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ISBN: 5-94610-307-3
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ISBN 5-94610-307-3
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OH RBJlSleTCR IICTOQHIIKOM Oc»Hu:1I8JIbHOH IIHc»opMaU:HII 0 pe3YJIbTaTaX CO-
3,naHIDI II rrpll3HaHIDI rnrrOB MCO.
C03.l{aHHe C'faH,lJ;apTHbIX 06pa31.{0B Bell.{ecTB H MaTepHaJlOB - .n;eJIO .n;oporo-
CTomu:ee H K TOMY JKe Tpe6yeT llIHpOKHX TeXHH'IeCKHX 3HaHHH H 60JIbllIOro
onbITa. Pa3pa6OTKa HOBbIX CTaH,lJ;apTHbIX 06pa3I.{OB Bell.{eCTB H MaTepHaJlOB no-
'ITH Bcel.{eJIO onpe.n;eJIHeTCH pbIHO'lHbIM cnpoCOM.
B MHpe HaC'IHTbIBaeTCH 20 TbIC. CTa.an;aprHbIX 06pa3l.{oB Bell.{eCTB H MarepHa-
JIOB. KOMTIblOrepHbIH 6aHK .n;aHHblX «Ko.n;eKc 06Pa3I.{OBbIX Bell.{eCTB» (COMAR)
co.n;ep.>KHT HHcI>opMal.{HIO 0 12 TbIC. TaKHX 06pa3I.{OB H3 20 CTpaH. B 6a3Y .n;aH-
HbIX BKJIIO'IeHbI: Ha3BaHHe H 06l1.{ee OnHCaHHe Bell.{eCTBa, Ha3BaHHe H a.n;pec
H3roTOBHTeJIH, cl>opMa Bell.{eCTBa, aTIeCTOBaHHbIe CBOHCTBa, HX 3Ha'leHHH H 06-
JIaCTb npHMeHeHHH. l(eHTpbI Ko.n;HpOBaHHH COMAR .n;eHCTB}'IOT B 14 CTpaHax.
He06xo.n;HM}'IO HHcI>opMal.{HIO MO.>KHO nOJl}":lHTb Ha Web-caHTe H B l.{eHTpaJIb-
HOM ceKpeTapHaTe CO MAR.
6
HOpMamBHO-TeXHH1J:eCKOe H Me1'pOJIOrH1J:eCKOe 06eCne1J:eHHe Ka1J:eCTBa
TaIOKe pellIalOTCSI rocy,napcTBeHHOH CHCTeMOH CTaH,ll;apm3anHH Ha OCHOBe
CHCTeM CTaH,ll;ap1'OB, B 1J:HCJIO KOTOpbIX BXO,WIT: rocy,napCTBeHHaSI CHCTeMa
CTaH,lIapm3aI.J;HH (fCC); CHCTeMa nOKa3aTeJIeH Ka1J:eCTBa (CIIK); rocy,nap-
Cl'BeHHaSl CHCTeMa o6eCne1J:eHIDI 1'pe6yeMoH T01J:HOCm H e)J;HHCTBa H3Mepe-
HHH (fCM); rocy,napcTBeHHaSI CHCTeMa CTaH.ll:ap1'HbIX CnpaB01J:HbIX ,naHHbIX
(fC CC,l.O H ,np.
fCM H fC CC,n: llIHpOKO HCnOJIb3)'1OT 06pa3nOBbIe BeIl(ecTBa H XHMH-
1J:eCKHe 3TaJIOHbI, 1J:1'O <!>opMHpyeT OCHOBY e,nHHCTBa H3MepeHHH H o6ecne-
1J:HBaeT T01J:HOCTb pe3YJIhTaTOB, KaJIH6POBKY o6opy,nOBaHIDI, MOHH1'OpHHr JIa-
6opaTopHH H Me1'O,nOB OQeHKH, a TaIOKe cnoco6cTByer CJIH1J:eHHIO Me1'O,nOB
npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH 3TMX BeIl(eCTB B Ka1J:eCTBe 3TaJIOHOB cpaBHeHIDI. OHH
,nOJDKHhI 6hITh 1J:eTKO MapKHpOBaHbI, 1J:1'O n03BOlliIeT npOBO,nHTh HX O,nHO-
3Ha1J:HYIO H.lI:eHm<!>HKaQHIO co CCbillKOH Ha COOTBeTCTB)'IOIl(He cepm<!>HKaTbI
H ,npyryIO ,nOK)'MeHTanHIO
06R3aTeJIhHbIe -rpe60BaHHSI K Ka1J:eCTBY npo,nyJ(I{HH, B TOM 1J:HCJIe Be-
w;eCTB H MaTepHaJIOB, pa3pa6aThIBaIOTCR Ha OCHOBe nOKa3aTeJIeH CIIK.
OHH BKJII01J:eHhI B rocy,napcTBeHHbIe CTaH.ll:apThI POCCIIHCKOH <I>e,nepaU:HH -
CTaH.ll:apThI Ha npo,nyJ(I{HIO.
Ha npo,nYKJ..(HIO paJpa6aThIBaIOT CTaH.ll:apThI 06U(ux meXHUileCKUX YCJl08UU,
KOTopbIe co,nep:>KaT 06Il(He 1'pe60BaHIDI K rpynnaM O,nHOpO,nHOH rrpo,nYKJ..(HH,
H mexHUileCKUX YCJl08UU, KOTopbIe co,nep:>KaT 1'pe60BaHIDI K KOHKpeTHOH rrpo-
,n}'Kll;HH.
CTaH,Z:J;apT 06Il(HX TeXHH1J:eCKHX YCJIOBHH B 06Il(eM c.rryq:ae co,nep:>KHT CJIe-
.nyIOIl(He pa3,neJIbI:
1) KJIaCCH<!>HKaI.J;IDI, OCHOBHbIe rrapaMe1'pbI H (mIll) pa3MepbI;
2) 06Il(He TeXHH1J:ecKHe 1'pe60BaHIDl;
3) 1'pe60BaHIDI 6e30nacHocm;
4) 1'pe60BaHIDI oxpaHbI OKpyxaIOIl(eH cpe,nbI;
5) Me1'O,nbI KOH1'pOlliI;
6) npaBHJIa npHeMKH;
7) 1'paHCnOpmpoBaHHe H xpaHeHHe;
8) yKa3aHIDI no 3KclUlyaTaUHH (peMoHTY, yrnrrH3aUHH);
9) rapaHmH H3I'OTOBHTeJISI.
HOMeHKJIaTYPY, COCTaB, co,nep:>KaHHe H HaHMeHOBaHHe paJ,lJ;eJIOB (no,n-
pa3.LJ;eJIOB) onpe,nelliIIOT B COOTBeTCTBHH C oco6eHHOCTSlMH CTaH,ll;apm3Hpye-
MOH npO.nyKI.J:HH H xapaKTepOM npe,n'hSlBJUIeMhIX K HeH 1'pe6oBaHHH.
CraH.ll:apr TeXHH'-IeCKHX YCJIOBHH YCTaHaBJIHBaeT .wrn O,nHOH HJIH HeCKOJIh-
KHX, HanpHMep, MapOK, COp1'OB, BH.lI:OB KOHKpeTHOH npo,nYKUHH BCecTO-
pOHHHe 1'pe60BaHIDI, C06JIIO,neHHe KOTOpbIX ,nOJI:>KHO OOOCne1J:IIBaThCR npH
ee npOH3Bo,nCTBe, nOCTaBKe, nOTpe6JIeHHH (3KcrmyaTaUHH), peMOHTe H ym-
JIH3aUHH.
OKOH1J:aTeJIhHaSI oueHKa npHro,nHocm TeX HJIH HHhIX MaTepHaJIOB .n.rrSi
KOHKpeTHoro HCnOJIb30BaHIDI Be,nercR Ha OCHOBaHHH HaTYPHbIX HcnbITa-
HHH, ycraHOBJIeHHbIX 1'pe60BaHIDlMH rocy,n:apCTBeHHhIX CTaH,ll;ap1'OB.
7
3a.na 1H HH<!>OPMaIUfOHHOro 06ecneqeHHSI Kaqecma BeIl.(ecTB H MarepH3JIOB
pewaeT BCepoccH cIGrli HayqHO-HCCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbCKIDi :u;emp CTaH,lJ;apm3aI.{IDI,
HH<lx>PMaI.{IDI H cepm<!>HKaI.{IDI ChIpbR, MarepHaJIOB H BeIl.(ecTB rOCCTa.H,ll;apra
POCCHH (BHHQ CMB). IIocJIe.n;HHA paCnOJIaraeT HH<!>OPMaIUfO HHbIM :u;eHT-
pOM CTaHJJ.aproB, KOTOpbm KOMlUleKTYeTCR Ta6mm;aMH peKOMeHJJ.yeMbIX H
CTaHJJ.aPTHbIX .n;aHHbIX no CBO CTBaM MarepHaJIOB H BeIl.(ecTB, MeTO.n;HKaM
rc CC,n, nacnOp'I'aMH 6e30naCHocm MarepHaJIOB H BeIl.(eCTB, KOnHSlMH aT-
TeCTaTOB aKKpe,lJ;HT3.I.{HH OpraHOB no cepm<!>HKaI.{IDI HCIIbITIiTeJIbHbIX JIa60pa-
TOpHA (:u;empoB), rocy.n;apcTBeHHbIMH peeCTpaMH H KOnIDIMH cepm<!>HK3.TOB
COOTBeTCTBIDI (6e30naCHocm) Ha rrpo.nyKl.{HIO. KpOMe TOro, B 3TOM :u;eH1J>e
HMelOTCR aBTOpcKHe CBH.ZJ;eTeJIbCTBa 06 H306pereHHH (p3.3)];eJIbI no MarepHa-
JIaM, BeIl.(ecTBaM H MeTO.n;bI }IX nonyqeHIDI).
IIpaBoBoe 06eCneqeHHe KaqeCTBa rapaHTHpYeTCR OCHOBHbIMH 3aKOHaMH
POCCHHCKOH cI>e.n;epaI.{HH, H B nepByIO Oqepe.n;b 3axOHOM 0 3auurre npaB no-
'l'pe6HTeJIeH.
MarepHaJIbHO-reXHH1J:ecKoe 06eCne1J:eHHe KaqeCTBa onpe.n;eJISleTCSI ycJIO-
BIDIMH npOH3BO.n;CTBa H o6paw;eHIDI MarepHaJIOB.
4. CBCTeMHhlii' no o.ZJ; K B3Y'1eHBIO CTpoeJI]UI,
CTpYKTYPbJ B CBOHCTB MaTepB8JIOB
Pa3JIHqHbIe MarepHaJIbI MO}KHO paCCMaTPHBaTb no npOHCXO>K.n;eHHIO,
BH.ZJ;y CbIpbR, cnoco6y nonyqeHIDI, Ha3Ha1J:eHHIO, oco6bIM CBO CTBaM H .npy-
nIM npH3HaKaM. B HaCTORIl.(ee BpeMSI HaII60JIbwee paCI1pOCTPaHeHHe nOJIY-
1J:IDIa CHcreMarn3a:U;IDI MarepHaJIOB, KOTOpyIO MO}KHO Ha3BaTb OTpaCJIeBOH,
Tal( KaK B ee OCHOBY nOJIO:>KeHO HaHMeHOBaHHe O,lJ;HO H3 OTpaCJIeH Hapo,lJ;HO-
ro X03mCTBa, Henocpe.n;CTBeHHO cmIJaHHoA C rrpoH3BO.n;CTBOM IDIH npHMeHe-
HHeM .n;aHHoro MarepHaJIa: nOJIe3H Ie HCKonaeMbIe; He<lmIHbIe rrpo.n;}'KTbI;
MeTaJIJIbI; 3J1eKTPOTeXHH1J:ecKHe MarepHaJIbI; C1pOHMarepHaJIbI; CIDIHK3.THO-
KepaMH1J:ecKHe H ymepo.n;HbIe MarepHaJIbI; JleCOMarepHaJIbI, :u;eJIJIIOJI03a, 6y-
Mara, KapTOH; XHMWIecKHe rrp<>.nyKTbI H pe3HHoac6ecTOBbIe H3.lI:eJIHSI; XHMH-
qecKHe BOJIOKHa; reKCTIDIbHbIe H KO:>KeBeHHbIe MarepHaJIbI H .n;p.
K CO:>KaJIeHHIO, .n;aHHaSI CHcreMam3aI.{IDI He n03BOJISIeT He TOJIbKO YCTa-
HOBHTb B3aHMOCBSl3H COCTaBa, C1pOeHIDI, CTPYKTYPbI H CBOHCTB MarepHa-
JIOB, HO B psr.ne cnyqaeB .n;axe O,lJ;H03HaqHO OTHecm MarepHaJI no npHHM-
JIe}KHOCTII K TO IDIH ilHo rpyrrne.
HaH60JlbWHe B03MO}KHOCrn .n.rrR peweHIDI 3a,n;a1J: MarepHaJIOBe.n;eHIDI
npe.n;OCTaBmleT CHcreMarn3a:u;HSI BeIl.(eCTB no HX arperaTHbIM COCTOSlHHSlM B
HOPMaJIbHbIX (no reMnepa'I)'pe H .n;aBJIeHHIO) YCJIOBIDIX. IIpH 3TOM BHYTPH
KIDKZJ;OH rpyrrnbI (TBep.n;oe, :>KH,lJ;Koe IDIH ra3006pa3Hoe BeIl.(eCTBO) eCTb B03-
MO>KHOCTb yqeCTb BHlJ. 06Pa3yIOIl.(HX ern 1J:acm:u;, COCTaB, <!>H3H1J:ecKyIO npH-
po.ny, C'IpOeHHe H CTPYKTYPY, a TaIOKe rrpoHCXO>K.n;eHHe.
TaKaSI CHCTeMam3aI.{IDI (pHC. 1) n03BOJISleT pewaTb maBHyIO :38"naqy Ma-
repHaJIOae.n;eHIDI - BbI60p MarepHaJIa C aHHbIMH CBOHCTBaMH .n.rrSi HaII-
8
60JIee 3<P<PeKTHBHOro HCnOJIb30BaHHSI B HIDKeHepHOH rrpaKTHKe, nOCKOJIbKy
nOJIOXeHHe BeIl.(eCTBa B cxeMe He TOJIbKO 0.nH03HaQHO O1'BeQaeT Ha BOnpoc
o CBOHCTBaX, HO H ,naeT B03MO:>KHOCTh no.rryqHTb peKOMeH,Z:J;aInnf no y.rryqwe-
HHIO 3THX CBOHCTBa C'l'aH.naprHbIM Ha60pOM TeXHOJIOmqecIGIX OnepaI.J;HH.
HMeHHo TaKoe CHCTeMHoe npe,nCTaBJIeHHe nOJIOXeHO B OCHOBy HaCTOR-
II.{ero yqe6HHKa.
CUCmeMllDe npeiJcma6AeHUe sell(eCm6a:
no azpezamHO MY COC mOJlHUIO
.. .--
TBep,noe -, JKH,lU<.:oe ra3oo6pa:moe
no npoucxo3ICiJeHulO
npllp o,n HhIe HCKyCCTBeHHhIe
OpraHJl1leCKHe HeOpraHJl1lecKHe
..
IIJI3.3Ma
no XUMUlleCK OMY c ocma6)l
. .....
O,D;HO- MHoro- O,lUlO- MHoro-
KOMIIOHeHTHhIe KOMnOHeHTHbIe
. + + +
npOCThIe CIIJIaBbI tJHCThIe paCTBOpbI
BeIl.{ecTBa JKH,lU<.:OCTH
no 8UiJy 06pa3YIOU4UX lIacmu14
'
aroMHhIe (HOHHhIe) MOJIeKyJISIpHhIe
no amOMHOMY (MO A!!!fJ'!!!l PHOMY) cmpoeHUIO
.. -t- ..
KpHCTaJIJIJI1IecKHe aMOp$HhIe nOJIHMepHhIe
+
CTeKJIo06p3.3HhIe
_ e
O,lUlo$3.3HhIe MHoro$3.3HhIe
.
MOHO- nOJIH- KOMII03HIJ;HOHHhIe MarepHaJIbI
KpHCTaJI.1IH1IeCKHe
C HaIIOJIHHTeJIeM C yrrpOtJHHTeJIeM
..
npoBO,n-
HHKH
- n o ,pU3lJ11eCKoii npup oiJe
.-- " ---..
,nH3JIeK- noJIyIIpo- HOpMaJIbHhIe
'l'pHKH BO,lUlHKH paCTBopbI
Pac. 1. Cucme.M1roe npeiJcma6AeHue 8eU4ecms
no ux npouc::xo:JlCiJeHulO U azpezamHOMY COCmOJlHUIO
..
e
KpHCTaJIJIhI
9
rJIABA 1
OCHOBHbIE nOIDITIDI 0 CTPOEHHH,
CTPYKTYPE H CBOHCTBAX MATEPHAJIOB
1.1. ArperaTHbIe COCTOJIHHJI BeIl(eCTBa
1.1.1. 06UU1e CBe.ZJ;eHIUI
no npoHcxo)J{)J;eHHIO (reHe3Hcy) Be eCTBa H MarepmUlbI .ZJ;emlT Ha npu-
pooHble H uCKyccmeeHHble.
reHe3UC - nQOHCXO)K,!l;eHHe, B03HHKHOBeHHe; B IllHpOKOM CMbICJIe - MO-
MeHT 3apO)K,!l;eHHH H nOCJIe,nyroI.UHH npouecc pa3BHTHH, npHBe,nIllHH K onpe,ne-
JIeHHOMY COCTOHHHIO, BH)J.y, HBJIeHHIO.
llPUPOOHbte .MamepUQ,JIbl nOJIyqaIOT Henocpe,nCTBeHHO H3 npHpo,nHoro CbIpbH
nyreM MeXaHHqeCKOH 06pa60TIGI, HO 6e3 H3MeHeHHH nepBOHaqaJIbHOrO XHMH-
qeCKOrO COCTaBa H C'rpYKTYPbI. 3TH MaTepHaJIbI COXPaHHIOT OCHOBHbIe CBOHCTBa
HCXO,nHOro CbIpbH. HanpHMep, npHpo,nHbIH neCOK, KOTOpbIH nepe,n yrro'rpe6JIe-
HHeM TOJIbKO OqHI.UaIOT OT npHMeceH H B OT,neJIbHbIX CJIyqaHx COPTHPYIOT no
pa3Mepy 3epeH.
HCKyccm6eHHbte .MamepUQ,JIbl, nOJIyqaeMble nOCJIe CneUHaJIbHOH nepepa60T-
KH npHpo,nHOro HJIH HCK)'CCTBeHHoro CblpbH, no cl>H3HKO-XHMHqeCKHM CBOH-
CTBaM 3HaqHTeJIbHO OTJIHQaIOTCH OT HCXOlIHoro CblpbH. TaK, H3 rJIHHbI, JIer.KO
pa3MOKaIOI.UeH B Bo,ne, nOJIyqaIOT nOCJIe cl>opMoBaHHH H 06}l(Hra BO,nOCTOHKHe
KepaMHQeCKHe MaTepHaJIbI (KHpnHQ, 06JIHUOBOQHble nJIHTKH).
no CBOeMY azpezamHOM)l COCmOJlHUIO Bee Be eCTBa II MarepllaJIbI rro.n;paJ.n;e-
JlSlIOT Ha TBep.n;bIe, )l{l{)UGIe II :ra3006paJHbIe. KIDIQ:J;oe arperarnoe cocroIDme
xapaKTepH3yeTCJI orrpe.n:eJIeHHbIM C'l'poeHHeM Be eCTBa II, COOTBeTCTBeHHO,
CBOHCTBaMH. 'tJeTBepThIM arperarnbIM cocroSlHHeM qaCTO CqlITaIOT lUIaJMY.
AzpezamHble COCmOJlHUJl 6eUl,ecm6a - COCTOHHHSI O.n;HOro H Toro }l(e BeI.Ue-
CTBa (Bo,na, }l(eJIe30, cepa H ,np.), nepexo.n;bI Me)K,!l;Y KOTOpbIMH COnpOBO)K,!l;aIOT-
CH CKaQK006pa3HbIM H3MeHeHHeM pH.na cl>H3HQeCKHX CBOHCTB (HanpHMep,
nJIOTHOCTH) .
Bce BelI.{eCTBa, 3a HeKOTopblM HCKJIIOQeHHeM, MOryr CYI.UeCTBOBaTb B KIDK-
,nOM H3 'rpex arperaTHbIX COCTOHHHH. PeaJIH3aUHH Toro HJIH HHoro arperaTHoro
COCTOHHHH BeI.UeCTBa 3aBHClfT OT cl>H3HQeCKHX YCJIOBHH, B KOTOpbIX OHO Haxo-
,nHTCH, - rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M OT TeMnepaTYPbI H lIaBJIeHHH. TaK, ,nHCTHJIJIHpO-
10
BaHHaH BO.n;a npH HOpMaJIbHOM .n;aBJIeHHH p = 101 325 na H TeMnepaTYPe t = O°C
KpHCTaJIJIH3yeTcH B JIe.n;, a npH 100°C KHnHT H npeBpaJJJ;aeTCH B nap.
M3MeHeHHe arperaTHbIX COCTOHHHH COnpOBO)K)J.aeTCH no.n;Bo.n;OM HJIH Bbw:e-
JIeHHeM ::meprHH, qTO OTBeqaeT nepexo.n;aM, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, K arperaTHbIM
COCTOHHHHM C 60JIee BbICOKOH HJIH 60JIee HH3KOH TeMnepa1)'pOH.
T6epiJoe COC11IOJIRue 6e ecm6a - 3TO arperaTHoe COCTOHHHe Bem;eCTBa, xa-
paKTepH3yIOm;eeCH CTIl6IDIbHOCThlO <l>OPMbI. Bem;ecTBa B TBep.n;OM COCTOmIIDI
Ha3bmaIOT mBeplMU. no XHMWIeCKOM}' COCTIlBY HX .n;eJISIT Ha oiJHO- (npocTbIe)
H 08YX-(H 60JIee)KOMnOHeHmHble CllJla8bl, a B 3aBHCHMOCTII OT BHyrpeHHero
crpoemrn pa3.n;eJUIIOT Ha KpUCmaJl.llUrtecKue H aMOprjJHble.
KOMnoHeHm - COCTaBHa51 qacTh, ::meMeHT, B )laHHOM cJIyqae XHMHqeCKHH.
KpUC11Ul/l.llUileCKUe 6e ecm6a - 3TO Bem;eCTBa B TBep.n;QM COCTOmIHH, .n;.TISi
KOTOpblX xapaKTepHO KpUCmaJl.llWtecKoe cmpoeHue, T.e. nepHo.n; ecKoe TPex-
MepHoe pacrrOJIO:>KeHHe aTOMOB (MOJIeKYJI).
KPHCTaJIJI eCKHe Bem;eCTBa MOryr cyru:eCTBOBaTb B BH,lJ;e KpUCmaJl./108, a
TIlIOKe nOAUKpUCmaJl.llUrtecKUX (nOAuKpUCmaJl.l108), KaMHe8UOHbLX H pa3pblXJleH-
HblX azpezam08.
KpuCmtlJlJrbl - COCTOHHHe TBep.n;blx BeJJJ;eCTB, npH06peTaIOJJJ;HX npH paBHo-
BeCHbIX YCJIOBHHX 06pa30BaHH5I eCTeCTBeHH)'IO q,OPMY npaBHJIbHbIX MHororpaH-
HHKOB, OTpIDKaIOIUYIO cHMMe1'pHIO aToMHoro C1'poeHH5I, H 06JIa,aaIOJJJ;Hx aHU30-
mponueii q,H3HqeCKHX CBOHCTB. KpYIIHble O.n;HHOqHble IqJHCTaJIJIbI Ha3bIBaIOTCH
MOUOKpUCmllJlJlflMu.
AHU30mponUR - pa3JIH'rne 3HaqeHHH CBOHCTB (.n;eq,opMaUHOHHbIX, 3JIeK1'pH-
qeCKHX, MarHHTHbIX, TeIIJIOBbIX, OnTHqeCKHX H .n;p.) B MaTepHaJIe no pa3HbIM Ha-
npaBJIeHHHM.
HO/lU1CpUCmtlJlJrbl - arperaTbI H3 60JIbllIoro qHCJIa OT.n;eJIbHbIX 6ecnOpH.ll.OqHO
opHeHTHpOBaID:IbIX MeJIIGIX IqJHCTaJIJIOB (KpHCTaJIJIHTOB), CBH3aHHbIX Me)l{,l:()' CO-
60H CHJIaMH CueIIJIeHHH, KOTopble 06blqHO CJIa6ee BHyrpHKpHCTaJIJIHQeCKHx.
DOJIbllIHHCTBO TBep.n;bIX MaTepHaJIOB HBJIHIOTC5I nOJIHKpHCTaJIJIaMH. TaKOBbI, Ha-
npHMep, TeXHHQeCKHe MeTaJlJIbI H CIIJIaBbI, MHorne MaTepHaJIbI H3 ropHbIX nopo.n;.
KtlMHe8uiJHbie azpezambl - 31'0 arperaTbI H3 60JIbllIOro QHCJIa oT.n;eJIbHbIX,
6ecnopH.ll.OQHO OpHeHTHpOBaHHbIX MeJIIGIX IqJHCTaJIJIOB, CBH3b Me)K)J.Y KOTOpbIMH
OCYJ.l.{eCTBJIHeTCH BffiKYII.{HM (ueMeHTHp}'IOJJJ;HM) BeJJJ;ecTBoM.
I10JIHIqJHCTaJIJIbI H KaMHeBH.n;Hble arperaThI B ueJIOM H301'ponHbI no q,H3H-
qecKHM CBoHcTBaM.
Pa3pblXlleHHble (Pa3iJe.tlbHO-3epllUcmble, iJucnepCHble) azpezambl - 3TO MexaHH-
qeCKaH CMeCb QaCTHU (KYCKOB, 3epeH), He CBH3aHHbIX Me)l{,l:()' C060H. I1pHMepoM
pa3pbIXlIeHHbIX arperaToB HBJI5IIOTCH necoK, rpaBHH, ueMeHT.
Pa3pbIXlIeHHble arperaTbI 06pa3)'IOTC5I B pe3YJIbTaTe pa3pyureHH5I (pa3pblx-
JIeHHH, .n;p06JIeHHH, H3MeJIbQeHH5I) nOJIHIqJHCTaJIJIHQeCKHX HJIH KaMHeBH.D:HbIX
arperaToB. Pa3pbIXJIeHHe, .n;p06JIeHHe H H3MeJIbQeHHe xapaKTepH3}'IOT CTa,aHH
pa3pyureHHH no IqJYIIHOCTH nOJIyqaeMblx arperaToB. I1PH 3TOM H3MeJIbQeHHe
(AHcneprnpOBaHHe) TBep.n;oro TeJIa, no cYJ.l.{ecTBY, npe.n;cTaBJIHeT C060H nOBepx-
11
HOCTHoe HBJIeHHe, TIlK KaK BbIpaxaeTCH B C03,D;aHHH HOBOii nOBepXHOCTH pa3,lJ,e.JIa,
npH .n;OCTaTOqHO 60JIbllIOii C}'MMapHOii nOBepXHOCTH B H3MeJIbqeHHbIX MaTepHa-
JIax npOueCCbI paCTBOpeHHH, KOpp03HH, HCnapeHIDI, KOH.n;eHCaUHH, KPHCTaJIJIH-
3aUHH onpe.n;eJIHIOTCH BeJIWlHHOii H cBoiicTBaMH :noii nOBepXHOCTH.
J(uCne]JC1lOCmb - XapaKTepHCTHKa pa3Mepa qacmu (CTeneHH H3MeJIbqeHHH)
KaKoro-JIH60 TeJIa B .n;HCnepcHbIX arperaTax. Mepa .n;HCnepcHOCTH - OTHOllIeHHe
06Il1eii nOBepXHOCTH BCeX qaCTHU K HX C}'MMapHOM}' 06beM}'.
npH pa3Mepax qaCTHU 1...100 HM (YJIbTPa.n;HcnepcHoe COcToHHHe) 06Hapy-
}l{HBaIOTCH Bce OC06eHHOCTH nOBepXHocTHbIX COCTOHHHii, TaK KaK B .n;aHHOM
cnyqae TepHeTCH nOIDITHe 06beMa. YJIbTPa.n;HcnepcHoe COCTOHHHe HBJIHeTCH He-
paBHoBecHbIM. )];HcnepcHbIe qaCTHUbI MOlYI' 06pa30BbIBaTh XJIOnbH H CpOCTlCH,
Ha HX nOBepXHOCTH qaCTO npOHCXO,WIT XHMHqeCKHe npeBpaIl1eHHH. TaK, .n;HC-
neprnpOBaHHe npHMeIDIIOT, HanpHMep, npH nO.n;roTOBKe MaTepHaJIOB JJ)lH H3ro-
TOBJIeHHH H3,D;eJIHH no nopOlliKOBOH TeXHOJIOrnH, B npOH3Bo.n;CTBe MHHepaJIbHbIX
BIDKYIIIHX BeIl1eCTB, nHI'MeHTOB, HanOJIHHTeJIeii nOJIHMepHbIX MaTepHaJIOB H .n;p.
AMoptjJHbIe 6ew.ecm6a - 3TO Bem;eCTBa B TBep.n;o.M COCTo.mIHH, C'I'pOeHHe
KOTOpbIX o.6YCJIo.BJIHBaeT H3o.1po.nHIO <pH3HqeCKHX CBOiiCTB H o.TcyrCTBHe
To.tJKH nnaBJIeHIDI (nepexo..n; H3 TBep.n;o.ro COCTOmIIDI B )I(Jf,l(Koe npoHCXO.n;HT
nOCTeneHHo.). B npHpo.n;e aMo.p<}>Hoe C'I'poeHHe Bem;eCTBa MeHee pacnpoc1pa-
HeHo., qeM KpHCTIlJIJI ecKoe. AMo.P<}>Hoe crpo.eHHe XapaKTepHo., HanpHMep,
.n;.TISi OnaJIa, 06cIf,LJ;IIaHa, mITaPH, CMo.JIbI, 6HTYMa H no.JIHMepo.B. KPHCTaJIJIH-
'IecKoe C1po.eHHe Bem;eCTBa Mo.:>KeT 6bITh nepeBe.n;eHo. B aMo.P<}>Hoe C'I'pOeHHe
pa3JIHtJHbIMH Blf,LJ;aMH <pH3 eCKo.ro H XHMH'IeCKo.ro Bo.3.n;eiiCTBHii. 113 pa-
CTBo.pa KpHCTIlJIJI eCKo.ro Bem;eCTBa Mo.>KHo. no.JIyqIITh BbIcymeHHbIit reJIb,
H3 pacnnaBa - CTeKJIo., H3 napa - aMo.p<}>HbIit o.ca,n;o.K H T.n. TaK, C aMo.p<}>-
HbIM C1po.eHHeM HCKYCCTBeHHo. no.JIyqeH PM MeTaJIJIo.B (MeTaJIJIHqeCKo.e
CTeKJIo.), a TaIOKe no..rrynpo.Bo..n;HHKH (aMo.p<}>HbIe no.JIynpo.Bo..n;HHKH).
OC06bIM Blf,LJ;o.M Co.CTo.mIIDI TBep.n;blX Bem;eCTB C aMo.p<}>HbIM c1po.eHHeM
SlBJUleTCH cmeK./l006p03Hoe cocmOflHue.
CmeK.llOO6ptl3HOe cocmoJiHUe 6ew.ecm6a - arperaTHoe Co.CTOHHHe Bem;e-
CTBa C aMo.p<}>HbIM c1po.eHHeM, <l>oPMHpyIOm;eeCH npH 3aTBep.n;eBaHHH nepe-
o.XJIa:>I<;D;eHHo.ro pacnnaBa H o.6JIa,n;alOm;ee B pe3YJIbTaTe nOCTeneHHoro }'BeJIH-
'IeHHSI BH3Ko.CTII MeXaHH'IeCKHMH cBo.iicTBaMH TBep.n;bIX TeJI. TIepexo..n; H3
CTeKJIOO6Pa3Ho.ro Co.CTOmIHSI B pacnnaB H H3 pacnnaBa B CTeKJIoo6pa3Hoe
Co.CTo.mIHe XapaKTepH3yeTcH TeMnepaT}'PHbIM HHTepBaJIo.M. 06paTIIMo.CTb
3To.ro nepexo..n;a SlBJUleTCSI o.Co.6eHHo.CThIO, Ko.TOpaSI o.TJIHtJaeT CTeKJIo.o6pa3-
Ho.e Co.CTOSlHHe o.T .n;pyrnx aMo.p<}>HblX.
B CTeKJIOO6Pa3Ho.M Co.CTOmIHH Mo.:>KeT Haxo..n;HThCH 3HatJMTeJIbHo.e 'IHCJIo.
npo.cTbIX Bem;eCTB (S, Se, As, P), o.KClf,LJ;o.B (B 2 0 s ' Si0 2 , Ge0 2 ) , BO.n;HbIX
paCTBo.po.B (H 2 02' H 2 S0 4 , H 3 P0,J xaJIbKo.reHlf,LJ;o.B pH,L(a 3JIeMeHTOB (As, Ge,
P), HeKo.TOpbIX raJIo.reHlf,LJ;o.B H Kap6o.HaTOB. MHo.rHe H3 3TIIX Bem;eCTB
Co.CTaBJUlIOT o.CHo.BY CJIo..>KHbIX no. Co.CTaBy' Heo.praHHtJecKHX CTeKo.JI.
12
JKuaKOe COCmoJUlue 6eru.eCm64 (3ICUi)KOcmb) - arperaTHOe COCTOHHHe Be-
Il{eCTBa, 061Ia,n;aIOInee CBOiiCTBOM Te'Ib H rrpHHHMaTh <l>oPMY cocy.n:a, B KOTO-
pOM OHO HaxOlUITCSI.
)l(H,nKOCTSIM rrpHC}'II(H HeKOTOpbIe qepThI TBepJIbIX (OHH COXPaHSIIOT CBOii
o6DeM, 06pa3YIOT rrOBepXHOCTh, 061Ia,n;aIOT Orrpell:elIeHHOii rrpo'IHOCThIO Ha
Pa3PbIB) M ra3006Pa3HbIX (rrpHHHMaIOT <l>oPMY cocy.n:a, B KOTOpOM HaxO,WIT-
CSI; MOryr HerrpepbIBHO rrepexo.LJ:HTh B ra3) BeIneCTB; B TO xe BpeMSI OHH 06-
lIa,n;aIOT PSlJlOM TOlIbKO HM rrpHcynnIX OC06eHHOCTeii, H3 KOTOpbIX HaH601Iee
xapaxrepHIDI - Te.KYtJ:ecTh.
)l(H,nKocrn MO:>KHO KJIaCcH<pHl(HPOBaTh no xUMUrteclW.MY cocma6Y H no
cjJU3UrteclWU npupoiJe.
TIo XHMWleCKOMY COCTaBY pa3JIWlaIOT oOHoKoMnoHeHmHble 3ICuiJKocmu -
lIucmb.e 3ICui)ICocmu H iJ6YX- HlIM .MH020KO.MnOHeHmHble 3ICuiJKue CMecu -
paC1lUlOpb.. TIpaK1WIecKH Bce }I(HJlKOCTH, BCTPe'IaIOI.IUIeCH B rrpHpoll:e, rrpell:-
CTaBmlIOT co60ii paCTBOpbI.
Pacm6opUMocmb - cnoc06HoCTb BeIl1eCTBa B CMeCH C O.n;HHM HJIH HeCKOJIb-
KHMH .n;pymMH BeIl1eCTBaMH 06Pa30BbIBaTb O.n;Hopo,l{HbIe CHCTeMbI - paCTBOpbI.
PaCTBopeHHe O.n;HOro KOMllOHeHTa B .n;pyroM npOHCXO.zurr B HeKOTOpbIX npe.n;eJIax
H3MeHeHHJI KOHueHTPaUHii. TBep.n;bIe BeIl1eCTBa paCTBOpJlIOTCJI B XH,lU{OCTJlX
TOJIbKO .n;o onpe.n;eJIeHHOii KOHueH'l'paUHH, 3aBHCJlIl1eii OT TeMllepa1)'pbI H Ha3bI-
BaIOIl1eiicJI KOHueHTPIlUHeH HaCbIIl1eHHJI. X<:H.nKOCTH TaIOKe MOryI' CMellIHBaTbCJI
Mex.zry C060H, HO He Bce )l{H)J;KOCTH paCTBopHMbI .n;pyr B .n;pyre H He CMellIHBa-
IOTCJI .n;pyr C .n;pyroM HeorpaHWleHHO.
PaCTBopbI no KOHueH'l'paUHH paCTBOpeHHoro BeIl1eCTBa no.n;pa3l(eJIJlIOTCJI Ha
HaCblU{eHHble, HeHaCblU{eHHble H nepeCblU{eHHble. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BeJIHqHHbI qac-
THU paCTBopeHHOro KOMllOHeHTa pa3JIHqaIOT ucmUHHble pacm80pbl H iJucnepcHble
CUcme.Mbl.
HcmuHllwii pacmtlOp - O,l{HOpo.n;Hble CMeCH .n;BYX HJIH 6oJIbllIero qHCJIa Be-
Il1eCTB (KOMnOHeHTOB), KOTopbIe paBHOMepHO pacnpe.n;eJIeHbI B paCTBope B BH,lIe
OT,lJ;eJIbHbIX aTOMOB, HOHOB HJIH MOJIeKYJI. qacTHUbI paCTBopeHHOro BeIl1eCTBa
nepeMellIHBaIOTCJI C MOJIeK}'JIaMH pacm80pUmeJlJl caMonpOH3BOJIbHO B pe3YJIbTaTe
.n;H4>cPY3HH. MCTHHHbIe paCTBOpbI Bcer.n;a np03paqHbI H YCTOittlHBbI B TeqeHHe
.nn:HTeJIbHOro BpeMeHH.
Pacm60pumuu - HeOpraHHqeCKHe (maBHbIM 06pa30M Bo.n;a) HJIH opraHH-
qeCKHe (6eH30JI, XJIOp<>4>OPM, aueTOH, cnHp1'bI H .n;p.) coe.n;HHeHIDI, a TaIOKe CMe-
CH (HanpHMep, 6eH3HH), cnoc06HbIe paCTBOpSITb pa3JIHqHbIe BeIl1eCTBa. OcHOB-
Hble Tpe60BaHIDI K paCTBOpHTeJIJlM - XHMHqeCKaJI HHep1'HOCTb no OTHOllIeHHIO
K paCTBOpJleMOM}' BeIl1eCTBY, .n;OC'l)'l1HOCTb H .n;ellIeBH3Ha.
)1ucnepcnble CUCmeMbl - 3TO cMecH, COCTOJlIl1He H3 MHoxeCTBa MeJIKHX qac-
THU (.nHcnepcHCUI 4>a3a, paCTBopeHHoe BeIl1eCTBO) KaKoro-JIH60 BeIl1eCTBa, HaxO-
,WIIl1HXCJI B O.n;HOPO.n;HOii cpe.n;e .n;pyroro BeIl1eCTBa (.n;HcnepcHOHHWI cpe.na, pa-
CTBOpHTeJIb). ,lJ;HcnepcHbIe CHCTeMbI xapaKTepH3yroTCJI CHJIbHO Pa3BHTOii nOBep-
XHOCTblO pa3l(eJIa Mex.zry qaCTHU8.MH.
.l(HcnepcHbIe CHCTeMbI Ha3bIBaIOTCJI nO-pa3HoM}' B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT arperaT-
HOro COCTOJlHHJI paCTBopeHHoro BeIl1eCTBa H paCTBOpHTeJIJI. TaK, eCJIH B TBep-
13
,D:OM paCTBOpHTeJIe arperaTHoe COCTOJlHHe paCTBOpeHHOro BeIUeCTBa TBep,D:Oe,
JKH,ZJ;Koe HJIH ra3006pa3Hoe, TO TaKHe CHCTeMbI, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, Ha3blBaIOTCjI
3Mb, Ze.JIb (nacma) ILIIU neM3a. ,lLn:jI JKH,ZJ;KOro paCTBOpHTeJIJI aHaJIOmqHbIe arpe-
raTHble COCTOJlHHjI paCTBOpeHHoro BeIUeCTBa Ha3bIBaIOTCJI cycneH3UR, 3MY/lbCUR,
nena. ,lLn:JI ra3006pa3HOro paCTBOpHTeJIjI CMecH C paCTBopeHHbIM BeIUeCTBOM B
TBep,D:OM HJIH JKH,ZJ;KOM COCTOjlHH.IIX Ha3blBaIOTCJI 113po30JUlMU.
ITo BeJIHqHHe qacTHU (,D:HCnepCHOCTH) pa3JIH'faIOT zpy600ucnepCHble H mOHlw-
oucnepCHble (KOMOUOHble) cucmeMbl.
B rpy60,D:HCnepCHI>IX CHCTeMax pa3MepbI qaCTHU ,D:OCTaTOqHO BeJIHKH (HX
MOJKHO BH.D:eTb no,D: MHKpOCKonOM); COCTOjlHHe rpy60,D:HCnepCHOH CHCTeMbI He-
cTa6HJIbHO: npOHCXO,D:HT pa3.D:eJIeHHe qaCTHU, B OCHOBHOM no,D: ,D:eHCTBHeM CHJIbI
TIDKeCTH.
KO/I/IOuiJnbl.Mu Cucme.Ma.MU Ha3bIBaIOTCjI TOHKO,D:HCnepCHbIe CMeCH MOJIeKYJI
paCTBOpHTeJIJI (,D:HCnepCHOHHa51 cpe,D:a) C qaCTHuaMH paCTBOpeHHoro BeIUeCTBa
pa3MepOM 10- 6 .. .10- 4 MM.
KOJIJIOH.D:HbIe CHCTeMbI 3RHHMaIOT npoMexyrOqHOe nOJIO:>KeHHe Me>K.U.Y HC-
THHHbIMH paCTBQpaMH H ,D:HCnepCHbIMH CHCTeMaMH. ,lLn:JI KOJIJIOH.D:HblX CHCTeM, B
OTJIHqHe OT ,D:HCnepCHblX, XapaKTepHO HHTeHCHBHOe 6pO}'HOBCKOe ,D:BHXeHHe qa-
CTHU ,D:HCnepcHOH <pa3bI. KOJIJIOH.D:HbIe CHCTeMbI cnoco6HbI K Ha6yxaHHIO, npH
3TOM OHH YBeJIHqHBaIOTCjI B 060eMe.
ITo <pH3HqeCKOH npHpO,D:e Bce JKH,ZJ;KOCTH ,D:eJIJlTCjI Ha HOpMaJlbHble pacmeopbl
H JlCUOKUe KpUCmaJl.llbl.
HOpMtlAbHble 3ICUiJKocmu (QHCThIe H paCTBOpbI) MaKpOCKOImqeCKH O,lUIO-
pO.n;HbI H H30TPOnHbI npH OTCyrcTBillI BHeIllHero B03.n;eRCTBHSI. Mx CBORCTBa
(reWIOnpOBo.n;HOCTh, BSl3KOCTb, caMO.n;H<l>CPY3HS1 M .n;p.) npII HarpeBaHHM RJIM
YMeHbllieHMH TIJIOTHOCrn, KaK npaBIDIO, MeHSlIOTCH B CropOHY C6JIIDKeHHSI
CO cBoiiCTBaMH raJOB. B6JIH3H :>Ke reMnepaTypbI KpHCTa.JIJIH3an;HH 60JIblliHH-
CTBO CBOHCTB HOpMaJIbHbIX :>KH)J;KOCTeR (TIJIOTHOCTb, C:>KHMaeMOCTb, TeTIJIO-
eMKOCTb, 3JIe.KTpOnpoBo.n;HOCTh H .n;p.) 6JIH3KH K TaKHM :>Ke CBORCTBaM COOT-
BeTCTByIOWMX TBeplIbIX BeweCTB.
)J(uiJKue KpucmfLlLllbl - oco6oe COCTOSlHMe :>KH)J;KOCTM C ynoPMOqeHHbIM
MOJIeK)'JISlpHbIM CTPOeHHeM, xapaKTepH3y:IOweecSi aHH30TponHeii pSI,L:J:a CPH-
3HqeCKMX CBORCTB, xapaKTepHOR .n;.TISi TBep.n;bIX KpHCTaJIJIOB. qHCJIO XMMH-
qeCKMX coe.n;HHeHHR, MSI KOropbIX Hait.n;eHbI :>KH)J;KHe KpHCTa.JIJIbI, COCTaBJISI-
eT HeCKOJIbKO TbICHq. )I(H,lJ;KHe KpHCTaJlJIbI 06PaJyIOTCH TalOKe npH HarpeBa-
HHH HeKoropbIX TBep.n;bIX BeweCTB.n;o HaqaJIa MX TIJIaBJIeHHSI.
X<H.n;KHe KpHCTaJlJIbI 06JIa,n;a1OT aHH30TPOnHeR ynpyrOCTII, 3JIe.KTpOnpo-
BO.n;HOCTII, MarmrrnOR BocnpHMWIHBOCTII H .n;H3JIe.KTp eCKOR npOHMn;aeMO-
crn, OJITI1qeCKOR aHH301pOnHeii, CerneT03JIe.KTpHqeCKHMH CBoiiCTBaMH H .n;p.
AHH30TpOnHIO C03.D:aeT opueHmaquoHHblU nopROOK B pacnOJIOXeHHH MOJIeKYJI.
OpHeHTaUHOHHa51 ynopH,[(OqeHHOCTb B >KH,l(KOM Iq)HCTaJIJIe 3RBHCHT OT COCTOjl-
HHJI nOBepXHOCTH H JIerKO H3MeIDIeTCJI no,D: ,D:eikTBHeM ,D:aBJIeHH5I, MeXaHHqeC-
KHX HarpY30K, 3JIeKl1>HqeCKHX H MeXaHHqeCKHX nOJIeH, HarpeBa.
14
IIpaKTIlqecKoe npMMeHeHMe HaxOMT 3JIeKTPOOnTMQeCKMe CBoi1:cTBa :>KJ.iJI:KMX
KpHCTIUIJIOB. OHM npMMeIDIIOTCjI B 6YKBeHHO-UM<PPOBbIX MH,[(MKaTOpaX (::meKT-
poHHbIe QaCbI, KaJIbK)'JIjlTOpbI M .n;p.), B pa3JIM'fHoro po.n;a ynpaBJIjleMbIX 3Iq)aHax
M OI1TMQeCKMX 3JIeKTPOHHbIX npM6opax.
r03006p03l1Oe cocmoJIHue 6e eCm6a (Z03) - arperaTHOe COCTOSlHHe Be-
meCTBa, B KOTOpOM em qaCTIU.{bI He CBSl3aHbI HJIH BeCbMa cJIa60 CBSl3aHbI
CHJIaMH B3aHMO,D;eiicTBHSI H ,D;BIDKYfCH CBOOO,D;HO, paBHOMepHO 3arrOJIHSISI B
OTcyrCTBHe BHelllHMX nOJIeH BeCb rrpe,D;OCTaBJIeHHbIH HM 06'beM.
B ra3006pa:moe COCTOSlHHe MO>KHO rrepeBeCTH JIl060e Bem;eCTBO Ha,LLJIe-
)l(amHM rrO,D;60pOM ,D;aBJIeHHSI H TeMrrepaTypbI. TIpmme npeBpam;eHHe Beme-
CTBa H3 TBepliOm B ra3006pa3Hoe COCTOSlHHe Ha3bIBaeTCH cy6JlUMal{UeU (603-
20HKOU).
lItlO3Ma - qaCrnqHO RJIH nOJIHOCThIO HOHH3HpOBaHHbIH ra3, B KOTOpOM
KOHl\eH1pal\HH rrOJIOJKHTeJIbHbIX H 01pHl\aTeJIbHbIX 3apMOB rrpaKTHqeCKH
paBHbI. MOHH3al\IDf ra3a MO)l(eT 6bITb BbI3BaHa TeMrrepaTypHbIM B031IeH-
CTBHeM, 3JIeKTPOManmTHbIM H3JIyqeHHeM RJIH 60M6ap,D;HpOBKOH 3apIDKeH-
HbIMH qaCrnl\aMH. IfH3KOTeMrrepaTypHaSI IIJIa3Ma (T-106...108 K) HCnOJIb3Y-
eTCjI B pa3JIHqHbIX ra30pa3pSl,ll;HbIX rrpH60pax (ra30BbIX JIa3epaX, HOHHbIX
rrpOOopax H T.,D;.), a TIlIOKe B TeXHHKe (HarrpIIMep, IIJIa3MeHHbIX ,D;BHraTeJISlX).
1.1.2. C1'pOeHHe O.nuOPO.znlbIX BemeCTB
B pa3JIJI1IHbIX arperaTHbIX COCTOSlHHSlX
,
CrpoeHHe Bem;eCTB orrpe,D;eJlSleTCSI xapaKTepoM CHJI B3aHMo,D;eHCl'BHSI Me)l(-
J1Y COCTaBJlSllOm;HMH em C1pYKTYPHbIMH qacrnu:aMH (aToMaMH, MOJIeKYJIaMH
RJIII HOHaMH). CRJIbI B3aHMo,D;eHcTBHSI npe,D;cTaBJISlIOT c060H paBHo,D;eHcTByIO-
m:yIO CHJI OTIaJIKHBaHIDI H npHTIDKeHHSI, KOMrreHcHpyIOm;HX ,D;pyr ,D;pyra rrpH
HOpMaJIbHOM paBHOBeCHOM paccTOSlHHH Me)lQJy qacrnl\aMH. Pa.n:HYC lIeHCTBHSI
3THX CRJI He npeBbIlllaeT 10 HM. M3MeHeHHe XapaKTepa H BeJIHtfiIHbI 3TIIX CRJI
rrpHBo.D:IIT Bem;eCTBO K pa31IWIHbIM arperaTHbIM COCTOHHHSlM, HarrpHMep 06-
pa30BaHHIO pacIIJIaBa H3 TBep,D;om Bem;ecTBa RJIH cyrn:eCTBOBaHHIO .KpHCTaJI-
JIWIeCKOm KBa.pl\a H pa3JIWIHbIX em nOJIHMopcpHbIX <l>oPM. B c.rryqae TBeplibIX
BemeCTB 3TII CHJIbI onpe,D;eJlSlIOT 06'beM cpH3WIecKom TeJIa.
1.1.2.1. B3aUMoiJeucm6ue cmpYKmypHbLX rtacmul{ 6eU(ecm6a
BHyrpeHHee C1pOeHHe BemeCTB OnpelIeJISleTCSI B3aHMo,D;eHcTBHeM em
C1pyKTYPHbIX qaCTHl\. 3'1'0 B3aHMo,D;eHCl'BHe Ha3bIBaeTCSI C6Jl3blO. Pa3JIWIalOT
xUMurteCKYIO H .MOJleKYJlflpH)J1O C6Jl3U.
XUMUlleCKllJl C6JI:Jb - B3aHMo,D;eHcTBHe aTOMOB (HOHOB), 06YCJIOBJIeHHOe
CRJIaMH, KOTOpbIe HMelOT B OCHOBHOM 3JIeKTPHqecK)'IO npHpO,D;Y H B03HHKa-
lOT B pe3YJIbTaTe JIII60 nepeHoca 3JIeK1pOHa C O,D;HOm aTOMa Ha lIpyrOH,
JIOOo 0606m;eCTBJIeHHSI 3JIeKTPOHOB napoH (HJIH rpyrrrroii) aTOMOB. PaBHO-
15
BeCHOe COCTOHHHe Me)lQJy aTOMaMH npH XHMlNeCKOii CBH3H 06bNHO ,n:ocmra-
eTCSI Ha paCCTOHHHH 1,5...4 A (1 A = 10- 10 M). 3HeprIDI XHMWIecKoii CIDI3H
HMeeT BeJIWIIIHY OT 8...1O,n:o 1000 /MOJIb.
XHMwlecKHe CBSl3H KJIaccH<lmQHpyK>T no xapaKrepy pacnpe,n:eJIeHHSI
3JIeKTPOHHoH ITJIOTHOCrn Me)lQJy aTOMaMH, B qaCTHocm no CHMMe1pHH ee
pacnpe,n:eJIeHHSI, H ,n:pyrHM npH3HaKaM. OCHoBHbIe BH,l(bI XHMlNecKOii CBSl3H:
K06Cl.1leHmHaJl, UOHHaJl, Mema;uzUl.f.eCKaJl H 60iJOPOiJHaJl.
K081l./1eHmHaR C6R3b - BH,l( XHMM'ieCKOii CBH3M; OCyu.{eCTBJIHeTCH rrapoii 3JIeK-
'TpOHOB, HaxO,WIIUMXCH B 06IUeM BJIa,neHMM ,n:BYX aTOMOB, 06Pa3YIOIUMX CBH3b.
3Ta CBH3b MO)J(eT peaJIM30BaTbCH B BH,l(e o,n:MHapHoii (H 3 C-CH 3 ), ,n:BOHHOii
(H 2 C=CH 2 ) HJIM 'TpOHHOH (HC=CH) CBH3M. ATOMbI, pa:lJIMqaIOI1.UIeCH rro 3JIeK-
'TpOO'TpMuaTelIbHOCTM, 06pa3YIOT TaK Ha3bIBaeMYIO rrOJIHpHYIO KOBaJIeHTHYIO
CBH3b (HCI, H 3 C-0).
KOB1UIeHTHaH CBH3b JIe:>KHT B OCHOBe cyrn:eCTBOBaHHH rrpocTbIX ra30B (H 2 , O 2
M ,n:p.), pa3JIM'iHbIX coe,n:MHeHMH (H 2 0, NH 3 M ,n:p.), MHoroQHCJIeHHbIX opraHM-
'ieCKHX MOlIeKYJI (CH 4 , H 3 C-CH 3 M ,n:p.), a TaIOKe aTOMHbIX KpHCTaJIJIOB (pa3-
JIM'iHble MO,n:H<pMKaUMM <poc<popa M cepbI, yrJIepo,n:a M ,n:pyrne 31IeMeHTbI IV, V M
VI rro,n:rpynrr rrepHo,n:M'ieCKOH cMcTeMbI). _
HOHHaR C6R3b - BH,l( XHMHQeCKOii CBH3M, OCHOBaHHOii Ha 3JIeK'l'pOcTamQeC-
KOM B3aMMo,n:eiicTBMM Me>I<.ZJ;Y rrpOTMBOrrOJIO)I{HO 3apIDKeHHbIMH HOHaMH. TaKaH
CBH3b XapaKTepHa MH coe,n:HHeHMH MeTaJIJIOB C HaM60JIee mrrHtffibIMH MeTaJIJIO-
M,n:aMM (HarrpMMep, NaO, CaCI, Al 2 0 3 ) , a TaIOKe MH MOHHbIX KpMCTaJIJIOB
(NaO, CsCI H ,n:p.), B KOTOpbIX B3aMMo,n:eHcTBMe HOCHT M 'iaCmQHO KOBaJIeHT-
HbIH xapaKTep.
Memll.tl./lultec1UlJl C6R3b - BH,l( XHMHQeCKOii CBH3M aTOMOB B BeIUecTBaX, BbI-
3bIBaeMoH HaJIM'iMeM cB060.lUm ,n:BIDKYIUHXCH BaJIeHTHbIX 3JIeK'l'pOHOB, KOTOpbIe
ocyrn:ecTBJIHIOT KOJIJIeKTMBHoe B3aHMo.neHcTBMe aTOMOB M y,n:ep:>KHBaIOT HX Ha
orrpe,n:eJIeHHbIX paccToHHHHX ,n:py,r OT ,n:pyra. 3ro B3aMMo,n:eHcTBHe xapwcrepHo
MH 'iMCTbIX MeTaJIJIOB M HX cOe.lumeHMii Me>I<.ZJ;y c06oii. BaJIeHTHbIe 3JIeK'l'pOHbI
rrpH 3TOM o6pa3YlOT 06I1.U1H 3JIeIcrpOHHbrn «ra3». MeTaJIJIH'lecKaH CBH3b, B OrJIH'lHe
OT KOBaJIeHTHOH M MOHHOH, HBJIHeTCH HeHarrpaBJIeHHOH H HeJIOKaJlH30BaHHOii.
BoiJOpoiJHaR C6R3b - BH,l( XHMM'ieCKOii CBH3M ,n:BYX aTOMOB (A H B) rrpH yqac-
TMM aTOMa Bo,n:opo,n:a, T.e. A-H"'B, r,n:e B - 3JIeK'l'pOOTpMuaTeJIbHbIe 3JIeMeHTbI:
0, N, F M ,n:p. ATOMbI A M B MOryI' rrpMHa,n;JIe)J(!lTb KaK O,n:HOH, TaK H pa3HbIM
MOJIeKYJIaM.
BO,n:opo,n:HaH CBH3b rrpMBOJJ:MT K aCCOUMaUMM o,n:HHaKOBbIX HJIH pa3JIHQHbIX
MOJIeKYJI B IroMIIJIeKCbI (H-KOMIIJIeKcbI). OHa BO MHOroM orrpe,n:eJIHeT cBoiiCTBa
BO.zu,I M lIMa, MOJIeKYIDIpHbIX Iq)HCTaJIJIOB, C'TpYKTYPY H cBoiicTBa MHomx HCKYC-
CTBeHHbIX (KarrpOH) M rrpHpo,n:HbIX rrOJIMMepOB (6eJIKH, H}'KJIeHHOBbIe KHCJIOTbI)
M ,n:pyrMX coe,n:HHeHMii.
MO.lleKY.ll1lpHaR C6H3b - B3aHMo,n:eHCTBHe HeH1paJIbHbIX MOlIeK)'JI (WIH
aTOMOB) Ha OCHOBe CJIa6bIX 3JIeK1pOCTarnqeCKHX CHJI (6oni)ep60Il.llbC060
630UMoiJeiicm8ue). BaH,ZJ;epBaaJIbCOBO B3aIIMo,n:eHCTBHe CKJIa,n;bIBaeTCSI H3 CHJI
16
npIITIDKeHHSI (opUellmal{UOllllbLX, UIl0YKl{UOllllbIX II oucnepCUOllllbLX) H CHJI
OTIaJIKHBaHHSI, 06YCJIOBJIeHHbIX nepe.KpblBaHHeM 3JIeKTPOHHbIX 060JIOqeK
aroMOB.
OpMeHTIlI.{MOHHbIe CMJIbI npMTIDKeHM .n:eHCTB)'IOT Me>K,lJ,y nOJI pHbIMM MOJIe-
KYJI8.MM, .n:MCnepCMOHHbIe - Me>K,U,y HenOJI pHbIMM MOJIeKYJIaMM, a MH,lI,YKJ.I;MOH-
Hble - Me>K,lJ,Y nOJIHpHOH M HenOJI pHOH MOJIeKYJIaMM.
MOJIeK)'JISIpHasI CBSl3b xapaKTepHa .n;.TISi aTOMOB C OTHOCIITeJIbHO JIerKO
.ZJ;e<PoPMHpyeMbIMH 3JIeKTPOHHbIMH 060JIOQKaMH H MSI 06'be.ZJ;HHHBIIIHXCSI B
MOJIeK)'JIbI aTOMOB, TaIOKe crroco6HbIX K .ZJ;e<PoPMaQIIII BHeIIIHHX 06'be'zumeH-
HbIX 060JIOqeK. 3TO B3aHMo.ZJ;eHcTBHe orrpe.ZJ;eJIHeT OTKJIOHeHHe CBOHCTB
peaJIbHbIX ra30B OT Jf)J;eaJIbHbIX, CTPYKTYPY H cBoHcTBa MOJIeK)'JUlpHbIX KpHC-
TaJlJIOB H )I(H,lJ:KOCTeH H ,ZIp. MOJIeK)'JUlpHasI CBSl3b MeHee npoQHa, qeM pac-
CM01'peHHaSI BbIIIIe XMMHQeCKaSI, H Bem;eCTBa C TaKoH CBSl3blO HMelOT 60JIee
HH3KHe TeMnepaTYPbI lIJIaBJIeHHSI II cy6JIHMaIJ:HH.
B KpIICTaJIJI eCKHX Bem;eCTBax B3aHMo.ZJ;eHcTBHe Me)l()];Y CTPYKTYPHbIMH
QaCTIIQaMH onpe.ZJ;eJUleT HX npHHa,n:.rre.>KHOCTb K o.ZJ;HoH H3 qeTbIpex OCHOB-
HbIX rpyrrrr: K06Cl.1lellmllblM, UOllllblM, .MemllllJlUl.f.eCKUM (.MemllllJlaM) IDIH .MOAe-
lC)JAJlpllblM KpUCmllllJlaM.
K IW6D.11eHmHblM "pucmtlA.llOM OTHOCHTC MHorMe npOCTbIe M CJIO)I{HbIe IqJMC-
TaJIJIWleCKMe Bem:eCTBa, HanpMMep aJIMa3, Kap6M.D: KpeMHM , HM1'pM.D: aJIIOMMHI1
M .n:p. KOBaJIeHTHbIe KpMCTaJIJIbI MMeIOT BbICOKMe TeMnepa1)'pY nJIaBJIeHM M
TBep.n:OCTb, MaJI)'IO 3JIeK.TpOnpOBo.n:HOCTb, 60JIbllIMe nOKa3aTeJIM npeJIOMJIeHM .
HOHHb,e "pUCmtlA.llb' MMeIOT BbICOK)'lO TeMnepaTYPY nJIaBJIeHM M McnapeHM ,
BbICOKMH MO.n:yJIb ynpyroCTII M HM3KMe K03<l><l>MUMeHTbI C}l{MMaeMOCTII M TenJIO-
BOro paCllIMpeHM , 'ITO o6b cIDIeTC .n:OCTaTO'IHO 60JIbllIOH BeJIM'IMHOH 3HeprnM
MOHHOH CB 3M. HanpaBJIeHHOCTb CB 3M npMBo.n:MT K BbICOKOH TBep.n:OCTII M OT-
CyrcTBMIO nJIaCTM'IHOCTM. MOHHbIH Iq)MCTaJIJI npM McnapeHMM pacna,naeTCH Ha
MOJIeKYJIbI, a npM paCTBopeHMM - Ha MOHbI.
MemaJl.llb' no cpaBHeHMIO C KOBaJIeHTHbIMM Iq)MCTaJIJIaMM MMeIOT 60JIee HM3-
KMe TeMnepa1)'pbI nJIaBJIeHM , McnapeHM , MO.n:yJIb ynpyroCTII, HO 60JIee BbICO-
KMH K03<l><l>m,{MeHT TeTIJIOBOro pacllIMpeHM , 'ITO o6'b CIDIeTC TeM, 'ITO 3HeprM
MeTaJIJlM'IeCKOH CB 3M HeCKOJIbKO MeHbllIe, 'IeM KOBaJIeHTHOH. MeTaJIJIbI 60JIee
TIJIaCTIl'IHbI M MeHee TBep.n:bI, 'IeM KOBaJIeHTHbIe Iq)MCTaJIJIbI, TaK KaK MX Iq)MC-
TaJTJIM'IeCKaH pellIeTKa 60JIee TIJIOTHaJI. OHM 06JIa,naIOT xopOllieH 3JIeK.TpOnpOBO.n:-
HOCTbIO. MeTaJIJIbI Henp03pa'IHbI .D:JI 3JIeK.TpOMaI'HMTHbIX BOJIH. OHM XOpOlliO
O1"paxaIOT M3JIyqeHMe, T.e. 06JIa,naIOT 6JIeCKOM.
MOJIeKY.llRpHb,e "pUCmtlA.llb' MMeIOT HM3KMe TeMnepa1)'pbI TIJIaBJIeHM M Mcna-
peHM , nOCKOJIbKY 3Heprn CBH3M HeBeJIMKa. OHM - .n:M3JIeKTPMKM, TaK KaK no-
C1pOeHbI M3 3JIeK1pM'IeCKM HeH1paJIbHbIX aTOMOB (MOJIeKYJI), M B OTJIM'IMe OT
MeTaJIJIOB np03pa'IHbI .nn: 3JIeK'l'pOMarHMTHoro M3JIyqeHM . MaJIa 3HeprM CBH3M
onpe.n:eJUleT TaIOKe HM3KMH MO,ll;YJIb ynpyrOCTII Iq)MCTaJlJIOB M He60JIbllIMe K03<l>-
<l>MUMeHTbI TeTIJIOBoro paCllIMpeHM . MeXaHH!J'et:KMe xapaKTepHCTMKM MX HM3KM.
17
Bo MHOrHX .KpHCTaJIJlHqeCKHX Bem;eCTBaX (rpa<pm, MoS 2 M .n;p.) Me
qacrnu:aMH cocyw:eCTBYIOT CBSl3M pa3JIHqHbIX rnnOB (zemepoiJeCMulleCKoe
cmpoeuue). TaK, B KpIICTaJIJIax rrOJIynpOBO.n;HHKOB (Ge, GaAs) CBSl3b B OC-
HOBHOM KOBaJIeHTHaSI, HO C rrpHMeCbIO IIOHHOH H MeTaJIJIHqeCKOH.
,D;JIH reTepo.n;eCMHqeCKOrO CTpoeHHSI Bem;eCTB xapaKTepHO HaJIHqMe
<ppaI'MeHTOB, BHyrpH KOTOpblX aTOMbI coe.n;HHeHbI 60JIee rrpoqHbIMH (06bJ1:1-
HO KOBaJIeHTHbIMH) CBSl3S1MH. 3m <ppaI'MeHTbI MOryr npe.n;CTaBJISlTb c060H
OT.n;eJIbHbIe 06JIaCTM «<oC'lpOBa»), QemI, CJIOH, KapKaCbI. «OC'lpOBHbIe» C'lpYK-
TYpbI rnrrHqHbI MSI MOJIeKYJIHpHbIX KpHCTaJIJIOB; QerrOqeqHOe C'rpoeHHe
HMeIOT nOJIHMepbI; CJIOHCTOe C'lpOeHHe xapaKTepHO.wrn BN, MoS 2 H MHO-
mx CHJIHKaTOB. ,[{rrSi HeKOTopbIX coe.n;HHeHHH xapaKTepHO HaJI Me YCTOH-
qMBbIX C'lpYKTYPHbIX rpynrrHpoBOK, COqeTIlIOm;HXCSI B HHX rro-p83HOMY. TaK,
B CHJIHKaTaX OCHOBHOH C'lpYKTYPHbIH 3JIeMeHT C'rpoeHHSI (Te'lpa3,lij)Hqe-
CKaSI rpynrrHpoBKa Si0 4 ) MO:>KeT BbICTYIIaTh JIH60 H30JIHpOBaHHbIM, JIM60
06P830BbIBaTh napbI, KOJIbQa, QerrOqKH, CJIOH H .n;p.
XHMHQeCKa51 H (HJIH) MOJIeKYJI5IpHa51 CB5I3H orrpe.n;eJI5IIOT B3aHMo.n;eHCTBHe
Me:>K.LJ:Y rrOBepXHOCTHbIMH CJI05lMH o.n;HHaKOBbIX TeJI - Kore3HIO, Ii B3aHMo.n;eH-
CTBHe Me:>K.LJ:Y rrOBepXHOCTHbIMH CJI05lMH pa3JIHQHbIX TeJI - a,n,re3HIO.
Koze3UR - CQerrJIeHHe (rrpHTIDKeHHe) MOJIeKYJI (aToMoB, HOHOB) B O.n;HOpO.n;-
HOM <}>H3HqeCKOM TeJIe. Kore3H5I Ha6JIIO.n;aeTC5I Y TBep.n;bIX H xliJlJrnx TeJI, a rrpH
OqeHb HH3KHX TeMrrepaTYpax HJIH 60JIbllIHX .n;aBJIeHH5IX - H B ra3ax.
AiJZe3UR - CQerrJIeHHe (rrpHJIHrraHHe) rrpHBe.n;eHHbIX B KOHTaIIT pa3HOpO.n;HbIX
<}>H3HQeCKHX TeJI (<}>a3). Au.re3H5I B03HHKaeT Me:>K.LJ:Y TBep.n;bIMH, TBep.n;bIMH H
:>KH,JJ:KHMH, a TaIOKe Me:>K.LJ:Y TBep.n;bIMH H ra3006pa3HbIMH TeJIaMH. O.n;Ha H3 BIDK-
HeHIIIHX xapaKTepHCTHK a,n,re3HH - a,n,re3HOHHIDI rrpOQHOCTb, xapaKTepH3}'IOIl(IDI
y.n;eJIbHOe YCHJIHe pa3PYllIeHH5I a,n,re3HoHHoro KOHTaKTa H HCrrOJIb3yeMIDI B Tex-
HHKe M5I OQeHKH CBOHCTB KJIeeB, JIaKOKpaCOQHbIX rrOIq>bITHH Ii .n;pyrHX. rrOBepx-
HOCTHbIX H3.n;eJIHH. Au.re3H5I OKa3bIBaeT pellIaIOIl(ee BJIH5IHHe Ha MeXaHHQeCKHe
CBOHCTBa KOMrr03HQHOHHbIX MaTepHaJIOB. C HeM CB5I3aHbI CKJleHBaHHe, HaHece-
HHe rrOKpbITHH, crreKaHHe H MHorHe .n;pyrHe, rrpaKTHQeCKH BaJKHbIe TeXHOJIOm-
QeCKHe rrpoQeccbI.
1.1.2.2. CaMOOpZaHU3al{UJl cmpYKmypHbLX rtacmul{ eeU(ecmea
06m;HM .LJ:JISI C'lpoeHHSI Bcex Bem;eCTB SlBJISIeTCH c'lpeMJIeHHe K CilMoopza-
uU3au,uu (nopSl.L!J(Y B pacrrOJIO:>KeHHH BCex QaCTHQ), qTO SlBJISleTCSI rrpHMbIM
CJIe.n;CTBHeM OCHOBHoro 3aKOHa rrpHpo.n;bI: YCTOWlHBhIM JlBJIHeTCJI TaKOe CO-
CTOJlHHe CHCTeMhI, "PH KOTOpOM ee 3HepmJl 6Y,l{eT MHHHMaJIhHa. 06p830BaHMe
.KpHCTaJIJIOB HJIII MOJIeK)'JI H3 H30JIHpOBaHHbIX aTOMOB RJIH MHoroaToMHbIX
rpynrr CBSl3aHO C rrOHH:>KeHHeM 3HepI'lIH CHCTeMbI H, CJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO, rrOBbI-
meHHeM ee YCTOHqHBOCTH. 3TOT rrpOQeCC .n;OCTaTOqHO rro.n;po6HO orrHcaH B
TepMO,ZJ;HHaMHKe.
lf3yqeHHeM rrpOQeCCOB caMoopraHH3aQHJoI C'lpYK'I'YPHbIX QaCTIIQ Bem;eCTBa
B HepaBHOBeCHbIX YCJIOBHSlX 3aHHMaeTCSI cunepzemUKa. Be.n;YW:HH rrpHHQHTI
CMHepremKH: HepaBHOBeCHOCTh - HCT01JHHK ynoPAAO'IeHHOCTH.
18
Poc. 2. KpuemOJlJluq,eeKoe empoeHue zparjJuma
MaTepMaJIOBe,lJ.eHMe M306MJIyeT MHO}l(eCTBOM
npMMepoB caMoopraHM3aUMM cTpOeHMJI Be-
ll(eCTB. IIpeKpacHOH MJIJIIOC'l'pa1U1eH caMoopra-
HM3aUMM Bell(ecTBa JlBJIJleTCJI YZJlepoiJ. OH M3-
BeCTeH B Bl1,l\e KpMCTaJIJIWIeCKMX, aMop<pHbIX M
qaCmqHO KpMCT3JIJIWIeCKMX nepexo.n:HbIX YrJIe-
pO.n:HbIX BemeCTB. 3m 06'bJlCH eTC cnoco6-
HOCTbIO YrJIepo.n:a 06pa30BbIBaTb paBH03HaqHbIe
BaJIeHTHbIe CBJl3M C .n:pymMM aTOMaMM YrJIepo-
.u.a, qTO n03BOJl eT C'l'pOMTb yrJIepO,lJ.HbIe CKeJle-
TbI pa3JIMqHbIX TIlnOB - JlMHeHHbIe, pa3BeTB-.
JleHHbIe, UMKJlWIecKMe.
YrJIepo,lJ. - pe.n:KMH CJlyqaH, KOr,lJ.a M3MeHeHM <pM3MQeCKMX H <p M 3MKO-XM-
MMQeCKMX CBOHCTB 3aBMCJlT TOJlbKO OT C'l'poeHM , a He OT COCTaBa, KaK 3TO
06bIQHO Ha6J1IO.n:aeTCH ,D;JIJI MHoroKoMnOHeHTHbIX CMCTeM.
K KpMCTaJIJIWIeCKMM <popMaM yrJIepO,lJ.a OTHOCJlTCJI aAMa3, zparjJum, Kap6uH,
rjJYJ/JlepeH M JlOHeiJeWlum. AMOP<PHbIMM M QaCTMQHO KpMCTaJIJlMQeCKMMM nepexo.n:-
HbIMM <pOpMaMM ymepO,lJ.a JlBJIHIOTC nupoYZJlepoiJ, nupozparjJum, eme1<JloYZJlepoiJ,
eaJICu, KOKe, 60JlOKHa, 11JleHKU M ,lJ.p.
AAMa3 npe,lJ.CTaBJlJleT C060H npOC'l'paHCTBeHHbIH nOJlMMep C Te1'pa3,lJ.pHQe-
CKMM pacnOJlO}l(eHMeM BaJIeHTHbIX CB 3eH. MaKpOMOJleK}'JIa aJIMa3a - B BbICllIeH
CTeneHM peryJl pHbIH, n01ffM M.D:eaJIbHO nOC'l'pOeHHbIH 'l'peXMepHbIH nOJlMMep.
TpatjJum HBJIJleTCJI «napKeTHbIM» nOJlMMepOM. OH MMeeT reKCarOHaJIbHOe
C'l'pOeHMe (pMC. 2). B TIJlOCKOCTHX CJlOeB Me:>K.D:Y aTOMaMM cyw:eCTB}'IOT KOBaJIeHT-
HbIe CBJl3M, a Me:>K.D:Y CJlOJlMM - BaH.D:epBaaJIbCOBO B3aMMO,lJ.eHCTBMe, QTO npe,lJ.-
onpe,lJ.eJIHeT CMJlbHyIO aHM30'l'ponMIO CBOHCTB B.D:OJlb napaJIJleJlbHbIX M nepneH,[(M-
KYJI pHbIX HanpaBJIeHMH K TIJlOCKOCT M CJlOeB.
Kap6un - YrJIepO,lJ.HbIH nOJlHMep C JlMHeHHOH C'l'pYKTYPOH. B MOJleKYJlY Kap-
6MHa BXO,lJ.1IT ,lJ.O 2000 aTOMOB. ):(JIMHa nOJlMMepHbIX HMTeH KOJle6J1eTCJI OT 50 .n:o
250 HM. I1rrOTHOCTb Kap6MHa 1900...3200 KT/M J . Kap6MH XMMHQeCKM MHepTeH,
06J1a,aaeT nOJlynpoBO,lJ.HMKOBbIMM CBOHCTBaMH - npM o6J1yqeHMM CBeTOM ero
npOOO,lJ.MMOCTb pe3KO B03paCTaeT.
t:Pyll./lepen - mnepMOJleKYJla (1<Jlaemep) ymepo.n:a C 60 , C'l'pYKTYPa C 60 -
nOJlHbIH yceQeHHbIH MKOCa3,lJ.p, B KOTOpOM MMelOTCJI 20 llIecTMyrOJlbHMKOB M
12 lliITIfYI'OJlbHMKOB C aTOMaMM B BepllIMHax. I1rrOTHOCTb 1300...1650 KT/M J . <1>YJl-
JlepeH 06J1a,aaeT BbICOKOH TepMO,lJ.MHa mQeCKOH cTa6MJlbHOCTblO H }'HMKaJIbHbIMM
CBOHCTBaMM: cBepxnpoBo.n:MMOCTbIO, pa.u.MaUMoHHoH CTOHKOCTblO, TBep.n:OCTbIO
M ,lJ.p. Ha3BaIme <pY]IJlepeHoB nOJlyqIDIM TaIOKe cTa6MJlbHbIe KJlaCTepbI ymepo.n:a
C 60 , C 120 , C76' C S4 ' C'l'pOeHMe <pY]IJlepeHoB npe.n:CTaBJIeHO Ha pMC. 3.
c
KAacmepoM B CHHepreTIIKe H8.3bIBaIOT CHCTeMY, COCTOmuyro 11360JIblliO-
ro 'IHCJIa aTOMOB HJIH MOJIeK)'JI, KOTOpbIe BHyrpH :noH CHCTeMbI coxpaHSIIOT
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a - 28, 6 - 32, 6 - 50, z - 60, () - 70
JIoHciJeiiAum 06HapyxeH B MeTeOplITax M nOJIyqeH MCK}'cCTBeHHO; ero C1'pYK-
TYPa M CBOMCTBa OKOH'laTeJIbHO He YCTaHOBJIeHbI.
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XO.n:HbIX <pOpM OTHOCHTCH 6a3MCHbIe JIeHTbI, TYP60C1'paTHbIe naKeTbI, Ha60pbI
rM6pHlIHbIX <pOPM M Ha.n;aTOMHbIe 06pa30BaHMH BbICllIero nOpH,[(Ka. .6a3McHbIe
JIeHTbI no C1'poeHMIO aHaJIOm1:JHbI rpa<pMTOBbIM TIJIOCKOCTHM. Typ60c1'paTHbIe
naKeTbI 06pa30BaHbI napaJIJIeJIbHbIM coe.n:MHeHMeM onpe.n:eJIeHHoro 1:JMCJIa rpa-
<PMTOBbIX nJIOCKOCTeH 6e3 MX B3aMMHOM OpMeHTal.(MM. TaK KaK B KIDK.D:OH TIJIOC-
KOCTM naKeTa aTOMbI yrJIepo.n:a pacnOJIO)l(eHbI B C1'pOroM nopH,[(Ke, TO KIDIOJ:bIM
naKeT HBJIHeTCH-i<:aK 6bI .n:ByxMepHbIM KpMCTaJIJIOM.
CrpoeHMe nupoyZ/U!po(Ja - rpa<pMTOBbIe CeTKM, 06be.n:MHeHHbIe no HeCKOJIbKO
llITYK B naKeTbI MJIM KpMCTaJIJIbI M pacnOJIO)l(eHHbIe napaJIJIeJIbHO nOBepXHOCTII
OCIDK.D:eHMH. IIpM HarpeBe BbIllie 1800.C Ha6JIIO.n:aeTCH ynopH,ZJ;01:JeHMe TYP60-
CTpaTHoro C1'pOeHMH C 06pa30BaHMeM rpa<pMTOBOro, M CBbIllie 2400.C 06Pa3YeTCH
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MMeIOll.(MM Ha,nMOJIeK}'JIHpHOe C1'pOeHMe B BHlIe KJIy6KOB (rJI06YJI). IIpM :nOM
rJI06YJIbI npe.n:CTaBJIHIOT C060M 6ecnOpH,[(01:JHOe nepeTIJIeTeHMe JIeHTOBHlIHbIX MO-
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1:JeHHe JIl06bIX ero C1pYKTYPHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB. YnOPM01:JeHHoe C1pOeHHe Be-
ll..{eCTBa peaJIH3yeTClI Ha ypOBHe KaK ero C1pYKTYPHbIX qaCTH (MOJIeK)'JI,
aTOMOB H ,n:p.), TaK H 06pa3YI<>mHX HX 3JIeMeHTOB (HarrpHMep, 3JIeKTPOHOB),
a TaIOKe B rrpOC1paHCTBeHHOH OpHeHTaIUIH rex H ,n:pyrnx.
YnOPMOqeHHe Ha paCCTOllHlliIX, cpaBHHMbIX C MexaTOMHbIMH, Ha3bIBa-
eTClI fMUJlCHUM, a yrroPMOqeHHe, pacrrpOC1paHSllOmeecSi Ha HeorpaH eHHO
60JIblllHX paCCTOSlHHSlX, - iJlLllbHUM nOpJliJKOM. HaJIWlHe ,n:aJIbHero HJIH
6JIIDKHero yrroPMOqeHHii B pacnOJIOXeHHH aTOMOB ,lUUI O,n:HOro H TOro xe
BemeCTBa (pHC. 4) o6YCJIOBJIeHO CHJIaMH MexaToMHoro B3aHMo,n:eiicTBHSI.
,L(aJIbHHii nOPMOK cyw:eCTByeT B KpHCTaJIJIHqeCKHX BemeCTBax, r,D;e rrpa-
BHJIbHOe qepe,n:OBaHHe qaCTII Ha O,n:HHX H rex xe paCCTOlIHlliIX ,n:pyr OT
,n:pyra rrOBToplleTCSI ,n:JISI CKOJIb yrO,n:HO OT,n:aJIeHHbIX qaCTHQ. OCHOBHbIM
rrpH3HaKOM ,n:aJIbHero rrOPMKa SlBJUleTCSI aHH30'l'pOnHSl CBoiicTB, a C1pYKTYPa
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20
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Hoe paCnOAO:JICeHue '1acmut(
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COBOKYITHOCTh IIO,u:pellIeTOK, KIDK.D:WI H3 KOTOpbIX B H,IJ;eaJIbHOM CJIyqae CIDI-
3aHa TOJIbKO C O,u:HHM BH,IJ;OM aTOMOB.
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pHtJeCKHM), a ,u:JISI KpHCTaJIJIHtJeCKoro C'TpoeHHSI xapaKrepHO IIpOC'TpaH-
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fleHue), .D.HnOJIbHbIX 3JIeK1'pH'IeCKHX MOMeHTOB. YnopMO'IeHHe 3JIeK1'pOHHOro
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TeOpHH CHJIbHO JIempOBaHHbIX nOJIynpoBO.D.HHKOB, npH onHcaHHH CBOHCTB no-
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OTCyrcTBHeM y HMX .D:aJIbHero IIOPMKa BO B3aHMHbIX II0J10)l(eHHSIX H OpHeHTa-
UHH MOJIeKYJI. IIoJ1o)l(emrn H opHeHTaI.:(IDI ,u:Byx H 60JIee MOJ1eKYJI, paCII0J10-
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21
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MOJIeKYJI, HO OTC}'TCTByeT B paCrrOJIO)l(eHHH IDe QeH'lpOB MaCC. EmDKHHM rro-
PSl.lIOK B )l(H,lI;IGfX KpHCTaJIJIax Ha6mo.D:aeTCSI B orrpe,n:e.rreHHbIX 06JIacTSlx -
,n:OMeHax, pa3MepbI KOTOpbIX -10- 2 ...10- 1 MM.
B raJ006Pa3HOM BeIl{eCTBe yrropSl.lIOqeHHe B paCIIOJIO)l(eHHH qaCTIIQ IIOJI-
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BaeTCSI KaK COBOKYIIHOCTh cJIa60 B3aHMO,n:eMCTB}'IOIl{IDe qacrnQ, HaxO,WIIl{IDeCSI
B HerrpepbIBHOM XaOTIIqeCKOM TeTI1IOBOM .D:BIDKeHHH. MHKP006'beMbI C rrpa-
BHTlbHbIM paCnOJIO)l(eHHeM aTOMOB, B03HHKH)'B, MOryr Cyu..I:eCTBOBaTh HeKO-
TOpOe BpeMSl, 3aTeM paCCaCbIBaThCSI H nOSlBJUIThCSI BHOBb B ,n:pyroM 3JIeMeH-
TapHOM OO'beMe.
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PaccMO'lpeHHe BeIl{eCTB no HX arperaTHbIM COCTOSIHHSlM He II03BOJlSleT
yqHTbIBaTh nO/lUMopfjJU3M, KOTOpoM SIBJISleTCSI qaCTHbIM CJIyqaeM aJl/lomponuu.
AII.IlomponUR - cymecTBoBaHHe XHMHqeCKHX 3JIeMeHTOB B BH.ZJ:e ,n:BYX RJIH 60-
JIee npoCTbIX BeIl(eCTB. AIDrOTpOnHH MO:>KeT 6bITh 06ycJIoBJIeHa 06pa3oBaHHeM
MOJIeK}'JI C pa3J1HqHbIM qHCJIOM aTOMOB (HanpHMep, KHCJIOpO,n: 02 H 030H 03)'
IIo/lUMopfjJu3M - cnoc06HOCTb O.D:Horo H TOro :>Ke BeIl(eCTBa HMeTh pa3JIH'I-
Hoe KpHCTaJlJIHqeCKOe CTpoeHHe. Ka:>K.1J:oe TaKoe KpHCTaJIJIH'IeCKOe CTpoeHHe Ha-
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YCTOWIHBa TOJIbKO B 06JIacTH onpe,n:eJIeHHbIX TeMnepaTYP H ,n:aBJIeHHH, BHe KO-
TOpoH OHa HeYCTOHqHBa H ,n:OJDKHa npeTepneBaTh nO/lUMopfjJuoe npe6palll,eHue.
IIoJIHMop<PH)'IO Mo,n:H<pHKal.{HIO, YCTOWIHB)'IO npH 60JIee HH3KOH TeMnepaTYPe,
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JIHqHe B CTpoeHHH nOJIHMoP<PHbIX MO.l(H<pHKal.{HH o6YCJIOBJIHBaeT H pa3JIHqHe B
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3)'1OIl(eeCH arperaTHbIM COCTOHHHeM, aTOMHbIM (MOJIeK}'JIHpHbIM) COCTaBOM H
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B03MO:>KHbIX paBHOBeCHbIX COCTOHHHH (<pa3) TOro :>Ke BeIl(eCTBa. TepMO,ll;HHaMH-
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)](J1,lI;KHX H ra3006pa3HbIX) H 0,n:H03HaQHO xapaKTepH30BaThCSI fjJa308blM co-
cma80M.
22
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B YCJIOBIDIX, .D.arreKHX OT paBHOBeCHbIX. Bce MaTepHarrbI npe.n:CTaBJUIIOT co6o:H
OTKpbITbIe CHCTeMbI, T.e. TaKHe, KOTOpbIe 06MeHHBaIOTCSI C OKp)')KaIOw:e:H
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K f/x1:308blM npeepaw,eHURM eew,ecme.
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ryIO npH H3MeHeHHH BHellIHHX YCJIOBHH (TeMnepaTypbI, .n:aBJIeHH5I, MafHHTHbIX H
3JIeIcrpH'IeCKHX nOJIeH H .n:p.). 3HaqeHHe <l>H3H'IeCKOH BeJIHqHHbI, npH KOTOpOM
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mno K pellIeTKe HCXO.n:HOH <l>a3bI, qTo6bI 3HeprH5I Me:>K<l>a3HoH rpaHHUbI 6bIJIa
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pbIX HeKOTopbIe <l>H3HQeCKHe BeJIHQHHbI (HanpHMep, nJIOTHOCTb BeIl(eCTBa) HJIH
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.n:eHcal.{HSI, ITJIaBJIeHHe H 3aTBep.n:eBaHHe, cy6JIHMaUHSI H KOH)leHCal.{HSI B
TBep.D.yIO 4>a3Y, HeKOTOpbIe CTpYKTYPHbIe nepeXO.D.bI B TBep.D.bIX TeJIax (Ha-
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CSI nOSlBJIeHHeM aHTII4>eppoMarHHTHoro ynopSl.D;OQeHH5I;
23
rrpeBpa eHHe rrapa::meKTPHK - CerHeT03J1eKTPHK C rrOSIBJIeHHeM
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TepMoiJuHOMulfecKoe pa6H06eCUe - COCTOHHHe TepMO.ll:HHaMHqeCKOH CHCTe-
MbI, B KOTopoe OHa CaMOnpOH3BOJIbHO npHXO,ll;HT qepe3 .lI:OCTaTOqHO 60JIbIIIOH
npOMC(.:>KyrOK BpeMeHH (BpeMH peJIaKCaUHH) B YCJIOBIDIX H30JIHUHH OT BHeIIIHeH
cpe.D.bI H KOTOpoe XapaKTepH3yeTCH HeH3MeHHOCTbIO TepMO.D.HHaMHqeCIGIX napa-
Me1'pOB CHCTeMbI H OTCyrcTBHeM B HeH nOTOKOB 3HepmH H BerueCTBa. IIpouecc
YCTaHOBJIeHHH TepMO.D.HHaMHqeCKoro paBHOBeCIDI (nOJlHoro rom qaCTHqHoro) B
<pH3HqeCKOH CHCTeMe, COCTOHweH H3 60JIbIIIOro QHCJIa qaCTIfU, Ha3bIBaeTCH pe-
lIa1CCa14Ueu.
(/)Q306oe pa6H.06eCUe - COCTOHHHe TepMOllliHaMHqeCKoro paBHOBeCHH MHoro-
<pa3HOH CHCTeMbI.
Memacma6l1.t1bHoe cocmORHue - 3TO COCTOHHHe HeYCTOHqHBOro paBHOBeCHH
<pH3HqeCKOH MaKpOCKOnHqeCKOH CHCTeMbI, B KOTOpOM OHa MO:>Ke't HaxOIDfTbCH
.D.JIHTeJIbHOe BpeMH, He nepexQIUI B 60JIee YCTOHqHBOe (npH .D.aHHbIX YCJIOBHHX)
COCTOHHHe (<pa3Y). <I>aKTOpOM, cnoC06cTByIOWHM coxpaHeHHIO MeTaCTa6KJIbHoro
COCTOHHHH, MO:>KeT 6bITb BbICOKaH BH3KOCTb BeIl(eCTBa, npenHTCTByIOruaH, Ha-
npHMep, YCTaHOBJIeHHIO ynopH,l(OqeHHoro pacnOJIO:>KeHHH MOJIeK}'JI B aMOp<pHbIX
BerueCTBax.
TOMOZeHHaR CUCme.Ma - O,l{HOpO.D.HaH TepMO.ll:HHaMHqeCKaH CHCTeMa, CBOH-
CTBa KOTOPOH (COCTaB, TIJIOTHOCTb, .lI:aBJIeHHe H .D.p.) H3MeHHIOTCH B npOC1])aH-
CTBe HenpepbIBHO. Pa3JIHqaIOT <pH3HqeCIGI O.ll:HOpO.D.Hble H HeO.D.HOpO.ll:HbIe roMO-
reHHbIe CHCTeMbI. Y O.D.HOpO.ll:HbIX roMoreHHbIX CHCTeM CBOHCTBa B Pa3JIHqHbIX
qaCTHX CHCTeMbI O.ll:HHaKOBbI, a Y HeO.D.HopO.ll:HbIX roMoreHHbIx CHCTeM - pa3-
JIHqHbI. O.ll:HOPO.ll:HbIMH roMoreHHbIMH MOryr 6bITb ra30BbIe CMeCH, :>KH.lI:IGIe H
24
TBep.l1bIe paCTBOpbI H .l1pyrHe CHCTeMbI. IIpHMepoM <pH3H'IeCKH HeO.l1HOpO.l1HOH
roMoreHHoH CHCTeMbI MO>KeT CJIY>KHTb .l1H<P<PY3HOHHbIH CJIOH npH XUMUKO-mep-
MUlieCKOU o6pa60mKe nOBepXHOCTH MarepHaJIa.
TemepozelUUlJl cucmeMa - MaKpOCKonH'IeCKH HeO.l1HOpO.l1Ha TepMO.l1HHaMH-
'IeCKM: CHCTeMa, COCTO I.llM: H3 pa3JIH'IHbIX no <pH3H'IeCKHM CBOHCTBaM ruIH XH-
MH'IeCKOMY COCTaBY 'IaCTeH (<p3.3). CMe>KHbIe <pa3bI reTeporeHHOH CHCTeMbI OT-
.l1eJIeHbI .l1pyr OT .l1pyra <pH3Ht:leCKHMH nOBepXHOCT MH pa3.l1eJIa, Ha KOTOpbIX
CKa'lKOM H3MeHHeTCH O.llHO ruIH HeCKOJIbKO CBOHCTB CHcreMbI (COCTaB, nJIOT-
HOCTb, KpHCTaJIJIH'IeCKOe C1'poeHHe, 3JIeKTpH'IeCKHe H MarHHTHbIe CBOHCTBa
H .l1p.). IIpHMepoM rereporeHHOH CHcreMbI BJIHIOTC KOMn03HUHOHHbIe MaTe-
pHaJIbI, B KOTOpbIX K0MI10HeHTbI OTJIH'IHbI no COCTaBY, C1'poeHHIO, CBOHCTBaM.
Pa3JIH'IHe MeJK.l1Y rereporeHHOH H roMoreHHoH (O.l1HOpO.l1HOH) CHCTeMaMH He
BCerna 'IeTKO BbIpaJKeHO. TaK, nepeXO.l1H)'1O 06JIacTb Me:>K,lJ,Y reTeporeHHbIMH Me-
XaHH'IeCKHMH CMeC MH (B3BeCHMH) H roMoreHHbIMH (MOJIeKYJI pHbIMH) paCTBO-
paMH 3aHHMaIOT KOJIJIOH,lJ;HbIe pacTBOpbI, B KOTOpbIX 'IaCTHUbI paCTBopeHHoro
BeI.lleCTBa CTOJIb MaJIbI, 'ITO K HHM HenpHMeHHMO nOHHTHe <pa3bI.
PatlH06eCH.blii npol(ecc - 6ecKOHe'lHO MeMeHHbIH npouecc, B KOTOpOM Tep-
MO.l1HHaMH'IeCKM: CHCTeMa npOXO.l1HT 'Iepe3 pH,!:( 6eCKOHe'lHO 6JIH3KHX .l1Pyr K
.l1pyry paBHOBeCHbIX COCTO HHH. PaBHOBeCHbIH npouecc - 3TO 06pamUMblu npo-
l{ecc, HanpHMep KPHCTaJIJIH3aUH .
He06pamUMblii npou,ecc - <pH3H'IeCKHH npouecc (.l1H<P<PY3H , TeruIonpoBOn:-
HOCTb, BH3Koe re'leHHe >K.Hl(KOCTH H p.), KOTOpbIH MO:>KeT caMonpOH3BOJIbHO
npoTeKaTb TOJIbKO B O.llHOM HanpaBJIeHHH npOCTpaHCTBeHHO-BpeMeHHbIX KOOp-
.l1HHaT.
1.1.4. XaPaKTepHCTHKa OCHOBHbIX cl»a30BhIX npeBpam.eHHH
1.1.4.1. t1>a3080e npe8paw,eHue:
Zll3006pll3HOe cocmORHue - :JICuiJKoe cocmORHue
C1>aJOBOe npeBP eHHe )K}J,l(KOro COCTOSlHHSl B ra3006pa3HOe (napoo6pa-
306QHUe) H 06parno (1(.(}HiJeHca UR) npOHcxo.z:UIT npH onpe,n:eJIeHHO:H )J.JUI ,n:aH-
HOro Bell.{eCTBa, CRTIbHO 3aBHCSlll.{e:H OT ,n:aBJIemrn TeMrrepaTYPe t KHIl .
TelUlOTa rrapo06pa3oBamrn paBHa TeIIJIOTe KOH,L{eHCaUHH.
)KH,n:KOCTb MO)KeT nepexo,n:HTb B raJOo6pa3HOe COCTOSlHHe H rrpH TeMrre-
paTYPax HIDKe TOqKH KHIIeHHSI. TaKO:H npouecc Ha3bIBaeTCSI UCnapeHUe.M.
TelUlOTa HcrrapeHHSI COOTBeTCTByeT TeIUlOTe rrap006pa30BaHHSI, a ee HCTOt:I-
HHKOM 06bI':lHO CJI}')IOIT BHyrpeHHIDI 3Hepnrn CaMO:H )KMKOCTH, KOTOpaSI B
peJyJIlmlTe HcrrapeHHSI OXJIa.x;n:aeTCSI.
1.1.4.2. t1>a3080e npe8paw,eHue:
:JICuiJKoe cocmoRHue - m8epiJoe cocmORHue
t1>a308ble npe8paw,eHUR KpUCmaJlJlU'leCKUX 8ew,ecm8.
TBep,n:oe Bell.{eCTBO 06pa3yeTCSI H3 ero )KMKOrO RTIH ra3006pa3Horo COCTOSI-
HHSI no Mepe rrOHIDKeHHSI TeMrrepaTYPbI rryreM C6J1IDKeHHSI aTOMOB (MOJIe-
25
KYn) H HX rpymmpoBKH B KpHCTaJillHK (qeump "pucmtllLllwaquu). ll;eHTp
KPHCTaJInH3 a U: HH MO>KeT B03HHKHyTb TOnbKO B TeX MHICpOO6'beMax, COCTaB H
CTpOeHHe KOTOpbIX COOTBeTCTByK>T COCTaBY H CTpOeHHIO BHOBb 06pa3yIOll{e-
roCSI TBep.n:oro Bell{eCTBa. CKOpOCTb OXJIIDI<;LJ;eHHSl, KOnWIecTBO QeHTpOB KpHC-
TaJInH3aQHH H CKOpOCTb pOCTa BHOBb 06Pa3yIOllUIXCSI KpHCTaJInHKOB orrpe-
.n:enSiIOT CTpoeHHe TBep.n:oro Bell{eCTBa: KpHCTaJilllIqeCKOe, aMop4moe HJIH
CTeKJI006pa3Hoe.
<1>a30BOe npeBpall{eHHe H3 )l(l1,lU(oro (ra3006Pa3HOro) COCTOSIHHSI B KpHC-
TaJillHqeCKOe Bell{eCTBO Ha3bIBaeTCSI "pUCmG./lJlU3al.{Ueu.
Kpuc1IUl.II.IlU3aqUR - npoQecc 06pa30BaHHSI KpHCTaJIJIOB. IlpH 3TOM KpHC-
TaJlJIH3aQHSI H3 napOB, paCTBOpOB H pacnnaBOB paCCMaTpHBaeTCSI KaK nejJ6u'l-
UaH, a H3 TBep.n:OfO Bell{eCTBa B ,lIpyroe KpHCTaJIJIlIqeCKOe HJIH aMop<lmoe
COCTOSlHHe - KaK 6mOpWl1IaJI.
n e p 6 U 'I H a fl "p U C m a Jl Jl U 3 a l.{ U fl. <1>a30BOe npeBpall{eHHe KpHCTaJI-
nHqeCKoro Bell{eCTBa B )l(H,L(Koe (n.tla6.11eUue) H 06paTHO (3am6epiJe6auue)
npOHcxo.n:HT npH onpe.n:eneHHO:H .D:IDI .n:aHHoro BemeCTBa, 3aBHCSIll{e:H OT
.n:aBJIeHHSI TeMnepaTYPe ifiJl' TeMnepa1)'pa nnaBJIeHHSl COBna,n:aeT C TeMnepa-
1)'pO:H TBep.n:eHIDi (meMnepamypou nepeU'IHOU "pUCmG./lJlU3al.(UU).
llnaBJIeHHe H TBep.n:eHHe conpoBO)I(.lI:aIOTCSI, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, nornOll{e-
, HHeM HJIH BbmeneHHeM onpe.n:eneHHO:H TennOTbI nnaBJIeHHSI QfiJI' TennOTa
nnaBJIeHHSI paBHa TennOTe TBep.n:eHHSI. TeMnepa-rypa Te.na B npoQecce nnaB-
neHHSI HJIH TBep.n:eHHSI He MeHSleTCSI, TaK KaK TennOTa npou:ecca MeT He Ha
HarpeB HJIH OXJIIDK.IJ:eHHe Tena, a Ha pa3pbIB HJIH 06pa30BaHHe Me)l(aTOMHbIX
CBSl3e:H, T.e. pa3pyrneHHe HJIII C03.n:aHHe .n:aJIbHero nopJJ,lU(a.
KpHCTaJlnH3au:HSI HaqHHaeTCSI npH .n:OCTIDKeHHH HeKOTOporo npe.n:enbHO-
ro ycnoBHSI, HanpHMep nepeOXJlaJICOeHUR :>KH,lI;KOCTH HJIH npeCbImeHHSI napa,
KOma rrpaKTHqeCKH MfHOBeHHO B03HHKaeT MHO)l(eCTBO KpHCTaJInHKOB -
QelITpOB KpHCTaJInH3aQHH.
llepeoXlla3ICoeuue - OXJIIDK.LJ:eHHe BeIl{eCTBa HIDKe TeMnepaTYPbI ero paBHO-
BeCHoro nepexona B npyroe arperaTHoe COCTOHHHe.
KpHCTaJillHKH pacTYT, npHCOe.ll.HHIDI aTOMbI HJIH MOneKYnbI H3 )l(MKOCTIf
HJIH napa. 3aBHCHMOCTb CKOpOCTH pOCTa KpHCTaJillHKOB OT ycnOBH:H KpHC-
TaJillH3aU:HH npHBO.ll.HT K pa3HOo6pa3HIO HX <};>OpM pOCTa H CTpYK1)'pbI (MHO-
rorpaHHbIe, nnaCTHHqaTbIe, HronbqaTbIe, .n:eH.lI.pHTHbIe H .lI.pyrHe <};>OPMbI,
KapaH.ll:allIHbIe CTPYK1)'pbI H T..n:.). B IIpOQecce KpHCTaJIJIH3aIUIH HeH:roe)I(HO
B03HHKaIOT pa3nHqHbIe .lI.e<};>eKTbI.
I1cToqHHKOM 06pa30BaHHSI KpHCTaJIJIHKOB qaCTO SlBJISIIOTCSI BceB03MO>K-
HbIe TBep.n:bIe qaCTHu:bI (npHMecH), HrpaIOll{He ponb fOTOBbIX QeHTpoB KpHC-
TaJIJIH3aQHH. IlpHMecH, npaKTHqeCKH He H3MeHSISI XHMHqeCKoro CQCTaBa,
MOryr BbI3bIBaTb YMeHbllIeHHe pa3MepOB 3epeH, TaK KaK qeM 60nbllIe npH-
MeCe:H, TeM 60nbllIe QeHTpOB KpHCTaJIJIlI3aU:HH. I1cnonb3oBaHHe cneU:HaJIb-
26
o 0
D
o
PRe. 5. CxeMbl npOl{ecca KpUCmaJ/.JlU3al{UU MemaJ/.Jla
HO BBOlI:lIMbIX rrpHMeCe:H (MOaUrjJUlwmop06) MSI nOJIyqeHHSI MeJIKoro 3epHa
Ha3bIBaeTCSI MoiJUtjJuu.up06QnUeM.
CKOPOCTb rrpoQecca rrepBHqHO:H KpHCT3JI1IH3au:mf H xapaKrep <pOpMHpO-
BaRHSI C'l'pYKTYPbI MaTepHaJIa npH rrpOqHX paBHbIx YCJIOBHSlX 3aBHCSIT OT
qHCJIa QeH'l'pOB KpHCTaJIJIH3aU:HH, B03HHKaIOImIX B e.n.HHHU:Y BpeMeHH H B
eD:HHHQe 06'beMa, H cKopocrn HX pOCTa, T.e. OT CKOpOCTH YBeJIHqeHHSI JIH-
He:HHbIX pa3MepoB pacTYIJ..(ero KpHCTaTIJIHKa B e.D:HHHU:Y BpeMeHH. qeM 60JIb-
llIe CKOpOCTh 06pa30BaHHSI QeH'I'pOB KpHCTaTIJIH3aQHH H MeHbllIe CKOpOCTb
HX pOCTa, reM MeHbllIe pa3Mep 3epHa (KpHCT3JI1IHKa), BbIpOCIlIero H3 OD:HOro
QeH'l'pa, H, CJIeD:OBareJIbHO, reM 60JIee MeJIK03epHHCTO:H 6YD:eT c'l'pYKTYpa
MarepHaTIa.
KpyrIHbIe COBepllIeHHbIe MOHOKpHCTa1IJIbI BbIpaIl{HBaIOT H3 nepeCbIIl{eH-
HbIX paCTBOpOB H rreperpeTbIX paCIIJIaBOB, BBOM B HHX He60JIbIlIHe 3a'l'pa-
BOqHbIe KpHCTaTl.JIHKH, He .n.OrryCKaSI caMonpOH3BOJIbHOro 3apO.>K;IJ:eHHSI.
60JIbIlIHHCTBO TBepD:bIX MarepHaTIOB SIBJISIIOTCSI nOJIHKpHCT3JI1IHqeCKHMH;
OHM COCTOSIT H3 MHO}l(eCTBa OTD:eJIbHbIX 6ecnOpSl,Ll;OqHO opHeHTHpOBaHHbIX
MelIIillX KPHCT3JI1IHqeCKHX 3epeH. TaKOBbI, HanpHMep, MHome TeXHHQeCKHe
MeT3JI1IbI H CIIJIaBbI (pHC. 5, e), rrpHpOD:HbIe C'I'pOHTeJIbHbIe MaTepHaTIbI H D:p.
TIonepeQHbIe pa3MepbI 3epeH - OT 0,001 D:O 0,1 MM. Pa3Mep 3epHa CIDIbHO
BJIHSleT Ha <pH3HKO-XHMHQeCKHe, oco6eHHO Ha MeXaHHQeCKHe, CBO:HCTBa
MarepHaJIOB (6oJIee MeJIKOe 3epHO 06eCrreQHBaeT HX 60JIbIlIyIO BSl3KOCTb H
IJJIaCrnQHOCTb). .
B mop U 'I H a fl K P U c m a Jl Jl U 3 a l{ U fl. BTOPHQHaSI KpHCT3JI1IH3al(HSl KaK
H3MeHeHHe KpHCTaTIJIIIQeCKoro C'l'poeHHSI B rnepD:OM COCTOSlHHH B03MO}I(Ha,
HarrpHMep, MSI BeIl{eCTB, 06JIa,n;aIOIl{HX nOJIHMop<pHbIMH CBO:HCTBaMH. BTO-
PHQHyIO KpHCT3JI1IH3aQHIO Ha3bIBaIOT TaIOKe nepeKpHCTaTIJIH3au:He:H, TaK KaK
3apOD:bIllIH HOBO:H C'l'pYKTYPbI QaCTO B03HHKaIOT Ha rpaHHQax 3epeH HCXOD:-
HbIX KpHCT3JI1IIITOB H pac1Yf, «nOeD:aSI» HX.
27
POCT 3apo){bIWe:H HOBO:H 4>a3bI npOHCXO){HT HeyrropSl.lIOtleHHbIM nepexo-
){OM aTOMOB rryreM ){H4>4>Y3HH tlepe3 rpaHHQy p(3){eJIa H3 HCXO){HO:H <p a3bI
BO BHOBb 06pa3yeMYIO 4>a3Y. ECJIM C'lpOeHHSI HCXO){HO:H H HOBO:H 4>a3 C'lpYK-
'lypHO COOTBeTCTByIDT ){pyr ){pyry (HMeIOT KozepeHmnocmb), TO HOBaSl 4>a38
paCnOJIaraeTCSI C'lporo onpe){eJIeHHbIM 06pa30M (HarrpHMep, B MeTIlJ1JIax 06-
pa3yeTCH cmpYKmypa, Ha3bmaeMWI 6ui)MtlHUlmemmo6oii, B Blf,LJ:e IIJIaCTHH mm
HfJI). ECJIH HOBWI 4>a3a no COCT8BY H CTpOeHHIO CHJIbHO OTJIlItiaeTCH OT HC-
XO){HO:H, TO Hepe){KO OHa HrpaeT po.1Ib rrpOMe)J(JTOtlHO:H (MeTacTa6HJIbHO:H) H
MO>KeT nepeXO){1ITb B CTa6HJIbHyK> rrpH orrpe){eJIeHHbIX YCJIOBHSlX. TIepeXO){
MeTacTa6HJIbHO:H 4>a3bI B CTa6HJIbHyK> 4>a3Y 06bItiHO Be){eT K HapymeHlIlO
KOrepeHTIlOCTH Me)l(){Y HCXO){HOH H HOBO:H 4>a3aMH H 06P830BaHHIO 06bN-
HOH Me:>K4>a3HO:H rpaHH bI.
CKOPOCTb rrpo ecca BTOpHtlHO:H KpHCT8JIJIH3a HH H X8paKTep 06P830Ba-
HHSI C'lpYKTYPbI MaTepHaJIa npH rrpOtlHX paBHbIX YCJIOBHSlX nO){tlHHSlIOTCSI
TeM :>Ke 3aKOHOMepHOCTSlM, qTO H rrpH nepBHtlHOH: KpHCTaJIJIII3a HH.
HoBaSl 4>838 B CJIyqae nOJIHMop4>HbIX rrpeBp eHH:H MO:>KeT 06pa30BbI-
BaTheSI nyreM He TOJIbKO ){H4><PY3HH, HO H C){BHra. TaK, HarrpHMep, rrpH
nepeOXJIIDK;Z:J:emm BbICOKOTeMrrepa'lypHWI MO){H4>HKa HSI nepeXO){HT B HH3-
KOTeMrrepa'lypHyro MO){H4>HK8lU'I1O. TaKoe npeBpa eHHe Ha3bmaeTCSI Map-
meHCUmHblM, a 06pa3yID WlCSI HOBWI 4>838 - MapmeHcumOM.
MapmeHcumHoe npe6paUl,eHUe - rrOJIHMop4>Hoe rrpeBpaIi.{eHHe rrpH OX-
J1IDK.ZJ:eHHH, npH KOTOpOM H3MeHeHHe B3aHMHoro pacn0J10:>KeHHSI COCTaBJISI-
IO HX KpHCTaJIJI aTOMOB (HJIH MOJ1eKYJ1) rrpOHCXO){HT 3a CtieT HX yrropSl.lIO-
tleHHoro nepeMe eHIISI (C){BHra), npHtieM CMe eHHSI aTOMOB MaJIbI rro
cpaBHeHHIO C Me:>K8TOMHbIMH paCCTOSlHHSlMH. MapreHCHTHoe npeBp eHHe
B CIIJIaBax npOHCXO){HT 6e3 H3MeHeHHSI KOH eH1'Pa HH 4>a3.
B OCHOBe MapTeHCHTHoro npeBpameHlHI JIe:>KHT KoonepamBHoe H JaKOHO-
MepHoe nepeMemeHHe aTOMOB, Kor.n:a OHH coxpamlIOT CBOHX coce.n:eH " CMe-
maJOTCJI TOJIbKO no OTHOIlIeHHIO .n:pyr K .n:pyry Ha paCCTOJlHHJI MeHl>llIe, qeM
Me:>KaTOMHbIe. HOBasI <pa3a KOrepeHTHO CBJl3aHa C HCXO.n:HOH <pa3OH, H np" H8-
pymeHHH KorepeHTHocm pOCT KpHCTaJIJIOB HOBOH <pa3bI npeKpaII.{aeTCJI. B 3TOM
cnyqae nOJIHMop<pHoe npeBpall{eHHe pa3BHBaerCJI Ja CqeT 06pa30BaHHJI H poCTa
HOBbIX KpHCTaJIJIOB, KOrepeHTHO CBJl3aHHbIX C HCXO.n:HOH <pa30H. POCT IqJHCTaJI-
JIOB HOBOH <pa3bI npOTeKaeT C OqeHb 60JIbllIOH CKOpOCTblO (-10 3 M/C).
\
C MapTeHCHTIlbIM rrpeBpa eHHeM CBH3aHbI TaKHe SlBJIeHHSI, KaK 3aKaJIK8
CTaJIH, «3<l><l>eKT naMSlTH» H ){p.
Mapmencum - C'lpYKTYPH3,SJ COCT8BJ1S1IO WI KpHCT8JIJIHtleCKHX TBep.D:bIX
TeJI, B03HHKalO WI B pe3YJ1bT8Te MapTeHcHTHoro npeBpa eHHSI.
(]>a306ble npeepaw,eHUR aMoprjJHblX eew,ecme. AMoP4>Hoe
Be eCTBO X8paKTepH3yeTcSI OTC}'TCTBHeM TOtiKH IIJIaBJIeHHSI. TIpH Harpe-
Be CTeKJIO IIJIaBHTCH B HeKOTopOM TeMnepa'lypHOM HHTepBaJIe, KOTOpbI:H
3aBHCHT OT COCTaBa. Ha pHC. 6 nOKa3aHa TeMnepaTypa CTeKJIOBaHHSI
fer (11 = 10 12 TIa. C), HIDKe KOTOpO:H CTeKJIO rrpH06peTaeT XpyrrKOCTb, T.e. rre-
pexO){HT B CTeKJI006pa3HOe COCTOHHHe.
28
AJISI rrpOMbIIIIJIeHHbIX CHJIHKaTHbIX
CTeKOJI t er = 425...600°C; TeMrrepaTYPa
pa3MSIP:leHHSI t p JIe}l(HT B rrpe,n:eJIaX
600...800°C (11 = 108 TIa. c). B HHTep-
Balle TeMnepa1YP Me.>l<;L(y t er H t p CTeKJia
Haxo,n:SlTCSI B BbICOKOBSI3KOM rrJIaCTH-
tJ:eCKOM COCTOSIHHH. TIpH TeMrrepaTYPe
BbIlJle t p (1000... 1100°C) rrpOBO,n:SITCSI Bce
TeXHOJIOIW:IeCKHe rrpOQeCCbI rrepepa60T-
KH CTeKJIOMaCCbI B H3,n:eJIHSI.
(]>a306ble npe6paw,eHUfl nOJlU-
t Me pH bl X 6 e UJ, e c m 6. TIOJIHMepbI MOryI'
cyw:eCTBOBaTb TOJIbKO B TBep,n:OM H
JKH,lJ;KOM COCTOSIHIDIX. OHH He MOryI' 6bITb B ra3006pa3HOM COCTOSIHHH, TaK
KaK HcrrapeHHIO rrOJIHMepa 06S13aTeJIbHo rrpe,n:llIeCTByeT ero ,n:ec'l'pYKU:HSI C
pa3pbIBOM rrpOtJ:HbIX KOBaJIeHTHbIX CBSI3e:ti:. TIPH nOHIDKeHHH TeMnepaT)'-
pbI tJ:aw:e Bcero )lQf)J;KHe rrOJIHMepbI rrpH TBep,n:eHHH coxpaHSlIOT aMop<l>Hoe
CTpOeHHe rrepeOXJIIDI<;neHHo:if JKH,lJ;KOCTIf, H TaK }l(e KaK aMop<t>HbIe Bew:ecrna,
rrepexo,l(SlT H3 BbICOKOBSI3KOro COCTOSIHIDi B cTeKJIo06pa3Hoe COCTOSlHHe. Or-,I
JIHtJ:IITeJIbHO:if OCo6eHHOCTbIO rrOJIHMepoB rrpH 3TOM rrepexo,n:e SlBJISleTCSI Ha-
JIHtJ:He o6JIacTIf oco6oro BbICOK03JIaCTIftJ:Horo COCTOSlHHSI, 06YCJIOBJIeHHoro
HX }'HHKaJIbHbIM C1]X>eHHeM (rH6KOCTbIO HX OrpOMHbIX MOJIeKYJI).
PaCIIJIaBbI HeKOTOpbIX rrOJIHMepOB npH OXJIIDI<;neHHH MOryI' KPHCTaJIJIH-
30BaTbCSI, H TaKHe rrOJIHMepHbIe KpHCTaJIJIbI IIJIaBSITCSI rrpH HarpeBe. AJISI
TOro tJ:TOObI rrpoH3011IeJI rrpoQecc KpHCTaJIJIH3aQHH rrOJIHMepa, ,n:OJI)l(HbI BbI-
rrOJIID:ITbCSI orrpe,n:eJIeHHbIe YCJIOBHSI ero C1]X>eHHSI, npH 3TOM o6JIacTIf BbICO-
KOBSI3KOro H BbICOK03JIacrntJ:Horo COCTOSlHH:if 06SI3aTeJIbHO coxpaHSlIOTCSI.
TIOJIHMepHbIe KpHCTaJIJIbI He HMelOT rrocTOSIHHo:if TeMrrepaTYPbI IIJIaBJIe-
HHSI H lUIaBSITCSI B HHTepBaJIe TeMrrepa1YP. qeM MeHbllIe CKOpOCTb KpHCTaJI-
JIH3aI{HH, TeM BbIllie TeMrrepa1YPa HatJ:aJIa lUIaBJIeHHSI.
lJ.,fla.c
10 16
10 12
10 8
10 4
t cr
Puc. 6. 3aBucUMocmb BR3Kocmu cmelC/la om
meMnepamypbl
1.2. CTpOeRHe KpHCTaJIJ(lI'IecKHX BeIneCTB
Ra aTOMHOH (HORROH) OCROBe
1.2.1. KpacTaJlJlJI1IeclWl pemeTKa
I<IDIQ:{0MY KpHCTaJI.JIHt:lecKOMY Bew:ecmy, HaXO.LJ:SIw:eMYCSI B TBep,n:OM COCTOSI-
HHH rrpH 3a,lJ;aHHbIX TepMO,n:HHaMHtJ:ecKHX YCJIOBHSIX, COOTBeTCTByeT KOHKper-
Hoe KpHCTaJIJIWlecKoe CTpOeHHe, npHBO.LJ:SIw:ee K orrpe,n:eJIeHHo:if CHMMe'l'pHH
BHellIHe:if <I:>oPMbI H <t>H3W1ecKHX CBO:ifCTB. KPHCTaJIJIHtJ:eCKoe C'l'poeHHe Be-
29
w:eCTB H MaTeplIaJIOB OillICbIBaeTCSI KpUCmGJl/lU'IeCKOU peWemKOU, SlBJlSlIOw:eMC
reOMeTpHqeCKHM 06pa30M npe,n:CTaBJIeHMSI 0 KpHCTaJIJIWIeCKOM CTpoemm.
Kpucma.tLIlUileCKO.R peUlemKll - npOCTpaHCTBeHHOe nepHO,n:HqeCKOe paC
nOJIO}l(eHHe aTOMOB (HOHOB, MOJIeKYJI) B KpHCTamrnqeCKOM Bew:eCTBe. TOqK
KpHCTaJIJIHqeCKOM pemeTKH, B KOTOpbIX pacnOJIO}l(eHbI aTOMbI WIH HOHb
Ha3bIBaIOTCSI Y3llllMU KpUCmil.lLllUileCKOii pewemKU. HanpaBJIeHHSI, npoXOJUj
W:He qepe3 ,n:Ba Y3J1a KpHCTaJIJIHqeCKOM pemeTKlf, Ha3bIBaIOTCSI KpUCmtlJl./l.{'
zpaljJUileCKUMU uanpa6.lU!HUIlMU! a TIJIOCKOCm, npoxo,n:SI.I.I.(He qepe3 TpH Y31Ia, -
Kpucmil.lLllozpaljJUileCKUMU (amoMHblMU WlOCKOCmRMU).
113MeHeHHe nJIOTHOCTH aTOMOB B pa3JIHQHbIX llJIOCKOCTIDC. H HanpaBJIeHH
KpHCTaJIJIHqeCKOH perneTKH onpe.n:emleT Heo.n:HHaKOBocTb CBOHCTB MOHOKpH<
TaJIJIa B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KpHCTaJlJIorpaq)HqeCKHX HanpaBJIeHHH (aHH30'TpOnHIO)
HaH60JIee y,n:06HbIH cnoco6 e,n:HHoo6pa3Horo onHcaHHSI npOCTpaHCTBeF.
HOro pacnOJIO}l(eHHSI KPHCTaJIJIorpa4>JfqeCKHX TIJIOCKOCTeM H HarrpaBJIeHH
3aKJIIOqaeTCSI B npHnHCbIBaHHH HM onpe,n:eJIeHHbIX MH,LJ:eKCOB (uniJuu.upo6t.
HUU). KPHCTaJIJIorpa4>HqeCKOe HanpaBJIeHHe xapaKTepH3yeTCSI HH,[(eKCaM
BeKTopa, B pcO)],Slw:ero H3 HaqaJIa nplIHSlTOM B KpHCTaJIJlHqeCKOM perneTI<
CHCTeMbI Koop,n:HHaT, T.e. TpeMSI QeJ1bIMH, B3aHMHO npOCTbIMH qHCJIaMH U,
H W, nponopU:HOHaJIbHbIMH Koop,n:HHaTaM m06oro Y3JIa KpHCTaJlJIWleCKO
pemeTKlf, JIe}l(aw:ero Ha 3TOM HarrpaBJIeHHH. l1H,[(eKCbI HanpaBJIeHMSI 3am
CbIBaIOT B o,n:HHapHbIX KBa,n:paTHbIX cKo6Kax [uvw] H Ha3bIBaIOT CUM60JlO
nanpa6JlenUfl.
KIDI<JJ:aH KpHCTaJIJIorpa<lmqeCKaH (aTOMHaH) TIJIOCKOCTb B KpHCTaJIJIe OTCI
KaeT Ha OCSIX Koop,n:HHaT Qe.rrbIe qHCJIa nepHo,n:OB pemeTKlf, a 06paTHbIe H
QeJIbIe qHCJIa h, k H I HCnOJIb3yroTCSI ,n:mI OillIcamrn nOJIO}l(emrn paCCMaTpl
BaeMOM KpHCTaJIJIorpa4>"qeCKOM TIJIOCKOCm H Ha3bIBaIOTCSI ee UnaeKCln
(HH.LJ:eKCaMH MIDIJIepa). CUM60JlOM WlOCKocmu CJI}')KaT HH,[(eKCbI KpHCTaJIJI(
rpa4>HqeCKOM TIJIOCKOCm, 3aKJIIOqeHHbIe B KpyrJIbIe CKo6KH, - (hkl).
,lJ,mI onHcaHHSI KpHCTaJIJIHqeCKOM pemeTKlf B QeJ10M ,n:OCTaroqHO OTIHCa':
ee 3JleMenmapnylO R'IeUK)l.
3.IU!MeHmapnaR R'leiiKll - napaJIJIeJ1enHne,n:, nOCTpOeHHbIM Ha Y3JIax Kpm
TaJIJIHqeCKOM pemeTKM H rrpe,n:CTaBJlSlIOW:HM C060M MHHHMaJIbHbIM 06'beM, 0"
pa}l(aIOW: HM Bce oco6eHHocm KpHCTaJlJIHqeCKoro Bew:eCTBa, napaJIJ1eJIbHb
nepeHOCbI (mpanC/lRl{Uu) KOTOpOro B Tpex H3MepeHIDIX n03BOJISlIOT rrocTpOJ.f
BCIO KPHCTaJlJIHqecK)'IO pernen<y.
,lJ,mI o,n:H03HaqHOM xapaKTepHcmKH 3JIeMeHTapHOM SlQeMKH He06xo.LJ:M
3HaTb ee napllMempbl: BeJ1HQHHbI 06pa3yIOW:HX ee pe6ep - a, b H C (nepuoo
H'leiiKU) H TpH yrJ1a Me}I(.LJ:y HHMH - a, 13, y. Pa3MepbI pe6ep H yrJIbI Me>K,l
HHMH - OCHOBHbIe KPHCTaJlJIorpa4>WlecKHe KOHCTaHTbI aew:eCTBa.
TIOJ1HOe onHcaHHe KpHCTaJIJIHQeCKOM pemeTKlf ,n:aeTCSI rrapaMeTpaMH 3111
MeHTapHOM S{qeMKH, Koop,n:HHaTaMH aTOMOB B HeM H npocmpancm6enHOU zpyj
30
noii CUMMempUU, KOTOpaSI co,nep.>KMT KaK Onepa14uu mpaHC/lfl14uii (nepeHOCOB),
TaK II Onepa14uu mpaHC/lfl14UOHHOii CUMMempUU (nOBOpOTbI, O'TpIDKeHIDl, IIH-
BepCIIII). B03MO>KHbIe TMilbI 'TpaHCJISlQIIOHHOH CIIMMe'TpHII KpIICTa.lIJIMqe-
cKoH peIIleTI<H onpe,neJISIIOT 14 'TpeXMepHbIX reOMe'TpHqeCKHX peIIleTOK, TaK
Ha3bmaeMbIX pewemOK Epaee, KOTOpbIe no npII3HaKY CIIMMe'TpHH, B CBOIO
Oqepe,nb, ,neJISlTCSI Ha CUHZOHUU.
CUHlOHUR KpUCmlL/l./l06 - COOOK)'IIHOCTb KpMCTaJIJIOB, 3J1eMeHTapHbIe SI'IeHKM
KOTOpbIX xapaKTepM3}'IOTCH o.n:MHaKOBbIMM KpMCTaJIJIorpaq.MqeCKOH CMCTeMOH
oceH Koop.n:MHaT M CMMMeTpMeH. 3J1eMeHTapHbIe SI'IeHKM no npM3HaKY CMMMeT-
pMM .n:eJlHTCH }fa ceMb CMHroHMH, KIDKJJ:M M3 KOTOpbIX xapaKTepM3YeTCH onpe.n:e-
JleHHbIM COOTHOllIeHMeM Me:>IQJ;Y .l{JIMHaMM pe6ep M ymaMM Me:>IQJ;y HMMM.
Pewem1«l Epaee - COBOK)'IIHOCTb Y3JIOB KpMCTaJIJIMqeCKOH pellIeTKM, KOTO-
pbIe pacnOJlO:>KeHbI B BepllIMHax 3J1eMeHTapHbIX SI'IeeK KpMCTaJIJIa M MOryr 6bITb
COBM Il{eHbI .n:pyr C .n:pyrOM nyreM 1paHCJlHUMH.
Pa3JIMQalOT npUMumU6Hbie pewemKU Epa6e, B KOTOpbIX Y3JIbI pacnOJlO:>KeHbI
TOJlbKO B BepllIMHax 3J1eMeHTapHbIX napaJIJIeJlenMne.n:OB, zpaHeqeHmpup06aHHble
(Y3JIbI pacnOJlO:>KeHbI B BepllIMHax M B ueH1pax Bcex rpaHeH), o6be.MHo-qeHmpupo-
eaHHble (Y3JIbJ B BepllIMHax M B ueH1pe napaJIJIeJlenMne.n:oB) M 603oqeHmpupo6aH-
Hble (y3JIbJ B BepllIMHax M B ueH1pax JJ:BYX npornoonOJlO:>KHbIX rpaHeH).
B 3JIeMeHTapHoH 5IqeHKe MO:>KeT pa3MelI.(aTbCSI OT O,nHOro aTOMa (XHMM-
QeCKMe 3JIeMeHTbI) 11:0 10 2 (XHMIIQeC-
KMe coe.nIIHeHlrn) M 10 3 ...10 6 aTOMOB
(HarrpIIMep, 6eJIKM). CJIO:>KHOe KpIIC-
TaJIJIIIQeCKOe C1])OeHIIe JII060H 3JIe-
MeHTapHOH S{qeHKM, B KOTOpOH Co,nep-
:>KMTCSI CKOJIbKO yroJUIO aTOMOB, MO.>KHO
OrrIICbIBaTb KaK HeCKOJIbKO peIIleTOK
EpaBe, «BCTaBJIeHHbIX» OJUIa B .npyryIO.
B MeTaJIJIaX II CnJIaBaX HaM60JIee
pacrrpOC1])aHeHbI CJIe.nyrolI.(IIe KpIIC-
TaJIJIWIeCKMe peIIleTKM: 06DeMHo-QeHT-
pIIpoBaHHaSI KY6HQeCKaSI (OQK), rpa-
HeQellTpIIpoBaHHaSI KY6WIeCKaSI (fll;K)
II reKcaroHaJIbHaSI IIJIOTHO ynaKOBaH-
HaSI (rnY). B S{qeHKe C OQK-peIIleT-
KOH aTOMbI pacrrOJIO:>KeHbI B BepIIlIIHax
KY6WIecKoH 3JIeMeHTapHOH S{qeHKM M
O.nIIH B ee u:eH1])e. TaKyro peIIleTKY
PRC. 7. KpucmanJlu'tecKue pewemKu:
o - 061>eMHO-ijeHmpUpoeoHHoH ICy6u'tecICoH;
6 - ZpOHeijeHmpUpoeOHHOH ICy6"!'tecICoH;
e - zeICCOZOHOflbHOH nAOmHO yno1COeOHHOJl
2 MaTepHaJlOBe.n:eHHe
a
t ,.,,,.,,
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HMelOT )l(eJIe30 ,n:o 910°C II BbIllie 1390°C, XPOM, BOJII4>paM, BaHa,ZJ:HH II ,n:p.
(PHC. 7, a). B S{qeHKe rIJ:K-pellIeTKH a MbI pacnOJIO)l(eHbI B oopllIHHax KY-
6HqeCKOH 3JIeMeHTapHOH S{qeHKH II no O,n:HOMY B QeH'l'pe KIDI<;ZJ:OH ee rpaHII.
TaKyIO pellIeTK}' IIMelOT )l(eJIe30 npII TeMnepaTYPax 91O...1390°C, Me,n:b, HM-
KeJIb, aJIlOMHHHH II ,n:p. (pHC. 7, 6). B S{qeHKe fTIY-pellIeTKH, HMelOI.l(eH <PoP-
MY I1pII3MbI C ymaMH B OCHOBaHMH 60 II 120°, aTOMbI pacnOJIaralOTCSI B Bep-
llIHHax npII3MbI II O,n:HH B ee QeH'l'pe. TaKaSI pellIeTKa HMeeTCSI y MarHHSI,
QlfHKa II pH,LJ;a ,n:pyrnx MeTIUI.JIOB (PIIC. 7, 8). TIepIIo,n:bI pellIeTKH .D:JUI 6oJIb-
llIHHCTBa MeTaJIJIOB HaxO.l(SlTCSI B npe,n:eJIax 0,1...0,7 HM.
1.2.2. ,l(e4>eKThI KpHCTaJIJIlf1IecKOH peweTKII
j(etjJeKmb' KpUC1IUlA./lU'leCKOii pememKU - 3TO JII060e OTKJIOHeHIIe B HeH
OT .H,LJ;eaJIbHOrO nepHo,n:IIqeCKOrO aTOMHOrO (IIoHHoro) C'lpoeHHSI.
OHH 06Pa3yroTCSI B npoQecce KpIICTaJIJIII3aQHII, I1pH HaJIHqMH npIIMe-
ceH, no,n: BJIHSlHIIeM TeIIJIOBbIX, MeXaHHqeCKHX II 3JIeK'lpIIqeCKHX B03,n:eH-
CTBHH, a TaIOKe no,n: ,n:eHCTBIIeM P83JIMqHOro po,n:a 06JIyqeHHSI (HeiITpoHaMII,
3JIeK'lpOHaMH, peHTreHOBCKHMII JIyqaMII). ,LI;e<l>eKThI B KpIICTaJlJIIIqeCKHX Be-
I.l(eCTBax BbI3bIBalOT ynpyrHe HCKIDKeHHSI KpIICTaJIJIHqeCKOH pellIeTKH, o6yc:-
JIOBJIIIB81OI.l(IIe nOSlBJIeHIIe BHyrpeHHIIX MeXaHHqeCKHX HanpIDKeHHH.
TIo reOMe'lpHqeCKHM npII3HaKaM p83JIWlalOT CJIe,n:yroI.l(IIe B.H,LJ;bI ,n:e<l>eK-
TOB KpIICTaJIJIIIqeCKOH pellIeTKH: mOlteltHble, JlUHeUHble, n08epXHocmHble II
06oeMHble.
To It e It H bl e iJ e rP e K m bl. Pa3MepbI TOqeqHbIX ,n:e<l>eKTOB CpaBHHMbI C
aTOMHbIMII pa3MepaMII. I1CTOqHIIK8MII TaKHX ,n:e<l>eKTOB MOryr 6bITh:
. 1J}')Kepo,n:HbIe aTOMbI, 3aMeI.l(alOI.l(IIe OCHOBHbIe aTOMbI IDIII BHe.n:pSlIO-
I.l(IIeCSI Me)K)J;y HIIMII (PHC. 8);
. co6cTBeHHbIe aTOMbI, CMeCTIIBllIIIecSi II3 HOpMaJIbHbIX nOJIO)l(eHIIH
(iJUCJl014Up08aHHble amoMbl). TIoCJIe,n:HIIe aTOMbI OqeHb no,n:BIDKHbI, aKTIiBHO
MHrpMPYJOT no KPHCTaJIJIorpa<l>HqeCKHM IIJIOCKOCTSIM II MOryr BbIXO,n:1ITb Ha
rpaHHQbI 3epeH;
. 8QKtlHCUU - y31IbI KpHCTaJlJIHqeCKOH pellIeTKH, B KOTOpbIX OTCyrcTByroT
aTOMbI (IDIII IIOHbI). BaKaHCIIH qaI.l(e Bcero 06pa3yroTCSI B pe3YJIbTaTe nepe-
xo,n:a aTOMOBII3 y31Ia pellIeTKH Ha nOBepXHOCTb IDIII nOJIHoro IIcnapeHHSI C
nOBepXHOCTH KpIICTaJIJIa II pe)l(e B pe3yrrbTaTe IIX nepexo,n:a B Me)l{)'3JIIIe.
BaKaHCIIII II MeJICY3e.tlbHble (1J}')Kepo,n:HbIe If C06CTBeHHbIe) amOMbl IICKa-
)l(alOT KpIICTaJIJIHqeCK)'IO pellIeTK}' BOKPyr ce6S1 Ha paCCTOSlHMH MHoro 6oJIb-
llIe, qeM paCCTOSlHIIe Me)K)J;y ee coce,n:HIIMH y31IaMII.
BaKaHCHH HaxO,WITCH B TepMO.l{HHaMH'leCKOM paBHOBeCHH C KpHCTaJIJIH'leC-
KOH pemeTKoH, B03HHKaIOT H HC'le3aIOT B pe3YJIbTaTe TeTIJIOBOrO .l{BIDKeHHH aTO-
MOB. OHH 6ecrroPMO'lliO rrepeMemalOTCH B KpHCTaJIJIe, 06MeHHBMCb MeCTaMH C
COCe.l{HHMH aTOMaMH. HeCMOTpH Ha MaJIyIO KOHueH'rpaUHIO (B6JIH3H OT TeMrre-
32
a A
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Pac. 8. TO'te'tHble iJerjJeKmbl KpUC-
mOJlJlU'teCKOU pewemKU, 6b136aH-
Hble 'tYJlCepOOHbl.MU amOMaMU (B,
D), 3aMeU4alOU4UMU co6cm6eHHbie
(A), npu coomHoweHUU paouyc06
r A >rB(a) U r A < r D (6)
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paTYPbI IIJIaBJIeHlUI - OT 1 .no 2% 1,m:CJIa aToMoB), BaKaHCMM cyureCTBeHHO BJIMSI-
lOT Ha q.M3M'IeCKMe cBoifcTBa KpMCTaJIJIa: nOHIDKaIOT ero ruIOTHOCTb, YBeJIMqMBa-
lOT 3JIeK1'pOCOnpOTMBJIeHMe M .n:p. .D:BIDKeHMe BaKaHCMH SlBJISleTCSI rnaBHOH npM-
qMHOH JJ:Mq.q.Y3MM aTOMOB B KpMCTaJIJIax. BaKaHCMM TaIOKe OKa3bIBalOT pernalO-
ll1ee BJIMHHMe Ha nOJI3yqecTb, rpaq.MTM3a MIO M .n:pyrne npo eCCbI, CBSl3RHHbIe C
nepeHOCOM aTOMOB B MaTepMaJIax.
B IIOHHbIX KpIICTaJIJIaX TOqeqHbIe .n:e<l>eKThI B03HIIKalOT rrapmm: .n:Be Ba-
KaHCMH rrpOTlIBOrrOJIO)I(Horo 3HaKa - iJerjJeKm 1lI0mmKu; Me)l()'3eJIbHbIH: IIOH
M OCTaBJIeHHaSI IIM BaKaHCHSI - oerjJeKm (/JpeHKeJlJl.
j[ U H e U H bl e 0 e rjJ e K m bl. B peaJIbHOM KpIICTaJlJIe aTOMbI paCrrOJIaraIOT-
CSI rrpaBIDIbHO JIIIIllb B rrpe.n:eJIax 6J10KOB - He60JIbIllIIX yqaCTKOB B KIDK.LI:OM
II3 3epeH (KpIICTaJI1IMTOB). DJIOI<M BHyrpII 3epHa rrOBepHYThI OTHOCIITeJIbHO
.n:pyr .n:pyra Ha He60JIbIllIIe yrJIbI (OT HeCKOJIbKHX .n:OJIeH: .n:O e.n:HHHl\ rpa,n:y-
COB). OHII 06bl'IHO HMelOT pa3MepbI 0,1...1 MKM, qTO B 1-3 pa3a MeHbIlle
pa3MepOB 3epeH, II COCTOSIT II3 2000...10 000 aTOMOB.
Pa3MepbI 6JIOKOB II yrJIbI IIX pa30pIIeHTal\HH orrpe.n:eJlSlIOT 6/l0rtHYIO cmpYK-
mypy KpIICTaTIJIHqeCKoro BemeCTBa. Ha rpaHIIl\aX 6JIOKOB (MaJIOyrJIOBbIX
rpaHIIl\ax) B03HIIKaIOT HapyrneHHSI B rrpaBIDIbHocrn pacrrOJIO)l(eHHSI aTOMOB,
06JIa,n:alOIi(He CeqeHIIeM rrOPMKa aTOMHoro II O.n:HIIM rrpOTIDKeHHbIM pa3Me-
pOM, T.e. 06Pa3yIOTCSI JIIIHeH:HbIe .n:e<l>eKThI KpIICTaJIJIIIqeCKOH peIlleTKH, Ha-
3bIBaeMbIe CucmeMOU OUCJlOKa14Uu.
,l(ucAoKau,UR - crymeHIIe B pacrrOJIO)l(eHIIII aTOMOB IDIII IIOHOB Ha onpe-
.n:eJIeHHOM yqacTKe KPIICTaJIJIorpa<l>IIqeCKOfO HarrpaBJIeHHSI, HapyrnaIOmee
rrpaBIDIbHoe qepe.n:OBaHIIe aTOMHbIX IIJIOCKOCTeH.
Pa3JIMqalOT .n:Ba npe.n:eJIbHbIX B.H,LJ;a .n:IICJIOKal\IIH: Kpae8ble H 8UHm08ble.
KpaeBbIe .n:HCJIOKal\HII MOIyr 6bITb 06pa30BaHbI l\errOqKOH: BaKaHCIIH: IDIH
MeJKY3eJIbHbIX aTOMOBII XapaKTepII3yIOTCSI rrOSIBJIeHIIeM He3aBepIlleHH0l1 .n:o-
6aBOqHOH: aTOMHOH: IIJIOCKOCTH (3KcmpaflJlOCKocmu). HaH60JIee rrpOCTOH: II
Har.IDI,LJ;HbIH: crroco6 o6pa3oBaHHSI KpaeBOH: .n:IICJIOKau:HH B KpHCTaJlJIe - C.n:BHf
(pIIC. 9).
Kpait 3KC'lpaIIJIOCKOCrn AB npe.n:CTaBJlSleT C060H: JIMHHIO KpaeBOH: .n:HCJIO-
KaI.{IIII (oUCJlOKa14UOHHYIO JlUHUlO), KOTOpa51 rrpocrnpaeTCSI B.n:OJIb nJIOCKOCrn
2.
33
a
!
........",.,
3KCTpannOCKOCTb 6
"1.
"t""" ...
.....,, ..
Pac. 9. CxeMbl pacnoAOJICeHUJI amOM06 y OUCA01Wl{UU (a, 6) U Mooellb c06uza (6);
't - 6eKmop c06uza, c030a1OUJ,ezo Kpae6YlO iJuCAOKal{UlO
, Y T
b
-
I
I
CKOJIb)KeHHSI rreprreH,lJ;m<yllilpHo K BeKTOPY C.l{BHra 't qepe3 BCIO TOJI KpIIC-
TaJIJIa. )J;IICJIOKaU;HOHHbIe JIHHHH He 06pbIBaIOTCH BHYTPII KpIICTaJIJIa, OHII
BbIXO,nSIT Ha em rrOBepXHOCTb, JaKaWIMBaIOTCSI Ha )J;pynIX )J;IICJIOKaI.{IDIX RJIH
06pa3yIOT 3aMKHyI'bIe )J;IICJIOKaU:HOHHbIe neTJIH.
TIpII 06pa30BaHIIII KpaeBbIX )J;IICJIOKaU:HH HaH60JIee cy:rn:eCTBeHHOe Hapy-
weHIIe B nepHO)J;IIqHOCTH II pacrrOJIO)l(eHMH aTOMOB OTMeqaeTCSI B rrorrepeq-
HOM CeqeHIIII )J;e<peKTa, HO em pa3MepbI HeBeJImrn II He rrpeBbIIllalOT rrepII-
o)J;a peIlleTKH KpIICTaJIJIa 60JIee qeM B 3-5 pa3.
B CJIyqae BHHTOBOH )J;IICJIOKaU:HH IICKIDKeHIIe C1])YKTYPbI, o6YCJIOBJIeHO
CMew:eHIIeM aTOMOB rryreM cKpyqHBaHHSI C rex MeCT, KOTOpbIe OHII 3aHHMa-
lOT B .H,LJ;eaJIbHOH KpIICTaJIJIHqeCKOH peIlleTKe; JIIIHHSI IICKIDKeHHSI SlBJUleTCSI
BIIHTOBOit
OCHOBHOii KOJUfqeCTBeHHOii xapaKrepMCTMKoii .l{MCJIOKal.{Mii HBJHleTCH 6eK-
mop DlOpzepca, orrMCbIBaIOll.{Mii BeJIMQMHY M HarrpaBJIeHMe B3aMMHOrO CMell.{eHMH
06JIacreii KpMCTaJIJIa. BeKTOp BIOprepca b orrpe,l{ellilIOT rryreM cpaBHeHIDI Komypa
BOKpyr ,l{MCJIOKal.{MM C COOTBeTCTByIOll.{MM KOHTYPOM B If.l(eaJIbHOii qaCTIf pemeT-
KM. IlpM C6JIIDKeHMM ,l{BYX ,l{MCJIOKaIU1ii C O,l{MHaKOBI>IMM BeKTOpaMM b ynpyrne
HarrpIDKeHIDI OKOJIO ,l{MCJIOKaI.{Mii }'BeJIWlMBaIOTCH M ,l{MCJIOKal.{MM O'ITaJIKMBaIOTCH.
IlpM C6JIIDKeHMM ,l{MCJIOKal.{Mii C rrpOTMBOrrOJIO)I(HbIMM BeKTOpaMM BIOprepca MX
ynpyme rrOJIH B3aMMHO KOMrreHCMpyIOTCH, ,l{MCJIOKal.{MM rrpMTHrMBaIOTCH M aHHM-
mJIMpyIOT.
)J;IICJIOKaU;IIII B KpIICTaJIJIHqeCKHX Bew:eCTBax JIerKO rrepeMew:aIOTCSI, TaK
KaK rrpII HX rrepeMew:eHIIII B IIJIOCKOCrn CKOJIb)KeHHSI B K8)I{,lJ:bIH )J;aHHbIH
MOMeHT pa3pbIBalOTCSI II rrpIIcoe)J;IIHSlIOTCSI CBSl3II He Me)l()J;y BceMII aTOMaMII,
a TOJIbKO Me}l{)l;Y TeMII, KOTopbIe HaXO)J;SlTCSI Y JIIIHIIII )J;IICJIOKaU;IIII. TIpII
3TOM 3KC1])aIIJIOCKOCTb rryreM He3HaqJITeJIbHOrO CMew:eHIDI MO)l(eT rrepexo-
)J;HTb B rrOJIHyIO IIJIOCKOCTb, a ee <PYHKl{HH rrepe)J;aIOTCSI coce)J;HeH rrOJIHOH
IIJIOCKocrn.
)J;IICJIOKaU;HH B peaJIbHbIX KpIICTaJIJIaX 06pa3yIOTCSI B rrpou;eccax KpIIC-
TaJIJIII3aU;HH, <pa30BbIX npeBpaw:eHIIH, IIJIaCTHqeCKOH )J;e<popMaU;IIII II )J;p.
34
C }'MeHbIlleHIIeM BeJIMqIIHbI 6JIOKOB II YBeJIHqeHIIeM yma pa:30pIIeHTaInm
Me.>KJJ:Y HIIMII IIJIOTHOCTb JJ:IICJIOKaU:HH rrOBbIIllaeTCSI. 3HaqlITeJIbHOe KOJIHqe-
CTBO JJ:IICJIOKaIJ;HH (IIJIOTHOCTb 10 6 ...10 12 CM- 2 ), XapaKTep HX pacnpeJJ:eJIeHHSI
B o6DeMe KpIICTIUl.JIa, rrOJJ:BIDKHOCTb II CrrOC06HOCTb K paJMHO)l(eHHIO OKa-
3bIBalOT Cyrn:eCTBeHHOe BJIHSlHIIe Ha CBOHCTBa MeTaJIJIOB. TaK, JJ:IICJIOKaIJ;IIII
IIrpaIOT maBHyIO pOJIb B rrpOI.{eCCaX IIJIaCmqeCKOH JJ:e<l>opMaIJ;IIII II B 3HaqII-
TeJIbHOH Mepe orrpeJJ:eJISIIOT peaJIbHyIO npOqHOCTb KpIICTaJIJIIIqeCKHX Be-
l.I.{eCTB.
n 0 8 e p X HOC m H bl e iJ e rP e K m bl. K nOBepXHOCTHbIM JJ:e<l>eKTaM
npIIqIICJISIIOT rpaHIIIJ;bI 3epeH II 6JIOKOB, cB060JJ:HbIe nOBepXHOCm KpHCTaJI-
JIOB II JJ:p. OHII IIMelOT TOJIbKO OJJ:HH MaJIbIH paJMep - TOJIIIJ;HHY. MCroqHII-
KaMII rrOBepXHOCTHbIX JJ:e<l>eKTOB SlBJISlIOTCSI:
. rpaHIIU:bI Me.>KJJ:Y paJOpIIeHTIIpOBaHHbIMII yqaCTKaMII 3epHa (KpIICTaJI-
JIIITa), HarrpIIMep JJ:e<l>eKThI yrraKoBKH, T.e. HapymeHHSI nOCJIeJJ:OBaTeJIbHOCTH
3acTpOHKH aTOMHbIMII nJIOCKOCTSIMII OTJJ:eJIbHbIX yqacTKoB KpIICTaJIJIa -
o6oiiHUKU;
. rpaHIIIJ;bI JJ:OMeHOB (MarHHTHbIX, CemeT03JIeK'l'pHKOB);
. rpaHIIIJ;bI BKJIlOqeHIIH II JJ:p.
MHorHe II3 nOBepXHOCTHbIX JJ:e<l>eKTOB rrpeJJ:CTaBJlSlIOT C060H PMbI II ceT-
KH JJ:IICJIOKaIJ;IIH. TIoBepXHOCTHbIe JJ:e<l>eKThI, oco6eHHO rpaHIIIJ;bI Me.>KJJ:Y PaJ-
opIIeHTHpOBaHHbIMII yqaCTKaMII 3epHa, BJIHSlIOT Ha <l>II3HqeCKHe CBOHCTBa.
TaK, qeM MeJIbqe 3epHO, TeM BbIIlle rrpeJJ:eJI TeK)'1IeCTII, BSl3KOCTb II MeHbIlle
orraCHOCTb xpyrrKoro pa3pymeHHSI. BJJ:OJIb rpaHIIIJ; 3epeH H 6JIOKOB 6bIC'l'pee
rrpoTeKaeT JJ:II<l><l>Y3HS1, oco6eHHO npII HarpeBe.
060 eM H bl e iJ e rP e K m bl. 06DeMHbIMII JJ:e<l>eKTaMH KplICTaJIJIMqeCKOH
peIlleTKl1 SlBJlSlIOTCSI CKOIIJIeHHSI BaKaHCIIH, 06paJyIOIIJ;HX nopbl (IDIM KaHaJIbI),
a TaIOKe BKJIlOqeHHSI nocropoHHHX <l>aJ, CKOIIJIeHHSI npHMeceH Ha JJ:HCJIOKa-
U:HSIX II JJ:p.
,LI;e<l>eKThI KpIICTaJIJIMqeCKOH C'l'pYKTYPbI Bel.I.{eCTB B03HIIKaIOT }')Ke B rrpo-
IJ;ecce HX KpIICTaJIJIII3aIJ;HII. B3aHMoJJ:eHCTBHe JJ:e<l>eKToB Me)l():l:Y C060H rrpII-
BOJJ:HT K 06paJOBaHIIIO HOBbIX HeCOBepIlleHCTB. HapymeHIIe npaBIDIbHocm
KpIICTaJIJIHqeCKOH peIlleTKH II3MeHSIeT CBOHCTBa MarepIIaJIa.
Bce JJ:e<l>eKThI, BC'l'peqaIOI.I.{HeCSI B TBepJJ:bIX Bel.I.{eCTBax, He SlBJlSlIOTCSI He-
3aBIICIIMbIMII. TIepeMel.I.{aSICb, OHII CTaJIKHBaIOTCSI JJ:Pyr C JJ:pyrOM; JJ:e<l>eKThI
OJJ:Horo TIIna IDIII IIX COBOKyrrHOCTb rrpII onpeJJ:eJIeHHbIX YCJIOBHSlX MOryr
npeBpaTIIThCSI B JJ:e<l>eKTbI JJ:pyroro mna: COBOKyrrHOCTb BaKaHCIIH, HanpII-
Mep, rrepeXOJJ:IIT B JJ:IICJIOKaIJ;IIIO IDIII noPY, a nopa MO)l(eT CTaTb IICTOqHIIKOM
BaKaHCIIH; COBOKyrrHOCTb JJ:IICJIOKaIJ;IIH npeBpal.I.{aeTCSI B 'l'peI.I.{IIHY; COBOKyrr-
HOCTb MHO)l(eCTBa MJIKpOCKOnIIqeCKHX nop - B OJJ:HY MaKpOCKOnHqeCKYIO
noPY.
35
CBOJiCTBa BeIl{eCTB Onpe,nellilIOTCH BM,lI,OM II qHCJIOM ,ne<!>eKTOB, HanpHMep
npII }'BeJIWIeHHH qHCJIa OODeMHbIX .LJ:MCJIOKa HJi paCTeT qHCJIO MeCT CKOITJIe-
HID! nplIMeceJi II CHIDKaeTCSI ITJIaCTWIHOCTb MarepmUIa; ,nHCJIOKa IIOHHbIe
JIHHMH 06JIa,u;a1OT nOBbIIlleHHoJi ,nml><PY3IIOHHOJi npOBO,nHMOCTblO II ,np.
1.3. MeTaJlJIl(qeCKHe CDJIaBbI
1.3.1. 06unte CBe.neHHJI
CMa6b' - MaKpOCKOnIIqeCKH O,nHOpOlIHbIe CIIcreMbI, nOJIyqeHHbIe II3
,nBYX RJIII 60JIee COproB aTOMOB (MOJIeKyrr) MeTaJl.JIOB, HeMeTaJIJIOB, OKCM,lI,OB,
OpraHHqeCKHX BeIl{eCTB II ,np. XHMHqeCKHe 3JIeMeHTbI, 06paJYJOIl{He CITJIaB,
HaJbIBaIOT KOMnOHeHTaMH. B 06Il{eM CJIyqae CITJIaBbI He SlBJUlIOTCSI MexaHII-
qeCKoJi CMeCblO KOMITOHeHTOB.
KrracCH<pIIKa IIIO CnJIaBOB npOBO,WIT:
. no XHMHqeCKOMY COCTaBY;
. no qIICJIY KOMnOHeHTOB - ,nBoJiHbIe, TPoJiHbIe II T.,n.;
. no qIICJIY <PaJ - O,nHo<paJHbIe II MHOro<paJHbIe;
. no cnoco6y nOJIyqeHID! - KpIICTaJIJIII3a IIeJi II3 paCITJIaBa, MeTaJlJIOKe-
paMHqeCKHM cnoco60M, KOH,ll;eHCa HeJi II3 napOB, 3JIeK1]>OOCIDK,neHIIeM H3
pacTBOpOB, ,nII<P<PY3IIOHHbIM HaCblIl{eHIIeM II ,np.
Oc06eHHo BIDKHYJO pOJIb B reXHHKe KaK OCHOBHOJi BM,lI, KOHCTPYKu:HOH-
HbIX MarepIIaJIOB IIrpalOT MemaAllUlteCKUe Cfl./la8bl.
Mema.Jl.llU'leCK'ue CMa6b' - MaKpOCKOnIIqeCKH O,nHOpo,nHbIe CIIcreMbI,
COCTOHIl{He II3,nBYX RJIII 60JIee COproB aTOMOB MeTaJIJIOB (pe)l(e HeMeTaJIJIOB),
B KOTOpbIX ,nOMHHIIPYJOIl{HMH SlBJUlIOTCSI aTOMbI MeTaJIJIa H KOTOpbIe 06JIa,u;a-
lOT MeTaJIJ!HqeCKHMII cBoJiCTBaMH. Tpa,u;H HOHHO OHII KJIaCCII<pII HPYJOTCSI
no XHMHqeCKOM)' COCTIlBY C }'Ka3aHIIeM maBHoro KOMnOHeHTa CITJIaBa (Ha-
npHMep, Me,nb - Me,nHbIe CITJIaBbI, aJIIOMHmrn: - aJIlOMHHHeBbIe CITJIaBbI II
T.n.). BHYTPII KJIaCCOB, onpe,neJIeHHbIX no maBHOM)' KOMnOHeHTY CITJIaBa,
pacnpe,neJIeHHe Ha rpynITbI II no.nrpynnbI qaIl{e Bcero npOH3BO,nHTCSI no xa-
paKTepHbIM oc06eHHocTSlM B CBOJiCTBaX RJIII o6JIacrn npHMeHeHID! ,naHHOro
CITJIaBa RJIII HeCKOJIbKHX CITJIaBOB.
CBOJiCTBa MeTaJIJIHqeCKHX CITJIaBOB MOIyr 6bITh II3MeHeHbI Aezup08aHUeM,
a TIlIOKe MX MexaHHqeCKoJi, repMHqeCKoJi, repMOMeXaHIIqeCKoJi, pa,u;IIa H-
OHHOJi II ,npyrIIMII BM,lI,aMH o6pa6oTKH.
JIezujJ08auue - BBelIeHMe B COCTaB MeTaJIJIMqeCKMX CTIJIaBOB Tal( Ha3bIBaeMbIX
llezupylOU4UX 3IleMenm06 (HarrpMMep, B CTaJIb - Cr, Ni, Mo, W, V M lIP.) .lUHI
rrpH,ltamUI CTIJIaBaM OnpelIeJIeHHbIX q.M3MQeCKMX, XMMHQeCKMX wm MeXaHMqec-
KMX CBOHCTB.
36
1.3.2. XapaKTepUCTUKa a3, 06pa3YIOInUX CnJIaBbI
KOMnOHeHTbI, BXOMII.(IIe B COCTIlB CIIJIaBa, MOryr 06paJoBbIBaTh CJIe,lJ;Y-
IOII.(I1e <paJbI:
. JlCUOKUe pacmeopbl;
. meepoble pacmeopbl;
. XUMUlteCKUe coeOUHeHUJl.
Memll.ll.llUlieCKUe JlCuiJKue pacmeopb' (paC1I.Ilaeb') npe,lJ;CTaBJISIIOT co6oH
:>KH,LJ;KOe, HerOMoreHHoe COCTOSlHIIe MeTaJIJIOB II HX CnJIaBOB, KOTopoe no
60JIbllIIIHCTBY XapaKTepIICrnK (HanpHMep, no 3JIeK'lpOnpOBO,lJ;HOCrn II Ten-
JIOrrpOBO,lJ;HOcrn) 6mu(e K TBep,lJ;OM)' COCTOSlHIIIO. KaqeCTBeHHOe OTJIHqIIe
paClUlaBa COCTOHT B OTCyrcTBIIII B HeM ,lJ;aJIbHero nOpH,LJ;Ka B KpIICTaJIJIHqe-
CKOM CTPOeHIIII.
DOJIbllIHHCTBO MeTaJIJIOB HeorpaHIIqeHHO paCTBOpSllOTCSI ,lJ;pyr B ,lJ;pyre. O,lJ;-
HaKO HeKOTopbIe MeTaJIJIbI, HanpIIMep Me,lJ;b--.CO CBHHQOM, noqrn nOJIHOCTbIO
HepaCTBOpIIMbI B :>KlI,LI;KOM COCTOmIIIII II pa3,lJ;eJISIIOTCSI no IUIOTHOCrn, o6pa-
3YSI ,lJ;Ba :>KlI,LI;KHX HeCMellIIIBaIOI.I.(MXCSI CJIOSI.
T6epiJble pacm60pbl - O.l{HOpO.l{HbIe TBep.l{bIe BeIl{eCTBa, COCTOHIl{Me M3
HeCKOJlbKMX KOMrrOHeHTOB, KOHl.{elITpal.{MM KOTOpbIX MOlYI' 6bITh M3MeHeHbI 6e3
HapyrueHlUI O,ltHOpO.l{HOCTIi. TBep.l{bIe paCTBOpbI 6bIBaIOT KpMCTaJlJIM'IeCKMMM (Me-
TaJIJIMQeCKMe CIIJIaBbI, rrOJIeBbIe llIrraThI) M aMop<t>HbIMM (60JIbllIMHCTBO CTeKOJI).
Memtl.IIAUlleCKUMU meepiJbLMU paCm60paMU HaJbIBaIOT ClUlaBbI, O,lJ;HO<paJ-
HbIe B TBep,lJ;OM COCTOSlHIIII, B KOTOpbIX COOTHOllieHIIe KOMnOHeHTOB MO:>KeT
6bITb nepeMeHHbIM II O,lJ;IIH II3 KOMnOHeHTOB (paCTBOpHTeJIb) coxpaHSIeT
CBOIO KpIICTIUUmqecKYIO pellIeTK}', a aTOMbI ,lJ;pyroro (wm ,lJ;pyrnx) KOMno-
HeHTIl pacnOJIaralOTCSI B pellIeTKe 3TOro KOMIIOHeHTa, II3MeHSISI ee paJMepbI
(nepIIO,lJ;bI pellIeTKH).
MeTaJIJIHqeCKHe rnep,lJ;bIe paCTBOpbI 06PaJYIOTCSI B pe3YJIbTaTe npoHIIKHO-
BeHHSI B KpIICTaJIJIIIqeCKYIO pellIeTK}' OCHOBHoro MeTaJIJIa aTOMOB ,lJ;pyroro Me-
TaJIJIa MIl HeMeTaJIJIa. PaJJIWIalOT meepOble pacmeopbl 3aMezqeHUJl II meepOble
pacmeopbl eHeOpeHUJl (PIIC. 10). BepOSITHOCTh o6paJOBaHHSI TBep,lJ;bIX pacTBO-
poB 3aMelI.(eHHSI MIl BHe,lJ;peHHSI onpe,lJ;eJlSleTCSI paJMepaMH aTOMOB OCHOBHOro
MeTaJIJIa II nplIMeCII. TaK, paCTBOpbI BHe,lJ;peHHSI qalI.(e Bcero o6paJyIOT yrJIe-
po,lJ;, BO,lJ;OpO,lJ;, aJOT, 60p II ,lJ;p., KOHQeHTPaQHSI KOTOpbIX MO:>KeT COCTaBJISlTb
1...2%. TIpII 06paJOBaHHH TBep,lJ;bIX paCTBOpOB 3aMelI.(eHHSI paJMepb aTOMOB
OCHOBHOro MeTaJIJIa II npIIMeCII ,lJ;OJDKHbI OTJIWIaThCSI He 60JIee qeM Ha 15%
(XOpOlliO 3aMelI.(alOTCSI aTOMbI Fe II Cr, Cu II Ni, Ti II V II ,lJ;p.).
TaK KaK 3JIeK'lpOHHoe C'I'pOeHIIe II paJMepbI aTOMOB OCHOBHOro MeTaJIJIa
(pacTBopMTeJISI) II pacTBOpeHHoro KOMnOHeHTIl paJJIWlHbI, TO npII o6paJOBa-
HIDI MeTammqeCKoro TBep,lJ;oro pacTBopa KpIICTaJIJIIIqeCKaSI pellIeTKa BCer,l(a
IICKIDKaeTCSI II nepIIO,lJ;bI ee II3MeHSlIOTCSI. TIPII 06paJOBaHIDI paCTBOpa BHe,lJ;pe-
37
a
OAea
I
QA .a
PRC. 10. KpucmOJ/Jlu'teCKQ.Jl pewemKa
m6epoblx pacm60p06 3a.Mew,eHWl (a)
u 6HeiJpeHUJl (6)
HIDI nepIIo,n: pemeTKH paCTBOpHTeJISI BCer,n:a B03pacTaeT, a IIpII 06Pa30BaHIIII
rnep,n:oro pacTBopa 3aMew:eHIDI - MO)l(eT YBeJIHqHTbCSI IDIII YMeHblIIlITbCSI B
3a.BIICHMOCm OT COOTIlOmeHIDI aTOMHbIX pa.n:I1YCOB paCTBOpHTeJISI II pacTBo-
peHHoro KOMIIOHeHTa.
BOJIbmIIHCTBO MeTaJIJIOB B TOM IDIII IIHOM CTeIIeHII B3aHMHO paCTBOpSl-
IOTCSI ,n:pyr B ,n:pyre B TBep,n:oM COCTOSlHMH. HarrpIIMep, 6e3 II3MeHeHIDI mrra
KpIICTaJIJIHqeCKOM pemeTKH B amoMHHHII MO)l(eT pacTBOp TbCSI,n:O 5,5% Cu,
a B Me,n:H - 39% Zn. ECJIII KOMIIOHeHTbI MOIyr 3aMew:aTb ,n:pyr ,n:pyra B JIIO-
6bIX KOJIHqeCTBeHHbIX COOTIlOllleHHSIX, TO OHII 06Pa3yK>T HerrpepbIBHbIM PM
TBep,n:bIX paCTBOpOB, HMelOW:HX OlIHY II TY )l(e KpIICTaJIJIHqeCK)'IO pemeTK}'.
06p3.30BaHIIe TBep,n:bIX pacTBOpOB Bcer,n:a ConpoBO)l()]:aeTCSI YBeJIHqeHIIeM
3JIeK'l'pHqeCKOrO conpomBJIeHIDI II YMeHbmeHIIeM ero TeMrrepaTYPHoro KO-
34><PHI.{HeHTa. TBep,n:bIe pacTBOpbI 06bIqHO MeHee IIJIaCmqHbI (IICKJIlOqeHIIe
COCTaBJISIIOT TBep,n:bIe paCTBOpbI Ha OCHOBe Me,n:II) II Bcer,n:a 60JIee TBep.ll.bIe II
npoqHbIe, qeM qHCTbIe MeTaJIJIbI. TIPH 3TOM 60JIee 3HaqHTeJIbHO CBOMCTBa
II3MeHSllOTCSI B TBep,n:bIx pacTBopax BHe,n:peHIDI, TaK KaK IICKIDKeHIDI pemeT-
KH rrpII HX 06p3.30BaHIIII 6oJIbme.
B HeKoTOpbIX CIIJIaBax (HarrpHMep, Cu-Au, Fe-AI, Fe-Si II .n:p.), o6pa-
3yK>W:HX rnep,n:bIe paCTBOpbI 3aMew:eHIDI, MO)l(eT npOTeKaTb npou:ecc yrrOPSl-
,n:OqeHIDI B pacrrOJIO)l(eHHII aTOMOB paCTBOpeHHoro KOMrrOHeHTa C coxpaHe-
HIIeM CTPOeHIDI pemeTKH paCTBOpHTeJISI. TIPII rrOBbImeHIIII TeMIIepaTYPbI
CTeneHb yrropH,LJ;OqeHIDI rrOCTeIIeHHO YMeHbmaeTCSI, a BbIme onpe,n:eJIeHHOM
TeMIIepaTYPbI (mOItKa KYPHaKo6a) TBep,n:bIM pacTBOp CTaHOBHTCSI nOJIHOCTblO
HeyrropH,LJ;OqeHHbIM.
TIOJIHOCTbIO ynopJiOOlteHHble meepoble pacmeopbl (c6epxcmpyKmYPbl) 06pa-
3yK>TCSI IIpH TeMrrepaTYpax HH)I(e TOqKH KYPHaKoBa, Kor,n:a OTIlOmeHIIe
KOMrrOHeHTOB B CIIJIaBe paBHO l.{eJIoMY qHCJIY: 1 : 1; 1 : 2; 1 : 3 II ,n:p. B 3TOM
c.rryqae CnJIaBY C yrropH,LJ;OqeHHbIM CTPOeHIIeM MO)I(HO rrpHrrIIcaTb <poPMYJIY
XHMHqeCKoro coe,n:HHeHIDI, HarrplIMep CuAu IDIII Cu 3 Au (PIIC. 11). TaKHM
06P3.30M, yrropH,LJ;OqeHHbIe TBep,n:bIe paCTBOpbI MO)I(HO paCCMaTPIIBaTb KaK
IIpOMe)l(yfOtffibIe <Pa3bI Me TBep.ll.bIMH paCTBOpaMH II XHMWleCKHMH coe.ZJ:H-
HeHHSlMII.
38
0 6
a
..
.Zn oCu. .Au. oCu
.Au. oCu.
he. 11. KpucmOJUlU'teCKue peUlemKU ynopJlOo'teHHbIX m6epObiX pacm60po6:
a - CuZn; 6 - CuAu; 6 - Cu 3 Au
06PaJOB8HIIe CBepXCTPYKTYP COnpoBO)I():I:8eTCSI II3MeHeHIIeM <pH3HqeCKHX
(MeX8HHqeCKHX, 3JIeK'l'pHqeCKHX, M8rHHTHbIX II )];p.) CBOHCTB. T8K, 06bIqHO
B03p8CTaIOT rrpOqHOCTb, TBep)];OCTb, 3JIeKTpOrrpOBO)];HOCTb, K03<P<PHIJ;IIeHT
3JIeK'l'pHQeCKoro COrrpOTIIBJIeHHSI, 8 ITJI8CTIIQHOCTb YXY)];Ill8eTCSI.
B MeTaJIJIOBe)];eHHH npIIHSlTO 0603H8Q8Tb QHCTbIe KOMrrOHeHTbI 60JIbIllII-
MIl 6}'KB8MH JI8TIIHCKOrO aJI<p8BIIT8 - A, B, C II T.)];.; TBep)];bIe p8CTBOpbI -
MaJIbIMI1 6}'KB8MII rpeQeCKOrO aJI<P8BHT8 - a, (3, yIlT.)];., 8 yrroPMOQeHHbIe
TBep)];bIe p8CTBopbI TeMH )l(e 6}'KBaMH co mrpnxoM - a', J3', y' II )];p. TBep)];bIe
pacTBOpbI COCTaBJlSlIOT OCHOBY 60JIbIllIIHCTB8 npOMbIllIJIeHHbIX KOHCTp}'KlUl-
OHHbIX CITJI8BOB H CnJI8BOB CrreIJ;HaJIbHOrO HaJH8QeHHSI.
nOHSlTIIe <<XUMUlfeCKOe coeiJuHeHUe» orrpe)];eJIJleT XHMHQeCKH HH,LJ;HB.If,LI;Y-
aJIbHOe BelI.(eCTBO, B KOTOpOM 8TOMbI O)];HOro (H8npHMep, N 2 H 02) IDIII PaJ-
JIIIQHbIX (CuZn, Mo 2 C) 3JIeMeHTOB COe)];IIHeHbI Me)l():l:Y co6oH TeM IDIII
IIHbIM B.If,LI;OM XHMHQeCKOH CBSl3II. 113BecTHo CBbIIlle 3 MJIH XHMIIQeCKHX
COe)];HHemnt
B MeTaJIJIHQeCKHX CITJI8Bax 3m rroIDITIIe mrn8Tbm8eT TOJIbKO XHMHQeCKHe
COe)];HHeHHSI, 06Pa30B8HHbIe II3 pa3JIMQHbIX KOMrrOHeHTOB CnJI8B8.
XUMUlfecKOe coeiJuHeHue 6 Memtl.tl.llUlfeCKUX CMa6ax - 3TO npOMe)l(YJ'OQ-
HaJI <PaJ8 113 KOMrrOHeHTOB CITJI8B8, HMeIOlI.(aJI cUHeyAJlpnylO moltKY.
CUHZYlUlpHaJI molt'"' - MaKCMM}'M }fa KpMBOM «COCTaB - CBOMCTBO», B KOTO-
pOM nepBaH npoM3BO.lJ;HaH CBOMCTBa no COCTaBY nperepneBaeT pa3pbIB.
XHMWIeCKHe COe)];IIHeHHSI B MeTaJIJIHQeCKHX CITJI8B8X HMelOT PM X8P8K-
TepHbIX oco6eHHOCTeH:
· B COe)];IIHeHHII BCer)];8 coxp8HS1eTCSI npoCToe Kp8THoe COOTHOIlleHlIe
KOMnOHeHTOB no <poPMYJIe AnBm' r)];e A II B - COOTBeTCTByroIlJ;He 3JIeMeH-
ThI, 8 n II m - B38IIMHO rrpOCTbIe QHCJI8;
· KpIICTaJIJIHQeCKaSI peIlleTK8 XHMHQeCKOrO COe)];IIHeHHSI OTJIHQ8eTCSI OT
peIlleTOK KOMIIOHeHTOB, 06PaJyIOlI.(HX 3m COe)];IIHeHHe;
39
. cBOHcTBa COe,n:IIHeHIDI pe3KO OTJIHqalOTCSI OT CBOHCTB o6paJ}'IOmIIX ero
KOMnOHeHTOB;
. TeMnepaTYPa nJIaBJIeHHSI (.n:HCCOQHaQHH) nOCTOmma;
. 06paJOBaHHe XHMHqeCKoro coe,n:HHeHHSI Bcer,n:a conpOBO)I(.lJ:aeTCSI 3Ha-
qHTeJIbHbIM TenJIOBbIM 3<l><l>eKTOM.
XHMHqeCKHe coe,n:HHeHHSI, 06paJ}'IOmIIeCSI B MeTaJIJIHqeCKHX CIIJIaBax II3
PaJJIIIqHbIX KOMnOHeHTOB CIIJIaBa, OTJIHqalOTCSI OT TImHqHbIX XHMIIqecKHX
coe,n:HHeHIIH reM, <{TO He no,n:qIIHSlIOTCSI 3aKOHaM BaJIeHTHOCTII II He IIMelOT
nOCTOSlHHoro COCTaBa, a OT yrroPMOqeHHbIX TBep,n:bIX paCTBOpOB TeM, <{TO
coxpaHSlIOT CBOIO KpIICTaJIJIHqeCK)'IO perueTKY ,n:o TeMnepaTYPbI IIJIaBJIeHHSI.
XHMIIqeCKHe coe,n:IIHeHHSI no 3JIeKl'pOHHOMY CTpoeHIIIO II CBOHCTBaM
paJ,n:eJIJlIOT Ha KJIaCCbI: 3JleKmpOHHbie coeOUHeHUJl, uHmepMemaJlJlUObl, rjJa3bl
6HeOpeHUJl II ,n:p.
311eKmpOHHbie coeiJuHeHUR (::meKTpOHHbIe <»a3bI) qaIl.{e Bcero 06pa3yJOTC
Me:x<;ny OJJ:HOBaJIeHTHbIMI1 (Cu, Ag, Li, Na M JJ:p.) MeTaJIJIaMM MJIM MeTaJIJIaMM ne-
peXOJJ:HbIX rpynnJFe, Mn, Co M JJ:p.) M npoCThIMI1 MeTa1IJIaMM C BaJleHTHOCTbIO OT 2
JJ:O 5 (Be, Mg, Zn, Al M JJ:p.). 31'11 coeJJ:MHeHM o6pa3yIOT C KOMnOHeHTaMM, M3
KOTOpbIX OHM COCTOm, TBepJJ:bIe paCTBOpbI B llIMpOKOM MHTepBaJle KOHuempaIJ.I1M.
3JIeK'rpOHHbIe coeJJ:HHeHM OTJIM'laIOTCH onpeJJ:eJIeHHbIM OTHOIlIeHMeM 'lMCJIa
BaJIeHTHbIX 3JIeK'rpOHOB K 'lHCJIy aTOMOB, T.e. MMelOT KOHKpeTHYIO 3JIeKTpOHHyIO
KOHUeHTpaUMIO, KIDK.ZJ:OM M3 KOTOpbIX COOTBeTCTBYeT CBOM run KpMCTaJIJIM'IeCKOM
pemeTKM. TaK, HanpMMep, Bce XMMM'leCKMe coeJJ:MHeHM C 3JIeKTpOHHOM KOH-
ueHTpaUMeM, paBHOM 3/2 (1,5), MMelOT K}'6M'lecKYIO o6'beMHo-ueHTpMpOBaHHyIO,
CJIO:>KH}'IO Ky6MqeCKYIO WIM reKcaroHaJIbH}'1O pemeTKI1 M 0603HaqalOTCH KaK
(3-coeouHeHUR (CuBe, CuZn, Cu 3 Al, Cu 5 Sn, CoAl, FeAl M JJ:p.). XMMHqecKMe
coeJJ:MHeHIDI C 3JIeKTpOHHOM KOHueHTpaUMeM 21/13 (1,62) HMelOT CJIO:>KHYIO pe-
meTKy M 0603Haqa1OTCH y-rjxl3ou (Cu 5 Zn S ' CuCd 3 , Au 3 Sn M .n:p.), C KOHuempaUI1-
eM 7/ 4 (1,75) - fIJIOTHO ynaKOBaHHyIO reKcaroHaJlbHyIO pemeTKY M o603Ha'laIOTc
e-rjxl3ou (CuZn 3 , Cu 3 Si, Au 3 Sn M JJ:p.). CBOMCTBa 3JIeKTpoHHbIX coeJJ:MHemrn B
3Ha'lHTeJIbHOM CTeneHM 3aBHcm OT ynopHJJ:OqeHHOCTI1 B pacnOJIO}l{eHMM aTOMOB
KOMnOHeHTOB.
HnmepMe1llll.ll/UlObI (HHTepMeTa1IJIM'leCKMe coeJJ:MHeHIDI) - XMMHqeCKMe coel{l1-
HeHIDI MeTaJIJIOB C MeTaJIJIaMM M HeMeTaJIJIaMM (HMTpMJJ:bI, Kap6MJJ:bI, rl1JJ:pMJJ:bI 11
JJ:p.), 06JIa.D:aIOII.{Me MeTaJIJIM'IeCKOM CB 3blO. MHTepMeTaJIJIH'leCKMe COeJJ:MHeHM
o6pa3YIOT nepexoJJ:HbIe MeTaJIJIbI (Fe, Mn, Cr, Mo M JJ:p.) C yrJIepOJJ:OM, a3OTOM,
6opoM M BOJJ:OpOJJ:OM, C 3JIeMeHTaMM, MMelOII.{MMH MaJIbIM aToMHbIM Pa.D:MYC.
t1Ja3w 8HeopeHUR MMelOT XMMH'leCKMe <»OPMYJIbI: M4X (Fe 4 N, Mn4N M .n:p.),
M 2 X (W2C, Mo 2 C, Fe 2 N M JJ:p.), MX (WC, VC, TiC, VN H JJ:p.) M MX 4 (ZrH 4 ).
3To coeJJ:HHeHM runa Kap6MJJ:OB, HI1TPMJJ:OB, 60PMJJ:OB M m.n:PMJJ:OB.
<Da3bI BHeJJ:peHHH HBJIHIOTCH <»a3aMM nepeMeHHoro COCTaBa, T.e. 'laCTb y3JIOB
pemeTKM, KOTopbIe JJ:OJI:>KHbI 6bITb 3aH TbI aTOMaMM O.lUfOrO H3 KOMnOHeHTOB,
MOIyr OKa3aTbC CB060JJ:HbIMM, a B M36bITKe no cpaBHeHMIO co creXMoMeTpM'IeCKMM
COOTHomeHMeM MnXm HMeeTC JJ:pyrOM KOMnOHeHT. Ha 6a3e <»a3 BHeJJ:peHM
40
JIerKO 06pa3yroTCH m8epObte paCm80pbt 8bt'tUmaHWl, Ha3bIBaeMble HHOrJJ;a TBep.lU>IMH
paCTBOpaMH C .ne$eKTHOH pellIeTKOH. PaCTBOpbI BblqHTaHHH 06pa3yK>TcH, Ha-
rrpHMep, B Kap6H)1.ax VC, TiC, ZrC, NbC H .np.
KPHCTIUIJIHqeCKOe CTpoeHHe $a3 BHe.npeHHH orrpe.neJIHeTCH COOTHOllIeHHeM
aTOMHbIX pa.u:HYCOB HeMeTaJIJIa ( ) H MeTaJIJIa (R m ). ATOMbI MeTaJIJIa pacrrOJIO-
)l(eHbI rro THrry O.nHOH 11:3 rrpOCTbIX pellIeTOK (Ky6HqeCKOH HJIH reKcaroHaJIbHOH),
B orrpe.n;eJIeHHble rrYCTOTbI (rropbI) KOTOpOH BHe.npeHbI aTOMbI HeMeTaJIJIa. IIpH
/ Rm 0,59 (HarrpHMep, B Kap6H)1.ax )l(eJIe3a, MapraHua, xpoMa) 06pa3yK>TcH
coe.zumeHHH C 60JIee CJIO}I(HOH pellIeTKoH, KOTOpble HeJIb3H CqHTaTb $a3aMH
BHe.npeHHH.
B $a3ax BHe.npeHHH rrpe06JIa.u:aeT MeTaJIJIHqeCKaJI CBH3b, qTO orrpe.neJIHeT TIl-
KHe CBOHCTBa, KaK BbICOKaJI 3JIeK1'porrpOBO.lJ;HOCTb, rrOJIO}KHTeJIbHbIH K03$$m,rn-
eHT 3JIeK'l'pOCOlIpOTHBJIeHIDI 11: .np. HeKoTopble $a3bI BHe.npeHIDI o6.JIa.u:aIOT CBepx-
rrpoBO.nHMOCTbIO. <1>a3bI BHe.npeHHH qpe3BbIQaHHO TyI'OIIJIaBKH H HMeIOT TBep-
.nOCTb, 6JIH3KYIO K TBep.nOCTH aJIMa3a (HarrpHMep, Kap6H)1.bI H HH1pH)l.bI), QTO
o60HcHHeTcH HaJIHQHeM B 3THX $a3ax 3HaqJ1TeJIbHOH .nOJIH KOBaJIeHTHOH CBH3H.
Kap6H)1.bI H HH1pH)l.bI, OTHOCHll{HeCH K $a3aM BHeJIpeHHH, BO MHOroM orrpe-
.neJIHIOT CBOHCTBa KOppo3HOHHO-CTOHKHX, 11:3HOCOCTOHKHX H )l(aporrpoQHbIX KOH-
C1pYKUHOHHbIX CTaJIeH. Kap6HJ1bI TyI'OIIJIaBKHX MeTaJIJIOB CJIyxaT OCHOBOH rro-
polliKOBbIX TBep.nbIX CIIJIaBOB ,WIH pe)l(}'I.ll:HX HHCTpYMeHTOB.
1.3.3. CrpYKTYPa CnJlaBOB
MeTaJlJIbI II CI1JIaBbI npII O,n;HOM II TOM )l(e XlIMlIqeCKOM COCTaBe MOryr
IIMeTb pa3JIHQH}'lO C1pYKTYPY B 3aBHCHMOCTII OT cnoco60B no.rryqeHMSI, nplI-
MeHSIeMbIX MeTO,n;OB II pe:>KlfMOB repMWIeCKOH H MexaHWIeCKOH o6pa6oTOK H
,n;p. Pa3JIHQaIOT MaKpo- , MUKpO- 11: cy6cmpYKmYPbl MemaJlJl08. MeTO,n;bI KOH1pO-
lliI C1pYKTYPbI MeTIlJUIOB 11: CI1JIaBOB CTaH,D;apm3IIpOBaHbI (fOCT 3443-77,
fOCT 5639-65, fOCT 5640-68, fOCT 8233-56, fOCT 21073.0-75, ...,
21073.4-75).
MaKjJOCmpYKmypa - c1pYKTYPa MaTepHaJIa, BH.LlIIMaSI HeBOOp}')KeHHbIM
fJIa30M RlIlI npII He60JIbllioM yBeJIWIemm (30-40 pm), HarrpMMep C nOMOlI.(b1O
JIyIIbI. J{e<l>eKTbI MaKpOC1pYKTYPbI (XlIMlIQeCKaSI II C1p}'KTYPHaSI HeO,lUmpo,n;-
HOCTb) CBSl3aHbI C COCTaBOM MaTeplIaJIa, a TaIOKe co cnoco60M ero no.rryqe-
HMSI II Bl1.LI:aMlI nOCJIe,n;yIOll{ero B03,n;eHCTBMSI Ha CBOHCTBa. TaK, ,ZJ;IDI TBep,n;bIX
Bell{eCTB HaH60JIee pacnpOC1paHeHHbIMH ,n;e<l>eKTaMH RBJUlIOTCR nopbl (OOneM-
HaSI KOJIlIQeCTBeHHaSI XapaKTepHCTHKa - nopucmocmb) II mpeU4UH08amocmb.
IIOpbl - MeJIKHe HQeHKH B MaTepHaJIe, 3arrOJIHeHHble B03J1YX:0M HJIH }I(HJlKOH
$a30H. IIOPbI 6blBaIOT OTKpbITble 11: 3aKpbITble, MeJIKHe H KpyrrHble H T..n. 01'-
KpbITbIe nopbI co06ll{aIOTCH C OIcPYXaIOll{eH cpe.noH H Moryr C006ll{aTI>CH Me}f<ny
C060H.
IIopucmocmb - OTHOCHTeJIbHbIH o60eM nop B MaTepHaJIe. 01' rropHCTOCTH
MaTepHaJIOB 3aBHcm Cpe.n.IDIH IIJIOTHOCTb, Bo.norrOrJIOll{eHHe, rrpOQHOCTb, TeIIJIO-
rrpOBo.nHOCTb, MOp030CTOHKOCTb H .npyme CBOHCTBa.
41
1jJeU(UH06amocmb - HBJICHHC pa3.l{CJICHHH BeIl{CCTBa HJII1 MaTCpHaJIa TPeIl{Ii-
HaMH pa3JIHqHOH npOTIDKCHHOCTM, <pOpMbI H npOCTpaHCTBeHHOH opHCHTaU;HM.
,[(lISi pa3pbIXlIeHHbIX arperaTOB xapaKTepHbIM ::meMeHTOM MaKpOCTp}'K-
TYPbI RBJISIIOTCR nycmombl (06DeMHasI KOJIMqeCTBeHHaSI xapaKTepHCrnKa -
nycmomHocmb).
IIycmombl - 3TO 3anOJIHCHHOe B03.n:WCOM npoCTPaHcrBo MC}I{.ZJ:y qaCTMuaMM
pa3pbIXJICHHOro HJIH .n:McncpcHoro MaTepMaJIa.
IIycmomHocmb - OTHOllICHMC cyMMapHoro 06'beMa nycroT B pa3pbIXJIeHHOM
MaTepHaJIC KO BCCMY o6DeMY, 3aHHMaCMOMY 3TI1M MaTepMaJIOM.
,[(lISi JrnTbIX MaTeplIaJIOB XapaKTepHbI TaKMe .n:e<l>eKThI MaKpOCTpYKTYPbI,
KaK nplIrap, YCa,rJ;OqHbIe rryCTOThI, ra30BbIe paKOBHHbI (rry3bIpH), }')IGIMHHbI,
'rpell{HHbI, rryCTOTbI; )1)1$1 .n:e<l>opMHpoBaHHbIX MaTeplIaJIOB - paCCJIOeHHe,
BOJIOCOBHHbI, <l>JIOKeHbI, Ha,rJ;pbIBbI, OKaJIHHa; )l)lSI TepMHqeCKM o6pa6OTaH-
HbIX MaTepHaJIOB - 3aKaJIOQHbIe Tpell{HHbI H T.,n:., a B CBapHbIX II3,n:eJIHSlX -
HenpOBap II np.
MaKpOClwnurtecKuii aHatlU3 (MaKpoaHatlU3) 3aKJIIOqaeTCR B onpe,n:eJIeHHH
CTPYKTYPHbIX II XHMlIqeCKHX oco6eHHOCTeH MaKpoCTpyKTYPbI, a TaIOKe .n:e-
<l>eKTOB MareplIaJIa nyreM H3yqeHHSI MaKpoCTpYKTYPbI.
MaKpOCTPYKTYPY MCTaJIJIOB OUCHHBalOT Ha OTllIJIM<pOBaHHbIX M npOTpaBJICH-
HbIX 06pa3uax nyreM cpaBHCHHH C 3TaJIOHOM no llICcrM nOKa3aTeJIHM: UCHTpaJIb-
HOH nopHCTOCTM, JIHKBaIUfH, no.n:KopKOBbIM (B6JIM3H nOBcpXHOCTH) ny:3bIpHM;
MOHOKpHCTaJIJIHqCCKMM TPCIl{HHaM; nOCJIOHHOH KpHCTaJIJIH3aUHH 11 CBCTJIOH
(nOHU3ICeHHOU mpa8/leHHocmu) nOJIOCKC.
MCTO.n: BH3YaJIbHOro (HJIH npH Hc60JIbllIHX YBCJIHqCHHHX) Ha6JIIO.n:CHHH
H3JIOMOB Ha3bIBaIOT tjJpaK11I02ptlfjJueii. Ha H3JIOMaX MaKpocTPYKTYPY OUCHHBaIOT
nyreM cpaBHCHHH C HopMaTHBHbIMH MaKpOCTPYKTypaMH, npHBc.n:CHHbIMH B
fOCT 10243-75, no 25 napaMCTPaM. Onpc.n:CJIeHHC BH.D:a, <pOpMbI H l..{BeTa 113-
JIOMa n03BOJIHeT xapaKTepH30BaTb MHorMC OC06CHHOCTH CTpoCHHH Ii 06pa60TKM
MaTepHaJIa.
lf3yqeHlIe MaKpOCTpyKTYPbI n03BOJUleT ,n:aTh 061..l\Y1O ou:eHI<Y COCTOmIHSI
nOBepXHOCTH nyreM aHaJIH3a rnnHqHbIX I1JIH HaH60JIee BIDKHbIX ee yqaCTKoB
(I1JIH MX MaKpOIIIJIH<I>OB), a TaIOKe no II3JIOMaM BblSlBHTh .n:e<l>eKThI, KOTopbIe
cnOC06CTBOBaJIII pa3pyrneHIIIO MaTeplIaJIa.
MaIq)OaHaJIH3 qaCTO SlBJlSleTCR JIHllIb npe,n:BapHTeJIbHbIM BH,LI:OM HCCJIe,n:o-
BaHHSI .ll1ISI BblSlBJIeHHSI yqaCTKOB nOBepXHOCTII MaTepHaJIa, KOTopbIe .n:OJDKHbI
6bITb no,n:BeprnyTbI 60JIee no,n:po6HOM}' MHKpOCKOnHQeCKOM}' HCCJIe,n:OBaHHIO.
MUXpocmpYKmypa - CTpYKTYPa MaTepHaJIa, Ha6JIIO.n:aeMaSI C nOMOll{bIO
OnrnQeCKoro I1JIII 3JIe.KTpOHHoro MHKpOCKona. OHa MO)l(e1' 6bITh oaHOfjJa3-
Hoii II MHOZOfjJa3HOii.
Cpe.n:II OCHOBHbIX XapaKTepHCTHK MHKpOCTpyKTYP onpe.n:eJUlIOWHMH SlB-
JUlIOTCR:
. .ll1ISI o,n:Ho<l>a3HbIx - pa3MepbI, <l>opMa II OplIeHTaU:HSI KpHCTaJIJIHTOB
(3epeH);
42
. .ll1ISI MHOrQ(paJHbIX - XapaKTepHCTHKM 3epeH KIDK,lJ;OH <pa3bI, rrepeqlIC-
JIeHHbIe BbIwe, a TaIOKe OTHOCHTeJIbHOe KOJIHqeCTBO KIDK,lJ;OH <pa3bI II MX
B3aHMHOe pacrrOJIO)l(eHlIe.
OnmUl1.eClaJR MUK.pOC1WnUR rr03BOJUIeT Ha6mo,n;aTh MHKpOC'lpYKTYPY' Mare-
plIaJIa rrpH 06ll{eM YBeJIHqeHHII ,n;o 2000-3000 pa3, lITO .n:aeT B03MO>KHOCTh
06Hap}')IQITb 3JIeMeHThI MIIIqJOC'lpYKTYPbI pa3MepOM 0,2 MKM II 6oJIee.
OIITII:qecK}'IO MIIKpOCKorrHIO npMMeHSlIOT ,lI)ISI H3yqeHMSI MIIKpOC'lpYKTY-
pbI Ha 06pa3l.(ax MaTeplIaJIOB (MHKpOllIJm<pax) nOCJIe MX Crrel.(IIaJIbHOH XH-
MHqeCKOH, 3JIeKTPOXHMIIqeCKOH IUllf <p1I3IIqeCKOH o6pa6OTKH. H3yqaeMbIe
3JIeMeHThI MHKpOCTPYKTYPbI - BKJIIOqeHMSI, paJMepbI II <popMa 3epeH, MX
BHyrpeHIDIe H BHeWIDIe rpaHHl.(bI, 06'beMHbIe II nOBepXHOCTHbIe ,n;e<peKTbI
KpHCTaJIJIHqeCKOH peweTKH.
IIpHMeH5IeMbIH MeTO,lJ. H3rOTOBJIeHHH MHKpoIIlJIH OB HMeeT pernalOII{ee 3Ha-
qeHHe .ZJ.JIH 3 eKrnBHoro H npaBHJIbHoro MHKpOCKOnHqeCKoro aHaIIH3a. M3ro-
TOBJIeHHe 06pa:3IJ;oB B l.{eJIOM BKJIlOqaeT CJIe,lJ.yIOII{He 3TanbI: BbIpe3Ka 06Pa3l.{OB,
IIIJIH OBKa H nOJIHpOBKa, Cnel.{HaIIbHbIe MeTO,lJ.bI nO,lJ.roTOBKH HCCJIe,lJ.yeMoH no-
BepXHOCTH 06pa3I.{OB.
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43
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44
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46
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47
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TOB Me)K,ll;Y C060H npII KplI TaJIJIII3aU;HH H, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, Ha3bIBaIOTCSI:
· 36meKmUKll mm nepUmeKmUKQ. - npII 06pa30BaHMII B pa3.n;eJIbHOH rrep-
BH1ffiOH KpHCTaJIJIH3aU;HH;
· 36meKmoui) mm nepumeKmoui) - npII 06pa30BaHHH BO BTOPlIqHOH
KpHCTaJIJIII3aU:HH.
3BTeKTHKa, 3BTeKTOH,l];, rrepHTeKTHKa H rrepHTeKTOH,l]; B03HHKalOT rrpH
COOTBeTCTByroIl{HX <l>a30BbIX rrpeBpaIl{eHMSIX.
.'3emeKmUl1.eCKUM npeepaw,eHUe.M B CIUIaBax Ha3bIBaeTCSI TaKOe, npII KOTO-
poM npolIcxo.n;HT O,lUIOBpeMeHHasI IqmCTaJIJIH3a.I..(IDI ,lJ;Byx <l>a3 npII rrOCTOmIHOH
H caMOH HH3KOH ,lJ;IDI .n;aHHOH CIICTeMbI CI1JIaBOB TeMnepa'I)'pe rrepBH1ffiOH
KPIICTa.JIJIM3alUiH, a 3emeKmouiJHoe npeepaw,eHue COOTBeTCTByeT aHaJIOfWIHOMY
rrpou;eccy rrpII BTOPHqHOH KpHCTaJIJIH3aU;HH.
3BTeKTHKa npe.n;CTaBJIReT C060H paBHOMepHO qepe.n;yroIl{HeCSI I1JIaCTIIHKH
CTPYKTYPHbIX KOMTIOHeHTOB, 06pa30BaHHbIX 113 .n;BYX mm 60JIee <l>a3. I1Hor.n;a
<l>a3bI B 3BTeKTIIKe HenpepbIBHO pa3BeTRJIeHbI .n;pyr B .n;pyre. B 3BTeKmKe
, MOryr npHcyrcTBOBaTh TaIOKe o60co6JIeHHbIe KP"CT3JIJIbI TBep,lJ;bIX paCTBOpoB
, mm XHMHqeCKHX coe.n;IIHeHIIH.
CTPYKTYPbI 3BTeKTIIKM H 3BTeKTOH,l];a CXO)lQf, HO 3BTeKTOH,l];bI SlBJlSlIOTCSI
60JIee .n;HcnepCHbIMH CTPyKTYPHbIMH COCTaBJlSlIOIl{HMII, TaK KaK 06Pa3yroTCR
rrpII pacrra,n;e TOOPD:Oro paCTBopa B npou;ecce BTOPlIqHOH KpIICTaJIJIII3aU;HH,
Kor.n;a npou:eCCbI D:H<l><l>Y3IIII rrpOTeKalOT 60JIee Me)l)leHHO.
npII nepUmeKmUl1.eCKOM npeepaw,eHUU B CTIJIaBax, B OTJIWme OT 3BTeKmqe-
CKOro, KpIICT3JIJIH3yroTCSI O,lUIOBpeMeHHO He ,lJ;Be <l>a3bI, a TOJIbKO O,lJ;Ha, o6pa-
3yroImiSicR 3a CqeT paHee BbI.n;eJIHBllIeHCSI TBep.n;oH <l>a3bI II )I(H,lJ;KOH qacm CTIJIa-
Ba onpe.n;eJIeHHoro COC'IaBa. BblSlBJleHHe CTPYKTYPbI nepHreKI'HKH 3aTPY.lUIeHO,
KaK npaBIDIO, TeM, qro rrepHreKTIftIeCKOe npeBpaIl{eHlIe B YCJIOBMSIX OXJI3.)IQ];e-
mm CTIJIaB B TeXHHqeCKI1X MeTaJIJIOB 06bNHO He npOTeKaeT .n;o KOHu;a.
<I>a30BbIe II CTPYKTYPHble rrpeBpaIl{emrn, paCCMO'lpeHHbIe BbIllI , rr Ka-
JIH 3a CqeT ,lJ;H<l><l>Y3HH npII OqeHb Me)l)leHHOM OXJI3.)IQ];eHHH H 3aIamqHlJaJliiCb
06pa30BaHIIeM cTa6IDIbHbIX <l>a3. npH 60JIbllIIIX CKOPOCTRX' OXJI eHMSI
MO>KHO rrO,lJ;aBHTh .n;II<l><l>Y3HOHHbIH rrpouecc (HarrpHMep, pacna,n; TBep.n;Oro
paCTBopa rrpH TeMrrepa'I)'pHOM H3MeHeHHH paCTBOpHMOCTIi KOMTIOHeHTOB).
B 3TOM CJIyqae rrOCJIe OXJI3.)IQ];eHMSI npII HM3KOH TeMrrepa'I)'pe CTIJIaB 6Y,lJ;eT
COCTORTh H3 MeTacm6IDIbHOH npH 3TOH TeMrrepa'I)'pe <l>a3bI.
06pa30BaHlIe MeTacm6IDIbHOH BbICOKOTeMrrepa'I)'pHOH <l>a3bI npH rrepe-
OXJIIDK,lI;eHHII qaIl{e Bcero rrpOlIcxo.n;HT, KaK MapTeHCHTHOe rrpeBpaIIJ;eHHe,
48
nyreM c,n:BHra, T.e. OCyJlI.eCTBnSleTCSI KOOnepaTIIBHOe (C COXpaHeHHeM CBOMX
coce,n:eH) nepeMeIl.{eHHe aTOMOB Ha paCCTOSlHHSI MeHbllIMe, qeM Me)l{aTOM-
HbIe, npH KOrepeHTHOCTH KpIICTannIIqeCKllX peWeTOK HOBOH II HCXO,n:HOH
<l>a3. npH 3TOM KpIICTaJIJIbI MapTeHCIITa HMelOT «POPMY I1JIaCTHH, KaK npa-
BI1JIO, 3aKOHOMepHO OplIeHTlIpOBaHHbIX OTHOCHTenbHO IICXO,n:HOH BbICOKO-
TeMnepaTYPHOH «pa3bI.
1.3.5. )J;HarpaMMLI COCTOHHHH CnJlaBOB
CI1JIaBbI B rro,n:aBJISiIOIl.{eM qIICne c.rryqaeB HaXO)],SlTCSI B MeTaCTa611JIbHOM
COCTOSlHMM, T.e. B TaKOM COCTOSlHHH, Kor,n:a OHH o6na,n;alOT orpaHIIqeHHOH
YCTOHqHBOCTbIO. I1cTHHHoe paBHOBeClIe B npaKTHqeCKllX ycnoBHSlx ,n:OCTIIra-
eTCSI pe,n:KO. COCTOSlHlIe CI1JIaBa 3aBHCIIT OT BHeWHIIX ycnoBIIH (HanpHMep,
OT TeMrrepaTYPbI, ,n:aBJIeHHSI) II XapaKTeplI3yeTcR qHCnOM II KOHQeH'l'paQIIeH
06pa3oBaBWHxcSI «pa3. SI OrrHCaHHSI «pa30BOro COCTaBa CI1JIaBOB B ycnoBH-
SIX, ,n:OCTaTOqHO 6nH3KllX K paBHOBeCHOMY COCTOSlHIIIO, IICnOnb3yIOT iJuaz-
paMMY COCmORHUfl.
j(uazptlMMa COCmOJlHUR (tjJa3060Z0 pa6H06eCUR) CIUla6a - rpa«plIqeCKOe
II306proKeIDIe COOTHOWeHHSI Me)l()J;y rrapaMe'l'paMH COCTORHHSI (TeMrrepaTY-
pOH, ,n:aBJIeHlIeM, COCTaBOM) TepMO,n:IIHa mqeCKll paBHOBeCHOH CHCTeMbI,
-T.e. <l>a30BOro COCTORHHSI JII06oro CI1JIaBa II3yqaeMoH CIICTeMbI KOMrrOHeH-
TOB B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT ero KOHu:eH'l'paU:HII (B rrpou:eHTax rro Macce I1JIH,
pe)l{e, B aTOMHbIX npOQeHTax) H TeMrrepaTYPbI. 06bIqHO rrpHMeHSlIOT rrpoeK-
QIIH ,n:HarpaMMbI COCTORHIISI Ha O,n:HY 113 Koop,n:IIHaTHbIX I1JIOCKOCTeH rrpII
nOCTOSlHHOM 3HaqeHIIH OCTanbHbIX rrapaMeTpOB, HanpHMep Ha I1JIOCKOCTb
TeMrrepaTYPa - COCTaB rrpii rrOCTOSlHHOM ,n:aBJIeHIIII.
j:(HarpaMMa COCTOSlHHSI XapaKTepH3YeT OKOHqaTeJIbHOe I1JIH npe,n:eJIbHOe
COCTomme CI1JIaBOB, T.e. rrOJIyqeHHoe rrOCJIe TOro, KaK Bce rrpeBpaIl.{eHHSI B
HID{ rrpOH30llIJIII' H rrOJIHOCTbIO 3aKOHqI1JIHCb.
j:(HarpaMMbI COCTOSlHHSI CI1JIaBOB rrOJIyqalOT Ha OCHOBaHIIH ,n:aHHbIX 3KC-
rrepHMeHTIUIbHbIX IICCJIe,n:OBaHIIH TepMIIqeCKoro, MHKpOCKOrrIIqeCKoro, peHT-
reHOC'l'pyKTYPHOro, MarHHTHoro H ,n:pyrIIX aHanH30B. OCHOBHbIM, HaII60JIee
rrpOCTbIM H WHpOKO IIcrrOJIb3yeMbIM RBJISIeTCR MeTO,n: TepMHqeCKoro aHanH-
3a. npH TepMHqeCKOM aHanII3e orrpe,n:eJUlIOT TeMnepaTYPY Haqana II KOHQa
3aTBep,n:eBaHHSI CI1JIaBOB B CJIyqae rrepexo,n:a IIX H3 )I(lI,LI:KOro COCTOSlHHSI B
TBep,n:oe, a TaIOKe TeMnepaTYPbI Bcex «pa30BbIX npeBpaIl.{eHHH, rrpOHCXO)],Sl-
Il{MX B CI1JIaBaX B TBep,n:OM COCTORHHH (HarrpMMep, nOJIIIMOP«P 1I3M ). nOJIY-
qeHHbIe Ha KplIBbIX OXJIIDK,L(eHHSI xapaKTepHbIe (KpUmUileCKue) TOqKH, «p IIK -
CIIpyJOI.I.{He HaqanO H KOHeu: roplI30HTanbHbIX (H30TepMHqeCKllX) yqaCTKOB
I1JIII rrepern60B, rrepeHOCRT B Koop,n:HHaTbI «TeMrrepaT)'pa - COCTaB CI1JIaBa»
(pHC. 15).
49
i:!'
O:!
j;::
t s
BpeMR A 20
80 B,%
PRC. 15. IIocmpoeHue OUaZpaMMbl cocmORHWl OJlR C/ly'taJl HeozpaHu'teHHou pacmeopu-
Mocmu KOMnOHeHmoe A u B e meepOoM u JlCUOKOM COCmORHUJlX:
o - KpU6ble OXJIOJICOeHUJI; 6 - OUOZPaMMO cocmOJ/HUJI
<1>a30BbIH aHaJIH3 KpHBbIX OxITa)l()J;eHHSI rrpOBO)UlT, HCrrOJIb3YR npa6U110
rjJa:J ru66ca (3aKOH <Pa3): qHCJIO paBHOBeCHO COCy:IIJ:eCTByJOIl{MX B KaKOH-'
JIH60 CHCTeMe <pa3 He MO)l(eT 6bITb 60JIbWe qHCJIa 06Pa3yJOIl{MX 3TH <Pa3bI
KOMrrOHeHTOB IIJIIOC, KaK rrpaBl1JIO, 2.
3To npaBHJIO CBSl3bIBaeT qHCJIO Cy:IIJ:eCTByJOIl{HX <Pa3 <1>, tfHCJIO KOMTIO-
HeHTOB CIIJIaBa K II tfHCJIO CTerreHeH cBo6o.n:bI C B O.n:HO ypaBHeHHe:
C = K - <1> + 2.
(1)
CmeneHJlMU c60600bl (eapuaHmHocmblO) CIICTeMbI Ha3bIBaIOTCSI TaKHe He-
3aBIICHMbIe rrapaMeTpbI (TeMnepaTYPa, ,ZJ;aBJIeHlIe, KOH[(eH'lpa[(HSI), rrpH H3-
MeHeHHH KOTOpbIX qHCJIO <pa3, HaXO.lUIIl.{IIXCR B paBHOBeCIIII, He MeHSleTCSI.
QH<ppa 2 B ypaBHeHHH (1) o'lpIDKaeT .n:orry:IIJ:eHHe, qTO <pa30Boe COCTOSlHHe
CHCTeMbI orrpe.n:eJUleTCR .n:BywI rrapaMeTpaMM - TeMrrepaTYPOH H .n:aBJIeHlIeM.
MeTaJIJIHtfeCKI1X clIcreM, paccMa'lpHBaeMbIX npH rrOCTORHHOM .n:aBJIeHHH,
paBHOM aTMoc<pepHOMY, 3aKOH <Pa3 3arrIICbIBaeTCSI KaK C = K - <1> + l.
IIpaBl1JIo <pa3 rH66ca rr03BOJUleT orrpe,ZJ;eJIHTb, KaKHe rrapaMe'lpbI CIICTe-
MbI (HarrpHMep, TeMrrepaTYPa II cocTaB) MO.>KHO H3MeHHTb 6e3 H3MeHeHHSl
qHCJIa <pa3, T.e. 6e3BaplIaHTHo (HoHBapHaHTHo) I1JIH C H3MeHeHIIeM (MOHO-
H 6HBap"aHTHo).
IIpII HOHBaplIaHTHOM paBHoBeclIH CIIJIaB H3 ,ZJ;aHHoro qlICJIa <Pa3 MO)l(e'T
cy:IIJ:eCTBOBaTb TOJIbKO rrpH nocTOSlHHOH TeMrrepaTYPe H onpe.n:eJIeHHOM co-
CTaBe Bcex HaXOJ{SlIl{HXCR B paBHoBecHH <pa3. 3To OOHaqaeT, qro rrpeBpaIl{e-
HlIe HaqlIHaeTCSI H 3aKaHqHBaeTCSI rrpH O,ZJ;HOH rrocTORHHOH TeMrrepaTYPe.
TaK, HanpHMep, 3BTeKTHqeCKHe H rrepHTeKTHqeCKHe npeBpaIl{eHHSI, npOTe-
KalOI.l{Me rrpH yqacnfH 'lpex <pa3 rrocTORHHOro cocTaBa, COOTBeTCTByJOT HOH-
BaplIaHTHOMY paBHoBecHIO H rrpOTeKalOT npH rrocTORHHOH TeMrrepaTYPe.
50
j(uaZpaMMbl eOemORHUfl OaHO- U/lU aeYXKOMnOHeHmHblX eUemeM - 3TO
IIJIOCKOCTHoe H306pIDKeHHe, Ha KoropoM KOHKpeTHbIe COCTOHHHSI CHCTeMbl xa-
pmcrepH3YKITCH TaIGIMH reOMeTpHqeCIGIMH 06pa3aMH, KaK TOqIGI H JIHHHH.
J(UaZpaMMbl MHOZOKOMnOHeHmHbLX CUCmeM npeJl.CTaBJIHIOT C060H CJIO)l(HbIH
06neMHbIH reOMe'TpMqeCKHH o6i:>a3. TaK, Jl.MarpaMMa COCTOHHMH 'TpOHHbIX CnJIaBOB
MMeeT BM,!:( 'TpexrpaHHOH npM3MbI, OCHOBaHMeM KOTOpOH CJI}')KMT paBHOCTOpOH-
HMH 'TpeyrOJIbHMK, Ha CTOpOHax KOTOpOro }'Ka3bIBaIOT KOHu;eH'TpaU;MIO KOMnO-
HeHTOB. KOMnOHeHTbI, 06pa3)'1OIl(Me CnJIaB, }'Ka3bIBalOT B BepIIlMHax 1'peyrOJIb-
HMKa, Jl.BOHHbIe CIIJIaBbI - Ha CTOpOHax 1'peyrOJIbHMKa, a 1'pOHHbIe - TOqKaMM
BHYTPM 'TpeyrOJIbHMKa. TIpeBpaIl(eHMH B 1'pOHHbIX CIIJIaBax YJl.o6Hee Ha6JIIOJl.aTb
He no npOC1'paHCTBeHHOH Jl.MarpaMMe COCTOHHMH, a no ee CeqeHMHM (pa3pe3aM).
Ha ,n:HarpaMMe COCTOHHHSI ,n:ByxKOMIIOHeHTHbIX CHCTeM Ha OCH a6CU:HCC
TOqKaMH }'Ka3bIBaIOTCH COCTaBbI CIIJIaBOB, a fia ,n:BYX ocme op,n:HHaT (KIDI<;l(aJI
COOTBeTCTByeT lOO%-HOMY co,n:ep:>KaHHIO o,n:Horo H3 KOMnOHeHTOB) - HX
TeMnepa1Y}Ja. JII06aJ1 TO'lKa Ha ,n:HarpaMMe OlIpe,n:eJISIeT <pa30Bbrn H XHMH-
qeCIGIH COCTaB.b): CIIJIaBa, a TaIOKe ero CTpYKTYPY IIPH ,n:aHHOH TeMlIepa1Y}Je.
Bep'I'HKaJIbHaJI JIHHHSI COOTBeTCTByeT onpe,n:eJIeHHOMY XHMnqeCKOMY COCTaBY.
JIHHHH, coe,n:HHSlIOII.(He KpHTIIqeCIGIe TOqIGI amUlOrnqHbIX npeBpaIl.(eHHH
B CHCTeMe, pa3rpaHHqHBalOT o6JIacTII cyrn:eCTBOBaHHSI paBHOBeCHbIX <p a3 .
HalIpIIMep, JIHHHSI /l.UK6UiJyc H JIHHHSI CO/l.uiJyc - reOMeTpHqeCKHe MeCTa, CO-
OTBeTCTBeHHO, TOqeK Haqarra H OKOHqaHHSI 3aTBep,n:eBaHHSI ,n:BOHHbIX CIIJIaBOB
C pa3JIH'lHbIM to,n:ep:>KaHHeM KOMIIOHeHTOB.
BII,[( ,n:HarpaMMbI COCTOHHHSI ,ZJ;BOHHOH CHCTeMbI OlIpe,n:eJISIeTCH B3aHMO-
,n:eHCTBHeM ee KOMIIOHeHTOB B :>KH,L(KOM H TBep,n:OM COCTOHHHSIX (o6pa30BaHM-
eM :>KH,L(KHX H TBep,n:bIX paCTBOpOB, XHMnqeCKHX coe,ZJ;HHeHHH H IIpOMe:>K}'TOq-
HbIX <pa3), a TaIOKe Harr eM IIOJIHMOp<pHbIX IIpeBpaIl.(eHIIH KOMIIOHeHTOB.
)J;HarpaMMbI COCTOHHHH MHorHX ,n:BOHHbIX (6HHapHbIX) CTIJIaBOB HMelOT
CJIO>KHbrn BII,[(, TaK KaK B CIIJIaBax MOryI' npOHcxo,n:HTh IIOJIHMOP<PHbIe IIpe-
BPaw:eHHSI o,n:Horo mIll 060HX KOMIIOHeHTOB. TaIGIe npeBpaIl.(eHHSI npOHcxo-
)UIT BO MHOI'HX npOMbIlllJIeHHbIX CIIJIaBax, HalIpIIMep CIIJIaBax :>KeJIe3a, TIITaHa
H ,n:p. Ho B 60JIbllIHHCTBe CJIyqaeB 3TII ,n:HarpaMMbI MOryI' paccMaTpHBaThCSI
KaK cocTOSlII.(He H3 HeCKOJIbKHX ,n:HarpaMM COCTOHHHSI IIpoCTeHIlIHX TIIIIOB.
)J;HarpaMMbI COCTOHHHH lIepBOrO THlIa OTHOCSITCH K CIIJIaBaM, KOMIIO-
HeHThI KOTOpbIX A H B HeOrpaHHqeHHO paCTBOpHIOTCH O,ZJ;HH B ,ZJ;pyrOM B
>KH.D:KOM COCTOHHHH H He paCTBOpmoTCH B TBep,n:OM (pHC. 16, a). BbllIIe JIH-
HHH aeb CIIJIaB HaxO,n:IITCH B :>KH,L(KOM COCTOHHHH. ITpH OXJIa:>K,LJ;eHHH CIIJIaBa
HII)I(e JIHHHH ae (JIHHHH JIHKB:u.nyC) HaqHHaeTCH Kp CTaJIJIH3a HSI KOMIIO-
HeHTa A H B o6JIacTII aed HaxO,IUITCH :>KH,L(KHH CIIJIaB H KpHCTaJIJIbI KOMIIO-
HeHTa A. C IIOHIDKeHHeM TeMlIepa1Y}JbI YBeJIH'lHBaeTCH co,n:ep:>KaHHe KpHC-
TIlJIJIOB A H, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, }'MeHbllIaeTCH co,n:ep:>KaHHe KOMnOHeHTa A B
:>KH,L(KOM CIIJIaBe. ITpH TeMlIepa1Y}Je, COOTBeTCTB}'K>II.(eH JIHHHH de (JIHHHH
COJI:u.nyc), co,n:ep:>KaHHe KOMIIOHeHTOB B OCTaBllIeMCH :>KH,L(KOM CIIJIaBe ,n:OCTII-
51
t
a
t
i
6
a
>K
a
>K
B,%
A+3 8+3
0 B,% 100 0 B,% 100
2
t
>1<+8
o
PRC. 16. J(uaepa.M.MbI COCmOJlHUJl o8yxJCoMnoHeHmHbIX cucmeM:
a - C o6pa308aHueM 38meKmU1(U; 6 - 06p03YIOU(ue Henpepbl8HblU pRO 3ICUOKUX U m8epobIX
pacm80p08; 8, e - coom8emcm8eHHO, C 36meICmU'teCKUM U nepumeICmU'tecKUM npe8paU(eHUR.MU U
ozpaHU'teHHOU pacm80pUMocmbIO KOMnOHeHm08 8 m8epOoM cocmoRHUU; 0 - C1l/la808 c 06p03o-
8aHueM XUMU'teCKozo coeOUHeHUR 6e3 npe8paU(eHUU' 8 m8epOOM cocmORHUU ()J( - 3ICUOKUU
C1l/la8; :!) - 36meKmUKa; A",B" - XUMU'tecKoe coeouHeHue; A U B - KpucmOllllbl, coom8em-
cm8eHHO, KOMnoHeHmo8 A U B; a - m8epoblii pacm80p KOMnoHeHma B 8 KOMnOHelt1ne A; b -
m8epObiu pacm80p KOMnOHeHma A 8 KOMnOHe1tme B)
raeT 3HaqeHHH, COOTBeTCTBYIDI.U:HX TOqKe C, H npOHCXO,nHT 3aTBep,neBaHHe
)l(H):{KOrO CrmaBa. ITpH 3TOM 06pa3yeTCJI MexaHH'IecKaSl CMeCb H3 MeJII<HX,
paBHOMepHO pacnpe,neJIeHHbIX KpHCTa1IJIOB A H B, Ha3bIBaeMaSI 3BTeKTHKoit
ITPH nepBOHaqarrbHOH KOHI(eH'lpaI(HH KOMnOHeHTOB B )l(H):{KOM crmaBe, co-
OTBeTCTBYIDI.U:eH 3BTeK'fHTieCKOH TOqKe c, npOHcxo,nHT Cpa3Y nepexo,n X<Jf.LI:-
KOro crmaBa B 3BTeKTHK}'. KpHCTa1IJIH3aI(HSI HIDKe JIHHHH cb (JIHHHH JIHKBH-
,nyc) HaqHHaeTCJI BHaqarre C KOMlIOHeHTa B, a 3aTeM npH OXJIaxQ:(eHHH ,no
TeMnepa'I)'p JIHHHH ce (JIHHHH COJI c) TaIOKe 06Pa3YeTCJI 3BTeIcrHKa. HIDKe
JIHHHH dce (JIHHHH COJIH.nYc) crmaBbI HaxOMTCJI B TBep,nOM COCTOSIHHH.
MHKPOCTPYKTypbI crmaBOB C nepBbIM THnOM ,nHarpaMMLI COCTOJlHHSI
nOCJIe paBHoBecHoH KpHCTa1IJIH3au;HH COOTBeTCTBYIDT:
· npH KOHI(eH'lpan:HH KOMnoHeHTOB, COOTBeTCTBYIDI.U:eit 3BTeKTIflleCKOH
TOqKe c, - COBOK}'IIHOCTII 3epeH, 06pa30BaHHbIX 3BTeKTHKOit ,nBYX «l>a3 B
COOTBeTCTBHH C pHC. 13, a;
52
. rrpH OTKJIOHeHHH KOHl.{elITpaU:HH KOMrrOHeHTOB BrrpaBO IDIII BJIeBO OT
KOHl.{eH1pal.{HH, COOTBeTCTB}'IOm:eH 3BTeKTWIecKOH TOqKe C, - COBOKYIIHOCTH
3epeH 3BTeKTHKM H 3epeH COOTBeTCTB}'IOm:ero H36bITOqHOrO KOMrrOHeHTa
(COOTBeTCTBeHHO, BrrpaBO - A, a BJIeBO - B).
)J;HarpaMMbI COCTOJIHIDI BToporo THrra xapaKTepHbI ,lLJISi crmaBOB, KOMno-
HeHTbI KaropbIX HeorpaHHqeHHO paCTBOpJlIOTCSI OLtHH B ,ZJ;pyrOM H B )I(H):I:-
KOM, H B TBep,ZJ;OM COCTOmIHH (pHC. 16, 6). Oc06eHHocTh crmaBOB C TaKOH
LtMarpaMMoH COCTOJIHIDI - OTcyrCTBHe 3BTeKTIIKM.
CrmaBbI paccMa1pHBaeMOH CHCTeMbI rrocne paBHoBecHoH KpHCTaJIJIH3a-
l.{HH rrpeLtCTaBJISlIOT C060H COBOKYIIHOCTh 3epeH TBepLtoro paCTBopa, H MHKpO-
C1pYKTYPa B rrpHHl.{Hrre HHqeM He OTJIIIqaeTCJI OT MHKpOC1pYKTYPbI qHCTOro
MeTaJIJIa (CM. pHC. 12).
)J;HarpaMMbI COCTOHHMSI 1peThero TIIrra OTHOCSlTCJI K crmaBaM, KOMrrOHeH-
ThI KaropblX HeorpaHHqeHHO paCTBopHMbI B )l(H):l:KOM COCTOJlHHH H orpa-
HWIeHHO - B TBep,ZJ;OM. TaKOH THrr paCTBOpHMOCTH HaH60nee qaCTO BC1peqa-
eTCSI B MeTIUInHqeCKMX crmaBax. ITpH 06pa3oBaHHH orpaHHqeHHblX TBep,ZJ;blX
paCTBOpOB pa3JIHqalOT ,ZJ;Ba TIIrra LtHarpaMM COCTOJIHIDI: C 3BTeKTIIqeCKMM H
rreplITeKTHqeCKMM rrpeBpam:eHIDIMH.
Ha LtHarpaMMe COCTOJIHIDI 1peTbero THrra C 3BTeKTIIQeCKMM rrpeBpam:e-
HHeM (pHC. 16,6) HIDKe nHHHH ad 06pa3yeTcJI TBep,ZJ;bIH pacTBop (B B A),
COOTBeTCTBeHHO, HIDKe nHHHH be - TBep,ZJ;bIH pacTBop (A B B). MaKCIIMaJIb-
HaJI paCTBOpHMOCTh KOMrrOHeHTa B B KOMrrOHeHTe A B TBep,ZJ;OM COCTOJlHHH
COOTBeTCTByeT 01pe3KY zd. JIHHIDI adceb - nHHIDI conH,LJ;Yc. B TOQKe c o6pa-
3yeTCJI 3BTeKTIIKa. C rrOHIDKeHHeM TeMrrepaTYPbI HII)Ke nHHHH conH,LJ;Yc pa-
CTBOpHMOCTh KOMnOHeHTa B B KOMrrOHeHTe A }'MeHbllIaeTcH B COOTBeT-
CTBHH C nHHHeH df, rr03TOMY H3 TBepLtoro pacTBopa BbIlIa,n;aeT KOMrrOHeHT B
B BH,LJ;e BTOpHtffiOro TBepLtOrO pacTBopa J3 BT KOMrrOHeHTa B B KOMIIOHeHTe A.
COOTBeTCTBeHHo, HIDKe nHHlfiI eq BbIlIa,n;aeT BTOPHqHbIH TBePLtbIH pacTBop -
a. BT . Ib6bITOQHaSI J3-<l>a3a qam:e Bcero rrpeLtCTaBnJleT C060H XHMHqeCKOe
coe,ZJ;HHeHHe. XapaKTep B03MO>KHbIX MHKpOC1pYKTYP crmaBOB nocne rronHoH
KpHcTIUInH3aU:HH MO)KeT COOTBeTCTBOBaTh pHC. 13.
)J;HarpaMMa COCTOSIHIDI crmaBOB C rrepHTeKTIIKOH rrpHBe,ZJ;eHa Ha pHC. 16, Z.
JIHHIDI acb Ha LtHarpaMMe COOTBeTCTBYeT nHHHH nHKBH,LJ;YC, a nHHIDI adeb -
nHHHH conH,LJ;Yc. TOQKa d XapaKTepH3yeT MaKCHMaJIbH}'IO paCTBOpHMOCTh
KOMrrOHeHTa B B A, a TOQKa e - rrpeLtenbH}'IO paCTBOplIMOCTh A B B. JIH-
HIDI cde Ha3blBaeTCJI nHHHeH rrepHTeKTIIqeCKoro npeBpam:eHIDI.
C1pYKTYPa crmaBOB C rrepHTeKTWIeCKMM rrpeBpam:eHHeM, COCTaB KOTO-
pbIX ne:>KHT B HHTepBaJIe de, rrocne OKOHQaHIDI npol.{ecca KpHCTaJInH3aU: HH
COCTOHT H3 rreplITeKTIIKM, 06pa3oBaHHoH XOpOIliO pa3BHThIMH KpHCTaJIJIaMH
TBep,ZJ;blX paCTBOpOB a. H J3. KPHCTaJIJIH3al.{IDI crmaBOB, COCTaB KOTOpbIX co-
OTBeTCTByeT nHHHH cd, HaQHHaeTCJI C Bbl,L(eneHIDI KpHCTaJIJIOB J3-TBepLtOrO
paCTBopa. ITocne rrepHTeKTWIecKoro rrpeBpam:eHIDI B 3TIIX crmaBaX H3 H3-
6bITOqHOH )KH,LJ;KOH <l>a3bI KpHCTaJInH3yeTcJI a.-TBepLtbIH paCTBOp, H nocne
53
t
a
a
t
I
B,%
B,%
Pac. 17. )J,uaepaMMa cocmORHUR CnJ/a606 c OepaHU'ieHHOU pacm8opUMocmblO KOMflO-
HeHmo6 6 m6epooM cocmoRHUU:
a - pa3060J1; 6 - cmpYK.mypHOJI. dc'e'd lJ - KOHoiJa
3aTBep.n;eBaHMSI crmaBbI COCTOSIT TOJIbKO H3 KpHCTIUIJIOB a-TBep.n;oro paCTBO-
pa. B crmaBax, COCTaB KOTOpbIX JIeaee TOqKM c, KpHCTaJIJIH3aIJ:IDI rrpOHCxo-
,n:HT TOJIbKO 3a CqeT KpHCTaJIJIOB a-TBep.n;oro paCTBOpa. ,lLJrn 3TIIX CIIJIaBOB
C1pYKTYPHbIH H <pa30BbIH COCTaBbI cOBrra,n:aIOT.
,D;HarpaMMa COCTOJIHIDI .n;BOHHbIX CHCTeM YCJImKHSleTCSI, eCJIH rrpH orrpe-
,n:eJIeHHOM COOTHOmeHHH KOMnOHeHTOB A H B 06pa3yeTCJI XHMHqecKoe co-
e.n;HHeHHe (pHC. 16, a). llOJIyqaIOTcJI KaK 6bI ,n:ae ,n:HarpaMMbI, coe.n;HHeHHbIe
rro JIHHHH mn, COOTBeTCTByIOI.U:eH COCTaBY XHMHqeCKOrO coe,n:HHeHIDI. JIe-
BbIH <pparMeHT - 3TO ,n:HarpaMMa COCTOJIHIDI .n;ByxKOMrrOHeHTHbIX crmaBOB,
COCTOJlI.U:HX H3 ::meMeHTa A H XHMHqeCKOrO coe,n:HHeHIDI A",Bn' a rrpaBbIH -
H3 3JIeMeHTa B H XHMHqeCKoro coe.zumeHIDI AmBn' AmI KIDK.LJ:Oro H3 <ppar-
MeHTOB YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCJI C06CTBeHHbIH TIIrr .n;HarpaMMbI COCTOJIHIDI. B .n;aH-
HOM cJIyqae 06a <pparMeHTa OTHOCSlTCJI K .ZJ;HarpaMMaM rrepBoro TIIrra.
,D;HarpaMMbI COCTOJIHIDI rrepBoro H 1peThero TIIrrOB no crroc06y npe.n;-
CTaBJIeHIDI KOMrrOHeHTOB MOryr 6bITh fjJa306bLMU H cmpYKmypHbLMU (pHC. 17).
BepmKaJIbHbIe nrrpHXOBbIe JIHHHM B 3TOM CJIyqae, KaK rrpaBHJIO, rrpOBO)UIT
.ZJ;mI Bbl,l(eJIeHIDI 06JIaCTeH, HMelOIIJ;HX pa3Hblli C1pYKTYPHbIH COCTaB.
<1>a30BbIH COCTaB CIIJIaBOB B JII060H 06JIacTII .n;HarpaMMbI COCTOmIIDI JIer-
KO orrpe,n:eJIHTh C rrOMOIIJ;blO KOHOiJbl - ropH30HTIUIbHOro mpe3Ka, KOHIJ:bI
KOTOPOro orpaHHqeHbI paBHOBeCHbIMH cocyu.J;eCTByIOI.U:HMH <pa3aMH H co-
,n:ep:>KaHHeM B HMX KOMrrOHeHTOB (pHC. 17, a, JIHHIDI a'c!e'db'), HCrrOJIb3YSI
npa6UAO ompe3K06. ComaCHO 3TOM}' rrpaBHJIY .n;JUI orrpe.n;eJIeHIDI MaCCOBOI'O
IIJIH 06'beMHOrO KOJIHqeCTBa <pa3bI He06xo.n;HMO BbNHCJIHTb OTHOllIeHHe
,Z:(JIHHbI 01pe3Ka KOHO.n;bI, rrpHJIeraIOIIJ;ero K COCTaBY aJIbTepHaTIIBHOH <Pa3bI,
K ,Z:(JIHHe BceH KOHO,n:bI.
IfcrroJIb3YJI COOTBeTCTByIOWHe KOHO,n:bI Ha JIHHIDIX JIHKBI1.lO'C H COJIH,L(YC,
MO:>KHO onpe,n:eJIHTh co,n:ep:>KaHIDI K0MI10HeHTOB H B )l(H,L(KOH ,<pa3e, H B TBep-
.n;bIX KpHCTaJIJIH3yIOIIJ;MXCSI <pa3aX JII060ro COCTaBa.
54
i r
a 6' 8
tIt II
t m
t
e
t
I n
z
m
iJ
)f{
)f{
Sn )f{
1 l' __
1
-
c -
n ,
F 200 0
22' --
,
'C
t' 3(Sn+Zn) t' Sn Zn,%(no Macce) Zn
t'
PIle. 18. J!uaepaMMa CocmORHUfl C1lJla606 cucmeMbl Sn - Zn (e) u KpU6ble OXlla;JICOeHUfl:
a - 100% Sn; 6 - 4% Zn + 96% Sn; 6 - 9% Zn + 91% Sn; 0 - 60% Zn + 40% Sn;
e - 100% Zn. YCJl06Hble 0603Ha'teHUJI ljJ03: )J( - :HCuo1Cuii pacm60p; :3 (Zn + Sn) - 36meKmU1Ca;
C - 'tUCJlO cmeneHeu c606o0bl om! pa3JlU'tHblX y'tacm1C06 1CpU6blX OX/la:NCOeHUJI
CrpYKTYPHbIH COCTaB crmaBa onpe.n:eJlSleTCJI TaIOKe C nOMOIIJ:blO KOHO,l(bI,
o.n:HaKO ee KOHl(bI .n:OJDKHbI 6bITb orpaHHqeHbI JIHHMSlMH COOTBeTCTB}'K>ll.{HX
C1pYKTYPHbIX COCTaBJlSlIOIIJ:HX (pHC. 17, 6, JIHHMSI a' c! e' d h' ).
KOHKpeTHbIH rrpHMep rrOC1poeHMSI .n:HarpaMMbI COCTOJlHMSI .lI:1ISI CHCTeMbI
«OJIOBO -l(HHK» C aHaJIH30M ee <Pa30BOro H C1pYKTYPHorO COCTaBOB rrpe.n:-
CTaBJIeH Ha pHC. 18. KOMrrOHeHTbI .n:aHHoH CHCTeMbI HeorpaHHqeHHO paCTBO-
pHMbI .n:pyr B .n:pyre B )I(H.lJ:KOM COCTOmmH, a B TBep.n:OM - HepaCTBOpHMbI II
06Pa3}'K>T JIerKormaBK}'IO 3BTeKTHKY.
CJIe.n:yeT OTMernTb, qTO Bce orrHcaHHbIe H3MeHeHHSI <pa30BOrO H C1pYK-
TYPHOro COCTaBOB, rrpOHCXO.l!:Slll.{He rrpH OXJIIDK.LJ:eHHH crmaBOB, o6parnMbI,
T.e. OHH B 06paTHOM rrOPMKe coooprnaIOTCJI TaIOKe H rrpH Harpeoo crmaBOB.
TaKHM 06Pa30M, rrpOBo.n:HTb aHaJIH3 <Pa30Boro I1JIII c1pYKTYPHoro COCTOJlHHH
crmaBOB MO}I(HO H rro KpHBbIM OXJIIDK.LJ:eHMSI, II rro KpHBbIM HarpeBaHMSI.
TIo .n:HarpaMMe COCTOJlHHSI KOHKpeTHoro crmaBa MO)l(HO orrpe.n:eJIHTb
TeMrrepaTYPbI KpHCTaJIJIH3aU:HH H rrpeBpaIIJ:eHHH B TBep.n:OM COCTOJlHHH H
C1pYKTYPbI crmaBOB rrpH JII060M 3a,n:aHHoM TeMrrepaTYPe. TIOJIyqaeMaSI HH-
<popMau:MSI rr03BOJISIeT rrpHMepHO Ol(eHHTb MexaHHqecKHe, <pH3HqeCKHe H
XHMHqecKHe CBOHCTBa crmaBa H rrpaBl1JIbHO rro.n:06paTb pe)J(HMbI TepMHqec-
KOH o6pa6oTKH, o6pa6oTKH .n:aBJIeHHeM, CBapKH H .n:p. II B KOHeqHOM CqeTe
paIJ;IIOHaJIbHO BbI6paTb MarepHaJI )J)ISI Tex I1JIH HHbIX H3.n.eJIHH B 3aBHCHMOCTH
OT npe.n:'bSlBJISIeMbIX K HHM 1pe60BaHHM.
Bee BOOpaCTaIOI.IJ;ee HCIIOJIb30BaHHe B TeXllliKe aMop<lJHbIX CIUIaBOB, o6mw.aIO-
Il{HX }'HHKaJIbHbIM KOMIIJIeKCOM CBOlfcTB, CTaBHT 3a.n.aQy IIOC1'poeHHH Mema-
55
Cma6U/lbHbIX OUaZpaMM COCmORHUfl C onpe.n;eJIeHl1eM 06JIaCreM aMOpcpM3 MM npM
3a.n;aHHbIX CKOpoCTIDC. OXJIIDI<;1J.eHMH paCIUIaBa. TaKMe .n;MarpaMMbI Heo6xo.n;MMbI MH
YCTaHOBJIeHMH COCTaBOB CIUIaBOB nOBbIllIeHHOM cTa6MJIbHOCTM. XOTH cpa30BbIM CO-
CTaB aMOpcpHbIX crmaBOB He CBH3aH C .n;MarpaMMOM COCTOHHMH, OHa HeceT BIDKHyK>
MH4><>PMaUMIO 0 cnoc06HOCTM crmaBa .n;aHHoro COCTaBa K aMoP<l>M3a 1 u m .
1.4. nOJIHMepHble Be eCTBa
1.4.1. CocTaB, cTpoeuHe H cTpyKTYPa nOJIHMepUbIX Be eCTB
CrpoeHHe rrOJIHMepHbIX BeIIJ:eCTB orrpe.n:ellilIOT MOfleKYflbl.
MO.lleKY.IUl - HaHMeHbllIaSI qacrnu:a BeIIJ:ecTBa, 06JIa,n:moIIJ:aSI ero OCHOB-
HbIMH XHMHqeCKMMH CBOMCTBaMH H COCTOSlIIJ:aSI H3 aTOMOB, coe.n:HHeHHbIX
Me:>IQ:J;Y C060M XHMHqeCKHMH CBSl3HMH. qHCJIO aTOMOB B MOJIeKYJIax COCTaB-
JISieT OT .n:BYX: (H 2 , 02' HF, KCI) .n:o COTeH H ThICHq.
ATOMbI B MOJIeKYJIe CBH3aHbI Me:>IQ:J;Y Co6oM B orrpe.n:eJIeHHOM rrOCJIe.n:OBa-
TeJIbHOCrn H orrpe.n:eJIeHHbIM 06pa30M pacrrOJIojJ(eHbI B rrpOC1paHCTBe. Pac-
rrOJIO)l(eHHe aTOMOB B MOJIeKYJIe BCer.n:a 06JIa,n:aeT KOHKpeTHOM CHMMe1pHeM.
HaH60JIee 06IIJ:He xapaKTepHCrnKH MOJIeKYJIbI - MOJIeKYlliIpHaSI Macca, CO-
CTaB H C1pYKTYPHaSI <popM}'JIa, YKa3bIBaIOIIJ:aSI rrOCJIe.n:omlTeJIbHOCTh XHMM-
qeCKMX CBSl3eM.
MOJIeKYJIa rrOJIHMepHOro BeIIJ:eCTBa, COCTOSlIIJ:aSI H3 ThICSlq H 60JIee rro-
BTOpHIOIIJ:HXCH e.n:HHHIJ; (o.n:HHaKOBbIX mm 6JIH3KHX rro C1poeHHIO rpyrrrr aTO-
MOB), Ha3blBaeTCH MtlKpOMO.IleKJ'.IIOii, H ee XHMHqecKoe C1poeHHe rrpaKrnqeC-
KM COOTBeTcTByeT XHMHqeCKOMY C1poeHHIO C1pYKTYPHOM e.n:HHHU:bI. 3JIe-
MeHTaMH MaKpOMOJIeK)'JIbI HBJISIIOTCSI OCH06Hllfl l{enb, cocma6Hoe 36eHO H 60-
K06ble zpynnbl (pHC. 19).
no.n; OCH06HOii u,enblO nOJII1Mepa nOHI1MaIOT TaK)'IO nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHOCTb XM-
MMqeCKM CBH3aHHbIX aTOMOB, KOTopaH MMeeT MMHY, 3HaQlITeJIbHO npeoocxo.n;H-
Il{YJO MMHY 60KOBbIX rpynn.
Cocma6Hoe 36eHO - BbI,l(eJIHeMasI rpynna aTOMOB, C nOMornblO KOTOpoM MO)l(-
HO onMCblBaTb C'l'poeHMe BceM uenM MaKpOMOJIeKYJIbl. ECJIM QMCJIO COCTaBHbIX
3BeHbeB B MOJIeKYJIe nOJIMMepa, HanpMMep nOJIM3TMJIeHa, .n;OBecrn .n;o 20, TO no-
JIy<iIITCH ryCTasI JKI1.lI.KOCTb, a eCJIM .n;o 1500-2000, TO 06pa3yIOTCH TBep.n;blM, HO
3JIaCrnQHbiM MaTepMaJI. ECJIM B MOJIeKYJIe nO.JlliMepa 6y.n;eT 20000-30000 co-
CTaBHblX 3BeHbeB, TO nOJIM3TMJIeH npeBpaII.{aeTCH B TBep.n;oe BerneCTBO B CTeK-
JI006pa3HOM COCTOHHMM.
IiOK06bLMU zpynnaMU (paoUl<:a/laMu) HBJIHlOTCH aTOMbl (Bo.n;opo.n;a, raJIOreHOB),
rpynnbI aTOMOB (OH, -CN, -C 6 H s 11 .n;p.), 0'l'pe3KM nOJIMMepHbIX MOJIeKYJI pa3-
HOM MMHbl. bOKoBble rpynnbl B.lI:OJIb OCHOBHOM uenM MOryT paCnOJIaraTbCH
6ecnOpH.LJ:OQHO MJIM MMeTb ynopH.LJ:OQeHHyro paCCTaHOBKY. IIo/luMepbl C ynOpH-
.n;OQeHHOM paCCTaHOBKOM 6oKOBbIX rpynn Ha3blBalOTCH peZY/lJI.pHblMU.
IIo.llUMep - BeIIJ:eCTBO, xapaKTepH3}'1OIIJ:eeCH MHorOKpaTHbIM rrOBTOpe-
HHeM o.n:HorO HJIH 60JIee COCTaBHbIX 3BeHbeB, coe.n:HHeHHbIX Me:>IQ:J;Y C060M
56
( r- - -., r _ _ _ :l 0 j CHOBHaSl u.enb
H CH 3 IH CH H CH 3 H I H H, CH 3 H H
n. - J ---fb- -t-t-Lt-t+-t-t-t----
I I 'I I' I I I I I II I J. I
H H L IH H H H H L.: ICH3 H! IHl rCH H
,..... __..... L
CocraBHoe 3BeHO/ bOKoeaSl rpynna
he. 19. CxeMa CmpOellUfl /lUllell1l0U MaKpOMO/leKY/lbt nO/lUMepa
B KOJmqeCTBe, ,l(OCTaTOqHOM ,l(JUI npmlBJIeHIDI KOMruIeKca CBOHCTB, KOTO-
pbIH OCTaeTCSI npaKTHqeCKlf HeH3MeHHbIM npH )I06aBJIeHHH IDIH Y)IaJIeHIIH
O)IHOrO IDIH HeCKOJIbKlfX COCTaBHbIX 3BeHbeB.
no XHMHqeCKoMY COCTaBY OCHOBHOH u;enH nOJIHMepHbIe BemeCTBa nO)I-
pa3,l(eJISlIOTCSI Ha opzallUlteCKUe, 3JleMeHmOOpZaHUlteCKUe H HeOpZaHUlteCKue.
B OpraHHqeCKlfX nOJIHMepHbIX BemeCTBax - Kap6ou,enHblX nOJlUMepaX
(HanpHMep, Kayqy:Kax) - OCHOBHaSI u:enb 06pa3oBaHa B OCHOBHOM yrJIe- '
PO,l(HbIMH aTOMaMII, HO HapHJIY C yrJIepO)IOM B HHX MOryT npHcyrcTBOBaTh
aTOMbI KlfCJIOpOJ];a, <pocq,opa, q,TOpa, XJIopa H CepbI. ATOMbI KHCJIOpOJ];a
cnoc06cTBYI<>T nOBbImeHHIO rH6Kocrn u:enH, aTOMbI q,ocq,opa H XJIopa no-
BbImalOT orHeCTOHKOCTb, aTOMbI cepbI npHJIalOT ra30HenpOHHu:aeMOCTh,
aTOMbI $Topa co06walOT nOJIHMepy BbICOKyIO XHMHqeCKYI<> CTOHKOCTb.
3JIeMeHTOOpraHHqeCKHe (zemepou,enHble) nOJIHMepHbIe BemeCTBa CO)Iep-
.>KaT B COCTaBe OCHOBHOH u;enH, KpOMe yrJIepO)Ia, aTOMbI HeOpraHHqeCKHX
3JIeMeHTOB (Si, Ti, AI H .n;p.), CoqeTaIOIIJ;HecSi C OpraHHqeCKlfMH pa,n:HKaJIaMH
CH 3 , C 6 H S' CH 2 I{ .n;p. ATOMbI HeopraHHqeCKlfX 3JIeMeHTOB, HaXO,l(SlCb B OC-
HOBHOH u;enH, Cyu.J;eCTBeHHO BJIIDIIOT Ha CBOHCTBa nOJIHMepOB, HanpHMep
yJ3eJIIf1IHBaIOT TeruIOCTOHKOCTb. OpraHHqeCKlfe pa,n:HKaJIbI B TaKl1X nOJIHMepax
npHJIalOT MaTepHaJIY npoqHOCTh H 3JIaCrntffiOCTh.
3JIeMeHTOOpraHHqeCKlfe nOJIHMepbI B npHpO)Ie He BC1peqaIOTCJI. Mx no-
JIyqalOT HCK}'CCTBeHHbIM nyreM, HanpHMep KpeMHHHOpraHHqeCKlfe COe)IH-
HeHIDI.
HeopraHWIeCKlfe nOJIHMepbI - 3TO nOJIHMepbI, OCHOBHaSI u:enb KOTOpbIX
He CO,l(ep)f(HT yrJIepO)Ia, a TalOKe He HMeeT OpraHHqeCKlfX 60KOBbIX rpynn.
OCHOBHaSI u;enb HeopraHWIecKI1X nOJIHMepOB cocraBJIeHa H3 OKCHJIOB KpeM-
HHSI, aJIIOMHHIDI, MarHIDI, KaJIbU;HSI H .n;p. MCKJIlOqeHHe COCTaBJUIIOT HeKOTOpbIe
MO,l(Hq,IIKaU;HH ymepO,l(a, npe.n;CTaBJISllOmHe C060H Kap60u:enHbIe HeopraHH-
qeCKlfe nOJIHMepbI (HanpIIMep, rpaq,HT).
Heopr31mqeCKlfe nOJIHMepbI OTJIHqalOTCJI 60JIbmeH ruIOTHOCThIO H BbI-
COKOH ,l(JIHTeJIbHoi:i TeruIOCTOHKOCTblO, HO OHH He MOryT Cyu.J;eCTBOBaTh B
BbICOK03JIacrnqHOM COCTOSlHHH, XpynKlf H ruIOXO nepeHOCJlT .n;HHaMHqeCKlfe
HarpyJKlf. HeOpraHHqeCKlfe nOJIHMepbI MOryT HMeTh npHpO,ZUIOe (ac6eCT) H
HCKyCCTBeHHOe (KepaMHKa) npOHCXO)l(,lJ;eHHe.
57
MaKpOMOJIeKYJIbI MOryr 6bITb rrOC1pOeHbI H3 O,ZJ;HHaKOBbIX no XHMWIeCKO-
My COCTaBY (MOlIOMepbl) IDIII pa3JlHqHbIX (C01lOJlUMepbl) COCTaBHbIX 3BeHbeB.
,lLJrn MHorHX CHHTernqeCKHX COrrOJIHMepoB (HarrpHMep, 6yra,n;HeH-CrnpOJIb-
HbIX KayqyKOB) XapaKTepHO cJIyqaHHoe pacnpe.n:eJIeHHe 3BeHbeB.
B MaKpOMOJIeKYJIax pearrH3yIDTCJI CJIe,ZJ;yIDIl(He BJoI.JU>I CBSl3eH:
., KOBarreHTHbIe H BO.n:OpO,ZJ;HbIe - Me)lQJ;Y aTOMaMH ocHoBHoH u:errH;
. BalI,l:(epBaarrbCOBO B3aHMo.n:eHcTBHe - Me)lQJ;Y aTOMaMH OCHOBHOH u:eIIH
H 60KOBbIMH rpyrrrraMH, a TaIOKe Me)lQJ;Y MaKpOMOJIeKYJIaMH B rrOJIHMepe B
u;eJIOM.
B rrOJIHMepax aTOMbI HaxOJUlTCJI B paBHOBeCHOM rrOJIO)l(eHHH, qTO .n:ocrn-
raeTCSI rrpH orrpe.n:eJIeHHbIX 3HaQeHHSIX yrJIOB Me)lQJ;Y XHMWIeCKHMH CBSl3S1MH.
<l>OPMOH HX TeIIJIOBOrO ,ZJ;BIDKeHHSI SlBlliIlOTCSI rrOBOpOTbI - KpymWlbHble ICO-
fle6aHUJl - BOKpyr cBJl3eH. Oco6eHHOCTblO TepMOpeaKTIIBHbIX rrOJIHMepOB
JlBJISleTCJI B03HHKHOBeHHe rrpH HarpeBe Me)lQJ;Y MaKpOMOJIeKYJIaMM rrpotffioH
KOBaJIeHTHOH CBSl3H, QTO H rrpeBpaIl(aeT rrOJIHMep B )l(eCTKoe, HeIIJIaBSIllIeecSi
H HepaCTBOpHMoe BeIl(eCTBO.
B3aHMOCBJl3b MaKpOMOJIeKYJI B 3HaqHTeJIbHoH CTerreHH orrpe.n:eJIJleT
CBOHCTBa rrOJIHMepa. HaH60JIee CHJIbHbIe (,ZJ;o 50 K,L()I(/MOJIb) B3aIIMo.n:eH-
CTBHSI Me)lQJ;Y MaKpOMOJIeKYJIaMH ocyru;ecTBlliIIOTCSI rrocpe.n:CTBOM BO.n:Op0,ZJ;-
HbIX cBJl3eH.
MaKpOMOJIeKYJIbI rrOJIHMepOB o6pa3yIOT orrpe.n:e.rreHHyID npocmpaHcm6eH-
HYIO KOHtjJuzypau,ulO. ITo BH.LJ:Y pa3JIHQaIOT QeTbIpe rpyrrrrbI KOHqmrypau:HH
(pHC. 20): fluHeuHYIO, pa36em6JleHHYIO, JleCmHurtHYIO H cemrtamylO. ITpoc1paH-
CTBeHHaSI KOH<pHrypau:HSI MaKpOMOJIeKYJI orrpe.n:eJISIeT <pH3HQeCKHe COCTOSI-
HHSI H CBOHCTBa rrOJIHMepOB.
JhIHeMHbIe MaKpOMOJIeKYJIbI nOJIHMepa npe.n;CTaBJUlIOT C060H .lJ)IHHHbIe 311I'3a-
roo6pa3HbIe MJIM 3aKpyqeHHbIe B CnHpaJIb uenOqKH (rJI06YJIbI). Pa3BeTBJIeHHbIe
MaKpOMOJIeKYJIbI, HBJIHHCb, no cym, JIHHeMHbIMH, OTJIHqaIOTCH HaJIHqHeM 60KO-
BbIX OTBeTBJIeHHH, qTO npenHTCTByeT HX IUIOTHOM ynaKoBKe (nOJIHH306ynrneH).
llOJIHMepbI, HMeIOII.{He JIHHeMH)'IO MJlli pa3BeTBJIeHH)'IO KOH<lmrypaUHH MaKpo-
MOJIeKYJI (nOJIM3TMJIeH, nOJIHBHHMJIXJIOpH.ll:, nOJIHCTHpOJI H .n;p.), npH HarpeBaHIDI
cnoco6HbI pa3MHf'IaTbCH, a npH OXJIIDK,lI,eHHH 3aTBep.n;eBaTb (mepM01l.llaCmbl).
JIHHeMHoM KOH<lmrypaUHH MaKpOMOJIeKYJI COOTBeTCTBYIOT BbICOK03JIacm:qHOe
(MaKpOMOJIeKYJIa 06JIa.n.aeT cnoco6HOCTbIO M3m6aTbCH) H BH3Koe (BCH MaKpOMO-
JIeKYJIa no.n;BH)l(Ha) COCTOHHMH.
llpH JIeCTHHqHOH KOH<l>HrypaUHH MaKpOMOJIeKYJIa nOJIHMepa COCTOHT M3
.n;BYX ueneM, coe.n;HHeHHbIX XHMHqeCKHMM CBH3HMH. TaKHe nOJIHMepbI HMeIOT
60JIee )l(ecTKYIO OCHOBH)'IO uenb M 06JIa.n.aIOT nOBbIllleHHOM TelUlOCTOMKOCTbIO,
60JIbllleH )l(eCTKOCTbIO, OHH HepaCTBopHMbI B CTaH.lI.apTHbIX OpraHHqeCKHX
paCTBOpHTeJIHX (KpeMHHMOpraHHqeCKHe nOJIHMepbI).
llOJIHMepbI C Ce'f'IaTOM npoCTpaHCTBeHHOM KOH<l>HrypaW1eH MaKpoMOJIeKYJI
o6pa3YIOTcH npM coe.n;HHeHHH MaKpOMOJIeKYJI Me}K)]:y COOOM B nOnepeqHOM
HanpaBJIeHHH npOqHbIMH XMMMQeCKHMH CIDI3HMH Henocpe.n;cTBeHHo MJIM qepe3
ooKoBbIe rpynnbI. B pe3YJIbTaTe 06pa3yeTcH Ce'f'IaTaH cTpYKTYpa C pa3JIWIHOM
58
a
0r?
6
a A Q .c. g
./ ./ /
" " "
J:I:I:r::[
ITIII
e
-
he. 20. flJOpMbt npocmpaHCmeeH1IOU KomjJuzypau,uu MaKpoMoJ/eKYJ/ nOJ/UMepoe:
a - JtuHeUHaJl; 6 - pa36em6JteHHaJl; 6 - JtecmHU'tHaJl; Z - cem'tamaJl
ryCTOTOM CeTKH. Pe.n;KOCeT'faTbIe rrOJUIMepbI - cem'tambte nOJ/UMepbt - TepHIOT
crrOC06HOCTb paCTBOpHTbCH M llJIaBMTbCH, OHM 06JIa.n.a1OT yrrpyrOCTblO (MHrKMe
pe3MHbI). K CeT'faTbIM rrOJIMMepaM OTHOCHTCH TaIOKe 1lJ/aCmUH'tambte nOJ/UMepbt
(HarrpHMep, rpa<l>HT). fYCTOCeT':IaTbIe rrOJIHMepbI - npocmpaHcmeeHHbte nOJ/UMepbt - -
OTJIHqalOTCH TBep.n;OCTblO, rrOBbIllIeHHOM TermOCTOMKOCTblO, HepaCTBopMMOCTblO.
npOCTpaHCTBeHHbIe rrOJIHMepbI (<l>eHOJIo<l>opMaJIb.n;erM.ll:HbIe, Kap6aMM.lI:HbIe, rro-
JIH3<l>MpHbIe H .n;p.) HaxOMTCH TOJIbKO B cTeKJIoo6pa3HOM COCTOHHHM H HBJHIIOT-
CH repMOpeaKTHBHbIMH, OHH He MOryT 06paTMMO M3MeHHTb CBOH CBOMCTBa M
rrpM HarpeBaHHM rrpeBpamalOTCH B HermaBlGle M HepaCTBopMMbIe BemeCTBa, He
crroco6HbIe K rrOBTopHOMY <l>opMMpOBaHMIO.
TIPH CeTt:laTOH KOHqmrypaIJ:MH MaKpoMoneKYJI B rrOJIHMepax peaJIH3yeTCSI
HaaMOJ/eKYJ/JlpHllJl cmpYKmypa, T.e. orrpe.n:eJIeHHbIe <pOPMbI yrroPMOqeHHSI:
i!Jl06YJ/bl (K.J/y6KU), nartKu, J/eHmbl H flJ/aCmUHbl. YrrOpSI.LI:OqeHHOCTh B CTPYKTY-
poo6PaJOBaHHH 3aBHCHT OT rn6Kocrn JIHHeHHbIX H paJBeTBJIeHHbIX MaKpOMO-
JIeKyJI, HX crroc06Hocrn MeHSlTh <POPMY, rrepeMeIl{aThCJI no qaCTSlM; 60JIbilloe
BJIHSlHHe B .n:aHHOM CJIyqae OKaJblBalOT :>KeCTKOCTh u;errH H CIDIbI Me:>KMOJIe-
K}'lliIpHoro rrpIITIDKeHHSI.
Ha,lI:MOJIeKYlliIpHaSI CTPYKTYPa orrpe.n:eJISIeT <pa30Boe COCTOJlHHe rrOJIHMe-
pOB (pHC. 21), rrpH 3TOM rn06YJIaM COOTBeTCTByeT aMoP<PHoe COCTOJlHHe, a
ITJIaCrnHaM - KpHCTIUIJIHqeCKoe. .
Ha,n;MOJIeK}'lliIpHbIe CTPYKTYPbI B KpHCTaJIJIWIeCKOM rrOJIHMepe - 3TO KpHC-
TaJIJIbI (3epHa) paJHbIX <pOPMbI H paJMepoB, HO C o.n:HHaKoBoH KpHCTaJIJIH-
qecKOH peilleTKOH. TaKHe KpHCTaJlJIbI JlBJISIIOTCJI rnrrHqHbIMH Ha,n:MOJIeKY-
lliIpHbIMH , cTPYKTYPaMH Y peryllilpHbIX rrOJIHMepOB. ):(.n:JI KpHCTaJIJIHqeCKHX
rrOJllIMepoB xapaKTepHbI BbICOKHe TeMrrepaTYPa ITJIaBJIeHHSI, TIJI01HOCTh, rrpOq-
HOCTh, :>KecTKocTh, reIIJIOCTOHKOCTh H HH3KHe rrOKaJaTeJIH paCTBOpHMOCrn,
Ha6yxaHHSI, ITJIome rrp03paqHOCTh H rrpOHHu;aeMOCTh.
59
a
-
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8
-------
--
---- -
-
-
-- =--'
he. 21. CxeMbt COCmORHUft MOKpOMOJ/eKYJ/ J/UHeUHbtX nOJ/UMepoe:
o - OMopqJHOe 6ecnopRoo'moe; 6 - OMopqJHOe opueHmup06oHHoe; 6 - K.pUcmOJlJlu'teCK.oe
AMOP<PHbIe rrOJIHMepbI XapaKTepH3}'K>TCSI 6mDKHHM yrroPMOqeHHeM B
pacrrOJIO)l(eHHH 3BeHbeB WIH cerMeHTOB MaKpOMOJIeKYJI, 6bIC1pO HCqe3alO-
Il(HM rro Mepe HX y,n:aJIemrn ,n:pyr OT .n;pyra. HarrpHMep, 3TO pa3HbIe YKJIa,LI;IOI.
u;enHbIX MaKpOMOJIeKYJI, pacrrOJIO)l(eHHbIX rrOCJIe,n:OBaTeJIbHO, B rratIKH. ITaqKH
JlBJUlIOTCJI CTPYKTYPHbIMH 3JIeMeHTaMH H crroc06HbI rrepeMeIl(aTbCSI OTHOCH-
TeJIbHO .n;pyr .n;pyra. HeKOTOpbIe aMop<pHbIe rrOJIHMepbI MOryr 6bITb rrOCTpOeHbI
H3 rJI06YJI (2.Il06YllflPHaJl cmpYKmypa). fJIo6YllilpHaSI cTPYKTYPa rrOJIHMepOB
orrpe,n:eJISIeT HeB]>ICOKHe MeXaHHqeCKMe CBOHCTBa rrOJIHMepHOro MaTepHaJIa
(xpyrrKoe pa3pyrneHHe rro rpaHHu;aM fJIo6YJI).
B 60JIbillHHcTBe CJIyqaeB peaJIbHbIe rrOJIHMepbI co.n;ep)lGlT H aMOP<PHYIO,
H KpHCTaJIJIHqeCK}'K> <pa3bI. OTHOCHTeJIbHoe co.n;ep)lGlHHe 3TI1X <Pa3 3aBHCHT
OT <pOPMbI u;errlI, aeJIHqHHbI Me)I(MOJIeKYJUlpHbIX CWI H BHeillHHX YCJIOBHH.
Co,n:ep)lGlHHe B rrOJIliMepe (B rrpou:eHTaX) BeIl(eCTB B KPHCTaJIJIWIeCKOM COCTOSI-
HHH Ha3bIBaeTCJI cmeneHblO KpUCm(l/l/lUftHOcmu. 06pa30BaHHe KpHCTaJIJIHTOB
rrpHBo.n;HT K rrOTepe rrOJIHMepOM 3JIaCrnqHOCrn, yseJIHqeHHIO ero )l(eCTI<OCTH
H )'MeHbilleHHIO crroc06Hocrn K .n;e<popMaU;HH. Ha,n:MOJIeKYlliIpHbIe CTPYKTYPbI
MOryr H3MeIDITbCSI rrpH BHeillHeM B03.n.eHCTBHH.
1.4.2. TIOHJlTHJI 0 KJlaCcH4>HKa HJlX nOJIHMepHbIx MaTepHaJIOB
K rpyrrrre O,n:HOpO,n:HbIX rrOJIHMepHbIX BeIl(eCTB OTHOCJlTCSI MOHOMepbl,
OIlUZOMepbl, CMOllbl H c06cTBeHHo nOIlUMepbl.
MOIIoMep - BemeCTBO, KIDK.LI.asI MOJIeKYJIa KOTOpOro MO)l(eT o6pa30BbIBaTb
O,n;HO IUUI HeCKOJIbKO COCTaBHbIX IUUI nOBTopHlOmHXCH 3BeHbeB.
OJlUZOMep - BemeCTBO, MOJIeKYJIbI KOTOpOro co,n;ep)l(aT COCTaBHbIe 3BeHbH,
COe,ll;HHeHHbIe ,n;pyr C ,n;pyroM nOBTOpHlOll{I1MCH o6pa30M, KOMIUIeKC ero CBOHCTB
H3MeHHeTCH npH ,n;o6aBJIeHHI1 (MJIH YJl.aJIeHHH) O,n;HOro MJIH HeCKOJIbKHX COCTaB-
HbIX 3BeHbeB.
CMOJlD - TBep,n;bIH, nOJIYTBep,n;bIH MJII1 nceB,n;oTBepJl.bIH OpraHH'IeCKHH MaTe-
pHaJI, KOTOpbIH HMeeT Heonpe,n;eJIeHHYIO H 06bl'IHO OTHOCHTeJIbHO BbICOKYIO MO-
JIeKYJIHPHYIO Maccy H no,n; B03,n;eHcrBHeM TeIUIa pa3MHflIaeTCH MJIH IUIaBHTCH B
onpe,n;eJIeHHOM ,n;Hana30He TeMnepaTyp.
.D.eJIeHHe Ha MOHOMepbI, OJIHrOMepbI, CMOJIbI H rrOJIHMepbI rrpOBO,WIT
TaIOKe rro BeJIH'lHHe HX omHocumellbHoii MOlleKYflflpHoii MaCCbl, KOTOpaSI COOT-
60
BeTCTBYeT:,WI.SI MOHOMepOB - MeHee 5000 aTOMHbIX e.n;HHHQ MaCCbI (a.e.M.);
MSI CMOJI H OJIHroMepoB - 60JIee 5000 a.e.M.; lIJISI nOJIHMepOB - 60JIee
10000 a.e.M.
KJIaCCH<pHKaQHH O.n;HOpO.n;HbIX nOJIHMepHbIx BeIl{ecTB yqHTbIBaIOT npouc-
XOJICOeHUe, rjJU3UlteCKOe cocmORHue, 3fleKmpUiteCKUe ceoiicmea H omHoweHue K
Hazpeey.
no npOHCXO.>K,IJ;eHlfiO O.n;HopO,lJ;HbIe nOJIHMepHbIe BeIl{eCTBa (nOJIHMepbI)
.n;eJISIT Ha npupooHble H uCKyccmeeHHble (cuHmemu'«!cKue).
npUPQll;HbIe nOJIHMepbI - 3TO 6elII<H H H)'KJIeHHOBbIe KHCJIOTbI, H3 KO-
TOpbIX nocTpoeHbI KJIeTKJi :>KHBbIX opraHH3MoB; nplIpo.n;HbIe CMOJIbI (HHTaPb,
KOnaJI, llIeJI1IaK); Ha'I)'paJIbHbIH KayqyK; MHHepa1lbI (QeJIJIIOJI03a, CJIIO.n;a, ac-
6eCT, npHpo.n;HbIH rpa<pHT H lIP.).
CHHTe1WIeCKHe nOJIHMepbI 06pa3yroTCSI B pe3YJIbTaTe XUMUlteCKOZO CUH-
me3a. Cy:Il{eCTByroT .n;Ba OCHOBHbIX MeTOlIa HX nOJIyqeHIDI - nOflUMepU3all,UR
II nOflUKOHOeHCall,UR.
XUMU'IeCKuii CUHme3 - u;eJIeHanpaBJIeHHOe nOJIyqeHHe CJIO)KHbIX BemeCTB H3
60JIee npOCTbIX, OCHOBaHHoe Ha 3HaHHH MOJIeKYJIHpHoro C'rpoeHHH H peaKl.{HOH-
HOH cnoco6HOCTH nOCJIelIHHX.
HOJIUMepll3al(UR - npou;ecc CHHTe3a MOJIeKYJI HH3KOMOJIeKYJIHpHoro Beme-
CTBa (MOHOMepa), npH KOTOpOM B3aHMOlIeHCTBHe MOJIeKYJI MOHOMepOB He CO-
npOBOJlQl;aeTCH Bb:r,neJIeHHeM KaKHX-JIH60 n060QHbIX npO.D:)'KTOB. B nOJIHMepH3a-
rum MOryr yqacTBoBaTb O.lU1H HJIH HeCKOJIbKO (conoflUMepU3al{Ufl) nOJIHMepOB.
HOJIUKOHiJeHCall,UR - npou;ecc CHHTe3a, B pe3YJIbTaTe KOToporo 06pa3YIDTCH
BbICOKOMOJIeKYJIHpHble COe.D:HHeHHH (noflUKoHoeHcambl) C O,ll;HOBpeMeHHbIM Bbme-
JIeHHeM n060QHbIX HH3KOMOJIeKYJIHpHbIX COe.lU1HeHHH. HanpHMep, npH nOJIH-
KOH,l1eHCaU;HH cJ>eHOJIa c cJ>opMaJIbJIem.D:OM nOJIyqalOTcH cJ>eHOJIocJ>opMaJIbJIerH.D:-
HWI CMOJIa H BO,ll;a.
no <PH3HQecKOMY COCTOSlHHIO Bbl,[(eJISIIOT nOJIHMepbI cmelC./l006pa3H020,
eblCOK03flaCmUltH020 H eR3KomeK)llte20 cocmORHuii. , M3-3a BbICOKOH MOJIeKY-
lliIpHOH MaCCbI nOJIHMepbI He cnoc06HbI 06pa30BbIBaTb HH3KOBSl3KHe )I(J1)],-
Kocrn H1IH nepeXOlIlITb B ra3006pa:moe COCTOSlHHe.
no ::meKTPHQeCKHM cBOHCTBaM nOJIHMepbI .n;eJISlTCSI Ha nOflRpHble II Heno-
IlflpHble. nOllilpHOCTh onpe.n;ellileTCSI HaJIWIHeM .n;HIIOJIeH II OTCyrcTBHeM CIIM-
MeTpHH B HX CTpOeHHH. B HenOllilpHbIX nOJIHMepax .n;HnOJIbHbIe MOMeHTbI
CBSl3eH aTOMOB cKOMIIeHcHpoBaHbI, n03TOMY OHH SlBJISIIOTCSI BbICOKOKaqe-
CTBeHHbIMH .n;H3JIeKTPHKaMH.
no OTIIOllIeHIIIO K HarpeBY paCCMaTpHBaIOT mepM011llaCmUitHble H mepMO-
peaKmueHble nOflUMepHble eelqecmea.
TepM011llaCmUltHblMU Ha3bIBaIOT TaKHe nOJIHMepbI WIll TIJIaCTMaCCbI, KOTO-
pbIe C IIOBbIlIleHHeM TeMITepaTYPbI pa3MS11'liaIOTCSI, TIJIaBSlTCSI, npH <PoPMOBaHHH
He npeTepneBaIOT HHKaKHX XHMHQecKHX H3MeHeHHH, no Mepe OXJIIDK,lJ;eHIDI
3aTBep.n;eBaIOT H coxpaHHIOT cnoc06HocTh TIJIaCrnQecKH .n;e<PoPMlIpOBaTbCSI
npH IIOBTOpHOM HarpeBe.
61
TepMopeaKmU6HblMU Ha3bIBalOT Tame nOJIHMepbI H TIJIaCTMaCCbI, KOTOpbIe
npH HarpeBe H <P<>PMOBaHIIH npeTepneBalOT CyIIJ;eCTBeHHbIe XHMnqeCme H3-
MeHeHlUl, 3aTBep.n:eBalOT H TepSilOT cnOC06HOCTh nJIaCTMqeCm .n:e<l>OPMHPO-
BaThCSI npH nOBTopHOM HarpeBe.
1.4.3. 06maH xapaKTepHcTHKa KaY'lYKOB
KaY"YK HaT}'PaJIbHOe IUIH CHHTemqeCKOe Henpe.n:eJIbHOe, BbICOKO-
MOJIeKYJISIpHOe (Kap6oQenHoe) TepMOnJIaCmqHOe coe.n:HHeHHe C .n:BOM-
HOM XHMHqeCKOM CBSl3blO Me.>K,IJ;Y yrJIepo.n:HbIMH aTOMaMH B 3JIeMeHTapHbIX
3BeHbSlX MaKpOMOJIeKYJIbI. MOJIeK}'JIbI KayqYKa H3BIUIHCTbIe (3Hr3aro06-
pa3HbIe). CTPYKTYpa MaKPoMOJIeKYJI - JIHHeMHa5I IUIH CJIa60pa3BeTBJIeH-
HaSl, COCTOHT H3 OT.n:eJIbHbIX 3BeHbeB. MOJIeK}'JISIpHaSi Macca KayqYKoB M =
= 400 000...450 000 a.e.M.
HamypaAbUblU KtlY'lYK (HI() - 3JIaCmqHbIM npHpO.LJ:HbIM MarepHaJI, nOJIH-
Mep H30npeHa (CSHg)n' no.rryqaeMbIM KoaryJISIQHeM JlameKCa KayqyKoHocHbIX
pacTeHHM. Pe3HHbI Ha OCHOBe HK OTJrnQalOTCSI BbICOKOM 3JIaCmQHOCThlO,
npOQHOCThlO, BO.n:O- H ra30HenpOHHl(aeMOCThlO, BbIcomMH 3JIeK1poH30JISI-
QIIOHHbIMII CBOMCTBaMH.
JIameKc - MJIeQHbIH COK KayqyKOHOCHbIX pacTeHMH. B JIaTeKCe ,lI;MCnepfHpo-
BaHbI BbICOKOMOJIeKYJIHpHbIe yrJIeBO,lI;OpOn;bI M paCfBopeHbI yrJIeBO,ll;bI, 6eJIKM M
COJH1.
Cuumemu"ecKue KtlY'lYKU (CK) - 3JIaCmQHbIe CMH'I'e1WIecme nOJIHMepbI,
no.rryqaeMbIe nOJIHMepH3aQHeM pa3JIHQHbIX yrJIeBo.n:opo.n:OB. B HaCTOSlll{ee
BpeMSl npHMeHSllOTCSI B npoMbIlImeHHocm 60JIee 250 BM.LJ:OB CIDITeTHQeCKl1X
KayqyKoB, H3 KOTOpbIX H3roTOBJISIlOT CBbIllie 50 TbIC. H3.n:eJIHM Pa3JInqHbIX
HaIIMeHoBaHHM.
liymaiJueno6ble KaYlfY"U (,lI;MBMHMJIOBbIe Kayq)'KM, CKE, CK,l]) - 3T0 3JIac-
mqHbIe CMHTeTMqeCKMe nOJIM6YTMMeHbI. <I>opMYJIa nOJIM6YTMMeHa (C 4 H 6 )n' OH
HBJIHeTCH HeKpMCTaJIJIM3yIDll{MMCH KayqyKOM M MMeeT HM3KMH npen;e:rI npoqHOCTH
npM pacnDKeHMM, n03TOMY B pe3MHY Ha ero OCHOBe He06xo,ll;MMO BBon;MTb
ynPOqHHIOll{Me HanOJIHMTeJIM. KayqyKM CKE H CM MCnOJIb3yIDTCH B npOM3-
BOn;CTBe MOp030CTOHKMX pe3MH - CM npMMeHHIOT fJIaBHbIM 06pa30M B npo-
M3BOn;CTBe IlIMH (npeBOCXO,LlJIT no KaqeCTBY IlIMHbI M3 Ha1)'p3JIbHoro Kayqyxa), a
M3 CKE M3roTOBJIHIOT, HanpMMep, KMCJIOTO- M ll{eJIOqeCTOHJ<yIO pe3MH)', 360HMT.
EymaiJuen-numpWlbnble 1CaYlfY1CU (,lI;MBMHMJIHM1'pMJIbHbIe KayqyKM, CmpOJIbHbIe
KayqyKM, CKH, EHK) - CMHTemqeCKMe nOJIMMepbI, npO.ZJYKTbI COnOJIMMepM3a-
IJ,HH 6YTalIMeHa C HMTpMJIOM aKpMJIOBOH KMCJIOThI: [-CH 2 -CH=CH-CH 2 -]n-
r -CH 2 -CH(CN)- ]m' Pe3MHbI Ha OCHOBe CKH 06JIa,aaIOT BbICOKOH npOqHOCThIO,
XOpOlliO COnpOTMBJIHIOTCH MCTMpaHMIO, npeBOCXo.LlJIT pe3MHbI Ha OCHOBe HK no
CTOHKOCTM K CTapeHMIO H n;eHCTBMIO pa36aBJIeHHbIX KMCJIOT M ll{eJIOqeH, HO YCTY-
naIOT MM no ::maCTMqHOCTM. Pe3MHbI M3 EHK 6eH30- M MaCJIOCTOHKM.
62
EymaoueH-cmupOAbHble «aYIfJI«u (,/JJfBMHMJICTMpOJIbHble KaY'IyJ(M, CmpOJIbHble
KayqyKH, CKC, EKC) - CMHTe'TH'leCKMe nOJIMMepbI, norryqaeMble npM COnOJIMMe-
pM3alurn 6yra,zJ,HeHa co CTMpOJIOM [-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-k[-CH2-CH(C6HSHm'
llpOIJ,eHTHOe CO,ll;ep:>KaHMe CTMpOJIa CMJIbHO BJIMHeT Ha CBOHCTBa KayqyKOB. TaK,
HanpMMep, qeM 60JIbIlIe CTMpOJIa, TeM BbIllie npoqHOCTb, HO HIDKe MOP030CTOH-
KOCTb. 113 HaM60JIee paCnpOCTpaHeHHoro KayqyKa CKC-3D nOJIyqaroT pe3MHbI C
XOpOIlIMM COnpOTMBJIeHMeM CTapeHMIO M XOpOlliO pa6O'ralOllJ,Me npM MHoroKpaT-
HbIX .lI:e<!>OpMaIJ,MHX. llo fa30HenpOHMIJ,aeMOCTM M ,lI;M3JIeKTpMqeCKMM CBOHCTBaM
OHM paBHOIJ,eHHbI pe3MHaM Ha OCHOBe HK. llpOqHOCTb M M3HOCOCTOHKOCTb pe-
3MHbI M3 EKC n03BOJIHeT MCnOJIb30BaTb ee npM npOM3BO,ll;CTBe aBTOM06MJIbHbIX
IlIMH, KOHBeHepHbIX JIeHT, pe3MHOBOH 06yJ3M.
BUHWlnUPUOUH06ble «aYIfY«u - CMHTeTMqeCKHe nOJIMMepbI, npO.ll:YKTbI co-
nOJIMMepM3aIJ,MM ,lI;MeHOBbIx ymeBO,ll;OpO.ll:OB C BMHMJInMpM.ZI:MHaMM, maBHbIM
06pa30M 6yra,zJ,MeHa C 2-MeTMJI-5-BMHMJInMpM.ll:MHOM [-CH 2 -CH=CH-CH 2 -1n-
[-CH2-CH(CsH3NCH3Hm' Pe3MHbI M3 BMHMJInMpM.ll:MHOBbIX KayqyKOB MaCJIO-,
6eH3MHO- M MOp030CTOHKH, MMelOT xOpOIIIYIO a,zJ,re3MIO K pa3JIMqHbIM MaTepMa-
JIaM. llpMMeIDIIOTCH npeMMyrn:eCTBeHHO B BM.lI:e JIaTeKCa .lJ)IH npOnMTKM IlIMHHOro
KOp,ll;a.
H30npeH06ble «ayIfY«U (CKI1) - CMHTeTMqeCKHe nOJIMM30npeHbI, npO,D;yKTbI
nOJIMMepM3aIJ,MM M30npeHa (CsHs). Pe3MHbI M3 M30npeHoBbIx KayqyKOB OTJIMqa-
IOTCH BbICOKOH MeXaHMqeCKOH npoqHOCTbIO M 3JIaCrnqHOCTblO M HBJIHIOTCH 3aMe-
HMTeJIHMM HaTYPaJIbHoro KaY'I)'Ka B npoM3BO,ll;CTBe IlIMH, KOHBeHepHbIx JIeHT, pe-
3MHOBOH 06yJ3M, 6bITOBbIX M3.lI:eJIMH. llpOMbIIlIJIeHHOCTblO BbInycKalOTcH KayqyJ(M
CKM-3 M CKM-3ll, HaM60JIee 6JIM3KMe no CBOHCTBaM K HK; CKM-3JJ; MCnOJIbJy-
eTCH .z:r;ui: norryqeHIDI 3JIeKTp0M30llillIMOHHbIX pe3MH, CKM-3B - JI)UI BaK}'YMHOH
TeXHMKM Ii ,lI;p.
Kapoo«Cll.llllmHble «llJ"IY«U - CMHTeTIiqeCKMe nOJIMMepbI, npO,D;yKTbI COnOJIM-
MepM3al.{MM 6yra,IJ;MeHa C Henpe,ll;eJIbHbIMM Kap60HoBbIMM KMCJIOTaMM, maBHbIM
06pa30M MeTaKpMJIOBOH [-CH 2 -CH=CH -CH 2 ]n -[ -CH 2 -C(CH 3 )-(COOH)- ]m'
Pe3MHbI M3 Kap60KCMJIaTHbIX Kayq)'KOB npOqHbI, TeIUlocToHKIi, OTJIMqalOTCH Bbi-
COKOH a,zJ,re3MeH K pa3JIMqHbIM MaTepMaJIaM. llpMMeIDIIOTcH B COCTaBe KJIeeB .lJ)IH
KpeIUleHMH pe3MHbI K MeTaJIJIY, B BM.lI:e JIaTeKCa - .lJ)IH npOnMTKM IlIMHHOro KOp-
.lI:a, OT.lI:eJIKIi KO:>KM, 6YMarH, TKaHeH.
KpufHuiiopzaHulfec«ue «aYIfY«u (CMJIMKOHOBble KayqYKM, CKT) - CMH-
TeTMqeCKMe KpeMHMHOpraHMqeCKMe nOJIMMepbI C XMMMqeCKOH <!>0PMYJIOH
... -Si(CH3)2-0-Si(CH3)2- ... . llpMMeIDIIOTcH B npOM3BO,ll;CTBe o60JIoqeK npOBO-
.lI:OB M Ka6eJIeH, Tpy60K .lJ)IH nepeJIMBaHIDI KpOBH M ,lI;p. ,
llOAUCYAbfjJuOnble «ayIfY1CU - CMHTeTMqeCKIie nOJIMMepbI, npO,ll;}'KTbI nOJIM-
KOH.ll:eHCaIJ,MM: [-CH 2 CH 2 -S x -]n' Pe3MHbI M3 nOJIMcYJIb<!>M.lI:HbIX Kayq)'KOB 6eH-
30- M MaCJIOCTOHKM, ra30HenpOHMIJ,aeMbI. llpMMeHHIOTCH .lI:JIH npOM3BO,ll;CTBa
IlIJIaHroB, ,lI;Mact>parM, B >KM,I:(KOM BM.lI:e - OCHOBa repMeTHKOB. Tuo«O/l - nOJIM-
CYJIl4>M.lI:HbIH Kayq)'K: 06pa3yIOllJ,MHCH npM B3aHMO,ll;eHCTBMM ra.noreHonpOM3BO,ll;-
HbIX yrJIeBO,ll;OpO,ll;OB ,C MHorocepHMCTbIMM COe,ll;MHeHMHMH llJ,eJIOqHbIX MeTaJIJIOB:
... -CH 2 -CH 2 -S 2 -S 2 -... . MeXaHMqeCKMe CBOHCTBa pe3MH Ha OCHOBe THOKOJIa
HeBbICOKMe, HO 3TO XOpOIlIMH repMeTM3MpyIOllJ,MH MaTepMaJI.
3 MaTeplfaJIOBe,lleHlfe
63
flJmopcoiJep3ICaUl,ue «ay'lY«u (tjJmop«ay'IY«u) - CHHTeTHqeCKHe nOJIHMepbI,
npO,ll;yKTbI nOJIHMepH3aUHH 4>TopopraHHqeCKHX COe.aHHeHHH, maBHbIM 06pa30M
CMeCH BHHHlIHJJ:eH4>TOpHJJ:a C 'rpHXJIOP4>Top3THJIeHOM [-CH 2 -CF 2 -CF 2 -CFO-J n
HJIH C reKca4>TopnponHlIeHOM [-CY 2 -CF 2 -CF 2 -CF(CF 3 )-]n' Pe3HHbI H3 qrropKaY-
qyKa TepMOCTOHKH, HeroplOqH, YCTOWIHBbI K OKHCJIHTellilM, MaCJIaM, TOIIJIHBaM.
I1pHMeIDIIOTCH maBHbIM 06pa30M B npOH3BO,ll;CTBe pa3JlHqHbIX YIIJIOTHHTeJIeH,
3KCnJIyampyeMbIx npH TeMnepaTYPe BbIllie 200°C.
XAoponpello8ble «ay'lY«u (HaHpHT, HeonpeH) - CHHTeTHqeCKHe nOJIHMepbI,
npo.ayKTbI nOJIHMepH3aUHH XJIOpOnpeHa: [-CH 2 =CCl=CH-CH 2 -J n . Pe3HHbI H3
XJIOponpeHOBbIX KayqyKOB aTMoc4>epo-, MaCJIO- H 6eH3HHOCTOHKH. I1pHMeIDIlOTcH
B npOH3BO,ll;CTBe KOHBeHepHbIX JIeHT, peMHeH, p}'KaBOB, KJIeeB H ,lI;p. Haupum -
XJIOpOnpeHoBbIH Kayq)'K (CH 2 =CO-CH=CH 2 ). Pe3HHbI Ha OCHOBe HaHpHTa 06-
JIa,n;aroT BbICOKOH 3JIaCTHqHOCThIO, 030HOCTOHKOCTblO, YCTOHqHBbI K ,lI;eHCTBHIO
TOIIJIHBa H MaCeJI, XOpOlliO COnpOTHBJIHIOTCH CTapeHHIO. OHH He YCTYIIalOT no
TepMO- H MOP030CTOHKOCTH (,lI;0 -40°C), a TaIOKe B 3JIeKTpOH30JIHUHOHHbIX
CBOHCTBax pe3HHaM Ha OCHOBe HK. '
3mUllellnponwrello8ble «ay'lyiCu - CHHTeTHqeCKHe nOJIHMepbI, npO.ayKTbI co-
nOJIHMepH3aWiH 3THJIeHa C npOnHJIeHOM (CK3I1), a HHor.aa C 'rpeTbHM MOHO-
MepOM - ,lI;HeHOM (CK3I1T). Pe3HHbI H3 3THJIeHnpOnHJIeHOBbIX KayqYKOB
aTMoc4>epocToHKH, XHMHqeCKH YCTOHqHBbI, OqeHb xopOlliHe .aH3JIeKTpHKH.
I1pHMeHHIOTcH .lUIH H30JIHUHH npOBO,ll;OB H Ka6eJIeH, B npOH3BO,ll;CTBe aBTOMO-
6HJIbHbIX npOKJIa,n;OK H .D.p.
Pa3HOBHJJ:HOCTbIO Kayq)'KOB HBJUlIOTCH 3ICuiJlale 1«lY'lY"U - :>KH,lI,KHe CHHTeTH-
qeCKHe OJIHroMepbI. BbmYCKaIOTCH 6yra,n;HeHoBbIe, KpeMHHHOpraHHqeCKHe, nOJIH-
cym.q>HJJ:HbIe H ,lI;pyme :>KH,lI,KHe KayqyKH. OHH npHMeIDIlOTCH .lUIH npHfOTOBJIeHIDI
repMeTHKOB, KJIeeB, nOJIyqeHHH 3JIeKTpOH30JIHUHOHHbIX H aHTHKopp03HOHHbIX
nOKpbITHH.
1.4.4. 06maH xapaKTepHcTHKa BbICOKOMOJleKYJUlpHblX nOJlHMepoB
1. 4.4.1. TepM011llaCmU'IHble nOIlUMepbl
IIo./lU3mUlleH [-CH 2 -CH 2 -]n' nOJIHnpOnHJIeH [-CH 3 CH-CH-]n II rrOJIH-
H306yrn.rreH [-CH 2 C(CH 3 )2-]n BXOMT B rpyrrrry rrOJIIIo<}.>I1HOB - CIIHTem-
qeCKHX BbICOKOMOJIeK}'JISlpHbIX nOJIHMepOB Ha OCHOBe Herrpe.n:eJIbHbIX YfJIe-
BO.n:OpO.n:OB. OHH SlBJlSllOTCSI HenOJlSlpHbIMH TepMOTIJIaCmqHbIMH nOJIHMepa-
MIl aMop<}.>HO-KPIlCTaJIJIHqeCKoro C'lpoeHHSI C MOJIeK}'JIaMII JIIIHeirnoH HTIH
pa3BeTBJIeHHOH <}.>opMbl.
TIOJIH3mJIeH - CHHTemqeCKHH nOJIHMep, npo.n:yJ<T rrOJIHMepIl3amIH
3THJIeHa; TBep.n:oe BeU.{ecTBO 6e.n:oro lU3eTa. Pa3JIHqaIOT nOJIH3THJIeH HH3KOH
(35...65% KPIlCTaJIJIHqecKOH <}.>a3bI) II BbICOKOH (60...95% KPIlCTa.JIJIIIqecKOH
<}.>a3bI) TIJIOTHOCTH. BJIHSlHHe Ha TIJIOTHOCTh OKa3bIBaeT TeXHOJIOfHSl rrpOH3-
BO.n:CTBa nOJIII3THJIeHa: COOTBeTCTBeHHO, nOJIH3THJIeH HH3KOro .n:aRlleHHSI -
TI3H,[( (fOCT 16337-77) H rrOJIH3THJIeH BbICOKOro .n:aRlleHHSI - TI3B,lJ.
(fOCT 16338-85).
64
TIOJIH3THJIeH IIpOqeH, ::maCTIIqeH, xoponmif ,l(H3JIeKl]UIK. ,lJ,JuI HerO xa-
paKTepHbI HH3KaSI paCTBOpHMOCTb B OpraHHqecKHx paCTBOpHTeJISIX H YCTOH-
qIIBOCTb K .n;eifcTBHlo KHCJIOT, Il{eJIoqeif H cOJIeif, BbICOKaSI BO,l(OCTOifKOCTb,
CTOHKOCTb K paC1pecKHBaHHlo; OH Mop030CTOeK (,l(0 -70°C) H YCTOHtIHB K
pa,LJ:HoaKTIIBHbIM H3JIyqeHHSlM. He.n:ocTaTKaMH nOJIH3THJIeHa SlBJlSlIOTCSI HH3-
KaSI TeIIJIOCTOHKOCTb (80°C), nJIOXaSI a,n;re3HS1 K KJIeSlM, 1I0,l(Bep.>KeHHOCTb
CTapeHHIO H 1I0.>KHpaeMOCTb rpbI3YHaMH. 113 Hero H3rOTaBJIHBalOT HeHarpy-
.>KeHHbIe ,l(eTaJIH (KOHTeHHepbI, eMKOCTII, BeHTHJIH, ,l(eTaJIH XHMHqecKHX Haco-
COB, 1py6bI ,l(JISi 1paHClIoprupOBaHHSI arpeCCHBHbIX .>KH.LIKOCTeif), 3alIUITHbIe
1I0KpbITIDI Ha MeTaJIJIax, IIJIeHKy ,l(JISi pa3JIHqHbIX IJ;eJIeH (3JIeK1pOH30JUlIJ;H-
OHH}'IO, napHHKOByIO H T.,l(.), TeXHHqeCKHe BOJIOKHa II MHoroe ,l(pyroe.
llO.llUnponUAeH (-CH 2 -CHCH 3 -), He YCTYIIaSI IIOJIH3TIUIeHy IIO BO,l(O- H
XHMIIqeCKOH CTOHKOCTM, IIpeBOCXO,l(HT ero IIO TenJIOCTOHKOCTII (.l(o 150°C) H
MeXaHHqecKHM CBOHCTBaM. Ero He,l(OCTaTKaMH SlBJISIIOTCSI HH3KaSI MOpo30-
CTOHKOCTb (-1O...20rC H IIHTeHCHBHOe CTapeHHe. 113 nOJIIIIIpOnHJIeHa H3-
rOTaBJIHBalOT HeKOTopbIe KOHC1pYKu:HOHHbIe .n;eTaJIH aBTOM06HJIeH, MOTO-
IJ;HK.JIOB, KoplIyca HaCOCOB, 1py6bI ,l(JISi 1paHCIIOp'rHpOBaHHSI arpeCCHBHbIX
cpe.n;, IIJIeHKH, eMKOCTM.
113,l(eJIHSI H3 IIOJIH3TIUIeHa II 1I0JIIIIIpOlIHJIeHa JIerKO CBapHBalOTCSI H 1I0,l(-
BepralOTCSI MeXaHHqecKoif 06pa60TKe.
IIo.lluU306ymUAeH - MSlrKHH 3JIaCTHqHbIH 1I0JIHMep, KOTOpbIH, B OTJIHqHe
OT KayqyKOB, He cIIoc06eH BYJIKaHH3HpOBaTbCSI. no XHMmecKoH CTOHKOCTM
II IIPOqHOCTHbIM nOKa3aTeJISIM nOJIHM306yrn.rreH YCTYIIaeT IIOJIH3TIUIeHY H
1I0JIHlIpOIIHJIeHY, 3HaqHTeJIbHO IIpeBOCXO,l(SI HX IIO 3JIaCTIIqHOCTII. TIpHMe-
HSiIOT IIOJIHH306yrn.rreH ,l(JISI rn.n:pOH30JUlIJ;HH C1pOHTeJIbHbIX KOHC1pYKU:Hif,
repMeTM3aIJ;HH IllBOB B 6eTOHHbIX H .>KeJIe306eTOHHbIX KOHC1pYKU:lliIX, ,l(JISI
H3roTOBJIeHHSI KJIeeB H MaCTIIK.
IIo.llucmupo.ll [-(C 6 H s )CH-CH 2 -]n - CHHTeTMqeCKHH 1I0JIHMep; TBep,l(oe
cTeKJIo06pa:moe BeIl{eCTBO (np03paqHbIH aMop<}.>HbIH nOJIHMep CTHpOJIa);
.n;H3JIeK1]JHK, CToeK XHMmecKH (a6COJIIOTHO CToeK K BO,l(e), HepaCTBOpHM B
paCTBOpHTeJUlX; 06JIa,n;aeT XOpoIIIMMM TeXHOJIOrMqeCKHMH cBoifcTBaMH H He
IIMeeT XJIa,n;HOTeKytIecTM. ,lJ,JuI 1I0JIHCTHpOJIa xapaKTepHa BbICOKaSI IIp03paq-
HOCTb (lIponycKaeT,l(O 90% JIyqeH BM,l(HMOif qaCTH cneK1]Ja). OCHOBHbIe He-
,l(OCTaTKM 1I0JIHCTIIpOJIa - ero XpyrrKOCTb H IIJIOXaSI YCTOifqHBOCTb K ,l(eH-
CTBHIO pSI,D:a opraHmecKHX paCTBOpHTeJIeH, HH3KaSI (.l(o 80°C) TeIIJIOCTOH-
KOCTb, CKJIOHHOCTb K CTapeHHIO. 11:3 1I0JIIICTIIpOJIa (faCT 20282-86) H3ro-
TaBJIHBaIOT B OCHOBHOM neHOIIJIaCTbI - lIeHOIIOJIMCTIIpOJI (.rI.Jrn 3BYKO- H TeII-
JI0H30JISlWIH), a TaIOKe ,l(eTaJIH MaIIIMH II npH60poB (pyqKH, Kopnyca H ,l(p.),
eMKOCTII H COCY,l(bI .n;JISI XHMHKaTOB, 06JIHI.{OBOqHbIe IIJIHTKM, IIJIeHKH II ,l(p.
Y.n;apolIpOqHbIH 1I0JIHCrupOJI (mc) (faCT 19784-74) nOJIyqalOT COITOJIH-
MepH3aU:MeH CTIIpOJIa C KayqyKOM H IIpHMeHSlIOT ,l(JISi H3rOTOBJIeHHSI ,l(eTaJIei1
(KopnyCOB) B 3JIeK1]JO'- H pa,n;HOTeXHHqecKOH IIpOMbIllIJIeHHOCTII, Pa3JIHqHbIX
3"
65
COCy.n;OB, aKKyMyllilTOpHbIX 6aKOB, rn:eJIeBbIX <}.>HJIb'TpOB B aBTO- If CaMOJIeTO-
C'TpOeHHH.
IIoJlU6uHUJIX.II0puo (-CH 2 -CHCI-) - nOJISlpHbIM, aMOp<}.>HbIM nOJIMMep
BMHHJIXJIOpM,ll;a. bJIaro.n;apSi BbICOKOM)' cO.n;ep:>KaHHJO XJIOpa OH He BOCIUIaMe-
HSleTCSI H He ropMT. IIpH 130...170°C M,lI;eT pa3JIO:>KeHHe nOJIHBHHHJIXJIOpM,ll;a,
COnpOBO.>K,IJ;aJOrn:eecSi Bbl,[(eJIeHHeM XJIOpHCTOrO BO.n;OpO.n;a, KOTOpbIM BbI3bIBa-
eT KOpp03HJO MeTaJIJmqeCKOM apMaTYPbI, HO 3aTO o6JIa,n:aeT .n:yroraCSlrn:IIM
CBOMCTBOM. IInacTMqeCKHe MaCCbI Ha OCHOBe nOJIHBHHHJIXJIOpM,ll;a BbmYCKa-
JOT (faCT 14332-78) B BM,lI;e :>KeCTKllX MaTepHaJIOB, He co.n;ep:>Karn:HX IUIac-
TH<}.>HKaTopOB, - 6UHUfl.IlaCm H MSlrKMX, co.n;ep:>Karn:HX nJIaCTM<}.>HKaTopbI -
fl.IlaCmUKam.
BUHU1I.IIacm 06JIa,n:aeT BbICOKOM XHMHqeCKOM CTOMKOCTblO. Ero npHMeIDIIOT
.WUI H3fOTOBJIeHIDI pa3JIWIHbIX .D:enlJIeM XHMWIecKoro 060PY.D:OBaHHH, lpy6, .D:eTa-
JIeM BeIITHJUlUIfOHHbIX If TenJIo06MeHHbIX YCTaHOBOK, MY<l>'r, 3JIeMelITOB HaCOCOB,
BeHTIfJIHTOpOB, 3aIUlfTHbIX nOKpbITlfM Ha MeTaJIJIax, a TaIOKe KaK 3JIeKlpOH30IDI-
UMOHHbIM MaTeplfaJI B Hlf3KOBOJIbTHOM 3JIeKTpOTeXHlfKe.
llAacmuKam HaxO,ll;JfT IlIlfpOKoe nplfMeHeHlfe .lVIH 1f3roTOBJIeHHH lpy6, KOH-
BeMepHbIX JIelIT, neqaTHbIX BaJIlfKOB, pa3JIWIHbIX JIHHOJIe}'MOB, nJIlITOK, rH,Qpo-
1f30JIHUlfOHHbIX If ,lI;eKOpaTHBHbIX nJIeHOK, a TaIOKe B 3JIeKTpOTeXHHqeCKOM npo-
MbIllIJIeHHOCTIf .lVIH If30JIHIJ,HH H 060JIOQeK npOBO,ll;OB If Ka6eJIH. XnOpHpOBaHlfeM
nOJIlfBlfHRJIXJIOpHJJ:a ,lI;0 CO.D:ep.>KaHIDI 60...80% a no.nyqalOT nepXJlOpeUHU/l - Ma-
TeplfaJI, JIerKO pacTBoplfMbIM B opraHWIeCKJfX paCTBOpHTeJIHX H nplfMeIDIeMbIH
.lVIH 1f3roTOBJIeHlfH KpaCOK.
IIoJlu6uHUIlau,emam (faCT 18992-80) - nOJIIIMep BIIHHJIau:eTaTa
CH 2 -CHOCOCH 3 , CHHTe3IIpyeMoro II3 au:eTIUleHa H yKCYCHOM KHCJIOTbI.
bJIaro.n;apSi xopoIlleM a,n:re3HH, 3JIaCTMqHOCTM, CBeTOCTOMKOCTM H 6ecU:BeT-
HOCTM nOJIHBHHMJIau:eTaT IllIIpOKO npHMeHSleTCSI B npOH3Bo.n;CTBe JIaKOB,
KpaCOK H KJIeeB. B BM,lI;e BO.n;HOM 3M)'JIbCIIM ero npIIMeHSlJOT TaIOKe ,lLJISI no-
JIHMepu;eMeHTHbIX 6eTOHoB, B npoII3Bo.n;cTBe BJIarOCTOMKHX o60eB.
t1Jmop01l.llaCmbl - o6rn:ee Ha3BaHHe CHHTeTMqeCKMX TepMOnJIaCrnqHbIX
nOJIHMepOB - npo.n;yKTOB nOJIHMepH3aU;IIII <}.>TopnpoH3Bo.n;HbIX OJIe<}.>HHOB.
3To <}.>TOpoco.n;ep:>Karn:He nOJIIIMepbI BMHHJIbHOro nma, IIMeJOrn:He BbICOK)'lO
CTeneHb KpHCTaJIJIlIqHOCTM (93...97%).
HaH60JIee pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIe <}.>TopOnJIaCTbI: <}.>TopOnJIaCT-4 (faCT
10007-80), <}.>TopoIUIacT-4M (faCT 14906-77), <}.>TopoIUIacT-3 (faCT
13744-87). <l>ToponJIacT-3 (nOJIH'TpH<}.>TOpXJIOp3TIIJIeH) npH Harpere BbIIlIe
210°C nepexo.n;HT B BSl3KOTeKYflee COCTOSlHHe, a npII TeMnepaTYPax BbIIlIe
31O...315°C pa3JIaraeTCSI. <l>ToponJIacT-4 (nOJIHTe'Tpa<}.>TOp3TIU1eH) npH Ha-
rpeBe BbIIlle 327°C nepeXO,lJ;lIT B aMopqmoe COCTOSlHHe. IIpH 6bIC1'pOM OXJIa)l(-
.n;eHHH B 3THX MaTepHaJIax nOHM:>KaeTCSI CTeneHb KpHCTaJIJIHqHOCrn, T.e.
npOHcxo.n;MT 3aKaJIKa.
C!>ropoIUIacThI XMMWIeCKH CTOMKH no OTHOIlleHMJO KO BceM KlICJIaraM H rn:e-
JIOqaM, He' nOrJIorn:aJOT BO.n;y, MMeJOT BbICOKHe TeIUIOCTOMKOCTh H .n;II3JIeKTPH-
66
I
J
J
qeCKMe CBOMCTBa, HH3KMM K03<}.><}.>IIWfeHT 1'peHHSI. K He.n;OCTaTKaM <}.>TOPO-
rrJIaCTOB OTHOCSlTCSI HH3KHe MeXaHHqeCKHe CBOMCTBa, XJIa,n:HOTeKyqeCTh.
<DropOrrJIaCThI npIIMeHSlIOTCSI )],JISI nO.n;IlIHrrHHKOB CKOJIb)KeHHSI, npOKJIa,n:OK,
yruIOTHHTeJIeM, .n;eTaJIeM XHMHqeCKOrO MaIlIIIHOC1'pOeHHSI, KaK aHTMKOppO-
3MMHbIe nOKpbITIISI Ha MeTaJIJIax. <DropoTIJIaCT-4 He ropMT, HMeeT BbICOKMe
.n;II3JIeIcrpHqecKMe CBOMCTBa, KOTopbIe rrpaKTIIqeCKM He 3aBHCHT HH OT qac-
TOThI, HII OT TeMnepaT)'pbI. 1f3.n;eJIHSI H3 Hero IIIMpOKO rrpMMeHSlIOT B aBHa-
C1'pOeHHH, 3JIeIcrpOTeXHHqecKoM npOMbIllIJIeHHOCTM, pa,n:HOTeXHJ1Ke, XHMH-
qeCKOM npOMbIllIJIeHHOCTM.
IIO/IUllKpll.llOmbl - CHHTe1WIeCKMe nomrnepbI aKplUlOBOM H MeTaKplUlOBOM
KMCJIOT H HX npOH3BO.n;HbIX; 6ecU;BeTHbIe, KJIeMKMe, KayqyKono.n;06HbIe IUIH
TBep.n;bIe BeIl{eCTBa. IlOJIHaKplUlaThI HMelOT BbICOKYIO XMMHqecKYIO, TeTIJIO-
H BO.n;OCTOMKOCTh, np03paqHbI II cnoc06HbI rrponycKaTh YJIb1'pa<}.>HOJIeTOBbIe
.n:yqH. IIpHMeHSIIOTCSI B rrpOH3BO.n;CTBe JIHCTOBbIX H PYJIOHHbIX MaTepHaJIOB.
IIOJIIIaKplUlaT .n: - 3 06JIa,n:aeT BbICOKOM TepMHqeCKOM H )KapOCTOMKOCThIO H
IICrrOJIb3yeTCSI .n;JISI Pa3JIHqHbIX aHrn<}.>pHKU;HOHHbIX .n;eTaJIeM; HaII60JIbllIee
rrpHMeHeHHe HaxO.n;MT rrOJIHMep MeTaKplUloBoM KMCJIOTbI - rrOJIHMeTIUIMe-
TaKplUlaT (opzaHullecKoe cmeKJlo). Ha OCHOBe nOJIHMeTIUIMeTaKplUlaTa H3ro-
TaBJIHBaIOT CaMOOTBep.>K,IJ;aIOIl{HecSi nJIaCTMaCCbI TIIrra CTIIpaKplUla, KOTOpbIe
HCrrOJIb3yIOT B npOH3Bo.n;CTBe IlITaMrrOB, JIHTeMHbIX Mo.n;eJIeM, a6pa3HBHOrO
HHc1'pYMeHTa.
IIo.lluypemaHbl - CHHTeTIIqeCKMe nOJIHMepbI, co.n;ep)KaIl{He B MOJIeK}'JIe
rpyrrnbI -NH-CO-O-; BSl3KMe .>Kl1)],KOCTII IUIII TBep.n;bIe BeIl{eCTBa. IIpOqHbI,
H3HOCOCTOMKM, YCTOMqHBbI K KMCJIOTaM, MaCJIaM, 6eH3HHY. IIpHMeHSIIOTCSI B
npoH3Bo.n;CTBe rrOJIl1)'peTaHOBoro BOJIOKHa, rreHOlUlaCTOB, KJIeeB, JIaKOB.
3JIaCTWIHbIe nOJIlIYpeTaHbI (ypeTaHOBbIe KayqyKH) - OCHOBa H3HOCOCTOMKOH
pe3HHbI. IIoJIHypeTaH IIY -1 XHMHqeCKM CTOeK, pa60qHe TeMnepaT)'pbI -
Of -60 .n;o + 100°C.
1.4.4.2. TepMopeaKmu6Hbie nOIlUMepbl
tPeHO.llOQ./lbiJezuiJHble nO./lUMepbl (fOCT 18694-80) - TBep.n;bIe rrpo.n;}'KThI
rrOJIHKOH,LJ:eHCaU;HH <}.>eHOJIOB C aJIb,lJ;enI.n;aMH, HarrpHMep <PoPMaJIb,lJ;erM.[(OM
[-CH 2 -O- ]n' IIpH orrpe.n;eJIeHHOM COOTHOllIeHHH <}.>eHOJIa H aJIb,lJ;erM.[(OB no-
.n:yqaIOT JIH60 TepMOlUlaCrnqHbIe (Ho60IlallHble), JIII60 TepMOpeaKTIIBHbIe (pe-
30llbHble) nOJIHMepbI.
<l>eHOJIOaJIb.n;erM.[(HbIe nOJIHMepbI HCrrOJIb3yIOTCSI B KaqecTBe CBSl3yIOIl{ero
BeIl{eCTBa )],JISI rrpOII3Bo.n;CTBa CJIOHCThIX rrJIaCTl'IKOB, KJIeeBbIX KOMno3HWfM,
ra30HanOJIHeHHbIX rrJIaCTMaCC, H3,IJ;eJIHM H3 MHHepaJIbHOM BaTbi. ):(.Jrn rrpOH3-
Bo.n;CTBa C'IpOIITeJIbHbIX MaTepHaJIOB H H3,IJ;e.n:HM 60JIee IlIMpOKoe rrpMMeHe-
HIIe HaxO.n;SlT pe30JIbHbIe OJIHroMepbI H rrOJIHMepbI. 3aTBep,IJ;eBaHHe HX rrpH
HOpMaJIbHOM TeMrrepa'I)'pe rrpOIICXO,l(MT C nOMO.Il{bIO KaTa1Ill3aTOpOB - CJIa6bIX
KMCJIOf.
67
.AMuH.oo.ilbiJeZUiJHbte nOJUlMt!pbl - rrpO.lJYKTbI rrOJlHKO.H,l{eHCaIJ;HII aMMHOB C
aII erH,IJ;aMH. EOJlee IIlHpoKOe rrpHMeHeHHe HallIJm Kap6aMH,IJ;HO- H MeJlaMH-
H<>cl><>PMaII erH,IJ;HbIe rrOJlHMepbI. I1x II3roTOBJISlIOT B BH,IJ;e BO.D:HbIX paCTBopoB
HTIH 3M)'JlbCHit OHH 3aTBep.l(eBaIOT npH nOBbllI1eHHOM TeMnepa'I)'pe, a npH
HOpMaIIbHOH: - 1pe6yIOTCSI YCKOpHTeJIH 3aTBep.D:eBaHIDI (opraHnqeCKHe HTIH
MHHepaIIbHbIe KHCJlOThI). TIPII XOJlO,l(HOM 3aTBep.D:eBaHHH o6pa3yIOTCSI MeHee
npOqHbIe H BO.D:OCTOMKHe nOJlHMepbI. 06J1acTh npHMeHeHIDI aMHHOaII e-
rM.D:HbIX nOJlHMepOB npHMepHO TaKa5I >Ke, KaK H <peHOJlOaII erlf,L(HbIX.
IIoJlufjJopMtl./IbiJezuiJ [-CH 2 -O-J n - CHHTernqeCKHM nOJlHMep, npO.LJ:YKT
rrOJlHMepH3aIJ;HH <PoPMaIIb):{erH,IJ;a; TBep.D:oe BelI.{eCTBO 6eJloro IJ;BeTa. OrJlHqa-
eTCSI 60JlbIlIOM >KeCTKOCThIO, YCTaIIOCTHOM npOqHOCThIO, MaIIOM YCa,n:KOM npH
nepepa60TKe, HH3KOM nOJl3yqeCThIO; H3HOCO- H BJIarOCTOeK, YCTO:WIHB K
lI.{eJIOqaM, paCTBOpHTeJlSlM. TIpHMeHSleTCSI fJlaBHbIM 06pa30M BMecTO U:BeT-
HbIX MeTaIIJlOB H CnJlaBOB B npOH3BO.D:CTBe KOHC1pYKU.IIOHHbIX .D:eTaJleM, a
TaIOKe .D:JlSI H3roTOBJIeHIDI TIJIeHKH H TeXHHqeCKoro BOJlOKHa.
IIOJlUaMUiJbl (KanpOH, HeiiAoH If .D:p.) - nOJlSlpHbIe TIJIaCTMaCCbI Ha OCHOBe
KpHCTaJIJlH3yIOlI.{erocSi nOJlHMepa, CO,l(ep:>KalI.{ero rpyrrrrbI CO, NH H CH 2 ;
TBep.D:bIe pOrOBH.D:HbIe HTIH np03paqHble CTeKJI006pa3HbIe BelI.{eCTBa. OHH
HMelOT BbICOKYIO TeMnepaTYPY rrJlaBJIeHHSI; xapaKTepH3YIOTCSI 60JlbIlIOM
npOqHOCThIO, BbICOKHMII TeTIJIOCTOMKOCTblO, H3HOCOCTOMKOCThIO, CTOMKO-
CTblO B MaCJlaX, 6eH3IIHe, lI.{eJloqax, HH3KHMH K03<P<PHIJ;HeHTOM 1peHlUl
if < 0,05) H crroco6HocThlO rrOralliaTh BH6paIJ;HH. He,l(ocTaTKH rrOJlHaMH.ll:OB -
CKJlOHHOCTh K CTapeHHIO H HeKOTOpasl rnrpocKOTIH1JHOCTh. TIOJlIIaMM,L(bI Haxo-
.IUIT I1IHpOKoe rrpHMeHeHHe B MaIlIMHOClpOOHHH, 3J1eI<.'IpOTeXHHKe, Me.D:Hu:MHe
,l(JISI H3rOTOBJIeHIDI nO.D:I1IHTIHHKOB, BT)'JlOK, 3y6qaTbIX nepe.D:aq, K}'JlaqKOB,
3IDKHMOB, KJIarraHOB, npOKJIa,n:OK, aHTII<PPHKIJ;HOHHbIX H .D:eKOpaTIIBHbIX no-
KpbITIIM H .D:p.
fPypaH06bte nOJlUMepbl no.rryqalOT nOJIHKO.H,l{eHCalU'IeM <pYP<1>ypoJla, <pYPII-
JlOBOro crrHPTa H aU:eTOHa. TIpaKTIIqecK}'lO 3HatIHMOCTh HMelOT <PYP<1>YPOJl-
aIJ;eTOHOBbIe nOJlHMepbI - B npHcyrcTBIIH 6eH30cYJlb<pOKHCJlOThI HTIH rrjm
HarpeBaHHH .D:O 180...200°C OHH nepeXOMT B HeTIJIaBKOe H HepaCTBOpHMoe
COCTOHHHe.
,lJ,ocTOHHCTBaMII <pypaHoBbIX nOJlHMepOB SlBJISlIOTCSI BbICOKasI (300...400°C)
TeIIJIOCTOMKOCTh H XOpOlliasI COBMecTIIMOCTh C .D:PYfHMH nOJlHMepaMH, 6myMa-
MH H CHHTe1WIeCIGIMH KayqyKaMH. fipH MX npHMeHeHHH CJle.nyeT yqHThIBaTb
60JlbIlIyIO yca,n:K}' npH 3aTBep.D:eBaHHH.
<I>ypaHoBbIe rrOJlHMepbI IICnOJlb3yIOT MSI nOJlyqeHIDI nOJlHMepHbIX 6eTO-
HOB, 3alI.{HTHbIX JlaKOB, KJIeeB H MaCTIIK. 113 npeCCOBaHHbIX MaTepHaIIOB II3-
rOTaBJIHBalOT pa3JmqHbIe .D:eTaIIH, lpy6bI, apMaT)'PY.
3noKCUiJHbte nOJUJMepbl - rrpO.lJYKTbI nOJlHKOH,LJ;eHCaIJ;HH 3rrHXJIOprn.npMHa
C ,l(H<peHHTIOrrpOrraHOM, cQ.D:ep:>KalI.{He 3nOKCMH)'IO rpyrrrry. TIepeBO,l( 3nOKCH,lI;-
HbIX rrOJlHMepOB npH HOpMaIIbHOM H nOBbIIIIeHHOM TeMnepaT)'Pax B He-
paCTBopHMoe H HeTIJIaBKOe COCTOSIHIDI OCyIIJ;ecTBJlSIIOT C nOMOlI.{blO OTBep,l(H-
68
TeJIeM. 3nOKCM,lUIbIe nOJIHMepbI OTJIHqalOT XOpOIllaSi a,n:re3HS1 K pa3HOo6pa3-
HbIM MaTepHaJIaM, He3HatUfI'eJIbHaJI YCa,n:Ka, BbICOme nOKa3aTeJIH npOq}fOcm.
113 3nOKCH,L(HbIX nOJUIMepOB H3roTaBJIHBalOT 3<}.><}.>eKTHBHbIe BO.n;O- H XH-
MWlecm CTOMme KlIeH .n;JISI CKlIeHBaHHSI pa3H006pa3HbIX MaTepHaJIOB, HX
npHMeHSllOT KaK CBSl3}'1Orn:ee ,l])ISI CTeKlIOnJIaCTHKOB, nOJIHMep6e-rOHOB.
/(peMHuiiopZaHUqecKue nOJUJMepbl (nOJIHOKCaHbI, CRJIHKOHbI) - CHHTeTH-
qeCme 3JIeMeHTOOpraHHqeCme BbICOKOMOJIeKyJlSlpHbIe nOJIHMepbI, co.n;ep}lffi-
rn:He B fJIaBHOM QeTIH aTOMbI KpeMHHSI H mCJIopo.n;a, a aTOMbI yrJIepo.n;a -
B COCTaBe 60KOBbIX rpynn, CBSl3aHHbIX C aTOMOM KpeMHHSI. B 3aBHCHMOCTH
OT MOJIeKyJISIpHOM MacCbI KpeMHHMOpraHHqecme nOJIHMepbI - BSl3me 6ec-
l(BeTHbIe .>KH,LJ;KOCTH (.>KH,LJ;KOCm KpeMHHMOpraHnqecme), TBep.n;bIe 3JIaCmq-
HbIe Bern:eCTBa (KpeMHHMOpraHHqecme Kayq}'KH) HJIH xpynme npo.n;yKThI
(KpeMHIIMOpraHHqeCme nOJIIIMepbI).
KpeMHHMOpraHHqeCme nOJIHMepbI xapaKTepH3yroTCSI BbICOKOM TepMO- H
TeruIOCTOMKOCThIO (6oJIee 400°C), a TaIOKe BO.n;OCTOMKOCThIO, 3JIaC11f1IHOCThIO,
MOpo3OCTOMKOCThIO, YCTOWnmOCThIO K OmCJIeHIDO, <}.>H3IIOJIOIWIeCKOM MHepr-
HOCTbIO, I11,lJ;po<}.>06HOCThIO. 3'rn nOJIHMepbI HMelOT xopOlilHe .n;H3JIeIcrpnqe-
cme xapaKTepHCTHm. He.n;ocTaTKaMH HX SlBJISIIOTCSI HeBbICOKaJI MeXaHHqe-
CKaJI npOqHOCTb H cJIa6aSl a,n:re3HS1 K .n;pyrHM MaTepHaJIaM.
KpeMHHMOpraHHqecme nOJIHMepbI npHMeHSIIOT .n;JISI npoH3BOp;CTBii rep-
MemKOB, }lffipOCTOfurn:X JIaKOB II 3MaJIeM, neHOnJIaCTOB, CTeKlIOTIJIaCTHKOB,
.n;eTaJIeM 3JIeK1]X>TeXHHqecmx npH6opoB. KpeMHHMOpraHnqecme .>KH,LJ;KOCm
HCnOJIh3yIOTCSI B KaqecTBe m;n:paBJUIqeCmX, rH,npo<}.>o6H3aTOpoB CMa30K H .n;p.
1.5. KOMno3HIUloHHble MaTepHaJIbI
KOM6HHHpoBaHHe Pa3JIHqHbIX Bern:ecTB OCTaeTCSI cero.n;HSI O.n;HHM H3 oc-
HOBHbIX cnoc06oB C03)J;aHHSI HOBbIX MaTepHaJIOB, CBOMCTBa KOTOpbIX H KO-
JIHqeCTBeHHO, H KaqecTBeHHO OTJIHqalOTCSI OT CBOMCTB KIDI<LI:Oro H3 COCTaB-
JISiIOrn:.HX ero Bern:ecTB.
KOM1UJ3UlJ1lOHHbte MIl11Ieputl./lbl (KOMno3umbl) - HCKyCCTBeHHbIe MaTepHaJIbI,
nOJIyqeHHbIe H3 )J;BYX IDIH 60JIee KOMnOHeHTOB C coxpaHeHHeM IIH.LI:HBH,l(yaJIb-
Hocm KIDIQJ;Oro OT)J;eJIbHoro KOMnOHeHTa. K KOMn03HU:HOHHbIM MaTepHaJIaM
OTHOCSlTCSI TaIOKe CTIJIaBbI C HanpaBJIeHHOM KpHCTaJIJIII3aQHeM 3BTeK1WleCIGIX
ClpYKTYP.
XapaKTepHbIe npH3Ham KOMn03IIQHOHHbIX MarepHaJIOB:
. COCTaB H <PoPMa KOMnOHeHTOB MaTepHaJIa onpe.n;eJIeHbI 3apaHee;
· KOMnOHeHThI npHcyrcTByroT B KOJUIqecTBax, o6eCneqHBalOrn:HX 3a,n:aH-
HbIe CBOMCTBa MarepHaJIa;
· KOMl103HU:HOHHbIM MarepHaJI SIBJISIeTCSI MHoro<}.>a3HOM CHCTeMOM, O,l(HO-
pO.n;HOM B MaKpoMacIllTa6e H Heo)J;Hopo.n;HOM - B MHKpOMaCllITa6e (KoMno-
HeHTbI pa3JIHq}{bI no CBOMCTBaM, H Me)lQ:{y HHMH CyIIJ;eCTBye-r SlBHaJI rpaHHl{a
pa3.n;e.n:a).
69
B KOMlI03HIJ;MOHHbIX MarepHaJIax lIpHHSlThI CJIe,lJ;YIDII.{Me HaHMeHOBaHHSI
KOMlIOHeHTOB:
· MampUl(a - KOMlIOHeHT, 06JIa,n:aIOII.{HM HelIpepblBHOCThIO lIO BCeM}'
o6DeM}' MarepHaJIa;
· ynpormUmeJlb, YCHJIHBalOII.{HM (apMHPYIDII.{HM) KOMlIOHeHT - KOMlIOHeHT
npepbIBHbIM, paCnpe,lJ;eJIeHHbIM OC06bIM 06paJOM B o6DeMe KOMn03HIJ;MH.
ApMU]J08aHUe - YCMJIeHMe MaTepMaJIa 3JIeMeHTaMM (apMaTYPoi1:) M3,l1;pyrOro,
60JIee npOqHoro MaTepMaJIa. KOMn03Ml.{MOHHble MaTepMaJIbI MOryI' cO,ZJ:ep:>KaTb '
,lI;Ba M 60JIee pa3JIMQHbIX ynPOQHMTeJIH. B 3TOM CJIyqae OHM Ha3blBaIOTCH nOlluap-
Mup06aHHbLMU KOMn03Ul{UOHHb/MU MamepUaJlOMU.
ECJIH KOMlI03HD:HOHHbIe MarepHaJIbI COCTOSIT H3 'lpeX H 60JIee KOMlIO-
HeHTOB, OHII HaJbIBalOTCSI 2u6puOHbtMU KOMn03Ul(UOHHbtMU MamepUa/laMu.
MeXaHHqeCKHe CBOMCTBa KOMlI03HIJ;HOHHbIX MaTepHaJIOB OlIpe.n:eJISIIOTCSI
B OCHOBHOM CJIe,lJ;YIDII.{HMH lIapaMeTpaMH: BbICOKOM npOqHOCThIO yrrPOq}{H-
reJISI; }l(eCTKOCTblO Ma'lpHIJ;bI; paJMepaMH, <}.>OPMOM H lIpOC'lpaHCTBeHHbIM
paCnpe,lJ;eJIeHHeM yrrpoq}{HTeJISI H lIpoqHOCThIO CBSl3H Ha rpaHHue Ma'lpHu:a -
yrrPOqHMTeJIb.
KOMn03HIJ;MOHHbIe MarepHaJIbI KJIaCCH<}.>HD:HPYIDT no npupooe MampUl(bt,
npupooe ynpormumeJlJl, xapaKmepy 63aUMOOeUCm6UJl ynpormumeJlJl C MampUl(eu,
fjJopMe 3fleMeHm06 ynpormumeJlJl, KOHcmpYKmU6HOMY npU3HaKY ynpOr.tHeHUJl H
H03Har.teHUIO.
ITo npHpO,lJ;e Ma'lpHU:bI H yrrpOqHHTeJIII MOryr 6bITb nOflUMepHbtMU, Me-
ma.tl.llUr.teCKUMU H MUHepa/lbHbtMU. Pa3HOBM,lI;HOCThlO lIOJIHMepHOM Ma'lpIIIJ;bI
RBillIeTCSI Y2ltepOOHaR MampUl(a, no.rryqaeMaJI Kap6oHH3aUHeM RJIM rpa<}.>lfTII3a-
IJ;HeM lIOJIHMepHOM Ma'lpHU:bI. B HaHMeHOBaHHH KOMlI03HU:HOHHbIX MaTepHa-
JIOB qaCTO <}.>MIyplIpyeT lIpHpO,ZJ;a yrrPOqHHTeJISI H Ma'lpHI.{bI (CTeKJIOTIJIaCTIIKH,
Kap6oTIJIacTl'nGI, 6opoIirracTMKH H ,lJ;p.).
Or lIpHpO,lJ;bI Ma'lpHIJ;bI JaBHCSIT <}.>H3HKO- XMMMQecme, 3KCTIJIyaTalUIOHHbIe
H TeXHOJIOrMqecme CBOMCTBa MaTepHaJIa. TaK, Ma'lpHIJ;a ,lJ;OJDKHa 06eClIeqlfTh
TeTIJIO<}.>H3Hqecme, MeXaHHqecme, 3JIeKTPHqecme CBOMCTBa, XMMMqecK}'lO
H KOpp03HOHHYID CTOMKOCTh, ypoBeHb pa60qHX TeMlIepaTYP, B03MO:>KHOCTh
COBMeCTHOM pa60ThI C yrrPOqHHTeJIeM npII paJJIHq}{bIX BM,lI;ax Harp}')KeHHSI,
pa6oTOcnoc06HocTb, xapaKTep H3MeHeHHSI CBOMCTB lIO,lJ; B03,lJ;eMCTBHeM cpe-
,lJ;bI. K reXHOJIOrnqecKHM CBOMCTI3aM yrrpOqHHTeJISI OTHOCSIT CMaqHBaeMOCTh
BOJIOKHa, <}.>opMyeMOCTh H ,lJ;p.
ITo xapaKTepy B3aHMO,lJ;eMCTBHSI yrrpOqHHTeJISI C Ma'lpHIJ;eM pa3JIHqalOT
aKmU6Hbte H UHepmHbte ynpOr.tHUmeJlU. OTcyrcTBHe B3aHMO,lJ;eMCTBHSI Me)lQ:(y
yrrpOqHHTeJIeM H MaTpIIIJ;eM cym:eCTBeHHO lIOBbIlliaeT 'lpeIl.{HHOCTOMKOCTh
KOMlI03HD:HOHHOro MaTepHaJIa.
ITo <}.>opMe 3JIeMeHTOB paJJIIIqalOT yrrPOqHHTeJIII:
70
. nOpOUiKOo6pa3Hbie (aUCnepCHble) - COOTHOIlleHHe .n.BYX pa3MepOB 3JIe-
MeHTa yrrpOqHHTeJISI, B3S1TbIX no B3aHMHO nepneH,lI;HKYJISlpHbIM HallpaBJIe-
HIDIM, 6JIH3KO K e.n.HHHu:e (IllapbI, rpaHYJIbI H T.n.);
. eOAOKHucmble - BeJIHqHHa OTHOIlleHHSl MHHbI K TOJIIIJ:HHe 3JIeMeHTa
yrrPOqHMTeJISi pmma 10 H 60JIee (HHTII, BOJIOKHa, npOBOJIOKH, JIeHTbI H T.ll.).
qeM 60JIbIlle BeJIHqHHa OTHOIlleHHSl MHHbI K TOJIIIJ:HHe BOJIOKHa, TeM BbIIlle
CTeneHb yrrpOqHeHlISl MaTepHaJIa. B KaqeCTBe BOJIOKHHCTbIX yrrpOqHHTeJIeH
llpHMeHSIIOTCSI BbiCOKOnpOqHbIe CTeKJISlHHbIe, yrJIepo.n.HbIe, 60pHbIe H opra-
HHqeCKHe BOJIOKHa, MeTaJIJmqeCKHe npOBOJIOKH, a TaIOKe BOJIOKHa H HHTe-
BM,lJ;HbIe KpHCTaJIJIbI PMa Kap6M,lJ;OB, OKCM,lJ;OB, HH'IpM,lJ;OB H .n;pyrHX coe.n;HHe-
HMH. BoJIOKHa MSI KOMll03HI.{HOHHbIX MaTepHaJIOB 06bIqHO HCllOJIb3}'1OTCj{ B
BM,lJ;e nytIKOB B TOH RJIH HHOH TeKCTIIJIbHOH <popMe (HHTII, :>KfYThI H .n;p.).
Cy:IIJ;ecTBYeT nOHSlTIIe KpUmU'1eCKOU aAUHbl eOAOKOH. EClIH OHa He MeHbIlle
onpe.n;eJIeHHOH BeJIWIHHbI (06pe3KH BOJIOKOH), TO KOMll03HI.{HOHHbIH MaTe-
pHaJI JIHIIIb He3HaqHTeJIbHO YCTYIIaeT llO npOqHOCTH KOMll03HI.{HH C Henpe-
pbffiHbIMH BOJIOKHaMH. 06pe3KH BOJIOKOH, npHMeHSIeMbIe MSI yrrpOqHeHHSI,
nOJIyqHJIH Ha3BaHHe - rjJUOpbl;
. CAoucmble (Aucmoeble) - OTHOIlleHHe llJIOIIJ:a,rJ;H 3JIeMeHTa yrrPOqHHTeJISI
K ero TOJIIIJ:HHe npaKTW:IeCKH C'IpeMIITCSI K 6eCKOHeqHOCTH (JUICTbI, llOJIOTHa,
TKaHH H .n;p. Ha OCHOBe BbICOKOnpOqHbIX BOJIOKOH pa3JIHqHOH llPHPO.n.bI).
KOMll03Hu:HOHHbIe MaTepHaJIbI, Y KOTOpbIX BXO.lUIIIwe B KOMll03HIUIIO ::me-
MeHThI BbIlIOJIHeHbI B BM,lJ;e CJIOeB, Ha3bIBaIOTCSI CAOUCmblMu. I1pHMelUlSl COOT-
BeTCTByIOIIJ:He MaTepHaJIbI, MO)I(HO nOJIyqaTb CJIOHCThIe MaTepHaJIbI C 3a,rJ;aH-
HbIM COqeTaHHeM MeXaHHqeCKHX, TeIIJIO<pH3HqeCKHX, XIIMHqeCKHX H .u:pyrHX
CBOHCTB.
<1>opMa 3JIeMeHTOB yrrpOqHMTeJISI BO MHO rOM onpe.n.eJISIeT <pH3HqeCKHe
CBOHCTBa KOMll03III.{HOHHbIX MaTepHaJIOB. TaK, .lUUI MaTepHaJIOB C llOpOIllKO-
06pa3HbIMH yrrPOqHHTeJISlMH xapm<TepHbI H30'IponHOCTb CBOHCTB, BbICOKHe
TBep.n.OCTb If llpe.u:eJI npOqHOCTM Ha C)I(aTMe, a .lUUI JIHCTOBbIX yrrpoqHIITe-
JIeH - aHH30'IpOnIDI CBOHCTB, BbICOKMif npe.n.eJI npOqHOCTM Ha H3rn6. ,[(JuI
pacnrnpeHIDI KOMlIJIeKCa CBOHCTB RJIH YCRJIeHIDI KaKOrO-JUI60 CBOHCTBa .lUUI
apMHpOBaHllil O)],HOBpeMeHHO HciIOJIb3}'1OT HallOmrnTeJIH pa3JIHqHOH <pOpMbI.
110 KOHC'IpYKTIIBHOMY npH3HaKY yrrpOqHeHHSI (pHC. 22) pa3J1MqaIOT KOM-
n03ut(UOHHbte MamepUQ/lbl c xaomU'1eCKUM ynpO'1HeHUeM, ooHOMepHo-, aeYMepHo- H
npocmpaHcmeeHHO apMupoeaHHble. KOMTI03Hu:HOHHble MaTepHaJIbI, o.n;HoMepHo
apMHpOBaHHbIe HenpepbIBHbIMH BOJIOKHaMH, Ha3bIBaIOTCSI BO.llOKHU11UlMU, a
.n;B}'MepHO apMHpOBaHHbIe TKaHSlMH - meKCmO.llU11UlMU. I1pH apMHpoBaHIIH
B03MO)I(HbI pa3JIHtffibIe cxeMbI YKJIa,rJ;KH yrrPOqHHTeJISI (BOJIOKOH), KOTOpbIe
npHBe.n.eHbI Ha pHC. 23.
110 Ha3HaqeHMIO KOMTI03HU:HOHHbIe MaTepHaJIbI.n.eJISlTCSI Ha KOHcmpYKt(U-
OHHble, UHcmpYMeHmQ/lbHble, 3AeKmpOmeXHU'1eCKUe H .u:p.
71
a
tJ
6
1
A
?
2
2
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-, ":LI"
#. .'4' ._ ;."*,
.. ;;;:" ,.
: , ;'; ,..
. :% ; ; /,;
;""'11111" .
. . . //
_':-:'Xo:' o:,:.:_:' :,:P /
\ .: / : , ;: f;"
: I' ft :
;'.; .;.:;f, ,. ':! .
2
1
1 111111m
2
.. \\ \ .:;:
..;.;. :.:::.
........ '::':
.:.!. . .. .
PHC. 22. K.IlaccurjJuKau,ufl KOMn03um06 no KOHcmpYKmU6HOMY npU3HalCY:
a - XOOmUlteCKU OpMUp060HHble (J - lwpomlcue 60JlOKHO; 2 - Henpepbl6Hble 60JlOKHO);
6 - OOHOMepHO OpMUp060HHble (J - oOHoHOnpa6/1eHHble Henpepbl6Hble; 2 - OOHfJHanpo6/1eHHble
KopomKue); 6 - 06YMepHO OpMup06aHHble (J - Henpepbl6Hble Humu; 2 - mKoHu); Z - npo-
cmpaHcm6eHHO opMupo6aHHble (J - mpu ceMeucm6a Humeu; 2 - n ceMeucm6 Humeu)
a
o
6
2
e
PHC. 23. CxeMbl YKAaOKU 60JlOKOH npu apMup06aHUU:
o - npflMoyZOJlbHaJl; 6 - KOCOYZOJlbHaJl; 6 - C UCKpU6/1eHHblMU 60JlOKHaMU; Z - cucmeMO U3
n Humeu
1.6. <l>u3l1'1eCKHe CBOHCTBa
(lJU3UIleCKUe cBoiicmBa - BHyrpeHHHe, npHCy:IIJ;He .n.aHHOMy MarepHarry
MH BeIl(eCTBY oco6eHHocrn, o6ycJlOBJIHBaIOIl(He ero pa3J1HQHe MH o6rn:-
HOCTh C .n.pyrMMH BeIl(eCTBaMH RJIH MarepHarraMM H npOSlBJlSlIOrn:MecSi KaK
OTBeTHaSI peaKl(HSI Ha B03.n:eHCTBHe BHeIIIHlIX <pH3HQeCKMX rrOJleH RJIH cpe.n:.
CBOHCTBa MarepHarra Bcerna ou:eHHBaIOT QHCJlOBblMH nOK8.3aTeJlSlMH, KO-
TopbIe YCTaHaBJIHBaIOT rryreM HCnbITaHHH. ):VISI rroJlyqeHHSI COrrOCTaBHMbIX
.naHHbIX, KOTOpbIMH MO:>KHO BOCrrOJlb30BaTbCSI rrpII BbI60pe Ii ou:eHKe MaTe-
72
p.HaJIOB B HIDKeHepHOH npaKTHKe, HCnbITaHHSI 06j{3areJIbHO npOBoMT e.u:H-
Ho06paJHO H B COOTBeTCTBHH C Tpe60BaHHSlMH rocy.u:apCTBeHHbIX CTaH-
.n.aproB.
<1>M:3HQeCK.He CBOHCTBa, onpe.u:eJIeHHbIe CTaH.LJ:apTHbIMH MeTO.u:aM.H C }'KaJa-
HHeM COCTaBa, C1'pOeHHSI H CTPYKTYPbI, npe,lJ.CTaBJISlIOT C060H CmaHaapmHble
Cnpa60 Hble aaHHble 6eU(eCm6 U MamepUaJl06. IlOPMOK paJpa6OTK.H H aTreCTa-
u:HH CTaH,lI;aPTHbIX CnpaBOqHbIX ,lJ.aHHbIX (CC,LO 0 cl>H3HQeCKMX KOHCTaHTaX
H CBOHCTBax BeIl(eCTB H MarepHaJIOB YCTaHOBJIeH B IlpaBIDIax no Me)I(TOCY-
,lJ.apcTBeHHOH CTaH,lJ.apTH3a HH (IlMf 28-99).
1.6.1. 3HqeCKHe BeJlHQHHbl, xapaKTepH3yiOIWIe
arperaTHoe COCTOJlHHe BeII(eCTBa
<1>H3HqeCK.HMH BeJIHqHHaMH, XapaKTepH3yIDIl(HMH arperaTHoe COCTOSlHHe
BeIl(eCTBa, SlBJISIIOTCSI meMnepamypa II flJlomHocmb.
Te.JHnepamypa - cl>H3HQeCKaSi BeJIHQHHa, xapaI<TepH3yIOIl(M COCTOSlHHe
repMo.u:HHaMHQeCKOrO paBHOBecHSI CHCreMbI.
TeMnepaTYPHbIH ,lJ.HanaJOH cl>H3HQeCK.HX SlBJIeHHH HCKJIIOQHTeJIbHO nIH-
pOK: npaKTHQeCK.H OT a6COJIIOTHOrO HYJISI.n.O 1011 K H BbIIlle.
TeMnepaTYPa reJIa He3aBHCHMO OT ero MaCChI H XIIMHQeCKOrO COCTaBa
XapaKTepH3yeT 3HeprIIIO, C KOTOpOH .n.BIDKYTCSI MOJIeKYJIbI. IIepexo.n. BeIl(e-
CTBa B arperaTHoe COCTOSlHHe, OTBeQalOIl(ee 60JIee BbICOKOH reMnepaTYPe,
TPooyeT no.n.Bo.n.a 3HepnfH, a nepexo.n. B arperaTHoe COCTOSlHHe, OTBeQalOwee
60JIee HH3KOH reMnepaTYPe, COnpOBO)K.lJ:aeTCSI BbI,l(eJIeHHeM 3HeprIIH. B03-
MO)l(I-lbIe nepeXO)lbI H3 o.n.Horo arperaTHoro COCTOSlHHSl B .n.pyroe npe.u:CTaB-
JIeHbI Ha pHC. 24.
B TBep,lJ.bIX reJIax xapaKTep nJIaBJIeHHSI onpe,lJ.eJISleTCj{ HX CTpoeHHeM.
TaK, B KpHCTaJumQeCK.HX BeIl(eCTBax IIJIaBJIeHHe (KpHCTaJIJIH3a HSI) npOHC-
XO,lJ..HT npH onpe.n.eJIeHHOH, 3aBHcj{weH OT BHeIIIHero .n.aBJIeHHSI meMnepamy-
pe flJla6lleHUJl. IlpH 3TOM B npo ecce IIJIaBJIeHHSI (KpHCTaJIJIH3aU:HH) reMne-
pa1)'pa reJIa He MeHSleTCSI.
ArperaTHoe COCTOAHMe:
Pac. 24. B3aUMOC6Jl3b 603MOJICHbIX
azpezamHbIX cocmORHUU 6e ecm6a
c O cmpoeHUeM 6 3a6ucUMocmu
om 6Heumeu meMnepamypbl
TBep,o,oe >KMAKOe ra3006pa3Hoe
MaBJIeHMe . napo06pa3088HMe
3BT8ep,!\e8aHHe . KOHAeHca
Cy6J1MMBqMR
B03pacraHMe reMnepaTypbl
73
Te.JHnepamypa 1I.IIae.JleUUR (T llJI) - TeMnepaTYPa paBHOBeCHOrO <pa30BOrO
nepexo.n.a TBep.u:oro KpHCTa.JI.1lliqeCKOrO BeIl(eCTBa B )I(J1)]:KOe COCTOSlHMe rrpH
nOCTOSlHHOM BHellIHeM .u:aBJIeHHH. TeMnepaTYPa IIJIaBJIeHHSI npH HOpMaJIb-
HOM aTMOC<pepHOM .n.aBJIeHHII (101325 ITa, HJIH 760 MM pT.CT.) Ha3bmaeTCSI
TOqKOH IIJIaBJIeHHSI. TeMnepaT}'Pa 06paTHoro nepexo.u:a H3 )lQf,[U<oro COCTOSIHIDI
B TBep.n.oe KpHCTaJIJIHqeCKOe BeIl(eCTBO Ha3bIBaeTCH meMnepamypou 3ameep-
OeeaHUJl.
TeMnepaTYPbI IIJIaBJIeHlISl CIIJIaBOB 06bfllHO HIDKe TeMnepaTYPbI IIJIaBJIeHIDI
CaMoro JIerxOIIJIaBKOrO KOMnOHeHTa, a TeMnepaTYPa 3aTBep.u:eBaHHSI pacTBOpa
nOHIDKaeTCSI C YBeJIHqeHHeM KOHQelITpaQHH paCTBopeHHoro BeIl(eCTBa, H
3TO nOHIDKeHHe nponopU:H<)HaJIbHO qHCJIY paCTBopeHHbIX MOJIeK)'JI.
MaTepHaJIbI C npeHM)'lll:eCTBeHHO aMOP<PHbIM C'IpOOHHeM, Ta.KHe, KaK CTeK-
JIO H BbICOKOMOJIeK)'IDIpHbIe rrOJIHMepbI, xapaKTepH3yroTCSI He TOtIKOH, a nepH-
O.n.OM pa3MS1I't{eHHSl (CM. pHC. 6), JJ:IDI KOTOporo caMOH HH3KOH TeMIIepa'l)'poH
HBJUIeTeH meMnepamypa pa3MJlZlteHUJl Tp. ,lJ,pyroH xapaI<TepHCTIIqeCKOH TeMne-
paTYPOH JJ:,JISI aMoP<PHbIX MaTepHaJIOB SlBJISleTCSI meMnepamypa cmeKJlOeaHUJl.
Te.JHnep'amypa cmeKAOeaHUR (T CT) - TeMnepaTYPa 06paTIIMoro paBHOBec-
Horo <pa30Boro nepexo.n.a BeIl(eCTBa B cTeKJI066pa3HOe COCTOSlHHe H3 l1epe-
OXJIIDI<l(eHHoro paCIIJIaBa npH nOCTOSlHHOM BHellIHeM .n.aBJIeHHH.
I1HTeHCHBHbIH nepexo.n. )I(J1)]:KOCTII B nap (napoo6pa30eaHue) BCJIe.u:CTBHe
06pa30BaHHSI H pOCTa B )I(J1)]:KOCrn II}'3bIpbKOB napa (nY3blpbKOeoe KuneHue)
HJIH IIJIeHKlI napa Ha nOBepXHOCTH (flJleHOItHoe KuneHue) Ha3bmaeTCSI Kune-
HueM H npOHcxo.u:HT npH onpe.u:eJIeHHOH meMnepamype KUneHUJl.
TeMnepamypa KUneuUR T KHII - TeMnepaTYPa paBHOBeCHoro nepexo.u:a )I(lI)J:-
Kocrn B nap npH nOCTOSlHHOM BHellIHeM .n.aBJIeHHSl. C yBeJIHqeHMeM BHelllHe-
ro .u:aBJIeHHSI II KOHu:eH'TpaU:HH paCTBOpeHHOro BeIl(eCTBa OHa nOBbIlliaeTCSI.
,[(JuI )I(J1)]:KHX BbICOKOnOJIHMepHbIX MaTepHaJIOB, B qaCTHOCTII JJ:IDll1):(eHTIl-
<PHKaQHH H ou:eHKH CBOHCTB MaCeJI, CMa30qHbIX MaTepHaJIOB H .u:p., xapaKTep-
HbIMH SlBJISIIOTCSI meMnepamypbl pa3JlO;)ICeHUJl, eOCflJlaMeHeHUJl H e03Z0paHUJl.
TeMnepamypa ptl3.ll0:JICeuUR - MHHHMaJIbHIDI TeMnepaTYPa OKp}')KaIOIl(erO
06pa3eu: B03.u:yx:a, npH KOTOpOH H3 06pa3u:a B pe3YJIbTaTe pa3JIO:>KeHHSI BbI,LJ:e-
MeTeSi 3aMeTHOe KOJIHqeCTBO ra3a.
Te.JHnepamypa eoc1l.lltlMeUeUUR - MHHHMaJIbHaSi TeMnepaTYPa OKp}')KaIO-
Il(ero 06pa3eu: B03.u:yx:a, npH KOTOpOH BbI,LJ:eJISIeTeSi .u:OCTaTOqHOe KOJIHqeCTBO
rOpIOqHX ra30B, cnoc06HbIX BOCIIJIaMeHMTbCSI OT BHeceHHoro IIJIaMeHII.
TeMnepamypa e03Z0pauUR - MHHHMaJIbHIDI TeMnepaTYPa OKp}')KaIOIl(erO
06pa3eu: B03.u:yx:a, npH KOTOPOH B OTCyrcTBHe BHelliHero HCTOqHHKa 3IDKllTa-
HHSI B03HHKaeT caMoB03ropaHHe.
O.u:IjOH H3 OCHOBHbIX <pH3HqeCKlIX xapaI<TepHCTID< MaTepHH, onpe.u:eJISlIO-
Il(eH ee HHePTHbIe H rpaBJITaQHOHHbIe CBOHCTBa, SlBJISIeTCH Macca.
Macca eeUl,ecmea paCCMa'TpHBaeTCSI KaK Mepa ero KOJIHqeCTBa. TaIG1M 06-
pa30M, JJ:,JISI O.n.HOPO.u:HOH CHCTeMbI Macca xapaKTepH3yeT qHeJIO C'TpYKTYPHbIX
3JIeMeHTOB (aToMoB, HOHOB, MOJIeK)'JI H .u:p.), co.u:ep:>KaIl(IIXCSI B TepMo.u:HHa-
74
MWIeCKOM CHCTeMe, H ee C'l'pOeHHe. ):Lrrn HeO.n.HOpO.u.HbIX BeIl.{eCTB a,u.u.HTHB-
HOCTb MaCCbI n03BOJUleT BBeCTJoI rroHSITHe «flJlOmHOCmb».
I1.n.omHocmb - Mepa KOJmqeCTBa Bern:eCTBa B e.u.HHHu:e o6'beMa:
P = m/V.
(2)
IIrrOTHOCTb, onpe.u.eJIeHHIDI .ZJ.lUI O.n.HOpO.u.HbIX BeIl.{eCTB, MO)l(eT paCCMaT-
pHBaTbCSI KaK meOpemUlteCKaR. IIrrOTHOCTbIO, 6JIH3KOM K TeOpeTHqeCKOM, 06-
JIa.u.aIOT, KaK npaBIDIO, MeTaJIJIbI, )I(J1.ZJ.KOCTH, HeKOTopbIe nOJIHMepbI H .u.p.
AnSI Heo.u.Hopo.n.HbIX Bern:eCTB HCnOJIb3yIOT rrOHSITHe «06oeMHaR flJlOmHocmb».
06l1eMHflR 1I.IIOmHOCmb - BeJIHqHHa, onpe.u.eJISIeMIDI OTHOIlleHHeM MaCCbI
Heo.u.Hopo.u.Horo Bern:eCTBa KO BceMY 3aHHMaeMOM}' HM 06'beMY, BKJIIOqIDI
HMeIOIl.{HecSi B HeM nopbI H nyCTOTbI. Cpe.n.HIOIO 06'beMH)'IO IIJIOTHOCTb Pcp
BbIqHCJUlIOT no Q:>opMYJIe:
pcp=m/ , (3)
r.u.e - o6'beM BeIl.{eCTBa B eCTeCTBeHHOM COCTOSlHHH.
,[(JISI HH)I(eHepHbIX paCqeTOB HCnOJIb3YIOTCSI nOHSITHSI «omHOCUmeAbHaR
flJlOmHocmb» H «HaCblnHaR flJlOmHocmb».
OmHOCUmeJlbHflR 1I.IIOmHOCmb npe.n.CTaBJUleT C060M OTHOIlleHHe IIJIOTHOC- '
TH Bern:eCTBa P K IIJIOTHOCTM 3TaJIOHHOrO BeIl.{eCTBa P 3T npH onpe.n.eJIeHHbIX
BHeIllHlIX YCJIOBlISlX:
POT = P/P 3T .
(4)
IlrrOTHOCTb TBep,ll;bIX H )l(Jf)J:KHX MaTepHaJIOB 06bIQHO cpaBHHBaIOT C IDIOT-
HOCTbIO BO,ll;bI rrpH TeMrrepaType 4°C (1000 KI'/M 3 ).
HaCblnHflR 1I.IIOmHOCmb PH - Macca e.u.HHHU:bI 06'beMa CB060.n.HO HaCbI-
naHHbIX .u.HcnepCHbIX MarepHaJIOB (HanpHMep, u:eMeHTa, neCKa, MHHepaJIb-
HOM BaTbI H .u.p.).
1.6.2. (}>H3H1JeCKHe CBoHcTBa, xapaKTepH3YlOI1UIe
cnoco6HoCTb BemeCTB H MaTepHaJlOB
B3aHMO.ll.eHCTBOBaTb C nOTOKaMH Macc H H3JIY1IeHHH
(}>H3HqeCKMMH cBoi1:cTBaMH, XapaKTepH3yIOrn:HMH cnoc06HOCTb npaKTIf-
qeCKM Bcex Bern:eCTB H MarepHaJIOB B3aMMo.u.eHcTBOBaTb C nOTOKaMH Macc
(HarrpHMep, B03.u.yxa, ra3a, napa) II H3JIyqeHHM (cBern, 3By:Ka H .u.p.), SlBJISI-
IOTCSI HX ompaJICameAbHaR cnoco6Hocmb, npoHuu,aeMocmb (npo60aUMocmb) H
nOZJloU{eHue.
OmpaJICeHUe - CBoi1:cTBO BeIl{eCTBa, 3aKJIIOQaIOIl{eeCH B BocrrpOH3Ben;eHHH
oc06eHHocTei1: OTpIDKaeMoro 06'beKTa HJIH npou:ecca.
npOHU aeMOCmb (npo6ooUMocmb) - HBJIeHHe OCJIa6JIeHHH rrOTOKa Macc WIH
H3JIyqeHHH rrpH rrpOXO:>KJJ;eHHH Qepe3 cpe,ll;Y.
75
HOZllOlII,eHue nOmOKQ U3/1Y'leHUR - HBJIeHHe Heo6paTHMoro nepexo.ZJ;a (npe-
BpameHHH) 3HeprHH H3JIyqeHHH, HanpHMep 3HepfI1H 3B}'KOBOM BOJIHbI, B .ZJ;pyme
BHJJ:bI 3HeprHH.
PaCCM01pHM HeKOTOpbIe CBOHCTBa, HaH60JIee paCnpOC1paHeHHbIe .LLJISI
OueHKlI MarepHaJIOB npH B3aHMO.u:eHCTBJUI C rrOTOKaMH MaCC, C yq:eTOM TOrO,
qTO MeXaHHqeCKlIe, 3JIeK1pHqeCKlIe H MarHHTHbIe CBOHCTBa 6y.u:yr npe.u:-
CTaBJIeHbI .u:aJIee B CaMOCTOSIreJIbHbIX nO.u:pa3.u:eJIax.
llomoKu 6030yxa, 2a3a, napa, 600bl. Bo3JIYXo-, 1'330-, napo- H BO.u:O-
npoHHnaeMOCTH - CBOHCTBa MaTepHaJIa nporrycKaTb Qepe3 CBOIO TOJIII.{)', COOT-
BeTCTBeHHO, B03,L{YX, faJ, nap H BO.ay npH HaJmqHH neperra,na ,L{aB.JIemrn. 3TM
CJIOBa 3aBHCSlT fJIaBHbIM 06pa30M OT C1pOeHMSI H C1pYKTYPbI MarepHaJIa.
B03.u:yxO- H ra30npOHHu:aeMOCTb BbIIlle, eCJIH B MarepHaJIe 60J1bIlle coo6-
aIO HXCSI nop; HaJIHqHe BO,L{bI B nopax nOHIDKaeT BeJIHqHHY 3TIfX CBOHCTB.
KOJIHqeCTBeHHO B03.u:yxO-, ra30-, napo- H Bo.u:onpOHHuaeMOCTb xapaKTe-
pH3}'1OTCSI K03fjJrjJUlI,UeHmaMU, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, 6030yx0-, 2a30-, napo- H 6000-
npOHUlI,aeMocmu. TaK, ra30npOHHu:aeMOCTb xapaKTepH3yeTCSI K03<p<pHu:HeH-
TOM ra30npOHHuaeMOCTH P (M 2 /C. H IDIJI CM 2 /C' aT), T.e. o6DeMoM raJa,
npOIlle.u:Illero 3a 1 C qepe3 e.n.HHHQH)'IO I1JIO a,n:K)', rrepneH,ll;HK)'JISlpH}'IO Ha-
npaBJIeHHIO nOTOKa raJa npH nepena,n:e ,L{aBJIeHHSl, paBHOM e,L{HHHue.
HeOpraHH'IeCKMe TBep.ZJ;ble MaTepHaJIbI xapaKTepH3}'IOTCH MaJIbIM Ko3$qmQH-
eHTOM ra30npOHHQaeMOCTH (10- 18 ...10- 12 CM 2 /c, aT), CTeKJIa H nOJIHMepHble
IIJIeHKH - 60JIee BbICOKHM (10- 15 ...10- 5 CM 2 /C' aT), a )l(H)U{OCTH - eme 60JIb-
IIIHM (10- 7 ...10- 5 CM 2 /C' aT). B TBep.ZJ;bIX MaTepHaJIax ffim60JIbllIHM K03«P«PHQHem
ra30npOHHQaeMOCTH npHcym aMop«pHbIM nOJIHMepaM (KayqyKaM) C OqeHb m6-
KHMH MOJIeKYJIHpHbIMH QenHMH, KOTopble JIerKO CMemaIOTCH, nponYCKaH MOJIe-
KYJIbI .ZJ;H«P«PYH.nHp}'IOmerO raJa.
B 3 a U MOO e 11 c m 6 U e c 6 0 0 0 ii. B TBep,L{bIX BeIl(eCTBax H MarepHaJIax
B3aHMO,L{eHCTBHe C BO,L{OH MO)l(eT OCHOBblBaTbCSI Ha KIlnll.ll.tUlpHblX R8.11eHURX,
T.e. <pH3HQeCKlIX SlBJIeHHSlX, 06YClIOBJIeHHbIX nOBepXHOCTHbIM HaTIDKeHHeM
Ha rpaHHue pa3,L{eJIa HeCMeIIIHBaIOIl(IIXCSI <pa3.
rUZpocKOIUJIUIOCmb - CBOHCTBO MaTepHaJIa nOfJIoIl(aTb BJIary H3 OKp)')KaIO-
Il(eH cpe.u:bI (06bIQHO napa BO.u:bI H3 B03.u:yxa). MaTepHaJIbI, 3HeprWIHO nOrJIO-
Il(aIOIl(He MOJIeK)'JIbI BO.n.bI, HaJblBalOT 2UOPOfjJUAbHblMU, a aJIKlIBaIOIIU'Ie
3TH MOJIeK)'JIbI - 2uopofjJ06HblMU.
ru pofjJUllbHocmb - cnoc06HOCTb BemeCTBa (MaTepHaJIa) CMaqHBaTbCH BO-
.ZJ;OM. K rHJJ:pO«pMJIbHbIM MaTepHaJIaM OTHOCHTCH, HanpHMep, fJIHHbI, CHlIHKaTbI.
ruiJpotjJoOHocmb - Hecnoco6HOCTb BemeCI'I3a (MaTepHaJIa) CMaqHBaTbCH BO':'
.ZJ;OM. K fIf.l{PO«p06HbIM MaTepHaJIaM OTHOCHTCH, HanpHMep, MHorHe MeTaJIJIbI,
)l{HPbI, BOCKH, HeKoTopble nOJIHMepbI.
BoiJonoZllolll,enue (6000HaCbll/{eHue) - CBOHCTBO MaTepHaJIa npH Henocpe,L{-
CTBeHHOM conpMKOCHOBeHHH C BO.n.OH BnHThIBaTb H y.u:ep)l(lfBaTb ee B CBom
76
...
nopax. OHO 3aBHCHT OT HaJIHtffiSi B MarepHaJIe OTKpbITOH nOpHCTOCTM H BO.n.O-
paCTBOpHMbIX BeIl(eCTB.
Bo.u:orrOfJIOIl(eHHe orrpe.n.eJISIIOT OTHOCMreJIbHO 06'beMa rum MaCCbI MaTe-
pMaJIa. TaK, Bo.n.orrOfJIOIl(eHMe rro 06'beMY - crerreHb 3arrOJIHemrn 06'beMa
MarepMaJIa BO.u:OH:
= ( - )/ , (5)
me H - o6DeMbI 06pa3uoB MaTepHaJIa, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, HaCbIIl(eHHoro
BO.u:OH H B CYXOM COCTOHHMH, CM 3 ; - 06'beM BeIl(eCTBa B eCTeCTBeHHOM
COCTOSlHHH, CM 3 .
06bIqHO Bo.u:orrOfJIOIl(eHMe no 06'beMY MeHbIlle rropHCTOCTM .n.aHHoro Ma-
TepHaJIa, TaK KaK Bo.n.a He rrpOHHKaeT B OqeHb MeJIKHe nopbI, a B OqeHb
KpyrrHbIX rropax He y.u:ep}lQ{BaeTCSI. Bo.u:orrOfJIOIl(eHHe I1JIOTHbIX MaTepHaJIOB
(CTaJIb, CTeKJIO, 6HTYM) paBHO HYJIIO. IlOpHCThIe MaTepHaJIbI .u:.rrHTeJIbHOe
BpeMSI He MOryr HaxO.u:JITbCH B a6coJllOTHo CYXOM RJIM Bo.u:OHaCbIIl(eHHOM co-
CTOSlHMSIX, OHH rrpH06peTaIOT onpe.n.eJIeHH)'IO BJIIDKHOCTh, qTO 3aBHCHT OT
TeMrrepaTYJ)bI H OTHOCHTeJIbHOH BJIIDKHOCTII OKp}')KaIOIl(erO B03.u:yxa.
nom 0 K men Il a. Te1l.ll0npo6oiJHocmb - crroC06HOCTh MaTepHaJIa rrepe-
.u:aBaTh qepe3 CBOIO TOJIIl(HHY TeI1JIOBOH rrOTOK, B03HHKalOIl(HH BCJIe.u:CTBHe
pa:3HOCTII TeMrrepaTYJ) Ha rrpOTIIBOrrOJIO)I(HbIX nOBepXHocTHX. TeI1JIOrrpoBo.u:-
HOCTh XapaKTepH3yeTCSI K03cPcPHUMeHToM TeI1JIOnpOBo.u:HOCTM.
K03fjJrjJUl{ueHm meflllonpo6ooHocmu (A) - OTHOIlleHHe rrpoH3Be.n.eHHSI KO-
JIMqecTBa Teruta Q, rrpoxoJJ:SlIl(ero qepe3 I1JIaCTMHKY MaTepHaJIa, Ha TOJIIl(MHY
ITJmCTIIHKH h K I1JIOIUa.u:H I1JIaCTMHKH S, }'MHO)l(eHHOH Ha pa3HOCTh TeMrre-
paTYJ) Ha ee CTOpOHax (T 1 -T 2 ) BT/(M' K):
A = Q hiS (T 1 - T 2 ). (6)
TeI1JIOnpoBo.n.HOCTb MaTepHaJIa 3aBHCHT OT ero ClpOeHHSI, ClpYKTYJ)bI,
rrOpHCTOCTII H xapaKTepa rrop, a TaIOKe OT BJIIDKHOCTM H TeMrrepaTYJ)bI, rrpH
KOTOPOH rrpOHcxo.u:HT rrepe.u:aqa TeI1JIa. ):LITSI O.u:Hopo.u:Horo MaTepHaJIa OHa
3aBHCHT OT I1JIOTHOCTII (c }'MeHbIlleHHeM I1JIOTHOCTM }'MeHbIllaeTCSI TeI1JIO-
rrpOBo.n.HOCTh).
TeI1JIOnpOBo.u:HOCTh XapaKTepH3yeT TeI1JI<>cPH3HqeCKHe CBOHCTBa MarepHa-
JIOB, onpe.u:eJISISI HX rrplIHa,nJIe)I(HOCTh no Ha3HaQeHMIO K meflll0U301lRl{UOHHblM,
KOHcmpYKl{UOHHo-meflll0U301lRl{UOHHblM M KOHcmpYKl{uOHHblM Mamepuan.aM.
TeI1JIOrrpOBO.u:HOCTh OQeHb BIDKHa .wm KOHClpy:KI.J:HOHHO-TeI1JIOH30JUlUM-
OHHbIX H TeI1JIOH30JUlUMOHHbIX MaTepHaJIOB, HCrrOJIb3yeMbIX B KaQeCTBe creH
M rrepeKPbITIIH OTaI1JIHBaeMbIX 3.u:mIHH, .wm H30JISlUHH XOJIO.n.IDIbHMKOB H
pa3JIHtffibIX reI1JIOBbIX arperaTOB (KOTJIOB, reI1JIOCereH H T.rr.). TeI1JIOH30JISI-
UMOHHbIe MarepHaJIbI B CBOIO OQepe.n.b .u:e.rrSlTCSI Ha KJIaCCbI rro reI1JIOrrpOBO.n.-
HOCTM, BT/(M' K): A - HU3KOU meflllonpo6ooHocmu (.u:o 0,058); E - cpeoHeu
(0,058...0,116) H B - n06blUleHHOU (0,116...0,15).
77
llOfJIOIl(eHHe TeIIJIa BeIl(eCTBaMH II MaTepHarraMH 06b1qHO COnpOBO)l(,lla-
eTCSI meflJlOeblM paCUiUpeHUeM.
Tell.l1060e paclUupenue - CrrOC06HOCTb MaTepHarra K II3MeHeHHIO <pOPMbI
H pa3MepOB npH ero HarpeBaHHH. TBep,lJ.bIe TeJIa paCllIHpSlIOTCSI npH Harpe-
BaHIIH BO Bcex HarrpaBJIeHlISIX (CTep)l(l-IH H npOBOJIOKH paCllIHpSlIOTCSI B OC-
HOBHOM B .lUIHHY).
K03fjJrjJuU/ieHm IlUHeUHOZO paCUiupeHUfl meepablX meJl a - BeJIHqHHa H3-
MeHeHHSI JIHHei:iHoro pa3Mepa MaTepHarra npH H3MeHeHHH TeMrrepaTYPbI Ha
1°C, l/K:
a = M / (/1111). (7)
K03<P<PHQHeHT JIHHeH:HOrO paCllIHpeHHSI cJIa60 3aBHCHT OT TeMnepaTYPbI.
06'beMHOe paCllIHpeHHe TBep,lJ.bIX TeJI MO)I(I-IO paCCMa1pHBaTh KaK JIHHeH:-
Hoe paCllIHpeHHe B 1pex HanpaBJIeHlISIX. KOCTM paCllIHpSlIOTCSI BO BCex
HanpaBJIeHlISlX, npHqeM CIDIbHee TBep.n.bIX Tell.
K03rjJrjJuu,ueHm om,eMHOZO paCUiupeHUfl JlCUaKOCmu f3 paBeH OTHOIlleHHIO
OTHOCIITeJIbHoro 06'beMHOrO paCIllMpeHHSI I1V/V. K pa3HOCTM TeMnepaTYP
11 T, l/K:
f3 = I1V/V. I1 'T. (8)
MCKJIIOqeHMe cpe.n.H :>IGI,lJ.KOCTeH: npe)lCTaBJlSleT Bon;a, K03<p<plfi.UfeHT 06heM-
Horo paCIllMpeHHSI KOTOpOH: CIDIbHO 3aBHCHT OT TeMnepaTYPbI, a B IIHTepBa-
JIe 0...4°C npHHHMaeT 01pHu:aTeJIbHOe 3HaqeHHe.
fa3bI paCIllMpSiIOTCSI npH HarpeBaHHH 3HaQHTeJIbHO CIDIbHee, qeM TBep-
,lJ.bIe H .>KlI,[J:KHe TeJIa, rrpHqeM rrpH nOBbIIlleHHH TeMnepaTYPbI rrpoH3Be,lJ.eHHe
,lJ.aBJIeHHSI Ha 06'beM (p V) TaIOKe B03paCTIleT.
nom 0 K 3 e Y K a. 36YKonOl./l.OUl,enue - CBOMCTBO MaTepHarra nOfJIOIl(aTh
3B}'K. OHO 3aBHCMT OT nopHCTocrn MaTepHarra, ero TOJIIl(MHbI, COCTOHHHSI
rrOBepXHOCTM, a TaIOKe OT qaCTOTbI 3B}'KOBorO TOHa, H3MepSieMoro KOJil'Iqe-
CTBOM KOJIe6aHHH: B ceK}'H)lY. 3B}'KOnOfJIOIl(eHHe MaTepHarra OQeHHBaeTCSI
K03<P<PHU:MeHTOM 3B}'KOrrOfJIOIl(eHHSI.
Ko3l}HjJuu,uenm 36YKOnOZAOUl,eHUfl - OTHOIlleHHe KOJIHqeCTBa nOfJIOIl(eHHOM
3B}'KOBOM 3HeprIIH K o6Il(eMY KOJIHqeCTBY 3B}'KOBOH: 3HeprHH, na,n:aIOIl(eH: Ha
MaTepHarr B e)lMHMU:Y BpeMeHH. 3B}'KOnOfJIOIIIaIOIIIMMM MaTepHarraMM I1pHHSl-
TO Ha3bIBaTh TIlKHe, K03<P<PHQHeHT 3B}'KOrrOfJIOIIIeHHSI KOTOpbIX Ha cpe,lJ.HMx
qacrorax 60JIee 0,2. Ko3<l><plfi.UfeHT 3B}'KorrOfJIOIl(eHHSI 3aBHCHT OT nOpHCTOCTII
MaTepHarra.
36YKOnponUlIpeMOCmb - crrOC06HOCTh MaTepHarra nponYCKaTh qepe3 CBOIO
TOJIIl(y 3B}'KOByIO 3HeprnIO. CBOH:CTBO MaTepHarra, o6paTHoe 3B}'KOnpOHHuae-
MOCTM, Ha3bIBaeTCSI 36YKoU30.IlJlu,ueii.
MaTepIHUIbI, npHMeH eMble B CTpOHTeJIbHbIX KOHCTPYKI-J:H X }!(J1JIbIX, o6Il(e-
CTBeHHblX H npOH3Bo.n:CTBeHHbIX 3.n:aHHM lUIH 3aIl(HTbI OT lII)'Ma, COfJIacHO fOCT
4.209-79 no.n:pa3.n:eJIHIOT Ha 3(!)11wn02/l0U{alOU{ue H 3(!)1KOU30flfll{UOHHbte.
78
3B}'KOrrOrJIOll{aIOll{He MaTepHaJIbI H H3.n:eJIH5I rrO.n:pa3.n:eJIHIOTCH Ha:
. U30e/lUH nOflHOU 3a600CKOU ZOm06HOCmU C :»ceCmKOU CmpYKmypou (rumThI 06-
JIHQOBOqHbIe Ha OCHOBe MHHepaJIbHOM BaThI H KpaXMaJIbHOrO CBH3yIOll{ero, rum- .
TbI H3 H'IeHCThIX 6eTOHOB; JIHCTb] mrrCOBbIe 061I1HBOqHbIe, IIJIHTb] rHrrCOBbIe JIH-
ThIe);
. U30e/lUH nOflHOU 3a600CKOU zom06Hocmu C nOfly:»cecmKOU cmpYKmypou (IIJIHTbI
aKYCTHqeCKHe Ha OCHOBe MHHepaJIbHOM BaTbI H CHHTeTHqeCKOrO CBH3yIOll{ero);
. MamepUaflbt, npUMeHHeMbte B 3B}'KorrOfJIOll{aIOll{HX KOHC1"p}'Kl.l:HHX 6 Kalte-
cm6e cocma6HOZO 3/leMeHma.
MaTepHaJIbI, rrpHMeIDIeMbIe B KaqeCTBe COCTaBHoro 3JIeMeHTa B 3B}'KorrOfJIO-
Il.{aIOll{HX KOHC1"p}'Kl.l:HHX, rro.n:pa3.n:eJIHIOTCH Ha:
. nopUCmbte nOZJlomume/lU (IIJIHThI Ha OCHOBe MHHepaJIbHOM BaTb] H CHHTeTH-
qeCKoro, 6HTYMHOro rum KpaxMaJIbHOro CBH3YIOll{HX MaTepHaJIOB; MaTbI H3
CTeKJIHHHOrO BOJIOKHa rum MHHepaJIbHOM BaThI rrpOIIlHBHbIe; BaTa MHHepaJIbHa51
rum CTeKJIHHHa5l);
· 3aw,umHbte neprjJopup06aHHbte nOKpbtmUH (aJIIOMHHHeBbIe rrOKpbITHH, aKYCTH-
qeCKHe aC60QeMeHTHbIe H mrrCOBbIe rrepcPopHpOBaHHbIe IIJIHTbI);
. 3aw,umHbte 060flOltKU (rrOJIH3THJIeHTepecPTaJIaTHa51 IIJIeHKa, CTeKJIOTKaHb).
3BYKOH30JIHQHOHHbIe rrpOKJIa,aOqHbIe MaTepHaJIbI H H3.n:eJIHH rro.n:pa3.n:eJIH-
IOTCH Ha:
· MamepUaflbt nopucmO-60flOKHucmbte (IIJIHThI Ha OCHOBe MHHepaJIbHOM BaTb]
H CHHTeTHqeCKOrO, 6HT}'MHOro HJIH KpaXMaJIbHOrO CBH3YIOll{HX MaTepHaJIOB;
MaThI H3 CTeK.JUIHHoro BOJIOKHa HJIH MHHepaJIbHOM BaTb] rrpOIIlHBHbIe; BaTa MH-
HepaJIbHa51 HJIH CTeKJIHHHa5l, IIJIHThI.n:peBeCHO-BOJIOKHHCTbIe);
· MamepUaflbt nopucmo-zy6ltambte (IIJIHTbI rreHOrrOJIHypeTaHOBbIe, rreHOrrOJIH-
BHHHJIXJIOpH.ll.HbIe H Ha OCHOBe cPeHOJIOcPopMaJIb.LIerH.LJ:HbIX CMOJI);
· 3aCblnKU (BcrryqeHHbIe rrepllHT if BepMHKYJIHT, rropOIIlOK COBeJIHTOBbIM H
ac6eCTOMarHe3HaJIbHbIM Ii .LIp.).
1.6.3. MeXaHU1JeCKHe CBOHCTBa
1. 6.3.1. 06U{ue C6eaeHUJl
MexaHU"IeCKUe c6oiicm6a rrpOSlBJlSlIOTCSI K8K cnOC06HOCTh M8TepHaJI8 co-
npOTlIBJISIThCH BceM Blf.[I:8M BHellIHRX MeX8HMqeCKRX B03l(eMCTBHit
MeX8HHQeCKRe B03l(eMCTBRSI X8paI<TepH3yIOT no Hanpa6lleHUIO, allUmeJlb-
Hocmu R 061lacmu aeUCm6UJl. no H8rrp8BJIeHHIO MeX8HHQeCKRe B03l(eMcTBHSI
MO)I(HO p8CCM8'1'pHB8Tb K8K IlUHeUHble (p8cTIDKeHHe H C:>K8THe) H YZil06bte
(H3rH6 H KpyqeHHe). no .lUIHTeJlbHOCTH HX p83l(eJlSlIOT H8 cmamUlteCKUe H
aUHaMUlteCKUe, rro 06J18Crn l(eMCTBHSI - H8 om,eMHble H nooepXHocmHbte.
MeX8HHQeCKRe CBOMCTB8 Onpen;eJISiIOT H3MeHeHHe <pOpMbI, p83MepOB M
CIlJIOlliHOCTH BeIl(eCTB H M8TepHaJIOB rrpH MeX8HHQeCIGIX B03l(eMCTBHSlX, 8
CJlel(OB8TeJlbHO, H pe3YJlbT8T rrp8KTI1QeCKR JlI06oro MeX8HHQeCKOrO B03l(eM-
CTBHSI H8 BeIl(eCTB8 H M8TepHaJIbI, B03HHK8IOIl(erO rrpH HX npOH3BOl(CTBe
H 3KcIlJIyaT8U;HH (HcrrOJlb30BaHIIR).
79
K OCHOBHbIM MeXaHHqeCKHM CBOMCTBaM BeIl.{eCTB H MarepHaJIOB OTHO-
CSlTCSI ynpyzocmb, JlCeCmKOCmb, 3IlaCmU ' mOCmb, flflaCmUrmOCmb, npO"tHOCmb,
xpynKocmb, eR3KOCmb H meepOOCmb.
Ynpyzocmb - CBOMCTBO MarepHaJIOB CaMOnpOH3BOJIbHO BOCCTaHaBJIHBaTh
CooH $OPMY H 06'beM (TBep.n.bIe BeIl.{eCTBa) IDIH TOJIbKO o6'beM (}K}f,lU(OCm H
raJbI) rrpH rrpeKpaIl.{eHHH BHellIHHX B03.n;eMCTBIIM. YrrpyroCTb 06YCJIOBJIeHa
B3aHMO.n;eMCTBHeM Me)K)];Y aTOMaMH (MOJIeKYJIaMH) BeIl.{eCTBa H HX reIIJIOBbIM
.n;BIDKeHHeM.
B KaqeCTBe MepW CrrOCo6HOCTH MarepHaJIOB MJIH H3.n;eJIHM H3MeHSlTb
paJMepbI H $OPMY npH 3a,n:aHHOM mrre HarpY3KH IICrrOJIb3y:K>TCSI rrolUlTIDl
«3.IlaCmU"tHOCmb» H «JlCeCmKOCmb».
3JlaCmU'IHOCmb - crrOC06HOCTb MaTepHaJIa MJIH H3.n;eJIHSI rrpereprreBaTb
3HaqHTeJIbHbIe H3MeHeHHSI paJMepOB H $OPMbI 6e3 paJpyuIeHHSI rrpII CPaB-
HHTeJIbHO He6oJIbllIOM .n;eMCTB}'IOIl.{eM CMJIe.
)[(eCmKOCmb - CrrOC06HOCTb MaTepHaJIa MJIH H3.n;eJlHSl K MeHbllIeMY II3-
MeHeHHIO paJMepOB H $OPMbI rrpH 3a,n:aHHOM mrre Harp}'3KH: qeM 60JlbllIe
)l(eCTKOCTb, TeM MeHbllIe H3MeHeHHSI.
IlAacmU'IHOCmb - crrOC06HOCTb TBep.n;bIX MarepHaJIOB coxpaHSlTb H3Me-
HeHHbIMH $OPMY H 06'beM 6e3 MHKpOCKOrrlNeCKHX HapyuIeHlfH: CIIJIOIliHOCTH
rrOCJIe CHSITIDI MeXaHHqeCKHX Harp}'30K, KOTOpbIe BbI3BaJIH 3m II3MeHeHHSI.
IIrraCmqeCKaSI .n.e$OpMaU:HSI CBSl3aHa C paJpbIBOM HeKOTOpbIX Me)l(aTOM-
HbIX CBSl3eM H 06paJOBaHHeM HOBbIX. IIrracm1ffiOCTb rrpOSlBJlSleTCSI B .n;eTaJISIX
KOHC'l'pYKu:HM H coopyx<:eHHH:, JaroTOBKax rrpH o6pa6OTKe .n;aBJIeHHeM (rrpo-
KaTKe, IlITaMrrOBKe H .n.p.), B IIJIacTax 3eMHOM KOpbI. IIrraCmqHOCTb onpe.n;e-
lliIeT B03MO)l(HOCTb reXHOJIOrHqeCKHX orrepaU:HM o6pa6oTKH MarepHaJIOB
.n.aBJIeHHeM. YqeT IIJIaCrnqHOCTH rr03BOllileT onpe.n;ellilTb 3arraCbI rrpOqHOCm,
.n;e$OpMHPyeMocTII H YCTOMqIIBOCTH, paCIlIHpSleT B03MO:>KHOCrn C03.n;aHHSI
KOHC'l'pYKu:HM MHHHMaJIbHOro Beca.
MexaHU'leCKaR npo'lHOCmb TBep.n;bIX BemeCTB - CBOMCTBO COrrpoTHBJISITbCSI
PaJIJyuIeHHIO (pa3.n;eJleHHIO Ha qaCTH), a TaIOKe Heo6pamMOMY H3MeHemno
$OPMbI rrpH MeXaHHqeCKHX B03.n;eH:CTBHSlX. npOqHOCTb TBep.n;bIX BeIl.{eCTB
06YCJlOBJIeHa B KOHeqHOM cqere CMJIaMH B3aHMo.n;eMCTBHSI Me)K)];y COCTaB-
JlSlIOIl.{HMH HX' C'l'pYKTYPHbIMH e.n;HHHu:aMH (aTOMaMH, HOHaMH H .n;p.).
XpynKocmb - CBOH:CTBO TBep.n;bIX BeIl.{eCTB PaJIJyuIaTbCSI rrpH MeXaHlNe-
CI<HX BOJ,LJ:eMCTBHSIX 6e3 cyru;eCTBeHHbIX rrpe.n:aapHTeJlbHbIX H3MeHeHlIH <p<>PMbI
H o6'beMa.
XpyrrKOCTb MarepHaJIOB CJIe.n;yeT paCCMa'l'pHBaTb B CBSl3H C YCJlOBHSlMH HX
HCnOJlb30BaHHSI. HarrpHMep, .n;OCTaTOqHO yrrpyrHM MarepHaJI - MpaMOp,
XpyrrKO paJpyuIalOIl.{HMCSI npH paCTIDKeHHH, B YCJlOBHSIX HeCHMMe'l'pHqHOrO
'l'peXOcHOro C)I(aTIDI Be.n.eT ce6S1 KaK IIJIaCrnqHbIM MarepHaJI.
BR3Kocmb (BHympeHHee mpeHue) - crrOC06HOCTb MarepHaJIOB COrrpOTIIB-
JlSlTbCSI .n;eMCTBHIO BHellIHHX CMJI, BbI3blBalOIl.{eMY:
80
. B TBep.n;bIX Bell(eCTBax - paCnpOC'l'paHeHlIe }')Ke MMelOll(eHCH OCTPOH
'l'pell(MHbI (pa3pymeHlIe); .
. B }l(M):l;KOCTSIX II ra3ax - reqeHlIe.
BHyrpeHHee TpeHHe B TBep,ll;blX TeJIax npOHBJrHeTCH KaK CnOC06HOCTb He-
06paTHMO nOfJIOmaTb 3HepnUO, nOJI}rqeHHYIO TeJIOM B pe3YJIbTaTe BHewHero
B03.n:eHCTBHH, HarrpHMep npeBpamaTb B TenJI01)' coo6maeM)'IO MeXaHH'IeCKYK>
3HeprnlO.
BH3KOCTh :>KH,lJ;KOCTeH 3aBHCHT OT XHMH'IecKOro COCTaBa H CTpOeHHH MOJIeK)'JI
(MaKpOMOJIeK)'JI) H B03paCTaeT C yaeJIH':IeHHeM MOJIeK)'JIHpHOH MaCCbI. B03HHKHo-
BeHHe B ,lI;HCnepCHbIX CHCTeMax HJIH paCTBOpax nOJIHMepOB npOCTpaHCTBeHHbIX
CTpYK'l'YP, 06Pa3YlOIIUiXCH npH Cl.{eIIJIeHHH 'IaCTHI.{ HJlli MaKpOMOJIeK)'JI, BbI3bIBaeT
pe3KOe nOBblWeHHe BH3KOCrn.
BH3KOCTb ra30B He 3aBHCHT OT HX IIJIOTHOCTH (.n:aBJIeHHH). .lLrrH O'IeHb pa3pe-
>KeHHbIX ra30B nOHHTHe BH3KOCTH TepHeT CMbICJI.
TeepiJocmb - CBOHCTBO MareplIaJIOB OKa3bIBaTh conpornBJIeHHe B nOBepx-
HOCTHOM CJIoe KOHTaKTHOMY B03.n;eHCTBIIIO (B.n;aBJIHBaHHIO IDIII I.{apamlHblO).
OC06eHHOCTh 31'Oro CBOHCTBa 3a.KJIlOqaeTCH B TOM, 1fI'O OHO peaJIH3YeTCH TOJlb-
KO B He60JIbllIOM om.eMe Bell(eCTBa. TBep.n;OCTh - CJIO}I(Hoe CBOHCTBO MarepHa-
Jla, O'l'pIDKalOll(ee o.n;HOBpeMeHHO ero npOqHOCTh II TIJlaCmqHOCTh.
llpII ou:eHKe MexaHnqeCIGIX CBOHCTB MareplIaJIOB MX pa3JInqalOT no rpyn-
naM, xapaKrepII3}'1Oll(HM YCJIOBHSI IICnbITaHIIH:
1 - cmaHaapmHble MexaHUl.feCKUe ceoucmea, onpe.n;eJUleMbIe CTa.H,l(aPTHbIMH
IICrrblTaHHSlMII CTaH,Z:J:apTHbIX (m8,[(IGIX) 06pa3I.{OB BHe 3aBIICIIMocm OT KOH-
C'l'py:KTIIBHbIX oc06eHHOCTeH H xapaxrepa CJI}')K6bI II3.n;eJlHSl;
2 - Kpumepuu KOHcmpYKmueHou npormocmu (pa6oTOcnoc06HOCTH B YClIOBII-
SIX 3Kcnrrya'!'aUHH) MarepHaJIa, onpe.n;eJUleMbIe CTaH,[(apTHbIMH IICTIbITaHIDIMH
m8,[(KHX IDIII C OC'l'pbIMII 'l'pell(HHaMJ.:I o6pa3u:oB;
3 - Kpumepuu KOHcmpYKlI,uoHHOU npormocmu II3.n;eJlHSl B I.{eJlOM, onpe.n;e-
JISieMbIe npII CreH,L:J:OBbIX, HaTYPHbIX II 3KCTIJlyaTau:HoHHblX IICnbITaHlUlX.
1. 6.3.2. J{efjJopMau,uu u HanpRJlCeHUJl
fipII OTCyrcTBIIII MeXaHHQeCIGIX B03.n;eikTBIIH aTOMbI B KplICTaJIJle HaxO-
IDITCSI B paBHOBeCHbIX nOJIO)l(eHHSlX. TIpII MexaHnqeCKHX B03.n;eHCTBIDIX npo-
IICXO.n;HT .n;e<l>opMaI.{HSI MareplIaJIbHOrO o6'beKTa.
J{etjHJpMQl{lUI - II3MeHeHIIe B3aHMHoro pacnOJlO)l(eHHSI MHO)l(eCTBa qac-
TIlI.{ Bell(eCTBa, KOTopoe npMBo.n;HT K II3MeHeHHIO <l>OPMbI II pa3MepoB re.tIa
IDIII ero qaCTeH II BbI3bIBaeT H3MeHeHHe CIDI B3aHMo.n;eHCTBHSI Me)lQJ;Y HMMH.
,[(e<I>opMHPyeMbIMH JlBJISlIOTCSI Bce Bell(eCTBa.
ECJIII npIDIO)I(IITb c)l(J.:lMalO Harpy3KY, TO qaCmI.{bI crpoeHHSI Bell(e-
CTBa (HarrpHMep, aTOMbI) 6y.n:yr c6JIIDKaTbCSI .n;o TaKoro paCCTOHHHSI, npII KO-
TOpOM BHyrpeHHlIe 01TIlJIKHBalOlI.{IIe CIDIbI ypaBHOBecSIT BHellIHlIe c)l(J.:lMalO-
ll(He CHJIbI. TIpII paCTIDKeHHII paCCTOHHIIe Me)lQJ;Y C'l'pyKTypHbIMJ.:I qacmI.{aMH
yaeJInqHBaeTCSI .n;o rex rrop, nOKa CIDIbI nplITIDKeHMSI He ypaBHOBeCSIT BHellI-
HIOIO Harpy3KY.
81
c
[H2o] I [101]
li ;! (0001)
4, :: i (111)
' %':..'l.:V 4, i2IO]
[2110] 4, a [100J x
Pue. 25. CucmeMbl CKOJlbJICeHUfi 6 KpUCmQJlJlUlf.eCKUX peUlemKax:
a - rIIY; 6 - rIlK; 6, i!, a - OIlK
B TBep,lJ;bIX Bell(eCTBax no MexaHII3MY rrporeKaHHSI pa3JmqaIOT yrrpYfYIO II
ITJIaC1WIecKYIO ,lJ;e OpMaU:HII. Ynpyzou iJerjJopMa ueu Ha3bIBaIOT ,lJ;e OpMau:MIO,
BJIHSlHIIe KOTOpOM Ha OPMY, CTpYKTYPY II cBoMCTBa MarepIIaJIa YCTPaHSleTCSI
nOCJIe npeKpall(eHHSI ,lJ;eMCTBHSI BHelIlHIIX CI1Jl, a fl.IlaCmUliecKou - TaKyIO
qaCTh ,lJ;e OpMaUIIH, KOTOpaSI OCTaeTCSI nOCJle CH5ITIDI Harp)'3K11, Heo6paTIIMO
II3MeHIDI cTPYKTYPY MarepIIaJIa II ero CBOMCTBa.
Bce peaJIbHbIe TBep,lJ;bIe Bell(eCTBa ,lJ;IDKe npH MaJIbIX ,lJ;e OpMauHSlx 06JIa-
,lJ;alOT ITJIaCTHQeCKI1MII cBoMCTBaMII, QTO npe,lJ;orrpe,lJ;eJlSleT CMelIlaHHbIe Mexa-
HII3MbI npoTeKaHHSI ,lJ;e OpMaU:IIII - ynpyzonJlaCmUliecKYIO iJerjJopMa ulO.
TaK, B pa3JlIIQHbIX ,lJ;eTaJISiX II KOHCTPYKUIISIX ITJIaCTIIQeCKI1e ,lJ;e OpMaUIIII
OXBaThIBaIOT, KaK npaBHJlO, He60J1blIlOM 06'beM MarepIIaJIa, OCTaJIbHOM -
IIcnbITbIBaeT TOJIbKO yrrpyrHe ,lJ;e opMauIIII. ECJIH BeJIJ11IMHa Ll.e OpMaU:I1'11
SlBHO 3aBI1CHT OT BpeMeHI1, Hanpl1Mep B03pacTaeT npII HeII3MeHHoM HarpY3-
Ke, HO 06paTHMa, OHa Ha3bIBaeTCSI 6R3Koynpyzou.
IlJIaC1WIecKaSI ,lJ;e OpMau:HSI B TBep,lJ;bIX Bell(eCTBax MO)l(eT OcyIUecTBJUITb-
CSI, HanpHMep, CKOJIb)l(eHHeM, KOTopoe npOTeKaeT B KpHCTaJIJIl1QeCKOM pe-
lIleTKe Bell(eCTBa no ITJIOCKOCTSIM II HanpaBJIeHHSlM C HaII60JIee ITJIOTHOM
yrraKoBKoM aTOMOB. TIJIOCKOCTII CKOJIb)l(eHHSI II HanpaBJIeHHSI CKOJIb)l(eHHSI,
JIe)l(all(IIe B 3THX ITJIOCKOCTSlX, 06pa3YIOT cucmeMY CKOJlbJICeHUR. B MeTaJIJIax,
HanpIIMep, MOryr ,lJ;eMCTBOBaTh O,lJ;Ha HJIH O,lJ;HOBpeMeHHO HeCKOJIbKO CIIcreM
CKOJIb)l(eHHSI (pIIC. 25). TaK, K)'6I1QeCKaSI KpHCTaJIJII1QeCKaSI pelIleTKa onpe,lJ;e-
JISieT 60JIee BbICOKl1e ITJIaC1WIeCKI1e CBOMCTBa, nOCKOJIbKY CKOJIb)l(eHIIe B HeM
rrpOIICXO,lJ;HT paBHOBepOSITHO BO MHorHX HarrpaBJIeHl15Ix. MeTaJI1IbI C TaKOM
pelileTKOM JIerqe Bcero no.rr.n:alOTcSI rrpoKaTKe, lIlTaMnOBKe 11 ,lJ;pyrl1M Bl1,[(aM
MeXaHIIQeCKI1X B03,lJ;eMCTBHM.
82
a 0 nnOCKOCTb D 2 nnOSKOCTb 8
m.1lI!-ji\ti
Pue. 26. CxeMbl ynpyzou U 1IJlOCmUliecKOU oerjJopMOl{UU e MOHOKpUCmaJ/Jle noo oeu-
cmeueM coeuzo:
G - nep80HG't(JJ/bHblU KpUCmOA.//; 6 - ynpyzaJ/ iJerjJopMGlI,UJ/; 8 - Y8eJlu'teHue ynpyzou u nOR8lle-
Hue 1lIlGCmu'teCKOU iJerjJopMGlI,UU, 8bt38GHHOU CKOllbJICeHueM npu HozpYJICeHUU 't 60llbUle npeOeJla
ynpyzocmu; z, iJ - MexaHU'teCKoe 803iJeucm8ue, 06YCJl081lU8GIOlqee nOJl81leHUe ciJ8uza
TIpe,n;CTaBJIeHIIe npouecca CKOJIb)l(eHHSI KaK O,n;HOBpeMeHHOrO nepe,n;BII-
)l(eHHSI O,n;HOM qaCm KpIICTaJIJIa OTHOCHTeJIbHO ,n;pyrOM SlBIDIeTCSI qIICTO cxe-
MamqeCKMM (pIIC. 26, a-z), TaK KaK TaKoe nepe,n;BIDKeHIIe nmpe60BCLJIO 6bI
BeJIHqHH BHelilHeM HarpY3KM, B COTHH II ThICHqII pa3 npeBbIllialOIIJ;HX Te, npH
KOTOpbIX npou:ecc npOTeKaeT B ,n;eMCTBHTeJIbHOCTII. B peaJIbHbIX MaTepIIaJIax
CKOJIb)l(eHIIe ocym;eCTBJISIeTCH KaK B pe3YJIbTaTe nepeMeIIJ;eHHSI ,n;HCJIOKaUHM
B O,n;HOM llJIOCKOCTH CKOJIb)l(eHHSI, Tal( Ii nyreM nepexo,n;a Ha ,n;pyrlie. ,[(IICJIO-
KaU:IIII, ,n;BII)I(ym;IIecSi B ,n;e opMIIpOBaHHOM KpIICTaJIJIIIqeCKOM BeIIJ;eCTBe,
nopO)l{)];alOT 60JIbllIOe qIICJIO ,n;IICJIOUHpOBaHHbIX aTOMOBII BaKaHCHM.
DOJIbllIaSi qaCTb pa60TbI (,n;o 95%), 3a1paqIIBaeMOM Ha ,n;e opMaUHIO,
npeBpaIIJ;aeTCSI B TellJIOTY (npOIIcxo.ziHT HarpeB), OCTaJIbHaSI qaCTb 3Hepnm
aKK}'MYJIHpyeTcSI B BH,lI;e nOBbIllIeHHOM llJIOTHOCTH ,n;e eKTOB pellIeTKH (Ba-
KaHCHM II rJIaBHbIM 06Pa30M ,n;HCJIOKaU:HM). 0 HaKOllJIeHHH 3Hepnm CBH,lI;e-
TeJIbCTByeT TaIOKe pOCT OCTaTOqHbIX HanpIDKeHHM B pe3YJIbTaTe ,n;e opMaU:HM.
B CBSl3II C 3THM COCTOSlHIIe llJIaC1WIeCKM ,n;e opMIIpOBaHHoro MaTepIIaJIa
HeYCTOMqHBO II MO)l(eT II3MeIDITbCSI, HanpHMep npII TepMHqeCKOM o6pa6oTKe.
TI.rracTIIqeCKaSI ,n;e opMaUHSI HeKOTopbIX MenlJIJIOB, IIMelOIIJ;HX llJIOTHO
ynaKOBaHHbIe K}'6HqeCKMe IDIII reKcaroHaJIbHbIe pellIeTKH, KpOMe CKOJIb)l(e-
HHSI MO)l(eT ocym;eCTBJISIThCSI o6oiinUK06anUeM (pIIC. 25, a), KOTOpoe CBO,lJ;HTCH
K nepeOpIIeHTalum <Jacm KpIICTaJI1Ia B nOJIO)l(eHIIe, CHMMe1pHqHOe no OTHO-
llIeHIIIO K qaCTH, He II3MeHHBllIeM OpIIeHTaUHIO OTHOCHTeJIbHO llJIOCKOCTH,
Ha3bIBaeMOM flIlOCKocmblO aeOUHUKoeaHUR.
TIPOCTeMIillIMH 3JIeMeHTaMH ,n;e opMaU:IIM SlBJISIIOTCSI:
· omHOCUme.tlbHOe yaJlUHeHUe 0 - OTHOllieHIIe npIIpaIIJ;eHHSI .LUIHHbI (/}-/ o )
06pa3ua no,n; ,n;eMCTBIIeM HarpY3KM K ee nepBOHaqaJIbHOM BeJIIIqIIHe 10:
0=(1;-/ 0 )/1 0 ; (9)
· 0cnHOCUme.tlbHOe CY:JICeHUe \11 - OTHOllieHIIe }'MeHbllIeHHSI llJIOIIJ;a,n:II no-
nepetffioro CeqeHHSI o6pa3u:a no,n; ,n;eMCTBIIeM HarpY3KM (So-S}) K ee nepBO-
HaqaJIbHOM BeJIIIqIIHe So:
\11 = (So - S})/So'
(10)
83
ConpOTIIBJIeHHe .n;ecPOpMHpOBaHIIIO Onpe.n;eJUleTCSI COnpO'l'HBJIeHHeM C,nBII-
ry O.n;HOrO aTOMHOrO CJIOSI OTHOCHTeJIbHO .n;pyroro, COCe.n;HerO. Arm OI.{eHKH
BeJIIIqIIHbI 3TOrO cOnpoTIIBJIeHHSI BBe.n;eHO nOHSlTIIe «HanpJlJICeHUe».
HanpRJICeHUe - Mepa BHyrpeHHMX CIDI, B03HHKalOIl(HX npII .n;ecP0pMaI.{HH
MaTepIIaJIa, XapaKTepII3yIOIl(aSI II3MeHeHIIe CIDI BJaHMO.n;eMCTBHSI Me)l()J;Y qaC-
THuaMH BeIl(eCTBa npII ero .n;ecPopMaI.{IIII. HanpIDKeHIIe He II3MepSleTCSI He-
nocpe.n;CTBeHHO, a JIIIllIb BbIqIICJISleTCSI qepe3 BeJIIIqHHbI .n;eMCTByIOIl(HX Ha
TeJIO CHJI IDIII onpe.n;eJISleTCSI KOCBeHHO - no 3cPcPeKTaM ero .n;eMCTBHSI, Ha-
npHMep no nbe303JIeKTPHqeCKOMY 3cPcPeKTY.
HanpIDKeHIIe SlBJISleTCSI BeKTOpHOM BeJIlIqIIHOM; BemNIIHbI npOeKI.{IIII
3Toro BeKTOpa Ha HOpMaJIb II KaCaTeJIbHyIO nrrOCKOCTb HaJbIBalOTCSI HOp-
MaAbHblM H KaCame.tlbHblM HanpJlJICeHUJlMU..
CIICTeMa CKOJIb)KeHHSI npII nrraCTIIqeCKOM .n;ecPopMaI.{HII B KOHKpeTHOM
KpIICTaJIJIIIqeCKOM BeIl(eCTBe XapaKTepII3yeTCSI BeJIIIqHHOM MIIHIIMaJIbHOrO
KaCaTeJIbHOrO HanpIDKeHHSI, KOTOpoe Heo6xo.n;IIMO )J)ISI HaqaJIa CKOJIb)KeHHSI.
3TO KpumUlieCKoe HanpJlJICeHUe C06uza 'to' KOTOpoe He 3aBIICHT OT OpHeHTa-
U:IIII nrrOCKOCTII CKOJIb)KeHHSI no OTHOllIeHHIO K npRJIO)KeHHOM HaI'p}'3Ke II
SlBJISleTCSI O.n;HOM II3 cP}'H.lJ:aMeHTaJIbHbIX XapaKTepIICTIIK KplICTIl1IJIHqeCKOrO
MaTeplIaJIa.
ECJIII CKOJIb)KeHlIe B .n;aHHOM CIICTeMe HaqHHaeTCSI npII .n;OCTIDKeHHH Ha-
npIDKeHHSI c.n;BlIra KpIITHqeCKOM BeJIIIqIIHbI 'to' TO npo.n;OJDKeHIIe .n;ecl><>PMa-
UIIII 1'pe6yeT HenpepbIBHoro nOBbIllIeHHSI BeJInqIIHbI HanpIDKeHHSI c.n;BHra,
T.e. .n;ecPopMaI,J;HSI COnpOBO)l()J;aeTCSI HenpepbIBHbIM ynpoqHeHIIeM (oefjJopMa-
UOHHoe ynpollHeHue, IDIII HaKflen).
HaK.llen - II3MeHeHIIe C1'pYKTYPbI II CBOMCTB C yaeJInqeHlIeM nrrOTHOCTII
.n;ecPeKTOB KpIICTaJIJIMqeCKOM pellIeTKH B BeIl(eCTBax B pe3YJIbTaTe nrraCTIIqe-
CKOM .n;ecPopMaIJ;IIH. npII HaKJIene }'MeHbllIalOTCSI nrraCTHqHOCTh II y.n;apHaSI
BSl3KOCTb, HO nOBbIllialOTCSI TBep.n;OCTb II npOqHOCTh. HaKJIen IICnOJIb3YeTCSI
)J)ISI nOBepXHOCTHOrO ynpOqHeHHSI II3.n;eJIHM, HO CJIe.n;yeT IIMeTb B B.H,LJ;y, 1fI'O
HaKJIenaHHbIe eTaJIJIbI 60JIbllIe no.n;Bep)KeHbI KOppooIIII II CKJIOHHbI K KOp-
po3IIOHHOMY pacrpeCKHBaHIIIO.
HanpIDKeHHSI XapaKTepII3yIOT no ucmOliHUKY 603HUKH06eHUJl II no omHO-
weHUIO KO 6peMemi 6030eUCm6UJl.
no IICToqHHKy B03HIIKHOBeHHSI Hanp.IDKeHHSI .n;eJUlT Ha MexaHuliecKue -
npII MeXaHIIqeCKHX B03.n;eMCTBHSlX, mepMUlieCKue - BCJIe.n;CTBlIe TeMnepaTYP-
HOro rpa,n:IIeHTa, HanpIIMep B npouecce 6bIC'TpOrO HarpeBa IDIII OXJIIDK,LJ;eHHSI
Me)l(.lJ:y nOBepXHOCTHbIMII II BHyrpeHHHMII CJIOSIMII, II cmpYKmypHble (r}Jf130-
6ble) - npII PaJJInqHbIX cPII3IIKO-XlIMHqeCKHX npou:eccax, npOIICxOMIl(HX B
BeIl(eCTBe, HanplIMep II3MeHeHHII 06'beMa OT.n;eJIbHbIX KpIICT3JIJIIITOB npII
cPaJOBbIX npeBpaIIJ;eHHSlX.
BeJIIIqIIHa Me1{aHIIqeCKHX HanpIDKeHIIM B o6paJu:e MaTepIIaJIa a npSlMO
nponopU:IIOHaJIbHa BeJIIIqIIHe BHelliHeM CIDIbI F, TIa:
84
J
(J = F/S,
(11)
r e S - ITJIOIl{a,u:b 06pa3u:a, M.
MeXaHJf1IeCKOe HanpIDKeHIIe Ha3bIBaeTCSI YCJl08HblM, ecJIH npII ero BbItJHC-
, JIeHIIII CIDIa OTHOCHTCSI K ITJIOIl{a,n;H cetJeHHSI B He e<popMHpoBaHHOM COCTOSI-
HHII, II UCmUHHblM, eCJIII yqTeHO II3MeHeHIIe ITJIOIl{a,zJ;H npII e<PoPMHpoBaHIDf.
no OTHOllIeHHIO KO BpeMeHII B03 eikTBHSI HanpIDKeHHSI paCCMa1])HBaIOT
KaK 8peMeHHble II ocmamOllHble. BpeMeHHbIe HanpIDKeHHSI 06YCJIOBJIeHbI eH-
CTBIIeM BHellIHeH HarpyJKM H IICtJe3alOT nOCJIe ee CIISITIDI. OcTaTOtJHbIe Ha-
rrpIDKeHHSI B03HHKaIOT II ypaBHOBellIHBaIOTCSI B 06DeIcre nOCJIe CIDITIDI BHellI-
HeH HarpY3KM.
1.6.3.3. PQ3pyweHue KpUCmaMUlieCKUX 8eU{ecm8
B c.rryqae npIDIO>KeHHSI BHellIHeH CIDIbI MO:>KeT rrpoII30HTII pQ3pyweHue
KpIICTaJIJIIItJeCKoro BeIl{eCTBa n}'TeM 01pbIBa O HOH tJaCTH KplICTaJIJIa OT
pyrOH.
Pll3pymeHue - npou:ecc 3apoX<LIeHHSI II pa3BHTIDI (IDIII TOJIbKO PaJBHTIDI)
TpeIl{HH B KpIICTa]I.J!HqeCKOM BeIl{eCTBe, npHBO,WIIl{HH K ero pa3 eJIeHHIO Ha
qacTII. nOBepXHOCTb, 06Pa3yroIl{aSICSI B pe3YJIbTaTe pa3PYIIIeHHSI, Ha3bIBaeTCSI
U3./l0MOM.
llCTOtJHIIKOM pa3PYIIIeHHSI SlBJISleTCSI 3apoi)blme8flJ1 mpelll,UIUl (pIIC. 27).
MexaHII3M 3apoX<LIeHHSI 3apO bIllieBbIX 1peIl{IIH - pa3pbIB Me:>KaTOMHbIX
CB5I3eH II CKOITJIeHIIe HCJIOKaQHH nepe npeTISlTCTBlIeM (rpaHIIQbI 3epHa,
Me:>K<pa3HbIe rpaHIIl(bI II p.).
MexaHII3M pa3pYIIIeHHSI, KaK npaBIDIO, peaJIII3YeTCSI .nB}'MSI nyTIIMH:
1) CJIHSlHIIeM 1peIl{IIH B O Hy MarHCTpaJIbHylO;
2) pa3BIITHeM OT.neJIbHbIX 1peIl{IIH 3a ctJeT .nBIDKeHHSI K HIIM BaKaHcHH.
Pa3PYIIIeHIIe B O.nHOM II TOM :>Ke MarepHaJIe no CBoeMY xapaKTepy MO:>KeT
6b1Tb xpynKUM, 8R3KUM II CMeWaHHblM. 3To onpe.neJUleTCSI .KaK CTpoeHHeM II
CTp}'KTYPOH caMoro MarepIIaJIa, TaK II YCJIOBHSlMII B03.D:eHCTBHit nOHIDKeHHe
reMnepaTYPbI, HanpHMep, 06YCJIOBJIIIBaeT nepexo.n OT B5I3KOrO pa3pYIIIeHHSI
K XpyrrKOMY. 3To SlBJIeHlIe nOJIytIIDIO Ha3BaHHe XA/li)HO- 2
/lOMKocmb. YBeJIIIqeHIIe CKOpOCTH e<popMIIpOBaHHSI . .. . . . ...
TaIOKe Be eT K XpynKOMY pa3pYIIIeHHIO. . . . . .. ...
npII XpyrrKOM pa3pYIIIemrn Bepnnrna Japo,l(bIllIeBOH . . . . . . . .
... ,!, ...
TpeIIUIHbI coxpaHSIeT oC1pOTY, cOII3MepHM}'IO C aTOM- . . . it. .
HbIMII pa3MepaMH, a 1peIl{HHa paCTeT caMonpoII3BOJIb- . . . .
HO, eCJIH ee ,[UIIIHa (npII 3a,n;aHHoM HanpIDKeHHH) npe- . . ..
BbIlliaeT HeKoTOpoe KpHTIIqecKoe 3HaqeHIIe. BepllIIIHa . . . .
.. ..
.. ...
... ...
.. ...
Pue.27. CxeMa o6pa30eaHUfl 3apooblweeoii mpeU{uHbl:
1 - 3upOOblUle60J1 mpeU(unu; 2 - zpunul.4U 3epnu
85
TaKOH 1])eIl{IIHbI npII ee paCnpOC1])aHeHIIH 6y,n;eT OKaHMJIeHa Y3KOH 30HOH
nJIaCTIPleCKOH ,n;e OpMaUlm, Ha C03,n;aHHe KOTOpoH 3a'TpatJIIBaeTCSI ,n;onOJI-
HHTeJIbHasI 3HeprHSl.
IIpII BSl3KOM pa3pymeHIIII 3apO,n;bIllieBasI 'Tpell{IIHa 3a'fYIUISleTCSI y CBOeH
BepllIIIHbI II BeJIHtJIIHa 30HbI ITJIaCrntJeCKOH ,n;e OpMaIJ;IIII, lI,[{ym,eH nepe,n;
paCnpOCTPaHSIlOll{eHCSI 1])eIl{HHOH, BeJIIIKa, npIItJeM ,LUISI poCTa 1])eIl{IIHbI
Heo6xo,n;IIM nO,n;BO,n; 3HeprHII II3BHe. '
IIpH BSl3KOM pa3pymeHHH CKOpOCTh paCnpoC'TpaHeHHSI 'TpeIl{IIH MeHee
100 M/C, a BHellIHHH BlI,[{ II3JIOMa - ma,rurnH. IIPII XpyrrKOM pa3pymeHIIII
CKOpoCTb pacnpOC'TpaHeHHSI 1])eIl{HH npeBbIlliaeT 1000 M/C (,n;JISI CTaJIII -
2500 M/C), a BHellIHIIH BlI,[{ H3JIOMa - KpIICTaJIJIIItJeCKMH.
Pa6my, 3a1])atJeHHyIO Ha pa3pymeHIIe o6pa3IJ;a, ,n;emlT Ha pa601)' 3apO)l(-
,n;eHHSI II Ha pa601)' paCnpOCTpaHeHIDI 'Tpell{HHbi. I1HTerpaJIbHoH XapaKTepII-
CTIIKOH, yqIITbIBalOll{eH pa601)' 3apo)l(,lJ;eHHSl 'TpeIl{IIHbI II pa601)' pacnpoc'Tpa-
HeHHSI 1peIl{HHbI, SlBJISleTCSI yaapHaJl 6R3Kocmb.
YiJapHOJl 6R3KOcmb - cnoc06HoCTh MarepmlJIa nomOll{aTh MexaHHtJecK)'IO
3HeprnlO B npouecce ,n;e opMaUIIII II pa3pymeHHSI no,n; ,n;eHCTBHeM y,n;apHoH
HarpY3KH. 06bItJHO ou:eHIIBaeTCSI pa6OToH ,n;o pa3pymeHHSI Ha,ape3aHHoro
o6pa3IJ;a rrpII y,n;apHOM II3rw6e, OTHeCeHHOH K ITJIOIl{a,aII ero cetJeHHSI B MeCTe
Ha,ape3a. 113MepSleTcSI B JJ;S../M 2 (Krc' M/CM 2 ). BSl3KOMY pa3pymeHIIIO COOT-
BeTCTByIOT 06bItJHO 60JIbllIHe 3HatJeHHSI nOmOll{eHHOH 3HeprHII, T.e. 60JIb-
llIasI pa60Ta pacnpOC'TpaHeHHSI 'TpeIl{HH. IIpH XpyrrKOM pa3pymeHHw pa6ara
pacnpoC'TpaHeHHSI 1])eII(HHbI rrpeHe6pe.>KHMO MaJIa, a npII CMellIaHHOM OHa
B03paCTaeT npOnOpIJ;HOHaJIbHO npou:eH1)' BSl3KOH (wm BOJIOKHIICTOH) COCTaB-
JISllOll{eH B II3JIOMe.
MIIKpOC'TpYK'lYPbI npII pa3pymeHIIII II3yqalOT no BHellIHeM)' BlI,[{y II3JIOMa.
IIPII 3TOM BbI;JJ:eJISIIOT mpaHCKpUCmaJlJlumHOe (no TeJIY 3epHa) H UHmepKpuc-
maJlJlUmHOe (MeJIC3epeHHoe) pa3pymeHHSI nOJIIIKpHCTaJIJIIItJeCKIIX Bell{eCTB.
HanpIIMep, npII pacnpoC'TpaHeHHH 'TpeniIIHbI no reJIY 3epHa MO)l(eT npOIIC-
XO,n;HTh KaK BSl3Koe, TaK II xpyrrKoe pa3pyrneHIDI. Me)l(3epeHHoe pa3pyrneHIIe
Ha6JIIO,n;aeTcSI BO Bcex CJIyqasIX pa3pymeHHSI nOJIIIKpIICTaJIJIHtJecKHX Bell{eCTB,
HO 60JIbllIe npoSlBJISleTCSI npII HX xpyrrKOM pa3pyrneHIIII, H caMO SlBJISleTCSI
Bcer,n;a XpyrrKMM. Me)l(3epeHHoe pa3pymeHIIe 06JIertJaeTcSI npII BbI;JJ:eJIeHIIII
no rpaHIIU:aM 3epeH tJaCTHIJ; XpyrrKOM <Pa3bI.
Pa3pyweHHe nOJIHMepHbIX MaTepHaJIOB 06YCJIOBJIeHO npoueCCOM pa3pbma
BHyrpHMOJIeK)'JIHpHbIX XHMHqeCKHX CBH3eH. B HeKOTopbIX nOJIHMepax e,ll;HHWi-
HbIH aKT pa3pbIBa O.LI;HOH XHMHqeCKOH CBH3H B MaKpOMOJIeK)'JIe CJI}')KHT HCTOq-
HHKOM ,lIJIH B036y)1()leHHH BTOPHqHbIX npoueCCOB C BbI,LI.eJIeHHeM BHyrpeHHeH
3Hepnm H ,lI;06aBOqHbIM pa3pyrneHHeM CBH3eH 38 CqeT ::nOH 3Hepnm.
ECJIH B O,ll;HOpO,ll;HbIX MaTepHaJIaX TpeIl{HHbI pa3BHBalOTCH B fJIy6b TeJIa, TO B
CJIOHCTbIX KOMn03HTax - B Me>KCJIOHHOH 06JIaCTH. IIpoqHOCTb MaTpHqHOrO
CJIOH 06bl'IHO cpaBHHTeJIbHO HH3Ka, a B03HHKalOIl{He B HHX HanpIDKeHHH BeJIHKH.
86
3TO npHBO,ll;HT K TOMY, qTO HMelOIl.{HeC$! B CJIOHCTbIX KOMn03HTaX ,lI;ecPeKTbI
(nOpbI, BKJIlOqeHH$!, pa3pbIBbI CJIOeB H ,lip.) npHBOJUIT K pa3BHTIlIO B HHX'rpeIl.{HH
B Me>KCJIOHHOH 06JIaCTM, OC06eHHO npH HKJIlNeCKHX HarpY3Kax (ycnlJIocTHOe
paCCJIOeHHe); npH 3TOM CKOpOCTb pacnpOC'rpaHeHH$! 'rpeIl.{HH HenpepblBHO yBe_
JIINHBaeTC$! no Mepe pOCTa qHCJIa HKJIOB Harp)l>KeHH$!.
1. 6.3.4. OCH06Hbie MexaHUlieCKue xapaKmepucmUKU
I1CnbITaHIIe Ha O HOOCHoe paCTIDKeHHe (fOcr 1497-84) HRJUIeTCSI oc-
HOBHbIM H:CTOqHHKOM llH<p0pMau;ml 0 MeXaHllqeCKllX xapaKrepIICTllKax Mare-
pHaJIOB. 3TH IICnbITaHHSI Be.nyrcSi C aBTOMa1WIeCKOM 3anHCblO pe3YJIbTaTOB,
KOTOpaSI IIHrepnpernpyeTcSI KaK auazpaMMa aerjJopMau,uu.
J(uazpaMMa iJetjJopMau,uu - rpa<pIIqeCKaSI xapaKrepIICTHKa MeXaHIIqeCKllX
CBOMCTB MarepIIaJIa, nOCTpoeHHaSI Ha OCHOBaHIIII pe3YJIbTaTOB IIcnbITaHIIM B
Koop IIHaTax «Hanpfl3ICeHue cr - omHOCUmeJlbHafl aerjJopMau,ufl f:». Bn.n: Ha-
rpaMM e<popMaU;IIII, nOJIyqeHHbIx TaKHM 06pa30M, n03BOllileT 0 H03HaqHO
CY JITb 0 MeXaHIIqeCKHX CBOMCTBax pa:3JIllqHbIX MarepIIaJIOB (pIIC. 28).
..
OCHoBHbIe MexaHIIqeCKHe xapaI<TepHCTHKH conpornBJIeHHSI MarepIIaJIa
e<l>opMaUIIII II pa3pyrueHIIIO: MOOyJlb IOHza, K03rjJrjJuu,ueHm IIyaccoHa, MO-
OyJlb Ca6uza, npeaeJl nponopu,uOHaflbHOCmU, npeaeJl ynpyzocmu, a TaIOKe npeae-
Jlbl meKYllecmu II npollHocmu - paCCqHTbIBalOT no onpe eJIeHHbIM TOqKaM Ha
IIarpaMMe e<popMaU;IIII, HanpIIMep no IIarpaMMe paCTIDKeHHSI MeTaJIJIOB
.LUISI YCJIOBHbIX (1) II IICTHHHbIX (2) HanpIDKeHIIM (pHC. 29).
ModY/lb JOnza (MOOYJlb npOOOJlbHOii ynpyzocmu), COfJIaCHO 3aKOHY fYKa, paBeH
OTHOllIeHHIO BeJIHqHH npHJIO>KeHHOrO Harrp$!>KeHH$! K BbI3BaHHOH HM OTHOCH-
TeJIbHOH ,lI;ecPopMa HH (TOJIbKO B o6JIacTII ynpymx .n;ecPopMa HH):
E= a/E.
(12)
OH orrpe.n;eJI$!eT :JICeCmKOCmb MaTepHaJIa H xapaKTepH3yeT conpOTHBJI$!eMOCTb
MaTepHaJIa ynpyrOH .n;ecPopMa HH. 1f3 MeXaHHqeCKHX xapaKTepHCTIlK 3TO e.n;HH-
t5 t5
a 0 B e
E E E E
Puc. 28: Buo ouazpaMM oerjJopMau,uu Ha paCTnJl:JICeHUe pa3/lU'iHbIX MamepUO/loe:
a - ynpyzux (cmeK/lo); 6 - 11/IaCmu'tHblX (nOJlUKpUCmaJlJlu'tecKue eelqecmea); e - xpynKux
(6emoH); i! - 3JlaCmU'tHbIX (pe3uHa)
87
PHC. 29. J(uazpaMMa paC11IR3ICeHUfl MemOJlJ/06 OAR
YCJI06HbIX (1) u ucmUHHbIX (2) HanpR3ICeHuu:
I - o6Aacmb ynpyzou iJerjJopMaijUU; II - o6Aacmb nAacmu-
'teclCou iJerjJopMaijUu; III - o6Aacmb pa36umUJ/ mpeU4UH
...
CTBeHHaH, npaKTH1JeCKH He 3aBHCHll.{aH OT C'rpyKTYPbI
MaTepHaJIa. BeJlH1JHHa MO,ll;YJlH IOHra onpe,ll;eJlHeTCH
TOJlbKO MexaTOMHOH CBH3bIO H HMeeT KOppeJlHI,m1O C
TeMnepaTYPOH TIJIaBJIeHHH (HanpHMep, .lUIH MeTaJIJlOB C
KY6H':1ecKOH pellIeTKOH). )l(ecTKocTb KOHCTp HH TeM
BbIllIe, 1JeM 60JlbllIe MO,ll;yJlb ynpyrOCTH.
K03ljHJJuu,ueHm llyaccoHa - OTHOCHTeJlbHoe H3Me-
HeHHe nOnepe1JHoro pa3Mepa TeJla 8.d/ d, ,lI;eJleHHoe Ha
OTHOCHTeJlbHoe H3MeHeHHe ero llJIHHbI:
8.d/d= - M/l.
(13)
BeJlH1JHHa K03cl>cl>HI.{HeHTa IIyaccoHa .lUIH Bcex MaTepHaJIOB HaXO,ll;HTCH B
npe.neJlax 0,2...0,5. ,[(JIH 60JlbllIHHcTBa MeTaJIJlOB - 0,3. 3Ha1JeHHe = 0,5 COOT-
BeTCTByeT MeXaHH1JeCKH HeC)I{}IMaeMOMY MaTepHaJIY.
Moi)y.llb ciHllI2Il (G) - XapaKTepHCTHKa c.nBHra napaJIJleJlbHbIX KpHCTaJIJlorpa-
cl>H1JecKHX TIJIOCKOCTeH TeJla, KOTOpaH no aHaJIOfHH C 3aKOHOM fyr<:a MOXeT onH-
CbIBaTbCH KaK OTHOllIeHHe KaCaTeJlbHoro HanpIDKeHHH 't B nOnepe1JHOM Ce1JelJHH
K ,lI;ecl><>PMaUHH c.nBHra. MO.nYJlb c.nBHra MO>KeT 6bITb onpe,ll;eJleH no H3BeCTHbIM
3Ha1JeHHHM MO.nYJlH IOHra H K03cl>cl>HUHeHTa IIyaccoHa, H/M 2 :
G= E/2 (1 + ).
(14)
MO.nyJIb IOHra, K03<l><l>IIU:IIeHT nyaccoHa II MO.n;YJIb c.n;BIIra Ha3bIBaIOT
COBMeCTHO MOiJy.AJl.MU ynpyzocmu (ynpyzUMu nOCmOJlHHblMU), T.e. BeJI IIHa-
MM, XapaKTeplI3yIOlWIMM yrrpyrHe CBOMCTBa MarepHaJIOB rrpH MaJIbIX .n;e<l>op-
Mal(IDIX.
llpeiJe.II nponopu,uOHtl.llbHOCmU (YCJI08Hblii) (cr n «) - BeJlH1JHHa HanpIDKeHHH,
npH KOTOpoM O1'C'I)'IIJIeHHe OT JlHHeHHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH Ha ,lI;HarpaMMe .necl>opMa-
UHH ,lI;OCTHraeT TaKOH BeJlH'lHHbI, 'ITO TaHreHC yrJla HaKJIOHa, o6pa30BaHHoro Ka-
caTeJlbHOH: B 3TOH T01JKe K KpHBOH ,lI;ecl>opMamm, YBeJlH':lHBaeTCH Ha 50% CBoero
3Ha1JeHHH Ha JllmeHHOM yqaCTKe. BeJIWlHHa crUll B HIDKeHepHbIX paC1JeTax yKa3bI-
BaeT HanpIDKeHHe, .no KOTOporo KOHC'rp HH MoxeT pa60TaTb 6e3 OCTaT01JHbIX
HanpIDKeHHH.
llpeiJe.II ynpyzocmu (cr O ,05) - BeJlH1JHHa HarrpIDKeHHH, npH KOTOpoM OCTaT01J-
HWI .necl>opMaUHH He npeBblrnaeT 0,05% nepBOHa1JaJIbHOH .lUIHHbI 06pa3ua. Tex-
HH1JeCKHH CMbICJI nJ;>e,ll;eJla ynpyroCTH COCTOHT B TOM, 1JTO OH xapaKTepH3yeT
npe,ll;eJlbHoe HanpIDKeHHe, KOTOpoe ,lI;onYCTHMO npH pa60re ynpyrnx 3JIeMemOB.
.D:OnyCK Ha OCTaT01JHYIO .necl><>PMaIUfiO MoxeT 6bITb ell.{e 60Jlee >KeCTKHM, HanpHMep
88
..1
P a I
B
n
Iu!'
JI
II
'IQ<D
"ID
'IQ
5-20% l dl
Pac. 30. J(uaepaM.Ma paC11IJl3ICeHUJl 1IJlaCmMacc:
o - 8Jl3KUe OMofJfPHble U KpUCmO/l/lUlteCKUe mepMOnJlaCmbl; A, 0, C - mOltKU pa3pYUleHUJI
nOJlUMep08 C pa3JlUltHbiMU omHOCUmeJlbHblMU MOJleKYJlJlpHbtMU MaccaMU (M A < M B < Me);
6 - xpynKue mepMOnJlOCmbl U peaKmOnJlOCmbl; 8R3Kue mepMOnJlOcmbl c opueHmupoeoHHoii
cmpYKmypoii no Hanp08JleHU1() 8030eiicmeuR; 30UlmpuxoeoHHaR 06JlOCmb - oonycmuMbie
HoepY3KU U YOAuHeHUJI
0,005% (npe,ll;eJI ynpyrocm: 0,005). IIpe.aeJIbI nponOp 110HaJIbHOCTH H yrrpyroCTH
O'IeHb 6JIH3KH H npaKTH'IeCIOf MOlYI' COBna.u;aTb.
HpeiJeA meKY'lecmu (t}JU3ullecKuii) (O'T) - HaHMeHbllIee HanpIDKeHl1e, npH KO-
TOpOM Ha'IHHaeT paJBHBaTbCH ruIaCTH'IeCKaH .ae<t>opMa HH H 06pa3e ,lI;e<!>opMH-
pyeTCH 6e3 3aMeTHoro yaeJIH':IeHI1H paCTHfHBaIOIl{eM HarpY3IOf.
IIPH TeK}"-leCTH npo ecc ,lI;e<t>opMamm C yaeJIH'IeHl1eM ero npO,ll;O.1DKHTeJIb-
HOCTIf MoxeT npOTeKaTb C He60JIbIlIOM CKOpOCTbIO RJII1, Ha060pOT, O'IeHb 6bICTpO,
BllJIOTb,ll;O paJpYIIIeHIDI. ECJm npo ecc pa3BHBaeTCH O'IeHb 6bICTpO, TO, KaK npa--
BHJIO, Ha .lUfarpaMMe .ae<t>opMamlH Ha6.mo.aaeTCH 1IJloU{aOlCa meKy.,ecmu - ropH30H-
TaJIbHbrn yqaCTOK (CM. pHC. 28, 6; pHC. 30, a - yqacTOK AB). ECJIH npOTIDKeHHOCTb
llJI01l.(a.u;KH TeK}"-leCTH BeJIHKa, TO MaTepHaJI HaJbIBaIOT H.aeaJIbHO ruIaCTH'IeCKHM
(Heynpo1JIDIIOIlUfMCH). ,[(JIH HeKOTOpbIX TaIOfX MaTepHaJIOB Ha .aHarpaMMe .n:e<l>op-
Malum 06HapyxHBaeTCH TaK HaJbIBaeMbIM 3y6 melCyltecmu, T.e. pe3Koe CHHXeHl1e
HanpIDKeHHH nepe,ll; nOHBJIeHHeM llJIaCTH1JeCKOM ,lI;e<t>opMa HI1 (pHC. 30, a).
ECJIH llJI01l.(a.z:urn TeK}"-lecm: Ha .aHarpaMMe .aecl>opMa I1H HeT (CM. pHC. 28) H
T01JHO yKa3aTb HanpIDKeHHe, npH KOTOpOM BnepBble B03HHKaIOT llJIaCTH'IeCKHe
.n:ect>oPM3UHH, HeB03MO}I{H0, TO .lUIH TaIOfX MaTepHaJIOB BBO.aHTCH YCJl08HbiU npeoeA
me1C)"1ecmu KaK HanpIDKeHHH, npH paJrpY3Ke OT KOTOpOro B o6paJ e BnepBble 06-
Hap}')KHaaeTCH OCTaTO'IHaH (ruIaCTH'IeCKaH) ,lI;e<t>opMa HH BeJIH'IHHbI 8.. Hanpl1-
Mep, npe.aeJI TeK}"-lecTH, H3MepeHHbIM C ,lI;onYCKOM 8. = 0,2%, 0603Ha'IaeTCH 0'0,2'
HpeiJeA meKY'lecmu (ycA08Hblii) (0'02) - BeJIH1JHHa HanpIDKeHHH, npH KOTO-
poM OCTaT01JHOe' OTHOCHTeJIbHOe Y.lUIHHeHHe .aOCTHraeT 0,2%. BeJIH'IHHa YCJIOB-
HOro npe.aeJIa TeK}"-leCTH npH HOPMaJIbHOM TeMnepaTYPe HCnOJIb3yeTcH llJIH pa3,L(e-
JIeHIDI MaTepHaJIOB no npO'IHOCTIf Ha TpH KJIacca: HH3KOM, cpe,ll;HeM H BbICOKOM
npO'IHOCm:.
HpeiJeA npOIlHocmu (6peMeHHoe conpOmU6./leHue) (O'a) - BeJIH1JHHa HarrpIDKe-
HHH, COOTBeTCTByJOIl{ero HaH60JIbllIeM HarpY3Ke, rrpHBo.aHIl{eM K paJpyrneHHIO
89
06pa:3I. a. 3Ha'IeHHe npe,ll;eJIa npO'IHOCTH, Bo06Il{e roBOpH, 3aBHCIIT OT xapaKTepa
H napaMeTpOB .n;ecl>opMa HH, a TaIOKe OT TeMnepaTYPbI, ,lI;aBJIeHHH, HaJIH'lHH XH-
MH'IeCKH arpeCCHBHOH Cpe,ll;bI. O,ll;HaKO .lUIH npaKTHKH BIDKHO, 'ITO cyur,eCTByeT
nO'ITH nOCTOHHHoe npe,ll;eJIbHOe 3Ha'IeHHe HanpIDKeHHH O'B' BbIllie KOToporo 06-
pa3e pa3pyuraeTCH npaKTH'IeCKH MrHOBeHHO.
XapaKTepIICTHKM MaTepIIaJIOB 0'0,2' O'B' E, a TaIOKe 0, \11 SlBJISIIOTCSI 6a30-
BbIMII - OHII BKJII01JeHbI B rocy,n:apCTBeHHbIe CTaH,lJ;apTbI Ha rrOCTaBK}' KOH-
CTpyJ<.IJ:IIOHHbIX MaTepIIaJIOB, rracrropTa IIpIIeM01JHbIX HCrrbITaHHH, a TaIOKe B
paC1JeTbI rrpo1JHOCTH II pecypca.
Be.rrH1JHHa MeXaHH1JeCIGIX XapaKTepIICTIIK Cy:Il.(eCTBeHHO 3aBIICHT OT TaKHX
BHeIIlHIIX II BHyrpeHHMX aKTopoB, KaK XlIMH1JeCKMH COCTaB MaTepIIaJIa,
BH)], rrpe,n:IIleCTByIOIl(MX B03,n:eHCTBHH (HarrpIIMep, ,n:e opMau:HSI), COCTOSlHHe
rrooopXHOCTH, TeMrrepaTYPa II HaJInqHe XlIMH1JeCKM arpeCCHBHOH Cpe.n;bI II ,n:p.
TaK, rrpII rrOBbIIIleHIIII TeMrrepaTYPbI rrpo1JHOCTHbIe XapaKTepIICTHKM CRJIbHO
CHIDKaIOTCSI II rrpe,n:eJI TeK)'1JeCTH IIpII TeMrrepaTYPe TIJIaBJIeHHSI C'TpeMHTCSI K
HYJIIO; 1JeM HIDKe TeMrrepaTYPa TIJIaBJIeHHSI CnJIaBa, TeM rrpII 60JIee HII3IGIX
TeMrrepaTYPax HaCTYIIaeT pe3Koe rra,u:eHHe rrpo1JHOCTH. TIoHIDKeHIIe TeMrre-
paTYPbI 06YCJIOBJIIIBaeT rrepexo,n: OT BSl3Koro paJpyn:reHHSI K Xpym<OMY (KpH-
TH1JeCKaSI TeMrrepaTYPa - nopoz XAaiJHoAoMKocmu).
1.6.4. 3JIeKTPUQeCKHe CBOHCTBa
o 6 U{ U e C e e a H U R. ,J)lleKmpUllecKue c6oiicm6a - cOBoKyrrHOCTb
CBOHCTB, XapaKTepH3yIOIl(IIX crroco6HocTb BeIl(eCTB II MaTepHaJIOB rrpoBO-
,n:lITb 3JIeK'TpII1JeCKMH TOK B 3JIeK'TpII1JeCKOM rrOJIe. K 3JIeK'TpII1JeCKMM CBOH-
CTBaM, HaH60JIee IIlIIpOKO IICrrOJIb3yeMbIM ,n:JISI IICCJIe,n:OBaHHSI MaTepIIaJIOB
(oco6eHHo MeT3JIJInqeCIGIX) H ou:eHKM B03MO}I(HOCTII MX rrpaK11flleCKoro IIpII-
MeHeHHSI, B rrepByIO 01Jepe,n:b OTHOCHTCSI yiJeAbHaJl 3JleKmponpo6ooHocmb (y)
II 06paTHaSI eH BeJIH1JHHa - yae.tlbHOe 3JleKmpUliecKoe conpOmU6JleHUe (p), a
TaIOKe meMnepamYPHblu K03cjJcjJuu,ueHm yae.tlbHOZO 3JleKmpoconpomU6JleHUR (a. po )'
3/leKmpOnpo8odHocmb (3/le1CmpUlleCKllR npo8odUMOcmb) - cnoc06HOCTb MaTe-
pHaJIa llponYCKaTb 3JIeKTPH'IeCKHH TOK no.n; B03.n;eHcTBHeM 3JIeKTpH'IeCKOrO
nOJIH, a TaIOKe cl>H3 ecKaH BeJIH'lHHa, KOJIH'lecTBeHHo xapaKTepH3yroIl{aH 3T)'
cnoc06HOCTb.
3JIeIcrpOnpOBO,ll;HOCTb onpe.n;eJIHeTCH HaJIH'lHeM no.n;BIDKHbIX HOCHTeJIeH 3a-
psw:a. MexaHH3MbI nepeHoca 3apsw:a npH pa3JIH'IHbIX arperaTHbIX COCTOHHHHX
BeIl{eCTBa CIDIbHO pa3JIW:laIOTCH. O,ll;HaKO BeJIH'IHHa nepeHOCHMoro 3apsw:a Bcer.n;a
paBHa eJIOMY 'IHCJIY 3JIeMeHrapHbIX 3JIeIcrpH'leCKHX 3apSW:O B .
3/le1CmpUllecKoe conpOmU8/leHUe (3/leKmpOConpOmU8/leHue) - CBOHCTBO MaTe-
pHaJIa, onpe.n;eJIHIOIl{ee CIDIY ero npOTHBo.n;eHCTBHH 3JIeKTpH'IeCKOMY TOK)' npH
3a.n;aHHOM HanpH)I(eHHH 3JIeKTpH'leCKoro nOJIH.
YiJeJlbHOe 3/leKmpUlleC1Coe conpOmU8/leHue (po) - xapaKTepHCTHKa, npHMeIDIe-
MaH .lUIH o eHKH 3JIeKTpOconpOTHBJIeHHH, OM' M:
90
..
Po = R S/I, (15)
r,l{e S H I - cOOTBeTcTBeHHo, 3JIeKTpMqeCKOe COrrpOTMBJIeHMe, IIJIOll{8,IJ;b M .lUIMHa
rrpOBO,l{HMKa 3JIeKTpMQeCKOrO TOKa.
TeMnepamYPHblu K03tJxPuu,ueum yi)eAbIlOZO 3fleK11IJJOConpomU6./leHUR (0. ) - OTHO-
CMTeJIbHOe M3MeHeIDIe Y,l{eJIbHOrO 3JIeKTpM'IeCKOrO corrpOrnBJIeHIDI (Po ,l{eJIeHHOe
Ha BeJIM'IMH)' M3MeHeHMH TeMrrepaTypbI f'..T, I/K-I:
o.po = t.: o /f'..T. (16)
Bce MarepmlJIbI, npHMeHSIeMbIe B rexHHKe, no CBOHM 3JIeKTpHQeCKHM
CBOMCTBaM .n:eJUlT Ha TpH rpyrrITbI: npo6oiJHUKu, nOAynpo6oiJHuKu M OU3.lleKmpU-
KU. Pa3JIWlaIOTCSI 3TII MarepHaJIbl no BeJIWlHHe 3JIeKTpOCOnpOTHBJIeHHSI; xa-
paKTepy ero reMnepa1)lpHoro H3MeHeHID.I H THny npOBO.ll:HMOCTH. Pe3KOM rpa_
HMU:bI Me)JQ::{y .lI:H3JIeKTpHKaMH H nOJIyrrpoBo.n:HHKaMM npOBeCTH HeJIb3S1. IIo
BeJIHqMHe y.n:eJIbHOrO 3JIeKTpOconpOTHBJIeHHSI npHHSlTO cJIe.n.YIOIl{ee .n:eJIeHHe:
npo60aHUKU - 10- 5 ...10- 8 OM' M H MeHee;
noAynpoBoaHUKU - 10- 6 ...10 7 OM' M;
aU3AeKmpUKU - 10 7 ...10 18 OM' M.
3JIeKTpHQeCKOe conpOTHBJIeHHe y .n:H3JIeKTpHKOB H no.rrynpOBo.n:HHKOB C
nOBbIlIIeHHeM reMnepaTypbI YMeHblliaeTCSI, a Y npOBo.n:HHKOB pacreT. Y He-
KOropbIX MeTaJlJIOB npH BHelIIHHX B03n;eMCTBID.IX (HanpHMep, YMeHbHIeHHH
TeMnepa1)lpbI) conpOTHBJIeHHe CKaq](OM YMeHbiliaeTCSI npaK'TWIeCKH .n:o H}'JUI
(SlBJIeHMe C6epxnp0600UMocmu).
XapaKTep M3MeHeHHSI 3JIeKTpHQeCKMX CBOMCTB pa3JIHQHbIX MarepHaJIOB
npH BHelIIHHX B03.n:eMCTBID.IX MO.>KHO 06'bSlCHHTh, eCJIH paCCMOTpeTh, QTO SlB-
JISleTCSI B HHX HOCHTeJIeM 3apSJ,lJ;OB.
IIpoBO.QHMKM rro rnrry HOCMTeJIeM 3apHlIoB ,l{eJIHTCH Ha 3JIeKTpoHHbIe (MenUl-
JIbI M CIIJIaBbI), MOHHbIe (3JIeKTpOJIMTbI) H cMellIaHHbIe, r,l{e MMeeT MeCTO ,l{BM)Ke-
IDle KaK CB06o.QHbIX 3JIeKTpOHoB, TaK H MOHOB (HarrpMMep, IIJIa3Ma). qMcTbIe
MeTaJIJIbI 06JI8,IJ;aIOT MaJIbIM Y,l{eJIbHbIM 3JIeKTpocorrpOTMBJIeHMeM (po = 0,0150...
0,105 MKOM' M). MCKJUOQeHMeM SlBJIHeTCH pTyrb, Y KOTOpOM Y,l{eJIbHOe 3JIeKTpo-
corrpornBJIeHMe COCTaBJIHeT 0,943...0,952 MKOM' M. CrrJIaBbI HMeIOT 60JIee BbI-
COKMe 3HaQeHMSI Y,l{eJIbHOrO 3JIeKTpOCOrrpOTMBJIeHMH (po = 0,30...1,8 MKOM' M).
K rpynrre CIIJIaBOB C rrOBbIllIeHHbIM Y,l{eJIbHbIM 3JIeKTpocorrpOTMBJIeHMeM OTHO-
CSITCH )Kapo- Ii KOpp03MOHHOCTOMKMe CIIJIaBbI, KOTopbIe rrpMMeIDIIOTCH B 3JIeKTpO-
HarpeBaTeJIbHbIX rrpM60pax M peOCTaTax.
AnH rrOJIynpoBO,l{HMKOB HOCMTeJIHMM 3apMOB HBJIHIOTCH 3JIeKTpOHbI rrpOBO-
,l{MMOCTM (3JIeKTpoHHaSI rrpOBO,l{MMOCTb n-TMrra) M ,l{bIPKM (,l{bIPOQHaSI rrpOBO.lU1-
MOCTh p-rnrra). 3JleKmpOlUlMu npo8oiJUMocmu HBJIHIOTCH 3JIeKTpOHbI, crroco6HbIe
rrepeMell{aTbCH rro KpMCTaJIJIY. J(blp1Ca - 3JIeKTpOHHaSI BaKaHCIDI B KpMCTaJIJIe
rrOJIynpoBO,l{HMKa, 06JI8,IJ;aIOll{aSI rrOnBM)l(HOCTbIO. ,ZJ;bIPKM - rrOJIO)l(lfTeJIbHO 3a-
pIDKeHHbIM HOCMTeJIb TOKa B rrOJIynpOBO,l{HMKe.
B QHCTOM rro.rrynpoBO.QHMKe, rrpOBO,l{MMOCTb KOToporo o6YCJIOBJIeHa TeIIJIOBbIM
B036y)1Q:{eHMeM, O,l{MHaKOBoe QMCJIO 3JIeKTpOHOB M ,l{bIpOK ,l{BM)KeTCH B rrpornBO-
rrOJIO)I(HbIX HarrpaBJIeHMHX (co6cmeeHHaJl npoeooUMocmb). Co6cTBeHHaSI rrpOBO,l{M-
MOCTb B03paCTaeT rrpM rrOBbIllIeHMM TeMrrepaTypbI.
91
3JIeKTPOHbI npOBOnHMOCTII B rrOJIynpOBOnHHKOBbIX MaTepmUlaX MOryr 06pa-
30BaTbCSI nOn neHCTBHeM CBeTa (BHympeHHuu dJfJm03tjJtPeKm). IIpH nOCTaTOqHO
6oJIbIIIOj:t 3Hepnm CBeTOBoro nOTOKa npOBOnHMOCTb nOJIynpoBonHHKOBblX Ma-
replUUlOB B03paCTaeT. TeXHHqeCKOe rrpHMeHeHHe: fjJOmoconpOmU8lleHWl.
TIpoBonHMOCTb nOJIynpoBon HHKa MO:>KHO }'BeJIH'IHTb n06aBJIeHHeM aroMoB
npyrnx 3JIeMemOB (JIempOBaHHeM), B pe3YJIbTIlre B03HHKaeT npUMeCHaJl np060aU-
Mocmb. TIpHMecHIDI npOBonHMOCTb MO)KeT 6bITb 06YCJIOBJIeHa :,meK1'pOHaMH HJIH
.lU>IpKaMH. TIpH 3TOM B onHOM H TOM )Ke 06pa:me rrOJIynpoBonHHKOBOro MaTepHa-
JIa O.lUiH yqacTOK MO)KeT 06JIMaTb p-rrpOBOnHMOCTbIO, a npyroH - n-rrpoBOn H -
MOCTblO. p-n-nepexoa pa60TaeT KaK BbmpSlMIITeJIb, rrponYCKIDI TOK TOJIbKO H3
p-06.rraCTH B n-OMaCTb. IIOJIynpoBonHHKoBbIH MarepHaJI C p-n-rrepexonOM Ha3bI-
BaeTCSI iJUOOoM H HCnOJIb3yeTcSI ,WIH BbmpHMJIemrn rrepeMeHHoro TOKa.
TBep.D: bIe .D:H3JIeK'lpHQeCKHe MarepMaTIbI (nOJIMMepbI, KepaMHKa, Heopra-
HHQecKoe creKJIO H .D:p.) .D:eJISIT Ha HenOJlJlpHble M nOJlJlpHble OU3AeKmpUKU.
HenOIDIpHbIe nH3JIeKTPHKM MOryr HMeTb MOJIeKYJIHpHOe (nOJIH3THJIeH, <lrro-
pOWlaCT-4 H np.) HJIH HOHHoe KPHCTaJUIH'IeCKOe (CJIlOna, KBapu H .np.) crpoe-
HHe. MOJIeKYJIHpHble nH3JIeKTPHKM COCTOHT H3 :,meKTPHqeCKM HeiITpaJIbHbIX MO-
JIeKYJI, KOTopbIe no B03,l(eHCTBHSI Ha HHX :,meKTPHqeCKOrO rrOJISI He 06JIMaIOT
3JIeKTPHqeCKMMH CBOHCTBaMH. HOHHbIe KpHCTaJUIH'IeCKMe nH3JIeK1'pHKM 06pa30-
BaRbI napaMH HOHOB, rrpHqeM KIDKLtIDI napa COCTaBJIHeT HeH'rpaJIbHYIO qaCTHUY.
HOHbI pacnOJIaraIOTCSI B Y3JIax KpHCTaJUIH'IeCKOH perneTKM.
TIOJIHpHbIe ,lUI3JIeK1'pHKM (HanpHMep, rrOJIHBHHHJIXJIOPM) COCTOHT H3 rro-
JISlpHbIX MOJIeKYJI - iJunolleu. 3JIeK1'pHqeCKMe nHnOJIH rrpenCTaBJISlIOT C060H
napbI 3apSl,l(OB npoTIlBOnOJIO:>KHbIX 3HaKOB, KOTopble B3aHMHO ypaBHOBeIIIHBaIOT-
CSI H HaxO.wrrcSl Ha HeKoropoM pacCTOSlHHH .npyr OT npyra. BeJIH'IHHa nHnOJIH
XapaKTepH3}'eTCSI ,lUInOJIbHbIM MOMemOM - rrpOH3BeneHHeM BeJIH'IHHbI 3apH.IJ:a
Ha paCCTOSlHHe Me:>KJJ:Y HHMH. ,l];HrrOJIH 06JIMaIOT HaqaJIbHbIM 3JIeK1'pH'IeCKMM
MOMemOM BCJIenCTBHe aCHMMe'rpHH CBOero C'rpoeHHH eme no B03,l(eHCTBHH Ha
HHX 3JIeKTPHqeCKoro nOJIH. B 06IlleM CJIyqae B rrOJIHpHbIX nH3JIeK1'pHKax nHrrOJIH
HMeIOT nOCTaTOqHYIO BeJIHqHHY, HO paCrrOJIaralOTCH 6ecrrOpH.IJ:OqHO, H HX rrpH-
cyrcTBHe He OTpIDKaeTCH Ha 3JIeK1'pHQecKMX CBOHCTBax.
OCH06Hble xapaKmepucmUKU OU3IleKmpU"teCKUx Mamepu-
all 08. ,Z:(mI.D:H3JIeK'lpHQecKHX MarepMaTIOB HaM60JIbIIlee npaKTIIQeCKOe 3Ha-
qeHHe Cpe.D:H 3JIeK'lpHQeCKHX CBOHCTB M XapaKTepHCTIIK MMeIOT nOJlJlpU3al{Wl,
OU3IleKmpUlleCKue nomepu, np060ii M 3AeKmpU"teCKafl npo"tHocmb.
OOJUlpU3aI(UJI - 3TO npouecc yrrOpSl,l(OqeHHH (CMemeHHH H ne<l>opMaUHH)
3JIeKTPOHHbIX o60JIoqeK CBH3aHHbIX 3JIeK1'pHQeCKMX 3apSl,l(OB BemeCTBa rron neH-
CTBHeM npHJ10)KeHHoro 3TleK1'pHQeCKoro nOJIH.
MexaHH3MbI nOJIHpH3aUHH BemecTB pa3JIHQHbI H 3aBHCHT OT XapaKTepa XH-
MHQeCKOH CBH3H (pHC. 31). HanpHMep, B HOHHbIX KpHCTaJIJIaX (NaG H np.) rro-
JISlpH3aUIDI SlBJISleTCH pe3YJIbTIlTOM ne<l>opMaUHH 3JIeKTpOHHbIX 060JIOQeK OTneJIb-
HbIX HOHOB (3JIeKTPOHHIDI rrOJIHpH3aUHH) H CnBHra HOHOB OTHOCHTeJIbHO npyr
npyra (HOHHIDI nOJIHpH3aUIDI). B KpHCTaJUIaX C KOBaJIeHTHOH CBH3blO (HanpHMep,
B aJIMa3e) nOJIHpH3aUIDI 06YCJIOBJIeHa maBHbIM 06pa30M CMemeHHeM 3JIeK1'pOHOB,
oCyJl(eCTBJIHIOlI.(HX XHMH'IecK)'IO CBH3b. B nOJIHpHbIX nH3JIeK1'pHKax (HanpHMep,
B TBep.nOM; H 2 S), B KOTOpbIX MOJIeKYJIbI HJ1HpMHKaJIbI rrpenCTaBJIHIOT C060H
92
I.
W
a
@
@ @ @
@ @@
@@
@ @ @
@@
G> G) G .
G .
G> Q) G E
G ·
G>CO)G>.
I
6
tr
:Z
e---4
.
C9.... .A
&-
.
EI)
e.;;...e .
Puc. 31. CxeMbi 31leKmpOllllou (a), UOHltOU (6) U iJunollbHo-pellaKCal.{UOHHOU (6) nOIlJl-
pU3al.{UU
3JIeKTpHqeCKHe JJ;HnOJIH, nOJIHpH3al1HH BbI3bIBaeTCH HX npeHMYIl1eCTBeHHOH
OpHeHTal1HeH (opHeHTal1HOHHaH nOJIHpH3al1ID1). TaKaH OpHeHTal1HOHHaH nOJIH-
pH3al1HH THnHqHa MH JKH.L{KOCTeH H fa30B. CxonHbIH MexaHH3M nOJIHpH3al1HH
qaCTo Ha6JIIo,lJ.aeTCH B BeIl1eCTBax C BO,lJ.OpO.QHOH CBH3blO (HanpHMep, Y JIb,lJ,a), f,lJ.e
HOHbI BO,lJ.OpO,D.a HMelOT HeCKOJIbKO nOJIO)KeHHH paBHOBeCHH. B TaKHX BeIl1eCTBax
nOJIHpH3aUIDI npOHCXO,lJ.HT «nepeCKOKOM» no,lJ. ,lJ.eHCTBHeM 3JIeK1pHqeCKOfO nOJIH
OT,lJ.eJIbHbIX HOHOB H3 O,lJ.HHX nOJIO)KeHHH paBHOBeCHH B ,lJ.pyrn:e.
B KPHCTaJIJIHQeCKHX ,lJ.H3JIeKTpHKax, f,lJ.e HOHbI pa:mOfO 3HaKa pacnOJIO)KeHbI
ynOpH.l10QeHHO, nOJIHpH3aUIDI MO)KeT CYIl1eCTBOBaTb H B OTcyrcTBHe 3JIeKTpHQe-
CKOfO nOJIH, HanpHMep npH ,lJ.e<}>opMal1HH - nbe303/leKmpUKU, npH nOBbIllIeHHH
TeMnepaTypbI - nUp03/leKmpUKU. Pa3HOBH.l{HOCTbIO nHp03JIeK1pHKOB HBJIHIOTCH
ceZHem03/leKmpuKU (TIfTaHaT 6apIDI, cerneTOBa COJIb H ,lJ.p.), B KoropbIX nOJIHpH-
3al1HH MO)KeT CYIl1eCTBeHHO H3MeIDITbCH KaK no BeJIWIHHe, TaK H no 3HaKY, Ha-
npHMep npH nOHIDKeHHH TeMnepaTypbI.
B OCHOBe nbe303Q><l>eKTa JIe.>KHT CMeIl1eHHe HOHOB B KPHCTaJIJIWIeCKOH pellIeT-
Ke npH ynpyroH ,lJ.e<}>opMal1HH. IIbe303<l><}>eKT aHH301poneH H xapaKTepH3YeTCH
nbe30MOOyIleM - 3apH.l10M, KOTOpbIH nOHBJIHeTCH Ha nOBepXHOCTH TIJIaCTHH nbe30-
3JIeKTpHKa nOlt lteHCTBHeM e,lJ.HHHQHOH CHJIbI. Or nbe303JIeKTpHKOB 1pe6yJOTCH
BbICOKHe 3HaQeHHH nbe30MO,lJ.YJIH H MaJIble nOTepH. .
j(lI3.IIeKmpUQeCKOJI npOHUl(Qf!.MOCmb - BeJIHQHHa, nOKa3bIBaIOIl1aH,80 CKOJIbKO
pa3 CHJIa B3aHMO,lJ.eHCTBHH ,lJ.BYX 3JIeKTpWIeCKHX 3apH.l(OB B cpe,lJ.e MeHbllIe, QeM B
BaKyyMe.
):(H3JIeKTpHQeCK)'IO npOHHl1aeMOCTb onpe,lJ.eJIHIOT C nOMOIl1bIO KOH.LI.eHcaTO-
poB. B 3aBHCHMOCTII OT KOIUJ;eHcaropa (c BO:m}'XOM HJIH BaKyyMOM), BbI6paHHOfO
Mj:J cpaBHeHHH, pa3JIWIaIOT OTHOCHTeJIbHyJO (EO) H a6COJIIOTHyJO (E a ) ltH3JIeKTpH-
QeCKHe npOHHl1aeMOCTH.
A6COJIIOTHaH ,lJ.H3JIeKTpWIeCKaH npOHHl1aeMOCTb, <I>/M:
Ea = EO E,
f,lJ.e E = 8,85.10- 12 <I>/M - 3JIeKTpWIeCKaH nOCTOj:JHHaj:J.
(17)
93
HaMMeHbllIYIO ,l{M3JIeK1pHqeCKYIO rrpOHMuaeMOCTb MMeeT BaK}'YM (EO = 1),
,l{M3JIeKTpMqeCKaH rrpoHMuaeMoCTb B03.ll:yxa 1,00058, }Irn,lurnX M TBep,l{blX ,l{M3JIeK-
1pMKOB - 2...17, a CerHeT03JIeKTpMKOB - 1500...7500. , -
Ha BeJIMqMHY ,l{M3JIeKTpMqeCKOH rrpoHMuaeMocTM OK113blBaIOT BJIM51HMe M3Me-
HeHMe TeMrrepaTypbl (c YBeJIHqeHMeM TeMrrepaTypbl ee BeJIWIMHa rrOHM}I(aeTC51) H
qaCTOTa rrpHJIO}l(eHHOrO K ,l{M3JIeK1pMKY HarrpIDKeHM51.
j.(U3.1leKmpUllecKue nomepu - qaCTb 3HepfMM (MOIl.(HOCTM) 3JIeKTpWIeCKoro
rrepeMeHHoro rrOJI51, KOTOpaH rrpM rreperrOJISlpM3aUMM rrpeBpall.(aeTC51 B ,l{H3JIeKTpH-
Ke B TefIJIOT}' M HarpeBaeT ero.
KOJIMqeCTBeHHO OHM XapaKTepM3YIOTCSI BeJIMqHHOH manzenca YZJla OU3JleICmpU-
"teCKUX nomepb tg 8 (yrOJI 8 - p113HOCTb <p113 Me}l{)];Y BeKTopaMM rrOJI51pH3al.(llli
3JIeKTpMqeCKMX 3apfl.ll:OB M HarrpIDKeHHocTH 3JIeKTpMQeCKOrO rrOJI51). Y TBep,l{bIX
,l{M3JIeKTpMKoB BeJIMQMHbl ,l{M3JIeKTpMQeCKMX rrorepb HaXO,l{m'CSI B rrpe,l{eJIax
2...5' 10- 3 . HaMMeHbllIMMH 3HaQeHMSlMM ,l{M3JIeKTpMQeCKMX rrOTepb 06JIauaIOT
HeMOHM3MpOBaHHble ra3bl, KOTopble Bce SlBJI51IOTC51 ,l{M3JIeK1pMKaMM.
.L!:M3JIeK1pMQeCKMe rrOTepM ,l{M3JIeKTpMKa, BKJIIOQeHHoro rro,l{ rroCToSlHHoe Ha-
rrp51}l(eHMe, 3HaQMTeJIbHO MeHbllIe. IIpM 3TOM HepaBeHCTBO rrOTepb 3HeprHM rrpM
,l{eHCTBHM rrOCTOSlHHoro HJIM rrepeMeHHoro HarrpIDKeHMH Ha6JIIO,l{aeTCSI TOJIbKO B
,l{M3JIeKTpMKax. OC06eHHO 3HaQMTeJIbHble rrorepM 'MOll.(HOCTM MO:ryT B03HMKaTh
rrpH 60JIbllIMX HarpeBe ,l{H3JIeKTpMKa M ero rrpe}l{)];eBpeMeHHOM pa3pyu.reHMM.
Pa3pyu.reHMe TBep,l{blX ,l{M3JIeKTpMKOB rro,l{ ,l{eHCTBMeM 3J1eKTpMQeCKoro TOKa
MO}l(eT 6bITb ,l{BYX BM,LJ;OB: npo60H TOJIII.(M MaTepMan:a M pa3pfl.ll: rro ero rrOBepx-
HOCTM. HaM60JIbllIMe pa3pYllIeHH51 Bbl3blBaeT npo6ou.
IIpo6ou - pe3Koe B03paCTaHMe 3J1eKTporrpOBO,l{HOCTH Bell.(eCTBa B 3J1eKTpM-
QeCKOM nOJle, HarrpIDKeHHOCTb KOTOpOro rrpeBblllIaeT orrpe,l{eJIeHHOe 3HaQeHMe.
IIpo60H rrpOXO,l{MT B TPM CTa,lJ,MM: <popMMpoBaHHe IJa3Pfl.ll:a, 3aBepllIeHMe IJa3pfl.ll:a
M rrocJlerrp060HHaH CTa,nH51. IIpM rrpo6oe rrpoTeKaHMe TOKa rrpOMCXO,l{1IT rro Y3-
KOMY KaHaJIY M cOrrpoBO}l{)];aeTCH, KaK rrpaBHJIO, Heo6paTHMblMH pa3pyu.reHlUlMH
Bell.(eCTBa: o6pa3YeTC51 CKB03Hoe OTBepcTMe MJlM rrpOfIJIaBJISleTC51 KaHan:. Han:WIMe
B MaTepMan:e rrop, B03,l{yu.rHbIX M ra30BblX BKJIIOQeHMH C03,l{aeT 6J1arOrrpH51THble
YCJlOBIDI .lJ)UI npo60H, Tal( KaK B HHX B03HMKaIOT ,l{orrOJlm1TeJlbHble MMIq)Opa3pfl.ll:bI.
Pa3JlWI"aIOT .rrpo60M meWlO6ou, npoMCXO,lUIllJ,HH npM Cyll.(eCTBeHHOM TefIJIOBOM
B03,l{eHCTBMM Ha MaTepMan:, H QMCTO 3JleICmpU"tecICUU, Bbl3BaHHblH yBeJlWIeHMeM
HarrpIDKeHM51 BHelliHerO rrOJIH ,l{O KpMTH'IeCKOrO 3HaQeHM51 (3JleKmpU"tecICOU npo"t-
Hocmu).
3JleKmpUileCKaJI npollHocmb - BeJlWIMHa KpMTHQeCKoro HarrpIDKeHH51 O,l{HO-
pO,l{HOro 3JIeKTpHQeCKOrO rrOJISI rrpM npo6oe, rr03BOJI51IOll.(aH oueHMTb crroco6-
HOCTh MaTepMan:a rrpOTMBOCTOmD ero pa3pyu.reHMIO 3J1eKTpMQeCKMM HarrpIDKeHMeM.
qMCJIOBble 3HaQeHMSI 3JIeK1pMQeCKOH rrpOQHOCTM TBep,l{blX ,l{M3JIeKTpMKOB
OQeHb 60JIbllIMe (HeCKOJIbKO MMJIJlMOHOB BOJIbT Ha 1 M TOJIII.(MHbI MaTepMan:a).
3JIeKTpHQeCKaH rrpOQHOCTh QHCThIX O,l{HOpO,l{HbIX :>KH,LI;KMX ,l{M3J1eKTpMKOB rro BeJlM-
QMHe 6J1M3Ka 3JIeK1pWIeCKOH rrpOQHOCTH TBepnbIX ,l{M3J1eKTpMKoB, HO HaJJWrne
rrpMMeceH M 3arpH3HeHMH Cyll.(ecTBeHHo ee rrOHIDKaIOT. Y CJlIO,l{bI, KBapua M ,l{PY-
fMX XOpOllIMX ,l{M3JIeKTpMKoB 3JIeKTpWIeCKaH npOQHOCTb rropfl.ll:Ka 10 8 ...10 9 B/M;
B OQHll.(eHHbIX :>KH,LI;KMX ,l{M3JIeKTpMKax - OKOJIO 10 8 B/M; ,l(JIH B03,l{yxa rrpH HOp-
94
MaJIbHbIX YCJIOBIUIX M TOJIllume CJIOH 60JIee 0,01 M - .l10 3, 10 6 B/M. Y nOJIY-
npOBO.l1HMKOB 3JIeKTpMqeCKaH npOqHOCTb M3MeIDIeTCH OT 10 8 .l10 10- 3 B/M.
Pa3pyrueHMe no nOBepXHOCTM TBep.l10rO .l1M3JIeK1'pMKa OT 3JIeK1'pMQeCKoro
pa3PMa B BM,lJ,e 3JIeKTpMQeCKOM .l1yrM HaQMHaeTCH M npOMCXO.l1MT B ra3e Ha,lJ, ero
nOBepXHOCTbID. nO.l1 BJIMHHMeM .l1yrOBWX pa3pMOB M MCKpeHMH npOMCXO.l1MT
nporpeCCMpyroll{ee nOBepXHOCTHOe 3p03MOHHoe pa3pyrueHMe B BM,lJ,e TOKonpOBO-
,WIll{ero CJIe.l1a rom TOKOnpOBO,WIll{eM .l10pO.>KKM, MMeIDll{MX .l1peBOBM,lJ,Hyro <}>OPMY.
H .nyra, M TOKOnpOBO,WIII.UfM CJIOM BbI3bIBaIDT BbICOKOTeMnepaTypHble peaKl.{MM
pa3JIOXeHIDI M ropeHIDI .l1M3JIeKTpMKa.
,[(M3JIeIcrPHIGI HCnOJIb3}'1OTCSI maBHbIM 06pa30M KaK 3JIeKlpOM30llil[(II-
OHHbIe MaTepHaTIbI. nbe303JIeKlpHKH npHMeHSIIOTCH ,lLJUI npeo6pa30BaHlUl
3BYKOBbIX KOJIe6aHHM B 3JIeKlpHqeCKHe H Hao6opOT; nHp03JIeKlpMKH - AJUI
MH,lJ:MKa[(MH M H3MepeHHSI HHTeHCHBHOCTII IIH<ppaKpaCHoro H3JIyqeHHSI; cer-
HeT03JIeKlpHKH - KaK HeJIMHeMHbIe 3JIeMeHTbI B pa,n:H03JIeKlpOHMKe. 1f3
)KIf,D:KHX ,n:H3JIeKlpHKOB HaH60JIbllIee npHMeHeHHe HMeIOT MMHepaTIbHbIe
MaCJIa (B lpaHC<PoPMaTopax, KOH,L(eHCaTopax M T.,n:.).
Tpe606aHUR K 3ileKmpOU30ilRlJ,UOHHblM MamepuailaM
pyaHUltHOZO o60pya06aHuR (fOCT P 51330.20-99). Py,n:HHQHOe
3JIeKlpoo60py,n:oBaHHe MO)KeT HMeTb ,n:Ba ypOBHSI M30llil[(IIH - 1 MJIH 2.
Py,n:HHQHOe 3JIeKlpoo6opy,n:oBaHHe C II30llilU:HeM ypOBHSI 1 ,n:OJDKHO 6bITb
paCCqm(lHO ,lI)ISI pa60ThI npH OTHOCMTeJIbHOM IDIIDKHOCTII OKP)')KaIOl[(eM Cpe,n:bI
(98:t2)% (c KOH,L(eHCa[(HeM IDIarH) npH TeMnepa'Type (35:t2rc. 3JIeKlpo-
o6opy,n:oBaHMe C H30llil[(HeM ypOBHSI 2 ,n:OJDKHO 6bITb pacCQIITaHO AJUI pa60TbI
npM OTHOCHTeJIbHOM IDIIDKHOCTII oKP)')KaIOI[(eM Cpe,n:bI (98:t2)% npH TeMne-
pa1)lpe (25:t2rC.
3JIeKlpoo6opy.n.oBaHHe, npe,n:Ha3HaQeHHOe .n:.rrSi pa60TbI B yrOJIbHbIX llIax-
Tax, ,n:omKHO HMeTh ypOBeHb H30llilU:HH 1.
3JIeKlpOH30JISI[(MOHHbIe MaTepMaTIbI, npHMeHSleMbIe AJUI H3rOTOIDIeHHSI
,n:eTaJIeM py,n:HMQHOro o6opy,n:oBaHHSI, KJIaCcM<pHu:MPYIOTCH no cpa6HumeJZbHO-
MY UHaeKcy mpeKUHzocmOUKocmu (ClfT) Ha rpynnbI a, ..., z.
TpeKuHz - nOCJIe.l10BaTeJIbHOe 06pa30BaHMe TOKonpOBOn;Hll{MX MOCTMKOB,
KOTopble <}>OpMMpyIOTCH Ha nOBepXHOCrn TBepn;OrO 3JIeKTpOM30JIHl.{MOHHOro Ma-
repMaJIa BCJIen;CTBMe COBMeCTHoro n;eMcTBMH 3JIeKTpMQeCKoro HanpIDKeHIDI M Ha-
JIWIHH 3arpH3HeHMM Ha ero nOBepXHOCTM. KOJIMQeCTBeHHO 1'peKMHr XapaKTepM-
3yeTCH cpa61tUtneJlbHblM UHoeKCOM mpeKuHzocmouKocmu M KOHmpOAbHblM UHoeKCOM
mpeKuHzocmouKocmu.
CpaBHUmeJlbHblii UHoeKC mpe1CuHzocmouKocmu - QMCJIOBOe 3HaQeHMe MaKCM-
MaJIbHOro HanpIDKeHMH B BOJIbTaX, npM KOTOpOM MaTepMaJI BbUI.ep:>IGfBaeT B03-
n;eMcTBMe 50 KaneJIb 3JIeKTp:OJIMTa 6e3 06pa30BaHMH 1peKMHra.
KOHmpoAbHblii uHoeKC mpeKUHza - QMCJIOBOe 3HaQeHMe KOH1pOJIbHOro Ha-
npIDKeHMH B BOJIbTax, npM KOTOpOM MaTepMaJI BbIJI.ep:>IGfBaeT 50 KaneJIb 3JIeKTp:O-
JIMTa 6e3 06pa30BaHMH 1peKMHra.
4 MaTeplIaJIOBe.lleHHe
95
B rn6JI. 2 nplIBe.neHa npHMepHaSI KJIaCCH(pIIKa lISI 3JIe.KTpoII30JISI IIOH-
HbIX MarepmlJIOB no rpynnaM 1peKHHrocTO:H:KOCTII.
Ta6/lu14a 2
llpUMep1laJI K./IoccrujJuKal(uR 3AeKmpOU3OA1lll,U01l1lbtx MamepUfl./l06
no mpeKulIwcmoiiKOcmu
fpynrra HaHMeHOBaHHe, MapKa MaTepHan:a
MarepHan:a
a 3JIeKTpOKepaMHKa (<pap<pop, CTeaTHT, Kop,nHepHT); cJlIo,na H CJIIO.wIHbIe
MarepHaJlbI 6e3 opraHWIecKHX CBH3yIOIIJ;UX; :,meIcrpoH30llilUHoHHbIe CTeKJIa
(CHTaJlJIbI, MHKaJleKc)
6 AMHHoIUlaCTbI MapOK MC1>BI, MC1>B3 (K-78-51), MC1>EI (.lI.O-2); rrpecc-
MaTepHaJlbI Ha OCHOBe KPeMHHHopraHWIecKHX CMOJI nKO-l-I-1 (KC1>-9),
nKO-I-1-3 (KC1>-IO), nKO-I-2-4 (KMC-9), nKO-I-3-5 (Kn)K-9),
nKO-I-3-11 (KMK-218) H ,np.; ac60.ueMeHT, ac60TeKcToJIHT; creKJIO-
TeKCTOJIHTbI CKM-9. CTKM; <PropOIUlacr-4; KOMIIaHOp M-5 3Ill; rrpecc-
MarepHaJIbI Ha OCHOBe IIOJIH3<}>HpHOH CMOJIbI nCK-5PM
6 npeCC-MarepHaJIbI Ha OCHOBe IIOJIH3<pHpHbIX CMOJI (rrpeMHKCbI) nCK-5,
nCK-5H, nCK-OPMT, nCK-OPBMT, mmcaHoBbIH TeTHHaKC JIf-20
l npeMHKCbI nCK-5T, nCK-5HT; nOJIHaMHJJ; 610, nOJIHCTHpOJI JIHCTOBOH
ABC-2020, IIapOHHT nOH
,LLrrSi py.nHHqHOrO 3JIeK1pOo6opy.noBamrn M 3JIeK1pOo6opy.noBaHlISI yrOJIb-
HbIX lIIaxT He .nonycKaeTCH npMMeHeHMe rIIrpoCKOnMqeCKHX .nM3JIe.KTpMKOB,
IIMeIOlI.U1X BJIaronOrJIOIl.{eHHe 3a 24 q 60JIee 2% (HanpIIMep, IIIM<l>eP, Mpa-
MOp, .npeBeCHHa II T.n.). 3JIe.KTpOM30JISI MOHHbIe MareplIaJIbI .D:JISI .neTaJIe:H:
py.nHHqHOro H lIIaxTHOro o6opy.nOBaHlISI ,n:OJI)l(HbI o6JIa,n:aTh:
. <PYHKu:MOHaJIbHbIMH CBO:H:C'rnaMH, HanpMMep npoqHOCThIO H rnep.nOCThIO,
rapaHTIIPYIOIl.{HMH HX pa60Tocnoco6HOCTh;
. y.napHO:H: BSl3KOCThIO, K,l:()I(/M 2 , He MeHee, .D:JISI MarepMaJIOB:
KepaMHqeCKHX - 3;
TIJIaCrnqeCKHX Macc, CJIOMCThIX TIJIaCTIIKOB, JIIITbIX CMOJI II KOMnaYH-
.nOB - 4;
H30JlSllU10HHbIX,lI)ISI H31'OTOBJIeHHSI 3JIe.KTpWlecKMX coe.nHHIITeJIe:H: - 7;
. reTIJIOCTO:H:KOCThIO - He MeHee qeM Ha 20°C BbIlIIe HX HaM6oJIblIIe:H: pa-
6oqe:H: reMnepaTYPbI.
11.30JUl HOHHbIe qaCTM, H3rOTOBJIeHHbIe H3 TIJIaCTMaCCbI IDIM TIJIaCTMH, B
KOTOpbIX nOJIHOCThIO IDIH qaCTIIIffiO y.naJIeH nOBepXHOCTHbI:H: CJIO:H:, .nOJDKHbI
nOKPbIBaThCSI 1I30JUl IIOHHbIM JIaKOM, MMeIOIl.{MM 3HaqeHlIe CMT He HIDKe,
qeM nepBOHaqaJIbHbI:H: CJIoit
96
1.6.5. MaruHTIlble CBOHCTBa
06 U{ U e C 6 e a e H U R. MarHHTHoe COCTOSlHHe Bern;eCTB onpe,n:eJISIeT Maz-
HemU3M.
MamemU3M - OCo6M <l>opMa B3aHMo,n:eikTBlUI, ocyrn;ecTBJHleMOrO MarnHT-
HblM rrOJleM, Me)K)];Y ,n:BH}!(yrn;HMHCH 3J1eKTpHqeCKH 3apIDKeHHblMH qaCTHuaMH
(TeJlaMH) HJlH qaCTHuaMH (TeJlaMH) C MamUmHblM MOMeHmOM.
MamumHbtU MOMeHm M - BeKTOpHM BeJlHqHHa, xapaKTepH3yroll{M Bell{e-
CTBO KaK HCTOqHHK MarnHTHoro rrOJlH. IIOJlHblH MarnHTHbIH MOMeHT cBo60.D:Horo
aTOMa paBeH reOMeTpWIeCKOH CYMMe Op6MTaJIbHbiX M crrMHOBblX MOMeHTOB Bcex
ero 3J1eKTpOHOB. YrrOPMOqeHHO OpMeHTIlpOBaHHble MarHMTHble MOMeHTbl aTO-
MOB Bell.{eCTBa C03,n:alOT MaKpOCKOrrMqeCKHH MarHMTHblH MOMeHT.
XapaKTepHCTIIKOM MarHHTHOro COCTOSlHHSI Bern;eCTBa SlBJUleTCSI HtlMaZHU-
tteHHocmb J, KOTOpaSI onpe,n:eJlSleTCSI KaK OTHOIIleHHe MarHHTHoro MOMeHTa M
Bern;eCTBa K ero o6'beMy V. TIPH 3TOM ,n:OCTIDKeHHe MaKCHMaJIbHO B03MO)l(-
HOro MSI ,n:aHHoro Bern;eCTBa 3HaqeHHSI HaMarnWleHHocrn J 6eCK Ha3bIBaeTCSI
MaZHUmHblM Hacb'UfeHUeM.
COBOKYIIHOCTh aTOMOB C yrropSl)],OQeHHO OpHeHTIIpOBaHHbIMH MarHHT-
HbIMH MOMeHTaMH MO)l(eT o6pa30BaTh caMOCTOSlTeJIbHbIM 3JIeMeHT cTPYKTY-
pbI Bern;ecTBa - aOMeH.
j(OMeH - 3JIeMeHT Cy6CTPYKTYPbI XHMWleCKH O,n:HOpo,n:HOro Bern; CTBa, xa-
paKTepH3yJOI.IU1MCSI cnOHTaHHOM (caMonpOH3BOJIbHOM) HaMarHHQeHHOCThIO.
06bIQHO ,n:OMeHbI HMeIOT pa3MepbI -10- 5 .. .10- 2 CM H ,n:OCTYITHbI Henocpe,n:-
CTBeHHOMy Ha6JIIO,n:eHHIO.
Bern;ecma B COOTBeTCTBIDI co cxeMaMH OpHeHTal(IDI MarHHTHbIX MOMeHTOB
HX aTOMOB KJIaCCmp.Hl{HpyJOTCSI no MarnlITHoMy COCTOSlHHIO Ha napaMaZHemU-
KU, rjJeppoMazHemuKu, aHmurjJepPoMazHemuKu H rjJeppUMazHemuKu (pHC. 32).
Y naptlMaZHemU1C08 MarnMTHbie MOMeHTbI aTOMOB BHyrpM Ka)I(,lJ.Oro ,n:OMeHa
OpMeHTIlpOBaHbI XaOTMqHO M B3aHMHO KOMrreHCMpYlOT ,n:pyr ,n:pyra, rr03TOM)' Ma-
repMaJI B ueJlOM He HaMarHMqeH. IIapaMarHeTMKaMM HBJlHIOTCH Bce rrepexo,n:Hble
MeTaJIJlbI C He,n:OCTpoeHHbIMM f- M d-3J1eKTpOHHbIMM 060JlOqKaMM; ll.{eJlOqHble M
ll{eJlOqHO-3eMeJlbHble MeTaJIJlbI, PM COJleH Fe, Co, Ni M pe,n:Ko3eMeJlbHbIX 3J1e-
MeHToB; BO.D:Hble pacTBopbI COJleH, co,n:ep}!(aIl{Mx HOHbl rrepexo,n:HblX 3J1eMeHTOB;
M3 ra30B - KHCJlOpO,n: 02'
Y tjJeppoMaznemuK08 BHyrpM Ka)I(,lJ.Oro ,n:OMeHa MarHMTHble MOMeHTbl aTOMOB
pacrrOJlO}!(eHbl rrapaJIJleJlbHO ,n:pyr ,n:pyry B O.D:HOM HarrpaBJIeHMM, rr03TOMY KaJK-
,n:blH ,n:OMeH CrrOHTaHHO HaMarHMqeH ,n:o BeJlMqMHbl MarHMTHoro HaCblll.{eHMH.
BeKTopa HaMarHMqeHHOCTM ,n:OMeHOB <l>eppoMarHeTMKOB B OTcyrcTBMe BHelliHero
MarHMTHOrO rrOJlH opMeHTMpOBaHbl TaKHM 06pa30M, qTO pe3YJlbTMpyroll.{M Ha-
MarHMqeHHOCTb o6pa3ua B ueJlOM, KaK rrpaBMJlO, paBHa H)'JIIO.
<l>eppoMarneTM3M rrpOHBJlHeTCH B KpMCnUlJlaX Fe, Co, Ni, PMe pe,n:K03e-
MeJlbHblX MeTaJIJlOB (Gd, Dy, Er M ,n:p.), B CflJIaBax M coe,n:MHeHIDIX C yqacTIleM
3THX 3J1eMeHTOB, a TalOKe B CflJIaBaX Cr, Mn M coe,n:MHeHMHX U. Oco6yro rpyrrrry
<l>eppoMarneTMKoB o6pa3yroT CMJlbHO pa36aBJIeHHbie pacTBopbl 3aMell.{eHMH rra-
paMarHHTHblX aTOMOB (HarrpMMep, Fe MJlM Co) B ,n:MaMarnMTHOH MaTpMue Pd.
4'
97
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t t t t
t t t t
t t t t
t t t t
6
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t t t L
t t! t
t t t !
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t t t t
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p*
t/
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Pac. 32. CxeMbt opuenmal{UU MamumnbIX MOMenm06 amOM06 OM napaMamemUK08 (a),
rjJepPoMaznemwco6 (6), anmurjJeppoMamemuKo6 (6) U fjJepPUMamemuK06 (z)
<DeppoMarHHTHble cBoiicTBa 06HapyxeHbI TaIOKe B MeTaJUIWIeCKMX CTeKJIax H
aMop<}>HbIX nOJIyrrpoBO.D.HHKax.
Y HeKoropbIX BeIlleCTB 60JIee BblrO.D.HbIM RBJUleTCJI aHTHnapaJUIeJIbHOe yno-
pm10qeHHe MarHHTHbIX MOMeHTOB B .D.OMeHax. B :nOM CJIyqae .D.OMeH COCTOHT H3
.D.Byx nO.D.perneTOK C npoTHBOnOJIO:>KHOH opHeHTaI-1HeH MarHHTHbIX MOMeHTOB
aTOMOB. ECJIH MarHHTHble MOMeHTbI .D.BYX nO.D.perneTOK CKOMneHCHpOBaHbI, TO
TaKMe BeIlleCTBa Ha3bIBaIOT anmutjJeppOMaZnemUKtlMU, eCJIH )Ke He CKOMneHCHpo-
BaHbI, TO B03HHKaeT pe3YJIbTHPYIOIllHH MarHHTHbIH MOMeHT H TaKHe BeIlleCTBa
Ha3bIBaIOT tjJeppUMaznemU1«lMu. AHTH<}>eppOMarHHTHble MarepHaJIbI OTHOCJlTCJI J{
rpynne napaMarHeTHKOB, a <}>eppHMarHHTHble - K rpyrrne <}>eppOMarHeTHKOB.
K aHTH<}>eppOMarHeTHKaM OTHOCJlTCJI PM 3JIeMeHTOB (TBep.D.bIH KHCJIOpO.D.,
Cr, a-MapraHeu H .D.p.) H nopMKa TbICWIH H3BeCTHbIX XHMHqeCKHX COe.D.HHemrn
MeTaJUIOB (NiF 2 , FeO H .D.p.). 3HaqHTeJIbHM qaCTb <}>eppHMarHeTHKOB - 3TO.l1H-
3JIeK1'pHQeCKMe HJlH nOJIynpOBO.D.HHKOBble HOHHble KpHCTaJIJIbI, CO.D.ep)KaIl{He
MaI'HHTHble HOHbI pa3JIHQHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB HJlH O.D.HOro 3JIeMeHTa, HO HaXO.D.ID.IUfe-
CJI B pa3Hblx KPHCTaJIJIOrpa<}>HQeCKHX n03HUHJlX (B He3KBHBaJIeHTHbiX Y3JIax
KpHCTaJUIWIeCKOH perneTKH). K <}>eppHMarHeTHKaM OTHOCJlTCJI TIUOKe Pm1 yrro-
pm10QeHHbIX MeTaJIJIHQeCKHX CillIaBOB, HHTepMeTaJUIH,lI,bI H rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M
pa3JIHQHble OKCH,lI,bI, B TOM QHCJIe <}>eppHTbI.
Bern;ecTBa )];IDKe O)];HOrO Ii TOro )Ke XHMHqeCKOrO COCTaBa B 3aBMCMMOCTII
OT KpliCTIlJUmqeCKOrO c'l'poemrn Ii <paJoBoro COCTaBa MOryr HaxO)];HThCSI B
paJJIJitlHbIX MamlITHbIX COCTO.SIHIDIX. HarrpliMep, Fe, Co H Ni C KPMCTaJI.T.[M-
qeCKHM C'l'poeHMeM HIDKe onpe)];eJIeHHOM: TeMrrepa1)lpbI (mo"tl<:a KlOpU) o6rra-
)];aIOT <peppoMamlITHbIMH CBO:H:CTBaMH, a BbIllie 3TO:H: TeMrrepa1)lpbI OHM napa-
MamlITHbI. nepeXO)]; M3 napaMarHlITHoro COCTOSlHHSI B aHTII<peppOMamHTIme
rrpOMCXO)];IIT npli nOHIDKeHHH TeMnepa1)lpbI (HIDKe meMnepmypbl Heerm TN)
Ii npe)];CTaBJl.SleT co6o:H: <paJoBoe npeBparn;eHMe 2-ro po)];a. Y HeKoTOpbIX
pe.lU<03eMeJIbHbIX MeTaJIJIOB Me)K,ll;Y <peppo- II napaMarHIITHO:H: TeMnepa1)lp-
HbIMM 06JIaCT.SIM1i Cy:III:eCTByeT aHTIi<peppOMamliTHaSI o6JIacTb.
nO)]; BJIIDIHlieM BHeuIHero MarHHTHoro noJUI B BeweCTBax npOTeKaIOT
npoueCCbI IUlMtlZHUflU6aHUR, T.e. H3MeHeHHSI HaMarHMqeHHOCTIi, M B03HHKa-
lOT )];OnOJIHliTeJIbHbIe MarHlITHbIe MOMeHTbI:
· aUaMOZHUmHblU, 06YCJIOBJleHHbIH Op6JITaJIbHbIM .l(BIDKeHHeM 3JIeKlpOHOB;
· napaMaZHUmHblU, CKJIa,n:bIBaIOrn;H:H:C.SI M3 cnHHOBbIX MarHlITHbIX MOMeH-
TOB aTOMOBIi .l(BIDKeHHSI CB060.l(HbIX 3JIeK'l'pOHOB.
98
w
npe06JIa,n:aHMe TOM IUIM ,n:pyrOM COCTaBJUlIOrn;eM onpe,n:eJUleT MaZHUmHble
C60Ucm6a MarepHaTIOB, xapaKTepH3yIOrn;He HX CnOC06HOCTb HaMamlNHBaTbCSI
npM B03,n:eMCTBHH BHellIHero MarHlITHoro noJUl.
J(UIlMaZHemll3M - CBOMCTBO Bern;eCTB (iJUaMaZHemUKOe) HaMarHMqHBaTbCH
B HanpaBJIeHHM, npOTHBOnOJIO.>KHOM ,n:eMCTBYIOrn;eMY Ha HMX BHemHeMY
MamIITHOM}' nOJIIO. ,[(MaMarHeTM3M npMcyrn; BceM Bern;eCTBaM, O,n:HaKO BO
MHOrnx CJIyqaSIX OH MaCKMPyeTCSI napaMarHeTM3MOM, <peppOMarHeTII3MOM
H ,n:p. ,[(HaMameTIIKaMH SlBJUlIOTCH MHepTHbIe ra3bI (N 2 , H 2 ), HeKOTOpbIe Me-
TaJIJIbI (Si, P, Bi, Zn, Cu, Au, Ag, Hg), paCTBOpbI, CTIJIaBbl H XMMHqeCKHe
coe,n:MHeHHSI (HanpHMep, raTIOreHoB), a TaIOKe MHorMe OpraHHqeCKHe M He-
OpraHlNeCKHe coe,n:HHeHHSI C HenOJUlpHOM CBSl3bIO. HaMarHHqeHHOCTb, CBH-
3aHHaSI C ,n:HaMarHeTII3MOM, 06bIqHO HeBeJIHKa, M HCKJIIOqeHMe npe,n:CTaBJISIIOT
CBepxnpOBO,n:HMKH, KOTOpbIe MHor.n.a OTHOCSIT K ,n:MaMarHeTIIKaM.
IIaptlMaznemll3M - CBOMCTBO BemeCTB (napaMameTMKoB), nOMern;eHHbIX
BO BHellIHee MarHHTHoe nOJIe, HaMarHlNHBaTbCSI B HanpaBJIeHHH, COBna,n:aIO-
m:eM C HarrpaBJIeHMeM :noro noJUl. B napaMameTIIKax npOMcxo,n:IIT opMeH-
Tal.{MSI XaOTMqeCKM KOJIe6JIIOrn;HXCSI MarHIITHbIX MOMeHTOB aTOMOB MJIM
MOHOB B HanpaBJIeHMH noJUl. napaMameTII3M Ha6JIIO,n:aeTcSI Y rn;eJIOqHbIX
(Li, K, Na M .n:p.), rn;eJIOtffiO-3eMeJIbHbIX (Ca, Ra, Ba) M nepexo,n:HbIX MeTaTI-
JIOB (I<pOMe Fe, Ni, Co, Mn, Cr).
B <PeppoMameTIIKax no,n: ,n:eMCTBMeM BHellIHero MamHTHoro nOJIH qMCJIO
M pa3MepbI ,n:OMeHOB, ,liaMarHWleHHbIX no nOJIIO, yaeJIHqMBaIOTCSI 3a CqeT
,n:pyrMX ,n:OMeHOB. POCT ,n:OMeHOB 06YCJIOBJIeH ,n:BIDKeHMeM ,n:oMeHHbIX cre-
HOK. KpOMe TOro, BeKTOpbI HaMarHMqeHHOCTII OT,n:eJIbHbIX ,n:oMeHoB MOryr
rrOBOpaqMBaTbCSI no rrOJIIO. M3MeHeHMe <pOPMbI, pa3MepoB M opMeHTal.{MM
,n:oMeHoB MO)l(eT npMBeCTII K MazHumocmpUKlJ,Uu.
MazllumOCmpU1CI(UJI - M3MeHeHMe <l>OpMbI M pa3MepOB KPMCTaJIJIW-leCKoro
BeIl{eCTBa rrpM ero HaMarHM'lliBaHMM. 3<l><l>eKT MarHMTOCTpMKltMM MCrrOJIb3yeTCJI,
HarrpMMep, .lUIJI rrOJIyqeHMJI YJIbTpa3BYKa.
B ,n:OCTaTOqHO CIIJIbHOM MarHHTHOM nOJIe <peppOMarHHTHbIM o6pa3el.{
HaMarHHqMBaeTCSI ,n:o HaCbIm:eHHSI. HaMarHHqeHHOCTb HaCbIrn;eHIDI - 3TO
COCTOSlHHe <peppoMameTIIKa, npM KOTOpoM ero HaMarHHqeHHOCTb J ,n:OCTII-
meT npe,n:eJIbHOrO 3HaqeHHSI J oo , He MeHSlIOrn;erOCH npM ,n:aTIbHeMmeM yaeJIII-
qeHHH HanpIDKeHHOCTII HaMamH1IHBaIOrn;ero nOJISI. npH 3TOM o6pa3el.{ co-
CTOIIT KaK 6bI M3 O,n:HOro ,n:OMeHa C HaMarHHqeHHOCTbIO HaCbIrn;eHHSI, Ha-
npaBJIeHHOM no nOJIIO.
HaMarHHqeHHOCTb HaCbIrn;eHHSI 1IHCTbIX MenUIJIOB SlBJISIeTCH KOHCTaHTOM
M He H3MeHSleTCSI rrpH rmaCTMqeCKOM ,n:e<popMal.{HH IUIH repMHqeCKOM o6pa-
6oTKe. HaMamHqeHHOCTb HaCbIrn;eHHSI O,n:HO<pa3HbIX crmaBOB onpe,n:eJUleTCSI
MX COCTaBOM, a rereporeHHbIX, COCTOSlIIUiX M3 <peppoMarHMTHoM M napa-
MamHTHOM <pa3, - COCTaBOM M KOJIHqeCTBOM <peppoMarHHTHoM <pa3bI. OHa
99
He 3aBHCIIT OT )IHcnepCHOCTH <l>a3, ypOBHSI MMKpO- M MaIqX)HarrpIDKeHMH,
H3MeHeHIISI TIJIOTHOCTM )IMCJIOKal.{MH. TaKHM 06Pa30M, HaMarHMqeHHOCTh
HaCbIIl.{emUI He HBJISleTCSI C1pYKTYPHO-qyaCTBHTeJIbHbIM CBOHCTBOM.
OCH06Hbie MaZHumHble xapaKmepucmUKU MamepUaJl06.
K OCHOBHbIM MarHMTHbIM xapaKTepHCTHKaM MaTepHaJIOB OTHOCHTCH Maz-
HUmHaJl 60cnpUUM"tU60cmb, MaZHUmHaJl UHOYKl{UR H MaZHumHaR npOHUl{ae-
Mocmb.
MaZHumHaJI 60cnpUUM"tU60cmb (K) - BeJIMqMHa, xapaKTepH3yIDIl.{aSI CBSl3b
HaMarHHqeHHOCTII BeIl.{eCTBa J C HarrpIDKeHHOCThIO MafHHTHoro nOJISI H:
K = JIH. (18)
YpaBHeHMe (18) He pacnpOC1paHSleTCSI Ha <PeppOMarHeTIIKM.
MarHHTHaSI BOCnpHHMqMBOCTh MO)KeT 6bITb KaK nOJIO)KJfTeJIbHOH, TaK M
01pMl.{aTeJIbHOH. OrpHl.{aTeJIbHOH MarHHTHOH BOCnpHHMqHBOCThIO o6JIa,n:aIOT
)IMaMarHeTIIKH, OHM HaMarHHqMBalOTCSI rrpOTMB nOJrn; nOJIO}IQITeJIbHOH -
napaMarHeTMKH M <l>eppoMarHeTIIKM, OHH HaMafHHqMBalOTCH no nOJIIO.
MafHHTHaSi BOCnpHHMqHBOCTh xapaKTepH3yeT cnOC06HOCTh Bem:eCTB K
HaMarHHqMBaHHIO nO)I )IeHCTBMeM MarHHTHoro rrOJISI. OHa onpe)IemIeTCSI
maBHbIM 06Pa30M cO)Iep)KaHHeM <l>eppoMarHMTHbIX BKJIlOqemrn:, a TaIOKe IIX
<l>OPMOH, pa3MepOM M pacnOJIO)KeHHeM )IPyr OTHOCJITeJIbHO .n;pyra. MarnHTHaSI
BOCnpHHMqHBOCTh O)IHOro H Toro )Ke BeIl.{eCTBa MeHSleTCSI B 3aBHCHMOCTII OT
BeJIHqlIHbI MarHIITHOrO noJUI Hero MarHHTHOH npe)IbICTOpHH, TaK KaK B
npouecce HaMafHHqHBaHHSI B <l>eppoMarHHTHbIX BKJI:IeqemISlX MOryr rrpOHC-
XO)IHTh 06paTMMbIe H Heo6paTIIMbIeSlBJIeHHSI. C yqeTOM nOCJIe)IHero pa3JIM-
qalOT 06pamUMYIO H He06pamUMYIO MaZHumHYIO 60cnpUUM"tU60cmb.
MaZHumHaJI UHOyKU,UR (B) - Cpe)IHee pe3YJIbTIIpyIDIl.{ee MarHHTHOe nOJIe
Bem:eCTBa, npe)ICTaBJISIIOIl.{ee co60H Cpe)IHee 3HaqeHHe CYMMapHOH HarrpSl- .
)KeHHOCTM MHKPOCKOnHqeCKMX MarHHTHbIX nOJIeH, C03)IaHHbIX OT)IeJIbHbIMM
::meKTp()HaMH M .n;pyrIIMH 3JIeMeHTapHbIMH qaCTMl.{aMM, TJI:
B = Jlo (H + J), (19)
r.n;e Jlo = 1,257 . 10- 6 fH/M - MafHHTHaSI nOCTOSlHHaSI.
MazHumHaJI npoHuu,aeMOCmb Jl - BeJIWllIHa, nOKa3blBalOIl.{aSI BO CKOJIbKO
pa3 YBeJIHqMBaeTCSI (YMeHbllIaeTCSI) ManUflHaSI MHJI)'Kl.{HSI B BeIl.{eCTBe rrpM
B03.n;eHcTBHH MarHHTHoro rrOJISI HarrpIDKeHHOCThIO H. MarnHTHaSI npOHHu:a-
eMOCTb <l>eppoMarHeTMKOB CJIO.>KHO 3aBMCIIT OT H. - Pa3JIMqalOT Ha"t(lJlbHYIO
MazHumHYIO npOHul{aeMOCmb J.In, M3MepSleMyK> B OqeHb CJIa6bIX MarHHTHbIX
noJISIX - np 3HaqeHHSlX HarrpIDKeHHOCTII MarHHTHoro nOJISI H, 6JIH3KMX K
HYJIIO, M MaKCUM(lJlbHYIO MazHumHYIO npoHul{aeMOCmb . .
IIapaMe'l'paMM MarHHTHOH npoHMl.{aeMocTM SlBJISIIOTCH:
· omHOCUmeJlbHaJl MamUmHaJl npoHul{aeMOCmb - Jl o ;
· a6COJllOmHaJl MaZHUmHaJl npoHul{aeMOCmb - Jl a , fH/M:
Jl a = JloJl. (20)
100
..
Me)l():(Y BeJUIqHHaMII MarHHTHOM BOCnpHHMqHBOCTH H MarnHTHOM npo-
HIIQaeMOCTII cyru:eCTByeT 3aBHCI1MOCTb:
K = 11- 1. (21)
[paqmqeCKOe H306pIDKeHHe 3aBHCHMOCTH HaMarnWIeHHOCTII <l>eppoMar-
HeTIIKa OT HanpIDKeHHOCTH BHelllHero MaI1illTHoro nOllil H bIBaeTC KpU60ii
HaMalHUltU6aHUR (pHC. 33). KpHBbIe HaMarHIIqHBaHHSI onpe,n:ellillOT xapa.KTe-
pIICTHKH MarnHTHbIX MarepHCUlOB H CJI}')KaT )J)UI paCqeTOB MarHHTHbIX QeneM
3JIeK1poMarHHToB, MarHMTHbIX nycKareJIeM, peJIe H ,n:pYfHX :1JIeK1pOTeXHH-
qeCKHX YC1]JOMCTB H npH6opoB.
KpMBble HaMarHM'lMBaHM5I <peppoMarHMTHbIX MarepmuroB npM nepeMarHM'IM-
BaHIDf 06pa3yJOT nellVllO Ma2HUmHOi!O i!UCmepe3uca (eCJIM nepBOHa'IaJIbHO He Ha-
MarHM'IeHHOe BeIl{eCTBO HaMarHMTIlTh .n:o HaCblIUeHIDI, a 3aTeM YMeHbllIaTh M
CHOBa YBeJIM'IMBaTb HanpIDKeHHOCTb MarHM1HOrO nOJI5I, TO M3MeHeHMe MH,lJ,YK-
I.{MM He 6y.n:eT CJIe.n:OBaTh Ha'IaJIbHOM KpMBOM). IlJIOIUa.D:b neTJIM MarHMTHoro rMC-
repe3Mca nponOpl.{MOHaJIbHa 3Hepnm, Tep5IeMOM B 06pa3l.{e Ha ero HarpeBaHMe
3a O.n:MH I.{MKJI M3MeHeHM5I n0JI5I (i!ucmepe3UCHbte nomepu). XapaKTepHbIMM TO'IKa-
MM MarHMTHoro rMcrepe3Mca 5IBJUlIOTC5I K03pl{umU6HClJI cUJla M ocmamO'tHClJI Ha-
Mai!HU'ieHHocmb.
rUcmepe3uc - 3ana3.n:bIBaHMe M3MeHeHIDI <pM3M'IeCKOM BeJIM'IMHbI, xapaK-
repM3YIOIl{eM COCT05IHMe TeJIa 01' M3MeHeHM5I .n:pyroM <pM3M'IeCKOM BeJIM'IMHbI,
onpe.n: e JI5IIOIl{eM BHellIHMe yCJIOBM5I. fpa<pM'IecKM Heo.n:H03Ha'IHa5I 3aBMCMMOCTb
BeJIM'IMHbI <pM3M'IeCKOrO CBOMCTBa OT I.{MKJIM'IeCKM M3MeWlIOll.{MXC5I napaMeTpOB,
onpe.n:eJUIIOll.{MX BHellIHMe YCJIOBM5I, H306pIDKaeTC5I neTJIeM rMcrepe3Mca.
K03pu,umU6HaJl cUIla He - 3HaqeHHe HanpIDKeHHOCTH MarHHTHoro nOllil,
B KOTOpOM <l>eppoMarHMTHbIM 06pa3eQ, nepBOHaqaJIbHO HaMarHHqeHHbIM ,n:o
HaCbllI.{eHHSl, nOJIHOCTbIO pa3MarHWIHBaeTC . B OT1I e OT HaMaI'I-IWIeHHOCTII
HacbllI.{eHHSI OHa BJI eTC C1]JYKTYPHo-qyBCTBHTeJIbHbIM CBOMCTBOM. HaJIH-
/
8,Tn J1.
Puc. 33. KpU6ClJ1 HaMa2HU'iU6aHUJt:
B, - HaMaZHU'IeHHOCmb HacblrqeHUJ/; Br -
OCmamOliHaJI HaMaZHU'IeHHOCmb, m.e. 8eJ/U'IU-
Ha HaMaZHU'IeHHOCmu (J r = Br)' IwmopylO
rjJeppo- UAU rjJeppUMazHumHblu MamepUQ/lbl
UMeIOm npu HanpJlJICeHHOCmu 8Heumezo nOM,
pa8HOU HYIlIO, TII; He - K03pu,umU8HaJI CWla,
m.e. 3Ha'ieHUe HanpJlJICeHHOCmU MaZHumHOZO
nOM, Heo6xoOUMoe OM nOIlHOZO pa:JMaZHU'IU-
8aHUJ/ 8erqecm8a, AIM
ITIillJ
rn
s
-Hs
HS
+H, AIM
OJ
ITIIITJ
-8
101
qHe B 06Pa3l.{8X npHMeCeM H .n;pyrHX .n;e<peKTOB KPHCTaJlJIHqeCKOM peIIIeTKH
3a1]Jy.n;HSleT .n;BIDKeHHe rpaHHl.{ MafHHTHbIX .n;OMeHOB H reM CaMbIM nOBbIIIIa-
eT K03pl.{HTHBHyIO CIDIY. qHCThIe MeTaJlJIbI, a TalOKe TBep.n;bIe paCTBOpbI, He
nperepneBaIOIl{He yrropH.ll:OqeHHSI, KaK npaBIDIO, xapaKTepH3yIOTC HH3KHM
ee 3HaqeHHeM. npHMeHeHHe IIJIaCTHqeCKOM .n;e<popMal.{HII nOBbIIIIaeT K03p-
l.{HTHBHyIO CIDIY 3THX MeTaJlJIOB H CIIJIaBOB, HO no a6COJIIOTHOM BeJIWHIHe
OHa OCTaeTC HeBbICOKOM.
Y ClIJIaBOB C rereporeHHOM C1]JYKTYPOH K03pl.{HTHBH3.SI CIDIa nOBbIIIIeH-
H3.SI: npH 3TOM TeM 60JIbIIIe, qeM BbIIIIe .n;HcnepCHOCTb C1]JYKTYPbI. POCT KO-
3pl.{HTHBHOM CIDIbI oco6eHHO 3HaqMTeJIeH npII BbICOKOM .n;HcnepCHOCTH <pep-
pOMarHIITHOM <pa3bI, Kax<;LJ:3.SI qaCTHl.{a KOTOPOM BJUleTCSI O.n;Ho.n;OMeHHOH H
aHH3OTpOIIHOM. Ee TalOKe yBeJIwnmaeT pOCT MHI<:pOHanpIDKeHliH H IIJIOTHOCTII
.n;HCJIOKal.{HM, KaK, HanpHMep, B c.rryqae 3aKaJIKH CTaJIH Ha MapreHCHT.
OcmamOIlHtlJI H4MaZHUIfeHHOCmb Br - BeJIHqHHa HaMafHHqeHHOCTH, KO-
TOpyIO <peppo- IDIH <pepPHMafHHTHbIM MarepHaJIbI HMelOT npII HanpIDKeH-
HOCTH BHeUIHero nOAA, paBHOM H}'JIIO. 06YCJIOBJIeHa 3a,n:ep)I(KOH H3MeHeHHSI
HaMarHHqeHHOCTH npH }'MeHbIIIeHHH HanpIDKeHHOCTH (nOCJIe npe.n;bI,LJ: ero
HaMarnHqHBaHH o6pa3l.{a) H3-3a BJIH HHSI MarHHTHOM aHH301]JonHII II
C1]JYKTYPHbIX Heo.n;Hopo.n;HocreM 06pa3l.{a. HaH60JIee YCTOHqHBOM OCTaTOq-
HOM HaMarHHqeHHOCThIO 06JIa,n:aIOT MarepHaJIbI C BbICOKOM K03pl.{IITHBHOM
CIDIOH. npH HarpeBaHHH <peppOMarnHTHbIX MarepHaJIOB BbIIIIe TOqKH KIoPH,
OHH repmor OCTaTOtffiyIO HaMarnWIeHHOCTh. K }'MeHbIIIeHmO OCTaTOqHOM }ffi-
MarHHqeHHOCTH npHBOJUlT TalOKe MeXaHHqeCKHe corp ceHHSI H BH6pal.{HII.
Bce MaTepHaJIbI no BeJIHqHHaM MarnHTHbIX BOCnpHHMqHBOCTH H npOHII-
l.{aeMOCTH .n;eJlSlTC Ha rjJeppOMaZHumHble (11 1, K> 0), napOMaZHUmHble (11 > 1,
K > 0) H oUOMazHumHble (11 < 1, K < 0).
BeJIHqHHa MarnHTHoM BoCnpHHMqHBOCTH K M napa- H .n;HaMarHHTHbIX
MarepHaJIOB OqeHb MaJIa (OT 1O- 4 .n;o 10- 6 ), M <pepPOMarHHTHbIX (MeTaJI-
JIOB nepexo.n;HbIX rpyrrn) - OT HeCKOJIbKHX .n;eCID'KOB .n;o TbIC q e.n;HHHl.{,
npHqeM OHa CIDIbHO II CJIO)I<HbIM 06pa30M 3aBHCHT OT HanpIDKeHHOCTH Ha-
MarHHqHBaIOIl{erO nOllil.
no BeJIHqHHe MarHHTHOM npOHIIl.{aeMOCTH 3JIeK1pOTeXHHqeCKHe MaTe-
pHaJIbI no.n;pa3.n;eJISIIOTC Ha HeMaZHumHble H MaZHumHble.
HeMaZHUmHbie MamepUll.llbl - napa-, .n;Ha- H CJIa60<peppOMarnHTHbIe Ma-
repHaJIbI C MarHHTHOM npOHHl.{aeMOCThIO MeHee 1,5. K HeMarHHTHbIM Mare-
pHaJIaM OTHOC TC 60JIbIIIHHCTBO MeTaJlJIOB H ClIJIaBOB (B TOM '1HCJIe HeKO-
TOpbIe CTaJIH), nOJIHMepbI, .n;epeBO, creKJIO H T.,n:.
MaZHumHble MamepUa.Jlbl KJIaCCH<pHl.{HPYJOT no ux rjJu3UlteCKOii npupoiJe
H 6eJlUltUHe K03pl{umU8Hoii CUJlbl. no <pH3HqeCKOM npHpo.n;e OHII .n;eJI TC
(01]JaCJIeBOe .n;eJIeHHe) Ha 1]JH rpyrrnbI: MematlAUlteCKUe, HeMematlAUlteCKUe
H MaZHUmOOU3JleKmpuKu.
102
K HeMeTaJVmqeCKHM MarHHTHbIM MarepHaJIaM OTHOCSlTC tjJeppUmbl _
<!>eppHMarHHTHbIe MarepHaJIbI, rrOJIyqaeMbIe H3 nOpOllIKOo6pa:mOH CMeCH
OKCH,lJ;OB HeKOTOpbIX nepeXO.D:HbIX MeTaJlJIOB H OKCH,lJ;a }KeJIe3a rryreM rrpec-
COBaHHSI C nOCJIe.D:YI<>Il{HM CneKaHHeM. ITo MarHHTHbIM CBOHCTBaM <!>epPIITbI
aHaJIOrHqHbI <!>epPOMarHeTHKaM.
MIl2HUmoiJU3./U!KmpUKU - KOMrrOOHU:HOHHbIe MaTepHaJIbI, COCTOSlIl{He H3
70...80% nopollIKOo6pa3Horo MarHHTHoro MarepHaJIa (<!>eppo- RJIH <!>eppH-
MarnenIKa) H 30...20% .D:H3JIeK1pHqeCKoro MarepHaJIa (HarrpHMep, nOJIl1CTH-
pOJIa, pe3HHbI H .D:P.). MarHlITO.D:H3JIeK1pHKH rrpHMeHSlIOTC B rrpH6opoc1poe-
HHH (rrocTO HHbIe MarHHTbI, 3JIaCTHqHbIe repMenI3aTOpbI .D:lliI pa3'beMHbIX
coe.z:umeHHM H .D:p.).
<I>epplITbI H MarHMTO,UH3JIeK1pHKH OI'JIHqaIOTC OT MeTaJlJIHqeCKHX Mar-
HlITHbIX MarepHaJIOB BbICOKHMII 3HaqeHHSlMH 06'beMHoro Y.D:eJIbHoro conpo-
THBJIeHHSI (Po = 10...10 8 OM. M), qTO pe3KO CHIDKaeT norepH Ha BHxpeBbIe
TOKH. 3To n03BOllileT HCnOJIb30BaTh 3TH MarepillUIbI B reXHHKe BbICOKHX qac-
TOT. KpOMe TOro, <!>epplITbI 06JIa,a:aIOT cTa6RJIbHOCTbIO CBOHX MarHIITHbIX
XapaKTepHCTHK B nmpoKoM ,lU1arra30He qacTOT.
ITo Be.rmqHHe K03PU:HTHBHOM CRJIbI MarHHTHbIe MarepHaJIbI .D:ellilTC Ha
MazHUmHO-.MJlZKUe - He 60JIee 4 AIM H MaZHumHo-m8epOble (MaZHumHO-:JICeCm-
Kue) - 60JIee 4 AIM.
MaznumHO-M.RZKUe MamepUtl./lbl HaMarHHqHBaIOTC .D:O HaCbIIl{eHHSI H ne-
peMarnHqHBaIOTC B OTHOCHreJIbHO CJIa6bIX MarHHTHbIX noJUIX HarrpIDKeH-
HOCThIO H - 8...800 AIM (-0,1...10 3). ITpH TeMnepaTYPax HH}Ke TOqKli
KIoPII 3TH MarepHaJIbI CnOHTaHHO HaMarnHqeHbI, HO BHelliHe He rrpoSiBIDIIOT
MarHHTHbIX CBOMCTB, TaK KaK COCTOSIT H3 XaOTMqeCKH OpHeHTHpOBaHHbIX,
HaMarHHqeHHbIX .D:O HaCbIIl{eHHSI .D:OMeHOB. MarHHTHO-MHrKHe MarepHaJIbI
06JIa.rt:aIOT OTHOCJITeJIbHO 6oJIbI.IlJ1MH 3HaqeHIDIMH Ma.rmITHOM rrpOlrn:u:aeMOCTH,
MaJIOH K03PU:HTHBHOM CRJIOM H OTHOCHTeJIbHO 60JIbllIOM HH,LJ;YKIJ;HeH HaCbI-
Il{eHHSI. 3TH MaTepHaJIbI OTJIHqaIOTC MaJIbIMH norep MH Ha rHCTepe3HC H
BHxpeBbIe TOKH Ha O.D:HH U:HKJI HaMarnwillBaHHSI.
K MarnlITHO-MSII'KMM MarepHaJIaM OTHOCSITC : qHCTOe (::meK1pOMarmrrnoe)
}KeJIe30, JIHCTOBaSI 3JIeK1pOreXHHqeCKaSI CTaJIb, }KeJIe30-apMKO, nepMaJIJIOH
(}KeJIe30HHKeJIeBbIe ClIJIaBbI), a TalOKe MeTaJlJIHqeCKHe creKJIa H HeKOTOpbIe
<!>epplITbi. K MarHHTHO-M rKHM MaTepHaJIaM cneU:HaJIbHOrO Ha3HaqeHHSI
OTHOCSlTC repMOMarnHTHbIe CrrJIaBbI H MarHHTOC1pHKr(HOHHbIe MarepHaJIbi.
MarnHTHO-MSIrKHe MarepHaJIbI npHMeHSlIOTC .lUI H3rOTOBJIeHHSI MarHH-
TOrrpOBO.D:OB 1paHc<!>opMaTOpOB, 3JIeK1pHqeCKliX MallIHH H arrrrapaTOB, Mar-
HHTHbIX 3KpaHOB H .D:p., r.D:e 1pe6YeTc 6bIC1poe HaMarHHqHBaHHe C MaJIbIMH
rrorepSlMH 3Hepnm. TepMOMarnlITHbIe MarepHaJIbI CJIy:>KaT .lUI KOMrreHCaIJ:HH
reMrrepaTYPHbIX H3MeHeHHM MarHHTHbIX nOTOKOB B MarHHTHbIX cHcTeMax
rrpH6opOB, a MarnHTOC1pHKr(HOHHbIe MaTepHaJIbI - .lUI npe06pa30BaHHSI
3JIeK1pOMarnHTHOM 3HeprHH B MeXaHHqecKYIO.
103
MaznumHO-m6epiJble .MamepUll./lbi HaMarHIIqIIBaIOTC ,n:O HaCbIll{eHml II
nepeMarmIqHBalOTC B CpaBHHTeJIbHO CRTIbHbIX MarHHTHbIX nOJISIX HanpSl-
:>KeHHOCThIO B ThIC qH H ,n:eCSlTKM TbICSlq NM. OHII OTJIHqalOTCSI IillIpOKOM
rHCTepe3HCHOM neTJIeM, T.e. 06JIa,n:a1OT 60JIbIillIMH BeJImHHaMH K03PU;HTIIB-
HOM CRTIbI H OCTaTOqHOM HH.LJ:YKIU1I1. 3m MaTepHaJIbl, 6y,n:yqII HaMammeH-
HbIMH, MOryr .n:.rrHTeJIbHoe BpeMSI coxpaHSlTb COO6ll{eHH)'IO HM 3HepmlO, T.e.
MOryr CJI}':>KHTb IICTOqHHKaMH nOCTOSlHHoro MarHMTHoro noJUl. MarHIITHO-
TBep,n:bIe MaTepHaJIbI ou:eHHBaIOT ell{e BeJImHHOM MaKCHMaJIbHOM y,n:e.rrbHOM
3HeprHH W M (3HeprHH, c03,n:aBaeMoM MarHMTOM B B03JIYI1lHOM 3aJope B pe-
.>KHMe HaMarHHqHBaHml Me:>K,L(y nOJIIOCaMH MarHMTa H OTHeceHHOM K e,n:I1-
HHu;e 06'beMa MarHHTa): W M = BH/2, ,lJ,:>K/M 3 .
K MeTaJIJIHqeCKHM MarHMTHO-TBep,n:bIM MaTepHCUlaM OTHOCSITCSI JIerllpO-
BaHHbIe CTaJll1, 3aKaJIHBaeMbIe Ha MapTeHCHT; Cnel(MaJIbHbIe crmaBbI Ha OCHO-
Be Fe-Ni-Al H Fe-Ni-Co, JIempOBaHHblX Me,n:blO, TIfTIlHOM, HIIo6IIeM II ,n:p.
EOJIbIIlOe 3HaqeHHe B TeXHHKe rrpH06peJIH nopoIIlKoBbIe crmaBbI II <peppHThI.
B KaqeCTBe MarHHTHO-TBep,UbIx MaTepHaJIOB HCnOJIb3yIOTCSI TaIOKe Mamumo-
fl/laCmbl H MaZHUm03JlaCmbl H3 nopoIIlKoB crmaBOB H <pepPHToB co CBSl3KOM
H3 rmaCTMacc H pe3HHbI.
MarHHTHO-TBep,n:bIe MaTepHaJIbI npIIMeH lOTc ,n:JI H3rOTOBJIemm no-
CTO HHblX MarHHTOB.
1.7. CBoHCTBa BeIl(eCTB H MaTepHa.JIOB
B OCHOBHbIX c)JH3HKO-XUMH'leCKHX npoueccax
1.7.1. CTapeHue
Cmapenue - H3MeHeHIIe <pH3HKo-XHMmecKHx CBOMCTB MaTepHaJIa, rrpo-
TeKaIOll{ee JIH60 caMonpOH3BOJIbHO B npou;ecce ,n:OCTaTOqHO .n:.rrI1TeJIbHOM
Bbl)J,ep:>KKH rrpH KOMHaTHOM TeMnepaT}'pe (ecmecmeeHHoe cmapeHue), JIII60
npH HarpeBe (ucKYcCmeeHHoe cmapeHue).
CTapeHHe 06bNHO o6YCJIOBJIeHO He,n:OCTaTOqHO CTa6RTIbHbIM COCTOSlHHeM
MaTepIIaJIa H nOCTeneHHbIM ero nepexo,n:OM B CTa6RTIbHoe. CTapeHIIe MaTe-
pHaJIa MO:>KeT npIIBo,n:HTh KaK K y.rryqIIleHIIIO, TaK H YXY,UIIleHmo OT,n:e.rrbHbIX
ero CBOMCTB. Bo MHOr.HX CJIyqaSIX TeXHOJIOmqeCKHMII npOu;eCCaMH npe,n:yc-
MaTPHBaIOTC onepaU;HH HCKYCCTBeHHOrO CTapeHHSI MaTepHaJIOB C u;eJIbIO
y.rryqIIleHHSI HX CBOMCTB.
K cmapeHUIO MemOJlJlOe u Cfl/laeoe CJIe,n:YeT OTHOCHTh Bce nponeCCbI H3Me-
HeHHSI BO BpeMeHH IIX CBOMCTB, CBSl3aHHbIe C npeBpall{eHHSlMH MeTaJIJlOB If
crmaBOB B TBep,n:OM COCTO HHH. K OCHOBHbIM BH,UaM npeBpall{eHHM B TBep-
,n:OM COCTOSlHHH OTHOCSlTC aJIJIOTPonmecKoe II MapTeHCHTHoe npeBparneHH5I,
pacna,n: MapTeHCHTHOM CTPYKTypbI, paCTBopeHHe B TBep,n:OM COCTO HHII II
pacna,n: nepeCbIll{eHHblX TBep,n:bIX paCTBOpOB, ynoPMOqeHIIe II PaJynOPMO-
qeHHe TBep,n:bIX paCTBOpOB, 06paJoBaHHe rnep,n:oro paCTBOpa H3 3BTeKTO.H1I-
HOM CMeCH.
104
Bce 3TII rrpou;eCCbI MO)KHO paJ.LI:eJIHTb Ha .LI:Be rpynnbI:
· rrpeBpaIl{eHHSI, CB 3aHHbIe C II3MeHeHMeM KpHCTaJIJUIqeCKoro C1]JoeHH5I
(rrpOreKaIOIl{I1e 6e3 H3MeHeHHSI XI1:MHqeCKoro COCTaBa 06paJyIOIl{HXCSI rrpH
3TOM rrpeBpaIl{eHHH <paJ);
· rrpeBpaIl{eHHSI, COrrpOBO)l(1];aIOIl{IIeC 06paJOBaHHeM <paJ C H3MeHeHHbIM
XHMWleCKHM COCTaBOM.
HaH60JIbIIlee 3HaqeHHe .lLlIR MeTaJIJIOB H CIIJIaBOB HMelOT rrpou;eCCbI CTa-
peHHSI, CBSl3aHHbIe C paCrra,L1;OM nepeCbIIl{eHHbIX TBep.LI:bIX paCTBOpOB (npo-
l{eCCbl 8blOe.tleHUJl) H paCna.n;OM MapreHCHTHOM C1]JYKTypbI (TeM 60JIee qTO
1fI1CTbIe MeTaJlJIbI rrpHMeHSlIOTC OqeHb pe.LI:KO). 3m npou;eCCbI o6YCJIOBJIeHbI
MeTaCTa6HTIbHbIM COCTOSlHHeM CIIJIaBa B pe3YJIbTaTe TeXHOJIOrHqeCKOM o6pa-
60TK11., BbI3bIBaIOIl{eM HCKIDKeHHSI KpHCTaJIJIHqeCKOM peIIleTKH (HanpHMep,
3aKaJIKH, HaKJIerra H .LI:p.). CTapeHHe COnpOBO)l(,[(aeTC caMonpOH3BOJIbHbIM
rrepeXO.LI:OM CIIJIaBa H3 MeTacTa6HTIbHOro COCTO HHSI B cTa6HTIbHoe, xapaKTe-
pH3yIOIl{eecSi 60JIee HH3KHM ypOBHeM BH}'TPeHHeM 3Hepnrn.
npII cmapeHUU nOIlUMep08 II3MeH IOTC XHMHqeCKHM COCTaB, MOJIeKYlliIp-
HbIM Bec, xapaKTep B3aIIMO.LI:eMCTBHSI MaKpOMOJIeKYJI H c1]JYKTypa, orrpe.LI:e-
JISiIOIl{He <pH3HKO-XHMHQeCKI1e CBOMCTBa 3THX MaTepmUIOB: npOQHOCTb,
TBep.LI:OCTb, IIJIaCrnQHOCTb, 3JIaCrnQHOCTb, paCTBOpHMOCTb, 3JIeKTPHQeCKHe
CBOMCTBa II .LI:p.
CTapeHHe nOJIHMepHbIX MarepHaJIOB o6YCJIOBJIeHO B OCHOBHOM rrpou;ec-
caMH oecmpYKl{uu H CUlU8aHUJl MaKpOMOlleKYIl nOJIHMepa.
J(ecmpYKu,UR - npou:ecc, npOTeKaIOll{HM B nOJIHMepHOM Marepmure C pa3pbI-
BOM XHMHqeCKHX CBH3eM B OCHOBHOM u:enH MaKpOMOJIeKYJIbI H npHBO,WIll{HM K
}'MeHbIIIeHHIO creneHH nOJIHMepH3al{HH H (HJIH) qHCJIa nOnepeqHblX XHMWIecKHX
CBH3eM.
,l(ecTp}'Kl{HH npoHcxo.n:HT no.n: BJIHHHHeM <pH3HqeCKHX (TenJIO, CBeT, HOHH3a-
U:HH H .n:p.) H XI1MHqeCKHX (KHCJIOpo.n:, 030H, Bo.n:a H .n:p.) <paKTOpOB. <I>H3HqeCKHe
<paKTOpbI OK3.3bmaIOT BJIHHHHe Ha nepeMell{eHIDI MaKpOMOJIeKYJI HJIH HX cerMeH-
TOB, a XHMHQeCKHe - BbI3bIBaIOT pa3pbIB XHMHQeCKHX CBH3eM, }'MeHbIIIeHHe
pa3MepoB MaKpOMOJIeKYJI, QaCTO B3aHMOCBH3aHHoe C H3MeHeHHeM HX XHMHQe-
CKoro COCTaBa. ECJIH npe06JIa.n:aeT .neCTp}'Kl{IDI, TO nOJIHMep (HanpHMep, HaTY-
paJIbHbIM KayqyK) pa3W1rqaeTCH; BbJ,l(eJIHIOTCH JIeTy'IHe Bell{eCTBa.
CUlU6QnUe MQ1CPOMOJleKYJl - 06pa30BaHHe nonepeQHbIX XHMHQeCKHX CBH3eM
Me)lCl{Y MaKpOMOJIeKYJIaMH. IIpH CIIIHBaHHH MaKpOMOJIeKYJI C pOCTOM QHCJIa no-
nepeQHblX CBH3eM }'MeHbIIIaeTCH paCTBopHMOCTb nOJIHMepOB, nOBblIIIaIOTCH TBep-
.n:OCTb, XpynKOCTb, Ha6JIIO.n:aeTCH norepH 3JIaCTHQHOCTH H BH3KOCTH (nOJIHCTH-
pOJI, 6yra.n:HeHOBbIM KayqYK H .n:p.).
TaKHM 06pa30M, .neCTp)'KlUfH H CIIIHBaHHe MaKpOMOJIeKYJI OKa3bIBaIOT npHMO
npOTHBOnOJIOJKHoe BJIHHHHe Ha CBOMCTBa nOJIHMepa.
KOHKpeTHbIX YCJIOBHM 3KCIIJIyaTaU:HH pa3JIHQaIOT CJIe.LI:yIOIl{He BH,L:{bI
CTapeHHSI rrOJIHMepHbIX MaTepI1aJIOB: mepMur-teCKOe, C8em080e, OKUCIlUme.tlbHOe,
105
030HHoe, paOUa14UOHHOe, XUMU"teCKOe, npu 6030eiic11l8UU 6UOJlOZwreCKUX rjJaKmOp06,
3J1eKmpU"teCKOe, YJlbmpa36YK060e, npu 6030eucm6uu MexaHU"teCKUX rjJaKmOp06,
KJlUMamU"teCKOe, 6 KOCMOCe, 6600e, 606J1aJICHOU cpeoe, 6 JlCU60M OpZaHU3Me, 6
nO"t6e, 6 ZpYHme.
MeXaHHqeCKOe B03,LJ;eMCTBIIe (HarrpIIMep, MHOrOKpaTHaSI ,LJ;e<t>OpMaQH5I)
YCKOpSieT CTapeHHe. BJIara Ha CTapeHHe rrOJIHMepOB ,LJ;eMCTBYeT MeHee cyme-
CTBeHHO. 3JIeKTlmqeCKOe CTapeHHe rrOJIHMepHbIX ,LJ;H3JIeKTpHKOB (CHIDKeHIIe
3JIeKTpHqeCKOH rrpoqHOCrn, HarrpHMep, B Ka6ellilX, KOH,LJ;eHCaTOpax, 06MOT-
Kax 3JIeK'lpO,LJ;BHraTeJIeM) MO}KeT rrpOHCXO,LJ;HTb npH ,LJ;OCTaTOqHO BbICOKOM
HarrpIDKeHHH nyreM HOHH3aQHH rro,LJ; ,n:eHCTBHeM 030Ha H OKCH,LJ:OB a30Ta,
06pa3YIDIIJ:MXC npH 3TOM. TaKoe CTapeHHe rrporeKaeT rrpH nOCTOSlHHOM Ha-
rrpIDKeHIIH Me,l(JIeHHee, qeM npH nepeMeHHOM.
B KOHCTp)'Kll:HH COBpeMeHHblX CaMOJIeTOB qHCJIO pe3HHOTeXHHqeCKHX H3,ae-
JIHH COCTaBJIHeT 60JIee 50 TbIC. e,aHHHU:; B H3,aeJIHHX 3JIeKTpOHHOH TeXHHKH KO-
JIHqeCTBO HeMeTIUIJIHqeCKHX MaTepHaJIOB ,aOCTHraeT 60% o6ll.{ero KOJIHQeCTBa
npHMeHHeMblX MaTepHaJIOB. EOJIee 60% HCnOJIb3yeMblx B TeXHHKe nOJIHMepHbIX
MaTepHaJIOB H JIaKOKpaCOQHbIX nOKpbITHH pa3pyrnaIOTcH BCJIe,aCTBHe CTapeHHH H
6HOnOBpe}l{,l{eHHH HJIH He coxpaIDIIOT CBOH CBOHCTBa.
CmapeHUIO nOJlynp060oHUK06 cnOC06CTBYIDT cy6MHKpoCKonWieCKHe ,n:e-
<t>eKTbI MaTepmlJIa, MHKpOCKOrrHqeCKHe ,n:e<t>eKTbI Ha HX rrOBepXHQprn, H3Me-
HeHHe TeMnepaTYP, BJIa}KHOCTH, HaJIHqHe npHMeceM B MaTepHaJIe. TIpII
3TOM B03MO)KHbI }'MeHbllleHHe o6parnora HarrpIDKeHHSI npo6oSl, }'BeJIWleHHe
06parnoro TOKa H IIIYMa, MHKpOIlJIa3MeHHbIe 3<t><t>eKTbI II ,n:p.
1.7.2. If3HamuBaHue
H3Hamu6anue - npoQecc OT,n:eJIeHHSI MarepIIaJIa C rrOlrepXHOCTH TBep,n:O-
ro TeJIa H (.HJIH) }'BeJIHqeHHSI era OCTaTOqHOM ,n:e<t>opMaQHH npH 'lpeHMM,
npOSlBJISlIOIIJ:HMC B nocreneHHOM II3MeHeHHH pa3MepOB H (.HJIH) <t>OpMbI
TeJIa (,n:eTaJIH). HaYKa, H3yqalOIIJ:aSI rrpOQeCCbI H3HalllIIBaHHSI C yqeTOM
CBOMCTB MaTepHaJIOB, B TOM qHCJIe B rrpHcyrcTBHH CMa30qHbIX MaTepHaJIOB,
Ha3bIBaeTC mpu60Aozueii.
1jJeHue (BHeulHee TpeHHe) - HBJIeHHe conpOTHBJIeHHH OTHOCHTeJIbHOM)' ne-
peMell.{eHHIO, B03HHKaIOll.{ee MeX<IJ:Y ,aB}'MH TeJIaMH B 30Hax conpHKOCHOBeHHH
nOBepxHocTeH no KaCaTeJIbHbIM K HHM. XapaKTepHcTHKOH BHeUIHero TpeHIDI
CJIy.xG1T K03tjJtjJul{Uenm mpenUfl.
K03tjJtjJuu,uenm mpenUR - OTHOIIleHHe CIDIbI TpeHHH ,aBYX TeJI (,aeTaJIeH)
K HOpMaJIbHOH CHJIe, npIDKHMaIOll.{eH 3TH TeJIa .n:pyr K ,apyry.
Pe3YJIbTaT H3HalllHBaHHSI, onpe,n:ellileMbIM B YCTaHOBJIeHHbIX e,n:HHIIQax,
Ha3bIBaeTCSI U3HOCOM. 3HaqeHIIe H3Hoca MO)l(eT BbIpa)l(aTbC B e,n:IIHHQax
,l(JIHHbI, 06'beMa, MaCCbI H ,n:p. McnbITaHH5I Ha H3HOC rrpOBOJUlT caMbIMII Pa3-
JIWlHbIMH MeTO,n:aMH, H CJIe,n:yeT nOMHHTb, qTO pe3YJIbTaTbI TaKHX HcrrbITa-
HHM HecorrOCTaBHMbI.
106
...
B TeXHHKe CJIe.n;yeT pa3JIHQaTb MOpa.tlbHbtU H rPU3UlteC1WU U3HOCbl. MOPaJIbHO
YCTapeBllIHMH CQHTaIOTcH MallIHHbI, KOHCTp}'Kl{HH, MaTepHaJIbI, eCJIH OHH B pe-
3YJIbTaTe 06ll.{ero TeXHHQeCKOrO nporpecca OK3.3bmaroTcH MaJIOnpHrO.n;HbIMH .lWH
y.n;OBJIeTBOpeHIDI Hy)IQ:( npOH3BO.n;CTBa, XOTH ell.{e BnOJIHe pa60rocnoco6HbI. TaKOM
MOpaJIbHbIM H3HOC 3.n;eCb He paCCMaTpHBaeTCH.
113HanuIBaHHe MaTepHaJIOB (l13.LJ:emrn) MO>KeT rrpoHCXO,lUITb rrpH CKOJIh)Ke-
HHH, y.n:ape, KaqeHHH, CKOJIb)l(eHHH C KaqeHHeM II T.JJ:., a TalOKe no.LJ: B03.LJ:eH-
CTBHeM Cpe.LJ:bI (.>KH.lI:KOCTh, ra3 H .LJ:p.). TIPII H3HanIHBaHHH BHYTPH Harp}')KeH-
HbIX 06JIaCreH nOBepXHOCTIfOro CJIO MaTepHaJIa Bo36}')K,lJ;aeTCSI u;eJIbIH PM
<pH3HKO-XlIMHqeCKHX rrpou;eccoB: COp6U;HSI, .LJ:H<P<PY3HS1, reIlJlOo6pa30BaHMe,
<pa30BbIe npeBpaIIJ;eHHSI H XlIMHqeCKHe peaK[(HH. TIPH 3TOM H3MeHSlIOTC
CTpYKTYPa II XlIMlIqeCKHH COCTaB MarepHaJIa, a CJIe.LJ:oBaTeJIbHO, Hero CBOH-
crna. B Harp}')KeHHbIX 06JIaCTSIX rrpOHCXO.LJ:HT HaKOIlJIeHHe 3Hepnm H MOryr
B03HIIKHyrb 1]JeIIJ;HHbI, KOTOpbIe pa3BHBaIOTC H npHBOMT K pa3pymeHHIO
MarepHaJIa. 113HanllmaHHe BCer.LJ:a CB 3aHO C rrOTep MH 3Hepnm, HaKon-
JIeHHOH B MarepHaJIe.
TIpH MeXaHHqeCKOM, KOPP03HOHHO-MeXaHHqeCKOM (OKHCJIIITeJIbHOM) H
MOJIeKYJUlpHO-MeXaHlIqeCKOM B03.LJ:eHCTBHSIX npOSlBJUlIOTCSI OCHOBHbIe 8UObl
u3Hatuu8aHUJl (Ta6JI. 3). TIpHqeM pa3JIHqHbIe BlI,L(bI H3HanIHBaHHSI MOryr
.LJ:eHCTBOBaTh KaK O.LJ:HOBpeMeHHo, TaK II nOCJIe.LJ:OBareJIbHO; npH B3aHMO.LJ:eH-
CTBHH O.LJ:HH H3 HHX MO)l(eT 3a.n;ep.>K.HBaTh RJIH aKTIIBH3HpOBaTh .LJ:pyrHe BlI,L(bI
H3HanIHBaHHSI.
Ta6AUl4a 3
KAaccu4JuKtllI,UH 6uiJ06 U3HamU6aHUH
Cnoc06 B03.1I:ettCTBIDI BH.D: H3Haunmamrn
npH H3HaIIIHBaHHH
MexaHWIecKoe A6p03u6HOe - B pe3YJIbTaTe pe)({}'III:ero HJIH uapanaIOIl.{erO .n:ettCTBIDI
TBep.lU>IX 'IaCTHl(, nonauaIOIl(HX B 30H}' KOHTaKTa
AOZe3UOHHOe - B pe3YJIbTaTe CBH3H Me)JQ:{y nOBepXHOCTHbIMH CJIOHMH
.D:BYX pa3HOpO.D:HbIX TeJI npH HX COnpHKOCHOBeHHH
3po:JUOHHoe - no.n: BJIIDIHHeM MexaHWIecKIfX B03.1J:ettCTBIDI: TBep.ll.bIMH
'IaCTHl.{aMH B nOTOKe >KIf.D;KOCTH HJIH raJa
Ka6Umal4uoHHoe - B pe3YJIbTaTe y.n:aPOB OCTH npH CXJIOllbIBaH.HH
napOraJOBbIX ny3bIpett Ha nOBepXHOCTH .n:eTaJIH
Ycm{]J[ocmHoe - no.n: BJIIDlHHeM l.UIK1IH'IecKIfX KOHTaKTHIdX HanpH-
JKeHHH CJKaTIDI
KOPP03HOHHO- OKuCAumeAbHoe - B pe3YJIbTaTe XHMHQeCKOrO B3aHMo.n:ettcTBHH
MeXaHWIeCKoe MaTepH3JIa C KOMTIOHeHTaMH OKp}')f{aIOIl.{ett cpe.n:bI nyreM cpe3a
HenpepbIBHO B0306HOBJlSlIOIl(HXCH OKHCHIdX TIJIeHOK
(/>pemmuHz-KoPP03UR - B03HHKaIOIl.(3j{ npH OQeHb MaJIbIX KOJIe6a-
TeJIbHbIX nepeMeIl.{eHHHX conpIDKeHHbIX nOBepXHocTett, 06YCJIOB-
JIeHHbIX .n:e<PoPMaIJ;IDIMH H JIIO<l>'raMH
MOJIeKymq>Ho- Cx6ambl6aHue H 3aeoaHue - nOBpe}fQl;eHHe nOBepXHoCTett B pe3YJIb-
MexaHWIeCKoe TaTe .n:ettCTBIDI MOJIeKyIDlpHIdX CHJI H MeXaHWIeCKoro B03.1l:ettCTBIDI
107
B TeXHHKe HaII60nbIIlee paCnpOC1]JaHeHIIe I1MeeT KOPP03HOHHO-MeXaHII-
qeCKOe H3HaIIlHBaHHe, T.e. H3HaIlIIIBaHHe rrpH HaJmqHH Ha rrOBepXHOCTII 38.-
Il{MTHbIX rrneHOK. TaKoe H3HanllIBaHHe Ha6mo.n:aeTc , KOr.n:a B pe3ynbTaTe
1]JeHHSI Ha CaMOH rrOBepXHOCTII TOnIl{IIHOH -10 3 HM 06paJyeTCSI BTOpWlHaSI
c1]JYKTYPa, co.n:ep.>KaIl{aSI 6onbIIloe KOnIIqeCTBO OKCII,L(OB. TIO.n: BTOpWIHOH
C1]JYKTYPOH pacnOnaraeTCSI CIDIbHO .n:e<pOpMHpOBaHHbIH CnOH MaTepHana C
BbICOKOH rrnOTHOCTbIO .n:HCnoKaIU1i1: TOmwmOH .n:O HeCKOnbKHX MI1KpOMe1]JOB.
HanHqHe BTOPHqHOH C1]JYKTYPbI yMeHbIIlaeT 113HOC rrOlrepXHOCTHOrO cnoSi.
KOPP03HOHHO-MeXaHHqecKoe II3HaIIlHBaHIIe Ha6.TIIO.n:aeTC B rrO.n:IIlIIrrHII-
KaX CKOnb.>KeHHSI, Banax, B-rynKaX, rrOpIIlHeBbIX KOnbQax II T..n:. TIpH HOp-
ManbHOM OKIICnIITenbHOM II3HaIlIIIBaHHH K03<P<PIIQIIeHT 1'peHIISI paBeH
0,01...0,10, a TonIl{HHa paJpYUIaIOIl{erocSi cnoSi COCTaBJISIeT 0,001...0,01 MM.
XapaKTepHCTIlKOH H3HaIlIHBaHHSI CJIy.>KHT U3HococmOUKocmb.
H3HococmoiiKocmb (H3HOCOYCTOJtqHBOCTb) - CBOHCTBO MarepIIana OKa-
3bIBaTb B onpe.n:eneHHbIX YCJIOBHSlX 1]JeHHSI COnpOTIIBJIeHIIe H3HaIlIIIBamno,
OQeHHBaeMoe BenHqHHOH, 06paTHoH CKOpOCTII H3HanllIBaHH5I IDIH HHTeH-
CHBHOCTH II3HaIIlHBaHHSI.
H3HOCOCTOHKOCTb orrpe.n:eJlSleTCSI COqefmmeM CBOHCTB 1]JYIlI;l1XCSI MarepIIa-
nOB, KaqeCTBOM KOHTaKTIIpyIOIl{IIX nOBepXHOCTeH (qHCTOTa nOBepXHOCTIl,
CMaJKa), xapaKTepOM .n:BIDKeHHSI (CKOnb.>KeHHe, KaqeHHe, y.n:apbI, reqeHHe),
CKOpocTbIO B3aHMHoro rrepeMeIl{eHHSl, ypOBHeM Harp)'3KH, OTBO.n:OM OT.n:elliIlO-
1I.UfXCSI qaCTHQ (rrpO.LJYKTOB H3Hoca) IDI rrpHcyrcTBHeM qac'fl-Il{ KaKoro-Jill60
.n:pyroro MaTepHana, OCJIO.>KHSiIOIl{ero 1]JeHHe.
H3HOCOCTOHKOCTb qHCTbIX MeTannOB rrpOnOpu:MOHanbHa HX TBep.n:OCTII,
HO B crrnaBax 3Ta 3aBHCHMOCTb MO.>KeT He BbITIOJIHSlTbCSI.
1.7.3. ,lI;u4J4JY3UB
,l(UtJJ(jJY3U1l - .n:BIDKeHIIe qaCTHQ cpe.n:bI, rrpHBOMIl{ee K He06paTHMoMY
rrepeHOCY BeIl{eCTBa IDIH K YCTaHOBJIeHIIIO paBHoBecHoro pacrrpe.n:eneHH5I
KOHQeH1]JaQHH qaCTHQ .n:aHHoro COpTa B cpe.n:e. B KaqeCTBe .lU1<P<PyH.D:HpyIO-
Il{HX qacTIlQ paCCMa1]JHBaIOT MoneKYJIbI, aTOMbI, 3neK'lpOHbI rrpOBo.n:HMOCTIl,
.n:bIpKH, HeHTpoHbI 11 .n:pyrHe qac!llQbI. ,D,II<P<P)'3HS1 B TBep.n:bIX BeIl{eCTBaX
rrpHBo.n:HT K rrepeHOCY aTOMOB Ha paCCTOSlHHSI, rrpeBbIllialOI.I.U1e Me.>KaTOM-
HbIe paCCTO HHSI M .n:aHHoro BeIl{eCTBa.
qacTHbIM c.nyqaeM .lI:H<P<PY3HH B qHCTOM BeIl{eCTBe HJIH paCTBOpe rrOCTOHHHO-
ro COCTaBa, rrpH KOTOpOM .lI:mp<PYHJJ:HPYIOT C06CTBeHHbIe qaCTHQbI BeIl{eCTBa, a
ero XHMHqeCKHH COCTaB He MeHHeTCH, HBJIHeTCH CaMOiJUtjJtjJY3UR. IIpH CaMO.ll:H<p-
<PY3HH .lI:H<P<PY3HOHHble rrepeMeIl{eHHH qaCTHQ TBep.ll:oro BeIl{eCTBa MOryI' rrpHBO-
.lI:HTb K H3MeHeHHIO ero <PoPMbI H .lI:pyrHM HBJIeHHHM. TaK, MHTeJIbHOe B03.l1:eH-
CTBHe CHJI rrOBepXHOCTHOrO HaTIDKeHHH, TIDKeCTH, yrrpyrHX, ::meKrpHqeCKHX H .lI:p.
MO>KeT rrpHBeCTII K CpamHBaHHIO .lI:BYX rrpHIlIJIH<pOBaHHbIX rrOBepXHOCTeH 06pa3QOB
O.ll:HOrO H Toro :>Ke BemeCTBa, crreKaHHIO rropOIliKOB, paCTHrHBaHHIO 06pa3IlOB
108
no.n: .n:eHCTBMeM nO.n:BerneHHOrO K HMM rpY3a (.n:ml><PY3MOHHaH nOJI3yqecTb MaTe-
PMaJIOB) M T..n;.
B oTCyrCTBHe MaKpOCKOTIHqeCKOrO .n:BIDKeHlISi Cpe.n:bI .n:H<P<PY3HSI MOJIeKYJI
(aTOMOB) onpe.n:eJISleTCSI MX TellJIOBbIM .n:BIDKeHHeM. IIpl1 HaJmqHH B cpe.n:e
CTa OHapHbIX nepena.n:OB TeMnepaTYPbI, 3JIeK1pHqeCKI1X nOJIeM H T.n. .lU1<P-
<PY3ID1 npHBO.n:1IT K YCTaHOBJIeHIflO paBHOBeCHoro pacnpe.n:eJIeHMSI KOH[(elITpa-
[(Hit, XapaKTepH3yeMora COOTBeTCTB}'IOllIl1MI1 rpa,LU1eHTaMH (mepMoourj}(P)l3UJl,
3AeKmpoourj)(jJY3UJl H T.n.). B O.n:HOpO.n:HOM CHCTeMe (ra3, )I(J1):I:KOCTb) npII MO-
JIeKYJlSlpHOM .n:mP<l>Y3HH B oTCyrCTBHe BHeIJlHHX B03.n:eMCTBHM .lU1<P<PY3HOH-
HbIH nOTOK (nOTOK MaCCbI) nponopU:110H8JIeH rpa.n:Hemy era KOH[(elITpaIJ;lIM.
K03<P<P1I[(lIeHT nponopU:110H8JIbHOCm Ha3bIBaeTCSI Ko3rjJrjJUlI,ueHmOM ourj)(jJy-
3UU. IIocJIe.n:HHM 3aBHCIIT OT C'lpOeHIDI II C'lpYKTYPbI B3aI1Mo.n:e:ttCTB}'I01IIHX
BellIeCTB H oco6eHHO CIDIbHO - OT TeMTIepaTYPbI.
B TBep.n:bIX KpHCTaJlJmqeCKHX BellIeCTBax pa3JmqaIOT CJIe.n:}'IOIliHe BM,LJ:bI
.n:11<P<l>Y3IIH: no MexaHU3MY npOmeKaHUJl, no 2eOMempU"leCKOMY Mecmy nepeHoca
amOMoe, no Mecmy nOZllOUl,eHUJl amOM06 II no npupooe npOl.{ecca.
MexaHH3M npOTeKaHIDI .n:H<P<PY3HH MO}KeT 6bITb MeJICY3eAbHbIM, eaKaHcu-
OHHbLM, 06MeHHbLM II lI,UKJlUtteCKUM (pHC. 34). Pe8JIH3a[(IDI TOro IDIH HHoro
MexaHH3Ma npOTeKaHIDI .n:H<P<l>Y3HH onpe.n:eJUleTCSI KpHCT8JIJIHQeCKHM CTpOe-
Hl1eM BellIeCTBa H mnOM .n:e<peKTOB ero KpHCT8JIJmQeCKOM pemeTKl1. TaK,
.n: o K83aHo, QTO OCHOBHbIM MexaHH3MOM .n:H<P<PY3HH npHMeCHbIX aTOMOB B
TBepllbIX pacTBOpax 3aMellIeHlISi SlBJUleTC BaKaHcHoHHbIM, a B TBep.n:bIX pa-
CTBOpax BHe.n:peHIDI - Me)l(}'3eJIbHbIM.
a if
. . . . . .....
..11 2 .'...
. 1. .
..."..... . .......
.6 2
. ... . ....
.. ... .4 ..
......... ...3.....
Puc. 34. CxeMbt MexaHU3Moe npomelWHUfl iJurj)(jJY3UU:
o - Me:HCy3eJtbHblU; 6 - 601WHCUOHHblU; 6 - 06MeHHblU; 2 - l{UKJ/Ultec1CUU
no reOMe'lpHQeCKOMY MecTY nepeHoca aTOMOB BbIlleJISIIOT 0611eMHYIO, no-
eepXHocmHYIO (H3 BHemHeM cpe.n:bI) H 2paHU"lHYIO (no rpaHH[(aM 3epeH) .lU1<P-
<PY3HH. ArrSi COBepmeHIDI 3JIeMeHTapHoro aKTa .n:H<P<PY3HH aTOM .n:OJI:>KeH
npeo.n:OJIeTb 3HepremQeCKI1M 6apbep. Hal160JIee JIerKO .n:H<P<PY3ID1 npOTeKaeT
no nOBepXHocm H rpaHH[(aM 3epeH, r.n:e cocpe.n:oTOQeHbI .n:e<peKTbl KpHCT8JI-
109
JlHqeCKOm CTPOeHHSI (BaKaHCHH, ,n:HCJlOKa HH II ,n:p.). 06'beMHaSI ,n:H<P<PY3IDI
B TBep,n:bIX BeIl{eCTBax 06YCJlOBJIeHa rrepeCKOKaMII aTOMOB 1I3 O,n:HOm rrOJIO-
}KeHHSI B ,n:pyroe, OTHOCIITeJIbHO cB06o,n:Hoe.
IIOBepXHOCTHaSI ,n:H<P<PY3HS1 CBSl3aHa C rrepeHOCOM BeIl{eCTBa IDIII Ha rro-
BepXHOCTh MaTepHaJIa H3 BHeIJlHeM Cpe,n:bI, IDIII C rrOBepXHOCTII MarepHaJIa
BO BHeIIlHlO1O cpe,n:y, IDIH Ha nOBepXHOCTh MarepHaJIa 1I3 em 06'beMa, IDIII
}Ke B fJly6b MarepHaJIa C em nOBepXHOCTII (COp6l{UOHHble npOl{eCCbl).
COp6U,UR - nOfJIOll.{eHHe Toop.n:bIM TeJIOM HJIH XCH.lI:KOCTblO KaKOrO-JIH60 00-
ll.{eCTBa 1'13 OKpyx<:alOll.{eM Cpe.n:bI. IIofJIoll.{alOll.{ee TeJIO Ha3bIBaerCH cop6eHToM,
nOfJIOll.{aeMOe - cop6mueOM (cop6amOM).
IIo MecTY nOfJIOIl{eHHSI aTOMOB pa3JIHqaIOT nOBepXHOCTh H 06'beM. TIpII
3TOM COp6 IIOHHbIe rrpo eCCbI, npOTeKalOIl{IIe Ha nOBepXHOCTH, Ha3bmalOTCSI
aiJcop6l{ueu, a B 06'beMe - a6cop6l{ueu. COp6u:MOHHbIe rrpo eCCbI H36Hpa-
reJIbHbI H 06paTIIMbI. 06paTHbIM rrporiecc BbI.D:eJIeHHSI rrOfJIOIl{eHHOm KOM-
rrOHeHTa.Ha3.bIBaeTCSI iJecop6l{ueu.
AiJcop6u,UR - nOfJIOll.{eHHe Bell.{eCTBa 1'13 ra30BOM HJIH XCH.lI:KOM Cpe.n:bI nOBepx-
HOCTHbIM CJIOeM TBep.n:oro TeJIa (a.n:cop6eHTa) HJIH .>KH.lI:KOCTH.
A6cop6u,UR - nOfJIOll.{eHHe KaKOrO-Jlli60 Bell.{eCTBa 1'13 OKpyx<:alOll.{eM Cpen:bI
BceM MaCCOM nOfJIOll.{alOll.{ero TeJIa (a6cop6eHTa).' A6cop6QHH XCH.lI:KHM a6cop-
6eHTOM KaKOrO-JIH60 KOMnOHeHTa 1'13 ra30BOM CMeCH Ha3bIBaeTCH pacmeopeHueM,
1'13 XCH.lI:KOM CMeCH - 3KcmpaKu.ueu.
IIplIpo,n:y .D:H<P<PY3HH no xapaKTepy COp6u:MOHHbIX rrpo eCCOB paCCMaT-
pHBaIOT KaK (jJU3UlteCKYIO, eCJlH BeIl{eCTBO npH COp6 IIOHHbIX rrpo eccax CO-
xpaHSIeT Bce CBOH CBOMCTBa, IDIH XUMUltecKYIO (xeM.ocop6l{UJl), eCJIH BeIl{eCTBO
B 3TIIX rrpou;eccax BCTYITaeT B peaK[(HH. npH <pH3HqeCKOM rrpHpo,n:e COp6 H-
OHHbIe rrpou;eCCbI 06YCJlOBJIeHbI BaH,LJ:epBaaJIbCOBbIMH CIDIaMH rrpHTIDKeHM5I
qaCTIIu; OKpyxalOIl{eM cpe,n:bI K qaCTIIu;aM BeIl{eCTBa.
)J.H<P<Py3HSI MOJleKYJI B nOJlHMepax OTJIHqaeTCSI OT .D:H<P<Py3HH B KpIICTaJI-
JlHqeCKMx BeIl{eCTBax. OrJIHqIDI 06YCJlOBJIeHbI 60JlbIIlHMH pa3MepaMH II Mac-
COR MOJleKYJI nOJlHMepOB H IIX ManOR reIlJIOBOM 3HeprHeR. C npo eCCOM
,n:H<P<Py3HH CBSl3aHbI CTPYKTYPHbIe H3MeHeHIDI B MarepHaJIax, KOTopbIe MOryI'
yxy,n:IIlaTh HX <pH3HqeCKMe H MeXaHHqeCKMe CBOMCTBa. )J,H<P<Py3HS1 B 3HaqII-
reJlbHOR creneHH onpe,n:ellileT KMHeTIIKY <pH3HKO-XI1:MHqeCKHX rrpou;eCCOB,
06YCJIOBJIHBalOIl{HX pa3pYIIIeHHe MaTepHanOB, rromyqeCTh, CTapeHIIe, KOp-
p03HIO H ,n:p. A.n:cop6u;HSI raJOB IDIH }KH,L{KOCTeM H3 BHeIIlHeM cpe,n:bI rrpHBO-
,n:HT K yxy,n:IIleHHIO ,n:H3J1eK1pHQeCKHX CBOMCTB II30J1S1U:HOHHbIX MarepHaJIOB,
rrOHIDKaeT npOQHOCTh MeTannOB II II3MeHSIeT ,n:pyrHe CBOMCTBa.
1.7.4. KOpp03HB
KOPP03UR - caMonpOH3BOJlbHoe pa3PYIIIeHIIe BeIl{eCTB, BbI3BaHHoe XH-
MHQeCKHMH H 3J1eK1pOXHMHQeCKMMH rrpou;eccaMH, pa3BHBalOIl{IIMIICSI Ha IIX
nOBepXHOCTII, npH B3aHMo,n:eMCTBHH C BHeIIlHeM cpe,n:oM. Cpe,n:y, pa3pyrnII-
reJIbHO ,n:eMCTByIOIl{yIO Ha MarepHaJI, rrpIIHSlTO Ha3bIBaTh azpeccu8HoU.
110
iLl
KOPp03IIOHHOMy pa3pyrneHHIO nO.D;Bep)l(eHbI MeTaJlJIbI, 6eTOH, ClpOHTeJIb-
Hbm KaMeHb, .D;epeBO, HeKOTOpbIe ruIaCTMaCCbI II .D;pyrne KOHClpYKU:IIOHHbIe
II ClpOHTellbHbIe MaTepmlJIbI. Cnel{mlmqecKoR OC06eHHOCTbIO KOpp03HII
SIBJI5IeTCSI TO, ':ITO OHa MO)l(eT npOIICXO.D;HTb KaK npH (}>YHKIJ:IIOHIIpOBaHIIII,
TaK H npII xpaHeHIIII II3.D;ellHR.
Ba)I(HeRIlIIIMII xapaIcrepIIcTIIKaMII KOpp03IIH SlBlISlIOTCSI ee CKopocmb II
KOpp03UOHHaJl cmoUKocmb MaTepmlJIOB.
Owpocmb lWPP03UU - Macca Be:m:eCTBa, npeBpa:m:eHHaSi B npO.D;YKTbI
KOpp03IIII, C e.D;IIHHl{bI nOBepXHOCTH MaTepmUIa B e.D;IIHHn:y BpeMeHII.
Ha CKOpOCTb KOpp03IIII OKa3bIBalOT BJIHSlHIIe BHYTPeHHIIe II BHellIHIIe
KTOpbl. K BHYTPeHHHM (}>aKTOpaM O1HOC.SITCSI XHMHqeCKMR COCTaB II ClpYK-
TYPa MaTepmUIa, COCTOSlHIIe ero nOBepXHOCTII, HaJIMqIIe HanpIDKeHIIR H .D;p.,
np'i1qeM C YBellHqeHIIeM HeO.D;HOpO.D;HOCrn COCTaBa II ClpYKTYPbI Ha611IO.D;a-
eTCSI B03paCTaHIIe CKOpOCTII KOpp03IIII. K BHellIHIIM (}>aKTOpaM OTHOCSlTCSI
BM)I. II COCTaB OKp}')l(aIO:m:eR Cpe.D;bI II YClIOBHSI, npII KOTOpbIX npOTeKaIOT
(}>II3HKO-XHMHqeCKMe npOl{eeCbI (TeMnepaTYPa, .D;aBJIeHIIe, CKOpOCTb nOTOKa
arpeCCHBHOH Cpe.D;bI II .D;p.). B npOMbIlIDIeHHOR aTMoc(}>epe, no .D;aHHbIM MHO-
rnx IICCJIe.D;OBaHHR, CKOpOCTb KOpp03HII HCnOJIb3yeMbIX MaTepmlJIOB COCTaB-
IDIeT B Cpe.D;HeM 575 r/M 2 B ro.D;. E)I(erO.D;HbIe nOTepII, HanpIIMep, CIlIA OT
KOpp03IIII Ol{eHIIBaIOTCSI 601lee qeM B 100 MJIp.D; .D;OJIJI.
KOPP03UOHHaJI cmouKocmb - cnoco6HoCTb Be:m:eCTBa conpOTIIBJISlTbCSI
XHMIIqeCKoMy II 311eKlpoXHMHQeCKOMy B03,UeRcTBIIIO Cpe.D;bI, T.e. pc13'be.D;a-
HMIO RJIII QaCrnqHoMy paCTBOpeHHIO. KOPp03HOHHaSI CTORKOCTb MaTepHarra
onpe.D;eIDIeTCSI no BellHQIIHe CKOpOCTII ero KOpp03HH.
Pa3JIWIaIOT cJIe.LJYlOIl{He BM)I.bI KOpp03HII: no xapaKmepy 63auA,WaeUCm6UJl co
cpeaou; no zeoMempWiecKUM xapaKmepUCmUKGM Mecm JXl3PyweHUJl; no muny KOp-
P03UOHHOU cpeabl H no xapaKmepy aonOAHUme.JlbHO 603aeUCm6)lIOUI,ux cjJaKmopo6.
no MexaHII3My B3aHMO.D;eRCTBIISI co Cpe.D;OR BbI,LJ;ellSlIOT xUMu ecKYIO H
3AeKmpoxUMu ecKYIO KOpp03UU.
XHMHQeCKa5I KOpp03ID1 B03HHKaeT B CYXHX ra3ax (ra30Ba51 KOPP03H5I) H He-
3JIeKTpOJIHTax (cpe.n:ax, He rrpoBO,WUIJ;HX 3JIeKTpH'ieCKH:H TOK: B 6eH3HHe, 6eH30JIe
H .n:p.). npou:ecc XHMHQeCKO:H KOpp03HH corrpoBO:>I<D;aeTC5I 06pa30BaHHeM OKCH-
.n:OB, nw:pOOKCH.ZJ:OB H .n:pyrHX coe.n:HHeHH:H, KOTopbIe MOryT OCTaBaTbC5I Ha rro-
BepXHOCTH Ma-repHaJIa B BH.ZJ:e IIJIeHOK, B TOM QHCJIe 3aI1..{HIl{aIOIl{HX MaTepHaJI OT
.n:aJIbHe:HllIero .n:e:HCTBH5I arpeCCHBHO:H cpe.zu,1.
3JIeKTpOXHMHQeCKa5I KOppo3H5I rrpOTeKaeT B cpe.n:ax, rrpOBo.n:51Il{HX 3JIeKTpH-
QeCKH:H TOK, H ee rrpOTeKaHHe orrHCbIBaeTC5I 3aKOHaMH 3JIeKTpOXHMH'ieCKO:H KH-
HeTHKH.
no reOMeTpHQeeKMM XapaKTepIICTIIKaM MeeT pa3pyrneHHSI pa3JIWlalOT KOp-
po3IIIO 06oeMHYlO II n06epXHocmHYIO, a no CTeneHII OXBaTa (1I0KaJIII3aU:IIII) _
, Cfl./lOLUHYlO, l(tecmHYIO, Hume6UaHYIO, mo e HYIO, u36upame.JlbHYIO H .D;p. TaK,
TOQeQHaSI KOpp03HS1 MO)l(eT .D;aTb HaQaJIO noan06epXHocmHOU KOpp03UU, pac-
111
rrpoCTPaHSlIO:m:eRCSI B CTOpOHbI nO,lJ; OqeHb TOHKHM CJIOOM rrOBepXHOCTH Be:m:e-
CTBa, KOTOpbIR 3aTeM B3)J;yBaeTCSI ny3bIpSlMH MIl llIe.rrywIITCSI. 3'roMy BHJJ:Y
KOpp03IIII rrOJIBep)l(eHbI B Orrpe,lJ;eJIeHHbIX YCJIOBlliIX, HarrpHMep B MOpCKOR
BO,lJ;e, XpOMOHIIKeJIeBbIe CTaJIII C ,lJ;06aBKOR MOJIH6,lJ;eHa.
no rnny KOPP03IIOHHOR cpe,lJ;bI pa3JIWIalOT amMOccjJepHYlO, ZG306)llO, :HCUO-
KocmHYlO, MOPCKYlO, no eeHHYlO, n003eMHYlO H ,lJ;pyrHe Bli,lI;bI KOppOOHH.
no xapaI<Tepy JIOnOJIHJITeJlbHO B03,lJ;eRCTByIOII.{HX <paKTOPOB paCCMaTPHBa-
lOT rrpou:ecc KOpp03HII npH '!peHHH (KOpp03UOHHGfl 3fJ03UJ1), no,lJ; HanpIDKeHHeM
(KOpp03UOHHoe pacmpeCKueaHue II KOpp03UOHHGfl ycmGllOCmb), KOHmaKmHYlO H
Ul,e.IleeylO KOpp03UU II ,lJ;p.
,[VISI o6ecneqeHHSI KOpp03HOHHOR CTORKocrn HCnOJIb3yIOT B OCHOBHOM
,lJ;Ba MeTO,lJ;a: OTJIeJIeHIIe MaTepIIaJIa OT arpeCCHBHOR Cpe,lJ;bI (KOHcmpYKmue-
Hble MemOObl) II npH,lI.aHIIe cpe,lJ;e H)')KHblX aHTHKOppOOHRHblX CBoiiCTB (mex-
HOllozu eCKue MemOObl). K KOHCTPYKTIIBHbIM MeTOJIaM OTHOCHI'CSI pa3JmQHbIe
crroco6bI rrpe,lJ;OXpaHeHHSI OT npoHIIKHOBeHHSl arpeCCIIBHblX cpeJI, a TaIOKe
cnoco6bI ::weKTPOXHMIIQeCKOR 3a:m:HTbI, a K TeXHOJIOrnQecKHM - 3a:m:HTHbIe
nOKpbITHSI, ynpOQHeHIIe rrOBepXHOCTII, IICnOJIb30BaHIIe uHzu6umop06 (Be-
:m:eCTB, HCKJIIOQaioII.{HX MIl 3aMe.wISlIO:m:HX KOppOOIIIO) II ,lJ;p.
3all{HTHbIe nOKpbITHfI HaHOCflT Ha nOBepXHOCTb H3.neJIH:H H3 pa3JUf1iHbIX Ma-
TepHaJIOB Mfl npe.n:OTBpall{eHHfI KOpp03HH, npH.ZJ:aHHfI HM .n:eKopaTHBHOro BH.ZJ:a,
C03.naHHfI Cnel{HaJIbHbIX nOBepXHOCTHbIX CBO:HCTB (3JIeK'l'pOnpOBO.lUIOCTH, TeIIJIo-
npOBo.n:HOCTH, 3JIeKTPOH30JIfll{HOHHbIX, MarHHTHbIX H HeMarHHTHbIX CBO:HCTB,
CBeTOOTpa>KalOll{e:H H CBeTOnOfJIOll{alOll{e:H cnoc06HOCTH, H3HOCOCTO:HKOCTH
H .n:p.). .LJ:JIfI 3all{HTbI OT KOpp03HH HCnOJIb3yIOTCfI MeTaJIJIHqeCKHe, HeMeTaJIJIH-
qeCKHe HeOpraHHqeCKHe (OKCH.ZJ:HbIe, cl>occl>aTHbIe, cl>'r0pH.ZJ:HbIe H .n:p.) H opraHH-
qeCKHe, JIaKOKpaCOqHbIe H .n:pyme 3aIl{HTHbIe nOKpbITHfI.
3all{HTHbIe nOKpbITHfI no YCJIOBHflM 3KCIIJIyaTClUHH .n:emrr Ha rpynnbI: Ilez-
Kue - JI; cpeOHue - C; :JICeCmKUe - )1(; O'leHb :JICeCmKUe - 0)1(. 3TH nOKpbITHfI
KJIaCcHcl>Hl{HPyIOT no cnoc06y nOJIyqeHHfI, MaTepHaJIY, cl>H3HKO-XHMHqeCKHM H
.n:eKOpaTHBHbIM CBO:HCTBaM. TeXHoJIofIDI HaHeceHIDI nOKpbITH:H H MeTO.n:bI KOIITpO-
JIfI HX KaqeCTBa npHBe.n:eHbI B fOCT 16976-71.
3a:m:ma MaTepIIaJIOB OT KOppo3HII pellIaeTCSI BO BCex crpaHax Ha rocY,lJ;ap-
CTBeHHOM ypOBHe. B o6:m:etl CIICTeMe Mep no 60pwe C Koppo3IIeR BIDKHM
pOJIb npIIHa,wIe)I(IIT CTafl,lI;aprn3aU:HII. B POCCHRCKOR <I>e,lJ;eparum: Bee Mepo-
npHSlTIDI rro 3a:m:HTe MaTepIIaJIOB OT KOpp03HII YCTaHOBJIeHbI B ,lJ;eRCTBYloIIJ:HX
rocY,lJ;apCTBeHHblX CTafl,lI;aPTax, 06'be,lJ;IIHeHHblX B «EiJUHYlO cucmeMY 3aUl,umbi
om KOppo3UU U CmapeHUJI MamepUGiloe U U3oe.lluii» (EC3KC). B HaCTOSlIIJ:ee
BpeMSl B 3TOR CIICTeMe ,lJ;eRCTByIOT 225 rocY,lJ;apCTBeHHbIX H Me:>KI'OCY,lJ;apcTBeH-
HbIX CTafl,lI;aproB. 3TH: CTafl,lI;apTbI - KOHl(eHTPHpOBaHHbIR IITOr BbInOJIHeHIDI
60JIee 2 TbIC. HMP II OKP, a TaIOKe pe3YJIbTaT pa60T no HX rapMOHM3aWIH
C Me)l()J;yJIapO,lJ;HbIMII H Hal(MOHaJIbHbIMII 3apy6e)I(HbIMII CTafl,lI;apTaMH. no
ou:eHKe cneU:HaJIIICTOB, nmpOKoe npIIMeHeHHe }')Ke IIMelO:m:HXCSI cnoco60B .
112
3aIIJ:HThI OT KOppo3IIII, BKJUOqeHHhIX B Me)l(,[(}'HapO,n:HhIe H rocy,n:apCTBeHHhIM
CTaH,lJ,apThI EC3KC, n03BOJISleT COKpaTIfTh y.r.u:ep6 OT 3TOrO BM)J.a paJpymeHHSl
Ha 10...15%.
1.8. TeXHOJIOfH1leCKHe CBOHCTBa
TeXHOJIOrnqeCKHe CBOMCTBa MaTepIIaJIOB onpe,n:eJISIIOT B03MO)I(HOCTh II3-
rOTOBJIeHHSI rrpo,n:YKUIIH npH IICnOJIh30BaHHII ,n:aHHoro MarepIIaJIa (CbIphH).
llPII 3TOM MaTepIIaJI ,n:OJI)I(eH y,n:OBJIeTBOpSiTh 1pe60BaHHSlM MIIHIIMaJIhHOM
1py,n:oeMKOCTII npII H3roTOBJIeHHII. K TeXHOJIOIWIecKHM CBOMCTBaM MarepIIa-
JIOB OTHOCSIT CBOMCTBa, onpe.n:eJISlIO:m:IIe B03MO)I(HOCTIf HX JIHThSl, 06pa6aThI-
BaeMOCTII ,n:aBJIeHIIeM II pe3aHIIeM, CBapIIBaeMOCTIf, ynpOqHSleMOCTIf, BOC-
npIIIIMqIIBOCTII K 3aKaJIKe II ,n:p. PaCCM01pHM HaH60JIee pacnpOC1paHeHHhIe
TeXHOJIOIWIeCKIIe CBOMCTBa.
JIumeuHble C80ucm8a orrpe,n:eIDIIOTCSI COBOKyIIHOCThlO nOKa3areJIeM, BKJIIO-
qaIO:m:eM TeMnepaTYPhI rmaBJIeHHSI, KHneHHSI, 3aJIIIBKH II K})IICTaJIJIII3al.{IIII,
1IJI0THOCTh II }l(J.f)J:KOTeKy'IeCTh pacrmaBa, JIIITeMHYIO YCMKY II ,n:p. JIHTeMHaSI
yca,n:Ka - 3TO TIfnHqHOe TeXHOJIOrnqecKoe CBOMCTBO.
06pa6ambI8aeMocmb iJa8AeHUeM B ropSlqeM II XOJIO,n:HOM COCTOHHIDIX ou:eHH-
BaIOT pa3JIWIHhIMH TeXHOJIOIWIecKHMH rrpo6aMH (Ha oca,zu<y, II3h1:6, BhITIDKKy
c<PepHqecKoM JI}'HKH II ,n:p.), xapaI<TepIICTIfKaMH lIJIaCTIfqHOCTIf, TBep,n:OCTIf II
yrrpOqHeHHSI MaTepIIaJIa rrpII TeMnepaTYPe 06pa60TKH. Cpe,n:II xapaI<TepIICTIfK
06pa6aThIBaeMOCTIf .n:aBJIeHIIeM IICnOJIh3yIOT, HanpIIMep, K08Kocmb.
K061Cocmb - crrOC06HOCTh MeTaJIlIOB If CI1JIaBOB rro.zwepraTbCH KOBKe If .n:pyrHM
BH,l{aM o6pa6oTKH .n:aBJIeHlfeM (rrpoKaTKe, BOlIO'iemHO, rrpeCCOBaHlflO, llITaMrrOB-
Ke). XapaIcreplf3YeTCH I1JIaCTJflIHOCTblO If COrrpOTlfBJIeHlfeM .n:e<l>0pMaI.{HIf.
06pa6ambl8aeMOCmb pe3aHUeM MeTaJIJIOB H ClIJIaBOB Ol.{emmaeTCSI CKOpoCThIO
33:rYlmeHHSI pe3u:a rrpII TOqeHIIH Ha 3a,n:aHHhIX pe}I(HMaX pe3aHHSI C 06ecrre-
qeHIIeM He06xo.n:IIMhIX napaMeTpOB llIepOXOBaTOCTIf nOBepXHOCTII H BbIpa-
)l(aeTCSI B npOl.{eHTax OT 06pa6aThIBaeMocTII CTaH,lI;aprnoro MarepHaJIa. Ha
OCHOBaHIIII ,n:aHHhIX 06 06pa6aThIBaeMOcTII pa3JIIIqHhIX MarepIIaJIOB COCTaB-
IDIIOTCSI HOpMaTIfBhI pe}I(HMOB pe3aHHSI RJIII peKOMeH,I(al.{IIII no BhI60py pe-
>KHMOB pe3aHHSI ,I(JlSI KOHKpeTHhIX YCJIOBIIM 06pa60TKM.
06pa6ambl8aeMocmb KaMHfl ou:eHIIBaeTCSI ero rro.n:aTJIIIBOCThlO MexaHII-
qeCKoMY, repMIIqeCKoMY, 3JIeKTPIIqeCKoMY II ,n:pyrnM B03,n:eMcTBHSlM ,n:JISI
rrpM)J.aHHSI eMY He06xo,n:IIMhIX <l>OPMhI, pa3MepOB II <l>aKTYPhi. B KaqeCTBe
rroKa3areIDI 06pa6aThIBaeMOCTII KaMHSI IICnOJIh3yroT K03<l><l>Hl.{IIeHT 06pa6aThI-
BaeMOCTII, rrpe.n:CTaBJUlIOIl{I1M C060M OTHOllIeHHe 1py,n:03a1paT npII 06pa60TKe
e,n:IIHIIl.{bI rrpo.n:YKUHII II3 .n:aHHoro BM)J.a KaMHSI K aHaJIOrHqHOMy nOKa3aTe-
JIIO, COOTBeTCTByro:m:eMY 3TaJIOHHOMY MaTepIIaJIY. B 3aBIICIIMOCTII OT BM)J.a
B03.n:eMCTBHSI BbI,l.(eJISIIOT KOHKpeTHhIe xapaI<TepIICTIfKH 06pa6aThIBaeMOCTH:
rrRJIIIMOCTh, rrOJIHpyeMocTh, IICTHpaeMOCTh, llIJm<l>yeMOCTh II .n:p. 06:m:enpH-
HSiToro MeTo.n:a ou:eHKH 06pa6aThIBaeMOCTII KaMHSI He cy.r.u:eCTByeT.
113
CeapueaeMocmb - CnOC06HOCTb MaTepmUIa 06pa30BbmaTb Hepa3'beMHbIe
COe.lumeHHSI C lpe6yeMbIMII MeXaHMqeCKHMII XapaI<TepHCTIIKaMII. Ee ol.{eHM-
BaIOT CpaBHeHIIeM CBOMCTB OCHOBHOrO MaTepmUIa co CBOMCTBaMlI CBapHbIX
COe.D;IIHeHIIM, KOJmqeCTBOM crroco6oB CBapKH, .D;IIarra30HOM .D;OnYCKaeMbIX
pe:>KJfMOB CBapKH II .D;p. CBapIIBaeMOCTb CqHTaeTCSI TeM BbIllIe, qeM 60JIbllIe
cnoc06oB CBapKH MO)l(eT 6bITh rrpIIMeHeHO, 1lI1Ipe rrpe.D;eJIbI .D;onycKaeMbIX
pe:>KJfMOB CBapKH. ,lJ,mI TeXHOJIOrwIecKOM Ol.{eHKH CBapHBaeMOCTH onpe.D;eJISllOT
ClpYKTYPY, MeXaHlIqeCKHe CBOMCTBa H CKJIOHHOCTb K 06pa30BaHIIIO lpeIlUIH
MaTepmlJIa IlIBa II OKOJIOIliOBHOM 30HbI.
HaiJeJICHOCmb CeapHOZO COeOUHeHUJl - 3TO CBOMCTBO CBapHblX yqaCTKOB
BbI,l.(ep:>KJfBaTb B TeqeHIIe .lWHTeJIbHOrO BpeMeHII KOMIIJIeKcHoe Harp}')KeHIIe,
KOTOpOe 06bIqHO B03.D;eMCTBYeT Ha COOTBeTCTByromyro .D;eTaJIb HJIII CBapHyIO
KOHC'lpYKIUIIO. MCnbITaHHSI npOBOASIT Ha Crrel(HaJIbHbIX o6pa3U:ax, a HaH60JIee
>KecTKlIe YCJIOBHSI IIcnbITaHHM C03.D;aIOTCSI rryreM BbI60pa COOTBeTCTByroWlIX
<POpMbI 06pa3u:a II TIIna Harp}')KeHHSI.
MCnbITaHHSI TeXHOJIOrlIqeCKHX CBOMCTB (TeXHOJIOrnqeCKHe lICrrbITaHHSI)
OTHOCSlTCSI K caMbIM CTapbIM BM)I.aM IICTIbITaHHM MaTepIIaJIOB. OfJIwrnTeJIbHOM
HX qepTOM SlBJIHeTCSI orrpe.D;eJIeHIIe B03MO>KHOCTII rrpIIMeHeHHSI MaTepIIaJIa B
.D;aHHOM cnoco6e npOII3BO.D;CTBa HJIH ,LI)lSI Cnel.{lIaJIbHbIX u:eJIeif IICnOJIb30BaHHSI.
TIpII 3TOM B OTJIHqIIe OT .D;pyrHX MeTO.D;OB IIcnbITaHHSI, orrpe.D;eJISIIOTCSI He 01'-
.D;eJIbHbIe 3HaqeHHSI CBOMCTB C MHHMMaJIbHOM rrorpelliHOCThIO II3MepeHHSI, a
ou:eHIIBaeTCSI o6wee COCTOSlHIIe MaTepIIaJIa.
C nOBbIllIeHlIeM CTeneHII CTaHlIapTH3aUHII ,LI)lSI MeTO.D;OB TeXHOJIOrwIeCKI1X
lIcnbITaHHM B HaCTOHwee BpeMSI YCTaHOBJIeHbI CTporo onpe.D;eJIeHHbIe HOpMbI,
KOTopbIe CBSl3aHbI C TOM HJIII IIHOM TeXHOJIOrneM rrpoII3Bo,I(CTBa. MH<popMa-
LJ:IIIO 0 MeTo.D;e TeXHOJIOrIIqeCKOrO IIcnbITaHHSI ,LI)lSI KOHKpeTHoro MaTepIIaJIa
MO)I(HO rrOJIyqIITb B e)l(ero.D;HOM YKa3aTeJIe rocY.D;apcTBeHHbIX CTaH,D:apTOB.
1.9. lloTpe6uTeJlbCKHe CBOHCTBa
IIompe6ume.llbcKue ceoucmea MaTepIIaJIOB orrpe.D;eJUlIOT B03MO)I(HOCTb lIX
IICrrOJIb30BaHHSI npII MaKClIMaJIbHOM pa6oTOcrroc06HocTH B ycJIOBIDIX 3KCIIJIya-
TaUlIII HJIII n01pe6JIeHHSl. TIepeqeHb II BeJIWIlIHa nO'lpe6HTeJIbCKHX CBOMCTB B
06S13aTeJIbHOM nopSl)],Ke YCTaHaBJIHBaIOTCSI B rocY.D;apCTBeHHblX CTaH,D:apTax,
qTO C03.D;aeT 3aKOHO.D;aTeJIbHbIe OCHOBbI rapaHTIIII KaqecTBa II 6e30naCHOCTII
IICnOJIb3yeMbIx BemeCTB II MaTepIIaJIOB. ):LITSI KIDIGJ:Oro MaTepIIaJIa nepeqeHb
nOlpe6HTeJIbCKHX CBOMCTB, Ha3bmaeMbIM HOMeH1Ulamypou nOKt13ame.lleU Kalte-
cmea, YCTaHaBJIIIBaeTCSI B CTaH,D:aPTax «CIICTeMa rrOKa3aTe.neM KaqecTBa»., .
TIoKa3aTeJISIMII KaqeCTBa Mmyr 6bITh KaK rrOKa3aTeJIlI <PH3UqecKl1X CBOMCTB,
BeJIIIqIIHbI KOTOpbIX onpe.ueJIeHbI B CTaHlIap'THbIX YCJIOBlliIX, TaK II cneUlI-
<pWIecKHe rrOKa3aTeJIII, onpe.D;eJISlIOIUJIe B03MO)I(HOCTb MaKCIIMaJIbHOM pa6o-
Tocrroco6HOCTII MaTepIIaJIa B YCJIOBlliIX 3KCrrJIyaTaU:IIII HJIII rrOlpe6JIeHHSI.
114
..
B HOMeHKJIa1)'pe nOKa3aTeJIeM KaqecTBa nOCJIe.D;HIIe pacnpe.D;eJIeHbI no CJIe-
.D;YIDIl(IIM rpynrraM: Ha3Ha eHue, HaoeJ#CHocmb, 3pZOHOMU Hocmb U 3cmemu -
Hocmb, mexHoAozu Hocmb, YHUcjJUlcaU,Ufl, cmaHoapmU3au,Ufl, nameHmHo-npa808ble
n01('{13ameJlU, 3KOAozu ecKue nOK{J3ameJlU, 6e30nacHocmb, mpaHcnopma6eJlbHOcmb.
TIoKa3areJIeM KaqeCTBa, IIMelOIl(IIM con:mUlbHoe II TeXHIIKO-3KOHOMlI-
qecKoe 3HaqeHIIe, SlBJUIeTCSI HaoeJ#CHocmb.
HaiJe:JICHOCmb - CBOMCTBO o6DeKTa COXpaHSlTh BO BpeMeHII II B YCTaHOB-
JIeHHbIX rrpe.D;eJIax 3HaqeHHSI Bcex rrapaMe'lpOB, xapaI<TepII3yIOIl(MX cnoco6-
HOCTb BbillOJIHSlTh 'lpe6yeMbIe <PYHKIJ:IIII B 3a,n:aHHbIX pe}l(J1Max II YCJIOBHSlX
rrpIIMeHeHHSI, TeXHWIecKoro oOCJlY)KJiBaHIDl, peMOH'ra, xpaHeHIDI II 'lpaHcnop-
TIIpOBaHHSI.
B rpynny nOKa3aTeJIeM HMe.>KHOCTII BXOMT TaKHe xapaKTepIICTIIKH, KaK
oOAZ06e Hocmb, coxpaHJleMOCmb, 6e30mKa3Hocmb, peMOHmOnpUZOOHocmb II .D;p.
Ha MaTepmUlbI pacnpOC'lpaHSlIOTCSI B OCHOBHOM TaKHe nOKa3aTeJIII HMe>K-
HOCTII, KaK .D;OJIroBeqHOCTb II COXpaH5leMOCTb.
J(O/lZ06ertHocmb - CBOMCTBO MaTepHaJIa COXpaHSlTh pa60Tocrroco6HOCTb
.D;O rrpe.D;eJIbHOrO COCTOSlHHSI, KOTopoe onpe.D;emleTCSI CTeneHblO pa3pyrueHIDl,
'l'pe60BaHIDlMH 6e30nacHOCTII HJIII 3KOJIOMlIqeCKHMH coo6pIDKeHHSlMII. TIo-
'I]Je6HTeJIbCKHe CBOMCTBa MarepIIaJIOB, IICnOJIb3yeMbIe MSI ou:eHKH HX .D;OJI-
roBeqHOCTII, MO.>KHO pa3.D;eJIlITb rro o6JIacTII rrpIIMeHeHHSI Ha .D;Be rpynrrbI:
1) CBOMCTBa, n03BOJISIIOIl(IIe ou:eHlITb rrpOqHOCTb, TBep.D;OCTb HJIII II3Me-
HeHIIe <POPMbI II3.D;eJIHSI npII B03.D;eMcTBIIII oKpY>KalOIl(eM Cpe.D;bI (noToKoB
Macc II II3JlyqeHlIM, arpeccIIBHoCTII Cpe.D;bI II T.n.);
2) CBOMCTBa, IICnOJIb3yIOIl(IIecSi MSI ou:eHKH rrOCJIe.ucTBIIM MeXaHIIqecKHx
B03.D;eMCTBIIM Ha rrpOqHOCTHbIe nOKa3aTeJIII MarepmUlOB, B TOM qlICJIe npII
pa3JIlIqHbIX napaMe'lpax OKPY>KaIOIl(eM Cpe,n:bI.
.n:JISI CBOMCTB nepBOM rpynrrbI B HX HalIMeHOBaHlIlI 'lpMIIU:IIOHHO IIC-
nOJIb3yeTCSI CJIOBO «CTOMKOCTb». TaK, MSI ou:eHKH npOqHOCTII npII B03.D;eM-
CTBIIH OKPY>KaIOIl(eM Cpe.D;bI HCnOJIb3yIOTCSI TepMHHbI amMocrjJepo-, c8emo-,
XUMWteCKOJl, paiJuau,UOHHaJl, 8000-, OZHe-, J#Capo-, mepMO-, MOp030-, X/laOO- II .D;p.,
a MSI ou:eHKH TBep.D;OCTII - KpacHocmOUKocmb. ,lJ;.rrSi ou:eHKH cnoco6HOCTII
coxpaHSlTb <popMy npII B03.D;eMCTBIIII OKPY>KaIOIl(eM Cpe.D;bI IICnOJIb3yIOT Tep-
MlIHbI «OZHeynopHocmb» II «meflflocmOUKocmb».
AmMoctjlepocmouKocmb - crroc06HOCTb Ma-repHa.n:a corrpOTHBJUITbCfI pa3py-
rnaIOll.{eMY .n:eMCTBHIO COJIHeqHbIX JIyqeM, .n:O)l(,lJ;51, Mop03a, CHera, BeTpa H .n:pyrHX
aTMoc<l>epHbIx <l>aKTopoB, HarrpHMep ra30B H rrbIJIH, 3arpH3ID1IOll.{HX HIDKHHe
CJIOH aTMoc<l>epbI.
C6emocmoUKocmb - crroc06HoCTb Ma-repHa.n:a coxpaIDITb CBOH <l>H3HKO-XH-
MHqeCKHe cBoifcTBa rro.n: .n:eMCTBHeM CBeTOBbIX JIyqeH.
XUMUfleCKaR cmoiiKocmb - crroc06HOCTb Ma-repHa.n:a COrrpOTHBJUITbCfI B03-
.n:eHCTBHIO KHCJIOT, ll.{eJIO'ieH, paCTBopOB COJIeH H ra30B.
115
He cnoco6HbI COnpOTHBJHIThCfI .n;e:HCTBHIO .n;IDKe CJIa6bIX KHCJIOT Kap60HaT-
HbIe npHpO,ll;HbIe KaMeHHbIe Ma-repHaJIbI - H3BeCTIDlK, MpaMop, .n;OJIOMIIT; He-
CToeK K .n;e:HCTBHIO KOHu:eHTpHpoBaHHbIx Il{eJIo'le:H 6HTYM. HaH60JIee CTO:HKHMH
Ma-repHaJIaMH no OTHOllIeHHIO K .n;e:HCTBHIO KHCJIOT 1'1 Il{eJIO'leM flBmlIOTCfI KepaMH-
'leCKHe Ma-repHaJIbI 1'1 H3.D:eJIHfI, a TalOKe MHome H3.D:eJIHfI Ha OCHOBe IIJIaCTMacc.
PaiJuau,uOHHllR cmouKocmb - CBO:HCTBO Ma-repHaJIa COXpaIDITh CBOH cTpYKTY-
PY 1'1 CBO:HCTBa nOCJIe B03.D:e:HCTBHfI HOHH3HpyIOIl{HX H3JIyq:eHH:H. ]HI cpaBHH-
TeJIbHO:H ou:eHKH HCnOJIb3yeTcH mOIlw.UHa CIlOR nOl108UHHOZO oClla61leHUR, paBHaH
TOJIIl{HHe CJIOfl 3aIl{HTHoro Ma-repHaJIa, He06xo.n;HMO:H ,lLJIfI OCJIa6JIeHHH HHTeH-
CHBHOCTH H3JIyq:eHHfI B .lU3a pa3a.
BoiJocmouKocmb - cnoc06HOCTb MaTepHaJIOB coxpaHHTb Heo6xo.n;HMble
rrpO'lHOCTHbIe CBOMCTBa npH .n;eMCTBHH BO.n;bI. BOlIOCTOMKOCTh MaTepHaJIa xapaK-
-repH3yeTcH K03rjJrjJuu,ueHmOM p03MRZ'leHUR.
K03tjJtjJuu,ueHm pll3M.RZfleHUR - OTHOllIeHHe npO'lHOCTH MaTepHaJIa, HaCbI-
Il{eHHoro BOlIOM, K npO'lHOCTH cyxoro Ma-repHaJIa. Ma-repHaJIbI, y KOropbIX KO-
3CPCP U:HeHT pa3MflNeHHH 60JIbllIe 0,75, Ha3bIBaIOTCfI 8ooocmOUKUMU.
02H.eCmOUKocmb - cnOC06HOCTh Ma-re'pHaJIOB COXpaIDITh He06xolIHMbIe 3KC-
nJIyaTaU:HOHHbIe CBO:HCTBa npH lIe:HCTBHH BbICOKHX -reMnepaTYP, nJIaMeHH H
BOlIbI B YCJIOBHHX nO}l(apa B Te'leHHe onpelIeJIeHHoro BpeMeHH. OHa 3aBHCIIT OT
cropaeMocTH Ma-repHaJIa, T.e. OT ero cnOC06HOCTH BOCnJIaMeIDITbCH H fopeTb, H
BbIpIDKaeTcfI npoH3BelIeHHeM nOTepb MaCCbI Am (MY') Ha nyrI> pacnpocTpaHeHIDI
IIJIaMeHH S (MM), KOTopoe OnpelIeJIHeT CTeneHb cropaHJ.uI OT 0 (nOJIHOCTblO cro-
paeMbIe MaTepHaJIbI) 1I0 5 (HeroplO'lHe Ma-repHaJIbI). .l(JIH H3MepeHHfI :nOM xa-
paKTepHCTHKH 06pa3eu: npHIma,n:blBalOT K paCKaJIeHHOM)' CTep:>KH1O (T= 1223 K)
Ha YCTaHOBJIeHHoe BpeMH, a 3aTeM, 3araCHB CyxHM cnoco60M IIJIaMH, onpe.n;eJIH-
lOT nOTeplO MaCCbI Am. ITyrI> IIJIaMeHH S onpelIellillOT KaK pa3HOCTh Me>I<IIY HC-
XO.n;HO:H ,lLJIHHO:H 06pa3u:a 1'1 ,lLJIHHOM ero 'laCTH, Ha KOTOpOM He 06Hap}'}l(eHo
06yrJIHBaHHfI, OnJIaBJIeHHfI HJIH pa3JIO}l(eHIDI.
ITo OfHeCTO:HKOC'FH Ma-repHaJIbI KJIaCcHcpHWfPyIOTCfI Ha HeczopaeMble, mpyiJ-
HoczopaeMble 1'1 cZOpaeMfJle.
HecropaeMble MaTepmiJIbI no.n; lIe:HCTBHeM OfID! HJIH BbICOKOM -reMnepaTYPbI
He ropHT 1'1 He 06yrJIHBalOTCfI (CTaJIb, 6eTOH, KHpnH'l 1'1 .n;p.). O.n;HaKO He06xo-
lIHMO yq:HTblBaTb, 'lTOHeKOTopble MaTepHaJIbI npH nO}l(ape pacTpecKHBalOTcfI
(rpaHHT) HJIH CHJIbHO lIecpopMHpyIOTCH (MeTaJIJIbI) npH -reMnepaTYPe Ha'lHHaH
c 600°C, n03TOMY KOHCTPYX:U:HH 1'13 nOlI06HbIX MaTepHaJIOB npHXOlIHTCfI 3a-
Il{HIl{aTb 60JIee OfHeCTO:HKHMH MaTepHaJIaMH. TpYlIHocropaeMble MaTepHaJIbI
(accpaJIbT06eTOH, cpH6pOJIIIT, HeKoropble neHOIIJIaCTbI 1'1 .n;p.) no.n; B031Ie:HCTBHeM
OfHH HJIH BbICOKO:H TeMnepaTYPbI TJIeIOT, HO nOCJIe npeKpaIl{eHIDI .n;eMCTBHSI
OrHfI HX ropeHHe 1'1 TJIeHHe npeKpaIl{aIOTCH. CropaeMbIe (KaK npaBHJIO, opraHH-
'leCKHe) MaTepHaJIbI ropHT OTKpbITbIM IIJIaMeHeM 1'1 npOlIOJI}I(alOT ropeTb nOCJIe
YlIaJIeHHH HCTO'lHHKa orHH.
)/(apocmOUKOcmb - 1) ,lLJI5I MeTaJIJIH'leCKHX MaTepHaJIOB TO }l(e, 'ITO }JGlpo-
ynopHocTb, OKaJIHHOCTO:HKOCTb - cnoc06HOCTb npOTHBOCTOHTb XHMH'IeCKOMY
pa3PYIIIeHHIO nOBepXHOCTH nOlI .n;e:HCTBHeM B03.n;yxa HJIH lIpyroM OKHCJIH-reJIbHOM
ra30BO:H cpelIbI npH BbICOKHX TeMnepaTYPax; 2) ,lLJIH .n;pyrnx KOHCTpy:Kl{HOHHbIX
116
II..
MaTepmUlOB (HanpMMep, 6eTOHa) - cnOC06HOCTb coxpaIDlTb RJIM JIMllib He3Ha-
'iJITeJIbHO M3MeWITb MeXaHlf1IeCKHe CBO:HCTBa npM BbICOKHX TeMnepaTYPax.
.lLrrH 'iyryHOB, CTeKOJI M KepaMlf1IeCKHX M3.n:eJIM:H (rnaBHbIM 06pa30M ome-
ynOpHbIX) MCnOJIb3yeTcH nOIDITMe mepMocmouKocmb.
TepMocmoiiKocmb (mepMUlieCKaR cmoiiKocmb) - cnOC06HOCTb xpynKHx MaTe-
pMaJIOB npOTMBOCTOHTb, He pa3pyrnMCb, TepMM'ieCKHM HanpIDKeHMHM. TepMO-
CTO:HKOCTb onpell,eJIHeTCH nepena,n:OM TeMnepaTYP npM 3aKaJlKe .n:o KOMHaTHO:H
TeMnepaTYPbI, npM KOTOpOM ell{e He HaCTYIIaeT pa3pyrneHMe MaTepMaJIa, RJIH
'iMCJIOM TeTIJIOCMeH (IJ;MKJIOB HarpeBa M OXJIa:>K.l(eHMH), Bbl.l(ep:>KHBaeMbIX 06pa3-
IJ;OM (M3.n:eJIMeM) .n:o nOHBJIeHMH Tpell{MH.
Mop030cmoiiKocmb - CBO:HCTBO HaCbIll{eHHoro BO.n:O:H MaTepMaJIa Bbl.l(ep:>KH-
BaTb MHoroKpaTHoe 'iMCJIO IJ;MKJIOB nonepeMeHHoro 3aMopIDKHBaHMH M OTIalfBa-
HlfH 6e3 BH.D.MMbIX npM3HaKOB pa3pyrneHMH M 6e3 3Ha'iMTeJIbHoro nOHM:>KeHMH
npo'iHOCTM. MOP030CTO:HKOCTb MaTepMaJIa KOJIM'ieCTBeHHO OIJ;eHMBaeTCH MapKO:H
no MOp030CTO:HKOCm (HanplfMep, F 50). 3a MapKY MaTepMaJIa no MOp030CTO:H-
Kocm npMHMMaIOT HaM60JIbIlIee 'iMCJIO IJ;MKJIOB nonepeMeHHoro 3aMopIDKHBa-
HMH M OTIaMBaHMH, KOTopoe Bbl.l(ep:>KHBaIOT 06pa3IJ;bI MaTepMaJIa 6e3 CHM:>KeHMH
npO'iHOCTM Ha C:>KaTMe 60JIee 15%; 06pa3IJ;bI nOCJIe MCnblTaHM:H He .n:OJI:>KHbI
IfMeTb BH.D.MMbIX nOBpe)l{.l(eHM:H - Tpell{MH, BbIKpalliMBaHMH (nOTepH MaCCbI He
60JIee 5%). OT MOpo30CTO:HKOCTIf 3aBMCMT .n:OJIroBe'iHOCTb CTpOMTeJIbHbIX MaTe-
pMaJIOB B KOHCTpy MHX, nO.l(BepraIOIl.{JfXCH .n:e:HCTBMIO aTMoccpepHbIx cpaKTOpOB
M BO.n:bI.
XAaiJocmoiiKocmb - cnOC06HOCTb BbICOKOnOJIMMepHbIX MaTepMaJIOB npom-
BOCTOHTb HM3KHM TeMnepaTYPaM. 3a XJIa,n:OCTO:HKOCTb npMHMMaeTCH O'rpMIJ;aTeJIb-
HM TeMnepaTYPa, npM KOTOpO:H nOCJIe YCTaHOBJIeHHoro BpeMeHM Bbl.l(ep:>KKM Ha
06pa3IJ;ax MaTepMaJIa nOHBJIHIOTCH npM3HaKH MeXaHM'ieCKoro pa3pyrneHMH (Tpe-
ll{MHbI M .n:p.).
KpacnocmoiiKocmb - cnOC06HOCTb CIlJIaBa coxpaHHTb npM HarpeBe .n:o TeM-
nepaTYP KpacHoro KaJIeHMH (06bI'iHO 600...650°C) BbICOKYIO TBep.n:OCTb M M3-
HOCOCTO:HKOCTb. IToBbIIlIeHHaH KpaCHOCTO:HKOCTb - xapaKTepHoe CBO:HCTBO
MHCTpYMeHTaJIbHbIX CTaJIe:H.
OmeynopllOCmb - cnOC06HOCTb HeKOTOpbIX MaTepMaJIOB (rnaBHbIM 06Pa30M or-
HeynopoB) npOTIfBOCTOHTb, He paCIlJIaBJIAACb 11 He .n:ecpopMMPYHCb, BO e:HCTBMIO
BbICOKHX TeMnepaTYP (OT 1580"C M BbIllIe). MaTepMaJIbI no creneHM omeynop-
HOCTH no.n:pa3.n:ellilIOT Ha oZHeynopHble (OT 1580°C), mYZ011.lla8Kue (1350...1580°C) M
lleZK011.llQ6KUe (MeHee 1350°C).
Omeynopbl - MaTepMaJIbI If M3.n:eJIMH npeMMYJI.{eCTBeHHO M3 MMHepaJIbHoro
CbIpbH, 06JIa,n:aIOll{Me omeynopHocTbIO He HIDKe 1580°C. Pa3JIM'iaIOT M3.n:eJIMH
oZHeynopHble (omeynopHOCTb 1580...1770°C), 6blCoKoozHeynopHble (1770...2000°C)
If 6blcUleu oZHeynopHOcmu (cBbIllie 2000°C). ITpMMeHHIOTCH,WIH KJIa,LUGf npoMbIIlI-
JIeHHbIX ne'ie:H, nOJIyqeHMH M TIJIaBKH MeTaJIJIOB B MeTaJIJIyprMM (OKOJIO 60%
nOTpe6JIeHMH orHeynopoB), nOJIyqeHMH KOKca, npM 06:>KHre IJ;eMeHTa, B ::mepre-
TIf1IeCKHX YCTaHOBKax, TonKax If .n:pymx TeIlJIOTeXHM'ieCKHX arperaTax.
.lLrrH BbICOKOMOJIeKYJIHpHbIX nOJIMMepHbIX MaTepMaJIOB onpe.n:eJIHeTCH me11.llo-
cmouKocmb. Te1I.iIocmoiiKocmb xapaKTepM3YIOT TeMnepaTYP<>:H, npM KOTOpO:H Ha-
CT)'rraeT ew:e .n:orrYCTMMoe MH .n:aHHoro M3.n:eJIMH M3MeHeHMe cpOpMbI.
117
001pe6IITeJIbCKIIe cBoifcTBa MaTepIIaJIOB BTOpOH rpynnbI rr03BOJISIIOT
,lJ;aTb Ou:eHKY HX pa60TbI B YCJIOBHSIX, MaKCIIMaJIbHO rrpII6JIIDKeHHbIX K YCJIO-
BRSlM 3KcIUIyaTaUIIII, T.e. C yqeToM pa3JIWIHOrO pO,lJ;a MeXaHHqeCKHX B03-
,lJ;eHCTBIIH Ha HIIX, B TOM qIICJIe B arpeCCIIBHbIX Cpe,lJ;ax. Cpe,lJ;II TaKIIX
CBOHCTB - pe.JlaKCal{UJl HanpJlJICeHUU, nOJl3Y"leCmb, ycmaJlOCmb, 8blHOCJlU8OCmb.
DOJIbllIoe 3HaqeHMe HMelOT TalGfe XapaKTepIICTIIIGI rrmpe6JITeJIbCKMX CBOMCTB,
KaK JlCU8Y"leCmb, iJJzUme.JlbHGJl npO"lHOCmb, JlCapOnpO"lHOCmb, uCmUpaeMOCmb II
COXpaHfleMOCmb.
Pe.JlaKCaI{UR HanpH3ICeHUii - npou;ecc YMeHbIlIeHI1J1 BO BpeMeHH HanpIDKemrn
,n:e<p0pMHpyeMoro MaTepHaJIa B pe3YJIbTaTe nepexo,n:a ynpyroM ,n:e<p0pMaI.{HH B
nJIaCTHqeCKYIO npH YCJIOBHH nOCTOflHCTBa 06me:H ,n:e<pOpMaU;HH. MeXaHH3M pe-
JIaKCaUHH MO:>KeT 6bITb ,n:HCJIOKaU;HOHHbIM, ,n:H<P<PY3HOHHbIM H CMeIlIaHHbIM
npH COBMeCTHOM pa3BHTHH npOu;eCCOB ,n:BH:>KeHHfI ,n:HCJIOKaUHM H ,n:H<P<PY3HH
aTOMOB. PeJIaKCaU;HfI HanpIDKeHH:H Ha6JIIO,n:aeTCfI, HanpHMep, B npe.ll:BapHTeJIb-
HO Hanpfl:>KeHHO:H apMaTYPe B nepHO,n: H3rOTOBJIeHHfI :>KeJIe306eTOHHb KOH-
CTpYKU;H:H .
IIoA3Y'1ecmb - Me,lLJIeHHasI HenpepbIBHasI TIJIaCTHqeCKasI ,n:e<PoPMaU;HfI MaTe-
pHaJIOB no,n: ,n:e:HCTBHeM nOCTOflHHO:H HarpY3KH HJIH MeXaHHqeCKHX mmpIDKeHH:H.
ITO,n: ,n:eMCTBHeM ,lLJIHTeJIbHO npHJIO:>KeHHO:H HarpY3KH MO:>KeT pa3BHBaThCfI 3HaqH-
TeJIbHasI ,n:e<pOpMaU;HfI, HanpHMep, HeCyru,e:H KOHCTp)'Kll:HH, a HHor,n:a H ee pa3pY-
IlIeHHe.
ITOJI3yqeCTH B TO:H HJIH HHO:H Mepe no,n:Bep:>KeHbI Bce TBep.zu,Ie TeJIa - KaK
KpHCTaJIJIHqeCKHe, TaK H aMop<pHbIe, nO.ll:BeprHyrbIe JII060MY BH.lI:Y HarpyxeHHH.
ITOJI3yqeCTh MO:>KeT peaJIH30BaTbCfI OT KpHoreHHbIX TeMnepaTYP ,n:o TeMnepaTYP,
6JIH3KHX K TeMnepaTYPaM TIJIaBJIeHHfI. TaK, B MeTaJIJIax HaH60JIee CHJIbHbI:H 3<p-
<p eKT nOJI3yqeCTH Ha6JIIO,n:aeTCfI npH TeMnepaTYPe, paBHO:H 0,4 TIIiI' IToCKOJIbK)'
,n:e<p0pMaUHH H nOJI3yqeCTh YBeJIHqHBaIOTCfI C B03paCTaHHeM TeMnepaTYPbI, TO
HX Bpe,n:HbIe nOCJIe,n:CTBHH oc06eHHO npOHBJIHIOTCfI npH nOBbIIlIeHHb TeMnepa-
TYPax. MexaHH3M nOJI3yqecTH: CKOJIb:>KeHHe ,n:HCJIOKaU;H:H H HanpaBJIeHHasI ,n:H<p-
<PY3HH.
ITOJI3yqecTb onHCbIBaeTCH KPU60U nOJ/.3y'tecmu (pHC. 35), KOTOpasI npe,n:CTaB-
JIHeT c060:H 3aBHCHMOCTb ,n:e<PoPMaU;HH OT BpeMeHH npH nOCTOflHHb TeMnepa-
TYPe H npHJIO:>KeHHO:H HarpY3Ke (HJIH l{anpIDKeHHH). KpHBasI nOJI3yqecTH HMeeT
o,n:HHaKOBbI:H BH.lI: ,lLJIfI IlIMpOKOro Kpyra MaTepHaJIOB - MeTaJIJIOB H CTIJIaBOB,
i
i
BpeMR
118
PHC. 35. KpU6aJl nOJ/.3)l'tecmu:
AB - Y'tacmOiC HeycmaHo6U6WeUCJI (UAU 3amyxalO-
U{eu) nOJl3Y'tecmu (I cmaiJuJ/); BC - Y'tacmOiC
ycmaHo6u6weucJ/ nOJl3Y'tecmu - iJeqJOpMau,uu,
uiJyU{eu c nocmOJ/HHOU CKopocmblO (II cmaiJuJ/);
CD - Y'iaCmOK YCKopeHHou nOJl3)J'iecmu (III cma-
iJuJ/); Eo - iJerjJopMau,UJ/ 6 MOMeHm npUAOJICeHUJ/
HaZp)13KU; mO'iKa D - MOMeHm pa3pyweHUJ/
MOHHbIX KpMCTaJIJIOB, rrOJIyrrpOBO.n:HMKOB, rrOJIMMepOB, JII>.n:a M .n:pyrMx TBep-
.n:bIX TeJI.
ITOJI3y'IeCTh XapaKTepM3yeTcfI npeiJeJlOM nOJl3y'tecmu, T.e. BeJIIf1IMHO:H MlITeJIb-
HO .n:e:HCTBYIOll{ero HarrpIDKeHIDI, KOTOpoe npM .n:aHHO:H TeMrrepaTYPe BbI3bIBaeT
3a,n,aHHyIO CKOpOCTh .n:e<pOpMaQMM. BeJIMqMHa 3a,n:aHHO:H CKOpOCTM .n:e<pOpMaQMM
rrpM orrpe.n:eJIeHMM rrpen;eJIa rrOJI3yqeCTI1 orrpe.n:eJIfleTCfI CpoKOM CJI)')K6bI M3.n:eJIMfI,
KOTOpIilli: MO)f(eT KOJIe6aThCfI B OqeHb llIHpOKOM JUfarra30He. ITpe.n:eJIbI rrOJI3y'IeCTI1,
orrpe.n:eJIeHHbIe rrpM pa3HbIX TeMrrepaTYPax, n03BOJIflIOT KOHCTpYKTOPy MMeTh
MCXO.ll:HbIe .n:aHHbIe Mfl paCqeTa .n:eTaJIe:H MallIMH M YCTaHOBOK, rrO.ll:Bep:>KeHHbIX
O.n:HOBpeMeHHOMY MMTeJIbHOMY B03.n:e:HCTBMIO HarrpIDKeHM:H M reMrrepaTYP.
YCmQ./lOCmb - rrpoQecc nOCTerreHHOro HaKOI1JIeHMfI rrOBpe:>I<D;eHM:H rro.n: .n:e:H-
CTBMeM QMKJIMqeCKIiX HarrpIDKeHM:H, rrpMBO.n:flll{M:H K YMeHbllIeHMIO CpOKa CJI)')K-
6bI, 06pa30BaHMIO Tpell{MH M pa3pYIIIeHMIO. IIpeiJeJl ycmOJlocmu - HaM60JIblllee
mmpIDKeHMe, KOTOpoe Bb:r,n:ep:>KMBaeT MarepMaJI 6e3 pa3pYIIIeHMfI npM rrOBTOpe-
HMM 3apaHee 3a,lJ,aHHoro qMCJIa WfKJIOB rrepeMeHHbIX HarpY30K. qacTHbIM CJIyqaeM
YCTaJIOCTM flBJHleTCfI KOpp03UOHHOJl ycmOJlOCmb.
KOPp03UOHHOJI ycmQ./lOCmb - rrOHIDKeHMe rrpe.n:eJIa BblHOCJIMBOCTM MeTaJIJIa
HlIM CI1JIaBa rrpM O.n:HOBpeMeHHOM B03.n:e:HCTBMM QMKJIMqeCKHX rrepeMeHHbIX Ha-
npIDKeHM:H M KOPp03MOHHO:H Cpe.n:bI.
&1HOC/IU8OCmb - crroc06HocTh MarepMaJIa corrpornBJHlThCfI YCTaJIOCTM. BbIHOC-
JIMBOCTh orrpe.n:eJUIeTCfI rrpM ,WIMreJIbHOM B03.n:e:HCTBMM Ha MarepMaJI UMKJIlf1IeCKIiX
ffimpIDKeHM:H. IToKa3aTeJIeM BbIHOCJIMBOCTI1 HBJIfleTCH npeiJeJl 6blHOC/lU60CmU.
l1peiJeA 6blHOC/lU6ocmU cr R - HaM60nblllee 3HaqeHMe MaKCMMaJIbHOro HarrpIDKe-
HID!: QMKJIa, rrpM .n:e:HCTBMM KOTOporo He rrpOMCXOJUfT YCTaJIOCTHOro pa3pYIIIeHIDI
rrOCJIe rrpOM3BOJIbHO 60JIblllOro MJIM 3a.n;aHHoro UHKJIOB Harp)')KeHM:H. ITpe.n:eJI
BbIHOCJIMBOCTM orrpe.n:eJIflIOT no qMCJIy UMKJIOB Harp)')KeHM:H .n:o rrOJIHoro pa3pY-
llIeHMH MaTepMaJIa HlIM M3.n:eJIMH.
ITpe.n:eJI BblHOCJIMBOCTI1 XapaKTepM3YeT .n:OJIroBeqHOCTh MaTepMaJIa. OH 3aBMCMT
OT COCTaBa, CTpYKTYPbI M COCTOflHMfI nOBepXHOCTI1 MarepMaJIa, a TaIOKe qaCTOTbI
QMKJIOB Harp)')KeHH:H, reMrrepaTYPbI M .n:pyrnx <pM3MKO-XHMMqeCKHX oc06eHHOCTe:H
OKp)')KaIOll{e:H cpe.n:bl.
)f(u8Yllecmb - BpeMfI cYll{eCTBOBaHMfI H3n;eJIMH OT MOMeHTa 3apO:>I<D;eHMfI
nepBO:H MMKpOCKOrrMqeCKO:H Tpell{MHbI YCTaJIOCTM pa3MepoM 0,5-1,0 MM .n:o
OKOH'iaTeJIbHoro pa3pYIIIeHMfI. )l(wByqecTb xapaKTepM3yeT Ha,n:e:>KHOCTh MarepMa-
JIa rrpH WfKJIMqeCKOM Harp)')KeHMM.
KOJIMqeCTBeHHO :>KHByqecTb M3.n:eJIMH 13 KOHCTp}'KL(MM oueHMBaeTCfI K03rjxjJU-
l{UeHmOM p = 1 - 't o !-r pa3 , r.n:e 'to M 't PIl3 - COOTBeTCTBeHHO rrpo.n:OJI:>KMTeJIbHOCTb
3KCI1JIyaTaUMM H3n;eJIMH.n:0 rrOHBJIeHMH Tpell{MH M.n:O pa3PYIIIeHMH, p = 0,1...0,9.
J/;luml!.lJbHOJI npOIlHocmb - cnoc06HocTh MaTepMaJIa pa3pYIIIaTbCH He T()Tqac
nOCJIe rrpHlIO:>KeHMfI HarpY3KM, a rro MCTeqeHMM HeKoTOporo BpeMeHM. HBJIeHMe
MMTeJIbHO:H npoqHOCrn rr03BOJIHeT MCnOJIb30BaTh KOHCTPYI<UMOHHbI:H MaTepMaJI
B re'leHMe orpaHM'leHHOro (MO:>KeT 6bITh, OqeHb KOpOTKOro, HO .n:OCTaTOqHoro
MH BbillOJIHeHMH 3a,lJ,aHHO:H <PYHKQMM) BpeMeHM rrpM 60JIbllIMX HarpY3Kax, CY-
ll{eCTBeHHO rrpeBbIllIaIOll{.HX Harpy3KM, .n:orrYCTMMbIe rrpM MMTeJIbHO:H 3KCI1JIya-
Tamrn, a TaIOKe onpen;eJIMTh BpeMH 6e30rracHoro <PYHKQMOHMpOBaHMfI (pecypca)
KOHCTp}'KL(MM. IIpeiJeJl iJAumeJlbHOU npO'tHocmu (fOCT 10145-81) - 3'1'0 HaM-
119
60JIbllIee HarrpIDKeHMe, BbI3blBalOll.{ee pa3PYllIeHHe MaTepHaJIa 3a onpe.n:eJIeHHOe
BpeMH npH nOCToHHHoit TeMnepaT}'Pe.
JKaponpo'lHOCmb - CnOC06HOCTb KOHCTp)'Kll:HOHHbIX MaTepHaJIOB (rmlBHbIM
06pa30M MeTaJIJIHqeCKHX) BbI,l(ep:XGfBaTb 6e3 Cyru,eCTBeHHbIX .n:e<pOpMaIIH:H MeXa-
HHqeCKHe HarpY3KH npH BbICOKHX TeMnepaT}'Pax. Onpe.n:eJIHeTCH KOMrmeKCOM
CBO:HCTB: COnpOTHBJIeHHeM nOJl3y'Iecm, .LLJIHTeJIbHO:H npO'lHOCTblO H )l(apOCTO:H-
KOCTblO.
HCmupaeMOCmb OueHHBalOT nOTepe:H nepBOHaqaJIbHO:H MaCCbI 06pa3ua, OT-
HeceHHoit K rmOll.{a.LUf nOBepXHOCTH HCTHpaHHH.
. CoxpaHJIeMOCmb - CBO:HCTBO MaTepHaJIa COXpaIDITb o6YCJIOBJIeHHbIe 3KclUIyaTa-
UHOHHbIe nOKa3aTeJIH B TeqeHHe H nOCJIe cpOKa XpaHeHlliI. H TpaHCnOp1'HpOBaHIDl,
YCTaHOBJIeHHoro TeXHHqeCKO:H .n:OK}'MeHTaIIHe:H. COXpaHHeMOCTb KOJIH'IeCTBeHHO
OueHHBalOT BpeMeHeM XpaHeHHH H TpaHCnOprnpOBaHHH .n:O B03HHKHOBeHHH He-
COOTBeTCTBHH nO'rpe6HTeJIbCKHM 'rpe60BaHHHM.
TI01pe6IITeJIbCIrne CBOHCTBa Hepe.n;KO HaxO,WITCSI B IIpOTI1.BOpeqIIII C TeX-
HOJIOrnqeCIrnMII CBOHCTBaMII. TaK, HanpIIMep, 60JIee npOqHbIe MaTepHaJIbI
MeHee TeXHOJIOrnqHbI, lpy.n;Hee o6pa6aTblBaIOTCSI npH pe3aHHII, XOJIO.n;HOH
06'beMHOH lllTaMnOBKe, CBapKe H .n;p. PemeHIIe npII BbI60pe MaTepHaJIa
06bIQHO OCHOBbIBaeTCSI Ha KOMTIpOMIICCe nOlpOOIITeJIbCIGIX II TeXHOJIOrn-
qeCIrnX lpe60BaHliH.
1.10. Cnoco6bI B0311,eHCTBHH
Ha CBoHcTBa Bem;eCTB H MaTepHaJIOB
J'pe6yeMbIe CBOHCTBa MaTepIIaJIOB, HalIpIIMep nOBbImeHIIe npOqHOCTII
MeTaIDIOB, B llH)KeHepHoR npaKTHKe 06eCneQllBaIOTCSI C03.n;aHHeM COOTBeT-
CTByroI.U;HX XHMIIQeCIrnX KOMTI03IIU:IIH II npIIMeHeHIIeM' pa3JIIIQHbIX cnoco-
60B o6pa6oTKH MareplIaJIOB.
06pa6omKa MamepUaA06 - .n;eHcTBIIe, HanpaBJIeHHOe Ha II3MeHeHIIe
CBOHCTB npe.n;MeTa lpy.n:a npII BbIITOJIHeHl:{II TeXHOJIOrIIQeCKoro npol.{ecca.
K HaH60JIee pacnpOClpaHeHHbIM cnoco6aM o6pa6OTKH OTHOCSlTCSI MexaHII-
qeCKIDI II repMHqeCKIDI o6pa60TKH MaTepIIaJIOB.
1.10.1. B3aHMocBH3b XHMH1JeCKOrO cocraBa
co CBOHCTBaMH BemeCTB H MaTepHaJIOB
TIoHSlTIIe «uOeaJlbHO Itucmoe eeU(ecmeo» IIMeeT TaKOH >Ke a6ClpaKTHbIH
xapaKTep, KaK a6COJIIOTHbIH HYJIb TeMTIepaTYPbI RJIII CKOpOCTb CBeTa.
HiJeQ./lbHO 'Iucmoe 8ew,ecm80 - <pH3H'IeCKH H XHMH'IeCKH o,lumpo.lJ:HbI:H 3JIe-
MeHT MJIH XHMH'IeCKOe coe.n:HHeHHe, CQCTOHll.{He H3 onpelIeJIeHHoro BH.ZJ:a aTOMOB
MJIH MOJIeKYJI H 06JIa,n:aIOll.{He TOJIbKO HM npHcyru,HM KOMrmeKCOM nOCTOHHHbIX
CBO:HCTB.
120
..
lJucmble 6eU4ecm6a - 3T0 TaKHe, B KOTOpbIX cO.n;ep)l(aHHe npHMeCell Ha-
XO.n;HTCH Ha ypOBHe 10- 6 ...10- 7 % (no Macce), a C}'MMa OCTaJIbHbIX npHMecell
MeHee 10- 3 ...10- 4 % (no Macce). TaKHe BemeCTBa BXO.n;SlT B KJIacc oc06o 'iUC-
mblX eeU{ecme (OCQ).
B MapKHpOBKY oc060, qHCTbIX BemeCTB nOMHMO HaHMeHOBaHH5I MapKH
(OCq) BXO,WlT ,nBe QH«}>pbI. IIepBM 0603HaqaeT KOJIHqeCTBO JIHMHTHpyeMblx
npHMeceH, a BTOpM - nOKa3aTeJIb 01'pHQaTeJIbHOH CTeneHH HX C}'MMbI, Bblpa-
xeHHOH B npOQeHTax no Macce. HarrpHMep, OCq -11-4 xapaKTepH3yeT MapKY
00060 qHCTOro BeIl{ecTBa, B KOTOpOM C}'MMa O.l{HHHa,aQaTH JIHMHTHpyeMbIX npH-
MeceH MeHee 10- 4 % (no Macce). tLrr5I oco60 qHCTbIX BemeCTB, B KOTOpbIX orpa-
HHqHBaIOT co,nepxaHHe npHMeceH TOJIbKO OpraHHqeCKHX BeIl{eCTB, MapKY OCq
,nonOJIIDIIOT 6}'KBaMH «on» (opraHHqeCKHe npHMeCH) C UH«}>POH (qepe3 THpe),
0603HaqaIOmeH nOKa3aTeJIb 01'pHQaTeJIbHOH CTeneHH HX C}'MMbI. HanpHMep,
on-3 OCq xaprocrepH3yeT MapKY oc060 qHCTOro BemeCTBa, B KOTOpOM C}'MMap-
Hoe co,nepxaHHe OpraHHqeCKHX npHMeceH MeHee 10- 3 % (no Macce). HaKOHeu,
eCJIH B oc060 qHCTOM BeIl{eCTBe orpaHHqHBaIOT co,nepxaHHe npHMeceH 06eHX
rpynn, TO MapKHpOBKa ero 6y,neT on-3 OCq-1l-4, T.e. ,naHHoe BemeCTBO co,nep-
}l(JfT MeHee 10- 3 % (no Macce) OpraHHqeCKHX npHMeceH H C}'MMa .0,nHHHa,auaTH
JIHMHrnpyeMbIX HeOpnUmqeCKHX BeIl{eCTB He npeBbIllIaeT 10- 4 % (no Macce).
IIoJIyrrpOBOJUfHKH, KOTopble no ypoBmo qHCTOTbI TaIOKe MOIyr 6bITh OTHeCeHbI
K KJIaccy 00060 qHCTbIX BeIl{eCTB, 6JIaro,nap5I cneUH«}>HKe npHMeHeHH5I BbI.D:eJIeHbI
B oT,neJIbHbIH KJIacc nOJIyrrpoBO.lUllfKOBbIX BeIl{eCTB co CBoeH KJIaCcH«}>HKaUHeH H
MapKHpoBKoH.
tLrr5I >KIf.Z{KocTeH, npHMeIDIeMbIX npH 3KCnJIyaTaUHH, H3roTOBJIeHHH H pe_
MORTe MallIHH, YC1'pOHCTB H ,neTaJIeH MallIHH (pa60qHe JKH1IKOCTH m,npaBJIHqe-
CKHX CHCTeM npHBo,na H yrrpaBJIeHH5I MallIHH, CMa30qHble MaCJIa, CMa30qHO-
OXJIaJI<lJ,aIOIl{He >KIf.Z{KOCTH, >KIf.Z{KHe TOIIJIHBa, MOIOIl{He paCTBopbI, pacTBOpHTeJIH
H ,np.) YCTaHOBJIeHbI KJIaCCbI qHCTOTbI (fOCT 17216-71) no qHCJIy qaCTHu
3arp5I3HeHHH B 06beMe }f(H.l{KOCTH: 00, 0, 1, ..., 16, 17.
CBOllCTBa qJfCThIX Bell{eCTB YHHKaJIbHbI H pe3KO MeHSIIOTCH npH HaJIWlHH
}')ICe He60JIbllIoro KOJIHqeCTBa I1pHMecell (pHC. 36).
O.n;HH H3 maBHbIX nyre:H C03.n;aHHSI MaTepHaJIOB C 3a,LJ:aHHbIMH CBOllCTBa-
MH - 3TO H3MeHeHHe XHMHqeCKOro COCTaBa. O.n;HaKo .n;o HaCTOHll{ero Bpe-
MeHM 061l\HX 3aKOHOMepHOCTe:H, 0c06eHHO MSI MHoroKOMITOHeHTHbIX CHCTeM,
B eJIOM He BbISlBJIeHO. 3aBHCHMOCTb Me)lQ];Y XHMHqeCKHM COCTaBOM, CTp}'K-
rypO:H H xapaKTepOM .n;HarpaMM COCTOHHHSI BnepBbIe YCTaHOBIDI aKa.n;eMHK
H.C. KypHaKOB. TaK, MeXaHHqecKHe (HanpHMep, TBep.n;OCTh) H <pH3HqeCKHe
::BO:HCTBa CIIJIaBOB, 3aTBep.n;eBaIOll{HX comaCHO .n;HarpaMMe COCTOHHHSI 6e3
B3aHMHO:H paCTBOpHMOCTH KOMnOHeHTOB B TBep.n;OM COCTOHHHH (pHC. 37, a),
1f3MeHSlIOTCSI no 3MHTHBHOM)' 3aKoHY. <I>H3HQeCKaH Cy:r.u:HOCTb 3aKOHa aiJiJu-
'1IU6HOCmu COCTOHT B TOM, QTO BKJIa,LJ: KIDK;IJ,Oll <Pa3bI B BeJIHQHHY CBOllCTBa
;MeCH onpe.n;eJISIeTCH CBO:HCTBOM 3T0:H <Pa3bI II ee .n;OJIell B CMeCH.
121
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40
30
c:.
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:n
........... JAg
\
'1\ \ R ::---...
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- -
:;-Ni
'\ .]-1. I'Zn
.......... n n
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26%
PHC. 36. H3MeHeHue 3/leKmpOnpo6ooHocmu Meou 6 306UCUMocmu om KO/lUlteCm60
npUMeceu
t: Q t, t,@ t,oo
[t:j LJ lLW LtUJ
HB liB liB HB
;IIB:
AII
p P P p
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%8 %8 %8 %8
PHC. 37. 306ucUMocmb MeJICoy munOM OUOi!pOMMbl cocmORHWI Cn/10606 U we C60U-
cm6OMU:
a, 6, 6, i! - munbl iJuai!pl1MM; HE - m6epiJocmb; p - n01C03ameJlb tPu3UlteCICUX C60ucme
ECJIH B CTIJIaBaX o6pa3yeTc$I HenpepbIBHbIM PM TBep.n;bIX paCTBOpOB, TO
cBoMcrna H3MeHSlIOTC$I no KpHBOJIHHeMHOM 3aBHCHMocrn (pHC. 37, 6). B CHC-
TeMe CTIJIaBOB C orpaHHQeHHOM paCTBOpHMOCTbIO KOMnOHeHTOB (pHC. 37, e)
H B CJIyqae 06pa30BaHHSI XHMMQeCKoro coe.n;HHeHHSI (pHC. 37, 2) CBOMCTBa
H3MeHSIIOTC$I B COOTBeTCTBHH C npHHMJIe)I(HOCTblO TOM rum HHOM QaCTH
.n;HarpaMMbI K COOTBeTCTByIOw:eMY rnny.
1.10.2. MeXaHH'IeCKaH o6pa6oTKa
1.10.2.1. 06U(ue ceeaeHwl
Ih.n;eJIHSI 'rpe6yeMbIx <pOPM, pa3MepoB H CBOMCTB nOJIyq:aIOT H3 pa3JIMQ-
HOro po.n;a CTIJIaBOB, KaK npaBl1JIO, npHMeHIDI MeXaHU'ieCKYIO o6pa60mKY.
MeXtlHUlleCKaR oopaoomKa - o6pa60mKa aa6/leHUeM IDIH pe3aHueM.
122
IIIiI
06paOomKa Oa6AeUUeM - 06pa60TKa, 3aKJIIOqaIOW:aSIC$I B TIJIaCrnqeCKOM
.n;e<}>opMHpOBaHHH rum pa3.n.eJIeHHH MarepmUIa, rrpHqeM pa3.n.eJIeHHe Mare-
pHaJIa .n;aRJIeHHeM rrpoHcxo.n;HT 6e3 06pa30BaHHSI C'rp}')KKM. TIpHMeHSIIOT KaK
066eMHJ'IO, TaK H noeepXHocmHYIO 06pa60TI<y .n;aRJIeHHe . K 06'beMHbIM BH':'
.n;aM 06pa6OTKH .n;aRJIeHHeM OTHOCSlTC'sI npOKamKa, eOIlOqeHUe, utmaMnOeKa,
npeccoeaHue H KoeKa, a K rrOBepXHOCTHbIM - ap06ecmpyuHbtU HaKJlen, HaKa-
mbteaHue CmQJlbHblM utapUKOM, l{eHmpo6eJICHO-utapUKOebtU HaKJlen, aJlMa3HOe
ebtZllaJICUeaHUe H .n;p. OCHOBHa51 u:eJIb rrOCJIe.n;HeM ,- ynpOqHeHHe rrOBepx-
Hocrn.
llpoKamICa - o6.>Kanle MaTepHaJIa, B OCHOBHOM MeTaJIJIa, Me:>I<D:Y Bpall{aIO-
ll{HMHC BaJIKaMH C YMeHbllIeHHeM HCXO.n:HOro CeqeHH 3aroTOBKH, YBeJIHqeHH-
eM ee MHHbI 1'1 «}>OPMHp0B<iHHeM rrpO«}>IDI , COOTBeTCTBYIDll{ero «}>opMe BaJIKOB,
eCJIH rrOCJIe.n:HHe HerJIa,n:KHe. Crroco60M rrpOKaTKM rrOJIyqaIOT 60JIbllIHHCTBO
CTpOHTeJIbHbIX H3l(eJIHH: 6aJIKH, peJIbCbI, JIHCTOByIO 1'1 rrpyrKOByIO CTaJIb, apMaTYPY,
Tpy6bI.
BOJlollenue - rrpOT rHBaHHe 3arOTOBKH qepe3 OTBepCTHe, CeqeHHe KOTOpOro
MeHbllIe CeqeHIDI 3arOTOBKH.
IIImaMn06Ka - Bb:r.n;aBJIHBaHHe MaTepHaJIa, rrpH KOTOpOM «}>opMa 1'1 pa3MepbI
H3l(eJIH orrpe.n:eJI IOTC KOH«}>HrypaI.{HeM HHCTpYMeHTa (IliTaMrra). IIlTaMrroBKa
rr03BOJI eT nOJIytIHTb H3.n:eJIH OqeHb TOqHbIX pa3MepOB.
/lpecc06anue - Bb:r.n;aBJIHBaHMe (3KCTpy.n:HpOBaHHe) MaTepHaJIa 1'13 3aMKHyroM
rrOJIOcrn KOHTeHHepa qepe3 KaHaJI MaTpHUbI, Q>opMa 1'1 pa3MepbI KOTOpOro orrpe-
.n:emlIOT CeqeHMe rrpeccyeMoro rrp<$l1JUI. TIpeCCOBaHHe HCrrOJIb3yeTC KaK crroco6
06pa6oTIGI MaTepHaJIOB .n:aBJIeHHeM C I.{eJIbIO HX yrrpOqHeHH 1'1 (HJIH) rrpOH3BO.n:-
CTBa H3l(eJIHM.
K06Ka - IlITaMrrOBaHHM .n:e«}>opMaI.{H MarepHaJIa, B OCHOBHOM MeTaJIJIa,
rro.n: .n:eMCTBHeM nOBTop IOll{HXC y.n:apOB MOJIOTa HJIH rrpecca.
06pa6omKa pe3aUUeM - 06pa60TKa, 3aKJIIOqaIOIIIaSIC$I B 06Pa30BaHHH
HOBbIX rrOBepXHocreM OT.n;eJIeHHeM rrOBepXHOCTHbIX CJIOeB MaTepHaJIa C 06-
pa30BaHHeM c'rp}')KKM. 06pa30BaHHe rroBepXHocTeM cOnpOBO)lQ];aeTcSI .n;e-
cl>opMHpOBaHHeM H pa3pymeHHeM nOBepXHOCTHbIX CJIOeB.
1.10.2.2. /(e,popMal{Uft nOIlUKpUCmaJlJtOe
Ha BCex CTa,uIDIX .n;e<l>oPMHpoBaHHSI nOJIHKpHCTaJIJJ;HqeCKOrO Bew:ecrna
Ha6JIIO.n;aeTC$I cMew:eHHe, B TOM qHCJIe OCTaTOqHOe, aTOMOB OT CBOHX paBHO-
BeCHbIX rrOJIO)l(eHHM B KPHCTaJUIHqeCKOH pemeTKe. 3TO Be.n;eT K HeynoPMo-
qeHHOMy H3MeHeHlIIO ee rrapaMe'lpOB (HCKIDKeHmo). Or.n;eJIbHbIe aTOMbI MOIyr
COBceM yxO,lUITb H3 }'3JIOB pemeTKH B Me)lQ];O}'3JIHSI, CTaHOB$lCb Me.>K)'3eJIbHbIMH
(rufCJIO HpOBaHHbIMH) H 06pa3Y$l BaKaHCHH, qTO Be.n;eT K pOCTY qHCJIa TO-
q:eqHbIX .n;ecl>eKTOB KpHCTaJUImeCKOM pemeTI<M.
I1PH OTHOCHTeJIbHO MaJIbIX .n;ecl>opMau:IDIX (-1 %) aTOMHaSI KOHu:eH1])a HSI
roqelffibIX .n;ecl>eKTOB .n;OCTHraeT 10- 5 ...10-4, qTO rrpHBo.n;HT K H3MeHeHHIO pSl,lJ;a
123
<pH3HqeCKHX CBo.HCTB, HanpHMep yBeJIHqeHlllo. y,n:eJIbHo.ro 3JIeK'lpo.Co.npo.TIfB-
JIeHHSI; B TO. :>Ke BpeMSI ynpo.qHeHHSI MarepHaJIa eme He 0.6Hap}')KMBaeTCSI.
,lVISi xapaKTepHCTIlKH ,n:e<po.pMaIJ,HH HCno.JIb3yroT no.HSlTIle «cmeneHb ae-
ljJopMau,uu» E, Ko.TOpyro o.npe,n:eJISIIOT no. <po.PMYJIe:
E = (F o - F K )/ Fo . 100%, (22)
me Fo H F K - TIJIo.ma,LJ;M CeqeHHSI, Co.o.TBeTCTBeHHo., ,n:o. H no.CJIe ,n:e<po.pMamm.
IIpH yBeJIWIeHHH CTeneIDI ,n:e<po.pMamm IDIaC1WleCKaSI lIe<PopMaIJ,llil no.JIM-
KPHCTaJIJIMqeCKHX BemeCTB M,L{eT aHaJIo.fMqHo. ,n:e<po.pMaU:HII Mo.Ho.KpHCT JIa
rryreM c,n:BHfa (cKo.JIb:>KeHHSI) I1JIII ,n:Bo.HHHKo.BaHHSI, Ho. <po.pMo.H3MeHeHMe
npoHCXo.,n:IIT B pe3YJIbTaTe TIJIaCTHqeCKo.H ,n:e<PoPMaU:HH KIDK,lJ,o.ro OT,n:eJIbHo.ro
3epHa.
B Ka)l(l(o.M 3epHe nJIo.CKo.CTH H HanpaBJIeHHSI CKo.JIb:>KeHHSI pa3JIMqHo.
o.pHeHTIlpo.BaHbI no. o.THo.llIeHHIO ,n:pyr K ,n:pyry, H TIJIaCTMqeCKaSi ,n:e<PoPMa-
U:HSI B0.3HHKaeT B HaH60.JIee 6JIarorrpIDITHo. o.pHeHTMpo.BaHHbIX no. OTHo.llIe-
IDIIO K HanpaBJIeHHIO B0.3,n:eHCTBHSI :repHax. HaqHHaeTC$I nepeMemeHHe ,n:IIC-
JIo.KaIJ,HH, BbI3hIBaSI C,n:BHf (cKo.JIb:>KeHHe) o.,n:HHX qacreH KpHCTaJIJIa (:repHa)
o.THo.CHTeJIbHo. ,n:pyrMX B,n:o.JIb o.npe,n:eJIeHHbIX KPHCTaJIJIo.rpa<pHqeCKHX Ha-
rrpaBJIeHHH, qTO npHBo.,n:HT K y,n:JIHHeHHIO 3epeH. IIpH 3TOM ,n:BIDKyrn:a5lCSI
,n:MCJIo.KaIJ,llil He Mo.:>KeT nepexo.,n:JITb B Co.ce,n:Hee :repHo., TaK KaK B HeM CHCTeMbI
CKo.JIb:>KeHHSI o.pHeHTIlpo.BaHbI HHaqe. fpaHHu:bI 3epHa TOpM0.3S1T ,n:BIDKeHHe
,n:HCJIo.KaIJ,MH, Ho. HX CKo.TIJIeHHe y rpaHHU:bl C03,n:aeT HanpIDKeIDIe H Mo.:>KeT
yrrpyro. pacnpo.CTPaHHTbC$I qepe3 rpaIDIIJ.Y, qTO npHBe,n:eT B ,n:eHCTBHe MCTOq-
HHK B0.3HHKHo.BeHHSI ,n:HCJIo.KaU:MH B Co.ce,n:HeM 3epHe. TaKHM 0.6pa30.M, rrpo.-
HCXo.,n:HT nepe,n:aqa ,n:e<po.pMaU:HH o.T o.,n:Ho.ro 3epHa ,n:pyro.MY.
B pe3YJIbTare CKo.JIb:>KeHHSI HeKOTo.pbIX qaCreH 3epHa (CJIo.eB) He TOJIbKo.
H3MeHSleTCSI <po.pMa 3epHa, Ho. B HHX M3MeJIbqaeTCSI 6JIo.qHaSI cTPYK'fYPa npM
yBeJIHqeIDIH yrJIa pa3o.pHeHTMpo.BKH Me)l(l(y 6JIo.KaMH. IhMeJIbqeHHe 6JIo.q-
Ho.H CTPYKTYPbI npHBo.,n:HT K 3HaqHTeJIbHo.MY yBeJIHqeHHIO qHCJIa ,n:e<p eKTOB
KpHCTaJIJIHqeCKo.H pellIeTKH (,n:HCJIo.KaU:HH, BaKaHCHH, Me:>KY3eJIbHbIX aTO-
Mo.B) H pe3Ko.MY B0.3paCTaHHIO BHyrpMKpIICTaJIJIIITHbIX H Me:>KKpHCTaJIJIMT-
HbIX Hanp$l:>KeHHH, a CJIe,n:o.BareJIbHo., K ,n:e<po.pMaU:Mo.HHo.MY ynpo.qHeHMIO
(HaKJIeny). O,n:HaKo. no.BbIllIeHHe TIJIOTHo.CTII ,n:e<peKTo.B KpHCTaJIJImeCKo.ll
pellIeTKM 3aTPy,n:HSleT ,n:BIDKeHHe o.T,n:eJIbHbIX ,n:HCJIo.Kau:HH.
,l],e<po.pMaU:Ho.HHo.e ynpo.qHeHMe no.JIHKpHCTaJIJIHqeCKHX BemeCTB, npo.HC-
x0.1J,SImee B npou:ecce TIJIaCTMqeCKo.H ,n:e<po.pMaIJ;lm, 3HalffiTeJIbHo. npeBOCXo.-
,n:MT aHaJIo.fMqHo.e B Mo.Ho.IqJHCTaJIJIax.
,l(etjJopMaquoHHoe 603iJeiicm6ue Ha MamepUatl Mo.>KHo. o.xapaKrepH30.BaTb
no. CTa,LJ;HSlM. CTa,LJ;HHHo.CTh CB$l3aHa npe)l(l(e BCero C pa3JIMqHbIM TMno.M ,n:e-
<peKTHbIX CaMo.o.praHH3yromHXC$I CTPYK'fYP. TaK, B 3BOJIIOU:HH ,n:HCJIo.Kau:Ho.H-
HbIX CTPYKTYP npH ,n:e<po.pMaU:HH MaTepHaJIo.B C OIJ;K-peIlleTKo.H BblSlBJIeHbI
124
S,'
tl/lj
he. 38. TpexcmaouuHaJI KpU6aJ1 oefjJopMa-
l{UU 6 KOOpOUHamaX «npU6eOeHHOe HanpR-
:JICeHUe C06UZa - oefjJopMal{UR c06uza»:
I - CmaOUJIlleZKOZo CKOllb:JlCeHUJI; II - cmaoUJI
IlUHeUHOzo ynpo'tHeHUJI; III - cmaiJUR napa6o- 'T
llu'teCKOZO ynpo'tHeHUJI
o
6
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:.-....:;... ;.iI ;;
:.. : !; :;; I
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Pac. 39. Cxe.Mbl U3MeHeHUR MUKpocmpYKmypbl npu 06lJe.MHOU 11JlaCmUr.teCKOU oefjJopMal{UU
nOJlUKpUcmalllla:
a - E = 0%; 6 - E = 1%; 6 - E = 40%; Z - E = 80%
TjJH CTII,[(HH CTjJYK1YP006pa30BaHHSI (pHC. 38): I - .n;HrrOJIH H3 KpaeBbIX .n;HC-
JIoKau;IDi, BIIHTOBbIe .n;HCJIOKaU:HH H CKOTIJIeHHSI .n;HCJIOKaU:Hll; II - KJIy6KM
.n;HCJIOKaU;Hll, rpaHMU;bI 6JIOqHOll CTjJYK1YPbI; III - 6JIOQHaSI CTPYKTYPa.
MeTaJIJIbI C rIJ;K-pellIeTKOll yrrpOIffiSllOTCSI CIDIbHee MeTaJIJIOB C OIJ;K-
pellIeTKoit Cpe.n;H CTIJIaBOB C rIJ;K-pellIeTKoll CIDIbHee yrrPOQHSlIOTCSI Te,
Y KOTOpbIX 3HeprHSl .n;e<peKTOB yrraKOBKM MHHHMaJIbHa (HarrpHMep, aYCTe-
HHTHaSI CTaJIb).
ITPH .n;OCTaTOqHO 60JIbllIHX CTeneHSIX .n;e<popMaU:HH H3MeHeHHe <pOPMbI
3epHa B pe3YJIbTaTe CMe eHHSI H nOBopOTOB ero OT.n;eJIbHbIX QaCTell npHBO-
.n;HT K TOM}', qTO Bce 3epHa B rrOJIHKpHCTaJUmQeCKOM Bern:ecrne, HarrpHMep
MeTaJlJIe, BbITSlrHBaIOTCSI B.n;OJIb HarrpaBJIeHHSI .n;e<popMHpOBaHH$I, 06pa3YSI
OpHeHTHpOBaHHyIO CTPYKTYPY (pHC. 39). CaMo 3epHO KaK u:eJIoe rrpII 3TOM
He nOBOpaqlIBaeTCSI B rrpOCTjJaHcrne, a JIHllIb H3MeHSIeT pa3MepbI, Y)])IHHSISICb.
Mmq)ocTjJYK1YPa, rrOJIyqaeMaSl B pe3YJIbTaTe TaKOll opHeHTaU:HH, rrpH CTe-
neHH .n;e<popMaU;HH 60JIee 40% Ha3bIBaeTC$I meKcmypoii aerjJopMal{uU (KpUC-
mG./lflozparjJu'iecKoii meKcmypoii).
TeKcmypa iJetjJopMaquu - HaJIHQHe rrpeHMy:r.u:ecTBeHHoll opHeHTaU:HH
KPHCTaJIJIorpa<pHQeCKHX HarrpaBJIeHHll H (IDIH) TIJIOCKOCTell OTHOCHTeJIbHO
HarrpaBJIeHHSI .n;e<popMaU:HH, rrpHBoMrn:ee K aHH301pOrrHH CBOllCTB.
125
XapaKTep TeKCTYPbI 3aBHCHT OT KpHCTaJIJIWIecKoro CTjJOeHHSI MaTepHaJIa
H BJf.il:a .n;e<pOpMaU:HH. IIpH BOJIoqeHHM, 3KCTPY3HH, BbIUDKKe B03HHKalOT
TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIe aKCUaJlbHble meKCmypbl - Y KIDK,L{OrO KpHCTaJIJIa OrrpeD:e-
JIeHHOe KpHCTaJIJIOrpa<pWIeCKOe HarrpaBJIeHHe OKa3bIBaeTC$I rrapaJIJIeJIbHbIM
HarrpaBJIeHHIO .n;e<pOpMaIJ,HH. IIpH rrpOKaTKe rrOJIyqaeTc$I 60JIee CJIO)KHa51
TeKCTYPa (meKcmypa npoKamKU) - rrapaJIJIeJIbHO TIJIOCKOCTM rrpoKaTKM JIe-
)KMT OrrpeD:eJIeHHaSI KPHCTaJIJIOrpa<pHqeCKaSI TIJIOCKOCTh, B KOTOpOll B.n;OJIb
HarrpaBJIeHHSI npOKaTKM OpHeHTIIpOBaHO TaIOKe onpe.n;eJIeHHOe KpHCTaJIJIO-
rpa<pHqeCKOe HarrpaBJIeHHe.
B03HHKHOBeHHe aHM30Tp0rrHH <pH3HqeCKHX CBOllCTB rrpH 06pa30BaHIDI
TeKCTYP D:e<pOpMau:HH B nOJIHKpHCTaJIJIHqeCKOM MaTepHaJIe IIMeeT 60JIbllIoe
npaKTIIqeCKOe 3HaqeHHe. 06neMHoe TIJIaCTHqeCKOe .n;e<l>oPMHpOBaHHe, rrpH
KOTOpOM C03.n;aeTC$I MarHHTHaSI TeKCTYPa, HCrrOJIb3yeTC$I, HarrpHMep, rrpH
npOH3BO.n;CTBe TeKCTYPOBaHHOll 3JIeKTPOTeXHHqeCKOll (-rpaHc<l>oPMaTOpHoll)
CTaJIM, CTIJIaBOB l{JI5I rrOCTO$lHHbIX MarHIITOB II D:p.
MaznumuOJl meKCmypa - rrpeMM)'lUeCTBeHHaH OpMemaI.{MH BeKTOpOB CrrOH-
TaHHOM HaMarnMqeHHOCrn ,nOMeHOB B <}>eppo- M <}>eppMMarnernKax B HarrpaBJIe-
HMM, Ha3bIBaeMOM OCbIO MarnMTHOM TeKCTYPbI; C03,l{aeTCH MeXaHM'IeCKOM, a TaIOKe
TepMOMeXaHMqeCKOM IUIM TepMOMarHMTHOM o6pa60TKoM, YBeJmqMBaeT MarHlIT-
HyIO aHM30TporrMIO M YJIyqrnaeT D:pyrne MarHMTHble CBOMCTBa MaTepMaJIOB.
IIpH 60JIbllIOll CTerreHH .n;e<popMaU:HH KpHCTaJIJIHqeCKOe BeIIJ,eCTBO rrepe-
xo.n;1IT H3 cTa611JIbHOrO (IICXO.n;HOro) COCTOSlHHSI B MeTaCTa611JIbHOe COCTO$I-
HHe. CTPYKTYPHbIe H3MeHeHHSI, BbI3BaHHbIe TIJIaCTHqecKOll .n;e<popMaU:Mell,
He $IBJISIIOTC$I YCTOllqHBbIMH II coxpaHSIIOTCSI TOJIbKO H3-3a MaJIOll no.n;BIDK-
HOCTII aTOMOB rrpH HH3KOll TeMrrepaTYPe. TeMrrepaTYPHOe B03D:ellCTBHe MO-
)KeT BOCCTaHOBHTh CTPYKTYPY rrOJIIIKpHCTaJIJIWIeCKRX BeIIJ,eCTB TaKOll, KaKOll
OHa 6bIJIa .n;o .n;e<popMaU: HH .
,l],e<popMaU:IIOHHoe yrrpOqHeHHe Cy:I.l(eCTBeHHO BJIHSleT Ha BeJIWIMHY <p II3H -
qeCKRX CBOllCTB. MCTOqHHKOM 3TOro BJIHSlHIDI $IBJ1S1IOTC$I 5...10% 3HeprMII,
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126
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I10JIHroHH3auHSl rrOCJIe 60JIbllIHX ,lJ,e<PoPMaUIIt!:, KaK rrpaBHJIO, SlBJUIeTCSI
HaqaJIbHot!: cTa,L(Het!: peKpUCm(lJlJlU3a14UU. .
PeKpUCm4ll.llU3au,un - rrpouecc 3apO)l()J;eHHSI HOBbIX KpHCTaJIJIHqeCKHX 3e-
peH B rrOJIHKpHCTaJIJIe H HX pOCTa 3a CqeT HMeBllIHXCSI paHee. Ee MO:>KHO
rrpe,lJ,CTaBHTb B BH.LJ:e CT8,lJ:IDf: nepeU'tHafl peKpUCm(lJlJlU3a14UJl (peKpIICTaJIJIII3a-
u:HSI 06pa6OTKH), co6UpameJlbHafl H emopU'tHafl peKpUCm(lJlJlU3a14UU. ,L(Jm Toro
qT06bI B MeTaJIJIe npOTeKaJIa peKp1ICTaJIJI1I3aUHSI, He06xo,lJ,IIMa ero XOTSI 6bI
MHHHMaJIbHaSi rrpe,lJ,BapHTeJIbHaSi XOJIO,lJ,HaSi 06pa60TKa, 06eCneqlIBaIOru:aSl
KpumU'teCKYIO cmeneHb aerjJopMa14Uu.
IIep8uIIHaJI peKpUcm4ll.llU3au,un - rrpou:ecc 3apO)l()J;eHHSI H pOCTa HOBbIX
paBHOOCHbIX 3epeH npH HarpeBe,lJ,O nOJIHOrO IICqe3HOBeHHSI TeKCTypbI, C03)],aH-
HOt!: ,lJ,e<popMauHet!:. TeMrrepaTYPa HaqaJIa nepBHqHot!: peKpHCTaJIJIH3aU:HH
(meMnepamYPHbtU nop02 peKpUCm(lJlJlU3a14UU) MeHSleTCSI OT 0,1...0,2 TnJI ,lI)ISI
qHCTbIX MeTaJIJIOB ,lJ,0 0,5...0,6 T nJI ,lI)ISI TBep,lJ,WX paCTBopOB. 3apO,lJ,bIllIaMII
HOBbIX 3epeH .SlBJlSlIOTCSI OT,lJ,eJIbHbIe 3HepreTWIeCKH BbITO,lJ,HbIe 6JIOKH (u:eH1pbI
peKpHCTaJIJIH3aU:HH).
i
131
i'i:
I10CJIe IICqe3HOBeHHSI TeKCTypbI B npou:ecce rrepBlIqHOH peKplICTaJIJIIIJa-
U;IIII MeTaJIJI nplI06peTaeT paBHOOCH}'IO MeJIK03epHIICT}'IO CTpYKTYPY. Ha-
KJIen rrpaKTMqeCKM nOJIHOCTbIO CHIIMaeTCSI, II CBOHCTBa MaTeplIaJIa nplI6JIII-
.>KalOTCSI K HX IICXO.D:HbIM 3HaqeHHSlM. Pa3ynpOqHeHlIe o6DSlcHSleTCSI CHSlTHeM
IICKIDKeHHSl KplICTIlJlJUIqeCKOM pellIeTKM II pe3KMM }'MeHbllIeHlIeM IUIOTHOCTH
.D:IIcJIoKaU;HM. CBOHCTBa MeTaJIJIOB II ClUlaBOB rrOCJIe rrepBnqHOH peKplICTaJI-
JIII3alum 6JIII3KM K CBOHCTBaM rrOCJIe HX OTIKHra.
,L(Jm nOJIHOrO CHSITIDI HaKJIena MeTaJlJIbI HarpeBalOT .D:O 60JIee BbICOKMX
TeMrrepaTYP, qT06bI 06ecrreqlITb BbICOKyIO CKOpOCTb peKplICTaJIJIlI3au:MH H
rrOJIHOTy ee rrpOTeKaHHSI. TaKaSI TepMHqeCKaSI 06pa6OTKa nOJI}"IMJIa Ha3Ba-
HlIe peKpUCm(lJlJlU3au,UOHHOZO omJICuza.
PeKpUCmll.ll.llU3au,UOHHblii omJICUz - HarpeB ,lJ,e<l>opMHpOBaHHbIX MeTaJIJIOB
II ClUlaBOB ,lJ,0 TeMrrepaTYP 60JIee 0,4 T IUI .l(JISI TeXHHqeCKM qHCTbIX MeTaJlJIOB H
0,5...0,6 T IIJI - )])ISI ClUlaBOB (TBep,lJ,bIX paCTBOpoB), BbI,L:J;ep.>KKa H Me,lJ,JIeHHoe
OXJIIDIQ:(eHlIe (c neqblO) .l(JISI YJI}"IllIeHHSI CTpYKTYPbI II 06pa6aTblBaeMocTH,
CHSITIDI BHYfPeHHHX HarrpIDKeHHM, ynpaBJIeHHSI <l>OPMOH H pa3MepaMH 3epeH,
TeKCTYPOM II CBOMCTBaMH MeTaJIJIOB. Pa3HOBI1,lJ:HOCTbIO peKpHCTaJIJIH3au:MOH-
Horn OTIKHra SlBJISleTCSI HOpMOJlU3au,UJl.
HopMfl./IU3au,UR (HOpMOJlU3au,UOHHbtU omJICuz) - BI1,lJ: TepMHqeCKOH 06pa-
6oTKM, 3aKJIlOqalOI.l\HMCSI B HarpeBe ,lJ,e<l>opMHpOlmHHbIX MeTaJlJIOB II ClUlaBOB
,lJ,0 TeMrrepaTYP BbIllIe TeMrrepaTYPHOrO nopora peKpHCTaJlJIH3aU:HH, BbI,L:J;ep.>KKe
II OXJIIDK,lJ;eHIIH Ha B03.D:yx:e J],JISI rrpl1,lJ:aHHSI MeTaJlJIY O,lJ,HOpO,lJ,HOH MeJIKO:rep-
HMCTOH CTpYKTYPbI, qTO 06ecrreQHBaeT rrOBbIllIeHHe lUIaCrnQHOCTH H Y,lJ,ap-
HOM BSl3KOCTH.
C06Upame.tlbHaJI peKpUCmll.ll.llU3au,UR - npou;ecc pOCTa O,lJ,HHX paBHOOCHbIX
:repeH 3a CQeT HCQe3HOBeHHSI ,lJ,pyrHX rryreM <l>POHTaJIbHOrO rrepeMell.{eHHSI
rpaHIIQHbIX 30H paCTyllUIX 3epeH H rrOrnOll.{eHHSI rrpII 3TOM MeJIKMX. Co6H-
paTeJIbHaSi peKp1ICTaJIJI1I3au:HSI npOHCXO,lJ,HT rrOCJIe 3aBepmeHHSI nepBHQHOH
peKplICTaJIJIII3aUHH B npou:ecce rrOCJIe.D:yIOll.{erO HarpeBa. CTpYKTYPa MaTe-
plIaJIa B pe3YJIbTaTe TaKOrO npOu;ecca XapaKTepH3yeTCSI yaeJInqeHlIeM pa3Me-
pOB 3epeH npII }'MeHbllIeHHH ill{ QIICJIa.
BmopU1UlO.R peKpUCma.ll.llU3au,UR - rrpou:ecc YCKOpeHHOrO pOCTa OT,lJ,eJIbHbIX
3epeH, npHBO.lUIIIJ:IIH CTpYKTYPY MaTepHaJIa K pa3H03epHHCTOCTH. 3epHa, pac-
Tyll.{IIe C 60JIbllIeH CKOpOCTbIO, MO.>KHO YCJIOBHO paCCMaTpIIBaTb KaK 3apO,lJ,bI-
llIeBbIe u;eH1pbI. B pe3YJIbTaTe BTOPHQHOM peKp1ICTaJIJIH3au:M1I 06Pa3YeTCSI
pa3H03epHHCTaSI cTPYKTYPa, KOTOpaSi npe,lJ,CTaBJISIeT co60H MHO.>KeCTBO MeJI-
KMX 3epeH II He60JIbllIOe QIICJIO OQeHb KpynHbIX 3epeH. BTOplIQHaSi pe-
KpIICTaJlJIII3au;HSI npHBO,lJ,MT K YXY,lJ,llIeHHIO MeXaHnqeCKMX CBOHCTB MeTaJlJIOB.
I1PII BTOplItruOM peKpHCTaJlJIH3aU;HH rrOCJIe BbICOKMX CTerreHeH rrpe,lJ,-
llIecTByIOll.{eM ,lJ,e<PoPMaU;HH Hepe.D:KO B03HHKaeT meKcmypa peKpUCmaJ1./lU3au,UU.
XapaKTep TeKCTYPbI peKpIICTaJlJIH3aIU1H Orrpe,lJ,eJISleTCSI BI1,lJ:OM rrpe,lJ,llIeCTByIO-
ll.{eH 06pa6OTKM ,lJ,aBJIeHHeM (npOKaTKa, BOJIOQeHHe H ,lJ,p.), YCJIOBHSlMH rrpo-
132
Pac. 44. BIlUJlHUe H02pe60 npu Om:»CU2e
HO U3MeHeHUe CmpYKmypbl OerjxJpMOl{U-
OHHO-ynpOltHeHH020 MemaJ/J/O (0, 6, 6, 2)
U 6eJlUltUny e20 MeXOHUlteCKUX C60UCm6
BD36par
PeKpUCTD.IIAU3aIJ,UR
Be,n:eHHSI OTIKHra, a TaIOKe KOJIH-
qeCTBOM H rrpHpo,n:oti npHMeceit
TeKC1YPY peKpIICTa.IlJIM3aU:IDI MO)l(-
HO Ha6mo,n:aTh B Me,n:H, aJIIOMHHIDI,
)l(eJIe3e H ,n:pyrHX MeTaJIJIax. I1pH
06paJOBaHHH TeKC'l)'pbI peKpHCTaJI- I 8
JIH3aIum OIO.>IOKeHHbrn rrOJIHKpIIC- I
TaJIJIWIeCKH:H MeTaJIJI xapaKTepH3Y-
eTCSI aHH30'l'pOrrHeM CBOtiCTB.
BmurnHe Harpe.. upH OO'JKHre - ; . ._ -I .
Ha MHKpOC'l'pYKTYPY ,n:e<popMaUH- t,OC
OHHo-ynpOqHeHHoro MeTaJIJIa H BeJIHqHHY MeXaHlIqeCKHX CBOtiCTB (ruIacmq-
Hocm, rrpOqHOcm) CXeMaTHqeCKM rrpe,n:CTaBJIeHO Ha plIC. 44.
6i
6Qz
1.10.3.2. 3alW.IlKa
3aKtl/lKa - 3TO Tep HqeCKa5I 06pa60TKa MaTepHaJIOB, 3aKJIIOqaIOll{aSiCSI B
HarpeBe H nOCJIe,n:yIOll{eM 6bIC'l'pOM OXJIIDK.LJ:eHHH C u:eJIbIO <pIIKcaUHH BbICOKO-
TeMrrepaTYI>HOrO COCTOSlHHSI MaTepMaJIa MJIH rrpe,n:OTBpall{eHHSI (rro,n:aBJIeHHSI)
He)l(eJIaTeJIbHblX npoueCCOB, rrpOHcxOMll{HX rrpII Me.nrreHHOM OXJIIDK,lJ;eHIIII.
B pe3YJIbTaTe 3aKaJIKM, KaK npaBMJIO, 06paJyeTcSI HepaBHOBeCHaSI c'l'pYKTYPa.
PaJHOBH.LJ:HOCTh 3aKaJIKM - noeepxHocmHafl 3aKaJlKa.
TeMITepaTYPHbIM pe:>KHM 3aKaJIKM BKJIIOqaeT:
1) HarpeB ClUlaBa,n:o TeMrrepaTYPbI <paJoBoro npeBpall{eHHSI;
2) 6bIc'l'pOe OXJIIDK,lJ;eHHe (OX./laJICaalOU{ue Cpeabt - Bo,n:a, MaCJIO, paclUlaB-
JIeHHbIe COJIH, CBHHeu, B03,n:yx H ,n:p.).
06JIacTh nplIMeHeHHSI 3aKaJIKM - MaTepHaJIbI (B OCHOBHOM ClUlaBbI),
HMeIOll{He rrpeBpall{eHHSI B TBep,n:OM COCTOSlHHH (rrepeMeHHaSi pacTBoplI-
MOCTh, rrOJIIIMoP<PHbIe rrpeBpall{eHHSI TBep,n:blX pacTBopoB, pacrra,D; BbICOKO-
TeMITepaTYPHorO TBep,n:oro paCTBopa rro 3BTeKTIIqeCKOM peaKu:HH II ,n:p.).
PaccMO'l'plIM 3aKaJIKy ,lLJUI MeTaJIJIWIeCKHX ClUlaBOB C nepeMeHHoti pa-
CTBOpHMOCThIO KOMnOHeHTOB B TBep,n:OM COCTOSlHHH (pHC. 45). ):Vm COCTaBa
«C» TeMnepaTYPoM 3aKaJIKM 6y,n:eT I' - TeMrrepaTYPa Ha 30...50°C BbIllie KPH-
rnqecKoM IDIHIDI. EbIC1pbIM OXJIIDIQJ;eIDIeM OT TeMITeparypbI 3aKaJIKM nOJIHOCTbIO
rro,n:aBJUlIOT BbI,L:J;eJIeHlIe BTOPHqHbIX KpHCTaJIJIOB H B pe3YJIbTaTe rrOJIyqaIOT
O.D:Ho<PaJHbIM ClUlaB, npe,n:CTaBJUlIOll{HM c060ti nepecbIll{eHHbIM KOMrrOHeHTOM
B TBep,n:bIM paCTBOp. CrpyJcrypa TaKOrO ClUlaBa - HepaBHOBeCHaSi (pIIC. 46).
133
t
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a c
A
AmBn
1,%
PRc. 45. J(uaepaMMa cocmOflHWl KOMno-
HeHm06 c nepeMeHHOU pacm6opUMocmblO
6 m6epOOM cocmOflHUU
PHC. 46. CXeMamUlteCKOe u306pa:JICeHUe
cmpYKmypb/:
o - CnJ/060 6 p06H06eCHOM cocmOflHUU; 6 -
30KaJ/eHHOZO CflA060
3aKaJIKa HeopraHwlecKHX CTeKOJI 3aKJIIOqaeTCSI B HX HarpeBe ,lJ,0 TeMTIe-
pa-rypbI BbIllie Tc:r II nocJIe,lJ,yIOll{eM 6bICTpOM H paBHoMepHoM OXJIIDK,lJ,emm
B nOTOKe B03,lJ,yxa IDIH MaCJIa.
3aKaJIKa Cyn.J;eCTBeHHO BJIHSleT Ha cPH3IIqeCKHe cBoMcTBa. TaK, B CIUIaBax
OHa II3MeHSIeT CTpYKTYPHO-QYBCTBHTeJIbHbIe cPH3 QeCKHe H XHMHQeCKHe
cBoMcTBa: YBeJIHQIIBaIOTCSI npOQHOCTh, xpynKOCTh, y,lJ,eJIbHOe 3JIeKTpoconpo-
TIIBJIeHHe, K03pl.{HTMBHaSi CIDIa, B03paCTaeT KOpp03HoHHaSi cTOMKocTb. Oco-
6eHHo CIDIbHO ynPOQHSlIOTCSI CIUIaBbI, npeTepneBaIOll{He B paBHoBecHbIx YC-
JIOBIDIX 3BTeKTOM.LJ:Hoe npeBpall{eHHe. I1POQHOCTh B03paCTaeT JIH60 BCJIe,lJ,-
CTBlIe MapTeHCIITHOro MexaHH3Ma cPa30BOrO npeBpall{eHHSI, JIII60 BCJIe,lJ,-
CTBlIe nOHIDKeHHSI TeMnepaTYPbI 3BTeKTOM.LJ:HOM peaKl(HM, npMBOJ],Slll{erO K
H3MeJIbQeHIIIO KplICTaJlJIOB cPa3, 06pa3yIOll{HX 3BTeKTOM.LJ:HyIO CMeCb.
I1oaepXHocTHaSi 3aKaJIKa H3,lJ,eJIHM, B OTJIHQMe OT 06'beMHoM, n03BOJISIeT
ynPOQHSlTh TOJIbKO nOBepxHocTHbIM CJIOM Ha onpe,lJ,eJIeHHyIO my6HHY. Ee
MO}l(HO npOBO,lJ,HTh ,lJ,B}'MSi cnOC06aMH. I10 nepBoMY cnoc06y HarpeBaIOT
TOJIbKO nOBepXHOCTHbIM CJIOM, KOTOpbIM 3aTeM 3aKaJIIIBaIOT npH OXJIIDK,lJ,emm.
I1PII BTOpOM cnoc06e HarpeBaIOT Bce H3,lJ,eJIHe, HO npH JaKaJIKe OXJIIDK,lJ,aIOT
TOJIbKO nOBepXHOCTHbIM CJIOM co CKOpOCThIO 60JIbllIe KpHTMQeCKoM.
1.10.3.3. OmnycK U uCKyccmeeHHoe cmapeHue
TepMHH «omnyc1C» 06bIQHO HCnOJIb3}'1OT npHMeHHTeJIbHO K CTaJHIM H ,lI;pyrHM
CIlJIaBaM, HcnbITbIBaIOll{HM npH 3aKaJIKe nOJIHMOM>Hoe npeBpall{eHHe (.n;BYX<l>a3-
HbIe aJIIOMHHHeBbIe 6POH3bI, HeKOTopbIe CIlJIaBbI Ha OCHOBe THTaHa H .n;p.). Tep-
MHH «cmapeHUe» qall{e Bcero HCnOJIb3}'1OT npHMeHHTeJIbHO K CIlJIaBaM, He npe-
TepneBaIOll{HM npH 3aKaJIKe nOJIHMOM>Horo npeBpall{eHHH (CIlJIaBbI Ha OCHOBe
aJIIOMHHHH, aYCTeHHTHbIe CTaJIH, HHKeJIeBbIe CIlJIaBbI H .n;p.).
134
OmnYCK H UC"YCCm6eHHOe CmapeHUe MeTaJIJIOB - TepMMqeCKaJI o6pa6oT-
Ka 3aKaJIeHHbIX CIIJIaBOB (rJIaBHbIM 06Pa30M CTaJIeM), BKJIIOqaIOIIJ;aSl HarpeB
(ma(e 0,4 T WI)' BbI,L:J;ep.>KKY H OXJIIDK,LJ:eHHe. CKOPOCTh OXJIIDK,LJ:eHlISl He BJIIDI-
eT Ha CTPYK1YPY II CBOMCTBa CIUIaBOB. IJ.eJIb - .n;OCTIDKeHHe OnTMMaJIbHOrO
COqeTaHIDI rrpOtIHOCTM, IIJIaCTMtIHOCTM H y.n;apHOM BSl3KOCTM.
B rrpe.n;BapMTeJIbHO 3aKaJIeHHbIX CIIJIaBax HarpeB rrpII omYCKe, II IICKyC-
CTBeHHOM CTapeHHH BbI3bIBaeT rrpou;eCCbI pacrra,n:a rrepeCblIl{eHHoro TBep.n;oro
paCTBopa (MeTaCTa6MJIbHOM <pa3bI), B pe3YJIbTaTe KOTOpbIX npOHCXOMT <p a -
30BbIe rrpeBpalI.{eHIDI.
MexaHH3M pacmw:a rrepeCbIlI.{eHHoro TBep.n;oro paCTBopa 3aKJIIOqaeTCSI B
CJIe.n;yIOlI.{eM. Ha rrepBOM CTa,n:HII BHyrpH TaKoro paCTBopa npoHcxo.n;HT Ha-
rrpaBJIeHHaJI .n;II<P<PY3ID1 aTOMOB rrepeCbIlI.{aIOlI.{erO KOMnOHeHTa H CKOIIJIeHlIe
HX B orrpe.n;eJIeHHbIX yqaCTKax KPIICTaJIJInqeCKOM pelIIeTIGI. Ha BTOpOM CTa-
.n;MM B 3TMX yqaCTKax <POpMMpyIOTCSI OqeHb MaJIbIe 06JIaCTM C HOBOM KpIIC-
TaJIJInqeCKOM pelIIeTKOM, corrpIDKeHHOM (KorepeHTHOM) C KplICTaJlJInqeCKHMM
pelIIeTKa OCHOBHOro MeTaJIJIa H rrepeCblIl{aIOlI.{ero KOMrrOHeHTa. Ha 'l'peTQeM
CTa,n:IIII rrpOlIcxo.n;SlT OTPbIB O.n;HOM pelIIeTKH OT .n;pyrOM H 06pa30BaHIIe .n;IIC-
rrepCHbIX qaCTMu; HOBOM <Pa3bI. Ha qeTBepTOM CTa,n:HH rrpOlIcxOMT KoaZY/lJl-
[{Wl ,lUIcrrepCHbIX qaCTMu; II nepexo.n; MeTacTa6MJIbHOM MO.n;iI<pMKaU;MM HOBOM
<pa3bI B cTa6MJIbHyIO Mo.n;H<pHKaU:HIO. BbI,L:J;eJIeHlIe 3TOM <Pa3bI B03MO>KHO rro
BceM KpHCTaJIJIHqeCKOM pelIIeTKe Ha ee D:e<peKTax, YCKOpSlIOIIJ;HX rrpou;ecc
06pa30BaHIDI 3apo.n;bIlIIeM <Pa3bI. fpaHHW>I 3epeH SlBJISIIOTCSI HaH60JIee 6JIa-
rorrplISlTHbIMII MeCTaMM )J;JISI B03HHKHOBeHIDI aHOMaJIbHOM KOHu;eHTPaU;HII
.n;II<l><l>}'H.lI:HpyIOII.{HX aTOMOB.
KoaZYARII,UR - YKpynHeHHe (CJIHnaHHe) qaCTHU: npH HX CTOlIKHOBeHHH B
npou:eccax 6POYHOBCKoro .l{BH:>KeHHH, nepeMeIlIHBaHHH mIH .l{H<l><l>Y3HH B CHlIO-
BOM (HanpHMep, TeMnepaT)'pHOM mIH ::meKTpHqeCKOM) nOlle.
MIIKPOCTPYKTYPa CnJIaBOB, rrpOlIIe.n;IIIIIX OTIIYCK MJIH HCKYCCTBeHHoe
CTapeHHe, co.n;ep}lillT BbI,L:J;eJIeHIDI HOBOM <pa3bI, 06pa3oBaBIIIHecSi 3a CqeT rre-
peCbIlI.{aIOlI.{erO KOMrrOHeHTa B TBep.n;OM paCTBope. TlIn BbI,L:J;eJIeHIIM (KpHC-
TaJIJInqeCKaJI pelIIeTKa), MX pa3Mep II xapaKTep corrpIDKeHHOCTM C pelIIeTKOM
TBep.n;oro paCTBopa 3aBHCSlT KaK OT npHpo.n;bI ClUIaBa, TaK H OT YCJIOBHM CTa-
peHIDI, T.e. OT TeMrrepaTYPbI HarpeBa II BpeMeHH BbI,L:J;ep)l(KJ1 npH 3TOM TeMIIe-
pa-rype. C y:BeJIlIqeHlIeM BpeMeHH BbI,L:J;ep)l(KJ1 CIIJIaBa npII HarpeBe BbI,L:J;eJIeHIDI
HOBOM <Pa3bI pacTYf (Koary.1ISlIJ:IDI) II rrpeBpalI.{aIOTCSI B C<PepnqeCKHe (crjJepouau-
3a[{Wl) .
llOSlBJIeHHe cy6MHKpoCKOnHqeCKOM Heo.n;HopOD:HOCTH npII .n;H<P<PY3HH
rrepeCbIlI.{aIOlI.{erO KOMrrOHeHTa, KorepeHTHaJI CBSl3b D;BYX pa3JmqHbIX pelIIe-
TOK, BbIlIa,n:eHHe .n;IICrrepCHbIX qaCTHU; rrpHBo.n;SlT K ynpOqHeHIIIO CnJIaBa
(aucnepCUOll1l0MY ynpormellUIO), YBeJIHqeHHIO ero TBepD:OCTM, rrOBbIlIIeHIIIO
COrrpOTIIBJIeHIDI IIJIaCTMqeCKOM .n;e<popMaU;HH H KOpp03IIII. Ho 06e.n;HeHlIe
135
i,
TBep,n:oro paCTBopa nepeCbIIIJ;alOIIJ;HM KOMnOHeHTOM, norepSi KOrepeHTHOCTII
perneTOK HOBOH <l>a3bI H TBep,n:oro paCTBOpa, KoaryJISll{IDI II c<l>epO.H,D:lI3al.{HSI
qaCTIIl.{ HOBOH <l>a3bI COnpOBO)l([(aJOTCSI pa3ynpOqHeHlIeM ClUlaBa, nOBbIllIe-
HlIeM ero lUIaCTIIqHOCTII II H3MeHeHHeM 3JIeKTpHqeCKoro conpOTIfBJIeHHSI.
OmYCK H IICKyCCTBeHHOe CTapeHHe B 2-3 pa3a nOBbIrnaIOT TaIGIe CBOH-
CTBa ClUlaBOB, KaK TBep,n:ocTb, npOqHOCTh, K03pl.{HTIfBHaSi CMJIa, y,n:eJIbHOe
3JIeKTpHqeCKOe conpOTIfBJIeHHe H ,n:p.
1.10.4. TepMoMeXaHHlIeCKaa 06pa6oTKa
TepMoMexanulfecKaJI 06pa6omKa - COBOKyITHOCTb onepal.{IIH ,n:e<l>opMa-
l.{HH, HarpeBa II OXJIIDK.LI:eHHSI, B pe3YJIbTaTe KOTOpblX <l>opMHpOBaHHe OKOH-
qaTeJIbHOH CTpYKTYPbI II CBOHCTB MaTeplIaJIa npOHcxo,n:HT B YCJlOBHSlX nOBbI-
rneHHOH IUIOTHOCTH II OnTIfMaJIbHOrO pacnpe,n:eJIeHHSI HeCOBeprneHCTB CTpo-
eHIISI, C03,n:aHHbIX ITJIaCTHqeCKOH ,n:e<l>opMal.{HeH. XapaKTep B03,n:eHCTBHSI
TepMoMexaHHqeCKOH 06pa60'T1GI Ha CTpoeHHe, CTpYKTYPY H CBOHCTBa MaTe-
pHaJIOB, KaK npaBMJIO, HHTepnpeTIIpyIOT no mepMOMexaHUtteCKUM KPU6blM.
TepMoMexanulfecKaJI KpU6aJ1 - rpa<l>HqecKoe H306pIDKeHHe H3MeHeHHSI
xapaKTepHCTIIK ,n:e<l>0pMaU:IIH npII H3MeHeHIIH TeMTIepaTYPbI.
TepMoMexaHUtteCKaR o6pa60mKa MemaAA06 U cnAa60
B 3aBHCIIMOCTII OT COOTHorneHHSI TeMnepaTYPbI, npH KOTOpOH oCyIIJ;eCTBJISI-
lOT ,n:e<l>opMaU:HIO, H TeMnepaTYPbI peKPIICTaJIJIII3aW1M MeTaJIJIa pa3JIIIqalOT
XOflOOHYIO H ZOpRttylO oerjJopMau,uu (o6pa6omKU).
XOJIO,n:HOM ,n:e<l>opMal.{HeH Ha3bIBalOT TaKyIO, KOTOpylO npOBo,n:SlT npH
TeMnepaTYPax HIDKe TeMnepaTYPbI peKpHCTaJIJIH3al.{HII (0,15...0,2 T IUI ). Xo-
JIo,n:HaSi lUIaCTIIQeCKaSI ,n:e<l>opMau:HSI xapaKTepH3yeTcSI HenpepbIBHbIM B03pa-
CTaHlIeM IUIOTHOCTII ,n:HCJIOKal.{IIM, QTO o6ecneQIIBaeT C03,n:aHHe HaKJIena H
TeKCTYPbI.
llpII rOpSlQeM (0,7...0,75 T IUI) 06pa6OTKe ,n:aBJIeHlIeM o,n:HOBpeMeHHO C
lUIaCTIfQeCKOM ,n:e<l>opMal.{HeH nporeKaeT peKpIICTaJIJIH3al.{HSI, KOTOpaSI npo-
,n:OJDKaeTCSI H nOCJIe ,n:e<l>opMaW1M ,n:o OCTbIBaHHSI MaTepHaJIa HIDKe TeMnepa-
TYPbI peKp1ICTaJIJIH3amIH. llpOl.{eCCbI nOJIHroHH3amIH H peKpHCTaJIJIII3al.{HH,
npOHcxo,n:SIIl.{He o,n:HOBpeMeHHO C ,n:e<l>opMal.{HeM, Ha3bIBaIOT ,n:IIHaMnqeCIGI-
MH, TaK KaK HX 3<l><l>eKThI, CBSl3aHHbIe C pa3ynpOQHeHHeM, HenpepbIBHO Qe-
pe,n:ylOTCSI C ynpOQHeHHeM, BbI3bIBaeMbIM rOpSlQHM HaKJIenOM.
llpHMeHeHlIe ropWIeM o6pa60TKH D:aRJIeHlIeM n03BOJlSleT B 3HaQlITeJIbHOH
creneHII no,n:aBHTb npOl.{eCCbI peKpHCTaJIJIII3al.{HH, npHBOMIIJ;He K pa3yrrpoQ-
HeHIIIO, QTO 06'bSlCHSleTCSI II3MeJIbQeHHeM 3epHa, coxpaHeHHeM nOJIyropSlQe-
ro HaKJIena II BbICOKo,n:IICnepCHbIM OpHeHTIIpOBaHHbIM pacna,n:OM TBep,n:oro
paCTBopa.
rOpWIaSi o6pa6oTKa ,n:aRJIeHHeM (npOKaTKa, npeCCOBaHHe, KOBKa, llITaM-
nOBKa II ,n:p.) llIHpOKO IIcnOJIb3yeTcSI B TeXHHKe, HanpHMep npII npOII3BO,n:-
CTBe JIHCTOBOro npOKaTa H ropSlQeKaTaHOrO nOJIY<l>a6pHKaTa pa3JIHQHoro
npo<l>MJISI.
136
TepMOMexaHu eCKaR 06pa60mKa aMOp H X CnAa60
TepMOMeXaHIIQeCKa5I KpHBaSi 3aBIICIIMOCTII npe,n:eJIa TeK)'1IeCTII aMop(lmoro
CIUIaBa xapaKTeplI3yeTCSI HalmQlIeM Tpex XapaKTepHbIX 06JIaCTeM (pHC. 47):
I - pe3Koe }'MeHbllIeHHe npe,n:eJIa TeK)'1IeCTII; II - HHBaplIaHTHOCTh; III -
lUIaBHoe }'MeHbllIeHlIe npe,n:eJIa TeK)'1IeCTII.
Harrwme lUIaTO IIHBapHaHTHOCTII MO.>KHO npe,n:CTaBHTb KaK pe3YJIbTaT
pa3BIITIDI ,n:Byx npou;eccoB: ynpyroM (roMoreHHoM) ,n:e pMau:IDI Bcero OObeMa
06pa3u;a II JIOKaJIH3auHH ,n:e pr.1alJ)lli B nOJIOcax CKOJIb eHHSI (HeroMoreHHoe
CKOJIb.>KeHHe). TaKoe TeqeHHe HeqyacTBHTeJIbHO K CKOpOCTII ,n:e<popMaU;HH H
TeMnepa'fYI)e B03,n:eMcTBHSI H xapaKTepH3YeTCSI OTCyrcTBlIeM CTa,u:IIII ynpOq-
HeHHSI.
TaKMM o6pa30M, IIHBapHaHTHbIM HHTepBarr
onpe,n:eJISIeT pa60qyIO TeMnepa1)'pHYIO o6JIacTh
aMoP<PHoro ClUlaBa, Kor,n:a no,n:Bo,n:HMaSi 3Hepnrn
(B BH.D:e TeMnepaTYPbI II HanpIDKeHHSI) He,n:OCTa-
TOqHa .lLIDI HapyuIeHHSI ero CTpoeHHSI.
TepMoMexaHu ecKaR 06pa60mKa
no A UMepH blX Ma m epu aA06. TepMOM xa-
HnqeCKMe KPIIBbIe ATISI nOJIHMepHbIX MaTepHa-
JIOB C pa3JIIIqHbIM CTpoeHHeM npHBe,n:eHbI Ha
plIC. 48. no 3TIIM KpHBbIM MO:>KHO Cy,n:HTb 0 xa-
paKTepe II3MeHeHHSI MeXaHIIQeCKMX H TeXHOJIO-
lW-IecKHX CBOMCTB nOJIHMepOB npII pa3JIlIqHbIX
TeMTIepaTYPax. TaK, nOJIIIMepbI IDIII lUIaCTMaCCbI
Ha HX OCHOBe 3KclUlyaTHPYJOTCSI npH TeMnepa-
TypaX HIDKe TeMnepaTYPbI CTeKJIOBaHHSI fCf' KOma
OHH HaxO,n:SlTCSI B TBep,n:OM COCTOSlHHH.
6'r
PRe. 47. TepMOMexaHU'teCKafl KpU6afl 3a6UCU-
Mocmu npeoe/la me1CY'tecmu OMopljJHbtx CfI/la606
(f], f 2 - KpumU'teCKue meMnepamYPbl)
PRe. 48. TepMoMexaHu'tecKue KpU6ble O/lJl nO/lUMep06:
o - aMOpQJH020; 6 - KpUCmaJIJIUfteCK020; 6 - peOKOCemftO-
m020. BbiOetleHbI 06/locmu cocmOJlHUU nO/lUMep06: 1 - cmeK-
/l006p03Hoe; 2 - 6b1COK03AOCmUftHOe; 3 - 6J/3KomeKYftee;
4 - XUMUftecKoe p03AoxeHue .
][ m
t,
A'I/JDpMOJIUR
a 3
fi
t z
t
t xp t eT
I
2
t K
2
p t eT
t T
t
3
t T
t
4
t
137
;;1
TeMnepaTypa t xp (HIDKe t er ) COOTBeTCTBYeT nepexo,n:y nOJIHMepOB B xpyn-
Koe COCTOSlHHe (MSI nOJIHCmpOJIa t er = lODoC H t xp = 9DoC; MSI nOJIHMernJI-
MeTaKpIDIaTa t er = lODoC H txp = lOOC).
KplICTaJIJIlIqeCKMe nOJIHMepbI (pIIC. 48, 6) HIDKe TeMnepaTypbI KpHCTaJI-
JIH3alum t K SlBlliIIOTCSI TBep,n:bIMH, HO HMeIOT pa3JIMqHyIO )l(eCTKOCTb B 3aBH-
CIIMocm OT CTeneHH KpHCTaJIJmqHocm. BbIllie TeMnepaTypbI t K HX KpHCTaJI-
JInqeCKaSI qaCTb IIJIaBHTCSI, H n;aJIee, B ,n:Hana30He TeMTIepaTyp OT tK,n:o t lVI ,
nOJIHMep HaxO,n:HTCSI B BbICOK03JIaCmqHOM COCTOSlHHH.
KPIICTaJIJIlIqeCKMe H aMopqmbIe nOJIHMepbI npH TeMnepaType CBbIllie t CT
nepeXO)UlT B BSl3KOTeKytIee COCTOSlHHe. <l>opMOBaHHe H3,n:eJIHH H3 nOJIHMe-
pOB IDIH IIJIaCTMacc ocyrn;eCTBJUIIOT B 06JIacm HX BSl3KOTeKytIero COCTOSlHHSI.
B pe,n:KOCeTtlaTbIX nOJIHMepax (mna pe3HH). Y3JIbI CeTKM npeTISlTCTByIOT
OTHOCHTeJIbHoMy nepeMe eHHIO nOJIIIMepHbIX I.{eneit TI03TOMY rrpH nOBbI-
llIeHHH TeMnepaTypbI (pHC. 48, e) B TaKMX nOJIHMepax He HaC'fYIIaeT BSl3KOro
TeqeHHSI, a 06JIacTb BbICOK03JIaCTWIHOro COCTOSlHHSI pacllIIIpSleTcSI, H ee Bepx-
HeH rpaHIII.{eH CTaHOBHTCSI TeMnepaTypa XHMHqeCKOrO pa3JIO)l(eHHH nOJIH-
Mepa t p '
1.10.5. XHMHKo-TepMHlIeCKaB o6pa6oTKa
XUMuKo-mepMUlleCKaR oopaoomKa (noeepxHocmHoe flezupoeaHue) - Tep-
MnqeCKaSI 06pa60TKa MaTepHaJIOB (B OCHOBHOM MeTaJIJIOB H CIIJIaBOB) B XJ1-
MlItleCKM aKTHBHbIX cpe,n:ax MSI H3MeHeHHSI XJ1MM:qeCKOrO COCTaBa, C'lpYKTY-
pbI H CBOHCTB B nOBepXHOCTHbIX CJIOSIX.
MexaHH3M XHMHKO-TepMnqeCKOH 06pa60TK11 MeTaJIJIOB H CIUlaBOB BKJIIO-
qaeT:
1) 06pa30BaHHe B OKp}T)KalO eH cpe,n:e (IDIH B OT,n:eJIbHOM peaKl(HOHHOM
06'beMe) BbICOKOH KOHI.{eH'lpal(HH ,n:H<p<p}'H)J:HpyIO erO 3JIeMeHTa B aTOMap-
HOM (HOHH3HpoBaHHoM) COCTOSlHHH;
2) a.n:COp6I.{HIO aTOMOB (HOHOB) nOBepXHOCTbIO MeTaJIJIa C 06pa3oBaHHeM
XHMHqeCKHX CBSl3eH Me)l(,lJ:y HOHaMH HaCbI alO ero 3JIeMeHTa M OCHOBHOro
Be eCTBa;
3) ,n: II <P<PY3IIIO a.n:COp6HpoBaHHbIx aTOMOB OT nOBepXHocm B my6b 06pa-
6aTbIBaeMOro MaTeplIaJIa.
B pe3YJIbTaTe ,n:H<P<PY3HH 06pa3yeTcSI ,n:H<P<PY3HOHHbIH CJIOH, T.e. CJIOH
MaTepHaJIa Y nOBepXHocm HacbI eHHSI, OTJIHqalO HHC OT Hcxo,n:Horo no
XHMnqeCKoMy cocTaBy, C'Ip}'l<.TYpe H CBOHCTBaM.
KOHI.{eH'lpau:HSI ,n:H<P<P}'H)J:HpYIO ero 3JIeMeHTa YMeHbllIaeTCSI OT nOBepx-
Hocm B my6b MeTaJIJIa. TIPII 3TOM ,n:H<P<l>Y3HOHHbIH CJIOH 06pa3yeTCSI B TOH
)l(e nOCJIe,n:oBaTeJIbHOCm, qTO H O,lUlO<Pa3HbIe 06JIacm Ha ,n:HarpaMMe COCTOSl-
HIIH npII TeMnepaType, paBHoH TeMnepaType HaCbI eHHSI (pHC. 49). )J,ByX-
<pa3HbIe 06JIacm B ,n:H<P<PY3HOHHOH 30He MOryr 06pa30BaTbcSI TOJIbKO npM
138
t
a
B,%
6"
AmBn
i,
11
a -
o PaCCTORHU6 or
nD6epXHDCru.
Pac. 49. CXeMa pacnpeOe/leHWl ouQ)(jJYHouPYIOU{e2o 3/leMeHma 6 CJ/oe npu 02paHUlteHHOii
pacm60pUMocmu 6 m6epOOM cocmOflHUU U HOIlUltUU 6 cucmeMe npoMe:JICymoltHoii fjJa3bl."
a - iJuazpllMMa COCmOJlHUJl MemaJI.IIa A u iJUrPcPYHiJuPYIOU{ezo 3/leMeHma B; 6 - pacnpeiJeAeHUe
3/leMeHma B 6 CAoe; t 1 - meMnepamypa npOl4€cca HacblU{eHUJl
MHorOKOMnOHeHTHOM HaCbIll{eHIIH, TIlK KaK B rrpOTHBHOM cnyqae qepe3
<Pa3Y rrOCTOSlHHOro COCTIlBa ,lJ,H<P<PY3IIOHHbIM rrepeHOC HeB03MOx<eH H3-3a
OTCyrcTBHSI Ipa,D;IIeHTa KOHu;eH1paW1H.
EcnH rrpH TeMrrepaTYPe HaCbIll{eHHSI HMeeTCSI 3HaQHTenbHaSI paCTBOpH-
MOCTh IDIII HeOIpaHHQeHHaSi paCTBOpHMOCTh B TBep,lJ,OM COCTOSlHHH, TO KOH-
u;eH1pal.{IDl paCTBopeHHoro KOMrrOHeHTa 6Y,lJ,eT MOHOTOHHO YMeHblIIaTbCSI OT
rrOBepXHOCrn Brny6b. EcnII rrpII TeMrrepaTYPe npou;ecca MOryr B03HHKaTh
XMMMQeCKMe COe,lJ,HHeHHSI IDIII rrpoMeX<yTOQHbIe <Pa3bI rrepeMeHHOrO COCTa-
Ba, TO KOHu;eH1pal.{IDl paCTBOpeHHOrO KOMrrOHeHTa rro rny6IIHe cnoSi 6Y,lJ,eT
1I3MeHSlThCSI CKaQKaMH.
llpH oxna.x<.n:eHHII OT TeMrrepaTYPbI HaCbIll{eHHSI <Pa30BbIM COCTIlB ,lJ, II <p-
<PY3HOHHOro cnoSi H ero c'l'pYKTYPa He H3MeH5IIOTCSI, ecnII B CHCTeMe «IIC-
XO,lJ,HbIM MaTepHaJI - ,lJ,H<P<P}'H,lU1PYIOI.IU1M KOMTIOHeHT» HeT rrpeBpall{eHIIM B
TBep,lJ,OM COCTOSlHHH. EcnH B TBep,lJ,OM COCTOSlHHH HMeIOT MeCTO <pa30BbIe
npeBpall{eHHSI, TO KaJIQ:(bIM yqacTOK ,lJ,H<P<PY3HOHHOro cnoSi 6Y,lJ,eT rrpereprre-
BaTh Te IDIH HHbIe rrpeBpall{eHHSI B 3aBHCHMocrn OT COCTIlBa H xapaKTepa
B3aHMo,lJ,eMcTBHSI KOMTIOHeHTOB.
.QmI Ou;eHKM rrpou;ecca XHMHKO-TepMnqeCKOM 06pa6OTKM Hcrronb3yeTCSI
rroHSIrne <<3q)(peKmU6HGfl mOJlU{UHa aufjJfjJY3UOHH020 CIl0Jl».
3tjHJJeKmu6HflH mO.llUl,uHa iJUtjHpY3UOHHOZO C/lOJl - qaCTh 06ll{eM TOnll{IIHbI
,lJ,H<P<l>Y3IIoHHoro cnoSl, orrpe,lJ,eJISIeMaSi KpaTtlaMlIIlIM paccTOSlHlIeM OT rroBep-
XHocrn HaCbIll{eHHSI ,lJ,0 MepHoro yqacTKa, xapaKTepH3yeMoro YCTaHOBJIeH-
HbIM rrpe,lJ,enbHbIM HOMIIHaJIbHbIM 3HaQeHHeM 6a30Boro rrapaMe'l'pa, KaK
rrpaBIDIo orrpe,lJ,eneHHbIM 3HaqeHHeM TBep,lJ,ocrn.
3<p<peKTHBHaSi TOnll{HHa 3aBHCHT OT TeMrrepaTYPbI HaCbIll{eHHSI, rrpo,lJ,on-
X<IITenbHocrn rrpou;ecca, xapaKTepa 06Pa3yIOll{HXCSI <pa3, COCTaBa 06pa6aThI-
139
BaeMoro MarepmUla II KOHu:eH1paIum ,ZJ:II<p<p}'H.lI;HPYIO ero 3JIeMeHTa Ha no-
BepXHOCrn.
XHMHKO-repMWleCKaSi o6pa6oTKa HaH60JIee pe3YJIbTIlTHBHa B CJIyqae,
KOr,ZJ:a ,ZJ:II<P<l>}'H.lI;HPYIO H:H: 3JIeMeHT II IICXO,ZJ:HbI:H: MareplIaJI B3aHMO,ZJ:e:H:CTBY-
lOT, o6pa3YSI TBep,ZJ:bIe paCTBOpbI HJIH XHMIIqeCKMe COe,ZJ:IIHeHHSI. QT06bI CY,ZJ:HTh
o <Pa30BOM COCTIlBe nOJIyqeHHblX ,ZJ:H<P<PY3HOHHblX CJIOeB, KaK npaBHJIO, pac-
CMa'l'pIIBaJOT II30repMHqeCKM:H: pa3pe3 COOTBeTCTByro e:H: ,ZJ:IIarpaMMbI COCTOSI-
HHSI CTIJIaBOB npII reMnepaTYPe XHMHKO-repMnqeCKO:H: 06pa60TKH.
XHMHKO-repMHqeCKYIO o6pa60TKy MeT3JIJIOB II CTIJIaBOB KJIaCCII<pHII:HPYIOT
no ouq)(jJYHOUPYIOU{eMY eeU{ecmey H no cnoc06y Ouq)(jJY3UOHHOZO HaCbtU{eHUJl.
no ,ZJ:II<p<p}'H.lI;Hpyro eMy Be ecTBY pa3JIHqaIOT TIlKMe BH.lI:bI HaCbI eHHSI,
KaK:
l{eMenmal{UH - yrJIepO,ZJ:OM;
numpol{eMenmau,UH - yrJIepO,ZJ:OM H a30TOM O,ZJ:HOBpeMeHHO;
1l30mUp06anue - a30TOM;
oopup06anue - 60POM B onpe,ZJ:eJIeHHbIX cpe,ZJ:ax;
cUlluu,upo6anue - KpeMHHeM;
Il.IlUlnupo6anue - aJIIOMMHHeM;
xpoMupo6anue - XpOMOM.
Cnoc06aMu OUrPcjJY3UOHHOZO HaCbtU{eHUJl SlBJISIIOTCSI: nozpYJICeHue e paC1lJlae,
HaCbtU{eHue U3 paC1lJlaeJleHHbtX COJleu (c 3JIeKTpOJIH30M HJIH 6e3 Hero), HaCbt-'
U{eHue U3 cy6JlUMUpOeaHHOu cjJa3bt (nyreM HcnapeHHSI HJIH H3 ra30BO:H: <Pa3 b I).
XHMIIKO-repMnqeCKa5I o6pa6OTKa nOJIyqHJIa ,ZJ:OCTaTOqHO IillIpoKoe pac-
npOC'l'paHeHlIe )])ISI ynpOqHeHHSI HeOpraHnqecKHX CreKOJI. HeOpraHHqeCKMe
creKJIa npH TaKO:H: o6pa6OTKe nO,ZJ:BepraIOTCSI 3aKaJIKe B nO,ZJ:orpeThIX KpeM-
HII:H:OpraHHqeCKMX )l(H)J:KOCTSlX, B pe3YJIbTaTe qero Ha nOBepXHocrn H3,ZJ:eJIHSI
06pa3YIOTCSI nOJIHMepHbIe TIJIeHIrn; 3THM C03,ZJ:aeTCSI ,ZJ:onOJIHHTeJIbHOe no
cpaBHeHIIIO C pe3YJIbTaTOM 06bIqHO:H: 3aKaJIKM yrrpoqHeHHe.
1.11. 061IU1e T))e6oBaHHB 6e30naCHOCTH
npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH HJIH npHMeHeHHH
Bem;eCTB H MaTepHaJIOB
OrcyrcTBlIe Heo6xo,ZJ:HMOH HH<popMaII:HH 06 onaCHblX CBO:H:CTBax XHMJI-
qeCKHX Be eCTB H MareplIaJIOB II,KaK CJIe,ZJ:CTBHt; HenpaBHJIbHOe o6pa eHHe
C HIIMJI - O,ZJ:Ha H3 nplIqlIH B03HIIKHOBeHHSI CHTYau:H:H:, npIIBO,ZJ: I.II:HX K no-
CJIe,ZJ:CTBHSlM, CBSl3aHHbIM C ep6oM .lLlISI )lQf3HH, 31IOpOBbSi JIIO,ZJ:e:H: H OKPY-
>KaIO e:H: cpe,ZJ:bI.
no creneHII B03lIe:H:CTBHSI Ha opraHH3M Bpe,ZJ:HbIe Be eCTBa, cO,ZJ:ep.>KalllHe-
CSI B CbIpbe, npo,ZJ:YKTIlX, nOJIyrrpo,DyKTaX II OTXO,ZJ:ax npOH3BO,ZJ:CTBa, nO,ZJ:pa3,ZJ:e-
IDIIOT (fOCT 12.1.007-76) Ha qeThIpe KJIacca onaCHocrn:
140
1) 'tpe36bl'tauHo onaCHble;
2) 6blcoKoonacHble;
3) YMepeHHO onaCHble;
4) MaJlOOnaCHble.
KJIacc onaCHOCTII BpeJJ:HbIX BeIl(eCTB YCTaHaBJUmalOT B 3aBMCMMOCTII OT
HOpM M nOKa3areJIeH. OrneceHMe Bpe.lJ:HOro BeIl(eCTBa K KJIaccy onaCHOCTII
npoH3BOJJ:SlT no nOKa3areJIIO, 3HaqeHIIe KOToporo COOTBeTCTByeT HaII60JIee
BbICOKOM}' KJIaccy onaCHOCTII.
,L:(JuJ: ocym;eCTBJIeHID1 MepOnpID1TIIH no 06eCneqeHMIO 6e30nacHoro 06pa-
Il(eHID1 onaCHbIX BeIl(eCTB II MarepMaJIOB Heo6xoJJ:HMa HH<popMal.{ID1 06 HX
CBOHCTBax, Mepax 3aI.lUITbI OT I3peJJ:HbIX B03.L(eHCTBHH, ycJIOBHSIX XpaHeHID1 M JJ:p.
OcHOBHbIMII HOClITellilMM 3TOH HH<P<>PMarnrn: B 60JIbIIrnHCTBe pa3BHThIX c'l'paH
SlBJlSlIOTCSI npeJJ:YIIpeJJ:HTeJIbHaSI MapmpoBl<a M HH<P<>PMal.{MOHHbIe JJ:oKyMeHThI
o 6e30naCHOCTII BeIl(eCTBa (MarepHaJIa).
PoccMHcme 'l'pe60BaHID1 K MH<popMal.{MOHHbIM JJ:OKYMeHTaM 0 6e30nac-
HOCTII BeIl(eCTB (MarepMaJIOB) cOJJ:ep:>KaTCSI B fOCT P 50587-93 «IIacnopm
6e30nacHocmu 6eU(ecm6a (MamepUaJla). OCH06Hbie nOAO:JICeHUJl. HHfpOpMaijUJl
no 06ecne'teHulO 6e30nacHocmu npu npou360ocm6e, npUMeHeHUU, xpaHeHUU,
mpaHcnopmupo6aHuu, ymUllU3aijUU».
TIacnoPT 6e30naCHOCTII SlBJISleTCSI 06S13areJIbHoH COCTaBHOH qaCTblO rex-
HIIqeCKOH JJ:OKYMeHTaU:MM Ha BeIl(eCTBO (MarepMaJI), a TaIOKe Ha OTXOJJ:bI
npOMbIWJIeHHOrO npOM3BOJJ:CTBa. OH npeJJ:Ha3HaqeH JJ:lliI JJ:OBeJJ:eHID1 JJ:O no-
'l'pOOIITeJISI JJ:ocToBepHoH IIH<P<>PMal.{MII no 6e30naCHOCTII npOMbIWJIeHHoro
npIIMeHeHID1, XpaHeHID1, 'l'paHcnOPTMpOBaHID1 M yTHJIM3aU:MM BeIl(eCTB M
MaTepMaJIOB, a TaIOKe HX MCnOJIb30BaHID1 B 6bITOBbIX u:eJUlx.
fOJIOBHOH Op:raIDI3a.l{HeH no pa3pa6oTI<e M pemcrpaIJ;IDf nacnoproB 6e3onac-
HOCTII SIBJUIeTCSI BcepoccMHcmH HayqHo-MCCJIeJJ:oBareJIbCmH u:eH'I'p CTaH-
JJ:apm 3a U:MM, HH<P<>PMal.{MM M cepTM<pMKal.{MII CbIpbSl, MarepMaJIOB M BeIl(eCTB
(BHMIJ; CMB) foccTaH.LJ:apTa POCCMM. COCTaBJISIeT nacnoPT 6e30naCHOCTII
II HeCeT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a nOJIH<>1Y M JJ:OCTOBepHOCTb MH<popMal.{MM B HeM
opraHM3aU:ID1 (lOpM,LJ:MQeCKOe JIMU:O), M3rOTaBJIIIBalOIl(ee M nOCTaBJISlIOIl(ee
BeIl(eCTBO (MaTepMaJI) Ha pbIHOK. 3Ta opraHM3au:MSI 06S13aHa 6ecrmaTHo 06ec-
neIfliTb nO'l'pOOMTellil nacnopTOM 6e30naCHOCTII.
TIacnoPT 6e30naCHOCTII JJ:OJDKeH cOJJ:ep:>KaTb CJIeJJ:yIOIl(Me pa3JJ:eJIbI:
· HaMMeHOBaHMe M COCTaB BeIl(eCTBa IDIM MarepMaJIa, CBeJJ:eHID1 06 opra-
HM3al.{MM (JIMu:e) - npOM3BOJJ:HTeJIe IDIM nOCTaBIl.{liKe;
· Blf,LJJ>I onaCHoro B03JJ:eHCTBID1 II ycJIOBID1 MX B03HMKHOBeHID1;
· MepbI nepBoH nOMOIl.{li;
· MepbI II cpeJJ:cTBa 06ecneQeHID1 nO:>KapHOH 6e30naCHOCTII;
· MepbI no npeJJ:OTBpaIl(eHlIlO Qpe3BbIQaHHbIX CHT}'al.{MH;
· rrpaBIDIa 06paIl(eHID1 M XpaHeHID1;
· rrpaBIDIa II MepbI no 06eCneQeHMIO 6e30nacHocTM nOJIb30BareJISI;
"
,
141
· <pII3IIqeCKIIe H XHMIIqeCKHe CBOMCTBa;
· cTa6IDIbHOCTb XHMHqeCKOM aKTIIBHOCm;
. TOKCHqHOCTh;
· B03.n:eMCTBIIe Ha OKp}')KaIOmyIO cpe.n:y;
· yTHJIII3au:HSI II 3axopoHeHIIe OTXO.n:OB (OCTaTKOB);
· rrpaBIDIa TpaHCrrOprnpOBaHHSI;
· IIH<pOpMal.{HSI 0 Me.>KLJ:}'HapO.n:HOM II Hal.{HOHaJlbHOM 3aKOHO.n:areJIbCTBe;
· .n:OrrOJIHHTeJIbHaSI IIH<p0pMal.{HSI.
B COOTBeTCTBIIII C rOCT P 51121-97 «ToBapbI Herrpo.n:OBOJIbCTBeHHbIe.
MmpopMal.{HSI MH rrOTpe6HTeJISi. 061l.{Me Tpe60BaHHSI» Tpe60BaHHSI 6e30rrac-
Hocm rrpII xpaHeHIIII, TpaHcrroprnpoBaHMM, IICrrOJIb30BaHIIII, ym.rrII3al.{HII,
3axopoHeHIIII, }'HHqTO)l(eHMM TOBapOB .n:omKHbI 6bITb Bbl)],eJIeHbI II3 OCTaJIb-
HOM IIH<popMal.{MII .n:pyrHM llIpII<pTOM, U:BeTOM IDIII IIHbIM cnoc06oM.
Me.>KLJ:}'Hapo.n:HbIe Tpe60BaHHSI K IIH<P<>PMal.{HOHHbIM .n:0KYMeHTaM ° 6e-
30rraCHocm Bell.{eCTB (MarepIIaJlOB) pernaMeHTMpyIOTCSI KOHBeHl.{IIeM M Pe-
KOMeH.LJ:al.{IIeM 0 6e30rracHocTM rrpII IICrrOJIb30BaHIIII XHMIIqeCKJIX Bell.{eCTB
Ha rrpOII3Bo.n:CTBe (1990) II CTaH.LJ:apTOM MCO 11014 «Ta6JIIIu:a .n:aHHblX 0
6e30rracHocTM XHMHqeCKMX Bell.{eCTB. Co.n:ep)l(aHIIe II rrOpSILJ;OK pa3.n:eJIOB».
113 KOHBeHlum 1990 r. 0 6e30rracHocTI1 rrpl1 I1CrrOJIb30BaHl1l1 XI1Ml1qeCKMX
BeI..UeCTB Ha rrp0I13BO.n;CTBe 11 PeKOMeH.D;aUI1I1 0 6e30rraCHOCTI1 rrpl1 I1CrrOJIb30Ba-
HI1I1 XI1MI1QeCKHX BeI..UeCTB Ha rrp0I13BO.n;CTBe:
1. Bce XI1MI1QeCKJoIe BeI..UeCTBa MapKHpyroTC5I TaKHM 06pa30M, QTo6bI .n;aBa-
JIaCb OCHOBHa5I I1H<popMaUI15I 06 I1X xapaKTepe. MapKHpoBKa XHMWIeCKHX Be-
ll.{eCTB 06eCrreQI1BaeTC5I I1X rrOCTaBI..UI1KaMI1, 6y.n;b TO rrp0I13BO.n;I1TeJII1, I1MrrOpTepbI
JUII1 OrrTOBI1KH.
2. OrracHble XI1MI1QeCKHe BeI..UeCTBa MapKHpyIOTC5I .n;orrOJIHI1TeJIbHO TaKHM
06pa30M, QT06bI I1H<popMaIUf5I 0 IillX JIerKO nOHI1MaJIaCb Tpy.n;5IIl.{I1MI1C5I 11 QTo6bI
.n;aBaJIaCb OCHOBHa5I MH<popMaUI15I OTHOCI1TeJIbHO I1X KJIaCCI1<pI1KaUI1I1, rrpe.n;CTaB-
JI5IeMOM I1MI1 orraCHOCTI1 11 Mep rrpe.n;ocTopmKHOCTI1, KOTopble CJIe.n;yer npe.n;rrpl1-
HI1MaTb. 3TI1KeTKa .n;OJI:)J(Ha 6bITb JIerKOrrOHI1MaeMOM J],JI5I TpyJ],5II..UI1XC5I. ECJII1
XI1MI1QeCKOe BeI..UeCTBO HeB03MO)I(H0 rrpoMapKHpoBaTb BBl1):(y pa3MepoB KOHTeM-
Hepa JUII1 xapaKTepoB yrraKoBKH, TO J],OIDKHbI rrpl1MeIDITbC5I J],pyme cpeJ],CTBa
l1):(eHTI1<pI1KaUI1I1, Harrpl1Mep. TaKHe, KaK 5IpJIbIKH JUII1 COrrpOBO,ll;I1TeJIbHble ,lI;OKy-
MeHTbI.
3. Tpe60BaHI15I K MapKHpOBKe XI1MWIeCKHX BeI..UeCTB B COOTBeTCTBl111 C BbI-
rneYKa3aHHbIMI1 rr)'HKTaMI1 orrpeJ],eJI5IIOTC5I KOMrreTeHTHbIM opraHOM B COOTBeT-
CTBI1I1 C HaUI10HaJIbHbIMI1 11 Me}l{JJ;)'HapoJ],HbIMI1 HOpMaMH.
4. Tpe60BaHI15I K rrpeJJ.YIIpeJ],I1TeJIbHOM MapKHpOBKe orraCHblX XI1MI1QeCKHX
BeI..UeCTB J],OIDKHbI B COOTBeTCTBl111 C cyrn,eCTByroIl.{I1MI1 HaI.{110HaJIbHbIMI1 11 Me)K-
J],)'HapoJ],HbIMI1 CI1CTeMaMH OXBaTbIBaTh:
a) I1H<popMaUI1IO, KOTOpa5I .n;OIDKHa COJ],ep)KaTbC5I Ha 3TI1KeTKe, BKJIIO'lM II
CJIyqae He06xoJ],I1MOCTI1 ToproBble Hal1MeHOBaHIDI, xapaKTepl1CTHKy XI1MI1QeCKO-
ro Bell.{eCTBa, I1M5I, a.npec I1. HOMep TeJIe<l><>Ha rrOCTaBIl.{I1Ka, CI1MBOJIbIOrraCHocrn,
xapaKTep OC06bIX pI1CKOB, CB5I3aHHbIX C I1CrrOJIb30BaHl1eM BeI..UeCTB, yJ<a3aHIDI rro
142
i
I
I
Ii>..
MepaM npe,[(OCTOpmKHOCTM, M,lI;eHTmpMKal.{mO napTMM TOBapa, YKa3aHMe, 'ITO
KapTa ,[(aHHbIX no 6e30naCHOCTM XMMMlIeCKMX BemeCTB (B POCCMM - nacnopT
6e30naCHOCTM BemeCTBa (MaTepmma», co,[(ep)l(amaH ,lI;OnOJIHMTeJIbHyIO MH<pOp-
Mal.{mO, HaXO,[(MTCH y npe,[(npMHMMaTeJIH, KJIaCCmpMKal.{mO no CMCTeMe, YCTa-
HOBJIeHHOM KOMneTeHTHbIM opraH OM;
6) y,[(o601IMTaeMOcTb, .lIOJIrOBe1ffiOCTb M pa3Mep 3TMKeTKM;
B) e,[(MHoo6pa3Me 3TMKeTOK M CMMBOJIOB, BKJIlOlIaH I.{BeT.
;::J;JISI o6ecneqeHM5I IIH<popMal.{IIOHHOH 6a3bI no 6e30naCHOMY 06pame-
HIIIO BemeCTB Ha Me)l()]:}'HapO.D:HOM ypOBHe B paMKax Me)l()]:}'HapO.D:HOH rrpo-
rpaMMbI XHMMQeCKOH 6e30naCHOCTH: peaJIII3yeTcSI npoeKT C03.D:aHHSI Me)l()]:y-
HapO.D:HbIX KaPT no XMMIIQeCKOH 6e30naCHOCTH: (lCSC), OCHOBHoe Ha3HaQe-
HH:e KOTOpbIX - HeCTH: IIH<popMal.{illO 06 onaCHOCTIlX, npe.D:CTaBJISIeMbIX Be-
meCTBOM (MarepIIaJIOM) M5I JlIO.D:eH II oKp}')KaIOmeH Cpe.D:bI.
rJIABA 2
METAJIJIbI II CIIJlABbI
Memtl.ll.tlbl - npOCThIe BeIl(eCTBa, 06JIa,n;alOIl(IIe B 06bIqHbIX YCJIOBHSIX
xapaKTepHbIMII CBOHCTBaMII: BbICOKOH 3JIeKTPO- II TeIlJIOnpOBOJJ:HOCTbIO, OT-
pIIu:aTeJIbHbIM TeMnepaTypHbIM K03«}>«}>IIU:IIeHTOM 3JIeKl'pOnpOBOJJ:HOCTM,
crrOC06HOCThlO XOpOllIO Ol'pIDKaTh 3JIeKTPOMarHHTHbIe BOJIHbI (6JIeCK II He-
rrp03paqHOCTb), BbICOKOH rrpOqH(>CTblO II IlJIaCTHqHOCThIO. CBOHCTBa Me-
TaJIJIOB MOryr 3HaQIITeJIbHO H3MeHIITbCSI rrpII OQeHb BbICOKHX JJ:aBJIeHHSIX
(10 1O ...1O 11 TIa). MHorHe MeTaJIJIbI B 3aBIICHMOCTH OT TeMrrepaTYPbI II JJ:aB-
JIeHH5I MOryr cyrn:eCTBOBaTb B BH,LJ:e HeCKOJIbKIIX KPIICTaJIJIIIQeCKHX MOJJ:II-
«}>IIKaU:HH.
TIOJJ:06HbIMH MeTaJIJIWIeCKJIMM CBOHCTBaMH 06JIa,n;a1OT 60JIee 80 XHMWIe-
CKHX 3JIeMeHTOB II MHO>KeCTBO MeTaJIJIWIeCKHX CIlJIaBOB. qIICJIO MeTaJIJIWIec-
KHX CIlJIaBOB, npHMeHSIeMbIX B TeXHHKe, IICtfiICJISleTCSI ThICS{qaMH II nOCTOSlHHO
B03paCTaeT B COOTBeTCTBHH C B03HHKalOIl(HMII HOBbIMII H pa:mo06pa3HbIMH
l'pe60BaHHSlMII, npe.n.'bSlBJISIeMbIMH MHOrHMII Ol'paCJISlMH npoMbIllDIeHHOCTH.
CBOHCTBa MeTIlJUIOB o6YCJIOBJIeHbI HX KpIICTa1IJIWIecIGIM C'IpOeHHeM II Ha-
JIWIHeM B HX KpIICTIlJUIWIeCKOH pellIeTKe MHOfOtfiICJIeHHbIX (10 22 ...10 28 B 1 CM 3 )
He CBSl3aHHbIX C aTOMHbIMH SI,npaMII nOJJ:BIDKHbIX 3JIeKTPOHOB rrpoBOJJ:IIMOCTIi.
CJIa6aSl CBSl3b BarreHTHbIX 3JIeKTPOHOB C SlJJ:paMII aTOMOB 06YCJIOBJIIIBaeT XH-
MIIQeCKHe CBOHCTBa MeTaJIJIOB: OHII JIerKO 06Pa3YIOT OCHOBHbIe OKCH,LJ:bI II
rH,LJ:pOKCH,LJ:bI, 60JIbllIIIHCTBO MeTaJlJIOB 3aMeIl(aIOT BOJJ:OpOJJ: B KHCJIOTaX Ii T.JJ:.
,L:(JuJ: MeTaJlJIOB B OCHOBHOM xapaKTepHO aTOMHoe C'IpOeHHe B BH,LJ:e Ol{K-,
TI.:{K - II rTIY - KPIICTaJIJIIIQeCKJIX pellIeTOK. B rrapOO6pa3HOM COCTOSlHIIII Me-
TaJIJIbIOJJ:HoaTOMHbI.
MeTaJlJIHQeCKHe CIlJIaBbI rro CBOHCTBaM IIMelOT MHoro 06Il(ero C MeTaJI-
JIaMH, rr03TOMY IIX HepeJJ:KO OTHOCSIT K MeTaJlJIaM.
MeTaJIJIbI (CIlJIaBbI) B rrpOMbIllDIeHHOCTH pa3JJ:eJISiIOT Ha JJ:Be OCHOBHbIe
rpyrrnbI: rtepHble II l(8emHble MemaJlJlbl.
lfepHbie Memtl.ll.tlbl - CIlJIaB }KeJIe3a C YfJlepOJJ:OM, B KOTOpOM MOryr 00-
JJ:ep}KaTbCSI B 60JIbllIeM HJIII MeHbllIeM KOJIIIQeCTBe II JJ:pyrHe XHMIIQeCKJIe
3JIeMeHTbI. Ko6arrbT, HIIKeJIb, a TaIOKe 6JIII3KHH K HIIM no CBOHCTBaM Map-
raHeu: HepeJJ:KO OTHOCSIT K QepHbIM MeTaJlJIaM. qepHbIe MeTaJIJIbI nOJIytlHJII1
144
HaM60nbllIee pacnpOC1'paHeHMe, qTO 06ycnoBneHo OTHOCIITenbHO BbICOKHM
cO.n:ep)l(aHIIeM )l(ene3a B 3eMHOH KOpe, ero HII3KOH CTOIIMOCTblO, BbICOKHMM
MeXaHIIqeCKHMII M TeXHOnOrIIqeCKJIMII CBOHCTBaMII.
l(semnble Metna.!l.llbl no CBOHCfBaM rro.n:pa3.n:ellilIOT Ha cne.n:yJOIl(IIe rpyrrnbI:
· AeZKue (Be, Mg, AI, Ti), 06na,n;aIOIl(IIe cpaBHHTenbHO MaJIOH rrnOTHO-
CTbIO -.n:o 5000 Kr/M3;
· mYZ01lJla6KUe (Ti, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, W, V M .n:p.) C TeMnepaTYPOH rrnaB-
neHIDI BbIllIe, qeM y )l(ene3a (1539°C);
· 6/laZOpOOnble (Ph, Pd, Ag, Os, Pt, Au M .n:p.), 06na,n;alOIl(Me XMMIIqeCKOM
IIHeprnOCTbIO:
· ypan08ble (U, Th, Pa) - aKTMHOlf.D:bI, HCnOnb3yeMbIe B aTOMHOH Tex-
HIlKe;
· peOK03eMeJlbnbie MemaJlJlbl (P3M), AaHmaHOUObl (Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm II .n:p.)
11 Cxo.n:HbIe C HIIMM II'lTpHH M cKaHlmH, npMMeHSleMbIe KaK rrplIca,n;KJI K pa3-
nIIqHbIM crrnaBaM;
· U(eJlOlfnO-3eMeJlbHble MemaJlJlbl (Li, Na, K), IICnOnb3yeMbIe B KaqeCTBe
TerrnOHOCIITeneH B Sl.D:epHbIX peaKTopax.
Knaccml>MKaI,.{IDI MeTaJIJIMqeCKJIX crrnaBOB no XMMMqeCKOM}' COCTaBY, oc-
HOBaHHaSI Ha )'Ka3aHIIII rnaBHoro KOMrrOHeHTa crrnaBa ()I(ene30, Me.n:b, aJIlO-
MlIHIIH II .n:p.), IIMeeT 1'pa,n;MU:HOHHbIH xapaKTep M nonyqlUla HaH60nbllIee
pacrrpOCTPaHeHIIe. OJIHaKO BHyrpM TaKJIX KJIaCCOB, orrpe.n:eneHHbIX C yqeToM
XMM eCKoro COCTaBa no rnaBHOM}' KOMTIOHeH1)' crrnaBa, pacnpe.n:eneHIIe Ha
rpyrrrrbI II rro.n:rpyrrnbI qaIl(e Bcero rrpOBO.n:MTCSI no xapaKT pHbIM oc06eH-
HOCTSIM B CBOHCTBaX IInII rro 06naCTM npMMeHeHIDI .n:aHHoro crrnaBa IInII He-
CKOnbKJIX crrnaOOB.
2.1. X(eJle30 H CnJIaBbI Ha ero OCHOBe
)/(e.tIe30 - Fe, XMMIIqeCKJIH 3neMeHT VIII rpyrrnbI rrepIIo.n:MqeCKOH CIIC-
TeMbI 3neMeHTOB, aTOMHbIH HOMep 26, aTOMHaSi Macca 55,847. EneCTSlll.{HH
cepe6pIIcTO-cepbIH nnaCTIIqHbIH MeTaJIn. 06pa3yeT rronIIMoP<PHbIe MO.n:II-
<pIIKaU:IIM. Ha B03.n:yxe )l(ene30 OKJICnSleTCSI - nOKpbIBaeTCSI pbIxnOH p)l(aB-
qIIHOH.
<1>II3IIqeCKJIe cooHcTBa )l(ene3a 3aBMCSlT OT co.n:ep)l(amm rrpIIMeceH. )K.e-
ne30 C co.n:ep)l(aHIIeM rrpIIMeceH 0,01...0,1% IIMeeT cne.n:yJOIl(IIe CBoHcTBa:
rrnOTHOCTb 7840 Kr/M 3 ; K03<P<PIIU:IIeHT TerrnorrpoBo.n:HOCTII 74,04 BT/(M' K);
y.n:enbHoe 3neK'rpWIecKoe corrpO'TIIBJIeHIIe 9,7' 10- 8 OM/M; TeMrrepaTYPHbIH
K03<p<plfi.{MeHT 3neK'rpHqeCKoro corrpOTIIRJIeHIDI 6,51. 10- 3 K-I; TeMrrepaTYP-
HbIH K03<P<PIIU:MeHT nIIHeHHoro paCIlIMpeHIDI 11,7 '10- 6 K-I; TBep.n:OCTb no
EpIIHeJIJIIO 350...450 Mila; Mo.n:ynb IOHra 190...210' 10 3 Mila; rrpOqHOCTb
Ha pa3pbIB a = 200...250 Mila; OTHOCIITenbHoe y.n:nMHeHIIe 8 = 45...55%;
y.n: a pHa5I BSl3KOCTb KCU = 220...250 K,lJ;)I(/M 2 .
145
)K.eJIe30 MO)l(eT HMeTb 1pII nOJIHMOp<!>HbIe MOJJ:II<!>HKau:mI (a-, a- II y- Fe),
KIDIQ:J;aSI II3 KOTOpbIX cyrn:eCTByeT B onpeJJ:eJIeHHOM TeMrrepaT)'pHOM MHTepBaJIe:
· a-Fe - TeMrrepaT)'pHbIH IIHTepBaJI npaKTMqeCKH OT a6coJlIoTHoro HYJISI
JJ:O 911°C, IIMeeT 06'beMHo-u:eH1pIIpOBaHHyID K)'6WIeCK}'IO pemeTK}'. IlrrOT-
HOCTb - 7860 Kr/M 3 . ,[(0 TeMnepaT)'pbI 768°C (TOqKa KropII) 3Ta MOJJ:II<!>IIKa-
U:llil 06JIa,n:aeT <!>eppoMafHMTHbIMII cBOHcTBaMII, BbIme 3TOH TeMnepaT)'pbI -
rrapaMarHHTHbIMII;
· y-Fe - TeMnepaT)'pHbIH MHTepBaJI OT 911 JJ:O 1392°C, HMeeT rpaHe-
u:eHTpIIpOBaHHyID pemeTK}', IIJIOTHOCTb - 8000...8100 Kr/M 3 ; 06mw;aeT rra-
paMarHIITHbIMM CBOHCTBaMII;
· 8- Fe - BbICOKOTeMrrepaT)'pHaSI MOJJ:H<!>IIKau:HSI, cyrn:eCTBYeT B MHTepBaJIe
OT 1392 ,n:o 1539°C, HMeeT otTheMHo-u:eHTplipOBaHHyID K)'6WIeCK}'IO pemeTI<:y
II, TaK)l(e KaK a-Fe nOCJIe 768°C, 06JIa,n:aeT napaMarHHTHbIMII CBOHCTBaMM.
CrrJIaBbI, B KOTOpbIX C)'MMapHOe co,n:ep)l(aHIIe npIIMeceH MeHee 0,1%
II ymepoJJ:a MeHee 0,02%, Ha3bIBalOTCSI meXHUlteCKU ItUCmblM :JICeJle30M, a
rrpII cOJJ:ep)l(aHIIII C MeHee 0,04% - meXHUlteCKUM :JICeJle30M (apMKo-3ICe-
Jle30). TeXHIIqeCKOe >KeJIe30 IIMeeT BbICOKyID MarHHTHyIO rrpOHIIu:aeMOCTb
(J.l = 4500 rc/3) II SlBJI5IeTCSI 3JIeK'rpOTeXHHqeCKHM MarHMTHO-MSlnrn:M MaTe-
pIIaJIOM, rrpIIMeHSIeMbIM JJ:JISI cepJJ:eqHMKOB, nOJIIOCHbIX HaKOHeqHIIKOB,
3JIeKTpoMarHIIToB, IIJIaCTMH aKKYMYJISITOpOB. )K.eJIe3HbIH nopomOK B 60JIb-
ml1x KOJIMqeCTBax npMMeWleTCR npM CBapKe.
)K.eJIe30 - BIDKHeHmMH MeTaJIJI cOBpeMeHHoH TeXHMIrn:: Ha JJ:OJIIO CIIJIa-
BOB )l(eJIe3a C yrJIepOJJ:OM M ,n:pymMII 3JIeMeHTaMII (:JICeJle30Y2JlepOOUCmble
C1lJla6bl) rrpIIXOJJ:HTCSI OKOJIO 95% BceH MeTaJUmqeCKOH rrpOJJ:YKI-J;HII (qyI'yH,
CTaJIb, <!>eppOCnJIaBbI).
)J(eJle30YZJIepoiJucmble C1l.IlaSbi - CIIJIaBbI Fe (OCHOBHOH KOMrroHeHT) C
yrJIepo,n:oM. Pa3JIIIqalOT ItUCmbie :JICeJle30Y2JlepOOUCmble C1lJla6bl (co CJIeJJ:aMI1
npIIMeceH), rrOJIyqaeMbIe B He60JIbmlIX KOJIIIqeCTBaX .LLJISI IICCJIeJJ:OBaTeJIb-
CKHX u:eJIeH, II meXHUlteCKUe :JICeJle30Y2JlepOOUCmble C1lJla8bl, cOJJ:ep)l(aIl.{Me rrpII-
MeCII, JIerIIpyIOIIJ;IIe 3JIeMeHThI 11 cneU:IIaJIbHbIe JJ:06aBKH.
2.1.1. CHcTeMa «1KeJle30 - neMeHTHT»
PaBHoBecHoe COCTOSlHIIe )l(eJIe30yrJIepoJJ:IICTbIX CIIJIaBOB B 3aBIICIIMOCTII
OT co,n:ep>KaHIDI yrJIepo,n:a H TeMnepaT)'pbI onIICbIBaeT ouazpaMMa COCmOJlHWl
«:JICeJle30 - Y2Jlepoo». Ha JJ:HarpaMMe COCTOSlHllil )l(eJIe30yrJIepOJJ:IICTbIX CIIJIa-
BOB (pIIC. 50) no OCH opJJ:IIHaT OTJIO)l(eHa TeMrrepaT)'pa, rro OCII a6CU:IICC -
cOJJ:ep)l(aHHe B CIIJIaBaX yrnepo,n:a JJ:O 6,67%, T.e. JJ:O TaKOrO KOJIHqeCTBa, rrpM
KOTOpOM 06pa3yeTcSI u:eMeHTJIT Fe 3 C. no 3TOH JJ:IIarpaMMe CYJJ:SlT 0 C1pYKTY-
pe Me.LLJIeHHO OXJIIDI<)];eHHbIX CIIJIaBOB, a TaK>Ke 0 B03MO.>KHOCTM II3MeHeHllil
HX MIIKpOCTp)'KTYPbI B pe3YJIbTaTe TepMIIqeCKOH 06pa60TK11, orrpeJJ:eJlSlIOIl{eH
3KCIIJIyaTaU:MOHHbIe CBOHCTBa.
146
L
6 87C,%
I I
100Ft J C,%
Pac. 50. J(uaepOMMa cocmORHWl cucmeMbt «3ICeJle30 - yeJlepoo»
F
K
Ha ,lI;MarpaMMe COCT05IHM5I Fe - Fe 3 C npMIDITbI Me)l{)],YHapo,[(HbIe 0603Ha'le-
HID!. CTIJIOllIHbIMM JlMHM5IMM nOKa3aHa .IU:IarpaMMa COCTORHM5I «)KeJle30 - u.e-
MeHTJIT» (MeTaCTa6M1IbHa5I, TaK KaK B03MO)KeH pacna.n: u.eMeHTMTa), a nYHKTMp-
HbIMM - .IU:IarpaMMa COCT05IHM5I «}I{eJle30 - rpa<l>MT» (CTa6M1IbHa5I).
PaCCMa1'pIIBaeMyID .n;IIarpaMMY npaBRJIbHee CqIITaTb )l(eJIe30u:eMeHTMT-
HOll (Fe - Fe 3 C), ;;1 He )l(eJIe30yrJIepo,n:IIcTOll (Fe - C), TaK KaK cBo60,n:Horo
yrJIepo,n:a B CIlJIaBax He co,n:ep)l(lfTCSI. Ho Tal< KaK co,n:ep)l(aHIIe yrJIepo,n:a
rrporropU:IIOHaJIbHO co,n:ep)l(aHIIIO u:eMeHTIITa, TO rrpaKTlIqeCKH y.n;06Hee Bee
II3MeHemrn C1'pYKTYPbI CIlJIaBOB CBSl3bIBaTb C pa3JIWllibIM co.n;ep)l(aHIIeM yme-
po,n:a. KOMrrOHeHThI )l(eJIe30 II yrJIepo,n: B CIICTeMe SlBJUlIOTCSI nOJIHMop<pHbIMM:
MaTepIIaJIaMII. Ymepo,n: paCTBOpIIM B )l(eJIe3e B .>KM,[(KOM'M: TBep,n:OM COCTOSl-
HM:5IX, a TaIOKe MO)l(eT 06pa30BaTb XMMIIqecKoe coe,n:IIHeHIIe - u:eMeHTHT
Fe 3 C RTIM: rrpMcyrcTBoBaTb B CIlJIaBaX B Bl1.LJ:e rpa<pIITa. B CIICTeMe «)l(eJIe30
u:eMeHTIIT» (Fe - Fe 3 C) IIMelOTCSI CJIe.n;yIDIl(IIe <pa3bI: .>KM,[(KHll paCTBOp (pac-
IlJIaB), rnep,n:bIe paCTBopbI - tjJeppum a II aycmeHum y, a TaIOKe XHMIIqeCKOe
coe,n:HHeHIIe - l(eMeHmum.
(/)eppum IIMeeT BbICOKO- II HII3KOTeMrrepaT)'pHyID Mo.n;II<pIIKal.{IIII. BbICO-
KOTeMrrepaT)'pHaSI Mo.n;II<pIIKal.{HSI 8 II HII3KOTeMrrepaT)'pHaSI a npe,n:cTaBJISIIOT
C060ll TBep.n;bIe pacTBopbI yrJIepo,n:a, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, B 8- II a-)l(eJIe3e.
npe,n:eJIbHOe co,n:ep)l(aHIIe yrJIepo.n;a B a-<peppHTe rrpM: 723°C - OKOJIO
0,02%, a rrpII 20°C - 0,006%. no CBOllCTBaM a-<peppHT 6JiII30K K qMCTOMY
)l(eJIe3Y II RMeeT ,n:OBOJIbHO HII3K11e MexaHWIeCKHe CBOllCTBa, H mpHMep rrpM:
0,06% C: a B = 250 Mna; 8 = 50%; \jI = 80%; TBep,n:OCTb - OT 80 .n;o 90 HB.
Aycmenum - Y-TBep,n:bIll paCTBOp yrJIepo.n;a B Y- Fe. npe,n:eJIbHaSi pacTBO-
pMMOCTb B HeM yrJIepo.n;a paBHa 2,14%. OH YCTOllqIIB TOJIbKO rrpII BbICOKHX
TeMIIepaT)'pax, HO C HeKorropbIMM rrpHMeCSIMII (Mn, Cr II .n;p.) MO)l(eT 6bITb
147
YCTOMqIIBbIM II rrpII 06bIqHbIX (,LlJl.)Ke HII3KHX) TeMrrepa1)'paX. AYCTeHHT 06-
na,L(aeT BbICOKOM rmaCTHqHOCTblO, HII3KHMII rrpe)];enaMII TeK}'1IecTII II rrpoq-
HOCTH. TBep.ll.OCTh aYCTeHMTa - OT 160.ll.o 200 HB.
l(eMeHmUm Fe 3 C - XMMWIecKoe coe.rumeHHe )Kene3a C ymepo)];OM, co)];ep-
)Ka ee 6,67% yrnepo)];a. Me aTOMaMH )Kene3a II yrnepo)];a B u:eMeHTIITe
.lI.eMCTByIOT MeTannIIqeCKaH II KOBaneHTHaSi CBSl3II. TeMrreparypa rrnaBJIe-
HHSI - OKono 1250°C. l{eMeHTIIT SlBJlSleTCSI MeTacTa6IDIbHOM <pa30M; 06nacTh
ero roMoreHHOCTII OqeHb Y3KaH, II Ha .lI.IIarpaMMe COCTOSlHHSI OH II306pIDKa-
eTCSI BepTHKaJIblO. BpeMSI ero YCTOMqHBOCTH }'MeHblIlaeTCSI C rrOBbIlIleHIIeM
TeMrrepaTYPbI: npII HII3KHX TeMrrepaTYPax OH cyrn:eCTByeT 6eCKOHeqHO )];onro,
a rrpII TeMnepaTYPax, npeBbIIIlalOII.U1X 950°C, B TeqeHIIe HeCKOnbIGIX qaCOB
pacna,L(aeTCSI Ha )Kene30 II rpa<pMT. l{eMeHTIIT IIMeeT TOqKY KIopII (210°C) II
06na,L(aeT cpaBHHTenbHO BbICOKHMII TBep.ll.OCThIO (800 HB II BbIlIle) II xpyn-
KOCTblO. ITPOqHOCTb ero Ha paCTIDKeHIIe OqeHb Mana (aBI::! 40 MITa).
B CIICTeMe «)Kene30 - u:eMeHTIIT» IIMelOTCSI )];Be TOHKHe MeXaHIIqecKHe
CMeCII <pa3 - 3BTeK'fMqeCKclSI (Aeoe6ypum) II 3BTeKTOM,LJ:HaH (nepAum).
JIeiJe6ypum SlBJISleTCSI CMeCblO y + Fe 3 C, 06pa3yIO eMCSI rrpII 1130°C B
crrnaaax, cO.ll.e{»KaII.U1X OT 2,0 .lI.O 6,67% C, II Ha6nlO)];aeTCSI BII3YaJIbHO KaK
cTpYKTYPHaSi COCTaBJISlIO aSl )KeJIe30yrnepO.ll.IICThIX crrnaBOB (maBHbIM 06pa-
30M qyryJiOB). JIe.ll.e6ypHT 06na,L(aeT )];OCTaTOqHO 60nblIlIIMII BenWIMHaMII
rrpOqHOCTH (HB > 600) II XpynKOCTII.
llep./Ium (.lI.O 2,0% C) npe)];CTaBJISIeT C060M CMeCb a + Fe 3 C (B nernpo-
BaHHbIX CTaJISIX - Kap6H.D:OB), 06pa3yIO yIOcSi rrpII 723°C II CO.ll.ep)KaHIIII
yrnepO.ll.a 0,83% B rrpo ecce pacrra,L(a aYCTeHMTa, II Ha6nlO.lI.aeTCSI BII3yanbHo
KaK CTpYKTYPHaSi COCTaBnSlIO aSl )Kene30yrnepO)];IICTbIX crrnaBOB. MexaHM-
qeCKHe CBOMCTBa rrepnHTa 3aBIICSIT OT <POpMbI II .lI.IICnepCHOCTII qaCTIIqeK
eMeHTIITa (npOqHOCTb rrnaCTIIHqaTOrO rrepnMTa HeCKonbKO BbIlIle, qeM 3ep-
HHcToro): a B = 800-900 MITa; 8 < 16%; TBep)];OCTb 180...220 HB.
,D;IIarpaMMa COCTOSlHHSI Fe - Fe 3 C (pIIC. 51) SlBJISleTCSI KOM6HHa IIeM
.lI.IIarpaMM rrpOCThIX TIIrrOB. Ha HeM HMelOTCSI TpII ropII30HTaJIII TpeX<pa3HbIX
paBHOBeCIIM: rrepHTeKTIIqeCKOrO (1496°C), 3BTeKTIIqeCKOrO (1147°C) II 3B-
TeKTOM,LJ:Horo (727°C). Bce JIIIHHH Ha .lI.IIarpaMMe COCTOSlHHSI COOTBeTCTByJOT
KpH1WIeCKHM TOqKaM, T.e. TeMrrepaTYPaM, rrpII KOropbIX IIpOIICXOJJ:SIT <pa30BbIe
II CTpYKTYPHbIe rrpeBpa eHHSI B )Kene30yrnepO.ll.IICThIX crrnaBax: ABCD -
nIIHHSI Haqana KpIIcTannII3aU:IIII crrnaBa (nIIKBH.D:Yc), AHJECF - nIIHHSI
KOHu:a KPIICTaJIJIII3a IIII crrnaBa (conM,LJ:Yc).
B 06nacTH .lI.IIarpaMMbI HJCE HaxO)];IITCSI CMeCb .lI.BYX <pa3: .>KH,[(KOrO pa-
cTBOpa II aYCTeHHTa, a B 06nacTH CFD - .>KH,[(KOrO pacTBopa II u:eMeH'nrra.
B TOqKe C rrpII CO)];ep:>KaHMII 4,3% C II TeMrrepaTYPe 1130°C rrpoIICXO)];HT
O)];HOBpeMeHHaH KpIICTaJIJIII3a HSI aYCTeHHTa II u:eMeHTIITa II 06pa3yeTCSI MX
TOHKaSi MeXaHIIqeCKaSi CMeCb - ne)];e6ypHT. JIe)];e6ypIIT npIIcyrCTByeT BO
Bcex crrnaBax, CO.ll.ep)Ka IIX OT 2,0 .lI.O 6,67% C (qyryHbI). TOqKa E COOTBeT-
CTByeT rrpe.ll.enbHOM)' HaCbI eHIIIO )l(ene3a yrnepO)];OM (2,0% C).
148
t,.C
F
K
Pac. 51. CxeMbt MUKpocmpYKmyp CmaAU 6 pa6H06eCHOM COCmORHUU. YCA06HOe
0603Ha'ieHUe CmpYKmypHbIX COCma6/lJlIOUJ,UX:
a - ljJeppUmH{JJI; 6 - ljJeppumHo-u,eMeHmUmH{JJI; 6 - ljJeppumHo-nepAUmH{JJI; Z - nepAUmH{JJI;
iJ - nepJlUmHo-u,eMeHmUmH{JJI; 1 - ljJeppum; 2 - u,eMeHmUm; 3 - nepJlum
B 06JIacTII ,n:IIarpaMMbI AGSF HaxO)lHTCSI aYCTeHHT. TIPH OXJIIDI<;lJ;emm
CTIJIaBOB aYCTeHHT pacna,n:aeTCSI C Bb:r.n;eJIeHHeM no JIIIHHH GS <l>epPHTa, a no
JIHHIIII SE - BTOpHqHOrO u:eMeHTIITa. JIHHHH GSE II PSK HMelOT 60JIblliOe
rrpaKTW!eCKOe 3HaqeHIIe oWUI YCTaHOBJIeHHSI pe)I(HMOB TepMHqeCKOH o6pa-
60TKH CTaJIeH: GSE Ha3bIBalOT IlUHueii BepXHUX KpU11lll'leCKlIX molleK, a PSK -
HUJlCHUX KpumullecKux mOlleK.
B o6JIacTII .n;HarpaMMbI GSP HaxO.n;MTCSI CMeCb .n;BYX <l>a3 - <l>eppHTa H
pacna,n;aroIl(erocSi aycTeHMTa, a B o6JIacTII .n;IIarpaMMbI SEE' - CMeCb BTOp -
HOro u:eMeHTIITa II pacna,lJ;alOIl(erocSi aYCTemITa. B TOqJ(e S npII co,n:ep.xcaHHH
0,8% C II npII TeMnepa1)'pe 723°C BeCb aYCTeHMT pacna,n;aeTCSI II o.n;HOBpe-
MeHHO KpIICTIlJUIH3yeTCSI TOHKaSI MeXaHlftIeCKaSI CMeCb <l>epplfTa II u:eMeHTH-
'fa - nepJIlIT. lIHHHSI PSK cOOTBeTCTByeT OKOlRaTeJIbHOM}' pacna.n:y aycremrra
II 06Pa30BaHHIO nepJIIfTa. B 06.rracTH HIDKe JIHHHII PSK HJIKaKID{ H3MeHeHHM
CTPYKTYPbI He npOIIcxo,n:HT.
CTPYK1YPHbIe rrpeBpaIl(eHHSI B CTIJIaBax, HaxO,l(SlIl(HXCSI B TBep,n:OM COCTOSI-
HHH, BbI3BaHbI CJIe.n;yroIIU1MH np HaMH: II3MeHeHHeM paCTBOpHMOCTH yme-
po.n;a B )l(eJIe3e B 3aBIICIIMOCTH OT TeMnepa1)'pbI CTIJIaBa (QP II SE), nOJIJIMOp-
<l>II3MOM >KeJIe3a (PSK) II BJIHSlHHeM co.n;ep.xcaHHSI paCTBOpeHHoro ymepo.n;a
Ha TeMneparypy rrOJIIIMoP<l>HbIX npeBpaIl(eHIIM (paCTBopeHIIe ymepo,n:a B
)l(eJIe3e cnoc06cTBYeT paClliHpeH:HIO TeMneparypHOM o6JIacTII C}'II.(eCTBOBa-
HHSI aYCTeHMTa II C}')KeHIIIO 06JIacTII <l>eppMTa).
)J;IIarpaMMa cTa6IIJIbHoro paBHOBeCIISI Fe - Fe 3 C, 0603HaqeHHaSI Ha
pHC. 50 III1PHXOBOM JIIIHIIeM, oTo6pa>KaeT B03MO.>KHOCTb o6pa30BaHHSI BbICO-
,
149
lid
KoyrJIepO,lJ;IICTOM <paJbI (rpa<pHTa) Ha BCeX 3TanaX CTpYKTYPo06paJOBaHHSI B
CIlJIaBaX C nOBbImeHHbIM CO.D:ep)l(aHIIeM yrJIepO.D:a. ,D;IIarpaMMa COCTOSlHHSI
cTa6HlIbHOM CIICTeMbI «)I(eJIe30 - rpa<pIIT» OTJIHqaeTCSI OT MeTaCTa6HlIbHOM
CIICTeMbI «)I(eJIe30 - u:eMeHTJIT» TOJIbKO B TOM qacrn, me B <paJOBbIX paBHo-
BecHSlX yqaCTByeT BbIcoKoyrJIepO.D:IICTaSI <pa3a (rpa<pHT HlIII u:eMeHTIIT).
Ha JUIarpaMMe COCTOSlHHSI pa3JIWlaIOT.D:Be 06JIacTII: CTIUIH II qy:ryHbI. YCJIo-
BHSI npIIHSlToro paJrpaHHqeHHSI - B03MO>KHOCTb 06paJoBaHHSI JIe.D:e6yplITa
(npe,lJ;eJIbHaSi paCTBOpIIMOCTb yrJIepOlIa B aYCTeHHTe):
. cmOJlU - .D:O 2,14% C, He CO.D:ep)l(aT JIe.D:e6ypHTa;
. ItYZYHbl - 60JIee 2,14% C, CO,lJ;ep)l(aT JIe.D:e6ypIIT.
B 3aBIICIIMOCTII OT npou:eHTHoro cO,lJ;ep)l(aHHSI yrJIepo.D:a )l(eJIe30yrJIepO-
,lJ;IICThIe CIlJIaBbI nOJIytIHlIII CJIe,lJ;}'IOIl(IIe HaJBaHHSI: o038meKmouoHble cmOJlU
(MeHee 0,83% C); 38meKmouoHble cmOJlU (0,83% C); 3a38meKmouoHble cmOJlU
(0,83...2% C); o038meKmUlteCKUe ItYcyHbl (2...4,3% C); 3a38meKmWleCKue ItYcyHbl
(4,3...6,67% C).
CIlJIaBJUISI )l(eJIe30 C yrJIepO,lJ;OM II BapblIPYSI CO,lJ;ep)l(aHIIe KOMnOHeHTOB,
nOJIytIaIOT CIlJIaBbI C pa3JIMqHbIMH CTPYKTYPOM II CBOMCTBaMII.
2.1.2. CTaJIH H CnJlaBbI
Cmtl./lb - ,lJ;e<popMIIpyeMbIM (KOBKIIM) CIlJIaB )l(eJIe3a (ocHoBa) C yrJIepo-
,lJ;OM (,lJ;0 2%) II (HlIII) ,lJ;pyrIIMII 3JIeMeH'raMII (CIlJIaBbI).
I
i
I
I
:11
III.i
2.1.2.1. CmpYKmypa cmOJleu 8 pa8H08ecHOM COCmOJlHUU
BlI,lI; OKOHqaTeJIbHO C<pOpMIIpOBaBmeMCSI MIIKpOCTpyKTypbI CTaJIeM II
CIlJIaBOB 3aBIICIIT OT CO,lJ;ep)l(aHHSI B HHX yrJIepO.D:a II MO)l(eT 6bITh onpe.D:eJIeH
no CTpYKTYPHOM .D:IIarpaMMe COCTOSlHHSI Fe - Fe 3 C B COOTBeTCTBIIII C npo-
u:eccaMII, KOTopbIe npOIICXO,nSIT MSI cOOTBeTCTB}'IOIl(erO COCTaBa CIlJIaBa.
MHKpOCTpYKTYPa CTaJIeM, cO.D:ep)l(aIl(IIX ,lJ;0 0,006% C, IIMeeT 3epHIICToe
(nOJIII3.D:pIIqeCKoe) CTpoeHIIe II npe.D:CTaBJISIeT C060M qIICTbIM <peppHT (CM.
pIIC. 51, a). TaKHe CTaJIII npII He60JIbmOM npOqHOCrn 06JIa,n;aIOT BbICOKOM
IlJIaCrnqHOCTblO II y.n.apHoM BSl3KOCTblO.
TIPII CO.D:ep)l(aHIIII B CTaJISIX yrJIepo.D:a OT 0,006 .D:O 0,025% (TeXHIIqeCKOe
)l(eJIe30) HX MIIKpOCTpYKTYPa npe.D:CTaBJISleT C060M 3epHa <peppHTa II pacno-
JIO)l(eHHbIM no rpaHIIu:aM 3TIIX 3epeH TpeTHqHbIM u:eMeHTIIT (CM. pIIC. 51,6).
XpyrrKaSI u:eMeHTHTHaSi CeTKa CHIDKaeT IlJIaCTHqHOCTb II BSl3KOCTh CTaJIeM.
MIIKpOCTpYKTYPa CTaJIeM C CO.D:ep)l(aHIIeM yrJIepo.D:a 0,025...0,8% COCTOHT
II33epeH <pepplITa II nepJIIITa (CM. plIC. 51,8). TIpII 3TOM B CTaJISiX C cO,lJ;ep-
)l(aHIIeM yrJIepo,lJ;a .D:O 0,1...0,15% eIl(e coxpaHSIIOTcSI BKJIlOqeHHSI TpeTHqHOrO
u:eMeHTIITa. B cTp)'KTYPe TaKHX CTaJIeM ,npII YBeJIHqeHHH CO.D:ep)l(aHHSI yrJIe-
pO,lJ;a YBeJIIIqIIBaeTCSI KOJIIIqeCTBO nepJIIITa H, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, yMeHbmaeTCSI
KOJIHqeCTBO <peppIITa, qTO Be.D:eT K nOBbImeHIIIO npOqHOCrn' II TBep,lJ;ocrn
CTaJIH C O,lJ;HOBpeMeHHbIM CHIDKeHIIeM y,lJ;apHOM BSl3Kocrn II OTHOCHTeJIbHoro
YMIIHeHHSI.
150
llPIf CO.n;ep)lffiHIfIf yrJIepo.n;a 0,8%
MIfKpocTPYKTYPa npe.n;CTaBJISIeT co-
60H 3epHa tIIfCTOrO nepJIIfTa (CM. 200
pIfC. 51, z). llpIf paccMOTpeHIfIf no.n;
MIfKpOCKonOM nepJIIfT If MeeT BH)],
TeMHbIX BKJIlOtIeHIfH Heo.n;HOpO.n;HOro
CTpoeHIfSI. BCJIe.n;CTBIfe 3HatIIfTeJIb- 100
HOH .n;IfcnepCHOCTIJ CTPYKTYPY nep-
JIIfTa MO)l(HO ()TqeTJIIfBO pa3JIIftIaTh
TOJIbKO npIf yJ3eJIIftIeHHSIX 60JIee tIeM
B 500 pa3. llepmrr MO)l(eT MMeTb IUmc-
THHtIa1)'lO HJIIf 3epHMc1)'IO cTPYKIYPY,
tITO onpe.n;eJUlIOT YCJIOBHSI OXJIIDK.LI:e-
HMSI. llPM 3TOM CTaJIb C 3epHIfcTOH CTPYKTYPOH nepJIJ1Ta OTJIWIaeTCSI JIylIIIIeH
ITJIaCTIftlHOCTblO If o6pa6aThIBaeMOCTblO pe3aHIfeM.
B MMKpocTPYKTYPe CTaJIIf, co.n;ep)l(ameH CBbIIIIe 0,8% yrJIepo.n;a, no rpaHIf-
u:aM 3epeH nepJIIfTa pacnOJIaraeTCSI BTOPMtffibIH u:eMeHTIlT, BbI.n;eJISlIOII.J:HHcSI
If3 aYCTeHMTa npIf OXJIIDK.LI:eHIfIf BCJIe.n;CTBIfe YMeHbIIIeHHSI paCTBOpIfMOCTII yr_
JIepo.n;a. llPIf co.n;ep)lffiHIfM B CTaJIII 1 % yrJIepo.n;a u:eMeHTIlT oopa3yeT xpynKYIO
ceTKy, KOTOpWl pa306II.J:aeT Me.>K,LJ,Y COOOH 3epHa nepJIHTa (CM. pIfC. 51, a).
llPOtffiOCTb CTaJIIf npIf 3TOM cHIDKaeTCSI.
UeMeHTMT TpeTMtIHbIH B CTaJISiX If qyryHax, a TaIOKe u:eMeHTMT BTOPMtI-
Hbrn B 3BTeKTHtIeCKMX If 3a3BTeKTIltIeCKMX tIyryHax B BH)],e caMOCTOSlTeJIbHbIX
CTPYKTYPHbIX COCTaBJISlIOII.J:MX npIf MIfKpOCTPYKTYPHOM aHaJIIf3e OObItffiO He
06Hap}')KlfBaIOTCSI.
PaCCMOTPeHHbIe paBHOBeCHbIe CTPYKTYPbl 06paTHMbI, T.e. OHIf MHOro-
Kparno peaJIIf3yIOTCSI npII HarpeBe If OXJIIDK.LI:eHIfIf CIIJIaBOB. 3TO CnpaBe,lLJIIf-
BO TOJIbKO B CJIyqae, eCJIM HarpeBbI If OXJIIDK.LI:eHHSI npOTeKalOT C )IOCTaTOtIHO
MaJIbIMIf CKOpOCTSIMIf, T.e. Bee <l>a30Bble npeBpaII.J:eHHSI 3aBepIIIeHbl If MO)I(HO
He yqMTbIBaTb Heo6xo.n;IfMbIe MSI 3TOro neperpeBbI If nepeOXJIIDK.LI:eHHSI.
,[(Jrn KOJIIftIeCTBeHHOH ou:eHKM KOMnOHeHTOB CTPYKTYPHoro COCTaBa IfC-
nOJIb3yIOT npa6WlO ompe3K06, peaJIIf3yeMoe Ha ,IJ;HarpaMMe Fe - Fe 3 C.
PRC. 52. BJlUJlHue cOOep;JICaHUR YZJlepo- HB
oa Ha MeXaHUiteCKUe C60ucm6a cmaJleu
U cnJla606
o
300 1200
60
1,2
0,8
20
0,4
o
o
2.1.2.2. BflUflHue YZilepOaa U nocmOflHHblX (mexHoflOZUl.teCKUX)
npUMeceu Ha C60ucm6a cmafleu U CnJla606
IIocmOflHHble (meXHOflOZUl.teCKue) npUMecu SlBJISIIOTCSI 06S13aTeJIbHbIMM
KOMnOHeHTaMIf CTaJIeH If CITJIaBOB, tITO OO'bSlCH5IeTCSI TPY,IJ;HOCTblO HX y.n;aJIe-
HIDI KaK npM BbIITJIaBKe (P, S), TaK If B npou:ecce paCKMCJIeHHSI (Si, Mn)
151
i
,
i
I
I,
I,
t
IIIJ
Hill! If3 1lIIIXTbI - JIerHpOBaHHOrO MeTaJIJIIfqeCKOrO JIOMa (Ni, Cr If .n;p.).
K nOCTOSlHHbIM npHMeCSIM OTHOCSIT Y2JlepOa, Map2aHeu" KpeMHUU, cepy, fjJoc-
rjJop, a TaIOKe KUCflOpOa, 60aOpOa If mom. nOCTOSIHHble npIfMeCIf MOryr npH-
cyrcTBOBaTb B BH)],e TBep.n;bIX If ra3006pa3HbIX <1>a3. O,lJ:HaKO OHIf He OKa3bIBa-
lOT C}'Il(eCTBeHHoro BJIIDIHIDI Ha nOJIO)l(eHIfe KpHTWIecKlfX TOqeK )UfarpaMMbI
Fe - C.
XapaIcrep BJlIDIHIDI 3TIIX npHMeceH Ha cBoHCTBa CTaJIeH H CITJIaBOB onpe-
.n:eJlSleTCSI HX B03MO)I(HOCThIO o6pa30BblBaTb caMOCTOSlTeJIbHbIe <1>a3bI C OCHOB-
HbIM KOMnOHeHTOM - )l(eJIe30M, a TaIOKe MecTOM B03HIfKHOBeHIDI 3TIIX <1>a3.
Y 2 fl e po a B COOTBeTCTBIfIf C .n:HarpaMMOH COCTOSIHIDI «)I(eJIe30 - u:eMeH-
THT» MO)l(eT 06pa30BbIBaTb C )l(eJIe30M TBep.n:bIH paCTBOp a H u:eMeHTHT
Fe 3 C. Co.n:ep)l(aHIfe u:eMeHTHTa B CITJIaBaX MO)l(HO Ou:eHIfBaTh npSlMO no
.n;HarpaMMe COCTOSIHIDI, IfCnOJIb3YSI .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHyID llIKaJIY a6cWfCC no CO-
.n:ep)l(aHIfIO u:eMeHTHTa (CM. pIfC. 50), TaK KaK ero KOJIHqeCTBO B CTaJISiX npo-
nOpWfOHaJIbHO co.n:ep)l(aHHIO yrJIepo.n: a .
BJIIfSlHHe yrJIepo.n:a Ha CBOHcTBa CTaJIeH B OCHOBHOM onpe.n;eJISleTCSI
CBOHCTBaMIf u:eMeHTHTa (3aKoH aaaumu6Hocmu) If CBSl3aHO C H3MeHeHIfeM
co.n:ep)l(aHIDI OCHOBHbIX CTPYKTYPHbIX COCTaBJISIIOIllHX - <1>eppHTa If u:eMeH-
THTa. CJIe.n:oBaTeJIbHO, npIf YBeJIIfqeHHIf co.n:ep)l(aHIfSI yrJIepo.n: a .n;o 1,2%
(pIfC. 52) B03pacTaIOT npOqHOCTb, TOOp.n:OCTb, nopor XJIa.n:HOJIOMKOCTH (0,1%
C nOBbIllIaeT TeMTIepaTYPY nopora XJIa.n:HOJIOMKOCTH Ha 20°C), npe.n;eJI TeKY-
qeCTH, BeJIWmHa 3JIeKTPWIecKoro cOnpOTHBJleHIDI If K03PU:HTIIBHWI cHJla.
npII 3TOM CHIDKaIOTCSI nnOTHOCTb, TennonpoBo.n:HOCTb, BSl3KOCTb, ITJIaCTHq-
HOCTb, BeJIHqHHbI OTHOCHTeJIbHbIX YMIfHeHIDI If C}')KeHIDI, 8 T8IOKe BeJIWIH-
Ha OCTaTOqHOH HHD:)'KlI.HH.
C}'Il(eCTBeHHyID pOJIb IfrpaeT TO, qTO H3MeHeHHe <1>If3IfqeCKHX CBOHCTB
npHBO.n;HT K yxy.n:llIeHHIO u:eJIoro pSllla TeXHOJIOrnqeCKlfX CBOHCTB, TaKlIX KaK
.n;e<1>opMHPyeMocTb npH llITaMnOBKe, CBapIfBaeMOCTb H .n:p. TaK, xopOllIeH
CBapIfBaeMOCTbIO OTJIIfqalOTCSI HIf3KoyrJIepo.n:IfCTbIe CTaJIIf. CBapKa cpe.n;He-
H oc06eHHo BblcoKoyrJIepo.n:IfCTbIX CTaJIeH Tpe6yeT npIfMeHeHIDI no.n;orpeBa,
3aMe)J.JISIIOillerO OXJIIDKD:eHHe, If .n:pyrHX TeXHOJIOm:qeCKlfX onepaU:HH, npe.n:yn-
pe)l{)]:aIOIllIfX 06pa30BaHHe TpeIllHH.
Map 2 a H e U, BBO.L(SlT B CTaJIH KaK TeXHOJIOrHqeCKyID .n;06aBKY MSI nOBbI-
llIeHIDI CTeneHIf HX paCKHCJIeHIDI H YCTpaHeHIDI Bpe.n:Horo BJlIDIHIDI CepbI.
MapraHeu: CqHTaeTCSI TeXHOJIOrHqeCKOH npHMecbIO npH era co.n:ep)l(aHIfH,
He npeBbIllIaIOIlleM 0,8%. MapraHeu: npIfcyrCTByeT B CTaJISiX H CITJIaBax B
BH)],e Toop.n;oro paCTBopa II KaK TeXHOJIOrHqeCKaSI npHMeCb If C}'Il(eCTBeH-
Horo BJIIDIHIDI Ha CBOHCTBa CTaJIeH He OKa3bIBaeT.
K p eM H U U TaIOKe BBO.LJ:SIT B CTaJIb ,LI)UI paCKHCJIeHIDI. CO,lIep)l(aHIfe KpeM-
HHSI KaK TeXHOJIOrnqeCKOH npHMecIf 06bNHO He npeBbllIIaeT 0,37%. KpeMIDIif
npIfcyrcTByeT B CTaJISiX If CITJIaBax B TBep,lIOM pacTBope a If KaK TeXHOJIOrn-
qeCKWI npIfMeCb BJIHSlHHSI Ha CBOHCTBa CTaJIH He OKa3blBaeT. B CTaJISIX,
npe,lIHa3HaqeHHbIX ,lIJISI CBapHbIX KOHCTPYKU:IIH; co.n;ep)l(aHHe KpeMHIfSI He
.n:OJI)l(HO npeBbIllIaTb 0,12...0,25%.
152
C e p a npaKTH'IeCKH HepaCTBopHMa B aYCTeHHTe H npHcyrcTByeT B
CTaJISIX H CruIaBax B Blf,lJ;e xpyrnrnx CYJIb<}>If,lJ;OB FeS H MnS, BXO,lUlIl.{HX B 3B-
TeKTIIKy C TeMnepa1ypOH IDIaBJIeHHSI 985°C. llpH'IeM 3Ta 3BTeKTHKa, KaK
npaBIDIO, KpHCTaJIJIH3yeTcSI no rpaHHu:aM 3epeH. llpen;eJIbI co.n:ep)l(aHHSI
cepbI KaK TeXHOJIOIWIeCKOH npHMeCH COCTaBJISIIOT 0,035...0,06%.
lloBbIllIeHHe co,nep)l(aHHSI cepbI C}'Il.{eCTBeHHO CHIDKaeT MeXaHH'IeCKHe II
<}>H3HKO-XHMH'IeCKHe CBOHCTBa CTaJIeH, B 'IaCTHOCTH TUIaCTH'IHOCTb, y,nap-
HyJO BSl3KOCTb, conpOrnBJIeHHe HcrnpaHHIO H KOPP03HOHHyJO CTOHKOCTb.
llPH ropS{qeM ,ne<}>opMHpoBaHHH CTaJIe$i II CIDIaBOB 60JIbllIOe co.n:ep)l(aHHe
cepbI Be,neT K KpaCHOJIOMKOCTH, npOSlBJISIIOIl.{eHcSI nOSlBJIeHHeM HaJ{pbIBOB
no BKJIlOqeHHSlM FeS. KpoMe TOro, nOBbIllIeHHoe co,nep)lffiHHe cepbl CHIDKa-
eT CBapHBaeMOCTh roTOBbIX H3.n:eJIHH.
f]J0 c rP 0 p, KaK II cepa, OTHOCIITCSI K HaH60JIee Bpe.n:HbIM npHMeCSIM B
CTaJISIX H cIDIaBax. llpe,neJIbI co,nep)l(aHHSI <t>oc<t>opa KaK TeXHOJIOm'IeCKOH
npMMeCH COCTIlBJUlIOT 0,025...0,045%. <1>oc<t>op B CTaJISIX H cIDIaBax npHCyr-
CTByeT B TBep,nOM pacTBope a. YBeJIH'IeHHe ero co,nep)l(aHHSI .n:IDKe Ha ,nOJIH
npou;eHTIl, nOBbIlliWI npOlffiOCTh, O,lUIOBpeMeHHO nOBbIlliaeT TeK}'lIeCTh, xpyn-
KOCTh H nopor XJIaJ{HOJIOMKOCTH H CHIDKaeT IDIaCrnqHOCTb H BSl3KOCTb. 3TO
06'bSicHHeTCSI TeM, 'ITO <}>oc<}>op BbI3bIBaeT CIDIbHyJO BHyrpHKpHCTaJlJIH'Ie-
CKyIO JIHKBau:M1O II cnoc06CTBYeT pocTy 3epeH B MeTaJlJIe. Bpe.n:Hoe BJIHSlHHe
<}>oc<t>opa oc06eHHo CIDIbHO CK3.3bIBaeTCSI npH nOBbIllIeHHOM co,nep)l(aHHH
ymepon;a.
K U C fl 0 po iJ H a 30m pacTBOpSllOTCSI B HWITQ)l(HO MaJIOM KOJIWIeCTBe H
JaIpSl3HmoT CTaJIb HeMeTaJIJIH'IeCKHMH BKJIlO'IeHHSlMH (OKClf,lJ;aMH, HHTplf,lJ;a-
MH, ra30BOH <t>a30H). OHH OKa3bIBalOT oTpHu:aTeJIbHOe B03n;eHCTBHe Ha
CBOHCTBa, BbI3bIBWI aHH30'TponHIO MeXaHH'IeCKHX CBOHCTB, nOBbIllIeHHe
xpynKocrn H nopora XJIa,n;HOJIOMKOcrn, a TaIOKe CHIDKalOT BSl3KOCTb H Bbl-
HOCJIIffiOCTb. Co,nep)l(aHIIe KHCJIOpOn;a 60JIee 0,03% BbI3bIBaeT CTapeHHe CTa-
JIeH, a 60JIee 0,1% - KpaCHOJIOMKOCTh. A30T YBeJIH'IHBaeT npO'IHOCTb H
TBepn;OCTb CTaJIH, HO CHIDKaeT IDIaCTH'IHOCTb. lloBbIllIeHHoe COn;ep)l(aHHe
a30TIl BbI3bIBaeT n;e<t>opMau:MOHHoe CTapeHHe. CTapeHHe MelIJleHHO pa3BHBa-
eTCSI npH KOMHaTHOH TeMnepa1ype H YCKopSleTCSI npH HarpeBe n;o 250°C.
B 0 iJ 0 po iJ COn;ep)l(l[TCSI B TBep.n:OM pacTBope a IDIH CKaIDIHBaeTCSI B no-
pax H Ha n;IICJIOKaU;HSIX. YBeJIH'IeHHe ero con;ep)lffiHHSI B CTaJISiX H cIDIaBax
npHBO.IUIT K }'BeJIWIeHIIIO XPyrIKOCTII. KpOMe TOro, B H3,neJIIDIX npOKaTa MOryr
B03HHKaTh rPilOKeHbl, KOTOpbIe pa3BHBaeT BO.n:OpOn;, BbI,LJ;eJUlIOIl.{HHCSI B nOpbI.
(/)./lOKeHbi - .necl>eKTbI BHyrpeHHero CTpoeHHH CTaJIH B BH,D;e cepe6pHcro-
6eJIbIX IUITeH (B H3JIOMe) HJIH BOJIOCOBHH (Ha rrpOTpaBJIeHHbIX llUIH<}>ax). BCTpe-
qaIOTCH rnaBHbIM 06Pa30M B KaTaHbIX H KOBaHbIX H3,lJ;eJIHHX.
<1>JIOKeHbI HHIfi.J;HlIpyIOT npou;ecc pa3PYIIIeHHSI. MeTaJIJI, lfMelOIl.{lfH <}>JIO-
KeHbI, HeJIb3S1 HCnOJIb30BaTb B npOMbIllIJIeHHOCTH.
153
I'
I,
I:
L
2.1.2.3. BfluflHue mepMU'leCKOU, mepMoMeXaHU'leCKOU
U XUMuKo-mepMU'leCKOU o6pa60moK Ha ceoucmea cmaflU U CnJlaeoe
TepMU'leCKOii ofJpa60mxoii C1IUMU Ha3bIBaIOT rrpoueccbl HarpeBa H OXJIIDK-
.D:eHHSI, rrpOBe.D:eHHbIe rro onpe.D:eneHHOM}' pe.>KHM}', ,LI)UI HarrpaR1IeHHoro 113-
MeHeHHSI ee CTPYKTYPbI C u:enblO rronyqeHHSI He06xo.D:HMbIX 3KcrrnyaTIlIJ:MOH-
HbIX CBOMCTB. B03MO)I(HOCTb R1IHSlHHSI TepMWIeCKOM 06pa60TKH Ha CTPYKTYPY
11 CBOMCTBa CTaJIeM 11 crmaBOB orrpe.D:eIDIeTCSI BropIfqHOM KpIfCTaJlJIIf3aUIfeM,
KoropaSi B COOTBeTCTBHH C .D:l1arpaMMOM COCTOSIHHSI Fe - Fe 3 C (CM. pIfC. 50)
rrpOHCXO.D:IfT rro nIfHHSlM GS, SE If PK.
BTOpIfqHaSi KpHCTaJIJIIf3aUHSl rrpIf MeJUleHHOM OXJIIDKL(eHIfIf rrpOTeKaeT B
rronHOM COOTBeTCTBIfIf C .D:IfarpaMMoM COCTOSlHHSI B TPH 3Tarra:
1) rrpeBpameHHe aYCTeHIITa B <l>eppHT;
2) BbmeneHIfe H3 aycTeHIITa MeJIbqaMlllHX qaCTHU ueMeHTIITa;
3) YKPyrrHeHIfe qaCTIIIJ; ueMeHTIITa, pa3Mepbl KOropbIX MeHSllOTCSI OT .D:OneM
MIfKpOHa .D:O HeCKOJIbKHX MIfKpOH.
TIocne peaJIIf3aU:HII Bcex TPex 3TIlIIOB 06pa3yeTCSI C'IpYKTYPHaSI COCTaBJUlIO-
maSi - rrepnHT.
Cyrn:eCTBeHHOe 3HaqeHIfe JUlSi rrpOTeKaHHSI BTOPIfqHOM KpIfCTaJInl13 a U l111
HMelOT ycnoBHSI OXJIa)l()];eHIfSI. He3HaqHTenbHaSi CTerreHb rrepeOXJIIDKL(eHHSl
MJIH BeCbMa MeJUleHHOe OXJIIDK.D:eHHe 06eCneqHBalOT rronyqeHIfe paBHOBeCHbIX
CTPYKTYP. qeM 60nbllIe CTerreHb nepeOXJIIDKL(emrn aYCTeHHTa MJIIf CKOpOCTb
ero OXJIIDKL(eHHSI, TeM 60nee HepaBHOBeCHOM 6Y.D:eT cTPYKTYPa rronyqaeMoM
CTaJIl1. M3MeHSISI YCJIOBHSI OXJIIDK.D:eHHSI, MO)I(HO rrOnytIHTh pa3JIIftfiIbIe MO.D:If-
<pI1KaU:IfIf cTPYKTYP, a IfMeHHO cop6um, mpoocmum MJII1 MapmeHcum, qro cy-
meCTBeHHO BnHSleT Ha CBOMCTB8 CTaJIeM 11 cnnaBOB.
CopfJum rronyqalOT rrpIf CKOpoCTH OXJIIDK.D:eHHSI OKono 50°C/c. TIpl1 06-
pa30BaHHIf 3TOM CTPYKTYPbI npOTeKaHl1e Bcex rrepeqHCJIeHHbIX BbIllie 3TanOB
rrpOI1CXO.D: HT , HO .D:OCTaTOqHO orpaHIfqeHHo. TonmIfHa 06pa30BaBlllIfxcSI rrpH
3TOM nnaCTHHOK u:eMeHTIITa COCTaBJUleT 0,1...0,5. 10- 8 M. TBep.D:OCTb COp6HTIl
250...350 HB.
1jJoocmum 06pa3yeTCSI rrpIf CKOpOCTH OXJIIDKL(eHHSI 50... 100°C/c. TIpIf Ta-
KOM CKOpOCTH OXJIIDKL(eHIfSI B03MO)I(HbI TOJIbKO nepBbIM If BTOpOM 3TarrbI
BTOpl1qHOM KpIfCTaJIJIIf3aU:HH. TInaCTIIHKH u:eMeHTIITa B TpoOCTIITe He npe-
BbllllalOT no TOJImHHe 1. 10- 10 M. TBeP.D:OCTb TPoOCTIITa 350...450 HB.
Mapmencum C1IUMU - rrepecbImeHHbrM MeTIlcTIl6HJIbHbrM TBep.D:brM paCTBOp
BHe.D:peHHSI yrJIepo.D:a B (X- Fe C I1CKIDKeHHoM KpIfCTaJIJIHqeCKOM pellieTKOM,
rronyqaeMbIM rrpIf CKOpOCTII OXJIa)l()];eHIfSI 150...200°C/c. MI1HI1MaJIbHyIO
CKOpOCTb OXJIa)l()];eHIfSl, rrpIf KOTOpOM BeCb aycTeHIfT rrepeOXJIIDKL(aeTCSI If
rrpeBpamaeTCSI B MapreHcHT, Ha3bIBaIOT KpumwteCKOu CKopocmblO 3aKaflKU. TIpH
HarpeBe MapTeHcHT rrepeXO.D:HT B 60JIee YCTOWIIfBbIe CTPYKTYPbI: TPOOCTIIT,
COp611T H nepJIHT.
154
DC
1200
wn 7aW4z
W"&/ dlf J!
HOpMinI131q1111
3aKaJlKa
o
npOAOJ1>KI1TeJlbHOCTb onepal\l1M TO. OJ
PRC. 53. CxeMbl OCH06HbiX 6U006 mepMulfeclwu o6pa6omKu cma/leu
MapreHCHT nOJIyqaeTCSI nyreM peaJUf3aU:MlI TOJIbKO nepBoro 3Tana BTO-
PHqHOH KpHCTaJIJIH3al(HH H HMeeT xapaKTepHoe TIJIaCTHHqaTOe, non; MHKpO-
CKonOM - HrOJIbqaTOe, c'l'poeHHe. POCT TIJIaCTIIH nyreM C,n:BHI'a npOHcxo,n:HT
MrHOBeHHO co CKOpOCTblO OKOJIO 1000 M/C no 6e3,n:II<l><l>Y3IIOHHOMY Mexa-
HH3My, TaK KaK ,n:H<l><l>Y3HOHHbIH nepexo,n: aTOMOB H3 KpHCTaJIJIOB aYCTeHHTa
B MapreHCHT IIPH HH3KMX TeMnepaTypax HeB03MO)l(eH.
MapreHCHT HMeeT HaH60JIbIillfH y,n:eJIbHblH o6DeM no cpaBHeHHIO C ,n:PY-
rnMH C'l'pYKTYPHbIMH COCTaBJI.HIOIl(HMII CTaJIeH H oc06eHHO C aYCTeHHTOM.
YBeJIHqeHHe y,n:eJIbHOrO 06'beMa npH 06pa30BaHHH MapreHCIITa npHBo,n:HT K
B03HHKHOBeHlIlO npH 3aKaJIKe 60JIbIillIX BHyrpeHHI1X HanpIDKeHHH, BbI3bIBaIO-
Il(11X ,n:e<l>opMaU:HIO H3,n:eJIHH IDIH ,n:IDKe nOSlBJIeHIIe Tpell.{HH.
llPH 06Pa30BaHHH MapreHCIITa 1I0nyqalOT MaKCHMaJIbHbIe 3HaqeHlISl TBep-
,n:OCTII (HB 180...650) H XpynKOCTH IIpH MHHHMaJIbHbIX 3HaqeHl1SlX TIJIOTHOCTII
H BSl3KOCTH. TBepn;OCTb MapreHCHTa B03paCTaeT C YBeJIHqeHHeM COn;ep)lffiHIDI
B HeM yrJIepo,n:a. On;HaKO YBeJIHqeHHe COn;ep)l(aHHSI yrJIepo,n:a nOBblllIaeT
CKJIOHHOCTb MapreHCHTa K XpynKOMy pa3pYllIeHHIO.
OCHOBHbIe Blf,lJ;bI TepMHqeCKOH 06pa6OTKH CTaJIH - OmJICU2, 3alWJlKa H
omnYCK (pHC. 53).
OmJICUZ cmtlllu - TepMHqeCKaSI 06pa6OTKa, BKJIlOqalOll.{aSI npH nOJIHOM
OTIlmre HarpeB n;o TeMnepaTypbI BbIllIe BepXHHX KpHTHqeCKHX TOqeK Ha
30...50°C, BbI.D:epxa<y npH TaKOH TeMnepaType ,n:o nOJIHOrO nporpeBa MeTaJIJIa
155
H rrOCJIeJ{yJOIl(ee OqeHb MeJ{JIeHHoe OXJIIDKJ{emIe (BMeCTe C OXJIIDKJ{aeMOM
rreqbIO). llpIf HerrOJIHOM OTIKMre HarpeB CTaJIeM rrpOH3BOJ{IfTCSI J{O TeMnepa-
TYP BbIllie HIDKHIfX KpHTHqeCKlfX TOqeK Ha 30...50°C, a rrpIf HH3KOTeMnepa-
TYPHOM OTIKMre - J{O TeMrrepaTYP, JIe)l(aIl(HX HIDKe YKa3aHHbIX TOqeK. llpH
HerrOJIHOM If HIf3KOTeMrrepaTYPHOM OTIKHrax rrpOHCXOJ{m TOJIbKO qaCTIJlffiaSi
rrepeKpIfCTaJlJIIf3au: lfSI . CrpYKTYPa CTaJIeM rrOCJIe OTIlrnra o6pa3yeTCSI B rrOJIHOM
COOTBeTCTBHH C J{HarpaMMOH COCTOSlHlfSI )l(eJIe30yrJIepOJ{HCTbIX crmaBOB.
OTIIrn:r CTaJIeH rrpOIf3BO)],SlT B Tex CJIyqWlX, Kor.n:a Heo6xOJ{lfMO YMeHblllHTb
TBepJ{OCTb, rrOBbICHTh rmaCTHqHOCTb H BSl3KOCTb, JIIfKBlfJ{IfpOBaTb nOCJIeJ{-
CTBlfSI rreperpeBa, nOJIy'Imb paBHOBeCHoe COCTOSlHHe, YJIyqlllHTb 06pa6aTbI-
BaeMOCTb npII pe3aHHIf.
Pa3HOBRIIHOCTSIMIf OTIKHra CTaJIeH SlBJISIIOTCSI:
1. HOpMaJlU3au.uoHHbtii OmJICU2 (HopMQJlU3au,UR) - BlfJ{ TepMHqeCKOH 06-
pa60TKH CTaJIIf, 3aKJIIOqaIOIl(IfHCSI B HarpeBe J{O TeMrrepaTYPbI Ha 30...50°C
BbIllie BepXHHX KpHTHqeCKlfX TOqeK, BblJ{ep.>KKe If OXJIIDKJ{eHIfIf Ha cnoKoH-
HOM B03J{yxe. B pe3YJIbTaTe HOpMaJIH3aU:HH CTaJlH C cOJ{ep)l(aHHeM yrJIepoJ{a
MeHee 0,3% rrpIfo6peTaIOT <l>eppHTHO-rrepJIHTHyJO cTPYKTYPY, a CTaJlIf C co-
J{ep)l(3HIfeM yrJIepoJ{a 0,3...0,7% - COp6HTHyJO.
HOpMaJIH3aIJ:MSI rrpHMeHSleTCSI B Tex CJIyqaSIX, Kor.n:a Heo6xo,lUIMO rrOJIytUITb
OJ{HOpOJ{HyJO MeJIK03epHIfCTYID CTPYKTYPY C 60JIee BbICOKOH TBepJ{OCThIO H
rrpOqHOCTbIO, HO C HeCKOJIbKO MeHbllleH rmaCTWIHOCTbIO, qeM rrOCJIe o'DICHra.
llpIf HOpMaJIH3aU:IfIf B 3a3BTeKTOlfJ{HbIX CTaJISIX YCTPaHSleTCSI u:eMeHTHTHaSi
ceTKa, rr03ToMy eIO qaCTO 3aMeHSIIOT rrOJIHbIH HJIIf HerrOJIHbIH OTIKHr rrpH
rrOJ{rOTOBKe yrJIepoJ{IfcTbIX CTaJIeH K MeXaHIfqeCKOH o6pa6OTKe. HOpMaJIIf3a-
IJ:MSI - 60JIee npoH3BoJ{meJIbHbIH H. 3KOHOMIfqHbIH rrpou:ecc, qeM OTIlrnr.
2. H30mepMu'I£cKUii OmJICU2 - BlfJ{ TepMWIecKOH o6pa60TKJ1. CTaJlH, 3aKJIIO-
qaIOIl(IfHCSI B HarpeBe CTaJIH J{O TeMnepaTYPbI, Ha 30...50°C rrpeBbIlllaIOIl(eH
BepXHIOIO KpHTIIqeCK)'ID, BblJ{ep.>KKe npH 3TOH TeMrrepaTYPe, a 3aTeM rrepe-
Hoce J{eTaJIIf B J{PYIYIO rreqb C 3a,aaHHoH (HIDKe BepXHeH KpH.THqeCKoH) TeM-
nepaTYPOH J{JUI ee If30TepMHqeCKOH BblJ{ep.>KKH J{O rrOJIHoro pacrra,aa ayCTeHH-
Ta. M30TepMlIqeCKlfH OTIKJ1T YJIyqlllaeT 06pa6aTblBaeMocTb pe3aHHeM If rrpIf-
MeHSleTCSI rrpIf If3rOTOBJIeHHIf J{eTaJIeH If 3aroToBoK He60JIblllHX pa3MepoB.
3aKQJlKa cmQJlU - TepMIfqeCKaSi o6pa6oTKa, BKJlIOqaIOIl(aSi HarpeB J{O
TeMnepaTYP BbIllie BepXHHX KpHTWIecKHx TOqeK Ha 30...50°C, BblJ{ep)l(l(}' IIPII
3THX TeMIIepaTYPax J{O nOJIHoro IIporpeBa MeTaJlJIa H IIOCJIe.n:yIOIl(ee OqeHb
6bICTPOe ero OXJIIDKJ{eHHe: B pe3YJIbTaTe 3aKaJIKH B CTaJIH H3 aycTeHHTa 06-
pa3yeTCSI MapTeHcIfT. CTaJIIf, IIoJ{BepraIOIl(IfeCSI 3aKaJIKe, xapaI<TepIf3yJOTC
3aKaJlUeaeMOcmb1O If npOKaJlUeaeMocmblO.
3aKQJlUeaeMOCmb - cIIoc06HOCTb CTaJIH IIOBbIlllaTb TBepJ{ocTb B pe3YJIb-
TaTe 3aKaJIKlf.
IlpoK/lJlU6aeMOCmb - cnOC06HOCTb CTaJlH 06Pa30BbIBaTh 3aKaJIeHHbIH CJIOH
co CTPYKTYPOH MapTeHclITa H BbICOKOH TBepJ{OCTbIO. llpOKaJIIfBaeMOCTb 06-
156
pa3n;a Xapa.KTepH3yeTCSI MaKCHMaJIbHO nOJIyqaeMoM TBep.n;OCTblO no CeqemIIO
H3)J;eJIHSI (o6paJu:a).
CraJIH C MaJIbIM co.n;ep)l(aHHeM ymepo.n;a 3aKaJIHTb Ha MapTeHCHT OqeHb
TPy.n;HO, TaK KaK HaqaJIO H KOHen; npou:ecca 06pa30BaHHSI MapTeHCHTa npo-
IICXOJ(SlT B 06JIacTH BbICOKHX TeMnepaTYP, COOTBeTCTByIOll(HX 06pa30BaHlflO
.n;pyrHX, 60JIee YCTOMqHBbIX CTPYKTYP (TpOOCTHT, COp6HT). npOKaJIHBae-
MOCTb 06bIKHOBeHHbIX yrJIepo.n;HCTbIX CTaJIeM pacnpOCTpaHSleTCSI Ha 5...7 MM.
MHKpoCTpYKTYPa 3aKaJIeHHbIX CTaJIeH 3aBHCHT OT HX XHMHqeCKOrO COCTaBa
H YCJIOBHH 3aKaJIKH (TeMnepaTYpa HarpeBa H pe)I{HM OXJIaJK,LJ:eHHH). 3aKaJIKa
CTaJIH C co.nepxaHHeM ymepO,ll;a .no 0,025...0,03% 33,aep)I{HBaeT BbIJJ:eJIeHHe
TPeTHqHOrO l..{eMeHTHTa no rpaHHl..{aM 3epeH H He MeIDIeT CTPYKTYPY <}>eppHTa.
TaKaH 3aKaJIKa nOBbIlllaeT n.n:acTHqHOCTb H nOqTH He H3MeIDIeT npoqHOCTHbIX
xapaKTepHCTHK. .
MHKpOCTPYKTYPa CTaJIH C co.nep)KaHHeM yrJIepo,ll;a 0,08...0,15% (c HarpeBOM
BbIllIe BepXHHX Iq>HTHqeCKHX roqeK H OXJIaJK,LJ:eHHeM B Bo.ne) npe.nCTaBJlHeT co-
60H HH3KoyrJIepo.nHcTbIH MapTeHCHT C BbIJJ:eJIeHHHMH <}>eppHTa. .LJ:aJIbHeHllIee
yaeJIHqeHHe co.nepJKaHHH yrJIepo.na (0,15...0,25%) npH Tex )Ke YCJIOBIDIX 3aKaJIKH
npHBOD:HT K nOBbIllIeHHIO TBep.noCTH C 110...130.no 140...180 HB, a npeneJI Te-
K}'tIeCTH B03paCTaeT Ha 30...50%. HaH60JIee 3HaqHTeJIbHOe H3MeHeHHe CBOHCTB
npOHCXO,ll;HT npH CO,ll;epJKaHHH yrJIepo.na 60JIee 0,30...0,35%.
MHKpOCTPYKTYPa ,lI;03BTeKTOH.ll.HbIX CTaJIeH npe.nCTaBJIHeT C060H MapTeHCHT,
KpHCTaJIJIbI KOTOporo HMeIOT xapaKTepH}'IO <}>oPMY ruIaCTHH (HrJI). rIpH CO,ll;ep-
>KaHHH yrJIepo.na 60JIee 0,5...0,6% B MHKpOCTPYKTYPe CTaJIeH Ha6monaeTcH He-
3HaqHTeJIbHOe (2...3%) KOJIHqeCTBO aYCTeHHTa.
MHIq)OCTPYKTYPa 3a3BTeKTOH.ll.HbIX CTaJIeH COCroHT H3 MapTeHcHTa, 3epeH
BTOpH'lHoro l..{eMeHTHTa (He paCTBOpHBllierocH npH HarpeBe) H OCTaTOqHoro aYCTe-
HHTa. KPHCTaJIJIbI (HmbI) MapTeHCHTa OqeHb He60JIblllHX pa3MepOB. rIoBbIllIe-
HHe TeMnepaTYPbI 3aKaJIKH BbI3bIBaeT paCTBopeHHe BTOpHqHOrO l..{eMeHTHTa H
cnoco6C1'ByeT pOC'I)' 3epHa.
B Tex CJIyqaSIX, Kor.n;a 1'pe6yIOTCSI BbICOKaSI TBep.n;OCTb H nOBbIllIeHHaSi H3-
HOCOYCTOMqHBOCTb nOBepXHOCTH npII coxpaHeHHH BSl3KOM H .n;OCTaTOqHO
npoqHOM cep.n;u:eBHHbI II3.n;eJIHSI, npHMeHSleTCSI nooepXHocmHOfl 3aKaJlKa, T.e.
3aKaJIKa He Ha nOJIHyIO my6HHY. nOBepXHOCTHOM 3aKaJIKe no.n;BepraIOT CTa-
JIII npH co.n;ep)l(aHHH yrJIepo.n;a 60JIee 0,3%. OnTHMaJIbHaSI TOJIll(HHa YITPOq-
HSleMoro CJIOSI onpe.n;eJUleTCSI YCJIOBHSlMH pa60TbI .n;eTaJIH H COCTaBJISIeT OT'
1,5 .n;o 15 MM (II BbIllIe). llnOll(a,rJ:b CeqeHHSI 3aKaJIeHHOro CJIOSI He .n;omKHa
lIpeBbIIIIaTb 20% ITJIOll(a,rJ:H Bcero CeqeHHSI. B npaKTIIKe HaH60JIee qaCTO HC-
nOJIb3yIOT nOBepXHOCTHYIO 3aKaJIKY C HH.n;YKn;HOHHbIM HarpeBOM TOKOM
BbICOKOM qaCTOTbI.
MapTeHCHTHaSi cTPYKTYPa CTaJIH nOCJIe 3aKaJIKH MeTaCTa6HJIbHa, H .lUISI
ee npeBpal..I..{eHHSI B 60JIee YCTOMqHByIO cTPYKTYPY IIpOH3BOJ(SIT omnYCK.
OmnYCK CIIUlAU - TepMHqeCKaSI o6pa6oTKa, BKJIlOqalOll(aSI HarpeB 3aKa-
JIeHHOM CTaJIII .n;o TeMnepaTYPbI HH)I(e KpHTHqeCKHX TOqeK, Bb.r.n:epxa<y npH
IS7
3TOM TeMnepaTYPe H OXJIIDK,lI;eHHe. B pe3YJIbTaTe OrnYCKa B 3aBIfCIfMOCTII OT
TeMnepaTYPbI HarpeBa HeYCTOMqHBWI c'l'pyI<TYPa MapTeHCIITa 3aKaJIKlI BCJIe,l(-
CTBHe ,l(If<l><Py3IfOHHOro rrepepacnpe,l(eJIeHMSI ymepO,l(a npeBpawaeTCSI B 60-
JIee YCTOMqIfBbIe CTp)'KTYPbI - MapmeHcum omnycKa, TpoOCTIIT, COp6HT If
nepJIHT.
MapmeHcum omnYCKa HMeeT H3MeHeHHyIO KpHcTaJU[HqecKYIO pellIeTKY, Hero
06pa30BaHHe corrpOBO>K.ll:aeTCH o6DeMHbIMH H3MeHeHHHMH, BbI)J;e.rreHHeM TerrJIO-
Tbl H qaCTHqHbIM CIDITHeM BHYTPeHHHX HarrpIDKeHHH. rIpH 60nee BbICOKOH TeM-
rrepa-rype HarpeBa 06pa3YJOTCH TpOOCTHT, COp6HT H rrepJIHT OTrrYCKa, KOTopble,B
OTJIWIHe OT CTPYKTYP, rro.rryqaeMbIX H3 aYCTeHHTIl rrpH HerrpepbmHOM OXlIa)IQl.eHHH,
HMeIOT 3epHHCT)'IO, a He rrJIaCTHHqaT)'IO MHKpOCTPYKTYPY. CTaJIH C 3epHHCTOH
MHKpOCTPYK'rypOH oTrrycKa xapaKTepH3YJOTCH 60JIee BblCOKOH IIJIaCTHqHOCTbIO H
JI)"IIIleH 06pa6aTbIBaeMOCTbIO pe3aHHeM.
B 3aBHCIfMOCTIf OT TeMnepaTYPbI ornYCKa pa3JIHqaIOT HH3KO- (HIf3KHM),
cpe,l(He- (cpe.n.HHM) H BbICOKOTeMnepaTYPHbIM (BbICOKlIM) Blf.L(bI omYCKa. 3a-
KaJIKa Ha MapTeHCHT C nOCJIe.L(yIOWHM BbICOKlIM ornyCKOM Ha3blBaeTCSI YJlytt-
weHueM cmaJleii. YJIytIllleHIfe 06eCneqHBaeT XOPOlllHM KOMTIJIeKC CBOMCTB
(npOqHOCTb, Y,l(apHaSi BSl3KOCTb, TBep,l(OCTb) H npHMeHSleTCSI ,l(JISI OTBeT-
CTBeHHbIX H3,l(enHM If3 cpe,l(HeyrnepO,l(IfCThIX CTaJIeM (KOJIeHqaTbIe BaJIbI, llla-
TYHbI If ,l(pyrHe ,l(eTaJIIf).
K OCHOBHbIM ,l(e<PeKraM, KOTOpbIe MOIyr B03HHKHyTb npIf JaKaJIKe CT8JIeM,
OTHOCSIT 'l'peWIfHbI H ,l(e<l>opMaUHIO. TpeWHHbI - HeIfcnpaBIfMbIM ,l(e<PeKT,
rrpe,l(ynpe,l(HTb KOTOpbIM MO)I(HO KOHCTPYKTIIBHbIM pellleHIfeM (If36eraTb B
H3,l(eJIHH KOHCTPYKTIIBHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB, KOTopbIe MOryI' CTaTb KOHu:eH1paTOpa-
MH HanpIDKeHHM) H TWaTenbHbIM C06mO,l(eHHeM pe}lillMOB TepMo06pa60TKlf.
,lJ,e<l>opMau: MSI , T.e. H3MeHeHHe pa3MepOB H <p<>pMbI If3,l(enHM, Bcer.na Conpo-
BO)l()1aeT npou:eCCbI TepMHqeCKOM 06pa6OTKlI, oc06eHHo 3aKaJIKH. HeCIfM-
MeTP H)'IO ,l(e<PopMau:H1O H3,l(eJIHM B npaI<'TIIKe qaCTO Ha3bffiaIOT Kop06JleHueM.
,lJ,e<l>opMaUHIO MO.>KHO yMeHblllHTb nO,l(60pOM COOTBeTCTByIOI.l{erO COCTaBa
CTIlJIIf H ycnoButt ,TepM eCKOM 06pa6OTKlI, a H36e)l(aTh Kop06JIeHMSI MO)I(HO,
06eCneqIfB paBHOMepHOCTb HarpeBa no,l( JaKaJIKY If npaBIDIbHoe nOJIO.>KeHHe
,l(eTaJIH npII norpy.>K.eHIfH B 3aKaJIOqH)'IO cpe,l(Y.
JIerHpOBaHHaR CTaJIb HMeeT MeHbIIlyIO TeIIJIOrrpOBO,lIHOCTb, qeM yrJIepo,lIHC-
TaR, rr03TOM)' Tpe6yeT 3aMe,lUIeHHbIX HarpeBa H OXlIIDK.D.eHHH BO H36e:>K.aHHe KO-
p06JIeHHH H TPeIIlHH.
TepMOMeXaHWleCKaR oopa60mKa (TMO) CI1Ul.IIU - COBOK)'IIHOCTh onepa-
U:HM TepMIfQeCKOM o6pa6oTKlI C rmaCTWleCKOM ,l(e<l>opMaUIfeM, KOTOpaSi npo-
BO,l(HTCSI JIIf60 BbIllle KpHTHQeCKlfX TOQeK (BTMO), JIIf60 npH TeMnepa1)'pe
nepeOXJIIDK,lI;eHHoro (500...700°C) aYCTemrra (HTMO). TaKOM Blf.L( 06pa60TKJi
n03BOJISIeT nOJIytIHTh CTaJIb BbICOKOM npOQHOCTH (,l(O 270 Mila). <1>OPMHPO-
BaHIIe C'l'pYKTYPbI CTaJIeM npH TMO npoIfcxO,l(HT B ycnoBMSlx nOBbIllleHHott
158
IIJIOTHOCTH H OIITHMaJIbHOrO pacrrpe.n;eJIeHHSI .n;IfCJIOKa.u:Hit OKOHqareJIbHbI-
MH Orrepan;HSlMH TMO MSI If36e)lffiHHSI pa3BHTIDI peKpIfCTaJIJIIf3a.u:HIf SlBJISI-
IOTCSI HeMe)])IeHHWI 3aKaJIKa If HIf3KOTeMrrepaTYPHbIH (l00...300°C) OmyCK.
TepMOMeXaHnqeCKaSI o6pa6oTKa C rrOCJIe.n;yIOII.{HMH 3aKaJIKOH II OmyCKOM
n03BOJISleT rrO.rrytIHTb OqeHb BbICOKYIO rrpOqHOCTb (a B = 2200...3000 Mila) rrpIf
xopollIeH IIJIaCrnqHOCrn (0 = 6...8%, \jf = 50...60%) If BSl3Kocrn. B rrpaI<TWIe-
CKI1X u:eJISIX 60JIbllIee pacnpoc'lpaHeHIfe nO.rryqIDIa BTMO, o6ecneqjffiffi()II.{WI,
HapMY C BbICOKOH rrpOqHOCTbIO, xopOllIee conpornBJIeHIfe YCTaJIOCTH, 60JIb-
llIyIO pa60Ty pacrrpOCTpaHeHHSI 'rpeIl.{HH, a TalOKe CHH)I(eHHbIe KpHTHqecKYIO
TeMrrepaTYPY XpyrrKOCTH, qyBCTBIfTeJIbHOCTb K KOHu:eH1paTOpaM HarrpIDKe-
HIm: H He06paTHMyIO OTrrYCKHyIO XpyrrKOCTb.
BTMO OCyII.{eCTBJISleTCSI B u:exax npOKaTHOrO rrpOIf3Bo.n;CTBa Ha MeTaJI-
JIyprIfqeCKI1X 3aBO.n;ax, HarrpIfMep, npIf yrrpOqHeHHIf rrpyn<:OB .n;JISI llITaHr,
peCCOpHbIX rrOJIOC, TPy6 If rrp)')KlfH.
XUMuKo-mepMUfleCKaR oopa6011l1«l (XTO) cmtlllu - COBOK}'IIHOCTb onepa-
u:IDi TepMnqeCKOH 06pa6oTKH C HaCbIII.{eHIfeM rrOBepXHOCTH H3.n;eJIHSI pa3-
JrnqHblMIf 3JIeMeHTaMIf (C, N, AI, Si, Cr If .n;p.) npH BbICOKlfX TeMnepaTYPax.
IIoBepxHocTHoe HaCbIll.{eHHe CTaJIH MeTaJIJIaMH (Cr, AI, Si H .l{p.), 06pa3yIO-
ll.{HMH C >KeJIe30M TBep.l{ble paCToopbI 3aMell.{eHHH, 60JIee ::meproeMKO H IIPO.l{OJI-
>KHTeJIbHee, qeM HaChIll.{eHHe a3OTOM H ymepo.l{OM, 06pa3yIOll.{HMH C >KeJIe30M
TBep.l{ble paCTBopbI BHen:peHHH. IIpH 3TOM .l{H«}>q,Y3HH :,meMeHTOB JIerqe IIpOTeKaeT
B KpHCTaJIJIH'IeCKOM perneTKe «}>eppHTa, qeM B 60JIee IIJIOTHO yrraKoBaHHOM pe-
rneTKe aYCTeHHTa.
XMMHKO-TepMnqeCKaH o6pa6oTKa nOBbIllIaeT TBep.n;OCTb, H3HOCOCTOHKOCTb,
KaBHTaU:HoHHyIO H KOPp03IfOHHyIO CTOHKOCTH H, C03.n;aBWI Ha rrOBepXHOCTH
H3.n;eJIIfH 6JIaronplISiTHbIe OCTaTOqHbIe HanpIDKeHHSI C)I(aTIISl, yaeJIHqIIBaeT
I1X Ha,n:e)KHOCTb If .n;OJIrOBeqHOCTb.
l(eMeHmau,UJl cmQJlU - XlfMHKO-repMnqeCKaSI 06pa6OTKa rrOOOpXHOCTHblM
HaCbIII.{eHIfeM MaJIoymepo.n;HcTOH (C < 0,2%) HJIH JIerIfpOBaHHbIX CTaJIeH
npM TeMrrepaTYPax 900...950°C - TOOp.n;bIM (u:eMeHTal(HSl TBep.n;bIM Kap6IO-
pH3aTopoM), a rrpIf 870...900°C - ra3006pa3HbIM (ra30BWI u:eMeHTa.u:IfSl)
YfJIepo.n;OM C rrOCJIe.n;yIOII.{HMIf 3aKaJIKOH If OTrrYCKOM. ll,eJIb u:eMeHTaU:HIf II
nOCJIe.n;yIOII.{eH TepMIfqeCKOH 06pa6OTKH - rrOBbIllIeHHe TBep.n;OCTH, If3HOCO-
CTOHKOCTII If npe.n;eJIOB KOHTaKTHOH BbIHOCJIHBOCTH nOBepXHocrn II3.n;eJIHSI
npH BSl3KOH cep.n;u:eBMHe, qTO o6eCrreQIIBaeT BbIHOCJIIIBOCTb H3.n;eJIHSI B u:e-
JIOM rrpIf H3rII6e H KpyqeHHIf.
A3omupoeaHue cmQJlU - XlfMHKQ-repMnqeCKaSI o6pa60TKa nOBepXHOCTIlbIM
HaCblIl.{eHHeM CTaJIIf a30TOM nyreM )])IHTeJIbHOH BbIJIep)l(KJf ee rrpM HarpeBe
.n;o 600...650°C B aTMoc<t>epe aMMHaKa NH3' A3ornpoBaHHble CTaJIIf 06JIa,n:aIOT
OqeHb BbICOKOH TOOp.n;OCTbIO (a30T 06pa3yeT Pa3JIIfQHbIe coe.n;HHeHHSI C Fe,
AI, Cr If .n;pyrIfMH 3JIeMeHTaMIf, 06JIa,n:aIOII.{Ife 60JIbllIeH TBep.n;OCTbIO, qeM
Kap6l1,!:J:bl) 11 rrOBbIllIeHHOH COrrpOrnBJISIeMOCTbIO KOpp03IfIf B TaKlfX cpe.n;ax,
KaK aTMoc<l>epa, Bo.n;a, nap H .n;p.
i
"
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I
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"
:,1
I
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I
6 MaTepli.8JIOBe.aeHHe
159
A30TlIpOBaHHbIe CTaJIlI COXpaHSIIOT BbICOKyIO TOOp,n:OCTb, B OTJmqlIe OT
l.{eMeHTOBaHHbIX, .no CpaBHIITeJIbHO BbICOKHX TeMnepaTYP (500...520°C).
A30TII:pOBaHHbIe 1I3,n:eJIlUl He Kop06S1TCSI nplI OXJIIDKlIeHHII, TIlK KaK TeMnepa-
TYPa a30TIIpoBaHHSI HIDKe, qeM l.{eMeHTIll.{IIII. A30TIIpOBaHlIe CTaJIeM nmpOKO
nplIMeHSlIOT B MamHHOClpoeHHII .l(JISi nOBbIllIeHHSI TBep,n:OCTII, 1I3HOCOCTOM-
KOCTII, npe,n:eJIa BbIHOCJIHBOCTIf II KOpp031I0HHOM CTOMKOCTIf OTBeTCTBeHHbIX
.u;eTaJIeM, HanplIMep 3y6'IaThIX KOJIeC, BaJIOB, rHJIb3 U:HJIIIH.D:POB II .np.
Humpou.eMeHmau.ufl (u.uaHupoeaHue) cmaJlu - XlIMIIKO-TepMWleCKaSI 06-
pa60TKa C o,n:HoBpeMeHHbIM nOBepXHOCTHbIM HaCbI eHlIeM 1I3,n:en:IIM a30T0M
II ymepo,n:oM nPII nOBbIllIeHHbIX TeMnepaTYPax C nOCJIe.n:yIO lfMlI 3aKaJlKOM
H oTnycKoM ,n:JISI nOBbIllIeHHSI H3HOCO- II KOPP03HOHHOM YCTOMqIIBOCTH,
a TaIOKe YCTaJIOCTHOH: npOqHOCTII. HlIlpou:eMeHTau:HSI MO>KeT npoBo,n:HThCSI
B ra30BOM cpe,n:e nplI TeMnepaTYPax 840...860°C (HlIlpOIJ;lIaHlIpoBaHlIe) II B
}I(lI)lKOM nPII TeMnepaTYPax 820...950°C (}I(lI)lKOCTHoe IJ;lIaHlIpOBaHlIe B pac-
ITJIaBJIeHHbIX COJISIX, co,n:ep)l(a II:X rpynny NaCN).
HHlpOl.{eMeHTIlU:HSI 3<l><l>eKTIfBHa .l(JISi HHClpyMeHTaJIbHbIX (B qaCTHOCTII,
6bIClpOp e .>KYIU Hx ) CTaJIeM; OHa HCnOJIb3yeTCSI npH H3rOTOBJIeHHH ,n:eTaJIeM
CJIO>KHOM KOHclmrypal(HlI, C!<JIOHHbIX K Kop06JIeHIIIO. O,n:HaKo B HaCTOSl ee
BpeMSI npHMeHSleTcSI TOJIbKO HHTpoU:lIaHlIpoBaHHe, nOCKOJIbKY npOl.{eCC
}I(lI)lKOCTHOro U:HaHlIpOBaHlISI CBSl3aH C IICnOJIb30BaHHeM TOKClIqHbIX U:Ha-
HHCTbIX cOJIeit
EopupoeaHue cmaJlU - XHMHKO-repMHqeCKaSI 06pa60TKa HaCbI eHH-
eM nOBepXHOCTHbIX CJIOeB CTaJIbHbIX 1I3,n:eJIHM 60pOM npH TeMnepaTYPax
900...950°C. IJ;eJIb 60pHpOBaHlISI - nOBbIllIeHHe rnep,n:ocrn, H3HOCOCTOMKO-
CTH II HeKOTopbIX ,n:pyrlIX CBOMCTB CTaJIbHbIX 1I3,n:eJIHM. )];Hcl>cl>y3HOHHbIM
CJIOM TOJI HHOM 0,05...0,15 MM, COCTOSlllJ;HH H3 60pM,!];OB FeB H Fe 2 B, 06JIa-
,n:aeT BeCbMa BbICOKOM TBep,n:ocTblO, CTOMKOCTblO K a6pa3lIBHOMy ,H3HallIHBa-
HHIO H KOpp031I0HHOM CTOMKOCTblO. EopHpoBaHHe oc06eHHo 3<l>cl>eKTIfBHO
)J)UI nOBbIllIeHHSI CTOMKOCTH (B 2-10 pa3) 6ypOBOro II llITaMnoBoro IIHClpy-
MeHTOB.
IJuHKoeaHue (Zn), aJlumUpOeaHue (AI), xpoMupoeaHue (Cr), cWluu,upoeaHue
(Si) CTaJIeM BbITIOJIHSlIOTCSI aHaJIOrHqHO u:eMeHTIll.{IIII C u:eJIblO npM,!];aHlISI 1I3-
,n:eJIHSlM H3 CTaJIH HeKOTopbIX l.{eHHbIX CBOMCTB: )l(apo- H H3HOCOCTOMKOCTIf,
KOPp03HOHHOM YCTOMqIIBOCTH. B HaCTOSl ee BpeMSl Bce 60JIbllIee pacnpo-
CTpaHeHHe nOJIyqalOT npOl.{eCCbI MHoroKoMnoHeHTHoro ,n:1I<l><l>y3HOHHOro
HaCbI eHHSI.
2.1.2.4. BflUJlHUe fle2UpylOU{UX 3fleMeHmoe
Ha ceoiicmea cmaJlU u Cflflaeoe
JIe2upoeaHHoii Ha3bIBaeTCSI CTaJIb, B KOTOpOM KpOMe 06bIqHbIX npHMeceM
co,n:ep)l(aTCSI cneU:HaJIbHO BBO,n:HMbIe B onpe.u;eJIeHHbIX COqeTIlHHSIX JIernpyIO-
He 3JIeMeHThI (Cr, Ni, Mo, Wo, V, AI, B, Ti H ,n:p.), a TaIOKe Mn H Si
160
B KOmf1:leCTBax, npeBbIllialOm;MX MX 06bI1:IHOe cO,n:ep.>KaHlfe KaK TeXHOJIOrH-
1:IecKIfX nplfMeCeR (1% H BbillIe). KaK npaBHTIO, JIyq:llIlfe CBORCTBa 06ecne-
1:IHBaeT KOMI1JIeKCHOe JIerHpOBaHlfe.
JIerHpOBaHlfe CTIlJIeR If CI1JIaBOB IfCnOJIb3yIOT JL]UI y.rryq:llIeHlUl MX TeXHOJIO-
m1:leCKHX CBORCTB - rrOBbIllieHIDI rrpe,n:eJIa TeK)"IeCTH, y,n:apHOR BSl3KOCTII,
OTHOCIfTeJIbHoro C}'.>KeHIDI H npOKaJIlfBaeMOcrn, a TaIOKe cym:eCTBeHHoro
CHIDKeHIDI CKopocrn 3aKaJIKH, nopora XJIa,n:HOJIOMKOCrn, ,n:e<popMlIpyeMoCTII
H3,n:emrn If B03MO.>KHOCTII 06PaJOBaHIDI 'lpem;MH. B 1f3,n:e.n:IDIX KpyrrHbIX ce1:le-
Hmt (,n:lfaMe1pOM CBbIllie 15...20 MM) MeXaHH1:IeCKHe CBORCTBa JIerHpOBaH-
HbIX CTaJIeR 3Ha1:llfTeJIbHO BbIllIe, 1:IeM ymepo,n:HCThIX.
JIerHpyIOm;lfe 3JIeMeHTbI no MexaHlf3MY MX B03,n:eRcTBIDI Ha CBORCTBa
CTaJIeR If CI1JIaBOB MO.>KHO paJ,n:eJIHTh Ha 1'p11 rpyrrITbI:
1) BJIIDIHlfe Ha nOJIIfMoP<PHbIe (a-Fe y-Fe) npeBpam;eHIDI;
2) 06paJoBaHlfe C ymepo,n:oM Kap61f,lJ,0B (Cr,Fe)7C3; (Cr,Fe)23C6; M0 2 C
If ,n:p.; .
3) 06paJOBaHlfe IfHTepMeTIlJIJIIf,lJ,OB (HHTepMeTaJIJIMqeCKHX coe,n:IfHeHIfR)
C .>KeJIe30M - Fe 7 M0 6 ; Fe 3 Nb If ,n:p.
no xapaKTepy BJIIDIHHe Ha rrOJIIfMoP<PHbIe npeBpam;eHIDI JIerHpyIOm;lfe
3JIeMeHThI MO.>KHO paJ,n:eJIIfTh Ha ,n:Be rpyrrnbI (pIfC. 54):
3JIeMeHThI (Cr, W, Mo, V, Si, AI If )ijJ.), ,n:OCTaT01:lHOe co,n:ep.>KaHlfe KOTO-
pbIX 06eCne1:llfBaeT cym:eCTBOBaHHe B CTaJI.SIX npH BCex TeMnepaTYPax JIem-
poBaHHoro <pepPlf'ra (rjJeppumHble CflJla6bl); .
3JIeMeHTbI (Ni, Mn If ,n:p.), CTa6HTI1f31fpyIOm;lfe nplf ,n:ocTaT01:lHOR KOH-
eH1'pa 1f1f JIerHpOBaHHbIR aYCTeHIfT rrpH Bcex TeMnepaTYPax (aycmeHUmHble
CflJla6bl).
CnJIaBbI, TOJIbKO 1:IaCrn1:lHO npeTepneBalOm;lfe npeBpam;eHlfe y a, Ha-
3blBalOTCSI, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, nOJlyaycmeHumHblMU HTIIf nOJlyrjJeppUmHblMu.
JIerHpoBaHlfe <pepplfTa COrrpOBO)l()];aeTCSI ero yrrp01:lHeHlfeM. Half60JIee
3Ha1:lHTeJIbHO BJIIDIIOT Ha ero np01:lHOCTb MapraHeu: If XpOM. nplf1:leM 1:IeM
MeJIb1:le 3epHO <pePPIfTa, TeM BbillIe ero np01:lHOCTh. MHorHe JIerlIpyIOm;lfe
3JIeMeHThI cnoc06CTByIOT 1f3MeJIb1:leHMIO 3epeH <peppHTa If nepJIIfTa B CTaJIIf,
1:Iro 3Ha1:llfTeJIbHO YBeJIlf1:lHBaeT ee BSl3KOCTh. 9,n:HaKo Bce JIerHpyIOm;He 3JIe-
MeHThI, 3a IfCKJII01:IeHlfeM HIfKellil, npH co,n:ep.>KaHIfIf MX B paCTBope BbIllie
orrpe,n:eJIeHHoro rrpe,n:eJIa CHIDKalOT y,n:apHyIO BSl3KOCTh, 1'pem;IfHoCTORKOCTh
Ii nOBbIllIaIOT nopor XJIaLUfOJIOMKocrn. HHKeJIb nOHIDKaeT nopor XJIa,n:HOJIOM-
KOCTIf.
JIerHpoBaHHbIR aYCTeHIfT napaMarHIfTHbIR, 06JIa,n:aeT 60JIbllIlfM K03<P-
<pMIJ:lfeHTOM TeI1JIOBOro pacllIlfpeHIDI. JIerHpyIOm;lfe 3JIeMeHThI, B TOM 1:IlfCJIe
a30T If ymepo,n:, paCTBoplfMOCTh KOTOporo B aYCTeHHTe rrplf HOpMaJIbHOR
TeMITepaTYPe ,n:OCTIfraeT 1%, nOBbillIalOT ero npo1:lHOCTh rrplf HOpMaJIbHOR If
BbICOKOR TeMnepaTYPax, YMeHbllIalOT npe,n:eJI TeK)"IeCTIf. JIerlfpoBaHHbIR
6*
161
a
5
ex.
Si,At,VI, Sn, Mo,Ti ex Mn, Hi
AerupglOUJ,uii 3AeMeHT, %
Puc. 54. )JuazpaMMa cocmOflHUfl «JlCeJ/e30 - J/ezupylOU(uu 3J/eMeHTn» c pacwupeHueM
o6J/acmu cyU(ecmeoeaHUfl a-rjJa3bl (a) UJ/U y-rjJa3bl (6)
1/
A3
aYCTeHMT SlBJISIeTCH OCHOBHOM COCTaBJUlIOIIIeM (Ma1'pHu:eM) MHOrnx KOppo3H-
OHHOCTOMKMX, :>Kaponp01fHbIX H HeMarHHTHbIX crmaBOB. OH JIerKO HaKJIe-
nbIBaeTCSI, T.e. 6bIC1'pO H CHTIbHO yrrp01fHSleTCH no,n: ,n:eMCTBHeM XOJIO,n:HOH
,n:e<popMaU:HH.
JIerHpyroll.{He 3JIeMeHTbI (HcKJIlOqeHHe - Ko6aJIbT), rrOBbIlliaH YCTOHqHBOCTb
aYCTemlTa, CHHxaIOT KpHTH'IeCi<yIO CKOpocTb 3aKaJIKH H YBeJIHqHBaIOT rrpOKaJIH-
BaeMOCTb. ,lI,JUI MHornx aYCTeHHTHbIX CrrJIaBOB KpHTHqeCKaH CKOpOCTb 3aKaJIKH
CHHxaeTCH .n:o 20°Cjc H HIDKe, qTO HMeeT 60JIbllIoe rrpaKTHqecKoe 3HaqeHHe.
,Kap6M)],oo6pa3YIOIIIHe 3JIeMeHTbI Fe - Mn - Cr - Mo - W - Nb -
V - Zr - Ti (pacnOJIO:>KeHbI no B03paCTalOIIIeM CTeneHH cpo,n:CTBa K ymepo-
,n:y H YCTOMqHBOCTII Kap6H,LJ;HbIX <pa3) npH MaJIOM MX co,n:ep:>KaHHH paCTBO-
pSiIOTCR B u:eMeHTHTe, 3aMeIIIaSI B HeM aTOMbI :>Ke.n:e3a. COCTaB Kap611,lJ,a B
3TOM CJIyq:ae MO:>KeT 6bITh BbIpIDKeH <pOPMYJIOM (Fe, M)mCn' me M - CIIM-
BOJI C}'MMbI JIerHpyIOIIIMX 3JIeMeHTOB, m, n - K03<P<PHU:HeHTbI, onpe,n:ellile-
MbIe XHMMqeCKOM <pOPMYJIOM Kap6l1,lJ,a. TIpH nOBbIllIeHMIf co,n:ep:>KaHHSI Kap-
6l1,lJ,006pa3yIOIIIIfX 3JIeMeHTOB Moryr o6pa30BbIBaTbcR caMOCTORTeJIbHbIe
Kap6H,LJ;bI.
BbI.LJ:eJIeHlfe H3 TBep,n:Oro paCTBopa Kap611,lJ,OB MC, M 2 C Hepe,lJ;KO BbI3bI-
BaeT nOBbIllIeHHe TBep,n:OCTIf - oucnepcuoHHoe ynpoltHeHue. Kap6l1,lJ,006-
pa3yIOIIIHe 3JIeMeHTbI (3a HCKJII01feHHeM MapraHu:a) npellilTCTByIOT pOCTY
3epHa aYCTeHIfTa npH HarpeBe, a TaIOKe 3aMeJL]UllOT npou:ecc KoaryJISlU:HH
,n:HcnepCHbIX 1faCTHIJ;, n03TOM)' CTaJIb, JIerHpOBaHHaSI, 3TIIMIf 3JIeMeHTaMIf,
nplf o,n:IfHaKoBoM TeMnepaTYPe coxpaHSIeT 60JIee BbICOKYlO ,n:lfcnepcHOCTh
Kap611,lJ,HbIX 1faCTIIll. If, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, 60JIbllIyIO npo1fHOCTh.
HHTepMeTaJIJIl1,lJ,bI 06pa3yIOTCR nplf BbICOKOM co,n:ep:>KaHIfIf JIerHpyIOIIIHX
3JIeMeHTOB Me)l(,l(Y 3THMH 3JIeMeHTaMIf HTIIf C :>Ke.n:e30M. TIpMMepoM Tamx
coe,n:IfHeHIfM MOryr CJI}':>Kl1Th Fe 7 Mo 6 , Fe 3 Nb 2 H ,n:p. HHTepMeTaJIJIl1,lJ,bI, KaK
npaBHTIO, OTJIIf1faIOTCSI BbICOKMMIf TBep,n:oCThIO H XpyrrKOCTbIO.
TIo rrpHMeHHMOCTH ,lLJIH JIernpOBaHHH MOXHO Bbw:e.n:HTb 'rpH rpyrrrrbI 3JIe-
MeHTOB: 1) Mn, Si, Cr, B; 2) Ni, Mo; 3) V, Ti, Nb, W, Zr H .n:p. TIpHMeHHMOCTb
162
,lLJUllIempOBaHlUl pa3JmQHbIX 31IeMeHTOB orrpe.n:elIJleTCH He CTOlIbKO <l>M3MQeCKH-
MlI, CKOlIbKO B OCHOBHOM 3KOHOMMQeCKHMM COO6paJKeHMHMM.
B TaM. 4 nOKaJaHO BJIHSlHlfe Half60JIee llIHpOKO HCnOJIb3yeMbIx JIernpYIO-
ll{IfX 3JIeMeHTOB Ha cBoiicTBa CTaJIH.
Ta6Auu,a 4
lJAURHue ./tezupylOUI,UX 3.lteMeHm06 Ha cBoiicmBa cmuu
Bxo.LUIT B PacIIIH- YOOJIH- 06pa-
JIerH- TBep,n:Lrn: YBeJIH- pHeT C)')KaeT 'lHBaeT Crroc06- 3yeT I1oBLIlIIa-
PYIOnnrn paCTBOp 'lHBaeT 06JIacTh 06JIaCTL npOKa- CTByeT YCTOii:- eT corrpo-
:,meMeHT C FeH y,n:apHYIO aYCTe- aYCTe- JIHBae- paCKHC- trnBLIe THBJIeHHe
yrrpOq- BH3KOCTL HHTa HHTa MOCTh JIeHHIO Kap- KOpp03ID1
lUIeT ero 6H.D:LI
Ni + + + - + - - +
Cr + - - + - - + +
Mn (60- + + + - + + + +
JIee 1%)
Si (60JIee + + - + - + - -
0,8%)
W - - - - - - + -
Cu + - - - - - - +
(0,3-0,5%)
2.1.2.5. 06U{Q.R K.IlaccU(jJuKa4UR cmCl./leii
KrraccmplfKau:1fSI cTaJIeii If CIUlaBOB npOIf3BO.n:HTCSI no xUMuliecKoMY cocma-
ey, Kaltecmey (cnoco6y npoH3Bo.n:CTBa H co.n:ep}l(aHIfIO Bpe.n:HbIX npIfMeceii),
a TaIOKe no H03HalieHUIO.
no XHMIf1:1eCKOM)' cocTaBY CTaJIlf KJIaCclf<pIfU:HPYIOT Ha Y2llepoiJucmbie If
flezupoeaHHble.
Ymepo.n:IfCTbIe CTaJIlf .n:eJISIT B 3aBlfClfMocrn OT co.n:ep}l(aHIfSI ymepo.n:a Ha
· MaJl0Y2llepoiJucmble - MeHee 0,6% c;
· cpeiJHeY2llepoiJucmbie - OT 0,6 .n:o 0,7% c;
· eblcoKoY2llepoiJucmble - 60JIee 0,7%C.
JIerMpoBaHHbIe CTaJIIf B 3aBlfCMMOCTII OT BBe.n:eHHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB no.n:pa3-
.n:eJ1SIlOT Ha XpoMlfcTbIe, MapraH oBIfCTbIe, XpoMOHIfKeJIeBbIe, MapraHu:eBbIe
Ii MHorne .n:pyrHe. I1x KJIaCclf<pIfKaJ..{1fSI no XHMIf1:IeCKoM)' COCTaBY onpe.n:eJISI-
eTCSI C)'MMapHbIM npou:eHTOM co.n:ep}l(aHIfSI JIerHpYIOll{MX 3JIeMeHTOB:
· HU3KOflezupoeaHHble - MeHee 5 %;
· cpeiJHeJleZUpOeaHHble - 5...10%;
· eblcoKoflezupoeaHHble - 60JIee 10%.
163
JIenIpoBaHHbIe CTaJUI If CrmaBbI,neJISITCSI Ta.K)l(e Ha KJIaCCbI no CTpyKTyp-
HOM}' COCTaBY:
. B OTO)lQl(eHHOM COCTOHHHH - iJo3emeKmouiJHblu, 3a3emeKmouiJHblU, fle-
iJe6ypumHblu (Kap6uiJHblU), rjJeppumHblU, aycmeHumHblU;
. B HOpMaJIH30BaHHOM COCTOSlHHH - nepflumHblU, MapmeHcumHblU H aycme-
HumHblU KIlaCCbl. K nepJIIfTHOM}' KJIaccy OTHOCSIT ymepo,nHCTbIe H JIempo-
BaHHbIe CTaJlIf C Hlf3KMM co.nep:>KaHlfeM JIempYIO 1fX 3JIeMeHTOB, K MaPTeH-
CIITHOM}' KJIaccy - C MX 60JIee BbICOKMM co.nep:>KaHHeM, a K aYCTeHIITHOM}' -
C BbICOKMM co.nep:>KaHHeM JIempYIO lfx 3JIeMeHTOB.
no Ka1:leCTBY, T.e. no YCJIOBIfSIM npolf3Bo.nCTBa (cnoco6y npOIf300,nCTBa II
co.nep:>KaHHIO Bpe.nHbIX npHMecei1:), CTaJIlf If crmaBbI.neJISlTCSI Ha CJIe.nYIOIIUfe
rpynnbI:
cepa, MeHee, %
06blKHoeeHHOZO KalteCmea (pJliJoeble) .... 0,050
KalteCmeeHHble ...................................... 0,040
eblCOKOKalf.eCmeeHHble ........................... 0,025
oc060 eblCOKOKalteCmeeHHble ................. 0,015
<}>OC<}>Op, MeHee, %
0,040;
0,035;
0,025;
0,025.
CTaJlIf 06bIKHoBeHHoro Ka1:leCTBa no XHMIf1:leCKOM}' COCTaBY - ymepo.n H -
CTbIe CTaJIlf, co,nep:>Ka lfe .no 0,6% C. 3'rn CTaJIIf BbIrmaBJlSlIOTCH B KOHBep-
Tepax C nplfMeHeHHeM KMCJIopo.na HTIIf B 60JIbIillfX MapTeHOBCKHX ne1:lax.
CTaJIM 06bIKHOBeHHOro KaqeCTBa, HBJUHICb HaM60JIee .n:erneBbIMM, YCTYIIaIOT
no MeXaHMqeCKMM CBOHCTBaM CTaJIHM .n:pymx KJIaCCOB, TaK KaK OTJIM'IaIOTCH no-
BbIrneHHbIMM JIMKBaI.{MeH (xMMMqeCKOH M CTPYKTYPHOH Heo.n:Hopo.n:HOCTbIO) M
KOJIMqeCTBOM HeMeTaJIJIMqeCKMX BKJIIOqeHMH.
CTaJIM KaqeCTBeHHbIe no XMMMqeCKOMY COCTaBY MOryr 6bITb YZJlepoiJucmblMU
RJIM flezupOeaHHblMU. OHM TaIOKe BbIIIJIaBJIHIOTCH B KOHBeprepax RJIM B OCHOBHbIX
MapTeHOBCKMX neqax, HO C co6JIIO.n:eHMeM 60JIee CTPomx TPe60BaHMH K COCTaBY
rnMXTbI, npOI.{eCCaM nJIaBKM M pa3JIMBKM.
06a BM.na CTaJIeH no CTeneHM paCKMCJIeHMH Ii xapaKrepy JaTBep.n:eBaHMH Me-
TaJIJIa B M3JIO>KJiMI.{e .n:eJIHT Ha cnOKOUHb/e (en), nOflyenoKouHb/e (ne) M KUnRlque
(Kn). bIH M3 3TMX COpTOB OTJIM'IaeTCH co.n:epxaHMeM KMCJIopo.n:a, a30Ta Ii
BO.n:Opo.n:a. TaK, B KMnHIl{MX CTaJIHX co.n:epxrnTcH HaM60JIbrnee KOJIMqeCTBO 3TIiX
3JIeMeHTOB.
CTaJIM BbICOKOKaqeCTBeHHble BbIIIJIaBJIHIOTCH npeMMyu.J;eCTBeHHO B 3JIeKTpO-
neqax, a oc060 BbICOKOKaqeCTBeHHbIe - B 3JIeKTponeqax C 3JIeKTpOllIJIaKOBbIM
nepenJIaBOM MJIM .n:pyrMMM COBeprneHHbIMM MeTo.n:aMM, qTO rapaHTMpYeT nOBbI-
rneHHYIO qMCTOTY no HeMeTaJIJIMqeCKMM BKJIIOqeHMHM M co.n:epxaHMIO ra30B, a
CJIe.n:omneJIbHO, YJIyqrneHMe MeXaHM'IeCKMX CBOMCTB.
no HaJHa1:leHlflO CTaJIlf H crmaBbI .neJISIT Ha KOHcmpYKlI,UOHHble, uHcmpy-
MeHmaJlbHble cmaJlU If cmaJlU c OC06blMU rjJU3ullecKUMu U XUMUlteCKUMU ceou-
cmeaMu.
164
2.1.2.6. MopKupoeKo cmaJleii no XUMulteCKOMY cocmoey
31'a MapKHpOBKa SlBJISleTCSI HaM60JIee 06 eii, TaK KaK yqHThIBaeT TaIOKe
06JIacTh npMMeHeHHSI, YCJIOBHSI npOM3Bo,nCTBa H Ka1feCTBO cTaJIeii. O,nHaKo
HeKOTopbIe CTaJIH 60JIee Y3Koro npHMeHeHHSI (HanpHMep, aBTOMaTHbIe, llIa-
pHKOnO.D:llIIInHMKoBbIe, 6bIC1'pOpe)KYIIIHe M ,np.) MapKHpy:K>TCR MHa1fe, fITO
6Y.D:eT paCCM01'peHO B COOTBeTcTBy:K> MX pa3.D:e.n:ax.
HOBbIe CTaJIH H ClUlaBbI, e e He BKJIlO1feHHbIe B rocY.D:apCTBeHHbIe CTaH-
,napThI H nOCTaBJlSleMbIe no TeXHH1feCKHM YCJIOBHSlM, 0603Ha1faJOTCSI 6}'KBaMII,
YKa3bIBalO HMH Ha 3aBo,n-M3rOTOBHTeJIb (HanpMMep, 3K, 3n HJIM 311 -
3aB0,n «3JIeKTpoCTaJIb»), H HOMepoM, npMCBoeHHbIM 3THM 3aBo,nOM.
Y 2 Jl e p 0 0 u c m bl e c m 0 Jl u. Ha .D:OJIlO yrJIepO.D:HCThIX cTaJIeii npMXO.D:MT-
CJI 80% 06 ero 06'beMa npOH3BO.D:CTBa CTaJIeii H: CnJIaBOB. 31'0 06'bSlCHSleTcSI
TeM, 1fTO 3TH CTaJIM ,nellieBbI H C01feTalOT Y.D:OBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHbIe MeXaHMqe-
cme cBoiicTBa C xopollIeii 06pa6aThIBaeMOCTblO pe3aHMeM H .D:aBJIeHMeM.
O.D:HaKO OHM MeHee TeXHOJIOrM1fHbI rrpH TepMH1feCKOii 06pa60TKe.
no Ha3Ha1feHMlO yrJIepO.D:HCThIe CTaJIM .D:eJISIT Ha KOHC1'pYKu:MOHHbIe M
HHC1'pYMeHTaJIbHbIe. nepBbIe B CBOlO 01fepe.D:b .D:eJIRTCR Ha yrJIepo,nMCTbIe
KOHC1'p}'KlUfOHHbIe CTaJIM 06bIKHoBeHHoro Ka1feCTBa M yrJIepO.D:HCTbIe KOH-
CTp)'KIJ:MOHHble Ka1feCTBeHHble CTaJIM.
Y2IlepooucmaJl KOHcmpYKlI,UOHHaJl CmaJlb 06blKHoeeHH020 KOlteCmeo (rOCT
380-94) CO.D:ep)I(HT 0,06...0,49% C; 0,25...1,2% Mn; 0,05...0,3% Si. Macco-
BbIe .D:OJIH Cr, Ni M Cu ,nOJDKHbI 6bITh He 60JIee 0,3% KIDK;lI;oro, a30Ta - He
60JIee 0,01%, cepbI - He 60JIee 0,05%, <poc<popa - He 60JIee 0,04%. B paB-
HOBeCHOM COCTOSlHHH 3TH CTaJIM MMelOT <peppHTHO-nepJIHTHy:K> CTpYK1YPy.
B MapKHpOBKe 3THX cTaJIeii 6}'KBbI CT 03HaQalOT «CTaJIb 06bIKHOBeHHoro
Ka1feCTBa», u:H<PPbI - YCJIOBHbIii HOMep MapKH B 3aBMCMMOCTII OT HopMHPye-
MbIX nOKa3aTeJIeii (BeJIWIHH MexaHWIeCKHX CBoiiCTB). qeM 60JIbllIe YCJIOBHbIii
HOMep CTaJIM, TeM 60JIbllIe B Heii CO.D:ep)KaHHe yrJIepo,na H nepJIHTa M TeM
BbIllie ee npOQHOCTh M HIDKe lUIaCTH1fHOCTb.
YrnepoJ(McTble KOHCTpyJ<.QMoHHbIe CTaJIM 06bIKHOBeHHOfO KaqeCTBa M3fOTaB-
JIMBaIOT CJIeJtYIOIl{MX MapoK: CTO, Crl, CT2, CT3, CT4, CT5, CT6. CTaH.D:apTOM
npeJ(YCMO'lptma TIUOKe CTaJIb C nOBbIIIIeHHbIM (0,8...1,2%) cOJ(ep:>KaHMeM Map-
raHl.\a: CT3fnc, CT3fcn M CT5fnc. HaM60JIee pacnpOCTpaHeHHaJI CTaJIb CT3cn
MMeeT O's = 380...490 MTIa, 0'02= 210...250 MTIa M 8 = 25...22%, a CT5cn -
O's = 500...600 Mna, 0'0,2 = 240..:280 MTIa H 8 = 20...17%. qeM 60JIbIIIe TOJIIl{MHa
H3J(emm npOKaTa, TeM HM:>Ke 3Haqemm npMBeJ(eHHbIX xapaKTepMCTMK.
,[(onOJIHHTeJIbHbIMM HH,I:J:eKCaMH B KOHu:e MapKH YKa3bIBalOTCR CTeneHb
pacKHCJIeHHSI M XapaKTep 3aTBep,neBaHHSI CTaJIM (HanpHMep, CT3KII, CT5nc,
CT6cn). C u:eJIblO rapMoHM3aU:MM npHHSlToro OTeQeCTBeHHoro 0603Ha1feHHSI
MapoK C Me)lQ:(}'Hapo,nHbIM B rOCT 380-94 npHBe,neHO MX COnOCTaBJIeHMe
(Ta6JI. 5).
,!
i
,I
165
Ta6Auu,a 5
Conocma8Aellue MapOK cmattu muna Cm u Fe no Me3IC(JynapoiJllbtM cmaniJapttUlM
NCD 630-80 u HCD 1052-82
MapKH CTaJIH
CT Fe CT Fe
CrO Fe31O-0 CT4KTI Fe430-A
CTIKTI - CT4nc Fe430-B
CTlIIC - CT4cII Fe430-C
CTlcII - - Fe430-D
CT2KTI - CT5IIC Fe51O-B, Fe490
CT2IIC - CT5fIIC Fe510-B, Fe490
CT2cII - CT5cII Fe51O-C, Fe490
CT3KTI Fe360-A CT6IIC Fe590
CT3IIC Fe360-B - -
CT3fnc Fe360-B Cr6CII Fe590
CT3cII Fe360-C - Fe690
CT3fcII Fe360-C, Fe360-D
Yrnepo.n:MCTble KOHCTPYI<-QMOHHbIe CTIUIM 06bIKHoBeHHoro KaqeCTBa npe.n:-
Ha3HaqeHbI ,lLJIH M3rOTOBJIeHMH ropH'ieKaTaHoro npOlwma (COpTOBOro, <}>acoHHoro
pa3JmqHbIX rrpo<}>MJIeii: - 6aJIKM, llIBeJIJIepbI, yrolIKM, rrpYfIrn:); XOlIo.n:HOKaTaHoro
TOHKOlIMCTOBOro rrpoKaTa; ClIMTKOB, 61IIOMOB, clIH6oB; KaTaHbIX M HerrpepbIBHO-
lIMTbIX TPy6; rrOKOBOK M UITaMrrOBOK; lIeHTbI, rrpOB01IOKM, Mern30B H .n:p.
IIpommHoe npou38oiJcm8o - rr01IyqeHMe M3 MeTaJIJIOB M CrrlIaBOB rryreM rrpo-
KaTKM pa3JIMqHbIX M3.n:elIMii: M rrolIy<}>a6pMKaToB, a TaIOKe MX .n:orr01IHMTeJIbHaH
o6pa6oTKa C l\elIblO rrOBbIllleHMH KaQeCTBa. B rrpoMbIIIIJIeHHbIX c'rpaHax rrpoKaT-
Ke rro.n:BepraeTCH 60lIee 80% BbIIIJIaBlIHeMoii: CTaJIM. OCHOBHbIe BMJ{bI H3,lJ,eJmii:
rrpoKaTHoro rrpOM3Bo.n:CTBa: npOlwm, MemOJlJlUlteCKUU npotjJUJlb M JlCeCmb.
IIpo1Cam - rrpo.n:yI<.QMH MeTaJIlIyprnQeCKoro rrpOM3Bo.n:CTBa. Pa3JmQaIOT Cop-
TOBOii: H lIMCTOBOii: rrp aT. Copmo8ou npOKam MCrrOlIb3yeTCH ,lLJIH rrpOM3Bo.n:CTBa
rrpOCTbIX H <}>acoHHbIX rrpo<}>MJIeii: M KaTaHKM (3arOTOBKM ,lLJIH rrOlIyqeHMH rrpoBO-
lIOKM). lh lIMCTOBOro rrpOKaTa rrpOM3Bo.n:HT lIMCTbI, rrOlIOCbI, lIeHTbI, :>KeCTb, B
TOM QMClIe 6MMeTaJIJIMQeCKMe M C rrOKpbITMHMM.
Memll.ll.llU'IeCKUU npotjJll.IIb - M3,lJ,elIMe, rrOlIyqeHHoe rrpOKaTKoii:, rrpeCCOBaHM-
eM, <}>OpMOBKOii: (m6Koii:) Me}l():(y BaJIKaMM. Pa3JmQaIOT rrpO<}>MJIM C rrOCTOHHHblM
rro .n:lIMHe rrOrrepeQHbIM CeQeHMeM, TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIe rrepeMeHHbIe rrpocpMJIM
(B TOM QMClIe rrepMo.n:MQeCKMe) M Crrel\MaJIbHbIe (6aH.LI:IDKH, KOlIeCa, llleCTepHM,
IIIapbI M .n:p.). HeKOTopbIe MeTaJIJIM'IeCKMe rrpocpMJIH - K8aopamnb/U, KPYZIlb/U,
nOflOC080U, YZIl080U, oeyma8p08b/U, wee//Jlepnb/U pe/lbC, maep08blU, wnynmo80U.
166
)[(ecmb - TOHKaH XOJIO,QHOKaTaHaH OTOXOKeHHaH JIlfCTOBaH CTaJIb TOJII.IJ;lfHOii:
0,08...0,32 MM. .lLn:H rrpe.n:OXpaHeHHH OT B03.ll.eii:CTBIDI rrlfI.IJ;eBbIX cpe.n: If aTMO-
C$epHoii: KOpp03HH Ha rrOBepXHOCTb )KeCTH HaHOCHT 3aI.IJ;HTHble nOKpbITIDI -
OJIOBO (6eJIaH )KeCTb), XpOM, Crrel{HaJIbHbIe JIaKH If .n:p.
1jJy6noe npoU38oiJcm8o - rrOJIyqeHHe rrOJIbiX 1f3.n:eJIlfii: 1f3 MeTaJIJIOB rrpeHM}'-
ll{eCTBeHHO KOJIbl{eBoro CeqeHIDI If OTHOCHTeJIbHO 60JIbllIOii: MHHbI. Tpy6bI CO
llIBOM H3roTOBJIHIOT rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M cBapKoii:, 6eCllIOBHble - rrpOKaTKoii:
(pe)Ke rrpeCCOBaHHeM, BOJIOqeHHeM, JIHTbeM).
Tpy6Hoe rrpOH3Bo.n:CTBO OCy:w;eCTBJIHeTCH TaIOKe MH KepaMHKH, aC60l{eMeH-
Ta, KHprrH'la, )KeJIe306eToHa, .n:epeBa, CTeKJIa, KayqyKa, IIJIaCTMaCC If .n:pyrHX Ma-
TepHaJIOB.
MemU3noe npoU38oiJC1lUJO - rrO.rryqeHHe CTaH.lI:apTI13HpoB<lHHbIX MeTaJIJIHqeCKHX
1f3.ll.eJIHii: (MeTH30B). Pa3JIH'laIOT npOMb/UJ./leHHb/e MemU3b/ (CTaJIbHaH npOBOJIOKa,
KaHaTbI, rBO , 60JITbI, )KeJIe3HO.n:OpmKHble KOCTbillH If T.rr.) H MemU3b/ WUPOKOZO
H03Ha'ieHUf/ (HO)l{Ji, rrRJIbI H T..n:.).
113.l1.eJIIDI H3 ymepo.n;HCTbIX KOHC1p)'KltI10IffibIX CTaJIeii: 06bIKHOBeHHOro Kaqe-
CTBa IillIpoKO rrplfMeIDIIOTCH B CTpOIITeJIbCTBe .lUUI CBapHbIX, KJIerraHbIX If 6oJrroBbIX
KOHCTpYK1(HH, a TaIOKe .wrn BbIIIOJIHeHIDI KpoBeJIbHbIX pa6oT. Cpe,lUieymepO.1UICTbIe
CTaJIH (Cf5, CT51), 06.rra,n:aroIl.{I1e 6oJIbllIeii: rrpo'IHOCTbIO, qeM HH3KoyrJIepo.1UICTble,
rrpe.n;Ha3HaqeHbI MH peJIbCOB, )KeJIe3Ho.n;opo:>KHbIX KOJIeC, BaJIOB, llIKHBOB, llIec-
TepeH H .n:pyrnx .n;eTaJIeii: rpy30rro.n;'beMHbIX MallIHH.
MexaHMqeCKHe CBORCTBa yrJIepOJnfCTOR KOHCTp}'Kll:HOHHOR CTaJIH 06bIK-
HOBeHHOro Ka1feCTBa MOryr 6bITb 3Ha1fIITeJIbHO nOBbIllIeHbI, a nopor XJIa,z:{HO-
JIOMKOCTII nOHIDKeH 3aKaJIKOR B Bo.ne nOCJIe npoKarnoro HarpeBa.
Cmatlu YZilepoiJucmble KOltCmpYKlI,UOltltble Ka eCm6eltltble (rOCT 1050-88)
co.nepxaT He 60JIee 0,35% «}>oc<popa, He 60JIee 0,04% cepbI, 0,05...0,6% yrJIe-
po.na. 3TH CTaJIH OTJIWIaJOTCR BbICOKHMH rmac1WIHOCTbIO H CBapHBaeMOCTbIO.
OHH MOryr HCnOJIb30BaTbCSI 6e3 ynpo1fHSlIOm;eR TepMH1feCKOR o6pa6oTKH
WIll nOCJIe Hee.
Ka1feCTBeHHbIe yrJIepoJnfCTbIe CTaJIH MapKHpyJOT n;H<ppaMH 08, 10, 15,
20, ..., 85. ,[(BY3Ha1fHbIe 1fHCJIa B MapKe nOKa3bIBaIOT co.nepxaHHe yrJIepo.na
B COTbIX .nOIDIX npOn;eHTa. ,[(onOJIHHTeJIbHbIMH HH,l(eKCaMH MOryr 6bITb OT-
Me1feHbI CTeneHb paCKHCJIeHIDI H xapaKTep 3aTBep.n:eBaHIDI CTaJIH B H3JI0>1(-
HHn;e (HanpHMep, CTaJIb 08KII).
HH3Koymepo.n:HcTble (MeHee 0,25% C) KaqeCTBeHHble KOHCTpYKltlfOHHble
CTaJIH 06JIa.n:aIOT HeBblcoKoii: rrpOqHOCTblO (O'B = 330...460 MIla, 0'0,2 = 200...
280 Mna) H BblCOKOii: IIJIaC1WIHOCTbIO (8 = 33...23%). CTaJIlf 05KII, 08KII, 08, 10
H.nYT Ha H3fOTOBJIeHHe ,neTaJIeii: CJIO:>KHoii: KOH$HrypaUHH MeTo,nOM XOJIO,nHOii:
lIITaMrrOBKH. 113 CTaJIeii: 15KII, 15, 20 1f3rOTaBJIlfBaIOT 60JITbI, raii:KH, BHHTbI,
rraJIbl{bI, BaJIKH, OCH, KpIOKH, llIrrRJIbKH If .n:pyrHe .n:eTaJIH He,OTBeTCTBeHHoro
Ha3HaqeHIDI. ECJIH .n;eTaJIH H3 3TI1X CTaJIeii: 3KCIIJIyarnp}'lOTCH B YCJIOBIUIX 1f3Ha-
llIHBaHIDI rrOBepXHOCTH, TO HX rro,nBepraroT rrOBepXHOCTHOM}' yrrpOqHeHHIO l{e-
MeHTaUHeii: RJIH HH1pOueMeHTaU:Heii:.
167
I
Cpe.n:HeyrllepO,lU1:CTbIe (0,3..0,5% C) CT31IH 30, 35, ..., 55 HCrrOllb3yK>TCjj rrOClle
HOpMaJIH3al.{HH, Ylly'uneHHjj H rroBepxHocTHOH 3aKaJIKH. TIoClle yllyqrneHHjj CTIi-
llH 40, 45, 50 HMeIOT Clle.n:yIOlilHe MeXaHHqeCKHe CBOHCTBa: O'B = 600...700 MTIa;
0'02= 400...600 MTIa; '" = 50...40% H KCD = 0,4...0,5 M,lJ:X/M 2 . TIpOKaJIHBae-
MOCTb 3THX CTaJIeH HeBellHKa. CTaJIH 30, 35, 40, 45 HCrr01Ib3yK>TCjj .l{JUI H3I'OTOBJIe-
HIDI .n:eTaJIeH, OT KOTOpbIX 'Cpe6yeTCjj COqeTaHHe BbICOKOH rrp01ffiOCTH C Bjj3KOCTblO
cep.n:l.{eBHHbI (OCH, BaJIHKH, BHHTbI, rnaii::6bI, BT)'llKH, KOlleH'IaTbIe BaJIbI H .n:p.).
CraJIH 60, 65, ..., 85 C BbICOKHM co.n:epxaHHeM (0,6...0,85%) yrllepo.n:a o6na-
.n:alOT rrOBbIrneHHbIMH rrpOqHOCTbIO, H3HOCOCTOHKOCTblO H yrrpyrHMH CBOHCTBa-
MH. I1:x rrpHMeHJJIOT nOClle 3aKaJIKH H OTrrYCKa, HOpMaJIH3al.{HH H OTrrYCKa H rro-
BepXHOCTHOH 3aKaJIKH. 11:3 CTaJIeH 65, 70, 75, 80, 85 H3rOTaBJIHBalOT .n:eTaJIH, pa-
6oTalOIl{He B YCllOBHJJX 'CpeHHJJ H BH6pal.{HOHHbIX HarpY30K: rrpOKaTHbIe BaJIKH
(CTaJIb 60), KpaHOBbIe KOlleCa (CTaJIb 75), ,lU1:CKH Cl.{errlleHHJJ H BrrYCKHbIe KJIarra-
HbI KOMrrpeccopoB (CTaJIb 85), a TIlIOKe rrp}')KHHbI H peCCOpbI (fOCT 14959-79).
Y2IlepoiJucmble uHcmpYMeHmOJlbHble cmOJlU (fOCT ,1435-90) BbInyCKaIOTCSI
Ka1feCTBeHHbIMH (co,nep:>KaHHe cepbI He npeBbIllIaeT 0,03%, <poc<popa -
0,035%) H BbI OKOKaqeCTBeHHbIMH (cepbI He 60JIee 0,02% H <poc<popa -
0,03%). B KOHu:e MapKH BbICOKOKa1feCTBeHHbIX ymepo,nHCTbIX HHClpyMeH-
TaJIbHbIX CTaJIeH CTaBHTCSI 6}'KBa A.
B ymepo,nHcTbIX HHCTPYMeHTaJIbHbIX CTaJISiX 6}'KBa Y B 0603Ha1feHHH
MapKH 03Ha1faeT «yrJIepo,nHCTaSI CTaJIb», a I..{H<ppa nOKa3bIBaeT co.n:ep:>KaHHe
yrJIepo,na B ,neCSIThIX ,nOJISIX npOl..{eHTa.
CTaJIH Y7 (.n:03BTeKTOH.l{HIDI <}>eppHTHO-rrepllHTHIDI) H Y8, Y8A (3BTeKTOH.l{-
HbIe) HaH60llee rrllaCTH1fHbIe H3 yrllepo.n:HCTbIX HHCTp}'MeHTaJIbHbIX CTaJIeH. OHH
H.l{yr Ha rrpOH3Bo.n:CTBO MOllOTKOB, CTaMeCOK, .n:OllOT, 3y6H1I. 11:3 CTaJIeH YlO,
Yll, YllA H3rOTaB1IHBaIOT pe3l.{bI, CBeplla, MeT'IHKH, <}>pe3bI, rrllHTKH H rrpO'illH
MepHTellbHbIH H peJKyIl{HH HHCTpYMeHT JIJIJJ pe3aHHJJ MID'KHX MaTepHaJIOB, a H3
CTaJIeH Y12, Y13, Y13A - HHC'CpyMeHT, pa60TaI0lI.{HH 6e3 y.n:apHbIX HarpY30K
(HarrHlIbHHKH, parnrrHlIH, 6pHTBbI).
j] e z up 0 6 G H H bl e c m G fl U. npH MapKHPOBKe JIerHpOBaHHOH CTaJIH
HCnOJIb3}'1OT 6}'KBeHHbIe 0603HaqeHIDI JIerlIpYIOIIJ;HX 3JIeMeHTOB (Ta6JI. 6).
3TH 6}'KBbI B C01feTaHIIH C I..{H<ppaMH HCnOJIb3YIOT B 0603HaQeHHH MapKH
CTaJIH. Co,nep}l(aHHe JIernpYIOIIJ;ero 3JIeMeHTa, eCJIH OHO npeBbIlliaeT 1...1,5%,
)'Ka3bIBaeTCSI U:H<PPOH (MaccoBaSI .n:OJISI B l..{eJIbIX npol..{eHTax), CTOSlIIJ;eH nOCJIe
COOTBeTCTBYIOIIJ;eH 6}'KBbI. ECJIH 3a 6)'KBOH OTcyrcTByeT l\H<ppa, TO co,nep}l(a-
HHe .n:aHHoro 3JIeMeHTa OKOJIO 1%. HCKJII01feHHe c,neJIaHO ,l(JISi HeKOTopbIX
3JIeMeHTOB (V, Ti, Mo, Nb, Zr, B, N H ,np.), npHcyrcTBHe KOTOpbIX B CTa-
JISIX ,nIDKe B TbICSl1fHbIX ,nOJISIX npou:eHTa OKa3bIBaeT cym:eCTBeHHoe BJIIDIHHe
Ha cBoHCTBa CTaJIeH (MuKpofleZUp06GHue).
168
Ta6AUt(a 6
YCA06Hble 0603HfllleHUR AeZUPYIOUI,UX 3AeMeHm08
8 MemQJIAOX U CnAQ80X (no rOCT 4543-71)
0603HaqeHHe 3JIe- 0603HaqeHHe 3JIe-
3JIeMeIIT CHMBOJI MeHTOB B MapKaX 3JIeMeIIT CHMBOJI MelITOB B MapKaX
MeTaJIJIOB H CIUlaBOB MeTaJIJIOB H CIUlaBOB
qepHbIe UBeTHbIe qepHbIe UBeTHbIe
A30T N A - Heo.D:HM Nd - HM
AJIIOMHHID\: AI 10 A Hm<:eJIb Ni - H
EapHt!: Ba - Ep HH06ID!: Nb E HII
EepHJIJIID!: Be JI - OJIOBO Sn - 0
Eop B P - OCMID!: Os - Oc
BaHa,zulli V <I> BaM naJIJIa,zulli Pd - I1.n
BHCM)'I' Bi BH BH IlTIaTHHa Pt - IlTI
BOJIbct>paM W B - npa3eo.D:HM Pr - np
fa.n:oJIHHID!: Gd - fH PeHID!: Re - Pe
faJI.1IHtl: Ga fH fH PO.D:ID\: Rh - Rg
f a<pHID\: Hf - f<p PTyrb Hg - P
fepMaHID!: Ge - f PyreHID!: Ru - Py
fOJIbMID\: Ho - fOM CaMapHH Sm - CaN
.LJ:HCnp03HH Dy - )J;I1M CBHHeQ Pb - C
EBpOIIHU Eu - EB CeJIeH Se K CT
)l(eJIe30 Fe - )I( Cepe6po Ag - Cp
30JIOTO Au - 3JI CI<aH.1UiH Sc - CKM
I1IWffi In - I1H CypbMa Sb - Cy
I1plf.1Ulli Ir - 11 TaJIJIJoIif Tl - TJI
I1TIep6HH Yb - MTH TaHTaJI Ta - IT
I1'ITpHU y - 11M TeJIJIyp Te - T
Ka.n:MHH Cd K.n K.n Tep6ID!: Th - TOM
K06aJIbT Co K K THTaH Ti T TIT,lJ;
KpeMHHt!: Si C Kp(K) TYJIHt!: Tm - TYM
JIaHTaH La - JIa Ymepo.D: C Y -
1IHTHt!: Li - JI3 <I>oc<pop P n <I>
JIIOTeuID\: Lu - JIIOH XpOM Cr X X(Xp)
MaI'HHi!: Mg III Mr QepID!: Ce - Ce
MapraHeQ Mn f MIt(Mp) QHHK Zn - Q
Me.zu, Cu )J; M QHpKOHID\: Zr Q Q3B
MOJIH6.D:eH Mo M - 3p6ID!: Er - 3pM
ECJIIf B Ha1faJIe MapKlf HeT u:M<PPbI, TO 3TO 03Ha1faeT, 1fTO KOJIW:leCTBO yme-
po,na COCTaBJISleT 1 % If BbIllie. ,[(m:J: KOHCTPYKu:M0HHbIX CTaJIeH ,nBe QH<PPbI
Bnepe,nll MapKH }'Ka3blBaIOT Ha cpe,nHee co,nep:>KaHHe ymepo,na B COThIX ,nOJUIX
npou:eHTa. ,LLrrSi HHCTPYMeH11UIbHbIX CTaJIeH o,nHa U:H<ppa B Ha1faJIe MapKlf
}'Ka3blBaeT cpe,nHee co,nep:>KaHlfe ymepo,na B ,neCSIThIX ,nOllilX npou:eHTa.
OCHOBHaSI Macca JIerHpOBaHHbIX CTaJIeH BbIIUlaBlliIeTCSI CTaJISIMIf Ka1fe-
CTBeHHbIMH. OrJIW:llfe B 0603Ha1feHlUlX Ka1feCTBeHHbIX, BbICOKOKa1feCTBeHHbIX
H oco60 BbICOKOKa1feCTBeHHbIX CTarreH 3aKJII01faeTCSI B TOM, ':ITO B KOHQe
i
I.
';,1
i
1
I'i
169
MapKH BbICOKOKa1feCTBeHHbIX CTaJIeH npmIHCbmaeTCSI 6yJ<Ba A, a oc06o BbICO-
KOKa1feCTBeHHbIX - 6yJ<Ba III. Y CTaJIeH, rrpMMeHSIeMbIX B Blf,lJ;e JIlITbSl (B ffi'-
JIHBKe), B KOHl.{e MapKH rrpMrrMCbIBaeTCSI 6}'KBa JI.
BbICOKOKa1feCTBeHHbIe CTaJIH MMelOT OTKJIOHemISl OT 3THX rrpaBHTI. TaK,
B MapKax HHC1pYMeHTaJIbHbIX JIerMpOBaHHbIx CTaJIeH, a TaIOKe CTaJIeH 11
crmaBOB C OC06bIMH <pM3MqeCKHMM CBOHCTBaMH 6}'KBa A He YKa3bIBaeTCSI,
rrOCKOJIbKY OHM Bcer,na BbICOKOKa1feCTBeHHbIe (HTIM oco60 BbICOKOKa1feCTBeH-
HbIe).
HeKOTopbIe rpyrrrrbI CTaJIeH CrreUMaJIbHoro Ha3Ha1femUl con:ep)J(aT ,no-
rrOJIHIITeJIbHbIe 0603Ha1feHHSI: MapKH mapHKono,nmmIHHKOBbIX CTaJIeH Ha1fH-
HalOTCSI C 6}'KBbI III, 6bIC1pOpe)J(}TIUMX - C 6}'KBbI P, MarHIITHO-TBep.n bIX -
C 6}'KBbI E, aBTOMaTHbIX - C 6}'KBbI A. DOJIee rro,npo6HO 0 MapKHpOBKe TaKJIX
CTaJIeH 6y.neT coo6meHO B COOTBeTCTByIOl.I.{MX pa3n:eJIax.
2.1.2. Z KOHcmPYKu,uoHHble cmaJlU U C11.ll06bl
06Il{I1MM rr01pe6IITeJIbCKHMH 1pe60BaHIDIMH K KOHC1p)'KIJ:MOHHbIM cra-
JISiM SlBJISIIOTCH HaJIMqHe y HMX orrpe.neJIeHHoro KOMrmeKca MeXaHH1feCKJIX
CBOHCTB, o6eCrretlMBalOmero )],JIMreJIbH}'lO H Ha,n:e.>KHyIO pa60TY MarepHaJIa B
YCJIOBIDIX 3KcrmyaTaUMM, H xopomMX TeXHOJIOrH1feCKHX CBOHCTB (o6pa6aThI-
BaeMocm .naBJIeHMeM, pe3aHMeM, 3aKaJIMBaeMocm, cBapMBaeMOCTI1 H ,np.).
Heo6xo,nIIMbIe TeXHOJIOrH1feCKHe M rr01pe6MTeJIbCKHe CBOHCTBa KOHC1pYK-
UMOHHbIX CTaJIeH H crmaBOB B OCHOBHOM o6eCrre1fMBa1OTCH paU:HOHaJIbHbIM
BbI6opOM XHMM1feCKOrO COCTaBa, YJIyqmeHHeM MeTaJIJIyprH1feCKoro Ka1fe-
CTBa, cOOTBeTCTByIOIlleH repMMqeCKOH o6pa6OTKoH M nOBepXHOCTHbIM yrrP01f-
HeHHeM.
KOHC1p)'KIJ:IIOHHbIe CTIlJIM M crmaBbI KJIaCcH<pHUHPyIOTCSI no Ha3Ha1feHHIO
Ha cmpOUme/lbHble (opMomYPHble) H MowuHocmpOUme/lbHble, a nocnen:-
HHe B CBOIO 01fepe,nb rro,npa3,neJUlIOTCR Ha rpyrrrrbI 06U{ezo M cneu,UaJlbH020 HO-
3HCPteHWl. C HeKoTopoii YCJIOBHOCThIO 3m craJIH TaIOKe pa3JIH1faIOT no np01f- ,
Hocm: cmaJlU HOpMaJlbHOU npormocmu (cr B < 1000 MTIa), cmaJlU n06blweHHoii
npormocmu (riB < 1500 MTIa) M 6blCOKOnpO'lHble cmaJlU (cr B > 1500 MTIa).
K 0 H C m p Y K U, U 0 H H bl e c m po U me /l b H bl e c m O/l U U C n /l 06 bl.
CBOHCTBa 3THX CTaJIeH 11 crmaBOB orrpen:eIDIIOTCSI B OCHOBHOM MexaHWIeCKH-
MIl (npe,neJI np01fHOCm, OTHOCMTeJIbHOe YMHHeHHe, TBep,nOCTh, y,napHaSI BSl3-
KOCTh) M TeXHOJIOrl11feCKHMM ()I(H,lI;KOTeKyqeCTh, CBapMBaeMOCTh, KOBKOCTh
H .np.) XapaKTepMCTHKaMI1. ,[(mI KOHC1p)'KIJ:HOHHbIX C1pOMTeJIbHbIX CTaJIeH If
crmaBOB HCrrOJIb3yIOTCSI Y2IlepoiJucmbie (0,10...0,20% C) M HU3KO/leZUp060HHble
(Si, Mn, Cr H .np.) cmaJlU (rOCT 19281-89 M 19282-72). 3TII CTaJIM, KaK
rrpaBRTIO, 06bIKHoBeHHoro Ka1feCTBa H rrocraBJISIIOTCSI no MeXaHH1feCKHM
CBOHCTBaM.
l(eJIbIO JIenlpOBaHMH 3TMX CTaJIeH HBJ1HeTCH nOBbIllIeHMe 3aKaJIHBaeMOCTM H
BCJIe.n:CTBMe 3TOro 06ecneQeHMe 60JIee BbICOKMX MeXaHMQeCKMX CBOHCTB (fJIaB-
170
HbIM 06pa30M rrpe.n:eJIa TeKyqecTH) B rrpOl.{eCCe OXJIa)I{JJ:eHHH rrpH rrpOKaTKe.
IIpHMeHeHHe HH3KOJIerHpOBaHHbIX CTaJIeH B3aMeH yrnepO.n:HCThIX rr03BOJIHeT
C3KOHOMHTb 15...30% MeTaJIJIa. .L{mI TOI'O 'IT06bI yrrpOqHeHHe He corrpOBO)JQ:{aJIOCb
H3JIHllIHHM CHIDKeHHeM BH3KOCTH, IlJIaCTHqHOCTH H CBapHBaeMOCTH, co.n:ep)l{a-
HHe yrJIepo.n:a H JIempyJOWHX 3JIeMeHTOB B CTpOHTeJIbHbIX CTaJIHX OrpaJIHqHBa-
eTCH. ,n:OCTOHHCTBOM HH3KOJIempOBaHHbIX MaJIoyrJIepo.n:HCTbIX CTaJIeH HB.JIHeTCH
TaIOKe HX XOpOlliaH CBapHBaeMOCTh.
B COOTBeTCTBHH C rOCT 27772-88 KOHCTp}'Kll:HOHHbIe ymepo.n;HCThIe
CTIUIH no.n;p83.n;eJUlIOT Ha HeCKOJIbKO KJIaCCOB no npOqHOCTH. MapKHPYIOT HX
6YKBOH C H qHCJIOM, )'Ka3blBalOIl{HM npe.n;eJI TeKyqeCTlI B MerarraCKaJISlX:
C2135, C285, ... , C590. B KOHl.{e MapKH MOryr CTOSITh 6YKBbI K, T HJIH J(,
0603HaqalOII.UIe:
K - OTJIHqHe B XlIMHqeCKOM COCTaBe OT CTaJIH TaKoro )l(e KJI3CCa npoq-
HOCTII;
T - ynpOqHeHHe TepMoo6pa6oTKOH;
J( - BBe.n;eHHe B CTaJIb 0,15-0,3% Cu .LJ:,JISI nOBbIllIeHHSI conpOTIIBJIeHHSI
aTMoc<!>epHoH KOpp03HH.
KOHCTp}'Kll:HOHHbIe HH3KOJIenIpOBaHHbIe CTaJIH pa3.n;eJUlIOT Ha cmOJlU no-
6blUleHHoii npO'lHocmu (aT 285 Mila) H 6blcOKOnpO'lHble (aT 440 Mila).
KOHCTp}'Kl(HOHHbIe CTpOHTeJIbHbIe CTaJIH B BHJJ:e JIHCTOB, COpTOBOI'O <pacoH-
HOI'O IIpOKaTa rrpHMeIDIIOT B CTpOHTeJIbCTBe H MallIHHOCTpOeHHH MH CBapHbIX
KOHCTp}'Kl(HH, B OCHOBHOM 6e3 .n:orrOJIHHTeJIbHOH TepMHqeCKOH o6pa6oTI<H. TaK,
CTaJIH 14f2, 18f2, 16fC, lOf2Cl, 14xrc H 15XCH,lJ, HCrrOJIb3yJOTCH .lWI H31'O-
TOBJIeHHH MeTaJIJIHqeCKHX KOHCTp}'Kl(HH, a CTaJIH 18f2C, 25f2C H 35fC - MH
apMHpOBaHHH )l{eJIe306eTOHHbIX KOHCTp}'Kl(HH. KOHCTpyJ<I.{HOHHbIe CTpOHTeJIb-
HbIe CTaJIH rrOCTaBJIHIOT B BHJJ:e rrpyrKoB, rrPo<PHJIeH, JIHCTOB H llIHpOKHX rrOJIOc.
KpoMe Toro, H3 3TOH CTaJIH H31'OTaBJIHBaIOT 3aKJIerrKH, 60JIThI raHKH, llIaH6bI,
BHHTbI, rn03JJ:H, rrOKOBKH, a TaIOKe CTaJIbHbIe KaHaTbI.
KOHcmpYKl(UoHHble MaUlUHocmpoumellbHble cmallu U cnlla-
6bl 06U4ezo Ha3Ha'leHUJI. OCHOBHbIM n0Tpe6HTeJIbCKHM Tpe60BaHHeM K
KOHCTpy:KI.J:HOHHbIM MallIHHOCTpOHTeJIbHbIM CTaJUlM H CTIJIaBaM 06Il{ero Ha-
3HaqeHHSI SlBJISleTCSI HaJIHqHe onpe.n;eJIeHHoro KOMnJIeKCa MeXaHHqeCKHX
CBOHCTB C HX 3a.n;aHHbIM pacnpe.n;eJIeHHeM no CeqeHHIO H3.n:eJIHSI. KOMTIJIeKC
MeXaHlIqeCKIIX CBOHCTB, eCJIH He npe,lJ;'bSlBJlSlIOTCSI KaKHe- JIII60 CIIel.{IIaJIbHbIe
Tpe60BaHHSI, BKJIlOqaeT xapaKTepHCTIIKH npoqHOCTII, TIJIaCTIIqHOCTII, y.n;eJIb-
HOH pa60ThI ,lJ;e<!>opMal.{HH H pa3pyrneHHSI (y,lJ;apHOH BSl3KOCTII).
XHMHQeCKHH COCTaB 3TIIX CTaJIeH TaKOH (rOCT 1050-88 II 4543-71):
MaJIO- H cpe,lJ;HeymepO,lJ;HCThIe - cO,lJ;ep)l(aT OT 0,05 ,lJ;0 0,65% C, a HH3KO- H
cpe,lUIeJIempOBaHHbIe - Mn, Si, Cr, Ni H ,lJ;p.
EOJIbllIHHCTBO KOHCTpy:KI.J:HOHHbIX JIerHpOBaHHbIX CTaJIeH OTHOC.SITCSI K
nepmITHoMy KJI3CCY, a B paBHOBeCHOM COCTOSlHHH - K KJIaCCY,lJ;03BTeKTOIf)],-
HbIX. JIempYIOII.UIe 3JIeMeHThI onpe.n:eJISllOT npel1M}'l.l{eCTBeHHO 3aKaJIHBaeMOCTh
171
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H npoKaJIHBaeMOCTh H B MeHbllIeH CTeneHM - MeXaHWleCKHe CBOHCTBa (KPOMe
HHKeJUJ H MOJIH6,lJ;eHa, ynyqllIaIOIl{HX BSl3KOCTb). HaH60nee llIHpOKO npHMe-
HSlIOTCSI MapKH 30XfCH2A, 30XfCH2MA, 25X2fHTPA, 30X2fCH2BM H
40XH2CMA.
KOHCTp}'Kll:HOHHbIe MallIHHOCTpOHTenbHbIe CTanH H CrrnaBbI o6Il{ero Ha-
3HaQeHHSI KJIaccH<I>mJ;lIpyIOTCSI no cnoco6y yrrpOQHeHHSI KaK cmClJlU 6e3 mep-
MUlteCKOU 06pa60mKu, ynpOItHJleMble 6 n06epXHocmHOM C/loe H ynpOItHJleMble no
6CeMY 06oeMY.
PeKOMeH.DYeMbIMH pe)I(JfMaMH TepMWIeCKOH o6pa6OTI<H KOHCTPYKlU'I0HHbIX
yrnepoLIHCTbIX KaQeCTBeHHbIX CTIlJIeH B 3aBHCHMOCTII OT ycnoBHi1: 3KcrmyaTa-
HH H3)];eJIHH SlBJISlIOTCSI HopManH3a HSI, 3aKanKa C omyCKOM, nOBepXHOCTHaSI
3aKanKa C omyCKOM.
CnUIH (08KTI, lOKTI, 15KTI, 08, Cr3), HCrrOJIb3yeMble 6e3 TepMHqeCKOH o6pa-
6<YrKH, rroCTaBJUIIOT rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M B JIHCTax. OHH .n:OJDKHbI HMeTb rrOHIDKeHHoe
co.n:ep:>KaHHe yrJIepo.n:a H KpeMHHH, qTO o6ecrreqHBaeT HX XOpollI}'lO .n:e<}>opMHpye-
MOCTb (IIITaMrryeMOCTb, BbITIDKKa, BbJ,lJ;aBJUlBaHHe H .n:p.) B XOJIO.n:HOM COCTOHHHH.
IIlTaMrryeMocTb JIHCTOBOH CTaJIH yxy.n:rnaeTCH rrpH HaJIHqHH B HeH KpyrrHOro H
Heo.n:Hopo.n:HOro rro pa3MepaM 3epHa, 1'peTHqHoro ueMeHTHTa H .n:pyrHX C1'pYK-
TYPHbIX Heo.n:Hopo.n:HocTeH. ,l.VIH XOJIO.n:HOH lIlTaMrrOBKH H3 JIHCTOBOH CTaJIH B aB-
TOM06HJIec1'pOeHHH HCrrOJIb3yJOTCH CTaJIH O9f2C, O9f2, 16fC1>P, 12XM H.n:p.
IIpH 1'pe60BaHHH BbICOKOH npOqHOCTH rrOBepXHocTHOro CJIOH HCrrOJIb3)'IOT
HH1'poueMeHTYeMble, ueMeHTYeMble, a30THpyeMble, a TaIOKe 3aKaJIHBaeMble H C
rrOHIDKeHHOH npOKaJIHBaeMOCTbIO (yrrpOqIDIeMble B rroBepXHOCTHOM cJIoe) CTaJIH.
TaK, B KaqeCTBe ueMeHTYeMOH yrJIepo.n:HcTOH CTaJIH HCrrOJIb3yJOTCH KaqeCTBeH-
Hble H BbICOKOKaqeCTBeHHble CTaJIH MapOK 15, 20. IIocJIe ueMeHTaUHH, 3aKaJIKH
B Bo.n:e H HH3KOro OTrrYCKa rroBepxHocTb CTaJlH HMeeT BbICOKYIO TBep.n:OCTb
(HRC 58...62), o6eCrreqHBaeMyIO Map'reHcHTHoH C1'pyKTYPOH, a cep.n:ueBHHa He
yrrpOqIDIeTCH, TaK KaK B HeH coxpaIDleTCH <}>eppHTHO-rrepJIHTHasI MH.KpOCTPYKTYPa.
JIerHpOBaHHble ueMeHTYeMble CTaJIH (15X, 15XA, 15XC1>, 12XH3A, 12X2H4A,
20XrHP, 18XIT H .n:p.) rrpHMeIDIIOT JJ:IDI.n:eTaJIeH, 60JIee CHJIbHO HarrpIDKeHHbIX,
a TaIOKe 60JIee KpyrrHbIX pa3MepOB H CJIO:>KHOH <}>OpMbI - BaJIOB, oceH, rnecrepeH
H .n:p. JIerHpOBaHHe B 3TOM CJIyqae 06eCrreqHBaeT JIyqllI}'lO rrpoKaJIHBaeMOCTb
rrpH 60JIee rrpOqHOH cep.n:ueBHHe. B cep.n:ueBHHe 06Pa3yIOTCH C1'pYKTYPbI 6eHHHTa
HJIH HH3KoyrJIepo.n:HCTOro MapTeHCHTa (HRC 30...45).
J.Vrn rronyqeHHH BbICOKHX rrpOqHOCTHbIX CBOHCTB rro BCeM}' o60eM}' H3,n:eJIIDI
rrpHMeHHIOT yJIyqrneHHe, T.e. 3aKaJIKY B MaCJIe H BbICOKHH (550...650.C) omYCK.
IIpH TaKOH o6pa6OTKe ynyqrnaeMaH CTaJIb HMeeT C1'pYKTYPY 3epHHcToro cop6HTa,
o6eCrreqHBaIOIl{yIO HaHJIyqrnee COqeTaHHe rrpOqHOCTH H BH3KOCTH. K yJIyqlIlae-
MbIM CTaJIHM OTHOCHTCH CTaJIH, co.n:ep:>KaIIJ:He 0,35% C (yrJIepo.n:HcTble H MaJIO-
JIerHpOBaHHble) H 0,2...0,3% C (cpe.n:He- H BbICOKOJIerHpOBaHHble).
CrroC06HOCTb yrrPOqHHTbCH Ha TY HJIH HH)'IO rny6HH}' rrpH o.n:HHaKOBOM co-
.n:ep:>KaHHH yrJIepo.n:a orrpe.n:eIDIeTCH BJIHHHHeM JIerHpyJOIIJ:HX 3JIeMeHTOB, HO rrpH
He60JIbrnHX CeqeHHHX H3,n:eJIHH 3TO BJIHHHHe MeHee 3aMeTHO, a B .n:eTaJIHX Kpyrr-
HOro pa3Mepa Y yrJIepo.n:HCTbIX H MeHee JIerHpOBaHHbIX CTaJIeH MeXaHHqeCKHe
CBOHCTBa 3HaqHTeJIbHO HH:>Ke. IIo3ToM}' BbI60p MapKH CTaJIH 3aBHCHT KaK OT
172
ypOBHH 1'pe6yeMbIx CBOHCTB, TaK H OT TOJIII.{HHbI H3.lI:eJIHH, HanpHMep npH .AHa-
Me1'pe .AO 12...15 MM - CTaJIH 35, 40, 45, 50; .AO 50...75 MM - 40XH, 25XrCA,
30xrC; 75...120 MM - 30XH3A, 40XH2MA. 113 CTaJIeH, yrrpOqHHeMbIX no BceM}'
CeqeHHIO, H3fOTaBJIHBalOT OCH, BaJIbI, llIeCTepHH, KpHBOllIHnbI, llInHlIbKH OTBeT-
CTBeHHOI'O Ha:3HaqeHHH, TOHKOCTeHHbIe 1'py6bI H .Ap.
KOHcmpYK UOHH e MaWUHocmpoumeAbH e cmaAU U
c n A a 6 bl C n e U a A b H 0 2 0 H a 3 Haft e H U 11. Cnel.{HaJIbHOe Ha3HaqeHHe
3TIfX CTaJIeH H CIIJIaBOB orrpe,lJ;eJUleTCSI 'l'pe60BaHHeM K KOHKpeTHOMy KOM-
IIJIeKCY MeXaHHqeCKHX, <pH3IIQeCKMX, <pH3HKO-XlIMHQeCKHX H TeXHOJIOrIIQe-
CKHX CBOHCTB, Heo6xo,lJ;HMOMy MSI 3KCIIJIyaTal.{HH H3,lJ;eJIHH B C'l'poro onpe-
,lJ;eJIeHHbIX YCJIOBIDIX, HanpHMep npH OqeHb BbICOKMX HanpIDKeHIDIX, HH3KHX
MH nOBbIllIeHHbIX TeMnepaTYPax, ,lJ;HHaMHQeCKHX MH rlf.D.pOa6pa3HBHbIX
HaI'py3KaX, ,lLJISI Cnel(HaJIbHoro Ha3Haqemrn B IIPH60pax H arrrrapaTaX 3JIeK'lpO-
H pa,n:HOTeXHHQeCKOH npOMbIllIJIeHHocm.
B 3aBHCHMocm OT XlIMHqeCKoro COCTaBa CIIJIaBbI 3TOH rpyIIIIbI nO,lJ;pa3-
,lJ;eJUJlOT Ha KJIaCCbI no OCHOBHOMy COCTaBJUlIOIl{eMy 3JIeMeHTy:
. CWla6bl Ha :HCe.tle30HUKe.tle60U OCH06e;
. CWla6bl Ha HUKe.tle60U OCH06e.
KJIacCH<pHKal.{HSI MallIHHOCTpOHTeJIbHbIX CTaJIeH H CIIJIaBOB no OCHOBHO-
MY nO'l'pe6HTeJIbCKOMy CBOHCTBY HMeeT CJIe,lJ;}'IOIl{He rpyIIIIbI: oc06o 6blCOKOU
npOftHOcmit U 6Jl3KOCmU, KOPP03UOHHocmOUKue, U3HococmOUKue, npY:HCUHHble,
a6mOMamHble, wapUKonOaWunHUK06ble H AumeUHble.
CmOJlU oco6o 6blCOKOU npoftHOCmU U 6Jl3KOCmu (MapmeHcumHo-cmapelOU{ue) no
XMMWlecKOMy COCTaBY HBJISIIOTCSI 6e3yrJIepo,lUiCThIMH (MeHee 0,03% C) H BbICO-
KOJIernpOBaHHbIMH (Ni, Co, Mo, Cr, Ti, Be H ,lJ;p.). 3m CTaJIH xapaKTepH-
3}'1OTCSI CJIe.lJ:YlOIl{HMH nO'l'pOOIITeJIbCKHMH CBOHCTBaMII: O"B = 1800...3000 MIIa;
8 > 10%, \jI > 40%; KCD = 0,3...2,5 K,L()I(/M 2 . -
TeXHOJIOrHQeCKHe CBOHCTBa MapTeHCHTHO-CTapeIOIl{HX CTaJIeH nOBbI-
llIeHHbIe: xopOlliHe CBapHBaeMOCTb, o6pa6aTbIBaeMocTb pe3aHHeM H IIJIac-
mqHOCTb B 3aKaJIeHHOM COCTOSlHHH; He3HaQHTeJIbHaSi ,lJ;e<p0pMal.{HSI ,lJ;eTaJIeH
rrpH omycKe, BbIIIOJIHSleMOM nOCJIe pe3aHHSI H C03,lJ;aIOIl{eM Heo6xo,lJ;HMbIe
BblCOKMe MeXaHnqeCKMe CBOHCTBa. MapreHclITHo-CTapeIOIl.{HM CTIUISlM MO)I(HO
nplf.D.aTb CTOHKOCTb rrpomB KOpp03HH H TeIIJIOCTOHKOCTb. TaK, npH ,lJ;onOJI-
HHTeJIbHOM JIernpoBaHHH XpOMOM (:-=:12%) 3TH CTaJIH CTaHOBSlTCSI CTOHKMMH
npomB KOpp03HH ,lJ;IDKe B CMbHO arpeCCHBHbIX cpellax (MOpCKOH BOlle,
KMCJIOTaX H ,lJ;p).
MapTeHCHTHO-CTapeIOIl(He CTaJIH - oco60 BbICOKOKaqeCTBeHHbIe H H3-3a
BbICOKOH CTOHMocrn npHMeHHIOTCH .lLJIH H3I'OTOBJIeHHH .AeTaJIeH HaH60J1ee OTBeT-
CTBeHHoro Ha3HaqeHHH: H18K9M5 - llIeCTepeH, BaJIOB, KopnYCOB paKeT;
HlOXI2,lI;2T - .AeTaJIeH XHMHqeCKOH annapaTYPbI, rrpyx(Jm; H4X12K15M4T -
IIITaMnOB rOpHQero .Ae<popMHpoBaHHH, .AeTaJIeH TelIJI03HeprernqeCKHX YCTaHO-
BOK H ,lij).
173
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KOPP03UOHHocmOUKue CmClJlU U CWla6bl (rOCT 5632-72), B TOM lfifCJIe
BbICOKOJIerHpOBaHHbIe, 06JIa,n:a1OT .D:OCTaTOqHOH CTOHKOCTblO npOTIIB KOppO-
3HH TOJIbKO B OrpaHHqeHHOM qHCJIe cpe,lJ;. OHH 06S13aTeJIbHO HMelOT B CBOeM
COCTaBe 60JIee 12,5% Cr, pOJIb KOTOpOro COCTOHT B 06pa30BaHHH Ha IIOOOpX-
HOCTII H3,lJ;eJIHSI 3aW;HTHoH (naccHBHoH) OKCIf)],HOH TIJIeHKH, npepblBalOw;eH
KOHTaKT C arpeccHBHoH Cpe,lJ;OH. IIpH 3TOM JIyqllIeH CTOHKOCTblO npOTIIB
KOpp03HH 06JIa,n:a1OT Te CTaJIH H CIIJIaBbI, B KOTOpbIX Bce cO,lJ;ep)l(aHHe xpOMa
npHXO,lJ;IITCSI Ha ,lJ;OJIIO TBep,lJ;oro pacTBOpa. CO,lJ;ep)l(aHHe yrJIepO,lJ;a ,lJ;OJDKHO
6bITb HeOOJIbIIrnM, qro6bI }'MeHbllIHTb nepexo,lJ; xpoMa B Kap6H,lU>I, TaK KaK 3TO
MO)l(eT CHH31ITb KOH eHTPa HIO xpOMa B 3aW;IITHOH IIJIeHKe. ,[LrnI: npe.D:OTBpa-
w;eHHSI BbmeJIeHHH Kap6If)],OB xpOMa HCnOJIb3yIOT TalOKe 6bIC1'pOe OXJIIDI<D:eIDIe
H3 06JIaCTH Y-TBep,lJ;oro paCTBopa IUIH JIernpOBaHHe THTaHOM, BaHa,n:HeM,
HHo6HeM IUIH IIpKOHHeM .lLJUI CBSl3bIBaHHSI yrJIepO,lJ;a B 60JIee YCTOHqHBbIe
Kap6H,LJ;bI.
<l>H3HKO-XHMHQeCKHe cBoikTBa KOpp03HOHHOCTOHKHX CTaJIeH MeHSlIOTCSI
B ,lJ;OBOJIbHO llIHpOKOM .D:HaIIa30He B 3aBHCHMOCTII OT CTpYKTYPbI. ,[LrnI: HaH-
60JIee xapaKTepHbIX CTIJIaBOB 3TOro Ha3HaQeHHSI OHa MO)l(eT 6bITb:
. <l>ePPIITHO-Kap6If)],HOH H MapreHCIITHOH (12X13, 20X13, 20X17H2, 30X13,
40X13, 95X18 - ,lUISi CJIa6bIX arpeCCHBHbIX cpeJI. (B03.D:}'Xa, BO.D:bI, napa»;
. <l>epPHTHoH (15X28) - ,lUISi paCTBOpOB a30THOH H <l>OC<pOPHOH KlICJIOT;
. aYCTeHIITHOH (12X18HlOT) - B MOpCKOH BO,lJ;e, OpraHHqeCKHX H a3OT-
HOH KHCJIOTax, CJIa6bIX w;eJIOQax;
. MapTeHcHTHo-cTapelOw;eH (lOX17H13M3T, 09X15H81O) - B <poc-
<pOpHOH, }'KCYCHOH H MOJIOqHbIX KHCJIOTax. CIIJIaB 06XH28MT MO)l(eT 3KC-
nJIyarnpoBaTbcSI B YCJIOBHSlX roPSlqHX (,lJ;O 60°C) <l>OC<I>OPHOH H cepHoH
(KoH eHTPa HH ,lJ;O 20%) KHCJIOT. KOPP03HOHHaSI CTOHKOCTb CTaJIeH MO)l(eT
6bITb nOBblllIeHa TepMHqeCKOH o6pa6oTKOH (3aKaJIKOH H BbICOKHM OTIIYC-
KOM) H C03,lJ;aHHeM llIJlH<I>oBaHHoH nOBepXHOCTII.
KOPP03HoHHOCTOHKHe CTaJIH H CTIJIaBbI KJIaccH<PH HPyIOT B 3aBHCHMOCTII
OT arpeCCHBHOCTII cpe,lJ;bI, B KOTOpOH OHH HCnOJIb3yIOTCSI, H no HX OCHOBHOM}'
nOTPe6HTeJIbCKoMY CBOHCTBY Ha co6CTBeHHO KOpp03uoHHocmouKue, JlCapo-
cmouKue, JlCapOnpOItHble H KpuozeHHble.
l:13.n:eJIHH H3 co6CTBeHHO KOPP03HOHHocToihrnx CTaJIeH (JIOrraTKH TYP6HH,
KJIarraHbI rJi.n:paBJlHqeCKHX rrpeCCOB, rrpyxmHbI, Kap6IOpaTopHbIe HmbI, .n:HCKH,
BaJIbI, Tpy6bI H .n:p.) pa6OTaIOT rrpH TeMrrepaT)'pe 3KCIIJIyaTal.{HH .n:o 550°C. ):(ml
}KapOCTOHKHX H }KapOrrpOqHbIX MaUIHHOCTpOHTeJIbHbIX CTaJIeH HCrrOJIb3yIOTCH
MaJIoyrnepo.n:HCTbIe (0,1...0,45% C) H BbICOKOJIempOBaHHbIe (Si, Cr, Ni, Co
H .n:p.).
)J(apocmouKue CTaJIH H CIIJIaBbI rro.nyqaIOT Ha 6a:re CHCTeMbI Fe + Cr + Ni C
He60JIbIilllM KOJlH'leCTBOM KpeMHIDI. OcHOBHbIM rrmpe6HTeJIbCKHM CBOHCTBOM 3TMX
CTaJIeH HBJUIeTCH TeMrrepaT)'pa 3KCIIJIyaTaI.{HH, KOTOpIDI .n:OJDKHa 6bITh 60JIee 550°C.
)l(apocToHKHe CTaJIH YCTOHqHBbI rrpOTHB ra30BOH KOpp03HH .n:o 900...1200°C
174
B B03LJ:yxe, rreqHbIX ra3aX, B TOM qHCJIe cepOCOLJ:epXaIll.HX (15X5, 15X6CM,
40X9C2, 30Xl3H7C2, 12X17, 15X28), OKHCJIHTeJIbHbIX H HayrJIepIDKMBaIOIlI.HX
(20X20HI4C2) CpeLJ:aX, HO MOryr rrpOHBJIHTb rrOJI3yqecTb rrpH rrpHJIOXeHHH
60JIblllHX HarpY30K.
)l(aPOcToHKHe CTaJIH XapaKTepHJyIOT rro TeMrrepaTYPe HaqaJIa HHTeHcHBHoro
OKHCJIeHHH. BeJIHqHHa 3TOH TeMrrepaTYPbI orrpeLJ:eJIHeTCH COLJ:epXaHHeM xpOMa B
CrrJIaBe. TaK, rrp" 15% Cr TeMrrepaTypa 3KCrrJIyaTal.{HH H3LJ:eJIHH COCTaBJIHeT
950.C, a rrpH 25% Cr - l300.e. )l(aPOCTOHKOCTb 3aBHCHT OT XHMHqeCKOrO
COCTaBa CTaJIH, a He OT ee CTpyKTYPbI, rr03TOMY xapOCTOHKOCTb (j:>eppHTHbIX H
aYCTeHHTHbIX CTaJIeH rrpH paBHOM KOJIHqeCTBe xpOMa rrpaKTHqeCKH o.n:HHaKOBa.
)l(apoCTOHKHe CTaJIH H CIIJIaBbI HCrrOJIb3}'1OTCH )J)UI rrpOH3Bo.n:CTBa Tpy6, JIHC-
TOB, LJ:eTaJIeH BbICOKOTeMrrepaTYPHbIX yCTaHOBOK, ra30BbIX TYP6HH H rroplllHeBbIX
LJ:BHra'reJIeH, rreqHbIX KOHBeHepOB, HIlI.HKOB MH l.{eMeHTal.{HH H LJ:p.
)f(aponpOltllble cmatlu LJ:OJI)KHbI o6JIa,n:aTh BbICOKHM COrrpOTHBJIeHHeM XHMH-
qeCKOH KOpp03HH, HO BMeCTe C TeM o6ecrreqHBaTh Ha,n:e:>KHYIO pa601Y rrOLJ: Ha-
rpY3KOH (T.e. HMeTh .n:OCTaTOqHO BbICOKHe rrpeLJ:eJIbI rrOJI3yqeCTIf H MHTeJIbHOH
rrpo'lHOCTIf) rrpH TeMrrepaTYPax 3KCrrJIyaTal.{HH BbIllie 400...450.e. TeMrrepaTYP-
HbIH ypOBeHb xapOrrpOqHOCTH CIIJIaBOB B rrepB}'IO OqepeLJ:b orrpeLJ:eJIHeTCH rrpoq-
HOCThIO MexaTOMHOH CBH3H, KOTOpaH MOXeT 6bITb Ol.{eHeHa PH.LJ:OM (j:>H3HqeCKHX
KOHCTaHT, B TOM qHCJIe TeMrrepaTYPOH rrJIaBJIeHHH. OLJ:HaKO rrpH LJ:aHHOH TeMrre-
paTYPe rrJIaBJIeHH$J xapOrrpOqHOCTb CHlIbHO JaBHCHT OT TeMrrepaTYPbI peKpHC-
TaJIJIH3al.{HH. B CB$J3H C 3THM craJIH aYCTeHHTHoro KJIaCca HMeIOT 60JIee BbICO-
KYIO xaporrpOqHOCTh rro cpaBHeHMIO CO CTaJIHMH rrepJIMTHOrO KJIacca.
IIpH TaKHX BbICOKHX TeMrrepaTYPax 3KcrmyaTal.{HH orrpeLJ:e,1IHIOIlI.YIO pOJIb B
pa3pyrueHHH HrpaeT He LJ:HCJIOKaUHOHHaH cTpYKTYPa, a LJ:H(j:>(j:>Y3HOHHbIe rrpOl.{ec-
CbI, HMeIOWHe LJ:IDKe rrpH He60JIblllMX HarrpIDKeHHHX HarrpaBJIeHHbIH xapaKTep H
crrOC06CTBYIOIlI.He pa3BHTIfIO LJ:M$l>Y3HOHHOH nOJI3yqecTM. TaK KaK LJ:H(j:>(j:>Y3HOH-
HbIe rrpol.{eCCbI JIef'le BCero rrpOTeKaIOT rro rpaHHl.{aM 3epeH, HMeIOIlI.HX rrOBbI-
llleHHoe KOJIHqeCTBO LJ:e(j:>eKTOB CTpoeHMH, TO KpoMe XMMHqeCKoro COCTaBa Ha
xaporrpoqHOCTb CYIlI.eCTBeHHoe BJIMHHHe OKa3bIBaeT cTpyKTYPa MeTaJIJIa. 06bIq-
HO LJ:06HBaIOTCH rrOJIyqeHHH JIernpOBaHHoro TBepLJ:oro paCTBopa C BKpaI1JIeHHHMH
rro rpaHHl.{aM 3epeH HlIH BHyrpH HMX LJ:HCrrepCHbIX Kap6H,lJ;HbIX HlIH HHTepMeTaJI-
JIM,[(HbIX (j:>a3. BOJIee KpyTIHoe 3epHO crroc06cTBYeT rrOBbIllleHMIO xaporrpOqHOCTH,
XOTH npH 3TOM CHMxaeTCH rrJIaCTIfqHOCTh. Qpe3BbIqaHHO BIDKHbIH (j:>aKTOp -
cTa6HJIbHOCTh CTpyYcrypbI, TaK KaK rrepeMeIll.eHMe aTOMOB Be.n:eT K YBeJIHqeHHIO
rrOJI3y'leCTM.
)l(aporrpOqHbIe CTaJIH H CrrJIaBbI B CBoeM cocraBe 06H3aTeJIbHO COLJ:epXaT HM-
KeJIb, KOTOpbIH 06eCrreqHBaeT CYIlI.eCTBeHHOe YBeJIMqeHHe rrpeLJ:eJIa MHTeJIbHOH
KOpp03HOHHOH rrpO'lHOCTIf rrpH He3HaqMTeJIbHOM YBeJIHqemm rrpeLJ:eJIa TeKY'leCTIf
H BpeMeHHoro COrrpoTMBJIeHMH, H MapraHel.{. OHH MOryr LJ:OrrOJIHHTeJIbHO JIern-
pOBaTbCH MOJIH6.n:eHOM, BOJIb(j:>paMOM, HHo6HeM, TIfTaHOM, 60POM, HO.n:OM M .n:p.
TaK, MHKpOJIerMpoBaHHe 60POM, a TaIOKe peLJ:K03eMeJIbHbIMH H HeKOTopbIMH
IlI.eJIOqHO-3eMeJIbHbIMM MeTaJlJIaMM nOBbIlliaeT TaKHe xapaKTepHCTMKH, KaK qMCJIO
060pOTOB rrpH KpyqeHHH, I1JIaCmqHOCTb H BH3KOCTb rrpH BbICOKHX TeMrrepaTYPax.
MeXaHM3M 3TOro B03LJ:eHCTBMH rrpH MMIq)OJIernpOBaHMM OCHOBaH Ha pa<l>HHHpoBa-
HMM rpaHHl.{ 3epHa H rrOBbIllleHMM MeXKpHcraJIJIMTHOH rrpOqHoCTIf. XMMWlecKHH
cocraB H cTpYKTYpa 3THX CTaJIeH BeCbMa pa3Hoo6pa3HbI.
,
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"
,
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175
Pa6o'me TeMnepaTypbI COBpeMeHHbIX )l{apOnpO'lHbIX CIlJIaBOB COCTaBJUIIOT
npHMepHO 0,45...0,8 TfUI' 3m CTaJIH KJIaCCH<1mUHpyIOT no TeMnepa-rype 3KCIIJIya-
TaUHH (faCT 20072-74): npH 400...550.C - 15XM, 12XIMC1>, 25X2M1 C1>,
20X3MBC1>; npH 500...600.C - 15X5M, 40X1OC2M, 20X13; npH 600...650.C -
12X18H9T, 45X14H14B2M, IOXllH23T3MP, XH601O, XH701O, XH77TIOP,
XH56BMKIO, XH62MBKIO.
)l(aponpO'lHbIe CTaJIH H CIlJIaBbI rrpHMeHHIOTCH MH H3roTOBJIeHHH 1'py6, KJIa-
naHHbIX, napo- H ra3OTyp6HHHbIX .n:eTaJIeH (pOTOpbI, JIOnaTKH, .n:HCKH H .n:p.).
Kpuoeellllble MaWUIlOCmpOUmeJlbllble cmatlU U CnJla6bl (faCT 5632-72) no XH-
MH'leCKOMY COCTaBY HBJIHIOTCH HH3Koyrnepo.n:HcTbIMH (0,10% C) H BbICOKOJIem-
pOBaHHbIMH (Cr, Ni, Mn H .n:p.) CTaJIHMH aYCTeHHTHoro KJIacca (08XI8HIO,
12X18HIOT, 03X20HI6Af6, 03X13Af19 H .n:p.). OCHOBHbIMH nOTpe6HTeJIbCKH-
MH CBOHCTBaMH 3THX CTaJIeH HBJIHIOTCH IlJIacTH'lHOCTb H BH3KOCTb, KOTopbIe C
nOHH)I{eHHeM TeMnepaTYPbI (OT 20.n:o -196.q JIH60 He MemnOTCH, JIH60 MaJIO
)'Me HbllIaIOTcH, T.e. He npOHcxo.n:HT pe3Koro CHIDKeHHH BH3KOCTH, xapaKTepHoro
npH XJIa;:I:HOJIOMKOCTH. HanpHMep, MH KpHoreHHbIX CTaJIeH (OH6A, OH9A)
nOCJIe COOTBeTCTByIOIUeH TepMH'leCKOH o6pa6oTKH (.n:BOHHaH HOpMaJIH3aUHH H
OTIIYCK HlIH 3aKaJIKa B Bo.n:e H omYCK) xapaKTepHO npH nOHIDKeHHH TeMnepaTY-
pbI nOBbIllIeHHe npe.n:eJIa nOJI3y'IeCTH OT 400 .n:o 820 Mlla. KpHoreHHbIe MallIH-
HOC1'pOHTeJIbHbIe CTaJIH KJIaCcH<!>HUHPyIOTCH no TeMnepaTYPe 3KCIIJIYC!TaUHH B
.n:Hana30He OT -196 .n:o -296.C H HCnOJIb3yIOTCH MH H3rOTOBJIeHHH .n:eTaJIeH
KpHoreHHoro o60Py.n:oBaHHH.
H3HoeoemouKue emOJlU (fOCT 5632-72) no XHMHqeCKoMY COCTaBY MO-
ryr 6bITb BbIcoKoyrJIepO,lJ;HCTbIMH (1,1...1,3% C) IUIH MaJIoyrJIepO,lJ;HCTbIMH H
BbICOKOJIerIIpOBaHHbIMH (Si, Mn, Cr, Ni H .np.). OCHoBHoe n01pe6JITeJIbCKoe
CBOHCTBO 3TIIX CTaJIeH - BbICOKaSI CTOHKOCTh ,lJ;eTaJIeH npH KaBMTaI.{HOHHOH
KOpp03HH H MeXaHlIqeCKOM M3HaIIlHBaHMH npH 3HaqJITeJIbHbIX Y,lJ;apHbIX Ha-
IPY3Kax. 3TII CTaJIH (12X18H9T, 30XlOflO, OXI4AfI2, OXI4AfI2M, f13)
rrplIMeH5IIOT qaIl.{e B JIHTOM MH KOBaHOM (KaTaHHoM) COCTOSlHHH, TaK KaK
HX o6I1.{ee TeXHOJIOmqeCKOe CBOHCTBO - rrOHIDKeHHaSI o6pa6aTbIBaeMOCTb
pe3aHHeM. 113HococTOHKHe CTaJIM HCnOJIb3}'1OTCSI ,lJ;.JUI H3rOTOBJIeHHSI JIonac-
TeH I11.lI.poTyp6HH H I11.lI.pOHacocoB, KpeCTOBHH peJIbCOB, II.{eK ,lJ;P061U10K,
qeprraKOB 3eMJIepOHHbIX MaIIlHH, TpaKOB H ,lJ;p.
lIpYJlCUHHble emOJlU U en/W6bl (fOCT 14959-79) - cpe,lJ;HeyrJIepO,lJ;MCTbIe
(0,6...0,8% C), HH3KOJIempOBaHHbIe (Mn, Si, Cr, Ni H ,lJ;p.) CTaJIH, 06JIa,IJ;aIO-
II.{He BbICOKHMH MexaHWIeCKHMH CBOHCTBaMH, B rrepB}'IO Oqepe,lJ;b BbICOKHMH
rrpe,lJ;eJIaMH ynpyroCTII H rrpO'IHOCTII, a TaIOKe nOBbIllIeHHOH peJIaKCaI.UfOHHoH
CTOHKOCTblO rrpH ,lJ;OCTaTOqHOH BSl3KOCTII H IIJIaCTIIqHOCTII. ,LLrrSi nOJIyqeHHSI
3TIIX CBOHCTB CTaJIH ,lJ;OJI)l(HbI cO,lJ;ep)l(aTb 60JIee 0,5% C H 6bITb cnoco6HbIMM
K TepMHqeCKOH o6pa6oTKe - 3aKaJIKe H omyCKY. IIp}')KHHHbIe CTaJIH (65f,
70, 75; 50XA, 55XfP, 55C2, 60C2, 50X<I>A, 60C2X<I>A, 65C2BA, 70C2XA)
B OCHOBHOM HCrrOJIb3}'1OTCSI ,rom H3rOTOBJIeHHSI rrp}')KHH H peccop.
KpoMe paccMOTpeHHbIx BbIllie IIp}')KHHHbIX CTaJIeH o6I1.{ero Ha3HaqeHHSI
B MallIHHocTpOeHHH llIHpOKO rrpHMeH5IIOTCSI npYJlCUHHble emOJlU eneu,UOJlbHOZO
176
Ha3HalleHUJl, K KOTOpbIM nOMMMO 'l'pe60BaHlISl BbICOKHX MexaHWIecKHX CBOHCTB
MOryr npe):('bSIBJISITbCSI ,lJ;OnOJIHIfreJIbHbIe -rpe60BaHHSI no <pH3HKO- XHMWleCKHM
CBOHCTBaM: HeManurrnocm, KOPP03HOHHOH CTOID<OCm, HlI3KOMy RTIH nocTO-
SlHHOMy TeMnepaTYPHOMy K03<P<PHUHeHTy MO,lJ;YlliI ynpyrOCTII II ,lJ;p.
A6mO.MamHble cmClJlU (rOCT 1414-75) cO,lJ;ep)l(aT 0,08...0,45% C H nOBbI-
llIeHHoe cO,lJ;ep)l(aHHe cepbI (0,05...0,3%), <l>oc<I>opa (0,05...0,16%) H qaCTO
MapraHua (0,6...1,55%). 060rameHHe rpaHHl.{ 3epeH <l>eppHTa pacTBopeH-
HblM B HeM <l>OC<I>OPOM H 06pa30BaHHe Ha HHX xpynKHX BKJIlOqeHHH (MnS
H ,lij).) 06JIerqaIOT pe3aHHe, cnoc06cTByIDT ,lJ;p06JIeHHIO H JIerKOMy OT,lJ;eJIe-
HIIIO C'I'p}')KKH, 06eCneqHBa5I 'llfCTOTy 06pa6aTbIBaeMOH nOBepXHOCTII. CpOK
CJI}')K6bI pe)l(Jl.l{ero HHC'l'pYMema npH 06pa6OTKe aBTOMaTHbIX CTaJIeH YBe-
JIWnmaeTCSI. YJIyqllIeHHe o6pa6aTbIBaeMOCTII CTaJIH ,lJ;OCTIfraeTCSI TaIOKe MIIK-
pOJIerHpOBaHHeM CBHHl.{OM, CeJIeHOM, KaJIbl.{lIeM. O,lJ;HaKO BBe,lJ;eHHe 3TlIX
3JIeMeHTOB CHH)I(aeT rrpOqHOCTHbIe xapaKTepHCTIIIGI CTaJIeH, n03TOMy lIX
npHMeHSIIOT ,lJ;JISI H3roTOBJIeHHSI MaJIOOTBeTCTBeHHbIX ,lJ;eTaJIeH, OT KOTOpbIX
He 1pe6YeTCSI BbICOKHX MeXaHHqeCKHX CBOHCTB.
ABTOMaTHbIe CTaJIH nOJIyqRTIH CBOe HaHMeHOBaHMe B CBSl31I C HX 06pa-
60TKOH Ha CTaHKax-aBTOMaTax C nOBbIllIeHHOH CKOpOCTblO pe3aHHSI, rrpe,lJ;-
Ha3HaqeHHbIX ,lJ;JISI H3rOTOBJIeHHSI ,lJ;eTaJIeH MacCOBOro cnpoca (llIaH6, 60JI-
TOB, raeK, llInRTIeK H HeKOTopbIX ,lij)yrHX ,lJ;eTaJIeH aBTOM06RJIeCTpOeHHSI).
B 0603HaqeHHH MapIGI nepBa5I 6}'KBa A yKa3bIBaeT, qTQ CTaJIb aBTOMaTHa5I;
U:H<PPbI B HeH nOKa3bIBaIOT cO,lJ;ep)l(aHHe yrJIepo,lJ;a B COTbIX ,lJ;OJISIX rrpou: eHTa
(HarrpIIMep, All, A40r). TIpMcyrCTBHe CBHHl.{a 0603HaqaeTCSI 6yKBOH C
(HarrpHMep, AC35r2), KaJIbl.{HSI - 6}'KBOH U (AIJ;45X, AIJ;40r2 H ,lJ;p.), ce-
JIeHa - 6}'KBOH E (A35E, A40XE H ,lJ;p.).
mapuKonOaumnHuKo6ble cmClJlU (rocr 80-78) no XMMlIqeCKOMY COCTaBY
,lJ;OJDKHbI 6bITb BbIcoKoyrJIepO,lJ;HCTbIMH (0,95...1,05% C), HH3KOJIempOBaH-
HbIMII (Cr, Si, Mn H ,lJ;p.). )l(eCTKHe 'l'pe60BaHHSI (rOCT 801-78 H rOCT
21022-75) npe):('bSlBJISIIOTCSI K qHCTOTe no HeMeTaJIJIHqeCIGIM BKJIlOqeHHSlM,
Kap6M,lJ;HOH ceTKe, Kap6M,LJ;HOH JIHKBal.{HH, pbIXJIOCTII H nOpMCTOCTII MeTaJIJIa.
MHKpOC'l'pYKTYPa CTaJIH B pa60qeM COCTOSlHHH - MeJIKoHroJIbqaTbIH (CKpbI-
TOKPHCTaJIJIHqeCKHH) MapTeHCHT C paBHoMepHo pacnpe,lJ;eJIeHHbIMH OKpyr-
JIbIMH BKJIlOqeHHSlMH Kap6M,LJ;OB. OCHoBHbIe nO'l'pe6HTeJIbCKHe CBoHcTBa
3TIiX CTaJIeH - nOBbIllIeHHbIe TBep,lJ;OCTb (61...65 HRC), H3HOCOCTOHKOCTb M
COnpOTIIBJIeHHe KOHTaKTHOH YCTaJIOCTII.
IIIapHKOnO,lJ;llIHnHHKoBbIe XpOMHcTbIe CTaJIH 0603HaqalOTCSI 6}'KBaMH
IIIX B HaqaJIe MapIGI; CO,lJ;ep)l(aHHe xpoMa B 3TIIX CTaJISIX yKa3bIBaeTCSI B ,lJ;e-
CSiTbIX ,lJ;OJISIX npoueHTa nOCJIe 6}'KBeHHoro 0603HaqeHHSI (IIIX4, IIIXI5,
IIIX15Cr H ,lJ;p.). B KOHl.{e MapKH MO)l(eT 6bITb yKa3aH BM,LJ; MeTaJIJIypmqec-
KOro nepeIIJIaBa: III - 3JIeKTPOllIJIaKOBbIH (IIIXI5III); B)J; - BaKYYMHo-,lJ;Y-
roBOH (IIIXI5B)J;).
177
I
I
ij
I'
}]umeUHble CmGJlU cO,lJ;ep)l(aT ,lJ;O 0,9% Mn, ,lJ;O 0,52% Si H He 60JIee 0,06%
S M 0,08% P. IIpH 3aTBep,lJ;emm OTJIMBOK <POPMHpyIOTCSI KpynHbIe 3epHa ayc-
TeHHTa, BHYTPH KOTOpbIX npH nOCJIe.nyIOIl{eM OXJIIDI\l(eHHH B CTaJISIX C CO,lJ;ep-
)l(aHHeM ymepO,lJ;a MeHee 0,4% 06pa3yIOTCSI HanpaBJIeHHbIe IIJIacTMHbI H36bI-
TO'IHOro <PePPIITa (6uoMaHlumemm06a cmpYKmypa). C }'BeJIWIeHHeM CO,lJ;epX<aHIDI
ymepO,lJ;a ,lJ;OJISI <PePPHTa, 06pa3yIOIl{ero BIf)],MaHIIlTeTTOBY C1pYKTYPY }'MeHb-
IIlaeTCSI, a ,lJ;OJISI <PeppHTa B Blf)],e paBHOOCHbIX 3epeH B03paCTaeT. JhITaSI CTaJIb
C Blf)],MaHIIITeTIOBOH C1pYKTYPOH HMeeT HH3KHe IIJIacTWIHOCTh H y,lJ;apHYIO BSl3-
KOCTb, H .lLJUI nOBbIIIlemrn BeJIHIJHH 3TI1X CBOHCTB OTJIHBKH H3 CTaJIeH, cO,lJ;ep-
)l(aIl{HX MeHee 0,4% C, nO.D:BepraIOT nOJIHOM)' ()'f)I(]1ry MH HOpMaJIH3al(MM.
JIHreHHbIe CBOHCTBa CTaJIeH 3HaIJMTeJIbHO X)')Ke, IJeM qyryHOB H 60JIbIIlMH-
CTBa JIHreHHbIX l(BeTHbIX CIIJIaBOB. Tpy.lUIOCTII npH JIHThe C03,lJ;aIOT BbICOKaSI
reMnepaTYPa IIJIaBJIeHHSI, HH3KaSI )KIf)],KOTeKYIJeCTb, 60JIbIIlaSI JIHHeHHaSI yca,n:-
Ka (,lJ;O 2,3%) H CKJIOHHOCTb K 06pa30BaHHIO ropSlIJHX JIHreHHbIX 1peIlUIH.
HH3KoymepO,lJ;HcTbIe JIHTeHHbIe CTaJIH npMMeHSIIOT ,lVISi M3roTOBJIeHHSI
.neTaJIeH, nO,lJ;BepraIOIl{HXCSI Y.D:apHbIM HarpY3KaM; apMaTYPbI; ,lJ;eTaJIeH CBapHO-
JIMThIX KOHC1pYKU:HH. Cpe.n.HeyrJIepO.D:HCThIe JIHTeHHbIe CTaJIH npHMeH5IIOT
.lLJUI OTJIHBKH CTaHMH H BaJIKOB npoKaTHbIX CTaHOB, KpynHbIX IIleCTepeH, 3y6-
IJaThIX KOJIec. CTaJIbHbIe OTJIHBKH IJacTO nO,lJ;BepraIOT repMHIJeCKOH o6pa6OTKe
.lLJUI }'MeHbIIleHHSI JIHTeHHbIX HanpIDKeHHH.
JIHreHHbIe JIerHpOBaHHbIe CTaJIH no CBOHCTBaM YCTYIIaIOT ymepO,lJ;HCThIM
CTaJUlM M3-3a TOro, 'ITO npH JIempOBaHMH paCIIlHpSleTCSI HHTepBaJI KPHCTaJI-
JIH3al(HH H }'MeHbIIlaeTCSI TeIIJlOnpOBO,lJ;HOCTb M, CJIe.D:OBaTeJIbHO, B03paCTaIOT
TepMHIJeCKHe HanpIDKeHHSI. JIHTeHHbIe JIempOBaHHbIe CTaJIH nO,lJ;pa3.D:emlIOT
Ha KOHcmpYKl{UOHHble (fOCT 977-88) H 6blcoKollezup06aHHble co cnel{UGJlb-
HbLMU c60UCm6aMu.
MHorHe JIHreHHbIe CTaJIH HMeIOT TY )l(e MapKY, IJTO H ,lJ;e<!>0pMHpyeMbIe,
OTJIHIJa5ICb JIHIIlb 6)'KBOH JI B KOHl(e MapKH (1511, 20JI, 25JI, 30JI, 3511, 4011,
4511, 5011 H 35XMJI, 35XfCl1, 12X18H9TJI M ,lJ;p.). B 3TOM cJIyqae XHMWIe-
CKHH COCTaB JIHreillioH CTaJIH npaKT.WIeCKH TaKOH )l(e, KaK ,lJ;e<p0pMHpyeMoH,
M pa3JIHIJaeTCSI JIHIIlb .D:onYCTIIMoe KOJIHIJeCTBO Bpe.D:HbIX npHMeceH (B JIlITeH-
HOH CTaJIH OHO HeCKOJIbKO 60JIbIIle). O,lJ;HaKo HeMaJIO JIempOBaHHbIx CTaJIeH
pa3pa6oTaHO Cnel(HaJIbHO B KaIJeCTBe JIHTeHHbIX H He HMeeT aHaJIOra cpe.[{lf
,lJ;e<!>opMHpyeMbIx (HanpHMep, CTaJIb 20<1>11, npMMeHSleMa5I ,lJ;JISI OTJIHBKH
KpynHora6apHTHbIX ,lJ;eTaJIeH rpY30BbIX BaroHoB, H CTaJIb 08fAH<1>JI - .lLJUI
H3roTOBJIeHHSI OTBeTCTBeHHbIX KIJynHbIX .D:eTaJIeH B cY,lJ;Oc1pOeHHH, pa6OTaIO-
Il{HX ,lJ;O 60°C).
2.1.2.8. HHcmpYMeHmGJlbHble cmGJlU U Cfllla6bl
HHcmpYMeHmGJlbHble cmGJlU U Cfllla6bl - JIHTbIe T.Bep.D:bIe CIIJIaBbi.
T6epiJble C1l.Ila6bl - MaTepHaJIbI C BbICOKHMH TBep.D:OCTbIO, npO'IHOCTbIO,
pe)l()TIIJ,HMH M .D:PyrHMH CBOHCTBaMH, COXpaHSIIOIl{HMHCSI npH HarpeBe ,lJ;O BbI-
178
COKHX TeMnepaTYP. Pa3JIHqaIOT IlUmble H CnefteHHble (nOpOUlK06ble) m6epable
Cfl./la6bl.
I1HcTPYMemaJIbHbIe CTaJIH rrpe):(Ha3HaqeHbI AJUI H3rOTOBJIeHHSI pe)l()TIIJ,e-
ro H M3MepHTeJIbHOro HHCTPYMeHTa, IIITaMnOB XOJIO,lJ;HOrO M rOpSlqero .n:e-
<l>opMHpOBaHHSI, a TaIOKe pSl,ll,a ,lJ;eTIUIeH TOlffibIX MexaHH3MOBII npH6opOB:
np}')KHH, nO,lJ;llIlUIHHKOB KaqeHHSI, lIIeCTepeH H ,lJ;p. qacTO H3 TaKJ1X CTaJIeH
H3roTaBJIHBalOT TOJIbKO pa6oqYIO (pe)l(y:IIJ;YIO) qaCTb HHCTPYMema, a Kpe-
ne)I(HbIe qaCTII BblIIOJIHSlIOT M3 KOHCTPYKIJ:HOHHbIX CTaJIeH.
OCHOBHbIMH n01pe6HTeJIbCKHMH TPe60BaHHSlMH K HHCTPYMemaJIbHbIM
CTaJISiM SlBJlSlIOTCSI BbICOKHe TBep,lJ;OCTb, H3HOCOCTOHKOCTb H rrpOqHOCTb npII
xopOlIIeH (500...80(tC) TeIIJIOCTOHKOCTII. KpOMe 3KCIIJIYaTaU:HOHHbIX CBOHCTB
)])ISI HHCTPYMeHTaJIbHbIX CTaJIeH 60JIblIIOe 3HaqeIDIe HMelOT TeXHOJIOrMqeCKHe
CBOHCTBa: npOKaJIHBaeMOCTb, MaJIbIe 06'beMHbIe H3MeHeHHSI npH 3aKaJIKe,
o6pa6aThIBaeMOCTb ,lJ;aBJIeHHeM, pe3aHHeM, IlIJIH<I>yeMoCTb.
Heo6xo,lJ;HMbIe CBOHCTBa MHCTPYMemaJIbHbIM CTaJISiM rrpM.LI:alOT Kap6M.LI:-
HbIe <l>a3bI, TaK KaK HMeHHO HX npHcyrcTBHe 06YCJIOB.JlliBaeT BbICOKHe npoq-
HOCTHbIe nOKa3aTeJIH H TBep,lJ;OCTb (pHC. 55).
£
1
.... '
ifi
,
Ef 1,2
e.
:t:
:iiiC a 10
,
HB
3
o
350
250
12 16 20 Cr,%
Pac. 55. BIlUJlIlUe cooep;HCallUJl xpOMa U muna Kap6uoo6 6 xpOMucmblX cmaJlJlX Ila
m6epoocmb HB, U U31l0COCmOUKocmb npu mpelluu no a6pa3U6Y.
mmpUX06ble IlUHUU - Cntl06bl, coiJepJICoU4ue 0,4% C; CntlOUlHble JlUHUU - Cntl06bl, coiJepJICaU4u£
1% C; 1 - Fe 3 C; 2 - Cr 7 C 3 ; 3 - Cr 23 C 6
,AnSI OOOCneqeHHSI Heo6xo,lJ;HMbIX CBOHCTB npHMeH5IIOT CneIJ;HaJIbHoe JIe-
mpOBaHHe H TepMHqecK)'IO o6pa6o'fKY. TaK, 06eCneqeHHe TerulOCTOHKOCTII
,lJ;OCTIIraeTCSI JIempOBaHHeM CTaJIeH BOJIb<l>paMoM, MOJIH6.n:eHOM, BaHa,n:HeM,
a JIerHpOBaHHe XpOMOM H MapraHIJ;eM nOBbIlIIaeT HX npOKaJIHBaeMocTb.
TepMHqecKaSI o6pa6OTKa HHCTPYMeHTaJIbHbIX CTaJIeH, KaK npaBlUlo, BKJIIO-
qaeT 3aKaJIKY H HH3KHH OTrryCK. B pe3YJlbTaTe TaKoH o6pa6oTKM nOJIyqaIOT
TBep,lJ;OcTb CTaJIeH 60...65 HRC H npe,lJ;eJI npOqHOCTH npH H3fH6e a H =
= 250...350 MIIa. Pe)l(HMbI TepMHqeCKOH o6pa6oTKH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT
XHMHQeCKOrO COCTaBa CTaJIeH H 1pe60BaHHH K HX TBep,lJ;OCTII H npOqHOCTII
YCTaHOBJIeHbI fOCT 5950-73 H 19265-73.
I1HcTpYMeHTaJIbHbIe CTaJIH KJIaCcH<l>HIJ;HPYIOTCSI (fOCT 1435-90 H
5950-73) no OCHOBHOMy n01pe6HTeJIbCKOMy CBOHCTBY Ha cmClllu 6blCOKOU
179
m6epaOcmu, n06blUleHHOii 6Jl3KOCmU H meMocmoiiKUe. CTaJIH BbICOKOH TBep-
,n:OCTII H nOBbIllIeHHOH BSl3KOCTII HCnOJIb3yIDTCSI KaK HeTeIIJIOCTOHKHe.
I1HCTPYMeHTaJIbHbIe CTaJIH BbICOKOH TBep,n:OCTII no XlIMlf1leCKOM)' COCTaBy
MOryr 6blTb BbIcoKoymepo.n;HCTbIMH (0,68...1,35% C) H HH3KOJIeDlpOBaHHbIMH
(Mn, Si, Cr H ,n:p.). CTPYKTYPa 3TIIX CTaJIeH nOCJIe TepMo06pa60TKH - Map-
TeHCHT H nepJIHT. TeMnepaTYPbI 3Kcn.rryaTamm H3.n;eJIHH H3 TaKHX CTaJIeH
.n;o 190...22YC, npH 31'OM HX TBep.n;OCTb paBHa 60...68 HRC.
MHCTpYMeHTaJIbHble CTaJIH BbICOKOH TBep.n:OCTH (YlO...Y13, YlOA...Y13A,
13X, XBCr, 9XC1>, 7xr2BM H .n:p.) .n:emfT no rrpOKaJIHBaeMOCTH Ha cmaJIu Ile-
60/lbUlOii, n06blUlelllloii H 6b1C01COii np01C//U6aeMocmu. BeJIH'IHHa rrpOKaJIHBaeMOCTH
orrpe.n:eJIHeT pa3Mep H3JJ:eJIHH. TaK, HHCTp}'MeHTaJIbHble CTaJIH He60JIbllIOH rrpo-
KaJIHBaeMOCTH HCrrOJIb3yJOT MH H3roTOBJIeHHH TOHKOro HHCTp}'MeHTa .n:HaMeT-
poM MeHee 12...15 MM, a CTaJIH BbICOKOH rrpOKaJIHBaeMOCTH - MH MacCHBHOro
HHCTp)'MeHTa H HHCTpYMeHTa CJIO:>KHOH <pOPMbI.
CTaJIH nOBbIllIeHHoH BSl3KOCTII no XlIMlf1leCKOM)' COCTaBY SlBJISlIOTCSI cpe,n:-
Heymepo.n;HCTbIMH (0,60...0,74% C) M cpe.n;HeJIernpOBaHHbIMH (Mn, Si, Cr
H .n;p.). TeMnepaTYPa 3KCIIJIyaTaU:HH H3.n;eJIHH M3 3TIIX CTaJI H, KaK npaBlffiO,
MeHee 200°C, a HX TBep.n;OCTb - 62 HRC. CTaJIH nOBbIllIeHHOH BSl3KOCTII
(Y7, Y7A, 7X<I>, 6XC) HCnOJIb3yIDTCSI lUISi H3ro1'OBJIeHHSI HHCTpYMeH1'OB.lWI
06pa60TKH .n;peBeCHHbI (mUlbI, HO}I(H H .n;p.).
I1HcTPYMeHTaJIbHbIe TeIIJIOCTOHKMe CTaJIH no TeMnepaTYPe 3Kcn.rryaTaI.UfiI
B CBOIO Oqepe.n;b .n;eJUlT Ha CTaJIH C06CTBeHHO mewlOcmoiiKue (500...800°C)
H nO/lymewlOcmoiiKue (.n;o 500°C). no XlIMHqeCKOMy COCTaBY 3TII CTaJIH SlB-
JISiIOTCSI ymepo.n;HCTbIMH (0,22...1,65% C), BbICOKOJIernpOBaHHbIMH (Mn, Si,
Cr, W, Mo H .n;p.).
TeIIJIOCTOHKHe CTaJIH BbICOKOH TBep.n;OCTII o6ne,n:HH5IIOT B rpynny TaK Ha-
3bIBaeMbIX 6blcmpopeJICYU4ux cmCl/leii, MapKHpyeMbIx no fOCT 19265-73.
EYKBa P B MapKe 0603HaqaeT «pe)l(}'l.u:Me». IIocJIe 6YKBbI P CJIe,n:yeT U:H<I>pa,
}'Ka3b1BalOIIJ:aSl cpe.n;Hee co,n:ep)l(aHHe B' npou:eHTaX BOJIb<l>paMa - maBHoro
JIernpyIDIIJ:ero 3JIeMeHTa 3TIIX CTaJIeH (6YKBa B - ero YCJIOBHoe 0603Haqe-
HHe - nponyCKaeTCSI); 3aTeM, KaK H B OCTaJIbHbIX CTaJISlX, 6YKBaMH 0603Ha-
qalOTCSI .n;pyrIIe JIernpyIDIIJ:He 3JIeMeHTbI C U:H<I>paMH, }'KaJblBalOIIJ:MMH HX co-
.n;ep)l(aHHe B npou:eHTax, eCJIH 31'0 co,n:ep)l(aHHe 60JIbllIe 1...2%. B COCTaB
Bcex 6bIcTpope)l(}'I.u:Hx CTaJIeH HenpeMeHHO BXO.n;SlT ymepo.n; (0,8...1,25%),
xpOM (OKOJIO 4%) II BaHa,IJ;HH (1...2%), co,n:ep)l(aHHe KOTOpbIX B MapKe He
}'KaJblBaeTCSI.
<l>a30BbIH COCTaB 6bICTPOpe)l(}'IIJ:HX CTaJIeH B O1'OJIOKeHHOM COC1'05IHHH
npe.n;CTaBJIeH JIernpOBaHHbIM <l>eppHToM H Kap6H,LJ;aMH M 6 C, M 23 C 6 , MC,
M 3 C. OCHOBHbIM Kap61f)],0M SlBJISleTCSI M 6 C. KOJIHqeCTBO Kap6HJJ:HOH <J.>a3bI
B CTaJIH P18 ,n:OCTIIraeT 25...30%, a B CTaJIH P6M5 - 22%.
06pa60TKa 6bICTPOpe)l(}'I.u:HX CTaJIeH BKJIlOqaeT ropSlqyID KOBKY JIHTbIX
3aro1'OBoK, OTIlillr, 3aKaJIKY H MHoroKpaTHbIH (qaIIJ:e TpeXKpaTHbIH) OTIIyCK.
180
CrpYKTYPa rrOCJIe 3aKaTIKH - MapTeHCMT + Kap611,l(bI + OCTaTOqHbIH aYCTe-
HHT. OrrrYCK BbI3bmaeT npeBpameHHe OCTaTOtffiOrO aYCTeHIITa B MapreHCMT
H ,nHCnepcHOHHOe TBep,neHHe. 3TO COnpOBO)lQ];aeTCSI }'BeJIWleHMeM TBep,nocrn
,no HRC 64 (BTOPHtffiaSI TBep,nocTb) 3a CqeT Bbl.l(eJIeHMSI qaCTII eMeHTIITa.
AmI y.rryqllIeHMSI pe)l()'Ill:HX CBOHCTB H nOBbIllIeHMSI H3HOCOCTOHKocrn HeKOTO-
pbIe BH,L(bI MHC'lpYMeHTOB no,nBepraIOT IDI3KOTeMrrepaTYPHOM)' (540...570°C)
ImaHMpOBaHHIO, B pe3YJIbTaTe KOTOpOro Ha nOBepXHocrn CTaJIM 06pa3yeTCSI
TOHKHM CJIOH BblCOKOH TBep,nOCTII (1000...1100 HV).
nOJIyrenJIOCTOMKHe (XI2M, 5XHM) H TenJIOCTOMKHe (PI2, P6M5, P18;
P12<I>3, P13<I>4K5, P9M4K8; BIIM7K23, 4X5M<I>C, 4X5B2<I>C, 4X4BM<I>C,
45X3B3M<I>C, 2X8B8M2K8) CTaJIH HCnOJIb3YJOTCH .z:u:1H H3roTOBJIeHHH pe}l{}'ll.{HX
HHCTpYMemOB (HanpHMep, ct>pe3bI, cBep.rra), llITaMnOB, nyaHcOHOB. )lrrH HHCTpy-
MemaJIbHbIX CTaJIeM npH TeMnepa'I)'pe 3KcrmyaTaUHH .n:o 650°C TBep.n:OCTb .n:OJDKHa
6bITb 60...62 HRC, a .D:JIH llITaMnOBbIX npH TeMnepa'I)'pe .n:o 700°C - 45...52 HRC.
MHc'lpYMeHTaTIbHble CTaTIH, HCnOJIb3yeMbIe .l(JISi H3roTOBJIeHIDI H3MepH-
TeJIbHOro MHc'lpyMeHTa (rmIITOK, KaTIH6pOB, llIa6JIOHoB), nOMMMO TBep,nocrn
H H3HOCOCTOMKOCTH ,nomKHbI 06ecneqHBaTb nOCTOSlHCTBO pa3MepOB 3THX
HHc'lpyMeHTOB H XOpOllIO IillImpoBaThCSI. 06bPIHO HCnOJIb3YIOT CTaJIH Y8...Y12,
X, XBr, X12<I>1. He06xo,nHMbIe 'lpe60BaHMSI 06ecneqHBaIOTCSI 06pa6OTKoM
XOJIO,nOM ,no -60°C (Hepe,nKo MHoroKparnoM) H OTrryCKOM npH 120...130°C
Henocpe,nCTBeHHO nOCJIe 3aKaTIKH.
M3MepHTeJIbHble cKo6bI, IIlKaJIbl, JIHHeMKH H .n:pyrHe nJIOCKHe H .D:JIHHHble
HHCTpYMeHTbJ H3rOTOBJIHIOT H3 JIHCTOBbIX CTaJIeM 15, 15X. JlrnI: no.rryqeHHH pa6o-
qeM nOBepXHOCTH C BbICOKHMH TBep.n:OCTbIO H H3HOCOCTOMKOCThIO HHcTpYMembI
no.n:nepraIOT ueMemaUHH H 3aKaJIKe.
2.1.2.9. CmaJlu U CfLIla6bl C OC06blMU fjJU3u"tecKUMu c60Ucm6aMU
K CTaJISlM H crmaBaM C OC06bIMH <pH3W1eCKHMH CBOHCTBaMH OTIIOCHI'CSI Te,
pa6oTOcnoc06HOCTb KOTOpbIX o eHHBaeTCSI He TOJIbKO no MeXaHHqeCKHM,
HO H no PMY ,npyrnx (Termo<pH3W1eCKHX, MafHMTHbIX, 3JIeK'lpWIeCKHX H ,np.)
CBOMCTB 'lpe6yeMoro ypOBHSI. CTaTIH H crmaBbI C OC06bIMH <pH3HQeCKHMH
CBOMCTBaMH qaCTO Ha3bIBaIOT npeu,U3UOHHblMU.
IlpeqU3UOHHbte C1I.IUlBbl - MeTa.TIJIWleCKHe crmaBbI C OC06bIMH <pH3W1eCKH-
MIl CBOMCTBaMH (MarHHTHbIMH, 3JIeK'lpWIeCKHMH, TermOBbIMH, yrrpyrHMH)
IUIH pe,nKHM COQeTaHHeM CBOMCTB, ypOBeHb KOTOpbIX B 3HaQl1TeJIbHOM CTene-
HH 06YCJIOBJIeH TOQHOCTbIO XHMHQeCKoro COCTaBa, OTCyrcTBHeM nplIMeceM,
TIIJ;aTeJIbHOCTbIO H3roTOBJIeHMSI H 06pa6oTKH.
,[(Marra30H HCnOJIb30BaHMSI TaKHX CTaJIeM H crmaBOB OQeHb llIHpOKHH.
HaH60JIbllIee pacnpOC'lpaHeHHe HMeIOT CTaTIH H crmaBbI:
. C 3aOaHHblM meMnepamypHblM K03rjJfjJuu,ueHmOM paClUupeHUR;
. C 6blCOKUM 3AeKmpoconpomU8AeHUeM (npH nOBbIIlIeHHOH )l(3.pOCTOHKocrn);
. Ma2HumHble.
181
CmaflU U Cnfla6bl C 3aOaHHbiM meMnepamypHblM K03rjJrjJUU,U-
eHmOM flUHeUHOZO paClUupeHUR (faCT 10994-74) rrpe,ll,Ha3HaqeHbI
)],JISI BrraHBaHMSI H3,LJ:eJIui1: Ha llX OCHOBe B CTeKJISlHHbIe H KepaMHqeCKlIe KOp-
rryca BaKYYMHbIX rrpH60poB. XHMllqeCKHH COCTaB 3THX crmaBOB 6a3HpyeT-
CSI Ha CHCTeMe Fe + Ni + Co C He60JIbWHM KOJIHqeCTBOM Me,LJ:H. TOqHbIH
COCTaB KIDK,lJ,Oro crmaBa YCTIlHaRJIHBaeTCSI ,LJ:JISI KOHKpeTHoro Bl1,l(a CTeKJIa
IDIH KepaMHKlI, HCrrOJIb3yeMbIX B H3,LJ:eJIMSlX, H3 YCJIOBMSI paBeHCTBa MX TeM-
rrepaTYPHbIX K03<P<PHU;HeHToB JIHHeHHoro pacwHpeHMSI. HarrpHMep, CruIaB
29HK (29% Ni, 18% Co, OCTaJIbHOe - Fe) C a = (4,6...5,5). 1O- 6 °C-l, Ha-
3bIBaeMbIH KOBapoM, npe,ll,Ha3HaqeH lIJISi BaKYYMHbIX BnaeB B MOJIH6,l1,eHoBbIe
CTeKJIa. AnSI H3rOTOBrreHMSI ,lI,eTaJIeH, cnaHBaeMbIX co CTeKJIOM (HarrpHMep, B
TeJIeBH3HOHHbIX KlIHecKonax), rrpHMeHSIIOT 60JIee ,lI,eweBbIe <peppHTHbIe )I(e-
JIe30XpOMHCTbIe crmaBbI 18XT<I> H 18XMT<I>, HMeIOIIJ;He a = 8,7. 10- 6 °C-l.
Oc060e MeCTO 3aHHMaIOT crmaBbI C MaJIbIM K03<P<PHU;HeHToM JIHHeHHOro
pacwHpeHMSI, Cy:lI.J;eCTBeHHO He MeHSlIOI.IU1MCSI B BbIcoKOTeMnepaTYPHoH 06-
JIacrn. 3TH crmaBbI npe,ll,Ha3HaqeHbI ,LJ:JISI H3rOTORJIeHMSI ,lI,eTaJIeH H3MepH-
TeJIbHbIX npH60pOB H TeXHHqeCKlIX Cpe,ll,CTB. IIPOMbIWJIeHHOe 3HaqeHHe
llMeeT crmaB uHBap Ha 6a3e )l(eJIe3a H HHKeJISI (36%) C He60JIbWHM KOJIHqe-
CfBOM ymepO,LJ:a (0,05%). AmI 3TOro crmaBa a = (1...1,5)' 1O- 6 °C-l, npHqeM
H3MeHeHHe BeJIHqllHbI K03<P<PHU;HeHTa npH TeMnepaTYPax 600...700°C npo-
HCXO,ll,llT OqeHb rmaBHO 3a CqeT <peppoMarHllTHoro 3<p<peKTa. 3TH crmaBbI
HCnOJIb3}'1OT .n.JISI H3rOTORJIeHHSI ,LJ:eTaJIeH, BnaHBaeMbIX B HeOpraHHqeCKlIe
,LJ:H3JIeKTPHKlI - CTeKJIO, KepaMHK)', CJIIO,lI,y H ,LJ:p.
CmaflU U cnfla6W C 6WCOKUM 3fleKmpoconpomU6fleHueM
(faCT 10994-74) ,lI,OJI)I(HbI COqeTaTb BbICOKoe COnpOTHRJIeHHe (l,06...
1,47 MKOM. M, qTO 60JIee qeM B 10 pa3 BbIwe, qeM y HH3KoyrJIepO,ll,HCTOH
CTaJIH) H )l(apOCTOHKOCTb (l000...1350°C). K TeXHOJIOmqeCKlIM CBOHCTBaM
TaKllX crmaBOB npe.n.'bSlBJUlIOTCSI 'lpe60BaHIDI BbICOKOH rmaCrnqHOCTll, 06ec-
neqHBaIOIIJ;eH XOPOW}'IO ,lI,e<popMHpyeMocTb Ha npyrKM, nOJIocy, npoBOJIOKY
H JIeHTbI, B TOM qHCJIe MaJIbIX CeqeHHH, a K 1l0'lpe6HTeJIbCKlIM - MaJIOH Be-
JIHqHHbI TeMnepaTYPHOrO K03<P<PllU;HeHTa JIHHeHHoro paCWHpeHMSI. AnSI
3THX cnnaBOB HCnOJIb3YIOTCSI CHCTeMbI Fe + Cr + AI, Fe + Ni + Cr H
Ni + Cr. Mx MHKpOc'lpYKTYpa npe,ll,CTaRJISIeT c060H TBep,ll,bIe paCTBOpbI C BbI-
COKlIM cO,ll,ep)l(aHHeM JIerllp}'lOIIJ;ero 3JIeMeHTa. qeM 60JIbWe B crmaBax xpo-
Ma H aJIIOMHHMSI, TeM BbIwe llX )l(3.pOCTOHKOCTb. KOJIHqeCTBO ymepo,LJ:a B
crmaBax c'lporo orpaHHqnBaIOT (0,06...0,1.2%), TaK KaK nOSlRJIeHHe Kap611,l(0B
CHIDKaeT rmaCrnqHOCTb H COKpalI.¥leT CpOK 3KcrmyaTaU;HH H3,LJ:eJIHH.
HaH60JIbIIIee paCllpOCTpaHeHHe B TeXHHKe 1l0JIyqHJIH CIlJIaBbI ct>eppHTHO-
ro KJIacca: X13104 (tjJexplLllb), OX23105 (XpOMeJlb) 11 OX27105A. 3m CIlJIaBbI
MaJIOIlJIaCTH'-IHble, 1l03TOMY H3.n:eJIHH H3 HHX, oco6eHHO KpyrrHble, BbmOJIIDIIOT
IlpH 1l0.n:orpeBe .n:o 200...300°c. CorrpOTHBJIeHHe 1l0JI3yqecm ct>eppHTHbIX CIlJIa-
BOB HeBeJIHKO, H HarpeBaTeJIH IlpH BbICOKI1X TeMllepal)'pax (1150...1200°C) He-
pe.n:KO IlpOBHCalOT IlO.n: .n:eMCTBHeM C06CTBeHHOrO Beca.
182
BbICOKI1M 3JIeKTpOconpOnmJIeHHeM 06JIa.n:aIOT CnJIaBbI Ha OCHOBe HHKeJIH -
X20H80 (nuxpOMbl). HHXPOMbI C }l(eJIe30M Ha3bmaIOT tjJepponuxpOMQMU, HanpH-
Mep CnJIaB X15H60, co.n:ep}l(aIl.{HH 25% Fe. <I>eppoHHxpOMbI 06JIa.n:aIOT 60JIee
BbICOKI1MH TeXHOJIOrHqeCKI1MH CBOHCTBaMH H .n:erneBJIe, qeM HHXpOMbI.
CTaJIII H CruIaBbI C BbICOKHM 3JIeK'l'pOCOnpOTlIRJIeHHeM npe,ll,Ha3Hat.J:eHbI
)J)ISI H3roTORJIeHHSI ,lI,eTaJIeii H 3JIeMeHTOB HarpeBaTeJIbHbIX npH6opoB, peocTa-
TOB, a TaIOKe pe3HCTOpOB, TepMOpe3HcTOpoB, TeH30,ll,aTt.J:HKOB H ,lI,p.
M a Z Hum H bl e em a Jl U U en Jl a e bl ,lI,eJISIT Ha MaZHumHo-meepOble,
MaZHUmHO-MflZKUe H napaMaZHUmHble.
MarnMTHO-TBep,ll,bIe CTaJIH H CTIJIaBbI (fOCT 17809-72) no CBOIIM rro'Tpe-
6HTeJIbCKHM CBoiiCTBaM XapaKTepH3yK>TCSI BbICOKHMH K03p HmBHoM CIDIOM
H OCTaTOt.J:HOM HH,IJyI<IJ:HeM H, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, BbICOKOM MarnMTHOM 3HeprneM
(BrHc)max'
B JaBHCHMOCTH or XJ1MHt.J:eCKoro COCTaBa HCrrOJIb3yeMbIe B npoMbIIlmeH-
Hocm MarnIITHO-TBep,ll,bIe CTaJIH H CTIJIaBbI rrpe,ll,CTaBJISIIOT C060M:
. BbIcoKoyrJIepO,ll,HCTbIe CTaJIII (1,2...1,4% C);
. BbIcoKoyrJIepO,ll,HCTbIe (1% C) CTIJIaBbI }l(eJIeJa C XpOMOM (uo 2,8%), JIe-
rHpOBaHHbIe Ko6aJIbTOM;
. BbIcoKoyrJIepO,ll,HCTbIe CTIJIaBbI )l(eJIe3a, aJIIOMHHMSI, HHKeJUI H Ko6aJIbTa,
Ha3blBaeMbIe atlHUKO.
JIerHpyIOIIJ;He 3JIeMeHTbI nOBbIllialOT maBHbIM o6pa30M K03PU:HTHBHyIO
CIDIY H MarHIITHyIO 3HeprHIO, a TaIOKe YJIyqIIIalOT TeMnepaTYPHyIO H Mexa-
HHt.J:eCK)'IO cTa6IDIbHocTH nocTOSlHHoro MarHHTa.
B ymepo.n:HCTbIX MarHHTHO-TBep.n:bIX CTamlX Heo6xo.n:HMbIe CBOHCTBa
(He = 65 3) 06eCneQHBaIOTCH HepaBHOBeCHOH Map-reHCHTHOH CTpYKTYPOH C BbI-
COKOH nJIOTHOCTbIO .n:ect>eKTOB. B CnJIaBax }l(eJIe3a C XpOMOM (HanpHMep, EX3)
BbICOKI1e nOTpe6HTeJIbCKI1e CBOHCTBa 06eCneQHBaIOT MarHHTHlliI H KpHCTaJIJIO-
rpact>lf1ieCKIDI TeKCTYPbI, no.rryqaeMble B pe3}'JIbTaTe TepMoo6pa6oTIrn, BKJIIOQmoIl.{eH
HOpMaJIH3aU:HIO H BbICOKI1H OTnYCK HJIH 3aKaJIKY H HH3KI1H oTnyCK. HaH60JIee
BbICOKI1e CBOHCTBa (He =500 3), .n:OCTHraeMbIe B CnJIaBaX aJIHHKO, peaJIH3YIOTCH
3a CQeT BbI.ll.eJIeHHH HHTepMeTaJIJIH,L(a NiA1 H HaJIHQHH MarHHTHOH H KpHCTaJIJIO-
rpact>lf1ieCKOH TeKCTYP. ,lJ;JIH CnJIaBOB aJIHHKO npHMeHHIOT npH TepMoo6pa6oTKe
HarpeB .n:o 1300.C C nOCJIe.n:YIOIl.{HM OXJIa)K.lJ:eHHeM co CKOpOCTbIO 0,5...5.Cjc
B MarHHTHOM nOJIe.
MarnIITHO-TBep,ll,bIe CTaJIH o603Hat.J:aIOT HH.LJ:eKCOM E, )'Ka3blBaSi ,lI,aJIee
6}'KBoii H H<PPOM HaJIHt.J:He xpoMa Hero CO,ll,ep)l(alme B eJIbIX npo eHTax
(HarrpHMep, EX2, EX3).
113 MarnHTHO-TBep,ll,bIX cTaJIeil H CTIJIaBOB H3roTaBJIHBalOT pa3JIHt.J:Horo
pO,ll,a nOCTOSlHHbIe MarnHTbI. B rrpOMbllIIJIeHHOCTH HaH60JIee IIIHpOKO I1pH-
MeHSIIOT CTIJIaBbI mrra aJIHHKO (IOH,lJ,KI5, IOHI4,[(K25A, IOH,lJ,K31T3EA
H .D.P.). 3TH CTIJIaBbI TBep,ll,bI, xpym<:H: H He rrOMaIOTCSI ,lI,e<popMaU:HH, rro3TOM)'
183
MarnHTbI H3 HHX H3I'OTOBJUlIOT JIIITbeM. IIocJIe JIHTbSl npOBO.wrr TOJIbKO IillUI-
4>oBaHHe.
MarnMTHO-M I:rKHe CTaJIH H CTIJIaBbI OTJIMqalOTCSI JIerKOH HaMarHHqMBae-
MOCThIO B OTHOCHTeJIbHO CJIa6bIX MarHHTHbIX noJlSlx. Mx OCHOBHbIMM nOTpe-
6HTeJIbCKHMH CBOMCTBaMH SlBJUlIOTCSI BbICOKaJI MarnHTHaSI npOHHu:aeMOCTh,
HH3KaJI K03PU:HTHBHaSI CRJIa, MaJIbIe rrOTepH Ha BMXpeBbIe TOKH H rrpH rrepe-
MarnHqffBaHHH. 3TH CBOHCTBa o6ecneqHBaeT fOMOreHHaJI (qHCThIM MeTarr.rr
RJIH TBep,ll,bIM pacTBop) C'lpYKTYPa 6e3 npHMeceH. ,lLrrSi YC'lpaHeHMSI BHyrpeH-
HHX HarrpIDKeHHM MarnIITHO-MSlfKHe MaTepHaJIbI ,lI,OJI.>KHbI 6bITh IIOJIHOCThIO
peKpHCTaJlJIH30BaHbI, TaK KaK ,lI,IDKe CJIa6bIM HaKJIen C eCTBeHHO CHIDKaeT
MarnHTH}'IO npOHH aeMOCTh H rrOBbIlliaeT K03Pu:HTHBH}'IO CRJIY. IIpH MMKpO-
CTPYKTYPe H3 60JIee KpyrrHbIX 3epeH MarnHTHaJI rrpOHHu:aeMOCTh B03pacraeT.
IIo XHMMqeCKOMY COCTaBY npMMeHSIeMbIe B rrpOMbIllmeHHOCTH MarnlITHO-
MSlfKHe (3JIeKTPOTeXHHqeCKHe) CTaJIH H CrmaBbI,lI,eJISlTCSI Ha:
. HH3KoyrJIepo,ll,MCThIe (0,05...0,005% C) C CO,ll,ep.>KaHMeM KpeMHMSI 0,8...6,0%;
. crmaBbI )l(eJIe3a C HHKeJIeM.
B HH3KoyrJIepo.zU1CTbIX CTaJUIX KpeMHuti:, 06Pa3YH ca.-Fe TBep.n:bIH pacTBOp,
YBeJIHqHBaeT 3JIeKTpHqeCKOe conpOTHBJIeHHe H, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, YMeHbIIIaeT no-
repH Ha BHxpeBble TOKH; KpoMe TOro, KpeMHHH nOBblIIIaeT MarHHTH}'IO npOHH-
l.{aeMOCTb, HeMHoro CHH}l(aeT K03pl.{HTHBHyro CMJIY Ii nOTepH Ha rHcrepe3HC
BCJIe.n:CTBHe BbI3bIBaeMoro HM pOCTa 3epHa, rpact>HTH3HPYIOru:ero .n:eHCTBHH H
JIyqIIIero paCKHCJIeHHH CTaJIeH. O.n:HaKO KpeMHHH nOHH)KaeT HH.LJ:yJ<l{HIO B CHJIb-
HbIX MarHHTHbIX nOJIHX H nOBblIIIaeT XpynKOCTb, oco6eHHO npH ero co.n:ep)KaHHH
3...4%.
)l(eJIe30HHKeJIeBble CnJIaBbI C co.n:ep)KaHHeM HHKeml 36...83%, Ha3bIBaeMbIe
nepMll.II.JlOJIMU, 06JIa.n:aIOT JIyqIIIHMH oTpe6IITeJIbCKHMH CBOHCTBaMH. ):(.rrH o6ec-
neqeHHH Tex HJIH HHbIX xapaKTepHCTHK B HX COCTaB BBO,WIT XpOM, MOJIH6.n:eH,
Me.n:b H .n:p. BeJIHqHHa MarHHTHoti: npOHHl.{aeMOCTH 3TI1X CnJIaBOB npeoocxo.n:IIT
aHaJIOrnqHble nOKa3aTeJIH MH HH3KoyrJIepO.D:HCTbIX CTaJIeH B 15' 10 3 pa3. nep-
MaJIJIOH - JIerKO .nect>opMHpyeMble CnJIaBbI. O.n:HaKO .n:ect>opMal.{HH 3HaqlITeJIbHO
yxy.n:IIIaeT HX nepBOHaqaJIbHble MarHHTHble xapaKTepHCTHKH. ,lJ;JIH BOCCTaHOBJIe-
HHH CBOHCTB npOBO,WIT TepMoo6pa6OTKY no CTporo pa3pa6OTaHHOMy pe)KflMY:
CKOpOCTb HarpeBa (.n:o 900...1000 0q, Bb:r.n;ep)l(J(a H CKOpOCTb OXJIa:>K.ll:eHHH. nep-
MaJIJIOH npHMeHHIOT B arrnapaTYPe, pa6OTaroru:eH B CJIa6bIX qaCTOTHbIX noIDIX
(reJIect>oH, pa.n:Ho).
,lLrrSi 3JIeKTPOTeXHMQeCKHX CTaJIeH (fOCT 21427-83) rrpHHSlTa MapKH-
pOBKa, OCHOBaHHaSI Ha KO,ll,HpOBaHHH. B 0603HaqeHHH MapKH HCnOJIb3yIOT
qeTbIpe H4>PbI, npHqeM HX 3HaqeHIDI COOTBeTCTB}'IOT KO,ll,aM, CO,ll,ep)l(aIl.{l1M
cJIe,ll,}'IOlI.{yIO HH4>opMaU:MIO:
nep6blu - c'lpYKTYpa MaTepHaJIa (no HaJIHqfflO H CTerreHH TeKCTYPbI) H
BM,lI. npOKaTKH (ropSlqaSI RJIH XOJIO,ll,HaJI ,lI,e4>opMaU:IDI);
6mopou - XHMHQeCKHM COCTaB no cO,ll,ep)l(aHHIO KPeMHMSI;
184
mpemuu - BeJmqHHbI rrOTepb TeTIJIOBbIX H Ha fHCTepe3HC;
"temeepmblU - 3HaqeHHe HopMHpyeMoro n01pe6HTeJIbCKoro CBOMCTBa.
3JIeKTPOTeXHM'IeCKI1e CTaJIM M3fOTaBJIMBalOT B Bl1,LJ;e PYJIOHOB, JIMCTOB M pe3a-
HOM JIeHTbI. OHM npe.lJ:Ha:3Ha'leHbI .lI)HI H3fOTOBJIeHMR MarnMTOnpOBO.ll.OB nOCTO-
HHHOfO M nepeMeHHoro TOKa, HKOpeM M nOJIIOCOB 3JIeKTPOTeXHM'IeCKI1X MalllMH,
pOTOpOB, CTaTOpOB, MafHMTHbIX l.{eneM TpaHCct>OpMaTOpOB M .lI.p.
IIapaMazHUmHbLMU Cmt1JlJl.MU SlBJUIIOTCSI aYCTeHIITHbIe CTaJIH 12X18HlOT,
17X18H9, 55f9H9X3, 40f14H9<I>2 H ,lip. Hx XHMMqeCKHM COCTaB 6a3HpyeT-
CSI Ha CHCTeMe Fe + Cr + Ni + Ti. OCHOBHbIMH n01pe6HTeJIbCKHMH CBOM-
CTBaMH SlRJISIIOTCSI HeMafHHTHOCTb H BbICOKaSi npOqHOCTb. Heo6xo)J;HMaSI
rrpOqHOCTb )J;OCTHfaeTCSI npH )J;e$opMaU:HoHHoM M .n.HcnepCHOHHOM yrrpOq-
HeHHH H3)J;eJIHit K He)J;OCTaTKaM 3TIlX cTaJIeii II CTIJIaBOB CJIe)J;yeT OTHecrn
HH3KIIM npe)J;eJI TeK}'1Iecrn (150...350 MIIa), qTO orpaHHqHBaeT 06JIacTb MX
HCrrOJIb30BaHMSI TOJIbKO MaJIOHarp}')KeHHbIMH KOHCTPYKu:MSlMM.
IIapaMafHMTHble CTaJIM M CIIJIaBbI npMMeIDIIOT .lI.JlR H3fOTOBJIeHMR HeMafHMT-
HbIX .lI.eTaJIeM KOHCTp}'Kl.{MM B 3JIeKTpOTeXHMKe, npM6opocTpoeHMM, CY.lI.OCTpOe-
HMM M cnel.{MaJIbHbIX 06JIaCTHX TeXHMKI1. IIOBbIllleHMe M3HOCOCTOMKOCTM .lI.ern-
JIeM, pa60TaIOlltMX B Y3JIaX TpeHMR, .lI.OCTMfaeTCR a30TMpOBaHMeM (CTaJIH
40f14H9<I>2 M .lI.p.).
2.1.2.10. CmapeHue YZJlepooucmou cmaJlU
IIo)J; cmapeHUeM cmtlJleii rrOHHMaIOT H3MeHeHHe HX CBOMCTB, rrpOTeKaIO-
Il(ee BO BpeMeHH 6e3 3aMeTHoro H3MeHeHMSI MHKPOCTPYKTYPbI. CrapeHHe
CTaJIeM MO)l(HO YCJIOBHO pa3)J;eJIMTb Ha TPH BM,IJ,a: mepMu"teCKoe, oerjJopMau,u-
OHHoe (MexaHHqeCKoe) H mepMooerjJopMau,uoHHoe. TepMo)J;e$opMaU;HoHHoe
crnpeHHe CBSl3aHO C B03MO>KHOCTbIO O)J;HOBpeMeHHoro npoTeKaHMSI TepMH-
qeCKOrO H )J;e$opMaU;HoHHoro crnpeHMSI.
TepMu"tecKoe cmapeHue rrpOHCXO)J;MT B pe3YJIbTaTe H3MeHeHMSI paCTBOpH-
MOCTH ymepo)J;a H a30Ta B a,-)I(eJIe3e npH rrOBbIlIleHHH TeMnepaTYPbI. ECJIH B
CTaJUIX rrpH npe)J;lIleCTByIOIl(eM TepMMqeCKOM 06pa60TKe 6bill 3a$HKcHpomlH
rrepeCbIIl(eHHbIM a,-TBep)J;bIM paCTBOp (KaK, HarrpHMep, npH CBapKe, OXJIIDK-
)J;eHHH TOHKOro JIHCTa rrOCJIe rrpOKaTKll H )J;p.), TO B npou:ecce nOCJIe)J;yIOIl(eii
Bbl,[(ep:>KKl1. npH HOpMaJIbHOii (ecmecmeeHHoe cmapeHue) RJIH rrOBbIlIleHHOM
(50...100°C) (ucKyccmeeHHoe cmapeHue) TeMnepaTYPe npOHCXO)J;HT pacrra,rJ:
TBep)J;oro paCTBopa C Bbl,[(eJIeHHeM TPernqHoro u;eMeHTHTa B BM,IJ,e )J;Hcnepc-
HbIX qaCTMU;. CrnpeHHe TeXHHqeCKoro )l(eJIe3a MO)l(eT 6bITb CBSl3aHO TaIOKe H
C Bbl,[(eJIeHMeM H3 TBep)J;oro paCTBopa qaCrnqeK HH1]JM,IJ,OB Fe l6 N 2 RJIII Fe 4 N.
TepMHqeCKOe CTapeHMe 3aMeTHO rrpOTeKaeT B HH3KoymepolmCTbIX CTa-
JISIX. IIpH 60JIee BbICOKOM cO)J;ep)l(aHHH ymepo)J;a BCJIe)J;CTBHe 3apO)J;bIlIleBoro
B03)J;eiicTBMSI 60JIblIlOrO KOJIHqeCTBa u;eMeHTHTHbIX qacrnu;, 06pa30BaBlIlMXCSI
rrpH rrepmITHOM rrpeBpaIl(eHHH, caMOCTOSlTeJIbHOrO Bbl,[(eJIeHMSI TPernqHoro
u;eMeHTliTa He Ha6JIIO)J;aeTCSI.
185
j.(erjJopMal{UOHHoe CmapeHUe HaCTYIIaeT nOCJIe TIJIaCrnqeCKOM .n:e<pOpMa-
u:HH, eCJIH OHa npoHCXO.n:HT npH TeMIIepaTYPe HIDKe TeMIIepaTYPbI peKpHC-
TaJIJIH3aU;HH, H OC06eHHO npH 20°e. ,[(e<pOpMaU;HOHHOe CTapeHHe pa3BHBa-
eTCSI B TeqeHHe 15-16 CyrOK IIpH 20°C II B TeqeHHe HeCKOJIbKMX MliHyr npH
200...350°C. ,[(e<popMaU:HoHHoe cTapeHHe npHBo.n:HT K ynpOqHeHHIO CTaJIH,
qTO CBSl3aHO B OCHOBHOM C yxy.n:IIIeHHeM YCJIOBHM .n:BIDKeHHSI .n:HCJIOKaU;llM H
06pa30BaHHeM Kap6H,l(HbIX H HHlpH,l(HbIX <Pa3 BO BpeMSI HarpeBa.
TepMHqeCKOe H .n:e<popMaU;HoHHoe crnpeHHe IIOBbIIIIaIOT IIpOtffiOCTh H
TBep.n:ocTh, HO o.n:HoBpeMeHHo pe3KO CHIDKaIOT y.n:apHyIO BSl3KOCTh H IIOBbI-
IIIaIOT IIopor xmlJJ:HOJIOMKOCTli.
CTapeHHe olpHu;aTeJIbHO CKa3bIBaeTCSI Ha 3KcrmyarnU;HoHHbIX H TeXHO-
JIOrHqeCKllX CBOMCTBax MHOmx CTaJIeM. OHO MO:>KeT npoTeKaTh B ClpOHTeJIb-
HbIX H MOCTOBbIX CTaJUIX, IIo.n:BepraeMbIX TIJIaCrnqecKo:i{ .n:e<popMaU;HH npH
rH6Ke, MOHTIDKe, cBapKe, H, YCRJIHBaSICb OxpYWnIBaHHeM npH HH3KMX TeMTIe-
paTYPax, SlBHThCSI IIpWnIHOH pa3pyrueHHSI KOHClp}'KIJ:HH. Pa3BMTHe .n:e<l>opMa-
U;HOHHoro cTapeHHSI pe3KO yxy.n:waeT IIITaMIIyeMocTb JIHCTOBOH CTaJIH.
CKJIOHHOCTh CTaJIeH K cTapeHHIO CHIDKaeTCSI npH MO,n:H<pHU;HpoBaHHH aJIIO-
MHHHeM, rnTaHOM H BaHa.n:HeM.
2.1.3. qyryHbl
2.1.3.1. 0614ue ceeoeHufl
gyzyn - CTIJIaB )l(eJIe3a (ocHoBa) C ymepo.n:OM (06bIqHO 2...4%), co.n:ep-
}l(aI.IU1M IIOCTOSlHHbIe npHMeCH Si, Mn, S, P, a HHor.n:a H JIerHpyIOIIJ;He 3JIe-
MeHThI Cr, Ni, V, AI H JJ:p. KaK npaBRJIO, XpynOK.
<I>a30Bllil .n:HarpaMMa COCTOSlHHSI Fe - C (cTa6RJIbHaSI) npe.n:cTaBJIeHa Ha
pHC. 56 (IIIlpIIXOBbIe JIHHHH COOTBeTCTByIOT BbI.D:eJIeHHIO rpa<plITa, a CTIJIOIII-
HbIe - u:eMeHTIIrn). TeMIIepaTYPbI TIJIaBJIeHHSI qyryHOB 3HaqHTeJIbHO HIDKe,
qeM y CTaJIH (Ha 300...400°C).
Ymepo.n: B qyryHe MO)l(eT HaxO.n:HThCSI B BH,l(e u;eMeHTI1Ta, rpa<P1ITa RJIH
o.n:HOBpeMeHHO Toro H .n:pyroro. 06pa30BaHHe cTa6RJIbHOH <Pa3bI - rpa<P1ITa
B qyryHe MO)l(eT npOHcxo.n:HTh B pe3YJIbrnTe Henocpe.n.CTBeHHoro BbI.D:eJIeHHSI
ero 113 )l(H,l(KOrO (TBepJJ:oro) paCTBopa RJIH BCJIe.n:CTBHe pacna.n:a npe.n:Ba-
pHTeJIbHO 06pa30BaBIIIerocSi u;eMeHTHTa (npH 3aMe,lIJleHHOM OXJIIDK,LJ:eHHH
paCIIJIaBJIeHHOrO qyrYHa u;eMeHTIIT MO}l(eT no.n:BeprHyrbCSI pa3JIO}l(eHHIO
Fe 3 C Fe + 3C C 06pa30BaHHeM <pepplITa H rpa<PIITa). IIpou;ecc 06Pa30Ba-
HHSI B qyryHe (CTaJIH) rpa<pHTa Ha3bIBaIOT zpat/JumU3aqueii.
fpa<PHT IIOBbIIIIaeT H3HOCOCTOHKOCTh H aHTII<PPIIKl.{HOHHbIe CBOMCTBa qy-
ryHa BCJIe.n:CTBHe c06cTBeHHoro CMa30tffiOrO .n:eMCTBIDI H IIOBbIweHHSI npoq-
HOCTII IIJIeHKll CMa30qHOrO MaTepHaJIa. qyryHbI C rpa<pMTOM,. KaK MSlrKoM H
XpynKOH COCTaBJUlIOIIJ;eH, XOpoIIIO 06pa6aTbIBaIOTCSI pe3aHHeM (c 06Pa30Ba-
HHeM JIOMKOM Clp)T)KKl1) H 06eCneqHBaIOT 60JIee qHCTYIO IIoBepXHOCTh, qeM
CTaJIH (KpoMe aBTOMaTHbIX).
186
t,oc
CP+>K
S"" >K
D
1153° F'
A 1147° F
1000 A+r
A3
800 73B o K'
727° K
cp+r
PHC. 56. CPa306Clfl iJua2paMMa cma6uJ/bHo20 pa6H06eCUJl Fe - C
IIpHcyrcTBHe 3BTeKTIIKlI B c'lpYK'rype qyryHOB o6YCJIORJIHBaeT ero HC-
rrOJIb30BaHHe HCKJIIOqHTeJIbHO B KaqeCTBe JIHTeMHoro CTIJIaBa. BbICOKHe
JIHTeMHbIe CBOMCTBa rrpH He6oJIbIIIOM CTOliMOCTI1 o6eCneqHJIH IIIHpoKoe
rrpHMeHeHHe qyryHOB B rrpoMbIllmeHHOCTI1.
MexaImqeCKlIe CBoMCTBa qyryHa o6YCJIORJIeHbI maBHbIM o6pa30M KO-
JIl1qeCTBOM H CTp}'KTYpHbIMH oco6eHHoCTSlMH rpaqmTHOR COCTaBJISlIOIIJ;eR.
BmffiHHe rpa<plITHbIX BKJIIOqeHHR Ha MeXaHHqeCKlIe CBORCTBa qyryHa MO)l(-
HO Ou;eHI1Tb KOJIHqeCTBeHHO (fOCT 3443-87). qeM MeHbIIIe rpa<pI1THbIX
BKJIIOqeHHM, qeM OHH MeJIbqe H 60JIbIIIe CTeneHb I1X H30JIHpOBaHHOCTI1, TeM
BbIllie npOqHOCTb qyrYHa npH O.n;HOR H TOR >Ke MeTaJIJIHqeCKOR OCHOBe.
HaH60JIee BbICOKyIO npOqHOCTb 06eCneqHBaeT llIapOBI1,l(HaSI <popMa rpa-
<pIITHOM COCTaBJUIIOIIJ;eR, a ,[LJISI XJIOnbeBI1,l(HOR COCTaBJUlIOIIJ;eR xapaKTepHbI
BbICOKlIe TIJIaCTHqeCKlIe CBORCTBa. qyryH C rrJIaCTIIHqaTbIM rpa<pHTOM MO)l(-
HO paCCMa'lpHBaTb KaK CTaJIb, B KOTOpOR rpa<pHT IIrpaeT pOJIb Ha,n:pe30B,
OCJIa6JIS1IOIIJ;HX MenUUmqecKyIO OCHOBY.
IIpHMeHSIeMbIe .n;JISI OTJIHBOK qYryHbI B cpe.n;HeM HMeIOT CJIe.n;yIOIIJ;HR
COCTaB: 2...4% C, 1,5...4% Si, 0,6...1,25% Mn, 0,1...1,2% P II MeHee 0,06% S.
Yrnepo.n: Ollpe.n:eIDIeT KOJm:qeCTBO rpact>HTa B qyryHe: qeM BbIllle ero co.n:ep-
)l{aHHe, TeM 60JIblile 06pa3yeTcH rpact>HTa H TeM HIDKe MeXaHHqeCKI1e CBOMCTBa.
B TO )l{e Bpewr .D:JHI o6eclleqeHHH BbICOKI1X JIHTeMHbIX CBOMCTB (xopOlileM ))(]1,[(-
KOTeK)"Iecm:) .n:omKHO 6bITh He MeHblile 2,4% C.
KpeMHHM OKa3bIBaeT 60JIblilOe BJIHHHHe Ha CTPYKTYPY 11 CBoHcTBa qyryHOB,
TaK KaK BeJIHqHHa TeMllepal)'pHoro HHTepBaJIa, B KOTOpOM B paBHoBecHH C
))(]1,[(KI1M CIlJIaBOM HaxO.n:HTCH aYCTeHHT 11 rpact>lIT, 3aBHCHT OT ero co.n:ep)l{aHI1H.
qeM 60JIblile co.n:ep)l{aHHe KpeMHHH, TeM lllHpe 3BTeKTHqeCKI1M HHTepBaJI TeMlle-
187
paT}'P. TaKHM 06Pa30M, KpeMHHH CI10c06CTByeT I1pOl,\eccy rpact>HTH3al.{HH, .lI.eH-
CTBYH B TOM }Ke Hal1paBJIeHHH, 'lTO H 3aMe,lJ,JIeHHe CKOpOCTH OXJIIDK,l(eHHH. 1f3Me-
HIDI, C O.ll.HOH crOpOHbI, CO.ll.ep}KaHHe B qyIyHe ymepO.ll.a H KPeMHIDI, a C .lI.pyroH -
CKOpOCTb OXJIIDK,l(eHHH, MO:>KHO 110JIyqHTb pa3JIH'lH}'IO CTPYKTYPY MeTaJIJIlf'leCKOH
OCHOBbI 'lyryHa.
Cepa H MapraHel.{ HBJIHIOTCH Bpe.ll.HbIMH TeXHOJIOrH'leCKHMH I1pHMeCHMH, CO-
.lI.ep}KaHHe KOTOpbIX B 'lyryHax orpaHIf'lHBaIOT. Cepa YXY.lI.lllaeT MeXaHH'IeCKHe H
JIHTeHHbIe CBOHCTBa. If cepa, H MapraHel.{ I1pel1HTCTB}'IOT rpact>HTH3al.{HH.
<I>occt>op He BJIHHeT Ha rpact>HTH3al.{HIO, a I1PH 110BbIllleHHOM (.lI.o 0,4...0,5%)
cO.ll.ep}KaHHH yneJIH'lHBaeT H3HOCOCTOHKOCTb 'lyryHOB, TaK KaK 06Pa3}'1OTCH TBep-
.lI.bIe BKJIIO'leHHH ct>OCct>H,lJ;HOH 3BTeKTHKH.
CaMbIM pacnpo.c'lpaHeHHbIM BM.[(o.M repMo.0.6pa60.TKH qyryHo.B SlBJISleTCSI
o.TIIGlT o.TJIHBo.K npH 430...600°C .[{JISI yMeHblIIeHlffi JIlITeMHbIX HarrpIDKeHHM,
Ko.TOpbIe Mo.ryr BbI3BaTh ,lI,IDKe Ko.p0.6JIeHHe <l>aCo.HHbIX H3,l1,eJIHM. Ho.pMaJIH3a-
QIISI qyryHa rrpo.Bo.,lI,MTCSI.[{JISi aycTeHH33.IJ:lIli <l>eppMTHo.M H <l>eppMTHo.-rrepJIHT-
Ho.M Ma'lpHQ H no.cJIe,ll,YIDlI.(ero. nepJIMTHo.ro. npeBpalI.(eHIDI, qTO 0.6ecrreqffBa-
eT ynpo.qHeHHe. 3aKaJIKY qyryHa Ha MapreHcliT C HarpeBo.M no. 850...930°C
H o.XJIIDK,lI,eHHeM B Bo.,lI,e H MaCJIe npHMeHSIIOT .[{JISI no.BbIllieHIDI npo.qHo.cTlI H
H3Ho.Co.CTOMKo.CTlI. IIo.cJIe 3aKaJIKH npo.Bo.,lI,SIT HH3KHM OTrrycK (200°C) .[{JISI
yMeHblIIeHIDI 3aKaJIo.qHbIX HanpIDKeHHM IDIH BbICo.KHM o.rnyCK (600...700°C)
.[{JISI rrOJIyqeHIDI MHKpo.C'lpYKTYP Co.p6HTa IDIH 3epHHCTo.ro rrepmrra, 06ecrre-
qffBaIOlI.(lIX no.BbIllIeHHYID BSl3Ko.CTh.
KJIaccH<l>m<aQIflO qyryHo.B npo.BO,ll,SlT no BUOy H fjJopMe yznepoOocoaepJICaU{eu
cmpYKmypHou COCmaBJlJlIOw,ei1, T.e. no. HaJIHqHIO H 4>opMe rpa<l>lI'ra.
IIo. BlI.LI;y C'lpYKTYPHo.M Co.CTaBJISIIOlI.(eM Bb.r,n:eJISlIOT qyryHbI 6e3 rpa<l>IITa -
6e.nble r.tYZYHbl, B Ko.TOpbIX npaK1WleCKH BeCb yrJIepo..n. Haxo.,lI,HTCSI B XlIMHqecKH
CBSl3aHHo.M Co.CTo.SlHHH B BM.[(e QeMeHTlITa. IIpo.Me:>K}'TOtffio.e rro.JIo.)I(eHHe 33.-
HHMaeT nOJlOBUHr.tambIU r.tYZYH, 60.JIblIIaSI qaCTb ymepo.,lI,a Ko.TOpo.ro ( O,8%)
Haxo.,lI,MTCSI B Fe 3 C. CrpYKTYPa no.JIo.BHHqaToro qyryHa - nepJIlIT, JIe,ll,e6ypHT
H I1JIaCTIIHqaThIM rpa4>lIT.
qyryHbI C rpa4>HTOM B 33.BHCHMo.CTlI OT <l>o.pMbI no.CJIe.n.Hero pa3,l1,eJISllOT
Ha cepble, KOBKue H BbICOKonpOr.tHble. CepbIMH Ha3bmalOT qyryHbI, B CTPYKTYPe
Ko.TOpbIX rpa4>lIT HMeeT I1JIaCTIIHqaTYlO 4>o.pMY. B Ko.BKHX' qyryHax rpa4>HT
lIMeeT XJIo.nbeBM.[(HYID 4>o.pMY, B BbICo.Ko.rrpo. IHbIX qyryHax - lIIapo.BM.[(H)'IO.
K qHCJIY BbICo.Ko.npo.qHbIX OTHo.CSlT TaIOKe qyryHbI C rpa4>HToM BepMUKYJlJlp-
HOU (rpeq. - qepBSlqo.K) rjJOPMbl, Ko.TOpbIe no. CBo.MCTBaM (fOCT 28394-89)
3aHlIMaIOT npOMe:>K}'TOqHo.e no.JIo.>KeHHe Me.>K,LJ;y qyryHaMH C lIIapo.BM.[(HbIM H
I1JIaCTIIHqaTbIM rpa4>lIToM.
2.1.3.2. EeJlble r.tYZYHbl
EeJIbIe qyryHbI (rrepe,ll,eJIbHbIe) B KaqeCTBe Ko.HC'lpyxIl.Ho.HHbIX MarepHa-
JIo.B HCno.JIb3YIDTCSI pe,ll,Ko., TaK KaK H3-3a 60JIblIIo.ro co.,lI,ep)l(aHIDI QeMeHTlITa
o.qeHb xpynKHe H TBep,ll,bIe, C 'lpy,ll,o.M OTJIHBaIOTCSI H 0.6pa6aTbIBaIOTcSI HH-
188
CTPYMeHTOM. 113 HIIX .n;eJIaIOT .n;enurn rH,LJ:pOManlHH, neCKOMeTOB H .n;pyrnx
KOHCTP HH, pa60TaIOlI.(He B YCJIOBMSIX rrOBbIlIleHHOrO a6pa3HBHOrO H3Ha-
WHBaHMSI. ):(JIH YBeJIl1qeHMSI H3HOCOCTOMKOCTI1 6eJIbIe qyfyJIbI JIerHpyIOT
XpOMOM, BamUl,HeM, MOJIH6.n;eHOM If HHbIMH Kap6H,LJ:006pa3yIOlI.(HMH ::me-
MeHTaMH. MapKHpOBKa 6eJIbIX qyryHOB He YCTaHOBJIeHa.
Pa3HOBM,LJ;HOCTbIO 6eJIbIX 'IyryHOB HBJIHIOTCH Om6e/leHltble "tYZYHbl. nOBepx-
HOCTHbIe CJIOH H3,ae.rrHR H3 TaKHX 'IyryHOB HMeIOT CTp}'KTYPY 6e.rroro (HJIH no-
JIOBHHQaToro) 'IyryHa, a cep,al.{eBHHa - ceporo qyryHa. OmeJI Ha HeKOTOPYIO
rJIy6HHY (12:..30 MM) nOJIyqaIOT nYTeM 6bIcTporo OXJIaJK,lI,eHHH nOBepXHOCTH
(HanpHMep, OTJIHBKa 'IyryHa B MeTaJIJIH'IeCKHe HJIH neC'IaHbIe ct>OpMbI). ,lJ;JIH
CIDITHH CTp}'KTYPHblX HanpIDKeHHH, KOTopbIe MOryr npHBeCTM K 06pa30BaHHIO
TpeIl.{HH, OTJIHBKH no,aBepraIOT HarpeBY npM 500...550°C. BbIcoKaH H3HOCOCTOR-
KOCTb OmeJIeHHbIX 'IyryHOB 06YCJIOBJIeHa TBep,aOCTbIO nOBepXHOCTM, ,aOCTHraro-
ll.{eR 400...500 HV. 113 OmeJIeHHoro 'IyryHa M3roTOBJIHIOT npOKaTHbIe BaJIKH
JIHCTOBblX CTaHOB, KOJIeCa, IlIapbI .lUIH MeJIbHMl.{ M ,ap.
2.1.3.3. Cepble '1.YZYHbl
CTPYKTYPa ceporo (JIHTeMHOro) qyryHa COCTOHT H3 MeTa.JlJIHqeCKOH oc-
HOBbI C BKparrJIeHHbIM B Hee rpa$HToM rrJIaCTHHqaTOM $OpMbi. TaKaSi
CTPYKTYPa 06pa3YeTCSI Henocpe.n;CTBeHHO rrpH KpHCTaJIJIH3aU:HH qyryHa B OT-
JIHBKe B COOTBeTCTBHH C .n;HarpaMMoM COCTOSlHMSI CHCTeMbI Fe - C (cTa-
6RJIbHOM). IIpHqeM qeM 60JIbWe yrJIepo.n;a II KpeMHMSI B CTIJIaBe H qeM HIDKe
CKOpOCTb ero OXJIa)I()J:eHHSI, TeM BbIwe BepoSiTHoCTb KpHCTaJIJIH3aUHH rro
3TOH .n;HarpaMMe C 06pa30BaHHeM rpa$IITHOH 3BTeKTIIKH. IIpH HH3KOM co-
.n:ep.>KaHI1H yrJIepo.n;a H KpeMHMSI qyryH MoourjJUu,uPYlOm He60JIbWHMM .n;03aMH
HeKoTOpbIX 3JIeMeHTOB (HarrpHMep, aJIIOMHHMSI, KaJIbU:MSI, n;epMSl).
MoiJutjluqupOBQnUe Mem(ljLtfOB - BBe,aeHMe B MeTaJIJIM'IeCKMe paCnJIaBbI
Mo,aMct>MKaTopoB, T.e. Bell.{eCTB, He60JIbIlIMe KOJIM'IeCTBa KOTOpblX (06bNHO He
60JIee .n:eCHTbIX .n:OJIeR npOl.{eHTa) cnOC06CTBYIOT C03.n:aHMIO .n:onOJIHMTeJIbHbIX MC-
K}'CCTBeHHblX l.{eHTpoB KpMCTaJIJIM3al.{MH M, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, 06pa30BaHMIO CTpYK-
1)'pHblX COCTaBJIHIOIl.{HX B M3MeJIb'IeHHOR HJIM oKpymoR ct>opMe, 'ITO y.nyqIlIaeT
MeXaHH'IeCKHe CBOHCTBa MeTaJIJIa.
AnSI XapaKTepHCTI1KH CTPYKTYPbI ceporo qyryHa He06xo.n;I1MO orrpe.n;eJISlTb
pa3MepbI, $opMY, pacnpe.n;eJIeHHe rpa$lITa, a TaIOKe CTPYKTYPY MeTaJIJIHqeC-
KOH OCHOBbI. B 06bIqHOM cepoM qyryHe npH Me.n;JIeHHOM OXJIIDK;LJ:eHHH BO
13peMSl KpHCTaJIJII13an;I1H rpa$I1T OqeHb cJIa60 pa3BeTBJUIeTCSI. OH rroxo)l( Ha
p03eTK}' C He60JIbWHM qHCJIOM 1130rHYTbIx JIerreCTKOB.
MeTa.JlJIHqeCKaSI OCHOBa cepbIx qyryHOB $opMHPyeTcSI H3 aycTeHHTa rrpH
3BTeKTOH,LJ:HOM pacna.rt:e H MO)l(eT 6bITb nepJIHTHOM, $epplITHOM H $eppI1T-
HO-rrepJIIITHOH. 06pa30BaHHe rrepJIIITa npOHCXOlll1T JIerKo, B CpaBHI1TeJIbHO
KOpo1'lCl1M npoMe.>KYI'0K BpeMeHH. ,l:LJrn rrOJIyqeHHSI $epplITHoro 6eJIoro qyry-
Ha HCrrOJIb3}'1OT H30TepMHqecK}'IO BbI,LJ;ep.>KKY npH 690...650°C, B pe3YJIbTaTe
189
KOTOPOH QeMeHTHT nepnHTa paCrr aeTCSI Ha $eppHT H rrnaCTMHqaTWH
rpa$HT.
MeXaHHqeCKHe CBOHCTBa CepbIX qyryHOB 3aBHCSIT OT CBOHCTB MeTaJIJIH-
qeCKOH OCHOBbI H maBHbIM 06Pa30M OT KOnHqeCTBa, $OpMbI H pa3MepOB
rpa$HTHbIX BKJIIOqeHHH. llepnHTHaSI OCHOBa 06eCneqHBaeT HaH60nbllme
3HaqeHIDI nOKa3aTeneH npotffiOCTM H 113HOCOCTOHKOCTM.
MapKH CepbIX qyryHOB comaCHO fOCT 1412-85 COCTOSIT H3 6}'KB Cq H
u:H$p, cOOTBeTCTByJOlI.(HX MHHHMMbHOM}' npe.n:eny npOqHOCTM npH paCTSI-
)l(eHHH aD' MllajlO. qyryH cqlO - $epplITHbIJf; Cq15, Cq18, Cq20 -
$eppHTHO-nepnHTHbIe qyryHbI; HaqHHaSI C Cq25 - rrepnlITHbIe qyryHbi.
Ha .n:OJIIO ceporo qyryHa C I1JIaCnmqaTbIM rpact>HToM I1pHXO.n:llTCH OKOJIO 80%
o6Il.{ero I1pOH3Bo.n:CTBa qyryHHbIX OTJIHBOK. Cepble qyryHbI 06JIa,n:aIOT BbICOKI1MH
JIHTeHHbIMH KaqeCTBaMH (:xm.n:KoTeKyqecTb, MaJIaH YCa,lJ.Ka, He3HaqHTeJIbHbIH
I1pHfap MeTaJIJIa K ct>opMe H .n:p.), XOpollIO o6pa6aTbIBaIOTCH H COl1pOTHBJIHIDTCH
H3HOCY, O.D:HaKO H3-3a HH3KI1X I1pOqHOCrn H I1JIaCrnqeCKI1X CBOHCTB B OCHOBHOM
HCI10JIb3YJOTCH .D:JUI H3fOTOBJIeHHH HeOTBeTCTBeHHbIX .n:eTaJIeH. B CTaHKOC'TpoeHHH '
cepbIH qyryH HBJIHeTCH OCHOBHbIM KOHC'Tp}'KI(HOHHbIM MaTepHaJIOM (cTaHHHbI
CTaHKOB, CTOJIbI H BepXHHe CaJIa3KI1, KOJIOHKI1, KapeTKI1 H .n:p.); B aBTOM06HJIe-
C1'poeHHH 113 ct>eppHTHO-l1epJIHTHbIX qyryHOB .n:eJIaIOT KapTepbI, KPbllIlKI1, TOp-
M03HbIe 6apa6aHbI H .n:p., a H3 l1epJIHTHbIX qyryHOB - 6JI0KI1 QHJIHH.D:pOB, mJIb-
3bI, MaxOBHKI1 H .n:p. B CTpOHTeJIbCTBe cepbIH qyryH I1pHMeHHIOT B OCHOBHOM
JUIH H3roTOBJIeHHH .n:eTaJIeH, pa60TaIOIl.{HX I1PH C}J{aTHH {6allIMaKOB, KOJIOHH),
a TaIOKe caHHTapHO-TeXHHqeCKI1X .n:eTaJIeH (OTOI1HTeJIbHbIX pa,n:HaTopoB, Tpy6).
3HaqHTeJIbHOe KOJIHqeCTBO qYryHa pacxo.n:yeTcH .D:JUI H3roTOBJIeHHH TI06HHfOB,
H3 KOTOpbIX coop}'}J{aeTCH -ryHHeJIb MeTp0I10JIHTeHa. 113 ceporo qyryHa, co.n:ep}J{a-
Il.{ero ct>occt>op (0,5%), H3fOTaBJIHBaIOT apXHTeK1'YPHo-xy.n:O}J{eCTBeHHble H3.n:eJIHH.
2.1.3.4. K06Kue '1.YZYHbl
KOBKHe qyryHbI C XJIOrrbeBI1,l(HoM $OpMOM rpa$1ITa no.rryqaIOT H3 6enbIX
.n.03BTeKTIIqeCKHX qyryHOB, rro.n:BepraSI HX cneQHMbHOM}' zparjJUmU3UPYIOUI,e-
MY omJICuzy. fpaqmTII3HpyJOlI.(HH ourn:r 6enoro qyryHa OCHOBaH Ha MeTa-
cTa611JIbHOCTH u:e eHTMTa H COCTOHT 06bIqHO H3 .n:BYX CT HM (pHC. 57).
nepBa51 CT HSI (950...1050°C) no.n:6HpaeTcSI no )U[HTenbHOCTH TaKoH,
qT06bI BeCb QeMeHTllT, HaxoMlI.(IIMCSI B cTPYKTYPe OTnHBKH, pacnarrcSi Ha
aYCTeHHT H XJIOnbeBI1,l(HbIM rpa$HT. llpoQecc rpa$HTO06pa30BaHIDI o6ner-
qaeTCSI npH MO.n:H$HQHpOBaHHH (HarrpHMep, MIOMHHHeM H 60pOM). qyryH,
nonyqeHHbIH TaKHM 06Pa30M, Ha3bIBae'!CSI MOOUrjJUl{Up06aHHblM.
Ha BTOpOM CTa,n:HH rpa$HTIf3HpyJOwero {)T)KHra rrpH TeMIIepaTYPe 3BTeK-
TOI1,l(HOrO npeBpalI.(eHIDI $opMHpyeTCSI MeTaJIJIHqeCKaSI QCHOBa KOBKoro qyry-
Ha. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT pe:>KIIMOB OXJIIDK;LJ:eHHSI KOBKHe qyryHbI MOryI' HMeTb
rrepnHTHyJO (HerrpepbIBHoe OXJIIDK;LJ:eHHe), $eppHTHyJO (OqeHb Me.n:neHHoe
OXJIIDK;LJ:eHHe B IIHTepBMe 760...720°C I1JIH H30TepMHqef;KaSi BbI,D:ep:>KKa npH
190
t
A+xr
i H ',%.
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1/1'
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n+xr n 3ePH +xr
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Pac. 57. CxeMo om:JICuzo 6eAozo 'tyzyno no IC08ICUU
720...700°C) MJIII <peppHTHO-nepJIHrnyIO (coKpaIIJ;eHHe npoAOmKHreJIbHOCTII
BTOPOH CTaAHM ()T)IGITa) MeTIlJIJIWIec.KYK> OCHOBY. )Jjrn no.rryqeHHSI B MOAM<p H -
lU'IpOmlHHOM KOBKOM qyryHe nepmffHoH OCHOBbI peKoMeHAYeTCH yBeJI BaTh
cO,l.{ep)l(aHHe MapraHQa, xpoMa H HeKoTopbIX .n.pyrHX ::meMeHTOB, KOTopbIe
rrOBbIlIIaIOT YCTOHqHBOCTb QeMeHTIITa K pacna,n;y Ha <pePPIIT H TI1IaCTIIHqa-
ThIH rpa<PHT B o6JIacTII TeMTIepa1)'p 3BTeKTOM)IHOrO npeBpaIIJ;eHHSI.
KOBKHe qyryHbI C nepJIHTHOH MeTaJIJIHqecKOH OCHOBOH 06JIa,n;aIOT BbICO-
KHMII TBep,l.{OCTbIO (235...305 HB) H npOqHOCTbIO (cr B = 650...800 MIla) B
COqeTaHHH C He6o.rrbIlloH IIJIaCTIIqHOCTbIO (0 = 3,0...1,5%). KOBKHH <pePPMT-
HbIH qyrYH xapaKTepH3yeTcSI BbICOKOH nJIaCTHqHOCTbIO (0 = 10...12%) H
OTHOCIITeJIbHO HH3KOH npOqHOCTbIO (cr B = 370...300 MIla).
Cyw,ecTBeHHbIMH He.n;OCTaTKaMH rpa<pHTH3HpyIOIl{erO OTIKHl'a qyryHOB RBJHI.-
IOTCR .lI)IHTeJIbHOCTh ournra OTJIHBOK (24-60 q) H orpaHHqeHHe TOJIIl{HHbI HX
CTeHOK.
KOBKHe qyryHbI comaCHO fOCT 1215-79 MapKHpyIOTCSI 6}'KBaMII Kq -
(KOBI<Hif: qyryH) H ,l.{ByMSI rpynnaMH QH<PP. IlepBbIe ,l.{Be QH<PPbI B 0603Haqe-
HMH MapKH COOTBeTCTByIOT MHHHMaJIbHOMY npe,l.{eJIY npOqHOCTII npH paCTSI-
)l(eHIIII cr B , MIlajlO, QH<PPbI nOCJIe TIIpe - OTHOCIITeJIbHOMY YMHHeHIIIO
rrpH paCTIDKeHHH, %. qyryHbI MapOK Kq30-6, Kq33-8, KQ35-1O, KQ37-12,
HMeIOIIJ;He nOBbIIlleHHoe 3HaqeHHe YMHHeHHSI npH paCTIDKeHHH, OTHOCSITCH
K <peppIITHbIM, a MapOK ,KQ45-7, KQ50-5, KQ55-4, KQ60-3, KQ65-3,
KQ70-2, KQ80-1,5 - K nepJIHTHbIM qyryHaM.
KOBl<He qYryHbI, 06JIa,n:aH BbICOKHMH nJIaCTHqeCKHMH cBOHcTBaMH, HaxO.n;5IT
npHMeHeHHe npH H3rOTOBJIeHHH pa3Hoo6pa3HbIX TOHKOCTeHHblX (.n;o 50 MM) .n;e-
TaJIeH, pa60TalOIl{HX npH y.n;apHbIX H BH6paUHoHHbIX HarpY3Kax (<pJIaHUbI, MY<P-
TbI, KapTepbI, C1)'I1HUbI H .n;p.). Macca 3THX .n;eTaJIeH COCTaBJIHeT OT HeCKOJIbKHX
rpaMMOB .n;o HeCKOJIbKHX TOHH.
7 MaTepI13JIOBe.neHHe
191
,lVISi nOBbIllIeHMSI TBep,n:OCTH, H3HOCOCTOMKOCTH H npOqHOCTH H3,n:eJIMM
H3 KOBKOrO qyryHa HHOr,n:a npHMeHSIIOT HOpMaJIH3aIJ;IIIO MJIH 3aKaJIKY. 3a-
KaJIKa C noCne,n:yIOI1.UIM BbICOKHM OmYCKOM n03BOn}leT nOJIyqHTh CTPYKTYPY
3epHHCTOrO nepmITa.
2.1.3.5. BblcOKOnpOl.tHble l.tYcyHbl
BbIcoKonpoqHbIM qyryH (qllIf - qyryH C llIapoBM)IHbIM rpaqmToM) no-
nyqaIOT Mo,n:HqmU:HpoBaHIIeM )I(lI)J;KHMH npHca,n:KaMH (0,1...0,5% MarHMSI OT
MaCCbI o6pa6aTbIBaeMoM nOpIJ;HH qyryHa R 0,2...0,3% IJ;epMSl, HTrpMSl II He-
KOTOpbIX .n.pyrHX ::meMeHToB). IlpH 3TOM nepe,n: BBO,n:OM Mo,n:RqmKaTopoB He-
06XO,n:HMO CHH3HTh co,n:ep)l(aHHe cepbI ,n:o 0,02...0,03%.
PeKoMeH.l(yeMbIM XlIMWIecI<:l1:H COCTaB BbICOKonpo1£HOro qyIYHa (2,7...3,7% C;
0,5...3,8% Si) BbI6HpaeTCSI B 3aBHCRMOCTl1 OT TOnII.(HHbI CTeHOK OTnHBKH -
qeM TOHbIlle CTeHKa, TeM 60nbllIe yrnepo,n:a H KpeMHMSI. qT06bI II36e)l(aTh
o6pa30BaHMSI B BbICOKOnpOqHbIX qyryHax ne,n:e6ypRTa, HX no,n:BepraIOT rpa-
<pHTH3HpyIOII.(eMY OTIlmry. Ilpo,n:omKRTenbHOCTb TaKOrO OTIK.l1ra 6naro,n:apJ.!
nOBbIllIeHHOMY co,n:ep.>KaHRIO rpa<pMTl13IIpyIOIWIX 3neMeHTOB (yrnepo,n:a, KpeM-
HMSI) 3HaqHTenbHO KOpOqe, qeM npH OTIK.l1re 6enoro qyryHa.
CTPYKTYPa BbICOKOnpOqHOrO qyryHa COCTOHT H3 MeTaJIJIMqeCKOM OCHOBbI
(<peppRTa, nepnRTa) H BKJIlOqeHIDI rpa<PHTa llIapOBl1.LI:HOM <pOPMbI. llIapo-
BM)IHbIM rpa<pRT, HMelOIl.(IDi MIDU1MaJIbH)'lO nOlrepXHOCTh npH ,n:aHHOM oObeMe,
3HaqHTenbHO MeHbIlle ocna6nSleT MeTaJlJIWIecKYIO OCHOBY, qeM rmaCTI1Hqa-
ThIM rpa<pHT, H He SlBJISleTCSI aKTI1BHbIM KOHIJ;eHTPaTopOM HanpIDKeHHM.
<l>epplITHbIe qyryHbI HMeIOT 0'02 = 220...310 MIla, 0 = 22...10%, 140...225 HB;
nepnHTHbIe - 0'02= 370...700 MTIa, 0 = 7...2% H 153...360 HB.
MapKH BbIcnKonpOqHbIX qyryHOB comaCHO fOCT 7293-85 COCTOSIT H3
6}'KB Bq H IJ;H<PP, COOTBeTCTByIOII.(HX MIIHHMaJIbHOMY npe,n:eny npOqHOCrn
npH paCTIDKeHIIH, O'B' MIla/1O: Bq35, BQ40, BQ45 - <peppHTHbIe qyryHbI;
BQ50, BQ60, BQ70, BQ80, BQ100 - rrepnHTHbIe qyryHbI.
BbIcOKOnpOqHbIe qyryHbI o6na,n:alOT xoponrnMH nHTeMHbIMH H nOTPe6H-
TenbCKHMII CBOMCTBaMH (o6pa6aThIBaeMOcTb pe3aHHeM, cnoco6HOCTb raCHTb
BH6pal(HR, BbICOKasI H3HOCOCTOMKOCTh H ,n:p.). OHH HCnOnb3yIOTCJ.! ,l.{JISi Mac-
CHBHbIX OTnHBOK B3aMeH CTaJIbHbIX nRTbIX H KOBaHbIX ,n:eTaJIeM - IJ;MJIHH,IJ;-
pOB, IlleCTepeHOK, KOneHqaThIX H pacnpe,n:enHTenbHbIX BaJIOB H ,n:p.
,[(mI rrOBbIIlleHMSI MeXaHlIqecKHx CBOMCTB (TIJIaCTRqHOCTl1 H BSl3KOCTH) H
CHSlTMSI BHyrpeHHHX HanpIDKeHHM OTnHBKH no.z:urepralOT TepMWIecKoM o6pa-
60TKe (OTIKMry, HOpMaJIH3al(HH, 3aKaJIKe H OTIIYcKY). PeKoMeH.l(yeTCSI no,n:-
BepraTb qyryHHbIe H3,n:enMSl 06'beMHOM 3aKaJIKe. 06pa30BaHHe MenKOHfOJIb-
qaTOrO MapTeHCHTa B 3aKaJIeHHOM nOBepXHOCTHOM cnoe H3.D:enHM rrOBbIlliaeT
RX H3HOCOCTOMKOCTb B 3 pa3a H 6onee. ,[(mI nOBbIllIeHMSI II3HOCOCTOMKocrn
rrpHMeHSleTCSI TaIOKe a30rnpOBaHHe (MJIH a30rnpOBaHHe C nocne,n:yIOII.(eM
«06,n:YBKOM ,n:p06blO»), npH KOTOpOM B nOlrepXHOCTHbIX cnoSIX H3.D:enIDI co3):{a-
IOTCSI 6narOnpMSlTHbIe C.>KHMalOII.(He HarrpIDKeHMSI.
192
2.1.3.6. lfYZYHbl Cne14UaJlbHOZO Ha3HalleHUJl
K :nOM rpynne qyI'yHOB OTHOCSlTCSI JlCapOCmOuKue (faCT 7769-82),
JlCaponpOIlHble II KOPP03uoHHocmouKue (faCT 11849-76) lfJlZ)lHbl. OO,l.{a )l(e
MO)I(HO OTHeCTH HeMaZHUmHble, U3HococmOUKue H aHmurjJpuK14UOHHble 'lyryHbI.
)l(apocToMKHMH SlBJISIIOTCSI cepbIe 11 BbICOKOnpO'lHbIe 'lyryHbI, JIerHpO-
BaHHbIe KpeMHHeM (lIC5) II XpOMOM (qX28, qX32). 3m 'lyryHbI 06JIa,n:a1OT
)l(apocTOMKOCThIO ,l.{O 700...800°C Ha B03.n;yxe, B TonOtJHbIX H reHepaTopHbIX
ra3ax. BbICOKOM TepMO- H )l(apOCTOMKOCTblO 06JIaualOT aYCTeHHTHbIe qyry-
HbI: BbICOKOJIerHpoBaHHbIM HHKeJIeBbIM cepbrn qH15):(7 H C IIIapOBH,lIHbIM
rpaqmToM qHI5):(3III.
K )lffipOnpO'lHbIM 'lyryHaM OTHOCSlTCSI aYCTeHHTHbIe 'lyryHbI C IIlapOBH,lI-
HbIM rpaqmToM qH19X3III H QHllf7III. .L{.Jrn nOBbIIIIeHHSI )l(aponpo'lHOCTII
qyryHbI nO,l.{BepralOT <YDI<.Hry C nOCJIe,l.{YIOII.(IIM omycKOM. IIocJIe OTIKI1:ra JIe-
rnpOBaHHbIe Kap6H,lIbI npHo6peTalOT <poPMY MeJIKHX OKpyrJIbIX BKJIIO'leHIIM.
B Ka'lecTBe KOpp03HOHHOCTOMKI1X npHMeHSIIOT 'lyryHbI, JIerHpOBaHHbIe
KpeMHHeM (rjJeppOCUJlUObl) - QCl3, lIC15, lIC17 H XpOMOM - QX22,
QX28, QX32. OHII 06JIa,n:a1OT BbICOKOM KOPP03IIOHHOM CTOMKOCThIO B cep-
HOM, a3OTHOM H pSI.D:e OpraHII'lecKHx KHCJIOT. .L{.Jrn nOBbIIIIeHHSI KOpp03HOH-
HOM CTOMKOCTH KpeMHHCTbIX tJyryHOB HX JIerl1pYIOT MOJIH6,l.{eHOM (QCI5M4,
QC17M3 - aHmUXJlOpbl). BBe,l.{eHHe B 'lyryH 0,2...0,5% Mo }'MeHbIIIaeT
CKJIOHHOCTh K pOCTY 3epHa, nOBbIIIIaeT BSl3KOCTb, conpOTIIBJIeHHe H3HOCY H
YJIyqrnaeT CBOMCTBa npH nOBbIIIleHHbIX TeMnepaTYPax. BbICOKOM KOpp03H-
OHHOM CTOMKOCThIO B II.(eJIO'lax 06JIa,n:a1OT HHKeJIeBbIe 'lyryHbI, HanpHMep
aycreHHTHbIM 'lyryH QHI5):(7.
B KatJeCTBe HeMarHHTHbIX qyryHOB TaIOKe npHMeHSIIOTCSI aYCTeHIITHbIe
qyryHbI. I1x HCnOJIb3YIOT B Tex CJIyq:IDIX, KOr,l.{a TPe6yeTcSI MMHHMaJIbHaSI no-
repSi MOI1.UiOCTII (KpbIIIIKH MaCJISlHbIX BbIKJIIO'laTeJIeM, KOHQeBbIe Kopo6KH
TPaHc<popMaTopoB H ,l.{p.) I1JIH Kor,l.{a H}')KHO II36eraTh HCKIDKeHHM MamHT-
HOro nOJISI (CTOMKH MSI MarHHTOB).
K H3HOCOCTOMKH 'lyryHaM OTHOCSlTCSI nOJIOBHH'laThIe II oroeJIeHHbIe
'lyryHbI. K H3HOCOCTOMKHM. nOJIOBHHtJaThIM 'lyryHaM OTHOCHTCH, HanpH-
Mep, cepbIM 'lyryH MapKH I1QHX2, JIerHpOBaHHbIM HHKeJIeM H XpOMOM, a
TIlIOKe I1QXHT, I1QHIMIII (c IIIapOBH,lIHbIM rpa<PHTOM). 113 3TIIX tJyryHOB
OTJIIIBalOT ,l.{eTaJIH ,l.{BHrareJIeM BHYTPeHHero cropaHHSI (KpbIIIIKH II ,l.{HHII.(a
U:I1JIHH,lI;pOB, rOJIOBKH nopIIIHeM II .n.p.).
AHTH<PPHKQHOHHbIMII 'lyryHaMH SlBJISIIOTCSI cepbIe H BbICOKOnpO'lHbIe
qyryHbI cneQIIaJIbHbIX MapOK. HeKoropoe npHMeHeHHe HallIJIH TIlIOKe KOB-
KHe aHTH<PPH}(QHOHHbIe <peppHTHO-nepJIHTHbIe tJyryHbI AQK-l H AQK-2.
AmH<l>PH HoHHbIe cepble qyryHbI (nepJUITHble AqC-l H AQC-2 H nepJIHTHO-
<PePpHTHbIM AQC-3) 06ml,ll:alOT HH3KHM K03<l><l>Hl HeHTOM 1'peHHR, 3aBHCRll.{HM
OT COOTHOllieHIDI <l>eppHTa H nepJIHTa B OCHOBe, a TaIOKe OT KOJIHQeCTBa H <l>OpMbI
7'
193
rpa<pHTa. B nepJIHTHbIX qyryHax BbICOKaH H3HOCOCTOMKOCTb o6ecneqHBaeTCR Me-
TaJIJIHqeCKOM OCHOBOM, COCTORIl{eM H3 TOHKOrO nepJIHTa H paBHOMepHO pacnpe-
eJIeHHOM <POC<POpHOM 3BTeKTHKM npH HaJIHqHH H30JIHpOBaHHbIX B eJIeHHM
nJIaCTHH'IaToro rpa<pHTa.
AHTH<PPHKl.{HOHHbIe CepbIe qYryHbI npHMeIDIIOT .lI)IR H3roTOBJIeHHR nO IlIHn-
HHKOB CKOJIbXeHHR, BTYJIOK H PYrHX eTaJIeM, pa60TaIOIl{HX npH TPeHHH 0 Me-
TaJIJI, qaIl{e B npHcyrcTBHH CMa30qHOrO MaTepHaJIa. )J.eTaJIH, pa60TalOIl{He B
nape C 3aKaJIeHHbIMH HJIH HOpMaJIH30BaHHbIMH CTaJIbHbIMH BaJIaMH, H3rOTaBJIH-
BaIOT H3 qyryHOB AqC-] H AQC-2, a B nape C TepMHqeCKM He o6pa6OTaHHbIMH
BaJIaMH - qyryH AQC-3.
AHTH<PPHKl.{HOHHbIe BbICOKOnpOqHbIe (c llIapOBH.lI.HbIM rpa<pHTOM) qyryHbI
(fOCT 1585-85) H3rOTOBJIRIOT C nepJIHTHOM (AQB-l) H <peppHTHO-nepJIHTHOM
( 50% nepJIHTa) (AQB-2) CTPYKTYPOM. ,lJ;eTaJIH H3 AQB-l HCnOJIb3yIOTCR ,WUI pa-
60ThI B Y3JIax TPeHIUI C nOBbIllIeHHbIMH OKpyxHbIMH CKOpoCTHMH B nape C 3aKa-
JIeHHbIM HJIH HOpMaJIH30BaHHblM BaJIOM. A QB- 2 npHMeIDIIOT JJ)UI napbI C BaJIOM B
COCTOmIHH nOCTaBKM (<<CbIpbIM»).
fJIaBHOe AOCTOHHCTBO aHTH<PPHKU;IIOHHbIX qyrYHOB no cpaBHeHlI10 C
6a66HTaMR H aHTH<PPHKIJ;HOHHbIMH 6poH3aMH - HH3KaSI CTOIIMOCTh, a oc-
HOBHOM HeAoCTaTOK - TIJIOXaSI npHpa6aThIBaeMOCTb, qTO 'lpe6yeT TOqHOro
conpIDKeHHSI 'lpYIIJ;RXCSI nOBepXHocTeM.
2.2. THTaH H CnJIaBbI Ha ero OCHOBe
Tuman (Ti) - XHMHqecKHM ::meMeHT VI rpyrrIIbI nepHOAnqecKoM CIICTeMbI
3JIeMeHTOB, aTOMHbIM HOMep 22, aTOMHaSI Macca 47,9. Cepe6PHCTO-OOJIbrn
MeTaJIJI, JIeI'KIfM, 'IYfOIDIaBKIDi:, npoqffbrn, IDIaCTWIHbrn; IDIOnIOCTh - 4500 KI'/M 3 ;
tIIJI - 1665°C. I1MelOTcSI ABe aJIJIO'IponwlecKHe MOAH<PHKaU;HH:
. HII3KOTeMIIepaTypHaSI AO 882°C - a,-THTaH C reKcaroHaJIbHOM perneT-
KOM, TIJIOTHOCTb - 4505 Kf/M3;
· BbICOKOTeMnepaTypHaSI - r3-THTaH C 06'beMHO-u;eH'lpRpOBaHHoM KY6H-
qecKOM perneTKOM, IIJIOTHOCTh npR 900°C - 4320 Kf/M 3 .
IIOCToSlHHbIe npHMeCH (a30T, yrJIepOA, KHCJIOPOA H BOAoPOA) YBeJIII1ffi-
BalOT TBep,n:OCTb H npOqHOCTh THTaHa, HO nOHIDKaIOT IDIaCTHqHOCTb, yxy,n:-
rnalOT CBapHBaeMOCTb H CHH)I(alOT COnpOTHBJIeHHe KOpp03HH. OCOOOHHO
BpeAeH BOAOPOA, oxpyrrqHBalOIII:HM THTaH H3-3a BbI,LJ;eJIeHHSI fM,ll;pM,ll;OB. Co-
.uep)l(aHHe BOAopoAa B CIIJIaBax He AOJI)l(HO npeBbIrnaTb 0,015%.
MapKH TeXHlIqeCKOfO TRTaHa: BT1-00 (99,53% Ti), BT1-0 (99,45% Ti).
OcHoBHbIe MexaHnqeCKHe CBOMCTBa TeXHnqeCKoro TIITaHa: O'B = 300...550 MIIa;
0=20...25 II 60...80%; KCD < 1,0...1,2 M,LJ;)I(/M 2 ; E= 14. 10 4 MIIa; TBep-
,n:OCTb 100 HB.
TMTaH 6JIaro,n:apSi 3aIII:HTHOM IDIeHKe H3 Ti02 06JIa,n:aeT OqeHb BbICOKHMH
KOpp03HOHHOM H XHMHqeCKOM CTOMKOCTblO, COXpaHSlIOIII:HMlfCSI B HHTepBaJIe
194
TeMrrepa1)'p OT -250 ,l.{0 +550°C H 3Ha'IHTeJIbHO npeBOCXO.lUllUHMR 3TH rro-
Ka3aTeJIH Y Hep)l(aBelOlUeH CTaJIII, II ,l.{pyrnx CTIJIaBOB.
TeXHHqeCKHM nnaH HCnOJIb3yeTCR JJ)UI H3roTOBJIeHHR XHMHqeCKHX H nHll{e-
BbIX eMKOCTeM, a KaK KOHCTPYKI-J:HOHHbIM MaTepHaJJ - B KpHOreHHOM TeXHHKe, B
BOCCTaHOBHTeJIbHOM XHpyprHH H T.,n. Ero nOCTaBJIRIOT B BH.ZJ:e JIHCTOB, TPy6,
npoOOJIOKH H ,npymx nOJIy<j>a6pHKaTOB. TeXHHqeCKHM THTaH XOpOlliO o6pa6aTbI-
BaeTCR ,naBJIeHHeM, coapmmeTcR ,nyrOBOM CoapKOM B aTMoc<j>epe 3aIl{HTHbIX ra30B
H KOHTaKTHOM CBapKOM, HO nJIOXO o6pa6aTbIBaeTCR pe3aHHeM. Kap6H.ZJ: THTaHa,
06JIa,n:alOI.[(HM BbICOKOM TBep,nOCTblO, BXO,nHT B COCTaB TBep,nbIX CnJIaBOB, npHMe-
HReMbIX .lI)IR H3rOTOBJIeHHR pe)I()'I.UHX HHCTPyMeHTOB. fy6qaTbIM THTa,B llIHpOKO
HCnOJIb3yeTCH B BaK)'YMHOM TeXHHKe. OKCH.ZJ: THTaHa npHMeHReTCH B JIaKOKpa-
COqHOM npOH3Bo,nCTBe. OrpaHHqHBaeT nOBceMeCTHoe HCnOJIb30BaHHe nnaHa
ero OqeHb BbICOKaR CTOHMOCTb.
T U m a H 0 6 bl e en Jl a 6 bl. TIO,l.{aBJISIlOlUee 60J1bIIIHHCTBO MeTaJIJIOB 06pa-
3yIOT C TliTaHOM ,l.{HarpaMMbI COCTOSlHHSI C 3BTeKTOH.n:HbIM rrpeBpalUeHHeM.
TIo clpYK1)'pe TIITaHOBbIe CTIJIaBbI ,l.{eJISIT Ha a.-, (a + r3)- H r3-CTIJIaBbI. Bce
JIempyIOlUIIe 3JIeMeHTbI no BJIHSlHmO Ha nOJIHMopqm3M TliTaHa MO)I(HO pa3-
,l.{eJIHTb Ha lpH rpyrrrrbI (c.r. rJIa3YHOB, E.A. KOJIa'IeB):
1. TIepBaSI rpynna npe,l.{CTaBJIeHa a.-cma6UJlU3amOpaMu - 3JIeMeHTa-
MIl, nOBbIllialOlUIIMII TeMnepa1)'pY rrOJIHMOP<PHOro npeBpalUeHHSI TIITaHa
(pIIC. 58, a). 113 MeTaJIJIOB K 'IHCJIY a.-CTa6MJIH3aTOpOB OTHOCSITCH aJIIOMR-
HIDI, raJIJIHH H liH,LI:HH, H3 HeMeTaJIJIOB - yrJIepo,l.{, a30T Ii KHCJIOpO,l.{.
2. Ko BTOpOH rpyrrne npHHaLl)Ie)lffiT r3-cma6UJlU3amOpbl - 3JIeMeHTbI, no-
HIDKalOlUHe TeMrrepa1)'pY rrOJIHMop<pHoro npeBpalUeHHSI TMTaHa. r3-CTa6H-
JIII3aTOpbl, B CBOIO O'Iepe,l.{b, MO)I(HO pa36HTb Ha lpH rrO,l.{rpyrrnbI:
a) 36meKmouooo6pa3YlOlque Cma6UJlU3amOpbl (pHC. 58,6), 06eCrre'IHBalO-
lUHe 3BTeKTOH.n:HbIH pacna,n: r3-<pa3bI rrpII ,l.{OCTaTO'IHO HH3KOH TeMnepa1)'pe
(xpOM, MapraHeQ, )l(eJIe30, Me,l.{b, HHKeJIb, K06aJIbT);
6) U30MoprjJHble Cma6UJlU3amOpbl (pHC. 58,6), 06pa3yIOlUHe HenpepbIBHbIe
paCTBopbl C r3-mTaHOM (BaHa,n:HH, MOJIH6.ueH, HH06HH, TaHTaJI). K 3TOH )l(e
rro,l.{rpyrrrre CJIe,l.{YeT oTHecm II BOJIb<ppaM, B CHCTeMe (pHC. 58, z) C TliTaHOM
06pa3yIOlUHH HerrpepbIBHbIe paCTBOpbI r3-Ti H W, rrpH 3TOM a.-<pa3a npH'
BCex TeMrrepa1)'pax HaxO,l.{HTCH B paBHOBeCHH C r3-<pa30H;
B) U30MoprjJHble K6a3u-r3-cma6UJlU3amopbl, cTa6MJIH3HpyIOlUHe r3-<pa3Y, HO
6e3 06pa30BaHHSI r3-TBep,l.{bIX paCTBOpOB (peHHH, pyreHHH, pO,l.{HH, OCMHH,
IIPH.n:IIH).
3. 3JIeMeHTbI lpeTbeH rpyrrnbI MaJIO BJIHSlIOT Ha nOJlHMoP<PHoe npeBpa-
lUeHHe. 3m 3JIeMeHTbI Ha3b1BaIOT HeumpOllbHblMU ynpo'lHUmeJlJlMU (OJIOBO,
QHPKOHHH, repMaHIDI, ra<pHIIH H TOpHH).
HaM.JIyqIIIee CO'IeTaHHe CBOHCTB ,l.{OCmraeTCSI B (a. + r3)-CTIJIaBax. CTIJIaBbI C
,l.{Byx<pa3HoH MliKpOClpYKTYPOH (a. + r3) B paBHOBeCHOM COCTOHHHH nO,l.{Bepra-
195
i,
! I
t/C D
c:J.+l
ex.
Ti
t,OC
D
At,o,N, C Ti
t,OC
Si,Cr, Mn,Fe ,Co,Ni,Cu
if
882°
oft
V, Nb,Mo,Ta Ti
AerupglO uii 3/1eMeHT, %
Pac. 58. CxeMa 81lUJlnUJl llezupylOU{UX 31leMenm08 U npUMeceu na meMnepamypy nOllu-
Mopqmozo npe8paU{enUJl mumana (er. Flla3yno8, E.A. KOlla'ie8)
IOTCSI ynpo'lHSl1O eM repMWlecKoM o6pa6OTKe - 3aKaJIKe H CTapeHMIO. TIocJIe
3aKaJIKH OHH HMelOT CTPYKTYPY, COCTOSlll{ylO H3,n:BYX MeTacTa6MJIbHbIX $13 -
MapreHCMTHOM MroJIb'IaTOrO BH,IJ;a (a') M r3-$13bI, a rrpII BBe.ueHHH MO,n:HcP H -
KaTopOB-CTa6HJIH3aTOpOB r3-cPa3bI - TOJIbKO H3 O,n:HOM MeTaCTa6HJIbHOM
r3-cPa3bI. TIpoueccbI CTapeHMSI YJIY'IIllaIOT rrp01ffiOCTHbIe CBOMCTBa, HO CHIDKa-
lOT TIJIaCrn'IHOCTb H BSl3KOCTb.
OCHOBHbIM JIerHpYIO HM 3JIeMeHTOM B npOMbIIIIJIeHHbIX rnTaHOBbIX
CTIJIaBax SlBJISleTCSI aJIIOMHHMM. Ba CJIe,n:YIO HX no 3Ha'IHMOCrn JIempYIO-
HX 3JIeMeHTa - BaHa,n:HM II MOJIM6,n:eH. E e B Ka'IeCTBe JIemPYIO HX 3JIe-
MeHTOB HCnOJIb3YIOTCH no KpaMHeM Mepe ceMb MeTaJIJIOB: Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu,
Sn, Zr, W. ,[(mI MMKpOJIenqJOBaHIDI HCnOJIb3YIOT Nb, Ta, Pd II ,n:p. JIempYIO-
He 3JIeMeHTbI OKa3bIBalOT pa3JIH'IHOe BJIMSlHHe Ha CBOMCTBa CTIJIaBOB: AI,
Zr, Nb nOBbIIllaIOT )l(apOnpO'IHOCTb .uo 550°C; Mo, Zr, Nb, Ta, Pd nOBbI-
IllalOT KOpp03HOHHYIO CTOMKOCTb B KHCJIOTax.
1-13 HeMeTaJIJIOB )],JISI JIerHpOBaHMSI THTaHOBbIX CTIJIaBOB HaM60JIbIllee 3Ha-
'IeHHe HMelOT KpeMHHM, BBO.uHMbIM LUISI nOBbIIlleHMSI )l(apOnpO'IHOCrn, H
6op, OKa3bIBalO liiM MO,n:HcPHu:HPYIO ee ,n:eMCTBMe, a TaIOKe 3JIeMeHTbI, 66-
pa3YIO He TBep,n:bIe paCTBOpbI BHe,n:peHMSI, - C 2 , O 2 , N 2 , H 2 , CHIDKalO He
TIJIaCrn'IHOCTb, HO rrOBbIIllalO IIe rrpO'IHOCTb, a yrJIepo.u, nOMHMO Toro,
YBeJIH'IHBaeT TBep,n:OCTb H H3HOCOCTOMKOCTb. TaK KaK nOCJIe,n:HHe II3 nepe-
'IMCJIeHHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB OTHOCSlTCSI K Bpe,n:HbIM rrpHMeCSlM, HX co,n:ep.>KaHHe B
CTIJIaBax ,n:OJDKHO 6bITb MHHHMaJIbHbIM.
THTaHOBbIe CrrJIaBbI (faCT 19807-91) OTHOCSlTCSI K rpynne JIefKHX
CTIJIaBOB (4500 KT/M 3 ) H xapaKTepH3YIOTCSI BbICOKOM y,n:eJIbHOM npo'IHOCTbIO.
196
TaK, rrpII O,n:MHaKOBOM npOq}iOCTII (HanpHMep, O'B = 450 Mna) H3,n:eJIHSI II3
TIITaHOBbIX CIIJIaBOB B 1,8 pa3a JIerqe CTaJIbHbIX. Y 3TIIX CIIJIaBOB xoponme
)l(aporrpoqHbIe CBOMCTBa H OTCyrcTByeT XJIa,n:HOJIOMKOCTh, B TOM qHCJIe npH
OqeHb HH3KMX TeMnepa1)'pax. TMTaHOBbIe CIIJIaBbI npaKTIIqecKM npeBOCXO-
,!.{SIT Hep)l(aBelOII.(He CTaJIII, Me,n:HbIe M HHKeJIeBbIe CIIJIaBbI B CTOMKOCTH rrpo-
TIIB KOpp03HM B MOpCKOM BO,n:e, a TIlIOKe B TaKMX arpeCCHBHbIX cpe.uax, KaK
BJIIDKHbIM XJIOp, rOpRqaSI a30THaSI KMCJIOTa BbICOKOM KOHQeH'rpaQHH II ,n:p.
THTIlHOBbIe CIIJIaBbI HeMarHMTHbI, 06.rra,n:aIOT HH3KOM TeIIJIOnpOBO,n:HOCThIO M
MaJlbIM K034>4>HQMeHTOM JIHHeMHOro pacnmpeHHSI. BMeCTe C TeM OHH YCTY-
rraIOT CTaJISlM, oco6eHHO C rrOBbIIIIeHHbIM co,n:ep.>KaHHeM yrJIepo,n:a, B TBep-
,n:OCTM II H3HOCOCTOMKOCTH. TMTaHOBbIe CIIJIaBbI y,n:OBJIeTBOpMTeJIbHO o6pa-
6aThIBaIOTCSI pe3aHHeM, MOlyr CBapHBaTbCSI.
3TII CIIJIaBbI KJIaCcH4>IIQHPYIOTCSI no cnoc06y np0U3600cm60, cmpYKmype,
MeXOHUlleCKUM C60ucm60M H cnoc06Hocmu ynpollHflmbCfl mepMUlleCKOU 06po-
6ormwu.
no crroco6y rrpOH3Bo,n:CTBa TIITaHOBbIe CIIJIaBbI ,n:eJISIT Ha aefjJopMupyeMble
H flumeuHble Cruz06bl. HaM60JIee pacnpoclpaHeHbI JIHTeMHbIe CIIJIaBbI BT1JI,
BT5JI6 BT9JI. CnrraB BT1JI o6JIa,n:aeT HaH60JIbIIIeM XHMWIeCKOM CroMKOCTbIO,
ero rrpHMeHSIIOT LUISI H3I'OTOBJIeHHSI ,n:eTIlJIeM, pa60TIlIOII.(MX B arpeccHBHbIX
cpe,n:ax. MexaHw-IecKMe CBOMCTBa HII3KMe. CruIaB BT5JI npIIMeHSIIOT )],]ISI ,n:e-
TIlJIeM, pa6OTalOIIJ;MX rrpM TeMrrepa1)'pax OT -235 ,n:o +350.C. CIIJIaB BT9JI
HaM60JIee BbIcOKOnpOqHbIM H rrpe,n:Ha3HaQeH ,l.{JISi M3rOTOBJIeHHSI Harp}')KeH-
HbIX ,n:eTaJIeM, pa6oTalOIIU1X npH TeMrrepa1)'pax ,n:o 500.C.
no MeXaHIIQeCKMM CBOMCTBaM TIITIlHOBbIe CIIJIaBb£ ,n:eJISIT Ha CIIJIaBbI HOp-
MOJlbHOU npollHocmu, 6blCOKonpWHble, JlCOpOnpOIlHble H n06blweHHOU ruzocmull-
Hocmu.
no crroco6HOCTM ynPOQHSlTbCR TepMHqecKOM o6pa6oTKOM pa3JIIIqalOT
ynpOIlHfleMble H HeynpOIlHfleMble mumOH06ble cruz06bl.
TIpoMbIllIJIeHHbIe HfTaHOBbIe CnJlaBbI - BaJKHeMllIHe KOHCTPYKI-J:HoHHbIe Ma-
TepHaJIbI. CnJlaBbI BT-5, BT5-l, OT4 (a-CruIaBbI), BT6, BTl4, BT8 (a+p-cnJla-
BbI) npHMeH IOTcR:
. B XHMHqeCKOM npOMbIllIJIeHHOCTH (renJl006MeHHHKH, KOMnpeccopbI, Haco-
CbI H .n:p.);
o B MallIHHOCTpoeHHH (KJlanaHbI, 30JlOTHHKH, np}')KHHbI, KOJleH'IaTbIe BaJIbI
H .n:p.);
. B npOH3Bo.n:CTBe KOHCTPYKI-J:HOHHbIX 3J1eMeHTOB (.ZJ:HCKH, JlOnaTKH KOMnpec-
COpOB, 0611IHBKa paKeT H .n:p.).
HeCMOTpR Ha BbICOKYIO CTOHMOCTb npOH3Bo.n:CTBa H 06pa6oTKH H3.ZJ:eJlHM H3
THTaHOBbIX CnJlaBOB, npHMeHeHHe HX OKa3bIBaeTC BbIro.n:HbIM 6J1aro.n:apR HX
KOPP03HOHHOM CTOMKOCTH, .n:OJlrOBeqHOCTH H 3KOHOMHH MaCCbI. O.n:HaKO H3-3a
.n:e<pHUHTHOCTH THTaHa HCnOJlb30BaHHe THTaHOBbIX CruIaBOB BeCbMa orpaHHqeHO.
B HacroRIl{ee BpeM npHMeH IOT BTOpHqHbIe THTaHOBbIe CnJlaBbI (BTBl, BTB2,
BTB3, BTB4), OCHOBY llIHXTbI KOTOpbIX cocraBJlRIOT OTXO.n:bI TeXHOJlOrHqeCKOrO
npOH3Bo.n:CTBa, a TaIOKe CJlHTKH H3 3THX OTXO.n:OB.
197
2.3. TyrOnJIaBKHe MeTaJIJIbI H CnJIaBbI Ha HX OCHOBe
K mYZ01l.llQSKUM OTHOCSIT Me11Ul./l.tl.bl, TeMrrepa1)'pa IIJIaBJIeHMSI KOropbIX
rrpeBbIlliaeT 1800°C. HaH60JIbIIIee 3HaqeHHe B TeXHHKe HMelOT CJIe.D:YIOIl(He
T}'fOIIJIaBl<He MeTaJIJIbI: Nb, Mo, Cr, W.
TyroIIJIaBKMe MeTaJIJIbI HMelOT npOqHbIe Me)lffiTOMHbIe CBSl3H, IffO II o6ec-
neqHBaeT HM BbICOKYID TeMnepa1)'pY IIJIaBJIeHMSI. OHII OTJIlIqalOTCH MaJIbIM
TeIIJIOBbIM paCIIIHpeHHeM, He6oJIbIIIOM TeIIJIonpOBo,n:HOCTblO, rrOBbIIIIeHHOM
)l(ecTKOCTblO. MeXaHlIqeCKMe CBOMCTBa TaKMX MeTaJIJIOB 3aBHCSlT OT crroco6a
rrpoH3Bo,n:CTBa H co,n:ep)l(aHMSI npHMeceM, KOTopbIe yaeJIHqHBalOT HX xpyrr-
KOCTb. MOJIH6,n:eH, XpOM H BOJIb<}>paM OC06eHHO CKJIOHHbI K XpyrrKOM)' pa3-
pyweHlI10 H3-3a BbICOKOM TeMrrepa1)'pbI rropora XJIa,n:HOJIOMKOCTH, KOTOPYIO
OC06eHHO CHJlbHO nOBbIllialOT npHMeCH BHe,n:peHMSI C, N, H H O. HaKJIerr
rrOHH)I(aeT TeMnepa1)'pY nepexo,n:a B xpyrrKoe COCTOSlHHe. )l(aponpOqHOCTb
T}'f0IIJIaBKMX MeTaJIJIOB MO)l(eT 6bITb nOBbIllieHa KaK JIempOBaHHeM, TaK H
a3OTHpOBaHHeM npH 1l00...1200°C B a30Te.
EOJIbIIIOM He,n:OCTaTOK T}'I'OrrJIaBKMX MeTaJIJIOB - HH3KaSI )l(apOCTOM-
KOCTb, n03TOM)' rrpII TeMnepa1)'pax CBbIllie 400...600°C HX H}')KHO 3all(HIl(aTb
OT OKMCJIeHMSI. TyrOIIJIaBKHe MeTaJIJIbI TPy,n:HO o6pa6aTbIBaIOTCSI, TaK KaK
HMelOT 60JIbIIIOe conpOmBJIeHHe IIJIaCmqeCKOM)' ,n:e<}>opMHpoBaHIIIO.
CIIJIaBbI Ha OCHOBe T}'I'OIIJIaBKMX MeTaJIJIOB 06JIa,n:a1OT 60JIee BbICOKOM
)l(apOnpOqHOCTblO, qeM caMII qHCTbIe MeTaJIJIbI (l500...2000°C). TyroIIJIaB-
KMe MeTaJIJIbI JIemPYIOT B JIBYX QeJISlx: a) ,l.{JISi }'MeHbIIIeHMSI HX CKJIOHHOCTH
K XpyrrKOM)' pa3pyweHHIO; 6) ,l.{JISi rrOBbIIIIeHHSI rrpOqHOCTHbIX II )l(aponpoq-
HbIX XapaKTepHcmK. CIIJIaBbI Ha OCHOBe TYI'0IIJIaBKMX MeTaJIJIOB rro.n.pa3,n:e-
JISlIOT Ha ,n:Be rpyrrnbI:
1) CIIJIaBbI co CTPYKTYPOM TBep,n:oro paCTBopa;
2) CIIJIaBbI, yrrpOqHSleMbIe 3aKaJIKOM II CTapeHHeM.
B CIIJIaBaX rrepBOM rpyrrnbI co,n:ep)l(aHHe JIempYIOIl(HX 3JIeMeHTOB (Ti,
Nb, Zr, Mo, W, Ta, Re) BbI6HpalOT TaKMM, qro6bI npH yBeJIlIqeHIIII rrpoq-
Hocm He CHH3HTb IIJIaCmqHOCTb H He yxy,n:IIIHTb .D:pyrHe CBOMCTBa. CIIJIaBbI
BTOpOM rpyrrnbI co,n:ep)l(aT nOBbIIIIeHHoe KOJIlIqecTBO yrJIepo,n:a H Kap6M)Io-
06pa3YIOIl(He 3JIeMeHTbI. IIpH CTapeHHH 3TOM rpyrrnbI CIIJIaBOB yrrpOqHSlIO-
ll(eM <}>a30M SlBJUlIOTCSI Kap6M)IbI, KOTopbIe BbI,LJ;eJISlIOTCH BHYTPH 3epeH.
BUODUii. (Nb) - XHMHqeCKMM 3JIeMeHT V rpyrrrrbI nepHo,n:IIqecKOM CHCTe-
MbI 3JIeMeHTOB, aTOMHbIM HOMep 41, aTOMHaSI Macca 92,9064. TyroIIJIaBKMM
CBeTJIO-CepbIM MeTaJIJI, IIJIOTHOCTb 8570 Kr/M 3 , IIIJI = 2500°C, TeMnepa1)'pa
rrepexo,n:a B cBepxrrpOBO,n:Slll(ee COCTOSIHHe 9,25 K.
HH06HM - BbICOKOIIJIaCmqHbIM MeTaJIJI C OqeHb HII3KMM (HIDKe -196°C)
rroporOM XJIa,uHOJIOMKOCTH. XM:MHqecKM OqeHb CTOeK. XOpOlliO CBapHBaeTCSI.
,[(mI nOBbIIIIeHMSI )lffipOnpOqHOCTH HH06HM JIerHPYIOT MOJIII6,n:eHoM, BOJIb-
198
cPpaMOM II HpKOHHeM. llIHpOKOe HCI10JIb30BaHHe 110JIytIMJI KaK KOMI10HeHT
XHMWlecKli CTOMKliX II )lffipOCTOMKIIX CTaJIeM, II3 KOTOpbIX H3rOTOBJISIIOT ,l.{e-
TaJIII paKeT, peaKTIIBHbIX ,l.{BHraTeJIeM, XHMHqeCKYID H HecPTel1eperOHHYID
aI1lIapaTypY. He.n;ocTaTKM HH06MS1 H em CIIJIaBOB - MaJIbrn MO,l.{YJIb IOHra II
60JIbllIaSI CKJIOHHOCTb K OKliCJIeHHIO npH 110BbIllIeHHbIX TeMIIepaTypax. OcHOB-
HbIMH JIernpYID:mHMH ::meMeHTaMH ,l.{JISi CIIJIaBOB Ha OCHOBe HH06MS1 SlBJUIIOT-
CSI W, Mo, Ti, Ta, V, Zr, Hf II 3JIeMeHTbI BHe,l.{peHMSI (C, 0, N).
CIIJIaBbI Ha OCHOBe HH06MS1 (BH-2A, BH-4) 06JIa,n:alOT xopollieM TeXHOJIO-
rWIHOCTblO, CBapIIBaeMOCTblO II ,l.{OCTaTOqHO BbICOKOM )l(apOnpOqHOCTblO -
,l.{0 1300°C (300...850 MIla). HH06IIeM Hero CIIJIaBaMH 110KpbIBalOT TeIIJIO-
BbI.D:eJISllOII.(He 3JIeMeHTbI SI.n;epHbIX peaKTopOB. CTaHH.D: Nb 3 Sn, repMamrn
Nb 3 Ge, CIIJIaBbI H1I06MS1 C Sn, Ti H Zr IICI10JIb3yIOT B pa,n:H03JIeKTPOHHKe
,l.{.JISI H3I'OTOBJIemrn CBepxnpoBO.lJ:SlllUiX COJIeHOlI)];OB (Nb 3 Ge - CBepxrrpOBO,l.{HHK
C HaHOOJIee BbICOKOM TeMIIepaTypOM nepeXO,l.{a B CBepxrrpOBO,l.{Slll(ee COCTOSlHHe).
KaK qHCTbIM HH06HM, TaK II ero CIIJIaBbI aKTI1BHO B3aHMO,l.{eMCTByIOT I1pH
HarpeBe C aTMOCcPepHbIMH ra3aMH, qTO 'lpe6yeT npHMeHeHMSI 3aII.(HTHbIX 110-
KpbITHM.
MOJlu6iJeH (Mo) - XHMIIqeCKliM 3JIeMeHT VI rpynnbI' nepHo.n;HqeCKOM
CHCTeMbI 3JIeMeHTOB, aTOMHbIM HOMep 42, aTOMHaSI Macca 95,94. CBeTJIO-
cepbIM MeTaJIJI, IIJIOTHOCTb 10200 Kr/M 3 , tIIJI = 2620°e. XM:MlIqeCKIi CToeK (Ha
B03,l.{)'Xe OKliCJlSleTCSI npH TeMIIepaType BbIllie 400°C). COe,l.{IIHeHMSI MOJIH6,l.{e-
Ha 06JIa,n:alOT 3HaQIITeJIbHOM OKliCJIIITeJIbHO-BOCCTaHOBIITeJIbHOM H KaTaJIHTII-
qeCKOM cnoC06HOCTblO. B npIIpO,l.{e Cy:w:ecTBYIDT ceMb H3OTonOB MOJIH6,l.{eHa;
HCKYCCTBeHHO nOJIytIeHbI eII.(e 10. MOJIH6,l.{eH OTHOCHTCSI K C'lpaTernqecKliM
MeTaJIJIaM.
,lLIm H3rOTOBJIeHHR H3 MOJIH6.D.eHa H CnJIaBOB Ha ero OCHOBe H3.LI:eJIHM pa3-
JIHqHbIX npo<pHJIeM MO>KHO npHMeHRTb noqm Bce H3BeCTHbIe cnoco6bI o6pa6oT-
KH: BbJ.lI:aBJIHBaHHe, KOBKY, npOKaTKY, lIlTaMnOBKY, BbITIDKKY H MeXaHHqecK)'IO
o6pa6oTKY pe3aHHeM. lIpH 3TOM .D.JIR 06eCneqeHHR Heo6xo.D.HMOM npOqHOCTH
KOHeqHbIe CT3,lJ,HH o6pa60TKH H3,lJ,O npOBO.D.HTb npH TeMnepaTYPax HH:>Ke TeMne-
paTYPbI peKpHCTaJIJIH3al.{HH.
DOJIee 75% MOJIH6,l.{eHa npHMeHSllOT ,lI)UI JIernpOBaHMSI CTaJIeM, HCI1OJIb3ye-
MbIX B aBHa- H aBTOM06IDIec'lpOeHHH, npH H3rOTOBJIeHHH JIOnaTOK Typ6HH
H .n.p. BecbMa nepCneKTIIBHbI )l(apOnpOqHbIe (,lI)UI peaKTHBHbIX ,romraTeJIeM)
H KliCJIOToynopHbIe (annapaTbI XHMHqecKOM npOMbIIIIJIeHHocTH) CIIJIaBbI;
TaK, CIIJIaB Fe - Ni - Mo CToeK 110 OTHOllIeHHlO KO BceM KliCJIOTaM (KpoMe
Hi) ,l.{0 100°e. MOJIH6,l.{eH - BIDKHeMllIHM KOHC'lpYKUHOHHbIM MaTepHaJI B
I1poH3BO,l.{CTBe HHTeM ,l.{JISi 3JIeKTP"qeCKliX JIaMI1 H KaTO,l.{OB ,l.{JISi 3JIeK'lpOBa-
KYYMHbIX nplI60poB. Ero HCI10JIb3YIDT B raJIbBaHOIIJIaCTHKe (MoJlu6oeHUpoeo-
Hue), a TaIOKe B aHaJIlITlNeCKOM XHMIIH,l.{JISi Ol1pe,l.{eJIeHMSI cPoccPopa, MbIIIIbSI-
Ka, Iq)eMHMSI, repMaHMSI H HeKOTOpbIX .n.pyrHX 3JIeMeHTOB.
! I
199
MO/lu6iJeuupo6auue - HaHeCeHHe TOHKOrO CJIOH MOJIH6,l{eHa Ha nOBepXHOCTb
MeTalIJmqeCKHX H3.lI;eJIHH (maBHbIM 06pa30M H3 CTaJIH, THTaHa, HH06HH) JJ)UI no-
BI>IllIeHHH TBep,l{OCTH, nOBepXHOCTHOH npoqHOCTH, KOpp03HOHHOH CTOHKOCTH B
a30THOH KHCJIOTe, a C ,l{OnOJIHHTeJIbHbIM CHJIH HpOBaHHeM - :>KapoCTOHKocrn.
IIpHPO.n:HbIM MHHepaJI MOJIH6.n:eHHT MoS 2 SlBJUleTCSI JIyqIIIeM CMa3KOM
MSI 'lpynJ:HXCH MeTaJIJIMtleCKHX qaCTeM npH BbICOKHX TeMrrepa1)'pax, rrOBbI-
IIIeHHOM MJIH rrOHIDKeHHOM .n:aBJIeHHII, B 06bIqHOM aTMoc<pepe H rrpII OTCyr-
CTBHH KHCJIOpo.n:a.
CIIJIaBbI MOJIH6.n:eHa JIempOBaHbI Zr, Ti, Hf, Nb, W, KOTopbIe 06pa3yK>T
C nOCJIe.n:HHM TBep.n:bIe paCTBOpbI H ynPOqHSlIOT ero ,[(mI yBeJIIIqeHMSI IIJIac-
rnqHOCrn B CIIJIaB .n:06aBJISIIOT Re. HII3KOJIerHpOBaHHbIe CIIJIaBbI MOJIH6,l.{e-
Ha - 3TO BM1, :QM2A, BM2 (CHCTeMbI Mo - Ti - Zr). 60JIbIIIeM .>KapO-
npOqHOCThIO 06JIa,n:aIOT reTepo<pa3HbIe, TepMWIeCKH ynpOqHSleMbIe CJIO)I(HO-
JIempOBaHHbIe CIIJIaBbI - BM3, UMB30, UMB50, UMlO. ,lVIIITeJIbHyK>
rrpOqHOCTb MOJIH6,l.{eHOBbIX CrrJIaBOB rrOBbIlliaeT BOJIb<ppaM, BBO,l.{HMbIM B
6oJIbIIIOM KOJIHqeCTBe (30 II 50%), - CnJIaBbI UMB30 H :QMB50. CIIJIaB
:QM 10 OTHOCHTCSI K CBapIIBaeMblM CIIJIaBaM H3-3a }'MeHbIIIeHMSI B HeM CO-
,l.{ep.>KaHHSI yrnepO,l.{a II npHMeceM BHe,l.{peHMSI.
XpoM (Cr) - XRMWIeCKHM 3JIeMeHT VI rpyrrTIbI nepHO,l.{HqecKOM CHCTeMbI
3JIeMeHTOB, aTOMHbIM HOMep 24, aTOMHaSI Macca 51,996. TBep,l.{bIM MeTaJIJI
cepO-CTaJIbHOrO l(BeTa; IIJIOTHOCTh 7190 Kr/M3, tIIJI = 1903°C. Ha B03,l.{yxe He
OKHCJUleTCSI. XpOM - 06S13aTeJIbHbIM KOMnOHeHT Hep:>KaBelOII.(HX, KHCJIOTO-
ynOpHbIX, :>KapOCTOMKHX CTaJIeM II 60JIbIIIOrO qHCJIa CIIJIaBOB (HHxpOMbI,
XpOMaJIH, CTeJIJIHT). IIpHMeHSleTCSI MSI XpOMHpOBaHMSI.
CIIJIaBbI xpOMa, KaK II qHCThIM XpOM, 06JIa,n:aIOT OqeHb BbICOKOM CTOM-
KOCThIO K OKHCJIeHHIO, BrrJIOTb ,l.{O 1000... 1100°C. XPOM B 3TIfX CIIJIaBax JIe-
rHpYeTCSI W, V, Ni, Ti, Y (CIIJIaBbI BX-ll1, BX-2, BX-4), a TaIOKe Hf, Mo,
Zr, Ta. CIIJIaBbI xpOMa, KpOMe BbICOKOJIerHpOBaHHoro CIIJIaBa BX-4, MaJIO-
IIJIaCrnqHbIe, HO 06eCneqHBalOT BbICOKHe 3HaqeHMSI MMTeJIbHOM npoqHOcrn.
BO/lb,pptlM (W) - XHMHqeCKHM 3JIeMeHT VI rpynnbJ rrepHo.n:HqeCKOM
CHCTeMbI 3JIeMeHTOB, aTOMHbIM HOMep 74, aTOMHaSI Macca 183,85. CBeTJIO-
cepbrn, OqeHb TIDKeJIbIM (IIJIOTHOCTh 19300 KI'/M 3 ) MeTaJIJI, HalI60JIee 1)'fOIUIaB-
I<:I1:H (tIIJI = 341O°C) H3 MeTaJIJIOB. Ba:>KHbIe CBOMCTBa BOJIb<ppaMa: BbICOKaSI 3JIeK-
'lpOHHaSi 3MHCCMSI npH HaKaJIIIBaHIIH MeTaJIJIa (HarrpHMep, 298. 10 4 MA/M2
npH 2230°C) H 60JIbIIIaSI MOII.(HOCTb II3JIyqaeMoM nOBepXHocTblO MeTaJIJIa
3HepmH npH BbICOKHX TeMnepa1)'pax. Ha B03,l.{yxe npH 06bNHOM TeMnepa-
Type OH YCTOMQIIB K KOpp03HH. K He.n:OCTaTKaM BOJIb<ppaMa CJIe,l.{yeT oTHecrn
BbICOKYIO CKJIOHHOCTb K XJIa,n:HOJIOMKOCTH H MaJIOe cOnpOTHBJIeHHe OKHCJIe-
Hmo ,l.{IDKe npH He CJIHIIIKOM BbICOKHX TeMrrepa1)'pax.
B npOMbIllIJIeHHOM' MaCIIITa6e rrpHMeHSIIOT B OCHOBHOM HeJIerHpOBaH-
HbIM BOJIb<ppaM, a qHCJIO rrpOMbIIIIJIeHHbIX H rrOJIyrrpoMbIllIJIeHHbIX CIUIaBOB
Ha ero OCHOBe BeCbMa orpaHWIeHHo.
200
fJIaBHajI 06JIaCTb npMMeHeHMjI BOJII4>paMa - npOM3BO,lJ,CTBO CnUIeH (OKOJIO
85%). OH BXO,lJ,MT B COCTaB :>KapOnpOqHbIX CBepXTBep,lJ,bIX CTaJIeH (MHCTpYMeH-
TaJIbHble, 6blcTpOpe:>KYllUie) M CnJIaBOB (no6e,l(MT, CTeJIJUrr M ,lJ,p.). qMCTbIH BOJIb-
<ppaM MCnOJIb3yeTCjI B 3JIeKTpOTeXHMKe (HMTM JIaMn HaKaJIMBaHMjI) M pa,u,MO-
3JIeKTpOHMKe (KaTO,lJ,bI M aHO,lJ,bI 3JIeKTpOHHbIX npM6opoB), ,lJ,JIjI CnMpaJIbHbIX
HarpeBaTeJIeH B 3JIeKTpWieCKHX neqax, 3JIeKTpO,lJ,OB, pa3JmqHbIX ,lJ,eTaJIeH ,l(JljI BbI-
COKOBaKYYMHbIX M peHTreHOBCKHX npM60poB, npM aTOMHO-BO,lJ,OpO,lJ,HOH CBapKe.
CWIaBbI Ha OCHOBe BOJIb<ppaMa MOryr 6bITb JIernpOBaHbI Nb, Ta, Mo,
Zr, Hr, Re, C H n;p. Pa:31IHqaIOT OlIHO<pa3HbIe CI11IaBbI BOJIb<ppaMa - TBep-
JU>Ie paCTBOpbI - H rerepo<pa3HbIe, yrrpOq}leHHbIe JJ:HcnepcHoHHbIMH qaCTII-
u:aMII Kap6lI,L1;OB, 60PlI,Ll;OB H OKClI,LI;OB. K oJJ:Ho<pa3HbIM CI11IaBaM OTHOCHTC5I
CI11IaBbI CHCTeM W - Nb H W - Mo, K rpyrrne reTepo<pa3HbIx - CHCTeMbI
W - Ta - C (CI11IaB TCB).
2.4. :QBeTHhIe MeTaJIJIhI H CnJIaBhI Ha HX OCHOBe
MapKupo6Ka l{6emHbLX C11Jla606 OmAu'-taemCJl om npUllJlmou MapKup06KU aM
'-tepHbLX Mem(lflJl06 U C11Jla606, 6 mOM '-tUC/le 6YK6eHHblM 0603Ha'-teHUeM XUMU'-te-
CKUX 3J1.eMeHm06 (CM. ma6J1.. 6).
2.4.1. MeJJ:b H CnJlaBbI Ha ee OCHOBe
2.4.1.1. Meab
Mei)b (Cu) - XlIMHqeCKM:M 3JIeMeHT I rpyrrTIbI nepHoJJ:nqecKoM CHCTeMbI
3JIeMeHTOB, aToMHbIM HOMep 29, aTOMHaSi Macca 63,546. MeJJ:b o6JI3JJ:a-
eT rpaHeu:eHTlmpoBaHHoM Ky6HQeCKOM peIlleTKoM. 3TO MeTaJIJI KpaCHoro
(B H3JIOMe p030Boro) U:Bem, KOBKHM H MSlrKM:M; I11IOTHOCTb 8960 Kr/M\
fIIJI = 1083°C. XHMHQeCKM: OHa MaJIOaKTllBHa; B aTMoc<pepe, cOJJ:ep}l(all{eM
CO 2 , napbI H 2 0 H JJ:p., IIoKpbIBaeTCSI namuHou.
Yamuna - nJIeHKa OCHOBHoro Kap60HaTa pa3JIMQHbIX OTIeHKOB (B OCHOB-
HOM 3eJIeHOBaTblx), 06pa3)'IOmajICjI Ha nOBepxHocrn M3.n:eJIMH M3 Me.n:M, 6POH3bI,
JIaT)'HM npM OKHCJIeHMM MeTaJIJIa no.n: B03.n:eHCTBMeM eCTeCTBeHHOH cpelIbI MJIM
CneUMaJIbHOH o6pa60TKH (naTMHMpOBaHMjI). llaTMHa npe,lJ,OXpaHjIeT M3,!J,eJIIDl OT
KOpp03MM, MMeeT M .n:eKopaTMBHoe 3HaQeHMe. 5I.n.OBMTa.
CpeJJ:H CBOMCTB MeJJ:H Hall60JIee cyrn.ecTBeHHoe 3HaQeHHe ,LI,JUI cOBpeMeH-
HOM npoMbIIllJIeHHOCTll npHo6peJIo ee BbICOKoe 3JIeKTPHQeCKOe COnpOTIIB-
JIeHHe - 0,0175 MKOM' M. 3m BeJIHQHHa npHHSlTa B 3JIeKT]JOTeXHHKe 3a
3maJIOHHOe 3Ha'-teHue - 100%. B TeXHHKe 60JIbIllOe 3HaQeHHe HMeeT TaIOKe
BbICOKaSI YJJ:eJIbHaSI TeI11IOnpOBOJJ:HOCTb MeJJ:H - 394 BT/(M' K). TeMnepa-
TYPHbIM K03<p<pHu:HeHT JIHHeMHoro paCIllHpeHHSI MeJJ:H 1,67' 10 5 K-I.
Bce npHMecH, oco6eHHo BXO,l(SlIl{He B TBepJJ:bIM pacTBop, CHIDKalOT 3JIeK-
TponpoBoJJ:HOCTb, a TaIOKe TeI11IonpoBoJJ:HOCTb MeJJ:H. HaH60JIee CHJIbHO
201
i
}'MeHbllIaK>T 31IeK'lpOnpOBOJl:HOCTb npHMeCH P, As, AI H Sn (CM. pHC. 36).
MeXaHlIqeCKHe CBOMCTBa MeJl:H cpaBHHTelIbHO HeBelIHKH H cyrn.eCTBeHHO
3aBHCSlT OT YClIOBHM H3roTOBJIeHHSI MeJl:HbIX H3J1:elIHM. TaK, B 1IIITOM COCTOSI-
HHH - O'B = 160 Mlla, 0'02= 35 Mlla, 0 = 25%; nOClIe ropSlqeKaTaHHOM
o6pa6oTKM O'B = 240 Mlla, cr O ,2 = 95 Mlla, 0 = 45%.
XOlIOJl:HOe I11IaClWIeCKoe Jl:e<l>opMHpoBaHHe nOBbIlliaeT npeJl:elI rrpOq}lQCTI1
Jl:O 450 Mlla npH CHIDKeHHH OTHOCHTelIbHoro YMHHeHHSI Jl:O 3%. MOJl:YlIb
yrrpyroCTII MeJl:H - 115 000 Mlla. TBepJl:OCTb MeJl:H nOqnI B 2 pa3a MeHbllIe,
qeM Y }l(elIe3a.
CpeJl:H TeXHOlIOrHqeCKMX CBOMCTB Y MeJl:H ClIeJl:yeT OTMeTHTb xopOIliHe
o6pa6aTbIBaeMOCTb Jl:aBJIeHHeM H B03MO>KHOCTb naMKH. K HeJl:OCTaTKaM MeJl:II
OTHOCHTCSI yca,ru<:a npH lIHTbe, HeBbICOKaSI o6pa6aTbIBaeMOCTb pe3aHHeM II
OqeHb I11IOXaSI CBapHBaeMOCTb. B TeXHHqeCKOM MeJl:H MOryI' npHcyrcTBOBaTb
BpeJl:HbIe npl1MeCH, 06pa3yIOIII;He C MeJl:bK>: TBepJl:bIe paCTBopbI - Ni, Zn, Sb
H Jl:p.; lIerKonlIaBKHe 3BTeKTHKH - Pb, Bi II Jl:p.; xpyrrKHe XHMHqeCKHe
COeJl:HHeHHSI - KHClIOpOJl:, cepa.
HaH60lIee onaCHbIMH H3 HMX no BJIHSlHHK> Ha reXHOlIor eCKHe CBOMCTBa
SlBJISlK>TCSI CBHHeu:, BbI3bIBaK>III;HM KpaCHOlIOMKOCTb, H BHCMyr, BbI3bIBaK>-
III;HM H KpaCHO- H XlIa,rJ:HOlIOMKOCTb. 3TH BlI,LJ;bI XpyrrKOCTII 06'bSlCHSlK>TCSI
reM, qTO npHMeCH CBHHu:a H BHCMyra pacnOlIaraK>TCSI no rpaHHu:aM 3epeH.
llo qHCTOTe H3roraBJIIIBaIOT ClIeJl:yIOIII;He MapKH MeJl:H (fOCT 859-2001):
MOOK (He MeHee 99,99% Cu), MOK (99,97% Cu), MIK (99,95% Cu), M2K
(99,93% Cu). B 0603HaqeHHH MapKM nOClIe 6YKBbI M (MeJl:b) YKa3bIBaeTCSI
YClIOBHbIM HOMep qHCTOTbI, a 3areM 6)'KBOM cnoco6 11 YClIOBHSI rIOlIyqeHHSI
MeJl:H: K - KaTOJl:HaSI MeJl:b; 6 - 6eCKMClIOpOJl:HaSI MeJl:b; p - paCKMClIeHHaSI
MeJl:b; <l> - MeJl:b, paCKHClIeHHaSI <l>OC<l>OPOM. B o603HaqeHHe MeJl:H MapOK
Ml H Mlp, npeJl:Ha3HaqeHHoM.wrn 31IeK'lpOreXHHqeCKOM npOMbIIIlJIeHHOCTH
H nOMe}l(aIII;eM HCnbITaHHSlM Ha 31IeK'lpOnpOBOJl:HOCTb, Jl:OnOlIHHTelIbHO
BKJIK>qaK>T 6YKBY E.
fJIaImoe npHMeHeHHe Me,lJ,H - npOH3BO,lJ,CTBO 3JIeK'TpHQeCKHX npOBO,lJ,OB.
llpHMecH nOHH)I(alOT ee 3JIeIcrponpOBO,lJ,HOCTb, n03TOMY B 3JIeKTPOTeXHHKe HC-
nOJIb3}'IOTCR copTa C C}'MMapHbIM CO,lJ,ep}l(aHHeM npHMeceH MeHee 0,1%, TaKHe,
KaK MOO, MO, Ml. Me,lJ,b RBJIReTCR OCHOBHbIM MaTepmUloM ,lJ,JUl npOH3BO,lJ,CTBa
TeJIerpa<pHbIx H TeJIe<poHHbIX npOBO,lJ,OB. OHa npHMeHReTCR .D.JIR H3roTOBJIeHHR
KOHC'Tp}'Kl(HOHHbIX H3,!J,eJIHH B TenJIOTeXHHKe (HarpeBaTeJIeH, pa,u,HaTopoB, Ten-
JI006MeHHHKOB, XOJIO,lJ,HRbHHKOB H ,lJ,p.) H BaK)'YMHOH TeXHHKe. Me,lJ,b npHMeH5I-
lOT B BH,l(e JII1CTOB, npyrKoB, 'Tpy6 H npOBOJIOKH.
EOlIee 30% MeJJ:H M;ZJ;eT Ha rrpOH3BOJl:CTBO CI11IaBOB. IIpel1MyIIJ.ecTBaMH MeJl:-
HbIX CI11IaBOB SlBJUlIOTCSI XOpOlliaSI 31IeK'lpOrrpOBOJl:HOCTb, HH3KHM Koo<l><PMWI-
eHT 1peHHSI, BbICOKaSI I11IaCTWIHOCTb, 601IbllIaSI rrpOq}lOCTb (300...1200 MIIa),
KOpp03HOHHaSI CTOMKOCTb B PMe arpeCCHBHbIX cpeJl:, B03MO}I(HOCTb repMO-
MeXaHHqeCKOM o6pa6oTKM.
202
HaH60JIee pacnpOCTPaHeHHbIe JIerHp}'lOll.{He 3JIeMeHTbI B MeJl:H: U:HHK,
aJIIOMHHHH, OJIOBO, XeJIe30, KpeMHHH, MapraHeQ, 6epIDIJIHH, HHKeJIb. OHH
nOBbIllIaIOT npOq}{OCTHbIe CBOHCTBa MeJl:H; HaH60JIee CIDIbHOe yrrPOqHSlIO-
ll.{ee Jl:eHCTBHe OKa3bIBaIOT KpeMHIDI H aJIIOMHHIDI (npH COJl:epXaHHH 60Jlee
3% no Macce). QHHK H MapraHeu: MaJIO BJIHSlIOT Ha IIJIaCTHq}{OCTb MeJl:H.
IIn:aCTWIHOCTb nOBbIllIaeTCSI npH JIernpoBamm Jl:O onpeJl:eJIeHHbIX KOHQempa-
QIIH aJIIOMHmieM, KpeMHHeM, XeJIe30M. OJIOBO 3aHI1MaeT npOMexyro lHoe
nOJlOXeHHe Me)l()]:Y 3THMH Jl:B}'MSI rpyrrnaMH JIerHp}'lOll.{HX 3JIeMeHTOB.
IIo cnoco6y H3roTOBJIeHHSI Jl:eTaJIeH MeJl:HbIe CIIJIaBbI nOJl:pa3.n.eJUlIOTCSI Ha
oe(jJopMuPYeMble H AumeuHble C1lJla6bl. 113 Jl:e<popMHpyeMbIx MeJl:HbIX CIIJIaBOB
H3roTaBJIHBaIOT JIHCTbI, JIeHTbI, TPy6bI, nOJly<pa6PIIKaTbI Pa3J1HqHOro npo<pH-
JUl. 113 mrreHHbIX CIIJIaBOB MeTOJl:OM JIHTbSl B <pOPMbI nOJIyqaIOT <paCOHHbIe
Jl:eTaJIH H XYJl:OXeCTBeHHbIe H3J1:eJIHSI.
YnpOQHeHHe MeJl:HbIX CIIJIaBOB rryreM TepMHqeCKOH o6pa6oTKH B03MOX-
HO TOJIbKO B TOM CJIyqae, eCJIH JIernp}'lOll.{He 3JIeMeHTbI paCTBOpSiIOTC5I B
MeJl:H orpaHHqeHHO, npH 3TOM paCTBOpHMOCTb HX YMeHbllIaeTCSI C nOHIDKe-
HHeM TeMnepaTYPbI, a KPOMe TOro, eCJIH 3TH JIerHp}'lOll.{He 3JIeMeHTbI o6pa-
3}'1OT C MeJl:bIO IDIH Me)l()]:y co60H ynpOq}ffiIOll.{He <pa3bI (CuBe, CuAl 2 , NiBe,
NiJAI H Jl:p.). TBepJl:OCTb H npoq}{OCTb MeJl:HbIX CIIJIaBOB MOryr 6bITb nOBbI-
llIeHbI B 1,5-3 pa3a 3a CQeT HaKJIena, KOTOpbIH npH Heo6xoJl:I1MOCTH MoxeT
6bITb CHSIT qaCTHqHO IDIH nOJIHOCTbIO OTIKI1TOM (600...700°C).
MeJl:HbIe CIIJIaBbI nOJl:pa3J1:eJUlIOTCSI Ha AamYHU, 6pOH3bl H MeoHO-HUKeJle-
6ble C1lJla6bl.
2.4.1.2. JIamYHu
JIamYHHMu (fOCT 15527-70 H fOCT 17711-93) Ha3bIBaIOT Jl:BOHHbIe II
MHoroKoMnOHeHTHbIe (.n:06aBKH AI, Sn, Fe, Mn, Ni, Si, Pb H Jl:pynIx 3JIe-
MeHTOB B CYMMe Jl:O 10%) CIIJIaBbI Ha OCHOBe MeJl:H, B KOTOpbIX rJIaBHOH Jl:O-
6aBKOH SlBJUleTCSI QHHK, npHqeM ero COJl:epXaHHe MOXeT MeHSlTbCSI Jl:O 49%.
MeJl:b C QHHKOM o6pa3yeT TBepJl:bIH paCTBOp C npeJl:eJIbHOH KOHu:eHTPaQHeH
QMHKa 39%.
IIo XHMH'IeCKOM}' COCTaBY JIaTYHH nOJl:pa3.lI:eJUlIOTCSI Ha 060UHbie (npocmble)
H MHOZOKOMnOHeHmHble (cnel{Ua./lbHble), a no C'l'pYK'fYpe - Ha oOHO- H MHOi!OfjJf13-
Hble. IIpOCTbIe JIaTYHH JIerHpyIOTCSI TOJlbKO OJl:HHM KOMnOHeHTOM - U:HHKOM.
COJl:epXaHHe B JIa'fYIDIx QHHKa BO MHOroM onpeJl:eJISIeT BeJlHqMHY HX Me-
XaHHQeCKHX CBOnCTB (pHC. 59). IIoKa JIaTYHb HMeeT CTPYKTYPY a-TBepJl:oro
paCTBopa, YBeJIHqeHHe COJl:epXaHHSI QMHKa BbI3bIBaeT nOBbIllIeHHe ee npOQ-
HOCTH H IIJIaCTHQHOCTH. llOSlBJIeHHe ( 30% Zn) W-<pa3bI conpOBO)l()]:aeTCSI
pe3KHM CHIDKeHHeM IIJIaCTHqHOCTH, HO npoq}{OCTb npOJl:OJDKaeT nOBbIllIaTbCSI
Jl:O YBeJlJ11ieHHSI COJl:epXaHHSI Zn Jl:O 45%, nOKa JIaTYHb HaxOJl:IITCSI B Jl:BYX-
<Pa3HOM COCTOSlHHH (a + W). llepexoJl: JIaTYHH B OJl:Ho<pa3Hoe COCT05lHHe
(6oJlee 45% Zn) co CTPYKTYPOH W-<Pa3bI BbI3bIBaeT pe3Koe CHIDKeHHe npoq-
HOCTH.
I
,
:1
i
"
I
Ii
"
I!
I.
'i
1'1
i
I
!
i:
I
I':
I'
I
I:
,
203
npOCTbIe lIa1)'HH MapKHpYIDTCSI 6YKBon
JI, ClIeJJ:YIDmaSI 3a HeM u:mppa 03HaqaeT co-
JJ:ep}l(aHHe MeJJ:H. JIerHPYIOmHe 31IeMeHTbI
0603HaqaIOTCSI 6}'KB8MH (CM. Ta61I. 6). B Map-
Ke MHoroKoMnOHeHTHOM lIa1)'HH nOClIe 6}'KB
ClIeJJ:YlOT u:mppbI qepe3 JJ:e(lmc. nepBaSI u:mp-
pa YKa3bIBaeT cpeJJ:Hee cOJJ:ep}l(aHHe MeJJ:H,
OCTaJIbHbIe - cOJJ:ep}l(aHHe COOTBeTCTBYID-
Z 60 mHX lIernpYIDmMX 31IeMeHTOB B TOM }l(e no-
n,%
pH,ll;Ke, KaK H 6YKBbI, HX 0603HaqaIOmHe.
HB COJJ:ep}l(alme IJ;HHKa B HaHMeHOBaHHH MapKM
lIa1)'HH He }'Ka3blBaeTCSI H onpeJJ:eIDIeTCSI no
p33Hocrn. HanpHMep, B lIa1)'HII JIA85-1,5 -
85% Cu II 1,5% AI, OCTaJIbHOe - U:HHK.
MHoroKOMIIOHeHrnbIe 1Ia1)'HH (JIA)I(60-1-1,
JI)I(Mu:59-1-1, JI062-1, JI070-1, JIC59-1,
JIQ40C, JIQ40Mu(3)1(, JIQ30A3 H JJ:p.) MO-
ryr lIernpOBaTbC5I pa3JInqHbIMH ::meMeHTaMH
H MX KOMI11IeKCaMH. TaK, aJIIOMHHHM, KpeM-
HUH, HHKelIb H MapraHeu nOBbIIIIaIOT Mexa-
HnqeCKHe CBOMCTBa lIa1)'HeM H YBelIHQHBaIOT
MX KOpp03HOHHYID CTOMKOCTh. OlIOBO nOBbI-
IIIaeT KOpp03HOHHYID CTOMKOCTh lIa1)'HH B MOpCKOM BOJJ:e. CBHHeu: (1...3%)
YlIytIlliaeT o6pa6aThIBaeMOCTh lIa1)'HeM pe3aHHeM (lIa1)'HH co CBHHU:OM SlB-
IDIIOTCSI aBTOMaTHbIMH CI11IaBaMH, MX HCnOlIb3yIOT MSI H3rOTOBJIeHHSI JJ:eTa-
lIeM B QaCOBOM H aBTOTpaKTopHOM npoMbIIIVIeHHOCTSIX).
K OJJ:HO<Pa3HbIM (a-lIaTYlm) OTHOCSlTCSI lIa1)'HH, cOJJ:ep}l(amHe MeHee 32%
Zn. 3TH lIa1)'HH BeCbMa I11IaCTHtllibI, XOpOlliO naSIIOTCSI, CBapHBaIOTCSI H o6pa-
6aThIBaIOTC5I JJ:aBJIeHHeM B ropWIeM H XOlI0JJ:HOM COCTOSIHIDIX. JIaTYHH, cOJJ:ep-
}l(amHe JJ:O 10% Zn, Ha3bIBaIOT mOMnaKOM (JI96, JI90), OT 10 JJ:O 20% Zn -
nollymoMnaKOM, OT 20 JJ:O 30% Zn - nampOHHblMU (JI80, JI85, JI70). C YBe-
lIHQeHHeM cOJJ:ep}l(aHHSI IJ;HHKa U:BeT lIa1)'HeM H3MeHSleTCSI OT KpacHoBaTOro
JJ:O CBeTlIO-}I(elIToro, nOBbIIIIaIOTC5I npeJJ:elI rrpOQHOCrn OT 270 JJ:O 320 Mlla H
TBepJJ:OCTh OT 470 JJ:O 500 HB. llpOQHOCTh oJJ:Ho<pa3HoM lIa1)'HH MO}l(eT 6b1Th
3HaqJfTelIbHO nOBbIllieHa XOlIOJJ:HOM I11IaCrnQeCKOM JJ:e<popMaIJ;HeM.
a
>K
800
ex
600
400
200
o
20
40
6'" 8,%
Nfla
600 60
o
400
ex.
200
o
20
Puc. 59. BJ/WlHue coiJepJICaHWl qUHlwHa fjJQ30eblU
cocmae (a) U MeXaHUlteCKUe ceoucmea (6) Ilamyneu
TOMnaK HMeeT OQeHb Xopornyro rmaCTH'lHOCTb H BbICOKYJO KOpp03HOHHyIO
CTOHKOCTb. OH npHMeHHeTCH L(JIH H3I'OTOBJIeHHH parmaTopHbIX Tpy60K, .n:enlJIeH
KOH.1IeHCa HOHHO-XOJIO.n:HJIbHOrO o60py.n:oBaHHH, ynJIOTHHTeJIbHbIX npOKJIarIOK,
6HMeTaJIJIa CTaJIb-JIa'I)'Hb, B IOBeJIHpHOM .n:eJIe H T..n:. ITaTpOHHbIe JIa'I)'HH HCnOJIb-
3}'IOT L(JIH npOH3BO.n:CTBa .n:eTaJIeH 3JIeKTPoo60py.n:oBaHlffi, npoBOJIOKH, rnJIb3 H np.
204
B ,l(Byx<l>a3Hblx (a + r3) lIa1)'HSiX yBeJIHqeHHe CO,l(ep)KaHHSI IJ;HHKa CBbIllie
40% rrpHBO,l(HT K pocry npe,l(ella rrpOqHOCTll ,l(O 360 Mlla II nOBbIIIIeHlllO
,l(OlIII XpyrrKOM <Pa3bI B llX C'l'pYKTYPe (B r3-<l>a3e rrpH 450°C rrpOHcxo,n:MT yrro-
PMOqeHHe II o6pa3YeTCSI W-<l>a3a), II KaK ClIe,l(CTBHe 3m Be,l(eT K orpaHHqe-
HlllO rrpl1MeHeHHSI TaKHX lIa1)'Heii B MallillHOC'l'poeHHll. )];Byx<l>a3HbIe lIa1)'Hll
MapOK JI68, ..., JI59 XOpOlliO o6pa6aThIBalOTCSI ,l(aBJIeHHeM B ropWIeM COCTOH-
HIDI, KOBKOM. ,I-b,l(ellHSl H3 TaKllX lIa1)'HeM (rrpoBOlIOKa, 'l'py6bI, rrpyTKll, lIllCThI,
lIeHThI) H3fOTaBJIHBalOTCSI XOlIO,l(HOM I1ITaMnOBKOM H fJIy60KOM BbITIDKKOit
Bce lIaTYHH no cnoco6y npOH3BO,l(CTBa ,l(elISiT Ha ,l(Be rpyrrnbI: oer.jJopMu-
pYeMbie (HarrpHMep, JIC59-1, J1A)I(60-1-l), H3 KOTOpbIX II3fOTOBJUlIOT lIllCThI,
lIeHThI, 'l'py6b1, npOBOlIOKY H ,l(pyrlle nOlIy<l>a6pHKaThI, H flumeuHble (HanpH-
Mep, JIU40C, JIU40Mu(3)1() O/lJl r.jJacoHHo20 flumbfl. JIaTYHH, npe,l(Ha3HaqeH- ;11
Hble ,l(J1S1 <l>acoHHoro lIHTbSl, CO,l(ep}lffiT 60lIbIlIe npHca,n:OK, YlIytIllialOI.U;llX llX
JIlrreMHble CBOMCTBa.
OCHOBHbIM Bll,L(OM TepMHqeCKOM o6pa6oTIill lIaTYHeM SlBJISleTCSI CMSlf1Ia-
IOI.U;HM OTIKMf nepe,l( II1IaCHNeCKllM ,l(e<l>opMHpOBaHHeM rrpH 600...700°C C
Me,l(J1eHHbIM OXlIIDIQ];eHHeM. EcJIII 1pe6yeTcSI nOBbIIIIeHHe rrpOtffiOCTII H TBep-
,l(OCTII ,l(IDI MHOro<l>a3HbIX lIaTYHeM, OXlIIDIQ];eHHe C }'Ka3aHHbIX TeMnepaTYP
rrpOBO,l(5lT YCKopeHHO.
JIa1)'HH, 3a HCKJIlOqeHHeM CO,l(ep)KaI.U;llX CBHHeu:, lIefKO nOJIJJ:alOTCSI o6pa-
60TKe ,l(aBJIeHHeM B XOlIO,l(HOM H ropSlqeM COCTOSlHHSlX. Bce lIaTYHH XOpOlliO
naSIlOTCSI TBep,l(bIMH H MSlfKllMH npHTIOSlMH. XopolliHe TeXHOlIOrnqeCKlle H
IIllipOKllM ,l(Harra30H nO'l'pe6IITelIbCKllx CBOMCTB, KpacHBbIM IJ;OOT H cpaBHH-
TelIbHaSi ,l(eIlIeBH3Ha lIaryHH ,l(elIalOT HX HaH60lIee pacnpOC'rpaHeHHbIMH
Me,l(HbIMll CII1IaBaMH.
llpH Bbme.>KllBaHHH IDIH 3KCII1IyaTaU:HH B lIaTYHHbIX H3,n:elIHSIX HHOf,n:a
B03HHKalOT 'l'peI.U;HHbI - ce30HHoe pacmpeCKueaHue. 3TO HBJIeHHe Ha6JIIO,l(a-
eTCSI fJIaBHbIM o6pa30M B lIa1)'HSlX C CO,l(ep)KaHHeM 60lIee 20% Zn H OTtIeT-
lIHBO 06Hap}')KHBaeTCSI B H3,l(elIHSIX, rrOlIytIeHHbIX XOlIO,l(HOM ,l(e<l>opMaIJ;HeM
(rrpyrKax, nOlIbIX H3,n:elIHSIX H ,l(p). Ce30HHoe paC'l'peCKllBaHHe YCIDIHBaeTCSI
B XHMnqeCKH aKTIIBHbIX cpe,l(ax. 06pa30BaHHe 'rpeI.U;HH SlBJISleTCSI B 3TOM
c.rryqae pe3YlIbTaTOM COBMeCTHoro ,l(eMCTBHSI OCTaTOqHbIX HarrpIDKeHHM, BbI3-
BaHHblX XOlIO,l(HOM ,l(e<l>opMaIJ;HeM, H XHMHqeCKll aKTHBHbIMH Cpe,l(aMH.
2.4.1.3. EpOH3b1
EpoH3IlMU Ha3bIBalOT CII1IaBbI Me,l(H C Pa3JIHqHbIMH 31IeMeHTaMH, Cpe,l(H
KOTOpbIX OlIOBO, aJIIOMHHHM, KpeMHHM, 6epIDIJIHM, CBHHeu: II ,n:p. KOHKPeT-
Hoe HaHMeHOBaHHe 6POH3bI no.rryqalOT no OCHOBHOMY lIefHpyIOI.U;eMY 31Ie-
Memy CHCTeMbI, 06pa3yIOI.U;eM CII1IaB, Harrpl1Mep OlIOBHHHble 6POH3bI. UHHK
H HHKeJIb MOryr BBO,l(HThCSI B 6POH3bI KaK ,l(OrrOlIHIITeJIbHble lIeflIpyIOlIJ:He
31IeMeHThI.
205
il
<l>a30BbIM COCTaB 6pOH3 OrrMCbIBaeTCSI JJ:HarpaMMaMM COCTOmIHSI JJ:BYX OC-
HOBHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB, HarrplIMep AJUI OJIOBSlHHbIX 6pOH3 JJ:HarpaMMOM Cu - Sn.
C'rpYKTYPa H CBOMCTBa 6pOH3 M3MeHSIIOTCSI B 3aBHCHMOCTM OT CKOpOCTH
OXJIIDIQJ;eHMSI KpMCTa.rr.rrH3yIOIII;MXCSI CIIJIaBOB, BM,L(a TepMWIeCKOM o6pa6OTKH
H XapaKTepa o6pa6oTKII JJ:aBJIeHHeM. npl1MeCH CypbMbI, MbIIIIbSlKa, BHcMyra,
CepbI, U:HHKa H <poc<popa O'rpHu:aTeJIbHO BJIHSlIOT Ha BCe BM,L(bI 6POH3, nOHH-
X<:aSI HX MeXaHHqeCKMe H TeXHOJIOrHqeCKMe CBOMCTBa.
EPOH3bI HeMarHlITHbI, KOpp03HOHHO-CTOMKM, HMelOT BbICOKMe K03<P<lm-
QMeHThI TeIIJIO- H 3JIeK'rpOnpOBOJJ:HOCTM, 06JIa,n:a1OT aHTH<PPHKU:HOHHbIMH
CBOMCTBaMH. ,L:(JuI YJIytIllIeHHSI CBOMCTB HX rrOJJ:BepralOT TepMWIeCKOM o6pa-
6oTKe: OTIIrnry, 3aKaJIKe H omyCKY HlIH IIJIaCrnqeCKOMY JJ:e<pOpMHpOBaHHIO C
QeJiblO HaKJIena. OTIIrnr npOBOJJ:MTCSI MH CHSITIDI HarrpIDKeHHM, YCTpaHeHHSI
HaKJIerra, nOJIytIeHHSI OJJ:HOpOJJ:HOM CTpy:KTYPbI; 3aKaJIKa OT 700...750°C 6e3
omycKa - MH YBeJIHqeHHSI IIJIaCTIIqJlOCTM, a C OTrryCKOM - MH nOBbIllIe-
HMSI rnepJJ:OCTII 11 rrpOqJIOCTII 6pOH3bI. EOJIbIillIHCTBO 6pOH3 (3a HCKJIlOqeHHeM
aJIIOMHHHeBbIX) XOpOllIO nOJIJJ:aIOTCSI CBapKe H naMKe TBepJJ:bIMH 11 MSlrKMMH
rrpHnOSlMH.
EPOH3bI MapKMpyIOTCSI 6}'KBaMH Ep, JJ:aJIee CJIe.n.yeT 6}'KBeHHoe H QH<PPOBoe
o603HaqeHHe cOJJ:ep:>KaIII;HXCSI 3JIeMeHTOB (o603HaqeHHe MeJJ:H He YKa3bmaeT-
CSI, a cOJJ:ep:>KaHHe onpeJJ:eJISleTCSI no pa3HOCTM). B MapKe o6pa6aTbIBaeMbIX
JJ:aBJIeHHeM 6poH3 rrOCJIe 6YJq3 Ep CTOMT 6YKBeHHOe 0603HaqeHHe JIernpYlOIIU1X
3JIeMeHTOB B rropH,ll;Ke y6bmaHHSI HX KOHu:eHrpaQHM, a B KOHu:e B TOH :>Ke
nOCJIeJJ:OBaTeJIbHOC'TM qepe3 JJ:e.pHC }'Ka3bIBaIOTC$I KOHQemparurn COOTBeTCTByIO-
III;MX 3JIeMeHTOB. HarrpHMep, EpO<l> 1 0-1 - 6poH3a OJIOBSlHHO-<pOC<pOPHaSI,
cOJJ:ep:>KaIII;aSI 10% Sn H 1% P. B JIIITeHHbIX 6poH3ax nOCJIe KIDIQJ;om 6YKBeH-
Hom 0603HaQeHHSI JIerHpyIOIII;em 3JIeMeHTa YKa3bIBaeTCSI em cOJJ:ep:>KaHMe.
o Jl 0 611 H H bI e 6 p 0 H 3 bl. B COOTBeTCTBHH C JJ:HarpaMMOH <l>a30Bom PaB-
HOBecHSI Cu - Sn npeJJ:eJIbHaSI paCTBOpHMOCTh OJIOBa B MeJJ:M COCTaBJISIeT
15,8%. OJIOBSlHHbIe 6POH3bI MOryr cOJJ:ep:>KaTh JJ:O 14% OJIOBa, C nOBbIIIIe-
HHeM cOJJ:ep)l(aHHSI KOTopom YBeJIHQHBalOTCSI HX TBepJJ:OCTh H rrpOqHOCTb
(pHC. 60).
npaKTHqeCKOe 3HaqeHHe, OJJ:HaKO, HMelOT 6POH3bI, cOJJ:ep:>KaIII;He JJ:O 10%
Sn, TaK KaK YBeJIHqeHHe cOJJ:ep:>KaHHSI OJIOBa BbI3bmaeT nOSlBJIeHHe TBepJJ:oM
H XpyrrKOM B-<Pa3bI, cHIDKalOIII;eM BSl3KOCTh 11 [IJIaCTIIqJlOCTb CIIJIaBa. 113-3a
BbICOKOM CTOMMOCTM OJIOBa qaIII;e HCrrOJIb3yIOT 6pOH3bI, B KOTOpbIX qaCTb
OJIOBa 3aMeHeHa QHHKOM (HlIH CBHHU:OM).
)];onOJIHHTeJIbHOe JIernpOBaHHe OCyIlI.eCTBJISIIOT Zn, Pb, Ni H P. <l>oc<pop
o 0,3%) y.rryqIlIaeT mrreHHbIe CBOMCTBa, a rrpM }'BeJIWIeHHH em COJJ:ep:>KaHMSI
JJ:O 1 % nOBbIllIalOTCSI TBepJJ:OCTh H H3HOCOCTOHKOCTh 6pOH3. CBHHeu: H WlHK
YJIytIllialOT o6pa6aThIBaeMOCTh pe3aHHeM H aHTM<PPHKWloHHbIe CBOHCTBa.
OJIOB5IHHbIe 6pOH3bI I1MelOT CJIem'lOIII;Me MeXaHHqeCKMe xapaKTepHCTIIKM:
B OTO>IOKeHHOM COCTOSlHMH - O'B = 300...320 Mila, B = 30...35%, TBepJJ:OCTh
60...65 HB; B HaKJIenaHHOM - O'B = 500...520 Mna, B = 5% rrpH 180 HB.
206
PHC. 60. BIIUJlHUe cOOepJICaHUJl 01l06a Ha rjJCl306b1U t, DC a
COcma6 (a) U MeXaHUlteCKUe c60ucm6a (6) 01l06JlHHbIX 1083 D
6poH3 (noKCl3aH Hepa6H06ecHblu COIIUOyC ouazpaMMbl
COCmOJlHUJl)
B MallIHHocTpoeHHH B HaCTO lIn:ee BpeM51 HC-
nOJIb3}'IOT 11 MapOK JIHTeMHblX OJIOB HHbIX 6pOH3.
lb 6POH3 MapOK EpO<I>lO-l, Ep04Q4C17 H .n:p.
(fOCT -1) 13-79) OTJIHBaIOTC no.n:llmnHHKH
CKOJIbXeHH , CJIHTKH, H){ He Ha H3I'OTOBJIeHHe
JIeHT, npyrKoB, npoqmJIeM, npOBOJIOKH .lJ.,JUl npy-
.>KHH. OJIOB HHbIe 6POH3bI npHMeIDIIOT TaIOKe .lJ.,JUl
JIHTbIX .n:eTaJIeM CJIOXHOi1 <pOpMbI. O.n:HaKo .lI.JI
apMaTYPbI KOTJIOB H no.n:06HbIX .n:enlJIeM OHH HCnOJIb3yIOTC JIHllIb npH He6oJIb-
llIHX .n:aBJIeHH X napa, TaK KaK HMeIOT 3HaqlITeJIbHyIO MHKponopHCTOCTb. lb .n:e-
<P<>PMHpyeMbIx OJIOB HHbIX 6pOH3 EpIII:Q4-3, EpO<I>8,5-0,3 (fOCT 5017-74)
H3I'OTaBJIHBalOT .n:eTaJIH, Bb:r.n:ep.>KHBaIOll{He OQeHb BbICOKHe HarpY-31m: onopHbIe
llIaM6bI, llIecrepHH, np}')KJfHbI H .n:p.
OJIOBSlHHbIe 6POH3bI 06JIa.n;a1OT BbICOKHMH
aHTII<PPHK1UIOHHbIMH (6oJIee BbICOKHMM y.n:BYX-
<pa3HbIX CnJIaBOB) H yrrpyrHMH CBOMCTBaMH,
KOPP03HOHHO-CTOMKH B aTMoc<pepe II npeCHOM
Bo.n:e. OHH xoporno o6pa6aTblBalOTCSI pe3aHHeM,
rrasIlOTCSI, X}')Ke CBapHBaIOTCSI, qeM .n:pyrMe 6pOH-
3b1, l1MelOT caM}'lO HH3KYJO JIHHeMHyIO yca,n:KY.
no cnoco6y H3rOTOBJIemiSl H3.n:eJIH:H: OJIOBSIH-
HbIe 6pOH3bI no.n:pa3.n:eJISIIOTCSI Ha lIumeUHble H
oerjJopMuPYeMble.
700
500
100
o 20 Sn, %
8,%; ,Mna 0
400
300
100
o
10
20
Sn,%
All 10M U HUe 6 bl e 6 po H 3 bl co.n:ep:>KaT 5...11 % AI. OHH SlBJISIIOTCSI ca-
MbIMH pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIMM .n:erneBbIMM 3aMeHIITeJUlMH OJIOBSlHHbIX 6POH3 H
.n:IDKe npeBOCXOMT MX rro PMY CBOMCTB:
. MeHee CKJIOHHbI K JIHKBa MOHHbIM SlBJIeHHeM;
. 06JIa,n:a1OT JIyqrneM :>KIUlKOreKyqeCTbIO, o6eCrreQHBalOm:eM nOJIyqeHHe
IIJIOTHbIX OTJIHBOK (6e3 MMKporropHcTOCTM);
. xapaKTepH3yIOTCSI CpaBHIITeJIbHO BbICOKMMII rrpOqHOCTHbIMH rrOKa3are-
JISlMH, :>KapOrrpOQHOCTbIO, XMMHqeCKOM CTOMKOCTbIO (KpoMe rreperpeToro
rrapa) H .n:p.
OrpHu:areJIbHbIM CBOMCTBOM aJIlOMMHHeBbIX 6POH3 SlBJUIeTCSI TO, QTO OHM
TPy.n:HO rrOJIJJ:aIOTCSI naMKe TBep.n:bIMH H MSlrKMMH npHTIOSIMM.
EPOH3bI, co.n:ep:>Kam:He .n:o 7,4% AI, oD;Ho<pa3HbI (pHC. 61). OHH OQeHb
IIJIaCTIIq}lbI H HCrrOJIb3yIOTCSI .D:JISI H3roTOBJIeHHSI rroJIy<pa6pHKaTOB pa3JInq-
HOro npo<pHJUI. 3TH 6POH3b1 CTOMKH K HcrnpaHHIO. EpoH3a MapKH EpA5
207
j,
I
1
I
;.
i
I.
1000
900
(/.
800
700
600
500
Cu
5
t1 S ,Mna
5
8,%
800
Al,%
PIle. 61. BJ/WlllUe coOepJICallWl aJllOMUllWl lla rjJa306blu cocma6 (a) U MeXallUlteCKUe
c6oucm6a (6) aJl1OMUllUe6bIX 6p01l3
SlBJISleTCSI MOHernoM, EpA7 rrpeJJ:Ha:maqeHa ,lLJISi H3roTOBJIeHHSI JIeHThI, JIHC-
TOB, a rrOCJIe XOJIOJJ:HOM npOKaTKII - rrpOBOJIOKM ,lLJISi ynpyrHX 3JIeMeHTOB H
TOKoBeJJ:YIlI;lIx rrp}')KHH.
,l],Byx<l>a3HbIe aJUOMHHHeBbIe 6POH3bI 06bIqHO JIempyroT. B KaqeCTBe JIe-
rHpyroIl.(HX JJ:06aBoK B aJIlOMHHHeBbIX 6poH3ax HCnOJIb3yIOT Ni, Mn H Fe.
HHKeJIb nOBbIIIlaeT MeXaHHqeCKMe H <l>H3HKO-XI1MHqeCKMe CBOMCTBa, xapo-
CTOMKOCTh H xapOnpOqHOCTh JJ:O 400...500°C, KOpp03HOHHyro YCTOMq}{BOCTh
H TeMrrepaTYPY peKpHCTaJIJIH3aU:HH aJIlOMHHHeBbIX 6pOH3. ,l],o6aBKM MapraH-
u:a rrOBbIllialOT TeXHOJIOrHqeCKMe H KOppo3HOHHbIe CBOMCTBa. AnIOMHHHe-
BbIe 6POH3bI C MapraHu:eM OTJIHqalOTCSI rrOBbIllIeHHOM MOp030CTOMKOCThlO H
OTJIHqHO o6pa6aThIBalOTCSI JJ:aBJIeHHeM B ropSlqeM H XOJIOJJ:HOM COCTOSIHIDIX.
,l],o6aBKa XeJIe3a, oco6eHHo B KOMIIJIeKCe C MapraHu:eM H HHKeJIeM, rrpHBO-
JJ:MT K rrOBbIllIeHHIO npOqHOCTH H H3HOCOCTOMKocrn 6POH3, yaeJIHqeHI1IO MX
KOpp03HOHHOM CTOMKOCTH.
113 EpA)l(MulO-3-1,5 H3rOTOBJUlIOT <pacoHHbIe OTJIHBKH, llIecrepHH, BTyJI-
KH, a H3 EpAH)I(lO-4-4 - OTBeTCTBeHHbIe ,l(eTaJIH aBHaUHOHHbIX ,l(BHrareJIeM H
TYP6HH. AnIOMHHHeBbIe 6pOH3bI co CBHHUOM 06JIa,u,aIOT nOBbIllIeHHbIMH aHTH-
<ppHKlI.HOHHbIMH CBOMCTBaMH H npHMeHHIOTCH ,l(JIH H3rOTOBJIeHHH JIHTbIX no,l(-
llIHnHHKOB 11 B1)'JIOK. JIHTeMHbIe CBOMCTBa y aJIIOMI1HHeBbIX 6pOH3 HIDKe, qeM y
OJIOBHHHI>IX.
KpeMHucmble 6pOH3bl cOJJ:epxaT JJ:O 3,0% Si. OCHOBHbIMH JIerHpyro-
II.(HMH 3JIeMeHTaMH SlBJISIIOTCSI Mn H Ni. llpHMeHeHHe KpeMHHCThIX 6poH3
orpaHHqeHO TOJIbKO oJJ:Ho<l>a3HbIMH CIIJIaBaMH, TaK KaK OHH 60Jlee IIJIacrnq-
Hbre. I
KpeMHHCThIe 6POH3bI rrpeBOCXO,WIT aJIlOMHHHeBbIe 6POH3bI H Jla1)'HH B
npOtIHOcrn H CTOMKOCTH B II.(eJlOqHbIX (B TOM qHCJle CTOqHbIX) cpeJJ:ax. OHH
208
npl1MeHSlIOTCSI AJUlI13roTOBJ1eHHSI TPy6 H apMaTYPbI, 3KclliIyarnpyeMbIX B yKa-
3aHHbIX YCJIOBHSlX. )J.OnOJIHHTeJIbHO JIerHpOBaHHbIe MapraHueM 6pOH3bI
(BpKMu:3-1) B pe3YJIbTare CIDIbHOM XOJIO.n;HOM .n;e<l>opManHH npHo6peTalOT
nOBbIllIeHHbIe npOqJfOCTh H ynpyrOCTh II HCnOJIb3yIOTCSI B Bl1,L(e JIeHTbI (IDIH
npOBOJIOKl1), a TaIOKe )IJISI H3roT0BJ1eHHSI KOpp03110HHOCTOMKI1X npy:>KI1H,
BTYJIOK H .n;pyrHX ynpyrmc. 3JIeMeHTOB, 3aMeHSISI B MallIHHOC1poeHHH .n;oporo-
CTOSlll.{He OJIOBSlHHbIe H 6epllJIJIHeBble 6POH3bI npH TeMnepa'fYPID{ 3KclliIya-
TaU;HI1 .n;o 250°C. KpeMHHcTbIe 6POH3bI JIerKO o6pa6aThIBalOTCSI lIaBJIeHHeM,
pe3aHHeM 11 CBapliBaIOTCSI.
E e P Uflfl U ee bl e 6 po H 3 bl co.n;ep.>KaT 1,8...2,5% Be, npHMeHSIIOTCSI B
npoMbIllI1IeHHOCm nOCJIe ynp0qJfeHHSI nyreM 3aKaJIKI1 H OTIIyCKa. C1pyKTypa
3mx 6POH3 (Hanpl1Mep, BpB2) nOCJIe TepMHqeCKOM o6pa6oTKl1 co.n;ep:>KMT
BbI.IJ:eJIeHHSI CuBe, OqeHb .n;llcnepcHbIe H pacnOJIO.>KeHHbIe onpe.n;eJIeHHblM
06Pa30M BHyrpH 3epeH TBep.n;Oro paCTBOpa. 06pa30BaHHe BbICOKo.n;Hcnepc-
HblX BKJIlOqeHHM CuBe npHBo.n;HT K OqeHb 60JIbllIOMY ynpoqHeHHIO 6POH3:
O'B = 1200...1300 Mila, TBep.n;OCTb 350...400 HB npH CHIDKeHHH JI1IaCTllq-
Hocm .n;o 1,2...2%. KpoMe TOro, ynpOqHeHHbIe 6epIDIJIHeBble 6POH3bI xa-
paKTepH3YlOTCSI I1CKJIlOqHTeJIbHO BbICOKOM ynpyroCTblO H nOBbIllIeHHoM
3JIeK1pOnpoBO.n;HocTblO. OHH XOpOlliO o6pa6aThIBalOTCSI pe3aHlieM H CBapH-
BaIOTCSI. He.n;ocTaTOK 6POH3bI BpB2 - BbICOKaSI TOKCHqHOCTh napoB 6epIDI-
JIHSI, qTO 1pe6yeT COOTBeTCTByIOll.{eM reXHHKI1 6e30nacHocm npH lliIaBKe.
EePMJIJIHM OTJIMqaeT OqeHb BbICOKa5I TOKCMqHOCTb. ITorra,u,M B JIerIG1e, OH
BbI3bIBaeT TIDKeJIOe JIerOqHOe 3a6oJIeBaHMe (6epMJIJIM03). Ha KO>Ke 6epMJIJII1eBM
rrbIJIb BbI3bIBaeT 3y,!J" a rrpM rrOrra.D.aHMM B paHKM - orryxOJIM M 5I3Bbl. B aTMoc<pepe
rrpOM3BO,!J,CTBeHHbIX rrOMellIeHMM He ,!J,orrycKaeTC5I cO,!J,epxaHMe 6epMJIJIM5I 60JIee
0,001 Mr/M 3 .
OCHOBHbIMII JIerHpyIOll.{HMH 3JIeMeHTaMH 6epIDIJIHeBbIX 6POH3 SlBJIHIOTCSI
Mn, Ni, Fe, Co, Ti H .n;p. Mn BBO.n;MTCSI KaK 3aMemrreJIb 6epIDIJIHSI MSI
}'MeHbllIeHHSI CTOHMocm, Ti, Ni 11 .n;p. HrpalOT pOJIb ynpOqHHTeJIeM, no-
CKOJIbKY 06Pa3yIOT Pa3JIHqJfOro po.n;a XI1MllqeCKI1e coe.n;HHeHHSI; Ni, Fe H Co
3aMeMSIIOT npouecc <l>a30BblX npeBpall.{eHHM, qTO 3HaQMTeJIbHO 06JIerqaeT
TeXHOJIOrHQeCKI1e npoueCCbI 3aKaJIKI1; Ni 3a.n.ep:>KMBaeT peKpliCTaJIJIH3aU: HIO
6epl1.JIJIHeBOM 6pOH3bI H cnoc06cTByeT no.rryqeHI1IO 60JIee paBHOMepHoM C1pyK-
TYPbI. BBe.n;eHHe MafHHSI B KOJIHQeCTBe 0,1% yBeJIHQHBaeT 3<l><l>eKT .n;Hcnep-
CHOHHOro ynpOQHeHHSI, HO .n;aJIbHeMllIee nOBbIllIeHHe ero KOHu:eH1paU:HH .n;o
0,25% H 60JIee npHBo.n;HT K 3HaQlfreJIbHOMY CHIDKeHHIO lliIaCmQHOcm.
EepMJIJIMeBbIe 6pOH3bI 113-3a BbICOKOM CTOMMOCTM MCrrOJIb3}1OTC5I ,lI,JUl M3ro-
TOBJIeHM5I oco60 OTBeTCTBeHHbIX M3.n:eJIMM (KOH'rpOJIbHO-M3MepMTeJIbHbIX rrpM6o-
pOB, CrrelJ.MaJIbHbIX MHC'fPYMeHToB), B KaqeCTBe KOHTaKTOB, paTbeMOB, llIThlpeM,
a TaIOKe pa3JIMqHbIX yrrpymx 3JIeMeHTOB (JIeHT, rrpy)l(MH, rrpOBOJIOKM M .n:p.)
B aBMa MOHHOM arrrrapaTYPe, pa,u,110TeXHMKe, cpe.n:CTBax CB5I3M, aTOMHOM M KOC-
MMqeCKOM TeXHMKe. AHTM<PPI1Kl1.MoHHbIe CBOMCTBa 3TMX 6pOH3 yqMTblBaIOTC5I
i:
r
I
!
I
i'
!
209
I
I
!
I,
I
!
I
npH H3rOTOBJIeHHH nO,lJ,IlIHnHHKOB, 3KCnJIyaTHpyeMbIX npH 60JIbllIHX CKOpoCTIDC,
.n:aBJIeHHIDC H nOBbIllIeHHbIX TeMnepaTYPax, a TaIOKe llIeCTepeH, 3y6'laTbIX KOJIeC,
'lepBH'lHI>IX nepe.n:a'l H .n:p.
BaxHOH TeXHOJIOrH'leCKOH xapaIcrepHcTHKOH 6epHJIJmeBbIX 6POH3, B 'laCT-
HOCTH EpE2, HBJIHeTCH BeJIH'lHHa Kopo6JIeHHH (.n:ecpopMaUHH). OC06eHHO He-
XeJIaTeJIbHa 3Ta ,lJ,ecpopMaUHH B TO'lHbIX H3.n:eJIHHX oco60 MaJIOH xeCTKOCTH, Ha
KOTopbIe YCTaHaBJIHBaIOT CTpome ,lJ,onYCKH no pa3MepaM. ,[(;IH }'MeHbllIeHHH Be-
JIH'lHHbI .n:ecpopMaUHH Ha Bcex npH60poC'TpOHTeJIbHbIX 3aBO,lJ,ax CTapeHHe H3.lte-
JIHH H3 6epHJIJIHeBbIX 6pOH3 npOBo.n:5IT B CneUHaJIbHbIX 3IDKHMax.
C 6 U H l{ 0 6 bl e 6 po H 3 bl co,n:ep:>KaT 27...33% Pb. CBHHel( npaKTM'leCKH
He paCTBopSleTCSI B >KH)],KOM Me,n:H, H n03TOM)' CI1JIaBbI 6POH3 rrOCJIe 3aTBep-
,n:eBaHHSI HMelOT MHKpOC'rpYI<TYPY, COCTOSlIIO'ID H3 3epeH Me,n:H H 3BTeKTHKM
(Cu + Pb), 3aJIeralOmeM no rpaHHu:aM :repeH Me,n:H B Bl1,L(e KaI1JIe06pa3HblX
CKOI1JIeHHM. TaKaSI MHKpocTPYKTYPa 6pOH3bI o6eCneqHBaeT ee BbICOKHe aH-
rn<PPHKu:HoHHbIe CBoMcTBa.
CBHHu:oBbIe 6pOH3bI (HanpliMep, BpC30) 06JIa,n:a1OT 60JIee BbICOKOM Terr-
JIOCTOMKOCTblO, qeM OJIOBSlHHbIe, H ,n:onYCKaIOT HarpeBbI ,n:o 300...320°C.
TIPH TaKHX TeMnepaTYPax CBHHU:OBbIe BKJIlOqeHHSI rro,n:I1JIaBIDlIOTCSI II )IGf,LI;-
KHM CBHHeu: BbIIIOJIHSleT <PYHKU:Hll CMa30QHoro MaTepHaJIa, }'MeHbWalOmero
K03<P<Plll(HeHT Tj)eHHSI. He,n:ocTaTKOM CI1JIaBa BpC30 SlBJISleTCSI CKJIOHHOCTh
K JIHKBal(HH no I1JIOTHOCTll.
CBHHu:oBbIe 6POH3bI JIernpyIOT OJIOBOM 11 HHKeJIeM, KOTopbIe, pacTBopH-
SlCb B Me,n:H, nOBbIllIaIOT H3HOCOCTOMKOCTh 6pOH3 (BpOC8-12, BpCH60-2,5).
HeBbIcoKHe MeXaHllQeCKHe CBOMCTBa 3TllX 6POH3 (O'B = 60 MTIa, B = 4%)
n03BOJISIIOT HCnOJIb30BaTb HX B TeXHHKe B OCHOBHOM B KaQeCTBe 6HMeTaJI-
JIHQeCKHX no,n:llIHnHHKOB. TaKHe nO)UllHrrHHKH OTJIHQalOTCSI npocToTOM H3-
rOTOBJIeHHSI (6pOH3Y HaI1JIaBJISIIOT TOHKHM CJIOeM Ha CTaJIbHbIe JIeHThI HlIII
Tpy6bI) H B03MO)I(HOCTblO 3aMeHbI npH ll3HallIHBaHHll.
DUMemQ./l./l - KOMn03HlI.HOHHbIH MaTepHaJI H3 .n:BYX CJIOeB pa3Hopo.n:HbIX Me-
TaJIJIOB HJIH cruIaBOB (HanpHMep, CTaJIb H aJIIOMHHHH), npHMeIDIeMbIH .lUIH no-
BbIllIeHHH npO'lHOCTH H xapocTOHKOCTH KOHCTPYKUHH, CHHxeHHH HX MaCCbI
HJIH KaK MaTepHaJI co CneUHaJIbHbIMH CBOHCTBaMH.
2.4.1.4. MeoHo-HuKefle6ble C1lJla6bl
MeiJHo-HUKe.IIe6b1.MU Ha3bIBalOT C1I.Ila6bl Ha OCHOBe Me,n:ll, B KOTOpblX JIe-
rnpyIOmHM 3JIeMeHTOM, onpe,n:eJISlIOIUliM OCHOBHbIe CBoMcTBa CI1JIaBa, SlBJUI-
eTCSI HHKeJIb. Me,n:b C HHKeJIeM o6pa3yeT HenpepblBHbIM PM TBep,n:blX pa-
CTBOpOB. ,l],o6aBKa HHKeJUI K Me,n:H YBeJIHQHBaeT TBep,n:oCTh, rrpoQHOCTh II
3JIeKTPocorrpOrnBJIeHHe, }'MeHbllIaeT TepMHQecKMi1: K03<P<Plll(HeHT 3JIeKTPO-
cOnpOrnBJIeHHSI H nOBbIlliaeT KOpp03110HHyIO CTOMKOCTh BO MHOrnx cpe,n:ax.
Me,n:Ho-HHKeJIeBbIe CI1JIaBbI Bb:r,n:eJIeHbI B oco6yIO rpyrrrry (faCT 492-73).
TIo HarrpaBJIeHHIO HCnOJIb30BaHHSI HX ,n:eJUlT Ha KOHcmpYKl{UOHHble (MeJIbXHOp,
210
Heii3RJIb6ep, KYHMaJIb) M 31leKmpomexHuIlecKue (KOneJIb, KOHCTaHTaH, MaH-
raHMH).
MapKMpOBKa 3TIIX crumBOB 06pa30BaHa H3 6y:KB MH M .l.{H<}JPbI, YKa3bI-
BalOIl(eii C}'MMapHOe CO.D:epXaHMe Ni + Co, HanplIMep MH19 - Me.D:HO-HH-
KeJIeBbIii crumB, cO.D:epxaIl(Hii 19% (Ni + Co), OCTaJIbHOe - Men:b. ECJIH
crumB JIempyeTCj{, B MapKe YKa3bIBalOT BBen:eHHbIe ::weMeHThI H MX co.n:ep-
}KaHHe Qepe3 .D:e<}JHCbI B nOPMKe MX ynoMMHaHHSI.
MeJlbXUOP - CITJIaB Cu (OCHOBa) maBHbIM 06pa30M C Ni (5...30%). HarrpM-
Mep, MeJIbXMOpbI MH19 M MlDKMu30-0,8-1, - 0,ll;Ho<pa3HbIe CrrJIaBbI M3
a-TBep,ll;OfO paCTBopa cepe6pMcrofo l(BeTa; O'B = 350...400 MITa. OHM 06JIa.n:aIOt
BbICOKOH KOpp03MOHHOH M KaBMTaUMoHHoH CTOHKOCTbIO Ha B03.n:yxe M B BO,ll;e,
xopollieH 06pa6aTbIBaeMocT . 113 MeJIbXMOpOB M3roTaBJIMBaIOT KOH.ZJ;eHcarop-
HbIe Tpy6bI B MOpCKOM cY,lI;OcTpoeHMM, Tpy6bI TepMOCTaTOB, Me,ll;MUMHCKMH MH-
CTp}'MeHT, ,lI;eTaJIM TO'IHOH MeXaHMKM, XHMM'IeCKOH arrrrapaTypbI, MOHeTbI, M3.n:e-
JIIDI MaCCOBOfO rrOTpe6JIemul.
Heii3u.ttb6ep - CITJIaB Cu (ocHoBa) C Ni (5...35%) M Zn (13...45%). 06JIa.n:aeT
BbICOKMMM KOpp03MOHHOH CTOHKOCTbIO M rrpO'IHOCTbIO; rrpM rrOBbIllIeHMM cO,ll;ep-
>KaHIDI Ni HeH3MJIb6ep rrpM06peTaeT KpacMBbIH 6eJIbIH UBeT C 3eJIeHOBaTbIM MJIM
CMHeBaTbIM OTJIMBOM.
HeH3MJIb6ep MHIU5-20 - 0,ll;Ho<pa3HbIH CrrJIaB a-TBep,ll;OfO pacTBopa
Ni + Zn + Co B Me,ll;M; O'B = 500...700 MITa. 06JIa,u;aeT BbICOKMMM KOpp03MOHHOH
croHKOCTbIO M yrrpyrOCTblO, xopollieH rrOJIMpyeMOCTbIO; JIefKO 06pa6aTbIBaeTcSI
.n:aBJIeHMeM B XOJIO,ll;HOM COCTOSlHMM. ITpMMeIDIeTcSI B 3JIeKTpOTeXHMKe (ITJIocKMe
rrp}'>KHHbI, peJIe, IlpOBOJIOKa.ll:lISI TepMOrrap 11 peocTaroB), aBToM06MJIecTpOeHMM
(MrOJIb'IaTbIe KJIarraHbI Kap6IOparopoB). 113 HefO M3I'OTaBJIMBaIOT rrpM60pbI TO'I-
HOH MeXaHMKM, ITJIOCKMe rrp}'>KHHbI peJIe, Me,ll;MUMHCKMH MHCTp}'MeHT, rrapOByIO
11 BOJUIHyIO apMaTypY, XY,ll;O>KeCTBeHHbIe 113.l1:eJIMSI, MOHeTbI.. ,
KynuD./Ib - CITJIaB Cu (ocHoBa) C Ni (4...20%) M AI (1...4%). 06JIa,u;aeT BbICO-
KOH KOpp03MOHHOH CTOHKOCTbIO B aTMoc<pepHbIX YCJIOBMSlX, rrpecHoH M MOp-
CKOH BO,ll;e; rro rrpo'IHOCTM He YCTYIIaeT HeKOTopbIM KOHCTp}'I<l(MOHHbIM CTaJISlM.
K}'HMaJIb A (MHA 13-3) rrpMMeIDIeTCSI .lI:lISI M3fOTOBJIeHIDI ,lI;eTaJIeH MallIMH rro-
BbIllIeHHOH rrpO'IHOCTM; K:yHMaJIb E (MHA 6-1,5) - .lI:lISI M3fOTOBJIeHMSI IIp}'>KHH
M ,lI;pymx M3.lI:eJIMH 3JIeKTpOTeXHM'IeCKOH rrpoMbIllIJIeHHOCTM.
KOneJlb - CITJIaB Cu (ocHoBa) C Ni (43%) M Mn ( 0,5%), KOHcmanman -
crumB Cu (OCHOBa) C Ni ( 40%) M Mn ( 1,5%), a TaK>Ke Manzanun - CITJIaB Cu
(ocHoBa) C Mn (11...13,5%) M Ni (2,5...3,5%) -: OTHOCSlTCSI K CITJIaBaM C BbICO-
KMM y.neJIbHbIM 3JIeKTpM'IeCKMM COIlpOTIfBJIeHMeM, MaJIO 3aBMCSlll.{MM OT TeMrre-
paTypbI. Pa60'IaSl TeMrrepaTypa KOrreJISI OKOJIO 600.C, KOHCTaHTaHa -500.C, a
MaHfaHMHa - OT 15 ,lI;0 35.C. KOrreJIb (HarrpMMep, MHMu43-0,5) M KOHCTaHTaH
(HarrpMMep, MHMu40-I,5) U.lI:YT Ha rrpoM3Bo.n:CTBO rrpOBOJIOKM .lI:lISI M3MepMTeJIb-
HbIX M HarpeBaTeJIbHbIX IlpM60poB, TepMOrrap, KOMrreHcaUMOHHbIX IlpOBO,ll;OB,
TO'IHbIX pe3MCTopOB. MaHfaHMH (MHMu3-12) xapaKTepM3yeTcSI CO'IeTaHMeM
HM3KOfO TepMM'IeCKOfO K03<P<PMUMeHTa 3JIeIcrpOcorrpOTMBJIeHMSI M O'IeHb MaJIOH
TepMo-3,[{C B nape C Me,ll;blO, 'Iro 06YCJIOBJIMBaeT efO rrpMMeHeHMe B 3JIeIcrpO-
TeXHM'IeCKMX M3MepMTeJIbHbIX npM60pax M pe3MCTopax. -
ii
Ii
!1
,
211
ii'
:r
2.4.2. AlIIOMHHHH H CDJlaBbl H8 ero OCHOBe
MIOMUHUii (AI) - XMMHqeCKMH ::meMeHT III rpyrrnbI nepHo.n;WlecKoJ.!: CH-
CTeMbI, aTOMHbIJ.!: HOMep 13, aTOMHaSI Macca 26,98154. Cepe6pHCTo-6eJIbIJ.!:
MeTaJIJI C rpaHel.{eH'l'pHpoBaHHoJ.!: KY6IIqeCKoJ.!: pemeTKoJ.!:, tlIJI = 660°C, TIJIOT-
HOCTh 2700 KI'/M 3 .
MexaHWIecKIIe CBOJ.!:CTBa OTOXOKeHHoro aJIlOMHHMSI BbICOKOJ.!: qHCTOThI
xapaKTepH3yIOTCSI HeBbICOKMMH rrpOqHOCThIO H TBep.n;OCThIO npH .n;OCTaTOqHO
BbICOKOJ.!: TIJIaCrnqHOCTII: O'B = 50 MTIa; 0'02= 15 MTIa; B = 50%, \II = 35%;
E= 71000 MTIa (B 'l'pH pa3a MeHbIIIe, qeM CTaJIH); TBep.n;OCTh 170 HB. TIpoq-
HOCTHbIe CBOJ.!:CTBa TeXHWlecKoro amoMHHMSI BbIIIIe. XOJIO.n;HaSI TIJIaCTINecK3.SI
JIe<popMarnrn nOBbImaeT npe.n;eJI npoqHOCTII aJIIOMHHMSI, HO OTHOCHTeJIbHOe
YMHHeHHe CHIDKaeTCSI.
AJIIOMHHHH XapaKTepH3yeTcSI BbICOKHMH 3JIeK'lpO- H TeTIJIOnpOBOJIHOCThIO.
TeTIJIOnpoBO.n.HOCTh npH 190°C COCTaBJUleT 343 BT/(M. K); 3JIeK'lpOnpOBO.n;-
HOCTh aJIlOMHHMSI COCTaBJISIeT 0,65 BeJIWlHHbI 3JIe.KTponpOBo.n;Hocrn Me.n;H.
AJIIOMHHHH o6mi.n;aeT BbICOKOJ.!: KOpp03HOHHOJ.!: CTOJ.!:KOCThIO K .n;eJ.!:CTBHIO
pa3JIHqHbIX TIInOB rrpHpO.n;HbIX BO.n;, a30THOJ.!: H OpraHHqeCKMX KMCJIOT. '{{eM
qHrn:e aJIIOMHHHJ.!:, TeM BbIIIIe ero KOpp03HOHHaSI CTOJ.!:KOCTh. Ha B03.n;yxe
aJIlOMHHHH nOKpbIBaeTCSI TOHKOJ.!: npOqHOJ.!: IIJIeHKOJ.!:, npe.n;oxpaHSlIOrn:eJ.!: Me-
TaJIJI OT .n;aJIbHeJ.!:mero OKMCJIeHMSI H KOpp03HH.
Cpe.n;H TeXHOJIOIWIeCKMX CBOJ.!:CTB Y aJIlOMHHMSI CJIe.n;yeT OTMernTb Xopo-
mHe 06pa6aTblBaeMOCTh .n;aBJIeHHeM, CBapHBaeMOCTh (CBapHBaeTCSI He BceMH
BM)],aMH CBapKII), nOJIHpyeMOCTh (O'l'pIDKaTeJIbHaSI cnoC06HOCTh .n;o 90%),
aHo.n;HpyeMOCTh H CpaBHHTeJIbHO TIJIOxyIO o6pa6aThIBaeMOCTh pe3aHHeM.
MapKMpOBKa aJIlOMHHMSI rrpOBO.n;HTCSI no fOCT 11069-74: oco6oJ.!: qHC-
TOTbI - A999 (99,999% AI), BbICOKOJ.!: qHCTOThI - A995 (99,995% AI), A99
(99,99% AI), A97 (99,97% AI), A95 (99,95% AI) H TeXHHqeCKOJ.!: qHCTOThI -
A85, A8, A7, A6, A5, AO (99,0% AI). B KaqeCTBe npHMeceJ.!: B aJIlOMHHHH
npHcyrcTByIOT Fe, Si, Cu, Mn, Zn. TeXHWleCKMJ.!: .n;e<popMHpyeMbIJ.!: aJIIOMH-
HHJ.!: MapKMpyIOT A,lJ;O H A,lJ;1. TeXHHqeCKMJ.!: aJIIOMHHHJ.!: H3rOTOBJISIIOT B
BMJIe JIHCTOB, npo<pIDIeJ.!:, npyn<OB, npOBOJIOKM H .n;pyrnx nOJIy<pa6PHKaToB.
110 o6'beMY npOH3Bo.n:CTBa aJIIOMHHHH H CruIaBbI Ha ero OCHOBe 3aHHMaIOT
nepBoe MeCTO cpe.n:H He)l{ene3HbIX MeTaJInHqeCKHX MaTepHaJIOB. AnIOMHHHH
npHMeH5.!eTC5.! ,WI5.! H3fOTOBneHH5.! :,meMeHTOB KOHC1'pYKUHH H .n:eTaJIeH, He Hecy-
ll(HX HarpY3KH, HanpHMep 1'py60rrp<>Bo.n:OB, naJIy6HbIX H8,lJ;C'l'poeK; B Mannrno- H
aBHaC1'pOeHHH; 3aMeH5.!eT Me.n:b npH npOH3BO,ll;CTBe MaCCHBHbIX npOBO,ll;HHKOB
(Ka6eJIeH, IlIHH, KOH,ll;eHCaTOpOB H ,lI;p.); B MeTaJInypmH KaK nempyIOII.(yIO .n:o-
6aBKY Hcrronb3yIOT B CIIJIaBax Cu, Mg, Ti, Ni, Zn, Fe H .n:p.; B rrHll(eBOH H J{H-
MHQeCKOH rrpOMbIllIneHHOCTH Hcnonb3yeTC5.! KaK MaTepHaJI ,WI5.! xpaHeHH5.! H
1'paHCnopnqJOBKH nHll(eBbIX npO.nyKTOB, BO,ll;bI H .n:p., a TalOKe ,WI5.! H3fOTOBneHH5.!
npe.n:MeToB ,lI;OMaIliHefO 06Hxo,ll;a. qHCTbIH H CBepXQHCTbIH aJIIOMHHHH npHMelUl-
lOT B nonyrrpoBo.n:HHKOBOH TeXHHKe H .n:n5.! nonyqeHH5.! pa3HOfO pO,ll;a 3epKaJI.
212
AAIOMUHue6bte C1lfta6bt 6JIaro):(apSi 60JIee BbICOKMM TeXHOJIOrHqeCKMM H
n01pe6J1TeJIbCKMM CBOJ.l:CTBaM, umpe npHMeHSIIOTCSI B npOMbIlllJIeHHOCTH,
qeM qJ1CTbIJ.I: Will TeXHHqecKJ1i:.i aJIIOMHH..rn:. OpeHMyr.u;eCTBaMH aJIIOMHHHe-
BbIX CIIJIaBOB j{BJUIIOTCSI BbICOKMe 3HaqeHHSI npOqHOCTII (cr B - ):(0 600 MTIa),
y):(eJIbHOJ.l: npOqHOCTJ1 (crJp = 21), KOpp03HOHHOJ.l: CTOJ.l:KOCTII, TeIIJIO- H
::me.KTponpOBO):(HOCTII. AJIIOMHHHeBbIe CIIJIaBbI BXO):(SlT B rpynny JIerKHX
CIIJIaBOB (npH o):(HHaKOBOJ.l: npoqHOCTH H3.LJ;eJIHSI H3 aJIlOMHHHeBbIX CIIJIaBbB
B 3 pa3a JIerqe CTaJIbHbIX). O):(HaKo OHH yCTyIIalOT CIIJIaBaM Ha )l(e.rre3HOJ.l:
OCHOBe no BeJIWmHe MO.n.Yllil yrrpyrOCTII noqTII B 3 pa3a, MaJIOnpID'O):(HbI
.lvm yrrpOqHeHHSI nOBepXHOCTHoro CJIOj{ cnoc06aMH XHMHKO-TepMHlfeCKOJ.l:
06pa6OTKH, H HX TBep):(OCTb H H3HOCOCTOJ.l:KOCTb HIDKe, qeM CTaJIH. HeKoTo-
pbIe H3 HHX He 06JIa.n:aIOT XOpOIIIeJ.l: CBapHBaeMOCTblO.
HaJ160JIbIIIee npHMeHeHHe ):(JISI JIerHpOBaHHH aJIlOMHHHeBbIX CIIJIaBOB
HaxOMT 3JIeMeHTbI, <}JOPMHpyIO.rn;He yrrpOqHSlIO.rn;He <}Ja3bI H 30HbI (Cu, Si,
Mg, Mn, Zn Fe, pe)l(e - Li, Ni, Ti). MapraHel.{ O):(HOBpeMeHHO nOBbIIIIaeT
KOppOOHOHHyIO cTOJ.l:KOCTb, a KpeMH..rn: yq:aCTByeT B 06pa30BaHHH 3BTeKTIlKM
B JIJ1TeJ.l:HbIX CIIJIaBax. JIHTJ1J.1: B CIIJIaBaX cnoc06cTByeT B03paCTaHHIO MX MO-
):(Yllil yrrpyrOCTII. O):(HaKo MarHHJ.I: H MapraHel.{ CHIDKalOT TeIIJIO- H 3JIe.KTpO-
npOBO):(HOCTb aJIIOMHHHSI, a )l(eJIe30 - em KOpp03HOHHyIO CTOJ.l:KOCTb.
XapaKTepHOM oc06eHHOCTbIO C'lpYKTYPbI aJIlOMHHHeBbIX CIIJIaBOB SlBJISI-
eTCSI MX <}Ja30BbIJ.I: COCTaB, BKJIlOqalO.rn;..rn: TBep):(bIJ.I: paCTBOp H HHTepMeTaJI-
JI.H.LJ:HbIe <}Ja3bI (CuAl 2 , Al 2 CuMg, Al 3 Mo H ):(p.).
ArrIOMHHHeBbIe CIIJIaBbI KJIaccw<}JHIJ;l1pyIOTCSI no cocma6)l U OCH06HbtM nompe-
6UmeJlbCKUM c60UCm6aM, cnoc06y npoU360acm6a H 603MOJICHOCmU ynpO'lHeHUft
mepMU'leCKOU 06pa6omKou.
ArrIOMHHHeBbIe CIIJIaBbI no COCTaBY H nO'lpe6WTeJIbCKMM CBOJ.l:CTBaM ):(e-
JISiT Ha CJIe):(yIO.rn;He rpyrrnbI:
· C1IJla6bt 6btCOKOU npo'lHOCmU (cr B = 400...500 MTIa y 60JIbIllHHCTBa CIIJIaBOB
II ):(0 600 MTIa y CIIJIaBOB B95), HMelO.rn;He CJIO.>KHbIJ.I: XHMWleCKMM COCTaB;
maBHbIMH JIempyIO.rn;IIMH 3JIeMeHTaMH SlBillIIOTCSI Me):(b H MarHWH:, a y CIIJIa.sa
B95 - l.{HHK;
· JlCapOnpO'lHbte C1IJla6bt, KOTopbIe HCnOJIb3yIOTCSI npH TeMnepa1YPax 3KC-
IIJIyaTaIJ:HH ):(0 300...350°C (HIDKe, qeM y )l(apOnpOqHbIX CTaJIeJ.l: H THTaHOBbIX
CIUIaBOB). 3'rn CIIJIaBbI npH MeHbIIIeM co):(ep)l(aHHH Me):(H ):(onOJIHIITeJIbHO
JIerwpyIOTCSI HHKeJIeM;
· C1IJla6bt n06btWeHHOU 1IJlaCmU'lHOCmU, co):(ep)l(aHHe Me):(H B KOTOpbIX orpa-
HWlMBaeTCSI 0,5%, BCJIe):(CTBHe 3Toro npOqHOCTb CIIJIaBOB HIDKe 250 MTIa, a
IIJIaCTIIqHOCTb BbIIIIe, qeM y ):(ypaJIIOMHHOB;
- · C1IJla6bt n06btweHHbtX 1IJlaCmU'lHOCmU, C6apU6aeMOCmU U cmOUKocmu npo-
mU6 KOppo3UU, KOTopbIe He co):(ep)l(aT Me):(H H ):(onOJIHWTeJIbHO JIempyIOTCSI
MarHHeM (pe)l(e MapraHl.{eM);
· aHmUfjJpUKlI,UOHHbte C1IJla6bt, npe):(CTaBJUIIO.rn;we c660J.l: CIIJIaBbI aJIIOMII-
HID! C OJIOBOM, HHKeJIeM, Me):(blO H ):(pyrWMH 3JIeMeHTaMH.
,I
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213
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ii,
no cnoc06y npOH3B0)1CTBa aJIlOMHHHeBbIe CIIJIaBbI )1eJISIT Ha IlUmeUHbte
H aefjJopMupyeMbte (npOKaTKOM, npeCCOBaHHeM, IIITaMnOBKOM). 06JIacm
COCTaBOB JIHTeMHbIX H )1e<popMHpyeMbIx CnJIaBOB nOKa3aHbI Ha pHC. 62.
B KIDK)10M H3 3TIIX rpyrrn cyweCTByIOT no,nrpyrrnbI CIIJIaBOB, yrrpOqHSleMbIX
H He yrrpOqHHeMbIX TepMWleCKOM 06pa60TKOM.
TIo,naBJISIIO.w;ee 60JIbIIIHHCTBO JIHTeMHbIx CIIJIaBOB jlBJISlIOTCjI ,n03BTeKTH-
qeCKHMH; 3a3BTeKTIIqeCKHe CIIJIaBbI H3-3a oxpyrrqHBalO.w;ero BJIHSlHHSI HH-
TepMeTaJIJIM)],OB He HCnOJIb3yIOT. JIyqIIIHMII JIHTeMHbIMH CBOMCTBaMII o6JIa-
,nalOT 3BTeKTHQeCKHe HJIH 6JIH3KHe K HHM no COCTaBY, CIIJIaBbI. II03ToMY
IIIHpOKoe pacnpOCTpaHeHHe nOJIyqHJIH CnJIaBbI aJIlOMHHHSI C 3JIeMeHTa-
MH, KOTopbIe 06pa3yIOT C HHM JIerKOIIJIaBKHe 3BTeKTHKH (Al-Si, AI-Cu,
AI-Mg, Al-Cu-Mn, Al-Cu-Mn-Mg H JIP.). JIHTeMHbIe CIIJIaBbI, CoqeTaIO-
.w;He BbICOK)'lO npOqHOCTb H IIJIaCTWIHOCTb, HaxO)1SlTCSI no COCTaBY HeCKOJIbKO
JIeaee TOqKH npe)1eJIbHOM paCTBopHMOCTII npH 3BTeKTWleCKOM TeMnepaTYPe
(CM. pHC. 62).
t
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«+j!
B,%(nONGCceJ
PHC. 62. 06Aacmu cocma606 iJerjJopMupyeMbLX u AumeiiHbLX (lJ/lOMUHUe6bLX CfUla606 Ha
cxeMe iJuaZpaMMbl cocmORHUfl «AI - OCH06HOii AezupYlOU{uii 3AeMeHm B»
JIHTeMHbIe He yrrpOqHSleMbIe TepMHqeCKOM 06pa60TKOM aJIlOMHHHeBbIe
CIIJIaBbI KJIaCCH<pm,.{HpyIOT KaK C1lIla6bt HU3KOU npO'lHOCmU (AJI2) H aHmu-
r/JPUlal,UOHHbte (ACM, A020-1, A09-2), a ynpOqHSleMbIe TepMHqeCKOM o6pa-
60TKOM - KaK cnlla6bt HopMallbHOU npO'lHOCmU, 6btCOKOnpO'lHbte (AJI27,
AJI32) H JlCapOnpO'lHbte (AJI19) C1lIla6bt.
3aMeHa 1JYryHa 11 CTIum nIITeHHbIMM aJIIOMMHMeBbIMI1 crmaBaMM n03BonSleT
nonyqaTb 3HaqMTeJIbHbIH TexHMKo-3KOHOMMQeCKHH 3<p<peKT 3a CQeT CHIDKeHMSI
MaCCbI (MeTIiJIJIOeMKocTM) KOHCTpYKJ.(MH; nOBbIllIeHMSI 3KcrmyaTa MoHHoH Ha-
,lI;e:>KHOCTM 11 .n:OJIroBeQHOCTM; }'MeHbllIeHMSI TpY,lI;OeMKOCTM 6naro,ll;apSl npMMeHe-
HMIO 60nee TOQHbIX JIMTbIX 3arOToBoK, a TaIOKe 60nee neTI(OH o6pa6aTbIBaeMocTH
pe3aHMeM.
214
J(.rrSi .n:e<pOpMMPyeMbIx CIIJIaBOB XapaKTepHa CTpYKTYPa TBep.n:OrO paCTBO-
pa C He6oJIbllIoi1: .n:OJIei1: 3BTeKTIIKH. TaIGIe CIIJIaBbI XOpOIliO no.n:BepraIOTCSI
rrpeCCOBaHHIO, npoKaTKe, rH6Ke, BaJIbU;OBKe H HCrrOJIb3yIOTCSI ,lLJUI II3rOTOB-
JIeHHSl rrOJIy<pa6pHKaTOB (rrpO<pRJIH, JIHCTbI, npoBOJIOKa H .n:p.) H3 CJIHTKOB.
Cpe,ll,M ,lI;e<popMMpyeMbIX aJIIOMMHMeBbIX CnJIaBOB oc060e MeCTO 3aHMMaeT
CruIaB 1420 CMCTeMbI AI-Mg-Li-Zr, KOTOpbIH OTJIM'IaeTCSI caMOH HM3KOH nJIOT-
HOCTbIO (2470 Kf/M3) M 06eCne 1 IMBaeT BbICOKYIO yl{eJIbHyIO npo'lliOCTb (crB/p =
= 17 /KI') M CHIDKeHMe MaCCbI CBapHbIX KOHCTpYKUHH JJ:O 20...25%. CruIaBbl
Hilla AMr Ha3bIBaIOT MaZHtl.IIURMU. OHM 3aHMMaIOT nepBoe MeCTO no o6'beMY
npOM3BO,ll,CTBa Cpel{M ,lI;e<popMMpyeMbIX aJIIOMMHMeBbIX CnJIaBOB, qTO onpe,ll;eJISleT
TaKHe MX KaqeCTBa, KaK BbICOKaJI CTOHKOCTb npOTMB KOpp03MM M XOpOllIM CBa-
pMBaeMOCTb. IIepcneKTMBHO MCnOJIb30BaHMe 3TMX CnJIaBOB B aBTOM06MJIe- M
TpaKTopOCTpoeHMM .lUISI ,lI;eTaJIeH JJ:BMraTeJIeH Ii CMCTeM pacnpeJJ:eJIeHMSI BbIXJIOn-
HbIX ra30B (naTpy6KoB, <pJIaHI.{eB M T.,lI,.)
)].e<popMHpyeMbIe He yrrpOqHSleMbIe TepMIIqeCKoi1: 06pa60TKoM aJIIOMH-
HMeBbIe CIIJIaBbI onpe.n:eJlSlIOT KaK Cn.Jla6bl nooblweHHou n.Jlacmu'mocmu (AMu;,
AMr). )].e<popMHpyeMbIe CIIJIaBbI, yrrpOqHSleMbIe TepMWlecKoi1: o6pa6oTKoi1:,
KJIaCcH<pHU;HPyIOT Ha Cn.Jla6bl HOpMaJlbHOU npo'mocmu ()J.1, ..., )].19), 6blCOKO-
npO'lHbte (B95, BA)J.23), n06blweHHOU n.JlaCmU'lHOCmU npu KOMHamHOU ()J.18) H
no6btWeHHOU (AK40) meMnepamypax Ii KOpp03UoHHo-cmouKue (A,LJ;31, A,LJ;33).
B HaCTOSlIl{ee apeMSI comaCHO fOCT 4784-97 llJISI aJIIOMHHHSI H CIIJIaBOB
Ha em OCHOBe npeMO)l(eHbI 6YKBeHHaSI, 6YKBeHHo-U;H<PPOBaSI H U:H<PPOBaSI
MapIGIpOBIGI. HapMY C 3THM IIMeeTCSI 6YKBeHHo-U:H<PPOBaSI MapIGIpOBKa
B.I1,lI;OB TeXHOJIOIWIecKoi1: o6pa6OTKH rr01IY<Pa6pHKaTOB H II3.n.eJIHi1:, KaqeCTBeH-
HO O'lpIDKaIOIl{aSI MeXaHWleCIGIe, XHMWleCIGIe H .n:pyrHe cBoi1:CTBa CIIJIaBa.
TIpH 6YKBeHHoi1: MapIGIpOBKe aJIIOMHHHeBbIX CrrJIaBOB rrOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO
}'KaJbIBaIOTCSI KOMrrOHeHTbI CIIJIaaa. - AMr, AMu:. TIpH 6YKBeHHo-lJ:H<PPO-
BOi1: MapIGIpOBKe MO.>KHO Bbl,L{eJIHTb CJIen:yIOiliHe 3aKOHOMepHocrn:
1. )J.mI JIlrreirnbrn aJIIOMIDmeBbIX CIIJIaBOB BBe.n:eHa e.lU'lHaSI CHCTeMa 6}'K-
BeHHo-U;H<PPOBOi1: MapIGIpOBIGI (fOCT 1583-89), aHaJIOIWIHaSI npHMeHSIeMoi1:
,lLJUI CTaJIei1:: rrepBaSI 6YKBa A rrOKaJbIaaeT AI, rroCJIe.n:yIOIl{He 6YKBbI - oc-
HOBHbIe JIempyIOIl{He KOMrrOHeHTbI (K - KpeMHHi1:, M - Me.n:b, Mr - Mar-
HHi1:, Mu; - MapraHeu;, H - HHKeJIb, U - U:HHK), qHCJIa, CTOSlIl{He rrOCJIe
6YKB, rrOKaJbIBaIOT cpe.n:Hee co.n:ep)l(aHHe .n:aHHoro KOMrrOHeHTa B rrpou;eHTax
no Macce. ECJIH co.n:ep)l(aHHe KOMrrOHeHTa MeHbllIe e.n:HHHU:bI, 6YKBa, o603Ha-
qaIOIl{aSI .n:aHHbIi1: KOMrrOHeHT B MapKe, KaK npaBRJIO, He }'KaJbIBaeTCSI. fOCT
1583-89 npe.n:yCMa'lpHBaeT }'KaJaHHe B cK06Kax CTapoi1: MapIGI CIIJIaBa.
2. )J.mI: .n:e<popMHpyeMbIx CIIJIaBOB 6YKBaMH B HaqaJIe MapIGI YKa3bIBaIOT:
A - TeXHWleCIGIi1: aJIIOMHHHi1:; )]. - CIIJIaB rnna .n:ypaJIIOMHHa; K - KOBOq-
HbIit CIIJIaB; B - BbICOKOrrpOqHbIi1: CIIJIaB. UH<PPaMH 0603HaqeH YCJIOBHbIi1:
HOMep CIIJIaBa, rrOCJIe KOToporo 6YKBeHHo-U;H<PPOBoi1: MapKHpoBKoi1: }'KaJa-
HO COCTOSlHHe CIIJIaaa C yqeToM TeXHOJIOrHH ero rrOJIyqeHHSI: M - MSlrIGIi1:
II
'I
Ii
! .
215
:1
(OTO>IOKeHHbIM); T - TepMHqeCKM 06pa60TaHHbIM (3aKaJIKa H eCTeCTBeHHOe
CTapeHHe); H - HarapTOBaHHbIM (rrO,nBeprH}'TbIM XOJIO,nHOM IUmCTlIqeCKOM
,neQ:>OpMaU:HH); TI - rrOJI)'Harap'l'OBaHHbIM H .lIp.
B QHQ:>POBOM MapKMpOBKe QHQ:>pa 1 Ha rrepBOM MeCTe 03HaqaeT, qro OCHO-
BOM SIBillIeTCSI aJIIOMlIHHM. BTOpaJI QHQ:>pa XapaKTepH3yeT XlIMHqeCIGIM COCTaB,
rrocne.nHHe .nBe IJ;HQ:>PbI YKa3bIBaIOT HOMeI' CIUmBa. B HOMepe CIIJIaBa TaIOKe
oroBopeHo, qTO rrOCJIe,nIDISI QHQ:>pa 6y,neT HeCTH HHQ:>opMaU:HIO 0 crroco6e
rrpOH3Bo,nCTBa H Ha3HaqeHHH CIIJIaBa, HarrpHMep 0 RJIH HeqeTHaJI IJ;HQ:>pa -
,neQ:>opMHpyeMbIM CIIJIaB; qeTHaJI QHQ:>pa - JIHTeMHbIM CIUmB; 9 - MeTaJIJIO-
KepaMHqeCKMM CIIJIaB; 7 - rrpOBOnOqHbIM CIIJIaB.
TIpHMepbI 0603HaqeHHSI CIIJIaBOB C rroMoIUblO 6YKBeHHo-U:HQ:>POBOM If
IJ;HQ:>POBOM MapKMpOBOK npHBe.neHbI B Ta6n. 7.
Ta6AUl{a 7
/lpUMepbl .MapKUp080K fLlllOMUHue8blX CllJla808
MapKHpOBKa MapKHpOBKa
flernpYIDll{HH nernpYIDll{ID!
::meMeHT 6yKBeHHo- IUf<PPO- ::meMeHT 6yKBeHHO- IUf<PPO-
IUf<Ppomur BaH !..UUppOBaH BaH
AI ('IHCTbIH) A)J;OO 1010 Cu, Mg, Mn, Si AK6 1360
AK8 1380
Mn AMu: 1400 Cu, Mg, Fe, Ni, Si AK4 1140
AK4-1 1141
Mg- Mn AMr 1510 Zn- Mg - 1911
AMr5 1550
Mg- Si AB 1343 Zn-Mg-Cu B95 1950
B96I.u 1960
Cu- Mg .z:u 1100 Cu- Mn )),20 1200
)),16 1160 - 1201
BA)J;1 1191
)),18 1187
K HaH60nee pacrrpOC'lpaHeHHbIM npOMblIIilleHHbIM aJIlOMHHHeBbIM CIIJIa-
BaM OTHOCHTCH CUJlYMUH, iJYPaflIOMUHbt, a6Uaflb H aHmurjJpUKlI,UOHHbte Cn/la6bt.
CUIIYMUHbl - JIerKMe JIlITeMHbIe CIIJIaBbI AI (OCHOBa) C Si (4...13%, HHor,na
,no 23%) H HeKOTopbIMH ,npyrHMH 3neMeHTaMH (Cu, Mn, Mg, Zn, Ti, Be).
CrPYKTYPa CIIJIaBOB rrpH co.nep)l(aHHM .no 11,3% Si (,n03BTeKTHqecKMe CIIJIa-
BbI) COCTOHT H3 rrepBWlHbIX KPHCTaJIJIOB a-TBep,noro paCTBopa (KPeMHHSI B
aJIIOMHHHH) H 3BTeKTHKlI (a + Si). TIpH 60nee BbICOKOM KOHQeH'l'paU:HlI
KpeMHHSI (3a3BTeKTIlqeCKlIe CIIJIaBbI) B c'lpYKTYPe CIIJIaBOB KpOMe 3BTeKTH-
KM rrpHCYTCTBYIOT rrepBHqHbIe KpHCTaJInbI KpeMHHSI B BM.LJ:e rrnaCTHHOK,
rrpHqeM IIJIaCTIIHqaTaJI Q:>opMa KpeMHHSI B 3BTeKTHKe 06ycnoBnHBaeT HH3KlIe
MexaHWIeCKHe CBOMCTBa CRJIyMHHa. B crreU:HaJIbHbIX MO,nMQ:>HU:HpoBaHHbIx
216
;
CHJIYMHHax MOryr 06pa30BaTbCSI qaCnU.{bI CuAl 2 H Mg 2 Si. llpH TepMHqe-
CKOM o6pa6oTKe B pe3YJIbTare 3aKaJIm 3TII Q:>a3bI paCTBopSiIOTCSI, a rrOCJIe
CTapeHHSl, BbI,lJ;eJISISICb B .D:HcrrepCHOM Q:>opMe, yrrPOqHSlIOT ClUmB.
CHJI}'MMHbI MCIIOJIb3yIOTCSI B KpyrrHocepMHHOM npOM3Bo.nCTBe MaJIO- M cpe.n-
HeHarpyxeHHbIX .neTaJIeH, B TOM qMCJIe ,lIJISI ,lI;eTaJIeH rrHeBMO- M rIoJ,lIpOCMCTeM,
TaK KaK 06JIa.naIOT xopOllIeH repMeTMqHOCTbIO 6JIaro.napSl Y3KOMY MHTepBaJIY
KpMCTaJlJIM3aUMM M 60JIbllIOMY KOJIMqeCTBY 3BTeKTMKH. 1f3 HMX M3roTOBJISlIOT .ne-
TIlJIM CJIO:xrnOH KOHclmrypaUMM, HarrpMMep Koprryca 0T60HHbIX MOJIOTKOB, CBepJI
11 .lIp. K rpyrrrre CHJI}'MMHOB OTHOCSlTCSI TaIOKe IIopllIHeBbIe CIIJIaBbI (HarrpI1Mep,
AK12M2MrH), COqeTaIOlI{Me :>KapOrrpOqHOCTb, M3HOCOCTOHKOCTb M pa3MepHyIO
CTa6KnbHOcTb.
J(ypa.tlIOMUHbl - 60JIbllIaSI rpyrrrra ClUmBOB Ha OCHOBe aJIlOMHHHSI C Cu
(2,2...5,2%), Mg (0,2...2,7%) H Mn (0,2...1%). )J;ypaJIIOMHHbI OTHOCSlTCSI K
.D:eQ:>opMHpyeMbIM (KOBKOM, rrpOKaTKOM, rrpeCCOBaHHeM RJIH BOJIOqeHHeM) H
yrrpoqHSleMbIM repMHqeCKOM 06pa6OTKoM CIIJIaBaM. TepMWlecKaSI o6pa6oT-
Ka 06bIqHO COCTOIIT H3 O'DKHra, 3aKaJIm H ecreCTBeHHoro RJIH HCKYCCTBeH-
HOro CTapeHHSI. )J;JIlITeJIbHOCTb CTapeHHSI orrpe.D:emIeTCSI BeJIWlHHOM TPe6ye-
MbIX MexaHWlecmx CBOMCTB.
B CTpYKTYPe .D:ypaJIIOMHHOB rrOCJIe O'DKHra rrpHcyrcTByIOT Q:>a3bI: a-TBep-
,lJ;bIM paCTBOp (ocHoBa) H XHMHqeCme COe.D:HHeHHSI Mg 2 Si, W(AIxCu g SiU>
H .D:p., B TOM qHCJIe CO.D:epxanme XeJIe30. CTPYKTYPOM CIIJIaBOB IIOCJIe
3a.KaJIKH SlBJUleTCj{ npa:KTHqeCKH O,lJ;HoQ:>a3HbIM rrepeCbI.rn;eHHbIM a-TBep.D:bIM
paCTBOp. TIpH eCTeCTBeHHOM RJIH HCKYCCTBeHHOM CTapeHHH B peIIIeTKe
a-TBep.D:oro paCTBOpa B03HHKalOT rpyrrrrMpOBKH, 06p330BaHHbIe aTOMaMII
JIempyIO.rn;Hx ::meMeHTOB (Me.D:H, MarHHSI, KpeMHHSI); npWleM COCTaB 3TI1X
rpyrrnHpOBOK rrpH MaKCHMaJIbHO ,lJ;OCTIIraeMOM yrrpOqHeHHH 6JIH30K K CO-
CTaBY COOTBeTCTByIO.rn;HX H36bITOqHbIX Q:>a3 (Mg 2 S, W H .D:p.). Tame rpyrrrrH-
pOBIGI Ha3bIBa1OT 30HtlMU TUHbe- HpecmoHa. ECTecTBeHHoe cTapeHHe 60JIee
6JIaronpHSlTHO ,zum .D:ypaJIIOMHHa, TaK KaK rrpH,lJ;aeT eMY 60JIbIIIyIO KOPP03H-
OHHyIO CTOHKOCTb H BSl3KOCTb npH pa3pyrneHHH, T.e. OH MeHee rrO.D:BepXeH
XpyrrKOM)' pa3pyrneHHIO.
J(ypaJIIOMMHbI rrpMMeIDIIOTCSI KaK KOHC'rpYKUMOHHbIH MaTepMaJI ,lIJISI aBMaIJ:I1-
OHHOro M TPaHcrroPTHoro MaIlIMHOC'rpoeHIDI. ,n;rn rrOBbIllIeHIDI CTOHKOCTM IIpoTMB
KOpp03MM HeKOTopbIe CIIJIaBbI, rJIaBHbIM o6pa30M ,lI;ypaJIIOMMHbI, fUlaKupYlOm,
T.e. rrOKpbIBaIOT 3aIUMTHbIM CJIOeM aJIIOMMHIDI (qTO, o.nHaKO, CHM:>KaeT rrpoq-
HOCTb 11 M3HOCOCTOHKOCTb).
IlAaKU]J06flHue - HaHeceHMe MeTOl{OM ropWIeH rrpoKaTKH HJIM rrpeCCOBaHIDI
Ha rrOBepXHOCTb MeTaJI]JMqeCKHX JIMCTOB, IIJII1T, TPy6, IIpoBOJIOKH TOHKOro CJIOSI
.npyroro MeTaJI]Ja HJIM CIIJIaBa (HarrpMMep, JIaTYHHOrO rrOKpbITMSI Ha CTaJIbHbIe
JIMCTbI).
A6utlJ1b - CIIJIaB AI (ocHoBa) C .D:06aBKaMH Mg, Si, Mn (RJIH Cr), CU
(B c}'MMe OKOJIO 3%). 3'rn aJIlOMHHHeBbIe CIIJIaBbI OTHOCj{TCSI K HaHMeHee
217
:1
'j
:
!
!
JIernpOBaHHbIM. <I>a3oi1:-yrrpOqHHTeJIeM SlBJISleTCj{ CIDIIIUH,lJ; Mg 2 Si. ABHaJUI
nO):(BepraIOT 3aKaJIKe C 51O...530°C H CTapeHl.fiO npH 160...170°C B TeqeHHe
10...12 q. ABHaJIH OTHOCj{TCSI K qHCJIY CIIJIaBOB co cpe):(Hei1: npOqHOCThIO, HO
BbICOKHMH TeXHOJIOrHqHOCThIO H CTOi1:KOCThIO rrpOTIIB aTMoc<pepHoi1: KOppo-
3HH. OHH HMeIOT KpacHBbIi1: BHeIlIHIIi1: BH,lJ; IIOCJIe l(BeTHoro aHo):(HpoBaHHSI.
11:3 HHX H3roTaBJUIBaIOT KOBaHbIe H llITaMIIOBaHHbIe ):(eTaJIH CJIO.>KHoi1: <pop-
MbI. CIIJIaB A,lJ;31 llIHpOKO HCIIOJIb3yIOT B cTpoHTeJIbCTBe (OKoHHbIe H ):(Bep-
HbIe paMbI), )J)ISI BHyrpeHHei1: oT):(eJIlGI Ka6HH CaMOJIeTOB H aBTOMo6IDIei1:; H3
CIIJIaBa AB H3roTaBJIHBaIOT JIOIDKepOHbI JIOIIacrei1: BHHTOB BepTOJIeTOB.
AnmuljJpuKu,UOHHbte ll.IllOMuHue6ble CMa6bl (fOCT 14113-78) npe):(CTaB-
JISiIOT co6oi1: CnJIaBbI aJIIOMHHHSI C OJIOBOM (A03-7, A09-2, A09-1, A020-1,
A06-1), HHKeJIeM (AH-2,5), Me):(bIO H ):(pyrHMH 3JIeMeHTaMH (ACM, AMCT).
TIpHMeHSIIOTCSI }J,JIJI OTJIHBKH MOHO- H 6HMeTaJIJIHQeCKMX BKJIa,rI,bIllIei1: H BTY-
JIOK, MSI nOJIyqeHHSI 6HMeTaJIJIWlecKoi1: JIeHThI co CTaJIbIO H ):(ypaJIIOMHHOM
MeTO):(OM IIpOKaTKH C IIOCJIe.n:yIOIl(ei1: IIITaMIIoBKoi1: BKJIa,rI,bIllIei1: C TOJIIl(HHOi1:
aHTH<PPHKIJ,HOHHOro CJIOSI MeHee 0,5 MM. TaKHe IIO):(llIHIIHHKH IIpHMeIDlIOT-
CSI IIPH HarpY3Ke Ha HHX 200...350 ():(o 400) Kf/MM2, CKOpOCTH BpaIl(eHHSI
BaJIa 10...15 ():(o 20) M/C H TeMIIepa'l'ype MaCJIa 100...120°C.
MamepU(1Jlbl U U30e/lUR Ha OCH06e (1JlIOMUHUR
IIoJIy<pa6PHKaTbI H H eJIIDI Ha OCHOBe aJIlOMHHIDI nOJIyqaIOT nyreM co aHJ.UI
KOHCTpYKUHOHHO-o6JIHI.{OBOqHbIX MaTepHaJIOB C pa3Hoo6pa3HbIMH 3all.{HTHo-,ne-
KopaTHBHblMH nOJlHMepHbIMH, JIaKOKpaCOqHbIMH, 3MaJIeBbIMH H 3JIeIcrpOTeXHH-
qeCKHMH nOKpbITHSlMH.
00/lbZ0U30/l - PYJIOHHbIH ,lI;BYXCJIOHHbIH MaTepHaJI H3 TOHKOH pH<pJIeHoH
HJIH m8JJ:KOH aJIIOMHHHeBOH <pOJIbfH, nOKpbITOH C HH:>KHeH CTOpOHbI 3arn,HTHbIM
6H'rYMHo-pe3HHoBbIM COCTIiBOM. 3m ,lI;OJIroBeqHbIH MaTepHaJI, He Tpe6}'IOIl..{HH
yxo,na B TeqeHHe Bcero nepHO,ll;a ero 3KCIIJIyaTaI.{HH. OH rrpe.D:Ha3HaqeH ,nM YCT-
pOHCTBa KpoBeJIb H rraporH,lI,pOH30JISlI.{HH aHIlli: H coopyxeHHH, repMeTH3aW1H
CTbIKOB. BHelliHIDI nOBepXHOCTb <POJIbroH30JIa MoxeT 6WTb OKpallieHa JIaKaMH B
pa3JIH'IHbIe I.{BeTa.
00/lbZopy6epouiJ - rH.D.pOH30JISlI.{HOHHbIH MaTepHaJI H3 aJIIOMHHHeBOH <pOJIb-
rH, rrOKpbITbIH C 06eHX CTOpoH 6JITyMHOH MaCTHKOH; BbIIIYCKaIOT ,lI;BYX MapoK,
OTJIHqaIOll.{HXCSI TOJIll.{HHOH aJIlOMHHHeBOH <pOJIbrH. MMeeT BbICOKYIO rrpOqHOCTb
Ha pa3pbIB H ,nOJlroBe'lliOCTb. IIpHMeIDIIOT .l1JISi fH.llpOH30JISlI.{HH nO,ll;3eMHbIX H
I'H.D.pOTeXHH'IeCKHX coopyxeHHH.
2.4.3. MarRuH U CnJlaBbl Ra ero OCROBe
Mazuuii (Mg) - XMMWlecKHi1: 3JIeMeHT II rpyrrnbI IIepHo):(HQeCKoi1: CHC-
TeMbI, aToMHbli1: HOMep 12, aTOMHaJI Macca 24,305; MeTaJIJI cepe6pHcTo-6e-
JIoro UBeTa. KpHCTaJIJIHQeCKaJI pellIeTKa MarHHSI reKCarOHaJIbHaJI IIJIOTHO
yrraKoBaHHaJI. TeMIIepa'l'ypa IIJIaBJIeHHSI 11IJI = 651°C. IlrrOTHOCTh MarHHSI -
1739 KI'/M 3 .
218
Marmrl1: MapKMpyeTCSI no qHCTOTe H BbInycKaeTcSI TPex MapOK (fOCT
804-93): Mf90 (99,9% Mg), Mf95 (99,95% Mg), Mf96 (99,96% Mg).
MeXaHWIeCKMe CBOI1:CTBa JIHTOrO MarHHSI: a B = 115 MTIa; E= 43000 MTIa;
B = 8%; TBep):(OCTh 30 HB.
BeJuNHHa MeXaHWIeCKJ1X CBOI1:CTB MarnHSI MO)l(eT 6bITh yaeJIWleHa npaK-
1WIeCKM B 2 pa3a IIJIacrnqeCKMM ):(e<l>opMHpoBaHHeM.
QHCTbII1: MarHH:H: HMeeT MaJI)'IO YCTO:H:qHBOCTh npOTHB KOpp03HH. Ha
B03):(yxe npH TeMnepa1YPax HIDKe 450°C MarHH:H: nOKpbIBaeTCSI OKCH,JIHO:H:
IIJIeHKO:H:, KOropaSI 06JIa,n:aeT 3a HTHbIMH CBO:H:CTBaMH; npH 60JIee BbICOKJ1X
TeMnepa1YPax :na IIJIeHKa CTaHOBHTCSI pbIXJIO:H: H JIefKO nponycKaeT KMCJIO-
po):( K nOBepXHocrn MeTaJIJIa. Ha B03):(yxe npH TeMnepa1YPax BbIlIIe 623°C
MarnH:H: JIerKO BOCIIJIaMeHSleTCSI.
M3,l{emul H3 Maruml He H3fOTaBJIHBaIOT, OH npHMeHSleTCSI fJIaBHbIM 06Pa30M
B npOH3Bo.n:CTBe JIeI'KMX CITJIaBOB, )J)lSl paCKHCJIemm H o6eccepHBaHHSI HeKoTOpbIX
MeT8JIJIOB, )J)lSl BOCCTaHOBJIeHHSI Hf, Ti, U, Zr H .n:pymx MeTaJIJIOB H3 coe.n:HHeHHH
(MemOJL/lOmepMUR). qHCThIM: MarHHM: HCnOJIb3yeTCSI B nHpoTeXHHKe H XHMHqeCKOM:
npOMbIllmeHHOCTH.
M a Z Hue 6 bt e c nil a 6 bt. OCHOBHoe npeJ1MYI.I]:eCTBO MarHHeBbIX CIIJIa-
BOB no cpaBHeHHIO C OCTaJIbHbIMH npOMbIllIJIeHHbIMH MeTaJIJIaMH - He-
60JIbllIaSI IIJIOTHOCTh (1700...1800 Kf/M 3 ). Bce MarHHeBbIe CIIJIaBbI HMeIOT
cpaBHHTeJIbHO BbICOKYIO npOqHOCTh (a B = 200...400 MTIa, B = 6...20%), xo-
pOlliO nOfJIO aIOT BH6paU;HH. O):(HaKo H3-3a nOHIDKeHHoro (4,3' 10 4 MTIa)
Mo.n:yllil yrrpyrocrn npHrO):(HbI JIHIIIb MSI MaJIO Harp)')KeHHbIX ):(eTaJIe:H:. Mar-
HHeBbIe CIIJIaBbI 06JIa,n:aIOT HH3KO:H: KOpp03HOHHO:H: CTO:H:KOCThIO, oc06eHHO B
KOHTaKTe C ):(pyrHMH MeTaJIJIaMH. He):(OCTaTKOM TaIOKe SlBJUlIOTCSI TPY):(HOCTH
JIHTbSl II 06pa6oTKH ):(aBJIeHHeM. MarHHeBbIe CIIJIaBbI Y):(OBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHO
CBapHBaIOTCSI ):(yrOBO:H: CBapKO:H: B 3a HTHO:H: cpe):(e HHepTHbIX ra30B H XOpO-
1110 06pa6aThIBaIOTCSI pe3aHHeM.
TIo BJIHSlHHIO Ha IIJIaCrnqHOCTb MarHHSI JIerHp)'lO He 3JIeMeHTbI MO)I(HO
pa361ITb Ha ):(Be rpyrrIIbI: a) 3JIeMeHThI, )'MeHbllIaIOI.IU1e IIJIaCTINHOCTh (Mn, Si);
6) 3JIeMeHThI, nOBbIlIIaIO He IIJIacrnqHOCTb npH HX BBe):(eHHH ):(0 onpe):(e-
JIeHHO:H: KOHu;eHTPaU;HH (Li, Zn, AI, Sc, Ce). MaKCHMaJIbHaSI npOqHOCTh
MarnHeBbIX CIIJIaBOB npH KOMHaTHO:H: TeMnepa1YPe ):(OCTHraeTCSI npH KOH-
u;eHTPaU;HSlx JIerHpYIO HX 3JIeMeHTOB, 6JIH3KHX K npe):(eJIY HaCbI eHHSI
TBep):(bIX paCTBopoB npH TeMnepa1YPax HX MaKCHMaJIbHO:H: paCTBOpHMOCTH.
TIPH TeMnepa1YPax 150...200°C HaH60JIee CRJIbHO nOBbIlIIaeT )l(aponpoqHbIe
CBO:H:CTBa MarHHSI HeO):(HM, a B HeCKOJIbKO MeHbllIe:H: CTeneHH - TOpH:H:.
TIpH TeMnepa1YPax 250...300°C, Ha06opoT, TOpH:H: 06eCneqHBaeT 60JIee BbI-
COKYIO TBep):(OCTh, qeM HeO):(HM.
MarnHeBbIe CIIJIaBbI nO):(BepraIOT TepMHqeCKO:H: 06pa60TKe - ):(H<l><l>Y3H-
OHHOM)' O'DKHry (zoMozeHU3au,uu) nOCJIe JIHThSI H peKPHCTaJIJIH3aU;HoHHoMY
O'DKHry nOCJIe IIJIacrnqeCKO:H: ):(e<l>opMaU;HH. HeKoTopbIe CIIJIaBbI MOryr 6bITh
l'
,
"
219
iil
,I,
' , ',ii
. ,
yITpOqHeHbI (Ha 20...35%) 3aKaJIKOM H CTapeHHeM, IIJIaCmqHOCTh CIIJIaBOB
IIPH 3TOM yMeHbllIaeTcSI.
rOMozeuU3au,UR - npH.LJ:amfe O,ll;HOpO.n:HOCTI1 c-rpoeHIUI 11 COCTaBa MeTaJIJIaM,
CIIJIaBaM, paCTBopaM, 3MYJIbClUIM If .n:p.
MarHHeBbIe CIIJIaBbI KJIaccmlml.{HPYIDT no cnoc06y npoU360acm6a, ypoomo
npormocmu, fljlOmHOCmu, 603MOJICHblM meMnepamYPaM 3KCfl.flyamau,uu H 'l)l6-
Cm6UmeJlbHOCmU K ynpO'1.HRIO eU mepMU'1.eCKOU o6pa6omKe.
no cIIoco6y IIpOH3BO):(CTBa MaI'HHeBbIe CIIJIaBbI ):(ellilT Ha IlUmeUHbte (MJI5,
MJI5IIq, MJIlO, MJI12) H aefjJopMupyeMbte (MAl, MA2-I, MA14). XHMH-
qeCKMe COCTaBbI MarHHeBbIX CIIJIaBOB ):(aHbI B fOCT 14957-76 ():(e<}JopMH-
pyeMbIe CIIJIaBbI) H fOCT 2856-79 (JIHTeMHbIe CIIJIaBbI). ,l].ocToHHCTBaMH
MarHHeBbIX JIHTeMHbIX CIIJIaBOB SlBJISIIOTCSI MarraSi IIJIOTHOCTb, BbICOKaJI
y):(eJIbHa51 npOqHOCTh, cIIoc06HOCTb K 1I0rJIOIl(eHHIO 3Hepnm y):(apa H BH6-
paUHOHHbIX KOJIe6aHHM, a TaIOKe XOpOllIaJI 06pa6aThIBaeMOCTh pe3aHHeM.
J.b.n:eJIIUI 1f3 3TJfX CnJIaBOB IfCnOJIb3YIDTCH B pa3JIJfQHbIX o-rpaCJIHX HapOJ(HOro
X03HMCTBa: aBlfac-rpoeHIfIf (.n:eTaJIlf naCCIDlGfpCKJfX KpeceJI, KOJIeC, .n:BlfraTeJIeM 11
arperaToB), TpaHcnopTHOM MallilfHoc-rpoeHIfIf (.n:eTaJIlf .n:BlfraTeJIeM, .n:lfCKJf KO-
JIec, Kopnyca JIO,ll;OqHbIX MOTOpOB), pa,n:lfOTeXHJNeCKOM 11 3JIeKTpOHHOM npo-
MbIIlIJIeHHOCTH (,n:eTaJIlf OnTlfqeCKlfX nplf6opoB, pa,n:lfO- If KJfHOannapaTypbI).
,lJ;eTaJIl1 1f3 COBpeMeHHbIX ManrneBblX CIIJIaBOB MOIyr .n:mITeJIbHO pa60TaTb nplf
TeMnepaTypax BbIllie 300°C 11 KpaTKOBpeMeHHO nplf TeMnepaType 400°C.
,lJ;eQ>opMlfpyeMble CnJIaBbI nOCJIe JIlITbH IfMeIOT C-rpYKTYPY a-TBep.n:oro pa-
CTBopa If If:IDbITOqHOM Q>a3bI mna Mg 3 Al 2 . McnOJIb30BaHlfe TaKJfX CIIJIaBOB .n:aeT
BbICOK)'lO MaCCOBYID 3<l>Q>eKTI1BHOCTb: .D:JIH KpynHbIX KOpnyCHbIX .n:eTaJIeM 3KOHO-
MIUI no Macce COCTaBJUleT 21, 57 If 111% no cpaBHeHlfIO C aJIIOMlfHlfeBbIMIf, m-
TaHOBbIMIf If CTaJIbHbIMIf .n:eTaJIHMIf COOTBeTCTBeHHO. ):(.rrH CHH)I{eHlfH CTOIfMOCTI1
1f3.n:eJIlfM 1f3 MarHlfeBbIX .n:eQ>opMlfpyeMblx CnJIaBOB (Ha 30%) If nOBbIllIeHlfH
ypoBHH MeXaHJNeCKlfX CBOMCTB IfCnOJIb3YIDT rpaHYJIbHYID TeXHOJIOrHIO 1f3rOTOB-
JIeHlfH nOJIYQ>a6plfKaTOB.
no ypoBHIO IIPOqHOCTH MarHHeBbIe CIIJIaBbI pa3):(eJlSlIOT Ha MaflOnpO'1.Hbte,
cpeaHeu npO'1.HOCmU H 6btCOKOnpO'1.Hbte. no IIJIOTHOCTH MarHHeBbIe CIIJIaBbI
):(eJISIT Ha lleZKUe H C6epXlleZKue Cfl.fla6bt. K CBepXJIefKHM CIIJIaBaM OTHOCSITCH
CIIJIaBbI, JIerHpoBaHHbIe JIHTIIeM (MA2l, MA18 - CaMbIe JIefI<He KOHC'lpyKIUI-
OHHbIe MeTaJIJIHqeCKMe MaTepHaJIbI), a K JIefKl1M CIIJIaBaM - Bee OCTaJIbHbIe
CIIJIaBbI. no qYBCTBHTeJIbHOCTH K yrrPOqHSlIOIl(eM TepMHqeCKOM 06pa6OTKe
pa3JIWlalOT mepMU'1.eCKU ynpO'1.HReMbte H mepMU'1.eCKU HeynpO'1.HReMbte Cfl.fla6bt.
npH KJIaCCH<}JHKaUHH IIO B03MO)KHbIM TeMlIepawaM 3KCIIJI}'aTal.{HH Mar-
HHeBbIe CIIJIaBbI pa36HBalOT Ha rpyrrlIbI:
. Cfl.fla6bt o6 ezo Ha3Ha'1.eHUfl, IIpe):(Ha3HaqeHHbIe ,lLJISi pa60TbI rrpH 06bIq-
HbIX TeMlIepawax;
. JlCapOnpO'1.Hbte Cfl.fla6bt - ,lLJUI ):(JlHTeJIbHOM 3KcIIJlyaTauHH IIPH TeMlIepa-
Wax ):(0 200°C;
220
j
j
· SblCOK03ICapOnpOItHble C1l./l.aSbl - ,[(JISI .lLJIHTeJIbHOii 3KCnJIyaTaU:HH npH
reMnCpa'IYPax ,[(0 250... 300°C;
· C1l./l.aSbl OM 3KC1l./l.yamal{UU npu KpUOZeHHbLX meMnepamypax.
MarHHCBbIC CIIJIaBbI HCn01Ib3}'1OTCH .lLJISi H3roTOBJICHlUI HarpyxeHHbIX II
CBapHbIX ,[(eTaJICii ,[(BHrareJIcii (Kop06KH ncpe,[(aq, ropM03HbIe 6apa6aHbI H ,[(p.).
B CBSl3H C MaJIOii ycrowmBOCThIO K KOpp03HH H3.n.emUl H3 3THX CnJIaBOB
OKCuoupYlOmCR, a 3areM Ha OKCHJ(HpOBaHH}'1O nOBCpXHOCTh HaHOCHT JIaKO-
KpaCOqHbIC nOKpbITIDI.
OtccuiJlIp06QHue - npC,IJ;HaMCpCHHOC OKHCJICHHC nOBcpXHOCTH MCTaJIJIHqCCKHX
H3.lI;CJIHH, fJIaBHbIM 06pa30M XHMHqCCKHM MJIH 3JICKTpOXHMHqCCKHM (aHoiJupo8a-
Hue) cnoco60M. 06pa3yJOIltIDIC.H OKCH,lJ;Ha.H nJICHKa HrpaCT 3alIlHTHyJO (naccu6u-
]HH1aHue), TeXHOJIOmQCcKYIO (no.nCJIOH) MJIH .ncKopaTHBHyJO (60poHeHue) pOJIH.
2.4.4. AuTHcI>PHKl{HOHHhle (nOJUllHnHHKoBhle) CnJlaBhl
Ha OJlOBHHHOH, CBHHltOBOH H QHHKOBOH OCHOBaX
Anmul}JpUKII,UOHHOCmb - cnoc06HoCTb MaTCpHaJIa 06CCnCQHBaTb HH3KHH KO-
3<P<PHUHCHT 'rpCHH.H CKOJIb)I(CHH.H H TCM caMbIM HH3KHC nOTepH Ha TpeHHC.
AHmutjJPUKU,UOHHbl/! C1IA/l6bl - MarepHam.I C HH3KHM K03<P<PHu:HCHTOM 'Ipe-
HHSI CKOJIb)KCHIDI, ,[(OCTIlTOqHOii rnep,[(OCThIO, xopoIlIcii ,[(CQ:>OPMHPYCMOCThIO
H II1IaCTHqHOCTblO, cnoc06HoCTblO y,[(cp)KHBaTb CMa3KY Ha nOBcpXHOCTH.
KpOMC TOro, aHTHQ:>pHKl(HOHHbIC MaTepHaJIbI ,[(OJI)KHbI HMCTh HH3Ky1O cno-
C06HOCTh K a,ure3HH, xopoIlIyIO renJIOnpOBOJ(HOCTh H 6bITb KOpp03HOHHO-
croiiKHMH B pa60qcii cpe,[(c. AHmQ:>PHKl.UfOHHbIC CIIJIaBbI npe,[(Ha3HaqCHbI )J)UI
3aJIHBKH BKJIa,ubIIlICii nO,[(llIHnHHKOB CKOJIb)KCHIDI, napOBbIX 'IYP6HH II ,[(p.
OCHOBHbIC n01pe6HreJIbCKHC cBOiicTBa aHrnQ:>pIIKl(HoHHbIX CII1IaBOB pC-
aJIH3}'1OTCH 3a CQCT C'lpYKTYPHbIX oc06eHHocreii (PHC. 63) - O,[(Hopo,[(mlSl,
MHrKaSI, II1IaCrnQHaSI OCHOBa C BKJIIOQCHHCM TBep,[(bIX QaCTHU: (HanpHMcp,
SnSb). MSirKaSI OCHOBa ,[(OJI)KHa 06ccncQHBaTb XOpOIlI}'1O npHpa6aTbIBae-
MOCTb 'Ip HXCH nOBcpXHocreii, a paBHOMcpHO pacnpC,[(CJICHHbIe B OCHOBe,
XOpOIlIO nOJIHp}'1OWHCCH TBCp,[(bIC BKJIIOQeHIDI - YMCHbIlIaTb (HapMY co
CMa3KOii) K03Q:>Q:>HI.{HCHT 'lpeHIDI. TIPH BpaIU:CHHH BaJI OTIHpaCTCH Ha rnep-
,[(hIC tffiCrnl.{bI, 06CCnCQHBalOIU:HC H3HOCOCTOiiKOCTb, a OCHOBHaSI Macca, HC-
rnpalOIU:aSICSI 60JICC 6bIC'lp0, npHpa6aThIBaCTCH K BaJlY H 06Pa3YCT CCTh MIIK-
pOCKOnHQCCKHX KaHaJIOB, no KOTOpbIM U:HPKYJIHpYCT CMa3Ka H YHOCHTCH
npOJ(yKTbI H3Hoca.
60JIbIlIaSI QaCTh nO,[(llIHnHHKOB CKOJIb)KCHIDI H3roTIlBJIHBalOTCH H3 U:BCT-
HbIX CII1IaBOB Ha MC,[(HOii OCHOBe (JIaTYHH JIKC80-3-3 II 6POH3bI 6pC30,
6pOl{C5-5-5) H Ha OCHOBC aJIIOMHHIDI. IIIHpOKOC pacnpOC'lpaHCHHC nOJIY- Y
qJfJIH TIlIOKC 6a66umbl.
Ea66umbl - aHrnQ:>pHKl(HOHHbIC CII1IaBbI Ha OCHOBe Sn, Pb, Ca, Zn H .[(p.
C ,[(06aBKaMH Sb, Cu II ,[(pyrHX 3JICMCHTOB, npe,[(Ha3HaQCHHbIC .lLJISi 3aJIHBKH
221
Pac. 63. CxeMbl pa60mbl napbl mpe-
HUll «8a.tl -- 8KJlaiJblw»:
1 - 6aJ/; 2 - 61C.1100blW; 3 - MJ/ZKllJI
OCH060 MomepUOIlO; 4 - m6epoble
61C.111O'teHUR; 5 - npOCmpOHCm60, 30-
nOIlHJle"We CM031WU, YMeHbUlolOU(eu
4 CUIlbl mpeHUR
BKJIa,n:bIllIe:H: no.n;IlIHnHHKOB. HaHMeHoBaHHe 6a66HToB onpe.n;eJlSleTCSI npe-
06JIa,n:aIOIl{HM no co.n;ep:>KaHHIO 3JIeMeHTOM OCHOBbI. KIDK.lI:bI:H: nm 6a66IIToB
XapaKTepH3yeTC5I TeMnepa-rypo:H: 3KcnrryaTal..{IIII H CTeneHbIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTM
.n;eTaJIe:H:, ,lI)I5I KOTOpbIX npHMeHSleTcSI. XHMHqecKllii COCTaB no JIernpyIOIl{HM
3JIeMeHTaM II Ha3HaqeHHe ,lI)ISI aHTIUppHKIJ:HOHHbIX CIIJIaBOB YCTaHOBJIeHbI
fOcr 1320-74, 1209-90 H 14113-78.
OJl06RHHble 6a66umbl 6a3HpyIOTCSI Ha CHCTeMe Sn-Sb-Cu. )J;onOJIHII-
TeJIbHOe JIernpOBaHHe ocym:ecTBJISIeTCSI Cu, Cd, As H Ni.
011080 (Sn) - XHMHqeCKHM 3JICMCHT IV rpyrrnbI nCpIIO.lIHqeCKOM CHCTeMbI
3JIeMeHTOB, aTOMHbIH HOMCp 50, aTOMHa Macca 118,69. Ccpe6pHCTO-6eJIbIH
MeTaJIJI, M rKHH H nJIaCTHqHbIM; t Wi = 231 ,9°C. TaK Ha3bIBaeMoe 6eJIoe OJIOBO
(f3-Sn) C nJIOTHOCTbIO 7290 KI,/M 3 nOJIHMop<!>HO 'H HIDKC 13,2°C nepeXO,lIHT B ce-
poe OJIOBO (a-Sn) C nJIOTHOCTbIO 5850 KI'/M 3 . Ha oo3,lIyxe TYCKHCeT, nOKpbIBa Cb
nJIeHKOH OKCH,lIa, CTOHKoro K XHMHqeCKHM peareHTaM. OKOJIO 59% HCnOJIb3ye-
Moro OJIOBa H,lICT Ha npOH3BO.lICTBO 6a66HToB, THnorpa<!>cKHx H .lIpyrHX CnJIaBOB.
OJIOBO npHMeH eTC.H JJ:lI nOKpbITH .lIpyrHX MeTaJIJIOB, 3aIl1HTbI HX OT KOppo3HH
(1IYJICenue), Ha H3roTOBJICHHC 6eJIOM }KCCTH JJ:lI.H KOHCCpBHbIX 6aHoK, H3rOTOBJIe-
HHe <!>OJIbrH H .lIp.
OJIOB5IHHbIe 6a66HTbI MapKllpyIOTcSI 6YKBO:H: E, 3a KOTOpO:H: CJIe.n;yeT
l..{H(ppa, nOKa3bIBaIOll.{aSI co.n;ep:>KaHHe OCHOBHOro KOMnOHeHTa - OJIOBa (oc-
TaJIbHOe - cypbMa H Me.n;b). CrpYKTYPa OJIOBSlHHbIX 6a66MToB npe.n;cTaBJISIeT
coGO:H: reTeporeHHyIO CHCTeM)', 06pa30BaHHyIO a-TBep.n;bIM paCTBOpOM, npo-
HH3aHHbIM ,lI)IHHHOOCHbIMH iJeoopumaMu Cu 6 Sn S ' Ha KOTOpbIX paBHoMepHo
pacnpe.n;eJIeHbI TBeplIbIe, XOpOIliO nOJIHpyIOIl{HeC5I KpHCTaJIJIbl SnSb. B CTOJIb
CJIO)KHO:H: reTepOreHHO:H: CTPYKTYPe lfMeIOTCSI eCTeCTBeHHbIe KamLJIJISlpbI, no
KOTOpbIM no.n; .n;aBJIeHHeM nOC1)'IIaeT CMa30qHbI:H: MaTepHaJI.
/(eniJpumbl - CTPYKTYPHbIH 3JICMCHT (HHor.lIa KpHCTaJIJIbI) .lIpCBOBH.lI HOH
<!>OPMbI, o6pa3YIOIl1HHC.H B pe3YJIbTaTe 6bIC1'pOH KpHCTaJIJIH3aUHH no TOHKHM
1'peIl1HHaM IDIH B B.H3KOH CpC.lIC.
OJIOB5IHHbIe 6a66HTbI (E88, E83) 06JIaaaIOT HaKJIytIIIIHM COqeTaHHeM
aHTII<PPHKU:HOHHbIX H <pH3HKo-MeXaHHQeCKHX CBO:H:CTB. O.n;HaKo BBH.nY
60JIbllIOro co.n;ep:>KaHHSI .n;OporocTOSlIl{ero OJIOBa OHH npHMeHSlIOTcSI JIIDI 3a-
JIHBKH no.n;IlIIInHHKOB OTBeTCTBeHHoro Ha3HaQeHHSI TIDKeJIO HarpY:>KeHHbIX
MallIIIH ('ryp6IIH).
222
;
J
C 6 U H 1.4 0 6 bl e 6 a 66 U m bl npHMeHSlIOT MSI MeHee HarpyxeHHbIX no.n;-
IllHnHHKOB, qeM OJIOBSlHHbIe.
C6uHeq (Pb) - XHMHqCCKMH 3JICMCHT IV rpyrrnbI ncpHo.nHqCCKOH CHCTCMbI
3JICMCHTOB, aTOMHbIH HOMep 82, aTOMHa Macca 207,2. CHHcBaTo-ccpbIH MC-
TaJIJI, TIDKCJIbIH, WlI'KHH, KOBKMH; nJIOTHOCTb 11340 Kr/M3, tIIJI = 327,4°C, .nHaMar-
HHTCH. Ha B03,ll;YXC nOKpbIBacTC OKCH.ZJ:HOH nJICHKOH, CTOHKOH K XHMH'leCKMM
B03.nCHCTBH M. CBHHCI.{ HC B3aHMo.ncHCTBYCT C COJUlHOH H CCpHOH KMCJIOTaMH.
HaH60JIcc IIIHpOKO HCnOJIb3YCTC IDI H3rOTOBJICHH nJIaCTHH IDI aKKYMYJUlTo-
pOB (OKOJIO 30% BbIUJIaBJI CMoro CBHHl.{a), 060JIOqCK 3JICIcrpHqCCKMX Ka6eJICH,
annapa1)'pbI, YCTOHqHBOH B arpCCCHBHbIX cpc.nax H ra3aX, a TaIOKC IDI 3aIl{HTbJ
OT raMMa-H3JIyqcHH (CTCHKH H3 CBHHI.{OBbIX KMpnHqCH).
)J;JISI JIerHpOBaHlUl CBHHU:OBbIX 6a66HToB HCnOJIb3yIOT Ni, Cd H As.
CBHHU:OBbIii 6a66HT E16 CHCTeMbI Pb-Sb (15...17%) C .n;o6aBKoii OJIOBa
(15...17%) H Me.n;H (1,5...2%) SlBJlSleTCSI .n;eIlleBbIM 3aMeHHTeJIeM OJIOBHHHbIX
6a66IIToB. OH IICnOJIb3yeTcSI MSI H3fOTOBJIeHHSI IIo.n;IllHnHHKOB CKOJIb)l(eHIDI
BbICOKOCKOpOCTHbIX .n;BHraTeJIeii, XOpOIllO BocnpHHHMaeT YlIapHbIe II 3HaKO-
nepeMeHHbIe Harp}'3KH.
K a Jl b 1.4 U e 6 bl e 6 a 66 U m bl 6a3HpyIOTCH Ha CHCTeMe Ca- Pb- Na.
KlLItbquii (Ca) - XHMHqCCKMH 3JICMCHT II rpyrrnbI ncpHo.nHqCCKOH CHCTeMbI
3JICMCHTOB, aTOMHbIH HOMCp 20, aTOMHa Macca 40,08, OTHOCHTC K Il{eJIOqHO-
3CMCJIbHbIM MCTaJIJIaM. CCPC6PHCTO-6eJIbIH JICI'KHH MCTaJIJI, nJIOTHOCTh 1540 Kr/M3,
tIIJI = 851°C. XHMHqCCKH OqCHb aKTHBCH; npH 06bIqHOH TCMncpa1)'pc JICrKO
OKMCJUlCTC Ha B03,ll;YXC. KaK aKTHBHbIH BOCCTaHOBHTCJIb CJIyxGfT IDI nOJIyqcHH
U, Th, V, Cr, Zn, Bc H .npyrHX MCTaJIJIOB H HX COC.nHHCHHH, IDI paCKMCJICHH
CTaJICH, 6pOH3 H T..n. Bxo.nHT B COCTaB aHTH<!>pHKI.{HOHHbIX CnJIaBOB. COC.nHHC-
HH KaJIbl.{H npHMCH IOT B CTpOHTCJIbCTBC.
)J;onOJIHHTeJIbHoe JIefHpOBaHHe ocym:ecTBJlSlIOT Sn, Mg H AI. 3TH 6a66H-
TbI (EKA, EK2, EK2III), HMeSi He6oJIbIllyIO npOqHOCTh (cr B = 60...120 MTIa,
20...30 HB), MOryr npHMeHSlTbCH TOJIbKO B nOlIIllHnHHKax C npOqHbIM
CTarrbHbIM (qyryHHbIM) mm 6pOH30BbIM KOpnyCOM, KaK, HanpHMep, Ha )l(e-
JIe3HOlIOpO)l(HOM TpaHcnopTe MH no.n;IllHnHHKOB BaroHoB, KOJIeHqaToro
Barra TeIIJIOB03HbIX .n;BHraTeJIeii H liP. ,[(mI aBTOM06HJIbHOro 'l'paHCnopTa HX
npIIMeHSlIOT B BM,D;e TOHKOCTeHHbIX no.n;IlIHnHHKOB'bIX BKJIa,n:bIIlleii, nOJIyqae-
MbIX IIITaMnOBKOii H3 6HMeTarrJmqeCKOii JIeHThI.
I(UHKo6ble 6a66umbl (fOcr 21437-95) co.n;ep:>KaT I{HHK, JIernpo-
BaHHbrn arrIOMIIHHeM, MelIblO HJIH MarHHeM.
l(UHK (Zn) - XHMHqCCKMH 3JICMCHT II rpyrrnbI ncpHo.nHqCCKOH CHCTCMbI
3JICMCHTOB, aTOMHbIH HOMCp 30, aTOMHa Macca 65,38. CHHcBaTO-6cJIbIH MC-
TaJIJI; nJIOTHOCTb 7130 Kr/M 3 , tIIJI = 419,5°C. Ha B03.u:yxC nOKpbIBacTC 3aIl{HTHOH
nJICHKOH OKCH.ZJ:a. rrpHMCH 1OT B Il{CJIOqHbIX aKKYMYJI TOpax, .nJI nOKpbITH
.npyrHX MCTaJIJIOB C I.{CJIbIO 3aIl{HTbI HX OT KOpp03HH (l{UHK08aHue) H nOJIyqcHH
MHorHX CnJIaBOB.
I
I
I
!;'
8 MaTepHaJlOBe,lleHHe
223
I
l{HHKoBbIe 6a66MThI 06mJ,UaIOT BbICOKHMH aHTHQ:>pHKI.{HOHHbIMH CBoii-
CTBaMH H npOqHOCTblO (cr B = 250...400 MTIa) H MOryr npHMeHSITbCSI MSI
y3JIOB 'rpeHIDI, TeMnepaTYPa KOTOpbIX He npeBbIwaeT 100GC, npH cpaBHH-
TeJIbHO He60JIbllIHX CKOpOCTSIX CKOJIb)KeHIDI (.z:(o 8 M/C). CruIaBbI l{AM 10-5
H l{AM 9,5-1,5 B JIHTOM BH,l(e npHMeHSlIOT MSI MOHOMeTaJIJIlfqeCKHX BKJIa-
,nbIllIeii, BTYJIOK H ,np., a CruIaB l{AM 10-5 - ,lJ)ISI H3rOTOB1IeHIDI 6HMeTaJI-
JIlfqeCKHX H3,neJIHii co CTaJIbHbIM KopnyCOM. CruIaB l{AM 9,5-1,5 B ,neQ:>op-
MHpoBaHHOM BH,l(e HCnOJIb3yIOT MSI nOJIyqeHIDI 6HMeTaJIJIHQeCKHX nOJIOC co
CTaJIblO H aJIlOMHHHeBbIMH cruIaBaMH.
2.4.5. IIpHnoH
Hpunoii - MeTaJIJI rum CruIaB, JanoJIHSlIOIIJ:Hii 3a30p Me:>K.ZJ;y coe,nHHSle-
MbIMH ,ne'}'aJISlMH II npe,nHa3HaqeHHbIii MSI coe,nHHeHIDI ,neTaJIeii naiiKoii.
TeMnepaTYPa I1JIaB1IeHIDI npHnoeB ,nomKHa 6bITb HIDKe TeMnepaTYPbI I1JIaB-
JIeHIDI MaTepHaJIOB naSIeMbIX ,neTaJIeii, a B paCI1JIaB1IeHHOM COCTOSlHHH npII-
noii ,nOJDKeH XOpOlliO CMaqHBaTb nOBepXHOCTH MeTaJIJIOB. TeMnepaTYPHbIe
K03Q:>Q:>HU:HeHTbI JIHHeiiHOm pacllIHpeHIDI MeTaJIJIa H npHnoH ,nOJI)l(HbI 6bITb
6JIH3KH no BeJIHQHHe.
Haii1«l (nasIHHe) - npouecc nOJIyq:eHHH Hepa3'beMHoro COe.l1HHeHHH nyreM
HarpeBa MeCTa naitKH H 3arrOJIHeHHH 3a30pa Me:>KL{Y COe.l1HtUleMbIMH .l1eTamlMH
paCruIaBJIeHHbIM npHrroeM C ero nOCJIe.LXYIOllteM KpHCTaJIJIH3aUHeM.
TIpHnoH pa3,neJISIIOT Ha HU3K.OmeMnepamypHble (IIIJI < 400°C) H 8bICOK.O-
meMnepamypHble (II1JI> 400°C). OCHoBHbIe MaTepHaJIbI HH3KOTeMnepaTYPHbIX
npHnoeB (fOCT 21930-76) - CI1JIaBbI OJIOBa II CBHHu:a. )J;onOJIHHTeJIbHOe
JIempoBaHHe HH3KOTeMnepaTYPHbIX (MSlrKHX) npHnoeB C u:eJIblO nOBbIllieHIDI
TeMnepaTYPbI I1JIaB1IeHIDI BbIITOJIHSleTCSI CypbMOii (.z:(o 6%) IDm Ka,n:MHeM.
0603HaqeHHe HH3KOTeMnepaTYPHbIX npHnoeB (HanpHMep, TIOCCy 18-2)
pacllIHQ:>poBbIBaeTCH TaK: TI - npHnoii, OC - OJIOBSlHHO-CBHIrnOBbIii, Cy -
JIempoBaH CypbMOii, 18 H 2 - COOTBeTCTBeHHO co,nep:>KaHIIe OJIOBa H CypbMbI
B npoueHTaX.
HH3KOTeMnepa1)'pHble rrpHrrOH HCnOJIb3yK>TCH ,WIH JI}')KeHHH H naMKH JJ:eTa-
JIeM 3JIeK'rpOpa,n;Hoarrnapa1)'pbI, rrpH6opoB, peJIe, B TOM 'IHCJIe OUHHKOBaHHbIX, B
Ka6eJIbHOM, 3JIeKTpO- H pa,n;H03JIeKTpOHHOM npOMbIllIJIeHHOCTH, naMKH 6eJIOM
}KeCTH, .1I}')KeHHH H naitKH .l1eTaJIeM C 3aKaTaHHbIMH H KJIenaHbIMH IIIBaMH H3 JIa-
TYHH H Me.l1H, IIInaTJIeBKH KY30BOB aBToMo6HJIeM H .l1p.
BbICOKOTeMnepaTYPHbIe npHnOH BbIITOJIHSlIOT Ha MelIHO-JIaTYHHOH, Me,n-
HO-HHKeJIeBOH IDm cepe6pHHOH (HanpHMep, TICp 72, r,ne 72 - co,nep)Ka-
HHe cepe6pa, %) OCHOBax. Cepe6pSlHbIe npHnOH npHMeHSlIOT MSI naHKH
qepHbIX H UBeTHbIX MeTaJIJIOB, KpOMe CI1JIaBOB aJIlOMHHIDI H MarnIDI, a npH-
nOH Ha Me,nHOH OCHOBe - ,nJISI naHKH ymepo,nHCTbIX H JIempOBaHHbIX CTa-
JIeH, HHKellil H em CI1JIaBOB.
224
j
TIpHnoH MSI BbICOKOTeMnepaTYPHoti naiiKH,06ecneqHBaIOT 60JIee npoq-
HbIe coe.n;HHeHIDI, qeM npHnOH MSI HH3KOTeMnepaTYPHOii natiKH, TaK KaK
BCJIe.n;CTBHe BbICOKOti TeMnepaTYPbI HarpeBa JIerqe npOHCXO.n;HT B3aHMHaSI
.n;Hct><l>Y3IDI 3JIeMeHTOB OCHOBHOro MeTaJlJIa H npHnOH. TIepeXO.n;HOe 3JIeIcrpO-
COnpomB1IeHHe TaKHX npHnOeB HIDKe, qeM HH3KOTeMnepaTYPHbIX npHnoeB.
,[(mI BbICOKOTeMnepaTYPHoti naiiKH Me.n;H H Me.n;HbIX CITJIaBOB HaH60JIee
3elxl>eIcrHBeH Me,D;Ho-<t>occt>oPHCTbIii npHnoti TIcI>Ol{7-3-2, 06JIa.n;aIOII.(illi xopo-
WHMH KOppo3HOHHbIMH H npoqHOCTHbIMH CBOiiCTBaMH.,[(mI naiiKH aJIIOMH-
HHeBbIX CIUlaBOB npHMeHSlIOT 6ecCepe6pHHbIti npHnoti BTIp19. Coe.n;HHeHIDI,
BbmOJIHeHHbIe 3TIIM npHnOeM, nOCJIe aHO.n;HpOBaHIDI HMeIOT OKpaCKY, O.n;H-
HaKOByro C OCHOBHbIM MaTepHaJIOM, qTO OC06eHHO BaXHO .n;JISI nO.rryqeHIDI
xopowero TOBapHoro BH,lI;a H3.lI:eJIHti.
Beccepe6pmihIe npHnOH no CpaBHemHO C cepe6poco.n;ep)l{IDl{HMH 06ecne'IHBa-
lOT 3Ha bHO 6o.nee BhICOKYIO KOpp03HOHH)'IO croAKOCTh naSIHhIX coe.zurneHHit
(npH roA :xce npOqHOCTH), a CJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO, H HX Ha.n;e:xrnOCTb.
, 2.5. nOpOWKoBbie MeT3JIJIII1JeCKHe M3TepH3Jlbl
Me1lUlMlI'IeCKUe nopoUlK08ble MIlmepUllJl.bl (MeIlUlA./lOKeptIMUKa) - MaTe-
pHaJIbI, H3roTOBJISleMbIe nyreM npeCCOBaHIDI MeTI1JIJIllqeCKHX nopOIIIKOB B
H3.n;eJIIDI Heo6xo.n;HMbIX cPOPMbI H pa3MepOB H nOCJIe.n;yroIl{ero cneKaHIDI
ccl>OPMOBaHHbIX H3.lI:eJIliti B BaK}'YMe HJIll 3a.Il{1ITHOti aTMoccPepe npH TeMne-
pa1)'pe 0,75...0,8 IIIJI' 3TH MaTepHaJIbI MOryr 6bITb nOJIyqeHbI Ha OCHOBe
60JIbWHHCTBa npHMeHSIeMbIX B TeXHHKe MeTaJlJIOB H CIUlaBOB.
CneKllNue - coe.n;HHeHHe MeJIKOOepHHCThIX H nopoIlIKoo6pa3HhIX MaTepHa-
JIOB B KYCKH npH nOBhIIlIeHHhIX TeMnepaTYPax.
TIPH CneKaHHH npoHCXO,nHT CJIO:>KHbIe cPH3HKO-XHMHqeCKHe npou:eCCbI
(BOCCTaHOB1IeHHe nOBepXHOCTHbIX OKCH,lI;OB, .lnIcPcPY3IDI, peKpHCTaJlJIH3aU:IDI
H .n;p.) H 06pa3YeTCH O.n;HOpo,nHbIti TBep.n;bIii pacTBOp (pHC. 64). CneKaHHe
n03BOIDIeT nOJIyqHTb O.n;HOPO.n;HbIti TBep.n;bIti pacTBOp .n;IDKe B TOM CJIyqae,
eCJIH B paBHOBeCHbIX YCJIOBIDIX npH IUlaB1IeHHH HCnOJIb30BaHHbIe KOMnO-
HeHTbI npaKTINeCKH HepaCTBOpHMbI .n;pyr B .n;pyre.
B nPou:ecce no.rryqeHIDI MeTaJIJmqeCKHX nopOIIIKOBbIX MaTepHaJIOB nOCJIe
XOJIO.n;HOro npeCCOBaHIDI MaTepHaJIbI, a TaIOKe 3aroTOBKH H .n;eTaJIH 113 HHX
06JIa.naIOT HeBbIcoKoti npOqHOCTblO. CneKaHHe CHHMaeT OCTaTOqHbIe Ha-
npmKeHIDI H H3MeHSIeT cPII3HqeCKHe cBoiicTBa, YJIyqIIIaSI MeXaHHqeCKHe. O.n;-
HaKO YBeJIHqeHHe TeMnepaTYPbI II npo.n;OJDKHTeJIbHOCTII cneKaHIDI npHBo.n;HT
K pOCTY 3epeH, qTO MO:>KeT CHH3HTb MexaHHqeCKHe cBotiCTBa H3.lI:eJIIDI.
TIOPOIIIKoBbIe MeTaJlJIHqeCKHe MaTepHaJIbI .n;eIDIT Ha KO.MnaKmHble H no-
pucmble. TIOPHCTbIMH H83bIBaIOT MaTepHaJIbI, B KOTOpbIX nOCJIe OKOHqaTeJIb-
Hoii o6pa6OTKH coxpaHSleTCSI 10...30% OCTaTOqHOti nOpHCTOCTII.
8.
:1
!
I :
:1
I
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I
225
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1
(08&
ffilD0
c:::[)06J
C1
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Aofiffi9 t::::J
A
olP
lr ---
p/ @
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.
6 5 A+B A+B
Q <;)°oD
A ?8)
£d c::J
A+Bt::3 B
Pile. 64. CmaiJuu nO/lY'IeHWl Mema.tLllU'leCKUX
nopOWK06bJX MamepU(J./106:
1 - HallaJ/O nepeMeWU6aHUR 3/leMeHm06 A U B;
2 - HallaJ/bHOJl cmaiJUR iJerjJopMupo6aHUR; 3 -
nepuoiJ npeUM}'U(ecm6eHHozo cneKaHUR; 4 - o6pa-
306aHue pa6HOOCHbIX lIacmut(; 5 - np0U360AbHOJl
opueHmat(UR lIacmut( npu cneKOHUU; 6 - iJocmu-
JlCeHUe ycmoiillu6oZ0 pa6H06ecUR
MCXaHHqeCKHe CBoHcTBa H3;:r:eJIHH H3
MCTaJIJIHqeCKHX nopoIllKoB BO MHOnlX CJIY-
qIDIX He YCTYIIaIOT CBOHCTBaM H3;:r:CJIHH, no-
JIyqCHHbIX 06bIqHbIMH MCTaJIJIypmqCCKHMH
MCTO;:r:8MH, HO CIDIbHO 3aBHCHT OT nopHCTO-
CTH H CO;:r:Cp:>KaHHH KHCJIOpo;:r:a. YBCJIHqeHHC
nopHCTOCTH H CO.n;Cp:>KaHHH KHCJIOpo.n;a 3a-
MCTRO CHH:>KaeT y.n;apHYIO BH3KOCTb H npoq-
HOCTb H3.n;eJIHiL J];JIH BbICOKOHarpYXCHHbIX
.n;CTalICH nopOIllKOBbIC CTalIH, HanpHMCp, HC npHMCIDIIOTCH. ITOpHCTbIC MarepHa-
JIbI rnaBHbIM 06pa30M HCnOJIb3yK>TCH ,WIH H3fOTOBJICHHH <!>IDIb1'pOB H KaK aHTH-
<!>PHKUHOHHbIC MarepHaJIbI.
.
... it
MeTaJlJIHqeCKHe nOpOIlIKOBbIe MaTepHaJIbI, KaK H MeTaJlJIbI, nO,nBepraIOT
XHMHKO-repMHqeCKO:H: o6pa6oTKe (a30rnpOBaHHIO, XpOMHpOBaHHIO, l{HaHH-
pOBaHHIO H ,L(p.), HO npou:eCCbI B 3TOM CJIyqae npOTeKaIOT 60JIee aKTHBHO
BBJf,IJy HaJIHtUISI nOpHCTOCTM H, CJIe,L(OBareJIbHO, 60JIee pa3BHTOM nOBepXHOCTII.
K ,L(OCTOHHCTBaM MeTaJIJIHqeCKHX nopOIlIKOBbIX MaTepHaJIOB OTHOCSIT
yaeJIWIeHHe K03<P<PHUlIeHTIl HCnOJIb30BaHIDI MeTaJlJIa, nOBbIIlIeHHe npOII3-
BO,L(HTeJIbHOCTH, B03MOXHOCTh nOJIyqHTh CIIJIaBbI C OC06bIMH <pH3HqeCKHMH
cBoiicTBaMH (JIHTbeM HeJIb3S1 nOJIyqlITb, 06ecneQHB Heo6xo,L(HMbI:H: XHMHqe-
CKHH COCTaB). He,L(OCTIlTKOM MeTaJlJIHQeCKHX nopOIlIKOBbIX MarepHaJIOB SlB-
JISIeTCH TO, QTO npH cym:eCTB}'IOll.{e:H: TeXHOJIOfHII H3,L(eJIIDI H3 HHX ,L(OJDKHbI
6bITh npOCTOH CHMMeTPHQHOH <pOPMbI, HMeTh He6oJIbIIlyIO Maccy H pa3Me-
PbI. KOHCTPYKTHBHbIe <pOPMbI ,L(eTaJIH He ,L(OJI:>KHbI cO,L(epxaTb OTBepcnrn
no,L( yrJIOM K OCH 3arOTOBKH, BbIeMOK, BHyrpeHHHX nOJIOCreH H BbICTYITOB.
KOHCTPYKUIDI H <popMa ,L(eTaJIII ,L(OJDKHbI 06eCneQHBaTh B03MO:>KHOCTH paB-
HOMepHoro 3anOJIHeHIDI nOJIOCTH npeCC-<pOPMbI nopOIlIKaMH, HX ynrrorne-
HIDI, pacnpe,L(eJIeHIDI HanpSlxeHHH H TeMnepaTYPbI npH npeCCOBaHHH H
y,L(aJIeHIDI H3,L(eJIHii H3 npeCC-<popMbI.
MeTaJlJIHQeCKHe nopOIlIKOBbIe MarepHaJIbI no Ha3HaQeHHIO KJIaCCH<pH-
l{Hp}'lOT Ha KOHcmpYKUsUOHHble, UHcmpYMeHmatlbHble (TBep,L(bIe CIIJIaBbI) cfLlla-
6bl H CfLlla6bl CneUsUatlbHOZO Ha3HalteHUfl c OC06blMU C60UCm6aMU.
226
j'
2.5.1. KOHCTPYKUHOHHhle MeTaJlJlH'IecKHe nopOWKOBhle MaTepHaJlhI
KOHC1pYKu:HOHHbIe MeTIl1IJIHQeCKHe nopOlliKOBbIe MaTepHaJIbI no Ha3Ha-
QeHHIO KJIaCcHcPHl(HPYIOTCSI Ha:
. aHmucjJpuKUsuoHHble;
. cjJPUKUsuoHHble;
. 3ICapo- U 6b1COKOnpOItHble;
. cjJWlbmpYlOlqUe (cPHJIb1pbI, cl>a3opa3.n;eJIHTeJlH, pacnpe,n;eJIHTeJIH ra30BbIX
H .>KH.D:KOCTHbIX nOTOKOB, rJIyuIHTeJIH 3ByJ<OBbIX H MeXaHHQeCKIIX KOJIe6a-
HHH, omenperpa.n:HTeJIH H ,n;p.);
. KanUJlJlJlpHO-nOpucmble (IIcnapHTeJIH, KOH,lIeHCaTOpbI, KamlJlJISlpHbIe
C1pYKTYPbI TeTIJIOBbIX 1py6, Kal1HJIJlSlpHbIe HaCOCbI H .n;p.);
. co CneUsUaJlbHblMU c60UCm6aMU (nopHcTbIe aHO,D;bI, TIJIaCTHHbI aKKYMYJUI-
TOpHbIX 6aTapeH, 3aMeHHTeJIH KOCTHOH TKaHH, KaTaJIH3aTOpbI, KaTaJI:urnQ-
HO-,n;HcPcPY3HoHHbIe MeM6paHbI 11: .n;p.).
ARmucjJpUKU,uOHHble MemaJlJlUlteCKUe nopOUlK06ble MamepUaJlbl HMelOT HII3I<:ID1:
Ko3<l><lmU:HeHT 1peHHSI, JIerKO npHpa6aTbIBa1OTCSI, Bbl,L(ep.>KHBalOT 3HaqJITeJIb-
HbIe HarpY3KH II o6JIa.n:alOT xopollieH H3HOCOCTOHKOCTbIO. TIo,D;lIlHnHHKH H3
nopolliKOBbIX CTIJIaBOB MOryI' pa60TIlTb 6e3 npHJIy.n;HTeJIbHoro CMa3bIBaHHSI
3a CqeT BbIITOTeBaHHSI MaCJIa, HaxoMIl{erocSi B nopax. K aHTHcPPH HOH-
HbIM MeTaJIJlHqeCKHM nopOIlIKOBbIM MarepHaJIaM OTHOCHTCH .>KeJIe30rpacPHT
H 6POH30rpacPHT.
)[(e.Jle30zpatjJum - nopHCTbIH MenUIJIHqeCKHH nopollIKoBbIH aHTH$pHKI(HOH-
HbIH MarepHaII, COCTO.HIIJ.HH H3 >Ke.JIe3a (95...98%) H rpa$HTa (2...5%); nopbI JKe-
JIe30rpa$HTa 3anOJIHeHbI MaCJIOM.
CTp}'KTypa >KeJIe30rpa$HToB .n:OJDKHa 6bITb nepJIHTHOH C MaCCOBOH .n:OJIeH
CB.H3aHHoro YfJIepo.n:a OKOJIO 1%. TaKa.H cTpYKTYPa .n:onYCKaeT HaH60JIee BbICO-
KHe CKOpOCTH H HarpY3KH npH HaHMeHbllIeM H3Hoce no.n:IlIHnHHKOB. ,D;06aBKa K
>KeJIe30rpa$HToBbIM MaTepHaIIaM cepbI (0,8...1%) HJIH CYJIb$H.l(OB (3,5...4%), 06-
pa3yIOIl..{HX cym,q)H.l(HbIe nJIeHKH Ha TpYIIJ.HXC.H nOBepXHOCT.HX, }'MeHbllIaeT H3HOC
H npHXBaTbIBaeMOCTb conpIDKeHHbIX .n:eTaJIeH, YJIytIllIaeT npHpa6aThIBaeMocTb.
OCHoBHbIe nOTpe6HTeJIbCKHe CBOHCTBa >KeJIe30rpa$HTa: O'B=180...300 Mna,
HB 60...120; k-rp = 0,07...0,09 (co cMa3KoH); t 3 = 100...200°C.
)KeJIe30rpaq>HTbI (HanpHMep, )l(fpl, )l(rp3, )l(fp7, co.n:epXaJl.(He 1...7% rpa-
$HTa) HCnOJIbJyIOTC.H .lI.IDI H3roTOBJIeHIDI nO,ll;IlIHnHHKOB H BTYJIOK .l(JI.H pa3JIH'lHbIX
Y3JIOB MallIHH H MexaHH3MOB.
lipoll3ozpatjJum - nopHcTbIH MeTaJIJIHqeCKHH nopollIKoBbIH MaTepHaJI, co-
.n:epXaIIJ.HH qaCTHl.{bI rpa$HTa (1,5...3%), paBHoMepHo pacnpe.n:eJIeHHbIe Me>K.D:Y
qaCTHl.{aMH 6pOH3bI (.n:o 9% Sn); nopbI 6poH30rpa$HTa 3anOJIHeHbI MaCJIOM.
no MHKpOCTp}'KType 6p0H3orpa$HT npe.n:CTaBJI.HeT C060H 3epHa TBep.noro
paCTBopa OJIOBa B Me.n:H C BKJIlOqeHH.HMH rpa$HTa H nopaMH, 3anOJIHeHHbIMH
CMa3KOH.
227
it
;'
i!
OCHOBHbIC n01'pC6HreJIbCKHC CBOHCTlJa 6pOH30rpa<!>IITa: O'B = 30...50 MTIa;
HB 25...50; k TP = 0,05...0,007 (co CMa3KOH); 13 = 200...250°C.
BpOH30rpa<l>HTbI (HarrpHMCp, BpOrplO-2, BpOrp8-4) B OCHOBHOM HCrrOJIb-
3yJOTC.H .lUI.H H3rOTOBJICHH.H B1)'JIOK .lUI.H nO,lUIIHnHHKOB CKOJIb)I{CHH.H.
HaH60JIcc Cyw,CCTBCHHO:H: rrpH 3KCTIJIyaTaI.um H3,nCJIHii H3 aHTIIQ:>pHKu:H-
OHHbIX rrOpOlliKOBbIX CTIJIaBOB HBJISlCTCH ,nOrrYCTIIMaSI HarpY3Ka. TaK, ,nJUI
.>KCJIC30rpaQ:>IITOB OHa ,nonyCKaCTCH ,nO 1000...1500 MTIa, a ,l(JISi 6POH30rpa-
Q:>IITOB - B rrpc,nCJIax 400...500 MTIa.
f/JpuKUsuoHHble Mema.tl.llUlteCKUe nopOWK06ble MamepUaJlbl no XHMHqCCKOMY
COCTaBY rrpHHa,wIC.>KaT CHCTeMC Fe - Cu. TIpH 3TOM OCHOBHbIM KOMrrOHCH-
TOM MO.>KCT 6bITb KaK .>KCJIe30, TaK H Me,nb. YKa3aHHbIC MarepHaJIbI HMCIOT
rrOBbIIIICHHyro xpyrrKOCTb H HH3Ky1O rrpOqHOCTb. ,[LJrn ynPOqHCHIDI tjJPUKUsU-
OHHble MamepUaJlbl H31'OTOBJISIIOT B BM,l(e TOHKHX CCKTOpOB (CCrMCHTOB, rro-
JIOC) H KpeTISlT Ha CTaJIbHO:H: OCHOBe.
tlJpU1C14uoHHble MamepU4IIbi - MarepHaJIbI, HMCIOII.{He 60JIbIIIOH K03<!><!>HI.tH-
CHT 1'pCHH.H H BbICOKOC conpOTHBJICHHC H3HOCY. HCnOJIb3yK>TC.H B TOpM03HbIX
YC'I'pOHCTBax.
BOJIec BbICOKHMH rr01pe6HTeJIbCKHMH cBoiicTBaMH 06JIa,uaIOT MaTepHaJIbI
Ha .>KCJIC3HO:H: OCHOBe C ,no6aR7IeHHeM KpOMe Me,nH pa3JIHqHbIX JIcrnpyroIIUiX
KOMrrOHCHTOB - Kap6H,l(OB KpeMHIDI, 6opa, TYI'OTIJIaBKHX OKCM,l(OB H ,np.
C1>pHKUHOHHbIC MCTaJIJIHQCCKHC nopOIIIKOBbIC MarepHaJIbI Ha }l(CJIe3HOH oc-
HOBC HCnOJIb3yK>TC.H .lUI.H H3roTOBJICHH.H .n:eTaJICH TOpM030B, TOpM03HbIX HaKJIa-
.n:OK H .np., 3KCIIJIyaTHpyroII.{HXC.H 6C3 CMa30QHoro MarepHaJIa. HaH60JIbIIICC rrpH-
MCHeHHC nOJIyqRJI MarepHaJI C1>MK-ll (15% Cu, 9% rpa<!>HTa, 3% ac6ccTa, 3%
Si0 2 H 6% 6apHTa). Ha Me.n:HoH OCHOBC TaKHC MarepHaJIbI rrpHMCH.HIOTC.H .lUI.H
H3rOTOBJICHH.H CCI'MCHTOB H .n:HCKOB CuerrJICHH.H rrpH }KHJJ:KOCTHOM 1'pCHHH B nape
C 3aKaJICHHbIMH CTaJIbHbIMH .n:CTaJI.HMH H 06JIa,D;aIOT CJIC.nyK>Il.tHMH n01'pC6HTeJIb-
CKHMH CBOHCTBaMH: Harp}'3Ka - .n:o 400 MTIa; CKOpOCTb CKOJIb)I{CHH.H - .n:o
40 M/C; 13 = 300...350°C.
)/(aponpOItHble H 6blCOKOnpOltHbie Mema.tl.llUlteCKUe nopOWK06ble MamepUaJlbl
H3rOTaBJIHBaIOT Ha OCHOBe HHKCJIH, aJIIOMHHIDI, THTaHa, xpOMa, a TaIOKC
Kap6M,l(OB BOJIbQ:>paMa, MOJIH6,nCHa, UHpKOHIDI If ,npyrnx TYI'OTIJIaBKHX MC-
TaJlJIOB. 3TH MarepHaJIbI rrpHMCHSIIOTCSI ,l(JISi H31'OTOBJICHIDI TaKHX ,neTaJIe:H:,
XHMWICCKH:H: COCTaB KOTOpbIX HCJIb3S1 rrO.JIyq1ITb JIlITbeM.
C1>HJIb1pbI H3 MCTaJIJIHqCCKHX rropOlliKOBbIX MaTepHaJIOB H3roTaR7IHBaIOT
Ha OCHOBC HHKCJISI, .>KCJIC3a, THTaHa, aJIIOMHHIDI, a TaIOKC KOpp03HOHHO-
CToiiKHX CTaJIC:H:, 6POH3 H T.,n. OCHOBHbIMH nOTpc6HreJIbCKHMH CBO:H:CTBaMH
3TIIX MarepHaJIOB HBJISIIOTCH nopHCTOCTb (p = 45...50%) II MaKCHMaJIbHbrn
,nHaMC1p KaHaJIa Q:>HJIb1paU:HH (d K = 2...20 MKM). TIo cpaBHCHHIO C cyw,c-
CTByroIl.{HMH rrpOHlIuaCMbIMH MaTepHaJIaMH Ha OpraHHqCCKO:H: (BOIDIOK, 6y-
Mara, TKaHb, rrOJIHMcp) H HcOpraHHqCCKO:H: (KCpaMHKa, ac6ccT, creKJIo) oc-
228
HOBaX «pHJIb'l'pbI H3 MeTa.JI.1IH'IeCKHX nOpOllIKOBbIX MarepHaJIOB xapaKTepH3Y-
IOTCSI 60JIbllIHMH npoHm aeMOCThIO, npo'lHOCThIO, IIJIaCTII'IHOCThIO, YCTOii-
'IHBOCThIO K reIIJIOBbIM y.n:apaM, CnOC06HOCThIO K pereHepaQHH. OHH KOppO-
3HOHHOCTOiiKH H :>KapOnpO'lHbI, MOryr pa60TaTb npH reMnepaTYPax 60JIee
1000°C.
2.5.2. HucTPYMeHTaJlbHhle MeTaJIJIlf1IecKHe nopOWKOBbie MaTepHaJlhI
HHcmPYMeHmOJlbHble MemOJlllU"IeCKUe nopOlUK06ble MamepUOJIbl - TBep.n:bIe
CIIJIaBbI, H3roTaR1IHBaeMbIe H3 nopOllIKOB npeCCOBaHHeM H cneK3HHeM. Mx
MO)f(HO pa3,lJ;eJIlITb Ha ):(Be rpynnbI no co.n:ep:>KaHIIIO BOJIbCl>paMa H o6JIacTII
npHMeHeHlrn: 601lbf}JPaM06YIO H 6e3601lbf}JPaM06YIO.
MarepHaJIbI BOJIb«ppaMoBOii rpynnbI H3roTaR1IHBaIOT Ha OCHOBe Kap-
6H,l{OB BOJIbCl>paMa, TIIT3Ha H .n:p. C Ko6aJIbTOBOH CBH3KOii. CrpYKTYPa Mare-
pHaJIOB 3TOii rpynnbI: TBep.n:bIe qaCTIIQbI Kap6H,l{OB BOJIbCl>paMa H TIIT3Ha
(y HeKOTOpbIX CIIJIaBOB, KpOMe TOro, Kap6H,l{OB TaHTaJIa), CBH3aHHbIe Wlr-
KoD 3BTeKTHKOit C yaeJIlf'-leHHeM co.n:ep:>KaHIDI Ko6aJIbTa CHIDKalOTCSI TBep-
.n:OCTb H H3HOCOCTODKOCTh, HO B03paCTaeT npoqHOCTb.
TIo npHpo.n:e Kap6H,l{HbIX qaCTIU MaTepHaJIbI BOJIb«ppaMoBoii rpynnbI
nO.l(pa3,lJ;eJIRIOTCH (fOCT 3882-74) Ha BOJIbCl>paMoBbIe (BK3, BK6, BK8,
BKIO), THTaHOBOJIbCl>paMoBbIe (T30K4, T15K6, T14K8, T5KIO, T5KI2),
THTaHOTaHTaJIOBOJIbCl>paMOBbIe (TI7KI2, TI8K6, TII OK8- E, TI20K9).
TIorpe6lfI'eJIbCKHe CBoiiCTBa HHCTp}'MeHTaJIbHbIX MeTaJIJIWleCKHX nopOllI-
KOBbIX MarepHaJIOB BOJIbCl>PaMOBOii rpynnbI no TBep.n:OCTII (HRA 73...75), Be-
JIwm:He MO.n:ynSi IOHra (E= 500 000 MTIa) H TeMnepa-rype 3KCIIJIyaTaQHH
(t 3 = 620...720°C) npeBOCXO.n:srr aH3.rrOIWIHbIe nOKa3areJIH 6bICTpOpe:>K}'ll.UiX cra-
JIeD, O.n:HaKO YCTyIIaIOT HM no nOKa3aTeJISIM npo1JHOCTII (CJ s = 900...1000 MTIa,
CJ H3r = 1400...1650 MTIa).
B MapKaX TaKHX MarepHaJIOB nepBbIe 6}'KBbI 0603HaqaIOT rpynny, K KO-
TOpoii OTHOCHTCR CIIJIaB (BK - BOm4>paMoBaSl, T - TIITaHOBOJIbCl>paMoBaSl,
TI - TIIT3HOTaHTaJIOBOJIbCl>paMoBaSl); l{H«PPbI B BOJIbCl>paMoBoii rpynne -
KOJIWleCTBO K06aJIbTa; nepBbIe l{H«PPbI B TIITaHOBOJIbCl>paMoBoii rpynne -
KO.TIH'-leCTBO Kap6H,l{a TIITaHa, a BTOpbIe - KOJIlf'-leCTBO Ko6aJIbTa; nepBbIe
QH<PPbI B TIITaHOTaHTaJIOBOJIbCl>paMoBoH rpynne - KOJIHqeCTBO Kap6H,l{OB
THTaHa H TaHTaJla, a BTOpbIe - KOJIH'IeCTBO Ko6aJIbTa. B MapKaX nOCJIe .n:e-
<pHca MO:>KeT 6bITh }'Ka3aHa KpynHOCTh nopollIKoB: OM - oco60 MeJIKHe
nopOllIKH; M - MeJIKHe nopollIKH; B - KpynHo3epHHCThIii Kap6H,l{ BOJIb-
<ppaMa; BK - oco60 KpynHbIH Kap6H,l{ BOJIbCl>paMa.
HHCTPYMeHTbI H3 MeTaJIJIHqeCKHX nopOIIIKOBbIX MarepHaJIOB HCnOJIb3YI<>TCH
J[)IH qHCTOBO H qepHOBOH o6pa6OTKH TPY.lIHoo6pa6aTbIBaeMbIX MarepHaJIOB, 6y-
peHHH CKaJIbHbIX nopo.lI H T..lI. C co6CTBeHHbIMH nOKa3aTeJIHMH HRC 65...69.
IIoJIyqaeMaH qHCTOTa o6pa6aTbIBaeMo nOBepXHOCTH H3-3a BbICOKOH }l(eCTKOCTH
nopollIKOBbIX MarepHaJIOB JI}"IllIe, qeM nOCJIe pe:murn HHCTpyMeHTaMH H3 6bICTpO-
229
'i
t'
I
peJKYIWiX CTaJICH. CTOHKOCTb pC:xcyIl(cro MHCTPYMCHTa M3 nOpOlliKOBbIX CTaJlCH
no cpaBHCHMIO co CTOHKOCTbIO MHCTPYMCHTa M3 aHaJIOfMqHbIX JIMTbIX CTaJICH B
1,2-2 pa3a BbIlliC.
MHC'l'pYMeHTaJIbHbIe MeTIUIJIllqeCKHe nopolliKoBbIe MaTepHaJIbI BTOpOti
rpyrrnbI (6e3Bom4>paMoBbIe) H3roTaBJIHBaIOT Ha OCHOBe Kap6H,ZJ:a THTaHa
TiC (crumB TH-20) HJIll Kap6oHH'l'pH,ZJ:a TIITaHa Ti(NC) (crumB KHT-16) C
Ni HMo. HHKeJIb H MOJIH6.ZJ;eH 06pa3yIOT CBSI3bmaIOIl{yIO MaTpHQy. M3 003-
BOm4>PaMoBbIX MaTepHaJIOB, 06JIa,n:aIOlI.{HX 60JIee HH3KHMH, qeM BOJIb$pa-
MOBbIe MaTepHaJIbI, nO'l'pe6HTeJIbCKHMII CBOHCTBaMH, H3fOTaBJIllBaIOTCSI HH-
C'l'pYMeHTbI .ZJ;.JUI o6pa6oTKH CTaJIeH QBeTHbIX MeTaJIJIOB, a TaIOKe 6ypeHIDI
MeHee npOqHbIX ropHbIX nopo,n.
TCXHOJIOfMqCCKMM Hc.n:OCTaTKOM MHCTPYMCHTaJIbHbIX MCTaJIJIMqCCKMX no-
pOlliKOBbIX MaTepMaJIOB HBJUICTCH HCB03MO)KHOCTh 06pa60TIOi MX pe3aHMCM, TaK
KaK OHM He no.z:r.n:aIOTCH TepMHqCCKOH 06pa60TKC M HC M3MeIDIIOT CBOeH TBep-
.n:OCTM. TaKHM 06Pa30M, M3.n:CJIMH M3 TBep.n:bIX CnJIaBOB C yqCTOM TCXHOJIOnrn HX
M3fOTOBJICHMH .n:CJIaIOT TOJIbKO npOCTOH <l>OPMbI (KopOTKHe CBCpJIa) IDIM B BHJJ:C
nJIaCTMH-HaKJI3JIOK, 3aKpeUJIHeMbIX B pe:xcyIl(CM MHCTPYMCHTC IDIM lllTaMne. Ha
pa60qMe nOBepXHocrn MHororpaHHbIX HenepCTaqMBaCMbIX nJIaCTMH (MHTI) HC-
pC.n:KO HaHOCHT TOHKMC M3HOCOCTOHKMC Kap6M.n:HbIe (TiC) MJIM HMTPM.n:HbIC
(TiN) nOKpbITMH, nOBbIlllaIOlllMe CpOK CJI}')K6bI'MHCTPYMCHTa B 3-4 pa3a.
2.5.3. IIopomKoBble MeT3JIJlIf1IecKHe MaTepHaJlbl
CneQHaJlbHOrO Ha3HaqeHHH C OC06blMH CBOHCTBaMH
Cpe,l(H MeTaJIJInqeCIrnX nopollIKOBbIX MarepHaJIOB cneQMaJIbHoro Ha3Haqe-
HID! C Oc06bIMH CBOtiCTBaMH HaH60JIee IIIIIpoKoe pacnpOC'l"paHeHHe nOJIyqIDIII
MaTepHaJIbI CJIe.ZJ;yroIIJ;HX HanpaBJIeHHH HCnOJIb30BaHIDI: C 6blCOKUMU .MeXaHU-
lteCKUMU U mexHollOZUlteCKUMU C60UCm6a.MU U pellaKCal{UOHHOU cmOU1«JCmblO, C
HU3KUM K03fjxjJUl{UeHmO.M IlUHeuHOZO paClUupeHWl U .MatlOU meflllonp0600HocmblO,
.MaZHUmHble, a TaIOKe C n06bllUeHHOU KOPP03UOHHOU U 3IleKmp01«Jpp03UOHHOU
cmOUKocmblO.
MeTaJIJIllqeCKHe nopOlliKOBbIe MarepHaJIbI C BbICOKHMH MeXaHHqeCKHMH
H TeXHOJIOrnqeCKHMH CBOHCTBaMH, a TaIOKe 06JIa,n:aIOIIJ;He peJIaKCaQHOHHOH
CTOHKOCTbIO H3roTaBJIIIBaIOT Ha OCHOBe CHCTeMbI H3 aJIIOMHHIDI, U:HHKa,
MarnIDI H Me.ZJ;H. Tax, .n.rrSi .ZJ;eTaJIeH OnTHKO-MeXaHHqeCKHX H .ZJ;pyrHX npH6o-
pOB npHMeHSlIOT TIB90, TIB90Tl H .ZJ;p. 3m crumBbI HMeIOT BbICOKHe Mexa-
HHqeCKHe CBOHCTBa, XOpOIIIyro o6pa6aTbIBaeMOCTb pe3aHHeM H BbICOKyIO
peJIaKcaU:HoHHyro CTOHKOCTb. M3.ZJ;eJIIDI H3 3TIIX CIIJIaBOB nO.ZJ;BepraIOT rep-
MnqeCKOH o6pa6oTKe.
MeTaJIJIllqecKHe nopOlliKOBbIe MaTepHaJIbI C HH3KHM K03Q:>Q:>HU:HeHTOM
JIHHeHHoro pacIIIHpeHIDI H MaJIOH TeIIJIOnpoBOlIHOCTbIO ,neJIaIOTCH Ha 6a3e
aJIIOMHHIDI C .ZJ;o6aBKaMH KpeMHIDI, HHKeJUI II .ZJ;pyrHX MeTaJIJIOB. Mx OCHOB-
230
Hoe H33HaqemIe - .n;eTaJUI rrplI6opoB, pa6OTaIOI.U:lIe B nape co CTaJIbIO. Cne-
qeHHbIe aJIIOMHHlIeBbIe CIlJIaBbI (CAC) rrplIMeHSIIOT B Tex CJIyqaSIX, Kor.n;a
1py.n;HO nOJIyqlITb CIlJIaB He06xo.n;HMoro COCTaBa II CBOHCTB rryreM JIIITbSl II
o6pa60TK11 .n;aBJIeHlIeM. 1'13 CACl (25...30% Si, 5...7% Ni, OCTaJIbHOe - AI)
.n;eJIaIOT .n;eTaJIII nplI6opoB, pa60TaIOI.U:lIe B nape co CTaJIbio rrplI TeMnepaTY-
pax 20...200°C, KOTopbIe 1pe6yIOT COqeTaHIDI HlI3Koro K03<l>q:mIJ:lIeHTa JIII-
HeHHoro paCWlIpeHIDI II MaJIOH TeIlJIOnpoBO.n;HOCTII.
MeTaJIJIlIqeCKlIe nopOWKOBbIe MarHIITHbIe MaTeplIaJIbI no COCTaBY II
CBOHCTBaM nellilT Ha rjJeppumbl u MamUmOOU3JleKmpw<:u.
f/JeppUmbt - IICKYCCTBeHHbIe MaTeplIaJIbI, nOJIyqaeMbIe cneKa.fIlIeM B
OC06bIX yc.rrOBIISiX nplI 1l00...1300°C MeJIKHX nopOWKOB OKCIf):{OB :>KeJIe3a
F 03 II .n;pyrHX MeTaJIJIOB (MnO, MgO, ZnO, NiO II .n:p.). H33BaHlIe <l>ep-
plITa onpe.n;eJUleTCSI H33BaHlIeM .n;ByxBaJIeHTHOrO MeTaJIJIa (Me), OKClI,L{ KOTO-
poro BXO.n;HT B COCTaB <l>eppIITa. TaK, eCJIII B COCTaB <l>eppHTa BXO.n;HT OKClI,L{
IJ:IIHKa, TO <l>eppHT H33blBaeTCSI IJ:HHKOBbIM (ZnFe 2 0 4 ), eCJIII OKClI,L{ MapraH-
u:a (MnFe 2 0 4 ) - MapraHIJ:eBbIH RTlII <peppHT MapraHIJ:a.
C1pYKTYPa <l>epplIToB nOJIIIKplICTaJIJIlNeCKIDI II MO:>KeT 6bITb O.n;HO<l>33-
HOH (a-TBep.n;bIH pacTBOp) II MHoro<p33HOH. TIJIOTHOCTb <l>epplIToB 3000...
5000 KT/M 3 . qeM BbIwe IlJIOTHOCTb, TeM BbIwe MarHIITHbIe XapaKTepIICTIIKH.
EOJIbWIIHCTBO <l>epplIToB SlBJISIIOTCSI <l>epplIMarHeTIIKaMII II COqeTaIOT
<peppoMarHIITHbIe II nOJIyrrpoBO.n;HIIKOBbIe RTlII .n;1I3JIeK1plIqeCKlIe CBOH-
CTBa. TeMnepaTYPa TOqKH KIoplI Y <PePpIITOB 450...550°C. OHII SlBJUlIOTCSI
MarHlITHbIMII nOJIyrrpoBo.n;HIIKaMII, y.n;eJIbHOe conpoTIIBJIeHlIe KOTOpbIX -
10...10 7 OM' M. 3ro n03BOJUleT rrpHMeHSITb <l>epplITbI B MarHlITHbIX noJUlx
BbICOKOH qaCTOTbI, TaK KaK noreplI y HHX He3HaqMTeJIbHbI. HeKOTOpbIe <l>ep-
plITbI 06JIa,rJ.aIOT pe3KO BbIpIDKeHHOH rrpSiMoyroJIbHOH rnCTepe3IICHOH neTJIeH,
tITO n03BOJUleT IICrrOJIb30BaTb HX B 3.JIeMeHTax JIOrHqeCKOH aBTOMaTIIKH.
<I>eppHTbI, KaK H MeTaJIJIH'ieCKHe JIHTble MarHHTHble MaTepHaJIbI, lIeJIHTCH Ha
Ma2HUmHO-MJ/ZKUe H Ma2HUmHO-meepOble. K nepBbIM OTHOCHTCH $eppHTbI: HH-
KeJIb-UHHKOBble, MapraHUOBO-UHHKOBble, JIHTHH-UHHKOBble, MafHHeBO-MapraH-
ueBble H HeKOTopble lIPyme. Y HHKeJIb-UHHKOBbIX $eppHTOB YlIeJIbHOe 3JIeK-
TPH'ieCKOe COnpOTHBJIeHHe Po = 10 6 ...10 8 OM' M; IlJlOTHOCTb 3800...5000 Kf/CM 3 ;
Ko3$$HUHeHT JIHHeHHOro paCIIlHpeHHH 10 5 lrC; TenJIOeMKOCTb - OKOJIO
0,17 KaJI/r' rpa.a; TeIlJlOnpOBOlIHOCTb - 4,17 BT/M . rpa,n:.
MarHHTHo-TBeplIble $eppHTbI C BbICOKOH K03PUHTHBHOH cmIOH H3fOTaBJIH-
BaIOT Ha OCHOBe CHCTeMbI H3 :>KeJIe3a, HHKeJIH H aJIIOMHHHH (mna aJlHUKO). ITo-
CTOHHHble MarHHTbI, H3rOTOBJIeHHble H3 TaKHX MaTepHaJIOB, 06JIa,n:aIOT CBOHCTBa-
MM, npeBbIIIlaIOIUHMH aHaJIOrH'iHbIe lIJIH MaTepmUIOB npH TOM :>Ke XHMH'ieCKOM
COCTaBe, no.nyqeHHbIX JIHTbeM H3 paCTIJIaBOB. ITopoIIIKoBble nOCTOHHHbIe MafHHTbI
,/I)UI YJIY'IIIleHIDI CBOHCTB nOlIBepraIOT lIOnOJIHHTeJIbHOH TepMH'ieCKOH 06pa6oTKe -
3aKaJIKe, 3aKaJIKe C OTnYCKOM H "lIP. ITPO'iHOCTb TaKHX MarHHTOB B 3-5 pa3 _
BbIIIle, 'ieM JIHTbIX.
i"
,
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:
231
! I
! :
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I,
1 1
K MarHHTIIO-TBep.n;bIM $eppHTaM OTHOCJlTCJI $eppHT 6apHJI BaO' 6Fe 2 0 3 ;
$eppHT Ko6aJIbTa COO, Fe 2 0 3 H $eppHT C'IpOHI.{HJI srO. 6F 03' Y MarHHTHO-
TBep.n;bIX $eppHTOB IIJIOTHOCTb cocTawIJleT 3300...5000 KT/M 3 , y.n;eJIbHoe 3JIeIcrpH-
'iecKoe COnpOTHBJIeHHe 10 2 ...10 6 OM . M.
cI>eppHTbI HaIIIJIH WHpOKoe npHMeHeHHe B PMHOTeXHHKe - $eppHTOBbIe
aHTeHHbI, cep.n;e'iHHKH PMHO'iaCTOTHbIX KOHTYPOB; B CBq -TeXHHKe - BeHTHJIH
H I.{HPKYJIJlTOpbI, HCnOJIb3YIOll{He npHHI.{Hn HeB3aHMHoro pacnpoc1'paHeHlUl
3JIeIcrpOMarHHTHOH BOJIHbI B BOJIHooo.n;e, 3anOJIHeHHOM $eppoJJ;H3JIeIcrpHKOM;
BbfllHCJIHTeJIbHOH TeXHHKe - 3JIeMeHTbI onepaTHBHOH naMJITH; MarHHTO$()Hax H
BH.neOMarHHTO$OHax - nOKpbITHe IIJIeHOK H .n;HCKOB. cI>eppHTbI npHMeHJlIOT
TIUOKe .wIJI H3I'OTOBJIeHHH He60JIbWHX nOCTOJlHHbIX MarHHTOB. cI>eppHTbI 06pa6a-
ThIBaIOT TOJIbKO a6pa3HBHbIM HHCTpYMeHTOM.
MazUumoiJU3.IleKlllpUKU npe.n;CTaBmIIOT COOOH KOMrr03Hl.{HH MarHHTHLIX .II
H30IDIl.{HOHHbIX MaTepHaJIOB. Jil30IDIl.{HOHHLIe MarepHaJIbI pa3.lJ;eIDIIOT MeTaJI-
JIWIeCme qaCTHI:(bI B MaTIlHTHOM .II 3JIeK'l'pWIeCKOM OTIIoweHHH H BBJUlIOTCSI
MexaHWIeCKOH CBB3KOH. B KaqeCTBe H30JUIl{HOHHLIX MarepHaJIOB rrpHMeIDIIOT
<peHOJILHLle CMOJIbI, nOJIHXJIOpBHHIDI, CIDIHKaTLI, KayqyK H T..lJ;. Co.lJ;ep:>KaHHe
H30IDIl.{HOHHorO KOMnOHeHTa B MarHHTO.n;H3JIeK'l'pHKaX COCTaB.IDleT 5...15%.
IIOpowKoBbIe MeTaJIJIWIeCme MarepHaJIbI C BbICOKOH KOppo3HOHHOH H
3JIeK'l'pOKopp03HOHHOH CTOHKOCTLIO MOryI' 6LITL pa3.lJ;eJIeHLI Ha .lJ;Be rpyrrrrLI
no HanpaBJIeHHIO HCrrOJIL30BaHIDI. MaTepHaJIbI rrepBoH rpyrrrrbI H3roraBJIH-
BaIOTCSI Ha OCHOBe BOJIb<ppaMa H MOJIH6.D:eHa C Me.n;bIO (MB20, MB40,
MB60, MB80), cepe6poM (CM30, CM60, CM80, CB30, CB50, CB85 H
.n;p.) RTlH C OKCH,L{OM Ka,n:MIDI (OK8, OK12, OK15 H .n;p.) H rrpHMeHSlIOTCSI
)])ISI KOHTaKTOB B Pa3.1IlIqHLIX rrpH60pax H YC'IpOHCTBax. Tame KOHTaKTLI OT-
JIWIaIOTCSI BbICOKOH npOqHOCTLIO, 3JIeK'l'pOnpOBO,lUlOCTLIO H 3JIeK'lpOKOppo-
3HOHHOH CTOHKOCTLIO. MarepHaJIbI BTOPOH rpyrrnbI rrOJIyqaIOT Ha OCHOBe
Me.n;H IDIH cepe6pa C rpa<pHToM (ymeM) H HCrrOJIL3yroTCSI )])ISI H3roTOBJIeHIDI
TOKOC'LeMHHKOB.
B npH60poc1pOeHHH, 3JIe:rcrporeXHWIecKoH IIpOMblllVIeHHOCTH H 3JIeK'l'pOH-
HOH reXHHKe HaWJIH WHpoKoe rrpHMeHeHHe MeTaJlJIlIqeCme nopoWKOBbIe
Mm'epHaJIbI Ha OCHOBe l..{BeTHLIX MeTa.JIJIOB (AJIII-2, -2-4, AJIIDK12-4,
BpIIB-2, BpIIII]JO-2, BpIIOlOIU-3, JIII58f2-2 H .n;p.). 3m MarepHaJIbI
06JIa,n:aIOT BbICOKOH TeDJIO- H 3JIeK'l'pOnpOBO.D:HOCTLIO, KOpp03HOHHOH CTOH-
KOCTLIO, HeMarnHTHbI, XopoWO o6pa6aTLIBaIOTCSI pe3aHHeM H .D:aBJIeHHeM.
2.6. KOMn03HQIIOHHhIe MaTepHaJIbI C MeTaJlJIlf1IecKOii: Ma'l'pHneii:
KOMno3uu.uoHHbte MamepUtl./lbt C Mem4ll.ltUileCICOii MIlmpuu,eii (Mem4ll.ltO-
ICOMno3umbt) - MaTepHaJIbI, COCTOBI.U:He H3 MeTaJlJIHqeCKOH (qaI.U:e AI, Mg,
Ni H HX CDJIaBbI) Ma'IpHl.{LI, yrrpOqHeHHOH BbICOKOnpOqHbIMH BOJIOKHaMH
(BOJIOKHHCTLIe MarepHaJIbI) RTlH 'I)'I'OIIJIaBmMH TOHKo.n;HcrrepcHLIMH qaCTII-
l.{aMH, He paCTBOpBIOI.U:HMHCSI B MeTaJlJIe Ma'IpHl.{LI (.D:HCrrepcHo-yrrpOqHeH-
232
i
HbIe MaTeplIaJIbI). 3m MaTeplIaJIbI OTJIlIqaIOTCSI OT 06bIqHbIX CITJIaBOB 60JIb-
WIIMII 3HaqeHIDIMlI BpeMeHHoro corrpOrnRJIeHIDI II rrpe.n;eJIa BbIHOCJIIIBOCrn
(Ha 50...100%), MO.n;yJISI yrrpyrocrn, K03<p<plIl{lIeHTa :>KeCTKocrn (Ejp) II no-
HIDKeHHoii CKJIOHHOCThIO K 'lpeIIJ;IIH006pa30BaHIIIO II BbICOKOii :>Kaporrpoq-
HOCThIO.
MeTaJIJIH'IeCKHe Ma'TpHl.{bI 06JIMaIOT BbICOKHMH peaKl(HOHHOH cnoco6HOCTbIO
B >KH.lJ;KOf}>a3HOM COCTOJlHHH H conpomBJIeHHeM .n:e<t>opMHpoBaHHIO B TBep.n:Of}>a:r
HOM, 'ITO C0311aeT npo6JIeMbI XHMH'ieCKOH H MeXaHH'ieCKOH COBMeCTHMOCTH.
TIplIMeHeIrne KOMn031I IIOHHbIX MaTeplIaJIOB C MeTaJIJIMqeCKOii Ma'lplI-
eH nOBbIwaeT :>KeCTKOCTh KOHC'lpYK.I-J;lIM rrplI o.n;HOBpeMeHHOM CHIDKeHIIH
ee MeTaJlJIOeMKocrn. TeXHOJIOIWI nOJIyqeHIDI nOJIy<pa6PIIKaTOB II 1I3.n;eJIlIii
1I3 TaIrnX MaTeplIaJIOB .n;OCTaTOqHO XopOWO O1'pa60TaHa.
KOMn03II lIoHHbIe MaTeplIaJIbI C MeTaJIJUNeCKOii Ma'lpH eii KaK KOHCT-
PYK.I-J;HOHHbIe MaTeplIaJIbI IICnOJIb3YIOTcSI npaKTIIqeCKM BO Bcex O1'pacJISIX Ha-
po.n;Horo X03HiiCTBa: B aBlIa 1I1I - MSI 1I3fOTOBJIeHIDI BbICOKOHarp}')KeHHbIX
.n;eTaJIeii (0611IIIBKM JIOIDKepoHOB, naHeJIeii II .n;p.) II .n;BlIrareJIeii (JIOnaTOK
KOMrrpeccopoB II 1)'P61IH II .n;p.) CaMOJIeTOB; B aBToM06IDIeC'lpOeHIIII - MSI
06JIerqeHIDI KY30BOB, peccop, paM, naHeJIeii KY30BOB, 6aMnepOB II T..n;.,
B ropHoii rrpOMbIWJIeHHOCTH (6ypOBOii IIHC'lpYMeHT, .n;eTaJIlI KOM6aiiHOB
II .n;p.), B rrpOMbIWJIeHHOM II rpIDK;LJ;aHCKOM C'lpOIITeJIbCTBe (rrpOJIeThI MOC-
TOB, 3JIeMeHThI C60PHbIX KOHC'lpYK.I-J;lIii BbICOTI:lbIX COOp}')KeHlIii II .n;p.) II T..n;.
I
I
"
2.6.1. KOMno3HlUloHHhIe .ZJ;HcnepcHo-ynpO'lHeHHhIe MaTepHaJIhI
C MeTaJIJIH'IeCKOA Ma'l'pHI(eA
B KOMn031I IIOHHbIX .n;lIcnepcHo-yrrpOqHeHHbIX MareplIaJIax C MeTaJlJIII-
qeCKOH Ma'lplI eii nOCJIe.n;HSlSI SlRJISleTCSI OCHOBHbIM 3JIeMeHTOM, HeCyJl.(HM
Harp}'3KY, II 3<p<peKT yrrpOqHeHIDI .n;OCTlIraeTCSI 3a CqeT TOpMO:>KeHIDI .n;BIDKe-
HIDI .n;IICJIOKa lIii B Heii .n;lIcnepCHbIMII qaCrn aMII yrrPOqHHIOIIJ;eii <Pa3bI.
TIPOqHOCTh rrplI 3TOM He rro.n;tfiIHSleTCSI 3aKOH}' a,rJ.LJ:IITHBHOCTII B 3aBIICHMOcrn
OT 06'beMHoro co.n;ep:>KaHIDI yrrpOqHSlIOIIJ;IIX <pa3.
BbICOKaH npOqHOCTh .n;ocrnraeTCSI nplI pa3Mepe qacrn yrrpoqHHIOIIJ;eii
<Pa3bI 10...500 HM, cpe.n;HeM paCCTOSlHlI1I Me:>K.LJ:Y HIIMH 100...500 HM II paB-
HOMepHOM pacrrpe.n;eJIeHIIII HX B Ma'lpH e. OrrTIIMaJIbHOe co.n;ep:>KaHlIe qac-
rn MSI oOOCrreqeHIDI rrpOqHOCTII II :>KapOrrpOqHOCrn B pa3JIWlHbIX .n;Hcnep-
CHo-yrrpoqHeHHbIX MaTeplIaJIax Heo.n;HHaKOBO, HO 06bIqHO He rrpeBbIwaeT
5...10 06.%.
.D:lIcnepcHo-yrrpoqHeHHbIe MeTaJIJIOKOMrr031ITbI MOryr 6bITh nOJIyqeHbI Ha
OCHOBe 60JIbWlIHCTBa rrplIMeHSleMbIX B TexmIKe MeTaJlJIOB II CITJIaBOB. Ha1I60-
JIee WlIpoKO IICnOJIb3yIOT CITJIaBbI Ha OCHOBe aJIIOMHHIDI - CAll (cneqeH-
HbIii aJIIOMHHlIeBbIH nopowoK). B CneqeHHOM CITJIaBe aJIIOMIIHlIii HBJUleTCSI
Ma'lpH eii melICTOro C1pOeHIDI, B KOTOPYIO B KaqeCTBe <pa3bI-yrrpOqHlIreJUI
233
I
I
I
BKJIIOtJeHbI .n;HCnepcHbIe tJacmqbI Al 2 0 3 . )];HCrrepCHbIe tJaCTHu:bI He B3aHMO-
.D:eiiCTByIOT C Ma1pHqeii H He KoaryJIlIpyIOT npH HarpeBe, BCJIe.D:CTBHe tJero
rrpOtJHOCTHbIe cBoiicTBa CAlI MaJIO H3MeHSIIOTCSI rrpH HarpeBe (rrpOtJHOCTh
rrpH 20°C HIDKe, tJeM y.n.ypaJIIOMHHOB, a rrpH 200...300°C - BbIIIIe).
Co.n;epJKaHHe Al 2 0 3 B CAlI KOJIe6JIeTCSI OT 6...9 .D:O 13...22%. C }'BeJIWIe-
HHeM CO.D:epJKaHHSI 03 rrpe.D:eJI IIpOtJHOCTlf nOBbII.I.IaeTCSI OT 300 .D:O 400 Mila,
a OTHOCHTeJIbHOe Y,lI.JIHHeHIIe, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, CHIDKaeTC» OT 8 .D:O 3%. Orrrn:-
MaJIbHOe KOJIlItJecTBO Al 2 0 3 COCTaBJUleT 20...21%.
IInOTHOCTb CAII paBHa IIJIOTHOCTM aJIIOMMHlUI. ITo ,lL1IMTenbHOH npO'-lHOCrn
OHM npeBocxo.n;RT .n;e$opMMpyeMble aJIIOMMHMeBble CnnaBbI. TaK, ,lL1IMTenbHaR
npO'-lHOCTb ,lL1IR cnnaBOB CAII-l M CAII-2 npM 500.C COCTaBJIReT 45...55 MITa.
IInacTM'-IHOCTb 3TMX CIIJIaBOB y,ll;OBJIeTBOpMTenbHIDI, '-ITO om,RcIDIeTcR BJIMRHMeM
Ma'TpMl.1bI. CAII He YC'I)'IIaIOT aJIIOMMHMIO no KOppo3MOHHOH CTOHKOCTM M .n;IDKe
MOryr 3aMeHRTh TMTaH M KOPP03MOHHo-croHKMe CTaJIM npM TeMnepa'I)'pax 3Kcn-
.rryaTaI.1MM 250...500.C.
CnJIaBbI CAII nocne cneKaHMR npOKaTbIBaIOT B nMCTbI, npYTKM pa3Horo
npo$MJIR MJIM no.n;BepraIOT IIITaMnOBKe. OHM Mcnonb3yroTCR B Ka'-leCTBe :>Kapo-
npO'-lHbIX JUUI pa60TbI npM TeMnepa'I)'pax: Ha 30...50.C BbIIIIe, '-IeM y.n;e$opMMpye-
MbIX M nMTeHHbIX aJIIOMMHMeBbIX CnJIaBOB.
OOJIbiliHe rrepCneKTMBbI HMelOT HHKeJIeBbIe ,lUfCnepCHoHHo-yrrpotJHeHHbIe
MeTaJIJIOKOMn03HThI.
HaII60JIbIIIeii JKapOrrpOtJHOCThIO 06JIa,n:aIOT ClUIaBbI Ha OCHOne HHKeJISI C
2...3 06.% .D:HOKClf.D:a TOpHSl (B)];Y-l) RTlH .n;HOKClf.D:a ra<})HHSI (B)];Y-2). MaT-
pHqa 3TIIX CruiaBOB - 06bI'-IHO y-TBeP.D:bIii 'pacTBop Ni + 20% Cr, Ni + 15%
Mo, Ni + 20% Cr HMo. HaH60JIbIIIee rrpHMeHeHHe nOJIyqHJIH CIIJIaBbI B,[(Y -1,
B)];Y-2 H B)];Y-3 (Ma1pHqa Ni + 20% Cr, yrrpotJHeHHaSI OKClf.D:OM TopHSl). 3'rn
ClUIaBbI 06JIa,n:aIOT BbICOKOii JKapOrrpotJHOCThIO. TaK, ClUIaB B)];Y -1 npII TeM-
nepa'JY'Pe 1200.C HMeeT O"lOO = 75 MTIa H O"lOOO = 65 MTIa.
JilcnOJIb30BaHHe B KatJeCTBe yrrPOtJH»IOIl{HX tJaCTHU: cTa6RTlbHbIX T}'I'O-
lUIaBKHX coe.n;HHeHHii (OKClf.D:OB TOpHSl, ra<l>HHSI, II1TpHSl, CJIO>KHbIe coe.D:H-
HeHHSI OKClf.D:OB H pe.n;K03eMeJIbHbIX MeTaJIJIOB), He paCTBOpSiIOIl{IIXC» B MaT-
PHqHOM MeTaJIJIe, n03BOJlSleT COXpaHHTh BbICOKYIO npOqHOCTh MaTepHaJIa .D:O
0,9...0,95 TIIlI'
2.6.2. KOMno3HlUloHHbIe MaTepH8JIbI C MeT8JIJlH1JeCKOH Ma'l'pHneii:
H BOJlOKHHCTbIM ynp01JHHTeJIeM
MeTaJIJIOKOMrr03HThI C BOJIOKHHCThIM yrrpOqHHTeJIeM, B OTJIHqHe OT ap-
MHpoBaHHbIX TIJIaCTIIKOB, _ HMelOT PM oc06eHHocTeii: XOpOIIIyIO ::meK'Ipo- II
TeTIJIOnpOBo.n;HOCTh, BJIarocTOID<:OCTh, IIIHpOIGIii .n;Harra30H pa60qHX TeMne-
paTYP, nOBbIIIIeHHyIO )l(eCTKOCTh H rrpO'-lHOCTh O.D:HOHarrpaBJIeHHbIX MaTepII-
aJIOB B nOnepeqHOM HanpaBJIeHHH II npH c.n;BHre, cBoe06pa:me MexaHII3MOB
pa3pYIIIeHHSI, a TaIOKe oc06eHHOCTII HX .D:e<l>opMlIpoBaHIDI npII TepMOMexa-
HHqeCKHX B03.n.eiicTBHSlX H .n;p.
234
B MeTa.1l.JIOKOMrr03HTax C BOJIOKHHCThIM yrrPOqHHTeJIeM Ma'lpHQa ,n:OJDKHa
rrOJIHOCThIO OKp}')KaTh BCe BOJIOKHa .lIJISI rrpe,n:OTBpaweHHSI KOHTIucra Me)l(Jl;Y
HHMH. 3TO ,n:OCTHraeTCSI rrpH KOJIHqeCTBe Ma'lpHQbI He MeHee 15...20%.
Ma'lpHQa H BOJIOKHa He ,n:omKHbI Me)l(Jl;Y COOOH B3aHMo,n:eHCTBOBaTh, TaK
KaK 3TO MO>KeT npMBeCTH K rrOHIDKeHHIO rrpOqHOCTH MaTepHaJIa.
MeTa.1l.JIHqeCKMe BOJIOKHa HCnOJIb3yIOT B Tex CJIyqaJix, _ Kor,n:a 'lpe6yIOTCSI
BbICOKMe TeIIJIO- H 3JIeK'lpOrrpoBo,n:HMOCTh. TIPH 3TOM CpaBHHTeJIbHO ,n:ellIe-
Boe apMHpoBaHHe ocymeCTBJISIIOT CTaJIbHOH npoBOJIOKoH.
AmI yrrpOqHeHHSI aJIIOMHHHSI, MarHIDI H HX CIIJIaBOB rrpHMeHSIIOT 60pHbIe
(cr D = 2500...3500 MTIa, E= 38...420 IDa) H ymepo)UIbIe (cr B = 1400...3500 MTIa,
E= 160...450 fTIa) BOJIOKHa, a TaIOKe BOJIOKHa H3 T}'I'OIIJIaBKIIX coe,n:HHeHIIH
(Kap6H.LI:OB, HH'lpH.LI:OB, 60PH.LI:OB H OKCH.LI:OB), HMelOWHX BbICOKMe rrpOqHOCTh
H MO,n:YJIb yrrpyrOCTH. TaK, BOJIOKHa Kap6H.LI:a KpeMHHSI ,n:HaMe'lpOM 100 MKM
IIMelOT cr B = 2500...3500 MTIa, E = 450 fTIa. Hepe,n:Ko B KaqeCTBe BOJIOKOH
HCrrOJIb3yIOT rrpOBOJIOKY H3 BbICOKOrrpOqHbIX cTaJIeit ,[(JuI apMHpOBaHIDI TH-
TaRa H ero CIIJIaBOB npHMeHSIIOT MOJIH6,n:eHOByIO npOBOJIOKY, BOJIOKHa carr-
<l>IIpa, Kap6H.LI:a KpeMHHSI H 60pH.D:a THTaHa. ,[(JuI HHKeJIeBbIX CIIJIaBOB rrOBbI-
llIeHHe xaponpOqHOCTH ,n:OCTHraeTCSI apMHpOBaHHeM HX BOJIb<l>paMoBoH RTlH
MOJIH6,n:eHOBOH rrpOBOJIOKOH.
B aJIIOMHHHeBbIX, MarHHeBbIX H THTaHOBbIX CIIJIaBax xapOnpOqHOCTh
06eCrreqHBaeTCH HX apMlIpOBaHHeM TyrOIIJIaBKMMH HerrpepbIBHbIMH BOJIOK-
HaMH 60pa, Kap6H.LI:a KpeMHHSI, ,n:H60pH.LI:a THTaHa H OKCH.LI:a aJIIOMHHHSI.
Oc06eHHOCThlO TaKMX BOJIOKHHCThIX MaTepHaJIOB SlBJISIeTCH MaJIaSI CKOpOCTh
pa3yrrpOqHemUl BO BpeMeHH C nOBbIllIeHHeM TeMnepaTypbI.
TIepCrreKTH:BHbIMH yrrPOqHHTeJISIMH MSI BOJIOKHHCThIX BbICOKOnpOqHbIX H
BbICOKOMO,n:YJIbHbIX KOMrr03HQHOHHbIX MaTepHaJIOB SlBJlSlIOWSI HHTeBH.LI:HbIe
Iq>HCTaJIJIbI H3 OKCH.LI:a H HH'lpH.LI:a aJIIOMHHHSI, Kap6H.LI:a H HJITpH.LI:a KpeMHIDI,
Kap6H.LI:a 60pa H ,n:p., HMelOWHe cr B = 15000...28000 MTIa H E= 400...600 fTIa.
OCHOBHbIM He,n:OCTaTKOM KOMnOOHQHOHHbIX MaTepHaJIOB C O,n:HO- H ,n:BY-
MepHbIM apMHpOBaHHeM SIBJUIeTCSI HH3Koe COnpOTHBJIeHHe MeXCJIOHHoMY
C,n:BHI}' H nOnepeqHOMY 06pbIBY. B BOJIOKHHCThIX O,n:HOOCHbIX KOMTI03HQH-
OHHbIX MaTepHaJIax pe3KO npOSIBJISleTCSI aHH30TpOnHSl <l>H3IIqeCKMX CBOHCTB.
3Toro He,n:OCTaTKa JIHllIeHbI MaTepHaJIbI C OO'beMHbIM apMHpOBaHHeM.
I'
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I:
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2.7. MeTaJIJIlf1IeCKHe CTeKJIa
Mema.tl.llUlleCKUe cmeK./lQ (aMopfjJHble CflJla6bl, CmeKJl06UOHbie Mema.tlJlbl,
MemZllaccbl) - MeTaJIJIHqeCKMe CIIJIaBbI B cTeKJIo06pa3HOM COCTOSlHHH, 06-
pa3yIOWHeCSI npH CBePX6bIC'lpOM OXJIIDK;LJ;eHHH MeTaJIJIHqeCKoro pacIIJIaBa,
Kor,n:a 6bIC'lpbIM OXJIIDK;LJ;eHHeM rrpe,n:OTBpaWeHa KpHCTaJIJIH3aQHSI (CKOPOCTh
OXJIIDK;LJ;eHHSI MeHee 10 6 Kjc).
235 t
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COOpX6bIC1'pOe OXJIaJK,ZJ;eHHe 06eCne'IHBaeT nepeOXJIaJK,ZJ;eHHe paCllJIaBa, If
paCllJIaB H3-38 CHJIbHOro yJ3eJIH'IeHHH BH3KOCTH no .l(OCTHXeHHH TeMnepaTYPbI
CTeKJIOBaHHH 1;; CT8HOBHTCH TBep.l(hIM aMOp$HhIM TeJIOM. BMeCTe C reM TeMne-
paTYPa CTeKJIOBaHHH 1;; He HB1IHeTCH TO'IKOB $a30BOro npeBpa eHHH: paCllJIaB H
nOJIyqeHHoe H3 Hero CTeKJIO npHHa.l(JIeJKaT O.l(HOH H TOB JKe $a3e. MeT8JIJIH'Iec-
Koe CTeKJIO - ::ITO KaK 6hI 38MopOXeHHaH JKH,ZJ;KOCTb (B MeT8JIJIH'IeCKOM CTeKJIe,
KaK H B paCllJIaae, OTcyrcTByeT .l(aJIbHHH nOpSI.l(OK B pacnOJIOJKeHHH aTOMOB).
MeTIUlJIII'IeCKlIe CTeKJI,a - MeTIlcTIl6HJIbHbIe CIICTeMbI, KOTopbIe KpIIC-
TaJlJIlI3yJOTCH np" HarpeBaHlI1I .D:O' TeMrrepaTYPbI, paBHoR: npliMepHO' 112 II1JI'
HarpeB, KO'r.D:a nO'.D:BIDKHO'CTh aTO'MO'B B03paCTIleT, nO'CTerreHHO' nplIBO.D:HT
aMO'P<PHbIH cruIaB qepe3 PM MeTaCTa6HJIbHLIX CO'CTOSlHIIH B CTIl6HJIbHO'e
KplICTaJIJmqecKO'e CO'CTO'SlHlIe. MHO'rne MeTammqecKlIe CTeKJIa IICnLITLIBaIOT
C'lpYKTYPHyJO peJIaKcal.{lIIO }')Ke nplI TeMrrepaTYPe qyrL BLIllie KO'MHaTHO'it
HanO':>KeHlIe .D:e<pO'PMlIpyJOlI.{ero HarrpIDKeHHSI YCHJIIIBaeT .D:1I<P<PY3IIO'HHyJO
rrO'.D:BIDKHO'CTh II cBSl3aHHyJO C HeH C1]>YKTYPHyJO nepecrpO'RKY CIIJIaBOB.
Ha CKJIOHHOCTb MeTaJIJIH'IeCKHX CllJIaBOB K CTeKJIoo6pa30BaHHIO B1IHHIOT
CJIe.l(yIO He $aKTOpbI:
1) $H3HKO-XHMH'IeCKHe CBOBCTBa KOMnOHeHTOB (p83MepHoe COOTHOIIIeHHe,
p83JIH'IHe B BaJIeHTHOCTH H 3JIeIcrpOnpoBO.l(HOCTH, nOJIOJKeHHe B nepHO.l(HqeCKOH
CHCTeMe 3JIeMeHTOB);
2) OC06eHHOCTH 06P83yIOIltHXCH $83;
3) xapaKTepHCTHKH .l(HarpaMM COCTOHHHH (HanpHMep, HH3KHe reMnepaTYPhI
JIHKBH.D:YCa).
CocTaB MeTaJlJIWleCKHX CTeKO'JI qaIl.{e BCero BLIpa:>KaeTCH <P<>PMYJIO'H M80X2o,
r.D:e M - rrepeXO'.D:HbIe (Cr, Mn, Fe, CO', Ni II .D:p.) HJIII 6JIaroPO'.D:HLIe
MeTa.1l.JIbI, a X - rrO'JIIIBaJIeHTHLIe HeMeTaJlJIbI (B, C, N, Si, P, Ge II .D:p.),
SlBIDlIOlI.{lIeCH CTeKJIO'O'6pa3ytOII.{IIMII 3JIeMeHTaMII.
MeTaJlJIlIqecKlIe CTeKJIa O'TJIWlaIOTCSI OT KplICTaJIJIWleCKlIX CIIJIaBOB OTCyr-
CTBlIeM Ta.IGIX .D:e<peKTOB C1]>YKTYPbI, KaK BaKaHCIDI, .D:IICJIO'KaI.J:IIII, rpaHlIl.{LI
3epeH, H YHIIKaJIbHO'H: Xl'IMlIqeCKO'ii O'.D:HO'PO'.D:HO'CTLIO: O'TCyrcTBYeT JIIIKB3.I.{HSI,
BeCb CIIJIaB O'.D:HO'<pa3eH.
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CTBlIe xapaKTepHO'H MH Iq)IICTa.1I.JIO'B aHII3O'1]>O'rrlIlI CBORCTB, BbICOK)'io npoq-
HO'CTh, KO'PP03lIO'HHyJO CTO'iiKO'CTh II MarHIITHyJO rrpO'HlIl.{aeMOCTh, MaJILIe
nO'TeplI Ha nepeMarnlIqlIBaHlIe.
C1>H3IIKO'-Xl'IMWleCKlIe CBOHCTBa MeTaJlJIWlecKHX CTeKO'JI 3Ha'llfI'eJIbHO' O'T-
JIWlaIOTCSI OT CBOHCTB JIIITLIX CIIJIaBOB. XapaxrepHO'ii OCo6eHHO'CTLIO norpe-
6JITeJILCKlIX CBoiiCTB MeTa.1l.JIlIqeCKlIX CTeKO'JI SlBIDleTCSI BbICO'KaSI rrpO''lHOCTL
(MSI Fe 8o B 2o a B = 3600 MTIa) B CO'qeTaHlI1I C 6O'.rrbllIO'ii IIJIaCTlIqHOCThIO
(Ela T = 50 - 3HaqeHlIe, 6JIlI3KO'e K reopemqecKII M3KCIIMaJILHO' B03MO':>KHO'MY
3HaqeHIIIO) II BbICO'KO'ii KO'PPO'3lIO'HHO'H CroRKO'CTLIO. HeKO'ropbIe MeTa.JI.JJH-
qecKlIe CTeKJIa - <pepPO'MarnemKII C O'qeHb HlI3KO'H KO'3pl.{lImBHO'ii CHJIO'ii
236
II BbICOKOii MarHlITHOii IIpOHIIl.{aeMOCThIO (HarrpIIMep, Fe so B 20 ), a )])ISI,npyrnx
xapaKTepHO OqeHb cJIa60e rrOrJIOIl.{eHlIe 3ByJ<a (CTIJIaBbI pe,nK03eMeJIbHLIX
MeTaJIJIOB C rrepexo,nHbIMII MeTaJIJIaMII). HalI60JIee WlIpOKoe npHMeHeHlIe
MeTaJl.JIl1qeCKMe CTeKJIa HaIll.1lli 1I3-3a MafHlITHLIX II KOpp03lIOHHLIX CBoiiCTB.
Ha MarHHTHbIe CBOHCTBa MeTam!HqeCKHX CTeKOJI 6JIaronpHHTHO BJIHHeT OT-
cyrcTBHe KpHCTaJIJIorpa<}mqeCKOH aHH30TponHH H npOTH:>KeHHbIX .n;e<}>ekTOB.
KpOMe TOro, B aMop$HbIX CTIJIaBax B 60JIbllIeH creneHH, qeM B CTIJIaBax C KpHC-
Tam!HqeCKHM CTpoeHHeM, npOHBJIHIOTCH 3<}><}>eKTbI MaZHumHOZO nOClleiJeuCm6UJl,
'lTO CBH3aHO co cTa6HJIH3aIJ;HeH rpaHHIJ; .n;OMeHOB BCJIe.n;CTBHe KOMn03HIJ;HOHHOro
HanpaBJIeHHOrO ynopMOqeHHH. AnH MarHHTHoro nOCJIe.n;eHCTBHH xapaKrepHa
06paTHMOCTb MarHHTHbIX CBOHCTB no OTHOllIeHHIO K MarnHTHOMY H repMHqe-
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Co, Ni C ,no6aBKaMII 15...20% aMop«}>oo6pa3yIOIl.{HX ::meMeHTOB B, C, Si, P.
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l.{mI (1,6...1,61 TJI) H HlI3Koe - K03pl.{IITIIBHOii CIDIbI (32...35 MAjCM).
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3HaqeHlIe MarHIITHoii 1IH.n;yJ<l.{HII (0,55 TJI), HO BbICOKlIe MexaHlIqeCKMe
cBoiicTBa (900...1000 HV).
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HHTHOM nOJIe). TepMoMarHHTHaH o6pa6OTKa MO:>KeT H3MeHHTb THn neTJIH rHCTe-
pe3Hca H OKa3bIBaeT CHJIbHoe BJIHHHHe Ha MarHHTHbIe XapaKTepHCTHKH.
MarnHTHO-MHI'KHe MeTaJlJIHqeCKHe CTeKJIa npHMeIDIIOT B 3JIeIcrpOTeXHHqe-
CKOH H 3JIeIcrpOHHOH npOMbIIIDIeHHOCTH (MarnHTOnpoBo.nbI 'TpaHc4>oPMaTopoB,
cep.n;e1lHHKOB, YCHJIHreJIeH, .n;pOCCeJIbHbIX <}>HJIb'TpOB H .n;p.). CnJIaBbI C BbICOKHM
conpoTHBJIeHHeM H3HOCY HCnOJIb3YlOTCH B npOH3Bo.n;CTBe MarHHTHbIX 3KPaHOB H
MarHHTHbIX roJIOBOK.
BbICOKMM COrrpOTIIBJIeHlIeM KOpp03lIII 06JIa,na1OT TOJIbKO cTa6IDIbHbIe
aMoP<l>HbIe CTIJIaBbI. TaK, )])ISI 1I3roTOBJIeHIDI KOPp03lIOHHOCTOiiKHX ,neTIUleii
IICnOJIL3yIOT MeTaJIJIlIqeCKMe CTeKJIa Ha OCHOBe :>KeJIe3a II HIIKeJISI, co,nep:>Ka-
Il.{lIe He MeHee 3...5% xpOMa II HeKOTopbIe .npyrIIe 3JIeMeHThI. KpMTHqeCKasI
KOHI.J:eH'lpal.{IDI xpOMa, o6ecneqmalOIl.{asI cTa6IDIbHOCTh aMop«}>Horo CTIJIaBa,
orrpe,neJISIeTCH COOTHOWeHlIeM Me)l()J;Y JIempyIOIl.{IIMII 3JIeMeHTaMH CTIJIaBa II
aKTIlBHOCThIO KOpp03lIOHHOii cpe,nbI. ConpOTIIBJIeHlIe MeTaJIJIlIqeCKHX CTe-
KOJI KOpp03lIH CHIDKalOT npOl.{eCCbI, YCIDIIIBalOIl.{lIe XlIMHqeCKyIO Heo,nHO-
pQZJ;HOCTh, a IIMeHHO:
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· pa3,neJIeHlIe IICXO,nHOii aMop«}>Hoii «}>a3bI Ha ,nBe ,npyme aMop«}>HbIe
«}>a3bI MIl «}>a3bI C ,npymM XlIMlIqecKMM COCTaBOM;
· nepexo,n aMop«}>Hoii «}>a3bI B ,nB}'X- IDIII MHOro«}>a3HyIO CMeCb KpIICTIUI-
JIOB pa3HOro XlIMlIqeCKoro COCTaBa;
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tffi) II OKpyxaIOIl.{aSI Ma'IplIIJ:a.
TeXHOJIOrl1H rrOJIyqeHI1H MeTaJIJIl1'IeCKI1X CTeKOJI (rrpI1MepbI): 3aKaJIKa 113 pac-
ruIaBa Ha rrOBepXHOCTb 6bICTpO BpaII1aIOII1erOCH JUfCKa; paCrrJIIOIl.{I1BaHl1e KaruIl1
pacruuwa Me OXJIIDKllaeMbIMI1 HaKOBaJIbIDIMl1 11 .np. 3TH: TeXHOJIOml1 rrpe.norrpe-
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rrOpOllIKI1. fJIaBHbIH <}>aKTOp, orpaHINI1BaIOII1I1H 06JIacTH rrpl1MeHeHHH MeraJIJII1-
qeCKI1X CTeKOJI, - MaJIIDI TOJIII1I1Ha JIHTOro rrOJIy<}>a6pHKaTa, KOTOpbIH y.naeTCH
rrOJIyqHTb B rrOJIHOCTbIO aMop$HOM COCTOHHHI1.
2.8. 3aIIUITa MeTaJlJIOB OT KOpp03HH
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KOPP03ID1 MeTa.JlJIOB npOlIcxo.n;HT BCJIe.n;CTBlIe HX B3aHMo.n;e:HCTBHSI C XlI-
MnqeCKM a.KTH:BHbIMII .BeIl.{eCTBaMH, co.n;ep:>KaIl.{HMHCSI B npHpo.n;HbIX II TeXHO-
JIOrnqeCIrnX cpe.n;ax. B pe3YJIbTaTe KOpp03HH e:>Kero.n;HO TepSleTC}I OKOJIO 10%
o6Il.{ero KOJIlIqeCTBa BbIITJIaBJlSleMbIX qepHbIX MeTa.JI.JIOB. KOPP03HS1 MeTaJlJIOB
MO:>KeT 6bITh }'MeHbllIeHa RTlII rrpaKTIIqeCKM YC'IpaHeHa HaHeceHlIeM 3aIlJ;lIT-
HbIX rrOKpbITII:H (Harrp.HMep, JIaKOIq)aCOqHbIX), BBe)J;eHHeM B cpe.n;y HHfH6H-
TOpOB (Harrp.HMep, xpoMaToB, HIITpHTOB, apCeHH,L(OB), rrplIMeHeHlIeM KOppO-
3IIOHHO-CTO:HK.HX MaTeplIaJIOB (Harrp.HMep, CITJIaBOB, co.n;ep:>KaIIJ:HX MeTaJlJIbI C
BbICOKO:H CKJIOHHOCThIO K rraccHpoBaHHIO - XpOM, HHKeJIb, MOJlH6.n;eH H .n;p.).
K q.HCJIY MepOrrpHSlTII:H no 6opb6e C Kopp03lIe:H MeTa.JI.JIa OTHOCSlTCSI:
1) oq.HCTKa MeTa.JI.JIOB OT rrpIIMeCe:H, YCKOpSiIOIl.{HX KOpp03HOHHbIe rrpo-
u:eCCbI (y.n;aJIeHlIe cepbI H3 :>KeJIe3HbIX CITJIaBOB);
2) JIernpOBaHlIe 3JIeMeHTaMH, KOTopbIe nepeBO,WIT MeTalIJI B rracclIBHoe
COCTOSlHlIe (HarrpIIMep, CTaH,ZI:apTlIbIii 3JIeK'lpo.n;HbI:H nOTeHIJ:lIaJI ymepo,l{.HC-
TOii CTaJIlI rrp.H BBe.n;eHHH 12,6% xpOMa H3MeHSleTCSI C -0,6 .n;o + 1,8 B, H
CTaJIb CTaHOB.HTCSI YCTO:HqIIBOii K KOpp03HlI He TOJIbKO B CyxHX fa30BbIX cpe-
.n;ax, HO .H B aTMOC<pepe, Bo.n;e II MHOfHX rrpOMbIllIJIeHHbIX cpe.n;ax, co.n;ep:>Ka-
Il.{HX KMCJIOpO.n; II .n:pyrIIe OKMCJIHTeJI.H);
3) HaHeceHlIe Ha 1I3.n.eJIHSI 3aIIJ:HTHbIX nOKpbITIIii.
3alluny OT KOPP03HH CJIe.n:yeT Haq.HHaTh rrpaBRTlbHbIM rro.n;6opoM XlIMH-
qeCKoro COCTaBa II C'IpYKTYPbI MeTa.JlJIa. O.n;HaKo HalI60JIbllIee pacnpOCTpaHe-
HIIe B rrpaKTHKe )])ISI 3aIIJ;IIThI MeTa.JlJIa OT KOppOOHH nOJIyqRTlII JIernpOBaHlIe
II 3aw.umHble nOKpblmUJl.
3aIlUITHbIe nOKpbITIDI (ITJIeHKM) MOryr 6bITh MemaJlJlUlteCKUMU, OKCUOHbl.MU,
6umYMHbl.MU, nOAUMepHbl.MU, AaKOKpaCOItHbl.MU, cmeKll03MaJle6bl.MU, 6emOHHbl.MU
.H .n:p.
MeTa.JlJI.HqecKMe nOKpbITIDI npe.n;CTaBJlSlIOT co6oii MeXaHlIqecK}'IO (KaTOLl-
Hoe nOIq)bITIIe) RTlII 3JIeKTpOXlIMlIqeCK}'IO (aHo.n;Hoe IIOKpbITIIe) 3aIIJ:H1Y.
KamooHoe nOKpblmue - 31'0 rroKpbITHe MeTaJlJIOM, KOTOpbIH 60JIee 3JIercrpo-
rrOJIO:>KHTeJIeH, qeM OCHOBHOH (JI}')KeHHe :>KeJIe3a OJIOBOM). Pa3pyrneHHe OCHOB-
238
HOro MeTaJIJIa MO>KeT npOH30Hrn TOlIbKO B TOM clIyqae, eClIH Ha nOKpbITMM 06pa-
3yJOTCH TpeIUMHa mm ornepcrne H TIlIeHKa }'>K.e He 6y.n;eT MeXaJmqeCKM 3aIUHIUaTb
MeTaJIJI.
AHoonoe nOlcpblmue - 31'0 nOKpbITMe 601Iee 31IeKTpOO'lpHI.J:aTelIbHbIM MeTalI-
110M, qeM OCHOBHOH (HaIIplfMep, I..{J1HKOBaHJ1e M XpOMMpOBaHJ1e CTalIM). B clIyqae
nOBpeX<D:eHMH 31IeKTpOXMMHqeCKOe paCTBopeHMe MeTaJIlIa nOKpbITMH npemrr-
CTBYeT KOpp03MM OCHOBHOro MeTalIlIa.
ITpOI.1eCC HaHeceHMH MeTalIlIlNeCKMX nOKpbITMH Ha3bIBaeTCH MemOJlJlU3al{ueii.
Memtl.tl.llU3Qu,UR - nOKpbITMe nOBepxHOCTH M3JIelIMH ClIoeM MeTaJIlIa mm'
CTIlIaBa MH npM,I.J:aHMH eH <pM3HQeCKMX, XMMMQeCKMX M MexaHMQeCKMX CBOHCTB,
OTlIMQHbIX OT CBOHCTB MeTaJlJIM3MPyeMoro MarepMaJIa. ITpHMeHHeTCH.lLIDI 3aW:MTbI
M3.lI.elIMH OT KOpp03HM, H3Hoca, 3p03IDf, nOBbIllIeHMH KOHTaKTHOH 31IeK'TpHQe-
CKOH npOBo.n;HMocrn, B .n;eKopaTJ1BHbIX I.1elIHX. MeTaJIJIM3aI.1J1H n03BOlIHeT 06pa6a-
TbIBaTh J13.l1.elIJ1H, c06paHHble B KOHCTp}'KI.1IDf, QlUIaKO no.nyqaeTCH llIepOXOBaTaH
nOBepXHOCTb.
OKCHJJ:HbIe rrOKpbITHSI rrOJIyqalOT, HanpHMep, rrpH OKCHJJ:HpOBaHIIH II
rjJocrjJamupO(JaHUU.
t/JoctjJamUp08QnUe - C03.n;aHMe Ha J13JIelIJ1J1 nOBepXHOCTHOH TIJIeHKM J13 He-
paCTBopHMbIX COlIeH xelIe3a mm MapraHI.1a B pe3YlIbTaTe 06pa60TKM MeTaJIJIa
<p o c<p a TaMJ1 xelIe3a mm MapraHI.1a.
I1cnoJIb3oBaHHe JIaKOKpaCOqHbIX nOKpbI111H OCHOBaHO Ha MeXaHHqeCKOii
3 U.u:JITe Menuma IIJIeHKOii .113 Pa3JIIIQHbIX KpaCOK .11 JIaKOB. JIaKoKpaCOQHbIe
rrOKpbITIDI HCrrOJIb3yIOT, HarrpIIMep, )])ISI JaI.QHTbI 1py6onpOBO,lJ;OB C Hap}')KHoii
H BHyrpeHHeii CTOpOH. TaKHe rrOKpbITIDI COCTo.SIT H3 D:BYX-1pex CJIOeB rpyJi_
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1py6bI ,lJ;HaMe1pOM He 60JIee 800 MM II rrpH TeMrrepaTYPe 1paHcrroprnPyeMbIx
rrpO,lJ;}'KTOB He BbIllie 40°C.
TIOJIHMepHbIe nOKpbITIDI nOJIyqalOT HaKJIeHBaHIIeM nOJIHMepHOii IlJIeH-
KH, HarrbmeHHeM nopollIKo06pa3Horo rrOJIHMepa (rum .n;pyrIIMII MeTo.n;aMH)
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TeMnepaTYPe He BLIllie 35°C. 3aBo,ncKHe rrOJIHMepHbIe rrOIq)LlTIDI npHro,nHbI
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KoM6HHau:HH CHJIHKaTOB (KBaP , rrOJIeBoit IlIrraT, 6ypy, rmrny H ,np.). 3MaJIe-
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pOKOro npHMeHeHHSI.
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COTeH JIeT) H BeTBSlMH, 06p8.3yIOI.IDIMH KpOHY. no cTPYKTYPe nonepeqHOrO
p8.3pe3a CTBOJIa .n:epeBa KaK 3JIeMeHTbI pa3JIHqaIQT lWpy, KG.M6uu, cepou,eeUHY
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paCTeHHH. Pa3BHBaIOIl{WlCH Kopa COCTOIIT 1'13 Hap}')KHOro CJIOH - KOpKH 1'1 BHyr-
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JIHCTbHX, 1'13 KpOHbI .nepeBa BHH3 1'1 co.nep}l(J1T I1X 3arraCbI. Kopa MO)f(eT co.nep-
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HaqaJIO BTOPHqHbIM rrpOBo.n5IIl{HM TKaH5IM 1'1 06eCrreqHBaIOIl{a5I HX pOCT B TOJI-
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JIy6HHbIe KJIeTKH. Ce30HHbIe H3MeHeHHH aKTHBHOCTH KaM6HH B pe3YJIbTaTe CMe-
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KOJIeu (CJIOeB IIpHpOCTa .npeBeCHHbI). fo.nWllible KOJIbua BH,Z:(HbI Ha cpe3e CTBOJIa
.nepeBa 1'1 rr03BOJUlIOT orrpe.neJIHTb ero B03paCT 1'1 YCJIOBHH }I(J13HH.
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MM B HeM lIMTaTeJIbHbIMM BemeCTBaMM. ECJIM Y .n:peBeCHOM
lIOpO.n:bI WJ:po OTcyrcTByeT, TO ee Ha3bIBalOT 3a601l0HHOU
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nOnepeQHOMY, pa,lIHaJIbHOMY npo,n:OJIbHOMY (no ,n:HaMeTPY IDIH pa,lJJfYCY) l1
TaHreHU:HaJIbHOMY npo,n:OJIbHOMY (no xop,n:e).
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BHCHMOCTH OT npHQHH nOSlBJIeHHSI nopoKH comaCHO fOCT 2140-71 ,n:eJISIT
Ha rpyrrnbI, BHJJ:bI M pa3HOBHJJ:HOCTl1. fpyrrnbI nopOKOB MOryr 6bITb YCJIOBHO
pa3,n:eJIeHbI no QeTbIpeM OCHOBHbIM npHQHHaM IIOSlBJIeHHSI:
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paBHoMepHoe H3MeHeHHe JIHHeHHbIx pa3MepoB npH ycyrnKe H Ha6yxaHHH.
He)l:OCTaTKaMH )l:peBeCHHbI SlBJISIIOTCSI ee 603zopaeMocmb H ZHueHue.
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PIOqMX fa30B) 250...300.c. I1pH TeMrrepaTYPa?, BbIIlle 350.C fa3bI, BbI.D:eJI IOIl{He-
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pa3BHTHJI ,nepeBOpa3pyruaIOIUHX rpH60B, H BBe,neHHe B ,npeBeCHH}' BeIl{eCTB, JI.l{O-
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j(e.tlO60J1 i)pe6eclUUl - 'Iacm CTBOJIa .D;epeBa orrpe.D;eJIeHHbIX pa3MepoB H
Ka'leCTBa, SlBJUIIOllUIecSi KOHe'lHbIM rrpo.nyKTOM JIeC03aroTOBlITeJIbHOro rrpo-
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HH'IeCKOH HJIH XHMJiNeCKOH rrepepa60TKH B /leeOMamepUOJlbl.
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po.D;HyIO C'lpYKTYPY H XHMH'IecKH'lt COCTaB. Pa3JIJiNaIOT Kpy2llble H 06pa6o-
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JIeCOMarepHaJIbI rro.D;pa3.D;eJISIIOT Ha 6peeHa, noomoeapHuK H JlCepou.
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OT CytibeB 3arrO)J)lHUO C rrOaepXHOCTbIO H OKopeHHbIe C rrOJIHbIM Y.D;aJIeHHeM
.rry6a. KrraccH<I)HKaUMSI 6peaeH ocymecTBJUIeTCSI no mO/lU{UHe emeO/la 6 eepx-
HeM ompe3e, no HOJlUIlUIO nopOK06 U no O/lUHe.
TIo TOJIWHHe CTBOJIa B BepXHeM O'lpe3e 6peBHa rrO.D;pa3.D;eJUlIOT Ha 'lpH
rpyrrrrbI:
. MeJIKHe - C TOJIllUIHOH CTBOJIa ,WISI XBO'ltHbIX 6peBeH 6...13 CM, JIIDI
JIHCTBeHHbIX - 8...13 CM;
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TIo HaJIWIHIO rropoKOB 6peBHa .D;eJISlTCSI Ha 'lpH cop-ra (1,2 H 3). CoprHOCTb
orrpe.D;eJUIIOT ITyreM YCTaHOBJIeHIDI HopM rropoKOB .IJ:peBeCHHbI (fOCT 2140-71).
TIPH 3TOM K nopoKaM OTHOCSIT CyqKH, rpH6HbIe rropaxeHMSI, 'IepBOTO'IHHY,
'lpeWHHbI, KpHBH3HY CTBOJIa H .D;p.
TIo )J)IHHe 6peBHa HCrrOJIb3yIOT C rpa,n;aUHe'lt 'Iepe3 0,5 M.
244
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X B 0 H H bI e II 0 P 0.11: bI (110 fOCT 9463-88)
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JI 11 C T B e H H hI e II 0 P 0.11: hI (110 fOCT 9462-82)
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HMO ,n:ep.>KaTb no,n: HaBeCOM B TeHH, 3aKpbIB co Bcex CTOpOH. JIecoMarepHaJI
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3.1.3. nHJIOMaTepHaJlbI
TIocJIe eCTeCTBeHHoi1: npe,n:BapHTeJIbHoi1: CyIIIKH KpyrJIbIi1: JIec MO.>KeT
6bITb pa3,n:eJIaH Ha nWlOMamepUaJlbl (pHC. 66).
IIWloMamepUaAbl - MarepHaJIbI H3 ,n:peBecHHbI, IIOJIyqeHHbIe pacmrnOB-
KOi1: 6peBeH B,n:OJIb BOJIOKOH. Pa3JIHQalOT nRTIOMarepHaJIbI PMHaJIbHOi1:, TaH-
reHU:HaJIbHoi1: H CMellIaHHoi1: paCrnrnOBKM. TIRTIOMaTepHaJIbI C OnRTIeHHbIMH
KpOMKaMH Ha3bIBalOTCSI 06pe3HblMu, C HeOnHJIeHHbIMH KpOMKaMH - He-
o6pe3HblMu (pHC. 66, 3, K). TIRTIOMarepHaJIbI, no,n:BeprllIHecSi IIOCJIe pacnH-
JIOBKM ,n:aJIbHei1:llIei1: o6pa6OTKe (,lLJUI CfJIIDKHBaHHSI IIOBepXHocrei1: RTIH $1-
COHHoi1: npmpRTIHpOBKH), Ha3bIBalOTCSI cmpOZaHHblMU.
TIRTIOMarepHaJI bI B 3aBHCHMocrn OT TOJIIIJ;HHbI, lllHpHHbI H <l>OPMbI IIO,n:-
pa3,n:eJISIIOT Ha OOCKU, 6pyc, 6pYCOK H ZOp6blJlb.
/(OCKU, nOJIyqHBllIHe HaH60JIbllIee pacnpOCTPaHeHHe B CTpOHTeJIbHbIX
pa6OTax, 6bIBalOT TOJIIIJ;HHOi1: OT 16 MM H 60JIbllIe, npmeM llIHpHHa ,n:OJDKHa
6bITb 60JIbllIe ,n:BOi1:HOi1: TOJIIIJ;IDIbI. )J.OCKM B CBOIO OQepe,n:b KJIaccH<l>H HPy-
IOTCSI no cnoco6y 06pa60mKu H IIO mOAUI,UHe.
TIo cIIoco6y 06pa6oTKM ,n:OCKM ,n:eJISlTCSI Ha He06pe3Hble, nOAyo6pe3Hble H
o6pe3Hble.
Heo6pe3Hble .n:OCKH nOJIyqalOT npH paCIIRJIHBaHHH 6peBHa B npo.n:OJIbHOM
HanpaBJIeHHfI. OHH HMelOT H3MeIDIIOll.{yIOCSI no ,lUIHHe .n:OCKJiI umpHH)' (O.lIHH fiX
KOHeu 6bIBaeT YJl{e). KpOMKJiI Y TaKJilX .n:OCOK OCTpble. Y nOJIyo6pe3HbIX .n:OCOK
(pHC. 66, u) TOxre MeIDIeTCSI IIDIpHHa, HO TOJIbKO qaCTh KJ>OMKH: OCTIleTCSI HeonH-
JIeHHOM (063011). ITPOHCXO.n:HT 3TO nOToM)', qTO .w:m nOJIyo6pe3HbIX .n:OCOK OTTIH-
JIHBaIOT rop6billH HeCKOJIbKO YJl{e, qeM .wm 06pe3HbIx .n:OCOK. 06pe3HbIe .n:OCKJiI
no.rryqaIOT, Kor.n:a 6peBHo npe.n:BapHTeJIbHO OnRJIeHO C .n:BYX CTOpOH, qTo5bI npH
paCnRJIOBKe nOJIyqaJlHCb nOJIHOCTblO 06pe3Hble .n:OCKJiI 6e3 0630JIa H o.n:HHaKOBoM
IIlHpHHbI.
ITo TOJIIlIHHe ,lUISI .n:OCOK B npaKTIlKe npHIDITa cJIe.n:yIOll.{aSl KJIaccmlmKaUIDI:
mec (20...30 MM), 06aOl{amKa (20 MM), o1OUM06Ka (25 MM), mpuou,amKa (30 MM).
Epyc - nRTIOM.aTepHaJIbI TOJIIIJ;HHOi1: H llIllpHHOi1: 60JIee 100 MM. COOT-
BeTCTBeHHO QHClIY OnRTIeHHbIX CTOpOH 6pYCbSi 6bIBalOT oeyx-, mpex- H lJe-
mblpeXKaHmHble.
EpYCOK - 06pe3HOM nRTIOMaTepHaJI TOJIIIJ;HHOM ,n:o 100 MM H IIllipHHOM
He 60JIee ,n:BOi1:HOi1: TOJIIIJ;HHbI.
rOp6blJlb - nRTIOMaTepHaJI, IIOJIyqaeMbIi1: npH npo,n:OJIbHOM paCIIRTIOBKe
nyreM cpe3a Hapy.>KHOM qaCnI 6peBHa (c nponRTIOM Ha BCIO .lLJIHHY C O,n:HOi1:
246
Pac. 66. Cnoco6bl pa30ellKu KPYZIIOZO Ileca Ha
nWIOMamepUaJlbl U OOCKU pa3JlU'IHblX euooe:
a - lIJIaCmUHa: 6 - '1em6epmUHa; 6 - i!Op6b1/lb; i! -
06yXIWHmHblU 6pyc; 0 - '1emblpexlCaHmHblU 6pyc c 0630-
/lOM; e - '1UCmblU 6pyc; JIC - '1emblpexlCaHmHblU 6pyc;
3 - 06pe3HaR ooclCa; U - nonyo6pe3HaR ooclCa C 0630-
/lOM; IC - He06pe3Hble OOCICU; 1 - ICpOMlCa; 2 - pe6pa;
3 - /le6aR, UJlU 6HympeHHJlJl, lIJIaCmb; 4 - npa6Jl, UJlU
HapyJICHaR, lIJIaCmb; 5 - 0630/l; 6 - cepO",e6uHa OOCICU;
7 - 6oIC06ble OOCICU
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CTOpOHbI H rop60M - C ,n:pyrOM). fop6bIJIH
MOryr 6bITh pa:mOM TOJIlI(HHbI II nrnpHHbI: ca-
MbIM TOJICTbIM H IlIlIpOI<HM - C KOMJIeBOM
(npHKOpHeBOM) qaCTH 6peBHa, CaMbIM TOHI<HM
H yJI<HM - B mpy6e.
fOp6bIJIb npMMeH5IIOT rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M LLJI5I BCnOMOraTeJIbHbIX coopyxeHMM,
HaCnUIIGI qepHOBbIX nOJIOB M HaKaTa Ha qep}J.aqHOM nepeKpbITMM, KperIJIeHM5I
ropHbIX BI>Ipa6oTOK, YCTpOMcrna 3a60poB, CTeH capaeB M }J.p.
TIIDIoMarepHaJIbI XBOMHbIX nopo,n: B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT ,n:onycKaeMbIX nopo-
KOB ,n:peBeCHHbI no,n:pa3,n:eJISlIOT Ha ,n:OCI<H H 6pYCI<H TISlTII COproB, a 6PYCMI -
qeTbIpeX COpTOB. JIyqIlIHe COpTa (OT6opHbIM H nepBbIM) nMJIOMarepHaJIOB
npHMeHSlIOT LJ:,JUI ,n:eTaJIeM 06IlIHBI<H BHyIpeHHeH naJIy6bIcy,n:OB, nOnepeqHbIX
6aJIOK H 60PTOB IPyJOBbIX aBTOMo6IDIeM, B CeJIbCKOX03S1MCTBeHHbIX MaIlIH-
Hax H ,n:p. TIIDIoMarepHaJIbI XBOMHbIX nopo,n: qeTBepTOrO COpTa npHMeHSlIOT
LJ:,JUI MeJIKHX 3aroToBOK H H3rOTOBJIeHHSI TapbI.
fIIDIOMaTepHaJIbI H3 JIHCTBeHHbIX IIOpo,n: lIo,n:pa3,n:eJlSlIOT Ha 1pH copra. B CTO-
JISlpHOM ,n:eJIe HCnOJIb3yIOT TOJIbKO I-M H 2-M copTa, B C'l'pOHTeJIbCTBe - Bce
COpTa. MaKCHMaJIbHO ,n:OnyCTHMaSI BJIIDKHOCTh He ,n:OJI.lKHa npeBbIIlIaTb 25%.
TIIDIoMaTepHaJIbI, Hape3aHHbIe IIO onpe,n:eJIeHHbIM ra6aplITHbIM pa3MepaM,
Ha3bIBaIOTCSI 3aZOmOeKaMU. TIpOMbllIIJIeHHbIe npe,n:npIDITIDI nOCTaB1I.SlIOT 3aro-
TOBI<H l{eIlbHblMU H KJleeHblMU, nwzeHblMU (qepHOBbIMH) H KllIlu6poeaHHblMu
(C'IpOraHHbIMH). KaqecTBo .n:peBeCHHbI H 06pa6arKa 3arOTOBOK XBOiffibIX nopo,n:
,n:OJDKHbI COOTBeTCTBOBaTh fOCT 9685-61, a JIHCTBeHHbIX - fOCT 7897-83.
TIIDIoMarepHaJIbI no Ha3HaqemUO ,n:eJISIT Ha cmpoumellbHble, CmOllRpHble,
mapHble, 3KcnopmHble H cnel{UllIlbHble.
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3.1.4. .u:peBecBbIe MaTep03JIbI 0 03,n:eJIOJl 03 BOX
,[(peBeCHbIMH MarepHaJIaMH SlBJISIIOTCSI umOH, opeeecHOfl mepcmb, cmpyJIC-
Ka, opaHb H 20Hm.
):{n51 npOM3BO}J.CTBa }J.peBeCHbIX MaTepMCUlOB MCnOJIb3yroTC5I KPR.;JICU - TOJI-
CTbIe KOpOTIGIe npMKopHeBbIe OTpe3KM CTBOJIOB, a TalOKe OTXO}J.bI JIecoo6pa6OT-
KM M nepepa60TKM .LqJeBeCMHbI (rop6bIJIb, peMKM, CTpyxKI1, OnMJIKM).
247
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JIyw,eHblii mnou - TOHKaSI HenpepbIBHaSI C'Ip}')KKa, CIDIT3JI C nOBepXHOCTH
6peBHa, BpaII.J;alOII.J;erOCSI BOKpyr CBoei1: OCH: TOJIII.J;I1Ha - OT 0,55 ,no 1,5 MM;
lIIHPHHa - OT 150,n0 1900 MM; BJIIDKHOCTh 6...10%. JIymeHbIH lIInOH npH-
MeHSleTCSI rom H3rOTOBJIeHHSI KJ1eeHoi1: <paHepbI.
/(pe8eCUaR mepcmb - c'Ip}')KKa KOpO'fIGIX 6peBeH eJIH, nHXThI I1JIH COCHbI
,nJIHHOi1: 200...500, lIIHpHHoi1: - 2...5 11 TOJIII.J;HHoi1: 0,3...0,5 MM.
CmpYJICKa, i)paub H zoum - KpOBeJIbHbIe MarepmlJIbI, H3rOTaBJIHBaeMbIe
H3 OCMHbI, COCHbI, eJIH, TIlIXThI.
Cmpy:JICKy npOH3BO,nSlT .lLJIHHOH (B,nOJIb BOJIOKHa) 40...50 CM, IillIPHHOi1:
7...12 CM H TOJIII.J;HHOi1: 0,3 CM. ,l{paHb (,npaHKa, ,npaHHu:a) - TOHKMe (3...5 MM)
.n:epeBSlHHble .n:OII.J;eqKH .n:JISI 06IIlHBKH CTeH H nOTOJIKa no,n IIIT}'KaTYPKY
(.lLJIHHa 1,25...2,5 M, IillIpHHa 12...30 MM) H,lI)UI YC'lpoi1:cTBa KpOBJIH ()])IMHa
0,4...1 M, IIlHpHHa 90...130 MM). rOHm - KJ1HHOBM,LJ;HbIe ,noII.J;eqKM C npo-
,nOJIbHbIM na30M B TOJICTOi1: KpOMKe (TOpu:e). ,[(JIHHa 50...70 CM, llIHpHHa -
OKOJIO 10 CM, TOJIII.J;HHa 1,5 CM. TIpH YC'lpOHCTBe KpOBJIH }'3KaSI KpOMKa 'o,n-
HOi1: ,nOII.J;eqKH BCTaBJISleTCSI B na3 ,npyroi1:.
/(pe8eCUble U30e.trUR - HCKYCCTBeHHbIe MarepHaJIbI, nonyqaeMbIe H3 ,npeBe-
CMHbI nyreM paCnI1JlIIBaHHSI, H3MeJIbQeHHSI BOJIOKOH, CKJ1eI1BaHHSI H ,npYfI'IX
npou:eCCOB. 3TH H3,neJIHSI H3rOTaBJIHBalOT no Hal160JIee pacnpOC'lpaHeHHbIM
TeXHOJIOnrnM B qeTbIpeX BM,LJ;ax:
. CIloucmble MamepUaJlbl (rjJaHepbl) - CKJ1eI1BaHHe CJIOeB llITIOHa no,n ,nei1:-
CTBI1eM ,naBJIeHHSI H rerum;
. opeeecHocmpY:JICelJHble fl./lUmbl - ropSlqee npeCCOBaHHe ,npeBecHoi1:
C'Ip)')KKM H KJIe51 (qaII.J;e Kap6aMMHbIX CMOJI);
. opeeecHoeOfloKHucmble flflumbl - CKJ1eI1BaHHe I1JIH ropWIee npeCCOBaHMe
,npeBeCHbIX BOJIOKOH;
. o6flezrteHHbie flflumbl (cjJu6pOflum) - npeCCOBaHHe ,nJIHHHbIX CTp}')KeK H
M11HepaJIbHOrO CBSl3yIOII.J;ero BeII.J;eCTBa.
(lJauepa - HCKYCCTBeHHbIi1: ,npeBecHbIi1: MaTepHaJI, nOJIyqaeMbIi1: CKJ1eH-
BaHHeM H3 'lpex H 60JIee CJlOeB JIymeHoro lIInOHa. qHCJIO CJIOeB B <PaHepe
06S13aTeJIbHO .n:OJDKHO 6bITh HeqeTHbIM, TaK KaK npH 3TOM }'MeHblIIaeTCSI KO-
p06JIeHHe H3,neJIHSI. ,[(JISI npOH3BO.n:CTBa KJ1eeHoi1: <paHepbI HCnOJIb3yIOT JIY-
II.J;eHbIH lIInOH 'lpex COPTOB H3 ,npeBeCHHbI ,ny6a, 6}'Ka, 6epe3bI, SlceHSl, OJIbXl1
11 JIHnbI. <1>aHepy KJ1aCCH<pHIJ:HPYK>T no Hanpa8fleHUKJ eOflOKOH 8 CMeJlCHblX flU-
cmax umOHa, eooocmOUKocmu, euoy o6pa6omKU noeepXHocmu H IJUCflY Cfloe8.
TIo HanpaBJIeHHIO BOJIOKOH B CMe:>KHbIX JIHCTaX llITIOHa B npOMbIIIIJIeH-
HOCTII HCnOJIb3yIOTCSI CJle,nyIOII.J;He BeJImHHbI yrJIOB Me}K,ZJ;Y BOJIOKHaMH: 90,
60, 45 (,nHaroHaJIbHaSI) H 30°.
BO.n:OCTOi1:KOCTh <paHepbI onpe.n:eJISleTCSI THnOM npHMeHeHHoro KJ1eSl. TIo
BO.n:ocTOi1:KOCTII Bbl,L(eJISIIOT 'lpH rpyrrnbI <paHepbI:
. noeblUleHHou eoOocmouKocmu - <peHOJIo<PopMaJIb,ZJ;erH,L:J:HbIi1: KJ1ei1:;
248
· CpeOHeU eoOOCmOUKOCmU - Kap6aMH.nHbIit HJIH aJlW}'MHH-Ka3eHHo.BbIit
KJIeit;
· OZpaHUlleHHOU eoOOCmOUKOCmU - Ka3eHHo.BbIit KJIeit.
BO.aOCTOitKylO <}>aHepy (MapKH <J>C<J» npHMeHHIOT .lUIH 06IIIHBKH Hap}')KHbIX
CTeH, KpOBeJIbHhIX pa6oT, H31'OTOB1IeHIDI HeCYJlUIX H orpa)K,lUUOIlJ;HX KOHCTPYK-
UHit, a .apymx MapoK - .lUIH YCTpoitCTBa BHY'J'PeHHHX neperopo.aOK H 06IIIHBKH
CTeH H nOTOJIKOB BHyrpH nOMeIlJ;eHHit:.
nO. BH.nY o.6pa6OTKH no.BepXHOCrn «paHepa Mo.>KeT 6bITh UJJlufjJoeaHHaJl C
o.,n:Ho.it HJIH ,n:BYX CTOpo.H H HeUJJlufjJoeaHHaJl.
.lLnH .aeKOpaTHBHhIX l{eJIeit <}>aHepy OKJIeHBaIOT C'rporaHhIM IIInOHOM. C'rpora-
HhIit IIInOH H3roTaB1IHBaIOT H3 rex }f{e nopo.a .apeBeCHHhI, ':lro H JIyI.U;eHhIit, a
TaIOKe H3 opexa, BR3a, KaIIITaHa, IDIaTaHa, rpynIH, R6.nOHH, ':lepeIIIHH H .apyrHX
ueHHhIX nopo.a.
nO. 1IHCJIY CJIoeB paJJIlftIalOT mpex-, fLRmu- H MHOZOC/lOUHble fjJaHepbl.
Pa3MepbI «paHepbI o.npe,n:eJIeHbI CTaH,n:apTaMH: MaKCHMaJIbHbIit
2440x1525 MM; MHHHMaJlbHbIit - 1220x725 MM; TOJIIIUfHa - o.T 1,5 ,n:o. 12 MM.
)JpeseCHOCmpy:JlCe'lHbIe 1IAU1IIbi (rOCT 10632-89) - HCKy-CCTBeHHbIH ,n:pe-
BeCHbIH MarepHaJI, H3ro.To.BJISIeMbIH rop}J1IHM npecCo.BaHHeM cneU:HaJIbHo.
npHroTOBJIeHHhIX ,n:peBeCHhIX C'I'p}I)KeK C >KH,lJ,KHMH repMo.peaKTHBHbIMH no.-
JIHMepaMH (<l>e H o. JI <><l><>PMaJll¥I:eI1f,lJ;HbIMH, Kap6aMH.nHbIMH H ,n:p.).
C!pYK1YPHo. ,n:peBeCHOC1p}I)Ke'IHbIe IUIHTbI COCTOSIT H3 TpeX CJIo.eB. Cpe,n:-
HHH CJIo.H COCTOIIT H3 OTHOCHTeJIbHo. TOJICThIX C'I'p}I)KeK TOJIIl{HHo.H 1 MM, a
HapY>KHbIe CJIo.H - H3 TOHKHX c'I'p}I)KeK TOJIIl{HHo.H ,n:o. 0,2 MM. TaKo.H xa-
paKTep C'I'p)'KTYpbI IUIIIT nOBbIwaeT HX npo1lHo.CTh.
,[qJeBeCHo.C'I'p}I)Ke1lHbIe IIJIHThI BbInycKaIOT paJJIH1IHo.H IUIOTHo.CTH, KI'/M 3 :
OlleHb SblCOKOU - 660...800, cpeoHeu - 510...650, Mll./lOU - 360...500 H OlleHb
Mll./lOU - 350.
I1.mrrbI cpe,lUfeit H BbICOKOit IDIOTHOCTH npHMeIDlIOTCR KaK KOHC'rp}'KlUfOHHbIH
H OT.aeJIO':lHhIit MarepH8JI, IDIHTbI M8JIOit nJIOTHOCTH - KaK renJIO- 11 3BYKOH30-
JIRUHOHHhIit MarepH8JI.
Ami npH.naHHSI .n;peBecHOC'lp}I)Ke1lHbIM IUIHTaM 6Ho.CTo.HKo.CTH B no.JIH-
MepHo.-C'I'p}I)Ke'IHYIO Maccy ,n:<?6aBID1lOT aHTHCenrnKH ($roPWl: H KpeMHe$ro-
PH.n Ha'lpHSl, 6ypa H ,n:p.). B Ka1leCTBe aHrnnHpeHo.B HCno.JIb3yIOT ,n:06aBKH
cYJIJ>(j>aTa aMMo.HIDI H ,n:HaMMo.HHH«po.c«paT. ,[(JISI }'MeHbllIeHHSI Ha6yxaHIDI
I1JIIIT BO BJIa.>KHo.M B03,n:yxe B HCXo.,n:HyIO Macey BBo.IDIT I1f,lJ;po.«po.6H3yIOIl{He
BeIl{eCTBa (napa«pHHo.ByIO 3MyJIbCHIO, paCTBo.p KpeMHHHo.praHH1IeCKo.ro. IIo.-
JlHMepa H ,n:p.).
B Ka1lecTBe ,n:eKo.parnBHo.H OT,n:eJIKH, 3a.IJ.{HIl{aIOIl{eH IUIIITbI o.T yBJIa.>KHe-
HID! H HcrnpaHHSI, npHMeIDIIOT no.JIHMepHbIe lUIeHo.1IHbIe MarepHaJIbI, 6}'Ma-
ry, npo.mlTaHHyIO CMo.JIaMH. Hepe,n:Ko. npe,n:BapHreJIbHo. o.TillJIH«po.BaHHyIO
249
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IIOBepXHOCTh IIJIIIT IIOKphIBalOT BO,[(OCTOMKMMH <l>eHOJIhHhIMH IDIH 3110KCH,LJ:-
HhIMH JIaKaMH.
XpaHSiT ,n:peBeCHOC'Ip}')KeqHhIe IIJIHThI B 3aKphIThIX nOMeIIJ;eHMSIX, HCKJIIO-
qalOIIJ;HX pe3KMe KOJIe6aHHSI TeMnepaTYPhI H BJIIDKHOCm. I1n:HThI yKJIa,[(hIBa-
lOT B lIlTa6eJIH Ha IIO)J.l(OHhI.
)l.pe8ecHo80AOKIUlCmbte llAumbl (rOCT 4598-86) - HCKycCTBeHHbIM ,n:pe-
BeCHhIM MarepHaJI, H3roTOBJlSleMhIM nyreM ropSItIero npeCCOBaHHSI IDIH CYUII<H
BOJIOKHHCTOM MaCChI, COCTOSlIlIeM H3 ,n:peBeCHhIX BOJIOKOH, HaIlOJIHHTeJIeM,
nOJIHMepa H ,n:06aBOK (aHTHCenmKOB, aHmllllpHHOB, rH,LJ:pO<})o6H3yIOIlIHX
BeIIJ;eCTB) H c<l>opMHpoBaHHOM B Blf.[{e KOBpa. TIpH H3roTOBJIeHHH CBepXTBep-
,[(hIX IIJIHT B CMeCb BBO,n:SlT <l>eHOJIo<l>opMaJIb,[(erIf.[{HhIM nOJIHMep. fopSlqee
IIpeCCOBaHHe npH reMnepaTyPe 150...165°C H ,n:aBJIeHHH 1...5 MTIa YCKopSieT
TBep,[(eHHe cBSl3yIOIIJ;erO, a H3MeHSISI ,n:aBJIeHHe npeccoBaHHSI, MO)l(HO no.rry-
qHTh IIJIHTbI pa:moM IIJIOTHOCTH M C pa3JImHbIMH <l>H3Hi<O-XHMHqeCKMMH
CBOMCTBaMH.
,LJ;peBeCHOBOJIOKHHCThIe IIJIHThI B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Ha3HaqeHHSI no,n:pa3-
,n:eJISIIOT Ha TBep,[(bIe H MSlfKMe THnhI.
I1n:HThI TBep,n:oro mna B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT npOqHOCTII, IIJIOTHOCTH H BH,LJ:a
JIHu:eBoM 06pa6oTKM no,[(pa3,[(eJlSlIOT Ha MapKM:
T - C Heo6JIaropO)l(eHHOM JIHu;eBOM lIoBepXHOCThIO;
T -C - C JIHu:eBhIM CJIOeM H3 TOHKo,[(HCnepCHoM ,n:peBeCHOM MaCChI;
T - TI - C nO,[(KparneHHhIM JIHu:eBhIM CJIOeM;
T -CTI - C no,n:KparneHHhIM JIHu:eBhIM CJIOeM H3 TOHKo,n:HcllepcHoM .n:pe-
BeCHOM MaCChI;
T - B - C He06JIaropo)l(eHHoM JIM:ueBOM nOBepXHOCThIO nOBhIrneHHoM 00-
,n:OCTOMKOCTH; Po = 850...1100 Kf/M3 H O"H3f = 40 MTIa;
T -CB - C JIHu:eBbIM CJIOeM H3 TOHKO,[(HCnepCHoM ,[(peBeCHOM MaCChI 110-
BhIrneHHOM BO,n:OCTOMKocm; .
HT - nOHIDKeHHOM IIJIOTHOCTH (nOJIyTBep,n:hIe); Po - He MeHee 600 Kf/M3
H O"H3f> 15 MTIa;
CT - nOBhIllIeHHoM npOqHOCm (cBepXTBep,n:hIe), Po = 950...1100 Kf/M3 H
O"H3f = 47 MTIa;
CT -C - nOBbIllIeHHoH npOqHOCTII (cBepXTBep,[(bn ) C JIHu:eBhIM CJIOeM H3
TOHKo,n:HcnepcHoM ,[(peBeCHOM MaCChI.
TBep,[(hIe IIJIHThI MapOK T, T-C, T-TI, T-CTI B 3aBHCHMOCTII OT ypOBHSI
<l>H3HKo-MeXaHHqeCKMX nOKa3aTeJIeM lIo,[(pa3,[(eJISIIOT Ha l'pyrrnhI KaqeCTBa:
A (Po = 850...1100 Kf/M3 H O"H3r = 38 MTIa) H E (Po = 800...1100 Kf/M3 H
O"H3f = 33 MTIa); no KaqeCTBY nOBepXHOCTH IIJIHThI 3TIIX MapOK no,n:pa3,[(eJISI-
lOT Ha I H II COPTa.
MSlfKHe IIJIHThI B 3aBHCHMocm OT IIJIOTHOCTH no,[(pa3,[(eJISIIOT Ha MapKM:
M-l (Po = 200...400 Kf/M3 H O"H3f = 1,8 MTIa), M-2 (Po = 200...350 Kf/M3 H
O"H3r= 1,1 MTIa) H M-3 (Po= 100...200 Kf/M3 H O'H3f= 0,4 MTIa).
250
,n:peBeCHOBOJIOKHHCTbIe nJIHTbI npHMeHSIIOT .LUISI TenJIO- H 3BYKOH30JISI-
U:HH OI'pIDI<D:alOIl.{HX KOHC'I'p}'Kl.J;HH. ITrrHTbI TBep,n:OrO THna npHMeHSIIOT .LUISI
YC'l'pOHCTBa neperOpOD.OK, nO,n:IlIHBKH nOTOJIKOB, HaCTIUIKH nOJIOB, .LUISI H3-
rOTOBJIeHIDI ,n:BepHblX nOJIOTeH H BC'l'poeHHoM Me6eJIH. Or,n:eJIOqHble IIJIHTbI
(fOCT 8904-81), npe,n:Ha3HaqeHHble.LUISI 06mru:oBKH CTeH H nOTOJIKOB, 06-
mru:OBblBaIOT CHHTeTlNeCKOH IIJIeHKOM C npOKJIa,n:KOH TeKcTYPHoH 6}'MarH
no,n: U:BeT H TeKcTYPY ,n:peBecHHbI u:eHHblX nopo,n: RJIH oKpallIHBalOT BO,n:O-
3MYJIbCHOHHbIMH nOJIHBHHHJIau:eTaTHbIMH KpacKaMH.
Co,n:ep:>KaHHe Bpe,n:HblX XHMlNeCKHX BeIl.{eCTB, BbI,ll;eJUleMbIX nJIHTaMH B
npoH3BO,n:CTBeHHblX nOMeIl.{eHIDIX npH 3KCITJIyaTal(HH, He npeBbIlliaeT yrnep:>K-
,n:eHHbIe npe,n:eJIbHO ,n:onyCTIIMbIe KOHu:eH'l'paU:HH (I1,lJ;K).
(/)u6poA.um - HCKyCCTBeHHbIM ,n:peBeCHbIH MaTepHaJI, H3roTOBJISIeMbIH H3
,n:peBeCHOH llIepCTH H HeOpraHlNeCKOrO BIDKylI.{ero BeIl.{eCTBa, qaIl.{e Bcero
nopTJIaH.LJ:u:eMeHTa (l{eMeHmHbIU fjJu6pOflum).
IIrrOTHOCTh u:eMeHTHO-( )H6poJIHTOBbIX nJIHT 250...500 KT/M 3 . B 3aBHCH-
MOCTII OT nJIOTHOCTH u:eMeHTHbIM ( )H6POJIHT BbInycKalOT 'l'pex MapOK: <1>-300,
<1>-400, <1>-500. TIPO<ffiOCTHbIe xapaKTepHcTHKH ( )H6poJIHTa 3aBHCSlT OT ero
IIJIOTHOCTII H TOJIIl.{HHbI H3,n:eJIIDI (IIJIHT). TaK, npe,n:eJI npOqHOCTH npH H3rH-
6e ( )H6POJIHTOBOH TIJIHTbI <1>-400 TOJIIl.{HHO:H 75 MM COCTaBJUleT 0,7 MTIa.
MO,n:YJIb ynpyroCTII npII H3rIIOe 300...500 MTIa. TenJIonpoBo,n:HocTb u:eMeH-
THO-q>H6poJIHTOBblX nJIHT 0,08.:.0,1 BT/(M. K). Bo,n:onOrJIOIl.{eHHe 35...45%.
BJI3:>KHOCTb ,n:OIDKHa 6bITb 'He 60JIee 20% (no Macce). <1>H6pOJIHT OTHOCHTCSI
K 6HOCTOHKHM 'l'py,n:HocropaeMbIM MaTepHaJIaM.
<l>H6pomlT MapKH <1>-300 rrpHMeIDIIOT B KaqeCTBe rerrJIOH30JIHl.{HOHHOro Ma-
repHaJIa, MapoK <1>-400 If <1>-500 - KOHCTp)'KIJ:lfOHHO-rerrJIOlf30JIHl.{lfOHHorO Mare-
pHaJIa B rrOMeIl{eHHHX C OTHOClfreJIbHOM BJIIDKHOCThIO B03JJ:yxa He BbIllIe 75%.
QeMeHTHbIM aKycTHqeCKHM <plf6poJIlfT MapOK <1>-400 If <1>-500 B BI1,[{e IIJIlfT xa-
paKTeplf3yeTcH BbICOKHM K03<P<PMlweHTOM 3BYKorrOrJIOIl(eHlfH If rrpe,n:Ha:3HaqeH
.lUH:I aKycrnqecKoM OT,n:eJIKH rrOMeIl(eHlfM.
3.2. B)'MaJKHble MaTepHaJIbI
3.2.1. 0611U1e CBe,ZJ:eHHJI
GYMaJICHble MamepUfl.Ilbl - 3TO MaTepHaJIbI, 113rOTOBJIeHHble Ha OCHOBe
paCTIITeJIbH.b1X BOJIOKOH H coxpaHHBlIIHe HX npHpo,n:HyIO c'l'pYKTYPY H XHMH-
qeCKHM COCTaB. Mx KJIaCcH<pHI.J:HPYIDT no BUOy Cbtpbfl, mOflw,UHe H Macce 1 M 2 ,
KOflUltecm6}' CIloeB. TIo BH,LJ:Y Cblpb.Sl pa3JIlNalOT opeBecHble H paCmUmeJlbHble
6YMaJICHbie MamepUaflbl. TIo TOJIIl.{HHe H Macce 1 M 2 6}'MIDKHbIe MaTepHaJIbI
,n:eJUIT Ha 6YMazy H KapmOH. TIPH 3TOM 6}'MaroH CqHTalOT MaTepHaJI, Y KOTO-
poro TOJIIl.{IIHa h MeHee 0,5 MM, a Macca 1 M 2 MeHee 250 r. TIo KOJIHqeCTBY
CJIOeB pa3JIHqalOT OOHOCllOUHble H MHOZOCllOUHble 6YMaJICHbie MamepUaflbl.
I
251
/1
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il.
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II.
:
"-
3.2.2. BYMara H H3)J;eJIHB Ha ee OCHOBe
EYMaza - HCKyCCTBeHHbIM MaTepHaJI, COCTOSllUIDf maBHbIM 06Pa30M H3
cneU:HaJIbHO o6pa6oTaHHbIX paCTHTeJIbHblX (B OCHOBHOM .npeBecHbIX) BOJIO-
KOH, TeCHO nepenJIeTeHHbIX Me:>KJJ:Y C060M H coe.nMHeHHblX CIDIaMH cu:eIIJIe-
HHSI, B03HHKaIO HMH Me:>KJJ:Y BOJIOKHaMH npH MX o6pa6OTKe, MaccoM 1 M 2
MeHee 250 r.
IIpH H3rOTOBJIeHHH 6YMarn 06S13aTeJIbHO HCnOJIb3yIOTCH pa3JIM'IHOro po.n;a
.no6aBKH MSI npM)],aHHSI eM He06xo.nHMbIX nmpe6MTeJIbCKMX CBOMCTB, a B PMe
CJIyqaeB - H3 3KOHOMHqeCKHX coo6pIDKeHIDf. K HaH60JIee pacnpoc'l'p8HeH- .
HbIM .no6aBKaM OTHOCSITCH, HanpMMep, MeJI H KaOJIHH.
K OCHOBHbIM nmpe6MTeJIbCKHM CBOMCTBaM 6YMarn OTHOCSITCSI Macca 1 M 2
(4...250 r), TOJIWHHa (4...400 10- 6 M), MexaHWIeCKHe CBOMCTBa, U:BeT, 6eJIH3-
Ha, ma,n:KOCTb, BnHTbIBaIOWaSi cnoco6HOCTb, 3JIeKTpWIeCKHe CBOMCTBa H .np.
EYMara KJIaCCmpHl.{HPyeTCSI no ee Ha3HaqeIDIIO Ha BM)],bI: 3JleKmp0U30AJl14 U -
OHHaJl, Ka6eflbHaJl, KOHiJeHcamOpHaJl, rjJUJlbmp06(lJlbHaJl, peaKmU6HaJl, c6emolfY6-
Cm6UmeJlbHaJl, ltepmeJICHaJl, 06epmOltHaJl 11 .np. lf3aecTHo CBbIIIIe 600 BM)],OB
6YMarH.
OCHOBHbIe nmpe6MTeJIbCKHe xapaIcrepMCTIIKI1 Ka6eJIbHOM 6YMarn YCTaHOB-
JIeHbI fOCT 23436-83. TaK, ,lJ)UI KMII-120: TUIOTHOCTb - 0,78:1:0,05 r/cM 3 ;
TO.JIIWIHa - 120:1:7 MKM; OTHOCMTeJIbHOe y,u,rrHHe e B MaIlIHHHOM HarrpaBJIe-
HHM - 2,8%, nOnepeQHOM HarrpaBJIemm: - 7%; BOO,i(yxonpoHHuaeMOCTb - He
60JIee 40 CM 3 /MMH; MaCCOBaSi .nOJUI 30JIbI - He 60JIee 0,8%; y.neJIbHaSi 3JIeK-
TpHQeCKaSI npoBo.nMMOCTb BO.nHOM BbITIDKKM npII Mo.nYJIe 1 : 50 - He 60JIee
80 MKCM/CM; pH BO.nHOM BbITIDKKM 7,0...9,0; BJIIDKHOCTb - He 60JIee 8%.
)J;JISI Ka6eJIbHOM 6YMarH npMHSlTa CJIe.nyIOIUaSI MapKHpOBKa: K - .nayx-
CJIOMHaSi 6YMara, KM - MHOrOCJIOMHaSi 6YMara, KMII - MHOroCJIOMHaSI
yrrpOQHeHHaSi 6YMara. IIocJIe MapKH YKa3bIBaeTCSI TOJI HHa 6YMarn B MKM.
Ka6eJIbHaSi 6YMara npe.nHa3HaQeHa ,lJ)UI H30JUlUHH CIDIOBbIX Ka6eJIeM Ha
HanpIDKeHMe .no 35 KB BKJIIOQHTeJIbHO, TeJIe<poHHblX Ka6eJIeM H 06MOTOQ-
HbIX npOBo.nOB, a TaIOKe MSI H3rOTOBJIeHHSI pa3JIWIHbIX 3JIeKTpOH30JUlUHOH-
HbIX H3.neJIMM.
Ka6eJIbHIDI 6)'Mara BblnycKaeTCH B PYJIOHax .lUfaMelpOM 500...800 MM H IIIH-
pHHOll 500...1000 MM (YCTaHOBJIeH peKOMeH.LJ:yeMbIll PM pa3MepOB no IIIHpHHe).
KOH,IJ:eHCaTOpHaSi 6YMara MO)l(eT 6bITb QeTbIpeX BM)],OB: KOH - 06bIQHaSi
KOH,IJ:eHCaTOpHaSI 6YMara, CKOH - CneU:HaJIbHaSI KOH,IJ:eHCaTOpHaSI 6YMara
nOBbIIIIeHHOM Ha,n:e:>KHOCTH, MKOH - KOH,IJ:eHCaTOpHaSi 6YMara C MaJIbIMH
.nH3JIeKTpM'IeCKHMH nOTepSlMM, 3MKOH - KOH,IJ:eHCaTOpHaSi 6YMara BbICO-
KOM 3JIeKTpWIeCKOM npOQHOCTII C MaJIbIMH .nH3JIeKTpHQeCKHMH nOTepmm H
.nBYX TIInOB: H - HM3KOM BJIIDKHOCTH, B C yaeJIWIeHHOM 3JIeKTpHQeCKOM
npOIffiOCTbIO. KpoMe Toro, ,lJ)UI KOH.D:eHCaTOpHOM 6YMarn YCTaHaBJIHBaIOT Map-
KI1, onpe.neJIHIO Me ee TOJI HHY.
252
OCHOBHbIe nmpe6HTeJIbCKHe CBOHCTBa H o6JIacm npHMeHeHHSI KOH,L{eH-
CaTOpHOH 6YMam YCTaHOB1IeHbI fOCT 1908-88. TaK, KOH,L{eHcaTOpHaSI 6y-
Mara BM,lJ;a 3MKOH mrra B HMeeT CJIe.nyIOIl{He OCHOBHbIe ll(Yrpe6HTeJIbCKHe
CBOHCTBa: TOJIII.(HHa 10...30 MKM; cpe.nHee rrpOOHBHoe HarrpIDKeHHe B O,n:HH
CJIOH rrpH nepeMeHHOM HarrpIDKeHHH lIaCTOTOH 50 n - 500...1500 B, He
MeHee; KOJIHlIeCTBO TOKorrpoBO,n:RII.(HX BKJIlOlIeHHH Ha I M 2 - He 60JIee
30...7; TaHreHC yma ,n:H3JIe.KTpH1IecKHX norepb rrpH 120°C B CYXOM BM,lJ;e _
0,15%, He 6oJIee, rrpH rrporrHTKe 'lpHXJIOp,n:H<l>eHHJIOM B ceKIJ:HSIX KOH,L{eHca-
TOpoB - 0,27%, B 3JIeKTpO,n:ax - He 60JIee 0,4%; HH,L{eKC rrpolIHOCm rrpH
... "
paCTIDKeHHH B MaWHHHOM HarrpaBJIeHHH - He MeHee 12,3...36,3 H. M/r;
y,n:eJIbHaSI 3JIeK'lpHlIeCKaSI npoBo,n:HMOCTb BO,n:HOH BbInDKKH npH Mo,n:YJIe
I: 50 - He 60JIee 15 MKCM/CM; pH BO,n:HOH BbITIDKKH - 6,0...7,5; BJIIDK-
HOCTh - He 60JIee 8%.
KOlUIeHcaTOpHaR 6}'Mara npHMeIDIeTCH B KaqeCTBe .l(H3JIeKTpHKa.lUUI 3JIeK'l'pH-
qeCKHX KOlUIeHcaTOpoB. Ee H31'OTIlBJIHBaIOT B 606HHax WIH PYJIOHax .l(HaMeTpOM
180...220 MM H llIHpHHOA 12...800 MM (YCTaHOBJIeH peKoMelUIYeMbIH pH,[{ pa3Me-
poB no llIHpHHe).
YCJIOBHoe o6ooHalIeHHe KOH,ZJ;eHcaropHoH 6YMam .n;OJDKHO co,n:ep.>KaTh ,n:aH-
HbIe 0 BH)J; , THIIe, MapKe, TOJIII.(HHe }'Mam, WHpHHe 606HHbI HJIH PYJIolia H
0603HalIeHHe rrpmUrrorb CTaH,l{aPTa. -
f/JuAbmpotltlAbHaR 6YMll2fl - HerrpOKJIeeHHaSI 6YMara H3 XJIonQaTo6}'MIDK-
Horo BOJIOKHa, co,n:ep:>KaIl.(aSI He 60JIee 0,8% 30JIbI. CJI}')KHT JJ:JUI <pHJIb'lpOBa-
HHSI.
PetlK1llU6HbI£ 6y.MIUU - <PH1Ib'lpOBaJIbHbIe 6}'Mam, npomITaHHbIe paCTBOpa-
MIl peareHTOB, H3MeHSlIOII.(HMH I.{BeT rrpH B33HMo,n:eHCTBHH C onpe,n:eJIeHHbIMH
BeIl.(eCTBaMH. TIpHMeIDIIOTCJI JJ:JUI opHeHTHpoBOlIHOrO onpe.n;eJIeHHSI BO,n:O-
pO.n;HOro nOKa3aTelliI pH paCTBopoB, 6bIC'lpOro o6HapyxeHHSI HeKOTopblX
3JIeMeHTOB H coe,n:HHeHHH.
HeplaMeHm - rrpo3palIHaSI XHpOHerrpoHHl.{aeMaSI BJIarocToHKaSI 6}'Ma-
ra, nOJIyq:aeMaSI o6pa6OTKoH HerrpoKJIeeHHOH 6}'Mam cepHoH KHCJIOTOH C
nOCJIe.nyIOII.(eH II.(eJIOlIHOH HeH1paJIH3aI.:(HeH. TIpHMeIDIIOT JJ:JUI yrraKoBKH II B
TeXHH1IecKHX u:e.1UlX.
O6ou - py.nOHRbIit 6}'MIDKHbIH MarepHaJI .wm BHYIpeHHeH OT,n:eJIKH nOMe-
lI.{emut B COBpeMeHHOM C1pOHTeJIbCTBe pa31IHtIaIOT 'lpH OCHOBHblX BH)J;a OOoeB:
OObl'lHble (rrpeHMyIl.l;ecTBeHHO 6}'MIDKHbIe), 8.IIaZOCmOUKue H 3sYKonoZlloU4alOU4ue
(BOpcoBbIe ).
RtzazocmouKue (MolOU4ueCR) o6ou - .n;eKopamBHo-OT,n:eJIOqHbIH PYJIOHHbIH
MaTepHaJI Ha 6}'MIDKHOH rro.n;OCHOBe C JIHl.{eBOH nOBepXHOCThIO, CTOHKOH K
MbIThIO H BJIIDKHOM)' npompaHHIO. H3roTOBJIeHHSl TaKHX 060eB npHMe-
HSlIOT 6}'MaIy MaCCOH 100...150 r/M2, CHHTe1WleCKHe JIaKH, 3M)'JIbCHH nOJIH-
MepoB, OJIH<pbI, lIJIacm<pHKaTOpbI, rrHrMeHThI, a TaIOKe Cnel.{HaJIbHbIH KJIeH.
TIo BHewHeM)' BM.nY HX rro,n:pa3,lJ,elliIIOT Ha ZIlaoKue o6ou, 060u c PeJlbeqJHOU
n m H mWH m H
I
253
JIuHKpycm - PYJIOHHbIH MarepHaJI, COCTOMT H3 6yMIDKHOH nO,n:OCHOBbI,
nOKpbITOH CJIOeM naCThI (0,5...1 MM) H3 nOJIHBHHHJIXJIOpan:a. IIoBepXHoCTb
JIHHKpYCTa pH<pJIeHaH. IIpHMeHSIeTCH.l(JISI BHyrpeHHeH OT,n:eJIKM 06IUeCTBeH-
HbIX 3,n:aHIIH. nOCJIe HaKJIeHKM Ha CTeHbI JIHHKPYCT 06bIqHO OKpanumaIOT
MaCJISIHOH HJIH CHHTeTHQeCKOH KpaCKaMH.
»YMa:JICHble comoMacmbl - HCKyCCTBeHHbIH 6yMIDKHbIH MaTepHaJI, KO-
TOpbIH H3fOTaBJIHBalOT nyreM CKJIeHKM fO<PPHpOBaHHOH 6YMafH, npOITHTaH-
HOH nOJIHMepOM; no.rrynp03paQHbIH, :>KeCTKMH, ITJIOTHOCThIO 15...60 KT/M 3 .
EyMIDKHbIe COTOITJIaCTbI SlBJlSlIOTCH 3<p<peKTHBHbIM yreITJIHTeJIeM B 'l'peXCJIOH-
HbIX naHeJISIX. TenJIOH30JISlU:HoHHbIe CBOHCTBa COTOITJIaCTOB nOBbIllIaIOTCH
npH 3anOJIHeHHH SlQeeK KPOIliKOH H3 Munopbl.
Com01lJlaCmbi - TOHKHe JIMCTOBble MaTepMaJIbI, rrOJIyqaeMble rrporrMTKoM rro-
JIMMepHbIMIif CBH3yroIIl,lifMM BeIIl,eCTBaMM pa3Jl.M'llibIX TKaHeM, CJIO:>KeHHbIX B Blif)l.e
fO<PPbI Iif CKJIeeHHbIX Me)l(L{Y co60M. B KaqeCTBe CBH3yroIIl,MX BeweCTB MCrrOJIb3Y-
IOTCH <peHOJIo<popMaJIbJl:erM.ll:Hble M rrOJIMaMlif)l.Hble CMOJIbI. COTOJIJIaCTbI OTJIWIa-
IOTCH JJ:OCTaTOqHO BbICOKHMIif TerrJIO- M 3JIeK'l'pOM30JIHUIifOHHbIMM CBOMCTBaMM M
p8JJ:MOrrp03paqHOCTblO Iif MCrrOJIb3yIOTCH KaK JIerKHe 3arrOJIHHTeJIM B MHOroCJIOM-
HbIX rraHemlX, COCTOHIII,MX M3 CJIOeB COTOJIJIaCTOB H rrpMI<JIeeHHOM K HMM HeC)'I.I..\eM
061IIMBKH. TaKaH KOHClp}'KlUfH 06eCrreQMBaeT BbICOK)'IO :>KeCTKOCTh M rrpeJJ:oxpa-
H51eT OT rrOTepM YCTOMQMBOCTM, 06eCrreQMBaH TeJIJI03aIIl,M'ry H TeJIJIOM30JIHUMIO,
'!TO Haxo'Z:UIT lIIMpOKoe rrpHMeHeHMe B aBMa- M CYJJ:OClpOeHMM, a TaIOKe B KpHO-
reHHOM TeXHMKe.
Munopa - :>KeCTKIifM rreHOrrJIaCT Ha OCHOBe MOQeBMHo-<popMaJIbJl:erM.ll: HOM
CMOJIbI. MMrropa orHecToMKa, HeJJ:OCTaTOQHO YCTOMQMBa B arpeCCMBHbIX cpeJJ:ax,
JIerKO BrrMTbIBaeT BJIary. 3To TeJIJIO- H 3BYKOM30JIHUMOHHbIM MaTepMaJI, MCrrOJIb-
3yeMbIM B ClpOMTeJIbCTBe, lpaHcrropTe, MalIIMHOClpoeHIifM Iif,lUIH TerrJIOM30JIHl.{MM
XOJIOJJ:MJ1bHbIX KaMep M COCYJJ:OB .lJ)UI xpaHeHMH M rrepeB03KH :>KM.D:KOro KHCJIopoJJ:a.
,
.1,
3.2.3. KapTOH H H3,lJ;eJlHSI HR ero OCHOBe
KapmoH -:- HCKyCCTBeHHbIH MaTepHaJI, COCTOHIUHH npeHMyrn:eCTBeHHO
H3 CneiJ:HaJIbHO o6pa6oTaHHbIx paCTlITeJIbHblX BOJIOKOH, TeCHO nepeITJIereH-
HbIX Me:>K.LJ:Y C060H H coe,n:HHeHHbIX CHJIaMH cu:eITJIeHHSI, B03HHKaIOI.UHMII
Me:>K.LJ:Y BOJIOKHaMH npH HX o6pa6oTKe. OT 6YMarH OTJIWlaeTCH 60JIbllIeH
TOJIII.UlliOH H MaCCOH 1 M 2 (6oJIee 250 r).
IIpH H3fOTOBJIeHHH KapTOHa IlIHpOKO npHMeHSlIOT ,n:06aBKM H nOKpbITIDI,
KOTopbIe MOryr o6ecneQMTb eM)' oco6bIe CBoHCTBa: 6HOCTOHKOCTh, TepMo-
CTOHKOCTh, nO:>Kap06e30naCHOCTh, BJIaronpO'lliOCTh H ,Lij).
HaM60JIee pacrrpoclpaHeHHbIMM Blif)l.aMM nOKpbITMM ,lUIH KapToHa HBJIHIOTCH
Memaflflu3Up06a1l1lble, nOflUMepllble, 60C1C06ble (MJIM napatjJUIl06ble), flame1CCllble
MJJ:p.
KapTOH no Ha3HaQeHHIO nO,Lij)a3,lJ;ellillOT Ha mexHUlteCKUU, cmpOUmeJlbHblU,
fjJUJlbmp06aJlbHblU, mapHblU, OJlJl nOJluzparjJUlteCKOZO np0U3600cm6a H ,n:p.
254
,
1:
;t
" , '
.
11
TeXHHqeCKMH KapTOH HCnOJIb3YeTCH B KaqeCTBe KOHC'lpYKu:HOHHOro Ma-
repHaJIa H MO:>KeT H3rOTOBJISlTbCSI 6000HenpOHUl{aeMblM, 06U601tHblM, OAR pa-
OUOmeXHUlteC1WU npOMbILUlleHHOCmU, npOlCJlaOOItHblM, mepMOU30AJll{UOHHblM
npOK/laOOItHblM (6 mOM ItUC/le 6uocmOUKUM), 3IleKmpOU30Ml{UOHHblM, OZHecmou-
KUM, l{ut/Jep6IlamHblM H ,n:p.
IIPOKJIa,zJ;OqHbIM KapTOH (YIIJIOTHMTeJIbHble IIpOKJIa,zJ;KM C orpaHMqeHHbIMM
IIOKa3aTeJIHMM BIIMTbIBaeMOCTJiI )KJ1)];KOCTM M JIMHeMHOM .l(e<popMaUMM IIPM YB-
JIIDKHeHMM) HBJIHeTCH 6eH30- M MaCJIOCTOMKMM MaTepMaJIOM; em BbIIIYCKaIOT
TOJIIlI.HHOM 0,2...1,5 MM. BJIIDKHOCTb 8...10%; BIIMTbIBaeMOCTb BO.l(bl 3a 24 q He
60JIee 12%, 6eH3MHa - 20%, MaCJIa - 25%.
3JIeKTpOM30JIHUMOHHbIM KapTOH (fOcr 2824-75) BblnyCKaeTCH MapoK 3BC,
3BII, 3BT, 3B, 3BA B JIMCTaX M PYJIOHax IIPM TOJIIIJ.MHe 0,1...3 MM. II.rrOTHOCTb
3JIeKTpOM30JIHUMOHHoro KapTOHa 0,95...1,25 r/cM 2 ; IIpe.l(eJI IIPOqHOCTM rrpM pac-
TIDKeHMM 34...127 MIIa; 3JIeK1pMqeCKilli IIPOqHOCTb 8...13 KB/MM. !
CrpoHTe.rrbHbIe KapToHbI pa3.n.eJISIIOT Ha C06CTBeHHO cmpOUmeJlbHble, KpO- ,
6eJlbHbie H 06AUl{060ItHble. f
CmpOUme.JlbHblii KapmOH - 3TO CKJIeeHHbIM KapToH C orpaHMqeHHbIMM IIOKa-
3aTeJIHMM rMrpocKOIIMqHOCTM M JIMHeMHOM .l(e<p0pMaUMM IIPM YBJIIDKHeHMM,
IIpe.l(Ha3HaqeHHbIM .l(JlH 061IIMBKM CTeH H IIeperopO.l(OK IIOMeIll.eHMM.
Kp06e.JlbHblii KapmoH. - KapTOH C BbICOKOM BIIMTbIBaIOIlI.eM cIIoco6HOCTblO,
IIpe.l(Ha:3HaQeHHbIM .l(JlH IIpOM3BO.nCTBa 6MT}'MMpOI!aHHbIX H .l(erreBbIX KpOBeJIb-
HbIX M rH,ll;pOM30JIHI.{MOHHbIX pa6OT. KpOBeJIbHbIM KapTOH IIOJIyqaIOT M31pHIIbH,
6)'MIDKHOM MaK)'JIa1)'pbI M .l(peBeCHoM ueJIJIIOJI03bI, IIpMMeHHH IIpOIIMTK)' JIerKO-
IImmKMM 6MT)'MOM MapKM BHK 45/180 (TyrOIIJIaBKMe 6MTYMbI CJI}')KaT .l(JIH
IIOKpOBHoro CJIOH).
06AUl(060'lHblii KapmoH. - KapTOH C IIOBbIlIIeHHOM B03.l(yxorrpoHMuaeMocTbIO,
IIp e .nHa3HaQeHHbIM .l(JlH 06JIMUOBOQHOrO CJIOH IIPM M3roTOBJIeHMM CYXOM mIICOBOM
III1YKa1)'pKM.
<I>HTIb'l'pOBaJIbHbIH KapToH - nopHcTbIH KapToH, npe,n:Ha3HaqeHHbIH .D:JUI
OQHCTKH :>KH.LI:KOCreH H ra30B <pHTIb'l'pOBaHHeM, HarrpHMep npomU60nblJlbHbiU I , !
(MSI npoTHBOTIbillbHbIX pecnHpaTopoB) KapmoH, KapmOH OM rjJU/lbmp06aHUJl I
603iJyxa, HefjJmenpOOyKm06 U meXHUlteCKUX MaCeJl, OU3eJlbHOZO m01l.llU6a H ,n:p.
TapHbIH KapTOH - npOqHbIH KapTOH, 06JIa,n:aIOWHH xopOIIIeH cnoco6-
HOCTbIO K crH6aHHIO. IIpMMeHSleTcSI npII H3rOTOBJIeHHH TapbI. IIo,n:pa3.n.eJISI-
eTCSI Ha KapmOH OM 1l.Il0CKUX CJlOe6 zofjJpup06aHHOZO KapmOHa, C06CTBeH O
ZOrjJpup06aHHbiU KapmOH, a TaIOKe Kop060ltHbiU H mepMOC6apU6aeMblU.
)J;JISI nomrrpa<pWleCKoro rrpOH3Bo,n:CTBa BbInycKaeTcH KapTOH nepe1l.llem-
HbIU, l{6emHOU CK/leeHHblU 11 6UJlemHb1U, a TaIOKe OM cmepeomunHbLX MampUl{.
B CTpOHTeJIbCTBe IIIHpOKoe pacrrpOC'lpaHeHHe nOJIytIlIJIH H3,n:eJIIISI H3
KapTOHa, HanpMMep py6epouo, nepZaMUH, mOAb.
Py6epouiJ - KPOBeJIbHbIM PYJIOHHbIM KapTOH, IIpOIIMTaHHbIM paCIIJIaBJIeHHbIM
JIerKOIIJIaBKMM 6MT}'MOM, MMeIOIIJ.MM O.l(HO MJIM .l(BYXCTopOHHee IIOKpbITMe M3 TY-
roIIJIaBKOrO 6M1'YMa C HaIIOJIHMTeJIeM M IIOCbIIIKOM (ac6eCTOM, TaJIbKOM M .l(p.).
9 MaTepHaJIOBeD.eHHe
255
ii
u'
i
,a;UI nOBbIllleHHH IIOro.n;0YCTOllqHBOCTH py6epoH.ll:a B palloHax C XOJIO.n;HbIM
KJIHMaTOM YBeJIHqHBalOT 3JIaCTH1ffiOCTb 6HTYMa BBe.n;eHHeM IIOJIHMepHbIX .n;06a-
BOK (P3M-350), a LUIH npe.L10TBpalI.{eHHH ero rHHeHHH BBO.L1HT aHTHCenTHKH.
KpynH03epHHCTIUI I..{BeTHaJI IIOCbIIIKa MHHepaJIbHbIM IIOpOIliKOM He TOJIbKO nOBbI-
lllaeT aTMoccl>epoCTOllKOCTb py6epoH.ll:a, HO H IIpH.ll:aeT eM}' IIpHBJIeKareJIbHbIit BH,lJ;.
Py6epOH.ll: .n;emIT Ha MapKH B 3aBHCHMOCTH: OT Ha3HaqeHHH - Kp06eJlbHblU (K),
noiJKJ/aiJo'lHblU (11), BH.lla nOCbIIIKH - KpynHo3epHucmaJI (K), MeJlK03epHUCmaJI
(M), nblJle6uiJHaJI (11), '1ewyii'lamaJI (q) - H MaCCbI 1 M 2 OCHOBbI: PKK-5OOA,
PKK-400A, PKK-400E, PKK-400B, PKM-350E, PKM-400B, PI1M-3OOA,
PI1M-300E, PI1M-300B, PI1I1-350E, PI1I1-350B, PI1I1-300A, PI1I1-300E,
PI1I1-300B.
Py6epOH.ll: PKK 06JIa,naeT CJIe.n;yJOII.{HMH cl>H3HKo-reXHHqeCKHMH IIOKa3areJIH-
MH: npOqHOCTb Ha pa3pbIB IIOJIOCKH py6epoH.ll:a IllHPHHOll 50 MM - He MeHee
320 H; BO.L10HeIIpOHHl..{aeMOCTb o6pa3l.ta IIJIOII.{a,nbIO 78,5 CM 2 (nHaMeTpOM 100 MM)
IIPH rn.npoCTaTH'ieCKOM .n;aBJIeHHH - .n;o 0,07 Ml1a; 06JIa,naeT xopolliell m6KOCTbIO,
npH H3rH6aHHH BOKpyr crepXGUI .L1HaMe'l'pOM 30 MM He B03HHKalOT 'l'peII.{HHbI H
OTCJIOeHHH; TeMIIepa1)'pa pa3MHftleHHH IIPOIIHTOqHOll MaCCbI - He HIDKe 40.C H
nOKpoBHOll MaCCbI --:- 85...90.C.
npH xpaHeHHH py6epoH.ll:a B PYJIOHax Ha ero BHYTPeHHHe H BHelllHHe IIO-
BepXHOCTH .n;OJDKHa 6bITh HaHeceHa MeJIK03epHHCTIUI HJIH IIbIJIeBHnHaJI nOCbIIIKa
LUIH IIpe.n;OTBpalI.{eHHH CJIHnaHHH.
HepZtlMUH - KpOBeJIbHbItt PYJIOHHbIll OOCIIOKPOBHbIll KaPTOH, IIpOnHTaHHbIH
paCIIJIaBJIeHHbIM Hecl>THHbIM 6HT}'MOM C TeMIIepa1)'pOH pa3MHftleHHH He HHxe
40.C. l1epraMHH - rn6KHH H Bo.n;oHenpOHHl..{aeMbIH MarepHaJI. 110.n; .n;aBJIeHHeM
0,01 Ml1a B reqeHHe 10 MHH He .n;omKHO 6bITh npH3HaKOB IIpOHHKHOBeHHH
BO.L1bI, BO.n;OIIOrJIOlI.{eHHe - He 60JIee 20%, a pa3pbIBHaJI HarpY3Ka - He MeHee
270 H. l1epraMHH HCnOJIb3yeTCH B KaqeCTBe nOJJ;KJIa,nOqHOro MarepHaJIa IIO.n; PY-
OOpOH.ll: H LUIH napOH30JIHI..{HH.
TD.llb - KpOBeJIbHbIll KapTOH, IIpoIIHTaHHbIll KaMeHHoyrOJIbHbIMH HJlH CJIaH-
l..{eBbIMH .n;erreBbIMH npo.L1)'KTaMH C IIOCJIe.L1YIOII.{HM HaHeceHHeM MHHepaJIbHOll
IIOCbIIIKH Ha JIHl..{eByJO H HIDKHIOIO IIOBepXHOCTH. TOJIb BbInyCKaIOT B BH.lI:e KpO-
8eJlb1lOZ0 mOAR C KpynHo3epHucmou (TKK) H neco'lHoii (TKn) nOCblnKaMU H zuiJpo-
U30ARl{UOHHoZO'mOAR C nOKp06HOii 11IleHKoii (Tn. TOJIb C KpynH03epHHcToll IIO-
CbIIIKOll IIpHMewIIoT LUIH BepXHero CJIOH IIJIOCKHX KpOBeJIb, a TOJIb C neCOqHOH
IIOCbIIIKOll - LUIH KpOBeJIb BpeMeHHbIX COOpY>KeHHll. fH.ll:POH30IDII..{HOHHbIH TOJIb
BbInyCKaIOT 003 IIOKpOBHOro CJIOH H IIOCbIIIKH H HCnOJIb3yIOT B KaqeCTBe no.n;-
KJIa,nOqHOro MaTepHan:a no.n; TOJIb IIPH YC'l'pOllCTBe MHOroCJIOllHbIX KpOBeJIb, a
TaIOKe LUIH napo- H rH.ll:pOH30JIHI..{HH. B pa3pbme MaTepHaJI .n;OmKeH HMeTb qep-
HbIll I..{BeT 003 CBeTJIbIX npoCJIOeK HenpOIIHTaHHOrO KapTOHa.
!;"
if
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3.3. Pe3HHOBble MaTepHaJIbI
3.3.1. 061lU1e CBe.n;eHHH
Pe3uua - HCK)'CCTBeHHbIH MaTepmlJI, nOJIyqaeMbIH Cneu;mlJIbHOH o6pa-
6OTKOH (BYJIKaHH3aU;HeH) CMeCH KayqYKa C pa3JIWIHbIMH .D;o6aBKaMH.
256
I
By.llKaHU3au,UR - npeBpaIl{eHHe KayqyKa B pe3HHY, OCyu:(eCTBJUleMOe C
yqacmeM TaK Ha3bIBaeMblX BYJIKaHH3HpyroIl{HX areHTOB (HanpHMep, cepbI)
HJIH no,n ,neHCTBHeM HOHH3HpyroIl{eH pa,n;HaIJ:HH.
npH BYJIKaHII3aIJ:HH CHHTemqeCKHX KayqyKOB HX Ma:KpOMOJIeK}'JIbI CBSI-
3bIBaIOTCH nOnepeqHbIMH CBSl3HMH (MOCTIIKaMH. H3 cepbI), qTO n03BOIDIeT
nOBbICHTh MexaHWIecKYIO npo'lllOCTb, 3JIaC1WIHOCTb H TeIUlOCTOiiKOCTb noJIY-
qaeMbIX MaTepHaJIOB - BYJIKaHH3HpOBaHHbIX KayqYKa H pe3HHbI. B OT.rrwme
OT KayqyKOB pe3HHbI He HMelOT IUlaC1WIecKHx ,ne<popMau;IDi: H He- paCTBOpH-
IOTCH B opraHWIecKHX paCTBOpHTeJISIX. npH HOpMaJIbHOH TeMnepaType pe3H-
Ha HaxO,nHTCH B BbICOK03JIaCTH'llIOM COCTOHHHH. Ee 3JIaCTIIqHbIe CBOHCTBa
coxpaHSlIOTCH B IIIHpoKOM ,nHana30He TeMnepaTYP.
OcHOBHbIe norpe6HTeJIbCKHe CBOHCTBa pe3HHOBbIX MaTepHaJIOB: IUlOTHOCTb
(910...2050 KI'/M 3 ); HH3KaS1 TeruIOnpoBO,nHOCTb; 3JIaCTH'llIOCTb (E= 1...10 Mna;
o = 1000%) npH apeMeHH peJIaKCaIJ:HH 60JIee 10- 4 c; HeC)lQfMaeMOCTb (J.L =
= 0,4...0,5); ,nH3JIeK1pWIeCKHe CBOHCTBa (P03 = 10 10 ...10 15 OM. CM; £ = 2,5...4;
tg 0 = 0,005...0,01); XHMHqeCKaSI CTOiiKoCTb; HH3KHe fa30- H Bo,nonpOHHu:ae-
MOCTb; BbICOKoe COnpOTMBJIeHHe pa3pbIBY H H3HOCY.
B HaCTOHIl{ee BpeWl pe3HHOBbIe MaTepHaJIbI KJIaCcH<pHIJ:HpyroTCH no 8UOy
CblpbR, BuOy HanO/lHUme.tlR, cmeneHU ynOpJlOoIleHWl MaKpoMO/leKY/l U nopucmocmu,
mexHO/lOZUlteCKUM cnoco6aM nepepa60mKU, munaM meflll080Z0 cmapeHWl H U3-
.MeHeHUlO 06lJeMa nOClle npe6blBaHWl B HeqJTrlJlHoii JlCUOKocmu.
KJIacCH<pHKaIUUI no BH.[(Y CbIpbSl yqHTbIBaeT HaHMeHOBaHHe KayqyKOB,
SlBHBIIIHXCH HCXO.[(HbIM CbIpbeM rrpH npOH3Bo,nCTBe pe3HHOBbIX MaTepHaJIOB:
HK - Ha'I)'paJIbHbIH KayqyK, CKE - CHHTe1WlecKHii: KayqyK 6yra,n;HeHOBbIH,
CKC - 6yra,n;HeH -CTIIpOJIbHbIH KayqYK, CKM - CHHTeTIIqeCKHH KayqyK
H30npeHOBbIH, CKH - 6YTa.D:HeH-HH1pHJIbHbIH KayqYK, CK<I> - CHHTeTII-
qeCKHH clm>poco,nep:>KaIl{HH KayqyK, CK3n - COnOJIHMep 3THJIeHa C npo-
IIHJIeHOM, XCn3 - XJIoPCYJIb<l>onoJIH3THJIeH, EK - 6ym.nKayqYK, CKY -
nOJlliypeTaHOBbIe KayqyKH.
no BIf.[(y Pa3.1IlIqaIOT HarrOJIHMTeJIH .wrn pe3HHOBbIX MaTepHaJIOB no pow-
Ko06pa3Hble H mKaHU.
no CTeneHH yrropJJ,ll;oqeHHSl MaKpOMOJIeK}'JI H nopHcrocTII pe3HHOBbIe Ma-
TepHaJIbI MOIyr 6blTb .MJlZKUMU, JlCeCmKUMU (360HIITOBbIMH), nOpUCmbLMU (ry6-
qaTbIMH) H nacmoo6pa3HbLMu. IIrrOTHOCTb ry6qaTOH pe3HHbI 100...750 KI'/M 3 .
Cpe.[(H TeXHOJIOfHqeCKHX cnoco60B nepepa60TKH .wrn pe3HHOBbIX MaTe-
pHaJIOB HCnOJIb3yroTCH BbIOa6/lUBaHUe, npeCCOBaHue H /lumbe.
no TeIUlOBOMY CTapeHHIO cyu:(eCTByIOT CeMb mun08: T07, ..., T25.
no H3MeHeHHIO 06'beMa nOCJIe rrpe6bIBaHHSI B He<I>THHoH .>KH,L{KOCTH pa3-
JIJI1ialOT CeMb K/laCCOB: Kl, ..., K7.
HaH60JIee KPyrrHbIe nOTpe6MTeJIH pe3HHbI - WHHHaSI npoMbIIIDIeHHOCTb
(cBbIwe 50%) H npOMbIIIDIeHHOCTb pe3HHOTeXHHqeCKHX H3,neJIHH (6oJIee
22%).
i
I
i
I.
9.
257
II
L
j;,
i
i
I
3.3.2. COCTaB pe3HHOBLIX MaTepHaJIOB
OCHOBHoii: KOMnOHeHT pe3HHOBbIX MaTepHaJIOB - KayqyK. B KaqeCTBe
,n:06aBOK rrpH rrpOH3Bo,n:CTBe pe3HHOBbIX MarepHaJIOB HCnOJIb3yK>TCH eyJlKaHU-
3upYlOU(ue eeU(ecmea, YCKopUmeJlU eyJlKaHU3al{UU, aKmueamopbl YCKOpU1rleIleU,
HanOJlHUmeJlU, npomueocmapumeJlU, 1lJlaCmurjJuKamopbl H KpaCUmeJlu.
BYJIKaHH3HpyroI.IUie BemeCTBa (BYJIKaHH3aTbI) - 06H3areJIbHbIe KOMno-
HeHTbI pe3HHOBbIX MaTepHaJIOB; OHH yqaCTByroT B 06pa3oBaHIDI rrpocrpaH-
CTBeHHO-Ce1'laToii: C'l'pYKTYPbI pe3HHbI. AmI BYJIKaHH3al{HH HaH60JIee nrn:pOKO
rrpHMeHSIeTCH cepa. Ee KOJIlIqeCTBO B pe3HHOBbIX MarepHaJIax MO>KeT H3Me-
lUITbCH OT 1 ,n:o 40% MaCCbI KayqYKa, rrpH 3TOM YBeJIHqeHHe co,n:epxaHHSI
cepbI npHBo,n:HT K B03paCTaHHIO TBep,n:OCTII pe3HHOBbIX MarepHaJIOB. TIpH
MaKCHMaJIbHO B03MO)I{HOM HaCbImeHHH KayqyKa cepoii: 06pa3yeTCH TBep,n:bIii:
H xeCTKHii: MarepHaJI, Ha3bIBaeMbIii: 360numoM. 360HHT 06JIa,n:aeT BbICOKOii:
XHMWIecKoii: CroiiKOCTbIO, XOpOIlIHMH ,n:H3JIeK1pHqeCIGIMH CBOii:CTBaMH, JIefKO
o6pa6aTbIBaeTCH, HO HMeeT HH3KYIO TenJIOCToii:KOCTb.
HapAAY C cepoii: B KaqeCTBe BYJIKaHII3aTOB rrpHMeHSIIOTCH CeJIeH II rnypaM.
TUYPllM - OpraHHqeCKOe cepHHCToe coe,n:HHeHHe, B OTJIHqHe OT cepbI He
B3aHMo,n:eAcTByIoll.{ee C Me.lU>IO. I1crroJIb30BaHHe rnypaMa BbI3BaHO TeXHmeCKHMH
Tpe60BaHHHMH K pe3HHOBbIM MaTepmUIaM, rrpe,n:Ha3HaqeHHbIM WIH 3JIeK'l'pOTeX-
HHqeCKOM rrpOMbIIIIJIeHHOCTH.
YCKOPHTeJIH BYJIKaHH3al{IDI rrpHMeHSIIOTCH )J..JUI nOBbllIIeHHSl reXHHKO-3KO-
HOMWIecKHX nOKa3areJIeii: IIpol{eCCa B}'JII<aHH3aIUl, TaK KaK OHH BJIIDIIOT Ha
peX<MM BYJIKaHH3au:HH H <pH3HKO-MexaHHqeCKHe CBOii:CTBa BYJIKaHH3HpyIOIl{HX
oemeCTB. B KaqeCTBe YCKOpHTeJIeii: BYJIKaHH3au:HH HCnOJIb3yroT OKCIU(bI CBHH-
l{a H MarnHSl, a TaIOKe pa3JIlIq}{bIe nOJIHCYJIbcl>an:bI B KOJIHqeCTBe 0,5...1,5%
MaCCbI KayqyKa. AKrnBaTopaMII YCKOpHTeJIetf HBJlSlIOTCH l{HHKOBbIe 6emma
H Marne3HS1.
HanOJIHHTeJIH HCnOJIb3yK>TCH B IIpoH3BO,n:CTBe KaK )J..JUI CHIDKeHHSI CTOHMO-
ern pe3HHOBbIX MaTepHaJIOB, TaK H .wrn npan:aHHSI HM Heo6xo,n:HMbIX cl>H3H-
KO-MeXaHlIqeCKHX H nO'l'pe6HTeJIbCKHX CBOii:CTB. Cpe,n:H nopoIIIKOo6pa3HbIX
HarrOJIHHTeJIetf HaH60JIee IlIHpoKoe rrpHMeHeHHe HaxO):{SIT CIDKa, KaOJIHH, MeJI,
TaJIbK, a B KaqeCTBe TKaHetf-HarrOJIHHTeJIeii: HCnOJIb3yroT KOp,n:, 6eJIbTIIHr,
PYKaBHbIe H ,n:pyrIIe TKaHH H3 KPyqeHbIx CHHrelUqeCKHX (pexe XJIonqaro6y-
MIDKHbIX) HHTetf nOBbIIIIeHHotf rrpoq}{OCTII. XapaKTep B3aIIMo,n:eii:CTBHSI Ha-
nOJIHHTeJIetf C Kayq}'KOM onpe,n:eJISIeT HX KaK aKmueHble (HarrpHMep, CIDKa
nOBbIlliaeT MexaHWIeCKHe cBotfCTBa) HTIH UHepmHble (MeJI H TaJIbK y,n:eIIIeB-
JISiIOT CTOHMOCTb pe3HHOBbIX MaTepHaJIOB). B KaqeCTBe HarrOJIHHTeJlSl qaCTO
BBO):{SIT pezenepam - rrpo,n:YKT nepepa60TKH CTapbIX pe3HHOBbIX H3,n:emrn H
OTXO,n:OB pe3HHoBoro npOH3Bo,n:CTBa. KpoMe CHIDKeHHSI CTOHMOCTII pereHe-
paT nOBbIlliaeT KaqeCTBO pe3HHbI, CHIDKaSI ee CKJIOHHOCTb K CTapeHlllO. Ko-
JIWIeCTBO HarrOJIHHTeJIetf onpe,n:eJISleTCSI KaK OCTaJIbHoe no Macce KayqYKa
rrOCJIe BbIqHTaHHSI co,n:ep)KaHIDi Heo6xo,n:HMbIX ,n:06aBOK. -
258
TIpOTMBOCTaplITemI (aHrnOKCH,LJ;aHThI) 3aMe,WUIIOT npoQecc crnpeHHSI M
06ecneQMBalOT 3KcrmyarnU:MOHHbIe CBOHCTBa pe3MHOBbIX MaTepMaJIOB. Pa3JIM-
QalOT XUMUIleCKUe npomU60CmapUmeJlU (aJIJ¥l:OJIb, He030H .n: M .n;p.), KOTOpbIe
3a,n:ep)lGmalOT OKMCJIeHMe KayqyKa, M fjJu3UlteCKUe (napa<pMH, BOCK M .n;p.),
KOTopbIe C03.n;aIOT 3aIl{HTHbIe rmeHKM.
IIrracm<pm<aropbI 06JIerqalOT nepepa60TKy pe3MHOBOH CMeCM II 06eCneqM-
BaIOT COBMeIl{eHMe KayqYKa C HanOJlHMTeJIeM. B KaqeCTBe nJIacrn<l>m<aropoB
npMMeHSIIOT KaHM<p0JIb, napa<pHH, CreapMHOByIO KMCJImy M .n;p. KOJIlIqecTBO
rmacrn<pm<:aTopOB MO>KeT COCTaB.JISlTb 8...30% MaCCbI KayqyKa. IInacm<pm<a-
TOpbI nOBbIllialOT rmaC1WlliOCTb M (MJUI) 3JIaC1WIHOCTh, a TaIOKe MOpo3OCTOii:-
KOCTb pe3MHbI.
KpaCIITeJIM B pe3MHOBbIX MaTepMaJIax, TaK :>Ke KaK npornBOCrnpMTeJIM,
MCnOJIb3yIOTCH )I.JUI y.rryqIIIeHHSI 3KcrmyaTaIU1oHHbIX CBOHCTB. TaK, HanpMMep,
6eJIbIe, :>KeJlTbIe H 3eJIeHbIe KpaCHTeJIM 3aI HIl{aIOT OT CBeTOBoro CTapeHHSI.
B KaqeCTBe KpaCIITeJIeH npMMeHHIOT oxpy, YJIb'l'paMapMH M.n:p. B KOJIlIqeCTBe
.n;o 10% MaCCbI KayqyKa. ArrSi nOJIyqeHHSI CBeTJIOOKpaIIIeHHbIX pe3MH, npe.n;-
Ha3HaqeHHbIX ,WUI pa60ThI B YCJIOBHSlX nOBbIIIIeHHbIX TeMnepaTYP, BMecro
HaM60JIee pacnpoc'l'paHeHHoro HanOJIHHreJISI - Ca:>KM - MCnOJIb3yIOT OKCM-
.D:bI KpeMHHSI HTIM TMTaHa.
3.3.3. KrlaccuclJuKanUJI pe3HHOBbIX MaTepUaJIOB
no Ha3Ha1JeHHIO U 06JIacTH npUMeHeHUJI
Pe3MHoBbIe MaTepMaJIbI .n;emIT Ha rpynnbI 06w,ezo M cnel{UaJlbHOZO Ha3Ha-
lteHUfl.
,I:{.rrSI pe3HH o6mero Ha3HaqeHHSI OCHOBHbIMM KOMnOHeHTaMM HBJISIIOT-
CSI HenomqJHbIe Kayq)'KH - HK, CKM, CKC H CKE>. Pe3MHbI Ha OCHOBe
HK OTJI aIOTCH BbICOKOii: 3JIaCrnQHOCThIO, npOq}fOCThIO, BO.n;O- H ra3O-
HenpoHHQaeMOCTblO, BbICOKHMM 3JIeKTpOM30JIHU:HOHHbIMH CBOHCTBaMH:
Pov = 3 . 10 14 ...23 . 10 18 OM' CM; E = 2,5. HaII60JIbIIIee pacnpOC'l'paHeHMe B
npOMbIllIJIeHHOCrn nOJIyqHTIH pe3MHbI Ha OCHOBe CKC (CKC-to, CKC-30,
CKC-50). 3TO Te pe3MHbI, KOTopbIe XOpOllIO pa60TalOT npH MHoroKPaTHbIX
.n;e<popMaQHSIX, HMelOT xopOllIee COnpOTIIBJIeHMe crnpeHMIO; no ra30Henpo-
Hill..{aeMocrn M .D:M3JIeKTP eCKMM cBoii:CTBaM paBHou:eHHbI pe3MHaM Ha oc-
HOBe HK.
Pe3MHOBbIe MaTepHaJIbI o6Il{ero Ha3HaQeHHSI MCnOJIb3yIOTCH ,WUI npoH3-
BO.n;CTBa H3.n;eJIMH, pa60TalOIl{IIx B BO.n;e, Ha B03.n;yxe, B CJIa6bIX paCTBOpax
KMCJIOT H Il{eJIOqeH npM reMnepa1)'pax 3KCnJIyarnIUiM -35...+130°C. TaKM-
MM H3.n;eJIHSlMH HBJlSlIOTCSI llIMHbI, PYKima, KOHBeii:epHbIe JIeHTbI, H30JISlU:HSI
Ka6eJIeH H .n;p.
Pe3HHoBbIe MarepHaJIbI cneQHaJIbHoro Ha3HaqeHHSI .n;eJISITCH Ha 6eH3UHO-
MaCflocmouKue, XUMUlteCKU cmouKue, KOpp03UoHHo-cmouKue, c6emocmouKue,
mefl./lO- U Mop030cmouKue, 3JleKmpOmeXHUiteCKUe H U3HococmOUKue.
259
i ! ,
ti
EeH3HHOMaCJIOCTOHKlIe pe3HHOBbIe MarepHaJIbI H3roTaBJIHBaIOT Ha OCHO-
Be HaIIpHTa, rnOKOJIa, CKH H .D;pyrnx rnnOB KayqyKOB. I1x OCHOBHbIMH no-
1pe6MTeJIbCKHMH CBOHCTBaMII SlBlliIIOTCH YCTOHqHBOCTh K B03.n;eHCTBHIO rH,lJ.-
paBJIMqeCKHX .>KH,LJ;KOCreH, MaCJIO-, 6eH3HHO- H 030HOCTOHKOCTh, a TaIOKe
BO.D;OHenpoHIIl.{aeMOCTh. Pe3HHbI, CTOHKlIe K B03,ll;eHCTBHIO I1f.nPaBJlHqeCKHX
)lGf)];KOCTeH, H3rOTaBJIHBaIOT: .D;.JUI pa60ThI B MaCJIe - Ha OCHOBe CKH, )J..JUI
KPeMHHHOpraHMqeCKHX )lGf)];KocreH - Ha OCHOBe KayqyKOB HK, CKMC-lO
H.n;p.
6eH3HHOMaCJIOCTOHKMe pe3HHbI Ha OCHOBe KayqyKOB CKH MOlYI' pa60raTb
B cpe.n;e 6eH3HHa, TOnJIHBa, MaCeJI B HHrepBaJIe reMrrepaTYP -30...+ 130°C.
AKpHTIaTHbIe pe3HHbI (MapKH EAK) TeTIJIOCTOHKII, 06JIa,aaIOT a,are3HeH K
nOJIHMepaM H MeTaJIJIaM, CTOHKH K .n;eHCTBHIO cepoco.n;ep:>KaIl\HX MaCeJI H
KHCJIOpo.n;a, HO 06rra,aaIOT MaJIOH ::maC'fHtlliOCTbIO, HH3KOH MOpoJOCTOJlKOCTbIO
H HeBbICOKOH CTOHKOCThIO K B03,ll;eHCTBHIO ropJI1leH BO.n;bI II rrapa. 1136eH3H-
HOMaCJIOCTOHKHX pe3HH H3roTaBJIHBaIOT WHHbI, BapO'lllbIe KaMepbI, .n;Ha<ppar-
MbI H T.,l(. AKpHTIaTHbIe pe3HHbI WHpoKO npHMeHSlIOT B aBTOM06HTIec1pOOHHH.
XHMW:leCKH CTOHKHe pe3HHOBbIe MarepHaJIbI H3roTaBJIHBaIOT Ha OCHOBe
6yrn.rrKayqyKa. K H3.n;eJIIDIM H3 TaKlIX pe3HH rrpe,l{'bSlBllilIOTCH nOBbIllIeHHbIe
1pe60BaHIDI no MaCJIO-, 6eH3HHO-, paCTBopMTeJIe- H reTIJIOCTOHKocrn. OHH
HCnOJIb3yIOTCH, HarrpHMep, ,lUISi H3rOTOBJIeHIDI 'l'paHcnOp1'HblX JIeHT no.n;aqH
rOpIOqHX MarepHaJIOB.
KOPP03HOHHO-CTOHKHe pe3HHOBbIe MarepHaJlbI H3roTaBJIHBaIOT Ha OCHOBe
XCII3. OHH HBlliIIOTCH He3aMeHHMbIM KOHC'I'p}'Kl{HOHHbIM MarepHaJIOM)J..JUI
H3.n;eJIHH, pa60TaIOll.{HX B MOpcKOH Bo.n;e. KpOMe Bcero rrpoqero, oHIIHe 06-
pacTaIOT rrpH 3KCTIJIyaTaU:HH BO.n;OpOCJUlMH H MHKpoopraHH3MaMH.
CBeT0030HocTOHKlIe pe3HHOBbIe MarepHaJIbI H3roTaBJIHBaIOT Ha OCHOBe
HaCbIll.{eHHblX KayqyKoB - CK<I>, CK3II, XCII3 H EK. Pe3HHbI Ha OCHOBe
<}>Topoco.n;ep:>Kall.{ero Kayq}'Ka CK<I> YCTOHqHBbI K TeTIJIOBoMY CTapeHHIO,
B03.n;eHCTBHIO MaCeJI, TOTIJIHBa, Pa3JIMqHbIX paCTBOpMTeJIeH (.n;a:>Ke rrpH nOBbI-
weHHblX reMrrepaTYPax), HerOpIOqHe, 06JIa,aaIOT BbICOKHM corrpOTHBJIeHHeM
HCTHpaHHIO, HO HMeIOT HH3KYIO 3JIaCTIIqHOCTh H MaJIyIO CTOJIKOCTh K 6oJIb-
WHHCTBY TOpM03HbIX .>KH,LJ;KocreH. Pe3HHbI Ha OCHOBe CK<I> H 3THJIeHTIpo-
TIHJIeHOBblX KayqyKoB CK3II CTOHKII K .n;eHCTBHIO CHTIbHblX OKHClIHreJIeH
(HN0 3 , H 2 03 H .D;p.) H He paJpywaIOTCSI rrpH pa60re B aTMoc<pepHbIx YCJIo-
BMSIX B reqeHHe HeCKOJIbKHX JIeT. Pe3HHbI Ha OCHOBe XJIOPCYJIb<ponOJIH3TH-
JIeHoBoro KayqyKa XCII3 rrpHMeHSlIOT KaK KOHC'I'p}'Kl{HOHHbIH MarepHaJI
(rrpOTMBOKOPP03HOHHbIe, He 06paCTaIOIl\He B MOpcKOH BO.n;e BO.n;OpOCJUlMH H
MHKPoopraHH3MaMH nOKpbITIDI), a TaIOKe ,lUIH 3all.{HThI OT raMMa-H3JIyqe-
HIDI. Pe3HHbI Ha OCHOBe 6yrn.rrKayqyKa EK IIIHpOKO npHMeHSlIOT B llIHHHOM
rrpoH3Bo.n;CTBe, a TaIOKe .D;.JUIl13roTOBJIeHIDI II3.n;eJIHH t pa60TaI0Il\HX B KOHTaKTe
C KOHl.{eH1pHpOBaHHbIMII KHCJIOTaMH H .n;pyrHMH XHMHKaTaMH. CBeT0030HO-
CTOHKlIe pe3HHOBbIe MarepHaJIbI rrpe.n;HaJHaqeHbI .D;.JUI MaCJIO- H 6eH3HHO-
CTOHKHX H3.n;eJIHH - m6K1Ix WJIaHroB, .n;Ha<pparM, yrmOTHHTeJIeH H .n;p.
260
;
i
TermOCTOHKHe pe31IHOBbIe MaTeplIaJIbI II3roTaBJIIIBaIOT Ha OCHOBe HK,
CKT II CKC. MOp030CTOHIGIMII $IBJU1IOTC$I pe3IIHbI Ha OCHOBe KayqyKOB,
MMeIOW;lIX HII3KHe TeMnepaT)'pbI CTeKJIOBaHlI$I, HanplIMep HK, CKC-IO,
CKT. 3TH pe31IHOBbIe MaTeplIaJIbI IICnOJIb3yIOTCSI .lJ)ISI CBepXTermO- II MOpO-
30CTOHIGIX II3)J;eJIlIH, 3JIeKTP0TeXHlIqeCIGIX AeTaJIeH II AP.
3JIeKTPOTeXHlIQeCKHe pe3IIHOBbIe MaTeplIaJIbI AeJI$lTC$I Ha ABe rpynnbI:
U3OJlJ1l(UOHHble II np0600JlU4ue. 3JIeIcrpOII30JlSlIUIOHHbIe pe31IHOBbIe MaTeplIaJIbI
II3rOTaBJIIIBaIOT Ha OCHOI e HenOJISlpHbIX KayqyKOB, HarrplIMep HK, CKB,
CKC, CKT II BK. I1x 3JIeK'lplIQeCKHe CBOHCTBa: POy= 1011...1015 OM. CM;
E = 2,5...4; tg B = 0,005...0,01. 3JIeIcrpOnpoBOASlW;He pe3IIHbI .lJ)ISI 3KpaHlIpo-
BaHRbIX Ka6eJIeH nOJIyqaIOT 113 HaTYPaJIbHoro, CIIHTeTIIQeCKoro 6yra,nlIeHO-
BOro KayqyKOB, HalIplITa C 06$13aTeJIbHbIMlI ,n:06aBKaMII caxrn II rpa<PIITa B
KOJIlIQeCTBe 65...70% no Macce KayqyKa. YAeJIbHoe 3JIeKTPOconpOTlIBJIeIDIe
rrpoBOASlW;mc pe:31IH Pov= 10 2 ...104 OM. CM.
113HocOCTOHIGIe pe31IHOBbIe MaTeplIaJIbI H3fOTaBJIIIBaIOT Ha OCHOBe CKY.
Pa60QlIe TeMnepaTYPbI pe31IH COCTaBJISIIOT -30...+ 130°C. OHII npe,n:Ha:maQe-
RbI .lJ)ISI npolI3Bo,n:CTBa WIIH, aMOp1'H3aTOpOB, 6y<pePOB, KJIarraHOB, 06KJIa,nOK
B 'lpaHcnO{ITHbIX CIICTeMax, .lJ)ISI a6pa3IIBHbIX MaTeplIaJIOB, 06YBII II ,n:p.
3.4. OpraHlf1IeCKHe BJDKyllUIe BeIUecTB3
B M3repBaJlbI Ha HX OCHOBe
3.4.1. 6B1)'MHhle B .lI.erreBhle Bell{ecTBa
OpzaHUilecKue tlJlJICY1II,ue 6e1ll,eCm6a - nplIpo,n:HbIe WIll IICKYCCTBeHHbIe
KOJIJIOIl,lJ;HbIe CIICTeMbI, B KOTOpbIX AlIcneprlIpOBaHbI TBep,n:bIe QaCTHl(bI
(d= 18...20 MKM), a AlIcnepcHoH cpe,n:oH SlBJUlIOTCSI CMOJIbI H MaCJIa. Opra-
HWleCIGIMII BIDKyIl(lIMlI SlBJUlIOTC$I 6umYMHble II iJezmeeble eeU4ecmea.
BRxYUJ,Ile 6ell(eCm6a - CTPOHTeJ1bHbIe MaTepHaJIbI, rrpHMeHHeMbIe .lUIH H3I'O-
TOBJIeHHH CTPOHTeJIbHbIX paCTBOpOB H 6eTOHOB. Pa3JIHQaIOT HeOpZaHUlteCKUe (ue-
MeHT, runc, H3BeCTh H .n;p.) H opzaHWtecKue (6H1)'MbI, .n;erm, rreKH) MUHepallbHble
eJl:JlC)llque eelqecmea.
OpraHWlecKHe MIIHepaJIbHbIe BIDKYIIJ:Me Bew;eCTBa KJIacclI<pIIl(IIpyIOTC$I
no npOUCXOJICiJeHUlo II cnoco6y o6p1l30eaHUJl (npOII3Bo,n:CTBa). BlIT}'MHbIe Be-
w;ecTBa no npOIICXO)l(,lJ.eHlIIO MOryr 6bITb npupoiJHblMU (ropHbIe CMOJIbI) II
uCKyccmeeHHblMU. TIplIpo,n:HbIe opraHWleCKHe MIIHepaJIbHbIe BIDKyw:"e Be-
w;eCTBa, HarrplIMep ropHbIe CMOJIbI, B03HIIKaIOT B npOl(eCce eCTeCTBeHHOH
OIGICJIIITeJIbHOH nOJIIIMeplI3aIUIH He<l>TlI, a IICKYCCTBeHHbIe 6lfIYMHbIe Be-
w;eCTBa nOJIyqaIOT B pe3YJIbTaTe nepepa60TIGI He<l>TSlHoro CbIPb$l. )J;erreBbIe
Bew;eCTBa (AefOTb II neK) nOJIyqaIOT TOJIbKO IICKYCCTBeHHbIM nyreM B npo-
l(eCce HarpeBaHlI$I 6e3 ,n:OC1YIIa B03)J;yxa TBep,n:bIX BII,lJ;OB TOllJIlIBa (yrJISI,
CJIaHl(a, Top<pa, ApeBeCIIHbI).
261
I
Ii
\;
!
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:1
;1
,
[';
I
1\
n
\:1 \
f
1 1
I
,
BIDKHeHume CBOHCTBa 6myMOBII .neITeH: BbICOKasl IWJ:poclx>6HOCTh, BO,n:O-
HenpOHIIIJ;aeMOCTb, CTOHKOCTb npornB ,n:eHCTBIDI KHCJIOT, w;eJIO'IeH, arpec-
CIIBHbIX }l(lIJ{KOCTeH II ra30B, aTMoc<t>epOCTOHKOCTb, paCTBOpMMOCTb B opra-
HlI'IeCKHX paCTBOpHTeJISlX, nOBbIweHHaSI .ne<l>oPMHpyeMOCTb, cnoco6HOCTb
npO'IHO CIJ;emUITbC$I C KaMeHHbIMII MaTeplIarraMII, .nepeBOM, MeTaJIJIOM,
nplIo6peTIlTb rmaCTH'IHOCTb npII HarpeBaH1I1I II 6bICTpO yaeJIHtfiIBaTb BSl3-
KOCTb npII OCTbIBaHMII.
liumYMbl - CMeCII ymeBo,n:opo,n:OB, B TOM 'IHCJIe II npe,n:eJIbHbIX (OT C 9 H 20
,n:o C 30 H 62 ), II HX KHCJIOpO,n:HbIX, cePH:"CTbIX II a30THCTbIX npOII3BO,l(HbIX.
EHTYMbI co,n:ep.>KaT 70...80% C, 10...15% H 2 , 1...5% 02}f 0...2% N 2 . Bew;e-
CTBeHHbIH COCTIlB 6HTYMOB BKJIIO'IaeT TBep,l(ylO, aMop<t>HYID II :>KH,LJ;K)'IO 'Iac-
TH. TBeP,n:aSI 'IaCTb 6HTYMOB npe,n:CTaBJIeHa actjJaJlbmeHllMU II napatjJuHllMU,
aMop<t>HaSI - CMOJIaMH, a )KHJ{KaSI - MaCJIaMII.
Ac<t>arrbTeHbI 6HTYMa - OKHCJIeHHbIe ymeBo,n:opo.nbI, .nlIcneprlIpomm-
HbIe B BH,[(e 'IacrnIJ; pa3MepOM 18...20 MKM, KIDI<;[(aSI 113 KOTOpbIX OKpyxeHa
060JIO'IKOH C y6blBaIOw;eif rmOTHOCTbIO OT TIDKeJIbIX CMOJI K MaCJIaM. TIapa-
<t>HH, CO,n:ep:>KaW;HHC$I B He<lrrSlHbIX 6myMax, npe,n:CTaBJUleT C060H CMeCb BOC-
Kono,n:06HbIX npe,Z:(eJIbHbIX ymeBo,n:opo,n:OB. OH yxy,n:waeT CBOHCTBa 6myMOB,
nOBbIwaeT xpynKOCTb npII nOHIDKeHHbIX TeMrrepaTYPax, no3TOMy C'l'peMSlTCSI
K TOMy, 'IT06bI co,n:ep:>KaHlIe rrapa<t>IIHa B 6HTYMe He npeBbIwarro 5%.
MOJIeKYJISIpHaSI Macca pa3JIHtffibIX Bew;eCTBeHHbIX 'IaCTeH 6HTYMOB co-
CTIlBJUleT: .lJ)ISI TBep,n:oH 'IaCTH - 5000, .lJ)ISI aMop<t>Hoif 'IaCTII - 500...1000 II
J{JUI :>KH,LJ;KOH 'IaCTH - 100. COOTBeTCTBeHHo MOJIeKYJUlpHOH Macce MeHSlIOT-
C$I 3Ha'IeHIDI rmOTHOCTH, KI'/M 3 : J{JUI TBep.nOH 'Iacrn - 1300, J{JUI aMop<t>HoH
'Iacrn - 1000, .lJ)ISI :>KH,LJ;KOH 'Iacrn - 800.
B 6HTYMax COOTHOWeHlIe Bew;eCTBeHHbIX 'IaCTeH MO:>KeT KOJIe6aTbc$I B
.nOCTIlTOtJHO WlIpOKHX npe,n:eJtax, 1ffO onpe.neJUleT 60JIbWOH .nlIaIIa30H II3Me-
HeHMSI MX CBOHCTB. TIoBbIweHlIe co,n:ep:>KaHIDI ac<t>arrbTeHOB II CMOJI BbI3bIBaeT
B03paCTaHIIe TBep,n:OCTH, TeMnepaTypbI pa3MS1rqeHIDI II xpynKocrn 6myMa.
Hao6opoT, MaCJIa, 'IaCrn'IHO paCTBopSlIOW;He CMOJIbI, ,n:eJIaIOT 6myM MSlrKHM
II JIerKOrmaBKHM. CHIDKeHlIe MOJIeKYJUlpHOH MaCCbI MaCeJI II CMOJI TIlIOKe
nOBbIwaeT rmaCrn'IHOCTb 6myMa.
CBOHCTBa 6IITYMOB: nJIOTHOCTb 0,8...1,3 KI'/M 3 ; TermonpOBo.nHOCTb
0,5...0,6 BT/(M' K); TermOeMKOCTb 1,8...1,97 /(KI" K); TeMnepaTypHbIH
K03<t><t>IIIJ;IIeHT JIIIHeHHOro paCWlIpeHIISI npII 25°C (5...8). 10- 4 K-I; YC-
TOH'IIIBOCTb npII HarpeBaHIIII, t pa6 = 50...95°C; nOBepXHOCTHOe HanDKeHlIe
25...35 3pr/cM 2 ; BO,n:O- H XHMHqeCKaSI CTOHKOCTb.
TIpII HarpeBaHlI1I 6HTYM nepexo,n:HT B nJIaCrnqeCKOe COCTOSIHlIe; B TIlKOM
COCTO$lHMII OH XopOWO npmIHrraeT K .nepeBY, KHpnIIqy, 6eTOHY, a 3aTBep,n:eB,
npO'IHO CIJ;ermSleTC$I C HX nOBepXHOCTbIO. B BO,n:e 6HTYM He paCTBOp$leTC$I.
.Q.mI 6HTYMOB xapaKTepHO 3HaqJITeJIbHOe crapeHlIe no,n: ,n:eHCTBlIeM COJI-
HetJHoro CBeTIl II KHCJIOpo,n:a, npII 3TOM nOBbIwaeTCSI XpyrrKOCTb II CHIDKaeTCSI
rH,[(po<t>o6HOCTb MaTepIIarra.
262
no KOHCIICTeHIum (npII TeMnepaType 18°C) 6lfI'YMbI ,n:eJISIT Ha meepoble,
nOJlymeepoble II :JICUOKue. MapKY TBep,n:oro 6HTYMa orrpe,n:eJISIIOT TBep,n:OCThIO,
TeMnepaTypOH pa3MS1rqeHHSI II paC'I'IDKMMOCThIO.
no 06JIacm rrplIMeHeHHSI 6myMbI KJIacclI<pHl(lIpyIOT Ha c8Jl3)llOU4ue, zuopo-
II 3JleKmpoU30JlUpYIOU4ue, aHmUKopp03UOHHble II aHmUCenmUlteCKue.
EH'fYMbI, npMMeHSIeMbIe B KaqeCTBe CBSl3yIOW;erO MaTeplIarra, pa3JIWlaIOT
KaK cmpOUmeJlbHble (fOCT 6617-76), KpOeeJlbHble (fOCT 9548-74) II 00-
pO:JICHble.
CrpmlTeJIbHbIe 6HTYMbI (BH-50j50, BH-70j30, BH-90jlO) rrpHMeIDIIOT ,lJ)UI
H3fOTOBJIeHHH ac<paJIbTOBbIX 6eTOHOB H paCTBopoB, npHl()JeHBaIOII.{HX H H30JIH,
l.{HOHHbIX MaCTHK, .lJ)IH rrOKpbITHjJ H BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH pYJIOHHbIX KpOBeJIb. Kpo- ..
BeJIbHbIe 6HTYMbI (BHK-45jI80, BHK-90j40, BHK-90j30) HCrrOJIb3yIOTCH .lJ)IH
H3fOTOBJIellliH KpOBeJIbHbIX pYJIOHHbIX H fH.D;pOH30JIHllHOHHbIX MaTepHaJIOB.
Crroco6bI rrepeBOn;a TBepn;bIX 6H'rYMoB B pa60qee COCTOHHHe:
I) HarpeBaHHe n;o 140...170°C, pa3MHf'IaIOll{ee CMOJIbI H }'BeJIHqHBaIOll{ee HX
paCTBOpHMOCTb B MaCJIax;
2) paCTBopeHHe B OpfaHHQeCKOM paCTBOpHTeJIe.lJ)IH rrpHllaHHH pa60QeH KOH-
CHCTeHl.{HH 6e3 HarpeBa (xOJIOn;HbIe MaCTHKH H n;p.);
3) 3M)'JIbfHpOBaHHe H rrOJIyqeHHe 3M)'JIbCHH H rraCT.
)J;erreBbIe B DKYllme Bew;eCTBa no,n:pa3,n:eJISIIOTC$I Ha CJIe,n:yIOW;He Bl1,l:{bI:
CblpOU KaMeHHoyzOJlbHblU oezomb (fOCT 4641-80), omOZHaHHblU oezomb, neK
(fOCT 1038-75) II COCmaeJleHHbie Oezmu. B COCTaB ,n:erreBbIX B$I}I(}'IIllfX Be-
w;eCTB BXOMT B OCHOBHOM ymeBO,n:opo,n:bI apOMarnqeCKoro PMa - npOlI3-
Bo,n:HbIe 6eH30JIa II IIX coe,n:IIHeHHSI C IGICJIOpo.n:OM, a30TOM II cepoH.
ATMOC<PePOCTOHKOCTh ,n:erreBbIX MaTeplIarrOB HIDKe no cpaBHeHlI10 C 611-
TYMHbIMII MaTeplIarraMII, TaK KaK ,n:erreBbIe BIDK}'IIJ;IIe Bew:eCTBa co,n:ep:>lalT
60JIbIIIee KOJIWIecTBO Herrpe,n:eJIbHbIX ymeBo,n:opo,n:OB, KOTOpbIe no,n:oep:raIOTC$I
OKHCJIMTeJIbHOH nOJIHMepH3awrn: npII KOHTaIcre C IGICJIOpQl(OM II BO,n:OH, B03-
,n:eHCTBHH YJIbTPa<pIIOJIeTOBbIX JIyqeH, a CJIe,n:oBaTeJIbHO, II CTapelOT 6blCTPee
He<PTSlHbIX 6HTYMOB. llpII CTapeHMII ,n:erreBbIe MaTeplIaJIbI CTaHOBSlTC$I xpyrr-
KHMH II TeP$lIOT BO,n:OOTIaJIIGIBalOW;IIe CBOHCTBa.
BblCOIGIe nOKa3aTeJIII (no cpaBHeHIIIO co 3HaqeHHSlMII ,l(JI$I 6H1)'MOB)
6IIOCTOHKOCTII II CTOHKOCTII npOTIIB rHIIeHHSI ,n:erreBbIX BIDK}'IIJ;HX Bew;eCTB
06'bSlCHSIIOTCSI 6oJIbIIIOH TOKCIIqHOCThIO COn;ep:>Kaw;eroc$I B ,n:errSix <peHOJIa
(Kap6oJIOBOH IGICJIOThI).
B COCTaB KaMeHHoyroJIbHOrO n;errSi BXO,l(SlT CJIe.n.yIOW;He IpyrrnbI Bew;eCTB:
· TBep,n:ble (yrilllCThIe H HermaBIGIe Bew;eCTBa), He paCTBOplIMbIe B opra-
HMqecIGIX paCTBOpHTeJISIX; /
· ,n:erreBbIe CMOJIbI TBep,n:bIe HermaBIGIe (no,n:06HbIe ac<paJIbTeHaM B 6H1Y-
Me) II B$l3KOrmaCrntffibIe CMOJIbI, paCTBOpHMbIe B 6eH30JIe II XJIOPo<PopMe;
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1190...1300 KI'/M 3 . TeMrrepaTYPbI paJMSlftleHHSI rreKa 50...60°C.
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MaTepHaJIOB H npH ycrpoiiCTBe .n:opor, neK - KaK BIDK}'lll:ee BeIl{eCTBO B MaCTHKax
,lJ)UI KpenJIeHHH .n:erreBbIX rn.n:POH30JIHUHOHHbIX H 06JIHUOBOQHblX MaTepHaJIOB.
npH pa60Te C KaMeHHoyroJIbHbIMH .n:errHMH H neKaMH CJIe.n:yeT nOMHHTb, qTO
OHH H HX napbI TOKCHqHbI.
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CmpoumUbHblii pacm80p -:- CMeCb MeJIKOrO MHHepaJIbHOrO 3anOJIHHTeJIH H
BIDKYIUero BeIl{eCTBa, npHo6peTaIOIl{aH C TeqeHHeM BpeMeHH KaMHeno.n:06Hoe
COCTOHHHe.
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BOro BIDK)'Ill;ero II MeJIKOrO MHHeparrbHoro 3arrOJIHHTeJISI.
ActjJaAbm060e _6JlJlC)lU4ee 6eU4ecm60 - CMeCb He<l>'rSiHoro 6K1)'Ma C TOHKO-
MOJIOThIMII MIIHeparrbHbIMII HarrOJIHHTeJISIMII - rropowKaMII II3BeCTHSlKa,
,n:OJIOMHTa, MeJIa, ac6eCTa, lIDIaKa. MeJIlGIM HarrOJIHIITeJIb B ac<l>arrbToBoM
BIDK)'Ill;eM BeIl{eCTBe He TOJIbKO YMeHbwaeT pacxo,n: 6K1)'Ma, HO II nOBbIlliaeT
TeMrrepaTypY paJMSlftleHHSI 6eTOHa. TIPOt:IHOCTb ac<l>arrbTOBoro BIDK}'IIJ;ero Be-
Il{eCTBa 06YCJIOBJIeHa COOTHoweHlIeM KOMrrOHeHTOB 6HTYMa II HarrOJIHHTelliI
(E/H) II rrOpIICTOCThIO rrOCJIe ynrrOTHeHHSI II 3aTBep,n:eBaHHSI. TIpII orrTH-
MarrbHOM COOTHowemm E/H Becb 6HTYM a,nCOp6HPOBaH B BH,[(e TOHKIDC He-
rrpepbIBHbIX IIJIeHOK Ha rrOBepXHOCTH qacTHl{ TOHKOMOJIOTOrO HarrOJIHlITeillI,
rr03TOMy ac<l>arrbToBoe BIDK)'Ill;ee BeIl{eCTBO HMeeT HalI6<?JIbwyIO rrpoqHOCTh.
,1JjISI nOBbIweHHSI 6IIOCTOMKOCTH B COCTaB 6myMHoro BIDKyIl{ero BeIl{eCTBa
BBO,l(SIT aHTHceI1TIIIGI.
MeJIIGIM MHHeparrbHbIM 3arrOJIHIITeJIeM B ac<l>arrbTOBbIX paCTBopax SlBJlSI-
IOTC$I qlICThIe nplIpo,n:HbIe II IICKYCCTBeHHbIe rreCIGI C co,n:ep}l(aIlMeM rrbIJIeBa-
TO-rJIIIHIICThIX qaCTIIl{ He 60JIee 3% no Macce.
COCTaB ac<l>arrbTOBoro pacTBopa ,n:OJI}I(eH 6blTb TaKOM, 1fI'06bI rryCTOThI B
rreCKe 6bIJIII nOJIHOCThIO 3anOJIHeHbI ac<l>arrbTOBbIM BIDK}'IIJ;HM BeIl{eCTBOM C
H36bITKOM 10...15% ,l(JUI 06BoJIaIGIBaHHSI rreCqIIHOK.
/iemoH - HCK}'CCTBeHHblii KaMeHeBH.lI.Hblii MaTepHaJI, nOJIyqaeMblii B pe3YJIb-
TaTe 3aTBep.n:eBaHHH ynJIOTHeHHOii CMeCH BIDK}'lll:ero BeIl{eCTBa, 3anOJIHHTeJIeii H
B HeKOTOpbIX CJIyqWIX CneUHaJIbHbIX .n:06aBOK.
ActjJaAbm06ble 6emOHbl - IICKYCCTBeHHbIM KaMeHeBH,[(HbIM MareplIarr Ha
OCHOBe ac<l>arrbTOBoro paCTBopa II KpyrrHoro MIIHeparrbHoro 3arrOJIHIITemi
(Il{e6HS1 113 npOqHbIX II MOp030CTOMKIDC II3Bep}l(eHHbIX, OCa,nOqHbIX II MeTIi-
MOP<l>HqeCKIDC ropHbIX rropo,n:, a TaIOKe 113 MeTaJIJIyprnqeCKIDC lIDIaKOB).
264
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6HTyMax II 6HTyMHOH 3MyJIbCIIII) COCTORHIIII. <1>OPMlIpOBaHlIe C1'pYKTypbI
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XOJIO.nHOM npo.nOJDKaeTCR 10...30 CyroK.
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HOro ac$aJIbToBoro BSDKyInero Bew;eCTBa, COCTaBa 6eroHa II ero nOpIICTOCTII.
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HSIIOT CMeCb B nOKpbITIDI, U 6Jl3ICOCmU nplfMeHReMoro 6HTyMa (zopRftUe _
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ICpynHocmu 3epeH .MUHepaJlbH020 HanOIlHUme.tlR (ICpynHo- -,n:o 40 MM, cpeaHe- -
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Horo, CIDIbHO BJIHSleT TeMrrepaTypa. HanplfMep, eCJIII npe.neJI npOqHOCTII npII
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MeHTHbIe, npoTIIBOCTORT KOpp03IIII.
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lIeCICue, aOpO:JICHble II a3poiJpoMHble, aM ycmpoucm6a nOl106 B npOMbIllIJIeliHbIX
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rrpHMeHHeMbIH,lJ)UI YCTpOHCTBa MOHOJIHTHbIX H c60pHbIX rrpOTHBoct>HJIb1paI.{HOH-
HbIX 3KpaHOB H 06JIHI.{OBOK m.n;pocoopy:x<:eHHH, B03BO.n;HMbIX B paifoHax KpaHHero
CeBepa. CrreI.{HaJIbHbIe BH,ltbI IIJIOTHOro 6eToHa, H3rOTOBJIeHHOrO Ha XHMHtJeCKH
CTOHKHX 3arrOJIHHTeJIHX, rrpHMeHHIOT ,lJ)UI C03.ll:aHHH KHCJIOTO- H lI.{eJIotJeCTOHKHX
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HOH ct>aKTYPOH), H3 KOTOpbIX BbIIIOJIHHIOTCH pa3,lJ,eJIHTeJIbHble rrOJIOCbI Ha .n;opo-
rax, rrepexo.n;bI, rrOJIbI BecTH6IOJIeH rpaJl<lUlHCKHX 3.n;aHHH.
rmoacfjJll./Ibm II3rOTOBJUlIOT Ha OCHOBe 6HTyMHO-II3BeCTKOBOH naCThI C
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raJOo6pa30BaTeJIR. l1cnoJIb3yIOT B KOHC1'p}'Kr(HSlX KpOBeJIbHbIX naHeJIeH II
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KpynHOCTH 3anOJIHHTeJI .n:erre6eTOH TaIOKe .n:eJI T Ha KpynHo-, cpeOHe- H MeJ/KO-
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MaC11Ul1«l - CMeCb He<lmrnoro 6myMa lfJUI .n:errn (arornaHHoro II COCTaB-
JIeHHoro) C MIIHep8JIbHbIM HarrOJlHlITeJIeM II ,n:06aBKoM aHTIlCerrTMKa.
HarrOJIHIITeJIII a,n:COp6MPYI<>T Ha cooeM rrOBepXHOCTII MaCJIa, npII 3TOM
rrOBbIlllaIOTC$I TermOCTOMKOCTb II TBep.n:OCTb MaCTIIKM. no BI1,l(Y HarrOJIHIITeJIII
,n:eJISIT Ha nblJle8UaHbie (II3MeJIbqeHHbIM TaJIbK, MarHe3HT, II3BeCTHSlK, .n:OJIO-
MHT, MeJl, l(eMeHT, 30JIbI TBep,n:bIX BI1,l(OB TormIIBa) II 80AOKHucmbie (ac6eCT,
MIIHep8JIbHaSI BaTa II ,n:p.). BOJIOKHIICTbIe HarrOJIHJITeJIII, apMIIpySI MaTepIIaJI,
YBeJInqHBaIOT ero conpOTIlBJIeHlIe II3fM6y.
Mac1'MKH KJIaccmplIu:HPYIOT rro CJIe.n:yIOlI.{MM OCHOBHbIM rrpII3HaKaM: Ha3Hll-
lteHUIO, 8uiJy UCXOaHblX KOMflOHeHm08, 8uiJy pm6a8UmeAJl, xapaKmepy m8epaeHUfl
II cnoc06y npUMeHeHUJI.
no Ha3HaQeHHIO MaCrnKM no.n:pa3,n:eJISlIOT Ha:
npUK/leU8alOU(ue - .lJ)ISI rrplIKJlelIBaHHSI PYJIOHHbIX Iq)OBeJIbHbIX II rl1,l(po-
II30JISll(IIOHHbIX MaTeplI8JIOB II .lJ)ISI ycrpoMcTBa 3aI.l.U'ITHoro CJIOSI Iq)OBeJIb;
Kp08eAbHO-U30AJlll,UOHHble - .lJ)ISI YC'fPOMCTBa MaCrnQHbIX KpOBeJIb;
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B 3aBIICIIMOCTM OT BH,LJ;a OCHOBHbIX IICXO.n:HbIX KOMnOHeHTOB MaCTIlKM
no,n:pa3,n:errSiIOT Ha: 6umY.MHble, 6umYMHO-3MYAbCuoHHble, 6umYMHo-pe3uHo8ble,
6umYMHo-noAUMepHble, nOAUMepHble, aezme8ble II aezmenoAUMepHble.
DHT}'MHO-pe3HHOBble MaCTHKH - crmaB H3 6HT}'Ma, nopOlliKa pe3HHbI H He-
KOTOpbIX .n:06aBoK - npHMeH IOTC ,lJ)UI H30JI U:HH CTaJIbHbIX no.n:3eMHbIX TPy6o-
npOBo.n:OB. Mx HCnOJIb3yIOT B ropH'IeM BH,lJ,e H B XOJIO.n:HOM COCTO HHH - C pa-
CTBOpHTeJIeM. EumYMHo-noJ/UMepHble MacmUKU co.n:ep:>KaT .n:06aBIcy KayqyKa HJIH
CHH'I'e1'H'IeCKOH CMOJIbI, npH,lJ,aIOII.U1X HM 3JIacTI1'IHOCTb Ha Mop03e H TermOCTOH-
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no BH,LJ;Y pa36aBHTeJISI MaCTIlKM no.n:pa3.n:eJISIIOT Ha co.n:ep)l(alI.{IIe 80iJy,
OpZaHUlteCKUe pacm80pUmeAU lfJIII :JICuOKUe OpZaHUlteCKUe 8eU(ecm8a (He<pTSlHbIe
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MbI, ry,n:pOH, Ma3yr).
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no xapaKTePY Taep,n:eHHSI MacnIIrn no,n:pro,n:emUOT Ha meepoelOU4ue (B TOM
qlIcne BynKaHII3IIPYK>Il.{HeC$I) II HemeepOeIOU4ue.
no cnoco6y npHMeHeHHSI MaCTIUrn nO.ltpaJ,n:eJISlIOT Ha zopR'-tue, nplIMe-
H$leMhIe C npe,n:BapHTeJIbHhIM no,n:orpeBoM ,n:o 160 0 e )],lISi 6IITYMHhIX H ,n:o
130 0 e ,l(JISi ,n:erreBbIX MaCTIIK, II XO/lOOHble MacmUKU, HMelOIl.{He paCTBOpHTenb
H HCrrOJlb3yeMhIe 6e3 rro,n:orpeBa npII reMnepaType B03.n:yxa He HIDKe 5°e II
C rro,n:orpeBOM,n:o 60...70 o e npII reMnepaType B03.n:yxa HIDKe 5°C.
3.4.4. He4JTJlHbIe 3MYJIbCHH H naCTbI
B He<}>TSlHbIX 3MyJIbCHSlX 6HTYM IDIII ,n:erOTh (50...60%) ,n:IICneprlIpOBaHbI
B BH.LJ:e qaCTIIl( paJMepOM nplIMepHO 1 MKM.
YCTOMqHBOCTb 3MYJIbCHH .n:OCTHraeTCH BBe.n:eHHeM B Hee 3MYJIbraTOpOB -
nOBepXHOCTHO-aKTHBHbIX Be eCTB, YMeHbllHUOI.IU1X rrOBepXHOCTHOe HaTIDKeHHe Ha
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MH HBJUlIOTCH Mbma Ha<t>reHoBbIX, cYJIb<poHa<t>reHOBbIX, CMOJIHHbIX OpraHH'IeCKHX
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TOHKHe rropOlIlKH rJIHH, H3BeCTH, l.{eMeHT8, K8MeHHoro yrJIH, CIDKH. TBep.n:bIe
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cmmaHHIO qaCTHl.{, .n:HcrrepmpoBaHHbIX B BOJJ:e. Co.n:ep}J(8HHe Bo.n:opaCTBopHMbIX
3MYJIbraTOpOB B 3MYJlbCHH 06bI'iHO He npeBbIlIlaeT 3%, a TBep,ll;bIX 3MYJlbraTOpOB -
5...15% B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BMa 3M}'JIbraTOpa H .n:HcrrepCHOCTH 6HTYMHOM (.n:erre-
BOM) <pa3bI.
npII B3aHMo,n:eHcTBHH 3MyJIhCIIII C KaMeHHhIMH MaTeplIaJIaMII (Il.{e6HeM
II rreCKoM) rrpolIcxo,n:.IIT ee pacna,n: BCne,n:CTBlIe a,n:cop6u:IDI 3Mynbl'aTOpa, rromo-
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)l(}'IIJ:ero BeIl.{eCTBa npII II3roTOBJIeHIIII aC<}>aJIbTOBbIX (,n:erreBbIX) paCTBOpOB II
6eToHoB.
HetjJmRHble nacmbl - BbICOKOKOHl.{eHTpHpOBaHHbIe He<}>THHbIe 3MYJIbCHH, B
TOM qHCJIe C TBep.n:bIMH 3M}'JIbraTOp8MH. Co.n:ep}J(8HHe 6H'rYMa (JJ:eITH) B rracTax
60...70%.
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CBOHCTBaMII.
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4.1.1. KaMeHHble npHpO,lJ;HbIe MaTepH8JIbi
4.1.1.1. 06U4ue CeeOeHUJI
fJIaBHbIH HCTOqHIIK nOJIyqeHHSI npHpo,n:HbIX KaMeHHbIX MaTeplIarrOB -
ropHbIe nopo,n:bI.
KaMeHHble npupoiJHbte MIl11IepUllllbl - CTpOHTeJIbHbIe MarepHaJIbI (II3,l(emrn),
no.nyqaeMbIe H3 ropHbIX rmpo,n: nyreM MexaHWlecKoM o6pa6o'rKH (.n:p06JIeHHe,
paCnHJIIIBaHII , paCKaJIbIBaHMe II T.n.), nOCJIe KOTOpOH notfrn nOJIHOCThIo
COXpaIDIIOTC$I CTPYKTYPa II CBOHCTBa HCXO,n:HOH nopo,n:bI.
no cnoco6y II3roTOBJIeHHSI KaMeHHbIe npHpO.D:HbIe MaTeplIarrbI MO.>KHO
pa3,l(eJIHTb Ha CJIe,n:yroW;He BH.lJ;bI.
. IIWleHble, nOJIyqaeMbIe H3 MaCCIIBa KaMHepe3HbIMH HJIII KaMHeKOJIbHbI-
Mil MallIlIHaMII (6JlOKU-nOJlyrjJa6pUKambl, KpynHble KllMHU).
. IIWleHbie U3 6JlOKOe-nOJlyrjJa6pUKam08 C nOCJleOyIOU4eu KllMHeo6pa60mKou
(creHOBbIe KaMHH II 6JIOKH, 06JIHI..{OBOQHbIe IUIHTbI II IIJIHTbI .wrn nOJIa, l..{eJIb-
HbIe CTYI1eHII II no,n:oKOHHbIe ,lJ;OCKH II T.n.).
KtufHeo6pa6omKa - npol{ecc npH.aaHHH npHpo,n:HOMY KaMHIO 1'pe6yeMoH
<l>OpMbI H BHellIHeH OT,n:emrn. BKJIIOQaeT paCnHJIOBK)' 6JIOKOB Ha 3aroTOBKM,
OKaHTOBK)' ruIHT no pa3Mepy H <l>aKTYPHYK> o6pa6oTKY JIHl{eBOH nOBepXHoCTIf.
268
I
· KOAOmble, nOJIyqaeMbIe paCKaJIbIBaHlIeM 6JIOKOB C nOCJIe.n.yroIIJ;eM o6pa-
6OTKOM (60p'l'OBbIe KaMHII, rurnTbI II KaMHII TecaHbIe, 6Pyc'IaTKa II WaWKH
.wrn MOIIJ;eHHSI II ,n:p.).
· I'py6oKoAomble, nOJIyqaeMbIe HanpaBJIeHHbIM paCKaJIbIBaHlIeM 6JIOKOB
003 noCrrero'lOIIJ;eM o6pa6oTKH.
· P8aHbie (6ymo8blu KllMeHb), nOJIyqaeMbIe B3pbIBaHlIeM ropHOM nOpO.ltbI
II OT,n:eJIeHMeM MeJIKHX <ppaKl{HM.
· J(po6AeHble, nOJIyqaeMbIe .ltp06JIeHlIeM ropHOM nOpO.ltbI C nOCJIe IIJ;HM
pa3.D:eJIeHIIeM Ha <ppaKl{HII (IIJ;e6eHb, neCOK IICKYCCTBeHHbIM).
· MOAOmble, nOJIyqaeMbIe nOMOJIOM rOpHOH nOpO,n:bI (MOJIOTbIM MIIHe-
paJIbHbIM nOpOWOK, KaMeHHaSI MYKa).
no HaJIH'IHIO 06pa6OTKH nOBepXHOCTII KaMeHHbIe npHpo,n:HbIe MareplIaJIbI
MOJKHO pa3.lteJIHTb Ha CJIe,n:yroIIJ;He OCHOBHbIe BH,LI;bI.
· llpupoiJHble cmpOUmeAbHble KllMHU (KllMeHHble U3iJeAUll) - mrneHbIe CTe-
HOBbIe MareplIaJIbI II 06JIHQOBO'IHbIe KaMHII, apXHreKTYPHO-CTPOHTeJIbHbIe
(npo<pWlMpOBaHHbIe) II3,l(eJIHSI (CTYIIeHII, no,n:OKOHHIIKH II .ltp.), ,n:opOJKHbIe
KaMeHHbIe MaTeplIaJIbI (60p'l'OBbIe KaMHII, 6pyc'IaTKa), II3,l(eJIHSI .lJ)ISI rH,LJ;po-
reXHH'IeCKHX coopyxeHHM, 06JIHQoBKH onop MOCTOB, TeXHH'IeCKHe II3,l(eJIHSI
(.n:OCKH MpaMopHbIe 3JIeK'lpOreXHH'IeCKHe, IUlHTbI nOBepo'IHbIe, BaJIbI rpa-
HHTHbIe.lJ)lSl 6}'Maro,n:eJIareJIbHoro o6opy,n:OBaHHSI II .ltp.) II ,n:eKopaTHBHO-XY-
,n:O:>KeCTBeHHbIe II3.lteJIHSI.
· rpy6oo6pa6omaHHbie KllMeHHble MamepUaJlbl - 6yrOBbIM II BaJIYHHbIM
KaMHII,IIJ;e6eHb,rpaBIIM,neCOK. .
tJacTOe II3MeHeHMe reMnepaTYPbI H BJIIDKHOCTII, BbI3bIBalOIIJ;ee nORBJIeHlIe
MIIKpOTPeIIJ;IIH; paCTBOpSlIOIIJ;ee ,n:eMCTBlIe BO.ltbI II nOHIDKeHlIe npO'IHOCTH
npII Bo,n:OHaCbIIIJ;emm; XHMH'IeCKaSI KOpp03HS1, npoIICXOMIIJ;aSI no,n: ,n:eMCTBH-
eM raJOB (02' H 2 H .ltp.), CO.ltep:>KaIIJ;HXCR B aTMoc<l>epe, H BeIIJ;eCTB, pacTBO-
peHHbIX B rpYHTOBOM II MOPCKOM Bo,n:e; 3aMep3aHMe BO.ltbI B nopax II 'fl)eIIJ;H-
Hax, BbI3blBalOIIJ;ee BHyrpeHHlIe HanpIDKeHHSI, - 3TO OCHOBHbIe npH'IHHbl
pa3pyweHMSI npHpo,n:HbIX KaMeHHbIX MaTeplIaJIOB.
,1JjISI 3amHTbI KaMeHHbIX MareplIaJIOB OT pa3pyweHHSI npHMeHRIOT KOH-
cmpYKmU8Hbie II tjJU3UKO-XUMUllecKue cnoc06bl.
KOHCTPYKTHBHyIO 3aw:my OTKpbITbIX 'IacreM coopyxeHIIM (QOKOJIeM, Kap-
HH30B, nORCKOB, CTOJI60B, napaneroB II .ltp.) CBO,lUIT K npH,Ll;aHHIO HM TaKOM
<PoPMbI, KOTOpa.SI 06JIerqaeT OTBO,n: BO,n:bI. 3mMy' :>Ke cnOC06CTByeT ma,n;KaSI,
nOJIHpOBaHHaSI nOBepXHOCTb 06JIHQoBKH II npo<pIDlMpOBaHHbIX .lteTaJIeM.
K <P1I3IIKO-XHMH'IeCKHM cnoco6aM 3amHTbI KaMeHHbIX MaTeplIaJIOB OT
paJpyweHHSI OTHOCRTCR npOnHTKa nOBepXHOCTHoro CJIOR yrmOTHRIOIIJ;HMII
COCTaBaMH H HaHeceHlIe Ha .JIHQeByro nOBepXHOCTb !'H.LJ:po<l>o6HbIX (BO,n:001TaJI-
KHBaIOIIJ;HX) COCTaBOB. AmI zuiJp0rjJ06U3al(UU, T.e. nOKpbITIDI II npommrn: rH,LJ;-
po<l>o6HbIMH COCTaBaMII (HanpHMep, KpeMHIIMOpraHH'IeCKHMH :>KH.LI:KOCTSlMII),
269
! I '
Ii
r
nplIMeHSIIOT rmeHK006pa3yIOIl{IIe nOJIIIMepHbIe MareplIaJIbI - np03patffibIe
H OKpallIeHHbIe. ):LrrSI npOnJITKH nOplICTbIX KaMeHHbIX MarepIIaJIOB npIIMe-
HSlIOT MOHOMepbI C ,n:OnOJIHHTeJIbHOM TepMOKaTaJIHTIlqeCKOM IDIII pa,n:IIaIJ;l1-
OHHOM 06pa60TKoH, 06eCneqHBalOIl{eH nOJIHMepII3aU:IIIO MOHOMepa B nopax
KaMeHHOrO MaTeplIaJIa.
I!I
4.1.1.2. IIpupooHble cmpOUmeJlbHble KaMHU
06 U{ U e c B e 0 e H U R. IIpupoiJHble cmpOUme.tlbHble KaMHU (UlmyttHble U3oe-
JlUR) - 3TO CTpOlrreJIbHbIM MarepIIaJI, no.rryqaeMbIM II3 ropHbIX nopo.n: nyreM
paCnIDIIIBaHIDI (paCKaJIbIBaHIDI, pa3pe3aHIDI II ,n:p.) C COXpaHeHIIeM HCXO.n:-
HbIX C1'pYKTYPbI II CBOHCTB. .
06$13aTeJIbHbIMII norpe6HTeJIbCIGIMII CBOMCTBaMII 3TI1X MaTepIIaJIOB SlB-
JISiIOTC$I rmOTHOCTb, npOQHOCTb, TermonpoBo.n:HoCTb, IICTl1paeMOCTb, II3HOC,
BO,n:O-, MOp030- II orneCTOHKOCTb.
TIPHpo,n:HbIe C1'pOIITeJIbHbIe KaMHM Ha3bIBaIOTC$I JleZKUMU, eCJIII HX rmOT-
HOCTb He npeBbIllIaeT 1800 KT/M 3 , a eCJIII npeBbIllIaeT - mJlJICe.tlblM.U. Mx
TermonpoBo,n:HOCTb 3aBIICIIT OT MX rmOTHOCTII (nopIICTOCTI1), KOTopaSi MeHSI-
eTC$I B OQeHb llIlIpOKHX npe,n:eJIax, II BJIIDKHOCTII. TaK, .lLJUI BYJIKaHIIlJeCKOrO
TY<Pa OHa paBHa 0,5...0,8 BT/(M . °C).
):LrrSI OueHIGI MOP030CTOHKoCTII IIcnOJIb3yeTCSI MapIGIpOBKa no lJIICJIy IJ;I1K-
JIOB nonepeMeHHoro 3aMOpIDIrnBaHIDI II OTIaI1BaHIDI: F 10, F 15, ..., F 400,
F 500. BeJIHlJlIHa 3TOro nOKa3aTeJISI 3aBIICHT OT COCTIiBa, CTpoeHlliI 11 BJIIDK-
HOCTII npJIPO,n:HbIX C1'pOIITeJIbHbIX KaMHeM. BbICOK)'lO MOpo30CTOHKOCTb HMelOT
rmOTHbIe KaMHII C paBHoMepHo-3epHIIcTOM C1'pYKTYPOM. CJIOIICTaSI c1'pYKTYPa
cyr.u:eCTBeHHO CHIDKaeT MOp030CTOHKOCTb.
OrHecTOHKOCTb 3aBIICHT OT MIIHepaJIbHoro COCTaBa 11 C1'pYKTYPbI KaMHSI.
o'ZUiH nOp<>.D:bI npII nOBbIllIeHHoM reMnepa1j'pe pa3JIaralOTCSI (mnc npII 100°C,
II3BeCTH$lK npII 900°C), ,n:pyrHe (rpaHI1T, KBapueBbIe nOP<PHPbI) paC1'peCKI1-
BaIOTC$I }')Ke npII TeMnepaTYpe 600°C BCJIe,n:CTBIIe pa3JIIIlJHoro TermoBoro
pacnmpeHlliI COCTaBJUlIOIl{HX MX MIIHepaJIOB II nOJIIIMopqmoro npeBpam eHlliI
KBapua.
MapIGIpoBKY ocyr.u:eCTBJISIIOT no BeJIIIQHHe npe,n:eJIa npOlJHOCTI1 Ha C:>Ka-
TIle O'CJK (MTIa) 06pa3uOB B B03,n:yrnHO-CYXOM COCTOSlHIIII.
TIPIIpo,n:HbIe C1'pOIITeJIbHbIe KaMHII KJlaCclI<pIIIJ;I1PyIOT no Ha3HatteHUIO 11
BUOy 06pa60mKU nOBepXHocmu. " .
TIo Ha3HaQeHIIIO nplIpO,l(HbIe C1'pOHTeJIbHbIe KaMHII .n:eJISlTCSI Ha cmeHO-
Bble, 06JlUl(OBottHble (nflUmottHble), npOfpUflUp08QHHbie (cTYIIeHM, no.n:OKOHHMIGI
II ,n:p.) H OOpOJICHble.
TIo BH.LJ:Y 06pa60TIGI pa3JIINaIOT yi)apHYIO, a6pa3U8HJ11O II mep.MUtteCKYIO,
KIDK,LJ:aSl 113 KOTOpbIX 06JIa,n:aeT TOJIbKO eM npIIcyr.u:eM <paKTYPOM nOBepXHocrn.
TaK, ,l(JISi y,n:apHoH 06pa6OTI<H: xapaKTepHbI 6yzpucmafl (CKaflbHafl), purjJJleHafl,
270
. "':r. . .' __ J
60p03011amaJl H mOllellHaJl rjJaKmypbl, ,lL1UI a6pa3HBHOH o6pa6oTKlI - nUAeHaJl,
LUAUrjJOeaHHaJl, AOU{eHaJl H 3epKaAbHaJl, a ,l]:JIH TepMHqeCKOM - 2Aa3Ypo-
eaHHaJl.
CmeHoeble KaMHU nOJIyqaIOT H3 IIJIOTHbIX H nopHCTbIX pa3HOBM,LJ:-
HOCTeH TY«POB H H3BeCTHSIKOB. 06 He lpe60BaHlISl, npe,n:'bSlBJISIeMbIe K HHM:
XHMHqeCKHM COCTaB; OTcyrcTBHe lpemHHOBaTOCTH H BM,LJ:HMbIX npOCJIO-
eK rJIHHbI H MepreJISI (MOHOJIHTHOCTh); IIJIOTHOCTh - MeHee 2300 Kr/M 3
(900...2200 KI'/M 3 ); npe,n:eJI npOqHOCTII npH C:>KaTIIH, MIIa: nopHCTbIe H3Bec-
THSlKlI-paKYilleqHHKII - 0,4...5, IIJIOTHbIe H3BeCTHSIKII - 5...15, TY<l>bI -
5...40, Bo,n:onOrJIOmeHHe - MeHee 30% no Macce; BO,n:OCTOMKOCTb (KO-
3«P«PHI.J:HeHT pa3M5IrqeHlISl 0,6...0,7); MOp03OCTOHKOCTh - He MeHee F 15
(npH norepe He 60JIee 25% OT (J'c}J(); JIerKOCTh B6HBaHlISl H npOqHOCTb y,n:ep-
:>KaHHSI rB03,n:eH; BHellIHIIM BM,LJ: (JIiIu:eBaSI nOrepXHOCTh CTeHOBbIX KaMHeM H
KpyrrHbIX CTeHOBbIX 6JIOKOB ,n:OJDKHa OTBeqaTh lpe60BaHHSlMH ,n:eKOpaTIIBHO-
cm); B03MO:>KHOCTb CKYJIbnTYPHoH 06pa6oTKlI H ,n:p.
MeJlI<onopHcTbIe npHpo,n:HbIe KaMHH He lpe6yIOT Hap)':>KHOH llITYKaTYP-
KH RTIH 06JIHU:OBKII.
CTeHOBbIe KaMHH H3 H3BeCTHSIKOB H TY«POB, npHMeHSIeMbIe .LUISI KJIMKlI
CTeH (mn I), a TaIOKe ,lL1UI neperopo,n:OK H ,n:pyrnx qaCTeH 3,n:aHHM H cooPY:>Ke-
HHH (mn II) BbInycKaIOTCSI CJIe.n:yIOmMX MapOK: 4, 7, 10, 15, 25, 35, 50, 75,
100, 125, 150, 200, 300 H 400. HOMepa MapoK COOTBeTCTByIOT 3HaqeHHIO npe-
,n:eJIa npOqHOCm (KrC/CM 2 ) npH C:>KaTIIH. IIpOqHOCTh OT 4,n:o 50 KrC/CM 2 HMe-
lOT nOpHCThIe H3BecTHSIKH - paKYilleQHHKlI, IIJIOTHbIe MllIaHKOBbIe H3BeCT-
HSlKlI HMeIOT npOqHOCTh OT 50,n:o 150 KrC/CM 2 , TY«PbI - OT 50,n:o 400 KrC/CM 2 .
DJIOKH CTeHOBbIe H3 npHpo,n:HOro KaMHSI ,n:OJI:>KHbI HMeTb ,n:JIHHY
500...3020 MM, IillIPHHY B rrpe,n:eJIax 20...1000 MM II BbICOTy 300, 400 H 500 MM.
,LLrrSi 6JIOKOB HOpMHpyIOTCSI JIHHeHHbIe pa3MepbI npH ,n:onYCTIIMbIX OTKJIOHe-
HIDIX MeHee 10 MM. Kax<;lU>IH TaKOH KaMeHb 3aMeHSIeT B KJIa,L(Ke 8...12 KlIp-
TIHqeH. YKpyrrHeHHe KaMHeH YMeHbllIaeT 3alpaThI lpy,n:a, n03BOJISIeT nepeH-
TII K HH.D:YClpHaJIbHbIM MeTO,n:aM ClpOMTeJIbCTBa. Macca o,n:Horo KaMH5I He
,n:OIDKHa npeBbIlliaTh 40 KI'.
OCHoBHbIe pa3MepbI cTeHoBbIx KaMHeH: 390x190x188, 490x240x188,
390x190x288 MM. J];onYCTIIMbIe OTKJIOHeHlISl He ,n:OJDKHbI npeBbIllIaTb 10 MM.
KpynHbIe CTeHOBbIe 6JIOKH, npe,n:Ha3HaqeHHbIe rom MexaHH3HpoBaHHOH }'KJIa,rI.-
KH, HMeIOT pa3MepbI OT 300x800x900 ,n:o 3000x 1000x500 MM.
IIRTIeHbIe H KOJIOTbIe llI'fY\IHbIe KaMHH, nonyqaeMbIe H3 H3BeCTHSIKOB,
,n:OJIOMHTOB, rreCqaHHKOB, BYJIKaHHqeCKHX TY«POB, npHMeHSIIOT ,lLJUI KJIa,L(KII
Ha,L(3eMHbIX CTeH (YCToeB MOCTOB, YKpeIIJIeHHH OTKOCOB HaCbmeM H 6eperoB
peK, KJIa,L(KH no,n:nopHbIX CTeHOK).
06 A U l{ 0 e 0 11 H bl e K aM H U. 06JIHU:OBoqHbIMH KaMHSlMH Ha3bIBaIOT
ropHbIe nopo,n:bI, HMeIOmHe KpaCIIByIO OKpacKY H plICyJIOK (,n:eKopaTHB-
271
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II
II
tl!
il
II
f'!
,,!
d,
i l
,I
li
':
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Ii;
i!
:,1
I
I,
I
HOCTb), 06JIa,n:aIOmHe Heo6xo.n;HMOM npOqHOCTbIO H noro.n;OCTOMKOCTbIO, a
TaIOKe MOHOJIHTHOCTbIO, 06eCneqHBaIOmeM B03MO:>KHOCTb nOJIyqeHIDI Kpyrr-
HbIX 6JIOKOB.
06JIHU:OBOqHbIe IIJIHTbI H3rOTOBJlSlIOT H3 6JIOKOB npHpo.n;Horo KaMHSI ny-
TeM HX pacnHlIHBaHIDI HlIH paCKaJIblBaHIDI C nOCJIe.n;yIOmeM MexaHHqeCKOM
06pa60TKoM. rOpHbIe nopo.n;bI, npHMeHSIeMbIe ,lL1UI II3rOTOBJIeHIDI 6JIOKOB,
.n;OIDKHbI HMeTb npe.n;eJI npOqHOCrn npII C.>KarnII He MeHee 5 Mna, MOp030-
CTOMKOCTb He MeHee F 15, K03<P<PHU:HeHT pa3MS1rqeHIDI 0,7...0,9.
06mHe 'l'pe60BaHIDI, npe.n;'bSlBJISIeMbIe K 06JIHu:oBoqHbIM KaMHSlM:
. XHMHqeCKIIM COCTaB;
· npoqHOCTb, Mna: H3Bep.>KeHHbIX - 60...90, MeTaMop<lmqeCKHX - 30...50,
OCa,n:OqHbIX - 5...20;
· Bo.n;onomOmeHHe > 25%;
· K03<P<PHU:HeHT pa3MS1rqeHIDI - 60JIee 0,7;
· MOp030CTOMKOCTb - 60JIee F 25;
· HcrnpaeMOCTb nOJIOBbIX IIJIHT: ,lL1UI HHTeHCIIBHOro .n;BIDKeHIDI JIIO.n;CKHX
nOTOKOB - MeHee 0,48 rjcM 2 , ,lL1UI cJIa6oro .n;BIDKeHIDI JIIO.n;CKHX nOTOKOB -
2,2 rjcM 2 ;
. .n;eKopaTHBHOCTb.
MOp030CTOHKOCTb, Bo.n;onOrJIOIl.(eHHe H K03<P<PHUHeHT pa3MRNeHHR JIJIR H3-
Bep}J(eHHbIX nopo)], He HOpMHpyroTCH.
06JIHU:OBOqHbIe KaMHH KJIHCCH<pHU:HPyIOTCSI no pa3JUNHbIM np1I3HaKaM:
ZeHemUlf.eCKOMY, no npOIf.HOCmU, 06pa6ambI8ae.MOCmU, OOIlZOeeIf.HOCmU, cmeneHU
oeKOpamU8Hocmu H Ha:JHalf.eHUIO.
no reHernqeCKOMY npH3HaKY KaMHH no.n;pa3)J;eJISIIOT Ha U38ep:JICeHHble,
OCaOOIf.Hble H MemaMOprjJUlf.eCKUe nopoiJbl.
no npOQHOCrn OHH no.n;pa3.n;eJUlIOTCSI Ha 'l'pH l'pyrrnbI B 3aBIICHMocrn OT
BeJIHqHHbI npe.n;eJIa npOQHOCrn Ha C.>Karne (B CYXOM COCTOSlHIIH): npolf.Hble
(80 Mna H BbIllle), cpeoHeii npOIf.HOCmU (40...80 Mna) II HU3KOnpOIf.Hble
(.n;o 40 MIIa).
IIo 06pa6aTblBaeMocrn 06JIHU:OBOQHbIe KaMHII .n;eJUlTCSI Ha KJIaCCbI B 3a-
BHCHMocrn OT BJI,LJ:a KOHKpeTHoro TeXHOJIOIWIecKoro npou:ecca; no .n;OJII'OBeQ-
Hocrn - Ha QeTbIpe KJIacca: 8eCbMa oOIlZOeelf.Hble - C HaQaJIOM IJa3pyrneHIDI
Qepe3 650 JIeT; oOllZ08elf.Hbie - 220...350 JIeT; OmHOCUmellbHO oOIlZOeelf.Hble -
75...120 JIeT; HeoOllZ08elf.Hbie 061lUl{0801f.Hble KaMHU - 20...75 JIeT. no .n;eKopa-
rnBHocTH KaMHH .n;eJISlTCSI Ha 'QeTbIpe KJIaCca - 8blCOKooeKopamU8Hble, oeKO-
pamU8Hble, MllIloiJeKopamu8Hbie H HeiJeKOpamu8Hbie - B 3aBHCIIMocrn OT CYM-
MapHOM ou:eHKII .n;eKoparnBHocrn, onpe.n;eJUleMOM no 6aJIJIbHOM CIICTeMe.
B JaBHCHMocrn OT Ha3HaQeHIDI pa3JIHQaIOT KaMeHHbIe IIJIHTbI, JI,LJ:YID:He
Ha 06IlUl{08K)l zuopOmeXHUlf.eCKUX coopy:JICeHuii, HapY:JICHYIO 06IlUl{08K)l 3iJaHuii,
272
Cnel{UOJlbHYIO 06JlUl{06KY OM 3aU{umbl om ICOpp03UU, l{OKOJlbHble 1IJlUmbi II 1IJlU-
mbl OJlJl nOJl06 U cmyneHeu.
)],.rnl 06JIIIIJ;OBIGI rH,lI,p0TeXHHqeCIGIX COOp}')KeHHM, Ha6epe)KHbIX, YCToeB
MOCTOB, IJ;OKOJIbHOM qaCTH MOHYMeHTaJIbHbIX coopyx<:eHHM I1pHMeHSIIOT
KaMHII H I1JIIITbI H3 rpaHHTa If JUJyrHX H3Bep)l(eHHbIX nopoJJ;, KOTOpbIM CBOM-
CTBeHHbI BbICOKaSI MOp030CTOMKOCTb, npOqHOCTb H TBepJJ;OCTb. IIrrHTbI ,lLJUI
Hap}')KHOM 06JIIIIJ;OBIGI 3JJ;aHHM JJ;e.rraIOTCSI R3 aTMoc<pepOCTOMIGIX OCa,n:OqHbIX
110POJJ; (H3BeCTHSIKOB, JJ;OJIOMHTOB, neCqaHHKOB, TY<POB), KOTopbIe JIerqe
110.u.na1OTCH 06pa60TKe H 3KOHOMHqHee rpaHIITHbIX 110POJJ;. ,LLrrSi BHyrpeHHeM
06JIIIIJ;OBIGI 06meCTBeHHbIX 3JJ;aHHM (HarrpHMep, CTaHIJ;HM Me'l'pOnOJIMTeHa)
IillIpOKO HCnOJIb3y:IOT TaIGIe nopOJJ;bI, KaK MpaMOp, aHrM)],pHT, rIfnc.
UOKOJIbHbIe I1JIJITbI, a TaIOKe JJ;eTaJIH KapHH30B If JJ;pyrIfX BbICTYIIalOmHX
qaCTeM 3JJ;aHHSI II3roTOBJISIIOT H3 CTOMKIIX nopoJJ; (HCTIIpaeMOCTb He 60JIee
2,2 r/cM 2 npH cJIa60M JJ;BIDKeHHH H He 60JIee 0,48 r/cM 2 npII IfHTeHCHBHOM
JJ;BIDKeHHH JIIOJJ;CKIIX nOToKoB). 3m H3JJ;emrn He JJ;OJI)l(HbI HMeTb BOJIOCHbIX
'l'pemMH, a <popMa JJ;OJDKHa 6bITb TaKOM, qT06bI Ha HHX He 3a,n:ep)l(l1BaJIaCb
BOJJ;a OT JJ;O)IQUI H TalOmero CHera.
<I>aIcrypa JIHu:eBOM nOBepXHocm MO)l(eT 6bITb caMOM pa3H006pa3HOM:
. 3epKOJlbHOU - 06pa60TKa I1JIOTHbIX ropHbIX 110POJJ; nOJIHpOBOqHbIM 110-
POWKOM C HaKaTKOH rJISlHIJ;a;
. JloU{eHou - 06pa6OTKa WJm<pOBaJIbHbIM 110pOWKOM 6e3 HaKaTIGI rmrnIJ;a;
. UIflurjJ06aHHou - WJIH<pOBaHHe a6pa3HBHbIMH HHC'l'pYMeHTaMH;
. nUfleHOU - paCmIJIHBaHHe Ha KaHaTHbIX I1HJIax HJIH Ha paCnHJIOBOq-
HbIX CTaHKaX: mOJ.fell.HaJl, 60p03OttamaJl H purjJJleHaJl rjJaKmypbl, rjJaKmypa «CICOJla».
J( ° po JIC H bl e K aM e H H bl e M a m e p U a Jl bl. TaKHMH MaTepHaJIaMH
SlBJUIIOTCSI 60pmo6ble KaMHU, 6pYCJ.famKa (6pYCJ.famblU KaMeHb), KOJlOmblU UflU
6YJlbiJICHbiU KaMeHb H mpomyapHble 1IJlUmbl. Mx nOJIyqalOT H3 If3Bep)l(eHHbIX H
OCa,n:01ffibIX ropHbIX nopOli. fopHbIe nopOJJ;bI He 1I0JI)KHbI 6bITb 3a'l'pOH}'TbI
BbIBe'l'pHBaHHeM.
H3Bep}J(eHHbIe ropHbIe nopo,nbI ,nOJDKHbI 06JIa,n,aTb CJIe,nyroIl.{HMH cBoHCTBa-
MIl: npe,neJIOM npOqHOCTH npH C}J(aTIIH fJIy6HHHbIX ropHbIx nopo,n - He MeHee
100 MTIa, H3JIHBIlIHXCH - He MeHee 60 MTIa, K03$$HI.{HeHToM pa3MHftIeHHH '-:.-
He MeHee 0,9, Bo,nonOfJIOIl.{eHHeM He 60JIee 1,0%, MOP030CTOHKOCTb1O - He
MeHee F 2 , conpOTHBJIeHHeM y,napy - He MeHee 150 TIa, nJIOTHOCTbIO -
2300 KT/M 3 H 60JIe((.
OCa,n,OqHbIe ropHbIe nopo,nbI ,nOJDKHbI HMeTb IDIOTHOCTb 2100 KT/M3, K03$-
$HI.{HeHT pa3MHftIeHHH - He MeHee 0,75, Bo,nonOfJIOIl.{eHHe - He 60JIee 4%,
MOp030CTOHKOCTb_- He MeHee F 25 H COnpOTHBJIeHHe y,napy - 150 TIa.
];opmo6ble I«lMHU - JJ;OpO)I(HbIM KaMeHHbIM MaTepmUi B BM)],e 6pyca .wIH-
HOM 70...200 CM H3 I1POQHbIX H3Bep)l(eHHbIX ropHbIX nopoJJ; (JJ;Ha6a3a, 6a-
3aJIbTa, rpaHHTa H JUJ.), OTJI alOmIfXCSI BbICOIGIMII nOKa3aTeJUlMH MOp030-
,I
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Ii
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273
H H3HOCOCTOMKOCTH H rrpOqHocrn. IIo <l>opMe OHH npelICTaBJlSleT C060H
6pyc C HaKJIOHHOM HJIH BepnIKaJIbHOM Jmu:eBOM rpaHblO B rrOnepeqHOM ce-
qeHHH. BepXHIDI qaCTh 60pTOBOro KaMHSI, BbICTYIIalOll.{aSi Ha,rJ: .n;OpO>KHbIM
rrOKpbITHeM, o6TecaHa qHCTO, HIDKHSISI - rpy60.
EOpTOBbIe KaMHH H3roTaBJIHBalOT npJlMblMU H J1.eKll/lbHbIMU, 8blCOKUMU
(.n:o 40 CM) H HU3KUMU (.n;o 30 CM).
DOpTOBbIe KaMHH HCnOJIb3yroTCH BMeCTO 6eTOHHbIX H3.n:eJIHM, OT.n:eJUIIOll.{HX
npoe3xyIO qaCTb .n:OpOfH OT TpOTYapa, npH COOTBeTCTByroll.{eM TeXHHKO-3KOHO-
MHqeCKOM 060CHOBaHHH.
EpYCllamKa - .n:opmKHbIM KaMeHHbIM MaTepHaJI B BHlIe 6PYCKOB (MHHa
15...25, nmpHHa 12...15, BbICOTa 10...16 CM) H3 npOqHbIX H3Bep)l(eHHbIX rop-
HbIX rropo.n; (.n;Ha6a3a, 6a3aJIbTa, rpaHHTa H .n;p.). ,Q,rrSi MOll.{emrn .n;opor 6pyc-
qaTKY H3TOTaBJIHBalOT H3 O.n;HOpO.n;HbIX MeJIKO- H cpe.n;He3epHHCThIX nopo.n;
(.n;Ha6a3a H IIp.). IIpe.n:eJI npOqHOCTH npII c)I(anm HCXO.n;HOM nopOlIbI - He
HIDKe 100 MIIa, Bo.n;orrOrJIOll.{eHHe - He 60JIee 0,6%.
IIpe.n:eJI npOqHOCrn Ha c)I(arne .lIlliI 6pycqaTKl1 H3 H3Bep)l(eHHbIX rropo.n; -
He HIDKe 100 MIIa, MOp030CTOMKOCTh - F 100.
EpYCqaThlM KaMeHb 1I0JI)I(eH HMeTh $OPMY yceqeHHOM rrJIpaMHlIbI C na-
paJIJIeJIbHbIMII BepxHHM H HH)I(HHM oCHoBaHHSlMH, neprreH,L{HKYJISlpHbIMJI
OCH. EpycqaTKa no.n:pa3.n:ellileTCH Ha 8blCOKYlO (BbICOTOM 160 MM), cpeoHlO1O
(130 MM) H HU3KYIO (100 MM). BbICOKaSI H cpelIHIDI 6pycqaTKa rrpe.n;Ha3Haqe-
Ha lIJISi YKJIa,rJ:KH Ha rreCqaHbIe rp)'HTbI, HH3KaSI - Ha 6eTOHHOe RJIII lIPYTIIe
BHlIbI rrpOqHbIX OCHOBaHHH.
Pa3HOBH,[(HOCTHMH 6pYCqaTKH HBJUIIOTCH UlaUlKU OM M03aUilHOU Mocm060U H
UlaUlKU O/lfl MoU{eHUfl. llIallIKa JLTIH M03aHQHOH MOCTOBOH npH6JImKaeTCH no
<popMe K Ky6y co CTOpOHOH 70...110 MM, a llIallIKa JLJUI MOll.{eHHH - K yceQeH-
HOM nHpaMH,[(e.
KO.llOmblU H 6Y.IlbiJICHbiU KClMHU - .n;OpO.>KHbIM KaMeHHbIM MarepHaJI, rro
$opMe 6rrH3KIIH K MHororpaHHoH npH3Me (KOJIOTbIM) HJIH OBaJI0HlIY (6y-
JIbDKHbIM) C IIJIOll.{a,rJ:blO JIHu:eBoM nOBepXHocrn 100, 200 H 400 CM 2 H BbI-
COTOM COOTBeTCTBeHHO 16, 20 H 30 CM .1'13 npOqHbIX H3Bep)l(eHHbIX ro"pHbIX
rropo.n:.
JIHu:eBaSi nOBepXHOCTb H rrOCTeJIb 1I0JI.>KHbI 6bITh napaJIJIeJIbHbI; Ha 6oKo-
BbIX rpaHSIX He .n;OJI.>KHO 6bITb BbICTYIIOB, npellilTCTByIOll.{HX IIJIOTHOMY rrpH-
MbIKaHHIO K .n;pyrOMY KaMHIO.
KOJIOTbIM H 6YJIbI.>KHbIM KaMHH HCrrOJIb3yIOT .LUISI YKpeIIJIeHHSI OTKOCOB
3eMJUlHbIX nOKpblrnM H OCHOBaHHM.
TpomyapHble 1I.IlUmbi - 1I0pO:>KHbIM KaMeHHbIM MarepHaJI B BHlIe rrpHMO-
yroJIbHbIX HJIH KBa,rJ:paTHbIX IIJIHT H3 rneMCOB H no.n;06HbIX eMY CJIOHCThIX rop-
HbIX nopOlI. JIHu:eBaSl rrOBepXHOCTh 3THX IIJIIIT .n;OJDKHa 6bITh poBHOM, pa3MepbI
CTOpOH - OT 20 11080 CM, TOJIll.{HHa - He MeHee 4_H He 60JIee 15 CM. '
274
4.1.1.3. rpy6oo6pa6omaHHbie lalMeHHble MamepUaAbl
Eym06blii KaMeHb - pa3HOBI1.LI:HOCTb rpy6006pa60TaHHoro KaMeHHoro
MarepmlJIa B Bl1.LI:e KpyrrHbIX 06rrOMKOB ropHbIX nopoJJ; pa3MepOM B 1I0nepeq-
HHKe 15...50 CM, 1I0JIyqaeMbIx IIpH pa3pa60TKe (06bIQHO B3pbIBHbIM CIIOCO-
60M) npeHMyrn;ecrneHHO H3BeCTHSIKOB, JJ;OJIOMMTOB, neCqaHHKOB.
PaJpa60TKY 6yroBoro KaMIDI npOBO)UlT 1'13 nJIOTHbIX MeCTHbIX OCa,n,OqHbIX,
H3BepXeHHbIX 1'1 MeTaMop<lmqeCKHX ropHbIX nopo,n, OTBeqaIOIl{HX npoeKTHbIM
TPe60BaHHjlM B OTHOllIeHHH npOqHOCTH, MOp030CTOMKOCTH (He HHxe F 15) 1'1
BO,nOCTOMKOCTH (Ko3<t><t>Hl.{HeHT pa3MjlrqeHHjI He MeHee 0,7). ByrOBbIM KaMeHb
1'13 OCa,n,OqHbIX nopo,n (H3BeCTHjlKOB, ,nOJIOMHTOB, neCqaHHKOB) He JJ;OJIXeH CO-
,nepxaTb npHMeceM rJIHHbI, pbIXJIbIX nopo,n 1'1 BKJUOqeHHH nHpHTa.
"
ByrOBbIH KaMeHb 110 <popMe 6bIBaeT peaHblii, nocme.nucmblii 1'1 JleU{aOHblii C
IIIMPHHOH, B 3 pa3a H 60JIee npeBbIIIIaIOmeH TOJImMHY. Ero HCnOJIb3yIOT.MH
B03BeJJ;eHlISl IIJIOTIIH H JJ;PYTIIX rl1.Ll:pOreXHHqeCKHX COOp}')KeHHH, 1I0JJ;1I0PHbIX
CTeHOK, KJIa,n,KII <p}'lI.lJ;aMeHTOB H nepepa6aTbIBaIOT Ha me6eHb. ,Q,rrSi KJIa,n,KH
<p}'H.LI:aMeHTOB H nOJJ;3eMHbIX creH npHMeHSIIOT OJJ;HOPOJJ;HbIH KaMeHb, He I
HMeIOmHH CJIelIOB BbIBe'l'pHBaHHSI, IIpOCJIOeK rJIHHbI, a TaIOKe paCCJIOeHHH 1'1 ,
'l'pemHH.
rpa6uii - pbIXlIbIH rpy6oo6pa60TaHHbIH KaMeHHbIH MarepHaJI, 06pa-
30BaBIIIHHCSI B pe3YJIbTare ecrecrneHHoro pa3pynIeHHSI (BbI.Be'l'pHBaHHSI) oca-
JJ;OqHbIX ropHbIX nopoJJ; H COCTOHmHH 11:3 JJ;OCTaTOqHO OKaTaHHbIX :repeH pa3-
MepoM 1...10 MM (B ropHOM JJ;eJIe BbI,LJ:eJISIIOT rpaBHH pa3MepOM 5...70 MM).
fpaBHM no.nyqaIOT npOCeHBaHHeM pbIXJIbIX OCa,n,OqHbIX nopo,n, B Heo6xo,nH-
MbIX CJIyqIDIx npHMeIDUI npOMbIBK}' wm y,narreHHjI Bpe,nHbIX npHMeceM (rJIHHbI,
nbillH). B rpaBHH ,nOllYCKaeTCR He 60JIee 1% (no Macce) rJIHHHCTbIX, RJIHCTbIX 1'1
nbilleBH.lUIbIX npHMeceH.
fpaBHM 06bl'IHO co,nep)KI1T npHMecH nbIJIH, rJIHHbI, HHor,na 1'1 OpraHHqeCKHX
BeIl{eCTB, a TaIOKe neCKa. rIpH 6oJIbllIOM cOJJ;epxaHHH neCKa (25...40%) TaKOH
MarepHarr Ha3bIBaIOT neCltaHO-zp(J(JUUHOU CMeCblO.
KpyrrHOCTb rpaBHSI onpeJJ;eJISIIOT, npoceHBaSI ero qepe3 CTaH,lJ;aPTHbIH Ha-
60p CHT C KpyrJIbIMH ornepcTHSIMH pa3MepOM 70, 40, 20, 10 H 5 (mIll 3) MM.
CBOHcrna rpaBMSI (06'beMHaSI II HaCbITIHaSI Macca, BOJJ;onOrJIOmeHHe,
npOqHOCTb no JJ;p06MMOCTII B IJ:HJIllH.llpe, co.uep:>IGume CJIa6bIX 3epeH, H3HOC B
6apaOOHe, MOp030CTOHKOCTb H JJ;p.) 3aBHCSIT OT CJIaraIOIIUfX ero nopOJJ; H per-
JIaMeHTIIpyIOTCSI reXHHqeCKHMH 'l'pe60BaHHSlMM CTaH,lJ;apTOB Ha C'l'pOHTeJIbHbIe
MarepHaJIbI pa3JIHQHOrO Ha3HaQeHHSI: fOCT 8269-97, fOCT 24100-80,
fOCT 4.211-80. IIpOQHOCTb 3epeH rpaBHSI JJ;OJI)l(Ha OOOCneQI1:BaTb 1I0JIyqe-
, HHe rrpOQHOCTII 6eroHa BbIIIIe 38,LI,aHHOH Ha 20...50%. ,D;orryCTIIMOe KOJIHQe-
CTBO :repeH CJIa6bIX nopOll B rpaBMM .MH 6eroHa MapKH M 100 11: BbIIIIe He
JJ;OJDKHO npeBbIIIIaTb 10%.
P'
L.
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II
l:
'I
:1
275
!,
rpaBHM nOJJ;pa3JJ;eJUlJOT:
· B 3aBIfCHMOCrn OT npOqHOCrn no JJ;p06HMocrn - MapKH ,lJ;P8, ,lJ;P12,
,[{P16 H ,[{P24;
· no nOKa3aTeJIJO H3Hoca B nOJIOQHOM 6apa6aHe - MapKH If-I (no 20%),
If-II (no 30%), If-III (JJ;0 40%) II If-IV (JJ;0 50%). :QH$pa BO 'BCex MapKax
no nOKa3aTeJIJO H3Hoca y:Ka3bIBaeT MaKCHMaJIbHO JJ;OnyCTHMbIii npo eHT no-
TepH MaCCbI MaTepHaJIa nOCJIe HCnbITaHIDI;
· no MOp030CToMKocrn - MapKH F 15, F 25, F50, F 100, F 150, F 200 II
F 300. MOP030CTOMKOCTh lpe6yeTCSI OT rpaBIDI TOJIbKO B TOM c.rryqae, eCJIH
OH npeJJ;Ha3HaqaeTCSI ,lL1UI 6eTOHHbIX COOp}')KeHHM, nOJJ;BepraJ01IUfXCSI 3aMO-
pIDKHBaHIIJO H OTIaIfBaHHJO. B CypOBbIX KJIIIMaTHqeCKHX YCJIOBIDIX 1pe6yeT-
CSI, qT06bI rpaBHM BbJ,LJ;ep:>KHBaJI He MeHee 100...200 HKJIOB 3aMOpIDKHBaHIDI
H OTIaIfBaHIDI, B }'MepeHHbIX YCJIOBIDIX - 50 HKJIOB, B MSlfKHX YCJIOBIDIX -
15...20 HKJIOB. '
fpaBHM npHpOJJ;HOro npOHCXOXQ:J;eHIDI npHMeHSlJOT B KaqeCTBe KpyITHOro
3anOJIHHTeJUI ,lL1UI apMHpoBaHHoro H HeapMHpOBaHHOrO 6eTOHa, ,lL1UI npHro-
TOBJIeHIDI rpaBHMHo-lI.(e6eHOqHOM CMeCII, IIcnOJIb3yeMoM npII COOp}')KeHHH
:>KeJIe3HOJJ;opO)KHoro nym, B C1pOHTeJIbCTBe aBTOM06HJIbHbIX JJ;opor H JJ;p.
fpaBHM peKoMeHJJ;yeTCH npHMeHSlTh ,lLJUI 6eTOHOB MapKH JJ;O 300.
,[(.rrH H3roTOBJIeHIDI 6eTOHHoM CMeCH :>KeJIaTeJIeH B OCHOBHOM KpynHbIit
rpaBHM, HO C JJ;OCTaTO'lHbIM COJJ;ep:>Ka.HHeM cpe,lUllIX II MeJIKHX 3epeH (PIIC. 67).
IIycTOTHOCTh B rpaBHII He JJ;OIDKHa npeBbIWaTh 45%. ,[(.rrH 6eTOHHPOBaHIDI
MaCCHBHbIX Coop}')KeHHM C peJJ;KoM apMaTYPOM MO:>KHO IICnOJIb30BaTh rpa-
BHM, HaII60JIbWaSI KpynHOCTh KOTOpOro JJ;ocrnraeT 120...150 MM.
Cy:IIJ;eCTBeHHOe 3HaQeHHe HMeeT $opMa 3epeH rpaBIDI. HaH60JIee BbIro,lUla
MaJIOOKaTaHHaSI (U{e6HeeUOHllJl) $opMa 3epeH, MeHee BbIroJJ;Ha - RUlfeeUOHaJl
(OKaTaHHaSI), elI.(e MeHee - flJlaCmUHlf.amaJl (HJIH JleU{aOHaJl) C WHpHHOM,
B 3 pa3a H 60JIee npeBbIwaJOlI.(eit TOJIII.(HHY, H UZilOeamaJl, ,lI)IHHoit, B 3 pa3a
H 60JIee npeBbIwaJOlI.(eM TOJIII.(HHY If llIHPHHY. IfrJIOBaThIX II IIJIaCrnHqaThIX
3epeH B COCTaBe rpaBIDI ,lL1UI6eTOHa JJ;OJDKHO 6bITh He 60JIee 15% (no Macce).
BJIIDKHOCTh rpaBIDI (3a BbIqeTOM BOJJ;bI, nOrJIOlI.(eHHoit 3epHaMH) JJ;oJDKHa
yqHTbIBaThCSI npH onpeJJ;eJIeHHH KOJIHqeCTBa BOJJ;bI, JJ;06aBJIS1eMoit B 6eTOH-
HyJO CMeCb. Ha H3MeHeHHe o6'beMa rpaBIDI BJIIDKHOCTh He BJIIDIeT.
lI(eOHeM U3 npupoiJHOZO KllMHR Ha3bIBaeTCH rpy6006pa6oTa.HHbrn: KaMeHHbrn
MaTepHaJI, no.rryqeHHbIM B peJyJIbTaTe .lij)06JIeHIDI KaMHeM H3 ropHbIX nopoJJ;,
MOp03OCTOMKHX H HMeJOII.(HX npeJJ;eJI npOQHOCTII Ha C:>KaTHe 120...120 MTIa,
Ha KYCKH pa3MepOM 5...70 MM (.u.rnI rH,LJ;pOTeXHHqeCKoro C1pOHTeJIbCTBa-
JJ;O 150 MM).
II.(e6eHb JJ;p06SIT H3 rpaHIITa, JJ;Ha6a3a II JJ;pyrnx H3Bep:>KeHHbIX nopOJJ;, a
TaIOKe H3 1lJI0THbIXOCa,n:OqHbIX nopoJJ; - II3BeCTHSIKa, JJ;OJIOMHTa II H3MeHeH-
HbIX nopoJJ; - KBapU:HTa. BC1peqaeTCSI H npHpoJJ;HbIM lI.(e6eHb, Ha3bIBaeMbIit
opeceoq.
276
,
!.
.
PRC. 67. FpaljJuK 3epHoeoeo cocmaea epaeuJI.
U U{e61Ul
1It,%
100
80
11m/ll
KYCIGI me6HSI, KaK npaBlIJIO, HMelOT 60
OCTpOyroJIbH}'lO «P<>pMY. JIyqrumm C TOqKJ1 40
3peHHSI npHMeHeHHH CqHTalOTCSI KYCIGI, 20
«p<>pMa KOTOpbIX 6JIH3Ka K J<y6y HJIM Te'l'pa-
3,D;PY; KYCIGI IIJIOCKOH <POPMbI 3HaqMTeJIb-
HO X}')Ke, TaK KaK OHH JIerKO JIOMaIOTCSI.
C!>opMa KYCKOB me6HSI 3aBHCHT OT C'l'pYKTYPbI ropHOM nOpO,D;bI II TIma KaM-
He,D;po6HJIbHOM MaIlIHHbI.
Cpe.zmee 3HaqeHlle K03ljJljJuu,ueHma rjxJpMbI 3epeH U{e61Ul HJIII epaeUJI. (OTHOllIe-
Hlle Hall6oJIbllIerO pa3Mepa 3epHa K ero HallMeHbllIeMY pa3Mepy) .zuUI BbICOKOKa-
qeCTBeHHoro 6eTOHHoro 3anOJIHIITeJIH paBHO 1,5...2 II He 60JIee 2,5.
K KpynHocm, 3epHOBOMY COCTaBY (CM. pHC. 67), npOqHOCm II MOp030-
CTOMKocm me6HSI npe,D;'bSlBJISIIOT Te )l(e 'l'pe6oBaHHSI, qTO H K rpaBIflO. II.(e-
6eHb qlIme rpaBHSI, 06bNHO OH He CO,D;ep)I(MT OpraHHqeCIGIX npHMeceM.
II.(e6eHb HMeeT CJIe,D;yIOmHe MapIGI: 200, 300, 400, 600, 1000, 1200, 1400.
npH 3TOM me6eHb BbIcllIeM KaTerOplIH KaqeCTBa H3 H3Bep)l(eHHbIX H MeTa-
MOP<PHqeCIGIX ropHbIX nopo,D; ,D;OJDKeH HMeTb MapKY He HIDKe M800, H3 oca-
,D;OqHbIX Kap60HaTHbIX nopo,D; - He HIDKe M600. II.(e6eHb MapOK no npoq-
Hocm 1400, 1200 H 1000 He ,D;OJI)I(eH CO,D;ep)l(aTh 3epeH CJIa6bIX nopo,D; 60JIee
5% no Macce, a MapOK 800, 600 H 400 - He 60JIee 10% H 300 H 200 - He
60JIee 15% no Macce.
HecoK - 3epHa pa3JIM'lHbIX MHHepaJIOB (KBap a, nOJIeBoro IlInaTa, CJIIO,D;bI
H ,D;p.) pa3MepoM 0,14...5 MM.
B npOMbIllDIeHHOCTIf HcnOJIb3yIOT npupoiJHble (eCTeCTBeHHbIe H 060rameH-
HbIe) M uCK)lccmeeHHble neCKU. IIpHpo,D;HbIe neCIGI 06PaJyIOTCSI B pe3YJIbTaTe
ecTeCTBeHHoro pa31JynIeHHSI MaCCHBHbIX ropHbIX nopo,D; H B 3aBHCHMocm OT
HX npOHCXO.>K)J,eHHSI II YCJIOBIIM 3aJIeraHHSI pa3)J;eJISIIOTCSI Ha ropHbIe (OBpIDK-
HbIe), peqHbIe II MopcKIIe, a no MHHepaJIOrnqeCKoMY cocTaBY - Ha KBapu:e-
BbIe, nOJIeBOllinaTOBbIe, H3BeCTHSIKoBbIe, ,D;OJIOMHTOBbIe. HCKYCCTBeHHbIe
neCIGI H3roTOBJlSlIOT nyreM ,D;po6rreHHSI TBep,D;bIX ropHbIX nopo,D;, H 3m neCIGI
CTOSIT 3HaqMTeJIbHO ,D;opo)l(e. HaII60JIee llIHpoKO HCnOJIb3yIOTCSI KBap eBbIe
necKH.
KBapu:eBbIe neCKH MOryr 6bITh paJ,D;eJIeHbI Ha ,D;Be OCHOBHbIe rpynnbI:
neCKU Maccoe020 ucnO/lb30eaHUJl H neCKU Y3K020 Ha:JHalf.eHUJl. K nepBOM rpyn-
ne OTHOCHTCSI neCKH, npHMeHSIeMbIe ,lL1UI H3rOTOBJIeHHSI 6eTOHOB II C'l'pOH-
TeJIbHbIX paCTBOpOB, B npOH3BO,D;CTBe CHJIHKaTHbIX C'l'pOHTeJIbHbIX MaTepHa-
JIOB, npH H3rOTOBJIeHHH H3.LJ:eJIHM rpy60M KepaMHKH, KpOBeJIbHbIX PYJIOHHbIX
II
Jj
I!
Ii
i!
';j
::;
1:;
i:
277
MarepHaJIOB, B u;eMeHTHOM rrpOH3BO.n:CTBe H T..n:. IIeCKH BTOPOM rpyrrrrbI
HCrrOJIb3yroTCSI B JIMTeMHOM rrpOH3BO.n:CTBe ($OpMOBOqHbIe rreCKH), B npOH3-
BO.n:CTBe orHeyrropoB, <l>ap$Opoct>aSIHCa, CTeKJIa, KaK a6pa3IfBHbIM MareplIaJI,
.MSI $HJIb'l'paU;HH BO.n:bI H .n:p. IIarpe6HTeJIbCKHe CBOMCTBa neCKOB BTOpoM
rpyrrnbI orrpe.n:eJIeHbI 60JIee )l(eCTKO H YCTaHaBJIIIBaIOTCSI, HarrpHMep, fOCT
2138-91 «IIecKH $OpMOBOQHble» If .n:p.
em p 0 U m e Jl b H bl e nee K U - HaIf60JIee KpyrrHaSI $YHKu:HOHaJIbHaSi
rpyrrna npHpo.n:HbIX H HCKYCCTBeHHbIX rreCKOB, IfCnOJIb3yeMbIX,lL1UI Bcex BH-
.n:OB 6eToHoB II C'l'pOHTeJIbHbIX paCTBOpOB, a TaIOKe ,lL1UI YC'l'pOMCTBa .n:opor If
.n:pyrnx C'l'pOMTeJIbHbIX pa60T. B 3aBHCHMOCTII OT Ha3HaqeHlISI OHH .n:OJDKHbI
OTBeqaTb 'l'pe6oBaHHSlM fOCT 8736-93, OTHOCSlIl{HMCH K C'l'pOHreJIbHbIM
HOpMaTIIBaM; 'l'pe60BaHHSlM fOCT 24100-80, OTHOCSlIl{HMCH K CbIpblO ,lL1UI
rrOJIyqeHHSI C'l'pOHreJIbHbIX rreCKOB, a TaIOKe 'l'pe60BaHHSlM fOCT 22756-77
Ha rreCOK .n:eKOpaTIIBHbIM.
IIecKY ,lL1UI C'l'pOMTeJIbHbIX pa60T .n:OJDKHa 6bITb .n:aHa pa,lJ,HaU;HOHHO-rnr.H-
eHHqeCKaSI ou;eHKa, rro pe3YJIbTaTaM KOTOpOM YCTaHaBJIHBaIOT o6JIacTb ero
nplIMeHeHHSI. B 3aBHCHMOCTII OT 3HaqeHHM y.n:eJIbHOM 3$$eKTIIBHOM aKTIIB-
HOCTII eCreCTBeHHbIX pa,n,HOHyKJIJI,L:J:OB ( <J;) ero npHMeHSlIOT:
· BO BHOBb C'l'pOHIl{HXCSI >KHJIbIX If 06Il{eCTBeHHbIX 3.n:aHIDIX (370 BK/KI');
· )])ISI .n:opO.>KHoro C'l'pOHTeJIbCTBa B npe.n:eJIax reppHTopHH HaCeJIeHHbIX
rryHKTOB H 30H rrepCrreKTIIBHOM 3aC'l'pOMKH, a TaIOKe npH B03Be.n:eHHH rrpo-
H3Bo.n:CTBeHHbIX 3.n:aHHM H COOp}')KeHHM (370...740 BK/KI');
· B .n:opmKHOM C'IpOlITeJIbCTBe BHe HaCeJIeHHbIX rryHKTOB (740...2800 BK/KI').
HOpMaJIbHbIM neCKOM ,lL1UI C'l'pOHTeJIbHbIX pa60T CqIITaeTCH KBapu;eBbIM
rreCOK (fOCT 6139-91) C 3epHaMH 0,5...0,9 MM. K rrecKY H3 rrOpHCTbIX
npHpo.n:HbIX ropHbIX nopo.n: (fOCT 22263-76) OTHOCSIT rreCOK C HaCbIIIHOM
IDIOTHOCTbIO He 60JIee 1400 KI'/M 3 . IIOpHcTbIe rreCKH MOlYI' 6bITb BYJIKaHII-
qeCKOrO RJIH Oca,n,OqHOrO rrpOHCXO)l(,l:{eHHSI. K HCKYCCTBeHHbIM nOpHCTbIM
rreCKaM OTHOCHTCSI KepaM3HTOBbIM; rreCOK H3 lIDIaKOBOM rreM3bI; amorropHTO-
BbIM; rrepmrrOBbIM (fOCT 10832-91) H BepMHKYJIJITOBbIM (fOCT 12865-67).
,[(JHI npHrOTOBJIeHlHI 06blQHOrO 6eTOHa neCOK )J,OJDKeH OTBeqaTb CJIe.nyIOll.{HM
l'pe60BaHIHIM:
a) cO)J,ep}l{aHHe 3epeH, npOXO)J,SlIl.{HX qepe3 CHTO 0,14 MM, He )J,OJI}l{HO npeBbl-
llIaTh 10% (no Macce). Har.mqHe 3epeH KpynHee 10 MM He )J,onYCKaeTCSl; 3epeH
pa3MepOM 5...10 MM )J,OJDKHO 6blTh He 60JIee 5% no Macce;
6) COn;ep}l{aHHe fJIHHHCTblX, HJIHCThIX H nbWeBH}:{HblX npHMeceM He n;OJI}l{HO
npeBbllllaTh 3% no Macce. HaH60JIee Bpe,ll,Ha npHMeCb fJIHHbl, 06BOJIaKHB8IOll.{eM
3epHa neCKa, TaK KaK OHa npeIDITcTByeT Cl..{eIDIeHHIO C l..{eMeHTHblM KaMHeM. Or
::nOM fJIHHbl neCOK MO}I{HO oCB06o)J,HTb TOJIbKO Tll.{aTeJIbHOM npOMbIBKOM;
B) OpraHHqeCKHe npHMeCH (fYMYCOBble H n;p.) )J,onYCKaIOTCSl TOJIbKO B caMOM
He6oJIblllOM KOJIHqeCTBe, TaK KaK OHH nOHH}I{aIOT npOqHOCTb l..{eMeHTa (6oJIee
qeM Ha 25%) H )J,IDKe pa3pyrnaIOT ero.
278
Pac. 68. FpaljJuK 3epH060l0 cocma6a neCKa
ct., 'Y.
o
...
,....
D,......
20
KpyrrHOCTh 3epeH onpeJJ;eIDIIOT npoceH-
BaHHeM neCKa qepe3 CTaH,LJ;apTHbIM Ha60p
CMT. CIITa HMeIOT OTBepCTIDI B cBeTY: 2,5;
1,25; 0,63; 0,315 H 0,16 MM, T.e. pa3Mep MX
YMeHbwaeTCSI npHMepHO B reOMe'l'pHqeC-
KOM nporpeCCHH, Pe3YJIbTaThI npoceHBaHHSI
YJJ;06HO npeJJ;CTaBJUITb rpa$HqeCKH, eCJIH
no ropH30HTaJIH OTJIO>KHTh pa3MepbI OTBepCmM CHT, a no BepmKaJIH -
nOJIHbIe OCTaTKM Ha CIITaX B npOI..(eHTaX. Ha rpa<pHKe (pHC. 68) B BJI,LJ:e 3aIllTpH-
XOBaHHOM nOJIOCbI YKa3aHbI JJ;onYCTHMbIe npeJJ;eJIbI KOJIe6aHHM :repHOBoro
COCTaBa neCKa.LUISi 6eTOHa.
,[(JUI YCJIOBHOro BbIpIDKeHHSI KpyrrHocm neCKa npHMeHSlIOT OC06bIM rep-
MHH - MOiJY1lb KpynHocmu M K , 0603HaQaIOmHM C}'MMY nOJIHbIX OCTaTKOB
(B npo eHTaX Ha CIITaX CTaH,LJ;apmoro Ha60pa), JJ;eJIeHH)'IO Ha 100. IIo BeJIH-
qHHe MOJJ;YIDI KpyrrHocm necKH,' npHroJJ;HbIe .LUISI 6eToHa, pa3JJ;eJUlIOTCSI CJIe-
JJ;)'IOmHM 06pa3oM: M K = 3,5...2,5 - KPynHbIM; M K = 2,5...2 - cpeJJ;HHM;
M K = 2...1,5 - MeJIKHM.
IIOJIHaSI XapaKTepHCmKa neCKa ,lL1UI 6eToHa no KPynHocm MO)l(e'f 6bITh
JJ;aHa TOJIbKO C yqeToM nyCToTHocm. IIPH HaHJIyqrueM COqeTaHHH B neCKe
KpyrrHbIX, cpeJJ;HMX H MeJIKHX :repeH nyCTOTHOCTh MO)l(eT }'MeHbWaThCH 1I0
30%. B xopoweM neCKe nYCTOTHOCTh He JJ;OJDKHa npeBbIWaTh 38%.
,nJUI 6eTOHa HaH60JIee npHfO)J,eH B OCHOBHOM KpYTIHbIM neCOK, con.ep}KaIl{HM
)J,OCTaTOQHOe KOJIHQeCTBO cpe)J,HHX H MeJIKHX 3epeH. fIpH TaKOM KOM6HHaUHH
3epeH OObeM nycTOT 6Y)J,eT MaJIbIM H rmOIl{aill> nOBepXHOCTII 3epeH, KOTOpaH onpe-
)J,eJUIeT pacxo)J, ueMeHTa, He60JIbllIaH. 3TOT OnTHMaJIbHbIM COCTaB neCKa COOTBeT-
CTByeT 3alli'rpHXOBaHHOM nOJIoce Ha pHC. 68.
I1.JIOTHOCTh neCKa 3aBHCHT OT ern HcmHHoM IIJIOTHOCTH, nycToTHocm,
R1IIDKHOCm H onpeJJ;eIDIeTCSI B CYXOM pbIXJIOM COCTOSlHHH, Ha3bIBaeMOM CTaH-
JJ;apmblM. IIecoK, npeJJ;Ha3HaqeHHbIM ,lL1UI 6eToHa MapoK M200 H BbIwe HJIH
6eTOHa B KOHC'l'pYK HSlX, nOJJ;BepraIOmMXcSI 3aMep3aHHIO B HaCbImeHHOM
BOJJ;OM COCTOSlHHH, JJ;OJI)I(eH HMeTh IIJIOTHOCTh He HIDKe 1550 KT/M3; B oc-
TaJIbHbIX, 60JIee npOCThIX CJIyqaSIX - He HIDKe 1400 KT/M 3 . /
IIPH BC'l'pIDrnBaHHH IIJIOTHOCTh neCKa MO)l(e'f YBeJIHqHBaTbCSI JJ;O 1600...
1700 KT/M 3 . CaMbIM 60JIbWOM 06'beM neCOK 3aHHMaeT npH R1IIDKHOCm OKOJIO
'5...7%; C nOBbIweHHeM HJIH nOHIDKeHHeM R1IIDKHOCm OO'beM neCKa }'MeHb-
waeTCSI. 3m CBOMCTBa JJ;OJI:>KHbI yqHThlBaTbCH npH npHeMKe H JJ;03HpOBKe
(no 06DeMY) neCKa ,lL1UI npHfOTOBJIeHHSI 6eToHa.
06U{ ue ceeiJe H UJI 0 n op U c m blX 3a n 011 Hum e1lJlx. IIOpHCTble
3anOJIHHTeJIH no npOHCXO.>K)I,eHHIO MOryr 6bITb OpZaHU"leCKUMU H HeopzaHU-
279
If.eCKUMU. B KaqeCTBe OpraHHqeCKHX 3anOJIHMTeJIeM HCnOJlb3YIOT ,QpeBeCMH)',
CTe6JIH XJIOnqaTHIIKa, rpaHYJIbI neHOnOJIHcrnpOJla M ,Qp. HeOpraHlIqeCKMe
nOpHCTbIe 3anOJIHMTeJIH nO,Qpa3,QellilIOTCSI Ha npupOOHble H uCKyccmeeHHble.
lIpHpO,QHbIe nOJIyqaIOT nyreM qacm:qHoro ,Qp06JIeHHSI H pacceBa IDIM TOJIbKO
pacceBa nopHCTbIX ropHbIX nopo,Q (neM3bI, BYJIKaHHqeCKoro TY<l>a, II3BecT-
HSlKa-paKYillelIHHKa II ,Qp.). HCKYCCTBeHHbIe 3anOJIHHTeJIH SlBJISIIOTCSI npo-
,Q}'KTaMH TepMHqeCKOM 06pa6oTKM MMHepaJIbHoro CbIpbSl H pa3,QemnoTCH Ha
cnel{UaAbHO U3Z0m08JleHHble (KepaM3JITOBbIe rpaBMM H neCOK, llJJIaKOBasl neM3a,
rpaHYJIHpOBaHHbIM MeTaJIJlYPIWIeCKMH llJJIaK, BcnyqeHHbIe nepJIMT II BepMM-
KYJIHT, 10TIJIMBHbIe OTXO,QbI, amonopHT, IllYHre3HT, BcnyqeHHbIM a3ypMT
H ,Qp.) H n060lf.Hbie npoiJyKmbl npoMblUUleHHocmu (TOIDIIIBHbIe llJJIaKM II 30JIbI).
lIOpHCTbIe 3anOJIHHTeJIH ,QeJISIT Ha KpynHble (nopHCTbIH rpm3HM H ll(e6eHb)
C pa3MepOM 3epeH 5...40 MM II HaCbITIHOM IDIOTHOCTbIO He 60J1ee 1200 KT/M 3
M MeJlKUe (nopHCTbIM necoK), COCTOSlIIJ;He H3 qacm:n: MeHee 5 MM C HaCbITIHOM
IDIOTHOCTbIO He 60JIee 1000 KT/M 3 .
lIo HaCbITIHOM IDIOTHOCm: B CYXOM COCTOSlHHH (KT/M 3 ) nopHCTbIe 3anOJI-
HMTeJIH pa3,QellilIOT Ha MapKM: 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500, 600,
700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100 II 1200.
Tpe60BaHHSI K 3epHOBOMY COCTaBY nopHcTOro neCKa YCTaHOBJIeHbI B 3a-
BHCHMOCm: OT Toro, MSI KaKoro BM.D:a 6eToHa OH roTOBMTCSI. JIyqIllee coqe-
TaHHe nOKa3aTeJIeM IDIOTHOCm:, TeIDIOnpoBo,QHOCm:, npOqHocm: H pacxo,Qa
n:eMeHTa ,lLJUI JIerKHX 6eTOHOB ,Qocm:raeTCSI npH HaM60JIbIlleM HaCbIIIJ;eHMH
OOTOHa nopHCTbIM 3anOJIHMTeJIeM. Onm:MaJIbHbIM 3epHoBoM COCTaB COOT-
BeTCTByeT MHHHMaJIbHOM nYCTOTHOCm: CMeCH :repeH (pHC. 69).
3epHa 60JIbllIHHCTBa nopHCTbIX 3anOJIHHTeJIeH HMeIOT llIepOXOBa1)'IO nOBepx-
HOCTb H nOfJIOIl{aIOT HeKOTopoe KOJIHqeCTBO BOD.bI 3aTBopeHIHI, n03TOM)' JIerKO-
6eToHHbIe CMeCH H}')KlI.aIOTCH B npHH}'D.HTeJIbHOM CMellIHBaHHH H HHTeHCHBHOM
yrrJIOTHeHHH (BH6pHPOBaHHH noD. HarpY3KoH, BH6ponpoKaTe, BH6pOTpOM6oBa-
HHH H D.p.), KOTopoe 60JIee 3$$eKTHBHo rrpH rrpHMeHeHHH IIJIaCTH$Hl.{HPYJO-
Il{HX D.06aBOK.
COD.ep:>KaHHe BOD.OpaCTBopHMbIX CepHHCTbIX H cepHOKHCJIbIX COeD.HHeHHH B
nepecqere Ha SO) B nopHCTOM neCKe, npHMeHHeMOM )])IH apMHpOBaHHbIX JIer-
KHX 6eToHoB, D.OnYCKaeTCH He 60JIee 1 % no Macce.
A2IlonOpUmoebiU neCOK - BbICOKOKaqecTBeHHbIM nOpHCTbIM 3anOJIHIfI'eJIb,
nOJIyqaeMbIM amOMepan:HeM mHHHCTbIX H neCqaHO-mHHHCTbIX nopo,Q, KpeM-
HHCTbIX OnaJIOBbIX nopo,Q, a TIiIOKe 30JIbI H llJJIaKOB T311" OTXO,QOB lIo6bPIM
yrllil H rOplOlIHX CJIaHn:eB. lIo HaCbITIHOM IDIOTHOCm: amOnOpJITOBbIH neCOK
nO,Qpa3,QeJISleTCSI Ha lIeTbIpe MapKM: 600 (HacbillHaSi IDIOTHOCTb,QO 600 KT/M 3 ),.
700 (600...700 KT/M 3 ), 800 (701...800 KT/M 3 ), 1000 (901...1000 KT/M 3 ) H 1100
(1001...1100 KT/M 3 ). B 3aBHCMMOCTM OT pa3Mepa 3epeH amOnOpJITOBbrn neCOK
,QeJIHTCSI Ha <l>pm<IJ;IIH: pflooeou - C 3epHaMH JII06bIX pa3MepOB; KpynHblu -
C 3epHaMM pa3MepOM 1,25...5 MM; MeJlKUU - C 3epHaMH pa3MepoM,Qo 1,25 MM.
lIpe,QeJI npOqHocm: amOnOpJITOBoro neCKa 0,4...1,5 MlIa.
280
he. 69. H3.MeHeHUe BeilUlIUHbI Me:JIC3epHO-
BOU nycmomHocmu U HOCblnHOU fUlomHocmu
Kep0M3umOBOZO ZpOBUJl B 30BUCUMocmu om
ezo 3epHOBOZO cocmaBa
AzAOMepal(UR - TepMHqeCKHH crro-
co6 OK}'CKOBaHHR CrreKaHHeM MemCHX
MaTepHaJIOB.
i 1/
'" I /
......... I ./
........ I
-- 0!5
.
;
I
I
100 80 60 50 40 20 !
1000
410
{400
;f 390
J8O
J1O
360
350
o
..
e'
1100
5-10 "'...
20 40 50 60 80 100 10-20 "''''
CD4,p1KDH1U 'PllXquu 5-10 u 10-20......, %
BcnYlleHHblii nep/lum (fOCT
10832-91) - nOpHCThIH neCOK (3ep-
Ha .n;o 5 MM), nOJIyqaeMbIH rrpH TepMHqeCKOH o6pa6oTKe (900...1200°C)
.n;po6JIeHbIX BYJIKaHHqeCKMX CTeKOJI, cOJJ:ep:>KaI.IJ;HX CBH3aHHyJO BOJJ:Y. Ilrror-
HOCTh 75...250 KT/M 3 , TeIIJIOrrpoBoJJ:HOCTh 0,04...0,071 BT/(M. K), HCTHHHaSi
rrOpHCTOCTh - .n;o 85...90%, a KOJIHqeCTBO OTKpbITbIX rrop 3...20%. TIpHMe-
HSlIOT B pacTBOpax H 6eTOHax, y.Il(HX .l(.JUI npHrOTOBJIeHHSI TeIIJIOH30JISll{H-
OHHbIX H3,lJ;eJIHH, OrHe3aI.IJ;lITHbIX llI'I)'KaTYPoK, a TaIOKe .l(.JUI TeIIJIOH30JISll{H-
OHHbIX 3aCbIrrOK npH TeMTIepaTYPax H30JIHPyeMbIX rioBepXHocTeH OT -200
JJ:O +800°C.
KepaM3Um08ble zpa8uii u neCOK - MaTepHaJIbI oKpyrJIOH cP0PMbI, rroJIyqae-
MbIe 113 rJIHH rryreM BCIIyqHBaHHSI ra3aMH, Bbl)],eJISlIOI.IJ;HMHCSI H3 HHX rrpH
HarpeBe JJ:O TIHpOIIJIaCTIIqeCKOrO COCTOSlHHSl. KepaM3HToBbIH lpaBHH BbITIYC-
KaIOT npOqHOCThIO 0,6...6 MTIa, HaCblTIHOH IIJIOTHOCTblO 150...800 Kr/M\
cpe.ll:HeH rrpOqHOCThIO 2,6 MTIa. KepaM3HToBbIH rreCOK MO:>KeT 6bITb rrony-
qeH pacceBOM KepaM3HTa H .n;p06JIeHHeM C pacceBOM KepaM3HToBOro rpa-
BIDI. B nOCJIe.n;HeM CJIyqae OH HMeeT cepbIH U:BeT, 6JIH3KHH K qepHOMY.
BCn)llleHHblii 8epMuKY/lUm (fOCT 12865-67) - CMeCb lIJIaCTHHqaTbIX
(qeIIIyHqaThIX) 3epeH CJIIO.n;bI KpyrrHOCThIO He 60JIee 15 MM, rrOJIyqaeMaSi YC-
KopeHHbIM 06:>KHrOM .n;o BCIIyqHBaHHSI ropHOH rropoJJ:bI BepMHKYJIHTa H3
rpyrrrrbI r pOCJIIO.n;. IlrrOTHOCTb 100...300 Kr/M\ TeIIJIOrrpoBoJJ:HOCTb rrpH
TeMTIepaType .n;o 100°C COCTaBJISIeT 0,048...0,10 BT/(M. K). BOJJ:onorJIoI.IJ;e-
HHe - .n;o 300% no Macce. TIPH HarpeBaHHH JJ:O 1100°C HaqHHaeT pa3py-
llIaTbCH, a rrpH 1300°C IIJIaBIITCH. TIpHMeHSleTCSI B KaqeCTBe TeIIJIOH30lUll{H-
OHHOH 3aCbIIIKH npH TeMrrepaType H30.1llIPyeMbIX rrooopXHocTeH JJ:O 900°C, a
TaIOKe B KaqecTBe 3arrOJIHMTelUl .l(.JUI JIerKMX 6eTOHOB II JVI.H npHrOTOBJIeHHSI
IIITyKaTYPHbIX OrHe3aI.IJ;HTHbIX, TeIIJIOH30lUll{HOHHbIX H 3E}'KorrorJIOI.IJ;alOI.IJ;Hx
paCTBOpOB.
TepM03um - meHCTbIH MaTepHaJI, rro.rryqaeMbIH B pe3YJIbTaTe HCK)'CCT-
BeHHoro BCIIyqHBaHIDI paCIIJIaBJIeHHOrO llIJIaKa npH 6bICTpOM ero OXJIIDK;LJ:e-
HHH. HacbIrrHaSI IIJIOTHOCTh TepM03HTa 300...1100 Kr/M 3 . II.:{e6eHb H3 TepMO-
3HTa .HBJISieTCH XOpOllIHM 3anOJIHHTeJIeM .l(JISi JIerKMX TepMo3HTo6eToHoB.
281
4.1.2. MOHepaJIbHbIe HeOpraHO'leCKHe BSDKyInoe Bem.eCTBa
o MaTepOaJIbl Ha ox OCHOBe
MUUepallbHblMU ueopzaUUlleCKUMU 6J1:J1C)' UMU 8e eCm8tlMU Ha3bIBalOT rro-
pollIKoo6pa3HbIe Bell{eCTBa MHHeparrbHoro rrpoHcxo)K)J.eHHSI, KOTopbIe rrpH
CMellIHBaHHH C BO,LJ:OM o6pa3yIOT IIJIaCTIIqHO-BSl3Koe TeCTO, crroc06Hoe CO
BpeMeHeM caMorrpoH3BOJIbHO TBep,LJ:eTb B pe3YJIbTaTe H3HKO-XHMHqeCKHX
rrpOl{eCCOB.
r(eMeum - C06HpaTeJIbHoe Ha3BaHHe MHHeparrbHbIX HeOpraHHqeCKHX rro-
pOlIIKo06pa3HbIX BIDKYIUMX Bell{eCTB, crroco6HbIX rrpH CMellIHBaHHH C BOllOM
(HHoma C BO,LJ:HbIMH paCTBopaMH COJIeM) 06pa30BbIBaTb IIJIaCTIIqHOe TeCTO
(l{eMeumuoe mecmo), npHo6peTaIOll{ee 3aTeM KaMHeBH.nHoe COCTOHHHe, T.e.
npeBpall{alOll{eeCSI B l{eMeumUblU KaMeub.
r(eMeumuoe mecmo rrpe,LJ:CTaBJISIeT C060M KOHueHTpHpoBaHHyIO BOllHyro
cycrreH3HIO, o6JIa.n.alOll{yIO xapaKTepHbIMH CBOMCTBaMH CTpYKTYPHpoBaHHbIX
,LJ:HcrrepCHbIx CHCTeM: npOqHOCTblO CTpYKTYPbI, IIJIaCrnqeCKOM BSl3KOCTblO,
rnKCOTpOrrHeM. B l{eMeHTHOM TeCTe TBep,LJ:bIe qaCTHl{bI cycrreH3HH CBSl3aHbI
BaHllepBaarrbCO J>IMH CHJIaMH H Cl{eIIJIeHbI BCJIe,LJ:CTBHe rrepeIIJIeTeHIDI rro-
KpblBaJOll{MX HX rl1,Ll;paTHbIX oroJIoqeK. CrpYKTYPal{eMeH1HOrO TeCTa pa3Py-
llIaeTCSI rrpH MexamNeCKMX B03,LJ:eMCTBHSIX (rrepeMellIHBaHHH, BH6pHpoBa-
HHH H T.rr.), HO rrOCJIe rrpeKpall{eHIDI B03,LJ:eMCTBHM CTpYKTYPHbIe CBSl3H B
CHCTeMe BHOBb BOCCTaHaBJIHBaIOTCSI. llPH TBep,LJ:eHHH 06'beM TecTa 60JIb-
llIHHCTBa BIDKYIUMX MaTepHarrOB H3MeHSIeTCH: l{eMeHTHoro, H3BeCTKOBoro -
)'MeHbllIaeTCSI; rHrrCOBoro - }'BeJIHqHBaeTCH. MCKJIlOqeHHe COCTaBJISIIOT crre-
l{HarrbHbIe paCllIHpSlIOll{HeCSI H 6e3yca.n.OqHbIe l{eMeHTbI.
IJ;eMeHTHoe TecTO B Haqarre CMellIeHHSI (3ameopeuUfl) B TeqeHHe 1...3 q
IIJIaCrnqHO H JIerKO opMyeTCSI. TIOTOM (qepe3 5...10 q) HaC'ryrraeT CXBaTbI-
BaHHe, H u:eMeH1HOe TeCTO 3arYCTeBaeT, yrpaqHBaSI rrO,LJ:BIDKHOCTb, HO ero
MeXaHnqeCKaSi rrpOqHOCTb HeBeJIHKa. TIepexo,LJ: TeCTa B TBep,LJ:Oe COCTOHHHe
03HaqaeT KOHel{ CXBaTblBaHHSI H HaqarrO TBep,LJ:eHHSI, KOTOpoe XapaKTepH3Y-
eTCSI B03paCTaHHeM rrpOqHocrn. TBep,LJ:eHHe npH 6JIaronpIDI1HbIX YCJIOBIDIX
.D:JIMTCSI ro,LJ:a.MH - BIIJIOTb ,LJ:O rrOJIHOM rH,IJ;paTal{HH u:eMeHTa. K KOHU:Y rrepHO-
118 CXBaTblBaHHSI opMHpyeTcSI OCHOBHaSi CTpYKTYpa l{eMeHTHoro TeCTa,
KOTopoe 3aTeM rrpeBpall{aeTCSI B u:eMeHTHbIM KaMeHb. 3TarrbI TBep,LJ:eHHSI
l{eMeHTa CXeMarnqeCKH rrpe,LJ:CTaBJIeHbI Ha pHC. 70.
TepMMH 2ui)pamau,UR 06'be.n:MHReT rrpoueCCbI B3aMMo.n:eHcTBMR ueMeHTa C
BO.n:OH, rrpOMcxo.n:Rll.{Me rrpM em CXBaTblBaHMM M TBep.n:eHMM.
r(eMeUmUblu KtlMeHb rrOCJIe TBeplleHHSI npellcTaBJUleT cOroM MHKpOCKO-
rrHqeCKH HeOllHopOllHYIO CHCTeMY, COCTOSlll{yIO H3 KpHcTarr.rrHqeCKHX CPOCT-
KOB, reJIe06pa3HbIx Macc, 3epeH l{eMeHTa, He rrOJIHOCTblO rrpopearnpOBaB-
llIHX C BO,LJ:OM, H rrop. CTpyKTypHbIMH COCTaBJUllOlI.{IIMH u:eMeHTHoro KaMHSI
SlBJISIIOTCSI:
282
I) rrpO,LJ:YKTbI rH,LJ:paTal{HH l{e-
MeHTa - reJIb I'M,lI;pOCIDIHKaTa KaJIb-
UHSI H ,LJ:pyrHe HOBoo6pa30BaHHSI,
06JIa.n.alOIIJ:He CBO:HCTBaMH KOJUIOH-
,LJ:OB, a TalOKe OTHOCMTeJIbHO Kpyrr-
HbIe KpHCTaJIJIbI Ca( ° H)2 H 3TIpHHrIITa;
2) HenpopeampoBaBIlme 3epHa K./lUHlCepa, CO,LJ:ep)KaHHe KOTOpbIX }'MeHb-
llIaeTCSlrro Mepe rM,lJ;paTal{HH ueMeHTa;
3) rropbI - rropbI reJISI (MeHee 0, I MKM); Kanl1JIJUlpHbIe rropbI (OT 0, I ,LJ:O
10 MKM), pacrrOJIO)KeHHbIe Me)I():J:y arperaTaMH qacrnl{ reJISI; B03,LJ:yuIHbIe
rropbI (OT 50 MKM ,LJ:O 2 MM), 3arrOJIHeHHble B03,LJ:YXOM, BcocaHHbIM BCJIe,LJ:-
CTBHe HaJIlNHSI BaKyyMa, BbI3BaHIJOro KOHmpalCmal{ueii, JIH60 BOBJIeqeHHbIM
rrpH ,LJ:06aBJIeHMH crreU:HaJIbHbIX B03,LJ:yxoBOBJIeKaIOIIIHx BeIIJ:eCTB, rrOBbIllIalO-
IIJ:HX MOP030CTO:HKOCTb;
4) BO,LJ:a, xapaKTepH3yIOIIJ:aSlcSI TpeWi <popMaMH CBSl3H - XMMHqeCKO:H,
<p H 3IIKO-XmmqeCKO:H (a.a: CO p6l{HSI), <p H 3HKO-MeXaImQeCKO:H (KamIJIJUlpHO:H). '
PHC. 70. TeepiJenue qe.Menma:
a - poem npo'IHoemu eMeHma (Rc:J/C) 60
6peMeHU; 6 - CXeMa 63aU.MOOeUem6Wl 3epeH
eMeHma e 6000U 6 pa3AU'IHbte epOiCU 3a-
m6ep0e6aHWl (J - 3epHO eMeHma; 2 - 600a;
3 - zUOpamHbte H06006pa306aHWl; 4 - 603-
OyUJHbte nopbt)
RCJK
a
90 n, c!lT
o 7 14 28
. 213 . 2
- - -.
=_:.- -. ":.:::
- ::: :: ..a..... -
- - -=- -.: - :,.if--
o vaco6 1 C!lTlfU
-
1MecRq
1ro8
KAUH1Cep - 3epHHCTbIH MaTepmUl,' rrOJIyqaeMbIH 06'>KJ1TOM .nO CrreKaHHH rrpH
1450°C MHHepaJIbHOH CMeCH, COCTOHI.QeH B OCHOBHOM H3 Kap60HaTa KaJIbl.{HH
(pa31IHQHbIX BH.aO H3BeCTHHKa) H aJIIOMOCHJIHKaTOB (rJIHH, MepreJIH, .nOMeHHoro
lIDIaKa H .np.).
KOHmpaKmaqUR (CTIDKeHHe) - HBJIeHHe }'MeHbllIeHHH a6comOTHoro 06'beMa
CHCTeMbI «l.{eMeHT + Bo.na» B rrpOl.{eCce rH.apaTaI.{HH.
YrrpOIIJ:eHHaSi MO,LJ:eJIb reJISI C - S - H 11306pa)l(eHa Ha pHC. 71. IIopH-
CTaSI cTpYKTYPa reJISI KaK caMoro Ba.>KHOrO npO,LJ:)'KTa rM,lJ;paTaUHH l{eMeHTa
OKa3blBaeT BJIIDIHHe Ha MeXamIqeCKHe CBO:HCTBa, rrpOHlfi.{aeMOCTb H MOpO-
3OCTO:HKOCTb ueMeHTHoro KaMHSI. feJIerro.n.o6HaSi Macca rrpoHH3aHa OTHOCH-
Te.1IbHO KpyrrHbIMH KpHCTaJIJIaMH Ca(OH)2. Ee HaJIHqHe rrpe,LJ:orrpe,LJ:eJISIeT
Crrel{H<plNeCKHe CBO:HCTBa l{eMeHTHoro KaMHSI: yca.n.KY rrpH TBep,LJ:eHHH Ha
B03,LJ:yxe, Ha6yxaHHe B BO,LJ:e, oc06eHHocrn pa60TbI rro,LJ: HarpY3KO:H H ,LJ:p.
:3mmpuHzum (3CaO. A1 2 0 3 . 3CaS0 4 . 32H 2 0) rrpHcyrCTByeT B n:eMeHT-
HOM KaMHe B BM,lJ;e .lUIHHHbIX HrJIOBM,lJ;HbIX KpHCTaJIJIOB. 3m KpHCTaJIJIbI H
06YCJIOBJIMBaIOT paHH1010 npOqHOCTb 3aTBep.n.eBalOIIJ:erO l{eMeHTa. 3arromulSl
rropbI ueMeHTHoro KaMHSI, 3TIpHHrHT rrpH OrrTIIMaJIbHO:H ,LJ:03HpOBKe nmca
rrOBbIlIIaeT ero MeXaHHqecK)'IO rrpOqHOCTb.
283
PHC. 71. YnpoU(eHHOJl MOOeJlb ZeAJl C - S - H
(no KOHiJo U J(aiiMoHY):
1 - 'tacmul{a ZeAJl; 2, 4 - Y31CUU npoxoo; 3 -
nopa MeJICOy 'tacmUl{aMU ze/lJl; 5 - 6Hympu-
1CpucmaAAUmHaJl nopa; 6 - MeJICoycAOe60Jl
600a; 7 - MeJIC1CpUCmaMUmHOJl nopa
IJ,eMeHTHbIH KaMeHb, SlBJUIIOIIJ;I1HCSI MHHepaJIbHbIM KJIeeM, CKpeIIJISlIO-
IIJ;HM 3epHa 3anonHIITenSl, .n:on)KeH 06na.n:aTh .n:ocTaTOqHOH c06cTBeHHoH
npOqHOCThIO H a.n:re3HeH, T.e. XOpOIIIO Cl{eIIJISlTbCSI (cpaCTaTbCSI) C 3epHaMH
3anonHHTenSi. 3m CBOHCTBa ueMeHTHOrO KaMHSI 3aBHCRT OT KaqeCTBa H KO-
nHqeCTBa HOB006pa30BaHHH npH nw:paTaUHH, OO'beMa H XapaKTepa nop.
ITPOqHOCTb ueMeHTHoro KaMHSI H CKOpOCTb ero TBep.n:eHHSI 3aBHCSIT OT MHHe-
paJIOrHqeCKOrO COCTaBa KJIHHKepa, TOHKOCTH nOMona ueMeHTa, co.n:ep}l<aHIDI
BO.n:bI, BJIIDKHOCTH, TeMnepaTYPbI cpe.n:bI H npo.n:omKHrenbHOCTH xpaHeHHSI.
ITpoHHl{aeMOCTb ueMeHTHoro KaMHSI onpe.n:eJUIeTCSI ero nOpHCTOCTbIO H Ha-
nwmeM TpeIIJ;HH.
OCHOBHbIM IT01pe6HTenbCKHM CBOHCTBOM HeOpraHHqecKHX BIDKYIlUIX Be-
IIJ;eCTB SlBJISleTCSI B03MO)KHOCTb npH nepexo.n:e H3 TecToo6pa3Horo B KaMHe-
BH,L{HOe COCTOSlHHe CKpeIIJISlTb Me)l(.l(Y COOOH KaMHH, 3epHa necKa, rpaBHSI,
IIJ;e6HSI. 3TO CBOHCTBO HeOpraHHqeCKHX BIDK)'Il(HX BeIIJ;eCTB HCnOnb3YIOT JJ:MI
H3rOTOBJIeHHSI 6eToHoB, CIDIHKaTHoro KHplIWIa, aC60l{eMeHTHbIX H .n:Pynrx
He060)K)l(eHHbIX HCKYccTBeHHbIx MarepHaJIOB H cTpOHTenbHbIx paCTBOpOB
(KJIa.n:OqHbIX, IIIT)'KaTYPHbIX H Cnel{HaJIbHbIX).
ITpH cTpoHTenbCTBe 3.n:aHHH H cOOp}')KeHHH He06xo.n:HMO yqlITblBaTb B03-
MO)KHOCTb KOpp03HH l{eMeHTHOrO KaMHSI B 6eToHe, CTOHKOCTb K<?T0poro
HIDKe CTOHKOCTH IIJIOTHbIX KaMeHHbIX 3anOnHHTeneH, H npHMeHSlTb MepbI
3aI.I..{HTbI: I) BbI60p ueMeHTa, OTBeqalOIIJ;ero YCJIOBIDIM 3KCIIJIyaTawm; 2) BBe-
.n:eHHe B 6eTOHHYIO CMeCb XHMHqecKHX .n:06aBOK; 3) npHMeHeHHe oco60 IIJIOT-
Horo 6eToHa; 4) cnel{HaJIbHaSinponHTKa H 3aI.I..{HTHbIe nOKpbITIDI.
HeOpraHHqeCKHe BIDK)'Ill:He BeIIJ;eCTBa no cnocooy TBep.n:eHHSI .n:eJISlTCSI Ha
e03OywHble, zuOpaellUlJeCKUe H aemOKJlaeHOZO meepOeHUJl. B03.n:yrnHbIe BIDK)'-
IIJ;He BeIIJ;eCTBa cnoc06HbI 3aTBep.n:eBaTb H .lUIlITenbHOe BpeMH COxpaIDlTh
npOqHOCTh TonbKO Ha B03,lI.yxe, nmpaBnlNeCKHe TBep,lI.elOT H )J.JIHTeJIbHoe
BpeWi coxpaHSlIOT npOqHOCTb (IDIH ,lI.IDKe nOBbIIIIaIOT ee) He TOnbKO Ha B03-
,lI.yxe, HO H B BO,lI.e, a BIDI<)'lIUie aBTOKJIaBHOrO TBep.n:eHHSI - cnOCOOHbI 3aT-
Bep,lI.eBaTb npH aBTOKJIaBHOM CHHTe3e, npOHCXO,WIIl{eM B cpe,lI.e HaCbIIl{eHHoro
BO.n.SlHOro napa.
4.1.2.1. B030ywHble MUHepaJlbHble HeOpZaHUlJeCKUe eJl:JlC)lw,ue eew,ecmea
ITo XHMHqeCKOMy COCTaBY B03,lI.yrnHbIe MHHepaJIbHbIe HeOpraHHqeCKHe
BIDK)'Ill:He BeIl{eCTBa .n:eJUITCSI Ha qeThIpe lpyrrnbI:
284
1) U36ecmKo6ble, COCTOSlIl(He maBHbIM o6pa30M H3 OKCM,L{a KaJIblJ;lISl CaO;
2) MaZHe3UatlbHble, CO,LJ:ep)l(aIl(He KaYCTHqeCKHH MarHe3HT MgO;
3) zunco6ble, OCHOBOH KOTOpbIX SlBJUleTCSI cynb<paT KaJIbI:(HSI;
4) JlCuiJKoe cmeK./lO - CIDIHKaT HaTpID{ IDIH KaJIHSI (B BM,L{e Bo.n:Horo pa-
cTBopa).
M3BeCTKOBbIe BIDKyII.{He BeIl(eCTBa 60nee nrnpOKO H3BeCTHbI KaK 603Oym-
HGJl (IDIH cmpoumeJlbHGJl) U36ecmb.
Bo3iJyumo.R U36ecmb (fOCT 9179-77) - B03.n:yuIHOe MHHepaJIbHOe He-
OpraHJI1IeCKOe BIDKyIIJ;ee BeIl(eCTBO, rronyqaeMoe rrpH }'MepeHHOM 06J1Cuze
(900...1200°C) KaJIbI:(HeBO-MarHHeBbIX Kap60HaTHbIX ropHbIX rropo,LJ: (Mena,
I13BeCTHSlKa, .n:onOMHTH3HpOBaHHoro H3BeCTHSIKa II .n:onoMIITa) C CO,LJ:ep)l(a-
HHeM mHHbI He 60nee 6% ,LJ:O B03MO:>KHO 60nee rronHoro y.n:aJIeHHSI CO 2 rro
peaKI:(HH CaC0 3 = CaO + CO 2 ,
0631CUZ - HarpeB H Bbl.nep:>KKa rrpH BbICOKOH TeMrrepaType (B 06.>KJ1TOBbIX
rre'lax) pa3JIH'IHbIX MaTepHaJIOB MR rrpJ1,D;aHIDI HM He06xo.n:HMbIX CBOHCTB HJIH
y.n:aJIeHHR rrpHMeceH
B03.LJ:YllIHaSI H3BeCTb OTJIJI1IaeTCH OT ,LJ:pyrnx BIDKyII.{HX BeIl(eCTB reM, qTO
rrpeBpaIl(aeTCH B TOHKHH rropOlliOK rrpH rrOMOJIe (MOAOmGJl HeZameHGJl U3-
6ecmb), a TaIOKe rryreM raIIIeHHSI BO,LJ:OH (zuiJpamHGJl U36ecmb). TaKHM 06pa-
30M, B03.D:yuIHaSI H3BeCTb B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT crroco6a HCrrOnb30BaHHSI MO)l(eT
3aTBep,LJ:eBaTb H B03.D:yuIHbIM, H fM,L{paBnJl1IeCKHM crrOC06aMH.
MOJIOTyIO HerarneHyro H3BeCTh rrOJIyqaIOT rryreM o6.>KHra KaJIbl.{HeBO-Manme-
BbIX Kap60HaTHbIX rropo.n: C rrOCJIe.n:yroll.{HM, TOHKHM rrOMOJIOM KOMOBOH H3BeCTJ1
003 rrpe,l(BapHTeJIbHOro raIlleHHR.
MOJIOTaSI HerallieHaSI H3BeCTb (fOCT 9179-77) H3MeJIbQaeTCSI .n:o TOH-
KOCTH, rrpH KOTOpOH OCTaTOK rrpH rrpoceHBaHHH rrpo6bI Qepe3 CHTa NQ 02 H
008 ,LJ:OIDKeH 6bITb, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, He 60JIee 1,5 H 15%, qTO rrpHMepHO
COOTBeTCTByeT y,LJ:enbHoH rroBepXHoCTII 3500...5000 cM 2 /r. M3BeCTb Hcrronb-
3}'1OT CP3,3y rrocne rrOMOJIa 6e3 npe,lU3apHTenbHoro raIIIeHHSI, TaK KaK BCJIe,LJ:-
CTBHe rrOmOIl(eHHSI BJIarH H3 B03,LJ:yxa OHa repSieT CBOH BIDKyII.{He CBOHCTBa.
AmI YCKOpeHHSI TBep.n:eHHSI paCTBOpHbIX H 6eTOHHbIX CMeceH Ha MOJIOTOH
HerallieHOH H3BeCTH B HX COCTaB BBO)UlT xnOpHCTbIH KaJIbI:(HH, a ,lLJISi 3aMe.n:-
neHIDI TBep,LJ:eHIDI B HaQaJIbHbIH rrepHO,LJ: - rIIrrc, cepHYID KHCJImy H JJ:P. 1-:13-
.n:eJIHSI H3 3TOH H3BeCTII HMelOT 60JIbIIIHe TIJIOTHOCTb, npOQHOCTb H BO,LJ:O-
CTOHKOCTb. '
llPH pa6<>TaX C MOJIOTOH HerallieHOH H3BeCTblO Heo6xo,LJ:HMO co6mo.n:aTb
1pe60BaHHSI rro oxpaHe Tpy.n:a. llorra,uaHHe QacTHI:( MonOTOH H3BeCTH B JIer-
KHe, a TaIOKe Ha CJIH3HCTbIe 060JIOQKH, oc06eHHo rJIa3, orraCHO.
fM,L{paTHaSI H3BeCTb rronyqaeTCSI rryreM raIIIeHHSI BO,LJ:OH B03JJ:Yl11HOH H3-
BeCTH. llpoI:(ecc raIIIeHHSI 3aKJIIOQaeTCH B rM,L{paTaU:HH OKCM,L{a KaJIbI:(HSI rro,LJ:
.n:eHCTBHeM BO,LJ:bI:
Ii
II
1,1
II
i'
:1
['
;i
Ii
285
t
,
CaO + H 2 0 = Ca(OH)2 + 65,5 I<)J;)I(. (23)
IlpaI<.TIIqecKH,WISi ralIIeHHSI 6epyr BO,n:bI B 2-3 pa3a 60JIblIIe, qeM CJIe,n:YeT
no peaKIJ.MH (23), TIlK KaK qaCTb BO,n:bI repSleTCSI B Bl1,lI;e napa. B 3aBHCHMOCTM
OT KOJInqeCTBa ,n:06aBJlSleMOM BO,n:bI MO)I(HO nOJIyqlITb H3BecTKOBOe TecTO, M3-
BeCTKOBOe MOJIOKO RJIH rl1,ll;paTHyIO H3BeCTb B Bl1,lI;e nopOIIIKa (nymoHlw).
Ha CKOpOCTb ralIIeHHSI H3Becrn OKa3bIBaIOT R1IHSlHHe TeMnepa1ypa H Pa3-
MepbI KyCKOB KOMOBOM H3Becrn. C nOBbIlIIeHHeM reMnepaTYPbI npouecc
ralIIeHHSI YCKopSleTCSI. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CKOpOCTII ralIIeHHSI pa3JInqaIOT
H3BeCTb 6blcmpo-, cpeoHe- H MeOJleHHO zaCfl14YIOCfl co CKOpOCTSlMH rarneHHSI,
COOTBeTCTBeHHO, ,n:o 8, ,n:o 25 H He MeHee 25 MHH. I
I
TBep,n:eHHe H3Becrn MO)l(eT npoHcxo,n:HTb TOJIbKO B B03,n:yuIHO-CyxHX YC-
JIOBHSlX, TIlK KaK OHO SlBJISleTCSI CJIe,n:CTBHeM BbICbDffiHHSI H o6pa30BaHHSI
KpMCTaJIJmqeCKOrO cpOCTKa Ca(OH)2' a TaIOKe npouecca o6pa30BaHHSI YfJIe-
KMCJIoro KaJIbUIDI Ha nOBepXHOCrn If.3,n:eJIHSI. Bee Bl1,lI;bI H3Becrn HMeIOT KpHC-
TIlJUmqecKoe CTPOeHHe, HO pa3MepbI KpHCTIlJIJIOB H paccTOSlHHe Me HMMM
MeHHIOTCSI B IIIHpOKHX npe,n:eJIax.
B03D.yuIHaSi H3BeCTb npHMeHSleTCSI B Bl1,lI;e cTPOHTeJIbHbIX pacTBopoB, T.e.
B CMeCM C neCKOM H D.pyrMMM 3anOJIHJITeJISlMlI. fpOMa,IJ;HaSi y,n:eJIbHaSI no-
BepXHOCTb qaCTIIl{ Ca(OH)2 06ycJIoR1IMBaeT 60JIblIIyIO Bo,n:oy,n:ep)l(JfBaIOmyIO
cnoco6HoCTb H IIJIaCrnqHOCTb H3BeCTKOBOrO TeCTa, nOCKOJIbKy KIDI<;lI:aSI TIlKaH
qaCTMu:a B H3BeCTKOBOM Tecre OKp}')KeHa TOHKMM CJIOeM a,IJ;COp6HpOBaHHOM
BO,n:bI, mparomeM pOJIb cBoe06pa3HoH rn,z:J;po,n:HHaMHqeCKOM CMa3KH. BbICO-
KaSI IIJIaCTlNHOCTb H3BeCTKOBoro reCTa B CMeCH C neCKOM - 3TO CBOMCTBO,
KOTopoe 60JIee Bcero ueHHTCSI npH H3roTOR1IeHHH cmpOUmeJlbHblX pacmeopoe.
CTPOIrreJIbHbIe paCTBOpbI Ha B03.LJYllIHOM H3BeCnI HMeIOT HeBbICOKyIO npoq-
HOCTb. TaK, H3BeCTKOBbIe paCTBopbI qepe3 28 CyroK B03D.YIIIHoro TBep,n:eHMSI
MMeIOT npOqHOCTb npH C)I(arnH: Ha ralIIeHoM H3Becrn - 0,4...1 MIla, Ha
MOJIOTOH HeralIIeHOM H3BeCTM - ,n:o 5 MIla. Il03TOM)' copT B03.n:yrnHOM M3-
BecTM YCTIlHaBJIHBaIOT He no npOqHOCTII, a no xapaKTepHCrnKaM ee COCTaBa.
B03,n:yuIHaSi H3BeCTb C HOMeHKJIaTYPOM nOKa3areJIeM KaqecTBa no fOCT
4.207-79 npHMeHSleTcSI ,WISI H3roTOR1IeHHSI HCKycCTBeHHbIX KaMeHHbIX Mare-
pMaJIOB - CRJIMKaTHOro KMpnHqa, CWIlIKaTHbIX 6eroHOB (meHCTbIX, JIerKMX,
TIDKeJIbIX, CRJIHKaTHbIX H neHOCRJIMKaTHbIX H3,n:eJIHM), a TIlIOKe HCnOJIb3yeTCSI
B CMelIIaHHblX BIDK}'lll:HX H nOKpaCOqHbIX cocTaBax.
Mazne3ullIlbHble eJl:JK:Y14ue ee14ecmea - KaYCTIIqeCKHe MarHe3MT H ,n:o-
JIOMIIT (fOCT 1216-87), npe,n:cTaBJISIIOmIIe C060M TOHKMe nOpOIIIKM, nOJIY-_
qaeMOro B pe3YJIbTare )rMepeHHOro o6)1(Jfra (650...8S0°C) MarHe3IITa RJIM
D.OJIOMlITa C nOCJIe,n:yIOIllHM HX nOMOJIOM. IlrrOTHOCTb KaycrnqeCKOrO Mame-
3IITa 3100...3400 KT/M 3 , a ,n:OJIOMHTa - 2800...2850 KT/M 3 .
MarHe3MaJIbHoe BIDK}'lll:ee BeIlleCTBO qame Bcero CMelIIHBaIOT C BOD.HbIM
pacTBopoM XJIopl1,ll;a MarHHSI. 3TO YCKopSieT TBep,n:eHHe H 3HatlliTeJIbHO no-
BbIliiaeT npOqHOCTb. IlPH CMelIIHBaHHH C BO,n:OM OKCH,LJ; MamHSl rn,z:J;paTMpy-
eTCSI OqeHb Me,WIeHHO. TaKoe BIDK}'II..I:ee, BemecTBO OTJrnqaeTCSI BbICOKOM npoq-
i:
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286
HOCTbIO, .l(OCrnralOIIJ;ell npM C}I(arnH 60...100 MTIa, XOpOIIIO cu;eIIJISIeTCSI C .l(e-
peBOM, rr03TOMY ero MO>KHO rrpHMeHSlTb .l(JISi H3rOTOBJIeHHSI <lm6ponIITa H
MarHe3HanbHO-OmrnOqHbIX (KCHJIOnMToBbIX) rronOB - MOHOnMTHbIX H IUm-
TOqHbIX. PaHbIIIe OHO HCrrOnb30BanOCb rrpH rrpoH3BO.l(CTBe KCHJIOnlITa (cMecH
BIDK.}'II.I:ero BeIIJ;eCTBa C OnHJIKaMH), <l>H6ponIITa H .l(pyrHX reIUIOH30nSlI.{HOH-
HbIX MarepHanOB, B HaCTOSlIIJ;ee BpeMH ero rrplIMeHeHHe pe3KO COKpaTIIJIOCb.
runco6ble 8.HJIC)'lU,ue 8elU,eC1lUla - B03.l(yIIIHbIe MHHepanbHbIe HeopraHH-
qecKHe BIDKYIn:He BeIIJ;eCTBa, COCTOSlIIJ;He B OCHOBHOM H3 rron}'BO.l(Horo rlIrrca
IDrn aHTII.U.pIITa H rronyqeHHbIe rryreM reTIJIOBOH: o6pa6oTIGf CbIpbSl C rrOCJIe-
JJ:YIOIIJ;11M rrOMonOM.
CblpbeM qaw:e Bcero CJI)')KHT ropHaJI rropo.n;a - nmc, KOTOpbIH COCTOHT npe-
HMyrn:eCTBeHHO 1'13 MHHepaJIa rnnca CaS0 4 2H 2 0. I1cnoJIb3yroT TaIOKe aHrH,ll;pHT
CaS0 4 , OTXO.n;bI rrpOMbIIIIJIeHHOCTH (ct>occt>ornnc - OT rrepepa60TIGI rrpHpo.n;HbIX
ct>occt>aTOB B cynepct>occt>aT, 6opornrrc H.n;p.).,
OCHOBHbIe CBollcTBa rHnCOBbIX BSI}I(yuI,HX BeIIJ;eCTB (fOCT 125-79):
mOHKocmb nOMOfla, 6ooonompe6Hocmb, CpOKU CX6amb16aHUJI, npOIJHOCmb npu
CJlCamuu, onpe.l(enSlIOIIJ;aSI MapKY.
no TOHKocrn rrOMona (rrpH rrpocelIBaHHH Ha CIITe C SlqeHKaMH 0,2 MM)
YCTaHOBJIeHbI TpM crerreHH rrOMona, 0603HaQaeMbIe, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, I (zpy-
6blii), U (CpeOHUii) H III (moHKuif).
B 3aBHCHMocrn OT CpOKOB CXBaTblBaHHSI nmCOBoro reCTa cTaH,L(apTHoll
KOHCHCTeHI.{HH BbIlIYCKalOT CJIe,LJ:YIOIIJ;IIe 8HJJ:bI rHrrCOBbIX BIDKYIn:HX BeIIJ;eCTB:
A - C HaqanOM CXBaTblBaHHSI He paHee qeM qepe3 2 MHH H KOHI.{OM He
rr03.l(Hee qeM qepe3 15 MHH; E - C HaqanOM CXBaTblBaHHSI He paHee qeM
qepe3 6 MHH II KOHI.{OM - 30 MHH; B - HaqanO CXBaTblBaHHSI He paHee qeM
qepe3 30 MHH (KOHeu; He HOpMHpyeTCSI).
npOqHOCTHbIe xapaKTepHCrnKH rHrrCOBbIX BIDKYIIJ:HX BeIIJ;eCTB: rrpe.l(en
rrpo1filocrn npH C}I(arnH 2...25 MTIa; npe.l(en npoqHOCrn Ha II3m6 1,2...8 MTIa.
B BO.l(e HX rrpOqHOCTb CHIDKaeTCSI BCne,LJ:CTBHe paCTBopeHHSI CaS0 4 . 2H 2 0 H
pa3pyIIIeHHSI KpHCTanJIlNeCKOrO cpOCTKa. ,L(nSi rrOBbIIIIeHHSI BO.l(OCTOllKocrn
rMrrCOBblX H3.l(enHH rrpH H3rOTOBJIeHHH BBO)UlT rH.LJ:po<l>o6HbIe ,LJ:06aBKH, MO-
JIOTbrn, .l(OMeHHbIH rpaHynHpoBaHHbIH IIUIaK, a TaIOKe npOrrlITbIBalOT BO.l(O-
OTTanKlffiaIOIIJ;HMII COCTaBaMH.
B 3aBHCHMocrn OT TeMrrepaTYPbI reTIJIOBOll o6pa6oTKH nmCOBbIe BIDKY-
II..{lIe BeIIJ;eCTBa rro.n:pa3,LJ:ellilIOT Ha .l(Be rpynrrbI: HU3KO- H 6bICOK006J1Cui!06ble.
HU3KOo6J1CuZ06ble nOJIyqaIOT TeTIJIOBOH o6pa60TKoH rrpHpo.n;HOro rHnca npH
HH3KHX TeMrrepaTypax (1l0...160°C). K HHM OTHOCHTCH c'rpoHTeJIbHbIH, ct>OPMO-
BOqHbIH (ct>OpMbI B KepaMHqeCKOH 1'1 ct>apct>opoct>aJlHCOB'OH rrpOMbIIIIJIeHHocrn) 1'1
BblCOKOrrpOqHbIH rnnc.
BbICOK006J1CuZ06ble H3roTOBJIHIOT rryreM o6)J(Hra rnrrcoBoro KaMHH rrpH BbICO-
KOH TeMrrepaType (600...900°C). BbICOKOo6)J(HroBbIH nmc, B OTJIHqHe OT CTPOH-
TeJIbHoro, Me,lLJIeHHO CXBaTbIBaeTCH 1'1 TBep.n;eeT, HO ero JnpOqHOCTb Ha C>KaTHe
BbIlIIe (10.:.20 MIla). Ero rrpHMeHHIOT ,lLJIH rrpHroTOBJIeHHH KJIa,n:OqHbIX 1'1 OT.n;e-
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JIOqHbIX paCTBOpOB npH YCTpOHCTBe 6eCIllOBHbIX nOJIOB, 6eTOHOB, npoH3BO)J.CTBa
TellJIOH30JIHUHOHHbIX MaTepH8JI0B, HCK}'CCTBeHHoro MpaMOpa H .D:pyrnx )J.eKOpa-
THBHbIX H3.D:eJIHH. K BbICOK006>KHroBbIM nmCOBbIM BIDK}'IUHM Bell.{eCTBaM OTHO-
CHTCH anzuiJpumo6blU qeMenm H 3cmpux-zunc.
AHzuiJpum06blU lI,eMenm - MeMeHHO CXBaTbIBaIOll.{eeCH BIDK}'IUee Bell.{eCTBO C
HaQ8JI0M CXBaTblBaHHH He paHee 30 MHH, KOHUOM - He n03)J.Hee 24 q. CocTaB
aHrH,lJ;pHToBOro ueMeHTa: H3BeCTb - 2...5%; 6HcYJIb$aT HJIH cYJIb$aT Ha'lpHH C
)l(eJIe3HbIM HJIH Me.D:HbIM K}'nopOCOM - rro 0,5...1% KaJK.lI.OfO; .D:OJIOMHT, 060-
}IOI(eHHbIH rrpH 800...900.C, - 3...8%; OCHOBHOH rpaHYJIHpOBaHHbIH )J.oMeHHbIH
llIJIaK - 10...15%. MapKH aHfH.D.pHTOBOfO ueMeHTa rro rrpOqHOCTH rrpH C>KaTHH -
M50, M100, M150 H M200.
3cmpux-zunc - paJHOBH,lJ;HOCTb aHfH.D.pHTOBbIX ueMeHTOB - rrOJIyqaIOT 06-
>KHroM rrpHpO.D:HOro nmca HJIH aHfH.D.pHTa rrpH TeMrrepaTypax 800...1000.C C
rrOCJIe)J.ylOll.{HM TOHKHM rrOMOJIOM.
HOMeHKJIaTYPa rroKa3aTeJIeH KaqeCTBa rnrrCOBbIX BIDK}'IlI:HX BeIl(eCTB yc-
TaHOBJIeHa B fOCT 4.204-79.
B 3aBHCHMOCTII OT rrpe,LJ:eJIa rrpOqHOCTII Ha C:>KaTIIe pa3.JIlftIaJOT CJIe.LJ:YlOIIUie
Mapm rMrrCOBbIX BIDK}'IlI:HX BeIl(eCTB: f-2, ..., f-7, f-lO, f-13, f-16, f-19,
f-22, f-25. B MapmpOBKe MO)l(eT 6bITb ,LJ:aHa ,LJ:OrrOJIHHTeJIbHaSI HH<popMa-
UHSI 06 OCHOBHbIX CBOHCTBax. HarrpHMep, f-5-A-1I 0603HaqaeT: rnrrCOBoe
B ee BeIl(eCTBO Mapm 5 (npe,LJ:eJI rrpo1fil0crn npH C:>KaTIIH 5 Mila), 6bICT-
poTBep,LJ:eIOIl(ee, cpe,LJ:HerO rrOMOJIa.
}[(uiJKoe cmeK./lo rrpe,LJ:CTaBJUleT croOM KOJIJlOIi,lJ;HbIM BO,LJ:HbIH pacTBop CH-
JIHKaTa HaTpHSl (fOCT 13078-81) RJIH CRJIHKaTa KaJIHSI, HMeIOIl(HH IIJIOT-
HOCTb 1300...1500 Kr/M 3 rrpH CO,LJ:ep)l(aHHH BO,LJ:bI 50...70%. )l(J.u(Koe CTeKJIO
nOJIyqaIOT, paCTBOpIDI pa3,LJ:p06JIeHHbIe KYcm CRJIMKaT- rJIbI6bI B BO,LJ:e rrpM
rrOBbIIIIeHHOH TeMrrepaTYPe M ,LJ:aBJIeHHH 0,6...0,7 MTIa.
COCTaB Il(eJIOqHbIX CRJIHKaTOB BbIpIDKaeTCSI <pOpMyJIOH R 2 0. mSi0 2 , r,LJ:e
R - N a RJIH K; m - MOOyJlb JlCUOKOZO cmeKfla (.D:;rn HaTpHeBoro CTeKJIa -
2,6...3,5; ,lLJISi KaJIHeBOrO - 3...4). qeM 60JIbIIIe MO,LJ:YJIb, TeM BbIllie KaqecTBO
)I(I1,lJ;Koro CTeKJIa. .z:Lrrn YCKopeHHSI TBep,LJ:eHHSI )I(I1,lJ;Koro CTeKJIa K HeMY ,LJ:O-
6aBJISIIOT KpeMHe<pTOpli,lJ; HaTpHSl Na 2 SiF 6 .
Ha1pHeBOe CTeKJIO HCrrOJIb3yroT MH H3roTOBJIeIDiH KHCJIOTOyrrOpHbIX H >Ka-
pOrrpOQHbIX 6eTOHOB, MH yrm:OTHeHHH rpYHTOB. KaJIHeBoe CTeKJIO, 60JIee .D:OpO-
foe, rrpHMeHHIOT rrpeHMyn.r;eCTBeHHO B CHJIHKaTHbIX KpacKax. HeJIb3H HCrrOJIb30-
BaTb )KI1)J.Koe CTeKJIO MH KOHCTPYKUHH, rrO.D:Bep)l(eHHbIX MHTeJIbHOM)' B03)J.eH-
CTBHIO BO)J.bI, ll.{eJIOQeH H $OC$OpHOH, $TOpHCTO-BO.D:OpO.D:HOH HJIH KpeMHe$TO-
pHCTO-BO.D:OpO.D:HOH KHCJIOT.
4.1.2.2. rUOpa6JlUileCKUe MUHepllllbHble HeopzaHUlleCKue
6JlJICYlqUe 6elqecm6a
TIo XHMIP:leCKOMY COCTaBY I11,[(paBJIHQeCme MHHepaJIbHbIe HeOpraHlftIeCKHe
BIDK}'IlI:He BeIl(eCTBa rrpe,LJ:CTaBJISIIOT C060H CJIO)I(HyIO CHCTeMY, COCTOSlI.IWIO B
OCHOBHOM H3 cOe,LJ:HHeHHH qeThIpeX OKCIi,lJ;OB: CaO - Si0 2 - Al 2 0 3 - F 03'
288
3TH coe.n:HHeHHSI 06Pa3yroT TpH OC-
HOBHbIe l'pyrrnbI rn.n:paRJIWleCKMX MH-
HepaJIbHbIX HeOpraHWleCKMX BIDI<.yIIUIX
Bell.(eCTB:
1) CWlUKamHbte l.{eMeHmbt, COC1'OSI-
IWIe npeJoIMYIll:eCTBeHHO (Ha 75%) 1I3 CHJIHKa1'OB KaJIbl..{HSI; K HHM OTHOCSlTCSI
nopmtlaHal.{eMeHm Hero pa3HOBM,UHOCrn - rnaBHbIe BIDKYIUHe COBpeMeHHoro
CTJ)OlITeJIbCTBa;
2) aJllOMUHamHbte l.{eMeHmbt, BIDKYIUeM OCHOBOM KOTOpbIX HBJUIIOTCSI ZJlU-
H03eMUCmbtU l.{eMeHm M ero pa3HOBM,UHOCTII;
3) ZUapa8JlU'leCKaJI U38ecmb H pOMaHl.{eMeHm.
Co.n:ep:>KaHHe B rM,UpaRJIWlecKIfX MlIHepaJIbHbIX HeOpraHHqeCKHX BIDKY-
Il{MX BeIl{eCTBax OCHOBHoro OKCM,Ua Cao no OTHOIIIeHHIO K C}'MMapHOMy
KOJIHqecTBY KHCJIOTHbIX OKCM,UOB BbIpIDKaeT zuiJpa6AU'leCKUii MOOyAb m, %:
PUC. 72. 3aeUCUMocmb npormocmu eJl-
JlCyU{ezo eeU{ecmea (KpUeaJl 1-4) om
zuiJpa6JlU'ieCIWZO MoiJYJlJl m U meMnepa-
mypbl o6J1Cuza (KpueaR 1'-4'):
I, r - 6030ywHafl U36ecmb; 2, 2' - zuopa6-
/lU'ieCKafl u36ecmb; 3, 3' - pOMaHu,eMeHm;
4, 4' - nOpmflaHou,eMeHm
t:I 400
...
...
,N300
200
...
t:I
100
o
600
10
l'
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t ...
----v
1500
1400
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...
1200
1000 :
8002-
i
2 4 6 8
rulpa8AuyeCKUil 1ot08gAb m
m = CaO/(Si0 2 + Al 2 0 3 + Fe 2 0 3 ). (24)
,[{mI rn.u.paBJlWIeCKOM H3Becrn BeJIHqHHa 31'Oro MO.n:yJUI KOJIe6JIeTCSI B npe-
.n:eJIax 1,7...9, npH 3TOM 3HaqeHMSI 1,7...4;5 onpe.n:eJUlIOT CU/lbHOZUapa8JlU'le-
CKYIO, a 4,5...9 - CJla60ZUapa8JlU'lecKYIO U38ecmb.
CBOMCTBa rM,UpaRJIlIqeCKHX BIDKy:Il{MX BeIl{eCTB 3aBHCSIT OT lIX XMMlIKO-
MI1HepaJIbHOrO COCTaBa, BeJIHqHHa rM,UpaRJIWleCKOro MOA)'JUI H TeMnepaTYPbI
06)1(l1ra CbIpbSl (pHC. 72). .
.D;o6aBKH ,l(JISi l..{eMeHTOB no OTHOIIIeHHIO K CBOMCTBaM l..{eMeHTa H Ha3Ha-
qeHHIO .n:eJISIT Ha CJIe.n:yroIl{lIe l'pyrrnbI:
1) KOMnOHeHTbI BeIl{eCTBeHHoro COCTaBa (aKTIIBHbIe MHHepaJIbHbIe .n:o-
6aaKH), onpe.n:eJUlIOIl{He HaMMeHOBaHHe u:eMeHTOB H 06JIa.n.aIOIl{Me rM,UpaB-
JIMqeCKHMM cBoMCTBaMH;
2) HanOJIHlITeJIH, YJIyqIIIaIOIl{Me 3epHoBoM COCTaB l..{eMeHTOB H CTpYKTYPY
ueMeHTHoro KaMHSI II He 06JIa.n.aIOIl{Me HJIH qaCTIIqHO 06JIa.n.aIOIl{He rM,UpaB-
JlWIeCKHMH CBOMCTBaMl1;
3) TeXHOJIOrHqeCKHe - uHmeHcu(jJuKamOpbt nOMOJla, peryJIHpyroIl{Me oc-
HOBHbIe CBOMCTBa ueMeHTa: CpOKH CXBaTblBaHHSI, TBep.n:eHHe, npOqHOCTh
ueMeHTa, nopHCTOCTh ueMeHTHoro KaMHSI (803iJyxo806JleKaIOUI,Ue a06a8Ku),
IIJIaCrnqHOCTb l..{eMeHTHO-neCqaHOrO paCTBopa H 6eToHa (flflacmu(jJUl.{uPYIO-
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HHSI BO,n:OH IIOBepXHOCTH qaCTIu. ueMeHTa (ZuopOfjJo6U3YIOU{Ue OO6a8KU);
4) perynHPYIDIIJ:He ClIel{HaJIbHbIe CBOHCTBa ueMeHTa: TennOBbl)1eJIeHHe,
06'beMHbIe ,n:e<popMaU:HH, KOpp03HOHHYID CTOHKOCTb, ,n:eKOpaTHBHbIe CBOH-
CTBa H ,n:p.
Bce rH.D.paBJIHqeCKHe mDKYIUHe BeIUeCTBa nOCTaBJHIIOTCH 3aoo,n;aMH C rapaH-
THHMH HX CBoi.f:cTB, YKa3aHHbIMH B nacnopTe. l.(eMeHT OITpY)f(:a1OT HamUIOM IDIH
B 6}'MIDKHbIX mrm- IDIH llIeCTHCJIOHHbIX MelliKax. L(;HI npOBepKH KaqeCTBa OT-
rpyxaeMoH npo,n;YKl.(HH nOCTaBIl{HK npoH3BO,lUfT HcnbITaHHH CBOHCTB l.(eMeHTa,
onpe,n;eJIHH ero npOqHOCTb B B03paCTe 3 H 28 CyrOK. IIpH 1paHcnopTHpoBaHHH H
xpaHeHHH l.(eMeHT Heo6xo,n;HMO 3aIUHIUaTb OT B03.ll:eHCTBHH BJIam H 3arpH3He-
HHH. l.(eMeHTbI xpaHHT pa3lIeJIbHO no BH.D.aM H MapKaM; CMellIHBaHHe pa3HbIX
l.(eMeHTOB He ,n;onYCKaeTCH.
IIopl1lJlauiJu,eMeum (fOCT 10178-85) - rH.D:paBJIlNeCKOe MHHepaJIbHOe
HeOpraHHqeCKOe BIDKYIIJ:ee BeIIJ:eCTBO, lIonyqaeMoe IIpH TOHKOM H3Menbqe-
HmI KJIHHKepa C ,n:06aBKoH (3...5%) rHlIca. BeIIJ:ecTBeHHbIH COCTaB ueMeHTa
xapaKTepH3yeT co,n:ep:>KaHHe B HeM (B % IIO Macce) OCHOBHbIX KOMIIOHeHTOB:
KJIHHKepa, nmca H aKTIIBHbIX MHHepaJIbHbIX ,n:06aBOK. B COCTaBe lIopmaH,LJ:-
l{eMeHTa IIpeo6na,n:alOT CIDIHKaTbI KaJIbl{HSl - 70...80%. He60JIbWaSI ,n:OOaB-
Ka rHlIca perynHpyeT CpOKH CXBaTbIBaHHSI. CyMMapHoe co,n:ep:>KaHHe S03 B
l{eMeHTe ,n:OIDKHO 6bITb He MeHee 1,5 II He 60nee 3,5% (B ueMeHTax MapOK
550 H 600 - ,n:o 4%). ,D;onycKaeTCSI BBe,n:eHHe B ueMeHT npH ero IIOMOJIe
nnaCTH<lmUHPYIDIIJ:HX H rM,D;po<p06H3YIDll(I1X IIOBepXHOCTHO-aKTIIBHbIX ,n:06a-
BOK B KOnHqeCTBe He 60nee 0,3% MaCCbI ueMeHTa.,
llOpTnaH,lI;ueMeHT IIO XHMHqeCKOMY COCTaBY BblITYCKaeTCSI lpex BM,D;OB:
,D;O - 6e3,n:06aBoK, ,D;5 - C BBe,n:eHHeM ,n:o 5% aKTIIBHbIX MHHepaJIbHbIX ,n:o-
6aBoK Bcex BM,D;OB H ,D;20, B K TOPbIH pa3pewaeTCSI BBO,n:HTb CBbIwe 5%, HO
He 60nee 20% ,n:06aBoK, B TOM qHCJIe ',n:o 10% aKTIIBHbIX MHHepaJIbHbIX ,n:o-
6aBoK Oca,n:OqHOrO npOHCXO)l()l;eHHSI IDIII ,n:o 20% ,n:OMeHHbIX H ::meKTjJOTep-
MO<POC<pOpHbIX rpaHynHpOBaHHbIX wnaKoB H npOqHX aKTIIBHbIX MHHepaJIb-
HbIX ,n:06aBoK.
llOpTnaH,lI;l{eMeHT - TOHKMH IIOpOWOK TeMHo-ceporo IDIH 3eJIeHOBaTO-
ceporo U:BeTa. TOHKOCTb IIOMona oueHHBaeTC IIO CTaH,LJ:apTY nyreM npoceH-
BaHHSI IIpe,n:BapHTeJIbHO BbIcymeHHoH IIpo6bI qepe3 CMTO C CeTKOH NQ 008
(pa3Mep SlqeHKH B CBeTy 0,08 MM); TOHKOCTb IIOMona ,n:OIDKHa 6bITb TaKOH,
q-ro6bI qepe3 }'Ka3aHHoe CMTO IIpOXO,n:IDIO He MeHee 85% MaCCbI npoceHBae-
MOH np06bI. .z:Lrrn oueHKH ,n:HcnepCHOCTH ueMeHTa npOBO,n:SIT TaIOKe olIpe,n:e-
neHHe ero y,n:enbHoH IIOBepXHOCTH C IIOMOIIJ:b1O ClieUHaJIbHOrO npH60pa -
nOBepXHOCTeMepa. TaK, .l(.JUI IIOpmaH,LJ:ueMeHTa MapKH 400 y,n:enbHaSi lIoBep-
XHOCTb COCTaBJISIeT 06bPIHO 2500...3000 cM 2 /r.
MCTHHHaSi nnOTHOCTb lIopTnaH,lI;ueMeHTa (6e3 MHHepaJIbHbIX ,n:06aBOK)
paBHa 3050...3150 KT/M 3 . Ero HaCblITHaSI nnOTHOCTb 3aBHCHT OT yrrnOTHeHIDI
290
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H COCTaBllileT:)I)lSI pbIXJIOro u:eMeHTa - HOO KT/M 3 , CIDIbHO yrmOTHeHHoro -
l1.0 1600 KT/M3, B Cpel1.HeM - 1300 KT/M 3 .
IIopl'JIaHl1.u:eMeHT 06JIa,n:aeT BbICOKOR TBepl1.0CTbIO nOCJIe nepBOHaqaJIb-
HOro TBepl1.eHHSI, BbICOKOR KOHeqHOR npOqHOCTbIO. OH OqeHb qyBCTBlITeJIeH
K arpeCCHBHbIM Cpel1.aM. IIpH ero TBepl1.eHHH npOHCXOl1.HT CIDIbHoe TeIUIO-
BbI,LJ;eJIeHHe, tITO n03BOJISIeT npOH3BOl1.HTb 6eTOHHpOBaHHe B 3HMHee BpeMSI.
AKTHBHOCTb H MapKy nOpl'JIa.H.D:u:eMeHTa onpel1.eJISIIOT HCnbITaHHeM CTaH-
l1.apTHbIX 06pa3u:oB-npH3M. Axmu6HocmbIO nOpm.JlaHau,eMeHma Ha3bmalOT ero
rrpel1.eJI npOqHOCTII npH oceBOM C)I(aTHH nOJIOBHHOK 6aJIOqeK, HCrrbITaHHbIX
B B03paCTe 28 CyrOK. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT aKTIIBHOCTH nOpl'JIaHl1.u:eMeHTOB C
yqeToM npel1.eJIa HX npOqHOCTII npH H3rH6e OHH nOl1.pa3l1.eJUlIOTCSI Ha MapKH
400, 500, 550, 600.
K n01pe6HTeJIbCKHM CBORCTBaM nopTJIaHl1.u:eMeHTOB OTHOCHT 60aonom-
pe6Hocmb, CpOKU CX6ambl6aHUJl, pa6HOMepHocmb U3MeHeHUJl 06beMa u,eMeHma H
mefl.fl06blaeJleHUe npu m6epiJeHuu.
BO,lJ;orrOTpe6HOcTb l{eMeHTa orrpe,lJ;emleTCH KOJUlqeCTBOM BO,lJ;bI (% MaCCbl l{e-
MeHTa), KOTopoe Heo6xo,lJ;HMO WIH rro.rryqeHHH ueMeHTHoro TeCTa HOpMaJlbHOH
ryCTOTbI. HaqaJIo CXBaTbIBaHHH l{eMeHTa .D.OJDKHO HaCTYIIaTb He paHee qeM qepe3
45 MHH, a KOHel{ - He rr03,lJ;Hee qeM qepe3 10 q OT HaqaJIa 3aTBOpemm. 3aMe,lJ;-
JIHTeJIHMH CXBaTbIBaHHH rropTJIaH.LJ;l{eMeHTa HBJlHIOTCH, HapHl1.Y C rHrrCOM, 6ypa H
60pHaJI KHCJIOTa, cpoccpaThI H HHTpaTbI KaJlHH, HaTpIDI H aMMOHHH. YCKopHTeJIH-
MH CXBaThIBaHHH - Kap60HaThI H cym4>aThI MeTaJIJIOB, a TalOKe OpraHHqeCKHe
BeIl{eCTBa, HanpHMep TpH3TaHOJIaMHH.
npHqHHOH HepaBHOMepHoro U3Melle1l1ifl 06beMa UpMellma HBJlHIOTCH MeCTHble
,lJ;ecpopMal{HH, BbI3bIBaeMble paCIIIHpeHHeM CBo6o,lJ;HOro CaO H rrepHKJIa3a MgO
BCJIe,lJ;CTBHe HX rH,ll,paTal{HH. HepaBHoMepHoe H3MeHeHHe 06'beMa rrpHBO,lJ;HT K
B03H.HKHOBeHHIO TpeIl{HH.
TerrJIOBbI,lJ;eJIeffile rrpOHcxo,lJ;HT rrpH rH,ll,paTal.{HH l{eMeHTa; B MaCCHBHbIX KOH-
CTpYKUHHX OHO BbI3bIBaeT 3HaqHTeJIbHble TepMHqeCKHe HanpIDKeHHH, KOTopble
Hepe,lJ;KO HBJlHIOTCH rrpHqHHOH rrOHBJleHIDI TpeIl{HH B 6eTOHe.
,[L1uI nOJIyqeHHSI nOpl'JIaHl1.u:eMeHTa C 3£14aHHbIMH cneU:HaJIbHbIMH CBOR-
CTBaMH HCnOJIb3yIOT CJIel1.yIOIIJ;He MeT0l1.bI:
· perymIpOBaHHe MHHeparrbHoro COCTaBa H C'l'pYKTYPbI u:eMeHTHoro KJIHH-
Kepa, OKa3bmalOIIJ;ero pernalOIIJ;ee BJIHSlHHe Ha nO'l'pe6HTeJIbCKHe CBORCTBa
u:eMeHTa;
. BBel1.eHHe MHHepaJIbHbIX H OpraHHQeCKHX l1.06aBOK, n03BOJUlIOIIJ;HX Ha-
rrpaBJIeHHO H3MeHSlTb CBORCTBa BIDK]'IlI:ero BeIIJ;eCTBa, 3KOHOMHTb KJIHHKep,
}'MeHbllIaTb pacxol1. u:eMeHTa B 6eToHax; -
. OrrTIIMH3au:HSI TOHKOCTII nOMOJIa H :repHOBOro COCTaBa u:eMeHTa, BJIHSlIO-
IIJ:I1X Ha CKOpOCTb TBepl1.eHHSI, aKTHBHOCTb, TeIUlOBbI,LJ;eJIeHHe H l1.pyrHe CBOR-
CTBa u:eMeHTa.
291
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K Cneu:mlJIbHbIM Blf.[(aM nOPTJIaH.D:u:eMeHTa OTHOCSlTCSI eblCOKOnpOttHble
6blCmpOmeepoelOU{uu H oc060 6blCmpOmeepoelOU{uu (fOCT 969-91), CYlllxjJa-
mocmOUKue (fOCT 22266-94), C opzaHUtteCKUMU U MUHepaflbHblMU iJo6aeK£l-
MU, 6eJlbie (fOCT 965-89) II l{eemHble, maMnOHa:HCHble, paCUlUpRIOU{ueCfl H
6e3ycaOOttHbie (fOCT 11052-74).
EbICTpOTBep.n;elOll{HH nOpTJIaH,lU.{eMeHT (ETIJ:) - nopTJIaH,lJ;ueMeHT C MHHe-
paJIbHbIMH .n;06aBKaMH, OTJmqalOI.lUIHCH nOBbIllIeHHo1f npO'iHOCTblO qepe3 TpOe
CyrOK TBep.n;eHHH. EOJIee HHTeHCHBHoe HapaCTaHHe npOqHOCTH B HaqaJIbHbrn:
nepHO.n; TBep.n;eHHH .n;ocrnraeTCH nyreM 60JIee TOHKOro nOMOJIa ueMeHTa (y.n;eJIb-
HaH nOBepXHOCTb 3500...4000 cM 2 /r), a TaIOKe nOBbIllIeHHeM co.n;epxaHHH TpeX-
KaJIbUHeBblX CHJIHKaTa H aJIlOMHHaTa (60...65%). M3BeCTHbIe MapKH Em: M400
H M500.
CYJIbcpaTocToHKHH nopTJIaH,lJ;ueMeHT - HMeeT HOpMHpoBaHHbI1f MJomepaJIO-
rnqeCKHH COCTaB, OTJIH'llllOll{HHCH 3aMe.lLJleHHbIM TBep.n;eHHeM B HaqaJIbHbIe cpo-
KH H HH3KHM TenJIOBbI.LJ:eJIeHHeM. BbmycKaeTcH no.n; MapKoH M400, HCnOJIb3yIOT
.lLJlH nOJIyqeHHH 6eToHoB, pa60TalOll{HX B MHHepaJIH30BaHHblX H npeCHblX BO.n;ax.
nYU:UOJIaHOBbI1f nopTJIaH,lJ;ueMeHT - nOJIy'IaIOT nyre COBMecTHoro nOMOJIa
KJIHHKepa H 25...40% OT MaCCbI ueMeHTa aKrnBHbIX MHHepaJIbHblX .n;06aBoK H
rnncoBOro KaMIDI. npOH3BO.n;HTCH BbmYCK .n;BYX MapOK - M300 H M400. no
CBOHCTBaM OHH He OTJIHqalOTCH OT nopTJIaH,lJ;UeMeHTa.
EeJIbI1f nopTJIaH,lJ;ueMeHT - nOJIyqaIOT H3 'lliCTbIX H3BeCTHHKOB HJIH MpaMO-
pOB H 6eJIblX KaOJIHHOBblX rJIHH, a B KaqeCTBe TOrrJIHBa HCnOJIb3yIOT ra3 HJIH Ma-
3yr, He 3arpH3HHIOll{He KJIHHKep 30JIOH. no CTeneHH 6eJIH3HbI ero pa3.n;emIIOT Ha
TpH copTa - I, II H III, a no npOqHOCrn - Ha MapKH M400 H M500. nOMOJI
UeMeHTa npoH3Bo.n;HT 60JIee TOHKHH: OCTaTOK Ha CHTe C CeTKOH N!1 008 .n;omKeH
6bITb He 60JIee 12%. HaqaJIo CXBaTbIBaHHH 6eJIoro UeMeHTa .n;OJDKHO HaC1)'IIaTb
He paHee qeM qepe3 45 MHH, KOHeu - He n03.n;Hee 12 q.
QBeTHbIe nopTJIaH,lJ;ueMeHTbI - 3TO npo.n;)'KT COBMecTHoro nOMOJIa KJIHHKepa
6eJIoro UeMeHTa co CBeTO- H ll{eJIOqeCTOHKHMH MHHepaJIbHbIMH KpaCHTeJIHMH:
oxpo1f, )f{eJIe3HbIM CypHKOM, YJIbTpaMapHHOM, OKCH,lI,OM xpOMa, CIDKeH. npOH3-
BO.n;HT Tpex MapOiC 300, 400 H 500.
EeJIbIe H UBeTHbIe ueMeHTbI npHMeIDllOT !UH! H3rOTOBJIeHHH UBeTHblX 6eTO-
HOB, paCTBopOB OT.n;eJIOqHblX CMeceH H ueMeHTHblX KpaCOK.
TaMnOHIDKHbIH nOpTJIaH.nUeMeHT - H3roTaBJIHBalOT H3MeJIbqeHHeM nopT-
JIaH,lJ;ueMeHTHoro KJIHHKepa, rnnca C .n;06aBKaMH HJIH 6e3 HHX. &3 .n;06aBOK OH
npHMeIDIeTCH B YCJIOBHHX HOpMaJIbHbIX H }'MepeHHbIX TeMnepaTyp (15...100°C) H
HOpMaJIbHOH nJIOTHOCrn ueMeHTHoro TeCTa (1650...1950 Kr/M 3 ). K TaMnOHIDK-
HbIM nOPTJIaH,lU.{eMeHTaM C MHHepaJIbHbIMH HJIH CneUHaJIbHbIMH .n;o6aBKaMH rum
C COBOKYTIHOCTbI9. .n;06aBOK npe.n;'bHBJIHIOTCH Tpe60BaHl1H no TeMnepa-rype npH-
MeHeHl1H, no cpe.n;HeH nJIOTHocrn ueMeHTHoro TeCTa H YCToWrnBocrn TaMnO-
HIDKHOro KaMIDI K arpeCCHBHocrn rumcToBblX BO.n; (CYJIbcpaTHaH, KHCJIaH, yrJIe-
KHCJIaH, cepOBo.n;OpO.n;HaH, MarHe3HaJIbHaH HJIH nOJIHMHHepaJIbHaH).
IlIAa1ConOp1n.llaHiJu,eMeHmOM Ha3bIBaIOT rHJJ:paBJIHqeCKOe BIDKYIUee Bell{eCTBO,
nOJIyqaeMoe npH COBMeCTHOM H3MeJIbqeHHH nopTJIaH,lJ;ueMeHTHoro KJIHHKepa,
.n;OMeHHoro rpaH)'JIHpOBaHHoro llIJIaKa H nrnca HJIH nyreM CMellIeHHH H3MeJIb-
292
':IeHHbIX TeX )f{e KOMnOHeHTOB, pa3.n;eJIbHO. CO.n;ep)f{aHHe .n;OMeHHOrO rpaHyJIHpO-
BaHHoro llIJIaKa B HeM .n;OJI:>KHO COCTaBJUlTb OT 20 .n;o 80% MaCCbI rOTOBoro npo-
.n;YXTa.
no npe.n;eJIY npO':lHOCrn npH C)f{arnH H H3m6e llIJIaKOnOpTJIaH,lJ,l{eMeHT lle-
JIID' Ha 1'pH MapKH: 300, 400 H 500. EbIcTpOTBepllelOm:HH llIJIaKOnOpTJIaH,lJ,l{eMeHT
M400 1l0JI)f{eH HMeTb B 1'pexcyrO':lHOM B03paCTe npelleJI npO':lHOCTH npH C)f{arnH
He MeHee 20 Mna H Ha H3m6 - He MeHee 3,5 Mna. BOlloCTOHKOCTb 6eTOHOB
Ha llIJIaKOnOpTJIaH,lJ,l{eMeHTe BbIllIe, ':IeM Ha nopTJIaH,lJ,l{eMeHTe H3-3a OTCyrCTBHH
cBo6ollHoro rH,D;paTa OKCH,D;a KaJIbl{IDI.. I.lIJIaKonOpTJIaH,lJ,l{eMeHT B 1l0CTaTO':lHOH
CTeneHH MOp030- H B03,I:(}'XOCTOeK, HO B MeHbllIeH CTeneHH, ':IeM nopTJIaH,lJ,l{e-
MeHT.
npHMeIDIeTCH B rH,D;pOTeXHH':IeCKHX coop eHHHX, a TaIOKe B KOHC1'p}'Kl{HHX,
HaXO,WIm:HXCH B YCJIOBHHX BJIIDKHOH CpellbI. B KOHC1'p}'Kl{HHX, nO.ll.BepralOm:HXCH
':IaCTOMY 3aMopIDKHBaHHlO H OTIaHBaHHlO, YBJIIDKHeHHIO H BbICbIXaHHIO, HCnOJIb-
30BaTb ero HeJIb3H. EbIC1'pOTBep.ll.elOIl(HH llIJIaKOnOpTJIaH,lJ,l{eMeHT 3<p$eKTHBHO
npHMeIDllOT B npOH3BO.ll.CTBe )f{eJIe306eTOHHbIX H3.l1.eJIHH, npH H3rOTOBJIeHHH KO-
TOpbIX Tpe6yeTcH TeTIJIOBJIIDKHOCTHaH 06pa6oTKa.
DZUH03eMUCmblM qe.MeIUllOM Ha3bIBaIOT 6bICTpOTBep,D:eIO ee (HO HOpMaJIb-
HO CXBaTblBaIOm:eecSI) fli,ll:paBJmqeCKOe MHHepaJIbHOe HeOpraHHqeCKOe BSI-
ee Bem:eCTBO, nOJIyqaeMoe rrpH TOHKOM H3MeJIbqeHHH 060)l()l(eHHoii ,D:O
IUIaBJIeHlrn (rom cneKaHHSI) CbIpbeBOii CMeCH 60KCHTOB H H3Becrn C npe06JIa-
,D:aHHeM B rOTOBOM rrpo,D:yJ<Te HH3KOOCHOBHbIX aJIIOMHHaTOB KaJIbl(HSI. rJIaB-
Hoii COCTaBHoii qaCTbIO rJIHH03eMHCTbIX l(eMeHTOB SlBJlSleTCSI O,D:HOKaJIbl(He-
BbIll aJIIOMHHaT CaO' Al 2 0 3 . TOHKOCTb rrOMOJIa xapaKTepH3yeTcSI OCTaTKOM
Ha CIITe NQ 008 - ero ,D:OJDKHO 6bITb He 60JIee 10% MaCCbI np06bI.
rJIHH03eMHCTbIii l(eMeHT SlBJISleTCSI 6bICTPOTBep,D:eIO HM, HO He 6bICTPO-
CXBaTbIBaIO HMCSI BIDKYIUHM Bem:ecTBOM. HaH60JIee 6JIarorrpIDITHbIMH MSI
ero TBep,D:eHIDI SlBJlSlIOTCSI BJIIDKHbIe YCJIOBIDI H HOpMaJIbHaSI TeMnepal)'pa.
YBeJIHqeHHe npoqHOCrn 3TOro u:eMeHTa npH TeMrrepaTYPe BbIllie 25°C 3aMe,D:-
lliIeTCSI. ITo CBOHM <pH3HKO-XHMHqeCKMM cBOiicTBaM (CKOPOCTb TBep,D:eHIDI,
CToiiKOCTb B pa3JIHqHbIX cpe,D:ax) OH npeBOCXO,D:HT ,D:pyrIIe BIDKYIUHe BellIe-
crna, B TOM qHCJIe nopmaH.D:l(eMeHT. 06JIa,n:aeT CToiiKOCTbIO rrpOTIIB ,D:eiicTBHSI
BbICOKMX TeMnepaTYP (l200...1400°C H BbIllIe), qTO n03BOJISIeT HCnOJIb30BaTb
ero MSI H3roTOBJIeHIDI :>KapocToiiKMX 6eTOHOB.
BeTOHbI Ha rJIHH03eMHCTOM l(eMeHTe BO,D:O-, B03,D:YXO- H MOp030CTOiiKM,
a TaIOKe CTOiiKM B YCJIOBIDIX npecHbIX H CYJII4>aTHbIX BO,D:, O,D:HaKO pa3pYUIa-
IOTCSI B eJIO bIX BO,D:ax.
rJIHH03eMHCTbIii u:eMeHT npOH3BOMT TPex MapoK: 400, 500 H 600.
rJIHH03eMHCTbIH l{eMeHT npHMeIDIIOT npH CpO':lHbIX BOCCTaHOBHTeJIbHbIX pa-
60Tax (peMOHT TIJIOTHH, .lI.opor, MOCTOB, npH CpO':lHOM B03Be.ll.eHHH <PYHlIaMeHToB),
$yrepOBKH llIaxTHbIX KOJIO.ll.l{eB H TYHHeJIeH, .lJ.,JIH TaMnOHHpOBaHHH He$THHbIX H
ra30BbIX CKBIDKHH, Ha npe.ll.npIDITHHX nHm:eBOH npOMbIllIJIeHHOCrn, 1'paBHJIbHbIX
H KpaCHJIbHbIX npe.ll.npHHTHHX, B Ka':leCTBe <pyrepoBKH TenJIOBbIX annapaTOB.
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293
MCnOJIb30BaHMe ero CyJ.UeCTBeHHO OrpaHMqMBaeTCH CTOMMOCTbIO (OH B 3-4 pa3a
.D:opo)f{e nopTJIaH,lu.{eMeHTa).
ruiJptuJ.Jul'teCKQR U36ecmb (fOCT 9179-77) - I1f,lJ;paBJIWIecKoe MHHepaJIb-
Hoe HeopraHHqecKoe BIDKyII.{ee BeweCTBO, rrOJIyqaeMoe npH o6:>KMre He ,n:o
cneKamrn (900...1100°C) MepreJIHCThIX M3BeCTHSIKOB C co,n:ep.>KaHHeM mHHbI
6...20%.
fH,lJ;paBJIHqeCKHe CBORCTBa 3TOR M3BeCTII o6YCJIOBJIeHbI HaJIHtUIeM B ee
COCTaBe HH3KOOCHOBHbIX CIDIHKaTOB 2CaO' Si0 2 , aJIlOMHHaTOB CaO. Al 2 0 3
H cl>epplITOB KaJIbU:HSI CaO . Fe 2 0 3 .
fH,lJ;paBJIHqeCK}'IO M3BeCTh pa3MaJIbmalOT M npHMeHSIIOT B BH,lJ;e nopOllIKa
JIH60 rac 1T B nyuIOHKY. TaK KaK B HeR B 3HaqIITeJIbHOM KOJIHqeCTBe co,n:ep-
XOITCSI CB06o,n:Hbm: OKCH,lJ; KaJIbU:HSI CaO, TO OHa, TaK )l(e KaK H B03,n:yuIHaH
H3BeCTh, raCIITCSI rrpH ,n:eRCTBHM BO.D:bI, rrpWIeM qeM 60JIbllIe co,n:ep)l(aHMe
cBo6o,n:Horo CaO, TeM MeHbllIe ee cnOC06HOCTh K nw:paBJIHqeCKoMY TBep-
,n:eHHIO.
TBep,n:eHHe H3BeCTII HaqHHaeTCjI Ha B03,n:yxe (nepBbIe 7 cyrOK) M rrpo-
,n:oIDKaeTCjI, npH 3TOM yBeJIMqHBaeTCSI ee npoqHOCTh. TIocJIe 28 CyrOK KOM-
6HHHpoBaHHoro xpaHeHHSI 06Pa3U:OB H3 paCTBopa 1 : 3 no Macce (7 CyroK
Ha B03,n:yxe BO BJIIDKHOM B03,n:yxe M 21 CyrKM B Bo,n:e) rrpe,n:eJI rrpOqHOCTII rrpM
C)I(aTIm COCTaBJlSleT:
· cJIa60I'M)J;paBJIMqeCKOR M3BeCTII - He MeHee 1,7 MTIa;
· CIDIbHoI'M)J;paBJIWIeCKOR M3BeCTII - He HIDKe 5 MTIa.
fH,lJ;paBJIlIqeCKaH M3BeCTh TBep,n:eeT MeMeHHO: HaqaJIO CXBaTbIBamrn -
0,5...2 q, KOHeu: - 8...16 q.
PaCTBopbI H 6eTOHbI Ha I11JI.paBJIHqeCKoi1: H3Becrn 06JIa,n:aIOT Y.D:OBJIeTBOpH-
TeJIbHOi1: .D:OJIroBeQHOCTbIO B CYX:MX H BJIIDKHbIX YCJIOBIDIX, II03TOMy- ee npMMeIDIIOT
MH M3rOTOBJIeHMH KJla,n:OQHbIX M llI'rYKaTYPHbIX paCTBopOB M 6eTOHOB HeBblCO-
KMX MapOK M 6eTOHHbIX KaMHei1:.
fMJI.paBJIHQeCKYJO M3BeCTb XpaHHT B 3aKpbITbIX nOMem:eHMHX, npH nepeB03Ke
npe.D:OXpaIDIIOT OT YBJIIDKHeHMH.
POMQnll,eMenm - rH,lJ;paBJIMqecKoe MMHepaJIbHoe HeOpraHHqecKoe BIDKY-
wee BeweCTBO, rrOJIyqaeMoe TOHKHM nOMOJIOM 060)l()l(eHHbIX He ,n:o cneKa-
HHSI (900°C) H3BecTHSIKOBbIX H Mame3HaJIbHbIX MepreJIeR, co,n:ep)l(8.ll{ID{ 25%
M 60JIee mHHbI. fH,lJ;paBJIHqeCKHe CBORCTBa pOMaHu:eMeH'IY npH,lJ;alOT HM3KO-
OCHOBHbIe CIDIHKaTbI M aJIlOMHHaThI KaJIbU:MSI, rrpM I1f,lJ;paTa.l{IDI KOTOpbIX rrpo-
MCXO,n:HT ero CXBaTbIBaHMe H TBep,n:eHMe.
BbIIIycKalOT TPex MapOK (MTIa) - 2,5; 5 M 10. OH ,n:OIDKeH Bbw;ep:>KM-
BaTh MCnbITaHHe Ha paBHOMepHOCTh H3MeHeHHSI o6DeMa.
POMaHI.{eMeHT npMMeHHeTCH MH H3H>TOBJIeHMH ClpOMTeJIbHbIX paCTBopOB,
CTeHOBbIX KaMHei1: H 6eTOHOB HeBbICOKMX MapOK, QTO n03BOJIHeT C3KOHOMMTb
60JIee 3HeproeMKMH H .D:oporoi1: nopTJIaI-J,lJ;l{eMeHT.
294
4.1.2.3. MUHepaJlbHble 6RJlCyU{ue 6eU{ecm6a a6mOKfla6HOZO m6epaeHUR
TBep.D:eHHe 3TOii rpyrrnbI BIDK}'IlJ;HX Bem:eCTB OCHOBaHO Ha TeXHHqeCKOM
CIIHTe3e nf.lI:pocroUIKaToB KaJIbU:HSI, rrpOHCXO)],Slm:eM B cpe.D:e HaCbIm:eHHoro
BO)],SlHOro napa B rrpOMbIIIIJIeHHbIX a6mOK./la6ax npH TeMrrepa1ypax 175...200°C
H COOTBeTCTBYIDm:eM .D:aBJIeHHH napa 0,9...1,3 MTIa.
A6mOK/lae - repMeTH':IHbIH annapaT .ruUI npOBeneHH5I <pH3HKO-XHMHQeCKHX
npOI.{eCCOB npH HarpeBe H nOBbIllIeHHOM naBJIeHHH ('ITO YBeJlHQHBaeT CKOpOCTb
TeQeHH5I npOI.{eccoB).
KIDK,lIoe H3 BIDK}'IlJ;HX Bem:eCTB aBTOKJIaBHoro TBep.D:eHHSI CO.D:ep:>KHT .D:Be
fJIaBHbIe qacm: KpeMHe3eMHCTbIii KOMTIOHeHT (Si0 2 B KpHCTamUIqeCKOii roUI
aMoP<PHoii <popMe) H H3BeCTh (CaO), KOTOpbIe Ha3bIBaIOTCSI U36ecmK060-
KpeMHe3eMUCmbLM 6RJIC)lU{UM. 6eU{ecm60M. BBO.D:HMbIe .n;06aBlGI MOryr peryJIIIpO-
BaTh 06pa30BaHHe CTPYKTYPbI.
I-hBeCTKOBO-KpeMHe3eMHcToe BIDKYIIJ:ee Bem:eCTBO - rrpo.n.yKT COBMeCTHO-
ro TOHKoro nOMOJIa H rOMOreHH3aUHH CMeCH H3BeCTM H KBapu:eBoro neCKa.
TIecoK HCnOJIb3yIOT nOCJIe nOMOJIa MOKpbIM cnoc060M .D:O y.n;eJlbHoii nOBepx-
Hocm 1500...3000 cM 2 jr. BMecTO neCKa npHMeHSIIOT TaIOKe 30JIY-}'HOC Ten-
JIOBoii 3JIeK'lpOCTaHlJ;HH (T3C) C Y.D:eJIbHOii rrOBepXHOCThIO 3000...5000 CM 2 Jr.
YKa3aHHOe Bem:eCTBO HMeeT HH3KYJO aKTHBHOCTb B 06bIqHbIX YCJIOBHSlX,
HO npH aBTOKJIaBHOM CHHTe3e 06pa3yeT rrpOqHbIii HCKYCCTBeHHbIii KaMeHb.
TaIGIMH )ICe cBoiicTBaMH 06mw:aIOT CMeCH Ha OCHOBe H3BeCTM H aJIIOMOCIDIH-
KaTHbIX IDIH KaJIblJ;IIeBO-aJIIOMOCIDIHKaTHbIX MaTepHaJIOB npHpo.n;HOro npOHC-
XO}K)]:eHHSI, a TaIOKe CMellIaHHbIe BIDKYIIJ:He Bem:eCTBa Ha OCHOBe nOp:TJIaH,IJ;lJ;e-
MeHTa.
BIDK)'Il(He Bem:eCTBa aBTOKJIaBHoro TBepneHH5I npHMeIDIIOT lIJI5I H3rOTOBJIeHM5I
pa3HOo6pa3HbIX MaTepHaJlOB: nopucmblX (ra30CHJIHKaT, neHOCHJIHKaT) - lIJI5I Ten-
JlOH30JUll(HH 3J1eMeHTOB Hap}')KHbIX CTeH H nOKpbITHH 3.ln1HHH; 1lIlOmHbIX - lIJI5I
KOHCTpyJ<l(HOHHbIX 3J1eMeHTOB.
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4.1.2.4. HCKyccm6eHHbie KaMeHHble U3aeflUR
Ha OCH06e MUHepaJlbHblX HeOpZaHU'IeCKUX 6RJlCYU{UX 6eU{ecm6
IfCKYCCTBeHHbIe KaMeHHbIe H3.D:emrn rrOJIyqaIOT B rrpou:ecce <POpMOBaHHSI
H nOCJIe.D:YIDm:ero 3aTBep.n;eBaHHSI paCTBOpHbIX IDIH 6eToHHbIX cMeceii Ha OC-
ROBe MHHepaJIbHbIX HeOpraHHqeCKHX BIDK}'IlJ;HX Bem:eCTB. B KaqeCTBe 3arrOJI-
RHTeJIeii .l(JISi paCTBOpHbIX IDIH 6eTOHHbIX cMeceii npHMeHSIIOT KBapu:eBbrn:
rreCOK, neM3Y, IIIJIaK, 30JIY, .D:peBeCHbIe onIDIKH. ,[L1uI nOBbIllIeHHSI rrpOqHOCm
rrpH H3rH6e H3.D:eJIHSI apMHpYIDT BOJIOKHHCTbIMH MaTepHarraMH - ac6eCTOM,
.D:peBecHHoii (B Blf,lI;e llIepCTM, .n;p06JIeHbIX OTXO.D:OB), 6}'MIDKHOii MaKYJIa'IY-
poii, JIHCTOBOii 6}'Maroii H .D:p. .
TIo Blf,lI;y MHHepaJIbHoro BIDKYIIJ:ero Bem:eCTBa HCKYCCTBeHHbIe KaMeHHbIe
H3.n;eJIHSI MO:>KHO pa3)J:eJIHTb Ha CJIe.D:YIDm:He rpyrrrrbI: zunC06ble H zunco6emOH-
Hble; U3iJeJlUR Ha OCH06e MaZHe3UaJlbHblX 6RJlCYU{UX H CUflUKamHble U3ae.tlUR.
295
rHnCOBbIe H3lIeJIHR nOJIy<IaIOT H3 mncoBoro TeCTa, T.e. CMeCH rHnca H BOJIbI,
a rHnc06eTOHHbIe - H3 CMeCH mnca, BO.n;bI H 3anOJIHHTeJIeH. BIDK MH ,1I)UI
H3rOTOBJIeHHR rHnCOBbIX H rHnc06eTOHHbIX H3.n;eJIHH B 3aBHCHMocm OT HX Ha-
3HaqeHHR CJI}')KaT rHnCOBoe BIDKYJl.(ee, Bo.n;ocToHKHe mnCOl{eMeHTHo-nyUl{OJIa-
HOBbIe CMeCH, a TaIOKe aHrH,lqJHTOBbIe l{eMeHTbI. 3anOJIHHTeJIRMH mnCOBbIX H
mnco6eTOHHbIX H3.n;eJIHH RRJUIIOTCR eCTeCTBeHHbIe HeOpraHH'leCKHe MaTepmUlbI -
neCOK, neM3a, TYcP, TOTIJIHBHbIe H MeTaJIJIypmqeCKHe IlIJIaKH, a TaIOKe JIerKHe
HCK}'CCTBeHHbIe nOpHCTbIe 3arrOJIHHTeJIH (IlIJIaKOBaJI rreM3a, KepaM3HTOBbIH rpa-
BHH, arnonopHT H .n;p.). B KaqeCTBe OpraHHqeCKHX 3arrOJIHHTeJIeH HCnOJIb3yroTCSI
.n;peBeCHbIe OrrHJIKH, CTp}')KKa HJIH llIepCTb, 6}'MIDKHaSI MaK}'JIaT)'pa, cTe6JlH H BO-
JIOKHO KaMbIllIa, JIbIDIHaSI KocTpa H .n;p.
OCHOBHbIe n01]Je6HTeJIbCKHe cBoHcrna mnCOBbIX H3.n;eJIHH - He60JIbllIaSi
TIJIOTHOCTb, HerOpIOqeCTb, XOpOllIaSI 3BYKOH30JIRl{HSI. K qHCJIy He.n;ocTaTKOB OT-
HOCRTCR 3HaqHTeJIbHaSI XpynKOCTb, nOHH)I{eHHe npO':lHOCm H BbICOKaSI rrOJI3Y-
':IeCTb rro.n; HarpY3KoH rrpH }'BJIIDKHeHHH.
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BOJIOKHHCTbIX apMHpYIOIllHX MaTepHaJIOB, BBO.n;HMbIX B cocnm cPOpMOBO':lHOH
MaCCbI HJIH RBJIRIOIllHXCR qaCTmfH KOHCTpyi(l{HH caMoro H3lIeJIIDI. B KaqeCTBe
apMaT)'pbI HCnOJIb3yIOTCR OpraHH':IeCKHe BOJIOKHa, KapTOHHaSI 060JIOqKa H T..n;.
POJIb apMaT)'pbI MOryr BbII10JIIDITb MeTaJIJIH'leCKHe cTep:xa{H, npoBOJIOKa HJIH cen<a.
O.n;HaKO rrpHMeIDITb CTaJIbHyro apMaT)'pY B mrrCOBbIX H3.n;eJIHJIX 6e3 3aI.IUITHOrO
CJIOR HeJIb3R H3-3a CHJIbHOH KOpp03HH.
rHncoBbIe H rHnc06eTOHHbIe H3lIeJIHR no Ha3Ha':leHHIO .n;eJISIT Ha nalle/lU H
1lIlUmbl nepezopooo'tllble, /lUCmbl 06Wu6o'tllble, 1lIlUmbl me1lll0U30.llJllJ,UOllllble, Kl1MIlU
O.llJl llapY3ICllblX cmell, U30eJlUJl O.llJl nepeKpblmuii, U30eJlUJl ome3aU{umllble, apxumeK-
mypllble oemaJIu. Bce 3TH H3.n;eJIIDI .n;orrycKaeTcR npHMeIDITb B YCJIOBIDIX, HCKJIIO-
':IaIOIllHX CHCTeMam':leCKOe YBJI1UKHeHHe, H B rroMeIlleHHRx C oTHocHTeJIbHoH
BJIIDKHOCTbIO B03.n;yxa He 60JIee 60%. ):{JISI nOBbllIIeHHR BJIaro- H Bo.n;ocTOHKOCl'H
H3lIeJIHR nOKpbIBaIOT Bo.n;OHerrpOHHUaeMbIMH 3al..llHTHbIMH KpaCKaMH HJIH naCTaMH
(MaCJIRHbIMH, Ka3eHHoBbIMH), a TaIOKe .n;06aBJImoT K rHrrcy MOJIOTbIH ,lI;OMeHHbIH
rpaHYJIHpOBaHHbIH IlIJIaK H rryUl{OJlaHOBbIH nopTJIaH,ll;ueMeHT.
4.1.3. HCKyCCTBeHHble KaMeHHbie MaTepHaJlbl
4.1.3.1. EemOHbt
EemoHbi - HCKYCCTBeHHbIe KaMHeBH)],HbIe MaTepHaJIbI, rrOJIyqaeMbIe B
pe3YJIbTaTe <popMoBaHHSI H TBep.lleHHSI paU;HOHaJIbHO nO.l106paHHoii, TIIJ;a-
TeJIbHO rrepeMernaHHoii H yrrJIOTHeHHoii CMeCH H3 BSI.>KYIIJ;ero BeIIJ;eCTBa,
BOJJ;bI, MeJIKOro (necoK) H KpyrrHOro (IIJ;e6eHb MJIH rpaBHii) 3arrOJIHHTeJIeit
.LJ:o 3aTBepJJ;eBaHHSI 3Ta CMeCb Ha3bIBaeTCSI 6emOHHOu. CMeCblO.
BIDK]'IlI:ee BeIIJ;eCTBO H BOJJ;a SlBJISIIOTCSI aKTIIBHbIMH COCTaBJISlIOIIJ;HMH 00-
TOHa; B pe3YJIbTaTe peaK.IJ:HH Me.>K.LJ:Y HHMII rrOJIyqaeTcSI u;eMeHTHbm: KaMeHb,
CKpeIIJISlIOIIJ;Hii 3epHa 3arrOJIHHTeJIeii. 3epHa rreCKa H IIJ;e6HSI COCTaBJISIIOT Ka-
MeHHbm: OCTOB B 6eToHe. lJ,eMeHTHoe TecTO, 06pa3yIOIIJ;eeCSI rroCJIe CMernH-
296
BaHlISl 6eTOHHOii CMeCH C BO,D:Oii, 06BOJIaKHBaeT 3epHa neCKa H IIJ;e6HSI, 3a-
rrOJIHSleT npoMexyTKH Me)K.LJ:Y HHMH H HrpaeT pOJIb CMa3KH 3arrOJIHHTeJIeii,
rrpH.D:aIOm:eii 6eTOHHOii CMeCH rrO.D:BIDKHOCTh (TeK}'\leCTh). lJ,eMeHTHOe TeCTO,
TBep,D:eSl, CBSl3bIBaeT 3epHa 3arrOJIHHTeJIeii, H nOJIyqaeTcSI HCKyCCTBeHHblii
KaMeHHblii MaTepHaJI - 6eTOH.
JISI rrpHroTOBJIeHHSI 6eTOHHoii CMeCH HCrrOJIb3yIOT BO,D:OnpOBO,D:HyIO,
rrIITheByIO, a TaIOKe JII06yIO BO,D:Y, HMeIOm:yIO B01IOpOlIHbIii nOKa3aTeJIb pH
He MeHee 4, T.e. He KHCJIyIO. TIPHpO,D:HbIe BO.lU>I .l(JUI npHrOTOBJIeHHSI 6eTOHa
,D:OJDKHbI 6paTbCSI H3 MeCT, ,D:OCTaTOqHO Y,D:aJIeHHbIX OT MeCTa BbmycKa CTOq-
HbIX BO,D:, TaK KaK rrOCJIe,D:HHe CO,D:ep)l(aT :>KHPbl, paCTIITeJIbHbIe MaCJIa, caxap,
KHCJIOThI H ,D:p. H IIX HeJIb3.S1 HCnOJIb30BaTh lL1ISI npHrOTOBJIeHHSI 6eTOHHoii
CMecH. BO,D:a He ',D:OJDKHa CO,D:ep)l(aTh CYJIb<paTOB 60JIee 2700 Mr/JI (B rrepe-
CqeTe Ha 804) H BCex cOJIeii 60JIee 5000 Mr/JI.
MOPCKaSI BO,D:a H ,D:pyrHe COJIeHble BO,D:bI, Y,D:OBJIeTBOpSlIOIIJ;He npHBe,D:eH-
HblM BbIIIIe YCJIOBHSlM, MOlYI' rrpHMeHSlTbCSI lL1ISI H3rOTOBJIeHHSI 6eTOHHoii
CMeCH, 3a HCKJIIOqeHHeM 6eTOHHpOBaHHSI BHyrpeHHIIX KOHC'I'p)'Kll:Hii :>KIDIbIX
H 06IIJ;eCTBeHHbIX 3,D:aHHii, a TaIOKe Ha,aBO,D:HbIX )l(eJIe306eTOHHbIX coopyx<:e-
HHH B :>KapKHX H CyxHX MecTaX. MopCKHe COJIII MOlYI' BblC1YIUITb Ha rrOBepx-
HOCTII 6eTOHa H Bbl3BaTh KOPp03HIO CTaJIbHOH apMa1ypbI.
ITPH BbI60pe BIDKYIIJ:ero Bem:eCTBa lL1ISI 6eTOHa yqlIThIBaIOT 'l'pe60BaHHSI,
rrpe.zn,SlBJISIeMble K 6eTOHY, - rrpOqHOCTh, MOp030CTOiiKOCTb, XHMHqeCKaSI
CToiiKOCTh H ,D:p. Ha npaI<.TMKe HaH60JIee nmpOKO rrpHMeHSIIOT rrOPTJIaH,LlJI:e-
MeHT MapOK 400...500. B nOCJIe,D:Hee BpeMSI B C'l'pOHTeJIbCTBe BCe 60JIbIIIe Ha-
tfiIHaIOT HCnOJIb30BaTh 6eTOHbl C rrOJIHMepaMH. TIOJIHMepbI (rrOJIHBHHIDIau;e-
TaT, JIaTeKCbl, BO,D:OpaCTBOpHMbIe CMOJIbI H ,D:p.) MOlYI' BBO,D:IIThCs,I B 6eTOH B'
pa3JIHtffiOM KOJIWIeCTBe, qTO orrpe,D:eJISIeT KJIaCCH<pHKaU;HIO nO,D:06HbIX 6eTO-
HOB Ha qeThIpe rpyrrnbl: u:eMeHTHO-nOJIHMepHbIe 6eTOHbl, nOJIHMep6eroHbl,
6eTOHOnOJIHMepbI H 6eTOHbI, CO,D:ep)l(aIIJ;He nOJIHMepHbIe MaTepHaJIbl (3a-
rrOJIHHTeJIH, lIHcnepCHaSi apMa1ypa IDIH MHKpOHanOJIHHTeJIH).
3arrOJIHHTeJIH (neCOK, rpaBHii, m:e6eHb) B 60JIbIIIHHCTBe CJIyqaeB He
BCTyIIaIOT B XHMWIeCKoe coelIHHeHHe C u:eMeHTOM H BOlIOii. 3m MaTepHaJIbl
06pa3yIOT >KecTKHii CKeJIeT 6eTOHa H y:MeHbIIIaIOT ero yca,aKy, Bbl3bmaeMylO
YCa,LJ;Koii l..{eMelfIHoro KaMIDI rrpH TBep,D:eHIDI. TIopHCThIe 3aIIOJIHIITeJIII y:MeHb-
IIIaIOT rmOTHOCTh H TermonpOBOlIHOCTh 6eTOHa.
npH HCnOJIb30BamIH rpaBlul B KaqeCTBe 3anOJIHHTeJIH .lUIH 6eToHHbIX cMeceH
ero npeHMYJl{eCTBaMH HBJIHIOTCH:
· CyJ.UeCTBOBaHHe rpaBHH B npHpo.n.e B PaJ.n;p06JIeHHOM COCTOHHHH (Jrpo6J1e-
HHIO no.n;BepralOT TOJIbKO KpynHble KYCKH);
· MeHbllIHH 06DeM nYCTOT H HeCKOJIbKO 60JIbllIaH no.n;BH)!(JfOCTb 6eToHHoH
CMeCH, QTO CBH3aHO C JIyqllIeH OKaTaHHOCTblO 3epeH rpaBHH H o6eCneQHBaeT
60JIblillIH BbIXO.n; 6eToHa.
297
npeHMyru:eCTBaMH me6ID1 HBJHlIOTCH 60JIee BbICOKOe, qeM y rpaBHH, Cl{enJIe-
HHe C l{eMeHTHbIM paCTBOpOM npH 3aTBep.n;eBaHHH H MeHblIIaH 3arpH3HeHHOCTb.
,[{;HI BbICOKOnpOqHbIX 6eTOHOB JIyqlIIe npHMeIDITb me6eHb.
AnH 6eTOHa HeBbICOKHX MapOK MO:>KHO HCnOJIb30BaTb me6eHb H3 npOMbIllI-
JIeHHbIX OTXO.n;OB: llIJIaKOB, KHpnHqHOrO 60H, ,lI;p06JIeHOrO 6eTOHa.
B 6eTOH MOryr BBO,Z:UIThCSI cneu,UG/lbHble a06aeKu, KOTOpbIe nO,n:pa3,n:ellilIOT
Ha ,n:Be rpyrrnbI. K nepBOR rpyrrne OTHOCSlTCSI XUMUlieCKUe eeU{ecmea, ,n:06aB-
JUIeMbIe B 6eTOH B He6oJIbllIOM (0,1...2% MaCCbI u:eMeHTa) KOJI eCTBe .z:LJUI
H3MeHeHHSI B Heo6xo,n:HMOM HanpaBJIeHHH CBORCTB 6eTOHHOR CMeCH H 6e-
TOHa. Ko BTOPOR rpyrrne OTHOCSlTCSI mOHKOMOflOmbie MamepUG/lbl, ,n:06aBJUle-
MbIe B 6eTOH B KOJIHqeCTBe 5...20% H 6oJIee,[(JUI 3KOHOMHH u:eMeHTa.
XI1:MHqeCKMe BeIIJ:eCTBa, ,n:06aBJUleMbIe B 6eTOH, KJIaccH<]:mU:Hp)'lOT no oc-
HOBHOMY 3<p<peK1)' ,n:eRCTBHSI:
1) ,n:06aBKM, peryJIHpYIDIIJ:He CBORCTBa 6eTOHHbIX CMeceR:
. fl./lacmucjJuu,uPYIOU{ue a06aeKu (fl./laCmucjJuKamopbl), T.e. YBeJI MBalOIIJ:He
no,n:BIDKHOCTh 6eTOHHoR CMeCH;
. Cma6UJlU3up)llOU{ue a06aeKu, T.e. npe,n:yrrpe.>K,z:J:alOIIJ:He paCCJIOeHHe 6e-
TOHHOR CMeCH;
. eoaoyaep:HCuealOU{ue a06aeKu, T.e. YMeHbllIalOIIJ:He Bo,n:OOT,n:eJIeHHe;
2) ,n:06aBKM, peryJIHpYIDIIJ:He CXBaThIBaHHe 6eTOHHbIX cMeceR H TBep,n:e-
HHe 6eToHa:
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. a06aeKu, YCKOpRIOU{ue U o6ecnelluealOU{ue meepiJeHue,' B TOM £IHCJIe npH
01pHu:aTeJIbHbIX TeMnepa1)'pax;
3) ,n:06aBKM, peryJIHPYIDIIJ:He rmOTHOCTh II nopHCTOCTh 6eTOHHOR CMeCH
H 6eTOHa, - e03iJyxoeoefleKalOU{ue, ZQ30- H neHoo6pG3)llOU{ue iJo6aeKu, Yfl./lom-
HRIOU{ue a06aeKu ,[(JUI y,n:aneHHSI B03,n:yxa H paCUlUpRIOU{ue a06aeKu .z:LJUI CHSI-
TIISI ,n:e<PoPMaU:HR 6eToHa;
4) ,n:06aBKM, npH,LJ;alOIIJ:He 6eTOHY cneU:HaJIbHbIe CBORCTBa:
. zuapOcjJ06u3YIOU{ue a06aeKu, T.e. YMeHbllIalOIIJ:He CMaQHBaHHe 6eTOHa;
. aHmuKOppo3uuHbie a06aeKu H uHzu6umopbl KOpp03UU cmG/lU;
. aHmucmapumeflU, npH,LJ;alOIIJ:He 6aI<TepHU:H,I:J:HbIe H HHCeKTIlII:lf.[(HbIe CBOR-
CTBa;
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K XHMHQeCKMM BeIIJ:eCTBaM, ,n:06aBJUleMbIM B 6eToHB KaQecTBe rmaCTII-
<pHKaTOpoB, OTHOCHTCSI nOBepXOCTHO-aKTMBHbIe BeIIJ:eCTBa (flAB), HanpII-
Mep CYJIb<pHTHo-,n:po)l()l(eBaSi 6pIDKKa - OTXO.zu,I nepepa60TKM u:eJIJIIOJI03bI,
aCH,LJ;OJI - OTXO,n:bI nepepa60TKM He<lmI. B nOCJIe,n:Hee BpeWl pa3pa6OTaHbI H
BHe,n:pHIOTCH B C1pOIITeJIbCTBO HOBbIe XHMHQeCKMe ,n:06aBKM - cyrreprmacrn-
<PHKaTOpbI (CIIHTernQeCKMe nOJIlIMepHbIe BeIIJ:ecTBa), pe3KO YBeJIHQHBalOIIDIe
no,n:BIDKHOCTh H TeKYlleCTb 6eTOHHOR CMeCH H cym:eCTBeHHO YJIyqllIalOIIJ:He
298
CTPOMTeJIbHO-TeXHOJIOnIqeCIGIe cBoiicTBa 6eTOHa. HeKOTOpbIe ,D:06aBIGI 06-
JIa,n:aIOT nOmUPYHK1UIOHaJIbHbIM ,D:eiiCTBlIeM.
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,D:po6JIemrn H ,D:p. - HCrrOJIb3yIDTCSI B KaqeCTBe 3aMeHMTellil u:eMeIrra, a TaIOKe
MSI npJf,ll;aHHSI 6eroHY TaIGIX CBOiicTB, KaK )l(apocToiiKOCTb, 3JIeK.TpOnpOBO,D:-
HOCTb, U:BeT H T.rr.
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CMeCH H rrOCJIe,D:YIDm:ero TBep,D:eHHSI. 06pa30BaBllIaSicSi nOCJIe TBep,D:eHHSI 6e-
TOHHOii CMeCH cTPYKTYPa 6eTOHa C rmOTHbIMH 3arrOJIHMTellilMH rrpe,D:CTaBJISIeT
c060ii u:eMeHTHbIii KaMeHb C yrormeHHbIMH B HeM 3epHaMH 3arrOJIHHTellil,
HMelOm:Hii MHO)l(eCTBO nop H nyCTOT pa3HbIX pa3MepOB H npOl1cxmK,n;eHHSI.
B 6eroHe Pa3JInqaror MaKpOCTPYKIYPY, rrpe,D:CTaBJIeHHyIO CHCTeMoii «m:eOOHb -
u:eMeHTHO- neCqaHbIii paCTBOp»; Me30CTPYKTYPY, nOKa3bIBalOm:yIO C'lpOeHHe
CHCTeMbI «neCOK - u:eMeHTHbrH: KaMeHb», H MHIqX>CTPYKTYPY - TOHKoe CTPoe-
HHe u:eMeHTHoro KaMHSI H 3arrOJIHHTellil.
MaKpO- H Me30CTPYKTYPbI OOTOHa B 3aBHCHMOCTII OT BeJIHqHHbI Pa3.D:BIDK-
KH 3epeH 3arrOJIHMTellil u:eMeHTHbIM KaMHeM MO.>KHO pa3,D:eJIHTb Ha 'lpH BJf,lI;a:
1) 3epHa 3arrOJIHHTeJISI 3HaqMTeJIbHO pa3,D:BHHYfbI u:eMeHTHbIM KaMHeM H
KaK 6bI rmaBalOT B HeM;
2) u:eMeHTHbrH: KaMeHb 3anOJIHSleT rropbI Me)K.LJ:Y 3epHaMH 3arrOJIHHTellil H
JIIIllIb He3HaqHTeJIbHO pa3,D:BHraeT JIX, nOKpbIBaH TOHIGIM CJIOeM;
3) 3epHa 3arrOJIHHTellil KOHTaKTIIpyIDT ,D:pyr C ,D:pyrOM qepe3 TOHK}'IO npo-
CJIOHKY u:eMeHTHoro KaMHSI, KOTOpbIii JIHllIb qaCTIIqHO 3arrOJIHSleT nyCTOTbI
Me:>K,lXY ero 3epHaMH.
HaH60JIee OrrTHMaJIbHOii SlBJIHeTCSI cTPYKTYpa BTOpOro BJf,lI;a, KOTopaSi
06ecneqHBaeT BbICOK}'lO IUlOTHOCTb H 3a,n:aHHYID npOQHOCTb 6eToHa npH MH-
HHMaJIbHOM paCXO,D:e u:eMeHTa.
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BaHHH H HenpopearHpOBaBllIJIX 3epeH l..{eMeHTa H MHKponop pa3JIHQHbIX
pa3MepOB. C YBeJIHQeHHeM B03paCTa 6eToHa ero MHKpOCTPYKTYPa B pe3YJIb-
TaTe npO,D:oJDKalOm:eiicSi rM.D:paTaU:HH u:eMeHTa H3MeHSleTCSI: B03paCTaeT KO-
JIHQeCTBO HOBo06pa30BaHHii u:eMeHTHoro KaMHSI, }'MeHbllIaeTCH ero hOpHC-
TOCTb, H3MeHSleTCSI pacnpe,D:eJIeHHe nop no pa3MepaM.
1f3MeHeHHe CTPYKrypbI 6eTOHa BbI3bIBaeT rrOBbIllIeHHe ero rrpOQHOCTH
rrpH 6JIarOnpHSlTHbIX TeMnepa'I)'pe H BJIIDKHOCTII. nepBbIe 7 CyrOK nOCJIe H3-
roTOBJIeHHSI rrpOQHOCTb 6eToHa HapaCTaeT 6bICTPO, B ,D:aJIbHeiillIeM >Ke, oco-
OOHHO nOCJIe 28 CyroK, 3TOT rrpou:ecc 3aMe)L1lSleTCSI.
CKOPOCTII TBep,D:eHHSI H, CJIe,D:OBaTeJIbHO, HapaCTaHHSI rrpOQHOCTII 3aBHCHT
OT BJf,lI;a l..{eMeHTa, a Ta.IOKe OT TeMrreparypbI H BJIIDKHOCTII Cpe,D:bI. TBep,D:eHHe
ooTOHa npH TeMrreparype HIDKe 15°C 3aMe)L1lSleTCSI, a rrpH TeMTIeparype HIDKe
O°C MO>KeT npeKpaTIITbCSI. B cyxoii cpe,D:e, nOCJIe TOro KaK cB060,D:HaSi BO,D:a
299
6eTOHHoii CMeCH HCnapIITCSI, TBep,n:eHHe 6eTOHa rrpeKparn:aeTCH. Hao6opoT,
rrpH nOBbI1IIeHHOii TeMiIepa1)'pe H ,n:OCTaTOqHOii BJIIDKHOCrn (B ropJlqeii BO,n:e
rrpH TeMnepa1)'pe ,n:o O°C, BO BJIIDKHOM rrape C TeMrrepmypoii no 100°C RJIH
B aBTOKJIaBe npII neiiCTBHH HaCbIrn:eHHoro BOJJ.SIHOro napa BbICOKOro naB-
JIeHHSI H TeMnepa1)'pe OKOJIO 175°C) TBep,n:eHHe 6eTOHa H,lI;eT 3HaqHTeJIbHO
6bIC1pee, qeM B HOpMaJIbHbIX YCJIOBHSIX.
llpOqHOCTb 6eTOHa npH HOpMaJIbHbIX YCJIOBHSIX TBep,n:eHHSI rrOBbIlliaeTCSI
npH6JIH3HTeJIbHO rrponOpU;HOHaJIbHO JIOrapmpMY BpeMeHH:
Rn = 8 19 n/lg 28, (25)
r,n:e Rn H R 28 - npe,n:eJIbI npOqHOCTII Ha C:>KaTIIe 6eToHoB, COOTBeTCTBeHHO,
B,JIIo60ii CpOK (n - KOJIHqeCTBO ,n:Heii) H B B03paCTe 28 CyrOK.
TIPOqHOCTb 6eToHa - O,n:HO H3 fJIaBHbIX ero C1pOHTeJIbHbIX CBOHCTB. OHa
orrpe,n:eJISIeT cnoC06HOCTb 6eTOHa npOTIIBOCTOSlTb BHellIHMM MeXaHHqeCKMM
YCRJIHSlM. Pa3PYUIeHHe 6eTOHa rron HarpY3Koii npOHcxo,n:HT B TOM CJIyqae,
Kor,n:a no BCeM)' CeqeHHIO npeo,n:OJIeBaeTCSI npe,n:eJI npOqHOCTII MaTepHaJIa,
T.e. COnpOTIIBJIeHHe 01pbIBY O,n:HHX qacrnu; aT ,n:pyrHX. Pa3PYIIIeHHIO rrpe,n:-
llIeCTByeT nOSlBJIe me MHKp01pern:HH B MecTaX KOHu;eH1paU:HH HarrpIDKeHllI:,
1fTO Be,n:eT K nOCTeneHHOMY OCJIa6JIeHHIO C1pYKTYPbI 6eTOHa. TIpH C:>KaTIIH
6eTOH pa3PYIIIaeTCSI OT pa3pbma B HarrpaBJIeHHH, nepneH.D:HK}'JISIpHOM ,n:eM-
CTByIOrn:eM)' YCRJIIIIO.
06ll{yIO KJIaCCH<pHKaU;HIO 6eTOHOB rrpOH3BOJJ.SIT no flJlOmHOCmu, cmpYKmy-
pe, BUOy BJl:HCyU{ezo H BUOy 3anOJlHUmeJlJl, YCJlOBWlM mBepOeHUJl H HG3Ha'leHUIO.
IIrrOTHOCTb SIBJISIeTCJI fJIaBHbIM KJIaCCH<pHKaU;HOHHbIM rrpH3HaKOM 6eTO-
HOB, TaK KaK C HeM CBSl3aHbI ero OCHOBHbIe CBOMCTBa - rrpOqHOCTb, MOpo30-
CTOMKOCTb, Bo,n:OHerrpOHHu;aeMOCTb, TermonpOBo,n:HOCTb H ,n:p. IIrrOTHOCTb
6eTOHa 3aBHCHT fJIaBHbIM 06pa30M aT rmOTHOCTII u;eMeHTHoro KaMHSI, BH,lI;a
3arrOJIHIITeJIeii H ero C1pYKTYPbI.
TIo rmOTHOCTII 5eTOHbI pa3,n:emnoTCSI Ha lliITb BH,lI;OB:
1) oc060 mflJICeJlblU, co,n:ep:>KaII.(HM Tame TIDKeJIbIe 3aI10JIHHTeJIH, KaK CTaJlb-
HbIe onRJIKM RJIH 3epHa (cTaJIb5eToH), :>KeJIe3HbIe Py,n:bI RJIH 6apHT (6apHTo-
Bbrn 6eTOH); rmaTHOCTb 3TOro 6eToHa BbIllie 2600 Kf/M3;
2) mJl:HCeflblU (06bIQHbIM), co,n:ep:>Karn:HH rmOTHbIe 3arrOJIHHTeJIII (KBapu;e-
Bbrn neCOK, rn:e6eHb RJIH rpaBHii H3 rmOTHbIX KaMeHHbIX nopo,n:); rmaTHOCTh
3TOro 6eTOHa 2100...2600 Kf/M3;
3) 06fleZ'IeHHbIU, HarrpHMep C KMprrHqHbIM rn:e6HeM RJIH KpyrrHorropHC-
TbIM (6ecneCqaHbIM); rmOTHOCTb 1800...2000 Kf/M3;
4) flezKuu, co.n;ep:>Karn:HM nOpHCTbIe 3arrOJIHHTeJIH (llIJIaK, neM3Y, TY<P H
T.n.), 06bIqHOii rmOTHOM C1pYKTYPbI RJIH KpyrrHonOpHCTbIM; ero rmOTHOCTb
1200...1800 Kf/M3 (qarn:e 1300...1500 Kf/M 3 );
5) oc06o flezKuu, OqeHb rropHcTbIM, SlQeHCThIM (neHo6eTOH, ra306eToH)
RJIH KpyrrHonOpHCTbIM C JIerKMMH 3anOJIHHTeJISlMH; rmOTHOCTb - MeHbllIe
1200 Kf/M3 (qarn:e 500...800 Kf/M 3 ).
300
J
no cTPYKTYPe 6eTOHbI KJIaCcHqmIJ:HPYJOT Ha flIlomHble, nopU306aHHble,
RrteUCmble H KpynHonopucmble.
no BH,D;Y mDKYIl.(HX BeIl.(eCTB 6erOHbI nO.ll:pa3.l1:eJISIIOTC5I Ha CJIe.ll:yIOIl.(He
BH.IU>I:
· 14eMeHmHble - Ha rH,D;paBJIHqeCKHX B DKYIl.(IIX BeIl.(eCTBax (nopTJIaH,IJ;-
IJ:eMeHTe H ero Pa3HOBH,D;HOCTSIX);
· 14 eM eHmHo-nOAUMepHble;
· CUJlUlWmHble - Ha H3BeCTKOBbIX BSI)I(}'II.I:HX BeIl.(eCTBax B COqeraHHH C
CIDIm<aTHbIMH IDIH aJIlOMHHaTHbIMIf KOMrrOHeHTaMH;
· zunC06ble - C npHMeHeHHeM ffirrCOaHI'If,lJ:pHTOBbIX BIDKYU-J:HX BeIl.(eCTB;
. Ha U/JlaK06blX U cne14UaJlbHblX 6RJlCYl/.4UX MamepUaJlax.
no BH,D;Y JarrOJIHIfTeJISI pa3JIHqalOT 6emOHbi Ha flIlomHblX 3anOAHUmeJlRX,
6emoHbi Ha nopucmblX 3anOAHUmeJlRX H 6emOHbi Ha cne14UaJlbHblX 3anOAHume-
/lJIX, Y.lI:OBJIeTBOpSiIOIl.(IIX Cnel(HaJIbHbIM TPe60BaHMSlM (3aIl.(IITa OT H3JIyqe-
IDIH, :>Kapo- H XHMHq CKH CTOHKHe If .lI:p.).
B JaBHCHMOCTIf OT TOOp.ll:eHMSI pa3.l1:eJISiIOT 6eTOHbI:
. m6epaelOl/.4Ue 6 ecmecm6eHHblX YC/l06URX;
· m6epiJelOl/.4Ue 6 YC/l06URX mefll106AaJICHOCmHOU o6pa60mKu npu amMocrjJep-
HOM aa6AeHuu;
· a6mOK.lla6HOZO m6epaeHUR, TOOp.ll:elOll{He B YCJIOBMSIX TeIDIOBJIa:>KHOCTHOH
o6pa6OT:KH rrpH .lI:aBJIeHHH BbIllie aTMocij>epHoro.
no YCJIOBMSIM TBep.ll:eHMSI (cnoc06y npOH3BO.ll:CTBa) pa3JIHQalOT 6emoHbi c
YfUlOmHeHueM 6u6pa14ueu, mpaM606aHHble, Aumble, 14eHmpurjJyzup06aHHble, noa-
60aHOZO m6epaeHUR, a TaIOKe 6u6p06emoHbl.
no Ha3HaQeHHIO pa3JIHQalOT KOHcmpYK14UOHHble H cne14UaJlbHbl.e 6emoHbl.
K KOHCTP}'KlI:lfOHHbIM 6erOHaM OTHOC5ITCSI:
· rjJyHaaMeHmHblU (06blrtHbIU), HCnOJIb3yeMbIH .D:JUI :>KeJIe306erOHHbIX KOH-
CTPYKIJ:HH (<t>)'H.lI:aMeHTOB, KOJIOHH, 6aJIOK, nepeKpbITIIH, CBO.ll:OB, MOCTOB
H .lI:p.);
· ZUapomexHUrteCKUU, HCnOJIb3yeMbIH .D:JUI TIJIOTIIH, llIJI1030B, 06JIHIJ:OBKH
KaHaJIOB, BO.ll:OnpoBO.ll:HO-KaHaJIHJaIJ:lfOHHbIX COOp}')KeHHH If .lI:p.;
· 06AUl(060rtHb1U, HCnOJIb3yeMbIH M5I CTeH 3,n:aHHH H JIerKHX nepeKpbITIIH
(maBHbIM 06Pa30M JIerKHH 6erOH);
· meflll0U30AR14UOHHbIU oc060 AeZKUU (neHO- H ra306erOHbI);
· aOpOJICHblU 6emOH, HCnOJIb3yeMbIH )lJUI nOJIOB, TP01yapoB, .lI:Opo:>KHbIX H
a3po.ll:pOMHbIX nOKpbITIIif.
CrreIJ:lfaJIbHbIe BH,D;bI 6eTOHOB pa3JIHQalOT KaK JlCapo- U XUMUrteCKU cmou-
Kue, aeKopamU6Hble, paaUa14UOHHO-3al/.4UmHble H .lI:p.
B JaBHCHMOCTII OT Ha3HaQeHMSI 6eTOHbI .lI:OJDKHbI Y.lI:OBJIeTBop5lTh CJIe.lJ:YlO-
II..{lfM TPOOOBaHMSlM:
301
. 6eTOHbI ,WI5I 06bIqHbIX }l(eJIe306erOHHbIX KOHC1])YKU:HH .aOJDKHbI HMeTh
3a,u;aHHyIO rrpoqHOCTh (rnaBHbIM 06pa30M rrpH C}I(aTIm), a,WI5I COOp}')KeHHH,
HaxOllSlmIIXCSI Ha OTl<pbITOM B03.ayxe, - MOp03OCTOMKHMH;
. 6eTOHbI ,WI5I rH,L:J:pOTeXHHqeCKHX COOp}')KeHHM .aOJDKHhI 06JIa,u;aTh BbICO-
KOM IIJIOTHOCThIO, .aOCTaTOqHOM rrpOqHOCThIO, MaJIOM ycaaKoM, MaJIbIM BhI-
.aeJIeHHeM TeTIJIOThI npH TBep.aeHHH, CTOMKOCThIO npm'HB BbImeJIaqIfBalOme-
ro .aeMCTBHSI <l>IDIh1])yIOmHX BO.a H B pSI.LI:e cnyqaeB CTOMKOCThIO no OTHOIIle-
HHIO K .aeMCTBHIO MHHepaJIH30BaHHhIX BO.a;
. 6eTOHbI ,WI5I CTeH OTaTIJIHBaeMhIX 3.aaHHH H JIerKHX nepeKphITIlM .aOJI}I(-
HbI HMeTh He60JIhIIlHe IIJIOTHOCTh H TeTIJIOnpoBo.aHOCTh, a TaIOKe npOqHOCTh
B COOTBeTCTBHII C rrpOeKTHbIM paCqerOM;
. 6eTOHbI ,WUI nOJIOB .aOJDKHbI xapaKTepH30BaThCSI MaJIOM H3HaruHBaeMo-
CThIO II .aOCTaTOqHOM npOqHOCThIO Ha H3rII6, a 6eTOHbI ,WISI .aopmKHbIX II
a3po.n;pOMHbIX nOKpbITHM - MOP03OCTOMKOCThIO.
KpOMe Toro, KO BCeM 6eTOHaM H 6eTOHHhIM CMeCSIM rrpe.n;'hSlBJISIIOTCSI CJIe-
.n:yromHe o6Il{He 1])e60BaHHSI:
· .ao TBep.aeHHSI 6eTOHHbIe CMeCH .aOJDKHhI JIerKO nepeMeIIlHBaThCSI, 1paHC-
noprnpOBaThCSI II }'KJIa,u;bIBaThCSI (T.e. 06JIaaaTh rro.aBIDKHOCThIO H y.ao6o-
}'KJIa,u;bIBaeMOCThIO), He paCCJIaHBaThCSI;
. 6eTOHbI .aOJDKHbI HMeTh onpe.aeJIeHHyIO CKOpOCTh TBep.aeHHSI B COOTBeT-
CTBHH C 3a,[(aHHhIMH CpOKaMH CIDITHSI orrarry6KH C H3.l{eJIHM IDIH KOHC1pYKlurtl;
. pacxo.a u:eMeHTa .aOJI}I(eH 6hITh MHHHMaJIhHhIM.
TIpH 3KCIIJIyaTIl.U:HH 6eTOHHbIX H3.l{eJIH:H H KOHC1])}'KI.I:HM KOpp03UJl 6emoHll
BbI3bIBaeTCSI rnaBHbIM 06pa30M pa3py:IIIeHHeM u:eMeHTHOrO KaMHSI B Pe3YJIhTa-
Te rrpOHHKHOBeHHSI arpeCCHBHoro BemeCTBa B TOJImy 6eTOHa. KOpp03HS1 6e-
TOHa oco6eHHO IIHTeHCHBHa rrpH rrOCT05IHHOM <l>IDIh1paU:HH TaKora BemeCTBa.
AHrnKOPpo3H:M:HaSI 3amlITa H3.l{eJIHH H KOHC1])YKIJ:HM H3 OOTOHa o6ecne-
qHBaeTCSI YBeJIHqeHHeM era TIJIOTHOCTH, TmaTeJIhHbIM no.a60poM COCTIl.Ba,
paU:HOHaJIhHOM }'KJIa,u;KOM H yruIOTHeHHeM 6eTOHHOM CMeCII, BBe.n;eHHeM B
31)' CMeCh KOMrrOHeHTOB, nOBbIIIlalOmHX KOppOOHOHHyJO CTOMKOCTh, II y.n;aJIe-
HHeM H3 Hee BemeCTB, cnoc06cTByIOIl{HX KOpp03IIH. IIIHpoKO HCnOJIh3yJOT
3amHTHbIe nOKpbITIDI, H30JIHpyIOIl{He COOp}')KeHHe H3 6eTOHa OT BHeIIlHeM
Cpe.D:bI. KpoMe Toro, H3MeHSllOT COCTaB Cpe,LJ;bI - BBOllSlT B Hee BemeCTBa,
3aMe,WUIlOmHe KOpp03HIO, IDIH y.n;aJISiIOT KOMnOHeHTbI, oc06o onaCHbIe B
KOpp03HOHHOM OTHOIIleHHH (HeM1paJIH3au:HSI, BO.n;OOTBO.n; II .n;p.).
T R JIC e fl bl e 6 em 0 H bl. TIDKeJIbIM 6eToH nOJIyqIDI HaH60JIee IIlIIpoKoe
rrpHMeHeHHe B c1])OlITeJIbCTBe. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BH,L:J:a KOHC1])YKU:HH IDII1
H3.n;eJIHSI H npe.n;'bSlBJISIeMbIX K HHM 1])e60BaHHM TIDKeJIbIM 6eToH .aOJI}I(eH
HMeTh orrpe.n;eJIeHHyIO npoqHOCTh H CTOMKOCTh B 3a,u;aHHhIX YCJIOBHSlX 3KC-
TIJIyaTIl.U:HH. CBOMCTBa 6eToHHoM CMeCII .n;OJDKHbI COOTBeTCTBOBaTh rrpHHSlThIM
302
crroco6aM ee }'KlIa,u;KH H ynrrOTHeHHSI H o6ecne-
qMIJaTh nO.rryqeHHe IIJIOTHOro 6eroHa, HMelOlI.{e-
ro XOpOIllee Cu;eIIJIeHHe C apMaTYPOM B }l(erre30-
6eroHHbIX KOHC'Ip}'Kll:HSIX H rrpe,n:oxpaHSlIOlI.{ero
ee OT KOpp03HH.
TIPOqHOCTh TIDKeJIOrO 6eroHa K onpe,n:e-
JIeHHOM}' CpOKy rrpH TBep,n:eHHH B HOpMaJIbHbIX
YCJIOBHSIX (TeMnepaTYPa 15...20°C H OTHOCH-
TeJIbHaSi BJIa}l(HOCTb OKp}')KalOlI.{erO B03,n:yxa
90...100%) 3aBHCHT rJIaBHbIM 06Pa30M OT ,n:BYX
<!>aKropoB: rrpoqHOCTH (aKTIIBHOcTH) eMeHTa
H 6ooou,eMeHmHozo omHOlUeHUfl.
Boi)oqeMellmllblM omllOUlellueM (BIll.) Ha-
3bIBalOT OTHOIlleHHe MaCCbI BO,n:bI K Macce u;e-
MeHTa B CBe}l(eH3rOTOBJIeHHOM 6eroHHoM CMeCH, npnqeM yqHTbIBaIOT TOJIb-
KO CB06o,n:HyIO, He nOrJIOlI.{eHHyIO 3arrOJIHHTeJISlMH BO,n:y.
TIPOqHOCTh 6eTOHa rrpSIMo rrponopu;HOHaJIbHa npoqHOCTH u;eMeHTa. 3a-
BHCHMOCTb npoqHOCTH 6eTOHa OT Bo,n:ou;eMeHTHoro COOTHOIlleHHSI 60JIee
CJIO)I(HaSI (HMeeT BM)], rnrrep60JIbI) H c06JIIO,n:aeTCSI JIHIllb B onpe,n:eJIeHHbIX
rrpe,n:errax nOCJIe,n:Hero: C }'MeHbIlleHHeM BIll. rrpoqHOCTh 6eTOHa He yreJIH-
qHBaeTCSI, a ,n:IDKe HaqHHaeT }'MeHbllIaTbCSI (pHC. 73), TaK KaK COKpalI.{eHHe
co,n:ep}l(aHHSI BO,n:bI HIDKe onpe,n:eJIeHHbIX rrpe.n:errOB BJIeqeT 3a C060M HenOJI-
HOTY rM)],paTau;HH H, CJIe,n:OBaTeJIbHO, nOHIDKeHHe rrpoqHOCTH 6eToHa.
TIPOqHOCTh 6eroHa xapaKTepH3yeTCSI ero MapKoM, KOTOpaSI onpe,n:errSleTCSI
npe,n:eJIOM npOqHOCrn npH C}I(aTHH, YCTaHOBJIeHHbIM CTaH)],apTHbIM MeTO-
,n:OM.,LLrrSi TIDKeJIbIX 6eToHoB rrpHMeHSlIOT MapKH M100, M150, M200, M250,
M300, M350, M400, M450, M500, M600.
MapKH 6eTOHa MOryT 6bITh orrpe,n:eJIeHbI TaIOKe H no rrpoqHOCTH Ha pac-
lIDKeHHe rrpH H3rH6e, HarrpHMep ,n:JHI TIDKeJIbIX 6eroHoB, rrpHMeHSleMbIX B
,n:OpO)I(HOM H a3po,n:pOMHOM C1pOHTeJIbCTBe. TIPOqHOCTh 6eTOHa rrpH H3rH6e
B HeCKOJIbKO pa3 MeHbIlle rrpOqHOCTH 6eTOHa rrpH C}I(aTHH, H ero MapKH Ha
paCTIDKeHHe rrpH H3rH6e MOryT 6bITh: M15, M20, M25, M30, M35, M40,
M45, M50, M55.
KaqeCTBO 6eToHa HeJIb3H ,n:OCTaTOqHO nOJIHO Ou;eHHTh no ero cpe,n:HeM
rrpOqHOCTH IDIH MapKe. Ha rrpaKTIIKe Bcer,n:a Ha6JIIO,n:aIOTCSI OTKJIOHeHHSI OT
3TOM BeJIHqHHbI, CBSl3aHHbIe C H3MeHeHHeM aKTIIBHOCTH u;eMeHTa, CBOMCTB
3anOJIHHTeJIeM, ,n:03HpoBKH MaTepHaJIOB H ,n:pyrHMH <l>aKropaMH, qTO rrpHBO-
,n:HT K HOO.D:HOpO,n:HOCTH C1pYKTYPbI. 'tJeM BbIIlle O,n:HOpO,n:HOCTh 6eToHa, TeM
C 60JIbIlleM Ha,u;e)I(HOCThIO nOJIyqalOT ero 3a,u;aHHyIO npOqHOCTh. K03<l><l>HU:H-
303
PRC. 73. 3aeucUMocmb npo'tHocmu 6emoHa om eeJlu- R Z8
'tUHbl eoiJou,eMeHmHo2o omHOUleHUJl
) B/4
eHT BapHaU:HH npoqHOCTH 6eTOHa KOJIe6JIeTCSI OT 0,05 ,n:o 0,2. BeJIHqJ{Ha ra-
paHTIIpOmiHHOH npOqHOCTH Ha C.>KaTHe C o6ecneqeHHOCThlO 0,95 (CT C3B
1406-78) xapmcrepH3yeTC5I KJIaCCaMH B1; B1,5; B2; B2,5; B3,5; B5; B7,5;
BlO; B12,5; B15; B20; B25; B30; B40; B45; B50; B55; B60. ,[LrrSi nepexo,n:a
OT KJIacca 6eTOHa B K cpe,n:HeH npoqHOCTH 6eTOHa (MTIa), KOTOpyIO KOHT-
poJIHpyIOT Ha npoH3Bo,n:CTBe, CJIe,n:yeT rrpHMeHSlTh <popM)'JIY:
R p = BIO,778. (26)
o ,n:e<PoPMa HoHHbIX CBOHCTBaX 6eTOHa rrpH rrpIDIO.>KeHHH Harp}'3KH CYMT
no ero Mo,n:ymo ,n:e<popMa HH (MO,n:YJIIO IOHra). Mo,n:YJIb ,n:$pMalum 6eTOHa
nOBbIIllaeTCSI C em npQqHOCThIO H COCTaBmleT M5I 6eTOHa MapKH M100 -
1900 MTIa, M500 - 4100 MTIa.
TIoJI3yqecTh 6eTOHa npOSlBmleTCSI B B.H,I:J:e He06paTIIMbIX ,n:$pMaIUdf, 003-
HHKalOli.{HX rrpH MHTeJIbHOM ,n:eHCTBHH nOCTOIDIHOH Harp}'3KH. YMeHbIlleHlIIO
nOJI3yqecTH cnoc06cTByIOT nOHIDKeHHe pacxo,n:a eMeHTa H Bo,n:o eMeHTHoro
OTHOIlleHMSI, nOBbIlIleHHe KpyrrHOCTII 3anOJIHHTeJIeH H YMeHbIlleHHe HX ,n:e-
<PoPMaU:HOHHbIX CBOHCTB, }'BemNeHHe B03paCTa 6eTOHa Hero rrpOqHOCTII.
TeMneparYPHblli Ko3<l:><pHIJ:HeHT JIHHeiffioro paCIIDIpeHHSl 6eTOHa B cpe.LI;HeM
COCTaBmleT 10. 10- 6 , qTO 6JIH3KO K Ko3<l:><pHu:Hemy JIIIHeHHOro pacIllHpeHIDI
CTaJIeH H cnoco6cTByeT COBMeCTHOH pa60Te 3TIIX MaTepHaJIOB B .>KeJIe306e-
TOHHbIX KOHC1])YKD:HSIX.
Bo,n:OHenpoHHu:aeMOCTh 6eToHa 3aBHCMT OT em IIJIOTHOCTII H C1])YKTYPbI.
6eToH MeJIKOnOpHcTOH C1pYKTYPbI H O,n:HOpO.LI;HOro COCTaBa, TII.J;aTeJIbHO YIIJIar-
HeHHbIH H ,n:OCTaTOqHO 3aTBep,n:eBIllHH npaKTIIqeCKH Bo.noHenpoHH aeM B
CJIOSIX 3HaqHTeJIbHOH TOJIli.{HHbI. ,L:LJrn KOHC1pYKI.J:HH, OT KOTOpbIX 1pooyeTCSI
Bo,n:oHenpoHH aeMOCTh, yCTaHOBJIeHbI MapKH: W2, W4, W6, W8, WlO, W12.
KOCTH, HMelOli.{He MaJIyIO BSl3KOCTh H IIJIOTHOCTh cyu.J:eCTBeHHO MeHbIlle
e,n:HHHI..{bI (KepocHH, 6eH3HH, CMa30tffibIe MaCJIa H ,n:p.), npoHHKalOT qepe3
6eToH, n03ToMY nOBepXHocTb 6eTOHa, rrpe,n:Ha3HaqeHHOrO MSI xpaHeHIDI
TIDKeJIbIX He<pTenpo.n.)'KToB, nOKpbIBalOT .>KH,L(KHM CTeKJIOM IDIH IIJIeHKaMH H3
IIJIaCTMacc.
Mopo30cTOHKOCTh 6eTOHa 3aBHCMT OT ero c1])OeHMSI, B qaCTHOCTII OT KO-
JIHqeCTBa KpyrrHbIX (6oJIee 10- 3 MM) nop, KOTopbIe 06Pa3yIOTCSI BO,n:OH, He
BCTyIIHBIlleH B XHMHqecKoe B3aHMo,n:eHCTBHe C eMeHTOM. ,L:LJrn KOHC1p)'K-
U:HH, no,n:BepralOli.{HXCSI B YBJIIDKHeHHOM COCTOSlHHH lUII<.JUNeCKH 3aMOpa.>KHBa-
HHIO H OTIamJaHHIO, YCTaHOBJIeHbI MapKH no MOpo30CTOHKOCTH: F 50, F 75,
F 100, F 150, F 200, F 300, F 400, F 500.
Y Ca,rJ,Ka 6eToHa rrp05lBmleTCSI rrpH TBep,n:eHHH B aTMoc<pepHbIX YCJIOBIDIX
IDIH rrpH He,n:OCTaTOqHOH BJIIDKHOCTII cpe,n:bI. B cpe,n:HeM 3a ro,n: YCa,rJ,Ka TIDKe-
JIoro 6eTOHa COCTaBJlSleT 0,0002...0,0004, rum 0,2...0,4 MM/M. YCa,LU<a yaeJIWIH-
BaeTCSI C B03paCTOM 6eTOHa H npH nOHIDKeHHH BJIIDKHOCTII OKp}'.>KaIOli.{ero
B03,n:yxa.
304
3auurry 6eTOHa OT KOpp03HH 06eCneQHBaIOT CJIe.n:yIOIIIHM 06Pa30M:
. npH,IJ;aIOT 6eTOHY nOBbIIIIeHHyIO TIJIOTHOCTb;
· ycrpaHBaIOT BO.n:OHenpOHHu;aeMyIO o6oJIOQKY BOKpyr 6eTOHa;
. BbI6HpaIOT u;eMeHT C MaJIbIM BbmeJIeHHeM CB06o.n:HOro rH,IJ;pOKCH,IJ;a .Ka.1Ib-
U;IDI H C HH3KHM cO.n:epXaHHeM TpeXKaJIbU;HeBOrO aJIIOMHHaTa (llIJIaKOnOp1'JIaHJJ:-
u;eMeHT, CYJIb<paTOCTOHKHe u;eMeHTbI, rJIHH03eMHCTbIH u;eMeHT H .n:p.);
. nOKpbIBaIOT KHCJIOTOynOpHbIMH TIJIHTKaMH HJIH KaMIDIMH, BbillOXeHHbIMH
Ha KHCJIOTOynOpHOM u;eMeHTe.
T R JIC e fl bl e 6 em 0 H bl C n e l{ u a fl b H 0 Z 0 H a 3 H a II e H U R. BbICOKO-
npOIlHblU 6emoH (npoqHOCThIO 60...100 MTIa) nOJIyqalOT Ha OCHOBe QeMeHTa
BbICOKHX MapoK (BbIlIle 400), npOMbIToro neCKa H I.l{e6HS1 rrpoqHOCThIO He
HIDKe 100 MTIa. TIpH rrpHroTOBJIeHHH TaKoro 6eToHa HCrrOJIb3YI<>T 60JIb-
IllOM, HHor,n:a npe,n:eJIbHbIM, pacxo,n: u:eMeHTa, rrpe,n:eJIbHO HH3Koe Bo,n:OQe-
MeHTHOe OTHOlIleHHe, cyrrepTIJIaCTlI<l>HKaTopbI, oco60 TIUaTeJIbHbIe nepeMe-
IllHBaHHe H yruIOTHeHHe 6eTOHHOM CMeCH H yxo,n: 3a 6eToHoM, pa3JIMqHbIe
cnoco6bI nOBbIlIleHHSI aKTHBHOCTH QeMeHTa H KaqeCTBa 6eToHa (aKTHBaQIIIO
QeMeHTa, BH6poaKTHBaQHIO 6eTOHHOM CMeCH H ,n:p.).
BbI.D:eJIeHHe TeTIJIOTbI H yCa,rJ,Ka 6eTOHa, CBSl3aHHbIe C TBep,n:eHHeM Qe-
MeHTa H BbI3bIBalOI.l{He BHyrpeHHHe HarrpIDKeHHSI B 6eTOHe, B03paCTaIOT C
YBeJIHqeHHeM pacxo,n:a QeMeHTa, n03TOMY ,Ll)lSI MaCCHBHbIX COOp}')KeHHM ero
KOJIIIqeCTBO Heo6xo,n:HMO oc06eHHo orpaHHqHBaTh. MaKcHMaJIbHO ,n:OnyCTH-
Mbrn pacxo,n: QeMeHTa B BbICOKOnpOqHOM 6eTOHe )lJUI MaCCHBHbIX COop}')Ke-
HHM He ,n:OJDKeH npeBbIlIlaTh rrpH rrpHMeHeHIDI 06bJqHOro nOpTJIaH.lU-I:eMeHTa
375 Kr/M\ a BO Bcex OCTaJIbHbIX CJIyqaSIX - 500 Kr/M 3 .
3anOJIHHTeJIH BbICOKOnpOqHOrO 6eToHa ,n:omKHbI 6bITh qHCThIMH H 06JIa-
,n:aTh XOpOIllHM 3epHoBbIM cocTaBoM H MaJIOM nycTOTHOCTblO. B KaqeCTBe
KpyrrHOro 3anOJIHIITeJUI rrpHMeHSleTCSI q,paKl(HOHHbIM I.l{e6eHb H3 TIJIOTHbIX H
npOqHbIX ropHbIX nopo,n:. TIpe,n:eJI rrpOqHOCTH rrpH C.>KaTIrn HCXO,n:HbIX KaMeH-
HbIX nop<J.D: ,n:OJDKeH 6bITh He MeHee 100 MTIa ,LI)I5I H300p.>KeHHbIX H 80 MTIa
.LLJISI OCa,rJ,OqHbIX nopo,n:. TIecoK ,LI)I5I BbICOKonpoqHOrO 6eTOHa ,n:OJDKeH HMeTh
rrYCTOTHOCTb He 60JIee 40%.
Eblcmpomeepi)elOl/.4UU 6emoH - 6eTOH, 06JIa,rJ,aIOIIIHM OTHOCHTeJIbHO BbI-
COKOM npoqHOCTblO B paHHeM B03paCTe (1...3 CyrOK) rrpH TBep,n:eHHH B HOp-
MaJIbHbIX YCJIO.BHSlX. ,LLrrSi nOJIyqeHHSI TaKoro 6eTOHa HCnOJIb3yeTCSI 6bIC1pO-
rnep,n:elOJ:.I.{Hit QeMeHT, a TalOKe rrpHMeIDllOTCSI pa3JIWIHbIe cnoc06bI YCKopeHHSl
TBep,n:eHHSI QeMeHTa: CHIDKeHHe 3HaqeHHM Bo,n:OQeMeHTHoro COOTHOlIleHHSI
II }KeCTKOM QeMeHTHOM CMeCH, BBe,n:eHHe ,n:06aBoK - YCKOplITeJIeM TBep,n:eHHSI
(CaC1 2 , HHXK II ,n:p.), cyxoe IDIH MOKpoe ,n:OMaJIbIBaHHe QeMeHTa C ,n:06aB-
JIeHHeM rnrrca (2...5% MaCCbI u:eMeHTa), BH6ponepeMelIlHBaHHe IDIH BH6po-
aK'mBaQHSI u:eMeHTHOrO paCTBopa. HaIDIyqIllHe pe3yJIbTaThI no.rryqalOTCSI rrpH
npOBe,n:eHIDI KOMTIJIeKCa MeporrpHSlTHM.
EemOHbl OM OOpOJICHblX U a3poopoMHbLX nOKpblmuu ,n:omKHbI HMeTh COOT-
BeTCTBYI<>IIIYIO npoqHOCTh Ha H3rH6, TaK KaK OCHOBHbIMH paCqeTIIbIMH Ha-
305
rrpIDKeHHSlMH rrpH HX HCnOJIb30BaHHH SlBJUIIOTCSI HarrpIDKeHHSI H3rH6a. KpOMe
TOrO, TaKHe 6eTOHbI .n;OmKHbI o6JIa,u;aTh .n;OCTaTOtJHOM MOp03OCTOMKOCThIO.
,[LJrn .nopo)I(Hom 6eTOHa rrpHMeHSIIOT nOpTJIaH.UueMeHT BbICOKHX MapOK,
KatJeCTBeHHbIe BbICOKOnpOtJHbIe 3anOJIHHTeJIH - lI.{e6eHb KpynHOCThIO .n;o
40 MM H tJHCThIM rreCOK, tJro YJIyqllIaeT Cu;eTIJIeHHe u;eMeHTHoro KaMHSI C 3a-
rrOJIHIITeJIeM H o6ecnetJHBaeT Heo6xo.n;HM}'IO rrpotJHOCTh Ha H3rn6. ,l],OJIroBetJ-
HOCTh 6eToHa .n;OCTIIraeTCSI orpaHlf1leHHeM Bo.n;ou;eMeHTHoro COOTHOllIeHHSI,
Koropoe .n;OJDKHO 6bITh He 60JIee 0,5 .z:urn CypOBOro, 0,53 .z:urn }'MepeHHoro H
0,55 .wrn MSlrKom KJIHMaTa.
TIoBbIllIeHHIO .n;OJIrOBetJHOCTII .n;opo)I(Horo 6eToHa cnoc06cTBYeT npHMe-
HeHHe TIJIaCTml>HUHpoBaHHbIx H m-.r:r:po<!>06HbIX ueMeHTOB H B03.nyxOBOBJIe-
KalOlI.{HX .n;o6aBoK.
MeJlK03epHucmbiu 6emoH OTJIWlaeTCSI 60JIbllIHM co.n;ep)l(aHHeM ueMeHTHoro
KaMHSI, n03ToMY ero yca,u;Ka II nOJI3yqecTb HeCKOJIbKO BbIlile. CBOMCTBa
MeJIK03epHHcToro 6eToHa onpe.n;eJISIIOTCSI TeMH )l(e <!>m<TOpaMH, tJTO H 06bItJ-
Hom. O.n;HaKo KatJeCTBO neCKa OKa3bIBaeT 60JIee 3aMeTHOe (Ha 25...30%)
BJIHSlHHe Ha npotJHOCTh. MeJIKo3epHHcThIM 6eToH 06JIa,u;aeT nOBbIllIeHHOM
npotJHOCThIO Ha - H3rH6, xopollIeM Bo.noHerrpoHHu:aeMOCThIO II MOp03OCTOM-
KOCThIO.
MeJIK03epHHCTble 6eTOHbI lIIHpOKO npHMeHHIOTCH npH H3rOTOBJIeHHH CHJIH-
KaTHbIX H3.n;eJIHit TaKOll 6eTOH, He co.n;ep:>KalllHll ll.{e6ID1, HCnOJIb3yIOT )J)IH H3ro-
TOBJIeHHH TOHKOCTeHHbIX :>KeJIe306eTOHHbIX KOHC'rp}'Kll:Hll. ApMHPYH 3TOT 6eTOH
CTaJIbHbIMH TKaHbIMH ceTKaMH, nOJIyqaIOT apMOl{eMenm - BbICOKOnpOqHbIll Ma-
TepHaJI MH TOHKOCTeHHbIX KOHC'rp}'Kll:Hll.
B nOJIeBbIX YCJIOBIDIX B palloHax, r.n;e OTCyrCTByIOT ll.{e6eHb H rpaBHllHo-nec-
qaHaH CMeCb, MeJIK03epHHCTbIll 6eTOH MO:>KHO HCnOJIb30BaTh MH H3rOTOBJIeHIDI
:>KeJIe306eTOHHbIX KOHC'rp}'Kll:Hll, a npH OTCyrCTBHH xopolliero ll.{e6ID1 - )J)IH .n;o-
pO:>KHOrO C'rpOHTeJIbCTBa, 'rpy6, m.n;pOTeXHHqeCKMX KOHC'rp}'Kll:Hll.
BOaOHenpOHUl{aeMbIU 6emoH - KOHC'I'p}'KUlfOHHbIM 6eTOH, He nporrycKa-
IOlI.{HM BO.n;y npH .n;aBJIeHHH OT 0,2 MTIa H BbIllIe. Bo.n;oHerrpoHHu:aeMOCTh
6eTOHa 3aBHCHT OT pa3MepoB H KOJIHtJeCTBa Coo6lI.{aIOIUHXCSI nop II KamUI-
JISipOB. OCHOBHbIMH cnoc06aMH nOBbIllIeHHSI BO.n;OHenpoHHu:aeMocm SlBJISI-
IOTC5I:
· }'MeHbllIeHHe Bo.n;ou:eMeHTHoro OTHOllIeHHSI;
· YBeJIHtJeHHe pacxo.n;a u;eMeHTa H TOHKOCTH ero nOMOJIa;
· npHMeHeHHe crreumUlbHbIX pacurnpSlIOlI.{HXC5I, rJIHH03eMHCThIX H .n;py-
rHX u;eMeHTOB;
· BBe.n;eHHe .n;o6aBoK (TOHKOMOJIOThIX, ynrrOTHSIIOlI.{HX, TIJIaCTII<!>HU:IIPyro-
lI.{IIX, B03.n;yxoBOBJIeKalOlI.{HX, KOMTIJIeKCHbIx);
· HCnOJIb30BaHHe cneU:HaJIbHbIX MeTO.n;OB ynrrOTHeHHSI 6eTOHHOM CMeCH;
· o6ecnetJeHHe cneU:HaJIbHbIX YCJIOBHM TBep.n;eHHSI, nOBbIllIalOlI.{HX CTe-
neHb rn.n.paTaU:HH u:eMeHTa (HanpIIMep, BO.n;oreTIJIOBOM 06pa6oTKoM).
306
,L:(Jrn TIDKeJIbIX 6eTOHOB npe,n:YCM01peHbI MapKlI (CHMll 11-21-75) no BO,n:O-
HenpOHHl(aeMOCTH: W 2, W 4, W 6, W 8, W 10, W 12. Bo,n:oHenpoHHuae-
MbIM 6eToH npHMeHSleTCSI B IllaxTHOM, rH.LJ:poreXHHQeCKOM, 1])aHcnopTHOM
C1])OHTeJIbCTBe H ,n:p.
)/(apocmouKue 6emoHbi coxpaHSIIOT <l>H3HKO-XHMHQeCKlIe CBOMCTBa npH
,l])IJITeJIbHOM B03.D:eMCTBHH BbICOKHX TeMrrepa1YP (06bJqHo B npe,n:eJIax 1600°C).
BSI}I(}'lI.I:HMH BeIl{eCTBaMH ,n:JISI >KapOCTOMKHX 6eToHoB CJI}')KaT nOpTJIaH,n:-
u:eMeHT, rJIHH03eMHCThIM ueMeHT, )lGf,L(KOe CTeKJIO H ,n:p.; 3arrOJIHHTeJISlMH -
,lIp06JIeHbIe orHeyrropHbIe IDIH 'fYI'OTIJIaBKlIe ropHbIe nopo,n:bI IDIH HCKYCCT-
BeHHbIe MaTepHaJIbI.
BbI60p MaTepHaJIOB .D:JISI :>KapOCTOMKoro 6eToHa npoH3BOMT B 3aBHCH-
MOCTH OT YCJIOBHM H TeMnepa1)'pbI em 3KCTIJIyaTaUHH (Ta6JI. 9). ,[LJrn YJIyq-
IlleHHSI O,n:HOpo,n:HOCTH H >KapOCTOMKOCTH nOBbIIllalOT co,n:ep:>KaHHe MeJIKOrO
3anOJIHHTeJISI.
To6/1Ul{o 9
BbiOOp cocma6a 3ICapocmouKux oemon06
npe.neJThHasI
TeMIIepaT}'Pa
CJIy)K6bI6eTO- TOHKOMOJIOTasI Me.1IKHH H KpynHbIH CTa6HJIH3aTOp COCTaB
Ha, .C, npH .n06aBKa 3anOJDiHTeJrn HJIH ,ll;06aBKa CQ:.D::n:IQ)
O,aHOCTOPOH- )l)UI TBep,aeHIDI
HeM HarpeBe
Bemon no nopmJIoniJl{eMenme
1700 XpOMHT H Marne3HT XpOMHT <I>OC<PoPHTHasI 1: 1:3:3,5
(30 Kr/M 3 ) MYKa
1100 llIaMOT, JIecc llIaMOT - 1:1:1:1,5:1,5
700 :QeMIDrKa, neM3a, Bon rJIHIDlHoro - 1:1:2:2
,aOMeHHbrn rpaHY- KHIIIDl'la, 6a3aJThT,
lIHpOBaHHbrn lIIJIaK .l{Ha6a3, aH,l(e3HT
350 - Da3aJThT, aH,l(e3HT, - 1:3:3
.l{Ha6a3
Bemon no 3ICUiJKOM cmeKfle
1400 Marne3HT DOH MaI"He3HToBoro KpeMHe$r0pH- 1:2:2:4
KHPITHqa CThlH Ha1'pHif
(20 Kr/M 3 )
1000 XpOMHT XpOMHT To xe 1:2:2,5:4
(30 - 40 Kr/M 3 )
900 llIaMOT llIaMOT To xe 1:1,5:1,5:2
600 llIaMOT, aH,l(e3HT, Da3aJThT, .l{Ha6a3, To xe 1:1,5:2:3
.l{Ha6a3 aH,l(e3HT
Bemon no 2IlUH03eMUCmOM l{eMeHme
1400 - XpOMHT - 1:3:3
307
TIJIOTHOCTh CBe}l(eYJIO}l(eHHbIX }l(apoCTOHKMX 6eTOHOB 3aBHCHT OT BH,I:J:a
HanOJIHHTeJISI H COCTaBJUler 1800...3000 Kf/M3. IIrrOTHOCTb CyxHX 6eTOHOB
no cpaBHeHHIO C nJIOTHOCTblO CBe}l(eYJIO}l(eHHbIX MeHbIIIe nplfMepHO Ha
150...200 Kf/M 3 .
MHHHMaJIbHO .lI:OnyCTlIMaSI MapKa 6eToHa Ha nOPTJIa.H,L(l{eMeHTe H fJllI-
H03eMHCTOM ueMeHTe - M250, 6eTOHa Ha OM CTeKJIe - M150. TIpH
Harpeae npOqHOCTh CHIDKaeTCSI (nocJIe .D:JIHTeJIbHOfO HarpeBa .lI:O npe.n:eJIb-
HOH TeMnepaT)'pbI CJI}')K6bI OHa COCTaBJISIer He 60JIee 3...4 MTIa .D:JI5I 6erOHa
Ha nOPTJIaH,IJ;ueMeHTe H 7...9 - .LLJISI 6erOHa Ha }l(lf)J;KOM CTeKJIe).
)KapocTOMKMe 6eTOHbI npHMeIDllOTCH npH coop)')KeHHH .n;bIMOBbIX 'l'py6, <l>YH-
.n;aMeHTOB .n;OMeHHbIX neqeM, TenJIOBbIX npoMbIllUIeHHbIX arperaTOB H T.n. BeTOHbI
Ha KOM CTeKJIe He npHMeHHIOT B YCJIOBHHX qaCTOro B03.n;dtCTBHH BO.n;bI,
i : 6eTOHbI Ha nOp1'JIa:ww.eMeHTe - B YCJIOBIDIX KHCJIOM arpeCCHBHOM CpellbI. AnH
6eTOHOB, HCnbITbIBalOll.{HX TenJIOBOH Yllap, He HCnOJIb3yIOT MarHe3HTOBbIH 3a-
nOJIHHTeJIb, HMelOlI.{HM BblCOKMM TeMnepa'I)'pHbIH K03<l><l>HI.{HeHT JIHHeHHoro pac-
llIHpeHHH, a TaIOKe orpaHHqHBalOT MaKCHMaJIbHbIM pa3Mep lI.{e6HH (10...20 MM).
BeToHbI Ha nOpTJIaW:U.J;eMeHTe pa3HbIX COCTaBOB HCnOJIb3}'IOTCH npH ollim-
CTopOHHeM HarpeBe C npelleJIbHOH TeMnepa'I)'pOH 1700.C, Ha fJIHH03eMHCTOM
ueMeHTe H )f(H,lfKOM CTeKJIe - .n;o 1400.C.
KUC/lomoynopHblu 6emoH H3fOTaBJrn:BaIOT H3 KlfCJIOTOynOpHOfO u:eMeHTa,
3aTBOpIDI efO }l(lf)J;KIfM CTeKJIOM, HCnOJIb3YSI B KaqeCTBe .lI:06aBOK KpeMHe<tm>-
pHCThIH Ha'l'pHH: Na 2 SiF 6 , MOJIOTbIH KBapueBbIH neCOK H KlfCJIOTOynopHbIe
3anOJIHIITeJIH. Ero TBep.ll:eHHe npOHCXO.ll:HT B TeTIJIOH B03.lJ:Y1l1HO-CYXOH cpe.ll:e.
BO.ll:a H CJIa6bIe KlfCJIOThI nOCTeneHHO pa3pyrnalOT TaKoH 6eToH; .lI:eHCTBIfIO
KOHueH'l'pHpoBaHHbIx KlfCJIOT OH conpOTlfBJUleTCSI XOpOIIIO, HO paCTBOpbl lI.{e-
JIOqeH JIefKO pa3pyrnalOT efO.
KHCJIOTOynOpHbIH 6eToH ycnelliHo 3aMeHSIeT B XHMWlecKoH npOMbIIlIJIeH-
HOCTH 60JIee .lI:OpOfHe KOHC'I'p}'KIUIoHHbIe MaTepHaJIbl - JIHCTOBOH cBHHeu,
KlfCJIOTOynOpHyIO KepaMHKY, TecaHbIH KaMeHb H .lI:p.
EemoH aJlJl 3al/.4Umbl om paaUOaKmU6HOZO 6030eucm6Ufl XapaKTepH3yeTCSI
CTeneHblO 3alI.{JITbI OT raMMa- II HeHTpoHHoro H3JIyqeHHSI, npe.ll:CTaBJUlIOlI.{ero
HaH6oJIbIIIYIO onaCHOCTh .D:JISI )KIfBbIX opraHH3MOB. CTeneHb 3alI.{HThI 3aBHCHT
OT TIJIOTHOCTH orpIDK,ll;eHHSI H ero TOJIlI.{HHbI.
B 6eTOHe .D:JISI 3alI.{HThI OT pa.l{HOaKTHBHOfO B03,UeHCTBHSI B KaqeCTBe 3a-
nOJIHHTeJIeH nplfMeHSIIOT MaTepHaJIbI C BbICOKOH TIJIOTHOCTbIO - 6apHT, Maf-
HerHT, JIHMOHHT, a TaIOKe MeramIHqeCKlfH CKpan B BH,I:J:e qyryHHOH .lI:P06H,
06pe3KOB apMaT)'pHOfO nOJIOCOBOro H npo<l>RTIHpOBaHHoro MeTaJIJIa, MeTaJI-
JIHqeCKOH CTp}')KKH H .lI:p.
TIPH npHfOTOBJIeHHH oco60 TIDKeJIbIX 6erOHOB.D:JISi 3alI.{JITbI OT pa,u;HOaK-
THBHOfO B03j.(eHCTBHSI B KaqeCTBe BIDK)'Il{HX BelI.{eCTB npHMeHSllOT nopTJIaH,IJ;-
ueMeHThI, IIIJIaKOnOpTJIaH,IJ;ueMeHThI H fJIHH03eMHCThIe ueMeHThI.
/(eKopamU6Hble 6emoHbi no.rryqalOT BBe.n:eHHeM B 6eTOHHyIO CMeCb lI.{eJIoqe-
H CBeTOCTOHKlfX nHfMeHTOB (OXpbI, cypHKa H .lI:p.) B KOJIHqeCTBe 8...10%
308
OT MacChI ueMeHTa (WIll UBeTHbIX ueMeHTOB). B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT COCTaBa
H Ha:matJeHHSI ,n:eKOparnBHbIe 6eTOHbI MO)I(HO no,n:pa3,n:eJIMTh Ha ij6emHbie
H 6emOHbl, UMUmUpYIOU{ue npUpOOHble lWMHU IDIH 06JIa,u;alOIl.{He oco60 BbIpa-
3HTeJIhHOM CTPYKTYPOM.
B UBeTHbIX 6eTOHaX HCnOJIb3yroT qHCTbIe KBapueBbIe neCKH, :>KeJIaTeJIbHO
CBeTJIbIX OTIeHKOB 6e3 npHMeCH qaCTHU H3 OKCH.D:OB :>KeJIe3a, KOTOpbIe OKpaUIH-
BaIOT neCKH H 6eTOHbI B CepbIH UBeT. B KaqeCTBe KpynHbIX 3anOJIHHTeJIeH MOIyr
npHMeIDITbCH CBeTJIbIH H3BeCTIDIK H .lI.01I0MIIT. B OT.lI.eJIbHbIX cnyqasIX HCnOJIb3yIOT
3anOJIHHTeJIH, 06JIa.n:aIOIUHe He06xo.ll.HMbIM UBeTOM, HanpHMep TY<l>bI, KpaCHbIe
KBapUlITbI, M}JaMOp H .lI.pyme OKpaIIIeHHbIe ropHbIe nOpO.ll.bI.
B 6eTOHax, HMHTHpyroIUHX npHpO.ll.HbIe KaMHH, CneUHaJIbHbIe npHeMbI no-
3BOJIHIOT 06HIDKHTb 3anOJIHHTeJIb H BbIHBHTb CTpYKTYPY 6eTOHa. ,lI,JIH nonyqeHHH
He06xo.ll.HMOH .lI.eKOpaTHBHOCTH nOMHMO 6eJIoro ueMeHTa H COOTBeTCTByroIUHX
nHrMeHTOB H .lI.06aBOK HCnOJIb3yroT MeJIKHH H KpynHbIH 3anOJIHHTeJIH, KOTopbIe
n03B01IHIOT nOJIyqHTb COOTBeTCTByroIUyro CTpYKTYPY MaTepHaJIa. 3anOJIHHTeJIHMH
B :nOM CJIyqae MOryr 6bITb .n;p06JIeHbIe MpaMOp, rpaHHT, 6a3aJIbT, CJIIO.n;a, UBeT-
HOe CTeKJIO H .lI.pyme MaTepHaJIbI.
TIPH He06xo.ll.HMOCTH nOBepXHOCTb 6eTOHa MO:>KeT no.n;BepraTbCH CneUHaJIb-
HOH 06pa6OTKe (UlJIH<l>oBKe H nOJIHpOBKe) .lI.1IH nonyqeHHH BbIP83HTeJIbHOH .lI.e-
KopaTHBHOH <l>aKTYPbI. B CTpOHTeJIbCTBe IIIHpOKO npHMeHHIOT H3.n;eJIHH co
BCKpbITOH CTpyKTYPOH 3anOJIHHTeJIH, HanpHMep rpaHHTHOrO IUe6ID1, KOTOpyro
nOJIyqalOT HaHeceHHeM Ha nOBepXHOCTb 6eTOHa HJIH Ha nOBepXHOCTb <l>OPMbI, B
KOTOpOH npOHCXO.ll.HT 6eTOHHpOBaHHe H3.l1.eJIHH, CneUHaJIbHbIX COCTaBOB, npoHH-
KalOIUHX B nOBepXHOCTHbIe CJIOH 6eTOHa H 3aMe.ll.1IHIOIUHX TBep.n;eHHe ueMeHTHO-
ro KaMHH. B pe3YJIbTaTe nOBepXHOCTHbIH CJIOH ueMeHTHoro KaMIDI CTaHOBHTCH
CJIa6bIM H JIerKO Y.lI.aJIHeTCH BO.n;HHOH CTpyeH BbICOKoro .lI.aBJIeHHH, :>KeCTKHMH
I1{eTKaMH HJIH neCKOCTpyHHOH 06pa6OTKOH.
.D:eTaJIH H3 .lI.eKOpaTHBHoro 6eTOHa XOpOIliO COqeTalOTCH C .lI.pymMH MaTepHa-
JIaMH:' KaMHeM, 3MaJIHpOBaHHOH CTaJIblO, TIJIaCTHKOM.
JIeZKUJHU 6emOHtlMU Ha3bIBaIOT Bce B.H,lJ:bI 6eTOHOB, HMelOIl.{IIX cpe)J.HIOIO
IIJIOTHOCTh B B03,n:ynIHO-CYXOM COCTO.SlHHM - OT 200 )J.O 2000 KT/M 3 . B JIer-
KHX 6eroHax npHMeHSlIOT nOpHCThIe 3anOJIHHTeJIH.
fJIaBHbIe Tpe60BaHHH, npe.ll.'bHBJIHeMbIe K JIerKOMY 6eToHY, - 3a.l1,aHHaH
Cpe.ll.IDIH TIJIOTHOCTb, He06xo.ll.HMaJI npOqHOCTb K onpe.ll.eJIeHHOMY CpOI(}' TBep.n;e-
HIDI, nOHH:)KeHHaJI TeTIJIOnpOBO.ll.HOCTb H .lI.OJIrOBeqHOCTb (CTOHKOCTb).
CTPYKTYPa JIerKoro 6eToHa <l>opMHpyeTCSI npH yqacTHH <l>H3HtJecKHX H
XHMHtJeCKHX npoueCCOB, np0TeKalOIl.{HX B MecTax KOHTaKTOB rropHcToro
3epHa 3arrOJIHHTeJISI C ueMeHTHbIM TeCTOM H KaMHeM. UeMeHTHOe TeCTO
rrpoHHKaeT B nOBepXHOCTHhle nopbI 3epHa, rrpH 310M 3epHO OTCaCbIBaeT HeKO-
Topoe KOJIHtJecTBO BO,n:bI H3 rrpIDIeralOIl.{erO K HeMY CJIO.Sl ueMeHTHoro TeCTa,
nOHIDKaSi B/U, n03TOM}' B 6eTOHe IIJIOTHOM CTPYKTYPhI KIDK.D:oe nopHcroe
3epHO OKp}')KeHO KOHTaKTHbIM CJIOeM. CueIIJIeHHe BIDK}'Il.{ero BeIl.{eCTBa C
rrOpHCThIM 3anOJIHHTeJIeM, 06YCJIOBJIeHHOe MexaHHtJeCKHM 3aIl.{eMJIeHHeM
309
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I
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"
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ueMeHTHoro KaMHSI B nopax 3epHa, B03paCTaeT BCJIe.D:CTBHe XHMHqeCKoro
B3aHMO.D:eHCTBHSI KOHTaKTIIpyroIl{HX <!>a3.
BOnbllIHHCTBO nOpHCTbIX 3anOnHHTeneH (KepaM3HT, arnOnOpHT H .n:p.)
cO.n:ep.>KaT aMOp<pHbIM Si0 2 , CnOC06HbIM XHMlflIeCKH peampOBaTh C Ca(OH)2'
06pa3YlOIl.{HMCH npH rH.n:paTaUHH ueMeHTa, qTO npHBO.n:HT K 06pa30BaHHIO
Ha nOBepXHOCTH KOHTaKTa HepaCTBOpHMOrO B BO.n:e I'H.lI:pOCHJIHKaTa KMbUHH
CaO' Si0 2 ' nH 2 0, ynPOqHHlOll.{erO KOHTaKTHbIM CnOM «nOpHCTOe 3epHO - ue-
MeHTHbIM KaMeHb». BOT noqeMY 6eToH Ha nopHCTOM 3anonHHTene (B KOTOpOM
75...80% o6'beMa 3anonHeHO nopHCThIMH 3epHaMH) He nponYCKaeT BO.n:y H )!{H.lI;-
KOCTH .n:a.>Ke npH 60nbllIOM O,ll;HOCTOpOHHeM .n:alilleHHH H OKa3bIBaeTCH .n:OCTaTOq-
HO MOp030CTOMKHM. 3TOT .>Ke 3<l><peKT 06eCneqHBaeT Heo6xo.n:HMYIO 3all.{HTY OT
KOpp03HH CTMbHOM apMaTYPbI, qTO nOOBOIDIeT B 06bl'iHbIX ycnoBHHX 3KcnnyaTa-
UHH He npHMeHHTb cneUHMbHbIX 3all.{HTHbIX Mep no ee coxpaHeHHIO.
JIenrne 6eTOHbI KJIaCCH<l>HUHpyroT no pa3JIHqHbIM npH3HaKaM: no n.Jlom-
Hocmu, 6UOaM 6flJICYU4ezo 6eU4ecm6a H 3anOflHUmeAfl, cmpYKmype, men.Jlonpo-
600Hocmu, 600oHenpoHU14aeMOCmu, npOrtHOCmu, Mop030cmOUKocmu H OCH06HOMY
Ha3HarteHUlO.
no TIJIOTHOcrn B CYXOM COCTOSlHHH JIeI'KHe 6eTOHbI nO.D:pa3.D:eJISiIOT Ha
MapIrn, KTIM 3 : D 200; D 300; D 400; D 500; D 600; D 700: D 800; D 900:
D 1000; D 1100; D 1200; D 1300; D 1400; D 1500; D 1600; D 1700;
D 1800; D 1900; D 2000.
no B BIDKYWerO BeweCTBa JIeI'KHe 6eTOHbI MOryr 6bITb BbillOJIHeHbI Ha
OCHOBe ueMeHTHbIX, H3BeCTKOBbIX, IIJJIaKOBbIX, nmCOBbIX, nOJIHMepHbIX, 06-
.>KJiTOBbIX H .D:pyrHX BIDKYWHX MaTepHaJIOB.
no B KpyrriIoro nopHcToro 3aIIOJIHHTeJISi YCTaHOBJIeHbI CJIe.D:YIDIl{Jie
BH.D:bI JIeI'KHX 6eToHoB: KepaM3um06emoH, zuYH2U3umo6emoH, aZllonopumo6emoH,
lUflaKoneM306emoH, nepflumo6emoH, 6emoH Ha U4e6He U3 nopucmblX ZOpHblX no-
poo, 6epMuKYflum06emoH, lUflaK06emoH (6eTOH Ha TOTIJIHBHOM IDIH nopHCTOM
OTBaJIbHOM MeTa.JI1IYPrwIeCKOM IIJJIaKe), 6emoHbi Ha aZllonopumo60M IDIH 3Oflb-
HOM zpa6UU.
no CTPYKType pa3JIHQalOT flflomHble, nopU306aHHble H KpynHonopucmble
6emoHbl.
TeTIJIOnpOBO.D:HOCTh JIeI'KHX 6eTOHOB (0,15...0,75 BT/(M' °C» 3aBHCHT B
OCHOBHOM OT TIJIOTHOCTJi H BJIIDKHOCTJi. YBeJIHQeHHe 06'beMHoH BJIIDKHOCTII
JIerKOrO 6eTOHa Ha 1% nOBbIlliaeT ero TeTIJIOnpoBO.D:HOCTh Ha 0,016...0,035
BT/(M . °C).
,LLrrSi JIerKHX 6eTOHOB Ha nopHCTOM 3anOJIHHTeJIe YCTaHOBJIeHbI MapIrn no
MaKCHMaJIbHOMY .D:aBJIeHHIO, npM KOTOpoM OHH ewe He nporrycKalOT BO.D:Y
(BO.D:OHenpOHHuaeMocrn), Mna: W 0,2; W 0,4; W 0,6; W 0,8; W 1; W 1,2.
BO.D:OHenpOHHuaeMOCTh TIJIOTHbIX JIerIrnX 6eTOHoB MO.>KeT 6bITh BbICOKOH.
npOQHOCTh JIerKoro 6eTOHa 3aBHCMT OT MapIrn ueMeHTa, BO.D:ou:eMeHTHoro
OTHOllIeHHSI (pHC. 74) H npOQHOCTM IIOpHCTOro 3anOJIHHTeJISI.
310
OCHOBHbIM nOKa3aTeJIeM rrpOqHOCTII JIerKOrO
6eTOHa SlBJISleTCSI ero KJIaCC no npOqHOCTII npH
C}IGlTHH. Y CTaHOBJIeHbI CJIe.n.yIOllJ,He KJIaCCbI, Ml1a:
B 2; B 2,5; B 3,5; B 5; B 7,5; B 10; B 12,5;
B 15; B 17,5; B 20; B 22,5; B 25; B 30; B 40;
.! 0,8
,WISI TeIIJIOH30JISlU:HOHHbIX 6eTOHOB rrpe,n:YCMOT- 0,7
peHbI, KpOMe TOro, KJIaCCbI: B 0,35; B 0,75; B 1. 0,6
,lLrrSI H3,n:eJIUM: H KOHCTp}'Kll:HM, 3arrpoeKTIIpOBaH- to,s
HbIX 6e3 yqeTa Tpe60BaHHM CTaHJJ:apTa C3 B 0,4 0 100 200 300 400
1406-78, nOKa3aTeJIH rrpOqHOCTII JIerKoro 6eToHa Pacxo6 606b1, Kr/,.,'
Ha C:>KaTHe XapaKTepH3}'IOT MapKaMH, Krc/cM 2 :
M 35; M 50; M 75; M 100; M 150; M 200; M 250; M 350; M 400; M 450;
M 500. ,lLrrSI TeIIJIOH30JUlu:HOHHbIX 6eTOHOB rrpe,n:YCM01peHbI MapKH M 5; M
10; M 15; M 25.
Mopo3OCTOlIKocTb JIerKHX 6eTOHOB HIDKe, qeM TIDKeJIbIX, HO ,n:OCTaTOqHa
.lL1ISI npHMeHeHlUl B CTeHOBbIX KOHC1py:KI.J;HSlX 3,n:aHHlI H coopy:x<:eHHlI. 110BbI-
llIeHHe MOp030CTOMKOCTII MO:>KeT 6bITh ,n:ocrnmyro C nOMOllJ,blO HCKYCCTBeH-
HbIX nopHCTbIX 3arrOJIHHTeJIeM, 06JIa,n:aIOllJ,HX HH3KHM Bo,n:onOrJIOllJ,eHHeM,
HarrpHMep KepaM3HTa, JIH60 nopH3aU:HeM u:eMeHTHOrO KaMHSI. 110 MOp030-
cTOill<ocrn JIerKHe 6eTOHbI ,n:eJISIT Ha MapKH F 25; F 35; F 50; F 75; F 100;
F 150; F 200; F 300; F 400; F 500.
110 Ha3HaqeHHIO JIerKHe 6eTOHbI KJIaCcHQ:>Hu:HPyIOTCSI Ha rpyrrnbI: KOH-
cmpYKl(UOHHble, BKJIlOqaSI KOHcmpYKl(UOHHO-me1lJl0U30./lfll(UOHHble, me1lJl0U30JlJl-
l(UOHHble H aKycmU'teCKue.
KOHC1p}'Kl.U1oHHbIe JIef'I(He 6eToHbI 06JI3,lJ;aIOT TIJIOIHOCThIO 1401...1800 KI'/M\
rrpOqHOCThIO Ha C:>KaTHe 15...50 Ml1a H qallJ,e Bcero HCnOJIb3yIOTCSI ,n:JISI
coopy:x<:eHHSI JIerKHX HeCyIIJ,HX :>KeJIe306eTOHHbIX KOHC1py:KI.J;HlI (rrpOJIeTHbIX
C'lpoeHHM MOCTOB, Q:>epM, rH,lJpOTeXHHqeCKHX coopy:x<:eHHM, 3JIeMeHTOB ne-
peKpbITIIM H nOKpbITIIM 3,n:aHlrn: H ,n:p.). KOHC1py:KI.J;HOHHO-TeIIJIOH30JUlU:H-
OHHbIe JIerKHe 6eTOHbI HMelOT IIJIOTHOCTh 501...1400 KI'/M 3 H npOqHOCTb
2,5...10 Ml1a H SlBJlSlIOTCSI OCHOBHbIM MaTepHaJIOM, HCnOJIb3yeMbIM ,WISI or-
pa)lQ];aIOIl{HX KOHCTpy:KI.J;HM 3,n:aHHM. TeIIJIOH30JUlU:HOHHbIM H aKYcrnqecKHii
JIerKHe 6eTOHbI IIJIOTHOCTblO ,n:o 500 KI' /M 3 llIHpOKO rrpHMeHSlIOTCSI B CJIOHC-
ThIX KOHC1py:KI.J;HSlX KaK yreIIJIHTeJIb H 3B}'KOnOrJIOmaIOIIUiM MaTepHaJI.
B COCTaB KpyrrHonopHCTOro (6ecneCqaHoro) 6eTOHa BXOMT rpaBHlI WIll
llJ,e6eHb KpyrrHOCTblO 5...20 MM, nOpTJIaH.LJ:u:eMeHT HJIH llIJIaKOnOpTJIaH.ll:u:e-
MeHT MapOK 300...400 H BO,n:a.
PIle. 74. 3a6ucUMocmb npO'11l0cmu JleZKOZO 6emoHa om
pacxooa 600bi npu 3OMeUlU6aHUU (B onm - OnmUMOJlb-
Hoe KOJlU'leCm60 600bi)
:
' 5
4
...
3
i:i 2
1
'"
0
, !
, I\.
.' Bonr "-
.' .....
100 200 300 400
Pacxo6 606b1, Kr/,.,'
311
llrrOTHOCTb 6eTOHa paBHa 1700...1900 Kf/M 3 . MCKJIlOqeHHe neCKa H3
COCTaBa KpynHonopHcTOro 6eTOHa CHIDKaeT ero ITJIOTHOCTb rrpHMepHo Ha
600...700 Kf/M 3 .
OrcyrcTBHe neCKa H orpaHHqeHHbIH pacxo,n: u:eMeHTa n03BOnSilOT rrony-
qHTb nopHCTbIii 6eTOH TeITJIOnpOBo,n:HOCTblO 0,55...0,8 BT/(M. °C) MapOK
M 15, ..., M 75.
KpynHorropHcTbIH 6eTOH l.{eJIecoo6pa3Ho rrpHMeIDITh "PH B03Be,aeHHH MO-
HOJIHTHbIX HapyxHbIX CTeH 3.lI:aHHH H H3roTOBJIeHHH KpynHbIX CTeHOBbIX 6JIOKOB
B paiiOHax, 60raTbIX rpaBHeM. CTeHbI H3 TaKoro 6eTOHa OllI1)'KaTYPHBaIOT C ,aBYX
CTOpOH, qTo6bI YC'rpaHHTb rrpo,a}'BaHHe.
KpynHorrOpHCTbIH 6eTOH Ha rropHCTOM 3anOJIHHTeJIe (KepaM3HTOBOM rpaBHH
H ,np.) HMeeT He60JIhUIyIO fUIOTHOCTh (500...700 Kf/M3) H HCrrOJIb3yeTcR KaK Ten-
JIOH30JIRl.{HOHHbIH MaTepHaJI.
runc06emoH H3roTaBJIHBalOT Ha OCHOBe c'IpOHTenbHoro rnrrca, BbI-
cOKonpoqHoro rnnca WIll rHncou:eMeHTHO-rryu:u;onaHoBoro BIDK:yIIJ;ero Be-
lIJ;ecTBa, o6eCneQHBalOlIJ;ero nonyqeHHe BO,n:OCTOHKHX H3,n:enHH. B KaqeCTBe'
nOpHCTbIX 3arronHlrreneii HCnOnb3yIOTcSI TOITJIHBHbIe umaKH, KepaM3IIToBbIH
rpaBHii H ,n:p., B03MO>KHO rrpHMeHeHHe KOM6HHHpoBaHHbIx 3arrOnHHTeJIeH
H3 KBapu:eBoro necKa H ,n:peBecHbIX orrWIOK.
TInOTHoCTb rnnc06eTOHa B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT npHMeHSIeMoro 3arrOJIHHTellil
H Bo,n:orHrrcoBoro OTHOllIeHlrn COCTaBJUleT 1000...1600 Kf/M3 (MapKH M 25,
M 50).
C u:enblO CHIDKeHHSl ITJIOTHOCTH BBO,n:SlT nopoo6paJyIOlIJ;He ,n:06aBKH, a
.lVISI rrOBbIllIeHlrn npOqHOCTH Ha H3rn6 H }'MeHbllIeHHSI xpyrn<OCTH - BOnOK-
HHCTbIe HarrOnHHTenH (.n:peBecHbIe BonoKHa, H3MeJIbqeHHaSI 6}'MIDKHaSI Mac-
ca, CHHrernqeCKHe BonoKHa).
fHIICo6eToH llIHpoKO npHMeIDIIOT .lUUI H3fOTOBJIeHIDI CfUIOllIHbIX H nyCTOTeJIbIX
rreperopo,aOK. IIJIHThI MO>KHO apMHpOBaTb llI'rYKa1)'pHOH ,apaHblO, KaMbIlliOM
H ,ap. CTaJIbHaR apMa1)'pa (npOBOJIOKa) B mnco6eTOHe ,aOJDKHa 6bITh 3aIWIllieHa
OT KOpp03HH Crrel.{HaJIbHOH 06Ma3KOH (l.{eMeHTHO-Ka3eHHOBOH, 6H'rYMlfOi1 HJIH
rrOJIHMepHoH).
Hit e u c m bl U 6 em 0 H - paJHOBH,LJ;HOCTb neI'Koro 6eTOHa C paBHoMepHo
pacrrpe,n:eneHHbIMH nopaMH (.n:o 85% o6wero 06'beMa 6eTOHa); ero nonyqa-
lOT B pe3ynbTaTe 3aTBep,n:eBaHHSI BcrryqeHHoH npH nOMOlIJ;H nopoo6paJoBa-
TenSi CMeCH BIDK:yIIJ;ero, KpeMHe3eMHcToro KOMnOHeHTa H BO,n:bI. B 3aBHClI-
Mocrn OT npHMeHSIeMoro BIDKYIu;ero BelIJ;eCTBa HQeHCThIe 6eTOHbI ,n:ellilT Ha
cne,n:yIOlIJ;He rpyrrnbI:
. 2a306emOHbl H neH06emoHbl, rronyqaeMbIe Ha OCHOBe nopTnaH,[(u:eMeHTa
WIH u:eMeHTHO- H3BeCTKOBoro BIDK:yIIJ;ero;
. 2a30UlllaK06emoHbl H neHoUlllaKo6emoHbl, nonyqaeMbIe H3 CMeClI H3BeCTH
H TOHKOMOnOThIX ,n:OMeHHbIX rpaHynHpOBaHHbIX umaKoB WIH 30nbI-}'HOCa.
312
,[(eJIeHHe H'IeHCTbIX 6eTOHOB Ha ra306eTOH H neHo6eTOH (ra30llUIaKo6eToH H
neHOllIJIaKo6eTOH) onpe.n.eJIHeTCH cnoco6oM H3roTOBJIeHHH. fa306eTOH H3rOTOB-
JIHIOT, npHMeIDUI ra3006pa30Ba'FeJIb. IIeHo6eroH nOJIyqaIOT, CMellIHBa51 pa3.n.eJIb-
HO npHrOTOBJIeHHYIO paCTBOpHYIO CMeCb H neHY, 06pa3YIOll.{YIO B03.n.YllIHble
H'Ieihrn. IIpeHMYll.{ecTBeHHo npOH3BO.n.HTCH ra306eTOH, TaK KaK ero TeXHOJIOfIDI
60JIee npOCTa H n03BOJIHeT nOJIyqHTb MaTepmlJI nOHH)I(eHHOM nJIOTHOCTH co
cTa6R1IbHbIMH CBOMCTBaMH.
YCB,lIKa SlqeHCTOro 6eTOHa 3aBHCMT OT ero COCTaBa, IIJIOTHOcrn H YCJIOBH:H:
TBep,n:eHlUl. oeTOH IIJIOTHOCThIO 600...800 KI'/M 3 Ha B03.n.yxe C 70...80%-HO:H:
ornOCHreJlbHoii RTIIDKHOCTbIO H TeMIIepa'fYPOM 20°C HMeeT yca,rI,Ky 0,4...0,6 MM/M.
B CTpYKTYPe SlqeHcToro 6eTOHa nopHCTOCTb o6YCJIOBJIeHa HaJIHqHeM MaK-
ponop (0,5...2 MM) H MHKponop (MeHee 0,01 MM). MaKponopbI 06PaJOBaHbI
ra30- WIH neHoo6paJoBaTeJUlMH H paBHoMepHo pacnpe,n:eJIeHbI B 06'beMe
6eTOHa. MHKponopbI HaXO.lUlTCSI B Me)l(nOpOBbIX neperopo,n:Kax H o6paJoBa-
HbI BO,n:OM, He CBSl3aHHOM XHMHqeCKH BIDKYU-J:HM BeWeCTBOM. CJIe,n:OBareJIb-
HO, 6eTOH MO)I(HO paCCMa'!pHBaTb KaK raJOHarrOJIHeHHbIM HCKyCCTBeHHbIM
KaMeHb. 06'beM nopoBOro rrpoc'IpaHCTBa, a TaIOKe pacnpe,n:eJIeHHe, <popMa Ii
paJMepbI nop orrpe,n:eJISIIOT Bce OCHOBHbIe CBOMCTBa SlqeHCTOro 6eToHa.
TIo nOKa3aTeJUlM IIJIOTHOcrn YCTaHOBJIeHbI CJIe.n.yIOlI.{He MapKH SlqeHCTOro
6eTOHa: D 300; D 400; D 500; D 600; D 700; D 800; 0900; D 1000; D 1100;
D 1200. TIPOqHOCTb SlqeHCTOrO 6eTOHa 3aBHCHT OT ero IIJIOTHOCrn, BM)],a H
CBOMCTB HCXO,n:HbIX MarepHaJIOB, OT pe.>KHMa T.eIIJIOBJIIDKHOCTHOM o6pa6OTKH
H BJIIDKHOCrn 6eTOHa. B 3aBHCHMocrn OT rrpOqHOCTII Ha c)I(arne YCTaHOBJIeHbI
CJIe.n.yIOWHe KJIaCCQI, MTIa: B 0,35; B 0,75; B 0,85; B 1; B 1,5; B 2,5; B 3,5;
B 7,5; B 10; B 12,5; B 17,5; B 20. ):LJrn H3,n:eJIHM H3 SlqeHCTblX 6eToHoB, rrpo-
eKTIfpyeMbIX 6e3 yqeTa 1pe60BaHHM CTaH,lI;apTa C3B 1406-78, rrOKaJaTeJIH
npo'IHocrn Ha C.>Karne xapaIcrepH3yIOTCSI MapKaMH, KI'C/M 2 : M 5; M 10; M 15;
M 25; M 35; M 50; M 75; M 100; M 150; M 200.
Bo,n:orrOrJIOmeHHe H MOp03OCTOMKOCTb SlqeHCTOro 6eToHa 3aBHC.SIT OT Be-
JIWIHHbI H xapaIcrepa nopHCTOCrn H IIJIOTHocrn neperopo,n:OK Me.>K.l1:Y MaKpo-
nopaMH. Y CTaHOBJIeHbI cJIe,n:yIOlI.{He MapKH SlqeHCTOrO 6eToHa no MOp030-
cTOMKocrn: F 15; F 25; F 35; F 50; F 100. ):LJrn CHIDKeHlUl Bo,n:onOrJIOweHlUl
H rrOBbIllieHIDI MOp030CTOMKocrn CTpeM.SlTCSI C03,n:aTb .SIqeHcTyIO c1pYKTYPY C
33MKHyI'bIMH rropaMH, nplIMeHSISI, B qaCTHOCrn, BH6pan:HOHHyIO TeXHOJIOrnlO.
TeIIJIOrrpoBo,n:HOCTh SlqeHcToro 6eTOHa 3aBHCMT OT ero IIJIOTHocrn H BJIIDK-
Hocrn. TeIIJIoeMKOCTh COCTaBJISIeT B cpe,n:HeM 0,84 K,l:()I(/(KI'. DC).
TIo HaJHaqeHHIO H IIJIOTHocrn SlqeHCThle 6eTOHbI ,n:eJUlT Ha '!pH rpyrrrrbI:
me1l.ll0U30.llJll(UOHHble C IIJIOTHOCTblO B BbIcyrneHHoM COCTOSlHHH He 60JIee
500 KT /M 3 ,. KOHcmpYKl(UOHHO-me1l.ll0U30.llJll(UOHHble (MSI orpIDK,1:(alOlI.{HX KOHCT-
PYKU:HM) - 500...900 Kr/M 3 ; KOHcmpYKl(UOHHble (,n:JISI )l(eJIe306eToHa) -
900...1200 KI'/M 3 .
313
.s!'leHCTbIe 6eTOHbI rrpHMeIDIIOT .lUIH JIeI'KHX xeJIe306eTOHHbIX KOHCTPYK1urn
H TermOH30JIHUHH. 1-13 HHX H3roTaBJIHBaIOT rraHeJIH HapyxrnbIX CTeH H rrOKpbITMH
3.n;aHHH, HeapMHpOBaHHbIe CTeHOBbIe H TermOH30IDIUHOHHbIe 6JIOKM, KaMHH .lUIH
CTeH. ,[(JIH 3all.{HTbI OT KOpp03HH CTaJIbH}'lO apMaT}'pY B H'leHCTbIX 6eToHax rro-
KpbIBalOT ueMeHTHO-6HT}'MHOH MJIH ueMeHTHO-rrOJIHCTMpOJIbHOH 06Ma3KOH.
A p 60 Jl U m - nerKHM 6eToH Ha MHHepanbHOM BIDK:yIIJ;eM BeIl(ecTBe H
OpraHHqeCKHX 3arrOJIHlfTeIDIX. BIDK:yIIJ;HMH BeIl(eCTBaMH Cn}')KaT 06bNHbIH H
6bIC1pOTBep.n:eIOIl(HM nopTJIaH.ll:u:eMeHThI. B03MO:>KHO nplIMeHeHHe rHncoBO-
ro H mncou:eMeHTHO-nyu:u:onaHOBOro BIDK:yIIJ;HX BeIl(eCTB.
OpraHHqeCKHM 3arrOnHHTeJIeM SlBJISleTCSI ap06JleHKa, no.rryqaeMaSI B pe-
3ynbTaTe H3MeJIbqeHHSI OTXO.n:OB 3arOTOBKH H 06pa60TKH .npeBeCHbIX rropo,n:
HnH OTXO,n:OB CeJIbCKOX03S1MCTBeHHOrO rrpOH3BO,n:CTBa (cre6JIH XJIOnQaTHlIKa,
KOHOTInH, JIbHa H .np.). ,l],p06JIeHKa .non:>KHa HMeTb orrpe,n:eJIeHHbIH 3epHoBoH
COCTaB, ,n:JIHHa ee qacrnu: He .non:>KHa npeBbIlIlaTh 40 MM. TIpHMecb KOpbI,
XBOH H JIHCTheB B .nP06neHKe .nonycKaeTCSI .no 5% (OT MaCCbI CYXOH CMeCH
3anOJIHHTeJIeH). ,l],onycKaeTC5I rrpHMeHeHHe CMeCH OpraHHqeCKorO 3anonHH-
reIDI C rrOpHCThIM HnH TInOTHbIM MHHepaJIbHbIM 3arrOnHHTeJIeM.
B KaqeCTBe ,n:06aBoK rrpH rrpHrOTOBJIeHHH 6eTOHHOM CMeCH HCnOJIb3yIDT-
CSI MUHepatlU3amOpbl - XJIOPM.D. KanbU:HSI WIll )l(M)],Koe Ha'IpHeBoe CreKJIO,
KOTopbIe HeihpanH3yroT .n:eMcTBHe Bpe,n:HbIX BO,n:opaCTBOpHMbIX ,n:peBeCHbIX
BeIl(eCTB (caxapHCThIe BeIl(eCTBa, CMonSlHbIe KHCnOThI) H YCKOPSIIOT rrpou:ecc
TBep,n:eHHSI.
OCHoBHbIe CBOHCTBa ap6onura:
. TInOTHOCTb B BbIcyrneHHoM COCTOSlHHH - 400...800 Kf/M3;
. rrpOqHOCTb rrpH C.>KaTHH (MapKa), Kf/CM 2 :
,l(JISi reTInOH30nSlU:HOHHbIX H3,n:eJIHM H MarepHanOB - 5 H 10;
,l(JISi KOHC'Ip}'Kll:HoHHO-reTInOH30IDIU:HOHHbIX in,n:eJIHM - 15, 25 H 35;
. MO,n:YJIb yrrpyrOCTH - 75...1200 MTIa;
. reTInOrrpOBO,n:HOCTb B BbIcyrneHHoM COCTOSlHHH - 0,07...0,16 BT/(M' °C);
. Bo.nonOrJIOIl(eHHe - 50...60% (no Macce);
. MOp030CTOMKOCTb - 25...35 U:HKJIOB;
. yca,n:Ka - 2...4 MM/M.
Ap60JIHT npHMeIDIIOT .lUIH M3roTOBJIeHHH TermOH30JIHUHOHHbIX MaTepMaJIOB
H KOHCTPYKUHOHHO-TermOH30JIHUHOHHbIX H3.n;eJIHH: CTeHOBbIX 6JIOKOB H naHe-
JIeH, rmHT nepeKpbITMH H nOKpbITMH, .lUIH B03Be.n.eHHH MOHOJIHTHbIX, apMMpo-
BaHHbIX H HeapMHpOBaHHbIX KOHCTPYKUHH npOH3Bo.n.CTBeHHbIX 3.n.aHHH pa31IMQ-
Horo Ha3Ha'leHHH.
OT.n.eJIK}' HapyxrnbIX nOBepxHocTeH orpaJK,[{alOIl.{HX KOHCTPYKUHH H3 ap60JIM-
'fa npOH3Bo.n.HT CJIOeM H3 .n.eKopaTHBHoro 6eTOHa MJIH paCTBopa Ha MHHepalIbHbIX
3anOJIHHTeJIHX. CTaJIbHaH pa6o'lag apMaT}'pa B KOHCTPYKUHHX H3 ap6oJlli'fa .n.OJI-
>KHa HaxO.n.HTbCH B CJIoe 6eTOHa MJIH ueMeHTHoro paCTBopa Ha rmOTHbIX MHHe-
paJIbHbIX 3anOJIHMTeJIHX TOJIIlUiHOH He MeHee 15 MM.
314
....
06UUI:pHaR CblpbeBaR 6a3a B BH.l1e OpraHH'leCKHX OTX0.l10B .l1eJIaeT ap6o-
JIHT He3aMeHHMbIM rrpH CTpOHTeJIbCTBe B OT.l1aJIeHHbIX pai1:oHax H CeJIbCKoi1:
MeCTHOCTH.
E e m 0 H bl C n 0 fl U Me paM U. HO./lUMepOemOHbl - KOMrr03HU:HOHHbIe
MaTepHaJIbI, rro.rryqaeMbIe Ha OCHOBe nOJIHMepHOro CBSl3}'IOm:ero BeWeCTBa,
MHHepaJIbHbIX 3anOJIHHTeJIeM H HarrOJIHHTeJIeM.
B KaqeCTBe nOJIHMepHOro CB5I3}'IOm:ero BeWeCTBa HaH60JIee nmpOKO
rrpHMeHSlIOT Q:>ypaHOBbIe, 3rrOKCH)],HbIe, rrOJIH3Q:>HpHbIe H Q:>eHOJIOQ:>OPMaJIb-
,n:erH,LJ;Hble CMOJIbI. K MHHepaJIbHbIM HarrOJIHHTeJI5IM OTHOCSlTC5I rrOpOlIIKM C
paJMepOM qacrnu: MeHee 0,15 MM, K 3arrOJIHHTeJI5IM - neCOK C paJMepOM
3epeH ,n:o 5 MM H rn:e6eHb C paJMepoM 3epeH ,n:o 50 MM. HaH60JIee BbICOKMe
CBOMCTBa HMelOT rrOJIHMep6eTOHbI, B KOTOpbIX CBSl3}'IO.I.WlM Bem:eCTBOM SlB-
JISIIOTCSI 3nOKCH)],HbIe CMOJIbI.
TIo IIJIOTHOCTH pa3JIHqalOT m.JlJICeflblU KOHcmpYKl{UOHHbIU nOflUMep6emOH
Ha TIDKeJIbIX IIJIOTHbIX 3arrOJIHHTeJISIX; KOHcmpYKl,(UOHHO-me1lfl0U30JlJll{UOHHbIU
6emOH Ha MHHepaJIbHbIX 3arrOJIHHTeJISIX (HarrpHMep, KepaM3HTe) H me1lfl0U30-
JlJll{UOHHbIU oc060 fleZKUU 6emOH Ha BbICOKOnOpHCThIX 3arrOJIHHTeJUIX (neHO-
ITJIaCTe, rrpo6Ke, ,n:peBeCHHe, BcrryqeHHoM rrepJIHTe H T.rr.).
TIpe,n:eJI npOqHOCTH nOJIHMepHbIX 6eTOHOB rrJIOTHOM CTPYKTYpbI npH
C}IGlTHM - 60...120 MTIa, IIPH paCTIDKeHHH - 7...20 MTIa, a rrpH H3rH6e -
12...40 MTIa. TIpH Bbl,[(ep)l(l(e B Bo,n:e rrpOqHOCTb rrOJIHMep6eTOHOB CHIDKaeT-
CSI. Y,n:apHaSl npOqHOCTh Q:>ypaHOBoro rrOJIHMep6eTOHa B 4-6 pa3 BbIIIIe
y,n:apHoM npOqHOCTM 06bIqHOrO 6eToHa. nOJIHMep6eToH 06JIa,n:aeT TaIOKe
JIyqIIIeM IIPOqHOCThIO rrpH paCTIDKeHHH, BbICOKOM H3HOCOCTOMKOCThIO, MeHb-
IIIeM Xpyru<OCTblO, Bo,n:OHerrpOHHu:aeMOCTblO H XHMHqeCKO:M YCTO:MqHBOCTblO.
MexaHHqecKMe CBO:MCTBa nOJIHMep6eTOHa rrOBbIIIIalOTCSI rrpH apMHpOBaHHH
ero CTaJIbHOM WIH CTeKJIOIIJIaCTMKOBO:M apMaT)'poM. TIOJIlIMepHbIe 6eTOHbI
XOpOIIIO CKJIeHBalOTCSI C u:eMeHTHbIMH BeWeCTBaMH, rrpOqHOCTb cu:eIIJIeHHSI
rrpH6JIIDKaeTCSI K npOqHOCrn Ha paCTIDKeHHe u:eMeHTHOrO 6eTOHa.
OrpHu:aTeJIbHbIMH CBOMCTBaMH rrOJIHMep6eToHoB SlBJISIIOTCSI roplOqeCTb,
60JIbIIIaSI rrOJI3yqecTb, a TaIOKe CTapeHHe, YCHJIHBalOweecSi rrpH ,n:eMcTBHH
nonepeMeHHoro HarpeBaHHSI H }'BJIIDKHeHHSI. KpoMe Toro, Heo6xo,n:HMO co-
6JIIO,n:eHHe Cnel(MaJIbHbIX npaBWI oxpaHbI TPy,n:a rrpH pa60Te C nOJIHMepaMII
H KMCJIbIMH OTBep,n:HTeJUIMH, KOTOpbIe MOryr BbI3BaTh O.>Korn; Heo6xo,n:HMa
XOpOIIIaSI BeHTHJISI HSI, a TaIOKe 06ecrreqeHHe pa60qHX 3aWHTHbIMH 01lKaMH
H cneu:o,n:e)lQJ;oM.
IIOJIHMep6eToHbI rrpHMeIDIIO'r:
· .l1JlR B03Be.l1eHHR H3HOCOCTOMKHX rroKpbITHM HppHraUHOHHbIX fUIornH H
KOHC'Cp}'KQHM rrop-rOBbIX COOp)T)KeHHM;
· .l1JlR H3rOTOBJIeHHR fUIlIT, YC'CpoMcTBa XHMH'leCKH CTOMKHX rrOJIOB rrpOH3-
BO.l1CTBeHHbIX 3.l1aHHM, CTO'lHbIX KaHaJIOB, JIOTKOB H .l1PyrHx KOHC'CpYKl.{HM, 3KC-
fUIyarnpyeMblx B YCJIOBHRX B03.l1eMCTBHR arpeCCHBHbIX cpe.l1;
315
. ,WUI COOpyxeHIUI llIaxTHblX CTBOJlOB, KOJlbueBblX KOJlJleKTOpOB 1I0.n3eMHb1X
COOpyxeHHH, XHMH'IeCKH CTOHKHX H .npeHIDKHblX Tpy6, Tpaoopc JI3II, KOHTaKT-
HbIX OIlOp H .npyrHX KOHCTp}'KUHH C BblCOKHM 3J1eKTpOCOllpOTHBJleHHeM.
113 CTaJle- H CTeKJIOIIOJlHMep6eTOHa H3rOTaBJIHBaIOT 3J1eMeHTbl llIaXTHOH
KpeIlH, OIlOpbl KOHTaKTHOH CeTH, IlIlIaJlbl, KOJlJleKTOpHble KOJlbl.{a.
I.{ eM e H mHO - n 0 Jl U Me pH bl e 6 em 0 H bl xapaKrepH3YIDTcSI HaJIWmeM
JJ;BYX aKTIIBHbIX COCTaRJISlIO:W;HX - MlfHepan:bHoro BIDKYJ.U;ero II OpraHHqe-
CKOro Be:w;eCTB. BIDKYJ.U;ee Be:w;eCTBO C OOJJ;OM o6pa3yeT u:eMeHTHbIM KaMeHb,
CKJIeIIBalO:W;HM qaCTIIUbI 3anOJIHHTeJISI B MOHOJIIIT. TIOJIHMep no Mepe YJJ;an:e-
HIDl BOJJ;bI H3 6eToHa o6paJyeT Ha nOBepXHOCTII nop, KamUlJUIpOB, 3epeH
ueMeHTa H 3anOJIHHTeJUI TOHK}'IO TIJIeHKY, KOTOpaSI 06JIa,n:aeT xopollieM a,ure-
3HeM H crroco6cTByeT nOBbIllIeHHIO CueTIJIeHlffi Me)K)J;Y 3anOJIHHTeJIeM H ue-
MeHTHbIM KaMHeM, YJIytIlliaeT MOHOJIIITHOCTb 6eTOHa H pa60TY MHHepaJIbHO-
ro CKeJIeTa nOJJ; HarpY3KoM. B pe3YJIbTare u:eMeHTHO-nOJIHMepHbIM 6eTOH
npHo6peTaeT oco6bIe CBOMCTBa: nOBbIllIeHHyIO no cpaBHeHHIO C 06bNHbIM
6eTOHOM rrpOtffiOCTb Ha paCTIDKeHHe H H3r1I6, 6o.rree BbICOK}'IO MOpo30CTOM-
KOCTh, xopOlliHe aure3HoHHbIe CBOMCTBa, BbICOK}'IO H3HOCOCTOMKOCTb, He-
npoHHu;aeMOCTk B TO .>Ke BpeMSI .z:LJISi 3TOro 6eTOHa OTMeqaeTCSI HeCKOJIbKO
nOBbIllIeHHIDI JJ;eQ:>opMHpyeMocTb, a TaIOKe CHIDKeHHe nOKa3areJIeM npoq-
Hoem rrpH BOJJ;HOM xpaHeHHH.
KOMn03ul(UOHHble MamepUaJlbl Ha OCHoee 6emoHoe. )/(eAe:JO-
6emon - 3TO KOMno3Hu:HoHHbIM MareplIaJI, B KOTOpOM MOHOJIHTHO coe,IUI-
HeHbl H COBMeCTHO pa60TalOT B KOHC1py:KI.J;HH CTaJIbHaSI apMaTYPa II 6eTOH.
CmatlbHOii apMamypoii Ha3bIBaIOT CTaJIbHble CTep:X(}fH HJlH KapKaCbl H ceTKH,
paCIIOJlOXeHHble B Macce 6eTOHa B COOTBeTCTBHH C xapaKTepOM pa60Tbl KOH-
CTp}'KlJ;HH. EeTOH IIpe.noxpaIDIeT apMa-rypy OT KOpp03HH.
apMHpOBaHIDl :>KeJIe306eToHHbIX KOHC1py:KI.J;IIM npHMeHSlIOT crep:>K-
HeBYID H npOBOJIOqHylO apMaTYPHyIO CTaJIb (pHC. 75).
CTep>KHeBasI apMa-rypa 1I0.npa3.neJlHeTCH Ha rOpH'IeKaTaHyIO, He 1I0.nBeprae-
MyIO 1I0CJIe npOKaTa yrrpO'IIDIIOll.{eH o6pa6oTKe, H yrrpO'IHeHHyIO TepMH'IeCKOH
o6pa6oTKOH HJlH BbITIDKKOH. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT OCHOBHblX MeXaHH'IeCKHX xa-
paKTepHCTHK (lIpe.l1eJl TeK)"lecTH, BpeMeHHoe COllpOTHBJleHHe, OTHOCHTeJlbHOe
Y.lUIHHeHHe 1I0CJle pa3pblBa) H .nHaMeTpa CTep>KHeH OHa pa3,lJ;eJlHeTCH Ha KJlaCCbl.
Be.nYll.{HM 1I0Ka3aTeJleM KaX<ll.Oro KJlacca HBJlHeTCH 3Ha'IeHHe MHHHMaJIbHOrO
IIpe.neJla TeK)"leCTH CTaJIeH, KOTopoe C'IHTaeTCH HOpMaTHBHblM COllpOTHBJleHHeM
apMa-rypbl. IIpHIDITble o603Ha'IeHHH KJlaCCOB CTep>KHeBOH apMa-rypbl (A) .l101l0Jl-
IDIIOTCH HH,lJ;eKCaMH .lUIH yx:a3aHHH IIPH Heo6xo.nHMOCTH clloco6a H3rOTOBJIeHID!,
oc06blx CBOHCTB HJlH Ha3Ha'IeHHH.
,lL1IH KJlaCCOB A-I H A-II HCIIOJlb3yIOT B OCHOBHOM yrJlepo.nHCTble CTaJIH 3 H 5;
.lUUI 60Jlee BblCOKHX KJlaCCOB IIpHMeIDIeTCH HH3KOJlerHpOBaHHasI CTaJIb pa3JIH'I-
HbIX MapOK. CTep>KHeBYIO apMa-rypy KJlacca A-I H3rOTaBJIHBaIOT KpyrJloro ce'Ie-
HID! c ma.nKOH 1I0BepXHOCTbIO. ApMa-rypHble CTaJIH OCTaJIbHblX KJlaCCOB HMeIOT
316
4
he. 75. BuowapMamypw:
a - Z/IaoICaJI cmep:J#CHe6aJ1; 6 - Z/IaoICaJI
npo60AO'tHaJI; 6 - zopR'teICamaHaJI nepuo-
ou'tecICozo npofjJUJ/R; Z - np06oAo'tHble
npROU; 0 - XOAOOHOC1lA1OU4eHHaJI
I
2
iJ
nepHO.l1HqeCKHH npO<}>.HJIb (pHC. 75, 6), KOTOpbIH n03BOJUIeT 06eCneQHTh JI)"Irnee
cuermeHHe apMaTYPbI B 6eTOHe. .
ApMaTYPHYI<> npOBOJIOKY H3rOTaBJIHBaIOT cnoco60M XOJIO.l1HOrO BOJIOQeHHH B
BH.l(e ZIlaolWU npo60AOKU H npo60AOKU nepuoou'teCJCozo nporjJWlJl ,l1HaMeTpOM 3...8 MM.
Ee .neJUIT Ha KJIaCCbI (B), HCnOJIh3yH IDW:eKC <<p» .lJ)UI YKa3aHIDI Ha nepHO.l1HQeCKHH
npo<}>.HJIb.
B :>KeJIeJo6eTOHe apMaTYPY pacrrOJIaralOT TaK, qTo6bI OHa BocrrpHHHMaJIa
paCTSlrHBaIOIl(He YCIUUUI, a C:>KHMaIOIl(He YCHJIHSI nepe.n:aBaJIHCb Ha 6eToH.
3To o6eCneQHBaeT BbICOK}'lO rrpOQHOCTb MaTepHaJIa npH C.>KaTIIH H pacTIDKe-
HHH. npH 3TOM paJJIHtIaIOT HecyU{)110 (OCHOBHyIO) H MOHmaJICH)110 (BcrroMora-
TeJIbHyIO) apMamypy. HecyIl(asI apMaTYPa pacnOJIaraeTCSI B MeCTax H3.n:eJIlffi, B
KOTOpbIX no,n: HarpY3KoM B03HHKalOT pacTSITHBalOIl(He HarrpIDKeHHSI. MOH-
TIDKHaSI apMaTYPa pacnOJIaraeTCSI B C:>KaTbIX HJIH HeHarrpIDKeHHbIx yqacTKax.
KpoMe 3THX BH,n:OB apMaTYPbI rrpHMeHSllOT rreTJIH H KpIOKH, Heo6xo,n:H-
MbIe .D:JISI rrorpyJOQHbIX pa6OT, a TaIOKe 3aKJIa,D;HbIe QaCTII )lJISi KperuIeHHSI H
CBSl3H C60PHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB Me}KJJ:Y C060M.
COBMecTHaSI pa60Ta apMaTYPbI H 6eToHa 06YCJIOBJIHBaeTCSI XOpOIIIHM
cu:eIIJIeHHeM Me}KJJ:Y HHMH H npH6JIH3HTeJIbHO o,n:HHaK{)BbfMH TeMrrepaTYP-
HbIMH K03<}><}>HQHeHTaMH JIHHeiiHoro pacIIIHpeHHSI.
C60pHbIe :>KeJIeJo6eTOHHbIe H3,n:eJIHSI KJIaCcH<}>HUHPYIOT no euOy apMupo-
eaHUJI, 1l.Il0mHOcmu u euOy 6emoHa, eHympeHHeMY cmpoeHulO, HG3HatteHulO H
06Aacmu npUMeHeHUJI.
no BH,n:Y apMHpoBaHHSI pa3JIHQalOT U30eAUJI C 06blttHbiM apMupoeaHueM H
npeoeapUmeJlbHO Hanp.RJlCeHHblM apMupoeaHueM.
06bIQHOe apMHpOBaHHe ocym:eCTBJIHeTCH C nOMOIUhIO nJIOCKHX ceTOK H npo-
CTpaHCTBeHHhIX (06beMHbIX) KapKacoB, H3rOTOBJIeHHhIX H3 CTaJIhHhIX cTep:xrneH
pa3JIHQHOrO .l1HaMeTpa, CBapeHHhlx Me:>IQJ;Y C060H B MeCTax nepeCeQeHHH. TaKoH
BH.l( apMHpOBaHHH He npe.l10XpaIDIeT KOHCTpYKUHH, pa60TaIOI.IUie Ha H3rH6 .HJIH
paCTIDKeHHe, OT 06pa30BaHHH TpeI.IUiH, TaK KaK npe.neJIbHaH paCTIDIGIMOCTh 6e-
TOHa B 5-6 pa3 MeHhrne, QeM CTaJIH.
B npe.nBapHTeJIbHO HanpIDKeHHOM :>KeJIe306eToHe apMaTYPY npe.l1BapHTeJIbHO
paCTHrHBaIOT, a nOCJIe H3roTOBJIeHHH KOHCTpYKUHH H 3aTBep.l1eBaHHH 6eToHa ee
oCB060:>IQJ;aIOT OT HaTIDKeHHH. IIpH 3TOM apMaTYPa C:>KH:MaeTCH H BbI3bIBaeT C:>Ka-
317
THe 6eTOHa. B pe3YJIbTaTe npe.n.eJIbHaH paCTIDKHMOCTb 6eTOHa B KOHCTPYKUHI1
no.n. .n.eMCTBHeM 3KcfUlyaTaUHoHHOM HarpY3KH KaK 6bI }'BeJIWIHBaeTCH, TaK KaK
.n.ecpopMaUHH OT npe.n.BapHTeJIbHOrO cxamH C}'MMHpyJOTCH C .n.ecpopMaUHHMH pa-
CTHxeHHH. Bemf'IHHa npe.n.BapHTeJIbHOrO cxaTIDI 6eTOHa .n.omKHa npeBbIIIlaTb
HanpIDKeHHH paCTHxeHHH, B03HHKaIO.l.UHe B HeM npH 3KcfUlyaTaUHH. K 3cpcpeK-
THBHbIM BH.D.aM HanpHraeMOM apMa1)'pbI OTHOCHTCH CTep>KHeBaH apMa1)'pa C
KJIaCCaMH 60JIee V, BbIcOKOnpO'IHaH npOBOJIOKa H no.rryqaeMble H3 Hee apMaT)'p-
Hble KaHaTbI.
,[LrnI H3rOTOBJIeHHSI :>KeJIe306eTOHHbIx KOHCTpYKIJ:HM 6eTOH BbI6HpaeTCSI B
3aBHCHMocm OT rrpOeKTHbIX 'lpe60BaHHM. 110 fIJIOTIlOcm paJJIHtJaIOT trlJlJICe-
JlbIU, 06JleZtteHHblu, JleZKUU WIll oco60 JlezKUU 6emoH. I1pH 3TOM HCrr01lb3)'1OT
PaJJIHqHbIe BM)IbI 6eTOHa: TIDKeJIbIe H JIenrne ueMeHTIlbIe, CWIHKaTHbIe, Slqe-
HCThIe, XHMHqeCIGI CTOMIGIe, ,n:eKopamBHbIe H ,Dpyrne 6eToHbI. Pa:mo06paJHe
rrpHMeHSIeMbIx B C'lpOHTeJIbCTBe 6eTOHoB rr03BOJlSleT BbmycKaTh C60pHbIe :>Ke-
JIe306eToHHbIe H3,n:eJIHSI H KOHCTpy:KI.J;HH caMoro paJJIHtffiOro HaJHaqeHHSI.
110 BHyrpeHHeMY cTpoeHHIO :>KeJIe306eTOHHbIe H3,n:eJIHSI Moryr 6bITb
C1lJlOUl.HbIMU, nycmomeJlblMu H KOM6uHupOeaHHblMU, BKJIlOqaIOmHMH 3JIeMeHTbI
H3 ,n:pyrHX MaTepHaJIOB. If3,n:eJIHSI MO:ryr COCTOSITh H3 O,n:HOro BM)Ia 6eTOHa -
OaHOC/lOUHble, H3 pa3JIIIqHbIX BM)IOB 6eTOHa - MHOZOC/lOUHble. B rrOCJIe,n:HeM
cJIyqae HHor,n:a TaIOKe rrpHMeHSIIOT COqeTaHHe 6eTOHa C ,n:pyrnMH MaTepHa-
JIaMH, HarrpHMep TefIJIOH30JISIU:HOHHbIMH HJlli OT,n:eJIOqHbIMH.
110 HaJHaqeHHIO C60pHbIe :>KeJIe306eTOHHbIe H3,n:eJIHSI BbmycKaIOTCSI aflfl
JlCWlblX, o6w,ecmeeHHblX, npOMbllUJleHHblX 3aaHUU, aflfl coop)lJlCeituu CeJlbCKOX03flU-
cmeeHHoeo U ZUapOmexHU'teCKOeO cmpOUmeJlbCmea, a TaIOKe o6w,ezo HG3HatteHUR.
OHH ,n:OJI:>KHbI 6bITh mrrOBbIMH H YHHqmUHpoBaHHbIMH.
110 Q:>opMe C60pHbIe :>KeJIe306eTOHHbIe H3,n:eJIHSI BbITI01IHSlIOTCSI JlUHeUHbl-
MU (KOJIOHHbI, 6aJIIGI, nporOHbI H ,n:p.), 1lJlOCKOCmHblMU (fIJIHThI rrOKpbITHM H
nepeKpbITHlI, naHeJIH CTeH H rreperopo,n:oK H ,n:p.), 6JlO'tHblMU (MaccHBHbIe
H3,n:eJIHSI Q:>}'lI.lJ;aMeHTOB, CTeHbJ IIO,n:BaJIOB, orpax.n:aIOmHX KOHCTPYKUHM
H ,n:p.) H npocmpaHCmeeHHblMU (06'beMHbIe 3JIeMeHThI CaHHTapHbIX Ka6HH,
KOJIbu:a KOJIo,n:u:eB II ,n:p.).
MapIGI 6eTOHHbIX H :>KeJIe306eTOHHbIx C60PHbIX KOHC'lpYKUHM H H3)IeJIHM
cO)Iep:>KaT 0603HaqeHHSI OCHOBHbIX XapaKTepHCTHK nOCJIe)IHHX H COCTOSIT H3
6YKBeHHo-U:HQ:>POBbIX rpyrrn, KOTopbIe pa3,n:eJISIIOTCSI ,n:eqmcaMH. qHCJIO
rpyrrn ,n:OJI:>KHO 6bITb He 60JIee 'lpex. MapKa 3arrHCbIBaeTCSI B O,n:HY C'lpOKY.
llepBaSI rpyrrna BKJIlOqaeTCSI B MapKY Bcex 6eTOHHbIX H :>KeJIe306eTOHHbIx
C60PHbIX KOHC'lpYKUHH: H H3,n:eJIHM H co,n:ep:>KHT:
. 0603HaqeHHe mrra H KOHCTp)'KUllli H3,[(emrn no ero HaHMeHOBaHIDO (C -
CBaSI, K - KOJIOHHbI, <I> - <pYH.D:aMeHThI H )Ip.);
. orrpe,n:eJlSlIOIl{He ra6apHTIlbIe paJMepbI (WIH 0603HaqeHHe mrropaJMepa
KOHC'lpy:KI.J;HII H H3)IeJIHSI).
318
Bo BTOpOM rpyrrne rrpHBO)UlTCSI:
. HeCyIIJ;aSI cnoc06HOCTh KOHC1pYKIUfl'l II H3.D:eJIMSI, yJ<a3bIBaeMaSI U:1IQ:>PaMH,
COOTBeTCTBYI<> HMH paCqeTHOM HarpY3Ke;
. KJIaCC HarrpSiraeMOM apMaTYPbI B COOTBeTCTBHII CO CTaH,L{aPTaMH H TeX-
HlIqeCKHMH YCJIOBMSlMH Ha apMaTYPHyIO CTaJIb II C HOpMaTIIBHbIMH .D:OKY-
MeHTaMII Ha rrpOeKTII:pOBaHHe .>KeJIe306eTOHHbIx KOHC1p}'Kll:HM;
. BIf,LJ; 6eTOHa (11 - JIerKHM, H - HqeHCTbIM, C - IIJIOTHbIM CIDIHKaTHbIM,
M - MeJIK03epHHCTbIM, )I( - .>KapocTOlIKHM).
B 1peTblO rpyrmy BKJIlOqeHbI ):{OnOJIHHTeJIbHbIe XapaKTepHCTIIKH, O1pa-
}IGllO.I.l.{He oc06bIe YCJIOBMSI npHMeHeHMSI KOHC1p}'Kll:HM H H3.D:eJIHM:
. CTOMKOCTb 6eTOHa K B03.D:eMCTBIDO arpeCCHBHOM Cpe):{bI: H - HOpMaJIb-
HaSI npOHHuaeMOCTb; TI - nOHIDKeHHaSI rrpOHHuaeMOCTb; 0 - oco60 HH3-
KaSI rrpOHHuaeMOCTb. TIoKa3aTeJIH 6eTOHa ):{OJI:>KHbI npHHHMaTbCSI comaCHO
CHHTI 2.03.11-85;
. ceMcMoCTOMKOCTb - ):{JISI 3.D:mIHM H CooPY.>KeHHM C paCqeTHOM ceMc-
Mlf1lliOCTbIO 7 6aJIJIOB H BbIIIIe 0603HaqaeTCH 6}'KBOM C;
. CTOMKOCTb K B03.D:eMCTBHIO nOBbIIIIeHHbIX H BbICOKHX TeMnepaTYP -
yJ<a3bIBaeTCSI KJIaCCOM .>KapOCTOMKoro 6eTOHa comaCHO fOCT 20910;
. KOHC1pYKTIIBHbIe oc06eHHOCTII - apa6CKHMH u:MQ:>paMH HJIH C1pOqHbI-
MH 6}'KBaMH YKa3bIBaeTcSI HaJIHtJHe ):{orrOJIHHTeJIbHbIX 3aKJIa,n:HbIx H3.D:eJIHM,
OTBepCTIIM, rrpoeMoB, BbIpe30B H T.rr.
)l(eJIe306eToHHble H3JJ:eJIJUI JJ:OJI)l(HbI HMeTb MaKCHMaJIbHYI<> CTeneHb 3aBOJJ:-
CKOM roTOBHOCTH. ITo yc.rrOBIDIM TpaHcnopTHoro H rpY30nO.lrbeMHOrO o60pYJJ:o-
BaHHH ,Wilma C60PHbIX :>KeJIe306eToHHbIX H3.lI:eJIHM, KaK npaBHJIO, He npeBbIlliaeT
25 M, IlIHpHHa - 3 M H Macca - 25 T. ,[(onYCKaeMble OTKJIOHeHHH OT HOMH-
HaJIbHbIX pa3MepOB TIinOBbIX C60PHbIX KOHCTp}'Kll;HM YCTaHaBJIHBalOTCH CTaH,lJ.ap-
TaMH H TeXHH'leCKHMH YCJIOBHHMH H 06bI'lHO COCTaBJIHIOT :t5...10 MM.
C!>u6po6emoH - KOMno31Iu:MoHHbIM MaTepHaJI, B KOTOpOM MOHOJIIITHO
coe):{HHeHbI H COBMeCTHO pa60TalOT B KOHC1p}'Kll:HH Q:>H6pbI Pa3JIHqHbIX BO-
JIOKOH H 6eTOH. ,[(mI: apMHpoBaHMSI Q:>H6po6eTOHa MOryr rrplIMeHSlTbCSI Me-
TaJIJIlIqeCKHe H HeMeTaJIJIHqeCKHe (cTeKJUlHHbIe, 6a3aJIbTOBbIe, ac6ecTOBbIe
II ):{p.) BOJIOKHa. B KaqeCTBe Q:>H6p HCrrOJIb3yIOT TOHKYIO npOBOJIoKy ):{HaMeT-
poM 0,1...0,5 MM, Hapy6JIeHHYI<> Ha 01pe3KH J{JIHHOM 10...50 MM. 11yqIIllIe
pe3YJIbTaTbI 06eCrreqHBaIOT Q:>H6pbI ):{HaMe1'pOM nopH,LJ;Ka 0,3 MM II J{JIIIHOM
25 MM.
APMHpOBaHHe Q:>H6paMH rrpHMeHSleTCSI, KaK npaBHJIO, J{JISI MeJIK03epHHC-
TbIX 6eTOHOB; IIHor):{a apMHPYI<>T u:eMeHTHbIM KaMeHb. 3Q:>Q:>eKTHBHOCTb
npHMeHeHIDI BOJIOKOH 3aBHCHT OT MX co):{ep.>KaHIDI H paCCTOSIHIDI Me)K):(Y OT-
):{eJIbHbIMH BOJIOKHaMII. TaK, pa3BIITIIe B 6eTOHax BOJIOCHbIX 1pe.I.l.{HH 3Q:>-
Q:>eKTIIBHO rrpHOCTaHaBJIHBaeTCSI JIHIIIb rrplI paCCTOSlHHH Me)K):(Y BOJIOKHaMH
He 60JIee 10 MM, n03ToM)' rrpHMeHeHHe B 6eTOHe KpyrrHoro 3arrOJIHIITeJISl,
11 MaTepMaJIOBe.l1eHHC
319
He n03BOJUIIOIl{erO paCrrOJIO:>KHTb ,n:HcnepCHbIe OOJIOKHa ,n:OCTaTOqHO 6JIH3KO
,n:pyr K APyry, CHIDKaeT 3Q:>Q:>eKTHBHOCTb rro,n:06Horo apMHpOBaHHSI.
CTaJIbHbIe Q:>H6pbI BBO,n:SIT B 6eTOHHyIO CMeCb 06bIqHO B KOJIHqeCTBe
1...2,5% 06'beMa 6eTOHa. B 3TOM CJIyqae npoQHOCTb 6eTOHa Ha paCTIDKeHHe
nOBbIlIIaeTCSI Ha 10...30% H pe3KO rrOBbIIIIaIOTCSI ero corrpornBJISIeMOCTb y,n:a-
paM, rrpe,n:eJI YCTaJIOCTM H H3HOCOCTOHKOCTb. TIPH 3KcnrryaTaU:HH Q:>H6p06e-
TOHOB co CTaJIbHbIMH Q:>H6paMM B YCJIOBHSlX arpeCCHBHbIX cpe,n: Q:>H6pbI He-
06XO,n:HMO 3aIl{MIl{aTb cneU:HaJIbHbIMH aHTMKopp03HHHbIMH rrOKpbITIDlMH.
CTeKJUlHHbIe BOJIOKHa BBOMT B 6eTOHHyIO CMeCb B KOJmQeCTBe 1...4%
06'beMa 6eTOHa. KaK H CTaJIbHbIe, CreKJUlHHbIe BOJIOKHa, 06JIa,LJ;aSI BbICOKMM
Mo,n:YJIeM yrrpyrOCTM, 06eCneQHBaIOT nOBbIIIIeHHe npOQHOCTM 6eTOHa Ha pa-
CTIDKeHHe Hero lpern:HHOCTOHKOCTb. TIpM MCrrOJIb30BaHHM CreKJUlHHbIX 00-
JIOKOH Heo6xo,n:IIMO npe,n:YCMalpHBaTb npHMeHeHHe BIDKYJ.lUIX BeIl{eCTB RJIH
cneU:HaJIbHbIe MeporrpHSlTHSI, rrpe,n:oxpaHSIIOIl{He pa3pyrneHHe CreKJISlHHbIX
OOJIOKOH B 6eTOHe OT KOpp03HH, HarrpHMep HCrrOJIb30BaTb rJIHH03eMMCTbIe
u:eMeHTbI, npOnHTKY 6eTOHa rrOJIMMepOM H ,n:p.
4.1.3.2. CWlu amHble MamepUatlbl
u U30eJlUfl a61nOKfla6HOzo m6epoeHWl
06 UI, U e C 6 e 0 e H U fl. K CHJIHKaTHbIM MarepHaJIaM aBTOKJIaBHoro TBep-
,n:eHHSI OTHOCSlTCSI MarepHaJIbI, rro.rryqeHHe KOTOpbIX OCHOBaHO Ha rH,LJ;pO-
repMaJIbHOM CHHTe3e MMHepaJIbHOH CMeCH (OCHOBHoe CbIpbe, BSI)I(yrnee
BeIl{eCTBO H 3arrOJIHHTeJIH), ocyrneCTBJISIeMOM npH nOBbIIIIeHHbIX 3HaQeHH-
SIX ,n:aBJIeHHSI (,n:o 1,5 MTIa) M TeMrrepaTYPbI (174...200°C) BOMHoro rrapa.
B KaQeCTBe OCHOBHbIX CbIpbeBbIX KOMnOHeHTOB .D:JISI MarepHaJIOB aBTO-
KJIaBHOrO TBep,n:eHHSI npHMeHSlIOT rrpeHMyrneCTBeHHO H3BeCTKOoo-rreCQaHbIe
CMeCH H rrpOMbIIIIJIeHHbIe OTXO,n:bI - ,n:OMeHHbIe IIIJIaKH, TOIDIHBHbIe 30JIbI,
HeQ:>eJIHHOBbIH IIIJIaM H ,n:p. HaH60JIee pacrrpOClpaHeHbI H3BeCTKOBO-rreCQa-
HbIe (cWluKamHble) MaTepHaJlbI.
OCHOBHbIM BIDKYUJ.HM KOMnOHeHTOM MarepHaJIOB aBTOKJIaBHorO TBep,n:e-
HHSI HBJISleTCSI H3BeCTb. ):LJrn rrpOH3Bo,n:CTBa CRJIHKaTHbIX H3,n:eJIHH peKOMeH-
,n:yeTCSI rrpHMeHeHMe 6bIClporaCSlIl{eHCSI H3Becrn C C}'MMapHbIM co,n:ep)l(aHH-
eM aKTMBHbIX OKCHl(OB KaJIbIJ;HSI H MarHHSI (aKTHBHOCTbIO) 60JIee 70%. TIpH
3TOM co,n:ep}KaHHe MgO ,n:OJl)KHO 6bITb He 60JIee 5%. HapMY C H3BeCTbIO
B03MO)l(HO npHMeHeHHe rrOpTJIaH.LJ:u:eMeHTa, B qaCTHOCTM B rrpOM3BO,n:CTBe
SlQeMCTbIX 6eTOHoB, KOTOpbIH crroco6cTByeT rrOBbIIIIeHHIO MOp03OCToHKocrn
H3,n:eJIHH. HaM60JIee pacrrpOClpaHeHHbIH 3arrOJlHHreJIb CHJIHKaTHbIX MarepH-
aJIOB - KBapu:eBbIe neCKM. TIPH rrpHMeHeHHH rrOJIeOOIIIrraTOBbIX M Kap6o-
HaTHbIX neCKOB Q:>H3HKo-MeXaHHQeCKHe CBOHCTBa H3,n:eJIHH yxy,n:IIIaIOTCSI.
TIpH reIDIOBOH o6pa6oTKe OCHOBHbIX CbIpbeBbIX KOMrrOHeHTOB B aBTO-
KJIaBaX Hl(eT B3aHMoAeHcTBHe Me)K):(Y rH,ZJ:pOOKCH,ZJ:OM KaJIbU:HSI, KpeMHe3e-
MOM II BO,n:OH, COnpOBO}K)].aIOIl{eeCSI 06pa30BaHHeM lpy,n:HopaCTBopMMbIX
npo,n:}'KTOB peaKl(HH - rH,ZJ:pOCRJIHKaTOB KaJIbU:HSI:
320
aCa(OH)2 + Si0 2 + (n - a) H 2 0 aCaO . Si0 2 . nH 2 0, (27)
nplIqeM BeJIlIqlIHa K03<}>(}mU:IIeHTa a onpe,n:eJISleTCSI COOTHOrneHlIeM KOH-
QeH'l'paQHH CaO H Si0 2 B }lGl)I.KOH <}>a3e.
CocTaB rn,z:J;pOCHJIHKaTOB KaJIbU:lISI B 3aBIICHMOCTII OT reMnepaTYPbI H )I)l1I-
reJIbHOCTII reIIJIoBJIIDKHoCTHOH o6pa6oTKH MO:>KeT MeHSlTbCR OT (1,8...2,4)x
xCaO' Si0 2 . (1...1,25)H 2 0 H (1,5...2)' CaO. Si0 2 . nH 2 0 ,n:o (0,8...1,5)x
xCaO' Si0 2 . (0,5...2)H 2 0. TaKHe rlf.D:pOCHJIIIKaTbI 0603Haqa1OT, COOTBeT-
CTBeHHO, C 2 SH(A), C 2 SH 2 H CSH(B). flf.D:pOCHJIHKaTbI rpynnbI CSH(B)
06ecneqlffiaIOT H3.L{eJIlISIM HaH60JIee BbICOK)'lO npoqJIOCTh, rpynnbI C 2 SH(A) -
HalI6oJIbI.I.llie MOpo30cToHKoCTb II CTOHKOCTb npOTIIB .n.eHcTBIDI yrJIeKHCJIOTbI
B03,n:yxa.
BbICOKYIO peaKQIIOHHYIO cnoco6HoCTb npH aBToKJIaBHoH o6pa6oTKe
HMelOT aMop<}>HbIe II CTeKJIoo6pa3HbIe CbIpbeBbIe MareplIaJIbI. K HIIM arno-
CSlTCSI BYJIKaHlIqeCKHe 3<}><}>Y3IIBHbIe ropHbIe nopo,n:bI, rpaHYJIlIpOBaHHbIe
IWIaKH, TOIIJIHBHbIe 30JIbI H ,n:p.
MHTeHclI<}>IIKaU:IDI TBep,n:eHIDI II YJIyqrneHlIe OCHOBHbIX CBOHCTB aBTO-
KJIaBHbIX MarepHaJIOB ,n:OCTIIraIOTCSI nplIMeHeHHeM BbICOKo.n.IICnepCHbIX CbI-
pbeBbIX MareplIaJIOB. DpH II3rOTOBJIeHHM BbICOKOnpOqHbIX H3BeCTKOBo-nec-
qaHbIX II3,n:eJIIIH HerarneHyro H3BeCTb pa3MaJIbIBalOT C neCKOM ,n:o y,n:eJIbHoH
nOBepXHOCTII 3000...5000 cM 2 jr II HCnOJIb3yroT KaK BIDKYUI:ee BeIIJ;eCTBO.
Do HaJHaqeHlI10 H3,n:eJIIDI 113 CHJIHKaTHbIX MaTepHaJIOB no,n:paJ,n:eJISIIOT Ha
KOHcmpYK14UOHHble II me1l/l0U30./lfl14UOHHble U3ae.JlUfl, a no <}>opMe II31'OTOBJIeHlISI -
Ha Ulm)"1Hble II KpynHopa3MepHble.
Do o6'beM)' BbmYCKa II3,n:eJIIIH M:3 MareplIaJIOB aBTOKJIaBHOrO TBep,n:eHIDI
Be,n: ee MecTO 3aHHMaeT cWluKamHblu KUpnUIt, a 3a HMM - cmeH08ble U3ae.JlUfl
H3 IIJIOTHoro II SlqelICTOro 6eToHoB.
C U Jl UK a m H bl U K up n U It - IICKYCCTBeHHbIH 6e306.>KHrOBbIH CTeHOBOH
CTpOIITeJIbHbIH MareplIaJI, H31'OTOBJIeHHbIH npeCCOBaHlIeM 113 CMeCII KBapu:e-
BOro neCKa (90...92%) II rarneHoH II3Becm (8...10%) C nOCJIe.n:yroIIJ;IIM TBep,n:e-
HM:eM B aBTOKJIaBe. B COCTaBe cbIpbeBoH CMeCH )I)ISI no.rryqeHIDI CHJlliKaTHOrO
mpnWla co,n:ep:>KaHHe II3BeCTII KOJIe6JIeTCSI OT 7 ,n:o 10% B nepecqere Ha aK-
TIIBHyro pOJIb CaO. .lVrn nOBbIrneHIDI npOqHOCTII CHJIHKaTHOrO KHpnWla B
KaqeCTBe BIDKYUI:ero KOMnOHeHTa nplIMeHSlIOT TOHKOMOJIOTbIe H3BeCTKOBO-
KpeMHe3eMlIcTbIe, II3BeCTKOBO-IWIaKOBbIe H II3BeCTKOBO-30JIbHbIe CMeCII.
DpH npoH3BO,n:CTBe CHJIIIKaTHOrO KHpnHqa HaM:6oJIee :>KeJIaTeJIbHbI KBap-
QeBbIe neCKH C 3epHaMH paJMepoM 0,2...2 MM, HMelOIIJ;He MHHHMaJIbHOe KO-
JlliqeCTBO nyCTOT. Co,n:ep:>KaHlIe rJIlIHMCThIX npHMeceH ,n:onycKaeTCSI He 60JIee
10%, TaK KaK npII 60JIbrneM co,n:ep:>KaHHH yaeJIlIqlIBaeTCR Bo,n:onOrJIOIIJ;eHlIe,
CHIDKaIOTCSI npoqHOCTh II MOp03oCToHKocTb KHpnHqa. HaJIlIqHe OpraHlIqe-
CKHX npHMeceH B CbIpbeBOH CMeCII )I)ISI npolI3BO,n:CTBa KHpnlIqa CHIDKaeT ero
npOqHOCTh II MO:>KeT nplIBeCTII K o6pa30BamIlo 'l'peIIJ;IIH 3a CqeT BbI,ll;eJIeHIDI
raJOB npII aBTOKJIaBHOM TBep,n:eHHM.
II.
321
. i i i
I
; : . 'j
.
PHC. 76. 3rjJrjJe1Cmu8Hble U30eJlUJl:
a - lCaMeHb (lCupnu't) 14-nycmomHblu; nycmomHocmb 28...31%, iJuOMemp om6epcmuu 30...32 MM;
6 - ICOMeHb (lCupnu't) ll-nycmomHblu; nycmOmHOCmb 22...25%, iJuOMemp om6epcmuu 2Z..32 MM
DpOMbIIIIJIeHHOCTblO BbmYCKalOTCH OaUHapHblU II MOiJy/lbHbIU CWlUKamHbie
KUpnUItU, a TaIOKe CWlUKamHble KaMHU. Do TeIIJIOTeXHlIqeCKHM CBOHCTBaM H
cpe,n:HeH IIJIOTHocm B CYXOM COCTOHHIIII CMJIIIKaTHbIH KHprmq II CMJIHKaT-
HbIe KaMHII no,n:pa3,n:eJISIIOT Ha 'I'pII rpyrrrrbI:
· 3fjJrjJeKmu6Hbie (pIIC. 76), n03BOIDIlOII(He }'MeHbIIIaTb TOJIII(HHY orpIDIQ:{a-
IOII(HX .KOHC'I'p}'Kl.J;HH no cpaBHeHlI10 C TOJIIIumOH CTeH, BbillO}l{eHHbIX 113
nOJIHOTeJIOrO KHpnlIqa; K 3TOH rpyrrne OTHOCSIT KHpnlIq IIJIOTHOCThIO He 60-
JIee 1400 KTIM 3 , KaMHH TIJIOTHOCThIO He 60JIee 1450 KTIM 3 H TeIIJIOnpOBO,n:-
HOCThIO ,n:o 0,46 BT/(M' K);
· YC/106Ho-3fjJfjJeKmu6Hble (pIIC. 77), YJIyqIIIalOlI(IIe TeTIJIOTeXHlIqeCKHe
CBOHCTBa orpIDK,L:J:alOlI.(Ifx KOHC'I'p}'Kll:HH 6e3 CHIDKeHIDI HX TOJIII(HHbI; K 3TOH
rpynne OTHOCSIT KHpnlIq IIJIOTHOCTblO 1401...1650 KTIM 3 , KaMHM IIJIOTHOC-
TblO 1451...1650 KTIM 3 II TeTIJIOnpOBO,n:HOCTblO,n:O 0,58 BT/(M' K);
. 06blKHo6eHHbiu CWlUKamHblU KUpnUIt IIJIOTHOCTblO CBbIllie 1650 KTIM 3 .
Do MeXaHlIqeCKHM CBOHCTBaM CMJIIIKaTHbIH KHpnHq 6JIII30K K KepaMII-
qeCKOMY KHpnlIqy, HO MeHee orHeCToeK. B 3aBHCIIMocm OT npe,n:eJIa npoq-
Hocm npH C.>KamH CMJIHKaTHbIe KaMHH H_ KHpnHq no,n:pa3,n:eJISIIOT Ha MapKH
300, 250, 200, 150, 125, 100, 75. .lVrn KHpnlIqa HopMHpyeTCH TaIOKe npe,n:eJI
npOqHOCm npH II3rH6e. Bo,n:onOmOlI(eHlIe CMJIIIKaTHbIX KHpnHqa II KaMHeH
,n:OJDKHO 6bITh He 60JIee 6%. Do MOp030CToHKocm CMJIIIKaTHbIe KHpnWI II
KaMHII MOryr IIMeTh MapKH F 50, F 35, F 25 II F 15.
CMJIIIKaTHbIe IGI:pnlIq II KaMHII, KOTOpbIM nplICBoeHa BbICIIIaSI KaTerOpIDI
KaqeCTBa, ,n:OJDKHbI y,n:OBJIeTBOpSiTh ,n:onOmiHTeJIbHO CJIe.n:yIOlI(HM 'I]Je60BaHII-
HM: MapKa no npOqHOCm ,n:OJDKHa 6bITh He MeHee 125.wrn PMOBbIX II 150 -
.wrn JIIIu:eBbIX II3,n:eJIHH; MapKa no MOp030CToHKocm ,n:OJDKHa 6bITh He MeHee
F 25 .wrn PMOBbIX II F 35 - .lLJISi JIHu:eBbIX II3,n:eJIIIH.
322
-
. i i
I
; i i
i:I-
PHC. 77. YCIl08HO-3rjJrjJe1CmU8Hble U30eJlUJl:
Q - ymOAU{eHHblu 7-nycmomHblU Kupnu't; nycmomHocmb 16...18%, iJuaMemp omeepcmuu 30...36 MM;
6 - ymoAU{eHHblu 2-nycmomHblu Kupnu't; nycmomHocmb 8...10%, iJUQMemp omeepcmuu 50...60 MM
CHJIHKaTHble KHpIIWI H KaMHH IIpHMeIDIIOT HapMY C KepaMHqeCKHM KHP-
IIHqOM .z:uHI KJUI,l(KH KaMeHHbIX H apMMpOBaHHO-KaMeHHbIX Hap}')KHbIX H BHyr-
peHHHX KOHC'l'pYKIum B Ha,n3eMHOH qaCTH 3,lJ,aHHH C HOpMaJIbHbIM H BJIIDKHblM
pe:>KHMOM 3KCIIJIyaTaI..{HH. BCJIe.n:CTBHe 60JIee HH3KOH CTOHKOCTH K Bo.n:e H K pa-
CTBopeHHbIM B HeH BemeCTBaM CHJIHKaTHbIH KHPIIWI, B OTJIHqHe OT KepaMHqe-
CKOro, HeJIb3H rrpHMeIDITb ,lUIH KJIa,nKH <p}'H.l.{aMeHTOB H l.{OKOJIeH 3.n:aHHH HIDKe
m.n:p<>H30lliIl.{HOHHOro CJIOH. HeJIb3H HCIIOJIb30BaTh CHJIHKaTHbIH KHPIIWI ,lUIH CTeH
3,lJ,aHHH C MOKpbIM pe:>KHMOM 3KCIIJIyaTal.{HH (6aHb, rrpaqeqHbIX H .n:p.) 6e3 CIIel.{H-
aJIbHbIX Mep JaIl..{HTbI CTeH OT }'BJIIDKHeHHH. B 3THX KOHC'l'p}'Kl.{HHX MO)I{HO IIPH-
MeHHTh CHJIHKaTHbIH KHPIIWI TOJIbKO IIOBbIllIeHHOH MOP030CTOHKOcTH (F 50).
CHJIHKaTHbIH KHPIIHq He pa3pelliaeTCH HCIIOJIb30BaTb ,lUIH KJIa,nKH IIeqeH H 'l'py6,
TaK KaK OH He Bbl).{ep:>KHBaeT ,lUIHTeJIbHOrO B03,lJ,eHCTBH BblCOKOH TeMIIepaTYPbI.
C U fl UK a m H bl e 6 e m 0 H bl - 3aTBep,n:eBllIaSI B aBTOKJIaB ynrrOTHeHHaSI
CMeCb, COCTOmn;aSI II3 KBapu:eBoro rreCKa (70...80%), MOJIoT6ro rreCKa (8...15%)
II MOJIOTOH HeranieHoH II3BeCTH (6...10%). Ha rrpo1JHOCTb CIDIHKaTHOrO 6eTO-
Ha, KaK II 06bNHoro, C}'IlI:eCTBeHHO BJIIDIeT He TOJIbKO co,n:e .>KaJme BIDK)'llJ;erO
BelI.(ec II MOJIOTOrO rreCKa, HO II O,n:HOpO,n:HOCTb CMeCII, crerreHb ee ynrrOT-
HeHIDI, Bo,n:oco,n:ep.>KaHlIe, Ka1JeCTBO II3BeCTH H rreCKa, pe:>KHM aBTOKJIaBHOH
o6pa6oTIrn II ,n:p. MO.n:yJIb yrrpyroCTH MeJIK03epHHCTOro CIDIIIKaTHOrO 6eTOHa
Ha 30%, a rrOJI3yqeCTb - B 1,5-2 pa3a HIDKe amlJIOIWIHbIX rrOKa3areJIeH paB-
Horrpo1JHOrO ueMeHTHOrO 6eTOHa HOpMaJIbHOrO TBep,n:eHHSl rrpII TOH .>Ke Kpyrr-
HOCTH 3arrOJIHHTeJISl. KOPP03IIOHHaSI CTOHKOCTb ero apMaTYPbI TIlIOKe 60JIee
HII3KaSI, Iff 0 o6YCJIOBJIeHO CJIa60H lI.(eJI01JHOCTblO cpe.zn,I. CTOHKOCTb apMaTY-
pbI Ha,n;e.>KHO 06eCrre1JHBaeTCR npII BJIIDKHOCTH B03,n:yxa,n:o 60%.
KaK II ueMeHTHbIe, CIDIIIKaTHbIe 6eTOHbI KJIaCclI<}>IIUHPYIOTCR B 3aBIICII-
MOCTH OT IIJIOTHOCTH, oco6eHHocreH CTp}'KTYPbI, MaKCIIMaJIbHOH KpynHOCTH
II Blf,lI;a 3aIIOJIHIITeJIeH, a TIlIOKe OT o6JIacTH rrplIMeHeHIDI. CIDIIIKaTHbIe 6e-
"
TOHbI MOryr 6bITb mRJlCeAbLMU (1l/l0mHbLMu), fleZKUMU II RlteUCmbLMU.
323
TIDKeJIbIe CMJUIKaTHbIe 6eroHbI npe.n:CTaBJUlIOT C060H rpyrrny 6eroHOB aB-
TOKJIaBHOrO rnep.n:eHIDI Ha OCHOBe H3BeCTKOBO-KpeMHe3eMIICTOrO BIDKYWero
H MHHepaJIbHbIX 3aIIOJIHHTeJIeH. Arm fIOJIyqeHIDI TIDKeJIbIX CMJIHKaTHbIX H3-
.n:eJIHH npHMeHSIIOT II3BeCTh C y.n:eJIbHOH rrOBepXHOCThIO 4000...5000 cM 2 /r, a
rreCOK - 2000...2500 cM 2 /r. Arm CMJIIIKaTHbIX H3.n:eJIHH C rrpOqHOCThIO .n:o
10...15 Mila rreCOK MO>KHO npHMeHSITh B HeMOJIOTOM BH,lI;e rrpH co.n:epXaHHH
H3BeCrn 6...10%.
HalI60JIbllIee pacrrpOC'I])aHeHHe rrOJIyqMJIII TSlXeJIbIe MeJIK03epHIICThIe
6eroHbI IIJIOTHOCTblO 1800...2500 KT/M 3 . TIo rrpOqHocrn rrpH cxarnII YCTa-
HOBJIeHbI CJIe.n.yroIl(l1e MapKH TIDKeJIOrO CMJIIIKaTHOrO 6e-roHa, KT/CM 2 : 100,
150, 200, 250, 300 II 400. Ha OCHOBe II3BeCTKOBO-KpeMHe3eMIICThIX BIDKY-
unIX BelI.(eCTB MO>KHO rrOJIyqHTb 6eToHbI II 60JIee BbICOKOH rrpOqHOCrn - .n:o
80 Mila.
BO.n:OCTOHKOCTb UlxeJIoro CMJIHKaTHoro 6eTOHa y.n:OBJIeTBOpIITeJIbHaSI
(K03<}>(}mU:HeHT pa3MS1rqeHlliI He HIDKe 0,75), XOTSI II HeCKOJIbKO HIDKe BO-
.n:OCToHKocrn ueMeHTHoro 6e-rOHa. MOp030CTOHKOCTb rrpII HH3KOH <}>OPMO-
BOqHOH BJI OCTH H BH6paU:HoHHoM yIIJIOTHeHHH .n:ocrnraeT 200 H 60JIee
l{MKJIOB.
T DKeJIbIe CHJIHKaTHbIe 6eTOHbI ycrrenIHo rrpHMeHHIOTCH .lUIH H3rOTOBJIeHHH
MeJIIGlX H3.ZJ:eJIHH H KpYIIHopa3MepHbIX apMHpOBaHHbIX HeC HX KOHCTpyJ(ll;HH
.lUIH :>KIDIHlI.{HOro, rrpOMbIIllJIeHHoro H CeJIbCKOrO C'l'pOlITeJIbCTBa (rraHeJIH BHYT-
peHHHX CTeH H rrepeKpbITHH, JIeCTHHqHbIe MapnIH H IIJIOI.UazIlGI, 6anlGl, rrporo-
HbI H KOJIOHHbI, KapHH3HbIe fIJUITbI H T.,II;.). He peKOMeH.ZJ:yeTcH HCrrOJIb30BaTb
TH>KeJIbIe CHJIHKaT06eTOHHbIe H3.ZJ:eJIHH .lUIH <}>YH.ZJ:aMeHTOB H .ZJ:pymx KOHC'l'pYK-
UHH, pa6OTaIOlI.{HX B YCJIOBHHX BbICOKOH BJIa>KHOCTH.
B rrOCJIe.ZJ:Hee BpeWl TIDKeJIbIe CHJIHKaTHbIe 6eToHbI rrpHMeHHIOT .l1lliI H3ro-
TOBJIeHHH BbICOKOrrpOqHbIX H3.lI.eJIHH: rrpeccoBaHHoro 6e3ac6ecToBoro nIH<}>epa,
HarrpH>KeHHO-apMHpOBaHHbIX CHJIHKaT06eTOHHbIX >KeJIe3Ho.ZJ:opO>KHbIX IlIrran,
apMHpOBaHHbIX CHJIHKaT06eToHHbIX TI06HHroB .lUIH OT.ZJ:eJIIGI TYHHeJIeH Me'l'po H
.lUIH IlIaxTHoro C'l'pOHTeJIbCTBa (6eToH rrpoqHOCTbIO 60 Mlla H 6oJIee).
nerKHe CMJIIIKaTHbIe 6eToHbI - pa3HoBH,lI;HOCTh CMJIHKaTHOrO 6eToHa Ha
rrOplICTbIX 3arrOJIHHTeJISIX. BIDK)'lI.(He BeIl(ecTBa .wrn 3TIIX 6eroHOB rrplIMeHSl-
lOT Te xe, qTO H .wrn TIDKeJIbIX 6eTOHOB, a rroplICThIMII 3arrOJIHHreJISIMH CJIY-
xaT KepaM3HT, BcnyqeHHbIH rrepJIHT, amorropHT, llIJH1KOBaH rreM3a II .n:pyrHe
rropHCThIe MareplIaJIbI B BH,lI;e rpaBIDI H lI.(e6HS1.
113 JIerKoro CMJIHKaTHOrO 6eTOHa II3rOTaRJIHBalOT KpyrrHbIe creHOBbIe 6JIO-
KH BHYTPeHHHX Hec)'IlI:HX rreperopo.n:oK, CTyIIeHII, IIJIIITbI, 6aJIKH. 3JIeMeHThI,
pa60TalOlime Ha II3rH6, apMlIpyroT crep>KHSlMH H CeTKaMII.
}lqelICThIe CMJIHKaTHbIe 6eTOHbI - IICKYCCTBeHHbIe KaMeHHbIe MareplIa-
JIbI, rrOJIyqaeMbIe Ha OCHOBe MHHepaJIbHoro BIDK)'lI.(erO aBTOKJIaBHOrO TBep-
.n:eHIISI, C paBHOMepHO pacrrpe.n:eJIeHHbIMH rropaMII B BH,lI;e c<}>eplIqeCKHX
HqeeK, .n:HaMe'I]) KOTOpbIX 06bIqHO COCTaBJISIeT 1...3 MM. }lqelICTaSI CTPYKTYPa
324
3To.ro. 6eTo.Ha ,n:o.CTIIraeTCSI BBe,n:eHlIeM B CMeCb ra3o.o.6pa3}'IOmeH ,n:o.6aBKH
(Za30CWlUKam08) MJIII neHbI (neHOCWlUKamOe).
Arm rrpo.H3Bo.,n:CTBa }'Ka3aHHbIX 6eTOHo.B rrpMMeHSIlOT II3BeCTKo.Bo.-KpeMHe-
3eMMCThIe BIDK}'llJ;IIe BemeCTBa, B KOTOpbIX C u:eJIblO 6o.JIee 6bIC'lpo.ro. <Po.PMH-
po.BaHMSI CTpYKTYPbI II HapaCTaHMSI rrpo.qHOCTII II3BecTh qaCTWIHo. 3aMeHSlIOT
rro.prJIaH,LlJJ:eMeHTOM. B KaqeCTBe ra3o.o.6pa3o.BaTeJISI MCno.JIb3}'IOT Bo.,n:H}'IO CYC-
rreH3HlO aJIlOMIIHlIeBo.H ny,n:pbI, neHo.o.6pa30BaTeJISI - KJIeeKaHH<po.JIbHbIe,
CMQJIo.Cano.HIIHo.BbIe M HeKo.To.PbIe ,n:pyrHe BemeCTBa.
Arm peryJIMPo.BaHIDI rrpo.u:ecca CTpYKTYPo.o.6pa3o.BaHIDI, YBeJIHqeHMSI npo.q-
HOCTII II YCKo.peHHo.ro rnep,n:eHMSI SItIeMCTo.6eTOHHo.H CMeCH MCno.JIb3yIOT XH-
MWleCKHe ,n:o.6aBKH: mnc, nOTallI, Co..n:y, CYJIbcpaHo.JI M ,n:p. TeJIJIo.npo.Bo.,n:Ho.CTh
WIeHC'p>IX CMJIMKaTHbIX 6eroHo.B B Cyxo.M COCTO.SIlurn npH TeMJIepa'fYI)e 1°C 3a-
BMCIIT o.T lUIo.THo.CTII M Ko.JIe6JIeTCSI B npe,n:eJIax 0,093...0,26 BT/(M' K) npII Co.-
arneTCTB}'IOmHX 3HaqeHHSIX lUIo.THo.CTII 300...1000 KTIM 3 .
Bo.,n:o.no.rJIo.meHlIe CMJIIIKaTHbIX SlqeMCTbIX 6eTo.Ho.B Co.CTaBJISleT 40...45%.
npH npMMeHeHHH no.prJIaH,l:U.J:eMeHTa o.Ho. CHIDKaeTCSI n;o. 30...35%. Y 6eroHo.B,
MCrro.JIb3yeMbIX B o.rpa)l()];alOI.W1X Ko.HCTp)'KIJ:IDIX, Ko.3<P<PIIU:HeHT rrapo.npo.HII-
u:aeMo.CTII ,n:o.JI.>KeH 6bITh He HIDKe 4,73...2,95 KTI(M' c. TIa) rrpII JIJIo.THo.CTII,
M3MeHSIlOmei1:cSI, Co.o.TBeTCTBeHHo., B npe,n:eJIax 500...1000 KTIM 3 . TIo. Mo.P03o.-
croHKo.CTII }'Ka3aHHbIe 6eTo.HbI Mo.Iyr 6bITh CJIe.n:yIOmHX Mapo.K: F 15, F 25,
F 35, F 50, F 75, F 100.
TIPII BbICbIxaHlI1I 6eTo.Ho.B Ha6JIlO,n:aeTcSI YCa,LJ.Ka, ,n:o.CTIIralOmaSI 5 MM/M
npH TBep,n:eHHH B eCTeCrneHHbIX YCJIo.BHSIX B Bo.3paCTe 10 Mec. rrpII JIJIo.THo.crn
600...800 KTIM 3 .
B 3aBHCHMo.CTII o.T Ha3HaqeHIDI CMJIHKaTHbIe SlqeHCThIe 6eTo.HbI ,n:eJUlTCSI
Ha CJIe.n:yIOmlIe rpynnbI:
. KOHcmpYKu,UOHHble C JIJIo.THo.CTblO B Cyxo.M Co.CTo.SlHIIH 900...1200 KTIM 3
M rrpe,n:eJIo.M rrpo.qHo.CTII npH C.>KaTIIH 7,5...15 MTIa;
. KOHcmpYKu,uoHHo-meflll0U30JlJlu,uoHHble C JIJIo.THo.CThlO 500...900 KTIM 3 II
npe,n:eJIo.M npo.qHo.CTII npII C.>KaTIIII 2,5...7,5 MTIa;
. meflll0U30/lJlu,UOHHble C JIJIo.THo.CTblO MeHee 500 KTIM 3 H npe,n:eJIo.M rrpoq-
Ho.CTII npH C.>KaTIIH MeHee 2,5 MTIa.
1-13 CH.lIHKaTHbIX HqeHCTbIX 6eTOHOB MapOK 25...100 H3rOTaBJIHBaIOT naHeJIH
Hap}')KHbIX CTeH, OrpIDK,[{aIOll{HX KOHCTPYKI.{HH 3,lJ,aHHH (3a HCKJIIOqeHHeM nOMe-
ll{eHHH C MOKpbIM pe:xrnMOM 3KCnJIyaTaUHH, UOKOJIeH H CTeH no.nBaJIOB). <I>aca,n,-
HaH nOBepXHOCTb TaKHX naHeJIeH .nOJDKHa HMeTb 3all{HTHo-.neKopaTHBHy:EO OT-
.neJII<}'. 3TH 6eTOHbI npHMeHHIOT TaIOKe npH H3rOTOBJIeHHH naHeJIeH BHYTPeHHHX
HeCYll{HX CTeH, neperopO,ll;OK, Me)lQ:(Y3TaJKHbIX H qep.naqHbIX nepeKpblTHH >KHJIbIX
H 06ll{eCTBeHHbIX 3.naHHH, CTeHOBbIX KaMHeH, nJIHT nOKpblTHH H .npyrnx H3,lJ,e-
JIHH.
IIpH apMHpOBaHHH H3,lJ,eJIHH H3 HqeHCTbIX 6eTOHOB npHHHMaIOT MepbI .l1JIH
Ha,n,e>KHOH 3all{HTbI apMaTYPbI H 3aKJIa,n,OqHbIX .neTaJleH OT KOpp03HH (HaHeceHHe
aHTHKOpp03HOHHbIX nOKpbITHH, C03,lJ,aHHe .nOCTaTOqHOrO 3all{H1Horo CJIOH).
325
.H3JJ.emnI M KOHC'rp}'Kl.l:MM M3 3TMX 6eTOHOB no Macce, CTOMMOCTI1 M KanM-
TaJIbHbIM BJIO>KeHMRM 3<p<peKTMBHee M3JJ.eJIMM M3 JIen<MX 6eTOHOB Ha nopMCTbIX
3anOJIHMTeJIRX.
4.1.3.3. CmpOUmeAbHble pacmeopbl
CmpOUmeAbHblii pacm60p - 3TO HCKYCCTBeHHbIH KaMHeBM.LJ:HbIM MarepII-
arr, no.rryqeHHbIH B pe3YJIbTare TBep,n:eHHSl paCTBOpHOH CMeCH, COCTOSlIll,eH
113 BIDK)'IlI,erO BeIll,eCTBa, BO,n:bI, MeJIKOrO 3anOJIHHTeJISI H ,n:06aBOK, YJIyqrna-
IOIlI,HX CBOHCTBa CMeCII II paCTBOpOB. KpynHbrn 3aIIOJIHHTeJIb oTCyrCTByeT,
TaK KaK paCTBOp nplIMeHSIIOT B BM.LJ:e TOHKHX CJIOeB (rnOB KaMeHHOH KJIa,rJ,-
KH, urryKaTYPKa II .n.p.). Tpe60Bamrn K KaqeCTBY BIDK)'IlI,HX BeIll,eCTB, 3anOJI-
HllTeJIeH, ,n:06aBOK II BO,n:bI TaKHe }l(e, KaK II K MarepHarraM, nplIMeHSIeMbIM
.wrn npHrOTOBJIeHHSI 6eTOHOB.
B KaqeCTBe BIDK)'IlI,erO BeIll,eCTBa ncnOJIb3)'1OT u:eMeHT, rJIHHY, rnnc, H3-
BeCTb MJIII HX CMeCII. CrpOllTeJIbHbIe paCTBopbI, nplIroTOBJIeHHbIe Ha O,n:HOM
BIDK)'IlI,eM MaTepHarre, Ha3bIBaIOTCSI npocmbLMU, a Ha HeCKOJIbKMX BIDK}'IlI,MX
BeIll,eCTBax - CJlOJICHbLMU pacmeopaMu. .
COCTaBbI npOCTbIX paCTBOpOB 0603HaqalOT ,n:B}'MSI qIICJIaMll, KOTOpbIe no-
K83bIBaIOT COOTHOrneHHe 06'beMHbIX qaCreH BIDK)'IlI,erO MarepHarra M 3anOJI-
HHTeJISI. .lVrn CJIO>KHbIX paCTBopOB COOTHOrneHHe COCTOHT H3 1pex qHCeJI,
COOTBeTCTBYIOIlI,HX 06'beMHbIM qaCTSIM OCHOBHOro II ,n:onOJIHHTeJIbHOro BSI-'
}I(}'IlI,HX BeIll,eCTB M 3anOJIHHTeJISI. HarrpHMep, COCTaB 1 : 0,15 : 4 H3BeCTKOBO-
rHnCOBoro pacTBopa npe,n:CTaBillIeT C060H o)my qaCTb 113BeCTM, 0,15 mnca II
qeTbIpe qaCTM 3arrOJIHHTeJISI.
B KaqeCTBe MeJIKoro 3anOJIHMTeilll npHMeHSlIOT npHpo,n:HbIe neCKH - KBap-
u:eBbIe, nOJIeBOrnnaTOBbIe, a TaIOKe IICKYCCTBeHHble ,n:p06JIeHble neCKH - II3
ITJIOTHbIX II nOplICTbIX ropHbIX nopo,n: II HCKYCCTBeHHbIX MarepMaJIOB (rreM30-
BbIe, KepaM311TOBble, rrepJIllTOBbIe II ,n:p.).
,[VrR 06bl'-lHOM KJHI,lI;I<M KMpnMqa, KaMHeM npaBIDIbHoM <pOPMbI, B TOM qMCJIe
M 6JIOKOB, HaM60JIbllIMM pa3Mep 3epeH neCKa He ,lJ,OJI>KeH npeBbIlliaTh 2,5 MM;
,lJ,JIR 6yrOBOH KJHI,IJ,KM M neCqaHOrO 6eTOHa - He 60JIee 5 MM; ,lJ,JIR OT,IJ,eJIOqHOrO
CJIOR IlITYKaTYPKM - He 60JIee 1,2 MM.
HeOpraHlIqeCKHe (II3BeCTb, 30JIa T3C, MOJIOTbIH ,n:OMeHHbIH IIlJIaK M ,n:p.)
II OpraHlIqeCKHe (HarrpMMep, OMbmeHHbIH ,n:peBeCHbIH neK) ,n:06aBKH BBOMT
B paCTBOpHble CMeCH, qT06bI COXpaHHTb HX yoo60YK./laObleaeMOCmb. OpraHM-
qeCKHe ,n:06aBKH He TOJIbKO YJIyqrnaIOT y,n:060y:KJIa,rJ,bIBaeMOCTb paCTBOpHbIX
CMeceH, HO TaIOKe 3KOHOMSIT BIDK)'IlI,ee BeIll,eCTBO, nOBbIrnaIOT MOpo3OCTOH-
KOCTb, CHIDKalOT Bo,n:onOrJIOIll,eHlIe II yca,u.KY C1]JOllTeJIbHOrO paCTBOpa.
YiJo60YKJlaiJbl8ae.MOCmb - 3TO CBOHCTBO paCTBOpHOH CMeCM JIeI'KO YKJIa,lJ,bI-
BaTbCR nJIOTHbIM M TOHKMM CJIoeM Ha nopMCToe OCHOBaHMe M He paccmllfBaTbCR
npM XpaHeHMM, nepeB03Ke M nepeKaqMBaHMM paCTBopa HacocaMM.
326
CrpOllTeJIbHbIe paCTBOpbI pa3JmqalOT B 3aBHCHMOCTll om 6uoa 6RJlCyU{e20
6eU{ecm6a, cpeOHeu flIlomHocmu, MeXaHUlteCKUX C6oucm6 II Ha3HalteHUR.
no Bn,ny B ero BeweCTBa pa3JmqalOT paCTBOpbI u,eMeHmHble, U36ecm-
K06ble, 2unC06ble II CMewaHHble (u:eMeHTHO-H3BeCTKOBbIe, ueMeHTHO-rJIIIHSI-
HbIe, 113BeCTKOBO-mnCOBbIe II )]:1'.). B )]:OpO.>KHOM C'lpOHTeJIbCTBe II npll cne-
UHaJIbHbIX pa60Tax (YC'lpOHCTBO cnDKeK, 3awHTHbIX aHmKopp03HOHHbIX
CJIOeB) HaxOMT npHMeHeHHe 6umYMHbie H nOIlUMepHble 6RJIC)lU{ue 6eU{ecm6a.
no cpe)]:HeH IIJIOTHOCTll pa3JIIIqalOT mRJlCeJlble pacm60pbl nJIOTHOCTblO
60JIee 1500 KI'/M 3 , H3rOTOBJHleMbIe 06b1:QHO Ha KBapu:eBOM neCKe; lle2KUe
pacm60pbl IIJIOTHOCThIO MeHee 1500 KI'/M 3 , M:3rOTOBJISIeMbIe Ha nopHCTOM
MeJIKOM 3anOJIHIITeJIe (c IIJIOTHOCTblO MeHee 1200 KI'/M 3 ) M: C nopo06pa3yJO-
IUill1H )]:06aBKaMH.
no MeXaHHqeCKHM CBOHCTBaM paCTBopbI KJIaCcHq:mUHPyJOTCSI no )J,BYM
BIDKHeHllillM nOKa3aTeJISlM: npOItHOCmU II Mopo30cmouKocmu, xapaKTep1l3yJO-
IUllM )]:OJIrOBeQHOCTh paCTBopa.
C'lpOHTeJIbHbIe paCTBopbI )J,JISI KJIa,rJ:KH H lllTYKaTYPKl1 no np01mocTll Ha
C.>KaTM:e B 28-cyrOQHOM B03paCTe )]:eJISIT Ha CJIe)]:YJOWHe MapKH, Kr/cM 2 :
4; 10; 25; 50; 75; 100; 150; 200. C'lpOHTeJIbHbIe paCTBopbI MapOK 4 H 10
M:3rOTOBJUlIOT Ha MeCTHbIX B HX BeIUecTBax (B03.n.YIIlHOH II Bf,LJ;paBJIH-
QeCKOH II3BeCm II )]:1'.). npOQHOCTb paCTBOpoB Ha paCTIDKeHlIe B 5-10 pa3
MeHbllle HX npOQHOCTII Ha C:>Kame. MOpo30CTOHKOCTb paCTBopOB 3aBHCHT
OT Blf.lI:a BIDKYIUerO BeIUeCTBa, BO)]:ou:eMeHTHOrO OTHOllleHHSI, BBe)]:eHHbIX )]:06a-
BOK H YCJIOBIDf: TBep)]:eHHSl. C1pOlrreJIbHbIe paCTBopbI )J,JISI KaMeHHOH KJIa,rJ:KJ1
Hap}'.>KHbIX CTeH II Hap}'.>KHoH lllT}'KaTYPKJ1 HMelOT MapKH no MOp030CTOH-
Kocm: F 10; F 15; F 25; F 35; F 50. ,LLrrSi BJIIDKHbIX YCJIOBHH 3KCnJIyaTaU:HII
pacTBopbI )]:OJI.>KHbI M:MeTb 60JIee BbICOKHe MapKH no MOp030CTOHKOCTH:
F 100; F 150; F 200 M: F 300.
no Ha3HaQeHMIO C'lpOllTeJIbHbIe paCTBOpbI pa3JIIIQalOT KaK:
. KIlaOoItHble - )J,JISI KaMeHHOH KJIa,rJ:KJ1 CTeH, <}>YH)J,aMeHTOB, CTOJI60B,
CBO)]:OB II )]:pyrHX KOHCTp}'KUHH;
. lllT}'KaTYPHbIe - )J,JISI OIllT}'KaTYPIIBaHHSI BHyrpeHHHX CTeH, nOTOJIKOB,
<}>aCa,rJ:OB 3)]:aHIIH;
. MOHmaJICHble - )J,JISI 3arrOJIHeHHSI lllBOB Me.>K;D:Y KpyrrHbIMII 3JIeMeHTaMH
(naHeJISlMH, 6JIOKaMII II )]:1'.) npll MOHTIDKe 3)]:aHHH II COOpY.>KeHHH H3 rOTO-
BbIX C60PHbIX KOHCTpyJ<I.UIH H JIeTaJIeH;
. cneu,UQ/lbHble (JIeKOpaTllBHbIe, rlf.ll:pOH30JISlU:llOHHbIe, TaMnOHa.>KHbIe,
peHTreH03aIUIITHbIe, aKYCmQeCKlle II JIpyrlle CTpOHTeJIbHbIe paCTBOpbI).
4.2. KaMeHHhIe UJIaBJIeHhIe MaTepHaJIhI (KaMeHHoe JIHThe)
KflMeHHble nAa6./leHble MamepUa./lbl (KflMeHHOe ./lUmbe) - HCKYCCTBeHHbIe
CHlIMKaTHbIe MaTeplIaJIbI, nOJIyqaeMbIe IIJIaBJIeHlleM (1350...1450°C) ropHbIX
nopOJI RJIH lllHXThI 113 HHX, pa3JIIIBKOH paCIIJIaBa B <}>OpMbI C nOCJIeJIyJOIUeH
327
TepMlIqeCKOH o6pa6oTKOH, BKJIIOqalOlI.(eH KpIICTaJIJIII3aU:HIO H OTIKHr npH
reMnepaTYPax 900...1000°C. MCXO,n:HbIM CbIpbeM .wrn 3TI1X MaTeplIaJIOB SlBJISI-
IOTCSI OCHOBHbIe (HanpHMep, 6a3aJIbT) H Kap60HaTHbIe rOpHbIe nOPQlIbI. BbI60p
TOrO MJIH ,n:pyroro Blf,lI;a CbIpbSl onpe,n:eJISIeT KpOMe CBOHCTB IJ:BeT nOJIyqaeMo-
ro MareplIaJI. OCHOBHbIe nOpO,n:bI 06eCneqHBalOT reMHbIH IJ:BeT KaMeHHOrO
JIHTbSl, a Kap60HaTHbIe nopo,n:bI - CBeTJIbIH.
B COCTaB ITJIaBJIeHbIX KaMeHHbIX MarepHaJIOB BXOMT OCHOBHoe (HCXO)Uioe)
CbIpbe H ,n:06aBKH. )J;o6aBKH no xapaKTepy B03,n:eHCTBHSI ,n:eJISIT Ha mexnoAo-
2UlteCKUe (HanpHMep, ITJIaBHII), 06eCneQIIBalOll(Me nOHIDKeHHe reMnepaTYPbI
ITJIaBJIeHlrn H YMeHbllIalOll(Me BSl3KOCTh, H MUHep{JJlU3amOpbl (XPOMHT, Mame31IT
H ,n:p.), YCKopSiIOlI.(He npou:ecc KpIICTaITJIII3aU:HH II cnoeo6cTByIOlI.(He C03,n:a-
HHIO MeJIK03epHHCTOH, O,n:HOpO,n:HOH CTpYKTYPbI.
CBOHcrna ITJIaBJIeHbIX KaMeHHbIX MaTepHaJIOB: 1UI0lH0CTh - 2900...3000 KT/M 3 ;
noplICTOCTb - 1...2%; O'C)(( = 200...240 Mila, O'H3r = 40...50 Mila; IICTIIpae-
MOCTh - 0,7 r/cM 2 (B 2-5 pa3 BbIllIe, qeM y rpaHlrra H 6a3aJIbTa); BbICOKHe
,n:H3JIeKTPmeCKHe CBOHCTBa; XHMWIeCKaH II KOppo3HOHHaSI CTOilKoCTh; repMO-
H MOp030CTOHKOCTb; apMHpyeMOCTh H CBapIIBaeMOCTb.
lb 3THX MaTepHaJIOB M3rOTaBJIHBalOT 6pYCQaTKY .wrn MOlI.(eHHSI ,n:opor,
06JIHU:OBOQHyIO IIJIHTK)', MeJIIOlI.(He reJIa, TPy6bI, ,n:II3JIeKTPmeCKHe H3,n:eJIHSI
H ,n:p. Ha XHMHQeCKMX 3aBO,n:ax B KaQeCTBe <}>yrePOBKH .wrn TPaBMJIbHblX BaHH,
BceB03MO)l(HbIX OTCTOHHHKOB npHMeHSlIOT M3,n:emrn 113 KaMeHHoro JIHTbSl
(MIIHepaJIbHaSI BaTa, 6a3aJIbTOBOe cynepToHKoe BOJIOKHO H ,n:p.).
MUHepan.bHaJI 6ama - TOHKHe CTeKJIOBH,lJ;HbIe BOJIOKHa ,lJ,MaMe1pOM 5...15 MKM,
rrOJIyqaeMbIe M3 paCrrJIaBa JIeI'KOrrJIaBIG1X ropHbIX rropo,lJ, (MepreJIeH, ,lJ,OJIOMl1TOB,
6a3aJIbTa M ,lJ,p.). C1pYK1)'pa BaTbI rrpe,lJ,CTaBJIReT C060H CTeKJIOBH,lJ;HbIe BOJIOKHa M
pa3JIMqHbIe HeBOJIOKHMCTbIe BKJIIOQeHMR B BH,lJ;e KaneJIb CMJIMKaTHOro paCI1JIaBa
M MI1KpOCKOrrMQeCKMX 06JIOMKOB BOJIOKOH. ,[(JIMHa BOJIOKOH B 3aBMCMMOCTM OT
crroco6a rrpOM3BO,lJ,CTBa - 2...60 MM. B Macce ,lJ,OJI:>KHO CO,lJ,epXaTbCR ,lJ,0 80...90%
TOHKoro BOJIOKHa ,lJ,MaMeTpOM MeHee 7 MKM, CO,lJ,epXaHMe BOJIOKOH .zu'faMe1pOM
CBbIIlIe 15 MKM ,lJ,OrrYCKaeTCR He 60JIee 7 %.
MMHepalIbHy:EO BaT}' B 3aBMCMMOCTH OT I1JIOTHOCTH BbmYCKaIOT 1pex MapOK:
75, 100 M 125. TeI1JIOrrpOBO,lJ,HOCTh - 0,042...0,046 BT/(M' K), reI1JIOCTOHKOCTh -
He MeHee 600°C.
Ha OCHOBe MMHepaJIbHOH BaThI BbmYCKaIOT TerrJIOM30JIRl\MOHHbIe lIITY'lHbIe,
PYJIOHHbIe, lIIHypOBbIe M3.lI.eJIMR M cbIfIyqMe (pblXJIbIe, BOJIOKHMCTbIe) MarepmlJIbI.
Ee MO:>KHO rrpMMeHRTh rrpM TeMIIepa1)'pe M30JIMpyeMbIX rroBepXHocTeH OT -200
,lJ,0 +600°C. K He,lJ,ocraTKaM MI1HepaJIbHOH BaThI CJIe,D,yeT OTHecrn 60JIblIIMe rrorepM
MaTepMaJIa rrpM rrepeB03Kax M xpaHeHMM Ha yruIOTHeHMe, KOMKYeMOCTh, npeBpa-
Il{eHMe B nblJIb Qacrn BOJIOKOH. 3TH He,lJ,OCTaTKM QacrwIHo MJIM rrOJIHOCTbIO ycrpa-
IDIIOTCR IIpM rrepepa60TKe ee B MMHepaJIOBaTHbIe M3.l{eJIMR: MaThI, rrOJIy)KecTKHe M
xeCTKHe rrJIMThI, a TaIOKe CKOPJIYllbI, CerMeHTbI, I.IMJlliH.D.pbI M ,lJ,p.
AKMuzpaH - ,lJ,eKopaTMBHO-aKYCTHQeCKHe I1JIMTbI, M3roTaBJIMBaeMbIe M3 rpa-
H)'JIMpoBaHHoH MMHepaJIbHOH BaThI (76...80%), KpaXMaJIa (10...12%) M 6eHTOHM-
TOBOH rJIMHbI (10...15%). TIJIMTbI MMeIOT KpaCMBbIH BH,lJ; M RBIDIIOTCR 3$<peKTHB-
328
HbIM 3B}'KOnOrJIOI.UaIOI.UMM MaTepmUlOM C K03<l><l>Ml.{MeHTOM 3B}'KorrOrJIOI.UeHMH
0,8...0,9 npM cpe,nHeM M BbICOKOM ,nMana30Hax qacTOT.
Ea3tL11bm08oe cynepmOHKOe 60./101010 npOM3BO.wrr OqeHb MaJIOH IIJIOTHOCTH -
17...25 KI'/M 3 . ORo 06rra.naeT HM3KOH TeIIJIOIIpOBO.lUIOCTbIO - 0,027...0,037 BT/(M' K),
BbICOKHM 3B}'KorrOrJIOI.UeHMeM - 0,15...0,95 B ,nMana30He qaCTOT 100...4000 fl.{ M
MCrrOJIb3yeTCH npM TeMrrepaTYPe 3KCIIJIy,mU.{MM OT -200,no +7OO°C.
KaMeHHbIe IIJIaBJIeHbIe MarepmlJIbI MOryI' 6bITb no.rryqeHbI npII HCnOJIb30-
BaRHII B KaqeCTBe IICXO,nHOro CbIpbSl MeTI1JIJIYPmqeCKHX II TOIIJIMBHbIX llJJIa-
KOB, 30JIbI T3C. TaK, IIDIpoKoe pacnpocrpaHeHHe no.rryqR1Ia lWlalWellJl eama.
llLrflK081lJ1 6ama (llIJIaKOBaTa) npe,nCTaBJIHeT Co60H MCK}'CCTBeHHbIR MaTepM-
aJI, COCTOHI.UMH M3 TOHtlaHIIlliX BOJIOKOH, rrOJIyqaeMbIx M3 paCIIJIaBJIeHHbIX ,no-
MeHHbIX llIJIaKOB HJIM ,npyrnx MMHepaJIbHbIX paCIIJIaBOB, y KOTOpbIX MO.nyJIb KHC-
JIOTHOCTH 60JIbIlIe e,nIffiMl.{bI. H3.lI.eJIlffi M3 llIJIaKOBOH BaTbI npe,nCTaBJIHIOT C060R
MaThI C nJIOTHOCThIO 250...300 Kf/M3 M TenJIOrrpoBo,nHOCTbIO 0,05 BT/(M' K), KO-
TopbIe C ycrrexoM IIpMMeIDIIOTCH .lI.1H1 yreIIJIeHMH BCeB03MO:>KHbIX OrpIDI<;llaIOll{MX
CTPOHTeJIbHbIX KOHC'l'pYKl.{MH.
4.3. HeOpraHH'leCKHe nOJIHMepHble MaTepHaJIbI
OCHOBOH HeOpZaHUlteCKUX nOflUMepHblX MamepUatl08 RBJISIIOTCR rJIaBHbIM
06paJoM OKCM,LJ;bI II 6eCKHCJIopo,nHbIe coe,nuHeHIDI MeTaJIJIOB. 3TH MareplIa-
JIbI XapaKTeplI3yIOTCR HerOplOqeCTbIO, BbICOKOH CTOHKOCTbIO K HarpeBY, XH-
MHqeCKOH CTOHKOCTbIO. OHII He no,nBep:>KeHbI CTapeHHIO, 06JIa,LJ;aIOT 6oJIb-
IllOH TBep,nOCTbIO II xopOIlleH COnpOTHBJUleMOCTbIO C)l(HMalOlI.(HM HarpyJKaM.
HapMY C 3TIlM HeOpnUmqeCKHe nOJIIIMepHbIe MarepHaJIbI 06JIa,naIOT nOBbI-
IlleHHoH xpynKOCTbIO, IIJIOXO rrepeHOCSIT pe3K)'1O CMeHY TeMrrepaTYP, cJIa60
COrrpOTIIBJUlIOTCR paCTSlrIIBalOIl{HM II H3m6alOIl{HM YCHJIIDIM, HMelOT 6oJlb-
IllyIO IIJIOTHOCTb no cpaBHeHHIO C OpraHlIqeCKHMII rrOJIHMepHbIMII MarepHa-
JIaMII.
4.3.1. rpacIJHTOBbIe MaTepHaJIbi
rpatjJum - HeOpraHMqeCKHH nOJIIIMepHbIH MareplIaJI, KpIICTaJIJIlIqeCKaH
peIlleTKa KOTOpOro 06paJoBaHa rrapaJIJIeJlbHbIMH CJIORMII reKcaroHaJIbHbIX
Ce1OK. Me)K.lJ:Y aTOMaMH ymepo,na BHYfPII 3TIIX Ce10K cyrn;ecTBYeT KOBaJIeHT-
HaH CBSl3b, a Me)K.lJ:Y CJIORMII - BaH,l(epBaaJIbCOBO B3aHMo,neHCTBlIe. fpa<}>HT
HMeeT CJIOIICTYIO CTPYKTYPY.
Do rrpOIICXo)K.lJ:eHIIIO pa3.JIlIqalOT npupooHble II uCKyccmeeHHble zparjJumbl.
MCTOqHHKOM rrpHpo,nHbIX rpa<}>HTOB SlBJUlIOTCR MHHepaJIbI.
DPHPO)1HbIH rpaqmT - MHHepaJI, HaH60JIee paCIIpoCTpaHeHHaH H YCTo:iI-
qHI aH B 3eMHOH Kope reKcaroHaJIbHaH rrOJIHMOp<}>HaH MO.D:H<}>HKanIDI ymepo-
,na MeTIlMOp<}>IIqeCKoro, MarMa1WlecKoro rrpolIcxO)K.lJ:eHHSI. OH rrpe,nCTaBJUleT
co60H reMHo-cepbIe ,no qepHbIX qelII}'iiqaTbIe arperaTbI, KOHKpeIUfH, CI1JIOIll-
HbIe MaCCbI. CTPYKTYPa CJIOIICTaSI.
329
XapaKTepHbIe CBOHCTBa npHpO.LJ:HOrO rpa<}>HTa:
. TeOpeTH1JeCKa5I IIJIOTHOCTb - 2265 KI'/M3;
. TeMnepaTYPa cy6nHMau:mI - 3700°C. fpa<}>HT cy6nHMHpyeT, MHH}'SI
CTa,JJ:HIO IIJIaBJIeHHSI, C 3a'lpaTOH 3Ha1JHTenbHOH TeIIJIOBOH ::meprHH Ha 3TOT
npou:ecc ()I(J1)]:KOe COCTOSlHHe yrnepO.LJ:a MO>KeT 6bITb .LJ:OCTIIrnyro nHIIIb npH
4000°C H .LJ:a1illeHHH BbIllie 10 MTIa);
. aHH30'lponHSl - 3 : 1.. .100 : 1;
. BbICOKa5I TeIIJIOnpOBO.LJ:HOCTb;
. HII3KHH K03<}><}>HU:HeHT nHHeHHoro pacnmpeHHSI, He3Ha1JMTenbHO B03-
paCTaIOII..(IIH C nOBbIllieHlIeM TeMnepaTYPbI;
. BbICOKa5I :>KapOnp01JHOCTb H YCTOH1JHBOCTb K TeIIJIOBbIM Y.LJ:apaM;
. TBep.LJ:OCTb no llIKaJIe Mooca: no OCH CHMMeTpHH 6-1; nepneH,lJ;lIKY-
JISIpHO OCH CHMMe'lpHH 6-5,5;
. nerKO o6pa6aTbIBaeMbIM;
. xpyrrKHH;
. xopolliHe aHTII<}>pHKl{HOHHbIe CBOHCTBa (j= 0,28);
. BbICOKa5I 3neK'TponpOBO.LJ:HOCTb;
. creneHb 1JepHOTbI - 0,7...0,9;
. CKJIOHHOCTb K OKHcneHHIO, Ha1JHHaSi C TeMnepaTYP 400...800 o C, C BbI-
.LJ:eneHlIeM ra:3006pa3HbIx npOJIYKTOB.
)HI Ol.(eHKH TBep,lJ,OCU'1 MlfHepaJIOB I1CnOJIb3)'IOT iJeCflmu6{JJ/J/bHYIO lU1WJlY om-
HOCUmeJlbHOU meepiJocmu Mooca. OTHOCI1TeJIbHa5I TBep,lJ,OCTb no 3TOMY MeTO,IJ,Y
onpe,lJ,emleTCH nYTeM l.(apanaHI1H I1CCJIe,lJ,yeMoro MI1HepaJIa OCTpbIMl1 Kpa5IMI1
3TaJIOHHbIX MaTepl1aJIOB (WIl1 Ha06opOT). YCJIOBHbIe e,lJ,I1HI1l.(bI llIKaJIbI Mooca
COOTBeTCTBYIOT CJIeJJ:YIOIUI1M MI1HepaJIaM-3TaJIOHaM: 1 - TaJIbK, 2 - mnc,
3 - KaJIbl.(lIT, -4 - <pJIIOOpI1T, 5 - anarnT, 6 - OpTOKJIa3, 7 - KBapl.(, 8 - Tona3,
9 - KOpYH.D., 10 - aJIMa3.
Ka1JecTBo npHpO.LJ:HbIX rpa<}>HToB HeBbIcoKoe; OHH cOlIep:>KaT MHOro npH-
MeceH, nOpIICTbI, CBoHcTBa n01JTII H3o'lponHbI. TI03TOMY MX npHMeHSllOT
nHllIb B Ka1JeCTBe aHTII<}>plIKIn10HHOrO MaTepHaJIa H B 3neK'TpOTeXHIIKe. Mc-
nOnb3yeTcSI TaIOKe npHpolIHbrn: rpa<}>HT B MenumypmH (IIJIaBl1JIbHbIe TIIrnH,
nHTeHHbIe <}>OPMbI, npOTIIBOnpHrapHbIe KpacKH), B XHMH1JeCKOM MalillIHO-
C'lpoeHIIH (<}>yrepOB01JHbIH MaTepHaJI, 'lpy6bI H lIP.), npH H3rOTOlilleHIIII
3neK'TpolIoB, men01JHbIX aKK)'MYJISITOpOB, KapaHJIallieH II lIP.
fpa<}>HT, npelIHa3Ha1JeHHbIH JI,JUI II3rOTOIilleHHSI aKTIIBHbIX Macc meno1J-
HbIX aKKYMynSiTopoB II Macc JI,JUI rpa<}>HT1l3HpoBaHHbIX aHTII<}>plIKl{IIOHHbIX
II3lIenHH 113 IJ:BeTHblX MeTa.JIJIOB, BbmycKaeTCSI CJIe.LJ:yIOmHX MapoK: r AK -1 -
,lI)lSI aKKyMyllilTOpHbIX M:3lIemrn cneU:llaJIbHoro Ha3Ha1JeHHSI; f AK -2, f AK - 3 -
JIJISI II3roTolilleHHSI aKTIIBHbIX Macc men01JHbIX aKK)'MYJISITopOB II Macc rpa-
<}>llT1l3HpoBaHHbIX aHTM<}>pl1KI.J:IIOHHbIX H3lIenHH 113 U:BeTHbIX MeTa.JIJIOB.
330
I1CKYCCTBeHHbIe rpa(lmTbI ,QeJISIT no BH,L(Y HCXO,QHoro CbIpb.SI Ha meXHU-
lteCKUe (TIPOf, TIf - 50) II nupOIlUmUlteCKUe (nupozparjJUmbl). ,[LrrSi nOJIyqeHHSI
TeXHWleCKHX rpa(lmToB HCnOJIb3yeTcSI TBep,Qoe CbIpbe, HanpHMep HeQIT.SIHOM
KOKC C KaMeHHoyrOJIbHbIM neKOM B KaqeCTBe CBSl3YK>m:ero. TIHporpa(lmTbI
nOJIyqalOT H3 ra3006pa:3Horo CbIpbSl (HanpMMep, MeTaHa H ,Qp.).
I1CKYCCTBeHHbIe rpa<pMTbI 06mw:alOT COBepllIeHHbIM KpHCTaJIJIHqeCKMM
C'l'poeHHeM, BbICOKOM aHH30'l'ponHeM CBOMCTB (K03<P<PHU:HeHTbI TeruIOnpo-
BO,QHocrn nHporpa<pHTa B,QOJIb M nonepeK CJIOeB, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, paBHbI
372 H 1,16...3,5 BT/(M. K» H SlBJUIIOTCSI BbICOKOTeMnepaTypHbIM KOHCTpy:K-
QMOHHbIM MaTepHMoM. ,l:LJiSi 3rnx rpa<pMToB xapaKTepHO YBeJIHqeHHe npoq-
Hocrn H MO,QYJISI ynpyrocTH npH HarpeBe. )];0 TeMnepaTYP 2200...2400°C
npOqHOCTb TeXHHqeCKoro rpa<pHTa nOBbIllIaeTCSI Ha 40...60% H JIHllIb npH
,QaJIbHeMllIeM HarpeBe HaqHHaeT CHH)KaTbCSI. npH TeMnepaType BbIllIe
1700°C nO.SlBJlSleTCSI nOJI3yqeCTb. Y,QeJIbHa.SI npOqHOCTb npH HarpeBe coxpa-
HSleTCSI BbICOKOM (,QJISI nHporpa<pHTa a/po = 1,1. 10 4 M).
KOHKpeTHbIe CBOMCTBa HCKYCCTBeHHbIX rpa<pHTOB 3aBHCSlT OT TeXHOJIO-
nm nOJIyqeHHSI, TIJIOTHOCrn, CTeneHH OKMCJIeHHSI, OpHeHTaU:HII KpHCTaJIJIOB
M ,Qp. CBOMCTBa HCKYCCTBeHHbIX rpa<pMTOB npHBe,QeHbI B rn6JI. 10.
Cpe,QH cnOC060B B03,QeMCTBHSI Ha CBOMCTBa rpa<pMTOB MO:>KHO Bb.r,n:eJIMTb
TpH OCHOBHbIe rpynITbI:
1) JIempOBaHHe (Nb, Ta, Si) C QeJIblO C03,QaHHSI MeJIK03epHHcTOM CTpy:K-
TypbI, o6ecneqHBalOm:eM Bb COK}'lO TBep,QOCTb H npqqHOCTb MaTepHaJIa;
2) XHMHKO-TepMMqeCKa.SI 06pa60TKa - CHTIHQHPOBaHHe;
3) nOKpbITIIe KepaMHKoM.
fPa<P HT npHMeHSIIOT B 3KCTIJIyarnpyeMbIX npH BbICOKMX TeMnepaTYpax
KOHC'l'pYKu:HSlX JIernTeJIbHbIX annapaTOB H ,QBHraTeJIeM, B 3HepreTHqeCKHX
Sl,QepHbIx peaKTopax B KaqeCTBe aHTM<PPMKl..{HOHHOro MaTepHaJIa H B BH,L(e
yrJIerpa<pMToBbIX H3,QeJIHM. fpa<PMT MO)KeT npHMeHHTbCSI H KaK npOBO,QHHK
TeTIJIa, M KaK TeTIJIOH30JISITOp.
4.3.2. Ac6eCToBLIe MaTepUaJILI U U3,QeJlKH
4.3.2.1. Ac6ecmo6ble MamepUaJlbl
,[LrrSi nOJIyqeHHSI ac6ecTOBbIX MaTepMaJIOB HCnOJIb3YK>T maBHbIM 06pa30M
XpH30TIfJI-ac6eCT H B MeHbllIeM CTeneHII aM<pH60JIOBbIe ac6ecTbI. TIpOMbIllI-
JIeHHOCTb BbInycKaeT HX B BH,L(e nopOllIKOB, a TalOKe JIHCTOB M PYJIOHOB H3
ac6ecToBoro BOJIOKHa; HHor,Qa BBOM,!, HanOJIHHTeJIb H He60JIbllIOe KOJIHqe-
CTBO CKJIeHBalOm:HX Bem:eCTB (KpaxMaJIa, Ka3eHHa H ,Qp.), nOJIyqa.SI ac6eCTO-
ByIO 6}'Mary, KapTOH, llIHyp. BOJIOKHa ac6ecTa, BBO,QHMbIe B 6HTYMHO-pe3H-
HOBOe BIDKyIlJ,ee Bem:eCTBO, MOryr MrpaTb pOJIb ,QHcnepcHoM apMaTypbI.
331
332
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or) I"'" I NO
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Ac6ecmoouamOMum06b'U nOpOUlOK - CMeCb ac6ecTa (15%) H MOJIOTOro .lJ.Ha- -
TOMHTa HJIH TpeneJIa (85%), HHor.n;a C .n;o6aBKaMH .n;pyrHX BeIl{eCTB (OTXO.n;OB ac-
6ecTOueMeHTHbIX JaBO.n;OB, CJIIO.n;b ). IlJIOTHOCTb TennOH30JIJIIIHH 450...700 Kr/M 3
npH TennOnpOBo.n;HOCTH 0,093...0,21 BT/(M' K).
C06e.t1Um06b'U nopOUlOK - CMeCb JIerKoro OCHOBHOro Kap60HaTa Marmffi H
Kap60HaTa KaJIbIIHJI C ac6ecToM, npHMeHJIeMaJI npH TeMneparypax .n;o 500.C.
fOTOBaJI COBeJIHTOBaJI TennOH30ID1UHJI HMeeT nnOTHOCTb 450 Kr/M 3 H Tennonpo-
BO.n;HOCTb He 60JIee 0,098 BT/(M . K).
Ac6ecm0JHtl2Ue3U4tlbubtii nopOUlOK (ub106eAb) npHrOTOBJIJIIOT B BH.D:e CMeCH JIer-
KOro OCHOBHOro Kap60HaTa MarHIDI C ac6ecToM H npHMeIDIIOT MJI TennOH30JIJI-
UHH npH TeMneparypax po 350.C. BbmycKaIOT B BH.D:e nopOlliKa MJI TennOH30-
IDIUHOHHOH 3aCbInKH, npHrOTOBJIeHHJI MaCTHKH, a TaIOKe H3rOTOBJIeHHJI nnHT,
CKOpJIyn, CeI'MeHTOB.
ACOecm06b'U Kapmou nOJIyqaIOT H3 ac6eCTa (65%), KaOJIHHa (30%) H KpaxMa-
JIa (5%) Ha JI.JfCTOnpOKaTHbIX arperaTax B BH.D:e JIHCTOB MHHOH H llIHpHHOH
900...1000 MM H TOJIIl{HHOH 2...10 MM. IlJIOTHOCTb 1000...1400 Kr/M3, Tennonpo-
BO.n;HOCTb B CYXOM COCTOJIHHH 0,157 BT/(M' K), npe.n;eJI npO'lHOCTH npH paCnl)l(e-
HHH - He MeHee 0,6 MIla, BJIIDKHOCTb - He 60JIee 3% no Macce. MCnOJIb3yIOT
KaK omecToHKHH TenJIOH30IDIUHOHHbIH M TepHaJI.
Ac6060./l01CUUmb' nOJIyqaIOT nponHTKOH ac6ecTa <}:>eHOJIo<}:>opMaJIb.n;erH.D:HOH
CMOJIOH. OHH 06JIa.n;aIOT BbICOKHMH y.n;aponpO'lHOCTbIO, Tenno- (CBbIllie 200.C) H
XHMH'leCKOH CTOHKOCTbIO, <}:>pHKI.{HOHHbIMH CBoHcTBaMH H npHMeHJIIOTCJI .n;JIJI
H3rOTOBJIeHHJI 3JIeMeHTOB TOpM030B (HaKJIa.n;KH, KOJIO.n;KH, .n;HCKH no.n;'beMHO-
'l'paHcnOPTHbIx YCTpOHCTB, aBToM06HJIeH H .n;p.), KHCJIOTOyrrOpHbIX KOHCTp}'KUHH
(annapaTbI, BaHHbI, Tpy6bI H .n;p.).
Ac6ome1Ccmo./lum - MaTepHaJI, nOJIyqaeMbIH npOnHTKOH ac6ecToBoH TKaHH
nOJIHMepHbIM CBJI3YIOII.{HM BeIl{eCTBOM (.n;o 38...43%). HaH60JIee BbICOKOH Tenno-
CTOHKOCTbIO (.n;o 300.C) 06JIa.n;aeT MaTepHaJI Ha KpeMHHHOpraHH'leCKOM CBJI3yIO-
ll{eM BeIl{eCTBe, a MeXaHH'IeCKaSI npO'lHOCTb BbIllie y <}:>eHOJIbHbIX aC60TeKCTOJIHTOB.
Ilo Ha3Ha'l HHIO ac60TeKCTOJIHT JIBJIJIeTCJI KOHCTp}'KUHOHHbIM, <}:>PHKI.{HOHHbIM
(1= 0,3...0,38 - 003 CMa3KH H f= 0,05...0,07 - co CMa3bIBaHHeM MaCJIOM) H
TepMOH30IDIUHOHHbIM MaTepHaJIOM. M3 ac6oTeKCTOJIHTa .n;eJIaIOT JIOnaTKH pOTa-
UHOHHbIX 6eH30HacocoB, <}:>PHKI.{HOHHbIe .n;HCKH, TOpM03HbIe KOJIO.n;KH H .n;p.
/JPU30./l H3rOTaBJIHBaIOT, npOKaTbIBaJI Maccy, nOJIyqeHHYIO CMellIHBaHHeM
He<}:>TJIHoro 6HT)'Ma, .n;po6neHoH pe3HHbI (OT H3HOllIeHHbIX aBTonoKpbIllIeK),
ac6ecToBoro BOJIOKHa H nnaCTH<}:>HKaTOpa. EpH30JI CToeK .n;o 60.C K cepHoH H.
COJIJIHOH KHCJIOTaM npH KOHueHTpaI.(IDIX, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, LIO 40 H 20%. Ero
npHMeIDlIOT MJI 3aIIJ.HTbI OT KOppOOHH no.n;3eMHbIX MeTaJUIH'leCKHX KOHC'I'p}'KIJ.HH
H Tpy6onpoBoLIoB, npHKJIeHBaJI K nOBepXHOCTH 6HryMHOH MaCTHKOH. ,
H30./l - OO3OCHOBHbIH PYJIOHHbIH rH.D:pOH30JIJIUHOHHbIH H KpOBeJIbHbIH Ma-
TepHaJI, H3rOTOBJIJIeMbIH npoKaTKOH pe3HHOBO-6HryMHOH KOMn03HIIHH, nOJIY-
'leHHOH TepMoMeXaHH'leCKOH 06pa6OTKoH .n;eBYJIKaHH3HpoBaHHoH pe3HHbI, He-
«pTJIHOro 6HryMa, MHHepaJIbHoro HanOJIHHTeIDI (BOJIOKOH ac6ecTa), aHTHCenTHKa
H nnaCTH«pHKaTopa. M30JI OTJIH'laeTCJI nOBhIllIeHHOH 3JIaCTH'lHOCTbIO, 6HocToeK,
He3Ha'lHTeJIbHO nOrnOIl{aeT BJIal)', .n;OJIroBe'lHee py6epoH.D:a 60JIee 'leM B 2 pa3a.
333
1130JI npHMeHHIOT .D:JIH m.D:pOH30JUlUHH rH.ll:pOTeXHH'IeCKMX COOp eHHH, 6ac-
CeHHOB, pe3epByapoB, nO,C{BaJIOB, aHTHKOpp03HOHHOH 3aIl{HTbI Tpy6onpO BO .D: OB ,
nOKpbITHH .D:BYX- H TpeXCJIOHHbIX nOJIOmX H TIJIOCKMX KpOBeJIb. npHKJIeHBaIOT
"30JI XOJIO.D:HOH HJIH ropH'IeH MacTHKOH C TeM :>Ke Ha3BaHHeM.
TUi)POU30Jl - rH.ll:pOH30JIHUHOHHbIH PYJIOHHbIH 6ecnoKpoBHbIH ac6eCTOBbIH
KapTOH, npOnHTaHHbIH He<1ITHHbIM 6HTyMOM. fH.ll:POH30JI no BO.D:OHenpOHHu ae -
MOCTH, BO.D:OnOfJIOIl{eHHIO " BeJIM'IHHe pa3pbIBHOro rpyJa npH paCTIDKeHMH no-
JIOCKM llIMpHHOH 50 MM BbIrrycKaIOT .D:BYX MapoK: fM-f H fM-K OR npe,WUl3Ha'IeH
.D:.rIH YCTpOHCTBa fH,[{pOH30JUlUHOHHOro CJIOH B nO.D:3eMHbIX H ru.n:poTeXHM'IeCKMX
coop eHHHx, a TIHOKe .D:JIH 3aIllMTHoro npOTHBOKOpp03HoHHoro nOKpbITMH.
HH3KJ1e cOPTa BOJIOKOH, rrbillb, a TaIOKe TOHKO H3MeJlbqeHHbrn: ac6ecT npM-
MeHSlJOT B MaJISlpHbIX pa60Tax ,lI)ISI npJ1fOTOBJIeHMSI BblpaBHHBaIOIIDIX COCTIlBOB,
ofHeCTOMKJ1X KpacoK H B KaqeCTBe HarrOJlHlITeJUI B MaCJUlHbIX, u;eMeHTHbIX,
3M}'JIbCMOHHbIX, ClUIMKaTHbIX H ,lIpyrnx K.pacKaX. B IIIIIaTJIeBKaX ac6ecT cJIy)KHT
apMHp)'IOmMM MaTepHaJIOM.
4.3.2.2. Ac6ecmoll,eMeHmHbie u30eAuR
AcoeCmo14eMenm - KOMrr03HU;HoHHbIM HCKYccTBeHHbrn: KaMHeBlI,lI,HbIM
MaTepHaJI, rroJlyqaeMbIM B pe3YJlbTaTe TBep.n:eHHSI CMeCM, cocTOSImeM H3 u;e-
MeHTa, BO.n:bI H ac6eCTa, KOTOpbrn: B ac6eCTOu;eMeHTe apMJ1pyeT u;eMeHTHbIM
KaMeHb, 06ecrreqHBaSl BbICOK}'lO npOqHOCTb H3.n:eJlMM npII paCTIDKeHIDI H mlli-
6e. npH rrpOM3Bo.n:CTBe U;BeTHbIX ac6eCTou;eMeHTHbIX H3.n:eJIMM B ac6eCTou;e-
MeHTH)'IO CMeCb .n:06aBJISIIOT K.paClITeJlH.
SI ac6ecTOu;eMeHTHbIX M3.n:eJlMM MapoK 400 H 500 B KaqeCTBe B5DK)'mero
BemeCTBa HCrrOJlb3)'IOT CrreU;HaJIbHbIM rroPTJlaH,LJ:u;eMeHT, a TaIOKe rreC'IaHHC-
ThlM C .n:06aBJIeHHeM MOJlOTOfO rreCKa H 6eJIbIM rropTJIaH,LJ:u;eMeHTbI. ,
,[(mI rrpoH3Bo.n:CTBa ac6ecTOu;eMeHTHbIX M3.n:eJlliM rrpMMeHSlIOT 3, 4, 5 II 6-M
COpTa ac6ecTa C MHHOM BOJlOKOH OT 10 MM M MeHee .n:o HeCKOJlbKJ1X COTbIX,
co.n:ep)l(aHHe KOTOpbIX COCTaBJUleT 50...24% rro Macce. OcTaJlbHbIe 50...76%
rrpHXO.ll:SlTC SI Ha .n:OJIIO nbmeBlI,lI,HbIX H .n:pyrl1X HeBOJIOKHHCTbIX qacrnu;. B He-
KOTOpbIX CJIyqaSIX 10...15% ac6eCTa 3aMeHSIIOT 6a3aJI:bTOBOM MHHepaJIbHOM Ba-
TOM HJIII IIIJIaKOBOM BaTOR.
KaK npaBlUIo, B ac6ecTOu;eMeHTH)'IO cycrreH3HIO BBO.ll:SlT .n:06aBKJ1 (IIJIac-
rn<lmKaTopbI, flI,ll,po<po6H3aTopbI, rrHrMeHTbI M .n:p.), KOTopbIe YJlyqIl.IaIOT ee
TeXHOJlOrMqeCKMe CBOMcTBa H rrOBbIIIIaIOT KaqeCTBO H3.n:eJlHM.
MexaHWleCKJ1e CBOMCTBa ac5eCTOu;eMeHTIl 3aBHCSlT OT co.n:ep)lGlHHSl ac6ec-
TOBOro BOJIOKHa H ero KaqeCTBa (,LLJIHHbI II .n:HaMeTpa BOJlOKOH), aKTIfBHOCm
u;eMeHTa, IIJIOTHOcrn ac6eCT06eTOHa, YCJIOBHM TBep.n:eHHSI M .n:p. npII IIJIOTHO- 1
CTI1 1600...1800 KI'/M 3 ac6ecTou;eMeHT HMeeT,npe.n:eJlbI npOqHOCrn BbIIIIe npe-
.n:eJlOB rrpOqHOCTH u;eMeHTHoro KaMHSI: rrpH pacnDKeHHH B 3- 5 pa3 -
8,8...11,2 Mna; rrpH H3rH6e B 2-3 pa3a - 17,2...24,5 Mna.
334
Ac6ecTOQeMeHT OTJIWfaeT BbICOKill.l npe.n:eJIbHaSI paCT5DKl1MOCTh - 8...16. 104,
npeBbIllIaIOlll.aSI paCTIDKI1MOCTb QeMeHTHOrO KaMHSI B 6-10 pa3. TeruIOrrpo-
BO.n:HOCTh rrpH TIJIOTHOCm 1900 Kr/M 3 H eCTeCTBeHHOM BJIIDKHOCm COCTaBJUleT
0,35 BT/(M' K). TIpe.n:eJIbHaSI TeMrrepaTypa npHMeHeHHSI ac6ecToQeMeHTHbIX
113.n:eJII1M Ha nopTJIaH,LJ,QeMeHTe 250°C, HO 3HaqHTeJIbHOe CHIDKeHHe npoq-
HOCTI1 HaCTYIIaeT rrOCJIe HarpeBa.n:o 400...500°e. O.n:HaKo npH HCrrOJIb30BaHHH
BIDKyIIJ.ero Belll.eCTBa C KpeMHe3eMHCTbIMH .n:06aBKaMH MO.>KHO rrOJIyql1Th 113-
.n:eJIlliI, Bbl)l.ep)l(l1BaIOllme TeMrrepaTypY 1000°e.
Ac6ecTOQeMeHT HMeeT MaJIyIO 3JIeK'TporrpOBo.n:HOCTb, CTOMKOCTh rrpOTI1B
BbIllI.eJIatfilBaHHSI MHHepaJIH30BaHHbIMH Bo.n:aMH, BbICOK)'lO orHecTOMKOCTh,
Bo.n:oHerrpoHHQaeMocTb, KOpp03HOHHyIO CTOMKOCTb H MOP030CTOMKOCTb.
MOP030CTOMKOCTh H .uOJIroBeqHOCTh ac6ecToQeMeHTa 3aBHC T OT ero TIJIOT-
Hocm. TaK, npH TIJIOTHOCTII 1650 Kr/M 3 MOp030CTOMKOCTh - 50 QHKJIOB, a
npl1 1800 Kr/M 3 - 100 UHKJIOB.
Ac6ecToQeMeHT JIerKO rrHJIHTCSI, CBepJIHTCSI 11 IIIJIH<PyeTcSI. K He.n:OCTaT-
KaM ero OTHOCSlTCSI XpyrrKOCTh, rrOHIDKeHHaSI rrpOqHOCTh rrpH HaCbIllI.eHHH
BO.n:OM H CKJIOHHOCTh K Kopo6JIeHHIO. 3TH He.n:OCTIlTKH ycrpaHSIIOTCSI TeXHO-
JIorl1QeCKI1MH (BBe.n:eHHe .uo6aBOK, aBTOKJIaBHaSI o6pa6oTKa, npeCCOBaHHe,
apMl1pOBaHHe) II KOHC'I'p}'KTIfBHbIMI1 MeTo.n:aMI1.
Ac6eCTOQeMeHTHbIe H3.n:eJIHSI rro.n:pro.n:eJUlIOT no cnoco6y ill( U320m061leHUH
If no Ha3HalteHUIO. B 3aBHCHMocm OT crroco6a H3roTOBJIeHHSI OHH BbIIIYCKa-
IOTCSI B Bl1)],e JII1CTOB, rraHeJIeM, TIJIHT, 'Tpy6 H <paCOHHbIX H3.n:eJIHM. TIo Ha-
3HaQeHHIO pa3JmQaIOT cmpoumellbHble ac6ecmou,eMeHmHble (KpOBeJIbHbIe, CTe-
HOBbIe, 06JIHQOBOQHbIe, .n:JISI 3JIeMeHTOB CTpOHTeJIbHbIX KOHC'l'pYKQHM) 11
31leKmpOmeXHUlteCKUe ac6ecmou,eMeHmHble U30eIlUR.
3anmTY OT BJIarn 11 Heo6xo.n:HMbIe .n:eKopamBHbIe CBOMCTBa JIHCTaM, npe.n:-
Ha3HaQeHHbIM MSI 06JIHQOBKI1 CTeH H rraHeJIeM CaHHTapHbIX Y3JIOB 11 KY-
XOHb, 06eCrreQHBaIOT rrOKpaCKOM BO.n:OHenpOHHQaeMbIMII JIaKaMH, 3MaJISlMH
If CMOJIaMI1. BHyrpeHHHe rrOBepXHOCTI1 ac6eCTOQeMeHTHbIX rroorrpOBo.n:HbIX
lpy6 MSI CHIDKeHHSI yreQKl1 ra3a 06S13aTeJIbHO rrOKpbIBaIOT CMOJIaMH.
4.3.3. CJIlO,lUIHbIe MaTepUaJIbI
CillOoRHbie 3IleKmpoU3oIlRU,uoHHble MamepUQIlbl COCTOSIT H3 JIHCTKOB CJIIO-
.n:bI, CKJIeeHHbIX C rrOMOlll.bIO KaKOM-JIH60 CMOJIbI IDIH KJIeSllll.ero JIaKa. OCHOB-
HaSI 06JIacTh nplIMeHeHHSI KJIeeHbIX CJIIO)J,SIHbIX MaTepHaJIOB - H roroBJIeHl1e
1130.JlSll(l111, 06MOTOK 3JIeK'lpWIecKlfX Manllm BbICOKOro HarrpIDKeHHSI (reHepa-
TOPbI, 3JIeK'Tpo.n:Bl1raTeJm), a TaIOKe MaIIIHH HH3KOro HarrpIDKeHHSI HarpeBO-
CTOMKoro I1CrrOJIHeHHSl H MaIIillH, pa6oTaIOIIJ.HX B TIDKeJIbIX YCJIOBHSIX 3Kcrmya-
TaI.{I1H.
K KJIeeHbIM CJIIO.lI.5IHbIM MaTepl1aJIaM OTHOCSlTCSI MUKaHumbl, MUKarjJolluu,
MUKQIleHmbl H MUKanOllomHO.
12 MaTeplf8JIOBeneHlfe
335
MUKaHumbl npe.[{CTaBJlSlIOT c060M TBep.[{bIe
mIll rn6KHe JIHCTOBbIe MaTepmUlbI, no.nyqae-
MbIe CKJIeMBaHHeM (pHC. 78) C nOCJIe.[{y:IOIl(MM
npeCCOBaHHeM JIMCTO'IKOB Il(MnaHOM CJIIO.[{bI
OOAI1 G>,nBa @)Tpl1 ."eTblpl!
enoll (MYCKOBHT, <j)JIoromIT mIll MX cMecM) C no-
MOIl(blO IIIeJIJIa'IHOM, rJIH<lnarreBbIx, KpeM-
HHMOpraHH'IeCKHX H .[{pyrHX CMOJI lUIII JIaKOB Ha OCHOBe 3TIIX CMOJI.
OCHoBHbIe BM)],bI MHKaHMTOB - KOflAeKmOpHble, np01CJlaOOIlHble, rjJOpMO-
eOIlHbie II zu6Kue. KOJIJIeKTOpHbIM H npoKJIa)Jp'IHbIM OTHOCSlTCSI K rpynne
TBep.[{bIX MHKaHMTOB, KOTopbIe nOCJIe CKJIeMKH CJIIO.[{bI nO.[{BepralOTCSI npec-
COBaHHIO npH nOBbIIIIeHHbIX y.[{eJIbHbIX .[{aBJIeHHSlX M HarpeBe (150... 160°C).
COCTaB TBep.[{bIX MHKaHMTOB nOCJIe o6pa6oTKlI: 80...95% CJIIO.[{bI M 20...5%
KJIeSlIl(ero BeIl(eCTBa. 3TH MMKaHHTbI o6JIa,n:alOT MeHbIIIeM YCa,n:KOM no TOJI-
Il(MHe M MMelOT 60JIbrnyIO TIJIOTHOCTb. <1>OPMOBO'IHbIM H rII6KHM MMKaHMTbI
HMelOT 60JIee pbIXJIyIO CTpYKTYPY II 06JIa,n:aIOT MeHbIIIeM TIJIOTHOCTbIO.
B MapKax MMKaHMTa nepBaSI 6)'KBa )'Ka3bIBaeT Ha ero Ha3Ha'IeHMe (K -
KOJIJIeKTOpHbIM, n - npOKJIa,n:O'IHbIM, <1> - <j)OPMOBO'IHbIM, f - rH6KIDt);
BTOpaSI - Ha mn MCnOJIb3yeMoM CJIIO.[{bI (M - MYCKOBMT, <1> - <P.rroronMT,
C - CMeCb CJIIO.[{bI); TpeTbSl - TMn CMOJI ,lI)ISI TBep.[{bIX MMKaHHTOB (f -
rJIM<l:>'ra.rreBaSI CMOJIa, III - IIIeJIJIaq}faSI CMOJIa, K - KpeMHMMopraHWIeCKaSI
CMOJIa) lUIH JIaKOB .lIJUI rn6Koro (C - CBeTJIbIM MaCJISIHO-rJIH<lYrarreBbIM JIaK,
q - 'IepHbIM MaCIDIHO-6HTYMHbIM). qeTBepTaSI 6)'KBa nOKa3bIBaeT: A - no-
HIDKeHHoe co.[{ep:>KaHHe KJIeSlIl(ero BeIUeCTBa ,lI)ISI TBep.[{bIX MMKaHMTOB; 0 -
MMKaHHT, OKJIeeHHbIM cneQHarrbHoM 6)'MaroM ,lI)ISI rH6KHX MMKaHIITOB.
MUKaljJO/luii - PYJIOHHbIM lUIII JIHCTOBOM 3JIeKTpOM30JISlQHOHHbIM MaTe-
pHarr, opMHpyeMbIM B HarpeTOM COCTOSlHMM. 113roTOBJIHeTCSI H3 O.[{HOro
lUIH HeCKOJIbKHX (.[{BYX-Tpex) JIHCTO'IKOB c.IT1O.[{bI (MYCKOBMT lUIM <P.rroronHT),
CKJIeeHHbIX Me)I()IY C060M II C nOJIOTHOM 6)'Marn (TOJIIUMHOM 0,05 MM) lUIH
co CTeKJIOTKaHblO (cTeKJIOCeTKOM). B Ka'IeCTBe KJIeSlIl(ero JIaKa npMMeHHIOT
IIIeJIJIa'IHbIM, rJIH<lYrarreBbIM, nOJIH3<j)MpHbIM lUIH KpeMHMMOpraHM'IeCKHM.
MHKa<lJ()JIHM co.[{ep:>KMT 45...60% CJIIO.[{bI, 17...32% KJIeSlIl(HX BeIl(eCTB,
OCTaJIbHOe - 6)'Mara M JIeTylIHe BeIl(eCTBa. MapKHpoBKa MIIKa<PoJIHSI aHarro-
fMq}fa npHHSlToM ,lI)ISI MHK3HMTOB, HO Ha nepBoM MeCTe CTaBMTCSI 6)'KBa M.
MUKO./leHma - CKJIeeHHbIe nJIaCTIIHKH CJIIO.[{bI, C .[{BYX CTOpoH 06KJIeeH-
HbIe TOHKOM 6)'MaroM.
npH pa3pa6OTKe rrpHpo)J,HOM CJIlO,lJ.bI 11 H3rOTOBJIeHHH 3JIeKTpOH30JISlIJ,HOH-
HbIX MarepHaJIOB Ha OCHOBe lIJ,HrraHOH CJIlO)J,bI o6pa3yeTcSI 60JIbllIoe KOJIH'IeCTBO
OTXO)J,OB. B pe3YJIbTare yrHJIH3aIJ,HH 3THX OTXOIIOB rrOJIyqalOT Cfl1oiJuHumo6ble MO-
mepuaJ/bl (Cf/lOiJuHumbl).
PRC. 78. PacKJ/aiJKa /4unaHoii Cf/lOiJbl 6 OiJUH cJ/oii
npu nOJ/y eHuu MUKaHum06
336
Cll10(JUHum06ble MamepUtulbl nOJIyqaIOT H3 CJIIO.n:HHHTOBOM 6YMarH, npe.n:-
BapHTeJIbHO o6pa6oTaHHOM KaKMM-JIM60 KJIeSlmHM COCTaBOM (CMOJIbI,
JIaKll). HOMeHI(JIaTypa CJIIO.n:HHMTOBbIX 3JIeK'rpOH30JISlII;HOHHbIX MarepMaJIOB
npMMepHO Ta )Ke, qTO M MarepHaJIOB Ha OCHOBe mHnaHOM CJIIO.n:bI: KOJIJIeK-
TOpHbIM, <PoPMOBOqHbIM M rM6KllM CJIIO.n:HHMThI, CJIIO.n:HHMTOQ:>OJIHM, CJIIO.n:H-
HMTOBaSI JIeHTa II .n:p.
4.3.4. KepaMH1JeCKHe MaTepHaJlbI
4.3.4.1. 06w.ue ceeoenuR
KepllMu«a - HeOpraHHqeCKlle nOJIHKpMCTIlJIJIMqeCKlle MaTepHaJIbI, nOJIY-
qaeMbIe H3 C<popMoBaHHbIX MMHepaJIbHbIX Macc (fJlMHbI H HX CMeCH C MMHe-
paJIbHbIMH .n:06aBKaMM) B npOII;ecce BbIcoKoTeMnepaTypHoro (1200...2500°C)
cneKaHHSI.
B KepaMMqeCKOM reXHOJIOrMM MCnOJIb3yIOT fJlaBHbIM 06pa30M KaOJIMHbI
H fJlMHbI, a TIlIOKe H .n:pyrHe BM)],bI MHHepaJIbHoro CbIpbSl, HanpHMep qHCTbIe
OKCM)],bI. TIo.n: KaOJIHHaMH M fJlMHaMH nOHHMaIOT npHpo.n:HbIe Bo.n:HbIe aJIlO-
MOCIDIHKaThI C pa3JIHqHbIMH npHMeCSlMH, cnoco6HbIe npH 3aMeIIlHBaHHH C
BO.n:OM 06pa30BbIBaTh IUmCTWIHoe reCTO, KOTOpoe nOCJIe o6:>1illra Heo6parnMO
nepexo.n:MT B KaMHeBM)],HOe COCTOHHHe.
KepaMWIeCKlle H3.n:eJIHSI II3roTOBJlSlIOT cnoco6aMH IUmCTWIeCKoro <POpMO-
BaHHSI H nOJIYcyxoro npeCCOBaHHSI C nOCJIe.n:yIOmeM CyruKOM H cneKaHHeM.
npl1 HarpeBe rJIl1HbI BO BpeW!. CneKaHI1H B HeM Haql1HaIOT nOCJIe)J,oBaTeJIbHO
npol1CxO)J,I1Tb XI1MI1QeCKl1e 11 <}:>113I1KO-XI1MI1QeCKHe npOl(eCCbI, npl1BOMll.{l1e K
nOJIHOMY H He06paTI1MoMY 113MeHeHl1IO ee CTpYK'rypbI:
1) Y)J,arreHHe XI1MI1QeCKI1 CIill3aHHOM BO)J,bI (500...600°C);
2) pa3JIO)l(eHl1e 06e3BO)l(eHHOM rJIl1HbI Ha OKCl1.lI:bI (800...900°C);
3) o6pa30mume HOBbIX BO)J,OCTOMKI1X H 1)'I'OTIJIaBKI1X MHHeparrOB (lOOO...1200°C);
4) o6pa30BaHl1e HeKOToporo KOJII1QeCTBa paCnJIaBa 113 JIerKOnJIaBKI1X KOMno-
HeHTOB rJIl1HbI (900...1200°C);
5) o6pa30BaHl1e npOQHOrO KaMHeBl1.lI:Horo MaTepl1arra 3a CQeT CBH3bIBaHHH
TBepJJ.bIX QaCTHl( 06pa30BaBllII1MCH paCnJIaBOM.
TIpH cneKaHHH npOMCXO)],SlT TaKlle npou:eccbI, KaK .n:erM)],paTaII;MS1 KOMno-
HeHTOB, .n:ec1pyKlU1Sl OpraHHqeCKHX TeXHOJIOrMqeCKHX npHMeceM (nOJIHMepbI,
nOBepXHoCTHO-aKTIIBHbIe BemecTBa), .lU'ICCOII;HaII;MS1 HecToMKHX HeOpraHMqeC-
KID( coe.n:MHeHMM, npoII;eccbI OKllCJIeHHSl H BOCCTaHOBJIeHHSI, TIJIaBJIeHHe He-
KOTOpbIX KOMnOHeHTOB, nOJIHMoP<PHbIe npeBpameHHSI H T..n:. B MTore nOCJIe
OXJIroK)I,eHHSI CTeKJIOBM)],HbIM, MO)KeT 6bITh, qaCTMqHO 3aKpHCTaJIJIM30BaHHbIM
paCTIJIaB CBSl3bIBaeT :repHa 60JIee 1)'fOTIJIaBKOrO KOMnoHeHTa, o6pa3YSI npo1J-
HbIM MOHOJIHT.
CocTaB KepaMHKH 06pa30BaH MHoroKoMnoHeHTHoM cHcTeMoM, BKJIIO-
qalOmeM:
12'
337
. KpUCmaJlJlUlf,eCKYlO rjJa3Y (6oJIee 50%) - XHMHqeCKHe coe,QHHeHHSI M
(HJIH) TBep,QbIe paCTBOpbI;
. cmeKJlOeuoHYlO (HJIH QMOprjJHYlO) rjJG3Y (1...40%) - npocJIomrn creKJIa,
XHMHqeCKHH: COCTaB KOTOpOro OTJIMqaeTCSI OT XHMMqeCKOrO COCTaBa KpMC-
TaJIJIHqeCKOH: a3 ;
. ZG30eylO r}JG3Y - ra3bI, HaxoMllI.MeCSI B nopax.
KpHCTaJIJIHqeCKaSi a3a SlBJISleTCSI OCHOBOH: KepaMMKM M onpe.lXeJISIeT
3HaqeHHSI MeXaHHqeCKOH: npOqHOCrn, repMOCTOH:KOCrn M .lXpyrnx OCHOBHbIX
CBOH:CTB. CreKJIOBlI,lJ,Ha5I a3a YXY,QIIIaeT MeXaHHqecK}'IO npOqHOCTb II ren-
JIOBbIe nOKa3aTeJIH, O,QHaKO cTeKJIoo6pa3yIOllI.IIe KOMnOHeHTbI (rJIMHMCTbIe
Belll.eCTBa) 06JIerqaIOT TeXHOJIOnIIO H3rOTOBJIeHHSI II3.lXeJIHH:.
TIo cTpyrcrype nopoBoro npOCTpaHCTBa pa3JIMqaIOT KepaMHKY C OTKpbI-
TbIMM, T.e. C006ll1.aIOllI.MMMCSI C BHeIIIHeH: cpe,QoH:, H 3aKpbITbIMM nOpaMH.
HaJIHqMe ,QIDKe 3aKpbITbIX nop Be,QeT K CHIDKeHHIO MeXaHMqeCKOH: M ::meKTPM-
qeCKOH: npOqHOCrn, pOCTY 3JIeKTPHqeCKHX norepb.
KepaMMKa - H30TpOnHbIH: MaTepHaJI, TIlK KaK npe,QCTaBJISleT co6oH: nOJIM-
KpHCTaJIJIMqeCKOe BeIIJ;eCTBO C Me.TIKHMH 6ecnoPMOqHO pacnOJIO)KeHHbIMII
KpIICTIlJIJIaMH. KepaMHKY C aHH30TpOnMeH: CBOH:CTB nOJIyqaIOT Ha OCHOBe
MOHOKpHCTaJIJIOB. CerHeTO- H ITbe30KepaMHKY nOJIyqaIOT npH coxpaHeHllH
OCTaTOqHOH: nOJUlpH3a.lum.
CBOH:CTBa KepaMHKH onpe,QeJISIIOTCSI ee COCTaBOM, CTpyKTYPOH: M nopIIC-
TOCTbIO. K OCHOBHbIM CBOH:CTBaM KepaMWleCKHX MaTepMaJIOB OTHOCSlTCSI:
. IUIOTHOCTb - 1800...3900 Kr/M 3 M 6oJIee;
. BO,QonOrJIOlll.eHHe -.[{JISI nOpHCTOH: KepaMID<I1 6...20% no Macce (12...40%
no 06'beMY), a .lIJUI IUIOTHOH: - 1...5% no Macce (2...10% no o6'beMY);
. reIUIonpoBo,QHOCTb B 3aBHCIIMocrn OT nopMcTOCTII H XHMWleCKoro COCTa-
Ba - 0,8...1,16 BT/(M. K). CpaBHHTeJIbHO BbICOKa5I TenJIOnpOBO.lXHOCTb Y
KepaMHKH Ha OCHOBe Al 2 0 3 M oco6eHHo Ha OCHOBe BeO;
. cr pacT = 30...300 MTIa, cr C }(( = 3000 MTIa H 6oJIee;
. TBep,QOCTb, 6JIM3Ka5I K TBep,Qocrn aJIMa3a;
. XpynKOCTb;
. BbICOKoe 3JIeKTPMqeCKOe conpam:BJIeHMe, OTJIMQHbIe ,QH3JIeKTPHQeCKMe
CBOH:CTBa;
. .n.yrOCTOH:KOCTb;
. BO,QO-, XHMHQeCKa5I, KOpp03HOHHa5I M >KapOCTOH:KOCTb.
He,QocTaTKoM KepaMHKH SlBJI.HeTCSI BbICOKa5I yca.n;Ka npII cneKaHMM -
20...25% H BbIIIIe, QTO C03,QaeT Tpy,QHocrn C o6eCneQeHHeM TOQHbIX pa3Me-
pOB H3,QeJIHSI. 06pa6oTKa rOTOBbIX H3,Qe.TIMH: 3aTpy,QHeHa, TIlK KaK CneQeHHa5I
KepaMHKa 06JIa.n;aeT BbICOKOH: TBep,QoCTbIO, pe)KeTCSI C TPY,QOM II TOJIbKO a6-
pa3MBaMM.
338
Cnoco6aMH B03.n;eMCTBIDI Ha CBOMCTBa KepaMHtIeCKHX H3.n;eJIHM SlBJISIIOTCSI
XHMHKO-repMMtIeCKaSI o6pa6oTKa H HCnOJIb30BaHHe nOKpbITIIM, B TOM tIHCJIe
2/la:JypU.
rAa3YPb - 3all.{HTHo-.n;eKopamBHOe CTeKJIOBH)J:HOe nOKpbITHe Ha KepaMHKe,
3aKpeTIJIeHHOe 06:>KHroM.
llpOqHOCTb KepaMHKH C TaKHM nOKpblmeM nOBbIIllaeTCH Ha 15...20%, qTO
CBH3aHO co C)l(HMaIOll.{HMH HarrpIDKeHIDlMH B nOaepXHOCTHOM CJloe, KOTopbIe B03-
HHKalOT H3-3a pa3HHI.U>I TeMnepaTYPHbIX K03<P<PHUHeHToB JIHHeHHoro paCIllHpe-
HHH KepaMHKH H rna3ypH. O.n;HaKo rna3ypb YBeJIHqHBaeT 3JIeK11)HqeCKHe nOTe-
pH, n03TOMY ee He npHMeHHIOT B BbICOKOqacTOTHOH 3JIeKTpH'IeCKOH KepaMHKe.
I14lJ:eJIHSI H3 KepaMmGI Coe.n;HHSIIOT .n;pyr C .n;pyroM H }.(pyrnMH MarepHaJIaMH
C nOMOIl{blO CreKJIOKpMCTaJIJIMtIeCKoro ueMeHTa C nOCJIe}.(yIOIl{eM TepMMtIe-
CKOM o6pa6OTKOM npM 400...600°C, KJIeeB H 3aMa30K Ha OCHOBe 3nOKClI,lJ,HOM
CMOJIbI M XGI,L(Koro creKJIa, a TIHOKe MeTaJIJIH3aU:HeM C nOCJIe}.(yIOIl{eM naMKOM.
KepaMHKY KJIaccH(lmuHpyIOT no eeU{ecmeeHHOMY cocmaey, cocmaey KpUC-
maJlJlUlteCKOU rjJG3bl, cmpYKmype M HG3HalteHUlO.
no BeIl{eCTBeHHOMY COCTaBY pa3HOBlI,lJ,HOCTSlMH KepaMHKM SlBJISIIOTCSI
rjJGflHC, nOllyrjJaprjJop, rjJaprjJop, meppaKoma, KepMembl, KopYHoOeGfl H ceepx-
meepoGfl KepaMUKa M TaK Ha3blBaeMaSI KaMeHHGfl Macca.
tPll1IHC, ftO/lytjJap,pop H tjJaptjJop nOJIyqaIOT Ha OCHOBe .>Kr)'llI:HXCH 6eJIbIX rnHH,
KaOJIHHOB, KBapua H nOJIeBOfO IllnaTa, B3HTbIX B pa3JIH'IHbIX COOTHOIlleHHHX.
OHH 06JIa.u.aIOT pa3JIHqHOH nopHCTOCTblO, qTO onpe.n;eJIHeT MeXaHHqeCKHe CBOH-
CTBa H Bo.n;onornomeHHe. Bo.n;onornomeHHe <paJ.IHCa 10...12%, npe.n:eJI npOtIHOCm
npH cxamH 06bI'IHO .n;o 100 Mlla. lloJIy<pap<pop no cpaBHeHHIO C <paJ.IHCOM
HMeeT 60JIee CneKI1lHHCH qepenOK (Bo.n;onornomeHHe 3...5%), H ero npOqHOCTh
BbII1le (cr CJK = 150...200 Mlla). cI>ap<pop OTJIHqaeTCH eme 60JIhIlleH TIJIOTHOCTbIO
(Bo.n:onOl'JIOmeHHe 0,2...0,5%) H npOqHOCTbIO (cr CJK - .n;o 500 Mlla), qTO n03BO-
JIHeT H3fOTOBJUlTb H3 HefO TOHKOCTeHHble H3.n:eJIHH.
TeppaKOma - KepaMH'IeCKHe H emUl (06JIHUOBO'llible TIJIHTbI, apXHTeKTYPHble
.n:eTaJIH, nocy]],a H T.]],.) C nOpHCThIM qepenKOM, 06bI'IHO KpacHoro, KOpJ1qHeBoro
H1IH KpeMoBoro l..{BeTOB.
KepMemb' (KepaMUKO-MemQ//JlU eCKUe MamepUOIlbt) - HCKYCCTBeHHbIe MaTe-
pHaJIbI, nOJIyqaeMbIe cneKaHHeM MeTaJIJIHqeCKHX H KepaMHqeCKHX nopOIllKOB,
COqeTaIOll.{He CBOMCTBa MeTaJIJIOB H KepaMHqeCKHX BemeCTB. 113]],eJIHH H3 KepMe-
Ta - ]],eTaJIH TYP6HH H aBmU.(HOHHbIX .n:BHfaTeJIeM, pe)J(}'ll.{HM HHCTp}'MeHT H .n;p.
Kopyno06QJ1 KepaMUKa (MuHepOilOKepaMUKa) - 3TO KepaMHKa Ha OCHOBe cne-
qeHHoro OKCH)J:a aJIIOMHHHH, cOJ],epxall.{ero He 60JIee 2% npHMeceM.
C8epxm8epi)QJI KepQMU1Ca - KOMn03HUHoHHbIM MaTepHaJI, nOJIyqaeMbIM Ha
OCHOBe HHTpH)J:a 60pa.
no COCTaBY KpHCTaJIJIMtIeCKOM <Pa3bI pa3JIHtIalOT KepaMHKY M3 tIHCTbIX
OKClI,lJ,OB (Al 2 0 3 , Zr0 2 , MgO, BeO, CaO H }.(p.) M 6ecKMCJIOpO}.(HyIO (SiC,
TiB2' ZrB 2 , BN, Si 3 N 4 , MoSi 2 ).
13 MaTepHaJIOBe,neHHe
339
no c1pYKTYPe (xapaKTePY C1poeHHSl qepeIIKa) KepaMHKa .n:eJUITCSI Ha nAom-
HYIO (p = 1...2%) H nopucmylO (p = 15...20%). nOpHCThIe KepaMMKH IIomOIl(a-
lOT 60JIee 5% BO.n:bI (110 Macce), a rmOTHbIe - 1...4% 110 Macce RJIM 2...8% 110
o6neMY. nOpHC1YID C1pYKTYPY HMelOT KHPIDIq, 6JIOKH, qepe a, ,lq)eHIDKHbIe
Tpy6bI M .L(p.; rmOTH}'IO - rmHTKH MSI IIOJIOB, KamlJIM3aU:HOHHbIe Tpy6bI, ca-
HMTapHO-reXHHqeCKHe II3.L(eJIHSI.
K tfifCJIy HOBbIX 110 C1pYK'fYI)e KepaMWIecKMX MarepHaJIOB CJIe.n:yeT OTIIecm
60flOKHucmbie KepaMUlf.eCKUe MQmepUaJlbl, IIOJIyqaeMbIe ClIeKaHHeM, HalIpM-
Mep, aMop<pHoro KBapQeBoro BOJIOKHa. KepaMHKY C rmoTHoH CTpYKTYPOH
MCIIOJIb3}'1OT B KaqeCTBe BaKYYMHoH, IIOpHC1)'JO H BOJIOKHMC1)'JO - KaK rep-
MOH30JUlQMOHHbIH MaTepHaJI M MarepMaJI .L(lliI BbICOKOTeMlIepaTYPHbIX :>KM.L(-
KOCTHbIX M ra30BbIX <pRJIbTpOB.
no Ha3HaqeHHIO KepaMHKY .n:eJISIT Ha KOHcmpYKl{UOHHYIO, UHcmPYMeH-
maJlbHYIO, meXHUlf.eCKYIO M 6blm06)lIO.
4.3.4.2. KOHcmpYKl{UOHHGfl KepaMUKQ
KOHCTpYKU:HOHHaSI KepaMHKa npOH3Bo.n:HTCSI KaK cmpOUmeflbHGfl M MQ-
WUHocmpOUmeflbHGfl.
B CTpOHTeJIbCTBe KOHCTpYJG.(MOHH}'IO KepaMMKY HCIIOJIb3}'1OT KaK .n:OJIro-
BeqHbIH MaTepHaJI, CTOHKHH IIpOnfB H3Hoca, HarpeBa M arpeCCHBHbIX cpe.n:.
no Ha:maqeHHIO CTpOHTeJIbHbIe Kepa mqeCKHe MarepMaJIbI M H3.n:eJIHSI .n:eJISiT
Ha BIf,n,bI, npe.n:CTaBJIeHHbIe B rn6.TL 11.
Ta6Auqa 11
BUiJbl cmpOUmeAbHblX KepllMUlleCKUX MamepUtLIl06 U U3iJeAUU no Hfl3HOlleHUIO
l13,lI;emrn .D.oIIOJIHHTeJIbHbIe CBe.u;eHIDI
CmeU08b1e
KHpfIH1f 06bIKHoBeH- OCHoBHbIe CBOHCTBa KepaMH'leCKHX ICHpfIH1feH:
HbIH, ICHpfIH1f H KaMHH . 1UI00HOCTb CIUIOlIIHoro ICHpnH'la - 1600...1900 Kr/M 3 ;
nycTOTeJIbIe H nopH- . TelUIOnpoBOJUfOCTb CllJIOlIIHOrO ICHpfIH1fa - 0,7...0,82 BT/(M' 0C);
CTbIe, KpynHbIe 6nOKH . no IUIOTHOCTH H TelUIOTeXHH'leCKHM CBOHCTBaM KepaMH'lecKHe
H mmeJIH H3 ICHpnH'la ICHpIDf'IH .u;eJUIT Ha 1pH rpynIIbI:
H KaMHeH. 3rjJrjJeKmu8Hble - C BbICOKHMH TelUIOTeXHH'leCKHMH CBOHCTBaMH
KepOMU'leCKUe KUpnU'lU 1UI00HOCThIO He 60JIee 1400...1450 Kr/M 3 ;
BbInyCKaIOTCH CIUIOIII- YCA08Ho-3rjJrjJeJCmu8Hble - ruIOTHOCThIO 1450...1600 Kr/M 3 ;
HbIMH H MOll.YJIbHbIMH, 06blKuo8euHblu KupnU'l - 1UI00HOCTbIO CBbIIlle 1600 Kr/M 3 ;
HMeIOII{HMH KPyrJIbIe . BO.u;OIIOrJIOI.u;eHHe ICHpfIH1fa MaPKH BblIIIe 150 .u;OJDKHO 6bITh He
HJIH IIJ;eJIeBbIe nyCTOThI MeHee 6%, a .u;pyrHX MapOK - He MeHee 8% (3TO 1pe6yeT onpe.u;e-
JIeHHOH nOpHCTOCTH ICHpfIH1fa, HHaqe OH CTaHeT CJIHlIIKOM TelUIo
npoBo.u;HbIM H 6YAeT 1UI0XO c.u;eIIJUITbCH co CTpOHTeJIbHbIM paCTBO-
'pOM);
340
IIpoi)oA'JICeHue ma6A. 11
M3.l(emrn )];onOJIHHTeJIbHbIe CBe,ll;eHlffi
. npe,ll;eJI npo'IHoCTH Ha C:>KaTHe Onpe,ll;eillleT MapKY - 250, 300;
. MOp030crofiKOCTb KHpnWIa ,lI;OJDKHa 6bITb He MeHee 15 WIKJIOB
nonepeMeHHoro 3aMOpaxamaHIDI H O1"I'aHBaHIDI (npeJJ;ycMOTpeHbI
H 60JIee BbiCOKHe MapKH no MOpo30CTOfiKOCTH - F 25, 35 H 50).
KHplIH'I He ,lI;OJDKeH HMeTb MeXa.HWIeCKHX nOBpe:>I<neHHfi H CKB03-
HbIX TPeIUHH. Ha O.lUfOM KHplIH'Ie ,lI;onyCKaeTC He CBbllIIe .l(Byx
om6umocmeu pe6ep H YZJl08 pa3MepoM no ,lUIHHe pe6pa He 60JIee
15 MM. Ha OT,lI;eJIbHbIX KHpnHqax MO}l{e1' 6bITb ,lI;OnyIUeHa O,ll;Ha
CKB03HIDI TPeuuma np01IDKeHHOCTbIO He 60JIee 30 MM no lIIHpHHe
KHpnHqa.
KHplIH'I ,lI;OJDKeH 6bITb HOpMaJIbHO 06mIoKeH, H nOCJIe 06:>KHI'a ero
UBeT ,lI;OJDKeH COOTBeTCTBOBaTh UBeTY 3TaJIOHa HOpMaJIbHO o6o)lOJ(eH-
HOro KHpnHqa.
He ,lI;OnyCKaIOTC H3BeCTKOBbIe BKJIIOqeHH (iJymU1<.U), BbI3bIBaIO-
IInfe pa3pyrueHHe KHpnH'Ia.
CIIJIolIIHofi KepaMHqecKHii KHpnHq ,lI;OJDKeH HMeTb cpoPMY np MO-
yroJIbHOrO napaJIJIeJIemme,ll;a C np MbIMH pe6paMH, qeTKHMH rpa-
IDIMH H pOBHbIMH mru:eBbIMH nOBepXHOCTmm; HCKpHBJIeHHe pe6ep
H rpaHefi KHplIH'Ia He ,lI;OJDKHO npeBbllIIaTh 3 MM.
Macca O.lUforo KepaMHqeCKoro KHpnHqa ,lI;OJDKHa 6bITb He 60JIee
4Kf.
KepaMHqeCKHfi KHpnH'l npHMeH IOT npeHMYIUeCTBeHHO ,lUI
KJIa,lI;KH CTeH 3,lI;aHHH, H3rOTOMeHIDI C60PHbIX CTeHOBbIX naHeJIefi,
KJIa,lI;KH neqefi H .l(bIMOBbIX TPy6.
.9JleMeHmbl nepeKpblmuu
nYCT01'eJlbIe KaMHH, llycmomellble 3J1eMeHmbl nepeKpblmUU BKJIIO'IaIOT:
6aJIKH H mlHeJIH H3 . KaMHH J];JUI apMOKepaMH'leCKHX 6a.rrOK IIJIOTHOCTbIO He 60JIee
nyCTOfeJIbIX KaMHefi 1300 Kf/M3;
. KaMHH J];JUl qacTOpe6pHCThIX nepeKpbITHH IIJIOTHOCThIO He 60JIee
1000 Kf/M3;
. KaMHH J];JUl HaKaTOB IIJIOTHOCTbIO,lI;O 1000 Kf/M 3 ,
)I;m HapYJICHOU 06J1U,-,08KU
KHpIIH'I H KaMHH Ke- f/JacaoHble KepaMU'leCKUe U30eJlUR npHMeH IOT ,lUI 06JIHUOBKH
paMWIeCKHe JIHueBbIe, cpaca.rr;HbIX nOBepXHOCTefi CTeHOBbiX naHeJIefi, 6JIOKOB, UOKoJIefi
KOBpOBaJI KepaMHKa, 3,lI;aHHH, JIO,lOKHH, J];JUl OT,lI;eJIKH apXHTeKTYPHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB <l>aCalIa
IUlHTKH KepaMWleCKHe 3,lI;aHHH - no cOB, KapHH30B - H C03.l(aHIDI ,lI;eKOpaTHBHbIX naHHo.
cpaca.nHbIe ,lI.mI OT,lI;eJIKH C60PHbIX KOHCTpYJ<I.(Hi{ Ha 3aBO,ll;ax HCnOJIb3YIOT K08-
P080-M03aU'lHble 11JlUmKU pa3MepaMH 48x48 H 22x22 MM TOJIIIUlHOfi
2...4 MM, 11JlUmKU muna «Ka6aH'lUK» pa3MepOM 120x65x7 MM, muna
6peK'lUU - KOBpbI, Ha6paHHbIe H3 IIJIHTOqHOro 60 .
,lI.mI o6mru:oBKH rOTOBbIX KHplIH'lHbIX H 6eToHHbIX CTeH npHMe-
H IOT rJIa3YPOBaHHbIe H HefJIa3ypOBaHHbIe KpynHOpa3MepHbIe
(250x140xlO MM) H UOKOJIbHbIe (l50x75x7 MM) IIJIHTbI. 3TH IIJIHTbI
,lI;OJDKHbI HMeTh cneKIllHHc qepenOK H BO,lI;OnOfJIOll{eHHe He 60-
JIee 5%.
13'
341
IIpoiJo//3ICeHue mofill. 11
M3.l(eJIIDI ,lJ;onOJIHHTeJIbHbIe CBe.n;eHlffi
JIHl(eBbIe KHpIIlI'lH H KepaMH'IeCKHe KaMHH npHMeHJlIOT JUIJI
KJI3,lUGI H o.n;HoBpeMeHHoH 06JIHl(oBKH HapyxGibIX H BHYTPeHHHX
CTeH 3.l(aHHH, B03BO.n;HMbIX H3 IIITY'IHbIX H3.l(eJIHii: (KHpIIWIa, KaM-
IDI). no.n;06paB COCTIlB KepaMH'leCKoJi MaCCbi H perymq>YJI peJKHM
0TIKHra, MO)lQ{O nOJIy'lHTh KHPIIH1I 6eJIoro, KPeMoBoro, KOpH'lHe-
BOro l(BeTOB. BbIIIyCKaIOT JlUije6ble ICupnu'tu H ICepaMu'teclCue ICaMHU
C ma.ZU<OH, a TalOKe peJIbeq>HOH HJIH ot!>aK'fYPeHHOH JIHl(eBoH no-
BepXHOCTbIO. Ha JIHl(eBOH l'paHH He .n;orryCKaIOTCJI TPelIIHHbI H OT-
KOJIbI.
KepaMHqeCKHe 06JIHl(OBKH OTHOCJlTCJI K 'lliCJIy HaH60JIee 3KOHO-
MH'IHbIX Hapyxan.IX 06nHl(oBoK.
,4;m 6H)lmpeHHeii 061lUij06ICU
IlTmTbI H IIJIHTKH KepaMulleClCue IlAUmKU ,lI;JIJI BHYTPeHHeJi 06JIHl(OBKH CTeH H3ro-
,lI;JIJI CTeH H nOJIOB TaBJIHBalOTCJI C nopHCTOH C1'pYKTYPOH, JIHl(eBaJI nOBepXHOCTb HX
nOKPbIBaeTCJI ma3ypblO, KOTOpaH npH,ll;aeT IlJIHTKaM BO,ll;OHenpo-
HHl(aeMOCTb H CTOJiKOCTb npoTHB B03.lI;eHCTBIDI CJIa6bIX pacTBOpOB
KHCJIOT H ll(eJIOqeH.
,[{.mI BHYIPeHHeH 06JIHl(OBKH CTeR BbIIIyCKaIOT pa3Hoo6pa3HbIe no
<popMe IlJIHTKH:' KBa.D:paTHbie (l50x150 MM), npJlMoyrOJIbHbie C
npJlMbIMH KpoMKaMH (l50xlOO H 150x75 MM). IImmrn: H3roraB-
JlHBalOTCJI IlJIOCKHMH, peJIbet!>HbiMH, opHaMeHTHpOBaHHbiMH, C
QBeTHbIMH pHCym<aMH.
KepaMWIeCKHe IlJIHTKH ,lI;JIJI nOJIOB H3rOTaBJIHBalOT H3 -ryroIlJIaB-
KHX H orneyrropHbIX KaOJIHHOBbIX rJIHH C pa3JIHqHbIMH .n;06aBKaMH
H, eCJIH TPe6yeTcJI, OKpalIIHBalOII.{HX npHMeceH. nOJIbI H3 KepaMH-
qeCKHX IIJIHTOK npaKTH1IeCKH BO.n;OHenpoHHl(aeMl>!, xapaKTepH3Y-
IOTCJI MaJIOH HcmpaeMOCTbIO, He .n;alOT nbIJIH, JIerKO MOIOTCJI,
CTOHKH K .n;eHCTBHIO KHCJIOT H ll(eJIOqeH. He.n;OCTaTKOM IIJIHTOK JIB-
JUleTCJI 60JIblIIaJI TeIlJIOnpoBO.n;HOCTb (nOJIbI XOJIo.n;HbIe), He n03BO-
JUIIOll(aJI npHMelUlTb HX B )l(HJIbIX nOMell(eHIDlX.
IIJIHTKH H3rOTaBJIHBalOT KBa.D:paTHbIe, npJlMoyrOJIbHbie, lIIeCTH-
l'paHHbIe, BOCbMHIpaHHbIe, TpeyroJIbHbIe; ,lI;JIHHa rpaHeH 50...150 MM
,
H TOJlll(HHa 10...13 MM.
,[{.mI CHIDKeHIDI TPy.n;oeMKOCTH YC1'pOHCTBa 'lliCTOrO nOJIa IDroraB-
JIHBalOT M03aH'IHbie IlJIHTKH KB3.ZI:paTHOH HJIH IlpJlMoyrOJIbHOH
t!>OpMbI pa3MepOM 23 H 48 MM npH TOJlll(HHe 6...8 MM. M03aH1l-
Hbie IlJIHTKH Ha 3aBo.n;e HaKJIeHBalOT JIHl(eBoH CTOPOHOH Ha
KPa<ln'-6}'Mary no onpe.n;eJIeHHOM)' PHCyJiKy, nOJIy'laJI KOBpbI Pa3-
MepOM 398x598 MM.
KepaMH'IeCKHe rJIa3ypOBaHHbie IlJIHTKH npHMeHHIOT ,lI;JIJI 06JIH-
l(OBKH CTeH KyXOHb H CaHHTapHbIX Y3J1OB )KHJIbJX 3.1IaHHii:, llIKOJI,
.n;eTCKHX ca.nOB, 60JIbHHl( H nOJIHKJIHHHK, TOproBbIX npe.lUIPIDITHH,
nOMell(eHHJi C nOBbIllIeHHOH BJIIDKHOCTbIO (6am" npa'le'lHLIX), a
TaIOKe ,lI;JIJI 06JIHl(OBKH BHYTPeHHHX CTeH JIa60paTOpHbIX nOMell(e-
HHJi. QBeTHbIe H MHoroQBeTHbIe ma3ypOBaHHbIe IlJIHTKH HCnOJIb-
3yIOT ,lI;JIJI 06rrHl(OBKH CTaHl(Hii Me1'ponOJIlrreHa.
342
M3.l(eJIIDI
KepaMH'lecKaSI
qepelIHua
eHIDKHbie H KaHaJIH-
3al.{HOHHbie TPy6bI
TeIIJIOH30IDIUHOHHbIe,
omeynopHI>Ie, KHCJIOTO-
ynopHbIe H .npyme H3-
,neJIIDI
IIpoiJo/l3ICeHue ma6/1. 11
)];orrOJIHHTeJIbHbIe CBe,neHHjI
CaltUmOpHO-mexHU'IeCK.Ue
KepaMu'IecK.ue cOHumopHO-mexHU'IeCK.Ue U30e.tlUR H3rOTOBJUlIOT H3
clIDrnca, rroJIytl>ap<Popa H tl>ap<Popa.
M3 clIDrnca rrpeHMYIUeCTBeHHO MeTo,nOM JIHTbjl rrpoH3BOJUIT ymt:-
Ta3bI, }'MbffiaJIbHHKH, CMbIBHl>Ie 6a'lKH, BaHHbI H.np. nOJIy<paP<l>op
H tl>aP<l>op rrpHMelUllOTCjI .nIDI rrpoH3BO,ll;CTBa 60JIee TOHKOCTeHHbIX
H3.l(emdt
nOBepxHoCTb caHHTapHO-TeXHHqeCKHX H3.l(emrn 06j13aTeJIbHO rro-
KPbffiaeTCjI rJIaJypblO, '!TO rrpH.naeT HM Bo,noHerrpoHHUaeMoCTb.
M3,neJIHjI caHHTapHo-TeXHH'IeCKOH KepaMHKH 6eJIbie, HHor,na
CBeTJIO-}I{eJITbIe, ,nOJDKHbl HMeTb rrpaBHJIbHyIO <PoPMY, pOBHyIO,
rJIaro<YIO H 'lliCTylO rroBepxHoCTb 6e3 HCKPHBJIeHIlli, paBHOMepHo
rrOKpbJTYlO rJIa3ypblO; OHH ,nOJDKHbI 6biTb XOpolliO 06o:>lOKeHbI..
Kpo6e.tlbHble ('1epenu£¥l) 11.IIumK.U
KepaMHqeCKajl 'IeperrHua ,nOJI}I{Ha BbIJJ:ep}l{HBaTb He MeHee
25 UHKJIOB rrorrepeMeHHoro 3aMOpIDKHBaHIDI H OTIaHBaHIDI B Ha-
ClillUeHHOM BO,nO:i% COCTOHHHH.
BbIIIYCKaeTCjI n03060J1 JleHmO'lHOJI, n03060J1 WmaMn060HHOJI, 11.IIOC-
K.OJI JleHmO'lHOJI, 60JlHUCmOJl JleHmO'lHOJI, S-06P03HOJI JleHmO'lHOJI H
K.OHbK.060J1.
J(I1.R no03eMHbIX K.OM.M)lHUK.ol.{uii
)1,peHO;)ICHble mpy6bl rrpoH3BOJUIT H3 KHpIIH'IHbIX BbICOKOII1IaCTH'I-
HbIX rJIHH.
,[{.mI 3THX TPy6 BO,ll;orrOrJIOIUeHHe qepem<a ,norryCKaeTCjI He 60JIee
15%, MOpo30CTOHKOCTh - He HH}I{e 15 UHKJIOB. npOMbilIIJIeH-
HOCTb BbIIIYCKaeT ZIlooK.ue HeZll03yp060HHble mpy6bl 6e3 pocmpy606
HlIH ZIl03yp060HHble C pocmpy60M U nepr/Jopol.{ueii HO CmeHK.ax. npH-
MeHmOT 1]JY6bi npH MeJIHopaTHBHbIX pa60'rax, a TaIOKe rrpH ocyrne-
HHH.
KOHOIlU3ol.{UOHHble mpy6bl 'H3rOTOBIDlIOT H3 II1IacTH'fHbIX orneynop-
HbIX HlIH -ryroIIJIaBKHX rJIHH. OHH ,nOJDKHhI BbJ.!(ep:xamaTb I'H.nPo-
CTaTHqeCKOe ,naBJIeHHe He MeHee 0,2 Mna. Bo,norrOrJIOIUeHHe
qepem<a 1]JY6: He 60JIee 9% AJUI I copTa H 11 % AJUI II copTa. no-
BepXHOCTb TPy6 CHap)')KH 11 BHYTPH rrOKpbffiaIOT KHCJIOTOCTO:i%KOH
rJIa3YPblO. ,A1rn:Ha KaHaJIH3a.UHOHHbIX TPy6 800..,.1200 MM, BHYTPeH-
HH:i% .nHaMeTP 150...600 MM. 3TH TPy6bi Ha O,nHOM KOHUe HMelOT
pacTPy6. KaHaJIH3al.{HoHHbie TPy6bi rrpHMelUllOT AJUI OTBo,na CTOq-
HbIX H lIIeJIO'IHbIX BO,n.
IlAumK.u cnel.{UOIlbHOi!O H03HO'leHUR
,[{.mI BbICOKOTeMIIepaTYPHOH TeII1IOH30JU11.{HH pa3JIHtlHbIX rrpoMbilII-
JIeHHbIX rreqeH H TeII1IOBbIX arperaTOB HCrrOJIb3yIOT BOJIOKHHCTble
KepaMHqeCKHe MaTepHaJIbI - OIlIOMOCUJlUK.OmHble 60JlOK.HO, 06JIa-
,naIOll{He BbiCOKOH rrpo'lHOCTblO, TepMH'leCKOH CTO:i%KOCTblO H Ma-
JIOH TeII1IOrrpoBo,nHOCTblO.
343
IIpoiJoA:JICeHue mafiA. 11
M3.l(eJIIDI )];onOJIHHTeJIbHbIe CBe.l(eHIDI
BOJIOKHHCTbIe KepaMH'leCKHe MaTepHaJIbI cnoc06HbI no CpaBHe-
HHIO C Iq)eMHe3eMHbIMH (6JIH3KHMH no CBOHCTBaM) MaTepHarraMH
,lI;JIHTeJIbHO Bbl.l(ep:XGmaTb TeMIIepaTYPbI 1650... 1700.C, He 60SITCH
rrpHMeceH H 06ml,ll;aJOT B 2...2,5 paJa 60n:ee BbICOKOH-TIPO'IHOCTbIO.,
OCHOBHbIMH He.l(OCTaTKaMH, C.l(epJKHBaIOIU:HMH npHMeHeHHe 00-
JIOKHHCTbIX MarepHarrOB, HRIDIIOTCJI HH3KHe IJpO'lHOCTb H KOpp03H-
OHHaJl CTOHKOCTb H 3aMeTHOe nbIJIeBbl.l(eJIeHHe, 'lT0 Tpe6yeT
HCnOJIb30BaHHJI CneUHaJIbHbIX 06'beMHbIX H nOBepXHOCTHbIX
nOIq)bITHH (BbIcoKOTeMnepaTYPHbIe KOpp03HOHHo-CToHKHe Tep-
MOperyJIHpyroII.{He nOKpbITIDI). ,
KepaMH'leCKHe ofHeyrropHble H3.l(eJIHJI nOJIyqalOT OTJIHBKOH H3
paCIIJIaBa HlIH 06JKHroM MHHepaJIbHOH CMeCH. BOJIbIIIHHCTBO Ke-
paMH'leCKHX OrHeyrropHbIX H3lIeJIHii: (omeynopos) - 3T0 KepaMHKa
Ha OCHOBe Si0 2 , A1 2 0 3 , MgO, Zr0 2 , BeO, Th0 2 , a TaKJKe Ha
OCHOBe SiC, Si 3 N 4 H .npyrnx 6eCKHCJIopo.zun,IX coelIHHemm. B03-
MOX<HbIe TeMIIepaTYPbI 3KCIIJIYclTa.I.Ulli OKCH.l(OB, Kap6H.l(OB, 60PH.l(OB
H HHTp:H.l(OB 1600...2500.C, )l{apOnpO'lHbIX CTarreH H CIIJIaBOB -
800...1200.C, MOJIH6.l(eHa - 1500.C, BOJIb<ppaMa - 1800.C. HaH-
60JIblIIee pacnpoCTp:aHeHHe B CTp:OHTeJIbCTBe H rrpOMblIIDIeHlIOCTH
CTp:OHTeJIbHbIX MaTepHarrOB nOJIy'lHllll KpeMHe3eMHCTble H aJIIOMO-
CHlIHKaTHbIe OrHeyrropHbIe H3.l(eJIIDl. ,
KepaMH'leCKHe OrHeyrropHbIe H3.l(eJIIDI KJIaCcH<pHI-UfpyroT no OZHe-
ynopHocmu, nopucmocmu, XUMUKOMUHepOJlbHOMY COCtna6Y H cnoco6y
U3zom06fleHUR.
no OrHeyrropHoCTH KepaMWIeCKHe OrHeyrropHbIe H3.l(eJIIDI MOryr
6bITb omeynopHblMU (1580.. .1770.C), 6b1COKoozHeynopHblMU
(1700...200Q.C) H 6b1CWeU omeynopHocmu (60JIee 2000.C). _
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT nopHCTOCTH KepaMWIeCKHe OrHeyrropHbIe H3.l(e-
JIIDI nO.l(p33.l(eJUllOTCH Ha oco60 nJlOmHble omeynopbl - nopHCTOCTb
MeHee 3%, 6b1COKOnJIOmHble omeynopbl - nopHCTOCTb 3...10%, nn.om-
Hble omeynopbl - nopHCTOCTb 0...20%, 06b1'tHbie omeynopbl - no-
pHCTOCTb 20...30%, fleZK06eCHbie omeynopbl (menJI0U3011.Rt{uoHHble) -
nopHCTOCTb 45...85%.
KepaMHqeCKHe omeyrropHbIe H3.l(eJIHJI npHMelUIIOT ,lI;JIJI CTpOH-
TeJIbCTBa rrpOMblIIDIeHHbIx neqeH, TonOK H aIIIlapaTOB, pa6OTalO-
II.{HX npH BbICOKOH TeMnepaTYPe.
K XIfMHlIeCKH CTOHKOH KepaMHKe OTHOCHTCH fJIHHOlliaMO'I'HWI Ke-
paMHKa C rpy603epHHCToH CTp:YKTYPOH, a TaKJKe <Pap<pop.
KepaMH'leCKHe KHCJIOToyrropHbIe H3.l(eJIHH .l(OJDKHbI 06JI3.l(aTh KUC-
flomocmowwcmblO, KOTopaH xapax:repH3}'eT me HepaCTBopHMOCTb B
KHCJIOTaX (3a HCKJIlOqeHHeM IIJIaBHKOBOH KHCJIOTbI) H w:eJIO'lax.
T3KHe H3.l(eJIIDI H3fOTaBJrnBaIOT H3 fJIHH, He CO.l(ep:>KaII.tHX npHMe-
ceH, nOHIDKalOW:HX XHMH'IecK}'IO CTOHKOCTb (Kap60HaThI, mnc,
cepHbIH KOJI'Ie.l(aH H T.n.).
344
M3,ZJ;eJIIDI
,lJ;opmKHbIH (KJIHH-
KepHbUt) KHpfIWI
KeptlM3um
llpoiJoJ/:JICeHue ma6/l. 11
,lJ;orrOJIHHTeJIbHbIe CBe,n:eHIDI
K Kepa.MH'leCKHM KHCJIOTOyrrOpHbIM H3,ZJ;eJIIDIM OTHocm:
. K.uC/lomoynopHblu K.upnull MapOK 150...250 KHCJIOTOCTOHKOCTblO
He MeHee 92...96%, Bo,n:orrOrJIOweHHeM He 60JIee 8...12%, TepMO-
CToiiKOCThIO He MeHee ,l(Byx TeruIOCMeH; ..
. 11.!IumK.U K.UC/lomoynopHble H mepMOK.UC/lOmoynopHble MapKH 300
KHCJIOTOCTOHKOCTbIO 96...98%, Bo,n:orrOrJIOweHHeM He 60JIee 6...9%,
TepMOCToHKOCTbIO He MeHee 2...8 TeIIJIOCMeH;
. mpy6bl H rjJaCQHHble '1ocmu K HUM MapOK 300...400 KHCJIOTOCTOH-
KOCTblO He HIDKe 97...98%, Bo,n:orromoweHHeM He 60JIee 3...5%.
KHCJIOTOyrrOPHbUt KHpIIH'I H IIJIHTKH CJiY)KaT .wm cjJyrePOBKH 6a-
lIIeH H pe3epByapoB Ha XHMWlecKHX npeLUIPIDITIUIX, a TaIOKe rre-
'IeH .n;ml 06}I{Hra cepHoro KOJIqe.n;aHa, .wm YC1pOHCTBa rrOJIOB B
uexax C arpeCCHBHbIMH cpe.n;aMH H T.rr. KepaMJ{qeCKHe KHCJIOTO-
yrropHbIe 1py6bI npHMeHHIOT ,lI)IH nepeKa'lKH HeOpraHHqeCKHX H
OpraHH'leCKHX KHCJIOT H ra30B IIpH pa3pe}({eHHH HJll{ .n;aBJIeHHH .n;o
0,3 Mna.
.fJOPO;JICHblU K.upnU'I
Bblpa6aTbIBalOT H3 T}T0IIJIaBKHX rJIHH, 06:>KJITaj{ HX .n;o crreKaHIDI.
,lJ;OPOX<HbIH KMpIIH'I HMeeT MapKH 400, 600 H 1000. Ero Bo.n;onomo-
weHHe .n;OJDKHO 6bITb 2...6%, MOP030CTOHKOCTb - 50...100 UHKJIOB
norrepeMeHllOro 3aMOpIDKHBaHIDI H OTIaHBaHHH.
,lJ;OpO}J{JIbIH KHprrH'l MO}J{JIO rrpHMeHHTb ,lI)IH MoweHHH .n;opor H
1pOTy3pOB, ycrpoHcma rrOJIOB rrpoMbllIlJIeHHbIX 3,n:aHHH, KJIa.ro<H Ka-
HaJIH3aUHOHHbIX KOJUIeKTOpOB. .
3anOllHUmeJlU OM llezK.UX 6emOH08
MCKyCCTBeHHbIH nOpHCTbIH 3arrOJIHHTeJIb nrna rpaBIDI .wm JIeI'KHX
6eTOHOB. Pa3Mep 3epeH 5...40 MM. nOJIy<IaJOT o6}I{HroM JIerKO-
IIJIaBKHX BCrry<rnBaIOII.{HXCH rJIHH.
113 MallIIIHOC1pOHTeJIbHOH KepaMHKM H3rOTOBJISIIOT nopllIHII II rOJIOBKM
6JIOKOB QRJIIIH,LJ;pOB (Si 3 N 4 ), CBeQII 3mKMraHHSI (Al 2 0 3 ), JIOnaCTH ra30BbIX
TYP6HH (MoSi 2 ), BaKYYMCTOHKMH CMa30QHbIH MaTeplIaJI (MoS 2 ) H .D:p.
4.3.4.3. HncmpYMenmQJlbHafl KepaMWW
KaK IIHC1pYMeHTaJIbHbIH MaTepHaJI HCnOJIb3yeTcSI KoPyna06afl H ceepx-
meepaaJI KepaMWW.
Kopyno H3BeCTeH B TeXHHKe rrpHpOJJ:HbIMH H CHHTeTHqeCKHMH pa3HOBHJJ:-
HOCTHMH. npHpoJJ:HbIe pa3HOBHJJ:HOCTH KOp)'Hll:a - py6HH, carr<pHp, Torra3, aKBa-
MaPHH, CHHTeTHqeCKHe - KOp)'Hll:OBaJI KepaMHKa, cpeJJ:H H3JJ:eJIHH KOTOpOH -
MHKpOJIHT H 3JIeKTpOKOpyH,ll,.
345
HaH60nee pacnpOC1paHeHHOe KOp)'Hll:OBOe H31IenHe - MUKpOJlUm (MapKa
QM-332) - nOJIyqaIOT CneKaHHeM npH 1710...1750.C CMeCH TOHKOMOJIOTOrO
TeXHHqeCKoro fJIHH03eMa H OKCHlIa MarHH5I. MHKponHT no cBoifcTBaM npeBOC-
XOlIHT lIpyrHe HHC1pYMeHTaJIbHbIe MaTepHaJIbI: llJIOTHOCTb - 110 3960 Kf/M3;
O'CJK = 5000 Mna, TBeplIOCTb - 92...93 HRA. OH 06JIan;aeT 3HaqHTeJIbHO 60JIb-
illeM KpaCHOCToMKOCTbIO (110 1200.C), TBeplIOCTbIO H pe.>ICyIl.(eM cnoc06HoCTbIO,
qeM 6bICTpOpe.>ICyIl.(He CTaJIH H TBeplIbIe CIIJIaBbI.
Pe3UbI C IIJIaCTHHKaMH H3 MHKpOJIHTa HCnOJIb3yIOT 1IJI5I 06pa60TKH CTaJIeM,
qyryHOB, UBeTHblX MeTaJIJIOB, HeMeTaJInOB (rpa<pHTa, lIepeBa, IIJIaCTMaCC H IIp.).
113 MHKpOJIHTa H3roTaBJIHBaIOT TaIOKe <pH1IbepbI, COIIJIa neCKO- H lIpo6eCTpyM-
HbIX annapaTOB, BonOKH H lIpyrHe lIeTaJIH, pa6OTaIOlI.{He Ha HCTHpaHHe npH
HaH60nee BbICOKHX TeMnepaTYPax. HelIOCTaTKll MHKpOJIHTa - BbICOKa51 xpyrr-
KOCTb H 3a1pYlIHeHHOCTb KpeIIJIeHH5I IIJIaCTHHOK K lIepxaBKaM.
3J1e1CmpOKOPYHi) (KoppaKC) - KOp)'Hll:OBaH KepaMHKa H3 CneqeHHOrO OKCH,lJ.a
aJIIOMHHH5I C 1I06aBKaMH Cr 3 +, Fe3+, nOJIyqaeMaH rrJIaBKOM B 3JIeKTpH':leCKllX rre-
qax fJIHH03eMCOlIepXalI.{ero Cblpb5l, HMeIOlI.{erO He 60nee 2% npHMeceM.
3JIeK1pOKOp)'Hll: no TBeplIOCTH YCTyTIaeT nHlIIb aJIMa3Y H HMeeT TeMIIepaTYPbI
IIJIaBJIeHH5I 1750...2050.C. 3JIeKTpOKOPYHlI illHpOKO Hcnonb3yIOT B CBeTOTeXHHKe
(BMecTo HHTeM HaKaJIHBaHH5I), B npH60poc1pOeHHH (qaCOBbIe KaMHH H lIP.), B
na3epax KaK H31IyqaIOlI.{HM 3JIeMeHT, B TeIIJIOTeXHHKe KaK orneyrropHbIM MaTepH-
aJI H lI1I5I H3rOTOBJIeHH5I nHTeMHbIX <pOpM H CTep}J(HeM.
C6epxm6epi)ble KepllMUlleCKUe MamepUllJIbl - KOMn03HUHOHHbIe KepaMHqeC-
KHe MaTepHaJIbI, nOJIyqaeMbIe BBelIeHHeM pa3JIHqHbIX nerHpyIOlI.{HX lI06aBoK H
HarrOnHHTeJIeM B HCXOlIHbIM HumpuiJ 6opa. C1pYKTYpa TaKHX MaTepHaJIOB 06pa30-
BaHa npOqHO CB5I3aHHbIMH MenbqaMillHMH KpHCTaJIJIHTaMHH, CJIelIOBaTeJIbHO,
OHH 51BJI5IIOTC5I CHHTeTHqeCKHMH nonHKpHCTaJIJIHqeCKHMH 'MaTepHaJIaMH.
HHTPHlI 60pa (60pa3aH) , HMeIOlI.{HM aJIMa30nOlI06Hoe C1poeHHe, Sl:BJI5IeTC5I
3aMeHHTeJIeM aJIMa3a, CToeK K OKHCJIeHHIO 110 2000.C (aJIMa3 HaqHHaer OKHC-
n5lTbC5I npH 800.C).
K rpyrrne cBepxTBeplIblx KepaMHqeCKHX MaTepHaJIOB OTHOC5ITC5I KOMn03um OJ
(3/lb6op-P), KOMn03um 02 (6e/l6op), KOMn03um 10 (2eICCaHum-P), a TaIOKe nO/lUKpU-
CmClJlJlUlleCKUu HumpuiJ 6opa.
CBepxTBeplIbIe KepaMHqeCKHe MaTepHaJIbI HCnOJIb3yIOTC5I 1IJI5I H3rOTOBJIeHH5I
pe.>ICyIl.(HX nJIaCTHH K HHC1pYMeHTaM lIJI5I qHCTOBOM 06pa60TKll 1pYlIHo06pa6aTbI-
BaeMblX MaTepHaJIOB H 3aKaJIeHHOM CTaJIH (60JIee 55 HRC).
4.3.4.4. TexHulleclwfl KepaMWW
K TeXHnqeCKOH KepaMIIKe OTHOCSlTCSI 3/leKmpO- II paauomexHulleCKafl Kepa-
MUKll, KepMembl, a6pa3u8Hbie KepaMUlleCKue MamepUaJlbl, neHOKepaMUKa H ,lip.
no 3JIeKTpHqeCKHM CBOMCTBaM KepaMHKY rrOlIpa31IeJI5IIOT Ha co6Cmee1l11O
3/leKmpomexHulleCK)JIO, npHMeH5IeMyIO npH qaCToTax.nO 20 TbIC. fu:, H paiJuomex.,.
HUlleCK)JIO, HCnOJIb3yeMyIO npeHMylI.I,eCTBeHHO npH BbICOKHX (60JIee 20 TbIC. fu:)
qaCTOTax.
346
3JIeKTPOTeXHIIqeCKaSI KepaMHKa no 06JIaCTH nplIMeHeHHSI ,n:eJIHTCSI mi.
U30IlRmOpHYIO (YCTaHOBOQH)'lO), KOHoeHcamopHYIO (cerneT03JIeKTPIIKM) II nbe30-
KepaMUKY.
1f30JHITOPHCUI KepaMI1Ka .n:OJDKHa I1MeTb HI13KI1e rrOTepl1, xopOllIHe 3JIeKTpO-
1130JI5IU110HHbIe CBOHCTBa 11 rrpOqHOCTb. Be.n:)'Il{YIO pOJIb I1rpaeT 3JIeK'TpoQ>ap<pOp,
B KOTOpOM OCHOBHbIe Bl1.ZJ:bI Kpl1CTaJIJIOB rrpe.n:CTaBJIHIOT MYJIJII1T 3Al 2 0 J ' Si0 2 11
Si0 2 . 1f30IlilTOpHCUI KepaMI1Ka rrpl1MeIDIeTC5I .n:JI5I 113rOTOBJIeHI151 1130JI5ITOpOB, KO-
JIO.n:OK, IIJIaT, KapKaCOB KaTYllieK 11 .n:p.
KOlf.ZJ:eHCaTOpHa51 KepaMI1Ka .n:omKHa I1MeTb 60JIblllYIO .n:113JIeK'Tpl1qeCKYIO
rrpOHI1UaeMOCTb, MaJIbIe rrOTepl1 11 TeMrrepaT)'pHbIH: K03<P<PI1Ul1eHT. OCHOBY KOH-
.n:eHcaTopHOH HI13KOQaCTOTHOH cerHeTOKepaMl1KH COCTaBJI5IIOT TBepD.ble paCTBO-
pbI TI1TaHaTOB 6apl151 (BaTiO J C .n:06aBKaMI1 Zr - CMl), KaJIbUI151 (CaTiO J ) 11
C'TpOHUI151 (SrTiO J - T-7500), a TaIOKe CTaHHaT C'TpOHUI151 (SrSnO J - BK-l)
J])I5I BapI1KOH.ZJ:OB. BbICOKOQaCTOTHCUI KOH.ZJ:eHcaTopHCUI KepaMl1Ka 113rOTOBllileTC5I
Ha OCHOBe pynUIa Ti02 (THKOH.ZJ: T-80), THTaHaTOB KaJIbI.1l151 (CaTiO J - THKOH.ZJ:
T-150), Ul1pKOHIffi (ZrTiO J - TepMOKOH.ZJ: T-20) 11 CTaHHaTOB (CTaHHaTHCUI Kepa-
MHKa) KaJIbUI151 CaSnO J 11 Maml151. MgSnO J 11 .n:p. HCrrOJIb30BaHl1e KOH.ZJ:eHCaTOp-
HOH KepaMl1KH YBeJII1QI1BaeT Han.e.>KHOCTb pa60TbI 11 TeIIJIOCTOHKOCTb KOH.ZJ:eHCa-
TOpOB 11 }'MeHblllaeT I1X pa3MepbI.
nbe30KepaMI1Ka - KepaMI1QeCKHe MaTepl1aJIbI C rrbe303JIeKTpl1QeCKI1MI1
CBOHCTBaMI1. C'TpYKTYpa rrbe30KepaMI1KH - TBep.n:bIe paCTBopbI Ha OCHOBe TI1Ta-
HlITa 6apl151 (TBC 11 TBKC), HI106aTa 6apl151 (HBC) 11 HI106aTa 11 THTaHaTa
CBI1Hua (HTC). )J;JI5I HTC rrpo.n:OJIbHbIH rrbe30Mo.n:YJIb d33 .n:o 7, 10- 10 K/H,
E = 400...1700, MaKCI1MaJIbHCUI TeMrrepaT)'pa 3KcnrryaTaI.11111 250°C.
nbe30KepaMI1KY rrpl1MeIDIIOT J])I5I YC'TpOHCTB reHepaUl111 11 rrpl1eMa YJIb'Tpa-
3B}'Ka; .n:aT'lI1KOB D.aBJIeHI151, YCKopeHIffi, B116paUI1I1, B CI1CTeMax 3IDKHraHI151 .n:BI1-
raTeJIeH. B 'TpaHc<POPMaTOpax 11 .n:p.
B KaqeCTBe pa,n:HOTeXHlIqeCKOH BbICOKOqaCTOTHOH KepaMIIKM HCnOJIb3Y-
eTCSI pa,n:Ho<pap<pop (M)'JIJIHT 3Al 2 0 3 ' Si0 2 ), KOp}'H,LJ.OM)'JIJIHTOBaSI KepaMIIKa
KM-I (M)'JIJIHT II KOp}'H,LJ. Al 2 0 3 ), YJIb1pa<pap<pop (3Al 2 0 3 ' Si0 2 H Al 2 0 3 ),
aJIIOMHHOKCH,LJ; Al 2 0 3 , crearnT MgO. Si0 2 , u:eJIb3IIaH BaO. Al 2 0 3 . Si0 2 , no-
JIHKOp H MHKponHT.
MI1Hl1aTIOpI13aI.1l151 3JIeKTpOHHOH, BbNI1CJII1TeJIbHOH 11 CBq arrrrapaT)'pbI rro-
'Tpe60BaJIa C03D.aHI151 MaTepl1aJIOB C TaHreHCOM yma D.113JIeKTpI1QeCKHX rrOTepb
0,0001...0,0002, B QaCTHOCTI1 HI1'TpHD.OB 60pa 11 KpeMHI151 11 KOMII0311UI1H Ha I1X
OCHOBe. npl1QeM I1MeeTC5I MHOro B03MO}l{HOCTeH Bapbl1pOBaHI151 I1X CBOHCTB
rryreM 113MeHeHI151 XHMI1QeCKoro COCTaBa 11 C'TpYKTYPbI, a TaIOKe TeXHOJIOrl111 rro-
JIyqeHI151 l13D.eJII1H.
A6pa3IIBHbIe KepaMHqeCKMe MareplIaJIbI (a6pfl3U6bl) - Bell{eCTBa nOBbI-
rneHHoi1 TBep,n:ocrn, npHMeHSIeMbIe B MaCCIIBHOM mIll H3MeJIbQeHHOM co-
CTOSlHHII )LJISI MeXaHHQeCKoi1 o6pa6oTKH (1IDI1I<poBaHHSI, pe3aHHSI, IICTHpa-
347
HHSI, 33.TOtIKM, IIOJIHpOBaHHSI II T..n:.) .n:pyrnx MareplIaJlOB. ECreCTBeHHbIe a6-
pa3IIBHbIe MareplIaJlbI - KpeMeHb, HaJICOaK, neM3a, KOPYHO, ZpaHam, atlMa3 II
.n:p.; IICKYCCTBeHHbIe a6pa3IIBHbIe MareplIaJlbI - 3/leKmpOKOPYHO, Kap6uo
KpeMHUJl, 60pa30H, 3/lb60p, CUHmemUlleCKUU atlMa3 II .n:p. no y6bIBamllO a6pa-
3IIBHOH CIIoco6HOCTII 3TII MareplIaJlbI paCIIOJlaraIOTCR TIlK: CIIHreTIItIeCIGIH
aJlMa3, KY6IItIeCKMH HII'l'pH,Ll; 6opa, Kap6H,L1; 6opa, Kap6H,L1; KpeMHHSI, Kap6H,L1;
TIITIlHa II 3J1eK'l'pOKOPYHJJ:. B HaCTORInee BpeMSl pa3pa6aTbIBaIOTCSI HOBbIe a6-
pa3IIBHbIe MareplIaJlbI Ha OCHOBe 60pH,Ll;OB II Kap6H,L1;OB IIepeXOJJ:HbIX MeTaJI-
JlOB, a TaIOKe THIIa 6e.n.60pa.
OCHOBHbIe XapaKTepHCTHKH a6pa3HBHbIX MarepHaJIOB: TBep.n:OCTb, rrpO':lHOCTb
H H3HOC, pa3Mep H $opMa a6pa3HBHoro 3epHa, a6pa3HBHIDI cnOC06HOCTb, :rep-
HHCTOCTb. C yBeJIH':IeHHeM npO':lHOCTH 3THX MaTepHaJIOB YJIyqIlIaeTCR conpOTHB-
JIHeMOCTb YCHJIHRM pe3aHHH, TaK KaK COnpOTHB1IeHHe cxaTHIO Y HHX B HeCKOJIbKO
pa3 60JIbIlIe, ':IeM conpoTHB1IeHHe paCTIDKeHHIO. TIPO':lHOCTb a6pa3HBHbIX MaTe-
pHaJIOB Ha paCTH:>KeHHe H C:>KaTHe CHH:>KaeTCR C nOBbIIlIeHHeM TeMnepaTYPbI
IlIJIH$OBaHHH.
H3MeJIb':leHHbIH H KJIaCCH$Hl.{HpoBaHHbIH a6pa3HBHbIH MaTepHaJI Ha3bIBalOT
UiJlUrjJ06WlbHbl.M. - 3epHHCTOCTb IlIJIH$OBaJIbHbIX MarepHaJIOB orrpe.n:eJIReTCH pa3Me-
pOM a6pa3HBHbIX 3epeH, T.e. rpyrrnoH MarepHaJIOB no fOCT 3647-80: IlIJIH$-
3epHO, IlIJIH$nopoIlIKH, MHKpOIlIJIH$nopolliKH H TOHKHe MHKpOIllJIH$nopolliKH.
0603Ha':leHHe 3epHHCTOCTH .n:onOJIIDIIOT HH.D.eKCaMH B, TI, H H .n;, KOTopbIe xa-
paKTepH3YIOT npOl.{eHTHOe co.n:epxaHHe (MaccOByIO .D.OJIIO) OCHOBHOH $paKIJ;HH
(36...60%).
A6pa3HBHbIe KepaMH':IeCKHe MarepHaJIbI HCnOJIb3yIOTCR KaK B HeCBH3aHHOM
BH.ne (nopoIlIKH, naCTbI, cycneH3HH), TaK H B CBH3aHHOM (6PYCKH, IlIJIH$OBaJIb-
HbIe IlIK}'PKH, KpyrH, rOJIOBKH H .D.p.).
4.3.5. HeOpraHJt1IeCKOe CTeKJIO
4.3.5.1. 06w.ue C8eOeHUJl
HeOpZQHUIfeCKOe cmeK./lO - aMop<pHbIH IIOJlIIMepHbIH MareplIaJI, IIOJlY-
tIaeMbIH IIPII TBep.n:eHIIH paCIIJIaBa OKCH,LI;OB Si, AI, B, P, As, Pb H .n:pymx
3J1eMeHTOB. OHO He HMeeT onpe.n:eJleHHOH TOtIKM IIJIaBJIeHHSI.HJIII 3aTBep.n:e-
BaHHSl npII OXllIDI<;LJ:emm nepexo.n:.HT H3 paCIIJIaBJIeHHoro, )lGl)];KOro COCTOSI-
HHSI B BbICOKOBSl3Koe COCTOSllllIe, a 33.reM B TBep.n:oe, coxpalUlSl IIpII 3TOM
HeyrroPMOtIeHHOCTb II HeOJJ:HopoJJ:HOCTb BHyrpeHHero C'l'poeHHSI.
B COCTIlB HeOpraHIItIeCKoro creKJIa BXOJJ:SIT cmelUlo06pa3YIOlU;ue OKCUObl;
MOOUcjJUl(UPYIOlU;ue OKCUObl (IneJlOtIHbIe II Il(eJlO'lli03eMeJlbHbIe) BH,LI;a Me 2 0 H
MeO, II3MeHSIIOIl(IIe <p1I3IIKO-XHMIIQeCKMe CBOHCTBa CreKOJl; mexHO/lOZUlle-
CKue 006a8KU (OKCH,LI;bI aJIIOMIIHIISI, :>KeJle3a, CBIIHua, TIITaHa, 6epIIJlJlHSI
II .n:p.), 3aMeIl(alOIl(IIe CTeKJIOO6pa3yIOIl(IIe OKCH,LI;bI II npH,Ll;alOIl(IIe creKJIY
Heo6xo.n:IIMbIe IIo'l'pe6HTeJlbCKMe CBOHCTBa.
1_1
MO.z:J:H<pIIUII:pyIO IIe OKCJ1,lI;bI BBOMT B npouecce BapKH CTeKOJI. fJIIIHO-
:reM Al 2 0 3 nOBbIlliaeT MeXaHnqeCK)'IO npoqHOCTb, a TaIOKe TepMHqecK)'IO II
XHMnqecK)'lO CTOHKOCTh CTeKOJI. llPH ,ZJ:06aBKe B 2 03 nOBbIlliaeTCSI CKOpOCTh
CTeKJIOBapeHHSI, YJIyqIlIaeTcSI OCBeTJIeHHe II YMeHbIlIaeTCSI CKJIOHHOCTb K
KpIICTaJIJIII3aU:IIII. OKCJ1,lI; CBHHua PbO, BBO,IUIMbIH maBHbIM 06pa30M npII
H3rOTOBJIeHIIII OnrnqeCKoro CTeKJIa II XPYCTaJISI, nOBbIlliaeT nOKa3aTeJIb CBe-
TOnpeJIOMJIeHHSI. OKCJ1,lI; I.{MHKa ZnO nOHIDKaeT TeMnepaTYPHbIH K03<P<PH-
U:HeHT JIIIHemIOro paCIlIlIpeHHSI CTeKJIa, 6JIaro,ZJ:apSi qeMY nOBbIlliaeTCSI ero
TepMHqeCKIDI CTOHKOCTh.
TeXHOJIOlWleCKMe ,ZJ:06aBKM ,ZJ:eJISIT no HX Ha3HaqeHHIO Ha CJIe.ll:YlOIl.{He rpyrr-
nbI: oceemJlume.nu - Be ecTBa, cnOC06CTByIO He Y,ZJ:arreHHIO H3 CTeKJIOMaCCbI
ra30BbIX rry3bIpeH (CYJIb<}>aT HaTpHSl, IIJIaBHKOBbIH IlInaT); o6eclJ,ee"tueame.nu -
Be ecTBa, 06eCUBeqIIBaIO IIe CTeKOJIbHyIO Maccy; ZJlywume.nu - Be eCTBa,
,ZJ:eJIaIO He CTeKJIO Henp03paqHbIM.
CTeKJI006pa3yIO He OKCJ1,lI;bI (HanpHMep, Si0 2 , Al 2 0 3 , B 2 0 3 , P 203) 06-
pa3yIOT npOcTpaHCTBeHHyIO CeTKY 113 O,ZJ:HOpO,ZJ:HbIX 3BeHbeB-nOJIH3,ZJ:pOB, a
MO,ZJ:H<pm..J;HpyIO He OKCJ1,lI;bI, paCnOJIarIDICb BHyrpH SlqeeK ceTKH, OCJIa6JIS1IOT
HJIH pa3pbIBaIOT CBSl31I B CTeKJI006pa3yIO HX OKCJ1,lI;aX II CHIDKaIOT npoq-
HOCTh, TepMO- H XHMlIqeCK)'IO CTOHKOCTh CTeKJIa, HO n03BOJISlIOT perymq){)-
BaTh TeMnepm'YPY ero pa3MS1ft1eHHSI II ,ZJ:pyrne CBOHCTBa.
CTpOeHHe KBapueBbIX CTeKOJI (pIIC. 79, a) npe,ZJ:cTaB.rrSleTcSI HaH60JIee
npOCThIM. 3,ZJ:ecb npOCTpaHCTBeHHIDI ceTKa 06pa30BaHa 113 coe,ZJ:IIHeHHbIX
BepIlIHHaMH TeTpa3,ZJ:pOB Si0 4 . CBSl31I Me)l():l;Y KpeMHlIeM H KHCJIOpO,ZJ:OM
npo'llibIe, n03TOMY CTeKJIO Marro paCIlIfIPSleTCSI npII HarpeBe, IIJIaBIITCSI npII
TeMnepmype BbIllie 1700°C, nOCJIe IUIaBJIeHHSI BSl3KO II IIJIOXO <pOPMYeTCSI.
j!qeHKM Me)l():l;Y TeTpa3,ZJ:paMII ,ZJ:OBOJIbHO BeJIIIKH, OHM paCIlIHpSlIOTCSI npII Ha-
rpeBe, II CTeKJIO TepSieT BaKyyMHyIO IIJIOTHOCTh: npH TeMnepa-rype 150°C OHO
nponYCKaeT reJIHH, BbIllie 300°C - BO,ZJ:OpO,ZJ:, a BbIllie 800°C - B03,ZJ:YX.
B CHJIIIKarnbIX CTeKJIax KarnOHbI MeTaJIJIOB MO.n;H<pHI.{MpyIO HX OKCJ1,lI;OB H ,
TeXHOJIOmqeCKHX ,ZJ:06aBOK nOMe aIOTCSI (pHC. 79,6) Me)l():l;Y OTplIuaTeJIbHO
3apIDKeHHbIMH TeTpa3,ZJ:paMH Si0 4 , He HapYllIIDI CTpOeHHSI CHJIHKarnoro Kap-
Kaca. llPH 3TOM yrJIbI Me)l():l;Y CBSl3RMII Si - 0- Si MeHSIIOTCSI B 60JIee IlIH-
pOKMX (l20...l80°C) npe,ZJ:eJIax, qeM B KBapueBOM CTeKJIe. ,
CBOHCTBa HeOpraHnqeCKHX CTeKOJI II30Tp0nHbI. K' OCHOBHbIM CBOHCTBaM
OTHOCSlTCSI:
· IIJIOTIIOCTh - 2200...6500 Kf/M3 (MSI CTeKOJI C OKCJ1,lI;aMH cBIIHua HJIH
6apHSl - ,ZJ:O 8000 Kf/M 3 );
· TeMnepaTYPbI ,lUUI npOMbIlIDIeHHbIX CTeKOJI: CTeKJIOBaHHSI - 425...600°C;
pa3MS1ft.1eHHSI - 600...800°C;
· Ko3<l><PIIU:HeHT TeIIJIOnpOBO,ZJ:HOCTH - 0,7...15 BT/(M. K);
· TeMnepaTYPHbIH K03<P<PHlJ,HeHT JIIIHemIOro paCIlIlIpeHHSI: MSI KBaplJ,e-
BbIX CTeKOJI - 5,6. 107°C-I; MSI CTpOIITeJIbHbIX CTeKOJI - 9,0. 108°C-I;
349
. O'C)J( = 500...2000 MTIa;
. O'pacT = 30...90 MTIa;
. O'H3r = 50...150 MTIa;
EOJIee BbICOKRe rrpO'IHOCTHbIe xapaKTepHCTHKM HMelOT CTeKJIa 6ec e-
JIO'llioro COCTaBa II KBapu:eBbIe:
. MO,n:YJIb IOHra - (7...7,5)' 10 4 MTIa;
. MO,n:YJIb C,n:BlIra - (2...3). 10 4 MTIa;
. K03<}>qmU:IIeHT IIyaccoHa - 0,184...0,26;
. TBep,n:OCTh - 5...7 e,n:. no Moocy;
. y,n:apHaSI BSl3KOCTh - 1,5...2,5 /M2;
. y,n:eJIbHOe 3JIeK'lpOcorrpOTIIBJIeHHe - 10 12 ...10 18 OM' CM;
. ,n:II3JIeK'lpII1feCKaSI npOHIIIJ;aeMOCTh - 3,5...16;
. rrOJIynpoBO,n:HIIKOBbIe CBOMCTBa;
. XRMR'IeCKaSI CTOMKOCTh;
. BbICOKMe OnTH'IeCKMe CBOMCTBa.
TIo OnTH'IeCKMM CBOMCTBaM pa3JIH'Ia1OT np03par.tHoe, OKpaUleHHoe, 6ec-
l(eemHoe II pacceUealOtl.{ee ceem cmeKJla.
K nO'lpe61ITeJIbCKMM CBOMCTBaM HeopraHWIeCKMX CTeKOJI OTHOCSITCSI rrpo-
3pa'IHOCTh, BbICOKaSI CTOMKOCTh K aTMoc<}>epHbIM B03 eMCTBHSlM, BO,n:O- H
B03,n:YXOHenpOHIIIJ;aeMOCTh, TepMOCTOMKOCTh. TepMOCTOMKOCTh CTeKJIa xapaK-
TeplI3yeT ero ,n:OJIrOBe'IHOCTh B YCJIOBIDIX pe3KMX H3MeHeHMM TeMrrepa'IYP bI H
orrpe,n:ellileTCSI pa3HOCThlO TeMrrepa'IYP, KOTOpyro CTeKJIO MO:>KeT BbJ.L(ep:>KaTh
6e3 pa3pymemrn rrpII pe3KOM OXJIIDK.!I:eHMH B Bo,n:e (t= O°C). ,[(.TISI 60JIbIIlRH-
CTBa BH,LI;OB CTeKOJI TepMOCTOMKOCTh KOJIe6JIeTCSI OT 90,n:0 170°C, a)LTISi KBap-
IJ;eBOrO CTeKJIa OHa COCTaBJISIeT 800...1000°C.
CTeKJIO rro.n.n:aeTC.SI MeXaHII'IecKoM 06pa6OTKe: ero MO.>KHO rrIDIHTh IJ;Rp-
KYJISlpHbIMII mmaMH C aJIMa3HOM Ha6IIBKOM, 06Ta'IIIBaTb rr06e,n:JITOBbIMH
pe3IJ;aMII, pe3aTh aJIMa30M, II1Jm<}>oBaTh, rrOJIHpOBaTh.
Crroc06bI B03,n:eMCTBHSI Ha CBOMCTBa HeOpraHR'IeCKMX CTeKOJI orrpe,n:ellil-
IOTCSI He06xo,n:HMOCThIO HeM'lpaJIII30BaTh ,n:e<}>eKTHbIM rrOBepXHOCTHbIM CJIOM.
Hx MO.>KHO pa3,n:eJIHTh Ha 'IeTbIpe rpynrrbI: MeXaHII'IecKaSI 06pa60TKa (noAu-
pooaHue), XRMH'IeCKaSI 06pa60TKa (mpaeAeHue), TepMR'IeCKaSI 06pa6oTKa (33.-
KaJIKa), XRMHKo-TepMR'IeCKaSI 06pa60TKa. TaK, 33.KaJIKa, rrpII KOTOpOM MO>K-
HO rrOJIyqlITb aHII30'lporrlIIO CBOMCTB, H XRMHKo-TepMII1feCKaSI 06pa60TKa
CTeKJIa B HeCKOJIbKO pa3 nOBbIIIIalOT rrOKa3aTeJIII rrpO'IHOCTR II y,n:apHyro
BSl3KOCTb, a TaIOKe yaeJIR'IHBaIOT TepMOCTOMKOCTh. TpaBJIeHlIe 33.KaJIeHHoro
350
PRc.79. CxeMa cmpYKmypbI CmeKOJl:
a - "Iucmozo Keapu,eeozo; 6 - na-
mpUUCUJlUKamnOzo (1 - Si; 2 - 0;
3 - Na)
HeopraHlflecKoro CTeKJIa TIJIaBI1KOBO:H. KMCJIOTO:H. cnOC06CTByeT Y.D:aJIeHHIO no-
BepXHOCTHbIX .D:e<peKTOB H TaIOKe nOBbIlliaeT npoqHOCTb H TepMOCTO:H.KOCTb...
HeOpraHlfleCKMe CTeKJIa KJIaCCH<plfiJ;MpyIOTCj{ no 6UOy cmeKJloo6pa3)llOU{ezo
6ew,eCmfJa, 6UOy MOaU(pUKamop06, meXHOflOZUU U3Z0m06fleHUfl H Ha3HatteHUIO.
no BIf.[(y cTeKJIoo6pa3yIOIJJ;ero BeIJJ;eCTBa HeopraHlfleCKMe CTeKJIa .D:eJUITCj{
Ha CWlUKamHble (Si0 2 ), G.IlIOMOCWlUKamHble (Al 2 0 3 - Si0 2 ), 60pOCWlUKamHbie
(B 2 0 3 - Si0 2 ), G.IllOM060pOCWlUKamHbie (Al 2 0 3 - B20S - Si0 2 ), G.IlIOMOtjJoC-
cjJamHble (Al 2 0 3 - P 2 0 S )' XG.IlbKOZeHUaHble (HanpHMep, AS3IGe30Se21TeI80)'
ZG.IlOZeHUaHble H .D:pyrHe CTeKJIa.
no BIJ,L(Y MO.D:H<pHKaTopOB pa3JIHqaIOT U{eflOttHble, 6ecU{eflOttHble H K6apu,e-
6ble HeopzaHutteCKue cmeKJla. npOqHOCTb IJJ;eJIOqHbIX CTeKOJI no.n; .D:e:H.CTBHeM
RJIarM YMeHbllIaeTCj{ B.D:BOe, TaK KaK BO.D:a BbIIJJ;eJIaqHBaeT CTeKJIO. npH 3TOM
06Pa3yIOTCj{ IJJ;eJIOqHbIe paCTBOpbI, KOTopbIe paCKJIHHHBaIOT CTeKJIO, BbI3bI-
BaSI nOj{RJIeHHe MHKparpeIJJ;HH B nOBepXHOCTHOM CJIoe.
no TeXHOJIOrHH H3rOTORJIeHHSI HeopraHlfleCKoe CTeKJIO MO)l(eT 6bITb no-
.rryq:eHO 6b1Oy6aHUeM, flUmbeM, UlmaMn06KOU, 6bl1nJlZU6aHUeM B JIHCThI, 'l'py6KM,
BOJIOKHa H .D:p. CTeKJIO BbmYCKaeTCj{ npOMbIllIJIeHHOCTbIO B BlJ,L(e roTOBbIX
H3.D:eJIH:H., 3arOTOBOK H OT.D:eJIbHbIX .D:eTaJIei1.
4.3.5.2. KllaccucjJuKau,Ufl cmeKOfl no Ha3HatteHUIO
U 06Jlacmu npUMeHeHUfl
no Ha3HaqeHHIO HeopraHlfleCKMe CfeKJIa .D:eJISITCj{ Ha me:xHwtecKoe, cmpou-
meJlbHOe H 6blmo6oe (CTeKJIOTapa, nOCY.D:HOe, 6bITOBoe H .D:p.).
T ex H U tt e C K 0 e C m e K fl 0 no 06JIaCTII npHMeHeHHSI .D:eJIHTCj{ Ha
3JleKmpomeXHUtteCKOe, mpaHcnopmHoe; onmutteCKOe, C6emomeXHUttecKoe, mep-
MocmouKOe. mYZOflfla6KOe, fleZKOflfla6Koe, XUMuKo-fla6opamopHoe II .D:p. XapaK-
TepHbIe CBO:H.CTBa H .D:OnOJIHMTeJIbHbIe CBe.D:eHHSI 0 PMe TaKl1X CTeKOJI npH-
Be.D:eHbI B Ta6JI. 12.
Ta6/luu,a 12
OcH06Hbie iJaHHble mexHulfecKUX CmeKO.il
XapaKTepHbIe CBoi1:cTBa )].orrOJIHHTeJIbHbIe CBe.neHIDI
3/leKmpomexHU'lecKoe
BbICOKHe 3Ha'leHHH y.nenbHoro 3neKTpo- KaK .lJ;H3JIeK1pHK HCrrOJIb3yJOT .lI.JUI KOJI6 oc-
corrpOTHBJIeHHH, 60JIblIIaH 3neKTpH'IeCKaH BeTHTeJlbHbIX JIaMII H pa,lUiOJIaMII, B :,meK'T-
rrpO'lHOCTb (16...50 KBfMM), HH3KHe 3Ha- pOBaKyyMHbIX YCTpOHCTBaX, .lI.JUI H30.IDlTOpOB,
'IeHHH .nH3neKTpH'IeCKHX rrOTepb (tg B - .lI.JUI repMeTH3aIJ.HH HHTerpaJIbHbIX cxeM. TaK,
0,0018...0,0175) H cpaBHHTeJIbHO BbICOKaH B BIUJ:e TOHKOH (.no 3...4 MKM) IIJIeHKH CTeK-
.nH3neKTpH'IeCKaH rrpOHHQaeMOCTb (E - no HCrrOJIb3)'IOT B Ka'leCTBe rrpO'lHOH, He-
3,5...16), KOTOpaH rrOBbIlliaeTCH rrpH YBeJIH- 'l'pecKalOIl\eHCH H TeIIJIOCTOHKOH H30.IDlIU{H
'IeHliH KOHQelITpaUHH PbO HJIH BaO. IIPH Ha MenlJIJIWleCKHX rrpOBO.nax H repMorrapax.
HaIpeBe B HHTepBaJIe TeMIlepaT}'l) 200...400T XarrbKOreHIUJ:HOe CTeKJIO HCrrOJIb3YeTCH .lI.JUI
351
XapaKTepHl>Ie CBOitCTBa
y,neJIbHoe ::meKTPOCOIIpOTHBJIeHHe yMeHl>lIIa-
eTCH B 10 8 -10 10 paJ, '!TO CBH3aHO C yBeJIH'Ie-
HHeM nO,nBHX<:HOCTH II1eJIO'lHbIX HOHOB, H
CTeKJIO Tep1leT CBOH H30JIHPYIOlltHe CBOH-
CTBa. OKCnzu,I TIDKeJIblX MeT3JTJIOB - CBHHUa
H 6apIDI }'MeHl>lIIaIOT nO.u;BIDKHOCTb HOHOB H
CHIDKaIOT norepH.
npH BIIaHBaHHH MeTaJIJIa B CTeKJIO, npH CBa-
pHBaHHH CTeKOJI paJHoro COCTaBa B CTeKJIe
nOJlBmlI01'CH TepMH'leCKHe HanpIDKeHIDI H3-3a
pa3JIH1JIDI TeMnepaTYPHbIX K03cJ><l>HI.(HeHTOB
JIHHemroro paclIIHpeHIDl. Ec.rrH TeMIIepa1)'p-
Hble K03<p HQHeHTbI 060HX MaTepHaJIOB
6J1H3KH, TO cnaH CTeKJIa C MaTepHaJIOM HaJbI-
BaIOTCH COZ/lacoeOHHblMU cnaRMU, a eCJIH pa3-
JlH'lHbI - HeCOZllOCO«OHHblMU cnaRMu.
B MaIillIHOCTpoeHHH 3<):xtJeKTHBHO npHMeIDI-
eTCH KaK KOHCTpyKI.(HOHHbIit: MaTepHaJI npH
YCJIOBHH HeitTpaJIH3aQHH xpynKocTH, 'ITO
,nOCTHraeTCH ero 3aKaJIKOH, KaK npaBHJIO, B
B03.l1YlIIH0M nOTOKe.
IIpoiJolIJICenue ma611. 12
.lI.onOJIHHTeJIbHbIe CBe,neHIDI
repMeTH3aQHH nOJIynpOBO.l1HHKOBbIX npH-
60pOB. 3neK'rpOnpOBOlUllltHe (nOJIynpOBO)I-
HHKoBbIe) CTeKJIa: XaJIbKOreHH)IHbIe H OK-
CH)IHbIe BaHaJIHeBbIe - HaXO HT IIIHpOKoe
npHMeHeHHe B KaqeCTBe TepMHcTOpOB, <1><>-
ToconpOTHBJIeHHH.
3JIeKTPOTeXHH1JeCKHe CTeKJIa B 3aBHCHMOCTH
OT BeJIH1JHHbI TeMnepa1)'pHOro K03 <l>HQH-
eHTa JlHHeHHoro paclIIHpeHIDI pa3)IeJUlIOTCH
Ha IIJIaTHHOBbIe (C89-2), MOnH6)IeHOBbIe
(C49-1) H BOJIb paMOBbIe (C38-l). l<IDK.naH
rpynrra CTeKOJI HCnOJIb3YeTCH .lI.JUI cornaco-
BaHHbIX crraeB C Mo, W H CITJIaBaMH Fe-Ni.
B MapKe 3JIeKTPOTeXHH1JeCKOrO CTeKJIa ,}'Ka-
3bIBaeTC1I 3Ha'leHHe TeMIIepa1)'pHoro K03<P-
<pHQHeHTa JlHHeHHoro paclIIHpeHIDl.
TpaHcnopmHoe
PaJHOBH)IHOCTJIMH 'lpaHCl10pTHOro CTeKJIa SIB-
JUllOTCH mpU11IleKCbl H mepMonaH, rrpHMea<le-
MbIe .lI.JUI OCTeKJIeHIDI B 'lpaHcrrop1'HblX cpe)I-
CTBaX, CKa<l>aHJIpax.
TpUnAeKCb' - KOMrr03HUHoHHbIH MaTepHaJI,
nOJIyqaeMbIH H3 ,nBYX nHCTOB 3aKaJIeHHOrO
CHJIHKaTHoro (HJIH OpraHHQeCKoro) CTeKJIa
TOJIIl.{HHOH 2...3 MM, CKJleeHHbIX rrpo3pa'IHOH
3JIaCTINHOH rrOJIHMepHOH (06bIQHO H3 no-
JlHBHHHJI6yrnpaJUl) ITJIeHI<OH. IIpH paJpyme-
HHH 'lpHITJIeKCa 06paJOBaBlIIHeCH HeoC'lpbIe
OCKonKH Y)IepX<:HBaIOTCR Ha rrOJIHMepHOH
ITJIeHKe.
TepMonfJII - 'lpeXCJIOHHOe CTeKJIO, cocTOmuee
H3 .u;Byx JIHCTOB 3aKaJIeHHbIX CTeKOJI H B03-
)IYIIIHOro rrpoMeX<:YTKa Me)J{,ll;Y HHMH. 3m
B03JIY1IIHaH npOCJIOHKa 06ecne'illBaeT TeITJIO-
H30IDI.UHIO.
OnmUlteCKOe U c«emomexHUlteCKOe
CrreI.(H<pH1JecKHMH CBOHCTBaMH CTeKOJI mlIDI- OnTH1JeCKHe CTeKJIa, rrpHMeIDIeMbIe B orr-
IOTC1I HX OnTHQeCKHe CBOHCTBa: CBeTOnpO- TH1JeCKHX rrpH60pax H HHCTp}'MeHTax, rrO)I-
3pa'IHOCTb, OTpIDKeHHe, paccemrne, norJIOIl1e- pa3)IeJIHIOT Ha KpOHbl, OTnH1JaIOII1HeCH Ma-
HHe H npeJIOMJIeHHe CBeTa. K03 <l>HQHeHT JIbIM npeJIOMJIeHHeM (n)I = 1,50), H tjJAuHmbl
rrpeJIOMJIeHH1I TaKHX CTeKOJI COCTaBJIHeT (n)I = 1,67) - C BbICOKHM cO)IepX<:aHHeM OK-
1,47...1,96, K03 <l>HQHeHT paCCe1lHIDI HaxO- CH)Ia CBHlIQa.
JIHTCH B HHTepBaJIe 20...71.
352
OKOH'taHue ma6A. 12
XapaKTepHble CBOitCTBa ,l(onOJIHHTeJIbHbIe CBe.neHIDI
OnTH'leCKHe CBOHCTBa CTeKOJI JaBHCm' OT HX
oKpacKH, KOTopaH onpe.neIDIeTcH XHMWIe-
CKHM COCTaBOM CTeKOJI, a TaIOKe OT COCTOH-
HIDI nOBepxHocTH H3.neJIHit. OnTHQeCKHe
lQIteJIIDI .nOJDKHbI liMen H30Tp0nH}'IO, CBO-
60.IJ:HYlO OT HarrpIDKeHHH CTpYKTYPY, KOTO-
P}'IO nOJIy'IaIOT OTIKHI'OM, H ma,n:KHe nOJIHpo-
BaHHbIe nOBepXHOCTH.
06wIHoe HeOICpaJIIeHHOe JIHCTOBOe CTeK1IO
nponycKaeT .no 90%, O1pIDKaeT npHMepHO
8% H nOmOII1aeT OKOJIO 1% BH.D.HMOrO H
tJ:aCTH'IHO HH«!>paKpacHoro CBeTa; YJIb1pa-
4MOJIeTOBoe H3JIY'IeHHe nOmOII1aeTCH nolfI'H
nOJIHOCTblO. KBapQeBOe CTeK1IO HBJIHeTCH
np03patJ:HbIM ,lI;JIH YJIb1pa4>HOJIeTOBOrO H3-
JIyqeHIDI. CBeTOpacceHBaIOII1He CTeKJIa co-
.nep)((aT B CBoeM COCTaBe <l>TOp. CTeK1IO C
60JIblIIHM co.nep)((aHHeM PbO nOrnOII1aeT
peHTreHOBCKHe JIy'lH.
TepMocmoiiKoe u mYZ011lla6Koe
- «llupeKCi> - TepMoCTomcoe CTeK1IO Ha OCHo-
Be Si0 2 (80,5%) C nOBbIlIIeHHbIM co.nep-
>KaHHeM B 2 03 (12%), Nap (4%), a TaIOKe
OKClUl;aMH aJIIOMHHIDI, K3J!IDI H MarHIDI.
«M030(l1> - 'fYI'OIDIaBKOe CTeK1IO Ha OCHOBe
Si0 2 (57,6%) C OKClUl;aMH aJIlOMHHIDI (25%),
KaJIbI.{IDl (7,4%), MarHIDI (8%) H KaJIIDI.
«nllpeKC» H «MaJ.l(a» HCnOJIb3yJOTCH .lVUI H3-
I'OTOBJIeHID! H3.D:e.1IIDt, HCnOJIb3yJOII1HXCH npH
nOBbIIIIeHHbIX TeMnepaTYPax 3KcnnyaTawrn:
060JIOtJ:KH TepMOMe'l'pOB, CM01'pOBbIe CTeKJIa
H .np.
JIezK011lla6KOe
3TH CTeK1Ia H3rOTOBJIHIOT Ha OCHOBe PbO
(70%) C .n06aBJIeHHeM B 2 03 (20%) HJIH BP3
(68,8%) C .n06aBJIeHHeM ZnO (28,6%) H
Nap (2,6%); HCIIOJIb3}'IOTCH.lVUI H3I'OTOBJIe-
HID! 3MaJIeit, m33ypH H nplfiIoeB .lVUI cnaH-
BaHIDI CTeKJIa
353
,
"
em po U m ell b Hoe c me KIl 0 BbmYCKaIOT CJIe.n;YJQlI.tHX BIJ,L(OB: Ilucmo-
6oe, 061lUlJ,0601tHOe H U30ellUfl U KOHcmpYKlJ,UU U3 cmeKila.
JIHcToBoe CTeKJIO H3roTaBJIHBalOT H3 CTeKJIHHHOH MaCCbI, B COCTaB KOTOPOH
BXO.QHT 71...73% Si0 2 , 13,5...15% N O, .QO 10% CaO, .QO 4% MgO H .QO 2%
AI 2 0 3 . Macca 1 M 2 JIHCTOBOro CTeKJIa - 2...5 Kr. CBeTOrrporrycKaHHe - He Me-
Hee 87%.
JIHcToBoe CTeKJIO BbIpa6aTbIBaIOT TPex COprOB H B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TOJII.UHHbI
rneCTH pa3MepoB (MapoK): 2; 2,5; 3; 4; 5 H 6 MM. Copr JlliCTOBOro CTeKJIa orrpe.u.e-
JIHeTCH HaJIHqHeM .Qe4>eKTOB, K KOTOpbIM OTHOCHTCH: rrOJIOCHOCTb - HepOBHOCTb
Ha rrOBepXHOCTH; C6U1lb - Y3KHe HHTeBH.QHbIe rrOJIOCKH; rrY3bIpH - ra30BbIe
BKJIlOqeHHH H .Qp. IIIHpHHa JlliCTOB creKJIa 250...1600 MM, .lUIHHa 250...2200 MM.
ITpoMbIllIJIeHHOCTbIO BbIpa6aTbIBaIOTCH TaIOKe CrreUHaJIbHbIe BH.QbI JlliCTOBOro
CTeKJIa: 6umpUHHoe (rrOJIHpOBaHHoe), meTl/lOnOZlloU{alOU{ee, yeuoAe6oe (rrporryCKaIO-
IlJ,ee 25...75% YJIbTpa4>HOJIeTOBbIx JIyqeH), 3aKt1JleHHOe, apxumeKmypHo-cmpou-
meAbHOe H .Qp.
JIHcToBoe CTeKJIO - OCHOBHOH BH.Q CTeKJIa, HCrrOJIb3YeMbIH .QJUI OCTeKJIemUI
OKOHHbIX H .QBepHbIX rrpoeMoB, BIITpHH, HapyxmoH H BHYIPeHHeH OT.QeJIKH lIJUrnH.
06JIHUOBOqHOe CTeKJIO rrpHMeHHIOT .lUIH OT.QeJIKH 4>aca,aoB H BHyTpeHHHx
rrOMeIlJ,eHHH 3.QaHHH. K rrOTpe6HTeJIbCKHM CBOHcrnaM TaKoro CTeKJIa OTHOCHTCH
BbICOKaH .QeKopaTHBHOCTb (HpKHe UBeTa, 6JIecTIlIlJ,WI rroBepXHocTb), 60JIbIillUl aT-
Moc4>epocTOHKOCTb H .QOJIroaeqHOCTb. K rpyrrrre 06JIHUOBOQHbIX CTeKOJI OTHO-
cmCH:
cme.Mt1Jlum - JIHCTOBOH CTpOHTeJIbHbIH MaTepIDI H3 3aKaJIeHHoro rrOJIJqJOBaH-
HOro (TOJIIlJ,HHOH 6...12 MM) CTeKJIa, rrOKpbIToro C BHYIPeHHeH CTOpOHbI Herrpo3-
paQHOH (rJIYXOH) KepaMHQeCKOH KpacKoH. IToKpbITHe 3aIlJ,HIlJ,aeTCH co CTOpOHbI
rrOMeIlJ,eHHH TOHKHM CJIOeM aJIIOMHHHH, HaHeceHHbIM B BaKYYMe. ITpHMeIDIeTcH
.lUIH BHyrpeHHeH H Hapy)KHOH 06JIHUOBKH 3.QaHHH;
MapOJlUm - JIHCTOBOH CTpOHTeJIbHbIH MaTepHaJI TOJIIlJ,HHOH 12 MM H3 IlBeT-
HOro rJIYIIIeHoro creKJIa C rrOJllipOBaHHOH JIHUeBOH rrOaepXHOCTbIO H pH4>JIeHOH
TbIJIbHOH, MO>KeT HMHTHpoBaTb MpaMOp;
Cme1C./l.RHHaJI 3Mt1JlUpOeaHHaJI nAUmKll - H3rOTaBJIHBaeTCH H3 OTXO.QOB JIHCTO-
BOro CTeKJIa (cTeKJIHHHaH 3MaJIb), HaIIJIaBJIHeMbIX Ha rroaepXHoCTh CTeKJIa, Hape-
3aHHoro Ha TPe6yeMbIe pa3MepbI (150xI50, 150x70 MM rrpH TOJIIlJ,HHe 3...5 MM);
Cme1C./l.RHHaJI M03aUKll - KOBpOB<UI M03aHKa B BH.Qe MeJIKHX KBa,apaTHbIX rrJIH-
TOK (20x20 IDIH 25x25 MM) H3 Herrp03paQHoro (rJIyrneHoro) UBeTHoro creKJIa,
BbIJIOXeHHbIX B O.QHOTOHHbIe IDIH M03aH'IHbIe KOBpbI;
CMaJlbma - K)'6HKH IDIH rrJIaCTHHKH TOJIIlJ,HHOH 10 MM H3 UBeTHOH rJIYIIIe-
HOH CTeKJIOMaCCbI, rrOJIyqeHHbIe OTJIHBKOH IDIH rrpeccOBaHHeM; rrpHMeIDIeTcH
rolH H3rOTOBJIeHHH M03aHK.
I13deAUJl U KOHcmpYKl{UU U3 cmeKAa. K Haw60JIee pacrrpocrpa-
HeHHbIM W3.QeJIHHM H KOHCTp}'Kll:IDIM H3 CTeKJIa B CTPOHTeJIbHOH rrpOMbIllIJIeH-
HOCTH OTHOCHTCH:
354
cmeKJIoO/101CU - nOJIbIe 6JIOKH H3 ,n:BYX OT<pOpMOBaHHbIX nOJIOBHHOK, CaapeHHbIX
Me.>I<LJ:Y C060R. CBeTOnpOnYCKaHHe - He MeHee 65%, CBeTopacceHHHe - OKOJIO
25% (cBeTopacceHHHe nOBbIllialOT pH<pJIeHHeM BHyrpeHHeH CTOpOHbI 6JIOKOB),
TenJIOnpOBo,n:HOCTb - 0,4 BT/(M . K). ITpHMeHHIOTcH .lUIH 3anOJIHeHHH CBeTOBbIX
npoeMOB B Hapy)KHbIX CTeHaX H YC1pOHCTBa CBeTOnp03paqHbIX nOKpbITHM H ne-
peropO,n:OK;
CmeKIIOnaKembl - ,n:aa-1pH JIHCTa CTeKJIa, coe,n:HHeHHhIX no nepHMe1pY Me-
T8JIJIHQeCKOH paMKoH (060HMOH), Me.>I<LJ:Y KOTOphIMH C03,n:aHa repMeTHQeCKH
3aMKHyraH B03.lI.yuIHM nOJIOCTb. ITpHMeHillOTcH .lUIH OCTeKJIeHIDI 3,n:aHHH;
cme1CJlonpo,pUJIum - KPynHora6apHTHbIe' CTpOHTeJIhHhIe naHeJIH H3 npo-
<pHJIhHOro CTeKJIa, H3rOTOBJIHeMbIe MeTo,n:OM HenpepbIBHoro npOKaTa Kopo6Qa-
TOro, TaBpoBoro, IlIBeJIJIepHoro H nOJIYKPymoro npo<pHJIeH. CTeKJtonpo<pHJIJIT
MO)KeT 6bITh apMHpOBaHHbIM H HeapMHpOBaHHhIM, 6ecuBeTHhIM H UBeTHhIM.
ITpHMeIDIeTCH .lUIH YC1poHcTBa CBeTOnp03paQHbIX OlpIDK,IJ;eHHH 3,n:aHHH H COopY-
)KeHHH.
4.3.5.3. MamepUG./lbl U u3iJeJlUJI U3 cmeK./la
Cme""060.110KHO - BOJIOKHHCThIM MaTepHaJI, nOJIyqaeMbIM H3 paCTIJIaBJIeH-
HOM CTeKJIOMaCCbI. HaM60JIee nmpOKO npMMeHSlIOTCSI 6eCmeJIOqHOe aJIIOMO-
6opocmIMKaTHoe E-cTeKJIo, a TaIOKe BbICOKOnpOqHOe CTeKJIO Ha OCHOBe OK-
CI1,lJ;OB: Si0 2 , A1 2 0 3 , MgO. )J,HaMe'l'p CTeKJIOBOJIOKHa KOJIe6JIeTCj{ OT 0,1 .lI:O
300 MKM. C1>opMa CeqeHHSI MO)l(eT 6bITb B Bl1,lJ;e Kpyra, KBa.n;paTa, rrpj{MO-
yrOJIbHHKa, 'l'peyrOJIbHHKa, lIIeCTHyrOJIbHHKa. BblnycKaIOTCSI II rrOJIbIe 00-
JIOKHa. TIo .lI:JIHHe BOJIOKHO .lI:eJIHTCj{ Ha lIITarreJIbHOe (OT 0,05 .lI:O 2...3 M) H
HerrpepbIBHoe. I1rrOTHOCTb CTeKJIOOOJIOKHa - 2400...2600 KT/M 3 . TIPOqHOCTh
3JIeMeHTapHbIX CTeKJISIHHblX OOJIOKOH B HeCKOJIbKO .lI:eCSlTKOB pro BbIlIIe 06beM-
HblX 06pa3lJ,OB CTeKJIa: rrpOqHOCTb Ha paCTj{)I(eHHe .lI:OCrnraeT .lI:JIj{ Herrpe-
pbIBHbIX OOJIOKOH .lI:MaMe'l'pOM 6...10 MKM - 1500...3000 MTIa. CTeKJIOBO-
JIOKHO HMeeT BbICOKMe TeTIJIO-, 3JIeKTPO- H 3BYKOH30JISlU:IIOHHbIe CBOMCTBa,
OHO TepMO- H XJ1MHqeCKM CTOMKO, HerOpIOqe, He rHHeT.
TIOBePXHOCTb CTeKJISlHHbIX BOJIOKOH rrpH 'l'paHcnoprnpOBKe H pa3JIHqHblX
Bl1,lJ;ax nepepa60TIGI 3aMaCJIHBaIOT .lI:JISI rrpe.ll:OTBpameHHSI HcrnpaHHSI, TaK KaK
OT COCTOIDfHSl rrOBepXHocrn OOJIOKOH 3aBHCHT IIX rrpOQHOCTb. 113 CTeKJIOOO-
JIOKHa H3rOTaBJIHBaIOT CmeK./106amy, mKaHU H cemKU, a TaIOKe HemKaHble Ma-
mepUG./lbl B Bl1,lJ;e }l(l)'TOB H XOJICTOB, CTeKJIOMaTOB.
CmeKJI06ama - MaTepH8JI H3 CTeKJIHHHbIX BOJIOKOH, ,n:HaMe1p KOTOpbIX .lUIH
H3fOTOBJIeHHH TenJIOH30JIHUHOHHbIX H3,n:eJIHH He ,n:OJI)KeH rrpeBbIlliaTh 21 MKM.
C1pYKTYPa BaTbI ,n:omKHa 6bITb phIXJIOH - KOJIHQeCTBO npMeH, COCTOHIIU\X H3
rrap8JIJIeJIhHO pacrrOJIO)KeHHhIX BOJIOKOH, He 60JIee 20% no Macce. nJIOTHOCTb B
phIXJIOM COCTOHHHH He ,n:OJI)J(Ha 6bITb 60JIee 130 KI'/M 3 . TenJIOnpOBo,n:HOCTb -
0,05 BT/(M' K) rrpH 2Ye. CTeKJIHHHyJO BaTY H3 HerrpephIBHoro BOJIOKHa rrpHMe-
355
IDIIOT .lLJUI H3fOTOBJIeHIUI TerrJlOH30IDIUliOHHbIX MaTepHaJlOB H H3,l1,eJlHH rrpH TeM-
rrepaT)'paX H30JlHpyeMhlx rrOaepXHOCTeH OT -200,ll,0 +450°e.
Cme1Cllo6ama U3 cynepmoHlWlO 60.ll01CHa HMeeT fIJIOTHOCTb 25 K1'/M 3 , TerrJlO-
rrpOBO,ll,HOCTh 0,03 BT/(M' K), TeMrrepaTYpax 3KCrrJlyaTaUHH - OT -60 .no
+450°C, 3B}'KorrOfJIOlll.eHHe 0,65...0,95 B ,QHarra30He qaCTOT 400..,2000 fu. CTeK-
JlOBaTa H3 cyrrePTOHKOro BOJlOKHa, a TalOKe H3,Qemm Ha ee OCHoae HCrrOJlb3YIOT-
CH B C1'pOHTeJlhCTBe B KaqeCTBe 3B}'KOH30JlHUliOHHOro MaTepHaJla.
Cme1ClloMambi (ACMM, ATMMC, ATM-3) - MaTepHaJlbl, COCTOHIlI.He H3
CTeKJIOBOJIOKOH, pacrrOJlOXeHHhlX Me}K,l{Y,QB}'M5I CJlOHMH CTeKJIOTKaHH IDIH CTeK-
JlOceTKH, rrpOCTeraHHOH CTeKJIOHHTKaMH. OHH rrpHMeIDIIOTCH rrpH TeMrrepaTY-
pax 60...600°C B KaqeCTBe apMHPYlOllI.HX 3J1eMeHTOB B KOMrr03HUliOHHbIX MaTe-
pHaJlax.
Cme1Cllopy6epoui) H cme1Cllo6oii.n.o« - PYJlOHHble MaTe pHaJlhl , rroJlyqaeMble
rrYTeM ,QBYXCTopOHHero HaHeceHHH 6HTYMHoro (6HTYMHo-pe3HHoBoro HJlH
6HT}'MHO- rrOJlHMepHoro) BIDK)'llI.erO Belll.eCTBa, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, Ha CTeKJIOBO-
JlOIbmcThIH XOJlCT IDIH CTeKJIOBofuIOK H rrOKpblTIiH C O,QHOH IDIH ,QBYX CTOpOH
CrrJlOIllHhlM CJlOeM rrOCbIfIKH. COqeTaHHe 6HOCTOHKOH OCHOBbl H rrporrHTKH C
rrOBblllleHHhlMH <pH3HKO-MeXaHlNeCKHMH CBOHCTBaMH fI03BomleT ,QOCTIiqb ,QOJl-
roaeqHOCTH M5I CTeKJIopy6epoH,[(a OKOJlO 30 JleT.
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BH,[(a rrOChIfIKH, rrpe,QOTBpalll.alOllI.eH CJlHrraHHe rrpH xpa-
HeHHH B PYJlOHax, H Ha3HaqeHIDI CTeKJIopy6epoH,[( BhIfIYCKalOT CJle,QYIOIlI.HX Ma-
pOK: C-PK (c KPYIIH03epHHcToH rrocbIfIKoH), C-pq (c qen.ryHqaTOH rrochIfIKoH)
C-PM (c rrblJleBH,[(HOH IDIH MeJlK03epHHCTOH rrocbIfIKoH). TIpHMeIDIIOT CTeKJIO-
py6epoH,[( MH BepXHero H HH)lrnero CJlOeB KpOBeJlbHOrO KOBpa H M5I OKJIeeqHOM
rH,[(pOH30J1HU H H.
Tui)pocme1ClloU3o.ll - rH,[(pOH30JlHUHOHHhIM PYJlOHHbIH MaTepHaJI, rrpe,QHa3Ha-
qeHHhIM MH rH,[(pOH30JlHUHH xeJle306eToHHhIX 06,QeJlOK TYHHeJleM (MapKa T),
rrpOJleTHhIX CTpOeHHH MOCTOB, rryrerrpOBO,QOB H ,QpyrHX HIDKeHepHbIX coop)')Ke -
HHM (MapKa M).
fH,[(POCTeKJIOH30Jl COCTOIIT H3 CTeKJIOOCHOBhI (m«aHoii IDIH Hem«aHoii cem-
.,am«u, iJy6flupoeaHHoii cme1CJlOXOflcmoM), rroKphITOH C 06eHx CTOpoH CJlOeM 6H-
T}'MHOH MaccbI, B KOTOPYK> BXO,Q5IT 61IT}'M, MHHepaJIbHhIH HarrOJlHHTeJlb (OKOJlO
20%) C MOJlOThIM TaJlhKOM, Marne3HTOM, a TalOKe rrJlaCTH<pHKaTopoM. OrllliqaeTC5I
rrOMHMO BhICOKOM BO,QOHerrpOHHuaeMOCTII XOpOIllHMH rrpOqHOCTHhI m rrOKa3a-
TeJlHMH rrpH paCTHxeHHH B rrpO,QOJIbHOM HarrpaBJIeHHH. OH BbI,ll,ep)J(HBaeT pa3-
phIBHyJO HarpY3KY rrpH BhICllIeH KaTeropHH KaqeCTBa 735 H. TerrJlOCTOHKOCTb -
60...65°C, TeMrrepaT)'pa XpyrrKOCTH - OT -20,Q0 -10°e. ,_
fH,[(POCTeKJIOH30JI HaKJIeHBalOT 6e3 rrpHMeHeHIDI MaCTHK - paBHoMepHbIM
rrJlaBJIeHHeM (HarrpHMep, HCrrOJlb3YH fIJlaM5I ra30BoH ropeJlKH) ero rrOBepXHOCTH.
IIenocmeK.110 (wteucmoe cmeK.llO) - WIeHCThI:H. MaTepHaJI, no.rryqaeMbrn. cne-
KaHHeM TOHKO H3MeJIbQeHHOrO CTeKOJIbHOro nopolliKa H nop006pa30BaTeJI5I.
BbIpa6aTbIBaIOT H3 CTeKOJIbHOrO 6oj{ JIH60 H.CnOJIb3yIOT Te )l(e cbIpbeBbIe Ma-
TepHaJIbI, QTO H .LUISI npoH3Bo,n:cTBa ,n:pyrn:x BI1,lJ;OB CTeKJIa: KBapu:eBbI:H. necOK,
356
H3BeCTHHK, CO,n:y H. CYJIb<paT Ha'l'pHSl. ilopoo6pa30BaTemlMM MOr}'T 6bITb
KOKC H M3BeCTHSlK, aH'l'paU:HT H MeJI, a TaIOKe Kap6M,LJ:bI KaJIbl(HSl H KpeMHHSI,
BbI,lJ,emnolWfe npH crreKaHHH yrJIeKMCJIbIH ra3, 06Pa3yIDIIJ;HH rrOpbI.
ileHocreKJIO HMeeT cneIJ:H<pHqeCKoe C'l'pOeHHe - B MaTepHaJIe CTeHOK
KpyrrHbIX rrop (0,25...0,5 MM) co,n:ep)lffiTCSI MeJIbqaHIIlHe MHKporropbI, qTO
06ycJIoBJUIBaeT MaJIyID TeTIJIOnpOBo,n:HOCTh (0,058...0,12 BT/(M. K» rrpH ,n:OCTa-
TOqHO 60JIbllIOH npOqHOCTM, BO,n:OCTOHKOCTM H MOp030CTOHKOCTM. nOpHC-
TOCTb pa3JUIqHbIX BIJ,L(OB rreHOCTeKJIa COCTaBJIHeT 80...95%; TIJIOTHOCTb -
150...250 Kr/M 3 ; npOqHOCTb - 2...6 Mila. 06JIa,n:aeT BbICOKHMH TeTIJIO- H
3BYKOH30JISlU:HOHHbIMH CBOHCTBaMH. neHOCTeKJIO - HecropaeMbIH MaTepH-
aJI C BbICOKOM (,n:o 600°C) TeTIJIOCTOHKOCTbIO. JIerKo o6pa6aThIBaeTCH (rrH-
mITCSI, llIJIH<pyeTCH); OHO XOpOlliO CKJIeHBaeTCSI, HarrpHMep, C u:eMeHTHbIMH
MaTepHaJIaMH.
I1rrHTbI H3 rreHOCTeKJIa rrpHMeHHIOT IDIH TerrJIOH30JIHUHH orpIDK,IJ;alOIlJ,HX KOH-
CTp}'KUHH 3.l1.aHHH (cTeH, rrepeKpbITHH, KpOBeJIb H .lI.p.), B KOHC1p}'KUH5IX XOJIO-
.lI.HJIbHHKOB (H30JIHUH5I rroBepxHoCTeH C TeMrrepaT)'pOH 3KCrrJIyaTaUHH.lI.O 180°C),
IDI5I .lI.eKOpaTHBHoH OT.n:eJIIG1 HHTepbepOB. 1f3 rreHOCTeKJIa C OTKpbITbIMH rropaMH
H3fOTOBJI5IIOT 4>HJIb1pbl IDI5I KHCJIOT H IlJ,eJIOqeH.
CmeK./lOnop rro.rrytIaIOT rryreM rpaHyJISIIJ;IDI H BCnyqI1BaHIDI )l(M)J.Koro CTeKJIa C
MIDIepaJIbHbIMM ,n:06aBKaMM (MeJIOM, MOJIOThIM necKoM, 3OJIOH mc H ,n:p.). BbI-
rrycKaeTCH 'l'pex Map0K: CJI - Po = 15...40 Kr/M 3 , A = 0,028...0,035 BT/(M. K);
JI - Po = 40...80 KI'/M\ A = 0,032...0,04 BT/(M' K); T - Po = 80...120 Kr/M\
A = 0,038...0,05 BT/(M. K).
B COqeTaHHH C pa3JIHqHbIMH CB5I3YIOIlJ,HMH BeIlJ,eCTBaMH CTeKJIorrop HCrrOJIb-
3yIOT IDI5I H3rOTOBJIeHH5I IlIT}"IHOH, MacnNHOH H 3a.JIHBOQHOH TerrJIOH30JI5IUHH.
HaH60JIee 34>4>eKTHBHO rrpHMeHeHHe CTeKJIorropa B HeHanOJIHeHHbIX rreHOrrJIaC-
Tax, TaK KaK BBe.ll.eHHe ero B rreHOrrJIaCT rr03BOJI5IeT CHH3HTb paCXO.ll. rrOJIHMepa H
3HaQHTeJIbHO nOBbICHTb orHeCTOHKOCTb TerrJIOH30JI5IUHOHHbIX H3.l1.eJIHH.
ApMupo8annoe cmeK./lO - KOHC'l'pYKInfOHHOe M3,n:eJIHe, rrOJIyqaeMoe MeTO-
,n:OM HerrpepblBHoro rrpOKaTa HeOpraHHqeCKoro CTeKJIa C o,n:HOBpeMeHHbIM
3aKaThIBaHHeM BHyrpb JIHCTa MeTaJIJmqeCKOH CeTKM H3 OTO)l()l(eHHOH XpO-
MHpOBaHHOH HJIH HHKeJIHpOBaHHOH CTaJIbHOH npOBOJIOKH. 3TO CTeKJIO
MMeeT npe,n:eJI npOqHOCrn npM C:>KaTHH 600 Mila, nOBbIllIeHHyID orHeCTOH-
KOCTh ( o 1,3 1,1), 6e30CKOJIOqHO npH pa3PYIIIeHHH, CBeTonponYCKaeMOCTb :-
60JIee 60%. MO:>KeT HMeTh rna,n:KYIO, KOBaHyID IDIH Y30pqaTYIO rrOBepXHOCTh,
6bITb 6ecIJ:BeTHbIM HJIH U:BeTHbIM.
ApMHpoBaHHoe CTeKJIO rrpHMeHSlIOT MSI OCTeKJIeHHSI <poHapeH BepXHero
CBeTa, OKOHHbIX rrepeTIJIeTOB, YC'l'pOHCTBa neperopo,n:OK, JIeCTHHqHbIX Map-
rneM H ,n:p.
357
4.3.6. CHTaJIJIbl
CU11UlMbl (cmeK.flOKpUCmOJlJlU"leCKUe MamepUaJlbl) - HCKYCCTBeHHbIM Ma-
TepHaJI Ha OCHOBe HeOpramIqeCKOrO CTeKJIa, rroJlyqaeMbIM rryreM rrOJlHOM
HJlH qaCTHqHO yrrpaBJISIeMOM KpHCTaJIJlH3 a U: HH B HHX.
TepMHH «CHTaJIJIbI» o6pa30BaH OT CJIOB: «CTeKJIO» Ii «KPHCTaJlJlbI». no CTpYK-
TYPe H TeXHOJIOrHH nOJIyqeHwl CHTaJIJIbI 38HHMaIOT npoMe)I()'TOqHOe nOJIoxeHMe
Me}l([{Y 06bPIHbIM CTeKJIOM H KepaMHKoH. Or HeOpraHHqeCKoro CTeKJIa OHM OT-
JIHqaIOTCH KpHCTaJIJIHqeCKHM CTpoeHHeM, a OT KepaMHqeCKHX MaTepHaJIOB -
60JIee MeJIK03epHHCTOH H OllHOPO.QHOH MHKPOKpHCTaJIJIHqeCKOH CTpyKTYPOH.
B COCTaB CHTaJIJlOB BXOJUlT:
. OKcuiJbl - Li 2 0, Al 2 0 3 , Si0 2 , MgO, Cao H. .D:p.;
. HyK.fleamOpbl (KaTaJIH3aTOpbI KPHCTa.JI.Jllf3aU:HH) - COJIH CBeTOqyacTBH-
TeJlbHbIX MeTaJIJlOB - Au, Ag, Cu, SlBJISllOlWfecSi KOJIJIOI1,lJ;HbIMH KPaCHTeIDIMH
H npHcyrcTByIOIIJ;He B CTeKJIe B Bl1,lJ;e TOHKo,[{HcnepcHbIx qaCTIiU:. HYKJIeaTopbI
SlBIDIIOTCSI .D:OrrOJlHHTeJlbHbIMH u:eH1-paMH KpHCTaJIJlH3 a U: HH (pHC. 80). OHH.
,[{OJl)I(HbI HMeTb KPHCTaJIJlHqecK)'IO pellleTK)', nO.D:06HyIO Bb.I,LJ:eJlSlIOIIlHMCSI H3
CTeKJIa KPHCTaJIJlHqeCKHM <pa3aM, H cnOC06CTBOBaTb paBHoMepHoM KpHC-
TaJIJlH3alum BceM MaCCbI; ,
. ZJlYUlumeJlU (TIJIOXO paCTBOpHMbIe qacrnU:bI) - cPTOpHcTbIe H cPoc<p aT -
HbIe COe.D:HHeHHSI, Ti0 2 H .D:p.
Crp)'KTYPa CHTaJIJlOB MeJlKOKpHCTaJIJlHqeCKaSI, O.D:HOpO.D: HClSI , xapaKTepH-
3yeTcSI oTCyrcTBHeM nopHcToCTM. Cpe,[{HHM pa3Mep KpHCTaJIJlHTOB B CHTaJI-
Jlax 1...2 MKM. CO.D:ep)l<:aHHe KpHCTaJIJlHqeCKOM <p a3bI - He MeHee 40...50%.
KpHCTaJIJlHTbI CpaCTaIOTcj{ Me)l{)]:Y co60M MJIH CBSl3aHbI npOCJIofu<:aMM ocra-
TOqHOro aMoP<PHoro CTeKJIa. KOJIHqeCTBO CTeKJIO<pa3bI He npeBbIlllaeT He-
CKOJlbKHX npOQeHTOB. EecrrOpSl.ll:OqHaSI OpHeHTaQHSI KpHCTaJIJlIITOB rrpMBO.[(IIT
K OTCyrcTBHIO B CHTaJIJlaX aHH30'l'porrHH.
PeryJlHPYSI pe)](HMbI TepMoo6pa6oTKM, MO)I(HO H3MeHSlTb CTerreHb KpMC-
TaJIJlH3aU:HH H pa3MepbI KpHCTaJIJlOB, qTO O'l'pIDKaeTCj{ Ha CBOMCTBaX H3.D:e-
JlHSI. CBOMCTBa CHTaJIJlOB H30'l'porrHbI H B OCHOBHOM orrpe,[{eIDIIOTCSI <Pa3 0BblM
COCTaBOM H. IIX C'l'pYI<TYPOM. OCHOBHbIMH CBOMCTBaMH CHTaJIJIOB SlBJlSlIOTCSI:
. TIJIOTHOCTb - 2400...2950 Kr/M 3 ;
. TeMnepaTYPa pa3MS1rqeHHSI - 1250...1350°C;
. HH3KaSI TeTIJIOnpOBO.D:HOCTb - 2...7 BT/(M. K);
. TeMTIepaTYPHbIM K03<P<PHQHeHT JlHHeMHoro paclllHpeHHSI - (7...300) x
x 1O- 7 °C-\.
. O'C)I( = 700...2000 MTIa, O'B = lI2...160 MTIa, O'H3r = 70...350 MTIa;
. MO.D:YJlb IOHra - 84...141 IDa;
. XpyrrKOCTb (rrpH Y.D:apHOM BSl3KOCTM 4,5...10,5 K):(x<../M 2 );
358
O . 4-/:1.' ,.:;:,
D o 0 "'/;,:.,, ..::{
..., '/r.. ://1 t-"'" '.....
- <> - . -f ": I : ' '4- = ' ':::::;
V: .,.. =,A,..,
o 0 :' :': f . \w:-,.
C '/!.1.: ::::;:::\ \
PDe. 80. CxeMa KpUCmll.llIlU3al{UU cmeK./la npu 06pa308aHUU CUmll.lll108 c nOMOU{blO
HYK./leamOp08
· MlfKpOTBep)];ocTb - 7000...10500 MIla;
· H3HOCOCTOHKOCTb (f= 0,07...300);
· TepMocTOHKOCTb - 200...700°C (JJ:0 1100°C);
· )];H3JIeK'l'pHLlecKHe CBOHCTBa;
· XMMWIeCKaSI CTOHKOCTb;
· raJoHenpoHH aeMOCTb H H)'JIeBOe BO)];OrrOfJIOrn;eHHe.
Ilo BHellIHeM}' BH,L(Y CHTaJIJIbI MOryr 6bITb Henp03paLlHbIMH (fJIyxHMH),
rrp03paLlHbIMH, a TaIOKe OKPallIeHHbIMIf (TeMHOrO, KopwmeBoro, ceporo,
KpeMoBOro H cBemoro lU3eTOB). IlpoLlHOCTb IIX 3aBHCMT OT TeMrrepaTypbI: )];0
700...780°C OHa CHIDKaeTCjI He3HaLlMTeJIbHO, a npH 60JIee BbICOKMX TeMrrepa-
wax 6bIC'Tp0 na,n:aeT. )l(aporrpOLlHOCTb CHTIlJIJIOB COCTaBJISIeT 800.. .1200°C.
IlpWIHHa oc060 u:eHHbIX CBOHCTB CHTIlJIJIOB 3aKJIIOLlaeTCjI B IIX HCKJIIO-
LlHTeJIbHOH MeJIK03epHHcTocrn H rrOLlTH H,L(eaJIbHOH nOJIHKpHcTarr.rrHLlecKoH
c'TpYKTYPe. B HMX cOBepllIeHHo oTC}'TCTByeT BCSlKaSI nopHCTOCTb. Yca,n:Ka Ma-
TepHaJIa npH ero rrepepa60TKe He3HaLlHTeJIbHa. EOJIbllIaSI a6pa3HBHaSI CTOH-
KOCTb )];eJIaeT MX MaJIOLlYBCTBHTeJIbHbIMH K nOBepXHOCTHbIM .lI:e<}>eKTaM.
)J,eTaJIH H3 CHTaJIJIOB coe.QHIDIIOT .Qpyr C .QpyroM H .QpyrHMH MaTepHaJIaMM C
nOMOIl{bIO CTeKJIOKpHCTaJIJIHqeCKoro ueMeHTa C nocJIe.QyIOIl{eH TepMHqeCKOH 06-
pa60TKOH npH 400...600°C, KJIeeB H 3aMa30K Ha OCHoae 3nOKCH,lJ,HOH CMOJIbI H
)l(H)J,KOro CTeKJIa, MeTaJIJIH3aUHeH C nocJIe.Qy:IOIl{eH naHKOH.
Cmarr.rrbI KJIaccH<lmU:HpyIOT B 3aBHCHMOCTH om cnoco6a npou3eodcmea,
om xapaKmepa UCXOdHblX MamepUG./l06 U no Ha3HalteHUlO.
CmaJIJIOBbI H3.l1:eJIH nOJIyqaIOT, KaK npaBIDIo, nyreM TIJIaBJIeHHSI CTe-
KOJIbHOH llIMXTbI cneU:HaJIbHoro cocTaBa, OXJIIDK)],eHHSI paCTIJIaBa .lI:O TIJIaCTH-
qeCKoro COCTOjlHHSI H nocJIe.ll:yIOrn;ero <popMoBaHHSI MeTO.ll:a:M;H CTeKOJIbHOH
IDIH KepaMHLlecKoH TeXHOJIOrHH (BbITjlrHBaHHe, BbI.ll:YBaHHe, npoKaTKa,
rrpeCCOBClHHe), a 3aTeM cHTarr.rrH3aU:HeH. TaKHe H3.l1:eJIHSI rrOJIyqaIOT TaIOKe
nopollIKoBbIM MeTO.ll:OM cneKaHHSI. ' I
Ilo xapaKTepy HCXO.ll:HbIX MaTepHaJIOB H CBOHCTB BbI.ll:ellilIOT: nempocu- I
maJlJlbl, WJlaKOCUma.tlJlbl H mexHUlteCKUe CUma.tlJlbl. PaJHOBH,L(HOCTbIO CHTaJIJIOB
IDlJISiIOTCSI cuma.tlJlO1lJlaCmbl - KOMTI03H HOHHbIe MaTepHaJIbI, nOJIyqaeMbIe
Ha 6aJe TIJIaCTHLlecKMX Macc (<}>TOpOTIJIaCTOB) H CHTaJIJIOB.
TIeTpOCHTaJIJIbI nOJIyqaIOT Ha OCHOBe ra66po- HOpHTOBbIX, .QHa6a30BbIx H I ' ' .
.Qpyrnx ropHbIX nopo.Q, llJJIaKOCHTaJIJIbI - H3 MeTaJIJIyprnqeCKHX IDIH TOIIJIHB-
14 MaTepHaJIOBe.neHHe
359
d
HbIX umaKOB. TeXHHqeCKHe CHTaJIJIbJ H3fOTaBJIHBaIOT Ha OCHOIre HCK}'CCTBeHHbIX
KOMn03HLI,HH H3 pa3J!HqHbIX XHMHqeCKHX COe.QHHeHHH - OKCH,ilOB, COJIeH.
no Ha3HaqeHHIO CHTaJIJIbI .lI:ellilTCj{ Ha KOHcmpYKlJ,UOHHble (C'I'pOHTeJIbHbIe
H MaIllHHOC'l'pOHTeJIbHbIe), me:xHUlteCKUe, paduo-, 3lleKmpo- U rjJomome:xHUlteC-
Kue. Ha OCHOBe CHTaJIJIOB nOJIyqaIOT pa3JIHqHbIe KJIeH .LUISI CKJIeHBaHHSI Me-
TaJIJIa, CTeKJIa, KepaMHKH. HaH60JIee IllHpoKoe pacnpOC'l'paHeHHe B C'l'pOH-
TeJIbCTBe rrOJIyqIDIH WIlaKOCUmaJl.llbl H neHOWilaKOCUmaJl.llbl.
II.lJIaKoCHTaJIJIbI - CHTaJIJIbI H3 OfHeHHO-)IGf,l(KHX MeTaJIJIYPfHqeCKHX llIJIa-
KOB. IIrrOTHOCTb - 600...2700 Kf/M3; O'C){( = 250...550 MIla, O'H3r = 65...130 MIla,
E= 11 . 10 4 MIla, pa60qHe reMnepaT)'pbI - .QO 750°C, BO.QonOfJIOIlJ,eHHe npaK-
THqeCKH paBHO H)'JIIO; BblCOKHe KHCJIOTO- H IlJ,eJIOqeCTOHKoCTb.
1f3.QeJIHH H3 llIJIaKOCHTaJIJIa .QellIeBbI H OTJIHqaIOTCH BbICOKOH .QOJIroBeq-
HOCTbIO. 3TH H3.Qemrn HCnOJIb3YIOTCH .lUIH JIeCTHHqHbIX CT)'IIeHeH, ruIHTOK no-
JIOB, BHyrpeHHHX nepefopOllOK, KaK KpOBeJIbHbIH H CTeHOBOH MaTepHaJI, .lUIH
06JIHLI,OBKH OTBeTCTBeHHbIX qaCTeH fH.QpocoopyxeHHH, a TaIOKe B .QOpOJKHOM
C'TpOHTeJIbCTBe B KaqeCTBe nJIHT .lUIH TPOTYapOB, .QOpOJKHbIX nOKpbITHH, 60pTO-
BbIX KaMHeH. JIHCTOBOH llIJIaKOCHTaJIJI (MOJKHO nOJIyqaTb JII06oro Ll,BeTa) HC-
nOJIb3yeTcH KaK .QeKopaTHBHO-OT.QeJIOqHbIH MarepHaJI .lUIH Hap}')KHOH H BHYTPeH-
HeH 06JIHLI,OBKH coopyxeHHH. II.lJIaKOCHTaJIJIbI MOryr 6bITb nOJIyqeHbI m06bIX
UBeTOB, a no .QOJIroBeqHOCTH OHM KOHKYPHpyIOT C 6a3aJIbTaMH H rpaHHTaMH.
I1eHoumaKoCHTaJIJI - BcneHeHHbIH llIJIaKOCHTaJIJI C HqeHCTOH C'TpYKTYPOH.
34>4>eKTHBHbIH renJIOH30JIHUHOHHbIH MarepHaJI C He3HaqHTeJIbHbIM BO.QonOfJIO-
IlJ,eHHeM H MaJIOH fHrpOCKOnHqHOCTbIO. Pa60qHe TeMnepaT)'pbI - .QO 750°C.
I1eHoumaKoCHTaJIJIbI HCnOJIb3yIOT ,lUIH yreruIeHMH CTeH H 3BYKOH30fIHLI,HH nOMe-
IlJ,eHHH, a TaIOKe .lUIH H30JIHLI,HH 'Tpy6onpoBo.QoB renJIO'TpaCCbI H npOMbIllIJIeHHbIX
neqeH.
B MaIllHHOc'l'poeHHH CHTaJIJIbI npHMeHSlIOT .lI.JISI H3fOTOBJIeHHSI nO,Z:UIIHTI-
HHKOB, .lI:eTaJIeM .lI:BHfaTeJIeM, 'l'py6, :>KapOCTOMKHX nOKpbITMM, JIOnaCTeM KOM-
npeccopoB, TOQHblX KaJIH6pOB MeTaJIJIOpe.>ICyll(HX CTaHKOB, Me'l'pOJIOIWIeC-
KHX Mep .LUIHHbI, <pIDIbep .lI.JISI BbITHfHBaHHSI CHHTeTllQeCKoro BOJIOKHa, a6pa-
3HBOB .LUISI llIJIH<poBaHHSI; B XMMWIecKOM MallillHoc'l'poeHHH - nap 'l'peHlUl,
TIJI}'H:>KepOB, .lI:eTaJIeM XMMHQeCKHX HacocoB, peaKTOpOB, MeIllaJIOK, 3arrop-
HblX KJIanaHOB. PaaHo- H ::meKTpOTeXHHQeCKHe CHTIlJIJIbI HCrrOJIb3yIOTCSI .LUIH
H3fOTOBJIeHHSI rrO.LUIO:>KeK, o60JIOQeK, TIJIaTO, CeT\laTbIX 3KpaHoB, aHTeHHblX
o6TeKaTeJIeM M .lI:p., a TaIOKe KaK :>KapOCTOMKHe nOKpbITHSI .LUISI 3aIIJ:MThI
MeTaJIJIOB OT )];eMCTBHSI BbICOKHX TeMrrepa1)'p. C1>oToTeXHHQeCKHe CHTaJIJIbI
npHMeHSllOTcSI .lI.JISI H3roTOBJIeHHSI CeT\laTbIX 3KpaHoB TeJIeBH30poB, KOJIJlH-
MaTopoB cBeTa, .lI:OpO:>KHblX 3HaKoB, 3epKaJI TeJIeCKOnOB, .lI.JISI 3aMeHbI <p<>TO-
3MYJIbCHM .lI:Harr03HTIIBOB, , Ha IllKaJIax rrpH6opoB H .lI:p. Pa3peIllaIOIIJ:aSI cno-
C06HOCTb H KaQeCTBO H306pa:>KeHHSI y <pOTOCHTaJIJIOB BbIIlle, QeM y 06bIQHbIX
<POT03MYJIbCHM.
rJIABA 5
TIOJIHMEPHbIE TIJIACTHqECKHE
MATEPHAJIbI
5.1. 061I(He CBe)J,eHHB
IIO.llUMepHbie 1I.IIaCmUileCKue MamepUatlbl - HCK}'CCTBeHHbIe MaTepHaJIbI,
rronyqaeMbIe Ha OCHOBe IIpHpO,n:HbIX IDIll CmrremqecKHX BbICOKOMOJIeK}'JUlp-
HbIX rrOJIHMepoB rrpH HarpeBe nyreM <popMoBaHHSI B pa3MS1:rqeHHOM COCTOH-
HHM rro,n: ,n:aBJIeHHeM H C rrOCJIe.n.yroIl.J;HM rrepexo,n:OM B TBep,n:oe COCTOHHHe
a})opMoBaHHoH MaCCbI rrpH ,n:aJIbHeHrneM ee HarpeBaHHH (repMOpeaKTIIBHbIe)
IDnl OXJIIDK,LJ;eHHH (repMOIIJIaCrnqHble). B HIDKeHepHoH rrpaKTHKe Tame Ma-
TepHaJIbI Ha3bIBaIOTCH flJlaCmMaCCaMu.
IlAaCmMaCca - MaTepHaJI, rrpe.uCTaBJIHIOIl.J;HH C060H KOMrr03HIDIIO rrOJIH-
Mepa IDIll OJIHrOMepa C Pa3JIHqRbIMH HHrpe,n:HeHTaMH, HaxO,lUIII{yIOCH rrpH
<})OpMOB3HHH H3,n:eJIH:H B BH3KOTeK}'tJeM IDIll 3JIaCrnqHOM COCTOHHHH, a rrpH
3KCIIJIY3TIlIJ;HH - B CTeKJI006pa3HOM IDII1 KpHCTaJIJIHqecKOM COCTOHHHH.
llIHpoKoe pacrrpoClpaHeHHe rrJI3CTM3CC rrpe,n:orrpe,n:eJIHJIH CJIe,n:yroIl.J;He
IIX ,n:OCTOHHCTBa: HeorpaHHqeHHbIe Jarr3CbI CbIpbSl, JIefKOCTh rrepepa60TKH B
H3,n:eJIHSI C He60JIbwHMH lpy,n:OBbIMH 33lpaTaMH, MaJIaSi ce6eCTOHMOCTb H
KOMIIJIeKC ueHHbIX COOHCTB, a HMeHHO:
. IIJIOruOCTh: IIJIOTHbIX IIJI3CTMaCC - OT 900 (rrommponIDIeH) ,n:o 2200 (rro-
JII1MepHbrn: 6eTOH) Kr/M3, SlQeHCTbIX C rrOpHCTOCThIO,n:O 95% - 10...20 Kf/M3;
. TeIIJIOrrpoBO,n:HOCTh IIJIaCTM3CC rrpH OTCyrcTBHH HarrOJIHHTeJIeH 0,116...
0,348 BT/(M' K), 3 Y rropoIIJI3CTOB - 0,028...0,0348 BT/(M. K);
· <JC)K = 150 (.npeBeCHO-CJIOHCTbIe IIJI3cTIIKI1)...350 (cTeKJIoIIJIacrnm) MIla;
· KOHClp}'KTIIBHaSI rrpoqHOCTh <JC:K./ P = 1...2 (,n:JISI KHprrlIqa - 0,02, 6eTO-
H3 - 0,06, ,n:peBeCHHbI - 0,07);
. MO,n:YJIb IOHra E= (0,1...0,31)' 10 5 MIla (MH HeHarrOJIHeHHbIX rrJIaCT-
Macc - 0,001...0,045. 10 5 MIla);
. BO,n:orrOfJIOIl.J;eHHe: MSI IIJIOTHbIX IIJIaCTMaCC - 0,1...0,5%, MSI rropHC-
TbIX - 30...90%;
. xopourne <pplIKu:HOHHbIe H aHrn<PPHKu:HOHHbIe CBOHCTBa;
. 1llI3KaSI HcrnpaeMOCTh - 0,035...0,05 r/cM 2 (HcrnpaeMOCTh HaH60JIee
TBep,n:bIX ropHbIX rropo,n: - 0,01...0,1 r/cM 2 );
14'
361
· .n;H3JIeK1plIqecKMe CBOHCTBa;
· BbICOKMe OnTIfqeCKMe CBOHCTBa - 6eCl.{BeTHOCTh H np03paqHOCTh opra-
HHqecKMX CTeKOJI;
· BbICOKaSi XHMHqeCKaSi CTOHKOCTh B PMe Cpe.n; H HenO.n;Bep)l(eHHOCTb
KOpp03HH;
· XOpOllIHe .n;eKOpaTIfBHbIe CBOHCTBa - OKpallIHBaIOTCII B JII06bIe l.{BeTa 11
.n;OJIrO coxpaHSlIOT l.{BeT;
. .n;OJIrOBeqHOCTh.
UeHHbIM CBOHCTBOM lUIaCTMaCC mm5leTCII JIerKOCTh IIX 06pa60TI<H, qro
n03BOJlSleT npl1,[(aBaTh HM pa3Ho06paJHYIO, .n;IDKe CaMyIO CJIO>KHyIO <})OPMY C no-
MOI.U;bIO pa3JIWIHbIX TeXHOJIOfWIeCKI1X npHeMOB (mrrbe, npeCCOBaHl1e, 3KC1PY-
3HS1 H .n;p.), KOTOpbIe MOryr 6bITh MexaHH311pOBaHbI H aBTOMaTIf3HpOBaHbI.
bOJIbIIIyIO rpyrrrry IIJIaCTMaCC MO)I(HO CBapHBaTh Me)l(,l.J;Y co6oH H TaKMM 06-
paJOM H3roTOBJUlTh CJIO)I(HOH «PoPMbI 1Py6bI H pa3JmqHbIe eMKOCTIf.
He.n;OCTaTKaMH IIJIaCTMaCC SlBJlSlIOTCII CJIe.n;yIOI.U;He HX CBOHCTBa:
. HH3KasJ. y.n;apHasJ. BSl3KOCTh;
. nOBbIllIeHHaSi nOJI3yqecTh;
· BbICOI<l1i1: TeMIIepa1ypHbrn K03<l)(t)ln eHT mrnemmro pacIIII1peHIDI a. 1 (J6
(nOJIHBHHI1JIXJIOPI1,[( - 80...90, nOJIH3TI1JIeH - 160...230). Y CTaJIeH 3TOT no-
KaJaTe.ITb paBeH 9...12, aJIIOMHHHSI - 22...24, 6eTOHa - 12, CTeKJIa - 0,8...8;
· HH3KasJ. TeIUlOCTO:MxOCTh (npH Cpe.lJ;HeH TeIUlOCTO:Mxocm, paBHOH 80...150°C,
.n;o 400°C Y IqJeMHHHOpraHHqecKMX nOJIHMepoB);
· cnoC06HOCTh BOCIIJIaMeHSlThCII I1JIH no.n;BepraTbCII .n;ec1PYKUI1H no.n; .n;eH-
CTBlIeM orHSI;
· HaKOIIJIeHHe 3apMOB Ha nOBepXHOCTIf H3.n;eJIHH (Hy)KHbI aHTIfCTaTIIKM);
. cTapeHHe;
. TOKClIqHOCTh;
. nO)l(apoonaCHOCTh.
06I.U;asJ. KJIaCcH<l>IIKau:HSI IIJIaCTMaCC MO)l(eT 6bITh .n;aHa no CJIe.n;yIOI.U;HM
npH3HaKaM: no npouCXOJICOeHUIO nOJlUMepoe, cocmaey U cmpYKmype, npouc-
XOJICOeHUIO HanOJlHUmeJleii H we euoy, ynpYZUM ceoiicmeaM npu HOpMaIlbHOii
meMnepamype, omHoweHUIO K Hazpeey H o6Jlacmu npUMeHeHUJI.
ITo npOHCXO)l(,l.J;eHHIO nOJII1MepbI, HCnOJIb3yeMbIe .AJISI H3roroBJIeHHSI lUIaCT-
Macc, .n;eJIIITCII Ha npupoOHble H cUHmemU'IeCKue., ITPHpo.n;HbIe nOJIHMepbI, B
CBOIO Oqepe.n;b, MOryr 6bITh OpZaHU'IeCKUMU H HeOpZaHU'IeCKUMU.
ITo COCTaBY IIJIaCTMaCCbI MOryr 6bITh npOCmbLMU HeHanOflHeHHbLMU (qI1CThIM
nOJIHMep) H CJIO)I(HbIMH HanOJlHeHHbLMU, B TOM qHCJIe za30HanOJlHeHHbLMU.
ITo C1PYKTYPe nJIaCTMaCCbI .n;eJUlT Ha ZOMozeHHble (O)J:Hopo.n;HbIe) H zeme-
pozeHHble (Heo.n;Hopo.n;HbIe) flJlaCmMaCCbl. C1PYKTYPa IIJIaCTMaCC B nepByIO
Oqepe.n;b onpe.n;eJUleTCII IIX COCTaBOM.
362
HanOJIHHTeJIH MSI rumcTMacc no npOHCXO)l(,l.J;eHHIO MOryr 6bITb opzaHU-
'1eCKUMU (XJIOnKOBbIe OqecbI, TKaHH, 6)'Mara II ,l(p.), HeOpZaHU'IeCKUMU (CJIIO-
,l(a, KBapIJ" CTeKllilHHOe BOJIOKHO, MYKa H ,l(p.) H Za306030YUlHblMU. no BM,l(Y
HanOJIHHTeJIH ,l(ellilTCSI Ha nopOUl1W06pa3Hble, 60JlOKHUCmbie H JlUCm06ble.
no ynpyrnM CBOHCTBaM IIpl1 HOpMaJIbHOH TeMIIepa'fYI)e Pa3JI aIOT' JlCecm-
Kue (E> 1 ma), nOJlYJlCeCmKUe (E= 1...0,4 rTIa), MflZKUe (E= 0,02...0,1 rna)
H 3JlaCmU'IHble (E < 0,02 rna) flJlaCmMaCCbl. )J(ecTKI1e IIJIaCTMaCCbI I1MelOT
npe,l(eJI npotffiOcm Ha C:>Kame npH 50%-HOH ,l(e<l>opMaIll1H 60JIee 0,15 MTIa,
3JIaCmqHbIe npII amUlOrHtffibIX YCJIOBHSIX - MeHee 0,01 Mna. TIpHMepaMH
:>KecTKHX rumcTMacc SlBlliIlOTCSI <l>eHo- H aMHHOIIJIaCTbI; nOJIY:>KecTKHx - no-
JIl1aMM)J,bI 11 nOJIIIIIpOIIRJIeH; MSlI'K.I1X - IIOJIHBHHRJIau:eTaT H nOJIH3TI1JIeH.
K 3JIaCmQHbIM rumcTMaccaM OTHOCSIT pa3Ho06pa3HbIe KayqyKl1.
no OTHOrneHHIO K HarpeBY rumcTMaccbI MOryr 6bITb mepMopeaKmU6HblMU
(peaKTOllJIaCTbI) 11 mepMOflJlaCmU'IHbLMU (TepMOllJIaCTbI).
K OCHOBHbIM TepMOIIJIaCTMqHbIM IIOJIMMepaM OTHOCHTCH IIOJIM3TMJIeH, IIOJIM-
CTMpOJI, IIOJIMMeTMJIaKpMJIaT, IIOJIMBMHMJIXJIOPMJI: (BMHMIIJIaCT) M .D.p. B 3TOM
rpYIIIIe IIOJIMMeDOB yca,n,Ka rrpM <!>OpMOBaHMM M3.D.eJIMM .D.OCTMraeT BCero 1...3%,
II03TOMY, KaK IIpaBMJIO, MX He COqeTaIOT C HaIIOJIHMTeJIHMM. He.D.OCTaTKOM 3TMX
IIJIaCTMaCC HBJIHIOTCH He3Ha'tJ:MTeJIbHIDI rrpOqHOCTb M TeIIJIOCTOMKOCTb.
Cpe.D.M TepMopeaKTMBHbIX IIOJIMMepoB HaM60JIbllIee paCIIpOCTpaHeHMe IIOJIY-
qMJIM <!>eHOJIo<!>opMaJIbllernll, a TaIOKe IIOJIM3<!>MpHble M IIOJIMCMJIMKOHOBble
(KpeMHMMOpraHMqeCKMe) IIOJIMMepbI. TepMopeaKTMBHble IIOJIMMepbI 06JIa,n,aIOT
IIOBbIllIeHHOM TeIIJIOCTOMKOCTbIO, O.D.HaKO .D.JIH HMX XapaKTepHbI XpyrrKOCTb M
OqeHb 60JIbllIIDI yca,n,Ka IIPM M3rOTOBJIeHMM M3.D.eJIMM (10...15%).
no npHMeHeHHIO IIJIaCTMaCCbI MO)I(HO nO,l(pa3,l(eJIHTb Ha KOHcmpYKl.{UOH-
Hble 06U{ezo H cnel.{UaflbHOZO (<l>PHKu:110HHbIe H aHm<l>pHKu:HOHHbIe, ynrrOT-
HHTeJIbHbIe, TellJIO- H 3JIeK1pOH30lliIIJ,HOHHbIe, XI1MHQeCKI1 CTOHKI1e, .n:eKO-
paTl1BHbIe H ,l(p.) Ha3Ha'leHUR H C OC06blMU (jJU3UKO-XUMU'IeCKUMU C60UCm6aMU
(HanpHMep, onmQeCKI1 IIp03patffibIe). O,l(HaKO 3TO ,l(eJIeHHe YCJIOBHO, TaK
KaK O,l(Ha 11 Ta :>Ke llJIaCTMaCCa MO:>KeT 06JIa,n:aTb pa3HbIMH CBOHCTBaMH.
06Il.{enpHHSlToH e,l(HHOH HayqHoH KJIaCcH<l>HKaU:HH llJIaCTMaCC fie cyn.J;e-
CTByeT, 60JIee TOro, O,l(HH 11 TOT :>Ke BM,l( llJIaCTMaCCbI MO:>KeT HMeTb pa3JIIIQ-
HbIe <l>HPMeHHbIe Ha3BaHHSI, KOTOpbIe He ,l(alOT HHKa:KHX npe,l(CTaBJIeHHH 0
CBOHCTBax MaTepHaJIa.
IIrracTMacCbI npHHSlTO pa3.n:ellilTb Ha qeTbIpe KJIaCca B 3aBHCHMocm OT
IIpoHCXO)l(,l.J;eHHSI H CIIOCOOO nOJIyqeHHSI OCHOBHbIX KOMIIOHeHTOB CMOJI, BXO,l(Sl-
Il.{11X B IIX COCTaB, C no.n:pa3.ll:eJIeHHeM 3THX KJIaCCOB Ha rpyrrrrbI no XI1MHQeCKOH
cTPYKTYPe CMOJI-nOJIHMepoB. KIDK,l(aSI rpyniia pa3.n:ellileTCSI B CBOIO OQepe,l(b
Ha BM,l(bI no XHMHQecKl1M H TeXHMQeCKI1M Hal1MeHOBaHHSlM IIJIaCTMacc.
Kn.acc A COCTaBJUllOT rmaCTMaCCbI Ha OCHOBe BbICOKOMOJIeK}'lliIpHbIX Coe,l(H-
Hemrn, nOJIyqeHHbIX IJ,enHOH nOJIHMepH3au:HeH. 3m llJIaCTMaCCbI nO,l(pa3.n:e-
363
.
it'
JISlIOTCII Ha .lI.eBSITh rpyrrn: nOJIHMepbI 3TIUIeHa, raJIOI1.lI.OnpOH3BO.lI.HbIX 3TIUIe-
Ha, aJIKaJInpOH3BO.lI.HbIX 3TIUIeHa H T..lI.. YKa3aHHbIe .lI.eBSITh rpyrrn pa3.lI.eJISlIOT-
CSI Ha 35 BI1.lI.OB: 3TIUIeHOJIOI1.lI., 3TIUIeHOJIHT, XJIOpBHHIDIOI1.lI., XJIOpBHHIDIJIT,
II306yrHJIeHOIIJIaCT H .lI.p.
Kn.acc E BKJIIOqaeT IIJIaCTMaCCbI Ha OCHOBe BbICOKOMOJIeK}'JISlpHbIX COe.lI.II-
HeHHH, nOJIyqaeMbIX nOJIIIKOH,l{eHCa[(IIeH. IlrracTMaccbI KJIacca I> nO.lI.pa3.lI.e-
JISiIOTCII Ha ceMb rpyrrn, BKJIIOqaJOl[(HX 32 Bl1.lI.a, Cpe.lI.H KOTOpbIX <peHOJIJIT,
<peHO.lI.peBOJIHT, pe3HHOac60JIHT, aMHHO[(eJIJIOJIHT, fJIH<pTaTIbCJIIO.lI.OCJIOH
H.lI.p.
Kn.acc B COCTaBJISIIOT 'l'pH rpyrrnbI IIJIaCTMaCC Ha OCHOBe npHpO.lI.HbIX XH-
MIIqecKHX MO.lI.H<pHKaU:IIOHHbIX nOJIHMepOB (6eJIKOBbIX Bel[(eCTB, npOCTbIX II
CJIO)I(HbIX 3<pHpOB [(eJIJIIOJI03bI). 3m rpyrrnbI pa3.lI.eJISlIOTCII Ha ceMb BI1.lI.OB -
MeTIUI[(eJIJIOIIJIeHKa, 3TIUI[(eJIJIOJIHT H .lI.p.
Kn.acc r COCTaBllilIOT IIJIaCTMaCCbI Ha OCHOBe npHpo.lI.HbIX II HCK}'CCTBeH-
HbIX aC<paJIbTOB, a 'IaIOKe CMOJI, no.rryqaeMbIX .lI.eC1p}'Kl(l1eH pa3JIWIHbIX opraHII-
qeCKHX Bel[(ecTB. fuor KJIacc .lI.eJIJITCII Bcero Ha 'l'pH BI1,[(a: 6myMo[(eJIJIoJIlIT,
neKoac60cJIOH H 6IITyMHHOJIHT.
,D;onOJIHJITeJIbHaSI KJIaCcH<pHKaIDISI IIJIaCTMaCC noc-rpoeHa no y6bIBaIOl[(eMY
BJIHSlHHIO HanOJIHHTeJISI:
K/lacc I - C JIHCTOBbIM HanOJIHHTeJIeM (TeKCTOJIHT, aC6oTeKCTOJIHT, rem-
HaKC, .lI.peBeCHO-CJIOHCTbIH IIJIaCTHK, CTeKJIOTeKCTOJIHT, npOnHTaHHbIe TKaHH);
K/lacc II - C BOJIOKHHCTbIM HanOJIHHTeJIeM npH COOTBeTCTByIOlI.{HX OCHO-
Bax (BOJIOKHHT, npecC-KpOIlIKa - TeKCTIUIb, CTeKJIOTKaHb, .lI.peBecHbIH IIInOH;
ac60BOJIoKHHT - <peHOJIo<})opMaJIb.lI.erI1.lI.HbIe yMOJIbI; aC60BOJIOKHIITbI MOqe-
BHHO-MeJIaBHHo-(}>opMaJIb.lI.erI1.lI.HbIe CMOJIbI H .lI.p.);
K/lacc III - C nopoIlIKoBbIM HanOJIHHTeJIeM (npecc-nopoIlIKH 06l[(ero
Ha3HaqeHHSI, npecc-nopoIlIKII C BbICOKHMH 3JIeKTpoH30JISI[(HOHHbIMH CBOH-
CTBaMH H .lI.p.);
K/lacc IV - 6e3 HanOJIHHTeJISI (nOJIHBHHIDIXJIOPl1.lI.bI, nOJIHBHHIDIa[(eTa-
TbI, nOJIHCmpOJI H COnOJIHMepbI H .lI.p.); ,
K/lacc V - C raJoB03.lI.ynIHbIM HanOJIHHTeJIeM (MHnopa, neHOnOJIHBH-
HIDIXJIOpl1.lI., neHOnOJIHCmpOJI, neHOnOJIl1}'PeTaH, nopoJIOH H .lI.p.);
K/lacc VI - HanOJIHHTeJIH JII060ro mna Ha OCHOBe 3nOKCI1.lI.HbIX IDIH no-
JIH3<pHPHbIX CMOJI;
K/lacc VII - nPO<PHJIbHbIe IIJIaCTMaCCbI, a TIlIOKe CTaH,l{apm3HpoBaHHbIe
H3.lI.eJIHSI )'HHBepCaJIbHOrO Ha3HaqeHHSI ('l'py6bI, apMaTYPa H coe.lI.HHIITeJIb-
HbIe qacm, o60PY.lI.oBaHHe II .lI.eTaJIH, IIJIeHKa II .lI.p.).
HeKoTopble Bl1,lI,bI HaJf60JIee pacnpoCTpaHeHHbIX IIJIaCTMaCC npe.n.CTaBJIeHbI
MapKaMH, nOJIyqHBIlIHMH cneU:HaJIbHOe Ha3Ha'IeHHe B Tex HJIH HHbIX O1paCJUIX
Hapo.n;Horo X03I1MCTBa. TaK, HarrpHMep, B MallIHHOCTpOeHHH no TeKCTOJIHTY
(KJIacc I, Bl1,lI, 1) npHBe.n;eHbI 12 pa3JIH'IHbIX MapOK, OTJIH'IaIOIl{HXCII CBOMCTBaMH
H Ha3Ha'IeHHeM, no CTeKJIOTeKCTOJIHTY (KJIacc I, Bl1,lI, 5) - 32 MapKH, no nOJIH-
364
aMM.D:aM (KJIacc IV, BM.D: 9) - 8 MapOK H T..n:. BMeCTe C TeM rrepe'IeHb MapOK
rrJIaCTMaCC He HC'IeprrbIBaeT Bcex H3BeCTHbIX CTaH)J,apTHbIX, Be.n:OMCTBeHHbIX H
3KcrrepHMeHTaJIbHbIX BM.D:OB rrOJIHMepOB H IIJIaCTMaCC Ha HX OCHOBe H orpaHH'IH-
BaeTCH, KaK rrpaBMJIO, TOJIbKO aCCOPTHMeHTOM MarepHaJIOB, HaH60JIee pacrrpOCT-
paHeHHbIX H rrepCrreKTHBHbIX .lUIH .n:aHHOM OTpaCJIH.
5.2. COCTaB nJIaCTll'leCKHX MaTeplfaJIOB
B COCTaB CJIO)I(HbIX HarrOJIHeHHbIX ruIaCTMacc BXOMT HanOJlHume.nu, flflac-
murjJuKamopbl 11 omeepiJume.nu, a TaIOKe pa3JIHlIHoro po.lI.a iJo6aeKu. 8M)], KIDK-
.lI.oro 113 KOMrrOHeHTOB, HX COqeTamIe H KOJIHqeCTBeHHoe COOTHOllIeHHe
orrpe.lI.eJlSlIOT CBOHCTBa rmaCTMacc 11 rr03BOJlSlIOT H3MemlTh IIX xapaKTepHCrn-
IGI B llIlqXlKHX npe.lI.eJIax. ):(mI rro.rryqeHHSI OKpam:eHHbIX ruIaCTMacc HCrrOJIb-
3yIOT nUZMeHmbl.
OpraHHqeCIGIe H HeOpraHHqeCIGIe HarrOJIHHTeJIH HCnOJIb3yIOTCII B COCTa-
Be ruIaCTMacc (40...70% no Macce) .lI.1ISI CHIDKeHHSI HX CTOHMOCTIf, a TaIOKe
y.TIyqllIeHHSI PMa TeXHOJIOrHqecKHX H rrO'l'pe6HTeJIbCKHX CBOHCTB - rrOBbI-
rneHHSI corrpOTIfBJUleMOCTII yca.zu<:e, rrpotffiOCTIf H TBep.lI.ocTIf, CHIDKeHHSI rrOJI-
3yt1ecTIf H .lI.p. OpraHHqecIGIe HarrOJIHHTeJIH rrOBbIllialOT npoqHOCTb, CHIDKaIOT
XpyrrKOCTb, HO YXY.lI.llIaIOT TepMO- H BO.lI.OCTOHKOCTb ruIaCTMacc. MHHepaJIb-
HbIe HanOJIHHTeJIH rrOBbIllialOT rrpOqHOCTb, BO.lI.OCTOHKOCTh, XHMHqeCKyIO
CTOHKOCTh, TeruIO- H 3JIeKTPOH30JISIIDfOHHbIe CBOHCTBa rmaCTMacc, HO qaCTO
rrOBbIIIIaIOT IIX XpyrrKOCTh H rrJIOTHOCTh.
HarrOJIHHTeJIH MOryr 06pa30BbIBaTh C rrOJIHMepOM MeXaHHqeCKYIO CMeCb
RJIH BCTYITaTh C HI1M B XI1MHqecKoe B3aHMO.lI.eHCTBHe (6eJIbIe CIDKI1, opraHO-
KpeMHe3eMbI). AIcrI1BHOCTh HarrOJIHHTeJISI no OTHOllIeHHIO K nOJIHMepHOMY
CBSl3yIOlI.{eMY BelI.{eCTBY onpe.lI.eJISleTCSI ero a.n:COp6U:HOHHOH-cnoc06HOCThIO H
CTerreHblO rrOJlSlpHOCTIf. IIpH HaJIHqHH XHMHqeCKOrO B3aIIMO.lI.e CTBHSI rrOBbI-
llIaeTCII TepMocroiiKOCTh nOJIHMepHOro MaTepHaJIa, a 'IaIOKe ero rrpOqHOCTHbIe
CBOHCTBa.
HarrOJIHHTeJIH MOryr BBO.lI.HTbCSI B COCTaB nOJIHMepHOro MaTepHaJIa H
.l(lliI rrpM)],aHHSI eMY He06xo.lI.l1MbIX «pH3HKO-XI1MHqeCIGIX CBOHCTB, HarrpHMep:
ac6eCTOBbIe HarrOJIHHTeJIH - .lI.1ISI rrOBbIllIeHHSI TeruIO-, BO.lI.OCTOHKOcrn, XH-
MHlIecKOH croHKOCTIf H CTOHKOCTIf K BbICOKOqaCTOTHbIM B03.lI.eHCTBHSlM; Ha-
rrOJIHHTeJIH Ha OCHOBe CTeKJIOBOJIOKHa - .lI.1ISI 60JIbllIeH TepMOCTOHKOCTIf,
xopollieH COrrpOTHBJISIeMOCrn TeruIOBbIM Y.lI.apaM, YJIytlllIeHHSI 3JIeKTPOH30-
JISlIJ,HOHHbIX CBOHCTB.
IIOPOllIK006pa3HbIe HarrOJIHHTeJIH H3rOTaBJIHBalOT Ha OCHOBe ,lIpeBeCHOH
MYKH, IJ,eJIJIIOJI03bI, CJIIO.lJ.bI, TaJIbKa, KBapIJ,eBOH M)'KI1, MeJIa, rpa«pJITa, KaOJIH-
Ha H .lI.p. B KaqeCTBe BOJIOKOH HCnOJIb3yID1'CSi XJIomaT06)'MIDKHbIe, ac6ecTO-
BbIe, CTeKJISlHHble H rrOJIHMepHble BOJIOKHa, a B KaqecTBe JIHCTOB - 6)'Mara,
TKaHH, .lI.peBeCHbIH llIrrOH, poro.>KKl1 H3 CTeKJIOBOJIOKHa H .lI.p.
365
Or BbI60pa BM)],a HarrOJIHHTeJISI BO MHOrOM 3aBHCID' MeXaHHqeCKMe CBOM-
CTBa rrOJIHMepHOrO MaTepHaJIa. TaK, rrOpoIIIKOO6pa3HbIe HarrOJIHlITeJUI rro-
BbIIIIalOT TBep.n;OCTb H rrpe.n;eJI rrpOqHOCm rrpII C:>KamH; HarrOJIHlITeJIH BO-
JIOKHHCTOM ClpYKTYPbI yJ3eJIHtfifBaIOT rrpOqHOCTh Ha H3rH6, oc06eHHO rrpH
.n;HHaMHqeCKOM .n;eMCTBHH HarpY3KM; em:e 3HatfifTeJIbHee rrOBbIIIIaeTCSI rrpoq-
HOCTb B CJIyqae HCrrOJIb30BaHHSI JIHCTOBOrO HarrOJIHHTeJISI, rrOCKOJIbKY TaKOM
MaTepHaJI MO:>KeT BocrrpHHHMaTb H paCTSlrHBalOm:He HarrpIDKeHHSI. TIOJIH-
MepHbIe MaTepHaJIbI C JIHCTOBbIM HarrOJIHlITeJIeM rrpl1MeHSlIOT B BM)],e JllIC-
TOB, lpy6, IIJIHT, a TaIOKe BIKpyrrHora6aplITHbIX H3,lJ;eJIHSIX rrpOCTOro KOH1)'Pa.
Ilrracm«pHKaTOpbI rrpHMeHSlIOT MSI YJIyqIIIeHHSI «PoPMyeMocm H YMeHb-
IIIeHMSI XpyrrKOCTH IIJIaCTMacc. IlrracTH«pHKaTOpbI 06JIerqalOT CKOJIb:>KeHHe
MaIq>OMOJIeKYJI .n;pyr OTHOCHTeJIbHO .n;pyra H B pe3YJIbTaTe rrOBbIIIIalOT rH6-
KOCTh H 3JIaCmQHOCTb rrOJIHMepoB, 06JIerQalOT YCJIOBHSI rrepepa60TKlI IIJIac-
TMacc. B KaqeCTBe IIJIacm«pHKaTOpoB IIIHpoKO HCrrOJIb3y:IOTCII OpraHHqecKMe
Bem:ecTBa C BbICOKOM TeMrrepaTYPOM KMrreHHSI H HH3KOM TeMrrepaTYPOM Ja,-
Mep3aHHSI (OJIeHHOBaSl KMCJIOTa, CTeapHH H .n;p.), a TaIOKe rrpHpO,lJ;HbIe CMOJIbI
H 6mYMbI. I1x KOJIHQecTBO MO:>KeT KOJIe6aTbCSI B llUfJJOKMX rrpe.n;eJIax - OT 5
.n;o 40% rro Macce.
Ornep.n;IITeJIH (1...3%) BBO,WIT B TepMOpea.KTM:BHbIe IIJIaCTMaCCbI ,lI)ISI YCKo-
peHHSI rrpOIJ,ecca IIX TBep.n;eHHSI H 06pa30BaHHSI rrpoclpaHCTBeHHO-Ce'ft:IaThIX
CTPYK1YP. Ornep,lJ;lfreJISIMH HBJISIIOTCII cepa, p33JIH1ffibIe aMHHbI, OpraHWIeCKMe
nepeKMCH H .n;p.
)J;06aBKM-CTa6RJIH3aTOpbI HrpalOT oco6yIO pOJIb B COCTaBe IIJIaCTMacc. I1x
BBe.n;eHHe MO:>KeT 06eCrreqHTh H3MeHeHHe KaKMX-JIH60 CBOMCTB: )'MeHbllIeHHe
roplOqecm (aHmunupeHbl), CTamqeCKMX 3apMoB (aHmucmamuKu), 3am:wry
OT IIJIeceHH (aHmucenmuKu), TepMO- RJIH CBeTOCTa6RJIH3aIJ,mo, YCKopeHHe
(3aMe.n;JIeHHe) TBep.n;eHHSI H .n;p. B He06xo.n;HMbIX CJIyqaSIX BBO,WITCII TaIOKe
Bem:ecTBa, CBII3bIBalOIl.{He BbI,LJ;eJISlIOm:HecIl JIe'rytIHe rrpo.n;y:KThI. JJ:06aBKM-cTa-
6RJIII3aTOpbI crroC06CTByIOT MHTeJIbHOM)' coxpaHeHHIO CBOMCTB H3,lJ;emrn: H3
IIJIaCTMaCC (rrpeTISlTCTByIOT cTapeHHIO) B rrpou:ecce HX 3KCIIJIyaTaIJ,HH RJIH
xpaHeHHSI.
CMa3bIBalOm:He Bem:eCTBa BBO.n;SlT MIl }'MeHbIIIeHMSI rrpRJIHrraeMOCTH
IIJIaCTMaCCOBbIX H3.n;eJIHM K MenUlJIHqecKMM qaCTSIM rrpecc-«PoPMbI.
5.3. XapaKTeplfCTIfKII HeKOTopbIX llJIaCTMaCC
If 1f3,IJ;eJIIfH: Ha IIX OCHOBe
5.3.1. IIJIaCTMaCCbI C JIHCTOBblM HanOJIHHTCJICM
J(eKopamu6Hble 0YMa:JICHO-CIlOUcmble 1l.4acmuKu nOJIyqaIOT rrpeccoNlHHeM
CrreIJ,HaJIbHOM 6)'MarH, npOrrlITaHHOH TepMopeaKTHBHbIMI1 nOJIHMepaMH.
,lLrrSi BHYTPeHHIIX 'CJIOeB rrpHMeHSlIOT Kpa«pT-6)'Mary, MSI BepXHlIX CJIoeB -
.n;eKopamBHyIO 6)'Mary.
366
IIrrOTHOCTb .lI.eKOparnBHbIX 6)'MIDKHO-CJIOHCTbIX TIJIaCrnKOB (,[(I>CTI) rrpH-
MepHO 1400 KT/M 3 . TIpe.lI.en rrpOqHOCrn rrpH pacT5DKeHHH ,D;I>CTI COCTaBJUIeT
He MeHee 90 MTIa B.lI.OJIb JIHCTa H He MeHee 70 Mrra rrorrepeK. TIpe.lI.en
rrpo'lliocrn rrpH H3rH6e - 100 MTIa (.u.o 120 MTIa). BO.lI.orrOrJIOIl.{eHHe -
He 60JIee 8%. l>)'Ma)l(HO-CnOHcTbIe rrnaCTHKH Bbl,[(ep)l(HBalOT HarpeB .lI.O
120°C. IIrracrnKaM, HarpeTbIM .lI.O 100...120°C, nerKO rrpM,L(aeTCII JII06aSI He-
06XO.lI.HMaSI <popMa, KOTOpaSI COXpaHSleTCSI rrOCJIe OXJIIDK.lI.eHHSI.
,D;I>CTI BbmYCKalOT lpex MapOK: A - rrOBbIllIeHHOH H3HOCOcTOHKocrn
.lI.IDI OT.lI.enKH ropH30HTaJIbHbIX rrOBepXHOCreH; I> - .lJ.JIII OT.lI.eJIIG1 BeprnKaJIb-
HbIX rrOBepXHOCTeH H MeHee )l(ecTIGIX ycnoBHH 3KCTIJIyaTaU:HH; B - .lJ.JISi rro-
.lI.enO'llibIX pa60T.
TIoBepXHOCTb ,D;I>CTI MO)l(eT HMHrnpOBaTb u:eHHbIe rrOpO.lI.bI .lI.epeBa rum
KaMHSI, 6bITb rJISlHn:eBOH RJIH MaTOBoH, O.lI.HO- RJIH MHOron:BeTHOH. TIeqaT-
HbIH pHC}'HOK 3aIl.{HIl.{aeT cnen:HaJIbHaSI rrOKpbIBalOIl.{aSI 6)'Mara «o8eplleU).
0u6pa - TBep.lI.brn MOHOnHTHbIH MarepHaJI, o6pa3yIOIl.{HHCSI B pe3YJIbTare
o6pa60'I'1GI HeCKOJIbKHX cnoeB 6)'Marn-ocHoBbI nepraMeHrnpyIOIl.{HM peareH-
TOM. <1>H6pa BbmYCKaeTCII .lI.BYX BM,L(OB: O.lI.HO- H MHOrOCJIOHHaSI (CKJIeeHHaSI),
COCTOIlIl{aSI H3 HecKOJIbKHX OT.lI.enbHbIX cnoeB.
TIo Ha3HaqeHHIO <pH6pa rrO.lI.pa3.lI.ellileTCII Ha Cne.lI.yIOllme BM,L(bI:
· 8blCOKOnpOltHafl - <pH6pa C orpaHlIqeHHbIMH rrOKa3aTenSlMH Macno6eH-
3HHOrrOrJIOIl.{eHHSI, rrpe.lI.Ha3HaqeHHaSI .lJ.JISi oc06o rrpOqHbIX .lI.eTaJIeH;
· KUCllopoiJocmOUKafl - <pH6pa .lJ.JISi H3rOTOBneHHSI KHcnOpO.lI.OCTOHKHX
rrpOKJIa,n:OK;
. o2HeCmOUKafl;
· KacmOp080-2IlU14epUH08afl - yrrpyraSI H 3naCrnqHaSI <pH6pa, rrporrHTaH-
HaSI KaCTOpoBbIM MaCJIOM H rJIHn:epHHOM, rrpe.lI.Ha3HaQeHHaSI .lJ.JISi yrmoTHe-
HHH B COe.lI.HHeHHSlX MeTaJInlIQecKHx KOHClp}'Kl.J;HH H lpy6orrpoBO.lI.OB;
· mexHUlteCKafl - JIerKO llITaMnyeMaSl rrpO'lliaSI <pH6pac orpaHHQeHHOH
BO.lI.OrrOrJIOIl.{aeMOCTblO, rrpe.lI.Ha3HaQeHHaSI .lJ.JISi .lI.eTaJIeH MallIHH H rrpH60poB;
· 31leKmpOmeXHUlteCKafl rjJu6pa - C BbICOKHMH nOKa3areJIIIMH 3neKTPH-
QeCKOH rrpOQHOCrn, rrpHMeHSleMaSl B KaQecTBe 3JIeKlpOH30nSlIUfOHHoro Ma-
repHaJIa H .lI.p.
3AeKmpomex1lUlleC1CaJI (3AeKmpoU3oARu.U01l1laJI) tjJu6pa - CJIO)l(eHHble BMeCTe
CJIOM Cnel.{MaJIbHOH 6}'Marn, XHMMqecKM 06pa6oTaHHoH ()I(eJIaTMHM3MpoBaHHoH)
TaK, qTO CJIOMCTOCTb npaKTMqeCKM MCqe3aeT, a nOJIyqeHHWI O.D.HOpO.D.HWI Macca
nepepa6oTaHHoH l.{eJIJIIOJI03bI He paCCJIaMBaeTCH nOCJIe norp)')l(eHMH Ha 30 MMH B
KMIUIlUYIO BO.D.Y. IIocTaBJIHeTcH B Bl1.lI.e PYJIOHOB, JIMCTOB, Tpy6 M CTep)l(HeH, npM-
ro.D.HbIX .D.JUI MCnOJIb30BaHMH B KaqeCTBe 3JIeKTpMqeCKOH M30JIHl.{MM.
BbIIIycKaeTCH T]JeX TIlnOB:
I
A - XapaKTepM3yeTcH nOBbIllIeHHOH TBep.D.OCTblO M )l(eCTKOCTblO B coqeTa-
HMM C BbICOKOH IIJIOTHOCTbIO, JIerKO nO,lJ,l{aeTCH MeXaHMqeCKOH o6pa6oTKe;
I> - o6Il.{ero Ha3HaQeHHSI, 06JIa,1J,aeT XOpOllIHMJ1 <pH3JItIeCKHMH H 3JIeKT-
pJItIeCKHMH CBOHCTBaMH, Y.lI.OBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHO llITaMnyeTCII;
C (JIeTepOl1.ll.) - npe.D.Ha3HaqeH .D.JIH CJIO:>KHoro nepern6aHMH M cP0pMoBaHIDI.
367
remUHaKC - MaTepHaJI, rrolIyqaeMbIM rrpOmITKOM pa3JmqHbIX COpTOB 6y-
Marn MO.n;H<pH1UIpOBaHHbIMH <peHOlIbHbIMH, aHl11IHHO«PoPMaJIb,lJ;enI,n:HbIMH H
Kap6aMH.lUIbIMI1 CMOlIaMH. feTI1HaKC YCTOMQHB K .n;eMCTBHIO XI1MI1KaTOB, pa-
CTBOpHTelIeM, rrHm:eBbIX npO.n;YKTOB, npHMeHSleTCSI rrpH TeMrrepaTYPax .n;0
120...140°C. IIo Ha3HaQeHHIO nO.n;pa3,n:elISleTCSI Ha 3/leKmpomexHU'IeCKUii H oe-
KOpamU6Hblii ZemUHaKC.
feTHHaKC HCrrOJIb3yeTcH ,lLJIH BHyrpeHHeM 06JIHIJ:OBKH rraCCIDKHpcKHX Ka6HH
CaMOJIeTOB, BaroHOB, CY.lIOB, B C'l'pOHTeJIbCTBe, a TaIOKe rrpHMeHHeTCH B rrpoH3-
BO.lICTBe 'l'paHC<popMaTopOB, TeJIe<pOHOB, .lIeTaJIeM paLUiOarrrrapaTYPbI, rreqaTIlbIX
cxeM, BTYJIOK, llIeCTepeH H .lIp.
TeKCmo./lum - ClIOHCTbIe ruIaCTMaCCbI, nOJIyqaeMbIe H3 CBSl3yIOm:ero ( -
HOlIO<popMaJIb,n:erH.LI:HaSi CMOlIa) Bem:eCTBa H HarrOlIHHTemI (XlIOrrQaT06y-
MIDKHbIe TKaHH - nm<pOH, MHTKaJIb, 6SI:3b H .n;p.). TeKCTOlIHT OTlInqaeTCSI
rrpoQHOCThIO, cnOC06HOCThIO rrOflIom:aTh llI)'MbI H raCIITh BH6pau,HH, XOPO-
1lI0 conpoTHBJIHeTCSI paCKaJIbIBaHHIO, o.n;HaKO OH MO)l(eT pa60TaTb TOlIbKO
rrpH HeBbICOKMX TeMrrepaTYPax (.n;o 90°C). B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Ha3HaQeHMSI
TeKCTOlIHThI .n;emIT Ha KOHcmpYK14UOHHble (3y6QaThIe KOlIeca, BKJIa.n:bIIillI rro.n;-
llIHnHHKOB, llIKMBbI, BTYlIKM, rrpoKJIa.n:KM B MaIlIHHOC'l'pOeHHH), 3JleKmpO-
mexHU'IeCKUe (pacnpe.n;elIHTelIbHbIe ll.{HThI H MOHTIDKHbIe rraHelIH), zpaqJUmu-
3up06aHHbie H .n;p.
j{pe6ecHo-CIIoucmble nAaCmUKU mCII) - HCKYCCTBeHHbIM .n;peBecHbIM
MaTepHaJI, H3roTOBJIeHHbIM H3 JIyIIJ;eHoro IlIrrOHa, rrpomrraHHoro H CKJIeeH-
Horo pe30lIbHbIM <peHolIo<popMaJIb,lJ;erH,L(HbIM rrOlIHMepOM. Cyn.J;ecTBeHHaSI
aHH301p0mrn CBOMCTB MaTepHaJIa .n;OCTHraeTCSI: rrpH o.n;HHaKOBOM pacrrOJIO)l(e-
HHH BOlIOKOH B CMe)I(HbIX ClIOSI:X, H, Ha060pOT, o.n;HHaKOBbIe MexaHnqeCKHe
CBOMCTBa B pa3HbIX HarrpaBJIeHHSIX 06eCrreQHBaIOTCSI npH B3aHMHO rreprreH,JUf-
K}'JISipHOM paCnOlIO)l(eHHH BOlIOKOH.
,[(peBecHo-clIoHcTbIe ruIaCTHKM OTlIHQaIOTCSI: OT HCXO.n;HOM .n;peBecHHbI H
<paHepbI 60lIbllIeM TIJIOTHOCThIO (1250...1330 KI'/M 3 ) H BbICOKMMH MexaHH-
QecKMMH CBOMCTBaMH: rrpe.n;elI rrpoQHOCTH npl1 paCTIDKeHHH BD:OlIb BOJIOKOH
«py6allIKM» 140...260 MIIa, rrpH H3rH6e - 150...280 MIIa; y.n;elIbHaSI y.n;ap-
HaSI BSl3KOCTb - 3...8 MIIa; HMeIOT BbICOKoe conpOTHBJIeHHe HCTHpaHIDO.
)J;CII 06lIa.n:aIOT BbICOKOM TeTIJIOCTOMKOCThIO H HH3KOM TeruIOrrpOBOn;HOCThIO -
0,16...0,28 BT/(M. K); BO.n;onOflIom:eHHe 3a 24 Q - 5...10%. 3TH ruIaCTHKM
HeMafHMTHbIe, CTOMKM K .n;eMCTBHIO MacelI, paCTBOpIITelIeM, MOIOm:IIX cpen;CTB,
HO qyBCTBHTelIbHbI K BJIare.
.n;cn rrpHMeHHIOT rrpH rrpOH3BO.lICTBe pallHO- H ::lJIeK'l'porrpH6opoB, a TaIOKe B
CTpOHTeJIbHbIX H MallIHHOC'l'pOHTeJIbHbIX Hecyrn:HX KOHCTPYKIJ.HHX, BcrrOMora-
TeJIbHbIX, Kperre:>KHbIX H MOHTIDKHbIX ::meMeHTax, OT KOTOpblX 'l'pe6yIOTCH XHMH-
qeCKaH CTOMKOCTb, HeMarHHTHOCTb, BblCOKoe corrpoTHBJIeHHe HcrnpaHHIO (llIKH-
Bbl, BTYJIKH, rrOJI3YHbl JIeCOrrHJIbHblX paM, Koprryca HaCOCOB, rrO.lIllIHrrHHKH,
.lIeTaJIH aBTOM06HJIeM H )l(eJIe3HO.lIOpO:>KHbIX BarOHOB, JIO.lIOK, Ma'l'pHIJ:bl rom Bbl-
368
TIDKKH M llITaMIIOBKM). llIecTepHM M3 )J.cn ,lJ.OJIfOBeqHbI, IIO,lJ.llIMIIHMKM M3 )J.cn
He 06pa3YIOT 3a,D,MpOB IIPM pa60Te MX B IIape C MeTaJlJIMqeCKMMM M3,lJ.eJIIDIMM.
CHIDKaeTCH ypOBeHb llI)'Ma.
CmeKA01LIUlC11UlKU - IIJIacTMaCCbI, co,ZJ;ep:>KaI.IU1e B KaqecTBe yrrpoqHSlIO ero
(apMHpyIOII.{ero) HaIIOJIHHTeJISi CTeKJIOBOJIOKHHCTbIe MaTepHaJIbI. B HeKOTO-
pbIe CTeKJIOIIJIaCTIfIrn MSI nOBbIllIeHHSI BSl3KOCTII IIOJIHMepHoro CBSl3yIOII.{ero,
}'MeHbllIeHHSI yca,n;KM, IIpH.LJ:aHHSI 3aTBep,ZJ;eBlIIHM KOMII03HIJ:HSlM Heo6xo,ZJ;HMOH
}l(eCTKOCTII H TBep,ZJ;ocm, a TaIOKe COOTBeTCTByIOII.{ero ,ZJ;eKopamBHoro BM,L(a
BBOMT HHepTHbIe HanOJIHHTeJIH: KaOJIHH, MapllIaJIJIHT, TaJIbK, CJIIO,ZJ;Y H ,ZJ;p.
BbI60p CBSl3yIOII.{ero BeII.{eCTBa MSI CTeKJIOIIJIaCrnKOB onpe,ZJ;eJISIeTCII YC-
JIOBHSlMI1 HX 113roTORJIeHHSI II 3KCIIJIyaTaIJ:HH. CTeKJIOIIJIaCmKM Ha <}>OPMaJIb-
,ZJ;enI,n:HOM CBSl3yIOII.{eM BeII.{ecTBe HMelOT 60JIee BbICOKHe TeIUIOCTOHKOCTb H
3JIeK'l'pOH30JISIlUIOHHbIe CBOHCTBa, qeM TeKCTOJIHT, HO He,ZJ;OCTaTOqHO BH6-
pOIIpOtffibI. 3IIOKCM,L(HbIe CMOJIbI 06ecneqHBaIOT mrn60JIee BbICOKMe Mexa-
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tffO II03BOJISIeT H3rOTaBJIHBaTb KPYIIHora6apHTHbIe ,ZJ;eTaJIH. KpeMHHHopra-
HmecKMe CMOJIbI IIpM,L(alOT He6oJIbllIyIO MexaHHqecKYIO IIPOqHOCTb, HO BbI-
COK}'lO TeIIJIO-, MOpo30- H KOpp03HOHHyIO CTOHKOCTb.
llpoMbIlIIJIeHHOCTb BbmYCKaeT 'l'pH pa3HOBH.LJ:HOCTH CTeKJIOIIJIaCmKOB
Ha OCHOBe: 1) py6JIeHbIX HeopHeHmpOBaHHbIX BOJIOKOH, 2) opHeHTHpOBaH-
HbIX MHHHbIX BOJIOKOH H 3) TKaHeH. .
113,n:eJIHSI C HCnOJIb30B3HHeM HeopHeHmpOBaHHbIX HJIH opHeHmpoBaH-
HbIX MHHHbIX BOJIOKOH, YJIO:>KeHHbIX npSl.[(SlMH, Ha3bIBaIOTCII CmeKJl060flOK-
HUmaMU, a H3,n:eJIHSI H3 TKaHeH WIll MHHHbIX BOJIOKOH, CKJIeeHHbIX Me)lQJ;Y
C060H B BM,L(e CTeKJISlHHOro lIIIIOHa H YJIO:>KeHHbIX KaK B <}>aHepe, - cmeKJlO-
meKCmOflUmaMU.
HeopHeHmpoBaHHbIe CTeKJIOBOJIOKHIITbI 06JIa,n;a1OT H30'l'pOIIHbIMH npoq-
HOCTHbIMH XapaKTepHCmK3MH HaMHoro 60JIee BbICOKMMH, qeM B MaTepHa-
JIax C nopolIIKoo6pa3HbIM HarrOJIHHTeJIeM, H MOryr rrpeCCOBaTbCII B H3,n:eJIHSI
CJIO:>KHOH <}>OPMbI, B TOM qHCJIe C MeTaJIJIHqecKOH apMaTYPOH. 3m MaTepHa-
JIbI HCrrOJIb3yIOTCII KaK KOHC'I'p}'Kll:HOHHble B 3JIeK'l'pOTeXHHKe H MalIIHHO-
CTpoeHHH (30JIOTHHKM, yIlJIOTHeHHSI HaCOCOB H ,ZJ;p.).
CTeKJIOrrJIaCTHKaM CBOHCTBeHHa 60JIbllIaSi (7.. .10%) Heo,ZJ;HopO,ZJ;HOCTb
MeX3HMqecKMX CBOHCTB, qTO 06YCJIoRJIeHo cocTaBoM, ClpYKTYPOH H TeXHO-
JIOmeH npOH3BO,ZJ;CTBa. B CTeKJIOTeKCTOJIHTaX CRJIbHO (B 2-10 Pa3) npoSlB-
JISleTCII aHH30lpOrrHSl CBOHCTB B rrpO,ZJ;OJIbHOM H rrOrrepeqHOM HarrpaBJIeHHSIX.
IIrrOTHOCTb CTeKJIOIIJIaCmKOB B 1,5-2 pa3a MeHbllIe, qeM CTeKJIa, H B
1,5 pa3a qeM H3,n:eJIHH H3 aJIlOMHHHeBbIX CIIJIaBOB, cyII.{eCTBeHHO rrpeBbI-
llIaSI nOCJIe,ZJ;HHe no MeXaHHqecKOH rrpOqHOCm (IIJIOTHOCTb CTeKJIOIIJIacm- I:
KOB Ha OCHOBe py6JIeHOrO CTeKJIOBOJIOKHa 1400 Kf/M 3 ). I
.llpoqHOCTb npH paCTIDKeHHH CTeKJIOTeKCTOJIHTOB IUIOTHOCTblO 1800... I
2000 Kf/M3 COCTaBJISIeT 1000 Mlla. TIPOtffiOCTb CTeKJIOrrJIaCmKOB Ha H3m61
369
ill
,!
H paCTIDKeHHe B 5-10 pa3 6oJIbllIe, qeM Y CTeKJIa. MO JIb yrrpyrocm CTeKJIO-
TIJmCTIIKOB - 18000...58000 MIla, qTO B 10-20 pa3 60JIbllIe MO,LJ;YJISI yrrPY-
roCTII rrOJIHMepa. OHH B HecKOJIbKO ,LJ;eCSlTKOB pa3 60JIbllIe, qeM CTeKJIO,
CTOHKH K Y,LJ;apHbIM B03,LJ;eHCTBIDIM. OmollIeHHe rrpe,LJ;eJIa BblHOCJIHBOCTII K
IUIOTHOCTII (Y,LJ;eJIbHaSI YCTIlJIOCTHaSI rrpOqHoCTb) CTeKJIOIIJIaCTIIKOB rrpHMepHo
TaKoe )l(e, KaK Y MaJIoymepo,LJ;HCTOH CTIlJIH; OHH MOryr BbI.D:ep)KlIBaTb ,lLJIH-
TeJIbHbIe 3KcrmyaTal(HOHHbIe HarpY3KH. CTeKJIOlUlaCTIIKH 06JIa,n:aroT BbICOKOH
,LJ;eMII<tmpyroIl.{eH crroC06HOCTbIO, XOpOllIO pa60TaIOT rrpH BH6pal(HOHHbIX
HarpY3Kax.
TeIUlOnpOBO,LJ;HOCTb CTeKJIOIIJIaCTIIKOB B 6-10 pa3 HIDKe, qeM Y TaKHX
MaTepHaJIOB, KaK KepaMHKa, 6eTOH H )l(eJIe306eTOH. no 3HaqeHHIO TeMIlepa..
TYPHOro K03«P«PHl(HeHTa JIHHeHHOro paCllIHpeHIDI (10...25' 10- 6 ) CTeKJIO-
lUIaCTIIKH 6JIH3KH K JIerKHM MenUIJIaM. OHH MOryr ,lLJIHTeJIbHO pa60raTb rrpH
TeMrrepaTYPe 200...400°C, O,LJ;HaKO KpaTKOBpeMeHHO ( 1O c) BbI.D:ep)KlIBaIOT
HeCKOJIbKO TbICIIq rpa,n:YCOB, I1BJIIDICb TeIIJIOJaIl.{IITHbIM MaTepHaJIOM.
CBeTOrrponYCKaHHe CTeKJIOIIJIaCTIIKOB MO)l(eT ,LJ;OCTIIraTb 90% rrpH TOJI-
Il.{IIHe 1,5 MM, B TOM qHCJIe ,LJ;O 30% - B YJIbTPa«pHOJIeTOBoM crreKTPe rrpo-
TIIB 0,5% ,lLJISi 06bIqHOrO H CIDIHKaTHOrO CTeKJIa.
OpHeHTIIpOBaHHbIe CTeKJIOBOJIOKHHThI H CTeKJIOTeKCTOJIHTbI OTJIHqaIOTCSI
BbICOKHMH rrpOqHOCTHbIMH xapaKTepHcTHKaMH, BbI.D:ep)KlIBaIOT 60JIbllIHe
HHepl(HOHHbIe HarpY3KH, MOryr pa60raTb rrpH TeMrrepaTYPax -60...200°C.
Ih HIIX H3roTaBJIHBalOT ,LJ;eTaJIH BbICOKOH TOtffiOCTII C apMaTYPOH II' pe3woH.
He,LJ;OCTaTKaMH CTeKJIOIIJIaCTIIKOB SlBJUlIOTCSI CKJIOHHOCTb K CTapeHHIO H
rrOHIDKeHHaSI ,LJ;OJIroBeqHOCTb rrpH 3KCIIJIyaTal(HH B CypOBbIX KJIHMaTHqeCKI1X
YCJIOBIDIX.
CTeKJIonJIaCTlurn KaK KOHC'rp}'KlJ;liOHHbIM MaTepMCUI npliMeHHIOTCH B pa3-
JIM'IHbIX OTpaCJIHX Hapo.D.HorO X03HMCTBa. CTeKJIOTeKCTOJIliTbI npMMeIDIIOT B Blf.lI.e
CHJIOBbIX li3.D.eJIliM B aBliaIJ:liOHHOM Ii paKeTIiOM TeXHliKe, B MalliliHOCTPoeHli1i H
)l(eJIe3HO.D.opO:>KHOM npOMbIllIJIeHHOCTH (HeCy:IIJ:He .D.eTaJIli JIeTaTeJIbHbIX annapa-
TOB, KY30Ba Ii Ka6liHbI aBTOMalliliH, amOIJ:liCTepHbI, )l(eJIe3HO.D.opo:>KHbIe BaroHbI,
Kopnyca JIO.D.OK, CY.D.OB, KO)I(}'XM, 3all.{HTHbIe OI'pIDK,lJ,eHliH, BeHTMJUIIJ:HOHHbIe 'rpy-
6bI, KOHTeMHepbI Ii .D.p.).
B C'rpOliTeJIbCTBe CTeKJIOTIJIaCTliKM npliMeHHIOT B BM.D.e nJIOCKMX Ii BOJIHliC-
TbIX JIliCTOB (CTeKJIOTeKCTOJIliTbI, nOJIli3<plipHbIe CTeKJIOTIJIaCTIurn Ii Jij).) .D.JIH YC-
TpoMcTBa cBeTonp03paqHOM KpOBJIIi npOMbIllIJIeHHbIX 3.D.aHliM Ii COOp)')l(eHliM,
TeTIJIliIJ: Ii opaIDKepeM; MaJIbIX apXMTeKTYPHbIX <1>OpM; 'rpeXCJIOMHbIX CBeTOnpO-
3paQHbIX H mYXlix naHeJIeM OI'pIDK,lJ,eHliM Ii nOKpbITliM; 06oJIoQeK Ii K}TIOJIOB;
li3.D.eJIliM Kopo6QaTOrO Ii Tpy6QaTOrO ceQeHliM; OKOHHbIX Ii .D.BepHbIX 6JIOKOB; ca-
HliTapHO-TeXHliQeCKMX li3.D.eJIliM; <1>OpM .D.JIH li3rOTOBJIeHliH 6eTOHHbIX H )l(eJIe30-
6eTOHHbIX li3.D.eJIliM Ii .D.p.
MemGJlJloopzQI-tOflJlaCmU1CU (llJUJpbl) - MaTepHaJIbI H3 qepe.LJ:YlOll{HXcII CJIOeB
aJIlOMHHlIeBOro CIIJIaBa H apMHpOBaHHoro KOMrr03HU:IIOHHOrO rrOJIHMepHOrO
MaTepHaJI (CJIOIl OpraHOIIJIaCTIIKa), BbIIIOJIHSlIOIl.{erO KOMIlJIeKC pa3Hoo6pa3-
370
HbIX <l>YIiKIUIH, H npe)l(lIe Bcero, <l>YIiKIDIIO BHyrpeHHero CTOrrOpa YCTaJIOCTHbIX
1penum.
MexaHHqecKHe COOHCTBa aJIopa 3aBHCSlT OT ero C1pYKTYPbI: p = 2350...
2450 KI'/M 3 ; a B = 500...1000 Mila; aD 2 = 350...550 MIla; E= 64...70 fIla.
Arropa - MaTepHaJI C rroBbIllieimoH .n;OJIrOBeqHOCTblO, CTOHKOCTblO K
BH6paQHOHHbIM HarpY3KaM H BbICOKHMII 3B}'KOH30JIlIpyIDIIJ;HMH COOHCTBa-
MIl, qTQ rr03BOJlSleT HCrrOJIb30BaTb ero B KOHC1p}'Kll:HSIX BaroHoB CKOpOCTHbIX
rroe3.n;OB, Me1pO, aBTOM06IDIeH H 1paKTopOB. 3aMeHa B aJIOpax 1pa.n;HU:HOH-
HbIX aJIlOMHHHeBbIX CTIJIaBOB, C TKaHbIM apaMH,LJ;lIbIM HarrOJIHHTeJIeM 06ecrre-
tfiIBaeT CHIDKeHHe MaCCbI KOHC1p}'Kll:HH mi 10...20%.
5.3.2. nJlaCTMaCCbl C BOJlOKHHCTbIM HanOJlHHTeJleM
OpZaU060.ll0KUUmbi - KOMrr03HQHOHHbIe MaTepHaJIbI, COCTOHIIJ;He H3 rro-
JIHMepHoro CBH3yIOIIJ;erO BeIIJ;eCTBa H CHHTeTHqeCKHX BOJIOKOH B KaqeCTBe
ynpOqHHTeJIeH. B KOM6HHHpoBaHHbIX MaTepHaJIax" HapH.LI:Y C CHHTeTHqeCKH-
MIl OOJIOKHaMH, IIpHMeHHIOT MHHepaJIbHbIe (cTeKJISlHHbIe, Kap60- H 60pOOO-
JIOKHa). Tame MaTepHaJIbI 06JIa.n;aIOT 60JIbllIeH rrpOqHOCTblO H :>KeCTKOCTblO.
C1pYKTYPa opraHOOOJIOKHHTOB 6e3.n;e<l>eKTHa, a rropHCTOCTb He npeBbI-
llIaeT 1...3%, qTO 06ecrreqHBaeTcH .n;H<l><l>Y3HeH KOMrrOHeHTOB H XHMHqeCmM
B3aHMo.n;eHCTBHeM Me)K):(Y HHMII. TaKaSI C1pYKTYPa 06eCrreqHBaeT cTa6IDIb-
HOCTb MeXaHHqeCKHX COOHCTB opraHOOOJIOKHHTOB rrpH pe3KOM rreperra.n;e
TeMrrepaTYP, .n;eHCTBHH y.n;apHbIX H QHKJIHqeCKHX HarpY30K.
OpraHOBOJIOKHHThI 06JIa.n;aIOT MaJIOH IIJIOTHOCTbIO (1200...1400 Kr/M 3 ),
rrpOqHOCTblO rrpH paCTIDKeHHH 300...3000 MIla, CpaBHHTeJIbHO BbICOKHMH
y.n;eJIbHOH rrpoqHOCfblO H :>KeCTKOCfblO (E= 13...100 fIla). Y.n;apHaSI BSl3KOCfb
BbICOKaSI - 400...700 K,l:(:>K/M 2 . OpraHOBOJIOKHHTbI HMelOT 3HaqHTeJIbHyIO
,lI)UITeJIbHOCTh pecypca H Ha.n;e:>KHOCTb 3KCTIJIyaTaQHH H3.n;eJIHH rrpH OO3.n;eH-
CTBHSIX MeXaHHqecKHX, aKYCTIlqecKHX H BH6pau:HoHHbIX .y.n;apOB. OHH 06JIa-
.n;aIOT BbIcomMH .n;H3JIeK1pHqecKHMH COOHCTBa H HH3KOH TeTIJIOrrpooo.n;HOC-
TbIO. DOJIbllIHHCTBO opraHOOOJIOKHHTOB MO:>KeT MHTeJIbHO pa60TaTb rrpII
TeMrrepaTYPax 100...150°C (.n;o 200..300°C), OTJIWIaeTCH HH3KHMH rrOKa3aTe-
JlSlMII roplOqeCTH II .n;bIMOBbmeJIeHHSI, YCTOHqHBO B arpeCCHBHbIX cpe.n;ax II
00 BJIIDKHOM 1pOrrHqeCKOM KJIHMaTe.
,He.n;ocTaTKOM 3THX MaTepHaJIOB SlBJISIIOTCH cpaBHHTeJIbHO HH3KaSI rrpoq-
HOCTb rrpH C:>KaTHH H BbICOKaSI rrOJI3yqeCTb (oc06eHHo ,LL1UI 3JIaCTIlQHbIX BO-
JIOKOH).
OpraHOBOJIOKHHTbI npHMeHHIOT B KaQeCTBe H30JIHUHOHHOro H KOHCTpy:KL{H-
OHHoro MaTepHaJIa B 3JIeKTpO- H pa,lUiOnpOMbIIIIJIeHHOCTH, aBHaUHOHHO:H Tex-
HHKe H ManIHHOCTpoemm; H3 HHX H3roTOBJIHIOT Tpy6bI, eMKOCTH .lUIH peaKTH-
BOB, nOKpbITHH KopnYCOB Cy.n:OB H .n:p.
KaPOO60.ll0KUUmbi - KOMrr031lliHOHHbIe MaTepHaJIbI Ha OCHOBe rrOJIHMep-
HOro CBH3yIOIIJ;erO (Ma1pHQbI) II ynPOQHHTeJIeH B BH.lI:e ymepo.n;HbIX OOJIO-
371 j
I
KOH. )J;onycKaeTcH COBMecTHoe HCnOJIb30BaHHe ymepO,l(HbIX II CTeKJUlHHbIX
BOJIOKOH - Kap6ocmeK.l1080JlOKHUm08.
B KaqeCTBe Ma'lpHl.(bI HCnOJIb3}'1OTCH CHHTeTlNeCKHe nOJIHMepbI (nOJlU-
MepHble Kap6080JlOKHUmbl); CHHTernqecKHe nOJIHMepbI, nO,l(BepmyTbIe nHpO-
JIH3Y (KOKC08aHHble Kap6080JlOKHUmbl); rrnpOJIIITIIqeCKHH ymepO,l( (nupoYZIle-
pOdHble Kap6080JlOKHUmbl).
KOKCOeaHHble Kap6oeoJlOKHUmbl nOJIyqaIOT H3 06bIqHbIX nOJIHMepHbIX Kap6o-
BOJIOKHHTOB, nO.n:BeprHyrbIX nHpOJIH3Y B HHepTHO:H HJIH BOCCTaHOBHTeJIbHO:H
aTMoc<l>epe. IIpH TeMnepaTYpaX 800...1500.C 06pa3YIOTCH Kap6oHU3UpOeaHHble
Kap6oeoJlOKHUmbl, a npH 2500...1000.C - zparjJumu3upoeaHHble Kap6080/lOKHumbl.
06pa3YIOIl(H:HCH npH nHpOJIH3e CBH3YIOIl(ero BeIl(eCTBa KOKC HMeeT BbICOKYIO
npO'IHOCTb cueruIeHlUI C yrJIepo.n:HbIMH BOJIOKHaMH. B CBH3H C 3THM KOKCOBaH-
HbIe Kap6oBOJIOKHHTbI 06JIaJJ:aIOT BbICOKHMH MeXaHHqeCKHMH H a6JUlUHOHHbIMH
CBO:HCTBaMH, CTO:HKOCTbIO K TepMHqeCKOM)' y.n:apy.
H nOJIyqeHHH nupOY2llepOOHbtX Kap6oeoJlOKHUm08 ynpOqHHTeJIb BbIKJIaJJ:bIBa-
eTCH B neqb, B KOTOPYIO nycKaeTcH ra3006pa3HbI:H yrJIeBO.n:opo.n: (MeTaH). IIpH
onpe.n:eJIeHHOM pe}KlfMe MeTaH pa3JIaraeTCH H 06pa3YIOIl(H:HCH nHpOJIHTHqeCKH:H
yrJIepo.n: OCIDK;LJ;aeTCH Ha BOJIOKHaX ynpOqHl'ITeIDI, CBH3bIBWI HX.
YmepO,l(HbIe BOJIOKHa ,l(eJISITCH Ha Kap6oHu3upo8aHHbie (80...90% C) H
zparjJumu3upo6aHHbie (80...90% C). XapaKTepHbIH 3JIeMeHT HX C1pYKTYPbI -
3aKpbITbIe nopbl, KOTopbIe MOryT COCTaBJIHTb ,l(O 33% o6beMa BOJIOKHa.
IlOpbI HMelOT HfJIOBH,l(Hyro <l>opMY H opHeHTl1poBaHbI B,l(OJIb OCH BOJIOKHa.
Mx cpe,l(IDrn ,l(JIHHa - (2...3)' 10- 2 MKM, a ,l(HaMe'lp - (1...2)' 10- 3 MKM.
YBeJIHqeHHe qHCJIa nop CHIDKaeT npOqHOCTb BOJIOKHa npH paCTIDKeHillI.
YmepO,l(HbIe BOJIOKHa HMelOT OqeHb BblCOKyIO 3HeprHIO CBSl3H C - C,
qro n03BOJUIeT HM coxpaHSlTb npOqHOCTb npH OqeHb BbICOKHX TeMnepa'I)'PaX
(B HeH'lpaJIbHOH H BOCCTaHOBHTeJIbHOH cpe,l(ax - ,l(O 2200.C), a TalOKe npH
HH3KHX TeMnepaTYPax. YfJIepO,l(HbIM BOJIOKHaM npHCyn.(H BbICOKaJI TeIIJIO-
CTOHKOCTb, HH3KHe K03<l><l>HU:HeHThI 'lpeHHSI II TepMHqeCKoro pacnmpemUl,
BbICOKaJI XHMHqeCKaJI CTOHKOCTb II 3JIeK1pHqeCKHe CBOHcrna - OT nOJIY-
npoBO,l(HHKOB ,l(O npOBO,l(HHKOB.
YmepO,l(HbIe BOJIOKHa, rrpHMeHHeMbIe,l(JUl apMJIpOBaHHSI KOHC1p}'Kl.l:HOH-
HbIX MaTepHaJIOB, YCJIOBHO ,l(eJUITCH Ha ,l(Be rpyrrnbI: 8blcoKoMoiJYJlbHbie (E =
= 300...700 fIla, O'B = 2...2,5 [Ila) II 8blCOKonpor.tHble (E= 200...250 fIla,
O'B = 2,5...3,2 fIla).
Kap60BOJIOKHlIT'bI C nOIDIMepHoH Ma'iplill,eH TIIIIa KMY-1, KMY-2, KMY-2JI
H ,l(p. HMelOT He6oJIbIllyIO TIJIOTHOCl'b (1300...1550 Kr/CM 3 ) H cpaBHI1TeJIbHO
BbICOKHe MexaHnqeCKHe CBOHCTBa: O'B = 380...1020 MIla, O'H3f = 800...1200 Mila
npH y,l(apHOH BH3KOCTH 44...84 K,l.:bK:/M 2 . IlpnqeM nOCJIe B031{eHCTBIDI Ha B03-
,l(yxe peHITeHOBcKoro H3.rryqeHHSI MeX lImqecKHe CBOHcrna 3THX Kap6oBOJIOK-
HIITOB He H3MeHSlI<>TCH. Mx reIIJIOnpOBO,l(HOCTh B 1,5-2 paJa BbllIIe, qeM Ten-
JIOnpOBO,l(HOCTh CTeKJIOTIJIaCTIIKOB. OHH OTJIHqaIOTCH BbICOKHMH CTaTWIeCKMM
Ii ,l(HHaMHqecKHM COnpOTlIBJIeHHSlMII YCTIlJIOCTIi, BO,l(O- H XHMHqecKH CTOHKM.
372
I1x 3JIeK'lpWleCKHe CBOHCTBa: Pov = 0,0024...0,0034 OM. CM (B,[(OJIb BOJIOKOH);
E = 10 H tg B = 0,01 (npII qaCTOTe TOKa 10 10 nd.
Kap60BOJIOKHHThI C yrJIepo,[(HoH Ma'TpHQeH TIIna KYTI-BM no 3HaqeHH-
HM npOqHOCTII H y,[(apHoH BSl3KOCTH B 5-10 pa3 npeBOCXO)UlT cneU:HaJIbHbIe
rpa<l>HThI, npWIeM npOqHOCTb npH HarpeBe B HHepTHOH aTMoc<l>epe H Ba:KY-
}'Me coxpalffieTCH ,[(0 2200°C, a npH HarpeBe Ha B03.n:yxe HaqHHaeTCH OKHC-
JIeHHe npH 450°C H H3,[(eJIHSI 'lpe6yJOT cneQHaJIbHOrO nOKpbITIDI. K03<l><l>H-
QHeHT 'lpeHHSI H3,[(eJIHH H3 Kap60BOJIOKHHTOB npH pa60Te B nape BbICOK
(0,35...0,45), a BeJIHqHHa H3Hoca MaJIa (0,7...1 MKM Ha TOpMO:>KeHHe).
Kap60BOJIOKHHTbI C nOJIHMepHOH MaTPHueH HCnOJIb3}'1OT B cy,ao- Ii aBTOMO-
6RJIeCTPoeHHH (KY30Ba ManIlm, lllaCCH, rpe6HbIe BHHTbI, no,alllHnHHKH, naHeJIH
OTOTIJIemrn), a TaIOKe ,l(JUI H3rOTOBJIeHlUI. ,aeTaJIe:H annapaTYPbI XHMHqeCKO:H, pa-
,ll;HO- H 3JIeKTpOHHO:H npOMbIIIIJIeHHOCTH, peHTreHoBcKoro 060pY,ll;OBaHHH H ,ap.
Kap60BOJIOKHlfTbI C yrJIepo,aHoH MaTPHue:H 3aMeIDIlOT pa3JIHQHbIe THnbI rpaq,H-
TOB ,l(JUI TeTIJIOBO:H 3all.{HTbI, H3roTOBJIeHHH ,ll;HCKOB aBHaUHOHHbIX TOpM030B, XH-
MHQeCKH CTO:HKO:H annapaTYPbI.
Eopo8OJWKHumbi - KOMn031fi.{HOHHbIe MaTepHaJIbI Ha OCHOBe nOJIHMep-
HOro CBH3yJOIIJ;erO BeIIJ;eCTBa H yrrPOqHHTeJISI (60pHbIX BOJIOKOH). MHor,[(a B
KaqecTBe yrrpOqHHTeJIH npHMeHHIOT KOMnJIeKCHbIe 60pOCTeKJIOHHTbI, me
HeCKOJIbKO napaJI.JIeJIbHbIX 60PHbIX BOJIOKOH OTIJIeTaIOTCH CTeKJIOHHThIO, npH-
,[(aIOIIJ;eH <l>OPMOYCTOHqHBOCTb H YJIyqllIaIOIIJ;eH TeXHOJIOrHqeCKHe CBOHCTBa
MaTepHaJIa. CBH3yJOI.I.{HM BeIIJ;eCTBOM CJI}')KaT 3nOKCH,[(HbIe, nOJIH3<l>HpHbIe,
<l>eHOJI0<popMaJIb,[(ern.n.HbIe H ,[(pyrHe CMOJIbI.
HqeHCTaSI MHKpoc'TpYKT}'Pa 60pHbIX BOJIOKOH 06eCneqHBaeT BbICOKyJO
npOqHOCTb npH C,[(BHre Ha rpaHHQe pa3,[(eJIa C Ma'TpHu:eH.
EOPOBOJIOKHHThI TIJIOTHOCTblO 2000...2100 KT/M 3 OTJIHqaIOTCH BbICOKOH
npOqHOCThIO npH C:>Kanm (920...1500 MIla), C,[(BHre (1250...1750 MI1a) Ii
cpe3e, HH3KOH nOJI3yqeCTbIO, BbICOKHMH TBep,[(OCTbIO H MO,[(YJIeM yrrpyrOCTIi.
I1POqHOCTb HX npH C:>KaTHH B 2-2,5 pa3a 60JIbllIe, qeM Kap60BOJIOKHIITOB.
KpoMe TOro, OHH 06JIa,n:aIOT nOBbIllIeHHOH TeTIJIQ- H 3JIeK'TponpoBO,[(HoCTbIO:
'A = 43 (M . K); a = 4' 10- 6 C- 1 (B,[(OJIb BOJIOKOH); Pov = 1,94. 10 7 OM. CM;
E = 12,6...20,5 H tg B = 0,02...0,051 (npH qaCTOTe TOKa 10 7 rQ), a TaIOKe BbI-
COKHMH conpOTHBJIeHHSlMH YCTaJIOCTH, CTOHKH K B03,[(eHCTBHIO pa,n:HaU:HH,
BO,[(bI, OpraHHQeCKHX paCTBOplITeJIeH H ropIOqe-CMa30qHbIX MaTepHaJIOB.
M3,[(eJIHSI H3 60POBOJIOKHHTOB HMelOT BbICOKyJO pa6OTocnoc06HOCTb B
YCJIOBHSlX nOBbIllIeHHbIX TeMnepaT}'P. EOPOBOJIOKHHThI KME-1 H KME-1K
npe,[(Ha3HaqeHbI ,[(JUI ,lLIIHTeJIbHOH pa60ThI npH TeMnepaT}'Pe 200°C; KME- 3
H KME-3K He 'Tpe6yJOT BbICOKoro ,[(aBJIeHHSI npH nepepa60TKe H MOryr pa-
60TaTh npH TeMnepaT}'Pax He CBbIllIe 100°C; KME- 2K pa60Tocnoc06eH npH
300°C. EOPOBOJIOKHHTbI npHMeHSIIOT B aBHaUHoHHoH Ii KOCMHQeCKOH Tex-
HIlKe (npo<l>mIH, naHeJIH, paropbI H JIOnaTKH KOMnpeccopOB, JIonaCTII BHH-
TOB H 'TpaHCMHCCHOHHbIe BaJIbI BepTOJIeTOB H .[(p.).
,I
373
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5.3.3. llJlaCTMaCCbl 6e3 HanOJlHHTeJUI
OpZanUIleCKOe cmeKllo - nOJISlpHbIH aMoPcPHbIH nOJUIMep nOmWeTRJIMe-
TaKpHJIaT (reMnepaTYPa CTeKJIOBamUl t cr = 114.C). I1pHMeHSIeTCH B HHTepBa-
JIe TeMnepaTYP OT -180 ,n;o +80.C.
npeHM)'llJ.eCTBa opraHH'-IeCKoro CTeKJIa: CO'-leTaHHe JIerKOCTH (B 2 pa3a
JIerqe CHJIHKaTHbIX CTeKOJI), rrpO'-lHOCTH (no rrpOqHOCTH Ha H3rH6 npeBOCXO-
,n;IIT CHJIHKaTHoe CTeKJIO B 7 Pa3) II np03pa'-lHOCTH (nponycKaeT CBblIlle 99%
COJIHeqHOrO CBeTa), JIerKOCTb 06pa60TKH pe3aHHeM (a TalOKe CKJIeHBaeTCSI,
CBapHBaeTCH, nOJIHpyeTCH), B03MO>KHOCTb OKpanIHBamUl II KpacHBbIH BM,lI
H3,n;emffi. no npOqHOCTH H :>KecTI(OCTH opraHH'-IeCKoe CTeKJIO JIyqIlIe MHOrHX
TepMOIIJIaCTOB; ero y,n;apHaSI BSl3KOCTb HeBeJIHKa - 1,2...2,0 H. CM 2 , HO OHa
MaJIO MeHHeTCH BO BceM HHTepBaJIe pa60qHX TeMnepaTYP. OpraHHqecKoe
CTeKJIO CTOHKO K IIJ;eJIO'-laM, pa36aBJIeHHbIM KHCJIOTaM, 1'OIIJIHBY, CMa3KaM.
B BO,n;e OHO HeMHoro Ha6yxaeT (norJIOIIJ;aeT ,n;o 2% BO,n;bI npII 100% BJIIDK-
HOCTII), HO 31'0 MaJIO O'I])IDKaeTCH Ha ero CBOHCTBax. PacTBOpHMO B ,n;IDUIOp-
3TIlHe,H APym:x paCTBOpHTeJISlX, n03ToMY JIerKO CKJIeHBaeTCSI. MCKJII01fiI-
TeJIbHO CTOHKO rrpOTIIB aTMoc<l>epHoro CTapeHHSI.
He,n;ocTaTKH OpraHHqeCKOrO CTeKJIa: HeBbICOKIDI CTOHKOCTb B KHCJIbIX cpe-
,n;ax, HH3KaJI TeIIJIOC1'OHKOCTb, roplO'-IeCTh (rrpH TeMrrepaTYPax BblIlle 300.C),
CKJIOHHOCTb K pac'I])eCKHBaHHIO no,n; HarrpIDKeHHeM - nmlBJIeHHe «cepe6-
pa», T.e. yqaCTKoB C MeJIKHMH 1peIIJ;HHaMH, Ha KOTOpbIX nOJIHOCTblO O'Ipa-
:>KaeTCSI CBeT. I1noxo cOnpOTHBJlSleTCSI HCTH:pamIlo.
OpraHH'-IeCKOe CTeKJIO rrpHMeHHIOT .lUIH OCTeKJIeHlUI rrpoMbIIIIJIeHHbIX 3.l1:a-
HH:H, CBeTOTeXHH'-IeCKHX YC1]JO:HCTB H cBeTOBO.ll:OB, CBeTHJIbHHKOB, 'IaCOBbIX CTe-
KOJl, aBToMo6HJIbHbIX q,ap, rrpe.ll:OXpaHHTeJlbHbIX ll.{HTKOB Ha CTaHKaX H MallIH-
Hax. KaK .lI:H3J1eKTpHK OpraHH'IeCKOe CTeKJIO rrpHMeIDIIOT .lUIH H3roTOBJleHHH H3-
.lI:eJJH:H, CO'-leTaIOll.{HX 3J1eK1pH'IecK)'IO rrpO'-lHOCTb H CTO:HKOCTb rrpoTHB cTapeHHH.
EJlaro.ll:apH crroco6HoCTH BbI.ll:eJlHTb 60JlbIIIOe KOJlH'IeCTBO ra30B rro.ll: .lI:e:HCTBHeM
.lI:yrH CTeKJIO HCrrOJlb3}'IOT TaIOKe B Ka'-leCTBe TBep.ll:oro .lI:yroraCHll.{ero MaTepmUIa.
,LVrn YBeJIH'-IeHHSI npOqHOCTH, y,n;apHOH BSl3KOCTH H corrpOTIIBJIeHlUl pac-
'I])ecKHBaHHIO JIHCTbI opraHWIecKoro CTeKJIa nOABepraIOT ,n;BYXOCHOH BbI-
TIDKKe.
5.3.4. llJlaCTMaCCbl C ra30B03.aymHbIM HanOJlHHTeJleM
fa30B03J(yllIHbIe (H'-IeHCThIe) IIJIaCTMaccbI no.rryqalOT H3 TepMOIIJIaCTII'-IHbIX
H TepMOpeaKTIlBHbIX nOJIHMepOB XHMH'-IeCKHM H <l>H3H'-IeCKHM crrocOOaMII.
I1pH XHMHqeCKOM cnoc06e meHCTIl.SI ra30HarrOJIHeHHaSI C'I])YKTYPa 06pa3yeT-
CH rrpH TepMH'-IeCKOM pa3JIO:>KeHHH ra3006pa30BaTeJIeH HJIII B3aHMo,n;eHCTBHH
KOMnOHeHTOB, npH <l>H3H'-IecKoM cnoc06e - B pe3YJIbTaTe HHTeHcIIBHoro
pacIlIHpemrn pacTBOpeHHbIX ra30B rrpH CHIDKeHHH AaBJIemrn HJIH nOBbIIIIe-
374
u
HHSI TeMnepaTYPbI, a TaIOKe HX MexaHwlecKoro .n;HcneprnpOlJaHHSI. B ra30B03-
.n;ymHbIX IIJIaCTMaccax nopbI 3aHHMaIOT 90...98% 06'beMa MaTepHaJIa.
fa30B03.ZJ:YllIHbIe IIJIaCTMaCCbI no.n;pa3.n;eJISlIOT B 3aBHCHMOCTII OT XapaKTepa
nop Ha neH011.llaCmbi H nop011.llaCmbi (ToproBOe Ha3BaHHe B POCCIIH - nOflU-
ypeman). fIeHOIIJIaCTbI HMeIOT rrpeHMymeCTBeHHo 3aKPbITbIe nopbI B BH,IJ;e
SlqeeK, pa3.n;eJIeHHbIX TOHKHMH neperopo.n;KaMH, a nOpOIIJIaCTbI HMeIOT co06-
IIJ;aIOIIJ;HeCH nOpbI. CymeCTByIOT MaTepHaJIbI H co CMellIaHHOH CTPYKTYPOH.
ITrrOTHOCTh SI1IeHCTbIX IIJIaCTMaCC 3aBHCIIT OT IIJIOTHOCTII nOJIHMepa H co-
.n;ep)l(aHHSI ra3006pa30BaTeJISI II COCTaBJUleT 10...200 KTIM 3 . HaH60JIee JIeI'KJ1MH
SlBJUlIOTCH Kap6aMH,IJ;HbIe nopOIIJIaCThI (HanpHMep, Munopa HMeeT IIJIOTHOCTh
10...20 KTIM 3 ).
.sIqeHCThIe IIJIaCTMaCCbI B 60JIbIIrnHCTBe CJIyqaeB pa3pyrnaIOTCH nOCTeneHHO
II He HMeror qeTKO BbIpIDKeHHoro npe.n;eJIa npOtffiOCTII. fIpOtffiOCTh HX onpe.n;e-
JISlIOT 06bIqHO npH OTHOCHTeJIbHOH ,Ae<l>opMaU:HH, COCTaBJISlIOIIJ;eH 2...10%.
CpaBHHTeJIbHO BbICOKHe npOqHOCTHbIe nOKa3aTeJIH HMeIOT nOJIHCTHpOJIb-
HbIe H nOJIHBHHWIXJIOpH,IJ;HbIe neHOIIJIaCTbI. fIpH IIJIOTHOCTH 40...70 KTIM 3
npe,AeJI HX npOqHOCTH npH C)I(allIH .n;OCTHraeT 0,3...1 MfIa, a npH pacTIDKe-
HillI - 0,8...1,9 MfIa. )l(eCTKlfe neHO- H nOpOIIJIaCTbI rH6KM H 3JIaCTHqHbI.
fIpOqHOCTHbIe nOKa3aTeJIH HqeHCThIX IIJIaCTMaCC CHIDKaIOTCH npH YBJIa)l(-
HeHillI.
AIm HHX XapaK.TepHbI nOBbIllIeHHbIe .n;e<l>opMau:HH nOJI3yqeCTII, oc06eHHo
HHTeHCHBHbIe rrpH 60JIbllIHX HarpY3Kax H B03.n;eHcTBHH aTMoc<l>epHbIx <l>aK-
TOpOB.
.sIqeHCTbIe IIJIaCTMaCCbI OqeHb MaJIOTeIIJIOnpoBO,AHbI (A. = 0,026...0,58 BTI
(M . K». TeIIJIOCTOHKOCTh neHO- H nOpOIIJIaCTOB Ha OCHOBe TepMOIIJIaCTIIq-
HbIX nOJIHMepOB COCTaBJUleT 60... 70°C. HaH60JIee TeIIJIOCTOHKH KpeMHIDIop-
raHHqeCKHe neHOIIJIaCTbI: TeMnepaTYPa HX 3KCIIJIyaTaUHH .n;OCTHraeT 250°C.
DOJIbllIHHCTBO ra30Bo3.n;yllIHbIX IIJIaCTMaCC rOpIOqH.
.sIqeHCThIe IIJIaCTMaCCbI HMeIOT BbICOKoe Bo.n;onOfJIOIIJ;eHHe (MaJIbIM BO-
.n;onOfJIOIIJ;eHHeM OTJIWIaIOTCH MaTepHaJIbI C 3aMKHyrI>IMH HqeHKaMH) H B TO
)l(e BpeMSI OTJIHqaIOTCH BO,AOCTOHKOCTbIO H He 3arnHBaIOT. HaII6oJIbllIyIO aT-
Moc<l>epOCTORKOCTh HMeIOT IIOJIHCTIIpOJIbHbIe H IIOJIHBHHWIXJIOpH,IJ;HbIe ne-
HOIIJIaCTbI, nOHIDKeHHyIO --:... <l>eHOJIbHbIe.
fIeHOIIJIaCTbI pa,n:IIOIIp03paqHbI. fIOpOIIJIaCTbI npH 06bIqHbIX TeMnepa-
TYPHbIX YCJIOBHSlX HMeIOT xopOllIee 3B}'KonOrJIOIIJ;eHHe, TaK, HanpHMep, y
IIOpHCTOfO nOJIHYPeTaHa (nopOJIOHa) IIJIOTHOCTbIO 30...75 KTIM 3 npH TOJIIIJ;II-
He 50 MM K03<l><l>HUHeHT 3B}'KonOrJIOIIJ;eHHSI paOOH 0,9 Ha qaCTOTe 500 fu.
lleHOlUlaCThI rrpHMeIDIIOT ,WUI TelUlOH30JHlUHH Ka6HH, KOHTeHHepoB, rrpH6o-
pOB, XOJIO,Z:UfJIbHHKOB, peq,pH)I(epaTOpOB, T}Jy6 H .n:p. B CT}JOIfTeJIbCTBe OHM HC-
rrOJIb3YIOTCH rrpH rrpOH3Bo.n:CTBe T}Jy.n:H03aTOIUIHeMbIX H3.n:eJIHH, a B pa,n,HO- H -
3JIeKT}JOHHOH TeXHHKe - llJIH 3aJIHBKH .n:eTaJIeH, TaK KaK rreHOlUlaCT, HBJIHHCb
JIeI'KHM 3arrOJIHHTeJIeM, rrOBbIlliaeT y.n:eJIbH}'lO rrpOQHOCTb, )l(eCTKOCTb H BH6po-
CTOHKOCTh CHJIOBbIX 3JIeMemOB KOHCT}JyKI.{HH.
375
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llOPOJIOH npHMelUlIOT npH H3fOTOBJIeHHH aMOpm3aTOpoB, MHrKHX CRl1eHHH,
a B C'l'pOHTeJIbCTBe - B BRl1e IIJIHT H CKOpJIyn .nIDI yreIIJIeHHH CTCH H nOKpbI1'Hii:,
TeIIJIOH30JIHUHH npOMbIlWIeHHoro o6oPY,ll;oBaHHH Ii TPy60npOBo,nOB npH TCMne-
pa1)'pax ,lI;0 60°C.
5.3.5. CTaH,lUiJ1l1l3HpoBallHlde H3,IJ;eJIHj( H3 DJIaCTMaCC
llOilUMepHble 11IleHO Hble MamepuOllbl BbmyCKaIOTCR TOJIIWffiOH 11.0 1 MM, Of-
JIWIaIOTCR MaJIOH MaCCOH, XlfMHtIecKOH CTOitKOCThIO, BOJl.oHenpoHHIJ:aeMOCThIO
R npo'lHOCTbIO. HaH60JIee BbICOIGIe <pR3RKO- XlfMHtIecIGIe CBOHCTBa Y nOJUI-
nponIDIeHOBbIX TIJIeHOK: npeJl.eJI npoqHOCTH npR paC1IDKeHIDI 25...30 MTIa,
OTHOCIITeJIbHoe Y.lUIRHeHRe npR pa3pbIBe 500...700%, BOJl.onOrJIOIIJ;eHRe 3a
24 q 1,5%. TIOJIRnponIDIeHoBbIe TIJIeHIGI coxpaHSllOT 3JIaCTl{qHOCTh 11.0 -20°C.
AruI nOJIRBRHIfJIXJIOPIfl1.HbIX TIJIeHOK npelIeJI npoqHOCTH Ha pacTSDKeHRe -
10...15 MTIa; OTHOCIITeJIbHoe Y.lUIRHeHRe npR pa3pbIBe - 100...300%; BOlIO-
nOrJIOII(eHRe 3a 24 q 0,15...0,2%.
AmI R30.JUII.Urn RCnOJIb3y:IOTCJI B OCHOBHOM nOJIR3THJIeHOBbIe R nOJIH-
BHHR1IXJIOpIfl1.HbIe TIJIeHIGI, B KOTOpbIe Jl.]ISI JaMe)J.1Iemm cTapemm: R npelIoxpa-
HeHIDI OT I'pbI3}'HOB Jl.06aBJUIlOT KaMeHHoyroJIbHbIH neK.
J(eKopamu8Ho-omiJeAo Hble 11IleHKU R3roTaBJIHBaIOT rJIaBHbIM 06Pa30M H3
nOJIHBRHK1IXJIOplfl1.a. TIPR 06bNHbIX reMnepaTYPax 3TH MarepRaJIbI 06JIa,n;alOT
rn6KOCTblO R 3JIaC1WIHOCTbIO, MaJIOH BO,nO-, napo- R ra30npoHHIJ:aeMOCThIO,
Jl.OCTIiTOqHO Jl.OJIroBe'lHbI.
I1JIeHKH Ha 3B)'KOR30JIHpyIOIIJ;eH no,nOCHOBe RCnOJIb3yIOT )J.1ISI OTJl.eJIIGI
nOMeIIJ;eHRH C nOBbIweHHbIMH aKyCTHqecKHMR 1pe60BaHIDIMR. Ha 06paT-
HOH CTOpOHe CaMOK1IeJIIIJ;MXCJI nOJIHBRHHJIXJIOPlfl1.HbIX TIJIeHOK HaHeceH cne':'
IJ;RaJIbHbIH K1IeeBOH COCTaB, 3aIIJ;HIIJ;eHHbIH CIDIRKOHR3RpOBaHHOH 6}'MaroH.
llJIeHKH MOryr 6bITb C pRC}'HKaMH, RMKI'HpyIOIIJ;H:MR u:eHHbIe nopOJl.bI lIpe-
BeCRHbI IDIR TKaHb. BYXCJIOHHbIH PYJIOHHbIH MaTepRaJI, COCTOJIIIJ;RH R3
BepXHeH THCHeHOH nOJIRBRHIDIXJIOPIfl1.HOH l1JIeHIGI R HIDKHero 6}'MIDKHOro
CJIOJI, Ha3bI 1OT U3011lleHOM.
JIunKOJI U301lJll(UOHHOJI /leHma - nOJIRBRHIDIXJIOPIfl1.HbIH TIJIeHOqHbIH TIJIa-
CTRKaT, nOKpbITbIH CJIoeM nepXJIOpBRHIDIOBOro K1IeSi (l00 r/M 2 ). TIpelIeJI
npOqHOCTH Ha p3.3pbIB - He MeHee 8 MTIa; YJl.eJIbHOe 06'beMHoe 3JIeK1p0-
conpomBJIeHRe He MeHee 10 13 OM. CM; JIRnKOCTb - He MeHee 30 c; MOpO-
30CTOHKOCTb - 11.0 -40°C. BbmycKalOT ee qeTbIpex MapOK: TIXJI -'020;
TIXJI-030; TIXJI-040; TIXJI-045 - TOJIIIJ;RHOH, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, 0,2; 0,3;
0,4; 0,45 MM R WHpRHOH 15...50 MM.
JIuHO/leYM - PYJIOHHbIH MarepRaJI R3 nOJIRBRHK1IXJIOPlfl1.HbIX, aJIKH)J.HbIX
II Jl.pyrnx nOJIHMepoB. B COCTaB MaCCbI OJl.HOCJIOHHOro JIRHOJIe}'Ma 06bIqHO
BXOJl.HT 40...45% cycneH3HOHHoro nOJIRBRHIDIXJIOpHl1.a, 19...23% TIJIaCTH<pR-
KaTopa, 0,5...1% CTa6IDIH3aTOpa, 19...35% HanOJIHIITeJIeH (TIlJIbK, KaOJllm,
MeJI, 6aplIT, Jl.peBeCHaSI IDIR ac6eCTOBaSI M)'Ka), 5...15% nRrMeHTOB. Jbmo-
376
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JIe)'MbI MOryr 6bITb 6e30CHo6Hble H C nOaOCH060U (TKaHeBOR, BORnOqHOR H
APYnIX BH.D:OB). BORnOK H APyrHe BOJIOKHHCTbIe MaTepHaJIbI HCIIOJIb3YI<>TCSI
B KaqeCTBe TeIJJIOH30J1S11.J;HOHHOR Ii 3BYKOnOrJIOm:alOm:eR IIOAOCHOBbI. JIHHO-
JIe)'MbI MOryr HMeTb IIOBepXHOCTb, OKparneHHYI<> B pa3JIHqHbIe BeTa, rJIa,n:-
KYIO, C Y30POM, 6JIeCTmI.{yIO, MaTOBYI<>, TecHeHYI<>. TIpIIKJIeHBalOT JIHHOJIe)'M
K OCHOBamnO 6H-ryMHbIMH H .npYnIMH MaCTIIKaMH.
CUHmemUr.teCKUe K06p06ble MamepU{JJ'lbl - MaTepHaJIbI C IIO,n:OCHOBOR II3
IIOJIHBHHRJIXJIOpH.D:a, IIOJIM)'peTIlHa RJIH BCIIeHeHHOrO JIaTeKCa C BepXOM II3
TKaHbIX II HeTKaHbIX IIOKpbITIIR H3 CHHTeTIlqeCIGIX BOJIOKOH.
BOpCO/laH - HeTKaHblH .lI:BYXCJIOHHbIH BOpCOBOH CHHTernqeCKHH KOBpOBbIH
MaTepmUI C rrO.ll:OCHOBOH H3 IIJIeHKH 3MYJIbCHOHHOro rrOJIHBHHHJIXJIOpH,L(a H C
BOpCOBOH rrpIDKeH H3 rrOJIHrrpOrrHJIeHOBbIX HJIH rrOJIHaMH,L(HbIX BOJIOKOH. Bopco-
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MaTepHaJI Ha OCHOBe XOJICTOB H3 rrOJIH34>HPOB, rrOJIHaMH,L(OB H .n:pyrnx rrOJIHMe-
pOB. Ero rrpo'IHOCTb rrpH pa3PbIBe - He MeHee 2...2,5 MIla.
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OKa3bIBaIOT ,n;a.>Ke MeJIbqaHIIIHe KOJIHqeCTBa rrpHMeceH.
B HaCTORIl{ee BpeM5I nOJIyIIpOBOAHHKOBbIe MaTepHaJIbI KJIaCcH<pHQHPY-
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no rrpOIICXO)l(,[(eHIIIO BeIlleCTBa OHH MOryr 6bITb OpZaHUlJeCKUMU H Heop-
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pOB. DOJIee nmpOKoe rrpIIMeHeHHe rrOJIyqHJIII HeOpraHHqeCKHe rrOJIyrrpo-
BOAHHKOBbIe MaTepIIaJIbI.
110 arperaTHOMY COCTORHIIIO 3TIIX MaTepHaJIOB Bbl,[{eJIRIOT meepObte If
JlCUOKUe nOJlynpoeooHuKOebte eeU{ecmea, a TBep,n;bIe B CBOIO Oqepe,n;b ,n;eJUIT Ha
KpUCmaJlJlUlJeCKUe If aMOPrPHbte (cTeKJIo06pa3HbIe).
110 COCTaBY nOJIyrrpoBO,n;HIIKOBbIe MaTepHaJIbI MOryT 6bITb npOCmbtMU II
C/lOJICHbtMU. K rrpOCTbIM OTHOCSIT TaKMe rrOJIyrrpoBO,n;HIIKM, KaK Ge, Si H Se,
CJIO.>KHbIMH SlBJIRIOTCSI, HanpIIMep, XHMlfQeCKlfe coe,n;HHeHHSI THna AmBv
(InP, ZnS, GaAs), TBepAbIe paCTBopbI 3aMeIl{eHHSI (InxGa l _ x ' AsyPI-y) II.n;p.
378
J' f
TIo TeXHOJIOmH H3rOTOBJIeHIDI 11000yrrpOBO,n:HHKOBbIe MaTepHaJIbI BbIl10JI-
HSIIOT B BJ.I,D:e MOHOKpUCmOJlJl06, nOOflOJICeK H MOHOCflOUHblX 3nUmaKCUaflbHbiX
cmpyKmyp.
3nu1IUlKCueii Ha3bIBaeTCH rrpouecc OpHeHTIlpOBaHHoro HapaCTaHHH KpHCTaJI-
JIH'IeCKoro CJIOH Ha OpHeHTIlpOBaHHO:H KpHCTaJIJIH'leCKO:H IIJIaCTHHe - rrOMO>KKe.
nOJIyqeHHbIe B pe3YJIbTaTe 3rrHTaKCHaJIbHOro rrpouecca CJIOH nOJIyrrpoBo.n:HHKa,
Haxo.n: UUHeCH Ha rrOMO}KI(e H3 nOJIyrrpoBo.n:HHKa HJIH .n:H3JIeK'TpHKa, Ha3bIBaIOT
3numa1CCUOJIbHOU cmpy1Cmypou. no 'IHC.rry CJIOeB rrOJIyIlpOBo.n:HHKa TaKHe C'TpYKTYPbI
MOryr 6bITb O.n:HO- H MHOrOCJIO:HHbIMH.
TIo B03MO>KHocm npHMeHeHIDI nOJIynpOBO.ZJ;HHKOBbIe MaTepHaJIbI MOryr
paCCMa1pHBaThCSI H KaK MamepUafl, II KaK nOflynpo600HUK06blU npu6op, roTO-
BbIH K npaKTHqeCKOM)' HCnOJIb30BaHHIO. KpHTepHeM ,lLJUI OTHeceHIDI I1pO-
.ZJ;}'KlI:HH K MaTepIIaJIY IDIH npH60PY SlBJISIeTCH xapaKTep n01pe6IITeJIbCKHX
CBOHCTB, KOTopbIe MOryr 6bITb MaTepHaJIOBe.ZJ;qeCKHMH (XHMHqeCKHH COCTaB,
CTpYKTYPa, <j)H3HKO-XHMHqeCKHe CBOHCTBa) IDIH npH60pHbIMH (BOJIbT-aM-
nepHaSI XapaKTepHCTHKa, np06HBHoe HanpIDKeHHe H ,n:p.).
II p 0 c m bl e n 0 fl Y n P 0 6 0 0 H U K U. K 3THM MaTepHaJIaM OTHOCHTCH
12 3JIeMeHTOB: Bi, C (aJIMa3), Si, Ge, Sn, P, As, Sb, S, Se, Te, I. HaII6oJIb-
llIee pacnpOC1paHeHHe nOJIyqIDIH KpeMHHH II repMaHHH.
KPeMHUU - Si. THn KpHCTaJIJIHqeCKOH pellIeTKH - aJIMa3. TeMnepaTYPa
ITJIaBJIeHHSI 1417°C. llJIOTHOCTb TBep,n:oro KpeMHIDI - 2330 KI'/M3, )l(Jf)]:KOro
I1PH TeMnepaTYPe ITJIaBJIeHIDI - 2530 KI'/M 3 . IIlHpHHa 3anpeIIJ;eHHOH 30HbI
npII 300 K - 1,10 3B. Co6cTBeHHaSI KOHQempaU:IDI HOCIITeJIeH 3apMoB -
10 8 CM 3 . TIO.ZJ;BIDKHOCTh HOCHTeJIeH 3apMa B 6ecnpHMeCHOM nOJIyrrpoBO.ZJ;HH-
Ke npH 300 K: 3JIeK1pOHOB - 1450 CM 2 /(B. c), .ZJ;bIpOK - 480 CM 2 /(B. c).
K03<j)<j)HUHeHT TepMHqeCKOrO paCllIHpeHIDI 6,0' 10- 6 K-l. KpeMHHH XHMH-
qeCKH YCTownm npH HarpeBe Ha B03,n:yxe .ZJ;O 900°C, B BO.ZJ;e HepaCTBOpHM.
TIJIOTHOCTh .ZJ;HCJIOKaU:HH B MOHOKPHCTaJIJIHqeCKHX CJIHTKaX KpeMHHH
(fOCT 19658-81) MeHee 10 CM 2 , QTO n03BOJlSleT CqMTIlTh HX 6e3)],HCJIOKaIJ;H-
OHHbIMH. CJIHTKH KpeMHIDI JIempyIOT 60pOM (1)), C03.ZJ;alOIIJ;HM .ZJ;bIpO'IHbIH
TIIII 3JIeKTPOnpOBO.ZJ;HMOCTII, <j)OC<j)OPOM (<1» IDIH CypbMOH (C), C03,n:alOlI..{H-
MH 3JIeKTPOHHbIH THn 3JIeKTPOnpoBO.ZJ;HMOCTH.
KpeMHH:H HBJIHeTCH OCHOBHbIM MarepHaJIOM MH npOH3BO,ll;CTBa rrOJIyrrpoBO.n:-
HHKOBbIX rrpH60poB: BbIrrpHMHTeJIbHbIX, MOIUHbIX H MaJIOMOIUHbIX 6HnOJIHpHbIX
'TpaH3HCTOpOB, nOJIeBbIX 'TpaH3HCTOpOB H rrpH60poB C 3aPH.ll:OBO:H CBH3bIO. KpeMHM:H
rrpHMeHHIOT TaIOKe AJIH C03)J;aHHH .n:eTeKTopOB H.lI:epHbIX H3JIyq:eHH:H, .n:aT'lHKOB
XOJIJIa Ii TeH3o.n:aT'lHKOB. ,L(ocTaTOqHO 60JIbllIOe 3HaqeHHe llIHpHHbI 3arrpeIUeH-
HO:H 30HbI rr03BOJIHeT KpeMHHeBbIM rrpH60paM pa60TaTb rrpH TeMrrepaTYPax .n:o
180...200°C.
repMaHUU - Ge, XHMH'lecKHii 3JIeMeHT N rpynI1bI nepHO.lUI'leCKOH CHCTe-
MbI3JIeMeHTOB, aToMHbIH HOMep - 32, aTOMHaSI ITJIOTHOCTh - 72,59. Cepo-
379
I;
Ii
,I
Ii
I
II
BaTo-6eJIoe XpynKoe KpHCT8JIJIH'lecKoe BelI.{eCTBO; KpHCT8JIJIH3yeTCJI B K)'6H-
qecKYIO peweTK)' nma aJIMaJa (TIJlOTHOCTh - 5327 Kr/M3, tIIJI = 937,5°C).
KOHI.{emparum HOCHTeJIett TOKa rrpH 25°C paBHa 2' 10 13 CM 3 , WHpHHa 3an-
pelI.{eHHott 30HbI 0,665 3B, Y.LJ:eJIbHoe 3JIeI<:q>HqecKoe conpOnIRJIeHHe MOHO-
KpHCT8JIJIHqeCKoro repMaHIDI paBHa 5,6...6,0 KOM/M.
MeT8JIJIHQecKHtt repMaHlrn: YCTOttQHB Ha B03.LJ:YXe rrpH KOMHamOR TeM-
rrepaTYPe H 6bIC1pO OKHCJISleTCJI rrpH TeMnepaTYPe BbIIlIe KpacHoro KaJIeHiUl
(600...700°C) C 06paJoBaHHeM .LJ:BYOKClf.LJ:a; TBep.LJ:bItt repMaHHR He peampyeT
C aJOTOM, BO.LJ:OPO.LJ:OM; Xlf.LJ:KH:R: repMaHH:R: rrpH TeMrrepaTYPax 1000...1100°C
B3aHMO.LJ:e:R:CTBYeT C BO.LJ:OpO.LJ:OM.
fepMaHldi - BaXHbIH nOJIynpOBO.D:HHKOBbIH MaTepHaJI .ruBI pa3JIHqHbIX
3JIeIcrpOHHbIX npH6opoB (.D:HO,ll;bI, TPaH3HCTOpbI, $OTO.D:HO,ll;bI, $OTope3HcTopbI
H ,lI;p.). H3 Hero H3roTOBJUlIOT JIHH3bI .nJUI HK OnTHKH, $oro.D:HO.D:bI, $orope3H-
CTOpbI, ,lI;03HMeTpbI peHTreHOBCKOH cneIcrpOMeTPHH, rrpe06pa30BaTeJIH 3Hepnm
pWJ:HOaKTHBHoro pacrra,na B 3JIeIcrpHQecKYIO 3HeprHIO H T..D:. HeKOTopble cn.n:aBbJ
repMaHIDI C .D:pymMH XHMHQeCKHMH 3JIeMeHTaMH HBJUlIOTCH cBepxrrpOBO.D:HHKaMH.
o pi! a HUll e c IC U e nOli y n po 8 0 0 H U IC U - TBep.LJ:bIe BelI.{ecTBa, KoropbIe
HMeIOT (JIH60 rrpH06peTaIOT rro.LJ: BJIIDIHHeM BHeWHHX B03.LJ:eRCTBHR) 3JIeK-
1pOHHylO HJIH .LJ:bIPOqH}'lO npoBO.LJ:HMOCTh H rrOJIO:>KHTeJIbHbIR TeMnepaTYP-
HbIR Ko3<l><PHI.{HeHT 3JIeIcrpOnpoBO.LJ:HOCTH. K HHM OTHOCJITCSI opzaHUlleCICue
ICpaCUme/lU, apoMamWleCICue coeouHeHUJI, natlUMepbl C COnpRJlCeHHblMU C8R3JlMU,
HeIComopble npupOOHble nUZMeHmbl (HanpHMep, XJIopo<l>HJIJI), a TaIOKe UOH-pa-
OUICQ/lbHble COIIU. 3nI rrOJIynpoBO.LJ:HHKH cyrn;ecTBYI<>T B Blf.LJ:e MOHOKPHCTaJI-
JIOB, rrOJIHKpHCTa.1IJIOB, aMop<pHbIX nopOIlIKOB HJIH TIJleHOK. I1x Y.LJ:eJIbHoe
3JIeIcrpOCOnpOTHBJIeHHe - 10 18 ...10- 2 OM. CM. Y OpraHHQeCKHX nOJIynpo-
BO.LJ:HHKOB C HH3KOtt 3JIeIcrpOrrpoBO.LJ:HOCTbIO Ha6JIIO.LJ:aeTCSI <pOTOrrpOBO.LJ:H-
MOCTh.
OpraHHQeCKHe nOJIyrrpoBO.D:HHKH HaxO.wrr rrpHMeHeHHe B KaQeCTBe CBeTO-
qyBCTBHTeJIbHbIX MaTepHaJIOB B MHK.p03JIeIcrpOHHKe.
AM 0 P rjJ H bl e nOli y n po 8 0 0 H U IC U - aMoPcPHbIe BelI.{ecTBa, 06JIa,naIO-
II.{He CBORCTBaMH rrOJIynpOBO.LJ:HHKOB. PaJJIHQalOT IC08Q/1eHmHbie aMo/xjJHble
nOllynpo6ooHUICU (Ge H Si, CaAs H .LJ:p. B aMOP<PHOM COCTOSlHHH), XQ/IbK02eHUiJ-
Hble cme1(Jla (HarrpHMep, As31Ge30Se21TeI8)' OKclf.LJ:HbIe CTeKJIa (V20S - P20S)
H .LJ:H3JIeK1pHQeCKHe IIJIeHKH (SiO x ' Al 2 0 3 , SiN 4 H .LJ:p.).
AMop<PHbIe rrOJIynpoBO.LJ:HHKH 06JIa,naIOT PMOM }'HHKaJIbHbIX CBORCTB.
HanpHMep, y HHX JIPKO BblpIDKeH 3<p<peKT 3JIeK1pHQeCKoro rrepeKJIIOQemUl
113 BbICOKOOMHOro COCTOmIIDI B HH3KOOMHoe H 06pamo. 3<l><PeKT n03BO-
JISleT C03.LJ:aBaTh 3JIeMeHThI co BpeMeHeM Cpa6aThIBaHIDI MeHee 10 19 ...10 12 C.
XaJIbKOreHH.nHble CTeKJIa 6.JIaro,ll;apH rrp03paQHOCTH B HH$paKpaCHOH o6JIac-
TH crreIcrpa H BbICOKHM 3HaQeHHHM COnpOTHBJIeHHH H $OTOqyBCTBHTeJIbHOCTH
npHMeHHIOTCH A/UI H3fOTOBJIeHHH 3JIeK.TpO$ororpa$HQeCKHX n.n:aCTHH rrepe,ll;aIO-
II.{HX TeJIeBH3HOHHbIX TPy60K H 3anHCH roJIorpaMM.
380
l '
TJIABA 7
TIJIEHK006PA3Y1OI.I.JJ1E
MATEPHAJIbI
7.1. 06mHe CBe,neHHSI
IlAeHKoo6pa3J'lOlII,ue MamepUll./l.bl - 3TO paCTBOpbI HJIH paCIIJIaBbI nOJIH-
MepOB, a TaIOKe HeOpraHlIqeCKHe Be ecTBa, KOTOpbIe, HaHOCm'CSI Ha KaKYK>-
nH60 nOaepXHOCTh, H nocne TBep,n:eHHSI. o6pa3YIDT npoqHbIe IIJIeHKH, XopoWO
rrpHJIHrralO He K pa3JIHqHbIM MaTepHaJIaM.
B 3aBHCHMocrn OT Ha3HaQeHHSI IIJIeHKOo6pa3yIO He MaTepHaJIbI ,n:eJUlTCSI
H3 K./leJlU{ue, rrpHMeHSIeMbIe MSI CKJIeHKH pa3JIIIQHbIX MaTepHaJIOB, H zepMe-
mUKU, o6eCneQHBaIOIl{He yrrnOTHeHHe H repMern33l(HIO WBOB, CThIKOB, eM-
KocreH H .n:p.
B COCTaB KJIeSlI.I.UIX H repMeTII3HpyIOI.I.UIX M3TepHaJIOB BBO.D:SIT HanOJIHHTeJIH.
Mx npHcyrcTBHe He TOJIbKO CHIDK3eT yca.n;Ky IIJIeHKOo6pa3yIO HX MaTepHa-
JIOB npII rnep,n:eHHH, HO H npH,L(aeT KJIelO HJIH repMernK}' Heo6xo,n:HMyIO
KOHCHCTeHl(IIIO II <l>OPMY (IIJIaCThI, IIJIeHKH HJIH )K!)'TbI), nOBbIwaeT npoQ-
HOCTh COe,lUIHeHHSI II YJIyqwaeT ycnoBHSI TeIIJIOnepe,n:aQII. B KaqeCTBe Ha-
rrOnHIITeJIeH IICnOJIb3yIOT nopOWKH MeTannOB, KOJIJIO anbHbIii OKCH,L(
KpeMHHSI, lIpeBeCHyIO MYKY, creKJIOBOJIOKHO, creKJIOTK3HH II TKaHII H3 CHH-
TernQeCKHX BOJIOKOH. TIpHMeHeHHe TK3HeH n03BOJISleT nOJIyqaTb TOHKHe
KJIeeBbIe IIJIeHKH H3 rnep,n:elO HX nonHMepoB.
7.2. KrreSlmHe MaTepU3JIbi
CKlleU6aHue - MeTO,n: nOJIyqeHHSI Hep33'beMHOrO coe,n:HHeHHSI ,n:eTaJIeH
rrpII nOMO H a,u:re3HOHHoro B33HMo,n:eiicTBHSI KJIeSl ero MaTepHaJIa C no,n:-
JIO)l(l(OH C nocne,n:yIO IIM TBep,n:eHHeM KJIeeBOH npocnoHKH.
AnSI xopowero a,u:re3HOHHoro B33HMo,n:eiicTBHSI Heo6xoJUfMO o6ecneQIITh
KOHTaKT rro,lL1IO.>KKH H KJIeSl Ha MOJIeK}'JUlpHOM ypOBHe. )];mI 3TOro HyxHO,
QT06bI KJIeH 6bVI )lQf)l:KHM H CMaQIIBaJI no,lL1Io>KK}', 3 Ha nOBepXHocrn CKJIeH-
B3HHSI He 6bUIO 33rpSl3HeHHSI (OKCH,L(OB, IIJIeHOK H ,n:p.).
K.JIeeBbIe coelIHHeHHH no cpaBHeHHIO c lIpyrHMH BH.lI.aMH Hepa3'beMHbIX co-
elIHHeHHH (3aKJIenOQHbIMH, CBapHbIMH H ,lI;p.) HMelOT PH.D: npeHMYJII;eCTB:
381
. B03MO>KHOCTb COe,lU1HeHlUI pa3Jm:qHbIX MaTepHaJIOB (MeTaJIJIOB H CIIJIaBOB,
IIJIaCTMaCC, CTeKOJl, KepaMHKH H ,lI:p.) KaK Me:>I\L{Y C060H, TaK H B pa3JmqHbIX 00-
qeTaHHRX;
. aTMOCcpepOCTOHKOCTb H CTOHKOCTb K KOppo3HH KJIeeBoro lima;
. repMeTHQHOCTb coe,lU1HeHH ;
. B03MO:>KHOCTb ooe,lU1HeHH5I TOHKHX MaTepHaJIOB;
. CHIDKeHHe CTOHMOCTH npOH3BO,ll:CTBa;
. 3KOHOMH5I MaCCbI H 3HaQHTeJlbHoe ynpOIl(eHHe TeXHOJlOrHH H3roTOBJIeHH5I
H3,lI:eJlHH.
HalI60Jlee 3<1><I>eKTIlBHO KJIeeBbIe coe,n:IIHeHHSI pa60TalOT Ha c,n:BIIr.
He,n:OCTaTKaMII KlIeeBblX coe,n:IIHeHl1ll SlBJlSlIOTCSI OTHOCIITeJlbHO HII3KaH
,lL1IHTeJIbHaSI TeruIOcTOllKOCTb (,n:o 350"C); HeBbICOKaH npOqHOCTb CKJIeIIBa-
HHSI nplI HepaBHOMepHOM O'lpbme; Heo6xo,n:IIMOCTb, KaK npaBlIJIO, no,n:orpeBa
nplI npOBe,n:eHIIII CKlIeIIBaHHSI; CKJIOHHOCTb K CTapeHIIIO; TOKClIqHOCTb.
B COCTaB KlIe5I IIX MaTeplIaJlOB BXOMT CJle,n:yIO He KOMnOHeHTbI:
. WleHKOo6pa3)llOw.ee 6ew.ecm60 (B OCHOBHOM TepMOpeaKTIIBHbIe CMOJlbI,
KayqyKH) , KOTOpoe onpe,n:eJISIeT a,n:re3IIOHHbIe CBOllCTBa II OCHOBHbIe <l>1I3II-
KO-MeXaHlIqeCKlIe xapaKTepHCTHKlI;
. pacm60pUmeJlU (cnIIpTbI, 6eH3HH II ,n:p.), C03lIalOIl{lIe onpe,n:eJleHHyIO
BSl3KOCTb;
. WlacmurjJUKamopbl ,lL1ISI ycrpaHeHHSI YCa,n:OqHbIX SlBJleHlIll B TIJIeHKe II
nOBbIllIeHHSI 3J1aCTWIHOCTII;
. om6epaUmeJlU II Kam(JJlU3amopbl.,lL1ISI rrepeBO,n:a TIJIeHKOo6pa3yIOIl{erO Be-
Il{eCTBa B TepMOCTa6MJIbHOe COCTOSlHHe;
. HanOJlHUmeJlU B Bl1,L(e MIIHepaJIbHbIX nopolliKOB, nOBbIllialOIl(lfX npoq-
HOCTb coe,n:IIHeHHSI II )'MeHbllIalOIl(lfX yca,n:KY TIJIeHKlI;
. uHzu6umopbl 11 3aMeaJlUmeJlU - ,lL1ISI npe,n:OTBpaIJJ;eHHSI He}l(eJlaTeJIbHOrO
3aTBep,n:eBaHHSI KlIeSi nplI xpaHeHIIII.
,LLrrSi nOBbIllIeHHSI TepMOCTOllKOCTH BBO,n:SlT nopOllIKlI AI, AI 2 0 3 , Si0 2 ,
,n:illI nOBbIllIeHIISi TOKonpOBo,n:IIMOCTII - cepe6po, Me,n:b, HIIKeJlb, rpa<l>HT.
BbICOKOHanOJlHeHHbIe KlIeeBble COCTaBbI Ha3bIBalOT MaCmUKaMU.
OCHOBHbIe nO'lpe6HTeJlbCKlIe CBOllCTBa KlIeSi - 6R3Kocmb, MexaHUfteCKaJl
npOftHOCmb, 6000cmOUKocmb, XUMUfteCKaJl npOftHOCmb, JlCU3HeCnoco6HOCmb, zo-
plOfteCmb, mOKCUftHOCmb, 63pbI600naCHocmb.
B5I3KOCTb KJIe51 (pa6o ' taJl lCOHcucmeHlI,UJl) onpe,ll:eJl5leT npOQHOCTb KJIeeBoro
COe,lU1HeHH5I H 3HaQHTeJlbHO BJIH eT Ha Y,lI:06cTBO pa60TbI C HHM. B5I3KOCTb ,lI:OJI-
:>KHa 06eCneQHTb npOTeKaHHe KJIe51 B HepoBHOCTH H nopbl npHKJIeHBaeMoro Ma-
TepHaJIa, HO TaKHM 06pa30M, QT06bI' ero 3HaQHTeJlbHCUI QacTb OCTaJIaCb Me:>I\L{Y
CKJIeHBaeMbIMH nOBepXHOCT5IMH.
IIpoQHOCTb KJIe5lIl(eH IIJIeHKH ,lI:omlrna 6bITb 6J1H3Ka K npoQHOCTH CKJIeHBae-
MbIX MaTepHaJIOB, TaK KaK TOJlbKO BbITIOJlHeHHe 3TOro YCJlOBH 06ecneQIIT pa3-
pyrneHHe no O,ll:HOMY H3 CKJIeHBaeMbIX MaTepHaJIOB, a He no KJIeeBOMY CJlOIO.
382
;"
o.I .
)[(U3l1ecnoc06110cmb K./lefl - BpeM , B Teqemle KOTOpOro KJIeH, nO.rryqeHHbIH
CMellIeHHeM OT.l(eJlbHbIX ynaKoBOK HenOCpe.l(CTBeHHO nepe.l( npHMeHeHHeM, npH-
rO.l(eH .l(JI HaHeCeHH H CKJIeHBaHH C 3MaHHbIMH KaqeCTBeHHbIMH nOKa3aTe-
JI MH. ,[(lHl OpraHHqeCKHX KJIeeB }KH3HeCnoco6HOCTb B 3HaqHTeJlbHOH CTeneHH
onpe.l(eJl5leTC5I HX 6HOJlOrHQeCKOH CTOHKOCTblO.
AnSI KJIeeB H3 CHHTeTHqeCKHX (nOJlH3qmpHbIx, 3nOKCH,L(HbIX, <l>eHOJlO-
<l>opM3JlbJ(erH,L(HbIX CMOn H J(p.) nOJIHMepOB XapaKTepHbI BbICOKaSi npOq-
HOCTb CKlIeHBaHHSI H CTOllKOCTb B pa3nIIqHbIX cpeJ(ax. KneH H3 npHpOJ(HbIX
nOAUMepoe (HanpHMep, KpaxMaJIa) OTnHqaIOTCSI HeBbICOKOll YCTOllqHBOCTbIO
K lIellCTBHIO BOlIbI H MHKpOOpraHII3MOB.
CMo.tlJlHble K.IIeu MOryr 6bITb TepMOpeaKTHBHbIMH H TepMOnnaCTIIqHbIMH.
OHH 3aTBeplIeBaIOT B npHcyrCTBHII KaT3JlII3aTOpOB II OTBeplIlITeJIell npII
HOpMaJIbHOll H nOBbIWeHHOll TeMnepaTypaX. TIpII rOpSl'-leM CKlIeHBaHHII
npOHCxOlIIIT 60nee nOnHOe TBeplIeHHe CMO]JbI H KJIeeBOe coelIHHeHHe npH-
06peTaeT npOqHOCTb II TennOCTOllKOCTb. TennOCTOllKOCTb nOBbIWaIOT TaIOKe
BBelIeHHeM MHHepaJIbHbIX HanOJIHlITeJIell.
CMOnSlHbIe KlIeH Ha OCHOBe TepMOpeaKTIIBHbIX (<I>eHono<l>opM3JlbJ(ern,n:-
HbIX, KpeMHHllOpraHHqeCKMX, 3nOKCH,L(HbIX, nOJIl1)'pe'faHOBbIX H J(p.) CMOJI
lIaIOT npoqHbIe TennOCTOllKMe nneHKH, npHMeHSIeMbIe )J;illI CKJIeHBaHHSI CH-
nOBbIX KOHCTP Hll 1'13 MeTaJIJIOB 1'1 HeMeTaJIJIHqeCKMX MaTepHaJIOB. TaK, B
cnyqae Heo6xolIHMOCTII CKlIeHBaHHSI TennOCTOllKMX pe3HH Ha OCHOBe KpeM-
HHllOpraHlIqeCKOrO KayqyKa npHMeHSlIOT KJIeH Ha OCHOBe KpeMHHllOpraHH-
qeCKMX CMOJI (KlIeH KT-15, KT-30, MAC-IB). KneeBbIe COelIHHeHHSI MOryr
pa60TaTb npH TeMnepaTYPaX 60...300"c.
CMOillIHbIe KJIeH Ha OCHOBe TepMOnnaCTHqHbIX CMOJI (nOJlHBHHRJIaI(eTa-
'fa, aKpRJIaTOB 1'1 lIP.) IIMeIOT HeBbICOKMe npOqHOCTHble XapaKTepHCTIIKH,
OCOOeHHO npH HarpeBe, H npIIMeHSlIOTCSI ,WISI HeCRJIOBbIX COelIHHeHHll He-
MeTaJIJIlIqeCKMX MaTepHaJIOB.
(/) 0 P M a 11 b 0 e 2 U 011 bl e K 11 e U .l(eJlmc Ha .l(Be rpynnbI: lIeMoouqJUu,up06all-
IIble H MOOUQJUu,up06allllble. HeMO.l(HcpH HpOBaHHble cpopMaJIb.l(erH)J.Hble KJIeH
(BI1AM B-3, BMAM <1>-9, UHI1I1MO,[(-1, I1HI1I1IIC-2 H .l(p.) npe.l(CTaBJI5lIOT'
C060H KOMn03H HH H3 pe30JlOB H OTBep.l(HTeJleH. TBep.l(eIOT npH HOpMaJIbHOH
TeMnepaT)'pe, a ee nOBbIllIeHHe YCKop eT CKJIeHBaHHe. IIpHMeIDIIOTC5l.l(Jl CKJIeH-
BaRM5I .l(peBeCHHbI, .l(peBeCHbIX nJlaCTHKOB, cpaHepbI. 06Il(HH He.l(OCTaTOK 3THX
KJIeeB - rH)J.pOJlH3yIOIl(ee neHcTBHe Ha eJIJIIOJl03Y .l(peBeCHHbI H .l(pyrnx MaTe-
pHaJIOB, npHBO.l( Il(ee K YCKOpeHHIO CTapeHH .
(/) e 11 011 K P eM 11 U it 0 P 2 a 11 U 'ie C K U e K 11 e U CO.l(ep}KaT B KaqeCTBe Ha-
nOJlHHTeJleH ac6eCT, aJIlOMHHHeBbIH nopOlliOK H .l(p. KneH 5IBJI IOTC TepMO- H
BO.l(OCTOHKHMH, 06J1MaIOT .l(JIHTeJlbHOH npOqHOCTblO H BH6poCTOHKOCTblO. KJIeH
KK-18M npHMeH eTC5I .l(JI5I CKJIeHBaHH HHCTPYMeHTOB H n03BOJl5leT yJ3eJlHQHTb
HX CTOHKOCTb B 1,5...4 pa3a.
K1Ieu lIa OC1I06e 3nOKCU01lbiX CM01l .l(eJl5lTC5I Ha .l(Be rpynnbI: XO-
110011020 (JI-4, BK-9, 3IIO H .l(p.) H 20pfllle20 (BK-32-3M, K-153, <1>JI-4C, BK-1
383
il
;!
I
I
i
!
H ,lI;p.) m6epiJeHUJI. TBep.n;eHHe KJIeeB npOHCXO.n;HT C nOMOIl{blO OTBep.n;HTeJIeH 6e3
BbJ,l:(eJIeHHH n060qHbIX npO.n;YKTOB, 'frO nOqTH He .n;aeT YCa,n:OqHbIX SIBJIeHHH B
KJIeeBOH IIJIeHKe. 3nOKCH.ZJ.Hble KJIeH 6JIaro.n;apH nOJISIpHOCTH 06JIa,n:aIOT BbICOKOH
a,n:re3HeH KO BceM MaTepHaJIaM. ,[(JIH HHX xapaKTepHbI XOpOllIasI MeXaHHqeCKasI
npOqHOCTb, aTMOCcPepoCTOHKOCTb, YCTOH1IHBOCTb K' TOIIJIHBY H MHHepaJIbHbIM
MaCJIaM, BbICOKHe .n;H3JIeK'l'pWIeCKHe CBOHCTBa. KJIeH ropSI'Iero TBep.n;eHHSI HBJlH-
lOTCH KOHC'l'pYKUHOHHbIMH, HX npHMeHSIIOT ,l{JISi CKJIeHBaHHSI MeTaJIJIOB, cPePPH-
TOB, KepaMHKH, CTeKJIOnJIacTHKOB. 3nOKCH.11HO-KpeMHHHOpraHHqeCKHe KJIeH
TKM-75, T-73 HCnOJIb3YI<>TCH ,l{JIH npHKJIeHBaHHSI peJKyIIlHX qaCTeH npH H3ro-
TOBJIemm HHC'l'pYMeHTOB.
TepMocmOUKue K1IeU nOJIyqalOTcH Ha OCHOBe apOMaTHqeCKHX nOJIH-
MepOB, co.n;epXaIl{HX reTepOUHKJIbI (noJIH6eH3HMH.11a30JIOB, nOJIHHMH.110B), H
Kap60paHco.n;epxaIl{HX nOJIHMepoB. Kap60paHbI npe.n;CTaBJIHIOT C060H 6opopra-
HHqeCKHe coe.n;HHeHHH, HMelOIlU'Ie 06JUY1O <l>OPMYJIY B n C 2 H n + 2 , no CBOHCTBaM
OHH 6JIH3KH K apOMarnqeCKHM nOJIHMepaM. B HaCTOHIl{ee BpeMH C03.ll:aHbI Kap-
6opaHco.n;epxaIl{He cPeHOJIbHble, 3nOKCH.ZJ.HbIe, KpeMHHHOpraHHqeCKHe H .n;pyrne
KJIeH.
P e 3 u H 0 6 bl e K 11 e u npe.n;CTaBJISIIOT C060H paCTBopbI KayqyKa B opraHWle-
CKHX paCTBOpHTeJISIX. B COCTaB KJIeeB ropSI'IeH BYJIKaHH3al.{HH (l40...150°C) BXO-
.n;HT BY1IKaHU3yio14uu azeHm. npH BBe.n;eHHH B COCTaB KJIeeBOH KOMn03HI.{HH aI{-
THBaTopoB H YCKOpHTeJIeH nOJIyqalOT CaM06Y1lKaHU3)lI014uUCJl K./Ieu, BYJIKaHH3al.{HH
B KOTOpOM npOTeKaeT npH HOpMaJIbHOH TeMnepaT)'pe. Coe.n;HHeHHH nOJIyqalOTcSI
.n;OCTaTOqHO npo'IHbIe; OHH OTJIH'iaIOTCH BbICOKHMH 3JIacrnqHOCTbIO H CTOHKOCTblO
K .n;eHCTBHIO MaCeJI H TOnJIHB. Pe3HHOBble KJIeH npHMeIDIIOTCH ,l{JIH CKJIeHBaHHSI
pe3HHbI C pe3HHOH HJIH pe3HHbI C MeTaJIJIOM, CTeKJIOM H .n;p. PacnpOC'l'paHeHHbIM
KOHcPeKUHOHHbIM (T.e. He ,l{JISi npOMbIllIJIeHHOCTH, a ,l{JIH npo.n;a)f(l1 llIHpoKHM
CJIOHM HaCeJIeHHH) pe3HHOBbIM KJIeeM HBJIHeTCH paCTBOp HaT)'paJIbHoro Kayq}'Ka
B 6eH3HHe (fOCT 2199-78).
He 0 p z a H U It e C K U e K/l e u rrpe,lJ.CTaBJlSlIOT C060M KOHu:eH'IpMPOBaHHbIe
BO,lJ.Hble paCTBOpbI HeOpraHIIQeCKI1X rrOJUIMepOB B Bl1,L(e TBep,lJ.bIX nopOWKOB,
KOTopbIe CHaQarra IIJIaBHTCSI, a rrOTOM 3aTBep,lJ.eBalOT, H ,lJ.HCnepCHOHHbIX
cMeceif, KOTopbIe 3aTBep,lJ.eBalOT IDIH rrpH BbICbIxaHHII, IDIH BCJIe,lJ.CTBHe
XHMHQeCKOrO B3aHMO,lJ.eifcTBIDI. HeOpraHHQeCKI1e KJIeH SlBJISIIOTCSI BbICOKO-
TeMrrepa1)'PHbIMH. HaH60JIbWee pacnpOC'l'paHeHHe rrOJIyqRJIH ljJocljJamHble,
KepaMUlteCKUe H CUJlUKamHble KJleu.
(/) 0 C rjJ a m H bl e K 11 e U HBJlSIIOTCH paCTBopaMH <l>oc<l>aTOB. 3TH KJIeH MOryr
H3I'OTOBJIHTbCH C HHepTHbIMH HJIH aKTHBHbIMH HanOJIHHTeJIHMH. TeMnepaT)'pa
TBep,ll;eHHH 20...250°C. OrneynopHOCTb - l000...1800°C. 3TH KJIeH B0.110- H KHC-
JIOTOCTOHKH. OHH npHMeIDIIOTCH,l{JIH CKJIeHBaHHH pa3JIHqHbIX MeTaJIJIOB, rpa<l>H-
Ta H .n;p. TepMo06pa60TKa <l>oc<l>aTHblx KJIeeB C aKTHBHbIMH HanOJIHHTeJIHMH
(HanpHMep, KJIeH Act>C C HanOJIHHTeJISlMH zr0 2 H Ti) MoxeT cy:Il(eCTBeHHO (no
250 Mna) nOBbIllIaTb npe.n;eJI npOqHOCTH npH cxaTHH.
K e paM U I{ e C K U e K 11 e U (rjJ p U m m bl) HBJlHIOTCSJ TOHKHMH cycneH3HHMH
OKCH.ZJ.Op Il{eJIOqHbIX MeTaJIlIOB (MgO, AI 2 0 3 , Si0 2 H .n;p.) B BO.11e. TaKHe KJIeH
nOCJIe HaHeceHHH no.n;CyuIHBaIOTCH, 3aTeM npH He60JIbllIOM .n;aBJIeHHH Harpe-
384
,
I
Ji:
BaIOTCH 11.0 TeMnepaTYPbI IUIaBJIeHIDI KOMnOHeHTOB H BbJ,l:(ep:XGlBaIOTCH B Teqe-
HHe 15...20 MHH. npOqHOCTb coeJJ.HHeHHH coxpaHHeTCH npH TeMnepaTypax
5oo...1000.C.
CUll U Kamn ble Klleu (JlCui}Koe cmeKllo) MO:ryr H3roTOBIDlTbCH C pa3-
nH'lHbIMH HanOnHHTellilMH. TBepJJ.eHHe npOHCXOJJ.HT npH 120.C 3a 1...2 q. OHH
npeJJ.Ha3HaqeHbI JJ.JIH CKJIeHBaHHH pa3HOpOJJ.HbIX Mm'epHanoB (MeTannoB, CTeKJIa,
KepaMHKH, ac6ecTa, CTeKJIa C MeTannoM). npOqHOCTb coeJJ.HHeHIDI MeTannOB:
<:rex: = 455...1100 Mna, <:r B = 50...150 Mna. npH BBeJJ.eHHH yrnepOJJ.HCTOro BonOK-
Ha O'H3r = 500 Mna.
KneH KJIaCcHqmU:Hp}'IOT no PMY rrpH3HaKoB:
. npupooe 1lJleHKOo6pa3YIOU{ezo 6eU{ecm6a (Ha1)'PaJIbHbIe, B TOM qHCJIe,
>KHBOTHbIe, paCTIlTeJIbHbIe H MHHepaJIbHbIe, H CHHTe1WIeCKHe Be eCTBa);
. aOze3UOHHblM C60UCm6aM (}'HHBepCaJIbHbIe, CKlIeHBaIOIlU'Ie pa3JmqHbIe
MaTepHaJIbI, H C H:IDHpaTeJIbHOH a,nre3HeH);
. YC/1.06UJIM meepOeHUJI (XOJIO,lJ.Hoe H ropjlqee TBep,lJ.eHHe, BO,lJ.OTBep,lJ.elO-
He H }'HHBepCaJIbHO-TBep,lJ.elO He KJIeH);
. 6b1nYCKHOU ljJopMe (TBep.ZJ.bIe, rracTOO6pa3HbIe, XIf,.lU(He);
. oeljJopMamU6Hocmu K.Ilee60Z0 coeOUHeHUJI ()I(eCTKHe H 3JIaC1WIHbIe CO-
e,lJ.HHeHHSI);
. omHOUlenulO K Hazpe6Y (TepMOIIJIaCTIlqHbIe H TepMOpeaKTIIBHbIe);
. }KH3HeCrroco6HOCTII KJIeeBoro MaTepHaJIa;
. YC/1.06UJIM 3KC1lJlyamal.{UU K.Ilee60Z0 cOeOuHeHUJI (o6 ero Ha3HaqeHHSI,
BbICOKorrpoqHbIe, BO,lJ.OCTOHKHe, KOpp03HOHHOCTOHKlIe, MaCJIO-, 6eH3HHO- H
paCTBOpIITeJIecTOHKlIe, CBeTOCTOHKlIe, TeMrrepa1)'pOCTOHKlIe, 3JIeK'l'pO- H Terr-
JIOrrpOBO,lJ.HbIe, 3JIe:KTpOH30JIjlIJ;HOHHbIe, BaKyyM-IIJIOTHbIe, OTITWIeCKH rrpo-
3paQHbIe H ,lJ.p. crreIJ;HaJIbHOrO Ha3HaQeHIDI).
qa e BCero HCrrOJIb3}'IOT KJIaCcH<I>HKaIJ;HIO rro rrplIpO,lJ.e. IIJIeHKOo6pa3yIO-
ero Be eCTBa.
KneH BbIrryCKaIOTCjI B TBep,lJ.OM (IIJIeHKH, rropollIKH; rrpyrKH), rracTOO6-
pa3HOM H )lOf,lJ.KOM (paCTBopbI, 3MYJIbCHH) BH.nax. TBep,lJ.bIe KlIeH rrepe,lJ.
yrrmpe6JIeHHeM paCIIJIaBJISlIOT KJIH HaHOC$IT Ha HarpeTbIe rrOBepXHOCTII.
7.3. fepMeTHKH
TepMe1lUlKll (zepMemU3upYIOU{ue COCma6b1) - MaTepHaJIbI H H3,lJ.eJIHSI, rrpH-
MeHSIeMbIe .D.JUI yruIOTHeHHSI H repMeTIl38.IJ;IDI KJIerraHbIX, CBapHbIX H 6oJITO-
BbIX coe,lJ.IIHeHHH, TOIIJIHBHbIX OTCeKOB H 6axOB, pa3JIWIHbIX MeTaJIJIWIeCIGIX
KOHC1p}'KIJ;HH, CThIKOBbIX corrpIDKeHHH C1pOlITeJIbHbIX ,lJ.eTaJIeH H KOHC1pYK-
L(MH H ,lJ.p. OCHOBHbIe -rpe60BaHHSI K repMeTIlKaM: BbICOKaSl a,nre3HS1 K MaTe-
pHaJIaM, 3JIaCTIlQHOCTh H HerrpOHHIJ;aeMOCTh .D.JUI pa3JIWIHbIX cpe,lJ., TeIIJIO- H
MOp030CT0HKOCTh, BbICOKaSl XHMHQecKaSI YCTOHQHBOCTh.
fepMeTIlKH KJIaCcH<I>HIJ;HPyIOT no cocma6Y (KaY"lYK06b1e, CMOIlJlHble H Kay-
ItYKOBO-CMoIlJlHble) H Ha3HalteHUIO (o6U{ezo, H cnel.{UllJlbHOZO Ha3HalteHUJI).
385
K HalI60JIee pacnpOC'TpaHeHHbIM Kayq}'KOBbIM repMeTIIKaM OTHOCSlTCSI
mUOKOJl06ble, KOTOpbIe nOJIyqalOT Ha OCHOBe nOJIIICYJIb<pI1,lI.HOrO KayqyKa.
Cepa, BXOMrn:aSI B COCTaB OCHOBHOH MOJIeKYJISIpHOH IJ;enlI, c006rn:aeT llJIeH-
Ke BbICOK)'lO ra30- H napOHenpoHIIIJ;aeMOCTb. Y HIIX BbICOKaSI a,l(re3HS1 K Me-
TaJIJIaM, ,D:peBeCIIHe, 6eTOHY. OHII CTOHKlI K TOllJIlIBY II MaCJIaM. IIpOMbIIlI-
JIeHHOCTblO BbInycKalOTcSI TIIOKOJIOBbIe repMeTIIKlI Y-30M II YT-31. CPOK
CJI}')K6bI 3THX repMeTIIKOB 25 JIeT. TaKlIe repMeTIIKlI nplIMeHSlIOT B aBlIaU:lI-
OHHOH II aBTOM06MJIbHOH npoMbIIIIJIeHHOCTII, B cy)J.OC'TpoeHIIH, .lJ:lliI C'TpOII-
TeJIbHOH TeXHIIKlI.
K CMOJISlHbIM repMeTIIKaM OTHOCSlTCSI aHa3po6Hble, KPeMHUuopzaHUfteCKUe,
3noKcuoHble II ,D:p.
AHa3po6HbIe repMeTIIKlI (aHamepM, YHuzepM) nOJIyqalOT Ha OCHOIre no-
JIHaKpMJIaTOB. 3TlI repMeTIIKlI nplI 3aTBep,D:eBaHIIII He ,D:alOT YCa,JJ;KlI II He
'Tpe6yIOT 60JIbllIlIX ,D:aBJIeHIIH. IIrreHKa repMeTIIKOB CTOHKa K BlI6pawrn H
Y,D:apaM, OHH MOryr pa60TaTb B arpeCCHBHbIX cpe,D:ax, npII BbICOKlIX ,D:aBJIe-
HHSlX, lIJIIITeJIbHO npH TeMnepaTYPax -200...+200°C, KpaTKOBpeMeHHO ,D:O
TeMnepaTYPbI 300°C. IIpoqHOCTb COe,D:HHeHHSI npH C,D:BHre B CJIyqae HCnOJIb-
30BaHHSI aHaTepMa 6...17,5 Mlla. AHa3p06HbIe repMeTIIKlI npHMeHSIIOTCSI
lIJISi repMeTII3aIJ;HH MHKpO,D:e<l>eKTOB B CBapHbIX COe,D:HHeHHSlX, OTJIHBKaX,
IlITaMnOBaHHbIX ,D:eTaJISlX, .lJ:lliI KOH'TpOBKlI 60JITOB, pe3b60BbIXcOe,D:HHeHHH,
. repMeTII3amIH 'Tpy6onpOBO,D:OB H ,D:p.
KpeMHHHOpraHHqeCKHe repMeTIIKlI (6uKcuHm, 3JlaCmOCUJl) OTJIWIalOTCSI
nOBbIllIeHHOH TellJIOCTOHKOCTbIO. TaK, BHKCHHT npHMeHSleTCSI .lJ:lliI nOBepx-
HOCTHOH repMeTII3amIH MeTaJUmqeCKMX cOe,D:HHeHIIH, B 3JIeKTPO-, pa,l(HOan-
napaTYPe, .lJ:lliI BHyrpHllIOBHbIX KJIenaHbIX H CBapHbIX cOe,lnmeHHH; MO}l(eT
pa60TaTb npH TeMnepaTypax -6...+200°C; 06JIa,l(aeT ,D:II3JIeK'TpHqeCKlIMII
CBOHCTBaMH.
3nOKCI1,lI.HbIe . repMeTIIKlI XOpOlliO pa6OTaIOT npH BH6paU:HoHHbIX H Y,D:ap-
HbIX HarpY3Kax, B YCJIOBHSlX 'TpOnWIecKoH BJlIDKHOCTII. OHH MOryr 6bITb xo-
JIO,D:Horo II ropmero TBep,D:eHHSI. fepMeTIIKH XOJIO,D:HOrO TBep,D:eHHSI cnoc06HbI
,lL1IIITeJIbHO pa60 aTb npH TeMnepaTYPax OT -60 ,D:O +75°C, a ropSlqero - OT
-60 ,D:O + 140°C. 3nOKCI1,lI.HbIe repMeTIIKlI npHMeHSIIOTcSI .lJ:lliI repMeTII3aUillI
MeTaJIJIHqeCKlIX H CTeKJIOllJIaCTIIKOBbIX H3,D:eJIHH. fepMeTIIK YII-5-122AT
CToeK K TOllJIHBY II MaCJIaM, YII-6-103 HCnOJIb3yeTcSI B llIaxTHOH arrnapaTY-
pe, YII-5-105-2 - B 3JIeKTPOpa,l(HOTeXHlIqeCKlIX H3,D:eJIHSlX.
K rpynne KayqyKOBO-CMOIDIHbIX repMeTIIKOB OTHOCWfCSI, HanpHMep, rjJmop-
KayttYK06ble zepMemUKU, OCHOBOH KOTOpbIX CJI}')KaT HH3KO- H Cpe,D:HeMOJIeKY-
JISlpHbIe KayqyKH (<1>-4)];, CK<1>-26 H ,D:p.). Y HIIX HCKJIlOqHTeJIbHO BbICOKlIe
repMeTII3HpyIOrn:He CBOHCTBa, a TaIOKe KlICJIOTO-, MaCJIO-, TOllJIHOO-, TellJIO-
II napocTOHKOCTb. ,[LrIIITeJIbHO OHH MOryr pa60TaTb npH TeMrrepaTYPe 250°C,
a 100...200 q - rrpH TeMnepaTYPe 300°C. 3TII repMeTIIKlI HerOplOqlI. He,D:o-
CTaTKaMH <l>TOpKayq}'KOBbIX repMeTIIKOB SlBJISIIOTCSI HH3KaSi llJIaCTWIHOCTb,
, \ 386
\,
HeBbICOKMe MOp030CTOMKOCTh (-22°C) H CTOMKOCTh npOTIIB 60nbillHHCTBa
TOpM03HbIX )lQf)l:KOCTeM. OCHoBHoe npHMeHeHIIe 3m repMemKM HaXOMT B
aBTOM06RJIbHOM II aBIIaU:IIOHHOM npOMbIIllJIeHHocm.
B 3aBHCHMocm OT COCTOSIHIDI., B KOTOpOM repMem3IIPYIDI.U:IIe MaTepHa-
JIbI BBO,n:SlT B illOB, OHII no,n:pa3,n:eJISIIOTCSI Ha MacmUttHble, nOi!OHa:JICHble (3JIaC-
1WIHbIe npoKJIaJIKM) H OK.lleettHble (JIeHTbI) i!epMemUlW.
MaCnlqHbIe repMeTHKM ,lJ,emITC5I Ha TpH rpynnbI. K nepBOM rpynne OTHOC5IT-
C5I nOJlHMepHbIe HeTBep,lJ,elOll(He MaCTHKM Ha OCHOBe nOJlHH306yrnJleHa. OHH
pa60TalOT B KOHCTpyJ<ll.HH B TOM COCTOmIHH, B KaKOM YJlO)KeHbI B Hee. Ko BTO-
pOM rpynne OTHOC5ITC5I ::maCTOMepbI XOJlO,lJ,HOro TBep,lJ,eHH - THOKOJlOBbIe, 6y-
TIUIKayqyKOBbIe, CHJlHKOHOBbIe, KOTopbIe nocJle BBe,lJ,eHH5I B CTbIK B nacToo6pa3-
HOM COCTO HHH no,lJ, BJIH5IHHeM BYJlKaHH3HpyIOll(HX ,lJ,06aBOK npH TeMnepaTYPe
oKPY)KaIOILteM Cpe,lJ,bI nepeXO,lJ, T B 3J1aCTHQHOe pe3HHOnO,lJ,06HOe COCTO HHe.
B TpeTblO BXO,lJ,51T 6UTYMHo-nOJlHMepHbIe repMeTHKM, npHMeIDIeMbIe B ropH'IeM
BH,lJ,e.
IloroHIDKHbIe repMeTHKM - nopHCTbIe HJlH nYCTOTeJlbIe 3J1eMeHTbI, BbITIOJl-
HeHHbIe B BH,lJ,e )KJyfOB pa3JIH'llioro nOnepeQHoro CeQeHH5I H3 pa3JIHQHbIX pe3H-
HOBbIX CMeceM (nop0U30/l, zepHum H ,lJ,p.). MCnOJlb30BaHHe 3THX repMeTHKOB 3$-
$eKTHBHO npH onpe,lJ,eJleHHOM (He MeHee 30...50% ,lJ,HaMeTpa) 06)KaTHH HX B
CTbIKaX.
OKJIeeQHbIe (PYJlOHHbIe) repMeTHKM npe,lJ,CTaBJI IOT C060M nOJlOCbI H3 CTeK-
JlOTKaHH C HaHeceHHbIM Ha HHX repMeTH3HpyIOll(HM CJIOeM MaCTHKM.
K rpynne repMeTIIKOB cneU:HaJIbHoro Ha3HaqeHHSl OTHOCSlTCSI KOMnayniJbl -
nOJIIIMepHbIe KOMn03IIU:IIII Ha OCHOBe pa3nIIQHbIX nOJIIIMepOB lUIII MOHOMe-
poB, npe.n.Ha3HaQeHHbIe )lJISi 3aJIHBKM lUIH npOnHTKM TOKonpOBOMI.U:1IX cxeM
H .n.eTaJIeM C u:enblO IIX H30llilU:HII B 3JIeKTPO- II pa,n:Hoann_apaTYPe. KOMna-
YH.D.bI He co.n.ep)KaT paCTBOpHTeJIeM. OHH MOryr 6bITh TepMOpeaKTHBHbIMII
(Ha OCHOBe 3nOKCI1,L(HbIX, nOJIH3<lmpHbIX H .n.pyrHX CMOJI) H TepMOllJIaCTWI-
HbIMH (Ha OCHOBe 6HT}'MOB, BOcKoo6pa3HbIX ,n:H3JIeK'l'pHKOB II TepMOllJIaC-
mQHbIX nOJIHMepOB - nOJIHCmpOna, nOJIHH306ymneHa H .n.p.). HaM6oJIb-
meM HarpeBOcTOMKoCTblO 06JIa,n:a1OT 3nOKCI1,L(HbIe M KpeMHHMOpraHlNeCKMe
KOMnaYH.D.bI.
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7.4.1. 06UU1e CBe.n.eHHSI
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HOCHMbIe Ha nOBepXHOCTb KOHC'I'p}'Kll:HII TOHKMM cnoeM (60...600 MKM), KO-
TOpbIM Qepe3 HeKOTOpoe BpeMSl TBep,n:eeT H o6pa3yeT llJIeHKY, llJIOTHO cu:en-
JISlIOIIIyIOCSI C OCHOBaHIIeM. OCHOBHbIMH KOMnOHeHTaMH JIaKOKpaCOQHbIX
MaTepHaJIOB SlBJISIIOTCSI nUi!MeHmbl, HanOIlHumellU II nJleHK006pa3)llOU{ue eeU{e-
cmea.
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. 387
llUZMeHm iJAR /lalCOlCpaCO'tllbIX MamepUO/I06 - BemeCTBO B BH,l:{e MeJIKOnMCnepC-
HhIX 1:laCTMU, npaKTM1:leCKM HepaCfBOpMMOe B JIaKOKpaC01:lHOH Cpene, KOTOpOe
MCnOJIb3yeTcH 6JIafOnapH CBOMM OnTM1:leCKMM, 3aI.I.U1THbIM RJIM neKOpaTMBHbIM
CBOHCTBaM. IlMfMeHTbI onpeneJIHIOT He TOJIbKO uBeT, HO M TeXHOJIOm1:lHOCTh
(HanpMMep, YCMKY) M nOJIroBe1:lHOCTb JIaKOKPac01:lHOro nOKPbITMH.
JIa1COlCpaCO'tHOfl cpeiJa - COBOKYnHOCTh KOMnOHeHTOB, COCTaBJUllOmMX XMll-
KYJO a3y KPaCKM (JIaKa).
TIHrMeHTbI 6bIBalOT MUHepG/lbHble (npHp0.D.Hble H HCK}'CCTBeHHbIe), opza-
HUlteCKUe U MemaJlJlUlteCKue.
MHHepaJIbHbIe rrpHpO,lJ.HbIe rrHTMeHTbI rronyqalOT rryreM 060rameHIDI H H3-
MeJlb1:leHHSI npHpOAHoro ChIpbSl. K HHM OTHOCSlTCSI MeJI rrpHpO.D.HbIH, CYXa51
oxpa (rnHHa C cO.D.ep:>KaHHeM 60Jlee 15% OKCH,LJ:a >KeJle3a FeO), CypHK >Ke-
Jle3HbIH (Fe 2 0 3 ), rpa<l>HT cepbIH II .D.p.
MHHepaJIbHbIe HCK}'cCTBeHHbIe rrHrMeHTbI rrOJlyq:aIOT nyreM XHMH1:leCKOH
rrepepa60TIGI rrpHpO.D.HOrO CbIpbSl. K 3TOH rpyrrrre OTHOCSlTCSI ,lJ.HOKCH,LJ: TlITa-
Ha Ti02' 6emrna IJ:HHKOBbIe, JlIITOrrOH (cMecb cepHHCTOro IJ:HHKa H cepHO-
KHCJlOrO 6apHSl), KpOH u:HHKOBbIH, CypHK IJ:HHKOBbIH, YJlb'TpaMapHH, OKCH,LJ:
xpoMa, CIDKa ra3eBaSI H .D.p.
K opraHWIeCKHM rrHI'MeHTaM, HCrrOJlb3yeMbIM B KpaCKaX, OTHOCwrcSi IIHr-
MeHTbI >KeJlTbIH; npOqHbIH JlHMOHHOrO IJ:HeTa; opaIDKeBbIH rrp01:lHbIH; Kpac-
HbIH, IDIbrn:; rony60H <):muIOIJ:HaHIITOBbIH, CBeTJlO-CHHero IJ:BeTa JlaK py6HHo-
Bbrn:; H T.rr. OpraHlIqeCKHe IIHI'MeHTbI C 60JIbIllOH KpacSimeH crroC06HOCTblO
qaCTO pa36aBJlSlIOT TOHKO H3MeJIb1:leHHbIMH MHHepaJIbHbIMH HarrOJIHJITeJISIMH
(MeJIOM, H3BeCTHSIKOM, rHrrCOM H .D.p.), He CHIDKalOIl{HMH aTMoc<l>epoCTOH-
Kocm nOKpbITHSI.
MeTaJIJIHqeCKHe rrHrMeHTbI rrpHMeHSIIOTCSI B BH,LJ:e MeTaJIJlIIqeCKMX rro-
pOIllKOB (aJIIOMHHHeBaSI ny.D.pa, 6pOH30BbIH rropOIllOK). XOpOIIIHMII CBOH-
CTBaMH 06J1a,n;aIOT MOJlH6.D.eHOBbIe H BOJlb<l>paMoBbIe KpaCKH, HarrpIIMep
<<MOJlU6iJeH OpaH:JICeebIU» - rrOJlHrpa<l>IIqeCKaSI KpaCKa OrpOMHOH KpOIOIl{eH
crroc06Hocm, 6J1eCTSlIl{erO opaIDKeBOro IJ:BeTa, YCTOHqHBaSI Ha cBery H npII
HarpeBaHHH. 113 reTepOrrOJIHCOe.D.HHeHHH MOJIH6.D.eHa II BOJlb<}>paMa rrOJIyq:a-
lOT IJ:BeTHbIe JlaKH CHHHX TOHOB, YCTOHtIHBbIe K aTMoc<I>epHbIM B03.n.eHCTBH-
SlM, O,lJ.HaKO He OtIeHb .D.OJlrOBetIHbIe, 6JIeKHYWHe H BbIropalOIUHe Ha CHery.
OCHOBHbIMH rr01pe6JITeJIbCKHMH CBOHCTBaMH rrHI'MeHTOB SlBJlSIIOTCSI IJ,eem,
ceemo- U amMocfjJepocmoUKocmb, KpaC.RU{aJl cnoco6Hocmb, YKpbleucmocmb,
mOHKocmb nOMOJla, XUMUlteCKaJl cmOUKocmb, oZHecmOUKocmb, aHmUKopp03UOH-
HaJl cnoco6Hocmb, MaCJlOeMKOCmb H .D.p. K rrO'Tpe6HTeJIbCKHM CBOHCTBaM Jla-
KOKpaCOtIHbIX MaTepHaJIOB OTHOCSlTCSI TaIOKe epeM.R H cmeneHb eblcblxaHufl,
cnoco6Hocmb lUJlufjJoeambCfl H nOJlUpOeambCfl H .n.p.
KpaCRUJ,Ofl cnoco6Hocmb - CBOHCTBO nMfMeHTa nepenaBaTb CBOH [{BeT B CMe-
CM ero C 6eJIbIMM, 1:lepHbIMM M CMHMMM nMfMeHTaMM.
YlCpbl6ucmocmb (lCpOIOUJ,Ofl cnoc061l0Cmb) - cnoco6HoCTb KPacKM npM paBHo-
MepHoM ee HaHeceHMM Ha OnHO[{BeTHYIO nOBepXHOCTh neJIaTb HeBH,l:{MMbIM [{BeT
'" 388
I)
nOCJIeJJ:HeH RJIH, B CJIyqae ee HaHeCeHHH Ha qepHo-6eJl}'IO nOJJ:,JIO}KKY, YMeHb-
maTb KmrrpaCTHOCTb MeJKJJ:Y qepHOH H 6eJIOH nOBepXHOCTIlMH JJ:O HCqe3HOBeHHH
PaJHHUbI Me:>I<nY HHMH.
TOHKOCTb nOMOJIa nHfMeHTa CRJIbHO BJIHHeT Ha ero KpaCHl1{yIO cnoco6HOCTb
H YKpbIBHCTOCTb.
HanOJIHHreJlb .lLJIJI JlaKOKpaCOqHbIX MarepHaJIOB - nopowKoo6paJHoe
BeIl{eCTBO, 06bNHO OOJIOO HJlH cJla600KpaweHHOO, npa.IcrWleCKH HepaCTBOpH-
MOO B JlaKOKpacoqHoif cpe.n;e, HMelOIl{ee nOKa3aTeJIb npenOMJIeHIDI MeHee 1,7,
KOTopoe HCnOJlb3yeTCj{ 6J1aro.n;apj{ CBOHM <!>H3HqeCKHM HJlH XHMHqeCKHM
CBOHCTBaM. HanOJIHHTeJlH, KaK npaBHJlO, HeopzaHUlleCKue npupooHble HJlH
CUHmemuliecKue eeU{ecmea, npHMeHSIeMbIe .lUUI y.nyqweHIDI TeXHOJIOrHqeCKMX
H n01pe6HTeJlbCKMX CBoifCTB nOKpbITHif H 3KOHOMHH nHI'MeHTOB. HanOJIHH-
TeJIH nplf,lJ;alOT JlaKOKpaCOqHbIM MaTepHaJIaM npoqHOCTb, aTMoc<l>epo- H orne-
CTOifKOCTb H .n;p. B KaqeCTBe HanOJIHHTeJleif HCnOJIb3yIOT KaOJIIIH, MOJIOTbIif
TaJIbK, .n;Ha6a3, aCOOCTOByIO nbIJIb, BOJIOKHO H .n;p.
IIneHKoo6paJyIOIl{ee BeIl{eCTBO .lUUI JlaKOKpaCOqHbIX MaTepHaJIOB - He-
JIeTy'IasI qaCTb JlaKOKpaCOqHOif Cpe.n;bI, KOTOpasl o6paJyeT IIJIeHK}' H CBSl3bIBaeT
nHI'MeHT. B KaqeCTBe IIJIeHKOo6pa3yIOIl{HX BeIl{eCTB HCnOJIb3yIOT )l{H):(KHe
lUIH .n;OBe.n;eHHbIe .n;o )l{H):(Koro COCTOj{HIDI TBep.n;bIe MaTepHaJIbI, KOTopbIe
nOCJIe TBep.n;eHIDI (BbICbIXaHIDI) CBSl3bIBaIOT Me)lQ];y co60if qaCrnU;bI nHI'MeH-
TOB H HanOJlHHTeJleH H o6paJyIOT TOHKyIO OKpaCOqHyIO IIJIeHK}', npOqHO
cu;eIlllilIOIIJ;yIOCj{ C OKpaWHBaeMOH nOBepXHOCTbIO. IIneHKoo6paJyIOIl{ee Be-
mecTBO - rnaBHbIif KOMITOHeHT KpaCOqHoro COCTaBa, KOTOpbIif onpe.n;eIDIeT
pa6oqyIO KOHCHCTeHU;HIO KpaCKH, npoqHOCTb, TBep.n;OCTb H .n;OJIroBeqHOCTb
o6paJyIOll.{eHcj{ nneHKH.
IIneHKoo6paJyIOll.{He BeIl{eCTBa no.n;paJ.n;eIDIIOT Ha ceR3)llOU{ue eeU{ecmea
OAR eoOHblX OKpaCOIIHblX cocmaeoe (KlIeH, II3BeCTb, u;eMeHT), ceR3YIOU{ue eeU{e-
cmea OAR HeeooHblX OKpaCOIIHblX cocmaeoe (OJIH<!>bI, JlaKH, CMOJIbI) H 3MYJlbCUU
(eoOoMaCMlHble H cUHmemuliecKue). CBSl3yIOll.{He Bell.{eCTBa,lLJISi BO.n;HbIX OKpa-
COqHbIX COCTaBOB TBep.n;elOT KaK 3a CqeT HcnapeHIDI co.n;ep)f(3.Il{eifcj{ B HHX
BO.n;bI, TaK H 3a CqeT XHMHqecKHX npoueCCOB - Kap6oHH3aU;HH, rH,LJ;paTa-
U;HH, KpHCTaJIJlH3aU;HH H .n;p.
BcnOMOraTeJlbHbIMH BeIl{eCTBaMH ,lLJIj{ npOH3Bo.n;CTBa JlaKOKpaCOqHbIX
MaTepHaJIOB j{BJIj{IOTCj{ CUKKamuebl, omeepoume.tlu, lUlacmufjJuKamopbl, pa-
cmeopume.tlu, pG36aeume.tlu H .n;p.
CUKKamU6 - MeTaJIJIOOpraHHqeCKOe coeJJ:HHeHHe, paCTBopHMoe B OpraHH-
qeCKHX pacTBOpHTeJIHX H TIJIeHKo06paJYIOIUHX BeIl.{eCTBaX, KOTopoe .no6aBJIHeTCH
K npo.n}'KTaM, BbICblXaIOIl.{HM 3a CqeT KaTaJIHTHqeCKoro OKHCJIeHHH, JJ:,JIH YCKope-
HID!: npouecca CyuIKH.
CHKKaTHBbI HBIDIIOTCH KaTaJIH3aTOpaMH BbICbIJ{.aHHH paCTHTeJIbHbIX MaCeJI H
MaCJIOco.nep:>KaIUHX JIaKOKpaC01ffibIX MaTepHaJIOB, YCKOPHIOIUHMH HX nJIeHKo06-
pa30BaHHe npH KOMHarHbIX H nOBbImeHHbIX TeMnepaTYPax. KaK npaBRJIO, 3TO
COJIH MeTaJIJIOB (cBHHua, MapraHua, WlHKa H ,lI;p.) H }f{HpHbIX KHCJIOT MaCeJI, Ha-
4rreHm'OB H .np.
389
OmeepiJumellu - BemeCTBa, 06YCJIOBJIHBalOmHe TBep.l(eHHe HeKOTOpbIX )KIDl-
KHX nOJIHMepOB H HX nepeXO.l( B TBep.l(bIe, HepacTBopHMbIe H HeTIJIaBKHe nOJIH-
MepbI.
1IIlacmurjJwwmop - npoJJYKT, HCnOJIb3yeMbIH JUllI nOBbIllIeHHH 3JIaCTIf'IHOCTH
TBep.l(elOmeH nJIeHKH. ITJIaCTHCpHKaTOpaMH CJIY)l(aT BemeCTBa, nOBbIllialOmHe
nJIaCTHqHOCTb, 3JIaCTHqHOCTb H MHrKOCTb nOJIHMepoB H JIaKOKPaCOqHbIX nOJIH-
MepHbIX MaTepHaJIOB. HeKOTOpbIe nJIaCTHCpHKaTOpbI npH.l(alOT nOJIHMepHbIM Ma-
TepHaJIaM HeroplOqeCTb, BJIarocToHKOCTb H ,lI;pyme CBOHCTBa. I1naCmcpHKaTOpaMH
HBJI5IIOTCH .l(H6YfHJIcpTaJIaT, HectYrHHbIe MaCJIa, KaHHcpOJIb H .l(p.
PacmeOpUmellb O/lJl. llaICOICpaCO'tHblX MamepUG../l06 - XUIllKOCTb O.l(HO- HJIH MHO-
roKoMnoHeHTHaH, JIeT}"laH B YCJIOBHHX CYIIIKH, B KOTOpOH TIJIeHI(006pa3yIOme e
BemeCTBO nOJIHOCTbIO paCTBOp5leTC5I. PacTBOpHTeJIH npHMeIDIIOTCH JUllI .l(OBe.l(eHHH
MaJIHpHbIX COCTaBOB .l(O pa60qeH BH3KOCTH, MbITbH nOCY.l(bI, KHCTeH, HHCTPyMeH-
TOB H MeXaHH3MOB nOCJIe pa60TbI C HeBO.l(HbIMH COCTaBaMH. K paCTBOpHTeJIHM
OTHOCHTCH BO.l(a, CKHnH.l(ap, yaHT-cnHpHT, aUeTOH, cnHpT H ,lI;p.
Pa36aeumellb O/lJl. llaKOICpacO'tHblX MamepUG../lOe - )I(H.l(KOCTb OJUfO- HJlH MHoro-
KOMnOHeHTHaH, KOTOpaH, He 51BJIIDlCb paCTBOpHTeJIeM .rum TIJIeHKOo6pa3yIOm ero
BemeCTBa, MO)l(eT 6bITb HCnOJIb30BaHa B COqeTaHHH C paCTBOpHTeJIeM, He BbI3bI-
BaH He)l(eJIaTeJIbHbIX 3cpcpeKTOB.
Pa36aBHTeJIH, B OTJIHqHe OT paCTBOpHTeJIeH, cO.1;(ep}l(aT TIJIeHI(006pa3YlOmHe
BemeCTBa H CJI aT .l(JIH pa36aBJIeHHH rycTOTepTbIX HJIH pa3Be.l(eHHH CyxHX Heop-
raHHQeCKHX KPaCOK. Pa36aBHTeJIHMH HBJIHIOTCH OJIHcpbI, 3MYJIbCHH.
JlaKoKpaCOqHbIe MarepHaJIbI (faCT 9825-73) KJIaCcH<I>HIWPyK>T no euOy,
XUMU'IeCKOMY cocmaey H Ha3Ha'leHUlO.
naKOKpaCOqHbIe MaTepHaJIbI rro BMY ,n:eJISIT Ha llaKU, KpaCKU (B TOM (:lHCJIe
rropOlliKOBbIe KpaCKM H 3MaJIH), zpYHmOOKU H UmamJleeKU.
TIo XHMHqeCKOMY COCTaBY (rro COCTaBY TIJleHKoo6pa3yK>wero aeweCTBa) JIa-
KOKpaCOqHbIe MaTepHaJIbI KJIaCcH<I>Hu:HpyK>T H 0603HaqaIOT TaKHM 06Pa30M
AE - aueTo6ympameJIJIIOJI03HbIe; M - rrOJIHaMM,LJ;HbIe; AI( - rrOJIMaKpII-
JIOBble; AC - aJII<M,LI:HO-aKplUloBbIe; AY - aJII<M,LI:Ho-ypeTaHOBbIe; All, -
au:eTIUIu:eJIJIIOJI03HbIe; ET - 6JITyMHbIe; BA - rrOJIHBMHlUIaueTaTHbIe; Bn -
rrOJIHBIIHlUIaUeTaJIbHbIe; BH - BHHlUI- H ,n:HBHHlUIau:eTIUIeHOBbIe; BC -
COrrOJIHMep-BHHlUIau:eTaTHbIe; f<l> - rJIH<I>TaJIeBbIe; I1)J. - rrOJIIIaMl1,lI.HbIe;
KO - KpeMHHMOpraHHqeCKHe; KTI - KOrraJIOBbIe; KC - COrrOJIHMep-
Kap6HHOJIbHbIe; KT - KCH<I>TaJIeBbIe; K<I> - KaHH<I>OJIbHbIe; K'lI - Kayqy-
KOBbIe; MA - MaCJISlHbIe; Mn - MeJIaMHHHbIe; MC - MaCJISlHO- M aJIKH,LI,-
HOCTHpOJIbHbIe; M'lI - MOqeBHHHbIe; HTI - He<l>TerrOJIHMepHbIe; HU: -
HHTPou:eJIJIIOJI03HbIe; TIJJ - rrOJIH3<1>HpHbIe HaCblweHHbIe; TI<I> - rreHTa-
<l>'raJIeBbIe; TI3 - rrOJIH3<1>HpHbIe HeHaCbIweHHbIe; yP - rrOJIllypeTaHOBbIe;
<l>A - <l>eHOJIOaJII<M,LI:HbIe; <l>n - <l>eHOJIbHbIe; <l>TI - <l>'ropOTIJlaCTOBbIe;
<l>P - <l>YPlUlOBbIe; xn - XlIOpHpOBaHHbIe rrOJIM3THJIeHOBbIe; XC - COrrOJIM-
Mep- BHHlUIXJIOpM,LJ;HbIe; X <I> - rrepXJIOpBHHlUIOBbIe M rrOJIHBHHlUIXlIOpM,LJ;-
HbIe; U:f - UIIKJIOreKCaHOBbIe; rnn - llIeJIJIaqHbIe; 3TI - 3rrOKCM,LJ;HbIe;
390
,
-
3T - 3'TpHcPTaJIeBbIe; 3<1> - 3noKcH3cPHpHbIe; 3D; - 3THJII(eJIJIIOJI03HbIe;
HH - SlHTapHbIe.
TIo Ha:3HaqeHHIO JIaKOKpaCOqHbIe MaTepHaJIbI .n;eJISIT Ha rpyrrTIbJ B COOT-
BeTCTBHH C Ta6JI. 13.
0603HaQeHMSI OCHOBHbIX JIaKOKpaCOQHbIX MaTepHaJIOB COCTO T H3 mrm:
IpyJIn 6}'KBeHHO-I(HcPPOBbIX 3HaKOB MSI 3MaJIeR, KpaCOK, rp}'HTOBOK, llInaT-
JIeBOK II QeThIpeX rpyrrn 3HaKOB MSI JIaKOB. TIepBaSl rpyrrna 3HaKOB onpe.n;e-
JIHeT BI1,L{ JIaKOKpaCOQHOrO MaTepHaJIa H COCTOHT H3 CJIOBa, HanpHMep
«3MaJIb», <<JIaK» Ii .n;p. BTOpaSI rpynna 3HaKOB onpe.n;ellileT TIJIeHKoo6paJyIO-
m:ee Bem;eCTBO H 0603HaQaeTC .n;B}'MSI 6}'KBaMH, HanpHMep ET, MA, 3TI H
.n;p. AnSI JIaKOKpaCOQHbIX MaTepHaJIOB 6e3 aKTIIBHOrO pacTBopHTeJI Me)K)];Y
nepBOR H BTOPOR rpynnaMH 3HaKOB CTaBHTC HH,Z:J;eKC, onpe.n;ellillOIl.{HR paJ-
HOBIDJ;HOCTh MaTepHaJIa: E - 6e3 aKTIIBHOro paCTBOpHTellil, B - BO.n;OpaJ-
6aBJISIeMbIe, O.n - opraHo.n;HcnepcHbIe, n - nopOlliKOBbJe, 3 - BO.n;O-
3MyJIbCHOHHbIe. MH,Z:J;eKc OT BTOPOR rpynnbI 3HaKOB OT.n;ellileTC THpe.
Ta6Jlul{a 13
KAaccutjJUKal(UR AOKOKpllCOllllblX MamepUtlII06
no npeUM ecm6elllloMY 1Ifl3l1fl11ellUIO
JIaKOKPaCO'lHble 0603HaQe- IIpeHMYUJ:eCTBeHHoe H3.3HaQeHUe
MarepHam.I HUe rpynIIbI (YCJIOBIDI 3KCIUIyaTaWIH nOKPbITHH)
ATMOc<PepoCTomrne' 1 IIoKPbITIDI, cTomrne K aTMoc<PePHbIM B03.n;e CTBIDIM B
pa3JIWIHbIX KJIJiIMaTH'leCKHX YCJIOBIDIX, 3Kcnrryampye-
MbIe Ha OTKpbIThIX IUl0ll{a.D;Kax
OrpaHH'leHHO 2 IIoKPbITIDI, 3KCIUIyampyeMbIe 1I0.n; liaBeCOM H BH}'TPH
aTMoc<PepocTO KHe HeOTanrnmaeMbIX 1I0Mell{eHHH
KOHCepBaIJ:HOHHble 3 IIOKPbITIDI, IIpHMeJUleMble .zuni BpeMeHHo 3aIl{HTbI
0KPaIIIHBaeMo 1I0BepXHOCTH B npou:ecce npOH3BO.n;-
CTBa, TpaHCIIOpTHpOBaHIDI H xpaHeHIDI H3,lI;eJIHii:
Bo.n;oCTomrne 4 IIoKPbITIDI, CTomrne K .n;e cTBHIO npecHo BOlIbI H ee
napOB, a TaIOKe MOpCKO BOJJ:bI
CrreI.{Ham.HbIe 5 IIoKPbITIDI, cTomrne K H3JIy'leHIDlM; 1I0KPbITIDI CBeTH-
II.tHecH, npolIHTO'lHbIe, 0KPaco'lHbIe, IIpO'I'HBOO6paCTaIO-
II.tHe, TepMoperyJIHPYI<>II.tHe H T..n;.
MaCJI06eH30cTomrne 6 IIoKPbITHH, CTomrne K B03.n;e CTBHIO MHHepaJIbHbIX
MaCeJI H KOHCHCTeHTHbIX CM3.30K, 6eH3HHa, KepOCHHa
H.n;p.
XHMH'leCKH cTomrne 7 IIoKPbITIDI, cTOmrne K B03,ll;e cTBHIO ll{eJIoQe , KHCJIOT
H .n;pyrHX )l(H)U(HX peareHTOB H HX napoB
TepMoCTomrne 8 nOKPbITHH, cTOmrne K B03.n;e CTBHIO nOBbllIIeHHblX
reMIlepa-ryp
9JIeKTpOH30IDll.{H- 9 IIOKPbITIDI, nO.n;BepraIOll{HeCH B03,lI;e CTBHIO 3JIeKTpH-
DHHble QeCKHX TOKa, .n:ym H 1I0BepXHOCTHbIX P3.3PH.D:OB
MaTeplfaJIOBe.neHHe
391
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JIaKOKpaCOqHOrO MaTepHaJIa H 0603HaqaeTCg IJ;Hcl>poii B COOTBeTCTBHH C
Ta6JI. 13. TpeThlO Ipynny 3HaKOB lpyHTOBOK II MaCJlSlHbIX ryCTOTepThIX Kpa-
COK o603HaqalOT IUfcl>poii 0, mnaTJIeBOK - IJ;1Icl>PaMH 00. Me)lQJy BTOpoii II
'l'peTbeii lpynnaMH 3HaKOB CTaBHTCg Tllpe.
qeTBepl'aJllpynna 3HaKOB Onpe.l1eIDIeT npliCBOeHHblii MarepHaJIY nOpAA-
KOBbIii HOMep H COCTOHT H3 o.l1HOii, .l1BYX IIJIH TpeX IJ;1Icl>P. AmI MaCIDIHbIX
Iq>aCOK BMeCTO nOpJJ.l1KOBoro HOMepa CTaBHTCg IJ;1Icl>pa, Onpe.l1eIDIIOIIJ;aJI BH.l1
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3 - rJIHclrrarreBaSl; 4 - neHTa$ra.rreBaSl; 5 - KOM6HHHpoBaHHaJI. MHor.aa
nOCJIe nOPAAKoBoro HOMepa .l1onyCKaeTCg 6}'KBeHHbIii HH,aeKC, xapaKTepll-
3yIOlIJ;Hii oco6eHHocTli JIaKOKpaCOQHOrO MaTepllaJIa, HanpHMep M - MaTO-
BbIii, TIM - nOJIyMaTOBbIii, rc - ropgqeii CYUII<H H T..l1.
Jllmu:I Ipynna 3HaKOB xapa.K.TepH3YeT IJ;BeT JIaKoIq>aCOQHoro MarepHaJIa II
COCTOHT H3 CJIOBa. TIpH 6oJIbwOM pa3Hoo6pa3HII OT.I'eHKOB O.l1HOro II TOro )Ke
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Ka MA-025 3eJIeHaJI; 3MaJIb XB-I13 rony6aJ1; lpyHTOBKa r<l>-020 Iq>aCHO-
KOpHqHeBaJI; mnaTJIeBKa 3TI-00I0 Iq>aCHo-KOpHqHeBaSl.
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WHTeJIbHoro B03,UeHCTBHH cpe.nbI. ,WIH apXHTeKTYPHOH OT.neJIIOI aca.noB 3,UaHHH
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BHH B nOMemeHHIDC. MCnOJIb3yK>TCH JIaKOKpaCOqHbIe MarepHaJIbI CneUHaJIbHoro
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HbIMH reXHHqeCKHMH CBoiiCTBaMH.
IlrreHKOo6pa3yIOIIJ;HMII BeIIJ;eCTBaMIi B Iq>aCOQHbIX COCTaBaX SlBIDlIOTCg: B
nOJIMMepHbIX KpacKaX, JlaKaX - nOJIMMep ; B KayqyKOBbIX Iq>aCKaX - KaY-
qyKH; B HHTPOJIaKaX - npoll3BO.l1HbIe IJ;eJIJlIOJI03bI; B MaCIDIHbIX KpaCKaX -
O1IHcl>bI; B KITeeBbIX Iq>aCKaX - KITeli ()I(HB()'IHbIii H KaJeHHOBbIii); B IJ;eMeH1HblX,
H3BeCTKOBbIX, CHJIHKaTHbIX Iq>acKaX - HeOpI'3.HINecKHe BIDK)'lInIe BeIIJ;eCTBa.
KpacKH no Ha:3HaqeHIlIO n0.l1pa3.l1eIDIlOT Ha cmpoume.tlbHble, nO/luzpafjJu-
lteCKUe, xyiJoJlCeCm6eHHble H cnel(U(lJlbHble (CBe'l'SlIIJ;Hecg, TepMOqyBC1BIlTeJIbHbIe,
He 06paCTaIOIIJ;He B BO.l1e MOpCKHMII opraHII3MaMli II .l1p.). K CTPOHTeJIbHbIM
KpaCKaM OTHOCSlTCg KpaCKU MaC/lRHble, 6oiJop036a6.1lJleMble H 3M(lJle6ble.
392
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I(eMeHTHbIe, KJIeeBbIe, CIDIHKaTHbIe H .LJ:p.
MacJISlHbIe KpaCKH - CMeCH rrHfMeHTOB H HarIOJIHHTeJIeii Ha OCHOBe
OJIHcl>, B KOTOpbIX KIDK,l:J;aSI qacrnI(a rrHfMeHTa OIqJ}')KeHa a,u;COp6HpOBaHHbIM
Ha ee nOaepXHOCrn CBH3yK>lI..{HM aemeCTBOM - OJIHcl>oii. MaCJUlHbIe IqJaCKH
06pa3yK>T rrOKpbITIDI C Y.LJ:OBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHOii aTMoccl>epoc1'OiiKOCThIO, HeBbI-
COKoii TBep.LJ:OCThIO, MeMeHHO Ha6yxaIOlI..{He B BO.LJ:e H pa3pywaIOmHeCH B
eJIOqax. BbIrrycKaIOT zycmOmepmble H JlCuOKOmepmble .MaCllRHble KpaCKU. fy-
CTOTepThIe KpaCKH - B B e rraCT - .LJ:OBO,l{SlT .LJ:O pa60Qeii BH3KOCrn .LJ:06aB-
JIeHHeM OJIHcl>bI Ha MeCTe pa60TbI; )I( KOTepTbIe KpaCKH (THTaHOBbIe H
I(HHKOBbIe 6eJIIDIa) BbIrrycKaIOT fOTOBbIMH K yrrOTpe6JIeHHIO C CO.LJ:epxaHHeM
40...50% OJIHcl>bI.
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IlUfX B HX COCTIlB. OHH HCnOJIb3yIOTCH B OCHOBHOM B CTpOHTeJIbCTBe (Hap}')KHaH
H BHYI'PeHHIDl OKpaCKa no MeTaJIJIY, .n;epeBY, IIITYKaTypKe H 6eTOHY), a TaIOKe B
XHBonHCH. KpacKH Ha HaTypaJIbHoH OJIHQ>e HCnOJIb3YIOTCH ,WIH 3aIl{HTHOH OK-
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CTaJIbHbIX onop H .n;p., a TaIOKe ,WIH OKpacKH OKOHHbIX nepenJIeTOB, nOJIOB H
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Hble COCTaBbI 60JIee .neIIIeBble, 1JeM MaCJIHHaH KpaCKa.
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KH rrpHMeHSIIOT MH Hap}')KHbIX MaJISlpHbIX pa60T H BHyrpeHHeii OIqJaCKH
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,U.JUI OKpaCKH cl>aca,n;OB H nOJIyqeHHSI MOIOIIIHXCSI nOKpbITIIR.
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,n:HcnepCHOR cl>a3bI 06paJyeTCg MeXaHHqeCKH npOqHaSI 06oJIoqKa, nperulT-
CTByIOrn:aSI HX yKpynHeHHIO H CJIHSlHHIO.
3MYAbCUU - ,lJ;HCnepCHble CHCTeMbI C :>KH,lJ;KOH ,lJ;HCnepCHOHHOH Cpe,lJ;OH
H >KH.l1KOH ,lJ;HCnepcHOH cl>a30H. 3MynbcHH C BO,lJ;HOH JUlCnepcHOHHOH Cpe,lJ;OH
Ha3bIBalOTCH npllMblMU (HanpHMep, BO,lJ;03MynbcHoHHbIe Iq>aCKH), C BO.l1HOH .l1HC-
nepcHOH Q>a30H - 06pamHblMU (Hecl>TSlHble 3M)'nbCHH). 06H3aTeJIbHbIH KOMno-
HeHT 3MynbcHoHHOH KpacKH - 3MYllbzamop, T.e. nOBepXHOCTHO-aKTHBHoe BeIUe-
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KOJIHqeCTBO nOJIHMepHOro pacTBOpwreJISI B TaKHX KpacKaX 30...50%, tffO
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nOBepXHOCTII 06paJyeTCg aTMoccl>epocToRKaSI ITJIeHKa. ,[(HcnepcHSI nonHMepa
B JIeTyqeM pacTBopwreJIe ,n:OJDKHa o6ecneqHBaTb CMaqHBaeMOCTb OCHOBaHHSI,
TOr,n:a nonHMep npOHHKaeT B ero' (6eTOHa, KHpTIMqa H ,n:p.) nopbI, 06eCneQH-
BaSI npOQHOe CQeITJIeHHe 06pa3yIOIlleiicg ITJIeHKH C OCHOBaHHeM.
TIOJIHMepHbIe 3MYJIbCHOHHbIe KpacKH 6bIC'Tp0 BbICbIXaIOT, O,n:HaKO npH
3TOM 6e3B03Bparno TepgIOTCg JIeTyqlIe OpraHHQeCKHe pacTBOpwreJIH. EOJIb-
llIHHCTBO 3TIIX paCTBOpHTeJIeii ropIOQH, HX napbI orne- H B3pbIBOOnacHbI. 9m
napbI, HaKaITJIHBaSlCb B nOMern:eHHH, Bpe,n:Ho BJIHS1IOT Ha 3,n:OpOBbe JIIO.l1eR.
TIonMMepHbIe 3MYJIbCHOHHbIe KpaCKH noCTaBJUlIOT B BH,LJ;e nacT, KOTopbIe Ha
MeCTe npHMeHeHHSI paJ6aBJISlIOT Bo,n:oii ,n:o MaJlSlpHOR KOHCHCTeHQHH. Bo,n:a
nOCJIe HaHeceHHSI KpacKH QaCTHQHO HcnapSleTCg, QaCTHQHO BnHTbIBaeTCSI
OCHOBaHHeM. B pe3YJIbTaTe 3MYJIbCHSI pacna,n:aeTCSI, 06paJYSl npOQHOe ma,n:Koe
MaTOBOe. nOKpbITIIe, BO,n:O- H cBeTocTofu<oe. EJIaro,n:apg CBoeR nopHCTOCTII
3TII nOKpbITHSI ra30npoHHI(aeMbI.
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al.{eTIiTa, COnOJIHMepOB cmpOJIa C 6yra,n;HeHOM H ,l{p.). 3m KpaCKH HeTOK-
CHqHbI, nO)l(apo- Ii B3PbIB06e3onaCHbI, TaK KaK He CO,l{ep)l(aT OpraHHqeCKHX
paCTBOpHTeJIeR. TIpHMewIIOTCSI .l{JISI OKpaCKH CTeH, 'TpaHcnOpTHblX cpe,l{CTB,
KOxm, Me6eJIH.
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CTBa C rIHrMeHTaMII H HanOJIHHTeJUIMH, C03,l{aIOII.{HMH nOCJIe HaIIJIaBJIeHHSI,
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KOCTh xpaHeHHSI H 'TpaHcnopmpoBKH. TIOpowKoBbIe KpacKH HaHOCSIT maB-
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6eTOH.
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paCTBOpHTeJISlX, 06bIqHO cO,l{ep)l(aIl.{He TIJIaCTH<pHKaTop. HH'TpOJIaK 6bIC'TpO
BbIcbIxaeT, o6pa3yg KaK 6ecl{BeTHyIO, TaK H KOpHqHeBOrO IDIH )l(eJITOrO l..{Be-
Ta 6rrecTSlII.{yIO TIJIeHK}'. McnOJIb3yeTCg .l{JISI OKpaCKH ,l{epeBSlHHblX H3,l{eJIHR.
HH1pOJIaKH orHeonacHbI' H TOKCHqHbI npH HCnOJIb30BaHIIH.
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(arrKH,lJ;HblX, nOJIHypeTaHOBblX H ,l{p.) IDIH npHpO,l{HblX CMOJI B CnHpTe, HMelO-
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395
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CKo6gHbIe H3.lIeJIHSI.
EUmY.MHO-.MaC/lJlHble /laKU HMelOT B CBOeM COCTaBe pacmreJIbHbIe MaCJIa,
y.nyqwaIOIIUle cBOiicTBa rroIq)bITIIii (COXpaHeHHe 3JIaC'lWIHOCTH Ha MOpo3e,
6oJIbwasI.lIoJIroBeQHocTh). OHH HCrrOJIb3YJOTCg.rom OIq)aCKH MeTaJlJIH'leCKHX
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TeJIgMH B IIJIeHKOo6pa3yK>Il{eM BeIl{eCTBe, C03.lIaIOIl{asI rrOCJIe BbICbIXaHHSI
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rrOIq)bIBHbIM CJIO}IM H rrpe.lIHa3HaQeHHasI .rom rrOBblIIleHIDI 38.Il{IITHbIX CBOiiCTB
CHCTeMbI rroIq)bITIIH.
fPyHTOBKH 06Pa3yK>T HIDKHHe CJIOH JIaKOKpaCOQHbIX 3aIIJ;KrHbIX rrOIq)bI-
TIIii, C03.lIaBaSl Ha,n;e>KHoe CQeIIJIeHHe BepXH.HX CJIOeB rrOIq)bITIDI C OKpaUIH-
BaeMoii rrOBepXH9CThIO. KpoMe TOro, OHII 3aIl{HIl{aIOT MeTaJIJI OT KOppo3HH,
BbUlBJISlIOT TeKCTYPY .lIpe:uecHHbI, 3aIq)bIBalOT rropbI MaTepHaJIa, BbIpaBHHBa-
lOT H C03.llaIOT O.lIHOpO.lIHyIO rrOBepXHOCTh rrepe.lI oIq)acKoii. BbIcyrneHHyK>
3arpyHTOBaHHyIO rrOBepXHOCTh rrOIq)bIBalOT KpacKoii IDIH JIaKOM.
7. 4.2.4. IDnam/leBKa
mnanuesKa - npo.lIYKT nacTOo6pa3HOii IDIH >KIf,LI;Koii KOHCHCTeHl(HH,
npHMeH.SleMbIH .rom YCTPaHeHHSI He60JIbUIHX .lIe<PeKTOB nOBepXHOCTII rrepe.lI
oKpacKoii.
IIIrraTJIeBKa - rycTaSI BSl3KasI Macca, COCTOgIl{asI H3 CMeCH nHrMeHTOB C
HaIIOJIHIITeJISlMH B CBg3yK>Il{eM BeIl{eCTBe. Pa3JIHQalOT /laKOBble, .MaC/lJlHble H
K./leeBble Umant./leBKU. IIIrraTJIeBKoii 3arrOJIHSIIOT HepoBHOCTII H BbIpaBHHBaIOT
oKpawHBaeMyK> nOBepXHOCTh. Ee HaHOCID' no CJIOIO BbIcoxweii rpyHTOBKH.
BbICOXllIyIO WrraTJIeBK}' o6pa6aThIBalOT WJIH<l>OBaJIbHOii wKYPKoii.
JIaKoKpaCOf4HOe nOKpblmue 06bNHO COCTOHT H3 rpYHTOBKH, nmaTneBKH H no-
KpOBHbIX cnoeB KpaCOqHoro COCTaBa (naxa, 3MaJIeBoH HJIH 3MYnbCHoHHoit Kpac-
KH). nonyqHJIH pacnpOCTpaHeHHe nOKpblTHH, apMHpOBaHHbIe BOnOKHaMH HJIH
TKaIDIMH (XJIoINaT06)'MaxHoit, CHHTeTHqeCKoit HJIH CTeKJIOTKaHbIO - B 3aBHCH-
MOCTH OT Cpe,nbI). AnH C03JJ.aHHH 60nee Hane>KHoit 3aIl.UIThl npH6eralOT K yroJI-
meHHbIM nOKpbITHHM - 06Ma3KClM.
06Ma3KU - CMeCH, npHfOTOR1IeHHble ,WIH 3aIIUITbI nOKpblTHH, HanpHMep, Ha
OCHOBe paCTBopOB XHMHQeCKH CToiiKHX CHHTeTHqeCKHX CMOJI H nopTJIaH.lU.{e-
MeHTOB. K HaH60nee pacnpOC'rpaHeHHbIM 06Ma3KaM OTHOCHTCH ueMeHTHO-nO-
JIHCTHpOJIbHWI H ueMeHTHO-nOJIHXJIOpBHHHJIOBaH; npHMeIDIIOT TaIOKe ueMeHT-
Ho-6HTYMHYIO MaCTHK}', UeMeHTHO-Ka3eHHOBYIO CMeCb, fJIHH06HTYMHYIO nac'I)'
H .np.
396
Z4.2.5. PaCm60pUme.tlU iJAJlllaKOKpaCOftHblX MamepUaJl06
PacTBOPIITeJUI MSI JIaKoKpacOqHbIX MaTepmlJIOB ,nOJDKHbI o6JIa,n;aTh CJIe-
.nyIOll.{HMH nmpe6HTeJIbCKHMH CBORCTBaMH: XHMHqeCKOii CTOiiKOCThIO, T.e.
He ,nOJDKHbI B3aHMo,neiiCTBOBaTh C pacTBOpReMbIM Bell.{eCTBOM; HemrpoCKO-
nHqHOCThIO, TaK KaK .l{IDKe He6oJIbWOe KOJUIqeCTBO BO.l{bI 3a1py.l{HSleT npo-
QeCCbI CKJIeHBaHHSI, repMeTII3an:IIH, OKpaCKH H ,np.; CKOpoCThIO HcnapeHHSI,
06eCneqHBaIOll.{eR Heo6xo.l{HMOe TeqeHHe TeXHOJIOmqeCKOrO npon:ecca; MH-
HHMaJIbHbIMH TOKCHqHOCThIO H orHeonaCHOCTbIO.
B 3aBHCHMOCTII OT npHHa,nJIe)I(HOCTH K BH.l{aM XHMHqeCKHX COe.l{HHeHHii
paCTBOpHTeJIH nO.l{pa3.l{ellillOT Ha mepneH06ble, YZlle8oiJopoiJHble, KUCIlOPOiJCO-
iJepJICaU4ue H X/lOpUp06aHHble pacm80pUme.tlU.
TepneHOBbIe paCTBOpHTeJIH nOJIyqalOT npH nepepa60TKe COCHOBOii .npe-
BeCHHbI IDIH CMOJIbI. HaH60JIbWee pacnpOC1paHeHHe nOJIyqHJI cKunuiJap
(fOCT 1571-82) - 6ecn:BeTHaSI, HHOr.l{a C )KeJITOBaThIM OTIeHKOM _
KOCTh IUIOTHOCThIO 855...863 KT/M 3 . TeMnepaTypa KHneHHSI - OKOJIO 150°C,
a TeMnepaTypa BCTIbIWKH palma 30...32°C. Xopowo paCTBOpReT OpraHHqe-
CKHe MaCJIa, KaHH<pOJIb, rJIH<lmL1IeBbIe, nOJIH3<pHpHbIe H 3nOKCH.l{HbIe CMO-
JIbI H HX COnOJIHMepbI co CTIIpOJIOM. CKHlIH)J;ap HeTOKCHqeH, HO ero napbI
npH KOHl(eHlpan;HH BbIwe 0,3 Mr/JI BbI3bIBaIOT roJIOBHyro 60JIb. Ih-3a OT-
HOCHTeJIbHO BbICOKOii CTOHMOCTII CKHnH.l1ap npHMeHRIOT orpaHHqeHHO B
OT.neJIOqHbIX pa60TaX.
K YrJIeBO.l{OpO.l{HbIM paCTBOpIITellilM, nOJIyqHBWHM HaH60JIbWee pacnpo-
C'lpaHeHHe, OTHOCSITCR JIeI'KHe <ppaKIJ:HH, nOJIyqaeMbIe npH neperoHKe CbIpoR
He<}YrH: KepocuH, 6eH3UH, 6eH3UH-paCm80pUme.tlb (yaum-cnupum).
KepocUH - np03pa'iHWI 6eCUBeTHaR rom :>KeJITOBaTaR KOCTb C roJIy6bIM
OTJIHBOM ITJIOTHOCTbIO 820...840 KI'/M 3 . PacTBopmoIl(aR cnoc06HocTb HeBeJIHKa.
1f3-3a pe3KOro 3anaxa npHMeIDIIOT TOJIbKO .lUUI paCTBOpeHHH 6HTYMa.
EeH3UH (fOCT 8505-57) - np03pa'iHaR, 60JIbllIeH 'iaCTblO 6ecUBeTHWI
:>KH,ZJ;KOCTb C XapaKTepHbIM 3anaxoM ITJIOTHOCTblO 700...780 KI'/M 3 . OH JIenm HC-
napHeTCH H BOCITJIaMeIDIeTCH. CMecb ero napOB C BO OM B3pblBoonaCHa. BeH-
3HH BbmYCKaeTCH p3.3HOH creneHH O'iHCTKH, nOKa3areJIeM 'iero CJI}':>KHT p3.3Mep
HHTepBaJIa TeMnepaTypbI KHneHHH: aBTOM06HJIbHoro 6eH3HHa - 70...225°C,
aBHaUHoHHoro - 40...180°C, 3KCTpaKUHOHHoro - 80...120°C. nOCJIe.nHHe HaH-
MeHee TOKCH'iHbI.
Yaiim-cnupum (fOCT 3134-78) - Cpe.lUHIH Q>paKUHH Me:>KJJ:Y TIDKeJIbIM 6eH-
3HHOM H TpaK'rOpHbIM KepOCHHOM. MHTepBaJI TeMnepaTyp KHneHHH 150...21O°C.
nJIOTHOCTb 762...95 KI'/M 3 . 3Q>HpOueJIJIIOJI03HbIe H HeKoTopbIe 3nOKCHJJ:HbIe
COCTIlBbI yaHT-cnHpHT He paCTBopHeT. MMeeT MaJI}'IO TOKCH'iHOCTb H HeBbICOKYIO
CTOHMOCTb.
K KHCJIOpO.l{CO.l{ep)Kall.{HM paCTBopHTellilM OTHOCSITCR OpraHHqeCKHe CO-
e.n;HHeHHSI, B COCTaB KOTOpbIX KpOMe yrJIepO.l{a H BO.l{opo.l{a BXO,WIT aTOMbI
KHCJIOpo.na: cnupmbl, CIlOJICHble 3rjJUPbl (an;eTaTbI) H KemOHbl. KHCJIOpO.n;-
397
co.n:ep:>KamHe paCTBOpwreJIH xopomo paCTBOpSiIOT HHlpOQeJIJIIOJI03Y, MOqe-
BHHO- H MeJIaMHHO<pOpMaJIb.n:erH.LJ:HbIe H BHHIDIOBbIe nOJIHMepbI.
83 cnHp1'oB B Ka'IeCTBe paCTBOpHTeJIeH 'IaIl.(e Bcero HCnOJIb3yiOT MemU/106blU H
3mU/106blU (fOer 17299-78) cnupmbl. ITo XHMH'ieCKOMY cocrnBY 3TO npOCTeH-
lIme YfJIeBOJ{opQll,bI - MeTaH CH 4 H 3TaH C 2 H 6 , Y KOTOpbIX O,lU1H aTOM BOJ{opo.na
3aMemeH rn,aPOKCHJIbHOH rpynnoH OH. ITo BHelllHeMY BH,ZJ:Y 3TO 6eCl1BeTHbIe
np03pa'IHbIe >I<.H,lJ;KOCrn C XapaKTepHbIM 3anaxoM. IIrrOTHOCTb MeTHJIOBoro cnHpra
793, a 3THJIOBorO - 791 KI'/M 3 . MOJIeKYJIHpHa5I Macca, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, paBHa
32,04 H 46,0; TeMnepa1YPa KHneHHH - 64,5 H 78,S.C. C BOJ{OH CMelllHBalOTCH B
HeorpaHH'IeHHOM KOJIH'IeCTBe. 3THJIOBbIH H MeTHJIOBbIH cnHp1'bI TOKCH'IHbI,
oco6eHHo MOBHT MeTHJIOBbIH cnHp1'. XOPOlllO paCTBOpHIOT MaCJIa H :xrnpbI.
83 CJIO>KHbIX 3Q>HpOB B Ka'IeCTBe paCTBOpHTeJIeH 'IaIl.(e Bcero npHMelUlIOT
coe.nHHeHHH cnHpTOB C YKCYCHOH KHCJlOTOH - a",emambl: MemU/la"4fmam -
H3 MeTHJIOBoro CnHp1'a; 3mU/la"4fmam - H3 3THJIOBOro cnHp1'a; 6ymU/la",emam -
H3 6yrnJIOBOro CnHp1'a. OHH npe.ncTaBJIHIOT co60H 6ecl1BeTHbIe >I<.H,lJ;KOCTH C 60JIee
HJIH MeHee CHJIbHbIM CJIa,L1.KOBaTbIM Q>PYKTOBbIM 3anaxoM. IIrrOTHOCTb MeTHJUl1{e-
TaTa 935, 3THJIal1ernTa - 886 H 6yrHJIal1eTarn - 872...883 KI'/M 3 . TeMnep a 1YP bI
KHneHHH, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, paBHbI 60; 77,1; 118...128.C. OHH XOpolllO paCTBO-'
pHIOT HHTp0l1eJIJIIOJI03Y, Q>eHOJI0cP0pMaJIMerH,ZJ:HbIe H Q>TaJIeBO- fJIHl1epHHOBbIe
nOJIHMepbl. Bce OHH TOKCH'IHbI.
KeTOHbI COCTaBJIHIOT 6oJIbI.IIYIO rpynny OpraHH'IecKHx coeJ{HHeHHH, HO B Ka-
'IeCTBe paCTBopHTeJIH lllHpOKO npHMelUlIOT npocTeHlllHH H3 HHX - mexHUlteCKUU
a",emOH (fOCT 2768-84), npe.ncTaBJIHIOmHH C060H 6eCl1BeTHyIO >I<.H,lJ;KOCTb C
xapaKTepHbIM 3Q>HpHbIM 3anaxoM H IIJIOTHOCTbIO 790 KI'/M 3 . ITPH 06bI'IHOH TeM-
nepa1YP e OH JIerKO HcnapHeTCH. AueToH XOpOlllO CMeUllfBaeTCH B 3a,L1.aHHOM co-
OTHOllleHHH C BOJ{OH, cnHpTOM, 3Q>HPOM, MHHepaJIbHbIMH H pacTHTeJIbHbIMH
MaCJIaMH, 6eH3HHoM, KepOCHHOM, CKHnH,ZJ:apOM H HeKOTopbIMH J{PyrHMH Beme-
CTBaMH. XOpOlllO paCTBopHeT OpraHHQeCKHe CMOJIbI H 60JIblllHHCTBO CHHTeTH-
QeCKHX CMOJI.
113 XJIOpHpOBaHHbIX ymeBO.n:opo.n:OB B KaqeCTBe paCTBOplITeJISI HCnOJIb3Y-
lOT OUXllop3maH - 6eCQBeTHyID )l(H,L(KOCTh co CJIa6bIM 3anaxoM, rmOTHOCThIO
1250 KT/M 3 , C TeMnepaTYPOR KHnemrn 84,5°C. )];HXJIOp3TaH - CHJIbHbI:M: pa-
CTBOpHTeJIb. fOpIOqeCTh ero yMepeHHaSi. TIpHMeHSleTCg pe.n:KO, TaK KaK 31'0
CIDIbHO .n:eRCTByIDm HR SI.LJ:.
rJIABA 8
CMA30QHLIE MATEPHAJILI
8.1. 06UU1e CBe.n;eHIUI
.QeJIblO CMa3bIBaHHSI 30H 'TpeHHSI SlBJISleTCSI 06eCneqeHHe npeHMyrIJ;e-
CTBeHHO )I(Jf,lJ;KOCTHOrO 1peHHSI, rrpH KOTOpOM nOTepH Ha 'TpeHHe MaJIbI, a
H3HOC .LJ:eTaJIeH rrpaKTIIqeCKH OTCyrCTByeT.
CMtnOIlHblii MameplUl./l - MarepHaJI, BBO.LJ:HMbrn Ha nOBepXHOCTH 'TpeHHSI
.LJ:,JUI YMeHbweHHSI CRJIbI 'TpeHHSI H (RJIH) HHreHCHBHOCTII H3HanIHBaHHSI.
. CMa30QHbIe MaTepHaJIbI .LJ:OJI)I(HbI 06JIa,n;aTb c'Tporo 3a,n;aHHbIMH CBOH-
CTBaMH, KOTOpbIe onpe.LJ:eJUlIOTCg BeJIHqHHaMH Y.LJ:eJIbHOH II nOJIHOH Harpy-
30K B 30He 'TpeHHSI; MaKCHMaJIbHOH, Cpe.LJ:HeH " 06'beMHoH TeMTIepaTypaMH B
30He KOHTaKTa; KHHeMann<OH .LJ:BIDKeHHSI B 30He 'TpeHHSI (KaqeHHe, CKOJIb-
)l(eHHe, cMewaHHoe). npH 3TOM .LJ:OJDKHbI yqHTbIBaTbCg npHpo.LJ:a MarepHa-
JIOB o6olIX .LJ:eTaJIeH 'TpeHHSI, XapaKTepHCTIIKH BOJIHHCTOCTII H wepOXOBaTOCTII
nOBepXHoCTeii B 30He 'TpeHHSI, CBOHCTBa OKp}')KalOIl.{eH Cpe.LJ:bI H .LJ:p.
K OCHOBHbIM nOKa3aTeJUlM KaqeCTBa H pa6OTocnoc06HOCTH CMa30qHbIX
MaTepmmOB OTHOCSlTCg 6Jl3KOCmb H 6Jl31WCmHO-meMnepamYPHble c6oucm6a,
cmoulCOCmb K OKUCAeHUIO H KOPfXJ3UOHHaJl cmouKocmb, 30llbHocmb, meMnepamYPbl
3aCmbl6aHUJl, 6CnblUl.KU H 60CflJlllMeHeHUJl, KOKCYeMOCmb, aHmuneHHble c6oucm6a,
TIIlOmHOCmb, [{6em H .LJ:p.
BR3ICocmb 3ICU(JICOZO CMa30ltHOZO MOmepUOJIO - BHyrpeHHee 1peHHe, B03HHKaIO-
mee MeJl<l{y ero MOJIeKYJIaMH H CJIOHMH npH HX OTHOCHTeJIbHOM nepeMemeHHH
no,n ,neHCTBHeM BHellIHeH CIDIbI. Pa3JmQalOT (JuHOMUltecICYIO, ICUHeMOmUlteclCYIO H
YCIl08HYIO 8Jl3ICOcmb. 3aBHCHMOCTb BH3KOCTH OT TeMnepa1YPbI npHHHTO xapaKre-
pH30BaTb OTHOllIeHHeM 3HaqeHHH IGIHeMarnQeCKOH BH3Kocrn npH 50 H npH
100°C. qeM MeHbllIe 3TO OTHOllIeHHe, reM BbIllie BH3KOCTHO-TeMnepaTypHble
CBOHCTBa MaCJIa.
KOICcyeMocmb MOCAO - 3TO cnoco6HOCTI;> MaCJIa no,n BJIHHHHeM BbICOIGIX
TeMnepaTyp pa3JIaraTbCH C o6pa30BaHHeM TBepJU>IX OCa.n;KOB (KOKca).
no arperaTHoMy COCTOSlHHIO CMa30QHbIe MarepmlJIbI MOlYI' 6bITb JlCUaKU-
MU, TIIlaCmUrtHbLMU, m6epabLMU H Zll3006Pll3HbLMU. HaH60JIbWee pacnpoc'Tpa-
HeHHe nOJIyqIDIH )I(Jf,lJ;KHe CMa30QHbIe MarepHaJIbI (MaCJla) H TIJIaCTHQHbIe
CMa30QHbIe MaTepHaJIbI (CMll3KU).
399
8.2. CMa301JHbIe MaCJIa
CMa30qHbIe MaCJla KaK KOHCTPYKIU1OHHbIM MarepHaJI Y3Jla TPeHIDI BbI-
nOJlHSlIOT CJle.l{}'IOIIJ;He <l>YHKI.J;HH:
1) yMeHbwalOT 1])eHHe, B03HHKaIOIIJ;ee Me)K,l(Y corrpIDKe HbIMII .LJ:eTaJISIMH;
2) CHIDKalOT H3HOC H rrpe.LJ:OTBpaIIJ;aIOT 3MHPbI TPym:HXCSI rroBepXHocreii;
3) OTBOMT rerulO OT 1])ym:HXCg rroBepXHocreii;
4) 3aIIJ;HIIJ;aIOT rroBepXHOCTII TPyrn;HXCg .LJ:eTaJleii H .LJ:pyrne HeH30JlHpoBaH-
HbIe qaCTII OT KOppo3HOHHoro B03.LJ:eHCTBIDI oIq)}')KalOIIJ;eii Cpe.LJ:bI;
5) yruIOTHSIIOT 3a30pbJ Me)l{l{Y corrpIDKeHHbIMH .LJ:eTaJlSlMH;
6) Y.LJ: aJIglOT H3 30HbI 'l'peHIDI rrpo.LJ:YKTbI H3HOca, KOpp03IIH H rrpoqHe 3ar-
pg3HeHIDI.
B 3aBHCHMOCTII OT Ha3HaqeHIDI H YCJlOBHii 3KCIIJIyaTaIJ;HH HCrrOJlb3yeMoe
MaCJlO .LJ:OJDKHO Ha,n;e)K}{O BblIIOJlHSlTb .LJ:Be-TPH OCHOBHbIe <l>YHKI.J;HH.
TIo rrpoHcxo)I()J:eHHIO (crroco6y no.rryqeHIDI) BbI.neJUllOT HerjJmRHble, CUHme-
ml,lltec"ue H paCmUmeJlbHble MaC/la. B HaR60JlbWHX Macnrra6ax HCrrOJlb3yIOTCg
He<}mrnble MaCJla, rro.rryqaeMbIe rryreM nepepa6oTI<H He<l>'rnHoro CbIpbSl. CHH-
reTIIqeCKHe MaCJla, nOJlyqaeMbIe Ha OCHOBe ymeBO.LJ:opo.LJ:Horo rom .LJ:pyrHX
BH.LJ:OB CbIPbg, qaru.e HCnOJIb3yIOTCg B CMeCH C He<l>'rnHbIMH MaCJlaMH - nOAY-
CUHmemultec"ue MaCAa.
B COCTaB TOBapHbIX MaCeJl qaCTO BXOMT Iq)OMe OCH06HOZQ "OMnOHeHma
(He<PTSiHOrO, CHHreTIIqeCKorO MacJla HJIH HX cMecH) cne14UaJlbHble npucaO"u
H m8epiJble aHmurjJpUK14UOHHble iJo6a8"U. B KaqeCTBe rrpHcan:OK HCrrOJlb3yIOTCSI
OpraHHqeCKHe COe.LJ:HHeHIDI B KOJlHqeCTBe .LJ:O 30%, YJlyqwalOIIJ;He Te HJIH
HHbIe cBoiicTBa (aHTIIOKHCJlIITeJlbHbIe, MOIOIIJ;e-.nHcnepmpyIOIIJ;He, Bg3KOCT-
HbIe, aHTII<l>PHKI.J;HOHHbIe, rrpOTIIBOH3HOcHbIe, .LJ:errpeCCopHbIe, rrpOTHBorreH-
Hble H .LJ:p.). B KaqeCTBe TBep.LJ:bIX aHTII<l>PHKI.J;HOHHbIX .LJ:06aBOK (0,5...3,0%)
HCnOJIb3yIOTCg rpa<l>"T, .LJ:Hcym4)H,LJ; MOJlH6.LJ:eHa, HIITPH.LJ: 6opa, HeKOTOpbIe
CeJleHH.LJ:bI, CYJlb<PH.LJ:bI H HO.LJ:H.LJ:bI MeTaJIJlOB, a TaIOKe BbICoKo.nHcrrepcHbIe
rropowlGI MeTaJIJlOB H HX OKCH.LJ:bI. UeJlblO BBe.neHIDI TBep.LJ:bIX .LJ:06aBOK SlB-
JlSleTCg rrOBbIweHHe CMa30qHOH crrOC06HOCTII MaCeJl H HX CTa6HJIbHOCTII K
OKHCJleHHIO. TIpeHMym:eCTBO 3TIIX .LJ:06aBOK COCTOHT B TOM, qTO HX .LJ:eiiCTBHe
rrpOSlBJUleTCg KaK rrpH HH3KHX, TaK " rrpH BbICOKHX reMrrepaTYPax.
OCHOBHbIMH rr01])e6HreJlbCIGIMH CBOHCTBaMH CMa30qHbIX MaCeJl gBJISI-
IOTCSI noiJ8UJICHOCmb, uHiJe"c 8Jl3IWCmU, cma6WZbHocmb " O"UCAeHUIO, ucnapJle-
Mocmb, 80CfUlaMeHJIeMOCmb, npUeMUCmOCmb " npucaiJ"aM, CMa301tHaR cnoco6-
Hocmb, c08MecmUMocmb c HerjJmRHblMU OCH06aMU, c08MecmUMocmb c y1ZllOmHU-
meJlbHblMU MamepUaJlaMu.
HnoeKc 6Jl3KOCmU (HB) - CTeneHb H3MeHeHHH BH3KOCTH MacJIa B 3aBHCH-
MOCTH OT TeMnepaTYPbI. qeM Bblwe ero 3Ha'IeHHe, TeM JIyqwe MaCJIO.
TIo Ha3HaqeHIIIO BbI.nellillOT CJle.nyIOIIJ;He OCHOBHbIe rpynrrbI MaceJl: MO-
mopHble, uHiJycmpUQJlbHble, mpaHCMUCCUOHHble, myp6uHHble, IWMnpeccopHble,
400
zUOpa8AUiteCKUe, KOHCep6al{UOHHble, OM mexHOJlOZUlteCKUX Onepal{uii H cnel{U-
QJlbHOZO Ha3HalteHUJl.
K rpynne MOTOpHbIX MaCeJI OTHOCHTCR MaCila aJlJl CM03bl8aHUJl Kap6lOpamOp-
HbIX, aU3e.tlbHbIX H a8Ua14UOHHbIX nOplUHe6bIX a6UZame.tleU, 8 TaIOKe YHU8epCO/lbHbIe.
HH.ZJ.YCTpHaJIbHbIe MaCJIa .neJUIT Ha qeThIpe rpynnbI: I) aJlJl ZUapa6JlUlteCKUX
CUcmeM; 2) aJlJl Hanpa6JlJ1IOU4UX CKOflbJICeHUJl; 3) aJlJl 3y6ltambIX nepeaalt; 4) aJlJl
lUnUHae.tleU, nOalUunHuKo8 U COnpRJlCeHHbIX C HUMU coeaUHeHuu. C ne n:H$lf1IeCKHMH
n0Tpe6HTe.1IbCKHMH CBOitCTBaMH HlU(yCTpHaJIbHbIX MaceJI IlBJUlIOTCH HH.ZJ.eKC .3a,IJ;H-
pa, Harp}'3Ka cBapHBaHHR, nOKa3aTeJIb H3HOCa H npOTHBOCKaqKOBbIe cBoitcrna.
Typ6HHHbIe M8CJIa Pa3JIlf1IaIOTCR no KOHCTpYKUHH H MOII.(HOCTH CMa30qHbIX
CHCTeM 'ryp6HH: zpQ6Umai(uoHHbIe (MaJIOMOII.(HbIe) H HanopHble (60JIbwoit MOII.(-
HOCTH). Typ6HHHoe MaCJIO nO.D;BepraeTCR B03.lteitCTBHIO TeMnepa'I)'p 60...I00.C B
YCJIOBIDIX KOHTaKTa C KHCJIOpO.nOM Bo a H BO.nOit H B npHcyrcTBHH MeTaJIJIOB,
KaTaJIH3Hp}'IOll{HX npon:ecc ero OKHCJIeHIDI. C yqeTOM YCJIOBHit 3KcIDIyaT8ltHH K
'ryp6HHHbIM MaCJIaM npe,ZrbJlBJIHIOTCH CJIe.nyIOll{He n0Tpe6HTeJIbCKHe Tpe60BaHHH:
CTOitKOCTb K OKHCJIeHHIO B YCJIOBHHX KOmaKTa C B03.l{yXOM npH TeMIIepa'rypax
lOO...I20.C; OTCyrcTBHe CK1IOHHOCTH K 3MyJIbrHpOBaHHIO C BO.nOit; HH3Koe ne-'
Hoo6p830BaHHe; xopOWHe CMa3bIBaIOII.(He H npOTHBOH3HOCHbIe cBoitcrna; HH3-
Koe KHCJIOTHoe qHCJIO MH CBe.>Kero MaCJIa H B HaqaJIe pa6OTbI; 6oJIbwoit KOKCO-
BbIit OCTaTOK; OTCyrcTBl1e MeXaHlf1IeCKHX 3arpR3HeHHit, OCa,n;KOB H lliJIaMOB; BbI-
COKaH TeMnepa'rypa BcnbIWKH.
TpaHcMHccHoHHbIe MaCJIa npe.nHa3HaqeHbI MR CMa3bIB8HHR pa3JIHqHoro
po.na MeXaHlf1IeCKHX H m.npaBJIHqeCKHX TpaHCMHcCHit. YCJIOBHH pa6oTbJ: MaCeJI
onpe.neJIHIOTCR KOHCTpYKUHeit arperaTa Tp8HCMHcCHit (n:HJlHH.ZJ.Plf1IecKHit, KOHH-
qecKHit, CIIHpaJIbHO-KOHHqecKHit H .npyrHe arperaTbI).
0603HaqeHIDI MOTOpHbIX, TpaHCMHCCHOHHbIX H nw:paBJIlf1IeCKHX MaCeJI YCTa-
HOBJIeHbI rocr 17479.1-85, rocr 17479.2-85 H rocr 17479.3-85.
KOMIIpeCCOpHbIe MaCJIa, npHMeHSleMbIe B B03n}'lllHbIX, ra3OBbIX, XOJIOJUlJIbHbIX
KOMnpeccopax, B03.l{yXO.nyBKax H BaKyyMHbIX Hacocax pa3HOro THna H Ha3Haqe-
HIDI, .neJIHTCR Ha TpH OCHOBHbIe rpynnbI: aJlJl 603iJylUHbIX U Z0306bIX KOMnpeccopo6;
aJlJl XOflOaUllbHbIX KOMnpeccopo6; aJlJl 8aKYYMHbIX HaCOC06. n0Tpe6HTeJIbCKHe Tpe_
60BaHHH K M8CJIaM MR B03.ltYlliHbIX H ra30BbIX KOMnpeccopoB onpe.neJIHIOTCR
TeMnepa1'YPOit C}l{HMaeMOCTH ra3a, .n8BJIeHHeM C.>KaTIDI H qHCTOTOit ra3a. KOMn-
peCCopHoe MaCJIO .nOIDKHO 06JIa,n;aTb mepMUlteCKOU H mepMoOKCUaa14UOHHou cma-
6U1lbHocmblO, omcymcm6UeM CK/lOHHOcmu K KOKCoo6p0308aHulO H meMnepamypou
8cnbllUKU Ha 50.C 8bllUe COMOU 6blCOKOU pa60lteu meMnepamypbl. B MaCJIe He .nOJDK-
HO 6bITb JIeTy'lHX KOMnOHeHTOB, a M8CJIHHbIit TYM8H .nOJI)I{eH cpa3y oce.naTb Ha
CTeHKax ltHlIHH.ZJ.pOB, B npOTHBHOM cJIy'lae MO.>KeT npoH30HTH B3pbIB napOB Mac-
JIa. KOMnpeccopHoe MaCJIO MH XOJIO.nHJIbHbIX KOMIIpeCCOpOB .nOIDKHO npOTHBO-
CTOHTb arpeCCHBHOCTH xna,n;arema, TeMnep8'rypa ero 3aCThIBaHIDI .nOIDKHa 6bITb
HIDKe MHHHMaJIbHoit pa60qeit TeMnepa'rypbI.
KOHcepBan:HOHHbIe MaCJIa npHMeHSlIOTCR MH 3all{HTbI OT KOpp03HH H H3Ha-
lllHBaHHH MeTaJlJIOH3.lteJIHit, KOHCTpYKUHOHHbIX MaTepHaJIOB, 38IIaCHbIX qaCTeit,
HHCTp}'MeHTOB, annapa'I)'pbI H .np. 3m MaCJIa 06p83yIOT Ha nOBepXHOCTH TOHKyIO
MaCJUlH}'IO IDIeHK}', 3all{HlI.(aIOJ:.UYIO nOBepXHOCTb OT BHewHeit Cpe.nbI, a TaIOKe
401
RBJHIIOTCR CMa30'lHbIM MarepHaJIOM npH nepeXO,D;e OT KOHCepBaWiH K 3KcruIya-
TaI.{HH. KOHCepBal.{HOHHoe MaCJIO, KaK npaBHJIO, HeCOBMeCTIfMO C XO,D;OBbIM H
nepe,D; 3anYCKOM 3aKOHCepBHpOBaHHOrO YCTpOHCTBa ,D;OJDKHO 6bITb nOJIHOCTbIO
3aMeHeHO HJIH B HerO ,D;06aBJIeHO XO,D;OBOe MaCJIO.
MacJIa )I,JHI TeXHOJIOrH'IeCIGIX onepal.{HH - 3TO CMa30'lHblli MaTepHaJI, HC-
nOJIWIIOI.U:HH pOJIb BcnOMOraTeJIbHOrO cpe,D;CTBa B pa3JIH'IHbIX TeXHOJIOm<IeCIGIX
npol.{eccax: o6pa60TKe pe3aHHeM, ruIaCTH'IeCKOH H TeruIOBOH 06pa6OTKe, ,WIR
JIHTeHHbIX <!>OPM, KepaMH'leCIGIX H3,D;eJIHH, ,WI5I npOH3BO,D;CTBa 6eTOHHbIX H3,D;e-
JIHH H ,D;p.
Cnel.{HaJIbHbIe MaCJIa - 3TO TaIGIe BH.D;bI MaceJI, KOTopbIe no CBOHM CBOH-
CTBaM npHcnoco6JIeHbI K BbInOJIHeHHIO OC06bIX onpe,D;eJIeHHbIX <!>YHKI.{HH H
npaKTH'IeCKH He npHMeH5IIOTC5I B 06bI'iHbIX YCJIOBH5IX CMa3KH. K :nOH rpynne
OTHOC5ITC5I npOnHTO'lHbIe MaCJIa H MaCJI5IHbIe paCTBOpHTeJIH, MaCJIO ,WI5I l.{eneH
TYHHeJIbHbIX ne'leH, MaCJIO ,WI5I repMeTH3aI.tHH CKBIDKHH, MaCJI5IHbIe TeruIOHOCH-
TeJIH H ,D;p. Cnel.{HaJIbHOe MaCJIO nOJIyqalOT nyreM BBe,D;eHH5I B MHHepaJIbHOe HJIH
CHHTernqecKoe OCHOBHoe MaCJIO Cnel.{HaJIbHbIX npHca,n:OK.
ITo cnermqmKe 3KCTIJlyaTaU:HH pa3JlmalOT pa6oltue, KOHcepeaquoHHble H
KOHcepeaquoHHo-pa6oltue MaCJla.
TIo YCJIOBIDIM rrpHMeHeHIDI MaCJIa MOryr 6bITb llemHUe, 3UMHue, ecece30H-
Hble, a TaIOKe OJlJl npUMeHeHUJl e peZUOHax c OC06blMU KIlUMamUlteCKUMU YCJlO-
eUJlMU, HarrpHMep B ceoopHbIX (apKTIIqeCKHX).
8.3. llJIaC1WlHbIe CMa3KH
OCHOBHaSI 3a,rI;aqa TIJlaCTHqHbIX CMa30K - CHH)I(eHHe K03<pqmU;HeHTa
TPeHHH. MeHbIIIee npHMeHeHHe HMelOT TIJlaCrnqHbIe 3aru;IITHbIe CMa3KH,
HaHOCHMbIe Ha nooopXHOCTb )J.JISI 3aIIIHTbI OT KOpp03HH H )J.JISI repMern3a-
U;HH. Bce TIJlaCTHqHbIe CMa3KH ,n:OJI)l(HbI OTJIHqaTbCH BbICOKOH rrpmmnae-
MOCTblO K CMa3bIBaeMOH nooopXHocrn.
OCHOBHbIM KOMnOHeHTOM TIJlaCrnqHbIX CMaJOK SlBJUleTCH MHHepaJIbHoe
RJIH CHHTernqeCKOe MaCJIO pa3JllIqHOH BSl3Kocrn. B KaqeCTBe 3arycrnTeJI51
HCnOJIb3}'1OTCSI KOHCHCTeHTHbIe ymeBo,n:opo,n:bI, a TaIOKe MbUla pa3JmqHbIX
MeTaJIJIOB H )l(HpHbIX KHCJIOT.
3arycrnTeJIb o6pa3yeT C MaCJIOM rrpocTPaHCTBeHHbIH CKeJIeT (pHC. 81), B
WIeHKax ceTKH KOTOpOro 3aKPeIUIeHo MacJIO. TIepeMeru;eHHe MaCJIa OrpaHH-
qeHO neperopo,n:KaMH CKeJIeTa. TIpoCTPaHCTBeHHbIH CKeJIeT 06bPIHO nOCTPoeH
H3 KPHCTaJIJIlIqeCKHX arperaToB C BOJIOKHHCTOH HHTeBH.LJ:HOH RJIH IIIapOBH.LJ:-
HOH CTPYI<T}'POH. Me)l(J].y MOJIeKYJIaMH B arperaTax H caMHMH arperaTaMH
OCYIlleCTBJISIeTCH BaHAepBaaJIbCOBO B3aHMo,n:eHcTBHe. <1>opMa arperaToB H
oco6eHHo <popMa BOJIOKOH H MX pa3Meru;eHHe B npOCTPaHCTBeHHOH crpyKTY-
pe orrpe,n:eJI5nOT MeXalmqeCKHe CBOHCTBa CMa3KH, TaK, HarrpHMep, IUmc1WI-
HaSI CMa3Ka HMeeT npe,n:eJI Te ecrn.
flrraCTIf1IHbIe CMa3KH He ,n:e<popMHpyIOTCH no,n: LJ:eHCTBHeM CRJIbI TIDKeCTIf,
a no,n: ,n:eHCTBHeM c,n:BHralOru;HX CRJI nOCJIe rrpeo,n:OJIeHHH rrpe,n:eJIa Te ecrn
402
PIle. 81. CmpyICmypo 601l0ICHO 30zycmumeM CM030IC
TeKYT KaK }lGI):J;KOCTII. BoCCTaHORJIeHHe npOC'l'paHCTBeHHOH C'l'pYKTYPbI H CBSI-
3a.HHbIe C 3TIIM peOJIOlW-leCKHe cBoHCTBa HaJbIBaIOTCH mUKcOmpOnHblMU C60U-
Cm6D.MU.
CBOHCTBa lUIaC1WllIbIX CMaJOK ou:emmaIOT TaK .>Ke, KaK H CBOHCTBa .lijJymx
CMaJO bIX MaTepHaJIOB. ,D;onOJIHHTeJIbHO (H3-3a Cnel(HqmKH MX C'l'pYKTYPbI)
orrpe.n:ellilIOTCH K03fjJfjJU14UeHm mUKcomponuu, npeoe/l meKy ecmu, meMnepamy-
pa Ka1lllenaOeHUll H .n:p., cpe.n:H KOTOpbIX, HanpHMep, MUKpo6uoAoZU eCKaJl
cmouKocmb, nOCKOJIbK}' KOMrrOHeHThI lDIacTWIHbIX CMaJOK MOryr 6bITh nlIIl.{eH
,l(lliI 6aKTepHH, pa3BMTHe KOTOpbIX npHBo.n:HT K qaCTIIqHOMy pa3pyrneHHIO
HITH H3MeHeHHIO npoc'l'paHCTBeHHoH C'l'pYKTYPbI CMa3KH.
flrraCmqHbIe CMaJKH KJIaccH<lml(HPYIOTCH no OCH06HOMY KOMnoHeHmy
(MaCJIY), 6UOy 3azycmUmeJlfl, Hll3Ha eHU1O (MH no.n:IIIHrrHHKOB KaqeHHSl, CKOJIb-
.>Kemrn, ,l(lliI nepe.n:aq; KaHaTHaSI CMa3Ka, ynrrOTHJITeJIbHaSI cMaJKa, CMa3Ka ,l(lliI
ra30BbIX KpaHOB, HaCOCHaSI H BaK}'YMHaSI CMaJKa H .lijJ.) H oc06blM c60UCm6aM
(TePMOCTOHKHe, HeropIOqHe, CToHKHe K BbICOKOMy .n:aRJIeHHIO H .n:P.).
HaH60JIbillee pacnpoc'l'paHeHHe nOJIyqHJIH KaJIbl(HeBbIe CMaJKH (COAU-
OOA), H3roTaRJIHBaIOIl.{HeCH H3 HaTYPaJIbHbIX .>KHBOTHbIX H paCTIITeJIbHbIX.>KH-
pOB HJIM .>KHpHbIX CHHTeTIIqeCKHX KHCJIOT. - B KaqeCTBe 3arycmTeJIeH rrpHMe-
HSleTCSI rH,LJ;pOKCH,LJ; KaJIbU:HSI B nopoIIIKOBOM BH,LJ;e (cyxorailleHaSI H3BeCTh)
HJIH B BH,LJ;e BO.n:HOH B3BeCH (H3BeCTKOBOe MOJIOKO). COJIH,LJ;OJI BbInycKaeTcH
paJHOH KOHCHCTeHl(HH, qTO onpe.n:eJISIeT BH3KOCTb MacJIa H KOJIHqecTBO 3a-
ryCTJITeJISI.
8.4. Toep.zn,le CMa30':IHble MaTepHaJlbl
Bo MHOrIIX Cnel(HqmqeCKHX CJIyqaSIX B Y3JIax 'l'peHHSI MOryr npHMeHSlTb-
CH TOJIbKO m6epoble CM{J30 Hble MamepUaJlbl. K TaKHM CJIyqaSIM OTHOCHTCSI,
HarrpHMep, CJIe.n;yIOIl.{He YCJIOBHSI pa60TbI Y3JIOB TpeHHSI: 3KCTIJIyaTal{IDl HIDKe
TeMrrepaTYP 3aCThIBaHHSI MaceJI H CMaJOK; 3KCTIJIyaTal{IDl npH BbICOKHX TeM-
nepaTYPax, rrpH KOTOpbIX CMa3KH paJJIaraIOTCH H HcnapHIOTCH; He.n:onyCTII-
MOCTh rrpHcyrcTBHSI .>KH.lI;KOCTII; HeB03MO.>KH0CTb nepHO,lUlqeCKoro no.n:BO.n:a
CMaJOqHOro MaTepHaJIa K nOOOpXHOCTHM 'l'peHHSI H .n:p.
403
TIPHpo,nHbIe H HCK}'CCTBeHHbIe TBepJJ:bIe CMa30qHbIe MarepHaJIbI MO)I{HO
pa3)lemITb Ha J(Be rpynnbI:
. HeOpZaHUlteCKUe - CJIOHCThIe (rpaqmT, ,nHXaJIbKOreHlI,lJ;bI nepeXOJJ;HbIX
MeT8JIJIOB, HIITPlI,lJ; 60pa H .np.); HeCJIOHCTbIe (XJIOPlI,lJ;bI, $roplI,lJ;bl H HO,nH.nbI
MeT8JIJIOB, OKClI,lJ;bl H .np.); MSlfKHe MeT8JIJIbI H HX CTIJlaBbI (Pb, Sn, Cd II .np.);
. OpZaHUlteCKUe - nOJIHMepHbIe MarepHaJIbI (noJI:HTe1pa$rop3TRJ1eH, no-
JIHHMlI,lJ;bI H ,np.).
TBep.lU>Ie CMa30QHbIe MarepHaJIbI nplIMeHSlIOTCH B BlI,lJ;e nOKpbITIIH KOH-
C'lpyKIUlOHHbIX MarepHaJIOB H aHTII<PPIIKIU10HHbIX HarrOJIH:HTeJIeH B KOMTIO-
3HTaX.
OCHOBHbIMH 1pe60BaHIDIMII K TBep,nbIM CMa30QHbIM nOKpbITIDlM HBJIH-
IOTCH HU3Koe conpomu6AeHue Cpe3Y; 6blCOKaJl aoze3Wl MamepUllAa nOKpblmWl K
nOOAO:JICKe; 603MO:JICHO MeHblUaR mOAU4uHa CJlOJl nOKpblmWl; 6blCOKoe conpomU6-
AeHue U3HalUU6aHUIO; omcymcm6ue KOPP03UOHHOZO 6030eucm6Wl Ha Memtl./l/lbl;
6blCOKaR meMnepamypHaR cmOUKocmb. TIepeQHCJIeHHbIe 1pe60BaHHSI cyIl(e-
CTBeHHO 3aBHCHT KaK OT npHpO.lU>I TBep,noro CMaJOQHOro nOKpbITIDI, TIlK H
OT cnoco6a ero HaHeceHIDI Ha ,neTaJlb.
Cnoc06bI HaHeceHH nOKpbITHH MOryr 6bITb pa3.D:eJIeHbI no CJIe,nYIOWHM
rpynnaM: MexaHUlteCKUe (HaTHpaHHe, raJITOBKa H ,np.), co C8.R3)1IOU(UM 8eU(ecm8oM
(OK}'HaHHe, HaHeceHHe KHCTbIO, pacnbmeHHe H ,np.), XUMUKo-mepMUIteCKUe H fjJu-
3UlteCICUe (JIJla3MeHHbIH, ,neTOHa HoHHbIH H ,np.).
8.5. CMa301JHO-OXJUUK,IJ,alOllUle )KIt,lU{OCTB
CMo3ormo-oX/Ul:JlCi)alOUI,ue 3ICUi)KOCnJU (COX) - CJIO)I{HbIe MHOroKOMTIO-
HeHTHble (B cpe,ll.HeM 8-10 COCTaBJUlIOll.{HX) coe,nJolHeHIDI npo.nyKTOB Heqrre-
XHMHQecKOro H XHMWIecKOro npOH3BO,nCTBa. OHH 06JIa,D;aIOT PMOM CBOHCTB,
o6ecneQHBalOll.{IIX npH BBo,ne HX B 30M)' pe3aHHSI nOBbIIIIeHHe CTOHKOCTII
HHC'lpyMeHTIl, YJIyqIIIeHHe KaQeCTBa o6pa6aThIBaeMOH nOBepXHOCTII, yMeHb-
IIIeHHe CR1I pe3aHIDI H cnOC06CTBy!oll.{HX y,naJIeHHIO C1p}')KKH.
B OCHOBe ,neHCTBIDI CO)l( Ha npou;ecc pe3aHIDI JIe:>KaT1pH 3cW>eKTIl:
CMa30QHbIH, OXJIIDK.nalOll.{HH H MOIOll.{HH.
IIpHMeHeHHe CO)l( He Bcer.na ,naeT nOJIOJKHTeJIbHbIH pe3YJIbTaT. TaK, XHMH-
1ieCKH aKTHBHbIe BeweCTBa npH pe3aHHH 6bICTPOpeJK)'WHM HHCTpYMeHTOM BO
MHOfHX CJIyqaHX nOHIDKalOT CTOHKOCTb HHCTPYMeHTa BCJIe,nCTBHe }'BeJIH'leHH}I
a6pa3HBHO-XHMH1ieCKOrO H3Hoca, a TaIOKe YMeHbWeHH}I 3RWHTHOrO ,neHCTBH}I
HapoCTa Ha KOHTaKTHbIX nOBepXHOCTSIX. Oc06eHHO 3Ha1iHTeJIbHO npO BJIeHHe
OTPH aTeJIbHoro BJIH HH}I CO)l( Ha CTOHKOCTb npH MaJIbIX CKOpOCTSIX pe3RHH}I.
B npOMbIlIDIeHHOCTII rrpHMeHSlIOTCH .nBa OCHOBHbIX BlI,lJ;a CO)l(: MaCJlJlHble
H 6000pacm60pUMble.
404
MaCIliIHbIe CO)l( COCTOHT H3 MHHepaJIbHoro MaCJIa (60...95%) H Pa3JIHq-
HbIX npHca,nOK: aHTH<PPHKu:HOHHbIX, aHTH3a,L{HpHbIX, aHTHneHHbIX H aHTH-
'I)'MaHHbIX HHm61ITOPOB KOppo3IDI. MaclliIHbIe CO)l( (cYJIL<l>o<1>peJOJI, MP-I,
OCM-3) 06JIa,naIOT HaH60JIee BbICOKHM CM330tffibIM ,ne:i1:CTBHeM H npHMeHSllOT-
CR B OCHOBHOM npH 06pa6oTKe 6bICTpOpe HHC'Ip}'MeHTOM Ha HH3KO:i1:
CKOpoCTH pe3aHIDI H npH Heo6xo,nHMOCTH CHH31ITb wepoXOBaTOCTb o6pa60-
TaHHO:i1: nOBepXHOCTH.
Bo,nopacTBOpHMbIe CO)l( (3MY.llbCOAbl) co,nepxaT 70...85% MHHepaJIbHoro
MaCJIa H 30...15% 3M}'JIbraTOpoB BMecre C pa3JIHQHbIMII npHCa,nKaMH. 113
3M}'JIbCOJIOB (3-1...3, 3T-2 H ,np.) npHrOTaBJIHBaIOT Bo,nHbIe 3MYJIbCHH
(06bIQHO 1...10% 3My.1IbCOJIa). BoJUIbIe OXJIIDIQJ;aIOI.UHe 3M}'JIbCIIH 6JIaro,napH
CM330tffiOM}' H BbICOKOM}' OXJIIDIQJ;aIOI.UeM}' ,ne:i1:CTBHIO nOJIyqR1IH HaH60JIee
WHpoKoe npHMeHeHHe.
OrJIABJIEHHE
llpeiJUC/108Ue......... .......................................................................................... 3
B8eiJeHue ................................................ ........................................................ 4
1. OcHoBHhIe IIOHJITHH ....... ........ ........ ......... ........................................................ 4
2. 3HaQeHHe, eJIH H 3a,ZJ;a'IH .lUICUHIIJIHHhI «MarepHaJIOBe.neHHe.
WUI IIO.lIfOTOBKH 6aKarraBpoB B 06.n:aCTH ropHOro .neJIa.
B3aHMOCBH3h C .D;pymMH .lUICIlHIJJIHHaMH ........................................................ 4
3. 06IUHe 'IpeOOBaHIDI, rrpe,Zl,'hRBJUleMhIe K MarepHaJIaM
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT YCJIOBHA HCIIOJIh30BaHIDI HJIH 3KCrmya1'8.UHH ..................... 5
4. CHcreMHhDt no.D;Xo.n K H3}":IeHHIO CTpoeHWI, CTpYKTYPhI
H CBOjtCTB MarepHaJIOB ...... ........... ...... ....................... ...................................... 8
r/la8a 1
OcHOtlHble noHRmUR 0 cmpoeHUU, cmpy""'ype
U ctloUcmtlax MIlmepllllAotl
1.1. ArperaTHhIe COCTOBHWI BeWeCTBa ................................................................ 10
1.1.1. 06lUHe CBeneHWI................................................................................ 10
1.1.2. CrpoeHHe O.zUIOPOJ(HhIX BeweCTB B pa3JIH'lHhIX
arperaTHhIX COCTOJIHIUIX ...... ........ ....................................................... 15
1.1.2.1. B3aHMo.neitCTBHe CTpYKTYPHhIX QacTH BeweCTBa .................. 15
1.1.2.2. CaMOOpraHH3aIUUI CTpyx:rypHhIX QaCTHlt BeweCTBa ................ 18
1.1.3. Cl>a3hI H $a3oBhIe rrpeBpalUeHWI ......................................................... 22
1. 1.4. XapaKTepHCTHKa OCHOBHhIX $a3oBhIX npeBpameHHit .......................... 25
1.1.4.1. cI>a30BOe rrpeBpameHHe:
ra3OO6pa3Hoe COCTOSIHHe - oe COCTOJIHHe .................................. 25
1.1.4.2. cI>a3osoe rrpeBpalUeHHe:
oe COCI'OJIHHe - TBep.noe COCI'OJIHHe ........................................... 25
1.2. CrpoeHHe Iq>HCT8JIJIH1{eCKHX BeweCTB Ha aTOMHojt (HOHHOit) OCHOBe .......... 29
1.2.1. KpHCTaJJJIH'leCKaJI peWeTKa ................................................................. 29
1. 2.2. JJ;e<}>eKThI Iq>HCTaJJJIH'leCKojt peWeTKH ................................................ 32
1.3. MeraJL1IHqecKHe CIJJIaBhI ........... ....... ......... ....... ............................................ 36
I.3.I.06IUHe CBe.neHHB ................................................................................ 36
1.3.2.XapaKTepHCTHKa 4>83, 06P83YlOWHX CIJJIaBhI ....................................... 37
1.3.3. CTPYKTYPa CIJJIaBOB ............................................................................ 41
1.3.4. cI>a30BhIe H CTpyx:rypHhIe rrpeBpameHHB B ClUlaBaX ............................ 45
1.3.5.)J;HarpaMMhI COCTOBHWI ClUlaBOB ......................................................... 49
1.4. IIOJIHMepHhIe BeweCTBa .. ................................ ............................................. 56
416
1.4.1. CocraB, CTp<>eHHe H crpyKTYPa nOJIHMepHhIX CIIJI8BOB ........................ 56
1.4.2. nolUl'l'IDI 0 IOIaccH$HK31UUlX nOJIHMepHhIX MarepHaJIOB ..................... 60
1.4.3. ()6WM xapaKTepHCTHKa KayqyKOB ..................................................... 62
1.4.4. ()6IUaJ1 xapaKTepHCTHKa BhICOKOMOJleKYIDIPHhIX nOJIHMepOB............... 64
1.4.4.1. TepMoIIJIacTIf1lHhIe nOJIHMephI ................................................ 64
1.4.4.2. TepMopeaIcrHBHhIe nOJIHMephl................................................ 67
1.5. KOMII03HUHOHHhIe MaTepilaJIhl .................................................................... 69
1.6. Cl>H3H11eCKHe cBOACTBa .. ....... ........ ...................... .................. ........................ 72
1.6.1. Cl>H3H11ecKHe BeJIH'IHHhI, xapmcrep H 3YI<>ID;He
arperaTHoe COCTOJIHHe BeWecTBa ......................................................... 73
1.6.2. Cl>H3H'IecKHe cBOACTBa. xapaKTep H 3YI<>ID;He
cnoco6HOCTb BeweCTB H MarepHaJIOB B3aIDdo.n;eACTBOBaTb
C nOTOK8MH MaCe H H3IIY'IeHldt .......................................................... 75
1.6.3. MexaHl{qeCKHe cBOACTBa . ................. ......... ................ ......................... 79
1.6.3.1. ()6ID;He CBe.n;eHHJI ................................................................... 79
1.6.3.2. ,ZJ;e4>oPMaJDIH H HanpIDKeHHJI ................................................. 81
1.6.3.3. Pa3PyweHHe Iq>HCTaJIJlHlleCKHX BeweCTB ................................ 85
1.6.3.4. OcHoBHhIe MexaHWleCKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH ........................... 87
1.6.4. SJleIcrpHllecKHe CBOACTBa ..... ....... .......... ....... ...................................... 90
1.6.5. MarHH1HhIe CBoACTBa ....... ....... ........ .......... ......................................... 97
1.7. CBOACTBa BeWeCTB H MarepHaJIOB B OCHOBHhIX
$H3HKo-XHMH1IeCKHX npoueccax . ......... ........... .................................. 104
1.7.1. CrapeHHe ........................................................................................... 104
1.7.2. H3H3llIHB8HHe ................................................................................... 106
1.7.3.,ZJ;H4>cI>y3HJ1 .. ................ ........ ........ .................. .................................... 108
1.7.4. KOpp03HJ1 .......................................................................................... 110
1.8. TeXHOJIOJ'H1:lecKHe CBOACTBa......... ..... .................... ............... ....................... 113
1.9. n01'pe6HreJIbCKHe CBOACTBa. .................................. ..................................... 114
1.10. Cnoco6hI BOOl1eACTBIDI Ha cBOACTBa BeWeCTB H MarepHaJIOB .................... 120
1.10.1. B3aHMOCBH3b XHMH1IeCKOI'O COCTaBa co cBOACTBaMH BeweCTB
H MaTepHaJIOB ... ....... ........ ....... ....... ........... .......... ............................... 120
1.10.2. MexaHl{qecKaJI 06pa6oTKa ...............................................................122
1.10.2.1. ()6ID;He CBe.n;eHHJI .............................................................. 122
1.10.2.2. ,ZJ;e4K>PMaIlHJI nOJIHIq>HCTaJIJlOB ..........................................123
1.10.2.3. ,ZJ;e4K>PMaIlHJI IIOJIHMepoB ............... .,................................. 127
1.10.2.4. ,ZJ;e4>oPMaIlHJI aMOP4>HhIX CIIJI8BOB .....................................128
1.10.3. TepMH1lecKaJI 06pa6oTKa .................................................................. 129
1.10.3.1. ODIcHr ............................................................... ............... 130
1.10.3.2. 3aKaJIKa .................................................................... ........ 133
1.10.3.3. OmyCK H HCKYCCTBeHHoe crapeHHe ..................................134
1.10.4. TepMOMexaHl{qeCKaJI 06pa6oTKa ....................................................... 136
1.10.5. XHMHKO-repMH1lecKaJI 06pa6oTKa ...... ........ ...................................... 138
417
I.II.06IUHe -rpe60BaHIDI 6eJOnaCHOCTH npH HCn0JIb30BaHHH
HJIH npHMeHeHHH BeweCTB H MaTepHaJIOB ..........................:......................... 140
Dza6a 2
Memll.ll.Jlbl U CTUla6bl
2.1. )l(eJIeJO H CIUlaBbl Ha ero OCHOBe .................................................................. 144
2.1.1. CHcreMa «xeJIe30 - ueMeHfm'» .......................................................... 146
2.1.2. CTaJrn H CIUlaBbI ................................................................................... 150
2.1.2.1. CrpyKTypa CTaneii B paBHOBeCHOM COC1'OSIHHH ....................... 150
2.1.2.2. BJIIDIHHe yrJIepo.D.a H nOCTOHHHbIX ('reXHOJIOI'H'IecKHX)
npHMeceii Ha cBoiiCTBa CTaJIeii H CIUlaBOB ........................................... 151
2.1.2.3. B.rnrnHHe repMlf<lecKoii, repMOMe:xaHHtlecKoii
H XHMHKo-repMlf<lecKoii 06pa60T0K Ha CBOHCTBa
CTaJIH H cIUlaBOB................................ ............. .............. ................... ..... 154
2.1.2.4. BmmHHe JIernpyrowHX ::meMeHTOB Ha CBOiiCTBa
CTaJIH H CIUlaBOB..................... ...................... ..... ................................... 160
2.1.2.5.06waSI K1IaccHcI>HKaUIDI CTaneii ............................................. 163
2.1.2.6. MapKHpOBKa CTaJIeii no XHMIf<IeCKOM}' COCTaBy..................... 165
2.1.2.7. KOHC1p}'KlUiOHHbIe CTaJIH H CIUlaBbI ...................................... 170
2.1.2.8. MHCTpYMeHTaJIbHble CTaJIH H CIUlaBbI ..................................... 178
2.1.2.9. CTaJrn H CIUlaBbI C oco6bIMH
cl>H3I{qeC MH CBOHCTBaMH .................................................................. 181
2.1.2.10. CTapeHHe yrJIepO.D.HCTOH CTaJIH ............................................. 185
2.1.3. qyryHbI...................................... ............................................ .... ........... 186
2.1.3.1. 06IUHe CBe.D.eHHH .................................................................... 186
2.1.3.2. BeJIbIe qyryHbI ........................................................................ 188
2.1.3.3. Cepble qyryHbI ........................................................................ 189
2.1.3.4. KOBKHe qyryHbI ...................................................................... 190
2.1.3.5. BbIcOKOnpOQHbIe qyryHbI ....................................................... 192
2.1.3.6. qyryHbI CneUHaJIbHoro Ha3HaQeHHH ....................................... 193
2.2. THTaH H CIUlaBbI Ha ero OCHOBe .................................................................... 194
2.3. TyroIUlaBKHe MeTaJlJIbI H CIUlaBbI Ha HX OCHOBe .......................................... 198
2.4. l(BeTlIbIe MeTaJlJIbI H CIUlaBbI Ha HX OCHOBe ................................................. 201
2.4.1. Me.D.b H CIUlaBbl Ha ee OCHOBe ............................................................. 201
2.4.1.1. Me.D.b ....................................................................................... 20 I
2.4.1.2. JIaTYHH .. ..... . ............................................................................ 203
2.4.1.3. BpoH3bI .... ............. .................................................................. 205
2.4.1.4. Me.D.Ho- HHKeJIeBbIe CIUlaBbI ....... ............ ................................. 210
2.4.2.AmoMHHHH H CIUlaBbI Ha em OCHOBe .................................................. 212
2.4.3. MaI'HHH H CIUlaBbI Ha em OCHOBe ....................................................... 218
2.4.4.AHTHcl>PHKIIHoHHbIe (nO.lUIIHnHHKOBbIe) CIUlaBbI
Ha OJlOBHHHOH, CBHHI.{OBOH H UHHKOBOii OCHOBaX .............................. 221
418
2.4.5. IJpHIIOH ................................................................................................ 224
2.5. IIopoIIIKoBbIe MeTa.1I.1IWIeCKHe MaTepHaJIbI .................................................... 225
2.5.1. KOHCTpYKUHOHHbIe MeTaJIJllI'IeCKHe
nopoIIIKoBbIe MarepHaJIbI ..................................................................... 227
2.5.2. MHCTp}'MeHTaJIbHbIe MeTaJIJIH'ieCKHe
nopoIIIKoBbIe MaTepHaJIbI ..................................................................... 229
2.5.3. IIopoIIIKoBbIe MeTa.1I.1IWIeCKHe MaTepHaJIbI
CneUHaJIbHoro Ha3HaqeHHH C oc06I>IMH CBOHCTBaMH ........................... 230
2.6. KOMII03HUHOHHbIe MarepHaJIbI C MeTa.1I.1IWIeCKOH Ma'l"pHUeA ....................... 232
2.6.1. KOMII03HlUiOHHbIe .lIHCnepcHo-ynpO'IHeHHbIe MaTepHaJIbI
C MeTa.1I.1IWIeCKOH Ma'l"pHUeii .. ............................................................... 233
2.6.2. KOMII03HlUiOHHbIe MaTepHaJIbI C MeTa.1I.1IWIeCKOA Ma'l"pHl1eH
H BOJIOKHHCTbIM ynpOQHHTeJIeM ........................................................... 234
2.7. MeTa.1I.1IWIeCKHe CTeKJIa ................................................................................. 235
2.8. 3annrra MeTaJIJIOB OT KOppo3HH .................................................................... 238
Dza6a 3
MamepUaAbl U3 opzanUileCKUX 6elll,eCm6
3.1. JIecoMarepHaJIbI ....................................................................................... ...... 241
3.1.1. ()6IUHe CBe.n;eHIUI .................................................................................. 241
3.1.2. KpyrJIbIe JIecoMarepHaJIbI ..................................................................... 244
3.1.3. I1ID:IoMarepHaJIbI ................................................................................... 246
3.1.4.,lij>eBeCHbIe MarepHaJIbI H H3):(emrn H3 HHX.......................................... 247
3.2. E}'M3.)KHbIe MarepHaJIbI .................................................................................. 251
3.2.1. ()6IUHe CBe.n;eHIUI .................................................................................. 251
3.2.2.E}'Mara H H3):(eJIIUI Ha ee OCHOBe ......................................................... 252
3.2.3.KaproH H H3):(eJIIUI Ha em OCHOBe ....................................................... 254
3.3. Pe3HHoBbIe MarepHaJIbI.................................................................................. 256
3.3.1. ()6IUHe CBe.n;eHHH .................................................................................. 256
3.3.2. Cocra8 pe3HHOBbIX MarepHaJIOB ........................................................... 258
3.3.3.Kn:accHcI>HIGUurn pe3HHOBbIX MarepHaJIOB
no Ha3HaQeHHlO H 06JIacrn IIpHMeHeHlUI............................................. 259
3.4. OpramrqeCKHe BIDK.yIIUle Be eCTBa H MaTepHaJIbI Ha HX OCHOBe................. 261
3.4.1.Elfl'YMHbIe H .n;eITeBbIe Be eCTBa......................................................... 261
3.4.2.Acct>am>TOBbIe CTpOHTeJlbHbIe paCTBOpbI H 6eroHbI .............................. 264
3.4.3. MaCTHKH KpOBeJIbHbIe H m.n;pOH30JISIUHOHHbIe ................................... 266
3.4.4. Hecl>'mHbIe 3M}'JIbCHH H naCTbI ............................................................ 267
419
Dla6a 4
MamepUll./Ibl U3 neopzaHUlleCKUX MUHepll./lbHbIX 6elll,eCm6
4.1. Pa3pbIXJIeHHbIe, ,nHcnepcHble H KaMeHHbIe MarepHaJIhl................................ 268
4. 1. 1. KaMeHHbIe IIpHpO.z:r;HbIe MarepHaJIhl ..................................................... 268
4.1.1.1. ()6II.tHe CBe,lJ;eHIUI .................................................................... 268
4.1.1.2. IJpHpO.z:r;HbIe CTpOHTeJlbHbIe KaMHH .........................................270
4.1.1.3. fpy60 06pa6oTaHm,Ie KaMeHHbIe MarepHaJIhl ......................... 275
4.1.2. MHHepaJlbHble HeopJ:'8HH1leCKHe BIDKylI(He BelI.{ecTBa
H MarepHaJIhl Ha HX OCHOBe ................................................................. 282
4.1.2.1. Bo3.lJYlllHbIe MHHepaJlbHbIe HeOpJ:'8HH1leCKHe
BJDKyII.tHe BelI.{ecTBa ......... ...................... ............ ........................ ........... 284
4.1.2.2. f ecKHe MHHepaJlbHbIe HeopJ:'8HH1leCKHe
BJDKyII.tHe BelI.{ecTBa .......... ........ ......... ............... ....... ....... ...................... 288
4.1.2.3. MHHepa1IbHbIe BIDKYIUHe BelI.{ecrBa
8BI'OIOIaBHOI'O TBep,lJ;eHIDI . ..... ......... ...... ............. ......... ........ ........ ....... .... 295
4.1.2.4. HCK}'CCTBeHHble KaMeHHbIe H3):(eJIIDI
Ha OCHOBe MHHepaJlbHDIX HeOpJ:'8HH1leCKHX
BJDKyllUfX BelI.{eCTB ............................. ............... .... .................. ........ ..... 295
4.1.3. HCK}'CCTBeHHhIe KaMeHHbIe MarepHaJIhl.............. ....... ..................... ..... 296
4.1.3.1. 6eTOHhI .. .................................................................................. 296
4.1.3.2. CwrnxaTHbIe MaTepHaJIhl H H3):(eJIIDI
8BI'OKJI8BHoro TBep,lJ;eHIDI ........... ......... ...................... ............ .......... ...... 320
4.1.3.3. C1poHTeJIbHble paCTBopbI........................................................ 326
4.2. KaMeHHbIe lDIaBJIeHbIe MarepHaJlbI
(KaMeHHoe JIHTbe) ................................. ....... ............... ............ ....... ...... 327
4.3. HeopJ:'8HH1leCKHe nOJIHMepHbIe MarepHaJlbI... ............ ......... ..... ............. ......... 329
4.3.1. fpacl>HTOBhIe MarepHaJIhl .. .................... .......... ........ .... ............ .............. 329
4.3.2.Ac6eCToBbIe MarepHaJlbI H H3):(eJIIDI ..................................................... 331
4.3.2.1. Ac6eCToBhIe MarepHaJIhl .......................................................... 331
4.3.2.2. Ac6eCToueMelITHhIe H3):(eJIIDI................................................... 334
4.3.3. Ouo,IJ;SIHhIe MarepHaJIhl.................................................. ............... ........ 335
4.3.4. KepaMH'lecKHe MarepHaJIhl................. ................ ...... ................ ..... ....... 337
4.3.4.1. ()6II.tHe CBe,lJ;eHIUI .................................................................... 337
4.3.4.2. KOHCTp}1a.ufOHHWI KepaMHKa ................................................. 340
4.3.4.3. HHCTpYMeHT3JlbHWI KepaMHKa................................................ 345
4.3.4.4. TeXmRecKaSI KepaMHKa .......................................................... 346
4.3.5. HeOpJ:'8HH1lecKoe Cl'eKJIO .. .................... .......... ........... .................. ......... 348
4.3.5.1. ()6II.tHe CBe,lJ;eHIUI .................................................................... 348
4.3.5.2. KnaccHcI>HKaUIDI Cl'eKOn no Ha3HaQeHHlO
H 06naCTH IIpHMeHeHlUI...... .............. .......... ........ .......... .............. .... ...... 351
4.3.5.3. MarepHaJIhl H H3):(enIDI H3 Cl'eKJIa .......................................... 355
4.3.6. CHTaJIJIhI ....... .................. ..... ................. ............. ............. ......... ............. 358
420
DlaBa 5
IloJlUMepHble nAaCmUlleCKue MamepUflJIbl
5.1. ()6IUHe CBe.ZJ;eHHSI........................................................................................... 361
5.2. CocraB IUI;!C11{qecKHX MaTepHaJIOB ........ ....... ..................... ........ ....... ............ 365
5.3. XapaIcrepHcrHKH HeKOTOpbIX IIJIaCTMaCC
H H3.l(eJIHH Ha ox OCHOBe ....... ...................... ....... ........ ......................... 366
5.3.1. IlJIaCTMacchl C JIHCTOBbIM HanOJlH:uren:eM ........................................... 366
5.3.2. IInaCTMacchl C BOJIOKHHCTbIM Hanomnrren:eM ..................................... 371
5.3.3. IlJIaCTMacchl 6e3 HanOJIHHTeJUI............................................................ 374
5.3.4. IlJIaCTMacchI C ra3OB03.l(ylIIHbIM HanOJIHHTeJIeM ................................. 374
5.3.5. CraH,nap1'H3upoBaHHhle H3.l(eJIHSI H3 IIJIaCTMaCC .................................. 376
DlaBa 6
IloJlynposooHuKosble MIlmepUflJIbl . n............................................................... 378
DlaBa 7
IliteHKOo6pa3YIOW.ue MamepUflJIbl
7.1. ()6IUHe CBe.ZJ;eHHSI........................................................................................... 381
7.2. Knemuue MaTepHaJIbI ..................................................................................... 381
7.3. fepMeTHKH. ...... ........ ..... ...... ........... ..................... ..... ...................................... 385
7.4. JIaKoICpaco'lHhle 3aIl(HTHbIe MarepHaJIbI........................................................ 387
7.4.1. ()6IUHe . CBe.ZJ;eHHSI.....;........................................................................... 387
7.4.2.XapmcrepHCTHKa OCHOBHbIX BH,ZJ;OB naKOICpaCo1ffibIX MaTepHaJIOB .......392
7.4.2.1. KpaCKH... ............... ....................... ........................................... 392
7 .4.2.2. JI KH......:... .................... ..... ........... .......................................... 395
7.4.2.3. fpymoBKH ................................. ............................................. 396
7.4.2.4. IIInaTneBKa ............ ................................................................. 396
7.4.2.5. PacTBOPHTeJIH .II)UI naKOICpaCo1ffibIX MaTepHaJIOB.................... 397
DzaBa 8
CMa301lHble MamepUflJIbl
8.1. ()6IUHe CBe.ZJ;eHHSl........... ....................... ........ .......... ....................................... 399
8.2. CMa301IHbIe MaCJIa .............................. ......... ....... ....... .................................... 400
8.3. IlJI8.CTH'lHhle CMa3KH ..... ............... ................ ........................ ......................... 402
8.4. TBep,lJ;hle CMa3O'lHhle MaTepHaJIbI .. .......................... ............... ....................... 403
8. 5. CM3301IHo-oX1l IUHe XCH,ZJ;KOCTH.. .............. ................... ..... .................... 404
fnoccapHA .... .......... .......................... ................... .............. ............................ ............. 406
Jbrrepa'I)'pa .. ... .................. ..... ............ .......... ......... ..... ..... ..... .... .............. ...... ..... ........ 414
421
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