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I 0»' ,)
CDAHTACTHKA
KOCMOHABTOB
IOpHA rJIA3KOB. IJepHoe f>e3MOJI-
BHe.- M.: MOJlo.IJ,IUI rnap,Il,HB, 1987.
I
Y KOCMOHaBTa IOpHB rna3KoBa
AOBOJIbHO Heof>bl'IHOe XOf>f>H - B C,BO-
ooAHoe OT paf>oTbi BpeMB OH nHIlleT
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KY HMeHHO B «TM» OH onyf>JIHKOBan
CBOH nepBble paCCKa3bI: «lloneT «CBJI-
Toro naTpynB» (NQ 11 3a 1982 1'.),
«OnbiT BCe1'O 0pYJKHB» (NQ 4 3a
1985 1'011.), «OllIHf>Ka» H «Hep;oTpora»
(NQ 2 3a 1986 1'011.). A BOT Tenepb H3-
AaTeJIbcTBo «Monop;aB rBapAHB» Bbl-
nycTHno B cepHH «BHf>nHOTeKa COBeT-
CKOH aHTaCTHIUI» ero nepBblH aBTop-
CIUIH COOpHHK.
CaMoe CHnbHoe B paccKa3ax
10. r na3KOBa - 3TO onHcaHHe KOCMH-
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«IOAJKHH BpoAe f>bl cpa3Y nOAPYJKHJl-
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Topble HeJIb3B npHlIYMaTb, KOTopble
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fJ. e p JI r H H 6. B., K pOT 0 B a H. A.,
C M H 11 r a B. n. AAre3HJI TBepAblX Ten.
M., HaYKa, 1973; K 0 B a '4 M '4 11. CKneH-
BaHHe MeTannOB H nnacTMacc (nepeBoA
co CIIOBaLlKoro). nOA peAaKLlHeH
A. C. $peHAHHa, M., XHMHJI, 1985.
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37
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38
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qTO C paCCTOJlHHJI HaH!IyqllIel'O 3peHHJI-
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6UOJIOrHeii U CTaJIa BeeTU ee B UlKOJIe.
B 1914 rollY ceMbJl qe!IOMeeB nocemt-
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AbmaJI 0 CBOHX TpaAHII,HoHHbIX urpax B
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B CeMbe ,l],aHH!IeBCKIIX MHoroe HanOMH-
HaJIO 06 HX Be!IHKIIX npe)1.Kax. Ha CTeHax
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HbIM. OAHO BpeMH H BOJIOAH Me'lTaJI 0
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KOHCTpyupoBaHueM. MaCTepHJI MOAemt aB-
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JIOMKH. MHoro 'IUTIIJI KHHr no UCTOpUU TeX-
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ro UHcTHTyra, B, KOTOpOM ceMb JIeT paHee
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nepHblH HaY'IHblH TPYP;. TeMa: TellJlOBOH
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OH npUMeHHJI annapaT BeKTopHoro HC-
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CHTeTe JIeKl\HH no MaTeMaTH'IeCKoM)' aHa-
JlH3Y, TeOpHl1 ynpyrocTH U no MexaHHKe.
B cTYAeH'IeCKHe rOAbI qeJIOMelO A0Be-
JIOCb BCTPe'laTbCH U 6ecep;oBaTb C PHAOM
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no aJIre6pe, npHKJIaAHOH MaTeMaTHKe H
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CneIJ;l1aJI11CTOM no HemtHeHHOH MexaHHKe
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CTaHOBJIeHHe KaK 6Y wero )"IeHoro.
B 1936 ro B KHeBCKOM H3p;aTeJIbCTBe
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Ta B. H. qeJIOMeH «BeKTopHoe UC'IUCJIe-
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B. H. 4EJlOMEIl1 .. M. B. I<EJlAb'W.
A06poTHoe. EBreHUJI CPOMI1HH'IHa HOCHJIa
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Hee H36aBHTbCH.
Bo BpeMH npaKTHKH Ha 3anopoJKCKOM
MOTOpOcTpOHTeJIbHOM 3aBoAe JIeTOM
1935 roAa cTylleHT npOJlBUJI CBOU 3HaHIUI
Ha AeJIe. Ha 3aBOAe C03P;aJIOCb HanpHJKeH-
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CTH p;o nycKa 11 cepuHHoe npoH3BoACTBO
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IJ;I10HHOrO )J;BHraTeJUI THna BMB-6, JIHIJ;eH-
311H Ha BblnyCK KOToporo 6bIJIa 3aKYITJIe-
Ha 3a rpaHHIJ;eH. BaJKHeHllIaH AeTaJIb
)J;BHraTeJUI - KOJIeH'laTblH BaJI BblXOJ1,HJI H3
CTpOH. BOT TaKYIO napaAOKCaJIbll)'lO peKO-
MeHllaIJ;l1IO A!IJI cTYAeHT: 'IT06b1 BaJI He
JIOMaJICH, ero Hap;o He YTOJIIIJ;aTb, a, Ha-
060POT, CAeJIaTb HeCKOJIbKO TOHbllIe.
YAI1BHJIa PYKoBOp,HTeJIeH 33BOAa npocb-
6a cTYAeHTa, KorAa 3anma pe'lb 0 ero
nOOIIJ;peHHH. OH nOnpOCHJI BbI,II,eJIHTb B ero
paCnOpHJKeHHe 60Kc IJ)IH npoBepKH cBoeH
HlIeH: MOJKHO JIH nOJl)''IUTb 6e3 KOMnpec-
copa AOCTaTO'lHbIH naM)'B B IJ)IHHHOH
TPy6e?
nO'leM)' 3TO 3aHHTepecOBaJIO MOJIOAO-
ro HCCJIep;OBaTeJIH? Ero MblCJIH CTaJIa 33-
HHMaTb peaKTHBHaH TeXHUKa. OH 'IHTaJI pa-
60Ty K. 3. II,HOJIKOBCKOro «PeaKTHBHblH
a3pOllJlaH»), ony6JIHKOBaHHYIO B 1930 ro ,
H nOMHHJI CTpOKH U3 Hee: «3a 3pOH a3po-
ITJIaHOB BHHTOBbIX p;OJDKHa CJIep;OBaTb 3pa
a3pOnJIaHOB peaKTHBHbIX». OH 3HaKOM co
3HaMeHHTOH pa60TOH B. C. CTe'lKHHa
«TeopuH B03 llIHo-peaKTHBHoro )J;BUraTe-
JUI», BbIllIeAUIeH B Q>eBpaJIe 1929 rOAa B
JKypHaJIe «TexHHKa B03 llIHoro 4>JIOTa».
39
B 3TOH CTaTbe CTe'lKHH nOKa3aJl, 'ITO npH
6oJlbmoH CKOpoCTH nOJleTa B03J1YX MOJIUIO
CJIUIMaTb 003 KOMnpeCCOpa. R Y CTYAeHTa
qe.nOMeJl B03HHKJIa MblCJIb 0 nyJlbCltpY-
IOfi\eM ABHl'aTe.ne, KOTOpblH pa6oT8J1 6bl npH
TOI',namHHX HeBblCOKHX CKOpocTJIX nOJleTa.
06bl'1HblH caMOJleT, cIUl6JKeHHblH AOnOnHH-
TeJlbHblM peaKTHBHblM ABHI'aTeJleM, MOl' CY-
eCTBeHHO npH68BHTb B CKOpocm.
B npocTeHmeM CJIyll8e nyJIbCHPYIO H
ABHl'aTeJIb pa60TaeT CJleJIYIO M OOpa30M.
Ero KJIan8Hbl OTKpblBaIOTCJI nOA HaIIOpoM
BCTpe'lHOI'O IIOTOKa B03JlYXa. KOI'A8 B03A)'X
BXOAHJI B KaMepy CI'Op8HHJI, B HeH C03Aa-
BllJIOCb nOBblmeHHoe A8BJIeHHe. OAMOBpe-
MeHHO B KaMepy BnpblCKHBllJICJI 6eH3HH.
3aTeM CHCTeMa 38J1U1l'aHHJI nOAJKHI'an.a
1'0pIOllYlO CMeCb. npH BCnblmKe 1'0pIOlleH
CMeCH AaBJIeHHe B KaMepe nOBblmanOCh,
H KJIanaHbl 38KpbiBaJIHCb. r83bl MO O
BblJleTIIJIH H3 OTKpblTOI'O KOH Tpy6bl, a
B K8Mepe C03AaBIIJIOCb pa3peJKeHHe, A8B-
neHHe na/1,aJIO, H Hanop BCTpe'lHOI'O BOS-
JlYxa OTKpblBaJl KJIan8Hbl. 3aTeM nOBTo-
pJIJICJI HOBbIH KJI. B KaJll,ll,OM KJle
ABHl'aTeJIb H3AaBIIJI peSKHH, He06bl'lHblH
SBYK, HanOMHHalO H BblCTpeJl. qT06bl Ta-
KOH ABHI'aTeJlb sapa60Tan., He06xoAHMo
6blJIO C006 Tb eM)' HeKOTOpylO H3'1aJIb-
HYIO CKOpoCTb (6o.nee ABYXCOT KHJIOMeT-
pOB B 'lac) A1IJI C03AaHIIJI BCTpe'lHOI'O
nOTOKa B03J1Yxa.
TaK Y MOJlOAOI'O Cne IIJIHCTa COSA8-
BllJICJI «saAeJI HAeH» IUl 6YJIY ee.
B 1937 roJIY, IUl roA p8Hbme nOJlOJKeH-
HOro cpoKa, OH C OTJIH'lHeM OKOH'IHJI
HHCTHTyT. El'o AHWIOMHaJi pa60Ta «KOJIe-
6aHHJI B aBH HoHHblX ABHl'aTeJI.IIX» m.ma
npH3HaHa nepCneKTHBHoH.
1937-1938 1'0Ab! 6blJIH oc0OOHHO rum-
AOTBOpHbl AJUI MOJIOAOro Cne IIJIHCTa. B
1938 I'0JIY B «TpYA8X KHeBCKol'o aBHa-
OHHOI'O HHCTHTyTa» BblXOAJIT 14 CTa-
TeH B. H. 1:Ie.nOMeJl. KpoMe TOI'O, BbllllJIll.
efi\e OAHa CTaTbJl B «XypHan.e RHCTHTyTil
MaTeM8THKH AH YCCP».
B 1940 I'0JIY MonoAoH YlleHblH 6blJI
npHHJlT B cne aJlbHyIO AOKTOp8HTyPY npM
AH CCCP B IIHcne 50 JIY'lmHX K8HAHA8-
TOB HayK, BblABHII)'TbIX 01' BCex pecny6nHK
HameH CTpaHbl.
C Ha'lMa BeJIHKOH OTe'leCTBeHHOH BOH-
Hbl BnaAHMHp HHr.oil8eBH'I pa60TaeT B
.QempaJlbHOM HHCTHTyTe aBHa OHHOI'O
MOTOpOCTpOeHHJI HMeHH n. R. BapaHOBa
(.QRAM), COSA8eT TaM OTAe.n AlIJI pa3pa-
60TKH nyJIbCHpYIO ero BOSJlYmHo-peaK-
THBHOI'O AIIHI'8 Te.nJl.
B Te roAb! nyJIbCHPYIO A ABHI'8TeJIb
AlIJI ««PAY-I» nocTpoHJI B repM8HHH HH-
JKeHep naYJIb I1IMH,AT. B HIOHe 1944 1'0A8,
KOI'A8 CTan.O HSBeCTHO 0 npHMeHeHHH I"HT-
nepoBl\8MH caMOJleTOB-CHapJlAOB ««PAY-I.
npOTHB AHI'JIHH, B rocYAapCTBeHHblH Ko-
MHTeT 060poHbI 6blJIH BbiSBaHbI TOI'AamHHi!:
HapKoM aBHa oHHoH npoMbl1llJleHHOCTR
A. R. IlIaXypHH, KOMaHJlYIO H BBC re-
Hepan. A. A. HOBHKOB H B. H. qe.noMeH.
11M 6blJIa nOCTaBJIelUl S8A8l1a: COSAaTb HO-
BOe opYJlUle - OOCnHJlOTII)'IO 60eBYIO
TeXHHKY. COl'naCHO pemeHHIO rKO BJla-
AHMHpa HHKOJlaeBHlla qe.noMeJl, KOTOpoM)'
6blJIO BCel'O TpHA Tb neT, IUlSHa'lHJIH
maBHblM KOHCTpyKTOpoM H AHPeKTopoM
38BOAa.
40
B 4>aHTaCTH'IeCKHH no HblHeWHMM Mep-
KaN CpoK - MeHee 'IeM lIepes nOJIl'OA8 no-
CJle pemeHHJI rKO - 6blJIH, no CBH,AeTeJIb-
CTay A. R. W8XYPHIUl, HcnblTaHbl AecJlTKH
C8MOJleTOB-CHaPJlAOB. no Apyi'OM)' HCTO'l-
HMKY (ra3eTa «npaa,na. OT 23 Mapra
1986 rOA8) HCnblTaHHJI Ha'lIlJIHCb B Map-
Te 1945 roA8. CnepBa HX 3anyCK8JIH C
6oM68PAKpoB KoB ne-8, a nOSJKe C Ty-2.
.D;eCJlT8J1 MOAH4>HK8lJ,HJI lOX - T8K Ha-
3B8Ji11 HOBOe opYJKHe - OK8saJIaCb O'leHh
3Cj>cpeKTHBHOH.
B Mapre ItJIM anpene 1945 1'011.8 qe.no-
MelO n03BOIIHJI CTIIJIIIH. OH CnpoCHiI:
- TOBaPHID; qe.nOMeH, HaC HHTepeCYeT
Bame MHeHHe K8K KOHCTpYKTOpa C8MOJIe-
1'8-CHapJlA8. IIMeeT JIH CMblCJI npHMeHJITb
3T0 opYJKHe B HblHeWHeH 06CTaHOBKe?
- HeT, TOBapH CTIIJIHH, n0OOA8 6JD1s-
K8, 8 ero npHMeHeHHe MOJKeT Bbl3BaTb
60JlbmHe JKeprBbl cpeAH MHpHOrO Hace.ne-
HUJI, - OTBeTHJI BJla./lHMHp HHKonae-
BIf1I.
npaBHJlbHO, TOBapH qeJlOMeH,-
CKa38J1 CT8JJHH.
rOTOBble K 6010 3CK8)1,pHJlbH TJlJKeJlblX
6oM6aPAlfPOB KOB C nOABemeHHhIM
K HHM lOX TaK M He B3JIeTeJIH CO CaoHX
83POAPOMOB.
.D;BHraTeJDI qeJloMeJl HCnOJlb30IIIIJIHCb
He TOJlbKO H8 KpblJl8TblX paKeTax. 3 aBry-
CTa 1947 ro,na, B AeHb BOSJlYmHOrO no-
Ta, COC1'OJIJICJI Tp8AHlJ,HOHHblH aBH8 OH-
HblH npa3)J.HHK Ha TyWHHCKOM a3poAPo-
Me. COTHH ThlCJlII JUOAeH C06PIIJIIICb Ha neT-
HOM none .QeHTpaJlbHOrO a3poKJJy68 HMeHH
qKaJlOBa. Ha CJleJIYI01l\HH neHb l'a3eTa
«npaBA8» B CTaT&e, nOCBJlWeHHOH np8S11-
HHKY, nHcana: «...KOJlOHII)' SaMbiKaeT rpyn-
n8 «JJaBO'IKHHblX» C peaKTHBHblMH YCKO-
pHTeJIJIMH KOHCTpYKTopa T. qeJlOMeJl.
MmOBeHHO npOJleTeB HaA 83po,u,poMOM, OHH
BOHSalOTCJI B He60 It HC'IeS8IOT, IUlnOMHH8J1
o ce6e TOJlbKO CBOHM rpoSHblM, 'AOHOCJl-
nntMCJI H3 nOAHe6ecbJl rynOM..
B 1952 rolIY no npeAcTaBJIeHHIO YlleHo-
ro COBeTa MBTY qe.nOMelO npHCBOHJIH
3B8HHe npoq,eccopa. BnaAHMHpy HHKO-
naeBHIIY 6blJIa no JlYwe neA8t'OrHlleCKaJ!
AeJlTeJlbHOCTh, KOTOpaJi Ha'l8Jl8Cb ell(e B
cTyAeHllecKYIO nopy. B coaepmeHCTBe
JI.IJIlAeJi neKTopcKHM MaC1'epCTBOM, OH B
aYAHTOpHH 6blJI B 6YKBaJlbHOM CMblCJle
«aprHcTClM». OCOOOHHO YABIIIIJIHCb eM)' Te
p8SAeJlbl, rJJ.e OH H3Jlaran. npHnOJKeHHJI
TeopHH Kone68HHii:.
B 1956 ropy BJI8,lJ',HMHp HHKOJIaeBHII
OTKpblJI napaAoKc: 'lT06bl CHCTeMa 6blJIa
YCTOH'lHaeA, ee HaJJ.O OlleHh lIaCTO TpJlCTH.
Ony6JD1KOBaHHaJi B «.D;oKJIaA8x AK8AeMHH
HaYK CCCP. (1983, T. 270, II. I), pa60Ta
1'aK H HaSblB8JIaCh - «napaAoKcbl B Mexa-
HHKe, BblSblBaeMbie BH6pa em.. C AeTCT-
Ba Mbi npHBblKJIH, liTO TJlJKeJlble MeT8J1JIH-
lIeCKHe mapHKH TOII)'T B BOAe, a AepeBJlH-
Hble npeJJ,MeTbl, 1Ul060poT, IIJIaBaIOT. 3TO
npOJlBJIeHHe BCeM HaM HsaeCTHoro 38KOIUl
ApXHMeA8. Ho OH HapymaeTCJI, eCJIH COCYA
C JKHAJ(OCTbIO, B KOTOpOM HaXOAJITCJI 3TH
npeAMeTbI, Ha'IHH8eT BH6pHPOBaTh. npH
onpeJJ.eneHHOH aMDJlHTyAe BH6palJ,HH BCe
cT8HOBHTCJlIUl060poT: MeT8J1JIHlleCKHe Ula-
pHKH nnaBaIOT, a AepeBO TOHeT. RnH APY-
rOH npHMep. Ha npJlMOH aeprHKaJlbHblH
CTepJKeHb, HMelOtWrli OAMY wapHltpll)'1O
onopy BHHSY, HaAeTa UlaH6a C oTBepCTHeM,
AH8MeTp KOTOporo HeCKOJlbKO 60Jlbme AHa-
MeTpa CTepJKHJI. nOJ]; AeH(:TBHeM CHnbl TJI-
JKeCTH UlaH6a naJJ.aeT. OAHaKo eCJIH npH-
AaTb WilpHltpHOA onope 3Toro CTepJKHJI
'BeprHKaJlbHble KOJle6aHUJI, waH6a He 08-
A8eT, a OCTaeTCJI noqTH B HenOJ];BHJKHOM
nOJlOJKeHHH Ha CTepJKHe, KaK 6bl B HeBe-
COMOCTH, CTepJKeHb JKe CTOHT nOIlTH aep-
THKaJlhHO. HJDI BOT npHMep TOro, KaK C
nOMOlI(b1O BH6palJ,HH MOJKHO nOBblCHTb
YCTOHIIHBOCTb ynPymx CHCTeM. ECJDI Ha
aeprHK8JIbHblH CTepJKeHh BOJJ.pySHTb TJlJKe-
JIbIii rpys, TO OH H30rHeT CTepJKeHb. Ho
eCJIH rpys saCT8SHTb BH6pHPOBaTb, TO CTep-
JKeHb BHOBb BblnpJlMHTCJI.
HaHAeHHhle napaAOKCbl He npOCTO Hrpa
JJ.ocYJKero }1MB. HeT, 3TH BOnpocbl KOpHJI-
MH CBOMMH YXOAJ{T B npaKTHKY. BelJ,h pa-
KeTa IUl aKTHBHOM YllaCTK , Kor,na pa6ora-
lOT ABHraTeJIH, COTpJlcaeTCJI OT BH6p81J,HH,
H 3TH BK6palJ,HH nepe,ll;alOTCJI IUl TaKHe
npH60pbl ynpaBJIeHHJI, KaK I'HpOCKonbl, KO-
1'Opble Ha'IHlUl101' «spaTh», " paKeTa CXOJJ.HT
C Kypca.
B 1958 ropy qe.noMeH 6blJI Hs6paH 'VIe-
HOM-KoppecnoHAeHToM AH CCCP no cne-
lJ,HaJlbHOCTH «MeXaHHKa». a CnyCTJI lIeTbipe
rOA8 OH CTaHOBMTCJI aKaAeMHKoM.
Bna./lHMHp HHKOJlaeSHII B03I'JJaSHn Kpyn-
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eto AB8JJ. Tb AeBJlTb neT ,11;0 caMoro no-
cJle,llHero ,IIHJI.
AKap,eMHK B. C. ABJlYeBCKHH, KOTOpblii
npHWe.n K HeM)' paOOTaTb ell(e B .QH:AM
MOJIOAb!M cnelJ,H8JD1CTOM, OTMe'laeT OCO-
6eHHOCTH qeJloMeJl KaK PYKOBOlUITeJIJI
KpynHoro IUlYIIHO-KOHCTp)'KTopCKoro Kon-
neKTHBa:
«Y BnaAHMHpa HHKOJlaeBIf1I8 npOJIBH-
JIHCb HeOObl'laHHble KOHCTp)'KTopcKHe cno-
C06HOCTH. rJJy60Koe SHaHHe TeXHHKH,
nOHUMaljKe 4>HSHKH JlBJleHHH, 6101CTpoe
npHHJlTHe TOqHblJt TeXHHqeCKHX pewe-
HifH, YMeHHe OprafIH30BaTb pa60Ty H
YB1le'lh 38 co60it KOJJJleKTHB AlIJI p,OCTHJKe-
HiuJ nOCTBBJleHHIoIX Q,eileH - BOT xapaK-
repHble 'Iep1N BnaAKMHpa HHKOJlaeBH'la
KaK PYKOBO./lHTeJI.II KdHCTpyKTOpcKHX KOJl-
neKTHBOB. OH BcerA8 YAeJIJUI oc06oe BHH-
MaHHe npoeKTHoit pa6ore, onpep;enJiIOfi\eH
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pymHHhlX peweHHH, H pa3pa6OT8HHble
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B 3TOM KalleCTBe COaepwHn tnasHoe B
CBOeH JKHSHH - nocTpOHii paKeTHO-KOCMH-
lIeCKHe CHCTeMbi. He HMeBWHe aHaJlOrOB
B MHpoBOH np8KTHKe.- nepahle MaHeBpH-
pyIOlI(He CnyTHHKH nOJJeT., paKeTy-
HOCHTeJlb «npoTOH.. CaMbie TJlJKeJIbIe
OTelleCTBeHHble annapaTbi 6blJIH OTnpaB-
neMbi B KOCMOC C nOMOlI(b1O ..npOTOHOB».
PaKeTbI-HocHTe1iH ..nporOH» C;; JJ.onoJl-
HHTeJlbHOH, qeTBep'l'OH pasrOHHOH CTy-
neHbIO OmpaBHJIH K ]lYHe nJlTb TJlJKeJIbIX
KOCMH'IeCKHX annapaTO' cepHH «301fJJ..
(<<30H,A-4» - «30H,A-S.), TJlJKeJIbIe KOCMH-
'1eCKHe annapaTbl «.JIylia» TpeT&ero nOKO-
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ABTOMaTH'IeCKHe MeJKlIJIaHeTHhie CTaH-
«BeHephl» (Ha'lHHaJJ C «BeHephl-9»),
«MapchI» (Ha'lHHaJi C «Mapca-2»), «Bern»,
reOCTa OHapHhle CB.R'3Hhle cnyTliHKH «Pa-
1)yfa». «3I<:paH», «rOpH30HT» - sce OHH 3a.
ny eHhl C nOM0uv>IO'Mory'lHX «npoTOHOII».
JiI HaI<:OHeu. .npooOHhI» nOAirnMaIOT B
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nOHCTHHe YHHBeJ!<;aJIeH «npaTOH». Ero
B03MOJKHOCTH nepeKphlll8lOT BeCh lI.Hana30H
HMelOlAHXCJI Ha cero,!I,HJI nOJIe3Hb/:X Harpy-
30K. Ha HH3KHe OI<:0J103eMHhle op6HTbI
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J1P 20 TOJ!H nOJ1eSHOrO rpY3a. B 'IeThlpeX-
cT}'neH'laTOM uapHaHTe «npooOH» MOJKeT
nocTaBHn. I<. ]Jyae npHMepHo 5,7 TOHHbI
n0J1e3HOrO rpY3a, K BeHepe H Mapcy CooT-
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OHapHYIO Op6HT}' - OKOJlO 2 TOHH.
HaneJKHOCTh «npoToHa» BblWe, 'IeM y
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A3 no 1986 roTJ. npH 06 eM 'lHCJle sanyc-
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CTaPTe B OI<:pYJKeHHH onOpHhlX clIepM.
«npoTOH» JKe TBepAO CTOHT Ha «c06cTBea-
HhIX Horax». PaKeTe TaKJKe He HYJKHhI
cne MhHbIe I<:a64!JIbHl>Ie H Ka6eJIb-3anp8-
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Me eH B eHTpe nyCI<:OBOro YCTpoHCTB8
noli. paI<:eTOH H o6!:cne'lHuaeT aBTOMaTH'Ie-
CKHH noASo/.{ H H8neJKHYlO npHCThlI<:OBKY K
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MH, KOTopble H 06pa3YIOT npH SaI<:phlTHH
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LIHH cepHH «CaJIIOT», pOJKJl,eHHhlX B I<:OHCT-
pyKTOpCKOM 61OpO, PYKOBOlI.HMOM BJIall.H-
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«CMIOTax» OhIJIH HCIJhITaHhI MHome CHCTe-
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JI03eMHOH op6HTe BnepBhle OhIJI C03A3H
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«Ca.nIOT-6» - «KOCMOC-1267» MaccOH
OI<:QJIO 40 TOHH. TeXHH'IeCKHe peweHHJI,
3aJIOJKeHHhle B «KQcMoce-1267», HaWJIH
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HH6ylJ.b CBOIO 3ana'!)', KaK APyrHe nepen
CHOM 'IHTaIOT KHHry, lla TaK sa pewefmeM
H saChlfI8JJ C KapaH)J,llwOM H 6JIOKHOTOM...
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TOB, KOTophie HaAO OC eCTBHTb.
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nHMHP HHKOJIaeBH'I pasrouapHBaJl C JKeHoH.
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rMM AnSI KOCMM4eCKoro noneya». B Hej;i
OH npeAno)f(Mn npoeKT opMrMHanbHo-
ro KOCMM4eCKoro ABMraTenSi.
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pax,- paccY)f(Aan Y4eHblj;i,- onpe-
AeneHHoe TonnMBO M Bbl6paCblBaeT
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PYTCSI C c060j;i B paKeTY B cne4Manb-
Hb'X 6aKax... OrpaHM4MBa TcSI nM
3TMM HaWM 3HepreTM4ecKMe pecypcb'?
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n , TO YBMAMM, 4TO Ha caMoneT 6e-
peTCSI TonbKO TonnMBO, OKMcnMTenb
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cpeAe, B KOTOpOj;i npoMcxOAMT noneT.
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poneB (1907-1966), KOToporo C SlH-
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3PMXOBM4. HaY4Hoe PYKOBOACTBO pa-
6oTO}i PHI1I1 oCYlJ.leCTBnSln TexHM4e-
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MM Bce OCHOBHble HanpaBneHMSI pa-
KeTHoj;i TeXHMKM.
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cocpe oT04MnM CBOM YCMnMSI Ha CO-
3AaHMM nopOXOBblX peaKTMBHblX CHa-
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O. M n. KOBAnEBbi. npeAocTepeHCeHMe. Pe'lKa Hawero ,qeTCTBa. KTO He nOMHHT TaKYlO1
MOJKHO nH 3a6bITb ee THXHe BO b', ee ..,HCTb.e 6epera1 MOJKHO nH npe CTaBHTb PO HYIO 3eMnlO,
COJKJKeHHYIO WKBanOM R epHoro OrHJI, CHHee He60, HaBeKH 3aKpblToe Ty..,aMH pa,qHoaKTHBHOH
nblnH1 HHKor.qa CKacpaH p KOCMOHaBTa He ,qonJKeH CTaTb 60eBbiM ,qocneXOM ((pb'1t a peH KOCMH- I
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blM H3 Hac - pe..,Ka Hawero eTCTBa..
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BCTynaeT A06poBonbHo B KpacHY
42
ApMM , CTaHOBMTCSI KaApoBblM BoeH-
HbIM, Y4MTCSI B BoeHHo-TexHM4ecKoj;i
aKaAeMMM MMeHM CI>. 3. ,lI,3ep)f(MH-
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3aTeM ero HanpaBnSl T B ra30AMHa-
MM4ecKY na60paTopM (r ,lI,ll), no-
PY4a T pa60TY no MccneAoBaHM
np04ecca ropeHMSI nopoxoBblX waweK
B KaMepe. EiYAY4M Ha4anbHMKOM ceK-
Topa nopoxoBblX paKeT, OH pa60TaeT
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M P-5.
B 06HaPY)f(eHHOM nMCbMe llaHre-
MaK TaK C0061J.1aeT UMonKoBcKoMY B
Mae 1931 rOAa 0 3Ha4eHMM pa60T
Y4eHoro AnSI KOHCTpYKTOPOB peaK-
TMBHblX CHapSiAoB: «3TM Tpy.qbl, He-
CMOTpSl Ha MX KpaTKocTb, a MO)f(eT
6b'Tb, M 6naro.qapJl TOMY, 4TO He CO-
.qep)f(aT HM4ero nMWHero, SlBnSl TCSI
HeMC4epnaeMblM KnaAoM 4eHHej;iwMx
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pMM M o61J.1ero HaY4Horo 06ocHoBaHMSI
peaKTMBHoro noneTa, HO M B 06nacTM
KOHCTPYKTMBHOj;i pa3pa60TKM Bcex
OCHOBHblX AeTanej;i» (BblAeneHo
K. 3. UMonKoBCKMM).
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K. 3. UMonKoBcKMM cneAyeT, 4TO BO-
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neKT. Bo BTOpOM CBoeM nMCbMe, OT
6 M HSI 1931 rOAa, OH KOHKpeTHo oc-
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paKeTbl, lleTalOlJ.lej;i B Me)f(nllaHeTHOM
«nycTOM» npOCTpaHCTBe? Ha :nOT BOn-
pOC Mbl AOll)f(Hbl OTBen,Tb YTBepAM-
TellbHO, TaK KaK B 3TOM npOCTpaHCTBe
Mbl HaxOAMM ll}"lMCTYIO 3HeprMIO, B
nepBYIO 04epeAb COllH a, a 3aTeM
3araA04HYIO B HaCTOS!lJ.Iee BpeMS!
3HeprMIO KOCMM4eCKMX llY4ej;i...»
I.h06bl ll}"lMCTaS! 3HeprMS! no ce6e
CMorlla ABMraTb Me)f(nllaHeTHblj;i KO-
pa611b, He06xOAMMO C03AaTb orpOM-
Hoe 3epKallo-napyc - CllMWKOM Y)f(
MallO COllHe4Hoe AaBlleHMe.
I-1AelO 3Be3AHoro napyca, ABM)f(M-
Moro COllHe4HbiM CBeTOM, Bb1CKa3b1Ba-
11M elJ.le B ABaA aTbIX rOAax K. 3. LlM-
OllKOBCKMj;i 101 CI>. A. LlaHAep.
06blrpblBallM MAelO napyca 101 nMca-
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4eCKMe npoeKTbl MH)f(eHepOB (CM.
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MallMCTOB, Y)f(e B HblHeWHeM BeKe
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MM4ecKoj;i KapaBellllbl. TMxoHpaBoB )f(e
npeAllO)f(Mll llY4MCTYIO 3HeprMIO KOC-
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MMpoBaTb C nOMOlJ.lblO tpoT0311eMeH-
TOB B 311eKTpM4ecKYIO, KOTopaS! 3aTeM
npeBpalJ.laeTcS! B TenlloBYIO nYTeM Ha-
rpeBa ra3a B KaMepe paKeTbl. ra3 nOA
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Horo Ha3Ha4eHMS!. ElJ.le B 1929-1933
roAax r. 3. llaHreMaK BMeCTe C
6. C. neTponaBlloBcKMM pa3pa6aTbl-
Ball 101 npoBoAMll nOllMrOHHbie McnblTa-
HMS! npOTOTMnOB peaKTMBHblX CHapS!-
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CTBeHHO. ,lI,llSi CTpellb6bl MMM npeA-
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TMpOBaBWMecS! nOA KPblllbS!MM caMO-
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TMllllepMM cyxonYTHblx BOj;iCK.
B HOBblX cHapS!Aax, pa3pa60TaHHbix
B PHI-1I-1, BMeCTO nMpoKcMllMH-TPOTM-
1l0Boro nopoxa npMMeHS!llMcb waWKM
1013 HMTporllM epMHOBoro nopoxa, KO-
TOpblj;i 0611aAall 6011bwej;i TenlloToj;i
cropaHMS! 101 OTBe4all Tpe60BaHMS!M
KpynHoMacWTa6Horo npOM3BOACTBa
(611arOAapS! MeTOAY npoxOAHoro
npeCCOBaHMS! waweK). nOApa3Aelle-
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KOCTHblMM paKeTHblMM ABMraTellS!MM
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KpblllaTblx 101 6allllMCTM4eCKMx paKeT.
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BHOBb peKOM6MHMpyeT B MOlleKYllbl
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BOAopOAa B KMCllopOAe, npM coeAM-
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BOAopOAa C 030HOM, a 3TM peaK MM
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17 MlOllS! 1935 rOAa, MMeeTCS! tppa3a:
«npMBeT 101 n03ApaBlleHMS! TOB. llaHre-
MaKY C ycnewHo OKOH'IeHHoj;i npeK-
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4TO n03BOllS!1l0 C nOMOlJ.lblO cne M-
allbHblX pac4eTHbix rpatpMKoB 3apaHee
onpeAellS!Tb AaBlleHMe B paKeTHoj;i Ka-
Mepe 10111101 nOA6MpaTb COOTBeTCTBeHHO
BellM4MHY Ce'leHMS! conlla - BbIXOAHO-
ro oTBepcTMS! AilS! ra30B. r. 3. llaHre-
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nOBepxHocTb 3apS!Aa MO)f(HO npMBec-
TM K paBHoBellMKoj;i nllolJ.laAM Kpyra,
AMaMeTp KOToporo 6YAeT paBeH
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KOTOpOj;i llerKO 6blllO onpeAellS!Tb
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B paKeTHoj;i KaMepe.
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woj;i CKOpOCTblO 3Be3AHblj;i Kopa611b.
B ero Macc03a60pHMK AMaMeTpoM He-
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KOCMM'IeCKoj;i cpeAbl npeBPalLlaeT ero
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4TO «paKeTHblj;i nOlleT CTaHOBMTCS!
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HbIX,) I.\HBHJIH3aI.\HH. BcnOMHHM OAHH
H3 HH,D;eHCKHX MHq,OB (CM. «TM,) NQ 6
3a 1982 r.): «C Heoa npHnJIbIJIO 60JIb-
IIIoe KOJIeco. no ero KpaJIM nbIJIaJIII
OCJIenHTeJIbHble R3bIKH IIJIaMeHH, a Ha
ero lIJ;HTe CBepKa.JIH 3Be3Ab1. OHO ceJIO
Ha BepIIIHH)' llIaMaHcKoii: ropbI, npH-
qeM ObIJI CJIblIIIeH ru:yM MHomx BeTpoB.
JIIOAH H3 AepeBHH B naHHKe pa30e-
JKaJIIICb. nOTOM co CKOpOCTbIO Hcny-
raHHoii: nTHIJ;bI KOJIeCO YJIeTeJIO, H
HHKTO C Tex nop ero He BHAeJl. JIIOAH
BepH)'JIIICb K CBOHM onYCTeBIlIHM Tene
H BbIJIOJKIDIH KaMHH no q,opMe TOro
KOJIeca...')
JIeTaIOIIJ;aR TapeJIKa? Ho He OYAeM
cneIIIHTb C BbIBOAaMH. ACTpOHOM
ll,. 3M1f, naMJITYJI 0 CToYHXeH)I)Ke
KaK 0 rHraHTcKoii: KaMeHHOH oocepBa-
TOpHH, npe,ll.IIOJIOJKHJI He'lTO nOAooHoe
B aMepHKaHCKHX KaMeHHhIX KOJIeCax.
To, 0 KOTOpoM roBOpHTCR B JlereH}Ie,
pacnOJIOJKeHO B IIITaTe BaHOMHHr,
coopYJKeHO B 200-300 rr. H. 3. npeA-
nOJIOJKeHHe, 'lTO OCHOBHble ero AeTaJIH
OpHeHTHpoBaHbI Ha HimooJIee RpKHe
3Be3AbI, nOATBepAHJIOcb. BbIAeJIeHbI
HanpaBJIeHHR Ha CHPHYC. PHreJIb.
Anb,D;e6apaH, TO'lKH BocxoAa H 3axoAa
COJIHI.\a B AeHb JIeTHero COJIHI.\ecToR-
HHR.
1\'
4
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48
4.4. 30JIOTOA 3BE3,l1,OJIET
(fI)urypKa 83 KOJIyMOHH)
3Ta I.\eJIbHOJIIITaR 30JIOTaR q,Hryp-
Ka HanOMHHaeT COBpeMeHHbIii peaK-
THBHbIH CaMOJIeT. co cKOIIIeHHbIMH
KpbIJIbRMH HJIH AaJKe KOCMH'lecKHii:
KOpaOJIb MHoropa30Boro HCnOJIb30Ba-
HHR. OHa OOJIaAaeT HeIIJIOXHMH a3po-
AHHaMHqeCKHMH KaqeCTBaMH - ee
OOAYBa.JIH Ha cneI.\HaJIbHoii: YCTaHOBKe.
M3BeCTHbrn cneI.\Ha.JIHCT no ceHCaI.\HRM
M. CaH,ll;epCOH 3aJIBIDI, qTO 3TO «He
H300paJKeHHe JKHBOrO cyw;ecTBa,). M
CJIeAOBareJIbHO...
npH nepBOM B3rJIRAe Ha q,OTorpa-
q,HH «3Be3AOJIeTa» Aeii:cTBHTeJIbHO
XOJIOAeeT CepAI.\e. Ho... «HenpHBbI'l-
HOe,) H «He3eMHoe,) - OTHIOAb He
CHHOHHMbI. qTO HenpHBbI'lHO OA-
HHM - npHBbI'IHO APyrHM. He CqH-
TaeM JKe MbI «MapcHaHaMID) CJIOHOB
H JKHpaQ>oB TOJIbKO nOToMY, qTO HX
HeT B HaIIIHX JIecax. 3arJIRHYB B
«)I(H3Hb JKHBOTHbIX», JIerKO oOHapy-
JKHTb, 'lTO 30JIOTaR q,HrypKa He CJIY-
'laHHO OOJIa,D;aeT XOpOIIIHMH a3pOrH)J;-
pOAHHaMH'IeCKHMH xapaKTepHCTHK2-
MH. OHa nO'lTH B TO'lHOCTH KonHpyeT
q,OpMbI CKaTa-XBOCTOKOJIa - OObIAeH-
HOH WIR QeHTpaJIbHoii: H IOJKHoii: AMe-
pHKH pbI6bI. TaKHe JKe «KPbIJIbIIIIKH,)
n03aAH OOJIbIIIHX (<KPbIJIbeB,), XBOCTO-
BOH CTeOeJIb. IIIHpoKoe ynJIOw;eHHOe
TYJIOBHw;e...
nOAOoHoe He3HaHHe MeCTHbIX
AOCTOnpHMe'laTeJIbHocreii: He pa3 nOA-
BOAIDIO 3HTy3HacToB. CKaJKeM, q,Hry-
PY Ha nOJlyocTpoBe napaKac (nepy),
HanOMHHaIOIIJ;yIO «Tpe3yoeI.\'), HCKaTe-
JIH HHOnJIaHeTRH HapeKJIH «ll3pOHaBH-
raI.\HOHHbIM' 3HaKOM». 2S0-MeTpOBoe
H300paJKeHHe XOpOIliO BHAHO C MOpR
H, BnOJIHe B03MOJKHO, AeHCTBHTeJlbHO
RBJIReT coooii: HaBHraI.\HOHHblii: MaRK,
HO - IlJUI MOpRKOB... Ha Haill B3rJIRA,
Ha nepyaHcKHx CKaJIaX 3aneqaTJIeH
3aypRAHeHIIIHH AJIR Tex MeCT KaKTYC
I.\epeyc, AOCTHI'aIOlIJ;HH 8-10 M B BbI-
COTY H OOJIa,D;aIOW;Hii: O'leHb xapaKTep-
HOii: BHeIliHOCTbIO. TO'lHO TaK JKe B
KOHTypax «He3eMHbIX,) cyw;ecTB B
nYCTbIHe HacKa XOpOlliO npOCJIeJKH-
BaIOTCR qepThI «aoopHreHoB»: TOJICToe
TYJIOBHw;e naYKa-nTHuee,D;a, 3aocTpeH-
HaR MOPAO'lKa Rw;epHI.\bI aHOJIIIC,
3aKpyqeHHbrn CnHpaJIbIO XBOCT OOe3b-
RHKIf aTeJIec...
qeJIOBeK HeH30eJKHO npHBbIKaeT K
onpeAeJIeHHbIM cTaHAapTaM H30opa-
3HTeJIbHoro HCKYCCTBa, IDfCbMeHHO-
CTH, MY3bIKH. HeYAHBHTeJIbHO, qTO B
ApeBHHX H300paJKeHHRX H TeKCTax, C
HX cOBepllIeHHo cBoeoopa3HoH, «Ta-
MOlliHe-TorAaIIIHeH,) nCHXOJIOmeH,
HaM BHA-HTCR nO,l.\'lac COBpeMeHHble
'laRHHR H CIOJKeTbI. 3arJIRHHTe B 3H-
IJ;HKJIoneAIDf npOluJloro BeKa - H Bb!
yoeAHTeCb, HaCKOJIbKO H3MeHIDIHCb
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JKeHHRX HHrepa ObIJIH HaHAeHbI pH-
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KOJIeCHHI.\, 'ITO HX, npaBO JKe, OqeHb
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HbIMH MOAYJlRMH,). B JIeHnIJ;HrCKOM
M)'3ee 3THorpaq,HH xpaHHTCR n030JIO-
qeHHaR KonHR q,HrypKH JKpeI.\a co CBH-
TOH Ha IIJIOTY, Haii:,D;eHHOH B paHOHe
BOroTbI H YTepJIHHOH npH Kopa6JIe-
KpYllIeHHH. TIpH JKeJIaHHH B IJ,HCKO-
oopa3HOM IIJIOTY HeTPYAHO YBlfJ];eTb
«JIeTaIOw;yro TapeJIKy'), MJIII KepaMH-
qeCKHe q,HrypKH KYJIbTypbI MO'IHKa:
Ha CTpaHHbIX CHrapooopa3HbIX YCT-
pOHCTBax CHART 'leJIOBeqKH B «DIJIe-
MaX,). 3TO Bcero JIllIIIb pbIoaKH, HO
OTBaJIHCb BAPyr npIDIeIIJIeHHaR rJIHHR-
HaR pbIOKa - H HH'lTO ObI He nOMeIIIa-
JIO ra,D;aTb 0 pbIOaI.\KHX JIOAKaX KaK
o «paKeTax HH,D;HBHAYaJIbHOrO nOJlb30-
BaHHR,).
4.5. OT nPMllIEJIbQEB
HET CTIACEHM.H
(KOMeTLI 8 MeTeopHTLI)
ECJIII 3arJIRH)'Tb B CTapHHHble JIeTO-
nHCH H TpaKTaTbI, MOJKeT C03,D;aTbCR
BneqaTJIeHHe, qTO npeAKH HaIliH HH'leM
HHbIM H He 3aHHMaJIHCL, KaK TOJIbKO
BCTpeqa.nH If npOBOJKaJIH «KOCMH'leC-
KHX npHIIIeJILI.\eB'): B Heoe MeJIbKaIOT
KpOBaBble Me'IH. HOCJITCR orneHHble
ApaKOHbI, BaJIRTCR H3-3a OOJlaKOB
aHreJIbI H AbJIBOJIbI, TaK 'lTO AeHb CTa-
HOBHTCR TeMHee HO'lH... HallIeCTBHe
3Be3A O JleTOB? B03MOJKHO. Ho He
OYAeM 3aObIBaTb H 0 RBJIeHHRX qHCTO
IIpHPOAHbIX: pa3Hooopa3HbIX CBe'leHH-
RX aTMocq,epbI, MeTeopHTax, CMep'lax.
B ll,peBHeM KHTae, HanpHMep, 3eM-
JIeTpRCeHHR, H3BepJKeHHR BYJIKaHOB,
reH3epbI, COJIHe'lHble H nyHHble 3aTMe-
HHR, na,D;eHHR MeTeopHTOB OO'bRCHRJIH
AeRTeJIbHOCTbIO (<ApaKOHOB». Y APyrHx
HapOAOB - AeHCTBHJlMH «omeHHbIX
oorOB». OqeHb CHJIbHbI nOAOOHble
JIereHAbI OKa3aJIHCb B TOM paii:oHe IIITa-
Ta ApH30Ha, rAe npHMepHO 5 TbIC.
JIeT Ha3aA ynaJI I'HI'aHTCKHH MeTeopHT.
nOHCKH HCTOKOB npeAaHHH HepeAKO
npHBOART K MeTeopHTHbIM KpaTepaM
HJIH BYJIKaHaM. HeoecHbIe KaMHH
nOqHTaJIHCb CBRw;eHHbIMH B i1noHHH,
MH,lI;HH, cpeAHeBeKoBoii: EBpone. YnaB-
IlIHH OJIll3 ropoAa 3H3Hcreii:Ma (rep-
MaHHR) SO-KHJIorpaMMoBbIH «JIeTaIO-
W;HH KaMeHb» ObIJI B 1492 roAY npH-
KOBaH K CTeHe I.\epKBH, AaObI He CMor
YJIeTeTb oopaTHO Ha He60. «3Be3Aa
BeJIHI<;a, AOJIra CKOpO BbIDIJIa... 3eMJIR
TpBCJIaCb, H XOpOMbI TpBCJIHCb, H MHO-
me JIIOAH OT YJKaCTH Ha 3eMJIIO na,D,a-
JIH. A CKOTHHa BCBKaB B KYqy MeTa-
JIaCb H rJIaBbI Ha He60 nOAHBJIH H
6blqaT, KOB KaK YMeeT. If nOTOM
KaMeHHe naAa.JIO, C BeJIHKOIO BpOCTbIO,
BeJIHKOe H Ma.JIOe...» TaK paCCKa3a.JI
JIeTOnHceQ 0 naAeHHH MeTeopHTa He-
nOAa.JIeKY OT KHpH.lIJl0-BeJI03epcKoro
MOHacTblpB (1662 r.).
A BeJIHI<HH A. JIaBya3be YTBepJK,ll,a.JI
BeKOM cnycTB, B 1772 roAY, 'lTO
(<naAeHHB KaMHeH C He6a Q>H3H'leC-
KH HeB03MOJKHbl». A «KaMHH» naAaJIH.
B 'leCTb MeTeopHToB CTpoHJIH xpa-
MbI, HX KJUIJIH nOA yrJIbI QepKBeH, H3
HHX KOBaJIH «He6ecHoe» opYJKJIe, B
Q>opMax HX BHAeJIH qbH-TO Q>HrypbI H
JIHQa, a naAeHHe HX Ha 'leH-TO AOM
WIH ropoA BMeHBJIOCb B BHIlY JKHTe-
JIBM, nporHeBHBIIIHM rocnOAa. B OTJIH-
qHe OT JIeTOnHcQeB C HX qHCTO HHQ>OP-
MaTHBHbIM onHcaHHeM ( «3Be3Ab1 no
He6y npOTBraXYCB BKO JKe BepBHH»)
JIIO)J,H BepYIOlWfe BHAeJIH B MeTeopHTax
CTpaIlIHble 3HaMeHHB: «MHOJKeCTBO
aHI'eJI, CTpeJIBIOIWfX orHeHHbIMH CTpe-
JIaMH» (OAHH H TOT JKe 1533 rOA).
CMepTeJIbHbIH YJKac 'BbI3bIBaJIH npoJIe-
TbI KOMeT. «Ha BepIlIHHe ee pa3JIH-
qaJIH corllYTYIO PYKY, AepJKaIIfj'IO
TBJKeJIblH Meq... MHOJKeCTBO ceKHp,
KHHJKaJIOB H oKpOBaBJIeHHbIX IIInar,
cpe)J,H KOTOpbIX MHOJKeCTBO oTPy6JIeH-
HbIX rOJIOB C B3'bepOIlIeHHbIMH ooJIO-
caMH If 60poAaMH npoH3BOAHJIIf
cTpailiHoe 3peJI e»,- nHCa.JIOCb BO
CI>paHQHH 0 KOMeTe 1527 roAa.
A BOT npHMep APyroro pOAa. B
HeKoTopblX reoQ>H3HqeCKHX paKeTax
AJIH BH3Ya.JIbHblX Ha6JIIOAeHHH C 3eMJIFJ
npHMeHBIOT napbI 6apHB. B036YJK,lI,eH-
HbIe COJIHeqHbIMH nyq:aMH napbI 06pa-
3YIOT 06JIaKO nJIa3MbI, HpKO CBeTB-
IQeeCH, B Q>opMe cHrapbI, 3JIJIHnCa,
AHcKa. Cnoc06eH 06pa30BaTb TaKoe
06JIaKO H BXOAHI.QHH B T()JIIQy aTMO-
CQ>ePbI 60JIHA. qeM Ha HJIO? If, HaKO-
Hel.\, eIQe 06 OAHOM. BCeMHpHO H3Be-
CTeH 3araAO'lHbrn: KaMeHb qHHTaMaHH,
xpaHHMblH BK06bI B 6aIlIHe TaHHCTBeH-
HOH TH6eTcKoH CTpaHbI II1aM6a.JIbI.
YTBepJK,ll,aeTcB, 'lTO OH - H3 C03Be3-
AHB OpHoHa. Ho BeAb 3TO BnOJIHe
B03MOJKHO! ,n:onycTHM, HanpHMep, 'lTO
3TO MeTeopHT, BblJIeTeBIIIHH - AilB
3eMHblX Ha6JIIOAaTeJIeH - H3 COOT-
BeTCTBYIOIQero yqaCTKa He6a...
HeT 'lHCJIa TaKHM CJIyqaBM. CMepqH,
6oJIHAbI, ra.JIO H npO'lee pacnpocTpa-
HeHbI KpyrocBeTHO. CxoAHble BBJIeHHB
nOpOJK.D;aIOT CXOAHble onHcaHHB H
aBTOMaTll'leCKH CXOAHble 06'bBCHeHHB,
B03HHKaIOIWfe BO Bcex 'laCTBX CBeTa
He3aBHCHMO APyr OT APyra. MOJKeT,
6bIJIH rAe-TO H HaCT0BI.l.\He «npHIIIeJIb-
QbI», HO KaK OTJIHqHTb HX?.
4 (( T ex HHKB - MOI1o,o.e>t<H») Ne 10
/'
- - - - - - - - -
---
3XO ((TM))
Mbl a.1 HAWa.1 Lla.1TA TEna.1
4MTaTenb «TM" C nonHblM OCHOBa-
HMeM MOH<eT C'IMTaTb ce6f1 CTonpoLleHT-
HblM MY>K'IMHOM. Bo BCflKOM cnY'Iae, 06
3TOM CBMAeTenbCTBYIOT pe3ynbTaTbi aH-
KeTbl, ony6nMKoBaHHoM B MapTOBCKOM
HOMepe: npeACTaBMTenM «CMnbHoro no-
na» COCTaBnfllOT nOAaBnfllOl1\ee 60nb-
WMHCTBO (cBblwe 95%) cpeAM Tex 10 Tbl-
CfI'I '1MTaTeneH, KOTopble Ha Hee OTKnMK-
HynMCb.
B03HMKaeT, KCTaTM, Bonpoc: 10 TblCfI'I
OTBeTOB - MHoro 3TO MnM Mano? npM6-
nM3MTenbHO CTonbKO >Ke nMceM peAaK-
LlMfI non}"laeT 3a LlenblM rOA. 3Ha'lMT,
MHoro? Ho HeTpYAHo npMKMHYTb, '1TO Ha
aHKeTY OT03BanOCb BcerO-HaBcero non-
npOLleHTa HaWMX nOAnMC'IMKOB. CTano
6blTb, Mano? OAHaKO aHKeTbl-onpo-
Cbl, KaK npaBMno, AalOT MMeHHO TaKOH
pe3ynbTaT - M3 ABYXCOT '1enOBeK OTBe-
'1aeT OAMH. TaK '1TO MCTMHa ne>KMT rAe-
TO nocepeAMHe, a HeYMonMMbie 3aKOHbi
CTaTMCTMKM n03BonfilOT HaAeflTbCfI, '1TO
MHeHMe «MOn'lanMBOro 60nbWMHCTBa»
B 3Ha'lMTenbHOH CTeneHM cornacyeTcfI C
B3rnflAaMM aKTMBHOM '1aCTM aYAMTopMM.
!-1TaK, KaKOB OH, '1MTaTenb «TM»?
EMY B cpeAHeM 22,3 rOAa, 3a nne'laMM Y
Hero 10,1 Knacca 06pa30BaHMfI. B OCHOB-
HOM OH >KMBeT M pa60TaeT (Y'IMTCfI) B
ropoAe (87,2%), pacnOnO>KeHHOM B
LleHTpe, He'lepH03eMbe, nOBOn>Kbe MnM
Ha YKpaMHe (66,3%). «TexHMKY - MO-
nOAe>KM» BbmMCblBaeT npMMepHo 5 neT M
nonY'IaeT MMHMMYM el1\e OAMH >KypHan,
npM'IeM AOBonbHO cBoe06pa3HblM: B HeM
23% OT «HaYKM M >KM3HM», 19% - OT
«MoAenMcTa-KoHcTPYKTOpa», 18% - OT
«IOHoro TeXHMKa», 1 0% - OT «BoKPyr
CBeTa», 8% - OT «PaAMO» M TaK Aanee.
KaKMe pa3Aenbi «TM» npMBneKalOT B
nepBYIO O'lepeAb Hawero MonOAoro, 06-
pa30BaHHoro, AOCTaTO'lHO 3pYAMpOBaH-
Horo, TeXHM'IeCKM pa3BMToro nOAnMC'IM-
Ka, CKnOHHoro K paLlMoHanM3aTopcKoH M
M306peTaTenbcKoM AeflTenbHocTM? 3TO
«AHTonorMfi TaMHCTBeHHblX cnY'IaeB» (ee
BblAenfilOT 81,4 % '1MTaTeneM), «Kny6 nlO-
6MTeneH !J>aHTaCTMKM» (79,8%), «3araAKM
3a6blTbiX LlMBMnM3aLlMH» (70,9%), «CeH-
caLlMM HaWMX AHeH» (62%), «BoKPyr
3eMHoro wapa» (60,6%), «lo1cTopM'IecKafi
cepMfI» (58.4%). KCTaTM, nY'IWMM MaTe-
pManoM MapToBcKoro HOMepa «TM»
6onbwMHcTBo '1MTaTeneH C'IMTaeT CTaTblO
10. PocLlMyca «npOT03cKynanbl» - B ee
nonb3Y BblCKa3anOCb 29,4% oTKnMKHYB-
WMXCfI Ha aHKeTY. B LlenOM M3 nonycTa
nepe'lMCneHHblx B aHKeTe py6PMK npM-
MepHO nonOBMHY npeAnO'lMTalOT '1MTaTb
CBblwe 25% oTKnMKHYBwMXCfI Ha aHKeTY.
A 3aMbiKalOT cnMCOK, KaK HM npMcKop6HO,
pa3Aenbl, npeAcTaBnfllOl1\Me nepBYIO no-
nOBMHY >KypHana: «Haw 3KOHOMM'IecKMM
-
- - - -
-'"'-' - - -
=g=:E:=-
ceMMHap» (4,1 %), «CnaraeMble npOAO-
BonbCTBeHHOH nporpaMMbl» (5,1 %),
«YAapHafi KOMCOMonbCKafl» (6,6%),
«llaypeaTbl npeMMM lleHMHcKoro KOMCO-
MOna» (6,7%) M HeKoTopble APyrMe.
3TO, O'leBMAHO, TOT caMblH cnY'IaH, Kor-
Aa HaM cneAyeT CAenaTb BbIBOA: nOBbl-
waTb Ka'leCTBO.
4MTaTenM npeAnaralOT AeCflTKM HOBblX
py6pMK, KOTopble MornM 6bl nOflBMTbCfI
B HaweM >KypHane. B OCHOBHOM 3TO
pa3Aenbl, CBfl3aHHbie C HaY'lHO-TexHM'Ie-
CKMM nporpeCCOM M TexHMKOM 6YAYl1\ero,
C caMOAeflTenbHblM TBOp'leCTBOM, 3BM
M nporpaMMMpOBaHMeM, COAep>KaTenb-
HblM npoBeAeHMeM Aocyra, KOCMM'Ie-
CKOH M BoeHHOM TexHMKOM (HaweM M 3a-
py6e>KHOH), pa3nM'IHb1MM My3eflMM-
TaHKOBblM, MOpCKMM, aBMa, aBTOM06Mnb-
HbIM, CTpenKOBoro 0py>KMfI. MHorMe
BblCKa3blBalOT pa3Ho06pa3Hbie LleHHbie
nO>KenaHMfI: yny'lwMTb nonMrpa!J>M'Ie-
CKoe o!J>opMneHMe, npMBOAMTb B ny6nM-
KaLlMflx n060nbwe MHTepeCHbix !J>aKTOB
M nOAP06HOCTeH, ne'laTaTb 60nbwe Hay'l-
HOH !J>aHTaCTMKM, AaBaTb '1epTe>KM caMO-
AeflTenbHblx KOHCTPYKLlMM, nporpaMMbl
Anfl nepCOHanbHblX 3BM, APyrMe CBeAe-
HMfI. npaKTM'IeCKOrO xapaKTepa, paCWM-
pflTb TeMaTMKy «lo1cTopM'IeCKMX CepMM»,
Aa>Ke yeenM'IMTb 06beM M nepMOAM'I-
HOCTb >KypHana (MnM 063aBeCTMCb OAHMM
MnM HeCKonbKMMM npMnO>KeHMflMM).
HepeAKO BCTpe'laeTCfI M TaKoe: nO'lal1\e
npOBOAMTb nOA06Hoe aHKeTMpoBaHMe. A
nO'leMY 6bl M HeT?
Mbl Tenepb nY'lwe 3HaeM, KaKMe Bbl,
'1TO Bbl 0 Hac AYMaeTe M '1ero OT Hac
XOTMTe. KOHe'lHO, Bce nO>KenaHMfI YAO-
BneTBopMTb. HeB03MO>KHO, nOTOMY '1TO
OHM MHorAa npOTMBOpe'laT APyr Apyry:
TaK, 5 '1enOBeK npeAnaralOT y6paTb
«BCfI'IeCKMe MY3eM» (a «3a» Bb1CKa3bl-
BalOTCfI 51,7% '1MTaTeneH), 6 '1enOBeK -
K3101 (34%). Ho Mbl 6YAeM cTapaTbcfI.
KOe-'1TO Y>Ke AenaeTCfI: Ha cTpaHMLlax
«TM» oTKpbrnacb py6pMKa «HaYKa M !J>aH-
Ta3MfI», paccMaTpMBaeTcfI Bonpoc 0 npM-
nO>KeHMM K >KypHany, Tl1\aTenbHO aHanM-
3MPYlOTCfI npeAnO>KeHMfI no HOBOMY
My3elO. Ho npeACTOMT CAenaTb ropa3Ao
6onbwe. nepecMoTpeTb KaKMe-TO yCTO-
flBWMeCfI npeAcTaBneHMfI Ha CTPYKTypy
>KypHana, Ha ero LlenM M 3aAa'lM, COOT-
HoweHMe OT AenbHblX pa3AenoB, Ka'leCTBO
ny6nMKyeMblx MaTepManoB. BeAb Aa>Ke
CYXOM CTaTMCTM'IeCKMH aHanM3 pe3ynbTa-
TOB aHKeTbl 3aHfln AeCflTKM cTpaHMLI
y6opMcToro TeKCTa.
CnoBoM, AaBaHTe nepeCTpaMBaTb >KYP-
Han, nepecTpaMBaTb ero BMecTe, BceM
MMpOM, B 06cTaHoBKe nonHoH rnaCHOCTM
M OTKpbITOCTM, KaK Toro BenMT BpeMfi.
-
- -
49
3bl. npeBpaUleHHe B HeHTpOH-
HblH BblpOHCAeHHblH ra3 nopo-
I AHnO WKBanbHblH HeHTpHHHblH
;z '1tJl./ Bbl6poc. A He CYUletTByeT nH
t1 I APyrHx OTHOCHTenbHO YCTOH-
, ?f1l0l 1 4HBbiX H Ule 60nee nnOTHbiX
/ . , COCTOSlHHH, AOCTH>KeHHe KO-
tua y U:t.../ '. TOpblX conpOBOHCAaeTCSI Ta-
KHM >Ke BbI6poCOM? AMepH-
KaHCKHH aCTpO<!>H3HK MapBHH
KBAPKOBASI 3BE3.AA! MapwaK npeAnonaraeT, 4TO
BcnblWKa CBepXHOBOH II THna CBepXHOBaSl II THna, C>KaBWHCb
B coceAHeH ranaKTHKe 60nb- AO COCTOSlHHSI HeHTpOHHOH
woe MarennaHOBO 06naKO 3Be3Abl, BCKope npH HeKOTO-
(CM. «TM», 1987, N!2 8) conpo-
BO>KAanaCb He06bl4HblMH HeH- pblX ycnoBHSlX CKa4KOM nepe-
XOAHT B KBapKOBoe COCTOSlHHe
TpHHHblMH HMnynbcaMH, 3ape- (HanoMHHM, 4TO KBapKH C 3neK-
rHcTpHpoBaHHblMH npH60paMH
pSlAa cTpaH. YTpOM 23 <!>eBpa- TpH4ecKHM 3apSlAoM, KpaTHblM
nSl COBeTCKO-HTanbSlHCKHH Ae- TpeTH 3neMeHTapHoro,- 3TO
TeKTop nOA MOH6naHoM 06Ha- COCTaBHble 4aCTH 06b14Hb1X 3ne-
py>KHn Ha npOTSl>KeHHH 7c nSlTb I MeHTapHblx 4acTH4). B03MOHC-
HeHTpHHo C 3HeprHeH MeHee HO, KBapKOBblM 06'beKTOM SlB-
5 M3B. npowno 4,5 4, H cOl!eT-1 nSleTCSI caMblM MOUlHblM peHT-
CKHM HeMTpHHHblM TeneCKon I reHOBCKHM HCT04HHK ranaKTH-
B 6aKcaHe 3a<!>HKcHpoBan 18 KH - lle6eAb X-3, HaxoASlUlHH-
3THX 4aCTH4. A cnycTSI nonMH- CSI npHMepHo B 30 000 TbIC.
HYTbl 4yr H3 11 HeHTpHHo C I CBeTOBblX neT OT 3eMnH. EUle
3HeprHeH CBblwe 7,5 M3B yno- B 1982 rOAY 6b.no 3aMe4eHO:
BHn Ha npOTSl>K HHH 13 C caMblH HMeHHO H3 3Toro paHOHa He-
4YB TBHTe_nbHbIH B _MHpe SlnOH- 60CBOAa Ha Hawy nnaHeTY C
CKHH HeHTpHHHblH TeneCKon I HHTe p BanoM 4,8 4 06 pY WHBa-
B KanHOKa (B ero KaMepy 3anH-
TO 2140 T cBepx4HcTOM BOAbl). IOTCSI nHBHH MIOOHOB. MIOOH
npHMepHo B TO >Ke BpeMSI nOH- nOXO>K Ha 3neKTpOH, HO TSlHCe- CTpOHKa B 06pa3e HCH3HH H no-
Man 8 HeHTpHHo 3a 6 C noxo- nee ero B 2 l pa3 H >KHBeT BeAeHHH npeAwetTBoBana aHa-I
>KHM aMepHKaHCKHM AeTeKTOp I Bcero 2,2X 1 0 c, TaK 4TO AO- TOMH4eCKHM CABHraM (T a H _ I
B6nH3H KmofBneHAa (wTaT Ora- neTeTb C APyroro KOH4a Mne4- 3 a H H SI).
HO). Bo Bcex cnY4aSlX MOUl- 1 Horo nYTH He MOr. BHAHM ,
HeHWHe HeHTpHHHble 3annbl CHCTeMa lle6eAb X-3 -: ABOH- HA.AEH<,Abl npOKAHCEH.
HcxoAHnH H3 Toro Y4aCTKa He- HaSl, H KorAa nnOTHblH KOM- HblX - a HX B MHpe 4YTb nH
6a, rAe npOH30wna cBepx-1 naHbOH BbirnSlAblBaeT H3-3a He 15 MnH. - CBSl3ClHbi C HOBOH
BcnblWKa. Ho n04eMY HX 6blno CBoero 06'beMHOrO HanapHH- BaK4HHOH, c03AaHHoH <!>paH-
HecKonbKo? MO>KeT 6blTb, <!>HK- I Ka, OH 06nY4aeT 3eMnlO nOTO- 4Y3CKHMH nenponoraMH. EUle
CHpOBanHCb HeHTpHHo pa3HO- KOM HeH3BeCTHbiX 4aCTH4, pac- I B 1871 rOAY HopBeHCe4 r. XaH-
ro BHAa - C HyneBoH H HeHY- npocTpa SlIOUlHxCSI C OKono- I ceH OTKpbln, 4TO BHywalOUlee
neBoM MaccoMll-1nH He HCKnlO- CBeTOBOH CKOpOCTblO H 06na- 1 Y>Kac xpOHH4eCKoe 3a60neBa- 1
. r A '"' '"' I
4eHo, HeHTpHHHble nOTOKH alOUlHX HeHyneBoH MaCCOH HHe, nopaHCalOUlee KOHCY, ne- I
pacUlennSlnHcb Ha nYTH AO Hac I nOKOSl. I-1MH BnonHe MorYT pH<!>epH4etKylO HepBHYIO CHC-
CKB03b KOCMH4eCKoe npocT_ 1 6blTb KBapKH. OHH, B CBOIO 04e- TeMY, ApyrHe opraHbI H TKaHH, I
paHCTBO pa3nH4HblMH rpaBH- peAb, npH cO AapeHHH C npo- Bbl3blBaeTCSI MHK P 06aKTe P HSI- 1
Ta4HO H HblMH nHH3aMH BOKpyr TOHaMH H HeHTpOHaMH aTMO- MH nenpbl. npOKa3e nOABep-
HeBHAHMblX 4epHbiX Ablp? ECTb I c<!>epHoro BeUletTBa Bbl6HBalOT )j(eHbl nlOAH C HapyweHHblM
eUle OAHO He MeHee 3K30TH4- 6b1CTpOpacnaAalOUlHecSI MIOO- KneT04HbiM HMMYHHTeTOM,
Hoe 06'bSlCHeHHe. npeAno-l Hbl. TaKHM 06pa30M, 3Be3AHblH nnoxo nHTaIOUlHecSI, He c06nlO-1
nOHCHM, Konnanc BHYTpeHHHX Konnanc He06S13aTenbHo Aon- AalOUlHe npaBHn rHrHeHbl. OHa I
060n04eK CBepXHOBOH npoxo- HCeH 3aKaH4HB TbCSI 0.!'pa30- xapaKTepH3yeTcSI AnHTenbHblM
AHn 4epe3 onpeAeneHHble <!>a-I BaHHeM HnH HeHTpOHHOH 3Be3- (OT 3 AO 10-15 neT) HHKy6a-
Abl HnH 4epHOM Ablpbl (CWA). 4HOHHbiM nepHoAoM H npOTe-' cOBpeMeHHoro THna, nOBce-
I KaeT B ABYX <!>opMax - 3apa3- MeCTHO BblTeCHSISI HeaHAep-
HE «"IEnOBEK YMEnbIA», HOH nenpoMaT03HoH H He3a- Tanb4eB, nepeceKnH TblCSl4e-
A «YMEnASI OIiE3bSlHA»! pa3HoH Ty6epKynoHAHoH.1 KHnoMeTpoBbie npoCTpaHcTBa
TaKHM BonpocoM Bce 4aUle npeHCHHe MeTOAbl ee ne4eHHSI H BeCbMa 6blCTpO 3acenHnH
3aAalOTCSI naneoaHTponono- npenapaTaMH H3 rpynnbl cynb- BCIO nnaHeTY, OHH C03AanH
rH, H3Y4aSl HaHAeHHble Ha ce- <!>OHOB He 04eHb 3<!><!>eKTHBHbI, I HCKYCCTBO H nopOAHnH MH<!>bl,
Bepe TaH3aHHH B AonHHe On- C TPYAOM 6nOKHpYlOT aKTHB- 3ane4aTneHHbie B coxpaHHB-
AYBaSl 302 q>parMeHTa KOCTeM HOCTb B036YAHTenSl 3TOM 60'\ WHXCSI Sl3blKax, <!>onbKnope.
4epena H KOHe4HOCTeH 40-neT- 1 ne3HH. HOBoe neKapCTBO, H3- BepOSlTHO, 3TH nepBoa60pHre-
HeH caMKH «rOMO xa6HnHC», rOTOBneHHoe Ha OCHOBe OAHO- Hbl CMewanHCb C 60nee n03A-
HCHBweH npHMepHo 1,8 MnH. ro H3 WTaMMOB MHK06aKTe- I HHMH rpynnaMH CH6HPCKHX
neT Ha3aA. Ee pOCT - He Bblwe PHH nenpbl, He TonbKO OCTa- MOHronOHAOB, KOTopble BonHa
MeTpa, a PYKH, caMble AnHH- 1 HaBnHBaeT HHq>eK4HIO, HO H 3a BonHOH YCTpeMnSlnHCb Ha
Hble cpeAH H3BeCTHbiX rOMH- nOMoraeT M06HnH30BaTb HM- AMepHKaHCKHH KOHTHHeHT C
HHA, CBeWHBanHCb 3aMeTHO MYHonorH4eCKHe pe3epBbl'Op- 3aToHYBweH 12 TbiC. neT Ha3aA
HH>Ke KoneH. no CBoeMY TenO- 1 raHH3Ma (cP p a H 4 H SI). ,6epHHrHH (6 p a 3 H n H SI).
I
I
,I
..
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;.
..
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50
cnOHCeHHIO OHa ropa3Ao 6nH- 3EMllECOTPSlCA TEllEM
I HCe K 06e3bSlHe H pe3KO OTnH- HnH ceHCM03aBpOM, Ha3BanH
4aeTCSI OT TaK Ha3blBaeMoro naneOHTonorH caMoro 60nb-
«4enOBeKa npSlMoxoASlUlero», woro AHH03aBpa, KOCTH KOTO-
I nOSlBHBwerocSI 4epe3 200 TbiC. poro 06Hapy>KeHbl Ha 3-
neT. HanpaWHBaeTCSI BbIBOA. 5-MeTpOBOH rny6HHe B WTaTe
4TO MeHCAY 1,8 H 1,6 MnH. neT HblO-MeXHKO. ,lJ,nHHa AOHCTO-
Ha3aA npOH30wnH ApaMaTH- pH4eCKoro 4YAHUla npeBblwa-
4eCKHe H3MeHeHHSI KaK B pa3- na 40 M (KpynHeHwHH H3 HblHe
Mepax, TaK H B aHaTOMHH Ha- cYUlecTBYIOUlHX >KHBOTHbIX _
WHX npeAKoB. «n04eMY CTonb rony60H KHT - He npeBOCXO-
I MHoro H3MeHeHHH cnY4HnOCb AHT 32 M). PacKonKH CKeneTa
3a CTonb KOpOTKHH CpOK - 3aMeTHO 06ner4Hn pa3pa60-
/ 3TO TaHHa, KOTopaSl 6pocaeT TaHHblH B 1l0c-AnaMoccKoM Ha-
Bbl30B nIOASlM),,- rOBopSlT 4HoHanbHOH na60paTopHH
Y4eHble. nO-BHAHMOMY, nepe- paAap, KOTOpblH cnoc06eH
I «BHAeTb» CKB03b 3eMnlO AO
I rny6HHbI 100 M. Bec ceHcMo-
3aBpoB cocTaBnSln, CYASI no
npeABapHTenbHblM 04eHKaM,
He MeHee 40 T (npHMepHo
: CTonbKO HCe BeCHnH 6paxHo-
3aBpbl). C nOMOUlblO C4HHTHn-
nSl4HOHHbiX C4eT4HKOB 6blna
H3MepeHa KOH4eHTpa4HSI ypa-
Ha B KOCTSIX - OHa OKa3anaCb
B 400 pa3 Bblwe, 4eM B OKPY.
>KaIOUlHX nopoAax (CWA).
"", "
- .. ....
. -
t
:t! ,
ji
.
!
:l
1043 CHIiHPH B IiPA3HnHtO
npHwen HblHeWHHH «4enOBeK
pa3YMHblH» (<<roMO canHeHc»)
npHMepHo 35-40 TbIC. neT Ha-
3aA. CneAbl ero npe6b1BaHHSI
OCTanHCb B BHAe HaCKanbHblx
HCHBonHCHblX H306paHCeHHH,
HaHAeHHblX Ha ceBepO-BOCTO-
Ke IOHCHOH AMepHKH. CYASI no
paAHoyrnepOAHOMY AaTHpo-
BaHHIO, CHH ApeBHee 3HaMeHH-
TblX H B 4eM-TO CXOHCHX PHCYH-
KOB neUlep llacKo BO cPpaH4HH
H AnbTaMHpbl B I-1cnaHHH. B Te
BpeMeHa CTapblH CBeT coeAH-
HSlncSI C HOBblM cyweH H n04TH
npHMblKan K ABCTpanHH. lllOAH 1
I
- '
.
-
lionb H KPHK MATEPHAnA MOCTb I1C4e3aeT. BOT 11 B03HI1-
MOHCHO ycnblwaTb C nOMoUlblO KaeT BOnpOc: KaK A0611TbCSI
aKycTI14ecKOH 3MI1CCI111, TO OAHOpOAHOCTI1 B TOHKI1X BOnO-
eCTb 3BYKOBbiX BOnH, 113nY4ae- KOH4ax nonl1Mepa1 ,lJ,nSl 3TorO
MbiX Ae<l>opMl1pyeMblMI1 a4eTI1neH B npl1CYTCTBl111 cne-
Y4aCTK&MI1. 411anbHO nOA06paHHOrO KaTa-
HepeAKO CTonb H113K04aC- nl13aTOpa nOABeprnl1 nOnl1Me-
TOTHbJe Cl1rHanbi - ,Jle6eAI1- pl13a41111 npl1 KOMHaTHOH TeM-
HaSl neCHb» AeTanl1 Ha npeAene nepaType Ha HaTSlHYTOH nnac-
ee ynpyrOCTI1. AKYCTI14eCKI1e I TI1KOBOH nneHKe. B pe3ynbTaTe
AaT4I1KI1, c03AaHHbie B I-1HCTI1- BCe yrnepoAHble 4en04KI1 CO-
TYTe TepMOMeXaHI1Kl1, ynaBnl1- pl1eHTl1pOBanl1Cb B OAHOM Ha-
BalOT I1X 11 04eHI1BalOT Te HeAO- npaBneHl1l1, Konl14eCTBO Ae-
CTaTKI1 11 HapyweHI1S1 B MaTe- <l>eKTOB pe3KO YMeHbWl1nOCb.
pl1ane, KOTOpble pa3BI1BalOTCSI nOnY411BWI1HCSI nOnl1a4eTI1neH
11 nOTOMY OC06eHHO OnaCHbl. OnYCTl1nl1 Ha 'lac B paCTBOp
npl1 3TOM <l>I1Kcl1pyeTcSI CABl1r HOAI1Ha B TeTpaXnopl1Ae yrne-
BO BpeMeHI1 Cl1rHanOB OT ABYX pOAa 11 TeM caMblM OKI1Cnl1nl1
AaT411KOB 11 TeM caMbiM T04HO ero. nOnl1Mep CTan npOBOAI1Tb
onpeAenSleTCSI I1CT04HI1K BonH, TOK B8Boe nY4we MeAI1. npaB-
ero MeCTonOnOHCeHl1e. HOBblH Aa, 110AI1H aKTI1Bl1pyeTcSI Ha
Ae<l>eKToCKOnl14eCKI1H MeTOA CBeTY, HeHaCblUleHHOCTb CBSI-
BblrOAHO OTnl14aeTCSI OT Tpa- 3eH MeHCAY yrnepoAHblMI1 aTO-
AI14110HHbiX - Hanpl1Mep, ynb- MaMI1 HapywaeTcSI, 11 YHCe 4e-
Tpa3BYKOBoro I1nl1 peHueHOB- pe3 HeAenlO COnpOTI1BneHl1e
CKoro - 11 ycnewHo npl1MeHSI- B03pocno Ha 30%. OAHaKo no
eTCSI npl1 npOBepKe Tpy60npo- MHeHl110 PYKOBOAI1TenSl pa60-
BOAOB aTOMHblX 3neKTpOCTaH- Tbl r. HaapMaHa, TPYAHOCTI1 C
411H 11 XI1MI14eCKI1X 3aBOAOB, OKl1cnSlIOUlI1M «AOnI1HrOM» B
npl1 KOHTpone npocywKI1 Ae- npl1H411ne npeOAOnl1Mbl, TaK
peBa B Me6enbHblX 4exax 11 4TO 3pa MeTannl14eCKI1X npOBO-
OCTbIBaHI1S1 <l>ap<l>opoBbiX 113- AOB, BI1AI1MO, BCKope 3aKOH-
Aenl1H (4CCP). 411TCSI (cPpr).
BOAOPOA - TOnnHBO
3nEKTPOnpOBOAHEE ME- liYAYLijEfO, nOCKonbKY ero
AH OKa3ancSI nOnl1a4eTl1neHO- MHoro, OH 3HeproeMOK 11 3KO-
BblH nOnl1Mep, C03AaHHblH cne- nOrl14eCKI1 COBepweHHO 411CT,
4 11 anl1CTaMI1 <l>l1pMbJ 6ACcP. 06pa3YSl npl1 CrOpaH1111 BOAY,
HeYHCenl1 AoporylO MeAb BCKO- OAHa 6eAa - ero AOporo no-
pe BblTetHI1T AeweBblH, ner- nY4aTb. 06b14HO I1CXOAHblM
KI1H 11 npOCTOH B 113rOTOBneHI111 «CblpbeM» cnYHCI1T 3TaHon,
nnaCTI1K1 A rnaBHoe 3AeCb B KaHCAaSl MoneKyna KOToporo
TOM, 4T06bl c03AaTb Anl1HHylO npeBpaUlaeTCSI B MoneKyny
4en04KY HeHaCbJUleHHblX yrne- a4eTI1nAerl1Aa C BbiAeneHl1eM
pOAHblX aTOMoB; HaA HeH 3neK- MoneKynbl BOAopOAa. ,lJ,pyrylO
TpOHbI B3al1MOAeHCTBYlOT Apyr peaK41110 npeAnoml1nl1 WOT-
C APyroM 11 TeM caMblM 06ec- naHACKl1e XI1MI1KI1 113 YHI1Bep-
ne411BalOT 3neKTpl14eCKYlO CI1TeTa CB. AHApeSl - ,lJ,3-
npOBOAI1MOCTb. ::ha TaK Ha3b1- BI1A MopTOH 11 ,lJ,3BI1A Koyn-
BaeMaSl «AenOKanI130BaHHaSl raMl1nbToH. I-1M YAanocb nOAo-
n-CI1CTeMa» I1rpaeT ponb 30HbI 6paTb KaTanl13aTOp, 6naroAapSl
npOBOAI1MOCTI1 Kpl1CTannl14e- KOTOPOMY npl1 A06aBneHI111
CKOH pel.LIeTKI1 MeTanna. Ho MoneKynbl BOAbi K MOnE!Kyne I
ecnl1 B 4en04Ke BCTpeTI1TCSI Toro me 3TaHona nonY4alOTcSI
Ae<l>eKT - CKaHCeM, aTOM yr- HapSlAY C Mo eKynoH MeTaHa I
nepOAa C HaCblUleHHblMI1 CBSI- 11 MoneKynol1 yrneKl1cnoro
3S1MI1, - TO 3neKTponpOBOAI1- ra3a ABe MoneKynbl BOAOPo-1
4*
Aa. npl14eM KamAaSl MoneKY-
na KaTanl13aTOpa 3a 'lac ..no-
pOHCAaen' 100 MoneKyn BOAo-
pOAa, TorAa KaK B npeHCHeH
peaK41111 - nl1Wb 20. 1-1 eUle
HeManOBaHCHoe 06cToSlTenb-
CTBO: B npeHCHeH peaK41111
3Heprl1S1 nornOUlaeTCSI (41,2
K,lJ,m/ Monb), a B HOBOH, Ha060-
pOT, BbiAenSleTcSI 33,3 K,lJ,HC/
Monb. BepoSlTHo, oc060 113611-
paTenbHblM KaTanl<t311pYlOUlI1M
AeHCTBl1eM 06naAaeT He caMa
MoneKyna, a OAHa 113 ee
np0I13BOAHbIX. BblSlBneHl1e T04-
HOH npl1pOAbl 11 cnoc06a Aew-
CTBI1S1 HOBoro KaTanl13aTOpa
CAenaeT BblrOAHblM BOAOPOA-
Hoe TOnnl1BO YHCe B 6n11HCaH-
weM 6YAYUleM (A H r n 11 SI).
H<AH HAC, A3nHTA! B
I1lOne 1988 rOAa K Mapcy cTap-
TYIOT C Teppl1TOpl111 CCCP aB-
TOMaTI14eCKI1e 30HAbi «cPo-
60c» - 1 11 2 (CM. «TM», 1987,
Ne 4). B 6YAanewTcKoM L!eHT-
panbHOM I1HcTI1TyTe <l>113114e-
CKI1X MccneAoBaHI1H COBMeCTHO
C COBeTCKI1MI1 cne411anl1CTaMI1
pa3pa6aTbiBaeTcSI 11 113rOTOB-
nSleTCSI 60pToBaSl 3BM AnSI
cnycKaeMoro Ha cP060c 11 npl1-
KpennSleMoro K ero rpYHTY an-
napaTa 11 c03AalOTcSI He06xo-
AI1Mble AnSI noro nporpaMMbl.
OTnaHCI1BaeTCSI npl160p 3eM-
Horo KOHTponsi 3a annapaToM,
a TaKHCe CI1CTeMa ynoBI1TenSl
4aCTI14 «3cTep» AnSI 113Mepe-
HI1S1 I1X paAI10aKTI1BHOCTI1. WI1-
pOKO I1cnonb3yeTcSI on biT, Ha-
KonneHHblH npl1 KOHCTPYl1pO-
BaHl111 npl160pOB AnSI nporpaM-
Mbl «Bera» (no neT K KOMeTe
ranneSl). Pa3pa60TaHHbie na-
KeTbl nporpaMM 6a311pYlOTCSI
Ha ABYX np04eccopax - aK-
TI1BHOM 11 pe3epBHOM. B CI1Y-
4ae Hel1CnpaBHOCTI1 nepBblH
cpa3Y HCe 06ecne411T 3anycK
BToporo. Bo BpeMSI noneTa
30HAOB 60pTOBoe 060PYAO-
BaHI1 n03BOnl1T BeCTI1 Ha6nlO-
...
...
t
c.;.
--
.....
1
AeHI1S1 3a BHYTpeHHI1MI1 KOne-
6aHI1S1MI1 ConH4a, 113Y4aTb
«conHe4HYIO ceHCMOnOrl1lO»
(BHP).
HE IIA, A EAA. B Te4eHI1e
MHOrl1X neT C411TanOCb, 4TO
411KnOAeKCTpl1H - npOAYKT
4aCTI14HOrO paCUlenneHI1S1
KpaXMana - TOKCI14eH, HO
BeHrepCKl1e 11 SlnOHCKl1e I1C-
cneAOBaTenl1 (He3aBI1CI1MO
APyr OT APyra) onpOBeprnl1
3TO MHeHl1e. Cepl1S1 3KCnepl1-
MeHTOB AOKa3a11a He TonbKO
ero 6e3BpeAHOCTb, HO M 4pe3-
Bbl4aHHYlO none3HOCTb B nl1-
UleBOH npOMblwneHHOCTl1,
<l>apMa4eBTI1Ke 11 arpOXMMI1I1.
,lJ,eno B TOM, 4T.() 3TO COeAI1He-
Hl1e cnoc06HO 06pa30BaTb
np04HYlO 3aUll1THYlO 060n04-
KY, npeAoxpaHSlIOUlYIO CBoe
COAepHCI1MOe OT B03AeHCTBI1S1
TeMnepaTypbl, CBeTa, KI1Cno-
pOAa 11 T. n. C ero nOMoUlblO
MomHO TaKme npeBpaUlaTb
ra3bl B cTa611nbHbie KpMcTan-
nl14eCKI1e BeUlecTBa.
KOnneKTI1B HI-1I-1 6110XI1MI111
3aBoAa XI-1HOI-1H pa3pa60Tan
YHCe 67 3anaTeHTOBaHHbiX Tex-
H0I10rI1H. K npl1Mepy, 06pa60T-
Ka npenapaToB 4I1KnOAeKcTpl1-
HOM n03B0I1S1eT 3Ha411TenbHO
CHI1311Tb I1X A03b1, K TOMY me
YMeHbwl1Tb 111111 Bo06U1e nl1K-
BI1Al1pOBaTb I1X n0604Hbie AeH-
CTBI1S1. B nl1U1eBOH I1HAYCTpl111
411KnoAeKCTpl1H I1cnonb3yeT-
CSI AI1S1 KOHCepBl1pOBaHI1S1 npSl-
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CSI Ha 06nOHCKe KHl4rl4 y..eHoro 14 nonynSlp1438Topa I4AeH
KOCMI4..eCKI4X noneTOB A. A. WTepHClJen"A8.
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AaBaT" MOAenl4 neTaTen"H"'X annapaToB. KOTop...e
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XOTenl4 B3neTaT... ElI4e KorAa OH Y..l4nCSl B nOA3I4HCKO
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WeHI4S1 OAHO 38Aa..14 14 AaHCe nonY"l4n OT8eT y..eHoro.
6YAY"14 cTYAeHTOM KpaKOBCKoro YHI4BepCI4TeTa, 6e3
AeHer. He 3HaSi C1JpaH",Y3CKoro Sl3"'Ka, OTnpaBl4nCSl B
napl4HC. Pa60Tan rpY3..I4KOM, pa60"I4M Ha 3MoAe (cPe-
HO)), nOTOM nOCTynl4n B ny"wl4 no npenoAaB8H141O
MeXaHI4KI4 14 aCTpOHaBTI4KI4 - HaHCI4 CKI4 YHI4BepCI4-
TeT. nOnY"I4B AI4MOM I4HHCeHepa, CAenan PSiA 14306pe-
TeHI4 IHa..I4HaSi OT MaWI4HbI AnSI oTAenKI4 I4CKyccTBeH-
Horo HCeM"yra 14 KOH..aSl YHI4Bepcan"HblM CTaHKOM AnSI
60..apHoro np0I43BOAcTBa). Ho 38TeM OTKa3anCSl OT
Kap..epbl KOHCTpYKTopa - YBneKcSI KOCMOHaBTI4-
KO .
3TO 6b1nl4 rOA.... KorAa B KaTanorax ny"wl4x napl4HC-
CKI4X 6146n140TeK Hen..3S1 6b1no HaHTI4 AaHCe ynoMI4Ha-
HI4S1 0 TpYAax K. 3. I.!.l40nKOBcKoro. A WTepHClJen"A 3a-
BSl3an C HI4M nepenl4CKY, 06MeH14B8nCSl ny6nI4Ka"'I4S1MI4.
B 1930 rOAY ony6n14KoBan CTaT..1O B (cIOMaHI4Te)), B KO-
MOCK.a, 14 OKTA6pA 1997 rOAa. 0 cnY4HBWeMC5I C TpeTbei1
3KcneAH4HeH Ha BeHepy, KaK H Bce, 51 Y3Han H3 YTpeHHHx ra-'
3eT. H04blO MeHJI He 6ecnOKOHnH, XOT5I ell4e B 3 4aca BO Bce-
COlO3HblH HHCTHTYT MeHCnnaHeTHblX C0061l4eHHH nocTynHna
paAHorpaMMa C BeHepbl:
"y AapOM MonHHH pa3pyweHbi 6aKH. 3anac roplO4ero yHH4-
TOHCeH. OCTanbHoe B nOpJlAKe»,
SI nOM4anCJI B HHCTHTYT, llHxopaAKa y)f(e OXBaTHna Bcex,
"CCCP-B4» - cnacaTenbHblH Kopa6nb, coopYHCeHHblH cpa3Y
HCe nocne CAa4H B 3KcnnyaTa4HIO "CCCP-B3», 6bln HarOTOBe.
KaK 51BCTBOBano H3 paAHorpaMMbl, 3anaCbI OKHCnHTen51 oc-
TanHCb HeBpeAHMbI. CneAoBaTenbHo, CTaHOBHnOCb B03MOHC-
HblM C6POCHTb co cnacaTenbHoro Kopa6nJl pJlA yHCe CMOHTH-
pOBaHHblX 6aKoB. 06ner4eHHblH TaKHM 06pa30M annapaT CMor
6bl npH B3neTe C 3eMnH, a 3aTeM npH OTneTe C BeHepbl pa3BHTb
60nbwylO CYMMapHYIO CKOpOCTb: 29,4 BMeCTO 27,1 KM/C, B
3TH X ycnoBHJlX Mbl MornH 6bl AOCTH4b BeHepbl 3a 73 AHJI
BMeCTO 81.
Ho He no OCHOBHoe. YBenH4eHHe CKOpOCTH Kopa6nJl CYJlH-
no HaM 3Ha4HTenbHO 60nbwe. OTnpaBnJlJlCb B nYTb C nonHblM
rpy30M, Mbl 6blnH 6bl BbIHY)f(AeHbI B Te4eHHe rOAa H ceMH Me-
CJl4eB BblHCHAaTb Ha BeHepe 6nar n npHJlTHOrO AnJi BO Bpall4e-
HH5I Ha 3eMnlO pacnonOHCeHHJI nnaHeT, HO B HaCTOJlll4ee BpeMJI
3TOT nepHoA BblHCHAaHHJI npeACTaBn5lnOCb B03MOHCHblM...
aHHynHpoBaTb.
TaKHM 06pa30M, npoAonHCHTenbHocTb HaweH 3KcneAH4HH
TyAa H 06paTHo YAaeTcJI cOKpaTHTb B4eTBepo no cpaBHeHHIO C
nY4wHM BapHaHToM peHca K YTpeHHeH 3Be3Ae C He3aMeTHO
MeHbweH CKOpOCTblO B3neTa.
CaMa npHpOAa HaM COAeHCTByeTI BepHee, Mbl 3aCTaBnJleM
ee COAeHCTBOBaTb HaM, Hcnonb3YJl cne4HcpHKY MeHCnnaHeTHOH
HaBHra4HH,- C4aCTnHBoe CTe4eHHe 06CTOJITenbCTB, nonY4HB-
wee Ha3BaHHe "BeHepHaHCKoro CKa4Ka».
MOCK.a, 15 OKTA6pA 1997 rOAa. 1013 npoeKTHoro 61Opo co06-
ll4alOT, 4TO Ha 6YMare BeHepHaHcKHH CKa40K OCYll4eCTBneH:
BcneACTBHe He60nbworo YBenH4eHHJI CKOpOCTH Kopa6nJl Bpe-
MJI BblHYHCAeHHoro OHCHAaHHJI Ha BeHepe C 19 MeCJl4eB
C K a 4 K 0 0 6 p a 3 H 0 ynano AO HynJl, 101 no yAanocb cpaBHH-
TenbHO nerKO: AocTaT04Ho 6bln0 C6POCHTb A06aB04Hbie 3ana-
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lIeCKoe 06 eCTBO,- YTBepHCAan aBTOp,- OTKpoeT
nYTb K OCBOeHl41O KOCMl4l1eCKOro npOCTpaHCTBa».
B 1933 rOAY WTepH enbA 3aBepW14n MOHorpacl»l41O
«BBeAeHl4e B KocMOHaBTI4KY». KOMI4TeT aCTpOHaBTI4KI4
CDpaH"'Y3cKoro 8CTpOHOMl4l1eCKOro 06 ecTBa YAOCTOl4n
nOT TPYA (B PYKOnI4CI4) MeHCAYHapoAHOM npeMI4I4.
,QblxaHHSI nmoc BO,Qa), npe,QycMoTpeHHble Ha nepHo,Q BbIHCH,Qa-
HHSI, a TaKHCe TonnHBo, He06xo,QHMoe ,QnSl HX nepe6pocKH.
I-1TaK, TeopeTH4ecKH B03MO)f(HO CHSlTb 3Kcne,QH4HIO «MrHO-
BeHHO». Ho npaKTH4ecKH ,QnSl npoBe,QeHHSI nO,Q06HoM onepa-
4HH HyHCHa no KpaMHeM Mepe He,QenSl.
1-1 nonY4Hnacb HecnblxaHHaSl B HCTOpHH aCTpoHaBTHKM cHTya-
4HSI: ecnH paHbwe Bce YCHnHSI 6blnH,'HanpaBneHbl Ha cOKpall4e-
HHe npo,QonHCHTenbHocTH npe6b1BaHHSl3Kcne,QH4HH Ha BeHepe,
TO Tenepb, Ha060pOT, Ha,QO BO 4TO 6bl TO HH CTano y,QnHHHTb
BpeMSI. CKonb HH napa,QOKcanbHO, 3TO onSlTb-TaKH ynHpaeTCSI
B YBenH4eHHe B3neTHOM CKOpOCTH Ha 1,2 KMI c: TonbKO TaK
MOHCHO npH6b1Tb K 4enH paHbwe.
MocKBa, 17 OKTA6pA 1997 rOAa. nonY4aeM MHoro Tene-
rpaMM. Hac ToponSlT. Aa)f(e wKonbHHKH HaM COBeTYIOT He
Me,QnHTb. TeM 60nee, 4TO 3Kcne,QH4HSI nonHOCTblO CHapSl)f(e-
Ha... Ho yneTeTb Tenepb 03Ha4ano 6bl npblrHYTb C 6epera Ha
nany6y napoxo,Qa, KOTOpblM ell4e He nOSlBHncSI B none Hawero
3peHHSI. He 6ecnoKoMTecb, ,QoporHe ,QPY3bSl: HetMOTpSl Ha TO,
4TO MbI ell4e He TpoHynHcb B nYTb, Mbl Bce HCe BepHeMCSI BMec-
Te C HawHMH TOBapHll4aMH H3 «CCCP-B3» paHbwe nepBoHa-
4anbHO npe,QnonaraeMoM ,QaTbl HX B03Bpall4eHHSI, a nOKa OHH
06ecne4eHbi BceM He06xo,QHMb1M ,QnSl HCH3HH. .
MOCKBa, 19 OKTA6pA 1997 rOAa. ACTpoHaBTbl nOCTOSlHHO nbl-
TalOTCSI YBenH4HTb CKOpOCTH KOCMH4eCKHX Kopa6neM. CpaBHH-
TenbHO ,QaBHO Mbl He OTMe4anH HHKaKHX ycnexoB B 06naCTH
nOBblweHHSI CKOpOCTH HCTe4eHHSI ra30B H3 paKeTbI. A BOT ce-
rO,QHSI, B CBSl3H C CHrHanOM 6e,QCTBHSI, nonY4eHHbiM C BeHepbl,
6b1no 06'bSlBneHO 0 C,Qa4e B 3KcnnyaTa4HIO ,QaBHO YHCe pa3pa-
6aTbiBaeMoro aTOMHoro TonnHBa C TaK Ha3blBaeMbiM «nnOT-
HblM BO,QOpO,QOM» B Ka4eCTBe HHepTHOM pa604eM )f(H,QKOCTH.
CKOpOCTb HCTe4eHHSI ra30B H3 paKeTbl nonY4aeTCSI Ha 4,5%
60nbwe nY4WHX H3BeCTHbiX aTOMHblX TonnHB.
BOT Ha 4TO Mbl rnaBHblM 06pa30M H Ha,QeeMcSI...
Ha 60pTy «CCCP.B4.., 4 HOA6pA 1997 rOAa. I-1TaK, neTHM.
Y,Q06HO ynernHcb B «KOHTYPHbIX ne)f(aHKax... TpeHHpoBKH B
HHcTHTyre nownH BnpoK: Bce nerKO nepeHecnH 4eTblpex-
KpaTHo YBenH4eHHbiM Bec BO BpeMSI pa60Tbi ,QBHraTeneM, KO-
Topble TonbKO 4TO 3aMonKnH. llerKo H HenpHBbl4HO THXO.
«no,Q HaMH» orpoMHblM ,QHCK 3eMnH. OH HCKpHTCSI, BeCb 3a-
nHT conHe4HblMH nY4aMH. nOKa BH,QHa TonbKO He60nbwaSl
B 1935 rOAY A. A. WTepH enbA nepeexan B CCCP.
BCKope Bblwno ero «BBeAeHl4e B KocMOHaBTI4KY». 3TO
6b1no pOBHO nonBeKa Ha3aA. A cnycTJI 37 neT KHl4ra 6....
na nepel43AaHa.
ABTOp 0606 l4n onblT nepBblx 3HTY314acToB I4Ael4 KOC-
Ml4l1eCKI4X noneTOB, npl4l1eM OCHOBIt>IBaJiCb Ha MaTepl4a-
nax, c06paHHblx, TaK CKa38Tb, 143 nepB"'X PYK: KaK YHCe
ynOMI4HanOCb, OH 6...n no nepenl4CKe 3HaKOM C OCHOBO-
nOnOHCHI4KOM COBpeMeHHOIf KOCMOHaBTI4KI4 K. 3. Ll,l4on-
KOBCKI4M, C n140HepaM14 paKeTHolf TeXHI4KI4 r. 06epToM,
P. 3HO-nenbTpl4, a TaKHCe C B. rOMaHHOM. KHl4ra cOAep-
HCana 14 PJlA npl40pl4TeTH"'x I4Aelf. no cnOBaM aKaAe.
MI4Ka B. n. rnywKo, ero nOI4CKI4 3HepreT1411eCK14X Ha14BbI-
rOAHelfwl4x TpaeKTOpl4M noneTa JlBl4nl4Cb 3Ha1l14TenbH...M
BKnaAOM B pa3B14T14e KOCMOHaBTI4KI4.
B 30-neTHIOIO rOAoB I4HY 3anycKa nepBoro I4CKYCCT-
BeHHoro cnYTHI4Ka 3eMn14 Henl4WHe OTMeTI4Tb. liTO 3a
rOA AO noro C06b1TI4J1 A. A. WTepH enbA ony6nl4KO-
Ban KHl4ry «HCKYCCTBeHHbIe cnYTHI4KI4 3eMnl4».
HaY"H...e 14 HaY"Ho-nonynJlpHbIe TPYAW A. A. WTepH-
enbAa 143AaH... B 39 cTpaHax. B ero HaY"Ho. aHTaCTI4-
lIeCKI4X penopTaHCax, ony6nl4KOBaHH"'x AO Hallana KOC-
Ml4l1eCKOIf 3P"', nopaHCaeT TOIlHOCTb HaY"Horo nporHo-
38.
npeAnaraeM BHI4MaHl41O 11I4TaTenelf Heny6n14KOBaB-
WI4IfCSl HaY"Ho' aHTacTl4lecKI4If penopTaHC «Ha 30B C
BeHepbl», Hanl4CaHHbllf A. A. WTepH enbAoM B 1954 ro-
AY,
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cerMeHT TPYAHO OXBaTHTb B30pOM. Ho ropH30HT 3eMnH Bce
Cy>KHBaeTCSI H OAHOBpeMeHHO Ha KpaSlX ee AHCKa nOSlBnSlIOTCSI
Bce HOBbie H HOBbie 04epTaHHSI MaTepHKOB. BOT Y)f(e n04TH Bce
3eMHoe nonywapHe C AHTapKTHAOM Ha KpaMHeM lOre - B none
Hawero 3peHHSI.
4T06bl Hcnonb30BaTb CKOpOCTb 06paLl..leHHSI 3eMnH BOKpyr
cBoeM OCH. Mbl yneTenH B nonAeHb (CM. pHC.). 11 nOT HeXHTpblM
npHeM AaeT OLl..lYTHMYIO 3KOHOMHIO TonnHBa. Kopa6nb YCT-
peMHncSI npoTHB op6HTanbHoro ABH)f(eHHSI 3eMnH. TaKHM
06pa30M, B Me)f(nnaHeTHOM npocTpaHcTBe OH 6YAeT ABHraTb-
CSI MeAneHHee OTHOCHTenbHO ConH4a, 4eM 3eMnSl.
nOKa ABHraTenb pa60Tan, Hawa CKOpOCTb OTHOCHTenbHO
3eMnH 6blCTpO YBenH4HBanacb H AocTHrna 13,00 KM/C. Tenepb
Mbl neTHM no HHep4HH, H CKOpOCTb nOCTeneHHO naAaeT: ee
rOHHT CHna 3eMHoro TSlrOTeHHSI. Ho 3TO TOpM03S1L1..1ee AeMcTBHe
HaweM nnaHeTbl Bce MeHee OLI..I)'THMO. CTpenKa cnHAoMeTpa
KaK 6YATO OCTaHOBHnaCb Ha AeneHHH 6,7 KM/C...
nponeTaeM Ha 'He60nbwoM paccToSlHHH OT llYHbl H OTnH4HO
pa3nH4aeM OTKpblTble HaWHMH acTpoHaBTaMH ropbl H «MOPSl»
Ha HeBHAaHHOM C 3eMnH ee nonywapHH.
BOT H 3aCHSlTbie eLl..le B 1959 rOAY aBToMaTH4ecKoM MeHCnna-
HeTHoM cTaH4HeM ropHblM xpe6eT COBeTcKHM, KpaTepbl L!Hon-
KOBcKoro, 1l0MoHocoBa, >KonHo-KlOpH; a 3TO - Mope Me4Tbi
H 3anHB ACTpOHaBTOB B Mope MOCKBbl...
6nH30CTb llYHbl, XOTb H He3Ha4HTenbHO, HO Bce )f(e B03MY-
THna TpaeKTopHIO Kopa6nSl. npH nOAneTe K cepe6pHCTOMY
54
wapy HawH TOH4aMwHe npH60pbl 3aperHCTpHpOBanH HeKOT
poe YBenH4eHHe CKOpOCTH H He3Ha4HTenbHoe OTKnOHeHHe 0
nYTH. nponeTeB MHMO llYHbl, Mbl 3aMeTHnH, 4TO CHna ee npHT
HCeHHSI HecKonbKo TopM03Hna CKOpOCTb Kopa6nSl.
Mbl neTHM Ha BeHepy, a Haw Kopa6nb KaK 6yATO y6eraeT 0
Hee. Ho Mbl 3HaeM, BeHepa AorOHSleT «CCCP-B4» H, KorAa OH
nopaBHSleTCSI C HaMH, Mbl CMO)f(eM nOMTH Ha nocaAKY.
1J,0 :nOM BCTpe4H BeHepe npHAeTCSI nOKpblTb B MHpOBO
npOCTpaHCTBe 3Ha4HTenbHO 60nbwHM nYTb, 4eM HaweMY KO
pa6nlO. «CCCP-B4» npeoAoneBaeT B cpeAHeM 28,9 KM/C,
BeHepa M4HTCSI no CBoeM n04TH KpyroBoM op6HTe co CK
pOCTblO 35 KM/C. B MOMeHT Hawero OTneTa OHa HaxOAHnaCb
n03aAH Hac nOA yrnoM B 44°13'c BepwHHoM y ConH4a. Ho 3TOT
yron nOCTOSlHHO YMeHbwaeTcSI. K MOMeHTY Hawero cnycKa Ha
BeHepy OH AonHCeH 6blTb paBHblM HynlO, HHa4e BCTpe4e He
npOH30MTH.
Mbl cneAyeM no Ayre 3nnHnca, KacaTenbHOM K op6HTe 3eM-
nH H nepeceKalOLl..leM Op6HTY BeHepbl. 60nbwaSl OCb ero coc-
TaBnSleT 213,6 MnH. KM. Haw Mapl.LIpYT oc06eHHo YA06eH C
T04KH 3peHHSI CBSl3H C 3eMneM. KaK BO BpeMSI noneTa TYAa,
TaK H Ha BceM 06paTHOM nYTH 3eMnSl HaxOAHTcSI 4YTb nH He Ha
caMOM 6nH3KOM paCCTOSlHHH OT Hac. 3TO ycnoBHe eABa n..
oCYLl..leCTBHMo npH Bbl60pe Apyroro MapwpYTa.
Ho caMoe 60nbwoe AOCTH)f(eHHe KOHCTPYKTOPOB Hawero
Kopa6nSl - 3TO CKOpOCTb noneTa, T04Hee, H e 6 0 n b w a
CKOpOCTb noneTa. CeM4ac, B6nH3H 3eMnH, Mbl ABH)f(eMCSI co
CKOpOCTblO 23 KM/C OTHOCHTenbHO ConH4a, a BeAb COBceM
HeAaBHO npeAenoM MeAnHTenbHOCTH non eTa C4HTa-
nH 26,5 KM/C.
3TO HMeHHO 6naroAapSl Man 0 M CKOpOCTH Kopa6nSl B Me)f(-
nnaHeTHOM npOCTpaHCTBe HaM H YAaeTCSI 6blCTpee AOCTH4b
BeHepbl. lJ,eno B TOM, 4TO KaHCAOM CKOpOCTH COOTBeTCTByeT
CBOM MapwpYT H COOTBeTCTBeHHO nYTb, KOTOpblM COKpaLl..laeTC
6blCTpee, 4eM naAaeT CKOpOCTb noneTa.
5 HOA6PA 1997 rOAa. 3eMnSl? rAe HCe 3eMnSl? BOT BTopble
C)'TKH, KaK nOHSlTHSI «nOA HaMH» H «HaA HaMH» CTanH AnSI Hac
ycnoBHSlMH: Mbl HCHBeM B MHpe 6e3 TSlHCeCTH. XOTSI Mbl no-
HeMHory npHBblKnH K TaKOMY OLl..lYLl..leHHIO Ha HCKYCCTBeHHOM
cnYTHHKe, H 3TO COCTOSlHHe He MewaeT HaM )f(HTb «HOpManb-
HO», HaM Bce HCe HaAoeno npHKpennSlTbCSI K CHAeHbSlM H Bbl-
AaBnHBaTb nHTbe H3 pe3HHOBbiX rpyw.
PewHnH C03AaTb HCKYCCTBeHHYIO TSI)f(eCTb. Tpoe H3 3KHna-
HCa OAeBalOT CKa<l>aHApbl H HanpaBnSlIOTCSI K BbIXOAy. KorAa
3a HHMH 3axnonHynacb ABep4a Ka6HHbl, OHH BblXOASlT H3 TaM-
6ypa Hapy>Ky no KaHaTHOM neceHKe. lJ,ep)f(aCb 3a nopY4HH, OHI<
OTBHH4HBalOT 60nTbl, coeAHHSlIOU4He ABHraTenb H 6aKH C roplO-
4HM, a TaKHCe OT4ennSllOT AecaHTHblM Kopa6nb OT )f(HnOM 4aCTI<
Kopa6nSl.
B3pblB nopoxOBoro 3apSlAa - H 06e 4aCTH onanKHBalOTCSI
Apyr OT APyra. Tenepb HX coeAHHSlIOT TonbKO CTanbHble KaHa-
Tbl, pa3MaTblBalOU4HecSI OT 4eTblpex6apa6aHHOM ManOKanH-
6epHOM ne6eAKH, npHKpenneHHOM CHapYHCH K nOTon04HOMY
nepeKpblTHIO Ka6HHbl.
Onepa4HSI eU4e He 3aKOH4eHa, a y)f(e BCTynalOT B AeMCTBHe
He60nbwHe BcnOMoraTenbHble ABHraTenH, KOTopble MeAneH-
HO BBOASIT BCIO CHCTeMY BO BpaU4aTenbHoe ABH)f(eHHe BOKpyr
06L1..1ero 4eHTpa Macc. C03AaeTCSI.Bne4aTneHHe, 4TO Mbl Bpa-
U4aeMCSI BOKpyr Toro oTAeneHHSI. C KOTOpblM coeAHHeHbl:
Macca Hawero oTAeneHHSI B AeCSlTKH pa3 MeHbwe MaCCbl OC-
HOBHOM 4aCTH Kopa6nSl.
Mbl BpaU4aeMCSI CO CKOpOCTblO 10 M/C no Kpyry 0400 M,
AenaSl nonHblM 060POT B 2 MHH 6 ceK. Ho HaM Ka)f(eTCSI, 4TO 3TO
He60CBOA BpaU4aeTcSI.
XOTSI Mbl, KaK H Bce npeAMeTbl, n04TH B 20 pa3 ner4e, 4eM
Ha 3eMne, 3TOM TSlHCeCTH BnonHe AocTaT04Ho AnSI nOAAep)f(a-
HHSI «3eMHoro» nopSlAKa B Ka6HHe.
Ha 60PTY «CCCP-B4.., 13 HOA6pA 1997 rOAa. CerOAHSI 106H-
neMHaSl AaTa: HaWH APY3bSl, yneTeBwHe C 3eMnH 20 MapTa
npownoro rOAa. npoBoASlT 500-e CYTKH Ha BeHepe. B nonY4eH-
HOM OT HHX paAHorpaMMe «BeHepHaHe» co06U4aIOT, 4TO Bce
4YBCTBYlOT ce6S1 npeBocxoAHO H, HecMOTpSl Ha KaTacTpoq>H-
4ecKylO nOTeplO roplO4ero, BCTpe4alOT 106HneM cornaCHO
BceM npaBHnaM TpaAH HH.
«CCCP-B4.., 10 Ae a6pA 1997 rOAa. no nepBoHa4anbHoMY
nnaHY BeHepHaHcKaSl 3KcneAH4HSI AOn)f(Ha 6blna cerOAHSI no-
KHHYTb BeHepy, a HaM npeACTOHT el1.le MeCJl4 nYTH. Ho HH4ero,
B MOCKBY Mbl Bce paBHO BepHeMCJI paHbwe npeAYCMOTpeHHO-
ro 6e3aBapHMHoro B03Bpal1.leHHJI «CCCP-B3».
8 AHBapA 1998 rOAa. nOCne3aBTpa Haw Kopa6nb Bpe)f(eTCJI B
aTMoc<I>epy BeHepbl. nopa npHAaTb eMY 06TeKaeMYIO <l>OPMY.
npHXOAHTCJI OTKa3aTbCJI OT HCKycCTBeHHOH TJlHCeCTH. npHBe-
AeHHbie B AeHCTBHe paKeTHble ABHraTenH TOpM03J1T Bpal1.la-
TenbHoe ABHHCeHHe Kopa6nJl. nOATJlrHBaeM 6aKH C roplO4HM.
KaHaTbi nocneAOBaTenbHO HaBHBalOTCJI B HeCKonbKO cnoeB Ha
6apa6aHbi ne6eAKH.
«CCCP.B4.., 9 AHBapA 1998 rOAa. Mbl Ha paCCTOJlHHH
1 350 000 KHnOMeTpOB OT BeHepbl. Ee cepn, nOA06Ho BHAH-
MOMY C 3eMnH cepny I1YHbl, ocnenHTenbHO JlpOK. HeAapoM
ApeBH e rpeKH Ha3blBanH BeHepy «cPoc<I>op" HnH «I1104H-
<l>ep» - CBeTOHOCHaJl: C03AaeTCSI Bne4aTneHHe, 4TO OHa He
OTpaHCaeT conHe4Hble nY4H, a caMa H3nY4aeT CBeT.
K ConH4Y Mbl npH6nH3HnHCb Ha 41 MnH. KM. KOHAH4HoHepbl
pa60TalOT, HO B Ka6HHe HCapKO: HaM He yAaeTcSI «C6HTb»
TeMnepaTYPY HHHCe 32°C. OTHocHTenbHYIO BnaHCHOCTb B03AY-
xa nOAAep)f(HBaeM B npeAenax 60%. BeHTHnSiTopbl pa60TalOT
Ha BCto MOI1.lHOCTb, HO CKOpOCTb ABHHCeHHSI B03Ayxa He npeBbl-
waeT 0,35 M/C.
...MbI 4yTb OTKnOHHnHCb OT HaMe4eHHoro nYTH. He06xoAH-
MO HcnpaBHTb TpaeKTOpHto, HHa4e Mbl pa30HAeMCJI C BeHe-
pOH.
1-1 4TO TorAal «CCCP-B4» npOAonHCan 6b1 naAaTb Ha ConH4e.
CnycTJI 42 AHSI nocne npoxoHCAeHHSI MHMO BeHepbl OH no-
Aowen 6bl Ha paCCTOJlHHe 64 MnH. KM OT AHeBHoro CBeTHna.
Haw Kopa6nb He npHcnoc06neH HaxOAHTbCSI B TaKOH 6nH30CTH
OT ConH4a, H Mbl, HeCOMHeHHO, H3H<apHnHCb 6bl...
A Aanbwel KocMH4ecKHH KaTa<l>anK C 6peHHblMH OCTaHKaMH
repoeB nOAHSIncSi 6bl 06paTHo K op6HTe 3eMnH... H BMeCTO
TopHCeCTBeHHoro Hac BCTpeTHn 6bl noxopOHHblM Mapw...
Ho - rpycTHble MblcnH B CTOpOHyl L!eHoM nHWb He3Ha4H-
TenbHoro pacxoAa TonnHBa Mbl BblBenH Kopa6nb Ha npaBHnb-
HblH nYTb. HaM 60nee He yrpoHCaeT onaCHOCTb pa30MTHCb C
BeHepOH...
BeHepa 06pal1.leHa CBoeH HeOCBel1.leHHOH CTOpOHOH K 3eM-
ne. Mbl BHAHM ee ceH4ac rna3aMH I10MoHOCOBa. Ee TeMHblM
AHCK OKpy>KeH CBeTnOM KaeMKOH - :no CBSITSll1.IeeCSI Konb40
BeHepHaHCKOH aTMoc<I>epbl. Ha 3eMne HaM npHwnOCb 6bl
)f(AaTb el1.le HeCKonbKO neT (AO 7 HIOHSI 2004 rOAa), 4T06bl
BnepBble YBHAeTb :no 3penHI1.Ie H TO C orpOMHoro paCCTOSlHHSI
B 40 MnH. KM. «S!BneHHe I1oMoHOCOBa» HaWH npeAKH Ha6nlO-
AanH B nocneAHHH paa B 1882 rOAY. HacKonbKo HaYKa ywna
BnepeA co BpeMeHH Hawero BenHKoro cooTe4ecTBeHHHKa!
...CKOpO nonH04b no MOCKOBCKOMY BpeMeHH. Mbl y)f(e B
HenocpeAcTBeHHoH 6nH30cTH OT BeHepbl, H ee CHna npHTSI)f(e-
HHJI Ha4HHaeT OI1.lYl1.laTbcSI.
CKOpOCTb Hawero Kopa6nSl, naAalOl1.IerO Ha ConH4e BOT YHCe
weCTbAeCSIT BOCbMble CYTKH, B03pocna AO 34,7 KM/C. Ho Mbl
He neTHM npSlMO Ha ConH4e, a n04TH nepneHAHKynSipHo K con-
He4HbiM nY4aM, H, cneAOBaTenbHO, K op6HTe BeHepbl Mbl
npH6nHHCaeMCJI 3Ha4HTenbHO MeAneHHee - CO cpeAHeH CKO-
pOCTbto Bcero 7 KM/C...
Mbl nepeceKaeM Op6HTY BeHepbl H ABHHCeMCSI OTHOCHTenb-
HO ConH4a n04TH C TaKOH )f(e CKOpOCTblO, KaK H OHa caMa, HO no
OTHoweHHIO K nnaHeTe Hawa CKOpOCTb COCTaBnSleT 14,2 KM/C:
BeAb Hawa TpaeKTopHSI H op6HTa BeHepbl nepeceKalOTCJI nOA
yrnoM B 23°32'.
EcnH 6bl ABHraTenH 6e3AeMcTBoBanH, BeHepa 3aXBaTHna 6bl
Kopa6nb H npHHYAHna cnycTHTbCSI Ha ee nOBepXHOCTb co CKO-
pOCTblO, B03pocweH AO 17,6 KM/C. Ho:no He BXOAHT B HawH
nnaHbl: Mbl He nOBHHyeMcSI cnenOH cHIle nnaHeTHoro npHTSI-
HCeHHSI.
«CCCP-B4.., 10 AHBapA 1998 rOAa. ,lJ,BHraTenb pa60Tan Ha
TopMOHCeHHe, H «CCCP-B4» no BeneHHIO aBTonHnOTa neTen
napannenbHo K nOBepxHocTH BeHepbl. HOBH4KY TPYAHO 6blno
6bl pa306paTbcSI: BeHepa 6blna BHAHa He nOA HaMH, a BHcena
nepeA HaMH. ,lJ,BHraTenb H3Bepran ra3bl nOA He60nbwHM yr-
nOM K ee nOBepXHOCTH, HO HaM Ka3anOCb, 4TO orHeHHaSi
CTPYSl HCTeKa T BepTHKanbHO, 6enOCHeHCHbie 06naKa nnaHe-
Tbl - :no rHraHTCKHH 3aHaBec.
«CCCP-B4» CTan HCKycCTBeHHblM cnYTHHKOM BeHepbl. Mbl
KPYHCHM Ha BbiCOTe 610 M HaA ee nOBepxHocTblO C 6b1CTpOTOH
7283 M/C. nnaHeTY Mbl onOSlCblBaeM 3a 1 4ac 36 MHH 24 ceK,
nponeTaSi 3a :no BpeMSI no HHep4HH 42 129 KM.
1-13 3THX AaHHbix BHAHO, 4TO CHna npHTSI)f(eHHJI Ha nOBepXHO-
CTH nnaHeTbl Ha 10,5% MeHbwe, 4eM Ha 3eMne, a ee Macca He-
MHorHM 60nbwe 4/5 MaCCbl 3eMnH.
Haw AecaHTHblH OTpSlA y>Ke nonHOCTblO rOTOB K cnycKY,
nOcneAHlO1O HeAenlO AecaHTHHKH rOTOBHnHCb K onepa4HH, He
npHHHMaSi HHKaKoro Y4aCTHSI B APyrHx 3aHSlTHSIx 3KHnaHCa.
...THXO 3apa60Tan ABHraTenb, H AecaHTHblH Kopa6nb C 3ana-
caMH roplO4ero AnSI nOTepneBwero 6eAcTBHJI 3KHna)f(a
«CCCP-B3» MeAneHHo oTAenHncSi OT Hawero Kopa6nSl, YHOCSI
Ha CBoeM 60PTY Tpex CMenb4aKOB. ,lJ,pY3eH HaWHX Mbl cpa3y
)f(e nOTepSinH H3 BHAY.
...nonY4HnH cneAYlOl1.IHe paAHorpaMMbI:
«YMeHbwHnH CKOpOCTb Ha 37 (M/c).I1eTHM no HHep4HH».
«nOCTeneHHo norpY)f(aeMCSI B aTMoc<I>epy (BeHepbl). Ha4a-
I1H nnaHHpOBaTb. TeMnepaTypa B Ka6...»
PaAHocBSl3b npepBaHa, XOTb annapaTypa B HcnpaBHOCTH. Mbl
He MOHCeM 6ecnpepblBHO nOAAepHCHBaTb CBSl3b C AecaHTHblM
Kopa6neM (,lJ,K). TonbKO BpeMSI OT BpeMeHH neperOBapHBaeM-
CJI C HawHMH APY3bSlMH: KopOTKHe paAHOBonHbl, npOHHKalO-
I1.IHe CKB03b BeHepHaHCKHe TY4H, He MorYT np06HTbCJI CKB03b
n04BY, KorAa MeHCAy «CCCP-B4» H ,lJ,K HaxoAHTCSI caMa nnaHe-
Ta.
nocne AnHTenbHoro nepepblBa paAHOCBSl3b onSlTb HanaHCH-
BaeTCSI.
.:. ..... . -
'..J
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, -
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lt t 1,(, C IW/
J).l.IU.I"l: 1 'I.1 i81:
' 0 ' - - v:O:
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1\,t u.tIr."", '" eW'tt-w -;-
. 18. J'.-1998 -1--. 8
; f tM J( mq_ J '
.,"f , 1:1'l'1 8.y. .
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>. '.a ""
. . \., 4-' HYf71-.
1r QL"ta- I
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v .;c .
t£.JI'mw .
e -
Jv"tjl't"'t(. IV
e \tW.'
j
al} 'I" :
'-
i-
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0Jrc? . J "'"
v\I£c:i ('H«X'C "'""" ( V
.MOJ\Wtn C;j IWU 1m.9V .
C . Jt;AWlIO,
v1l€.Ct;wiw '"1ult ,.b \'
..I!.Mi.illtltm.. orl1.wi1« {3,1
C j II.."n' '
"...pHT ,lJ,K. rOBOpHT ,lJ,K. OTBe4ai1Te! OTBe4aHTeh,
OKa3bIBaeTCJI, HaWHM APY3bJlM npHwnOCb TyrO. 04YTHB-
WHCb B 6e36pe)f(HOM OKeaHe BeHepHaHCKHX TY4, OHH AOn)f(Hbl
6blnH BeCTH 60H C HeBHAaHHOH CTHXHeH. nOA KpblnbJlMH HX
nnaHepa 6yweBan BeTep, CKOpOCTb KOToporo 60nee 4eM B
100 pa3 npeBblwana CKOpOCTb yparaHHoro WKBana. I1x OKpy-
HCana 6e33Be3AHaJi H 6e3nYHHaJi H04b: y BeHepbl BeAb !-leT
cnYTHHKa, KaK y HaweH nnaHeTbl, a 3Be3Abi He BHAHbl CKB03b
rYCTOH 06na4HblH nOKpOB. nonb3YJlCb conpOTHBneHHeM aT-
Moc<!>epbl, AecaHTHblH Kopa6nb 6narononY4HO COBepWHn
nocaAKy Ha nOBepXHOCTH, HaXOAJlUleHCJI cei14ac B 30He AHJI,
KaK :no 6bln0 npeAYCMOTpeHO. OAHaKO Ha nOArOTOBneHHblH
B03ne «CCCP-B3» KOCMOApOM AecaHTY He YAanoCb cnYCTHTb-
CSI, H 3KHna)f(H ABYX Kopa6neH OKa3anHCb AaneKO APyr OT APY-
ra. 3TO cepbe3HaSi HeYAa4a. ,lJ,ecaHTHoMY Kopa6mo npHwnoCb
3aTpaTHTb BeCb 3anac pe3epBHoro TonnHBa, 4T06bl BHOBb
B3neTeTb H onycTHTbCSI Ha nOAroToBneHHblH 3apaHee KOCMOA-
pOM.
"CCCP-B4», 17 AHBapA 1998 rOAa. nOAroToBKa "CCCP-B3»
K oTneTY, B3neTY, KoppeKTHpoBKe TpaeKTopHH - CKonbKO
BonHeHHH, 3aTpa4eHHoH 3HeprHHI TeM 60nee, 4TO Bce CAena-
HO B KpaHHeH cneWKe! On03AaB Ha MOMeHT, HaM He AorHaTb
3eMnH... K C4aCTblO, Bce 3TO y>Ke n03aAH: ABa HaWHX Kopa6nJl
APYHCHO M4aTCJI BOKpyr BeHepbl. BeCb 3KHna)f( "CCCP-B3»
nepenpaBnSleTCSI Ha Haw Kopa6nb...
"CCCP-B4». 18 AHBapA 1998 rOAa. Mbl Ha 4 °15' BnepeAH
3eMnH; HaCTano BpeMJI oTnpaBneHHSI B 06paTHblH nYTb!
OT n03TH ECKOrO HE3HAHHSI
K HAY HOMY 3HAHHIO
B HaY4Ho-<!>aHTacTH4ecKoM penopTaHCe
«Ha 30B C BeHepbl» Hcnonb30BaHbi HAeH
A. A. WTepH<!>enbAa, KOTopble n03HCe,
B 1955 rOAY, 6YAYT H3nOHCeHbi B HaY4HoH
CTaTbe ,,0 CKa4Ko06pa3HOM cOKpaUleHHH
AnHTenbHoCTH MeHCnnaHeTHblX 3KcneAH-
LlHH npH nOCTeneHHOM YBenH4eHHH CKO-
pocTeH OTneTa». 3TH )f(e HAeH pa3BHBa-
nHCb H B HaY4Ho-<!>aHTaCTH4eCKOM penop-
TaHCe A. A. WTepH<!>enbAa «MapCHaHCKHe
cnacaTenbHble 3KcneAHLlHH», ony6nHKo-
BaHHOM B nonbCKOM )f(ypHane "np06ne-
Mbl» B 1961 rOAY. CYTb TaKOBa.
BpeMJI MeHCnnaHeTHoH 3KcneAHLlHH
cKnaAblBaeTcSI H3 BpeMeHH nepeneTa '<TY-
Aa» (3eMnSi - nnaHeTa), BpeMeHH npe-
6blBaHHSI Ha nnaHeTe, BpeMeHH nepene-
Ta «06paTHO» (nnaHeTa - 3eMnSl).
A. A. WTepH<!>enbA paccMaTpHBaeT CHM-
MeTpH4Hbie TpaeKTopHH noneTa "TYAa»
H «06paTHO»; nepeneTbl cOBepwalOTcSI no
AyraM KennepoBblx 3nnHnTH4eCKHX Tpa-
eKTopHH, npH4eM Ayra noneTa «TYAa»
cHMMeTpH4Ha Ayre noneTa ,co6paTHO»,
H BpeMSI noneTa no KaHCAoH H3 Ayr OAH-
HaKOBO. 3TO BpeMSI (H AnHHa AyrH)
onpeAenSiIOTcJI TeXHH4eCKHMH B03MOHC-
HOCTSlMH paKeTbl, a HMeHHo, cTapToBoH
CKOpOCTblO, KOTOpylO paKeTa MOHCeT pa3-
BHTb.
BpeMSI HCe npe6blBaHHSI Ha nnaHeTe
onpeAenSleTcSI TaK Ha3blBaeMbiM nepH-
OAOM Bb')f(HAaHHSI pacnOnO)f(eHHSI nnaHeT,
6naronpHSITHoro AnSI B03BpaUleHHSI no
.HaMe4eHHoH 3apaHee Ayre 3nnHnca. Mo-
HCeT oKa3aTbcSI, 4TO He06xoAHMblH ne-
pHOA BblHCHAaHHSI paBeH CHHoAH4ecKoMY
nepHoAY - TO OCTb BpeMeHH, npOTeKalO-
UleMY MeHCAy ABYMSI nocneAOBaTenb-
HblMH OAHHaKOBblMH OTHOCHTenbHblMH
nonOHCeHHSlMH nnaHeT. jlCHO, 4TO B :nOM
cnY4ae MOHCHO He HCAaTb OTneTa LlenblH
56
- CTpaHHoe B03BpaUleHHe,- CKa3an 6bl 3eMHOH nYTe-
weCTBeHHHK.- nOCMOTpHTe Ha KapTY ConHe4HOH CHCTeMbl.
BeAb Bbl He B03BpaUlaeTeCb, a r:lpOAOn)f(aeTe neTeTb BnepeAI
TaK MbI H BepHeMCSI. Ho, rnSlAJI Ha KapTY, He 3a6b1BaHTe, 4TO
3eMnSi TOHCe Bce BpeMSI ABHH<eTCJI BnepeA. MapwpYT HaweH
3KcneAHLlHH B Me)f(nnaHeTHOM npOCTpaHCTBe HanOMHHaeT
04epTaHHe 6pOBeH, coeAHHeHHblX nepeHOCHLleH; B Ha4anbHOH
H KOHe4HOH T04Ke HaXOAHTCSI 3eMnSi B MOMeHT OTneTa H npH-
3eMneHHJI, nocpeAHHe - BeHepa.
,lJ,aBHo YHCe He cnblweH WYM ABHraTenSi. Mbl nOKHAaeM Be-
Hepy CO CKOpOCTblO 17,6 KM/C. CeH4ac 3Ta CKOpOCTb YHCe CH"'-
3HnaCb Ha 1 /5.
npOBepJleM HcnpaBneHHYIO TpaeKTopHIO. 3KcLleHTpHcHTeT
AyrH 3nnHnca, no KOTOpOH Mbl cneAyeM, paBeH 0,4. 3TO
npaBHnbHol npaBHnbHbl TaK)f(e CKOpOCTb H HanpaBneHHe ABH-
HCeHHSI. Ha 60PTY Kopa6nSl HaCTpoeHHe KaK Henb3J1 nY4we.
..CCCP-B4», 10 MapTa 1998 rOAa. CnaBHaSi rOAOBUlHHa: pOB-
HO ABa rOAa TOMY Ha3aA HaWH APY3bSl H3 «CCCP-B3» nOAHJI-
nHCb C nOBepXHOCTH 3eMnH. OHH, KOHe4HO, He OH<HAanH paHb-
we BpeMeHH BepHYTbCSI AOMOH.
30 M8pTa 1998 rOAa. Mb' CHOBa B MOCKBe - Mbl C4aCTnHBbli
,lJ,a He TonbKO nOTOMY, 4TO C 4eCTbIO BblnOnHHnH Haw Aonr:
4enoBeK, cOBepwaBwHH KOCM...4eCKoe nyrewecTBHe, Apyr...-
MH, 60nee nI06J1U1HMH rna3aM... CMOTpHT Ha He60, ApyrHMH,
60nee nI06J1U1HMH rna3aMH CMOTpHT Ha POAHYIO nnaHeTy.
CHHOAH4eCKHH nepHoA, a cTapToBaTb He-
MeAneHHo.
Ha 3TOH KonnH3HH H nocTpoeH paccKa3
WTepH<!>enbAa. B ynoMSIHYTOH Bblwe
CTaTbe A. A. WTepH<!>enbAa «0 CKa4KO-
06pa3HoM cOKpaUleHHH AnHTenbHocTH
MeHCnnaHeTHblX 3KcneA"'LlHH npH nOCTe-
neHHOM YBenH4eHHH CKopocTeH OTneTa»
npHBeAeHbl pe3ynbTaTbi nepeneToB no
MapwpYTY 3eMnSi - BeHepa - 3eMnSi.
1013 HHX BHAHO, 4TO He60nbwoe YBenH4e-
HHe TeXHH4eCKHX B03MOHCHOCTeH paKeTbl
(CKOpOCTH OTneTa Ha BenH4HHY nopSiAKa
2 KM/C) MO)f(eT npHBeCTH K nSlTHKpaTHOMY
cOKpaUleHHIO AnHTenbHOCTH nepeneTa
3KcneAHLlHH (npHToM cKa4Ko06pa3HoMY).
CnacaTenbHaSi 3KcneAHLlHSI neTHT KaK pa3
7-8 anpenR 1954 rOAa
no pacc4HTaHHoH aBTopoM TpaeKTopHH.
POMaHTH4ecKHe npeAcTaBneHHJI 0 nHno-
THpyeMblx 3KcneAHLlHSlX Ha AaneKHe nna-
HeTbl Hb'He CMeHHnHCb Tpe3BblMH peanH-
3aLlHJlMH noneTOB 6ecnHnoTHblx aBTOMa-
TH&jeCKHX annapaToB - HccneAoBaTeneH
nnaHeT, KaK, HanpHMep, 6necTSIUle 3aAy-
MaHHOH H OCYUlocTBneHHoH 3KCneA...LI......
«Bera» no MapwpYTY 3eMnJl - BeHe-
pa - KOMeTa ranneSi. Ho He HaAO 3a6bl-
BaTb, 4TO ycnexH B HccneAOBaHHH H OC-
BoeHHH KOCMoca 6a3HpYlOTCJI Ha TpYAax
nHOHepOB KOCMOHaBTHKH.
BnaAIoIMloIp liEnEI.I.KHft,
npo<!>eccop
A. npOCTEB. B3rftSiA . KOCMOC IClJNrYPHo-ClJopMaTHaA OftTN"eCKaA KOMft03MI4MAI. Oc06b,e
npe,qcTaBneH"JI 0 npoCTpaHcTBe, nepcneKT"Be, I.jBeTe .. tPopMe pO>K,qaeT B c03HaH.... xy,qO>K-
HHKOB TeMa KOCMoca. B caMOM p,ene, KaK B ycnoBHJlx .qnHTen&Hb'X KOCMH'IeCKHX noneTOB '1e-
nOBeK 6y.qeT BocnpHHHMaTb TO, '1TO Ka)f(eTCJI CTOnb npHBblLlHbJM 3.qeCb, Ha 3eMne1 Bepx H HH3,
6nH3Koe H .qaneKoe, TJUf(enoe H nerKoe Heo,HOf.qaHHO MorYT nOMeHJlTbCJI MeCTaMH, a npHBbJ"IHaJl
raMMa I.jBeTOB - B,qpyr CMeH..TbCJI "HO;;. 111 nOTOMY Y>Ke ce;;'Iac Xy,qO>KHHK rOTOB..TCJI K 6y,qy-
eMY «B3rnJl,qy B KOCMOCJ> - 'Iepe3 Bo06pa>KaeMb';; ..nnIOM"HaTOp KOCM"'IeCKOrO Kopa6nJl.
TO'lHee - 'Iepe3 «OKHOJ> TBOp'leCKOrO Bo06pa>KeH"",
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no MHeHHIO KOMHTeTa, OH HenpeMeH-
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TH He 6bIBaeT. TaK 06CTOHT p;eno B
MHCTHTYTe CBapKH HMeHH naTOHa B
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P"TOP"IO snYCT..n... HO H" OA"H 3sepb
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60
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man, O'leHb COBeTYIO n03HaKOMHTbCH.
M paCCKaxy KaKHM 06pa30M.
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zpaMMe?
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npH ee pa3pa60TKe. SI npHBeTCTBOBaJI
ee YTBepJK,lIeHHe Ha KOJIJIeI'HII KOMH-
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TeJIbHO poJK,lIaJIaCb TPYP;HO, B MYKax,
B KOJIJIeKTHBHOM TBOp'leCTBe npeno-
J];aBaTeJIeii:, KOHCYJIbTaHTOB KYPCOB-
yqeHblx H H306peTaTeJIeii:.
pOHHKe, MrHOBeHHO UKpblBalOl.Llej;f BOpO-
Ta nocne Toro, KaK npoeAeT aBToM06Hnb,
H rOBopHTb HeLlero.
o "LlepHOM JlI.LIHKe» BcerAa H3BeCTHO
TonbKO OAHO - LITO B Hero BXOAHT H LITO
BbIXOAHT. A B "Mopq>onorHLlecKoM JlI.LIH-
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AeHHe Mopq>onorHLlecKoro aHanH3a, KaK
pa3 BaHeHO 3HaTb ero HaLlHHKY.
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BOT nHWb HeKoTopble H3 HHX: pecypcbl
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TaBneHHoj;f Ta6nH4bl. Peeypcbl TonnHBa
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nJiIOTCJI (1) H3 BHewHej;f cpeAbl. TJlra
c03AaeTCJI 3a CLleT BHyrpeHHHx HCTOLl-
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6e3B03,qywHoe npocTpaHcTBo, B03AYX,
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KYYMOM. TaM, rAe nOCTaBneHbl 3HaKH
Bonpoca,- BapHaHTbi nOLlTH q>aHTacTHLle-
CKHe: KaK MO>KHO nOCTaBnJlTb TonnHBO H3
BHewHej;f cpeAbl? KaK c03AaBaTb TJlry
3a CLleT BHeWHHX HCTOLlHHKOB? AnJi Llero
paKeTa, ABH>KYl.LlaJlCJI B 3eMne? He npaB-
Aa nH, BapHaHTbl 3aCTaBnJllOT nOAYMaTb.
C03AaTenb Mopq>onorHLlecKoro aHa-
nH3a 4>. UBHKKH 6YKBanbHo 3a HeCKonbKO
neT nocne Toro, KaK npHAYMan MeTOA,
CAenan cepHIO opHrHHanbHblX H306pe-
TeHHj;f - CHnOBble YCTaHOBKH, B3pb1BLla-
Tble Bel.LleCTBa, cnoc06 KOM6HHHpOBaH-
HOj;f q>OTorpaq>HH H MHorHe APyrHe.
ECTb TaKaJl CTapHHHaJi 3araAKa: KaK
KpeCTbJlHHHY nepeBe3TH Ha APyrylO CTO-
POHY peKH BonKa, K03Y H KanYCTY, ecnH
BonK TyT >Ke C'beeT K03Y, a K03a Kany-
CTY? 3Aecb CYl.LleeTByeT JlBHoe npoTHBo-
peLlHe. nOA06Hoe npoTHBopeLlHe eeTb H
B 3BAaLle, nocTaBneHHoj;f cnywaTenJiM
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TenbHoe BpeMJI nOAroToBneHHble K CKne-
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BonbHO 6blCTpO 3aCTb1BaeT.
PewanH 3aAaLlY MeTOAOM KOHTponb-
HblX BOripOCOB (Mbl Hcnonb3yeM pa60Tbi
HeCKonbKHX cnywaTenej;f).
Bonpoc 1. 4TO Tpe6yeTcJI AnJi 3aTBep-
AeHHJI KneJl?
CMony HY>KHO CMewaTb C oTBepAHTe-
neM.
Bonpoc 2. npH nlO6blx ycnoBHJlx 3nOK-
CHAKa C OTBepAHTeneM ,,6YAeT pa60-
TaTbnl
3TO 3aBHCHT OT TeMnepaTypbl OKPy-
>KalOl.Llej;f cpeAbl.
Bonpoc 3. Cyw,ecTB YIOT nH cnoc06bl
BOCCTaHOBneHHJI cKneHBalOl.Llej;f cnoc06-
HOCTH Y>Ke 3aTBepAeBwej;f cMonbl?
TaKHe cnoc06bl HeH3BeCTHbi (MHeHHe
cnywaTenej;f MO>KeTe ocnopHTb).
Bonpoc 4. KaK MO>KHO 3aTopM03HTb
np04ecc 3aTBepAeBaHHJI?
1-13 OTBeTa Ha BTOpOj;f Bonpoc cneAyeT
TaKaJl Mblcnb: HY>KHO CHH3HTb TeMnepa-
TYPY OKpY>KalOl.Llej;f cpeAbl.
MO>KHO, HaBepHoe, Hcnonb30BaTb no-
KpblTHJI npJlMO Ha CKneHBalOl.LIHXCJI no-
BepXHOCTJlX.
BonpOCbl.- pa3MblWneHHJI H OTBe-
Tbl - pa3MblWneHHJI nOACKa3anH He-
61
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npOrPAMMbl
3A
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B OqeHb CTapOM 3p;aHHH B npOe3p;e
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KOTopbIe C06paJIHCb 3a 06bl'lHbIM pa-
60qHM CTOJIOM (npaBp;a, OqeHb 3a60T-
JIHBO HaKpbITbIM - Kpem<HH qaU,
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6eJIH COJKaJIeTb He npHllIJIOCb.
HaqHHaeM pa3rOBOp:
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npep;CTaBHTeJIb JKypHaJIa Hero 'lHTa-
TeJIH - npHIIIJIH K BaM. CKaJKHTe,
a KTO npHXOABT K BaM 06bIqHO? qTO
3TO 3a moAB, Te, )J,lIH Koro C03p;aHa
HOBaH nporpaMMa?
(HaM OTBeqaeT ABpeKTop KYpCOB
IOJIHH AJIeKceeBHa KapnOBa.)
- 3TO MOJIOAbie HOBaTopbI - Te,
KTO YJKe HaqaJI 3aHHMaTbCH H306pe-
TaTeJIbCTBOM. KaK rOBOpHTCH, mOAR,
B KOTOpbIX «HcKpa eCTb». HanpaBJIHIOT
ux Ha KYPCbI C npoH3Bop;cTBa. qacTo
H MbI K HHM npHe3JKaeM: npoBoARM
3aIUlTHH, eeMHHapbI Ha npep,npHH-
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He BbIAaeTe JIH BbI Bce JKe JKeJIaeMOe
3a AeHCTBHTeJIbHoe?
10. KapnOBa.- ,lJ:aJKe He 3HaIO, KaK
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cnywaTeJlll KypCOB nOCTOHHHO npOCHT
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no <pHnOCO<pHH.
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npaBHJIO, anropHTM. llOTOM - AeJIaii:
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nHTaTeJIbHbm nnaCT KynbTYpbI, eCJIH
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KoppecnOHAeHT.- Xoqy K 3TOMY
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llIKone. HYJKHO 6bIJIO Om,HCHHTb pe6H-
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63
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