ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ
dzǶǷǨǺǰǵ
ǿǻǴǨ
ǸȖȔȈȕ
Salamandra P.V.V.

dzȖȗȈȚȐȕ ǵ Ƿ
ǿțȔȈ ǸȖȔȈȕ
— ǩ Ȕ: Salamandra P.V.V., 2021. — 152 ș
— (Polaris ǷțȚȍȠȍșȚȊȐȧ ȗȘȐȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧ ȜȈȕȚȈșȚȐȒȈ Ǫȣȗ
CCCXCII).
Ǫ ȞȍȕȚȘȍ ȒȖȕȜȐșȒȖȊȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȞȍȕȏțȘȖȑ Ȑ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȗȍȘȍȐȏȌȈ-
ȊȈȊȠȍȋȖșȧ ȜȈȕȚȈșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȘȖȔȈȕȈ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȧ-șȈȔȖțȉȐȑȞȣ ǵȐȒȖ-
ȓȈȧ dzȖȗȈȚȐȕȈ -
 ©ǿțȔȈª — ȏȓȖȊȍȡȈȧ ȜȐȋțȘȈ ȋȍȕȐȈȓȤȕȖ-
ȋȖ ȉȐȖȓȖȋȈ Ȑ ȔȐȏȈȕȚȘȖȗȈ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȦȡȍȋȖ
șȊȖȍȑ ȊȕȍȠȕȖșȚȤȦ ȖȚȊȘȈȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȗȈțȒȈ
ǷȖȚȍȘȗȍȊ ȓȦȉȖȊȕțȦ ȕȍțȌȈȟț ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȏȈȘȈȎȈȍȚ ǴȖ-
șȒȊț ȉȈȞȐȓȓȈȔȐ ȟțȔȣ ǨȕȈȘȝȐȧ ȗȖȎȈȘȣ ȖȘȋȐȐ Ȑ ȗȖȋȘȖȔȣ șȖȗȘȖ-
ȊȖȎȌȈȦȚ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȐȍ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȐ«
© Salamandra P.V.V., ȗȖȌȋ ȚȍȒșȚȈ ȖȜȖȘȔȓȍȕȐȍ, 2021

ȅȁǺǮ

7
I
DzȘȈȑȕȍȍ țȘȖȌșȚȊȖ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȚȘțȌȕȖ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȚȤ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȘȍȌ-
ȒțȦ ȒȘȈșȖȚț
ǷȖȥȚȖȔț ȧ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ șȖȏȕȈȦ ȒȈȒțȦ ȕȍȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕțȦ ȏȈȌȈ-
ȟț Ȋȏȧȓ ȕȈ șȍȉȧ șȖȉȐȘȈȧșȤ ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȚȤ ȊȕȍȠȕȖșȚȤ ȗȘȖȜȍș-
șȖȘȈ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ ȕȖ Ȕȕȍ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȥȚȖ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ
ȖȚȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȦȡȈȧ ȕȈȘțȎȕȖșȚȤ Ȋȕȍ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȧ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȈ ȋȘȖȔȈȌ-
ȕȖȍ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍ șȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȕȈ șȒȓȈȌ ȍȋȖ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȈ Ȉ ȏȈȚȍȔ Ȑ ȕȈ ȊșȦ
ȍȋȖ șțȌȤȉț
ǶȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȖȒȓȧȚȐȍȔ ȕȈȓȖȎȍȕȕȣȔ ȗȘȐ ȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȐ Ȑ
șȖȝȘȈȕȐȊȠȐȔ șȐȓț ȌȖ ȒȖȕȞȈ ȎȐȏȕȐ
ǰȏȌȈȓȐ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȗȖȝȖȌȐȓ ȕȈ ȗȈțȒȈ ȊșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȒȊȈȌ-
ȘȈȚȕȖȋȖ ȚțȓȖȊȐȡȈ Ȑ ȕȍȗȖȔȍȘȕȖ ȌȓȐȕȕȣȝ ȘțȒ Ȑ ȕȖȋ ǷȖșȓȍȌ-
ȕȐȍ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȉȣȓȐ ȐȏȖȋȕțȚȣ ȕȈșȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȐȓȤȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȒȘȐ-
ȊȐȏȕȈ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȈșȤ ȏȈȔȍȚȕȖȑ ȒȈȒțȦ ȉȣ ȗȖȏț Ȗȕ ȕȐ ȗȘȐȕȐ-
ȔȈȓǪȉȓȐȏȐ Ȏȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȧ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȖ ȕȍ șȖșȘȍȌȖȚȖ-
ȟȐȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȋȖȓȖȊȍ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȓȈșȤ ȕȍ
ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȣȔ țȘȖȌșȚȊȖȔ Ȉ țȘȖȌșȚȊȖȔ ȗȖȘȈȎȈȦȡȐȔ ȊȖȏȉțȎ-
ȌȈȦȡȐȔ țȎȈș Ȑ ȖȚȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȍ — țȘȖȌșȚȊȖȔ ȗȘȐȒȖȊȣȊȈȦ-
ȡȐȔ Ȓ șȍȉȍ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ș ȋȐȗȕȖȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ șȐȓȖȦ
DzȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȋȍȕȐȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒ șȖȏȌȈȓ ȥȚț ȋȖȓȖȊț Ȋ ȗȖ-
ȘȣȊȍ ȌȤȧȊȖȓȤșȒȖȋȖ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȍȕȐȧ ș ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖȦ ȞȍȓȤȦ ȕȈȌ-
ȘțȋȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈȌ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȔ ȓȐȞȖȔ
ǶȋȘȖȔȕȣȑ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȑ ȓȖȉ ȔȣșȓȐȚȍȓȧ șȖȟȍȚȈȓșȧ ȏȌȍșȤ
ș ȖȚȊȘȈȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȔȐ ȗȖȌșȓȍȗȖȊȈȚȣȔȐ ȋȓȈȏȒȈ-
ȔȐ ȉȍȏ ȘȍșȕȐȞ ș ȚȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȟțȊ-
șȚȊțȍȚșȧ șȓȈșȚȖȓȦȉȐȍ ȏȈȊȐșȚȤ Ȑ ȝȐȚȘȖșȚȤ
ǹȒțȓȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȣ ȒȈȒ ț ȝȐȡȕȖȋȖ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȣ-
ȡȍȊȈȚȣȍ ȡȍȒȐ ȏȍȔȓȐșȚȖȋȖ ȞȊȍȚȈ ȗȘȖȘȍȏȈȕȕȣȍ ȔȖȘȡȐȕȈ-
ȔȐ ȗȘȐȌȈȊȈȓȐ ȓȐȞț țȕȣȓȖȍ ȔȍȘȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ǶȋȘȖȔ-
ȕȣȑ ȊȣȌȊȐȕțȚȣȑ ȊȗȍȘȍȌ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȗȖȌȉȖȘȖȌȒȖȔ ȘȖȚ ȕȍȊȖȓȤ-
ȕȖ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȓ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȚȤ ȋȖȘȐȓȓț
ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȔȈȓȖ ȋȓȈȊȕȖȍ țȘȖȌșȚȊȖ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ ȏȈȊȐ-
șȍȓȖ ȕȍ ȖȚ ȟȍȘȚ ȓȐȞȈ Ȉ ȖȚ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ ȖȚȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȦȡȍȋȖ
ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȐȟȐȕț ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȈȑȚȐ ȗȍ-

8
ȘȍȌȈȚȤ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ — ȕȍȔȣșȓȐȔȖ
ǬȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȕȐ ȖȌȐȕ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȊȐȌȈȊȠȐȑ ȍȋȖ
ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȗȘȍȖȌȖȓȍȚȤ Ȋ șȍȉȍ ȟțȊșȚȊȈ ȊȘȈȎȌȍȉȕȖȑ ȋȈȌȓȐȊȖșȚȐ
ǪȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȍ Ȗ șȚȘȈȠȕȖȑ ȔȈșȒȍ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ ȌȖȓȋȖ șȖȗȘȖ-
ȊȖȎȌȈȓȖ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȊșȚȘȍȟȕȖȋȖ ȒȈȒ ȊȖșȗȖ-
ȔȐȕȈȕȐȍ ȚȧȎȍȓȖȋȖ șȕȈ ȐȓȐ ȒȖȠȔȈȘȈ ȊȣȏȊȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȓȐȝȖȘȈ-
ȌȖȟȕȣȔ ȉȘȍȌȖȔ
Ǩ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ Țȍȓȍ ȊȣȘȖȌȒȈ ȎȐȓ ȔȖȡȕȣȑ ȋȍ-
ȕȐȈȓȤȕȣȑ Ȍțȝ
ǪȖȚ Ȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȍ ȗȖșȓȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȌțȝȖȊȕȣȑ ȔȐȘ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ
ȚȈȒ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȈȟȍ ȖȚȘȈȎȈȍȚșȧ ȊȖ ȊȕȍȠȕȖșȚȐ — ȊȍȌȤ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȓ ȋȍȕȐȈȓȤȕȍȑȠȐȔ țȔȖȔ șȚȖȓȍȚȐȧ ȍȋȖ ȐȔȧ
ȏȈȗȐșȈȕȖ Ȋ ȓȍȚȖȗȐșȧȝ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ ȕȈȘȧȌț ș ȐȔȍȕȈȔȐ ǬȈȘȊȐ-
ȕȈ ǴȍȟȕȐȒȖȊȈ ǷȈșȚȍȘȈ ȍȋȖ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ Ȋ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ ȉȐȖȓȖȋȐȐ ȗȖ-
ȒȖȘȐȓȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊț ȕȖȊȣȑ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȑ ȔȐȘ ȕȈțȟȕȣȝ ȚȈȑȕ
ǴȈȓȖ ȚȖȋȖ Ȋ șȔȣșȓȍ șțȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȑ șȐȓȣ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȐ Ȑ ȚȈ-
ȓȈȕȚȈ ȍȋȖ șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȊȣȠȍ ȗȍȘȍȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȝ țȟȍȕȣȝ
ȐȉȖ Ȗȕ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖ dzȖȔȖȕȖșȖȊț ǫȖȘȤȒȖȔț Ȑ ȀȈȓȧȗȐȕț Ȋȣ-
Ƞȍȓ Ȑȏ ȗȘȖșȚȖȕȈȘȖȌȤȧ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȗȘȍȖȌȖȓȍȚȤ Țȣ-
șȧȟț ȗȘȍȗȧȚșȚȊȐȑ ȖȚȌȍȓȧȦȡȐȝ șȣȕȈ ȕȍȋȘȈȔȖȚȕȖȋȖ ȒȘȍșȚȤȧ-
ȕȐȕȈ ȖȚ șȈȔȣȝ ȊȣșȖȒȐȝ ȊȍȘȠȐȕ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ
ǸȈȏțȔȍȍȚșȧ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȒȈȘȤȍȘȈ Ȋ șȈȔȖȔ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȈ ȖȉȖȑ-
ȚȐșȤ ȉȍȏ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȖȑ șȓțȟȈȑȕȖșȚȐ ȘȈȏ ȕȈȊșȍȋȌȈ ȊȣȉȐȊȠȍȑ
ȋȍȕȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȘȍȉȍȕȒȈ Ȑȏ ȒȖȓȍȐ ȚȍȔȕȖȋȖ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȖș-
ȚȖȓȦȌȐȕȈ ǰȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖȑ țȓȣȉȒȖȑ șȟȈșȚȤȧ, ȗȍȘȊȖȑ Ȑ
ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȑ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȉȣȓ ȖȉȧȏȈȕ ȒȈȒ ȘȈȏ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȘȖ-
ȒȓȧȚȖȑ ȊȕȍȠȕȖșȚȐ
ǭȋȖ ȖȚȍȞ ȉȣȓ ȌȊȖȘȕȐȒȖȔ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ Ȑȏ ȌȖȔȖȊ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ ȕȈ
ǪȖȏȌȊȐȎȍȕȒȍ ǹȈȔȣȔȐ țȊȈȎȈȍȔȣȔȐ ȎȐȓȤȞȈȔȐ ȚȖȋȖ ȌȖȔȈ
ȋȌȍ Ȗȕ șȓțȎȐȓ șȟȐȚȈȓȐșȤ șȚȈȘȣȑ ȊȈȎȕȣȑ ȟȐȕȖȊȕȐȒ șȖ șȊȖȍȦ
ȎȍȕȖȦ — ȟȐȕȖȊȕȐȟȤȧ ȟȍȚȈ, ȉȍȏȌȍȚȕȈȧ șȒțȟȕȈȧ șțȝȈȧ ȔȍȚȖ-
ȌȐȟȕȈȧ Ȑ ȔȍȓȖȟȕȈȧ.
ǶȕȐ ȗȘȖȎȐȓȐ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ȖȒȖȓȖ ȚȘȐȌȞȈȚȐ ȓȍȚ Ȑ Ȋ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈ-
Țȍ Ȑȝ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ ȔȍȎȌț șȖȉȖȦ șȓȈȋȈȓȐșȤ Ȑȏ ȖșȚȈȚȒȖȊ ȗȖȒȈȏ-
ȕȖȑ ȕȍȎȕȖșȚȐ ȊȘȖȌȍ șȓȖȊȈ ©ȌțȠȍȟȒȈª ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖ țȗȖȚȘȍȉ-
ȓȧȍȔȖȋȖ Ȋ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȍ Ȑȏ ȖȉȡȐȝ ȏȈȉȖȚ Ȗ ȒȈȘȤȍȘȍ ȔțȎȈ Ȑȏ Ȗȉ-
ȡȐȝ ȐȕȚȘȐȋ Ȑ șȗȓȍȚȍȕ ȗȖ ȈȌȘȍșț ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȝ Ȑ Ȑȏ Ȋȍȟȕȣȝ ȉȍș-
ȗȘȐȟȐȕȕȣȝ ȕȖ ȏȓȖȉȕȣȝ șșȖȘ ȔȍȎȌț șȖȉȖȦ

9
DzȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ș ȒȈȎȌȣȔ ȋȖȌȖȔ șȊȖȍȑ ȚȘȐȌȞȈȚȐȓȍȚȕȍȑ șțȗȘț-
ȎȍșȒȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȖȕȐ Ȋșȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȕȈȌȖȍȌȈȓȐ ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋț ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ
ȗȖȌ șȚȈȘȖșȚȤ ȐȔ ȖșȚȈȓȖșȤ ȖȌȕȖ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȍȕȐȍ — ȊȣȔȍȡȈȚȤ
șȒțȒț ȕȈȊȖȌȐȔțȦ ȌȘțȋ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȈ ȍȝȐȌȕȣȔȐ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȈȔȐ
șȗȖȘȈȔȐ ȗȖȓȕȣȔȐ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȧ țȒȖȓȖȚȤ ȖȉȐȌȍȚȤ șȖȉȍșȍȌȕȐȒȈ
ǷȖȌȖȉȕȣȍ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ ȔȖȋțȚ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȕțȚȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȍȎȌț
șțȗȘțȋȈȔȐ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȗȘȖȎȐȊȈȦȡȐȔȐ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ȐȓȐ ȔȍȎȌț ȒȈ-
ȚȖȘȎȕȐȒȈȔȐ șȒȖȊȈȕȕȣȔȐ ȖȉȡȍȦ ȞȍȗȤȦ ǶȚ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȣȝ șșȖȘ
ȏȓȖȉȕȖȍ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ȚȈȒ ȊȒȖȘȍȕȐȓȖșȤ Ȋ Ȑȝ ȓȐȞȈ ȟȚȖ ȒțȌȈ
ȉȣ ȖȕȐ ȕȐ ȠȓȐ ȟȍȔ ȉȣ ȕȐ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓȐșȤ ȜȐȏȐȖȕȖȔȐȐ ț ȕȐȝ
ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȐșȤ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȉțȌȚȖ Ȗȕ ȍȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ
— ǬțȠȍȟȒȈ ȇ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦ ȋȌȍ ț ȊȈș ȋȓȈȏȈ DzȖȜȍ ȖȗȧȚȤ ȗȍ-
ȘȍȎȈȘȍȕ
Ǩ ȖȕȈ ȖȚȊȍȟȈȓȈ
— ǬțȠȍȟȒȈ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ Ȋȣ ȕȍ ȏȈȐȋȘȣȊȈȓȐ ș ȒțȝȈȘȒȖȑ ȧ
ȔȖȋȓȈ ȉȣ șȓȍȌȐȚȤ ȏȈ ȝȖȏȧȑșȚȊȖȔ Ȋ ȌȖȔȍ Ȏȍ ȋȌȍ șȈȔ ȝȖȏȧȐȕ
ȏȈȊȖȌȐȚ ȘȈȏȊȘȈȚ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȈ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ
ǪȖȚ ȥȚȈ-ȚȖ șȐȔȗȈȚȐȟȕȈȧ ȗȈȘȖȟȒȈ Ȑ șȣȋȘȈȓȈ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǽȘȍȉ-
ȚȖȊȈ ȘȖȓȤ ǷȘȖȊȐȌȍȕȐȧ
ǶȌȕȈȎȌȣ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȧ ȗȖ ȌȊȖȘț ȟȐȕȖȊȕȐȒ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓ șȣȕȈ ȌȊȖȘ-
ȕȐȒȈ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒȈ ȓȍȚ ȊȖșȤȔȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗțșȒȈȓ ȒȖȘȈȉȓȐȒȐ Ȋ
ȊȖȌȖșȚȖȟȕȖȑ ȒȈȕȈȊȍ ǵȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȕȍȎȕȣȑ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚ ȘȍȉȍȕȖȒ
ȉȣȓ ȚȈȒ ȗȖȘȈȏȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȍȝȖȘȖȠ șȖ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȒȘȐȊȣȔȐ ȕȖȋȈ-
ȔȐ ȘțȒȈȔȐ ȒȈȒ ȋȘȈȉȓȐ Ȑ ȓȐȞȖȔ ȗȖȝȖȎȐȔ ȕȈ ȏȓȖȉȕțȦ ȔȈș-
Ȓț ȟȚȖ ȟȐȕȖȊȕȐȒ ȝȖȚȧ ȘȍȌȒȖ ȌȍȓȐȓșȧ ș ȎȍȕȖȦ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȧ-
ȔȐ șȒȈȏȈȓ ȍȑ ȊȍȘȕțȊȠȐșȤ ȌȖȔȖȑ
— ǹȍȋȖȌȕȧ ȧ ȊȐȌȍȓ ȕȈ ȌȊȖȘȍ ȕȍȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȔȈȓȤ-
ȟȐȠȒț ǪȖȚ ȗțȋȈȓȖ-ȚȖ ǵȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȖȍ ȟțȌȖȊȐȡȍ ȌȈ-
Ȏȍ ȕȍȗȘȐȧȚȕȖ șȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ
ǫȍȕȍȘȈȓȤȠȈ ȚȈȒ ȏȊȈȓȐ Ȋșȍ Ȋ ȌȖȔȍ Ȏȍȕț ȟȐȕȖȊȕȐȒȈ
 ȕȐ-
ȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓȈ ȕȖ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȍȕȍȑ șȗțșȚȧ ȗȖșȓȍ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȚȖ
șșȖȘȣ ȎȍȓȈȧ ȌȖșȈȌȐȚȤ ȔțȎț ȗȖșȓȈȓȈ ȏȈ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒȖȔ ȗȖȌ
ȗȘȍȌȓȖȋȖȔ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȧ ȕȈȒȖȘȔȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ Ȑ ȗȘȐȓȈșȒȈȚȤ
ǴȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȑ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȕȍ ȖȉȔȈȕțȓ ȊȖȏȓȖȎȍȕȕȣȝ ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ
ȕȈȌȍȎȌ ǶȌȕȖ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȌȖȔȍ ȗȘȐȕȍșȓȖ ȟȐȕȖȊȕȐȒț
ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȖȋȖȘȟȍȕȐȧ ȟȍȔ șȈȔȖȍ țȗȖȘȕȖȍ ȗȐȓȍȕȐȍ șțȗȘțȋȐ Ƕȕ
ȗȖȗȘȖȉȖȊȈȓ ȗȘȖȚȍșȚȖȊȈȚȤ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐ ȊȐȌȍ ©ȔȍȘȏȒȖȋȖ
ȗȈțȟȖȕȒȈª ȚȍȘȧȍȚ ȈȗȗȍȚȐȚ ȕȖ Ȋ ȖȚȊȍȚ ȗȖșȓȣȠȈȓȈșȤ ȞȍȓȈȧ

10
ȗȘȖȗȖȊȍȌȤ Ȗȉ ȥȋȖȐȏȔȍ ȎȍșȚȖȒȖșȍȘȌȐȐ șȒȈȘȍȌȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȗȘ Ȑ
ȗȘ ǺȖȋȌȈ șțȗȘțȋ șȔȐȘȐȓșȧ ȗȘȐȚȊȖȘȐȓșȧ ȘȈȊȕȖȌțȠȕȣȔ ȖȌ-
ȕȈȒȖ ȗȘȐ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȝ ș ȗȈțȟȖȕȒȖȔ ȊȖ ȌȊȖȘȍ ȐȓȐ ȕȈȍȌȐȕȍ Ȋ
ȒȖȔȕȈȚȈȝ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ țȗțșȒȈȓ șȓțȟȈȧ ȌȈȚȤ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒț ȗȐȕȒȈ
ȐȓȐ țȡȐȗȕțȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȒȈȒ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȖȓȤȕȍȍ
ǹȌȍȓȈȊȠȐșȤ Ȋ ȘțȒȈȝ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓȤȠȐ ȖȘțȎȐȍȔ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȍȍ Ȕț-
ȎȈȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȑ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȥȚȐȔ șȈȔȣȔ șȚȈȓ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȍ ȌȖȘȖȋ
ǪȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȟȚȖ ȉȍȏȌȍȚȕȈȧ șȚȈȘțȝȈ ȗȖȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓȈ
Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȐȏȊȍșȚȕțȦ ȗȘȐȊȧȏȈȕȕȖșȚȤ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ șȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȊșȗȖ-
ȔȐȕȈȓȈ ȗȘȖ ȕȍȋȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȌȕȐ șțȗȘțȎȍșȒȐȝ șșȖȘ Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔ șȚȈ-
ȓȈ ȏȈȉȖȚȐȚȤșȧ Ȗ ȕȍȔ Ȋșȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ Ȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȘȍȋțȓȧȘ-
ȕȖ ȗȘȐȒȈȘȔȓȐȊȈȚȤ ȍȋȖ șȕȈȉȎȈȚȤ ȖȌȍȎȌȖȑ Ȑ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȘȍȠȐ-
ȓȈ ȗȓȈȚȐȚȤ Ȑȏ șȊȖȐȝ șȘȍȌșȚȊ ȏȈ ȍȋȖ ȖȉțȟȍȕȐȍ ȋȘȈȔȖȚȍ
ǷȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ șȖȊșȍȔ ȕȍ ȗȖȕȘȈȊȐȓȖșȤ ȖȚȞț ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ ȕȈȝȖ-
ȌȐȊȠȍȔț ȊșȧȒȖȍ țȟȍȕȐȍ ȉȈȓȖȊșȚȊȖȔ ǶȌȕȈȒȖ șȗȖȘȐȚȤ ș ȋȍȕȍ-
ȘȈȓȤȠȍȑ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȕȈȠȍȓ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ ȖȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ șȈȔȖȦ ȊȈȎ-
ȕȖȦ ȎȐȓȐȟȒȖȦ Ȋ ȌȖȔȍ Ȑ, ȝȖȚȧ ȕȈ ȟȈȑ ȌȈȊȈȓȈ șȒțȗȖ ȕȖ ȊȖș-
șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤ ȍȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ șȍȉȧ — ȏȕȈȟȐȓȖ ȕȍ ȖȉȖȉȘȈȚȤșȧ ȗȖȚȖȔ
ȕȍȗȘȐȧȚȕȖșȚȍȑ ȒȘȐȒȖȊ Ȑ ȎȈȓȖȉ ȝȖȏȧȐȕț
ǷȖȥȚȖȔț șȚȈȘȣȑ ȌȊȖȘȕȐȒ ȘțȋȈȓ ȌȖȔȈ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȠȒț ȐȏȌȍ-
ȊȈȓșȧ ȕȈȌ ȍȋȖ țȟȍȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ ȗȖȖȡȘȧȓ Ȓ ȚȖȔț Ȏȍ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȌȍȚȍȑ,
ȕȖ ȗȘȐ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȝ ș ȉȈȘȣȕȍȑ ȞȍȓȖȊȈȓ ț ȕȍȍ ȘțȟȒț ȘȈșșȣȗȈȧșȤ Ȋ
ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȖșȚȧȝ ȏȈ ȗȖȗȍȟȍȕȐȧ
ȅȚȈ ȚȘȖȋȈȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȗȖȌȖȋȘȍȊȈȓȈ ȉȓȈȋȖȚȊȖ-
ȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓȤȠȐ ǻȔȐȓȧȧșȤ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȌȖȉȘȖȚȖȦ
ȖȕȈ ȌȖȠȓȈ ȌȖ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȖȌȐȕ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȑ ȌȍȕȤ ȖȚȌȈȓȈ
ǪȈșȦ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ Ȋ ȋȐȔȕȈȏȐȦ Ȑ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ Ȋ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȍ
ȌȍșȧȚȐ ȓȍȚ, ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȖȚȖȘȊȈȓșȧ ȖȚ ȘȖȌȕȖȑ ȗȖȟ-
Ȋȣ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȊșȚțȗȐȚȤ ȕȈ ȕȖȊțȦ ȌȖȘȖȋț
ǬȖȘȖȋȈ ȥȚȈ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȐȊȍșȚȐ ȍȋȖ Ȓ ȉȍșșȔȍȘȚȐȦ ȕȖ
Ȋ Țț ȗȖȘț ȖȕȈ ȖȉȘȍȒȓȈ ǪȈșȦ ȕȈ ȎȍșȚȖȒȐȍ șȚȘȈȌȈȕȐȧ ǶȚȍȞ ȕȍ
ȔȖȋ ȍȔț ȗȘȖșȚȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȘȈșȗȖȘȧȎȈȚȤșȧ șȣȕȖȔ ȕȍ ȗȖ
șȊȖȍȔț țșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȦ Ȉ ȗȖ țȒȈȏȈȕȐȧȔ ȊȏȉȈȓȔȖȠȕȖȑ ȉȈȘȣȕȐ
ǹȖ șȊȖȍȖȉȘȈȏȕȖȑ ȓȖȋȐȒȖȑ ȌȐȒȈȘȧ Ȗȕ șȟȐȚȈȓ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒȈ ȋȓȈȊ-
ȕȖȑ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȖȑ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ Ȋȍȡȍȑ Ȑ ȊșȧȟȍșȒȐ ȊȣȔȍ-
ȡȈȓ ȕȈ ȕȍȔ șȊȖȦ ȖȉȐȌț

11
ǩȘȈȚȤȧ Ȑ șȍșȚȘȣ ȏȈȊȐȌȖȊȈȓȐ țșȗȍȝț ǪȈșȐ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ ȏȈ Ȋșȍ
ȉȓȈȋȖȌȍȧȕȐȧ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓȤȠȐ ȍȔț ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ȘȈșȗȓȈȟȐȊȈȚȤșȧ
ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȌȖȔȈ ȍȋȖ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȉȣȓȈ ȖȚȘȈȊȓȍȕȈ ȖȚ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȔȐȕțȚȣ
Ȑ ȌȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȑ
Ƕȕ ȕȍ ȎȈȓȖȊȈȓșȧ ȘȍȌȒȖ ȌȈȎȍ ȖȋȘȣȏȈȓșȧ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȍ-
șȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȐ ȕȖ ȍȋȖ ȉȍȏȖȉȘȈȏȕȖȍ ȓȐȞȖ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȓȖșȤ Ȋșȍ ȏȓȍȍ Ȑ
ȏȓȍȍ ǬȘțȋȖȑ ȒȘȍșȚȤȧȕșȒȐȑ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒ ȗȖȗȈȊ Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȍ șȓȖȎȕȖȍ
ȔțȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȖȚȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ȉȣ țȟȐȚȤșȧ țȉȍȎȈȓ ȉȣ
ȐȓȐ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ ȕȈȠȍȓ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȊȣȝȖȌ ȕȖ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ șȗȈ-
șȓȖ ȗȘȐȓȍȎȈȕȐȍ ș ȒȈȒȐȔ Ȗȕ ȖȚȌȈȊȈȓșȧ ȕȈțȒȍ Ȗȕ ȚȈȒ ȔȕȖȋȖ
ȚȈȒ țȗȖȘȕȖ țȟȐȓșȧ ȟȚȖ țȚȖȔȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȥȚȐȔ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȔ ȖȒȈȏȣ-
ȊȈȓșȧ ȔȈȓȖ ȟțȊșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ Ȓ ȟȍȔț ȉȣ ȚȖ ȕȐ ȉȣȓȖ
ǺȈȒ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓȖșȤ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȟȍȚȣȘȍȝ ȓȍȚ DzȖȋȌȈ Ȏȍ ǪȈ-
șȧ ȗȍȘȍȠȍȓ Ȋ ȟȍȚȊȍȘȚȣȑ ȒȓȈșș ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓȤȠȈ țȔȍȘȓȈ Ȑ Ȗȕ Ȗș-
ȚȈȓșȧ ȉȍȏ ȊșȧȒȖȑ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒȐ
ǵȈșȚțȗȐȓ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȚȧȎȍȓȣȑ ȗȍȘȐȖȌ ȍȋȖ ȚȧȎȍȓȖȑ ȔȖȓȖ-
ȌȖșȚȐ
ǶȚȍȞ ȝȖȚȍȓ ȕȍȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȖ ȊȏȧȚȤ șȣȕȈ Ȑȏ ȋȐȔȕȈȏȐȐ ǵȐȒȈ-
ȒȐȍ ȗȘȖșȤȉȣ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȍ ȔȖȓȤȉȣ ȕȍ ȗȖȔȖȋȈȓȐ ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȖȋȌȈ
ȒȖȋȌȈ ǪȈșȧ ș ȋȖȘȧȡȐȔȐ ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ ȗȘȖȚȧȋȐȊȈȧ ȘțȒț Ȓ ȖȉȘȈ-
ȏȈȔ ȗȖȒȓȧȓșȧ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȉȓȐȎȈȑȠțȦ Ȏȍ ȕȖȟȤ ȏȈȘȍȎȍȚ ȊșȦ șȍ-
ȔȤȦ ȍșȓȐ ȍȔț ȗȖȔȍȠȈȦȚ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȚȤ țȟȍȕȐȍ șȚȈȘȣȑ ȌȊȖȘ-
ȕȐȒ șȖȋȓȈșȐȓșȧ ȕȍ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȧȚȤ șȊȖȍȑ ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȤșȒȖȑ ȊȖȓȐ
ǵȖ ȏȈ ȥȚȖ Ȗȕ ȊȣȋȕȈȓ șȣȕȈ Ȑȏ ȌȖȔȈ Ȑ ȏȈȗȘȍȚȐȓ ȍȔț ȗȖȗȈ-
ȌȈȚȤșȧ șȍȉȍ ȕȈ ȋȓȈȏȈ
— ǻȝȖȌȐ, ȊȖȓȟȖȕȖȒ ȋȈȌȐȕȈ țȝȖȌȐ, ȊȣȘȖȌȖȒ
ǺȈȒȖȊȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȕȈȗțȚșȚȊȐȍ ȒȈȒȖȍ țșȓȣȠȈȓ ǽȘȍȉ-
ȚȖȊ Ȋ ȘȖȌȕȖȑ șȍȔȤȍ ȗȖȒȐȌȈȧ ȍȍ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗțșȚȐȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȠȐȘȖ-
ȒȐȑ șȊȍȚ
ǰ Ȗȕ ȗȖȠȍȓ Ȋ șȊȍȚ ȋȖȚȖȊȧșȤ ȉȖȘȖȚȤșȧ ȏȈ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȊșȍȔȐ șȐ-
ȓȈȔȐ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖșȕțȊȠȍȋȖșȧ țȔȈ șȊȖȐȝ ȕȍȘȊȖȊ
șȊȖȐȝ ȔțșȒțȓȖȊ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȕȍșȖȒȘțȠȐȔȖȋȖ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȤȧ Ȑ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟ-
ȕȖȑ ȕȈșȚȖȑȟȐȊȖșȚȐ
Ƕȕ ȏȈȔȍȠȈȓșȧ Ȋ ȚȖȓȗț ȖȚȣșȒȐȊȈȦȡȐȝ ȝȓȍȉȈ Ȉ ȓȦȌȐ
ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȊȠȐȍ ȍȋȖ Ȑ ȕȍ ȗȖȌȖȏȘȍȊȈȓȐ ȒȈȒȈȧ ȒȖȓȖșșȈȓȤȕȈȧ șȐȓȈ
șȒȘȣȚȈ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȦȕȖȠȍ ȒȈȒȖȍ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȐȔȍȚȤ Ȍȓȧ ȔȐ-
ȘȈ ȚȖ Ȋ ȒȈȒțȦ șȚȖȘȖȕț ȖȕȈ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȐȚșȧ — ȕȈ ȌȖȉȘȖ ȐȓȐ ȕȈ
ȏȓȖ

12
DzȈȒ ȎȐȓ Ȗȕ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ ȒȈȒ țȝȐȚȘȐȓșȧ ȒȖȕȟȐȚȤ ȋȐȔȕȈȏȐȦ"
ȇ ȌțȔȈȦ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ șȈȔ ȕȍ șțȔȍȓ ȉȣ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȗȘȖ ȥȚȖ
ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȓ șȖ Ȍȕȧ ȕȈ ȌȍȕȤ ȏȈȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȧ ȋȌȍ Ȑ
ȒȈȒ ȗȘȐȌȍȚșȧ ȗȐȚȈȧșȤ ȚȖȎȍ ǩȖȋ ȊȍșȚȤ ȒȈȒ ȗȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈȔ ȋȖ-
ȓȖȌȈȧ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȌȍȕȤ șȖȊȍȘȠȈȧ ȟțȌȍșȈ ȊȣȕȖșȓȐȊȖșȚȐ ȘȈȉȖȚȖ-
șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ȕȈșȚȖȑȟȐȊȖșȚȐ
©ǸȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ ȟȚȖȉȣ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȘȈ-
ȉȖȚȈȚȤª
ȅȚȖȦ ȜȖȘȔțȓȖȦ ȐșȟȍȘȗȣȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȋșȍ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ ȍȋȖ ȋȐȔ-
ȕȈȏȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ DzȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ ȊȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ ȊșȗȖȔȐȕȈȓ ȥȚȐ
ȋȖȌȣ ȖȕȐ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȓȐșȤ ȍȔț ȒȈȒ ȌȖȓȋȐȑ ȗȍȘȐȖȌ ȒȈȚȖȘȎ-
ȕȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȉȍȏ ȔȈȓȍȑȠȍȋȖ ȗȘȖșȊȍȚȈ ȉȍȏ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȔȐȕțȚȣ
șȗȖȒȖȑșȚȊȐȧ ȏȈ ȏȈȊȚȘȈȠȕȐȑ ȌȍȕȤ
ǹ ȓȦȌȤȔȐ Ȗȕ șȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȓșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȌȊțȝ șȓțȟȈȧȝ — Ȋ ȋȐȔ-
ȕȈȏȐȐ Ȑ ȗȘȐ ȏȈȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȕȐȐ ȝȓȍȉȈ ǵȖ ȕȍ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȘȈȌȖșȚȐ ȊȐ-
Ȍȍȓ Ȗȕ ȖȚ ȓȦȌȍȑ
ǫȐȔȕȈȏȐȟȍșȒȐȝ țȟȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȘȈȏȌȘȈȎȈȓ ȍȋȖ ȔȘȈȟȕȣȑ ȊȐȌ
Ȑ ȋȘțȉȣȍ ȔȈȕȍȘȣ ǩȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ, ȓȦȌȐ, ȗȖȘȧȌȖȟȕȖ
ȕȈȌȍȘȋȈȕȕȣȍ ȎȐȏȕȤȦ ȕȍșȖȔȕȍȕȕȣȍ ȕȍȊȘȈșȚȍȕȐȒȐ ȊȍȓȐ ȗȘȖ-
ȚȐȊ ȕȍȋȖ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕțȦ ȋȓțȝțȦ ȉȖȘȤȉț ȗȣȚȈȧșȤ șȘȍȏȈȚȤ ȍȋȖ
ȐȓȐ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȌțȘȕȖȑ ȉȈȓȓ
ǹ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȈȔȐ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȚȖȎȍ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ șȖȑȚȐșȤ ǩțȌȤ Ȗȕ ȜȐ-
ȏȐȟȍșȒȐ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ șȓȈȉȍȍ Ȗȕ șȌȍȓȈȓșȧ ȉȣ ȗȖ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȍ țȘȖȌ-
ȓȐȊȖșȚȐ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚȖȔ ȐȏȌȍȊȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȏȓȣȝ ȠțȚȖȒ Ȍȓȧ ȊșȍȋȖ
ȒȓȈșșȈ ǺȈȒ ȒȈȒ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ șȐȓȍȕ Ȑ Ȋ ȔȐȕțȚȣ șșȖȘ ȗȘȖȧȊȓȧȓ ȕȍ-
ȖȉțȏȌȈȕȕȖȍ ȉȍȠȍȕșȚȊȖ ȚȖ ȍȋȖ ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȓȐ Ȋ ȗȖȒȖȍ ȕȖ șȚȖȘȖ-
ȕȐȓȐșȤ ȖȚ ȕȍȋȖ Ȑ ȕȍȕȈȊȐȌȍȓȐ ȕȍȗȘȐȔȐȘȐȔȖȦ ȌȍȚșȒȖȑ ȕȍȕȈ-
ȊȐșȚȤȦ ȖȚȟȈșȚȐ ȏȈ ȊȕȍȠȕȖșȚȤ ȖȚȟȈșȚȐ ȏȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȓțȟȠȍ
Ȋșȍȝ țȟȐȓșȧ ȖȚȟȈșȚȐ ȏȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȍȓ ȖȚ
ȕȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȊȍȚȓȐȊȖȋȖ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȈ
Ǫ șȍȔȍȑșȚȊȈȝ ȋȌȍ ȌȈȊȈȓ țȘȖȒȐ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȚȖȎȍ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȊșȚȘȍ-
ȚȐȚȤ ȓȈșȒȐ Ǻȍ ȒȚȖ ȗȓȈȚȐȚ ȏȈ țȘȖȒȐ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȐȓȐ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȗȘȐ-
ȓȐȟȕȖȍ ȊȖȏȕȈȋȘȈȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȟȐȚȈȓȐ ȕȈȕȐȔȈȚȤ ȉȖȓȍȍ șȐȔ-
ȗȈȚȐȟȕȣȝ ȘȍȗȍȚȐȚȖȘȖȊ ǭȋȖ ȉȘȈȓȐ ȐȓȐ șȒțȗȞȣ ȗȣȚȈȊȠȐȍ-
șȧ țȘȍȏȈȚȤ ȒȈȎȌțȦ ȒȖȗȍȑȒț țȟȍșȚȤ ȒȈȎȌțȦ ȔȐȕțȚț ȘȈȉȖȚȣ
ȐȓȐ ȓȦȌȐ ȗȘȐȌȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȕȐȡȍȚȖȑ — ȕȐȡȍȚȖȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȕȈș
ȖȏȓȖȉȓȧȍȚ țȘȖȌțȍȚ ȕȈȠț ȌțȠț Ȑ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȕȈ ȊȍșȤ șȊȍȚ șȔȖȚ-
ȘȍȚȤ ș ȘȈȏȌȘȈȎȍȕȐȍȔ

13
ǺȈȒ ȗȘȖȉȐȊȈȓșȧ Ȗȕ șȊȖȍȑ ȌȖȘȖȋȖȦ ȖȌȐȕȖȒȐȑ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕ-
ȕȖ ȖȌȐȕȖȒȐȑ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ ȖȌȐȕȖȒȐȑ
ǻ ȕȈș ȗȘȐȕȧȚȖ ȏȓȖțȗȖȚȘȍȉȓȧȚȤ șȓȖȊȖȔ «ȖȌȐȕȖȟȍșȚȊȖ».
ǷȖȥȚȖȔț ȘȍȌȒȖ ȒȚȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ șȍȉȍ ȊșȦ ȚȧȎȍșȚȤ ȋȕȍȚȈ ȒȈ-
ȒȖȑ ȖȕȖ ȕȈȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȍȚ ȕȈ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒțȦ ȌțȠț
ǵȍ ȖȌȐȕȖȒ ȚȖȚ ș ȒȍȔ ȓȈșȒȖȊȖ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȈȘȐȊȈȍȚ șȓțȟȈȑȕȣȑ
șȗțȚȕȐȒ Ȋ ȊȈȋȖȕȍ
ǵȍ ȖȌȐȕȖȒ ȚȖȚ ȒȚȖ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȕȈȑȚȐ șȖȟțȊșȚȊțȦȡȍȋȖ șȓț-
ȠȈȚȍȓȧ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ Ȗ șȊȖȐȝ ȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȌȍȓȈȝ
ǵȍ ȖȌȐȕȖȒ ȚȖȚ ȒȚȖ Ȋ ȘȈȌȖșȚȕȣȑ ȊȍșȍȕȕȐȑ ȌȍȕȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ
șȔȍȠȈȚȤșȧ ș ȚȖȓȗȖȦ ȕȈ ȉțȓȤȊȈȘȍ Ȑ ȖȉȔȍȕȐȊȈȚȤșȧ șȖ ȊșȚȘȍȟ-
ȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȐȊȍȚȓȐȊȣȔ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȖȔ
ǶȌȐȕȖȟȍșȚȊȖ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ ȉȣȓȖ ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȖȓȕȣȔ Ȑ
șȚȘȈȠȕȣȔ
ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȖȌȐȕȖȟȍșȚȊȖ Ȋ șȚȈȕȍ ȊȘȈȋȖȊ Ƕȕ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓ ȕȐ ȓȈș-
ȒȖȊȖȋȖ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȈ ȕȐ țȓȣȉȒȐ ȕȐ ȌȈȎȍ șȓțȟȈȑȕȖȋȖ șȓȖȊȈ ȖȉȖȌ-
ȘȍȕȐȧ
ǿȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊȖ ȒȈȒ ȟțȎȌȖȍ ȏȓȖȉȕȖȍ șțȡȍșȚȊȖ șȔȖȚȘȍȓȖ
ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ ȚȣșȧȟȤȦ ȝȖȓȖȌȕȣȝ ȋȓȈȏ ȆȕȖȠȈ ȍȎȐȓșȧ ȗȖȌ ȥȚȐȔ
ȗȘȐșȚȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȖȔ Ȋșȍ ȋȓțȉȎȍ Ȑ ȋȓțȉȎȍ țȝȖȌȧ Ȋ șȈȔȖȋȖ
șȍȉȧǬȍȊȧȚȕȈȌȞȈȚȐ ȓȍȚ Ȗȕ șȌȍȓȈȓșȧ șȚțȌȍȕȚȖȔ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ-
ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȜȈȒțȓȤȚȍȚȈ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ
ǹ ȚȖȋȖ ȔȖȔȍȕȚȈ ȍȋȖ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȧșȕȐ-
ȓȖșȤ ǸȈȉȖȚȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȖ-ȗȘȍȎȕȍȔț ȚȧȎȍȓȈȧ ȉȍșȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȈȧ ȋȖ-
ȓȖȌ Ȑ ȕȐȡȍȚȈ ȗȖ-ȗȘȍȎȕȍȔț ȍȋȖ ȌȈȊȐȓȐ ȏȈȚȖ ț ȕȍȋȖ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ
ȗȖȧȊȐȓȖșȤ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȍȍ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ
Ƕȕ ȗȖȓȦȉȐȓ ȉȐȖȓȖȋȐȦ
ǬȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ ȍȋȖ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȐȑ ȔȐȘ — șȊȧȚȈȧ șȊȧȚȣȝ ȟȍȓȖ-
ȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ©ȧª — ȉȣȓ ȚȍȔȍȕ Ȑ ȗțșȚ ȒȈȒ ț ȌȐȒȈȘȧ ǴȍȟȚȈȚȤ
Ȗȕ ȕȍ țȔȍȓ ȌȈ Ȑ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȕȈțȟȐȚȤșȧ ȖȚ ȔȣșȓȐ Ȗ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈȝ
șȗȈșȈȓȖ ȍȋȖ ȚȖ ȖȚȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȍ ȒȈȒȖȍ ȖȕȐ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȗȘȖȧȊȓȧȓȐ
ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȏȈȌȈȟ Ȑ Ȟȍȓȍȑ ȕȈ ȉțȌțȡȍȍ Ȗȕ ȚȖȎȍ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȓ
ǸțȒȖȊȖȌȧȡȐȔ ȕȈȟȈȓȖȔ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ ȉȣȓ ȔȖȋțȟȐȑ
ȐȕșȚȐȕȒȚ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȚȍȔȕȣȑ ȉȍșșȖȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ țȕȈșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕ-
ȕȣȑ ȐȔ ȖȚ ȗȘȍȌȒȖȊ-ȗȈȝȈȘȍȑ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȊȠȐȝ ȊșȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȋ țȗȖȘ-
ȕȖȑ ȉȖȘȤȉȍ ș ȏȍȔȓȍȦ ȌȖȉȐȊȈȧșȤ ȓȐȠȤ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ — ȊȖȏȔȖȎ-
ȕȖșȚȐ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ

14
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȐȕȚȍȘȍș Ȓ ȕȈțȒȍ ȌȈȓ ȍȔț ȕȖȊȣȑ ȎȐȏȕȍȕȕȣȑ ȐȔ-
ȗțȓȤș Ȑ ȍȡȍ țȊȍȓȐȟȐȓ ȒȖȓȖșșȈȓȤȕțȦ șȐȓț ȥȚȖȋȖ țȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ
ǶȚȌȈȊȈȧ ȗȖșȚȖȘȖȕȕȐȔ ȏȈȕȧȚȐȧȔ ȓȐȠȤ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȘȍȔȍ-
ȕȐ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȏȈȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ Ȍȍȕȍȋ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȗȐȚȈȕȐȍ ȌȈȎȍ Ȑȏ ȥȚȐȝ ȟȈ-
șȖȊ ȗȣȚȈȧșȤ țȘȊȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ Ȑ ȘȈșȗȓȈȟȐȊȈȧșȤ ȏȈ ȥȚȖ ȋȖȓȖ-
ȌȖȔ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȊșȦ șȊȖȦ șȐȓț Ȋșȍ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ șȖșȘȍȌȖȚȖȟȐȓ
ȕȈ ȐȏțȟȍȕȐȐ ȉȐȖȓȖȋȐȐ
ǵȍțȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ șȒȖȘȖ ȊȣȌȍȓȐȓșȧ șȘȍȌȐ
șȚțȌȍȕȚȖȊ Ȑ ȉȣȓ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚ Ȋ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚȍ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȚȊȘȈ-
ȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȕȈȘțȎȕȖșȚȤȦ ȕȖ Ȑ ȖȉȠȐȘȕȖșȚȤȦ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȑ
ǻȎȍ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȍȔț ȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȐ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡțȦ ȉțȌțȡȕȖșȚȤ
ȝȖȚȧ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓ ȕȈ ȒȈȒțȦ ȊȣșȖȚț șȓȈȊȣ Ȑ țș-
ȗȍȝȈ ȗȖȌȕȐȔȍȚ ȍȋȖ ȋȍȕȐȑ
ǬȊȈȌȞȈȚȐ ȚȘȍȝ ȓȍȚ Ȗȕ ȖȒȖȕȟȐȓ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚ Ȑ ȖșȚȈȓșȧ ȗȘȐ
ȕȍȔ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȋȖȚȖȊȐȚȤșȧ Ȓ ȒȈȜȍȌȘȍ ǬȊȈȌȞȈȚȐ ȗȧȚȐ — ȏȈȡȐȚȐȓ
ȌȐșșȍȘȚȈȞȐȦ ȕȈ ȚȍȔț ©Ƕ ȉȈȒȚȍȘȐȧȝ ȒȈȒ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȝ șȗțȚ-
ȕȐȒȈȝ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȊȣșȠȐȝ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȔȖȊª
ǭȡȍ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȌȊȈ ȋȖȌȈ ȏȈȡȐȚȐȓ ȊȚȖȘțȦ ȌȐșșȍȘȚȈȞȐȦ Ȑ șȌȍ-
ȓȈȓșȧ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȖȔ
Dz ȥȚȖȔț ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȍȋȖ ȐȔȧ țȎȍ ȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȓȖșȤ ȗȖȟȍȚȕȖȑ Ȑȏ-
ȊȍșȚȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȋ țȟȍȕȖȔ ȔȐȘȍ ǸȖșșȐȐ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ șȌȍȓȈȓșȧ ȕȈȒȖ-
ȕȍȞ șȈȔȐȔ șȖȉȖȦ Ƕȕ ȌȖȠȍȓ ȌȖ ȊȍȘȠȐȕȣ ȚȖȋȖ ȗțȚȐ ȗȖ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȖȔț ȗȖȌȊȐȋȈȓșȧ ș ȚȈȒȐȔ ȜȍȕȖȔȍȕȈȓȤȕȣȔ țȗȖȘșȚȊȖȔ șȖ
ȏȓȖȉȕȖȦ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȍȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ
șȐȓȈȔ ȕȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȚȍȘȧȊȠȍȋȖ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȐȍ ȌțȝȈ Ȑ ȎȍȓȈȦȡȍȋȖ
ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȈȏȓȖ ȊșȍȔ Ȑ ȊșȍȔț
ǿȚȖ Ȏȍ ȏȈ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ Ȑȏ ȕȍȋȖ ȊȣȠȍȓ"
Ǫ șȔȣșȓȍ ȊȕȍȠȕȖșȚȐ Ȗȕ ȗȖ-ȗȘȍȎȕȍȔț ȖșȚȈȊȈȓșȧ ȊȖȏȔț-
ȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȦ ȏȓȖȉȕȖȦ ȒȈȘȐȒȈȚțȘȖȑ ȕȈ ȓȦȌșȒțȦ ȗȖȘȖȌț Ǫ șȔȣ-
șȓȍ ȕȘȈȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔ Ȗȕ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȓ ȐȌȍȈȓȤȕțȦ ȕȈțȟȕȖ Ȕȣșȓȧ-
ȡțȦ ȔȈȠȐȕț
Ǫșȍ șȚȘȈșȚȐ Ȑ ȟțȊșȚȊȈ ȍȋȖ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖ ȗȖȌȈȊȓȧȍȔȣȍ ȔȖȓ-
ȟȈȓȐ ș ȘȈȕȕȍȋȖ ȌȍȚșȚȊȈ ǵȖ ȏȈ Ȑȝ șȟȍȚ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȓȐșȤ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕ-
ȕȖ țȗȘȈȎȕȧȍȔȣȍ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȔ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȐ țȔșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ șȗȖșȖȉ-
ȕȖșȚȐ
ǷȖȥȚȖȔț ȊȖ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧȝ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȉȣȓ ȋȘțȉ ȗȘȐ-
ȔȐȚȐȊȍȕ ȒȈȒ ȌȐȒȈȘȤ ȊȖ ȊșȍȔ Ȏȍ ȟȚȖ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ

15
ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ ȧȊȓȧȓșȧ ȚȐȗȖȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ țșȖȊȍȘȠȍȕșȚȊȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ ȘȈ-
șȣ ȟȍȔ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȍ ȍȔț ȓȦȌȐ
Ƕȕ ȉȣȓ ȗȈȘȈȌȖȒșȈȓȍȕ ȒȈȒ ȊșȧȒȐȑ ȋȍȕȐȑ
ǵȖ ȏȈȚȖ ȒȈȒȖȦ ȖȉȈȧȚȍȓȤȕȖȦ ȔȖȡȤȦ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȓ ȍȋȖ țȔ
ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȐȑ țȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȗȘȐȏȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȞȈȘșȚȊȖ-
ȊȈȚȤ ȕȈȌ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȖȑ
ǷȖȒȖȘȕȣȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȓȖȋȐȒȍ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȣȑ ȖȚ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȧ
ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȑ șȚȘȈșȚȍȑ Ȑ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȑ
ǻȔ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȗȖȘȊȈȊȠȐȑ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȦȦ șȊȧȏȤ ș ȗȓȖȚȤȦ Ȑ ȗȖȌ-
ȕȧȊȠȐȑșȧ ȌȖ ȊȣșȖȚȣ ȐȌȍȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ
ǵȍȐșȚȖȡȐȔȣȑ ȕȍțȚȖȔȐȔȣȑ șȗȖșȖȉȕȣȑ ȖȌȐȕȈȒȖȊȖ ȓȍȋ-
ȒȖ ȊȏȊȍȠȐȊȈȚȤ ȔȐȘȖȊȣȍ ȐȌȍȐ Ȑ ȕȐȟȚȖȎȕȣȍ ȔȍȓȖȟȐ
ǻȔ — șȖȏȕȈȦȡȐȑ șȊȖȦ șȐȓț ȋȖȘȌȧȡȐȑșȧ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȈȦ-
ȡȐȑșȧ ȍȦ
Ƕȕ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȓ ȕȈ ȉȖȑ ȕȈțȟȕȣȍ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ Ȑ ȗȖȉȍȎȌȈȓ Ȑȝ
ǹȘȈȎȈȓșȧ ș ȗȘȐȘȖȌȖȦ Ȑ ȏȈȊȖȍȊȣȊȈȓ ȍȍ ȚȈȑȕȣ
Ǫ țȗȖȍȕȐȐ ȗȖȉȍȌ Ȑ șȓȈȊȣ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȕȈȘȖȟȕȖ ȊȣȐșȒȐȊȈȓ
șȈȔȣȍ ȚȘțȌȕȣȍ șȈȔȣȍ ȕȍȘȈȏȘȍȠȍȕȕȣȍ ȏȈȌȈȟȐ Ƕȕ ȉȘȈȓșȧ
ȏȈ ȕȐȝ ȗȘȐ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ ȒȖȓȖșșȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȚȍȘȗȍȕȐȧ ȜȍȕȖȔȍȕȈȓȤ-
ȕȖȑ țșȐȌȟȐȊȖșȚȐ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖȑ ȗȈȔȧȚȐ Ȑ ȗȖȘȈȏȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȓȐ-
ȟȍșȚȊȈ ȏȕȈȕȐȑ
Ƕȕ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȧȓ ȕȈ ȕȐȝ șȊȖȦ ȔȣșȓȤ ȚȈȒ țȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȘȈȏ-
ȊȐȚțȦ ȖȚȚȖȟȍȕȕțȦ ȖȚȗȖȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȕțȦ șȗȖșȖȉȕțȦ ȗȘȖȕȐȒȈȚȤ
ȊȍȏȌȍ ȒȈȒ ȓȍȏȊȐȍ ȖșȚȘȖȑ șȚȈȓȐ
ȅȚȈ ȔȣșȓȤ ȘȈȏȉȐȊȈȓȈ ȗȘȍȋȘȈȌț ȏȈ ȗȘȍȋȘȈȌȖȑ ȗȘȖȒȓȈȌȣ-
ȊȈȧ ȌȖȘȖȋț Ȓ ȐșȚȐȕȍ ȗȖȒȈ ȚȈ ȕȍ ȖȉȕȈȎȈȓȈșȤ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȟȍȓȖȊȍ-
ȒȖȔǺȖȋȌȈ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȉȘȈȓ ȐșȚȐȕț șȊȖȐȔȐ ȋȘțȉȣȔȐ ȒȘȍșȚȤȧȕ-
șȒȐȔȐ ȘțȒȈȔȐ Ȑ ȊȣȕȖșȐȓ ȍȍ Ȓ ȚȖȓȗȍ ǺȖȓȗȈ ȠțȔȍȓȈ ȘțȒȖȗȓȍ-
șȒȈȓȈ țȌȐȊȓȧȓȈșȤ Ȑ ȒȘȐȟȈȓȈ ȖȚ ȊȖșȚȖȘȋȈ Ȉ Ȗȕ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȖ ȊȖȏ-
ȊȘȈȡȈȓșȧ Ȓ șȍȉȍ Ȋ ȉȍȘȓȖȋț, ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȣȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȌȖȉȐȓ-
șȧ-ȚȈȒȐ șȊȖȍȋȖ
ǵȈ ȓȐȞȍ ȍȋȖ ȐȋȘȈȓȈ țȓȣȉȒȈ ȗȘȐ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȐ Ȗ ȗȖȉȍȎ-
Ȍȍȕȕȣȝ ȚȘțȌȕȖșȚȧȝ
ǹȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ țȓȣȉȈȓșȧ ȌȍȌ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ — ȝȓȍȉȖȗȈ-
ȠȍȞ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȒȖȕȟȐȊȠȐ ȚȧȎȍȓțȦ ȊșȗȈȠȒț ȗȖȓȧ șȈȌȐȓșȧ ȕȈ
ȔȍȎȍ Ȑ ȖȚȌȣȝȈȓ ȊȣȚȐȘȈȧ ȗȖȚ ș ȏȈȋȖȘȍȓȖȋȖ ȓȐȞȈ
DzȈȒ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȉȈȒȚȍȘȐȖȓȖȋȐȧ ȗȖȓȕȈ ȚȈȑȕ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚȖȊ

16
Ȍȓȧ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȊșȧȒȖȑ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȣȝ ȕȈțȒ ǷȖȥȚȖȔț ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ ȉȣșȚȘȖ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȐ ȖȌȕȈ
ȏȈ ȌȘțȋȖȦ ȗȖȘȈȎȈȧ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕșȚȊȖȔ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȊ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ
Ȑ ȉȖȋȈȚșȚȊȖȔ ȌȖȉȣȚȣȝ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȊ DzȈȎȌȈȧ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ șȓțȎȐ-
ȓȈ șȚțȗȍȕȤȦ Ȓ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȑ șȓȈȊȍ Ȑ Ȋ șȖȘȖȒ ȓȍȚ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȔȖȋ
ȗȖȝȊȈșȚȈȚȤșȧ ȟȚȖ șȖșȚȖȐȚ ȗȖȟȍȚȕȣȔ ȟȓȍȕȖȔ Ȋșȍȝ ȕȈțȟȕȣȝ Ȗȉ-
ȡȍșȚȊ ǭȊȘȖȗȣ ȟȚȖ ȐȔȧ ȍȋȖ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔț ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕ-
ȕȖȔț ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒț ȟȚȖ ȍȔț ȗȖȒȓȖȕȧȦȚșȧ ȓȦȌȐ, ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȍȋȖ
ȕȍ ȊȐȌȈȊȠȐȍ ȎȐȊțȡȐȍ ȖȚ ȕȍȋȖ ȏȈ ȚȣșȧȟȐ ȊȍȘșȚ
ǯȈȊȐȌȕȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ DzȚȖ Ȑȏ ȕȈș ȋȖȚȖȊȧșȤ Ȓ ȚȖȑ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȖȑ
ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ, ȕȍ ȔȍȟȚȈȓ Ȗ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖȔ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ
ȟȍȔ ȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȕȍțȌȈȟȐ ȖȝȓȈȌȐȓȐ ȍȋȖ șȈȔȖțȊȍȘȍȕȕȣȑ ȗȣȓ?
ǵȖ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȈȓșȧ țșȗȍȝȖȔ ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȟȍȔ
ȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȚȤ
ǪȕȐȔȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ șȓȍȌȧ ȏȈ ȊșȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖ ȕȍȋȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȐ Ȑ ȗȐ-
șȈȓȐ Ȗȕ ș ȐșȒȘȍȕȕȍȑ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤȦ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȓ ȒȈȎȌțȦ ȗȖȝȊȈȓț
ȒȈȎȌțȦ ȕȖȊțȦ ȗȖȟȍșȚȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ ȥȚȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȕȍ șȊȍȚ-
ȓȈȧ ȕȍ ȊȍșȍȓȈȧ Ȉ ȔȘȈȟȕȈȧ Ȑ ȏȓȈȧ ǷȘȖȟȐȚȣȊȈȧ ȝȊȈȓȍȉȕțȦ
șȚȈȚȤȦ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐșȓȈȕȕȣȑ ȌȐȗȓȖȔ Ȗȕ
țȓȣȉȈȓșȧ șȊȖȍȦ ȗȈșȚȤȦ ȋȖȘȐȓȓȣ Ȑ ȗȘȍȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȝȘȦȒȈȓ
ȉțȌȚȖ ȎȍȓȈȧ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ
©ǨȋȈ ȟȍȘȚ ȊȖȏȤȔȐ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ-ȚȖ Ȋȣ ȔȍȓȦȏȋȈ ȗȖȕȧȓȐ, ș
ȒȍȔ ȐȔȍȍȚȍ ȌȍȓȖ ǿȚȖ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ, ȕȍȉȖșȤ, ȊȖșȝȐȡȈȍȚȍșȤª
Ǩ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȏȈȒȐȌȣȊȈȓ Ȑ șȚȈȚȤȦ Ȑ ȌȐȗȓȖȔ ȒțȌȈ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ Ȋ țȋȖȓ,
șȓȖȊȕȖ ȌȖȉȈȊȓȧȧ
©ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ, ȟȍȋȖ Ȋȣ șȚȖȐȚȍ șȈȔȐ ȚȖȋȖ șȚȖȧȚ Ȑ ȊȈȠȐ ȗȖȝ-
ȊȈȓȣª.
ǶȌȕȐȔ șȓȖȊȖȔ ȍȋȖ țȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȍ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȓȖșȤ ȕȍ Ȋ ȚȖȔ,
ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ șȚȖȐȚ ȊȣȠȍ ȓȦȌȍȑ Ȉ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȓȦȌȐ șȚȖȧȚ ȕȐȎȍ ȍȋȖ
Ȑ ȟțȊșȚȊțȦȚ ȥȚȖ
DzȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȗȘȐ ȚȈȒȖȔ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȐ Ȋȍȡȍȑ ȖȒȖȓȖ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ
ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȈ șȖȏȌȈȚȤșȧ ȈȚȔȖșȜȍȘȈ ȌȖȔȈȠȕȍȑ șȓȈȊȣ Ȑ ȗȖȒȓȖȕȍ-
ȕȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȟțȊșȚȊțȍȚșȧ șȓȈȡȍ ȡȍȒȖȟȍȚ ȕȍȘȊȣ ȟȍȔ
ȌȈȎȍ ȔȐȘȖȊȈȧ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖșȚȤ ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȒȈȒ Ȑ Ȋ ȔȖȓȖȌȖșȚȐ, ǽȘȍȉ-
ȚȖȊ ȉȣȓ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȖȌȐȕ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȣ ȖȌȐȕȖȟȍșȚȊȖ ȐȔȍ-
ȓȖ ȘȈȏȕȣȍ
ǷȘȍȎȌȍ ȓȦȌȐ ȖȚȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȏȈ ȉȍȏȖȉȘȈȏȕțȦ ȊȕȍȠ-
ȕȖșȚȤ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ Ȗȕ ȖȚȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȓ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ șȔȖȚȘȍȓ ȕȈ

17
ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ ȗȖșȚȖȘȖȕȕȍȋȖ ș ȝțȌȖ șȒȘȣȚȣȔ ȘȈȏȌȘȈȎȍȕȐȍȔ Ȉ ȗȖȌ-
ȟȈș Ȑ ș ȗȘȍȏȘȍȕȐȍȔ ǹȚȈȘȈȧ ȊȒȖȘȍȕȐȊȠȈȧșȧ ȗȘȐȊȣȟȒȈ Ȓ
ȖȌȐȕȖȟȍșȚȊț ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȌȗțșȒȈȚȤ ȉȓȐȏȒȖ Ȓ șȍȉȍ ȕȐ
ȖȌȕț ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒțȦ ȌțȠț
ǩȣȓȈ ȍȡȍ ȖȌȕȈ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȈ, ȖȚȌȍȓȧȊȠȈȧ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ ȋȓțȉȖ-
ȒȖȑ ȗȘȖȗȈșȚȤȦ ȖȚ ȊșȍȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊȈ: ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ șȊȖȦ șȓȈ-
Ȋț ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȋȘțȉȣȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘ, ȕȈ ȘȍȏȒȐȍ ȔȈȕȍȘȣ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ
șȚȘȈȠȕȖ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȍȕȕȖ ȏȈșȚȍȕȟȐȊ
ǻ ȕȍȋȖ Ȋ ȌțȠȍ ȉȣȓ ȊȍȟȕȖ ȉȖȓȤȕȖȑ țȋȖȓȖȒ ȋȌȍ ȕȍȐȏȋȓȈ-
ȌȐȔȖ ȏȈȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȊȈȓȐșȤ Ȋșȍ ȔȍȓȤȟȈȑȠȐȍ șȓțȟȈȐ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȍȔț
ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ȉȣȊȈȚȤ Ȋ șȔȍȠȕȖȔ ȐȓȐ ȋȓțȗȖȔ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȐ ȐȓȐ
șȓȣȠȈȚȤ ȕȈșȔȍȠȒȐ Ȑ ȗȖȘȐȞȈȕȐȧ
ȅȚȐ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖ șȊȍȎȐ Ȗȕ ȟȈșȚȖ ȗȍȘȍ-
ȎȐȊȈȓ Ȑȝ șȖ ȏȓȖȉȖȦ Ȑ șȚȘȈȌȈȕȐȍȔ ȗȘȐȟȍȔ ȕȐȒȈȒ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ
ȗȘȖșȚȐȚȤ ȓȦȌȧȔ ȟȚȖ, șȟȐȚȈȧ șȍȉȧ ȕȈȔȕȖȋȖ ȊȣȠȍ Ȑȝ ȖșȚȈȍȚ-
șȧ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȟțȊșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ Ȓ Ȑȝ șțȌț
ǹȚȈȘȈȧ ȐșȚȐȕȈ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȖȦ ȏȈșȚȍȕȟȐȊȖșȚȐ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȟȘȍȏ-
ȔȍȘȕȖȍ șȈȔȖȓȦȉȐȍ ȒȈȒ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȓțȟȠȍ ȗȖȌȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȓȖșȤ ȕȈ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȍ Ȉ ȏȈșȚȍȕȟȐȊȖșȚȤ ț ȓȦȌȍȑ ȍȋȖ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈ Ȑ ȗȖȓȖȎȍ-
ȕȐȧ ȊȣȘȈȎȈȍȚșȧ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ ȏȓȖșȚȕȖȦ ȕȍșȖȖȉȡȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ-
șȚȤȦ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ Ȋșȍȝ ȖȚȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȍȚ
ǬȈȎȍ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚșȒȈȧ ȔȖȓȖȌȍȎȤ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȥȒșȗȈȕșȐȊȕȈȧ
ȚȈȒȈȧ ȊȖșȚȖȘȎȍȕȕȈȧ, Ȑ ȚȈ ȕȍ ȗȐȚȈȓȈ ȓȦȉȖȊȐ Ȓ șȊȖȍȔț ȏȕȈȔȍ-
ȕȐȚȖȔț ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘț
ǭȋȖ țȊȈȎȈȓȐ ȐȔ ȋȖȘȌȐȓȐșȤ ȕȖ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȖȌȕȖ-
ȋȖ Ȑȏ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȕȍȗȖȗțȓȧȘȕȣȝ
ǿȈșȚȖ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȑ șȚțȌȍȕȚ ȏȈȉȣȊȈȓ Ȗ ȊȍȓȐȒȐȝ ȏȈșȓțȋȈȝ ǽȘȍȉ-
ȚȖȊȈ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȕȈȘȐșȖȊȈȚȤ ȒȈȘȐȒȈȚțȘț ȕȈ ȍȋȖ țȘȖȌȓȐȊțȦ ȜȐ-
ȋțȘț ȐȓȐ ȗȖșȓȍ ȊșȚȘȍȟȐ ș ȕȐȔ Ȋ ȒȖȘȐȌȖȘȍ, ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȓ
— ȇ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȓ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ Ƕȕ ȚȈȒ ȕȈ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȋȏȋȓȧ-
ȕțȓ ȟȚȖ Ȕȕȍ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ, ȉțȌȚȖ ȧ ȗȘȖȋȓȖȚȐȓ ȎȐȊțȦ ȎȈȉț
ǪȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ, ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ ȉȣȓȐ ȉȣ ȐȕȣȔȐ ȍșȓȐ ȉ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ
ȔȖȋ șȉȓȐȏȐȚȤșȧ șȖ șȚțȌȍȕȚȈȔȐ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ! ȕȈ ȗȖȟȊȍ ȕȈțȒȐ
ȕȖ Ȗȕ ȗȘȐ Ȋșȍȝ șȊȖȐȝ ȕȈțȟȕȣȝ ȏȈșȓțȋȈȝ ȉȣȓ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȓȖȝȐȔ
ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȖȔ
ǷȘȈȊȌȈ Ȗȕ ȓȦȉȐȓ șȊȖȑ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚ ȕȖ ȓȦȉȐȓ ȍȋȖ ȥȋȖȐșȚȐ-
ȟȍșȒȐ ǷȍȘȍȌȈȊȈȚȤ șȊȖȐ ȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȌȘțȋȐȔ ȉȣȓȖ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȋȖ șȒțȟ-
ȕȖȑ ȖȉȧȏȈȕȕȖșȚȤȦ ȐșȗȖȓȕȧȍȔȖȑ ȉȍȏ ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ țȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȧ ȌȈ-

18
Ȏȍ ș ȖȚȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȍȔ
ǵȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȔȍȎȌț ȕȐȔ Ȑ ȈțȌȐȚȖȘȐȍȑ ȕȍ țșȚȈȕȈȊȓȐȊȈȓȖșȤ
ȌțȝȖȊȕȖȑ șȊȧȏȐ ǹȚțȌȍȕȚȣ ȐȏȕȣȊȈȓȐ ȖȚ șȒțȒȐ ȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȓȍȒ-
ȞȐȧȝ ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȟȚȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ Ȗȕ ȕȈșȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȏȍ ȗȓȖȝȖ ȕȈșȒȖȓȤ-
ȒȖ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȔȣșȓȐȓ
ǵȍȌȖșȚȈȚȖȒ țȔȍȕȐȧ ȧșȕȖ ȊȣȘȈȎȈȚȤșȧ ȉȣȓ ȖȚȓȐȟȐȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȖȦ ȟȍȘȚȖȦ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ ȟȍȘȚȖȦ șȓȖȎȐȊȠȍȑșȧ ȗȖȌ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍȔ
ȏȈȔȒȕțȚȖȑ ȖȌȐȕȖȒȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ
ǭȔț ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȚȤ ȌȍȓȐȚȤșȧ ș
ȒȍȔ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȧȔȐ ǪșȗȣȠȍȒ țȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȧ ȗȖȚȘȍȉȕȖ-
șȚȐ ȊȣșȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓȈ ȍȋȖ țȋȘȦȔȈȧ ȕȈȚțȘȈ
ǷȖȥȚȖȔț Ȑ ȘȍȟȤ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȘȈȎȈȓȈ ȔȍȘȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ șțȝȖșȚȤȦ ȖȚ-
șțȚșȚȊȐȍȔ ȒȘȈșȖȒ dzȍȌȧȕȖȦ șȒțȒȖȑ ȊȍȧȓȖ ȖȚ ȒȈȎȌȖȑ Ȑȏ ȍȋȖ
ȕȍțȒȓȦȎȐȝ ȜȘȈȏ ǿțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȕȍȖȝȖȚȕȖ
Ȑ ȉțȌȍȚ ȌȖȊȖȓȍȕ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȐȌȍȚșȧ ȏȈȔȖȓȟȈȚȤ
ǺȈȒȐȔ ȉȣȓ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǭȡȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ
ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȧȊȓȧȓșȧ Ȗȕ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ȟȈșȚȕȖȔ ȓȐȟȕȖȔ ȖȉȐ-
ȝȖȌȍ
ǷȘȖȑȌȧ ȠȒȖȓț ȕȐȡȍȚȣ Ȗȕ ȗȖȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ șȍȉȧ ȗȘȧȔȖ-ȚȈ-
ȒȐ ȉȖȋȈȟȖȔ ȕȈȟȈȊȠȐ ȗȖȓțȟȈȚȤ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘșȒȖȍ ȎȈȓȖȊȈȕȤȍ
ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ ȕȍ ȗȖȉțȌȐȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȍȌȈȚȤșȧ șȖȉȓȈȏȕȈȔ ȎȐȏ-
ȕȐ ǷȖȚȘȍȉȕȖșȚȐ ȍȋȖ ȉȣȓȐ șȊȍȌȍȕȣ ȌȖ ȔȐȕȐȔțȔȈ ȊȒțșț Ȓ
ȘȖșȒȖȠȐ ȧȊȐȚȤșȧ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍȖȚȒțȌȈ Ȗ ȘȈȏȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȧȝ Ȗȕ ȕȍ Ȍț-
ȔȈȓǵȈțȒȈ ȌȈȊȈȓȈ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖȍ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ƕȉ țȌȖȉ-
șȚȊȈȝ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȏȈȉȖȚȐȓșȧ ȘȖȊȕȖ ȕȈșȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȊșȍȋȌȈ
ȖșȚȈȊȈȚȤșȧ șȊȍȎȐȔ Ȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȖșȗȖșȖȉȕȣȔ.
ǰȏȧȡȕȣȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȋȖ ȕȍ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ ǭȌȐȕ-
șȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȍȔ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȈȊȠȐȔ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ǽȘȍȉȚȖ-
ȊȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȊȖșȒȖȊȈȧ ȒțȒȓȈ Ȋ ȖȒȕȍ ȗȈȘȐȒȔȈȝȍȘȈ ȔȐȔȖ ȒȖȚȖ-
ȘȖȑ Ȗȕ ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȖ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȓ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȧȧșȤ Ȋ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚ
ȅȚȈ ȖșȖȉȈ ș ȋȖȓȣȔȐ ȘțȒȈȔȐ ș ȕȈȒȘȈȠȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȋțȉȈȔȐ Ȑ
ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȗȣȠȕȖȑ ȋȘțȌȤȦ, șȐȓȤȕȖ țȊȓȍȒȈȓȈ ȍȋȖ Ƕȕ ȕȍ
ȗȣȚȈȓșȧ ȈȕȈȓȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ șȊȖȍȋȖ Ȓ ȕȍȑ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ ȕȖ ȟȈșȚȖ
șȖȎȈȓȍȓ ȟȚȖ, ȊȔȍșȚȖ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȍȕȐȧ ȗȣȠȕȣȝ ȜȖȘȔ, ț ȕȍȍ șȍȑ-
ȟȈș Ȏȍ ȗȖȌ ȌȍȒȖȓȤȚȍ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚșȧ ȟȍȘȕȈȧ ȓȈȒȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȈȧ ȗȖȌ-
șȚȈȊȒȈ
Ƕȉ ȖȌȍȎȌȍ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ Ȋ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚȍ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȐ Ȟȍ-

19
ȓȣȍ ȓȍȋȍȕȌȣ ǬȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȚȘțȌȕȖ șȍȉȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȟȍȓȖ-
ȊȍȒȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ ȕȍȋȖ ȌțȔȈȓ ȉȣ Ȗ șȊȖȍȔ ȒȖșȚȦȔȍ
ǻ ȕȍȋȖ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȗȈȘȣ ȗȓȈȚȤȧ Ȑ
ȖȌȕȖȑ ȗȈȘȣ șȈȗȖȋ ȗȘȐȖȉȘȍȚȍȕȕȣȝ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȒȈȒ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈ
ȉȍȌȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ ȌȍȠȍȊȖȔ ȔȈȋȈȏȐȕȍ ȋȖȚȖȊȣȝ Ȋȍȡȍȑ
ǷȖȒțȗȈȧ Ȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȐȊȈȧ Ȗȕ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȈȓșȧ Ȓ
ȏȍȘȒȈȓț ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ ȍȌȊȈ ȓȐ ȏȕȈȓ, ȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȞȊȍȚȈ ȕȈȌȍȚȣȑ ȕȈ ȕȍȔ
ȗȐȌȎȈȒ ǸȈȏ ȕȈȌȍȊȠȐ ȗȓȈȚȤȍ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȊȈȓ Ȗ ȕȍȔ
ȌțȔȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȓ, ȒȈȒ ȖȚȓȍȚȈȓȐ ȗțȋȖȊȐȞȣ ȒȈȒ ȗȧȚȕȈ ȘȍȈȒ-
ȚȐȊȖȊ Ȑ ȒȐșȓȖȚ ȐșȗȍȡȘȧȓȐ ȗȖȓȣ, Ȑ ȐșȒȘȍȕȕȍ țȌȐȊȓȧȓșȧ
ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ȖȌȐȕ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȑ ȌȍȕȤ ȒțȝȈȘȒȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȈ ȍȔț
— Ǫȣ ȉȣ ȉȈȚȦȠȒȈ ȒțȗȐȓȐ șȍȉȍ ȕȖȊȣȑ ȗȐȌȎȈȒ Ȉ ȚȖ șȘȈ-
ȔȖȚȈ ȖȌȕȈ — ȓȦȌȐ șȒȈȎțȚ, Ȍȍȕȍȋ ȕȍȚ
ȅȚȈ șȚȈȘȈȧ ȉȈȉȈ ȓȍȕȐȊȈȧ Ȑ ȜȈȔȐȓȤȧȘȕȈȧ ȉȣȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȍȌȐȕ-
șȚȊȍȕȕȖȦ ȗȘȐșȓțȋȖȑ Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȔ ȗȘȐ-
ȟȈșȚȕȣȔ Ȓ ȓȐȟȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ
ǭȍ ȖȉȧȏȈȕȕȖșȚȤȦ ȉȣȓȖ ȋȖȚȖȊȐȚȤ ȖȉȍȌ țȉȐȘȈȚȤ ȒȊȈȘȚȐ-
Șț Ȑ ȊȖ ȊșȧȒȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȍȕȧ Ȑ ȕȖȟȐ ȕȖșȐȚȤ Ȋ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȚȖȘȐȦ ȟȈȑ,
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȗȖȋȓȖȡȈȓ Ȋ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖȔ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȍ
ǰȕȖȋȌȈ ȗȖ ȊȍȟȍȘȈȔ ȍȑ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ȊȍșȚȐ șȖ șȊȖȐȔ ȝȖ-
ȏȧȐȕȖȔ ȌȖȓȋȐȍ ȉȍșȍȌȣ Ȗ ȌȍȘȍȊȍȕșȒȐȝ ȌȍȓȈȝ ȐȓȐ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ
ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȚ Ȋ șȖșȍȌȕȐȝ Ȓțȝȕȧȝ ǷȖȚȖȔț ȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ
țȔȍȓ Ȋ ȚȈȒȐȝ șȓțȟȈȧȝ ȖȗțșȒȈȚȤșȧ ȌȖ țȔșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ țȘȖȊȕȧ Ȓț-
ȝȈȘȒȐ ȐȓȐ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȍȍ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȍȔț
ȗȖ ȗȓȍȟț ȕȖ Ȗȕ ȉȣȊȈȓ Ȋ ȥȚȐ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ șȓȖȊȖȖȝȖȚ-
ȓȐȊ Ȑ ȖȎȐȊȓȍȕ ȟȍȔ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȌȘțȋȐȝ șȓțȟȈȧȝ șȊȖȍȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ
ǮȐȓ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȕȈ ȒȘȈȦ ǬȍȊȐȟȤȍȋȖ ȗȖȓȧ Ȋ ȚȖȑ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌ-
ȕȖȑ ȖȚ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ Ȓ ȌȍȘȍȊȕȐ ȔȍșȚȕȖșȚȐ țȒȘȈȠȍȕȕȖȑ ȏȈȉȖȘȈȔȐ
Ȑ ȗțșȚȣȘȧȔȐ ȋȌȍ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊțȍȚ Ȋșȍ ȟȚȖ ȍșȚȤ țȌȖȉȕȖȋȖ Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌ-
șȒȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȕȖ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȦȚșȧ ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȐ ȌȍȘȍȊȍȕșȒȖȑ
ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȕȐ Țȍȝ, ȕȐ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȕțȎȕȖ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘț
Ƕȕ ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȞȍȕȐȓ șȊȖȍ ȕȍȊȏȘȈȟȕȖȍ țȉȍȎȐȡȍ ȏȈ țȍȌȐ-
ȕȍȕȕȖșȚȤ șȗȖȒȖȑșȚȊȐȍ Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȏȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȉȣȓ ȗȖȓȕȖȊȓȈșȚ-
ȕȣȔ ȝȖȏȧȐȕȖȔ ȕȈȕȐȔȈȍȔȖȋȖ ȖșȖȉȕȧȟȒȈ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ ȒȈȒ, ȎȐ-
Ȋȧ Ȋ ȔȕȖȋȖȥȚȈȎȕȣȝ ȋȖȘȖȌșȒȐȝ țȓȤȧȝ ȕȍȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ
șȟȐȚȈȚȤșȧ ș ȔȈșșȖȦ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȝ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȝ șțȡȍșȚȊ ȒȐ-
ȠȈȡȐȝ șȖ Ȋșȍȝ șȚȖȘȖȕ ȏȈ șȚȍȕȈȔȐ ȗȖȌ ȗȖȓȖȔ ȕȈȌ ȗȖȚȖȓ-
ȒȖȔ

20
ǭȡȍ șȚțȌȍȕȚȖȔ ȗȘȖȎȐȊȈȧ Ȋ țȋȓȈȝ Ȋ ȔȍȉȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ ȒȖȔ-
ȕȈȚȈȝ Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍȎȐȚȐȐ, ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȕȈ ȊȐȌț ț ȓȦȌȍȑ Ȋșȍȋ-
ȌȈ șȚȘȍȔȧșȤ țȑȚȐ ȖȚ ȕȐȝ ȒȈȒ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȋȓțȉȎȍ Ȋ șȈȔȖȋȖ șȍȉȧ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȔȍȟȚȈȓ Ȗȉ țȍȌȐȕȍȕȕȖȔ țȉȍȎȐȡȍ ȋȌȍ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȕȈ ȒȘȈȦ
ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ȐȓȐ Ȋ ȌȍȘȍȊȕȍ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȥȚȈ ȔȍȟȚȈ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȐȓȈșȤ DzȊȈȘȚȐȘȈ țȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖ-
ȘȧȓȈ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧȝ ǯȈȚȖ ȖȕȈ Ȑ ȕȖșȐȓȈ ȕȈ
șȍȉȍ ȖȚȗȍȟȈȚȖȒ ȍȋȖ șȊȖȍȖȉȘȈȏȕȖȑ ȕȈȚțȘȣ ȒȈȒ ȘȈȒȖȊȐȕȈ ȕȖșȐȚ
ȖȚȗȍȟȈȚȖȒ șȓȐȏȕȧȒȈ
dzțȟȠȈȧ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȈ Ȋ ȕȍȑ ȉȣȓȈ ȖȚȊȍȌȍȕȈ ȗȖȌ ȗȖȔȍȡȍȕȐȍ
Ȍȓȧ ȥȒșȗȍȘȐȔȍȕȚȐȘțȍȔȣȝ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ ǶȕȈ ȧȊȓȧȓȈșȤ ȕȈșȚȖȧ-
ȡȐȔ ȏȈșȚȍȕȒȖȔ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȑ ȕȈțȒȐ ȏȈșȚȍȕȒȖȔ ȌțȠȕȣȔ
șȔȘȈȌȕȣȔ Ȑ ȖȚȊȘȈȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ Ȍȓȧ ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ Ȋ ȟȤȐȝ ȋȓȈȏȈȝ ȕȈț-
ȒȈ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȊȍȓȐȒȐȔ ȉȖȎȍșȚȊȖȔ ȏȈșȓțȎȐȊȈȦȡȐȔ
ȒȘȖȊȈȊȣȝ ȎȍȘȚȊ
ǴȍȉȍȓȐ ȏȌȍșȤ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȏȈȚȖ ȊȌȖȓȤ șȚȍȕ șȚȖȧȓȐ ȘȧȌȣ Ȓȓȍ-
ȚȖȒ ȕȈȗȖȓȕȍȕȕȣȝ ȒȘȖȓȐȒȈȔȐ ȒȘȣșȈȔȐ ȉȍȓȣȔȐ ȔȣȠȈȔȐ,
ȒȖȠȒȈȔȐ ȖȉȍȏȤȧȕȈȔȐ Ȑ ȋȖȓțȉȧȔȐ
ǵȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȎȌȈȓȐ ȖȗȣȚȖȊ ȌȘțȋȐȍ țȎȍ Ȕț-
ȟȐȓȐșȤ ȕȈ ȗȖȓȤȏț ȕȈțȒȐ Ȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊȈ ǯȌȍșȤ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖ
ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ șțȌȖȘȖȋȐ ȗȘȍȌșȔȍȘȚȕȖȑ ȈȋȖȕȐȐ ȠȐȘȖ-
ȒȖ ȘȈșȒȘȣȚȣȍ ȖȚ ȉȖȓȐ Ȑ țȎȈșȈ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȏȈȔȐȘȈȦȡȐȍ Ȋ ȒȖȕȊțȓȤ-
șȐȧȝ ȓȈȗȣ ȗȍȕț, șȚȘțȧȡțȦșȧ șȒȊȖȏȤ șȚȐșȕțȚȣȍ ȉȍȓȣȍ ȏțȉȣ
ǬȍșȧȚȤ ȘȈȏ Ȋ ȌȍȕȤ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȗȖșȍȡȈȓ ȥȚț ȒȖȔȕȈȚț ǹȗȖȒȖȑ-
ȕȣȑ ȏȈȌțȔȟȐȊȣȑ Ȗȕ ȝȖȌȐȓ ȖȚ ȒȓȍȚȒȐ Ȓ ȒȓȍȚȒȍ ȖȚȔȍȟȈȧ Ȋ
ȚȍȚȘȈȌȐ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȣ ȖȗȣȚȖȊ
ǰȕȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ ȌȖȚȘȈȋȐȊȈȓșȧ ȌȖ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȖȋȖ
ȟȚȖȉȣ ȓțȟȠȍ țȧșȕȐȚȤ șȐȔȗȚȖȔȣ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ țȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖȘȍȕȕȖ
țȓȣȉȈȓșȧ ȊȐȌȧ ȟȚȖ ȖȗȣȚ ȌȈȓ ȖȎȐȌȈȍȔȣȍ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȣ ȕȖ
ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȐ ȚȍȕȐ șȖȎȈȓȍȕȐȧ ȕȍ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȓȖșȤ ț ȕȍȋȖ Ȋ ȋȓȈȏȈȝ
ǵȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ȓȐȞȈ ȕȍ șȔȧȋȟȈȓȖșȤ ȎȈȓȖșȚȤȦ
ǯȌȍșȤ, ȕȈȍȌȐȕȍ ș ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȔȐ, Ȗȕ șȈȔ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȓ ȊȗȍȟȈȚ-
ȓȍȕȐȍ ȏȊȍȘȧ ȏȊȍȘȧ țȘȖȌȓȐȊȖȋȖ ȔȘȈȟȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȎȍșȚȖȒȖȋȖ
ǹȓȍȌțȦȡȈȧ ȏȈ ȥȚȖȑ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȖȚȊȍȌȍȕȈ ȗȖȌ ȓȈȉȖȘȈ-
ȚȖȘȐȦ Ȑ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȑ ȒȈȉȐȕȍȚ ȋȌȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȣ șȈȔȣȍ
ȊȍȓȐȒȐȍ Ȑȏ ȍȋȖ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȐȑ ǭșȓȐ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȒȖȋȌȈ-
ȕȐȉțȌȤ Ȓ ȟȍȔț-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȗȘȐȊȧȏȈȕȕȖșȚȤ ȚȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȓ ȥȚȖȑ ȒȖȔ-
ȕȈȚȍ Dz ȕȍȑ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȊȧȏȣȊȈȓ ȗȘȖȟȕȣȑ ȒȖȠȈȟȐȑ ȐȕșȚȐȕȒȚ,

21
țșȚȈȕȈȊȓȐȊȈȦȡȐȑ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȖȉȡȍȕȐȍ ȔȍȎȌț ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȦ
ȌțȠȖȦ Ȑ ȕȍȖȌțȠȍȊȓȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚȈȔȐ
Ǫ ȏȌȈȕȐȐ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚȈ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȐȔȍȓ ȌȘțȋțȦ ȓȈȉȖȘȈ-
ȚȖȘȐȦ ȖȉșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕțȦ ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȓțȟȠȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȖȉȠȐȘȕțȦ ȕȖ
ȚȖȑ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȓȦȉȐȓ Ȑ Ȋȍȓ Ȋ ȕȍȑ ȓȐȠȤ ȜȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ
ǺȈȔ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ șȍȉȧ ȌȖȔȈ ȚȈȔ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȉȣȓȖ ȏȈȗȍ-
ȘȍȚȤșȧ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȉȣȓȖ ȖȚȌȍȓȈȚȤșȧ ȖȚ șȚȖȘȖȎȈ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ȒȖȚȖȘȖ-
ȋȖ ȘȈȏȌȘȈȎȈȓ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȉȣȓȖ Ȋșȓțȝ ȘțȋȈȚȤșȧ Ȑ ȉȐȚȤ
ȗȖșțȌț
ǺȈȔ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȉȣȓȖ ȒȘȐȟȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȈșșȐșȚȍȕȚȖȊ Ȑ ȋȕȈȚȤ Ȑȝ Ȑȏ
ȒȖȔȕȈȚȣ ȒȈȒ Ȗȕ ȗȘȖȌȍȓȣȊȈȓ ȌȖȔȈ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȑ ȋȘțȉȖșȚȐ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘțȦ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ șȕȖșȐȚȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȖ ȐȔȧ ȓȦȉȊȐ Ȓ ȕȈțȒȍ
ǸȧȌȖȔ ș ȓȈȉȖȘȈȚȖȘȐȍȑ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓȈșȤ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȈȧ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȈ
ȖȚȟȈșȚȐ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒȈ ȖȚȟȈșȚȐ șȒȓȈȌ șȚȍȒȓȧȕȕȖȑ ȗȖșțȌȣ Ȉ ȏȈ-
ȚȍȔ, șȈȔȈȧ ȚȍșȕȈȧ șȈȔȈȧ ȗȖȋȈȕȈȧ ȒȓȍȚțȠȒȈ ȘȧȌȖȔ ș Ȓțȝȕȍȑ
ȉȣȓȈ ȖȚȊȍȌȍȕȈ Ȍȓȧ ȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȗȖȚȘȍȉȕȖșȚȍȑ ȝȖȏȧȐȕȈ
ǯȌȍșȤ Ȗȕ șȗȈȓ ȖȌȍȊȈȓșȧ Ȕȣȓșȧ ȍȓ șȊȖȑ ȖȉȍȌ Ȑ țȎȐȕ
ǯȌȍșȤ Ȗȕ ȖȚȌȣȝȈȓ Ȑ ȕȈȉȐȊȈȓ ȗȈȗȐȘȖșȣ
ǷȈȗȐȘȖșȣ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȕȈȉȐȊȈȓ șȈȔ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȧ ȥȚȖ ȚȍȔ,
ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȏȈȕȧȚȐȍ ȌȈȍȚ ȓțȟȠȐȑ ȖȚȌȣȝ ȗȖșȓȍ ȕȈȗȘȧȎȍȕȕȖȑ
țȔșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ
ǵȈ șȈȔȖȔ Ȏȍ Ȍȍȓȍ Ȗȕ ȏȕȈȓ ȗȖ ȖȗȣȚț ȟȚȖ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȕȈ-
ȉȐȊȒȐ ȗȈȗȐȘȖș ȍȔț Ȋ ȋȖȓȖȊț ȗȘȐȝȖȌȧȚ șȈȔȣȍ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȐȍ Ȑȏ
ȍȋȖ ȐȌȍȑ Ȑ ȋȐȗȖȚȍȏ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȕȈȔȐ ȊȣȧșȕȐȓȈșȤ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȤ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ ȚȈȒȈȧ
șȍȘȈȧ ȗȘȐ Ȋșȍȑ ȍȍ ȔȖȡȐ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȈȧ ȞȍȓȐȒȖȔ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȔ ȕȈȗȘȈȊ-
ȓȍȕȐȐ ȌȈȎȍ țȘȖȌȓȐȊȈȧ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȝȖȓȖȌȕȣȑ ȖȚȊȓȍȟȍȕȕȣȑ
Ȑ șțȝȖȑ țȔ țȉȐȓ Ȑ ȏȈȌȈȊȐȓ Ȋ ȕȍȑ Ȋșȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȍ
ǿȚȖȉȣ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȏȐȚȤ Ȋ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȐȝ șȓȖȊȈȝ ȌțȝȖȊȕȣȑ ȖȉȓȐȒ
ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ ȧ șȒȈȏȈȓ ȉȣ, ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ șȖșȚȖȐȚ Ȑȏ ȋȖȓȖȊȣ șȊȍȘȝȟȍ-
ȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȗȘȐșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȑ Ȓ Țȍȓț ȎȐȊȖȚȕȖȋȖ
ǵȖ ȕȍ șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȌțȔȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȉȣȓ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ șȊȖ-
ȉȖȌȍȕ ȖȚ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȝ șȚȘȈșȚȐȠȍȒ Ȑ șȓȈȉȖșȚȍȑ ȇ ȕȍ ȔȖȋț
șȒȘȣȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȖȌȕȈ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ șȈȔȈȧ ȕȐȏȔȍȕȕȈȧ șȈȔȈȧ ȗȖȌȓȈȧ
ȐȔȍȓȈ ȕȈȌ ȕȐȔ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȊȓȈșȚȤ
ȅȚȈ șȚȘȈșȚȐȠȒȈ ȉȣȓȈ — șȘȍȉȘȖȓȦȉȐȍ
ǵȍ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȉȣ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ șȒțȗȞȖȔ ȟȐșȚȖȑ ȊȖȌȣ ȐȓȐ șȚȘȈȌȈȓ
ȔȈȕȐȍȑ ȕȈȒȖȗȓȍȕȐȧ ȉȖȋȈȚșȚȊȈ ǷȘȖșȚȖ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȚȖ ȐȕșȚȐȕȒȚ

22
ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȓ ȍȋȖ ȌȖȘȖȎȐȚȤ ȏȖȓȖȚȖȔ, ȝȖȚȧ ȖȕȖ ȍȔț ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȕțȎ-
ȕȖ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ țȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȍ ȗȖ ȔȍȘȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȒȈȒ șțȔȔȈ șȉȍ-
ȘȍȘȍȎȍȕȐȑ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈȓȈ
DzȈȎȌȣȑ ȔȍșȧȞ Ȗȕ ȖȚȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȓ ȟȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ Ȋ ȌȍȘȍȊȧȕȕȣȑ,
ȖȒȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȎȍșȚȤȦ șțȕȌțȟȖȒ șȚȖȧȊȠȐȑ ȗȖȌ ȒȘȖȊȈȚȤȦ ǷȘȐ
ȥȚȖȔ Ȋ ȌțȠȍ ȍȋȖ șȓȈȌȒȖ ȠȍȊȍȓȐȓȖșȤ șȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ ȟȚȖ ȔȕȖȋȐȔ
ȔȕȖȋȐȔ ȓȦȌȧȔ ȕȍ ȝȊȈȚȈȍȚ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȓȕȖȋȖ șȟȈșȚȤȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȈ-
ȟȍȒ ȈșșȐȋȕȈȞȐȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȗȕ ȒȓȈȌȍȚ ȕȈ ȌȕȖ șțȕȌțȒȈ Ȑ ȏȈȝȓȖ-
ȗȣȊȈȍȚ ȒȘȣȠȒȖȑ
DzȘȖȔȍ ȕȈțȒȐ Ȗȕ ȓȦȉȐȓ ȊȖ ȊșȍȔ șȊȍȚȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ ȕȖ
Ȑ ȥȚȐ ȌȊȍ ȊȍȡȐ ȞȍȕȐȓ ȓȐȠȤ ȏȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȗȖȌȕȐȔȈȓȐ ȕȈȌ
ȚȖȓȗȖȦ ȍȋȖ țȕȐȎȍȕȕȖȋȖ țȘȖȌșȚȊȖȔ
II
ǪȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ, ȓȦȉȖȊȤ Ȓ ȕȍȘȈȏȘȍȠȐȔȣȔ ȏȈȌȈȟȈȔ ȗȖȉțȌȐȓȈ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ ȊȏȧȚȤșȧ ȏȈ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȟțȔȕȣȝ ȉȈȞȐȓȓ
ǪȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȟȚȖ Ȑ șȈȔ ȖȉȘȈȏ ȟțȔȣ, ȔȘȈȟȕȖȑ ȕȍ-
ȗȖȉȍȌȐȔȖȑ Ȑ ȉȍȏȎȈȓȖșȚȕȖȑ, ȐȔȍȓ Ȋ ȋȓȈȏȈȝ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ ȕȍ-
ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȖȉȈȧȕȐȍ
ǰșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ șȐȓȤȕȣȍ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȟȕȣȍ ȕȈȚțȘȣ ȓȦȉȧȚ ȋȘȖȏ-
ȕȣȍ ȗȘȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ șȚȐȝȐȑȕȣȝ șȐȓ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ ǽȖȓȖȌȕȣȑ țȎȈș
ȟțȔȣ ȔȖȋ ȕȈȑȚȐ ȖȚȏȊțȒȐ Ȋ țȋȘȦȔȖȑ ȌțȠȍ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ
DzȈȒ ȉȣ ȚȖ ȕȐ ȉȣȓȖ ȖȌȕȈȎȌȣ ȖșȍȕȤȦ ȖșȖȉȕȧȟȖȒ ȕȈ ȒȘȈȦ
ǬȍȊȐȟȤȍȋȖ ȗȖȓȧ ȉȣȓ ȗȖȌȊȍȘȋȕțȚ ȚȡȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȐȏȖȓȧȞȐȐ Ȑ
ȚȈȔ ȕȈȟȈȓȐșȤ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ș ȞȍȓȤȦ ȖȚȣșȒȈȚȤ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȗȘȐȋȖȌȕțȦ
ȓȍȟȍȉȕțȦ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌȖȝȘȈȕȧȦȡțȦ șȣȊȖȘȖȚȒț ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȟțȔȣ ǪȖȏ-
ȉțȎȌȍȕȕȣȑ ȎȈȎȌȖȦ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȒȘțȗȕȖȋȖ țșȗȍȝȈ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ Ȋȏȧȓ-
șȧ ȏȈ ȌȍȓȖ ș ȕȍȖȉȣȟȈȑȕȖȦ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȍȑ Ǫșȧ ȍȋȖ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȈ ȉȣȓȈ
ȏȈȗȖȓȕȍȕȈ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȈȔȐ ȉȈȞȐȓȓ ǬȍșȧȚȒȐ ȖȗȣȚȖȊ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖ-
ȌȐȓȐșȤ ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȖ ǹȖȚȕȐ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ ȋȐȉȓȐ ȖȚ ȗȘȖȉȕȣȝ ȗȘȐ-
ȊȐȊȖȒ ȖȗȓȈȟȐȊȈȧ șȊȖȍȦ ȎȐȏȕȤȦ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȠȈȋ ȊȗȍȘȍȌ.
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȕȍȌȖșȣȗȈȓ ȕȍȌȖȍȌȈȓ Ȗșțȕțȓșȧ ȗȖȉȓȍȌȕȍȓ Ȑ șȌȍ-
ȓȈȓșȧ ȖȚȊȘȈȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȍȍ ȕȈ ȊȐȌ, ȟȍȔ ȒȖȋȌȈ-ȓȐȉȖ
ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ șȊȖȦ ȘȈȉȖȚȖșȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ
ȓȐȟȕȖ ȐșȗȖȓȕȧȚȤ Ȋșȍȝ ȏȈȌțȔȈȕȕȣȝ ȘȈȉȖȚ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȊȌȈȊȈȚȤșȧ

23
Ȋ ȌȍȚȈȓȐ Ȉ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȈȊȓȧȓ ȥȚȖ ȗȖȔȖȡȕȐȒȈȔ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȧ ȓȐȠȤ
ȖȉȡȐȔ ȝȖȌȖȔ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȐ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ ȐȕșȚȐȕȒȚȈ țȟȍȕȖ-
ȋȖ ȕȈ ȗțȚȐ Ȓ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȐȦ
ǺȘȖȍ ȈșșȐșȚȍȕȚȖȊ, ȐȏȔțȟȍȕȕȣȍ ȔȈșșȖȦ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ șȉȐȚȣȍ ș
ȚȖȓȒț ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȍȔ ȖȗȣȚȖȊ ȐșȚȖȔȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȊȍȟȕȖȑ ȉȖȧȏ-
ȕȤȦ ȏȈȘȈȏȐȚȤșȧ ȐșȗȖȓȕȧȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȒȈȏȈȕȐȧ ǵȖ ȘȍȊȕȐȊȣȑ
ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȕȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȓ ȐȔ ȗȘȖȕȐȒȈȚȤ Ȋ șȐșȚȍȔț ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈ-
ȕȐȑ Ƕȕ ȖȌȐȕ ȐȔȍȓ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ ȚȍȚȘȈȌȧȝ ȊșȦ șȖȊȖȒțȗȕȖșȚȤ ȌȖ-
ȉȣȚȣȝ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȊ șȐșȚȍȔȈȚȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȓ ȖȉȖȉȡȈȓ ȌȍȓȈȓ Ȋȣ-
ȊȖȌȣ ǺȍȚȘȈȌȒȐ ș ȏȈȗȐșȧȔȐ ȊșȦȌț șȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȐ ȏȈ ȕȐȔ Ȑ ȕȍ-
ȘȍȌȒȖ ȒțȝȈȘȒȈ, ȗȘȐȝȖȌȧ țȚȘȖȔ, ȏȈșȚȈȊȈȓȈ ȍȋȖ șȗȧȡȐȔ Ȋ ȒȘȍș-
ȓȍ ș ȚȈȉȓȐȞȈȔȐ ȖȗȣȚȖȊ ȕȈ ȒȖȓȍȕȧȝ Ȑ ȒȘțȋȖȔ ȕȈ ȗȖȓț
ǭȋȖ ȜȈȕȚȈșȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȋȖȓȖȊȈ șȊȍȠȐȊȈȓȈșȤ ȕȈ ȋȘțȌȤ Ȉ ȔȖȘ-
ȡȐȕȣ țȔșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȕȈȗȘȧȎȍȕȐȧ ȌȈȎȍ ȊȖ șȕȍ ȗȘȖȘȍȏȣȊȈȓȐ
ȓȖȉ
— ǰȠȤ Țȣ — ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȈ ȖȕȈ, — ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȕȍ șȔȖȋ ȖȚȖȘȊȈȚȤșȧ
ȖȚ șȊȖȐȝ ȉțȔȈȎȍȒ ǵȍȉȖșȤ, ȚȍȗȍȘȤ țȎ șȒȖȘȖ ȘȍȝȕȍȚșȧ
ǰ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȖ țȝȖȌȐȓȈ Ȋ ȒțȝȕȦ Ȉ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓșȧ șȗȈȚȤ
Ȋ ȖȌȐȕȖȟȍșȚȊȍ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȚȖȘȐȐ ȋȌȍ ȞȈȘȐȓ ȗȘȐȏȘȈȒ ȟțȔȣ, ȕȍȊȐ-
ȌȐȔȖ ȎȐȊțȡȍȑ Ȋ ȏȈȒțȗȖȘȍȕȕȣȝ ȉȈȕȒȈȝ ȕȈ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȝ șȚȍ-
ȒȓȈȝ Ȋ ȒȘȖȊȐ ȗȖȌȊȍȘȋȕțȚȣȝ ȏȈȘȈȎȍȕȐȦ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ
DzȖȋȌȈ ȈșșȐșȚȍȕȚȣ ȧȊȓȧȓȐșȤ ȕȈ ȘȈȉȖȚț Ȑ ȉțȌȐȓȐ ȗȘȖȜȍș-
șȖȘȈ Ȗȕ ȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ȐȔ ȚȈȒȐȔ Ȏȍ ȔȘȈȟȕȣȔ ȒȈȒ Ȋșȧ ȖȒȘțȎȈȦ-
ȡȈȧ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȈ ȋȌȍ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ țȋȖȓȖȒ ȔȖȋ șȒȘȣȊȈȚȤ șȔȍȘȚȤ Ȋ
ȊȐȌȍ ȖșȊȖȉȖȌȐȊȠȍȋȖșȧ Ȑȏ ȗȓȍȕȈ ȉȈȞȐȓȓȈ
ǪȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ, ȗȖȥȚȖȔț ȖȕȐ Ȑ ȗȘȐȌțȔȈȓȐ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȏȊȐȡȍ
— «ǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ǿțȔȈª ȐȔȍȊȠȍȍ ȋȘȖȔȈȌȕȣȑ țșȗȍȝ Ȋ Țȍȝ ȒȘț-
ȋȈȝ, ȋȌȍ ȉȓȐȏȒȖ ȏȕȈȓȐ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ
ǯȐȔȕȐȍ ȔȍșȧȞȣ ȠȓȐ ȖȌȐȕ ȏȈ ȌȘțȋȐȔ Ȉ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ȖșȚȈȊȈ-
ȓȈșȤ Ȋșȍ ȚȈȒȖȦ Ȏȍ ȕȈȗȘȧȎȍȕȕȖȑ ǨșșȐșȚȍȕȚȣ ȐȏȕȍȔȖȋȈȓȐ ȐȔ
ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖȔț ȒȖȕȞȈ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ǹȓȍȌȧ ȏȈ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈȊȠȍȦ
ȕȍȘȊȕȖșȚȤȦ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȗȈȚȘȖȕȈ ȖȕȐ țȚȘȈȟȐȊȈȓȐ ȊȍȘț Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȋȍ-
ȕȐȑ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȓȐ ȉȖȧȚȤșȧ, ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȕȈȚȒȕțȓșȧ ȕȈ ȕȍȘȈȏȘȍȠȐȔțȦ
ȏȈȌȈȟț ȗȖȚȍȘȧȓ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȧȡțȦ ȕȐȚȤ ȖȗȣȚȖȊ Ȑ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȉȘȖșȈȍȚ-
șȧ Ȑȏ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ Ȋ șȚȖȘȖȕț, ȌȍȑșȚȊțȧ ȕȈțȌȈȟț ȓȐȠȤ ȉȣ ȕȍ
ȗȘȐȏȕȈȚȤ șȍȉȧ ȗȖȉȍȎȌȍȕȕȣȔ
DzȈȒȖȊȖ Ȏȍ ȉȣȓȖ Ȑȝ țȌȐȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȌȕȈȎȌȣ țȚȘȖȔ Ȋ
ȕȈȟȈȓȍ ȔȈȘȚȈ ȍȌȊȈ ȖȕȐ ȗȘȐȠȓȐ Ȋ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȚȖȘȐȦ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ

24
ȏȈȧȊȐȓ ȐȔ ȟȚȖ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȖȒȖȕȟȍȕȣ
ǨșșȐșȚȍȕȚȣ ȗȘȧȔȖ ȖșȚȖȓȉȍȕȍȓȐ
DzȈȒ ȚȈȒ" ǭȡȍ ȊȟȍȘȈ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȘȍȟȐ Ȗ ȗȘȍȒȘȈȡȍȕȐȐ ȘȈȉȖȚ.
ǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȍȡȍ ȕȐ ȘȈȏț ȕȍ ȏȈȐȒȕțȓșȧ Ȗ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȕȣȝ ȘȍȏțȓȤ-
ȚȈȚȈȝ ǪȍȌȤ ȕȍ ȗȖȕȈȗȘȈșȕț Ȏȍ ȖȕȐ ȚȘțȌȐȓȐșȤ"
ǵȖ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȗȖ-ȊȐȌȐȔȖȔț ȕȍ șȖȉȐȘȈȓșȧ ȌȈȊȈȚȤ ȖȉȢȧșȕȍ-
ȕȐȧ ǭȋȖ ȗȖȏȈ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȈ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ
șȖȖȉȡȐȚȤ Ȑ ȎȌȍȚ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ țȝȖȌȈ ȈșșȐșȚȍȕȚȖȊ
ǺȖȋȌȈ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȗȍȘȍșȗȘȖșȐȓ
— ǺȈȒ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ ȕȈȠȈ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ȒȖȕȟȍȕȈ"
— ȇ țȎȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ȟȚȖ ȒȖȕȟȍȕȈ — ȖȚȖȏȊȈȓșȧ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ
ȗȓȖȝȖ șȒȘȣȊȈȧ ȕȍȚȍȘȗȍȕȐȍ
— Ǩ ȒȈȒȖȊȣ ȍȍ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȣ"
ǵȖ ȚțȚ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȏȈȊȖȘȟȈȓ ȒȈȒ ȞȍȗȕȈȧ șȖȉȈȒȈ
— ǸȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȣ" ǸȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȣ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȑ ȗȖȒȈ ȊȖȚ ȚțȚ
— Ȗȕ ȝȓȖȗȕțȓ șȍȉȧ ȗȖ ȓȉț
 — ȅȚȖȋȖ, ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ
ǿȍȘȍȏ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȊȣȑȌȍȚ ȔȖȧ ȒȕȐȋȈ Ȗ ȟțȔȍ Ȑ ȚȖȋȌȈ
Ȋȣ Ȋșȍ țȏȕȈȍȚȍ ǺȍȗȍȘȤ Ȏȍ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȚȤ ȗȘȖ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȣ ȉȣ-
ȓȖ ȉȣ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȌȖȓȋȖ Ȉ Ȕȕȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȌȖȘȖȋȖ
ǰ, ȊȐȌȧ ȟȚȖ ȈșșȐșȚȍȕȚȣ Ȋșȍ ȍȡȍ ȔȕțȚșȧ Ȗȕ ȌȖȉȈȊȐȓ
— ǵȍȟȍȋȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȗȘȍȌȐșȓȖȊȐȐ ȧ ȖȚȔȍȟț ȊȈȠȍ șȖ-
ȚȘțȌȕȐȟȍșȚȊȖ Ȑ ȊȣȘȈȎț ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȖșȚȤ ȏȈ ȕȍȋȖ
ǷȖșȓȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȐȔ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȖșȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ țȑȚȐ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ Ȑ șȌȍ-
ȓȈȓȐ ȊȖȏȔțȡȍȕȕȣȍ ȌȖ ȋȓțȉȐȕȣ ȌțȠȐ ȖȉȘȈȡȍȕȐȍȔ ȗȘȖȜȍș-
șȖȘȈ ǷȘȖȑȌȧ ȠȈȋȖȊ șȚȖ ȗȖ țȓȐȞȍ Ȋșȍ ȚȘȖȍ șȘȈȏț ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐ-
ȓȐșȤ Ȑ ȍȌȐȕȖȌțȠȕȖ ȊȖșȒȓȐȒȕțȓȐ
— ǪȖȚ ȚȈȒ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȖȍ
ǷȖșȓȍ ȟȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓȐ ȗțȚȤ ȚȍȘȧȧșȤ Ȋ ȌȖȋȈȌȒȈȝ ȗȖ ȗȖ-
ȊȖȌț ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ șȍȋȖȌȕȧȠȕȍȋȖ șȓțȟȈȧ
ǬȖșȚȐȋ ȓȐ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȒȈȒȐȝ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȊ" ǰȓȐ
ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȌȖȉȐȓșȧ Ȑ șȒȘȣȊȈȍȚ șȊȖȦ ȕȍțȌȈȟț" Ǩ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ,
șȖȠȍȓ ș țȔȈ ȖȚ ȕȈȗȘȧȎȍȕȕȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍțȚȖȔȓȍȕȐȧ"
Ǫșȍ ȚȘȐ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȉȣȓȐ ȖȌȐȕȈȒȖȊȖ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȣ ȕȖ
ȒȈȒȖȍ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȉȓȐȎȍ Ȓ ȐșȚȐȕȍ — ȈșșȐșȚȍȕȚȣ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȐ
ȘȍȠȐȚȤ
ǴȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ, ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȖșȚȈȊȠȐșȤ ȖȌȐȕ ȋȖȚȖȊȐȓșȧ ȗȘȐșȚț-
ȗȐȚȤ Ȓ șȈȔȖȑ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖȑ ȟȈșȚȐ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȓ ȖȗȣȚț ȒȖȚȖ-
Șȣȑ ȧȊȓȧȓșȧ ȘȍȠȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȗȖȍȌȐȕȒȖȔ ȔȍȎȌț ȕȐȔ Ȑ ȟțȔȖȦ

25
Ȑ ȔȖȋ ȐȔȍȚȤ șȊȖȐȔ ȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ ȐȓȐ ȋȐȉȍȓȤ țȟȍȕȖȋȖ ȐȓȐ
ȍȋȖ ȗȖȓȕȖȍ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȖ
Ǫ șȊȖȐȝ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧȝ Ȗȕ ȌȖȠȍȓ ȌȖ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ șȖșȚȈȊȈ șȣȊȖ-
ȘȖȚȒȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȖ ȊșȍȔ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȌȈȕȕȣȔ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȓ
ȐșȞȍȓȧȚȤ ȖȚ ȟțȔȣ
ǬȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȐșȞȍȓȧȚȤ ȕȖ ȐșȞȍȓȧȓ ȐȓȐ ȕȍȚ — ȔȖȎȕȖ
ȉȣȓȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȚȤ, ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȐșȗȣȚȈȊȠȐ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ șȣȊȖȘȖȚȒȐ ȕȈ
ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȍ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȘȍȠȐȓ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍșȚȐ ȖȗȣȚ ȕȈ șȈȔȖȔ șȍȉȍ
ǺȈȒȖȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȐȔ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȖ ȉȍȏ ȊșȧȒȐȝ ȒȖȓȍȉȈȕȐȑ
Ȑ ȊȖȓȕȍȕȐȑ ȖȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȧȔȣȔ ȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȔ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ Ȋșȍȝ
ȗȘȍȌȣȌțȡȐȝ ȥȒșȗȍȘȐȔȍȕȚȖȊ ȕȈȌ ȒȘȖȓȐȒȈȔȐ ȒȘȣșȈȔȐ Ȑ Ȕȣ-
ȠȈȔȐ DzȖȋȌȈ Ȏȍ ȌȍȓȖ ȠȓȖ Ȗ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȖȗȣȚȖȊ ț
ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȖ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȕțȚȤ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȧ — ȕțȎȕȖ Ȑȝ ȌȖ-
ȊȖȌȐȚȤ ȌȖ ȒȖȕȞȈ ȐȓȐ ȕȍȚ"
ǿȚȖȉȣ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȘȊȈȚȤ ȞȍȗȤ ȜȈȒȚȖȊ ȊȍȌțȡȐȝ Ȓ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȐȦ
Ȗȕ șȖȋȓȈșȐȓșȧ ȉȣ ȗȖȌȊȍȘȋȕțȚȤ ȊȐȊȐșȍȒȞȐȐ ȘȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȖȚȞȈ
ǺȈȒȈȧ ȎȍȓȍȏȕȈȧ ȗȘȧȔȖȓȐȕȍȑȕȖșȚȤ ȗȖ șțȡȍșȚȊț ȟțȌȖȊȐȡȕȈ
ȕȖ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȐȓ ȍȍ Ȓ șȍȉȍ ȚȖ
Ȕȣ ȕȈȏȖȊȍȔ ȍȍ ȋȍȘȖȑșȚȊȖȔ
ǶȉȍșȗȍȟȐȊȠȐ șȍȉȍ ȗȖȓȕȖȍ ȖȌȐȕȖȟȍșȚȊȖ ȌȖ ȒȖȕȞȈ ȖȗȣȚȈ
ȖȚșȣȓȒȖȦ ȒțȝȈȘȒȐ Ȋ ȌȍȘȍȊȕȦ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȖȏȈ-
ȉȖȚȐȓșȧ ȏȈȋȖȚȖȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȏȈȗȈșȈ ȍȌȣ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐ ȍȋȖ ȕȍȚȘȍȉȖ-
ȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȉȣȓȖ ȌȍȓȖȔ ȕȍ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ șȓȖȎȕȣȔ ǷȖȚȖȔ ȗȘȐ-
ȕȧȓșȧ ȕȈȋȓțȝȖ ȏȈȗȐȘȈȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȌȊȍȘȐ Ȑ ȖȒȕȈ șȊȖȍȑ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȣ
ȟȚȖȉȣ ȉȈȞȐȓȓȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ Ȗȕ șȍȉȧ ȏȈȘȈȏȐȚ ȕȍ ȊȣȘȊȈȓȐșȤ
ȒȈȒ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȕȈ șȊȖȉȖȌț
ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȏȈȕȧȚȐȐ ȍȔț ȕȍȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȓșȧ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȍȌ-
ȠȍșȚȊȍȕȕȐȒ, ȕȍȔȍȞȒȐȑ ȌȖȒȚȖȘ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȏȈȉȖȓȍȊ șȘȍȌȐ Ȗȗȣ-
ȚȖȊ ȟțȔȖȦ ȏȈȗȍȘșȧ, ȒȈȒ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ, Ȑ ȕȈȗȐșȈȓ ȕȈ șȚȍȒ-
ȓȍ ȖȒȕȈ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȍȘȍȎȍȕȐȍ ȚȍȔ ȒȚȖ ȔȖȋ ȗȘȐȑȚȐ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȕȈ ȗȖ-
ȔȖȡȤ
ǿȚȖ-ȚȖ ȌȘȖȋȕțȓȖ Ȋ ȌțȠȍ ț ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ ȗȘȐ ȚȈȒȖȔ ȊȖșȗȖ-
ȔȐȕȈȕȐȐ ȕȖ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȓȐȠȤ ȉȍșșȖȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȐȕșȚȐȕȒ-
ȚȐȊȕȖȍ ȊȖȓȕȍȕȐȍ ǹȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ Ȏȍ ȍȋȖ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȖșȤ ȕȍȊȖȏȔțȚȐȔȖ
șȗȖȒȖȑȕȣȔ Ƕȕ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȌțȔȈȓ Ȗ ȚȍȝȕȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖșȚȧȝ
ȗȘȐȊȐȊȒȐ ȟȍȔ Ȗ ȍȍ ȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȧȝ
ǺȈȒ Ȏȍ ȔȍȚȖȌȐȟȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȖȗȣȚȖȊ ȖȚȒțȗȖ-

26
ȘȐȓ Ȗȕ șȒȓȧȕȒț ș ȒțȓȤȚțȘȖȦ ȉȈȞȐȓȓ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȓ ȏȈȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ț
șȍȉȧ ȕȈ ȘțȒȍ ȕȈȓȖȎȐȓ ȗȖȊȧȏȒț Ȑ ȈȒȒțȘȈȚȕȖ ȖȚȔȍȚȐȓ ȌȍȕȤ Ȑ
ȟȈș Ȋ ȎțȘȕȈȓȍ
ǷȖȚȖȔ ȏȈȒțȘȐȓ ȗȈȗȐȘȖșț Ȑ șȚȈȓ ȝȖȌȐȚȤ ȗȖ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ DzȈ-
ȒȖȍ-ȚȖ ȚȖșȒȓȐȊȖȍ ȉȍșȗȖȒȖȑșȚȊȖ ȗȖȌȕȐȔȈȓȖșȤ șȖ ȌȕȈ ȌțȠȐ
ȊȖȗȘȍȒȐ țșȐȓȐȧȔ ȊȖȓȐ Ƕȕ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȓ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȘȐșȒȈ
ȕȖ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȕȍȊȣȕȖșȐȔȣȔ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȐ ȞȍȓȖȋȖ ȘȧȌȈ Ȍȕȍȑ ȎȌȈȚȤ
ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȈ șȖȏȕȈȊȈȧ ȟȚȖ ȕȖșȐȠȤ ȊȕțȚȘȐ șȍȉȧ șȔȍȘȚȤ
©ǽȖȚȤ ȉȣ șȒȖȘȍȍ Ȋșȍ ȠȓȖª — ȔȍȓȤȒȕțȓȈ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȔȣșȓȤ,
ȕȖ, ȊȐȌȧ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ ȘȈșȗțșȒȈȚȤșȧ, Ȗȕ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȐȓ ȕȈȗȘȈȊ-
ȓȍȕȐȍ Ȕȣșȓȍȑ Ȑ șȚȈȓ ȌțȔȈȚȤ Ȗ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȑ șȐȓȍ ȕȍȊȐȌȐȔȖȋȖ
ǪȖȚ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ Ȗȕ ȐșȗȣȚȈȓ ȚȈȒțȦ Ȏȍ ȉȖȓȤ ȒȈȒțȦ ȐșȗȣȚȣ-
ȊȈȍȚ ȘȍȉȍȕȖȒ ȗȘȐ ȗȘȐȊȐȊȒȍ Ȗșȗȣ ǬȈȎȍ Ȋ ȚȍȝȕȐȒȍ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ
ȕȍȚ ȘȈȏȕȐȞȣ Ȉ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ, ȒȈȒȈȧ ȘȈȏȕȐȞȈ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȧȝ
ǪȘȈȎȌȍȉȕȈȧ ȕȍȊȐȌȐȔȈȧ șȐȓȈ ȊȗȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȚȍȓȖ ǷȘȖȜȍș-
șȖȘ ȏȈȒȘȣȓ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȧ ȟȚȖ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖ-
ȌȐȚ ǩȈȒȚȍȘȐȐ șȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȏȈȞȍȗȐȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȘȈȕȍ ȕȈ ȒȘȈȦ ȒȘȖȊȍ-
ȕȖșȕȣȝ șȖșțȌȖȊ ǷȖȚȖȔ ȗȖȚȖȒ ȒȘȖȊȐ ȕȈȟȈȓ Ȑȝ ȏȈȝȊȈȚȣȊȈȚȤ
Ȑ ȕȍșȚȐ ș șȖȉȖȦ ȊȖ ȔȘȈȒȍ ȗȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȖ ȘȈșȠȐȘȧȦȡȐȝșȧ ȈȘȚȍ-
ȘȐȑ Ȑ Ȋȍȕ DzȈȒ ȖȕȐ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ șȍȉȧ ȗȖȟțȊșȚȊȖ-
ȊȈȚȤ ȗȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ, ȗȖ Ȑȝ ȗȘȖȏȘȈȟȕȣȔ șȓȐȏȐșȚȣȔ
ȚȍȓȈȔ ȗȘȖȉȍȎȈȓȈ ȌȘȖȎȤ ȗȓȖȚșȒȖȋȖ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ,
Ȑȝ ȖȗȤȧȕȧȍȚ ȏȈȗȈȝ ȒȘȖȊȐ
ǪȍȘȕȖ ȓȐȠȤ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȐȔȐ ȖȊȓȈȌȍȓȈ ȉȍȠȍȕȈȧ ȗȖȚȘȍȉȕȖșȚȤ
ȘȈȏȔȕȖȎȍȕȐȧ
ǴȟȈșȤ ȊȖ ȚȤȔȍ ȒȘȖȊȍȕȖșȕȣȝ șȖșțȌȖȊ ȗȘȖȕȐȒȈȧ ȊȖ Ȋșȍ
ȚȒȈȕȐ ȚȖ ȗȘȖȗȓȣȊȈȧ ȗȖ ȔȐȒȘȖșȒȖȗȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȒȈȒ ȖȕȐ șȈȔȐ
ȒȈȗȐȓȓȧȘȈȔ ȚȖ ȒȘțȚȧșȤ Ȋ ȕȍȖȉȖȏȘȐȔȖȔ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȍ ȒȘțȗ-
ȕȣȝ șȖșțȌȖȊ ȚȖ ȒțȗȈȧșȤ Ȋ ȋȖȘȧȟȍȑ ȈȓȖȑ ȊȓȈȋȍ ȈȘȚȍȘȐȑ ȚȖ
ȖȚȌȈȊȈȧșȤ ȉȖȓȍȍ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȖȔț ȚȍȟȍȕȐȦ ȊȍȕȖȏȕȖȑ ȒȘȖȊȐ ȖȕȐ
ȘȈȏȔȕȖȎȈȦȚșȧ ȘȈȏȔȕȖȎȈȦȚșȧ ȘȈȏȔȕȖȎȈȦȚșȧ
ǰȝ ȟȐșȓȖ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈȍȚ Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȗȘȖȋȘȍșșȐȐ ȒȈȒȈȧ ȔȖȎȍȚ
ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȤșȧ ȓȐȠȤ ȊȖșȗȈȓȍȕȕȖȔț ȔȖȏȋț șțȔȈșȠȍȌȠȍȋȖ ȔȈ-
ȚȍȔȈȚȐȒȈ
ǹȍȒțȕȌȣ ȒȈȎțȚșȧ ȋȖȌȈȔȐ ȗȖ șȘȈȊȕȍȕȐȦ ș ȉȣșȚȘȖȚȖȦ Ȑȝ
ȘȈȏȔȕȖȎȍȕȐȧ
ǴȐȓȓȐȖȕȣ — ȕȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȒȈȒ ȍȌȐȕȐȞȣ Ȋ șȘȈȊȕȍȕȐȐ ș Ȑȝ ȟȐ-
șȓȖȔ

27
ǹȐȓȈ ȊȐȝȘȧ ȏȍȔȓȍȚȘȧșȍȕȐȧ ȐȏȊȍȘȎȍȕȐȧ ȊțȓȒȈȕȈ — ȕȐ-
ȟȚȖ ȗȍȘȍȌ șȐȓȖȦ Ȑȝ ȗȓȖȌȖȊȐȚȖșȚȐ
ǴȐȓȓȐȖȕȣ Ȑȝ ȋȐȉȕțȚ Ȋ ȉȖȘȤȉȍ șȖ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȣȔ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȔȖȔ,
Ȉ Ȋșȍ-ȚȈȒȐ ȋȘȖȏȕȈȧ ȈȘȔȐȧ ȘȈșȚȍȚ Ȑ ȖȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȍȚ ȊȍȘȝ
ǪȖȚ ȖȕȐ țȎȍ țȒȘȍȗȐȓȐșȤ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ ȐȏȉȘȈȕȕȣȝ ȗțȕȒȚȈȝ,
ȊȕțȚȘȐ Ȏȍȓȍȏ ȗȍȘȍȗȖȓȕȐȓȐ Ȋșȍ ȚȍȓȖ Ȑ ȘȈȏȔȕȖȎȈȦȚșȧ ȘȈȏȔȕȖ-
ȎȈȦȚșȧ ȘȈȏȔȕȖȎȈȦȚșȧ
ǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȖȚȒȘȣȓ ȋȓȈȏȈ ǫȖȓȖȊȈ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȒȘțȎȐȓȈșȤ ȖȚ
ȥȚȐȝ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȣȝ Ȑ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ȜȈȕȚȈșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊ ȕȖ Ȗȕ ȗȘȍ-
ȖȌȖȓȍȓ Ȑȝ țȎȈș Ȑ șȍȓ ȕȈȉȐȊȈȚȤ ȗȈȗȐȘȖșȣ
ǬȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖȍ ȏȈȕȧȚȐȍ Ȍȓȧ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ
șȍȋȖȌȕȧ ȎȐȊ Ȉ ȏȈȊȚȘȈ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉțȌȍȚ ȊȣȐȋȘȈȚȤ șȊȖȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȋ
ȒȖșȚȐ ț șțȌȤȉȣ
ǻȒȘȖȚȐȚȍȓȤ ȗȖȓȖȎȐȊȠȐȑ ȋȖȓȖȊț Ȋ ȗȈșȚȤ ȓȤȊȈ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȚȈ-
ȒȐȍ Ȏȍ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȖșȚȈȊȈȚȤșȧ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȣȔ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ Ȋ
ȥȚȐ ȔȐȕțȚȣ ȕȖ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȏȕȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȟȍȔ ȖȉȣȌȍȕȕȍȍ ȟȍȔ Ȕȍ-
ȓȖȟȕȍȍ ȏȈȕȧȚȐȍ ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȖȕȖ șȗȖșȖȉșȚȊțȍȚ ȗȘȐȊȍȌȍȕȐȦ
ȌțȠȐ Ȋ ȍȍ ȖȉȣȌȍȕȕȖȍ ȗȖȓțșȖȕȕȖȍ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍ Ƕȕ ȕȈȉȐȊȈȓ ȗȈ-
ȗȐȘȖșȣ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȘțȒȐ ȍȋȖ ȕȐșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍ ȌȘȖȎȈȓȐ Ȑ ȋȐȓȤȏ ȗȖȘ-
ȚȐȓ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȟȍȔ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ
ǯȈȚȖ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȍȕȍȑ ȒȖȋȌȈ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȐșȤ ȗȍȘ-
Ȋȣȍ șȐȔȗȚȖȔȣ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȐ ȌțȠȍȊȕȖȍ ȘȈȊȕȖȊȍșȐȍ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ
ȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȕȈȘțȠȍȕȕȣȔ. ǺȖȋȌȈ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȓȈ ȗȖȔȖȋȈȚȤ Ȑ ȕȈȉȐȊ-
ȒȈ ȗȈȗȐȘȖș ǰȔ ȖȊȓȈȌȍȓȖ ȉȍȏțȔȕȖȍ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȍ șȍȑȟȈș Ȏȍ ȊșȗȘȣ-
șȕțȚȤ șȍȉȍ ȓȍȟȍȉȕțȦ șȣȊȖȘȖȚȒț
ǺȈȒȖȍ șȐȓȤȕȖȍ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȍ ȟȚȖ ȌȍȕȤ Ȑ ȕȖȟȤ ș ȕȐȔ ȗȘȐȝȖ-
ȌȐȓȖșȤ ȉȖȘȖȚȤșȧ
ǶȌȕȈȒȖ țȟȍȕȣȑ ȊȖșȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȖȊȈȓ Ȑ șȌȍȓȈȓ ȗȘȐȊȐȊȒț ȓȐȠȤ
ȟȍȘȍȏ ȠȍșȚȤ Ȍȕȍȑ ȗȖșȓȍ ȏȈȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȌȖȎȌȈȊȠȐșȤ ȕȈșȚțȗȓȍ-
ȕȐȧ șȈȔȣȝ ȋȘȖȏȕȣȝ Ȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȣȝ șȐȔȗȚȖȔȖȊ
ǹȓȍȌțȦȡȐȑ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȗȍȘȐȖȌ ȉȣȓ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ Ȑ
ȚȧȎȍȓȣȔ ǺȍȔȗȍȘȈȚțȘȈ ȗȖȊȣșȐȓȈșȤ ȋȖȓȖȊȈ ȉȣȓȈ șȓȖȊȕȖ Ȋ
ȚțȔȈȕȍ șȚȘȈȕȕȣȍ ȚȘȍȊȖȎȕȣȍ ȔȣșȓȐ ȠȓȐ ȕȈ țȔ
Ǫ ȥȚȖȚ ȗȍȘȐȖȌ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ȕȍ ȌțȔȈȊȠȐȑ Ȗ
ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȈ ȖșȖȏȕȈȓ Ȑ ȗȖȕȧȓ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȕȍȑ ȏȈȒ-
ȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȍ ȉȓȈȋȖ
ǷȖȟȍȔț ȥȚȖ ȚȈȒ ȟȍȔ ȝȖȘȖȠȈ ȎȐȏȕȤ — Ȗȕ ȕȍ șțȔȍȓ ȉȣ
ȖȉȢȧșȕȐȚȤ ȕȖ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȊȧȏȈȕ Ȓ ȕȍȑ ȊșȍȔȐ șȐȓȈ-

28
ȔȐ șȊȖȍȑ ȌțȠȐ
Ǩ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȎȈȘ Ȑ ȕȍȌȖȔȖȋȈȕȐȍ ȌȖșȚȐȋȓȐ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȔȈȒșȐȔț-
ȔȈ ȐȔ ȖȊȓȈȌȍȓȖ ȍȡȍ ȖȌȕȖ ȕȖȊȖȍ ȖȡțȡȍȕȐȍ
ǻ ȕȍȋȖ ȗȘȖșȕțȓȈșȤ ȕȍȗȘȍȖȉȖȘȐȔȈȧ ȗȖȚȘȍȉȕȖșȚȤ ȒȖȋȖ-ȕȐ-
ȉțȌȤ ȓȦȉȐȚȤ Ȑ ȉȣȚȤ ȒȍȔ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȓȦȉȐȔȣȔ ǹȔȍȘȚȤ șȔȖȚȘȍ-
ȓȈȍȔțȊȋȓȈȏȈȕȖȖȕȌțȔȈȓȕȍȖȕȍȑȈȖȚȖȔȟȚȖȍșȓȐȉȣ
ȖȒȖȓȖ ȕȍȋȖ ȉȣȓ ȗȘȍȌȈȕȕȣȑ ȓȈșȒȖȊȣȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ șȖȊșȍȔ șȖȊșȍȔ ȕȍ șȚȍșȕȧȚȤșȧ ȚȖ Ȋșȍ
ȚȘȍȊȖȋȐ ȉȍșȗȖȒȖȑșȚȊȈ ȌȈȎȍ ȉȖȓȤ ȗȖȚȍȘȧȓȐ ȉȣ șȊȖȦ șȐȓț
Ƕȕ șȈȔ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓ ȏȈȟȍȔ ȍȔț ȕțȎȕȈ ȟȤȧ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȉȓȐȏȖșȚȤ
ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ, Ȗȕ șȚȈȓ ȉȣ ȓȈșȒȈȚȤșȧ ȒȈȒ ȘȍȉȍȕȖȒ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ,
ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȈȊȐȓ ȓȈșȒȈȚȤ Ȑ țșȗȖȒȈȐȊȈȚȤ șȍȉȧ ȗȖȎȈȓțȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȏȈ-
ȗȓȈȒȈȓ ȉȣ ȚȐȝȐȔȐ șȓȍȏȈȔȐ ȕȖ ȊȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȍȌȐȕșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȟȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȎȈȎȌȈȓ Ȋ ȥȚȐ ȔȐȕțȚȣ ȉȣȓȖ Ȗȉȡȍ-
ȕȐȍ ș ȒȈȒȖȦ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȑ ȌțȠȖȑ
ǩȍșȗȘȖșȊȍȚȕȖȍ ȖȌȐȕȖȟȍșȚȊȖ ȉȣȊȠȍȍ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ ȍȋȖ șȚȐ-
ȝȐȍȑ ȊȌȘțȋ ȕȈȟȈȓȖ ȌȈȊȐȚȤ ȚȍȘȏȈȚȤ ȉȍȌȕȖȋȖ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ Ȋȣȏȣ-
ȊȈȧ șȔțȚȕȣȍ ȔȍȟȚȣ Ȗ ȓȦȉȊȐ Ȑ ȕȍȎȕȖșȚȐ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȕȍ țȔȍȊȠȍ-
ȋȖ ȓȦȉȐȚȤ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȊȠȍȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȕȍȎȕȖșȚȤ
ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȗȘȖȠȓȖ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȉȖȓȍȏȕȤȦ Ȑ ȖșȚȈȓȖșȤ
Ȋ ȗȈȔȧȚȐ ȓȐȠȤ ȒȈȒ ȉȘȍȌ ȔȐȕțȊȠȍȑ ȋȖȘȧȟȒȐ
ǿȍȘȍȏ ȌȍȊȧȚȤ Ȍȕȍȑ ȗȖșȓȍ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȖȗȣȚȈ țșȗȍȝ ȉȣȓ țȎȍ ȕȍ-
șȖȔȕȍȕȍȕ ǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȉȣȓ ȕȈ ȗțȚȐ Ȓ ȊȣȏȌȖȘȖȊȓȍȕȐȦ ȏȕȈ-
ȟȐȚ ȟțȔȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȖȉȍȎȌȍȕȈ Ȑ ȕȈȊȍȒȐ ȓȐȠȍȕȈ șȊȖȍȑ ȔȖȡȐ
Ǭȓȧ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ ȕȈșȚțȗȐȓ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ ȘȈșȗȓȈȚȣ ȏȈ ȉȍȏțșȚȈȕ-
ȕțȦ ȕȈȗȘȧȎȍȕȕțȦ ȘȈȉȖȚț Ȑ ȏȈ ȉȍȏȏȈȊȍȚȕțȦ șȔȍȓȖșȚȤ ȗȖșȓȍȌ-
ȕȍȋȖ ȖȗȣȚȈ
ǶșȚȈȊȈȓȖșȤ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȚȤ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȣ ȘȈȉȖȚ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȊȓȈ-
ȌȍȚȤ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȦ ȊșȍȔȐȘȕȖȦ șȓȈȊȖȑ
ǵȖ Ȗȕ ș ȥȚȐȔ ȒȈȒ-ȚȖ ȕȍ ȚȖȘȖȗȐȓșȧ
ǹȓȖȎȕȖȍ ȟțȊșȚȊȖ șȔȍȠȈȕȕȖȍ Ȑȏ ȘȍȊȕȖșȚȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȕȍ-
ȕȈȊȐșȚȕȐȟȍșȚȊȈ Ȑ șȈȔȖȓȦȉȐȧ, ȔȍȠȈȓȖ ȍȔț ȘȈșșȚȈȚȤșȧ ș ȏȕȈ-
ȔȍȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȦ ȚȈȑȕȖȑ
ǷȖȒȈ ȖȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ șȖȝȘȈȕȍȕȈ Ȗȕ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓșȧ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ
ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ șȐȓȤȕȣȔ ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȟțȔȈ ǹȚȖȐȚ ȍȍ ȖȗțȉȓȐ-
ȒȖȊȈȚȤ Ȑ ȊșȧȒȐȑ ȗȘȖȊȐȕȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȜȍȓȤȌȠȍȘ ȕȈȟȕȍȚ ȗȖȓȤȏȖ-
ȊȈȚȤșȧ ȍȋȖ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȐȍȔ ȒȈȒ șȊȖȐȔ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ

29
Dz ȟȍȔț Ȏȍ șȗȍȠȐȚȤ ȌȍȓȐȚȤșȧ ș ȌȘțȋȐȔȐ șȊȖȐȔ ȔȖȋțȡȍșȚ-
ȊȖȔ"DzȘȖȔȍ ȥȚȐȝ ȖȡțȡȍȕȐȑ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ șȔțȚ-
ȕȣȝ ȉȣȓȈ ȌȘțȋȈȧ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȈ ȏȈȌȍȘȎȈȊȠȈȧ ȊȣȝȖȌ Ȋ șȊȍȚ ȒȕȐ-
ȋȐ Ȗ ȟțȔȍ Ȑ șȗȖșȖȉȍ ȍȍ ȐȏȓȍȟȍȕȐȧ
ǮȍȓȍȏȕȈȧ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȧ ȕȍ ȗȖȒȐȌȈȊȠȈȧ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ, ȗȖȒȈ ȞȍȓȤ
ȕȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȌȖșȚȐȋȕțȚȈ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȖșȓȈȉȍȓȈ Ƕȕ țȎȍ
ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ ȞȍȓȣȔȐ ȌȕȧȔȐ ȉȍȏ ȗȍȘȍȌȣȠ-
ȒȐ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȊȖ ȊșȍȔ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȔȍ ȒȈȒțȦ-ȚȖ ȘȈșșȓȈȉȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤ
țȚȖȔȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈȔ ȞȍȓȣȔȐ ȟȈșȈȔȐ șȐȌȍȓ ȉȍȏ ȌȍȓȈ ȐȓȐ
ȖȚȗȘȈȊȓȧȓșȧ ȉȘȖȌȐȚȤ ȗȖ ȋȖȘȖȌț ȟȍȋȖ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ș ȕȐȔ ȕȐȒȖ-
ȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȉȣȊȈȓȖ
ǵȍȘȊȣ ȍȋȖ ȗȖșȓȍ ȖȗȣȚȈ ș ȟțȔȖȦ ȕȐȒȈȒ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȖȒȘȍȗ-
ȕțȚȤ
ǵȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ȍȔț ȚȈȒ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖ ȟțȊ-
șȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ șȊȖȍ ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ ȚȖ ȍȋȖ ȖȝȊȈȚȣȊȈȓȈ ȉȍșȗȘȐȟȐȕȕȈȧ
ȚȖșȒȈ ȌȈ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȟȚȖ ȊȍșȤ ȔȐȘ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȓșȧ ȗȖșȚȣȓȣȔ ȚȖ ȕȍ-
ȗȖȕȧȚȕȖȍ ȉȍșȗȖȒȖȑșȚȊȖ ȋȕȈȓȖ ȍȋȖ Ȑȏ ȌȖȔȈ Ȑ ȗȖȉțȎȌȈȓȖ ȝȖȌȐȚȤ
ȉȍȏ ȊșȧȒȖȑ ȞȍȓȐ Ȑȏ țȓȐȞȣ Ȋ țȓȐȞț ȚȖ ȕȈșȚțȗȈȓȐ ȗȘȐșȚțȗȣ
șȐȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȌȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ șȗȖșȖȉȍȕ ȊȣȔȍȡȈȚȤ
ȏȓȖșȚȤ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȈ ȕȍȖȌțȠȍȊȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚȈȝ
«ǹȚȈȘȍȦ ȘȈșȗțșȒȈȦșȤ ȐȏȉȈȓȖȊȈȓșȧª — ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ȗȘȖȜȍș-
șȖȘ ș ȋȖȘȍȟȤȦ ȕȖ ȕȐȒȈȒ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȏȈȉȘȈȚȤ șȍȉȧ Ȋ ȘțȒȐ
Ǩ ȚțȚ ȍȡȍ șȓțȟȐȓȈșȤ ȖȌȕȈ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȊȣȉȐȊ-
ȠȈȧ ȍȋȖ Ȑȏ ȗȘȍȎȕȍȑ ȒȖȓȍȐ ǶȌȕȈȎȌȣ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȈȧșȤ ș ȓȍȒ-
ȞȐȐ Ȋ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚȍ Ȗȕ șȍȓ ȗȖ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ Ȋ ȒȖȕȒț ȐȌț-
ȡțȦ ȕȈ ǬȍȊȐȟȤȍ ȗȖȓȍ
ǹȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȒȖȕȒȈ ȠȓȈ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȗțșȚȈȧ ȕȖ ȗȘȐ ȒȈȎȌȖȑ ȖșȚȈ-
ȕȖȊȒȍ Ȋ ȕȍȍ ȒȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ șȈȌȐȓșȧ ǴȍȎȌț ȗȘȖȟȐȔ ȊȖȠȓȐ ȕȍ-
șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȉȈȘȣȠȍȕȤ ș ȗȈȗȒȈȔȐ Ȋ ȘțȒȈȝ Ȑ țșȍȓȐșȤ ȘȧȌȣȠȒȖȔ
Ȋ țȋȓț ȗȍȘȍȠȍȗȚȣȊȈȧșȤ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍșȔȍȐȊȈȧșȤ
DzȈȘȚȐȕȈ ȡȍȉȍȟțȡȐȝ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȝ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȑ
ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ Ȋ ȊȣșȠȍȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ȚȘȖȋȈȚȍȓȤȕȈ ȗȖȚȖ-
Ȕț ȟȚȖ ȊȗȍȘȍȌ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȏȕȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȠȍȗȟțȚ ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋț ȕȈ
țȝȖ ȊȍȡȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȉȣ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȊȖ ȊșȍțșȓȣȠȈȕȐȍ Ȑ
șȔȍȦȚșȧ ȕȍ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖȉȣ Ȋ Ȑȝ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȍ ȉȣȓ ȗȖȊȖȌ Ȍȓȧ ȥȚȖ-
ȋȖ Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȔȖȓȖȌȣ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȣ Ȑ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȣ
ǵȖ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȕȍ ȓȦȉȐȓ ȘȈȏȋȓȧȌȣȊȈȚȤ ȗțȉȓȐȒț Dz ȚȖȔț

30
Ȏȍ ȟțȎȖȑ șȔȍȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȍȔț ȕȈ ȕȍȘȊȣ ǷȖȥȚȖȔț Ȗȕ ȕȍ Ȗȉ-
ȘȈȡȈȓ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȒȖȔȗȈȕȐȦ ȉȈȘȣȠȍȕȤ ȗȖȒȈ
ȕȍ țșȓȣȠȈȓ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȋȘȖȔȒȐȑ ȠȍȗȖȚ
— ǺȈȒ ȥȚȖ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȚȖȚ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȑ
ǫȖȓȖș ȏȊțȟȈȓ ȌȍȚșȒȐȔ ȊȖșȝȐȡȍȕȐȍȔ ȒȈȒ ț ȘȍȉȍȕȒȈ ȊȖșȚȖȘ-
ȋȈȦȡȖȋȖșȧ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȒȓȍȚȒȖȑ ș ȖȉȍȏȤȧȕȈȔȐ ǪȏȋȓȧȕțȊȠȐ ȗȘȖ-
ȜȍșșȖȘ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȓ ȗȈȘț ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȐȝ ȧșȕȣȝ ȋȓȈȏ ȋȓȧȌȍȊȠȐȝ
ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ ȉȍȏ ȊșȧȒȖȑ ȞȍȘȍȔȖȕȐȐ ȕȖ Ȑ ȉȍȏ ȗȘȐȊȣȟȕȖȋȖ ȍȔț
țȌȐȊȓȍȕȐȧ
ǫȓȈȏȈ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȈȓȐ ȊȖșȝȐȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȔț ȌȍȊȐȟȤȍȔț ȓȐȟȐ-
Ȓț ș ȗȖȓțȖȚȒȘȣȚȣȔ ȘȚȖȔ Ȑ ȉȍȓȖȒțȘȣȔȐ ȠȍȓȒȖȊȐșȚȣȔȐ ȒțȌ-
ȘȧȔȐ ȊȣȉȐȊȈȊȠȐȔȐșȧ Ȑȏ-ȗȖȌ ȠȓȧȗȒȐ
ǩȈȘȣȠȕȧ ȕȍȖȚșȚțȗȕȖ ȋȓȧȌȍȓȈ ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ Ȑ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ
ȚȈȒ ȔȐȓȈ ȟȚȖ ȌȈȎȍ țȋȘȦȔȣȑ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȕȍ țȌȍȘȎȈȓșȧ ȖȚ
țȓȣȉȒȐ Ȋ ȖȚȊȍȚ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȖȕȈ ȓȈșȒȖȊȖ ȏȈșȔȍȧȓȈșȤ
ǭȔț șȚȈȓȖ Ȑ ȕȍȓȖȊȒȖ Ȑ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ǺȈȒȐȔ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȣȔ ȌȖȊȍ-
ȘȐȍȔ Ȓ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȓ ȓȦȌȧȔ ȊȍȧȓȖ ȖȚ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ ȖȚ ȍȍ șȊȍȎȍȋȖ
ȓȐȟȐȒȈ ȖȚ ȉȍșȞȍȘȍȔȖȕȕȣȝ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȖȊ ȟȚȖ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊț ȖȕȈ ȗȖȒȈ-
ȏȈȓȈșȤ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȔ Ȑȏ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȕȍȏȕȈȒȖȔȖȋȖ ȍȔț ȔȐȘȈ Ƕȕ Ȗȗț-
șȚȐȓ ȋȖȓȖȊț ȗȖșȚȈȘȈȓșȧ ȏȈȕȧȚȤșȧ ȗȘȍȘȊȈȕȕȣȔȐ ȔȣșȓȧȔȐ
ȕȖ ȖȕȐ ȒȈȒ-ȚȖ ȗȓȖȝȖ ȠȓȐ ȕȈ țȔ Ȑ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȔȐȕțȚț Ȗȕ ȗȖȑȔȈȓ
șȍȉȧ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ șȕȖȊȈ ȋȓȧȌȐȚ ȕȈ ȕȍȍ
DzȖȕȒȈ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ ȚȘȧșȓȈșȤ ȌȘȍȉȍȏȎȈȓȈ ȊșȍȔȐ șȊȖȐȔȐ
ȖȒȕȈȔȐ Ȑ ȠȓȈ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ ǺȖ ȖȌȕȈ ȚȖ ȌȘțȋȈȧ Ȑȏ ȒȖȔȗȈȕȐȐ ȉȈ-
ȘȣȠȍȕȤ ȊșȚȈȊȈȓȈ ȗȖșȗȍȠȕȖ ȞȍȓȖȊȈȓȈ ȗȖȌȘțȋ Ȑ ȐșȟȍȏȈȓȈ ȕȈ
ȗȓȖȡȈȌȒȍ DzȖȋȌȈ ȌȖȍȝȈȓȐ ȌȖ ǷȓȦȡȐȝȐ Ȋ ȊȈȋȖȕȍ ȖșȚȈȊȈ-
ȓȈșȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȈ ȉȈȘȣȠȕȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȓȈ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ǽȘȍȉ-
ȚȖȊȈ
dzȐȠȐȊȠȐșȤ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȈȘȐȊȈȚȤ ȖȕȈ ȊȐȌȐȔȖ
ȏȈșȒțȟȈȓȈ ȘȈșȒȘȣȓȈ ȗȈȗȒț ș ȕȖȚȈȔȐ ȉȣȊȠțȦ Ȋ ȘțȒȈȝ ȟȚȖ-
ȚȖ ȚȈȔ ȗȖșȔȖȚȘȍȓȈ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȏȈȝȓȖȗȕțȓȈ ȗȈȗȒț ȕȍȊȕȐȔȈȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȣȔ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȖȔ șȒȖȓȤȏȕțȓȈ ȗȖ ȊȈȋȖȕț ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓȈ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖȜȍș-
șȖȘ ȕȈ ȕȍȍ șȔȖȚȘȐȚ Ȑ ȖȗȧȚȤ ȍȔț țȓȣȉȕțȓȈșȤ
ǯȈȚȍȔ șȟȐȚȈȧ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ ȖȉȔȍȕ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȖȊ ȏȈ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟ-
ȕȖȍ ȊșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȏȕȈȒȖȔșȚȊț șȒȈȏȈȓȈ
— DzȈȒȈȧ ȖȚȊȘȈȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȗȖȋȖȌȈ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȌȍȚȐ ȉȖȧȓȐșȤ Ȉ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȐȏȉȍȋȈȓȐ
șȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȘȈșȚȍȘȧȓșȧ Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔ ș ȎȈȘȖȔ ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓ

31
— Ƕ ȌȈ țȎȈșȕȈȧ — ǽȖȚȍȓ ȍȡȍ ȟȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȌȖȉȈȊȐȚȤ ȕȖ
ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓ ȟȚȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ Ȑ ȖșȍȒșȧ
ǶȕȈ ȏȈșȔȍȧȓȈșȤ șȊȖȐȔ șȊȍȚȓȣȔ șȍȘȍȉȘȐșȚȣȔ șȔȍȝȖȔ Ȋȍ-
ȘȖȧȚȕȖ, ȍȑ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȏȈȉȈȊȕȣȔ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ș ȒȈȒȐȔ ȗȘȖȜȍș-
șȖȘ șȒȈȏȈȓ șȊȖȐ șȓȖȊȈ ǷȖȚȖȔ șȌȍȓȈȓȈșȤ ȖȟȍȕȤ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖȦ Ȑ
ȊȈȎȕȖ șȗȘȖșȐȓȈ
— ǪȍȌȤ Ȋȣ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ" ǷȘȈȊȌȈ"
ǰ, ȗȖȓțȟȐȊȠȐ ȗȖȌȚȊȍȘȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȌȖȉȈȊȐȓȈ
— ȇ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȘȈȌȈ ȟȚȖ țȊȐȌȈȓȈ ȊȈș ǷȘȖ ȊȈș ȚȈȒ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȐ-
ȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȟȐȚȈȚȤ Ȑ șȓȣȠȈȚȤ ȇ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȘȈȏ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȊȐȎț
ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȖșȚȤ
ǰ, ȖȚȌȈȊȠȐ șȊȖȍȑ ȔȐȕțȚȕȖȑ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖșȚȤȦ ȌȈȕȤ ȍȋȖ ȕȈțȟ-
ȕȣȔ ȏȈșȓțȋȈȔ șȕȖȊȈ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ țȓȣȉȈȚȤșȧ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ țȓȣȉȒȈ
ȉȣȓȈ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȍȍ ȓȐȞȈ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȒȖȍ-ȒȈȒ ȗȖȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȐȓ ȍȍ ȏȈ ȒȖȔȗȓȐȔȍȕȚ ȗȖȚȖȔ
ȖȕȐ ȗȍȘȍȒȐȕțȓȐșȤ ȍȡȍ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȔȐ ȜȘȈȏȈȔȐ Ȑ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȗȘȖ-
șȚȐȓȐșȤ ȌȖȉȘȣȔȐ ȌȘțȏȤȧȔȐ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȌȖȍȝȈȓȐ ȌȖ ǬȍȊȐȟȤȍȋȖ
ȗȖȓȧ
— Ǵȍȕȧ ȏȖȊțȚ ǵȈȌȍȎȌȈ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȕȈ DzȘȍșȚȖȊșȒȈȧ, —
șȒȈȏȈȓȈ ȖȕȈ ȗȍȘȊȈȧ ȗȖȌȈȊȈȧ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘț ȘțȒț ǯȈȚȍȔ ȊȏȧȓȈ
șȊȖȐ ȕȖȚȣ ȓȍȋȒȖ șȖșȒȖȟȐȓȈ ș ȗȓȖȡȈȌȒȐ Ȑ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȗȖȠȓȈ ȗȖ
ȚȘȖȚțȈȘț
ǷȖȝȖȌȒȈ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȕȈȖȉȖȘȖȚ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȔȍȌȓȍȕ-
ȕȈ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ, ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȟȍȔ șȒȘȣȚȤșȧ Ȋ șȊȖȦ ȉȍȘȓȖȋț Ȗȕ țșȗȍȓ
ȏȈȔȍȚȐȚȤ, Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȌȖȔ ȖȕȈ ȊȖȠȓȈ
DzȖȕȍȞ Ȍȕȧ țȟȍȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȊȍȓ ȕȍșȗȖȒȖȑȕȖ ǪȖ-ȗȍȘȊȣȝ, ȘȈȉȖ-
ȚȈ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȓȈȌȐȓȈșȤ ȊȖ-ȊȚȖȘȣȝ, ȌȖȔȈȠȕȧȧ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȈ ȒȈ-
ȏȈȓȈșȤ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȕȈȌȖȍȊȠȍȑ ȕȍȊȣȕȖșȐȔȖȑ Ȋ-ȚȘȍȚȤȐȝ, Ȗȕ
ȔȕȖȋȖ ȌțȔȈȓ ȗȘȖ șȊȖȦ ȕȖȊțȦ ȏȕȈȒȖȔțȦ
ǵȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȍȡȍ ȍȔț ȕȍ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ șȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȚȤșȧ ș șțȡȍ-
șȚȊȖȔ ȌȖ ȚȈȒȖȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȗȖȓȖȎȕȣȔ ȍȋȖ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘț
ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȦ ȌȈȎȍ ȍȋȖ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȈȔ ȕȈ ȎȐȏȕȤ
ǭȍ ȐșȒȘȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȗȘȐȊȍȚȓȐȊȖșȚȤ șț-
ȡȍșȚȊȈ ȊȐȌȈȊȠȍȋȖ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȝȖȘȖȠȍȍ ȒȈȏȈȓȐșȤ ȕȈș-
ȚȖȧȡȐȔ ȟțȌȖȔ ȍȔț șȚȈȘȖȔț ȔȍȌȊȍȌȦ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȖȌȖȏȘȍȊȈȊȠȍ-
Ȕț Ȋ ȌțȘȕȣȝ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȐȧȝ ȕȍ ȌȖȊȍȘȧȊȠȍȔț ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖȔț ȟȍȓȖ-
ȊȍȒț
— ǬȍȊȟȖȕȒȈ ȋȓțȗȣȑ ȘȍȉȍȕȖȒ, — ȉȖȘȔȖȚȈȓ Ȗȕ, ȗȖȎȐȔȈȧ

32
ȗȓȍȟȈȔȐ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ ȒȈȒ ȕȈ ȜȖȕȍ ȗȣȓȤȕȖȑ țȕȣȓȖȑ ȓȈȉȖȘȈ-
ȚȖȘȐȐ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȕȐȔ ȕȍȖȚșȚțȗȕȖ șȚȖȧȓȖ ȝȖȘȖȠȍȕȤȒȖȍ șȔȍȦȡȍȍ-
șȧ ȗȖȓțȌȍȚșȒȖȍ ȓȐȟȐȒȖ ș ȒȈȗȘȐȏȕȣȔȐ ȏȖȓȖȚȐșȚȣȔȐ ȒțȌȘȧ-
ȔȐȅȚȖ ȓȐȟȐȒȖ ȕȍ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȓȖ ț ȕȍȋȖ Ȑȏ ȋȖȓȖȊȣ ȌȖ șȈȔȖȋȖ Ȋȍ-
ȟȍȘȈ Ȉ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ ȓȍȋ șȗȈȚȤ Ȑ ȗȖȚțȠȐȓ șȊȍȟȒț ȖȕȖ ȍȡȍ ȧșȕȍȍ
șȚȈȓȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȚȍȔȕȖȚȍ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȕȍ
șȗȈȓ ȊȖȘȖȟȈȓșȧ ș ȉȖȒț ȕȈ ȉȖȒ Ȑ ȕȈȗȘȈșȕȖ șȚȈȘȈȓșȧ ȏȈȕȧȚȤ
șȊȖȐ ȔȣșȓȐ ȟțȔȕȣȔȐ ȉȈȞȐȓȓȈȔȐ
ǷȘȖșȕțȓșȧ Ȗȕ ș ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȔ șȖȏȕȈȕȐȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȊȟȍȘȈ șȓț-
ȟȐȓȖșȤ ȕȍȟȚȖ ȘȈȌȖșȚȕȖȍ ȝȖȘȖȠȍȍ ǷȘȈȊȌȈ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȊȠȐ ȚȖȟ-
ȕȖ, Ȋ ȟȍȔ ȉȣȓȖ ȌȍȓȖ Ȗȕ ȊȣȘțȋȈȓșȧ Ȑ ȗȓȦȕțȓ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȗȖȒȖȑ
ȍȋȖ ȉȣȓ ȕȈȘțȠȍȕ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȖșȕȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ
Ǿȍȓȣȝ ȌȊȈ Ȍȕȧ ȗȘȖȠȓȖ ț ȕȍȋȖ Ȋ Ȕȣșȓȧȝ Ȗ ǵȈȌȍȎȌȍ ǨȓȍȒ-
șȈȕȌȘȖȊȕȍ Ȑ Ȋ ȌȖșȈȌȍ ȕȈ șȍȉȧ ǵȈ ȚȘȍȚȐȑ ȍȔț țȌȈȓȖșȤ țșȗȖ-
ȒȖȐȚȤșȧ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȗȖȏȈȉȣȚȤ șȊȖȦ ȊșȚȘȍȟț Ȉ ȕȈ ȟȍȚȊȍȘȚȣȑ Ȗȕ
ȖȗȧȚȤ țȊȐȌȈȓ DzȘȍșȚȖȊșȒțȦ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȈȧșȤ Ȑȏ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚȈ Ȋ
ȚȖȚ Ȏȍ ȟȈș Ȋ ȚȖȑ Ȏȍ ȒȖȕȒȍ
ǶȉȘȈȌȖȊȈȓșȧ ȗȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ țȎȈșȕȖ ǵȈ ȕȍȋȖ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȗȈȝȕțȓȖ Țȍ-
ȗȓȖȔ Ȑ ȊȍșȍȓȤȍȔ ȖȚ ȍȍ ȔȐȓȖȑ ȜȐȋțȘȒȐ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓ, ȏȌȖ-
ȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȐȓȐ ȕȍȚ ǶȕȈ șȈȔȈ ȘȈȏȘȍȠȐȓȈ ȥȚȖȚ ȊȖȗȘȖș ȗȖȎȈȊ-
ȠȐ ȍȔț ȘțȒț ȒȈȒ șȚȈȘȖȔț ȏȕȈȒȖȔȖȔț
ǷȖșȓȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȖȕȐ ȗȘȖȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȐ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȊȍșȍȓȖ Ȑ ȕȍȗȘȐȕțȎ-
ȌȍȕȕȖ ȖȚ ǨȘȉȈȚșȒȐȝ ȊȖȘȖȚ ȌȖ ǬȍȊȐȟȤȍȋȖ ȗȖȓȧ
ȇ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦ țȟȘȍȎȌȍȕȐȧ, ȉȖȓȍȍ șȗȖșȖȉșȚȊțȦȡȍȋȖ ȊȕȍȏȈȗ-
ȕȣȔ ȏȕȈȒȖȔșȚȊȈȔ Ȑ șȉȓȐȎȍȕȐȦ ȟȍȔ ȔȖșȒȖȊșȒȐȍ ȒȖȕȒȐ ǰȌțȚ
ȖȕȐ ȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȖ ș ȕȈȌȘȣȊȈȦȡȐȔ ȌțȠț ȏȊȖȕȖȔ Ȑ ȌȘȍȉȍȏȎȈ-
ȕȐȍȔ
DzȖȕȞȣ Ȋ ȕȐȝ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȗȘȖȍȏȎȈȚȤ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȍ ȚȖ ȊȏȉȐ-
ȘȈȧșȤ ȕȈ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȍ ȔȖșȒȖȊșȒȐȍ ȋȖȘȣ ȚȖ șȗțșȒȈȧșȤ ș ȕȐȝ
ȚȖ ȔȟȈșȤ ȐȏȖ Ȋșȍȝ șȐȓ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȓ ȖȉȣȟȕȖȑ ȗȈȘȍ ȓȖȠȈȌȍȑ ȗȘȐ-
șȚȍȋȕțȚ ȍȡȍ ȚȘȖȑȒț ȚȖ ȗȖȌȊȐȋȈȧșȤ ȟȍȘȍȗȈȠȤȐȔ ȝȖȌȖȔ ȒȖ-
ȋȌȈ ȗȈȘȈ ȖȌȘȖȊ Ȑ șȖȕȕȣȑ ȒțȟȍȘ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚșȧ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕ-
ȕȣȔȐ șȈȔȐȔ șȍȉȍ
ǪȖȚ șȐȌȐȠȤ ȚȘȧșȍȠȤșȧ ȟȐȚȈȍȠȤ ȖȚ ȕȍȟȍȋȖ ȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȖȉȢȧȊ-
ȓȍȕȐȧ țșȍȐȊȈȦȡȐȍ ȗȖȚȖȓȖȒ Ȑ șȒțȟȈȍȠȤ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȕȖ șȒțȟȈȍȠȤ.
ǹȒțȒȈ ȒȈȒ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ șȓțȎȐȚ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȔ ȜȈȒȚȖȘȖȔ ȖȉȡȍșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȔ ȔȐȘȍ Ȉ ȔȖșȒȊȐȟȐ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ

33
ȖȝȖȚȕȐȒȐ ȗȖȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ ǷȖȥȚȖȔț ȒȖȕȟȈȍȠȤ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ
ȕȈȑȌȍȠȤ șȍȉȍ șȖȉȍșȍȌȕȐȒȈ ȗȖ șȍȘȌȞț ș ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȗțșȒȈȍȠȤ-
șȧ Ȋ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȣ ș ȚȖȑ ȕȍȗȘȐȕțȎȌȍȕȕȖșȚȤȦ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ Ȋȣȏȣ-
ȊȈȍȚ ȔȣșȓȤ, ȟȚȖ, ȕȈȊȍȘȕȖȍ, ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȕȍ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȠȤ
șȍȋȖȌȕȧȠȕȍȋȖ ȒȖȔȗȈȕȤȖȕȈ
Ǵȕȍ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ȊȣșȓțȠȐȊȈȚȤ Ȋ ȔȖșȒȖȊșȒȖȑ ȒȖȕȒȍ Ȟȍ-
ȓȣȍ ȐșȗȖȊȍȌȐ ȖȚ ȕȍȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ șȖȉȖȓȍȏȕȖȊȈȚȤ ȌȈȊȈȚȤ
șȖȊȍȚȣ
ǶȌȕȈȎȌȣ ȉȣȓ ȌȈȎȍ șȓțȟȈȑ ȟȚȖ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȍȘȍȍȏȌȈ ȖȚ
DzțȌȘȐȕșȒȖȑ ȗȓȖȡȈȌȐ ȌȖ ǹțȝȈȘȍȊȖȑ ȉȈȠȕȐ ȧ țȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ Ȏȍ-
ȕȐȚȤșȧ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȥȚȐȔ ȒȖȓȍ-
ȉȈȓșȧ Ȟȍȓȣȝ ȗȖȓȋȖȌȈ
ǵȍțȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ țȏȕȈȓ Ȋ ȒȖȕȒȍ Ȋșȍ
ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǵȈȌȍȎȌȣ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȕȣ ȥȚȖȑ ȗȘȖșȚȖȑ
șȊȍȚȓȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȉȖȋȈȚȖȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȍȟȚȈȔȐ
Ƕȕ țȏȕȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ țȟȐȚșȧ Ȋ ȒȖȕșȍȘȊȈȚȖȘȐȐ Ȑ șȒȖȘȖ ȒȖȕ-
ȟȈȍȚ ȒțȘș
ǻȏȕȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȋȖȓȖș ț ȕȍȍ ȝȖȘȖȠ ȕȖ Ȍȓȧ ȖȗȍȘȣ, ȗȖȎȈȓțȑ,
șȓȈȉ
ǻȏȕȈȓ Ȑ ȕȈ ȥȚȖ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ
, ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ
ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȌȍȕȤ Ȋ ȟȍȚȣȘȍ ȟȈșȈ ȍȌȍȚ ȗȖ ȒȖȕȒȍ ȕȈ ǬȍȊȐȟȤȍ ȗȖȓȍ,
ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȈȧșȤ Ȑȏ ȒȖȕșȍȘȊȈȚȖȘȐȐ Ȓ ȏȈȔțȎȕȍȑ șȍșȚȘȍ ț ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ
ȎȐȊȍȚ
DzȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȍȔț șȚȈȓȖ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȟȚȖ ǵȈȌȍȎȌȈ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌ-
ȘȖȊȕȈ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȊȍșȍȓȈȧ ȟȚȖ ț ȕȍȍ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȌȘțȋ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȌȖȔȍ ȍȍ
șȍșȚȘȣ șȖȉȐȘȈȍȚșȧ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȋȖșȚȍȑ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȔȖȓȖȌȍ-
ȎȐ Ȑ ȗȘȐȚȖȔ șȚțȌȍȕȚȖȊ
ǷȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȍȋȖ șȓȍȋȒȈ ȖȋȖȘȟȐȓȖ Ƕȕ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȓ șȍ-
ȉȍ ȜȐȋțȘț șȚțȌȍȕȚȈ-ȉȍȓȖȗȖȌȒȓȈȌȖȟȕȐȒȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ, ȒȘțȚȧ țșȣ
Ȑ ȊȣȗȧȟȐȊȈȧ ȋȘțȌȤ, ȊȍȘȚȐȚșȧ ȖȒȖȓȖ ȥȚȖȑ șȓȈȊȕȖȑ ȉȈȘȣȠȕȐ
ǵȍȗȘȐȧȚȕȈȧ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈ ǵȖ ȖȉȓȈȒȖ șȒȖȘȖ ȘȈșșȍȧȓȖșȤ ȗȖȚȖ-
Ȕț ȟȚȖ ȍȍ ȘȍȏȊȈȧ ȉȖȓȚȖȊȕȧ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȓȈ ȕȈȗȘȧȎȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȊȕȐȔȈ-
ȕȐȧ Ȉ șȓȍȌȧ ȏȈ ȕȍȦ ȊȕȐȔȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȌȌȈȚȤ-
șȧ ȖȉȈȧȕȐȦ șȊȍȚȓȣȝ ȋȓȈȏ ȒȘȈșȐȊȖȋȖ ȓȐȟȐȒȈ șȊȍȎȍȋȖ ȘȚȈ ș
ȎȍȔȟțȎȕȣȔȐ ȏțȉȈȔȐ
ǪȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȈ DzȘȍșȚȖȊșȒȈȧ ȟȈșȚȖ ȗȖȗȘȈȊȓȧȓȈ ȊȣȉȐ-
ȊȈȦȡȐȍșȧ Ȑȏ-ȗȖȌ ȠȓȧȗȒȐ ȗȘȧȌȐ ȊȖȓȖș ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȘȖȜȍș-
șȖȘ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȒȘȈșȐȊțȦ ȕȍȎȕțȦ ȘțȒț

34
ǿțȚȤ ȓȐ ȕȍ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȘȈȏ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȍȔț ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ ȗȖȌȔȍ-
ȚȐȚȤ ȘȈȏȕȐȞț ȔȍȎȌț ȔțȎșȒȖȦ ȘțȒȖȑ Ȑ ȎȍȕșȒȖȑ ȕȖ, ȚȍȔ ȕȍ
Ȕȍȕȍȍ, Ȗȕ șȘȈȏț ȗȖȕȧȓ ȊșȦ ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȤ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȑ
DzȖȋȌȈ ȒȖȕȒȈ ȌȖȠȓȈ ȌȖ ǬȍȊȐȟȤȍȋȖ ȗȖȓȧ Ȑ ȐȔ ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ
ȘȈșșȚȈȚȤșȧ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȗȘȖȡȈȓșȧ șȖ șȊȖȍȦ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȖȑ ȕȍ ȉȍȏ
ȋȘțșȚȐ ȝȖȚȧ țȎȍ ȗȘȍȌȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȍȡȍ ȊșȚȘȍȚȧȚșȧ
ǹ ȥȚȖȋȖ Ȍȕȧ Ȋ țȍȌȐȕȍȕȕȖȑ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȚȖȘȐȐ ȋȌȍ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ
ȞȈȘȐȓ ȊȍȓȐȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȔȘȈȟȕȣȑ ȗȘȐȏȘȈȒ ȟțȔȣ ȕȈȟȈȓ ȞȈȘ-
șȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȖȊȣȑ ȖȉȘȈȏ ȖȉȘȈȏ ȕȍȎȕȖȑ ȊȍșȍȓȖȑ Ȑ ȗȘȐȊȍȚȓȐ-
ȊȖȑ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ ș șȖȓȕȍȟȕȣȔ ȓȐȞȖȔ Ȑ ȗȘȧȌȧȔȐ ȊȖȓȖș ȊȣȉȐȊȈȦ-
ȡȐȔȐșȧ Ȑȏ-ȗȖȌ Ƞȓȧȗȣ
ǭșȓȐ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȌțȔȈȓ Ȗ ȕȍȑ Ȟȍȓȣȝ ȌȊȈ Ȍȕȧ Ȑ ȚȖ-
ȓȤȒȖ ȕȈ ȚȘȍȚȐȑ șȔȖȋ ȏȈȉȣȚȤ ȚȖ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ Ȗȕ șȖȊșȍȔ ȖȚȌȈȓșȧ Ȍț-
ȔȈȔ Ȑ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧȔ Ȗ ǵȈȌȍȎȌȍ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȕȍ
ǶȕȐ ȍȋȖ ȖȗȤȧȕȧȓȐ ȊȖȓȕȖȊȈȓȐ ȌȘȈȏȕȐȓȐ ǶȕȐ ȗȘȐȔȍ-
ȠȐȊȈȓȐșȤ Ȓ ȍȋȖ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧȔ ȕȈȌ ȉȈȞȐȓȓȈȔȐ Ȓ ȍȋȖ ȓȍȒȞȐȧȔ
șȓȖȊȖȔ, ȒȖ ȊșȍȔț ȟȍȔ Ȗȕ ȕȐ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓșȧ
ǴȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈ Ȍȓȧ ȚȈȒȐȝ Ȕȣșȓȍȑ ȝȊȈȚȈȓȖ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȒȈȎ-
Ȍȣȍ ȌȊȈ-ȚȘȐ Ȍȕȧ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȓșȧ ș ȉȈȘȣȠȕȍȦ Ȋ ȒȖȕȒȍ Ȑ
ȗȖȚȖȔ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȎȐȊȈȓ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȧ ȊșȚȘȍȟ
ǹȚȘȈȕȕȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖ ȌțȔȈȧ Ȗȉ ȖȌȕȖȔ ǽȘȍȉ-
ȚȖȊ șȚȈȘȈȓșȧ ȕȍ ȏȈȌȈȊȈȚȤ șȍȉȍ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈ — ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ Ƕȕ
ȏȈȘȈȕȍȍ șȚȣȌȐȓșȧ ȖȚȊȍȚȈ ȕȈ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȊȖȗȘȖș Ȗȕ ȗȖȌȌȈȊȈȓșȧ
țȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȦ ȕȖ țȚȍȠȈȓ șȍȉȧ ȔȣșȓȤȦ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȗțșȚȧȒȐ ȟȚȖ
șȚȖȐȚ ȊșȚȘȧȝȕțȚȤșȧ Ȑ Ȋșȍ ȗȘȖȑȌȍȚ
Ǩ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ șȖȕ ȍȋȖ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȓșȧ Ȋșȍ ȉȍșȗȖȒȖȑȕȍȍ Ȑ Ȋ ȋȓȈ-
ȏȈȝ ȗȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈȔ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȓȖșȤ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ȌȍȓȈȊȠȍȍ ȥȚț ȗȖȓț-
ȓȦȌșȒțȦ ȜȐȏȐȖȕȖȔȐȦ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȝȖȎȍȑ ȕȈ ȋȖȓȖȊț ȏȊȍ-
Șȧ ǵȍȌȍȓȐ ȗȖȓȚȖȘȣ șȗțșȚȧ ȗȖșȓȍ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȏȕȈȒȖȔșȚȊȈ ȊșȚȘȍ-
ȚȐȊȠȐșȤ ȗȖ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȦ Ȋ ȒȖȕȒȍ DzȘȍșȚȖȊșȒȈȧ șȖȖȉȡȐȓȈ
ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘț ȟȚȖ ȗȖȍȚ Ȋ ȉȓȈȋȖȚȊȖȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȔ ȒȖȕȞȍȘȚȍ Ȑ ȚțȚ
Ȏȍ ȊȘțȟȐȓȈ ȉȐȓȍȚ ȏȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȉȍȏ șȍȘȌȍȟȕȖȑ ȉȖȓȐ
ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȏȈȗȓȈȚȐȚȤ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ Șțȉȓȍȑ.
ȅȚȈ ȚȘȈȚȈ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȖȚȘȍȏȊȐȓȈ ȍȋȖ Ȑ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȓȈ ȗȖȌȊȍȘȋ-
ȕțȚȤ ȈȕȈȓȐȏț șȊȖȐ ȟțȊșȚȊȈ
ǷȘȐȌȧ ȌȖȔȖȑ Ȗȕ ȗȖȓȖȎȐȓ ȉȐȓȍȚ ȕȈ șȚȖȓ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȘȈșșȔȈȚ-
ȘȐȊȈȓ ȍȋȖ ȔȖȓȟȈ ȏȈȚȍȔ țȗȍȘșȧ ȘțȒȈȔȐ Ȋ ȉȖȒȈ Ȑ ș ȐșȒȘȍȕ-

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ȕȐȔ țȌȐȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ șȗȘȖșȐȓ:
— ǯȈ ȒȈȒȐȔ ȟȍȘȚȖȔ ȧ ȗȖȍȌț Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍȘȚ" ȟȍȋȖ ȧ ȚȈȔ ȕȍ ȊȐ-
ȌȈȓ"ǭȔț ȌȖ ȚȈȒȖȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ șȚȘȈȕȕȖȦ ȔȣșȓȤ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ
ȋȖȚȖȊȐȚșȧ ȗțșȚȐȚȤșȧ Ȋ șȊȍȚ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȕȐȟȍȔ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȏȈȕȧȚȤșȧ
ȊȍșȤ ȊȍȟȍȘ ȘțȋȈȓșȧ ȗȓȍȊȈȓșȧ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ Ȗ ȕȍȗȘȖșȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ
șȓȈȉȖȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȐȕȧȓ ȚȊȍȘȌȖȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ ȕȍ ȍȝȈȚȤ Ȑ
ȓȍȋ Ȋ ȗȖșȚȍȓȤ, ȗȖȓȕȣȑ ȋȖȘȧȟȍȋȖ șȖȎȈȓȍȕȐȧ Ȗȉ ȐșȚȘȈȟȍȕȕȣȝ
Șțȉȓȧȝ
ǵȖ țȚȘȖ ȒȈȒ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ, ȔțȌȘȍȕȍȍ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ ǷȘȖșȕțȊȠȐșȤ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ țȎȍ ȋȓȧȌȍȓ ȕȈ ȌȍȓȖ șȖȊșȍȔ ȐȕȈȟȍ ǶȚȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȍȝȈȚȤ,
ȘȈȏ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ ȏȈȗȓȈȟȍȕȣ ǵȍ ȗȘȖȗȈȌȈȚȤ Ȏȍ ȉȐȓȍȚț ȌȈȘȖȔ" ǪȍȌȤ
ȕȍ ȌțȘȈȒ Ȗȕ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȉȘȖșȈȚȤ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ ȕȈ ȊȍȚȍȘ
ǰ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȍȡȍ ȒȖȍ-ȟȍȋȖ ȕȈȠȓȖșȤ ț ȕȍȋȖ Ȋ ȏȈȗȈșȍ Ȍȓȧ ȌȖ-
ȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȍȝȈȚȤ ȏȈ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍȔ ȘȈȏț-
ȔȍȍȚșȧ, ȟȐșȚȖșȍȘȌȍȟȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȕȐȧ Ȋ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȐ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ DzȘȍș-
ȚȖȊșȒțȦ Ǫ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈ ȍȡȍ ȓȐȠȤ ȕȈȗȖȓȖȊȐȕț ȕȈȗȖȓ-
ȕȧȓȈ ȏȈȓ ȒȖȕșȍȘȊȈȚȖȘȐȐ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȚȈȔ ȗȖȧȊȐȓșȧ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ
ȇȘȒȖȍ ȖșȊȍȡȍȕȐȍ ȏȈȓȈ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈ Ȋ ȗȘȈȏȌȕȐȟȕȣȝ ȕȈȘȧ-
ȌȈȝ ș ȗȘȈȏȌȕȐȟȕȣȔȐ ȓȐȞȈȔȐ ȈȘȖȔȈȚ ȌțȝȖȊ șȔȍȠȈȕȕȣȝ ș
ȚȖȕȒȐȔ ȏȈȗȈȝȖȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȉȖȓȤȕȖ țȌȈȘȐ-
ȓȖ ȍȋȖ ȗȖ ȕȍȘȊȈȔ Ƕȕ ȊȌȘțȋ ȌȖ ȉȖȓȐ ȗȖȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ șȊȖȍ țȘȖȌ-
șȚȊȖ șȍȘȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȔȍȠȒȖȊȈȚȖșȚȤ
ǹȚȣȌȧșȤ șȊȖȍȋȖ șȚȈȘȖȋȖ ȗȐȌȎȈȒȈ șȚȣȌȧșȤ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȓȐȞȈ
ȗȘȖȉȘȈȓșȧ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȕȈ ȔȍșȚȖ Ȑ ȎȌȈȓ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȉȘȖșȈȧ Ȑș-
ȗȖȌȓȖȉȤȧ șȍȘȌȐȚȣȍ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȣ ȗȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȈȔ ȒȈȒ ȏȓȈȧ ȌȐȒȈȧ
șȖȉȈȒȈ ȋȖȚȖȊȈȧ țȒțșȐȚȤ ȗȍȘȊȖȋȖ ȒȚȖ Ȓ ȕȍȑ ȗȖȌȖȑȌȍȚ
ǵȈȟȈȊȠȈȧșȧ ȔțȏȣȒȈ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȊȓȍȒȓȈ ȍȋȖ Ƕȕ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ
ȘȈȏ ȉȣȓ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍȘȚȍ ȕȖ, ȗȘȖșȓțȠȈȊȠȐ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȖȔȍȘȖȊ
ȕȈȠȍȓ ȥȚȖ ȔȈȓȖȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȣȔ
DzȖȋȌȈ-ȚȖ ȌȈȊȕȖ ȍȔț ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ ȉȣȚȤ Ȋ ȖȗȍȘȍ ǺȈȔ ȉȣȓȖ
ȒțȌȈ Ȋȍșȍȓȍȍ ǩȣȓȐ ȌȍȒȖȘȈȞȐȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȍșȚȘȣȍ ȒȖșȚȦȔȣ ȕȈ
Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȗȘȐȧȚȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖȋȓȧȌȍȚȤ Ȉ ȚțȚ ȊȣȝȖȌȧȚ ȓȦȌȐ ȐȋȘȈȦȚ
ȗȖȦȚ Ȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ǵȍțȎȍȓȐ Ȑȏ-ȏȈ ȥȚȖȋȖ șȚȖȐȚ ȗȖȒțȗȈȚȤ
ȉȐȓȍȚ ȕȈȘȧȎȈȚȤșȧ Ȑ ȍȝȈȚȤ"
ǰ, ȗȘȖȉȍȎȈȊȠȐ ȒȖșȣȔ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȖȔ ȗȖ ȘȧȌȈȔ șȓțȠȈȚȍȓȍȑ,
Ȗȕ ȐșȒȘȍȕȕȍ ȏȈȗȖȌȖȏȘȐȓ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȖȕȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȐȚȊȖȘȧȦȚ-
șȧ ȉțȌȚȖ ȔțȏȣȒȈ ȌȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȐȔ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȍȕȐȍ

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ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȕȈ ȥșȚȘȈȌȍ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȈșȤ ǵȈȌȍȎȌȈ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊ-
ȕȈ ǻ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ ȏȈȔȍȘȓȈ ȏȓȖșȚȤ ȏȈȔȖȓȒȓȐ Ȋșȍ ȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȧ
Ƕȕ ȊȗȐȓșȧ Ȋ ȕȍȍ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȖȔ țȏȕȈȊȈȓ Ȑ ȕȍ țȏȕȈȊȈȓ ȍȍ
ȅȚȖ ȍȍ ȔȐȓȖȍ șȖȓȕȍȟȕȖȍ ȓȐȟȐȒȖ, ȗȖȓȕȖȍ ȖȎȐȊȓȍȕȐȧ
ȋȓȧȌȐȚ Ȋ ȏȈȓ ș ȥșȚȘȈȌȣ ȍȍ ȕȍȗȖȒȖȘȕȣȍ ȊȖȓȖșȣ ȏȖȓȖȚȧȚșȧ
ȕȈȌȖ ȓȉȖȔ Ȋ ȓțȟȈȝ ȥȓȍȒȚȘȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȓȦșȚȘȣ ȕȖ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȚȍȔ,
ȕȈșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȕȈ ȖȉȈȧȚȍȓȤȕȍȍ ȊȍȓȐȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȍȍ Ȑ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȍȍ ȔȖ-
ȓȖȌȍȕȤȒȖȑ ȉȈȘȣȠȕȐ Ȋ ȒȖȕȒȍ
ǶȕȈ ȗȖȝȖȎȈ ȕȈ ȗȘȐȕȞȍșșț Ȑȏ șȒȈȏȒȐ ǩȓȍșȚȧȡȐȍ șȒȓȈȌ-
ȒȐ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȐ ȋȘȈȞȐȖȏȕȖ ȖȉȓȐȊȈȦȚ șȚȘȖȑȕțȦ ȜȐȋțȘț ȚȖȕȒȐȍ
ȘțȒȐ ȌȖ ȓȖȒȚȧ ȏȈȚȧȕțȚȣ ȗȍȘȟȈȚȒȈȔȐ ǶȕȈ șȔȖȚȘȐȚ ȕȈ ȓȦ-
Ȍȍȑ șȊȍȘȝț ȊȕȐȏ Ȑ ȋȖȘȌȈȧ ȕȍȘȊȕȈȧ țȓȣȉȒȈ ȉȘȖȌȐȚ ȗȖ ȗțȘȗț-
ȘȖȊȣȔ ȋțȉȈȔ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ Ȋȏȋȓȧȕțȓ ȕȈ ȕȍȎȕȖȍ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ șȊȍȘȒȈȊȠȍȍ
șȒȊȖȏȤ ȊȣȘȍȏ ȍȍ ȗȓȈȚȤȧ, Ȑ ȒȘȖȊȤ ȗȘȐȓȐȓȈ ț ȕȍȋȖ Ȓ ȋȖȓȖȊȍ
ǭȔț ȗȘȐȗȖȔȕȐȓȈșȤ ȊȖșȒȖȊȈȧ ȒȘȈșȈȊȐȞȈ Ȋ ȖȒȕȍ ȗȈȘȐȒȔȈȝȍ-
ȘȈ ȌȘȈȏȕȐȊȠȈȧ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȣ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȕȣȔ ȗȣȠȕȣȔ ȚȍȓȖȔ
DzȘȍșȚȖȊșȒȈȧ ȗȍȓȈ ȘȈșȒȓȈȕȐȊȈȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȖȚȊȍȚ ȕȈ ȈȗȓȖȌȐș-
ȔȍȕȚȣ Ȑ șȕȖȊȈ ȗȍȓȈ ȕȖ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȕȍ șȓȣȠȈȓ ȕȐ ȏȊțȒȈ Ƕȕ
șȔȖȚȘȍȓ Ȑ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȏȈȗȖȓȕȐȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȍȋȖ
ȕȍȘȊȣ ȖȡțȡȍȕȐȧȔȐ Ƕȕ ȊȐȌȍȓ, ȒȈȒ ȕȈȋȐȉȈȓȈșȤ ȗȘȐ ȗȖȒȓȖ-
ȕȈȝ Ȑ șȕȖȊȈ ȊȣȗȘȧȔȓȧȓȈșȤ ȍȍ ȋȘȈȞȐȖȏȕȈȧ ȜȐȋțȘȒȈ ȒȈȒ ȕȈ-
ȗȘȧȋȈȓȖșȤ ȍȍ ȕȍȎȕȖȍ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȕȖȍ ȋȖȘȓȖ ȗȘȐ șȐȓȤȕȣȝ ȕȖ-
ȚȈȝ ȊȐȌȍȓ, ȒȈȒ ȎȐȓ Ȑ ȌȣȠȈȓ ȊȣȘȍȏ ȍȍ ȗȓȈȚȤȧ ȚȖ ȉȓȍȌȕȍȧ ȚȖ
ȏȈȓȐȊȈȧșȤ ȗțȘȗțȘȖȔ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȑ ȋȖȘȧȟȍȑ ȒȘȖȊȐ
Ƕȕ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȒȈȒȖȍ-ȚȖ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖȍ ȖȡțȡȍȕȐȍ ȖȝȊȈȚȣ-
ȊȈȍȚ ȍȋȖ ș ȕȍȖȉȣȟȈȑȕȖȦ șȐȓȖȑ ȘȈșșȍȐȊȈȍȚ Ȋșȍ ȔȣșȓȐ Ȑ ȕȈ-
ȗȖȓȕȧȍȚ ȍȋȖ șȚȘȈȌȈȕȐȍȔ Ȑ șȟȈșȚȤȍȔ
ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ ǵȈȌȍȎȌȈ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȕȈ șȒȘȣȓȈșȤ Ȓ ȕȍȔț
ȊȍȘȕțȓȈșȤ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ ȘȈșșțȎȌȈȚȤ
©Ǵȕȍ ȕȍȏȌȖȘȖȊȐȚșȧ — șȒȈȏȈȓ Ȗȕ, ȟțȊșȚȊțȧ ȟȚȖ ȋȖȓȖȊȈ ț
ȕȍȋȖ ȒȘțȎȐȚșȧ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȚȍȓȖ șȊȧȏȈȕȖ ȒȈȒȖȦ-ȚȖ șȓȈȉȖșȚȤȦ —
ȅȚȖ, ȕȈȊȍȘȕȖȍ, ȖȚ ȕȍȗȘȐȊȣȟȒȐ Ȓ ȒȖȕȞȍȘȚȈȔ ǵțȎȕȖ șȒȖȘȍȍ
țȑȚȐª
ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȗȖȋȓȧȌȍȊȠȐ Ȋ șȚȖȘȖȕț ȊȣȝȖȌȈ ȘȍȠȐȓ ȎȌȈȚȤ ȈȕȚ-
ȘȈȒȚȈ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȗȖȉȖȧȓșȧ ȊșȚȈȚȤ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȈȧ Ȓ șȍȉȍ ȊșȍȖȉ-
ȡȍȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ Ȑ ȗȘȖȉȘȈȚȤșȧ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȘȧȌȣ ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ ȒȈȏȈȊȠȍȑ-
șȧ ȍȔț ȊȘȈȎȌȍȉȕȖȦ Ȑ ȕȈșȔȍȠȓȐȊȖȑ

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ǷȘȐȠȓȖșȤ ȗȘȖșȓțȠȈȚȤ ȍȡȍ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȕțȔȍȘȖȊ ȟȚȖ ȉȣ-
ȓȖ Ȍȓȧ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȐȔ ȔțȟȍȕȐȍȔ ǭȔț ȕȍțȌȍȘȎȐȔȖ
ȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ șȒȖȘȍȍ șȒȘȣȚȤșȧ șȒȖȘȍȍ ȉȣȚȤ ț șȍȉȧ ǹȔțȚȕȖȍ ȉȖ-
ȓȍȏȕȍȕȕȖȍ ȉȍșȗȖȒȖȑșȚȊȖ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȡȈȓȖ Ȋ ȗȣȚȒț ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤ
șȐȌȍȚȤ ȕȍȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȖ Ȑ șȓțȠȈȚȤ, ȒȈȒ ȉȘȐȚȣȑ ȋȖșȗȖȌȐȕ ș ȎȐȘ-
ȕȣȔ Ȑ șȓȈȌȒȐȔ ȓȐȞȖȔ ȏȈȒȈȚȣȊȈȧ ȋȓȈȏȈ, ȗȖȍȚ ȟțȊșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȣȍ ȘȖȔȈȕșȣ
Ǩȝ ș ȒȈȒȐȔ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȔ ȘțȋȈȓ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȗȘȖ șȍȉȧ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȍȊ-
ȞȈ Ȑ Ȋșȍȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȈȗȓȖȌȐȘȖȊȈȓȐ ȍȔț ȗȖȌȕȖșȐȓȐ ȉț-
ȒȍȚȣ țșȚȘȈȐȊȈȓȐ ȖȊȈȞȐȐ
ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȕȈșȚțȗȐȓ ȎȍȓȈȕȕȣȑ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ ȉȍȋșȚȊȈ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ
ȗȍȘȊȖȍ ȖȚȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȕȟȐȓȖșȤ DzȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ șȗȈșȈȓșȧ Ȑȏ ȏȈȓȈ, șȖȋ-
ȕțȊȠȐșȤ Ȑ ȕȍ ȋȓȧȌȧ ȗȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȈȔ ȍȋȖ ȊȌȘțȋ ȖȒȓȐȒȕțȓ ȋȖȓȖș
ǵȈȌȍȎȌȣ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȕȣ:
— ǯȌȘȈȊșȚȊțȑȚȍ, ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ
ǶȕȈ șȚȖȧȓȈ Ȋ ȌȊȍȘȧȝ ȗȖȌ ȘțȒț ș ȒȈȒȐȔ-ȚȖ ȋȖșȗȖȌȐȕȖȔ
ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȖȚȘȍȒȖȔȍȕȌȖȊȈȓȈ ȒȈȒ ȌȖȒȚȖȘȈ ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȈ ȔțȎȈ
șȊȖȍȑ șȍșȚȘȣ ǵȈ ȕȍȑ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȗȓȈȚȤȍ ȖȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ
ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȈ Ȑ Ȋșȧ șȐȧȓȈ ȟțȌȕȣȔ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȔ ȊȖȓȕȍȕȐȍȔ
ǵȈȟȈȓȈ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȐȚȤ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ ȏȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȗȘȐȠȍȓ, Ȑ
ȕȍ ȒȖȕȟȐȓȈ ǹȗȘȖșȐȓȈ, ȒȈȒ ȍȔț ȗȖȕȘȈȊȐȓȖșȤ ȍȍ ȗȍȕȐȍ, Ȑ ȕȍ
ȌȖȎȌȈȓȈșȤ ȖȚȊȍȚȈ ȚȖȓȗȈ Ȋ ȏȈȓȍ ȞȍȓȐȒȖȔ ȗȖȋȓȖȡȈȓȈ ȍȍ ȊȕȐ-
ȔȈȕȐȍ ǵȍ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȓȐȞȈ Ȉ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ Ȋșȧ ȚȖȓȗȈ șȖ șȊȖȍȑ
ȈȚȔȖșȜȍȘȖȑ ȊȍșȍȓȤȧ ȠțȔȈ ȉȍȏȏȈȉȖȚȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȈȏȌȕȐȟȕȣȝ
ȕȈȘȧȌȖȊ Ȑ ȌțȝȖȊ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȗȘȖșȚȖȧȓ ȖȒȖȓȖ ȕȍȍ ȔȐȕțȚ ȗȧȚȤ Ƕȕ ȘȈșșȍȧȕȕȖ
șȓțȠȈȓ ȒȖȔȗȓȐȔȍȕȚȣ ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȘȐȋȓȈȠȈȓ ȍȋȖ
ȒȈȒ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȏȈȑȚȐ Ȓ ȕȐȔ Ȑ ȕȍ ȖȚȘȣȊȈȧșȤ șȔȖȚȘȍȓ ȕȈ DzȘȍș-
ȚȖȊșȒțȦ ȚȧȎȍȓȣȔ ȊȖșȗȈȓȍȕȕȣȔ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȖȔ ȅȚȖȚ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ șȐ-
ȓȤȕȖ ȍȍ șȔțȡȈȓ ǶȕȈ ȗȘȖȉȖȊȈȓȈ ȏȈȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ ș ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȖȔ
ȕȖ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȒȈȒ ȊȖ șȕȍ Ȑ ȍȌȊȈ ȖȚȊȍȟȈȓ ǷȘȖȉȖȊȈȓȈ ȖȚȊȖȘȈȟȐ-
ȊȈȚȤșȧ șȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ ȗȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȈȔ ȕȖ ȕȍ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȊȈȓȈ ȟțȊșȚȊȖ-
ȊȈȚȤ, ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȕȍȍ ȊȗȐȊȈȦȚșȧ ȍȋȖ ȒȘȈșȕȣȍ ȉȍȏțȔȕȣȍ ȋȓȈȏȈ
ǷȘȈȏȌȕȐȟȕȖȍ ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ ȕȈȟȈȓȖ șȔȍȕȧȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȕȍȑ Ȗȡț-
ȡȍȕȐȍȔ țȎȈșȈ Ȑ ȋȈȌȓȐȊȖșȚȐ ǷȖ șȟȈșȚȤȦ, ȈȕȚȘȈȒȚ Ȋ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍ-
Ȕȧ ȒȖȕȟȐȓșȧ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȊȖȓȍȑ-ȕȍȊȖȓȍȑ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȓ
țȑȚȐ

38
— DzȈȒȖȑ Ȗȕ țȘȖȌȓȐȊȣȑ — șȒȈȏȈȓȈ ȖȕȈ șȊȖȍȔț șȗțȚȕȐȒț
ȒȈȒ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ țȌȈȓȐȓșȧ — ǿȐșȚȣȑ ȋȖȘȐȓȓȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ
ȍȡȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȍȍ
— ǬȈ ȕȖ ȕȍ ȏȈȉȣȊȈȑ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȊȍȓȐȟȈȑȠȐȑ țȔ ȔȐȘȈ —
ȊȈȎȕȖ ȖȚȖȏȊȈȓșȧ ȌȖȒȚȖȘ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȉțȌțȟȐ șȈȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȔ
ȕȍȌȈȓȍȒȐȔ ș ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȜȈȕȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȗȖȒȓȖȕȍȕȐȍȔ ȖȚȕȖșȐȓ-
șȧ ȒȖ ȊșȍȔ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȖșȚȧȔ
Ǩ Ȋ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȊȕȐȏț Ȋ ȠȊȍȑȞȈȘșȒȖȑ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȕȈȌȍȊȈȓ
șȊȖȐ ȋȈȓȖȠȐ Ȑ șȚȈȘȈȓșȧ ȕȈȑȚȐ Ȋ ȒȖȠȍȓȤȒȍ șȈȔțȦ ȔȍȓȒțȦ
șȍȘȍȉȘȧȕțȦ ȔȖȕȍȚț ȟȚȖȉȣ ȌȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȟȈȑ ȠȊȍȑȞȈȘț
III
dzȦȉȖȊȤ ȊȣȘȈȎȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȉȍcȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȝ ȜȖȘ-
ȔȈȝǩȣȊȈȍȚ ȖȕȈ ȊȍșȍȓȖȦ Ȑ ȘȈȌȖșȚȕȖȑ ȕȍȎȕȖȑ Ȑ ȉȓȈȋȖțȝȈȦ-
ȡȍȑ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȕȣȑ ȊȍșȍȕȕȐȑ ȌȍȕȤ
ǺȈȒȖȊȈ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȣȝ Ȧȕȣȝ ȌțȠ ȕȈ ȜȖȕȍ ȌȖȎȌȧ Ȑȏ
ȘȖȏ ȕȈ ȜȖȕȍ ȧșȕȖȋȖ ȉȍȏȖȉȓȈȟȕȖȋȖ ȕȍȉȈ
ǩȣȊȈȍȚ ȖȕȈ ȏȕȖȑȕȖȑ ȒȈȒ ȋȖȘȧȟȐȑ ȓȍȚȕȐȑ ȗȖȓȌȍȕȤ ȗȖȌ-
ȟȈș ȔțȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȏȕȖȑȕȖȑ ȗȖȓȕȖȑ ȋȖȘȧȟȍȦ șȚȘȈșȚȤȦ ș ȗȖȞȍ-
ȓțȧȔȐ, ȗȖȝȖȎȐȔȐ ȕȈ țȒțșȣ ș șțȌȖȘȖȎȕȣȔȐ ȖȉȢȧȚȐȧȔȐ ș
ȘȈșȠȐȘȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȏȘȈȟȒȈȔȐ ș ȉȓȍȌȕȣȔȐ ȐșȒȈȎȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȓȐȞȈ-
ȔȐǩȣȊȈȍȚ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ ȕȍȎȕȈȧ ȥȓȍȋȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȗȖȓȕȈȧ șȓȈȌȒȖȦ
ȋȘțșȚȤȦ șȍȘȖȋȖ ȖșȍȕȕȍȋȖ Ȍȕȧ
ǶȕȈ șȖșȚȖȐȚ ȚȖȋȌȈ Ȑȏ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȣȝ țȓȣȉȖȒ Ȑȏ ȗȖȞȍȓțȍȊ
șȒȊȖȏȤ șȓȍȏȣ Ȑȏ ȚȐȝȐȝ ȘȖȒȖȟțȡȐȝ Șȍȟȍȑ Ȑȏ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖȋȖ
ȗȘȍȌȟțȊșȚȊȐȧ ȘȈȏȓțȒȐ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȕȖȋȖ Ȋ ȔȐȓȣȝ ȋȓȈȏȈȝ
ǵȖ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ ȕȖșȐȓȈ șȖȊșȍȔ ȐȕȖȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘ ǶȕȈ
ȧȊȐȓȈșȤ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȗȖȏȌȕȖ ȧȊȐȓȈșȤ ȕȍȗȘȖȠȍȕȖȦ ȋȖșȚȤȍȑ Ȑ ȉȣ-
ȓȈ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȍȕȕȈȧ țȘȖȌȓȐȊȈȧ ȗțȋȈȦȡȈȧ Ȑ ȖȚȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȦȡȈȧ
ǶȕȈ ȘȈȏȘțȠȐȓȈ ȚȈȒ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȕȈȓȈȎȍȕȕțȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȗȘȖȜȍș-
șȖȘȈ ȊȣȉȐȓȈ ȍȋȖ Ȑȏ ȒȖȓȍȐ ȉȘȖșȐȓȈ Ȋ ȗțȟȐȕț ȕȖȊȣȝ ȟțȎ-
Ȍȣȝ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȘȍȟȈȡȐȝ șȒȓȈȌț ȍȋȖ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȈ ȖȡțȡȍȕȐȑ ȗȍ-
ȘȍȌ ȓȐȞȖȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ țȔ Ȑ ȓȖȋȐȒȈ ȉȣȓȐ ȉȍșșȐȓȤȕȣ

39
ȅȚȖȚ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȚȈȒ ȖȉȈȧȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȑ Ȋ ȘȖȓȐ țȟȍ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȔȣșȓȐȚȍȓȧ Ȋ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȘȖȓȐ ȊȓȦȉȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȖȒȈȏȈȓșȧ șȔȍȠ-
ȕȣȔ țȘȖȌȓȐȊȣȔ ȎȈȓȒȐȔ
Ƕȕ șȚȈȓ ȗȖȝȖȎ ȕȈ ȉȖȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȏȊȍȘȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ Ȗȗ-
ȘȍȌȍȓȐȚȤ ȗȘȐȟȐȕț șȊȖȍȋȖ șȚȘȈȌȈȕȐȧ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȖȚ ȕȍȋȖ ȐȏȉȈ-
ȊȐȚȤșȧ Ȑ țȋȘȦȔȖ șȚȘȈȌȈȍȚ ȏȓȖȉșȚȊțȧ ȕȈ Ȋșȍȝ ȖȒȘțȎȈȦȡȐȝ
ǹȊȖȍȖȉȘȈȏȕȖ șȓȖȎȐȊȠȈȧșȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ țȉȐȓȈ Ȋ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȍ ȔȕȖ-
ȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȝ ȟȍȘȚ ǷȖȥȚȖȔț ȗȖȓȦȉȐȊȠȐ Ȗȕ ȖȒȈȏȈȓșȧ
ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ ȉȍșȗȖȔȖȡȕȣȔ
ǵȐ ȘȈȏȖȉȘȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ ȖȡțȡȍȕȐȧȝ ȕȐ ȉȖȘȖȚȤșȧ ș ȕȐȔȐ
Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ
ǶȕȐ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȉȍșȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȖ ȚȘȍȊȖȎȐȓȐ ȔțȟȐ-
ȓȐ, ȒȈȒ ȓȍȋȐȖȕ ȉȍșȖȊ, Ȑ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȟȈșȚȖ ȗȘȐȌȧ Ȋ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȐȍ Ȗȕ
ȔȍȚȈȓșȧ ȗȖ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȚȖȘȐȐ ș ȘȍȊȖȔ Ȑ ȘțȋȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈȔȐ șȓȖȊȕȖ
ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȐȑ ȉȍșȕȖȊȈȚȣȑ
ǬȍȓȖ ȌȖȝȖȌȐȓȖ ȌȖ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȓ ȟțȊșȚ-
ȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȖșȚȘțȦ ȕȍȕȈȊȐșȚȤ Ȓ șȈȔȖȔț șȍȉȍ ȗȣȚȈȧșȤ ȏȈȉȣȚȤșȧ
Ȟȍȓȣȍ ȕȖȟȐ ȉȍȋȈȓ ȗȖ țȓȐȞȈȔ ȏȈȗȐȘȈȓșȧ Ȋ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȚȖȘȐȐ Ȑ ȘȈ-
ȉȖȚȈȓ ȉȍȏ ȗȍȘȍȘȣȊȈ ș țȚȘȈ ȌȖ ȕȖȟȐ ȒȈȎȌțȦ ȔȐȕțȚț țșȐȓȐȍȔ
ȊȖȓȐ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȈȧ ȕȍȗȖșȓțȠȕțȦ ȔȣșȓȤ Ȓ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚț ȏȈȕȧȚȐȑ
ǵȖ ȕȐȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȔȖȋȈȓȖ
ǹȚȘȈșȚȤ ȉȣȓȈ șȐȓȤȕȍȍ ȊșȍȋȖ :
ǶȕȈ ȎȐȓȈ Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȒȈȒ ȍȋȖ ȊȚȖȘȖȍ ©ȧª ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ șȐȓȤ-
ȕȖȍ ȟȍȔ ȊȖȓȧ Ȑ ȘȈșșțȌȖȒ
ǷȘȍȎȕȐȑ ȕȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȣȑ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȏȓȐȓșȧ ȘțȋȈȓșȧ șȖȗȘȖ-
ȚȐȊȓȧȓșȧ ȘțȒȈȔȐ Ȑ ȕȖȋȈȔȐ ȕȖ ȕȖȊȣȑ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȐȓȐ ȌȐȈȊȖȓ
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ Ȋ ȕȍȋȖ ȊșȍȓȐȓșȧ ȌȍȓȈȓ șȊȖȍ ȌȍȓȖ
ǵȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȊȣȝȖȌȧ ȕȈ țȓȐȞț ȗȖșȓȍ ȒȖȕȞȍȘȚȈ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ
ȚȊȍȘȌȖ ȘȍȠȐȓ ȕȍ ȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȗȘȐȋȓȈȠȍȕȐȍȔ ȌȖȒȚȖȘȈ ǴȐ-
ȝȈȑȓȖȊȈ
ǵȖ ȌȊȈ ȉȓȐȎȈȑȠȐȍ Ȍȕȧ ȗȘȖȠȓȐ Ȋ ȉȖȘȤȉȍ ȔȍȎȌț ȗȘȐ-
ȕȧȚȣȔ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍȔ Ȑ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȍȔ ȗȖȊȐȌȈȚȤ DzȘȍșȚȖȊșȒțȦ Ȉ ȕȈ
ȚȘȍȚȐȑ — Ȗȕ ȗȖȗȘȖșȚț țȊȐȌȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȑȚȐ — ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ
Ǫȏȧȓ Ƞȓȧȗț ȕȈȌȍȓ ȗȈȓȤȚȖ Ȑ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȐȓșȧ
ǻ ȌȖȒȚȖȘȈ ȗȘȐȕȧȓȐ ȍȋȖ ș ȗȖȟȍȚȖȔ Ȑ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤȦ ǵȍ ȏȕȈȓȐ,
ȒțȌȈ ȗȖșȈȌȐȚȤ ȒȈȒȐȔȐ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȈȔȐ ȏȈȕȧȚȤ ǵȈȌȍȎȌȈ ǨȓȍȒ-
șȈȕȌȘȖȊȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȋȖȘȌȈ ȟȚȖ ȌȖșȚȈȊȐȓȈ șȍȔȤȍ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȋȖ-
șȚȧ Ȑ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȟȍșȚȤ ȗȖșȍȡȍȕȐȧ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȖșȚȐ

40
ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȐȚ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȍȑ ȕȍ ȖȚȝȖȌȐȓȈ ȖȚ ȕȍȋȖ Ȟȍ-
ȓȣȑ ȊȍȟȍȘ
ǵȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȥȚȖ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȗȘȖȊȍȓ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ Ȕț-
ȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ
ǪșȧȒȐȑ ȒȖȔț ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ȗȍȘȍȎȐȊȈȚȤ ȔțȒȐ ȏȈșȚȍȕȟȐ-
ȊȖșȚȐ ȗȖȑȔȍȚ ȥȚȖ ǪȍȌȤ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȟțȚȤ ȓȐ ȕȐ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȘȈȏ Ȋ
ȎȐȏȕȐ ȉȣȓ Ȋ ȋȖșȚȧȝ ǹȓȈȊȈ țȟȍȕȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȌȈȊȈȓȈ ȏȌȍșȤ ȍȔț ȗȖȟ-
Ȋȣ ȗȖȌ ȕȖȋȈȔȐ Ȗȕ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓ ȒȈȒ Ȑ Ȗ ȟȍȔ ȘȈȏȋȖ-
ȊȈȘȐȊȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓ ȒȈȒ șȐȌȍȚȤ ȗȐȚȤ ȟȈȑ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȖȡȈȚȤșȧ Ȑ
țȝȖȌȐȚȤ
ǭȋȖ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȈ țȊȍȘȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȐȕȈ-
ȟȍ ȟȍȔ ȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȚșȧ ǬȈȎȍ ȒȘȈȑȕȧȧ ȗȖȟȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȝȖȏȧȐȕȈ
ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȈ ȗȘȐȌȈȚȤ ȍȔț ȈȗȓȖȔȉȈ Ȑ ȊȣȑȌȧ ȖȚ ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȣȝ Ȗȕ
ȗȖȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ șȍȉȧ ȒȈȒ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ șȉȘȖșȐȊȠȐȑ ș ȗȓȍȟ ȉȖȓȤ-
ȠțȦ ȚȧȎȍșȚȤ
— ǻȜ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȘȈȏ ȒȈȓȈȟȖȔ ȕȍ ȏȈȔȈȕȐȠȤ — ȗȘȖȉȖȘȔȖ-
ȚȈȓ Ȗȕ ȖȉȓȍȋȟȍȕȕȖ ȊȏȌȣȝȈȧ
ǶȌȕȈȒȖ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȋȌȍ-ȚȖ Ȋ ȋȓțȉȐȕȍ ȌțȠȐ ȔȍȓȤȒ-
ȕțȓȖ șȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȎȈȓțȑ Ȗȕ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȘȈȏ ȊȍȘȕȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȥȚȖȚ
ȌȖȔǺȈȒ ȗȤȧȕȐȞȈ ȌȈȍȚ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȖȉȍȡȈȕȐȍ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ
ȉȘȈȚȤ Ȋ ȘȖȚ ȒȈȗȓȐ șȗȐȘȚȕȖȋȖ Ȉ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȏȕȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ Ȗȉȍ-
ȡȈȕȐȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȕȈȘțȠȍȕȖ
ǬȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȉȓȐȎȈȑȠȐȝ Ȍȕȍȑ ȗȘȖȠȓȖ Ȋ
ȚȖȔȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȔ ȉȍșȗȖȒȖȑșȚȊȍ Ȋ ȚȖșȒȍ Ȑ ȏȓȖȉȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȊșȍȋȖ ȔȐ-
ȘȈ ǯȈȕȧȚȐȧ ȕȍ ȒȓȍȐȓȐșȤ Ȑȏ ȖȗȣȚȖȊ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȓȖ ȗȘȖ-
ȜȍșșȖȘ ȟȈȡȍ ȟȍȔ ȒȖȋȌȈ-ȓȐȉȖ ȉȐȓ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȚȖȘȕțȦ ȗȖșțȌț Ȉ
ȒțȝȈȘȒȍ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ ȊȣșȓțȠȈȚȤ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȌȊțȝ Ȍȕȍȑ ȋȖȌȖ-
ȊțȦ ȗȖȘȞȐȦ ȘțȋȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊ
ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ Ȗȕ ȗȖȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ ȚȈȒ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȚȤ-
șȧ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȗȖȊȐȌȈȚȤ DzȘȍșȚȖȊșȒțȦ
ǺȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ ȗȖȠȍȓ Ȓ ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȣȔ ȊȚȖȘȖȑ ȘȈȏ
ɌȘȍȚȐȑ ȘȈȏ ȍȋȖ ȚȧȕțȓȖ ȍȡȍ șȐȓȤȕȍȍ Ȉ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȧȧ ȉȖȘȤ-
ȉȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȕȍ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȟȕȖȑ Ȑ ȒȖȕȟȐȓȖșȤ ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ
șȌȍȓȈȓșȧ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȣȔ ȗȖșȍȚȐȚȍȓȍȔ șȍȔȤȐ ȌȖȒȚȖȘȈ ǴȐȝȈȑ-
ȓȖȊȈ
ǩȓȐȎȈȑȠȐȔ ȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȗȖȚȍ-

41
Șȧȓ Ȋ ȍȍ ȋȓȈȏȈȝ ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȤ ȕȖȊȐȏȕȣ ǮȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȗȍȘȍ-
șȚȈȓȐ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȍȋȖ ȋȖȓȖȊȣ ȖȘȍȖȓ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ Ȑ,
ȖȞȍȕȐȊȈȧ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ ȒȈȒ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȖȋȖ ȕȈȠȓȐ
ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȣȔ șȒțȟȕȣȔ ȕȍȓȖȊȒȐȔ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ ȟȍȔ-ȚȖ ȊȘȖȌȍ
ȉȈȓȓȈșȚȈ șȘȍȌȐ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȖșȍȚȐȚȍȓȍȑ
ǵȈȌȍȎȌȈ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȕȈ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȓȈ ȐȔ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȚȤșȧ
ǭȍ șȍșȚȘȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȕȈșȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȓȦȉȍȏȕȈ ȕȈșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȓȖ ȋȖș-
ȚȍȗȘȐȐȔșȚȊȖ ǶȌȐȕ ȌȖȒȚȖȘ ȗȖ-ȗȘȍȎȕȍȔț Ȕȓȍȓ ȖȚ ȘȈȌȖșȚȐ
ȏȈȗȘȖșȚȖ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȧ ț șȍȉȧ ©șȈȔȖȋȖª ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ
ǵȖ ȍȋȖ ȚȖ ȒȈȒ ȘȈȏ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȕȍȕȈȊȐȌȍȓ ȌȖ ȋȓțȉȐȕȣ Ȍț-
ȠȐ ȏȈ ȊȍȟȕȖȍ ȗȘȐșȚȈȊȈȕȐȍ ș ȕȈțȟȕȣȔȐ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȈȔȐ
ǭșȚȤ ȖșȖȉȣȑ ȖȚȚȍȕȖȒ ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȖ ȊȕȍȠȕȖșȚȐ
ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȊȐȌȕȖ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȏȖȓ Ȑ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȟțȊșȚȊțȍȚ șȍȉȧ
ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȕȣȔ ǷȖȧȊȓȧȧșȤ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȐȔȍȓ
ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȊȐȌ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ șȖȉȐȘȈȊ-
Ƞȍȍșȧ ț ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȣȝ ȉȣȓȖ ȖȟȍȕȤ șȐȔȗȈȚȐȟȕȖȍ Ȑ ȊȍșȍȓȖȍ
ǶȕȖ șȖșȚȖȧȓȖ ȗȖ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊț Ȑȏ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȎȐȏ-
ȕȍȘȈȌȖșȚȕȣȝ ȠțȔȓȐȊȣȝ șȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȝ ȔȍȎȌț șȖȉȖȑ Țȍșȕȍȑ-
ȠȐȔȐ șȐȔȗȈȚȐȧȔȐ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț ȟțȎȌȣȝ șȚȍșȕȍȕȐȧ
dzȍȋȒȖ șȍȉȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȒȈȒȐȔ ȌȐșșȖȕȈȕșȖȔ ȧȊȓȧȓșȧ șȘȍ-
ȌȐ ȕȐȝ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ
ǴȘȈȟȕȣȑ țȘȖȌȓȐȊȣȑ ȔȖȓȟȈȓȐȊȣȑ ȕȍȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȖ șȐȌȍȓ
Ȗȕ ȞȍȓȣȔȐ ȊȍȟȍȘȈȔȐ Ȋ țȋȓț șȓȍȌȧ ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ ȏȈ ǵȈȌȍȎȌȖȑ
ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȕȖȑ ȕȍ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȧ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȘȈȏȌȈȦȡȐȑșȧ
ȒȘțȋȖȔ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘ ȠțȚȒȐ Ȑ șȔȍȝ
ǷȘȐ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȍ ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȕȍȊȖȓȤȕȖ șȗȘȈȠȐȊȈȓ șȍȉȧ
©ǯȈȟȍȔ ȥȚȖȚ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȏȌȍșȤ"ª ǰ ȊșȧȒȐȑ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐ-
șțȚșȚȊȐȍ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ ȖȚȘȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȊȍșȍȓȤȍ șȚȍșȕȧȍȚ ȕȍȗȘȐȕțȎ-
ȌȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȗȘȖȋȖȕȧȍȚ ȉȍȏȏȈȉȖȚȕȖșȚȤ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȐȍ ȔțȔȐȐ
ȕȈ ȊȍșȍȓȖȔ ȗȐȘț
ǵȍ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȈȔ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ǩțȌȤ Ȗȕ ȕȍ-
ȔȕȖȋȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȖȗȣȚȍȕ Ȋ șȊȍȚșȒȐȝ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧȝ Ȗȕ ȗȖșȚȈȘȈȓșȧ
ȉȣ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȊȍșȚȐ șȍȉȧ ȐȕȈȟȍ ȕȖ ȊȖ ȊșȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȓȖ ȏȈ
ȗȘȍȌȍȓȣ ȕȈțȒȐ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȌȐȒȈȘȍȔ ȐȓȐ ȘȍȉȍȕȒȖȔ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ șȖ-
ȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍ ȖȚȌȈȊȈȓ șȍȉȍ ȖȚȟȍȚȈ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȒȈȒ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȖȚȕȖ-
șȧȚșȧ ȖȒȘțȎȈȦȡȐȍ
ǷȖȕȧȚȐȍ Ȗ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȓȋȈȚȤ ȗȘȐȚȊȖȘȧȚȤșȧ șȐȔțȓȐ-
ȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȒȈȒȖȍ-ȓȐȉȖ ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȖ-

42
ȊȈȓȖ Ƕȕ ȉȣȓ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕ ȌȍȓȈȓ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ
ȍȔț ȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ Ȑ Ȋ ȋȖșȚȐȕȖȑ șȘȍȌȐ ȠțȔȕȖȋȖ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ȐȓȐ
ȗȘȐ ȟȈȑȕȖȔ șȚȖȓȍ ȗȖȌ ȋțȓ ȗȍȘȍȒȘȍșȚȕȣȝ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȖȊ, ȖșȚȈ-
ȊȈȓșȧ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȌȖȔȈȠȕȐȔ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȣȔ
ȅȚȖȋȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ șȖȏȌȈȚȤ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȕȍȋȖ ȈȚȔȖș-
ȜȍȘț ȕȍȗȘȐȧȏȕȍȕȕȖȑ ȐȘȖȕȐȐ
ǭȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȈȧ șȓȈȊȈ ȕȈțȟȕȣȍ ȏȈșȓțȋȐ ȕȍ șȗȈșȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȖȚ
ȥȚȖȋȖ Ȉ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȒȘțȎȈȦȡȐȍ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓȐ ȒȈȒ Ȗȕ șȔȖȚȘȐȚ ȕȈ
ǵȈȌȍȎȌț ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȕț ȚȖ Ȑ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ țȊȈȎȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȕȍȔț
ȗȘȖȗȈȓȖ
Ǵȣ Ȋșȍ ȉȣȊȈȍȔ ȊȓȦȉȓȍȕȣ ȕȖ ȕȐȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȌȘȣȊȈȍȚ Ȋ ȕȈ-
ȠȐȝ ȋȓȈȏȈȝ ȘȍȗțȚȈȞȐȦ ȉȓȐȎȕȍȋȖ ȚȈȒ șȐȓȤȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȐȏȊȍșȚȐȍ
ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȊȓȦȉȓȍȕ
ȅȚȖ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȕȈȔ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȒȖȔ ȊȍȓȐȟȈȑȠȍȑ șȓȈȉȖșȚȐ ȟțȚȤ
ȓȐ ȕȐ ȋȓțȗȖșȚȐ Ȕȣ șȍȑȟȈș Ȏȍ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȔ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȤșȧ șȊȣșȖ-
ȒȈ Ȓ ȚȈȒȖȔț ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒț
ǪșȧȒȐȑ ȌțȘȈȒ șȟȐȚȈȍȚ șȍȉȧ ȊȗȘȈȊȍ șȔȍȧȚȤșȧ ȕȈȌ ȊȓȦȉȓȍȕ-
ȕȣȔ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȚȖȚ ȕȐ ȉȣȓ țȔȍȕ
ǩȍȌȕȣȑ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ǪșȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȓȦȌȐ ȍȋȖ ȟțȎȌȈȓȐșȤ ȕȖ Ȗȕ
ȋȖȘȌȣȑ Ȑ șȐȓȤȕȣȑ Ƞȍȓ ȔȐȔȖ ȕȐȝ ȖȚȊȍȟȈȧ ȕȍȓȦȌȐȔȖșȚȤȦ
Ȑ ȏȓȖȉȖȑ ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ Ȗȕ ȊȖȠȍȓ Ȋ Ȑȝ ȒȘțȋ Ȑ ȟȚȖ Ȏȍ" ȚȖȓȤȒȖ
Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖȉȣ șȌȍȓȈȚȤșȧ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚȖȔ ȕȈșȔȍȠȍȒ
ǫȍȕȐȑ Ȑȏ ȋȍȕȐȍȊ ț șȍȉȧ Ȋ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȚȖȘȐȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ șȐȓȍ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȗȖȒȖȘȧȓȈșȤ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȈ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚ țȊȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȊșȍȋȖ ȔȐȘȈ
ȒȖȕȟȐȊȠȐ ȘȈȉȖȚț Ȑ ȗȘȐȌȧ Ȓ ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȣȔ Ȗȕ Ȑȏ ȚȐȚȈȕȈ ȗȘȍ-
ȊȘȈȡȈȓșȧ Ȋ ȠțȚȈ
ǹȚțȌȍȕȚȣ Ȑ ȋȐȔȕȈȏȐșȚȒȐ ȒțȘșȐșȚȒȐ Ȑ ȒȖȕșȍȘȊȈȚȖȘȒȐ
— ȗȘȐȊȍȚșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ șȒȘȣȚȣȔȐ șȔȍȠȒȈȔȐ Ȑ
ȠȍȗȖȚȖȔ:
— Ǩ ȕȈȠ ǸȖȔȍȖ ȒȈȒȖȑ Ȗȕ Ȋȍșȍȓȣȑ
— ǪȖȚ Ȗȕ ȊȓȦȉȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȋȖȘȐȓȓȈ ǫȖșȗȖȌȈ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȒțșȈȍȚ-
șȧ" — ǹȗȘȖșȐȚȍ ț ǵȈȌȍȎȌȣ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȕȣ
— ǵȈȌȍȕȤȒȈ ȧ ȊȈȔ ȏȈȊȐȌțȦ ǺȈȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȒȓȖȕȕȐȒȈ ȔȖȎȕȖ
ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȚȤ ȏȈ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ.
DzȈȎȌȣȑ șȗȍȠȐȓ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȝȖȘȖȠțȦ ȐȓȐ ȗȓȖȝțȦ ȖșȚȘȖȚț
ȕȈ ȍȋȖ șȟȍȚ ȕȖ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȓ
Ƕȕ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȔȈȓȖ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȓșȧ ȥȚȖȦ ȒțȟȒȖȑ ȎțȎȎȈ-

43
ȡȐȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ǸȈșșȍȧȕȕȖ ȗȖȎȐȔȈȓ ȊșȍȔ ȘțȒȐ Ȑ țșȈȎȐȊȈȓșȧ Ȋ
țȋȖȓ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ șȓȍȌȐȚȤ ȏȈ DzȘȍșȚȖȊșȒȖȑ
ǶȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ ȒȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ Ȑȏ ȝȖȏȧȍȊ șȟȐȚȈȓ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐ-
ȔȣȔ ȖȉȔȍȕȧȚȤșȧ ș ȕȐȔ Ȍȓȧ ȗȘȐȓȐȟȐȧ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȔȐ ȜȘȈ-
ȏȈȔȐ ǯȈȚȍȔ ȍȋȖ ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȓȐ Ȋ ȗȖȒȖȍ Ȑ Ȗȕ ȔȖȓȟȈȓ ȌȖ ȒȖȕȞȈ
ȊȍȟȍȘȈ ȘȈȌțȧșȤ ȟȚȖ ȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȚȘȍȊȖȎȈȚ
ǩȣȓȖ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȖȡțȡȍȕȐȧȝ ȕȍȟȚȖ ȗȖȝȖȎȍȍ ȕȈ ȖȡțȡȍȕȐȧ ȔȖȘ-
ȜȐȕȖȔȈȕȈ ǷȖȒȈ Ȗȕ ȊȐȌȍȓ ǵȈȌȍȎȌț ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȕț șȓȣȠȈȓ
ȍȍ ȋȖȓȖș — ȊȍșȤ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȔ ȍȋȖ ȎȐȓ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȖȓȕȖȑ Ȑ ȘȈ-
ȌȖșȚȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȤȦ
ǿȚȖ-ȚȖ ȚȘȍȗȍȚȈȓȖ Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȒȈȒȐȍ-ȚȖ ȕȍȧșȕȣȍ ȖȡțȡȍȕȐȧ ȕȈ-
ȗȖȓȕȧȓȐ ȌțȠț
ǵȖ ȍȌȊȈ ȒȖȕȟȈȓșȧ ȊȍȟȍȘ Ȑ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ țȝȖȌȐȓ ȖȚ ǴȐȝȈȑ-
ȓȖȊȣȝ Ȗȕ ȗȘȖșȣȗȈȓșȧ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȈȧșȤ Ȓ ȖȉȣȟȕȖȑ șȒțȟȕȖȑ Ȑ
ȚȧȎȍȓȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ
Ƕȕ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȓ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȚȧȎȍșȚȤ șȍȉȧ șȈȔȖȋȖ Ȉ ȌțȠȈ ȉȣ-
ȓȈ ȔțȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗțșȚȖȦ
ǰ ȗȖȚȖȔ Ȋșȍ țȚȘȈ Ȋșȍ ȌȕȐ Ȋșȍ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ Ȗȕ ȚȖșȒȖȊȈȓ ȗȖ ȕȍ-
ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȔ șȓȈȌȒȐȔ ȖȡțȡȍȕȐȧȔ
DzȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ Ȋȍȡȍȑ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȖ ȚȧȕțȚȤșȧ
ȌȖȓȋȖ ǶȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍȕȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȍȕȕȣȔ Ȉ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȐ
ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȚ ȏȈȚȧȎȕȖȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ț șȓȈȉȣȝ ȕȈȚțȘ ǻ șȐ-
ȓȤȕȣȝ ȖȕȐ ȘȈȏȘȈȎȈȦȚșȧ ȉȣșȚȘȣȔȐ ȉțȘȕȣȔȐ ȒȘȐȏȐșȈȔȐ
ǺȈȒ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȔȍȌȐȞȐȕȈ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ ȔȍȌȐȞȐȕȈ ȟȍ-
ȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȑ ȌțȠȐ ȔȖȋȓȈ ȉȣ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȚȖ Ȏȍ șȈȔȖȍ
ǷȖȥȚȖȔț ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȔț ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘț ȕȍșȗȖșȖȉȕȣȑ Ȓ
ȗȓȈȚȖȕȐȟȍșȒȖȔț ȟțȊșȚȊț ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȔțȟȐȚȤșȧ Ȑ ȊȏȌȣȝȈȚȤ
Ȋ ȘȖȓȐ ȗȈșșȐȊȕȖȋȖ ȊȓȦȉȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ
ǬȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȕȈșȚțȗȐȚȤ ȒȘȐȏȐș Ȑ ȚȖȓȒȕțȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȕȈ ȌȖȘȖȋț
ȈȒȚȐȊȕȖȑ șȚȘȈșȚȐ ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȦȡȍȑ ȗȘȍȗȧȚșȚȊȐȑ ȕȍ șȖȊȍȚțȦ-
ȡȍȑșȧ ș ȘȈȏțȔȖȔ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȡȈȦȡȍȑ ȝȖȓȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȔȣșȓȐȚȍȓȧ Ȋ
ȔȈȕȐȈȒȈ
ǺȈȒȖȑ ȗȍȘȍȓȖȔ ȗȖșȓȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȟțȊșȚȊȖ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȝȖ-
ȏȧȐȕȖȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȗȘȖȐȏȖȠȍȓ Ȋ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȍ ȔȍșȧȞȈ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȌȊȈ
ȗȖșȓȍ ȗȍȘȊȖȋȖ ȏȕȈȒȖȔșȚȊȈ ș DzȘȍșȚȖȊșȒȖȑ
ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ Ȋ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ ȔȈȧ ǪȖȏȊȘȈȡȈȧșȤ ȗȖȏȌȕȖ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ ȖȚ
ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȣȝ Ȗȕ șȖȉȓȈȏȕȐȓșȧ ȟțȌȕȖȑ ȗȖȋȖȌȖȑ Ȑ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȗȘȖ-
ȉȘȖȌȐȓ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ǬȍȊȐȟȤȍȋȖ ȗȖȓȧ ȖȝȊȈȟȍȕȕȣȑ ȊȖȓȕȍȕȐȍȔ ȒȖ-

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ȚȖȘȖȋȖ șȈȔ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ ȋȖȕȐȔȣȑ ȉȍșȗȖȒȖȑșȚȊȖȔ ș ȒȖȚȖ-
ȘȣȔ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ șȗȘȈȊȐȚȤșȧ
ǹȍȘȌȞȍ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȉȐȓȖșȤ ȒȈȒ ț ȠȍșȚȕȈȌȞȈȚȐȓȍȚȕȍȋȖ ȦȕȖ-
ȠȐ ȓȐȞȖ ȋȖȘȍȓȖ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȖȚ ȓȐȝȖȘȈȌȒȐ
ȅȚȐ ȚȍȔȕȣȍ Țȍȗȓȣȍ ȔȈȑșȒȐȍ ȕȖȟȐ ȐȔȍȦȚ țȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ
șȊȖȑșȚȊȖ ȊȣȉȐȊȈȚȤ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ Ȑȏ ȒȖȓȍȐ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȚȤ ȔȍȟȚȈȚȤ
ȌȈȎȍ șȈȔȣȝ ȗȘȖȏȈȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ
ǶȕȐ ȌȘȈȏȕȧȚ ȟțȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȚȍȗȓȣȔȐ ȖȉȢȧȚȐȧȔȐ ȕȍȎ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȊȖȏȌțȝȈ ȌȍȑșȚȊțȦȚ ȕȈ ȕȍȘȊȣ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖȦ ȚȐȠȐȕȖȑ Ȑ ȚȍȔ-
ȕȖȚȖȦ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȦȚ ȔȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖșȚȤȦ
ȋȓțȉȐȕȣ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȕȍȉȈ
ǺȈȒȈȧ ȕȖȟȤ ȊȘȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȏȈ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȔ Ȋ ȒȖȔȕȈȚț ȖȚȋȖȕȧȍȚ
șȖȕ șȖȏȌȈȍȚ ȈȚȔȖșȜȍȘț ȚȈȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȕȍȘȍȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȔȐȘȈ
ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȗȍȘȍȎȐȚȤ ȗȍȘȍȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ș ȏȈȔȐȘȈȕȐȍȔ șȍȘȌ-
ȞȈ Țȣșȧȟț Ȋȍȡȍȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȈȏȈȊȚȘȈ ȒȈȎțȚșȧ ȋȓțȗȣȔȐ Ȑ șȔȍ-
ȠȕȣȔȐ
ǵȍțȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ Ȋ ȥȚț ȕȖȟȤ ǽȘȍȉ-
ȚȖȊ ȊșȚțȗȐȓ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȦȦ ȉȖȘȤȉț ș ȖȊȓȈȌȍȊȠȍȑ ȐȔ șȚȘȈșȚȤȦ
— Ȋ ȉȖȘȤȉț ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖȓȕȖȍ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ
ǪȍȘȕțȊȠȐșȤ ȌȖȔȖȑ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȏȈȎȍȋ ȓȈȔȗȣ Ȑ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȓ ȗȖ
ȚȍȔȕȖȑ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȚȖȘȐȐ ȖȚ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ ȌȖ ȘȈșșȊȍȚȈ ȗȘȐșȓțȠȐȊȈȧșȤ
Ȓ ȕȍȧșȕȣȔ ȕȖȟȕȣȔ ȏȊțȒȈȔ ȕȈȗȘȈșȕȖ ȗȘȐȌțȔȣȊȈȧ șȗȖșȖȉ
țȑȚȐ Ȑȏ-ȗȖȌ ȊȓȈșȚȐ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȚȖȓȒȈȓȖ ȍȋȖ Ȓ ǵȈȌȍȎȌȍ ǨȓȍȒ-
șȈȕȌȘȖȊȕȍ
Ƕȕ ȗȘȐȏȣȊȈȓ ȕȈ ȗȖȔȖȡȤ șȈȔȖȓȦȉȐȍ — șȊȖȍ ȌȤȧȊȖȓȤșȒȖȍ
șȈȔȖȓȦȉȐȍ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȠȍȍșȧ Ȋ șȐȓț ȊșȍȖȉȡȍȋȖ ȖȚȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȧ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȖȍ ȍȋȖ ȖȒȘțȎȈȓȖ ș ȌȍȚșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȏȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ Ȗȕ ȖȚȖȔșȚȐȓ șȊȖȐȔ
țșȗȍȝȖȔ
ǵȖ șȈȔȖȓȦȉȐȍ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȖ ȉȖȘȖȚȤșȧ șȖ șȚȘȈșȚȤȦ Ƕȕ ȧșȕȖ
ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȗȖșȚțȗȐȚșȧ ȟȍȔ țȋȖȌȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȑȌȍȚ Ȋ ȘȈȉșȚ-
ȊȖ ȓȐȠȤ ȉȣ ȌȖȉȐȚȤșȧ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȕȐȧ ȓȦȉȐȔȖȦ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȖȑ
Ƕȕ ȗȘȐȏȣȊȈȓ ȕȈ ȗȖȔȖȡȤ ȌȖȓȋȖȓȍȚȕȦȦ ȗȘȐȊȣȟȒț Ȓ țȍ-
ȌȐȕȍȕȕȖȑ ȈșȒȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȓ ȚȘȍȏȊȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ ȕȈȗȘȈȊ-
ȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȕȈ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚȣ ȊȣșȠȍȋȖ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȈ
ǵȖ ȗȘȖȠȓȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȊșȚȈȊȈȓȈ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȕȐȔ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟ-
ȕȖ șȍȘȖȑ șȒțȟȕȖȑ Ȑ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ șȈȔ ȖȚșȚțȗȈȓ ȖȚ ȕȍȍ
ș șȖȌȘȖȋȈȕȐȍȔ
Ƕȕ ȗȘȐȏȣȊȈȓ ȕȈ ȗȖȔȖȡȤ șȊȖȑ țȔ șȊȖȦ șȚȈȓȤȕțȦ ȓȖȋȐ-

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Ȓț ȕȖ ȕȈȗȘȈșȕȖ
ȅȚȖȚ țȔ ȔȖȋțȟȐȑ șȊȍȚȓȣȑ ȧșȕȣȑ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȓșȧ ȉȍșșȐȓȤ-
ȕȣȔ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȊȣșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȌȖȊȖȌȖȊ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ șȐȓȤȕȣȝ ȟȚȖȉȣ
ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȚȤ șȔȖȓȒȕțȚȤ șȚȘȈșȚȤ
ǭȌȊȈ Ȗȕ ȏȈȒȈȕȟȐȊȈȓ șȊȖȍ ȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ ȍȌȊȈ
ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ȟȚȖ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊț ȗȖȏȌȕȖ ȓȦȉȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ șȔȍȠȕȖ Ȑ
ȋȓțȗȖ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȌțȠȍ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȋȖȓȖș ȉȖȓȍȍ șȐȓȤȕȣȑ,
ȊȖȏȘȈȎȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȓȦȉȐȚȤ — ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ
ǺȈȒ ȟȚȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȈșȚțȗȐȓ ȘȈșșȊȍȚ ț ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȓȖșȤ
ȕȍȘȍȠȍȕȕȣȝ ȊȖȗȘȖșȖȊ Ƕȕ ȗȘȐȔȐȘȐȓșȧ ș ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȣȑ
ȔȖȔȍȕȚ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȋȖ ȕȍȚ ȕȈ șȊȍȚȍ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȊȈȎȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȌȖȘȖȋȖȋȖ
ȒȘȖȔȍ ǵȈȌȍȎȌȣ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȕȣ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȍȋȖ — Ȋ ȕȍȑ
Ȑ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ șȐȓȣ ȍȋȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȚȤ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȣ ȕȈ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍ-
ȕȐȍ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȕȐȧ ȍȦ
ǬȘțȋȖȑ ȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȔȍșȚȍ ȗȖȕȧȓ ȉȣ, ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȕȖ
ȊȍȌȤ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȉȣȓ ȘȍȉȍȕȒȖȔ Ȋ șȈȔȣȝ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȈȘȕȣȝ ȎȐȚȍȑ-
șȒȐȝ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈȝ ǿȍȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ Ȗȕ ȌțȔȈȓ Ȗ ȎȍȕȐȚȤȉȍ ȕȈ DzȘȍș-
ȚȖȊșȒȖȑ ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȥȚȖȚ ȉȘȈȒ ȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ȍȔț ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ
Ƕȕ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚ ȐȔȍȍȚ șȊȖȐ șȉȍȘȍȎȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȝȖȚȤ ȕȍ-
ȊȍȓȐȒȐ ȕȖ ȗȖȒȈȎțȚșȧ ȍȑ ȉȖȋȈȚșȚȊȖȔ ȗȖșȓȍ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȑȏ ȔȐȓȖ-
șȚȐ ț ȘȖȌșȚȊȍȕȕȐȒȖȊ
ǷȘȈȊȌȈ ȖȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȓȦȉȐȚ ȕȖ, ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ, ȖȚȕȖșȐȚșȧ Ȓ ȕȍ-
Ȕț șȐȔȗȈȚȐȟȕȖ ǴȈȓȖ ȓȐ ȉȘȈȒȖȊ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ ȉȍȏ ȓȦȉȊȐ ȋȖ-
ȊȖȘȧȚ ȌȈȎȍ ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȉȣȊȈȦȚ șȈȔȣȔȐ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȣȔȐ
ǷȍȘȊȣȑ ȘȈȏ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘț ȗȘȐȠȓȈ ȔȣșȓȤ ȟȚȖ, ȒȈȒ ȎȍȕȐȝ
Ȗȕ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȝȖȘȖȠțȦ ȗȈȘȚȐȦ ȅȚȖ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȌȖș-
ȚȈȊȐȓȖ ȍȔț ȚȈȒȖȍ țȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȍ ȉțȌȚȖ Ȗȕ ȖȚȒȘȣȓ ț șȍȉȧ
ȕȖȊȣȑ ȚȈȓȈȕȚ
ǰ țșȍȊȠȐșȤ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȕȖȋȐ ȏȈȉȖȓȍȓȐ ȖȚ ȉȍș-
ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȑ ȝȖȌȤȉȣ ȊȏȈȌ Ȑ ȊȗȍȘȍȌ Ȗȕ ȗȖȋȘțȏȐȓșȧ Ȋ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȑ-
Ƞȍȍ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȍ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȓȈȕȖȊ ȕȈ ȒȈȎȌȖȔ ȠȈȋț ȗȖȎȐȔȈȧ ȗȓȍ-
ȟȈȔȐ Ȑ ș țȓȣȉȒȖȦ șȗȘȈȠȐȊȈȧ șȈȔȖȋȖ șȍȉȧ
©ǶȚȟȍȋȖ Ȏȍ ȕȍȚ" ǿȍȔ ȧ ȝțȎȍ ȌȘțȋȐȝ"ª
ǩȍȌȕȖȍ ȟțȌȖȊȐȡȍ ǵȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȍȡȍ ȔȍȟȚȣ ȓȦȉȊȐ ȕȍ ȘȖȎȌȈ-
ȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȉȖȓȍȍ țȘȖȌȓȐȊȖȑ ȋȖȓȖȊȍ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȍȡȍ ȔȈȑșȒȈȧ ȕȖȟȤ
ȕȍ ȠȍȗȚȈȓȈ șȊȖȦ ȖȗȈșȕțȦ șȒȈȏȒț ȉȖȓȍȍ ȖȚȊȘȈȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȔț șȖȏ-
ȌȈȕȐȦ
ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ ȒȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȗȘȐȕȍș ȏȍȘȒȈȓȖ Ȑ ȗȖ-

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șȚȈȊȐȓ ȍȋȖ ȊȕȍȏȈȗȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȖȔ ȍȋȖ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȈȧ
țȊȍȘȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȗȘȖȗȈȓȈ ȉȣ ȕȖ ȏȍȘȒȈȓȈ Ȋ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ
șȈȔ Ȏȍ Ȗȕ țȊȓȍȟȍȕȕȣȑ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȐȔȐ ȗȘȖȍȒȚȈȔȐ ȏȈȉȣȓ ȗȘȖ
șȊȖȦ ȕȈȘțȎȕȖșȚȤ ȐȓȐ ȕȍ ȖȚȌȈȊȈȓ șȍȉȍ ȖȚȟȍȚȈ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȌȖ ȒȈ-
ȒȖȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ȖȕȈ țȎȈșȕȈ
ǷȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȓȖȎȈșȤ șȗȈȚȤ Ȋ ȗȧȚȤ ȟȈșȖȊ țȚȘȈ Ȗȕ
ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ șȍȉȧ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȣȔ țȊȍȘȍȕȕȣȔ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȣȔ Ȑ ȍȋȖ
șȔțȡȈȓȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȏȈȉȖȚȈ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȗȖȌȍȓȐȒȈȚȕȍȍ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ
ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ
ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȔȣșȓȤ ȍȋȖ ȟȈșȚȖ ȗȍȘȍșȒȈȒȐȊȈȓȈ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȥȚț șȒțȟ-
ȕțȦ ȗȘȖȞȍȌțȘț Ȑ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȓȈ ȘȐșȖȊȈȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȐ ȖȉȓȈȌȈ-
ȕȐȧ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȦ ȖȉȊȖȘȖȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȌȍȊțȠȒȖȑ
ǬȈ ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ ȕȐ șȚȘȈȕȕȖ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȊȌȘțȋ ȕȈț-
ȟȐȓșȧ ȔȍȟȚȈȚȤ Ȑ ȔȍȟȚȈȓ ȋȓȧȌȧ ȕȈ ȧȘȒȐȑ ȟȍȚȣȘȍțȋȖȓȤȕȐȒ
șȖȓȕȍȟȕȖȋȖ șȊȍȚȈ ȕȈ ȗȖȓț ȖȒȖȓȖ ȗȖșȚȍȓȐ ȌȖ Țȍȝ ȗȖȘ ȗȖȒȈ
ȕȍ ȏȈșȕțȓ șȓȈȌȒȐȔ ȒȘȍȗȒȐȔ șȕȖȔ
ǿȍȘȍȏ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȈșȖȊ ȒȖȋȌȈ șȖȓȕȍȟȕȖȍ ȗȧȚȕȖ ȗȖșȚȍȗȍȕ-
ȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȉȐȘȈȧșȤ ȖȚ șȚțȓȈ ș ȊȖȘȖȝȖȔ șȔȧȚȖȋȖ ȗȓȈȚȤȧ Ȓ ȗȈȘȍ
șȚȖȗȚȈȕȕȣȝ ȚțȜȍȓȤ Ȑ ȖȚ ȚțȜȍȓȤ Ȓ ȗȖșȚȍȓȐ ș ȋȘțȉȣȔ ȕȍșȊȍ-
ȎȐȔ ȉȍȓȤȍȔ ȌȖȠȓȖ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȌȖ ȓȐȞȈ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ Ȗȕ ȗȘȖș-
ȕțȓșȧ Ȑ șȘȈȏț șȖșȒȖȟȐȓ ș ȒȘȖȊȈȚȐ ȒȈȒ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ Ȑ
ȊȖ șȕȍ ȕȍ ȗȖȒȐȌȈȓȖ ȊȖȓȕȍȕȐȍ
ǹȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȉȍșșȔȣșȓȍȕȕȖ ȖȋȓȧȌȣȊȈȓșȧ ȒȘțȋȖȔ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȗȘȐ-
ȗȖȔȕȐȓ ȟȚȖ ȍȔț ȗȘȍȌșȚȖȐȚ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ Ȑ
ȗȘȐ ȥȚȖȑ ȔȣșȓȐ șȘȈȏț șȍȓ ȖȉȘȈȚȕȖ ȕȈ ȗȖșȚȍȓȤ
DzȈȒ Ȗȕ ȕȐ ȘȈșȝȘȈȉȘȐȓșȧ ȕȈȒȈȕțȕȍ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȏȈȌțȔȈȕȕȖȍ Ȍȍ-
ȓȖ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȍȔț ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȚȘțȌȕȣȔ
ǷȖȕȈȌȖȉȐȓȖșȤ ȗȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȗȧȚȤ ȔȐȕțȚ ȘȈȏȔȣȠȓȍ-
ȕȐȧ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȟȍȔ Ȗȕ ȔȈȝȕțȓ ȘțȒȖȦ Ȑ, șȒȈȏȈȊ: «Ǫșȍ ȘȈȊȕȖ ȕȈ-
ȌȖ ȥȚȖ ȒȖȕȟȐȚȤ» — ȕȈȟȈȓ ȖȌȍȊȈȚȤșȧ
ǶȌȍȊȈȓșȧ, ȘȈȏțȔȍȍȚșȧ, ȕȍ ȒȈȒ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ Ȉ ș ȖșȖȉȣȔ șȚȈȘȈ-
ȕȐȍȔ ǷȖȟȐșȚȐȓ ȗȐȌȎȈȒ ȗȘȐȒȈȏȈȓ ȊȣȟȐșȚȐȚȤ șȈȗȖȋȐ șȒȘȍȗȧ
șȍȘȌȞȍ ȏȈȋȓȧȕțȓ Ȋ ȏȍȘȒȈȓȖ Ȑ ȕȈȠȍȓ ȟȚȖ ȍȋȖ ȖȉȣȟȕȈȧ ȗȘȐ-
ȟȍșȒȈ — ȗȘȧȌȐ ȘȈșȚȘȍȗȈȕȕȣȝ ȊȖȓȖș ȕȈ ȗȖȓțȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȕȖȔ ȟȍ-
Șȍȗȍ — ȕȍȝȖȘȖȠȈ ȖȉȓȐȓ ȋȖȓȖȊț ȊȖȌȖȑ Ȑ ȚȡȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȐȋȓȈ-
ȌȐȓ Ȋșȍ ȒȖșȔȣ
ǷȖȓțȟȐȓȖșȤ ȍȡȍ ȝțȎȍ — ȋȖȓȖȊȈ ȊȣȋȓȧȌȍȓȈ ȒȈȒ ȖȉȓȐ-
ȏȈȕȕȈȧ Ƕȕ ȗȖȗȣȚȈȓșȧ ȖȗȧȚȤ ȊȏȓȖȝȔȈȚȐȚȤ ȊȖȓȖșȣ ȕȖ, șȔȖ-

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ȟȍȕȕȣȍ ȖȕȐ ȊȐșȍȓȐ ȒȈȒȐȔȐ-ȚȖ ȕȍȓȍȗȣȔȐ ȒȖșȐȞȈȔȐ
ǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȘȈșȚȍȘȧȓșȧ Ȑ ȗȖȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ șȍ-
ȉȧ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ ȉȍșȗȖȔȖȡȕȣȔ
ǪȍȌȤ ȕȍ ȎȌȈȚȤ Ȏȍ, ȗȖȒȈ ȊȖȓȖșȣ ȊȣșȖȝȕțȚ"
ǷȖ șȟȈșȚȐȦ, ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȕȖșȚȐ ȚțȈȓȍȚȈ ȖȚȊȓȍȒȓȐ
ȍȋȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȏȈȉȣȓ Ȗ ȗȘȐȟȍșȒȍ
ǭȋȖ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȗȐȌȎȈȒ ȉȣȓ țȎȍ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȕȖȠȍȕ
ǵȈ ȕȍȔ ȕȍ ȝȊȈȚȈȓȖ ȞȍȓȖȋȖ ȘȧȌȈ ȗțȋȖȊȐȞ ǫȈȓșȚțȝ ȉȣȓ ȟȍȘ-
ȕȣȑ ȊȣȚȍȘȚȣȑ ȗȖ ȒȘȈȧȔ ȟȚȖ, ȗȖȎȈȓțȑ, ȕȍ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȐȓȖ Ȍȓȧ
ȎȍȕȐȝȈ
ǹȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȌțȔȈȓ ȗȖȍȝȈȚȤ Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌ Ȑ ȚȈȔ ȖȌȍȚȤ-
șȧ ȏȈȕȖȊȖ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȘȍȠȐȓ ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȖȚșȘȖȟȒȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȉȣ ȕȍȊȣ-
ȕȖșȐȔȖȑ ȏȈȒȖȕȟȐȓ ȚțȈȓȍȚ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȗȈȓȖ Ȑ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȐȓșȧ Ȋ ȗțȚȤ
ǵȍȏȈȟȍȔ ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȗȍȘȍȎȐȓ ȗȖ ȌȖȘȖȋȍ DzȈȎȌȖ-
Ȕț ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȗȖ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔț ȖȗȣȚț ȥȚȖ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȊȘȍ-
Ȕȧ ȚȧȕȍȚșȧ ș țȉȐȑșȚȊȍȕȕȖȦ ȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤȦ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȘȈșșȚȖȧ-
ȕȐȍ ȖȚ ȖȌȕȖȑ țȓȐȞȣ ȌȖ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȡȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ
ȌȓȐȕȕțȦ ȌȖȘȖȋț ȒȖȋȌȈ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȔȐȕțȚȣ Ȍȍ-
șȧȚȤ ȘȈȏ ȎȈȓȍȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȎȐȊȍȚ ȕȈ șȊȍȚȍ
ǵȐȒȈȒȈȧ ȌȐșȞȐȗȓȐȕȈ ȊȖȓȐ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȖȉȖȘȖȚȤ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȊȖȓ-
ȕȍȕȐȍ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȌȘȖȎȈȓ ș ȋȖȓȖȊȣ ȌȖ ȕȖȋ, șȚȖȧ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȏȕȈȒȖ-
ȔȖȦ ȌȊȍȘȤȦ ǷȖ șȗȐȕȍ ȗȘȖȉȍȋȈȓ ȔȖȘȖȏ Ȗȕ ȏȈȌȣȝȈȓșȧ ȝȖȚȧ
ȗȘȖȉȍȎȈȓ ȊșȍȋȖ ȌȍșȧȚȖȒ șȚțȗȍȕȍȑ
ǬȊȍȘȤ ȖȚȒȘȣȓȈșȤ ǺȖȓșȚȈȧ ȉȈȉȈ Ȋ ȗȓȈȚȒȍ — ȚȐȗȐȟȕȈȧ ȗȘȐ-
șȓțȋȈ ȕȍȉȖȋȈȚȣȝ ȔȖșȒȖȊșȒȐȝ ȌȖȔȖȊ — ș țȌȐȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȗȖȋȓȧ-
ȌȍȓȈ ȕȈ ȘȈȕȕȍȋȖ ȗȖșȍȚȐȚȍȓȧ
— ǩȈȘȣȠȕȧ ȌȖȔȈ?
— ǬȖȔȈ ǹȖȉȐȘȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȒȖȕșȍȘȊȈȚȖȘȐȦ Ǩ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ Ȋȣ, ȉȈ-
ȘȐȕ, ȚȈȒȖȑ ȉȓȍȌȕȣȑ" ǰȓȤ ȟȚȖ șȓțȟȐȓȖșȤ"
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȍ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ ȊȖȗ-
ȘȖș Ƕȕ ȉȓȐȏȒȖ ȗȖȌȖȠȍȓ Ȓ ȉȈȉȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ șȈȔȣȔ țȉȍȌȐȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȣȔ ȚȖȕȖȔ, ȕȈ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȉȣȓ șȗȖșȖȉȍȕ
— ǹȒȈȎȐ ȉȈȘȣȠȕȍ ȟȚȖ ȧ ȕȍȗȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ȝȖȟț ȗȖȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ ș
ȕȍȦ ȕȈȍȌȐȕȍ ǷȖȕȐȔȈȍȠȤ ȕȍȗȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ȕȈȍȌȐȕȍ ǹȒȈȎȐ, ȟȚȖ
ȖȟȍȕȤ ȊȈȎȕȖȍ ȌȍȓȖ
ǷȘȐșȓțȋȈ, ȏȈȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȕȕȈȧ ȌȖ ȋȓțȉȐȕȣ șȊȖȍȑ șȗȓȍȚȕȐ-
ȟȍșȒȖȑ ȌțȠȐ, ȗȖȉȖȧȓȈșȤ ȘȈșșȗȘȈȠȐȊȈȚȤ Ȑ ȏȈȠȓȍȗȈȓȈ ȚțȜȓȧ-
ȔȐ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȓȧȧșȤ ș ȌȖȒȓȈȌȖȔ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ Ȏȍ ȗȘȖȠȍȓ Ȋ ȋȖșȚȐȕțȦ

48
ǯȕȈȒȖȔȣȑ ȊȐȌ ȥȚȖȑ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȣ ȊȌȘțȋ ȗȖȘȈȏȐȓ ȍȋȖ ȒȈȒ
ȉțȌȚȖ, ȕȖșȧșȤ Ȋ ȔȐȘȍ ȋȘȍȏ Ȗȕ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȓ țȋȖȓȖȒ ȗȘȐȊȣȟȕȖȑ
ȗȘȖȏȈȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ
ǪȟȍȘȈȠȕȐȑ ȌȍȕȤ ȒȈȎțȡȐȑșȧ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȌȈȓȍȒȐȔ ȊșȓȍȌșȚ-
ȊȐȍ ȉȍșșȖȕȕȖȑ ȕȖȟȐ ȗȘȐȗȖȔȐȕȈȓșȧ ȍȔț ȗȘȐ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȍ ȕȈ ȗȖȌ-
ȘȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ
ǪȖȚ ȕȈ ȥȚȖȔ ȒȘȍșȓȍ Ȗȕ șȐȌȍȓ ȊȟȍȘȈ Ȑ Ȋșȍ ȒȘțȋȖȔ ȉȣȓȖ
ȚȈȒ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȖȉȣȌȍȕȕȖ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȚȍȒȓȈ ȚȈȒȖȑ șȓȈȊȕȖȑ ȔȐȘȕȖȑ
ȒȖȓȍȍȑ
©ǫȖșȗȖȌȐ Ȑ ȏȈȟȍȔ ȥȚȖ ȧ"ª — ȌțȔȈȍȚ Ȗȕ ȐșȗțȋȈȕȕȖ ȕȖ
Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȟțȊșȚȊțȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȚȈ ȕȍȚ ȟȚȖ țȎȍ Ȑ șȈȔ Ȗȕ
ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȚȤ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȖȋȖ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȐȧ ȟȚȖ șȍȑȟȈș ȏȌȍșȤ,
Ȋșȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȘȍȠȐȚȤșȧ
ȅȚȖ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȥȚȖ ȕȍȐȏȉȍȎȕȖ
ǩȍșșȖȕȕȈȧ ȕȖȟȤ ȔȍȟȚȣ ȘȈșȟȍȚȣ șȖȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ, Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ
țȗȓȣȓȖ Ȋ ȌȈȓȤ șȓȖȊȕȖ șȚȍȘȓȖșȤ Ȑ ȗȖȚțșȒȕȍȓȖ ǶșȚȈȓȖșȤ ȚȖ-
ȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȖȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȒȈȒ ȊȕȍȠȕȧȧ șȐȓȈ țȗȘȈȊ-
ȓȧȍȚ ȐȔ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȊȏȊȖȓȕȖȊȈȕ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȘȈș-
ȚȍȘȧȓșȧ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȐȓȐ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ ȕȖȊȖȍ
ǬȈ Ȑ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȕȍȚ ȕȈ ȘȈȏȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ — ȏȈ ȌȊȍȘȤȦ șȓȣȠȍȕ
ȠȖȘȖȝ ȓȍȋȒȐȍ ȠȈȋȐ ȅȚȖ ȖȕȈ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȟțȊșȚȊțȍȚ ȟȚȖ șȐȓȣ
ȗȖȒȐȌȈȦȚ ȍȋȖ Ƕȕ ȗȈȌȈȍȚ Ȋ ȒȘȍșȓȖ DzȈȒ Ȗȕ ȕȐ șȐȓȍȕ ȝȈȘȈȒ-
ȚȍȘȖȔ ȕȖ Ȑ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȒȘțȎȐȚșȧ ȋȖȓȖȊȈ ȗȘȐ ȔȣșȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȊȖȚ șȍȑ-
ȟȈș Ȋ ȥȚȖȑ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ Ȗȕ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȚșȧ ȓȐȞȖȔ Ȓ ȓȐȞț ș șȖȉșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȖȑ șțȌȤȉȖȦ
ǬȊȍȘȤ ȖȚȊȖȘȧȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȊȝȖȌȐȚ ǵȈȌȍȎȌȈ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȕȈ ǶȕȈ
șȚȈȘȈȍȚșȧ ȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȖȑ ȕȖ ȕȈ ȍȍ ȌȍȚșȒȐ-ȊȣȘȈȏȐȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȖȔ ȓȐȞȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȘȖȟȍșȚȤ șȔțȡȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ șȚȘȈȝ ȗȍȘȍȌ
ȖȉȢȧșȕȍȕȐȍȔ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȖȕȈ țȋȈȌȣȊȈȍȚ
ǶȕȐ ȖȉȈ ȒȈȒ ȊȖ șȕȍ ǯȌȖȘȖȊȈȦȚșȧ, ș ȚȘțȌȖȔ ȗȘȖȐȏȕȖșȧ
ȒȈȒȐȍ-ȚȖ ȗȘȐȊȣȟȕȣȍ șȓȖȊȈ ȗȖȚȖȔ șȈȌȧȚșȧ Ƕȕ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȕȈ ȕȍȍ
șȔȖȚȘȐȚ Ȑ ȟțȊșȚȊțȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȍȋȖ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȧ ȘȈȏȓȍȚȍȓȐșȤ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ
ȒȘțȋȖȔ ȒțȌȈ-ȚȖ ȐșȟȍȏȓȖ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȗȘȖȊȈȓȐȓȖșȤ ǰșȟȍȏȓȈ Ȑ ȒȖȔ-
ȕȈȚȈ, Ȑ ȖșȊȍȡȍȕȕȈȧ șȖȓȕȞȍȔ țȓȐȞȈ ȏȈ ȖȒȕȈȔȐ Ȑșȟȍȏ ȊȍșȤ
ȔȐȘ ȖșȚȈȓȈșȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȥȚȈ ȟțȌȕȈȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ Ȗȕ ȓȦ-
ȉȐȚ ȒȈȎȌȖȦ ȔȣșȓȤȦ ȒȈȎȌȣȔ ȕȍȘȊȖȔ ȒȈȎȌȖȦ ȜȐȉȘȖȦ șȊȖȍ-
ȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ
ǹ ȚȘțȌȖȔ țȌȈȍȚșȧ ȍȔț ȖȚȣșȒȈȚȤ Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȈȔȧȚȐ ȗȖȌȝȖ-

49
ȌȧȡȐȍ șȓȖȊȈ DzȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ ȏȈȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ȍȋȖ ȋȖȓȖș ȗȖȘȈȏȐȓ ȍȋȖ șȈ-
ȔȖȋȖ ȝȘȐȗȧȡȐȔ șȌȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȔ ȕȍȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȔ ȏȊțȒȖȔ
— ȇ ȗȘȐȠȍȓ ȟȚȖȉȣ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȊȍȡȤ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ, ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ,
țȌȐȊȐȚ ȊȈș ȍșȓȐ Ȋȣ șȈȔȐ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓȐ
ȇ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȌțȔȈȓ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȉȖȘȖȓșȧ ș șȖȉȖȦ, ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȟȍȔ ȗȘȐȑ-
ȚȐ ǻ Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȍȚ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȣ ȕȈ ȉȓȈȋȖȗȘȐȧȚȕȣȑ ȖȚ-
ȊȍȚ ȕȖ ȔȖȓȟȈȚȤ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ ȧ ȕȍ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ
Ǵȕȍ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ, Ȋȣ ȕȍ ȖȉȐȌȐȚȍșȤ, ȍșȓȐ ȧ șȚȈȕț ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ șȖ-
ȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȐșȒȘȍȕȕȍ...
Ƕȕ șȔȖȓȒȈȍȚ ȖȎȐȌȈȧ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȗȖȖȡȘȍȕȐȧ ȕȖ ȕȈ-
ȗȘȈșȕȖ
ǵȐ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȏȊțȒȈ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ șȓȖȊȈ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȈ ș
ȍȍ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ǪȐȌȕȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȗȖȒȘȈșȕȍȓȈ Ȑ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȚ,
ȒțȌȈ ȌȍȊȈȚȤșȧ ȖȚ ȊȖȓȕȍȕȐȧ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȍȚ:
— ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ, ȧ ȋȖȊȖȘȦ ȕȍȧșȕȖ ȕȖ ȊȍȡȤ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȝȖȟț
șȒȈȏȈȚȤ, ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȘȖșȚȈ
ȇ ȓȦȉȓȦ ȊȈș, ǵȈȌȍȎȌȈ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȕȈ, Ȑ ȎȐȚȤ ȉȍȏ ȊȈș Ȍȓȧ
Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖª
ǶȕȈ ȊȏȌȘȈȋȐȊȈȍȚ Ȑ ȐȕșȚȐȕȒȚȐȊȕȣȔ ȎȍșȚȖȔ ȖȚȖȌȊȐȋȈȍȚ-
șȧ ȖȚ ȕȍȋȖ ȗȖȌȈȓȤȠȍ ǵȖ Ȗȕ ȖȉȖȌȘȍȕȕȣȑ ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ șȈȔȖȍ ȚȘțȌ-
ȕȖȍ șȓȖȊȖ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ șȒȈȏȈȕȖ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȍȍ Ȑ
ȋȖȘȧȟȍȍ
— ȇ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȓȦȉȐȓ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ȕȈ ȥȚȖȚ Ȏȍ ȘȈȏ ȓȦȉȓȦ
ȉȍȏțȔȕȖ Ǫșȍ ȕȖȟȐ ȕȈȗȘȖȓȍȚ ȌțȔȈȦ Ȗ ȊȈș Ǭȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȐ Ȋ
ȟȍȔ ȕȍȚ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȈ Ǵȕȍ ȕțȎȕȣ Ȋȣ Ȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ
ȕȈ șȊȍȚȍ
ǭȋȖ ȘțȒȐ ȌȍȓȈȦȚ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȚȖ ȕȍȓȍȗȣȑ ȎȍșȚ Ȋ ȊȖȏȌțȝȍ Ȑ ȗȈ-
ȌȈȦȚ ȕȈ ȒȖȓȍȕȐ ǵȈșȚțȗȈȍȚ ȔȐȕțȚȈ ȔȖȓȟȈȕȐȧ
DzȘȍșȚȖȊșȒȈȧ ȊșȚȈȍȚ șȚȈȘȈȧșȤ ȕȍ ȋȓȧȌȍȚȤ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ
ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȓȐȞȖ ȍȋȖ Ȋ ȥȚȖȚ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ ȖȚȊȘȈȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȍȍ, ȟȍȔ ȒȖ-
ȋȌȈ-ȓȐȉȖ
ǫȖȓȖș ȍȍ ȏȊțȟȐȚ ȖȉȐȌȖȦ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȈ ȗȘȖȐȏȕȖșȐȚ:
— ǵȖ ȊȍȌȤ ȕȍ ȌțȔȈȍȚȍ Ȏȍ Ȋȣ, ȟȚȖ ȧ ȊȈș ȓȦȉȓȦ
ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȥȚȐ șȓȖȊȈ ȕȍ ȖȉȍșȒțȘȈȎȐȊȈȦȚ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ Ƕȕ Ȑ ȘȈ-
ȕȤȠȍ ȏȕȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȓȦȉȐȚ Ƕȕ ȕȍ șȔȍȍȚ ȘȈșșȟȐȚȣȊȈȚȤ
ȕȈ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ Ƕȕ ȗȘȐȠȍȓ ȗȘȖșȐȚȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȌȘțȎȉȣ ȌȖȊȍȘȐȧ țȊȈ-
ȎȍȕȐȧ Ƕȕ ȝȖȟȍȚ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȕȈ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐȓȈ ȍȔț șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȍȍ șȟȈ-

50
șȚȓȐȊȖȑ Ƕȕ ȗȖȌȍȓȐȚșȧ ș ȕȍȦ șȊȖȍȑ șȓȈȊȖȑ Ȗȕ ȖȒȘțȎȐȚ ȍȍ
ȘȖșȒȖȠȤȦ ȌȈșȚ Ȋ ȍȍ ȘȈșȗȖȘȧȎȍȕȐȍ ȔȕȖȋȖ Ȍȍȕȍȋ
ǸȈȏȊȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Țȍ ȉȘȈȒȐ ȉȣȊȈȦȚ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șȖȊȍȘ-
ȠȈȦȚșȧ ȗȖ ȓȦȉȊȐ"
ǵȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȍ Ȗ ȌȍȕȤȋȈȝ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ DzȘȍșȚȖȊșȒȖȑ ȖșȒȖȘ-
ȉȓȍȕȐȍȔ ǷȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȖșȚȈȚȒȐ ȌȖȉȘȖȋȖ ȟțȊșȚȊȈ Ȓ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȕȖ-
Ȕț ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȖȕȈ ȗȘȐȕȍșȓȈ ș șȖȉȖȦ Ȋ ȥȚț ȒȖȔȕȈȚț, ȐșȟȍȏȈȦȚ
ǶȕȈ țȎȍ ȕȍ ȖȚȊȍȘȚȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȖȚ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ, ȎȈȓȍȧ ȍȋȖ țȘȖȌ-
șȚȊȖ Ȉ șȔȖȚȘȐȚ ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ ȗȘȧȔȖ ȘȈȌțȧșȤ ȍȋȖ ȉȍȏȖȉȘȈȏȐȦ ȗȖ-
ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȊȍșȤ Ȗȕ șȚȈȓ ȍȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȍȕ Ȑ ȋȈȌȖȒ
ǵȖ Ȗȕ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȍȚ ǭȋȖ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍ ȉȓȐȏȒȖ Ȓ ȥȒșȚȈ-
ȏț ǭȔț ȚȈȒ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ țȉȍȌȐȚȤ ȍȍ ȟȚȖ, ȐșȟȍȘȗȈȊȠȐ Ȋșȍ ȌȖ-
ȊȖȌȣ Ȗȕ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȧȍȚ ȖȌȕȖ Ȑ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȗȖ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈȏ ȗȘȖȐȏȕȖ-
șȐȚ ȒȈȒȐȍ-ȚȖ ȉȍșșȔȣșȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȜȘȈȏȣ ȖȚȘȣȊȒȐ Ȕȣșȓȍȑ ȗȘȖ-
ȠȍȌȠȐȝ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȍȋȖ ȋȖȓȖȊț Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȑ ȕȖȟȐ
Ƕȕ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ, ȘȈȏȔȈȝȐȊȈȧ ȘțȒȈȔȐ ȚȣșȧȟȈ ȋȘȐȔȈș șȔȍȕȧȍȚ-
șȧ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȕȈ ȓȐȞȍ ǭȋȖ țȘȖȌȓȐȊȣȑ ȒȖȘȗțș ȗȈțȒȈ ȘȈșȒȈȟȐ-
ȊȈȍȚșȧ ȐȏȋȐȉȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȈȧșȤ Ȓ ȕȍȑ
ǰ ǵȈȌȍȎȌȈ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȕȈ ȟțȊșȚȊțȍȚ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȗȖȓȖȕ ȉȍ-
ȏțȔȕȣȔ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȍȔ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȚȤ ȍȦ ǺȈȒȖȍ ȖȡțȡȍȕȐȍ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȍȚ
ț ȕȍȍ șȚȘȈȠȕȣȑ ȒȖȠȔȈȘ
ǯȌȍșȤ ȕȍȚ țȎȍ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȖȋȖ șȔȍȠȕȖȋȖ, ȕȍțȒȓȦ-
ȎȍȋȖ ȝȖȚȧ ȕȍșȐȔȗȈȚȐȟȕȖȋȖ ȕȖ ȏȈșȓțȎȐȊȈȦȡȍȋȖ șȖȎȈȓȍȕȐȧ
ǯȌȍșȤ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȚȖ ȜȈȕȚȈșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ țȘȖȌ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȝȘȐȗȓȣȔ
ȋȖȓȖșȖȔ Ȑ ȗȘȖȚȧȋȐȊȈȍȚ Ȓ ȕȍȑ ȘțȒȐ
ȅȚȖ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȑ ȗȈțȒ ș ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ, ȗȖȓȕȣȔȐ ȉȍȠȍȕȖȑ șȚȘȈ-
șȚȐ, ȝȖȟȍȚ ȍȍ șȝȊȈȚȐȚȤ
ǹ țȎȈșȖȔ ȖȚșȒȈȒȐȊȈȍȚ ȖȕȈ ȖȚ ȕȍȋȖ Ȑ ȍȍ ȊȖșȒȓȐȞȈȕȐȍ ȏȊț-
ȟȐȚ, ȒȈȒ ȒȘȐȒ ȗȖȋȐȉȈȦȡȍȑ
— ǵȍȚ ȕȍȚ ȕȐ ȏȈ ȟȚȖ
Ƕȕ ȖșȚȈȕȈȊȓȐȊȈȍȚșȧ, ȒȈȒ ȊȒȖȗȈȕȕȣȑ ǭȍ ȋȖȓȖș Ȑ ȌȊȐȎȍ-
ȕȐȧ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ Ȗ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖȔ ȖȚȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȐ ǯȕȈȟȐȚ, ȕȈȌȍȎȌȣ ȕȍȚ
ȏȕȈȟȐȚ
ǷȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ Ȋȍȡȍȑ șȘȈȏț șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȋȖ ȧșȕȣȔ ȕȖ
ȖȕȖ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ țȎȈșȕȖ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ș ȕȐȔ ȗȘȐȔȐȘȐȚȤ-
șȧ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȗȈȌȈȍȚ ȕȈ ȒȖȓȍȕȐ ǹȓȍȏȣ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȦȚ ȚȍȟȤ Ȑȏ ȋȓȈȏ
ȘȣȌȈȕȐȧ ȘȈȏȘȣȊȈȦȚ ȋȘțȌȤ

51
Ƕȕ ȟțȊșȚȊțȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȊȖȚ ȏȌȍșȤ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȕȐȔ ȖȚȒȘȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȔȖ-
ȋȐȓȈ ǽțȎȍ ȔȖȋȐȓȣ — ȝȖȓȖȌȕȈȧ ȋȓțȉȖȒȈȧ ȉȍȏȕȈȌȍȎȕȖșȚȤ
ǵȈ ȕȍȋȖ ȊȍȍȚ țȎȈșȖȔ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȣȝ șȚȘȈȌȈȕȐȑ Ȑ, ȝȖȚȧ ȘȈȏțȔ
ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ, ȟȚȖ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȣ ȕȍȚ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȑ ȐȕșȚȐȕȒȚ ȗȘȐȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ
ȍȔț ȗȖȓȏȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȒȖȓȍȕȧȝ ȗȘȖșȐȚȤ ȗȓȈȒȈȚȤ
ȅȚȖ ȉȍșșȖȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȊȏȘȣȊ ȔȖȓȤȉȣ Ȑ ȗȖȌ ȍȋȖ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍȔ
țȘȖȌșȚȊȖ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȍȚ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȈ
DzȘȍșȚȖȊșȒȈȧ ȋȓȧȌȐȚ ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ, ȒȈȒ ȏȈȟȈȘȖȊȈȕȕȈȧ Ȋșȍ ȗȘȖ-
ȐșȝȖȌȧȡȍȍ ȚȈȒ țȎȈșȕȖ ȚȈȒ ȖȚȊȘȈȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ șȕȖȔ.
ǿțȊșȚȊȖ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ ȗȖȒȐȌȈȚȤ ȍȍ șȔȍȕȧȧșȤ
ȉȍȏțȔȕȣȔ șȚȘȈȝȖȔ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȘȣȌȈȍȚ Ȑ ȗȘȖȚȧȋȐȊȈȍȚ ȘțȒȐ ȖȕȈ ș țȎȈșȖȔ ȖȚ-
ȉȍȋȈȍȚ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȖȑ țȋȖȓ Ƕȕ șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȏȈ ȕȍȦ ȖȕȈ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ Ȕȍ-
ȚȈȚȤșȧ ȗȖ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ, ȕȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȧ ȌȊȍȘȍȑ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȕȈȗțȋȈȕȕȈȧ,
ȟȚȖȉȣ ȌȖȋȈȌȈȚȤșȧ ȒȘȐȒȕțȚȤ ȉȓȐȏȒȈȧ Ȓ ȖȉȔȖȘȖȒț
ǬȓȐȕȕȣȍ ȓȈȗȣ ȕȈțȒȈ ȗȘȖȚȧȋȐȊȈȦȚșȧ ȏȈ ȕȍȦ ǽȘȐȗȓȣȑ
ȋȖȓȖș ȗȘȍȘȣȊȈȦȡȐȑșȧ ȊșȝȓȐȗȣȊȈȕȐȧȔȐ, ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗ ȓȦȉȊȐ
Ȗ șȚȘȈșȚȐ Ȗ ȉȍȏțȔȐȐ ǬȊȈ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȕȈ ȐșȒȈȎȍȕȕȖȔ ȓȐȞȍ ȋȖȘȧȚ,
ȒȈȒ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȖȋȖ
ǶȕȈ Ȋșȍ țȉȍȋȈȍȚ Ȗȕ Ȋșȍ ȍȍ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌțȍȚ ǹȓȖȊȈ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȓȐ
ȊȣȘȣȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȑȏ ȍȋȖ ȋȖȘȓȈ Ƕȕ ȗȖȓȖȕ ȓȐȠȤ ȖȌȕȐȔ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȍȔ
ȗȖȑȔȈȚȤ ȍȍ șȝȊȈȚȐȚȤ
ǵȐ Ȗȕ ȕȐ ȖȕȈ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȕȍ ȘȈșșțȎȌȈȦȚ DzȖȠȔȈȘ șȚȈȓ Ȍȍȑ-
șȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤȦ ǷȈțȒ ȋȖȕȐȚșȧ ȏȈ ȎȍȘȚȊȖȦ ǬȖȓȋȐȍ ȊȍȒȈ ȒțȓȤ-
ȚțȘȣ ȊȕȍȏȈȗȕȖ ȒțȌȈ-ȚȖ ȐșȟȍȏȓȐ ȊȔȍșȚȖ ȕȐȝ ȖșȚȈȓȐșȤ ȗȍȘȊȖ-
ȘȖȌȕȣȍ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȖȋȖ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȔȈ — șȚȘȈșȚȤ Ȑ țȎȈș
ǵȖ Ȋ ȥȚț ȔȐȕțȚț ȖȚȊȖȘȧȍȚșȧ ȌȊȍȘȤ Ȑ ȊȝȖȌȐȚ ȌȖȒȚȖȘ ǭȋȖ
ȕȍȊȏȘȈȟȕȈȧ ȕȍȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȜȐȋțȘȈ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȚ ȋȘȖȔȈȌȕȖȍ
ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ ȖȕȈ ȗȍȘȍȕȖșȐȚ Ȑȝ Ȑȏ ȔȐȘȈ ȒȖȠȔȈȘȖȊ Ȋ ȔȐȘ ȌȍȑșȚ-
ȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ǶȕȈ ȌȈȍȚ Ȑȝ ȕȍȘȊȈȔ ȚȖȓȟȖȒ ȗȘȖȉțȎȌȈȦȡȐȑ
ȖȚ ȋȈȓȓȦȞȐȕȈȞȐȐ Ȓ șȖȏȕȈȕȐȦ
ǵȈȌȍȎȌȈ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȕȈ ȉȘȖșȈȍȚșȧ Ȓ ȊȖȠȍȌȠȍȔț Ȑ, șȝȊȈ-
ȚȐȊȠȐșȤ ȏȈ ȕȍȋȖ, ȘȈȏȘȈȎȈȍȚșȧ ȕȍȘȊȕȣȔȐ ȘȣȌȈȕȐȧȔȐ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ, ȚȧȎȍȓȖ ȌȣȠȈ, ȗȘȐșȓȖȕȧȍȚșȧ Ȓ șȚȍȕȍ Ȑ șȎȐȔȈȍȚ
ȊȐșȒȐ ȓȈȌȖȕȧȔȐ
Ǩ ȌȖȒȚȖȘ ȘȈșȚȍȘȧȊȠȐȑșȧ ȌȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ șȗȘȈ-
ȠȐȊȈȍȚ șȈȔȣȔ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȋȖȓȖșȖȔ
— ǸȈȌȐ ǩȖȋȈ ȋȖșȗȖȌȈ ȟȚȖ ȏȌȍșȤ șȓțȟȐȓȖșȤ"

52
ǹȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȊȖȗȘȖș ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȉȍȏ ȖȚȊȍȚȈ
Ǫ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ șȓȣȠȕȣ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȣȌȈȕȐȧ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ ǬȖȒȚȖȘ ȟȚȖ-
ȚȖ ȉȖȘȔȖȟȍȚ ȗȣȚȈȍȚșȧ ȍȍ țșȗȖȒȖȐȚȤ, ȕȖ ȕȈȗȘȈșȕȖ
ǷȘȖȝȖȌȐȚ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȧȎȍȓȣȝ ȔȐȕțȚ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ, ȟȚȖȉȣ țȑȚȐ ȕȖ Ȋ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ
DzȘȍșȚȖȊșȒȈȧ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȍȚ ȘȣȌȈȚȤ Ȑ ȉȘȖșȈȍȚșȧ Ȓ ȕȍȔț Ȋ ȗȖȘȣȊȍ
șȓȍȗȖȋȖ ȐșȚȍȘȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȋȕȍȊȈ
— ǿțȌȖȊȐȡȍ ȋȈȌȐȕȈ ȒȈȒ Ȋȣ ȖșȔȍȓȐȓȐșȤ țȘȖȌ ȗȈțȒ
ǶȕȈ ȗȘȖȚȧȋȐȊȈȍȚ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ș țȋȘȖȏȖȦ șȊȖȐ ȚȖȕȒȐȍ ȘțȒȐ ȖȕȈ
ȖșȣȗȈȍȚ ȍȋȖ ȊșȍȔȐ ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȒȈȒȐȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȕȈȑȚȐ
ǹ ȎȍșȚȖȒȖșȚȤȦ ȖȉȍȏțȔȍȊȠȍȑ ȖȚ ȋȕȍȊȈ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȖȕȈ ȒȘȐ-
ȟȐȚ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȟȚȖ ȖȌȕȖ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȒȖșȕȖȊȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȏ-
ȉțȎȌȈȍȚ ȖȚȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȍ ȟȚȖ ȖȌȐȕ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȧȍȚ
ǫȓȈȏȈ ț ȕȍȍ ȉȓȍșȚȧȚ șȓȍȏȈȔȐ Ȑ ȋȕȍȊȖȔ ǶȕȈ Ȋșȧ ȌȘȖȎȐȚ
Ȋșȧ ȗȣȓȈȍȚ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ, ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ șȍȑȟȈș ȉȘȖșȐȚșȧ ȕȈ ȖȉȐȌ-
ȟȐȒȈ
ǰ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȖ ȕȍțȒȓȦȎȍ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȓțȘȈȏȌȈȊȓȍȕ-
ȕȣȑ ȋȈȌ ȊȣȗȖȓȏȈȍȚ Ȑȏ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȣ ȗȧȚȧșȤ ȕȈȏȈȌ ȕȍ șȊȖȌȧ ȋȓȈȏ ș
DzȘȍșȚȖȊșȒȖȑ
ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȏȈȚȊȖȘȧȧ ȏȈ șȖȉȖȦ ȌȊȍȘȤ Ȗȕ șȝȊȈȚȣȊȈȍȚ ȗȖșȓȍȌ-
ȕȐȔ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȖȔ ȜȐȋțȘț ȌȖȒȚȖȘȈ șȚȖȧȡȍȋȖ Ȋ ȋȓțȉȐȕȍ ȒȖȔȕȈ-
Țȣ ș ȖȚȒȘȣȚȣȔ ȘȚȖȔ Ȑ ȊȣȗțȟȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ
IV
ǪȣșȒȖȟȐȊ Ȑȏ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȣ ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȣȝ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ șȚȘȍȔȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȉȍȎȈȓ ȌȖȔȖȑ
ǭȔț ȔțȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ șȗȘȧȚȈȚȤ șȊȖȦ șȒȖȘȉȤ Ȑ ȖȉȐȌț
Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȚȍȔȕȣȑ țȋȖȓ Ƕȕ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȍșȓȐ ȏȈ-
ȗȘȍȚ Ȋșȍ ȌȊȍȘȐ ȖȗțșȚȐȚ ȠȚȖȘȣ ț ȖȒȖȕ Ȑ ȏȈȒțȚȈȍȚșȧ ș ȋȖȓȖ-
ȊȖȑ Ȋ ȖȌȍȧȓȖ ȚȖ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚ ȖȉȓȍȋȟȍȕȐȍ
ǰ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ, ȍȌȊȈ ȉȘȖșȐȊȠȐșȤ ȕȈ ȗȖșȚȍȓȤ, Ȗȕ șȍȑȟȈș
Ȏȍ ȏȈșȕțȓ
ǯȈșȕțȓ ȒȈȔȍȕȕȣȔ șȕȖȔ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȐȧ ȒȈȒ șȗȧȚ ȓȦȌȐ ȕȍȘȊ-
ȕȈȧ șȐȓȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȐșȟȍȘȗȈȕȈ șȚȘȈȠȕȣȔ ȗȖȚȘȧșȍȕȐȍȔ
ǹȗȈȓ ȌȖ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ Ȏȍ ȗȘȖșȕțȓșȧ Ȑ ȗȍȘȊȣȔ ȌȍȓȖȔ

53
ȗȖȎȈȓȍȓ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍȊȣȕȖșȐȔȖ
ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȖ Ȉ ȕȈ ȌțȠȍ ȓȍȎȈȓ ȚȧȎȍȓȣȑ ȋȕȍȚ
ǴȍȌȓȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȌȕȧȓșȧ ș ȗȖșȚȍȓȐ șȈȔ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȧ Ȍȓȧ ȟȍȋȖ ȗȍ-
ȘȍȚȈȡȐȓșȧ Ȋ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȚȖȘȐȦ Ȑ ȏȌȍșȤ țșȍȊȠȐșȤ Ȋ ȓȦȉȐȔȖȍ ȒȘȍ-
șȓȖ ȗȘȍȌȈȓșȧ șȊȖȐȔ ȌțȔȈȔ
ǵȖ ȟȍȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȌțȔȈȓ ȚȍȔ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȍȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȓȖșȤ
ȍȋȖ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ: ș ȖȌȕȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ, ȘȈȏȉȐȚȣȍ ȔȍȟȚȣ Ȗ ȉțȌț-
ȡȍȔ ȖșțȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȊȍȟȕȖ șȍȘȖȍ ȕȐȟȍȔ ȕȍ ȏȈȗȖȓȕȍȕȕȖȍ șț-
ȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ ș ȌȘțȋȖȑ — ȗȖȏȖȘ țȚȘȍȕȕȍȑ șȞȍȕȣ
ǭșȓȐ țȌȈșȚșȧ ȏȈȉȣȚȤ ȎȍȕȡȐȕț ȚȖ țȎ țȕȐȎȍȕȐȧ Ȗȕ ȊȖ
ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȕȍ ȏȈȉțȌȍȚ.
DzȈȎȌȣȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ șȚȈȕȍȚ ȍȔț ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȚȤ ȗȘȖ
ȍȋȖ ȗȖȏȖȘ
ǰ ȗȘȐ ȔȣșȓȐ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȒȈȒ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ șȔȍȠȖȕ ȖȚȊȘȈȚȐȚȍȓȍȕ
ȉȍȏȖȉȘȈȏȍȕ ȋȖȘȧȟȈȧ ȒȘȖȊȤ ȏȈȓȐȓȈ ȓȐȞȖ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ
Ƕȕ șȖȘȊȈȓșȧ ș ȒȘȍșȓȈ Ȑ ȏȈȉȍȋȈȓ ȗȖ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ
ǯȈȊȚȘȈ Ȏȍ Ȋșȍ șȗȓȍȚȕȐȒȐ Ȑ șȗȓȍȚȕȐȞȣ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ȉțȌțȚ
ȏȕȈȚȤ Ȗ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȖȠȓȖ ǹȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȖȓȒȖȊ ȈȕȍȒȌȖȚȖȊ ȘȈș-
șȒȈȏȖȊ
DzȓȍȑȔȖ ȗȘȐȘȖȎȌȍȕȕȖȋȖ țȘȖȌșȚȊȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ Ȗȕ ȕȖșȐȓ ȊșȦ
ȎȐȏȕȤ — ȕȐȟȚȖ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȚȍȔ ȒȈȒȐȔ ȍȋȖ ȏȈȒȓȍȑȔȧȚ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ
Ƕȕ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ șȍȉȧ, ȒȈȒ ȊȣșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ Ȓ ȗȖȏȖȘȕȖȔț șȚȖȓ-
ȉț ǭȔț ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȊȐȌȐȚ ȚȣșȧȟȐ șȔȍȦȡȐȝșȧ ȓȐȞ Țȣ-
șȧȟȐ ȗȈȓȤȞȍȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ țȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ șȓȣȠȐȚ ȋțȓ ȘțȋȈ-
ȚȍȓȤșȚȊ Ȑ ȕȈșȔȍȠȍȒ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȣȑ ȒȈȒ ȠțȔ ȔȖȘȧ
ǹȚȘȈȠȕȈȧ ȏȓȖȉȈ ȗȖȌȕȧȓȈșȤ șȖ ȌȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȌțȠȐ Ȋ ȖȚȊȍȚ ȕȈ
ȚȈȒȐȍ ȔȣșȓȐ ǭșȓȐ ȉȣ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȐȚȤ Ȋșȍȝ ȥȚȐȝ
ȓȦȌȍȑ Ȋșȍȝ Ȋșȍȝ ȒȈȒ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ
ǭșȓȐ ȉȣ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȋțȉȐȚȤ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȖ Ȑ ȕȈȓȍȊȖ, ȗȖȒȈ ȝȊȈ-
ȚȐȚ ȏȓȖȉȣ ȟȚȖȉȣ Ȋ ȟțȎȐȝ șȚȘȈȌȈȕȐȧȝ țȚȖȗȐȚȤ șȊȖȐ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȣȍ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȉȣȚȤ ȕȍ șȔȍȠȕȣȔ Ȉ șȚȘȈȠȕȣȔ
ǵȖ Ȗȕ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȔȍȠȖȕ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ Ȋșȍȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ, ȖȚȔȍȟȍȕȕȣȑ
ȗȍȟȈȚȤȦ țȘȖȌșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȊșȍȖȉȡȍȋȖ ȖȚȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȧ
ǪȖȚ ȚȈȔ Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ ȊȍȏȌȍ ȒȘțȋȖȔ ȎȐȊțȚ șȖȚȕȐ Țȣșȧȟ ȓȦ-
Ȍȍȑ Ȑ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ ȒȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȌȈ ȓȦȉȐȚ ǺȖȓȤȒȖ Ȗȕ Ȗȕ
ǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ șȕȖȊȈ țȗȈȓ Ȋ ȒȘȍșȓȖ ǭȔț ȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ ȗȓȈȒȈȚȤ Ȑ
ȒțșȈȚȤșȧ ǷȍȟȈȓȤ Ȑ ȏȓȖȉȈ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȓȐ Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋȈ

54
ǪȌȘțȋ Ȑȏ șȖșȍȌȕȍȑ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȣ ȌȖȕȍșȓȖșȤ ȚȐȝȖȍ ȕȈșȚȖȑȟȐ-
ȊȖȍ ȔȧțȒȈȕȤȍ ǶȕȖ ȘȈȏȌȈȊȈȓȖșȤ ȖȒȖȓȖ ȌȊȍȘȍȑ ǶȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ, ȖȌ-
ȕȈ Ȑȏ ȗȘȍȌȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕȕȣȝ Ȍȓȧ ȖȗȣȚȖȊ ȒȖȠȍȒ ȖșȊȖȉȖȌȐȓȈșȤ Ȑ
ȐșȒȈȓȈ ȊȣȝȖȌȈ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȉȣȓȈ ȋȖȓȖȌȕȈ
ǹȘȍȌȐ ȔȍȘȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȚȐȠȐȕȣ ȔȧțȒȈȕȤȍ ȏȊțȟȈȓȖ ȕȍȊȣȕȖ-
șȐȔȖ ȘȈȏȌȘȈȎȈȦȡȍ Ǫ ȕȍȔ șȓȣȠȈȓșȧ ȗȘȐȏȣȊ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȐȍ Ȑ
ȏȓȖșȚȤ ȋȕțșȕȈȧ ȏȓȖșȚȤ ȒȖȠȒȐ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ șȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȖȘȡȐȓșȧ ȕȖ ȗȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȖ ȕȍ-
ȗȘȍȘȣȊȈȦȡȐȑșȧ ȏȊțȒ Ȋșȍ șȐȓȤȕȍȍ Ȑ șȐȓȤȕȍȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȕȈ
ȕȍȋȖ ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȊȗȈȊȠȐ Ȋ ȧȘȖșȚȤ, Ȗȕ șȝȊȈȚȐȓ șȚȖȧȊȠțȦ Ȋ țȋ-
ȓț ȗȈȓȒț Ȑ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȐȓșȧ Ȓ ȌȊȍȘȧȔ
ǭȌȊȈ Ȗȕ Ȑȝ ȖȚȒȘȣȓ șȒȊȖȏȤ ȡȍȓȤ ȗȘȖșțȕțȓȈșȤ șȍȘȈȧ ȋȖȓȖ-
ȊȈ ș ȗȈȘȖȦ ȎȍȓȚȣȝ ȝȖȓȖȌȕȣȝ ȋȓȈȏ șȕȐȏț ȊȊȍȘȝ ȗȘȐșȚȈȓȤ-
ȕȖ ȊȏȋȓȧȕțȊȠȐȝ Ȋ ȓȐȞȖ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘț ǯȈ ȋȖȓȖȊȖȦ ȕȍțȊȍȘȍȕ-
ȕȖ ȗȘȖȓȍȏȓȖ Ȋ ȌȊȍȘȤ Ȑ ȚțȓȖȊȐȡȍ ȕȈ ȔȧȋȒȐȝ ȕȍșȓȣȠȕȖ șȚț-
ȗȈȦȡȐȝ ȓȈȗȈȝ
ǮȐȊȖȚȕȖȍ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȓȖșȤ, ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȖȉȌțȔȣȊȈȧ șȊȖȍ ȗȖȓȖ-
ȎȍȕȐȍ ȕȖ Ȋ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȘȈȏȔȈȝȕțȓșȧ Ȑ ȟȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ șȐ-
ȓȣ țȌȈȘȐȓ ȗȖ ȕȍȔț ȗȈȓȒȖȑ
ǻȌȈȘ șȓȖȔȈȓ ȒȖȠȒȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȕȖȟȕȐȒ ǶȕȈ ȖȗȘȖȒȐȕțȓȈșȤ ȗȖ-
ȚȖȔ ȗȖȌȕȧȓȈșȤ Ȑ ș ȘȈȏȌȐȘȈȦȡȐȔ ȌțȠț ȒȘȐȒȖȔ ȗȖȗȖȓȏȓȈ ȕȈ
ȖȌȕȐȝ ȗȍȘȍȌȕȐȝ ȓȈȗȈȝ ȊȖȓȖȟȈ ȏȈȌ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ șȕȖȊȈ țȌȈȘȐȓ Ƕȕ ȖȡțȡȈȓ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȍȕȐȍ șȔȍ-
ȠȈȕȕȖȍ ș țȎȈșȖȔ Ƕȕ ȉȐȓ ȐȏȖ Ȋșȍȝ șȐȓ Ȑ, ȗȖȒȈ ȉȐȓ ȕȈ ȋțȉȈȝ
ȍȋȖ ȐȋȘȈȓȈ șțȌȖȘȖȋȈ ȗȖȝȖȎȈȧ ȕȈ țȓȣȉȒț
ǿȍȘȍȏ ȔȐȕțȚț ȒȖȠȒȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȔȍȘȚȊȈ ǭȍ ȐȏȓȖȔȈȕȕȣȑ ȚȘțȗ
ȓȍȎȈȓ, șȓȖȊȕȖ ȔȍȠȖȒ ȗȖȒȘȣȚȣȑ șȍȘȖȑ ȠȍȘșȚȤȦ dzȐȠȤ ȕȈ
ȔȍșȚȍ ȘȈȏȉȐȚȖȋȖ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȒȘȈșȕȍȓȖ ȒȘȖȊȈȊȖȍ ȗȧȚȕȖ
ǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȕȍ ȊȣȗțșȒȈȧ ȗȈȓȒȐ Ȑȏ ȘțȒ ȗȘȐșȓȖȕȐȓșȧ Ȓ șȚȍ-
ȕȍ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȏȈȒȘțȎȐȓȈșȤ ȋȖȓȖȊȈ
ǭȔț ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ-ȚȖ Ȋ ȌȍȚșȚȊȍ ȉȣȚȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ,
ȍȡȍ ȌȖ ȗȖșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȋȐȔȕȈȏȐȦ ȉȍȋȈȧ ȗȖ ȌȊȖȘț Ȗȕ ȗȖȑȔȈȓ
ȉȍȏȌȖȔȕțȦ ȒȖȠȒț
Ƕȕ șȗȘȧȚȈȓ ȍȍ, ȒȈȒ șȖȒȘȖȊȐȡȍ ȗȖȌ ȧȡȐȒȖȔ Ȋ ȌȘȖȊȧȕȖȔ
șȈȘȈȍ Ȉ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȈșȚțȗȐȓ ȊȍȟȍȘ Ȑ ȕȐȒȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȌȖ-
ȔȈ ȖȚȕȍș ȍȍ Ȋ ȗȈȓȐșȈȌȕȐȒ Ȑ ȚȈȔ ȗȖȊȍșȐȓ Ȋ țȋȓț ȕȈ ȏȈȉȖȘȍ
ǺȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ ȐșȒȘȍȕȕȍ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȈȓșȧ ȔțȒȈȔȐ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȖȋȖ Ȑ
ȍȡȍ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȗȖȚȖȔ șȓȈȌȖșȚȘȈșȚȕȖ ȊȏȌȘȈȋȐȊȈȓ, ȊșȗȖȔȐȕȈȧ, ȒȈȒ

55
ȖȕȈ ȒȖȘȟȐȓȈșȤ
ǹ Țȍȝ ȗȖȘ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȖȗȣȚȖȊ Ȗȕ țȉȐȊȈȓ ȔȕȖȋȖȍ ȔȕȖȎȍ-
șȚȊȖ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ ȕȖ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȍ Ȗ ȗȍȘȊȖȔ țȉȐȑșȚ-
Ȋȍ ȕȍ ȧȊȓȧȓȖșȤ Ȓ ȕȍȔț
ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȖȕȖ ȊȖșȒȘȍșȓȖ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖșȚȧȝ ȗȖ-
ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȚȖȋȌȈ Ȑ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȖȡțȡȍȕȐȧ ȉȣȓȐ ȖȌȐȕȈȒȖȊȣ
ǯȈȉȐȚȣȑ ȎȈȓȒȐȑ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȠȒȈ ȐșȗȣȚȣȊȈȓ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ
ȚȈȒțȦ Ȏȍ șțȔȈșȠȍȌȠțȦ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ ȏȓȖȉȕȖȍ țȗȖȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȐ ȊȐȌȍ
șȚȘȈȌȈȕȐȑ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȕȈțȒȐ
ǰ Ȍȓȧ ȏȈȉȐȚȖȋȖ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȠȒȐ ȊȍșȤ ȔȐȘ ȉȣȓ ȚȈȒȐȔ Ȏȍ ȟțȎ-
ȌȣȔ, ȊȘȈȎȌȍȉȕȣȔ ȒȈȒ Ȍȓȧ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȋȖ țȟȍȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȕȍȕȈȊȐșȚȤ
Ȓ ȓȦȌȧȔ, ȊȖȏȕȐȒȠțȦ ț ȔȈȓȤȟȐȠȒȐ Ȋ ȖȚȊȍȚ ȕȈ ȡȍȓȟȒȐ ȗȐȕ-
ȒȐ ȘțȋȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȕȈșȔȍȠȒȐ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȓ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ
Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȋȘțȌȐ
ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȕȈ ȊȣȘȖșȓȈ Ȑ ȖȜȖȘȔȐȓȈșȤ ǺȍȗȍȘȤ Ȗȕ ȕȍȕȈȊȐ-
ȌȐȚ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȏȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȖȚȌȍȓȍȕ ȖȚ ȕȐȝ șȊȖȐȔ țȘȖȌșȚȊȖȔ ȒȈȒ
ȕȍȗȘȐșȚțȗȕȖȦ șȚȍȕȖȑ
ǵȍȕȈȊȐȌȐȚ ȏȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȓȦȉȧȚ ȘȈȌțȦȚșȧ Ȑ șȔȍȦȚșȧ Ȉ
Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȋȖ ȥȚȖ ȕȍȌȖșȚțȗȕȖ
ǵȍȕȈȊȐȌȐȚ ȏȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȘȈȏ, ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ ȗȖȠȍȓ ȕȈ-
ȊșȚȘȍȟț ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒț ș ȖȚȒȘȣȚȣȔ șȍȘȌȞȍȔ ș ȗȘȖȚȧȕțȚȖȑ ȘțȒȖȦ
Ȗȕ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓ Ȋ ȖȚȊȍȚ ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȍȕȐȍ ȝțȎȍ ȗȖȡȍȟȐȕȣ
ǶȝȊȈȟȍȕȕȣȑ ȕȖȊȖȦ ȧȘȖșȚȤȦ ȖȉȐȌȖȑ Ȑ șȒȖȘȉȤȦ Ȗȕ șȕȖ-
ȊȈ ȏȈȠȈȋȈȓ ȗȖ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ
ǵȖ ȊȐȌ țȉȐȚȖȑ ȒȖȠȒȐ ȉȣȓ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȋȖ ȕȍȊȣȕȖșȐȔ ȍȔț ȉȣ-
ȓȖ șȚȣȌȕȖ ȏȈ ȥȚț ȊșȗȣȠȒț ȔȍȓȒȖȑ ȗȖȌȓȖȑ ȎȍșȚȖȒȖșȚȐ ǿȚȖ-
ȉȣ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȚȘțȗȈ Ȗȕ țȠȍȓ Ȑȏ ȌȖȔȈ Ȑ Ȟȍȓȣȑ ȊȍȟȍȘ ȉȘȖȌȐȓ
ȗȖ ȋȖȘȖȌț, ȕȍ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȧ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȌȖȘȖȋț ȕȍ ȖȋȓȧȌȣȊȈȧșȤ
ȗȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȈȔ șȚȈȘȈȧșȤ ȏȈȋȓțȠȐȚȤ ȌțȠȍȊȕțȦ ȔțȒț ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐȔ
țȚȖȔȓȍȕȐȍȔ
ǶȒȖȓȖ ȗȖȓțȕȖȟȐ Ȗȕ ȖȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ȕȈ ȚȘȖȚțȈȘȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȘȍșȚȖ-
ȘȈȕȈ «ȅȘȔȐȚȈȎ».
ǶȚȚțȌȈ ȌȖȕȖșȐȓȈșȤ ȔțȏȣȒȈ ȓȐȓȐșȤ ȗȖȚȖȒȐ șȊȍȚȈ ǷȖ-
ȌțȔȈȊȠȐ ȟȚȖ ȚțȌȈ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȊȖȑȚȐ Ȑ șȍșȚȤ ȏȈ șȚȖȓ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ
ȗȖȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȚȈȒțȦ țșȚȈȓȖșȚȤ ȟȚȖ Ȑ Ȋ șȈȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ ȏȈȠȍȓ
ǩȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȏȈȓ șȐȧȓ ȥȓȍȒȚȘȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ ȓȦșȚȘȈȔȐ ȉȍȓȣȔȐ
șȒȈȚȍȘȚȧȔȐ șȚȖȓȖȊ ȝȘțșȚȈȓȤȕȖȦ ȗȖșțȌȖȑ ǷȖșȍȚȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȉȣ-
ȓȖ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȋțȓ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȖȊ șȔȍȠȐȊȈȓșȧ șȖ ȏȊțȒȈȔȐ ȔțȏȣȒȐ Ȋ

56
ȌțȠȕȖȔ ȊȖȏȌțȝȍ ȗȘȖȗȐȚȈȕȕȖȔ ȏȈȗȈȝȖȔ ȍȌȣ
ǷȘȍȎȌȍ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȗȖȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȉȣ șȍȉȧ șȚȍșȕȍȕȕȣȔ Ȋ ȚȈ-
ȒȖȑ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȍ ȕȖ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȍȋȖ ȕȍȘȊȣ ȉȣȓȐ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȊȏȊȐȕ-
ȟȍȕȣ ǯȈșȚȍȕȟȐȊȖșȚȤ ȒțȌȈ-ȚȖ ȐșȟȍȏȓȈ Ȑ Ȗȕ ȐșȗȣȚȣȊȈȓ țȌȖ-
ȊȖȓȤșȚȊȐȍ, ȗȖȌșȚȈȊȓȧȧ ȗȖȌ ȓȦȌșȒȐȍ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȣ șȊȖȦ țȎȈșȕțȦ
ȜȐȏȐȖȕȖȔȐȦ ȌȣȠȈȡțȦ ȏȓȖȉȖȑ
ǯȈȕȧȊȠȐ ȔȍșȚȖ Ȋ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȔ țȋȓț ȒȖȔȕȈȚȣ Ȗȕ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȍȔ-
ȕȖȋȖ țșȗȖȒȖȐȓșȧ ȖȚȊȓȍȒșȧ ȖȚ șȊȖȐȝ Ȕȣșȓȍȑ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȧ ȏȈ
ȗțȉȓȐȒȖȑ ǹȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȍșȍȓȤȧ ȉȣȓȖ ȘȈȏȓȐȚȖ ȗȖ ȏȈȓț ǹȒȖȓȤȒȖ
ȌȘțȎȍșȒȐȝ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȖȊ Ȑ ȎȍșȚȖȊ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍȎȕȣȝ ȎȍȕșȒȐȝ
țȓȣȉȖȒ țȌȈȓȖșȤ ȍȔț ȗȖȌȔȍȚȐȚȤ!
ǭȔț ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ ȏȌȍșȤ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȕȍȋȖ, ȕȍȚ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȕȣȝ ȓȦ-
Ȍȍȑ ȟȚȖ ȏȌȍșȤ șȖȉȘȈȓȐșȤ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȐ ȟțȎȌȖȑ ȍȔț ȘȈșȣ
ȉȍșȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȖ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȈȦȡȍȑșȧ șȟȈșȚȤȍȔ ȊȍșȍȓȤȍȔ ȓȦȉȖȊȤȦ
Ȑ ȌȘțȎȉȖȑ
— ǷȖȋȖȌȐȚȍ ȗȘȖȒȓȧȚȣȍ — ȗȘȖȉȖȘȔȖȚȈȓ Ȗȕ, șȎȐȔȈȧ Ȓț-
ȓȈȒȐ Ȋ ȗȖȘȣȊȍ ȏȊȍȘșȒȖȑ ȏȈȊȐșȚȐ ȝȖȚȧ Ȑ șȈȔ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȏȕȈ-
ȟȐȚ ȥȚȈ țȋȘȖȏȈ
ǪȌȘțȋ ȘȧȌȖȔ ȊȣȘȖșȓȈ ȟȤȧ-ȚȖ ȚȍȕȤ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȗȍȘȍȊȍȓ ȋȓȈȏȈ Ȑ țȊȐȌȈȓ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ
ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȘȐȓȐȟȕȖ ȖȌȍȚȖȋȖ ȕȖ șțȌȧ ȗȖ ȉȓȍȌȕȖșȚȐ ȓȐȞȈ ȗȖ ȕȍ-
țȊȍȘȍȕȕȣȔ ȎȍșȚȈȔ, ȗȖȘȧȌȖȟȕȖ ȗȤȧȕȖȋȖ
— ǴȖȍ ȗȖȟȚȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ — ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ Ȗȕ, ȗȘȖȚȧȋȐȊȈȧ
ȘțȒț
ǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȔȈȠȐȕȈȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȏȌȖȘȖȊȈȓșȧ ȊȣȘȈȎȈȧ ȊșȍȔ
șȊȖȐȔ ȊȐȌȖȔ ȕȍȌȖțȔȍȕȐȍ Ƕȕ ȕȐȒȈȒ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ, ȖȚȒțȌȈ
ț ȕȍȋȖ Ȋȏȧȓșȧ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȑ
ǴȖȓȖȌȖȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓ ȒȖȓȍȉȈȕȐȍ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ Ȑ ȘȈș-
șȔȍȧȓșȧ
— ǿȚȖ ȕȍ țȏȕȈȍȚȍ" ȕȍȔțȌȘȍȕȖ ǭșȓȐ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐȚȍ ȗȘȐșȍșȚȤ Ȓ
șȚȖȓȐȒț ȧ ȊȈȔ șȍȑȟȈș ȖȉȢȧșȕȦ, ȒȚȖ ȧ Ȑ ȖȚȒțȌȈ ȊȈș ȏȕȈȦ
Ƕȕ ȚȧȎȍȓȖ țșȍȓșȧ ȕȈ șȚțȓ Ȑ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓ
— ȇ ȊȐȌȐȚȍ ȓȐ ȉȣȊȠȐȑ șȚțȌȍȕȚ ǴȖșȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ țȕȐȊȍȘ-
șȐȚȍȚȈ ǯȕȈȟȐȚ, Ȑȏ Țȍȝ ȒȖȋȖ Ȋȣ Ȋ șȊȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȔțȟȐȓȐ ǵȖ ȧ
ȏȓȖȉȣ ȏȈ ȥȚȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȊȈș ȕȍ ȗȐȚȈȦ ǺȈȒȖȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ, ȒȈȒ Ȋȣ
ȔȖȎȍȚ ȌȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ șȍȉȍ țȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȐȍ ȗȖȔțȟȐȚȤ ȌȍșȧȚȖȒ-ȌȘț-
ȋȖȑ șȚțȌȍȕȚȖȊ ǺȖ ȟȚȖ șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȋȘȍȝ ț ȗȘȖșȚȖȋȖ șȔȍȘȚȕȖ-
ȋȖ ț ȋȍȕȐȧ ȕȖșȐȚ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȍ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȖȑ ȗȘȐȊȣȟȒȐ

57
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ș ȓȦȉȖȗȣȚșȚȊȖȔ ȘȈȏȋȓȧȌȣȊȈȓ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖȋȖ șȖ-
ȉȍșȍȌȕȐȒȈ Ȑ ȌțȔȈȓ, ȟȚȖ, ȗȖȎȈȓțȑ, șȚȖȐȚ ȊșȚțȗȐȚȤ ș ȕȐȔ Ȋ
ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȒȈȒ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ țȉȐȚȤ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȖȒȈ ȉțȌȍȚ ȏȌȍșȤ
șȐȌȍȚȤ Ȑ ȖȚȌȣȝȈȚȤ
ǹȖȉȍșȍȌȕȐȒ Ȏȍ ȘȈșșȔȍȧȓșȧ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ șȓȖȊȈȔ Ȑ ȕȍȉȘȍȎ-
ȕȖ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓ
— ǬȈ ȋȍȕȐȑ ȊȍȓȐȒȈȧ ȊȍȡȤ ǽȖȚȧ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ ȖȚȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȖ ȧ
ȕȈșȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȏȍ ȊȖșȝȐȡȈȦșȤ ȋȍȕȐȈȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȓȦȌȤȔȐ ȕȈșȒȖȓȤ-
ȒȖ ȗȘȍȏȐȘȈȦ Ȑȝ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ
— ǵț, ȥȚȖ ȕȍȓȖȋȐȟȕȖ, — ȖȚȖȏȊȈȓșȧ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ
ǺȖȚ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȎȈȓ ȗȓȍȟȈȔȐ
— ȅȚȖȋȖ Ȋȣ Ȕȕȍ ȕȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȍ ȧ ȊȐȌȐȚȍ ȓȐ, ȗȖ ȗȘȐȏȊȈ-
ȕȐȦ ȗȤȧȕȐȞȈ ȖȚ ȦȕȖșȚȐ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȦșȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȥȚȐȔ ȌȍȓȖȔ ȚȈȒ
ȟȚȖ, ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȊșȦ ȊȈȠț ȖȉȘȈȉȖȚȒț Ȋ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚȍ ȕȐȟȍ-
ȋȖ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦ Ȑ ȕȍ țȔȍȦ ȕȖ ȓȖȋȐȒȈ ț Ȕȍȕȧ Ȋșȍ-ȚȈȒȐ ȍșȚȤ
ȇ ȍȍ ȚȍȘȧȦ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖșȓȍ ȚȘȍȚȍȑ ȉțȚȣȓȒȐ Ȉ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ Ȋȣ-
ȗȐȓ ȌȊȍ ȌȈ Ȑ ȚȖ ȕȍ ȖȌȐȕ
Ƕȕ ș ȚȘțȌȖȔ ȏȈȒțȘȐȓ ȕȈ șȊȍȟȒȍ ȌȘȖȎȈȊȠțȦ Ȋ ȘțȒȍ ȗȈ-
ȗȐȘȖșț Ȑ ȗțșȚȐȓșȧ ȘȈȏȋȓȈȋȖȓȤșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȕȍ ȋȓȧȌȧ ȕȈ ȗȘȖ-
ȜȍșșȖȘȈ
— dzȖȋȐȒȈ ȥȚȖ ȔȖȧ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ DzȖȋȌȈ ȧ ȘȖȌȐȓșȧ ȗȘȐ-
ȠȓȈ Ȓ ȔȖȍȑ ȒȖȓȣȉȍȓȐ șȚȈȘȈȧ șȍȘȌȐȚȈȧ ȒȖȓȌțȕȤȧ Ȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ
«ȇ ȝȖȟț șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȘȍȉȍȕȒȈ ȕȈ ȊșȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȕȍșȟȈșȚ-
ȕȣȔ Ȍȓȧ ȟȍȋȖ ȌȈȘȦ ȍȔț șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ ȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȔȣȠȓȍ-
ȕȐȧ».
ǷȖȊȖȘȖȎȐȓȈ ȗȖȊȖȘȖȎȐȓȈ Ȑ țȠȓȈ Ȉ ȧ șȚȈȓ ȕȈ ȊșȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ
ȕȍșȟȈșȚȕȣȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȔ
ǪȖȚ Ȋȣ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȍ — ȓȖȋȐȒȐ ȕȍȚ Ȉ ȕȈ șȈȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ, șȓȐȠ-
ȒȖȔ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȓȖȋȐȒȐ ǶȚȚȖȋȖ ȧ Ȑ ȗȤȧȕ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȌȍȕȤ ǸȈȏȊȍ ȔȖ-
ȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȟȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȓȖȋȐȟȕȖȍ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȗȤȧȕșȚȊȖ"
ǮȐȏȕȤ șȒțȟȕȈ ș ȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȒȖȕȞȈ ȍȍ ȕȍ ȊȖȏȤȔȐ Ȉ ȊȐȕȖ Ȋȍ-
șȍȓȐȚ ǯȕȈȟȐȚ, ȗȍȑ ȌțȠȈ ȔȖȧ ȗȍȑ, șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȖȎȍȠȤ Ƿȍȑ Ȑ
ȗȘȍȌȈȊȈȑșȧ ȔȍȟȚȈȔ ǪȣȊȖȌ ȗȘȖșȚȖȑ Ȑ ȧșȕȣȑ
Ƕȕ ȏȈȚȧȕțȓșȧ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈȏ șȊȖȍȦ ȗȈȗȐȘȖșȖȑ Ȑ ȔȍȟȚȈȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȖ ȗȖȋȓȧȌȍȓ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ
— ǪȖȚ Ȋȣ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȍ ȗȘȖ ȋȍȕȐȍȊ Ȑ Ȑȝ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȧ ȊȈȔ
Ȑ ȖȚȊȍȟȈȦ ǫȍȕȐȍȊ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȕȍ țȊȈȎȈȚȤ ȅȚȖ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ Ȝȍ-
ȕȖȔȍȕ Ȉ ȏȈ ȜȍȕȖȔȍȕȖȊ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȈ ȧȘȔȈȘȒȈȝ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ ȗȓȈȚȧȚ,

58
ȟȚȖȉȣ Ȑȝ ȗȖȋȓȧȌȍȚȤ
ǭșȓȐ ȗȓȈȚȧȚ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȖȋȓȧȌȍȚȤ țȘȖȌȓȐȊȖ ȚȖȓșȚțȦ
ȎȍȕȡȐȕț ȚȖ ȒȈȒ Ȏȍ ȕȍ țȊȓȍȟȤșȧ țȘȖȌȓȐȊȖ țȔȕȣȔ ȔțȎȟȐ-
ȕȖȑ"
ȇ ȐȔ Ȑ țȊȓȍȒȈȦșȤ țȊȓȍȒȈȦșȤ ȖȚ Ȋșȍȑ ȌțȠȐ Ȉ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖȐȏ-
ȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȊȈȠȐ ȕȍ ȏȈșȓțȎȐȊȈȦȚ țȊȈȎȍȕȐȧ — ȥȚȖ ȌȘțȋȖȍ ȌȍȓȖ
ǹȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȗȖ ȗȘȈȊȌȍ ȧ ȗȘȧȔȖ-ȚȈȒȐ șȟȐȚȈȦ Ȋșȍ ȊȈȠȐ ȖȚȒȘȣ-
ȚȐȧ țșȖȊȍȘȠȍȕșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȚȍȕȐȧ ȊȘȍȌȕȣȔȐ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȕȍ ȖȚȌȈȊȈȓ șȍȉȍ ȖȚȟȍȚȈ ȗȤȧȕ ȓȐ ȥȚȖȚ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȕȈ-
șȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȕȍșȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȖșȚȐ ȐȓȐ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȍșȚȤ ȒȈȒȈȧ-
ȕȐȉțȌȤ șȊȖȧ ȖȘȐȋȐȕȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȚȍȖȘȐȧ ǪȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ, Ȗȕ
șȓțȠȈȓ ȖȝȖȚȕȖ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȗȖșȓȍ ȉȍȏțȔȕȖȋȖ Ȍȕȧ ț ȕȍȋȖ Țȍ-
ȗȍȘȤ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȈșȤ ȘȈșșȓȈȉȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȗȘȐȒȖȊȣȊȈȊȠȈȧ ȍȋȖ Ȓ țȌȖȉ-
ȕȖȑ ȗȖȏȍ ȕȈ ȔȧȋȒȖȔ ȌȐȊȈȕȍ Ȓ ȠțȔț ȋȖȓȖșȖȊ Ȑ ȔțȏȣȒȐ ȖȚ-
ȊȓȍȒȈȊȠȍȔț ȖȚ ȌțȔ Ȓ ȚȍȗȓȖȑ șȊȍȚȓȖȑ ȊȍșȍȓȖȑ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ
Ƕȕ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȗȘȖșȐȓ
— ǷȖȟȍȔț ȥȚȖ ȊȈȔ ȊȏȌțȔȈȓȖșȤ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȗȘȖ ȋȍȕȐȈȓȤ-
ȕȖșȚȤ"
— ǬȈ ȗȖȚȖȔț, ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȊȈȠȈ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ DzȖȋȌȈ ȧ ȊșȚȘȍ-
ȟȈȦ ȈȒȚȍȘȈ — ȋȖȊȖȘȦ ș ȕȐȔ ȗȘȖ ȚȍȈȚȘ șȖ șȗȖȘȚșȔȍȕȖȔ —
ȗȘȖ ȓȖȠȈȌȍȑ ș ȗȖȗȖȔ ȗȘȖ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȦ ș ȎȍȕȡȐȕȖȦ — ȗȘȖ ȓȦ-
ȉȖȊȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȏȍ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȈȘȐȊȈȦ ș ȋȍȕȐȍȔ — ȏȈȊȖȎț ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘ Ȗ
ȋȍȕȐȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ
©ǵȍ șȔȍȍȚșȧ ȓȐ Ȗȕ ȕȈȌȖ ȔȕȖȦ"ª — ȗȖȌțȔȈȓ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ǶȌ-
ȕȈȒȖ ȕȍ șȚȈȓ ȗȘȍȘȣȊȈȚȤ ȗȖȚȖȒ ȍȋȖ ȘȍȟȐ ǭȔț ȉȣȓȖ Ȋșȍ ȘȈȊȕȖ
Ǩ ȗȤȧȕȣȑ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ, ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓ:
— ǬȈ Ȑ Ȓ ȚȖȔț Ȏȍ ȧ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ Ȋȣ țȊȈȎȈȍȔȣȑ
ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȐȚȍ Ȓ șȈȔȖȑ ȖȗȈșȕȖȑ ȗȖȘȖȌȍ ȋȍȕȐȍȊ
ǵȈțȟȕȣȍ ȋȍȕȐȐ — șȈȔȣȍ ȏȓȖȊȘȍȌȕȣȍ ǶȕȐ ȗȘȐȕȍșȓȐ ȟȍȓȖ-
ȊȍȟȍșȚȊț ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȏȓȈ
— ǯȓȈ"
— ǵț ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ Ȉ Ȋȣ ȒȈȒ ȌțȔȈȓȐ" ǷȘȍȌșȚȈȊȤȚȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ
șȍȉȍ ȒȈȒȖȦ ȊȖșȝȐȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȦ ȉȣȓȈ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȗȧȚȤșȖȚ ȓȍȚ ȚȖȔț
ȕȈȏȈȌ Ȑ ȗȖșȔȖȚȘȐȚȍ, ȒȈȒȖȦ ȗȖȋȈȕȖȑ șȚȈȓȈ ȖȕȈ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ DzȚȖ
Ȏȍ ȍȍ ȐșȗȖȘȚȐȓ, ȒȈȒ ȕȍ Ȋȣ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȍȚȍȓȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊȈ?
— DzȈȒȐȔ Ȏȍ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ"
— ǬȈ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ǷȘȍȎȌȍ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȉȣȓȈ ȊȍȡȤȦ ȏȈȕȧȚ-
ȕȖȑ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ ȗȖȓȕȖȑ ȚȈȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕ-

59
ȕȖșȚȍȑ Ǫȣ șȖ șȊȖȍȦ ȕȈțȒȖȑ ȗȍȘȍȌȍȓȈȓȐ ȍȍ ȕȈȕȖȊȖ Ǫșȍ șȚȈȓȖ
ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȧșȕȖ ȗȖȕȧȚȕȖ Ȑ șȒțȟȕȖ șȒțȟȕȖ ȌȖ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ
©ǵȍȚ — ȘȍȠȐȓ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ — Ƕȕ ȕȍ ȗȤȧȕ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȋȖ-
ȓȖȊȍ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȕȍ Ȋșȍ Ȋ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȍ ǷȖșȔȖȚȘȐȔ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȍȡȍ ȊȣȌț-
ȔȈȍȚ».
ǰ șȒȈȏȈȓ:
— ǺȈȒ ȊȍȌȤ ȗȖȥȏȐȧ Ȏȍ șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ Ȑ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ǴȈȓȖ ȓȐ ț
ȕȈș ȗȖȥȚȖȊ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ
— ȅ ȒȈȒȈȧ ȚȈȔ ȗȖȥȏȐȧ ǹ Țȍȝ ȗȖȘ, ȒȈȒ ȐșȟȍȏȓȈ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȧ Ȑ
ȊȍȘȈ Ȋ ȒȖȓȌȖȊșȚȊȖ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ țȎ ȗȍȚ ǷȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ,
ȕȍȚ ȍȍ Ȋ ȓȦȌȧȝ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȕȍȚ ȎȐȊȖȑ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ Ȉ ȖșȚȈȓȖșȤ ȒȈ-
ȒȖȍ-ȚȖ ȒȘȐȊȓȧȕȐȍ ȒȈȒȐȍ-ȚȖ ȉȓȍȌȕȣȍ ȚȍȕȐ
Ǩ ȒȚȖ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȐȓ ȒȖȓȌȖȊșȚȊȖ Ȑ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȦ" Ǫȣ, ȌȖȒȚȖȘȈ,
șȖ șȊȖȍȦ ȕȈțȒȖȦ Ǫȣ Ȑ ǩȖȋț Ȑ ȟȍȘȚț ȌȈȓȐ ȔȈȚ — Ȉ Ȑȏ-ȏȈ ȟȍȋȖ"
ǺȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ țȋȖȌț șȊȖȍȔț șȈȔȖȓȦȉȐȦ Ȉ ȕȍ Ȍȓȧ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ
șȟȈșȚȤȧ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊȖ ȉȍȏ ǩȖȋȈ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȕȖ Ȉ ȉȍȏ
ȟȍȘȚȈ ȍȡȍ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȕȍȍ
ǪȍȌȤ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊȖ ȚȖ entre nous soit dit*, ȋȓțȗȖ șȓȐȠ-
ȒȖȔ ȋȓțȗȖ Ȍȓȧ ȊȈȠȐȝ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȓȍȗȕȣȝ ȊȖȏȊȣȠȍȕȕȣȝ ȚȍȖȘȐȑ
ǹȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋȣ ȕȐ ȉȍȑȚȍșȤ Ȉ Ȋșȍ-ȚȈȒȐ ȊșȧȒȈȧ ȋȖȓȖȊȈ ȌȈȎȍ șȈ-
ȔȈȧ șȊȍȚȓȈȧ — ȕȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ, ȒȈȒ șȒȊȍȘȕȈȧ ȔȈȠȐȕȒȈ Ȍȓȧ ȗȍȘȍ-
ȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ ȖȉȘȣȊȒȖȊ ȊȕȍȠȕȍȋȖ ȔȐȘȈ
Ƕȕ ȏȈșțȕțȓ ȘțȒȐ Ȋ ȒȈȘȔȈȕȣ Ȑ șȚȈȓ ȒȈȟȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈ șȚțȓȍ ȕȍ
ȖȉȘȈȡȈȧ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȕȈ șȊȖȍȋȖ șȖȉȍșȍȌȕȐȒȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȔȈȓȖ
șȓțȠȈȓ ȕȍ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȧ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȗțȉȓȐȒț ȕȈȗȖȓȕȧȊȠțȦ
ȏȈȓDzȈȒȖȑ-ȚȖ ȜȘȈȕȚ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȧ ȔȐȔȖ ȊșȓȍȌ ȏȈ ȠțȘȠȈȡȍȦ
ȠȍȓȒȖȔ ȌȈȔȖȦ ȟțȚȤ ȕȍ șȗȖȚȒȕțȓșȧ Ȗ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȧȕțȚȣȍ ȕȖȋȐ
Ȑ, țȌȐȊȓȍȕȕȖ ȏȈȋȓȧȕțȊȠȐ ȍȔț Ȋ ȓȐȞȖ, șȒȈȏȈȓ: «Pardon!»
ǵȖ ȚȖȚ ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȓ Ƕȕ ȒȈȟȈȓșȧ ȕȈ șȊȖȍȔ
șȚțȓȍ șȔȖȚȘȍȓ Ȋ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȖ Ȑ ȞȍȌȐȓ șȓȖȊȖ ȏȈ șȓȖȊȖȔ
— Ǫȣ, ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ, ȌțȔȈȍȚȍ ȟȚȖ ȧ ȋȖȊȖȘȦ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȗȖȚȖȔț
ȟȚȖ ȗȤȧȕ — Ȑ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȈȗȘȈșȕȖ
ǿȚȖ ȧ ȗȤȧȕ — ȥȚȖ șȊȧȚȈȧ ȗȘȈȊȌȈ ȕȖ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȐȓ ȉȣ Ȋșȍ șȒȈ-
ȏȈȕȕȖȍ Ȑ Ȋ ȚȘȍȏȊȖȔ ȊȐȌȍ ǺȖȓȤȒȖ Ȕȍȕȍȍ șȒȓȈȌȕȖ
* Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɦɢ ɛɭɞɶ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɮɪ.).

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ǪȖȚ ȧ ȉȖȋȈȚȣȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȕȍȌțȘȍȕ șȖȉȖȦ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎț Ȓ
ȝȖȘȖȠȍȔț ȖȉȡȍșȚȊț ȐȔȍȦ ȖȉȠȐȘȕȣȍ șȊȧȏȐ
ǹȓȖȊȖȔ Ȓ ȔȖȐȔ țșȓțȋȈȔ Ȋșȍ șȗȖșȖȉȣ ȉȣȚȤ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȣȔ
Ȉ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ, ȧ șȒțȟȈȦ Ȑ ȗȤȧȕșȚȊțȦ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ Ȕȕȍ ȊșȦ
ȎȐȏȕȤ ȕȍ ȝȊȈȚȈȓȖ ȌȊțȝ Ȋȍȡȍȑ — ǩȖȋȈ Ȑ ȟȍȘȚȈ
Ǩ ȗȖȚȖȔ, ȗȖȌțȔȈȑȚȍ ȗȘȖ Ȋșȍ ȚȍȝȕȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȚȍȕȐȧ —
ȚȍȓȍȋȘȈȜ ȟȚȖ ȓȐ ȚȍȓȍȜȖȕ Ȏȍȓȍȏȕȣȍ ȌȖȘȖȋȐ ȍșȓȐ ȝȖȚȐȚȍ
ȘȈȏȊȍ ȖȕȐ ȗȘȐȕȍșȓȐ ȒȖȔț-ȕȐȉțȌȤ, ȒȘȖȔȍ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȚȈȚȍȓȍȑ, ȝȖȚȤ
ȒȈȗȓȦ ȘȈȌȖșȚȐ"
ǪȍȌȤ Ȑ ȉȍȏ ȕȐȝ ȓȦȌȐ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȗțȚȍȠȍșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ șȕȖșȐȓȐșȤ
ȔȍȎȌț șȖȉȖȦ Ȑ ȕȍ șȚȘȈȌȈȓȐ ȖȚ ȕȍșȖȊȍȘȠȍȕșȚȊ ȚȍȝȕȐȒȐ ȗȖ-
ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓȐ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȓțȟȠȍȋȖ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ Ȏȍ ȥȚȐ ȟȍȘȚȖȊȣ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȚȍȕȐȧ ȓȐȠȐȓȐ ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȋșȧ-
ȒȐȝ ȖșȓȖȎȕȍȕȐȑ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȘȐȌȈȊȈȓȐ ȍȑ ȐȕȚȍȘȍș țȗȘȖșȚȐ-
ȓȐ ȍȍ șȌȍȓȈȓȐ ȍȍ ȉȍșșȖȌȍȘȎȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ
ǪȍȌȤ Ȋșȍ ȟȚȖ ȌȈȍȚșȧ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȓȍȋȒȖ ȕȍ ȌȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȘȈȌȖ-
șȚȐ Ǩ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ Ȋșȍ ȌȈȍȚșȧ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȓȍȋȒȖ
Ƕȕ ȗȖȑȔȈȓ ȏȈ ȘțȒȈȊ ȗȘȖȉȍȋȈȊȠȍȋȖ ȔȐȔȖ ȓȈȒȍȧ Ȑ Ȋȍȓȍȓ
ȗȖȌȈȚȤ ȊȐȕȈ ǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȏȈȗȘȖȚȍșȚȖȊȈȓ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȖ ȚȖȚ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ
ȒȐȊȕțȓ ȋȖȓȖȊȖȦ ȉțȌȚȖ ȖȚȔȈȝȐȊȈȧșȤ ȖȚ ȔțȝȐ
— Ǫȣ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȚȍ șȊȖȦ ȉțȚȣȓȒț ȗȘȐ șȓȍȌțȦȡȍȑ ȊșȚȘȍȟȍ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ș țȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȐȍȔ ȖȚȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ȉȣ ȖȚ ȊȐȕȈ ȕȖ ȊȐȌȍȓ,
ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ șȚȖȐȓȖ ȉȣ ȌȓȐȕȕȖȋȖ șȗȖȘȈ ǷȖȥȚȖȔț Ȗȕ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȈ-
ȊȐȓ șȖȉȍșȍȌȕȐȒț ȌȍȓȈȚȤ Ȋșȍ, ȟȚȖ ȚȖȚ ȏȈȝȖȟȍȚ
Ǩ ȚȖȚ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓ
— Ǫșȧ ȥȚȈ ȥȓȍȒȚȘȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȋȈȌȖșȚȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȌȈȘȖȔ ȐșȗȖȘȚȐ-
ȓȈ ȓȦȌȧȔ ȕȍȘȊȣ ǬȘțȋȖȋȖ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȈ ȧ ȕȍ ȊȐȎț ǷȘȐȝȖȌȐ-
ȓȖșȤ ȊȈȔ ȟȐȚȈȚȤ ȐȚȈȓȤȧȕșȒȐȝ ȈȊȚȖȘȖȊ ȥȗȖȝȐ ǪȖȏȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ"
ǵȍȚ" ǵț, Ȉ ȀȍȒșȗȐȘȈ — ȚȖȎȍ ȕȍȚ" ǵț ǩȖȋ ȊȈȔ șțȌȤȧ
ǺȈȒ ȊȐȌȐȚȍ ȓȐ ț șȈȔȐȝ ȥȚȐȝ ȈȊȚȖȘȖȊ Ȑ ț Ȋșȍȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ, ȒȈ-
ȒȐȝ ȖȕȐ ȊȣȊȖȌȧȚ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȒȐȗȐȚ ȒȓȦȟȖȔ ǶȕȐ ȗȖȓȕȣ ȘȈ-
ȌȖșȚȤȦ ȎȐȏȕȐ ț ȕȐȝ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȍșȚȤ ȗȘȖ ȏȈȗȈș ȝȖȘȖȠȍȍ ȘȈșȗȖ-
ȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȌțȝȈ ȊȍșȍȓȤȍ ȗȘȖȉȐȊȈȦȡȍȍșȧ ȠȐȘȖȒȖȑ șȚȘțȍȦ ȗȘȐ
ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ
Ǩ ț ȕȈș ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȍȚ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȕȍȘȊȣ ȐșȗȖȘȟȍȕȣ Ȕȣ ȉȘȖ-
ȌȐȔ, ȒȈȒ șȖȕȕȣȍ ȔțȝȐ ȕȈȔ ȓȍȋȟȍ ȊȗȈșȚȤ Ȋ ȐșȚȍȘȐȒț, ȟȍȔ
ȘȈȏȊȍșȍȓȐȚȤșȧ ǷȍșșȐȔȐȏȔ — ȕȈȠȍ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ
Ǵȣ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȑ ȌȍȓȈȍȔ, ȟȚȖ ȐȡȍȔ — ȕȈȌ ȟȍȔ ȉȣ ȗȖȗȓȈȒȈȚȤ

61
ǻ Țȍȝ ȉȣȓȈ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȉ ȕȈș țȕȣȕȐȍ Ȑ șȒțȒȈ ǷȖȕȐ-
ȔȈȍȚȍ ȘȈȏȕȐȞț"
ǭȋȖ ȋȖȓȖȊȈ ȖȗțșȚȐȓȈșȤ ȕȈ ȋȘțȌȤ ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȖȚ șȐȓȤȕȖȑ țș-
ȚȈȓȖșȚȐ Ƕȕ ȏȈȒȘȣȓ ȋȓȈȏȈ Ȑ ȗȘȖȊȍȓ ȘțȒȖȦ ȗȖ ȓȉț ȕȖ șȍȑȟȈș
Ȏȍ ȊȣȗȘȧȔȐȓșȧ Ȑ, șȝȊȈȚȐȊ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ șȚȈȒȈȕȖȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȓȈȒȍȑ
ȚȍȔ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȍȔ ȕȈȓȐȓ ȊȣȗȐȓ ȍȋȖ ȏȈȓȗȖȔ
— ǪȐȌȐȚȍ ȓȐ — șȒȈȏȈȓ Ȗȕ ȗȖȊȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȧșȤ ȗȘȧȔȖ Ȓ ǽȘȍȉ-
ȚȖȊț Ȑ ȖȗȐȘȈȧșȤ ȖȉȍȐȔȐ ȘțȒȈȔȐ ȕȈ șȚȖȓ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȕȍȋȖ — ȇ
ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦ șȍȉȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒțȦ ȌțȠț ȕȈȝȖȌȧȡțȦșȧ ȗȖȌ
ȋȕȍȚȖȔ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ
ǭȑ ȉȍȌȕȖȑ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ, Ȑ ȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ ȉȣ ȗȖșȔȍȧȚȤșȧ ȕȈȌ
ȒȈȒȐȔȐ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȗțșȚȧȒȈȔȐ ȗȖȘȈȌȖȊȈȚȤșȧ șȖȓȕȍȟȕȖȔț ȌȕȦ
țȎȈșȕțȚȤșȧ Ȑȏ-ȏȈ ȌțȘȕȖȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȚȣ Ȑȏ-ȏȈ șțȍȊȍȘȐȧ ȕȖ ȍȑ ȕȍ
ȗȘȐșȚȈȓȖ ȊȍșȚȐ șȍȉȧ ȚȈȒ ȓȍȋȒȖȔȣșȓȍȕȕȖ ǹȍȑȟȈș Ȏȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚ-
șȧ ȊȖȗȘȖș
«DzȈȒ ȥȚȖ" Ǵȣ ȗȖȒȖȘȐȓȐ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȖ ȕȈȌȍȓȐ
ȕȈȔȖȘȌȕȐȒ ȕȈ ȗȘȐȘȖȌț ȘȈȏȉȐȓȐ Ȋ ȒțșȖȟȒȐ ǩȖȋȈ ȊȣȠțȚȐȓȐ
ȟȍȘȚȈ Ȑ ȊȌȘțȋ ȉțȌȍȔ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȚȤșȧ ȒȈȒȐȔȐ-ȚȖ ȗțșȚȧȒȈȔȐ șȔȍȧȚȤ-
șȧ ȌȍȚșȒȐȔ șȔȍȝȖȔ ȗțȋȈȚȤșȧ ȌȍȚșȒȐȔ șȚȘȈȝȖȔ
ǵȍȚ ȥȚȖ ȖșȒȖȘȉȐȓȖ ȉȣ ȕȈȠȍ ȌȖșȚȖȐȕșȚȊȖ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȣȝ ȒțȓȤ-
ȚțȘȕȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ».
ǰ șȐȌȐȚ ȉȍȌȕȈȧ ȌțȠȈ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȊȈȎȕȈȧ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȟȖȗȖȘȕȈȧ, Ȑ
șȒțȟȈȍȚ ǹȔȍȘȚȍȓȤȕȖ șȒțȟȈȍȚ
ǻ ȌȍȚȍȑ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȐ ȊȣȠȓȐ Ȑȏ Șȍ-
ȉȧȟȍșȚȊȈ Ȉ ȌȖ șȚȈȘȠȐȝ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȌȖȘȖșȓȐ ǰȔ Ȑ ȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ ȉȣ
ȗȖȐȋȘȈȚȤ Ȋ ȐȋȘțȠȒȐ ȌȈ ȒȈȒ-ȚȖ ȕȍȓȖȊȒȖ șȍȉȧ ȒȖȔȗȘȖȔȍȚȐ-
ȘȖȊȈȚȤ ǩȖȧȚșȧ ȟȚȖ Ȑȝ ȏȈ ȔȈȓȣȝ ȘȍȉȧȚ ȗȘȐȔțȚ ǷȘȖȒȓȧȚȣȑ
ȊȖȏȘȈșȚ șȒțȟȕȣȑ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚ ȉȍșȗȖȓȍȏȕȖȑ ȌțȠȍȊȕȖȑ ȓȖȔȒȐ
ǿȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊȖ ȌȖȠȓȖ ȌȖ ȕȍȋȖ ȌȈ Ȋ ȕȍȔ Ȑ ȖșȚȈȓȖșȤ ȗȖȚȖ-
Ȕț ȟȚȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȐȌȚȐ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ ȉȣ șȒȐȕțȚȤ ș șȍȉȧ ȗȓȖȚ-
șȒțȦ ȖȉȖȓȖȟȒț Ȉ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȐȏȊȐȕȐȚȍ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȊȈȔ ȕȍ țȌȈșȚșȧ
Ƕȕ ȊȣȚȈȡȐȓ ȉțȚȣȓȒț Ȑȏ ȊȈȏȣ, ȕȈȗȖȓȕȍȕȕȖȑ ȓȤȌȖȔ ș Șț-
ȋȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȔ ȖȚȉȘȖșȐȓ șȈȓȜȍȚȒț, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȖȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȏȈȊȍȘȕț-
ȚȈ ȕȈȓȐȓ șȍȉȍ ȍȡȍ șȚȈȒȈȕ Ȑ ȊȌȘțȋ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓ ȟȚȖ șȚȈȒȈȕ ǽȘȍȉ-
ȚȖȊȈ ȗȖȓȖȕ
— ǶȚȟȍȋȖ Ȏȍ Ȋȣ ȕȍ ȗȤȍȚȍ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ"
— ȇ șȓțȠȈȦ
— ȅ ȗȖȓȕȖȚȍ șȚȖȐȚ ȓȐ șȓțȠȈȚȤ Ǫșȍ ȘȈȊȕȖ ȊȍȌȤ ȕȍ ȗȍȘȍ-

62
șȚȈȕȍȚȍ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊț ǵȍ ȓțȟȠȍ ȓȐ ȗȐȚȤ"
ǭȑ-ǩȖȋț, Ȕȕȍ ȌȖșȚȈȊȐȚ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖȍ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȟȖȒȕțȚȤșȧ ș
ȊȈȔȐ ȇ ȊȖ ȊșȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȕȍ ȏȈȉțȌț ȥȚȖȑ ȟȍșȚȐ ǵț ȏȈȓȗȖȔ ȌȖ
ȌȕȈ ȌȖ ȌȕȈ
Ǫ ȍȋȖ ȋȖȓȖșȍ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖ ȏȈȏȊțȟȈȓȐ Țȍȗȓȣȍ ȓȈșȒȖȊȣȍ ȕȖȚ-
ȒȐ ǭșȚȤ ȕȍȔȈȓȖ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȖȋȌȈ Ȑ șȚȈȕȖȊȧȚșȧ
ȓȈșȒȖȊȣȔȐ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȍȎȕȣȔȐ ȒȖȋȌȈ țȋȖȊȈȘȐȊȈȦȚ ȒȖȋȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ
ȗȐȚȤ
ǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ, ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ, ȕȍ ȚȘȖȕțȓȖ ȏȈȌțȠȍȊȕȖȍ ȖȉȘȈȡȍ-
ȕȐȍ șȖșȍȌȈ ȕȖ Ȗȕ Ȋșȍ ȚȈȒȐ ȊȣȗȐȓ, ȊȖ-ȗȍȘȊȣȝ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȐȏȉȈ-
ȊȐȚȤșȧ ȖȚ ȗȘȐșȚȈȊȈȕȐȑ ȊȖ-ȊȚȖȘȣȝ, Ȑȏ ȓȦȉȖȗȣȚșȚȊȈ ȗȖȚȖȔț
ȟȚȖ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȗȐȓ ȠȈȔȗȈȕșȒȖȋȖ
ǪȒțș ȊȐȕȈ ȊȣȏȊȈȓ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȘȈȏȖȟȈȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȕȍțȎȍȓȐ Ȗȕ ȚȈ-
ȒȖȊ ȥȚȖȚ ȕȈȗȐȚȖȒ ȉȖȋȈȚȣȝ Ȑ ȐȏȕȍȎȍȕȕȣȝ ȥȚȖȚ ȕȍȒȚȈȘ Ȑȏȉ-
ȘȈȕȕȣȝ Ȑȏ-ȏȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȗȐȊȈȦȚșȧ Ȟȍȓȣȍ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȧ" ǷȖ-
ȡȐȗȣȊȈȍȚ ȧȏȣȒ ȌȈ ȒȈȒ-ȚȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȖ ȗȈȝȕȍȚ ǺȖȓȤȒȖ Ȑ ȊșȍȋȖ
Ƕȕ ș ȕȍȌȖȊȍȘȐȍȔ ȗȖȋȓȧȌȍȓ ȕȈ ȉțȚȣȓȒț ȕȖ șȗȘȖșȐȚȤ șȊȖȍ-
ȋȖ ȒȖȔȗȈȕȤȖȕȈ ȕȍ ȘȍȠȐȓșȧ
ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȚȖȚ țȎȍ șȕȖȊȈ ȗȖȋȘțȏȐȓșȧ Ȋ ȐȏȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ șȊȖȐȝ
ȚȍȖȘȐȑ
— ǷȖȉȍȌȣ ȕȈțȒȐ — ȉȖȘȔȖȚȈȓ Ȗȕ — ȗȖȉȍȌȣ ȕȈțȒȐ
ǬȖȘȖȋȖ ȖȕȐ ȖȉȝȖȌȧȚșȧ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊț ȥȚȐ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ ǪȖȚ Ȋȣ
ȕȈșȖȟȐȕȐȓȐ ȊșȧȒȐȝ șȣȊȖȘȖȚȖȒ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȍȑ — Ȉ ȘȈȏȊȍ
ȓȦȌȐ șȚȈȓȐ ȖȚ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȣ" ǷȖ-ȗȘȍȎȕȍȔț ȉȖȓȍȦȚ Ȑ ȔȘțȚ.
ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ țȔȐȘȈȓȐ ȖȚ ǩȖȎȤȍȋȖ ȋȕȍȊȈ ȖȚ ȒȈȒȐȝ-ȚȖ ȚȈȐȕ-
șȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȔȖȋțȟȐȝ șȐȓ Ȑ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȍȓȐȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ Ȑ ȗȘȍȒ-
ȘȈșȕȖ Ȉ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ țȔȐȘȈȦȚ ȖȚ ȉȈȒȚȍȘȐȑ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȠȓȖ Ȑ ȋȓțȗȖ
ȇ ȏȕȈȦ ȟȚȖ Ȋȣ șȒȈȎȍȚȍ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ șȖȉȐȘȈȓ-
șȧ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ
 Ǫȣ șȒȈȎȍȚȍ ȟȚȖ ȓțȟȠȍ șȖȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȤșȧ
Ȓ ȖȒȘțȎȈȦȡȍȔț ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȌȖșȚȖȑȕȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ — ȕț, țȎ
ȐȏȊȐȕȐȚȍ ȕȈ ȔȖȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ, ȒțȌȈ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȍȍ ȎȐȚȤ șȘȍȌȐ ȕȍ-
ȊȍȌȖȔȖȋȖ Ȑ ȚȈȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ Ǫȣ Ȋșȍ șȚȘȍȔȐȚȍșȤ țȗȘȖșȚȐȚȤ
ȎȐȏȕȤ ȌȖȒȖȗȈȚȤșȧ ȌȖ ȍȍ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ Ȉ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȏȈȉȣȊȈȍȚȍ, ȟȚȖ
ȎȐȏȕȤ șȈȔȈ ȗȖ șȍȉȍ șȒțȟȕȈȧ ȋȓțȗȈȧ ȊȍȡȤ ȟȚȖ ȉȍȏ ȗȘȐȒȘȈș
ȖȕȈ ȕȐȒțȌȈ ȕȍ ȋȖȌȐȚșȧ
Ǫȣ, ȒȈȒ ȟȐȕȖȊȕȐȒȐ ȊȕȍșȓȐ Ȋ ȔȐȘ șțȝȖȑ ȗȖȘȧȌȖȒ ȘȈȏ-
ȌȍȓȐȓȐ șȐȓȣ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ ȕȈ ȊȝȖȌȧȡȐȍ ȐșȝȖȌȧȡȐȍ ȗȘȖȕțȔȍ-
ȘȖȊȈȓȐ Ȑȝ Ȑ, ȕȍ ȌȈȊȠȐ ȕȐȒȖȔț șȟȈșȚȤȧ, ȐȏȋȕȈȓȐ ȗȖȥȏȐȦ

63
ǷȖȥȏȐȧ ȕțȎȌȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȚȈȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖȔ Ȋ
ȕȍȖȚȘȈȏȐȔȖȔ Ȋ ȔȖȡȕȣȝ ȗȖȓțȏȊȍȘșȒȐȝ ȗȖȘȣȊȈȝ ȌțȠȐ ȟȍȓȖ-
ȊȍȒȈ, ȗȖȓȕȖȋȖ ȎȐȏȕȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓ
Ǩ Ȋȣ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȘȈȏȘțȠȐȓȐ ȖȚȕȧȓȐ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȐȓȐ
Ƕȕ ȊȣȗȐȓ ȍȡȍ șȚȈȒȈȕ Ȑ ȊȌȘțȋ șȌȍȓȈȓ ȏȕȈȒ, ȗȘȐȋȓȈȠȈȦ-
ȡȐȑ șȓțȠȈȚȤ țȒȈȏȣȊȈȧ ȕȈ ȖȘȒȍșȚȘ
ǶȘȒȍșȚȘ ȐȋȘȈȓ Ȋ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȊșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȈȘȐȐ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍ-
ȋȖ ȈȒȚȈ ȖȗȍȘȣ ©ǺȖșȒȈª ǴȖȡȕȣȍ ȔȘȈȟȕȣȍ ȈȒȒȖȘȌȣ ȏȊțȟȈ-
ȓȐ ȕȍȖȚȘȈȏȐȔȖȦ șȐȓȖȦ șțȌȤȉȣ
ǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȓȐȠȍȕȕȣȑ ȔțȏȣȒȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ Ȋșȍ-
ȚȈȒȐ ȗȖȕȧȓ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȈ ȔțȏȣȒȈ ȒȈȒȈȧ-ȚȖ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȈȧ ȝȊȈȚȈȦȡȈȧ
ȏȈ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȎȐȊȈȧ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȡȈȧ
ǪȌȘțȋ ȕȈ ȜȖȕȍ ȈȒȒȖȔȗȈȕȍȔȍȕȚȈ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȈșȤ ȖȌȐȕȖȒȈȧ Ȕȍ-
ȓȖȌȐȧ ȕȈȗȘȧȎȍȕȕȈȧ, ȒȈȒ ȒȘȐȒ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȐȧ ȒȈȒ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ
ȊȖȗȓȤ Ȗ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ ȒȈȒ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȧȧ ȔȖȓȤȉȈ, ȖȉȘȈȡȍȕȕȈȧ Ȓ ȕȍ-
ȉț ȔȖȓȤȉȈ, ȗȖȝȖȎȈȧ ȕȈ țȋȘȖȏț
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȖȚȒȐȕțȓșȧ ȕȈ șȗȐȕȒț ȌȐȊȈȕȈ ǭȔț șȚȈȓȖ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ
ȚȧȎȍȓȖ ȒȈȒ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȈșȖȊ ȚȖȔț ȕȈȏȈȌ ȊȕȐȏț ȕȈ țȓȐȞȍ
ȅȚȈ ȔțȏȣȒȈ ș ȚȈȒȖȦ ȧȘȒȖșȚȤȦ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȦȡȈȧ ȌțȠȍȊȕȣȍ ȔțȒȐ
ȊȣȏȊȈȓȈ ȊȖ ȊșȍȔ ȍȋȖ șțȡȍșȚȊȍ ȔțȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ șȚȐȝȐȑȕȣȑ
ȗȘȖȚȍșȚ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȤȧ
Ǩ ȟȍȘȍȏ șȚȖȓ ȘȈȏȌȈȓșȧ ȚȐȝȐȑ șȔȍȝ ǴȖȓȖȌȖȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ
ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ, ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ, ȒȈȒȖȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȓȈ ȈȘȐȧ, Ȑ
șȔȍȧȓșȧ ș ȖȚȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȖșȚȤȦ ȗȤȧȕȖȋȖ
— ǿȚȖ ȊȐȌȐȚȍ ȒȈȒțȦ ȒȘȈșȖȚț Ȋȣ țȉȐȓȐ" ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȚȈȒ ȕȍ
ȟțȊșȚȊțȦȚ ȚȈȒ ȕȍ șȚȘȈȌȈȦȚ
ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȔțȏȣȒȈȕȚȣ ȗȣȚȈȦȚșȧ ȊȖșȒȘȍșȐȚȤ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ șȖȊȍȘȠȐ-
ȓȖșȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ-ȚȖ Ȋ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȑ ȌțȠȍ
ǪȍȌȤ ȥȚȖ ȔțȒȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ șȍȘȌȞȈ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȕȣȍ ȕȈ Ȕț-
ȏȣȒț ǴțȒȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ șȍȘȌȞȈ ȒȈȒȐȔ ȖȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ
ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȐ ȚȍȓȍȋȘȈȜȈ, ȕȐ ȈȕȚȐȌȐȜȚȍȘȐȚȕȖȑ șȣȊȖȘȖȚȒȐ ȒȖ-
ȋȌȈ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȐȔȍȓ ȌțȠț ȕȈ ȔȍșȚȍ Ȉ ȕȍ ȕȖșȐȓ ȍȍ ȒȈȒ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ
ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȉțȔȈȎȕȐȒȖȔ Ȋ ȒȈȘȔȈȕȍ
Ƕȕ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊțȦȡȍ ȋȓȧȌȍȓ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ ȕȖ ȚȖȚ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ
ȕȍ ȊȐȌȍȓ Ȑ ȕȍ șȓȣȠȈȓ ǴțȏȣȒȈ ȘȈȏȌȘȈȏȕȐȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȔțȒț Ȗȕ ȕȍ
ȔȖȋ ș ȕȍȦ șȗȘȈȊȐȚȤșȧ Ȑ, șȝȊȈȚȐȊȠȐ ȉțȚȣȓȒț, ȕȈȓȐȓ ȊȚȖȘȖȑ
șȚȈȒȈȕ Ȑ ȊȣȗȐȓ
ǷȖșȓȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȍȔț șȚȈȓȖ ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȓȍȋȟȍ Ǫ ȋȖȓȖȊȍ ȏȈȠț-

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ȔȍȓȖ Ȋșȍ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȗȖȌȍȘȕțȓȖșȤ ȌȣȔȒȖȑ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȣ șȓȐȓȐșȤ
ș ȔțȏȣȒȖȦ Ȋ ȖȌȐȕ șȗȓȖȠȕȖȑ ȋțȓ șȒȊȖȏȤ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ șȓȖȊȕȖ
ȐȏȌȈȓȍȒȈ ȌȖȕȖșȐȓȐșȤ șȓȖȊȈ ȍȋȖ șȖȉȍșȍȌȕȐȒȈ
— ǺȖ, ȟȚȖ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȎȐȏȕȤȦ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ șȌȍȓȈȓȖșȤ Ȑș-
ȒțșșȚȊȖȔ ǪȖȚ Ȋ ȟȍȔ ȌȍȓȖ ȇ ȝȖȚȍȓ ȉȣ ȌȖșȓțȠȈȚȤ ȒȈȒ Ȋȣ-
ȘȈȎȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȔțȏȣȒȍ ȥȚȖȚ ȊȈȠ ȗȘȖȋȘȍșș ǪȖȚ ȗȈȒȖșȚȤ-ȚȖ, ȕȈȊȍȘ-
ȕȖȍ!ǷȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚȍ Ȋȣ șȍȉȍ ȔȈȘȠ ȗȘȖȋȘȍșșȈ" ǵȍȟȚȖ ȌȖ ȚȖȠ-
ȕȖȚȣ ȘȐȚȔȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȓȧȏȋȈȦȡȍȍ șțȝȖȍ Ȋ ȉȣșȚȘȖȔ ȕȖ ȕȍ ȎȐ-
ȊȖȔ ȚȍȔȗȍ
ǷȖȚȖȔ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ țȊȐȌȍȓ ȒȈȒ ȒȖȔȗȈȕȤȖȕ ȌȘȖȎȈȡȍȦ ȘțȒȖȦ
ȕȈȓȐȊȈȍȚ ȍȋȖ șȚȈȒȈȕ ȗȘȖȓȐȊȈȧ ȕȈ șȒȈȚȍȘȚȤ ȠȐȗȧȡȍȍ ȊȐȕȖ
ǴȈȠȐȕȈȓȤȕȖ ȊȣȗȐȓ Ȗȕ ȚȘȍȚȐȑ șȚȈȒȈȕ Ȑ șȖȊșȍȔ ȗȍȘȍȘȖȌȐȓ-
șȧ ǹȖȉȍșȍȌȕȐȒ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȓ ȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ ȍȔț ȗȤȧȕȣȔ ǵȈȖȉȖȘȖȚ
ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȗȖȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȉȖȓȤȠțȦ șȐȔȗȈȚȐȦ Ȑ ȕȈ-
ȟȈȓ ȋȖȘȧȟȖ ȍȔț ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȚȤ ǴȍȎȌț ȗȘȖȟȐȔ, Ȋ ȘȈș-
șȒȈȏȍ Ȗȕ țȗȖȔȧȕțȓ ȗȘȖ șȊȖȐ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȕȈȌ ȟțȔȕȣȔȐ ȉȈ-
ȞȐȓȓȈȔȐ ȚțȔȈȕȕȖ ȌȈȓ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ ȟȚȖ șȒȖȘȖ ȔȐȘ ȖșȊȖȉȖȌȐȚșȧ
ȖȚ ȥȚȖȋȖ șȚȘȈȠȕȖȋȖ ȉȐȟȈ
ǴȖȓȖȌȖȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ Ȋ ȖȚȊȍȚ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȈȝȕțȓ ȘțȒȖȦ
— ǵț ȊȖȚ ȍȡȍ ȖȌȐȕ ȠȈȋ Ȓ țȗȘȖȡȍȕȐȦ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȅȝ, ȗȘȖ-
ȜȍșșȖȘ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ǭșȓȐ ȉȣ ȕȍ ȊȈȠȍ ȕȈțȟȕȖȍ ȖșȓȍȗȓȍȕȐȍ
Ȋȣ șțȔȍȓȐ ȉȣ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ, ȋȌȍ șȟȈșȚȤȍ, Ȑ șȖȎȋȓȐ ȉȣ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖ-
ȘțȟȕȖ șȊȖȐ ȚȘțȌȣ
Ǩ ȏȕȈȍȚȍ — ȌȖȉȈȊȐȓ Ȗȕ ȓțȒȈȊȖ țȓȣȉȈȧșȤ — ȉțȌȤ ȧ ȕȈ
ȊȈȠȍȔ ȔȍșȚȍ ȧ Ȋȏȧȓ ȉȣ ȌȈ Ȑ ȊȣȗțșȚȐȓ ȟțȔț ȕȈ ȋȖȘȖȌ ǪȖȚ
ȉȣȓȈ ȉȣ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈ ǻȎ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ ȉȣ șȒțȟȈȚȤ dzȦȌȐ
șȘȈȏț ȕȈțȟȐȓȐșȤ ȉȣ Ȑ Ȋ ǩȖȋȈ ȊȍȘȖȊȈȚȤ Ȑ ȓȦȉȐȚȤ ȎȐȏȕȤ
ǬȈȓȤȠȍ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘ ȗȖȚȍȘȧȓ ȊșȧȒțȦ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ș țșȐȓȐȍȔ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ȒȈȒȐȍ-ȚȖ șȒțȟȕȣȍ ȚȧȎȍȓȣȍ ȜȘȈ-
ȏȣ șȖȉȍșȍȌȕȐȒ ȍȋȖ ȕȍ șȓțȠȈȓ Ȑ ȉȖȓȚȈȓ șȊȖȍ
ǺȈȒ ȚȧȕțȓȖșȤ ȌȖȓȋȖ ǴțȏȣȒȈ șȔȖȓȒȓȈ ȘȍșȚȖȘȈȕ ȗȖȟȚȐ
ȖȗțșȚȍȓ ȕȖ ȌȊȈ șȖȉȍșȍȌȕȐȒȈ ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȓȐ ȥȚȖȋȖ șȐȌȧ ȖȌȐȕ
ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȖȎȐȊȠȐ ȓȖȒȚȐ ȕȈ șȚȖȓ șȊȍșȐȊ ȖȚȧȎȍ-
ȓȍȊȠȐȍ ȋȖȓȖȊȣ ȕȈȌ ȗțșȚȣȔȐ șȚȈȒȈȕȈȔȐ
ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ ț ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ șȒȊȖȏȤ ȚțȔȈȕ ȖȗȤȧȕȍȕȐȧ șȚȈȓȐ
ȔȍȓȤȒȈȚȤ ȗȘȖȉȓȍșȒȐ șȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ Ƕȕ ȊȌȘțȋ țșȚȣȌȐȓșȧ șȊȖȍȋȖ

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ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȊșȚȈȓ ȘȈșȗȓȈȚȐȓșȧ ș ȏȍȊȈȦȡȐȔ ȗȍȘȍțȚȖȔȓȍȕ-
ȕȣȔ ȓȈȒȍȍȔ Ȑ, ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ țȋȖȊȖȘȣ ȒȖȔȗȈȕȤȖȕȈ ȗȖșȐȌȍȚȤ
ȍȡȍ ȊȣȗȐȚȤ ȍȡȍ ȉțȚȣȓȖȟȒț ȊȣȠȍȓ Ȑȏ ȘȍșȚȖȘȈȕȈ
ǩȣȓȖ ȚȘȐ ȟȈșȈ ȕȖȟȐ ǪșȦȌț ȞȈȘȐȓȈ ȚȐȠȐȕȈ Ȉ ȚȍȔȕȖȚȈ
ȗȖșȓȍ ȧȘȒȐȝ Ȗȋȕȍȑ ȘȍșȚȖȘȈȕȈ ȒȈȏȈȓȈșȤ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȟȍȘȕȖȑ
ǴȧȋȒȐȑ ȕȍȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȣȑ ȊȖȏȌțȝ ȗȘȐȧȚȕȖ ȖșȊȍȎȈȓ ȓȐȞȖ ǽȘȍȉ-
ȚȖȊ ȘȍȠȐȓ ȌȖȑȚȐ ȌȖ ȌȖȔȈ ȗȍȠȒȖȔ Ǫ ȋȖȓȖȊȍ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȗȖȘȧȌ-
ȒȖȔ ȠțȔȍȓȖ, ȕȖ Ȗȕ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ șȍȉȧ ȉȖȌȘȣȔ ǹȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȗȘȈȊ-
ȌȈ ȗȖȒȈȟȐȊȈȓșȧ ȕȖ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȓ ǭȋȖ ȔȖȡȕȣȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȔ
ȉȣșȚȘȖ șȗȘȈȊȐȓșȧ ș ȖȗȤȧȕȍȕȐȍȔ
ǯȈȚȖ ȗȖ ȔȍȘȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȒȈȒ șȊȍȎȐȑ ȊȍȚȍȘȖȒ țȕȖșȐȓ Ȑȏ ȍȋȖ
ȋȖȓȖȊȣ ȗȤȧȕȣȑ țȋȈȘ Ȋ ȕȍȑ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȓȐ ȒȖȗȖȠȐȚȤșȧ ȏȓȣȍ Ȕț-
ȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȔȣșȓȐ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ, ȗȘȐȌȧ Ȋ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȚȖȘȐȦ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ
ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ, ȒȈȒ țȚȘȖȔ, ȖȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ȓȐȞȖȔ Ȓ ȓȐȞț șȖ șȊȖȐȔ ȗȖȏȖȘȖȔ
Ȑ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȤȍȔ
ǿȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȈȧ ȕȈȚțȘȈ țșȚȘȖȍȕȈ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȟȚȖ Ȑȏ
ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ ȚȧȎȍȓȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȐȕșȚȐȕȒȚȐȊȕȖ ȐȡȍȚ ȊȣȝȖȌȈ
ȕȖ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘț ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȏȘȈȒȐ ȊȟȍȘȈȠȕȍȋȖ Ȍȕȧ șȖȔ-
ȒȕțȓȐșȤ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȕȍȋȖ ȎȍȓȍȏȕȣȔ ȒȖȓȤȞȖȔ ȊȣȘȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖ-
ȘȖȋȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ
ǻȘȖȌȓȐȊȣȍ ȒȘȐȟȈȡȐȍ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ ȋȓȧȌȍȓȐ ȍȔț Ȋ ȓȐȞȖ,
ȌȖȊȖȌȧ ȍȋȖ ȌȖ ȧȘȖșȚȐ ȌȖ ȉȍȠȍȕșȚȊȈ
ǯȈșȕțȚȤ" DzȈȒȖȍ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ șȟȈșȚȤȍ — ȝȖȚȤ ȕȈ ȊȘȍȔȧ
șȒȘȣȚȤșȧ ȖȚ șȈȔȖȋȖ șȍȉȧ ǵȖ ȒȈȒ șȗȈȚȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȕȍȘȊ
ȉȖȓȐȚ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȚȖșȒȈ ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȍȚ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȉȖȓȐ
Ƕȕ ȉȘȖșȐȓșȧ ȖȌȍȚȣȑ, ȕȈ ȗȖșȚȍȓȤ ȕȖ șȍȑȟȈș Ȏȍ ȊșȒȖȟȐȓ
Ȑ, ȊȍȘȕțȊȠȐșȤ Ȋ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȚȖȘȐȦ, ȏȈȠȈȋȈȓ Ȑȏ țȋȓȈ Ȋ țȋȖȓ
ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȈȟȈȓȖȔ ȌȓȐȕȕȖȑ ȚȧȎȍȓȖȑ ȗȘȖȋțȓȒȐ
ǩȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȣȑ ȗțȚȤ șȖȊȍȘȠȐȓ Ȗȕ, ȠȈȋȈȧ ȊȏȈȌ-ȊȗȍȘȍȌ ȗȖ
ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ Ȑ ȗȘȖȉȐȘȈȧșȤ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȓȈȉȐȘȐȕȚ șȊȖȐȝ
ȋȖȘȧȟȍȟȕȣȝ ȕȍȗȖșȓțȠȕȣȝ Ȕȣșȓȍȑ
Ƕȕ țȓȈȊȓȐȊȈȓ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȖȉȘȣȊȒȐ ȥȚȐȝ ȗȖȓț-Ȕȣșȓȍȑ
ȗȖȓț-ȖȡțȡȍȕȐȑ șȖȉȐȘȈȓ Ȑȝ ȗȖȟȚȐ ș ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐȔ țșȐȓȐȍȔ
Ȑ, ȗȖȓțȟȐȊȠȐ ȋȖȚȖȊȣȑ ȖȉȘȈȏ ȗȘȐșȚȈȊȓȧȓ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȌȘțȋȖȑ șȖ-
șȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ ș ȚȈȒȐȔ Ȏȍ ȔțȟȍȕȐȍȔ Ȑ ȚȖșȒȖȦ
ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȊȖȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȐ ȗȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȖ ȊȣȘȈșȚȈ-
ȓȖ ȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ șȊȧȏȈȕȕȖȍ, ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ, Ȑ ȗȘȖȟȕȖ
ȕȖ șȈȔȖȍ ȔȘȈȟȕȖȍ, ȒȈȒȖȍ ȒȖȋȌȈ-ȓȐȉȖ șȖȏȌȈȊȈȓ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȑ

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țȔ ȌȈȊȐȊȠȍȍ ȌțȠț ȕȍȊȣȘȈȏȐȔȖȑ ȚȧȎȍșȚȤȦ
ǷȈȘȈȓȓȍȓȤȕȖ ȖȌȐȕ ȌȘțȋȖȔț ȗȍȘȍȌ ȕȐȔ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȓȐ ȌȊȈ Ȗȉ-
ȘȈȏȈ
ǷȍȘȊȣȑ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ — ȥȚȖ Ȗȕ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ, șȚȘȈșȚȕȖ ȎȈȎȌțȡȐȑ șȟȈșȚȤȧ ȏȕȈȦȡȐȑ, Ȋ ȟȍȔ
ȖȕȖ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȋȖ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ șȗȖșȖȉȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ șȟȈ-
șȚȤȍ ȒȈȒ ȕȐȒȚȖ ȌȘțȋȖȑ Ȑ ȕȈȊșȍȋȌȈ ȕȈȊșȍȋȌȈ ȍȋȖ ȓȐȠȍȕȕȣȑ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ, ȏȈȗȍȘȚȣȑ Ȋ ȝȖȓȖȌȕȖȑ ȗțșȚȖȑ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȚȖȘȐȐ Ȓț-
ȌȈ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȖȒȕȈ ȏȈȋȓȧȌȣȊȈȍȚ Ȋȍșȍȓȣȑ șȊȍȚȓȣȑ ȊȕȍȠȕȐȑ ȔȐȘ
Ȑ ȕȈșȔȍȠȓȐȊȖ ȌȘȈȏȕȐȚ ȉȍȌȕȖȋȖ țȏȕȐȒȈ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ș ȕȍȎȕȣȔ șȍȘȌȞȍȔ ș ȕȈȚțȘȖȦ, ȗȖȓȕȖȦ șȚȘȈșȚȐ,
ȕȈȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȋȕțșȕȖȦ ȖȉȖȓȖȟȒȖȑ ȗȤȍȊȘȣ șȒȈȏȖȟȕȖȋȖ ȟțȌȖ-
ȊȐȡȈ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȦȡȍȋȖ ț Ȋșȍȝ ȖȚȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȍ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȖȡțȡȈȦȡȐȑ ȔȐșȚȐȟȍșȒțȦ șȐȓț ȗȘȖȒȓȧȚȐȧ șȊȖȍȑ
ȊȕȍȠȕȖșȚȐ ȏȕȈȦȡȐȑ, ȟȚȖ, ȒțȌȈ ȉȣ Ȗȕ ȕȐ ȗȖȠȍȓ ȊșȦȌț
ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȚ ȍȋȖ ȕȍȕȈȊȐșȚȤ Ȑ ȗȘȍȏȘȍȕȐȍ
Ǩ ȘȧȌȖȔ ș ȥȚȐȔ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȐȔ ȔȐȘȖȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȗȖȝȖȎȐȔ
ȕȈ ȒȘȖȔȍȠȕȣȑ ȈȌ ȋȌȍ șȒȘȍȎȍȡțȚ ȏțȉȈȔȐ Ȑ ȊȖȦȚ ȖȚ ȉȖȓȐ
Ȗȕ ȊȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȓ șȍȉȍ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȔȐȘ ȊȍȓȐȒȐȑ Ȑ șȊȍȚȓȣȑ ȊȕȍȠ-
ȕȐȑ ȔȐȘ ȋȌȍ ȓȦȉȧȚ ȋȌȍ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȈȦȚșȧ ȗȘȐȊȧȏȈȕȕȖșȚȤȦ ȋȌȍ
ȉȣȊȈȦȚ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȣ ȊșȍȔȐ ȊȐȌȈȔȐ șȟȈșȚȤȧ
ǭȔț ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖȚ ȓțȟȍȏȈȘȕȣȑ ȗȘȐȏȘȈȒ șȔȍȍȚșȧ ȕȈȌ
ȕȐȔ ȝȖȝȖȟȍȚ ȌȘȈȏȕȐȚ ȍȋȖ ȚȣșȧȟȈȔȐ ȊȣșțȕțȚȣȝ ȧȏȣȒȖȊ Ȑȏ-
ȌȍȊȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈȌ ȍȋȖ ȔțȟȍȕȐȧȔȐ
ȇȘȖșȚȤ ȖȝȊȈȚȐȓȈ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ ǩȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȈȧ ȏȓȖȉȈ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ
ȊșȍȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȎȐȊȍȚ Ȑ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖ ȘȈȌȖȊȈȚȤșȧ
ǴșȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȏȓȖȉȈ ȖȉȖȘȊȈȕȞȈ-ȕȐȡȍȋȖ, ȖȗȘȖȒȐȕțȚȖȋȖ Ȋ
ȋȘȧȏȤ ȥȒȐȗȈȎȍȔ ȏȕȈȚȕȖȑ ȉȈȘȣȕȐ ȋȘȖȏȧȡȍȋȖ ȒțȓȈȒȈȔȐ ȊȖ-
șȓȍȌ ȍȍ ȉȈȘȝȈȚț ȠȍȓȒț ȗȍȘȤȧȔ
ǯȓȖȉȈ ȋȖȓȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȒȘȍșȚȤȧȕȐȕȈ ȋȘȖȏȧȡȍȋȖ ȉȈȘșȒȖȔț ȌȖȔț
ȏȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȎȐȊțȚ ȊșȍȋȌȈ șȣȚȣȍ ȓȦȌȐ
ǯȓȖȉȈ ȗȈȘȐȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ Ȋșȍȝ ȊȣșȠȐȝ, ȗȘȐȊȐȓȍȋȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ
ș ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ Ȗȕ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȐ ȏȈ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ șȘȈȊȕȧȍȚșȧ
Ƕȕ ȗȖȌȖȠȍȓ Ȓ ȖȒȕț
ǯȈ ȓȐȕȐȍȑ ȉțȓȤȊȈȘȖȊ ȖȉȘȈȔȓȧȦȡȐȝ ǬȍȊȐȟȤȍ ȗȖȓȍ ȊȐȌ-
ȕȍȓȐșȤ șȐȓțȥȚȣ șȗȧȡȍȋȖ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ
ǺȈȔ ȗȖȌ ȚȣșȧȟȈȔȐ ȒȘȣȠ, ȎȐȓȖ Ȑ ȌȣȠȈȓȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȍ
șȟȈșȚȤȍ ǭȔț ȗȖȟțȌȐȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ Ȑȏ ȚȍȔȕȖȚȣ ȖȚȚțȌȈ ȌȖȕȖșȧȚșȧ

67
ȚȐȝȐȍ ȏȊțȒȐ ȗȖȞȍȓțȍȊ ȕȍȎȕȣȝ șȓȖȊ ȏȈȋȓțȠȍȕȕȣȍ șȚȘȈșȚ-
ȕȣȍ ȊȏȌȖȝȐ ȘȖȒȖȟțȡȐȑ ȓȍȗȍȚ ȓȦȉȊȐ
ȅȚȖ Ȍȓȧ ȌȘțȋȐȝ Ȉ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȋȖ ȕȈșȔȍȠȒȐ ȕȍȕȈȊȐșȚȤ ȗȘȍȏ-
ȘȍȕȐȍ
ǰ ȍȔț ȏȈȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ șȖȉȘȈȚȤ ȊȔȍșȚȍ Ȋșȍ ȘȈȌȖșȚȕȣȍ țȓȣȉȒȐ
ȊȍșȤ Ȋȍșȍȓȣȑ șȔȍȝ Ȋșȍ ȕȍȎȕȣȍ ȓȈșȒȐ Ȋșȍ șȚȘȈșȚȕȣȍ ȘȍȟȐ
Ȑ ȚȖȗȚȈȚȤ ȚȖȗȚȈȚȤ Ȑȝ ȕȖȋȈȔȐ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȚȖȔșȚȐȚȤ ȏȈ șȊȖȐ ȖȉȐ-
ȌȣǬȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ
ǹȚȘȈȠȕȣȔ țșȐȓȐȍȔ ȊȖȓȐ șȓȖȊȕȖ țȉȍȋȈȧ ȖȚ ȉȍȏțȔȐȧ, Ȗȕ
ȖȚȖȘȊȈȓșȧ ȖȚ ȖȒȕȈ Ȑ șȕȖȊȈ ȏȈȝȖȌȐȓ ȗȖ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ
ǵȖ ȊȐȝȘȤ Ȕȣșȓȍȑ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȓșȧ Ȋșȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȉȍȠȍȕȣȔ Ȋșȍ
ȉȖȓȍȍ ȋȘȖȏȕȣȔ
ǸȈȏȊȍ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȐȚȤ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȧ" ǸȈȏȊȍ
ț ȕȍȋȖ ȕȍȚ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈ ȘȈșȗȘȈȊȐȚȤșȧ ș ȕȍȕȈȊȐșȚȕȣȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍ-
șȚȊȖȔ"
ǪȍȌȤ Ȓ ȍȋȖ țșȓțȋȈȔ ȊȍȓȐȒȈȧ ȟȍȘȕȈȧ șȐȓȈ ȕȈțȒȐ, ȕȈȗȘȈȊ-
ȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȕȈ ȏȓȖ ǺȖȚ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ Ȋ ȘȍșȚȖȘȈȕȍ ȉȣȓ ȗȘȈȊ ǵțȎȕȖ
ȊȣȗțșȚȐȚȤ ȟțȔț ȕȈ ȋȖȘȖȌ
ǪȖȚ ȏȌȍșȤ ȒȘțȋȖȔ, ȕȈ ȗȖȓȒȈȝ Ȋ ȚȡȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȏȈȒțȗȖȘȍȕ-
ȕȣȝ ȉȈȕȒȈȝ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖȍ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ȧȌȈ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȚȘȈȊȐȚȤ
Ȋșȍȝ Țȍȝ ȒȚȖ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȈȍȚșȧ șȟȈșȚȤȍȔ ȕȈ ȋȓȈȏȈȝ ț ȕȍșȟȈșȚȕȖ-
ȋȖ ș ȘȈȏȉȐȚȖȦ ȌțȠȖȑ
Ƕȕ ȊȣȗțșȚȐȚ ȔȐȓȓȐȈȘȌȣ ȉȈȒȚȍȘȐȑ Ȑ ȊȍșȤ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȗȘȍȊȘȈ-
ȚȐȚșȧ Ȋ ȌȖȓȐȕț șȔȍȘȚȐ ȖȌȍȕȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȚȘȈțȘ ȖȘȖșȐȚșȧ șȓȍȏȈȔȐ
ȖȋȓȈșȐȚșȧ șȚȖȕȈȔȐ Ȑ ȊȖȗȓȧȔȐ
ǺȖȋȌȈ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊț șȚȈȕȍȚ ȓȍȋȟȍ Ƕȕ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ
șȗȈșȚȐșȤ ȖȚ șȊȖȐȝ șȚȘȈȌȈȕȐȑ ȅȚȖ ȉțȌȍȚ ȊȍȓȐȒȈȧ ȔȍșȚȤ ȌȖ-
șȚȖȑȕȈȧ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȋȖ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ Ƕȕ ȕȈȕȍșȍȚ țȌȈȘ șȈȔȖȑ ȎȐȏ-
ȕȐ Ȗȕ șȗȘȈȊȐȚ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȗȖȔȐȕȒȐ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȔ șȟȈșȚȤȍ Ȗ ȒȈȒȐȝ ȔȖ-
ȋȓȖ ȉȣ ȔȍȟȚȈȚȤ ȘȈȏȋȕȍȊȈȕȕȖȍ ǩȖȎȍșȚȊȖ
ǪȕȍȏȈȗȕȖ ȏȈȚȐȝȕțȊ ș ȠȐȘȖȒȖ ȘȈșȒȘȣȚȣȔȐ ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ ș
țȓȣȉȒȖȦ ȕȈ ȉȍȏȖȉȘȈȏȕȖȔ ȓȐȞȍ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȗȖȌȒȘȈȓșȧ Ȓ ȖȒȕț
ǵȍ ȗȖȌȖȠȍȓ Ȉ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȌȒȘȈȓșȧ ȐȉȖ ȍȔț ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ
ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖȍ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȖȍ, ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ Ȗȕ ȏȓȖțȔȣȠȓȧȍȚ, ȔȖ-
ȎȍȚ ȊȌȘțȋ ȗȘȖșȕțȚȤșȧ Ȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȕțȚȤ ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ ȚȣșȧȟȤȦ ȋȓȈȏ
ǻ ȖȒȕȈ Ȗȕ ȉȘȖșȐȓ ȠȐȘȖȒȐȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ȒȘțȋȖȔ
ǩȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȈȧ ȗȈȕȖȘȈȔȈ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ȘȈșșȚȐȓȈȓȈșȤ ȗȖȌ ȕȈȟȐ-

68
ȕȈȊȠȐȔ șȊȍȚȓȍȚȤ ȕȍȉȖȔ dzȖȔȈȕȣȍ ȓȐȕȐȐ ȒȘȣȠ ȚȍȔȕȣȍ țȡȍ-
ȓȤȧ țȓȐȞ ȚȧȕțȓȐșȤ ȉȍȏ ȒȖȕȞȈ ǬȈȎȍ ȚȈȔ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȋȌȍ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ
ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȐȌȕȖ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓȈșȤ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȗȖ ȒȘȈșȕȖȊȈȚȖȔț ȖȚȉȓȍ-
șȒț ȜȖȕȈȘȍȑ.
ǪȓȈșȚȕȣȔ ȎȍșȚȖȔ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȗȘȖȚȧȕțȓ ȊȗȍȘȍȌ ȘțȒȐ ǰȝ ȟȍȘ-
ȕȣȍ șȐȓțȥȚȣ ȏȈȒȘȣȓȐ ȉȖȓȤȠțȦ ȟȈșȚȤ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ DzȘȐȊȣȍ ȋȘț-
ȉȣȍ ȗȈȓȤȞȣ ȊȣȘȐșȖȊȈȓȐșȤ ȕȈ ȜȖȕȍ țȚȘȍȕȕȍȑ ȏȈȘȐ
ǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȉȖȘȔȖȚȈȓ, șȓȖȊȕȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȕȖșȧ ȏȈȒȓȐȕȈ-
ȕȐȧ Ȑ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ș ȍȋȖ ȗȈȓȤȞȍȊ șȚȘțȐȚșȧ ȟȍȘȕȈȧ șȔȍȘȚȤ ȔȍȌ-
ȓȍȕȕȖ ȘȈșșȚȐȓȈȧșȤ ȕȈȌ ȖȒȘȍșȚȕȖșȚȤȦ
ǷȘȖȠȓȖ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ǪȖșȚȖȒ Ȋșȍ Ȉȓȍȓ Ȑ Ȋșȍ ȟȍȘ-
ȕȍȍ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȓșȧ șȐȓțȥȚ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ Ȋ ȖȒȕȍ
ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ Ȗȕ ȖȗțșȚȐȓ ȘțȒȐ ȒȈȒ ȈȊȚȖȔȈȚ ȗȘȖȠȍȓ Ȋ ȌȘț-
ȋțȦ ȒȖȔȕȈȚț Ȑ ȉȘȖșȐȓșȧ ȕȈ ȗȖșȚȍȓȤ.
V
ǹȓȍȌțȦȡȐȑ ȌȍȕȤ ȗȘȖȠȍȓ ț ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȍȍ
ȅȚȖ ȓȍȋȒȖ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ ȏȕȈȧ ȍȋȖ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘ
ǶȉțȘȍȊȈȊȠȐȍ ȍȋȖ ȊȟȍȘȈ ȟțȊșȚȊȈ ȕȈȠȓȐ ȐșȝȖȌ Ȋ ȌȤȧȊȖȓȤ-
șȒȖȔ ȏȈȔȣșȓȍ ȔȡȍȕȐȧ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊț ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ț ȕȍȋȖ
ȧȊȐȓȈșȤ ȞȍȓȤ Ȉ ȐȔȍȧ ȞȍȓȤ ȗȍȘȍȌ șȖȉȖȦ Ȗȕ ȊȍșȤ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȡȈȓșȧ
Ȋ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȦ Ȋ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ Ȍȓȧ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȑ Ȑ ȚȍȘȏȈȕȐȑ
ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȖșȤ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ
ǪșȚȈȊȠȐ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȖȏȌȕȖ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȌȖȓȋȖ Ȑ șȐșȚȍȔȈȚȐȟȍ-
șȒȐ ȖȉȌțȔȣȊȈȓ ȗȓȈȕ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȏȈȔȣșȓȈ
ǶȉȌțȔȣȊȈȓ ȍȋȖ, ȒȈȒ ȗȖȓȒȖȊȖȌȍȞ, ȘȈȉȖȚȈȦȡȐȑ ȕȈȌ ȗȓȈ-
ȕȖȔ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ ǹȚȈȘȈȓșȧ ȗȘȍȌȊȐȌȍȚȤ Ȋșȍ șȓțȟȈȑȕȖșȚȐ ȏȈȔȍ-
ȚȐȚȤ Ȑ ȐșȗȘȈȊȐȚȤ Ȋșȍ șȓȈȉȣȍ ȔȍșȚȈ
DzȖȋȌȈ Ȏȍ Ȋșȍ ȌȖ ȔȍȓȤȟȈȑȠȐȝ ȌȍȚȈȓȍȑ ȉȣȓȖ ȖȉȌțȔȈȕȖ ȗȍ-
ȘȍȠȍȓ Ȋ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȚȖȘȐȦ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȧȓșȧ ȏȈ ȌȍȓȖ
ǵȈ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ ȗȖȓȖȒ șȚȖȧȓȖ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȉȈȕȖȒ șȊȖȍȖȉȘȈȏ-
ȕȖȑ ȜȖȘȔȣ ȚȡȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȏȈȒțȗȖȘȍȕȕȣȝ, șȖȌȍȘȎȈȡȐȝ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ
ȔȐȒȘȖȉȖȊ
ǪȣȋȓȧȌȍȓȐ ȖȕȐ șȖȊșȍȔ ȕȍȊȐȕȕȖ Ȋ ȖȌȕȐȝ ȉȣȓ ȕȈȓȐȚ ȉț-
ȓȤȖȕ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȒȈȒȈȧ-ȚȖ ȚȍȔȕȈȧ ȎȐȌȒȖșȚȤ, ȗȖȝȖȎȈȧ ȕȈ ȒȘȖȊȤ,

69
ȚȘȍȚȤȐ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȓȐ ȒțșȖȟȒȐ șȣȘȖȋȖ ȒȈȘȚȖȜȍȓȧ
ǵȖ ȒȈȎȌȈȧ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȑ ȘȈȏȘțȠȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ șȐȓȍ, ȉȣ-
ȓȈ ȕȍȐȏȔȍȘȐȔȖ șȚȘȈȠȕȍȍ, ȟȍȔ ȞȍȓȈȧ ȒțȟȈ ȗȐȘȖȒșȐȓȐȕȈ ȌȐ-
ȕȈȔȐȚȈ ȐȓȐ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ ȊȏȘȣȊȟȈȚȖȋȖ ȊȍȡȍșȚȊȈ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ Ȋ ȏȈȌțȔȟȐȊȖșȚȐ ȖȋȓȧȌȍȓ ȥȚȖȚ ȈȘșȍȕȈȓ, șȓȖȊȕȖ ȏȈ-
ȚȘțȌȕȧȧșȤ Ȋ ȊȣȉȖȘȍ ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ șȕȧȓ ȖȌȕț ȉȈȕȒț ȖȚȔȍȟȍȕ-
ȕțȦ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȔȐ ȉțȒȊȈȔȐ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȕȣȔȐ ȟȍȘȕȐȓȈȔȐ ȗȖ șȚȍȒ-
ȓț
— ȅȚȖ ȕȍ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȟțȔȈ Ȉ ȟțȔȈ Ȋ ȒȊȈȌȘȈȚȍ — ȗȘȖȉȖȘȔȖȚȈȓ
Ȗȕ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȧ ȏȕȈȟȒȐ
ǬȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ, ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖȋȖ ȚȖȔț ȧȌț, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȌȍȘȎȈȓ Ȋ ȘțȒȈȝ ȔȐȘ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȍȓ ǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȐȔȍȓ
ȗȖȓȕȖȍ ȗȘȈȊȖ ȐșȗȣȚȣȊȈȚȤ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȈȊȚȖȘșȒțȦ ȋȖȘȌȖșȚȤ,
ȋȓȧȌȧ ȕȈ ȥȚț ȉȈȕȒț ș ȒțȓȤȚțȘȖȦ ȉȈȞȐȓȓ
ǬȍȓȖ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ, ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȧ șȊȖȐ ȖȗȣȚȣ ȕȈȌ ȟțȔȖȦ ȒțȓȤ-
ȚȐȊȐȘțȧ ȉȈȞȐȓȓ Ȋ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȗȐȚȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ șȘȍȌȈȝ ȗȘȐȊȐ-
ȊȈȧ Ȑȝ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȔ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȔ Ȗȕ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ șȚȈȘȈȓșȧ ȗȖ-
ȓțȟȐȚȤ ȖșȓȈȉȓȍȕȕțȦ ȔȈȓȖ ȎȐȏȕȍșȗȖșȖȉȕțȦ ȘȈșț ȗȘȍȌȕȈȏȕȈ-
ȟȍȕȕțȦ Ȍȓȧ ȗȘȍȌȖȝȘȈȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȗȘȐȊȐȊȖȒ
ǵȖ Ȋ ȚȖȎȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȗȕ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȓ ȕȈȌ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȍȔ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ șȖȘ-
ȚȈ ȉȈȒȚȍȘȐȑ ȍȡȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȎȐȊțȟȐȝ ȍȡȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ țȉȐȑșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ
ȟȍȔ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȣȍ
ǯȈȟȍȔ ȍȔț ȗȖȕȈȌȖȉȐȓȖșȤ ȥȚȖ — Ȗȕ Ȑ șȈȔ ȕȍ șțȔȍȓ ȉȣ
ȖȉȢȧșȕȐȚȤ ǪȖȗȘȖș ȉȣȓ Ȋ ȟȐșȚȖ ȕȈțȟȕȖȔ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ Ȗȗȣ-
ȚȈ Ȋ ȥȒșȚȘȈȊȈȋȈȕȚȕȖșȚȐ ȐȌȍȐ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ șȊȍȘȝȟțȔȣ
ǸȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȔ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȖșȤ ȗȓȍȔȧ ȉȈȞȐȓȓ, ȗȘȖȠȍȌȠȐȝ ȟȍ-
Șȍȏ ȊșȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȍ ȐșȗȣȚȈȕȐȧ Ȑ Țȣșȧȟț ȘȈȏ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȊȠȐȝ șȊȖȦ
șȊȍȘȝȢȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕțȦ ȎȐȊțȟȍșȚȤ ǶȕȐ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȊȣȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȚȤ
ȏȈȔȖȘȈȎȐȊȈȕȐȍ ȒȐȗȧȟȍȕȐȍ ȏȈșțȠȐȊȈȕȐȍ Ȑ Ȋșȍ-ȚȈȒȐ ȓȐȠȤ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȗȈȌȈȓȐ Ȋ ȉȓȈȋȖȗȘȐȧȚȕțȦ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒț ȕȈȟȐȕȈȓȐ
ȔȕȖȎȐȚȤșȧ ș ȜȍȕȖȔȍȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȍȑ
ǴȐȕȐȔȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ Ȑȝ ȏȈȘȈȎȈȓȖ ȉȍȏ ȗȘȖȔȈȝȈ ȊșȧȒȖȍ
ȎȐȊȖȚȕȖȍ
ǷȘȐ ȖȗȣȚȈȝ ș ȕȐȔȐ ȏȈȘȈȎȍȕȕȣȍ ȒȘȖȓȐȒȐ Ȑ ȒȘȣșȣ țȔȐ-
ȘȈȓȐ ȟțȚȤ ȓȐ ȕȍ ȊȌȊȖȍ șȒȖȘȍȍ, ȟȍȔ ȖȚ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȟțȔȣ
ǪȖȚ ȥȚȐȔ-ȚȖ ȉȈȒȚȍȘȐȧȔ Ȑ ȘȍȠȐȓ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȗȖȘțȟȐȚȤ Ȍȍ-
ȓȖ ȔȡȍȕȐȧ
ǷȘȈȊȌȈ ȗȐȚȈȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ șȘȍȌȈ Ȋ ȉȈȕȒȍ ȏȈșȖȝȓȈ Ȗȉȡȍȍ ȒȖ-

70
ȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍȊȍȓȐȒȖ ȕȖ Ȗȕ ȗȖȌȓȐȓ ȊȖȌȣ Ȑ ȗȖ-
ȓțȟȐȓ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ȎȐȌȒȖșȚȐ, ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖȍ Ȍȓȧ ȍȋȖ
ȞȍȓȐ
ǯȈȚȍȔ Ȗȕ ȗȘȖȠȍȓ Ȋ șȗȈȓȤȕȦ Ȑ ȊȣȚȈȡȐȓ Ȑȏ-ȗȖȌ ȒȘȖȊȈȚȐ
șțȕȌțȟȖȒ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȝȘȈȕȐȓȐșȤ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ ǺțȚ ȉȣȓȈ ȔȈșșȈ ȉț-
ȔȈȎȍȒ — ȘțȉȓȍȊȖȒ ȚȘȍȝȘțȉȓȍȊȖȒ ȗȧȚȐȘțȉȓȍȊȖȒ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȕȍ
șȌȈȊȈȓ Ȍȍȕȍȋ Ȋ ȉȈȕȒ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȟȐȚȈȧ ȝȘȈȕȐȚȤ Ȑȝ ț șȍȉȧ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ
ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ Ȓ ȕȐȔ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ șȓȈȌȖșȚȘȈșȚȕȖȍ ȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȍ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȖȕȐ ȗȘȐȋȖȌȐȓȐșȤ Ƕȕ ȖȚȕȍș ȗȈȟȒț ȈșșȐȋȕȈȞȐȑ Ȋ
ȓȈȉȖȘȈȚȖȘȐȦ Ȑ șȚȈȓ șȔȈȟȐȊȈȚȤ ȒȈȎȌțȦ ȉțȔȈȎȒț ȏȈȘȈȎȍȕ-
ȕȣȔ ȘȈșȚȊȖȘȖȔ
dzȐȟȕȖ Ȗȕ ȗȖșȓȍ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȖȋȖ ȖȗȣȚȈ ȗȘȐȊȐȊȒȐ ȟțȔȣ,
ȔȖȋ ȕȍ ȉȖȧȚȤșȧ ȏȈȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȕȖ Ȍȓȧ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȒȈȎȌȈȧ ȉț-
ȔȈȎȒȈ ȖȉȘȈȉȖȚȈȕȕȈȧ ȚȈȒȐȔ șȗȖșȖȉȖȔ ȗȘȐȖȉȘȍȚȈȓȈ ȋțȉȐȚȍȓȤ-
ȕțȦ șȐȓț ȘȈȊȕțȦ ȗȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ șȐȓȍ ȝȖȘȖȠȍȑ DzȘțȗ-
ȗȖȊșȒȖȑ ȗțȠȒȐ
ǰ ȗȖ ȔȍȘȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȒȈȒ ȒȐȗȈ ȈșșȐȋȕȈȞȐȑ, ȘȈȏȓȖȎȍȕȕȣȝ Ȍȓȧ
ȗȘȖșțȠȒȐ, ȘȖșȓȈ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ șȍȉȧ Ȋșȍ șȐȓȤȕȍȍ
ǵȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȍȡȍ ȕȐ ȖȌȐȕ ȞȈȘȤ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȓ ȉȖȓȍȍ șȐȓȤȕȖȑ ȈȘȔȐȐ
ǹȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȈȧ ȔȖȡȤ ȖȗȤȧȕȧȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ țȎȍ ȕȐ ȏȈ ȒȈȒȐȍ
ȉȓȈȋȈ ȔȐȘȈ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȖȚȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ȉȣ ȖȚ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȗȓȈȕȈ
©DzȈȒ ȥȚȖ țȌȈȟȕȖ, — ȌțȔȈȓ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ — ȟȚȖ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ Ȍȍ-
ȕȤȋȐ ȐȏȉȘȈȓ ȧ ȒȈȒ șȘȍȌșȚȊȖ ȘȈȏȕȍșȚȐ ȏȈȘȈȏț ǹȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍȌȖ-
ȉȘȖșȖȊȍșȚȕȣȝ ȗȖșȚțȗȒȖȊ ȉȣȓȖ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȖ Ȑȏ-ȏȈ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ ȓȍ-
ȎȈȡȍȋȖ ȏȌȍșȤ Șțȉȓȧ
ǹȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍȗȘȖȌȈȎȕȣȝ șȊȧȚȣȝ Ȋȍȡȍȑ ȖȕȐ ȗȖȒțȗȈȓȐ
ǹȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈȏ ȗȘȐ Ȑȝ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ șȐȓȤȕȣȑ ȌțȠȐȓ șȓȈȉȖȋȖ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ Ȏȍ ȖȕȐ ȗȖȕȍșțȚ Ȋ ȔȐȘ ȔȡȍȕȐȍ ȏȈ ȚȖ ȏȓȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ
ȘȈȌȐ ȕȐȝ șȖȊȍȘȠȈȓȖșȤ
DzȈȒȖȍ șȚȘȈȠȕȖȍ șȖȊȗȈȌȍȕȐȍ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ țȉȐȊȈȓȖ ȌțȠț ȕȈȟ-
ȕȍȚ țȉȐȊȈȚȤ ȚȍȓȖ DzȈȒȈȧ ȏȓȖȉȕȈȧ ȐȘȖȕȐȧ șȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ șțȌȤȉȣ
ǵȖ ȍșȓȐ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȊȈȚȤ șțȌȤȉț ȗȘȐȌȍȚșȧ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȚȤ Ȑ ǩȖȋȈ».
ǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȗȖȎȈȓ ȗȓȍȟȈȔȐ ǬȈȊȕȖ ȌȈȊȕȖ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȌțȔȈȓ Ȗ
ǩȖȋȍ Ȑ ȚȈȒ ȖȚȊȣȒ ȖȚ șȈȔȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȗ ȕȍȔ ȟȚȖ șȓț-
ȟȈȑȕȈȧ ȔȣșȓȤ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȉțȌȐȓȈ ȕȐ ȚȍȕȐ ȉȖȧȏȕȐ ȊȖȏȔȍȏȌȐȧ
ǹȒȖȘȖ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȖȒȖȕȟȍȕȈ ǶșȚȈȊȈȓȖșȤ ȌȈȚȤ ȉțȔȈȎ-
ȒȈȔ ȊȣșȖȝȕțȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȏȈȕȧȓȖ ș ȟȈș ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȚȖ-
ȘȖȋȖ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓ, ȒțȌȈ ȌȍȊȈȚȤșȧ ȖȚ ȚȖȔȓȍȕȐȧ ȊșȍȋȌȈ Ȋȣ-

71
ȏȣȊȈȍȔȖȋȖ ț ȥȕȍȘȋȐȟȕȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȕȍȊȖȓȤȕȣȔ ȗȍȘȍȘȣȊȖȔ Ȋ
ȘȈȉȖȚȍ
ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ Ȗȕ țȓȖȎȐȓ Ȋșȍ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ Ȋ ȉțȔȈȎȕȐȒ Ȑ șȖȉȘȈȓșȧ
ȊȣȝȖȌȐȚȤ ȕȖ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ȗȘȐȊȍȓ Ȋ ȗȖȘȧȌȖȒ șȊȖȑ ȒȖșȚȦȔ Ȍȓȧ
ȟȍȋȖ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȕțȎȕȣȔ ȗȖșȔȖȚȘȍȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȏȍȘȒȈȓȖ
ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȍȋȖ șȈȔȖȋȖ ȗȖȘȈȏȐȓ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȊȐȌ ȍȋȖ ȜȐ-
ȏȐȖȕȖȔȐȐ ǶȕȈ ȖșțȕțȓȈșȤ ȗȖȚȍȔȕȍȓȈ șȌȍȓȈȓȈșȤ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ
țȘȖȌȓȐȊȖȑ ȕȖ Ȑ șȚȘȈȠȕȖȑ ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȥȚȖ ȕȍ șȔțȚȐȓȖ ǽȘȍȉ-
ȚȖȊȈ ǵȈȖȉȖȘȖȚ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȌȖȊȖȓȍȕ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȟȍȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȖȚ-
ȊȘȈȚȐȚȍȓȍȕ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȕȍșțȡȐȑ ȔȍșȚȤ ȚȍȔ ȔȍșȚȤ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȉȣȚȤ
ȖȉȐȌȕȍȍ Ȑ șȚȘȈȠȕȍȍ
ǰ Ȗȕ ȊȣȠȍȓ Ȑȏ ȌȖȔȈ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍșȚȐ ȗȖșȍȊ șȔȍȘȚȐ
ǹȖȋȓȈșȕȖ ȏȈȘȈȕȍȍ ȖȉȌțȔȈȕȕȖȔț ȗȓȈȕț șȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȖ ȕȈȟȈȚȤ ș
ȔȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȔȈȋȈȏȐȕȈ «M-lle Gerard», ȕȈȝȖȌȧȡȍȋȖșȧ Ȋ ȞȍȕȚȘȍ
ȋȖȘȖȌȈ DzȖȋȌȈ-ȚȖ ȍȔț ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ șȓȣȠȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȚȈȔ ȖȌȍȊȈȦȚ-
șȧ șȈȔȣȍ ȉȖȋȈȚȣȍ Ȑ ȠȐȒȈȘȕȣȍ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ǴȖșȒȊȣ ǰȔ ȉȈ-
ȓȖȊȕȧȔ șțȌȤȉȣ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌȕȈȏȕȈȟȈȓșȧ ȍȋȖ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ țȌȈȘ
ǷțșȒȈȑ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȘȖșȒȖȠȕȣȔȐ ȗȓȈȚȤȧȔȐ m-lle Gerard
ȗȘȖȌȈșȚ ȐȔ șȔȍȘȚȤ
ǷțșȒȈȑ Ȑȝ ȗȖȒȓȖȕȕȐȒȐ ȊȌȖȝȕțȚ Ȋ șȍȉȧ ȥȚț șȔȍȘȚȤ Ȟȍȓțȧ
ȕȍȎȕȣȍ ȘțȒȐ Ȑ ȈȚȓȈșȕȣȍ ȗȓȍȟȐ
ǵȖ ȗȘȐȌȧ Ȓ ȔȈȋȈȏȐȕț, țȎȍ ȗȖȌȕȧȊȠȐșȤ ȗȖ ȓȍșȚȕȐȞȍ ȗȘȖ-
ȜȍșșȖȘ ȊȌȘțȋ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȓșȧ Ȋ ȏȈȚȘțȌȕȍȕȐȐ
ǿȚȖ Ȏȍ Ȗȕ ȉțȌȍȚ ȗȖȒțȗȈȚȤ"
ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȖȌȕȈ Ȑȏ ȕȍȗȘȍȌȊȐȌȍȕȕȣȝ ȔȍȓȖȟȍȑ ȚȖȘȔȖȏȧ-
ȡȐȝ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȍ ȒȈȒ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȓțȟȠȍ ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȈȕȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȍȒȚȖȊ
Ǫ șȈȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ — ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȖȒțȗȈȚȤ Ȋ ȔȈȋȈȏȐȕȍ ȌȈȔ-
șȒȐȝ ȕȈȘȧȌȖȊ" ǪȍȌȤ ȕȍ ȗȓȈȚȤȍ Ȏȍ
ǰ, ȗȘȖșȚȖȧȊȠȐ ȔȐȕțȚț ȕȈ ȗȓȖȡȈȌȒȍ ȓȍșȚȕȐȞȣ Ȗȕ șȖȉ-
ȘȈȓșȧ țȝȖȌȐȚȤ ǫȘȖȏȖȊȈȧ ȚțȟȈ ȔȖȋȓȈ ȔȐȕȖȊȈȚȤ ȔȈȋȈȏȐȕ m-
lle Gerard, ȕȖ ȥȚȖȔț ȗȖȔȍȠȈȓȈ ȗȘȖșȚȈȧ șȓțȟȈȑȕȖșȚȤ
ǷȖȊȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȧșȤ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ țȊȐȌȈȓ ȕȈȌȗȐșȤ ȕȈ ȊȣȊȍșȒȍ
ȖȒȖȓȖ ȌȊȍȘȍȑ
©ǾȊȍȚȣ ȒȘțȎȍȊȈ ȗȍȘȤȧª
ǵț ȊȖȚ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ Ȗȕ ȏȕȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȒțȗȈȚȤ DzȘțȎȍȊȈ ǶȚȓȐȟ-
ȕȈȧ ȔȣșȓȤ DzȈȒȈȧ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȈȧ ȔȖȋȓȈ ȍȔț ȗȖȘțȟȐȚȤ ȗȖ-
ȒțȗȒț ȒȘțȎȍȊ
ǰ Ȗȕ ȘȍȠȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȊȖȠȍȓ Ȋ ȔȈȋȈȏȐȕ ȗȖȌ ȏȊȖȕ ȒȖȓȖȒȖȓȤ-

72
ȟȐȒȈ ȗȘȐȌȍȓȈȕȕȖȋȖ Ȓ ȌȊȍȘȐ
ǺȈȔ Ȋ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȗȖȒțȗȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȗȖ-
ȘȈ ȈȘȐșȚȖȒȘȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȒȓȐȍȕȚȖȒ m-lle Gerard ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȕȈșȚȈȓȈ
ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ, ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ȉȣȓȈ Ȋ ȗȖȓȕȖȔ ȘȈȏȋȈȘȍ ǿȍȘȍȏ ȘȈș-
ȒȘȣȚȣȍ ȌȊȍȘȐ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȊȚȖȘȈȧ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȈ ȗȖȓ-
ȕȈ ȔȈșȚȍȘȐȞȈȔȐ șȖȋȕțȊȠȐȔȐșȧ ȕȈȌ ȠȐȚȤȍȔ Ǫ ȔȈȋȈȏȐȕȍ șȘȍ-
ȌȐ ȟȍȘȕȣȝ ș ȏȖȓȖȚȖȔ ȠȒȈȜȖȊ ȗȖȝȖȎȐȝ ȕȈ ȊȐȚȘȐȕȣ Ȕțȏȍȧ,
șȚȈȘȠȈȧ ȏȈȒȘȖȑȡȐȞȈ ȗȘȐȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȓȈ ȗȈȓȍȊȣȍ ȓȍȕȚȣ Ȓ ȋȖȓț-
ȉȖȔț ȠȍȓȒț ȘȈșșȚȐȓȈȊȠȍȔțșȧ ȘȖșȒȖȠȕȖȑ ȊȖȓȕȖȑ ȕȈ ȟȍȘȕȖȔ
ȗȘȐȓȈȊȒȍ, Ȑ Ȗ ȟȍȔ-ȚȖ șȖȊȍȚȖȊȈȓȈșȤ șȖ șȚȖȧȊȠȍȑ ȚțȚ Ȏȍ ȔȖȓȖ-
ȌȍȕȤȒȖȑ ȕȖ ȟȈȝȓȖȑ ȔȈșȚȍȘȐȞȍȑ
Ƕȉȍ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȗȖȊȍȘȕțȓȐșȤ Ȓ ȊȖȠȍȌȠȍȔț ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȖ-
ȏȊȍȕȍȓ ȏȊȖȕȖȒ, Ȑ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ ȗȖȘȈȏȐȓ ȒȖȕȚȘȈșȚ ȔȍȎȌț șȍ-
ȘȖȊȈȚȖ-ȎȍȓȚȣȔ ȟȈȝȖȚȖȟȕȣȔ ȖȚȚȍȕȒȖȔ Ȑȝ ȓȐȞ Ȑ ȎȐȊȖșȚȤȦ
ȒȘȈșȖȒ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȑ ȘȈȏȊȍȘȚȣȊȈȊȠȐȝșȧ ȗȖȌ Ȑȝ ȗȈȓȤȞȈȔȐ
— ǿȚȖ țȋȖȌȕȖ monsieur?
— ȇ ȝȖȚȍȓ ȉȣ ȒțȗȐȚȤ ȒȘțȎȍȊ
— DzȈȒȐȝ ȒȘțȎȍȊ ȎȍȓȈȍȚ monsieur? ǻ ȕȈș ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȊȣȉȖȘ
— ǷȘȈȊȖ, ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦ ǬȈȑȚȍ Ȕȕȍ ȒȈȒȐȝ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȝȖȘȖȠȐȝ
ǷȘȖȌȈȊȡȐȞȈ ȏȈșȔȍȧȓȈșȤ
— Ǵȣ ȗȓȖȝȐȝ Ȑ ȕȍ ȌȍȘȎȐȔ ǺȖȓȤȒȖ șȖȘȚȈ ȒȘțȎȍȊ ȉȣȊȈȦȚ
ȘȈȏȕȣȍ ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ, Ȋȣ șȒȈȎȍȚȍ Ȕȕȍ Ȍȓȧ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȗȓȈȚȤȧ
ȗȘȍȌȕȈȏȕȈȟȈȦȚșȧ ȒȘțȎȍȊȈ ȇ ȗȖȔȖȋț ȊȈȔ ȊȣȉȘȈȚȤ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȗȖȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ șȍȉȧ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ șȉȐȚȣȔ ș ȚȖȓȒț
DzȈȒȐȍ ȟȍȘȚ ȊȖȏȤȔȐ ȉȣȊȈȦȚ ȗȓȈȚȤȧ" Ƕȕ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȌțȔȈȓ Ȑ
șȒȈȏȈȓ
— ǷȓȈȚȤȍ ȠȍȓȒȖȊȖȍ
— ǵȖ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȔȈȓȖ ȇ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȏȕȈȚȤ ȞȊȍȚ ȜȈșȖȕ ȗȓȈȚȤȧ
ǰȕȈȟȍ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȊȣȉȘȈȚȤ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȧȡțȦ ȖȚȌȍȓȒț ǪȍȌȤ Ȍȓȧ mon-
sieur Ȏȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȝțȎȍ ȍșȓȐ ȌȈȔȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȖȘțȟȐȓȈ ȍȔț ȗȖ-
ȒțȗȒț ȖșȚȈȕȍȚșȧ ȕȍȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȈ Ƕ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȖȚȕȖȠȍ-
ȕȐȐ ȖȟȍȕȤ șȚȘȖȋȐ
ǫȖȊȖȘȧ ȥȚȖ ȏȈȒȘȖȑȡȐȞȈ ȉȘȖșȐȓȈ ȒȖșȖȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ȔȈșȚȍȘȐ-
Ȟȍ țȒȈȏȣȊȈȧ ȕȈ ȜȐȋțȘț ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ Ƕȉȍ ȍȌȊȈ țȌȍȘȎȈȓȐșȤ ȖȚ
șȔȍȝȈ
ǺȍȘȗȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ ȐșȚȖȡȐȓȖșȤ
— ǬȈȑȚȍ Ȕȕȍ ȊȖȚ ȥȚȖ — șȒȈȏȈȓ Ȗȕ țȒȈȏȣȊȈȧ ȕȈ ȒȘțȎȍȊ-
ȕȖȑ ȊȖȘȖȚȕȐȒ ȋȘȈȞȐȖȏȕȖ ȖȝȊȈȚȣȊȈȊȠȐȑ ȒȖȓȍȕȒȖȘȖȊțȦ ȠȍȦ

73
ȔȈȕȍȒȍȕȈ
ǭȔț ȏȈȊȍȘȕțȓȐ ȒȘțȎȍȊȖ Ȑ Ȗȕ ȏȈȗȓȈȚȐȓ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȖȚȘȈȊ-
ȓȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȉțȔȈȎȒȈȔȐ ȐșȒȘȍȕȕȍ ȊȖȏȔțȡȈȧșȤ ȉȍȏȖȉȘȈȏȕȖȑ ȌȖ-
ȘȖȋȖȊȐȏȕȖȑ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕȕȖȑ Ȟȍȕȣ
ǭȌȊȈ ȌȊȍȘȤ ȏȈ ȕȐȔ ȏȈȒȘȣȓȈșȤ șȚȈȘȠȈȧ ȏȈȒȘȖȑȡȐȞȈ ȖȚ-
ȕȍșȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ Ȋ ȧȡȐȒ ș ȊȣȘțȟȒȖȑ ǷȖ ȌȖȘȖȋȍ ȖȕȈ ȓȖȊȒȖ
ȖȚȌȍȓȐȓȈ ȖȌȕț ȘțȉȓȍȊȒț Ȑ ȎȍșȚȖȔ țȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȡȐȔ ȕȈ ȉȖȓȤ-
ȠțȦ ȗȘȐȊȣȟȒț șțȕțȓȈ ȍȍ Ȋ ȒȈȘȔȈȕ
ǪȔȍșȚȍ ș ȥȚȖȦ ȘțȉȓȍȊȒȖȦ ȖȕȈ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ ȊȕȍșȓȈ Ȋ șȊȖȦ
ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘț șȔȍȘȚȤ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȊȣȒȖșȐȓȈ Ȋșȍȝ Țȍȝ Ȍȓȧ ȒȖȋȖ ȖȕȈ
ȎȐȓȈ Ȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȓȈ
ǶȚ ȔȖȌȐșȚȒȐ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȏȈȠȍȓ Ȓ ȦȊȍȓȐȘț ǺȈȔ Ȗȕ ȊȣȉȘȈȓ
ȗȖȟȍȔț-ȚȖ ȖȉȘțȟȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȒȖȓȤȞȖ ȒțȗȐȓ ȍȋȖ Ȑ șțȕțȓ Ȋ ȒȈȘȔȈȕ
ǸȍȠȐȊ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȥȚȖȑ ȔȍșȚȕȖșȚȐ ȌȊțȝ ȏȈȘȈȎȍȕȕȣȝ ȗțȕȒȚȖȊ
ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ Ȗȕ ȗȘȖȠȍȓ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȕȈ ǺȊȍȘșȒțȦ ȋȌȍ ȊȣȗȐȓ șȚȈ-
ȒȈȕ ȒȖȜȍ Ȋ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȒȖȕȌȐȚȍȘșȒȖȑ Ȑ ȖșȚȈȊȐȓ ȍȡȍ ȖȌȕț ȏȈ-
ȘȈȎȍȕȕțȦ ȉțȔȈȎȒț
ǵȈ DzțȏȕȍȞȒȖȔ ȔȖșȚț Ȗȕ ȒțȗȐȓ ȉțȒȍȚ ȞȊȍȚȖȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ
ȗȘȐȒȈȏȈȓ ȖȚȖșȓȈȚȤ ȗȖ ȊȣȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȖȔț ȈȌȘȍșț ǶȚȚțȌȈ ȗȘȖ-
Ƞȍȓ ȕȈ ǷȖȒȘȖȊȒț Ȑ Ȋ ȌȊțȝ ȔȈȋȈȏȐȕȈȝ ȒțȗȐȓ ȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȗȖȗȈȊ-
ȠȐȍșȧ ȕȈ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȊȍȡȐ
ǷȘȐ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌȍ ȟȍȘȍȏ ǺȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕțȦ ȗȓȖȡȈȌȤ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȗȘȐ-
șȚȈȓ șȚȈȘȐȒ-ȕȐȡȐȑ ǹȕȈȟȈȓȈ Ȗȕ ȗȖ ȗȘȐȊȣȟȒȍ ȗȘȖȠȍȓ ȔȐȔȖ,
ȉȖȘȔȖȟȈ
— ǩȖȋ ȗȖȌȈșȚ
ǵȖ ȗȖȚȖȔ șȗȖȝȊȈȚȐȓșȧ ȗȖȊȍȘȕțȓ ȕȈȏȈȌ Ȑ ȗȖȘȣȊȠȐșȤ Ȋ
ȉțȔȈȎȕȐȒȍ ȌȈȓ Ȟȍȓȣȝ ȚȘȐ Șțȉȓȧ
ǵȐȡȐȑ șȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȖȕȍȔȍȓ ȖȚ ȐȏțȔȓȍȕȐȧ ȏȈȚȍȔ șȚȈȓ ȘȈșșȣ-
ȗȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȖșȚȧȝ ȕȈ ȒȈȎȌȖȔ ȠȈȋț ȗȖȔȐȕȈȧ ȐȔȧ ǩȖ-
ȋȈ ǵȖ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ țȎȍ ȠȈȋȈȓ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ ș ȊȍșȍȓȖȑ țȓȣȉȒȖȑ ȕȈ ȓȐȞȍ
©ǭȔț ȍșȚȤ ȏȈ ȟȚȖ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȐȚȤ — ȌțȔȈȓ Ȗȕ, — ȉȍȌȕȧȒ ȗȖ-
ȓțȟȐȓ ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȟȍȔ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȚ ǰȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖ ȏȕȈȚȤ
țșȗȍȍȚ Ȗȕ ȗȘȖȗȐȚȤ șȊȖȐ ȚȘȐ Șțȉȓȧ ȐȓȐ ȍȋȖ “șȝȊȈȚȐȚ” ȘȈȕȤ-
Ƞȍ"ª
ǿȈșȖȊ Ȋ ȗȧȚȤ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȓ ȟȚȖ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȍȡȍ
ȕȍ ȍȓ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ Ȑ ȏȈȠȍȓ Ȋ ȘȍșȚȖȘȈȕ
ǺȈȔ ȍȋȖ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȖȍ ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ șȔȍȕȐȓȖșȤ ȕȖȊȣȔ ȗȘȐ-
șȚțȗȖȔ ȚȖșȒȐ Ȑ ȏȓȖȉȣ ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ, ȗȘȐȟȐȕȖȦ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȉȣȓȐ

74
ȌȊȍ ȊȣȗȐȚȣȍ ȐȔ ȘȦȔȒȐ ȊȖȌȒȐ Ȉ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ, Ȑ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȒȘț-
ȋȖȔ ȉȣȓȖ ȔȕȖȋȖ Ȋȍșȍȓȣȝ ȟȐșȚȣȝ ȗȘȐȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȉȘȖșȈȊ-
ȠȐȝ ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ ȐșȗȖȌȚȐȠȒȈ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȣ țȌȐȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȋȈȌȓȐȊȖșȚȐ
ǪȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ ȕȈ șȈȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ țȎȈșȍȕ ǬȈȎȍ ȓȈȒȍȑ
ȗȖȌȈȊȈȊȠȐȑ ȉȓȦȌȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȋȏȋȓȧȕțȓ ȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȓȐȞȖ ȖșȚȈȓșȧ ȔȐ-
ȕțȚț ȕȍȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȣȔ Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȗȖȉȍȎȈȓ Ȑ șȚȈȓ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȘȈșșȒȈ-
ȏȣȊȈȚȤ ȠȍȗȖȚȖȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒț șȚȖȧȊȠȍȔț ȏȈ ȉțȜȍȚȖȔ
ȅȚȖȔț ȓȈȒȍȦ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ș ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȣȔ țȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȐȍȔ
ȌȈȓ ȘțȉȓȤ ȕȈ ȟȈȑ Ȑ ȊȣȑȌȧ Ȑȏ ȘȍșȚȖȘȈȕȈ șȕȖȊȈ ȗȘȐȕȧȓșȧ ȏȈ
șȊȖȍ ȌȍȓȖ
ǵȖ ȝȖȚȧ ȍȋȖ ȘȈșȝȖȌȐȊȠȐȍșȧ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍȘȊȣ Ȑ țșȗȖȒȖȐȓȐșȤ
ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȖȚ ȝȖȌȤȉȣ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ țȚȘȍȕȕȍȍ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȖȍ ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ
ȕȍ ȊȍȘȕțȓȖșȤ
Ƕȕ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ șȍȉȧ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȟȈȌț ȗȖșȓȍ ȊȣȗȐȚȖȑ ȊȖȌȒȐ ǫȖ-
ȓȖȊȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȚȧȎȍȓȈ Ȑ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȓȈ ȉȖȓȍȚȤ
DzȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȐȔ ȖȊȓȈȌȍȓȈ șȚȘȈȠȕȈȧ țșȚȈȓȖșȚȤ țșȚȈȓȖșȚȤ
ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȝ Ȍȕȍȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȖ șȒȖȗȓȧȍȚșȧ ȋȌȍ-ȚȖ Ȋ
țȒȘȖȔȕȣȝ țȋȖȓȒȈȝ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȔȈ Ȑ ȗȖȚȖȔ șȘȈȏț ȓȖȎȐȚșȧ șȊȐȕȞȖ-
ȊȖȦ ȚȧȎȍșȚȤȦ ȕȈ ȔțșȒțȓȣ ȕȈ ȕȍȘȊȣ ȕȈ ȔȖȏȋ
ǵȖ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȥȚȖ Ȗȕ ȗȍȘȍșȐȓȐȊȈȓ șȍȉȧ Ȑ ȝȖȌȐȓ ȌȖ
șȈȔȖȋȖ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ Ȋșȍ ȗȖȒțȗȈȧ Ȑ ȗȖȒțȗȈȧ ȝȖȚȧ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȌȍȓȈȓ ȥȚȖ
ȉȍȏ ȊșȧȒȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ
Ǫșȍ Ȓțȗȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȊȍȡȐ Ȗȕ ȚȈșȒȈȓ ș șȖȉȖȦ ǭȔț ȒȈȒ-ȚȖ ȕȍ
ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȖ Ȋ ȋȖȓȖȊț ȐȏȉȈȊȐȚȤșȧ ȖȚ ȕȐȝ ǷȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȖ Ȑȝ ȕȈ-
ȒȖȗȐȓȖșȤ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖȍ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ȕȖ Ȗȕ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȍș Ȋșȍ ș șȖ-
ȉȖȦ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ȖȌȐȕȕȈȌȞȈȚȤ ȟȈșȖȊ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ ȌȖȚȈȡȐȓșȧ ȌȖ șȊȖȍȑ
ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȣ
ǺȈȔ Ȗȕ șȉȘȖșȐȓ ȥȚȖȚ ȋȘțȏ ȔȍȠȒȖȊ ȒȖȘȖȉȖȒ șȊȍȘȚȒȖȊ ȕȈ
ȗȖȓ Ȋ ȗȍȘȍȌȕȍȑ Ȑ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȓșȧ ȕȈȌ ȕȐȔ Ȋ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖȔ ȘȈȏȌț-
ȔȤȍ.ǭȔț ȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ ȗȓȈȒȈȚȤ ȚȈȒ Ȗȕ șȚȘȈȌȈȓ ȖȚ țșȚȈȓȖșȚȐ
ǯȈȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȕȘȈȊșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȊȖȗȘȖșȣ țȔȖȓȒȓȐ Ȑ ȒȖȓȖșșȈȓȤ-
ȕȖȍ ȏȓȖȌȍȧȕȐȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ ȐȔ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖȍ ȕȍ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȓȖ
ȕȐȒȈȒȐȝ ȘȈȏȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȑ Ȉ șȚȖȧȓȖ Ȋ șȖȏȕȈȕȐȐ ȓȐȠȤ ȒȈȒ ȉȍș-
ȜȖȘȔȍȕȕȣȑ ȗȘȐȏȘȈȒ ȖȚȌȍȓȧȦȡȐȑ ȊȟȍȘȈ ȖȚ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ
ǹȚȈȘȈȧ ȒțȝȈȘȒȈ ȖȚȒȘȣȊȠȈȧ ȍȔț ȌȊȍȘȤ ȔȖȓȟȈ ȐșȗțȋȈȕ-
ȕȖ ȗȘȐȋȓȧȌȣȊȈȓȈșȤ Ȓ șȊȖȍȔț ȝȖȏȧȐȕț Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȝ
ȔȐȕțȚ ǷȖ-ȊȐȌȐȔȖȔț ȖȕȈ țșȗȍȓȈ ȏȈ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȘȐȑȚȐ Ȓ ȒȈ-

75
ȒȐȔ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧȔ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȍȋȖ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȧ ȗȖ-
ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ, ȍȌȊȈ Ȗȕ șȒȘȣȓșȧ Ȋ șȗȈȓȤȕȍ ȊȖȓȖȟȈ ȏȈ șȖȉȖȦ ȊȖȘȖȝ
ȗȖȒțȗȖȒ ȖȕȈ ȗȖȉȍȎȈȓȈ Ȋ ȒțȝȕȦ Ȑ ȗȍȘȊȣȔ ȌȍȓȖȔ ȏȈȗȍȘȓȈ
ȏȈ șȖȉȖȦ ȌȊȍȘȤ ȕȈ ȏȈȌȊȐȎȒț
ǷȖȚȖȔ șȍȓȈ ȕȈ ȗȖșȚȍȓȤ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȧȓȈșȤ ȘȈȏȔȣȠȓȧȚȤ ș ȚȘț-
ȌȖȔ ȊȖȘȖȟȈȧ șȊȖȐ ȕȍțȒȓȦȎȐȍ ȔȣșȓȐ ȗȣȚȈȧșȤ ȖȉȢȧșȕȐȚȤ ȚȖȚ
șȚȘȈȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȊȕțȠȈȓ ȍȑ ȏȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȌȕȐ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ
ǶȕȈ ȊȐȌȍȓȈ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȡȍȓȒț ȒȈȒ Ȗȕ țȉȐȊȈȓ ȒȖȠȒț Ȑ ȗȖȚȖȔ
ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȈ ȏȈșȕțȚȤ ȞȍȓțȦ ȕȖȟȤ ș țȎȈșȖȔ ȗȘȐșȓțȠȐȊȈȧșȤ Ȓ ȍȋȖ
ȠȈȋȈȔ Ȋ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȚȖȘȐȐ
ǭȑ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȖ Ȋ ȋȖȓȖȊț ȌȖȐșȒȐȊȈȚȤșȧ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȣ ȚȖȋȖ
ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȓȖ ȕȖ ȖȕȈ ȊșȍȔ șȊȖȐȔ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȔ ȉȖȧȓȈșȤ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȧȓȈ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ ȉȍȎȈȚȤ
ǭȍ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ șȉȖȘȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȍȌȖȓȋȐ ǶȕȈ șȕȧȓȈ Ȑȏ țȋȓȈ
ȖȉȘȈȏȈ țȓȖȎȐȓȈ Ȑȝ ȔȍȎȌț ȗȖȌțȠȒȈȔȐ ȏȈȊȍȘȕțȓȈ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ Ȋ
ȗȍȘȐȕț ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȌțȔȈȊȠȐ Ȑ ȗȖȔȍȚȈȊȠȐșȤ ȗȖ Ȓțȝȕȍ, șțȕț-
ȓȈ ȚțȌȈ Ȏȍ ȗȈȘț ȒȈșȚȘȦȓȤ Ȑ ȏȈȊȧȏȈȓȈ ȚȦȒ ȊȍȘȍȊȒȖȑ
ǷȖȚȖȔ ȕȈȒȐȕțȓȈ Țȍȗȓȣȑ ȗȓȈȚȖȒ ȗȘȐșȓțȠȈȓȈșȤ ȖȚȒȘȣ-
ȓȈ ȌȊȍȘȤ Ȋ șȍȕȐ Ȑ ȊȣȚȈȡȐȓȈ ȚțȌȈ ȊȍȡȐ
ǯȈȚȍȔ ȊȍȘȕțȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȒțȝȕȦ ȗȖȚțȠȐȓȈ ȓȈȔȗț Ȑ țȠȓȈ ȕȈ-
ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȒȘȍȗȒȖ ȏȈȝȓȖȗȕțȊȠȐ ȏȈ șȖȉȖȦ ȌȊȍȘȤ
ǷȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ș ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȉȣȓ ȝȖȚȤ ȟȍȔ-
ȕȐȉțȌȤ șȊȧȏȈȕ ȗȖȒȐȕțȓ ȍȋȖ
Ǩ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ Ȋ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ țșȚȈȓȖșȚȤ ȗȖȉțȎ-
ȌȈȍȔȣȑ șȚȘȈȕȕȣȔ ȓȦȉȖȗȣȚșȚȊȖȔ ȘȈȏȊȍȘȚȣȊȈȓ ȗȘȐȕȍșȍȕ-
ȕȣȍ ș șȖȉȖȦ șȊȍȘȚȒȐ
DzȖȋȌȈ Ȑȝ șȖȌȍȘȎȐȔȖȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȘȈȏȓȖȎȍȕȖ ȕȈ ȗȖȓț ȊȣȧșȕȐ-
ȓȈșȤ șȚȘȈȕȕȈȧ ȊȍȡȤ șȈȔ ȚȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȧ Ȗȕ ȒțȗȐȓ ȐșȒȓȦ-
ȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚȣ ȎȍȕșȒȖȋȖ ȖȉȐȝȖȌȈ
ǯȌȍșȤ ȉȣȓȐ ȒȘțȎȍȊȈ ȖȚȓȐȟȕȣȑ ȈȚȓȈșȕȣȑ ȒȖȘșȍȚ șȓȈ-
ȌȖșȚȘȈșȚȕȖ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȧȊȠȐȑ ȜȖȘȔȣ ȎȍȕșȒȖȑ ȋȘțȌȐ ȗȈȘȈ ȓȈ-
ȒȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ ȌȈȔșȒȐȝ ȉȖȚȐȕȖȒ ș ȗȘȐȟțȌȓȐȊȖ ȊȣȋȕțȚȣȔȐ Ȋȣ-
șȖȒȐȔȐ ȒȈȉȓțȒȈȔȐ Ȑȏȧȡȕȣȑ ȊȍȍȘ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȜȓȈȒȖȕȖȊ Ȍț-
ȝȖȊ ȠȐȘȖȒȐȑ ȗȖȧș ș ȉȘȖȕȏȖȊȖȑ ȗȘȧȎȒȖȑ, țȒȘȈȠȍȕȕȣȑ ȜȈȓȤ-
ȠȐȊȣȔȐ ȒȈȔȕȧȔȐ Ȋ șȚȐȓȍ moderne, ȉȣȓȖ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȗȖȓȌȦȎȐ-
ȕȣ ȞȊȍȚȕȣȝ ȎȍȕșȒȐȝ ȘțȉȈȠȍȒ
Ǫșȍ ȥȚȖ ȘȈșșȣȗȈȓȖșȤ ȗȖ ȗȖȓț ȖȉȘȈȏțȧ ȒȘȈșȐȊțȦ ȉȓȍș-
ȚȧȡțȦ Ȓțȟț șȘȍȌȐ ȕȍȗȘȐȋȓȧȌȕȖȑ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȣ țȟȍȕȖȋȖ ǷȖȓț-

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ȟȐȓȖșȤ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ ȉțȌȚȖ ȕȍȌȈȊȕȖ Ȋ ȋȘȧȏȕȖȑ șȗȈȓȤ-
ȕȍ șȚȈȘȖȋȖ ȝȖȓȖșȚȧȒȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȐȏȕȍȎȍȕȕȈȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ Ȑ țȠȓȈ
ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȧ ȏȈ șȖȉȖȦ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȐ ȌȘȈȏȕȧȡȐȍ ȊȖȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȐȕȈȌ-
ȓȍȎȕȖșȚȐ ȚțȈȓȍȚȈ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ șȚȖȧȓ ȘȈȏȋȓȧȌȣȊȈȧ ȗȘȐ ȎȈȓȒȖȔ șȊȍȚȍ șȊȍȟȐ
ȉȍșȗȖȓȍȏȕȖȍ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȓȍȗȐȍ Ȓțȗȓȍȕȕȣȝ Ȋȍȡȍȑ Ȑ șȚȈȘȈȓșȧ ȗȖ-
ȕȧȚȤ — ȗȖȟȍȔț Ȗȕ ȊȣȉȘȈȓ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȥȚȐ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚȣ Ȉ ȕȍ ȒȈȒȐȍ-
ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȌȘțȋȐȍ
ǴȈȠȐȕȈȓȤȕȖ șțȕțȓ Ȗȕ ȘțȒț Ȋ ȒȈȘȔȈȕ Ȑ ȕȈȠȍȓ ȚȈȔ Ȗȉ-
ȘțȟȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȒȖȓȤȞȖ ǺȈȒ Ȏȍ ȔȈȠȐȕȈȓȤȕȖ ȕȈȌȍȓ ȍȋȖ ȕȈ ȗȈȓȍȞ
Ȑ, țșȍȊȠȐșȤ ȕȈ ȒȘȈȦ ȗȖșȚȍȓȐ, șȚȈȓ ȗȘȐșȚȈȓȤȕȖ ȘȈȏȋȓȧȌȣȊȈȚȤ
șȊȖȦ ȘțȒț
ǪȌȘțȋ ȕȈ ȋȓȈȏȈȝ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȊȐșȓȈ ȒȈȒȈȧ-ȚȖ ȚȧȎȍșȚȤ ǹȚȘȈȕ-
ȕȖȍ ȡȍȒȖȟțȡȍȍ ȖȡțȡȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȉȍȎȈȓȖ ȗȖ ȓȐȞț Ȑ Ȗȕ ȚȐȝȖ
ȏȈȗȓȈȒȈȓ ȖȉȐȓȤȕȣȔȐ șȓȍȏȈȔȐ
ǩȣȓȖ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȕȍȊȣȘȈȏȐȔȖ țȎȈșȕȖȍ Ȋ șȖȟȍȚȈȕȐȐ ȌȍȚșȒȖȋȖ
ȗȓȈȟȈ ș ȊȕȍȠȕȖșȚȤȦ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȟțȌȖȊȐȡȈ
Ǩ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȖȓȟȈșȈ șȗțșȚȧ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȒȘȍȗȒȖ șȗȈȓ, ȗȘȖȚȧ-
ȕțȊȠȐșȤ ȖȌȍȚȣȑ ȗȖȊȍȘȝ ȖȌȍȧȓȈ ȏȖȓȖȚȖȍ ȒȖȓȤȞȖ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈ-
ȓȖ ȉȓȍșȚȍȚȤ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȕȈ ȗȈȓȤȞȍ
ǹ ȒȍȔ ȖȉȘțȟȐȓșȧ Ȗȕ Ȋ ȥȚȖȚ ȊȍȟȍȘ, șȓȍȌțȧ șȚȘȈȕȕȖȔț ȒȈȗ-
ȘȐȏț ȉȖȓȤȕȖȑ ȜȈȕȚȈȏȐȐ" ǹ ȚȖȦ ȓȐ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȓȦȉȐȓ ȒȖȚȖ-
ȘȖȑ ȎȈȎȌȈȓ Ȑ ȏȈ ȖȚȒȈȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȔșȚȐȓ ȞȍȓȖȔț ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊț"
ǰȓȐ șȖ șȊȖȍȑ șȚȈȘȖȑ ȊȖȏȓȦȉȓȍȕȕȖȑ — ȟțȔȖȦ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ
ȕȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȓȈ ȍȔț Ȑ ȊȣșȚțȗȐȓȈ ȔșȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȍȑ ȏȈ ȍȋȖ ȖȉȐȌȣ"
ǵȍ ȏȕȈȦ ǯȕȈȦ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȘȈșșȚȈȊȈȓșȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ș
ȒȖȓȤȞȖȔ Ȑ ȟȈșȚȖ ȗȖȌȖȓȋț ȋȓȧȌȍȓ ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ Ȋ ȏȈȌțȔȟȐȊȖșȚȐ
ǯȈșȕțȊȠȐ ȖȒȖȓȖ ȌȊȍȕȈȌȞȈȚȐ ȟȈșȖȊ ȕȖȟȐ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȗȘȖș-
ȕțȓșȧ ȓȐȠȤ Ȓ ȌȍșȧȚȐ țȚȘȈ
ǪȖȖȉȡȍ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȉȍȏțȔȕȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ Ȗȕ
șȗȈȓ ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȔȕȖȋȖ Ȑ, ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȖȕ ȗȖȌȌȍȘ-
ȎȐȊȈȓ ȍȋȖ șȐȓȣ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȍȓ Ȗȕ ȊȟȍȚȊȍȘȖ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ, ȟȍȔ
ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ ȏȈȝȖȌȧ Ȋ ȘȍșȚȖȘȈȕȣ ȓȐȠȤ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȟțȊșȚ-
ȊȖȊȈȓ ȗȖȚȘȍȉȕȖșȚȤ ȖȚȌȖȝȕțȚȤ șȘȍȌȐ șȊȖȐȝ șȚȘȈȕșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȑ
ȗȖ ȋȖȘȖȌț
ǬȍȓȖ ȘȈȏȕȍșȍȕȐȧ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȐ ȉȣȓȖ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ șȌȍ-
ȓȈȕȖ țȎȍ Ȋ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȌȍȕȤ ǬȍșȧȚȒȐ ȖȚȘȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȉțȔȈȎȍȒ,
ȗțȡȍȕȕȣȍ Ȋ ȖȉȘȈȡȍȕȐȍ, ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȊȈȓȐ șȐȓȤȕȍȑȠțȦ ȥȗȐȌȍ-

ȔȐȦ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȧ ȊȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȟȚȖ ȊȍșȕȈ Ȋ ȥȚȖȚ ȋȖȌ
ȉȣȓȈ ȕȈ ȘȍȌȒȖșȚȤ ȎȈȘȒȈȧ
ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȉȣȓȈ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȈ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘț Ȑ
Ȗȕ ȍȡȍ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȍȕȍȑ ȗȘȖȊȍȓ Ȋ ȝȖȌȤȉȍ ȗȖȊșȦȌț șȍȧ șȔȍȘȚȤ
ȝȓȈȌȕȖȒȘȖȊȕȖ șȖȖȉȘȈȎȈȧ ȋȌȍ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȤ ȕȈȑȌȍȚ șȍȉȍ ȓțȟȠțȦ
ȗȐȡț ȏȈȉȖȚȧșȤ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȖșȤ ȕȍȏȈȘȈȎȍȕȕȣȝ
ȗțȕȒȚȖȊ
Ƕȕ ȗȖȉȣȊȈȓ Ȋ ǯȈȔȖșȒȊȖȘȍȟȤȍ ȗȖȚȘȈȚȐȊȠȐ ȗȖȓȌȕȧ ȕȈ
ȖȉȝȖȌ ȓȈȉȈȏȖȊ Ȑ ȖȗȚȖȊȣȝ șȒȓȈȌȖȊ
ǭȋȖ ȊȐȌȍȓȐ Ȋ ȞȍȘȒȊȈȝ Ȑ ȔȖȕȈșȚȣȘȧȝ ȋȌȍ, ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ
ȚȖȓȗț ȉȖȋȖȔȖȓȤȞȍȊ șȈȔȖȑ ȗȍșȚȘȖȑ ȊȕȍȠȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ
ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȈȓ Ȓ șȍȉȍ Ȗȉȡȍȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ țȘȖȌȓȐȊȣȔ ȓȐȞȖȔ ȌȊȐ-
ȎȍȕȐȧȔȐ, ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȦȡȐȔȐ ȈȊȚȖȔȈȚȈ Ȑ ȡȍȌȘȖȦ ȘȈȏȌȈȟȍȑ
ȉțȔȈȎȕȣȝ Ȍȍȕȍȋ ȕȐȡȐȔ
ǭȋȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȚȤ Ȑ ȕȈ ȘȣȕȒȈȝ, ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȕȈ
ȗȓȖȡȈȌȐ ȚȖȘȋȈ ȖȒȖȓȖ ǹțȝȈȘȍȊȖȑ ȉȈȠȕȐ
ǺȈȔ șȒȖȗȐȡȍ ȗȘȖȌȈȊȞȖȊ Ȑ ȗȖȒțȗȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȗȖșȚȈȊ-
ȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȘȧȔȖ ȕȈ ȔȖșȚȖȊțȦ ȗȈȓȈȚȖȒ Ȑ ȗȘȐȓȈȊȒȖȊ ȗȘȖȗȐ-
ȚȈȕȖ ȚȈȒȖȦ ȔȈșșȖȑ ȚȧȎȍȓȣȝ ȐșȗȈȘȍȕȐȑ ȟȚȖ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȈș-
ȚȖȧȡȐȔ ȘȈȍȔ Ȍȓȧ ȟțȔȕȣȝ ȉȈȞȐȓȓ
DzȖȋȌȈ ȧ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦ șȍȉȍ ȥȚȐ ȍȋȖ șȚȘȈȕșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȖȕȐ
ȒȈȎțȚșȧ Ȕȕȍ ȖȚȘȣȊȒȖȔ Ȑȏ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ șȚȘȈȠȕȖȑ șȒȈȏȒȐ.
ǵȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȍȡȍ țȎȈș ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȕȍ ȉȣȓ ȌȖ ȚȈȒȖȑ
șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ȉȓȐȏȖȒ Ȓ țȎȈșț ȜȈȕȚȈșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ
ǪȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȚȍ șȍȉȍ ȜȐȋțȘț ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ, ȌȖ ȚȈȒȖȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ țȘȖȌ-
ȓȐȊȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȍ ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ ȚȘțȌȕȖ ȗȖȊȍȘȐȚȤ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȣȔ ȋȓȈȏȈȔ ȠȈȋȈȦȡȍȋȖ ș țȚȘȈ ȌȖ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ ȗȖ ȋȖȘȖȌț șȗȖȒȖȑ-
ȕȖ ȉȍȏțșȚȈȕȕȖ ȘȈȏȕȖșȧ șȔȍȘȚȤ
Ƕȕ ȕȍ șȔȖȚȘȐȚ ȗȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȈȔ ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȍȚ ȚȖȓȗȧȡȐȝșȧ
ȒȘțȋȖȔ ȓȦȌȍȑ Ƕȕ ȕȍȖȚȘȈȏȐȔ Ȑ ȉȍșȟțȊșȚȊȍȕȍȕ, ȒȈȒ ȘțȒȈ șț-
ȌȤȉȣ
ȇ ȕȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȦ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ
DzȈȒ ȓȦȌȐ, ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȊȠȐȍ ȍȋȖ ȐȕșȚȐȕȒȚȐȊȕȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȟțȊșȚ-
ȊȖȊȈȓȐ Ȋșȍȑ ȔȈșșȣ ȒȐȗȍȊȠȍȑ Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȕȍȕȈȊȐșȚȐ Ȑ ȏȓȖȉȣ"
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78
VI
ǰȚȈȒ ȗȖșȍȊ șȔȍȘȚȐ ȉȣȓ șȌȍȓȈȕ
ǨȌ Ȑ ǸȈȑ Ȉ ȍșȓȐ ȕȍȚ ȕȐ ȚȖȋȖ, ȕȐ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ ȚȖ ȗȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ
ȔȍȘȍ ȋȖȘȖȌșȒȐȍ ȒȓȈȌȉȐȡȈ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȘȈșșȟȐȚȣȊȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȉȖȋȈȚțȦ
ȎȈȚȊț
ǵȖ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ, ȟȍȔ ȖȕȈ ȕȈșȚțȗȐȓȈ ȗȘȖȠȓȖ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȍȕȍȑ,
Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȓȦȌȐ ȔȐȘȕȖ ȎȐȓȐ ȘȧȌȖȔ ș ȟțȔȖȦ
ǶȕȐ ȏȈȉȖȚȐȓȐșȤ Ȗ ȏȈȊȚȘȈȠȕȍȔ Ȍȕȍ ȓȦȉȐȓȐ ȕȍȕȈȊȐȌȍ-
ȓȐ ȗȖȌȗȐșȣȊȈȓȐ ȊȍȒșȍȓȧ ȕȍ ȗȖȌȖȏȘȍȊȈȧ, ȟȚȖ ȘȧȌȖȔ țȎȍ
șȚȖȐȚ ȕȍȒȚȖ ȗȘȐȏȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȖȚȕȧȚȤ ț ȕȐȝ ȏȈȊȚȘȈȠȕȐȑ ȌȍȕȤ
ȕȈșȔȍȧȚȤșȧ ȕȈȌ ȓȦȉȖȊȤȦ ȏȈȋȓțȠȐȚȤ ȕȍȕȈȊȐșȚȤ Ȑ țȗȓȈȚȐȚȤ
ȗȖ ȊșȍȔ ȊȍȒșȍȓȧȔ
ǯȕȈȓ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȐȊȠȐȑșȧ Ȋ ȓȈȉȖȘȈ-
ȚȖȘȐȐ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȊȠȐȑ ȌȕȐ Ȑ ȕȖȟȐ Ȋ ȔțȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȔ ȖȎȐȌȈȕȐȐ
ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȗȈȓȐ ȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȎȍȘȚȊȣ
ȇ ȌțȔȈȦ, ȘȈȕȤȠȍ Ȋșȍȝ ȏȈȉȖȓȍȓȈ ȌȖȟȤ ȏȈȒȘȖȑȡȐȞȣ ȖȚ m-
lle Gerard, ȉȖȓȍȏȕȍȕȕȈȧ ȌȍȊȖȟȒȈ ȟȍȚȣȘȕȈȌȞȈȚȐ ȓȍȚ ȍȌȐȕ-
șȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚ ȓȦȉȊȐ ȕȍȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȏȈȉȖȚ șȊȖȍȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐ
ǷȘȈȊȌȈ ȌȖȒȚȖȘ ȏȈȧȊȐȓ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ șȒȖȕȟȈȓȈșȤ ȖȚ ȚȐȜȈ ȕȖ
ȥȚȖ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȌȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȍșȓȐ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ ȊȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ șȝȖȌ-
șȚȊȖ ȗȍȘȊȖȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȣȝ șȐȔȗȚȖȔȖȊ ȖȉȍȐȝ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȍȑ Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ
ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȌȍȊȖȟȒȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȉȍȌȕȖȑ ȗȈȞȐȍȕȚȒȖȑ Ȑ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȈ ȘȈș-
șȟȐȚȣȊȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȖșȖȉȖȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȌȖȒȚȖȘȈ
ǪȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ, ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȌȖȒȚȖȘȈ ȕȈșȒȖȘȖ ȖșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȧ ȉȖȓȤȕȣȝ,
ȌȍȓȈȓȐ Țț Ȏȍ ȖȠȐȉȒț ǭșȓȐ Ȕȣ ȗȘȖșȔȖȚȘȐȔ șȈȕȐȚȈȘȕțȦ
ȘțȉȘȐȒț ȋȈȏȍȚ ȏȈ ȊȘȍȔȧ, ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȍȌȠȍșȚȊȖȊȈȊ-
Ƞȍȍ ȖȜȐȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȔț ȖȉȢȧȊȓȍȕȐȦ ȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȐ ȚȖ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȔ șȚȘȈȕ-
ȕȖȍ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈȕȐȍ ȟȐșȓȈ ȚȐȜȖȏȕȣȝ ȏȈȉȖȓȍȊȈȕȐȑ
ǵȍșȖȔȕȍȕȕȖ ȊȖ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ șȓțȟȈȧȝ ȏȌȍșȤ ȕțȎȕȖ ȟȐȚȈȚȤ șȓȖ-
ȊȖ ©ȟțȔȈª ȊȔȍșȚȖ șȓȖȊȈ ©ȚȐȜª
ǵȖ ȓȐȠȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȤ ȒȖșȕțȓȈșȤ ȉȖȋȈȚȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ
©șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖȋȖª ȗȈȞȐȍȕȚȈ ȖȕȈ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȈ țȎȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ șȒȘȣ-
ȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȑ ȊȘȈȟȐ ȐȏȖȉȓȐȟȐȓȐ ȍȍ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡțȦ ȗȘȐȘȖȌț
ǩȣȓȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȖ ȕȈțȟȕȖȍ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ țș-
ȚȈȕȖȊȐȓȖ ȟȚȖ ȒțȗȍȞ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȋȐȓȤȌȐȐ ǹȍȔȐȗȧȚȖȊ țȔȍȘ ȖȚ
ȟțȔȣ

79
ȅȚȖȔț ȒțȗȞț ȊȣȗȈȓȈ ȕȈ ȌȖȓȦ ȟȍșȚȤ ȖȜȐȞȐȈȓȤȕȖ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȤ
șȖȉȖȦ ȌȓȐȕȕȣȑ șȗȐșȖȒ ȎȍȘȚȊ ȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȗȍ-
ȘȍșȚȈȓȐ șȟȐȚȈȚȤ Ȑ ȏȈȗȐșȣȊȈȚȤ
Ƕ ȚȈȒȖȔ țȎȈșȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ, ȒȈȒ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖȍ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ
ȟțȔȣ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ ȗȍȘȍȗțȋȈȕȕȣȍ ȊȘȈȟȐ ȗȖșȗȍȠȐȓȐ ȘȈȏțȔȍȍȚ-
șȧ ȌȖȕȍșȚȐ ȕȈȟȈȓȤșȚȊț
ǵȈȟȈȓȤșȚȊȖ ȌȖȉȘȖșȖȊȍșȚȕȖ ȗȘȐȕȧȓȖ Ȋșȍ șȈȕȐȚȈȘȕȣȍ Ȕȍ-
Șȣ Ȑ ȗȖșȚȈȘȈȓȖșȤ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȚȤ șȖȉȣȚȐȍ Ȋ ȚȈȑȕȍ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȕȍ Ȋȣȏ-
ȊȈȚȤ Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ ȗȘȍȎȌȍȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȑ Ȑ, ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ, ȕȍȖșȕȖȊȈ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȗȈȕȐȒȐ
ǵȖ șțȌȤȉȈ țșȚȘȖȐȓȈ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȔțȌȘȖȍ ȘȈșȗȖȘȧȎȍȕȐȍ
ȖșȚȈȓȖșȤ ȕȍȊȣȗȖȓȕȍȕȕȣȔ
ǻ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȕȚȈ ȉȈȒȚȍȘȐȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȚȖȘȐȐ, ȋȌȍ ȗȘȖ-
ȐȏȊȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȒȘȖȊȐ ǹȍȔȐȗȧȚȖȊȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȔȖȓȖ-
ȌȈȧ ȝȖȘȖȠȍȕȤȒȈȧ ȎȍȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ Ȗȕ ȉȍȏțȔȕȖ ȓȦȉȐȓ
ǺȈ Ȋ șȊȖȦ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȗȣȓȒȖ ȓȦȉȐȓȈ ȘȍȗȖȘȚȍȘȈ
ȋȈȏȍȚȣ ©ǪȍȟȍȘȕȧȧ ȗȖȟȚȈª ȅȚȈ ȒȖȔȉȐȕȈȞȐȧ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓȈ Ȋ ȕȐ-
ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ țșȐȓȐȧ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȐ, ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȍ Ȓ șȖȝȘȈȕȍȕȐȦ ȚȈȑȕȣ.
Ǫ ȚȖȚ ȌȍȕȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȖȉȕȈȘțȎȐȓȖ ȕȈȓȐȟȕȖșȚȤ
ȟțȔȕȣȝ ȉȈȞȐȓȓ Ȋ ȒȘȖȊȐ ǹȍȔȐȗȧȚȖȊȈ ȔțȎ ȓȍȋȒȖȔȣșȓȍȕȕȖȑ
ȌȈȔȣ ȊȍȘȕțȓșȧ Ȓ ȖȉȍȌț ȌȖȔȖȑ ȒȘȈȑȕȍ ȕȍȘȊȕȖ ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȕȣȑ
ǮȍȕȈ ȗȘȖȉȖȊȈȓȈ țȏȕȈȚȤ ȗȘȐȟȐȕț ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȖ ȕȈ Ȋșȍ ȊȖȗȘȖ-
șȣ Ȗȕ ȖȚȊȍȟȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȟțȊșȚȊțȍȚ șȍȉȧ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȣȔ ȟȚȖ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ
șȓțȟȐȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ șȗȖȒȖȍȕ Ȑ Ȋȍșȍȓ
Ǩ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȉȓȍȌȕȍȊȠȍȍ ȊȣȚȧȕțȚȖȍ ȓȐȞȖ ȋȖȊȖ-
ȘȐȓȖ șȖȊșȍȔ ȌȘțȋȖȍ ǺȖȋȌȈ ț Ȏȍȕȣ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȓȖ ȖȗȈșȍȕȐȍ
«Ǩ ȊȌȘțȋ Ȗȕ țȏȕȈȓ ȟȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȗȘȖ ȘȍȗȖȘȚȍȘȈ"»
ǰ șȖ ȊșȍȦ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȍȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȟțȊșȚȊțȦȡȍȑ șȍȉȧ Ȋ ȖȗȈș-
ȕȖșȚȐ ȖȕȈ ȗȘȐȕȧȓȈșȤ ȒȖȒȍȚȕȐȟȈȚȤ șȍȘȌȐȚȤșȧ ȓȈșȒȈȚȤșȧ ȓȐȠȤ
ȉȣ țȏȕȈȚȤ Ȋ ȟȍȔ ȌȍȓȖ
ǸȈȏțȔȍȍȚșȧ ȉȍȌȕȣȑ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȕȚ ȕȍ ȊȣȌȍȘȎȈȓ ǬȈ Ȑ ȔȖȎ-
ȕȖ ȓȐ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȚȤ ȖȚ ȔțȎȟȐȕȣ ȟȚȖȉȣ Ȗȕ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȓ
ȚȈȑȕț ȖȚ ȝȖȘȖȠȍȕȤȒȖȑ ȕȈșȚȖȑȟȐȊȖȑ ȕȍ ȉȘȍȏȋțȦȡȍȑ ȕȐȒȈ-
ȒȐȔȐ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈȔȐ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ" ǿȍȘȍȏ ȗȖȓȟȈșȈ ȖȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ țȎȍ Ȋ
ȒțȘșȍ ȌȍȓȈ ȗȘȐȟȍȔ țȏȕȈȊȠȐ șȍȒȘȍȚ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȖȉȘȈȌȖ-
ȊȈȓȈșȤ ȟȚȖ ȍȍ ȠȈȠȕȐ ȕȍ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȣ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȗȖȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓȈ ȕȍ-
ȕȈȊȐșȚȤ Ȓ ȔțȎț ȗȖȓțȟȐȊȠȍȔț ȏȈȌȈȘȖȔ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȓȈșȒ Ȑ ȕȈ-
ȒȖȕȍȞ ȘȍȠȐȓȈ ȟȚȖ șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȊȖȏȕȈȋȘȈȌȐȚȤ șȍȉȧ ȏȈ ȕȈȗȘȈș-

80
ȕțȦ ȚȘȍȊȖȋț Ȉ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȊȖȏȓȦȉȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȏȈ Țț ȕȍȎȕȖșȚȤ ȒȖȚȖ-
ȘȈȧ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȈ ȍȔț ȗȖ ȗȘȈȊț ȉȣȓȈ Ȋ șȐȓț ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ
<ȐșȚȘȈȟȍȕȈ> ȕȈ ȔțȎȈ
ǷȖȥȚȖȔț ȒȈȒ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șțȗȘțȋ țȓȍȋșȧ ȏȈșȕțȚȤ ȟȈșȖȒ-ȌȘț-
ȋȖȑ ȗȖșȓȍ ȖȉȍȌȈ ȖȕȈ ȕȈȗȐșȈȓȈ Ȑ ȖȚȖșȓȈȓȈ Ȋ ȘȍȌȈȒȞȐȦ ©Ǫȍ-
ȟȍȘȕȍȑ ȗȖȟȚȣª ȏȈȗȐșȒț ȕȈȏȕȈȟȈȧ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȐȒț șȊȐȌȈȕȐȍ Ȋ
ȖȌȕȐȝ ȊȚȖȘȖȘȈȏȘȧȌȕȣȝ ȔȍȉȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȈȝ ȕȈ ǺȊȍȘ-
șȒȖȑ șȓțȎȐȊȠȐȝ ȌȍȠȍȊȣȔ ȝȖȚȧ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȋȘȧȏȕȣȔ ȗȘȐȦ-
ȚȖȔ Ȑȝ șȟȈșȚȤȧ
Ǫ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕȕȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȘȍȗȖȘȚȍȘ ȉȣȓ țȎȍ ȚȈȔ.
Ƕȕ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȧȊȓȧȓșȧ ȕȈ șȊȐȌȈȕȐȧ ȏȈ ȗȖȓȟȈșȈ ȌȖ ȕȈȏȕȈ-
ȟȍȕȕȖȋȖ șȘȖȒȈ ș ȚȘȖȋȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȦ ȈȒȒțȘȈȚȕȖșȚȤȦ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȕȍ
ȐȔȍȦȡȍȋȖ șȟȈșȚȤȧ Ȋ ȓȦȉȊȐ Ȑ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț ȌȖȘȖȎȈȡȍȋȖ ȘȈȏ ȏȈ-
ȊȧȏȈȊȠȐȔșȧ ȘȖȔȈȕȖȔ
ǭȔț ȊȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȘȍȌȒȖ Ȋ ȟȍȔ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ țȓȣȉȈȓȖșȤ șȟȈșȚȤȍ
ǷȘȖȑȌȧ ȕȍ ȉȍȏ șȚȘȈȌȈȕȐȧ Țț ȗȖȘț ȊșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȒȖȋ-
ȌȈ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȟțȊșȚȊțȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȏȊȈȕ ȗȘȖșȓȈȊȐȚȤșȧ Ȑ
ȘȈȏȉȖȋȈȚȍȚȤ Ȗȕ ȏȈȔȍȘȏ Ȋ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȐ ȗȈșȣȕȒȈ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ
ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț Ȋ ȗȖȋȖȕȍ ȏȈ ȕȖȊȖșȚȧȔȐ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȘȈȉȖ-
ȚȈȚȤ ȕȖȋȈȔȐ ȟȍȔ ȋȖȓȖȊȖȑ
ǺȈȒȖȔț ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒț ȕȍȚ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȣ ȕȈ ȓțȟȠȍȍ ȉțȌțȡȍȍ ȗȖ-
ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȎȍșȚȖȒȈȧ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȧ ȌȍȘȎȐȚ ȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȌȈȊȈȧ ȖȗȖȔ-
ȕȐȚȤșȧ ȗȍȘȍȊȍșȚȐ Ȍțȝ Ȑ ȗȘȐȐșȒȈȚȤ ȌȘțȋȖȍ ȏȈȕȧȚȐȍ
ǭșȓȐ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȎȍȕȐȚșȧ ȕȈ ȉȖȋȈȚȖȑ ȕȍȊȍșȚȍ ȐȓȐ ȕȍ ȊȣȐȋȘȈȍȚ
Ȍȍȕȍȋ Ȋ ȓȖȚȍȘȍȦ ȚȖ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȖȉȘȍȟȍȕȕȣȔ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ Ȋșȍȑ
ȎȐȏȕȐ ȗȐȚȈȚȤșȧ ȉțȚȍȘȉȘȖȌȈȔȐ Ȑȏ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȉțȜȍȚȖȊ ȉȣ-
ȊȈȚȤ ȟȈȡȍ ȗȤȧȕȣȔ ȟȍȔ șȣȚȣȔ Ȑ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚȤ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ
țȚȍȠȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȎȍȓȟȕȖȔ ȖȉȓȐȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȔ ȚȖȕȍ șȊȖȐȝ ȏȈȔȍȚȖȒ
ȝȖȚȧ Ȑ ȚțȚ șȐȕȐȑ ȒȈȘȈȕȌȈȠ ȘȍȌȈȒȚȖȘȈ ȟȈșȚȖ ȔȍȠȈȍȚ ȕȍȗȖ-
ȕȧȚȖȑ ȌțȠȍ ȐȏȓȐȚȤ șȊȖȍ ȕȍȋȖȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ
ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȊșȧȒȐȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȐȔȍȚȤ ȝȖȚȤ ȖȚȌȈȓȍȕ-
ȕțȦ ȝȖȚȤ ȉȓȍȌȕțȦ ȔȍȟȚț Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ șȖȋȓȈșȐȚȤșȧ ȎȐȚȤ
Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȕȖșȐȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȎȐȚȍȑșȒȐȍ ȕȍȗȘȐȧȚȕȖșȚȐ DzȈȚȖȘȎȕȐȒ ȖșțȎ-
Ȍȍȕȕȣȑ ȕȈ ȌȊȈȌȞȈȚȤ ȓȍȚ ȔȍȟȚȈȍȚ Ȗ șȊȖȉȖȌȍ
ǸȍȗȖȘȚȍȘ ȔȍȟȚȈȍȚ Ȗ ȒȈȒȖȔ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȕȍȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖȔ ȟțȌȖ-
ȊȐȡȕȖȔ ȏȈȝȊȈȚȣȊȈȦȡȍȔ șȖȉȣȚȐȐ
ǹȍȕșȈȞȐȖȕȕȖșȚȤ — șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȗșȐȝȖȏ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ Ȑȏ ȥȚȐȝ
ȓȦȌȍȑ Ǫ ȕȍȑ Ȑȝ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȈ ȕȈ șȓȈȊț ȕȈ ȉȖȋȈȚșȚȊȖ ȕȈ ȓțȟȠȍȍ

81
ȉțȌțȡȍȍ ǹȈȔȣȑ șȒȘȖȔȕȣȑ ȘȍȗȖȘȚȍȘ ȕȍ ȝțȎȍ ǵȍȘȖȕȈ șȎȍȋ
ȉȣ ǸȐȔ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ ȏȕȈȓ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȗȍȘȊȣȔ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚ Ȋ șȊȖȦ Șȍ-
ȌȈȒȞȐȦ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ȗȖȎȈȘȈ
ǵȍțȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȎȍȕȈ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȕȚȈ ȘȈș-
șȒȈȏȈȓȈ ȗȘȖ ȟțȔț ȍȍ ȊȖȏȓȦȉȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȊȍșȤ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓșȧ ȊȖ ȊȕȐ-
ȔȈȕȐȍ ȝȖȚȧ ȌȍȓȖ Ȑ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȓȖ ȔȍȎȌț ȌȊțȔȧ ȗȖȞȍȓțȧȔȐ
— DzȈȒ ȟțȔȈ" Ƕȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȗȐȠțȚ
— ǵț ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ, ȕȍ ȗȐȠțȚ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȒȈȏȈȕȖ ȝȘȈȕȐȚȤ
ȚȈȑȕț
ǺȈȑȕȈ
ǵȍȚ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȔȈȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ șȓȖȊȈ Ȍȓȧ ȘȍȗȖȘȚȍȘȈ ǸȖȔȈȕȚȐ-
ȟȍșȒȖȍ ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ ȊȓȦȉȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ șȘȈȏț ȐșȟȍȏȓȖ Ƕȕ ȊȣȘȊȈȓ-
șȧ Ȑȏ ȖȉȢȧȚȐȑ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȖȌȘțȋȐ Ȑ șȓȍȋȒȈ ȗȖȉȓȍȌȕȍȊ ȏȈȝȖȌȐȓ
ȗȖ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ
ǭȔț ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ ȏȈ șȗȐȕȖȦ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȊȣȘȈșȚȈȦȚ ȒȘȣȓȤȧ
— ǿțȔȈ ǷȖȓȐȞȐȧ ȝȖȟȍȚ ȝȘȈȕȐȚȤ ȚȈȑȕț ǷȖșȓțȠȈȑ Țȣ
ȕȈȊȍȘȕȖȍ ȥȚȖ ȏȕȈȍȠȤ"
— ǵț ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ǪȍȌȤ ȔțȎ Ȏȍ ȔȖȑ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȓ ȐșșȓȍȌȖ-
ȊȈȕȐȍ
— ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ, Ȗȕ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȠțȚȐȓ"
— ǪȖȚ Țȍȉȍ Ȑ ȕȈ ǸȈȏȊȍ ȖȚ ȥȚȖȋȖ țȊȈȓȤȕȧ ȌȖȎȌȍȠȤșȧ ȠțȚ-
ȒȐ ǸȍȗȖȘȚȍȘ ȊȖȓȕȖȊȈȓșȧ Ȋșȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ Ȑ ȉȖȓȍȍ Ǫ țȠȈȝ ȍȋȖ țȎȍ
ȏȊȍȕȍȓȐ ȜȘȈȏȣ ȉțȌțȡȍȑ ȋȈȏȍȚȕȖȑ șȚȈȚȤȐ
ǵȖ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȐȞȈ ȖȉȐȎȍȕȕȈȧ ȍȋȖ ȝȖȓȖȌȕȖșȚȤȦ, ȐȕȈȟȍ ȗȖȕȧ-
ȓȈ ȥȚȖ ȊȖȓȕȍȕȐȍ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ ȘȍȠȐȓȈ ȍȋȖ țșȗȖȒȖȐȚȤ
— Ǩ Țȣ țȎ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȚȘțșȐȓ Ȍțșȧ ǵț, ȗȖȓȕȖ ǴȈȓȖ ȓȐ ȟȍȋȖ
ȔȖȑ ȌțȘȈȒ ȕȈȗȓȍȚȍȚ ǪȖȚ Ȗȕ ȊȐȌȐȚ Ȋ ȔȐȒȘȖșȒȖȗ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȊȍȡȐ
ȒȈȒȐȝ, ȔȖȎȍȚ, Ȑ ȕȈ șȊȍȚȍ ȕȍȚ Ȉ ț șȍȉȧ ȕȈ ȋȖȓȖȊȍ ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȍȚ
ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȝ ȘȖȋȖȊ ǷȍȘȍșȚȈȕȤ ȊȖȓȕȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ǵț ȗȖȑȌȐ ȗȖȞȍȓțȑ
Ȕȍȕȧ ǹȔȖȚȘȐ ȊȖȚ ȏȌȍșȤ ȕȈ Ƞȍȍ ȍȡȍ ȖșȚȈȓșȧ șȓȍȌ ȖȚ ȚȊȖȐȝ
ȏțȉȖȊª
ǵȖ ȥȚȐ șȓȖȊȈ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȓȐ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖȍ Ȍȍȑ-
șȚȊȐȍ Ƕȕ ȗȖȉȓȍȌȕȍȓ Ȑ ȉȘȖșȐȓșȧ Ȓ ȕȍȑ ȗȖȟȚȐ Ȋ ȧȘȖșȚȐ
— ǺȈȒ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ, ȚȊȖȑ ȔțȎ ȖȠȐȉșȧ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ, Ȋșȍ
ȥȚȖ ȟȍȗțȝȈ
ǭȡȍ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȓ șȍȉȍ ȚȈȒ ș ȕȍȦ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȚȤșȧ
ǮȍȕȈ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȕȚȈ Ȑ ȉȍȏ ȚȖȋȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȘȈȏȌȘȈȎȍȕȈ ȕȍ ȐȌțȡȐȔȐ Ȓ

82
Ȍȍȓț ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȈȔȐ Ȉ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ șȖȊșȍȔ ȖȉȐȌȍȓȈșȤ
— ǬȈ ȟȚȖ Țȍȉȍ ȚȈȒ ȌȈȓȈșȤ ȟțȔȈ? ȇ Ȑ șȓȣȠȈȚȤ-ȚȖ Ȗ ȕȍȑ
ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȕȍ ȝȖȟț ǷȘȈȊȌȈ ȕȍȗȘȈȊȌȈ — ȕȍ Ȋșȍ ȓȐ Țȍȉȍ ȘȈȊȕȖ"
ǵȖ Ȗȕ șȝȊȈȚȐȓ ȍȍ ȏȈ ȘțȒț Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȧȓșȧ ȚȘȧșȚȐ ȐȏȖ Ȋșȍȑ șȐ-
ȓȣ
— ǬȈ șȒȈȎȐ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȚȖȓȒȖȔ ǷȘȈȊȌȈ ȓȐ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ
ȟțȔȈ? ǪȍȌȤ ț Țȍȉȧ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ
ǶȕȈ ȝȖȚȍȓȈ ȊȣȘȊȈȚȤșȧ ȕȖ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȈ ǺȖȋȌȈ ȉȍȌȕȧȎȒȈ ȏȈ-
ȒȘȐȟȈȓȈ ȐșȚȍȘȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȋȖȓȖșȖȔ:
— ǯȊȍȘȤ ȐȏȊȍȘȋ DzȖȕȍȟȕȖ, Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ ȟțȔȈ ǬȈ ȍȡȍ ȒȈȒȈȧ
ǷțșȚȐ ȘțȒț ȔțȎȓȈȕ ǭșȓȐ ȉȣ ȧ ȏȕȈȓȈ
DzȖȕȍȞ ȜȘȈȏȣ ȗȖȚȍȘȧȓșȧ Ȋ ȘȣȌȈȕȐȧȝ ȕȖ ȘȍȗȖȘȚȍȘț ȕȍȟȍ-
ȋȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ țȏȕȈȊȈȚȤ Ƕȕ ȊȣșȒȖȟȐȓ Ȑȏ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȣ ȒȈȒ ȉȣȓ,
Ȋ ȘȈșșȚȍȋȕțȚȖȔ ȎȐȓȍȚȍ ș ȊȖȘȖȚȕȐȟȒȖȔ Ȋ ȘțȒȍ Ȑ ȗȖȔȟȈȓșȧ
ȗȘȧȔȖ Ȓ ȘȍȌȈȒȚȖȘț ȖșȚȈȊȐȊȠȐ șȊȖȦ ȊȖȏȓȦȉȓȍȕȕțȦ ȘȈȏ-
ȔȣȠȓȧȚȤ Ȗ ȓȦȌșȒȖȑ ȕȍȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȖșȚȐ șȐȌȧ ȕȈ ȘȈȏȊȈȓȐȕȈȝ
ȉȣȓȖȋȖ șȟȈșȚȤȧ
ǸȍȌȈȒȚȖȘ ©ǪȍȟȍȘȕȍȑ ȗȖȟȚȣª ȉȣȓ ȗȖȎȐȓȖȑ țȕȣȓȣȑ ȟȍ-
ȓȖȊȍȒ ȝȘȖȕȐȟȍșȒȐ ȗȍȘȍțȚȖȔȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȕȖȟȕȖȦ ȘȈȉȖȚȖȑ
ǯȈ ȌȊȈȌȞȈȚȤ ȓȍȚ ȘȍȌȈȒȚȖȘșȒȖȑ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȍȔț ȗȘȐȠ-
ȓȖșȤ ȗȍȘȍȐșȗȣȚȈȚȤ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȊșȧȒȐȝ ȖȡțȡȍȕȐȑ Ƕȕ Ȑ ȉȈȕ-
ȒȘȖȚȐȓșȧ Ȑ Ȋ ȚȦȘȤȔȍ șȐȌȍȓ ȉȣȊȈȓ ȊȣșȣȓȈȍȔ Ȑ ȖȚȌȈȊȈȍȔ
ȗȖȌ ȕȈȌȏȖȘ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȐ
ǭȋȖ ȋȈȏȍȚț Ȑ ȠȚȘȈȜȖȊȈȓȐ Ȑ ȏȈȒȘȣȊȈȓȐ, Ȑ ȒȖȕȜȐșȒȖȊȈ-
ȓȐ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ țȌȐȊȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȟȍȔ ȉȣ ȚȖ ȕȐ ȉȣȓȖ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȖșȤ Țȍ-
ȗȍȘȤ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ
ǷȖȥȚȖȔț ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȊȖȘȊȈȓșȧ ȘȍȗȖȘȚȍȘ Ȑ ȏȈȉȍȋȈȓ ȊȖ-
ȒȘțȋ șȚȖȓȈ ȊȖșȒȓȐȞȈȧ
— ǹȍȕșȈȞȐȧ șȕȖȋȠȐȉȈȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ țșȗȍȝ
Ƕȕ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐ Ȋȏȋȓȧȕțȓ ȕȈ ȗȖșȍȚȐȚȍȓȧ Ȑ ȘȈșșȍȧȕ-
ȕȖ ȏȈȌȈȓ ȊȖȗȘȖș
— ǫȌȍ ȥȚȖ Ȋȣ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ ȕȈȒȓȦȒȈȓȐșȤ"
— ȇ ȕȍ ȗȤȧȕ — ȋȖȘȌȖ ȊȖȏȘȈȏȐȓ ȚȖȚ — Ȉ ȗȘȐȕȖȠț ȊȈȔ
ȏȖȓȖȚțȦ ȘȖșșȣȗȤ ǯȈȊȚȘȈ Ȏȍ Ȋȣ ȉțȌȍȚȍ ȉȖȋȈȚȣ ǵȐ ȖȌȕȈ ȋȈ-
ȏȍȚȈ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȚ
— ǪȖȚ ȒȈȒ ǿȚȖ Ȏȍ ț ȊȈș ȏȈ ȕȖȊȖșȚȤ?
ǸȍȗȖȘȚȍȘ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȉȈȓșȧ șȚȈȘȈȧșȤ ȗȘȐȌȈȚȤ șȖȖȉȡȍȕȐȦ șȖ-
ȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡțȦ ȜȖȘȔț ȕȖ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ, ȟȍȔ țșȗȍȓ ȗȘȐȌțȔȈȚȤ ȒȈ-

83
ȒțȦ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȏȈȉȖȘȐșȚțȦ ȜȘȈȏț ț ȕȍȋȖ ș ȧȏȣȒȈ șȖȘȊȈȓȖșȤ
— Ǫ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ ȟțȔȈ
ǸȍȌȈȒȚȖȘ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȖ șȕȧȓ ș ȕȖșȈ ȖȟȒȐ ȗȘȖȚȍȘ Ȑȝ șȕȖȊȈ
ȕȈȌȍȓ Ȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȖȋȌȈ șȗȘȖșȐȓ
— ǶȚȒțȌȈ Ȋȣ țȏȕȈȓȐ"
ǪȖȗȘȖș ȉȣȓ ȚȘțȌȕȣȑ ǸȍȗȖȘȚȍȘ șȌȍȓȈȓ șȒȘȖȔȕȖȍ ȓȐȞȖ Ȑ
ȔȕȖȋȖȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȕȍș
— ȅȚȖȋȖ ȧ ȕȍ ȔȖȋț ȊȈȔ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȕȖ ȐȏȊȍșȚȐȍ ȉȍȏțșȓȖȊȕȖ
ȊȍȘȕȖȍ
— Ǫ ȚȈȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ, ȕȍ ȔȍȠȈȑȚȍ Ȕȕȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ Ǫ
ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȑ ȕȍȌȍȓȐ Ȕȣ ȖȗȘȖȊȍȘȋȈȓȐ șȈȔȐ șȍȉȧ țȎȍ
ȊȖșȍȔȤ ȘȈȏ ȇ ȕȍ ȝȖȟț, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȥȚȖ șȓțȟȐȓȖșȤ Ȋ ȌȍȊȧȚȣȑ
ǰ ȘȍȌȈȒȚȖȘ ȗȖȊȍȘȕțȊȠȐșȤ Ȓ șȚȖȓț ȗȖȋȘțȏȐȓșȧ Ȋ ȗȘȍȘ-
ȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȗȍȘȍșȔȖȚȘ ȋȘȈȕȖȒ
ǸȍȗȖȘȚȍȘ ȗȖȉȍȋȈȓ ȗȖ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ, ȍȘȖȠȈ ȊȖȓȖșȣ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ
ȘȈȏ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȓ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȑ ȖȉȘȣȊȈȓșȧ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȗȖȌȖ-
Ƞȍȓ Ȓ șȗȐȕȒȍ ȒȘȍșȓȈ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȈȓȈ Ȑ, țȔȖȓȧȦȡȍ ȋȓȧȌȧ ȕȈ ȍȋȖ
ȏȈȚȣȓȖȒ șȒȈȏȈȓ
— ǴȐȝȈȐȓ ǰȊȈȕȖȊȐȟ ǭȑ-ǩȖȋț, ȐȏȊȍșȚȐȍ ȊȍȘȕȖȍ
Ƕȕ ȌȈȎȍ ȘțȒț ȗȘȐȎȈȓ Ȓ șȍȘȌȞț ȕȖ ȖȚȊȍȚȈ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ Ǹȍ-
ȌȈȒȚȖȘ ȟȐȚȈȓ ȋȘȈȕȒȐ
ǩȍȌȕȧȋȈ șȕȖȊȈ ȏȈȉȍȋȈȓ ȗȖ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ Ƕȕ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ șȍȉȧ
Ȋ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȐ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȋȖ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȚȈȚȍȓȧ șȚȖȓȒȕțȊȠȍȋȖșȧ ș ȓȦȌ-
șȒȖȦ ȒȖșȕȖșȚȤȦ
— ǴȐȝȈȐȓ ǰȊȈȕȖȊȐȟ ǪȖȗȘȖș Ȗȉ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȐȧ ȏȈ-
ȚȘȈȋȐȊȈȍȚ ȟȍșȚȤ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ǹțȌȐȚȍ șȈȔȐ, ȔȖȋț ȓȐ ȧ ȒȈȒ
ȌȎȍȕȚȓȤȔȍȕ
— ǯȕȈȟȐȚ, ȐȏȊȍșȚȐȍ ȐșȝȖȌȐȚ ȖȚ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ǵț Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȔ
șȓțȟȈȍ ȧ ȍȋȖ țȎ ȕȈȊȍȘȕȖȍ ȕȍ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȦ
ǹȓȖȔȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȥȚȐȔ țȗȖȘșȚȊȖȔ ȌȖȊȍȌȍȕȕȣȑ ȌȖ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȐȧ,
ȘȍȗȖȘȚȍȘ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ șȌȈȓșȧ Ǭȓȧ ȕȍȋȖ ȊȍȌȤ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍȔȣșȓȐȔȖ
ȕȍ ȊȖșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȌȖȉȣȚȣȔ ȐȏȊȍșȚȐȍȔ
Ƕȕ șȍȓ ȖȒȖȓȖ șȚȖȓȈ Ȑ ȕȈȟȈȓ
— ǴȐȝȈȐȓ ǰȊȈȕȖȊȐȟ ȇ ȓȦȉȓȦ Ȏȍȕț ȓȈȉȖȘȈȕȚȈ ; ǶȕȈ
Ȕȍȕȧ ȚȖȎȍ ȓȦȉȐȚ ǰ ȊȖȚ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ
ǵȍ ȉțȌȍȔ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȊȈȚȤ ȘȖȔȈȕȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȗȖȊȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ șȖȚ-
ȘțȌȕȐȒȈ ©ǪȍȟȍȘȕȍȑ ȗȖȟȚȣª ǹȒȈȎȍȔ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȖ ȏȈșȚȈ-

84
ȊȐȓȖ ȘȍȌȈȒȚȖȘȈ ȖȚȕȍșȚȐșȤ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖ Ȓ ȗȘȐȕȍșȍȕȕȖȔț
ȐȏȊȍșȚȐȦ
Ƕȕ ȖȚȒȐȕțȓșȧ ȕȈ șȗȐȕȒț șȚțȓȈ Ȑ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȖȉȌțȔȣ-
ȊȈȓ ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȊȣȔȖȓȊȐȓ:
— ǰ Ȋșȍ-ȚȈȒȐ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȚȤ ǹ ȚȈȒȐȔȐ ȐȏȊȍ-
șȚȐȧȔȐ ȕțȎȕȖ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȚȤșȧ ȒȘȈȑȕȍ ȖșȚȖȘȖȎȕȖ ǸȈȏȊȍ șȗȘȖșȐȚȤ
ȘȈȏȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ"
ǸȍȗȖȘȚȍȘ ȖȚȖȏȊȈȓșȧ:
— ǿȍȋȖ Ȏȍ ȗȘȖșȐȚȤ ȘȈȏȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ? ǪȍȌȤ ȧ Ȏȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȦ ȟȚȖ
ȘȍȠȍȕȖ ȗȖȒȈ ȝȘȈȕȐȚȤ Ȋ ȚȈȑȕȍ
— ǵț ȊȖȚ ȚȈȒ ȍșȓȐ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȍȔ ȖȕȐ Ȑ ȏȈȗȘȍȚȧȚ ȋȈȏȍȚț Ǩ
ȚȖ ȍȡȍ ȝțȎȍ — ȠȚȘȈȜ ȕȈȓȖȎȈȚ
— ǵȖ ȊȍȌȤ ȉȣȓȈ ȉȣ șȚȘȈȠȕȈȧ ȘȖȏȕȐȞȈ
— ǿȚȖ Ȏ ȘȖȏȕȐȞȈ, ȒȖȓȐ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȏȈȗȘȍȚȧȚ
ǷȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȖ ȚȧȎȍȓȖȍ ȔȖȓȟȈȕȐȍ ǷȘȍȘȊȈȓ ȍȋȖ ȘȍȗȖȘȚȍȘ
— ǴȐȝȈȐȓ ǰȊȈȕȖȊȐȟ
— ǿȚȖ"
— ǻ ȊȈș ȒȈȒȖȑ ȚȐȘȈȎ"
— ǹȈȔȐ ȏȕȈȍȚȍ ǵȍ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȗȧȚȤ Țȣșȧȟ ȕȈȉȍȘȍȚșȧ ǭȌȊȈ
ȌȣȠȐȔ
ǶȗȧȚȤ ȔȖȓȟȈȕȐȍ ǷȖȚȖȔ șȕȖȊȈ
— ǴȐȝȈȐȓ ǰȊȈȕȖȊȐȟ
— ǿȚȖ"
— ǰȔȍȍȚȍ Ȋȣ ȌȖȝȖȌ ȖȚ ȋȈȏȍȚȣ"
— ǿȚȖ Ȋȣ ȋȓțȗȖșȚȐ șȗȘȈȠȐȊȈȍȚȍ? ǫȍȔȖȘȘȖȑ ȕȈșȐȌȍȓ ȕȈ
ȥȚȖȔ ȒȘȍșȓȍ ȌȈ ȘȍȊȔȈȚȐȏȔ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȉȣȓ Ȋ ȚȦȘȤȔȍ
ǪȖȚ Ȑ ȊȍșȤ ȔȖȑ ȌȖȝȖȌ
ǴȖȓȟȈȕȐȍ
— ǴȐȝȈȐȓ ǰȊȈȕȖȊȐȟ ǷȓȦȕȤȚȍ Ȋȣ ȕȈ ȏȈȗȘȍȡȍȕȐȍ Ƿțș-
ȒȈȑ ȏȈȒȘȖȦȚ ȏȈȚȖ ȏȈȊȚȘȈ ȉțȌȍȚ ȚȘȐȌȞȈȚȤ Țȣșȧȟ ȘȖȏȕȐȞȣ
— DzȈȒ Ȏȍ Ȕȕȍ ȗȓȍȊȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȏȈȗȘȍȡȍȕȐȍ? ǿȚȖ Ȏȍ ȧ ȚȖȋȌȈ
ȉțȌț ȌȍȓȈȚȤ"
— ǺȈȒ ȊȍȌȤ Ȋȣ ȖȚ ȋȈȏȍȚȣ Ȋșȍ ȘȈȊȕȖ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚȍ Ȉ
ȚțȚ ȗȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȌȍȕȤȋț ȏȈȠȐȉȍȚȍ ǷȖȚȖȔ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȤ
©ǻȚȘȍȕȕȦȦ ȗȖȟȚțª ȍșȓȐ ȏȈȗȘȍȚȧȚ ©ǪȍȟȍȘȕȦȦª
ǸȍȌȈȒȚȖȘ, ȊȐȌȐȔȖ, ȉȣȓ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕ ȞȍȓȍșȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȖșȚȤȦ ȥȚȖȑ
ȐȌȍȐ ǵȖ Ȗȕ ȍȡȍ ȒȖȓȍȉȈȓșȧ Ȑ ȐșȒȈȓ ȊȖȏȘȈȎȍȕȐȑ
— Ǩ ȍșȓȐ ȕȈȓȖȎȈȚ ȠȚȘȈȜ"

85
— ǵț ȟȚȖ Ȏȍ" ǬȍȕȤȎȖȕȒȐ șȗȘȧȟȍȚȍ Ȋ ȊȍȘȕȖȍ ȔȍșȚȖ Ȉ șȈ-
ȔȐ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȐȚȍșȤ ȗȖșȐȌȍȚȤ ȏȈ ȕȍțȗȓȈȚț ǿȚȖ Ȏ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȖ-
șȐȌȍȚȤ Ȋ ȚȦȘȤȔȍ" ǷȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ, ȕȐ ȒȘȍȌȐȚȖȘȣ ȕȐ ȗȖȓȐ-
ȞȐȧ ȕȍ ȉțȌțȚ ȚȘȍȊȖȎȐȚȤ ǶȚȌȖȝȕȍȚȍ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ
ǷȍȘȍȌ ȘȍȗȖȘȚȍȘȖȔ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȊȠȐȔ Ȋ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȐȍ ȗȘȐ ȔȣșȓȐ,
ȟȚȖ ȕȖȊȖșȚȤ ȗȘȖȗȈȌȍȚ ȏȈȌȈȘȖȔ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȏȈșȐȧȓȈ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȈ Ǹȍ-
ȌȈȒȚȖȘ ȖȗțșȚȐȓ ȋȖȓȖȊț ȕȈ ȋȘțȌȤ Ȑ șȐȌȍȓ Ȋ ȏȈȌțȔȟȐȊȖșȚȐ
ǹȓȣȠȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȒȈȒ Ȗȕ ȗȘȖȉȖȘȔȖȚȈȓ
— ǶȚȌȖȝȕțȚȤ ȥȚȖ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ
ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȗȖȌȕȧȓ ȋȖȓȖȊț Ȑ ȘȍȠȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȊȣȔȖȓȊȐȓ
— ǽȖȘȖȠȖ ȇ șȖȋȓȈșȍȕ ǷȐȠȐȚȍ ȏȈȔȍȚȒț
ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ Ȗȕ ȊșȚȈȓ țȒȈȏȣȊȈȧ ȘȍȗȖȘȚȍȘț ȕȈ șȊȖȍ ȒȘȍșȓȖ
ǺȖȔț ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȘȈȏ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȊȣȗȈȓȈ ȟȍșȚȤ ȗȐșȈȚȤ ȏȈ ȘȍȌȈȒ-
ȚȖȘșȒȐȔ șȚȖȓȖȔ
Ƕȕ șȝȊȈȚȐȓ ȉțȔȈȋț ȗȍȘȖ ȕȖ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ, ȟȍȔ ȗȘȐșȚțȗȐȚȤ Ȓ
ȘȈȉȖȚȍ ȊȖșȒȓȐȒȕțȓ
— ǴȐȝȈȐȓ ǰȊȈȕȖȊȐȟ Ǩ ȊȍȌȤ ȧ ȗȘȈȊȌț ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒȈȧ
ȕȖȊȖșȚȤ — ȏȖȓȖȚȣȍ ȘȖșșȣȗȐ
ǸȍȌȈȒȚȖȘ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȎȈȓ ȗȓȍȟȈȔȐ Ƕȕ șȈȔ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓ — șȖȊȍȘ-
ȠȈȍȚ ȓȐ ȉȖȓȤȠțȦ ȋȓțȗȖșȚȤ ȐȓȐ ȗȖșȚțȗȈȍȚ ȖȟȍȕȤ țȔȕȖ
ǶȗȐșȈȕȕȈȧ ȏȌȍșȤ șȞȍȕȈ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȓȈ ȗȖȏȌȕȖ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ Ȉ
ȕȈ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȑ ȌȍȕȤ ȊȣȠȍȓ ȕȖȔȍȘ ©ǪȍȟȍȘȕȍȑ ȗȖȟȚȣª ș ȏȈ-
ȔȍȚȒȖȦ Ȗ ȟțȔȍ țȒȘȈȠȍȕȕȖȑ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖȔ ȊȖșȒȓȐȞȈ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȏȕȈȒȖȊ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȝȊȈȚȐȓȖ ȉȣ ȕȈ ȞȍȓțȦ ȒȕȐȋț
ǷȍȘȊȣȔ ȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ ȥȚȖȋȖ șȖȉȣȚȐȧ ȉȣȓȈ ȘȖȏȕȐȟȕȈȧ ȗȘȖ-
ȌȈȎȈ ȋȈȏȍȚȣ Ȋ  ȥȒȏȍȔȗȓȧȘȈȝ ȊȚȖȘȣȔ — ȏȈȗȘȍȡȍȕȐȍ
ȋȈȏȍȚȣ
ǴȐȝȈȐȓ ǰȊȈȕȖȊȐȟ ȉȣȓ, ȏȕȈȟȐȚ, ȝȖȘȖȠȐȔ ȗȘȖȘȖȒȖȔ Ƿȍ-
ȘȍȎȐȊȠȐ ȉȓȈȋȖȗȖȓțȟȕȖ ȟțȔț Ȗȕ ȓȦȉȐȓ ȊȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ ȝȊȈ-
șȚȈȚȤșȧ ȟȚȖ ȍȋȖ ȋȈȏȍȚȈ ȗȈȓȈ ȖȌȕȖȦ Ȑȏ ȗȍȘȊȣȝ ȎȍȘȚȊ ȥȗȐȌȍ-
ȔȐȐ
ǿȚȖ ȒȈșȈȍȚșȧ ȌȖ ȘȍȗȖȘȚȍȘȈ Ȗȕ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓ ȊȖȏȕȈȋȘȈȎȌȍȕȐȍ
ȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȏȈșȓțȎȐȊȈȓȈ ȗȘȐȕȍșȍȕȕȈȧ ȕȖȊȖșȚȤ ȗȖșȓȍ ȟȍȋȖ ȉȣȓ
Ȑ șȣȚ Ȑ ȗȤȧȕ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ Ȟȍȓȣȝ ȌȍșȧȚȐ Ȍȕȍȑ
Dz ȟȍșȚȐ ȍȋȖ ȕțȎȕȖ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ, șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȍȋȖ ȕȍ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ
ȘȈȌȖȊȈȓȈ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȤȕȈȧ șȚȖȘȖȕȈ țșȗȍȝȈ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȘȈȊșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȈȧ Ƕȕ ȉȍȏțȔȕȖ ȋȖȘȌȐȓșȧ ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ ©ȖȚȒȘȣȓª ȟțȔț ȘȈȌȖȊȈȓ-
șȧ ȍȍ țșȗȍȝȈȔ, ȒȈȒ țșȗȍȝȈȔ ȓȦȉȐȔȖȋȖ ȌȍȚȐȡȈ, Ȑ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȓ

86
șȍȉȧ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȔ ȘȍȗȖȘȚȍȘȖȊ ȊȗȓȖȚȤ ȌȖ șȔȍȘȚȐ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȊ-
Ƞȍȑ Ȋ șȈȔȣȑ ȘȈȏȋȈȘ ȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȐ
ǪȖȚ ȒȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ șȓțȟȐȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ ȚȈȑȕȈ șȉȍȘȍȋȈȍȔȈȧ
ȕȈȟȈȓȤșȚȊȖȔ ȊȣȠȓȈ ȕȈȘțȎț Ȑ Ȋșȧ ǴȖșȒȊȈ ȏȈȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȈ Ȗ
ȟțȔȍ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȖȑ Ȏȍ ȌȍȕȤ ȗȖșȓȍ ȍȍ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ
ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈ ȖȚȕȍșȓȈșȤ Ȓ ȕȍȑ șȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȉȍȏ șȚȘȈȝȈ
ȒȈȒ Ȓ ȗȘȖșȚȖȑ ȏȓȖȉȍ Ȍȕȧ
DzȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȥȚȖȚ șȘȍȌȕȍȊȍȒȖȊȣȑ ȜȈȕ-
ȚȖȔ ȗȖȧȊȐȓșȧ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȑ șȊȖȍȑ șȐȓȍ Ȑ țȎȈșȍ ȕȈ țȓȐȞȈȝ șȖȊȘȍ-
ȔȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ȖșȊȍȡȍȕȕȣȝ ȥȓȍȒȚȘȐȟȍșȚȊȖȔ
ǵȈțȒȈ ȚȈȒ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȚȊȍȘȌȐȓȈ Ȗ șȊȖȍȔ ȊșȍȔȖȋțȡȍșȚȊȍ ȟȚȖ
ȓȦȌȐ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ șȍȉȧ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȣȔȐ ȗȖȌ ȍȍ ȏȈȡȐȚȖȑ
ǿțȊșȚȊȖ țȎȈșȈ ȕȍ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȓȖșȤ ȕȐ ț ȒȖȋȖ ȇ ȏȕȈȦ ȕȈȗȘȐ-
ȔȍȘ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȔ ȌȖȔȍ ȌȍȚȐ Ȟȍȓȣȑ ȊȍȟȍȘ ȐȋȘȈȓȐ «Ȋ ȟțȔț» Ȑ
ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȔȍȧȓȐșȤ ȋȓȧȌȧ ȕȈ ȥȚț ȏȈȉȈȊț
ǴȕȖȋȖ ȚȖȓȒȖȊ ȉȣȓȖ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȖȚȒțȌȈ ȊȏȧȓȈșȤ ȏȈȘȈȏȈ ǵȍȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȣȍ ȓȐȞȈ șȚȖȧȊȠȐȍ ȉȓȐȏȒȖ Ȓ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚț ȌȈȎȍ ȗȘȍȌ-
ȗȖȓȈȋȈȓȐ, ȟȚȖ ȊȐȕȖȊȕȐȒȐ ȍȍ — ȉȈȞȐȓȓȣ ȊȣȘȊȈȊȠȐȍșȧ Ȑȏ
ȓȈȉȖȘȈȚȖȘȐȐ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ
ǵȖ ȉȓȐȎȈȑȠȍȍ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓȖ ȕȍșȖșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȖșȚȤ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ
dzȈȉȖȘȈȚȖȘȐȧ ȉȣȓȈ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȐȏȖȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȈ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ Ȋ ȕȍȑ
ȗȘȍȒȘȈȚȐȓȐșȤ ȏȈ ȌȊȈ ș ȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȔȍșȧȞȈ ȌȖ ȗȍȘȊȣȝ ȏȈȉȖȓȍȊȈ-
ȕȐȑ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ, ȏȈȉȖȓȍȊȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȐȏȖȠȓȐ ȕȍ Ȋ ȘȈȑȖȕȍ ǬȍȊȐ-
ȟȤȍȋȖ ȗȖȓȧ Ȉ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȖȚ ȕȍȋȖ Ȑ ȎȍȘȚȊȈȔȐ ȗȈȓȐ ȓȐȞȈ
ȕȍ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȊȠȐȍ Ȋ șȖȗȘȐȒȖșȕȖȊȍȕȐȍ ș ȗȍȘșȖȕȈȓȖȔ ȓȈȉȖȘȈ-
ȚȖȘȐȐ
ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȍ ȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȐ ȗȖȠȓȖ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȉȣșȚȘȣȔ ȝȖ-
ȌȖȔ ȟȚȖ șȒȖȘȖ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȓȐ ȌțȔȈȚȤ Ȗ ȍȍ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȐ ȚȈȒ
ȒȈȒ ȕțȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ șȖșȘȍȌȖȚȖȟȐȚȤ Ȋșȍ șȐȓȣ Ȍȓȧ ȉȖȘȤȉȣ ș ȏȈ-
ȘȈȏȖȦ
ǹȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȗȘȐȕȧȓȐșȤ ȐȏȖȓȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ Țȍ ȌȖȔȈ ȋȌȍ ȐȔȍȓȐ Ȕȍ-
șȚȖ ȏȈȉȖȓȍȊȈȕȐȧ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȈȚȤ ȊȍȡȐ țȔȍȘȠȐȝ ȌȍȘȎȈȚȤ Ȋ ȒȈ-
ȘȈȕȚȐȕȍ Ȋșȍȝ ȒȚȖ ș ȕȐȔȐ șȖȗȘȐȒȈșȈȓșȧ
ǵȖ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȍȕȍȑ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȔȍȘȣ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȐșȤ ȕȍȊȣ-
ȗȖȓȕȐȔȣȔȐ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȕȈȟȈȓȐ ȏȈȉȖȓȍȊȈȚȤ ȌȍșȧȚȒȐ ȓȦȌȍȑ,
ȗȘȐȚȖȔ Ȋ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȟȈșȚȧȝ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ
ǹȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȗȘȖȉȖȊȈȓȐ ȗȘȐȊȐȊȈȚȤ ȒȖȍ-ȒȖȔț ȈȕȚȐȟțȔȕțȦ șȣ-

87
ȊȖȘȖȚȒț ȌȖȒȚȖȘȈ ǽȈȊȒȐȕȈ ȕȖ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ ȍȍ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȕȍȕȈ-
ȌȍȎȕȣȔ ȌȈ Ȑ ȏȈȗȈș ȐșȚȖȡȐȓșȧ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȉȣșȚȘȖ
ǺȖȋȌȈ ȖȉȢȧȊȐȓȐ șȚȘȖȎȈȑȠȐȑ ȒȈȘȈȕȚȐȕ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖ Ȏȍȓȍȏ-
ȕȖȔț ȒȖȓȤȞț ȖȚȘȍȏȈȊȠȐȑ ȏȈȟțȔȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȖȚ ȊșȍȋȖ ȔȐȘȈ
ǹ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȔȖȔȍȕȚȈ ȕȈșȍȓȍȕȐȍ ǴȖșȒȊȣ ȉȣȊȠȍȍ Ȋșȍ ȍȡȍ
șȗȖȒȖȑȕȣȔ ȕȈȟȈȓȖ ȊȖȓȕȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȟțȊșȚȊțȧ ȟȚȖ șȖȉȣȚȐȧ ȗȘȐ-
ȕȐȔȈȦȚ ȏȓȖȊȍȡȐȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘ
ǹȈȔȣȍ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȈȏțȔȕȣȍ șȈȔȣȍ țȘȈȊȕȖȊȍȠȍȕȕȣȍ ȓȦȌȐ Ȑ
Țȍ ȖȡțȚȐȓȐ șȚȘȈȝ
ǴȣșȓȤ Ȗ ȟțȔȍ șȚȈȓȈ ȋȖșȗȖȌșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȈȌ țȔȈȔȐ ȗȖȚȖȔț
ȟȚȖ ȖȉȖșȖȉȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ Ȑ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȈ ȋȖȘȖȌșȒȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ
șȖȏȌȈȕȕȈȧ ȒȈȘȈȕȚȐȕȖȔ ȊșȍȔ ȌȍȑșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ ȕȈ ȕȍȘȊȣ
Ǩ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȤ șȓȖȊȕȖ Ȋ ȖȚȊȍȚ ȕȈ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȔȣȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȕȍȍ
ȔȍȘȣ ȌȍȓȈȓȈșȤ Ȋșȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ Ȑ ȉȖȓȍȍ șȊȐȘȍȗȖȑ ǫȈȏȍȚȣ ȍȎȍ-
ȌȕȍȊȕȖ ȊȖȏȊȍȡȈȓȐ Ȗ ȍȍ ȚȘȐțȔȜȈȝ ǹȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȌȍșȧȚȤ ȏȈȉȖȓȍ-
ȊȈȕȐȑ Ȋ ȌȍȕȤ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȌȊȈȌȞȈȚȤ ȗȧȚȤ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ șȚȖ
DzȈȎȌȣȑ ȌȍȕȤ țȌȊȈȐȊȈȓȈșȤ ȘȖȒȖȊȈȧ ȞȐȜȘȈ ǽȖȚȧ Ȑ ȉȣȓȖ
șȌȍȓȈȕȖ ȘȈșȗȖȘȧȎȍȕȐȍ ȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȚȤ ȍȍ Ȋ țȔȍȕȤȠȍȕȕȖȔ ȊȐ-
Ȍȍ ȕȖ ȔȖȓȊȈ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȗȘȍțȊȍȓȐȟȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȐșȗȘȈȊȓȧȓȈ ȕȍȌȖȔȖȓȊ-
ȒȐ ȋȈȏȍȚ
ǵȈ țȓȐȞȈȝ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȐșȤ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȋȍȘȔȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȏȈȒȘȣ-
ȊȈȦȡȐȧșȧ ȗȖȊȖȏȒȐ Ȍȓȧ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȏȒȐ ȉȖȓȤȕȣȝ Ȑ ȚȘțȗȖȊ ǩȣȓȖ
ȖȚȒȘȣȚȖ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȉȖȓȤȕȐȞ Ȑ ȉȖȓȤȕȐȟȕȣȝ ȉȈȘȈȒȖȊ Ȍȓȧ
ȓȍȟȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȐȏȖȓȧȞȐȐ ȏȈȟțȔȓȍȕȕȣȝ
DzȚȖ ȔȖȋ ȉȍȎȈȚȤ ȚȖȚ ȉȍȎȈȓ ǶșȚȈȊȠȐȍșȧ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ șȍ-
ȉȧ ȒȈȒ ȓȦȌȐ, ȎȐȊțȡȐȍ ȕȈ ȊțȓȒȈȕȍ
DzȈȎȌȣȑ ȏȈȌȈȊȈȓșȧ ȊȖȗȘȖșȖȔ — ȕȍ ȗȖȊȍȏțȚ ȓȐ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȏȈȊ-
ȚȘȈ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ ȥȚȐȝ șȚȘȈȠȕȣȝ șȈȕȐȚȈȘȕȣȝ ȗȖȊȖȏȖȒ ȒȖȚȖ-
Șȣȍ ȕȈȘȖȌ ȗȘȖȏȊȈȓ ©ȉȘȈȚșȒȐȔȐ ȔȖȋȐȓȈȔȐª
Ǩ ȊȍșȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ șțȝȈȧ ȎȈȘȒȈȧ Ȑ șȒȖȘȖ ȟȐșȓȖ ȎȍȘȚȊ ȗȍȘȍ-
ȊȈȓȐȓȖ ȏȈ Țȣșȧȟț ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ Ȋ ȌȍȕȤ ǪȘȈȟȐ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȤȕȖ ȏȈȕȐ-
ȔȈȊȠȐȍșȧ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȥȚȐȔ ȐȏțȟȍȕȐȍȔ ȟțȔȣ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȐ, ȟȚȖ ȔȖș-
ȒȖȊșȒȈȧ ȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȧ ȊȌȊȖȍ șȐȓȤȕȍȍ ȏȈȘȈȏȕȍȍ șȔȍȘȚȍȓȤȕȍȍ,
ȟȍȔ Ȋșȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȍ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ
ǬȈȎȍ ț ȕȐȝ ȗȘȐȊȣȒȠȐȝ ȒȖ ȊșȧȒȐȔ țȎȈșȈȔ ȖȗțșȒȈȓȐșȤ
ȘțȒȐ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȌȤȧȊȖȓȤșȒȐȔ ȌȍȚȐȡȍȔ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ
ǿȚȖ Ȏȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȍȘȍȎȐȊȈȚȤ ȓȦȌȐ, ȕȍȗȘȐȊȣȟȕȣȍ
Ȓ șȐȓȤȕȣȔ ȖȡțȡȍȕȐȧȔ Ȍȓȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȌȈȎȍ ȗȖȊșȍȌȕȍȊȕȣȍ

88
ȔȍȓȖȟȐ ȊȘȖȌȍ ȒȈȘȚȖȟȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȐȋȘȣȠȈ ȐȓȐ șșȖȘȣ ș ȎȍȕȖȑ
ȉȣȓȐ șȖȉȣȚȐȧȔȐ, ȉȤȦȡȐȔȐ ȗȖ ȕȍȘȊȈȔ"
ǿȚȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȐșȗȣȚȣȊȈȚȤ ȥȚȐ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȕȣȍ ȖȒȈȏȈȊ-
ȠȐșȤ ȊȌȘțȋ ȓȐȞȖȔ Ȓ ȓȐȞț șȖ șȚȘȈȠȕȣȔ ȗȘȐȏȘȈȒȖȔ"
ǷȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ȕȈȗȘȧȋȈȚȤ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ șȐȓȣ ȟȚȖȉȣ, ȕȍșȔȖȚ-
Șȧ ȕȈ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ, șȖȝȘȈȕȐȚȤ ȏȌȘȈȊȣȑ șȔȣșȓ
ǫȖȘȖȌ ȏȈȔȍȘ șȚȈȓ ȚȐȝȐȔ, ȒȈȒ ȗțșȚȣȕȧ ǫȈȏȍȚȣ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈ-
ȓȐ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȚȤ ȚȍȈȚȘȣ ȏȈȒȘȣȓȐșȤ ȞȍȘȒȊȐ ȖȗțșȚȍȓȐ ǺȖȘȋȖȊȓȧ
Ȑ ȗȘȖȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȓȐșȤ ȗȖȊșȍȌȕȍȊȕȣȍ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȣ
ȐșșȧȒȓȐ
ǵȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȗȘȖ șȍȉȧ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȎȐȊȍȚ
ǮȐȏȕȤ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȚȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȚȖȔȓȍȕȐȍ ǹȗȖȒȖȑșȚȊȐȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȕȍ șț-
ȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȓȖ
ǩȣȓȖ țȕȣȕȐȍ ȔȘȈȟȕȣȍ ȗȘȍȌȟțȊșȚȊȐȧ Ȑ șȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ ȗȖȓ-
ȕȖȑ ȉȍșȗȖȔȖȡȕȖșȚȐ ǺȈȔ, ȋȌȍ șȝȖȌȐȓȐșȤ ȌȊȖȍ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȔȍȎȌț
ȕȐȔȐ ȕȍȏȘȐȔȖ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȕȍȒȚȖ ȚȘȍȚȐȑ — ȟțȔȈ
ǺȖȋȌȈ ȕȈȟȈȓ ȞȈȘșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȈȌ ȋȖȘȖȌȖȔ șȓȍȗȖȑ ȕȍȘȈșșțȎ-
ȌȈȦȡȐȑ ȔȘȈȟȕȣȑ țȎȈș
Ƕȕ ȗȖȧȊȐȓșȧ Ȑȏ ǯȈȔȖșȒȊȖȘȍȟȤȧ Ȑȏ ȒȖȕșȍȘȊȈȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȟȈ-
șȚȐ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ȕȈșȍȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȗȞȈȔȐ ȋȌȍ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ ȝȘȈȕȧȚșȧ
șȚȈȘȣȍ ȖȉȣȟȈȐ ȋȌȍ ȕȍ ȌȖȊȍȘȧȦȚ ȕȈțȒȍ șȔȍȦȚșȧ ȕȈȌ ȒțȓȤ-
ȚțȘȖȦ Ȑ ȊȍȘȧȚ Ȋ ȟȍȘȚȈ
ǺȈȔ ș șȈȔȖȋȖ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȐ ȗȘȐȕȧȓȐșȤ șȓțȎȐȚȤ ȔȖ-
ȓȍȉȕȣ șȖȊȍȘȠȈȚȤ ȒȘȍșȚȕȣȍ ȝȖȌȣ ©ȗȖȌȣȔȈȚȤª ȟțȌȖȚȊȖȘ-
ȕȣȍ ȐȒȖȕȣ ȒțȘȐȚȤ ȓȈȌȈȕȖȔ
DzțȗȟȐȝȐ ȕȈȋȖȊȖȘȐȊȠȐșȤ Ȗ ȟțȔȍ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȋȖ
ȊȍȟȍȘȕȍȋȖ ȟȈȍȗȐȚȐȧ ȕȍ șȗȈȓȐ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȊșȦ ȕȖȟȤ Ȋ țȎȈșȍ ȖȎȐ-
ȌȈȧ ȟȚȖ ȊȖȚ-ȊȖȚ ȗȘȐȌȍȚ șȔȍȘȚȤ Ȑ ȗȘȍȘȊȍȚ Ȑȝ șȓȈȌȖșȚȕȖȍ ȗȘȖ-
ȏȧȉȈȕȐȍ
ǪȖ ȚȤȔȍ ȚȈȒȐȝ ȕȖȟȍȑ șȘȍȌȐ ȊȏȌȖȝȖȊ Ȑ ȔȖȓȐȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ
ȠȍȗȖȚȈ, ȘȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȓȍȋȍȕȌ Ȗ ȟțȔȍ șȚȘȈȠȕȣȝ Ȑ
ȟțȌȖȊȐȡȕȣȝ ȗȖ șȘȈȊȕȍȕȐȦ ș ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ
ȒȈȏȈȓȈșȤ ȉȓȍȌȕȖȦ ȕȍȌȖȔȖȓȊȒȖȑ
dzȍȋȍȕȌȣ ȗȍȘȍȠȈȋȕțȓȐ ȘȍȒț Ȑ ȘȈȏȕȍșȓȐșȤ ȗȖ ȊșȍȔț ȋȖȘȖ-
Ȍț ǰȔ ȕȍ ȊȍȘȐȓȐ ȕȖ ȖȕȐ ȏȈȗȖȓȕȧȓȐ ȈȚȔȖșȜȍȘț ȕȈșȣȡȈȓȐ
ȍȍ țȎȈșȖȔ ȌȍȓȈȓȐ ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ ȒȈȒ ȊȣȘȈȎȈȦȚșȧ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕ-
ȕȣȍ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȒȘȐȚȐȒȐ
ǷȖȌ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍȔ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȧ ȗȖȠȈȚȕțȓȐșȤ șȈȔȣȍ

89
ȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȣȍ țȔȣ ǵȍ ȖșȚȈȓȖșȤ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȣȑ ȘȈșșțȎȌȈȓ ȉȣ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȟțȔȣ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȒȈȒ ȌȖ ȟțȔȣ.
ǫȘȈȕȐȞȣ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȌȊȐȕțȓȐșȤ ȗȖȊȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȐșȚȍȘȐȧ ȏȈ-
ȔȍȕȐȓȈ ȏȌȘȈȊȣȑ șȔȣșȓ
Ǩ țȎȈș ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ Ȋșȍ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈȓ
ǽȖȚȧ șȢȍșȚȕȣȍ ȗȘȐȗȈșȣ ȌȖșȚȈȊȓȧȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȏȈȉȖȚȈȔȐ
ȗȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ Ȑȝ ȉȣȓȖ ȘȈșșȟȐȚȈȕȖ ȕȈ ȗȖȚȘȍȉ-
ȕȖșȚȐ ȕȈșȍȓȍȕȐȧ ȕȖ șȘȍȌȐ ȓȐȞ ȏȈȊȍȌȖȊȈȊȠȐȝ ȥȚȐȔ ȌȍȓȖȔ
ȕȈȠȓȐșȤ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȊȖșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȓȐșȤ șȓțȟȈȍȔ șȖșȚȈ-
ȊȐȚȤ șȍȉȍ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍ ȘȈșȝȐȡȈȧ ȗȘȐȗȈșȣ ȐȓȐ ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȧȧ ȕȍ-
ȌȖȉȘȖȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ
DzȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȘȈșȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȊȐȈȕȚȈ ȗȖ ȒȊȈȘȚȈȓȈȔ șȘȍ-
ȌȐ ȊșȍȖȉȡȍȋȖ ȏȈȔȍȠȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȏȈȌȈȟȍȦ ȕȍȊȣȗȖȓ-
ȕȐȔȖȑ
ǷȖȥȚȖȔț Ȋ ȖȌȕȐȝ țȓȐȞȈȝ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȈȑȚȐ ȌȈȎȍ ȒȖȘȒȐ
ȝȓȍȉȈ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȗȘȖȌțȒȚȣ ȓȍȎȈȓȐ ȉȍȏ ȗȖȚȘȍ-
ȉȐȚȍȓȍȑ
Ǻȍ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȒțȗȞȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȍ ȏȈȒȘȣȓȐ ȓȈȊȖȒ șȟȐȚȈ-
ȓȐ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȔ ȊȖȏȕȈȋȘȈȌȐȚȤ șȍȉȧ ȏȈ ȘȐșȒ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȈȧ ȕȍȗȖ-
ȔȍȘȕȖ ȊȣșȖȒȐȍ Ȟȍȕȣ
ǷȖȓȐȞȐȧ ȗȣȚȈȓȈșȤ ȉȖȘȖȚȤșȧ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȖ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ
ȔȖȋȓȈ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ
ǸȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȔ ȊșȍȋȖ ȧȊȐȓșȧ ȜȖȘȔȍȕȕȣȑ ȋȖȓȖȌ șȘȍȌȐ ȉȍȌ-
ȕȍȑȠȐȝ ȚȘțȌȖȊȣȝ ȒȓȈșșȖȊ ȕȈșȍȓȍȕȐȧ ȖșȚȈȊȠȐȝșȧ ȊȌȖȉȈȊȖȒ
ȉȍȏ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ Ȋșȍ ȜȈȉȘȐȒȐ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȓȐșȤ
ǺȖȚ ȒȚȖ ȉȣȓ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ ȊșȍȋȌȈ șȣȚ ȗȖ ȋȖȘȓȖ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȎȐȓ
ȊȗȘȖȋȖȓȖȌȤ dzȍȋȒȖ șȍȉȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȤ, ȟȚȖ șȚȈȓȖșȤ ș ȚȍȔȐ ȒȚȖ
Ȑ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ȍȌȊȈ șȊȖȌȐȓ ȒȖȕȞȣ ș ȒȖȕȞȈȔȐ!
Ǩ ȊȍȌȤ ȚȈȒȐȝ ȎȐȊȍȚ ȗȖ ȖȒȘȈȐȕȈȔ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ Ȟȍȓȣȑ ȕȈȘȖȌ
ǰ ȊȖȚ ȌȍșȧȚȒȐ Țȣșȧȟ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȘȈȕȍȍ ȗȘȧȚȈȊȠȐȝșȧ ȗȖ șȊȖȐȔ
țȋȓȈȔ Ȑȏ șȚȘȈȝȈ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȏȈȘȈȏȖȦ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȊȣȠȓȐ ȕȈ țȓȐȞț ȋȖ-
ȕȐȔȣȍ ȋȖȓȖȌȖȔ
ǷȖ ȗȖșȓȖȊȐȞȍ ©ȕȈ ȓȦȌȧȝ Ȑ șȔȍȘȚȤ ȒȘȈșȕȈª ȊȣȘȈȎȈȦ-
ȡȍȑ Ȋ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȍ ȔȖȋțȟȐȑ șȚȈȌȕȣȑ ȐȕșȚȐȕȒȚ ȖȕȐ șȖȍȌȐȕȐ-
ȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȚȖȓȗȣ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȔ ȔȍșȚȖȗȘȍȉȣȊȈȕȐȍȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȉȣȓȈ
ȞȍȕȚȘȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȟȈșȚȤ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ
ǻȓȐȞȣ ȒȈȏȈȊȠȐȍșȧ ȗțșȚȣȕȕȣȔȐ Ȋ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȗȍȘȐȖȌ ȥȗȐ-
ȌȍȔȐȐ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȖȓȕȣ ȗȘȈȏȌȕȣȝ ȐȌțȡȐȝ ȉȍȏ ȞȍȓȐ

90
șȚȖȧȡȐȝ, ȘȈȏȋȖȊȈȘȐȊȈȧ ȐȓȐ șȐȌȧȡȐȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ
ǺțȚ ȉȣȓȐ ȔțȎȟȐȕȣ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ șȚȈȘȐȒȐ șȚȈȘțȝȐ ȌȍȚȐ
Ȑ șȖȉȈȒȐ
ǴȕȖȋȐȍ ȗȍȘȍȚȈșȒȐȊȈȓȐ ș șȖȉȖȦ ȊȍșȤ șȊȖȑ șȒȈȘȉ — ȒȈȒȐȍ-
ȚȖ țȏȓȣ șȊȍȘȚȒȐ ȧȡȐȒȐ ǺȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȥȚȐȝ ȚȖȓȗ ȗȍșȚȘȣȝ Ȑ ȋȘȧȏ-
ȕȣȝ ȒȐȗȧȡȐȝ ȐșȒȖȊȍȘȒȈȕȕȣȔȐ ȋȖȓȖȌȖȔ Ȑ țȎȈșȖȔ ȓȐȞȈȔȐ
ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȓȖ ȠȍșȚȊȐȍ ȊȈȘȊȈȘșȒȐȝ ȈȘȔȐȑ ȥȗȖȝȐ ȗȍȘȍșȍȓȍ-
ȕȐȧ ȕȈȘȖȌȖȊ
ǰȕȖȋȌȈ ȐȔ țȌȈȊȈȓȖșȤ ȘȈȏȋȘȈȉȐȚȤ ȗȖȊȖȏȒț șȖ șȢȍșȚȕȣȔȐ
ȗȘȐȗȈșȈȔȐ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȐ ȘȈȏȉȐȊȈȓȐ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȔȈȋȈȏȐȕ
ȋȌȍ Ȉȓȟȕȣȑ ȝȖȏȧȐȕ șȒȘȣȊȈȓ ȗȘȖȌțȒȚȣ ȌȖȎȐȌȈȧșȤ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȗȖ-
ȊȣȠȍȕȐȧ Ȟȍȕ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȟȈșȚȕȣȍ ȉȓȈȋȖȚȊȖȘȐȚȍȓȐ ȘȈȏȌȈȊȈȓȐ
ȕȈ țȓȐȞȍ ȗȐȡț ȕȖ Ȋșȍ-ȚȈȒȐ ȍșȓȐ șȖșȟȐȚȈȚȤ Ȗȉȡȍȍ ȒȖȓȐ-
ȟȍșȚȊȖ ȗȘȐȗȈșȖȊ, ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȕȖȍ ȚȖȓȗȖȑ ȚȖ ȖȒȈȎȍȚșȧ, ȟȚȖ ȕȈ
ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ țȔȍ-
ȘȍȚȤ ș ȋȖȓȖȌț Ȑ ȟȍȘȍșȟțȘ ȔȈȓȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȉȣȚȤ șȣȚȣȔ
ǵȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȥȚȖ ȗȖȘȧȌȖȒ ȕȈ țȓȐȞȈȝ ȕȈȘțȠȈȓșȧ ȔȈȓȖ
ǷȖȓȐȞȐȧ șȖȝȘȈȕȧȓȈ ȍȡȍ ȚȍȕȤ ȈȊȚȖȘȐȚȍȚȈ Ȑ ȗȘȐȏȘȈȒ șȐȓȣ
ǵȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ ȚȖȓȗȣ ȉȣȓȖ ȔȐȘȕȖȍ ȌȈȎȍ ȗȖȌȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȍ ȅȚȐ
ȓȦȌȐ șȖȍȌȐȕȐȓȐșȤ ȕȍ Ȍȓȧ ȋȘȈȉȍȎȍȑ ȕȍ Ȍȓȧ ȕȈșȐȓȐȧ Ȉ ȗȘȖ-
șȚȖ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȒȈȎȌȖȔț ȉȣȓȈ șȚȘȈȠȕȈ ȔȣșȓȤ ȗȖȑȚȐ ȌȖȔȖȑ
Ȑ ȚȈȔ ȖȎȐȌȈȚȤ șȔȍȘȚȐ Ȋ ȖȌȐȕȖȟȍșȚȊȍ ȉȍȏ șȖȟțȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ
ȊȏȋȓȧȌȈ ȉȍȏ ȌȘțȎȍșȒȖȋȖ șȓȖȊȈ
ǶȡțȡȍȕȐȧ ȔȈșș ȊȣȘȈȎȈȓȐșȤ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȒȓȧȚȐȧȔȐ ȔțȎȟȐȕ
Ȉ ȗȘȐȟȐȚȈȕȐȧȔȐ ȎȍȕȡȐȕ ©ǷȍȘșȚ ǩȖȎȐȑª — ©ȒȈȘȈ ȏȈ ȋȘȍ-
ȝȐª — ȊȖȚ șȓȖȊȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȟȈȡȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ șȓȣȠȈȚȤ
Ȑ ȗȈșșȐȊȕȖȍ ȜȈȚȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ ȘțșșȒȖȋȖ ȕȈȘȖȌȈ
Ȓ șȔȍȘȚȐ șȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȖșȤ Ȋ ȕȐȝ ș ȗȖȓȕȖȦ șȐȓȖȑ
ǵȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȒȍȔ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȧȍȔȣȍ ȚȖȓȗȣ ȝȖȌȐȓȐ ȗȖ țȓȐȞȈȔ
ȘȈȏȌȍȓȧȓȐșȤ ȕȈ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ȘȈșșȍȐȊȈȓȐșȤ Ȑ șȕȖȊȈ șȖȉȐȘȈȓȐșȤ
ǷȖȓȤȏțȧșȤ ȕȈ ȘȍȌȒȖșȚȤ ȚȍȗȓȖȑ ȗȖȋȖȌȖȦ ȖȕȐ ȕȖȟȍȊȈȓȐ
ȕȈ ȉțȓȤȊȈȘȈȝ Ȑ Ȋ șȒȊȍȘȈȝ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȊȠȐȝ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȋȐȋȈȕȚșȒȐȑ
ȚȈȉȖȘ ȞȣȋȈȕ
ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȐȍ ȒȖȟȍȊȣȍ ȖȘȌȣ ȔȕȖȋȖȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȍ,
ȒȈȒ ȗȍșȖȒ ȔȖȘșȒȖȑ ȇ ȌțȔȈȦ ǴȖșȒȊȈ Ȋ ȥȚȐ ȌȕȐ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȘȈȏ
țȊȐȌȈȓȈ, ȒȈȒ ȔȕȖȋȖ ț ȕȍȍ ȎȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȕȐȡȐȝ țȋȕȍȚȍȕȕȣȝ Ȗȉȍȏ-
ȌȖȓȍȕȕȣȝ
ǵȍȟȍȋȖ Ȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȒȈȒțȦ ȖȉȐȓȤȕțȦ ȎȈȚȊț ȒȖșȐȓȈ

91
șȘȍȌȐ ȕȐȝ ȟțȔȈ
Ǫ ȚȖȓȗȍ ȉȘȖȌȐȓȐ ȓȦȌȐ ȏȈȘȈȎȍȕȕȣȍ țȎȍ ȟțȊșȚȊțȦȡȐȍ
ȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȒȐ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȐ; ȕȈ șȒȈȔȍȑȒȈȝ ȉțȓȤȊȈȘȖȊ ȕȈ șȚț-
ȗȍȕȧȝ ȌȖȔȖȊ Ȋ ȒȖȘȟȈȝ țȔȐȘȈȓȐ ȎȍȘȚȊȣ
ǴȍȘȚȊȍȞȖȊ șȒȖȗȓȧȓȖșȤ ȚȈȒ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ Ȑȝ ȕȍ țșȗȍȊȈȓȐ țȊȖ-
ȏȐȚȤ
DzȖȕȍȟȕȖ, ȚȘțȗȖȊ ȐȏȉȍȋȈȓȐ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ, ȓȦȌȐ ȗȐȚȈȓȐ ȌȘțȋ
Ȓ ȌȘțȋț ȕȍȌȖȊȍȘȐȍ Ȑ ȟȈșȚȖ ȕȈ țȓȐȞȍ șȓȣȠȈȓșȧ ȊȖȗȘȖș: «Ǩ Țȣ
ȕȍ ȉȖȓȍȕ"ª ǵȖ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȝ ȊȏȘȣȊȖȊ șȚȘȈșȚȍȑ ȕȈ ȥȚȖȑ ȗȖȟȊȍ ȕȍ
ȉȣȓȖ
Ǫșȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȚȈȒ ȗȖȓȕȣ șȚȘȈȝȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȎȈȓȐșȤ ȌȘțȋ Ȓ ȌȘțȋț
ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȤ ȏȈȘȈȏȣ
ǺȈȒȖȊȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ Ȋȍȡȍȑ ȕȍȌȍȓȐ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȚȘȐ ȗȖșȓȍ
ȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȐ ǵȖ, ȝȖȚȧ ȚȖȓȗȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȚȐȝȈ ȝȖȚȧ ȚȖȓȗȈ
ȉȣȓȈ ȗȈșșȐȊȕȈ ȊșȧȒȐȑ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȓ, ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ șȖ-
ȉȖȦ șȐȓț șȗȖșȖȉȕțȦ Ȋ ȓȦȉȖȑ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ ȖȊȓȈȌȍȚȤ ȋȖȘȖȌȖȔ, șȚȍ-
ȘȍȊȠȐ ș ȓȐȞȈ ȏȍȔȓȐ Ȋșȍ, ȟȚȖ ȏȈȌțȔȈȍȚ șȖȗȘȖȚȐȊȓȧȚȤșȧ
ǴȖȎȕȖ ȉȖȘȖȚȤșȧ ș ȕȈȘȖȌȕȣȔ ȊȖșșȚȈȕȐȍȔ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȖȘȖȚȤ-
șȧ ș ȜȈȕȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ ȖȘȌȈȔȐ ȌȐȒȐȝ ȗȓȍȔȍȕ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȖȘȖȚȤ-
șȧ șȖ ȊșȧȒȖȦ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȑ ȚȖȓȗȖȦ ȗȖȒȈ ȓȦȌȐ șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȦ-
ȡȐȍ ȍȍ, ȝȖȚȤ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȉȖȧȚșȧ șȔȍȘȚȐ ȝȖȚȤ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ
ȌțȔȈȦȚ Ȗ ȉțȌțȡȍȔ
ǵȖ ȕȈȘȖȌ ȏȈȓȐȊȈȊȠȐȑ țȓȐȞȣ ǴȖșȒȊȣ ȉȣȓ șȖȊșȍȔ ȐȕȖ-
ȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ Ƕȕ șȗȓȖȠȤ șȖșȚȖȧȓ Ȑȏ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȕȍȟȍȋȖ ȉȣ-
ȓȖ ȚȍȘȧȚȤ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ Ȑ șȔȍȘȚȤ ȕȍ șȚȘȈȠȐȓȈ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȒȈȎ-
Ȍȣȑ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ Ȋșȍ ȘȖȊȕȖ șȟȐȚȈȓ șȍȉȧ ȖȉȘȍȟȍȕȕȣȔ ȕȈ ȋȐȉȍȓȤ ȖȚ
ȟțȔȣ
ǹȚȖȐȓȖ ȊȣȊȍșȚȐ ȥȚț ȚȖȓȗț Ȑȏ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȧ ȗȈșșȐȊȕȖșȚȐ ȟȚȖ-
ȉȣ ȖȕȈ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȚȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȕȍȗȖȉȍȌȐȔțȦ șȚȐȝȐȦ
Ǫșȍ șȖȏȕȈȊȈȓȐ ȥȚȖ ǻȋȘȖȏȈ ȈȕȈȘȝȐȐ ȒȈȒ ȚȍȔȕȈȧ ȋȘȖȏȖ-
ȊȈȧ ȚțȟȈ, ȊȐșȍȓȈ ȕȈȌ ȋȖȓȖȊȈȔȐ ȔȖșȒȊȐȟȍȑ
ǹȖȏȕȈȊȈȓ ȥȚȖ Ȑ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓ-ȋțȉȍȘȕȈȚȖȘ ǵȖ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȊ-
ȠȐȍșȧ ț ȕȍȋȖ Ȋ ȘțȒȈȝ Ȍȓȧ ȉȖȘȤȉȣ ș ȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȤȦ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȐȟ-
ȚȖȎȕȣ
Ƕȕ ȖȉȢȧȊȐȓ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȕȈ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȔ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȐ ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȥȚȈ
ȔȍȘȈ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȒȘȈȑȕȧȧ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȎȍșȚȖȒȈȧ Ȋ ȖȉȣȟȕȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ Țȍ-
ȗȍȘȤ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȈșȤ ȗȘȖșȚȖȦ ȉțȔȈȎȕȖȑ țȋȘȖȏȖȑ
ǿȚȖ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȊȖȑșȒȈ ȏȈȕȧȚȣȍ

92
ȒȈȘȈȕȚȐȕȕȖȑ șȓțȎȉȖȑ țȚȖȔȓȍȕȣ ȔȈȓȖȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣ Ȑ ȌȍȔȖȘȈ-
ȓȐȏȖȊȈȕȣ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȐȏȊȕȍ Ȑȏ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȣȝ ȔȍșȚȕȖșȚȍȑ, ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ
ȘȍȠȐȚșȧ ȗȖșȓȈȚȤ ȗȖȌȒȘȍȗȓȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȏȈȟțȔȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȋȖȘȖȌ Ȉ ȗȖ-
ȓȐȞȐȧ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ țȔȍȕȤȠȐȓȈșȤ ȕȈ ȌȊȍ ȚȘȍȚȐ șȊȖȍȋȖ șȖșȚȈ-
ȊȈ ȊșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ șȔȍȘȚȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȌȍȏȍȘȚȐȘșȚȊȈ?
ǵȈ ȉțȔȈȋȍ Ȋ ȒȈȕȞȍȓȧȘȐȐ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓ-ȋțȉȍȘȕȈȚȖȘȈ șȓȖȊȈ
©ȊȖȍȕȕȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍª ȊȣȋȓȧȌȍȓȐ ȋȘȖȏȕȖ ȕȈ țȓȐȞȍ Ȏȍ șȘȍ-
ȌȐ ȊșȍȔȖȋțȡȍȑ ȚȖȓȗȣ, ȖȕȐ ȏȊțȟȈȓȐ ȏȓȖȦ ȕȈșȔȍȠȒȖȑ ȕȈȌ
ȚȖȑ șȐȓȖȦ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȖȉȍȌȐȚȤ ȔȈșșȣ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȐȔȣȍ
ȐȌȍȍȑ ȕȖ ȉȍșșȐȓȤȕȈ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ Țȍȝ Ȏȍ ȔȈșș ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȑȝ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȧȚ
Ȋ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȍ ȐȕșȚȐȕȒȚȣ
ǴȖșȒȊȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȖșțȎȌȍȕȈ ȐșȗȣȚȈȚȤ țȎȈș ȌȊțȝ șȖȍȌȐȕȍȕ-
ȕȣȝ ȉȍȌșȚȊȐȑ — ȟțȔȣ Ȑ ȈȕȈȘȝȐȐ
ǵȐȟȚȖ țȎȍ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȖ ȍȍ șȗȈșȚȐ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȓȐȠȕȐȑ
ȌȍȕȤ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȊȠȐȑ Ȋ șȘȈȊȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȔ șȗȖȒȖȑșȚȊȐȐ ȉȣȓ ȓȐȠȤ
șȓțȟȈȑȕȖȦ ȖȚșȘȖȟȒȖȑ ȕȍȔȐȕțȍȔȖȋȖ ȉȍȌșȚȊȐȧ
ǵțȎȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȕȐȟȚȖȎȕȣȑ ȗȖȊȖȌ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȘȈȏ-
ȎȍȟȤ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊțȦȡȐȑ ȊȖ ȊșȧȒȖȑ ȚȖȓȗȍ ȖȉȍȏȌȖȓȍȕ-
ȕȣȝ șȓȍȗȖȑ ȋȕȍȊ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȌȈȚȤ ȍȑ ȗȖȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ șȊȖȦ șȐȓț
ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȘȐȊȍșȚȐ Ȋ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ ȌȘȍȔȓȦȡȐȍ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȍ ȐȕșȚȐȕȒ-
Țȣ ȅȚȐȔ ȗȖȊȖȌȖȔ ȗȖșȓțȎȐȓ ȈȘȍșȚ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ țȓȐȟȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȗȖ-
ȊȍȌȕȐȒȈ — șȊȧȡȍȕȕȐȒȈ ǸȐȏȖȊȈ
ǵȖ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȟȍȔ ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȚȤ, ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȖȠȓȖ ȧ ȌȖȓ-
Ȏȍȕ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒțȦ ȖȋȖȊȖȘȒț
ǴȕȖȋȐȍ ȐșȚȖȘȐȒȐ ȗȘȐȗȐșȣȊȈȦȚ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȐȒț ǸȐȏȖȊț Ȋșȍ
ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȊȠȐȍ țȎȈșȣ ȉțȌȚȖ ȉȣ ȊȣȏȊȈȕȕȣȍ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȗȖȊȍȌȧ-
ȔȐ ȇ ȌȍȘȎțșȤ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȐȕȖȋȖ ȔȕȍȕȐȧ
ǷȖ-ȔȖȍȔț Ȗȕ șȣȋȘȈȓ ȓȐȠȤ ȗȈșșȐȊȕțȦ ȘȖȓȤ ȐșȒȘȣ ȉȘȖ-
ȠȍȕȕȖȑ Ȋ Ȓțȟț ȗȖȘȖȝȈ ǿȚȖȉȣ ȗȖȌȚȊȍȘȌȐȚȤ ȥȚȖ ȧ ȗȖșȚȈȘȈȦșȤ
ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȍȍ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȏȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȒȈȘȤȍȘț Ȑ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ, ȒȈȒ ȔȈȓȖ Ȗȕ
ȗȖȌȝȖȌȐȓ Ȍȓȧ ȘȖȓȐ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȍȔț ȕȈȊȧȏȣȊȈȦȚ
ǬȖ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȐ ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓ ǸȐȏȖȊȈ Ƕȕ ȏȈȕȐ-
ȔȈȓ ȔȍșȚȖ ȗȘȐ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ ȉȍȌȕȣȝ ȞȍȘȒȊȍȑ ȕȈ ȖȒȘȈȐȕȍ ȋȖȘȖ-
ȌȈ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȓșȧ ȏȈșȚȍȕȟȐȊȖșȚȤȦ, ȕȍȓȦȌȐȔȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ ȕȍȊȏȘȈȟ-
ȕȖșȚȤȦ
ǬȈȎȍ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȘȐȝȖȎȈȕȍ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȓȐ ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ ȔȈȓȖ
ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ Ȉ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ, Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȔ ș ȒȖȓȖșșȈȓȤȕȣȔ

93
ȟȍșȚȖȓȦȉȐȍȔ
ǷȘȐ ȗȖȓȕȖȔ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȐ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȍȑ ȗȘȐ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȖșȘȍȌ-
șȚȊȍȕȕȖȔ țȔȍ ȗȘȐ ȕȐȟȚȖȎȕȖȔ ȏȈȗȈșȍ ȊȖȓȐ Ȗȕ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖ Ȑ
șȚȘȈșȚȕȖ ȔȍȟȚȈȓ Ȗ șȓȈȊȍ Ȗ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȐ
ǹȒȘȖȔȕȈȧ ȌȖȓȧ Ȑ ȉȍȌȕȖșȚȤ ȒȈȏȈȓȐșȤ ȍȔț ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȍȕȐȍȔ
ȊȍȓȐȟȈȑȠȍȑ ȕȍșȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖșȚȤȦ șȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ șțȌȤȉȣ
ǪȓȈȟȈ șȊȖȍ șȍȘȖȍ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ Ȗȕ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȉȣȓ
ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ țȉȍȎȌȍȕ ȟȚȖ ȘȈȕȖ ȐȓȐ ȗȖȏȌȕȖ ȧȊȐȚșȧ ȕȈ șȞȍȕț Ȋȣș-
ȠȈȧ șȐȓȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȚȖȓȒȕȍȚ ȍȋȖ ȕȈ ȕȖȊțȦ ȊȍȓȐȒțȦ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȖșȚȤ
ȅȚȖ țȉȍȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȌȖȝȖȌȐȓȖ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȌȖ ȗșȐȝȖȏȈ Ȑ Ȋ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖȑ
ȚȈȑȕȍ ȖȚ Ȋșȍȝ ȌȈȎȍ ȖȚ șȊȖȍȑ Ȏȍȕȣ — ȕȍșȟȈșȚȕȖȑ ȏȈȉȐȚȖȑ
ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ șțȡȍșȚȊȈ ȕȈ șȊȍȚȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț Ȗȕ
ȊȕțȠȈȓ șȚȘȈȝ — șȊȧȡȍȕȕȐȒ ǸȐȏȖȊ ȗȘȍȌȈȊȈȓșȧ ȉȍȏțȔȕȣȔ ȋȘȍ-
ȏȈȔ ȟȍșȚȖȓȦȉȐȧ
ǷȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȐ ȌȈȓȖ ȐȔ ȕȖȊȖȍ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȗȉ-
ȓȍȒȓȖ Ȑȝ Ȋ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕțȦ ȜȖȘȔț Ƕȕ ȘȍȠȐȓ ȟȚȖ ȟțȔȈ ȗȘȐ-
ȠȓȈ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȌȈȚȤ ȍȔț șȓțȟȈȑ ȊȖȏȊȍȓȐȟȐȚȤ-
șȧ ǺȍȗȍȘȤ Ȗȕ țȎȍ ȕȍ ȒȖȓȍȉȈȓșȧ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ȗȘȐȏȊȈȕȐȐ Ȑ ȖȚȗȘȈ-
ȊȐȓșȧ ȗȘȖȗȖȊȍȌȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȈ țȓȐȞȈȝ șȘȍȌȐ ȚȖȓȗȣ ȊȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȧ Ȋ
ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ, ȊșȦ ȗȣȓȒȖșȚȤ ȊșȦ ȕȍȗȖȒȖȓȍȉȐȔțȦ țȉȍȎȌȍȕ-
ȕȖșȚȤ ȜȈȕȈȚȐȒȈ
DzȈȒțȦ Ȗȕ ȐȔȍȓ ȞȍȓȤ" Ǫ ȟȍȔ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȓȈșȤ șțȡȕȖșȚȤ ȍȋȖ
ȐȌȍȑ"
ȅȚȖȋȖ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȚȤ ǹȈȔȖȋȐȗȕȖȏ ȟȍșȚȖȓȦȉȐȧ
ȌȖȊȍȓ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȌȖ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȧ, ȗȖȝȖȎȍȋȖ ȕȈ ȕȈȐȚȐȍ șȊȣ-
Ƞȍ Ƕȕ ȌȍȑșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȉȍșșȖȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȧșȤ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȣȔ șȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȍȔ — ȗȖȚȘȧșȚȐ șȍȘȌȞȈ șȓțȠȈȚȍȓȍȑ
ǰ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȔȍșȧȞ ȚȖȔț ȕȈȏȈȌ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȉȣ ȊșȧȒȖȔț ȉȘȍ-
ȌȖȔ ȉȖȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȓȖ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ
ȖȚȒȘȖȊȍȕȐȧ ǵȍ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȗȖȊȍȌȍȑ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ
Ȑȝ ȚȖȕ Ȑ șȚȘȈșȚȕȣȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȓȐ ȕȍȖȚȘȈȏȐȔȖȍ Ȍȍȑ-
șȚȊȐȍ ȕȈ ȊȏȉțȌȖȘȈȎȍȕȕȣȍ țȋȕȍȚȍȕȕȣȍ țȎȈșȖȔ țȔȣ ǹ ȒȈȎ-
ȌȣȔ ȌȕȍȔ țșȗȍȝ ǸȐȏȖȊȈ ȘȖș ǩȣȓȐ ȌȈȎȍ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȐȋȍȕȚȕȣȍ
ȓȦȌȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȐȟȍȔ ȌȘțȋȐȔ ȕȍ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓȐșȤ ȒȘȖȔȍ șȚȘȈȕ-
șȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȊȖșȓȍȌ ȏȈ ȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȕȞȈ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȖȑ
Ȑ șȓțȠȈȕȐȍȔ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȗȖȊȍȌȍȑ

94
DzțȌȈ ȉȣ Ȗȕ ȕȐ Ƞȍȓ ȋȌȍ ȉȣ Ȗȕ ȕȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȕȍȋȖ
șȍȑȟȈș Ȏȍ șȖȉȐȘȈȓȈșȤ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȈȧ ȚȖȓȗȈ ȗȖȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȍȑ Ȑ ȥȚȈ
ȈȚȔȖșȜȍȘȈ ȊșȍȖȉȡȍȋȖ ȗȖȒȓȖȕȍȕȐȧ ȌȖȊȖȌȐȓȈ ȍȋȖ șȈȔȖȋȖ ȗo-
șȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȗȈ ȌȖ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȥȒșȚȈȏȈ ȟȚȖ ȗȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈȔ Ȗȕ
ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ȕȍȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȔ
ǴȈȕȍȘȣ Ȑ ȗȘȐȍȔȣ ȍȋȖ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȓȐ ȦȘȖȌȐȊȖȋȖ ȐȓȐ ȉȍș-
ȕȖȊȈȚȖȋȖ ǹȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ Șȍȟȍȑ șȊȖȌȐȓȖșȤ Ȓ șȗȓȖȠȕȖȔț ȖȉȓȐ-
ȟȍȕȐȦ Ȑ ȐȏȌȍȊȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊț ǰȏȖȉȘȍșȚȐ ȟȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ șȊȖȍ ȒȈȒțȦ-
ȕȐȉțȌȤ șȐșȚȍȔț ȐȓȐ ȖșȕȖȊȕțȦ ȔȣșȓȤ ȍȔț ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȌ șȐȓț
Ƕȕ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȋȘȖȔȐȓ Ȋșȍȝ Ȑ Ȋșȧ ȕȖ ȏȈȚȖ Ȋ ȧȘȖșȚȐ șȊȖȍȑ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓ
ȗȘȍȌȍȓȖȊ
ǹȍȋȖȌȕȧ Ȗȕ ȕȈȗȈȌȈȓ ȕȈ ȉȖȋȈȚȣȝ ȏȈȊȚȘȈ ȕȈ ȉȍȌȕȣȝ ȖȌȐȕ
ȘȈȏ ȖȚ ȕȍȋȖ ȌȖșȚȈȊȈȓȖșȤ ȕȈțȒȍ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȘȈȏ ȕȍȊȍȎȍșȚȊț
ǩȣȊȈȓȐ șȓțȟȈȐ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ȐșșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȐ ǸȐȏȖȊ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȓ ȉȖ-
ȋȖȝțȓȤșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȖ ȈțȌȐȚȖȘȐȧ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȓȈ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ
Ȓ ȒȖȕȞț ȗȘȖȗȖȊȍȌȐ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȗȖȓțșțȔȈȠȍșȚ-
ȊȐȧDzȖȕȍȟȕȣȑ ȊȣȊȖȌ Ȋșȍȝ ȍȋȖ ȗȖțȟȍȕȐȑ ȉȣȓ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑ ȚȖȚ Ȏȍ
ȟȚȖ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ, ȒȘȖȔȍ șȔȍȘȚȐ, ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȕȍ ȏȈșȓțȎȐȊȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȌȈȊ-
ȕȖ țȎȍ ȗȖȘȈ ȗȖȒȖȕȟȐȚȤ ș ȥȚȐȔ ȋȘȍȝȖȊȕȣȔ ȔȐȘȖȔ ȟȚȖ Țȍ
ȒȚȖ țȔȐȘȈȍȚ ȖȚ ȟțȔȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȘȈȌȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȐȉȖ ȕȍ ȌȖȎȐȊțȚ
ȌȖ șȍȘȕȖȋȖ ȌȖȎȌȧ Ȑ ȖȋȕȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȋȘȈȌȈ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ țȎ
ȉȓȐȏȒȖ
Ǫ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ șȔȍȘȚȐ Ȗȕ ȊȖșȝȊȈȓȧȓ șȔȍȘȚȤ Ȑ ȖȉȘȍȟȍȕȕȣȍ șȓț-
ȠȈȓȐ ș țȗȖȍȕȐȍȔ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȗȖșȓȍ ȍȋȖ Șȍȟȍȑ ȕȍȐȏȉȍȎȕȣȑ
ȒȖȕȍȞ ȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ȖșȔȣșȓȍȕȕȣȔ Ȉ ȗȘȐȏȘȈȒ ȟțȔȣ ȚȍȘȧȓ țȎȈș
ȕȍȓȍȗȖșȚȐ ȉȍșșȔȣșȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȚȈȒ șȚȘȈȠȕȈ Ȋ șȚȐȝȐȑ-
ȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȧȝ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ
ǸȐȏȖȊ șȌȍȓȈȓșȧ ȒțȔȐȘȖȔ ȖȌȐȟȈȊȠȍȑ ȚȖȓȗȣ ȕȈȊȖȌȕȧȊ-
Ƞȍȑ țȓȐȞȣ ǭșȓȐ Ȋ ȌȕȐ, ȗȘȍȌȠȍșȚȊȖȊȈȊȠȐȍ ȈȕȈȘȝȐȐ, ȒȚȖ-
ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȓșȧ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ șȐȓȖȦ Ȑ ȈȊȚȖȘȐȚȍȚȖȔ ȚȈȒ ȥȚȖ
ȐȔȍȕȕȖ Ȗȕ
ǶȉȍȏțȔȍȊȠȍȍ șȚȈȌȖ ȠȓȖ ȏȈ ȉȍȏțȔȕȣȔ ȗȈșȚȣȘȍȔ
ǷȖȌȖȉȕȣȍ ȍȔț ȓȦȌȐ ș țȏȒȐȔȐ ȕȖ ȒȘȍȗȒȐȔȐ ȓȉȈȔȐ ȗȘȐ-
ȖȉȘȍȚȈȦȚ țȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕțȦ șȐȓț Ȋ Țȍ ȔȖȔȍȕȚȣ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȐșȚȖȘȐȧ
ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ ȉȘȍȌȐȚȤ
ǵȖ, ȗȘȐ Ȋșȍȑ șȐȓȍ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȕȈȘȖȌ ǸȐȏȖȊ ȉȣȓ
șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȍȕ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȋȖȕȧșȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȏȈ ȓȐȟ-

95
ȕȖȑ ȗȖȗțȓȧȘȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ ȕȈȌȍȧșȤ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȕȈ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȍȕȐȍ ȟȍȔ
ȕȈ țȔ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȘȍȠȐȓșȧ ȉȣ ȗȍȘȍȑȚȐ ȖȚ șȓȖȊ Ȓ Ȍȍȓț
Dz șȖȎȈȓȍȕȐȦ, ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȓȐ Ȋ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓ-ȋțȉȍȘȕȈȚȖȘ-
șȒȖȔ ȌȖȔȍ ǺțȌȈ ȌȖȠȓȐ șȓțȝȐ Ȗ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȐȒȍ șȖȉȐȘȈȦȡȍȔ
ȚȖȓȗȣ ȕȈȘȖȌȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȡȍȔ ȏȈȎȐȋȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȘȍȟȐ, Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȗțȋȈȕ-
ȕȈȧ ȈȌȔȐȕȐșȚȘȈȞȐȧ ȘȍȠȐȓȈ ȟȚȖ ȊȏȘȣȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȉȖȧȓȐșȤ
ȋȖȚȖȊ ȗȘȖȐȏȖȑȚȐ ȐȉȖ ȚȖȓȗȈ ȕȈȠȓȈ șȍȉȍ ȗȘȍȌȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȧ
ǬȖȓȋȖ ȌțȔȈȓȐ ȊȖȓȕȖȊȈȓȐșȤ șȖȊȍȚȖȊȈȓȐșȤ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȗȘȐ-
ȌțȔȈȓȐ Ȋ ȊȐȌȍ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȑ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȕȖȑ ȔȍȘȣ ȈȘȍșȚȖȊȈȚȤ ȈȋȐ-
ȚȈȚȖȘȈ
ȅȚȖ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ ȕȍțȌȈȟȕȖȍ ȗȖ șțȡȍșȚȊț ȔȖȋȓȖ ȉȣ ȗȘȖȑȚȐ
ȉȍȏ ȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȑ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȐȊȍȌȍȕȖ Ȋ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȍ
ȉȓȈȋȖȘȈȏțȔȕȣȔ șȗȖșȖȉȖȔ
ǴȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȣșȓȍȌȐȚȤ ǸȐȏȖȊȈ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȔ Ȑȏ ȌȖȔȖȊ ȋȌȍ
Ȗȕ ȕȖȟȍȊȈȓ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȏȈȔȈȕȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ Ȋ ȟȈșȚȕțȦ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘț
Ȑ ȚȈȔ ȈȘȍșȚȖȊȈȚȤ ȉȍȏ ȠțȔȈ ȕȍ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȧ Ȋ ȚȖȓȗȍ ȖȗȈșȕȖȋȖ
ȘȈȏȌȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȕȍ ȌȈȊȈȧ ȍȑ ȗȖȊȖȌȈ șȖȗȘȖȚȐȊȓȧȚȤșȧ ȊȓȈșȚȧȔ
ǵȖ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȧ ȗȖșȚțȗȐȓȈ ȒȈȒ ȘȈȏ ȕȈȖȉȖȘȖȚ
ǷȖȓȐȞȍȑșȒȐȑ ȖȜȐȞȍȘ Ȋ șȖȗȘȖȊȖȎȌȍȕȐȐ ȌȍșȧȚȒȈ ȋȖȘȖ-
ȌȖȊȣȝ, ȧȊȐȓșȧ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȚȤ ȈȘȍșȚ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȖȋȌȈ ǸȐȏȖȊ
ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ȗȘȖȗȖȊȍȌȤ ȕȈ ǺȊȍȘșȒȖȔ ȉțȓȤȊȈȘȍ
Ƕȕ șȚȖȧȓ ȗȈ șȒȈȔȍȑȒȍ Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȖȚȍȘȚȖȑ ȋȘȧȏȕȖȑ Șȧșȍ
ȘȈșȚȘȍȗȈȕȕȣȑ ȌȐȒȐȑ ȕȈ ȊȐȌ, Ȑ ȒȘȐȟȈȓ, ȖȉȘȈȡȈȧșȤ Ȓ ȚȖȓȗȍ
ȋȖȓȖșȖȔ, ȖȝȘȐȗȠȐȔ ȖȚ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖȋȖ ȕȈȗȘȧȎȍȕȐȧ:
— ǩȘȈȚȤȧ Ǫșȍ Ȕȣ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȈș ȕȐ ȍșȚȤ ȗȈȘȠȐȊȣȍ ȖȊȞȣ.
ǯȈȟȍȔ ȒȐȟȐȚȤșȧ ȏȈȟȍȔ ȕȈȌȍȊȈȚȤ ȗȍșȚȘȣȍ ȖȌȍȎȌȣ" ǯȈȟȍȔ Ȍȍ-
ȓȈȚȤ ȚȖ Ȑ ȥȚȖ ȗȣȚȈȧșȤ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȤșȧ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȐȔȐ ȓȦȌȤȔȐ"
DzȚȖ ȕȍ ȗȤȧȕșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȘȈȏȊȘȈȚȕȐȟȈȓ" DzȚȖ ȕȍ ȌțȔȈȓ
Ȗ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔ ȉȘȦȝȍ"
Ǫșȍ Ȕȣ Ȋșȍ ȊȐȕȖȊȈȚȣ ǵȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȓțȟȠȍ ȌȘțȋȐȝ
ǺȈȒ ȗȖȒȈȎȍȔ Ȏȍ ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋț ȓȐȞȈ ȒȘȈșȕȣȍ ȖȚ șȚȣȌȈ Ǫȣ-
ȗȈȟȒȈȍȔ ȖȌȍȎȌȣ ȋȘȧȏȤȦ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȕȐ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȟȐȡȍ ȕȈȠȐȝ
ȌțȠǵȍ ȉțȌȍȔ ȓȋȈȚȤ Ȑ ȗȘȐȚȊȖȘȧȚȤșȧ ȝȖȚȤ ȗȍȘȍȌ șȔȍȘȚȤȦ ȐȉȖ
șȔȍȘȚȤ ȎȌȍȚ Ȋșȍȝ ȕȈș Ȑ ȒȈȎȌȖȔț ȏȈȋȓȧȌȣȊȈȍȚ Ȋ ȋȓȈȏȈ
ǩȘȈȚȤȧ ȗȘȖȚȧȕȍȔ șȔȍȘȚȐ ȕȈȠȐ ȖȉȢȧȚȐȧ, Ȋ ȕȍȑ ȕȈȠȍ ȍȌȐȕ-
șȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ șȗȈșȍȕȐȍ

96
ǶȋȘȖȔȕȈȧ ȔȈșșȈ ȕȈȘȖȌȈ șȓțȠȈȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȒȘȐȒȐ Ȋ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖȔ
ȔȖȓȟȈȕȐȐ
ǶȌȕȐ șȈȔȐ ȚȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȧ ȒȐȊȈȓȐ ȋȖȓȖȊȖȦ Ȋ ȚȈȒȚ ȉȍ-
ȏțȔȕȣȔ ȘȍȟȈȔ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ș ȕȍȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȣȔȐ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȖȒȈȔȍȕȍȊ-
ȠȐȔȐ ȓȐȞȈȔȐ ș ȖȚȒȘȣȚȣȔȐ ȘȚȈȔȐ ȕȍȖȚșȚțȗȕȖ ȋȓȧȌȍȓȐ ȕȈ
ȗȘȖȗȖȊȍȌȕȐȒȈ
ǯȌȍșȤ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȓ ȚȖȚ ȋȐȗȕȖȏ ȔȈșș ȖȌȕȐȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȔ ȚȖ
ȗȖȊȈȓȤȕȖȍ șțȔȈșȠȍșȚȊȐȍ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȘȈșșȍȧȕȣ ȗȖ Ȋșȍȑ
ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ
ǪȌȘțȋ ȖȒȖȓȖ șȒȈȔȍȑȒȐ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓȈșȤ ȜȐȋțȘȈ ȗȘȐșȚȈȊȈ ȖȌȍ-
ȚȖȋȖ Ȋ șȍȘȖȍ ȗȈȓȤȚȖ, ș ȠȈȠȒȖȦ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȗȓȍȟȖ Ƕȕ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȋȖ-
ȊȖȘȐȓ șȕȐȏț ȊȊȍȘȝ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȐȒț ȚȖȚ șȊȍȘȝț ȊȕȐȏ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȍȔț
ȖȚȊȍȟȈȓ
ǺȖȓȗȈ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȋțȌȍȚȤ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȗȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȖșȣȗȈȧșȤ ȖȚ
șȕȈ ǻ Ȋșȍȝ ȧȊȐȓȈșȤ ȐȕșȚȐȕȒȚȐȊȕȈȧ ȕȍȗȘȐȧȏȕȤ Ȓ ȥȚȖȔț șȍ-
ȘȖȔț ȗȈȓȤȚȖ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȊȘȈȎȌȍȉȕȖȔț ȔȈșșȍ ȗȘȖșȚȖȕȈȘȖȌȤȧ
ǵȖ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȕȍȗȘȐȧȏȕȤȦ ț șȣȚȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ț ȋȖ-
ȓȖȌȕȖȋȖ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȋȕȍȊȖȔ ǷȖȥȚȖȔț, ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȧ, Ȋ ȟȍȔ Ȍȍ-
ȓȖ ȚȖȓȗȈ ȠțȔȍȓȈ Ȋșȍ ȋȘȖȏȕȍȍ Ȑ ȋȘȖȏȕȍȍ
— ǩȘȈȚȤȧ — ȒȘȐȒȕțȓ Ȋ ȥȚț ȔȐȕțȚț șȊȧȡȍȕȕȐȒ ȊȣȗȘȧȔ-
ȓȧȧșȤ ȕȈȌ șȖȚȕȧȔȐ ȋȖȓȖȊ
— ǪȖȚ Ȗȕ ȗȘȐȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ Ȕȕȍ ȏȈȔȖȓȟȈȚȤ ǬȖȓȎȍȕ ȧ ȔȖȓȟȈȚȤ
ȐȓȐ ȕȍȚ" DzȖȋȖ Ȕȕȍ șȓțȠȈȚȤșȧ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȐ ȐȓȐ ȔȖȍȋȖ ǩȖȋȈ"
Ǫ ȖȚȊȍȚ ȏȈȋȘȍȔȍȓȐ ȧȘȖșȚȕȣȍ ȒȘȐȒȐ
— ǵȍ ȏȈȔȈȑ! ǻȝȖȌȐ ȗȖ ȌȖȉȘț! ǿȍȋȖ ȓȍȏȍȠȤ"
ǷȖȓȐȞȍȑșȒȐȑ ȖȉȍȘȕțȓșȧ Ȑ șȚȈȓ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ƕȕ ȉȣȓ
ȔȍȘȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȉȓȍȌȍȕ Ȑ ȥȚȖ ȍȡȍ țȊȍȓȐȟȐȓȖ ȊșȍȖȉȡțȦ ȕȍȗȘȐȧȏȕȤ.
ǭȋȖ ȕȍ șȓțȠȈȓȐ ȒȘȐȟȈȓȐ, ȟȚȖȉȣ Ȗȕ țȝȖȌȐȓ ȘȈȏȌȈȓȐșȤ ȋȘț-
ȉȣȍ ȘțȋȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șȚȈȓȐ ȐȏȌȍȊȈȚȤșȧ
Ƕȕ ȗȖȊȣșȐȓ ȋȖȓȖș Ȑ ș ȊȐȌȐȔȣȔ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȐȍȔ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȖ ȚȍȘȧȧ ȋȖȓȖȊț șȚȈȓ ȊȣȒȘȐȒȐȊȈȚȤ țȋȘȖȏȣ
ǹȒȊȖȏȤ ȠțȔ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȘȈȏȖȉȘȈȚȤ
— ǷȘȐȒȈȏȈȕȐȍ ȕȈȟȈȓȤșȚȊȈ ȊȖȑșȒȈ ȊȍȓȦ șȚȘȍȓȧȚȤ
— ǸȖȌȐȔȍȕȤȒȐȑ ǻȝȖȌȐȓ ȉȣ ȓțȟȠȍ — ȊȌȘțȋ ȗȘȖȕȍșșȧ
ȊȐȏȋȓȐȊȣȑ ȉȈȉȐȑ ȋȖȓȖș Ȑȏ ȏȈȌȕȐȝ ȘȧȌȖȊ
ǵȖ Ȗȉȡȍȍ ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ ȚȖȓȗȣ ȉȣȓȖ ȐȕȖȍ ǶȕȈ ȘȍȊȍȓȈ Ȑ
ȕȈȌȊȐȋȈȓȈșȤ DzȚȖ-ȚȖ șȝȊȈȚȐȓ ȗȖȓȐȞȍȑșȒȖȋȖ ȏȈ ȘțȒȈȊ Ȑ ȌȍȘȕțȓ
Ȋ șȚȖȘȖȕț ǶșȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȖȒȘțȎȐȓȐ ȍȋȖ șȖ Ȋșȍȝ șȚȖȘȖȕ ǶȉȘȈ-

97
ȏȖȊȈȓȈșȤ ȒțȟȈ ȚȖȓȒȈȦȡȐȝșȧ ȓȦȌȍȑ șȘȍȌȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȔȖȚȈ-
ȓȖșȤ Ȑȏ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ Ȋ șȚȖȘȖȕț șȍȘȖȍ ȗȈȓȤȚȖ Ȑ ȉȓȍȌȕȖȍ ȒȈȒ Ȕȍȓ
ȓȐȞȖ
ǭȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖȦ ȞȍȓȤȦ ȕȈȗȈȌȈȊȠȐȝ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȣȉȘȖșȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ
Ȑȏ ȚȖȓȗȣ ȗȘȖȋȕȈȚȤ ǵȖ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȖȌȕȐ ȚȖȓȒȈȓȐ Ȋ ȖȌȕț șȚȖ-
ȘȖȕț Ȉ ȌȘțȋȐȍ Ȋ ȌȘțȋțȦ ȚȖ Ȗȕ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓșȧ ȕȈ ȔȍșȚȍ ȓȐȞȖȔ Ȓ
ȓȐȞț ș ȌȍșȧȚȒȈȔȐ ȏȓȖȉȕȣȝ ȜȐȏȐȖȕȖȔȐȑ șȘȍȌȐ ȔȍȓȤȒȈȦ-
ȡȐȝ ȒȘțȋȖȔ ȒțȓȈȒȖȊ
ǶȝȊȈȟȍȕȕȣȑ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȔ șȚȘȈȝȖȔ, Ȗȕ ȊȣȚȈȡȐȓ ȘȍȊȖȓȤȊȍȘ
Ȑ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȓȣ ȍȋȖ ȗȈȓȤȚȖ ȚȘȍȡȈȓȐ Ȉ ȋȖȓȖȊȈ ȔȖȚȈ-
ȓȈșȤ ȖȚ ȘȍȏȒȐȝ ȚȖȓȟȒȖȊ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȓ ȊȣșȚȘȍȓ
ǷȘȖȔȈȝȈ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȖ ȉȣȚȤ Ȋ ȥȚȖȑ ȚȖȓȗȍ
DzȈȒȖȑ-ȚȖ ȔțȎȟȐȕȈ Ȋ ȐȏȕȖȠȍȕȕȖȔ ȗȐȌȎȈȒȍ, ș ȕȍȉȘȐȚȣȔ
ȗȖȌȉȖȘȖȌȒȖȔ Ȑ ȖȗțȝȠȐȔȐ ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ ȕȈ ȊȐȌ ȜȈȉȘȐȟȕȣȑ ȗȖ-
ȓțȟȐȓ ȗțȓȦ Ȋ ȎȐȊȖȚ
Ƕȕ șȝȊȈȚȐȓșȧ ȏȈ ȘȈȕț șȖȋȕțȓșȧ ȐșȒȘȐȊȐȊȠȐ ȓȐȞȖ, Ȑ șȍȓ
ȕȈ ȏȍȔȓȦ ǹȒȊȖȏȤ ȗȈȓȤȞȣ ț ȕȍȋȖ șȚȈȓȈ ȗȘȖșȈȟȐȊȈȚȤșȧ ȒȘȖȊȤ,
ȖȉȘȈȏțȧ ȎȐȊȖȍ ȈȓȖȍ ȗȧȚȕȖ ȕȈ ȜȖȕȍ șȍȘȖȑ ȜȐȋțȘȣ
ǺȖȓȗȈ ȉȣȊȠȈȧ ȍȡȍ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȖȚ ȔȣșȓȐ Ȗȉ țȉȐȑșȚȊȍ, Ȉȝ-
ȕțȓȈ Ȑ ȖȚșȚțȗȐȓȈ ǵȖ țȎȍ Ȋ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȑ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ Ȋșȍ ȓȐȞȈ
șȌȍȓȈȓȐșȤ ȏȊȍȘșȒȐȔȐ Ȑ Ȋ ȊȖȏȌțȝȍ ȗȘȖȕȍșșȧ ȊȖȗȓȤ
— ǩȍȑ ǩȍȑ ȍȋȖ
ǹȊȧȡȍȕȕȐȒ ǸȐȏȖȊ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ ș ȓȦȉȖȗȣȚșȚȊȖȔ ȋȓȧȌȍȊ-
ȠȐȑ ȕȈ Ȋșȍ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȚ ȒȘțȋȖȔ, ȊȌȘțȋ ȊȏȔȈȝȕțȓ ȗȖȓȈȔȐ
Șȧșȣ Ȑ șȌȍȓȈȓ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȑ ȕȍșțȘȈȏȕȣȑ ȗȘȣȎȖȒ șȖ șȒȈȔȍȑ-
ȒȐ ȗȣȚȈȧșȤ ȊȣȉȘȈȚȤșȧ Ȑȏ ȚȖȓȗȣ
ǷȖȓȐȞȍȑșȒȐȑ ȗȖȗȘȖȉȖȊȈȓ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȍȎȈȚȤ ȕȖ țȎȍ ȕȈ ȊȚȖ-
ȘȖȔ ȠȈȋț ȉȣȓ șȉȐȚ ș ȕȖȋ Ȑ ȗȖȌȔȧȚ ȒȐȕțȊȠȐȔȐșȧ ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ
ȓȦȌȤȔȐ
ǷȖșȘȍȌȐȕȍ ȉțȓȤȊȈȘȈ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȓȈșȤ ȉȍșȜȖȘȔȍȕȕȈȧ ȋȘțȌȈ
ȗȖȓȏȈȦȡȐȝ Ȑ ȊȍȘȚȧȡȐȝșȧ Țȍȓ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȔȍȓȤȒȈȓȐ ȐșȒȈȎȍȕ-
ȕȣȍ ȓȐȞȈ șȒȘȦȟȍȕȕȣȍ ȘțȒȐ ȕȖȋȐ Ȋ șȈȗȖȋȈȝ Ȑ ȖȗȖȘȒȈȝ
Ǫșȍ ȥȚȖ ȕȈȕȖșȐȓȖ țȌȈȘȣ ȔȧȓȖ ȌțȠȐȓȖ ǶȒȘțȎȈȦȡȐȍ ȚȈȒ
ȎȈȓȐșȤ Ȓ ȥȚȖȔț ȔȍșȚț ȟȚȖ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȗȖȔȐȔȖ ȊȖȓȐ ȗȖȗȈȌȈȓȐ Ȋ
Ȓțȟț ȉȖȘȦȡȐȝșȧ ǰȝ șȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȓȐ ȚțȌȈ ȏȈȌȕȐȍ ȘȧȌȣ șȚȘȍ-
ȔȐȊȠȐȍșȧ ȗȖșȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ ȕȈ șȊȈȓȒț
ǪȌȘțȋ șȘȍȌȐ ȚȖȓȗȣ țȗȈȓȖ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȘȈȏȌȈȓȐșȤ
ȒȘȐȒȐ Ȑ șȚȖȕȣ Ǫșȧ ȔȈșșȈ ȝȓȣȕțȓȈ ȉȘȖșȐȓȈșȤ ȉȍȎȈȚȤ ȌȈȊȧ

98
ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋȈ
ȅȚȖ ȖȚȘȧȌ ȋȖȘȖȌȖȊȣȝ ȌȈȓ ȏȈȓȗ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖșȊȖȉȖȌȐȚȤ șȊȖȍȋȖ
ȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȐȒȈ
ǵȖ ȠțȔ ȗȖȉȖȐȡȈ ȉȣȓ ȚȈȒ ȊȍȓȐȒ ȟȚȖ ȏȈȋȓțȠȐȓ ȚȘȍșȒ Ȋȣ-
șȚȘȍȓȖȊ ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖșȓȍ ȊȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȏȈȓȗȈ ș ȉțȓȤȊȈȘȈ țȉȍȎȈȓȐ
Ȋșȍ, ȒȚȖ ȔȖȋ ȉȍȎȈȚȤ ǺȖȋȌȈ ȕȈ ȗȍșȟȈȕȖȑ Ȉȓȓȍȍ ȖșȚȈȓȐșȤ ȓȐȠȤ
ȚȘȖȍ ȚȧȎȍȓȖȘȈȕȍȕȣȝ ȌȈ ȚȘțȗ ȗȘȐșȚȈȊȈ ȐȏțȘȖȌȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȘȈȏ-
ȌȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȗȖȒȘȣȚȣȑ ȟȍȘȕȣȔȐ Ȑ șȍȘȣȔȐ ȓȖȝȔȖȚȤȧȔȐ
DzȘțȋȖȔ ȕȈ ȗȍșȒȍ ȊȈȓȧȓȈșȤ ȔȈșșȈ ȖȉȘȣȊȒȖȊ ȖȌȍȎȌȣ DzȘȖ-
ȊȐ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȐȌȕȖ
ǷȍȘȍȌ ȥȚȖȦ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȖȑ șȚȖȧȓȐ ȋȖȘȖȌȖȊȣȍ ș ȘȈșȚȍȘȧȕȕȣ-
ȔȐ ȗȍȘȍȗțȋȈȕȕȣȔȐ ȓȐȞȈȔȐ ȌȍȘȎȈ ȘȍȊȖȓȤȊȍȘȣ Ȋ ȘțȒȈȝ
Ǩ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ ȕȈ ȚȘȖȚțȈȘȍ ȗȘȐȎȈȊȠȐșȤ Ȓ ȌȖȔȈȔ, ȒȐȗȍȓȈ
ȚȖȓȗȈ ȊȖȖȘțȎȐȊȠȈȧșȧ ȒȈȔȕȧȔȐ Ȑ ȗȈȓȒȈȔȐ ȐȏȘȣȋȈȊȠȈȧ Țȣ-
șȧȟț ȗȘȖȒȓȧȚȐȑ
ǷȍȘȊȣȑ ȗȈȕȐȟȍșȒȐȑ Ȑșȗțȋ ȗȘȖȠȍȓ dzȦȌȤȔȐ ȖȊȓȈȌȍȓȖ
ȉȍȏțȔȐȍ ȧȘȖșȚȐ ȚȖ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȒȘȖȊȤ ȏȈȓȐȊȈȍȚ ȋȖȓȖȊț
Ȑ ȔȍȠȈȍȚ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȏȈ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȕȈȕȍșȚȐ
țȌȈȘ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ șȗȖșȖȉȍȕ ȗȖȎȍȘȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȎȐȏȕȤȦ
ǹȘȍȌȐ ȗȍȘȊȣȝ ȘȧȌȖȊ ȒȘȐȊȓȧȓȐșȤ Ȑ ȗȘȖȒȓȐȕȈȓȐ ȎȍȕȡȐ-
ȕȣ ȍȡȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȗȖȝȖȎȐȍ Ȋ ȥȚȖȚ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ ȕȈ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȟȍȔ ȔțȎ-
ȟȐȕȣ
ǴȈȓȍȕȤȒȈȧ ȟȍȘȕȈȧ ȒțȟȒȈ ȋȖȘȖȌȖȊȣȝ șȚȖȧȓȈ Ȋ ȕȍȘȍȠȐȔȖ-
șȚȐ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȥȚȐȔ ȔȖȘȍȔ ȒȘȐȟȈȡȐȝ ȘȚȖȊ Ȑ țȋȘȖȎȈȦȡȐȝ ȘțȒ
ǹȒȖȘȖ Ȋ ȕȍȍ ȗȖȓȍȚȍȓȐ ȒȈȔȕȐ ǺȖȋȌȈ ȋȖȘȖȌȖȊȣȍ ȕȈȟȈȓȐ ȔȍȌ-
ȓȍȕȕȖ ȖȚșȚțȗȈȚȤ Ȉ ȚȖȓȗȈ ȍȌȊȈ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȊȠȐ ȥȚȖ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ ȗȖ-
ȒȈȚȐȓȈșȤ ȕȈ ȕȐȝ ȕȍȗȘȍȖȌȖȓȐȔȈȧ ȒȘȖȊȖȎȈȌȕȈȧ
ǵȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȉȣȓȖ țȉȐȚȖ ȊȣșȚȘȍȓȈȔȐ Ȑȏ ȘȍȊȖȓȤ-
ȊȍȘȖȊ ǵȖ țȎȍ ȕȐȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȖ șȌȍȘȎȈȚȤ ȕȈȚȐșȒȈ ǷȍȘȊȣȍ Șȧ-
Ȍȣ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤșȧ, ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ ȌȈȎȍ ȏȈȝȖȚȍȓȐ ȗȖȚȖȔț
ȟȚȖ Ȑȝ ȚȖȓȒȈȓȐ ȏȈȌȕȐȍ ǷȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȧ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȉȍșȗȖȘȧȌȖȟ-
ȕȣȝ ȏȈȓȗȖȊ ȋȖȘȖȌȖȊȣȍ ȉȘȖșȐȓȐșȤ ȉȍȎȈȚȤ Ȑ ȊșȍȔ ȐȔ ȒȘȖȔȍ
ȖȌȕȖȋȖ țȌȈȓȖșȤ ȊȖȘȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ șȖșȍȌȕȐȑ ȌȖȔ Ȑ ȚȈȔ ȏȈȗȍȘȍȚȤșȧ
ȅȚȖȚ ȖȌȐȕ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȓȐȊȍȞ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓ țȌȈȘ ȒȈȔȕȍȔ Ȋ ȋȖȓȖȊț
șȗȖȚȒȕțȓșȧ Ȑ țȗȈȓ ȗȘȐȟȍȔ ȍȋȖ ȜțȘȈȎȒȈ ȖȚȒȈȚȐȓȈșȤ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ
ȗȖ ȔȖșȚȖȊȖȑ
ǯȈȚȍȔ Ȗȕ ȝȖȚȍȓ ȗȖȌȕȧȚȤșȧ ȕȖ ȔȖȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȖ Ȑ ȍȋȖ Ȑ Ȝț-
ȘȈȎȒț ȏȈȓȐȓȈ ȔȈșșȈ ȉȍȋțȡȐȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ǺȖȓȗȈ ȗȘȖȉȍȎȈȓȈ Ȑ Ȗș-

99
ȚȈȊȐȓȈ ȏȈ șȖȉȖȦ ȐșȚȍȘȏȈȕȕȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ Ȋ ȓțȎȍ ȒȘȖȊȐ șȔȍȠȈȕ-
ȕȖȑ ș țȓȐȟȕȖȦ ȗȣȓȤȦ
DzȈȒȈȧ-ȚȖ șȚȈȘțȝȈ ȒȖȊȣȓȧȧ, ȗȖșȗȍȊȈȊȠȈȧ ȏȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȔȐ
ȘȧȌȈȔȐ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȓȈșȤ Ȑ ȌȖȓȋȖ ș ȓȦȉȖȗȣȚșȚȊȖȔ ȘȈȏȋȓȧȌȣ-
ȊȈȓȈ ȔȍȘȚȊȍȞȈ
ǬȈȎȍ ȗȘȐȗȖȌȕȧȓȈ ȖȌȕț Ȑȏ ȘȈșȒȐȕțȚȣȝ ȘțȒ Ȑ ȕȍȖȌȖȉȘȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȒȈȟȈȓȈ ȋȖȓȖȊȖȦ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȚȈ șȕȖȊȈ țȗȈȓȈ ȕȈ ȒȈȔȕȐ
ǷȖȚȖȔ ȉȖȘȔȖȟȈ ©ǫȘȍȝȐ ȚȧȎȒȐȍª, ȖȕȈ ȗȖȗȓȍȓȈșȤ ȌȈȓȤ-
Ƞȍ ȚțȌȈ, ȋȌȍ ȓȦȌșȒȐȍ ȊȖȓȕȣ ș ȊȖȍȔ ȠȚțȘȔȖȊȈȓȐ ȏȈȗȍȘȚȣȑ
ȌȖȔǵȈ ȉțȓȤȊȈȘȍ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȚȘțȗȈȔȐ ȖșȚȈȓșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȌȐȕ ȎȐ-
ȊȖȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ — șȊȧȡȍȕȕȐȒ ǸȐȏȖȊ
ǹ șȈȔȖȋȖ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȗȖȉȖȐȡȈ Ȗȕ ȊȣȉȘȈȓșȧ Ȑȏ ȌȈȊȒȐ Ȑ ȕȈȉ-
ȓȦȌȈȓ ȏȈ ȊșȍȔ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȧȡȐȔ ȐȏȌȈȓȐ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȧ, ȒȈȒ ȗȖșȚț-
ȗȐȚȤ
ǷȘȐșȖȍȌȐȕȐȚȤșȧ ȓȐ Ȓ ȚȖȓȗȍ Ȑ, ȏȈȕȧȊ ȔȍșȚȖ ȗȘȍȌȊȖȌȐȚȍ-
ȓȧ, ȊȍșȚȐ ȍȍ ȕȈ ȒȘȖȊȖȗȘȖȓȐȚȐȍ"
ǰȓȐ ȊșȚțȗȐȚȤ Ȋ ȕȍȍ ș ȚȊȍȘȌȣȔ ȖȚȘȍȏȊȓȧȦȡȐȔ șȓȖȊȖȔ Ȑ
ȗȖȗȣȚȈȚȤșȧ ȊȖȌȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȗȖȘȧȌȖȒ"
ǵȖ ȖȉȈ ȥȚȐ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ ȕȍ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȐȓȐ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ
ȊșȍȋȖ Ȗȕ ȉȖȧȓșȧ ȚȖȓȗȣ
ǹ ȚȖȋȖ ȔȖȔȍȕȚȈ ȒȈȒ ȖȕȈ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȓȈșȤ ȍȔț ȕȍ ȊȖșȝȐȡȍȕ-
ȕȖȑ ȕȍ ȊȖșȚȖȘȎȍȕȕȖȑ Ȉ ȘȣȟȈȡȍȑ Ȑ ȉȤȦȡȍȑ Ȗȕ ȗȖȟțȊșȚȊȖ-
ȊȈȓ ȉȍȏțȔȕȣȑ șȚȘȈȝ Ȑ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȕȐ ȏȈ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȔȐȘȍ ȕȍ ȘȍȠȐȓșȧ
ȉȣ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȚȍȔ ȓȦȌȧȔ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȖȗȤȧ-
ȕȧȓȖ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȓȧȓȖ ȍȋȖ ȟȈș ȚȖȔț ȕȈȏȈȌ
ǸȐȏȖȊ ȉȣȓ ȉȖȓȚțȕȖȔ ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȉȖȓȚțȕȖȔ ǪșȧȒȐȑ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌ
ȖȚ șȓȖȊȈ Ȓ Ȍȍȓț ȊȣȏȣȊȈȓ ț ȕȍȋȖ șȚȘȈȝ Ȑ ȕȍțȊȍȘȍȕȕȖșȚȤ
Ƕȕ ȔȖȋ ȞȈȘșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȗȖȒȈ șȒȖȗȐȡȈ ȕȈȘȖȌȈ ȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȖ-
ȊȈȓȐșȤ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ DzȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȐ ȗȍȘȍȠȓȐ Ȓ ȌȍȓȈȔ ȍȋȖ ȘȖȓȤ ȖȒȈ-
ȏȈȓȈșȚ șȣȋȘȈȕȕȖȑ
ǰ ȧșȕȖ ȖȡțȡȈȧ ȥȚȖ Ȗȕ ȗȘȧȚȈȓșȧ ȏȈ ȌȍȘȍȊȤȧ ȉțȓȤȊȈȘȈ
ȉȖȧșȤ, ȟȚȖ ȍȋȖ ȏȈȔȍȚȧȚ ȟȚȖ Ȗ ȕȍȔ ȊșȗȖȔȕȧȚ ǵȈ ȓȐȞȍ ȍȋȖ ȕȍ-
ȓȤȏȧ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȖȟȍșȚȤ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ, ȒȘȖȔȍ șȒȖȚșȒȖȋȖ șȚȘȈȝȈ ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓ
ȖȗȧȚȤ ȏȈȉȐȚȣȑ, ȖȉȍȏȌȖȓȍȕȕȣȑ șțȌȤȉȖȦ ȗȖȗ ș țȋȓȖȊȈȚȣȔȐ
ȕȍȓȖȊȒȐȔȐ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧȔȐ ș șȖȋȕțȚȖȦ șȗȐȕȖȑ Ȑ șȍȔȍȕȧȡȍȦ
ȗȖȝȖȌȒȖȑ
ǵȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ ȚȖȓȗȣ ȗȖȌȕȧȓȖ ȍȋȖ ȕȈ ȗȤȍȌȍșȚȈȓ Ȑ ȖȕȖ Ȏȍ

100
șȉȘȖșȐȓȖ ȍȋȖ ȊȕȐȏ
ǹ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȔȖȔȍȕȚȈ ȐșȚȖȘȐȧ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ țȎȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȚ Ȗ
șȊȧȡȍȕȕȐȒȍ ǸȐȏȖȊȍ
VII
ǵȖȟȤ ȕȈșȚțȗȐȊȠȈȧ ȊșȓȍȌ ȏȈ ȘȈșȗȘȈȊȖȦ ȚȖȓȗȣ ș ȋȖȘȖ-
ȌȖȊȣȔȐ ȕȈ ǺȊȍȘșȒȖȔ ȉțȓȤȊȈȘȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȕȖȟȤȦ ȕȈșȐȓȐȑ Ȑ ȗȖ-
ȋȘȖȔȖȊ
ǺȖȓȗȈ țȊȐȌȈȓȈ ȒȘȖȊȤ ȗȖȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓȈ șȊȖȦ șȐȓț Ȑ ȘȈȏȋț-
ȓȧȓȈșȤ ȕȈ șȊȖȉȖȌȍ
ǵȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ șȗȈȓ ȥȚț ȕȖȟȤ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ dzȦȌȐ, ȒȈȏȈȊȠȐȍșȧ
ȐȏȕȍȔȖȎȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȖȚ țȎȈșȖȊ ȟțȔȣ ȕȍșȗȖșȖȉȕȣȔȐ ȗțȋȈȚȤșȧ
ȐȓȐ țȌȐȊȓȧȚȤșȧ ȕȈȠȓȐ șȐȓț, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȌȘȖȎȈȚȤ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȈȕȈȘȝȐȍȑ
ǫȖȘȖȌ ȉȖȌȘșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȗȘȐ șȊȍȚȍ ȗȖȎȈȘȖȊ
ǴȖȋȐȓȤȕȈȧ ȚȐȠȐȕȈ, ȕȈȊȍȧȕȕȈȧ ȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȍȑ, șȔȍȕȐȓȈșȤ
ȝȈȖșȖȔ ȘȈȏȋțȓȤȕȣȝ ȒȘȐȒȖȊ șȚȖȕȖȊ ȊȖȗȓȍȑ ȏȊȖȕȈ ȉȤȦȡȍȋȖ-
șȧ șȚȍȒȓȈ Ȑ ȚȘȍșȒȖȔ ȗȓȈȔȍȕȐ, ȗȖȎȐȘȈȦȡȍȋȖ șțȝȖȍ ȌȍȘȍȊȖ
DzȚȖ ȗȘȍȌȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȚȖȓȗȖȦ" DzȚȖ Ȋȍȓ ȍȍ Ȋ ȚȖ ȐȓȐ
ȌȘțȋȖȍ ȔȍșȚȖ țȒȈȏȣȊȈȓ ȚȖȚ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȖȑ ȐșȝȖȌ ȍȍ ȘȈȏȘțȠȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ șȚȘȈșȚȧȔ"
ȅȚȖ ȕȈȊșȍȋȌȈ ȖșȚȈȕȍȚșȧ ȚȈȑȕȖȦ ǬȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ șȚȐȝȐȑ ȕȍ
ȗȖȌȌȈȍȚșȧ ȈȕȈȓȐȏț Ȉ ȐȕșȚȐȕȒȚȣ ȗȘȖȧȊȐȊȠȐȍșȧ Ȋ ȥȚț ȕȖȟȤ,
ȉȣȓȐ ȟȐșȚȖ șȚȐȝȐȑȕȖȋȖ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȈ
ǶȕȐ șȓȈȋȈȓȐșȤ Ȑȏ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȋȖ ȋȕȍȊȈ ȖȉȍȏȌȖȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȊȍȒȈ-
ȔȐ Ȋ ȔȖȓȟȈȕȐȐ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȊȠȐȝ, ȒȈȒ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȖ Ȑ șȣȚȖ ȎȐȊțȚ
ȕȍȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȐȏȉȘȈȕȕȣȍ Ȑȏ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȐȧ ȖȉȘȍȟȍȕȕȣȝ ȕȈ șȔȍȘȚȤ
Ȑȏ ȘȈȏȌȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȋȖȓȖȌȕȣȝ Ȑȏ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȖȑ șȚȘȈșȚȐ Ȓ ȕȈșȐȓȐȦ
Ȓ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȐȦ ȎȐȊțȡȍȑ Ȋ ȌȍȚȧȝ Ȑ ȊȈȘȊȈȘȈȝ
ǷȖȥȚȖȔț șȝȊȈȚȒȈ ȕȈ ǺȊȍȘșȒȖȔ ȉțȓȤȊȈȘȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȓȐȠȤ ȗȘȖ-
ȓȖȋȖȔ Ȓ ȕȈșȚțȗȐȊȠȐȔ ȊșȓȍȌ ȏȈ ȕȍȦ șȖȉȣȚȐȧȔ
ǬȖȔ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȏȈȎȐȊȖ șȋȖȘȍȓȐ șȗȈșȈȊȠȐȍșȧ ȖȚ ȚȖȓȗȣ
ȋȖȘȖȌȖȊȣȍ ȍȡȍ ȌȖȋȖȘȈȓ, ȓȍȎȈ Ȋ ȘȈȏȊȈȓȐȕȈȝ Ȉ ș ȘȈȏȕȣȝ șȚȖ-
ȘȖȕ Ȋ ȘȈȏȕȣȝ ȒȖȕȞȈȝ ǴȖșȒȊȣ țȎȍ ȘȈȏȋȖȘȈȓȐșȤ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȗȖ-
ȎȈȘȣ ȖșȊȍȡȈȧ șȊȖȐȔ ȏȈȘȍȊȖȔ ȕȍȎȕȖȍ ȊȍȟȍȘȕȍȍ ȕȍȉȖ țșȍȧȕ-
ȕȖȍ ȏȊȍȏȌȈȔȐ

101
ǴȕȖȋȐȍ Ȑȏ ȗȖȒȓȖȕȕȐȒȖȊ ǸȐȏȖȊȈ ȝȊȈȚȐȓȐșȤ ȍȋȖ șȍȑȟȈș
Ȏȍ ȗȖșȓȍ ȘȈșȗȘȈȊȣ ș ȋȖȘȖȌȖȊȣȔȐ
ǰșȒȈȓȐ ȗȖȊșȦȌț Ȑ ȕȐȋȌȍ ȕȍ ȕȈȑȌȧ ȒȘȐȒȕțȓȐ ȚȖȓȗȍ ȟȚȖ
Ȗȕ ȈȘȍșȚȖȊȈȕ
ǭȌȊȈ ȥȚȈ ȊȍșȚȤ țșȗȍȓȈ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȐȚȤșȧ, ȒȈȒ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ
șȖȚ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȐȓȐșȤ Ȓ ȏȌȈȕȐȦ ȉȓȐȎȈȑȠȍȋȖ ȗȖȓȐȞȍȑ-
șȒȖȋȖ țȟȈșȚȒȈ, ȘȈșșȟȐȚȣȊȈȧ ȕȈȑȚȐ ȍȋȖ ȚȈȔ Ȑ ȖșȊȖȉȖȌȐȚȤ
ǰȝ ȗȖȐșȒȐ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȐșȤ ȕȈȗȘȈșȕȣȔȐ ȕȖ ȚȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ, țȟȈ-
șȚȖȒ ȉȣȓ ȘȈȏȋȘȖȔȓȍȕ ǷȍȘȍȓȖȔȈȓȐ ȔȍȉȍȓȤ Ȋ ȒȈȕȞȍȓȧȘȐȐ
ȊȣȚȈȡȐȓȐ Ȋșȍ ȉțȔȈȋȐ ȕȈ țȓȐȞț Ȑ șȓȖȎȐȓȐ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȒȖșȚȘȣ
ǵȖ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȔȈȓȖ Ȑ ȏȌȈȕȐȍ țȟȈșȚȒȈ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȖȎȍ
ȗȖȌȖȎȎȍȕȖ
ǴȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ ȚȖȓȗȈ ȕȈ ǺȊȍȘșȒȖȔ ȉțȓȤȊȈȘȍ Ȋșȍ ȘȖșȓȈ ǹȖ
Ȋșȍȝ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ ȗȘȐȉȣȊȈȓȐ șȦȌȈ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȟȍȕȕȣȝ
ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȘȈȏȕȍșȠȍȦșȧ ȔȖȓȊȖȑ Ȗ ȗȖȋȘȖȔȍ
ǪȐȌ ȘȈȏȊȈȓȐȕ ȗȘȖȉțȎȌȈȓ Ȋ ȕȐȝ ȎȈȎȌț ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍ-
ȕȐȧ ǵȍȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȖ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȓȖșȤ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȈȘȚȐȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ
ȖȚȗȘȈȊȐȓȐșȤ ȋȘȈȉȐȚȤ ȔȈȋȈȏȐȕȣ Ȋ ȉȓȐȎȈȑȠȐȝ țȓȐȞȈȝ ǯȈ-
ȚȘȍȡȈȓȐ ȊȣȓȈȔȣȊȈȍȔȣȍ ȌȊȍȘȐ Ȑ ȖȒȕȈ ȗȖșȣȗȈȓȐșȤ ȕȈ țȓȐ-
Ȟț ȉȍșȗȖȓȍȏȕȣȍ ȐȓȐ ȕȍ ȕȘȈȊȧȡȐȍșȧ ȚȖȓȗȍ ȚȖȊȈȘȣ ǽȖȏȧȍȊȈ
ȔȈȋȈȏȐȕȖȊ ȗȘȐȉȍȋȈȓȐ ș ȒȘȐȒȖȔ Ȑ ȗȘȖȚȍșȚȖȊȈȓȐ ȕȖ ȕȈȌ ȕȐȔȐ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȐȏȌȍȊȈȓȐșȤ. ǵȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȊȗȘȖȟȍȔ, ȗȖȒȖȓȖȚȐȓȐ Ȑ ȗȖȔȧ-
ȓȐ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȗȣȚȈȓȐșȤ ȏȈȡȐȡȈȚȤ șȊȖȍ ȌȖȉȘȖ ȕȍ șȖ-
ȖȉȘȈȎȈȧ ș ȗȍȘȍȗțȋț ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ ȉȍșȗȖȓȍȏȕȖ
ǺȈȔ, ȋȌȍ Ȋ ȘȧȌț ȘȈȏȉȐȊȈȍȔȣȝ ȔȈȋȈȏȐȕȖȊ ȗȖȗȈȌȈȓȐșȤ șȢȍ-
șȚȕȣȍ ȗȘȐȗȈșȣ ȚȖȓȗȈ șȒțȟȐȊȈȓȈșȤ Ȑ Ȋ ȔȖȓȟȈȕȐȐ ȗȖȋȓȖȡȈ-
ȓȈ Ȋșȍ șȢȍȌȖȉȕȖȍ DzȖȘȖȉȒȐ ș ȒȖȕșȍȘȊȈȔȐ ȊșȒȘȣȊȈȓȐ, ȘȈȏȉȐ-
ȊȈȧ Ȗ ȒȈȔȕȐ ȔȖșȚȖȊȖȑ
ǯȈȉȈȊȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȒȈȒ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȟȍȘȕȖȘȈȉȖȟȐȑ
țȒȘȈȠȍȕȕȣȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȖȉȘȍȚȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȏȖȓȖȚȣȔȐ ȟȈșȈȔȐ
ȏȈȗțșȒȈȓ ȋȘȧȏȕȣȍ ȗȈȓȤȞȣ Ȋ ȎȍșȚȧȕȒț ș ȖȔȈȘȈȔȐ ȗȘȖȉȖȊȈȓ
șȖȌȍȘȎȐȔȖȍ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȖȚȗȓȍȊȣȊȈȓșȧ Ȑ ș ȘțȋȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȔ ȖȚȉȘȈ-
șȣȊȈȓ ȎȍșȚȧȕȒț
ǵȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȋȖȘȖȌȖȊȣȝ ȊȣȋȓȧȌȣȊȈȓȐ ȐȏȌȈȓȍȒȈ ȗȘȧȟȈșȤ
ȏȈ țȋȓȣ țȓȐȞ ȕȖ ȉȣȓȐ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȉȍșȗȖȔȖȡȕȣ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤ
ȋȘȈȉȍȎ
ǺȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȕȈ țȓȐȞȈȝ ȗȖȚȍȔȕȍȓȖ ȗȖȋȘȖȔȡȐȒȐ ȕȈȟȈȓȐ ȏȈ-
ȎȐȋȈȚȤ ȒȖșȚȘȣ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ Ȍȓȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȉȘȈȓȐ Ȑȏ șȖșȍȌȕȐȝ ȌȖ-

102
ȔȖȊ ǫȖȘȍȓȐ ȒȕȐȋȐ ȔȍȉȍȓȤ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ ǵȐȒȖȔț ȕȍ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐ-
ȓȖ Ȋ ȋȖȓȖȊț ȗȖȐșȒȈȚȤ ȌȘȖȊ
ǷȘȐ ȉȓȍșȒȍ ȗȓȈȔȍȕȐ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈ ȗȘȐȕȧȓȈ ȜȈȕȚȈșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ
Ȑ șȚȘȈȕȕȣȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘ ǵȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ ȚȖȓȗȣ ȌȍȓȈȓȖșȤ Ȋșȍ ȉȖ-
ȓȍȍ ȉțȑȕȣȔ ǭșȓȐ ȍȑ șȓțȟȈȑȕȖ ȗȖȗȈȌȈȓșȧ Ȋ ȘțȒȐ ȗȘȐȓȐȟȕȖ
ȖȌȍȚȣȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȌȊȍȘȋȈȓȐ ȕȈșȔȍȠȒȈȔ ȗȖȉȖȧȔ ȘȈȏȘȣ-
ȊȈȓȐ Ȑ ȗȈȟȒȈȓȐ ȕȈ ȕȍȔ ȗȓȈȚȤȍ.
Ǫ ȋȓțȉȐȕȍ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘ ȉȓȐȏȓȍȎȈȡȐȝ ȌȖȔȖȊ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȓȐ
ȍȡȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȔȘȈȟȕȣȍ șȞȍȕȣ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȕȍȘȊȕȖȍ ȕȈȗȘȧȎȍ-
ȕȐȍ ȖȉȖșȚȘȐȓȖ ȟțȊșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȐȕșȚȐȕȒȚȣ ȚȖȓȗȣ
ǺȖ ȏȌȍșȤ ȚȖ ȚȈȔ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȝ ȗȈȘȕȍȑ
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȓȐ Ȑȏ ȌȖȔȖȊ ș ȘȈȏȋȖȘȍȊȠȐȔȐșȧ ȓȐȞȈȔȐ ȗȍ-
ȘȍȠȍȗȚȣȊȈȧșȤ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍșȔȍȐȊȈȧșȤ ȔȍȎȌț șȖȉȖȦ, ȒȈȒ șȖȖȉȡ-
ȕȐȒȐ
ǸȈȑȖȕ ȗȖȋȘȖȔȈ Ȋșȍ ȘȈșȠȐȘȧȓșȧ ȖȚȔȍȟȈȍȔȣȑ ȏȈȘȍȊȖȔ
ȒȖșȚȘȖȊ ȋțȓȖȔ ȒȘȐȒȖȔ ȗȍșȕȧȔȐ ȚȖȓȗȣ Ȉ ȗȖȌȟȈș Ȑ ȊȣșȚȘȍ-
ȓȈȔȐ
ǷȖȡȈȌȐȊȠȐ Ȟȍȓȣȑ ȘȧȌ ȒȊȈȘȚȈȓȖȊ Ȗȕ ȗȍȘȍȒȐȕțȓșȧ ȖȚ
ȞȍȕȚȘȈ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ Ȋ ǹȖȉȖȓȍȊ ȗȍȘȍțȓȖȒ Ȑ ȕȈ ǬȘȈȟȍȊȒț ǺțȌȈ ȧȊȐ-
ȓȈșȤ ȚȖȓȗȈ șȖșȚȖȧȡȈȧ Ȑȏ ȔțȎȟȐȕ Ȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȘȈȏȋȘȖ-
ȔȐȚȤ ȗțȉȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȌȖȔȈ
ǪșȧȒȐȑ ȏȕȈȦȡȐȑ ǴȖșȒȊț ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ șȍȉȍ ȝȖȚȤ ȗȖȕȈ-
șȓȣȠȒȍ ȥȚț ȔȍșȚȕȖșȚȤ ȋȌȍ țȓȐȞȈ ȒȘțȚȖ ȗȖȌȕȐȔȈȦȡȈȧșȧ
ȕȈ ȋȖȘț șȗȓȖȠȤ ȏȈșȚȘȖȍȕȈ ȌȖȔȈȔȐ ȚȍȘȗȐȔȖșȚȐ
ǬȕȍȔ ȏȌȍșȤ Ȋșȍ ȚȐȝȖ Ȑ ȔȍȘȚȊȖ ǰȏȊȖȏȟȐȒȖȊ ȕȍȚ ȗȘȖȝȖ-
ȎȐȍ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȦȚșȧ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȘȍȌȒȖ Ȋșȍ ȖȒȕȈ ȏȈȒȘȣȚȣ șȚȈȊȕȧȔȐ
ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ șȚȣȌȧȚșȧ ȋȓȧȌȍȚȤ ȕȈ ȌȕȍȊȕȖȑ șȊȍȚ
ǯȈȚȖ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈ ȔȍȕȧȍȚșȧ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȡȈȧșȤ Ȋ șȗȓȖȠ-
ȕțȦ ȉȍȏȖȉȘȈȏȕțȦ ȖȘȋȐȦ
ǰȏȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȌȖȔȖȊ ȓȤȍȚșȧ șȊȍȚ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȒȐ ȐȏȊȖȏȟȐȒȖȊ ȕȍȐ-
șȚȖȊȖ ȋȘȍȔȧȚ ȗȖ ȔȖșȚȖȊȖȑ șȖ Ȋșȍȝ șȚȖȘȖȕ ȕȍșțȚșȧ ȏȊțȒȐ ȋȘț-
ȉȖȑ ȜȈȓȤȠȐȊȖȑ ȔțȏȣȒȐ ȗȤȧȕȣȍ ȒȘȐȒȐ șȔȍȝ Ȑ ȊȖșȒȓȐȞȈ-
ȕȐȧǮȐȊȖȚȕȖȍ Ȋ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȍ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊțȍȚ ȏȌȍșȤ ȒȈȎȌțȦ ȕȖȟȤ
șȊȖȦ ȗȖȉȍȌț șȘȍȌȐ ȧȘȒȐȝ Ȗȋȕȍȑ, ȖȚȘȈȎȍȕȕȣȝ ȏȍȘȒȈȓȈȔȐ
șȘȍȌȐ ȕȈȒȘȈȠȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ ȖȚȘȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȊȘȈȚȖȔ șȘȍȌȐ
ȋțșȚȖȑ ȈȚȔȖșȜȍȘȣ ȒȖșȔȍȚȐȒȖȊ ȊȐȕȈ Ȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȚȈ
ǵȖ Ȋ ȥȚȖȚ ȊȍȟȍȘ ȖȉȣȟȕȈȧ ȊȈȒȝȈȕȈȓȐȧ țșȚțȗȐȓȈ ȔȍșȚȖ ȕȖ-

103
ȊȖȑǪȔȍșȚȖ ȖȘȋȐȐ ȘȈȏȊȘȈȚȈ Ȑ ȋȘȧȏȐ ȏȌȍșȤ șȖȊȍȘȠȐȓȈșȤ ȖȘ-
ȋȐȧ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȐȧ șȈȔȖȊȓȈșȚȐȧ ȋȘțȉȖȑ șȐȓȣ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦȡȍȑ
țȌȍȘȎț
ǪȔȍșȚȖ ȔȍȓȒȖȑ ȕȘȈȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȕȍȟȐșȚȖȗȓȖȚȕȖșȚȐ ȥȚȈ ȕȖȟȤ
ȉȣȓȈ ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȈ ȉțȑȕȖȑ șȚȘȈșȚȐ ǪȔȍșȚȖ șȖȚȍȕ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȝ
ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ ȧȊȐȓșȧ ȖȌȐȕ ȋȐȋȈȕȚșȒȐȑ ȏȊȍȘȤ — ȚȖȓȗȈ
DzȖȋȌȈ ȊȖȓȕȣ ȕȈȘȖȌȈ ȏȈȒȖȓȣȝȈȓȐșȤ Ȋ ǹȖȉȖȓȍȊȖȔ ȗȍȘȍțȓ-
Ȓȍ Ȑ ȋțȓ ȋȖȓȖșȖȊ ȖȝȊȈȚȐȓ ȌȖȔȈ șȖ Ȋșȍȝ șȚȖȘȖȕ ȒȈȒ ȠțȔ ȔȖȘ-
șȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȐȉȖȧ ȖȉȣȟȕȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȋ ȏȈȊȍȌȍȕȐȧȝ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȗȘȖșȣ-
ȗȈȓȈșȤ
ǶȒȕȈ Ȑ ȌȊȍȘȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȖȊșȦȌț ȏȈȗȍȘȚȣ ȕȖ ȥȚȖ, ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ,
ȕȍ șȖșȚȈȊȐȓȖ ȗȘȍȗȧȚșȚȊȐȧ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȓȗȣ
ǭȌȊȈ ȖȕȈ ȗȖȘȈȊȕȧȓȈșȤ ș ȗȍȘȊȣȔ ȏȈȊȍȌȍȕȐȍȔ ȒțȟȒȈ ȗȈȘ-
ȕȍȑ ȊȉȍȎȈȓȈ ȕȈ ȒȘȣȓȤȞȖ Ȑ ȖȌȕȐȔ ȔȖȡȕȣȔ ȕȈȚȐșȒȖȔ ȕȍ
șȚțȟȈșȤ ȕȍ ȏȊȖȕȧ ȊȣȓȖȔȈȓȈ ȌȊȍȘȐ
ǯȈ ȕȐȔȐ ȗȖȉȍȎȈȓȖ ȍȡȍ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ǬȘțȋȐȍ ȕȈȗȘȈ-
ȊȐȓȐșȤ Ȓ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȔ ȌȖȔȈȔ ȟȈșȚȤ Ȏȍ ȚȖȓȗȣ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȔ Ȗȉ-
ȘȈȏȖȔ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȖșȚȈȓȐșȤ ȕȈ țȓȐȞȍ ȊȣȎȐȌȈȧ, ȟȚȖ ȉțȌȍȚ
ȌȈȓȤȠȍ
ǷȓȈȕ ȘȈȏȋȘȖȔȖȊ, ȕȈȟȈȊȠȐȝșȧ șȍȑȟȈș Ȏȍ ȗȖ Ȋșȍȑ ȓȐȕȐȐ
ȗȍȘȍțȓȒȈ ȉȣȓ ȊȍȏȌȍ ȖȌȐȕȈȒȖȊ
ǪȖȘȊȈȊȠȐȍșȧ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȓȐ ș ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȉȐȓȐ Ȑ ȓȖȔȈȓȐ Ȗȉ-
șȚȈȕȖȊȒț DzȚȖ-ȚȖ ȗȘȐȌțȔȈȓ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȤ ȖȒȕȈ Ȑ ȕȈȟȈȚȤ ȊȣȉȘȈ-
șȣȊȈȚȤ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȕȐȝ ȘȈȏȕȣȍ ȊȍȡȐ ȕȈ ȗȖȚȍȝț ȚȖȓȗȍ
ȅȚȖ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȚȍȕȐȍ ȐȔȍȓȖ țșȗȍȝ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȕȈȟȈȓȐ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȧȚȤ
ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȌȖȔȈȝ ǷȖȋȘȖȔ ȗȘȐȕȧȓ ȕȍ ȚȘȈȋȐȟȍșȒȐȑ Ȉ ȠțȚȖȊșȒȖȑ
ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȈ
ǵȈ ȔȖșȚȖȊțȦ ȓȍȚȍȓȐ ȗȍȘȐȕȣ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȚȖȚȟȈș Ȏȍ Ȋȣ-
ȗțșȒȈȓȐ ȗțȝ ǹ ȋȓțȉȖȒȐȔ șȚȖȕȖȔ ȗȈȌȈȓȐ Ȑ ȘȈȏȉȐȊȈȓȐșȤ Ȗ
ȒȈȔȕȐ ȘȖȧȓȐ ǹȚțȓȤȧ șȚȖȓȣ Ȑ ȒȘȍșȓȈ ȟȈșȚȖ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȐșȤ ȗȖ-
ȟȚȐ ȞȍȓȣȔȐ ȗȖșȓȍ ȗȈȌȍȕȐȧ ȕȖ ȚȖȓȗȈ ȕȍȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȖ Ȑȝ ȌȖȓȈ-
ȔȣȊȈȓȈ
ǹȔȍȠȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ, ȊȖȖȘțȎȐȊȠȐșȤ
ȚȖȗȖȘȖȔ ȐȓȐ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȗȖȓȍȕȖȔ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖ Ȑ țșȍȘȌȕȖ ȘȈȏȉȐȊȈ-
ȓȐ ȘȈȏȕȣȍ ȊȍȡȐ ȉțȌȚȖ ȌȍȓȈȓȐ ȌȍȓȖ
ǻȟȈșȚȕȐȒȐ ȗȖȋȘȖȔȈ ȏȈȉȈȊȓȧȓȐșȤ ȖȚ ȌțȠȐ
ǷȈȌȍȕȐȍ ȘȖȧȓȧ ȗȘȐȊȍȚșȚȊȖȊȈȓȖșȤ ȊȖșȚȖȘȎȍȕȕȣȔ ȘȍȊȖȔ.

104
ȀțȚȒȐ Ȑ ȝȖȝȖȚ ȕȍ țȔȖȓȒȈȓȐ
ǶșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȊȍșȍȓȖ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȓȐșȤ ȊȣȓȍȚȈȊȠȐȍ Ȑȏ ȖȒȖȕ ȗȘȐ-
ȕȈȌȓȍȎȕȖșȚȐ ȚțȈȓȍȚȈ ǷȘȐȊȧȏȕȈȧ ȒȖșȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȖȊȐșȓȈ, ȏȈ-
ȞȍȗȐȊȠȐșȤ ȏȈ ȘȈȔț ȎȈȓȒȈȧ Ȑ ȘȈșȚȘȍȗȈȕȕȈȧ ȊȣȏȊȈȓȈ ȊȏȘȣȊ
șȔȍȝȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȕȈȊȍȘȕȖȍ ȉȣȓ șȓȣȠȍȕ ȏȈ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȒȊȈȘ-
ȚȈȓȖȊ
DzȖȋȌȈ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓȐ Ȋ șȗȈȓȤȕȧȝ ȒȖȘȖȉȒȐ ș ȗțȌȘȖȑ ȍȍ ȗȖȗȘȖ-
șȚț ȊȣșȣȗȈȓȐ ȕȈ ȋȖȓȖȊȣ ȚȖȓȗȣ
ǮȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȗȘȖȧȊȓȧȊȠȐȍ ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȏȓȖȉȣ, ȟȍȔ ȔțȎ-
ȟȐȕȣ ȕȈȉȘȈșȣȊȈȓȐșȤ, ȒȈȒ ȚȐȋȘȐȞȣ ȕȈ ȗȍșȚȘȣȍ ȗȓȈȚȤȧ Ȋȣ-
ȠȐȚȣȍ ȉȓȍșȚȒȈȔȐ ȖȉȠȐȚȣȍ ȗȖȏțȔȍȕȚȈȔȐ, Ȑ ȘȊȈȓȐ Ȑȝ Ȋ ȒȓȖȟ-
ȒȐ ȅȚȈ ȌȍȠȍȊȈȧ ȘȖșȒȖȠȤ ȒȈȏȈȓȈșȤ ȐȔ ȊȖȗȓȖȡȍȕȐȍȔ ȚȖȋȖ ȔȈ-
ȔȖȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț ȗȘȖȌȈȍȚșȧ ȎȍȕșȒȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ
ǶȉȐȚȈȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȣ ȌȖȔȖȊ ȕȈȟȈȓȐ ȊȣȉȍȋȈȚȤ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȗȘȐ ȗȍȘ-
Ȋȣȝ ȏȊțȒȈȝ ȗȖȋȘȖȔȈ
ǶȕȐ ȊȣșȒȈȒȐȊȈȓȐ ȗȖȓțȖȌȍȚȣȍ ȘȈșȚȘȍȗȈȕȕȣȍ șȖ șȓȍȌȈ-
ȔȐ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȖȋȖ șȚȘȈȝȈ ȕȈ ȓȐȞȈȝ ȏȈȗȓȣȊȠȐȝ ȖȚ ȌȕȍȊȕȖȋȖ șȕȈ
Ȑ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȗȖȒȘȣȚȣȝ ȘțȔȧȕȈȔȐ
ǶȕȐ ȔȍȚȈȓȐșȤ ȉȍȏ ȚȖȓȒț ȒȈȒ ȏȊȍȘȐ ȊȕȍȏȈȗȕȖ ȊȣȋȕȈȕ-
ȕȣȍ Ȑȏ ȓȖȋȖȊȐȡȈ ǽȖȚȧ ȕȐȒȚȖ Ȑȝ ȕȍ ȖȉȐȎȈȓ ȖȕȐ ȊȐȏȎȈȓȐ Ȑ
ȗȓȈȒȈȓȐ
ǩȣȓȐ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ, ȗȘȐȌȧ Ȋ șȍȉȧ Ȑ țȉȍȌȐȊȠȐșȤ Ȋ șȖȉ-
șȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȓȐ ȚȍȠȐȚȤșȧ ȗȖȋȘȖȔȖȔ Ȑ ȗȖ-
ȔȖȋȈȓȐ ȘȈȏȉȐȊȈȚȤ ȊȍȡȐ ș ȚȈȒȖȦ ȏȓȖȉȕȖȦ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤȦ ȉțȌȚȖ
ȔșȚȐȓȐ ȏȈ ȖȉȐȌȣ Ȋșȍȑ șȊȖȍȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȕȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ ȊȍȓȐ
șȍȉȧ ȐȕȈȟȍ
ǹȖȉȘȈȊȠȐșȤ Ȋ Ȓțȟț ȗȘȐȎȈȊȠȐșȤ ȌȘțȋ Ȓ ȌȘțȋț ȖȕȐ ȚțȗȖ
ȐșȗțȋȈȕȕȖ șȔȖȚȘȍȓȐ ȕȈ Ȋșȍ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȧȡȍȍ ȒȘțȋȖȔ
ǰȝ ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȚȘȖȋȈȓ ǺȖȓȗȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȌȠțȟȐȊȈȓȈ ȕȈȌ Ȑȝ
ȘȈșȚȍȘȏȈȕȕȣȔ ȊȐȌȖȔ ȕȈȌ ȋȖȓȣȔ ȚȍȓȖȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȖȕȐ ȉȍȏ-
ȏȈșȚȍȕȟȐȊȖ ȊȣșȚȈȊȓȧȓȐ ȕȈ ȗȖȒȈȏ
Ƕȉȡȍȍ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȕȐȔ ȉȣȓȖ ȖȚȟȈșȚȐ ȕȈșȔȍȠȓȐȊȖȍ ȖȚ-
ȟȈșȚȐ șȖșȚȘȈȌȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȕȖ, ȊȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ, ȕȍ ȏȓȖȉȕȖȍ
ǵȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȎȍȕȡȐȕ Ȑȏ ȚȖȓȗȣ ȕȈȟȈȓȐ ȉȣȓȖ ȒȐȌȈȚȤ Ȋ ȕȐȝ
ȋȘȧȏȤȦ ȖșȣȗȈȚȤ Ȑȝ ȘțȋȈȕȤȦ ȕȖ ȔțȎȟȐȕȣ șȍȑȟȈș Ȏȍ ȥȚȖ ȗȘȍ-
ȒȘȈȚȐȓȐ
ǪȖȖȉȡȍ ȍșȓȐ ȕȍ șȟȐȚȈȚȤ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȝȖȏȧȐȕȈ ȏȈȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ

105
ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ țȉȐȓȐ ȏȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ș ȘȍȊȖȓȤȊȍȘȖȔ Ȋ ȘțȒȈȝ ȝȖȚȍȓ
ȏȈȡȐȡȈȚȤ șȊȖȍ ȌȖȉȘȖ ȌȈ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȝ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȊȖ-
ȘȖȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȗȖȑȔȈȓȐ Ȋ ȗȘȐȚȖȕȍ Ȑ ȗȖȊȍșȐȓȐ ȎȍșȚȖȒȖșȚȍȑ
ȏȌȍșȤ ȕȍ șȖȊȍȘȠȈȓȖșȤ
ǺȈȔ, ȋȌȍ ȔȕȖȋȖ șȔȍȦȚșȧ — ȘȍȌȒȖ ȓȤȍȚșȧ ȒȘȖȊȤ
ǵȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȏȎȍ ȗȖȋȘȖȔȖȊ Ȋ ǹȖȉȖȓȍȊȖȔ ȗȍȘȍțȓȒȍ ȗȘȐ-
ȉȓȐȏȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȖȒȖȓȖ ȗȖȓțȕȖȟȐ ȗȖ Ȋșȍȑ ǴȖșȒȊȍ ȕȈȟȈȓșȧ ȘȈȏ-
ȋȘȖȔ ȚȦȘȍȔ Ȑ ȈȘȍșȚȕȣȝ ȌȖȔȖȊ ș ȞȍȓȤȦ ȊȣȗțșȚȐȚȤ ȈȘȍșȚȈȕ-
ȚȖȊǽȖȚȧ ȘțșșȒȐȑ ȕȈȘȖȌ ȐșȗȖȒȖȕ ȊȍȒȖȊ șȔȖȚȘȐȚ ȕȈ ȊșȧȒȐȝ
țȏȕȐȒȖȊ ȒȈȒ ȕȈ ©ȕȍșȟȈșȚȕȍȕȤȒȐȝª ȝȖȚȧ Ȗȕ ȗȘȐȊȣȒ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ
ȗȘȍșȚțȗȕȐȒȖȊ ȘȈȏȋțȓȐȊȈȦȡȐȔȐ ȕȈ șȊȖȉȖȌȍ Ȉ ȕȍȊȐȕȕȣȝ ȐȌț-
ȡȐȔȐ Ȋ ȒȈȚȖȘȋț ȗȖȟȍȔț ȍȋȖ șȐȔȗȈȚȐȐ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȕȈ șȚȖȘȖȕȍ
ȈȘȍșȚȈȕȚȖȊ Ȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȐ Ȋșȍ-ȚȈȒȐ ȘȈȏȋȘȖȔ ȔȖșȒȖȊ-
șȒȐȝ ȚȦȘȍȔ ȕȍ ȉȣȓ ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȗȘȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȚȍȔȗȍ-
ȘȈȔȍȕȚȈ ȚȖȓȗȣ Ȉ ȧȊȐȓșȧ ȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ ȈȋȐȚȈȞȐȐ
ǬȍȓȖ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȋȖȘȧȟȐȝ ȋȖȓȖȊ Ȑȏ ȘȍȊȖȓȦ-
ȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȔȖȓȖȌȍȎȐ șȌȍȓȈȓȐ ȥȚȖȦ ȕȖȟȤȦ ȗȖȗȣȚȒț ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖ-
ȊȈȚȤ ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ ȚȖȓȗȣ Ȍȓȧ șȊȖȐȝ Ȟȍȓȍȑ
ǷȖȗȣȚȒȈ ȕȍ țȌȈȓȈșȤ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȓȦȌȐ, ȏȈȉȣȊȠȐȍ șȘȍȌȐ
ȟțȔȣ Ȑ ȗȖȋȘȖȔȖȊ Ȗ ȏȈȊȚȘȈȠȕȍȔ Ȍȕȍ ȕȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȏȈȉȖȚȐȚȤșȧ Ȗ
ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȍ ȗȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ȕȖ ȖȌȕȈ ȟȈșȚȤ ȗȓȈȕȈ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖ-
ȕȍȘȖȊ — ȖșȊȖȉȖȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȕȣȝ — ȗȘȐȠȓȈșȤ ȗȖ ȌțȠȍ
ȕȈȘȖȌț Ȑ ȉȣȓȈ ȐȔ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȍȕȈ
ǭșȓȐ ȘȈȏȋȘȖȔ ȗțȉȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȌȖȔȖȊ ȕȖșȐȓ ȠțȚȖȊșȒȖȑ ȝȈȘȈȒ-
ȚȍȘ ȚȖ ș ȚȦȘȤȔȈȔȐ ȌȍȓȖ ȖȉșȚȖȧȓȖ ȐȕȈȟȍ ǹȞȍȕȣ, ȗȘȖȐșȝȖ-
ȌȐȊȠȐȍ ȏȌȍșȤ, ȖȚȓȐȟȈȓȐșȤ ȔȘȈȟȕȖȑ ȉȍșȗȖȡȈȌȕȖșȚȤȦ ȒȘȖȊȤ
ȓȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȐȏȖȉȐȓȐȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȔȖȔȍȕȚȣ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ȓȦȌȧȝ ȒȈȏȈ-
ȓȖșȤ ȐșȟȍȏȈȓȖ Ȋșȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȍ
DzȈȘȈțȓȤȕȣȍ șȖȓȌȈȚȣ ȗȖȊșȦȌț ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȐ șȚȖȑȒȖȍ șȖȗȘȖ-
ȚȐȊȓȍȕȐȍ ǺȖȓȗȈ țșȚȐȓȈȓȈ ȔȖșȚȖȊțȦ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȚȘțȗȈȔȐ ȕȖ
șȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ ȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȔȈȓȖ ȍȑ ȌȖșȚțȗȕȖ, ȒȈȒ șȚȈȍ
ȉȍȠȍȕȣȝ ȊȖȓȒȖȊ
ǪȐȌ ȒȘȖȊȐ Ȑ șȔȍȘȚȐ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȐȓ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȖșȚȈȚȒȐ șȖȏ-
ȕȈȕȐȧ
Ǫșȍ, ȒȚȖ șȖȗȘȖȚȐȊȓȧȓșȧ ȕȍȡȈȌȕȖ ȐȏȉȐȊȈȓȐșȤ ǪȣȘȊȈȊȠȐȍ-
șȧ ȈȘȍșȚȈȕȚȣ ȗȘȐȌȈȊȈȓȐ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧȔ ȚȖȓȗȣ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕțȦ Ȏȍș-
ȚȖȒȖșȚȤ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȝȖȚȍȓȐ ȔșȚȐȚȤ șȊȖȐȔ ȚȦȘȍȔȡȐȒȈȔ

106
ǩȣȓȐ șȓțȟȈȐ ȊȈȘȊȈȘșȒȖȑ ȘȈșȗȘȈȊȣ ș ȎȈȕȌȈȘȔȈȔȐ ș
ȚȦȘȍȔȕȣȔȐ ȕȈȌȏȐȘȈȚȍȓȧȔȐ ȌȈȎȍ ș Ȑȝ șȍȔȤȧȔȐ
ǩȣȓȐ șȓțȟȈȐ ȋȓțȔȓȍȕȐȧ ȕȈȌ ȚȘțȗȈȔȐ țȉȐȚȣȝ
ǹȚȈȘȐȒȐ-ȜȈȉȘȐȟȕȣȍ ȗȖȔȕȐȊȠȐȍ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈ ȊȖșșȚȈȕȐȧ ȕȈ
ǷȘȍșȕȍ țșȚȘȈȐȊȈȓȐ ȗȈȘȖȌȐȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȖ-ȗȖȓȍȊȖȋȖ șțȌȈ Ȑ ȘȈșșȚȘȍ-
ȓȐȊȈȓȐ ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ, ȖȌȍȚȖȋȖ Ȋ ȒȈȏȍȕȕțȦ ȜȖȘȔț
ǵȖ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȔȈȓȖ Ǫ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȉȖȐȡȍ ȉȣȊȈȓȖ ȖȒȖȕȟȍ-
ȕȖ Ȑ ȚȖȓȗȈ ș ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȖȔ ȗȖȌȎȐȋȈȓȈ ȏȌȈȕȐȍ ȖȚ ȕȍȍ ȖȚȌȍȓȧ-
ȓȐșȤ ȖȌȐȕȖȟȕȣȍ ȓȦȌȐ ȌȈȎȍ Ȟȍȓȣȍ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȟȚȖȉȣ,
ȘȈșșȍȧȊȠȐșȤ ȗȖ ȉȓȐȎȈȑȠȐȔ țȓȐȞȈȔ, ȐșȒȈȚȤ, ȕȈ ȒȖȋȖ ȉȣ ȕȈ-
ȗȈșȚȤ ȒȖȋȖ ȉȣ țȉȐȚȤ ȐȓȐ ȐȏȕȈșȐȓȖȊȈȚȤ
ǶȕȐ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓȐșȤ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȗȖȓȕȍȑȠȍȋȖ ȏȊȍȘșȚȊȈ ȏȊȍȘ-
șȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȔȍȠȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ȍșȓȐ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȚȈȒ ȊȣȘȈȏȐȚȤșȧ ǭȌȐȕșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȖșȚȈȊȠȐȔșȧ ț ȕȐȝ ȗȖȉțȎȌȍȕȐȍȔ ȉȣȓȈ ȎȈȎȌȈ ȕȈ-
șȐȓȐȧ ȗȖȚȘȍȉȕȖșȚȤ ȔțȟȐȚȤ ȚȍȘȏȈȚȤ șȓȣȠȈȚȤ ȊȖȗȓȐ șȚȖ-
ȕȣ ȗȘȍȌșȔȍȘȚȕȣȑ ȝȘȐȗ
ǷțȚȤ ȥȚȐȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȊȖ ȚȤȔȍ ȏȈȔȍȘȠȐȝ ȖȚ țȎȈșȈ țȓȐȞ
ȖȉȖȏȕȈȟȈȓșȧ ȘȈȏȋȘȖȔȓȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȈȔȐ ȐșȚȍȘȏȈȕȕȣȔȐ
ȚȘțȗȈȔȐ ȚȣșȧȟȤȦ ȏȕȈȒȖȊ țȚȖȕȟȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȏȊȍȘșȚ-
ȊȈ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȉȓȍȌȕȍȦȚ ȌȈȎȍ țȎȈșȣ ȟțȔȣ
ǵȍȏȈȌȖȓȋȖ ȌȖ ȘȈșșȊȍȚȈ ȒȖȋȌȈ șȖ Ȋșȍȝ șȚȖȘȖȕ ȕȈ ȕȍȉȍ șȐȧ-
ȓȐ ȏȈȘȍȊȈ ȗȖȎȈȘȖȊ ȖȚȔȍȟȈȧ ȗțȚȤ ȗȖȋȘȖȔȖȊ ȖȚ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȕ-
ȞȈ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ȌȖ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ ȉȍșȟȐȕșȚȊȈ ȚȖȓȗȣ șȚȈȓȐ ȏȈȚȐȝȈȚȤ
ǷȘȖȐȏȖȠȓȖ ȥȚȖ ȖȚȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȘȈȏȉȐȓȈșȤ ȕȈ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ
ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȝ ȚȖȓȗ ȏȈȕȧȊȠȐȝșȧ ȖȌȕȈ ȏȈ ȌȘțȋȖȦ ȘȈȏȉȐȊȈȕȐȍȔ
ȊȐȕȕȣȝ ȓȈȊȖȒ
DzȖȕȍȟȕȖ, ȓȈȊȒȐ ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȏȈȡȐȡȈȓ Ȑ ȊȍȓȐȒȈȧ ȖȚȘȈȊȈ ȏȍȔ-
ȓȐ ȘțșșȒȖȑ ȗȖȓȐȓȈșȤ ȘȍȒȖȦ ǻȚȖȔȓȍȕȕȈȧ ȊȈȒȝȈȕȈȓȐȍȑ țȎȈ-
șȖȊ ȚȖȓȗȈ ȗȐȓȈ ș ȎȈȌȕȖșȚȤȦ ȏȈȉȣȊȈȧ ȊșȧȒțȦ ȔȍȘț
ǷȐȓȐ Ȋșȍ: ȔțȎȟȐȕȣ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ Ȑ ȌȍȚȐ ǷȐȓȐ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȏȈ-
ȋȓțȠȐȚȤ ȋȖȓȖȌ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȏȈȋȓțȠȐȚȤ țȗȘȍȒȐ șȖȊȍșȚȐ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȘȖ-
ȋȕȈȚȤ ȗȘȐȏȘȈȒ ȟțȔȣ ȊȣȘȈșȚȈȊȠȐȑ ȏȈ șȗȐȕȖȦ, ȒȈȒ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ
ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȓȈ ȗȖȋȘȖȔȕȈȧ ȋȖȘȧȟȒȈ
ǷȐȓȐ ȔȘȈȟȕȖ ȔȖȓȟȈȓȐȊȖ Ȑ, ȕȈȗȐȊȠȐșȤ ȌȖ ȗȖȚȍȘȐ șȖȏ-
ȕȈȕȐȧ ȗȈȌȈȓȐ ȕȈ ȔȖșȚȖȊțȦ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌȧ ȖȚ ȒȖȠȔȈȘȈ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ Ȓ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖȔț șȕț
DzȖȍ-ȋȌȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȊȐȕȕȣȝ ȓȈȊȖȒ ȕȈȗȐȊȠȐȍșȧ ȗȈȘȕȐ ȕȈȟȐ-
ȕȈȓȐ ȗȍȚȤ Ȑ ȗȓȧșȈȚȤ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȌȍȓȖ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȓȖ ȕȈ ȗȘȐȝȖȌ-

107
șȒȖȔ ȗȘȈȏȌȕȐȒȍ ǰȝ șȒȈȟțȡȐȍ ȒȖȓȍȉȓȦȡȐȍșȧ șȐȓțȥȚȣ Ȑȝ
ȕȍȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȘȍȏȒȐȍ ȋȖȓȖșȈ ȌȖȊȍȘȠȈȓȐ țȎȈș ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ
Ǫ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȔȍșȚȈȝ ȔȍȎȌț ȗȤȧȕȣȔȐ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȓȐșȤ ȒȘȖȊȈȊȣȍ
ȌȘȈȒȐ ǵȍȔȈȓȖ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȐșȒȈȓȍȟȍȕȖ Ȑ țȉȐȚȖ
ǵȖ ȗȖȕȍȔȕȖȋț ȌțȘȔȈȕ ȉȘȈȓ șȊȖȍ Ȑ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ ȊȖ-
ȞȈȘȐȓȈșȤ ȚȐȠȐȕȈ
ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓȈ șȈȔȈȧ șȚȘȈȠȕȈȧ ȚȐȠȐȕȈ ȒȈȒțȦ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȍȉȍ
ȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȚȐȠȐȕȈ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȔȈ, ȐșȚȍȘȏȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȣȚ-
ȒȖȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ, ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ ȖȉȔȖȘȖȒț ȕȈ ȔȐȕțȚț ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȍȚ șȚȘȈ-
ȌȈȚȤ.
ǵȈ ȔȍșȚȍ ȗȖȋȘȖȔȖȊ ȌȣȔȐȓȐșȤ ȘȈȏȊȈȓȐȕȣ ȓȍȎȈȓȐ Ȋ ȓț-
ȎȈȝ ȒȘȖȊȐ ȐșȒȈȓȍȟȍȕȕȣȍ ȚȘțȗȣ ȕȈ Țȍȝ țȓȐȞȈȝ, ȋȌȍ ȘȈȏȉȐ-
ȊȈȓȐ ȔȈȋȈȏȐȕȣ ȔȖșȚȖȊȣȍ ȉȣȓȐ țșȣȗȈȕȣ ȊșȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔȐ
ȚȖȊȈȘȈȔȐ ȚȣșȧȟȤȦ ȌȖȘȖȋȐȝ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȐȝ Ȋȍȡȍȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȍȡȍ
ȕȍȌȈȊȕȖ țȒȘȈȠȈȓȐ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȌȈȊȈȓȐ ȍȑ ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȤ Ȑ
șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ Ȉ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ, ȐȏȖȘȊȈȕȕȣȍ ȘȈșȚȖȗȚȈȕȕȣȍ ȊȈȓȧȓȐșȤ
Ȋ ȋȘȧȏȐ
ǪȖȒȘțȋ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȊȐȕȕȖȑ ȓȈȊȒȐ, șȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȑȝ ȕȐ ȉȣȓȖ Ȋ
ȋȖȘȖȌȍ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȔȐ ȋȘțȌȈȔȐ șȗȈȓȐ ȗȤȧȕȣȍ ȓȦȌȐ ȗȖȒȘȣ-
Țȣȍ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȋȘȧȏȤȦ Ȑ ȒȘȖȊȤȦ
ǶȌȕȐ șȗȈȓȐ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȖ ȖȚȒȘȣȊȠȐ ȘȚȣ ȚȧȎȍȓȖ ȝȘȈȗȧ ȘȈș-
ȒȐȕțȊȠȐ ȗȖ ȔȖșȚȖȊȖȑ ȘțȒȐ Ȑ ȕȖȋȐ
ǬȘțȋȐȍ ȌȈȎȍ ȊȖ șȕȍ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȐ țșȗȖȒȖȐȚȤșȧ: ȔȍȚȈȓȐșȤ
ȉȖȘȔȖȚȈȓȐ ȒȖȔț ȚȖ ȉȍșșȊȧȏȕȖ ȋȘȖȏȐȓȐ
ǵȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șȚȖȕȈȓȐ ȊȖ șȕȍ dzȐȞȈ Ȑȝ ȗȣȓȈȓȐ ȗțȘȗțȘȖȔ
șȚȘȈȠȕȣȑ ȖȏȕȖȉ ȗȖȚȘȧșȈȓ ȚȍȓȖ
ǵȈ ȥȚȐȝ țȎȍ ȕȈȓȖȎȐȓȈ șȊȖȦ ȞȍȗȒțȦ ȘțȒț ȟțȔȈ
ǸȧȌȖȔ ș ȎȐȊȣȔȐ șȗȈȓȐ ȊȍȟȕȣȔ șȕȖȔ ȔȍȘȚȊȣȍ ȗȖȚȖȔț
ȟȚȖ, ȏȈșȣȗȈȧ ȊȟȍȘȈ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȓ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȕȈ
ȚȈȒȖȍ șȖșȍȌșȚȊȖ
ǫțșȚȣȍ ȐșȗȈȘȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȗȐȚȈȕȕȣȍ ȏȈȗȈȝȖȔ ȊȖȌȒȐ ȒȘȖȊȐ
ȋȈȘȤȦ Ȑ ȏȓȖȊȖȕȐȍȔ ȚȘțȗȖȊ, ȗȖȌȕȐȔȈȓȐșȤ ȖȚ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ Ȓ țȚȘȍȕ-
ȕȍȔț ȕȍȉț ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȥȚȖ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ
ȟȐșȚȣȔ Ȑ ȕȍȎȕȣȔ
ǫȍȕȍȘȈȓ-ȋțȉȍȘȕȈȚȖȘ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ǴȖșȒȊȣ ȗȘȖȊȍȓ ȥȚț ȕȖȟȤ ȉȍȏ
șȕȈ ȉȍȋȈȧ ȗȖ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ șȝȖȌȧ ș țȔȈ ȖȚ șȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȉȍș-
șȐȓȐȧ
ǹȕȈȟȈȓȈ Ȗȕ ȗȘȖȉȖȊȈȓ ȘȈșȗȖȘȧȎȈȚȤșȧ ȕȖ șȒȖȘȖ țȉȍȌȐȓ-

108
șȧ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȌȟȐȕȍȕȕȣȍ ȘȈȏȉȍȎȈȓȐșȤ ȟȚȖ ȐșȗȖȓȕȧȚȤ
ȗȘȐȒȈȏȈȕȐȧ ȕȍȒȖȔț ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȌȈȎȍ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȧ Ȋ ȗȈȕȐȒȍ ȐȡȍȚ
șȗȈșȍȕȐȧ ȋȌȍ ȗȖȗȈȓȖ
ǷȘȈȊȌȈ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ ȕȈȉȘȈȚȤ ȋȖȘșȚȤ șȖȓȌȈȚ ȗȖ ȘȈȏ-
ȕȣȔ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȈȔ ȕȍ ȗȖȠȍȌȠȐȝ ȏȈ ȋȖȘȖȌ Ȍȓȧ ȒȈȘȈȕȚȐȕȕȖȑ șȓțȎ-
ȉȣ Ȑ ș ȕȐȔȐ ȊȣșȚțȗȐȚȤ ȕȈ țșȔȐȘȍȕȐȍ ȕȖ ȐȏȊȍșȚȐȧ Ȗȉ ȐșȝȖ-
Ȍȍ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȝ șȓțȟȈȍȊ șȖȗȘȖȚȐȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȚȖȓȗȍ ȗȘȐȕȍșȍȕȕȣȍ
ȕȍȔȕȖȋȐȔȐ ȖșȚȈȊȠȐȔȐșȧ ȕȈ șȓțȎȉȍ ȟȐȕȖȊȕȐȒȈȔȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȚȈ-
ȒȖȊȣ ȟȚȖ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓ ȖȚȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ȖȚ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȍȒȚȈ
ǰ ȊȖȚ ȍȔț ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȖșȤ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȕȖȑ ȉȍș-
șȐȓȤȕȖȑ ȏȓȖȉȣ
ǿȍȘȍȏ ȖȒȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȘȖșȒȖȠȕȖȋȖ ȒȈȉȐȕȍȚȈ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȐȌȕȖ ȏȈȘȍ-
ȊȖ ȗȖȎȈȘȖȊ ȌȖȕȖșȐȓȐșȤ ȏȈȋȓțȠȍȕȕȣȍ ȘȈșșȚȖȧȕȐȍȔ ȏȊțȒȐ
ȊȣșȚȘȍȓȖȊ șȓȣȠȈȓșȧ ȚȖ șȚȐȝȈȦȡȐȑ, ȚȖ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈȦȡȐȑ ȘȍȊ
ȚȖȓȗȣ
Ƕȕ ȉȘȖșȈȓșȧ ȕȈ ȌȐȊȈȕ ȓȐȞȖȔ ȊȕȐȏ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȏȈ-
ȘȍȊȈ ȏȈȎȐȔȈȓ țȠȐ ȓȈȌȖȕȧȔȐ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ șȓȣȠȈȚȤ
ȕȖ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȊȣȌȍȘȎȈȚȤ ȕȍȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȔȐȕțȚț
șȕȖȊȈ ȉȍȎȈȓ Ȓ ȖȒȕț
Ǩ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ ȒȈȎȌȣȍ ȗȖȓȟȈșȈ Ȋ ȒȖȔȕȈȚț ȊȝȖȌȐȓ ȟȐȕȖȊ-
ȕȐȒ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȊȠȐȑ Ȗ ȝȖȌȍ ȉȍșȗȖȘȧȌȒȖȊ
ǷȖ ȘȈșȚȍȘȧȕȕȣȔ ȊȌȘțȋ ȓȐȠȐȊȠȐȔșȧ ȓȖșȒȈ Ȑ ȗȖȟȚȐȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȖșȚȐ ȎȍșȚȈȔ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȋțȉȍȘȕȈȚȖȘ ȧșȕȍȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȊȐȌȍȓ
ȉȍȏȕȈȌȍȎȕȖșȚȤ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ
ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ, Ȑ ȊȍșȚȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȖȌȕȈ țȎȈșȕȍȍ ȌȘțȋȖȑ
ǷȖȋȘȖȔȣ ȊșȗȣȝȐȊȈȓȐ ȗȖȊșȦȌț
ǵȈȘȖȌ Ȋșȍ ȗȘȍȖȌȖȓȍȊȈȓ Ȋșȍ Ȕȧȓ Ȋșȍ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȈȓ ȕȈ șȊȖȍȔ
ȗțȚȐ
ǭȌȊȈ-ȍȌȊȈ țȌȈȓȖșȤ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȈȚȤ ȖȝȘȈȕț Ȍȓȧ DzȘȍȔȓȍȊ-
șȒȖȋȖ ȌȊȖȘȞȈ Ȑ ȊȈȎȕȍȑȠȐȝ Ȑȏ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ țȟȘȍȎȌȍȕȐȑ
ȕȖ ȚȍȓȍȜȖȕȕȖȍ șȖȖȉȡȍȕȐȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȍȘȊȈȕȖ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ
ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚȤ ȖȚ ȥȚȖȑ ȖȝȘȈȕȣ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȝ ȐȏȊȍșȚȐȑ
ǻȎȈșȕȍȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖșȚȤ — ȕȈ ȟȚȖ șȗȖșȖȉȕȈ
ȘȈȏȢȧȘȍȕȕȈȧ ȚȖȓȗȈ
ǶȉȘȈȚȐȚ ȓȐ ȖȕȈ Ȋ ȗȍȗȍȓ ȊȍșȤ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȐȓȐ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȐȚșȧ ȖȚ-
ȌȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȗȖȋȘȖȔȈȔȐ"
ǷȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈȔ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓ ȗȖȘȣȊȈȓșȧ ȊȣȑȚȐ Ȑȏ ȌȊȖȘȞȈ Ȑ Ȋ
ȖȌȐȕȖȟȒț ȗȖȑȚȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȗȖȋȘȖȔȡȐȒȖȊ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ

109
ȔȍȘȍ ȗȖȋȐȉȕțȚȤ ș ȟȍșȚȤȦ
Ƕȕ ȉȣȓ ȘȖȌȖȔ Ȑȏ ȗȘȐȉȈȓȚȐȑșȒȐȝ ȉȈȘȖȕȖȊ Ȑ Ȋ ȌțȠȍ ț
ȕȍȋȖ ȒȈȒ ȕȈșȓȍȌȐȍ ȗȘȍȌȒȖȊ-ȘȣȞȈȘȍȑ ȉȣȓȈ șȚȘțȕȒȈ ȟȍșȚȐ Ȑ
ȖȚȊȈȋȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȖȟȍȕȤ țȓȣȉȈȓșȧ ȥȚȖȚ ȗȘȖȍȒȚ
ǵȖ ȈȗȈȚȐȧ țȕȈșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȕȈȧ ȖȚ ȌȓȐȕȕȖȋȖ ȘȧȌȈ ȗȘȍȌȒȖȊ-
ȟȐȕȖȊȕȐȒȖȊ Ȑ ȗȘȐȌȊȖȘȕȣȝ șȗȈșȓȈ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓȈ
ǷȖȘȣȊȣ ȍȋȖ ȉȣșȚȘȖ șȔȍȕȐȓȐșȤ ȗȖȓȕȣȔ țȗȈȌȒȖȔ șȐȓ Ƕȕ
țșȍȓșȧ Ȋ ȒȘȍșȓȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȗȐșȤȔȍȕȕȖȋȖ șȚȖȓȈ ȖȗțșȚȐȓ ȋȖȓȖȊț
ȕȈ ȋȘțȌȤ Ȑ ȚȈȒ ȗȘȖșȐȌȍȓ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȈșȖȊ ȖȚȊȍȟȈȧ ȓȐȠȤ ȗȖ-
ȎȈȚȐȍȔ ȗȓȍȟ ȕȈ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȣ
ǩȣȓȖ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȏȈ ȗȖȓȕȖȟȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȌȍȎțȘȕȣȑ ȟȐȕȖȊȕȐȒ ȊȖ-
Ƞȍȓ Ȋ ȒȖȔȕȈȚț ȍȡȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȉȓȍȌȕȣȑ ȟȍȔ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ.
ǭȌȊȈ ȗȘȖȐȏȕȖșȧ șȓȖȊȈ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȚȘȧșțȡȐȔȐșȧ ȋțȉȈȔȐ Ȗȕ
șȖȖȉȡȐȓ, ȟȚȖ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓ-ȋțȉȍȘȕȈȚȖȘșȒȐȑ ȌȖȔ Ȋ ȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ ȚȈȒ
ȒȈȒ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȈȧ ȚȖȓȗȈ ȕȈȘȖȌȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ ȒȖȕȟȐȓȈ ȘȈȏȉȐȊȈȚȤ
ǶȝȖȚȕȣȑ ȘȧȌ Ȑ ȌȊȐȕțȓȈșȤ ȊȊȍȘȝ ȗȖ ǺȊȍȘșȒȖȑ
— DzȈȒȐȍ-ȚȖ ȈȋȐȚȈȚȖȘȣ — ȌȖȉȈȊȐȓ ȟȐȕȖȊȕȐȒ — ȗȖȉțȎ-
ȌȈȦȚ ȚȖȓȗț ȕȈȑȚȐ Ȑ ȖșȊȖȉȖȌȐȚȤ ǸȐȏȖȊȈ ǽȖȚȧ ǸȐȏȖȊ ȗȖ-ȊȐ-
ȌȐȔȖȔț, ȉȍȎȈȓ ȧ ȉȖȦșȤ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȖȕȐ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȠȓȐ ȐșȒȈȚȤ ȍȋȖ
ȏȌȍșȤ
ǫȍȕȍȘȈȓ ȖȗȧȚȤ ȗȖȎȈȓ ȗȓȍȟȈȔȐ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȖȚȊȍȟȈȧ Ƕȕ ȕȍ
ȗȘȖȧȊȐȓ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȒȖȊ ȉȍșȗȖȒȖȑșȚȊȈ ȕȖ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐȓ șȍȉȧ țȊȍșȚȐ
Ȋ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖȍ țȉȍȎȐȡȍ
ǷȍȘȍșȚțȗȈȧ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȗȖȘȖȋ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȌȊȖȘȞȈ Ȗȕ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȘȈȏ Ȋ
ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȝ ȟȈșȖȊ ȕȈȘțȠȐȓ ȔȖȓȟȈȕȐȍ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȊȠȐșȤ
Ȓ ȌȊțȔ șȖȓȌȈȚȈȔ șȚȖȧȊȠȐȔ ȕȈ ȟȈșȈȝ ȖȒȖȓȖ ȗȖȌȢȍȏȌȈ.
— ǪȐȌȐȚȍ, ȉȘȈȚȞȣ ȌȖ ȟȍȋȖ ȌȖȠȓȖ ȌȍȓȖ ǵȈȠȐ Ȏȍ Șțș-
șȒȐȍ șȊȧȚțȦ ǴȖșȒȊț ȘȈȏȖȘȧȦȚ!
ǵȈ ȋȓȈȏȈȝ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓȈ ȉȓȍșȚȍȓȐ șȓȍȏȣ ǹȖȓȌȈȚȣ ȋȓȧȌȍȓȐ ȕȈ
ȕȍȋȖ, ȊȣȗțȟȐȊ ȋȓȈȏȈ, Ȑ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȐȔ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȧȊȐȓȐ,
ȟȚȖ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȦȚ Ȗ ȟȍȔ ȐȌȍȚ ȘȍȟȤ ǶȕȐ țȎȍ ȚȘȍȚȤȦ ȕȖȟȤ ȉȣȓȐ
Ȋ ȒȈȘȈțȓȍ Ȑ ȋȖȓȖȊȣ ț ȕȐȝ ȔțȚȐȓȐșȤ ȖȚ țșȚȈȓȖșȚȐ
ǶșȚȈȚȖȒ ȕȖȟȐ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓ ȗȘȖȊȍȓ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȔ ȟȈșȚȕȖȔ ȌȖȔȍ ȕȈ
ǩȖȓȤȠȖȑ ǵȐȒȐȚșȒȖȑ ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ ȕȈțȚȘȖ șȖȉȘȈȓșȧ șȖȊȍȚ Ȋȣș-
ȠȐȝ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȈȌȔȐȕȐșȚȘȈȞȐȐ ǵțȎȕȖ, ȊȗȘȖȟȍȔ, ȏȈȔȍ-
ȚȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ șȖșȚȈȊ ȥȚȖȋȖ șȖȊȍȚȈ ȉȣȓ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȓȖȕ ǶȌȕȐȝ
ȕȍ ȝȊȈȚȈȓȖ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ țȎȍ Ȋ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ ȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȐ ȖȕȐ țȍȝȈȓȐ
ȗȖȌ ȘȈȏȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȋȈȔȐ Ȑȏ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ, ȗȖȚȖ-

110
Ȕț ȟȚȖ, ȕȈȗțȋȈȕȕȣȍ șȖȉȣȚȐȧȔȐ ȕȖȟȐ ȖȕȐ ȉȖȧȓȐșȤ ȊȣȑȚȐ ȕȈ
țȓȐȞț
ǵȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ țȔȍȘȓȖ ȖȚ ȟțȔȣ Ȉ ȌȊȖȍ ȊȣșȠȐȝ ȟȐ-
ȕȖȊ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȐ ȗȖȋȐȉȓȐ ȕȈȒȈȕțȕȍ ȗȘȐ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȍ ȖȉȘȈȏțȔȐȚȤ
ȚȖȓȗț
ǵȖ Ȑ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȐȍ șȖȉȘȈȊȠȐȍșȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȔȖȓȟȈȓȐ ȌȈ ȖȝȈȓȐ
ȟȍȔ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȐ
ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ Ȗ ȟȍȔ ȉȣȓȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ" ǷȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȕȍ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈ-
ȓȖ ȒȖȔȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȍȊ
Ǫ ȘȈșȗȖȘȧȎȍȕȐȐ ȊȓȈșȚȍȑ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȍ ȒȖȓȐȟȍ-
șȚȊȖ ȊȖȑșȒ ȕȖ ȖȕȐ ȕȍșȓȐ ȒȈȘȈȕȚȐȕȕțȦ șȓțȎȉț Ȑ ȖȚȖȘȊȈȚȤ Ȑȝ
ȕȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȓȖșȤ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ
— ǵȈȠ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȌȖȓȋ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȘȖȌȐȕȖȦ — șȒȈȏȈȓ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ
ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊțȦȡȐȝ, — ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȕȍ ȌȈȚȤ ȥȗȐ-
ȌȍȔȐȐ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȐȚȤșȧ
dzțȟȠȍ șȚȍȘȍȚȤ ȋȖȘȖȌ ș ȓȐȞȈ ȏȍȔȓȐ ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȊȣȗțșȚȐȚȤ
Ȑȏ ȕȍȋȖ ȝȖȚȤ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȏȈȟțȔȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȗȖȌȊȍȘȋȕțȚȤ ȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ
ȊșȦ ȐȔȗȍȘȐȦ
ȅȚȖ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȟȕȖ ȊȣșȒȈȏȈȕȕȖȍ ȔȕȍȕȐȍ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȧȓȖșȤ ȉȖȓȤ-
ȠȐȕșȚȊȖȔ ȟȓȍȕȖȊ șȖȊȍȡȈȕȐȧ ǴȍȕȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ ȊȖ ȋȓȈȊȍ ș ȋȍ-
ȕȍȘȈȓ-ȋțȉȍȘȕȈȚȖȘȖȔ, ȗȘȖȚȍșȚȖȊȈȓȖ Ȋ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȊȖȏ-
ȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȚȍȘȗȍȚȤ ȈȕȈȘȝȐȦ ȕȖ Ȑ ȖȕȐ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȐ țȒȈȏȈȚȤ șȘȍȌșȚȊ
ȊȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤ ȗȖȘȧȌȖȒ
ǷȖȥȚȖȔț ȖȒȖȕȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȈȒȖȍ șȖ ȊșȍȦ șȚȘȖ-
ȋȖșȚȤȦ șȖȝȘȈȕȧȚȤ ȒȈȘȈȕȚȐȕ ȖȚȌȍȓȐȚȤ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȊȖȏ-
ȔȖȎȕȣȔ, ȊȖȑșȒ Ȍȓȧ ȖȝȘȈȕȣ ȗȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ țȟȘȍȎȌȍ-
ȕȐȑ Ȉ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȊȖȓȍ ǩȖȎȐȍȑ
DzȈȎȌȣȑ ȘȈȏ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȧ ȌțȔȈȦ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ șȖȊȍȡȈȕȐȐ Ȕȕȍ
ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚ Ȋ ȋȖȓȖȊț ȍȋȖ ȗȖȘȈȏȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȈȕȈȓȖȋȐȟȕȖșȚȤ ș Ȑș-
ȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȔ șȖȊȍȚȖȔ Ȋ ǼȐȓȧȝ
DzȈȒ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȘȍȠȍȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȖȚșȚțȗȐȚȤ ȗȘȍȌȖ-
șȚȈȊȓȧȧ ǴȖșȒȊț ȊȘȈȋȈȔ
ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȕȈșȚțȗȈȓ ǵȈȗȖȓȍȖȕ ș ȜȘȈȕȞțȏȈȔȐ Ȉ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ș ȟțȔȖȦ
ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȖȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ȊȖ ȊȓȈșȚȐ ȌȊțȝ țȎȈșȕȣȝ
ȟțȌȖȊȐȡ — ȏȈȘȈȏȣ Ȑ ȈȕȈȘȝȐȐ
DzȈȒȖȍ Ȏȍ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ țȎȈșȕȍȍ"
Ƕ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ, ȟțȔȈ

111
ǨȕȈȘȝȐȧ ȗȘȖȧȊȐȊȠȈȧșȧ Ȋ ȗȍȘȊțȦ ȕȖȟȤ ȚȈȒȐȔ șȚȘȈȠȕȣȔ
ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȖȑ Ȏȍ ȌȍȕȤ ȗȘȐȖȉȘȍȓȈ ȐȕțȦ ȜȖȘȔț
ǷȘȐ ȌȕȍȊȕȖȔ șȊȍȚȍ ȐȏȉȈȊȐȊȠȐșȤ ȖȚ ȒȘȖȊȈȊȖȋȖ ȋȐȗȕȖȏȈ
ȚȖȓȗȈ șȕȖȊȈ ȖȉȘȍȓȈ șȊȖȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȍ ȟȍȘȚȣ
ǶȌȕȐȔ ȗȖȋȘȖȔȣ ȗȘȐȗȖȔȐȕȈȓȐșȤ ȒȈȒ ȚȧȎȍȓȣȑ șȖȕ Ȑ ȖȕȐ
ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ șȍȉȧ ȗȖȌȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȔȐ, ȘȈȏȉȐȚȣȔȐ ȒȈȒ ș ȗȖȝȔȍ-
ȓȤȧǬȘțȋȐȍ ȐșȗȣȚȣȊȈȓȐ ȔțȒȐ ȘȈșȒȈȧȕȐȧ ȕȍȌȖțȔȍȊȈȓȐ ȒȈȒ
ȖȕȐ ȔȖȋȓȐ șȖȊȍȘȠȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖȍ Ȑ, șȚȣȌȧșȤ ȋȓȧ-
ȌȍȚȤ ȕȈ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȗȘȧȚȈȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȚȍȔȕȣȍ țȋȓȣ
ǺȘȍȚȤȐ, ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣȓȐ ȌȈȓȍȒȐ ȖȚ ȘȈșȒȈȧȕȐȧ, ȕȖ ȉȖȧȓȐșȤ ȊȖȏ-
ȔȍȏȌȐȧ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț șȗȍȠȐȓȐ șȒȘȣȚȤșȧ șȈȔȐ Ȑ șȒȘȣȚȤ ȕȈȋȘȈȉ-
ȓȍȕȕȖȍ ȌȖȉȘȖ
ǺȖȓȗȈ ȗȖȘȍȌȍȓȈ ȘȈșșȣȗȈȓȈșȤ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȓȈ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȚȤ
șȖȉȖȦ Țț șȚȘȈȠȕțȦ șȚȐȝȐȑȕțȦ șȐȓț ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȌȖ ȥȚȐȝ ȗȖȘ
ȊȐșȍȓȈ ȕȈȌ ȋȖȘȖȌȖȔ
ǷȘȍȎȌȍ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȋȕȈȓȖ ȖȌȕȐȝ Ȓ ȌȘțȋȐȔ șȚȈȌȕȖȍ ȟțȊșȚȊȖ
ȉȖȧȏȕȤ țȔȍȘȍȚȤ Ȋ ȖȌȐȕȖȟȍșȚȊȍ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȧȊȐȓȖșȤ ȕȍȟȚȖ ȖȚȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȦȡȍȍ ȖȌȕȐȝ ȖȚ ȌȘțȋȐȝ
— ȗȈȔȧȚȤ Ȗ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȘȍșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧȝ
ǴȈșșȖȊȣȍ ȗȖȋȘȖȔȣ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȕȍ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȧȓȐșȤ ǶȕȐ șȔȍȕȐ-
ȓȐșȤ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ șȓțȟȈȧȔȐ țȉȐȑșȚȊ ȕȈșȐȓȐȑ Ȑ ȋȘȈȉȍȎȍȑ
Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȖșȊȖȉȖȎȌȍȕȕȣȍ Ȑȏ ȚȦȘȍȔ ȒȈȚȖȘȎȕȐȒȐ, ȕȍșȖȔ-
ȕȍȕȕȖ, ȐȋȘȈȓȐ ȒȘțȗȕțȦ ȘȖȓȤ
Ǩ ȟțȔȈ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ ȗȐȘȖȊȈȓȈ ȕȈ șȊȖȉȖȌȍ
ǵȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȍȡȍ ȧȘȖșȚȤ ȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȐ ȕȍ ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȓȈ ȚȈȒȐȝ șȚȘȈ-
Ƞȕȣȝ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȖȊ ǫȖȊȖȘȧȚ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ǹȘȍȌȕȐȍ ȊȍȒȈ ȟțȔȈ țȕȖșȐȓȈ
ȌȖ ¼ ȟȈșȚȐ Ȋșȍȝ ȖȉȐȚȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȚȖȑ ȔȍșȚȕȖșȚȐ ȋȌȍ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȓȈșȤ
Ȍȓȧ ǴȖșȒȊȣ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȞȐȜȘȈ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓȈșȤ ȉȣ ȖȟȍȕȤ șȒȘȖȔȕȖȑ
ǺȖȓȗȣ ȕȈȘȖȌȈ ș Țȍȝ ȗȖȘ ȒȈȒ șȖȉȘȈȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȗȖȓȕȖȔ șȔȣș-
ȓȍ șȓȖȊȈ țșȚȐȓȈȓȐ ȔȖșȚȖȊțȦ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȚȘțȗȈȔȐ
Ǵȣ ȏȕȈȍȔ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȟȚȖ ȐȏȓȦȉȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȐȔȐ ȔȍșȚȈ ȊȘȖ-
Ȍȍ ǵȐȒȐȚșȒȖȑ ǺȊȍȘșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ǯțȉȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȉțȓȤȊȈȘȖȊ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȖ-
ȚȖȔ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȒȐȕțȚȣ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȊȖȏȌțȝ șȌȍȓȈȓșȧ ȕȍ-
ȊȣȕȖșȐȔȣȔ ȖȚ șȔȘȈȌȈ ȋȕȐȦȡȐȝ Țȍȓ
ǬȈ Ȑ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȐȝ țȓȐȞȈȝ ȊșȦȌț ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȚȤ ȚȘț-
ȗȣ ǵȐȒȚȖ Ȑȝ ȕȍ țȉȐȘȈȓ ǷȖȒȖȑȕȐȒȐ ȓȍȎȈȓȐ ȚȈȔ ȋȌȍ ȒȖȘ-
ȟȐȓȐșȤ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȥȚȐȔ Ȋ ȗȘȍȌșȔȍȘȚȕȖȑ ȈȋȖȕȐȐ

112
Ǫ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȌȖȔȈȝ Ȑ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȈȝ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȖ Ȏȍ șȈȔȖȍ DzȈȒ
ȓȦȌȐ ȕȐ ȏȈȗȐȘȈȓȐșȤ ȕȐ ȗȘȧȚȈȓȐșȤ ȟțȔȈ ȗȘȖȕȐȒȈȓȈ Ȋ ȏȈ-
ȗȍȘȚȣȍ ȌȖȔȈ ȏȈȋȓȧȌȣȊȈȓȈ Ȋ ȚȍȔȕȣȍ țȋȓȣ ȊșȦȌț ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȧ
ȋȘțȌȣ ȚȘțȗȖȊ ȒȈȒ ȏȕȈȒ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȋȖșȗȖȌșȚȊȈ
ǴȕȖȋȐȍ șȍȔȍȑȕȣȍ ȓȦȌȐ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȐșȤ ȉȍȏ ȗȖȋȘȍȉȍȕȐȧ Ȋ
șȊȖȐȝ ȗȖșȚȍȓȧȝ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ ȒȈȒ Ȋșȍ ȌȖȔȈȠȕȐȍ ȉȍȎȈȓȐ ȖȚ ȕȐȝ,
ȉȖȧșȤ ȏȈȘȈȏȣ
ǿțȔȈ Ȑ țȎȈș, ȒȈȒȐȔ ȖȚ ȕȍȍ ȊȍȧȓȖ ȉȣȓȐ șȐȓȤȕȍȍ ȓȦȉȊȐ
ȌȘțȎȉȣ ȘȖȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȘȐȊȧȏȈȕȕȖșȚȐ
DzȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȉȣȓȐ șȓțȟȈȐ ȟȚȖ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȣȍ țȝȈȎȐȊȈȓȐ ȌȖ ȒȖȕ-
ȞȈ ȏȈ ȉȓȐȏȒȐȔȐ ȉȖȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȘȖȟȕȖ șȚȈȘȈȓȐșȤ ȖȚ ȕȐȝ ȏȈ-
ȘȈȏȐȚȤșȧ ȎȍȓȈȧ ȊȔȍșȚȍ țȔȍȘȍȚȤ ȕȖ ȓȐȠȤ ȒȈȒ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍ
Ǫ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȍ Ȏȍ șȓțȟȈȍȊ ȏȈȉȖȓȍȊȠȐȑ ȉȣȊȈȓ ȖȉȘȍȟȍȕ
ȕȈ ȗȖȓȕȖȍ ȖȌȐȕȖȟȍșȚȊȖ
ǶȚȞȣ șȘȍȌȐ ȈȋȖȕȐȐ ȗȖȕȈȗȘȈșȕț ȏȊȈȓȐ ȌȍȚȍȑ ǷȘȍȒȘȈș-
ȕȣȍ ȖȉȖȎȈȍȔȣȍ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȏȈȌȈȘȖȔ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ ȟȈș ȗȘȐȏȣ-
ȊȈȓȐ ȊȖȏȓȦȉȓȍȕȕȣȝ.
Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ Ȋșȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȘȈȊȕȣ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȓȐȞȖȔ ȟțȔȣ
ȉȖȋȈȚȣȍ Ȑ ȉȍȌȕȣȍ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȍ Ȑ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȍ ȒȘȈșȈȊȞȣ Ȑ
țȘȖȌȣ ȋȘȈȜȣ Ȑ ȟȍȘȕȖȘȈȉȖȟȐȍ
ǿțȔȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȦ ȌȍȔȖȒȘȈȚȒȖȑ ǭȍ țȘȖȌȓȐȊȣȑ ȗȘȐ-
ȏȘȈȒ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȟȈșȚȖ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȓșȧ ȕȈ ȋȘȧȏȕȖȔ ȜȖȕȍ ȕȖȟȓȍȎȕȖȋȖ
ȌȖȔȈ ȒȈȒ Ȑ șȘȍȌȐ ȘȖșȒȖȠȕȖȑ șȖȏȌȈȕȕȖȑ Ȍȓȧ șȟȈșȚȤȧ ȖȉșȚȈ-
ȕȖȊȒȐ ȏȍȔȕȣȝ ȉȖȋȖȊ
ǺȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȚȘȈ-
ȋȐȟȕȖȦ ȒȖȕȚȘȈșȚ ȔȍȎȌț ȎȐȏȕȤȦ Ȑ șȔȍȘȚȤȦ șȐȓȤȕȍȍ ȘȍȏȈȓ
ȋȓȈȏȈ
Ǵȕȍ ȊșȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚșȧ ȘȈșșȒȈȏ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ Ȑȏ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȞȍȊ ȥȗȐȌȍ-
ȔȐȐ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȖ ȍȍ ȗȍȘȍȎȐȊȠȐȝ
DzȖȋȌȈ ȟțȔȈ țȎȍ ȒȖȕȟȈȓȈșȤ ȕȖ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȕȈȗȖȓȕȐȓșȧ
ȎȐȚȍȓȧȔȐ Ȗȕ ȟȈșȚȖ ȝȖȌȐȓ ȖșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤ ȖȗțșȚȍȊȠȐȍ ȊȣȔȍȘ-
ȠȐȍ ȌȖȔȈ, ȋȌȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȗȖȐșȚȐȕȍ ȗȖȚȘȧșȈȦȡȐȍ
ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ
©ǶȌȕȈȎȌȣ — ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ Ȗȕ, — ȧ ȗȖȗȈȓ Ȋ ȘȖșȒȖȠȕȖ ȖȉșȚȈȊ-
ȓȍȕȕțȦ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘț ǪȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ, ȏȌȍșȤ ȎȐȓȈ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȉȖȋȈȚȈȧ Ȑ
ȐȏȧȡȕȈȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ țȉȘȈȕșȚȊȖ ȒȖȔȕȈȚ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȖ
Ȗȉ ȐȏȣșȒȈȕȕȖȔ ȊȒțșȍ Ȑ ȉȍȏțȔȕȣȝ ȚȘȈȚȈȝ
ǪȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȖȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȒȘȈșȐȊȈ ȐȕȈȟȍ ȍȍ ȋȕȍȏȌȣȠ-

113
ȒȖ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȓȖ ȉȣ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȍȋȖ ȎȐȏȕȍȘȈȌȖșȚȕȖȋȖ ȊȐȌȈ
ȇ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȝȖȌȐȓ ȗȖ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȈȔ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȧ Ȋșȍ ȊȍȡȐ șȓȖȊ-
ȕȖ Ȋ Ȕțȏȍȍ ǷȖșȐȌȍȓ ȕȈ ȒȘȍșȓȈȝ ȉțȌțȈȘȈ ȜȖȘȔȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ
ȐȔȍȓȈ Ȋ șȍȉȍ șȒȘȣȚȖȍ șȓȈȌȖșȚȘȈșȚȐȍ ȗȖȚȘȖȋȈȓ Ȑȏȧȡȕȣȍ
ȜȈȘȜȖȘȖȊȣȍ șȚȈȚțȥȚȒȐ ȕȈ ȒȈȔȐȕȍ Ȑ ȗȖȓȦȉȖȊȈȓșȧ ȗȘȍȓȍșȚ-
ȕȣȔȐ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈȔȐ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȊȠȐȔȐ ȒȘȈșȐȊȖȍ ȉȍȓȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ Ȑ
ȞȊȍȚȣ
ǷȖȚȖȔ ȗȘȖȠȍȓ ȟȍȘȍȏ țȦȚȕțȦ șȚȖȓȖȊțȦ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȒȖȔȕȈȚț
ȊȘȖȌȍ ȒȈȉȐȕȍȚȈ ȋȌȍ ȕȈ șȚȖȓȐȒȍ, ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȖȔ, ȒȈȒ ȐȋȘțȠȒȈ
ȒȘȈșȖȊȈȓȈșȤ ȟȍȘȕȐȓȤȕȐȞȈ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȒȘȖȠȍȟȕȈȧ ȟȚȖ ȍȍ șȖȌȍȘ-
ȎȐȔȖȋȖ ȝȊȈȚȐȓȖ ȉȣ ȘȈȏȊȍ ȕȈ ȖȌȕț ȓȦȉȖȊȕțȦ ȏȈȗȐșȖȟȒț
ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȗȖȗȈȓ Ȋ țȉȖȘȕțȦ Ȑ ȏȌȍșȤ șȐȓȤȕȍȍ, ȟȍȔ ȋȌȍ-ȓȐ-
ȉȖ, ȗȖȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȈȚȔȖșȜȍȘț țȚȖȕȟȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȓȖȚșȒȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ
ȈȚȔȖșȜȍȘț ȌȖȊȍȌȍȕȕȖȑ ȌȖ ȐȌȍȈȓȈ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȖșȚȐ ȟțȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖ-
șȚȐ ȒȈȒȖȦ ȌȣȠȈȓȈ Ȋșȧ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȈ
ǴȘȈȔȖȘȕȈȧ ȊȈȕȕȈ șȚȍȕȣ, ȊȣȓȖȎȍȕȕȣȍ ȜȈȘȜȖȘȖȊȣȔȐ
ȗȓȐȚȒȈȔȐ ȏȍȘȒȈȓȈ ȚȣșȧȟȈ ȉȈȕȖȟȍȒ ȕȈ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖȔ ȚțȈȓȍȚ-
ȕȖȔ șȚȖȓȍ șȖ șȚȍȒȓȧȕȕȖȑ ȌȖșȒȖȦ ȏȈȗȈȝ ȌțȝȖȊ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ ȗȘȖ-
ȗȐȚȣȊȈȦȡȐȝ ȊȖȏȌțȝ Ȋșȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȖ ȗȘȖ Țț ȉȤȦȡțȦ ȟȍȘȍȏ
ȒȘȈȑ ȘȖșȒȖȠȤ ȗȘȖ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȟȐȚȈȚȤ Ȋ ȊȍȓȐȒȖ-
șȊȍȚșȒȐȝ ȘȖȔȈȕȈȝ
ǵȈ șȚȍȕȍ ȊȐșȍȓȈ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȈȧ ȜȖȚȖȋȘȈȜȐȧ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȊȠȈȧ
ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȕțȦ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȕțȦ ȎȍȕȡȐȕț
ǪȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ, ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȝȖȏȧȑȒȈ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȣ ȚȖ șțȡȍșȚȊȖ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȖȍ ȞȈȘȐȓȖ ȏȌȍșȤ șȘȍȌȐ țȚȖȕȟȍȕȕȖȑ ȉȓȈȋȖțȝȈȦȡȍȑ ȈȚȔȖș-
ȜȍȘȣ ȟȤȍ ȘȖȏȖȊȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ ȗȖȋȘțȎȈȧșȤ Ȋ ȥȚț ȊȈȕȕț, ȊȣȗȓȍșȒȐ-
ȊȈȓȖ ȕȈ ȗȖȓ ȗȘȖȏȘȈȟȕȣȍ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȐȍ șȚȘțȐ ȊȖȌȣ ȚȈ ȒȖȚȖ-
ȘțȦ țȔȈȡȐȊȈȓȈ ȊșȍȔȐ ȥȚȐȔȐ ȒȖșȔȍȚȐȒȈȔȐ ȘȈȉȖȓȍȗȕȈȧ ȋȖȘ-
ȕȐȟȕȈȧ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȏȍȘȒȈȓȖȔ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȚțȈȓȍȚȈ
ǹȗȖȒȖȑȕȖ Ȑ ȋȖȘȌȖ șȔȖȚȘȍȓȖ ȕȈ Ȕȍȕȧ ș ȗȖȘȚȘȍȚȈ ȗȘȍȒȘȈș-
ȕȖȍ ȓȐȞȖ ǵȐ ȖȌȕȈ ȚȍȕȤ ȕȍ ȊȣȌȈȊȈȓȈ, ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ șȚȣȌȐȚșȧ șȊȖȍȑ
ȕȈȋȖȚȣ ǵȈȖȉȖȘȖȚ Ȋ ȓȐȕȐȐ ȋțȉ ȉȣȓȖ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȕȈșȔȍȠȓȐȊȖȍ
ȊȣȏȣȊȈȦȡȍȍ ȕȈȌȔȍȕȕȖȍ
ǰ, ȖȋȓȧȕțȊȠȐșȤ ȒȘțȋȖȔ ȧ ȗȖȕȧȓ ȗȘȐȟȐȕț ȥȚȖȋȖ ȊȣȘȈȎȍ-
ȕȐȧǬȈ șȘȍȌȐ ȥȚȖȑ ȘȖșȒȖȠȐ șȘȍȌȐ ȚȣșȧȟȐ ȏȈȉȖȚ Ȗ șȊȖȍȔ Țȍ-
ȓȍ șȘȍȌȐ ȘȈȉșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȒȓȖȕȍȕȐȧ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȍȔȖȋȖ ȚȈȒȖȦ ȒȘȈ-
șȖȚȖȑ ȥȚȈ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȔȖȋȓȈ șȟȐȚȈȚȤ șȍȉȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȟȍȔ ȟȍȓȖ-

114
ȊȍȒȖȔ
Ǩ ȊȍȌȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȓȦȌȧȔ șȊȖȑșȚȊȍȕȕȖ șȚȣȌȐȚȤșȧ
ǵȍȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȖȚȌȈȊȠȐșȤ ȌțȔȈȔ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȑ ȖȉȈȧȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȒȘȈ-
șȈȊȐȞȍ ȖȉȘȈȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȚȈȒ Ȑ șȚȖȧȓ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ ȧ
ȚȖȓȒȕțȓ ȌȊȍȘȤ Ȑ ȗȘȖȠȍȓ Ȋ șȓȍȌțȦȡțȦ ȒȖȔȕȈȚț ȖȒȈȏȈȊȠțȦ-
șȧ șȗȈȓȤȕȍȑ
ǯȌȍșȤ Ȋșȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȖȉȐȚȖ ȉȍȓȣȔ ȈȚȓȈșȖȔ Ȑ ȕȖșȐȓȖ ȍȡȍ ȉȖ-
ȓȍȍ ȎȐȓȖȑ ȊȐȌ ȟȍȔ Ȋ ȗȘȍȌȣȌțȡȐȝ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȈȝ
ǿȍȘȍȏ ȘțȟȒț ȒȘȍșȓȈ ȗȍȘȍȒȐȕțȓșȧ ȒȘțȎȍȊȕȖȑ ȗȍȕȤȦȈȘ,
ȕȈ ȒȖȊȍȘ ȉȣȓȐ ȉȘȖȠȍȕȣ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȍ Ȑȏȧȡȕȣȍ ȉȖȚȐȕȒȐ ȍȡȍ
șȖȝȘȈȕȧȊȠȐȍ ȜȖȘȔȣ ȕȖȋȐ
ȀȚȖȘȣ ȏȈȒȘȣȊȈȓȐ ȖȒȕȈ, ȉțȌȚȖ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ șȊȍȚ ȕȍ
ȘȍȏȈȓ ȕȍȎȕȣȝ ȋȓȈȏ
ǷȖȌȌȈȊȈȧșȤ ȐȓȓȦȏȐȐ, ȧ ȖȉȍȘȕțȓșȧ Ȓ ȗȖșȚȍȓȐ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȕȈ-
ȌȍȍșȤ țȊȐȌȈȚȤ ȝȖȏȧȑȒț Ȑ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ țȌȍȘȎȈȚȤ ȒȘȐȒȈ țȎȈșȈ Ȑ ȖȚ-
ȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȧ
ǩȍȓȖȍ ȈȚȓȈșȕȖȍ ȖȌȍȧȓȖ, ȏȈȚȒȈȕȕȖȍ ȘȖȏȖȊȣȔȐ ȞȊȍȚȈȔȐ,
ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȗȖȚȍȘȧȓȖ ȜȖȘȔ ȋȘȈȞȐȖȏȕȖȑ ȜȐȋțȘȣ, ȓȍȎȈȊȠȍȑ, șȖȋ-
ȕțȊȠȐ ȕȖȋȐ; ȗȖșȘȍȌȐ ȒȘțȎȍȊȕȖȑ ȗȖȌțȠȒȐ ȖȒȘțȎȍȕȕȈȧ ȊȖȓ-
ȕȈȔȐ ȘȖșȒȖȠȕȣȝ ȒȈȠȚȈȕȖȊȣȝ ȊȖȓȖș ȒȘȈșȖȊȈȓȈșȤ ȖȚȊȘȈȚȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȗȖȓțșȋȕȐȊȠȈȧ ȋȖȓȖȊȈ ȚȘțȗȈ
ǷȘȖȊȈȓȐȊȠȐȍșȧ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȉȣȓȐ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣ ȗȘȐșȚȈȓȤȕȣ Ȑ ȊȌțȔ-
ȟȐȊȣ ǯțȉȣ ȖșȒȈȓȐȓȐșȤ ȗȖȌ ȖȚȋȕȐȊȠȐȔȐ ȋțȉȈȔȐ Ȉ ȕȈ ȓȉț
ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȗȖȚȍȔȕȍȊȠțȦ ȒȖȎț ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȚȤ ȒȘ-
ȖȊȧȕȣȍ ȗȧȚȕȈ — ȗȍȟȈȚȤ ȟțȔȣ
ǷȖȓțȟȍȘȍȗ-ȗȖȓțȓȐȞȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖȊȍȘȕțȚȖ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ ǰȏ-ȗȖȌ
ȖȌȍȧȓȈ ȊȣșȚȈȊȓȧȓȈșȤ ȘțȒȈ ȚȈȒȈȧ Ȏȍ ȖȚȊȘȈȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȗȖȓțȘȈȏ-
ȊȈȓȐȊȠȈȧșȧ ȒȈȒ Ȑ Ȋșȍ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȖȍ
Ǫȣ ȏȕȈȍȚȍ — ȏȈȒȖȕȟȐȓ Ȗȕ șȊȖȑ ȘȈșșȒȈȏ, — ȧ ȊȣȌȍȘȎȈȓ Ȋ
ǴȖșȒȊȍ ȊșȦ ȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȦ ȕȖ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȉȣȓ ȚȈȒ ȉȓȐȏȖȒ Ȓ șț-
ȔȈȠȍșȚȊȐȦ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȥȚȖȚ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ
ǵȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȍȡȍ ȗȘȍȌȖ ȔȕȖȦ ȕȍ ȊșȚȈȊȈȓȈ ș ȚȈȒȖȦ ȧȘȒȖșȚȤȦ
ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ șȔȍȘȚȐ ȕȈȌ ȎȐȏȕȤȦ țȘȖȌșȚȊȈ ȕȈȌ ȒȘȈșȖ-
ȚȖȑ țȎȈșȈ ȕȈȌ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤȦ».
Ƕȕ ȏȈȔȖȓȟȈȓ Ȑ ȗȖȕȐȒ ȋȖȓȖȊȖȦ ȇ ȚȖȎȍ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ
ȗȍȘȍȌ ȔȖȐȔȐ ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ ȕȖșȐȓȖșȤ ȓȐȞȖ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ ȖȚȊȘȈȚȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȏȓȖȉȕȖȍ ȝȖȝȖȟțȡȍȍ
ǬȈ ȥȚȖȚ ȌȍȔȖȕ șȌȍȘȎȈȓ șȊȖȍ ȖȉȍȡȈȕȐȍ Ƕȕ ȕȈȌȘțȋȈȓșȧ

115
ȕȈȌ șȟȈșȚȤȍȔ ȘȈșȚȖȗȚȈȓ ȕȖȋȈȔȐ ȊȍșȍȓȤȍ țȉȐȓ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ ȏȈȗȧȚ-
ȕȈȓ ȒȘȈșȖȚț
ǵȖ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȧ ȕȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȦ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈ ȟțȔȣ Ȋșȍ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȗȖȓ-
ȕȈ ǿȚȖȉȣ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȏȐȚȤ ȍȍ, ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȉȍȏ ȒȖȕȞȈ ȕȈȋȘȖȔȖȎ-
ȌȈȚȤ țȎȈșȣ ȕȈ țȎȈșȣ ǵȈȠ ȧȏȣȒ ȗȘȐșȗȖșȖȉȓȍȕȕȣȑ Ȍȓȧ
ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȖȉȣȌȍȕȕȣȝ Ȋȍȡȍȑ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȉȓȍȌȕȣȔ
Ȍȓȧ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȧ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ ȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȐ ǺțȚ ȉȣȓȐ ȉȣ țȔȍșȚȕȣ
șȚȘȈȠȕȣȍ ȋȘȖȏȕȣȍ șȓȖȊȈ ǨȗȖȒȈȓȐȗșȐșȈ — ȌȍȑșȚȊțȦȡȐȍ ȕȈ
ȌțȠț ȗȖȔȐȔȖ șȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ
ǩȖȓȍȏȕȤȦ ȋȖȓȖȌȖȔ Ȑ ȈȕȈȘȝȐȍȑ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȐșȟȍȘȗȣȊȈȓȐșȤ
ȉȍȌșȚȊȐȧ ȔȕȖȋȖșȚȘȈȌȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ
Dz ȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȐ ȟțȔȣ ȒȈȒ ȍȍ ȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ, ȗȘȐ-
șȖȍȌȐȓȈșȤ ȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȧ țȔȖȗȖȔȍȠȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ
ǭșȓȐ Ȋ ȗȘȍȌȣȌțȡȐȑ ȗȍȘȐȖȌ ȕȈȌ ȋȖȘȖȌȖȔ ȞȈȘșȚȊȖȊȈȓ
țȎȈș ȚȖ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȕȈȟȈȓȖ ȞȈȘșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȉȍȏțȔȐȍ
ǿȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȍ ȕȍȘȊȣ ȌȖșȚȐȋȓȐ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȈ șȚȘȈȌȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȕȍ
ȊȣȌȍȘȎȈȓȐ ȍȋȖ
ǹȚȘȈȝ ȗȍȘȍȌ șȔȍȘȚȤȦ ȋȖȘȍ Ȗ ȗȖȋȐȉȠȐȝ ȉȓȐȏȒȐȝ țȎȈș,
ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȈȍȔȣȑ ȕȈșȐȓȐȧȔȐ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȔȍȕȧȓȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒțȦ
ȗșȐȝȐȒț ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȓȖ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȌțȔȈȚȤ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ Ȑ ȗȖșȚțȗȈȚȤ
ȐȕȈȟȍ, ȟȍȔ ȊșȍȋȌȈ
Ǫșȍ ȊȍȒȖȊȣȍ ȔȍȘȒȐ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖȋȖ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖȋȖ ȝȖȘȖȠȍ-
ȋȖ Ȑ ȌțȘȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȍȚȍȓȐ Ȓ ȟȍȘȚț Ȋ ȥȚț șȚȘȈȠȕțȦ ȗȖȘț ǪȍșȤ
ȔȐȘ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȓșȧ Ȋ ȕȖȊȖȔ șȊȍȚȍ ǺȈȑȕȣ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȏȐ-
ȓȐșȤ șȌȍȓȈȓȐșȤ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȘȖȒȖȊȣȔȐ Ȑ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȖȕȧȚȕȣȔȐ
ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȓȦȌȐ ș ȎȍȓȍȏȕȣȔȐ ȕȍȘȊȈȔȐ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȊȣȌȍȘȎȈȚȤ
ȉȍȏȕȈȒȈȏȈȕȕȖ ȗȖȌȖȉȕțȦ ȓȖȔȒț Ǩ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȓȐ ȚȈȒȐȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȕȈȑ-
ȌȍȚșȧ șȘȍȌȐ ȚȖȓȗȣ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȑ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȐȋȍȕȞȐȐ"
Ǫșȍ ȕȍȊȘȈșȚȍȕȐȒȐ ȐșȚȍȘȐȒȐ ȔȈȕȐȈȒȐ ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ Ȉȓ-
ȒȖȋȖȓȐȒȐ ȌȍȋȍȕȍȘȈȚȣ șȓȖȊȖȔ, Ȋșȍ șȒȘȣȚȣȍ șțȔȈșȠȍȌȠȐȍ
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ Ȕȣ Ȋ ȗȖȊșȍȌȕȍȊȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ șȟȐȚȈȍȔ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȣȔȐ ȕȍ
ȊȣȌȍȘȎȈȓȐ Ȑ ȏȈȉȖȓȍȓȐ ȗșȐȝȐȟȍșȒȐ ȖȌȕȐ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȗȖȏ-
Ȏȍ ȖȌȕȐ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȜȖȘȔȍ ȌȘțȋȐȍ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȖȑ
ǩȣȓȐ ȓȦȌȐ șȟȐȚȈȊȠȐȍ șȍȉȧ ȏȈȟțȔȓȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȝȖȚȧ ȕȈ șȈ-
ȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȌȖȉȘȖȔ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȤȍ.
ǷȖ ǺȊȍȘșȒȖȑ ȌȖȓȋȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȝȖȌȐȓ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȚȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ, țȗ-
ȘȈȠȐȊȈȊȠȐȑ Ȋșȍȝ ȊșȚȘȍȟȕȣȝ ȗȖȝȖȘȖȕȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ
țȔȍȘ ȖȚ ȟțȔȣ ȅȚȖ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȗȖȘȖȌȐȓȖ ȓȍȋȍȕȌț Ȗ ȔȍȘȚ-

ȊȍȞȈȝ ȘȈȏȕȖșȧȡȐȝ ȗȖ ȋȖȘȖȌț ȏȈȘȈȏț ȓȍȋȍȕȌț, șȚȖȐȊȠțȦ
ȎȐȏȕȐ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȔ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȕȣȔ ȗȖ ȖȠȐȉȒȍ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȣȔ ȚȖȓ-
ȗȖȦ ȏȈ ȝȖȌȧȟȐȝ ȔȍȘȚȊȍȞȖȊ
ǩȣȓȐ șțȔȈșȠȍȌȠȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȖȊșȦȌț ȘȈȏȣșȒȐȊȈȓȐ șȊȖȐȝ
țȔȍȘȠȐȝ ȌȈȊȕȖ ȗȖȝȖȘȖȕȍȕȕȣȝ ȌȍȚȍȑ
ǰȝ ȊȐȌ Ȑȝ ȎȈȓȖȉȣ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȉȣ ȊȣȏȊȈȚȤ ț ȊșȚȘȍȟȕȣȝ șȚȘȈ-
ȠȕȖȍ ȗȖȚȘȧșȍȕȐȍ ȕȖ Ȋ ȥȚț ȗȖȘț ȟțȊșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ț Ȋșȍȝ
ȚȈȒ ȗȘȐȚțȗȐȓȈșȤ ȟȚȖ șțȔȈșȠȍȌȠȐȝ ȐȓȐ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȖ ȖȉȝȖȌȐ-
ȓȐ ȐȓȐ ȌȈȎȍ ȐȏȌȍȊȈȓȐșȤ ȕȈȌ ȕȐȔȐ
ǩȣȓȐ ȔȍȓȈȕȝȖȓȐȒȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȉțȑȕȣȍ
ǩȣȓȐ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȉȍȏȊȣȝȖȌȕȖ ȗȘȍȉȣȊȈȓȐ Ȋ ȞȍȘȒȊȧȝ
ȔȖȓȧșȤ ȒȓȈȌȧ ȗȖȒȓȖȕȣ ȊșȗȓȍșȒȐȊȈȧ ȘțȒȈȔȐ Ȑ ȉȖȋȖȝțȓȤșȚ-
ȊțȧǩȣȓȐ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȋ ȗȘȐȗȈȌȒȈȝ ȗȈȕȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ șȚȘȈȝȈ
ȏȈȉȍȋȈȓȐ ȕȈ ȟȍȘȌȈȒȐ ȐȓȐ Ȋ ȗȖȌȊȈȓȣ Ȑ ȚȈȔ țȔȐȘȈȓȐ ș ȋȖȓȖ-
ȌȈ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȉȖȧȓȐșȤ ȊȣȑȚȐ
ǪȍșȤ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓșȧ Ȋ șȗȓȖȠȕȖȑ șțȔȈșȠȍȌȠȐȑ ȌȖȔ
DzȘȖȔȍ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȝ șȓțȟȈȍȊ ȗȖȔȍȠȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȖȔȍ-
ȠȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ȒȖȓȓȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȍ
Ǵȣ ȏȕȈȍȔ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȟȚȖ ȚȖȓȗȈ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ Ȋ ȒȖȕ-
Ȟȍ ȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȐ ȝȖȌȐȓȈ Ȑȏ ȞȍȘȒȊȐ Ȋ ȞȍȘȒȖȊȤ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȧșȤ ȊȖȏȔț-
ȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȕȈȌȘțȋȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈȔȐ ȕȈȌ șȊȧȚȣȕȧȔȐ șȖșȚȖȧȓȈ
șȗȓȖȠȤ Ȑȏ șțȔȈșȠȍȌȠȐȝ
ǵȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ ȍȡȍ ȎȐȊțȚ Ȋ ȉȖȓȤȕȐȞȍ Ȍȓȧ
ȌțȠȍȊȕȖȉȖȓȤȕȣȝ ǿțȔȈ ȗȖȡȈȌȐȓȈ Ȑȝ ȕȖ Ȑȏ ȒȖȋȚȍȑ ȉȍȏțȔȐȧ
ȖȕȐ ȕȍ ȊȣȘȊțȚșȧ ȌȖ ȒȖȕȞȈ ȎȐȏȕȐ
ǿȚȖȉȣ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȐȚȤ ȥȚț ȒȈȘȚȐȕț ȧ ȏȈȒȖȕȟț ȒȖȘȖȚȒȐȔȐ, ȕȖ
ȔȕȖȋȖȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȞȈ
©ǴȖșȒȊȈ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȈȋȖȕȐȐ ǶȕȈ ȕȈȗȖȔȐ-
ȕȈȓȈ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȖȗțșȚȍȊȠȐȑ ȗȖȒȐȕțȚȣȑ ȎȐȚȍȓȧȔȐ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ
ȊȣȗțșȚȐȓȐ ȚȖȓȗț ȉȍȏțȔȞȍȊ
ǰȌȧ șȘȍȌȐ ȔȍȘȚȊȣȝ ȌȖȔȖȊ ș ȏȈȒȘȣȚȣȔȐ ȖȒȕȈȔȐ ȏȈȗȍȘ-
ȚȣȔȐ ȌȊȍȘȧȔȐ Ȋȣ ȕȈ ȒȈȎȌȖȔ ȠȈȋț ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȓȐ ȚȘțȗ ȐȓȐ șȓȣ-
ȠȈȓȐ ȉȖȘȔȖȚȈȕȤȍ șȚȖȕ Ȑ ȌȐȒȐȍ ȒȘȐȒȐ șțȔȈșȠȍȌȠȍȋȖª.
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117
VIII
ǬȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ ȧ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ Ȗ ȗȘȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȐ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ ȐȕșȚȐȕȒ-
ȚȖȊ Ȗ ȚȍȔȕȣȝ șȐȓȈȝ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ Ȗ ȗȖȔțȚȐȊȠȐȝșȧ șȖ șȚȘȈȝȈ
țȔȈȝ
Ǩ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȑ Ȍțȝ" ǸȈȏȊȍ Ȗȕ ȔȖȋ ȌȘȍȔȈȚȤ Ȋ ȔȐȕțȚȣ ȚȈ-
ȒȖȋȖ ȕȈȗȘȧȎȍȕȐȧ" ǿȚȖ șȌȍȓȈȓ Ȗȕ — ȕȈȠȍ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ șȖ-
ȒȘȖȊȐȡȍ ȕȈȠȈ ȋȖȘȌȖșȚȤ ȕȈȠȈ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȈ"
ǵțȎȕȖ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȖȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ȕȈ ȊȣșȖȚȍ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȗȘȐ-
ȏȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ Ȋ ȥȚț ȉȍȏțȔȕțȦ ȗȖȘț ȌȈȓ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȣ șȊȖȐȝ ȒȘȈȑȕȐȝ
ȗȘȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȑ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȌȖȉȘȍ ȚȈȒ Ȑ Ȋ ȏȓȍ
ǹȘȍȌȐ ȔȖșȒȖȊșȒȖȑ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȐȋȍȕȞȐȐ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ
șȘȍȌȐ ȔȖȓȖȌȍȎȐ ȕȈȠȓȖșȤ ȕȍȔȈȓȖ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȌțȠȍȊȕȣȍ șȐȓȣ
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȐșȤ ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔȐ ȟȍȔ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȕȍȍ șȚȈȕȖ-
ȊȐȓȖșȤ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ Ȋȍȡȍȑ
ǵȈ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȕȖȊȣȑ țȎȈș ȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȐ ȖȕȐ ȖȚȊȍȟȈȓȐ ȕȖȊȣȔ
ȗȖȌȊȐȋȖȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ șȍȘȌȞȈ
ǵȐȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȖ Ȑȝ ȐșȗțȋȈȚȤ ȐȓȐ ȖȚȚȖȓȒȕțȚȤ ǻȋȘȖȏȣ ȟț-
Ȕȣ ȖȗȤȧȕȧȓȐ Ȑȝ, ȒȈȒ ȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȤ ȕȈ ȗȖȓȍ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȌȈȊȈȓȐ
șȐȓȣ Ȑ ȔțȎȍșȚȊȖ Ȋ ȚȘțȌȕȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ ȉȖȓȤȕȣȔ Ȑ ȉȖȘȤ-
ȉȣ ș ȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȍȑ
ǻȎȍ ș șȈȔȖȋȖ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȖȕȐ șȖȍȌȐȕȐȓȐ șȊȖȐ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȍ
țșȐȓȐȧ Ȋ ȖȌȕț ȖȉȡțȦ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȦ ȕȖșȐȊȠțȦ ȗȘȖșȚȖȍ Ȑ
ȚȘȖȋȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȍ ©ǩȘȈȚșȚȊȖª, Ȑ ȌȖ ȒȖȕȞȈ ȟțȔȣ ȉȘȈȚ-
șȚȊȖ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓȖ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȧ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȍ țșȓțȋȐ
ȕȍșȟȈșȚȕȖȔț ȕȈșȍȓȍȕȐȦ ȐșȚȍȘȏȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ
ǹ țȚȘȈ ȌȖ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ ș ȊȍȟȍȘȈ ȌȖ țȚȘȈ Ȋ ȌțȘȕțȦ ȗȖȋȖȌț Ȑ Ȋ
ȝȖȘȖȠțȦ ȔțȎȟȐȕȣ ȦȕȖȠȐ, ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ Ȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ-
ȓȐ, ȕȍ ȗȖȒȓȈȌȈȧ ȘțȒ, ȊȖ ȐȔȧ ȐȌȍȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȕȖșȚȐ
ǭȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȗȖȉțȎȌȍȕȐȍȔ Ȓ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ ȉȣȓȈ Ȑȝ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕ-
ȕȧȧ ȌțȠȍȊȕȈȧ ȗȖȚȘȍȉȕȖșȚȤ ǵȐ șȈȔȖȓȦȉȐȍ ȕȐ ȘȈșȟȍȚ ȕȍ Ȑȋ-
ȘȈȓȐ ȏȌȍșȤ ȘȖȓȐ
DzȈȒȈȧ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȖșȚȤ ȔȖȋȓȈ Ȑȝ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȚȤ" ǩȍșșȊȧȏȕȣȍ
ȉȓȈȋȖșȓȖȊȍȕȐȧ țȔȐȘȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȏȈȟțȔȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȐȓȐ ȝȖȓȖȌȕȈȧ
ȗȖȝȊȈȓȈ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ, Ȟȍȕȧ Ȑȝ ȘȈȉȖȚț șȈȔȐ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȓȐ Ȕț-
ȎȍșȚȊȈ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ Ȋ ȕȍȑ țȟȈșȚȐȍ
ǯȈȚȖ ȗȘȍȗȧȚșȚȊȐȑ ȕȈ Ȑȝ ȗțȚȐ ȉȣȓȖ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ǷȘȐȝȖ-

118
ȌȐȓȖșȤ șȘȈȎȈȚȤșȧ Ȑ ș ȒȖșȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ ș șȒțȗȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ ș ȟȍȘșȚȊȖ-
șȚȤȦ
ǴȈȓȖ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȈșȚȖ ȕțȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȖȘȖȚȤșȧ ȍȡȍ ș ȈȒȚȐȊȕȣȔ
ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍȔ ȚȍȔȕȣȝ ȔȈșș, ȕȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȊȠȐȝ Ȑȝ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȖșȚȐ
ǷȘȈȊȌȈ ȊȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ ȔȖșȒȊȐȟȐ ȊȖȏȌȊȐȋȕțȓȐ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȓȍȗ-
ȕȣȑ ȗȈȔȧȚȕȐȒ Ȋ ȟȍșȚȤ ȉȘȈȚșȚȊȈ ȕȖ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȕȍ ȥȚȈ ȋȖȘȈ
ȉȘȖȕȏȣ Ȑ ȔȘȈȔȖȘȈ Ȓ șȓȖȊț șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȒȘȈȑȕȍ ȉȍȏȊȒțșȕȈȧ șȓț-
ȎȐȚ ȊȖȏȕȈȋȘȈȎȌȍȕȐȍȔ ȏȈșȓțȋ ȘȧȌȈ ȓȦȌȍȑ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȒȈȎ-
Ȍȣȑ ȖȚȌȈȓ șȊȖȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ șȊȖȍ șȟȈșȚȤȍ șȊȖȐ ȏȈȊȍȚȕȣȍ ȗȓȈȕȣ
Ȑ ȔȍȟȚȣ Ȋ ȎȍȘȚȊț șȚȘȈȌȈȦȡȍȔț ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊț
ǰȔȍȕȈ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣ Ǫ ȚȖȔ-ȚȖ Ȑ ȗȘȖ-
ȧȊȐȓȖșȤ ȊȍȓȐȟȐȍ ȐȏȉȘȈȕȕȣȝ ȌțȠ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȌțȔȈȓȐ Ȗ Ȍȍȓȍ Ȑ
ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȕȐ Ȗ ȟȍȔ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ Ȏȍ ȊșȍȋȖ Ȗ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȚȖȔ-
șȚȊȈ
Ǵȣ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȔ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȐȔȍȕȐ ȚȖȋȖ șȚțȌȍȕȚȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ
șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔȐ șȐȓȈȔȐ ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ ȚȖȟȕȖ țșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȖ ȗȖȝȖȘȖ-
ȕȐȓ ȖȒȖȓȖ șȚȈ ȔȍȘȚȊȍȞȖȊ Ȑ ȗȘȖȌȍȏȐȕȜȍȞȐȘȖȊȈȓ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ
ȌȍșȧȚȒȖȊ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘ
Ƕȕ ȗȖȋȐȉ, Ȑ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ, ȕȈȠȍȓșȧ ȓȐ ȎȍȓȈȦȡȐȑ Ȋ șȊȖȦ
ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ ȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȍȔț ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȦȦ țșȓțȋț
Ǵȣ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȔ ȒȈȒ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȓșȧ ȚȖȚ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȐȒ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ș
țȚȘȈ ȌȖ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ ȝȖȌȐȓ ȗȖ țȓȐȞȈȔ șȖ șȊȧȚȣȔȐ ȌȈȘȈȔȐ ȕȈȗțȚ-
șȚȊțȧ țȔȐȘȈȦȡȐȝ
ǵȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȌȈȎȍ, ȒȈȒȖȑ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȊȕȍȠȕȖșȚȐ ȝȖȚȧ ȊșȒȖȘȍ
ȗȖșȓȍ ȟțȔȣ ȓȍȋȍȕȌȈ Ȗ ȕȍȔ ȗȖȉțȌȐȓȈ ǴȈȓȧȊȐȕȈ ȕȈȗȐșȈȚȤ șȊȖȦ
ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚțȦ ȒȈȘȚȐȕț ©ǰșȗȖȊȍȌȕȐȒ ȏȈȟțȔȓȍȕȕȣȝª Ȉ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȑ
ȗȖȥȚ ǪȖȓȒȖȊ șȌȍȓȈȓ șȍȉȍ ȐȔȧ Ȑ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍ ȗȖȥȔȖȦ ȚȖȋȖ Ȏȍ
ȏȈȋȓȈȊȐȧ
Ǵȣ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȔ, ȒȚȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȚȈ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ șțȌȧ ȗȖ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȈȔ
ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȈȧ, ȒȈȒ ȌȍȕȤ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ Ȋ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȖȑ ȚȍȓȍȎȒȍ ȘȈȏȊȖ-
ȏȐȓȈ ȗȐȡț Ȑ ȓȍȒȈȘșȚȊȈ ȗȖ ȊșȍȔț ȋȖȘȖȌț ȕȍ ȏȕȈȧ ȖȚȌȣȝȈ ȕȍ
ȉȖȧșȤ șȔȍȘȚȐ ȏȈȝȖȌȧ Ȋ șȈȔȣȍ țȎȈșȕȣȍ ȖȚȘȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȚȘț-
ȡȖȉȣ.
Ǵȣ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȔ ȒȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȖȌȐȕ ȕȍșȟȈ-
șȚȕȣȑ ȌȍȕȤ ȌȍșȧȚȖȒ ȉȘȖȌȧȋ țȉȐȓ ȍȍ ȏȈȗȖȌȖȏȘȐȊȠȐ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ
ȊȖȏȐȚ ȕȍ ȓȍȒȈȘșȚȊȈ Ȉ ȖȚȘȈȊț
ǵȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȌȈȎȍ ȋȌȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȚșȧ ȍȍ șȊȧȚȣȍ ȖșȚȈȕȒȐ ǪȖȏ-

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ȔȖȎȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ șȌȍȓȈȓȐșȤ ȗȖșȔȍȠȐȡȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȌ ȕȐȔȐ ȕȈȌ-
ȘțȋȈȓȐșȤ ȗȤȧȕȣȍ șȒȖȚȣ șȈȔȐ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȊȠȐȍ ȟȚȖ ȚȊȖȘȧȚ
Ǵȣ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȔ ȐȔȍȕ Ȋșȍȝ Țȍȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȘȐȕȖșȐȓȐ
șȊȖȍ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȌȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍ, ȟȚȖȉȣ șȕȈȉȌȐȚȤ ȉȘȈȚșȚȊȖ ȕȍȖȉȝȖ-
ȌȐȔȣȔȐ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈȔȐ
ǴȖȎȕȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ Ȑȝ ȉȣȓȖ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȗȖȚȖȔț
ȟȚȖ ȉȖȋȈȟȐ Ȓ ȉȘȈȚșȚȊț ȕȍ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȈȓȐ Ȉ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ, ȒȈȗȐ-
ȚȈȓ ȉȣȓ șȖȉȘȈȕ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȑ
DzȚȖ Ȏȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȖȕȐ ȗȖȎȍȘȚȊȖȊȈȊȠȐȍ Ȋ ȥȚț ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒțȦ
ȔȐȕțȚț ȊșȍȔ Ȍȓȧ ȚȍȔȕȣȝ ȉțȑȕȣȝ ȖȎȍșȚȖȟȍȕȕȣȝ ȉȘȈȚȤȍȊ"
ǵȍ ȏȕȈȍȔ
ǷȈȔȧȚȕȐȒ ȕȈ dzțȉȧȕșȒȖȑ ȗȓȖȡȈȌȐ ȊȖȚ Ȋșȍ ȟȚȖ ȖșȚȈȓȖșȤ
ȖȚ Ȑȝ ȗȖȘȣȊȖȊ ȖȚ ȚȘȍȗȍȚȈ Ȑȝ șȍȘȌȍȞ ȖȚ Ȑȝ ȋȍȘȖȐȏȔȈ
ǵȈ ȓȐȞȍȊȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȈȔȧȚȕȐȒȈ ȖȉȘȈȔȓȍȕȕȣȑ Ȑș-
ȒȘȧȡȐȔșȧ ȉȍȓȣȔ ȔȘȈȔȖȘȖȔ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȉȈȘȍȓȤȍȜ Ȑȏ ȚȍȔȕȖȑ
ȉȘȖȕȏȣ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȑ ȔțȎȟȐȕț Ȋ ȘȈșȞȊȍȚȍ șȐȓ ȒȖȚȖ-
Șȣȑ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȖ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȊȍșȍȓȖ ȗȘȖȡȈȍȚșȧ ș ȗȓȈȟțȡȍȦ ȔȖȓȖ-
ȌȖȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȖȑ
ȅȚȖȚ ȔțȎȟȐȕȈ — ȗȍȚȍȘȉțȘȋșȒȐȑ ȌȖȒȚȖȘ ǴȈȘȞȐȕȒȍȊȐȟ
ǭȋȖ ȐșȚȖȘȐȧ ȚȖȎȍ ȏȈșȓțȎȐȊȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖȉȣ Ȑȏ ȕȍȍ șȌȍȓȈȓȐ ȗȖȥȔț
Ƕȕ ȎȍȕȐȓșȧ ȕȈ ȕȍȎȕȖ ȓȦȉȐȔȖȑ ȌȍȊțȠȒȍ Ȑ șȊȈȌȤȉȈ ȉȣ-
ȓȈ ȏȈ ȌȊȍ ȕȍȌȍȓȐ ȌȖ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȐ DzȈȒ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȣȑ ȏȖ-
ȓȖȚȖȑ șȖȕ, ȗȘȖȔȍȓȤȒȕțȓȐ ȥȚȐ ȌȊȍ ȕȍȌȍȓȐ Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔ șȚȈȓȐ ȗȖ-
ȧȊȓȧȚȤșȧ ȐȏȊȍșȚȐȧ Ȗȉ țȎȈșȈȝ ȟțȔȣ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ ȖȚȘȈȊȐȊȠȐȍ
ȗȖȒȖȑ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȋȖ ȌȖȒȚȖȘȈ
ǬȘțȋȖȑ ȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȔȍșȚȍ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȐȓșȧ ȉȣ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȔȐ șȓȖ-
ȊȈȔȐ șȖȎȈȓȍȕȐȧ șȐȌȧ Ȋ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ ț șȍȉȧ Ȋ ǷȍȚȍȘȉțȘȋȍ
ȕȖ ǴȈȘȞȐȕȒȍȊȐȟȈ ȌȍȓȈȓȈ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȕȣȔ ȔȣșȓȤ Ȗ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ ȋȌȍ
ȗȘȖȒȓȧȚȈȧ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȤ șȊȐȘȍȗșȚȊțȍȚ ȌțȠȐȚ ȓȦȌȍȑ Ȉ ȘțȒ Ȍȓȧ
ȉȖȘȤȉȣ ș ȕȍȦ ȕȍ ȝȊȈȚȈȍȚ
ǵȐ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ ȕȐ șȍȔȍȑȕȣȍ ȘȈȌȖșȚȐ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȏȈȋȓțȠȐȚȤ Ȋ
ȕȍȔ ȊȖȏȔțȡȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȉȍșȗȖȓȍȏȕȖȑ ȉȍșșȔȣșȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȎȍșȚȖ-
ȒȖșȚȐ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȍȍ ȕȈȌȘțȋȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ȕȈȌ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍș-
ȒȖȦ ȎȐȏȕȤȦ
ǷȖșȓȍ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȝ ȚȧȎȍȓȣȝ Ȍȕȍȑ Ȑ ȉȍșșȖȕȕȣȝ ȕȖȟȍȑ ȗȖ-
șȊȧȡȍȕȕȣȝ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȔȣșȓȧȔ Ȗȕ ȖșȖȏȕȈȓ, ȟȚȖ ȗȖȟțȊșȚȊțȍȚ șȍ-
ȉȧ șȕȖșȕȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȈȔ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȉțȌȍȚ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȝȖȚȤ
ȒȈȒ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȉȖȘȖȚȤșȧ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȟțȔȣ

120
ǰ ȊȖȚ Ȗȕ ȗȖȍȝȈȓ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț ǵȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȍȔț țȌȈȓȖșȤ
ȗȘȐȔȐȘȐȚȤ Ȏȍȕț ș ȥȚȖȑ ȗȖȍȏȌȒȖȦ ǵȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȗȘȖȊȖȎȈȓȈ
ȓȐ ȖȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȚȊȍȘȌȖ Ȑ ȋȍȘȖȐȟȍșȒȐ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖ ȌȘȍȊȕȍȑ ȘȐȔȓȧȕ-
Ȓȍ ȐȓȐ ȕȈȖȉȖȘȖȚ ȖȚȌȈȓȈșȤ ȗȘȐșȚțȗț ȋȖȘȧ ș ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȣȔ
ȥȋȖȐȏȔȖȔ ȊȓȦȉȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ
ǰȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ, ȏȈȗȈșȠȐșȤ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȘȈȏȘȍȠȍ-
ȕȐȍȔ Ȗȕ ȗȘȖȕȐȒ șȒȊȖȏȤ ȎȍȓȍȏȕȖȍ ȒȖȓȤȞȖ ȒȈȘȈȕȚȐȕȈ ȖȒȘț-
ȎȈȊȠȍȍ ǴȖșȒȊț, Ȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȕȍ ȊȍȘȕțȓșȧ
ǿțȔȈ ȗȖȋȓȖȚȐȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȖȚȊȈȎȕȣȝ ȉȖȑ-
ȞȖȊ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȊȠȐȝ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȕȍȍ
ǴȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȟȓȍȕȖȊ ȉȘȈȚșȚȊȈ ȋȐȉȓȖ ȖȚ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȐ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ
ȖȕȐ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȓȐ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȖȉȍȘȍȋȈȚȤ șȍȉȧ ȖȚ ȏȈȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ
ȕȖ ȖșȚȈȊȠȐȍșȧ Ȋ ȎȐȊȣȝ șȌȊȐȋȈȓȐ ȘȧȌȣ Ȑ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓȐ ȘȈ-
ȉȖȚț ȗȈȊȠȐȝ
ǶȟȍȊȐȌȞȣ ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȦȚ Ȑȝ ȕȈȔ ȒȈȒ ȜȈȕȈȚȐȒȖȊ ȒȈȒ ȓȦ-
Ȍȍȑ ȌȖ șțȔȈșȠȍșȚȊȐȧ ȗȘȍȌȈȕȕȣȝ șȊȖȍȑ ȐȌȍȍ ȒȈȒ ȝțȌȣȝ Ȑ
ȉȓȍȌȕȣȝ ȔțȟȍȕȐȒȖȊ ș ȋȖȘȧȡȐȔȐ ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ șȗȖșȖȉȕȣȝ ȉȍșȒȖ-
ȕȍȟȕȖ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȕȍ șȗȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȍșȚȤ Ȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ șȖ ȊșȍȦ șȐȓȖȦ ȥȕȍȘ-
ȋȐȐ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȍȔȖȑ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȐȔ ȖȋȕȍȔ
ǷȖȌȖȉȕȣȝ ȚȐȗȖȊ ȕȍ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȖȉȣȌȍȕȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ
ǶȕȐ ȘȖȌȧȚșȧ Ȋ ȌȕȐ ȉțȘȤ Ȑ ȍȡȍ ȕȈȒȈȕțȕȍ ȗȍȘȍȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȕȐ-
ȒȚȖ ȕȍ șțȔȍȓ ȉȣ ȖȚȓȐȟȐȚȤ Ȑȝ ȖȚ Ȗȉȣȟȕȣȝ șȒțȟȕȣȝ ȔȍȓȖȟ-
ȕȣȝ șȍȘȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ
ǪȖȑȕȈ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ ȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȧ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȕȈȘȖȌȕȣȍ ȉȍȌșȚȊȐȧ
ȐȔȍȦȚ șȊȖȍȖȉȘȈȏȕțȦ șȚȐȝȐȑȕțȦ ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȤ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȚȖȔț
ȟȚȖ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȦȚ Ȓ ȎȐȏȕȐ șȗȧȡȐȍ șȐȓȣ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȑ ȐȕȌȐ-
ȊȐȌțȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ
ǵȖ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȌȖȉȘȖȔ ȗȘȖșȣȗȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȚȈȒȐȝ șȓțȟȈȧȝ Ȑ ȏȓȖ
ǪȔȍșȚȍ ș ȋȍȘȖȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ ȌȖȉȘȖȌȍȚȍȓȧȔȐ ȊȣȗȓȣȊȈȦȚ ȕȈ
șȊȍȚ ȊșȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȍ ȗȖȘȖȒȐ
ǷȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ ȌȈȎȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȟȍȔ ȗȍȘȊȣȝ ǭșȓȐ șȖȚȕȐ ȓȦ-
Ȍȍȑ ȖȚȖȘȊȈȕȕȣȝ ȟțȔȖȦ ȖȚ ȗȘȐȊȣȟȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȉȘȖșȐȓȐșȤ ș
ȋȖȓȖȊȖȦ Ȋ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȉȘȈȚșȚȊȈ ȚȖ Ȟȍȓȣȍ ȚȣșȧȟȐ ȕȈȟȈȓȐ
ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȧȚȤ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȗȖȓȖȎȕțȦ ȒȘȈȑȕȖșȚȤ ș ȕȍ ȔȍȕȤȠȐȔ
țȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȍȔ ȗȘȍȌȈȊȠȐșȤ ȗȖȘȖȒț
ǪȍȟȕȈȧ țȋȘȖȏȈ șȔȍȘȚȐ ȖȉȖșȚȘȐȓȈ Ȑ ȘȈȏȌȘȈȎȐȓȈ Ȋ ȓȦȌȧȝ
Ȋșȍ ȗȓȖȚșȒȐȍ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȍ ȐȕșȚȐȕȒȚȣ
ǺȖȚ ȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȕȈȌȍȍȚșȧ ȗȍȘȍȎȐȚȤ ȏȈȊȚȘȈȠȕȐȑ ȌȍȕȤ ȒȖȕȍȟ-

121
ȕȖ ȕȍ șȚȈȕȍȚ șȚȍșȕȧȚȤșȧ Ȑȏ-ȏȈ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȘȈșȟȍȚȈ ȊȖ ȐȔȧ
ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȔȕȍȕȐȧ Ȑȏ-ȏȈ șȓțȎȍȉȕȖȑ ȒȈȘȤȍȘȣ Ȑȏ-ȏȈ ȌȖ-
ȔȈȠȕȍȋȖ ȖȟȈȋȈ ȐȓȐ ȌȈȎȍ Ȋ ȊȐȌȈȝ șȖȝȘȈȕȍȕȐȧ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȤȧ
Ǫșȍ șȚȘȈșȚȐ ȗȖȝȖȚȐ ȈȗȗȍȚȐȚȣ Ȑ șȚȘȈșȚȐȠȒȐ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ
ȗȖȌȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȍ șȒȘȣȚȣȍ ȖȚ ȓȦȌșȒȐȝ ȋȓȈȏ ȊȌȘțȋ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȐșȤ
ȕȈ șȊȍȚ ȉȖȎȐȑ Ȑ șȚȈȓȐ ȞȈȘșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ș ȕȍȖȉȣȟȈȑȕȖȑ ȊȓȈșȚȤȦ.
ǿțȔȈ șȖȘȊȈȓȈ ȔȈșȒȐ ș Țȣșȧȟ ȚȈȒ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔȣȝ ©ȗȘȐȓȐȟ-
ȕȣȝª ©ȗȖȘȧȌȖȟȕȣȝª ȓȦȌȍȑ Ȑ ǩȖȎȍ ȔȖȑ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȊșȧȒȖȑ
ȋȈȌȖșȚȐ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȗȖȌ ȥȚȐȔȐ ȔȈșȒȈȔȐ
ǵȈșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȌȕȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȊȍȓȐȒȐ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌȕȣȝ șȚȘȍȔ-
ȓȍȕȐȧȝ ȕȈșȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȏȍ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȔȍȓȒȐ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣ ȋȘȧȏ-
ȕȣ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ șȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȐ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤ ȗȓȖȚșȒȐȍ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȍ-
ȕȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȗȘȐȌȈȊȈȓȈ ȖșȖȉțȦ ȖșȚȘȖȚț ȉȓȐȏȖșȚȤ șȔȍȘȚȐ
ǹȔȍȘȚȤ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȐȒȈȕȚȕȖȦ ȗȘȐȔȍșȤȦ Ȓ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȍȕȐȧȔ ȖȕȈ
ȖȗȤȧȕȧȓȈ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȓȈ Ȋ ȕȍȐșȚȖȊșȚȊȖ ȔȈșșț ȓȦȌȍȑ ȗȍȘȍȝȖ-
ȌȐȊȠȐȝ ȖȚ șȚȘȈȝȈ Ȑ ȈȗȈȚȐȐ Ȓ ȕȍțȌȍȘȎȐȔȖȔț ȎȍȓȈȕȐȦ ȟțȊșȚ-
ȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ șȐȓȤȕȍȍ ȎȐȚȤ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȔȐ ȎȐȏ-
ȕȧȔȐ șȘȈȏț ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȘȖȋȕȈȚȤ ȝȖȓȖȌ ȗȘȐȏȘȈȒȈ, ȞȈȘȧȡȍȋȖ ȕȈȌ
ȊȖȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȍȔ
ǬȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ șȚȈȚșȒȐȑ șȖȊȍȚȕȐȒ șȖȘȖȒ ȓȍȚ ȋȖȘȌȖ Ȋȣ-
ȗȘȧȔȓȧȊȠȐȑ ȋȖȓȖȊț ȕȈȌ țȒȘȈȠȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȘȌȍȕȈȔȐ Ƞȍȍȑ ȋȖ-
ȊȖȘȐȊȠȐȑ Ȗ ȌȖȉȘȖȌȍȚȍȓȐ, țȒȈȏȣȊȈȧ ȗȈȓȤȞȍȔ ȕȈ șȊȖȦ ȋȘțȌȤ,
ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȚȈȔ ȌȖȉȘȖȌȍȚȍȓȤ Ȑ ȗȖȔȍȡȈȓȈșȤ ȊȌȘțȋ ȗȘȍ-
ȊȘȈȚȐȓșȧ Ȋ șȓȈșȚȖȓȦȉȐȊȖȋȖ șȓȦȕȧȊȖȋȖ șȚȈȘȐȒȈȠȒț ș ȒȘȈș-
ȕȖȦ ȗȖȚȕȖȦ ȘȖȎȍȦ Ȑ ȚȘȧșțȡȐȔȐșȧ ȘțȒȈȔȐ
Ƕȕ ȓȖȊȐȓ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ țȋȓȈȝ ȗȧȚȕȈȌȞȈȚȐȓȍȚȕȦȦ ȒțȝȈȘȒȐȕț
ȌȖȟȒț Ȑ ȗȣȚȈȓșȧ ȖȊȓȈȌȍȚȤ ȍȦ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȍȕȕȖ ȉȖȘȔȖȟȈ
— ǵț ȟȍȋȖ Ȏȍ ȋȓțȗȈȧ șȖȗȘȖȚȐȊȓȧȍȠȤșȧ" Ǫșȍ ȘȈȊȕȖ ȊȍȌȤ
șȒȖȘȖ țȔȘȍȔ ǵț, ǵȈșȚȦȠȍȟȒȈ
ǬȘțȋȖȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ țȎȍ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȓȍȚ ȋȖȘȌȖ ȎȐȓ Ȍț-
ȝȖȊȕȣȔȐ ȐȌȍȈȓȈȔȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȋȘȖȔȒȖ ȗȘȖȗȖȊȍȌȖȊȈȓ ȊȖȏȊȣ-
Ƞȍȕȕȣȍ ȞȍȓȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȓșȧ șț-
ȘȖȊȖșȚȤȦ ȊȖȏȌȍȘȎȈȕȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ ȚȍȔ șȕȐșȒȈȓ șȍȉȍ șȓȈȊț șțȡȍ-
șȚȊȈ, țȉȐȊȠȍȋȖ Ȋ șȍȉȍ Ȋșȍ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȖȍ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȌȍȕȤ Ȑ ȕȖȟȤ ȊȈ-
ȓȧȓșȧ ȗȖ țȓȐȞȈȔ ȔȍȘȚȊȍȞȒȐ ȗȤȧȕȣȑ ș ȉȍșșȔȣșȓȍȕȕȣȔ ȓȐ-
ȞȖȔ Ȋ ȗȍȘȍȗȈȟȒȈȕȕȖȑ ȖȌȍȎȌȍ
ȇȏȣȒ ȊȣșȖȒȖȋȖ ȔȖȘȈȓȐșȚȈ ȚȈȒ ȚȘȖȋȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȊȠȍ-
ȋȖ Ȗ ȗȘȈȊȌȍ Ȑ ȌȖȉȘȍ Ȗ ȌțȝȖȊȕȖȑ ȒȘȈșȖȚȍ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȗȘȖȐȏȕȖ-

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șȐȓ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȓȖȡȈȌȕȣȍ ȘțȋȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ Ȉ Ȑȏ ȍȋȖ ȖȓȖȊȧȕȕȣȝ
ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȊȠȐȝșȧ ȋȓȈȏ ȋȓȧȌȍȓ ȕȈ ǩȖȎȐȑ șȊȍȚ ȗȍȘȊȖȘȖȌȕȣȑ
ȏȊȍȘȤ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȚȈȒ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȉȣȓ ȗȖȌȈȊȓȍȕ Ȉ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȊȖșȚȖȘȎȍ-
șȚȊȖȊȈȓ
ǭȡȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȋȘȧȏȕȣȍ ȍȡȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȖȚȊȘȈȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ șȞȍȕȣ
ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȓȐșȤ ȕȈ ȒȈȎȌȖȔ ȠȈȋț
ǵȈȟȈȓȤȕȐȞȈ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȚȈ ȗȖȎȐȓȈȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȊȖș-
ȗȐȚȣȊȈȓȈ Ȋ ȟȐșȚȖȚȍ Ȑ ȞȍȓȖȔțȌȘȐȐ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȧ ȌȍȊț-
ȠȍȒ ȊȌȘțȋ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȚȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ ǴȍșșȈȓȐȕț ȐȡțȡțȦ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȣȝ
ȗȘȐȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȑ ȕȈ țȓȐȞȈȝ
ǶȚȍȞ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȕȣȑ șȍȔȤȧȕȐȕ ȗȖȒțȠȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȟȍșȚȤ ȌȖȟȍ-
ȘȐ ǫȖȘȌȈȧ ȕȍȗȘȐșȚțȗȕȈȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ, ț ȕȖȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȏȈȌȈȘȖȔ
ȓȍȎȈȓȈ Ȋșȧ ȏȖȓȖȚȈȧ ȔȖȓȖȌȍȎȤ ǴȖșȒȊȣ ȉȘȖșȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȠȍȦ
șȊȖȍȔț ȊȣȍȏȌȕȖȔț ȓȈȒȍȦ
ǵȖ ȊȖ ȏȓȍ ȒȈȒ Ȑ Ȋ ȌȖȉȘȍ, ȍșȚȤ șȊȖȐ ȊȍȘȝȈ Ȑ ȕȐȏȣ ȍșȚȤ
șȐȓȈ Ȑ șȓȈȉȖșȚȤ ȍșȚȤ ȋȍȘȖȐ Ȑ ȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ
Ǫ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȈȒ șȓȈȉȣȍ ȓȦȌȐ ȗȖȚȐȝȖȕȤȒț ȘȈȏȊȘȈȚȕȐ-
ȟȈȓȐ, țȉȍȎȈȊ ȖȚ șȚȍșȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȖȘȈȓȐ ȕȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȉȍȌȐȊ ȍȍ
ȉȖȓȍȍ șȐȓȤȕȣȍ Ȑ șȔȍȓȣȍ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȓȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȥȚȐȒȐ șȖȊȍȘ-
ȠȍȕȕȖ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȖ ȖȉȢȧȊȓȧȓȐ ȕȘȈȊșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȏȈȒȖȕ ȕȐȏȓȖȎȍȕ-
ȕȣȔ ȊȖȏȊȖȌȐȓȐ ȗȖȋȖȕȦ ȏȈ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȍȕȐȧȔȐ Ȋ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȐ
ȖȉȖșȕȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȒțȓȤȚ șȖȝȘȈȕȧȓȐ ȌȈȎȍ Ȋ ȘȈȏȊȘȈȚȍ ȓȖȋȐȒț Ȑ
ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ
ǶȕȐ ȧȊȓȧȓȐșȤ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȗȖȓȖȎȕȣȔ ȗȖȓȦșȖȔ ȗȖ
ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȦ Ȓ ȉȘȈȚșȚȊț Ȑ ȗȖ-șȊȖȍȔț ȚȖȎȍ ȉȖȘȖȓȐșȤ ș ȟțȔȖȦ
ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȉȖȘȖȓȐșȤ ȕȍ ȗțȚȍȔ ȗȘȍșȍȟȍȕȐȧ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȐ Ȉ ȗțȚȍȔ
ȘȈȊȕȖȌțȠȐȧ Ȓ șȔȍȘȚȐ
ǶȕȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȐ ȟȚȖ șȔȍȘȚȤ ȕȍ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊțȍȚ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ ȕȈȌ
ȚȍȔ ȒȚȖ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȍȚ ȍȍ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȖ ș țȓȣȉȒȖȦ ȕȈ ȋțȉȈȝ ȐșȗȐȊ-
ȠȐ ȌȖ ȌȕȈ ȟȈȠț ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȍȕȐȧ
Ǫ Ȑȝ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȥȗȐȒțȘȍȑșȚȊȈ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ
ȕȐȞȠȍȈȕșȚȊȈ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ ǫȈȘȚȔȈȕȖȊșȒȖȑ ȕȍȕȈȊȐșȚȐ Ȓ ȎȐȏȕȐ
ǹȓȖȊȖȔ ȖȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȍȔ ȊșȍȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȖȌȕȖȊȘȍȔȍȕ-
ȕȖ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȈȚȤ Ȑ șȔȍȘȚȤ, Ȑ ȉȍȏȏȈșȚȍȕȟȐȊȖȍ ȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȎȐȏ-
ȕȤȦǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȖșȕȖȊȖȦ ȍȍ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȉȣȓ ȘȈȏ-
ȕțȏȌȈȊȠȐȑșȧ ȏȊȍȘȤ Ȋ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȍ ȚȈȒ ȟȈșȚȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȡȐȑ țșȚȈ-
ȔȐ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȖȊ

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ȅȚȐ ȓȦȌȐ șȉȓȐȎȍȕȕȣȍ ȔȍȎȌț șȖȉȖȦ ȖȉȡȐȔȐ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȈ-
ȔȐ șȚȈȚȤ ȊȣȠȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ șȚȘȈȝȈ șȔȍȘȚȐ Ȑ ȊȣȠȍ ȟȍȓȖ-
ȊȍȟȍșȒȖȑ ȥȚȐȒȐ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȐ ȗȘȖȏȊȈȕȐȍ ©șȔȍȦȡȐȝșȧª ȏȈ Țț
ȗȘȍȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕțȦ țșȔȍȠȒț ș ȒȈȒȖȦ șȔȖȚȘȍȓȐ ȕȈ Ȋșȍ ȖȒȘțȎȈȦ-
ȡȍȍǹȘȍȌȐ ȚȐȠȐȕȣ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȉȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ȖȕȐ țșȚ-
ȘȈȐȊȈȓȐ ȠțȔȕȣȍ ȖȘȋȐȐ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ Ȋșȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖȏȊȖ-
ȓȍȕȖ Ȑ șȟȐȚȈȓȖșȤ ȠȐȒȖȔ ȗȍȘȍȑȚȐ Ȋșȍ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȣ ȗȘȐȓȐȟȕȖȋȖ
ȚȍȘȗȐȔȖȋȖ
ǷȖȓȤȏțȧșȤ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȍȔ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȐ ȖȕȐ ȝȖȌȐȓȐ ȗȖ țȓȐȞȈȔ
ȊȍșȍȓȣȔȐ ȗȘȍȞȍșșȐȧȔȐ Ȋ ȧȘȒȐȝ ȜȈȕȚȈșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȒȖșȚȦȔȈȝ,
ș ȔțȏȣȒȖȦ Ȑ ȗȍșȕȧȔȐ
DzȈȎȌȣȑ ȊȍȟȍȘ Ȋ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȔȍșȚȈȝ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ȖȕȐ țșȚȘȈȐ-
ȊȈȓȐ ȉȈȓȣ ȗȐȒȕȐȒȐ ȔȈșȒȈȘȈȌȣ
Ǫșȍ șȗȖșȖȉȣ ȘȈȏȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȧ ȉȣȓȐ ȐȔȐ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȣ Ȉ
ȐȏȊȘȈȡȍȕȕȈȧ ȜȈȕȚȈȏȐȧ ȥȚȐȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȓȈ Ȑȝ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚȤ
țȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȐȍ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȈ șȈȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ ȓȐȠȤ ȖȚȊȘȈȚȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ
ǺȈȒ ȖȕȐ ȓȦȉȐȓȐ ȚȍȠȐȚȤșȧ ȊșȍȔ țȎȈșȕȣȔ ȖȚȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȦ-
ȡȐȔ ȟȚȖ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȓȖșȤ Ȋ ȖȒȘțȎȈȦȡȍȑ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȍ ǶȕȐ ȗȐȓȐ
ȚȖșȚȣ ȏȈ ȟțȔț țȒȘȈȠȈȓȐ șȊȖȐ șȚȖȓȣ ȟȍȘȍȗȈȔȐ ȒȖșȚȦȔȐ-
ȘȖȊȈȓȐșȤ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȖȝȖȌȐȚȤ ȕȈ ȗȖȒȖȑȕȐȒȖȊ
ǶȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ©șȔȍȦȡȐȝșȧª ȉȣȊȠȐȑ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȖȔ ȖșȚȈȊȐȓ
ȕȈȔ ȞȐȒȓ ȘȐșțȕȒȖȊ țȋȓȍȔ Ȑ ȔȍȓȖȔ ȧȊȓȧȦȡȐȝșȧ ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌ-
șȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȧ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȉȣȓȐ ȐȔ
șȌȍȓȈȕȣ Ȍȓȧ șȍȉȧ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȘȖȔȍȎțȚȒȖȊ ȔȍȎȌț ȖȘȋȐȧȔȐ
ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍȘȊȕȖȍ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȓȖ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȐșȝȖȌȈ
ȅȚȖȚ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒ ȗȍȘȍȎȐȊȠȐȑ ȟțȔț ȕȖ ȒȖȕȟȐȊȠȐȑ ȎȐȏȕȤ
Ȋ șțȔȈșȠȍȌȠȍȔ ȌȖȔȍ ȌȈȓ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈȝ ȕȈȋȓȧȌȕȖȍ ȌȖȒȈ-
ȏȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȚȖȋȖ ȒȈȒ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȏȈȑȚȐ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȤ ȜȈȕȚȈȏȐȐ
ȥȚȈ ȗȘȖȒȈȏȈ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȌțȝȈ
ǵȈ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȟțȌȓȐȊȣȝ ȖȚȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȦȡȐȝ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈȝ Ȕȣ ȊȐ-
ȌȐȔ ȘȖȏȖȊȣȝ șȔȍȦȡȐȝșȧ ȌȍȚȍȑ Ȋ ȖȉȢȧȚȐȧȝ ȗȖȏȍȓȍȕȍȊȠȐȝ,
ȘȈȏȓȈȋȈȦȡȐȝșȧ ȚȘțȗȖȊ
ǪȐȌȐȔ ȥȘȖȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ șȞȍȕȣ șȚȘȈȕȕȣȝ ȟțȌȖȊȐȡ ȗȖȝȖȎȐȝ
ȕȈ ȖȉȘȈȏȣ, ȊȣȏȣȊȈȍȔȣȍ ȓȐȝȖȘȈȌȖȟȕȣȔ ȉȘȍȌȖȔ
ǪȐȌȐȔ ȓȦȌȍȑ-ȊȈȔȗȐȘȖȊ ȗȤȦȡȐȝ ȒȘȖȊȤ Ȑȏ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȕȣȝ,
ȎȐȊȣȝ Țȍȓ

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ǪȐȌȐȔ ȖȚȊȘȈȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȋȈȌȖȊ șȖȟȍȚȈȦȡȐȝ Ȋ șȍȉȍ Ȋșȍ,
ȟȚȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȏȕȈȍȚ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȈ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȖȔȍȘ-
ȏȍȕȐȍ ȕȈȘȐșȖȊȈȕȕȣȔȐ șȘȍȌȐ ȏȖȓȖȚȈ Ȑ ȌȘȈȋȖȞȍȕȕȣȝ ȒȈȔȍ-
ȕȤȍȊ Ȋ ȖȉȓȈȒȈȝ ȜȐȔȐȈȔȈ
ǪȐȌȐȔ ȖȌțȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȕȣȍ ȌȖȔȈ șȔȍȦȡȐȍșȧ ȕȈȌ ȋȘțȌȈȔȐ
șȊȈȓȍȕȕȣȝ ț Ȑȝ ȗȖȌȕȖȎȐȧ ȔȍȘȚȊȣȝ Țȍȓ
ǪȐȌȐȔ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȊȍȡȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȚȤ
ȌȖȒȚȖȘ Ȋ țȟȍȕȖȔ ȚȘȈȒȚȈȚȍ ȕȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȐȒȖȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȕȍ ȔȖ-
ȎȍȚ ȐȏȓȖȎȐȚȤ ȘȖȔȈȕȐșȚ
ǷȖ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȦ Ȕȣșȓȍȑ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȈ Ȕȣ ȔȖȎȍȔ
șțȌȐȚȤ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȍȔ ȏȈȉȈȊȓȧȓȐșȤ șȔȍȦȡȐȍșȧ
ǵȍ ȘȈȏ Ȑȝ ȗȤȧȕȈȧ ȊȈȚȈȋȈ ȉȘȖȌȧ ȕȖȟȤȦ ȗȖ ȋȖȘȖȌț Ȑ ȕȈȑ-
Ȍȧ ȚȘțȗ, ȖȒȘțȎȈȓȈ ȍȋȖ șȖ șȔȍȝȖȔ ȠțȚȒȈȔȐ Ȑ ȊȖșȒȓȐȞȈȕȐȧ-
ȔȐ ȌȖȚȘȈȋȐȊȈȧșȤ ȌȖ ȎȍȘȚȊȣ țȎȈșȕȖȑ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȐ ȗȘȐȌȈȊȈȧ ȗȖ-
ȒȖȑȕȐȒț ȘȈȏȕȣȍ ȏȈȉȈȊȕȣȍ ȗȖȏȣ
ǶȕȐ ȠȓȐ Ȋ ȘȈȏȕțȏȌȈȕȕȖșȚȐ ȚȈȒ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȒȈȒ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȏ-
ȊȖȓȧȓȈ Ȑȝ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȚȈȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ DzȈȎȌȣȑ șȚȈȘȈȓșȧ ȗȍȘȍȡȍȋȖ-
ȓȧȚȤ șȖȉțȚȣȓȤȕȐȒȖȊ, ȗȘȐȌțȔȣȊȈȧ ȖșȚȘȖȚȣ ȘȈȏȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȖ-
ȒȈȏȣ ȗȖșȊȧȡȈȧ șȍȉȧ ȥȚȖȔț ȊșȍȞȍȓȖ ȗȖȒȈ ȟțȔȈ ȕȍ șȝȊȈȚȣ-
ȊȈȓȈ ȍȋȖ Ȑ ȕȍ ȌțȠȐȓȈ ȗȖșȓȍ ȟȍȋȖ ȖșȚȈȊȈȊȠȐȍșȧ Ȋ ȎȐȊȣȝ
șȗȘȈȊȓȧȓȐ ȗȖ ȕȍȔ ȗȖȔȐȕȒȐ ȠțȚȖȊșȒȐȔȐ ȘȍȟȈȔȐ Ȑ ȕȖȊȣȔȐ
șȚȈȒȈȕȈȔȐ ȊȐȕȈ
ǵȍțȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖșȚȖȕȈȘȖȌȤȍ șȔȖȚȘȍȓȖ ȕȈ ȥȚȐȝ ȉȍ-
ȏțȔȞȍȊ ȒȈȒ ȕȈ ȌȤȧȊȖȓȖȊ ǭșȚȤ ȊȍȡȐ Ȋ ȕȈȘȖȌȕȖȔ șȖȏȕȈȕȐȐ
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȍ ȐșȒȖȘȍȕȧȦȚșȧ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȔȐ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈȔȐ Ȑ Ȓ
ȥȚȐȔ ȊȍȡȈȔ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȐȚ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖȍ ȊȌțȔȟȐȊȖȍ ȗȖȟȚȍȕȐȍ
Ȓ șȔȍȘȚȐ
dzȦȌȐ ȘțȋȈȦȡȐȍșȧ ȕȈȌ ȗȖȒȖȑȕȐȒȈȔȐ șȔȍȦȡȐȍșȧ ȕȈȌ Ȗȉ-
ȡȐȔ ȉȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ Ȋ ȋȓȈȏȈȝ ȕȈȘȖȌȈ ȝțȎȍ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ ȘȈȏȉȖȑ-
ȕȐȒȖȊ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ ȘȈȏȌȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ©șȔȍȦȡȐȝșȧª ȕȍ ȘȈȏ ȌȖ-
ȝȖȌȐȓȖ ȌȖ ȒȘȖȊȈȊȣȝ ȘȈșȗȘȈȊ
ǻȎȈșȕȣȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȖȠȍȓ ȕȈ ǯȕȈȔȍȕȒȍ ǺȈȔ
ȎȐȓ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ șȈȔȣȝ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȝ șȔȍȦȡȐȝșȧ ȉȖȋȈȚȣȑ ȔȖȓȖ-
ȌȖȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ Ȑȏ ȈȘȐșȚȖȒȘȈȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȜȈȔȐȓȐȐ
ǶȌȕȈȎȌȣ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ Ȗȕ ȗȘȐȋȓȈșȐȓ ȘȧȌ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȝ Ȓ șȍȉȍ
ȕȈ țȎȐȕ ȕȈ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ Țȍȝ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȣȝ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ
țȎȐȕȖȊ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ șȔȍȠȐȊȈȓȐșȤ ȐȏȣșȒȈȕȕȈȧ ȥșȚȍȚȐȒȈ Ȑ

125
ȋȘțȉȣȑ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȑ ȞȐȕȐȏȔ ȊȍȓȐȒȖșȊȍȚșȒȈȧ ȥȓȍȋȈȕȚȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ
ȕȍțȌȍȘȎȐȔȖȍ ȉțȘȕȖȍ ȊȍșȍȓȤȍ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȐȧ
ǷȘȈȏȌȕȐȒ țȌȈȓșȧ ȒȈȒ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȓțȟȠȍ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȓ Ȍȍȑ-
șȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȖȗȤȧȕȧȦȡțȦ ȒȈȘȚȐȕț
ǪȍȓȐȒȖȓȍȗȕȖ ȖȉșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȈȧ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȈ șȚȖȓ ȗȖȒȘȣȚȣȑ ȉȍ-
ȓȖșȕȍȎȕȖȦ șȒȈȚȍȘȚȤȦ ȉțȒȍȚȣ ȧȘȒȐȝ Ȑ ȕȍȎȕȣȝ ȞȊȍȚȖȊ ȊȐ-
ȕȖ, ȐșȒȘȧȡȍȍșȧ Ȋ șȚȈȒȈȕȈȝ ȟȍȘȕȣȍ ȜȘȈȒȐ ȔțȎȟȐȕ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕ-
ȕȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ Ȑ ȘȖșȒȖȠȕȣȍ ȒȖșȚȦȔȣ ȎȍȕȡȐȕ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȐȍ ȋȓȈȏȈ
șȔȍȓȣȍ ȎȍșȚȣ ȝȖȝȖȚ ȗȍșȕȐ ȗȖȞȍȓțȐ
DzȈȏȈȓȖșȤ șȈȔȖ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȍȕȐȍ țșȚȘȖȐȓȖ ȥȚȖȚ ȗȘȈȏȌȕȐȒ Ȉ
ȊȍșȍȓȤȍ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȓȖ ȋȖșȚȍȑ
ǶȒȖȓȖ ȗȖȓțȕȖȟȐ ȝȖȏȧȐȕ ȗȖȌȕȧȓșȧ ș ȉȖȒȈȓȖȔ Ȋ ȘțȒȍ ȟȚȖ-
ȉȣ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȚȖșȚ
— ǫȖșȗȖȌȈ — ȕȈȟȈȓ Ȗȕ. — ǹȍȋȖȌȕȧȠȕȐȑ ȌȍȕȤ Ȕȣ ȕȍ ȗȖ-
ȚȍȘȧȓȐ ȌȈȘȖȔ Ȑ ȍșȓȐ șȔȍȘȚȤ șȚțȟȐȚșȧ Ȓ ȕȈȔ Ȋ ȌȊȍȘȐ
Ƕȕ ȊȕȍȏȈȗȕȖ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȓșȧ, ȗȖȉȓȍȌȕȍȊ ș țȎȈșȖȔ ȋȓȧȌȧ ȕȈ
ȊȝȖȌȕțȦ ȌȊȍȘȤ
Ǫșȍ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓȐșȤ ȚțȌȈ Ȏȍ Ȑ ȗȐȘțȦȡȐȍ țȊȐȌȈȓȐ ȋȘțȗ-
ȗț ȖȉȖȘȊȈȕȕȣȝ ȋȘȧȏȕȣȝ ȌȐȒȐȝ ȕȈ ȊȐȌ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȊȝȖȌȐȊȠȐȝ
Ȋ ȒȖȔȕȈȚț ȕȍșȧ ș șȖȉȖȦ ȒȈȔȕȐ Ȑ ȌțȉȐȕȣ
ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓȐ ȜȈȉȘȐȟȕȣȍ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȍ ȘȣșȒȈȊȠȐȍ ȗȖ ȋȖȘȖȌț Ȋ
ȗȖȐșȒȈȝ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȗȐȡȐ
ǷȘȐȊȓȍȟȍȕȕȣȍ șȊȍȚȖȔ Ȑ ȠțȔȖȔ ȖȕȐ ȌȖȓȋȖ șȚȖȧȓȐ ȊȕȐ-
ȏț ȗȖȌ ȖȒȕȈȔȐ ȗȘȐșȓțȠȐȊȈȧșȤ Ȓ ȚȖȔț, ȒȈȒ ȊȍșȍȓȧȚșȧ ȉȈȘȍ.
DzȈȎȌȈȧ ȠțȚȒȈ ȌȖȕȖșȐȊȠȈȧșȧ șȊȍȘȝț țȊȍȓȐȟȐȊȈȓȈ Ȑȝ ȘȈȏ-
ȌȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȊȏȘȣȊ șȔȍȝȈ ȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ȕȈȌȘțȋȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȔ
ȕȈȌ ȖȉȡȐȔ ȋȖȘȍȔ
ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȖȕȐ ȕȍ ȊȣȌȍȘȎȈȓȐ Ȑ ȘȍȠȐȓȐ ȘȈșȗȘȈȊȐȚȤșȧ ș
ȗȐȘțȦȡȐȔȐ
Ǫ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȍȕȐȍ ȌȍșȧȚȐ ȔȐȕțȚ Ȋ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȓȈ ȌȐ-
ȒȈȧ ȊȖȏȕȧ șȔȍȝ șȔȍȕȐȓșȧ șȚȖȕȈȔȐ ȗȖȞȍȓțȐ țȌȈȘȈȔȐ ǷȘȐ
ȧȘȒȖȔ ȗȘȈȏȌȕȐȟȕȖȔ șȊȍȚȍ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȘȖșȒȖȠȕȖ țȉȘȈȕȕȖȋȖ șȚȖ-
ȓȈ ȖȌȐȕ ȏȈ ȌȘțȋȐȔ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȉȍȏ șȖȗȘȖȚȐȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȋȐȉȓȐ ©șȔȍȦ-
ȡȐȍșȧª
ǶȋȘȖȔȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȒȖȗȟȍȕȕȣȑ ȕȈșȒȊȖȏȤ ȜȈȉȘȐȟȕȣȔ ȌȣȔȖȔ
ȘȈȉȖȟȐȑ șȝȊȈȚȐȓ ȏȈ ȊȖȓȖșȣ ȐȏȧȡȕțȦ ȌȍȒȖȓȤȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȕțȦ
ȉȈȘȣȕȦ ǶȕȈ ȔȖȓȐȓȈ ȗȓȈȒȈȓȈ ȝȖȚȍȓȈ ȖȉȕȧȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȕȖȋȐ ȕȖ
șȚȘȈȠȕȣȑ țȌȈȘ ȗȘȍȘȊȈȓ ȔȖȓȤȉȣ Ȑ șȚȖȕȣ ǪȕȍȏȈȗȕȖ țșȗȖ-

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ȒȖȐȊȠȐșȤ ȖȕȈ ȘțȝȕțȓȈ ȓȐȞȖȔ ȊȕȐȏ ȕȈ ȒȖȊȍȘ
Ǫ ȌȘțȋȖȔ ȔȍșȚȍ ȗȖȓțȗȤȧȕȣȑ ȡȍȋȖȓȤ Ȋ ȐȏȣșȒȈȕȕȖȔ ȜȘȈ-
Ȓȍ șȝȊȈȚȐȓ ȉțȚȣȓȒț ȟȚȖȉȣ ȏȈȡȐȡȈȚȤșȧ ȕȖ șȍȑȟȈș Ȏȍ ȗȍȘȍ-
ȒțȊȣȘȕțȓșȧ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȍȔț ȉȘȖșȐȓȐ ȗȖȌ ȕȖȋȐ șȚțȓ Ȑ ȗȖ-
ȋȐȉ ȗȖȌ țȌȈȘȈȔȐ ȌțȉȐȕ
DzȖȋȌȈ șȝȊȈȚȒȈ ȒȖȕȟȐȓȈșȤ Ȋșȍ ©șȔȍȦȡȐȍșȧª ȓȍȎȈȓȐ ȕȈ
ȗȖȓț ȔȍȘȚȊȣȔȐ ǵȐȒȖȔț ȕȍ țȌȈȓȖșȤ ȉȍȎȈȚȤ
ǩȘȣȏȋȐ ȒȘȖȊȐ ȈȓȍȓȐ ȕȈ ȉȍȓȖȑ șȒȈȚȍȘȚȐ ȕȈ ȧȘȒȐȝ ȗȓȈ-
ȚȤȧȝ ȕȈ ȠȍȓȒȖȊȖȑ ȖȉȐȊȒȍ ȔȍȉȍȓȐ ǭȍ ȖșȚȘȣȑ ȏȈȗȈȝ șȔȍȠȐ-
ȊȈȓșȧ ș ȈȘȖȔȈȚȖȔ ȌțȝȖȊ Ȑ ȉȓȈȋȖțȝȈȕȐȍȔ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȦȡȐȝ ȊȧȕțȚȤ
ȞȊȍȚȖȊ
Ǩ țȉȐȑȞȣ ȍȌȊȈ ȗȖȒȖȕȟȐȊȠȐ șȊȖȍ ȌȍȓȖ ș ȎȈȌȕȖșȚȤȦ
ȕȈȉȘȖșȐȓȐșȤ ȕȈ ȖșȚȈȚȒȐ țȎȐȕȈ ǵȍ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȧ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȕȈ
ȘȈȏȉȘȖșȈȕȕȣȍ ȚȘțȗȣ șȒȖȓȤȏȧ Ȋ ȓțȎȈȝ ȒȘȖȊȐ ȕȈșȚțȗȈȧ ȕȈ
ȘȈșȒȐȕțȚȣȍ ȘțȒȐ ȎȍȘȚȊ ȖȕȐ ȝȖȌȐȓȐ ȗȖ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ ȘȈȏȣșȒȐ-
ȊȈȧ șȢȍșȚȕȖȍ Ȑ ȚȖȘȖȗȓȐȊȖ ȕȈșȣȡȈȓȐșȤ
ǪȐȕȈ ȕȐȒȚȖ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȕȍ ȚȘȖȕțȓ ǸȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȖȊ ȔȍȎȌț ȕȐȔȐ
ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ǶȕȐ ȐȔȍȓȐ ȔȘȈȟȕȣȑ ȕȖ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȣȑ ȊȐȌ ȓȦȌȍȑ
ȌȍȑșȚȊțȦȡȐȝ ȗȖȌ ȌȈȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ
DzȖȕȟȐȊȠȐ ȍșȚȤ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ țȝȖȌȐȓ ȕȍ ȖȉȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȧșȤ ȕȈȏȈȌ
ǷȘȐȌȧ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ȖȕȐ țȝȖȌȐȓȐ ȗȖȖȌȐȕȖȟȒȍ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȕȍ ȋȓȧȌȍȚȤ
ȌȘțȋ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȈ
Ǩ ȒȖȋȌȈ țȠȍȓ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ Ȋ ȒȖȔȕȈȚț ȗȘȖȉȘȈȓȖșȤ ȕȍș-
ȒȖȓȤȒȖ țȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȠȍȒ ȐȏȌȈȓȐ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȊȠȐȝ ȏȈ ȗȖȉȖȐ-
ȡȍȔ
ȅȚȐ ȊȍȟȕȖ ȎȐȊȣȍ Ȑ ȊȍȟȕȖ Ȋȍșȍȓȣȍ șțȡȍșȚȊȈ șȖ șȊȖȑșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕȖȦ Ȑȝ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚț ȊȖșȗȘȐȐȔȟȐȊȖșȚȤȦ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȐȔȍ-
ȕȐȓȐșȤ Ȓ ȈȚȔȖșȜȍȘȍ ȞȈȘȧȡȍȑ Ȋ ȏȈȟțȔȓȍȕȕȖȔ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ ǹȘȍ-
ȌȐ ȚȘțȗȖȊ șȘȍȌȐ ȒȘȖȊȐ ȖȕȐ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ șȍȉȧ ȒȈȒ ȌȖȔȈ ǵȐ-
ȒȈȒȖȑ țȎȈș ȕȍ ȔȖȋ Ȑȝ șȔțȚȐȚȤ ȐȓȐ ȐșȗțȋȈȚȤ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȕȈ ȔȍșȚȍ ȗȖȉȖȐȡȈ ȖȕȐ ȏȈȉȈȊȓȧȓȐșȤ ȖȚ ȌțȠȐ.
ǸȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȓȐ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȓȐ ȘȈșȚȍȘȏȈȕȕȣȍ ȎȍȕșȒȐȍ ȚȘț-
ȗȣ ȝȖȝȖȚȈȓȐ șȊȐșȚȍȓȐ ȌȖȗȐȊȈȓȐ ȖșȚȈȊȠȍȍșȧ Ȋ șȚȈȒȈȕȈȝ
ȊȐȕȖ ȏȈȒțȘȐȊȈȓȐ ȘȈȏȉȘȖșȈȕȕȣȍ ȗȈȗȐȘȖșȣ
— ǪȖȚ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȖ ȏȈȓȍȗȐȓ-ȚȖ — ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ȖȌȐȕ ȌȘțȋȖȔț ȗȖ-
ȒȈȏȣȊȈȧ ȕȈ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ș ȘȈȏȌȘȖȉȓȍȕȕȖȦ ȋȖȓȖȊȖȑ ȗȖȓțȓȍȎȈȊ-
ȠȍȋȖ ȕȈ ȌȐȊȈȕȍ — ǵȍ ȐȕȈȟȍ, ȒȈȒ ǹȍȕȤȒȐ ȖȌȕȖȋȓȈȏȖȋȖ ȘȈȉȖ-
ȚȈ ȅȚȖ Ȗȕ ȚȈȒ șȢȍȏȌȐȓ

127
ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ șȈȔȖȍ ȒȘțȗȕȖȍ ȐȏȉȐȍȕȐȍ ©șȔȍȦȡȐȝșȧª, ȕȖ ȒȘȖ-
Ȕȍ ȕȍȋȖ Ȕȣ ȏȕȈȍȔ ȔȕȖȋȖ șȓțȟȈȍȊ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȐ ȋȐȉȓȐ ȗȖȖȌȐ-
ȕȖȟȒȍ ȖȚ ȘțȒȐ ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȍȕȕȖȑ Ȑȝ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍȔ ȚȖȓȗȣ
ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȊșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ țșȚȘȈȠȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȥȚȐȝ
ȗȘȐȔȍȘȖȊ Ȉ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȍ ȕȍȘ-
Ȋȣ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȊȣȌȍȘȎȈȚȤ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȒȈȒțȦ ȊȍȓȐ ȥȚȐ ȓȦȌȐ ȗȖ-
ȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ Ȑȝ ȗȘȍȒȘȈȚȐȓȐșȤ ȏȈȌȖȓȋȖ ȌȖ ȒȖȕȞȈ ȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȐ
ǴȈȓȖ ȚȖȋȖ ȧ ȐȔȍȦ ȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȐȧ țȚȊȍȘȎ-
ȌȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ șȘȍȌȐ ȚȖȓȗȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ Ȋ ȗȖȘȣȊȍ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȖȋȖ ȥȒ-
șȚȈȏȈ ȕȈȗȖȓȕȧȓȈ ȔȖșȒȖȊșȒȐȍ ȞȍȘȒȊȐ ȗȖȌ ȒȖȕȍȞ ȟțȔȣ ȉȣȓȖ
ȔȕȖȋȖ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȈȊȠȐȝ Ȓ șȔȍȦȡȐȔșȧ
IX
ȇ ȗȖșȚȈȘȈȓșȧ ȕȈșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȖȋ ȧșȕȍȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȒȈȘȚȐ-
ȕț ȟțȔȣ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȕȈȔ ȕțȎȕȖ ȊȍȘȕțȚȤșȧ Ȓ ȍȍ ȚȊȖȘ-
Ȟț — Ȓ șȓȈȉȖȔț ȖȚȊȘȈȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ țȘȖȌȓȐȊȖȔț ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒț Ȋ ȍȋȖ
ȌȖȔȐȒȍ ȕȈ ǬȍȊȐȟȤȍȔ ȗȖȓȍ
ǶȚ ȚȣșȧȟȍȋȖȓȖȊȖȑ ȚȖȓȗȣ ȖȚ șțȌȖȘȖȋ, ȗȖȚȘȧșȈȦȡȐȝ Ȟȍȓȣȑ
ȋȖȘȖȌ ȖȚ ȗȘȐȏȘȈȒȈ șȔȍȘȚȐ țȉȐȊȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȖȌȕȐȔ ȊȏȔȈȝȖȔ Ȟȍ-
ȓȣȍ ȗȖȓȟȐȡȈ Ȕȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȗȍȘȍȑȚȐ Ȓ ȕȐȟȚȖȎȕȖȔț șțȡȍșȚ-
Ȋț ȗȖȝȖȎȍȔț ȕȈ ȗȈțȒȈ ȉȣȚȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ șȈȔȖȔț ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȖȔț Ȑ
ȎȈȓȒȖȔț ȗȖ ȊȕȍȠȕȖșȚȐ Ȑȏ șȖȚȍȕ Țȣșȧȟ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ Ȗȕ
ȖȚȘȈȊȐȓ ȖȉȘȍȒ ȕȈ șțȔȈșȠȍșȚȊȐȍ ȕȈ țȎȈș Ȑ șȔȍȘȚȤ
Ǵȕȍ șȈȔȖȔț ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȕȍȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȣȔ ȒȖȕȚȘȈșȚ ȔȍȎȌț ȕȐȟ-
ȚȖȎȍșȚȊȖȔ ȚȊȖȘȞȈ Ȑ ȒȖȓȖșșȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤȦ ȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ ȕȖ ȗȘȐȟȐȕ-
ȕȈȧ șȊȧȏȤ — ȕȈȓȐȞȖ ǪȕțȚȘȍȕȕȐȑ ȔȐȘ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ
ȊșȚțȗȐȓ Ȋ ȉȖȘȤȉț ș ȋȐȋȈȕȚșȒȐȔ ȊȕȍȠȕȐȔ ȔȐȘȖȔ Ȑ ȕȈȕȍș ȍȔț
șȚȘȈȠȕțȦ ȘȈȕț
ǹȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȕȍȊȣȕȖșȐȔȖ ȚȧȎȍȓȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȖȌțȔȈȍȠȤ ȒȈȒțȦ
ȉȍȏȌȕț ȏȓȈ șȒȘȣȊȈȍȚ Ȋ șȍȉȍ ȥȚȖȚ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȑ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȐȑ ȔȐȘ
ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ
Ƕȕ ȚȖȟȕȖ ȟțȔȕȈȧ ȉȈȞȐȓȓȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȚȈȒ ȔȈȓȈ ȟȚȖ ȍȍ ȔȖȎ-
ȕȖ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȚȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȝȖȘȖȠȐȑ ȔȐȒȘȖșȒȖȗ Ȉ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ,
ȍȑ ȕȐȗȖȟȍȔ ȐșȚȘȍȉȐȚȤ Ȟȍȓȣȑ ȕȈȘȖȌ
ǹȖȊȍȘȠȐȊȠȐ ȗȖșȍȊ șȔȍȘȚȐ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȏȈȗȍȘșȧ ț șȍȉȧ Ȑ

128
șȚȈȓ ȎȌȈȚȤ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȊ
ǭȔț ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ȉȣȊȈȚȤ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȌȍȕȤ Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ, ȟȚȖȉȣ
ȗȖȍșȚȤ ȕȖ ȐșȗȖȓȕȐȊȠȐ ȥȚȖ Ȗȕ ȒȈȒ ȔȖȎȕȖ șȒȖȘȍȍ ȉȍȎȈȓ ȌȖ-
ȔȖȑ Ȑ șȕȖȊȈ ȏȈȗȐȘȈȓșȧ
ǭȔț ȚȧȎȍȓȖ ȉȣȓȖ șȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ Ȋ ȓȐȞȖ ȓȦȌȧȔ ș Țȍȝ ȗȖȘ, ȒȈȒ
Ȗȕ Ȑȝ ȊȖȏȕȍȕȈȊȐȌȍȓ
ǵȐȒȈȒȖȑ ȗȖșȍȚȐȚȍȓȤ ȕȍ ȕȈȘțȠȈȓ ȍȋȖ țȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȧ ȗȖȚȖȔț
ȟȚȖ ț ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȝ ǰȏ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚȈ ȚȖȎȍ
ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ țȎȍ ȌȈȊȕȖ ȗȖșȓȈȓ
ȚțȌȈ țȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȐȍ ȟȚȖ ȏȈȉȖȓȍȓ Ȑ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ țȍȝȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤ-
ȒȖ ȔȍșȧȞȍȊ
ǷȖȓȕȍȑȠȍȍ șȗȖȒȖȑșȚȊȐȍ Ȑ ȖȌȐȕȖȟȍșȚȊȖ ȉȣȓȐ ȍȔț Ȗȉȍș-
ȗȍȟȍȕȣ ǺțȚ-ȚȖ Ȑ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȈȟȈȚȤșȧ țȋȘȣȏȍȕȐȧ șȖȊȍ-
șȚȐ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ Ȑȝ ȕȍ ȧȊȓȧȓȖșȤ
Ǫ ȌȖȓȋȐȍ ȟȈșȣ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ ȝȖȌȐȓ ȗȖ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ ȐȓȐ ȏȈȌțȔ-
ȟȐȊȖ șȐȌȍȓ Ȋ ȒȘȍșȓȍ ȍȋȖ ȔȣșȓȐ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȈȓȐșȤ Ȓ
ȞȍȗȐ ȘȖȒȖȊȣȝ șȖȉȣȚȐȑ ǵȖ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȒȖȕȊțȓȤșȐȊȕȣȑ
ȗȍȘȐȖȌ ȕȘȈȊșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ șȚȘȈȌȈȕȐȑ ȗȘȖȠȍȓ ȥȚȐ șȖȉȣȚȐȧ ȊșȗȖ-
ȔȐȕȈȓȐșȤ ȒȈȒ ȌȈȓȍȒȐȑ șȖȕ
Ƕȕ șȚȘȈȌȈȓ ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȓ ȟțȊ-
șȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ș ȗȘȍȎȕȍȦ șȐȓȖȦ ǭȋȖ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖȝȖȎȍ ȕȈ
șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȍȘȍȕȍșȠȍȋȖ ȚȧȎȍȓțȦ ȉȖ-
ȓȍȏȕȤ ǴȣșȓȐ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȓȐ ȊȧȓȖ Ȋșȍ ȕȈ șȊȍȚȍ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȉȍȏȘȈȏ-
ȓȐȟȕȣȔ ȉȍȏȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ ȕȍ ȚȧȋȖȚȐȓȖ ȍȋȖ Ƕȕ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȔȕȖȋȖ șȗȈȓ
ǹȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖȍ ȗȘȍșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ ȔȈȓȖ ȏȈȉȖȚȐȓȖ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ ȗȖ-
ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȕȍȖȉȣȟȈȑȕȖ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȟțȌȖȊȐȡ-
ȕȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ țȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȊȖȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȐ
dzȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȏȕȈȓ ȟȚȖ șȖȏȌȈȓ ȕȈȘȖȌȕȖȍ ȉȍȌșȚ-
ȊȐȍ ȕȖ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȟȍșȒȐ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ șȍȉȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȤ
ǫȓȧȌȧ ȊȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ ȕȈ ȋȖȘȣ ȚȘțȗȖȊ ȕȈ ȐșȚȍȘȏȈȕȕȣȑ ȋȖ-
ȘȖȌ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȖȚȌȍȓȈȚȤșȧ ȖȚ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȒȈȒȈȧ-
ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȊȣșȠȈȧ Ȋȕȍ-ȔȐȘȖȊȈȧ șȐȓȈ ȊȘȖȌȍ ǩȖȋȈ ȗȖȘȈȏȐȓȈ
ȕȈȘȖȌ
ǺȖȋȌȈ ȍȋȖ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȈȧ ȘȖȓȤ ȊȖ ȊșȍȔ ȗȘȖȐșȠȍȌȠȍȔ țȔȈ-
ȓȧȓȈșȤ șȊȖȌȐȓȈșȤ Ȓ ȘȖȓȐ ȗȖșȓțȠȕȖȋȖ ȖȘțȌȐȧ Ȋ ȘțȒȈȝ ȗȘȍȌ-
ȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ
ǭșȚȤ ȗȖ-ȊȐȌȐȔȖȔț ȗȘȍșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȟțȌȖȊȐȡ-
ȕȣȍ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȚȤ ȘȈșȒȈȧȕȐȍ ǻȋȘȣȏȍȕȐȧ șȖȊȍșȚȐ — ȌȍȓȖ

129
ȐȕșȚȐȕȒȚȈ ȐȕșȚȐȕȒȚ Ȏȍ ȖȚȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȘȍȈȋȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȧȊȓȍ-
ȕȐȧ ȊȣȝȖȌȧȡȐȍ ȏȈ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȍ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȣ
ǪȖȚ ȗȖȟȍȔț ȖȡțȡȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȐȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ ȒȖ ȊșȍȔț ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȧ-
ȡȍȔț ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȗȖȒȐȌȈȓȖ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ șȚȖȧȓȖ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȘȧȌȖȔ
ș ȕȐȔ, ȒȈȒ ȕȍȖȚȊȧȏȕȣȑ ȟȍȘȕȣȑ ȗȘȐȏȘȈȒ ȕȖ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȓȖ
ȜȖȘȔȣ ȘȈșȒȈȧȕȐȧ ȐȓȐ țȋȘȣȏȍȕȐȑ șȖȊȍșȚȐ
ǪȘȍȔȧ ȗȖșȓȍ ȗȖșȍȊȈ ȟțȔȣ Ȑ ȌȖ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȐ ȗȘȖ-
ȠȓȖ ț ȕȍȋȖ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȔ-ȚȖ ȗȖȓțȏȈȉȣȚȤȐ.
ǰȕȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȈȊȌȈ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȍ Ȗ ǵȈȌȍȎȌȍ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊ-
ȕȍ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȓȖ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȦȦ ȉțȘȦ Ȗȕ șȚȖȕȈȓ ȔȍȚȈȓșȧ
ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓ, ȒțȌȈ ȌȍȊȈȚȤșȧ ȕȖ ȥȚȐ ȊȏȘȣȊȣ șȒȖȘȖ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȓȐ
șȔȍȕȧȧșȤ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȞȐȍȑ ȗȖȌ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȕȍ
ȌȊȐȋȈȓșȧ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȎȍȓȈȓ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȕȍ ȌțȔȈȓ
ǩȣȓȈ ȓȐȠȤ ȚȈ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȍȋȖ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȕȐ-
ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȐȓ ȌȕȍȔ Ȓ ȖȒȕț Ȉ ȍșȓȐ șȓȣȠȈȓ ȠȈȋȐ Ȑ ȋȖ-
ȓȖșȈ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȊȠȐȝ ȗȖ țȓȐȞȍ ȚȖ ȐșȗȣȚȣȊȈȓ șȔțȚȕȖȍ
ȉȍșȗȖȒȖȑșȚȊȖ
Ƕ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȐ ȟțȔȣ Ȗȕ țȏȕȈȓ Ȑȏ ȋȈȏȍȚ
ǷȍȘȊȖȍ ȍȋȖ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȉȣȓȈ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȈȧ ȈȊȚȖȘ-
șȒȈȧ ȋȖȘȌȖșȚȤ ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȏȈȌțȔȈȕȕȣȝ ȐȔ ȉȈȒȚȍȘȐȖ-
ȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȖȗȣȚȖȊ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȍ țȌȈȓșȧ
ǺȈȒȖȊȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȍȘȊȖȍ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ ȕȖ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȏȌȕȍȍ
șȐȌȧ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ȓȦȉȐȔȖȔ ȒȘȍșȓȍ Ȑ șȕȖȊȈ ȗȘȖȟȐȚȣȊȈȧ șȖȖȉȡȍ-
ȕȐȍ ©ǪȍȟȍȘȕȍȑ ȗȖȟȚȣª Ȗȕ ȗȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȓ șȍȉȍ ȚȖ
ȟȚȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȖȑȚȐ
ǫȖȘȍ Ȑ șȚȘȈȌȈȕȐȧ ȖȗțșȚȖȠȍȕȕȣȑ ȋȖȘȖȌ șȔȍȘȚȤ șȔȍȘȚȤ
ȕȈ ȒȈȎȌȖȔ ȠȈȋț Ȑ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ țȔȘȍȚ ȉțȌȍȚ
țȉȐȚ ȐȔ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȣȔ
DzȖȓȖșșȈȓȤȕȣȑ țȎȈș ȗȖȚȘȧș ȍȋȖ ȌțȠț
Ǫșȧ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖșȚȤ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȍșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧ ȋȖȚȖȊȈ ȉȣ-
ȓȈ șȚȈȚȤ ȗȘȍȌ ȕȐȔ ȧȘȒȖȑ ȕȈȋȓȧȌȕȖȦ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȖȑ
DzȈȒ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȗȖșȓȍ ȖȚȒȈȏȈ ǵȈȌȍȎȌȣ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȕȣ ț ȕȍ-
ȋȖ ȖȗȧȚȤ ȗȘȖșȕțȓȖșȤ ȕȍȗȘȍȖȌȖȓȐȔȖȍ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȍ ȒțȌȈ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ
ȉȍȎȈȚȤ ȏȈȉȐȚȤșȧ șȗȘȧȚȈȚȤșȧ ȏȈȡȐȚȐȚȤșȧ ȖȚ ȊșȍȋȖ șȊȍȚȈ ȖȚ
șȈȔȖȋȖ șȍȉȧ ȖȚ șȊȖȐȝ Ȕȣșȓȍȑ Ȑ ȖȡțȡȍȕȐȑ
ǹȚȘȈȠȕȣȍ țȋȘȣȏȍȕȐȧ ȕȈȌȊȐȋȈȓȐșȤ ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ Ȑȏ șȚȘȖȒ ȋȈ-
ȏȍȚȕȖȋȖ ȓȐșȚȈ
ǷȖȌȌȈȑșȧ Ȗȕ ȐȔ ȍȔț ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȖșȤ ȉȣ ȒȈȒ ǰțȌȍ ȗȖȒȖȕ-

130
ȟȐȚȤ ȎȐȏȕȤ șȈȔȖțȉȐȑșȚȊȖȔ ȕȍ ȕȈșȓȈȌȐȊȠȐșȤ ȗȓȖȌȈȔȐ ȗȘȍ-
șȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧ
ǵȖ ȌȐșȞȐȗȓȐȕȈ țȔȈ șȗȈșȓȈ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ
Ƕȕ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȓ șȍȉȧ ȗȘȍȒȘȈȚȐȚȤ ȖȗȈșȕțȦ ȘȈȉȖȚț ȊȖȖȉȘȈ-
ȎȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȉȍșșȖȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȐȡȈ Ȋ șȚȘȈșȚȧȝ șȗȈșȍȕȐȧ ȖȚ țȗȘȍ-
ȒȖȊ șȖȊȍșȚȐ șȚȈȓ ȘȈȏȎȐȋȈȚȤ ȟțȊșȚȊȖ ȋȖȘȍȟȐ ȖȉȐȌȣ ȏȓȖȉȣ
ȗȍȘȍȉȐȘȈȚȤ ȌȓȐȕȕțȦ ȞȍȗȤ ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȍȕȐȑ, ȕȈȕȍșȍȕȕȣȝ ȍȔț Ȋ
ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ Ȋșȍȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȘȖȌȖȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȔ
DzȖȋȌȈ Ȏȍ ȡȍȒȐ ȍȋȖ ȏȈȗȣȓȈȓȐ ȖȚ ȋȖȘȍȟȐ ȗȘȖȠȓȣȝ ȖȉȐȌ
ȒȖȋȌȈ ȌțȠȈ ȕȈȗȖȓȕȐȓȈșȤ ȚȖșȒȖȦ ȗȖ țȚȘȈȟȍȕȕȣȔ ȔȍȟȚȈȔ Ȗ
șȟȈșȚȤȍ Ȗȕ șȌȍȓȈȓșȧ ȗȘȍȎȕȐȔ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȣȔ șȔȖȚȘȍȊȠȐȔ ȕȈ
ȊȍșȤ ȔȐȘ ȒȈȒ ȕȈ ȖȌȕȖ ȊȘȈȎȌȍȉȕȖȍ ȍȔț șțȡȍșȚȊȖ Ȑ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț
ȕȍșȗȖșȖȉȕȣȔ ȚȘȖȕțȚȤșȧ ȊșȚȈȦȡȐȔȐ ȗȘȍȌ ȕȐȔ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈȔȐ
ȓȦȌșȒȐȝ ȔțȒ
ǺȈȒ șȗȘȈȊȐȓșȧ Ȗȕ ș șȖȉȖȦ Ȋ șȈȔȣȑ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ Ȉ
Ȋ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȑȠȍȔ ȎȋțȟȐȑ ȐȕȚȍȘȍș Ȓ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȦȡȐȔșȧ
șȖȉȣȚȐȧȔ ȊșȍȞȍȓȖ ȗȖȋȓȖȚȐȓ ȍȋȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ
ǷȖȉțȎȌȈȍȔȣȑ ȌȤȧȊȖȓȤșȒȐȔ ȓȦȉȖȗȣȚșȚȊȖȔ Ȗȕ ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊ-
ȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȟȐȚȣȊȈȓ Ȋșȍ ȟȚȖ ȗȐșȈȓȖșȤ Ȗȉ ȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȐ Ȋ ȋȈȏȍȚȈȝ Ȕȣ-
șȓȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȐȒȐȌȣȊȈȧ, ȕȈșȒȖȓȤȒȖ țȔȍȕȤȠȈȍȚ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȧ ȟȐșȓȖ
ȏȈȉȖȓȍȊȈȕȐȑ șȚȈȘȈȧșȤ țȋȈȌȈȚȤ, șȒȖȓȤȒȖ șȓțȟȈȍȊ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȏȈ-
ȘȍȋȐșȚȘȖȊȈȕȖ ȗȖ ȚȖȑ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȍ ȟȚȖ ȘȖȌșȚȊȍȕȕȐȒȐ șȒȘȣȊȈȓȐ
ȉȖȓȤȕȣȝ
ǽȖȌȧ ȗȖ țȓȐȞȈȔ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȗȘȐȋȓȧȌȣȊȈȓșȧ ȒȖ ȊșȍȔț ȖȒ-
ȘțȎȈȦȡȍȔț ȗȣȚȈȧșȤ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȚȤ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȒȐ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȐ DzȖȋȌȈ ȥȗȐ-
ȌȍȔȐȧ ȌȖșȚȐȋȓȈ ȗȖȓȕȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ Ȑ ȕȈ ȒȈȎȌȖȔ ȠȈȋț ȔȖȎ-
ȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȚȤ ȒȈȒȖȍ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȗȘȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊțȦ-
ȡȍȑ ȟțȔȣ Ȗȕ ȕȈȟȈȓ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚȤ Ȟȍȓȣȍ ȌȕȐ Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ
ǷȖȌ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍȔ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȕȣȝ ȏȈ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȑ ț
ȕȍȋȖ ȒȈȒ ț ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȟțȎȌȖȋȖ ȖȉȡȍȔț ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȦ ȐȉȖ Ȗȕ
ȔȖȋ ȕȍ ȉȖȧȚȤșȧ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȐ ȘȈȏȊȐȓȖșȤ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖȍ ȖȚȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȍ Ȓ
ȘȖȌț ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȔț
ǷȘȍȎȌȍ Ȗȕ ȍȋȖ ȕȍȕȈȊȐȌȍȓ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ șȚȈȓ ȗȘȍȏȐȘȈȚȤ
Ƕȕ ȊȐȌȍȓ ȒȈȒ șȖȊȍȘȠȈȦȚșȧ țȉȐȑșȚȊȈ Ȑȏ-ȏȈ ȒțșȒȈ ȟȍȘ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȝȓȍȉȈ ǪȐȌȍȓ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȌȎȐȋȈȦȚșȧ ȌȖȔȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȑȏ țȌȖȊȖȓȤ-
șȚȊȐȧ ȗȖȌȎȍȟȤ
Ƕȕ ȊȐȌȍȓ ȒȈȒ ȘȖȌȕȣȍ ȗȖȒȐȌȈȓȐ ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋȈ ȒȈȒ ȌȘțȏȤȧ
ȚȍȘȧȓȐ ȌȘțȎȉț ȓȐȠȤ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȈșȤ ȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȘȈȌȖȊȈȓ-

131
șȧ ȟȚȖ ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȐȏȉȍȎȐȚ ȊȖȏȔȍȏȌȐȧ ȟȚȖ ȟțȔȈ ȖȚȖȔșȚȐȚ ȊșȍȔ
Ȑ ȏȈ Ȋșȍ
Ƕȕ ȊȐȌȍȓ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȗȘȍȌȈȦȡȐȝșȧ ȘȈȏȊȘȈȚț ș ȚȈȒȐȔ șȈȔȖ-
ȗȖȎȍȘȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍȔ ȉțȌȚȖ Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȓȈșȤ ȊȣșȠȈȧ ȞȍȓȤ ȟȍ-
ȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊȈ
ǪȐȌȍȓ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒțȦ ȕȈȚțȘț ȉȍȏ ȔȈșȒȐ ȉȍȏ ȊșȧȒȐȝ ȗȘȐ-
ȒȘȈș Ȑ ȘȍȠȐȓ ȟȚȖ ȗȖșȚțȗȐȓ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȗȖșȍȧȊȠȐ șȔȍȘȚȤ
ǷțșȒȈȑ ȔȘȍȚ ȥȚȖ ȒȘȖȊȖȎȈȌȕȖȍ ȘȈȏȊȘȈȡȍȕȕȖȍ ȥȋȖȐșȚȐ-
ȟȍșȒȖȍ ȗȓȍȔȧ ǿȍȔ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ ȍȋȖ ȖșȚȈȕȍȚșȧ ȕȈ șȊȍȚȍ — ȚȍȔ
ȓțȟȠȍ
Ƕȕ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȗȘȐ ȗȖȋȘȖȔȈȝ Ȑ ȥȚȈ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈ ȖȒȖȕȟȈ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȈȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȗȍȘȍȌ șȈȔȐȔ șȖȉȖȦ
ǵȈȉȓȦȌȈȧ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ©ǩȘȈȚșȚȊȈ» Ȗȕ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȔȍȧȓșȧ
ǹȓȈȉȣȍ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȌȖȉȘȈ ȉȣȓȐ ȚȈȒȐȔȐ ȕȐȟȚȖȎȕȣȔȐ ȗȖ șȘȈȊ-
ȕȍȕȐȦ ș țȘȈȋȈȕȖȔ ȏȓȈ
DzȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȍȔț ȉȣȓȖ ȧșȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȍ
țșȐȓȐȧ ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȧȚ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȍȋȖ țșȖȊȍȘȠȍȕșȚȊȖȊȈȕ-
ȕȣȝ ȉȈȞȐȓȓ
ǹȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȥȚȖ ȔȖȋ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȗȕ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȗȘȐ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ șȊȖȍȑ
șȣȊȖȘȖȚȒȐ
ǵȖ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȌȈȓȍȒ ȖȚ ȔȣșȓȐ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȥȚȖ
Ƕȕ ȝȖȌȐȓ ȗȖ ȋȖȘȖȌț șȖȉȐȘȈȓ Țȍ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȣ ȕȍȕȈȊȐșȚȐ țȎȈ-
șȈ țȌȐȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȖȚȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȧ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȍȔȣȍ ȍȋȖ țȘȖȌșȚȊȖȔ
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȚȈȒ ȉȖȧȓșȧ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȉȣȓ ȍȔț ȌȖȘȖȋ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ țȊȍ-
ȓȐȟȐȊȈȓ șȓȈȌȖșȚȤ ȔȡȍȕȐȧ
ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȌȐȕ ȒȊȈȘȚȈȓ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȖȉȝȖȌȐȓ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ
șȚȘȈȕșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧȝ ȏȕȈȧ ȗȖ ȖȗȣȚț ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȕȍȔț
ȊȣȏȣȊȈȍȚ Ȋ ȌțȠȍ șȔțȚȕȣȍ Ȑ ȔțȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȖȡțȡȍȕȐȧ ȚȈȒȖ-
ȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȕȐȝ ȓțȟȠȍ ȕȍ ȘȈȏȉȐȘȈȚȤșȧ
ǺȖȚ ȒȊȈȘȚȈȓ ȋȌȍ ȎȐȓȈ ǵȈȌȍȎȌȈ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȕȈ
ǸȈȕȖ țȚȘȖȔ țȝȖȌȧ Ȑȏ ȌȖȔȈ Ȑ ȗȖȏȌȕȖ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ ȊȖȏȊȘȈ-
ȡȈȧșȤ ȌȖȔȖȑ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȘȈȏ ȌȍȓȈȓ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȖȉȝȖȌ
ȗȖ ȗȍȘȍțȓȒȈȔ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȑȚȐ ȗȖȉȓȐȏȖșȚȐ ȍȍ ȌȖȔȈ
ǺȈȒ Ȏȍ șȚȈȘȈȓșȧ Ȗȕ ȐȏȉȍȋȈȚȤ Ȑ Ȕȣșȓȍȑ Ȗ DzȘȍșȚȖȊșȒȖȑ ȕȖ
ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȘțȌȕȍȍ
ǷȖȔȐȔȖ ȊȖȓȐ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȕȐȔ ȟȈșȚȖ ȊșȚȈȊȈȓ ȊȖȗȘȖș
©Ǩ ȟȚȖ, ȍșȓȐ Ȑ ȖȕȈ țȔȘȍȚª"

132
ǰ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓ șțȔȍȍȚ ȓȐ ȘȈȌȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȥȚȖȔț ȐȓȐ ȗȖ ȒȘȈȑ-
ȕȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȖșȚȈȚȤșȧ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȣȔ
ǭȔț ȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ țȉȍȌȐȚȤ șȍȉȧ ȟȚȖ șȔȍȘȚȤ ǵȈȌȍȎȌȣ ǨȓȍȒ-
șȈȕȌȘȖȊȕȣ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȏȈȊȍȘȠȐȚ ȔȡȍȕȐȍ ȕȖ Ȋ ȋȓțȉȐȕȍ ȌțȠȐ
ȗȖȧȊȓȧȓȖșȤ șȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ ȟȚȖ ȐȏȊȍșȚȐȍ Ȗ ȍȍ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȐ ȐȓȐ șȔȍȘȚȐ
ȗȖȎȈȓțȑ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȚ ȍȋȖ șȚȘȈȌȈȚȤ ȝțȎȍ, ȟȍȔ ȒȖȋȌȈ-ȓȐȉȖ
ǷȖȒȈ Ȏȍ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖșȚȤ ȏȈȡȐȡȈȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȖȚ ȥȚȖȋȖ Ƕȕ ȌȖȘȖ-
ȎȐȓ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ șȚȈȘȈȓșȧ ȐȏȉȍȋȈȚȤ Țȍȝ ȔȍșȚ ȋȌȍ șȓț-
ȟȈȑȕȖ ȔȖȋ țȏȕȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ
ǶȌȕȈȎȌȣ Ȋ șȈȔȣȑ ȘȈȏȋȈȘ ȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȐ Ȑ șȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȝ ș ȕȍȦ
ȉȍȏțȔșȚȊ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȈȧșȤ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ ȌȖȔȖȑ ȕȈȠȍȓ
ȖȒȖȓȖ ȌȊȍȘȐ ȗȖșȍȚȐȚȍȓȧ șȐȌȍȊȠȍȋȖ ȕȈ ȗȖȓț șȒȖȘȟȐȊȠȐșȤ
ȖȉȕȧȊ ȒȖȓȍȕȐ ȘțȒȈȔȐ
ǷȖȏȈ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȉȍșȗȖȔȖȡȕȈȧ ȗȖȒȖȘȕȈȧ ȉțȌȚȖ
Ȗȕ ȎȌȈȓ ȏȌȍșȤ țȎȍ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȟȈșȖȊ Ȑ ȘȍȠȐȓ ȕȍ șȝȖȌȧ ș ȔȍșȚȈ
ȌȖȎȌȈȚȤșȧ ȐȓȐ țȔȍȘȍȚȤ
ǯȈȔȍȚȐȊ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ Ȋ ȗȍȘȊțȦ ȔȐȕțȚț Ȑș-
ȗțȋȈȓșȧ
DzȈȒ Ȗȕ ȕȐ ȉȣȓ țȊȍȘȍȕ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȚȈȑȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȍșȚțȗȓȍ-
ȕȐȧ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȖȚȒȘȖȍȚșȧ Ȋșȍ-ȚȈȒȐ ȔȣșȓȤ Ȗ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ
ȊȖȏȔȍȏȌȐȧ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȔȍȓȤȒȈȓȈ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȕȈȗȖȓȕȧȧ ȌțȠț ȝȖȓȖ-
ȌȖȔ Ȑ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȧ ȕȍȘȊȕțȦ ȗțȋȓȐȊȖșȚȤ
ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȖșȍȚȐȚȍȓȤ ȊșȚȈȓ șȚȘȈȝ Ȑșȟȍȏ șȈȔ șȖȉȖȦ
ȅȚȖȚ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȕȣȑ ȊȣȗȘȧȔȐȓșȧ ș ȚȈȒȐȔ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȣȔ ȚȘțȌȖȔ
ȊȐȌ ȐȔȍȓ ȕȈșȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȌȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȟȚȖ ȉȖȧȚȤșȧ ȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ
ȕȐȒȈȒȖȑ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ
ǵȈȖȉȖȘȖȚ ȊȕȍȠȕȖșȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȊȣȏȊȈȓȈ ȉȣ ȊȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȖȎȈ-
ȓȍȕȐȍ ǪȋȓȧȌȍȊȠȐșȤ ȗȘȐșȚȈȓȤȕȍȍ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ țȏȕȈȓ Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȖȌ-
ȕȖȋȖ Ȑȏ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȕȚȖȊ ȗȖȔȖȋȈȊȠȐȝ ȗȘȐ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȝ ȕȈȌ ȟțȔȕȣ-
ȔȐ ȉȈȞȐȓȓȈȔȐ
ǵȖ ȊȖ ȟȚȖ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓșȧ ȥȚȖȚ ȉȍȌȕȧȋȈ
ǪȣșȖȝȠȐȑ ȐșȚȖȡȍȕȕȣȑ ș ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȖȒȈȔȍȕȍȊȠȍȋȖ
șȚȘȈȝȈ ȕȈ ȓȐȞȍ ș ȗȖȔțȚȐȊȠȐȔȐșȧ ȉȓțȎȌȈȦȡȐȔȐ ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ
Ȗȕ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȈȓ Ȓ ȟȐșȓț Țȍȝ ȔȈȕȐȈȒȖȊ șȖȏȌȈȕ-
ȕȣȝ țȎȈșȖȔ ȟțȔȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȍȓȐ ȉȖȧșȤ ȏȈȘȈȏȐȚȤ-
șȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȍ șȗȈȓȐ ȔțȟȐȔȣȍ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖȑ ȚȘȍȊȖȋȖȦ ȒȖȚȖ-
Șȣȝ șȖȓȌȈȚȣ ȒȈȘȈȕȚȐȕȕȖȑ șȚȘȈȎȐ ȗȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈȔ ȗȖȌșȚȘȍȓȐ-
ȊȈȓȐ ȒȈȒ ȏȈȑȞȍȊ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȉȍȏțȔȕȣȝ ȗȖȗȣȚȖȒ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȐ

133
ȕȈ ȟȚȖ ȉȍȎȈȚȤ Ȑȏ ȏȈȟțȔȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ
ǵȍ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȈȧșȤ ȕȍ ȊșȚțȗȈȧ Ȋ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȕȚ ȗȘȧȔȖ
țȗȈȓ ȕȈ ȒȖȓȍȕȐ ș ȔȖȓȤȉȖȦ ȗȘȖȚȧȋȐȊȈȧ ȘțȒȐ
ǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȝȖȚȍȓ ȗȖȌȕȧȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȕȖ ȥȚȖ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȕȍȊȖȏ-
ȔȖȎȕȣȔ ǺȖȋȌȈ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȐȏȉȍȎȈȚȤ șȚȘȈȕȕȖȑ șȞȍȕȣ ȕȈ țȓȐȞȍ
Ȗȕ ȖȚȒȘȣȓ șȊȖȦ ȌȊȍȘȤ Ȑ ȊȖȠȍȓ dzȈȉȖȘȈȕȚ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȓ ȏȈ ȕȐȔ,
ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȧ ȕȈ ȝȖȌț ȞȍȓȤ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȈ
ǫȖȓȖș ȍȋȖ ȏȊțȟȈȓ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȣȔ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȐȍȔ DzȈȎȌȈȧ ȕȖȚȒȈ
ȉȣȓȈ ȊȖȗȓȍȔ șȚȘȈȝȈ Ȑ ȚȖșȒȐ
— ǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ șȗȈșȐȚȍ șȗȈșȐȚȍ țȔȖȓȧȦ ȊȈș ǶȕȈ ȏȌȍșȤ
ȊȖ Ȕȕȍ ȧ ȍȍ ȟțȊșȚȊțȦ ǹȒȖȘȖ țȎȍ ȗȖȧȊȧȚșȧ ȗȍȘȊȣȍ șȐȔȗȚȖ-
Ȕȣ ǺȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋȣ ȔȖȎȍȚȍ șȗȈșȚȐ Ȕȍȕȧ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȖȕȐ șȚȖȧȓȐ Ȋ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȚȖȘȐȐ ȕȈȗȖȓȕȍȕȕȖȑ ȚțșȒȓȣȔ
șȊȍȚȖȔ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ ȋȓȧȌȍȊȠȍȋȖ Ȋ ȏȈȗȣȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȖȒȕȈ
ǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ țȎȍ ȌȖȋȈȌȣȊȈȓșȧ ȏȈȟȍȔ ȗȘȐȠȍȓ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȕȚ ȕȖ
Ȋșȍ-ȚȈȒȐ șȗȘȖșȐȓ ȍȋȖ
— ǿȚȖ Ȏȍ ȧ ȔȖȋț Ȍȓȧ ȊȈș șȌȍȓȈȚȤ"
— Ǫȣ" ǬȈ Ȋȣ ȔȖȎȍȚȍ Ȕȍȕȧ ȊȣȓȍȟȐȚȤ șȗȈșȚȐ ȐȏȉȈȊȐȚȤ
ȖȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȏȈȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȑȠȍȔ ǪȍȌȤ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ
Ȏȍ ȉȣȚȤ ȟȚȖȉȣ ț ȊȈș ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȟțȔȣ ǬȈȑȚȍ
ȌȈȑȚȍ Ȕȕȍ ȍȋȖ ǹȌȍȓȈȑȚȍ Ȕȕȍ ȗȘȐȊȐȊȒț ȇ țȎȍ ȌȈȊȕȖ ȗȖ ȝȖ-
Ȍț ȘȈȉȖȚ ȌȖȋȈȌȈȓșȧ ȟȚȖ Ȋȣ ȕȈȠȓȐ șȣȊȖȘȖȚȒț ǷȘȐȊȍȑȚȍ ȍȍ
Ȕȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȕȕȍ ȘȈȌȐ șȈȔȖȋȖ ǩȖȋȈ ǵȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ țȏȕȈȍȚ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ.
ȇ ȕȐȒȖȔț ȕȍ șȒȈȎț
ǹȚȘȈȠȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ șȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ ȕȈ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȝțȌȖȉȈ Ȑ ȉȓȍȌ-
ȕȖșȚȤ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȌȍȓȈȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȝȖȎȐȔ Ȋ ȗȖȓțȚȤȔȍ ȕȈ ȝȖȌȧȟȐȑ
ȗȘȐȏȘȈȒ ȋȖȘȧ Ȑ țȎȈșȈ
ǻ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ ȔȍȓȤȒȕțȓȖ șȖȎȈȓȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȕȖȔț ȊȍȌȤ
șȣȊȖȘȖȚȒȈ ȖșȚȈȊȠȈȧșȧ ȖȚ ȖȗȣȚȖȊ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȏȌȍșȤ ȗȖȌ Șț-
ȒȖȦ ǴȖȎȕȖ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȊȗȘȣșȕțȚȤ ȗȘȖșȚțȦ ȊȖȌț ȓȐȠȤ ȉȣ Ȑȏ-
ȉȈȊȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȖȚ ȕȘȈȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȣȚȒȐ
ǵȖ țȎȍ Ȋ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȑ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȐșȗțȋȈȓșȧ șȊȖȍ-
ȋȖ ȔȈȓȖȌțȠȐȧ ǽȖȓȖȌȕȈȧ ȓȖȋȐȒȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȈ șȖȊșȍȔ ȐȕȈȟȍ ǸȈȏ-
Ȋȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȊȊȍȘȧȚȤ ȚȈȑȕț ȥȚȖȔț ȕȐȟȚȖȎȕȖȔț ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒț" ǹȚȖȐȚ
ȍȔț ȗȘȖȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤșȧ Ȑ ȊȍșȤ ȔȐȘ țȏȕȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȐȔȍȓ Ȋ
ȘțȒȈȝ ȊȍȘȕȖȍ șȘȍȌșȚȊȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȐ Ȑ ȕȍ ȊȖșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȓșȧ
ȐȔǶȚșȦȌȈ ȊșȍȋȖ ȖȌȐȕ ȠȈȋ ȌȖ ȌȖȋȈȌȒȐ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ Ȗȕ ȕȈȘȖȟȕȖ

134
șȖȏȌȈȓ ȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȦ
ǷȘȐ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȔȣșȓȐ ȔȖȘȖȏ ȗȘȖȉȍȎȈȓ ȗȖ ȒȖȎȍ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖ-
ȘȈ ǭȔț țȎȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȓȖșȤ ȒȈȒ ȉțȑȕȈȧ ȏȊȍȘșȒȈȧ ȚȖȓȗȈ ȖșȈȎ-
ȌȈȍȚ ȍȋȖ ȌȖȔ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȍȋȖ ȕȈ ȘȈșȗȘȈȊț ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȊȖȏȌțȝȍ șȚȖȐȚ
ȘȍȊ țȋȘȖȏ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȠȈȕȕȣȝ ș ȗȖȊȚȖȘȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȍȋȖ ȐȔȍȕȐ
ǰ ȖȚȊȍȚ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȏȊțȟȈȓ Ȋșȍȑ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȍȑ ș ȒȈȒȖȦ Ȗȕ ȖȚȋȖ-
ȕȧȓ ȖȚ șȍȉȧ ȥȚț ȒȈȘȚȐȕț
— ǵȍȚ Ȋȣ ȖȠȐȉȈȍȚȍșȤ ǻ Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȍȚ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȑ șȣȊȖȘȖȚȒȐ
ȇ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȉȍșșȐȓȍȕ ȒȈȒ Ȑ Ȋșȍ
ǵȖ ȕȍ ȚȈȒ-ȚȖ ȓȍȋȒȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȖȚȌȍȓȈȚȤșȧ ȖȚ șțȔȈșȠȍȌȠȍȋȖ
Ƕȕ ȕȍ ȗȖȊȍȘȐȓ șȓȖȊȈȔ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ Ȑ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȕȐȝ ȗȘȐȕȧȓ-
șȧ țȔȖȓȧȚȤ ȍȡȍ ȋȖȘȧȟȍȍ ȍȡȍ ȉȍșșȊȧȏȕȍȍ
— ǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ, ȧ Ȏȍ ȏȕȈȦ ȟȚȖ Ȋȣ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȕȍ
ȖȚȒȘȣȚȤ șȣȊȖȘȖȚȒȐ ǸȈȏȊȍ ȍșȚȤ Ȍȓȧ ȊȈș ȕȍȘȈȏȘȍȠȐȔȣȍ ȏȈȌȈ-
ȟȐ? ǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ șȌȍȓȈȑȚȍ ȗȘȐȊȐȊȒț Ȕȕȍ ȖȌȕȖȔț Ȕȕȍ ȧ ȉț-
Ȍț ȊȈȠȐȔ ȘȈȉȖȔ ȕȈ ȊșȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ ǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȔȈȚȤ-șȚȈ-
ȘțȝȈ ȍȑ ȗȘȐȌȍȚșȧ țȔȍȘȍȚȤ ș ȋȖȓȖȌț, ȍșȓȐ ȧ ȗȖȋȐȉȕț ǷȘȖȜȍș-
șȖȘ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȚȍ Ȗ șȊȖȍȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐ
— ȇ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȔȖȋț șȌȍȓȈȚȤ — ȖȚȖȏȊȈȓșȧ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ
ǺȖȋȌȈ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȕȚ ȕȈȟȈȓ ȊșȝȓȐȗȣȊȈȚȤ Ȑ țȗȈȓ ȕȈ ȒȖȓȍȕȐ
Ƕȕ ȏȈȧȊȐȓ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ țȑȌȍȚ ȖȚșȦȌȈ ȉȍȏ ȗȘȐȊȐȊȒȐ ȟȚȖ ȍȔț Ȋșȍ
ȘȈȊȕȖ țȔȐȘȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ țȉȐȑȞȍȑ ȍȋȖ ȉțȌȍȚ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȟȚȖ ȕȈ ȋȖȓȖȊț
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ ȗȈȌȍȚ ȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȏȈ ȍȋȖ ȋȐȉȍȓȤ
ǶȉȘȈȏțȔȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ Ǫ ȖȚȊȍȚ ȕȈ țȊȍȘȍȕȐȧ
ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ ȟȚȖ ȚȖȚ ȉȍșșȐȓȍȕ Ȗȕ ȗȖȓȏȈȓ ȗȖ ȗȖȓț Ȑ ȞȍȓȖȊȈȓ
ȍȋȖ ȕȖȋȐ
Ƕȕ ȉȣȓ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȎȈȓȖȒ ȕȖ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ țȎȈșȍȕ Ȑ
ȖȚȊȘȈȚȐȚȍȓȍȕ șȖ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȊșȝȓȐȗȣȊȈȕȐȧȔȐ, ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȦȡȐ-
ȔȐ ȔȣȟȈȕȤȍ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȖȋȖ ș ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȣȔ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȍȕȐȍȔ șȓȖȊȈ
©ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘª șȖ șȔȍȕȖȑ țȕȐȎȍȕȕȖȑ ȔȖȓȤȉȣ țȋȘȖȏȈȔȐ Ȑ țȋ-
ȘȖȏ ȔȖȓȤȉȈȔȐ
ǺȍȘȗȍȕȐȍ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ șȚȈȓȖ ȐșȚȖȡȈȚȤșȧ ǭȔț ȗȘȐȠȓȈ Ȋ ȋȖ-
ȓȖȊț ȔȣșȓȤ ȟȚȖ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȊȣȋȓȧȌȍȓ Ȗȕ șȈȔ ȌȊȈ Ȕȍ-
șȧȞȈ ȚȖȔț ȕȈȏȈȌ ȗȖȓȏȈȧ ȕȈ ȒȖȓȍȕȧȝ ȗȍȘȍȌ ǵȈȌȍȎȌȖȑ ǨȓȍȒ-
șȈȕȌȘȖȊȕȖȑ
ǺȈȒȖȍ șȘȈȊȕȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȌȍȑșȚȊȖȊȈȓȖ ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ ȒȈȒ țȌȈȘ ȝȓȣșȚȈ.
Ƕȕ ȊȣȗȘȧȔȐȓșȧ ȗȖȓȕȣȑ ȧȘȖșȚȤȦ ȋȖȚȖȊȣȑ ȊȣȔȍȡȈȚȤ ȍȍ ȕȈ
Ȋșȍȝ Ȑ ȕȈ ȊșȍȔ

135
— ǶȚșȚȈȕȤȚȍ ȖȚ Ȕȍȕȧ — ȋȘțȉȖ ȒȘȐȒȕțȓ Ȗȕ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȕȚț —
ǺȈȔ ȒȘțȋȖȔ ȔȘțȚ ȚȣșȧȟȐ Ȉ Ȋȣ ȝȓȖȗȖȟȍȚȍ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖȉȣ țȞȍ-
ȓȍȚȤ ȖȌȕȖȔț ȔȍȎȌț ȕȐȔȐ ǿȍȔ Ȋȣ ȓțȟȠȍ ȌȘțȋȐȝ" ǹȚțȗȈȑȚȍ
Ȓ ȕȐȔ ȖșȚȈȊȤȚȍ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȋ ȗȖȒȖȍ
ǵȖ ȌȈȎȍ ȥȚȖȚ ȖȒȘȐȒ ȕȍ ȖȉȘȈȏțȔȐȓ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȕȖȋȖ Ƕȕ ȚȖȓȤ-
ȒȖ ȖȉȝȊȈȚȐȓ ȒȖȓȍȕȐ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ Ȑ ȗȘȐȗȈȓ Ȓ ȕȐȔ ș ȕȍȔȖȦ șț-
ȌȖȘȖȎȕȖȦ ȔȖȓȤȉȖȑ
ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ șȌȍȓȈȓ ȘȍȏȒȖȍ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ
ȟȚȖȉȣ ȊȣȘȊȈȚȤșȧ ȕȖ ȕȍ ȘȈșșȟȐȚȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȌȍȓȖ ș ȟȍȓȖ-
ȊȍȒȖȔ ȍȌȊȈ ȎȐȊȣȔ ȖȚ ȋȖȓȖȌȈ Ȑ ȕȘȈȊșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ șȚȘȈȌȈȕȐȑ
ǷȘȐ ȗȍȘȊȖȔ Ȏȍ ȚȖȓȟȒȍ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȕȚ ȗȖȚȍȘȧȓ ȘȈȊȕȖȊȍșȐȍ Ȑ ȖȗȘȖ-
ȒȐȕțȓșȧ ȗȓȈȠȔȧ ȕȈ ȋȘȧȏȕȣȑ ȗȖȓ
ǴȐȕțȚț Ȗȕ ȓȍȎȈȓ ȕȍȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȓȐȠȐȊȠȐșȤ șȖȏ-
ȕȈȕȐȧ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȌȕȧȓșȧ Ȑ ȖȚȖȠȍȓ ȕȈ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ
ȠȈȋȖȊ
DzȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ ȗȖȊȍȘȕțȓșȧ Ȓ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘț ȕȈ ȓȐȞȍ ȍȋȖ ȍȡȍ ȔȖȒ-
ȘȖȔ ȖȚ șȓȍȏ ȋȖȘȍȓȈ ȏȓȖȉȈ
— ǻȉȐȑȞȈ — ȗȘȖȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ Ȗȕ ȚȐȝȖ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȖȚȗȍȟȈȚȣȊȈȧ
ȒȈȎȌȖȍ șȓȖȊȖ — ǻȉȐȑȞȈ ȕȍȌȈȘȖȔ Țȣ Ȑ ȕȈ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ-ȚȖ ȕȍ
ȗȖȝȖȎ Ǻȣ — ȏȊȍȘȤ Țȍȉȍ ȕȐȗȖȟȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȓȦȌȐ ȒȘțȋȖȔ țȔȐ-
ȘȈȦȚ Țȣ șȔȖȚȘȐȠȤ șȍȉȍ ȌȈ ȗȖșȔȍȐȊȈȍȠȤșȧ ǯȊȍȘȦȋȈ
ǰ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȗȖȌșȒȖȟȐȓ șȖȊșȍȔ ȉȓȐȏȒȖ ȖșȣȗȈȧ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ ȘțȋȈ-
ȕȤȦ ȕȈșȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȏȍ ȧȘȖșȚȕȖȑ ȕȈșȒȖȓȤȒȖ țȕȐȎȍȕȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȍ-
ȘȍȌ ȥȚȐȔ ȍȋȖ ȔȖȓȤȉȈ
— ǫȈȌȐȕȈ ȊȣȘȖȌȖȒ Țȣ ȕȍ ȏȊȍȘȤ Țȣ ȌȤȧȊȖȓ ȅȚȖ ȊȐȌȕȖ
ȗȖ ȚȊȖȍȔț ȓȐȞț Ǻȣ ȋȕțșȕȣȑ ȌȤȧȊȖȓ
ǵȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ șȓȖȊ Ȗȕ ȏȈȔȖȓȟȈȓ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȗȖȌȈȊȐȓșȧ
șȊȖȐȔ ȋȕȍȊȖȔ ȗȖȚȖȔ șȌȍȓȈȓ ȍȡȍ ȠȈȋ ȊȗȍȘȍȌ Ȑ ȗȓȦȕțȓ ȗȘȖ-
ȜȍșșȖȘț Ȋ ȓȐȞȖ
ǷȖșȓȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȒȈȒ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȗȖșȓȍ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȣȝ Ȑ ȉȍ-
ȏȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȝ ȗȖșȚțȗȒȖȊ ȕȈșȚțȗȐȓȈ ȔȐȕțȚȈ ȘȈșȚȍȘȧȕȕȖȋȖ ȔȖȓ-
ȟȈȕȐȧ
Ǫ ȚȐȠȐȕȍ Ȑ ȚȍȔȕȖȚȍ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȚȖȘȐȐ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȘȧȌȖȔ ȒȐȗȍȓȐ
ȌȊȍ ȏȓȖȉȣ ȗȖȓțșțȔȈșȠȍȌȠȐȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȉȣȓ ȗȈȘȈȓȐȏȖȊȈȕ ȖȋȓțȠȍȕ ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȖȠ-
ȓȖ Ƕȕ ȔȖȋ ȉȣ ȓȍȋȒȖ ȏȈȌțȠȐȚȤ ȖȉȐȌȟȐȒȈ ȕȖ ȥȚȖ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȠȓȖ
ȍȔț Ȋ ȋȖȓȖȊț
Ƕȕ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȍ ȗȖȋȕȈȓșȧ ȏȈ ȕȐȔ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȚȖȚ ȊȣȠȍȓ ǵȍȕȈ-

136
ȊȐȌȧ Ȋșȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊȖ ȞȍȓȐȒȖȔ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ șȚȖȧȓ ȊȣȠȍ șȟȍ-
ȚȖȊ ș ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȔ
ǰ ȥȚȖ ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ Ȗȕ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓ ȒȈ-
ȏȈȓȖșȤ ȍȔț ȕȍ ȌȍȓȖȔ ȎȈȓȒȖȋȖ șțȔȈșȠȍȌȠȍȋȖ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȕȚȈ Ȉ
ȌȍȓȖȔ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȖ Ȑ ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȧ-
ȓȖ ȍȋȖ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ Ȋșȍȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ
ǪȣȑȌȧ Ȑȏ ȕȍȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȖșȚȐ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȏȐȓșȧ Ȓ ȖȒȕț
Ȑ ȘȈșȗȈȝȕțȓ ȍȋȖ șȐȓȤȕȣȔ țȌȈȘȖȔ ǺȈȔ ȊȌȈȓȐ ȓȍȎȈȓ ȚȍȔ-
ȕȣȑ ȋȖȘȖȌ Ƕȋȕȍȑ ȕȐȋȌȍ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȐȌȕȖ ǵȐȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȠțȔȈ ȕȍ
ȌȖȕȖșȐȓȖșȤ ȖȚȚțȌȈ
ǴȖșȒȊȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȖȝȖȎȈ ȕȈ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȑ ȚȘțȗ ȟȍȘȕȍȦȡȐȑ Ȋ
ȚȍȔȕȖȚȍ
Ƕȕ șȔȖȚȘȍȓ ș țȗȖȍȕȐȍȔ ș ȋȖȘȌȖșȚȤȦ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȊȐȌȍȓ ȗȍȘȍȌ
șȖȉȖȦ ȘȈșȚȖȗȚȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȊȘȈȋȈ
ǿȚȖ ȏȕȈȟȈȚ șȈȔȣȍ ȎȍșȚȖȒȐȍ ȖȉȐȌȣ Ȋ șȘȈȊȕȍȕȐȐ ș Ȕȍș-
ȚȤȦ" DzȈȒ ȍȋȖ ȕȈȏȊȈȓ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȕȚ — ȏȊȍȘȍȔ ȌȤȧȊȖȓȖȔ" ǵț ȟȚȖ
Ȏȍ ȊȖȚ ȚȈȔ șȘȍȌȐ ȚȍȔȕȖȚȣ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȚȣșȧȟȐ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȒȖȘȟȈȚ-
șȧ ȝțȎȍ, ȟȍȔ Ȋ ȗȘȍȌșȔȍȘȚȕȖȑ ȈȋȖȕȐȐ ȖȚ țȎȈșȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț Ȑȝ
ȗȘȍȌȈȓ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ
ǭȔț ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȓȈșȤ ȚȈ ȕȖȟȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȓȈ ȗȍȘȊȈȧ
ȔȣșȓȤ Ȗ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȐ ȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȐ ǺȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ, ȒȈȒ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ
șȔȖȚȘȍȓ Ȑȏ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȖȒȕȈ ȕȈ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȕȖ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȉȓȍșȚȍȓ ȖȋȕȧȔȐ
ȉȣȓ ȖȎȐȊȓȍȕ ȉȍșȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȣȔ ȋțȓȖȔ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǺȍȗȍȘȤ Ȏȍ Ȗȕ ȚȐȝ,
ȒȈȒ ȌȖȓȐȕȈ șȒȖȘȉȐ
ǰ, șȖȗȖșȚȈȊȓȧȧ ȌȊȍ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ ȐȏȔȍȘȧȧ Ȋ Ȕȣ-
șȓȧȝ ȕȍȐȏȔȍȘȐȔțȦ ȋȓțȉȐȕț șȖȏȌȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȐȔ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȤȧ ȗȘȖȜȍș-
șȖȘ ȝȘȐȗȓȖ ȏȈșȔȍȧȓșȧ.
Ǩ Ȑȏ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ șȓȖȊȕȖ Ȋ ȖȚȊȍȚ ȕȈ ȍȋȖ șȔȍȝ ȊȌȘțȋ ȘȈȏȌȈȓșȧ
ȟȍȑ-ȚȖ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȕȣȑ ȒȘȐȒ
ǪȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ ȒȖȋȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ țȉȐȊȈȓȐ ȐȓȐ ȒȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ țȔȐȘȈȓ Ȉ
ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȥȚȖ ȒȘȐȟȈȓ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȉȍșȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȝ șțȔȈșȠȍȌ-
ȠȐȝ ȉȘȖȌȐȊȠȐȝ ȕȖ ǴȖșȒȊȍ
DzȈȒ ȉȣ ȚȖ ȕȐ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȖȗȓȤ ȉȣȓ ȌȖ ȚȈȒȖȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ȉȖȓȍȏ-
ȕȍȕ ȚȈȒ ȗȖȓȖȕ ȉȍȏțȔȕȖȋȖ ȕȈȗȘȧȎȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȐȧ ȟȚȖ ǽȘȍȉ-
ȚȖȊ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȍȋȖ ȊȣȌȍȘȎȈȚȤ ǯȈȝȓȖȗȕțȊ ȖȒȕȖ țȉȍȎȈȓ Ȋ ȌȘțȋțȦ
ȒȖȔȕȈȚț Ȑ Șțȝȕțȓ ȕȈ ȗȖșȚȍȓȤ ȏȈȎȐȔȈȧ țȠȐ ȘțȒȈȔȐ
ǷȘȖȠȓȖ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȍȕȍȑ ȗȖșȓȍ ȖȗȐșȈȕȕȖȑ șȞȍȕȣ ȅȗȐȌȍ-
ȔȐȧ ȕȍ ȖșȓȈȉȍȊȈȓȈ ǻșȖȊȍȘȠȍȕșȚȊȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ ȉȈȒȚȍȘȐȐ ȋțȉȐȓȐ

137
ȉȍȏ țșȚȈȓȐ
ǯȈȚȖ ț ȓȦȌȍȑ ȕȍ ȝȊȈȚȈȓȖ țȎȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ șȐȓ șȚȘȈȌȈȚȤ Ȑ ȊȖȓ-
ȕȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ș ȚȈȒȖȦ ȔțȒȖȦ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ
ǪȏȘȣȊȣ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȐȧ ȗȈȘȖȒșȐȏȔȣ ȉȍȠȍȕșȚȊȈ șȔȍȕȐȓȐșȤ Țț-
ȗȖȦ ȗȖȒȖȘȕȖșȚȤȦ șțȌȤȉȍ
ǺȖȓȗȈ ȚȍȘȘȖȘȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȊȠȈȧ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȘȈșșȍȧȓȈșȤ ȚȖ ȗȘȧȟȈșȤ
ȗȖ ȚȍȔȕȣȔ țȋȓȈȔ ȚȖ ȗȍȘȍȗȖȓȕȧȧ ȞȍȘȒȊȐ ȉȖȋȖȔȖȓȤȞȈȔȐ
ǶȚ ȉȘȈȚșȚȊȈ ȖșȚȈȓȈșȤ ȕȐȟȚȖȎȕȈȧ ȋȖȘșȚȤ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȗȘȖȌȖȓ-
ȎȈȊȠȐȝ ȉȖȘȖȚȤșȧ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȐ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕțȦ
ȉȍșȗȖȓȍȏȕȖșȚȤ ȉȖȘȤȉȣ
ǹȔȍȦȡȐȍșȧ ȚȖȎȍ ȒțȌȈ-ȚȖ ȐșȟȍȏȓȐ ǻ Țȍȝ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȒȖȋȖ ȕȍ
ȏȈȉȘȈȓȈ ȟțȔȈ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ șȐȓ ȊȍșȚȐ ȉțȑȕțȦ ȗȤȧȕțȦ
ȎȐȏȕȤ ǰȝ ȕȍȘȊȣ ȕȍ ȊȣȌȍȘȎȈȓȐ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖȑ ȗȓȧșȒȐ ȕȈ ȔȖȋȐ-
ȓȈȝǰ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȏȈȔȖȓȒ ȏȈȔȍȘ ȖȋȓȈȠȈȧșȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȖȗȓȧȔȐ Ȑ ȉȖȘ-
ȔȖȚȈȕȐȍȔ șțȔȈșȠȍȌȠȐȝ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓ șȊȖȐ șȒȐȚȈȕȐȧ ȗȖ țȓȐȞȈȔ ȕȖ țȎȍ ȕȍ
Ȑȏ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȈ Ȓ ȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȐ Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ șȐȌȍȚȤ ȌȖȔȈ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍ-
ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ
Ƕȕ ȉȣȓ ȗȘȍșȣȡȍȕ șȊȖȐȔ ȔȡȍȕȐȍȔ ǷȍȘȍȌ ȕȐȔ Ȋșȍ ȟȈȡȍ
ȊșȚȈȊȈȓ ȗȘȖșȚȖȑ ȕȖ țȉȐȑșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȊȖȗȘȖș
ǿȚȖ Ȏȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ"
Ƕȕ șȗȘȈȊȐȓ șȚȘȈȠȕȣȍ șȊȍȘȝȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȍ ȗȖȔȐȕȒȐ ȗȖ
șȊȖȐȔ ȔȍȟȚȈȔ Ȗ șȟȈșȚȐȐ ȕȖ ȥȚȖ ȕȍ ȊȍȘȕțȓȖ ȍȔț ȌțȠȍȊȕȖȋȖ
ȘȈȊȕȖȊȍșȐȧ
ǵȈȖȉȖȘȖȚ ȚȖȚ ȒȚȖ ȎȐȓ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȚȈȒȐȔȐ ȟțȌȖ-
ȊȐȡȕȣȔȐ ȖȡțȡȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȕȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȒȘȍȗȒȐ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȗȍ-
ȘȍȌ ȥȚȐȔ ȕȍȘȊȣ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ țȎȍ ȕȍ șȌȍȓȈȍȚșȧ ȕȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȟȍ-
ȓȖȊȍȒȖȔ
ǪȖȏȊȘȈȚ Ȓ ȗȘȍȎȕȍȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȉȣȓ ȕȍȔȣșȓȐȔ ȗȖșȓȍ ȊșȍȋȖ
ȟȚȖ ȖȚȌȍȓȧȓȖ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ ȖȚ ȖȉȣȌȍȕȕȖȑ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ǷȘȖ-
ȠȓȖȍ ȧȊȓȧȓȖșȤ șȗȓȖȠȕȣȔ ȕȈȗȘȧȎȍȕȕȣȔ țȎȈșȖȔ Ȉ Ȋ ȉțȌț-
ȡȍȔ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ
ǸȍȠȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ǨȉșȖȓȦȚȕȈȧ ȗțșȚȖȚȈ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȕȍȟȍȔ
ȉȣȓȖ ȏȈȗȖȓȕȐȚȤ
ǶșȚȈȊȈȓșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȌȐȕ ȐșȝȖȌ ȏȈȚȖ ȗȘȖșȚȖȑ Ȑ ȓȖȋȐȟȕȣȑ
— șȈȔȖțȉȐȑșȚȊȖ
Ƕ ȕȍȔ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȟȈșȚȖ ȌțȔȈȓ șȓȖȕȧȧșȤ ȗȖ ȋȖȘȖȌț

138
ǬțȔȈȓ ȉȍȏ ȊȖȓȕȍȕȐȧ ȉȍȏ șȚȘȈȝȈ ȒȈȒ Ȗ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖȔ ȗȖ-
șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ ȊșȍȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ
ǹȔȍȘȚȤ ȕȍ ȗțȋȈȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ Ȋșȍ ȗȖȚ-
ȘȧșȍȕȐȧ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ ȔȍșȧȞȍȊ Ȗȕ ȖșȚȈȓșȧ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍȊȍ-
ȘțȦȡȐȔ Ȉ ȖȚ șțȍȊȍȘȐȧ șȗȈșȈȓ ȍȋȖ ȧșȕȣȑ Ȑ ȚȊȍȘȌȣȑ țȔ
ǿȚȖ ȒȈșȈȍȚșȧ ȉȖȓȐ Ȗȕ ȔȖȋ ȍȍ ȕȍ ȉȖȧȚȤșȧ ȐȔȍȧ Ȓ șȊȖȐȔ
țșȓțȋȈȔ Ȋșȍ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȑ ȕȈțȒȐ Ȋșȍ șȗȖșȖȉȣ ȒȈ-
ȒȐȔȐ ȖȕȈ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȚȈȒ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȈ-
ȟȍ ȐȓȐ șȖȊșȍȔ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ
ǶȌȕȈȎȌȣ Ȗȕ Ƞȍȓ ȗȖ ȗțșȚȣȕȕȖȑ țȓȐȞȍ ȊșȍȞȍȓȖ ȗȖȋȘț-
Ȏȍȕȕȣȑ Ȋ ȔȣșȓȐ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȋȌȍ Ȑ ȒȈȒ șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍ-
șȚȐ șȈȔȖțȕȐȟȚȖȎȍȕȐȍ ǯȈȕȧȚȣȑ ȥȚȐȔ ȊȖȗȘȖșȖȔ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȋȓȧ-
Ȍȍȓ ȗȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȈȔ ȕȍ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȓ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȊșȚȘȍȟȕȣȝ ȗȖȒȈ
ȖȌȕȈ ȜȐȋțȘȈ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȕȈȗȖȔȕȐȊ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ
ȏȕȈȒȖȔȖȍ
ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȖȎȐȓȈȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ Ȋ ȗȓȈȚȒȍ ȕȍșȠȈȧ ȗȖȌ ȔȣȠ-
ȒȖȦ țȏȍȓ
ǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȓșȧ ǫȌȍ Ȗȕ ȍȍ ȊȐȌȍȓ" ǿȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȍȔț
ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚ"
Ǩȝ ȌȈ, ȊȍȌȤ ȥȚȈ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȖȚȊȖȘȧȓȈ ȌȊȍȘȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ
Ȗȕ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓ Ȓ ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȣȔ
ǺȈ Ȋ șȊȖȦ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ țȏȕȈȓȈ ȍȋȖ Ȑ ȗȖȒȓȖȕȐȓȈșȤ
ǹȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖ Ȍȓȧ șȈȔȖȋȖ șȍȉȧ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȊșȚț-
ȗȐȓ ș ȕȍȦ Ȋ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘ Ƕȕ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȗȖȉȍȌȐȚȤ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȧ
țȏȕȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ Ȗ DzȘȍșȚȖȊșȒȖȑ
— ǪȍȌȤ Ȋȣ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ șȓțȎȐȚȍ ț ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȣȝ" — șȗȘȖșȐȓ
Ȗȕ — ǵț ȒȈȒ ț ȊȈș ȚȈȔ Ȋșȍ ȓȐ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȣ"
ǵȈ ȓȐȞȍ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȗȘȖȔȍȓȤȒȕțȓȈ ȚȍȕȤ șȔțȡȍȕȐȧ ǶȕȈ
ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓȈ ȚȍȔ ȗȘȍțȊȍȓȐȟȍȕȕȖ-șȈȔȖțȊȍȘȍȕȕȣȔ ȚȖȕȖȔ ȒȈȒȐȔ
ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ ȓȦȌȐ ȟțȊșȚȊțȦȡȐȍ ȏȈ șȖȉȖȦ ȊȐȕț Ȑ șȚȘȍȔȧȡȐȍșȧ
ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȗȘȈȊȣ
— ȇ ȚȈȔ țȎ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȕȍ șȓțȎț ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȧ șȈȔȈ ȗȖ șȍȉȍ
ǰ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȟȍȔ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ țșȗȍȓ ȟȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȖȕȈ
ȌȖȉȈȊȐȓȈ
— ǿȍȋȖ ȧ ȚȈȔ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȈȓȈ" ǿțȔȣ ȟȚȖ ȓȐ" ǭȡȍ ȔȖȐȝ ȗȧȚȤ
Șțȉȓȍȑ ȏȈ ȕȐȔȐ ȖșȚȈȓȖșȤ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȗȖȉȓȍȌȕȍȓ ǪȖȕ Ȗȕ șȚȖȐȚ ȓȐȞȖȔ Ȓ ȓȐȞț ș ȚȍȔ ȟȍ-
ȋȖ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ ȚȈȒ ȉȖȧȓșȧ

139
ǹȍȑȟȈș Ȗȕ țȏȕȈȍȚ șțȌȤȉț ǵȈȌȍȎȌȣ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȕȣ
Ǩ ȒțȝȈȘȒȈ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓȈ ȚȈȘȈȚȖȘȐȚȤ:
— DzȈȒ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȉȈȘȣȠȕȧ ȏȈȉȖȓȍȓȈ ȚȈȒ Ȋșȍ ȖȚ ȕȍȍ Ȑ ȘȈȏȉȍ-
ȎȈȓȐșȤ ǹȕȈȟȈȓȈ șȍșȚȘȈ ȍȍ ȏȈȉȘȈȓȈ ȌȍȚȍȑ Ȑ ȒțȌȈ-ȚȖ țȍȝȈȓȈ
ǬȖȒȚȖȘ ȚȖȚ ȌȖȉȘȣȑ ȉȈȘȐȕ șȗȍȘȊȈ ȕȍ ȝȖȚȍȓ ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȚȤ ȉȖȓȤ-
ȕțȦ ȖȌȕț Ȋșȍ țȗȐȘȈȓșȧ ȌȈ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȉȈȘȣȕȧ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȓȈ ȏȈ ȕȐȔ
ȗȖȘțȋȈȓȈșȤ ȗȖȠțȔȍȓȈ ȌȈ Ȑ ȏȈȉȘȈȓȈ ȍȋȖ ș șȖȉȖȦ Ǵȕȍ ȕȈȒȈ-
ȏȈȓȐ ȝȖȌȐȚȤ ȏȈ ǵȈȌȍȎȌȖȑ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȕȖȑ ȌȈ ȊȍȌȤ ȧ ȟȚȖ Ȏȍ
— ȕȍ ȔȈȚȤ ȍȑ Ȑ ȕȍ șȍșȚȘȈ Ǵȕȍ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȚȖȎȍ ȌȖȘȖȋȈ ȝȖȚȤ Ȑ
șȓțȎț Ȋ ȒțȝȈȘȒȈȝ ǷȖȌȖȎȌȈȓȈ ȌȍȕȤ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȊȐȎț, ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ
ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȈȍȚșȧ șȖȉȘȈȓȈ ȊȍȡȐ ȌȈ Ȑ țȠȓȈ ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȊȖȚ ȎȐȊț ȒȈȒ
ȔȖȋț ǭȡȍ ȗȧȚȤ Șțȉȓȍȑ ȔȖȐȝ ȏȈ ȕȐȔȐ ȖșȚȈȓȖșȤ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ șȚȖȧȓ ȕȍȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȣȑ Ȑ ȕȍȔȖȑ ȒȈȒ Ȋ șȚȖȓȉȕȧȒȍ
ǻȓȐȞȣ Ȑ ȌȖȔȈ ȕȍșȓȐșȤ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ Ȋ ȌȤȧȊȖȓȤșȒȖȑ
ȗȓȧșȒȍ ǯȍȔȓȧ ȒȖȓȍȉȈȓȈșȤ ȗȖȌ ȕȖȋȈȔȐ ǫȖȓȖș ȒțȝȈȘȒȐ ȚȖ ȌȖ-
ȕȖșȐȓșȧ șȖȊșȍȔ ȐȏȌȈȓȍȒȈ ȚȖ ȏȊțȟȈȓ ȋțȓȒȖ Ȑ ȋȘȖȔȒȖ ȕȈȌ șȈ-
ȔȣȔ țȝȖȔ
ǩȖȓȤȕȈ ȗȖȒȐȕțȚȈ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ țȎȍ țȔȍȘȓȈ
ǻ ȓȦȌȍȑ șȖ șȓȈȉȖ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȣȔ ȊȖȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȔȍȎȌț ȗȘȍȌ-
ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍȔ Ȗ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȜȈȒȚȈ Ȑ șȖȊȍȘ-
ȠȐȊȠȐȔșȧ ȜȈȒȚȖȔ ȓȍȎȐȚ ȉȍȏȋȘȈȕȐȟȕȈȧ ȗȘȖȗȈșȚȤ
ǷȘȍȌȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȟȚȖ ǵȈȌȍȎȌȈ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȕȈ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȏȈȉȖ-
ȓȍȚȤ ȊȖȓȕȖȊȈȓȖ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ, Ȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ǰȏȊȍșȚȐȍ Ȏȍ Ȗ ȍȍ ȉȖȓȍȏ-
ȕȐ ȗȖȘȈȏȐȓȖ ȍȋȖ ȒȈȒ ȋȘȖȔȖȔ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȉȣ ȘȈșșțȎȌȈȚȤ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐ-
ȕȧȚȤ ȒȈȒ ȗȖșȚțȗȐȚȤ Ƕȕ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐ-
ȔȖ ȍȍ șȗȈșȚȐ șȗȈșȚȐ ȊȖ ȟȚȖ ȉȣ ȚȖ ȕȐ șȚȈȓȖ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȊȈȎȕȍȍ
ȊșȍȋȖ ȕȈ șȊȍȚȍ
ǰ ȖșȚȈȊȐȊ ȒțȝȈȘȒț ȍȡȍ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȊȠțȦ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȋȖȊȖ-
ȘȐȚȤ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȗȖȔȟȈȓșȧ Ȋ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȚȖȘȐȦ ȏȈ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȧȌȐȍȔ
ǶȋȘȖȔȕȣȔȐ ȕȍțȒȓȦȎȐȔȐ ȗȘȣȎȒȈȔȐ ȕȍșșȧ Ȗȕ ȗȖ țȓȐȞȍ,
ȕȍ șȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȈȔ ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȧ ȟȚȖ ȊșȚȘȍȟȕȣȍ ș Ȑșȗț-
ȋȖȔ ȖȚȠȈȚȣȊȈȦȚșȧ ȗȘȐ ȊȐȌȍ ȍȋȖ ȐșȒȈȎȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȓȐȞȈ
ǹȍȘȌȞȍ ȒȖȓȖȚȐȓȖșȤ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ șȓȣȠȈȓ ȍȋȖ țȌȈ-
Șȣ Ǫ țȠȈȝ ȏȊȍȕȍȓȖ ȋȖȓȖȊȈ ȔțȚȐȓȈșȤ ȕȖ Ȗȕ Ȋșȍ-ȚȈȒȐ ȕȐ ȘȈ-
ȏț ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȓșȧ ȗȍȘȍȊȍșȚȐ Ȍțȝ
ǪȖȚ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȌȊȍȘȤ ȍȋȖ ȌȖȔȈ ǷȘȖȒȓȧȚȣȑ ȒȓȦȟ ȕȍ Ȋȓȍ-
ȏȈȍȚ Ȋ șȒȊȈȎȐȕț ȏȈȔȒȈ ǸțȒȐ ȚȈȒ ȌȘȖȎȈȚ ȟȚȖ șȚȖȐȚ ȉȖȓȤȠȖ-

140
ȋȖ ȚȘțȌȈ ȖȚȗȍȘȍȚȤ ȌȊȍȘȤ
ǪȖȚ Ȑ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȚȖȘȐȧ ǵțȎȕȖ ȊȏȧȚȤ ȗțȏȣȘȍȒ ș ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȗȖȓ-
ȒȐ ȕȈ ȓȍȊȖȑ șȚȍȕȍ
DzȖȔȕȈȚȈ șȖ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȖȑ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȖȑ ȥȚȈȎȍȘȒȐ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȍȕ-
ȕȣȍ ȒȕȐȋȈȔȐ ȗȘȐȉȖȘȣ ȕȈ șȚȖȓȈȝ — Ȋșȍ ȗȓȣȊȍȚ Ȑ ȒȖȓȣȠȍȚ-
șȧ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȕȍȋȖ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȗȖȌȍȘȕțȚȖȍ ȚțȔȈȕȖȔ ǵȖ ȕțȎȕțȦ ȉȈȕ-
Ȓț ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚ șȘȈȏț ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȠȗȘȐȞ ǪȖȚ Ȑ Ȗȕ Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ
ȕȐȒȍȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ ȒȖȘȖȉȒȍ ǺȍȗȍȘȤ șȒȖȘȍȍ Ȓ ǵȈȌȍȎȌȍ ǨȓȍȒ-
șȈȕȌȘȖȊȕȍ
ǰ Ȗȕ șȕȖȊȈ ȔȟȐȚșȧ ȗȖ țȓȐȞȍ
ǻȎȍ ȗȖȌȕȐȔȈȧșȤ ȗȖ ȓȍșȚȕȐȞȍ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȖȋȖ ȌȖȔȈ Ȗȕ ȊȌȘțȋ
ȏȈȔȍȟȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȋȘȖȔȒȖ ȚȊȍȘȌȐȚ ȖȌȕț ȜȘȈȏț
©ǫȖșȗȖȌȐ ǩȖȎȍ șȗȈșȐ ȍȍ ǩȖȎȍ ȗȘȈȊȣȑ șȗȈșȐ ȍȍª
ǶȚȒțȌȈ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȊȏȧȓȈșȤ ȔȖȓȐȚȊȈ" ǻ ȕȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȔȖȓȐȊȠȍȋȖ-
șȧ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȓȍȚ?
ǵȖ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȕȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȘȈȏȉȐȘȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ
Ƕȕ țȎȍ șȚȖȐȚ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȌȊȍȘȤȦ țȎȍ șȝȊȈȚȐȓșȧ ȏȈ ȘțȟȒț
ǿȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȏȈ ȉțȔȈȋȈ ȗȘȐȒȓȍȍȕȈ Ȓ ȗȘȐȚȖȓȖȒȍ?
ȅȚȖ ȒȈȒȖȍ-ȚȖ ȊȖȏȏȊȈȕȐȍ ǯȈȔȐȘȈȧ ȖȚ țȎȈșȈ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȟȐ-
ȚȈȍȚ
©ǬȖȉȘȣȍ ȓȦȌȐ ǪȖ ȐȔȧ ǩȖȋȈ ȗȖȝȖȘȖȕȐȚȍ țȔȍȘȠțȦ Ȋ ȥȚȖȑ
ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȍ ȔȖȓȖȌțȦ ȌȍȊțȠȒțª
ǵȖ ȥȚȖ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȟȐȓȖ ȟȚȖ DzȘȍșȚȖȊșȒȈȧ țȔȍȘȓȈ
Ǫ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȍ ȏȈȗȐșȒȐ ȊȐșȍȓȐ ȕȈ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȌȊȍȘȧȝ
ȏȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ ȉȖȘȖȓȐșȤ ș ȟțȔȖȦ ȎȐȊȣȍ ȓȦȌȐ ȗȖȒȐȕțȚȣȍ Ȑ
ȗȘȐȋȖȊȖȘȍȕȕȣȍ Ȓ șȔȍȘȚȐ
ǸȖȌșȚȊȍȕȕȐȒȐ Ȑ ȌȘțȏȤȧ ȔȈȓȖȌțȠȕȖ țȉȍȋȈȧ ȖȚ ȏȈȉȖȓȍȊ-
ȠȐȝ ȟȈșȚȖ ȗȐșȈȓȐ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȍ ȏȈȗȐșȒȐ ȟȚȖȉȣ țȔȍȕȤȠȐȚȤ țȋ-
ȘȣȏȍȕȐȧ șȖȊȍșȚȐ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȖȦ ȟȚȖ ȒȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ Ȑȏ ȟȓȍȕȖȊ ǩȘȈȚ-
șȚȊȈ ȐșȗȖȓȕȐȚ ȌȖȓȋ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȓȦȉȐȧ ȗȖ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȦ Ȓ ȗȖȒȐ-
ȕțȚȖȔț
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȕȍ ȘȈȏ țȎȍ ȊȐȌȈȓ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȧȘȓȣȒȐ ȕȖ ȥȚȖȚ ȗȖȒȈ-
ȏȈȓșȧ ȍȔț ȒȖȡțȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ Ƕȕ șȖȘȊȈȓ ȍȋȖ Ȑ ȘȈșȚȖȗȚȈȓ ȕȖ-
ȋȈȔȐ
ǷȖȚȖȔ ȊȖȠȍȓ Ȋ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘț Ȑ ȏȈȗȍȘ ȏȈ șȖȉȖȦ ȌȊȍȘȤ ǭșȓȐ
șȐȓȈ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȧ ȔȖȎȍȚ șȖȚȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȟțȌȖ ȚȖ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ Ȋ ȥȚȖȚ
ȔȖȔȍȕȚ ȔȖȋ ȍȋȖ șȖȚȊȖȘȐȚȤ ǨȊȚȖȘ ȟțȔȣ ȊȖ ȊșȍȖȘțȎȐȐ ȕȈțȒȐ
Ƞȍȓ ȉȖȘȖȚȤșȧ ș ȟțȔȖȦ ǻȒȘȖȚȐȚȍȓȤ Ƞȍȓ ȕȈ ȖȗȈșȕȖȋȖ ȏȊȍȘȧ

141
ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ șȈȔ ȊȣȗțșȚȐȓ Ȑȏ ȒȓȍȚȒȐ
ǹȕȈȟȈȓȈ Ȗȕ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȉȘȖȌȐȓ ȗȖ ȗțșȚȣȕȕȖȑ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȍ ȕȐ-
ȒȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȧ
Ǫșȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȐȝȖ — ȕȐ șȚȖȕȈ ȕȐ ȠȖȘȖȝȈ ȕȍ ȘȈȏȌȈȊȈȓȖșȤ Ȋ
ȒȖȔȕȈȚȈȝ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȊȠȐȝ șȊȖȑ Ȗȉȣȟȕȣȑ, ȉțȌȕȐȟȕȣȑ ȊȐȌ
Ƕȕ ȝȖȚȍȓ ȖȒȓȐȒȕțȚȤ ȕȖ ȗȖȉȖȧȓșȧ ǮțȚȒȖȍ ȟțȊșȚȊȖ ȕȈȟȈ-
ȓȖ ȏȈȒȘȈȌȣȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȌțȠț ǷțșȚȖȚȈ Ȑ ȚȐȠȐȕȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȐ Ȗ
șȔȍȘȚȐ
Ƕȕ ȕȈȟȈȓ ȔȍȚȈȚȤșȧ Ȑȏ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȣ Ȋ ȌȘțȋțȦ șȉȐȚȣȑ
ș ȚȖȓȒț ȗȖȚȍȘȧȊ ȋȖȓȖȊț ǯȈȝȖȌȐȓ ȚțȌȈ ȋȌȍ ȉȣȓ țȎȍ ȕȍș-
ȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈȏ ȖșȚȈȕȈȊȓȐȊȈȓșȧ Ȑ șȝȊȈȚȣȊȈȓ șȍȉȧ ȏȈ ȋȖȓȖȊț ȟțȊ-
șȚȊțȧ ȟȚȖ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȒȐȌȈȍȚ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȈ
ǵȖ ȊȖȚ Ȗȕ ȖȚȒȘȣȓ ȌȊȍȘȤ ȔȐȔȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ țȎȍ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ
ȘȈȏ ȗȘȖȠȍȓ, ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȕȈȊȓȐȊȈȧșȤ Ȑ Ȋ ȗȖȓțȚȍȔȕȖȚȍ țȊȐȌȈȓ ȟȍ-
ȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒțȦ ȜȐȋțȘț ȕȍȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȖ ȓȍȎȈȡțȦ ȕȈ ȗȖșȚȍȓȐ
ǶȌȕȐȔ ȗȘȣȎȒȖȔ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȖȒȖȓȖ ȕȍȍ ǬȈ ȥȚȖ ȖȕȈ ǵȈȌȍȎ-
ȌȈ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȕȈ Ƕȕ țȏȕȈȍȚ ȍȍ ȕȍȎȕȖȍ ȔȐȓȖȍ ȓȐȞȖ ȝȖȚȤ
ȖȕȖ Ȑ ȐșȒȈȎȍȕȖ șȚȘȈȌȈȕȐȍȔ ǵȖ ȖȚȟȍȋȖ ȏȈȒȘȣȚȣ ȋȓȈȏȈ" ǶȚ-
ȟȍȋȖ ȖȕȈ ȕȍȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȈ" ǵȍțȎȍȓȐ ȔȍȘȚȊȈ"
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ șȝȊȈȚȣȊȈȍȚ ȘțȒț ȓȍȎȈȡțȦ ȗȖȊȍȘȝ ȖȌȍȧȓȈ — ȉȓȍȌ-
ȕțȦ ȚȖȕȒțȦ ȗȖȓțȌȍȚșȒțȦ ȘțȒț ǵȍȚ șȓȈȊȈ ǩȖȋț ȎȐȊȈ — Șț-
ȒȈ ȋȖȘȧȟȈȧ, ȒȈȒ ȖȋȖȕȤ
ǵȖ ȖȕȈ ȉȍȏ șȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ ǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ șȘȈȏț ȖȞȍȕȐȊȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ
ȏȕȈȟȐȚ ȥȚȖȚ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȒ ǷȘȐ ȟțȔȍ ȗȖȚȍȘȧ șȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȕȈșȚțȗȈȍȚ
ȓȐȠȤ ȗȖȌ ȒȖȕȍȞ ȕȍȏȈȌȖȓȋȖ ȌȖ ȈȋȖȕȐȐ
ǵȍțȎȍȓȐ Ȏȍ șȗȈșȍȕȐȍ ȖȗȖȏȌȈȓȖ"
Ƕȕ ȕȈȒȓȖȕȧȍȚșȧ ȉȓȐȎȍ Ȑ ȊȐȌȐȚ ȌȘțȋȐȍ șȚȘȈȠȕȣȍ ȗȘȐ-
ȏȕȈȒȐ ȕȈ ȓȉț ȕȈ ȥȚȖȔ ȟȐșȚȖȔ ȓȉț ȕȍȎȕȈȧ ȖȒȘțȋȓȖșȚȤ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȚȍȘȧȍȚșȧ ȗȖȌ ȔȧȋȒȐȔȐ ȗȘȧȌȧȔȐ ȊȖȓȖș ȋȖȘȧȚ ȒȘȖȊȈ-
Ȋȣȍ ȗȧȚȕȈ ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȌȖ ȕȍȋȖ ȌȖȚȘȖȕțȓȐșȤ ȒȖȋȚȐ șȈȔȖȑ șȔȍȘ-
ȚȐ ǵȍ ȗȖȏȌȕȖ ȓȐ Ȗȕ ȗȘȐȠȍȓ" ǻșȗȍȍȚ ȓȐ șȣȊȖȘȖȚȒȈ ȗȖȌȍȑ-
șȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ"
ǵȍȊȣȕȖșȐȔȖȍ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȍ ȏȈȒȘȈȌȣȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȌțȠț ǽȘȍȉȚȖ-
ȊȈ ǪȍȌȤ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ ȗȖȟȚȐ Ȋ ȈȋȖȕȐȐ Ǭȓȧ ȉȖȘȤȉȣ ș ȉȖȓȍȏȕȤȦ
ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ
ȅȚȈ ȉȈȕȒȈ ȗȘȐȕȍșȍȕȕȈȧ ȐȔ ș șȖȉȖȦ ȥȚȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ șȓȖ-
ȊȖ ȊșȍȔȖȋțȡȍȑ ȕȈțȒȐ Ȋșȍ-ȚȈȒȐ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ șȖȚȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȟțȌȈ

142
ǷȍȘȊȣȑ ȘȈȏ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȗȕ șȚȖȓȒȕțȓșȧ ȓȐȞȖȔ Ȓ ȓȐȞț ș ȟȍȔ-
ȚȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ șȐȓȤȕȣȔ ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȏȕȈȕȐȍ ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȔȣșȓȤ ȕȍȎȍȓȐ
ȊȖȓȧ
ǿȚȖ ȥȚȖ — ǩȖȋ" ǹțȌȤȉȈ" ǵȍ Ȋșȍ ȓȐ ȘȈȊȕȖ ǭȔț ȕȍ ȌȖ ȚȖȋȖ
ȟȚȖȉȣ ȘȈȏȉȐȘȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȕȖ Ȗȕ ȟțȊșȚȊțȍȚ ȕȍȗȘȍȖȌȖȓȐȔȖȍ
ȔȖȋțȡȍșȚȊȖ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȟțȊșȚȊțȍȚ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖ
DzȈȒ ȉȣ ȚȖ ȕȐ ȉȣȓȖ ȕțȎȕȖ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȗȘȐȊȐȊȒț
Ƕȕ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ ȗȘȐȋȖȚȖȊȓȍȕȐȧ ș ȔȍȚȖȌȐȟȕȖșȚȤȦ șȚȈȘȖȋȖ
ȖȗȍȘȈȚȖȘȈ Ǫ ȒȈȒȖȔ ȔȍșȚȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍșȚȐ țȒȖȓ" ǶȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ
șȣȊȖȘȖȚȒț ȊșȗȘȣșȒȐȊȈȦȚ Ȋ ȖȉȓȈșȚȤ ȎȐȊȖȚȈ ȕȖ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ
ȘȍȠȐȚȤșȧ ȖȉȕȈȎȐȚȤ ȉȍșȟțȊșȚȊȍȕȕțȦ ǵȈȌȍȎȌț ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊ-
ȕț ǴȖȎȕȖ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ țȒȖȓ Ȋ ȘțȒț ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȐȡȍȚ ȗȖ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ
ȒȈȒțȦ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȌȍȏȐȕȜȐȞȐȘțȦȡțȦ ȎȐȌȒȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚ ȕȈ
șȒȘȖȔȕȖȔ ȌȍȊȐȟȤȍȔ ȚțȈȓȍȚȍ ȉȈȕȒț ȖȌȍȒȖȓȖȕȈ
ǯȈ ȕȍȐȔȍȕȐȍȔ ȓțȟȠȍȋȖ Ȑ ȥȚȖ ȗȘȐȋȖȌȐȚșȧ Ƕȕ ȗȘȖȔȣȊȈȍȚ
ȖȌȍȒȖȓȖȕȖȔ ȠȗȘȐȞ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȉȍȘȍȚ ȎȐȌȒȖșȚȐ ȕȈ ȊȈȚț ȟȚȖȉȣ
ȖȉȔȣȚȤ ȒȖȎț Ȋ ȔȍșȚȍ țȒȖȓȈ
ǶșȊȖȉȖȎȌȍȕȕȈȧ Ȑȏ-ȗȖȌ ȖȌȍȧȓȈ ȘțȒȈ ȕȍȎȕȈȧ ȚȖȕȒȈȧ ȉȓȍȌ-
ȕȈȧ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȉȍșȗȖȔȖȡȕȈ Ȋ ȒȖȘȧȊȣȝ ȚȍȔȕȣȝ ȗȈȓȤȞȈȝ
ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ ǻ ȕȍȋȖ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ ȒȘțȎȐȚȤșȧ ȋȖȓȖȊȈ ȍȔț ȝȖȟȍȚ-
șȧ ȗȓȈȒȈȚȤ ȕȈȌ ȥȚȖȑ ȝțȌȍȕȤȒȖȑ ȗȖȒȘȣȚȖȑ șȐȕȐȔȐ ȎȐȓȒȈȔȐ
ȘțȟȖȕȒȖȑ
Ƕȕ ȗȘȐȗȈȌȈȍȚ Ȓ ȕȍȑ ȋțȉȈȔȐ ȕȖ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ ȖȗȤȧȕȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȖ-
Ƞȍȓ Ȑ șȕȖȊȈ ȕȈ ȔȍșȚȍ ȊȓȦȉȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȔțȎȟȐȕȣ șȐȌȐȚ ȔȍȚȖ-
ȌȐȟȕȣȑ ȖȗȍȘȈȚȖȘ ȉȖȘȍȞ șȖ șȔȍȘȚȤȦ
Ǫ ȚȖ ȔȍșȚȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ ȞȍȓȖȊȈȓ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȊȖȕ-
ȏȈȍȚ ȝȖȓȖȌȕțȦ ȚȊȍȘȌțȦ Ȑȋȓț
ǶȚ ȉȖȓȐ ǵȈȌȍȎȌȈ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȕȈ ȖȚȒȘȣȓȈ ȋȓȈȏȈ Ȑ ȘȊȈȕț-
ȓȈșȤ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȝȖȚȍȓ ȍȍ țșȗȖȒȖȐȚȤ ȕȖ Ȓ ȕȍȑ ȊȍȘȕțȓȈșȤ ȓȐȠȤ
ȗȖȓȖȊȐȕȈ șȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ ǶȕȈ ȕȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȍȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ ǭȑ
ȟțȌȐȚșȧ ȟȚȖ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȑ șȚȘȈȠȕȣȑ ȗȈțȒ ȊȗȐȓșȧ ȍȑ Ȋ ȘțȒț
— ǩȖȓȤȕȖ ȉȖȓȤȕȖ — șȚȖȕȍȚ ȖȕȈ — DzȈȒȖȑ ȖȚȊȘȈȚȐȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȣȑ șȚȘȈȠȕȣȑ ǫȖșȗȖȌȐ ǴȈȔȈ. ȗȈțȒ — ȊȖȚ Ȗȕ șȐȌȐȚ ǹȗȈ-
șȐȚȍ
ǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘț ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ țȏȕȈȓȈ ȍȋȖ Ȑ ȗȘȖ ȕȍȋȖ ȋȖ-
ȊȖȘȐȚ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȕȖ Ȗȕ ȏȈȕȧȚ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȠȗȘȐȞȍȔ ǶȌȕȖȑ ȘțȒȖȑ
ȒȘȍȗȒȖ șȚȐșȒȐȊȈȍȚ ȘȊțȡțȦșȧ ȘțȒț ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ ȌȘțȋȖȦ ȕȈȎȐ-

143
ȔȈȍȚ ȗȖȘȠȍȕȤ
ǷȖȌ ȒȖȎȍȦ ȖȒȖȓȖ Ȑȋȓȣ ȊȏȌțȊȈȍȚșȧ ȖȗțȝȖȓȤ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȞȍȓȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȎȐȌȒȖșȚȤ ȕȈȟȕȍȚ ȘȈșșȈșȣȊȈȚȤșȧ ȗȖ
șȖșțȌȈȔ ȗȘȖȕȐȒȈȚȤ Ȋ ȒȘȖȊȤ ȕȈȟȕȍȚ ȉȖȘȖȚȤșȧ ș ȟțȔȖȦ
ǵȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȏȌȕȖ ȓȐ"
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ țȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȍȚ ȉȖȓȤȕțȦ șȕȖȊȈ ȗȖȚȍȘȧȊȠțȦ șȖȏ-
ȕȈȕȐȍ ȉȍȘȍȎȕȖ ȗȘȐȒȘȣȊȈȍȚ ȖȌȍȧȓȖȔ ȖȉȕȈȎȐȊȠțȦșȧ ȠȍȦ
Ȑ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ șȐȌȍȚȤ ȖȒȖȓȖ ȕȍȍ ȕȈ ȒȘȈȦ ȗȖșȚȍȓȐ
ǪȍșȤ ȔȐȘ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȋȖ Ȋ ȥȚȖȑ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ
DzțȌȈ Ȗȕ ȗȖȑȌȍȚ ȘȈȏ ȖȕȈ ȓȍȎȐȚ ȏȌȍșȤ ȕȍȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȈȧ ȉȍȏ șȖ-
ȏȕȈȕȐȧ
ǹțȌȤȉȈ șȖȍȌȐȕȐȓȈ-ȚȈȒȐ Ȑȝ ǪȖȚ ȖȕȐ ȊȌȊȖȍȔ Ȉ ȚȈȔ ȏȈ șȚȍ-
ȕȈȔȐ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȣ ȚȧȕȍȚșȧ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȔȐȘ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ
Ȋșȍ-ȚȈȒȐ ȔȈȓ Ȑ ȕȐȟȚȖȎȍȕ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȕȐ șȔȣșȓȈ, ȕȐ ȏȕȈȟȍ-
ȕȐȧ ȗȖ șȘȈȊȕȍȕȐȦ ș ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȚ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȔȈȓȍȕȤ-
ȒȖȔ ȝȘțȗȒȖȔ ȚȍȓȤȞȍ
ǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ șȐȌȐȚ șȔȖȚȘȐȚ Ȋ ȓȐȞȖ ȉȖȓȤȕȖȑ Ȉ Ȋ ȋȖȓȖȊȍ
ȍȋȖ șȓȖȊȕȖ țȌȈȘȣ ȚȧȎȍȓȖȋȖ ȒȖȓȖȒȖȓȈ ȏȊțȟȐȚ ȖȌȕȈ Ȑ ȚȈ Ȏȍ
ȜȘȈȏȈ
©ǵȍ ȗȖȏȌȕȖ ȓȐ" ǵȍ ȗȖȏȌȕȖ ȓȐ"ª
ǷȘȖȝȖȌȐȚ ȟȈș ȌȘțȋȖȑ ǭșȓȐ ȉȣ ȒȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ Ȋȏȋȓȧȕțȓ ȕȈ
ȕȐȝ Ȗȕ ȕȍ șțȔȍȓ ȉȣ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ — ȎȐȊȣ ȖȕȐ ȐȓȐ țȔȍȘȓȐ ȚȈȒ
ȖȉȈ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȍȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȣ
ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȌȣȝȈȕȐȍ ȉȖȓȤȕȖȑ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ Ȋșȍ ȚȧȎȍȓȍȍ DzȘȈș-
ȕȣȍ ȗȧȚȕȈ ȕȈ ȓȉț ȋȖȘȧȚ Ȋșȍ ȧȘȟȍ ǶȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ, ȉȖȓȍȏȕȤ ȐȌȍȚ
ȊȗȍȘȍȌ
ǪȖȚ ǵȈȌȍȎȌȈ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȕȈ ȗȖȠȍȊȍȓȐȓȈșȤ ǶȕȈ ȗȖȌȕȧ-
ȓȈ ȘțȒț Ȑ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ ȔȧȚȤ ȊȖȘȖȚ ȘțȉȈȠȒȐ ȗȈȓȤȞȈȔȐ ȚȈȒȐȔȐ
Ȏȍ ȉȍȓȣȔȐ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȓȖȚȕȖ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȚȖȎȍ ȊșȚȘȍȗȍȕțȓșȧ Ƕȕ
ȊȋȓȧȌȣȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȕȍȍ ȗȣȚȈȧșȤ ȘȈȏȋȈȌȈȚȤ șțȌȤȉț
ǭȋȖ ȋȓȈȏȈ țȎȍ ȌȈȊȕȖ ȗȘȐȊȣȒȠȐȍ Ȓ ȗȖȓțȚȤȔȍ ȊȐȌȧȚ ȟȚȖ
ȕȈ ȓȐȞȍ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ ȐȋȘȈȍȚ ȕȍȎȕȈȧ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȎȈȓȖȉȕȈȧ țȓȣȉ-
ȒȈ ǶȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ ȘȈșȒȈȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȉȘȍȌ șȔȍȕȐȓșȧ ȋȘȍȏȈȔȐ
ǶȕȈ ȏȈȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȈ ǺȐȝȖ ȚȐȝȖ ȒȈȒ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ ȊȓȦȉȓȍȕȕȣȍ
ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ ȕȈ țȝȖ ȊȖȏȓȦȉȓȍȕȕȖȔț șȘȍȌȐ ȚȤȔȣ Ȑ ȚȐȠȐȕȣ Ȋȍ-
șȍȕȕȍȑ ȕȖȟȐ
ǪȔȍșȚȍ ș ȍȍ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ ȌȖ șȓțȝȈ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ ȌȖȕȖșȐȚșȧ ȔțȎ-
șȒȖȍ ȐȔȧ

144
— ǹȈȠȈ — ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȖȕȈ. — ǹȈȠȈ Țȣ ȓȦȉȐȠȤ ȔȐȓȣȑ"
ǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȖȒȈȔȍȕȍȓ ȊȍșȤ șȒȖȘȟȐȊȠȐșȤ șțȌȖȘȖȎ-
ȕȖ șȎȈȊ ȘțȒȈȔȐ ȒȘȈȑ ȗȖșȚȍȓȐ dzȐȞȖ ȍȋȖ ȐșȒȈȏȐȓȖșȤ ȒȈȒ ȖȚ
șȐȓȤȕȖȑ ȉȖȓȐ
DzȚȖ ȥȚȖȚ ǹȈȠȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȖȕȈ ȏȖȊȍȚ ȕȈ ȗȖȘȖȋȍ șȔȍȘȚȐ" ǭȔț
ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȐȚ ȍȍ ȌțȠȈ ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ, ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȐȚ Ȑ ȚȍȓȖ"
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȏȈȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȍȚ ȌȣȝȈȕȐȍ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȘȖȕȐȚȤ ȕȐ
șȓȖȊȈ
Ǩ ȋȖȓȖș ȍȍ ȏȊțȟȐȚ ȍȡȍ ȕȍȎȕȍȍ DzȈȎȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȕȍ Ȗș-
ȚȈȓȖșȤ țȎȍ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȗȓȖȚșȒȖȋȖ
— ǹȈȠȈ ȓȦȉȐȔȣȑ ȔȖȑ ǪȍȌȤ Țȣ ȏȕȈȍȠȤ ȟȚȖ ȚȖȉȖȦ ȚȖ-
ȓȤȒȖ ȧ ȎȐȊț Ȑ ȌȣȠț ǪȍȌȤ Țȣ ȟțȊșȚȊțȍȠȤ ȥȚȖ" ȕȍ ȗȘȈȊȌȈ ȓȐ,
ȝȖȘȖȠȐȑ" ǷȘȐȌȐ Ȏȍ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ ǵy, ȗȖȌȖȑȌȐ ȇ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȌȖȚȘȖ-
ȕțȚȤșȧ ȌȖ ȚȊȖȍȑ ȘțȒȐ ȇ ȎȈȎȌț ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȘȐȒȖșȕȖȊȍȕȐȧ — Ȕȕȍ
șȘȈȏț șȚȈȕȍȚ ȓȍȋȟȍ
ǭȍ ȘȖȚ ȗȖȓțȘȈșȒȘȣȚ ǷțȘȗțȘȖȊȣȍ ȋțȉȣ ȋȘȍȏȧȚ șȘȍȌȐ ȉȘȍ-
ȌȈ Ȗ ȗȖȞȍȓțȧȝ
ǪȌȘțȋ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȕȈȒȓȖȕȧȍȚșȧ șȋȐȉȈȍȚșȧ, ȒȈȒ ȗȖȌȒȘȈȌȣȊȈȦ-
ȡȐȑșȧ ȏȊȍȘȤ, Ȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ:
— ȇ ȏȌȍșȤ ȧ ȚȊȖȑ ȓȦȉȓȦ Țȍȉȧ
ǰ Ȗȕ ȟțȊșȚȊțȍȚ ȗȖȎȈȚȐȍ ȍȍ ȘțȒȐ ǿțȊșȚȊțȍȚ ȒȈȒ ȚȖȕȒȐȍ
ȋȖȘȧȟȐȍ ȗȈȓȤȞȣ ȗȍȘȍȗȓȍȚȈȦȚșȧ ș ȍȋȖ ȗȈȓȤȞȈȔȐ
ǹȒȓȖȕȧȍȚ șȊȖȦ ȉȍȏȖȉȘȈȏȕțȦ ȋȖȓȖȊț Ȓ ȕȍȑ ȕȈ ȋȘțȌȤ Ȑ ȓȖ-
ȊȐȚ ȕȖȊȣȍ șȓȖȊȈ ȓȈșȒȐ ȕȍȎȕȖșȚȐ țȗȖȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȖȊȚȖ-
ȘȧȍȚ țȔȐȘȈȦȡȈȧ
Ƕȕ ȒȘȈȌȍȚ ȥȚȐ șȓȖȊȈ Ȑ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȈȍȚșȧ ȐȔȐ ȚȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȖȕȐ
ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȈȚ ȍȔț ȗȖ ȗȘȈȊț
ǩȘȍȌ ȖȊȓȈȌȍȊȈȍȚ Ȑ ȐȔ Ƕȕ ȗȘȐȗȈȌȈȍȚ Ȓ ȋțȉȈȔ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ
ȗȤȍȚ ȎȈȘ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȖȕȐ ȌȣȠȈȚ ǫȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȍȑ Ȋșȍ șȚȘȈșȚȕȣȍ
ȘȍȟȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȓ Ȓ ȕȍȑ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈȏ ȊȖ ȚȤȔȍ ȖȌȐȕȖ-
ȒȐȝ ȉȍșșȖȕȕȣȝ ȕȖȟȍȑ
ǶȉȊȐȊȈȍȚ ȍȍ ȘțȒȈȔȐ șȊȖȦ ȠȍȦ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȒȈȒ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȖșȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȓȈșȒȐ, ȗȘȍȌȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕȕȣȍ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȔț șȖȗȍȘȕȐ-
Ȓț Ƕȕ țȗȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȉȍȏțȔȕȖȑ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤȦ Ȋ ȍȍ ȘȈșȒȈȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȖȉȢȧ-
ȚȐȧȝ ș ȏȈȚțȔȈȕȍȕȕȖȑ ȋȖȓȖȊȖȑ ș ȉȍȠȍȕȖ ȉȤȦȡȐȔșȧ șȍȘȌ-
ȞȍȔǶȕ ȕȍ ȌțȔȈȍȚ ȕȐ Ȗ ȟȍȔ ǵȍ ȌțȔȈȍȚ ȌȈȎȍ Ȗ ȍȍ ȎȐȏȕȐ

145
ǪȌȘțȋ ǵȈȌȍȎȌȈ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȕȈ ȗȖȌȕȧȓȈșȤ Ȑ ș ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕ-
ȕȖȦ șȐȓȖȦ ȖȚȉȘȖșȐȓȈ ȖȚ șȍȉȧ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ
ǭȍ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȓșȧ ȕȈ ȕȍȔ, ȗȖȓȕȣȑ țȎȈșȈ ȖȚȊȘȈȡȍ-
ȕȐȧǴȐȕțȚț ȖȕȈ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȈșȤ ȕȍȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȖȑ ȒȖȔȒȈȧ șțȌȖȘȖȎ-
ȕȣȔȐ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȗȈȓȤȞȍȊ ȖȌȍȧȓȖ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȊȖșȒȓȐȒȕțȓȈ
— ǶȗȧȚȤ Ȗȕ ȗȈțȒ șȚȘȈȠȕȣȑ ȟțȌȖȊȐȡȕȣȑ, Ȗ Ȗ Ȗ
DzȘȐȒ ȗȍȘȍȠȍȓ Ȋ șȚȖȕ Ȋ ȗȖȘȣȊȐșȚȣȍ ȊșȝȓȐȗȣȊȈȕȐȧ ǶȕȈ
ȖȗȘȖȒȐȕțȓȈșȤ ȕȈȊȏȕȐȟȤ Ȑ ȏȈȉȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ șȚȘȈȠȕȖȑ șțȌȖȘȖȋȍ
ǷȖȚȖȔ ȘȈȏȌȈȓșȧ ȝȘȐȗ ȓȐȞȖ ȍȍ ȐșȒȈȏȐȓȖșȤ ȍȡȍ ȖȌȕȈ ȚȈ-
ȒȈȧ șțȌȖȘȖȋȈ Ȑ ǵȈȌȍȎȌȣ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȕȣ ȕȍ șȚȈȓȖ
ǭȍ șȊȍȚȓȈȧ ȘȈȌȖșȚȕȈȧ ȌțȠȈ ȊȣȘȊȈȓȈșȤ Ȑȏ ȒȖȋȚȍȑ ȟțȔȣ
Ȑ ȉȘȍȌȈ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȌȖ șȓȍȌțȦȡȍȋȖ țȚȘȈ ȗȘȖȉȣȓ ȕȈȍȌȐȕȍ ș ȚȘțȗȖȔ
ǿȚȖ Ȗȕ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȗȍȘȍȎȐȓ — ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ
ǵȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȌȍȕȤ Ȗȕ ȗȖȒȐȕțȓ ȌȖȔ DzȘȍșȚȖȊșȒȖȑ
Ȋșȍ ȓȐȞȖ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȌȍȘȋȐȊȈȓȖșȤ șțȌȖȘȖȎȕȣȔ șȔȍȝȖȔ
ǸȈȏȔȈȝȐȊȈȧ ȘțȒȈȔȐ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȉȖȘȔȖȟȈ ȗȘȖ șȍȉȧ Ȗȕ ȚȖ Ȑ
ȌȍȓȖ ȗȖȋȓȧȌȣȊȈȓ ȕȈ ȕȍȉȖ Ȑ șȔȍȧȓșȧ, ȐȏȌȈȊȈȧ ȏȊțȒȐ ȗȖȝȖ-
ȎȐȍ ȕȈ șȖȉȈȟȐȑ ȓȈȑ
X
ǵȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȟțȔȈ șȊȐȘȍȗșȚȊȖȊȈȓȈ ș ȕȍșȓȣȝȈȕ-
ȕȖȦ șȐȓȖȑ Ȑ Ȟȍȓȣȑ ȘȧȌ ȒȘȍșȚȕȣȝ ȝȖȌȖȊ Ȑ ȔȖȓȍȉșȚȊȐȑ ȕȍ
ȗȘȐȕȍș ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȕȍȍ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȑ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ ȗȘȖșȚȖȕȈȘȖȌȤȍ ȗȖ Ȕȍ-
Șȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȒȈȒ ȋȖȘȍ Ȑ ȓȐȠȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈȓȐ Ȋșȍ ȖȝȖȚȕȍȍ ȗȘȐ-
ȉȍȋȈȓȖ Ȓ ǩȖȋț
Dz ȒȖȕȞț ȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȐ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȖȍ ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ ȌȖșȚȐȋȓȖ
șȊȖȍȑ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȤȠȍȑ șȐȓȣ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ, ȗȖȌ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍȔ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȖȑ ȘȍȈȒȞȐȐ ȗȖșȓȍ ȗȖȋȘȖȔȖȊ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȗȘȍșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȑ ȘȈȏ-
ȕțȏȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȚȖȓȗȣ
ǰȏȓȦȉȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȔȖșȒȖȊșȒȐȍ șȊȧȚȣȕȐ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȗȖȓȤ-
ȏȖȊȈȓȐșȤ ȚȈȒȐȔ țșȗȍȝȖȔ, ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȥȚȖ ȟȍȘȕȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ǺȖȘȎȍșȚ-
Ȋȍȕȕȣȍ ȔȖȓȍȉșȚȊȐȧ Ȋ ǰȊȍȘșȒȖȑ ȟȈșȖȊȕȍ șȖȉȐȘȈȓȐ ȌȍșȧȚȒȐ
Țȣșȧȟ ȉȖȋȖȔȖȓȤȞȍȊ Ǫ ȌȕȐ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȐ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȓȐ Ȋșȧ ȗȓȖ-

146
ȡȈȌȤ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȟȈșȖȊȕȍȦ ȉȣȓȈ ȏȈȓȐȚȈ ȕȈȘȖȌȖȔ
ǹȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ȗȖ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊț ȗȘȖșȚȖȕȈȘȖȌȤȍ — ȜȈȉȘȐȟ-
ȕȣȍ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȍ ȐȏȊȖȏȟȐȒȐ ȒȘȍșȚȤȧȕȍ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȟțȔȈ ȏȈșȚȈȓȈ
Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ ȘȈȏȕȖșȟȐȒȐ Ȑ ȔȍȓȖȟȕȣȍ ȓȈȊȖȟȕȐȒȐ, ȌȍȓȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ
ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȓȐșȤ ȔȈșșȈ ȉȈȉ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȌȍȚȍȑ șȓȖȊȖȔ, ȚȈ Ȏȍ
ȚȖȓȗȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȥȚȐȔ ȕȈȊȖȌȕȧȓȈ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȉȍȏȣ-
șȝȖȌȕȣȑ țȎȈș ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ șȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȌȖȊȍȓ ȌȖ ȏȊȍȘșȒȖȋȖ șȖș-
ȚȖȧȕȐȧ Ȉ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȗȖȉțȌȐȓ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȚȤșȧ Ȓ ǩȖȋț
ǰ ȝȖȚȧ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ Ȑȏ ȔȖȓȧȡȐȝșȧ ȐȔȍȓȐ ȏȈȗȧȚȕȈȕȕȣȍ ȒȘȖ-
ȊȤȦ ȘțȒȐ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȈȧ ȌȍȚșȒȈȧ ȊȍȘȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȘȈȏȓȐȚȈ Ȋ ȋȘțȗ-
ȗȈȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȒȖȓȍȕȖȗȘȍȒȓȖȕȍȕȕȣȝ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȟȈșȖȊȕȐ
ǫȓțȉȖȒȖȍ țȔȐȓȍȕȐȍ ȖȝȊȈȚȣȊȈȓȖ Ȋșȍȝ, ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȑȏ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȣȝ
ȌȊȍȘȍȑ ȌȖȕȖșȐȓșȧ ȔȖȓȐȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȊȖȏȋȓȈș șȊȧȡȍȕȕȐȒȈ ȐȓȐ
ȊȣȘȣȊȈȓȐșȤ șȐȏȣȍ Ȓȓțȉȣ ȜȐȔȐȈȔȈ
Ǫșȧ ȚȖȓȗȈ ȒȖȓȣȝȈȓȈșȤ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȖȝȊȈȟȍȕȕȈȧ ȖȌȕȖȦ ȔȣșȓȤȦ,
ȖȌȕȐȔ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȔ
ǵȈ Ȋșȍȝ ȓȐȞȈȝ ȉȣȓȖ Ȗȉȡȍȍ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȚȣșȧȟȐ ȋȖȓȖ-
șȖȊ ȠȍȗȚȈȓȐ ȖȌȕȐ Ȑ Țȍ Ȏȍ șȓȖȊȈ
ǵȈșȚțȗȐȓ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȘȈșȗȧȚȣȑ ȌȊȍ ȚȣșȧȟȐ
ȓȍȚ ȚȖȔț ȕȈȏȈȌ ȏȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȊșȚțȗȐȓ Ȋ ȉȖȘȤȉț ș ȎȍșȚȖȒȐȔȐ ȏȈ-
ȒȖȕȈȔȐ ȎȐȏȕȐ șȕȖȊȈ șȖȊȍȘȠȈȓ ȟțȌȖ ȊȣȘȣȊȈȧ ȓȦȌșȒȐȍ Ȍț-
ȠȐ Ȑȏ ȚȐșȒȖȊ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȉȍȎȌȈȧ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ Ȕȍȟ-
ȚȖȦǰȏ ȚȍȔȕȖȑ ȕȈȗȖȓȕȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȋȖȕȤȒȈȔȐ șȊȍȟȍȑ ȋȓțȉȐȕȣ ȔȈ-
ȓȍȕȤȒȖȑ ȟȈșȖȊȕȐ șȓȖȊȕȖ șȗȘȧȚȈȊȠȍȑșȧ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȧȎȍȓȣȔȐ
ȏȌȈȕȐȧȔȐ ǫȖȘȖȌșȒȖȑ ȌțȔȣ Ȑ ǰșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ Ȕțȏȍȧ ȐșȝȖȌȐȓ
ȟțȌȍșȕȣȑ ȚȖȒ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȧȊȠȐȑșȧ ȌȖ șȈȔȣȝ ȖȚȌȈȓȍȕȕȣȝ
țȋȓȖȊ ȗȓȖȡȈȌȐ ȌȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ ȘȧȌȖȊ ȔȖȓȧȡȐȝșȧ
Ƕȕ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȈȓ ȓȦȌȧȔ ȗȖȚȍȘȧȕȕțȦ ȕȈȌȍȎȌț ȊȣȏȣȊȈȓ Ȋ
ȕȐȝ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȗ ȟȍȔ-ȚȖ ȝȖȘȖȠȍȔ Ȑ șȊȍȚȓȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȘȈȏȓȐ-
ȚȖ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȗȖȊșȦȌț ȕȖ ȟȍȋȖ ȖȕȐ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȓȐ
ǫȖȓȖȌ Ȑ șȔȍȘȚȤ țȎȈș Ȑ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȐȍ șȗȘȧȚȈȊȠȐșȤ Ȋ ȖȒȘț-
ȎȈȦȡȐȝ țȓȐȞȈȝ ȗȖȌȎȐȌȈȓȐ ȉȖȋȖȔȖȓȤȞȍȊ ȕȈ Ȑȝ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȚȕȖȔ
ȗțȚȐ ǵȈ ȗȓȖȡȈȌȐ Ȏȍ Ȍȓȧ ȕȐȝ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȔȍșȚȈ ǺȈȔ șȖȉȐȘȈ-
ȓȐșȤ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȖȌ ȋȐȗȕȖȏȖȔ ȊȍȘȣ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚȤ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤ-
ȒȖ ȔȐȕțȚ ȏȈȉȊȍȕȐȧ
ǪȖȚ ȒȈȒțȦ ȒȈȘȚȐȕț ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȓȈ ȗȓȖȡȈȌȤ ȗȍȘȍȌ ǰȊȍȘ-
șȒȐȔȐ ȊȖȘȖȚȈȔȐ țȚȘȖȔ, ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȌȍȕȤ ȗȖșȓȍ șȔȍȘȚȐ ǵȈ-

147
ȌȍȎȌȣ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȕȣ ȒȖȋȌȈ șȦȌȈ ȏȈȉȘȍȓ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ
ǷȍȘȍȌ ȥȚȐȔ Ȗȕ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȝȖȌȐȓ ȗȖ ȋȖȘȖȌț șȓȖȊȕȖ ȓțȕȈȚȐȒ
ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȧ ȋȌȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚșȧ
ǷȖȥȚȖȔț țȊȐȌȈȊ ȚȖȓȗț Ȗȕ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȓșȧ Ȑ ȕȍ ȉȍȏ țșȐȓȐȧ
șȚȈȓ șȖȖȉȘȈȎȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ
ǪȍȚȍȘ ȌȖȕȖșȐȓ ȌȖ ȕȍȋȖ ȖȚȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȦȡȐȑ ȏȈȗȈȝ ȗȖȚȈ Ȑ ȋȘȧȏ-
ȕȖȑ ȖȌȍȎȌȣ Ƕȉȡȍȍ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ ȋțșȚȖȑ ȔȈșșȣ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȉȣȓȖ
ȚȈȒȖȍ ȉțȌȚȖ Ȋșȧ ȗȓȖȡȈȌȤ ȏȈȊȈȓȍȕȈ ȋȘțȌȈȔȐ șȍȘȣȝ ȓȖȝȔȖ-
ȚȤȍȊ
ǪȘȍȔȧ ȖȚ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȥȚȐ ȓȖȝȔȖȚȤȧ ȖȎȐȊȈȓȐ ȊȏȔȈȝȐȊȈȓȐ
ȚȣșȧȟȐ ȘțȒ șȖȊȍȘȠȈȧ ȒȘȍșȚȕȖȍ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȘȧȌȣ ȋȖȓȖȊ șȒȓȖ-
ȕȧȓȐșȤ ȒȈȒ șȒȓȖȕȧȦȚșȧ ȊȖȓȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȖ ȒȖȓȖșȤȧ Ȋ ȗȖȓȍ ȗȖȌ
ȗȖȘȣȊȈȔȐ ȊȍȚȘȈ
ǰȏ ȉȓȐȎȈȑȠȐȝ ȘȧȌȖȊ ȌȖȕȖșȐȓȐșȤ ȊȏȌȖȝȐ Ȑ ȉȖȘȔȖȚȈȕȐȍ
ǴȖȓȐȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ șȓȖȊ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȉȣȓȖ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȐȚȤ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ ȎțȎ-
ȎȈȕȐȍ ȋȖȓȖșȖȊ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ șȔȍȠȕȣȔ Ȑ ȉȍșșȔȣșȓȍȕȕȣȔ
ǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ șȔȖȚȘȍȓ șȓțȠȈȓ Ȑ țȓȣȉȈȓșȧ ǹțȔȈȠȍȌȠȈȧ
ȔȣșȓȤ ȧȊȐȓȈșȤ ț ȕȍȋȖ Ȋ ȋȖȓȖȊȍ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȏȈȉȓȍ-
șȚȍȚȤ ȕȖ Ȗȕ ȍȡȍ ȘȈȏȌțȔȣȊȈȓ Ȑ ȕȍ ȘȍȠȈȓșȧ
ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȗȖȒȖȘȐȊȠȐșȤ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȠȍȑ ȐȌȍȍ șȓȖȊȕȖ
Ȋ ȗȖȘȣȊȍ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȍȕȐȧ Ȗȕ ȌȊȐȕțȓșȧ Ȋ ȚȖȓȗț Ȑ ȕȈȟȈȓ ȗȘȖȚȈȓ-
ȒȐȊȈȚȤșȧ ȊȗȍȘȍȌ
Ǫșȍ ȒȖȋȖ Ȗȕ ȚȖȓȒȈȓ, ȋȘțȉȖ ȗȘȖȚȍșȚȖȊȈȓȐ ȕȖ Ȗȕ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ
ȕȍ șȓȣȠȈȓ Ȑ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȟȕȖ ȗȘȖȌȐȘȈȓșȧ ȔȍȎȌț șȓȍȌțȦ-
ȡȐȔȐ ȘȧȌȈȔȐ ǹ ȊȣșȖȒȖ ȗȖȌȕȧȚȖȦ ȋȖȓȖȊȖȑ șȖ șȔȍȦȡȐȔșȧ
ȓȐȞȖȔ Ȑ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȐȔȐ ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ Ȗȕ Ȋșȍ ȋȓțȉȎȍ ȊȘȍȏȣȊȈȓșȧ Ȋ
ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒțȦ ȔȈșșț ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȧ ȏȈ șȖȉȖȦ ȘȖȗȖȚ ȕȍȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚ-
ȊȈ ǹȒȖȘȖ Ȗȕ Ȑșȟȍȏ ȏȈ ȘȧȌȈȔȐ șȗȐȕ Ȑ ȋȖȓȖȊ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȗȘȖȋȓȖ-
ȟȍȕȕȣȑ ȚȖȓȗȖȦ
ǴȖȓȍȉȍȕ, ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ, ȒȖȕȟȈȓșȧ ǷȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȊȖȏȋȓȈșȣ ȏȈ-
ȔȖȓȒȓȐ Ȋ ȟȈșȖȊȕȍ șȊȍȟȐ ȕȈȟȈȓȐ ȋȈșȕțȚȤ ǵȈ șȚțȗȍȕȧȝ ȗȖȒȈ-
ȏȈȓșȧ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȐȒ ȗȖșȣȓȈȧ ȊȖ Ȋșȍ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȉȓȈȋȖșȓȖȊȍȕȐȧ
ȧȘȒȖ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȐȔ ȒȘȍșȚȖȔ
ǯȈȌȕȐȍ ȘȧȌȣ țȎȍ ȕȈȟȈȓȐ ȘȈșȝȖȌȐȚȤșȧ țȕȖșȧ Ȋ ȌțȠȍ Ȗȉ-
ȓȍȋȟȈȦȡȍȍ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȍ Ȗ șȊȍȚȓȣȝ ȔȐȕțȚȈȝ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕ-
ȕȣȝ ȕȈ ȗȓȖȡȈȌȐ ǵȖ ȗȍȘȍȌȕȐȍ ȘȧȌȣ ȕȈȖȉȖȘȖȚ șȖȔȒȕțȓȐșȤ
Țȍșȕȍȍ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ, ȒȖȋȌȈ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȐȒ țȠȍȓ ȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȔȍșȚȍ ȗȖ-
ȧȊȐȓșȧ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ Ȑ ȗȘȖȚȧȕțȊȠȐ ȘțȒț ȋȘȖȔȒȖ ȏȈȒȘȐȟȈȓ

148
— ǹȚȖȑȚȍ ȇ ȝȖȟț ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ
ǹțȔȈșȠȍȌȠȐȍ Ȋ Țț ȗȖȘț ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȓȐșȤ ȗȖȊșȦȌț Ȑ ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ
ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓ ȉȣ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ ȕȍ ȗȖȘȈȎȈȦȡȍȍ
țȘȖȌșȚȊȖ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ Ȑ ȕȍ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ șȚȘȈȠȕȖȑ șȐȓȣ Ȑ ȏȓȖ-
ȉȣ ȒȈȒȐȔ ȌȣȠȈȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȜȐȋțȘȈ
— ǹȚȖȑȚȍ — ȗȖȊȚȖȘȐȓ Ȗȕ, Ȑ ȚȖȓȗȈ ȏȈȔȍȘȓȈ ȕȍȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȌ-
ȟȐȕȧȧșȤ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȊȍȓȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȔț ȋȖȓȖșț
ǺȖȋȌȈ ș ȊȣșȖȚȣ șȚțȗȍȕȍȑ ȟȈșȖȊȕȐ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȕȈȟȈȓ ȋȖȊȖ-
ȘȐȚȤ șȊȖȦ ȘȍȟȤ ǹȓȖȊȈ ȍȋȖ ȋȘȍȔȍȓȐ Ȑ ȏȊțȟȈȓȐ ȗȖ ȗȓȖȡȈȌȐ
ȌȖȓȍȚȈȧ ȌȖ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ Ȑȏ șȓțȠȈȚȍȓȍȑ
— ǹȓțȠȈȑȚȍ, Ȋȣ ȋȖȓȖȌȕȣȍ ȗȖȓțȎȐȊȣȍ ȖȚ șȚȘȈȝȈ ȗȖȒ-
ȓȖȕȕȐȒȐ ǩȖȋȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ șȔȍȍȚșȧ ȕȈȌ ȊȈȠȐȔȐ șȚȘȈȌȈȕȐȧȔȐ
ȇ șȒȈȎț ȊȈȔ ȚȈȒțȦ ȗȘȈȊȌț ȒȈȒȖȑ ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ șȓȣ-
ȠȈȓ Ȑ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ șȓȣȠȈȚȤ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ Ȑ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȌȘț-
ȋȖȋȖ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊȈ
Ƕȕ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȓșȧ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȍȘȍȊȍșȚȐ Ȍțȝ DzȘȖȊȤ ȉȘȖșȐȓȈșȤ
ȍȔț Ȋ ȋȖȓȖȊț ȖȚ ȕȈȗȘȧȎȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȒȘȐȒȈ Ǩ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ, ȗȖ ȗȓȖ-
ȡȈȌȐ ȗȘȖȉȍȎȈȓ șȔȍȠȈȕȕȣȑ ȋȖȊȖȘ ǵȈȠȓȐșȤ ȓȦȌȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ
ȏȕȈȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȜȈȔȐȓȐȦ
ǹȓȣȠȈȓȐșȤ ȋȖȓȖșȈ
— DzȚȖ ȥȚȖ" ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ" DzȚȖ Ȗȕ" ǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ" ǬȖȒȚȖȘ" ǬȈ
ȌȖȒȚȖȘ
ǵȖ șȍȑȟȈș Ȏȍ șȕȖȊȈ ȏȈȏȊțȟȈȓȈ ȘȍȟȤ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ
— ȇ ȗȘȐȠȍȓ șȦȌȈ ȓȦȌȐ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȉȘȖșȐȚȤ ȊȈȔ Ȋ ȓȐȞȖ șȊȖȍ
ȗȘȍȏȘȍȕȐȍ șȊȖȦ ȕȍȕȈȊȐșȚȤ ȇ ȕȍȕȈȊȐȎț ȊȈș ȌȈȊȕȖ ȕȍȕȈȊȐ-
Ȏț ȊȈȠȍ ȋȘȧȏȕȖȍ ȋȓțȗȖȍ șȚȈȌȖ ǵȍȕȈȊȐȎț ȏȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐ-
ȕȈȌȓȍȎț Ȓ ȊȈȔ, ȕȍȕȈȊȐȎț ȏȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȝȖȎ ȕȈ ȊȈș
ǰ ȊȖȚ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȖȚȍȠȐȚȤ șȊȖȦ ȕȍȕȈȊȐșȚȤ ȧ șȒȈȎț
ȊȈȔ, ȖȚȒțȌȈ ȊȏȧȓȈșȤ ȟțȔȈ
ǴȖȍ ȔȡȍȕȐȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ ȕȍ ȗȖȓȕȖ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ ȧ ȕȍ șȒȈȏȈȓ ȥȚȖ-
ȋȖ ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȋȣ țȏȕȈȍȚȍ, ȒȚȖ ȗȖȘȈȏȐȓ ȊȈș ȉȐȟȖȔ ȧ ȉțȌț
șȔȍȧȚȤșȧ ȒȈȒ șȓȍȌțȍȚ
Ƕȕ șȕȖȊȈ ȉȣȓ ȗȘȐȕțȎȌȍȕ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȗȍȘȍȘȣȊ ǺȖȓȗȈ ȊȖȓ-
ȕȖȊȈȓȈșȤ Ȑ ȒȐȗȍȓȈ ǷȍȘȍȌȕȐȍ ȘȧȌȣ ȗȖȌȖȠȓȐ ȊȗȓȖȚȕțȦ Ȓ
șȚțȗȍȕȧȔ ǪșȦȌț ȘȈȏȌȈȊȈȓȐșȤ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȣ ȖȉȢȧșȕȍȕȐȧ ȌȖȋȈȌ-
ȒȐ
— ǿȚȖ șȒȈȏȈȓ" ǿȚȖ Ȗȕ ȗțșȚȐȓ ȏȈȘȈȏț"
— ǬȈ ȕȍȚ Ȏȍ — ȊȍȌȤ ȊȐȌȐȚȍ, Ȗȕ șțȔȈșȠȍȌȠȐȑ

149
— ǿȚȖ ȍȔț șȚȖȐȚ ǵȍȌȈȘȖȔ ȌȖȒȚȖȘ ǬȖȒȚȖȘȈ ȊșȍȋȌȈ
— ǿȍȋȖ Ȗȕ ȉȖȋȖȝțȓȤșȚȊțȍȚ". ǷȘȖȟȤ ȍȋȖ. ȘȈșȚȖȗȚȈȚȤ ȥȚȖ
șȈȔ ȌȤȧȊȖȓ ǵȍȌȈȘȖȔ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȘȖȎȈ ȚȈȒȈȧ
— ǬȤȧȊȖȓ ȌȤȧȊȖȓ — ȊȣȒȘȐȒȐȊȈȓȈ ȒȈȒȈȧ-ȚȖ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ
ȟțȊșȚȊțȧ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȍȕȐȍ ȥȗȐȓȍȗȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȐȗȈȌȒȈ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ șȖȉȘȈȓșȧ ș șȐȓȈȔȐ Ȑ ȗȖȌȖȠȍȓ Ȓ ȒȘȈȦ
ȊȖȏȊȣȠȍȕȐȧ Ƕȕ ȉȣȓ ȒȘȈșȍȕ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȕȍȘȊ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȌȘȖȎȈȓ
ȖȚ ȊȍșȍȓȖȋȖ Ȑ ȎțȚȒȖȋȖ ȕȈȗȘȧȎȍȕȐȧ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȖȋȖ ȚȍȔ ȒȚȖ șȖ-
ȊȍȘȠȈȓ ȉȍȏțȔșȚȊȈ
ǫȖȓȖș ȍȋȖ, ȍȡȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȚȊȍȘȌȣȑ Ȑ ȋȘȖȔȒȐȑ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ ȘȈȏ
ȗȖȒȘȣȓ ȠțȔ ȚȖȓȗȣ Ȑ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȓ șȍȉȧ șȓțȠȈȚȤ
— ȅȚȖ ȧ ȧ șȖȏȌȈȓ Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ ȟțȔț ȇ șȊȖȍȦ ȊȓȈșȚȤȦ ȗȘȍ-
ȌȈȓ ȊȈș șȔȍȘȚȐ Ȑ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȐȦ ȇ ȐșȚȘȍȉȐȓ ȊȈȠȐȝ ȌȍȚȍȑ ȊȈ-
ȠȐȝ ȘȖȌȕȣȝ ȊȈȠȐȝ ȌȘțȏȍȑ ȇ șȊȍȓ ș țȔȈ șȚȖȓȤȒȐȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȇ
ȚȍȘȏȈȓ Ȑ ȔțȟȐȓ Ȋșȍȝ ȊȈș șȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ
Ǫșȍ, țȔȍȘȠȐȍ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ țȉȐȚȣ ȔȕȖȦ Ǫșȍ ȒȚȖ țȔȘȍȚ ȌȖ
ȒȖȕȞȈ ȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȐ ȉțȌțȚ țȉȐȚȣ ȚȖȎȍ ȔȕȖȦ
ȇ șȖȏȌȈȓ ȊȖșȗȐȚȈȓ ȖȚȘȈȊț ț șȍȉȧ Ȑ ȕȈȗȖȓȕȐȓ ȍȦ ȊȖȏȌțȝ
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ Ȋȣ ȌȣȠȐȚȍ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȊȖȓȧ ȔȖȧ șȖȊȍȘȠȐȓȈșȤ Ǫȣ ȉțȌȍȚȍ țȔȐȘȈȚȤ Ȑ ȕȐ-
ȒȚȖ ȕȐȒȚȖ ȌȈȎȍ ǩȖȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț Ȋȣ ȗȖȒȓȖȕȧȍȚȍșȤ, ȕȍ șȗȈșȍȚ
ȊȈșǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ șȌȍȓȈȓ ȘȍȏȒȐȑ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȦȡȐȑ ȎȍșȚ ȗȖ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍ-
ȕȐȦ Ȓ ȕȍȉț
ǫȓțȝȖȑ ȋțȓ șȔȍȕȐȓ ȚȐȠȐȕț ȊȖȞȈȘȐȊȠțȦșȧ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȍȋȖ
ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ șȓȖȊ dzȦȌȐ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȗȖȊȍȘȐȚȤ ȕȍȖȉȣȟȈȑȕȖȔț
ȗȘȐȏȕȈȕȐȦ ȕȖ ȗȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȖ ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ ȚȖȓȗȣ șȚȈȓȖ ȔȍȕȧȚȤ-
șȧ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ șȊȖȍȦ ȌȤȧȊȖȓȤșȒȖȦ ȊȕȍȠȕȖșȚȤȦ șȊȖȐȔ ȕȍȘȊȕȣȔ
ȗȖȌȢȍȔȖȔ ȊȚȧȕțȓ ȍȍ Ȋ Țț ȖȉȓȈșȚȤ ȕȍȖȉȣȟȈȑȕȖȋȖ ȋȌȍ ȒȖȕȟȈȦȚ-
șȧ ȗȘȈȊȈ ȘȈșșțȌȒȈ Ȑ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȦȚșȧ ȗȘȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȚȍȔȗȍȘȈȔȍȕȚȈ
șȓȍȗȣȍ ȌȐȒȐȍ ȗȖȘȣȊȣ
Ǫșȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ Ȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ șȓȣȠȈȓȖșȤ ȕȍȋȖȌțȦȡȐȝ ȒȘȐȒȖȊ
— ǰțȌȈ țȉȐȚȤ ȌȤȧȊȖȓ
ǺȖȓȗȈ ȠțȔȍȓȈ ȘȍȊȍȓȈ ȌȍȓȈȓȈ țȋȘȖȎȈȦȡȐȍ ȎȍșȚȣ ȕȖ
ȍȡȍ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȈșȤ ȕȍȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȖȑ
ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ șȔȖȚȘȍȓ ȕȈ ȕȍȍ șȊȍȘȝț ȊȕȐȏ ș țȓȣȉȒȖȦ ȕȈ ȋțȉȈȝ
șȓȖȊȕȖ ȟȍȋȖ-ȚȖ ȖȎȐȌȈȧ

ǷȖȚȖȔ Ȗȕ șȗțșȚȐȓșȧ ȕȈ ȌȊȍ șȚțȗȍȕȤȒȐ Ȑ ȖȉȣȟȕȣȔ, ȕȍ-
ȋȘȖȔȒȐȔ ȋȖȓȖșȖȔ ȗȘȖȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ:
— ǵȍ ȏȈȉțȌȤȚȍ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȊȈȠȐȔ ȌȍȚȧȔ, ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȧ ǽȘȍȉ-
ȚȖȊ șȖȏȌȈȓ ȟțȔț Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ
ȅȚȈ ȜȘȈȏȈ ȍȋȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȦ ǹȖ Ȋșȍȝ șȚȖȘȖȕ ȕȈȌȊȐȋȈ-
ȓȐșȤ ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ ȘȈȏȢȧȘȍȕȕȣȍ ȓȦȌȐ ǩȍȏțȔȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ Ȗȕ ȌȘȈȏ-
ȕȐȓ Ȋ ȚȖȓȗȍ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȊșȗȣȝȕțȓȖ șȖ șȚȘȈȠȕȖȦ șȐȓȖȦ
Ǫșȍ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊțȦȡȐȍ ȒȈȒ ȖȌȐȕ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȉȘȖșȐȓȐșȤ ȊȗȍȘȍȌ
ȟȚȖȉȣ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȐȚȤ ȘȈȏȌȈȊȐȚȤ ȟțȌȖȊȐȡȍ.
ǹ șțȔȈșȠȍȌȠȍȑ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤȦ ǽȘȍȉȚȖȊ ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓ țȓȣȉȒȖȦ ȕȈ
ȥȚț ȧȘȖșȚȤ ǩȓȍȌȕȈȧ țȓȣȉȒȈ ȖȌȐȕȖȒȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȖ-
ȚȐȊȖȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȈ ȚȣșȧȟȈȔ ȏȊȍȘșȒȐȝ ȋȘȐȔȈș
ǷȖȚȖȔ Ȗȕ ȏȈȒȘȣȓ ȋȓȈȏȈ Ȑ, ȖȝȊȈȟȍȕȕȣȑ ȊȕȍȏȈȗȕȖȦ șȓȈ-
ȉȖșȚȤȦ ȖȚȌȈȓșȧ țȌȈȘȈȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ șȣȗȈȓȐșȤ ȘțȒȈȔ
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȍȋȖ ȝȊȈȚȈȓȐ

Ƕǩ ǨǪǺǶǸǭ
ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǷȍȚȘȖȊȐȟ dzȖȗȈȚȐȕ — ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȤ ȓȐȉȍȘȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȎțȘ-
ȕȈȓȐșȚ ǸȖȌȐȓșȧ  ȕȖȧȉȘȧ  ȋ Ȋ DzȈȓțȎșȒȖȑ ȋțȉȍȘȕȐȐ Ǫȣ-
șȚțȗȈȓ Ȋ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ ȗȖȌ ȗșȍȊȌȖȕȐȔȈȔȐ ǩȈȋȐȘȈ dzțȓț
Ǫ  ȋ ȕȈ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȘȖȔȈȕ dzȖȗȈȚȐȕȈ ©ǿțȔȈª ȉȣȓ ȕȈ-
ȓȖȎȍȕ ȈȘȍșȚ DzȖȔȐȚȍȚȖȔ ȗȖ ȌȍȓȈȔ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȒȖȕ-
ȜȐșȒȖȊȈȕȖ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȍȑ
Ǫ  ȋ dzȖȗȈȚȐȕ ȘȍȌȈȒȚȐȘȖȊȈȓ ȕȍȌȖȓȋȖȊȍȟȕțȦ ȍȎȍȕȍȌȍȓȤ-
ȕțȦ ȋȈȏȍȚț ©ǮȐȏȕȤª ǯȈ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȐȍ ȏȈȔȍȚȒȐ dz ǺȖȓșȚȖȋȖ ©ǵȍȚ
ȝțȌȈ ȉȍȏ ȌȖȉȘȈª ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ șȔȍȘȚȕȖȑ ȒȈȏȕȐ Ȋ ȕȖ-
ȔȍȘȍ ȖȚ  ȜȍȊȘȈȓȧ
 ȉȣȓ ȗȖȌȊȍȘȋȕțȚ ȠȚȘȈȜț Ȋ  Șțȉ. ș ȏȈ-
ȔȍȕȖȑ Ȋ șȓțȟȈȍ ȕȍșȖșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ  ȔȍșȧȞȈȔȐ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧ. ǵȍ
ȐȔȍȧ șȘȍȌșȚȊ ȏȈȗȓȈȚȐȚȤ ȊȣȉȘȈȓ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ǪȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȘȍȉȣ-
ȊȈȕȐȧ Ȋ ȚȦȘȤȔȍ ȖȉȔȍȕȧȓșȧ ȗȐșȤȔȈȔȐ ș ǺȖȓșȚȣȔ ȗȖșȍȚȐȓ ȍȋȖ Ȋ
ȇșȕȖȑ ǷȖȓȧȕȍ  ȕȖȧȉȘȧ  ȋ ǺȖȓșȚȖȑ ȏȈȗȐșȈȓ Ȋ ȌȕȍȊȕȐȒȍ
ȟȚȖ ȕȈȠȍȓ dzȖȗȈȚȐȕȈ ©ȗȘȐȧȚȕȣȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȔª
 ǹȊȖȑ ȊȐȏȐȚ ȖȗȐ-
șȈȓ Ȋ ȏȈȔȍȚȒȍ ©ǪȍșȚȐ Ȑȏ ȇșȕȖȑ ǷȖȓȧȕȣª (©ǻȚȘȖ ǸȖșșȐȐª 
ȹ  ȖȚ  ȕȖȧȉȘȧ

DzȘȖȔȍ ©ǻȚȘȈ ǸȖșșȐȐª ȗȖȏȌȕȍȍ șȖȚȘțȌȕȐȟȈȓ Ȋ ©ǸțșșȒȖȔ șȓȖ-
Ȋȍª Ȋ  ȋ. ȘȍȌȈȒȚȐȘȖȊȈȓ ȗȘȖȋȘȍșșȐȊȕțȦ ©ǪȈȘȠȈȊșȒțȦ ȋȈ-
ȏȍȚțª ǷȖȒȖȕȟȐȓ ș șȖȉȖȑ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ  ȧȕȊȈȘȧ  ȋ
_____
ǸȖȔȈȕ ©ǿțȔȈ» ȗțȉȓȐȒțȍȚșȧ ȗȖ ȗȍȘȊȖȐȏȌȈȕȐȦ (Ǵ ȐȏȌ ǵ
ǨȜȈȕȈșȤȍȊȈ [1908]). ǶȘȜȖȋȘȈȜȐȧ Ȑ ȗțȕȒȚțȈȞȐȧ ȚȍȒșȚȈ ȗȘȐ-
ȉȓȐȎȍȕȣ Ȓ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȔ ȕȖȘȔȈȔ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȐșȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȣ Ȗȟȍ-
ȊȐȌȕȣȍ ȖȗȍȟȈȚȒȐ Ȑ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȍ țșȚȈȘȍȊȠȐȍ ȖȉȖȘȖȚȣ
Ǫ ȖȜȖȘȔȓȍȕȐȐ ȖȉȓȖȎȒȐ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȈ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ȅ. dzȐșșȕȍȘȈ
©ǿțȔȕȖȑ ȉțȕȚª
ǰȏȌȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȐȚ Ǩ Ǩ ǹȚȍȗȈȕȖȊȈ ȏȈ ȐȌȍȦ ȗȍȘȍȐȏȌȈ-
ȕȐȧ ȒȕȐȋȐ Ȑ ȗȖȔȖȡȤ Ȋ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ