH, 3aTeM nOJlHOCTblO cnYCKalOT H3 Hee B03.l1.YX H BTOPHqHO
216
HaKaQHBaIOT. TaKaSl onepaUIDI 06eCneQHBaeT npaBK1IbHOe (6e3 CKJIa-
,nOK) nOJIOXeHHe KaMepbI B IIOKpbIWKe.
BeCKaMepHbIe WHHbI HanOJIHgJOT B03,nYXOM npH BbIBepHyroM 30-
JIOTHHKe ,nO ,nBOHHOrO HOpMaTHBHOrO ,naBJIeHHg (B QeJISIX JIytlWeH
repMeTH3aQHH COnpSlXeHHSI 60pT WHHbI - 3aKpaHHa 06o,na). 3aTeM
BBHHQHBalOT 30JIOTHHK H ,nOBOJUlT BHyrpeHHee .u.aBJIeHHe B IlIHHe ,nO
HOpMaTHBHoro 3HaQeHHSI npH TeMnepaType 15... 25°C.
3 a tt a H H e 5. H3Y'lHTb YCTpoiicTB8 ,qJIfI WHHOMOHTaJICHWX
pa60T H BblnonHHTb AeMOHTaJIC Konec If WHH
B 30Hax TO H TP .l1JISi OTBepTbIBaHHSI H 3aBepTbIBaHHSI raeK Kpe-
nJIeHIDI KOJIeC rpY30BbIX aBTOM06HJIeH H aBT06ycOB 06bIQHO HCnOJIb-
3YIOT raHKOBepTbI. faHKoBepT (pHC. 2.30) COCTOHT H3 TeJIe:>KKH, Ha
KOTOpOH HaXOJUlTCSI 3JIeKYpo,nBHraTeJIb, TOPUOBbIH KJIIOQ C Ha60poM
CMeHHbIX TOPUOBbIX rOJIOBOK H MexaHH3MbI ynpaBJIeHHSI. nO,n'beM H
onycKaHHe raHKoBepTa ocymecTBlliIeTCSI BHHTOBbIM TeJIeCKOnH1feCKHM
MexaHH3MOM no,n'beMa. nepeCTaBJUlTb KJIlOq OT O,nHOH raHKH KOJIeCa
K ,npyrOH MO)f(HO KaK 3a CqeT nOBopOTa KOJIeCa aBTOM06HID1, TaK II 3a
CqeT BepTHKaJIbHOro nepeMeIUeHIDI MexaHH3Ma raHKoBepTa.
CTeH.abI ,neMOHTIDKa H MOHTIDKa llIHH rpY30BbIX H JIerKOBbIX aBTO-
Mo6HJIeH (pHC. 2.31) KOHCYpYKTHBHO YC1])oeHbI o,nHHaKOBO H COCTOSIT
H3 KapKaca, BpaIUalOIUerocSi pa6oQero CTOJIa H ,neMOHTaXHbIX npH-
cnOC06JIeHHH - CTOHKH C BHHTOM H HaXHMHbIMH pOJIIIKaMH. BHY-
1])H KapKaca YCTaHOBJIeH 3JIeIcrpo,nBHraTeJIb, KOTOpbIH Qepe3 qepBSltJ-
HbIM pe,nYKTOp npHBo,nHT BO BpaIUeHHe pa60qHH CTOJI co CKOpOCTblO
10 MHH- I . KOJIeco, KOTopoe He06xo,nHMO ,neMOHTHpOBaTb, 3aKpenJIH-
lOT Ha pa60qeM CTOJIe C rrOMOIl(blO 3anopHoro YCYpOHCTBa.
1
2
3
PUC. 2.30. CxeMa raHKOBepTa ,1I)UI KpeII.1IeHUSI KOJIec:
1 - nynbT ynpaBJIeHHjf; 2 - MexaHH3M no.n'beM3 Ii onycKaHIDI; 3 - 3neK'TpOD.BHraTeJlb;
4 - BbIXO.nHOI1 Ban; 5 - OCHOBaHHe; 6 - npHBo.nHOH MexaHU3M
217
PUC. 2.31. CxeMa CTeH,aa 1102 .lI)UI.lleMOHTIDK-
HbIX pa60T IIIUH:
1 - CTOj,hca C BHHTOM; 2 - HIDKHMHbIe pOJIHKH;
3 - CMeHHaH CTYJ1Hua; 4 - pa60tIHH CTon; 5 -
KapKaC
AeMoHT3.)KHbIe pa60TbI KOJIeC H llIHH CJIe,nyeT BbInOJIIUITb B CJIe-
,nyJOmeM nOPMKe:
. aBTOM06HJIb, C KOTOporo npe,nCTOHT CIDITb KOJIeCa, Ha,ne)I{HO
3aTopM03HTb CTORHOqHbIM TOpM030M:
. OCJIa6HTb raHKH Kpen.rreHIDI KOJIeC raHKOBepTOM;
. BbIBeCHTb KOJIeCO ,nOMKpaTOM HJIH nO,l{beMHHKOM;
. OTBepH)'Tb raHKH Kpen.rreHIDI KOJIeC K cTynHIJ;e;
. CHRTb KOJIeco.
AJISI ,neMOHTIDKa KaMepHOH llIHHbI C KOJIeCa Ha CTeH,ne Heo6xo-
,nHMO:
. BbInYCTHTb H3 KaMepbI B03.nyx;
. HaHeCTH MeJIOM Ha llIHHY H ,aHCK MeTKH HX B3aHMHoro pac-
nOJIOXeHHR H MeTKH pacnOJIOXeHIDI 6aJIaHCHpOBOQHbIX rpY3H-
KOB;
. CIUITb 6aJIaHCHpOBOqHbIe rpY3HKH;
. YCTaHOBHTb KOJIeCO Ha CTynHIJ;y CTeHJ(a ,aeMOHTIDKa IIIHH H 3a-
KpenHTb raHKOH;
. BKJIlOqHTb 3JIeKTPo,aBHraTeJIb (npH 3TOM KOJIeCO HaqHeT Bpa-
maTbCSI), nOBepHyrb pbIqarH C OTIKHMHbIMH pOJIHKaMH B pa6o-
tJee nOJIOXeHHe H, BpamaSl MaXOBHqOK, C6JIH3HTb BepXHHH H
HIDKHHH HIDKHMHbIe pOJIHKH. nOCJIe TOro KaK 60pTa nOKpbIllI-
KH OT,aeJUlTCSI OT CTeHOK ,aHCKa KOJIeCa H C,aBHH)'TCR B ern yrJIy-
6JIeHHyIO qaCTb, CJIe,nyeT OTKJIlOtJHTb nHTaHHe OT 3JIeKTPonpH-
Bo,na CTeHJ(a;
. pa3,aBHH)'Tb HIDKHMHbIe pOJIHKH cTeu.na H OTBeCTH HX B CTOpO-
MY Ha 90°;
. BBeCTH no,a BepXHHH 60pT nOKpbIllIKH ,aeMOHTIDKHyJO JIOnaTK}',
qaCTHqHO BbIBecm 60pT llIHHbI Ha,n 3aKpaHHoH o6o,na KOJIeCa
H onepeTb JIOnaTK)' cepe,aHHoH - 0 IJ;eHTJ) CTynHQbI, a ,apyrHM
KOHIJ;OM - 0 CTOHK}' CTeu.na;
. BKJIlOtJHTb 3JIeKTpOnpHBO,a CTeH,aa H nOCJIe o,aHoro o6opoTa
KOJIeCa, Kor,na BeCb 60pT nOKpbIlliKH OKaxeTCR Han 60PTOM,
OCTaHOBHTb 3JIeKTPo,aBHraTeJIb;
218
. npOTOJIKHyrb BeHTHJIb BHYTPb nOKpbIlliKH H BbIHyTb KaMepy;
. BBeCTH KOHeQ MOHTIDKHOH JIOnaTKH nOL\ HIDKHHH 60pT H TeMH
xe npHeMaMH OT.neJIHTb ero OT 060.na, GHSlTb nOKpbIIIIK)'.
MOHTIDK IIIHH rrpOH3Bo,nHTCg B nOPMKe, 06paTHOM .neMOHTIDKy.
npH 3TOM He06xoL\HMO:
. npOBepHTb TeXHHqeCKOe COCTOSlHHe Bcex 3JIeMeHTOB KOJIeCa
(.nOJIXHbI 6bITb qHCTbIMH, XOpOlliO OKpameHHbIMH, He HMeTb
MeXaHlf1IeCKHX nOBpex.neHHH, 3ayceHQeB, KOpp03HH);
. npHIIYL\pHTb TaJIbKOM BHYTPeHHlO1O qaCTb nOKpbIIIIKH, KaMepy
H 060.nHYJO JIeHTY;
. y6e.nHTbcSI, 'ITO MOHTIDK nOIq)bIlliKH C HanpaBJIeHHbIM pHCyJlKOM
npOTeKTOpa BbInOJIHeH B COOTBeTCTBHH C yxa3aTeJIeM Ha 60KO-
BHHe IIIHHbI (CTPeJIKoH) H HanpaBJIeHHeM BpameHHSI KOJIeca.
ECJIH MOHTIDK KOJIeCa ocymecTBIDleTCSI C HOBO" IIIHHOH, HMe-
IOIUeH 6aJIaHCHpOBoqHyIO MeTK}', TO ee CJIe,nyeT MOHTHpOBaTb
TaK, QT06bI MeTKa Haxo.nHJIaCb HanpOTHB BeHTH.1ISI;
. ocymecTBHTb MOHTIDK KOJIeCa Ha CTeH.ae.
nOCJIe MOHTIDKa He06xo.nHMO HaKaqaTb IIIHHY C KaMepO" B03.nynI-
HO" KOJIOHKO" C-401, a 6eCKaMepHYK> - Ha CTeHJ(e Mo,neJIH C-414.
npH HaKaqKe IIIHH rpY30BOro aBTOM06HJISI BO H36exaHHe HeCqaCT-
HOro CJIy'laSI He06xo.nHMO, qT06bI KOJIeCO 6 bill 0 nOBepHyro 3aMKOBbIM
KOJIbQOM BHH3 HJIH 3aIIJ;HIIJ;eHO npeL\OXpaHHTeJIbHbIM YC1])OHCTBOM -
KJIeTblO .IJ.,JUI HaKaqKH IIIHH.
nOCJIe MOHTIDKa H HaKaqKH llIHHbI, oc06eHHO JIerKoBoro aBTOMO-
6HJISI, He06xo.nHMO npOBeCTH 6aJIaHCHpOBK}' KOJIeCa B c6ope.
npH nOCTaHOBKe KOJIeCa Ha aBTOM06HJIb raHKH CJIe.nyeT 3aTSlrHBaTb B
HeCKOJIbKO npHeMOB qepe3 o.nuy «<Kpecro06pa3HO»), 06pau.uUl BHHMaHHe
Ha TO, qro6bI OHH QelITpHpoBaJIHCb CBORMH <l>aCKaMH B me3,L(ax ,[(HCKa.
3aTSlrHBaTb raHKH CJIe.nyeT npe,ll,Ha3HaQeHHbIM .IJ.,JUI 3mH QeJIH KJIlOqOM
HJIH raHKOBeproM. MOMeHT 3aTIDKKH raeK KOJIeC JIerKOBbIX aBTOM06HJIeH
cocrawrneT npHMepHO 75 H · M, IPY30BbIX - 250... 300 H · M.
COAep)l(8HMe OT'leT8
OTtleT no JIa60paTopHoH pa60Te .nOJDKeH O'rpIDKaTb HaH60JIee BIDK-
HbIe nOJIOXeHH.SI 0 npaBHJIaX 3KcI1JIyaTaUHH aBTOM06HJIbHbIX llIHH C
06S13aTeJIbHbIM BKJIlOqeHHeM c.rre.nyIOIIJ;HX cBe.neHHH:
. Ha3BaHHe H QeJIb pa6oTbI;
. TeXHHqeCKOe o6eCneQeHHe;
. <l>aKTOpbI, BJIIDIIOIIJ;He Ha HHTeHCHBHOCTb H3HaIIIHBaHIDI npo-
TeKTOpa llIHH;
. TPe60BaHIDI K KOMIIJIeKTaIUfH IIIHH H KOJIeC aBTOM06Hill1;
. npOTOKOJIbI OCHOBHbIX KOHTPOJIbHbIX Onepau.HH no TO llIHH
aBTOM06HID1 (CM. Ta6JI. 2.32 H 2.34);
219
. OCHOBHbIe BbIBO,nbI no BbInOJlHeHHIO onepaUHH TO B COCTaBe
yqe6HoH no,nrpynnbI H Hn,aHBKlIYaJIbHOrO 3aL(aHHH.
. , -
KOHTPonbHblE BonpOCbI
10 B KaKOM HopMaTHBHOM JIOKYMeHTe 0TPIDKeH CBOJI npaBIDI no TO H TP
aBTOM06HnbHbIX IllHH?
2. nepeqHCJIHTe <l>aKTopbI, BJIHSlIOIUHe Ha pecypc IIJHH.
3. npH KaKHX HeHcnpaBHOCTSIX llIHH H KOJIeC 3anpeIUeHa 3KCnJIyaTaUIDI
aBTOM06HJ1S1?
4. Ha30BHTe xapaKTepHbIe BH,lJ,bl HepaBHoMepHoro H HHTeHcHBHoro H3-
HallIHBaHHSI npOTeKTopa llIHH H npHqHHbI, HX BbI3bIBaIOIUHe.
5. npHBeJIHTe nepeqeHb OCHOBHbIX onepaUHH IllHHHbIX pa60T npH EO,
TO-I, TO-2, CTO.
6. KaKOBa TeXHOJIOrHqeCKIDI nOCJIeJIOBaTeJIbHOCTb onepaUHH npH BbInOJI-
HeHHH JIeMOHTIDKHO-MOHTIDKHbIX pa60T KOJIeC H IllHH?
7. YKIDKHTe npeJIeJIbHbIe 3HaQeHHSI JIOnYCTHMoro H3Hoca npOTeKTopa llIHH
JIerKOBbIX, rpY30BbIX aBTOM06K1IeH H aBT06ycOBo
2.12. &anaHCMpOBKa aBTOMo6MnbHbix Konec
eAb pa60mbl - H3yqHTb BH.l(bl ,nHc6aJIaHCa KOJleC, YCTPOHCTBO H
npHHUHn pa60TbI 6aJIaHCHpOBOlfHbIX CTen,aOB, a TaIOKe TeXHOJlOrHIO
YCTpaHeHHSI ,nHc6aJIaHCa KOJleC J1erKOBOro aBTOM06HJlSI Ha CTeH)J;e
AMR-2.
06 Me CBeAeHMR M OCHOBHble nOHRTMR
HeypaBHOBemeHHOCTb ()J;Hc6aJIaHc) KOJleC no 3HatIHMOCTH BJIIDI-
HHSI Ha pecypc mHH 3aHHMaeT cneUH<pWleCKYIO n03HUHIO. B CBSl3H C
,nOCTaTOtIHO xeCTKHMH COBpeMeHHbIMH Tpe60BaHHSlMH K O)J;HOpO,n-
HOCTH pacnpe,neJleHHSI Macc WHHbI no ee pa,aHYCY SlBJIeHHe )J;Hc6aJIaH-
ca MaJIO npOSlBJlSleTCSI B nepBOHatIaJIbHbIH nepHO,n 3KCnJlyaTaUHH
aBTOM06HJlSI H He Tpe6yeT TaKoro KOHTPOJlSl, KaK, HanpHMep, BHY-
TpeHHee ,naBJleHHe B mHHax H yroJl CXO)I{,LJ:eHHSI KOJlec. O,nHaKO B
,naJIbHeHmeM npH HaJIHtIHH <paKTOpOB, BbI3bIBalOIUHX ,nHc6aJIaHC KO-
J1ec, pecypc WHH MoxeT 6bITb CHH)f(eH B 1,2-1,4 pa3a.
YCTPaHeHHe B npouecce 3Kcn.rryaTaUHH ,nHc6aJIaHCa KOJleC y.rryqrna-
eT ruIaBHOCTb xo,na, 6e30nacHocTb ,nBHxeHHSI, J1erKOCTb ynpaBJIeHIDI
aBTOM06HJIeM; ,nOJlroBetIHOCTb no,nBeCKH B03paCTaeT B 1,5 pa3a. no
3THM npHtIHHaM 6aJIaHCHpOBKY KOJleC peKOMen.nyeTCH npOBO,lUiTb lfepe3
K bIe 10 .0. 15 ThIC. KM np06era. KpoMe TOro, 6aJIaHCHpOBKY KOJleC
BbInOJlIDIIOT He3aBHCHMO OT np06era nOCJIe npOBe,neHIDI )J;eMOHTIDKHbIX
pa60T no 3aMeHe WHH, KaMep, ,nHCKOB KOJleC HJIH HX peMOHTa.
220
Pa3JIHqalOT CTaTHlfeCKHH H ,nHHaMHqeCKHH )J;Hc6anaHC KOJIeCa.
KOJIeco CqHTaeTCH ypaBHOBemeHHbIM, eCJIH ero OCb BpameHHH 0 - 0
COBna,aaeT C OCblO HHepUHH 0'-0' (pHC. 2.32).
no,n CTaTHqeCKOH nOHHMaeTCH TaKaH HeypaBHOBerneHHOCTb, npH
KOTOpOH ,neHcTBHTeJIbHaH OCb HHepUHH 0'- 0' KOJIeCa napaJIJIeJIbHa
OCH ero BpameHIDI 0 - 0, HO He COBna,aaeT C HeH (pHC. 2.32, a). B 3TOM
CJIyqae HeypaBHoBeweHHaH Macca m H ypaBHoBeWHBaeTCH O)J;HOH
MaCCOH My, pacnOJIOXel-!HOH B UJIOCKOCTH, nepneH.aHK}'JISIpHOH OCH
BpameHHSI, C ,nHaMeTpaJIbHO npoTHBOnOJIOXHOH CTOpOHbI KOJIeca.
UeHTP TSixeCTH U z KOJIeCa JIeXHT B 3TOH TIJIOCKOCTH. HeypaBHoBe-
meHHaH Macca npH BpameHHH KOJIeCa C03)J;aeT ueHTP06exHyJO CHJIy
Pu, KOTopaH B03paCTaeT nponopUHOHarrbHO KBa,apaTY CKOpOCTH Bpa-
meHHSI. B pe3YJIbTaTe 6arraHcHpoBKH C npoTHBOnOJIOXHOH CTOpOHbI
KOJIeCa ypaBHoBewHBalOIUeH MaCCOH My C03,naeTCSI paBHaH eH no
BeJIHqHHe ypaBHOBeWHBalOmaH cKTla Py.
,aHHaMHqeCKHH ,nHc6arraHc xapaKTepH3yeTcSI HepaBHOMepHOCTblO
pacnpe,neJIeHHH MaCCbI KOJIeCa OTHOCHTeJIbHO BepTHKaJIbHOH TIJIOCKO-
CTH ero pa3pe3a no WHpHHe, KOTopbIe C03,na1OT HeypaBHoBemeHHbIH
MOMeHT M H OT ,neHcTBHSI ueHTp06e)I(HbIX CHJI Pu Ha llJIeqe, paBHOM
WHpHHe KOJIeCa (pHC. 2.32, 6). npH 3TOM OCb HHepUHH 0'-0' ,nHHa-
MHqeCKH HeypaBHOBeweHHoro KOJIeCa npoxo,nHT qepe3 ueHTP TIDKe-
CTH, HO COCTaBJUleT HeKoTopbIH yrOJI a C ero OCblO BpameHIDI 0 - O.
,aJIH ,nHHaMHqeCKOH ypaBHoBeweHHOCTH KOJIeCa B nJIOCKOCTH ,neH-
CTBHSI MOMeHTa Ha 3aKpaHHax KOJIeCa no 06e CTOpOHbI He06xo,nHMO
YCTaHOBHTb )J;Be ypaBHoBemHBalOIUHe MaCCbI My .LUISI C03,naHHH ypaB-
HOBeWHBalOmero MOMeHTa, paBHoro no a6COJIIOTHOH BeJIHqHHe M H ,
HO npOTHBOnOJIOXHOrO 3HaKa.
Pu
m H I
Py
I
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0'
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6
PHC. 2.32. CxeMa CTaTHtJeCKoro (a) H ,L(HHaMHQeCKOrO (6) JIHc6aJ1aHCOB
KOJIeC
221
BJIHSlHHe )J;Hc6aJIaHCa 3HaqHTeJIbHO yJ3eJIHqHBaeTCSI co CKOpOCTblO
,nBHXeHHSI, TaK KaK B npouecce KaqeHIDI KOJIeCa HeypaBHOBemeHHCUI
MaCCa m H C03,naeT UeHTpo6e)f(HYIO CHJIY PU' npOnOPQHOHaJIbHYIO
KBaapaTY qaCTOTbI BpameHHR:
Pu = m H n 2 R = m H V2jR,
r)J;e R - paCCTOSlHHe OT OCH BpameHIDI ueH1'pa TSiXeCTH KOJIeCa ,no
HeypaBHoBemeHHOH MaCCbI m H ; n - qaCTOT BpameHHSI KOJIeCa; V-
OKp}')KHaR CKOpOCTb QeH1])a TIDKeCTH MaCCbI mHo
B COOTBeTCTBHH C fOCT 4754 - 97 «llIHHbI nHeBMaTHqeCKHe .zum
JIerKOBbIX aBTOM06HJIeH, npHQenOB K HHM, JIerKHX rpY30BbIX aBTOMO-
6HJIeH H aBTo6ycOB oco60 MarrOH BMeCTHMOCTH. TeXHHqecKHe YCJIO-
BHSI» Tpe6yeTcSI, qTo6bI Y npaBH.1IbHO co6paHHbIx KOJIeC JIerKOBbIX
aBTOM06H.1IeH ,nHHaMHqeCKHH )J;Hc6arraHc B Kax.nOH nJIOCKOCTH 6a-
JIaHCHpOBaHIDI YC1])aIDIJIcSi YCTaHoBKoH 6aJIaHCHpOBOqHbIX rpY3HKOB,
MaKCHMaJIbHaSi Macca KOTOpbIX He npeBbIwaeT: ,lUIR ,nHarOHaJIbHbIX
mHH C noca,nOqHbIM ,nHaMe1'pOM 13 ,nIOHMOB - 80 r, .LUISI paaHaJIb-
HbIX - 60 r, a.zum mHH C nOCaaOqHbIM ,nHaMe1'pOM 14 )J;IOHMOB - 100
H 70 r COOTBeTCTBeHHO.
AnR rpY30BbIX mHH CTaTHqeCKHH )J;Hc6aJIaHC He ,nOJDKeH npeBbI-
maTb 0,5 %, a .LUISI QeJIbHOMeTaJIJIOKop,nHbIX WHH - He 60JIee 0,35 %
OT npoH3Be)J;eHHR MaCCbI mHHbI Ha cBo6o)J;HbIH pa,nHYc KaqeHHSI
(fOCT 5513 - 97 «IlIHHbI nHeBMa1WleCKHe .zum rpY30BbIX aBTOMo6H-
JIeH, npHQenOB K HHM, aBTo6ycOB H TpOJIJIeH6ycoB. TeXHHqeCKHe
YCJIOBHR» ).
HacToRmee MeTo,nHqeCKOe PYKOBO,nCTBO onpe,nellileT 06IUHH no-
PH.aOK 6aJIaHCHpOBKH KOJIeC JIerKOBbIX aBTOM06H.1IeH Ha CTeH,lJ,e (co
CHSITHeM KOJIec). B pe3YJIbTaTe BbInOJIHeHIDI )J;aHHoH JIa60paTopHoH
pa60TbI CTY)J;eHT ,nOJDKeH:
. nOJIy'IHTb npe)J;CTaR1IeHHe 0 HOMeHKJIaTYPe, YC'TpOHCTBe H npHH-
QHne )J;eHcTBIDI 6aJIaHCHpOBOqHbIX CTeHJJ,OB ,lI)ISI aBTOM06HJIbHbIX
KOJIeC;
. 3HaTb nepHO)J;HqHOCTb npOBepKH )J;Hc6a.rraHca KOJIeC H o6IUHe
CBe,neHIDI 0 TeXHOJIOrHH HX npOBe,neHIDI;
. }'MeTb ocyw:eCTBJUlTb CTaTHqecKYJO H )J;HHaMHqeCKYJO 6aJIaHCH-
pOBI(}' KOJIeC Ha CTeane.
nOpRAOK BbinonHeHMR pa60Tbi
TeXHUtteCKoe o6eCnetteHUe - Ha60p KOJIeC aBTOM06HJIeH BA3,
B03,nyxopa3,naTOqHaR KOJIOHKa, CTeH.ll. 6arraHcHpoBKH KOJIeC AMR-2,
6a.rraHcHpOBOQHbIe rpY3HKH, KOMnJIeKT CJIeCapHOro HHCTpYMeHTa,
yqe6HbIe IIJIaKaTbI no YC1])OHCTBY 6arraHCHpOBOQHbIX CTeHJJ.OB H npa-
BHJI HX 3Kcn.rryaTaQHH.
222
Mecmo 8blnOJlHeHUR - nOCT 6arraHCHpOBKH KOJIeC llIHHOMOHTIDK-
HOrO OT,neJIeHHB JIa60paTOpHH.
3aHSlTHB npOBO,lJ;BTCB no)]; PYKOBO,nCTBOM npeno,naBaTeJIB C no)];-
rpynnoH CT}',neHTOB H3 5 - 7 tJeJIOBeK.
YcnellIHoe BbInOJIHeHHe pa60TbI B03MO}f{H0 nocne 03HaKOMJIeHIDI
C MeTO,lJ;HtJeCKHMH YKa3aHHHMH no npOBe,neHHIO Jla60paTopHoH pa-
60TbI Ii npH YCJlOBHH CTpororo C06J1IO,neHliH CJIe,nYIOIIJ;HX npaBHJI
TeXHHKH 6e30nacHocTH:
. He BKJIlOtJaTb CTeH,LJ. 6e3 PYKOBo,nHTeIDI 3aIDITHSI;
. npOBepHTb 3a3eMJIeHHe Kopnyca 6aJIaHCHpOBOtJHOro CTeH,lJ,a;
. nepe,lJ; nYCKOM 6a.rraHCHpOBOtJHoro CTeH,na H ,no nOJIHOH ero
OCTaHOBKH KOJIeCO ,nOJI)f(HO 6bITb 3aKpbITO 3aI..UHTHbIM KOXY-
XOM;
. npH YCTaHOBKe 6aJIaHCHpOBOtJHbIX rpY3HKOB pa60TaTb TOJlbKO
HcnpaBHbIM HHCTPYMeHTOM;
. 3KCTpeHHaH OCTaHOBKa 6aJIaHCHpOBOtJHoro CTeH,na ocymecT-
BlliIeTCB HIDKaTHeM KHonKH «CTOn».
nocJle H3yqeHIDI MeTO,lJ;HtJeCKHX YKa3aHHU KCl)K,l{bIH cTy,neHT no-
JIyqaeT nepCOHarrbHoe 3a,naHHe Ha npOBe,lJ;eHHe 6a.rraHCHpOBOtJHbIX
pa60T O,nHOro KOJIeCa JIerKoBoro aBTOM06HID1.
no OKOHtJaHHH yqe6HbIx 3aHHTHH o<popMJISleTCSI OTtJeT no BceM
3a.n;aHIDIM Jla60paTopHOH pa60TbI.
npO,lJ;OJDKHTeJIbHOCTb pa60TbI - 4 tJ.
3 a a H H e 1. H3YlfJfTb HOMeHKnaTYPY Jf npJfHqJfn pa6oTb'
CTeHAOB 6anaHCJfpOBKJf Konec
,lJ..rnI ,nHHaMHtJecKoH 6arraHcHpoBKH KOJleC JlerKOBbIX aBTOM06H.1Ieu,
MHKpoaBT06ycOB H KOMMeptJecKHX rpY30BHKOB llIHpoKoe pacnpocTPa-
HeHHe nOJIy'IH.1IH no.rryaBToMaTHtleCKHe CTaIJ;HOHapHbIe CTell,l{bI K-121
(POCCHH), BC-IOIO, -1200 (YKpaHHa), AMR-2, -5 (fepMaHIDI).
B COBpeMeHHbIX KOMnblOTepH3HpOBaHHbIX CTell,l{ax JICI-01 (Poc-
CIDI), GSP 9200 Hunter, Geodyna-1IOO, -5501 (fepMaHHB) npe,nyCMO-
TpeH aBTOMaTHtJeCKHH BBO,n reOMeTpHtJeCKHX napaMeTpOB 060,na
KOJleCa, nO.LUIexamero 6aJIaHCHpoBKe. ABToMaTHtJecKHH IJ;HKJI H3Me-
peHHu n03BOllileT 3a 5... 7 C onpe,lJ;eJlHTb MeCTa YCTaHOBKH H Bec 6a-
JIaHCHpOBOtJHbIX rpY3HKOB C TOtJHOCTblO + 1 r. CTeH,nbI cHa6xeHbI
peHKoH ,lI)UI n03HIJ;HOHHpOBaHIDI CaMOKJIelOmerocSi rpY3HKa C Mexa-
HH3MOM pa3MemeHHH. BaJIaHcHpoBKe no.n.rrexaT KOJIeCa Bcex THnoa C
,nHaMeTPOM ,nHCKOB 10...26,5 )];IOHMOB H MaCCOH .no 200 Kf.
CTaIJ;HOHapHbIe CTeH,nbI ocymeCTBJIBIOT 6aJIaHCHpoBKY KOJIeC,
CIDITbIX C aBTOM06HID1, HO ee MO}I{HO npOH3BO,lJ;HTb H Henocpe,nCTBeH-
HO Ha aBTOM06HJIe CTeH,naMH no,nKaTHoro THna K-125 (POCCHH),
Hofmann SO-20 (fepMaHuB), EWK.-I5 (nOJlbIlla).
223
CTaUHOHapHbIe CTeHJJ:bI ,nHHaMJlqeCKOH 6aJIaHCHpOBKH KOJIeC CqH-
TalOTCSI 60JIee TOqHbIMH, XOTR He yqHTbIBalOT B03MO)J(HYK> HeypaBHO-
BemeHHOCTb Macc CTYJ1HUbI KOJIeca. 3TH CTeHJJ:bI npe,nCTaBJUlIOT C060H
YCTpOHCTBa, COCTOSlIUHe H3 3JIeKTPonpHBo,na, n.rraBalOIl{eH CHCTeMbI
onopbI npHBo,nHoro Barra, TOpM03Horo MexaHH3Ma H 3JIeKTpOHHOH
CHCTeMbI H3MepeHIDI. npOBepSieMoe KOJIeCO YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCSI Ha ,nHCK
3IDKHMHOro uaHrOBoro naTJ)OHa H <pHKcHpyeTcR Ha npHBo,nHOM Barry
CTe H.LI.a.
3JIeKTpOHHaSi CHCTeMa onpe,neJIeHHSI MaCCbI 6arraHCHpOBOqHbIX
rpY3HKOB HaCTpaHBaeTCSI no napaMeTPaM llIHpHHbI H ,nHaMeTpa 6a-
JIaHcHpyeMoro KOJIeCa pyqHbIM crroc060M WIH aBTOMaTHqeCKH.
npH BKJIlOqeHHH CTeHJJ:a 3JIeKTPonpHBo,n pacKpyqHBaeT Barr C KO-
JIeCOM,no 650... 800 MHH- 1 (cooTBeTcTByeT CKOpOCTH ,nBHxeHIDI aBTO-
Mo6RJISI 100... 120 KM/q). firraBalOIUaR onopa Barra npH HeypaBHOBe-
rneHHOCTH KOJIeCa HaqHHaeT «6HTb». MaKCHMaJIbHOe 6HeHHe ,nOCTH-
raeTCSI B nOJIOXeHHH, Kor,na HeypaBHoBellIeHHaR Macca KOJIeCa
rrpoxo,nHT HIDKHIOIO TOqKY OTHOCHTeJIbHO OCH BpaIl{eHHR.
nbe303JIeKTPHqeCKHe ,na'NHKH H3MepSilOT MOMeHThI pea)(UHH onop
H npe06pa3YIOT MeXaHHQeCKHe YCHJIHR B 3JIeKTJ)HQeCKHe CHrHarrbI,
KOTopbIe nocTynalOT B aHaJIoroBbIH RJIH UH<PPOBOH rrpe06pa30BaTeJIb.
I1H.LI.HKaTOpHbIe npH60pbI nOKa3bIBalOT 3HaqeHHSI Macc KoppeKTH-
PYJOIUHX 6aJIaHCHpOBOqHbIX rpY3HKOB, a TaIOKe yrJIOB HX nOJIOXeHHSI
B ,nBYX ruIOCKOCTSlX (c BHernHeH H BH)'TpeHHeH CTOpOH KOJIeca).
DaJIaHCHpOBOqHbIe CTeHJJ:bI no,nKaTHoro THna 60JIee onepaTHBHbI,
TaK KaK He TPe6YlOT CHSITHR KOJIeC C aBTOM06H.1U1, O)J;HaKO OHH MeHee
TOqHbI. npHHUHn )J;eHCTBHSI HX aHaJIOrHQeH CTaUHOHapHbIM CTeHJJ:aM,
HO eCTb HeKOTopbIe KOHCTPYKTHBHbIe OTJIHQHSI. DarraHCHpOBOQHbIe
CTeHJJ:bI no,nKaTHoro THna COCTOSIT H3 HH.LI.}'KTHBHOro ,na'NHKa, YCTa-
HOBJIeHHOrO Ha MaCCHBHOM OCHOBaHHH, H nO)J;KaTHoro CTaHKa C
3JIeKTpo,nBHraTeJIeM, KOTOpbIH rrpH nOMOIl{H <pPHKUHOHHoro )J;HCKa
pacKpyqHBaeT BbIBerneHHoe KOJIeCO aBTOM06HJISI, nOlI.Jlexamee 6a-
JIaHCHpOBKe. KOJIeco BbIBellIHBalOT Ha BbICOTY, KOTopaSl 06eCrreQHBa-
eT cB060,nHoe nepeMeI..UeHHe pbIqarOB nepe)J;HeH rro,nBeCKH npH ero
BpaIUeHHH. 11H,l1}'KTHBHbIH )J;a'NHK C nOMOIUblO peryJIHPYK>meH lliTaH-
rH <pHKcHPyeTcSI OKOJIO Hap}')KHoro KpaSl HHXHero pbIQara no,nBeCKH.
KOJIeco pacKpyqHBalOT OT npHBo,nHoro MexaHH3Ma CTeH,l1a ,no CKOpO-
CTH, cooTBeTcTBYIOIUeH 60...80 KM/Q, a 3aTeM OTBO,nSlT ero. HeypaB-
HOBemeHHOCTb BpamalOIUerocSI no HHepUHH KOJIeCa BbI3bIBaeT
BepTHKaJIbHbIe KOJIe6aHHSI pblqara rrO)J;BeCKH, aMIIJIHTY.ny KOToporo
<pHKcHpyeT HH.LI.YKTHBHbIH )J;aTqHK. no BeJIHtlHHe npe06pa30BaHHbIx
CHrHarrOB aMIIJIHTY)J;bI KOJIe6aHHH Cy,nSlT 0 Bece rpY3HKOB lI.JISI KOM-
neHcaUHH )J;Hc6aJIaHca. MeCTO KpeII.1IeHHSI Ha 060)J;e KOJIeCa 6arraH-
CHPOBOQHOro rpY3HKa onpe.nelliIeTCSI C nOMOI..UblO BCTPoeHHoro B CTeH,l1
CTP060cKona. I1MnYJIbcHaSl JIaMna CTP060CKona BcnbIXHBaeT B TOT
MOMeHT, Kor,na HeypaBHOBemeHHaR Macca KOJIeCa npoxo,nHT HIDKHIOIO
224
TOlfKY BpaIIJ;eHHH. MecTo BCnbIlUeK JIaMnbI Ha llIHHe KOJIeCa 3anO-
MHHalOT no xapaKTepHbIM 6yJ<BaM, 3HaKaM, HaHOCHMbIM Ha ee 60KO-
BHHY.
3 a a H H e 2. Bb,nonHHTb 6anaHcMpoBKY Koneca
Ha CTeHAe AMR-2
CTeHLJ: AMR-2 (pHC. 2.33) npe,[(Ha3HalfeH ,lI)IH ,[(HHaMHlfecKoH 6a-
JIaHCHpOBKH CHHTbIX KOJleC JlerKOBbIX aBTOM06HJIeH C noca,nOlfHbIM
,[(HaMeT}JOM ,aHCKa He 60Jlee 16,LJ;IOHMOB.
6aJIaHCHpoBKY BbI,aaHHoro npeno,naBaTeJleM KOJIeCa JlerKOBOro
aBTOM06HJISI Ha CTeH,ne AMR-2 CJ1e,nyeT BbInOJIHHTb B CJle.aYIOIIJ;eM
nOPMKe:
. 3aKpenHTb KOJleCO Ha npHBo,aHOM BaJIy CTeHlI.a. LlrrH 3Toro KO-
Jleco KpenHTCSI CneUHaJIbHbIMH 60JlTaMH K ,aHCK)' 3aXHMHoro
naTPOHa 5, KOTOpbIH YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCSI Ha BM CTeH,[(a. BTYJIKa
uaHrOBOfO 3a)f(HMHOrO naTpOHa ,noJl:>KHa 6bITb nOBepHyra BJIe-
BO TaK, lfT06bI KOJleCO C ,[(HCKOM H naTpOHOM MOfJIO cB060,[(HO
nepe,aBHfaTbCSI Ha BaJIY. C,aBHHYTb KOJleCO B HanpaBJleHHH
CTeHLJ:a ,[(0 KacaHHSI Hap}')KHOrO KpaSi 060,nHoro BbIcTyna KOJle-
ca C BbITSlHyrbIM nJlOCKHM CTep)l(}{eM 4. nOCJIe 3TOfO naT}JOH C
KOJleCOM CHJIbHbIM nOBopOTOM 3IDIGfMHOH BTYJlKH BnpaBO YCTa-
HOBHTb Ha npHBO,[(HOM Barry;
I
2
3
4
5
7
PHC. 2.33. CTeH.LI. AMR-2 ,lJJUI 6aJIaHCHpOBKI1 KOJIec:
J - rpa.zI.YHPOBaHHbIH lI.HCK MeCTa .lI.Hc6aJ1aHCa; 2 - 113MepHTeJIb MaCCbI 6aJ1aHCHpO-
BOqHOro rpY3HKa; 3 - perYJUITOp pa3MepHOCTH IllHH; 4 - YCTaHOB01.{HbIH CTep)KeHb;
5 - 3a)l(HMHOH naTpOH Koneca Ha Bane CTeH.lI.a; 6 - nepeKJIlOqaTeJIb nJIOCKOCTH
6aJ1aHCHpOBKH (I 11 II) Koneca; 7 - nepeKJIlOqaTeJIb npHBO.lI.a Bpall1eHH}I KOJIeCa H
ropMo3a
225
. npOBepHTb KOJIeCO Ha HaJIHqHe 6HeHHH 3aIqJaHH 060,na H UlHHbI,
nOCKOJIbKY IDITHHCThIH H3HOC npOTeKTOpa (CM. pHC. 2.33), xapaK-
TepHbIH ,lI)rn HeypaBHOBeIIIeHHbIX KOJIeC, MoxeT Ha6JIIO)J;aThCH H
npH pan;HaJIbHbIX H oceBbIX 6HeHIDIX ,lUfCKa HJIH llIHHbI. IlpoBep-
KY HaJIHqIDI 6HeHHH KOJIeCa OCYIUeCTBJUlIOT C nOMOIf(blO MeJIa,
3aIqJeDJIeHHoro Ha nO)J;CTaBKe. KOJIeco paCIqJyqHBalOT H no,nBO,ll,SlT
IqJOHllITeHH C MeJIOM Ha MHHHMaJIbHO B03MO)l(}lOe paCCTOSlHHe C
reM, 'IT06bI no OCTaBIDIeMbIM MeJIOBbIM MeTKaM c,neJIaTh 3aKJIIO-
qeHHe 0 BeJIWlHHe H MeCTe 6HeHIDI, KOTopoe He )J;OJDKHO npeBbI-
llIaTb 1,5 MM. He3HaqHTeJIbHbIe nOBpe)K,[{eHIDI H ,ne<popMaU;HH
)J;HCKOB YC'TpaIDIIOT C nOMOIUblO rn,aponpecca Ha CTeH,l(e P-184M
HJIH CTaHKe WS-OOI, npe)J;HaJHaqeHHbIX,lI)rn npaBKH KOJIeC;
. OCYIUeCTBHTb CTaTHqecK)'IO 6arraHCHpOBKY KOJIeca. npaKTHKa
nOKaJbIBaeT, qTO qaCTO KOJIeCa HMelOT CTaTHqeCKHH ,nHc6arraHC,
npeBbIwalOIUHH ,nHana30H H3MepHeMOH BeJIHqHHbI ,nHHaMHtle-
CKoro ,nHc6arraHca (cBbIrne 200 r). QT06bI npe,nyrrpe,nHTb no-
Bpex.neHIDI CTeH,lJ;a H3-3a CJIHWKOM 60JIbIIIOH HeypaBHoBellIeH-
HOCTH npHBo,nHoro Barra, KOJIeCa npe,nBapHTeJIbHO CTaTHqeCKH
6arraHCHPYIOT. ,LLrrH 3Toro nepeKJIlOqaTeJIb 6 YCTaHaBJIHBalOT B
HeHT})aJIbHOe nOJIO)f(eHHe, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 2.33. IlpHBo-
)J;HOH Barr C KOJIeCOM B TaKOM nOJIOXeHHH CTOnOpa CB060JI.HO
Bpam:aeTCSI. BbIpaBHHBaHHe CTaTHqeCKOH HeypaBHOBellIeHHOCTH
npOH3BO)J;HTCSI rryreM nOJI.60pa H KpellJIeHIDI 6arraHCHpOBOqHbIX
rpY3HKOB Ha BepXHeH qaCTH JI.HCKa KOJIeCa, eCJIH OHO OCTaHaB-
JIHBaeTCSI npH npoKpyqHBaHHH OT PYKH (He MeHee TPex pa3) B
OJI.HOH H TOH xe TOqKe, OTMeqeHHOH MeJIOM. KOJIeco CqHTaeTCSI
CTaTHqeCKH ypaBHoBerneHHbIM, eCJIH OHO npH BpaIUeHHH OCTa-
HaBJIHBaeTCH B pa3HbIX nOJIOXeHIDIX;
. OCYIUeCTBHTb JI.HHaMHqecK)'IO 6aJIaHCHpOBKY KOJIeCa CHalfarra B
nJIOCKOCTH I, a 3aTeM B llJIOCKOCTH II (BHellIHSISI H BHyrpeHHHH
CTOpOHbI KOJIeca).
,aJISI 6arraHcHpoBKH HapyxHOH llJIOCKOCTH KOJIeCa I He06xo,nHMO
perYJIHTOpbI 3, yqHTbIBalOIUHe pa3MepbI IIIHH, YCTaHOBHTb Ha 3Haqe-
HHSI, OTBeqalOIIJ;He ,naHHbIM Ta6JI. 2.34. BKJIlOqHTb npHBo,nHOH ,nBHra-
TeJIb, nOBepHYB nepeKJIlOqaTeJIb 7 BJIeBO. IlocJIe Toro KaK KOJIeCO
,nOCTHrHeT CBoeH MaKCHMaJIbHOH qaCTOTbI BpaIIJ;eHHH, nepeKJIlOqa-
TeJIb 6 nepeBo,nHTCH BBepx .no ynopa «<nJIOCKOCTb I»).
IlJIaBHo nOBOpaqHBaTb rpaaYHPOBaHHbIH ,nHCK J ,no Tex nop, nOKa
CTpeJIKa H3MepHTeJISI ,nHc6arraHca 2 He ,nOCTHrHeT 3HaqeHHSI O. OT-
HOCHTeJIbHO 3Toro nOJIOXeHHSI rpa,nYHpOBaHHbIH ,nHCK nOBepHYTb
TOqHO Ha 90° B HanpaBJIeHHH, KOTopoe ,naeT OTKJIOHeHHe CTpeJIKH
H3MepHTellil ,nHc6aJIaHCa 2 BnpaBO no llIKaJIe. IlOnyqeHHOe rrOKa3aHHe
H eCTb BeJIHqHHa )J;Hc6aJIaHCa B rpaMMax.
IlepeKJIlOqaTeJIb 6 nOCTaBHTb B HeHTPaJIbHOe nOJIOXeHHe, a nepe-
KJIlOqaTeJIb 7 nOBepHyrb BnpaBO ,no ynopa, COOTBeTCTByIOIUero pe)f(H-
226
T a 6 11 L>1 U. a 2.34. YCTaHoBo'tHble 3Ha'leHMR perynRTopoB CTeHAa
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IlIHHbI
I II
135/80R12 13 6 BA3-1111 «OKa»
155/70R13 17 10 3A3-1102 «TaBpHSI»
165/70R13 22 7 BA3-2108, -09
175/70R13 25 14 BA3-2101, ..., -2107
165/80R14 22 113 «MOCKBH1J - 2141 »
205/70R14 13 18 fA3-3102, -2410
MY TOpMO}l(eHHSI npHB03Horo Barra CTeH.LJ:a C KOJIeCOM. TIoCJIe OCTa-
HOBKH rrpHBo,aHOro Barra nepeKJIlOqaTeJIb BepHyrb 8 HCXO,lJ;HOe (ropH-
30HTarrbHoe) rrOJIO}l(eHHe.
nO,a06paTb COOTBeTCTByJOIUYIO nOKa3aHIDIM IIIKaJIbI H3MepHTelliI 2
,aHc6aJIaHCa ypaBHOBeWHBalOIUYIO Maccy 6aJIaHCHpOBOQHoro rpY3HKa
C TOqHOCTblO + 5 r.
nOBepHYTb KOJIeCO C BaJIOM TaKHM o6pa30M, qTo6bI UBeT ceKTopa
H 3HaqeHHe rpMYCHOH IIIKaJIbI nPHBo,aHOro IIIKHBa (rrpHBo,aHOH IIIKHB
BaJIa HMeeT TaKoe }l(e ,aeJIeHHe llIKaJIbI, KaK H rpaaYUPoBaHHbIH ,aHCK)
COBnaJIH C KpacHoH MapKHpOBOqHOH nOJIOCOH. Y,aep)I{HBaSi KOJIeCO B
3TOM nOJIO}l(eHHH, YCTaHOBHTb ypaBHOBeIIIHBalOIUYIO Maccy B BepxHeH
TOqKe 3aKpaHHbI 60pTa ,lJ;HCKa KOJIeCa (BepTHKaJIbHO Ha,a rJIaBHbIM
BarroM).
nOCJIe YCTaHOBKH 6aJIaHCHpOBOqHoro rpY3HKa rrpOBepHTb, He npe-
BbIllIaeT JIH OCTaTOqHbIH ,aHc6aJIaHC ,aonYCTHMoe 3HaQeHHe - He
60JIee 10 r. 3TOMY 3HaqeHHIO COOTBeTcTByeT 3eJIeHbIH ceKTOp IIIKaJIbI
H3MepHTelliI MaCCbI 6aJIaHCHpOBOtJHoro rpY3HKa. TIPH Heo6xo,aHMOCTH
6aJIaHCHpOBKY B II.1IOCKOCTH I npOH3BeCTH BHOBb.
YCJIOBHeM 6arraHcHpoBKH II.1IOCKOCTH II (BHyrpeHHIDI nJIOCKOCTb
KOJIeca) S1BJ1S1eTCSI TOqHaSi ypaBHOBellIeHHOCTb II.1IOCKOCTH I (ocTaTOq-
HbIH ,aHc6aJIaHC MeHbllIe 10 r). ,l:LrnI 6arraHCHpOBKH KOJIeCa B nJIOCKO-
CTH I I Heo6xo,aHMO nOCJIe ,aOCTH)I{eHHSI MaKCHMaJIbHOH qaCTOTbI
Bpam:eHHSI nepeKJIlOqaTeJIb 6 nepeBeCTH BHH3 ,ao ynopa «<nJIOCKOCTb
II»). HeypaBHoBeIIIeHHocTb nJIOCKOCTH II onpe,aeJUleTCg aHaJIOrHqHO
onepaUIDIM,lI)UI II.1IOCKOCTH I. YpaBHoBewHBalOm:ag Macca no,ao6paH-
Horo 6aJIaHCHpOBOqHOrO rpY3HKa YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCSI B BepXHeH TOqKe
3aKpaHHbI 60pTa Ha BHyTpeHHeH CTopOHe o6o,aa KOJIeCa (6JIH)I{e K
IIIKaJIe CTeH,lJ;a).
227
Ll.aHHbIe 6a.rraHCHpOBKH KOJIeCa 3aHeCTH B npOTOKOJI (Ta6JI. 2.35).
T a 6 n U. a 2.35. npOToKon 6anaHcMpoBKM Konec
BenHtJHHa Hc6anaHca ,aorry- BenHtJHHa Hc6anaHca
THn aBTOMO- o peryJIHpOBaHHSI nOCJIe perYJIHpOBaHHjI
6HJUI, 0603Ha- CTHMOe
3HatJeHHe
qeHHe pa3Mepa Hapyx- BHYTPeH- Hc6a - Hapyx - BHYTPeH-
IIIHHbI HWI IDIO- IDUI IDIO- HWI IDIO- HIDI IDIO-
CKOCTb CKOCTb JIaHCa CKOCTb CKOCTb
COAep)l(8HMe OT'IeT8
OTtIeT no JIa60paTopHoH pa60Te .aOJIXeH BKJIlOqaTb B ce6H cJIe.ay-
IOIUHe CBe.aeHHSI:
. Ha3BaHHe H ueJIb pa60TbI;
. TeXHHQeCKOe 06eCneqeHHe;
. cxeMbI .aeHcTBHSI HeypaBHoBemeHHbIx CHJI npH CTaTHqeCKOM H
.aHHaMHqeCKOM .aHc6anaHce KOJIeC;
. KpaTKoe onHcaHHe npHHUHna H3MepeHHH .aHc6anaHca KOJIeC
Ha CTeH,lJ,ax;
. npOTOKOJI 6anaHcHpoBKH KOJIeC aBTOM06HJISI (Ta6JI. 2.35);
. KpaTKHe BbIBO.abI no pa60Te.
KOHTPonbHblE BonpOCbl
1. Ha30BHTe npHqHHbI H nOCJIeJICTBHSI JIHc6aJIaHCa KOJIec.
2. 06'bgCHHTe nOHSITHSI CTaTHqeCKOrO H Ll.HHaMHQeCKOrO Ll.Hc6aJIaHCa
KOJIec.
3. nOSlCHHTe npHHUHn pa60TbI 6aJIaHCHpOBOQHbIX CTeH.nOB.
4. no KaKHM npH3HaKaM KJIaCcH<pHUHPYIOT CTeH.LI.bI?
5. YKa)J{HTe JIOnYCTHMbIe napaMe1]>bI JIHc6aJIaHCa J],JISI UlHH rpY30BbIX H
JIerKOBbIX aBTOM06HJIeH.
6. KaKOBa nepHOJIHQHOCTb npOBepKH JIHc6aJIaHCa KOJIeC aBTOM06HJIeH?
7. npHBeJIHTe nOCJIeLl.OBaTeJIbHOCTb onepaUHH npH npOBepKe H BbInOJI-
HeHHH CTaTHqeCKOH 6aJIaHCHpOBKH KOJIeC 6e3 CHgTHSI HX C aBTOM06HJISI.
2. 13. AMarHocTMpoBaHMe yrnoB YCTaHOBKM
ynpaBnlleMblx Konec aBTOMo6Mnli
IJe/lb pa60mbl - H3yqHTb Ha3HaqeHHe yrJIOB YCTaHOBKH ynpaB-
lliIeMblX KOJIeC aBTOTPaHcnopTHbIX cpe.aCTB, nepHO)J;HqHOCTb H npHH-
UHnbI HX KOHTpOJISI, a TaIOKe nOJIyqHTb npaKTHqeCKHe HaBbIKH no
H3MepeHHIO yrJIOB ynpaBJISIeMbIX KOJIeC Ha CTeH,lJ;e.
228
06 Me CBeAeHMR M OCHOBHble nOHRTMR
HaH60JIee lJaCTO nOBbIllIeHHaH HHTeHCHBHOCTb H3HalllHBaHIDI npo-
TeKTOpa S1BIDIeTCSI CJIe.nCTBHeM OTKJIOHeHHH reOMe1"pH'IeCKHX napaMe-
'TpOB OT peKOMeHJJ.yeMbIX: yrJIOB CXO)f{,lI.eHH , pa3BaJIa, npO.aOJIbHOrO H
nOnepelJHOrO HaKJIOHa IIIKBOpH , COOTHOIIIeHHSI yrJIOB nOBOpOTa
ynpaBIDleMbIX KOJIeC, pa3JIWlHbIX BapHaHTOB nepeKOCa HJIH CMemeHHH
OCeH aBTOM06KT1S1 (CM. pHC. 2.29).
HeCOOTBeTCTBHe CXO)f{)J.eHHH KOJIeC OnTHMaJIbHOH BeJIHlJHHe npH-
BO,nHT K B03HHKHOBeHHIO O,nHOCTopOHHero nHJIo06pa3Horo H3Hoca
npOTeKTOpa Ha 06eHX IIIHHax. npH nOJIO:>KHTeJIbHOM (YBeJIHlIeHHOM)
CXO)l(,l(eHHH TaKOH H3HOC nOHBJIHeTCSI Ha Hap}')KHbIX LlOp0)f(KaX npo-
TeKTOpa, a npH 0TPHuaTeJIbHOM (He,nocTaTollHoM) - Ha BHYTPeHHHX
KpaSiX (CM. pHC. 2.29).
nepHO,nHlJHOCTb KOHTpOJIH yrJIOB YCTaHOBKH Konec COCTaBJISIeT
10...15 TbIC. KM (TO-2). KOHTJ)OJIb H perYJIHpOBKa yrJIOB YCTaHOBKH
KOJIeC 06S13aTeJIbHbI, eCJIH no nepe,nHeH no,nBeCKe BbInOJIHSlJIHCb
peMOHTHO-BOCCTaHOBHTeJIbHbIe pa60TbI HJIH BH3YaJIbHO 06Hap}')KeH
O,nHOCTOpOHHHH H3HOC npOTeKTOpa IIIHH.
napaMeTpbI YCTaHOBKH KOJIeC onpe,neJISIIOT C nOMOlUblO nepeHOC-
HbIX H CTaUHOHapHbIX YCTJ)OHCTB KTlH CTeH.lI.OB, n03BOJISlIOIUHX npo-
H3BO,nHTb Henocpe,nCTBeHHbIe reOMe'TpHlJeCKHe H3MepeHHH, BbIpIDKeH-
HbIe B JIHHeHHbIX KTlH rpaaYCHblX BeJIHqHHaX KOHTpOJIHpyeMbIx napa-
MeTJ)OB, HJIH KOCBeHHbIM nyreM - no 3HaqeHHIO 60KOBOro YCHJIHSI
IIIHHbI B nSiTHe KOHTaKTa C onopHoH nOBepXHOCTblO npH KalleHMM
(BpalUeHHH) KOJIeca. no KOHCTPYKTHBHOMY HCnOJIHeHHIO CTeHlI.bI
MOryr 6bITh MexaHHlIeCKHe (nJIOm3,lJ.OllHbIe, pOJIHKOBble), onTMlIeCKMe,
3JIeKTpOOnTM'IeCKHe, JIa3epHbIe, KOMnblOTepHbIe.
YrJIbI YCTaHOBKH ynpaBJISIeMbIX KOJIeC npOBep IOT TOJIbKO nOCJIe
YC'TpaHeHHH JIIO<pTa B pYJIeBOM ynpaBJIeHHH, no.nIlIHnHHKax cTynHU,
IIIKBopHeBbIX coe,nHHeHHHX, wapOBbIX onopax, onopax CToeK H .nOBe-
,neHHH BnyrpeHHero ,naMeHHSI B IIIHHax .no HopMaTHBHoro 3HalJeHIDI.
npH KOIITpOJIe yrJIOB YCTaHOBKH KOJIeC npOH3Bo.nJ.1TeJIH aBTOM06HJIeH
npe,nYCMaTpHBaIOT pa3JIHlJHbIe YCJIOBHSI 3arpyxeHHOCTH KOJIeC HJIH
aBTOM06KT1S1, KOTopbIe He06xo.nHMO 3HaTb npH lI.HarHOCTl1pOBaHHH.
Ha rpY30BbIX aBTOM06KT1HX H aBT06ycax npOBepSiIOT H BOCCTaHaB-
JIHBalOT TOJIbKO yrJIbI CXO)l{)].eHHH KOJIec. PerYJIHpOBKY CXO)K,l1eHHSI
KOJIeC ocymeCTBJlSlIOT C nOMOLUblO CneUHaJIbHOH JIHHeHKH MOlI.. 2162
HJIH KI1-650 nyreM H3MeHeHH MHHbI nOrrepelJHOH THrH pYJIeBOH
'TpaneUHH. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Mo,neJIH aBTOM06HJIR H3MepeHHe CXO)l{-
,neHHSI KOJIeC ocym:eCTBJISIIOT no paCCTOHHH$IM Me)((lly 60KOBHHaMH
IIIHH (nepe,nHeH H 3a.nHeH qaCTeH), KpOMKaM 060LlbeB KOJleC HJIH
TopuaM TOpM03HbIX 6apa6aHoB.
Ha JIerKOBbIX aBTOM06HJISIX perYJIHpYIOT Bce yrJIbI. QTo6bI H3Me-
HeHHe OLlHoro H3 yrJIOB YCTaHOBKH KOJIeC He CKa3bIBaJIOCb Ha 3HalJe-
229
HHH ,l(pyroro, perYJlHpOBKY, a CJle,l(OBaTeJlbHO, H ,l(HarHOCTHpOBaHHe
CJle,nyeT BblnOJlHRTb B CJle,l(yK> eM nOPMKe: CHaqaJIa npOBepRIOT H
perYJlHpyK>T yrJlbI pa3BaJIa KOJleC, 3aTeM yrJlbI npO,l(OJlbHOrO H rrorre-
peqHoro HaKJIOHa IIIKBOpHR, COOTHOIIIeHHe yrJlOB IIOBopOTa KOJIeC H
B IIOCJle,l(HIOIO Oqepe,l(b - cxo eHHe KOJlec.
,lLrnI 3KcnpeCC-,l(HarHOCTHpOBaHHH IIepe,l( TO-l TeXHHqeCKoro CO-
CTORHHR oceH H nO,l(BeCOK yrrpaBJlHeMbIX KOJleC HaH60Jlee nporpec-
CHBHbIMH CqHTalOTCR nJIO a,nOqHbIe CTeH,l(bI THIIa K-112, K-615,
K-619, KOTopble 06eCneqHBalOT npOBepKY Bcex B COBOK)'flHOCTH reo-
MeTpHqeCKHX napaMeTpOB YCTaHOBKH yrrpaBJIHeMbIX KOJIec. Pa60Ta
3THX CTeu.nOB OCHOBaHa Ha H3MepeHHH 60KOBoro YCHJIIDI (YBO,l(a) B
MeCTe KOHTaKTa rrepeKaTbIBaeMbIX KOJleC no onopHOH nOBepXHOCTH
,l(HHaMOMe1'pHqeCKOH IIJIO anKH (pHC. 2.34).
Pa3JIOXeHHe CRJI P, ,l(eHcTBYIO HX nepneH,nHKYJUlpHO IIJIOCKOCTH
nepe,l(HHX KOJleC H CTpeMR HXCH nOBepHYTb HX B CTOPOHY, npOTH-
BOnOJlOXHYIO cxo eHHIO, rrOKa3bIBaeT, qTO npH HapyrneHHH reo-
MeTpHH YCTaHOBKH ynpaBJlReMbIX KOJleC nOHBJlHeTCH 60KoBaH
COCTaBJlHIO aH P6, KOTopaH nepeMe aeT nO,l(npYXHHeHHYIO IIJIO-
a,l(KY Ha BeJIHqHHY, 3aBHCH YIO OT 3HaqeHHH H 3HaKa CXOXJJ:eHHH
KOJIec.
CMe eHHe nO,l(BIDKHOH IIJIO anKH Q>HKcHPyeTcH C1'peJlOqHbIM HJIH
3J1eKTpOHHbIM HH,nHKaTopOM, B HeKOTopbIX CTeH,l(aX HCnOJIb3yeTcH
CBeTOBoe Ta6J10 - cBeTo<pop. ECJlH reOMeTpHH KOJleC HapyrneHa H
nO,lI)le)I{HT peryJlHpOBKe, TO 3aropaeTcH KpaCHbIH CHrHaJI, eCJIH B HOp-
Me
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Me
PUC. 2.34. npHH Hn KOHTpOJISI yrJloB ynpaBJlSleMbIX KOJleC no 60KOBOMY
YCHJlUIO P6 B nSiTHe KOHTaKTa llIHHbI C onopHoH DJIOIlUl,nKOH:
Va - CKOpOCTb aBTOM06HJIH; e - yroJI CXO)K,ll.eHIDI ynpaBJUleMbIX KOJIeC; Me - MOMeHT
COnpOTHBJIeHHH KOJIeCa npH YBeJIHqeHHOM yrne CXO)K,ll.eHHH Konec
230
Me - 3eJleHbIH, npH XeJlTOM CHrHaJIe - rpaHHqHOM yrJle cxoXJJ:e-
HHSI - aBTOM06R1Ib MO)I{HO BpeMeHHO 3KcllJIyaTHpOBaTb.
CKOPOCTb nepe,lI,BHXeHHR aBTOM06HJIR qepe3 nJlO aaKH CTeH,lI,a
COCTaBJlHeT 2... 5 KM/q. npoBepKa yrJloB YCTaHOBKH ynpaBJlSleMbIX
KOJleC B ,lI,HHaMHKe, B YCJlOBIDIX, 6J1H3KHX K peaJIbHbIM, nOBbIDIaeT
,lI,OCTOBepHOCTb ,lI,HarHOCTHpOBaHHR.
no pe3YJlbTaTaM 3KcnpeCC-,lI,HarnOCTHpOBaHIDI perYJlHpOBKY yrJIOB
YCTaHOBKH yrrpaBJUleMbIX KOJleC B ueilllx npHBe,lI,eHHH HX K HopMaTHB-
HbIM 3HaqeHIDIM npHMeHHTeJIbHO K JlerKOBbIM aBTOM06KJU1M ocymecT-
BIDlIOT Ha OnTH'leCKHX (1119M), 3J1eIcrpOOIITHqeCKHX (K-l11, PKO-4,
CKO-l, MOTEX (qeXIDl), AMG-281 (fepMaHIDI», Jla3epHbIX H KOM-
nbIOTepHbIX (I<,L(C-5K, I<,L(CO) CTeu.nax.
HaCTOH ee MeTO,lI,HqeCKOe PYKOBO,lI,CTBO onpe,lI,eJlHeT TeXHOJlOrHIO
KOHTPOJUI yrJlOB YCTaHOBKH ynpaBJUleMbIX KOJleC Ha CTeu.nax 3J1eIcrpO-
OnTHqeCKoro THna. B pe3YJlbTaTe BbIfIOJlHeHIDI ,lI,aHHOH Jla60paTopHOH
pa60TbI CTY,lI,eHT ,lI,OJDKeH:
. nOJlytlHTb npe,lI,CTaBJIeHHe 06 06 eM YCTPOHCTBe H npHHUHne
,lI,eHCTBHH 060pY,lI,OBaHHH, npHMeHBeMoro ,Ll)lSI KOHTPOIDI yrJlOB
YCTaHOBKH ynpaBllileMbIX KOJleC;
. 3HaTb nOCJle,lI,OBaTeJlbHOCTb onepaUHH npOBepKH yrJloB YCTa-
HOBKH ynpaBJUleMbIX KOJleC, xapaKTepHbIe Bli,l(bI O,lI,HOCTOpOH-
Hero H3Hoca npOTeKTopa DIHH, CBR3aHHbIe C HapyweHHHMH
yrJlOB CXO)K,lI,eHHH H pa3BaJIa KOJleC;
. YMeTb npOBO,lI,HTb onepaUHH KOHTPOJUI yrJlOB YCTaHOBKH ynpaB-
JlHeMbIX KOJleC Ha CTeHJJ.ax 3J1eIcrpOOfITHqeCKOrO THna.
nOpSiAOK BbinonHeHMSI pa60TbI
TexHultecKOe o6eCnelteHUe - aBTOM06HJIb BA3, MaKeTbI IIepe,lI,HHX
nO,lI,BeCOK aBToM06HJIeH fA3-3110, «fA3eJIb», ynpaBJUleMoro nepe,lI,Hero
MOCTa KAMA3, B03,lI,yxopa3,lI,aTOqHCUI KOJlOHKa C-401, JlHHeHKa ,nmI
KOHTPOJUI CXO)K,lI,eHIDI KOJleC 2162 HJIH KM-650, 3J1eIcrpOOIITHQeCKHH
CTeW\ Motex,lJJIH KOIITpOJUI yrJlOB ynpaBJUleMhIX KOJleC, rapIDKHbIH ,lI,OM-
KpaT n-310, KOMrmeKT CJIeCapHoro HHCTpYMeHTa, yqe6HbIe llJIaKaThI no
YCTPOHCTBY nepe,lJ}leH nO,lI,BeCKH aBTOM06HJIeH BA3, fA3, KAMA3.
Mecmo BblnOJlHeHUR - IIOCT TO aBToM06HlliI BA3.
3aHHTHH npOBO,lI,RTCH no,lI, PYKOBO,lI,CTBOM npenO,lI,aBaTeJUI C no,lI,-
rpynnoH CTY,lI,eHTOB H3 5 - 7 QeJIOBeK.
YcneDIHoe BbIIIOJlHeHHe pa60ThI B03MO)I{HO IIOCJle 03HaKOMJIeHHH
C MeTO,l(HQeCKHMH YKa3aHIDIMH no rrpOBe,neHHIO JIa60paTopHoH pa-
60TbI npH YCJIOBHH c1'pororo C06J1IO,neHIDI CJle,nYIOIUHX npaBHJI Tex-
HHKH 6e30nacHocTH:
. He BKJIIOQaTb CTeu.n 6e3 PYKOBO,lI,HTeJUI 3aHSITIDI;
. npOBO,l(HTb perYJlHpOBOlJHbIe pa60TbI TOJIbKO HcnpaBHbIM HH-
C1'pYMeHTOM.
231
no OKOHqaHHH yqe6Hblx 3aHHTHH o<popM.1IHeTCH ONeT no DceM
3a,naHI1S1M Jla60paTopHOH pa60TbI.
npO,nOJI)I{J{TeJIbHOCTb pa60TbI - 4 q.
3 a.ll a H H e 1. H3)"1lfTfJ H83H8&feHlfe, YCTpoifcTBO If nopflAoK
nOArOTOBKIf CTeHA8 MOTEX
CTeH.n 3J1eKTpOOnTHQeCKOrO THna MOTEX (pHC. 2.35) no KOH-
CTpYKTI1BHOMY HCnOJIHeHHIO TO)l(Jl,eCTBeH OTeqeCTBeHHbIM CTeu.naM
CKO-l, PKO-4, K-III H npe,nHa3HaqeH JI)UI KOHTPOJUI yrJIOB ynpaB-
JUleMbIX KOJleC JIerKOBblX aBTOM06HJIeH.
B KOMTIJIeKT CTeH,na BXOlUlT npOBo,na C pa3'beMOM .LUIH no,nKJIIOQe-
HHH K AKE; ,nBa BpaIUalOIUI1XCSI BOKpyr CBOHX oceH CBeTOJIyqeBbIx
npoeKTopa J (B KaqeCTBe HCTOqHHKa CBeTa B npoeKTope HcnOJlb3Y-
eTCSI aBTOM06H.1IbHaH JlaMna ,naJIbHerO CBeTa HanpHxeHHeM 12 B),
3aKpenJIeHHbIX Ha caMoueHTpHpYIOIUHXCH KpoHIIITeHHax; ,nBe TeJle-
CKOnl1QeCKHe (pa3,nBIDKHbIe) JlHHeHKH 2 C MepHbIMH IIIKaJIaMH JI)UI
onpe,neJIeHHH CXO)l()];eHHH KOJIeC; ,nBe BepTHKaJIbHble CTOHKH 3 co
IllKaJIaMI1 .lI)1H onpe,neJIeHHH yrJloB pa3BaJIa KOJleC H yrJlOB HaKJIOHa
IIIKBOpHH; no,nCTaBKH no,n KOJIeCa - nOBopOTHble KpyrH C rpanyH-
pOBaHHoH IIIKaJIOH + 20°. CTeH.n ,aonOJIHHTeJlbHO MoxeT 6bITb YKOM-
nJleKTOBaH 3KpaHOM 2 (pHC. 2.35, a), KOTOpbIH HCnOJIHHeT pOJlb
CTOHKI1 3 (pHC. 2.35, 6).
TOqHOCTb H3MepeHHSI yrJIOB YCTaHOBKH KOJleC 3aBHCHT OT ropH-
30HTaJIbHOCTI1 TIJIOm3,lJ,KH, Ha KOTOpYI<> YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH aBTOM06HJIb.
OTKJIOHeHl1e TIJIOCKOCTI1 YCTaHOBKH nOBopOTHbIX ,aHCKOB OT ypOBHH
rOpl130HTa He ,aOJDKHO npeBbIIIIaTb 1 MM Ha paCCTOSlHHH 1 M.
nOPMOK no,nroToBKH aBToM06RTU1 11 CTeH,lJ.a MOTEX K 113MepeHHIO
3HaqeHHH yrJlOB YCTaHOBKH ynpaBJlHeMbIX KOJlec:
. aBTOM06HJIb BA3 YCTaHOBHTb KOJleCaMH Ha nOBopOTHbIe ,aHCKH
B npHMOJlHHeHHOM HanpaBJIeHHH, 3aTopM03HTb KOJleCa CTOH-
HOqHbIM TOpM030M H ,nOBeCTH ,ao HOpMbI ,aaBJIeHHe B03,ayxa BO
Bcex KOJIeCaX (0,19 Mna);
. no,aHHTb nepe,nHIOIO qaCTb aBTOM06HJIH rapIDKHbIM no,n'beMHH-
KOM, 06eCneQHB cB060,nHoe BpaIUeHHe KOJIeC, H npOBepl1Tb
JIIO<PT B COqrreHeHHHX pYJleBOrO ynpaBJIeHIDI, IIIapOBbIX onopax,
onopax CToeK, oceBbIe 3a30pbI B no,nIIIHnHHKax CTynHI.(. npo-
BepKa JlIOQ>Ta no,nllIHnHHKOB cTynHU OCYIUeCTBJlHeTCH npH
BepTHKaJIbHOM nOKaqHBaHHH KOJleCa, a OCTaJIbHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB
no,aBeCKH - npH ropH30HTaJIbHOM nepeMemeHHH. npH Ha-
JlHqHI1 JIIO<pTOB YC1'paHHTb BbI3bIBalOllI.He HX npH'IHHbI;
. YCTaHOBHTb caMoueH1'pHpYIOIUHecSi KpoHIIITeHHbI C npoeKTO-
paMH Ha ,aHCKH npOBepHeMbIX KOJIeC TaK, QT06bI OCH BpameHIDI
npoeKTopa H KOJleC COBna,naJIH, a npOeKTOpbI pacnOJlaraJIHCb
napaJIJIeJIbHO ,nHCKaM KOJIeC;
232
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2
(
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a
A
6
PUC. 2.35. 3JIeKTpoonTUt.JeCKHH CTeH,LJ; ,LJ;JISI KOHTpOJISI yrJIOB YCTaHOBKH
ynpaBJISleMbIX Konec:
a - cxeMa H3MepeHHSI npOll.OnbHoro HaKJIOHa UJKBOpHSI KOJIeC; 6 - cxeMa H3MepeHHSI
CXO)l(J].eHHSI H yrna pa3Bana Konec; 1 - cBeronyqeBbIe npoeKTOpbI; 2 - H3MepHTeJ1bHbIe
RHHeAKH-UJTaHrH CXO)l(J].eHHSI Konec H 3KpaHbI yrna npOll.OnbHoro HaKJIOHa UJKBOpHSI;
3 - cToAKa co IlJKaJloA-3KpaHoM yrJIa pa3Bana KOJIeC
. rrOl1KJIIOQHTb pa3'beMbI rrpOBo.nOB K rrpoeKTopaM H AKE, npo-
BepHTb npaBHJIbHOCTb ueHTpOBKH rrpoeKTopa OTHOCHTeJIbHO
OCM KOJIeCa. nOCKOJIbK)' HanpaBJIeHHe JIyqa npOeKTOpa rrep-
rreHllHK}'JIJlpHO OCH ero BpameHIDI, TO npaBHJIbHOCTh YCTaHOB-
KH npOeKTOpa npOBepJleTCH no OTCyrCTBHIO BepTHKaJIhHOrO
nepeMemeHHJI CBeTOBbIX TpeyrOJIbHHKOB OTHOCHTeJIhHO Bep-
THK8JIhHOH JIHHHH CTOHKD 3, pacnOJIaraeMOH rrepe.a aBTOMO-
6HJIeM. Jl.;IJI 3Toro He06xo.aHMO y.aepXHBaTb rrpoeKTOp O.l1HOH
PYKOH B Heno.nBHXHOM COCTOJlHHH, a .npyroH OCYIUeCTBHTb
nOJIHhIH 060POT BhIBeweHHoro KOJIeca. ECJIH Ha6J1IO.naeTcSI
6HeHDe CBeTOBoro JIyqa BBepx D BHH3, TO CJIe.ayeT OCJla6HTb
60JIT KpefIJIeHHJI rrpoeKTopa K caMOueHTPDPYIOIUeMYCJI KPOH-
WTeHHY H, nepeMemaJl npoeKTOp B,nOJIh HanpaBJlRIOIUeH, .ao-
6HThCJI npaBHJlhHoi1 ero ueHTpOBKH OTHOCliTenbHO OCD Bpa-
meHDJI KOJIeca. 3aKpenDTb 60JIT KpenneHHII npoeKTopa K
KpOHWTeHHY;
233
. npOBepHTb npaBHJIbHOCTb YCTaHOBKH nOBOpOTHbIX ,aHCKOB no,a
KOJleCaMH, nO,anpaBHTb HX, 3aQ>HKCHpOBaTb IIITHQ>TaMH Ii llJIaB-
HO OnYCTHTb KOJleCa Ha Cepe,aHHbI nOBOpOTHbIX ,aHCKOB;
. HeCKOJlbKO pa3 HaXaTb PYKaMH Ha 6aMnep aBTOM06HJlH .LUISI
cTa6HJIH3aUHH ero nOJlO)J(eHIDI.
nOcJle npOBe,aeHIDI 3THX OnepaUHH aBTOM06HJlb H CTeH,a no,aro-
TOBJleHbI K H3MepeHHHM yrJlOB ynpaBJUleMbIX KOJleC.
3 a.ll a H H e 2. npOSepJfTb yrnbl pS3ssns Jf CXOJlC,Q,eHJfR
ynpssnReMblx Konec SSTOM06JfnR BA3 HS CTeHAe MOTEX
B COOTBeTCTBHH C npaBHJlaMH npOBepKY (perYJlHpoBKY) yrJlOB
YCTaHOBKH ynpaBJIHeMbIX KOJIeC BbInOJlHHIOT B CJle,ayJOmeM nopMKe:
CHaqaJIa npOBepHIOT yrJIbI pa3BaJIa, npo,aOJlbHOrO HaKJIOHa lllKBOpHH,
COOTHOIlleHHe yrJIOB nOBopOTa, a 3aTeM CXO)KJ],eHHH KOJlec.
npoBepKa yrJla pa3BaJIa nepe,aHHX KOJlec:
. YCTaHOBHTb BepTHKaJIbHbIe CTOHKH 3 (CM. pHC. 2.35, 6) nepe,a
KOJleCaMH rrepneH,lJ.HKYJmpHO OCH aBTOM06R1U1 Ha HopMHpyeMoM
paCCTOHHHH (.LUIH aBTOM06HJIeH BA3 - 2 M);
. HanpaBHTb CBeTOBOH JIyq Ha HH)J(HIOIO TpeyroJlbHYIO OTMeTKY
3KpaHa IllKaJIbI H, nepe,aBHraH CTOHKY, ,a06HTbCH COBMemeHHH
CBeTOBoro Jlyqa C MeTKoH;
. no,aHSlTb Jlyq CBeTa, nOBOpaqHBaH npoeKTOp BOKpyr CBoeH OCH
BBepx, ,ao IllKaJIbI OTCqeTa (CM. pHC. 2.35, 6). 3HaqeHHe yrJla
pa3BaJIa 3anHcaTb B npOTOKOJl (Ta6JI. 2.36).
YroJl npo,aOJlbHOrO HaKJIOHa IllKBOpHSI onpe,aeJlHIOT no pa3HOCTH
3HaqeHHH, nOJ1YQeHHbIX no IllKaJIaM yrJ1a pa3BaJIa npH nOBopOTe
o,aHoro H3 ynpaBJISIeMbIX KOJ1eC BnpaBO (BJIeBo) Ha yrOJ1, paBHbIH 20°.
,lJ.JU1 BbInOJ1HeHHH 3TOH onepaUHH He06xo,aHMO:
. pacQ>HKcHpoBaTb rrOBopOTHble ,aHCKH KOJleC nyreM H3BJ1eqeHIDI
H3 HHX CTonopHbIX IIITH<pTOB;
. nOBepHyrb npaBoe KOJ1eCO Ha 20°;
. YCTaHOBHTb BTOPYI<> CTOHKY H3MepeHIDI pa3BaJIa KOJIeC Ha pac-
CTOHHHH 2 M H, npoeUHPYH CBeTOBOH JIyq npoeKTopa Ha BepXH1010
1peyroJlbuyJO OTMeTKy 3Iq)aHa IllKaJIbI CTOHKH, COBMeCTHTb HX;
. CHHTb nOKa3aHHSI yrJlOB pa3BaJIa C 06eHx CToeK H no pa3HOCTH
HX 3HaqeHHH onpe,aeJ1HTb yroJ1 npo,aOJIbHOro HaKJIOHa lIIKBOpIDI.
npH HaJIHqHH 3KpaHa 2 (CM. pHC. 2.35, a) H3MepeHHe yrJ1a Ha-
KJIOHa IllKBOpHH 3HaqHTeJ1bHO ynpomaeTCH. 3HaqeHHe yrJla
npo,aOJ1bHOrO HaKJIOHa IllKBOpHH 3aHeCTH B npOTOKOJl.
KOH1pOJIb COOTHOIlleHHH yrJlOB nOBopOTa KOJIeC OCyIIJ.eCTBJIHeTCH
C HCnOJlb30BaHHeM nOBopOTHbIX ,aHCKOB CTeH,l.(a. ,lI.JIH 3Toro He06xo-
,aHMO:
. npOBepHTb YCTaHOBKY KOJleC aBTOM06HJ1H Ha nOBopOTHbIX ,aHC-
Kax Ha COOTBeTCTBHe 3HaqeHHH HX IllKaJI HYJ1eBbIM OTMeTKaM;
234
. nOBepHYTb JIeBOe KOJIeCO BHYTPb Ha 20° H no 3HaQeHHIO yrna
nOBopOTa npaBoro KOJIeCa onpe.ll.enHTb HX paCCOrJIaCOBa-
HHe;
. nOBepuyrb npaBoe Koneco BHyrpb Ha 20° H no 3HaQeHHIO yrna
nOBopOTa JIeBOrO Koneca onpe,lI,eJIHTb HX paCCOrJIaCOBaHHe.
3HaqeHHH yrJIOB paCCOrJIaCOBaHHH B 060HX cnyqaHx ,lJ,OJlXHbI
6bITb O,lI,HHaKOBbIMH H HaXO,lI,HTbCH B npe,lI,eJIax 1 ... 2°. nOJlyqeH-
HbIe 3HaqeHHH 3anHcaTb B npOTOKOJl.
CXO)I{JI.eHHe KOJIeC onpe.n:eJIHIOT no pa3HOCTH paccToHHHH Me)l(,l:(y
nepe.n:HHMH H 3a,LJ,HHMH qaCTHMH KOJleC B MHJIJIHMe1'pax. ,lI.JIH 3Toro
CJI e.ll.yeT:
. pa3.l1.BHHyrb H3MepHTeJIbHbIe IllTaHrH Ha paCCTOHHHe, npeBbI-
IllalOIIJ;ee IllHPHHY aBTOM06HID1 Ha 0,1 M, H 3a<pHKcHpoBaTb HX
IllTIJIHHTaMH;
. YCTaHOBHTb H3MepHTeJIbHyK) IllTaHry 2 (CM. pHC. 2.35, 6) nepe.n:
KOJIeCaMH nepneu.aHKYlliIpHO OCH aBTOM06KillI Ha HopMHpyeMoM
paCCTOHHHH (LI)UI BA3 - 2 M);
. YCTaHOBHTb BTOpyK) H3MepHTeJlbHyJO IlITaHry 2 KOJleCaMH nep-
neH.nHKYlliIpHO OCH aBTOM06HJIH Ha HopMHpyeMoM paCCTOHHHH
2 M TaK, qT06bI ee MepHaH IlIKaJIa 6bIJIa Ha TOH xe CTopOHe, qTO
H Y nepBOH;
. BbIpOBIDITb nOJIO)((eHIDI H3MeplITeJIbHbIX IllTaHr no 1peyroJIbHbIM
OTMeTKaM C nOMOlUblO CBeTOBbIX JIyqeH npoeKTopa npH ero
nOBopOTe BOKpyr OCH B O.ll.HY H .n:pyryK) CTOpOHbI;
. onpe.ll.eJIHTb ,lI,pyrHM npoeKTopOM 3HaqeHHH MepHbIX IllKaJI
nepe,lI,HeH H 3a.n:HeH H3MepHTeJlbHbIX lllTaHr, pa3HOCTb 3Haqe-
HHH KOTOpbIX COOTBeTcTByeT CXO)I{JI.eHHIO KOJleC B MHJIJlHMeT-
pax.
TeXHOJIOrHIO perYJlHpOBKH yrJIOB YCTaHOBKH ynpaBIDIeMbIX KOJIeC
He06xo.ll.HMO H3yqHTb Ha MaKeTax nepe,lI,HHX nO.ll.BeCOK JlerKOBbIX aB-
TOM06HJIeH.
Pe3YJIbTaTbI H3MepeHHH yrJloB YCTaHOBKH ynpaBJlHeMbIX KOJleC
aBTOM06HJIH BA3 3aHeCTH B npOTOKOJl (CM. Ta6J1. 2.36) H C.lI.enaTb 3a-
KJIlOqeHHe 0 TeXHHlJeCKOM COCTOHHHH nepe.ll.HeH nO,lJ;BeCIGI.
T a 611 a 2.36. npOToKon npOBepKM yrnoB YCTaHOBKM
ynpaBnReMbiX Konec BA3-2106
3HaqeHHe napaMeTJ)a 3aKJIIOtJeHHe
KOHTJ}ORHpyeMbIH o TeXHHtJeCKOM
napaMeTp H3MepeH- HopMa- COCTOSlHHH
Hoe THBHoe
YrOJI pa3BMa, ...0: 0... 1
JIeBOrO KOJIeCa
npaBoro KOJIeCa
235
OKOH"IaHUe ma61l. 2.36
3HaqeHHe napaMeTPa 3aKJIIOlJeHHe
KOHTpOJIHpyeMbIH o TeXHHlJeCKOM
napaMeTP H3MepeH- HopMa- COCTOHHHH
Hoe THBHoe
YrOJI npO.ll.OJIbHOrO HaKJIOHa 2,5...5,0
UIKBOpHSI, ...0:
neBoro Koneca
npaBoro KOJIeCa
COOTHOUIeHHe yrnoB nOBopOTa 1...2
CXO)l(.lJ.eHHe Konec, MM 3,5...5,5
COAep)I(aHMe OT"IeTa
OTlIeT no JIa60paTopHoH pa60Te ,aOJl)f{eH BKJIlOlIaTb B ce6 cJIe,ay-
IOlUHe CBe,aeHH :
. Ha3BaHHe H ueJIb pa60TbI;
. TeXHHlIeCKoe 06ecnelleHHe;
. Bl1D.bI H3HallIHBaHHSI npoTeKTopa Ill"H npH OTKJIOHeHH X 3Ha-
lIeH"" yrJloB ynpaBJlSleMbIX KOJleC;
. npOTOKOJIbI OCHOBHbIX KOHTpOJlbHbIX onepaUHH no npoBepKe
yrJloB YCTaHoBKH ynpaBJI eMbIX KOJIeC aBToM06HlIR (CM. Ta6JI.
2.36);
. BbIBO,abI no pa60Te.
KOHTPonbHblE BonpOCbl
1. Ha30BHTe npH1JHHbI OTKJIOHeHHH yrnoB YCTaHOBKH ynpaBJISIeMbIX KOJleC
OT HopMaTHBHbIX 3HaQeHHH.
2. 06'bSlCHHTe, K KaKHM nOCne.ll.CTBHSlM npHBO.ll.HT OTKJlOHeHHe yrnoB YCTa-
HOBKH ynpaBJISleMbIX Konec OT HopMaTHBHbIX 3Ha1JeHHH.
3. KaKOBa nOCJle.ll.OBaTenbHOCTb npOBepKH H perynHpoBKH yrnoB YCTaHOB-
KH ynpaBJISleMbIX Konec?
4. nOSlCHHTe npHHUHn pa60TbI CTeH.lI.OB DJIH npOBepKH H perynHpoBKH
yrnoB YCTaHOBKH ynpaBJISIeMbIX Konec.
5. PaccKIDKHTe 0 Ha3HaqeHHH H YCTPOHCTBe CTeH.l(a MOTEX.
6. KaK nOllrOTOBHTb H npaBHJ1bHO YCTaHOBHTb cBeTonyqeBbIe npOeKTOpbI
Ha KOJIeCa aBTOM06HJ1S1?
7. nOSlCHHTe TeXHonorHIO H3MepeHIDI yrnoB YCTaHOBKH ynpaBJISIeMbIX KO-
nec Ha CTeH.ll.e MOTEX.
8. HapHcYHTe BHlI H3Hoca npOTeKTopa UIHH npH yaenH1JeHHOM 3HaQeHHH
CXO)l(.lJ.eHHSI Konec H yrna pa3BMa.
9. HapHcYHTe BHlI H3Hoca npOTeKTopa UIHH npH }'MeHbUIeHHOM 3Ha1JeHHH
CXO)l(,[leHHSI KOJleC H yrna pa3BMa.
236
2. 14. TexHonorMM peMoHTa WMH M K8Mep
IieAb pa60mbl - H3yqHTh TPe60BaHHH, IIpe.lrbHBJIHeMble K BOC-
CTaHOBJIeHHIO IIIHH H KaMep, o6oPy,aoBaHMe, cpe.aCTBa H cnoco6bI HX
BOCCTaHOBJIeHIDI, nonyqHTb npaKTH'IeCKHe HaBbIKH no BYJIKaHH3au,HH
KaMep.
0611.\Me CBeAeHMR M OCHOBHble nOHRTMR
B ,aOPO)I(HbIX YCJIOBIDIX peMOHT He60JIhIIIHX nOBpe}K,ll.eHMH nOKpbI-
IIIeK KaMepHbIX IIIHH npOH3BO,lUlT C nOMOlUblO pe3HHOBbIX rpH6KoB
(pHC. 2.36, a). MecTo nOBpe}K,ll.eHHH OqMIUalOT OT nbIJIH, rpH3M H npo-
CYIIIHBaIOT, pBaHble KpOMKM pe3MHbI no,ape3alOT OCTpbIM HOXOM.
BHyrpeHHIOIO nOBepXHOCTb KapKaca OKOJIO npOKOJIa BeJIMqMHOH, He-
CKOJIbKO 60JIbIIIeH IIIJrnnKH rpH6Ka, Heo6xo,aMMO 3aqHCTHTb MeTaJI-
JIMttecKOH rrpOBOJIOqHOH IUeTKoH H CMa3aTb pe3HHOBbIM KJIeeM. 3aTeM
3aQHIUaIOT H CMa3bIBaIOT KJIeeM HOXKY H HMXHIOIO IIOBepXHOCTb
llIIDIIIKH rpH6Ka. nOCJIe npOCYillKH KJIeH rpH60K BBO.lUlT B IIOBpex-
,aeHHoe MeCTO IIOKpbIIIIKH CneUMaJIbHbIM npHcnoco6JIeHHeM 8 BH.lI.e
illHJIa C OTBepCTHeM Ha KOHue.
LLrnI nOBpe}K,ll.eHMH ,L{HaMeT}JOM 1,5; 3 H 6 MM <pMpMOH Tech Inter-
national BblrrycKalOTcH rpM6KH C npOBo,aOM Uniseal Plus, He Tpe6YK>-
IUMe MHCT}JYMeHTa .lUIH MX BCTaBKH.
npH 60JIbillHX nOBpe)J(.[{eHHHX illMH B nyrM npH OTCYTCTBHH 3a-
naCHoro KOJIeCa npOM3Bo,aMTCH peMOHT, 3aKJIIOQalOllI.HHCH B npMKJIeH-
Ke pe3HHOBbIM KJIeeM IIJIaCTblpH H3 HeCKOJIbKHX CJIOeB npope3HHeH-
Horo Kop,aa C BHYTpeHHeH nOBepXHOCTH KapKaca. TaKOH peMOHT
HBJIHeTCH BpeMeHHbIM H illMHa ,aOJIXHa 6bITb OTpeMOHTMpOBaHa B
CTaUHOHapHhIX YCJIOBIDIX nyreM BYJIKaHH3aUHH.
PeMOHT 6eCKaMepHbIX mHH B ,aopore 06bIQHO npOH3Bo,aHT 6e3
,aeMOHTaxa, QTo6bI He nOBpe,aHTb
PUc. 2.36. npucnOC06J1eHHSI J])1S1 pe-
MOHTa npOKonOB IIIUH:
a - pe3HHoBbIit rpH6oK; 6 - rroJlCUI pe3H-
HOBCUI rrpo6Ka
a
6
237
ynJlOTHHTeJIbHbIH CJlOH Ha 60pTaX. npe,aBapHTeJlbHO OlJHIUeHHbIe
UIepOXOBaJIbHbIM IIITOnOpOM He60JlbIIIHe npOKOJIbI (,ao 3 MM) 33-
nOJIHHIOT CneUHaJIbHOH CaMOBYJlKaHH3YK>IUeH naCTOH lJepe3 mrrpHu.,
npOTOKOJIbI ,ao 6 MM - caMOBYJlKaHH3HpYIOIUHMHCH xrYTHKaMH
cPHpMbI FINGO HJIH ,ap. 06bIlJHO caMOBYJlKaHH3HpyIOIUHeCH )f{fY-
THKH BCTaBJlHIOTCH CneUHaJIbHbIM HHC'TpYMeHTOM B BHJJ.e 3aTyrrJleH-
Horo IIIHJIa, HO HMelOTCH H xrYTHKH C HeHJIOHOBbIM KOp,aOM, He
Tpe6YIOIUHe pe3KH H HHCTpYMeHTa .lUIH HX BCTaBKH ()f{fyrHKH Per-
maCure).
npH npOKOJlaX 6... 10 MM peMOHT npOH3BOMT pe3HHOBbIMH np06-
KaMH pa3JIHlJHbIX KOHCTPYKUHH (pHC. 2.36, 6). npe,aBapHTeJIbHO
OlJHllI.eHHbIe, npOMa3aHHbIe KJIeeM H npOCyu.IeHHbIe np06KH BBOMT
B OTBepCTHe npOKOJla CneUHaJIbHbIMH CTepXHHMH. BbIcTynaIOIUHe
lJaCTH np06KH cpe3alOT Ha 2 MM BbIUIe nOBepXHOCTH npOTeKTopa.
lIepe3 5...10 MHH UIHHY MO)I{HO HaKalJHBaTb ,ao HopMaTHBHoro ,aaB-
JIeHHH.
npOKOJIbI 60Jlee 10 MM peMOHTHpYIOT nocJle ,aeMOHTa)((a UIHHbI
BBe,aeHHeM H3HyrpH rpH6Ka H3 CbIpOH pe3HHbI C nocJIe,aYK>llI.eH BYJI-
KaHH3aUHeH npH TeMnepaType 155...165 ac.
CTaUHoHapHbIH peMOHT UIHH npOH3Bo,aHT Ha UIHHopeMOHTHbIX
yqacTKax ATn HJIH CTO.
,LLrrH He60JIbUIHX CKB03HbIX np060eB 60KOBHH IllHH JlerKOBbIX aB-
TOM06HJIeH peKOMeH.l1yeTcH nOJIb30BaTbCH cneu.HaJIbHbIMH 3allJIaTaMH,
KOTopbIe npe,aCTaBJleHbI B UIHpOKOM accopTHMeHTe B Ha60pe lllHHO-
peMOHTHbIX KOMnJIeKTOB. HanpHMep, 3anJIaTa ROSSVIK R-20 .lUIH
peMOHTa 60KOBHH C ,aBYXCJIOHHbIM KOp,aOM pa3MepOM 90 x 135 MM
HMeeT O,aHY nOBepXHOCTb, no,aroTOBJIeHHYK> K HaHeceHHIO KJIeSl, a Ha
,apyroH H306pIDKeHbI C'TpeJlKH ee opHeHTaUHH; npH YCTaHOBKe 3allJIa-
TbI Ha BHYTPeHHlO1O nOBpe)((J],eHHyIO lJaCTb 60KOBHHbI C'TpeJIKH ,aOJDK-
HbI 6bITb HanpaBJIeHbI BBepx. npH peMOHTe 60KOBHH HCnOJIb3YIOT
BYJIKaHH3HpYK>IUYK> naCTY - KJIeH ,lI)IH IIIHH X-tra seal apT. NQ 14-008
(CIlIA) HJIH OTelJeCTBeHHbIH KJIeH «KaJIOIIIa».
BoccTaHOBHTeJlbHOM)' peMOHT)' nO,lI)IeXaT nOKpbIUIKH C H3HOUIeH-
HbIM ,ao YCTaHOBJIeHHbIX 3HalJeHHH PHCYHKOM npOTeKTopa (1; 1,6;
2 MM COOTBeTCTBeHHO .lUIH UIHH rpY30BbIX, JIerKOBbIX aBTOM06HJIeH,
aBTo6ycOB), OTBelJaIOIUHe Tpe60BaHHHM OCT 38-47-170-95 «no-
KpbIUIKH H 6ecKaMepHbIe IllHHbI, npOUIe,aUIHe peMOHT MeCTHbIX no-
Bpe)l(,L{eHHH» .
CTau.aapT npe,aYCMa'TpHBaeT pa3,aeJleHHe npHro,aHbIX K BOCCTaHOB-
JIeHHIO nOKpbIllieK Ha ,aBa KJIacca: K nepBOMY OTHOCHT lllHHbI 6e3
nOBpe)l(,L{eHHH KapKaca H 6peKepa, KpOMe orpaH}fqeHHoro lJHCJla npo-
KOJIOB, KO BTOpOM)' - UIHHbI, HMeIOIUHe nOMHMO rrpOKOJIOB CKB03HbIe
H HeCKB03HbIe nOBpe)((J],eHIDI KapKaca H 6peKepa. llIHHbI C nOBpe)((-
,aeHHbIMH CJIOHMH Kop,aa B npe,aeJlax MapKHpoBaHHoH 30HbI 60pTa
peMOHTY He nO,ll)leXaT.
238
HaCTOSIIUee MeTO,LIJlqeCKOe PYKOBO,aCTBO onpe,.ne.1lSleT TeXHOJIOrHIO
BOCCTaHOBJIeHIDI DIHH H KaMep B ,lJ,0P0)f{}{bIX H cTau.HOHapHbIX YCJIO-
BHSIX. B pe3YJIbTaTe BbInOJIHeHOSI ..aaHHOH JIa60paTOpHOH pa60TbI
CTY,lI,eHT ,lJ,OJDKeH:
. H3yqHTb 1'pe60BaHHH K BOCCTaHaR1lHBaeMbIM IlIHHaM H KaMepaM,
060PY,lJ,OBaHOe 0 CnOC06bI HX BOCCTaHOBJ1eHHH;
. YMeTb OCym.eCTBJ1SITb peMOHT KaMep nyreM OX BYJIKaHH3aUHH.
nOpRAOK BblnOnHeHMR pa60Tbi
TeXHU"teCKOe o6ecne"teHue - KaMepbI, 1'pe6yJOIUHe peMOHTa, BaH-
Ha C BO,lJ,OH, 3aTOqHbIH CTaHOK, BYJIKaHH3aTOp, Ha60p lUIH IlIHHOpe-
MOHTa H BYJIKaHH3aUHH.
Mecmo BblnOAHeHUJl - JIa60paTOpHH BynKaHH3aUHH KaMep.
3aHSITHSI npOBO,IUlTCH nO,lI, PYKOBO,lI,CTBOM npenO,lJ,aBaTeJIH C nO,lI,-
rpynnoH CTY,lI,eHTOB H3 5 - 7 qeJIOBeK.
YcneDIHoe BbInOJIHeHHe pa60TbI B03MOXHO nOCJIe 03HaKOMJIeHHSI
C MeTO,lI,HlJeCKHMH }'Ka3aHHSIMH no npOBe,lI,eHHIO na60paTopHoH pa-
60ThI H npH YCJIOBHH CTJ)ororo C06JIIO,lJ,eHHSI npaBHJI TeXHHKH 6e30nac-
HOCTH.
3anpeIUaeTcH BKJIlOqaTb BYJIKaHH3aTOp H 3aTOQHbIH CTaHOK 6e3
Be,lJ,OMa npenO,lI,aBaTeJISI.
no OKOHQaHHH yqe6HbIx 3aHHTHH oQ>opMJIHeTCSI OTQeT.
np0,lJ,OJI)J(HTeJIbHOCTb pa60TbI - 4 Q.
3 a a H He. H3YlflfTfJ TeXHonorlf1O If BfJlnOnHlfTfJ peMoHT
KaMepfJl
npH oT6ope B peMOHT KaMep onpe,lI,eJISIIOT B03MO)J(}lOCTb HX ,lJ,aJIb-
HeHrnero HCnOJIb30BaHIDI. He nO,lJ)lexaT peMOH1)' KaMepbI C 3aTBep,lJ,eB-
DIeH pe3HHoH, C TPeIUHHaMH; C paJpbIBaMH lUIHHon CBbIrne 150 MM H
DIHpHHOH 60JIee 50 MM. npOKOJIOTbIe KaMepbI C He3aMeTHbIMH Ha rJIaJ
nOBpe)l(.aeHIDIMH HaKaQHBalOT BOJ,ayXOM H norpyxaIOT B Banuy C BO,lJ,OH,
onpe,lI,eJIIDI no BbmeJIeHHIO ny3bIpbKOB B03.nyxa MeCTa nOBpe)K,ll.eHHH.
TexnoJIorIDI peMOHTa KaMep 3aKJIIOQaeTCSI B mepOXOBKe peMOHTH-
PyeMoro yqacTKa H caMOH 3anJIaTbI oKpyrnoH <pOpMbI, Ha 35...40 MM
nepeKpbIBalOIUeH KpaH nOBpe)K}].eHHH. KpaH 3allJIaTbI CKaIIIHBalOT Ha
10... 15 MM. 3an.naTa,lJ)lSI He60JIbDIHX nOBpe)l(,[{eHHH (,lJ,0 30 MM) MoxeT
6bITb H3 HeBYJIKaHH3HpoBaHHoH (CblpOH) pe3HHbI;)])IH 60JIbUlHX - H3
BYJIKaHH3HpoBaHHoH pe3HHbI HJIH yrHJIbHbIX KaMep. 3aqHIUeHHbIe
nOBepXHOCTH ,lI,BIDK.LJ:bI CMa3bIBalOT KJIeeM C 06H3aTenbHbIM npOCyu.IH-
BaHHeM nOCJIe KIDK.LJ:OH npOMa3KH.
nO,lI,rOTOBJIeHHyJO TaKHM 06pa30M 3aruIaTY KJIaayr Ha nOBpe)l{,.aeH-
Hoe MeCTO H npHKaTbIBalOT pOJIHKOM .lJ)IH HCKJIIOLJeHHSI B03,lI,yruHbIX
npOCJIOeK.
239
BYJIKaHH3aUJlIO 3THX yqacTKoB KaMepbI BbInOJIIDIIOT Ha annapaTax-
I1J1HTax MO . 6140, 6130, B-I0l, 1lI-116, -117 H p. nOcJIe ony pHBaHIDI
3aIDIaTbI Ii IDIHTbI TaJIbKOM KaMepy YKJIa.rt:bIBaIOT Ha IDIHTY peMOHTH-
pyeMbIM yqacTKoM BHH3 H IDIOTHO npIDKHMalOT cTpy6uHHOH.
TeMnepaTypa BYJIKaHli3aUHH pe3HHbI - 150... 160°C, BpeMH -
10...30 MHH B 3aBliCHMOCTH OT TOJIrn;HHbI pe3HHbI.
COAep)l(aHMe OTileTa
O eT OJI)I(eH BKJIIOqaTb B ce6 CJIe yK>rn;He CBe eHHH:
. Ha3BaHHe H ueJIb pa60TbI;
. TPe60BaHHH, npe 'bHBJIHeMbIe K BOCCTaHaBJIHBaeMbIM IllHHaM H
KaMepaM;
. KpaTKHe CBe eHHH no TeXHOJIOfHH BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH KaMep H
peMOHTa IllHH;
. OCHOBHoe TeXHOJIOfHqeCKOe 060py oBaHHe H MaTepHaJIbI ,l])IH
peMOHTa llIHH H KaMep;
. 3HaqeHJUI TeMnepaTypbI H opHeHTHpOBOlfHoe BpeMH BYJIKaHH-
3aUHH IllHH H KaMep;
. pe3YJIbTaTbI npOBepOqHbIX H peMOHTHbIX pa60T no BYJIKaHH3a-
UHIi nOBpe)l(,L(eHHH KaMep;
. BbIBO bI no pa60Te.
KOHTPonbHblE BonpOCbl
1. nepettHCJIHTe Tpe6oBaHHg, npeJI.'bgBJIgeMble K BOCCTaHaBJIHBaeMbIM
IllHHaM H KaMepaM.
2. KaKOBa TeMnepaTypa BYJIKaHH3aUHH CblpOH: pe3HHbl?
3. l.feM OCYllI.eCTBJIglOT JI.OpOXHbIH: peMOHT IllHH?
4. Tpe6yeTCg JIH 6anaHcHpoBKa KOJleC nOCJIe peMOHTa IllHHbI, KaMepbI?
5. no KaKHM npH3HaKaM pa3JIHttalOTCg KJlaCCbI BOCCTaHaBJIHBaeMbIX
IllHH?
3.MATEPMAnbHO-TEXHM ECKOE
O&ECnE EHME M 3KOHOMMSI
PECYPCOB
3. 1. YnpaBneHMe 38n8C8MM H8 npeAnpMRTMRX
8BToMo6MnbHoro Tp8HcnopT8
I.{eJlb pa60mbl - H3yqHTb MeTo,nbI ynpaBJIeHIDI 3anacaMH Ha npe,n-
npIDITIDIX aBTOM06HJIbHOrO 1]JaHcnopTa.
06LQMe CBeAeHMR M OCHOBHble nOHRTMR
3HaqHTeJIbHbIM <l>aKTOpOM B nOBbIllIeHHH 3<P<l>eKTHBHOCTH pa60TbI
ATn HBJIHeTCH paU:HOHaJIH3aU:HH MaTepHaJIbHO-TeXHHqeCKOrO cHa6-
xeHIDI, o,nHa H3 OCHOBHbIX np06JIeM KOTOpOH COCTOI1T B llJIaHHpOBa-
HHH H ynpaBJIeHHH 3anacaMH.
CYTb WIaHHpOBaHHH H ynpaBJIeHIDI 3anacaMH COCTOHT B onpe,ne-
JIeHHH npaBHJI opraHH3aU:HH npou:ecca nOnOJIHeHHH, xpaHeHHH H
pacxo,nOBaHIDI 3anaca H Haxox.n;eHHH COOTBeTCTByIDIUHX qHCJIeHHbIX
napaMe1]JOB 3Toro npouecca.
OCHOBHOH Mo,neJIblO ynpaBJIeHHH 3anacaMH HBJIHeTCR TaK Ha3bI-
BaeMaH KJIaCCHqeCKaH Mo,neJIb 3KOHOMHqHOrO pa3Mepa 3aKa3a, Kor,na
npHHHMaeTCH, qTO YCJIOBHH npOH3Bo,nCTBa Tpe6YlOT paBHOMepHoro
n01]Je6JIeHHH 3anaca, H BpeMH 3arOTOBHTeJIbHOrO nepHo,na HBJIHeTCH
c1]Joro nOCTOHHHbIM (KaK 3TO nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 3.1). B 3a,naqe MH-
HHMH3HpyJOTCH C}'MMapHbIe H3,nep)I(KH xpaHeHRH 3anaCOB, KOTopbIe
npHMO nponopU:HOHaJIbHbI 06'beMY 3THX 3anaCOB H BpeMeHH xpaHe-
HIDI, H H3,nep)f{l(}f, CBH3aHHbIe C 3aKa30M, KOTopbIe nOCTOHHHbI Ha
KIDK,UbIH 3aKa3 R He CBH3aHbI C ero 06'beMOM (pRC. 3.2).
113 pHC. 3.1 BH,lJ;HO, qTO pacxo,nOBaHHe 3anaca H,lJ;eT paBHOMepHO
no BpeMeHH (HaKJIOHHaH JIHHHH). KaK TOJIbKO ypOBeHb 3anaca CHH-
xaeTCH ,no BeJIHqHHbI P3' paBHoH 3anacy B TOqKe 3aKa3a 1 3 , npOH3BO-
,nHTCH 3aKa3 Ha nOCTaBKY B 06'beMe Q3' Qepe3 onpe,neJIeHHbIH 3aroTo-
BHTeJIbHbIH nepHO,n BpeMeHH 1 3 . n Ha CKJIa,n nocTynaeT B COOTBeTCTBHH
C 3aKa30M napTIDI nOCTaBKH qn, paBHaH 3aKa3Y Ha nOCTaBKY: qn = qr
B 3TOT MOMeHT, T. e. B TOqKe nOJIyqeHIDI IIOCTaBKH tn, 06'beM 3anaCa
Ha CKJIa,ne 6y,neT MaKCHMaJIbHbIH P max' 3TOT npOu.ecc nOBTOpHeTCH
qepe3 onpe,neJIeHHbIe nepHO,lJ:bI Me>KJJ:Y CMeXHbIMH 3aKa3aMH t e . 3 H
CMe)({HbIMH nOCTaBKaMH t c . n ' ECJIH rrpou:ecc MaTepHaJIbHOrO cHa6xe-
HIDI ,neHCTBHTeJIbHO c1'poro pery.rmpHbIH, TO HHKaKOrO ,nonOJIHHTeJIb-
241
Pmax
Pcp
P 3 ----------,---r----------,---r-------
I I I I
I I I I
I I I I
I I I I
P ----------:---:--t;;-----:t; t-------
I I A I I
V- I 1
I I I I
13 In
I
I c . n
PHC. 3.1. fpaQ>HK nOnOJIHeHHg H pacxo,aOBaHHg 3anaca 3anaCHblX qaCTeH
H arperaTOB
Horo 3anaca Ha CKJIa,ne I1MeTb He H)')KHO. OlI.HaKO Ha npaKTI1Ke Bce
)l(e 6bIBaIOT pa3JIHQHble OTKJIOHeHHH KaK B nOnOJIHeHHH 3anaCOB, TaK
11 B HX paCXOlI.OBaHHH, n03TOMY, KaK npaBHJIO, He06xolI.HMO HMeTb
onpelI.eJIeHHbIH C1'paXOBOH 3anac (Ha pHC. 3.1 npelI.CTaBJIeH ypOBHeM
Pc-rp)' nOCKOJIbKY paCXOlI. 3anaca B lI.aHHOM npHMepe paCCMa1'pHBaeT-
CH C1'poro paBHOMepHbIM BO BpeMeHH, TO CpelI.HHH ypOBeHb 3anaca
Ha CKJIa,ne 3a JI)lHTeJIbHbIH npOMexyrOK BpeMeHH (JIHHIDI Pcp) 6YlI.eT
HaXOlI.HTbCH TOqHO Ha CepelI.HHe HaKJIOHHOH JIHHHH, xapaKTepH3Y-
IOIII.eH HaJIHqHe 3anaca B KIDK,nbIH MOMeHT BpeMeHH.
300
c, py6.
1500
1200
900
600
o 40 80 120 160 200 240 q, e}J..
PHC. 3.2. 3aBHCHMOCTb H3.lI.ep)KeK C ynpaBJIeHHg 3anacaMH OT pa3Mepa 3a-
Ka3a q:
J - 3a'TpaTbI Ha nOCTaDJ<y; 2 - 3a'TpaTbI Ha xpaHeHHe; 3 - CYMMapHbIe 3a'TpaTbl
242
Bce YKa3aHHbIe BeJIWlHHbI B.IDlIOTCR napaMeTJ)aMH CHCTeMbI n.rra-
HHpOBaHH H ynpaBJIeHIDI 3anaCaMH. HeKOTOpbIe 113 HHX BJIRJOTC
HaTypaJIbHbIMH 06'beMHbIMH nOKa3aTeJUlMH (P H3MepHeTCH B TOHHax,
,
llITYKaX, e,nHHHuax), a ,npyrHe - BpeMeHHbIMH (t - B .lUUlX, 1Jacax).
B 3aBI1CI1MOCTH OT KOHKpeTHbIX YCJIOBHH npH pemeHHH 33,LJ,aQ IlJIaHH-
pOBaHI1H Ii ynpaBJIeHIDI 3anacaMH O,aHH H3 YKa3aHHbIX BbIllIe napaMe-
TJ)OB npHHHMaJOTCH KaK 3aaaHHbIe, .LJ,IDI .apyrux HaXOJUlT HX OnTI1MaJIb-
HbIe HJIH 61IH3KHe K HHM 3HaQeHIDI. OnTHMH3aUHH npouecca ynpaB-
JIeHHH 3anacaMH, KaK npaBHJ10, npe.anOJIaraeT MI1HHMI13aU;HIO Bcex
l13,aepxeK H nOTepb, 3aBHCHIUHX OT nonOlIHeHIDI, xpaHeHIDI H pacxo,no-
BaHHH 3anaCOB. npH 3TOM yqHTbIBalOTCH TaKHe <l>aKTOpbI, KaK CTOH-
MOCTb MaTepHaJIOB H 3anaCHbIX qaCTei1, 3arOTOBHTelIbHbIe pacxo,nbI,
nOTepH OT .aeQ>HUHTa, a B HeKOTopbIX C.rryqCUlX H ,apyrHe cl>aKTOpbI.
MaTeMaTI1QeCKH ro.aOBbIe H3.aepXKH ynpaBJIeHI1H 3anacaMH BbI-
paxalOTCH Q>OPMYlIOH
Q q
C=qC 1 +i C2 '
r,ne Q - ro,nOBaH nOTpe6HOCTb B MaTepHaJIe; q - pa3Mep 3aKa3a
(napTHH) nOCTaBOK; Cl - CYMMa nOCTOHHHbIX TpaHcnopTHO-3aro-
TOBHTeJIbHbIX pacxo,nOB, npHXO,lUlIUHXCH Ha O,nHY napTHIO nOCTaBOK
(Ha O,nHH 3aKa3); C2 - H3,nep)I{I(H xpaHeHHH H co,nepxaHHH e,nHHHUbI
npo,nYKUHH B 3anace (3a ro,n).
nepBbIH tJJIeH BbIpIDKeHIUI nOKa3bIBaeT 06IUHe 3aTJ)aThI no 3aKa3aM
Ha nOCTaBK)' npo,nYKUHH, npH 3TOM Q/q - qHClIO 3THX 3aKa30B 3a
ro,n. BTOpOH q]]eH nOKa3bIBaeT 3aTJ)aTbI Ha xpaHeHHe npo,nYKu,HH Ha
CKJIaae, TaK KaK q/2 - 3TO cpe,aHl1e 3anaCbI npH n.neaJIbHbIX YClIOBH-
HX HX pacxo,nOBaHHH H nonOlIHeHH , Kor,na 3anac pacxo,nyeTcH CTJ)O-
ro paBHOMepHO, H KaK TOJIbKO OH nOJIHOCTblO HCqepnbIBaeTCH, MrHO-
BeHHO nocTynaeT HOBaH napTHH. B YClIOBHHX TaKoro H,neaJIbHOrO
npou,ecca, KOropbIH Ha3bIBalOT CTaTHCTHqeCKH ,neTepMHHHpOBaHHbIM,
T. e. CTJ)oro onpe,neJIeHHbIM, 6e3 KaKHX-lIH60 clIyqaHHocTeH, CT})axo-
BOH 3anac He H)')KeH, 'frO n03BOIDIeT He yqHTbIBaTb ero npH onpe,ne-
lIeHHH H3,aepxeK ynpaBJIeHIUI 3anacaMH B ,naHHOM c.rryqae.
,lJ..Jrn MHHHMH3aUHH BbIllienpHBe,neHHoro BbIpIDKeHIDI OHO ,nH<p<pe-
peHu,HpyeTcB no HCKOMOH BeJIWIHHe naPTHH nOCTaBKH q, nOlIyqeHJIyIO
npOH3Bo,aHyK> npHpaBHHBalOT K nylIlO H Ha 3TOH OCROBe nOJIyqalOT
Q>OPMYJIY OnTHMaJIbHOro pa3Mepa 3aKa3a (napTHH) nOCTaBKH
- j¥ ctQ
qorrr - ·
C2
113 3TOro BbIpaxeHIUI MOXHO nOnytlHTb PM .npyrHx napaMeTJ)OB.
TaK, qHCJIO 3aKa30B 3a ro,n (qHCJIO rrapTHH nOCTaBOK) MO)f(HO HaUTH
no <popMYlIe n = Q/qonr
243
OTCIOlI.a BbIBO,nHTCH BblpaXeHHe ,lI.JIH paCqeTa nepHO,na Me)K,[(Y
CMe}I(HbIMH 3aKa3aMH (CMe)l(}{bIMH nOCTaBKaMH) npH rO,lI.OBOM pac-
qeTe t C . 3 = 365/n.
Cpe,lI.HHH ypOBeHb TeKYIUHX 3anaCOB paCCqHTbIBaeTCH KaK nOJIO-
BHHa OnTHMaJIbHOH napTHH nOCTaBKH: Pcp = QonT/ 2 .
113 pHC. 3.2 BHlI.HO, qTO pa3Mep 3aKa3a MoxeT KOJIe6aTbCH B He-
KOTOpbIX npe,lI.eJIax 6e3 cymecTBeHHoro H3MeHeHIDI CYMMapHOH BeJIH-
qHHbI 06lI.(HX H3,lI.epxeK.
PaCCMOTJ)eHHaH <l>opMYJIa onpe,lI.eJIeHIDI OnTHMaJIbHOH rrapTHH rro-
CTaBKH BbIBe,lI.eHa .lJ)UI H.l1eaJIbHbIX YCJIOBHH <PYHKUHOHHpOBaHIDI npo-
uecca cHa6xeHHH. Ha npaKTHKe <paKTHqeCKHH paCXO,lI. 3anaca He-
paBHOMepeH, BpeMH Me)l(,Ll,Y 3aKa30M H IIOCTaBKOH H Me)l(lJ.Y CMe)l(}{bI-
MH nOCTaBKaMH TaIOKe nO,lI.BepXeHO KOJIe6aHHHM. B CBH3H C 3THM Ha
CKJIaaax npe,nnpHHTHH He06xolI.HMO HMeTb CTJ)aXOBble 3anaCbI, npe,lI.-
Ha3HaqeHHbIe lI.JIH Y,lI.OBJIeTBOpeHHH nOTJ)e6HOCTeH B MaTepHaJIaX H
3anaCHbIX qaCTHX npH HapyrneHHH CpOKOB nOCTaBOK H pa3MepOB
Oqepe,lI.HbIX napTHH, KOJIe6aHHHX nOTJ)e6HOCTH B nepHO,lI. Me)l(,Ll,Y no-
CTaBKaMH.
ECJIH HMeeTCH 3HaqHTeJIbHbIH CTpaXOBOH 3arrac, TO OH cnoc06eH
nOKpbITb Bce CJIyqaHHble OTKJIOHeHHH. O,lI.HaKO 3TO npHBe,lI.eT K ,lI.0-
CTaTOqHO 60JIbllIHM 3aTJ)aTaM no CO,lI.epxaHHIO CTJ)axOBoro 3anaca Ha
CKJIaae npelI.npHHTHH. ECJIH 3TOT 3anac He,lI.OCTaTO'leH, TO B03HHKH)'T
nOTepH, CBH3aHHbIe C OTCYTCTBHeM B H}')KHbIH MOMeHT 3anaCOB Ha
CKJIaae, T. e. nOTepH OT ,lI.e<pHUHTa. TaKHM 06pa30M, onpe.LIeJIHIOIUHM
3KOHOMHqeCKHM <l>aKTOpOM npH paCqeTe BeJIHIIHHbI CTJ)aXOBoro 3a-
naca HBlliIeTCH ,lI.OCTIDKeHHe MHHHMaJIbHbIX CYMMapHbIX 3aTpaT, CBH-
3aHHbIX C CO.LIepXaHHeM 3Toro 3anaca Ha CKJIa,lI.e H C nOTepHMH OT
,lI.e<pHUHTa.
HaH60JIee npOCTbIM HBIDleTCH onpe,lI.eJIeHHe CTPaxoBom 3anaca, Kor-
,lI.a HMeerCH TOJIbKO O,lI.Ha c.rryqaHHaH BeJIlNHHa - nOTJ)e6HOCTb Mex.ay
lI.BywI CMe)({HbIMH nOCTaBKaMH. Tor,lI.a nolI.XO,lI. K onpelI.eJIeHHIO em Pa3-
MepOB 6YlI.eT COCTOHTb B CJIe.nyIOIUeM. B reopHH yrrpaBJIeHIDI 3anaCaMH
lI.OKa3aHO, 'frO OIITHMaJIbHbIH ypOBeHb CTPaxOBOro 3anaca P crp npH Ha-
JIHqHH TOJIbKO OlI.HOH CJIyqaHHoH BeJIHqHHbI - nOTJ)e6HOCTH Me)l(lJ.Y
,lI.BywI CMe)({HbIMH nOCTaBKaMH - lI.OJDKeH 6bITb TaKHM, 1ff06bI Bepom-
HOCTb B03HHKHOBeHHH ,lI.ecPHUHTa (K03<P<PHUHeHT pHCKa OTCyrCTBIDI
MarepHaJIa Ha CKJIa,ne p) onpe,lI.e.rnmaCb CJIe.nyIOIUHM BblpaxeHHeM:
C2
p=
C2 + C3
rlI.e C2 - CTOHMOCTb xpaHeHHH H CO,lI.epXaHHH e,lI.HHHUbI npO,lI.YKUHH
Ha CKJIaae B TeqeHHe rolI.a; C3 - nOTepH H3-3a OTCyrCTBIDI (.ae<pHUHTa)
elI.HHHUbI MaTepHaJIa.
CJIe.aOBaTeJIbHO, CTJ)aXOBOH 3anac ,lI.OJDKeH OTBeqaTb CJIe,nyIDIUeMY
YCJIOBHIO: qT06bI BepOHTHOCTb pHCKa Toro, qTO pa3Mep P CTP oKaxeTcH
244
He,nOCTaTOIlHbIM .lJ)IH nOKpbITIDI Pa3HHUbI Me)({.aY pa3MepOM Ollepe,aHoi1:
napTHH nOCTaBOK q H pa3MepOM nOTJ)e6HOCTH Me)l{,[(y,aBYMH CMex-
HbIMH nOCTaBKaMH V, 6blJIa 6bI paBHa BeJIHlIHHe p. MaTeMaTHIIeCKH
3TO MO)I(HO 3anHcaTb TaK: P{ V - q > P CTP } = p.
QT06bI H3 3Toro BbIpaxeHHH onpe.LJ:eJlI1Tb pa3Mep CTpaXOBoro 3a-
naca P CTP ' He06xo.LJ:HMO 3HaTb xapaKTep pacnpe.aeJleHHH CJIyqaHHoi1:
BeJIHlIHHbI v: ECJlI1 3Ta c.rryqaHHaH BeJIU1IHHa HMeeT HOpMaJIbHOe pac-
npe,aeJleHHe, TO, 3HaH Cpe.LJ:HeKBau.paTWIHoe OTKJlOHeHHe (J 3TOH Be-
JIHIIHHbI H 3au.aHHoe 3HaIleHHe BepOHTHOCTH p, MOXHO C 3TOH Bepo-
HTHOCTblO HaUTH pa3Mep OnTHMaJIbHOro CTJ)axOBOro 3anaca. npH 3TOM
BepOHTHOCTb 6e3,ae<pHUHTHoro cHa6xeHHH ,lJ.OJDKHa 6blTb paBua 1 - p,
a pa3Mep CTpaxoBoro 3anaca
P CTP = (J1 1 _ p ,
r,lJ.e 1 1 - p - I1HCJIeHHOe 3HaIleHHe BeJlHIII1Hbl CTaH,aapTH3I1pOBaHHoro
OTKJIOHeHHH HHTerparrbHou <PYHKUHI1 HOpMaJIbHOrO pacnpe,aeJIeHHH
C BepOHTHOCTblO 1 - p.
Ta6J1Hua 3HaIleHHH HHTerpaJIbHOU <PYHKUI1I1 HOpMaJIbHOrO pac-
npe,aeJleHIDI ,lI)UI COOTBeTCTBYIOIII.HX 3HaIleHHH CTaHJ1apTH3HpOBaHHbIX
BeJlHIIHH npHBo,aHTCH B noc06HHX no TeopHH BepoHTHocTeu H MaTe-
MaTHQeCKOH CTaTHCTHKe.
ECJlH npHIIHHbI, BbI3bIBalOIUHe OTKJIOHeHIDI pa3Mepa nOTJ)e6HOCTH
OT ee O)I{HJJ.aeMOrO 3HaIleHHH, ,lJ.eHCTBYK>T BeCbMa pe.LJ:KO, HO I1HCJIO
TaKHX npHIIHH BeJlHKO, TO CJIyqaHHaH BeJlHlJHHa nOTpe6HOCTH MoxeT
6bITb pacnpe.LJ:eJleHa no 3aKOUY nyaccOHa. Tor,lJ.a O)l{J.1Jl,aeMOe 3HaIleHHe
BeJlHlJHHbI nOTJ)e6HOCTH 6Y.LJ:eT paBHO q, a (J = JQ. CTpaXOBOH 3anac
B 3THX YCJlOBHHX MoxeT 6bITb onpe,lleJIeH no <popMYJle l{TP = It-pJQ.
B03MOXHO TaIOKe paBHOMepHoe pacnpe,lJ.eJIeHHe BepOHTHOCTH
c.rryqaHHoro 3HaIleHIDI nOTJ)e6HOCTH V, Kor,aa H3BeCTHbI MHHHMaJIbHOe
11 MaKCHMaJIbHOe 3HaIleHHH, npHlJeM BepOHTHOCTb nOHBJIeHHSI JI1060-
ro H3 HHX H Bcex 3HaIleHHH, JIeXaIUHX Me)K,ll,Y HHMH, o,aHHaKOBa.
B TeopHH ynpaBJIeHIDI 3anacaMH ,lI)UI 3Toro CJIyqaH BbIBe.LJ:eHa CJIe,lJ.Y-
IOIUIDI <poPMYJIa BeJIHIIHHbI CTPaxoBoro 3anaca:
P crp = ( - P ) (V rnax - V rnin ).
npH pa3JIHIIHOM xapaKTepe pacnpe,lJ.eJIeHHH c.rryqaHHOW BeJIHIIHHbI
nOT})e6HOCTH V Me)l{J:{y ,aBYMH CMe)I(HbIMH nOCTaBKaMH nOJIyqalOTcH
BeCbMa OTJIHIIalOIUHeCH ,apyr OT ,apyra pa3MepbI CTpaXOBoro 3anaca.
3TO nOKa3bIBaeT, liTO, npe)f(,ll,e qeM npHC1)'I1HTb K paClJeTY OnTHMaJIb-
HOro pa3Mepa CTpaXOBoro 3anaca, He06xoJI.HMO Tlll.aTeJIbHO npoaHa-
JlH3HpOBaTb <paKTHqeCKOe pacnpe,neJIeHHe 3THX CJIyqaHHbIx BeJIH'IHH
H Ha OCHOBe TaKoro aHaJIH3a onpe,neJIHTb, KaKOH xapaKTep pacnpe,ae-
JIeHHH HMeeT MeCTO B peaJIbHOH .aeHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH.
245
npHBe,neHHble Q>OPMYJIbl n03BOJISIIOT onpe.nenHTb BCe napaMe'rpbl
ynpaBJIeHHSI 3anaCaMH B JII060H H3 OrrHCaHHbIX paHee OpraHH3aUH-
OHHblX CHCTeM nOnOJIHeHHSI 3anaCOB.
nOpSiAOK BblnOnHeHMSI pa60Tbi
TeXHUtteCKoe o6eCnetteHUe U MeCmO 8blnOJlHeHUR - KOMnblOTep-
Hbl" KJIaCC, rrpOrpaMMHOe cpe,nCTBO Excel, Ha60p 3anaHHH .IJ)UI pac-
qeTa nOKa3aTeJIeH cHa6xeHHH 3anaCHblMH 1.JaCTHMH.
3aIDITHe npOBo,nHTCH no,n P}'KOBO,nCTBOM nperro,naBaTellil C rpynnoH
CTY,lI.e HTO B.
YcnellIHoe BblnOJIHeHHe pa60TbI B03MO:>KH0 nOCJIe 03HaKOMJIeHIDI
C MeTO,lI.H1.JeCKHMH }'Ka3aHHHMH no rrpOBe,lI.eHHIO npaKTHqeCKOrO 3a-
HSiTHSI H npH YCJIOBHH CTpororo C06JIIO,neHIDI npaBHJI TeXHHKH 6e3-
onaCHOCTH.
nOCJIe H3yqeHHH MeTo,nHqeCKHX }'Ka3aHHH Ka)l{J].bIH cTy,neHT no-
JIyqaeT rrepCOHaJIbHble ,naHHble .IJ)UI paCqeTa H BblnOJIHSleT He06xo,lI.H-
Mble BblqHCJIeHIDI no onpe,neJIeHHIO nOKa3aTeJIeH cHa6xeHIDI (onTH-
MaJIbHble pa3Mep 3aKa3a H BeJIHqHHa C1'paXOBoro 3anaca).
no OKOHqaHHH yqe6Hblx 3aIDITHH OQ>opMllileTCH OT'IeT no pa60Te
H OCYIUeCTBIDIeTCH ero 3aIUHTa.
npO,lI.OJDKHTeJIbHOCTb pa60Tbl - 2 q.
COAep)I(aHMe OT'IeTa
()rqeT no pa60Te ,nOJDKeH 01'pIDKaTb HaM60JIee BIDKHble nOJIOXeHHSI
no MeTo,nHKe paCqeTa nOKa3aTeJIeH cHa6xeHIDI npe,nnpJUITIDI 3anac-
HhIMH qaCTRMH C BKJIlOqeHHeM CJIe,nyIDIUHX cBe,neHMH:
. Ha3BaHHe H u:eJIb pa60TbI;
. onHcaHHe MeTo,nHKM paCqeTa nOKa3aTeJIeH cHa6xeHIDI npe,lI.-
rrpHSITIDI 3anaCHblMH 1.JaCTHMH;
. HCXO,lI.HbIe ,naHHble HII,[{HB YaJIbHOrO 3a,u,aHMH H pe3YJIhTaTbI
paCqeTOB nOKa3aTeJIeH cHa6xeHIDI 3anaCHblMH qaCTRMM;
. rpa<t>HKH M3,nepxeK ynpaBJIeHHH 3anacaMM B 3aBMCHMOCTM OT
pa3Mepa 3aKa3a;
. BbIBO,lI.bI no pa60Te.
KOHTPonbHblE BonpOCbI
1. nepeqHCJlHTe BH.lIbI 3anaCOB Ha ATn.
2. ,aaHTe onpe.aeJleHHe CT})axoBoro 3anaca.
3. KaK onpe.aeJlgeTCg pa3Mep nocTaBKH?
4. Or qero 3aBHCHT nepHo.aHlJHOCTb nocTaBoK?
5. Ha30BHTe 3KOHOMHqeCKHH KpHTepHH npH paCqeTe 3anaCOB.
246
3.2. HOpMMpoB8HMe paCXOAa TonnMBa
Ha aBToMo6MnbHoM lpaHCnopTe
l(eAb pa60mbl - H3yqun MeTo,nbI HOpMHpOBaHHH pacxo,na TOf1JIH-
Ba Ha aBTOMo61U1bHOM l'paHcnopTe.
0611.\Me CBeAeHMR M OCtlOBHble nOHRTMR
3HatJeHHH 6a30BbIX HOpM pacxo,na TOllJIHBa ,lI)ISI aBTOM0611JIbHOrO
no,nBH)l{Horo COCTaBa o6w;ero Ha3Ha1.JeHIDI, HOpM pacxo,na TOllJIHBa Ha
pa60TY cneUHarrbHblX aBTOM06R1IeH, nOpSI.aOK HX npHMeHeHHH H Me-
TO,nbI paCtJeTa HopMHpyeMoro pacxo,na TOllJIHBa npH 3KcIDIyaTaUHH,
HopMaTHBbI no pacxo,ny CMa30I.JHbIX MaTepHaJIOB npHBe.neHbI B PYKO-
BOMIIUeM ,nOK)'MeHTe «HOPMbI pacxo,na TOllJIHB H CMa30tJHbIX MaTe-
pHaJIOB Ha aBTOM06HJIbHOM TpaHcnopTe» P 3112194-0366-03,
yrBep)K,[\eHHOM MHHHcTepcmoM TPaHcnOPTa POCCHHCKOH <l>e,nepaUHH
29.04.2003, Hero ,nonOJIHeHHH, BBe,neHHOM 01.01.2008.
PYKOBOMIIUHH .nOK)'MeHT npe,nHa3HatJeH AJUI ATn, opraHH3aUHH,
npe,nnpHHHMaTeJIeH He3aBHCHMO OT <pOpMbl co6cTBeHHocTH, 3KC-
IIJIyaTIlpYK>IUHX aBTOM06HJ1bHYJO TeXHHKY H CneUH3JIbHbIH no,nBIDKHoH
COCTaB Ha maCCH aBTOM06J1JIeH Ha TeppHTopHH POCCHIi. 3TH HopMa-
THBbl MorYT 6blTb HCnOJIb30BaHbI B KaqeCTBe OCHOBbI ,lJ)IH paCtJeTa
Be,nOMCTBeHHbIX HOpM npl{ 3KCI1.1IYaTaUHH CneUHaJIbHblX H TeXHOJIO-
rHlJeCKHX aBTOMo6IU1eH.
HopMa pacxo,na TOllJIHBa (IUIH CMa30tJHoro MaTepHaJIa) npHMeHH-
TeJIbHO K aBTOM06HJIbHOMY TPaHCnopTY no,npa3YMeBaeT YCTaHOBJIeH-
Hoe 3HaqeHHe Mepbl ero nOTpe6JIeHHH npH pa60Te aBTOM06HJIeH
KOHKpeTHOH Mo,neJIH, MapKH HJIH Mo,nH<pHKaUHH.
HOpMbl pacxo,na TOIDIKm (CMa30tJHbIX MaTepHaJIOB) Ha aBTOM06HJIb-
HOM l'paHCnOpTe npe,nHa3HaQeHbl,lJ)Ul paCqeTOB HopMHpyeMoro 3anaca
HJIH pacxo,na TOllJIHBa, .lVUI Be.neHIDI CTaTHCTWIeCKOH H OnepaTIlBHOH
OTtJeTHOCTH, onpe,ne.rreHHH ce6eCTOHMOCTH nepeB030K, nJIaHHpOBaHIDI
nOTPe6HOCTH npe,nnpIDITHH B 06eCneqeHHH He<trrenpO.nyKTaMH, ocy-
IUeCTBJIeHIUI paCtJeTOB no HaJIoroo6JIo)f(eHHIO npe,nnpIDITIlH, YCTaHOB-
JIeHHH pe}I{HMa 3KOHOMHE H 3Heproc6epexeHIDI n01pe6JU1eMb1X He-
Q>TenpO.nyKTOB, npOBe,neKIDI paClJeTOB C nOJIb30BaTeJUlMH l'paHcnopT-
HbIX cpe,nCTB H BO,nHTe.rnIMH.
HOpMbl pacxo,na TOllJI....Ba COOTBeTCTBYK>T onpe,neJIeHHblM YCJIOBH-
HM pa60TbI aBTOM06HJIbHbIX TpaHcnopTHbIX cpe,nCTB COrJIaCHO HX
KJlaCCH<pHKaU;HH Ii Ha3HaQeHHIO.
HOpMbI BKJlIOtJaIOT B ce6H pacxo,n TOnJIHBa, Heo6xo,nHMblH ,lJ)IH
ocyrueCTBJleHIDI TPaHcnOpTHoro npouecca, a .nonOJIHHTeJIbHbIH pacxo,n
TOnJIHBa Ha TeXHHQeCKH e, rapIDKHbIe H npOqHe BHyrpeHHHe X03HH-
CTBeHHbIe Hyx.LJ,bI, He CB.-.SI3aHHble Henocpe,nCTBeHHO C TeXHOJlOrHlJe-
247
CKHM npOueCCOM nepeB030K naCCIDKHpOB H rpY30B, B COCTaB HOpM
He BKJIIOqaeTCH H YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH OTlJ.eJIbHO. AJIH aBTOM06HJIeH
06w:ero Ha3HaqeHHH YCTaHOBJIeHbI CJIelJ.YK>IUHe BH.lI.bI HOpM:
. 6a30BaH HopMa B JIHTpaX Ha 100 KM np06era (JI/IOO KM) .LUIH
aBTOTpaHcnopTHoro CpelJ.CTBa B CHapIDKeHHOM COCTOHHHH;
. TPaHcnopTHaH HopMa B JIHTPax Ha 100 T' KM (JI/IOO T' KM):
HopMa ,lJ)UI aBT06yca, rlJ.e yqHTbIBaeTCH CHapH)I(eHHaH Macca
H HopMHpyeMaH no Ha3HaqeHHIO aBT06yca 3arpY3Ka nacca-
)l(HpOB;
HopMa lI.JIH CaMOCBaJIa, rlJ.e yqHTbIBaeTCH CHapHxeHHaH Macca
H HopMHpyeMaH (K03cPcPHUHeHT 0,5) 3arpY3Ka CaMOCBaJIa.
TpaHCnOpTHaH HopMa B JIHTJ)ax Ha 100 T' KM (ee BeJIH1.JHHa 3aBHCHT
OT BHlJ.a TOIIJIHBa: lI.JIH ,lIH3eJIbHOrO TOIIJIHBa - 1,3 JI/IOO T. KM; .LUIH
6eH3HHa - 2 JI/ 100 T' KM) lI.JIH rpY30BOro aBTOM06HJIB yqHTbIBaeT lJ.O-
nOJIHHTeJIbHbIH K 6a30BOH HopMe paCXOlJ. TOnJIHBa npH L\BH)I(eHHM
aBTOM0611.TU1 C rpY30M I11IM nOJIynpHuena C rpY30M, aBTOnOe3L\a C npM-
uenOM I11IH nOJIynpHuenoM 6e3 rpY3a H C rpY30M.
6a30BaH HopMa paCXOlJ.a TOIIJIHBa 3aBHCHT OT KOHCTPYKUHH, KaTe-
ropHH, THna H Ha3HaqeHHH aBTOM06HJIbHOrO nOlJ.BH)I(HOrO COCTaBa
(JIerKOBble, rpY30BbIe aBTOM06HJIH, aBT06ycbI H T. L\.) H yqHTbIBaeT
CHapHxeHHoe COCTOHHHe aBTOM06HJIH, THnH3HpoBaHHbIH Mapmpyr H
pe)f(MM pa60TbI lJ.BHraTellil B 3KcruIyaTaUHH.
HOpMbI paCXOlJ.a TOIIJIMBa Ha 100 KM np06era aBTOM06111IH YCTa-
HOBJIeHbI B CJIelJ.YIOIUHX H3MepeHHHX:
. lI.JIH 6eH3HHoBbIX H lJ.H3eJIbHbIX aBTOM06111IeH - B JIHTPax 6eH-
3HHa HJIH L\H3eJIbHOrO TOIIJIHBa;
. ,lJ)UI aBTOM06HJIeH, pa60TaIOIUHx Ha CHf, - B JIMTPax CHf (H3
paCqeTa 1 JI 6eH3HHa COOTBeTcTByeT 1,32 JI CHf);
. .lI)IH aBTOM06I11IeH, pa60TaIOIUHx Ha Knf, - B KY6HQeCKHX Me-
TPax Knf (H3 paCQeTa 1 JI 6eH3HHa COOTBeTcTByeT 1 M 3 Knf);
. ,lJ)UI ra30lJ.H3eJIbHbIX aBTOM06HJIeH HopMa paCXOlJ.a C)I(aToro npH-
pOlJ.HOro ra3a YKa3bIBaeTCH B KY6HQeCKMX MeTJ)ax, a HopMa pac-
XOlJ.a 1Uf3eJIbHOro TOruIHBa - B JIlITpax, HX COOTHOmeHMe onpelJ.e-
lliIeTCH npOH3BOlJ.HTeJIeM TeXHHKH (I11IH B HHCTJ)YKUHM no 3KC-
IIJIyaTaUHH) .
YqeT .l10pO)l(HO-TpaHcnopTHbIX, KJIHMaTHqeCKHX H lJ.pyrHx 3KC-
ruIyaTaUHoHHbIX <paKTOpOB npOH3BOlJ.HTCB C nOMOIUbIO nOnpaBOqHbIX
K03<P<PHUHeHToB, perJIaMeHTHpOBaHHbIX B BHlI.e npoueHTOB nOBbI-
llIeHHH HJIH CHH)I(eHHB HCXOL\HOrO 3HaqeHHH HOpMbI (HX 3HaqeHHH
YCTaHaBJIHBaIOTCH pacnOpIDKeHJUIMH PYKOBOlJ.MTeJIeH ATn I11IH MeCT-
HbIMH ar\MHHHCTPaUHHMH).
HOpMbI paCXOlJ.a TOnJIHBa nOBbIllIaIOTCH npH CJIelJ.YIOIUHX YCJIO-
BHHX:
. pa60Ta aBTOM06HJIbHOrO TPaHcnopTa B 3HMHee BpeMH rOlJ.a B
3aBHCHMOCTH OT KJIHMaTWIeCKHX paHoHoB CTJ)aHbI - 5... 20 %;
248
. pa60Ta aBTOM06R1IbHOro TPaHCnOpTa Ha .noporax 06mero nOJIb-
30BaHHSI (I, II HIlI KaTeropHH) B ropHbIX MecTHocTHX, BKJIlOttasI
ropo.ncKHe H CeJIbCKHe nOCeJIeHHSI H npMropo.nHbIe 30HbI, npH
BbICOTe Hal{ ypOBHeM MOpSl:
OT 300 .no 800 M - ,no 5 % (HH)I(Heropbe);
OT 801 ,no 2000 M - ,no 10 % (cpe,aHeropbe);
OT 2001 ,no 3000 M - .no 15 % (BbIcoKoropbe);
CBbIwe 3000 M - ,ao 20 % (BbIcoKoropbe).
. pa60Ta aBTOM06HJIbHOrO TpaHcnopTa Ha ,noporax 06mero
nOJIb30BaHHH (I, II If III KaTeropHH) co CJIOXHbIM llJIaHOM, BHe
npe,neJIOB ropo,aOB H npMropo,nHbIX 30H, r,ae B cpe,nHeM Ha 1 KM
nY1'M HMeeTCSI 60JIee nHTH 3aKPyrJIeHMH pa.n.HYCOM MeHee 40 M
(T. e. Ha 100 KM nY1'H He MeHee 500 nOBopoTOB) - ,no 10 %;
. pa60Ta aBTOM06R1IbHoro TPaHcnopTa B ropO.l1ax C HaCeJIeHHeM:
CBbIllie 3 MJIH 1.feJIOBeK - ,no 25 %;
OT 1 ,no 3 MJIH 1.feJIOBeK - ,no 20 %;
OT 250 TbIC. ,no I MJIH 1.feJIOBeK - ,ao 15 %;
OT 100 TbIC. ,ao 250 TbIC. 1.feJIOBeK - ,no 10 %;
B ropo,nax H nOCeJIKaX ropo,nCKOro THna (npH HaJIH1.fHH CBe-
TO<pOpOB H ,npyrHX 3HaKOB ,aopO)J(Horo ,aBH)I(eHHH) C HaCeJIe-
HHeM,no 100 TbIC. 1.feJIOBeK - ,no 5 %;
. pa60Ta aBTOM06R1IbHOrO 1'paHcnopTa, 1'pe6yK>maSi ttaCTbIX Tex-
HOJIOrHqeCKHX OCTaHOBOK, CBSl3aHHbIX C norpY3KoH H BblrpY3-
KOH, nOCaL{KOH H BbICaL{KOH naCCIDKHpOB, B TOM 1.fHCJIe MapllI-
PYTHbIX TaKCH, aBT06ycOB, rpY30naccaXHpCKHX H rpY30BbIX
aBTOM06H.1IeH MaJIOrO KJIaCca, aBTOM06HJIeH THna nHKan, YHH-
BepCaJI H T. n., BKJIIO'IWI nepeB03KH npO.nyKTOB H MaJIbIX rpY30B,
06CJIyxHBaHHe n01.fTOBbIX HIUHKOB, HHKaccaUHIO ,neHer, 06CJIY-
XHBaHHe neHCHOHepOB, HHBaJIH,nOB, 60JIbHbIX H T.,n. (npH
YCJIOBHH B cpe,nHeM 60JIee qeM OAHa OCTaHOBKa Ha 1 KM npo-
6era, npH 3TOM OCTaHOBKM Y cBeTo<popoB, nepeKpeCTKOB H
nepee3,nOB He yqHTbIBaIOTCH) - ,ao 10 %;
. nepeB03Ka HeCTaH.ll.aPTHbIX KpynHora6apHTHbIX, TIDKeJIOBeCHbIX,
onaCHbIX rpY30B, rpY30B B CTeKJIe, ,nBHxeHHe B KOJIOHHax H npH
COnpOBO)f()];eHIDI H B ,npyrnx no,no6HbIX CJIyIIaSIX C IIOHIDKeHHbIMH
CKOpOCTHMH ,nBIDKeHIDI aBToM06HIDI,n0 20... 30 KM/q -.l10 15 %,
npH nOHIDKeHHblX CKOpOCTSlX,nO 10 KM/q - ,no 35 %;
. npH np06ere nepBoH 1 000 KM HOBbIMH aBTOM06Hlli1MH (06KaT-
Ka) H aBTOM06HID1MH, BbIUJe,nWHMH 113 KanHTaJIbHoro peMOHTa,
a TalOKe npH u;eH1'paJIH30BaHHOM neperoHe TaKHX aBTOM06HJIeH
CBOlfM XO,nOM B O,nHHOQHOM COCTOHHIIH - ,no 10 %, "PH nepe-
rOHe aBTOM06HJIeH B cnapeHHOM COCTOHHHH - .no 15 %, B
C1'poeHHOM COCTOSlHHH -.no 20 %;
. .nIDI aBToM06HJIeH, HaxO.lUlllUiXCH B 3Kcn.rryaTaUHH 60JIee 5 JIeT, -
,no 5 %, 60JIee 8 neT - .no 10 %;
249
. npH pa60Te rpY30BbIX aBTOM06I1JIeH, <l>yprOHOB, rpY30BbIX TaK-
COMOTOpOB 6e3 yqeTa MaCCbI nepeB03HMOrO rpY3a, npH pa60Te
aBTOM06HJIeH BIGlqeCTBe TeXHOnorwIecKoro TpaHCnOpTa, BKJIIO-
qaSl pa60TY BHyrpH npe,LJ:npIDITHH, -.nO 10 %;
. npH pa60Te cneQHaJIH3HpOBaHHbIX aBTOM06HJIeH (KHHOC1>eMOq-
HbIX, peMOHTHbIX, aBTOBbIllIeK, aBTOIIorpY3qHKOB H T. n.), BbI-
nOJIIDIIOI..UHX 1paHCnOpTHbIH IIpouecc npH MaHeBpHpOBaHHH Ha
nOHIDKeHHbIX CKOpOCTSIX, IIpH qaCTbIX OCTaHoBKax H .LJ;BIDKeHHH
3a.nHHM XO,LJ:OM - ,no 20 %;
. npH pa60Te B Kapbepax, ,LJ:BIDKeHHH no nOJIIO, npH BbIB03Ke JIeca
H Ha yqacTKax ropH30HTaJIbHOH ,LJ:OpOrH IV H V KaTeropHH BHe
OCHOBHOH ,LJ:OpOrH 06:w:ero nOJIb30BaHIDI: ,lI)Ig aBTOTpaHcnopT-
HbIX cpe,nCTB B CHapIDKeHHOM COCTOgHHH 6e3 rpY3a -,no 20 %,
C nOJIHOH HJIH qaCTHQHOH 3arpY3KoH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT nOJIHOH
MaCCbI - ,LJ:O 40 %;
. npH pa60Te B qpe3BbIQaHHbIX KJIHMaTHqeCKHX H ,nOPO)l(HbIX
YCJIOBHgX B nepHO,n ce30HHOH pacnyrHUbI, CHe}l(JlbIX HJIH nec-
qaHbIX 3aHOCOB, IIPH CHJIbHOM cHerona,ne H roJIOJIe,nHue, HaBO,n-
HeHIDIX H ,LJ:pyrHX CTHXHHHbIX 6e,ncTBHgX ,lI)Ig ,nopor I, II HIlI
KaTeropHH - .LJ;O 35 %, ,l])ISI.LJ;opor IV H V KaTeropHH - ,no 50 %;
. npH yqe6HoH e3,ne - ,LJ:O 20 %;
. npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH KOII.nHUHOHepa HJIH YCTaHOBKH «KJIHMaT-
KOHTpOJIb» npH ,nBIDKeHHH aBTOM06Rill1 - ,no 7 %.
npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH KOH,lI.HUHOHepa HJIH YCTaHOBKH «KJIHMaT-
KOHTpOJIb» Ha CTOgHKe (He3aBHcHMo OT BpeMeHH ro,na) HopMaTHBHbIH
paCXO.LJ; TOIDIHBa YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCg 113 paCqeTa: 1 q npOCTOg C pa60-
TalO:W:HM .LJ;BHraTeJIeM COOTBeTcTByeT 10 KM np06era.
npH npOCTOgX aBToM06R1U1 IIO.LJ; norpY3KoH H pa3rpY3KoH B nYHK-
Tax, r,ne no YCJIOBHgM 6e30naCHOCTH HJIH ,npyrHM .LJ;eHCTBYIOI..UHM
rrpaBHJIaM 3anpeI..UaeTCg BbIKJIlOqaTb .LJ;BHraTeJIb (He<pTe6a3bI, cneUH-
aJIbHble CKJIa,nbI, 6aHKH H T. n.), npH npOCTOgX co CneUHaJIbHbIM
rpY30M, He ,nonycKalOI..UHM OXJIIDI<,l:(eHIDI CaJIOHa (Ky30Ba) aBTOM06HJU1,
HOpMbI paCXO,LJ:a TOllJIHBa nOBbImaIOTCg .LJ;O 10 %.
B 3HMHee HJIH XOJIo,nHoe BpeWI ro.LJ;a (lIpH Cpe.LJ;HecyrOqHOH TeM-
nepaType HH)I(e +5 °C) npH npOCTOHX H nporpeBe aBTOM06HJIeH H
aBT06ycOB (npH OTCYTCTBHH He3aBHCHMbIX oTOnHTeJIeH), a TaIOKe npH
npOCTOgX C pa60TalOI..UHM ,nBHraTeJIeM B OXH,LJ:aHHH naCCa)l(HpOB
(B TOM qHCJIe 60JIbHbIX, HHBaJIH.LJ;OB If T. n.) YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCg HopMa-
THBHbIH paCXO.LJ; TODJIliBa 113 paCqeTa: 1 q npOCTOg COOTBeTcTByeT 10 KM
np06era aBTOM06HJIH.
npeJ],eJIbHbIe 3HaqeHIDI 3HMHHX Ha,a6aBoK K HopMaM pacxo,na aB-
TOM06HJIbHOro TODJIIiBa no perHOHaM POCCHH Ha OCHOBe 3HaqeHHH
cpeJ],HeMeCgqHbIX, MaKCHMaJIbHbIX H MHHHMaJIbHbIX TeMnepaTYP B03-
Ayxa, ,naHHbIX 0 npOL(OJDKIITeJIbHOCTH 3HMHero nepHo,na ,nH<p<pepeH-
UMpOBaHbI B COOTBeTCTBHH C fOCT 16350-80 «KrrHMaT CCCP.
250
PaHOHHpOBaHHe H CTaTHCTINeCKHe napaMeTpbI KJIMMaTHqeCKHX <l>aK-
TOpOB,lJ)UI TeXHHqeCKHX ueJIeib. npH pa60Te B 3HMHee BpeMSI JIHHeH-
HbIe HOpMbI YBeJIHqHBaIOTCR: B IOXHbIX paOOHaX CTpaHbI .LJ;O 5 %;
B ceBepHbIX -.LJ;O 15 %; B paM()Hax KpaHHero CeBepa H MeCTHOCTSlX,
npHpaBHeHHbIX K HHM, - )];020 %; B OCTaJIbHbIX - .LJ;O 10 % C }'Ka3a-
HHeM cpOKa HX .LJ;eHCTBHSI (BbUJ;ep}KJ{a H3 PYKoBO,lUlmerO .LJ;0KYMeHTa
P 3112194-03 «HOpMbI pacxona TOllJIHBa H CMa30QHbIX MaTepHaJIOB
Ha aBTOM06HJIbHOM TpaHCnOpre» no 3HMHHM HarI.6aBKaM npe.LJ;CTaB-
JIeHa B Ta6JI. 3.1).
YKa3aHHbIH nepHO.LJ; npHMeKeHIDI 3HMHUX Hau.6aBoK K HopMe H HX
BeJIHQHHY peKOMeHL\yeTCg O<pOPMllilTb pacnopIDKeHH MH perHOHaJIb-
HbIX (MecTHbIx) opraHOB BJIaCTH, a npH OTCyrCTBHH COOTBeTCTByJOlI(HX
pacnopIDKeHHH - npHKa3aMI1 PYKoBO.LJ;HTeJIeH npe)];npHgTHH.
PerHOHaJIbHble opraHbI BJlaCTH RJIH PYKOBO)];HTeJIH npe.LJ;npIDITHH
Moryr npOH3BO.LJ;HTb yrOqHeHAA no nepHO.LJ;Y npHMeHeHHSI H 3HaqeHH-
SlM 3HMHHX Ha.LJ;6aBOK B peKoMeu,noBaHHbIx npe.LJ;eJIax ,lI)ISI .LJ;aHHOrO
perHOHa, npH 3HaqHTeJIbHbIX OTKJIOHeHIDIX OT Cpe.LJ;HeCTaTHCTHQeCKHX
3HaQeHHH - no COrJIaCOBaHHIO co CJIy)K6aMH fn,apoMeTueHTpa POC-
CHH.
tl-onycKaeTcSI Ha OCHOBaHHH pacnopIDKeHIDI MeCTHOH a,u.MHHHCTpa-
UHH HJIH npHKa3a PYKOBO.LJ;HTeilll npe.LJ;npHgTHg:
. Ha BH)'TpHrapIDKHbIe paJ'be3,nbI H TeXHWleCKHe HarI.o6HOCTH ATn
(TeXHHqeCKHe OCMOTpbI, peryJIHpOBOQHbIe pa6oTbl, npHpa6oT-
Ka .LJ;eTaJIeH .LJ;BHraTeJIeU H .LJ;pyrux arperaTOB aBTOM06RJISI nOCJIe
peMOHTa H T. n.) yaeJIHqHBaTb HopMaTHBHbIH paCXO.LJ; TOIDIHBa
.no 1 % OT o61I(ero KOJIWleCrna nOTpe6ID1eMoro TOnJIHBa .naHHbIM
npe.LJ;npHSlTHeM (c yqeToM OTHOCHTeJIbHoro KOJIHQeCTBa e.LJ;HHHU
T a 6 11 U a 3.1. 3H8'1eHMR 3MMHMX H8A68BOK K HOpM8M P8CXOA8
TonnMB8 B perMOH8X POCCMM no KnMM8TM'IeCKMM p8MOH8M
CPOK .neHCTBHJI npe.neJIbHWI BeJIH-
PerHOH POCCHH (no <!>e.nepaJIbHoMY Han6aBoK ql1Ha Han6aBoK
o Kpyry) B 311MHHH nepHO.n B3HMHHiI
3KCnJlyaTaUH H nepHO.n, %
KpacHo.aapcKHH KpaH (CeBepo- 01.12 - 01.03 5
KaBKa3cKHH <!>e.aepaJIbHbIH
OKpyr)
CapaToBcKaSi 06]1. (npHBOJDR- 01.11- 31.03 10
CKHH <t>e.nepaJIbHbIH OKpyr)
OC'rpoBa CeBepHoro JIe.aoBK:IO- 01.11-31.05 20
ro OKeaHa ()::{aJIbHeBOCTOqHbIH
<t>e.aepaJIbHbIH OKpyr)
251
aBTO'TpaHcnopTHbIX Cpe.LJ;CTB, HCnOJIb3yeMbIx npH BbInOJIHHeMbIX
pa60Tax);
. J])IH MapOK H MO.LJ;H<pHKaUHH aBTOM06HJIeH, He HMelOlUHX KOH-
CTPYKTHBHbIX OTJIHqHH, HO OTJIHqalOlUHXCH OT 6a30BOH MO.LJ;eJIH
c06CTBeHHOH MaCCOH (npH YCTaHOBKe <PyproHoB, KY30BOB,
TeHTOB, .LJ;OnOJIHHTeJIbHOrO 060pY.LJ;OBaHHg, 6POHHpOBaHHg
H T.)];.), HOp MY paCXO.LJ;a TOnJIHBa KoppeKTHpOBaTb Ha Ka yIO
TOHHY yseJIHqeHIDI (}'MeHbllIeHIDI) c06CTBeHHOH MaCCbI'TpaHC-
nopTHoro Cpe.LJ;CTBa - YBeJIHqeHHeM (YMeHbllIeHHeM) .LJ;O
2 JI/I00 KM no aBTOM06H.1U1M C 6eH3HHOBbIMH .LJ;BHraTeJUlMH, .LJ;O
1,3 JI/I00 KM - C .LJ;H3eJIHMH, .LJ;O 2,6 JI/I00 KM no aBTOM06H.1IHM,
pa60TalOlUHM Ha C)I(H)I(eHHOM ra3e,,n0 2 M 3 /100 KM no aBTOMO-
6H.1IHM, pa60TalOlUHM Ha Knf; npH ra30.LJ;H3eJIbHOM npouecce
,nBHraTeJIg opHeHTHpOBOqHO .LJ;O 1,2 M 3 npHpO.LJ;HOrO ra3a H .LJ;O
0,25 JI/I00 KM .LJ;H3eJIbHOrO TOnJIHBa;
. HOp My paCXO,lIa TOII1IHBa CHIDKaTh npH pa60Te Ha .LJ;oporax 06IUe-
ro nOJIb30BaHIDI, pacnOJIO)l(eHHbIX 3a npe,lIeJIaMH npHropO,lIHOH
30HbI Ha paBHHHHOH CJIa60XOJIMHCTOH MeCTHOCTH (BbICOTa Han
ypOBHeM MOpg ,no 300 M; .LJ;OpOrH I, II HIlI KaTeropHH), .LJ;O
15 %.
B TOM CJIyqae, KOr,lIa aBTOM06H.1IbHbIH 'TpaHCnOpT 3Kcn.rryaTHpyeT-
CH B npHrOpO.LJ;HOH 30He BHe rpaHHUbI ropO.LJ;a, nOnpaBOqHbIe (ropo.LJ;-
CKHe) K03<P<PHUHeHTbI He npHMeHglOTCg.
npH He06xo.LJ;HMOCTH npHMeHeHHH o,nHOBpeMeHHO HeCKOJIbKHX
Han6aBOK HopMa paCXO.LJ;a TOII1IHBa YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCg C yqeToM C}'MMbI
H.1IH pa3HOCTH 3THX HaLl6aBOK.
B ,lIOnOJIHeHHe K HOpMHpOBaHHOMY paCXO,lIY ra3a ,lIOnYCKaeTCH
pacxo,nOBaHHe 6eH3HHa H .LJ;H3eJIbHoro TOII1IHBa,l])lH rBA B CJIe,nYIOIUHX
CJIytlasIX:
. ,l])ISI 3ae3.LJ;a B peMOHTHyIO 30HY H BbIe3.LJ;a H3 Hee nOCJIe npOBe-
,lIeHHg TeXHHqeCKHX B03,neHCTBHH - ,no 5 JI rEA;
. J])ISI nYCKa .LJ;BHraTeJISI rEA B 3HMHee BpeMR (npH TeMnepaType
OKp}')l(alOmeH cpe,nbI HH)I(e 0 °C) - ,no 10 JI B MecSlU Ha O.LJ;HH
aBTOM06H.1Ib;
. Ha MaprnpYTax, npOTSI)I(eHHOCTb KOTOpbIX npeBbIrnaeT 3anac
XO,lIa O.LJ;HOH 3anpaBKH ra3a, - .LJ;O 25 % OT 06m:ero paCXO,lIa TO-
nJIHBa Ha YKa3aHHbIX Maprnpyrax.
Bo Bcex YKa3aHHbIX CJIyqaSlx HOpMHpOBaHHe paCXO.LJ;a )l(H,nKoro
TOII1IHBa .Ll)lSI rEA ocymeCTBJIgeTCg B Tex :>Ke pa3Mepax, qTO H .LI)Ig co-
OTBeTCTBeHHO 6a30BbIx 6eH3HHoBbIX aBTOM06H.1IeH.
npHHHMaSl BO BHHMaHHe B03MO:>KHbIe H3MeHeHHg H MHoro06-
pa3He YCJIOBHH 3KCnJIyaTaUHH aBTOM06HJIbHOH TeXHHKH, B CJIyqae
npOH3BO.LJ;CTBeHHOH He06xo,lIHMOCTH MO:>KHO yrOqlUlTb HJIH BBO.ll.HTb
OT,neJIbHbIe nOnpaBOqHbIe K03<P<PHUHeHTbI K HopMaM pacxo,na TO-
nJIHBa no pacnOpg)l(eHHIO PYKOBO.LJ;HTeJIeH MeCTHbIX aLlMHHHCTpaUHH
252
perHOHOB CTpaHbI, MHHHCTepCTB H BelI.OMCTB "PH COOTBeTCTByromeM
060CHOBaHHH H no COrJIaCOBaHHIO C MHHTpaHCOM POCCHH.
)].JISI HOBbIX MOlI.eJIeH, MapOK 11 MO H<pHK UHH aBTOM0611JIbHOH
TeXHHKH PYKOBOlI.HTeJIH MeCTHbIX aLlMHHHCTPaUHH perHOHOB H npe.l1-
npHSITHM BnpaBe BBOlI.HTb B lI.eHCTBHe pa3pa6aTbIBaeMbIe HHI1AT B
YCTaHOBJIeHHOM nopmJ.Ke BpeMeHHbIe HOpMbI.
nOpRAOK BbinonHeHMR pa60Tbi
TeXHUtteCKoe o6eCnetteHUe U Mecmo 8blnoAHeHUR - KOMnblOTep-
HbIM KJIaCC, nporpaMMHoe cpe.nCTBO Excel, Ha60p KaproqeK C lI.aHHbIMH
.lI)UI paCqeTa HOpM paCXOlI.a TOIDIHBa.
BbInOJIHeHHe pa60TbI B03MO)I(H0 nocne 03HaKOMJIeHHSI C MeTO.l1H-
qeCKHMH YKa3aHHSlMH no npOBelI.eHHIO npaKTHqeCKOrO 3aHSITHSI H
TeXHHqeCKHM 06eCneqeHHeM, a TaIOKe npH YCJIOBHH cTPororo C06JIIO-
lI.eHHSI npaBHJI TeXHHKH 6e30naCHOCTI1.
OOCJIe H3yqeHHSI MeTOlI.HqeCKHX YKa3aHHH no KIDKlI.OMY 3a.aaHHIO
CTYlI.eHT nOJIyqaeT nepCOHaJIbHbIe lI.aHHble .LJ)1S1 paCqeTa (HaHMeHoBa-
HHe MOlI.eJIeH aBTOM06HJIeM H YCJIOBHSI HX pa60TbI) H nolI. KOHTPOJIeM
npenOlI.aBaTeJUI BbInOJIHgeT Heo6xolI.HMbIe BbIql1CJIeHHSI no onpelI.eJIe-
HHIO HOpM paCXOlI.a TOIDIHBa B COOTBeTCTBHH C npHMepaMH.
no OKOHQaHHH yqe6HbIx 3aHSITHM O<popMJI eTCSI OTtIeT no pa60Te
11 ocymeCTBJUleTCSI ero 3a1I.(HTa.
npOlI.OJI)f{HTeJIbHOCTb pa60TbI - 4 q.
3 a.Q a H H e 1. H3YlfHTb MeToAHKY HOpMHposaHHfI pacxoAa
TonnHsa Anfl nerKOSb'X aSToMo6HneH
)].JISI JIerKOBbIX aBTOM06HJIeM HopMHPyeMoe 3HaqeHHe pacxo.l1a
TOnJII1Ba QH' JI, paCCqHTbIBaeTcSI no CJIelI.YIOIUeMY COOTHOllleHHIO:
QH = O,OIH/(1 + O,OID),
rlI.e H - 6a30BaSi HopMa pacxo a TOnJIHBa Ha np06er aBTOM06K1Ig,
JI/I00 KM (Ta6JI. 3.2); /- np06er aBTOM06I1JISI, KM; D - nOnpaBOqHbIM
K03<P<PHUHeHT (cYMMapHaSi OTHOCHTeJ1bHaSi Han6aBKa HJIH cHIDKeHHe)
K HopMe, %.
T a 6 Jl U a 3.2. &a30Bble HOpMbl pacxOAa TonnMB8
AJ1R OTe'leCTBeHHbIX M 3apy6e>KHbIX nerKOBbiX aBToMo6MneM
6a30BasI
MOD.eJlb, MapKa, MOD.HQ>I1Kau.I1H aBTOM06HJUI HopMa, TOruIHBO
JI/IOO KM
BA3-2106 (BA3-2106-4L-I,57-75,5-5M) 8,5 ])
253
OKOH"taHue ma6Jl. 3.2
6a30Baji
MOlleJIb, MapKa, MOL1H4>HIGUUUI aBTOM06HJHI HopMa, TOnJIHBO
JI/I00 KM
BA3-2110-010 (BA3-2110-4L-l,499-73-5M) 7,8 ])
BA3-2131 (BA3-2131-4L-l,69-80-5M) 11,3 ])
rA3-24-10 (3M3-402-4L-2,45-100-4M) 13,0 fi
rA3-24-17 (3M3-402-4L-2,45-100-4M) 16,5 CHf
fA3-3110 (3M3-4020-4L-2,445-100-5M) 12,2 I)
fA3-3110 (Rover-4L-l,966-136-5M) 10,7 I)
YA3-31512 (3M3-4025.IO-4L-2,45-90-4M) ]5,5 I)
Audi 80 1,6 (ABM-4L-l,595-75-5M) 8,5 ])
Audi A6 2,5TDI (AEL-5L-2,461-140-6M) 6,9
Hyundai Accent 1,5 (4L-I,495-99-5M) 7,9 ])
Opel Vectra 2,0 i (X20XEV-4L-l,988-136-5M) 8,8 I)
n p H M e q a H H jI: 1. BA3-2106 - MapKa llBHraTeJm; 4L - lfHCJlO H pacnOJlO)KeHHe
UHJIHHllPOB: L - pSUJ.Hoe (V-06pa3Hoe, onno3HTHoe); 1,57 - pa60lfHH 06'beM llBHra-
TeJljl, JI; 75,5 - MOW.HOCTb .lI.BHraTeJI , JI. c.; 5M - KOJlHlfeCTBO nepelI.alf, M - Mexa-
HHlJeCKCUI, A - aBTOMaTHtJeCKajl_
2. TOnJlHBo: 6 - 6eH3HH, - lI.H3eJlbHOe TODJIHBO, CH r - C)I(}I)KeHHbIH Hecl>-
TjlHOH ra3.
npHMep 3.1. JIerKoBoH aBTOM06HJIb-TaKCH «BoJIra» fA3-3110,
pa60TaBllIHH B ropHOH MeCTHOCTH Ha BbICOTe 300...800 M, COBepllIHJI
npo6er o6 eH npOTH)I(eHHOCTblO 264 KM.
HCXO,lJ;HbIe JIaHHbIe:
. 6a30Ba HopMa paCXOJIa TOUJIHBa ,lIJ1j1 JIerKOBOro aBTOM06HJI
fA3-3110 COCTa8JI eT H = 12,2 JI/IOO KM;
. Han.6aBKa 3a pa60TY B ropHOH MeCTHOCTH Ha BbICOTe Han. YPOB-
HeM MOpH OT 300 JIO 800 M COCTaBJIHeT D = 5 %.
TorAa HopMHpyeMbIH paCXOJI TOIIJIHBa:
QH = 0,01 H/( 1 + O,OlD) = 0,01 . 12,2' 264 (1 + 0,01 · 5) = 33,8 JI.
254
3 a,ll a H H e 2. H3YIIMTb AfeToAJtKY HOpMJfpOSaHJffl pacxotea
TonnMsa tenfl aSTo6ycOB
Lln aBT06ycOB HopMHpyeHoe 3HaqeHHe pacxo.l1a TOllJIHBa QH' n,
paCCqHTbIBaeTCH no CJIe meMY COOTHOllIeHIlIO:
QH = O,OIHl(1 + O,OID) + HOTT,
r.l1e H - 'TpaHCnopTHaH HOpMa. paCXO.l1a TOWIHBa Ha np06er aBT06yca,
JI/I00 KM (c yqeToM HOPMHPYCMOH no KJIaccy II Ha3HaQeHHIO aBTo6y-
ca 3arpY3KoR naccIDKHpoB); 1- npo6er aBT06yca, KM; HOT - HopMa
paCXO.l1a TOllJIHBa npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH llITaTHbIX He3aBHCHMbIX OTO-
nHTeJIeR, JI/q (Ta6JI. 3.3); T - BpeWi pa60TbI aBTOM06HJISI C BKJIIO-
qeHHbIM OTOnHTeJIeM, q; D - nOnpaBOQHbIR K03<t><t>HUHeHT, %.
T a 611 u a 3.3. HOpMbI p8CXOAa TonnMB8 H8 o6orpeB C8nOHOB
8BT06ycOB M Ka6MH 8BToM06MneM He38BMCMMblMM OTonMTenRMM
MapKa 11 MOlteJIb PaCXOll TOMH- npHMelfa-
aBTOM06HJUI MapKa OTOnHTeJUI Ba, JI/q pa60TbI
HJIH aBTo6yca Hl1e
Ha JIMHHH
Ikarus- 250 Sirokko-268 2,3 -
Ikarus-280 Sirokko-268 COBMeCTHO 3,5 C yqeToM
C Sirokko-262 o60rpeBa
npHuena
JIA3-699 OB-95 1,4 -
JlA3-4202 n-148106 2,5 -
JIHA3-5256 B-2020 2,5 -
nOJIb30BaHHe OTOnHTeJIeM npe.l1nOJIaraeTCSI B 3HMHHR nepHO.l1
(Kor,n;a aBTOM06HJIH pa6oTalOT no HopMaM pacxo.l1a TOWIHBa C npH-
MeHeHHeM 3HMHHX Ha,u.6aBoK), a TaIOKe B XOJlo,n;Hoe BpeMB rO.l1a npH
cpe.l1HecyrOQHbIX TeMnepaTypax HIDKe +5 °C.
npHMep 3.2. fOpO.l1CK()M aBTo6yc Ikarus-280.33 pa60TaJI B ropO.l1e
B 3HMHee BpeMSI C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM llITaTHbIX OTOnHTeJIeH CaJIOHa
Sirokko-268 COBMeCTHO C Sirokko-262 (oToIIHTeJIb npHuena), COBep-
llIHJI np06er 124 KM npH pa60Te Ha JIIIHHH 6 q.
I1cxo,aHble .l1aHHbIe:
. 6a30BaSl HopMa paCXO.l1a TOnJIHBa Ha np06er .l1JIH aBT06yca
Ikarus-280.33 COCTa.::BJISleT H = 43 )1/100 KM (HOpMbI paCXO.l1a
TOllJIHBa.LUUI aBTo6ycOB npe.l1CTaBJIeHbI B Ta6JI. 3.4);
. Ha,u.6aBKa 3a pa6oT)' B 3HMHee BpeMH D = 10 %;
255
. HOpMa paCXO,lIa TOnJIHBa Ha pa60TY OTOnHTeJISI Sirokko-268 co-
MeCTHO C Sirokko-262 COCTaBJISleT HOT = 3,5 JI/q.
Tor,lIa HopMHpyeMbIH paCXO,lI TOllJIHBa:
QH = O,OIH/(1 + O,OID) + HOTT= 0,01'43'124(1 + 0,01'10) +
+ 3,5'6 = 79,7 JI.
T a 6 11 U a 3.4. &a30Bble HOpMbI P8CXOA8 TonnMBa OTe'leCTBeHHblX
M 3apy6e)l(HblX 8BT06ycOB
6a30BWI
MOlleJlb.. MapKa, MOllHQ>I1KaUI1H aBT06yca HopMa, TOnlll1BO
JI/IOO KM
fA3-3221 (3M3-4026.10-4L-2,445-100-5M) 16,9 6
JIA3-699P (.HM3-236M2-6V-ll,5-180-5M) 28,1 L{
JIA3-4202 (KAMA3-740,8-8V-I0,85-195-5M) 35,0 L{
JIHA3-5256 (KAMA3-740,8-8V-I0,85-195-5M) 35,6 ,a
nA3-3205 (3M3-5234.10-8V-4,67-130-4M) 32,0 6
nA3-3205-70 (A-245. 7 -4L-4, 75-122,4-5M) 20,9 ,a
Ikarus-260 (Raba-MAN-D2156NM-6V-I0,35- 31,0 ,a
192-5A)
Ikarus-280 (Raba-MAN-D2156NM-6V-I0,35- 43,0 ,a
185-6M)
Mercedes-Benz Sprinter 308D (601.943-4L- 13,7 ,a
2,3-143-5M)
n p 11 M elf a H 11 e. CM. npHMetJ. K Ta6J1. 3.2.
3 a A a H H e 3. H3YlfHTb MeTo.qHKY HOpMHpOS8HHfI P8CXO.q8
TonnHS8 .qnfl rpY30SblX 60PTOSb'X 8SToMo6HneH
H 8SToMo6HneH-Tflr81feH
,[LrnI rpY30BbIX 60pTOBbIX aBTOM06HJIeH H aBTOnOe3JIOB HOPMHPy-
eMoe 3HaqeHHe paCXO,lIa TOllJIHBa paCCqHTbIBaeTCSI no CJIe.nYJOIUeMY
COOTHOIIIeHHIO:
QH = O,OI(H a . n / + H w W)(1 + O,OID),
fJIe /- npo6er aBTOM06Hlli111J1H aBTOnOe3,lIa, KM; Ha.n - HopMa pac-
XO,lIa TOnJIHBa Ha npo6er aBTOM06HJISI liJIH aBTOnOe3,lIa C npHu.enOM
6e3 rpY3a, JI/I00 KM:
256
Ha.n = H + H.I1 G n,
r1l.e H - 6a30BaSi HopMa pacxo.u.a TOnJIHBa Ha np06er aBTOM06UJIH
(THraqa) B CHapSl)f{eHHOM COCTOHHHH (Ta6JI. 3.5), JI/IOO KM; (Ha.n = H
,I])ISI 01l.HHOlJHOro aBTOM06HJU1, THraqa); H.I1 - HopMa pacxo,aa TOIlTIHBa
Ha ,aonOJIHHTeJIbHYIO Maccy npuuena I1lIH nonynpHuena, JI/IOO T.KM);
G n - c06cTBeHHaSi Macca npuuena H.1I11 nOJIynpHuena, T; H w - HOp-
Ma pacxo,aa TOllJIHBa Ha :rpaHcnopTHYJO pa6oTY, JI/I00 T' KM; W - 060-
eM TPaHCnOpTHOH pa60TbI, T' KM:
W = Grplrp,
r,ae Grp - Macca rpY3a, T; lrp - np06er c rpY30M, KM.
.lI.JIg rpY30BbIX 60pTOBbIX aBTOM06HJIeH 11 aBTOnOe311.0B, BhInOJI-
HHIOIUHX pa60TY, yqHTbIBaeMYIO B T. KM, HopMa paCX01l.a TOnJIHBa
1I.0nOJIHHTeJIhHO K 6a30BOH HopMe YBeJIHqHBaeTCH (H3 paCqeTa B JIH-
TPax Ha KIDK.lI.YIO TOHMY rpY3a Ha 100 KM np06era) B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT
BH.aa HCnOJIb3yeMoro TOllJIHBa B CJIelI.)'lOIUHX pa3Mepax: ,lJ)1g 6eH3HHa -
11.0 2 JI; 1I.H3eJIbHoro TOllJIUBa - 11.0 1,3 JI; CHf -11.0 2,64 JI; Knr -,ao
2 M 3 ; npH ra30,aH3eJIbHOM nHTaHHH ,1J.BC OpHeHTHpOBOllHO - 11.0 1,2 M 3
npHp01l.HOro ra3a H ,ao 0,25 JI 1I.H3eJIbHoro TOn.JIHBa.
npH pa60Te rpY30BbIX 60pTOBbIX aBTOM06HJIeH, TSlralJeH C npH-
uenaMH H Ce1l.eJIbHbIX THralJeH c nOJIynpHuenaMH HopMa pacxo,aa
TOIDIHBa (JI/IOO KM) Ha np06er aBTOnOe311.a YBeJIl1lJHBaeTCSI B JIHTPax
Ha Ka)f{,l].yJO TOHHY c06cTBeHHoH MaCCbI npHuenOB H nOJIynpHuenOB
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Bli.na TOll.1IHBa.
TaKHM 06pa30M, )])IH rpY30BbIX aBTOM06H.1IeH HopMHpyeMbIH pac-
xo,a TOnJIHBa MO)l{}fO paCClJHTaTb no <l>opM)'JIe
QH = O,OI(HI + HwW)(1 + O,OID);
)])ISI aBTonoe3,aOB
QH = O,OI(H a n 1 + O,OIHwW)(1 + O,OID).
T a 6 n &;I U. a 3.5. &a30Bble HOpMbI paCXOAa TonnMB8 AJlSI rpY30BblX
60PTOBbiX 8BToMo6MneM
MOlleJlb, MapKa, MOllH<I>l1KaUI1S1 60pTOBOro 6a30BaSi
HopMa TOnJIl1BO
aBTOM06HJ1 JI/IOO KM
rA3-53-07 (3M3-53-8V-4,25-115-4M) 26,0 CHr
rA3-53-27 (3M3-53-8V-4,25-115-4M) 28,0 Knf
rA3-3302 (3M3-4063, 10-4L-2, 3-110-5M) IS,S 6
257
OICOH"taHue ma6A. 3.5
Mo.neJlb, MapKa, Mo.nH<t>HKaUH 6opToBoro 6a30 BIDI
HopMa TOruIHBO
aBTOM06K1ISI JI/IOO KM
31111-130 (311J1-130-8V-6,0-150-5M) 31,0 E
31111-431410 (311J1-508.l0-8V-6,0-150-5M) 31,0 6
311JI-431410 ( -243-4L-4,75-78-5M) 19,5 L\
KAMA3-5320 (KAMA3-740-8V-IO,65-210-10M) 25,0 L\
MA3-5334, -5335 ( M3-238M2-5-8V-14,86- 23,0 L\
240-5M)
MA3-53366 ( M3-238M2-8V-14,86-240-5M) 25,5
MA3-6303 ( M3-238L\-8V-14,86-300-8M) 16,0 L\
MA3-7310 (L\-12A-3756-12V-38,8-375-3A) 98,0 L\
YA3-3303 (YM3 4178.10-4L-2,445-90-4M) 16,5 ])
YpaJI-4320 ( M3-236HE2-6V-ll,15-230-6M) 32 L\
n p Ii Me '-I a H Ii e. CM. npliMe'-l. K Ta6J1. 3.2.
,lllUI Ce,lI,eJIbHbIX TSlralJeH HopMHpyeMoe 3HalJeHHe paCXO,lI,a TOTIJIHBa
paCCqHTbIBaeTCSI aHaJlOrHlJHO rpY30BbIM 60pTOBbIM aBTOM06HJISlM C
npHuenaMH H nOJlynpHuenaMH. oa30BaSl HopMa paCXO,lI,a TOnJlHBa LUISI
TSlraqeH npe,lI,CTaBJIeHa B Ta6JI. 3.6.
T a 611 u a 3.6. &830B8R HOpM8 P8CXOA8 TonnMB8 AIIR TRr&'IeM
Ea30BaSi
MOlleJlb, MapKa, Mo.nHQ>HKalJ,HSI TSlra'-la HopMa, TOruIHBO
JI/IOO KM
BeJIA3-6411 (,a-12A-3756-12V-38,8-375-3A) 95,0 L\
3HJ1-441510 (3I1JI-130-8V-6,0-150-5M) 31,0 6
3HJ1-541730 (jlM3-236EE-7 -6V-ll,15-250-8M) 17,6 L\
KAMA3-5410 (KAMA3-740.10-8V-I0,85-210- 25,0 L\
10M)
KpA3-6444 ( M3-238M2-8V-14,86-240-5M) 37,0 L\
MA3-5433 (S1M3-6563.10-6V-l1,15-230-5M) 23,0 L\
258
OKOH"taHue ma6A. 3.6
6a30Ba
Mo.neJIb, MapKa, MOD.H<I>I1KauH T ra"la HopMa, TOnJU1BO
]]/100 KM
MA3-6422 (SlM3-7511.10-8V-14,86-400-9M) 35,0
MA3-7310 ( -12A-3756-12V-38,8-375-3A) 98,0
n pH M elf a H H e. CM. npHMeq. K Ta6JI. 3.2.
npHMep 3.3. O.lU1HOqHbIU 50PTOBOH aBTOM06HJ1b YpaJI-4320 npH
npo6ere 237 KM BbInOJIHHJI TPaHcnoPTHYK> pa60TY B pa3Mepe 840 T' KM
B YCJIOBHHX 3KCllJIyaTaQHH, He Tpe6YlOIUHX npHMeHeHHSI Ha.lI.6aBOK
HJIH CHH)I{eHHH.
I1CXO.lI.HbIe .lI.aHHbIe:
. 6a30BaSl HopMa pacxo,a.a TOnJIHBa Ha npo6er .lI.11S1 60pTOBoro
aBTOM06RID1 YpaJI-4320 COCTaBJISleT H = 3211/100 T'KM;
. HopMa paCXO.lI.a 6eH3HHa Ha nepeB03KY nOJIe3HOrO rpY3a 6Y.lI.eT
paBHa Hw= 2 JI/I00 T.KM.
Tor.lI.a HopMHpyeMbIH pacXO,lJ; TOUJIHBa:
QH = O,OI(HI + Hw W ) = 0,01(32.237 + 2'840) = 92,611.
npHMep 3.4. EOpTOBOH aBTOM06HJIb KAMA3-5320 C npHQenOM
rKE-8350 BblnOJIHHJI 6 100 T' KM T}JaHcnopTHoH pa60TbI B YCJIOBI1S1X
311MHero BpeMeHH no ropHbIM ,lJ;OpOraM Ha BbICOTe 800...2000 M 11 co-
BepUJI1J1 06Il{HH npo6er 501 KM.
HCXO.lI.Hble .lI.aHHble:
. 6a30BaSl HopMa pacxo,na TOnJIHBa Ha npo6er ,LI,l1H 60pToBoro
aBTOM06RID1 KAMA3-5320 COCTaBIDleT H = 25 JI/IOO KM;
. HopMa paCXO,lJ;a TOllJIHBa Ha nepeB03KY nOJIe3HOrO rpY3a H w =
= 1,3 JI/I00 T' KM;
. HopMa pacxoJ],a TOTIJIHBa Ha .lI.OnOJIHHTeJIbHyJO Macey npHQena
Hn = 1,3 JI/T'KM (Hw= "l!);
. Han6aBKa 3a pa60TY B 3HMHee BpeMH COCTaBJISleT D = 8 %, 3a
pa60TY B ropHbIX YCJIOBHSlX Ha BblCOTe OT 800 J],O 2 000 M Han
ypOBHeM MOpSl D = 10 %;
. Macca CHapSl)l{eHHOrO npHQena G n = 3,5 T.
HopMa paCXO.lI.a TOruIHBa Ha np06er aBTOnOe3,L1,a B COCTaBe aBTO-
Mo6HJISI KAMA3-5320 C npHuenOM rKE-8350 COCraBI1T
Han = H + HnGn = 25 + 1,3 + 1,3' 3,5 = 29,55 JI/IOO KM.
Tor,lJ;a HopMHpyeMbIH pacxoJ], TOnJIMBa
QH = O,OI(Hanl + HwW)(1 + O,OID) =
= 0,01(29,55. SOl + 1,3'6100)(1 + 0,01'18) = 268,3 1I.
259
npHMep 3.5. Ce,aeJIbHbIH aBTOM06I1JIb-THraq MA3-5429 C n01lY-
npHuenOM MA3-5205A BbIn01lHHJI 10 112 T'KM TPaHCnOpTHoH pa60TbI
npH np06ere 612 KM.
I1Cxo,aHbIe ,aaHHbIe:
. 6a30BaSl HopMa pacxo,aa TOnJIHBa Ha np06er ,lJJIH THraqa MA3-
5429 COCTaBJIHeT H = 23 11/100 KM;
. HopMa pacxo,aa TOn1lHBa Ha nepeB03KY n01le3HOrO rpY3a co-
CTaB1IHeT Hw= 1,311/100 T'KM;
. Macca ,aaHHoro CHapIDKeHHoro n01lynpHuena G n = 5,7 T;
. Ha,a6aBKa 3a pa60TY B 3HMHee BpeMH D = 6 %, CHH)I(eHHe B
CBSl3H C nepe,aBH)I(eHHeM aBTonoe3,aa no 3aropo,aHoH ,aopore C
YCOBeprneHCTBOBaHHbIM nOKpbITHeM D = 15 %.
HopMa pacxo,aa TOnJIHBa Ha np06er aBTonoe3,aa B COCTaBe ce,ae1lb-
Horo THraqa C n01lynpHuenOM 6e3 rpY3a COCTaBJISleT
Han = H + H.nGn = 23 + 1,3' 5,7 = 30,41 11/100 KM.
Tor,aa HopMHpyeMbIH pacxo,a TOnJIHBa 6y,aeT paBeH
QH = O,OI(H an / + HwW)(1 + O,OID) =
= 0,01 (30,41 .612 + 1,3.10 112)( I - 0,01 · 9) = 289 11.
3 a,ll a H H e 4. H3y.,JfTb MeTo,qJfKY HOpMJfpOSBHJffl PBCXO,qB
TOnnJfSB ,qnfl BSToMo6MneM-cBMocsBnos
)].JISI aBTOM06H1IeH-CaMOCBaJIOB HopMHpyeMoe 3HaqeHHe pacxo,aa
TOnJIHBa paCCqHTbIBaeTcH no c1Ie,aYJOw.eMY COOTHorneHHIO:
QH = O,OIH/(1 + O,OID) + Hzz,
r,ae H - TpaHcnopTHaSl HopMa pacxo,aa TOn1lHBa C yqeToM TpaHc-
nopTHoH pa60TbI C HopMHpyeMoH 3arpY3KoH CaMOCBaJIa (K03<P<PHIJ:H-
eHT 0,5); Hz - ,aon01lHHTe1lbHaH HopMa pacxo,aa TOnJIHBa Ha KIDKJI.YJO
e3lU(y C rpY30M aBToM06Krn1-CaMOCBaJIa, CaMOCBaJIbHOro aBTonoe3.lI.a, 11;
Z - K01lHQeCTBO e3,aOK C rpY30M 3a CMeHY.
Aon01lHHTe1lbHYlO HOPMY Hz Ha Ka)((.[{YJO e3,aKY C rpY30M npH Ma-
HeBpHpOBaHHH B MeCTax norpY3KH H pa3rpY3KH npHHHMaIOT:
. ,ao 0,25 11 )l(H.LJ:KOrO TOnJIHBa (,ao 0,66 11 CHr, ,ao 0,25 M 3 Knr)
Ha e,aHHHUY CaMOCBaJIbHOrO no,aBH)l{HOrO COCTaBa;
. ,ao 0,2 M 3 npHpo,aHoro ra3a H 0,1 11 ,aH3e1lbHOrO TOnJIHBa OPH-
eHTHpOBOQHO npH ra30,aH3e1lbHOM nHTaHHH ,aBHraTe1lH.
)].JIH 601lbrnerpY3HbIX aBTOM06I1JIeH-CaMOCBaJIOB THna 6enA3 ,ao-
n01lHHTe1lbHaH HopMa pacxo,aa ,aH3e1lbHOrO TOnJIHBa Ha KIDKJI.YJO e3,a-
KY C rpY30M YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH B pa3Mepe ,ao I 11.
260
B c1IyqaHx pa60TbI aBTOM06HJIeH-CaMOCBaJIOB C K03<P<PHIJ.HeHTOM
n01le3HOH 3arpY3KH BbIllie 0,5 ,aonYCKaeTCH HOpMHpOBaTb pacxo,a
TOI1.1IHBa TaK )l(e, KaK H ,lJJIH 60pTOBbIX aBTOM06HJIeM.
ArrH CaMOCBaJIbHbIX aBTonoe3,aOB HopMHpyeMbIH pacxo,a TOITJ1HBa
QH = O,OlHe.anl(1 + O,OlD) + Hzz,
r,ae He.an - HopMa pacxo,aa TOnJlHBa CaMOCBaJIbHOrO aBTonoe3,aa,
JI/I00 KM:
He.an = H + Hw(G n + 0,5q),
r,ae G n - c06CTBeHHaH Macca CaMOCBaJIbHOrO npHuena, nOJIynpH-
uena, T; q - rpY30no,a1>eMHOCTb npHuena, n01lynpHuena (0,5q - C
K03<P<PHUHeHToM 3arpY3KH 0,5), T.
npH pa60Te aBToM06HJIeM-CaMOCBaJIOB C CaMOCBaJIbHbIMH npHue-
naMH, n01lynpHuenaMH (eC1IH A1UI aBTOM06HJIeH paCCqHTbIBaeTCH 6a-
30BaH HopMa KaK ,lJJIH ce,ae1lbHOrO THraqa) HopMa pacxo,aa TOllJIHBa
YBe1lHqHBaeTCH Ha KIDKJI.yK> TOHMy c06cTBeHHoH MaCCbI npHuena, no-
JIyIIpHuena H n01l0BHHy em HOMHHaJIbHOM rpY30no,a1>eMHOCTH (K03<p-
<pHL(HeHT 3arpY3KH 0,5): 6eH3HHa - ,ao 2 11; ,aH3e1lbHoro TOruIHBa - ,ao
1,3 11; C)J(H)I(eHHoro ra3a - ,ao 2,64 11; npHpo,aHom ra3a - ,ao 2 M 3 .
6a30BbIe HOpMbI pacxo,aa TOI1.1IHBa ,lI)IH CaMOCBaJIOB npe,aCTaBJIeHbI
B Ta611. 3.7.
T a 6 111.1 U. a 3.7. &a30Bble HOpMbl pacxoAa TonnMBa AnSI caMOCBanOB
MapKa, MO.lI.e1lb, MO.lI.I1Q>I1Kau.l1S1 CaMOCBaJla 6a30BIDI HopMa, TOn1lHBO
11/100 KM
6e.11A3-7527 (51M3-240HM2-12V-22,3- 160,0 ,a
500-5+2A)
rA3-CA3-4509 (213-542-6L-6,235-138- 17,0 ,a
4M)
3H11-MM3-45023 (3H11-5085.10-8V-6,0- 50,0 CHr
150-5M)
31111- M M3-45054 (3H11-5085.1 0-8V-6,0- 37,5 Knr
150-5M)
KAMA3-5511 (KAMA3-740.8-8V-I0,85- 34,0 ,a
195-10M)
KAMA3-55111 (51M3-238M-8V-14,86- 37,0 ,a
240-10M)
261
OKOH"taHue ma6A. 3. 7
MapKa, MO.lI.e11b, MO.lI.H<!>HKaUHH CaMOCBaJla Ea30BIDI HopMa, TOnJIHBO
11/100 KM
KAMA3-55118 (KAMA3-740.9-8V-I0,85- 31L1. + 9,0 M 3 Knr+LI.
210-10M) Knr
35,0 LI.
KpA3-256, KpA3-6510 (})M3-238M2-8V- 48,0 LI.
14,86-240-5M)
MA3-510, MA3-5549, -5551 (})M3-236- 28,0 LI.
6V-l1,15-180-5M)
MA3-5516 (})M3-238L1.-8V-14,86-330-8M) 42,0 LI.
YpaJI-55571 (})M3-236-6V-l1,15-180-5M) 34,5 LI.
n p H Me\{ a H H e. CM. npHMeq. K Ta611. 3.2.
UpHMep 3.6. ABTOM06R1Ib-CaMOCBaJI KpA3-6510 COBepLURTI npo-
6er 180 KM, BbInOJlHHB npH 3TOM Z = 12 e3,aOK C rpY30M. Pa60Ta OCY-
w.eCTBJlIDIaCb B 3HMHee BpeM$! B Kapbepe.
I1Cxo,aHbIe ,aaHHbIe:
. 6a30BaH HopMa pacxo,aa TOnJlHBa .lUIH aBTOM06HJIH-CaMOCBaJIa
KpA3-6510 COCTaBJIHeT H = 48 JI/IOO KM;
. HopMa pacxo,aa TOnJlHBa ,aJl$! CaMOCBaJIOB Ha Ka)l{l{YIO e3,aKY
6y,aeT paBHa Hz = 0,25 JI;
. Ha,a6aBKH 3a pa60TY B 3HMHee BpeM$! D = 6 %, 3a pa60TY B
Kapbepe D = 12 %.
Tor,aa HopMHpyeMbIH pacxo,a TOnJlHBa
QH = 0,01 H/( 1 + O,OID) + Hzz = 0,01 .48. 180( 1 + 0,01 . 18) +
+ 0,25. 12 = 105 JI.
UpHMep 3.7. ABToM06R1Ib-CaMOCBaJI KAMA3-5511 C CaMOCBaJIb-
HbIM npHuenOM rK6-8527 nepeBe3 Ha paCCTO$!HHe 123 KM 12 T rpaBH$!,
a B o6paTHYlO CTOPOHY nepeBe3 Ha paCCTO$!HHe 70 KM 16 T neCKa.
06W.HH npo6er COCTaBHJI 230 KM.
Y1.JHTbIBa$!, 1.JTO aBTOM06RTIb-CaMOCBaJI pa60TaJI C K03<P<PHUHeHToM
nOJle3HOH pa60TbI 60Jlee qeM 0,5, HopMHpyeMbIH pacxo,a TOnJlHBa
onpe,aeJl$!eTCH TaK )l(e, KaK,lUI$! 6opToBoro aBTOM06R1IH KAMA3-5320
(6a30Boro ,aJl$! CaMOCBaJIa KAMA3-5511) C yqeToM pa3HHUbI co6-
CTBeHHOH MaCCbI 3THX aBTOM06R1IeH. TaKHM o6pa30M, B 3TOM cJlyqae
HopMa pacxo,aa TOnJlHBa ,lUUI aBTOM06HJI$! KAMA3-5511 BKJII01.JaeT B
ce6$! 25 JI/I00 KM (HopMa pacxo,aa TOnJIHBa 1I.JI$! nOpO)l(HerO aBTOMO-
262
6H1IH KAMA3-5320) n1llOC 2,7 JI/IOO KM (yqHTbIBalOlUHx pa3HHUY
co6cTBeHHbIx Macc nopO)f{Hero 60pTOBOro aBTOM06H1ISI H CaMOCBaJIa
B pa3Mepe 2,08 T), liTO COCTaBJI eT 27,7 11/100 KM.
HCxo.aHbIe .aaHHbIe:
. 6a30BaH HopMa pacxo,aa TOn1lHBa Ha npo6er JJ.J1H aBTOMo6H-
1IH B CHapH)I(eHHOM COCTOHHHH KAMA3-5511 COCTaB1IHeT H =
= 27,7 11/100 KM;
. HopMa pacxo.aa Ton.rrHBa Ha nepeB03Ky n01le3HOrO rpY3a 6y.aeT
paBHa Hw= 1,3 11/100 T'KM;
. pa60Ta npoBoJJ.R1IaCb B YCJlOBHHX, He TPe6yJ01II.HX npHMeHeHHH
K03<P<PHUHeHTa Ha.a6aBKH R1IH CHIDKeHHH HopMaTHBa pacxoJJ.a
TOllJIHBa;
. Macca cHapIDKeHHoro CaMOCBaJIbHOro npHuena rKB-8527 G n =
= 4,5 T.
HopMa pacxo.aa Ton.rrHBa Ha npo6er aBTonoe3.aa B COCTaBe aBTO-
Mo6R1IH KAMA3-5511 C npHuenOM rKB-8527 COCTaBJIHeT
Han = H + HwGn = 27,7 + 1,3'4,5 = 33,6 n/l00 KM.
Tor.aa HopMHpyeMbIH pacxo.a Ton.rrHBa
QH = 0,01 [Han l + HW<I'G' + I"G")] = 0,01 [33,6. 230 + 1,3(123.13 +
+ 70, 16)] = 112,6 11,
r.ae I', I" - npo6er C rpY30M B npHMOM H o6paTHoM HanpaB1IeHHH
COOTBeTCTBeHHO, KM; G', G" - Macca TpaHcnopTHpyeMoro rpY3a B
npHMOM H o6paTHoM HanpaBJIeHHH COOTBeTCTBeHHO, T.
3 a,ll a H H e 5. H3ya1JfTb MeTOAJfKY HOpMJfpOSaHJfSl pacxoAa
TonnMsa AnSI BSTOMo6MneM-CPyproHos
)].nH aBTOMo6HneH-<pyproHoB HopMHpyeMoe 3HaqeHHe pacxo.aa
Ton.rrHBa onpe.aeJIHeTCH aHaJIOrHQHO 60pTOBbIM rpY30BbIM aBToMo6H-
nHM. ,lI.JIH <pyproHoB, pa60TalO1II.HX 6e3 yqeTa MaCCbI nepeBo3HMoro
rpY3a, HopMHpyeMoe 3HalleHHe pacxo.aa TOnJIHBa onpe.ae1lHeTCH C
yqeToM nOBbIlUalOIUero nonpaBollHoro K03<P<PHUHeHTa - .aO 10 % K
6a30BoH HopMe.
Ba30BbIe HOpMbI pacxo.aa TOnJIHBa LUIH aBTOM06HJIeH -<pyproHoB
npe.aCTaB1IeHbI B Ta611. 3.8.
T a 6 11 1.1 U. a 3.8. &a30Bble HOpMbl paCXOAa TonnMBa AJlR cl>yproHoB
MapKa, MOlleJlb, MOlll1 HKaLuuI cJ>yproHa 6a30BaSi
HopMa, TOnJIHBO
H llBHraTeJl}l JI/I00 KM
rA3-33022 (3M3-4025.10-4L-2,446-90-5M) 16,5 E
263
OKOH"taHue ma6A. 3.8
MapKa, MO.lI.eJlb, MO.lI.H<!>HKaQHSI <!>yproHa 6a30B
HopMa, TOnJIHBO
H .lI.BHraTeJlSl JI/100 KM
r3CA-37021 (3M3-4025.10-4L-2,446-90-5M) 34,0 CHr
31111-474110 (3H11-508.l0-8V-6,0-150-5M) 34,2 B
31111-474110 ( -245.12-4L-4, 75-109-5M) 17,7
n p 11 Me If a H 11 e. CM. npHMelf. K Ta6J1. 3.2.
npHMep 3.8. fpY30BOH aBTOM06R1Ib-<l>yproH fA3-33022, pa60TaH
C nOqaCOBOH OIIJIaTOH B qepTe ropo,aa C qaCTbIMH OCTaHOBKaMH, co-
BepllIR1I np06er 140 KM.
I1Cxo,aHbIe .n.aHHbIe:
. 6a30Ba$l HopMa pacxo.n.a TOnJIHBa Ha np06er aBTOM06HJI$I-
<PyproHa r3CA-37021 COCTaB.1IHeT H = 16,5 JI/I00 KM;
. Ha.n.6aBKa 3a pa60TY C nOqaCOBOH OIIJIaTOH D = 10 %;
. Ha.u.6aBKa 3a pa60TY C qaCTbIMH TeXHOJIOrHqeCKHMH OCTaHOB-
KaMH D = 8 %.
Tor.n.a HopMHpyeMbIH paCXOD. TOIIJIHBa
QH = 0,01 H/( I + O,OID) = 0,01 · 16,5' 140. (I + 0,01 · 18) = 27,3 JI.
3 a,ll a H H e 6. H3YIIMTb MeTOJ;tMKY HOpMMpOSSHMfI pSCXOJ;tS
TonnMSS J;tnfl cneqMsnbHoro M cneLCMsnM3MpOSSHHoro
nOJ;tSMJlCHOrO COCTSSS HS waCCM aSToMo6MneM
CneUHaJIbHbIe Ii CneUHaJIH3HpOBaHHbIe aBTOM06HJIH C YCTaHOB-
J1eHHbIM Ha HHX 060py.n.oBaHHeM no,apa3.n.eJUlIOTCH Ha ,aBe rpynnbI:
. aBTOM06HJIH, BbInOJIH$llOmHe pa60TbI B nepHO,a CTOHHKH (no-
xapHbIe, aBTOKpaHbI, aBTOUHCTepHbI, KOMnpeccopHbIe, 6YPR1Ib-
HbIe YCTaHOBKH H T. n.);
. aBTOM06R1IH, BbInOJIHHlOmHe peMOHTHbIe, CTJ)OHTeJIbHbIe, y60-
pOQHbIe H .n.pyrHe pa60TbI B npouecce nepe.aBHxeHH$I (6eToHo-
CMeCHTeJlH, Ka6eJIeYKJIa.u.qHKH, aBTonorpY3QHKH H ,ap.).
HopMHpyeMbIH pacxo,a TOIIJIHBa 1I.JI$I CneUHaJIH3HpOBaHHbIX aBTO-
M06HJIeH, BbInOJIH$llOmHX OCHOBHYIO pa60TY B nepHO,a CTO$lHKH,
onpe,aeJI$leTC$I CJIe,ayIOmHM COOTHOllIeHHeM:
QH = (0,01 H/e l + Hm T )( 1 + O,OlD),
r.ae Hie - HH.lI:HBH.nYaJIbHaH HopMa pacxo.aa TOnJIHBa Ha np06er cne-
UHaJIbHOro aBTOM06HID1, JI/I00 KM. B CJIyqaHx, Kor,aa CneUHaJIH3HpO-
264
BaHHbIH aBTOM06HJIb npe,nHa3HaQeH TaIOKe ,1I.JISI nepeB03KH rpY3a,
HHlI:HBH.nyarrbHaH HopMa paCCqHTbIBaeTCH c yqeToM BbInOJIHeHHOH
TPaHCnOpTHOH pa60TbI:
Hew= He + HwW,
r,ne Hw - HopMa pacxo,na TOII.1IHBa Ha TJ)aHcnopTHYIO pa60TY, I1/IOO
T'KM; W - 061>eM TpaHcnopTHOH pa60TbI, T'KM; I - npo6er cne-
UHaJIH3HpOBaHHoro aBTOM06H.1IH K MeCTY pa60TbI H 06paTHO, KM;
Hm - HopMa pacxo,na TOIIJIHBa Ha pa60TY cneu060PY.LI.OBaHHH, JI/q
R1IH JI Ha BbInOJIlUIeMyJO onepaUHIO (3anOJIHeHHe UHCTepHbI H T. n.);
T - BpeMH pa60TbI 060PY,lJ,OBaHH$I, q, H.1IH KOJIHQeCTBO BbInOJIHeHHbIX
onepaUHH; D - C)'MMapHa$l OTHOCHTeJIbHaH Han.6aBKa HJIH CHIDKeHHe
K HopMe (npH pa60Te o60Py.nOBaHH$I npHMeIDIIOTCH TOJIbKO Han.6aBKH
Ha pa60TY B 3HMHee BpeMH H B ropHbIX MeCTHOCTHX).
HopMaTHBHbIH pacxo.n TOnJIHBa 1I.JIH CneUHaJIH3HpOBaHHbIX aBTO-
M06R1IeH, BbIn01lHHIOIUHX OCHOBHYIO pa60TY B npouecce nepe,nBH)I(e-
HHH, onpe,neJIHeTC$I CJIe,nYIOIUHM 06pa30M:
QH = 0,01 (He / ' + H ' 1")( 1 + 0,01 D),
r,lJ,e I' - np06er cneu.HaJIbHOrO aBTOM06Krn1 K MeCTY pa60TbI H 06-
paTHO, KM; H ' - HopMa paCXO,lJ,a TOnJIHBa Ha np06er npH BbInOJIHe-
HHH CneUHaJIbHOH pa60TbI BO BpeMH nepe,aBH)I(eHH$I, 11/100 KM;
I" - np06er aBTOM06HJI$I npH BbInOJIHeHHH Cneu.HaJIbHOH pa60TbI
npH nepe,nBH)I(eHHH, KM.
,[VIH aBTOM06R1IeH, Ha KOTOpbIX YCTaHOBJIeHO CneUHaJIbHOe 060-
Py,aOBaHHe, HOpMbI paCXO,lJ,a TOnJIHBa Ha np06er (Ha nepe,aBH)I(eHHe)
YCTaHaBJIHBaIOTC$I HCXOM H3 HOpM pacxo,aa TOnJIHBa, pa3pa60TaHHbIX
,aJIH 6a30BbIX Mo,aeJIeH aBTOM06HJIeH C yqeTOM H3MeHeHHH MaCCbI
CneUHaJIH3HpOBaHHbIX aBTOM06HJIeH.
HOpMbI paCXO,lJ,a TOfIJIHBa .wrn CneUHaJIH3HpOBaHHbIX aBToM06R1IeH,
BbInO.JIIDI101II.HX pa60TbI )l(HJIHIUHO-KOMM)'HaJIbHOro X03s1HCTBa, onpe,ae-
IDIIOTCH no HopMaM ynpaWIeHIDI )I{HJIHIUHO- KOMM)'HaJIbHOH ccPepbI.
HOpMbI pacxo,aa TOnJIHBa,LI)UI CneUHaJIbHbIX H CneUHaJIH3HpOBaH-
HbIX aBTOM06R1IeH npe.nCTaBJIeHbI B Ta6JI. 3.9 - 3.14.
T a 6 111.1 U. a 3.9. HOpMbI paCXOAa TonnMBa AJlII Cnel.\ManbHblX
M Cnel.\ManM3MpOB8HHbiX 8BToMo6MneH
MOll.e1lb
CneUHaJlbHoro 6a30Ba» MOlle1lb HopMa pacxo.na HopMa paCXOll.a
HJIH CneUHaJlH- aBTOM06HJI» Ha npo6er aBTO- Ha pa60TY 060-
3HpoBaHHoro M06HJUI, 11/100 KM PYlIoBaHH»,1I/Q
aBTOM06H1I»
A8mo8bllUKU melleCKOnUlfeCKue
An-17 fA3-53A 32,0 3,5
265
OKOH"taHue ma6A. 3.9
MOJJ.eJIb
C neu.HaJIbHOrO 6a30BCUI MOlIe11b HopMa paCXOlIa HopMa pacxOlla
HJUt cneu.HaJIH- aSTOM06HJUI Ha np06er aBTO- Ha pa60TY 060-
3HpoBaHHoro M06HJISI, 11/100 KM PYlIOBaHHSI, 11/q
aBTOM06HJUI
Arn-22 3MJI-431412 40,2 -
KOMnpeccopbl
AnKC-6 3HJI-130 33,0 9,0
KpaHbl a8mOM061L/1bHble
AK-75 3H11-130, 40,0 6,0
3HJI-431412
KC-53628 MA3-5334 33,0 6,0
JIe6edKu Ha lUaccu
- 311JI-131 - 5,0
- YpaJI-4320 - 3,0
acmepcKue Ha asmoMo6lL/1.RX
AT-63 fA3-53A 26,0 3,5
JIB-8A 3H1I-131 52,0 4,0
HOZPY3lfUKU
4001 - 38,0 5
4008M (llBHra- - 54,5 6,0
TeJIb 3HJI-130)
T a 6111.1 U. a 3.10. HOPMbl P8CXOA8 TonnMB8 8BToMo6MnRMM-
I,4MCTepH8MM
HopMa paCXOlIa XHlI.KOro TOnJIHBa
MOllellb 6a30BaH npH pa60Te npH pa60Te
MOLl.ellb llBHraTeJUI
aBTOM06HJISI- llBHraTeIDI co B CTaUHOHap-
aBTOMO- 11/100 KM cneu.HaJIbHbIMH
UHCTepHbI 6K1U1 HOM pexHMe
arperaTaMH, 6e3 HarpY3KH,
1I/MHH 1I/MHH
AI.! -40 31111- 41,5 0,330 0,150
MO,n. 631> 431412
AU7-40j4 KAMA3- 39,0 0,250 0,150
532()
266
T a 6 111.1 U. a 3. 11. HOpMbl pacxo.Qa TonnMB8 8BToMo6MnRMM-
KOHTeMHepoBo38MM
HopMa pacxo.na Ha I q pa60Tbi
MOlleJlb 6a30BaSi MOlleJlb npH norpY3Ke 11 pa3-
KOHTeHHepoB03a aBTOM06HJlSl Jl/q rpY3Ke KOMIDIeKTa
KOHTeHHepoB, JI
4030n rA3-53A 28,0 3,0
4030n 311J1-130AH 34,0 3,0
unKTE-A53213 KAMA3-53213 27,0 3,0
T a 6 111.1 U. a 3.12. HOpMbl P8cXOA8 TonnMB8 8BToMo6MnIlMM-
TonnMBo38np8BIQMK8MM M 8BToMo6MnIlMM-M8cno38np8B MK8MM
HopMa Ha Iliac pa60Tbi
MOD.eJlb TOnJlHBO- Ea30BaSi no 3anOJlHeHHIO
I1JU1 MaCJl03anpaBWHKa MOlleJlb Jl/100 KM 11 CJlI1 BY OllH 0 H
UI1CTepHbl, JI*
AT3-3,8-130 311J1-130 33,0 3,0
T3-7,5-500A MA3-500A 26,0 3,0
* HopMa He npl1MeHSleTCSI npH HaJlHBe 11 CJlHBe caMOTeKOM.
T a 6111.1 U. a 3.13. HOpMbl P8cXOA8 TonnMB8 aBToMo6MnIlMM-
L\eMeHTOB038MM M 8BTOM06MI1I1MM-6eToHocMecMTenIlMM
HopMa paCXOlla Ha III pa60Tbi
Mo.neJlb LI.eMeHTOB03a 6a30BaSi no 3arpY3Ke
HJIH 6eTOHOCMeCHTeJlSl MOlleJlb Jl/100 KM 11 06D.YBY OD.HOH
LI.HCTepHbI, JI
AEC-7 (KAMA3-740) KAMA3-53229 29,4 *
CE-113 311JI -130 33,0 3,0
CE-239 (KAMA3- KAMA3-6540 33,7 *
7403.10.260)
TU-4 (C-927) 3HJI-130B 1 37,5 3,0
TU-6 (C-972) MA3-504A 29,0 4,5
TQ-II KAMA3-5410 31,5 3,0
* HopMa paCXOD.a TOnJIl1Ba Ha pa6 C>TY CneUHaJIbHOrO o60Py.nOBaHIUI 8 3aBHCHMO-
CTH OT ero MOD.HQ>I1KaUHH D.aeTC» 3aBOllOM KAMA3 B HHCTPYKUHH no 3KcnJlyaTaLI.1111
aBTOM06HJISI.
267
COAep)l(aHHe OT'teTa
OT1-leT no pa60Te .lI.OJDKeH 0TPa)J{aTb Hal160nee BCUKHbIe nOJlO)J{eHHH
no MeTo.aHKe onpe.aeJIeHHH HOpM pacxo.aa TOWIHBa C 06H3aTeJIbHbIM
BKJIlOqeHHeM CJIeD.yIDIlI.I1X CBe,aeHHH:
. Ha3BaHHe H ueJIb pa60TbI;
. onHcaHHe MeTOJJ.I1KI1 onpelI.eJIeHHH HOpM pacxo.aa TOruIHBa;
. HCXO,L:(HbIe .aaHHbIe HH.IJ.HBH,lJ,YaJIbHOrO 3a.aaHI1H Ii pe3YJIbTaTbI
paCqeTOB HOpM paCXOll.a TOllnHBa;
. BbIBOll.bI no pa60Te.
KOHTPonbHblE BOnpOCbI
I. nepelJHCJII1Te BHllbI HOpM pacxoLl.a TOnJIHBa.
2. npHBeLl.HTe <l>oPMYJIY HOpMbI pacxo.aa ToruufBa.LIJI JIerKoBoro aBTOM06HJ1 .
3. npl1BeLl.HTe Q>OPMYJIY HOpMbI paCXOLl.a TOI1JIHBa J])I rpY30Boro 60pToBoro
aBTOM06HJI .
4. npHBeLl.HTe <l>OPMYJIY HOpMbl paCXOLl.a TOnJIHBa llJ1 aBTOM06HJI -CaMO-
CBana.
5. npl1BellHTe <l>opMyny HOpMbl paCXOlla TOnJIl1Ba lL1I cneu.HaJIbHoro aBTOMO-
6HJlH.
6. nepetIHCJII1Te BHLl.bI Han.6aBoK K HopMaM pacxo.aa TOnJIHBa.
cnMCOK nMTEPATYPbl
1. A8iJOHbKUH C/J. H. OnTHMH3aUHSI H3MeHeHHSI TeXHHttecKOrO COCTOSlHHH
aBTOM06HJISI / <1>. H.ABJlOHbKHH. - M. : TpaHcnopT, 1993. - 352 c.
2. ABTOM06HJlH KaMA3: TeXHliqeCKOe onHcaHHe Ii HHCTPYKlJ,HSI no 3KC-
I1JIyaTaUHH. - M. : MallIHHOCTPOeHHe, 1980. - 447 c.
3. ABTOM06HJIbHbIH cnpaBOttHKK : nep. C aHrJl. - M. : 3a PYJleM, 2002. -
896 c.
4. ABTOM06HJlbHbIH CnpaBOtIHHK / noJI. peJl. B. M. npHXOJlbKO. - M. :
MallIHHOCTPOeHHe, 2004. - 704 c.
5. ApUHUH H. H. TeXHWlecKaSl3KcrmyaTaUIDI aBTOM06HJ1eH / M. H.ApHHHH,
C.H. KOHOBaJIOB, 10. B. BIDKeHOB. - POCTOB H/
: <l>eHHKc, 2007. - 314 c.
6. Fa6um08 H. H. TOnJlHBHaH annapaTypa aBTOTpaKTopHbIX JlH3eJleH /
H.H. ra6HTOB, A. B. HeroBopa. - Y<I>a : 1if3J1-BO BrAY, 2004. - 216 c.
7. FaiJ
uHcKuU A. M. npaKTIH<YM no JlOrHCTHKe / A. M. r3lDKHHCKHH. -
3-e H3J1., nepepa6. H Jlon. - M. : ,lJ.allIKoB H KO, 2003. - 208 c.
8. raJ06aJI.110HHbIe aBTOM06HJ1H : cnpaBOttHHK / [A. H. MopeB, B.I1. EPOXOB,
B.A. BeKeToB H JlP.]. - M. : TpaHcnopT, 1992. - 174 c.
9. FIOHmep F. ,lJ.HarHocTHKa JlH3eJlbHbIX JlBl1raTeJleH : nep. C HeM. /
r. rlOHTep. - M. : 3a PYJIeM, 2004. - 176 c.
10. ,lJ.eJIOBCUI Hrpa «cQyn TO H TP Ha ypOBHe ATn» : yqe6. noc06He /
[B. 10. HOBOJlBOpCKHH, B.A. PannonopT, C. B. nOL{KOJI3HH, E.A. Pe3HHtteH-
KO]. - JI. : 113J1-BO C3nl1, 1989. - 72 c.
11. ,O,eHuco8 A. C. 06eCnetteHHe Ha,ae)I(HOCTH aBTOTPaKTOpHbIX JlBHraTe-
JIeu: / A. C.,lJ.eHHcoB, A. T. KYJlaKoB. - CapaToB : 113L{-BO CrTY, 2007. -
422 c.
12. ,lJ.HarHocTHKa TeXHHqeCI<Oro COCTOSlHHH aBTOM06HJISI : npaKTHKYM
KOHTpOJIepa TeXHHqeCKOrO COCTOSlHHSI aBTOMOTOT»aHcnopTHbIX CpeJlCTB /
A. B. BOpHJlOB, B. B.,[{epYHoB, r. B. TKaqeBa. - POCTOB H/,lJ.. : <l>eHHKc,
2007. - 205 c.
13. 30PUH B.A. OCHOBbI pa60Tocnoc06HoCTH TeXHHqeCKHX CHCTeM :
Ytte6HHK/ B.A.30pHH. - M. : MarncTP-npecc, 2005. - 536 c.
14. KpaMapeHKO F. B. Be3rapIDKHoe xpaHeHHe aBTOM06HJIeH npH HH3KHX
TeMnepaTypax / r. B. KpaMapeH KO, B.A. HHKOJIaeB, A.I1.11IaTaJIoB. - M. :
TpaHcnoPT, 1984. - 136 c.
15. J1YKUHCKUU B. C. MOJleJI:I1 H aJIropHTMbI ynpaWleHIDI 06CJlyxHBaHHeM
11 peMOHTOM aBTOTPaHCnOpTHbIX cpellCTB / B.C.JlyKHHCIGIH, E.I1.3aHueB,
8.11. Bepe)I(HOH. - Cn6. : H3.l1. -BO Cn6rH3A, 1997. - 95 c.
16. MaIlKUH B. C. TeXHHqeCKaH 3KCnJIyaTaUHH aBTOM06HJIeH. TeopeTH-
qeCKHe H npaKTHqeCKHe aCneKrbI / B.C. MaJIKHH. - M. : 113L{. ueHTP «AKa-
JI.eMIUI», 2007. - 288 c.
269
17. MUpOUlHUK06 JI.B. ,lI.HarH()C'IH])OBaHlle TeXHHqeCKOrO COCTO
HH
aBTOM06HJIeM Ha aBTOlpa.HcnopTHbIX npel{npIDITH
X / 11. B. MHpOIllHHKOB,
A. n. EOMHH, B.I1. 11M. - M. : TpaHcnopT, 1977. - 263 c.
18. MUXflUH B. M. YnpaBJIeHHe Ha,[{eXHOCTblO CeJIbCKOX03
MCTBeHHOM
TeXHHKH. - M. : KOJIoc, 1984. - 335 c.
19. HanOAbCKUU r.M. TeXHOJ[orHqeCKOe rrpoeKTHpOBaHHe aBTOTpaH-
cnopTHbIX npellnpH
THti H CTaHUHH: TeXHl1qeCKOrO 06CJI)')KHBaHH
: yqe6-
HHK. - M. : TpaHcnopT, 1993. - 271 c.
20. HOpMbI paCXO)l.a TOIIJIHB H CMa30QHHX MaTepHaJIOB Ha aBTOM06HJIbHOM
TpaHcnopTe : MeTO)];. peKOMeH)];aUHH (YTB. pacnOp
)f(eHHeM MHHTpaHca
POCCHH OT 14.03.2008 NQ AM-23-p). - M. : HH<I>PA-M, 2008. - 126 c.
21. OHTll-01-91. 06w:ecolO3Hble HOpMbI TeXHOJIOrHqeCKoro npOeKTH-
pOBaHH
npe,arrpH
THM aBTOM06HJ1bHOrO TpaHcnopTa P,lJ, 3107938-0176. -
M. : POCABTOTPAHC, 1991. - 94 c.
22. Danoe /0. B. YCTaHoBKa H 3Kcn.nyaTaUIDI ra306aJIJIOHHOrO 060py,a0-
BaHHSI aBTOM06HJIeH / 10. B. llaHOB. - M. : 113,lJ;. ueHTP «AKMeMIDI», 2006. -
160 c.
23. llpaBRJIa 3KcIDIyaTaUHH aBTOMo6IDIbHbIX IllHH A3 001-04. - M. : foc.
HayqH.-HCCJI. HH-T aBT. T{)-Ta (focHI1AT), 2004. - 45 c.
24. llOJIO)f(eHHe 0 TeXHHqeCKOM 06CJIyJK.HBaHHH H peMOHTe no,aBlUKHoro
COCTaBa aBTOM06HJIbHoro TpaHcnopTa. - M. : TpaHcrropT, 1986. - 72 c.
25. PYKOBO,aCTBO no ,L1HarHOCTHKe TeXHHqeCKOrO COCTOSIHIDI no,aBIDKHoro
COCTaBa aBTOM06RJIbHoro 1paHCnOPTa P,lJ,-200-PC<I>CP-15-0150- 81. - M. :
TpaHcnopT, 1986. - 72 c.
26. CHCTeMbI yrrpaBJIeHHR 6eH3HHOBbIMH )];BHraTeJIRMH : nep. C HeM. -
M. : 3a pYJIeM, 2005. - 432 c.
27. Ta6eJIb TeXHOJIOrHqeCKOrO o60py,aoBaHHR H CneUHaJIH3HpOBaHHoro
HHCTpYMeHTa WIR ATll, ATO H EIJ;TO. - M. : UfiHTI1 MHHaBToTpaHca
PC<I>CP, 1993. - 98 c.
28. TeXHHqeCKOe 06CJIyxHBaHHe H peMOHT aBTOM06HJIeH / no,a pe,a.
B. M. BJIaCOBa. - M. : 113,a. ueHTp «AKaneMHR», 2004. - 480 c.
29. TeXHHqeCKaSI 3KCnJIyaTalU1R aBTOM06HJIeH : yqe6HHK / rro,a pe,a.
E. C. KY3HeQOBa. - M. : HaYKa, 2001. - 535 c.
30. THnoBbIe HOpMbI BpeMeHH Ha peMOHT rpY30BbIX aBTOM06HJIeH MapOK
fA3, 311JI, KA3, MA3, KaMA3, KpA3 B YCJIOBHSIX aBT01paHcnOpTHbIX rrpe,a-
npHRTHH. - M. : 3KoHoMHKa, 1989. - 299 c.
31. lfuKjJAaeea B. B. TeXHHqeCKM 3KcrmyaTaQHR aBTOM06HJIeH : JIa60pa-
TOpHbIH npaKTHKYM / B. B. qHKYJIaeBa. - OpeJl: 113)1.-BO OpeJIfTY, 2006. -
116 c.
32. memuua B.A. CHa6)f(eHHe 3anaCHbIMH qaCTRMH Ha aBTOM06HJIbHOM
TpaHcnopTe / B. A. I..U;eTHHa, B. C. J1}'KHHCKHM, B.I1. CepreeB. - M. : TpaHc-
nopT, 1988. - 112 c.
ornABnEHME
II pellH CJI 0 BHe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. 3
1. TeOpeTJllleCKHe OCHOBLI TeXJDl1leCKOH 3KCIIJIyaTaU,HH aBTOM06HJ1eH........ 5
1.1. MeTollHKa c60pa, 06pa60TKIf 11 aHaJIH3a CTaTHCTHtJeCKHX llaHHbIX
no HaJ],e)J(HOCTH aBTOM06RJIeH Ha 3.BToTpaHcnopTHoM npellnpH5ITHH .................. 5
1.2. OnpelleJIeHHe nepHo,aHtJHOCTH TeXHHtJeCKoro 06CJ1}')KHBaHH5I
aBTOM06HJIeH no llOnyCTHMOMY ypOBHIO Bep05lTHOCTH 6e30TKa3HoH
pa60TbI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13
1.3. OnpelleJIeHHe nepHOllHt.JHOCTD TeXHHt.JeCKoro 06CJI)')KHBaHH5I
no H3MeHeHHIO H llonYCTHMOMY ypOBHIO ,aHarHOCTHtJeCKoro napaMeTpa........... 16
1.4. Onpe,aeJIeHHe nepHOllHt.JHOCTK TeXHHtJeCKoro 06CJI}')KHBaHH5I
no TeXHHKO-3KOHOMHtJeCKOMY MeTOllY ............................................ .................. 20
1.5. OnTHMH3aUH5I nepHOllHtJHOC'TH nJIaHOBbIX peMOHTOB
C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM 3KOHOMHKO-Bep05lTHOCTHoro MeTOlla ................................. 24
1.6. PaCt.JeT onTHManbHoro cpOKa CJI}')K6bI aBTOM06RJI5I .................................... 26
1.7. rpynnHpoBaHHe onepaUHH TeXHHt.JeCKoro 06CJ1y)J(HBaHH5I
H npellynpe,aHTeJIbHOrO peMOHTa................................... ..... ...... .......... ........ ....... 31
1.8. OueHKa TOt.JHOCTH, HopMaTlfBOB H 3<1><I>eKTHBHoCTH llHarHOCTHpOBaHH5I
TeXHHqeCKOrO COCT05lHH5I 3JIeMeHTOB aBTOM06RJI5I............................................ 36
2. OCHOBLI TeXHOJlOrHH TeXHHQeCKOrO 06CJIYJKlfBaHHH
H Te
eJr() »eftl()IITa aIlT()ftI()()
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