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co6c"mycr I-IaYlIHO 060CI-IOBaI-lHOfY paCKpblTHIO Cyrl-I rocy...rapCTBCHHO-
I1paBoBoro IIpouecca.
Onle l leHHoe B TOM )f(e lepe OT I-IOC 1-1 TC}I II K BJ,HlMOCmUH rocYJ-tap-
CTueHHo-npaBouOH HCTOpHH C llCI110plleil nO.1Ul11l1 l leCKIiX II npaeoeblx Y1te-
Hlili. np06.I]CManlKa nocJleD-Hei-i - UOJHHKHOUeHHe, paJUl-ITHe H 3(1)<I>CK-
THUHOCTL rOCYllapcTuCHHLIX H npauonblx YlICHHr1 B I-IX I-1CTOpWICCKOH
KOIIKpCTIlOCTH. I1 J 1CH, YlICIIIHI, rocn011.CTBYI01IU1C B Toi-i I-IJII-I ImoH cTpa-
IIC B onpCJlc.I]CIIIIOC BpCMH, :vmoro06pa3l1bl. B 'JTOI-i CBH3H Ba)f(1I0 BbI51C-
1II-ITb. B KtlKOii CTcnClII1 I-I KtlKHM 06ptl30M 0111-1 o Ka3i.L1II BJIIUI1II1C lIa
pa3BI-ITHC rocY1.apCTBCHIIocnl, npaBa B KOHKpCTIIOJ.1 CTJXlIIC. focymlpcT-
BCHHo-npaBOBi.UI IICTOplHI 3apy6e:>KI-IbIX CTJXlI-I TeCHO CIUI3.Ula C .1Pyr0J.1
1-ICTOPI-IKO-lOpmUl l lccKOH llI-ICUllIl"IHHOI-i - llcmoplleli cOCY()lIPCf1l611 II
np1l611 POCCllll. 'IaK KaK y 06cI1x HaYK 06UU1C 1alla l H1. PaJHI-ma JlI-1Wb U
npe11.MeTe IUYlleI-lIHI.
TaKlul 06pa30M, npeiluemo.1Jt HCTopm-1 rocYilapcTBa H npaBa 3apy-
6C)I(HblX CTpaH 51n.151CTCH roCYllapcTno H npaBo OTllCJlbHbIX CTpaI-l B npo-
ucccc I-IX CTaHon.1CHIUI 1-1 P,13B11TJHI n OnpCllCJlCHlWi-i KOHKpCTHO-
1-ICTOpJ-lllcCKoi-i 06cnllloBKc I-I XpOII0.10Hl l ICCKOi-i nOCJ1CJlOBtlTCJlbllOCTH,
BbHIBJlCIIHC I-IX CnCIlIHI>HKH I-I lIIOro06ptl3IUI. C omlOJ.1 CTOpOllbI, I-I 06-
IUHX 3tlKOI-IOr-.-ICpHOCTCi-i pa3BHTJUI - C JJ.pyrol-i. B KYpCC ptlCn1i.lTpI-1BaIOT-
C}I CTpYKTypa, KOMIlCTCHUlUI opraHOB rOCYllapCTBa, pa3BHTHC CI-1CTC:VlbI
npaBa I-Ia pa3HbiX 3Tallax pa3ImnHI HlpOBOM mlBl-L11-13aUHH. npH 3TO1
HCCJlellyeTC}1 co.ncp)f(aHHe roCYllapCTUCHHo-npaBOBbIX IIpOUCCCOB IIpe-
1-IMywecTueHHO n CTpaHax, OKaJaUWI1X CYWCCTBCI-IHOC BJ1I-UII-II-IC Ha I-IC-
TOPI-11O roCY.J.apCTnCHHOCTI1.
KaK I-I 111061.151 llpyra51 HaYKa, roCYllapCTnCHHo-npaBona51 I-1CTOpH51
06JlallaeT ueJIbI1 p}lllOf 'emocJoJ102ul/ecKux nOllxOilOB. MeTo...rOJlOrlHI
1-ICTOpl-IKO-nptlBOBbIX lHCIlI-tnJII-lll BKJIIOlIaCT B CC6H 06IIlHC npCJ1CTaB.1C-
HI-UI 0 npl-1polI.c. H.BHalICHIHI, p.BBI-ITHH roCYllapCTua 1-1 IIpaua. a TaK)f(e
KOHKpCTHhIC npl-ICMbI, MCTOlbI IUYllCIBUI t:.1TcpHi.U1a. npCllMCT HtlYKI-1 1-1
TtIC6HOH .ullcmmJlllllbI TCCHO cn513aH C MCTOlI01l0rncH. nOlIllaC IU1CIUI0

8
npellMeT OnpellelHleT. C I10MOlUblO KaKI1X !\IeTOJlOB IUYllaeTC}1 r-.-li.UepI1i.LI.
Ho 6bIBaCT 11 lIao60pOT, Kona HCnOJ1bJYCMml :\ICT0'10.10flHI BblllCJ1}ICT
TO, Ha lITO HanpaU.leHa HlUYlllmI \lbIC.lb.
WHpOKHH llHanaJOH HaKOnJ1eHHbIX KOHuenTY.lI]bHbIX YCTaHOBOK
n03B0J151CT 06'b5lCI-HITb rocyn.apCTBClIlIo-npanOBOC pa31U1nlC C pa3..'Ullj-
HblX nOJHuHi1. nO cepC.JHHbl 80-x ron.OB XX B. B ore l lecTBcHHoi1 HCTO-
pHKo-npanoBoH lIaYKC rocnollCTnOmll] MaTcpl-uL11ICTJ.1lICCKI.Ii1 nOllXOll.
3aTeM nOJ1Y l UlJl pacnpocTpaHcHHe leT011.0JlOrJ-1lleCKHi-i rVI IOpa.l IBM.
<DOp:\taUl-IOHHbIi-i non.xon. 6bIJI JJ.onoJlI-leI-l UHHI.IJ1IUaUl-IOHI-IbIM, lITO no-
3nOJHlJ10 BOCCTi.HlOBHTL HCTOpWICCKl1i-1 npouccc pa3BHnl51 roCY11.apCT-
BeHHbIX 11 npaBoBblX HHCTI1TyrOB B 60.lee nO.1I-lOM mUle.
MCTorro.1onm HCTOIJl-H1 rOCYllapCTBa 1.1 npaBa CK.l.nblBaCTC}1 In CO-
nOKynHocnl r-...eT011.0B H npHHUl-mOB HaYllHoro 3HaHI-m, npHMCH}IC\lbIX
B pa!\lKaX Toro IUI.I I-!Horo KOHueIHya'lbHoro IIOllX01U1. B llaI-lHOM KYP-
cc HcnOJlb3YIOTCH KaK 0611U1c MCTOllbI JV151 BCCX lIaYK, TaK 1.1 cncIlmlHl-
ljeCKHe.
OCIIOBII blC ofilllIe JJ.emoi)bl.
I. I1cmopu t lecKlIll nooxoiJ K COlua.lbllbW RB.leIlWUl II npOl(eCcaJH B 06-
ll(eC11lee 1I (?o(}'cJapcJruie. BC}IKOe COUl-HLlbI-lOe 6bI nle I1CTOpWII-IO, OHO
Bccrlla 113X01HTC5I B CTaIlOBJ1CInHI, B npOIlCCCC nOCTOHlIJlblX ncpc:\tCIi.
TaKoi-i non.xoD. K 1I0JHaHHIO npcllOXpaH}ICT OT npcBpalUCHI-U1 ero BbIBO-
.uOB B (I>Op:\UL""IbHYIO Teopmo, n0J1110CTb10 a6CTpampOBaIIIIYIO OT I-ICTO-
plut, cnoc06cTBYCT nocnpmnBC11.CIHlIO rocyn.apCTBCHHo-npanOBLIX 51BJlC-
HHf1 B I.IX XpOHOJlOrJ.1lleCKOM paJBH nm, co BceMH IIPHCYlUHMH I.IM Heno-
BTOpIUlbI:\HI llcpnl:\HI, rrcnUUIMH 1.1 OC06CIIIIOCTH:\H1. CBoikTBo JIalIliOrO
MeTona - YCTaHoBJleHHc IICTOpWICCKOi-i nOC}ICilOBaTeJ1bHOCTH H3)71tae-
MOro npouccca pa3nHnUi rOCYlI.apCTHCI-IHOCTH. npaBOBbIX CHCTe\1 H 011.-
1I0BpCMCilli0 nblHCIICI-UlC rCIlCTWICCKHX HCTOKon :noro npouccca I-I co-
npOBmKllalOlUHX ero }1B;leHHi1.
].1cTOIJl-llIecKI-tH 1\-ICTOll npCllYCMaTpmmCT KOIIKpCTlfOC HCTOpJ.1lICCKOC
lICCJle.nOBaHHe B03I-1HKI-IOBeI-lml H pa3BHnuI rocynapcTBeHHo-npaBoBblX
HHCnIT)'TOH. cnoc06cTByeT onnIM.LlbHO:\IY HanpaB.leHHIO H3Y l leHI-m I.IX
CYUJ.1I0CTH, TCII11.CIHHli.j pa3BHnl5l. npWIC:\1 nOCJlcn.IICC MO)f(CT 6LITL npo-
BClI.CHO no \leHbwefi \lcpe B .uBYX OTHOCHTe;lLI-IO caIOCTOSITeJ1bHbIX, HO
BJ.U1MOCIUIJaHHbIX paKypcax. nepBbIi1 npe.anOJIaraCT BbJ}IBJlCIHle KOH-
KpCTHO-HCTOpWICCKHX 3aKoHo:\ICpI-lOCTCH pa3BHnHI. BTOpoi-i CmIJaH C
paCKpblTl1eM o6uHlx J<1KOI-lOMepHOcTei-i H<1 6a3e KOHKpeTHbIX HCTOpl.llIC-
CKHX 1.ICCJlC11.0BaJmi-i, OXBaTLmalOIlUIX 3I1a l nnC}]bllbli-i npocTpallcTnclillo-
npe\leHHoH mmCT HCTOpHH rocy.uapCTBeHHOCTH.
2. JJO(?lI l feCKlili .ue11lo(). C ero I10MOUJ.blO HCCJletl.YCMble }I BJleHIHI pac-
c:\li.1Tpl1mllOTCH IIa BblCIIICH CT,nHI1 I.IX pa3mnH5I, Kona 01111 npH06pc-

9
raJor Hau60Jlee JpeJIYIO <pOpty. H ..:HO cIIOc06crByer JIYlIWe\ty 1I0HHMa-
IHIIO npC11b1J1YUUtX cnl11.uH pa3R1-nlHl rocyn.apCTncHlloro annapanl, cy-
.uC6I-1bIX OpraHOB. npaBOBbIX CHCTC\t. 4aCTHOe. KOHKpCTHOe npH OKOH-
lIaTC.lbHO:\t q)QPIY;JI.1pOmlllIHI PC3YJlbTaTOB 3a l IaCTYI0 OnYCKaCTC}I, xonl
npu HCCJlenOBamB-1 OHO UMeeTCH B BllilY, Ha I-Icro OnHpaIOTC, nCJla
BbIBOnbI.
3an.a l Ia JIOrJ-llICcKOro MCTOna COCTOltT B paCKphlnlH pO.1U, KOTOPYIO
OTD.eJlbI-lLle 3JIC\tCHTbl CltCTel\-ILI (HanpHMCp, npaBOBOH CHCTe\lbI) HrpalOT
B cocnmc pa31UITOrO IlCJloro. JlonlllccKHI-i :\tCT01 n03BOmiCT ycnllloBHTb
TO, liTO CKpLITO 3a llHCWHCH (I)OptOll UJlIt Kapn1I-l0i-'t C06bITHH, 3a MHO-
)KCCTBO:\1 I-IecYWecTBcHHbIX H CJIYllaHI-IbIX .J.enUlel-i. B OTJlJ-IllHe OT HCTO-
pJ-llICCKoro, 3TOT MCTOll. Tpc6YCT HC CTOJlbKO 1-1a6.'l101I.CIHlSI, CKOJlhKO aHa-
J1113a. 06a 3n1 Merolla nOIlO:IH}IIOT llpyr .n.pyra. u60 ucropHllecKHH \tC-
TOll It:\tCCT CBOIt n03HHBaTCJlbllbiC npCJICJlbI.
3. Mel11o{}bl llH()YK1{llll £I deoYK1{lIli. TecHo IIPU\lbIKaIOT K JlOfl1 l lCCKmty
MeTony U npCLmommlKH ItCnOJIb30BaHHC Bcero 60raTCTBa 3HaHHI-i, I-IaKO-
nJICIIHLIX ItCTOpHCH, <pltJlocmlmcl-i It TcopucH. 11 H 11. Y K T H n H LI H
Meroll - Clloco6 UCC;lellOBaHI-UI It 1t3JIO)KeHlHl, IIPH KOropOM OT Ha6JIIO-
1aCMbiX llaCTHblX qmKToB ncpcxomn K nbl1C;ICllmo npmmHnOB. 0611U.IX
nOJIO)f(eHui.l Teopm-I, YCTaHOBJIeHUIO JaKoHo\tepHocTeH. npOHIBono-
TJO)KHbIJ.t ItH11.YKTHBHOI\lY MCTOllY 11 C 11. Y K T H B H bI if :\tcn>1l npC.iJ,CTaB-
mIeT c060H TaKoH cnoc06 Hcc..len.OBaHHH H H3:IO)l(CHI-U1. npH KOTOpO:\t
113 06wux TeopenllleCKHX 1I0JI0)KeHui-'t, YCTaHOB:IeHHbIX IIpltHUHIIOB,
IaKOHO:\tCpHOCTcJ.1 nCJlaIOTC llaCTHLIC BbIBOilbl 11 3aKJIIOl1Cl-nm.
4. Memo{) K lllccmjJUKlll<lIli. 06J1er ' laeT c60p I\-taTepHa.TJa It opraHH3a-
IHIK> HCCJlC11.0BaTC.1bCKHX npOUCLlYP, nO:\1OraCT BbIpa60TKc HaYlIHOI-i
TCpHlI-IO.I]OnH-l, cnoc06cTByeT OTKpblTl-l1O HOBLIX JaKoHo:\lepHocTcH,
06eClle l IHBaeT CltCTeManuamllO. B OCI-IOBe MeTOlla K.laccmIHIKaW-1H _le-
)KIn CD.JIHCTBO H pa3H006pa3ltC 06"bCKTHBHoi.i pCaJIbHOCTH, n03I-mmlC
KOlOpOH Tpe6yeT, C OJlHOH CTOpOHbl, 06"be.LlI1I-ICHlHl CXOJ-tHbIX }IBJleHHH, a
C ilpyroJ.i - 060c06J1CHHH I-IX no OTJIJ-IlHlTC.TJLHhI:\t npH3HaKat.
Hmt60.1ee I1cno.TJL3ye:\tble C"el(lIalbllble Juel1l00bl.
I. KOHKpeI11110-11CI110plltleCKlllJ aHaJ1ll3. :v10)KCT 6bITb nOCTaBJICII ncp-
nbIM .13 pSlll.Y 'IaCTHLIX npHC\tOB H \tCTOll.0n H3YlICHH HCTOpHH rocYlI.ap-
CTBa H IIp.ma. I1cIIOJlbJOBaI-lUe JJ.aHI-IOrO :\ICTOl1<t 1I03BOJUICT JIYllWC 110-
mUIaTL roCY11apCTno H npano HCX011H H3 YCJIOBHI-i, B KOTOpblX q>op:\HI-
pOBaUICb I.IX CTpYKTypa, HHcnnyrbI, OCHOBHblC nOH}lnUI.
Hc TOJIbKO 3KOHO:\HlKa, rcorpa<IHllICCKOC nOJIO)KCIHlC, KJIIUHlT H
nO'IBLI, xapaKTCp cOTpynHl-fllCCTBa H npoTl-m060pCTBa COUUaJIhHblX
rpYlI1I I-Iace:ICHIUI, HO 1.1 ItX 3TI-IJ-IlICCKOe cBoco6pa3He, ypOBCHb pa3BH-
nUl, BCKonLIC Tpam.IIlIB-I, ItIlCO.10rUH 1l0.TJ)KHbI Y'IHTblBaTbC npu aHa-
lll-UC CTaHOB.IeHI-UI 11 paJBIHWI rocYlI.apcrna H IIpaBa.

10
KOHKpeTHo-HcropJ1lleCKHH aHaJIIB I1pe.JIIO..'laraer paJJIJ1ltarb He
TOJlbKO YCJl0 UlHI CTaHOBJIeHIHI, paJUHTI-HI rocY.l..wpCTua H npaua, HO 1-1
06paTHoe HX B03lleHCTBI-1e Ha 3KOHOH1KY, COUHaJ1bHble OTHOWeHI-UI,
KYJ1bTYPY. B OCIIOBC HCTOpWICCKOro mtaJnna nC:>KHT 1l0KY:\ICIiTLI: na:-,ulT-
IHIKH npaBa, CBI-111CTCm,CTBa nom-IHllICCKOi.i HCTOpHH H J1pyrHc o<lmlUl-
aJ1bllhlC HCTOlIIIHKH. D.ml H3Y l IClUHI HCTOpHH BCIKoro roCY11.apCTBa npl-l-
BJiCKaIOTC}1 IIC TO.lhKO nOJ1l-1THKO-IOpl-11U1 l ICCKHC llallHblC, HO H CBCJ1CIUHI
no HCTOplHI X03}likTBeHlIoro 6blTa, Ky.lbTYPC IIap0J10B, cro 06mCCTBCH-
lI()\tY COJI-I,lI-IHIO. Bce OI-II.1 Tpe6YIOT 06"bCKTI-1BHOH OIlCIIKH C YlIeTO:\1
"POHCXO)l(1I.eHI-UI 1l0KY\leH ra, ero aUTopCTBa H KOHKpeTHOH 06CTaHOBKH.
2. XpUHU.1Ocu l lecKlill uemoO. CYTb XpOHO..'IOrJ1llecKoro I\-leTOlla COCTOl1T
13 TOM, lITO 1B.,leHIUI, C06bITI-1H roCYllapCTBeHHo-npauouoH I1CTOpHH HJ-
J1araJOTC1 CTpOro BO BPC:\ICIII-lOl\l (XpOJ-I0J10rWICCKOM) nopIilKC. B lIHC-
TOI mille 3TOT leTOll npH\leHHeTC1 1l0n0J1bHO pellKO, manHbI:\1 06pa30\l
npl-1 COCTaJUCIUUI XpOIHIK C06blTui-i 1-1 I-1CTOPWICCKOH XpOH0J10flHt, KO-
rJ1a PCKOIlCTPYHPYCTC}1 Ilcnb C06bITHi-i, B 60J1hIllUIICTBC CJ1YlIaCB rCHCTI-1-
llCCKI-1 CIUI3a1l1lbIX J1.Pyr C LlpyrOM.
Pa31-10BHJ1.HOCTbIO XpOI-IOJIOfl-l l lCCKoro \ICTOlla }IBmICTC}1 n p 0 -
6 J1 e :\1 H 0 - x I' 0 H 0 J1 0 r 1-1 II e C K 1-1 i-L OH npCJlIIo..']araCT paJJle.1CHHC
60..'Iec I1'IH MeHce Wl1pOKOH TeMbl Ha p}IJl OTHOCI-1 re:lbHO YJKHX IIp06JIe:\l,
Ka)l(1I.a1 I-1J KOTOpblX pHCC:\taTpI-1UaeTC1 n XpOHOJ10rWIeCKofi nOC.lellOIk1-
TeJ1bHOCTH OTHOC}IWHXCI K Heii HCTOpHKO-lOpH.LJ.WleCKI-1X QJaKTOB.
3. lUemoiJ nepuoiJUJ(Jl{llll. OCHOBHH Ha TO:\I. 'ITO H roCYllapCTBO 1-1
npano npoxomlT pa3J1J1lIHbIC cTyncHH pa3BHnUl, OTllcmlCMblC llpyr OT
.upyra OnpCllCJ1CHHbIMH KalICCTnCHJ-ILIMH py6C:>Ka:\H1.
4. ClIIIXPOlfllCl1ll1 l leCKlili .uemoiJ. npl-IMcmlcTc1 CpanlUtTCJIbllO pC:>KC.
011 mnBOJ15!CT YCT,1II0BI-1Th BJ,UIIOCIUI3H :\Ie)l(}ly }IBJlCIUHI:\H1 1-1 npOIlCC-
cal\-IH, npOTeK,lIOIlU1MI1 H OlI.HO H TO :>KC npe:\HI H pa3I-IbIX MeCTax OllHoro
roCYllapCTHa 1-1JH1 H HeCKOJ1bKHX roCYllapCTBax. npH nOMOl1U1 CHHXPOHI-1-
crwlecKoro :\leTOlla MO:>KHO paCCMa-tpHB,Ub Bce c06blnHI. "P0l1CXOllHB-
wl-1e OJ-tHonpe:\leHHO, a He roJlbKO re, KOTopble HeIlOCpe.<lCmeHHO CU}IJa-
Hbl C OllHOH HHTepeCYJOwci1 Hac np06J1C:\lOi-i. B pllle CJI}'ttacn 3TO OKa-
3LIBaCTCH Hc06xomIMbI\I, llT06bl conOCTaBHTb pa3HonJlaHonbiC HB..'lCHI-U1
H npOUCCCbl, nOKa3HTb rocynapcTBCJ-IHo-npaBOBoii MCXaHl-f3:\1 B KOH-
KpCTllblH I-1CTOIJH'ICCKI-IH :\1O:\ICIIT H OllIlOBpClCIIIIO nO;IlICpKII)'Tb 3aKO-
1I0:\ICpIlOCTH. 06ycJ1ommIlIHC TaKOC COCTOHIIHC.
5. PernpOCJleKm1l611blii .uemoiJ (OT ,10m. rctro - H<13a1J. H spicio -
CM(>TpCTb). OCHOHaH Ha TOI. lITO IIpOW:IOe H (l>op:\1aX 1-1 MCXaHI-13:\te ro-
CY1l<lpCnm, CJIO:>KI-1UWeHCH CHCTe:\IC IIpaBa. HX Hac rmlwee H 6Y.llywce
reCHO CmI3aHbl Me)l(1I.Y C060H. 3roT MeroJ-t .aaeT UOJ:\IO:>KHOCrb UOCCOJ-
LlaTb KapTl1HY IIpOW..'IOro .n.a:>Ke IIpH orcyrcTUlHI 1I0.1Horo cocraua ItC-
rolIHHKOH, OTHOC}IWI-1XC}1 K IHYlIaeMOIY HpeMeHH.

11
6. Cp{J6HlI1lle.lbHO-liCmOpll/ecKlIiI Alemod. o.D,l-IH 1-13 paCnpOCTpaHCH-
HbIX "ICTO.nOB HCTOpl-IKO-lOpHiUl<ICCKHX 1-ICC.1CIlOmlHHi1. OCHOUbmaCTCH
1-13 npH3HaHHH H3BCCTHOii nOBTOpICMOCTH HCKOTOpblX llCpT n rocYilap-
CTBCHHO-npaBoBoi1 HCTOpm-I, OpHCHTl-lpyeT Ha H3}I<ICHHC I-IX n} TC1 CO-
nOCTaBJ1CHliH. D.larO.uaTblO llil1 lICTOpWICCKOro MblUlJ1CHHH Ha3bIBaJI
Cpamll-fTC.lhllhlfi :\-ICTOJ1 O. WnCllrJ1Cp. A. ToHII6H C"IHTaJI CpamlCHHC
OCIIOBHhlM :\fCTOJ10M BhUIBJlCIUHI pa3BHTHH .T1OKa.lhllhIX KYJ1hTYp.
B nocncn.llcc BpC:\UI CpaBlII-1TCJ1hIlOMY MCTOJ1Y YI1CmICTC}1 nOBhIllICII-
HOC BIHI\taIlHC. Bo MHOrHX CTpaHaX HMeKHC}I HHCTHT}'Tbl CpaBIH1TeJlb-
HOrO IIJY l lCHmI npaBi.l, C031-1aH TaKoi-i HHCTlHyT H B HamcH CTpaHe.
CpaRHHTeJ1bHbIi-i MeTOtl 13 HCTOpHH rocymlpcTna H "pana n03nomiCT 81-1-
n.e rb 06wee, yc raHaU.u-ma rb 11013 rop}leMOCTb, pel y.mpHOCTb, a TaK)J(C
BblIIeJl}lTb oc06eHHoe, ueIlYWCC K OCOJHaHHIO HHD.l-fUH.nyaJlbHoro.
Ero Cyrb COCTOI-fT B cpaBHeHIHI aHaJIOrWIHbIX I-fCTOpWlecKlfx (OPM
rocYllapcTBcHHOCTH H npaBoublx CHCTCM llil}1 YCTaHOBJ1CHlHl B HHX KaK
06LUHX 3aKoHoMcPHocTci-i, TaK Ii pa3J1wmi-i. C ero nOMOLUblO MO)J(HO
npoBccTH all<111O[l-1I-1 MC:>KJ1Y npol1ccca1I-1 rocYJmpCTBclllloro CTpOHTCJIbCT-
na H pa3BHTlHI npana n ImYX-Tpcx CTpallax. B nOCJICJ1YIOIlU1X pa 31CJ1 ax ,
lIanpl-IICp, cpanIH1TCJ1hHbli-i MCTOfl 60J1CC nOJ1HO I-fCnO.'Ih30mlll npH BhIJ1C-
J1CIUHI pa3Jlwmi.i roCY1apCTBCIIIIOCTH BocToKa H 3an1a, oT60pc mTC-
pmL'Ia npl-f H3JIO:>KCIIHH 6yp:>Kya3110ro npaBa. npl-1 xapaKTcpHCTHKC allrJ1O-
caKCOIICKOi-i H pm,taIlO-rcpMaHcKoi-i (KOHTHHCIIT.LlbI-Ioi1) (OPM np.lBa.
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12
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13
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18
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26
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28
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1. ApeBHeBOCTO'lHble Ll,Io1BIo1J\1013CLI,Io1Io1
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30
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38
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40
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42
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44
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46
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48
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58
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(npamlJl B 475-476 r.) 6bl1l<1 CBeprI-lYTa repMaHWlMH 80 r-,,,me C OdO{JK-
pO.H (OK. 431-493).
BonpOCbl AI\ p03Mb1Wl\eHII1 it11<OHTpOI\
I. Ha30BHTc OCHonHbIe ncpllOIlbI HCTOplH1 rocy..aapCTnCHHocnl npenHC-
ro Pm-la.
2. OnpeJleJUI rc OC06eI-lHOC fl1 paJUHTlHI KaJK1loro ItJ HIIX.
3. 4TO npellCTaBmIJ1a c060i-i PHMCK,UI 06wIHia n ilpeI3Hci-iwl-tH nepl-tOll?
KaK Olla ynpaBmIJlaCI;?
4. Calocro$lTeJIbHO npel.lClal3bIe IHlpa1\lII..ay couHaJlbHoH crPYKIYPbI
pHMCKOro 06wecTBa.
5. KTO TaKllC naTplllUII1 H nJlC6cH? nO'ICIY n"lc6cH Clla'Ia.la IIC BXOJUf-
I1-1 13 pl-IMCKYIO 06wl-fHY?
6. B KaKoi-i ncplfOll HCTOpm-1 npeBHcro PlI\m 060cTpHlacb 60pb6a nJ1C-
6CCB II mlTplIIUlcB?
7. nO',eMY II<UpHmm 6blJII1 I3bIHY)J(JlCHbI YCIyn<lrb IJJIe6eIM? PaCCK<l)J(IHe
06 OCHOBHbIX ::nanax :noH 60pb6bI. 4e1 OHa 3aBepWILlaCb H Koma?
8. KaKI1C OC06ClIIIhIC lICpThI 6bLlit npllCYIIlH napcKoii Rlacnl 13 D.PCB-
HeM PI1lC?
9. Korlla I-t npH KaKHX YCJ10Bl-UIX 13 llpenHC\1 PIUle YCT<IHOI3HmICb Pec-
ny6.1IlKa?
10. OxapaKTcplByi-iTc roCY..1apCTBeHHbIC opraH'" PIIMCKOH pccny6.11IKI-f
(ceHaT. UeHT);pmTI-IbIe 11 TPH6YTHbIe c06paHIUI).
II. nCpC l IHC-lltTC q>YIIKUlH1 0pJ1llIIapIIbIX (06bl'IIIbIX) I-I ::JKCTpaopmmap-
HbIX (tlpCJUbI'wiiHbIX) -lantCTpaTYp.
12. 061>HCHIUe, B lIeM JaK.1IOlIalaCb OCHOI3H<UI ue;Ib pe(pop\1 6paTbcn
rpaKxoB. II0lICMY HX pCOplbI IIC \formt npCllOTBpantTb KpH3I1C'?
13. llaHTc onCHKY 1C5!TC.%HOCTII Cy.1Jlbl, UCJap}I. KaK OKTaBUaI-IY yn.a-
:IOCb cTa61UIHI1pOmlTb I3HyrpHIIoJll1TItlIeCKYIO cluyamlIO B PHMe?
14. llct \10)J(1I0 061>}!CIIHTb ncpcxo.n OT Pccny61HKH K I1Mncpmt"? 061>-
CIH1TC, 'ICM OT.lI-1'JaCTCI IIMncpcKmI (I>op\ta npaB.'1CIIIHI OT pccny6-
:mKaHcKoi-L
15. nOlICMY mmcpcK<UI (I)OpMa npanJlCHlHI .aaB<Lla B03MO)J(1I0CTb npO}!B-
.1CIIIHI lCCnOnlJ\ta 11 6c33aKo1HHI'?

2. CTPCHbl CHT&-1"HOrO M&-1pC
99
16. KaKHC ncpCfCHbI H PC(OPMbI ncpHOlla nplHIwmaTa II .nOMIHIaTa
cnoC06CTlJOBaJll-I YKpCnJICHIHO MOHapXH'ICCKOi.i (OPlhI I1paB.IcHIHI'?
17. KaK npOSlBHJlC}1 Kplt311C rocy.aapCTncHHoro CTPO}! PII\ICKoi-i ItMnC-
pitH'? KaKHC CHMnTOMbl ymlllKa CT<LI] It 3a\.ICTI-Ibl B rocy.aapCTBeHHO-
nOJ1lUWIeCKoH )J(l1JHU Y)J(e 13 I1epI3bIe neKa 11 \mepltlt'? KaK IIJleHl1-
.!lICb U'lca'lbI pHICKOro 06luecTBa?
18. C.fJ.CJlaHTC cpaBI-II1TCJ1hHMH aHaJlH3 npWIIIH KpH311ca rocYJ1apCTBCHHO-
ro YCTpoikTBa n rpcIlIm H PInIC.
19. bJ.JJlO .111 YCTaIIOBJ1CIIHC BOCIIHOH J1ltKTaTyphl C1IHICTBCHHO B03(0)J(-
HoH cpop\loii CYlIlCCTBonaHlU1 PH\ICKOro rocYIlapCTBa'?
20. KaKl1e BbIXOJ1bI 113 KpH311ca npC.lL11aralll pe(lmpM<lTOpbI ToB nopbI?
21. nepelIllc.IHTC OCHOUHbIC npl-JlIl1HbI m6e.llt 3amlllHoii PHMCKOi1 l-tM-
neplll-i.
2.4. PL-1MCJ<oe npOBO:
OCHOBHble nepL-10Abl p03BL-1TL-1
npOA C06CTBeHHbl TbICfI'-jeneTHVI nyYb pa3BVlTVI.
pli1MCKOe npaBO HaAomo nepe>KVlno rOCYAapCTBO. B
paMKax KOToporo OHO Cq:,OpMlilpOBanOCb. VI '-Iepe3
MHorVle BeKa Bowno B >KVl3Hb HapOAOB HOBore VI Ho-
Bewero BpeMeHIi1.
B.B. KYI./Ma,
pOCCIi1CKIi1 Ii1CTOpVlK rOCYAapCTBa VI npaBa
Pa3BltHnO pl1MCKOro IIpaBa clloco6crBomUIII II-IOnle o6CrmlfeJlbCr-
na. npC)J(IIC Becro :no"-IY cOflciicTBOmlJl BbICOKHl-i YPOBClib JKOHOHllIC-
CKHX OTI-IOWeHI-li.i, .D.OCTHrI-lyTbIii PUMOM B nepUO.iJ.bI nOJJlHeii pecny6.IHKH
H npltHIumaTIL
He ICHbwec 3H3 t lCHHe HMC.l MHoroHamloHaJlbHblft x3paKTep C3-
Moil 11 \-lIleplHI , 1I0pOlUIBWHI1 lIorpe6HocTb «lIpHMHpeI-lHH» \tHOn-IX I-I
pa3J1I-1'IHbIX npanOl3blX CHCTC1\.I, HCTOpWICCKH n03HHKWHX II CYlllCCTno-
l3al311H1X B JaBOeBaI-lHbIX CTpaI-laX, npe)Klle I3cero B rpemHl, En-tOTe,
CHpml H JIp. PIIICKHC IOpHCTbI HIC.1H B03:\-1Q)KIIOCTb BOCn0J1b30BHTbCSI
pe3YJ1bTaTaMH npaBOBoro pa3BHTHH HamlOHa.lbHblX llacTci.i l1tnCplHl,
oco6eHHO A(lmH. He:lbJ}1 I-Ie onlenub, W1KOHeu. TO BHHtaHHe, KOTO-
pOC YilC.1S1J10Cb npany, H TOT nOlICT, KOTOpbl1 6blJ1a OKPY)J(CI-Ia nc}!-
TeJlbI-lOCTb fOpltCTOB, OC06CHI-IO BbI1l,1I0111HXCH, T3KHX, KaK fau (II B.),
Y.:1bI1UGIl (OK. 170-228), Mo()ecmull (III B.), flammuall (OK. 150-212),
lIaeeJl (III B.) H MHOfHX n.pynlx.
I1CTolIHHKa\-HI plHtCKOro IIpaBa }!BJUIJIHCb: 06bI l II-loe IIpaBO, 3aKOHbl,
3DHKTbI tanlcTpaTOB, llCHTCJ1bHOCTb fOpHCTOB (Pltc. 2.6).

100
I. rOCYAapCTBeHHOe YCTPOHCTBO 101 npaBO B CTpaHaX ApeBHerO Mlo1pa
06blYHOe npaBO I 3aKOHbi I 3AL-IKTbl AeSnellbHOCTb
MamCTpaTOB IOpL-lCTOB
06blyaVl npeAKOB 3aKOHblnepVlOAa HOSaA CL-ICTeMa npaso Vl3SeCT-
06blyaVl )Kpe40B Pecny611V1KVI- HOpM npaBa - IOC HblX IOpVlCTOB Aa-
06b1YHa npaK- llereC npeTOpL-lYM BaTb 063aTellb-
TViKa 3aKOHbi nepVloAa Hble AnA CYAe
06blyaVl np VlH 4 V1n aTa - Oc:pVl4L-1allbHble
MarL-lCTpaTOS CeHaTYC-KOH- KOHCYllb Ta4L-1L-1
CYllbTbl
3aKOHbi
L-IMnepaTOpOB -
KOHCTVlTY4VI
PHC. 2.6. IkTO'lIIJfKIf plfMCKOro npaBa
Pm.ICKHC IOpHCTbI BBCJ1H pa3ilCJ1CHHe npaBa Ha ny6J1WIHOe H llaCT-
Hoe. lIy6w L tHoe npaeo perYJ11-tpOBaJ10 B.lIaCTHbIC OTHOWCI-IIUl H COilep)l(a-
JIO 06}I3aTeJlbHbIe .QJUI CTOpOH HOpMbI. B CIUI3I1 C 3TH1 ero IIOJIO)f(eHI-UI
IIC :\lOrml 6hITh H3:\ICIICllhl COCmIlJCIII.IC1 llaCTllblX }1I.III. lfacml/oe npaeo
pcrymtpOoaJ10 HMYIllCCTBCI-IllblC OTHOWCIIIHI, OCI-IOObmaHCb Ha paOCIICT-
Be CTOpOH, Hero 1I0JI0)f(eHHH \101'.11-1 6bITb HJMCHeHbl YllaCTHHKaMH 06H-
3aTeJlbCTB. B .'l3.Jlbl-leHwc:\1 TaKoe n.eJ"'1eHHC nplBHamU10cb B EBpone H
BocnpHlulTO B conpC:\lcHllhlX npaBOBblX CHCTCIaX.
npaBO PI-IMa pa3B1-maJ10Cb Ha npOTH)I(CHHH 60."'1ce TbICHllH J1eT. B .11-1-
reparype IHlelOrC}1 pa3JIH l IHbie II O)lX011bI K OIlpe...reJleHI1IO 3ralIOB paJBH-
nm pHMCKOro I1pamt. npe11CT<lB;UIeTC}1 Y1106HOH CJIe.'lYKHU<U1 lIepHO..1H-
3amiH HCTOpHH pHtCKOro npana (pHC. 2.7).
ApeBHewVl nepL-lOA KllaCCW"leCKVI nepL-loA nOCTK.naCCVl4eCKVI ne-
(VI B. AO H.3. - (cep. III B. AO H.3. - PVlOA (KoHeu III B. H.3. -
cep. III B. AO H.3.) KOHeu. III B. H.3.) VI B. H.3.)
Puc. 2.7. OClloBIlMe nCIJlt01M JlCTOplut npaBa .upeBlicro Pmta
n C P n bl H n e p H 011 HCTOplHI pH/\"ICKOro npaBa I-Ia3bIBaCTCH
()pe6HeilUIlHf. XpOI-lo.'IorwlecKHe pa!\-IKH .:Horo nepHolla - OT pe<poP\1
CCpBI-U1 TYJ1mm (VI B. JIO 11.3.) no ncpBoi-i nymlllCCKOJ.'i Boi-1Hbl (ccp.
III o. JIO 11.3.). llpcnllCHIIICC npano :HOro ncpHO,1a (KBl-lpHTCKOC, llH-
BHJlbHoe) COOTBeTCTBOBaJJO paHHei.j c-rynel-lH roCYllapCTBCHI-IOCTH, a no-
31"OMY 6blJI0 HepaJIHHO, xapaKreplBomUIOCb apXal-llIHOCTblO, .JaIKHYro-
CTbK} H T.n.

2. CTPCHbl CHT&-1"HOrO M&-1pC
101
B TOp 0 li II e p H O.'l HCroPHl.1 pl-1\1CKOro lJaCTHOrO IIpaml -
K.WCCli/eCKlil'. 011 mll"U1C C CCPC}UlllhI III B. fJ.0 11.3. H 3aKOlllm.I]C B
KOHue III B. H.3. (Ha l laJ10 npaBJ1eHH llHOK.i1entaHa). 3TOT nepHOll xa-
paKTCpl-130B<L1C}1 rocnollcTnOf npCTopcKOro npana. paCllBCTOM pH1CKOi.i
IOpHcnpY.'lCHWHI. MMCHHO B KOHUC ::noro ncpHOila pHMCKOC llaCTHOC
npano .'lOCTHL10 cnocro COnCpLIJeHCTna.
B T P C T b C:\f n C p HOD. C HCTOpHH pH:\fCKOro llaCTIiOro npaBa -
IWCI11K lGCCli1leCKmt (KOHCU III B. - VI B. H.3.) - 6blJ1H lfCllcpnaHbI
TnopllCCKHC nOTCIiWHI pln1CKoro npaBa. CHlpam-\C rpallcH IC)K)lY OT-
D.e.1bHbIHI BCTmlMH plnfcKoro npaBa n03B0J1HJ10 OCYWCCTBHTb CHCTCMa-
H13aLlHIO npana. nOJ1H.UI CI.ICTetanl3aw-\SI pHICKOro npaBa 6bLla npo-
nC.1lClia B BOCTOlllloi-i PHICKOi-i HMncpHH (Blnallnm) n VI B.
Crapoe pHMCKoe IIpano IIPHH}I ro H,13blB.Hb 1{1l611U,Hl,m npa(m.u, IIpa-
BO1 pHMCKOi-i 0611UHlbi. B npOHmopC'-IHH C mmH.1bllbl1 npaBO1 pa3nH-
Ba;10Cb npel1lOpCKOe npa80. TpCTbH\f 3IeMeHTO\1 pHMCKoro npaBa npH-
IUITO Ha3bIBaTb npaflO Hapodofl.
K OCHOBllbI:\1 IHlCTHTYTaf plHICKoro llaCTIIOrO npaBa OTHOCHJ1HCb:
IIpanoBoH cnuyc 'lHllHOCTH n llpeBHef PHfC, neWI-Ible IIp.ma. o6}ua-
TCJ1hCTnCllllbIC npana. 6paK H CCMh}l, lIaCJ1CllOB<UIHC.
D.peBHui-1 PI1f 6bL1 pa6011.'Ia.LleJ1b l leCKU\f rOCYilapCTnOM, nO.}TOMY He
Bce HMe.1H npana. Cy6.bCKTO1 npan<l npH3Han<l1C}I TOJ1hKO cno6oHHbli-i
lle.'10nCK, CJ1ellOnaTeJ1bHO, pa6bl pacCMaTpHBa"lHcb HC KaK cy6'beKT. a KaK
06"beKT IIpana «<ronop}lwee oPYllI-1e»).
no..lIIG1/ npa8ocnoco611OCI11b CK..1aJ1blOfu1aCb H3 TpCX OClIonllblX 3TJC-
MCHTOB (cocTmIHl1i-1): COCTmIHHe CB06011bl, COCTmlHHe rpmK1J.aI-lCTBa,
cCMeiiHoe COCTmIHHC. C TO'-IKH 3pCIHUI CT,lTyca CBo60}U,I paJ.lwI,LI]I-\Cb
cB06011Hb1C H pa6bl, cTaTyca rpa)K1laHCTBa - pHMCKHC rpa)K1laHe H D.PY-
rHe cBo6011HbIe JIHW.l (JlaTHHbl, lIeperpHHbl H D.p.), cefei-iHoro COCTml-
IHI - OTUbl cCMcikTBa H nOilBJ1aCTHbIC In1 nIma. Co npCfCHCf pa3..1H-
lnUi n IIpanOCIIoc06HOCTH cn060J-tHoro HaCeJ1eHIUI paJHblX rpY"1I C1aJll1
HC l IC3aTb, 1-1 n 212 r. 11.3. 6hlJ1 H311all 3m-\KT 0 llaponallHH npaB pH:\fCKoro
rpa)K1laHCTBa BCCf npOBHHUl-laJJaf (Hcrpa)K1laI-la:\f).
,OeecnOCOOHOCl11b B llpcnllC:\f PH:\IC 3a1H1CCJ1a npC)K.1C ncero OT n03-
paCTa. no 06lUCMY npammy C 14 .1CT (a )l(eI-llUHHbl - C 12 J1CT) mmo
CTaHOIHL'IOCb 1I0JIHOCTbK} .1eecIIoco6HbIM H \1Or'IO JaKJIK}lJaTb ClleJIKH.
HC3aBHCHMO OT B03paCTa orpallwnma..1HCb B Hcccnoc06110CTH .1HIUl.
CTpa.J.alOlUHC nCHXWleCKHfH 60J1e3H}I1I1, Te.l]eCHbIMH Hcn.OCTaTKa'-Hl, a
T<IK)KC pacTOlIHTCJ1H.
OC06b1M 06CTOTCJ1bCTnOI, orpat-fWnlBaBWI.m npaBODOC nOJ10)l(CHHC
I pa)f(lJ.aHHHa. }mmJTIOCb Yt(UIeHHe lIeCTH H 6eClIecnlC. COCTmIHHe 6eClIec-
TIHI lIacTymL10 1-13-3a OCY)K..1cmUI 3a npCCTYnJ1CIHI HJ1H 3a HIIOC oc060
nopolJawee IIpaBOI-lapyweHHe, HapyweI-II-1C IIpaBonblX HOpf, KacalOlUHXC}1
6paKa, 1amiTHC nOJOpllhl'-l D.CJ10M (npOCTInymuI, CB0111I1lICCTno).

102
I. rOCYAapCTBeHHOe YCTPOCTBO 101 npaBO B CTpaHaX ApeBHerO Mlo1pa
3aKOHlJ/ XII l11aiIwl{. O.LlHa U3 .J.penI-lHX KOllH<pHKaUHi-i pH\lCKOrO
npana - 3aKOllbi XII Ta6mm. 01111 npHII}!Thl n CCpC1HIIC V B. }1.0 11.3. I-I
perYJHfpOBaJJl1 ccpepy ceMei-iI-lbIX, HaCJ1ellCTBeI-lHbIX OTHOllleHHi.i, COllep-
)J(,U1H IlOplbl yro.I]OBIIOrO npana.
Pm.ICKOC npaBO nOllpa3ilCJlHJ10 eo6cmeellllOcmb Ha lI.Ba nma: K ncp-
nO\IY (pee .UGHl{WW) OTI-IOCHJ1HCb 3C:\t'HI, pa60 l IHii CKOT. pa6bI. 3.naHIHI,
COOPY)J(CIHI}!; KO nTopOMY (pee lIeK JJtal/l{ll1lll) - ncc 1PYruc BCLUH. npH
OTlIY)!()1eHI1H Bellm nepnoro Tuna Tpe60l3<1J10Ch C06.11O.uCHHC I-Ie06xo.Ju-
MblX CPOpHLlbIlOCTCH n TOP)J(CCTBCIIIIOii 06cnmOBKC npH cnH 1CTCJ1HX.
npaBO c06CTBeHHOCTH Ha llpyrue BClUH ncpeXOlll-lJ10 nOcpCllCTB01\-I npo-
CTOI-I Tpa.amu.U1 (Tpalll-IUH}! - nepella l Ja OJIHIHf JIHUO:\f J1.pyro:\tY (1)i.lKTH-
lICCKoro llJ1alI.CHJ.I}! BClUhIO).
C I II nCKa 110 H.3. 3aKOHbi XII ra6JIHU cnLIH 1101l0JIH}IrbC}1 IIpCrop-
CKH:\HI 3JU1KTaMH, nOCKOJlbKY n03I1HKa.1H 60J1CC CJ10)J(lIbIC npi.lnOBbIC
OTHOllleHIHI, KOTopble He06xoJ-tI1MO 6blJ10 yperYJIHpOB<nb. nmlB UleTC}1
HOB<m (I>op:\ta co6CTBeHI-IOCTII. Ha3bIBaC:\t<UI npemopeKOlI. Ec OXPi.lH}ICT
npCTOp. B pH:\ICKO:\f npanc qmrypuponanH TaK)J(C KeupumelWR C06CT-
neHHocrh, npO(fliHl{IUUbHm/ co6CTBeHHOCTh, C06CTneI-lHOCrb nepecpliHO(i.
PUICKHC IOpHCTbI nOIII.IM,L1H mn C06CTBCIIIIOCTbiO a6COJ110TIIOC
npano 1I0.Ib30naTbC}1 11 pacnopmKaTbC}1 BelUa1I1 C orpaHHlleHIHIMH, YC-
TaHOBJ1CHHbIHI J1.0roBOpO:\t lLll-\ npano:\t. )].cikTBoBa.JlO npaBl-lJ10 0 TO:\I,
lITO c06CTneHHlIK lI\leeT npaBO ileJlaTb co cnOCH BClllblO Bce. lITO Cl\-IY
IIP}IMO I-Ie 3allpelUaeT 3aKOH. C06CTBeHHOCTb - 31'0 roCIIOtlCTBO HCK.IlO-
llHTCJlhHOC, npH:\fOC H HcnocpCJ1CTnCHHOC. COilcp)J(allHC npaBa C06CT-
BeHHOCTH Bblpa)l(al0Cb B B03MO)J(HOCTH c06CTneHHHKa 011HOnpe\leHHO
nOJIbJOBaTbC}I BCUlbIO, paCnOp}I)J(i.lTbC}1 BelllbIo, HJBjleKaTb JJ.OXOHbI OT
nOJ1bJOBaHHH H pacnopj:I)J(CHI-U1 BelllblO.
Cnoc06bl IIpH06pCTeI-lIHI npaBa co6CTHeHHOCTH ...rCJUlJIHCb Ha lIepBO-
lIa l la.lbI-lhlC H npOlHBOilHhIC. nepeOllataJlbllble cnoc06bl npH06pCTCHHH
npana C06CTneI-lHOCTH He 3am1CeJIH H He BblTCKllilH 113 c06CTBeHHOCTH
J1.pyroro ;llma. TaKlum cnoc06aMH 51 B.1}!JHfCb: OKKynmU-IH. T.C. 06palllc-
I-IHe B CBOIO c06cTBeHHocTb HHKO:\IY He npHHa]Ll]e)l(alllHX BCW.Ci1, nplw6-
pCTellHC BCIIlH no 1aBIIOCTH B.Ha;1CIfIUI H J1.p. npOlI3(WaHble cnoc06bl npH-
06pCTCHHH npaBa C06CTBCHHOCTH OCHOBhIBMHCh Ha npaBC npC)I(Hcro
C06CTBCHHHKa BelllH (KYII:UI-lIpO}la)J(a, 11apeHl.le, HaCJIC..:!OB<lHHe 11 .J.p.).
CYIllCCTnOBa'IO IICCKOJ1hKO Bl-L10B HCKon no :k'1I1lHTC npana c06CTnC1II10-
cnl. OCHOBI-Ihlf HR1}IJlC}1 6liHiJliKm{liOHHblli liCK - HCK C06CTBCI-II-IHKa 06
HCTpc60Bi.lfH1H nCIIlH H3 llY)J(Oro IIC3aKoHlloro IL1,1CIfIUI. ECJHI KTO-JUl60
C0311anal npcnHTCTnUH B OCYIllCCTBJICHIUI C06CTBCHHHKOM CBOHX npaB -
HCIIOJlb30B<UIC}I HezamopHlJIti liCK. Q)op:\lOii 01 paI-lll l ICI-IlU1 IIpaBa C06CTBCI-I-
1I0cni CJ1Y)J(HJ1 eepellmym (nCIIUlOC npano nOJ%301*1IIHH llY)J(oii nClIlhIO).
EbIJIO pa3pa60raHO 06J13al11e.;lbCI11(ieHHOe npa60. PI-fMCKoe npano onpe-
J1.cmICT 06}I3i.lTCJIbCTBO KaK «npaBOBbIC OKonbl, B CHJ1Y KOTOpblX \-Ibl npH-

2. CTPCHbl CHT&-1"HOrO M&-1pC
103
HY)K)laCIC}1 II ro-HH6Y...Ib HCIIO.IHlHb COLlaCHO JaKOHaM I-Iawcro roCYll<lP-
CTna». B 60:ICC n03IUmi1 ncpl1011 06}13aTC}IbCTnO CT<Ll0 paCCl\mTplmaTbC
KaK IOpH.uWICCKHC OTHOWCI-II-tH MC)KilY llBYHI J1HuaMH, B CHJlY KOTopOro
011.110 H3 miX, HICIIYClOC KpC1HTOpOM, HICCT npaBO Tpc60BaTh OT 11.Pyro-
ro Jll-1Ua, 1-D.ICI-IYC1\-IOro 1l0.1)f(HHKOM. HCnOJIHCI-IH llcro-m160 B CBOIO nOJIb-
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7. rOCYACpCTBC AMeplllKIII III A<I>Pio1KIII B CpeAHllle BeKC
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III. IIICTOplllSi rOCYAOpCTSO III nposo Hosoro SpeMeHIII
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254
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258
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JIaCb COUH,UlbI-l<UI CTpYKTypa aHfJIHikKoro o6wecTHa. Ha IIOJ1HTI-l l lecKytO
apcllY nhIIlWH 1I0nbiC CJ10H 06I1lCCTBa, aKTHBIlO BhlcTymmIIIHc 3a PC<llH-
JaUllIO CBOl-IX npan. 3TO npO}!BHJ10Cb B 60Pb6c 3a HOBYIO lu6HpaTc.TJb-
HYIO CHCTe\ty.
B 1832 ro.ay 6bIJ1 npH I-UIT ElL1.1b () napJw.ueHI1lCKOli pecjJOp.ue. Ero Cyrb
CBOJHLlaCb K orpallWICIHlIO npClI.CT<lBHTCJlbCTna B nap.laICIITC OT «rIlH-
.JblX», «KaptaHI-IbIX» MCCTCtICK. B TO )l(C Bpcr...IH KpynI-lblc npOtbIWJ1CHHbIC
ropo.Ja, I-Ie HMeBWHe npe.ac faBlneJ1bCTBa B lIapml\teH re. 1I0..'IY l IHJIH raKoe
IIp.mo. YHe.TII-flIHJIOCb KO'1H4eCrBO mm 06JJ<1llatOWHX aKTHBHbI1 lu61'lpa-
TCJ1bllbI1 npanm1. B 1867 rofJ.Y COCTOHJ1aCb IlOeaR u36upameJlblwR perjJop-
."a. fJ1anllhIf cc HTOroM L.,l'IO YBcm-flICIIHC t!HCJ1a H36upaTc.l]cii nOllTH B
.JBa paJa npe)!(.Je Bcero 3a ClIeT l\le.'IKoi1 6YP)KyaJHH H I-Ial160J1ee 06ecne-
lIeHHoH 4aCTH pa6o l lero K.lacca. B IlOCJleJlHei.-i t.IeTBepTH XIX B. IIpI1HH-
MaCTCH P}I,1 3aKOIIOB. npCllYCM,lTpHnalOIllHX 1l,LlbI-Ici1I1IYK) llCMOKpanua-
UI-flO 11361'lpaTCJ1bHoro npana. CPC1I.I-f HHX oc060c fCCTO 3aHHtaloT 3aKO-
HOllaTe IbHble aKTbl 1884 H 1885 rr., COC"IaBI1BWHe 11lpe11lblO ll1uupa11le lb-
HYIO pe(l)()fJ.uy B AHrmm. CYlllecmeHHblMH I-IOBOBBelleHlUI1I1 mULIHCb
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BBCn.CHHC H36HpaTc.lbHblX OKpyroB C paBHhlM npCLlCTam1Te.lbCTBOM OT
OlI.l1HaKoBoro KOJ1HtleCTBa HaCeJ1emm. CoXpaHeHl1e HMYllleCTBeHHoro H
IIO..'IOHoro In61'lpareJlbI-lblX UeHJOB, CJIO)J(HbIH 1I0PRL1.0K perHCTpaWHf HJ-
6upaTc.lci1 - CCphC311blC IIcnOCTaTKH 1I0BoH IU6HIJ<lTCJ1bIl0i1 CHCTC:\lbl.

9. rOCYAapcTsa 3anaAHo&ll EsponbI
259
BICCTe c paclllHpeHHe\1 IB6HpaTeJlbHbIX npaB npmlcxOllHT lleMO-
Kpannawul nOJIIHJ1llecKoi1 )l(HJI-IH: D.06mmlOrcH 1Iera IbHOro cywecTBo-
BaHIUI npocpCOlO3bI, OTMCHHCTCH yro.l0BHOC HaKa3aHHC 3a opram13amllO
Ja6aCTOUOK, npH3I1aCTC}! cBo60.ua CJIOBa H cB060J1a nCllaTH.
5pIl1TOHCI<O I<OI\OHII10I\bHO II1Mnepll1
I)pHT..mCKaH KOJlOIIH.U1bIIaH HMncplul IHl'HLla CK}I3J1blBaTbC}! B
XVII-XVIII BB. B 60Ph6c C McnaHHcH. fO.I].l]aHlUlci-i. <DpaIlIU1ci.-i Allr-
J1HH n.o6lumcb TOproBOH H fOpCKOi-i rcrCMOHHH.
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caxap nOfOfJ1H AHrJ1lHl CTaTb MorYtlei:f n.ep)l(auoi1. Ha CTpa)l(e 3aMOp-
cKoi-i TOproB.l1H CTml1H BoopY)I(eHHble CHJlbl. Mx MOUlb o6ecne l IHJla ei1
roCIIO,J.CTBO. OHa BblWJIa Ha lIepBoe MeCTO B EBpOIlC.
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C HaCeJleI-lHet 60Jlee 2,5 IJlH lleJIOHeK. 3n> 6bI11 HI)J(e.lbIH Yimp. 011-
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HH}!. B KOHUC XVIII B. B03HHK..10 ncpBoc nOCCJ1CHHC cnponci.-iucB B AB-
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lie XX B., Koma OKO.lIO lieTBepTI1 I-IaCe.lleHHH Je1HOro mapa )1(1-1]10 liOn.
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B HOBoe npeMH aHr'IHi,icKoe npano pa3nHB<U10Cb B OCHonHO1 3BO-
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IblXHYJIH rJly6HHbi IIpaBOBot'1 CI1CreMbl. B CIUY reorpa<})HlICCKoi1 o60co6-

260
III. IIICTOplllSi rOCYAOpCTSO III nposo Hosoro SpeMeHIII
JICHHOCTl1 H OC06eHHOCTei-i HCTOpm-1 AHL1HH JlleCb B TellCHHe DJIHTe.TJbHO-
ro llpeMeHH Cal\-IOCTQ}lTeJIbHO COJllall<L'lOCb I1pauo cuoeH CTpaHbl. PHICKoe
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CTbK) aHrJlHi1cKOro npaB:.l mL'UICTC}I em apxa1l3.\1. KOropbIH OCT<L:IC}I OT
cTaporo (J)CO.a,U1bHOro CTpOH, liO C pa3InlTHCt 6YP)J(yaJI-IbIX OTliOIllCliHii
apxm1 l lllmi q)()pMa lIanOJIlHlJIaCI. 1I0BbiM CO,fJ.Cp)J(aHHCf.
3aKOHo.uaTCJlbCTUO AHrJ'lHH OCTaUaJlOCb HCKo.umJH1UHponaHHbIM.
KaK H3nCCTHO, npano .nCJ1l-IJ10Cb I-Ia nBC lJaCTlI: o6U1cc npano H npaBO
cnpanCiL1HnOCTH. BnOCJIc.uCTI3IHI 6blJ1H cocmmCllbl n C1HIIYIO CHCTC\1Y
CYllbl o6mcro npana H npana cnpanCJlJU1ROCTH. COOTnCTCTnCHHO H II0p-
MI.l 06111Cro npana ncpccnL1H ClH1TaTI.CH oc06oH CHCTC\1OiL OTJ1J.1l1ll0i-i
OT II0pM CYJ10B CnpaBCJL1HBOCTH. B031H1KJIO edulloe npele()ellmlloe npa6o.
npCucnCH rHOC I1paBO HC HMCJIO H HC HMCCT 06}U;UeJlbHOH CHJlbI.
OHO HCOIlpellC..'ICHHOC H II m )J(e I3pC:\UI nI6KOC, I10CKOJIbKY 13 HeKom-
pbIX CJIYlI<UIX cynbH MO)J(eT oToi-inl OT I1peue.ueHTOB H BblHeCTH npyroe
pcrneHHC. 3aKOHbi TaJ0Ke }m.1S110TC}1 OnHI1\1 H3 HCTOllHHKOB npaBa AHr-
mul. OHH He CBeileHbl B CHCTeMY 11 nei-icTuylOT Ca\IOCTQ}ITC.I]bHO.
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3nCCb HMCJ'lHCb HCKOTOpblC oTcrynJ1CHHH OT npHlIIuma 10pH.uWICCKOro
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.naHcKOro npaBa. Beu-u-IOc npano B AHI1lIHI nOI-IHt<U10Cb umpOKO, no-
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ncpe.uaHHblM CMY npynlM J1HUO1 (Y ' lpeiJumeJle.u) B nOJlbJY TpCTbHX JIHU
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9. rOCYAapcTsa 3anaAHo EsponbI
261
P()\-I npaBo 3,lllUlIuaeT HHTepecbI 3CteJIbHoro co6cTBeHHHKa H B TO >KC
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KalOWHe HJ IIpaBOHaPYWCHIUI. lLrul aHrJHliicKOro 1l0roBOpHOro IIpaBa
xapaKTcpHbIM lBmICTC5I TO'IHOC onpCllCJlCHHC npaB H 06513aHHOCTCH
CTOpOH, Tpc60naJ-IHC OT .uOJ1>KHHKa il06poconCCTl-lOrO BbInOnHCHHH 0651-
3aTcn bCTB.
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HCKJllO l IHTeJ1bHbIX CJ1Y l lmiX H TOJlbKO Ha OCHOBaHIHI nap.laMeHTCKoro
aKTa. D,JH1TeJ1bHOe upeul COXpaH}L1HCb (I>eoila I]bHbie nepe>KHTKH B
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B;UI oc b.

262
III. IIICTOplllSi rOCYAapCTsa III npasa Hosoro speMeHIII
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9. rOCYAapcTsa 3anaAHo&ll EsponbI
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9. rOCYAapcTsa 3anaAHo EsponbI
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272
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llBopuax. TOproBUbl KynaJ1HCb B pOCKO-
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9. rOCYAapcTsa 3anaAHo&ll EsponbI
273
cYJlei-L OH I1Me.l npHBo 1HKOHO.L1.HTCJIbH0I1 HHHLlHHTl1BbI. Y BToporo H
TpeTbero KOHCYJIOB 11l\-le HlCb 'IHWb COUelllHTeJIbHbIe 1I0.II-IOIOlIIUI.
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11a31-la l laTb M3pOn KOl\-IMYH H ropOllOB. Pccny6.'1HKHHCKHi-i CTpoH YWC.'l B
npOIIL'IOC, IHHl-IMY1 n.CMOKJXlTHlICCKI1X cB06on. 6hLI] YIlI-flITO)KCIi.
B 1802 roilY oOI-l<1lIapT 61,1;1 06"MIBJleH 1I0)KHJI-IeI-lHbI1 KOI-lCY;IO1. Ero
BJIaCTb npHHH\laJIH MOHHpXl-JlleCKHi-i xHpaKTep. B 1804 roll)' OH opraI-lH30-
mUl CBOIO Kopollamllo B co6opc napH)KCKOH 6ormUlTCpH, KYJIhMHllallHcii
KOTOpOH D.OJ1)KHO 6bIJ10 CnlTb B03.10)KeHHC KOpOHbI nanoii pHICKH1. On-
HaKO HalIoTleoH caM BJSlJ1 lJaBpoBblH BeI-lOK H BOJJlO)KI-fJI ce6c I-Ia roJIOUY.
TCI CHMblf OH 6bIJI npOn03rJIalllCH l/unepamopo.u qJpmlllJ'306. B CBOHX
PYKax oommapT COCpC10TOlII-Ll Hcno.1IIHTCJ1hIlYIO H 3aKOlIon.aTC.l]hIlYIO
BJlaCTb. npH HamueoI-le CJ10)KHJlCH UeI-lTpaJIH30naHI-IblH rocY.iJ.apCTBeI-l-
HbIii annapaT. 3aKOHOllaTeJ1bHYIO BJlaCTb npellCTaB..l}IJlH CeHaT, rOCYllap-
CTBCI-IHblii COBCT, 3aKoHollaTcJlbHbIii Kopnyc. npH HMncpaTope ncikTBo-
mUlH BhlCOKHii H Tai-illblii COBCThl, npamITCJ1bCTBO (pHC. 9.3).
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seTSb snaCTH seTSb snaCTH snaCTH
I CeHaT I VlMnepaTOp CYAbl
(HanoneoH MCKJlI04Ii1TenbHO -
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r oCYAapcTBeHHbl
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PUC. 9.3. CTPYKTypa IIcpRoif "\UlclnlH 1804-1814 rr.

274
III. IIICTOplllSi rOCYAapCTsa III npasa Hosoro speMeHIII
C HleHet HanoJ1COHa. a TaK)KC cro IlJIe1\UIHI-IHKa JlYH O()I-lanapTa,
npamIwero II03)Ke, cmuaHO "POl-ICXO)l(JleI-ll1e repMHHa DUHl/nap/mllAt,
ynoTpc6J1}!CMOro iUl}! 060311a l 1CIH1}! pC)KHfa JHlllHOH B.laCTH, B03111-1-
KalOwen> H 06cnmOBKC 06111CCTHeI-lI-loro Kpl13l1ca. C nOJIHTHKo-opraI-lH-
Ia!lHOIIIIOH TOllKH 3PCIIH}! 60IHmapTH3M CCTh PC)KHM mflllloH Macnl n
061llCCTBe C Bpa'lYIOIIUHIH nOmlT1-l l ICCKI1MH rpynrIHpoBKaMH H K."'Iacca-
MH, KOTOpbIH orHlpaCTCH B CBOe\1 yrBep)l(1I.eHIHf I-Ia nOlUlCp)KKY apMHH I-I
TJI-lllHbIH aBTOpl1TCT npmU1TcmI, npeTCIIJ1YKmrcro lIa pOJ1b ap6HTpa I-t no-
CpelI.I-IHKa BO B3aJ-IMOOTI-IOWeI-lIUIX 1\-le)l(1I.Y Bpa)IWYlOlllH\fH IIOJlHTl-flleCKH-
MI-I CH.laIH.
HCTOPH}I nepBOH (l)paI-lUY3CKOH IHIIICpHH - 31"0 HCTopml HCllpe-
pbIBlibIX 3axnaTHWICCKHX noHII. nonY.TmpllbIi.i 130 <DpallUl-m Hano.1COII
IIC no.lb30mL1C}1 .llOBCpHCf cBponcikKHX lOlIapXOB. Y)KC lIaXOJ15!Cb B
COCTOHHI-fH noih.lbl C Al-lrm-lcii, <DpaI-lUH}! CTOJ1KI-IYJIaCb C yrp030ii BTOp-
)KCIIU}! Boi1cK Poccm-I, AnCTpHH H npyccm-I. PCaKIH1}! Hano.1COIta 6blJ1a
Mri-iOBeHHoi.i: 3a D,Ba ro).J,a OH p,UrpOMHJ1 CBOHX npOTl-IBI-IHKOB, nOKopHB
BCIO EBpony. f;1 TyT Yllatta CTMa H3ICHHTb HanOJ1COHY: CI-talta I]a Ha nH-
peHeikKOM nOJ1YOCTpOBe, a 3aTe1 B POCCHH B 1812 ro.ny. B 1814 rollY
PYCCKHC, aBcTpHi-icKHC, nPYCCKHC H aHr.1Hi1cKHC DoHcKa DCTym-lJ1H DO
CDpaI-lLlI1l0. IHmcplUI Han01eOI-la npCKpaTHJla CBoe cymccTBOBaI-lHe.
3BOI\IOLJ,V1 rocy AopCTseHHoro CTpO cDpOHLJ,V1l11
OT pe>l<lI1MO PeCTOSpOLlV1l11 AO BTOpoLil V1Mnepll1V1
nOC.1C nOpa)KCIIIHI IHmCpHI1 6bLla pccnlBpHpOBalla .\10IlapXUR Eyp-
001108. 0111aKO nO.1HOC nOCCnlllOBJ1CIIHC cTaporo CTpml 6h1JIO Y)KC HC-
B03MO)K1-I0. B 1814 roilY 6b1JIa npHI-I}!Ta Xap/1lllH. Ol-la npon03r.1aWMa
IICKOTOpblC nOJIHTHlICCKHC cB06011bJ. B cTpallc BBOllHJIaCb KOIlCTlUYUH-
OHI-Ia}! fOI-Iapxml. KOpOJ1b nOJ1Y l ta I] BCIO noni-ioTY HcnOnHHTCJlbHOii B..l]a-
CTH H HMe.'I npaBO 3aKOHOll<1Te.'lbHOH HHHUIfaTlfUbl. nap.'IaleI-lT CTpaI-lbI
6bIJI 06pa30BaH B COCTaBC .JUYX naJ1aT: mUIaTbl rnpOB H ml1aTbI .uenYTa-
TOB. BblcoKHe B03paCTHble H H\1ywecTBeHHble UeI-l3bl OTCTpaH}IJ1H OT
Bbl60pOB 3I-1a t (H reJlbHYIO llaCTb HaCe.lICI-IHH. 5bL'I<1 BBellCHa llOnOJIHH-
reJlbI-l<U1 uCH3ypa npeCCbI. 3anpelliCHbi c06paHH}1 H j\-laI-lH<I)eCTaUHH. 3m
BbI3B.t:IO Bce06111ee I-IellOBOJlbCTHO pe)KHfOl, I-I B HIOJIe 1830 r. BOC-
CTaBWHe ropo)l(aI-le 3aI-ln.'1H CTO.llHUY. KpynH<U1 6YP)Kya3IUI C<pOpMHpO-
Bi.Lla BpCteHl-Ioe npaBHTeJ1bCTBO, IIPOU03LlaCHBLuee KOpOJIeM JIyu (/)/1-
Jlwma Op.leaflCKO?O (n pmU1J1 B 1830-1848 rr.).
HOBbIii pC)KHf 6bLl K)PI-UUllICCKH O(I)op1JICII Xapm/leil /830 l. Pac-
IIIHpHJlaCb pOJIb napJ1afCIlTa. 5blJ1H YMCllhUlClibI n03pacTIIoH H IHIYIIIC-
CTBCIlIIblii !lCII3bl, B PC3Y.l]bTaTC llCro YBC.'Hl l lHJ10Cb lIHCJ10 H36HpaTc.I]ci-L
B CPCBP,LI]C 1848 r. n napH)KC 6bLTJa paCCTpCJI}!lta MHpHmI n.CMOIICT-
paUH5! napH)KaI-l, Tpc60BanwHx .J.cIOKpaTinaUl-IH nO.1HTWICCKOro CTp05!

9. rOCYAapcTsa 3anaAHo&ll EsponbI
275
H YJ1Y l IllICHH}I 3KOI-lOIHlICCKoro nOJlO)J(eHmI I-IapOll.a. 3TO nOCJ1Y)J(I-IJIO
TO.llIKO\f K BOOPY)J(CIIIIO\fY nOCCTaIlHiO. BOCCTamlJHC OR1allc:m napu-
)l(C1. J1yu cJ>Hmmn OTPCKC}! OT npccTO.1a. 6blJIa npOB03rJ1aWCI-Ia pcc-
ny6mfKa. BecHoH 1848 r. COCTO}iJ1HCb Bbl60pbl B YllpemneJlbHOe co6pa-
I-IHe, COCTaH KOTOpOro H 3T01\-1 )J(e roLlY npHI-I}IJ1 I-IonylO KOHcmll111YI(1II0.
B COOTnCTCTBIHI C llcii 6blJla npHiHlTa pecnyoJ111KallCKaf/ (f)()p.ua npan-
JICI-IHH, npoBo3rJlaWaJIOCb pa3ilCJlCI-IHC BCTBci-i BJ1aCTH. npc.nCTaBHTc.lb-
Hoe npaUJIeHue. Hlll(1I0HlJ IbHoe co6paHlIe 06"bSmm1.10Cb BbICillHM OpraHO\f
3aKOI-lOJWTC.lbHOii n.1aCTH. B ero KO\HICTCHUHIO HXOllHJlO: HCK,llOlIH-
TCJ1bIlOC npaBO npIHHITI-HI 3aKoIIOB, pCIIICIIHC nonpocon Boi-illbI H MI-Ipa
H !J.p. flpe311dellm CT<mOnl-IJlC}! rnanoii HcnOmUnCJ1bIlOH BJlaCTH. OhlJ10
COXpaI-lCHO npC)I(Hee allMI-fI-lI-ICTpaTHuHO-TeppHTOpHaJlbI-lOC llCJleHlfC I-Ia
.nenapra\leHTbl, JlHClpHKTbl H KOfMYI-lbl. BBOllHJ10Cb Bceo6lllee I-I np}l-
Moe In6HpaTc.lbllOC npano. rOJ10COBaJ-IHe 6blJ10 TaiiI-lbIM. f;136HpaTcJ1b-
IIbIC npaBa nOJlYlH1J1H ncc <J>paIlUY3bl B B03paCTC OT 21 rolla, a H36pall-
IIbI\1H />.-IOrJlH 6bITb .ll-ma, .nOCTHrWI1C 25 J1CT.
nepl3bl\f 11J6paI-lHb1M IIpe3HlleHTOM pecny6J111KH CT,UI JIYlI EOHanapm
(npam-IJI B 1852-1870 IT.), n;IeHIHI-II1K HanOJleoHa. BCKope OH conep-
1IH1J1 rocYJmpCTBCllllblii ncpcnopOT, pa30flHL1 IlalU-IOII<LlbIlOC co6pallHc.
HOBasl KOllcmllmYI(lIR /852 l. 3aKOllo.uaTCJIbIlO 3aKpCnI-fJ1a R'IaCTb JlYH
60I-lanapTa. BC}I nOJ1HOTa BJlaCTH nepeXOLUfJ1a K npe3HlleI-lTY, KOTOPOfY
6blJ1l1 nOllllHHCI-IbI Bce OCHOBI-Ible 3BeHMI roCYJ-lapCTBeI-lI-lOrO annapara, B
TO1 lH1CJle apfH}I. nO:IHUlHI. )J(aI-llI.apMCplHl. TOJlbKO npe3HlleI-lT 06JlanaJ1
npaBOM 3aKOII0J1aTCJlbIlOi-1 HIIHUlmnmbl. 011 In6upaJIc}i Ita 10 J1CT, I-I
J1HWb 3TO OTJIWlaJIO cro OT I-IaCJICllCTnCHI-Ioro :\wI-Iapxa.
BCKope JlYH 60Hanapr 6bJlI npOB03rJlaWCI-I HMlleparopOM (l>paHUY-
Ion IIOLl I1MCI-ICM HaIIO;IeOI-la II I. YCT<lI-lOBI-IJlaCb nOCI-II-IO-lIo"H1ucikK<U1
.lU1KTaTypa. B nO.1HTHKC COlICT,umCb n.CMaronHI H pcnpCCCHH. BbIXOlI. H3
TPY1lI-lbIX cHTyauHii B CTpaHC InmcpHSI mmCJIa B no6c.uoHOCI-Ioi-l BoiiHC,
KOTOpylO oI-la HalJala JICTOM 1870 r. nponm npyccm-I. O.uI-laKO cJ>paH-
UIHI 110 rcplIeJIa 1I0pa)J(eHHe. OI-lO nOCT<lBH;IO <DpaHUHlo I-Ia rpaHb I-Ia-
IU-IOII<LlbIlOii KaTaCTp(}(l>bl.
napll1>KCI<O)1 I<OMMYHO 1871 r.
npyccaKH 3a1UIJ1H 60J1bWYIO lIaCTb Teppl-ITopHH <DpaIlIH1H. Ha 3a-
uuny CTpaHbl nOJll-f}!JlHCb pa6o l IHc, ncpCJ10na}! IH-ITCJlJ1HrCI-lLU-I}i, MCJ1Ka}!
6YP)J(ya3IHI. 6blJ1a C<I>OpMI-lpoBaHa HaLU-fOI-la'lbHml rnapmHI. KpynHa}i
6YP)J(ya3ml 60JlbWC onaC,UIaCb pa60 l IHx, llCM npyccaKOB.
B I-IOYb Ha 18 MapTa 1871 r. npaBHTCJ1bCTnCI-IHbIC BoikKa nbIT,L1HCb
:mxnaTHTb nYIIIKH napH)J(cKoii lIat(lI01lG -lbllOii l6apolill H P<.130PY)J(UTb
pa60 l H1x. 1-10 COJ1n.aTbl OTKa3,U1HCb CTpCmITh B lIapOII. H CT<L1H 6paTaTI>C}1

276
III. IIICTOplllSi rOCYAapCTsa III npasa Hosoro speMeHIII
C I-II-I:\1. npanHTCJ1bCTBO 6C)Ki.UlO H3 ropo.n.a. H ILlaCTb n CTOJ1HUC nCpCUlJ1.1
B PYKH UCIITP,l'IbIlOro KO:\IHTCTa 1-laUHOII<Ulblloii rBapn.IHI.
PYKon01ll-fTCJ1H :-.mIlHCTcpCTn H BClI.OMCTn nOKHllyml ropOll, a OC-
TaBWHCCH n HCM lllfHonHHKH HC )f(CJlaJHI pa60TaTb. B 3TI-1X YCJ10Bl-f}!X
6blJIO npm-I}!TO PCWCIIHC 06 YBOJlbllCIIHH BCCX tIHHOBHHKOB, KOTOpblC IIC
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HOH rBap.ilHH 6bIJ1H npOBC.ileHbl Bcc06wHC npmlblc Bbl60pbl B npCJlCTa-
BHTCJ1bHbIH opraH BJJaCTH - Cueem l/apu.)ICCKOl/ KOJ",UYHbl. 26 1\mpTa
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60 t ll-fC HJlH I-IX npc..aCTaBlHCJlH. OpraHo1 B,laCTI1 H ynpawIcHl-fS1 KO\IMY-
HbI CT.UI Concr Oapl-I)KCKOfi KOfMYHbl (pl1c. 9.4).
KOMHCCHH(10)
CoeeT nap&ilxcKoLii KOMMYHbl
KOMHTeT
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9. rOCYAapcTsa 3anaAHo&ll EsponbI
277
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BCHI-IOCTl1 Ha CpCllCTBa IIPOlHUOllCTBa: KOI-l<I>HCKOBaJla 6CJllCikTBOBi.m-
WI-IC npc.anpI-UlTml, 6POWCHI-ILIC X03}!CBaHI, H ncpc.aa1a HX accow.mUH-
m1 pa60 l IHx. UCpKOBb 6bI.1a OTllC.'lCHa OT rocy.napCTna. npon03f;lallla-
lIHCL IICOThC:\L1CILIC npana rpa)f(1lall lIa TpYll, cB060ny J1WIIIOCTH, CDO-
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278
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9. rOCYAapcTsa 3anaAHo&ll EsponbI
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280
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10pnCm1KUI-II-I, OKPY)I(HblC cyn.LI 11 MuponLIC CYilLH. I-hlcmlcL KaccaUH-
OHHbli1 I-I aneJIJUlUI-IOHHbli1 CYilbl (CM. pHC. 9.3).

282
III. IIICTOplllSi rOCYAapCTsa III npasa Hosoro speMeHIII
B nepHOll PeCT<lBpaWIH oyp60HOB CYUleCTBOB(UHI Cy.rrbI HCKJ1K)lIH-
reJlbHOH IOpHCllI-lKUHH, KaccaUHOHHblH, <1I1CJJ1UIUl-IOHHbli-l, OKpY)J(HbIe
CYllbI H MllponblC CYllbH. AHa.l0rJ-lllHbIC CYllbl llcikTnOBaJlH B TelICHI.IC
BTOPOH H"mCpHJ-I.
Bo BpeleHa napmKCKOM KOMMYHbI CTapoe CYllOYCTPOMCTHO H CYJlO-
npm1JBOllCTBO 6bL1H OHleHeHbi. CYlle6Hmi CI.ICTe\ta napH)J(CKoii KO\I-
MYHbI COCT05lm\ IU 06rnerpa)J(1laHCKHX H noeHHbIX CY1l0B. ConCT na-
pmKcKoii KO"1:\IYllhi }11U1J1C5I 1UI5I nccx cY10n KaCCaIHIOllliOH IHicTalllHlci.i
1.1 CY10\t ncpBOH HHCTaHIlIHI no ne:laM, npcn.CT<lBJ1}IJOIllH:\1 OC06YK) Ba)J(-
HOCTb. CYllbl BbI6I1p.UIHCb.
B KOHUC XlX n. YTnCpDJ1JIaCb I-Iona5! CHCTCMa cy.uon (pIlC. 9.5).
I KaCCaL.4I-10HHbl CYA I
I AnennflL.4l-10HHbl CYA I
I CYAbl nepsoi:1 I-1HCraHLlI-1V! I
I Ml-1pOBble CYAbl-1 I
PUC. 9.5. Cyncoll3H BCTBb B.13CTII <I>P3I1UIfIl B KOIIIlC XIX B.
OD.Hoii In caMblX Ba)J(HbIX 1.ICTOpl.PICCKHX oc06eHHocTeH cYlle6Ho-
npanonoH CHCTC\tbl CTa.I]O n03tulKlionCIIHC n IIcH OTD.C.']bIlOH a(hWllliCm-
pamu6110ii IOCI11lillili - co cnocH IOpl.ICfJ.HKIUICH 1.1 npollcJ1ypoii. B03-
MO)J(HOCTb npoKOHTpOJHlpOBaTb B cYlle6HO\1 IlOp}IHKe 1.1 Te1 6o:Iee 06-
)l(aJIOBaTb peweHlH1 opraHon I1CnOJ1HIHCJ1bHOH BJIacnl (He BepxoBHoi-1),
lll-lHOBHHKOB 1.1 D.OJ1)J(HOCTHbIX .lUlU Y)J(C C XVIII n. paCC"taTpHnaJIaCb KaK
O'UIa 1.13 rapaIlTHi.i ycncllllloH J1C}ITClbIlOCTH IHlCHnYTOB ynpaBJICIHUI. B
oc06eHHOCTH T<tK,HI BOJ:\IO)J(HOCTb 6bLI.t B(1)J(Ha .n;m rap<1HTlHI rpa)J(.J.aH-
CKI1X npan.
B 1 ROO rOilY 6bLI]H C03D.aIlbI C06emb/ nperjJeK/1l)'1J. Om.1 COCTOfL1I1 H3
JII.m, Ha3I1a l IaBIIII-IXC}1 r:laBOH roCYJ1<lpCTBa. 31CCb :\IO)J(IIO 6blJ10 06)J(,L10-
BaTb peweH IHI 0 HaUl-IOH,UIH3aWHI IHlyrnecTBa, pa306paTb )J(,uI06bl lta-
CTHblX J1HU no Haloro06J10)J(eHHIO, cnopbl rocYllapcTneHHoi-i allMI1HI.ICT-
palUH1 H npCnnpl-HlTHH 06mccTncllllhlx pa60T. BbIClllci1 IHicTalilUicH
aa:I.1III-II.lcTpaTHBI-IOH IOCTHIlIHI 6bIJ1 focy.aapcTBeI-lHblH CO BeT.
BnOCJ1en.CTBlHI nomm.1C5I ew.e OD.HH opraH. nK.l]lO t iCHI-IbIH n CI1CTe:\IY
<1;J.MI1HHCrpan-IBHOH K)Cn1WIH, - /1lpU6YHll_l KOHqUUKll108. Oco6oe ma-

9. rOCYAapcTsa 3anaAHo&ll EsponbI
283
lleHi-le ei\-IY 6bl110 IIpH...raHo B lIepl-IOll Bropoi1 pecIIy6mlKIJ: B COCTaB Tpl1-
6ymLla UX01.HJ1H UblCIIIHe CYJlhll pccny6.1HKI1. npcn.ccmnc.lbCTBOB<L'I II-f-
HI.ICl"p IOCHIUHH. TpH6YHa.1] 3aHI.IMa..1CH pa3pclllcHHCM cnopon 0 nOll-
CYllHOCTI1 11 0 nponmOpCllHHX n IOpHcmlKUlHI pa3HbiX Ylpe)I(JJ.cHHi.i 1.1
1.IHcnll-YTou HCIIO.'IHI-ITe.lbHoi1 BJIaCTH. B 1852 rollY Tpl.16YH.UI 6blJ1 OT-
MCIICH, 110 B I R75 r. OBonL nOCCTaHOB.1CIl.
TaKI-1\! 06pa30M, n Honoc npCIH no <1>palllum lcikTnomwH pa3-
J1WIHble cYllc6HbIC CHCTeMbl. KpO\IC Toro, HMenaCb npoKypaT)'pa, B
Q>YHKUlHI KOropOl1 BXO;UUO IIO)..IJ.I.ep)J(aHI.le o6UIIHeHI-UI 11 KOH rpO:Ib 3a
l1.eikTBlUIMII nomKHOCTHbIX J1IIIl cYJ.{a.
BonpOCbl AI\ p03Mb1Wl\eHII1 it1 I<OHTpOI\
I. KaKOBbl 6bI'II.lllI31DKYlUHe CHJlbI pCBO.'IIOIUHI no <f)paIllum'!
2. lITO OT.I]WIaJIO p;nm-tTi-le 6YP)J(ya3Hoil MO.ileJll1 rocYllapCTBa 130 <PpaH-
UlH1 OT ;:mrmIikKoii \.fO.!lCJllt?
3. KaK<UI <popMa npaBJlCJn1H 6bL1a YCT<1II0BJIClia ncpnoH pCnOJ1IOIlHOII-
Hoii KOHcTlnyuueii <DpaHIUHI'!
4. KaK,UI 113 naprl-111 BCJH1KOl1 (l>paHUYJCKoi1 pCBO.I10UIHI 3aKOHO..laTCJIL-
HO JaKpeml 'Ia 6C3B03IC3..1HYIO onlCHY (peo..aaJlbHbIX nOBl-lHHOCTCii
KPCCTb}! If!
5. KaK<U1 (I>op\ta roCY1apCTBCHHOro ynpaItl]CmHI 6bl.l]a YCTaHOB.1CHa
}IK06I1HCKOIi KOHcnIIyuHcii'?
6. OxapaKTcpl13yiiTe nOJ1I1TWleCKYIO (PluyPY HanOJleOHa oOHanapTa.
7. KaKoB 6bIn rocYllapCTBCIIIIbIii annap;:lT ncpBoi1 (l>paIIUY3CKoii IIMnepHu?
8. KaKOBbI npwnlIIbI pCCTaBpamU1 MOlIapXm-! 6yp6oIIOB?
9. lITO TaKOC 60Hanapn1JM. KaKI.IC ero npl1JHaKU C(I>OP\II1POB<lJIHCb BO
<PpaHw m ?
10. B lIbliX PYKax KOIIUCIITpHpOBaJ1aCb BC}! nOJ1IIOm B.'IaCTl1 no KOIIcnI-
TYWH1 <I)paIIIUH1 1852 r."?
11. KaKoB npaKTI1'IeCKI-lii onblT napmKcKoii KOI\.IYHbI? OxapaKTcpluyii-
Te rocY.ilapCTBCHHbIi-i mmapaT naplDKcKoi-i Kml\IYHbl.
12. KaKHc KOIICTHT)'UHOlIlIbIC JaKOlIbI ymcpllHJIII rocYJJ.apcTBclIHbIH
cTpoi-i TpCTbCii pccny6J111KIt'!
13. KaK nOB.1IH!.']a <DpaH IlY3C K<UI 6YP)J(Y,UI-laSI pCBOJ1IOIUHI Ha CTaHOBJlC-
HHe HaW-IOH.uIbHOH npaBoBoH CIICTCMbl?
14. PacKpoihc OC06CHHOCnt 6YP)J(ya3Horo npaBa <DpaHUlm.
15. KaKHC TpallHUlut cTapoii (paIIUYJcKoi-i UHI3HJ1HCTHKI1 nC)J(aT B OCIIO-
BC K01cKca Hano.l]colIa?
16. KaKI1\! BOnpOCa\! I10CBmueHa nepnan, BropasI 11 1 peTMI KHHI H Ko-
..1eKca Hano.lcoHa'!
17. llaiiTc xapaKTcpHcTHKY yroJlOBIIOro npaBa <I)paIIUlH1 B HOBoc BPC\!}!.
18. KaKOBO 6bIJIO 3aKOlIOlaTCnhCTBO napll)J(cKOii KOI\.IYIII>I?
19. KaK C.IO)J(I1JlaCb 1.1 pa3B1IBaJIaCb cy...rc6Ho-npaBoBan CI-1CTe\1a <DpaHUlH1
n HOBoe fiPC\ISI?

284
III. IIICTOplllSi rOCYAapCTsa III npasa Hosoro speMeHIII
9.3. repMoHV1: C03AOHV1e eAV1Horo
rOCYAopCTSO
Mp e nOAe.neH! Mbl He XOntM HI-tKOMY MewaTb, HO
Mbl I-t He n03BOIlM HKOMY CTaTb HaM Ha nYT. B
HacTynalOeM CTo.neT .._ HeMeL.4K HapOA 6YAeT
MOIlOTOM I-tIl HaKOBaIlbHe.
KH3b clOnoe, MI-tHCTp repMaH KOHL.4a XIX B.
3BOI\IOU.II1 repMOHCI<olil rocy AopCTseHHoCTII1
fCplaml5! n03.>KC npYnlx cBponci1cKI-lx cTpall BcrynlIJ1a lIa nYTb Ka-
nlna.1H3Ma. Pecpop\fbi B npYCCHH H ..tPyrux repMaHcKlfx rocy.aapCTBax
IIOCI-L1H Orpalil-fllCllllbIi1 xapaKTcp.
K Hall<uy XVIII B. fepMaHl-U1 COCTQ}U<1 H3 MHO.>KeCTBa rocYllapcTB
(Goncc 300), Ka)f(llOC In KOTOpblX 11MCJlO cnmo TaIO.>KCHHYIO CHCTCMY.
opraHbl YlIpaBJIeHI-UI, CBoe JaKOHOJ1..lTe.lbCTBO.
CpCLUf repI\-IaHCKHX KHmKCCTB MO.>KHO nblLlcmnb npYCCHIO. CaKco-
IlHIO, OaBapl1K) II OC06CHII0 ABCTPHK). B pCJYJ1bTaTC lIanOJ1COIIOnCKIlX
noi-iH 6bl11a nepCKpOCHa KapTa fCp\taHlm. MC t le3.1a CmILUeHHa51 PI-IM-
CKa51 H1\-InCpH5I rcpMallcKoi1 IIalllHI. B 1806 ron.y 6blJ1 C03Jl<1II PeimcKlili
COI03, B KOTOPO\f 06"bCllI1HHJH1Cb 16 IOHapxHi-i nOll IIpOTeKTopaTO\1
<PpaHlUHI.
nOC;le IIOpa.>KeHml <DpaHUHH COLl<lCHO [JaplI.JK'CK(Uty mpaKl1wmy
1814 l. 6bl11 06pa30BaH rep:\WIICKlIii C0103, COCTOHBWHH 1-13 34 rocy.uapCTB
I-I 4 BOJIbHbIX ropollOB. nOHlHHPYK)lUmI P();Jb B TOt COlO3e IIpHHaLVIe-
)l(aJIa ABCTplHI. rcptaHcKHH COlO3 HC 6b111 Hli YHlnapHblf rocYllapcT-
nOI, HH (l)cJJ.epaIUld1, nlK KaK Ka)J(}J.OC rocYllapcTBO B HeM OCTaB..UIOCb
HCJaBHClf\fLI\I. BCKope r.laUCHCTBYlOlllYIO pO.lb CTa.la HrpaTb npyccml.
:)KOIIOfI-flICCKml lOlI1b KOTOpOi1 YBCJlWmB:.UIaCb C Ka.>KI1.bl:\1 ron.m.1. 011.-
HaKO HCnlOrp}1 Ha 3TO fep\taHcKHi1 COIOJ IIpOllO.I])I(<lJI 6bITb pblXJIOi-1
CTPYKTypoi1: nonpoc 0 C11111CTnc ocnm..LI]CH OTKpbIThl:\1. B npYCCHH I-I
..tPYnlX rep"laHCKHX roCYllapCI Bax 1I0.rr BJIIUIHI-leM <DpaHUY3CKOH peBO-
JIl0UHH B03IUIK.il0 6YP.>Kya3Ho-.uCfOKpaHlllcCKOC D.81-I.>KCHHC, ncpcpocWCC
B BOOPY.>KeHHYto 60pb6y. B 1830 roIlY BCllbIXHYJIa peBOJ1K)WUI, KOTopml
BCKOpC 6LIJla no.uanJICHa. PClllCHHC 3an.a t ll-l 061>eLUIHCHI-I5I CTpaHLI OTK.Ha-
.lI.bIB,L10Cb.
B 1834 ro.llY 18 HeMeUKI-IX roCYll<lpCTB 06paJOBaJHI TaJHO,)fCeHHblii. CO-
103. ABCTpml I-I CC C..lTC.l:IHTbl B Cm03 IIC nOIlL1H. DOJ1bIlIC BCCX OT Ylla-
CTlm B COIOJC BbHH p<um npYCClHl. 3BOJ11Oumi repM<lHCKOH rocymipcT-
nCIIIIOCHI nponOJ1.>K<l.laCb I-I B nOCJ1c.fJ.}'IOIIUlC rOllbl (pHC. 9.6).

9. rOCYAapcTsa 3anaAHo&ll EsponbI
285
JlIIIKBIIIAal..!,lIIR CBRll!.eHHO&ll PIIIMCKO&lllllMneplll1ll repMaHcKo Hal..!,lIIlII nOCI1e
3aXBaTa <1>paHLlIIIe repMaHlII1II
1806 r. I PeHHcKIIIH COlO3 I
1815 r. I r epMaHcKIIIH COlO3 B BIIIAe KOHeAepal..!,lIIl11 I
1834 r. I TaMO)KeHHbIH COlO3 I
1866 r. I CeBepo-repMaHcKIIIH COlO3 I
1871 r. I r epMaHCKaR IIIMneplllR B BIIIAe eAepal..!,llllll I
PUC. 9.6. 3BOJllOIUfSl repM3HcKOH rOCYJl3pCTBCHHOCTlf
B IICpJtO.l C 1806 110 1871 r.
B 1848-1849 roilax n fepIaHHI.1 npm130WJla HC3aBcpweHHmi 6YP)J(Y-
a3HO-lle\fOKpaTWlecKaSl peBomoUlISI. LrIaBHoi.i cc D.nu)I(ywcH cHnoH 6bL1H
pa60 t lHe, pCMCCJ1CHHHKH, leJlKUe KpCCTMIHC. PCBO.lIOUlISl nOTcpnena no-
pa)J(CHue. Pa60 l mi1 KJ1acc 6b1J1 HCOpraHI1JOB<1HHbIM H HC..10CT,UOlIHO 3pC-
J1bll. KpeCTMIH(''TBO B OCHOBHOi1 \taccc HC 1I011H}VIOCb Ha 60pb6y C 1I0\tC-
lUI1Ka\HI, a JHI6ep,ulbH<.UI 6YP)J(yaJlUl 6bLJa 1I0JJl-lHIt.ICCKI.1 IPYCJJI-IBOH 1.1 HC-
PCUH1TCJ1bHoi.1. ECJlI-I BO <DpaHWHI XVIII B. B XOJ1C peBOJ1K>WH-1 6bIJIH
YHI-flITO)J(CHbl nOtlTH ncc ncpC)J(IHKU (I>C01.,U1IU\fa, TO B fcp1\mmm coxpa-
IIIUOCb rocnO.fJ.CTnO nOfCIIUlKon. a CTpalla OCTa.TIaCb nom.ITWICCKI.1 pa3-
.l1.P06.IJCHlfOH. oYP)J(ya3HH yn.,Ll0Cb J106IHbC}1 .IJHlIlb IICKOTOpblX pc(l)op\1.
B 1850 ro.fJ.Y B npyccm.1 6bl.l]a nplHlSlTa KOIiCl11lil11YI(lIR. Olla 3aKpc-
nUJ1a npCD.CTamITCnbHOC npan.1CIUIC H BKJ110 l IHJIa n CHCTC\tY BbICWI.IX
roCYllapCTnCHHblX opraHon D.Byxna.HaTHbIH napna\tCHT. Olma naJJaTa
(na.llaTa D.CnyraToB) 6bIJIa nbI60pHOH, D.pyraSl (naJJaTa rocnoD.) COCTaBJISI-
lIaCb 110 KOpOJleBCKOMY YKa3Y 113 IIpHHUCB KpOBII, KH}l3ei-i H llpyrHx Ha-
3Ha l ICHHbiX KOpOHOH m1U. KOpO.Ib 06mlJl(UI IIpanOM 3aKoH01IaICJlbHOi't
HH I1UH<1T11 Bbl. IIpaBOM BeTO. OH OCTamUIC}1 LlaBoH 1.lcnOJIHIHC.llbHOH
B.lJaCTU. KOHCH1IYUlUI YCTaHaBJllmaJIa. llro «I.ICIIOJIHIHC.llbH.UI BJJaCTb
IIpl.IH.ULle)J(HT ()llHOtY Kopomo», a «3aKOHo.aaTCJlbH<UI BJlaCTb ocywecTB-
T)}IeTC5! COBMCCTHO KOP()J1C1 1.1 06clum mLlaTa\HI».
KOHcTlnyUllSl D.CKJ1apHpOBaJJa onpCD.CJ1CHllbIH Ha60p ilC\tOKpaTWIC-
CKI1X npaB H CBo6o...r: CBo6o.ay co6paHIIH 11 COIOJOB, CBo6o.ay C.lOBa 1.1
HcnpllKOCHOBeHHOCTb JlHlIHOCTII. Ho OHH COIIPOBO)J(JJ.,UIHCb onpe...relCH-
IIbI\H1 oronopKa\H1. KOTOphiC no cyn-l CnOJUWI.1 ncc lIa HCT. Cn060n.a
c06paHl.IH, HanplIMCp, OrpaHI1'BmaJ1aCb O}J.HI1\1 na)J(Hbl\t YCJ10mleM, Ka-

286
III. IIICTOplllSi rOCYAapCTsa III npasa Hosoro speMeHIII
caK>UlHMC}I .11-I11Ib «HIBllH-lX C.1oen 06lUeCTBa.): c06paHmI p,upew.t-10Cb
npOBOJUlTh TOJ1bKO n nO\ICIIlCIIIHI - nOJl KphllllCH (!). HCT ilClIcr lIa TO,
(IT06bl apeHilOBaTb n01\-IClUCHHC, HCT H npa13a Ha c06paHmi.
PO>KAeHlI1e r epMOHCI<OIl1I11Mnepll1l11
B 1862 rollY npCMbcp-MI-IHI-ICTPOM npyccm-I cra..l O. bucHapK (1815-
1898) I-I OCTamt-1C}I HI 110 1890 r. CBoei-i peIIyraUH-
ci-i «)KC.'IC3110ro KaIlIV1cpa» 011 6h1J1 065nall nom1TH-
(ICCKHM ycnCXa\1 II KYpCY Ha CluonblC "ICTO,abI 3a-
KpcnJ1CHlHi npYCCKoro rocnOIlCTl3a B HC"1eUKO-
}l3bl l IHOi-i UeH I pa;IbHoH EBpolle.
Bblxoncit H3 npyccKoi-i apHCTOKpanm, DHC-
MapK OT.1WlaJICn I3HCWHei-l lnm03aHTHOCTblO,
...  -:- )KeJle3Hoi-j BOllei-i, rpoI.11lHoi-i I PYIlOClloc06HO-
... CTbIO. m-llIlfoi-i OTB3roi-i. B "IOJlonocnl 6JHICTa..l Ha
IlY3J1S1X. nOJlytH1J1 6J1arOllapHocTb OT KOpOJlSl 3a
cnaccmlc .uBYX yronalOllUlX. Ero He CTpaWIUHI
HaeIHble y611HUbI. O,aHa)l(}lbI (B 1866 r.) BO Bpe-
:\UI nOKywelHUI OH CX13anlJ1 3a ropJlo OJlHOro H3
IIHX, Koma TOT IlBa)K1lbl BbICTpCJ1HJI B Hcro H3 pCBOJlbocpa.
01-1 n(>Ka3.L'I Ce6}I nO.1HTHKO:\1 TBCPJlOii BOJ1I.1 H 60JlblllOro npaKTWIe-
CKOro yfa. Ero OTJ1I.flIaJIa nOllHaH 6ecucpCMOHHOCTb n Bbl60pc cpeIlCTB
]L'I}I 3alIU1Tbl HHTCpCCOB nPYCCKoi-i MOHapXHH. bHCMapK TpanlJ1 Kpyn-
HblC CpCIlCTl3a Ha YBCJ1I.l l lemlC apMIUI H OTK.l0HSIJI TpC60BaHWI 6YP)Kya-
nHI 0 npoBCIlcmm J1I16cpaJlbHbiX pCcpOpM. B OilHOM H3 BbIcTyn.1CI-H-IH
OHC:\tapK 3aSlIUL'I, liTO «BeJlHKHe BonpOCbl 3nOXH» peWalOTC}1 He napJ1a-
MCHTCKHMH pellaMII If rO"10conaHI-ICl\-I, a «)Ke.1C30M H KponblO».
npyccKoi-j Iollapxm-I HY)KHa 6bIJla ClLlbmUI apMml nJl}! ynCp)KallHH 0
nOBl-IHOBeHIHI HapOlla If np013elleHiUl BoHH C UCJlblO HaCII.lbCTueHHoro
061>cmHICHHH fcpMamm nOil cnOHM rJlaBCHCTBO1. fJlamloH nOMcxoH
Ha  ro1 "Y HI C nLIa ABC rpml. OHa ro)l(e IIpe reHJ.lOmLIa Ha LTlaBHYIO
pOJlb 0 fepMamm n npOnmlUIaCb nJlaHaM OHC"1apKa. npaBl1TCJ1I.1 pSlila
MalbIX roq'lapcTB 6mL1HCb nOrJlOLIleHIHI HX BJlanelHIi-i npYCCHei-i I-I 61.1-
111-1 Ha CTOpOHC ABCTpHH. BCKope DHCMapK 06"MIBHJI UOHHY D.aHIIH I-I
nOTpc60mt-l, lIT06hl olla oTKa3,LlaCh OT nX01HnIIIHX n IICC HC"ICIlKHX
TeppHTopHi-i. npYCCKHe BoikKa JIerKO p;n6HJIH CJw6yIO mnCKYIO apMHIO,
HO AnCTpHSI HC corJlaCII.laCb C J1ci1cTBHmm npyccm-I.
onnmpK pCIIII1J1 mmccnl Y.fJ.<IP AnCTpnn. MClllaBlllci-i 06"bC.fJ.IHICIH-IIO
fCp!\laHIHf nOll rJlaneHCTBO\1 npYCCHH. B 1866 roilY npYCCKa}I ap:\IIUI
nToprnaCb 00 nJIan.cmlSl AOCTplHI I-I 3 mOJlSl pa3rp01\HLla cc noikKa npH
lleWCKOl\-1 CeJleHIHI Ca.J.oBa. DH ma .:)ra peWH.la HCXOll 60pb6bI Ja J"..'Ja-
BCHCTBO npyccm-I n fcpMamm. npYCCHSI OKOH(JaTcnLHO npnCOem-lHI-IJIa
M.t-lbIe I-IeMeUKHe roCYIlapCTBa n ueHTpe fepM.uHm"
AUCTpHI-f IIpHWJIOCb conmCHlbC}J Ha pocnYCK fepMaHcKoro COI03a. BMC-
CTO HCro n 1866 r. 6hlJl C03J1all CeeepO?ep.1taIiCKlill COIO) 1-13 22 IIC\ICIlKlfX ro-
f'
r
O. 6lfCMapK

9. rOCYAapcTsa 3anaAHo&ll EsponbI
287
CY.fJ.<lpCTn no.fJ. rmmCIICTBOM npyccm-I. Bcc oml coxpalll-Ll1-I \IOIIapXWlccKOC
YCTpo, iicTBO CBOI-I D.l-1HaCTlm 1-1 IIpaml reJH>C"I Ba, OHleJlbHble apMIH-I, .3.:'1KOHbl 1-1
cy.ne6HblC nOpHilKI-I. B 1867 ron.y 6Ll1a npl-lH}ITa KOHcmumYl{UR Ceeepocep-
UOIlCKOi'O COI030, COLlaCHO KOTOpoi-i ncSI llilaCTb ncpCxom1.la npC3HllCHT}'
COIOJa - IIPYCCKO\ty KOpOJIIO, KaHLLlepy 1.1 06lUecolO3HoMY pei-ixcrary.
nOC.1C p,13rpm,ta AncTpHII rJIanI-IOH notcxoii ua nynl mLl]bllciilllcro
061>CLUIHeHWI fep\taHI-III BO rmme C npyccl-leii CTa.l]a HtnCpWI HanoJ1c-
011<1 II I. Ec npamlTCJ1LCTno Tpc60Ba.l0, llT06LI IO)J(IIbIC JlC\!CUKIIC rocy-
.J.apcrna OC"l<lB.UUlCb BHe 061>e1U1HeHHOH feptaHI-II-I, H CTpOHJIO 3aBoeBa-
TCJlLJ-ILIC nJlaHLI 3axnaTa pSJIm HC1CUKI.IX 3C1eJ1L J-Ia J1cno\! 6cpcry Pci.i-
Ha. bl-lCMapK peWH;1 p.13rpOMHTb <DpaHUI-IK>, lIT06bI JanepWH rb 06"belll-l-
HCHHe fep\taHI-II-I «CBepxy». 3TO COCTmlJ10Cb B pe3YJ1bTaTe (l>paHKO-
npyccKoi.i noBllbl (1870-1871). JlYlJUiC nOOPY)J(CHII<UI 1.1 fioJ1cC 1II0ro-
lIl-lCJleHH,UI apMltS1 npYCClHt HaHeCJIa <ppaHUY3cKI.IM BoikKaM COKPYWI-I-
TCJ1bHOC nOpmKCUI-IC 1.1 oKKynl-lpOmuIa 3IHl l UlTCJ1bllYIO lraCTb <DpaIlIUH-1.
B 1871 rOIlY B Bepc,ule 6bl110 06"MIBJIeHO 0 C0311aH 1-111 FepJ,wHcKOlI lLU-
neplill no mallC C 1.1 M ncpaTopml. KOTOpbl\t CTa.l npyccKl-li-i KOpOJlb BUlb-
i'e.lbM I (1797-1888). B COCHm feptaHCKoii lumeplHI BOllL1H YlJaCTl-UlKH
CenepOrCp1\-taHcKoro COlO3a 1.1 IO)J(Ho-rep-taHCKHC rocYllapcTna co CBOI-I\Ht
umaCnHI\H1 H npam1TCJ1bCTnaH1. 3J1b3aC H lraCTb JloTapHUnH-1 6blJ11-1 01-
roprH)'TbI or <DpaHUlH-1 1.1 IIpHcoeLUIHeHbI K feptaHcKofi I-IMllepml.
B 1871 ro.uy fiblJ1a npHIISlTa KOllcmllll1Yl{UR fep"'talluu. Cl,1BoH 1.IMnc-
pm.1 CTaJ1 npyccKHi1 KOpOJ1b, I-IMeBWHii 3Ha l 1HTeJ1bHYIO IICnOJ1HI1TeJ1bHYIO
BJlaCTb. no KOI-lCTHTYUlHI 6bL111 o6pa30naHbI HBe mt-laTbI: OIma - Co-
103Hbli-i COlleT (O}'Hoecpam) 1.1 n.pyrml - pelixcmai!. l.JacTb llen TaTOB Co-
103Horo coneTa HaJHalI.UI l-1\meparop, a lJaCTb Ha3Ha l la.JlaCb npaBlneJlb-
CTBm-1H COI03J1bIX rOCY1apCTB. D.cn)'TaTbl )J(C pci1xcTara In6Hpa.rHlCb.
COI03Hbli-i COlleT Hte.1 npallO H3.uaHIHI YKa30n, HMellWI1X CIUY 3aKOHa,
T.e. ofiJlall,L'I 3aKOHOilaTeJ1bHOH nJI<ICTbK> IIOMHtO peiiXCTara (pl-lc. 9.7).
Ha3Ha4eHl-te
r OTBeTCTBeH HOCT b ' ittMnepaTop (KOpOIlb npycc&,m) 
I KOHTpacrHaTypa I
... ...
KaHLVlep (npeMbep-
MHCTp) npycc1-t
3aKOH
COI03Hbl CO BeT
(6YHAecpaT)
PeHXCTar
L npfiMble Bbl6oPbl,
Bceo6w.ee MY)KCKOe
36paTenbHoe npaBO
Ha3Hal.jeHe 
npeACTaBTeneH
npaBI-tTenbCTBOM 3eMenb
PI-tC. 9.7. CXe\f3 rOCY.lI.apCTBellilOro YCTpoiicTB3 fepM311cKOii Itl\mepltlt
no KOHCTlIT)lUtil 1871 r.

288
III. IIICTOplllSi rOCYAapCTsa III npasa Hosoro speMeHIII
Pei1XC rar IIpe...rIlpI1HIUt<UI HeOllHOKp<HH ble I10IlbIrKH YCTaHOBlHb
KOIlTpO.'Ib 3a I1CnOJ1lIHTCJlblIOI-f BJlaCTbIO, 110 I1a npaKTlIKe IIC 6bL10 CI1C-
TClbI pa3.ilCJ1Cm-15I BJ1aCTci-1, a CHCTCMa CllCp)l(CK I-I npOTlmOBCCOB HC
lleiicTnona 1a.
11 \mepCKOC npaBI-ITeJ1bCl BO IIpellCTaBJ1S1JI KaHUJIep. (I>YHKUHH H
nOJ1HO\tQlllUl KOToporo 6bl11l1 OllCIIb llHlpOKIHHI. MCCTlIhlC npam1TCJIb-
cTim maBllbl1 06pa301 HcnOJ'ImL'IH H"mcpCKHC 3aKOH!>!.
TaKH\1 06pa30M. KOHCTHTYWHI U:!71 r. 6bLla BblpmKeHHeI\"1 KO\mpO-
MI-lcca l\-le)J()J.Y (l)eO,J.;UbHO-K>HKepCKIHI 3eIJleBJta..aeHI-le"l H I1PYCCKO-
rcpM.UICKIHI Kamn<L10"1.
OOCJ1C 061>C.uHIICIHI5! B rcp"UU-UUI HalllUIaCTCSI 3KOHO\lWICCKHH
pOCT. B 1880 roilY 6blJ10 nBClleHO ncpnoc n Enponc rocYlI.apCTnCHHOc
COUl-taJlbHoe 06ecIIe l lCHHe. ObIJIa Yllpe)J()J.eHa 06lUerepMaHCK<UI Ba nOTa.
YBCJ1I-lllHJlOCb lUlCJ10 pa60l.lHx, lITO nhlflBlU,UIO pa60 l ll-lH KJIaCC n I10nY10
nOJil-ITJ-IlICCKYIO CI-f.I]Y.
3a KOpOTKHi1 CpOK rep"1aHIUI CTMa caloi1 1\WlllHOi1 cBponcHcKoi-l
.llep.>Kanol-f, 6pOCHBweH BbI30B AHr:JIHI, <DpaHwul I-I POCCHH, lira IIPIl-
neJ10 K nepnoH MHpOBOH Boi1He, n KOTOPOi1 fepMaHml nOTepneJ1a 110-
pa.>KCIII-IC. MOIlapxHSI 6!>IJ1a ynpa3JfJ.HCHa. noc.'IC OKOHlI<UIIUI ncpnol-f
\H1pOBOH BOl-fH bl Halla TJCSI npouccc CTaHOB.,leHI-U1 pecny61111KaHcKoro
KOHCTHTYUHOHHOro CTpon fepMaHim.
npOso. repMOHCI<oe rpO>I<AOHCI<Oe YAO>KeHlI1e 1896 r.
B TO npe\HI KaK B npaBe <DpaHUHH, AHrmUI HOBOro Bpe\leHH Ha-
IlJJ1I-1 1IIHpOKOe (>Tpa.>KeI-IHe HI-ITCpeCbI 6YP.>Kya_mH, rCptaHCKoe 3aKOHO-
n.aTCJ1!>CTno nO l lTlI nOJ1ll0CTbi0 coxpamL10 HOpMbl (PCOJ1.<UIbIIOro npana.
CoxpaWIJ10Cb llCJlCHHe )l(I-ITCJlCI-f Ha rocnoil I-I cJlyr, T.C. CYlUCCTBOBM
COCJIOBHblH CTpoi1.
B 1794 roilY 6bIJlO npHIISlTo flpyccKoe 3e.UCKoe )lO.JlceHlle. 0110 co-
CTOHT H3 llBYX ltaCTCi-i. B ncpnol-f "JanHcaHbl HOpMhl rpa:>K1laI-lcKoro npa-
na, BO nTopoH roBOpl1TC}1 0 npanOBO1 n0J10.>KeHIHI coc.10nHi1, cTaTyce
roCYllapcrneHHblX Yllpe)J()J.eHHH, LUKOJI, UepKBl-1. 3...recb .>Ke COllep.>KaTC}1
CTaThH yroJ'IonlIoro npaBa.
KOpOJ1h <DpIIJ1PUX II, OTlI.aBa}! JIalib BpCICIHI H. BCpOSlTHO, nOIHI\taSl
onaCHOCTb H.ileii <DpaHuY3cKoi1 pCBOJilOll.HH 1789 r., 3aCTaBHJ1 COCTaBH-
TeJlefi YJIO.>KeHIHI HCXO...rlrl b 113 I1pHHUHIIon eCTeCTBeHHora I1paBa. B He1
f{mOpl-IJ10Cb 0 3allU1Te npaB J1J-llIHOCTH. c06CTneHHOCTH nOJ1.1I.aHHbIX. 3TO
6blJ1 onpC}J.CJ1CIIHbIi-j nporpccc, XOTSI H nOCJ1C npHlHITlm YJ10.>KCIIIHI or-
paHWIHBaJ10Cb npaBO C06paHl-IH. oe3 p<upeWCHI-U1 HC il03BOJ1}L10Cb npo-
BOJ-tIHb LIa.>Ke 6aHKerbl H \taCKapa.D.bI, I1pCCJlellOBaJIHCb aBTopbl I-I IBLlaTC-
.1]1-1 «onaClIbIX KIll-In>, TC. KTO «IICnO l ITHTCJlbIIO KpHnlKon<Ll npdBHTe'Ib-
CTno.>, I-I T..il. B"1CCTC C TC\I paClllHpfL1HCb npana UCpKBH. Oc060c ICCTO
OTBOJUlJ10Cb KOpOJlIO.

9. rOCYAapcTsa 3anaAHo&ll EsponbI
289
PaCCY)f(llCHml 0 3allll-1TC npaB nO.J.1laHHbIX, HX c06cTBeHHocTH B yc-
J10BH5!X nOJJI.mci1cKOro pC)J(HMa H1\-IC.1H cIHmO.lwIcCKHi-l xapaKTcp. TeM
HC \1CHCC caM >aKT lJaCTWlHoro npH3I-IaHl-I}! npan J1I-flIHOCTH. HHcTHl)'Ta
6YP)J(ya3HoH C06CTBCHHOCTH KaK OCHOBbI rpa)J(JlaHCKI-IX OTHOWCHIIH,
HBJISlHCb lIaHblO npC1cHH, 6bIJI waroM Bncpcil Ha n}'TH CnUIOBJICHI-1H
1I0noi1 CI-ICTCMbl npana.
Y.10)l(CIIHC OTK,na.l0Cb OT HCIlOJ1b30namiSi 1I0p\l pm.-ICKoro npaBa,
xonl IICKOTOpblC CTaTbH nOllHI IlCnIlKO\1 B3}IThl 1-13 CBOfJ.a 3aKOliOB IOc-
HfI-lI-taI-la. OHO 1-I3061UYCT I-IpaBoY l H1TCJ1bI-lbIMII paccY)J(Jl.eI-lIUIMH I-I B TO
)J(C Bpe1\HI npC;I,IHICbIBaCT npHMCH}ITb nbITKH, m1l0 l IHbIC Y.J.apbI. CO.J,Cp-
)l(aHIIe H }OpMa YJ10)l(CHH5! B 60JIbWei-j MCpC OTpa)l(.lJ1H I-IH rcpCCbl no-
MClUHKOB, a HC 6YP)J(yaJIHI.
rep.lllJHCKOe np(/BO 1l0JIYlH-Ll0 paJBUTHe B "POUCCCC 06"beilHHeHIUI rcp-
MaHCKHX roCYllapCTB. TaK, B 1847 r. Ha KOH(PCPCHUlHI Ta\lo)J(cHHoro
COlO3a 6bIJI npl-IH}IT 06u<er!ep.UlJIICKlili BeKcelbllbui YCI11(/6, nncpBblC npl-IMC-
mIBwl1H elll-m006pa3Hoc pcryJJI.lpOnaHHC nCKCC:1bHOro 060poTa. Ero
nplHl}!HIC YKpcmL10 n03HLUH1 npYCCHl1 n npanonoii c(l>cpc. B 1857 r01Y
lIa 06CY)f(JI.CIIHC COI03110ro ccihta 6b1J1H npCJICTan..1Clihi JIna npOCKTa Top-
roBOro KOfJ.CKca: npyccKui1 H ancTpHikKHi-i. 3aKOIIOJIaTc.1H nbl6p,L1H n
KallCCTBC OCIIOBhl }lJ1S1 6YJl.ymci1 06mcrCp"ta1lCKOH K01HqmKaIUHI TOpro-
noro npana npyccKHi-j npOCKT. nplHUITHC B 1861 r. 0611(er!epJualfcKor!o
/lW/JC06020 J1OJK'elfllR OKOlillaTCJl bliO 3aKpem1!1O BCJJ.ymyIO pOJ1 b n PYCCIHI
B C03.mlHIHI el1.HHOrO 3KOHOMIIlICCKoro H npanOBoro npOCTpaHCTn,l.
B 1900 roIlY BcrYIIIno B CI-IJIY rep.1wHcKoe 2paJK'daHCKoe J1OJK'eHlle. B
OCHOBY cm JlCrml PH\ICKOC npaBO II npeJ-tweCTBYlOlUec repMaHCKoe npa-
BO. Y;IO)l(CHHC COllep)l(l-IT mITb KHI-Ir: llepB{J}1 KHlNO - 06lU<U1 llaCTb,
Bl1lOpaJi - OTHOCI-ITC}I K 06.suaTeJlbHO\IY npany, I11pembJl - K BCWHOMY,
ttem6epl1U/R - K cC"lci1HOI\-IY. flJ1111{J}{ - K HaCJICllCTBCHHO"IY npany.
YJlO)I(CHHC npH3HaCT IOpHlI.WICCKOC mmo B KallCCTBC cy6"bCKTa rpa-
)l(H<lIICKOro npana. IOpH}1wICCKI-lc mma llC.1H.1HCb lIa llna mma: (fJepetillb/
(06mccTBa. COI03bl) I-I YllpC)f(JI.CmlSl. <1>CpCi1l1bl, B CBOIO OlICpCHh, Morml
6bITb X035!ikTBClillbl\HI I-I IICX03}likTBClillbIMH, 110 m-m<1, BXO'J.HIJUIC n
III-IX, 6bIJ1H CBH3,Ulbl 1pyr C npyro1 llJ1eIlCKIUHI npaBaHI H 06}!3,lIIIIO-
CnIHI. l.JacTHbIC JHlWI o6pa30BbIBa HI YlIpe)J(llCHI-HI H BbILleJl}I;H1 JJ,mI 3TO-
ro onpCJleJICHHOe IHIYlUeCTBO. 3a IOpHllI-llICCKI-IMII J1HWl1H nplBHaBa-
JlaCb WI-IPOK,UI npaBoclloc06HOCTb.
B YJIO)J(CHHH BCC BClUH pa311eJleHbl H<1 JC"leJlbHble YlIaCTKH H mU-l-
)J(IHlbIC BCWH. llBI-I)J(HMOCTblO ClIIHaCrC}1 Bce, II ro He }IBJHICTC}J JCMe!Ib-
Hbl\l YlIaCTKO\1 I-I cro IIpHHaililC)J(HOCTblO, IIpOllHO cmuaHHoi-i C JCM'ICi-i.
YKa3<1HbI CJ1ellYlOlUHC 6ell{Hble npaea: npaoo c06CTBeHHOCTH, B..1ailCHI-le,
nOJlb30BaHHC IIY)l(I-IMI-1 nClUa"HI (JCMC.lbHbIC I-I JlWIHblC CCpml1)TbI, Y3Y>-
PYKT), npaBO Ha nOJlytlCHHC UCHHocnl In 11)')K0i1 nCWH (3<1J10r ilBl-I)J(I-I/\-IO-
CTI-I, HnOTCKa IICJUUl)J(H\IOCTH), npaBO Ha npH06pCTCIIHC KaKoH-.11-160 DCL1H1
(npano npCIHIYIUCCTBClIlIOn nOKynKH, npano OXOThI. pbl6110H .10B.I"1H).

290
III. IIICTOplllSi rOCYAOpCTSO III nposo Hosoro SpeMeHIII
np(J(W C06Cm6eHHOCIllll }IBmIJIOCb OCI-IOBHbI1 BelUI-lbI1 npaBO:\t. no.u-
lIepKHB<UJaCb cBo6oIla llaCTI-IOl-I C06CTBeI-lI-lOCTH. ObI;IH IIpe.il.YCMmpeI-lbl
OrpaI-lIlIeI-lIUI !LUI C06CTBeI-lI-lIIKa 3eMC;IbI-loro YlJaCTKa.
Y.l0)J(eI-llle .uaeT Ollpe.ueJleHHe 06JI3ame.lbcme(J. Hau60Jlee pacnpoc rpa-
I-IeI-lI-lblil clloc06 130JI-IIIKI-IOUeI-llU1 06}UaTe.IbCTUeI-lI-lbIX IIpa1300TI-IOWeHHiI -
OOc080Pb/. OI-lII OCI-IOl3blB,1.I]HCb t-m npII-IUlmC CI3060.il.bI. 06H3aTCJlbI-lbl1 yc-
JIOnHCM .ucikTnHTCJTbHOCTH .uorol30p0I3 Hfi.J1H.10Cb nO.1CI-I3'bHMCHHC CTOpOH,
T.C. I3IICWHCC nbIpa)l(CIIHC BOJTI1. OcnaplmamIC C.uC..lTKH, 3aKJIlOliCI-IlIOH no.u
nJHUIIHlCf 3a6nY)!(JlCIII-fH. J10nYCK<lI10Cb IICMC"UTCHIIO. a nOIl nJHUIIHlC:\f Ha-
CJ;IHH, 06Mmm - B TCtlCIIHC r011a. TC1 CaIb1:\1 3aKOH0J1aTC;Ib CTpC:\IHJ1CH
nplUIaTb l1oronoplfblM OTIIOIlICIIIUIM cTa6H"lblfbll-I xapaKTCp. B KallCCTBC
BOJHHKI-IOBeHml 06}l3arC..'lbCT13 IIpIIJI-IamUIC}1 H deJll1Km.
EJlI-fI-lCT13eI-lI-lOH (IJOP\10i-i 6paKa 6bIJi cpa.J/n)aHcKlIll 6paK. )KeI-lLUllI-IbI
MOrJHI UC1)'mHb 13 6paK 110 .uOCTl-I)J(eHIUI 16 .1eT, MY)J(lIHI-IbI - 21 ro.ua.
llrISI 3aKJIIOlleHHH 6paKa TaIOKe I-Ie06xollu:\fO 6bL10 0601OilHoe comaCHe.
06pY t leI-llle - He06xom-IMoe YC.I]013He D.JHI noc.le.uYlOlllero 3aKHIO l leI-lIHI
6paKa. B cJlytme I-IapyweI-llH1 :noro .il.orol3opa I-IacTyna.la H:\IYLUecTUeHI-Iml
OTBCTCTBCIIIIOCTb. 3aKpCnJ1HJlocb rJ1aBCIfCTBYTomcc nOnO)l(CInIC MY)I(a.
MY)I(Y npC110CT<Ul.'1HJ10Cb npano pClllaTb BCC BonpOChl. KacmOllUlCCH co-
n:\fCCTIfOi-i cynPY)J(ccKoi-i )fOIJIUf. opallHbli-i JIOroBOp onpC11CJ1HJ1 IHfYIIlCCT-
BClfllblC OTIIOIlICIIHH cynpyroB. 311CCb xapaKTcplIa pa3;I.CJ1bIIOCTb npaBa
c06cTneHHocTH Ha H:\tYLUecTno cynpyroB, eCJHI l1.0roBOpOM He YCT<UJaBJIH-
mUlcn llPyroi-i II 0PR,JOK. Oreu OCYLUeCrBJln.I IIOJII-IYIO 13JIaCTb Hel)l JJ.eTbMH.
Y.IO)l(eI-llle paJ.IWlaeT Hac-1edoeaHl-le no 3<lKOI-lY II no JaUeLUaI-l II 10.
npOUOIllHcn 60J1ee n0J1I-10 IlPlIHl<1II1 ceOOOObl 3aeeu<aHlill. 3aueLUaTb MO)J(I-IO
C 16 JleT. Ho 3aBe1lIaTeJ1bHaH cBo6oila Bce )J(e HeCKOJ1bKO orpaI-ll-jlllma-
J1aCb. TaK, 1lJISI HCKOTOpblX nHU yCTaI-laMHBaJJaCb 3aBCLUaTCJlbI-laH .uOlIH.
D.ono.1I-1CI-IHC:\f K fpa)f(LI.aHCKoIY YJ10)J(CI-IHIO HBlWCH TOpc08bUi KO-
oeKc. B IIC1 B OCIIOBIIOM C011Cp)J(,t-10Cb npaBO KOMlcpcaIlTOB. XapaKTcp
C11C.10K HCXOJ1l1J1 H3 Cy6"bCKTHRIlOro npH3l1aKa: ToprOBbIH1 nplnmma-
JIHCb C11e;IKH. COBCpllICHHbIC KO!\nICpCaIITaH1.
B 1871 roilY 6bIJ10 npll I-I}!TO Yco.lOfmoe JUO.JICeHue. Ha ncpBo:\t ICCTe
cpellH IIPCCTYIIJleI-lHH CTQ}IJIH rocy.uapCTBeI-lI-lblC (ocKop6'lcI-II-le HMnepa-
Topa H MeCrHblX rocyJ-tapel-I; (l)eUbWI-IBOMOI-leTI-IHlleCTBO, OCHOBaI-lHe 1"<111-
I-IbIX opraI-lIIJaul1ii H T.Il.). MHOro BI-IHMaI-llU1 y.ueJleI-lo npeCTynJleI-lIHI:\f
npoTl-II3 c06CTUeI-lI-lOCTH I-I J1I-flIHOCTII. YJlo)J(eI-lHe npeIlycMaTpI13aJlo cJle-
l1.YlOlLUle I-IaKa3aHI-m: CICPTHYIO Ka3I-1b, 3aJGIIOlICIH1C B pa60 t lcM .uOMC,
TlOpCMHOC 3aKJIlO l ICHHC, nOMCLUCHI-IC B KpcnOCTb. apCCT. orpaHWICI-HIC B
npaBax. IUTpacl>. OCIIOBIIOii UC.1blO IUlKa3allllH HB..'1H.10Cb YCTpamCIIHC.
liullepcKLILi 3(JKOH /877 c. YCTaIIOBHJ1 CJ1C11YIOIIlYIO CHCTC:\IY CY110B:
I-II-I3Il1Hi-i. II:IH ItJaCTKOUbIj..j JeMCKHH. HJIH OKPY)J(I-IOH CYIl BbICIllHH 3C:\t-
CKHii, IIUI 06JI<lCTI-IoH cy.u; H\lIIepCKIII1 (Bep'<.o13I-IbIii) cy.u.

9. rOCYAapcTsa 3anaAHo EsponbI
291
MCJ1KIIC npaBoI-lapywcI-IIIH paJ611pillI ytIaCTKOBbli-i Cy.ubSl CD.HI-IOJ1WII-IO
H'HI C Y t taCHICJ\-1 !luyx lUeifJrfJeHOB (3acC.uaTCJ1cH). OKPY)J(I-IbIC cynbI CJlY)J(H-
J111 anCJ1J1HUHoHHoi-i 1-IHCTaHUl1cH lL1}! ytJaCTKOBbJX CY!lOB H paccMaTplma-
J111 TH)J(KHe yroJ10BHb1C npccrynJlci-il-IH C ytIaCHIe1 12 npl-ICH)J(I-IbIX.
06J1acTl-lOi-i cy.u npl-1l-lH\Ia.1 anCJIJ1HUlHI I-Ia npl-lroBOpbl OKPY)f(I-IbIX cy-
llOB H BhlnO.'ImlJ1 pCBlnllOHHblC (I)YHKUHH. BCPXOBHblH (HMncpcKHi-1) CYil
HRnHJ1CH BbICllIIUI pCBlnIlOHllhl1 opraHO1 no BCCf .il.CJ1af. a TaK>KC CYllOf
ncpnoi-i IIHCTaHIUHI no llCJ1aM 0 roCYlapCTBClilioH H3ICIIC H IJIni-IOIta)J(C.
B CJ1Y l Jae oc06oH 06CTallOBKH YlIpe)l(JlLI]I-ICb BOeUI-Ible H nOJ1CBbIC
CYllbI. B CYJJ.C CTOpOI-laM .J.amunlCb WHpOKHC npoucccya:IbI-lbIC IIp.ma ,iLJHI
npc.uOCTaRJlCHHH 1l0K.13aTCJ1bCTB. CYil Bblcrymu naCCHBHbIf I-Ia6mOnaTC-
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npOKYPOPO1 1l0n0J1mITCJ1bllbl1 06B1mHTCJ1C1 lOr BblcTynaTb nOTCp-
neBIJIHi-L TaKoi-i OC06CIIIIOCTII lie 3I-1<U1O yro.'IOBHO-npollcccya:IbHOC
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I-IbIX, I-IO H OlipaBllaTeJlbI-lblX IIpHr013opOB.
BonpOCbl AI\ p03Mb1Wl\eHII1 II1I<OHTpOI\
I. KaKYIO pO.% LL'IH fcpMaHlHI CbIrp,1J1H lIan01COIIOUCKHC Boiillbl?
2. PacKpoiiTc ')BO.110111110 rCp1\HlHcKoi-i rocymlpCTBCH Hocnl B XVIII-
XIX BB.
3. nOtICMY rcpMaIIIllo XIX B. IIC.%3H lIa3BaTb B HCTI1IIIIOM CMbICJ1C 1\10-
JJ.cpm13Hpomullloii cTpalloi-i? npl-IBcJJ.lnc npmlcpbI.
4. Ha30mlTC OTnWlIlTCl]bllbIC OC06CHIIOCTH 6YP)J(ya3110ro roCYJIapCTBa B
fcp\l<uUUI.
5. KTO OCYlUCCTnmn 3aKOI-l0J1aTeJ1bHYI0 I3:JaCTb B npYCCHII cor:Jaci-io
KOI-lCHnywm 1850 r.?
6. D.aihe xapaKTepnCTHKY nOJ1HTWIeCKoii (IHlrYPbI O. OHc-mpKa.
7. B KaKoi-j (l)OpMe 06"bellHHltna I-IeleUKHe Jel;m KOHcnITymUI fep\m-
I-II-III 1871 r.?
8. KaK H,UbIlJa IC}! opraH IIpC..lCIaBlI1eJlbCma JCMC.lb 110 IcpmHcKoi1
KOllcHnYIlHlI 1871 r.?
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1871 r.?
10. Ha30BIITc OT.1WIIITCJ1MIhIC OC06CHIIOCTH rcpMalIcKoro npaBa.
11. KaKonbl OCHOBHblC nO.lO)J(CHIHI rCpmI-lCKoro rpa)J(1I.<lHCKoro YJlO)J(CHHH?

292
III. IIICTOplllSi rOCYAapCTsa III npasa Hosoro speMeHIII
12. HaJOI3HTe OCI-IOBHbIe 'IepTbl repMaHcKoro yro.'I0I3I-10ro npaml. l.fel
OHO OTJllfllaJlOCb OT (!)paHUYJCKOro?
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\IaHml'!
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CTpaHax, npaBOBble CII1CTeMbl KOTOpblX II1cnblTblBan B
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9. rOCYAapcTsa 3anaAHo&ll EsponbI
293
CKoro IlpaBa (OTCK).aa paJ:IHlIlHI n Tep:\HII-I(UOrHH H B I-I.UIHlIHH I-IeKOTO-
pblX OC06blX IIp,mOBbIx I1Hcm ryroB).
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Kopo_lcncKllc Cyn.bl. C lle}IfCJlbI-lOCTbfO I-Ia IIocrmII-II-Ioii OCHonc KopoJlcn-
CKHX IX131,C3JllIbIX cYJ1cii H 6hlJ10 cmnallo (POp\HfpOnaHHC 06mcro npaBa
CTpaI-lbl. OHO paccMaTpHnaJlO Ilpe:>K,1C ncero «TmK6bl KOpOI-lbI», T.e. .ueJ1a,
npenCTaBJlSllOLllHC npm\-lOi-i Hi-iTepCC C TOlIKH 3pCHHSI D03\1O:>KI-IbIX noxo-
.nOB Ki.UHhl. nOCTCIlCIIHO CIlHCOK HI:>K6 paCmllp}L'IC}1. B XOllC 1C}ITCJ1hIIO-
cnl .aaHI-IbIX cynoD nOCTenCI-II-IO CKJIa..1blDalaCb cY\f!\1a pelllCHHH, KOTO-
phIm H pYKonon.cTBomlJlHcb n nOCJ1CllYIOWC\1 3TH CYJlbl.
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DbISlCI-ICIHHI, 6blJ10 .IIH aI-laJJorH'II-IOC nCllO paCC\IOTpCI-IO paI-lblllC. Ecml
.na, TO 011 PYKOBOfJ.CTBOB,UICSI pcmcm-ICM, nplllISlTbl\1 palIcc. Cyn.C6I1bIH
npCuelI.eI-lT SIBJlSLI]CH OCHOBI-Ibl\f HCTOllHHKOM aI-lrJll1HcKOro IlpaBa.
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HaS! 3aLllHTa npcnWCCTBYCT npaoy>), KOTopaH onpcn.CJ1HJIa xapaKTcpHbIC
lIepTbl aI-lrJII'fikKoro IlpaBOIlOI-lHMaI-llUI.
C KOI-lua XIII o. n03paCTaCT pOJlb cI1lal1lYl1lfl020 (CTaTYT - aKT, IlpH-
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B XIV-XV BCKax Ilpano BblXOIlHT 3<1 :>KCCrKHC paMKH 3aKpblToi-i
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CTHlIKI1 06paruaJ1l1Cb K KOpOJlfO. KaK Y)f(C 6bLIO cK,U<1HO. pn.uOM C 06-
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nC)])HfBOCTII. B CJ1Y'IaC pa3I-10rJlaCHSI IC)f(ilY cynal\H1 06wcro npana H
CYllO:\1 KalllUlcpa npC1nO l lTCIIHC OTllamlJlOCb IIOpMa\1 npaBa cnpanCJLI]II-
BOCTH. lla)f(e CTaIYTI-IOe npano 6bLIO 1I0nnep)f(eI-lO npaKrHKe YCMOTpCI-II-H1
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3ro TO, K llCMY IIpll"JCI cYIle6I-1oc paCCMmpeI-llle.
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\ICHHOCTII). tv1.. 2003. C. 244.

294
III. IIICTOplllSi rOCYAapCTsa III npasa Hosoro speMeHIII
TaKH1 06paJOI, CYllleCTBOBaJI .nyalIl31 cyn.onpOHJBO.D.CTBa: nO1JnlO
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B ro BpeHI KaK K)PHCTbI KOI-lTllI-IeI-l nUIbI-lOH EnpOllbI paCCMarpHB<UH1
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KaK pcrmlICllnfpOBalla lIallmUI CI-ITyalU1H, B Allrmm BIIHtaIlHC COCpC-
1l0TOlIHnaJlOCh lIa TOI, n KaKOf nopH11KC Olla 110J1)1(lIa 6blTb paCCMOTpC-
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HeCl\IOTpH I-Ia Ka)l(YlllYfOcH KOI-lCepBanIBI-IOCTb, npeUCilCI-ITHml CHC-
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lllHpOKOro YCMmpeI-lH}I, llemlJla IIpal30 nI6KH\1 B ero IIplHleI-leI-lHH I-Ia
npaKTHKe. 31'a CHCTeta IIpHJI-IaUaJlaCb On.HOH 1-13 calbIX ll)(j)eKntBHbIx.
B HOI3oe Bpe:\ul oI-la paCllpOC"lpaHIUacb I-Ia CiliA H KOJIOHHH AI-IrJIHH.
POMOHo-repMOHCI<oe npOBO
6a30ii D..1H n.pyroii l\mpoBoi-i CHCTCMbl npaBa CTa.lO TaK I-Ia3blBaC-IOe
KOHl11l1HeHmlUbHoe (poMaI-lO-reptaI-lCKoe) npa6o, J<.,laCClJllecKYfO xapaK-
repHcTHKY KOTOPOMY .aal 113BecTHbli-i (1)paI-luYJCKHii KOMllapantBHCT
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1967 H 1988 IT. I Ham'liI PeI-le 06"beJUII-1l1JI IIpaBOBble CHCTeMbl, B03HHK-
IUHC U KOI-lTHHeI-lT<lTIbHOH Enpone, B ellHHYIO pOIaI-lo-repr\l(II-lCKYIO npa-
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. I-IaJlWIHC KpynI-lblx aKTOD KOllH<lmKaUIIH B OCI-IODI-IblX O'rpac.1HX npaBa;
. 60JIee BbICOKlI11 ypOBeI-lb a6CTpaKTI-IOCTH I-IOpM IIpaBa no CpaBI-Ie-
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9. rOCYAapcTsa 3anaAHo&ll EsponbI
295
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npaBa B HTLUb}IHCKHX, (t)pallIlYJCKHX H rl'p1allCKHX ymmcpcIITCTax CIUC
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B nponmOBCC <pCOJla.lbHOMY n.ccnOTI1JMY H npm13BOJIY.
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onpCI1C.I]Clfllbl\fH nplHlIUlIlaMH. K01.H<tmKaIUUI 3aBcplll<.lI]a (t)opH1pOmllH1C
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296
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9. rOCYAapcTsa 3anaAHo&ll EsponbI
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fAOSO 10
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10. CWA: CTaHOBJ\eHL-Ie ceBepOaMepL-lKaHCKOH rocYAapcTBeHHocTIII
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302
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no KOlfcn1Tym1H YCTallaBJ1HBU10Cb (l)cJ1.cpanmIloc YCTpoi-1cTBO H
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10. CWA: CTCHOBJ\eHlo1e ceBepoaMeplo1KaHcKo rocYAapcTBeHHocTIo1
303
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q)OIHmpOmUH1Cb HCnOmUfTC.l]blli.lH H CYJ1C6ml}! BCTBH nJli.lCTH:
2) 3ilKpCnJlH.'1HCb pa3m-lllHbiC CpOKH nO.1] HOMOtlH i-I nCTnCrl n.lilCnl.
TilK, lLleHbl nilJIaTbl npCnCTaBl-ITeJlCH 1-I36HpalOrC}1 I-Ia 2 rolla,
ceI-l aTOp bl - I-li.l 6 .1eT, npe3H..a.eHT - I-Ia 4 rona. a CYllbH Bep-
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3) anTopbl m.lcpHKaHcKoii KOHcTHTymm CTapaJ1HCb CKOHCTPYI-lponaTb
TilKOi-i \teXaHH3M. KOTOpblii 6bl aBTmWTWICCKH npcmlTCTBOBaJi
oJ1.HoH H3 uCTuei-i B.JlaCTH CKOHueH rpHpOBaTb H CBOHX PYKax 60Jlb-
IUC B.laCTH, l.IC:\t ci-l OTB01HTC5!. T.e. Y3ypm1poBaTb B.HaCTb. TaK,
napJla:\tCIlT lO)f(CT OTCTIXUH1Th npC3HitCilTa n nOp}IJ1KC H:\tnJ-1lIICH-
Ta 3il COBCpWCHHC npaBOI-lapYWCHI-HI. a CpeJ1CTBOM B.11HIHIHI npe-
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BO\I, pi.l3mmaJOlllH\1C}! B TCppHTOpHHJlbIl0-rOCY1apCTBCHII0:\1 OTIIOlllC-
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JlHCb n 3apa)f(CIIHb1C \HU15!pHCH pC3CpmUUUI. TaK, B pC3Cpni.lIUHI n OK'Ii.l-
XOMC .1HWb HeMHorHC H3 HHlI.ei-iuCB BbI)f(I-lml nOC.1C 3apa)f(eHI-H1 l\"talSlpH-
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TeppHToplHl K 3anililY OT pCKH MHCCHCHni-l. 4yrb nOJ)f(C (1819) I1cnaHiHI
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MCXHKO. HCBany, lOry, llaCTb KO.I]0paJto. B 1846 r. 6blml 3aXBa l iCHbi ny-
3pTO- PUKO, o. fyaM, <I>ummmmbl.

304
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B npouecce ocrpoil 60pb6bI H CWA 06p,13YlOrcn napHtH. B 1828 rollY
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.lIaCb 1I<l (X13110pOnllbIC COlUf,LlbllhiC CIUbI, B OCIlOBIIOf 10ra. 4CpC3 25 JICT
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n.laJIC, 110 HiroTCBlIla5! K CCBCpmm1. B pccny6.1I1KaJICKOH napnm 06pa30-
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10. CWA: CTCHOBJ\eHlo1e ceBepoaMeplo1KaHcKo rocYAapcTBeHHocTIo1
305
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Ha l lamlcb BOCllllhlC llcikTBH}!. nOJl{))KHBlIIHC lIalI<L'IO rpa)!(JlalicKoH
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J1H B KOIIClIIIO:\1 CllCTC K ycncxy apMIIH ccncpHIi.
9 anpCJIH 1965 r. rClIcpa.l JIll - rmlBlloKoM.lHD.YIOlllHii apHfci-i
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B KOHu.e XIX n. CHCTC\ta JII101lCK020 6YP.)fcyaJII020 npaea «I>eOlI.alb-
1I0-npanOBbIC 3"IC\ICIIThl ltaCTJ.IlIIIO coxpaIHL1HCb B nci-1) 6bLIa nO l lTl-I
CopMHpomllla. Ha :lTanC ynpollclIH HOBoi-i npaBoBoi-i CHCTClbI B
oqH111HaJ1blloi-j rocynapcTncHHo-npaBoBoi-i J.fflco"lOrI1H, B TCOpl1H rocy-
l.apcTIJa H npana ItalIHllaCTCH H YCI1J1HBaCTC}1 BJlH5!1II1e rCp\t<lIfcKHX npa-
BOBbIX UlKOJI.
HOl30C FpaJK'dallCKOe )J.l(}JK'eHUe, BueJ-teHI-IOe B llei-iCI"Ime B 1898 r.,
Y l lI-1TblBa 10 H rep\taI-lCKOC. H <ppaHUYJCKOC, H TpallHUHOI-lI-lOe mlOI-lCKOC
npaBO. B I-Ie\1 I-IaH60Jlcc peaKUHOHI-IbI\H1 no COD.ep)l(aHHIO 6bL1H ltaCTl-I,
nOCBHweHI-IblC ce\lcHI-Io1Y H Hac.1e.aCTneI-lI-lOMY npaBY, B KOTOpbIX npc-
n.YCMaTpHnaJIOCb, liTO Bce HMYWCCTBO LlaBbl CCMbH HaCJICD.OBal CTap-
WIIi-i ChlI-I. Pa:\IKH naTpHapXaJ1bHoi-i CCMbH HcnOMcpHO paCWHpm1HCb 3a
CllCT n,Ll]bllHX pOJICTnCIIHHKOB. B ::nofi fllfaHTCKOii CCMbC II(mCTJ.mc KO-
1I0CCi.lJIbHbIC npana HMCJI ee rllaBa: 011 YKa3bma..l llllella\1 COlbH fCCTO
)J(11Te.lbCTna, JIamL1 H1 pi.UpeIIlem-IC I-Ja BCTyn:letHIC B 6paK H Ha OTJJ.e-
JIeHHe B Ca\IOCTmrreJlbHYK) CetbK).
B lIacnIX. noCmIllleI-lHbIX 06 III IUI nOJIO)J(eHIHI1\1 rpa)!(JlaHCKOro npa-
ua, BeIllH01\1Y H 1l0JIroBOMY npi.IBY, H1\1e.IH MeCTO xapaKTepi-ible npH3I-1aKH
6YP)J(ya3Horo rpa)l(1I.aHcKoro npaBa.
B Honoc npC\IH 6blllH npHHTbl 3aKOHbI, n COOTnCTCTnHH C KOTO-
pbIH1 YllpC)l(,UaJlaCb CmlI-laH cy.ac6I-1aH CHCTC1a. KOllcmumYl<liR /8892.
YCTaHoBlll1a 06UlHC HallaJIa CYlI.C6HOii opramnau.m1. npOB03fJ1aWaJIaCb
HC3aBUCH\IOCTL CYJ1.C6HOi-i JUlaCTI-I. cc nOlllIHHCIIHOCTL 3aKollY, CYlbf
rapallTl-lpOnamlcb JllalIHTCJlbII<UI lIe3anHCHMOCTb. rJ1aBoi-j cY1c6Hoi-i CI1C-
Te\tbI ClIHT<lJ1C}1 HMnepaTOp, CYJJ.bI JJ.eikTBOHi.lJ1H OT cro H\teHH. CYlllecT-
UOB<UIH cnewm;lbHble H alIellJUIUHOHHble CYlI.bl (Pl1c. 11.1).

11. BHeeBponecKIII Mlllp B HOBoe BpeMSI
315
BbICOKIt1 It1MnepaTOpCKIt1i:1 CYA
Konnenllt1 aAMIIIHlllcTpantBHblX CYAOB
Anenmu.t1t10HHble CYAbl (7)
ry6epHaTopCKIt1e CYAbl
MeCTHble OKPY)KHble CYAbl
BoeHHble CYAbl
PHC. 11.1. C)'JJ.e6H3B C"CTeM3 lIDOH"" B KOHlle XIX B.
B K(1)t(;101 oKpyrc, KOTOpbIC 6bl1lH o6pa30naHbi no Bcci-i cTpaHc,
COJJJ.amUIC}1 MecTHbli-j cYJJ.. .lleikTBoB.ulH ry6epHcKHe CYJJ.bI, ceMb aneJI-
mlUHOHHbIX H BbICOKHi-i HMnepaTopcKI-li1 cYD..
HonaH CHCTCMa oprm-Ion IOCTHUHH 6b111a C<poplHponaHa Ha OCHona-
IIIH1 nOJ1O.J/celillfl 0 cyiJoycmpOlic/116e (1890), nplHl5!Toro OlI.HOBpCMCHHO C
nepBblM D..iHI 5InoHHH YZO;lOBHO-npOl(eccyaJltJHbw K(}(}eKCo.u: B I-IX p.upa-
60TKC npl-1I-lJlll yttaCTI-IC Bl1!lHble rCp1aHCKHC npaBOBCilbl. no HOBOtY
3aKOHY CYD.bl 6bl1lH COnOD.lIHHCHbI B I-IeCK01lbKO Hi-iCTaHUl-li-i, YCTaI-lOBJIC-
Ha cTporml TCppHTOpH,lJ1bl Ia}! noncynllocTb.
B HOBoe BpC1\-m 3I-1a l lHreJlbHble IHMeI-leHl-U1 KOCHYJIHCb yroJIOBHOro
cYlI.onpmnBOlI.CTBa. Yro.10BHo-npoucccY,L'IbIIOe npaBO I-Iall,lJ10 H3lemITb-
CH cwc ..ao npHHHnlH 30KOIIO 06 Yi!O.lOBIIOii IlpOl(eiJJ1Je. nOil DJ1IUIHI-IC1
Q>paHUYJCKoro IIp.ma B03HIIK.'IH CILlbHbIe HaCTpoeHIHI H nO:IbJY HocnpH-
THH HOBbIX BJ1CIIHH B yro1l0BHo-npOIlCCCYaJIbHOM npaBC. 3111 Hona5!
reI-lJJ.eHWUI IIOC reneH I-IO 1-1 <pparMeI-l rapHO pea.,1H30BblB,LIaCb B BHJ-te npH-
mlTlH1 npHIHuma B036Y)K.,'J.CIIH5! yroJ10BIIOro npcc.'ICnOmllIH5! rocynapcT-
130\1 B mtUe npoKypopa. Ewe D.O npHI-IlnUI KOHCTI1TYUHH B paMKax
IIpe)J(Hei-i IOCTHWH1 6bnH nne.rleHbI IIpoueccya:IbHble HonweCTHa: JaceJ-t<1-
I-IHH CTa:m OTKpbITblm, 3anpCWCHbI nblTKH CBlmcTc1Ici-i H 06BHHCMbIX.
B 1872 roJIY p.upeweHo IIpl1cyrcTBHe B cy...re npeJ-tcraBlHCJlei-i npcccbl,
Cyltbl 61>1.111 OTnC.1CIIhI OT npoKypaTypbl, OntCIICIIbI COIlmLlhIIhIC pa3JII-l l IIUI
nepeD. CYlI.Of, UBCileH HI-ICnnyr 3aWHTHHKOB. B 1875 ro..ay npHwlTa CI1C-
TCMa anCJImIUHOHHoro H KaccawloHHoro CYilOIIpOHJBO.J,CTBa, n 1876 r.
OTMCI-IIUH 06H3aTc.l]bI-lOCTb npl-13I-1aHIHI o6mlHHcloro ful Ha3I-13 l ICHH5!

316
III. IIICTOplllSi rOCYAapCTsa III npasa Hosoro speMeHIII
I-IaK,UaI-lIHI I-t lip. OCI-IOBHblM lIyre\t KOHC'lpYHpOIaI-lIUI I-IOBoi1 CIICTetbI
cyn.onpmnBOJI.Cnm 6bl.10 lu6paHO peleIll11llp0601/l/e 30110d1/OIO Ilp060.
BonpoCbl AI\ p03Mb1Wl\eHII1 it1I<OHTpOI\
l. OxapaKTeplnyihc OCHOBllblC lICpTbl 06WCCTBClllIOro CTpOH }(nmnm B
HOBOC BpCMH.
2. nOlICMY 13 .HnoHl1lt ..ao.lroe BpeUI He YCT<maB.11-tBa.laCb CH.lbHaH ueH-
Tpam130BalIlla}! 1L1aCTb'? KaK 3TO CKa3,LI]OCb lIa CC n01HTJ-IlICCKOM
pa3BHTUH'? npl1BC1HTC npHMCphl.
3. OxapaKTeplnyi-iTe rocYllapcTBCHI-IbIii cTpoH .HnoHIHI B HOBoe BpeMH.
4. npoallaJ1H3upyiiTc xapaKTCp PCcpOP\ol J\ibHJl.311.
5. KaK m paJI1JIHCb Ha xapaKTepc }IIIOHCKOH rocy..aapCTBeHHOCTII ..!Be
npOTHBono.10)KHbIC TeHJJ.eHWHt - BOCnpIHI\flIHBOCTb K HHOCTpall-
HhIM IL1HHHUSIM H CTpCUCHHC K IHO.UIIUHI'?
6. KaK,m (l)Opm npaB.TICHlHl YCTaHaB;IHBalIaCb 110 KOHCTIfI)IW-Ht .HIIO-
111m 1889 r.?
7. 41'0 n paJBl1nm SIIIOHCKOH roCYJlapcmCHHocnl OT.IJ-IlHLiIOCb or 06bI'I-
1I0B BOCTOlIIIOH Mo..acmf?
8. KaK nOrL1HHJlH pCqJOP\lhI vbiifJ,3H IIa (IJOpMl-IponaJIHc CJ1I-IlIoro 3aKO-
HOlI.aTC.I]bCTBa .H nOHlUl?
9. Llai1Tc xapaKTcpHCTUKY rpa)!(.1allcKoro npaBa. KaKOBbI cm HCTOlIfIHKU.?
10. OUCHH rc cOJ.!cp)J(aHlle }II10HCKOro Yro.IOBHOro Y-'IO)J(eHI-UI 1880 r.
II. Ha KaKHX npHHUlmax CTpOHmlCb cYLlc6I-1.UI CHCTCMa .HnoHlm?
11.2. l<linoC1. rOCYAopCTBeHHo-npOBOBOC1
CTpoC1 - HOBbie Bbl30Bbi BpeMeHV1
KIIITa CYIIITaeT IIIX (IIIHocTpaHl\eB. - npUM. aemopa)
BapBapaMIo1, 1<0TOpblX 60r oCY>K.D.aeT 101 nOCblllaeT Ha
3eMlllO AYXOB 101 reHllleB Allfl IIIX IIICTpe61leHlllfI...
03 nucmoeKU eo epeMR eoccmaHUR uX3myaHeu
(ompRObl cnpaeeonueocmu U Mupa). 1900 r.
ApeHAaTopbl ycePAHO TPYAflTCfI. HeB3101pafl Ha Clo1llb-
Hble X01l0Aa III >Kapy. Mbl CnOI<OHO CLilAIIIM AOMa III no-
nyyaeM nonoBIo1HY c06paHHoro Io1MIo1 ypo>Kafi.
03 COI./UHeHUR nepuooa LJUH
V1Mneplt1 LlIt1H
C XVII I1CKa KHHlC:\! npamwa MaIIb'l)KypCKa5! lUIIIaCTH5! UHII.
B"laCTb 1a1lb'l)Kypon Hall. MHOrO\tHJlJlHOI-lI-lbI1 Klnne\t .ncp)l(a'IaCb TPH
CTO.'ICTHH. YTBCP;U1BWHCb lIa TpOIlC KlnaHcKHX HMncpaTopOB, \tallb-

11. BHeeBponecKIII Mlllp B HOBoe BpeMSI
317
ll)J(YPbl B OCI-IOBI-IO1 CJlcn.OBa.1H Kluai1cKIHI rocYllapCTBeI-lI-lbl\1 Tpa...rI1UH-
}IL OPOl-I30IlL'10 nOCCT<1II0B:ICIIHC npalUITc.lbCTBclHlOro annapaTa no
06pa3UY npC)J(Hero KI-ITai-icKoro <}>COlI.aJlbHOrO rocyn.apCTua, I-IO C MaHb-
ll)J(ypa1H IIa K.1IOlICBhlX nOCT<IX.
Bo rJlaBe roCYil<lpCTBa
CTOHJI MHI-Ibll)J(ypCKHi-j 60-
2()blxaH (InmcpaTop), I-IH-
n.CJlCHI-IbIH HCOrpHI-IWICI-I-
IIoil B.laCTbIO. all 6blJ1 '-
IIcorpam-l l lCllllblM MOl mp-
XOI. BCpXOBfIbl:\-1 3aKoIIO-
JJ.aTCJ1C:\t 11 BCPXOBt-IbIM
)J(peUOM. TpoH lIepellaB<liI-
cn 110 HaCJleJlCTBY H 110
npHI-IUlmy nepBOpOD.CTBa.
HCCMOTp1 I-Ia TO liTO
ncponaHHe1 l\-laI-lbll)l(ypon
npOll.O.l)1(a.l OCTa&1TbC wa-
1\1 a II H 3:\1 , 60fLlbixall npl1-
CBOl-Ll cc6c <f)YIIKIU1H
BCpXOBHoro rJ1<lBbI KOH-
(l)yu.mlHcKoH pe:mnlH.
E:\IY TaK)J(e 6bl11 IIO..alIH-
- r......lIrr. ,
HeI-l CJIO)J(HbIH 6lOpoKpa- ....1IrrIobao D==--
THllecKHi-l aIIIIapaT. f.IaB- c_ ...._O '1)OoOlQACIU - -
--
I-IbI1H rocyn.apcTneI-lI-lblMH _'
Yllpe)f(UcHI-I1H 6bI.111 fo- 33BOCB3HltC KltT3H \f3Hb l VK)'p3\f1t B XVII B.
cy.uapcTnclIHblii conCT, JthmcpaTopcKHi1 CCKpCTapHaT, BOCIUlblH conCT.
Bblcrua5! I-IcnOJ1IIHTC"lbllasl nJlaCTb OCYIUCCTB..I]}!.lacb llCpC3 rocyn.apcTBclI-
"YIO KallllcJUlpmo II IIICCTb mlJlaT (lIHIIOB, <p1111a1ICOB, pl-rry,UOI1, IIaKa-
lallHH, 06mccTBcllllbiX pa60T H BOCllllblX l.C"l). lIHIIOBHl-l l lCCTBO ltC.1H-
JIOCb I-Ia .ueB}lTb KJIaCCOB, IUleJlHCb ollpeJJ.eJleHHbIc JHaKH 0'L1J-llUUI. nOll-
TH Bce BblCWHe 1I.0:I)J(I-IOCnl 6bl11l1 JaMeIUeI-lbI HlI-Ibll)J(ypa1H. KH rai-1Ubl B
OCI-IOBI-IO1 J<1HHM,UI1 1l0JI)J(I-IOCTI1 CpellI-lliX H M:I<lJWI1X lIHI-IOBHI1KOB.
fJlaBI-I<U1 BOeI-lI-l<U1 ollopa UHI-ICKHX 60rJ-tbIXaI-lOB - ap:\H1n, KOTOP"UI
COCTO}IJla npCH\fYIUecTBeI-lHO 1-13 MaHbll)J(YpOU. KpOMe TOro, UHI-Ibl pac-
nOJiaraJI H MOHro.l bCKOii KOHHl1Uci-1.
fOCYIWPCTBCllllblH annapaT KI1TaHcKoH I1MncpHH 6b1J1 CHJlbllO
oCJla6J1cII H3-3a KoppymlHH 11 B3TOlllll-flICCTBa, ap1HH 6hIJ1a c"la60
OCllaU!CllIlOH. nJlOxo no.arOTOBJlCIIIIOI-t, IIC 6bLla B COCT05!IIHH 060po-
IHITb rocYltapCTI10, nponmOCTmlTb aptHl1 H <fUOTY HIlOCTpallllhiX ro-
cYltapcTB.

318
III. IIICTOplllSi rOCYAapCTsa III npasa Hosoro speMeHIII
CTP;UJa 6bLla pi13JJ.CJICIia Iia npOBHHUHI1) 06bCJJ.HHCHHbIC B 10 Hi11\-IC-
CrHl-flleCTB. Bo rJ1i.lBe K<DK1l0M IIpOintHUHH CTO}J'IH BoeHHbIl1 H rpi.DK1IaH-
CKHi-j ry6epHaropbI. npOBHHWUI ..1e"lHJIaCb Ha 06mlCTH, oKpyra, ye3J-1bI,
BOJlOcrH. OKpyra H yeJ..abl BOJrJlaR'ULlI1 y"paBmllOLUI1C npH IIOI\-IOLUH
CTapOCT C/110()fWpOK. HHJWei-i aJJ.:\H1I-11-1CTpanmi-ioil e...u1HI-lUci-j 6bl11O 06"b-
C1HHCI-IHC 10 11.nopon BO rJlanc co cTapocToii Ha:\ICCTHI-flICCTna H IlpO-
mmUlHI HMCJll1 cnOH co6CTnCHHbiC BoiicKa H <jnUIaHCOnLIC nCllOfcTna.
Opu ncpnblX MaIlLll)KypCKHX 60filblxaJlax 3aKpcmL10Cb npaBOBOC
nOJImKCHHC pi.13:m l lflhIX CJIOCB JlaCCJ1CIIIUI. BhlCIIIYIO CTYIlCHh (I)CO'li.Llh-
HOM I-ICpi1pXHH mHH:\Ii.lJ1H lallhll)J(ypCK,UI 3J1i1Tb H lBopmlCTBO; fJ.i.lJ1CC
CJIC]tOBa.iH Kpymlblc Klni1iicKHC <j)CO'ltL'Ibl H 60faTbIC KymlbI. KpCCTb}l-
He, pefeCJleHHHKH He H\leJIH HHKaKllX IIpaB. MaI-lbll)KYPbl 06panuIH
Mi-iOn-IX HJ 1I0KOpCI-II-IOro KH raikKoro HaCCJleI-lIHI B pa60B. OblJI ycra-
I-IOBJICI-I pe)KI-Il\-1 q>COll,1:IbI-lOi-i pcaKUHH, COCilHHCHI-IbIi-i C I-IaUI10Ha IbI-lbl\I
nopa60LUCHHC\I.
KHTai1 npOBOlll-L'I IlOJ1HTHKY IBomluHH CTpaI-lbI OT BI-IeWHCrO 1\11-1-
pa. C KOI-lua XVII I n. rocy..aapcTBa EBpoIlbl YCHJIHJIH llaBJ1CI-IHC I-Ia
KHTai-i, CTpCMCb nOJIYllIHh JlOBhlC phlllKU c6hlTa H HCTOllIIHKH Cbl-
ph. C 1839 rona allrJIl-fllaHC pa3BcpHYJ'IH npon-IB Klnml BOCJlllhlC
llci1cTIHl5!, IlO"lO)KHBIIIHC IHlll<L10 DUllYJ1mb"" eoill1a", (1840-1842).
B i1BrYCTC 1842 r. B HaHKHllc Klnai-i IlOlUH1C,Ll HcpaBllonpaBIlblH
JJ.OroBOp C AH, LI]Hei-i a B 1844 r. aHi.lJ10rI-flIHbIe .JoronopbI C Klnae1 3a-
KJIlOlBUI.1 CiliA H <1>paI-lUHH. no 3THM 1l0roBopaI KHraii 06HJblBa.JIC}1
orKpblTb llJUi aI-lfJlHi.icKoi-j TOproBJlI1 mlTb 1I0pTOB. YILlaTIHb OrpO\II-1 10
KOHTPH6YUl-IIO, YCTaHOBHTb JIbroTI-IblC Ta1\-1O)KCHHbIC TaplHI)bI, OCYLUCCT-
nHTb npHHUlm HaH60Jlbwcro 6JIaronpHTCTBOBaI-lIUl, npeilOCTanHTb
HI-IOCTpaI-luaM IlpaBO Ha KOHUCCCIHI.
.'':}nl iloroBOpLI 03I-1aICHOBaJH1 I-IattaJ10 npCBpaLUcmHI Klnml n Il().TJY-
KOJ10HHtlJ1bIIYI0 CTIXlIIY. J.1110cTpallllblC Tonapbl n01pbm,L1H 3KOHOfHKY,
YBCJ1H l IHBtlJlH mLloroBoc 6pCI5!.
(,lIe6ecHoe cocyoapC/1160» TaiullIH06. B 11Kmc 1850 r. Hi1 l li.lJIi1Cb Kpe-
Cl1lbflHCKafl 60llHa, n0J1Y4I1BIU<UI H£l3Bi1I-fHC TmlmlHcKoco 60CC/11aHlIfl I . OHO
OXBaTlLl0 JI-Ia l IHTeJ1bHYIO llaCTb COI paHbI. B 1\-lapTC 1853 r. 6bLl0 06"b}!n-
JleI-lO 0 C03ilaHHH Tmll111HCKOi!O cO{TOapCI116a.
TaiimlHbl nponoJrJ1awam-1 H OCYLUccTBmL1H I-Ia npaKTHKc HllCH
ypaBI-IHTCJIbI-lOrO pacnpcJJ.cJ1cI-IIUI. PYKonOD.CTBO ni-iOBb C03LtaI-lHbl!\l ro-
CYLlapCTnO1 npl-II-IH.'IO nporpa11Y npco6pa30naI-lII o6LUccTna H rocy-
n.apCTBa. B OCHonc cc - ncpcpacnpc.uCJICHHC 3C1Jll.1 Ha ypaBl-IHTCJIb-
HblX lIa t la.li1X, npc.uOCTaB.'ICHHC paBlwnpaBH )KCHUlHIHnl. 60ph6a C
KoPPymmeH.
I «TaiimlH HIHhro» - «He6eCHOC rOCYlapCTHO nceo611lero 6.1aro'l.CHCTlUlSI».

11. BHeeBponecKIII Mlllp B HOBoe BpeMSI
319
3TO npHBJIeKi.lJIO B l-tX P}I.abl 06e3!l0"lcHHbIX J1J()1I.ei1. TaiinHI-IOB m)Jl-
.J.ep)J(lma;IH Ti.lK)J(e ltaCTb 6YP)J(yaJIHI H 1I0telllHKOB, TaK KaK JUH1)J(eHHe
6bIJIO HaIIpaBJIeHo IIponm 3aCHJlMI MaHb l l)J(YPCKOH1UtHaCnlH Ulm.
Tai-iIIHI-ICKOe rocY.J.apcmo IIpocywecTBOBaJIO ilO 1864 r. CTo.'II-1Ua
rai1mlI-lOB HaI-lKUI-I 6bIJia W ryp\tOt BJ}tra UHHCKHMH Boi-1cKaMH. Oc-
I-IOnI-lblm npWllmaH1 HX Ilopa)J(CI-IIHI CTalH I-ICIlOCJI]CilOBaTeJ1bI-lOCTb B
nponc.aCIHIH PC<POPM, yrpaTa nOlI.llcp)J(KH TaHmnmn n HapoJJ.C H 1-1110-
CTIXlJIllaH HIITcpnCIlUlUI. D.BH)J(CIH1C TaHmmon 6bl.10 npClI.nCCTIU1KO\1 lIa-
IIHOIli.lJ1bIl0-OCB060fJ.HTCJ1bIlOi-i 60pb6b1 lIapOJIOB KIHa 3a CBOH Ilpana.
npamIIllHc Kpynl UHIICKOH HMIlCpHH BbIlIY)J(JICllbl 6blJlH nolint lIa
PW1. pc(l)()pt:
. npOB03rJlaWCII KYpC lIa YCTallOBJlCIIHC KOIITaKTOB C ltHOCTpallua-
H1, BOCIlplUITllC "1apy6c)J(lIb1x 10CTH)J(CIlHii;
. pCOpraI-lH30mma KIHa i-1c Ka}I apIIHI;
. YCWleHO CTpOHTeJIbCTBO JaBo..aOB, Bep(pei-i H apCeHi.LlOB.
B TO )J(e BpeUI ::'.Ira 1I0JIHTI1Ka IIplmeJla K WHPOKOMY IIpOI-lHKI-IOUe-
I-II,tlO B KHrai-j HHOC"lpaI-lHbIX Ki.UIHra.IOB.
(,Cmo ()Heil pe(/)op""». B 60-80-e rollbI XIX B. H\lIIepmI IIpOBOlll-lJla
nomHHKY «caMoycHJlCI-IH», OCHOBHOC Ha3Ha l lCHHC KOTOPOH cno.aH.lOCb
K YKpcnJ1CHIHO CYlliCCTnYIOllicro PC)J(I-IMa. CTOPOHHHKU :noi1 nOmITHKU
BblcTynaHH 3a 60.1CC TCCIIOC COTpYfJ.IIWICCTBO C HllocTpamILI:\HI l1cp)J(a-
mum, ImnlCTnonallHC 11IIOCTpalllloro onbiTa B MO J lcpm13aIUH1 BOOpy-
)J(ClIlIblX CIL1. B PC3Y"lbTaTC HIlOCTIXlJIllbl. HcnOJlh3YH npHBl1.'1Crl-IH, YCI-I-
JIHJ1H Jl(UHTWICCKOC JIalUCIII-IC lIa KI-ITai-i. 3TO npHBCJ10 K allnmpaBH-
TeJlbcmeHI-IbIM H aHnHtHOCrpaHI-IbIi\-1 BbIcrYIIJleHIHIt I-IapOilHbIX Macc.
B ro )J(e upe:\HI COJl1<lB"UIHCb IIepBbIe KHTai1cKHe KaIllHi.LIHCn1 l IeCKI-te
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KUTac. B OTnCT KHTai-1cK<U1 lIallHOlli.lI]blIa 6YP)J(ya3H B03LlaBHJ1a 1I0noc
UUI)J(CIIHC 3a npOBc1cIIHC pc<I)()P1. CnuUI.I]HCb 3a.rra l lH:
. OrpaLUlTb KI-ITai-icKHx npellnpl-IHIH-li.lTCJ1Ci-1 OT HHOCTpaHI-IblX KOH-
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. IBMeI-lHTb Me 1"01lbI roCYllapCTBcI-IHOro y"paBJIeHIHI;
. y"paJllHH rb JaKOHbI, CJJ.ep)J(lmaJ()lUHe paJBH rHe CTpaHbl.
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paTOp fyaHclOl'j. C cro 1I0tolllblO 6blJlO pcopraHl-IJoBaHO ueHTpalbHOC
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320
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pa3IUITHSI. Co BpCICIIC1 :no npHBCJ10 CTp<lIIY B CIIIC 60JlbllIl-fi-1 ynaHOK.
nOJIIHHKa IIpamllueti 1l1-1I-1acnm BbIJblBaJJa B03lyweI-lI-le HapO,LIa. npo-
lBoweJ' P}Ill BbICTYlIJleI-lI-lii H BOCCTaI-lHfi, I-IO OI-ll-f I-Ie IIpl1I-leCJIH ycnexa.
npOSo: npeo6AOAOHLt1e CpeAHesel<OSblX HOpM
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C:\fOTpeTb CBO.a 3aKOI-lOB llaJUlIH ,1I0il npellblllywcii m1I-laCTI1H MHI-I.
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KalICCTBC OCHOHI-IbIX. OI-l nOJ1YlIl-1J1 I-Ia3BaI-lHC llGl(uH JlIOli.llI. HOBOC
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B lla.'lbI-leihlle1 B I-Icro BHOCI-IJIJ-ICb H3MeHCI-IJUI. OHO nepCCtaTplma-
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11. BHeeBponecKIII Mlllp B HOBoe BpeMSI
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2) 60.l]bUl<UI 6;UI6YKOBiHI mlJlKa (60, 70, 80, 90, 100 YJmpoB)
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I roll, 1,5 rolla, 2 rolla, 3 rolla;
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npec-rYIIJleHHe\1. B p}llI.e cJ1Y l iaen n npane nCTpellanocb paJ.TlJ-IllHe \-le)f(ilY
y"-lbIUlJleI-lHbIMH H HeY1bIUI"leI-lI-lblH1 npeCTynJleI-llUlMl1. nOI-lITHe BJ-II-Ibl
I-Ie 6bl.l0 p.13pa601"i.1HO. MY)f(, Hallpmlep, ornelHUI Ja IIpeelYILleI-lHe, eo-
neplileI-lHOC )f(eHoH, CbIH - Ja IIpocTynKH MaTepH, OlIeI-lb UlHpOKO IIpaK-
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OTBCTCTBJ-IC C TomaIlIIUlMI-1 pcaJllUlH1. bbIJIH 1-ICKJ110 l ICllhl yroJl0BllbiC
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11. BHeeBponecKIII Mlllp B HOBoe BpeMSI
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lIHI-JaMI-f (XIX nonpaBKa K KOI-ICTl1TYUl-m). B 1960-e ronbI 3anpellla-
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npH3I1amU1aCh IIc06xOlll-1\fOCTb 113fCllcmHl H36HpaTc11hllhlX oKpyroB, C
TCM lIT06bI B K.DK,10M 1-13 I-fIlX 6bl;10 npH6m-I3HTcJlbI-f0 paBI-IOC lIHCJ10
1-136HpaTc.lci-i. B 1970-c ro.ilbl 113611paTCJlbI-lb1C npaDa npe.nocTaMHJlHCb
OCCM rpa)l(1I.aJlaM, nOCTllrWIIM 18-J1CTIICro B03paCTa (XXVI nonpaOKa).
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13. 1It3MeHeHHSl3anaAHoH rocYAapcTBeHHo-npcBoBoH opraHH3aHH
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HhlX CTpaH. OpCJl. 2004. C. 286.
2 BC(,OOIl(Wi I1croplUl rOC}'.'lapCTna It IIp,ma: Y l IC61111K / nO;l pcn. K.H. IJarbJpa. I'v1.,
1988. C. 331.

344
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nocJle BoiiHbl CWA OK;.uruIHCb B YI-II-IKa"IbHOM 1I0JIO)!(eI-Il-fH cpaBHII-
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CIOll<l 1I0CJlellCTlnmHf.
12 anpCJ1}I 1945 r. YMCP CDpallK.l]l-fH PY3BCJ1bT. B :no BpCUI BCC npo-
6JICMbi nOCJ1CnOclllloro YCTpoi1cTna tHpa nCTa.1H no nccl> pOCT, pClIICIII-IC
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\le)!(yro l IHbIX Bbl60pax 1946 r. .ll06Wll-fCb 60JlbWIIHCTB<l B 06eHX II£IJIanlX

348
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBewee BpeMSI
KOHrpccca. B 1948 roIlY I-Ia IIpCJHllCI-I rCKHX Bbl60pax II06cmfJI
r. Tpy.wJII (1884-1972), a llCfOKpaTbl BCPIlYJll-f cc6c 60JIbIJJHIICTnO n
napJIaICI-ITC. Tpyr.OH D.06lmacrcsl yoeJIJ1lleHHSI MIII-IH\taJIbHOH 3apa60T-
lIoi1 nmlTbl, paCllll-fpClUm CI-fCTCMbl COIUI,Ll]bIlOrO 06ccnc'-lclUul H npl-f-
HSiTIISI nporpafMbl CTpOl-fTCJlbCTOa nCWCOblX )l{H.1HlU. nOJI}IIJaCT D.a.lb-
I-IcihuYK) nOMCp)l{KY l-flle}I CTpOIlTCJlbCTBa rocynapcTBa 6mlrOlleI-lCTInUI.
Ero anHflllICTpamISI OCYLUCCTBl-f.'Ia KOIIBcpcmo BOCIIIIOi1 npOlbIIllJ1CII-
HOCTH. 4T06bl lt36e)l(aTb COuna'IbHblX nOTpnCCH, Hi-i KOTopble fOr.ll1 6bI
B03111-1KII}'Tb B PC3YJIbTaTC iI.C106HJ1InaIUH1 IHOrO\U1JImIOJlJloi-i apMHII,
6blJI npm-ISIT 3aKOH, Ha30aHI-IbIH Co.u)mllCKliU 611.1.leU 0 npaeox, KOTOpbli1
npCnOCT<lIHL1 ilet06l1J1H30mUlHbI1 JlbrOTbI B 06J1aCnf 06pa30mU-I1HI. B
nOJIYllCIIIIII KpC.uInOn lIa CTpm-fTCJIbCTBO )l{IIJIMI H OTKphITHC cnocro
6IBI-ICca. ObLI IIplHHl1 3aKoH 0 3aHJl/1lOCI1l11, KOropbIl-i Y"O.II-IOIOllI-fJl
npC3HllCIITa ll06lmaTbcSI TaKoro YPOBII5! 3KOIIOMH'-ICCK0i1 aKTHBIIOCTH.
KOTOpblH COOTBeTCTBOBaJI 6bl nOJIHoi-i 3aI-l}ITOCTII HaCeJICI-IlU1.
1950-e roJlbI - ro'lbI HOBOro CTaI-IOBJ1CtHUI rocynapcTBa 6.'IarolleHcT-
nIl}!. EO.1CC nOJIOBHllbI atcpHKallUCB no YPOBtno noxon.on CTa.'IH CpCll-
I-II-f1 KJIaCCOM. Bo BCei-i CTp..U-Ie B03I-1I1K.UII-f roproBble UCI-I rpbl - CHIBO-
.llbl MaCCOBoro nOTpc6JIClUm, nOCCIllCHI-fC KOTOpblX 6blJ10 JVUI aMcpH-
KaHueB <POp \I oi-i npOBe.J.etHfH llocyra. Ho CTaB «06wecTBoM nOTpe6JIc-
III-f5!», CWA YTpanlJ1l1 llHI-IaMIHt B pa3BHTHH, K KOt-IIlY 50-x ro10B
npolli.'Ioro CTOJ1CTHSI CWA I-IalIaJIH OTCTaoaTb no Tetna1 pa30HTWt OT
CTpaI-l 3aml.J.I-Ioi-i EBPOlIbl II .HIIOI-lIHI.
3nf S1B J 1CI-IHSI CKa3a'IHCb I-HI C1CHC nOJ1l-fnI l lccKOro Kypca CTpallbl.
Ha Bbl60pax 1960 r. n06emlJl lle\lOKpaT JlJ/C. KeHHe()ll (1917-1963). Ero
npHXOil K BJ1aCnf O)l{HlUfJ1 PC(I){)PMIICTCKYIO 1I.C}ITC.1bHOCTb. HO BCKOpC OI-I
6blJI y6HT. Monm y61-fikToa TaK I-f He ObISICHeH. XOTSI 0 3THX ueJ1S1X I-f
6blJ1a COJIlat-Ja CIICWHUlbH<H1 KOMIICCIUI.
K l-fcnO.1I1Cl-HnO 06S13aJ-ltIOcTci-i npC3l1ilCt-ITa npllcTynHJI BIIUC-
npeJHJ-1CHT fl. JlJICOHCOH (1908-1973). C ero l-f1\-leI-leM cmuaHa OllI-la H3
caMblX m-161-fUH03I1hIX nporpatM dMcpHKallcKOro rOCYJIapCTna 6J1arOilCII-
CTBlUI. OblJIa nOCTaB.1CHa 3a.n.a l la Jll-fKBl1llawm 6enHocTH. npeilnpl-fH}ITbI
MCpbl no npo<pcccItOH,lJIblIoi1 ncpCnOJl.roToBKC. OK..U,1lIH10 nOtOlIlH B
nOJIYtICI-HIH 06pa30oaHHH, C TCM tIT06bl nOObICHTb nOXOilbl 6CilHbiX aMC-
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1I0CTI, IIC 6bLla Jll-fKBl-UUfpomllla.
B 1960-e roiI.bl n.OCTltrJlO anoreSl n.Bl-f)l{CHlle 3a rpmK.lI.aHCKOe paBHO-
nJJ<lBIIC. B 1963 rollY n BaUHlIIrrOHC 6bL1a npOBCJl.CHa 230-TbIC}l l llla5!
.nCfOHCTpamfSl B nOlI.IlCp)l{KY 60pb6bl 3a pacoooc paBHOnpanIlC. Bo MIIO-
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w-m: IIPH I-IaiiMe Ha pa60TY, IIpl-f apeH.l..le H IIpOlla)l{e 1l0tOB, nplt penI-
CTJJ<lIUHf Ha IH6HpaTCJlhHbIX YlJaCTKax.

13. 1It3MeHeHHSl3anaAHoH rocYAapcTBeHHo-npcBoBoH opraHH3aHH
349
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ml)lCI-IHC C I-IalI,UIO1 HOBbIX MaCCOBbIX mUDKCI-IIIH COUH..LlbI-IOrO IIpOTCC-
HI. M I-I.uI60JIce B<DKI-IbIi\I 1-13 I-IHX 6bIJIO MOJIO)le:>KI-IOe. MOJ10J-tC:>Kb ocml-
pl18a.1<1 ueI-lI-IOCnI TOmaWI-Icro 06WCCTBa 110 rpe6JleH IUI , 60pOJIaCb 301
.l.le\IOKp.UIIJaUHlO CHCTCMbl 06pa30B01I-IIIH. Ha CTpaI-lY 06pYWI-fJlaCb BO'I-
I-Ia HaCHJum, npOIBOWJIa CCplUI nOJIHTWICCKHX y6HHCTB.
B 3THX YCJ10nmIX K nJlaCTI1 Ha CMCHY llCIOKpaTaf npHllJJIH pccny6-
JIIIKaliUbl. I1x q>aBOpHT P. HUKCOIi (1913-1994) CT<lHOBHTCH npC311D.CHTm1
R 1969 r. 011 nplBmlJl K lIaBCllCIIHlO nOp}IJ1Ka RIIYTpH CT(XlIIhl. B 70-c ro-
...11.1 MaCCOBblC llBI-f:>KCHlUI npOTCCTa Y-ICllbIlnL1HCb. oOJlhlllaH ltaCTb Tpc60-
BaIlHi-1 npOTCCl)'IOIlUfX 6blJ1a ynOiLlcTBopClla. BICCTC C TeM omm 3a JlPY-
n-fM C.TICilOB,UIH 3KOI-IO\Hf l leCKI-fC Kp1l311Cbl, I-ICXBaTK01 3I-ICpnm. l-fI-l(IUHW-m.
HI-fKCOH mpcarHpOB.u I-Ia 3H1 I1p06JICMbl I-IOBblM p01CWHpCI-II1CM roCYllap-
CTBCI-II-IOrO pel Y.TlHpOBaI-IIUl: OH BBCJ1 KOI-lIpOJlb 3a ueHalH, lIHCJ10 aMcpH-
KaHucB, nOJIYllalOWHX BCHKOro pOlIn roCYl101pCTBCHHble noc06HH, D.OCTHr-
J10 orpofI-Ioii LlH<I)PbJ.
Ho I1\1CI-II-IO B r-.1OICI-IT :\IaKCI1laJlbI-IOro paCWHpeI-IHH q)YHKUl-IH ro-
cynapcTRa Bbl}!RHJIl1Cb H IIcranmllbIC nOCJ1C'lCTRlfH :noro. HI1KCOII ymCJI
B OTCTaBKY B 1974 r., IIC D.0:>K1I1aHCb yrpO)f(aBlIlcro CIY InmWIMCflTa B
CIUI3H C llC.'IOM 0 npOCJ1YUlimaHlHf TCJ1C(POlillbiX pa3ronopOB nOJ1l-fnf l lC-
CKHX npOTHBIIHKOB, lITO HapYIII..L10 KOHCTI-fTYIUIOIIlIbIH npHlIlum TaHHbl
KOtMYI-II-fKaJUfi-i (niK I-I..UbIBaCtOc «YoTcpreihcKoe JlCJ10»). MCCTO HI-fK-
COHa 3aH}LI BI-mC-lIpC3HD.eI-lr 11;)/c. C/JOfJ() (p. 1913). npeCnI)f(Y PecIIy6.IH-
KaI-ICKOii napTlH1 6bl'I I-I01I-lcccI-I ccpbeJI-Ibli-i ywep6.
B 1976 rollY I-Ia OlICpCllHblX npCJHileI-ITCKI-fX Bbl60pax Il06ellY OlI.cp-
)l(aJI D.eMOKpaT jJJIC. KafJl11efJ (p. 1924). B rollbl ero npe3HD.eI-lTCTna npo-
H30WeJI nCpCJIOM B HaCTpOeI-llf5!X aICpHKaI-lCKoro 06wccTBa. OHO y6c-
m.I.'IOCb B I-ICB03MO)f(HOCTH Bblxo.na 113 KpIl31-fCI-IOro COCTOHHIIH c nOMO-
IUhlO roCY'lapCTBcIIIIOro pcrYJ1I-lpOBam-m. D..l}1 J1CIOKpaTa KapTcpa 3TO
HMCJ10 pOKonbIC nOC'IeD.CTRlHI, nOCKOJ1bKY IIMCIIIIO JlCMOK(XlTbl acco-
w-mpOB..UHfCb C rOCYJlapCTBOM 6J1anmCI-ICTBIHI. II 3TH IH\1CIICI-IIHI B I-Ia-
CTpOCI-HHIX Hrpa:m I-Ia PYKY pccny6J'IHKaI-IuaM.
B 1980 rollY I-Ia IIpeJHileI-ITCKI-fX Bbl60pax pccny6mfKaHeu P. Peli-
call (p. 1911) Ollep:>K,lJI I106ellY. OI-l "PIIJB;U K COKp01WCI-IHIO roCYllapCT-
BeHHoro BMewaTeJlbCTBa. 3TO nplmeJIO BI-IallaJIe K yxynWCI-IHIO 3KOHO-
\-IWICCKI-fX nOKa3aTeJldi, POCTY 6e3pa60Tl-fUbI, a C 1983 r. I-Ia l l<1J1CH 3KO-
HOllflICCKHi-i nOll'bC1. A.n:\1IIHIICTpamfH OCYWCCTBl-1J1a caMYJO KpynHYIO
lL'IH MHpHOro BPC\ICIHI npOrpa\IMY ncpCDOOPY:>KCI-II-f}!. AMcpHKaHcKaH
ap-IHH no.'1Y l Il-fJIa pa111006pa3110c 1I0ncl1U1CC BOOPY)f(CHl-fC. a n 1983 r.
HalI<.lJIaCb pa60nl H..n C03.a.UIl-fCM npoTHBOpaKeTI-IOi-i 060POHbI CWA C
::mCMeI-lTaMII KonHfllccKOro 6a3HpOmlI-IH5! (COM). B 1984 ro,1y PciiHII-l
CpaBI-IHTCJlbI-IO J1CrKO A06HJIC}1 ncpcIIJ6paI-Il-UI.

350
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBeHwee BpeMSI
B 1988 rOllY IIpe31-lil.CHTO!\l 6bl.I] In6paH J1.}/c. EyUI (p. 1924), Boce1b
JlCT 110 :)Toro 3aJIH\taBWHi1 nOCT BHuc-npC31-UICIIT,1. 011 B OCI-IOBIIO-I npo-
1l0.l)l(HJ1 no.1HTHKY CBOCro npeJIWCCTBCHI-IHKa. OJlHaKO B 1992 r. Gyw HC-
O)l(H1l3HHO nOTepne.11 nOp3)1(eHHe OT MO.IOilOro H Cp3RHl-ITeJlbHO MaJlOHJ-
uecTHoro lleMOKpaTa, ry6epHaTop3 WTaTa ApKaHJaC E. KWHI1l0Ha
(p. 1946). KOliCH 12-J1cTHcro npc6bIB,1IlIUI pccny6.I1HK,UlHCB y BJlUCTH -
::no H 3aBcpwcHHC ncpHoila «KoHccpBanIBHoi-i pCBO.lIOUHH>), nOnblTOK
orpaHwlHTb tacwTa6b1 rocYJIapcTl3a 6J1arollcHcTmul. AMepHKaHUbl noll.-
llep)l(,U1H Ha 3TOT pa3 nporpaIMY, npeJIycf3TpHB31OIllYIO lleJlbHei-iwee
PU3BHTHe rocYJIapCTBU 6mlroil.CIICTBlUI. B 2000 H 2004 romIX, OllHUKO,
n06C)KJI,L1 pccny6.I1HKHIlCIl JI.}/c. EYUh\f.WOlUUii (p. 1946), CbIII 6bIBIIIcro
npC3HilCI-ITa CWA. npa13J1eHHC noc.leJIHero npe31-UleHTa ll)l(. 6YWH C013-
TlaJlO C OKOHlIaHl1eM XO..'IO.llHOi1 130HHbI, liTO nOCTam-IlO HU 1I013eCTKY J-tml
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Boi111bl, IIC nOJIXOll.}!T K 1I0B"':\1 yc.l0BHml. CWA npcllcToHT c<t>opMyml-
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13. 1It3MeHeHHSl3anaAHoH rocYAapcTBeHHo-npcBoBoH opraHH3aHH
351
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II.A. KpamCHIfHHI1KORoii. \iI., 2004. C. 596.

352
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CTOHlllHM cy.uOM no aI-laJIorl-fllI-loii K.ncropm-1 D.CJ1. CYilbI WTaTOB, KaK
npamLl0, CJlCJlYIOT YKa3aI-lml1 BblWCCTommlX CYllon CBocro WTaTa, a
(l>cnCp,lJIbllbIC CY1bl - BblIIICCTOflIIUIX CY10B (l>cncpaIUH1. nOCllcnllHC HC
CllHT<UOTC}I CB5!3,UlllbIMH cnOH:\Ht )J(C paI-lee BbIHeCeHI-IblMH npHrOBopa\Ht
H peWemUI\HI.
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I) KmK1l0e mIliO, 06m-IH}leMOe B COBepweHIHI I1peCTYlIJlemUI. 1n-leeT
IIpaRO Ha cYile6Hoe p<u6HpareJIbCrBO B COOTBeTCTBIHI C 3aKOHO\f
C llCJIblO yCTaHOBJ1CHHH, BHHOBHO J1H OHO;
2) CTopOHa 06B1-1HCHml lIJHI JlOKa3aTCJ1bCTBa Bl-fHbl MO)J(CT IICnOJlb30-
BaTb JlHWb onpCJlc.1CHBbIC, OrpaHl-fllCHHblC CpCllCTBa;

356
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBewee BpeMSI
3) n03MO)J(IiOCTH 06B1-IHHTeJUI 06B111UITb 1l0 t ITH Bcer.a.a CI-LlbHee B03-
\IO)J(HOCTH OTnCJIbHOro lIC.10BCKa 3aWHumTb ce6}!.
Ec:m apeCToBaHHoro no IIpll\:011a .UlBOK.rra IIpIIHY)J(.J.a;m K IIpIBHa-
m-IIO, cyJ1. IO)J(CT BhlHCCTH BCPJ1.HKT 0 cro IICBHIIOBIIOCTH. 3alllHTlIHK I-f
06RHHHTC.lb MorYT naTb OT8011 JII060IY KaHn.lIlI.aTY 8 IIpHC}I)J(HbIC. n011-
cymlMblH IIC IICCCT 6pCMH i!.OKa3blBamUi CBocH IICBHIIOBIIOCTH. KpOIC
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HCK.,IlOlIIHb BCC 1l0KaJare..'lbcrna BHHbl t.IC.IOBCKa. 1l06bHbiC He3aKOHHbl-
MH CpCHCTBaH1. Ecm-1 npaBo lIC.10BCKa IIapYIIICllO, ncc nC.l]o npcKpama-
CTC}( 6CJYC.IOBHO.
50pb6a 3a OHICIIY IIcnpaBocynlloro Bcpm-IKTa Tpc6YCT BpelclHl,
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cwo, BOJ6Y)I(JlCHl-le HOBOro IIpouccca, BTOpHllHOC paccMorpcHl1c .llC.Ia.
KOIICnIT)'IU1H rapallTi-lpYCT 06B1HI}ICIOIY npaBO IIa paCCMOTpCIIHC
cro .J.CJIa B cyn.c npHC}I)J(HbIX. YltacTHC nOCJlei!.HHX 06}UaTeJlbHo npH
p.u6ope oe060 HI)J(KHX npecTYnJlet-lHi-i. npH H am-I lllH1 p.t3YIHOro co-
MHClHtH B BHlIOBHOCTH nOllCYJUfIOro npl-ICI)J(HbIC H cyn.bH nOJI)J(HbI cro
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npHCH)J(IIbIX H npocHTb 0 paccIOTpCIH1H cro JICJIa cmHfOJ1HllHbl1 cyn.bci-i
6C3 )l(IOPI-1. Koma nOi!.cytlHlbIH npHJI-IaCT cc61 BHHOBHbIM, BCpll.HKTa
npHCH)J(HbIX He Tpe6YCTC}I.
B YCJ10BHHX rpO103i!.KOii cyn.c611oii CI1CTClbI C03JlaCTCH nOlma 1IJ1H
orollopa 11 cy.uci-icKoro npOl-UBo.la. TaK, C8ClI.YlOlUHH a1I.BOKaT Mor OTbl-
CKaTb B fle..']C nOJ1.CYJ1.HlOro (ImKTbl. KOTOphIC, no cro l\HfCIII110, cmmc-
TeJlbCTBYIOT 0 HapYWCI-II1H HalL1C)J(awcil npaBoBoi-j npouc.aYPbI. H no.'IY-
ll<UI BOJIO)J(HOCTb alIeJIJIIlpOB<rrb B BblwccTmlWHC CYllbI.
B CWA C cYJ1.hcii lIC CnOp}!T. 011 CHHlICTBCllllblH, KTO mlllCJlCII npa-
BO\1 nOBCpI-lyrb 3aKOI-lbi npHl\-ICHI1TCJlbHO K KmKJ.OI\-IY KaJYCY. CYlI.C6Ha1
CHCTC\fa :noii CTIXHlbl BbmOJ1mlCT pOJ1b TpcTbci-i BCTBH BJiaCTH. Olla
nplnBaHa 06ccnC l IHTb lI.ci-1cTBHC KOHcTHTyum-f, HC .aonYCTl-1Tb npHH}!TIUI
aH rI-IKOHCnrr YWIOHHblX laKOHOB. OCYlUec rB.UI rb IIpaBOCYIlHC B paMKax
laKOlllIocTH. CyJ1. paCCHlTplmaCTC}1 KaK mU1JIYlJIJICC orpa)J(.fJ.CIIHC npaBa
ltaCTHOH C06CTBCHHOCTH, JIWIHblX npaR H cn060n. OT JIl06blX, n TOM lIHC-
JIC H roCY'1.apCTBCllllbIX nOC}lraTCJIbCTB.
AMCpHKaI-lCKa1 IOCTHuml, KaK 11 BCIKaH npyraH, HI\-ICCT Ha CBOC1
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Cc, rolI.HH B H<1 t laJIC XXI B., l-mCT TpaI-lc<l>opMaUHH cyn.C6HO-Ilpa-
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JIbIH KOMnJICKC Ba)J(HbIX np06Jlcl, cpcnu KOTOpblX H Hc06XOilH\lOCTb
COBCpWCHCTBOBaH ml cY.ll.OnpOHJBOJ-tCTBa.

13. 1It3MeHeHHSl3anaAHoH rocYAapcTBeHHo-npcBoBoH opraHH3aHH
357
BonpoCbl AI\ p03Mb1Wl\eHII1 it11<OHTpOI\
l. Ha30Bl-tTe nmWIHbIC lICpTbl 3BomOWIH rocy.napcTBeHHoro annap:.na
CiliA B HOBciirncc BPC\ISI.
2. KaKue HJleHeHHH IIPOIBOWm-t B KOHrpccce, Ka611HcTe IIpCJIIlleHTa
B HOBciiwcc npc\ul?
3. PClCCKCI)J(llTe 06 OC06CHHOCIHX a\ICpUKaHcKoro q)ellCpaJH1J\Ia.
4. KaKOI3<.1 CTPYKTypa rocy.napCTneHHblX opraHon cy61>CKTOn (I)e.aepawm?
5. PacKpoiiTc CHCTC!\IY \ICCTIlOro calOynpan.TJClm}! H ynpaBJlclIHSI B
wrarax.
6. KaKYIo pO.TJb B rocy.aapcTBCJIIIO-npaBoBoii HCTOplH1 CiliA cbIrpa.l
(,HOBhIH KYpC» PYJBC.I]hTa.!
7. OxapaKTeplnyiiTe nomUWleCKYIO qmrypy <1.>. PYJneJlbTa.
8. nCpC'IHC.ll-tTC xapaKTCpllt.lC llC(nt.l lByxnapTl1i.1110H CUCTC\lbI CiliA,
IIpmIUl1BllHIeCSI B 1I0CJIeBOeHHbie rO}.l,bl.
9. KaKUC cnBurH npOl1301lIJiU B CI1CTCMaTI13aIlHH aMcpHKaIIcKoro 3aKO-
Ho.aa rCJI bCTI3a?
10. OxapaKTcpluyihc HOplhI aHnlTpCCToncKoro JaKOHOfJ.aTCJlbCTna CiliA
C 1890 no 1914 r.
11. Kat<OBhI nO.TJO>KCHlUI 3aKoHCI Taqna-XapT.1H no BOlIPOCY 0 3a6aCTOB-
Kax cJlY)J(alUHx?
12. OxapaKTcpluyihc 3aKoHbi Cl\HfTa. MaKKap.JHa-BY}.I,a.
13. KaKHC 3aKOIfbI 6bLlii nplHl5!TbI B C(j)CPC yro.I]OBIfOro npaBa CiliA?
14. PaCCK(1)J(HTe 06 oc06eHHocT}JX cY}.l,e6Hoii CllCleMbI CiliA.
13.2. Bel\V1l(06pvnOHV1>1 -
cospeMeHHbl171 MeXOHV13M
nopl\OMeHTCl<ol71 MOHOpXV1V1
.o.llS1 Bem1Ko6pHTaHHH xapaKTepHa 601lbWaS1, '-IeM B
APyrHx CTpaHax, cTa6HllbHOCTb nOmlTH'-IeCKHX HHCTH-
T)'TOB H Y'-lpe)f{,D,eHH. S1BllS1IOLLlaS1CS1 pe3YllbTaTOM He
TOllbKO KOHceHcyca BeAYll.I\IIX nOllHTH'-IeCKHX C\IIll, HO \II
npeAnO'-lTeH\IIS1 3BOlllOHOHHOro n)'T\II pa3B\IITHS1 pe3-
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C.B. '-IUPKUH.
pOCCHCK\II HCTOp\llK rOCYAapCTBa H npaBa
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B KOHUC XIX - I-I<1 l laJIC XX B. BCJ1H, K06pHT<1HlUI KOTopaH paHbwe
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358
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBewee BpeMSI
ro 60raTCTBa. B:\teCTe C Te1 Bcm-IK06pHT<U-HHI IlO}lytH1J1a HOBbIe K()10-
HH..L"IbHbIe BjIa.aeHlUI.
B KOHUC nepHoH MHpOBOH BOHHbI Y B:JaCHI HaXOJHUOCb KO{J llil<UOH-
Hoe npGlllll11e ll,Cf1leo. COCTmmwec H3 JH16epaJ10B, KOHcepmrmpOB H .leH60-
pllcmn. BCKOpC Ha BbI60pax B llcKa6pc 1918 r. Jm6epa..'lbH.m napnUl, pa-
I-ICC CTmmwaH Y 1m <.1CTl-1 nOtlTH CTO JICT, nOTcpnCJ1a nopmKCHHC, yCTymm
MCCTO JIdi60pl-lcTaM. Bnoc.T]CllCTBHH coxpamlCTC1 ()eyxnopmuiiltafl Cllcme-
.,.,0. LIo 1923 rOlIa :JTO 6bl.T]11 KOHCCpmlTOpbI H Jll-16cpaJIbl, C 1923 r. -
KOIICCpmlTOphl H JIci-t60PH<.lbI. CYlIlccTBOmlJlH H Jlpymc napTHII, mmpH-
\tCp KOM\1Y"HCTWICCKa}!, 110 caMa JUyxnapTHi-illml CHCTCMa CtIHTaCTC1
OJUnUI H3 IICnI-ICallbIX KOIICTHT)'IU10IlllhIX 06hl l IaCB.
Oco60e MeCTO B Bem1K06plHaHIIII nO-npe)l(HeMY 3aHIIMaeT KOpOHO.
MOH<lpX B Bem1K06pH raHIH-1 - 3m CIHIBO.I Hawn-I, IIpee\ICmCHHOCTH
roCYllapCTBa. OH paCCMarplmaeTC}1 KaK rapaHTHH Cra611JlbHOCTH B 06-
weCTBe. Ha npOnl)l(eHHH npowe.awero CTOJIenUI KaKoro-J1H60 cepbc3-
HOro 06rnecTBcHHoro lI.lU1)1(CH1U1 3a OT\teHY MOHapxHH I-IC Ha6.1101I.aJ10cb.
LIo CHX nop coxpamllOTc1 :\1Homc npC)I(HHC KoponcBcKI.fC npcporanmbI
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::HOT Bbl60p H orpam-lllCIi TC:\I, liTO 1I0BbIi-i npClbCp-1HIIHCTp llOJ1)l(CII
HMCTb nOJI"fJ.Cp)l(KY 60JIbIIIIIIICTBa mLlaThl 06uulII. O.rUIaKO CCJH1 mUJ.cp
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IUHf HI-IoH THT)'Jl. Bcc 3TH nO..'II-IO\fOlIiHI CtunalOTCH npocToi-t (I>OpM<.1JIb-
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BCC:\I pCKOICIIJlmUUlM conCTIIHKOB: Oil lUICCT npaBO IIC J1.aTb comaCHH
lIa IlOJ1HTHKY, KOTopmI, no cro :\tHCHI1IO, p..13pymacT «6a311C allrm.tikKoH
KOHCTHTYUHl1». B CB}JjH C 3TH:\t :\tOHapx :\I{))I(CT OTIlpaBHTb Ka6HHCT :\11-1-
HHCTpOB B OTCTaHKY. pacnycnlTb napJI<1MCHT.
OC06CHHOCTblO I10:UHJ.1lICCKOH )l(IHHI.f BCJIHK06pH n1m-m }IBJUlCTCH
TO, 'ITO MHOn-fC CHOIt nO"lHOMOlIHH :\IOHapXH HC pC<.111130Hbm<.1111 B TClIC-
I-IHC CTOJICTHH. no:nol\-IY Ha .D.CJle ccrOllml MOI-lapX HCnOJIHIITCJIbHOH
BJIaCTblO I-IC 06JIallacT. O.aHaKO R CJ]}/ttaC HC06XOlll-I\fOCTl-f, 6JIarOlIap1
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paeT IIpC:\t bCp-!\IHH HCTp. OH CQCTaR'UlCT npam-rrC"lbCTHO, npe.a.CTaBJUICT

13. 1It3MeHeHHSl3anaAHoH rocYAapcTBeHHo-npcBoBoH opraHH3aHH
359
Ha nOJlIIHCb MOHapxy npaBoBbIc aKTbI H caM KOHTpaccHrHyeT 1.IX, B 1K)-
60H MOMCHT IO)f(eT IIpeLLIO)f(I.1 rb MOHapxy pacIIycnrrb HI1)J(HK)K) IIiUlary
napJI;nteHTa H 1'.11.
npaBlHCTIbCTBO B CHJIY 6pHraHCKOi11paIlI1UJ.m B JHallHTeJIbHoi.i Ie-
pc KOHrpOJII-lpyeT H nap.IaMCHT. nmIBHJIC}1 HHcn-ITyr llenerHpOB<1HHoro
laKOHOJIaTC.1bcTBa, T.C. npaBO npmurrc.1bcTBa H3JlaBaTb KOHKpCTHbIC
JaKOHonO.l0)l(CI-HI}! I-Ia OCHOBaHHI1 06rucro 3aKOHon.aTCJIbHOrO nOPYllc-
IUIH napJIaICHTa.
focYlapcTBcHllblH cTpoi1 Bcm'!K06pHTamm B HOBCi1111CC npc\ul pa3-
m1BaJ1C1 no nynl paClIlHpCIII-HI 3aKOHOJ1.aTCJ1bHbIX nOJIIIol\-IOllHH H cpaK-
THllCCKOi.i MaCHI npaBI1TCllbCTna. B 1914 ro flY 6b1J1 npllOCTaHOBJICH Ha-
beas Corpus Act H IIpHml r AK/11 0 Jllll{li11le zocy(Japc/lma, IIepemmaBwl1H
Ha IIepl-1Oll Boi-iHbl BCIO 1I0JIH0lY BJJaCBI IIpaBIHeJlbCTBY.
B 1920 II 1939 rotlax 6blJIH IIpl1H}lrbl 3aKOHbi 0 llpC3Bbl l Jai1HblX 110-
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TO.1bKO B c)epc HCnOJIHHTeJlbHoi.i BJiaCHI, HO H no CYlUeCTBY - 3aKO-
I-IOlIaTeJlbHoi.i B,laCTH. 3TH 3aKOHbi npellYCMaTpHBam'! BOJIO)f(HOCTb 1-13-
11alll-l51 npamrrc.1"CTnO1 OT HMCIIH KOpOJUT YKa3a 0 BnCJlCIIIHI n CTpaHC
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npHMCmITb JlI06hlC \ICphl. KOTOpblC CllHnlJlO IIc06xol.lnfbIH1 VHI npc-
0'1.011CIIIHI B03HHKIIIHX Tpy'mocTcii MCnOJllH1TCllbllOH BJiaCTH npCl0C-
TaM}J.THlCb nOJlliOlOlIlHI Ha H3Ji.aHHC TaKHX npCJlm'lcaHHH. KaKHe npcD.-
CTaBJUIIO rCH IIpamI reJIbCTBY Hc06xo.J.IUfb1MH DJ1H 06ecne l iCHlUl 06WCCT-
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360
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no OTHOllleHUIO llpyr K llpyry. a TaK)J(C BO BJaIl\IOOTHOllleHIUlx C IIpaml-
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OCe1lJ10CTH I1.I]H B.l]allelOlllHC nOMellleHHC1 .nJHI .nC"la. )l(CI-IUU1I-1bl no-
JIYlI.L1H npaBO rO:IOca IIPH YCJIOBHH, II ro OHH JJ.OCTHrJ1H B03p<.lCTa
30 J1CT I-I nnalI.CJ1I-1 IICllnID!On-IOCTLIO C onpCllc.1CIIIILIJ\-1 rOllonLI1 .noxo-
.n01. B 1929 rOIlY IHI 6bIJIH IIpellOCTalJlleHbl paBHble C :\IY)J(lIHI-IaMH
H36HpaTCJ1bllb1C npana.
nOC.1C BTOpoH :\lHpoBoH Boi-lHbI I-Ie 06.I]Ma.I]I-1 aKn-mI-lbl\1 I-I naCCHB-
HbI\f IIp<.lBOI: 113pbI I-I InpeCCbl, HMelOIlllie nn Y:I I-Ie I-II-I)J(e 6apoHa (6a-
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\U1POBbIX); JJIOCrHbIe 6aI-lKpOTbI (I-Ie pea6H.ln1THpOBaHI-IbIC CYllOI); rpa-
)I(}lallCKHC C"lY)J(aIiUlC, lIa311a l lCIIlIhIC KOpOIlOH; CnHIJ(CIIIIHKI-1 IlCpKBH H
.np. £LLl OTMCI-IeI-l UCH3 OCeilJIOCTH, YlIaCn-IC D roJl0COBaI-IIUl 6b1J10 D.06-
pOBOJlbHoe.
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erC}1 KOpOJIb (KopOJleBa). BblCIllCC PYKOBOllCTBO BOOpY)J(CHI-IbIMH CIIJIaHI
OCYlI{CCTmmCT KOMI-1TCT 060POlfbi I-I nlfcIIIlIci-l nO.1HTIIKI-1. C 1939 rola B
c1paI-lc 6blJ1a BBCllCHa Bcc06UlaH BOI-II-ICKa}! nOBl-IHHOCTb. BnOc.1cilcTBlHI
apJ\HHI CTlliJa IIPO(I)CCCHOH.UlbHOi-i. (cepe1ll1Ha 60-x r01loB).

13. 1It3MeHeHHSl3anaAHoH rocYAapcTBeHHo-npcBoBoH opraHH3aHH
361
nOJlllUIHI BCJ1IIK06pIUaI-IIH1 COCTOHT 113 MeCTl-lbIX (I)OpH1pOBi.lI-lHi-i I-I
npCllCTamITCJ1ci-i conCTa rpacpCTna. B ropon.ax I-IMCCTC c06cTncHHm/ no-
J1I-lUIUI. Ee I-Iat/aJlLI-IHKa I-Ia3I-13 t IaCT ropOllCKOi-l COBCT. 06wcc PYKOBOLl-
CTBO 1I0JHlUHCi1 OCYWCcTIU}leT MI-II-II-ICrCpCTBo BI-IYTPCHHI-IX .llC"l.
B Bcm-IK06pl1TaHHH J]..lHTeJ1bHOe BpCUI cOXpaI-l}IJ1aCb CHCTC\-Ia .uecm-
IIblX Opi'GlI06 ynpa6.1ellllfl. 3aKoil 1972 r. BHCC IUl\ICHCIUHI B .ny CI-ICTCMY,
YCT3I-10m-IB llByxcTynCHtIaTyIO CHCTCIY OpraI-lOB: 13 rp3cpcTB3X H oKpyrax.
Bnoc..'lc.J.cTBHI-1 6blJ1l1 ynpa3LlHCHbi IYI-lHUlmaJIl-ITCTbl KpynHblx npo-
MbIWJleHI-IblX ropOIlOB. CerollH}I OCHOHHOC I-IanpaBJICI-Ille B pa3H1UIHI
MCCTIfOro ynpaB_.TICHlH/ Bblpa)J(aCTC}/ B YCI-IJ1CIHHI KOifTpom/ co CTOpOIlbl
UCIfTP,UlbllhIX opraliOB BJl<lCTH, n ncpCX01C K !HHI p}I,1a <I>YIfKIlHi-l ICCT-
I-ILIX opraHOB. BbI60pI-lbl\1 OpraI-lOM 1ecTHoro caMoynpaBJlCI-II-U1 130 uccx
.UlMI-II-1I-ICTpaTHUHO-Teppl-ITOpl-lllilbI-lbIX ellllHHuax (Kpole f\-taJIOI-Idce"leI-l-
IfbIX npl-lxollon) HnmICTC}/ COBCT. npCllCClI:aTC"lb COBCTa - !IoDp, In61-1-
paCMLli-i 1-13 lll-lCJla llJlCHOB COBCTa.
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mOfJlllllbl H nodMllHl)llmHble mepfJlll11ofJllll. B 1917 ron.y .J<1 1l0MI-II-IHOH;UH1
6bIJ1 I1pHJI-IaH cnuyc aIHOI-lOJ\-II-IbIX roCY.J.apCTH. Hm160Jlec pa3BIHbI1
.llOMHI-II-IOl-lm1 6bIJla KaJi.U1.a. B 1931 nmy 6bIJl npl-IH}IT BeCHHII-ICTCp-
CKIIi1 cTaTyr. COrJlaCHO KOTOPOIY aIlL1HikKI1C ;rO\H1HI-IOHLI 061>CllHHSI-
J1I-ICb 13 EpHTaI-lCKOe COllpY)J(eCTBO H3UHH.
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IfCKOTOphlC alfrJ1Hi1cKHC K0J10IUUI. B \mpTC 1946 r. npam-ITCJ1bCTBO AIIr-
J1IHI npl-l3I-13JlO npaBO 1-1I-1111-111 H3 HC33BI1CIHIOCTL. OHa nCpCCTaJla 6LITL
KOnOI-lI-ICi-L He3aBHCI-IMOCTb H CT3TYC 1l0\H1HHOI-la nOJlY I Il1J1 TaK)J(e I-I
UcHJ10I-l. B 1948 roilY 6bIJla npOB03LlaweHa HC3am-ICI-IMOCTb I-1pmlI-lll-
CKoH Pccny6J1HKI-f.
Ha6.'l101aCTcH pOCT IlCHTp06c)J(HhiX TCIIfJ.CIf/Uli-l, npOHCXOf1.I-IT ocm16-
J!CI-IHC 3KOI-lOMI-l l ICCKOi-i, 1I0;m HllICCKOi-i I-I HOeHI-Iofi JamlCl-IJ\lOCHI crpaI-l -
llJlCHon COllpY)J(CCTna OT BCJ1I-IK06pl-ITalHH1. KOIHCpCHUlIH npCMLCp-
MIII-1I-ICTpOB CTpaH COllPY)J(CCTHa n 1949 r. IIPHH}IJIa PCWCI-II-IC OntCI-II-ITb
nOJlO)l(CI-II-IC BccnulI-IcTcpcKoro CT3TyC3, fJlaCI-IBWCe, tlTO «tIJ1CI-ILI Co-
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CO.J.PY)J(ecTH,b>. B COBpc:\leI-lI-lOM BH.llC C01lPY)J(ecTBo - 3TO 06'bemme-
!HIC 6hIRIIII1X f1.0:\HIIIHOIfOB, nplnmllOlill-lX LlaBoi-i rocYJlapcTlm ,mL1Hi-l-

362
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBewee BpeMSI
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,UlbHbIM aKTO1 napJIaMCI-ITa (1956) 06 06pa30n<1I-1IHI npaBoBoi1 KOMHC-
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c06CTnClIlIocnl, Jloronopa H D.p. B 1925 ro1.Y 6bIJ1 npllllHT 30KOli 0 c06-
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13. 1It3MeHeHHSl3anaAHoH rocYAapcTBeHHo-npcBoBoH opraHH3aHH
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IIpCWCHlHI MOHOIIOJII-ICTHllCCKOH IIpaKTllKH KaK IIpoHmope l lawcH 06-
llleCTBeI-lI-lo:\IY HI-IrCpecy. B 1970-1980 fOllbI l"aKOC 3aKOI-lOIwreJIbCTBO
6bl110 paclllHpcHO, KOI-lCOJ1HIU1pOnaI-lO H pacnpOCTpilI-lCHO HC TOJlbKO I-Ia
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o cydax /990 c. .n.eMOKp.lnlJl1pOml-l cYHc6I-IbIH npouccc. nOBbICH:mCb
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13. 1It3MeHeHHSl3anaAHoH rocYAapcTBeHHo-npcBoBoH opraHH3aHH
365
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TCJ1cH pacc:\.JaTpmmcTcH n nOp}I J 1KC CYIlapHOro cYilonpOl-l3nOJ1CTnH no-
m-lUeikKHMH l1"lH \HlPOBbl\HI cy.ub5II\HI.
BonpOCbl AI\ p03Mb1Wl\eHII1 it1I<OHTpOI\
I. PaccKa)J(I-ITC 06 :.momOIU-IH nOJllITl1'ICCKOii CIICTC\lbI BcmfK06pHTaIIIIIl.
2. KaKoB CTaTYC IOHapxa BCll-tK06pIITaI-lI1H?
3. KaKHC In\ICHCIIIUI npOlnOllIll-1 B opramnaW1H pa60Tbi nap_l]aMCIITa
BC.TJJfK06pl-ITaHl1l-l? l.ITO 03Ha'JaCT nOH}!nIC: «nap.'JaMcHT - TpI-lC'J.lf-
Hoe Y l Ipe)J(1lCI-II-IC')?
4. KaK H3fCHHJ1C}! CTaTYC ..10HIIIIIOHOB no BCCTMIIHCTCPCKOMY CTaTYCY
1931 r.?
5. KaKoi-i Bl-m CIICTe\mTlf3aWHI npaBa }1B.l}ICTC}1 OCHOBHOil (Imp\loil PCBI1-
31H1 11 YIIOPUlO'ICHlHI \IHOro'I1ICJICHHbIX 3aKOHOB B BC.1HK06pl1TaHIH1'?
6. KaKOI3bl OCI-IOI3aHllSI If3MeHCHlHI 13 HJ61IpaTe.lbHo1 npaI3e BeJ111K06pu-
Tal nHI no 3aKOII<l\-I 1928 II 1969 rr.?
7. l.I ro npeJlCn1B.UIcr c060ii cy le6HasI CHcre\-ta B cOBpe\-lcHHoii BeJIHKo-
6plHamm?
13,3. <DPOHU.lII: OT nOpI\OMeHTCI<OLl1
1< CMeWOHHOLl1 (npe3l11AeHTCI<O-
nOpI\OMeHTCI<OLl1) pecny6l\lIIl<e
4T06bl nnaHwpOBaTb W npWHWMaTb peweHlilfI, rocy-
AapCTBO HY>K,AaeTCfI B opraHax BnaCTII1, BO rnaBe KO-
TOpblX CTOIH KOMneTeHTHbl ap6WTp.
w. oe rOflflb.
<ppaHI.\Y3CKII1 rOCYAapCTBeHHbl AeflTenb. nonWTIiIK
T peTb Pecny6/\II1I<o B xx B. 111 ee nOAeHlI1e
B HoncHmcc npCIH BO <1>pHIIUHH C06.'JIOJ1a.1aCL pccny6mlKHIICK3}!
Tpam-IU1UI. nepBaH Pecny6J1HKa, KaK IHBeCTI-IO, npocywecTl3oBa ria
CC:\lb ..'ICT, BTOpa}! - TPH rOfJ.H, a Ca\fOH npOIl.OJl)J(I-ITCJlbIlOH OK,13,lJ1HCb
TpCTLH Pccny6mlK3, npocYUlcCTBoBHBUlaH 70 .'JCT, IlO 1946 r. - ro.ua
IIpllI-1}I nUl I-IOBoii KOI-lCnlTywHI.
B Tpembeii Pecny6.;wKe Cm-llfOH KOIICTI-ITYIUH1 IIC 6bL10, 3 6b1J11-I
KOHCnll)IUI10I-lHble JaKOHbl, npUI-I}ITbIe 13 70-e roilbI XIX B., perYJHlpO-
BanmHC opramUaIUHO I-I 1CHTCJ1bIlOCTb YlIpC)J(]1.CHllii roCY1HPCTBCIIIIOH
BJlHCTH. B ncpuoe npCM}! np0I1CXO.llI1Jl0 COnCpHH'ICCTBO MC)I(ily pa3JHl l l-
I-Ibl\H1 IlOJ1HTI1lICCKI-IMH CHJIal\HI - CTOPOHHHKH\H1 BOCCTaI-lOUJIeI-lI-IH 1\10-
lIapXHI1 11 pccny6.rIl-lKaHWl:\HI.

366
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBewee BpeMSI
flpe3110ellm Pccny6mfKI-1 1136HIXUIC}! Ha CCML nCT 11 06J1aIla.1 I3CCMII
nOJ1IIOMOlIIHIMH, npllCYUUH.m KOIICTHT)'IUIOIIIIOMY \IOI-JapXY, - npaBOf
laKOHO.aaTeJIbI-loi-i HHHUI-tanlBbl, KOHrpOJnI 3a OCYlUeCTB.IeHHCM 3aKOHOB.
OI-l Mor OTCpO'IHTb 3acc.aaHI-le napJla:\feI-lla H paClIYC1HTb HlDKHlO1O mumry.
3aKOHo.uaTCJlbCTBO OCYWCCTn.rUIJ10CL na.lG111011 dellymamoe, lu6lfpac-
MblX lIa llCThIpC r011a, II CellamD.U, 1136I-1palUlII-Il\-IC}1 lIa n.CIUITh .1CT OCO-
6blHI KOJLlcnUIHI 13bI6opWHKOB.
npOHCXOlllUIO YCl-IJleHHC B IaCTH npa8umelbcm8a 3a CIICT npC31111CHT-
CKHX nOJIHOIOIIHj.1. 3TOT npouccc COnpOl3mKllaJICH MHHlICTCpCKOi-l llC-
xap11oii. 3a 39 J1CT npaBHTCJ1hCTBa c:\-ICIHL1HCb 48 p.13 I .
H3 ncpBoi-i \Hlpouoil 130i-iHbI <J>paHwUI 13blWJ1a 13 lll-lcnc cTpaH-
n06CJ1I-lTc.lbHllll. no BCpC<LlbCKOIY I1.0roBOPy (1919) olla nO.I]Yll.Ula
IIpano I-Ia 60JlbWYlO lIaCTb rCp\IaI-lCKI-IX pCllapamll1, cH 6bIJII-I nOJnpalUC-
HLI 3"lL3ac H JIoTapl-ll-lrHH, ncpCIlaHa 'taCTL K0J10HHii rCptaHIHI. <J>paH-
UlHI IIpOllOJDK.Lla OCTamnbC}I KPYllI-Iei1U1eii KOJIOHII<VIbHOl1 llcp)J(aBoi-i.
B:\ICCTC C TCM nCpl3aH :\HlpOl3aH l3oi-iH3 3H3 l IHTcnLHO nOIlOpl3aJ1a n03H-
mHl (l)paI-lUY3cKoro KamfT.UIa Ha Hlpono:\-t pbIHKC. 1-13 CTpaHbl-KpC-
JUHopa, KaKoi-i OHa 6bl.Tta 110 Boi-lI-1bl, <J>paHUlHI npeBpaTILIaCb B Cl paHY-
110.'I)J(IIHKa.
3KOHO\H1 l leCKI-li-j KpH3HC 30-x rOllOB npOWJlOro CTonc nUl OKaJaJI
pClIIaIomCC B.'IH}!III-IC lIa COCTOHIHIC rOCYfJ.apCTna. 3TO npm/mlJ10CL npc-
)I(}lC Bccn> B I-IallanIllCMC}I CI-II-I)J(CHHH POJ1l-1 napJl<l:\-ICHTa, CTpCM.1CI-IIHI
nCpCJ10)J(HTL Ha Hcno.1I-1I-1TCnbHYIO 13.1aCTL, 11ci-iCTI3YIOWYIO I3HC paMOK
KOIITpO.'I}I 06mCCTBCIIIIOCTH, pCIlIClil-lC 3anC10\1O IIcnonymIpllblX n lIa-
ponc MCP, CBSl3aHHLIX C npCOilOnCI-IIfC:\1 KpIHI-lCa. nap.la\1CHT nOllnl
C)J(crOIllIO HaJ1CnHJ1 npanl1TCnLCTBO tlpC3BLllJai-lI1LIH1 nomlOlOlmHH1.
npH I-Ic.JOJlronclII-lOCTI-I caHlx Ka61-1Heron ::)1"1-1 1I0JII-IOMOlIHH OKa3blBa-
m-ICL 13 pYKax I3LICWCH 6lOpOKpanll-l. B l-ITorc napnaICHTCKOfY 3aKOHO-
.aaTeJlbCTBY 6blJ1l1 npOTImOnOCTaBJICI-Ibl aKTbl 1-lcno.1I-lI-ITC'IbI-loi1 BJJacnl,
lITO ocna6J1SIJ10 roCYJ1apCTUCI-II-IYIO B.laCTb. nOKa3aTCJ1C1 :noro }IUH'IOCb
n030pllOC nopa)J(ClII1C (PpaIIIlY3CKOi-i aJHHH1 n ca:\-IOM H<lll.UlC BTOpoH
MUpOBOi-1 13oHHbl. npa13I-ITCT)bCT130 <J>paI-lUlHf BbIHY)I(JICHO 6bl'I0 npHHSITb
pCIIICIII1C 0 npCKpamCIHH1 BOCllllhlX fJ.cikTnHi1. TpCTMI pccny6.1l1Ka na-
lIa. K 3roMY BpC\leHH JHalIHTCJlbH<U1 lJaCTb CTpaI-lbl 6bIJta OKKYIlHpOB<ma
(aWHcTcKoi1 rCptaHHci1. B COOTI3CTCTBlm C YCJ10m-I}!:\fI1, npO;J,I1KTOl3aH-
I-IbIH1 rCptaI-lHei1, CTpaI-la 6bLla pa3J..1.e.'ICI-Ia I-Ia J{BC HcpaBHbIC lIaCTlI.
nCpl3aH I-I 60nLwmi ttaCTb 6LIJ1a oKKynHpOl3aI-la rCpMaI-lI-ICii, a I3TopaH,
IO)J(J-I(UI co CTOJ1l-lIlci1 B rop011C BlHlIIl, 6bLla COXpaI-lCH<l C HI-ICnlTyraHI
(ppaI-lUY3cKoi1 roCYlmpCTBeHI-Iocn-1. RIacrb (pOpMaJlbI-lO HaXOmlJtaCb 13
PYKax npOlep.uallCKOIO npaellme.lbcmea Juapll.w.w flemJ/w. B IIml6pc
1942 r. H :na lIaC rb <J>paI-lUlHI 6bIJ1a OKKYIIHpOB<ma fcpl\taI-lI-leH.
I fj){l(/1CKlIIi B.r. YKa3. CO'I. C. 492.

13. 1It3MeHeHHSl3anaAHoH rocYAapcTBeHHo-npcBoBoH opraHH3aHH
367
C nepBbIx JJ.l-lei1 oKKynaW1H CTpaI-lbI
<ppaI-lUYJCKI-le lIarpHorbl ueml 60pb6y C He-
MC ilK I-I !\HI 3aXBaPIHKaMH. B npOTI-mOBCC
IIpaBHTe"lbCTBY nCT3I-1a B JlOH.LlOI-le 6bIJ10
061",1308<1110 npalU1Tc.l bCTno « Ceo6odllGll
(/)pGHl(Ull» , HMCBIllec ue.lblO oCB06mKIlcHHe
<DpaHLUHI. JlcTOM 1943 r. COJIlaCTCH cml-
IIbIi-i (/)pGHlO3CKlIll KD.UUmem JIGI{llOHG.lbIlOcO
OC6000.JIC()eHlJR BO maBe C rCHcpa.IOM oe
ro.ue.u (1890-1970). K KOlfUY 1944 r.
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OT HC1cuKo-<pawllcTcKHX 130i-1CK.
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BTopOi-i \Hlponoii BoHllbl 61>1J1H \1CllbIlIC,
l1C1 13 roIlbl npcIlblIlYlllCH, 1-10 tacwTa6bI
pa3PyrncmIH ropa3Ilo 3Ha l Il1TeJIbHCC. Oco-
6eHHo 3aMcrHO oCJla6':Io ee BJ1IUlI-lHe. <DpaHUlHI 130CCTaHOBI1Jla CBOIO
He3aIUlCIt:\tOCTb H UCJ10CTI-IOCTb C notOLUbIO COI03HHKon. Ee 3KOHOMHKa
mnl-lcc.l]a OT IlOJ1J1aponbiX n.llmalHlii CWA. <DpalluY3cKI-li-1 1-111..10KI1Tai-1
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npeJIt.aeHT <1>paHl.!Uu
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nOCCT<1II0IUL10 J1CMOKIXlTl-l l ICCKHi-i cTpoi-1. K CYJ1Y 61>1111-1 npHBJlCllCllbl BO-
CllllblC (1)aWIICTcKI-IC npccTymll-lKH. B OKHI6pc 1945 r. npOW.1H nbI60pbI
13 Y l lpCm1TeJ1bHOC c06paHl1e, KOTopoe IlO.l)KHO 6blJI0 pa3pa60TaTb HOI3YIO
KOI-lCrH'IYUHIO. Bbl60pbl BbIHBl1JI11 OCHOBHble 1I0J1l1HI l ieCKHe CHJlbI 110-
CJ1CBOCIIIIOH cDpallUIHI. HaH60J1cc BnIHITCJlbllbl1H n<lpnHIH1 CT<UIH
(/)pGIIlO3CKGll KO"Ul)"'liCl1lli'eCKall napmllll. COI{llG.lUcmli'eCKGll napl1lllR I-I
Hapodlio-peclly6JllIKallcKoe deuJlcellue. npam1TCJIbCTI30, OCHOl3aHI-IOC Ha
COTpy.uHJ1lleCTUe :HHX napnli1, B03rJ1am-IJ1 ile [O.LIb. HallHHaeT OTClleT
Bpe\teI-lII lfemeepmGR Pecnyo.,lllKG.
B n.cKa6pc 1946 r. nCTymua n JlCi-1cTIUIC 1I0Ba}! KOIIC/1ll1l11YI{1l1l -
om-fa 1-13 calbIX JlC:\-IOKpaTWICCKI-IX KOHCTl-1TYUI-IH 13 1\HlpC. 6bI.'l0 I3I3C..1C-
HO UCC06111CC In6I-1paTc.'lbHOC npauo. K npHUbIllHblM nomnWleCKH\f
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,lJ1bIlOC 06ccne l lcm-lc JJ.cnl\f, HlTepm\1> npCCTape.'lbI1 TpY)KCI-II-IKaM,
1-11-1 na.'lI-l)Ia f.
lIap.l{J.uelllll COCTmL'l 1-13 LlI3YX na'laT: HaUHOI-laJIbI-loro c06pamm H
COBeTa Peclly6.1HKH. HaUlHm(l"IbHOe co6paHHe In6Hpalocb Ha mITb

368
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBewee BpeMSI
JleT Ha OCHOBe nceo6wero H np}IlOrO 1136HpaTeJlbI-loro npana. TO.lbKO
OHO H:\fCJ10 npaBO npHIHITlm 3aKOI-IOfi. 3aKOHO.aaTCJ1blloi-1 HIII1LU-laTII-
80i-i I-IallCJ1HJII-ICb tL1Cl-lbI napJ1mlCI-ITa H flpeOceOa11leJ1b Coee11la HlilIllC11l-
pOB. COBe11l PeCIlYVllIKU HJ6upaJIC}1 KOI\.fYl-la\.H1 H .JenapTaMeI-lTa\.HI H<t
OCI-IOBe nceo6wero H KOCneHI-Ioro 113611paTeJlbI-lOrO npana. OI-l nOJIY4HJ1
npano paCC1aTpl-lnaTb 3aKOlIonpOCKTbI, npHIHITbIe lIat{1l0llaJ1hllbUi co-
op(Jllue.u. nOCJ1CllI-lCC 8bIHOCIIJ10 OKOI-lltaTC.lbI-lOC PCWCI-IHC no n080.ay
npCiL10)J(eI-ll-lbIX C08eTO\.f Pecny6mlKI-1 nonpaUOK, npHHI1\1aSI ILl I-I OT-
K 10I-lmI 11X.
BbICUm\f npe.aCHHUlTeJ1C\.f rocynapcTBcIIlIoi-1 nmlCTH KOHCnlTYUHSI
06MIn.1}I:m Ilpe3UOell11lG Pccny6J1IIKH. all H3611panOI napmlICIITO\.f
CpOKO1 Ha 7 neT I-I J\-IOr 6bITb nepeln6paI-l ewc I-Ia 01U1I-1 CpOK. npeJI1-
.lleHT ocywecT13JUIn o6l-1apO.tl013aHHe JaKOI-IOU, lOr IIlnpe60UaTb OT o6c-
I-IX namlT 1I0Boro 06qr)J(.aCHIHI npHlHlToro napJlafcHTO\.t 3aKOI-I<1. Hc-
nocpcII.CTfiCIIIIOC ynpaB.lclIHC cTpalloi-1 ocymcCTfiJ1HJ1 Coee11l MUlIlIC11l-
poe. MI-IIII-ICTpbl 6bL1H OTfiCTCTfiCllllbl ncpcll HamlOl-laJlbllblM c06pallll-
eM (pHC. 13.4).
napnaMeHT E
CoseT H npe3HJJ,eHT
apOAHoe
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iii IiIHIiILJ.lilaTIiISa HOCTb I HaLJ.lilfi
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MIiIHIiICTpbl
PIIC. 13.4. CxcMa roc'napCTBClilloro )'cTpoiicTBa <l>paHUUlI
no KOHCTlIT)UIfIf 1946 r.
PeopraHiHaUIHI 1I0.IHTWlecKoro crpml <J>paI-lUlHI 13 TOH (l>opMe, KO-
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paUila"la U03J10)J(eHI-IbIX I-Ia I-Iee 3alIalI 11 YTpanLla npHu.leKaTeJ1bI-lOCTb 8
rmuax (l>paI-lUY30n. 3a 12 J1CT CMCHH.10Cb 14 npaBHTCJ1bCTn. CJIO)J(HbIC
np06J1c\.fbl, CTOHIlU1C ncpcil rocynapcTfiml. Tpc60B<L1H aKTl-lBlloro B\.fC-
WaTe'lbCTUa rocynapcTua I-I cTIIMymlpOUaJHI nOl-ICKl1 nYTeH K YCTaHOHJ1e-
111110 Tncp10i-1 BJlaCTI1. C CCpC1I-lfIbl 1950-x ronoB CTaJ10 IHlpaCTaTb IIC10-
80.1bCT80 rocynapcTUCI-lI-IbI\I pe)J(l-1\.fO\.f l.JeTucpToi-i Pccny6.'lHKH, tITO B
KOI-lelII-IO\.t ClleTe IIpl1BeJ10 K ee ml.aeI-lI-IIO.

13. 1It3MeHeHHSl3anaAHoH rocYAapcTBeHHo-npcBoBoH opraHH3aHH
369
B anpc':Ic - \mc 1958 r. BO <DpaJ-IUHH pC3KO aKnIBHJI-lpOn:.UHI CBOU
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CTBCHIIOH npwII-moH onfCHbl KOHCTHTYUI1I1 1946 r.
nma Pecny61\1I11<a. I<OHCTII1TYLI,II1 1958 r.
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JlCIiHIO 110 Boi-i KOIICnITYlUlH. Ec npOCKT 6blJ1 npCJ10CTaBJ1CI-I lIa 061UC-
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CCHTH6pc 1958 r. OI-l npCilnOJlaraJ1 Kapmma lbI-lOC 1-I3\.tCHCHHC <1>OpMLI
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IIlCCTBJlCIIIHI H Ifa Bpcm. napJlm-tCHT npHMclfHCT nOllnl BCC 1-13BeCTllbIC
q)Op\.lbl KOI-lrpOJIH 3a 1I.e}IrC.lbI-lOCrblO IIpaBurc.llbcma: C03JJ.alOrC}1 KOI-l-
TpO.I]bHbIC KOMHCCIHI. npOBOIl5IWI1C npoBcpKY rocYJlapCTBCI-II-IbIX c}JY>K6
H rocYJlapCTnCIIHLIx npClnpHHTlIH, C.1CIlCTnCIIHLIC KOMHCCIHI, C06H-
PaJOWHC I1I-J(I)(}pMaL1HIo H JJ.OK':Ul,LlblBalOlUHC cc mLlaTC. B03IO)J(I-Ia nOJla-
lIa nenlUlHI napJla\leHIY, 13 roM lIHC!IC H 13 mlllC >KaJ106 I-Ia OpraI-lbI
ynpaB.TJCHIHI. HU>KHml naJIaTa (HaUJ-loHalLI-Ioc C06paI-lI-lc) MO>KCT 3aCTa-
BHTb npamITCJ1bCTBO yHnl n OTCTanKY n PC3YJ1bTaTC OTKa3a B HOnCpHlI.
l/hteKHC}I cYIle6HbIc 1I0JII-Io:\mlIiHI. OI-lI-1 CIUIJaI-lbI C COJlli.lHHe\.1 H\.I oco-
6blX CYJl013 IJ..,151 paCC\toTpeHIUI JlCJI 13bICWI-IX 1l0Jl>KHOCTHbIX JUIU.
Bo <1>paHUJ-HI CYWCCTBYCT JlYaJIlnt HCnOJII-IHTCJlLl-Ioi1 BJlaCTH. Ec OCY-
weCTB..'IHiOT npeJH.LleHT Pccny6':II1KII H npaI3HTCJlbCTBO (Coeem MUHlIcm-

370
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBeHwee BpeMSI
fJ(6), npW-ICM npmUlTelbCTBO B KalIeCTBe COBCTa MI1HHCTpOB 3ClceJtaCT no.D.
npc.nCCllaTCJlbCTBm.l npe3H.neHTa. a B KatleCTue Ka611HeTa - nOil npeIlcc.na-
Te'IbCmO\t npCMbCp-'-HlHHcrpa. POJIb 3THX lmyx opnmOB HCOLU1HaKOBa,
OHa 3aBHCI1T OT paCCTallOBKH nOJil-lnllICCKHX CHn B napJlaICHTC.
TaKU\1 06pa301, KOHCTHIYUlUI 1958 r. YCTaHOBl-Lla (I>OPMY IIpm3JIe-
IHI}!, B KOTOpoH H1\-ICJ1HCb 3J1CMCHTbl napJ1aMCHTcKoji 11 npC3HJICIITcKoj.i
pccny6mlKu, OilHaKO llm.U1HHpOBaJlH 3.rleICHTbl nocJleIlHcii. C
1962 roJJ.a IIpeJI-IJJ.CHr cra:1 IH6uparbC}1 HellOCpCJlCTBCHHO H36Hpareml-
MIL 3TO cmc 60_1b1llC YKpCmL'IO cro HC3aIU1CUMOCTb OT .l1.pynlx KOHcnl-
TyUHOHHbIX I1HcrHryroB.
npC3I1J1.CHT l.C fOJlJ1b IUlllCJ1 CBOIO 3analJY B BOCCHmOBJ1CIIIHI BCJ1H-
llHH <1JpaHUHH. Ol-Ia npcn.cTaBJ1HJlacb CMY B BI1IlC \10111HOro rocYIlapcT-
Ba C CI1JlbHOii luaCTblO. IIpOBoJ.Ulluero He3aBI1CIHtyIO IIOJIH rl1KY. OH
C l Il1HL'I, liTO KO.10HU,U1H3M - npcmlTCTIUtC Ha nynl K pCIIICIIHlO 3TOH
3a.Ja l lH.
K KOHUY 1960-x rollOB B pa3BHTHH nnToH Pccny6mlKH HaICTHJ1CSI
KpU3HC. <1JpaHUY3cKHii 6H3HCC CHUI T}!ron1TbC}! :>KCCTKOi-i pCrJlaMCI-fTa-
UHCi-i rocyn.apcnm. npO<I>COI03bl CTpClILIHCb UJ6aBl-ITbCn OT llpeJ\tepHo-
ro KOHTpO.l}! rocYlapcTBOt TPY10BhlX OTIIOIIICIIUH.
.D.cToHaTopOt :noro HenOBOJlbCTm1 CTaJlO \IOJI on.C:>K HOC, cTyn.eHlle-
CKOC ...lBH:>KeHi-le. B TC :>KC r011bI '-1O.10.ae:>Kb <HKPbITO OTBepnLla 1HOnIC
UCIIJIOCTU CTapmcro nOKOJ1CIHI}!, OJ1I1UCTBOP}!CfOro IlC rO.'lJIC1. B taC
1968 r. B napl1:>Kc Ha t lililHCb CTYllCH l leCKHC .nefOHCTpaUUH. CTyn.eHToB
nOlUlCp:>K<U111 npo<t>cOI03bl, Ha l l,U1aCb Bcc06m,ul 3a6aCTOBKa. BJ1<ICTb 61>1-
J1a Ha BpCUI n a paJII-l3o na Ha. CTy.neHTbl npHJblBalH K JaXBaTY R'IaCTH.
TaKiUI lIepClIeKnlBa }IBHO He YCTp:.mB<UICl 60:IbWYIO llClCTb HaCeJIeHIHI.
I1cno.'lh3Y}! CTpax ncpCIl B031O:>KHOj-i allapxucj-i H noi.ill}! IIa YCTynKI1
npo<l>COI03a"l, .ne fO.1Jlb .a06HJ1CH cTa6HJII-I3aUm.1 nOJlO:>KeHHH, HO nOBC-
pHC K HC1\-IY 6blJ10 yrcp}lHo.
B 1969 roilY, Koma ne fO.l.% nOCTaBHJI Ha pc(l>epcH.nYM Bonpoc 0
lIepec rpof1Ke opnlHOB '-tecTHoro caMOYllpaH..TIeHIUI. (l>paHUYJbl IIpOroJIO-
comL1H nponm. H Oil YIIlCJ1 B OTCTaBKY. B 1970 row .l1.C fOJ1Jlb ytCp.
Ha .nOCpOlIHbIX Dbl60pax npe311n.CHTO1 6blJ1 1-I36paH roJ1J1HCT
)f( flo.unuoy (1911-1974). 011, YlIHTblB.UI mlCTpOCI-IlU1 Macc, OCJ1a61-1J1
rocyn.apCTBCHHYIO pcrJlaICHTaUl-I1O COUHaJlbHO-3KOHOIWIccK0i1 )l(I-I3HH,
paCWHpl1JI COUlHUlbHoe JaKOHOll.are.IbCrBO.
B 1974 ro.ny nocJlc I3He3anHoi-'1 CMepnl nOMnHilY npe311IlCHTOM 6blJl
H36paH npClI.CTaBUTCJlb IIC3,lBUCIHlbIX )f( () '3cmell (p. 1926). B KOHIlC
1970-x ro110B JleBbIe CI-IJlbI CMOrJII-1 011Cp:>KaTb no6ell.Y Ha IIpe3HJJ.eHTCKHX,
a 3aTeM H Ha nap:IaMeHTCKHX ubl60pax. B 1981 roilY npCJH.neHTOM CTaJI
COUHa.1HCT (/J. AllimmepaH (1916-1996). npam1TeJlbCTUO, c<l)op1HpO-

13. 1It3MeHeHHSl3anaAHoH rocYAapcTBeHHo-npcBoBoH opraHH3aHH
371
mlI-1II0C :lCDbIH1 CIUaH1, nOnblTaJJOCb fiblihH H3 KpH3Hca HC 3a ClICT
cOKpmIlCIHI}! rocYJ1apcTDelllIoro DMemHTeJIbCTDa, a nYTC\t cro RaJJbHeii-
wero paCWHpeHI-U1. ObLI HaWlOHaJHI3HpOBaH PRLl KPYIIHblX (ImHaHcoBo-
3KOHO\IH'leCKHX rpynn. pacwl-lpeHbl COUH,UIbHbIe npOrpaM\lbl, Bse.uCH
5-IICIlC.I]bHbIi.i on.la l II1BaC\lbli.1 OTnycK. npam1TCJlbCTBO nOlliJlO I-Ja BBClI.C-
IHIC rocYRapcTBclllloro KOllTpo:m lIan. IlCllaMH H 3apa60TtlOii n.laToii,
HO :HO He OCraHOBH:IO HH<}>.lHIUI-UO, a .IHWb BblJBaJIO l\IaCC0130e He.JO-
BOJlbCTBO. npaBl-1Te.lbCTBO 6bLI0 BbIHY}J(1leHO nepei1nl K pe)t(HMY CTpO-
roH 3KOHO\lIH1 H npl-1OCTaHOfil1Tb DCC HaMC'ICHHbIC PC(POPMbI.
1-Ia napJla\ICIITCKHX Bbl60pax 1986 r. JlCBblX )J()1,U10 nopa)J(CIHIC.
Bncpuble B HCTopm-1 nHToi.i Pccny6.1HKH LlaBa rocy.napcTBa H npe!\-Ibep-
:\H1HHCrp OK,UaJH1Cb HJ paJHbIX nOJlHTH'leCKHX 6JIOKOB. 6blJI0 06'b}IBJle-
HO 0 nplmaTinaUl-IH nO'ITH BCCro rOCYIlapCTBcHHOro CCKTopa 3KOHOMH-
KI.I. OCJ1a6J1cII0 rOCY1apCTBCIIIIOC pcry.1HpOBam-IC 6lBllcca. BCC CI-!.I]bl
6blJ1H 6pomeHbI Ha 60pb6y C HH(J>J1HlU-ld1. nOCJlellHee 03Ha l HLlO JKOHO-
M1110 Ha COUI1.lJlbHble paCXO.Jbl, lITO Ha (l)oHe paCTywei1 6e3pa60nlUbl
BbI3Ba.lO HC.nOBO.'1bCTBO. B 1988 roilY Ha 3TOH BO.'1HC MHTTcpaHY YlI.a-
.fIOCb YKpCm-1TbCH BO B.laCTH. OmlaKO npaBblC lIIaf 3a lIIaro1 TCCIIHJlH
_leBbIX. BCKOPC o HI-I npa3IllI0n:um no6e.ny Ha npC3HIlCHTCKHX BbI60pax.
1990-c roJlbl IIpOWJIOro BeKa IIpOWJHI 1I0il JHaKO\1 IIpeUOCXOJ-tCTl3a IIpa-
BoH KOaJJHUHH. npaBl-lTeJlbcTBO n03r.l]anJ1}!JI m.lllCp ro.'1J1HCTCKOii napnHl
)1(. ill HpaK. C :noro MOMCIIT<1 no <1JpalllUHI np06J1c\-Ia «cocymccTBoDa-
IHI}!». KOfRa npe3HRCHTCK<UI H npaIUlTeJlbCTnCIIJ-I(UI BJlacnl KOHTpO.1H-
pYlOrCH paJHblMH lIapnUlMH, cywecrueHHo UJH1HJla Ha <J>YHKUHOHllpO-
BaHHC MeXaHH3\ta nlToii Pecny6JHIKH. B 1995 roilY npe3HilCHTO1 CTaJJ
roJlJlHCT )f( WupaK (npamlJ1 B 1995-2007 rr.), a nap.la\ICI-IT H npaml-
TCJ1hCTDO KOIITpOJHlpOD:.U1H COIlH..U1HCTbl BO rJ1UBC C A. )f(lOneIiO-U. TaKoc
1I0.10)J(eHl1e coxpamlJIOCb H Ha py6e)J(e XX-XXI BB. B Mae 2007 r. )J(aK
illupaK, H3xommlliHtiC}! Ha nOCTY npC311D.CHTa <1JpaHUHH 12 J1eT, nOKH-
"YJl EmlceiicKI.lii .llDOpCU. npC3HIlCHTCKOC KpCC.10 3aH}!.1 HUKOilJI CapKOJU
(p. 1955).
MOAepHIt13ou,lt1 <PPOHU,Y3CI<oro 30J<OHOAOTel\bCTSO
Ha npOT}!)J(CIIHH nOllTH Bceii ncpDoH n0J10DHHhl XX D. DO <Dpamum
<}>OPM,I-lbHO IIPO.ll.OJI)J(.UJa lIei.JcmoBaTb K.TJaCCl-flIeCKUH HaIlOJIeOHOBCK;UI
KOIlllqmKauHH cpa.JICOam'KOcO npa6a. Ho nOCJ1e BTOpoli MHpOimti BOHHbI
HOBblC Tpc60DaIHUI 06rnCCTDCIIHOi-i )J(H3IHI nOB.1CKJH1 3a c060ii nOCTcnCII-
HOC 06HOBJlCHHC Tpan.HIlHOHHhIX lIanOJICOHOBCKHX KOfJ.CKCOB.
B Toi-i 1.1J111 1-IHOH CTcnCHH nOllBeprCH nepepa60TKC rpaJlciJaHcKuil KO-
(JeKC. K KOHUY XX B. CBblwe 100 cT<lTeH IIpe)J(Hero KOlieKca 6bl110 110:1-
1I0CThIO oTMeIlCHo, OK0J10 900 nOJ1Y l IIUI1 II0BYK) pcn.aKIUHO. nmllm.locb
npl-IMCpHO 300 1I0DbiX CTaTCH.

372
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBewee BpeMSI
MJMCI-ICHI-HI\t nOIlBCpL'IHCb CTaTbH KO.nCKca, KaCaK)UllICCM npafl
COOC/1U'ieHHUKa (OHH orpam.llIHB<UIHCb), CHo6ollbI ()OcOflOpa, HaCJlell<ma-
HmI. B 1978 rollY B fpa)J(llaHcKHH KOileKC 6bl11O BBellCHO IIOHM rHe
IOpHlI.I-flIeCKOro JIHua.
Obl..'1 ocyweCTl1,IeH nepeCMorp HOpM, OrHOCMWH'<CM K 6pa l lHo-
ceJueiillbW O1ll11OUlellllJl.\1. nOJlYIIHJlO nplUHaHHC paBCHCT130 06m1x cynpy-
ron, YCTaJ-laI3.11-1BaJJCH HOBbli-l 6pa l IHblii B03paCT cynpyron (18 - \IY)J(llH-
Ha-I H 16 - )l(CIIWHlIa\I), BbIIlCJ1Hm-ICb 06SI3aTCJ1bCTl3a cynpyroB no B3a-
HMIIOMY con.cp)J(amllo H con.cp)J(aHHIO n.cTci.i, a J1CTCH no concp)J(alll-1I0
pOlll-ITC.l C H .
B nOCJ1cn.YIOIUCM H3ICHCIIH}! n rpa)J(naIlCK01\-1 npanc c})pamU-IH
npmlCXOlll-LTIH HC TOJlbKO IIYTe\l BK.llOlleHHM HOBblX cT<neii B reKCl
caMoro KOllcKca, HO H IIyreM IIpHHM nUl CIIeWH1JlbHbIX JaKOHOlla-
reJlbHblX aKTOB, perym.lpYIOWHX Te IUI-I HHbie CcpCpbl 1-IMywecTBeH-
HblX OTHOWCHIHI.
B 1971-1973 ron.ax 6bl11 COCTaR'IeH HOl3bIi-i Fpa'>lC'iJam'KO-llpOl(eC-
cya lbHblii KoiJeKc, c<l>opH1pOl3aHHbIH C nOfOWblO UIl:.lHHH IICTblpCX
.ncKpcTon. 130 III CJlLIHI X 13 Hcro B Ka l lCCTI3C caMOCTO}!TCJ1hllbIX pa3 IlCJI 013.
<DpaHUY3cKOC npano HC In6c)I(aJJo HHTcpmlllHomlJ1lnaIUHI, KOTO-
pml }II3Jl}ICTC}1 CJlC1CT13HCM HlfTCrpam-IOHHbIX npOILCCCOB, IC)J(nYHapOJl.-
HOro pa3 J 1C_'ICIHHI TpYJ1a. 3nl TCHIlCHIUHI 1H1IIIJ1a CBOC OTpa)J(CHUC n
TaKHX 06JlacnIx npcnnpHHIUILlTC.lbCKoro npaBd, KaK naTCI-ITHOC, aK-
UHoHcpHoe H '".Il.
C Hall.UIa XX B. BI3ClleHO mpyiJo6oe 3aKOH()()ame.lbc11160. B 1910 rollY
6bL'I npHHSIT TpyiJ060li KoiJeKc. OilHaKo CTaHOBJ1eHHC Tpy.u0130ro npal3:.l
n 60.'lbWeH CTeneHH CBH3aHO C nOCJ1CBOeHHbIM nepHOIlO\1 pa3nHTHH. B
1973 roIlY 6b1Jl BBeileH HOBbli.i TpyiJoeoil KO()eKc, n0311HCC B HCro BHe-
CJll-1 nonpaBKH. 3TOT KOilCKC npCIlCT:.ln11}!CT c060ii C06p:.lHHC IHOro-
lIHC.'ICHHbIX 3aKOHOllaTC.lbllb1X aKTOB no TPY}lY, npHH}!TbIX n pa3HOC
npCMH. B TpYllOBO1 K01CKCC pcry.'IHpYIOTCH ca\ta opramnalUHI pa60-
TbI rocynapCTBCI-IHbIX Opral-lOB B c(l>cpc TPY,l10BbIX OTHOIlICHlti.i, OTltO-
mCI-I1UI IC)J(.iJ.Y pa6oTorWTCJlC1 II pa6oTHHKOM, KOJ1J1CKTHBHbIC TPYIlO-
Bble OTHOWCHIUI, a TaK)J(e COJ"JaHI.le H lI.e}ITCJ1bHOCTb npo(l>eccl-loHaJlb-
HblX 06"be.DJIHeHHH II pa6ol"O"JaTeJleH.
B nOCJlCBOCHHblii ncpHOil 3Ha l 1HTC.lbHb1C H3MCHCHIHI npmlJOWJll-I
B c<l>cpc C01(1/a..lbH020 npaea, B OCHOBC KOTOpOro J1e)l(:.l.'I KoiJeKc C01(1/-
a.lbl1020 cmpaXOeallliR /956 2. C nOCJ1CllYlOlllHMH Il06:.lB.'lCHI.I}!MH. npa-
BO COUH:.l11bHOii nOMOlllH npcn.YCMaTpHBaJl0 nOilllcp)l(KY KaTcropHH
m-IU, OKa3anWI-IXCH n 6cnII OCTl-1 H IIHIUCTC. EC.1H npano COUl-1<lJ1bHoro
06ccne l lcmHI 060CHOBbIB<lJ10Cb Ha rocynapcTBCHI-IOH CHCTCtC CTpaxo-
B<lHHH, TO COW-1<lJ1bH.HI nOtOWb BbIcTyna'Ia KaK rOCYJJ.:.lpCTBCI-IHmI
6J1arOTUOpl-ITeJl bHOCTb.

13. 1It3MeHeHHSl3anaAHoH rocYAapcTBeHHo-npcBoBoH opraHH3aHH
373
B XX BeKe cYLllecTBeHHo IHMeI-I1UOCb )'2oJlO(iHOe /lpa6o. Ecm1 IIC-
pCn. BTOpOi1 l\HlpOBOH Boi-iHoii IUleHeHlUl KaCaJlHCb L'IaBHbI'-1 06pa-
SOM 4aCrHbiX BOnpOCOB (pa3PyweHHe nCTOpl-14eCKI-IX na1\HI rHHKOB,
npOCTI-ITYIlIHI, 06Man BO npCMH rocyn.apCTBCllllhiX 3K3aICIIOB). TO BO
BTOPOi1 n0J10BHHe XX B. nO}!BWIHCb a6COTIIOTHO HOBbie HOPfbl. OT-
BC l laIOIlU1C JanpOCa"f BpCMCIIH ('JKOJlOrWICCKHC npccTynJ1CIHHI, TCp-
pOpU31 U T.D..).
Hau60JIee 6JI<lrOnpml rHble YCJIOBlHI illHI npOBelleHIHI pa.JI-IKaJlbHbIX
yroJ10BlIO-npaBOBhIX PC(I>OpM C.1]0)J(L1HCb npH nHTOH Pccny6mlKc, KO-
ma <1>OpMHpOl3<lHlfe npaBOI30ro rocy.uapCTlm C..le.Ia.IO He06xo.Lll-iMOH
npo<l>HJ1aKHfKY npCCTYnJICIIHi-1.
B 60-70-x roD.ax XX B. ncpCC"fOTpCHa 3IHl l IHTCJlbHaH lIaCTb TCKCTa
Y2{)j106H020 K()()eKca 18102., lll"O IIpHBeJIo K JJ.eKpl-IMHH.uH13aWH1 p}llla
npccTynJ1CIHIH HJ1H K npHMcllcIIHlO call KIUI fI , Orpalll-tlIlmaIOIllHX B03-
\IO)J(HOCTb coucpweHi-IH HOUblX npCCT'IlJlCHHH.
B 1981 roilY B PC3YJlbTaTe ltaBJ1eHI-IH JleMOKpan1 l leCKHX CHJ1 H3 yro-
J10nI-lbIX IIaKa3aHl-lii HCKJ1lO l ICI-Ia C1CpnIa}! Ka3Hb. B"fCCTC C TC1 ill]}!
06ccne l IcHmI 3(p>eKTHBHoi-i 60pb6bl C Hau6o'Iee onaCHbIMH .ne}IHmIMH
6blJla OCYIIlCCTRJlCIJa KpHMHH<lJIl-13aIU1}! TCppopH3Ma, I1apYlllclHli-i B C(J>C-
pc oKPY)J(aIOLlleH npHpollHOH cpen.bl, 6c30nacHocTH TpYlla.
CYLllecTBcHHOi-i JIH6ep.ullnaW1H nOJ.J.BCpLlaCb cata CHCTeMa HcnO'I-
IICIH1}! IUlKa3aImH (YfCllblllCIIHC C<J>CPbl npHMCIICIHI}! m1111CHlHI cn060-
.lI.bl). COlI.ep)l(aHHe OCY}J(1leHHoro B MeCTax JaK.'llOtICHml cOtlCTa.lOCb C
npc6bmallHcf B nOtalllIlHX YC}IOmUIX.
B 1994 rollY BucneH B neiicTuHc Houbli-l YeO 108Hbili KooeKc. no
C rpYKType OH COCTmlJ1 1-13 lIeTblpex B3aH1\I0ctnl3aHHblX, HO Ca\IOCTml-
TCJlbllblX 3aKOIIOB, npCJ1nOJlaraJOIHHX no CBOI-If r;-IaBllbl1 npl-1Hlnlllaf
YCHJleHHC npaBonblX nei-icTBHi-l npoTl-m COUHaJ1bHO onacI-Ioi-i npecTyn-
IIOCTH. KoncKc coxpamLl JI.CfOKpaTi-lllccKYIO H rYHlHHcTWICCKYIO
HanpaBJICHHOCTb. OH Bon.l0TlUI COBpcfeHHbIii YPOBCHb PCWCHIUI
IOpHlll-flleCKI1X BonpOCOB, HOBbie opneH Hlpbl B yrOJIOBHO-I1paBOBOH
nOJll-1THKC. Hap}1J1Y C TparUHUlOlIlIbl1H COCTaBaMH npccTynJlCIII-lii
(y6Hi-icTno, TCJleCHblC nonpC:>KD.CI-II-tH H D.p.) oc060e BHHMaHHe yneJ1H-
eTC}! nlKHM xapaKTcpllblf mUCHlHI1 nJ1H noc.'Ie.rlllcro BPC\ICIIH, KaK
nOCHraTC.lbCTBa Ha npana tlCJlOBCKa C HCnOJIb30BaHHCt 3BM, D.HC-
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3IJaKaf, nOXHIIlCIlHe .1] 10JlcfI , B3}ITHC B 3fL10)J(IIHKH. npOBcn.CIIHC IHI
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374
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pOl OCYUlCCTllilHCTCH HellpocpCCCI-IOH<lJlbHbIMH CYllbSIMH - \ICllHaTOpaH1
(IIOCpe.LlHHKaMI-I), B OCHOBHO1 OrCnlBHblC cynbH, lntHOBHHKU, 3HaKOlble
C lopl.lcnpY11CIIllI-lci1. Om-I lIaJllallalOTCn MCCTllblMH COBCTaMH - \fYlHlIUI-
mLlHTCTaMH. BTOpa}! rpynna - cucme.ua cyooe o6u(eii IOpliCOUKl(lI11, pac-
CMaTpHnalOUlHX yroJIOBHbIC H rpmK1J.aHCKHC D.c.TJa. ne.l0 paCCMaTpHnaeT
JIH60 OllHH CYllMI. JH160 HeCKOJlbKO IIpoq)eCCHOH.UlbHbIX CYllci1. HO 6e3
IIpHcmKHbIX 3aCemlTc.lcfi. TpCTMI rpynna - paJJlHlIHbIe cnel(lIlLUJHlJle cy-
Obi: cyn. roCYHapCTBclIlIoi-i 6C30naCIlOCTH. TOproBbIC, 'vynoBLlc CYJ1bl. cy-
.nbI no nC.TJa1 HcconcplllCHHOJICTHHX H .up. 4CTncpTaH rpynna - aiJ.uWil/-
cmpmllU6Hble Cydbl. nSlTaH rpynna - (YObl npllCJlJICHbIX. OCHOUHYIO pO.lb B
CHCTeMC npaBOCYLl.HH HrpaKH CY.ll.bI o6Ulei1 K)PHCHHKUlHI.
BblCIIICC JBCIIO - alle.URl(1I01lIlble Cydbl. B COCT<mc anCJ1J1HllI-lOlIlIblX
cynoB l\HIO)J(CCTBO nili1aT - no yroJl0BHb1M, rpa)l(JlaHCKH'-I. COUHa.rIbHblf
H npynlM nCJlaM.
B03r.JlaB.!UICT cYHe6HYlO CHCTCMY (KpOMC a.il'-H1HHCTpaTHBHbIX CYllOB)
KaCCGl(1I0HlIlJlii cy() (cro lIaCTO mnbIBaIOT BCPXOBIIbI\f CYllOf), B COCT<mc
KOTOpOro IICCKOJ1bKO mL'IaT, paCCMaTpl-IB<1I0IllHX Kaccam.IOllllhlC )Ka'l06bl
Ha HapYWCHHC 3aKOHa B CYlI.C6HOM npoucccc.
B HOBci1wce BpC:\HI pe(pOp\HlpOlmHHIO H llCMOKpaTlf3amm nonBcpr-
J1HCb npc)J(J1.e BCCro KOlleKCbI yroJ10BIIOro CYHonpOl-I3BOHCTBa. B 1958 roilY
6blJI npHlUIT 1I0BblH Y"O.106I1O-llpol(eccya.1bllbIlJ KodeKc, KOTopbli.i nOJlO)J(H"l
lIa l l<1.10 pCm-13HH Bccii I-tanOJ1COIIOBCKOii KO.nH<pHKaWH-1. 6bL10 ynpOlllcliO
CYllonpOl-UBO"JCTI30, ynopslD.olleHa llenTeJ1bHOCTb C"lenCTBeHHbIX opraHOU,
CYlla H IIPHC}I)J(HbIX, YCH:IeHbl rapaHTIHI HHJ-1HBI.11ly.lJlbHbIX IIpaB H CBO-
6011. rpa>KJlall.
CI1oco6paJmUI TCXIIHKa 06110BJICmm lIanO.1COII0I1CKOro 3aKOllona-
TCJIbCTBa HcnO.1]b30BaJIaCb B 1971-1973 rr. npH COCTaB.'ICHIHI HOBOro
rpa.JK'()aHcKO-npOl(eC(ya.lbHocO K()()eKCll. OH 6blJI C(POp'-H1pOB<lH II re1
H311aHIHI llCTbIpCX lleKpeTOB, BowellWHX B KallCCTBC caMOCTmITCJ1bHbIX
pa3nCJIOB B rpaJlciJallcKo-llpOl(eccyaJ.lbllbIlJ KooeKc 1975 c.
B COOTBCTCTBHH C YroJIOBHO-npoucccya'lbHbIM KonCKCOM npOl(ecc
CTa'l BKJllOll<Hb B ce6n IPH CTalllH1: IIpC"Jl3apIUeJlbHOC CJIellcnme. cYlle6-
Hoe pa36Ilp.lTeJ1bCTBO, IfcnO.1HHTC'lbHOe IIpOl-UBOnCTBO. Oco6yIU CTa"JIIK)
COCT<UUnCT npOIlcllypa 06)J(a.'lomu-I1-uJ B anCJ1.1nUHOIlIIOM H'IH KaccaUH-
OI-IHOM nopHilKC.

13. 1It3MeHeHHSl3anaAHoH rocYAapcTBeHHo-npcBoBoH opraHH3aHH
375
3H£llICHHC npcJI,uapHTCJ1bHoro C}ICD,CTBIHI B yroJloBHOM npoucccc
llpc3Bbi l tailHO Be'IHKO. Ho OHO }IBJI}leTC}1 06}UareJlbHbl\t JIHWb 110 lleJIa\t
o npccrynJTCHIHIX. 06bPIHO )l(C B IlCJ1aX 0 npanOHapywcHlHlX npOxOilHT
TO.lbKO nOJII-lIlcikKOc JI,03I1aIlHC. npCllBapl-ITc.lbllOC CJIC1CnUIC npOl-13110-
.lUrIC}I HermlCHO CJ1ClI.CTBCHHbIMH CYilb}IH1. npOKYPOP BblII(UH}le-r
(PYHKUHIO KOHTpOJ1}1 Hail CJle.nCTI3HCM.
no OKOHlIaHHH C:IellCTBHH H c60pa HC06XOlll1\tbIX IlOKa3aTeJlbCTB
CYilMI ncpCIlaCT UlTCpH,U1hl llCJla npOKYpopy. nOCJlCllIH1H. 11 C"l}'lIaC CO-
rJlaClH1 C BbIBOJlaH1 CJ1CllCTBCI-III0rO CY1IbH, B03BpalllaCT eM}' leJ10. 3aTC\1
Cy.n.MI HJnt BblHOCHT nOCTaHOB.,lCHI-IC 0 npeKpmueHIHI JI,CJIa. HJlH Ha-
npaB.,'I}!CT ero B COOTBeTCTBYIOlllYIO Cy.n.C6HYIO I1HCTaHUHIO.
ECJll-1 CYllMI IIaxOJ1l-IT 11 JICJlC cocnll1 npccTyn.1CIHUI, TO 011 HanpaBJlSlCT
.lleJ10 Ha paCCT\-10TPCHHe 00611HlI1lle;11JHOlI KG,UeplJ/. 06BHHI-ITeJ1bHaH K£lMcpa
COCTOHT npH anCJI rUlUHOHHO\1 cy.ne H CCTb cuOC06paJHbIH CJIeilCTUeHHbIii
opraH BTOpoii HHCTaHUlHI. OHa tO)I(CT BblHCCTH nOCTaH013.'ICHHC 0 IlO-
nO.'IHHTCJ1bHOM pacc.'ICllOB<UBH1 HJ1H 06 OKOHlIaIllHI CJ1C1ICTIUlH.
PeweHHH tOlyr 6bI rb IlBYX BHilOB: IIpeKpalileHI-le yroJ10BHOro IIpe-
CJlClI.OBaHl-U1 Hml npellaHi-lc 06B1-1Hle\tOro cy.n.y. 06mIHlcMbli-i IUYlIaeT
MaTcpl-taJlbl .n.CJla. HMCCT npaBO I1bl6paTb 3aUU1THHKa. B cYIlc6110M IX13-
6HpaTCJ1bCTnC npHmltalOT }'ltaCTHC 06c CTOpOHbl. npouccc 11 cYllC YCT-
... 0" ..
H blH, rm1C H bll1, cocnl3a re:1 bH blH.
CYIlc6HaH npaKnlKa cblrpala Ba)l(HYIO pOJIb B paJBHHH1 <1>paHUY3cKO-
ro npana, a conpCMCHHa}! 3aKOHo.n.aTCJ1bHa}! npaKTHKa CIllC WHpC OTKpbl-
BaCT cH llopory lIJUi nlXlI10Tl10p l lccTBa. H3 npocToro TO.'IKOBaTCJlSI 3aKOila
H YHIHI>HK<tTOpa c06CTBeHHbIX peweHHi1 cYllc6H<UI IIpaKTHKa IIpCnpallla-
CTCH CCro.nH}1 B 1l0nOJ1HHTCI]bHbifi HCTOllHHK (l>paHUY3CKOro npal3a.
BonpOCbl AI\ p03Mb1Wl\eHII1 it1I<OHTpOI\
I. PaCCKCl)l(lUe 0 IIpl-l l mHClX mUI.CHIHI Tpen.eii Pccny6JlI-lKH.
2. KaK,UI (l)op\-1a rocY,fJ.apCTBCHHoro ynpaILlcHIHI 61.111<1 YCTaHOItl]CI-Ia no
KOHCHtTYIUH1 Q)paIlIH1H 1946 r.?
3. OxapaKTepluyiiTe opraHbI rocy.aapCTI3a no KOHcTI-ITymllI 1946 r.
4. B lICi\! nplJlllIHbI orICHbI KOHCHIIYUlHt 1946 r:!
5. OxapaKTcplnyiiTc nomITH'ICCKYIO qmryPY JIC fOJL1SI.
6.l1aihc xapaKTepHcnlKY rocy.aapCTBclIHOro YCTpOtiCTB<1 nHTOH Pec-
n y6J III KI-1.
7. KaKoBhI OC06CIII-IOCni KOHCTlHYIllHI 1955 r.'!
8. KaK npOHcxo.a.IL10 06HOBJ1CIIHC Tpa..aI1U1-1OHHbIX HanO.1COIIOBCKHX KO-
JJ.CKCOI3 130 <DpaHUlHI B HOI3eiiwec BPC\UI?
9. B lICi\! cBoc06pa31-IC 1 py.rI.OBOro H COIlHaJIbHoro 3<1KOHOJl<1TeJlbCTBa?
10. KaKHC InICItCIIlIH np0l130IIL1H B }'ro.'IOBItO1 3aKOItOJlaTCJlbCTI1C?
II. PaCCKa)J(l1Te 0 cYlle6Hol-j CHCTCi\!e COl3pCMeHHoH <DpaHUltH.

376
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBewee BpeMSI
13. 4. r epMOHV1}l: 06p030BoHV1e
ABYX pecny61\V1I< - <Dpr V1 r AP,
V1X o6beAV1HeHV1e
Hawa 3aAa'-/a 3aKIlIO'-/aeTC5I B CTpeMneH K MlilpOBO-
MY rocnoACTBY. '-/To6bl Ao6blTb repMaHCKOMY HapOAY
Heo6xoAMoe Ans:! ero pa3BTs:! npOCTpaHCTBO iii
o6ecne'-/IiITb repMaHCKOMY reHlil10 nOAo6alOee B MIiI-
pe no.nO>KeHlile...
I. CPOH 5epH8apou.
HeMeLtKIiI ny6nLtIilCT iii y'-/eHblL:1
BeC,MopCI<091 Pecny6/\lI1l<o
CJIO)I(I-fBllla}!CSI B rCp1aIllH1 B rollhl OcpBoH MHPOBOH Boi-lHbl BO-
CHHO-lOHapXWICCKaSl 1lI1KTaTypa 6blJla OlICBH.nHbIf HapYWCHHCf
IIPUHUUIIOB KOHCTlHYWH1 1871 r. nOJIlHWICCKHe lIap nm H 06wecnm
B UCJHHI H1pHJIHCb C BOCHHbIM pC)J(lnfOf. nOKa OH 06ccnC4HmlJ1 YC-
nClUliblii XOll BoiillL!. C nCClibI 1917 r. BOCIIIIOC nO.l0:>KCIIUC rCpMamHI
YXy.uWHJIOCb, H B CTpal-iC pa3BcpHYJlOCb MOlllHOC aHTlum.1HTapHCTCKOC
.n1H-DKCHHC. B rCptaHcKOf 06lUCCTBC HapaCTaJiH pCBO.lIOUHOHHbIC Ha-
CTpOCHHI.
B 1f0}!6pe 1918 r. B pC3y.lbTaTC no6cRbi PCBOJ1IOUIHI 6blJ1a cOKpymc-
Ha rCptaHcKUI HMncpHSI. Omt HallU1aCb C BOCCT<UHHI BOCHHblX MOP}I-
KOB B KH':Ie. nepexofJ. BJIaCTH B KI-Lle B PYKU MOP}IKOB U C03D.aHHe nHl
lIepBoro B fepMaHHH COBeTa BbIJB,LI UCIIHYIO peaKUHIO 110 Bcei1 CTpaHC.
Kak3cp BHJlbrCJlbM II 6c)J(,ul B HHllep.l<1Hllbl. fcpMaHml 6blJ1a IIpOBOJ-
rJlalllCHa pecny6.11-1KOiL 10 HOSl6pSl DCp.1HHCKUii COBCT C03iIal BpCMeH-
HOC npaBlHeJlbCTBO - COBem uapoi),fblX yno.IHO,HO&lelflfbIX. COCTOSlWHi-l
H3 npCllCTaBl-ITCJlci-i llBYX pa60 l IHx napTi-lii: COl{lIa;l-iJe,HoKpamli t feCKoii
napmlili H He3aBlIcwwii COl<liaJl-iJe-tOKpamlitfeCKOI/ llapmUli. COBCT 1-13-
pOilJlblX ynO.I]IIO\fOlICllllhIX OTMCIIHJ1 llpC3Bhl l lai-illhiC JaKOllbl, YCTaIlOBl-IJ1
8- l lacOBOH pa60 l IHH llClib H 06}!1tL'] npC,fJ.npl-1llH:\1aTCJlcii 3aKJIlOllaTb KOJ1-
JICKTHBHble .JOroBOpbI C npO(J>COKHaMH.
O.LlHOBpefeHHO B CTpaHe Ha6upaJIO CHJ1Y llBH:>KCHI-IC 3a COWHUIU-
CTJ1lleCKYIO pCBOJIIOUI1IO, m yc r<tHOBJICHUC BJIaCnl COBeToB. 80 rJl<tBe
:noro llBl-I)J(CHUH CTmLIa rpY"lIa «CllapraK», PYKOBOllHJIU KOroPOi1
Kap.l JIuvKHexm (1871-1919) 11 P03a JIIOKce.uvYPl (1871-1919). Halfa-
J1aCb nO.l}!pU3aUUSI CHJI. OcpBbli-i Bcelep.uaucKlil/ cbe3iJ COBemoB B llC-
Ka6pc OTKa3aJIC}! nOlLfJ.Cp:>K<1Tb .103Yllr «BcSI fi.'laCTb COBCT<11!» I-I BbICK<1-
3aJ1CSI 3<1 npOBCJlCIII-IC Bhl6opOB B Y t lpeiJume.lbllOe co6paUlie, lIa3lIa l lCII-
IIhlX lIa 19 }!Imap}! 1919 r.

13. 1It3MeHeHHSl3anaAHoH rocYAapcTBeHHo-npcBoBoH opraHH3aHH
377
B HalI.L'Ie }IHBap}1 1919 r. 6bLla C03IWl-la KmmYHUCI1lU f leCKaR lwpmllR
rep.uaHlIU, H I3MeCTC C ll<1CTbIO HCJaBl1CH\toii COUHaJl-Ile1l.-IOKp,Ult l leCKoH
napnm OHa nbITalIaCb YCTal-lOUHTb KOHTpOJ1b Hall 6ep:II1HO1 H PHIlO\t
.upyrux ropOn.OB. On.HaKo 15 HI-IBapH 6bJ.lHl y6uTbi KapJI JIU6KHcXT H
POJa JlIOKCC16ypr.
Ha Bbl60pax 13 YllpemUe.TlbHOe c06paHHe 6YP)J(y.uHble lIapum 1I0JIY-
tlH.1H OKOJ10 16 :\-1J1H roJ10COB, COlil-laJ1-lI.CMOKpanl t ICCKHC - 13,5 L1H.
C06paIllIc 6blJlO C03Ball0 13 r. Bcihmpc - IIc60.l]hmot KYJlbTYP"OM IlCII-
TpC fCp:\IaHHH. B JHaK JJ.OBCplHl COIU1iU1-.lI.C:\tOKpanl\t Y l lpen.HTCJ1bIlOC
c06paHI1e IH6paJ10 npC31meHTOM fepMaHHH $. 36epma (1871-1925),
tl.1CHa npaB.1CHH}! COW1aJl-.ncMoKpaTwlecKoii napHm. Koal11wuI Tpex
napnlii - COnH<L'I-JlCMOKpilTwlccKoi-i, )l.C\IOKpaTWlccKOii H napnm
UCHTpa - COCTaBl-IJ1a npaBI1TeJ1bCTBO fepMaHlH1 130 rJIane C COUHaJ1-D.e-
MOKpaTo:\1 $. llieiu)e.,wHo.U (1865-1939). KOMMYI-IHCTbl 60i1KOTI1P0I3aJ111
3TH nbI6opbI.
Y l lpC1I-ITCJlbllOC c06pallHC npl-IIUL10 1I0BYI0 KOJ(CmwnYI<1lI0 rep.ua-
HUU, Ha313aHHYIO BeiwapcKOli (no Ha3BaHHIO f. Beihlapil, r.Je pa6onul0
c06paHHC).
fCp:\IaIHHI npOB03rJlamil.llilcb rjJeiJepamu6110t/ peCllyfilllKoii BO rmmc C
Ilpe3110ellmml. 01-1 In6Hpa.lcH Bcc06uunl rO"locomUIHCM. Ero BmlCTb 6bI-
11<1 orpo\ll-IoiL OH KO:\laHllOBa.H BoopY)J(eHHbIH1 CLIa\H1, H.UHalHU Ha
BbICWI-le BoeHHble I-I rpa:>K1laHCKHC 1l0Jl)J(HOCTH, lOr Ha3Ha t ll1Tb nbl60pbI.
BblCWIHI 3ilKOHOIlaTeJlbHbIM oprilHOM npOnOJrJ1ilW,1.1C}1 petiXCma2. OH
ClIHnl.l]C}1 IHI)J(IICii ml.l]ilToi-i, BCpXIIIOIO )J(C InlCIIOml.l]H petixcpamo.u (HM-
lIepCKH\1 COneTO\t). npl1 HeCOLlaCHI1 mumr peweHHe CIIOpHOro nonpo-
ca npHHHM.UI npC3IlilCHT. OH Mor pacnYCH1Tb pei1xcTar. 01-1 )f(e Ha3Ha-
ltaJI BepxoeUbll/ 2ocyiJapcmeellllbil/ cyo rep.ualillU (pl-IC. 13.5).
PexcpaT
 npe3"AOHT
Ha3Ha4aeT
....
Ha3Ha4aeT
PexCTar
Peli1xcKaHu,nep
oTBeTcTBeHHoc
MIIIHIIICTpbl
BepXOBHblH
rocYl1apcrBeH-
HblH CYA
npaBHTeflbCTBO
PHC. 13.5. CxeM3 roc)'.napCTBeHHOrO };CTpOHcTBa reptaHIUI 1919 r.
Pc BOJ1l0IUIOII mUI 06cnmoBKil, cme coxpammIlHUICH 13 Il06c)J(.IlCIIIIOH
fCpMatllHI. npHBcJla K TOMY. lITO 13 BcihlapCKYIO KOlIcn1TYlUlIO 6hlJ1H

378
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBewee BpeMSI
31HeCeHbI liet<UIOB<DKHbIe HOp\-lbl, KaCaIOLllHeC}I npaB H CBo60.L1. rpa)f(-
nafl. KOflcnlTYUHH npOB03rJlalmLla H Y3aKOIHfmlJla cn060ilY cJlona, nc-
'lanl, accouuaUHii H T.Il. OHa npCllnI-ICbIBaJla C03HaHHC pa60 l Htx conc-
TOB Ha npennplUITlUIX H B oKpyrax. Pa60 l Hte H CJlY)f(aUU1e .\fOfJ1H Ha
paBHbIX npaBax COB\teCTHO C npC.L1.npHHlntaTeJUIH1 YlIaCTBOBaTb B YCT<l-
flOIUlCHlHI paJ\-lcpOB 3apa60TlIOH n:IaThI H YCJ10BHi-i TpYlla. 3allu1Ta 1.111-
TCpCCOB pa60'IHx H CJlY)f(a1lUfX B03J1aralaCb Ha HX npeilCTaBHTc.lbHbIC
opraHbl B .1Hue pa60'IHx COl3eTOB npcIlnpmITHi-l. Ha OKPY)f(HbIC pa60,Htc
COBCTbI H Jlp.
KOllcHnYlllHI BBOllHJIa nponopUHOflaJ1bIlY'O CHCTCIY BbI6opOB. BC}I
rCp1\HlHlHI 6bLla nOl.C.1Clla fla 35 H36HpaTCJlbllbiX oKpyron. Ka)KJUul nap-
TlHl, npHHIHtal3Wml Y'laCTHC B I3bl60pax, BblcTynala co CI301-I:\-1 CnHCKO\f
KaHJ-1I.marol3. lleny-raTcKHc leCTa pacnpenCmIJ1I1Cb COOTBeTCTBeHHO lIHC-
JIY r0J10Con, non.alIHbIX 3a TOT lL1H Hlloi-l cm-ICOK.
CorJIacflo KOJlCn1TYIUHI BCC ml)f(flbIC 130npOCbI - nllClUlH-IC CIIO-
WCflHSI. apHI}! H <1).10T, IOIICTflOC n.C.10, TalO)f(fHI, CB}!3b, Tp1HCnopT
H T.Il. - HaXO,..!Hm.ICb 13 BClleHHH HMIIepIH1. Ho K.DKJl.UI HJ JeMCnb 1-I\1C-
Ja CBOIU KOHCTI-IIYUI-1IO, COCIaBJICHHYIO B COrJIaCIHI C I1MIIepcKoi-i, CBOH
3aKoflon.aTc.lbllbIi-i oprall - .1GlliJma? H C06CTBCflflOC npamncm>CTBO.
<!>OWItlCTCI<O>l AItII<TOTYPO
B 1923 rollY rCpMaHlHI cllona ncpC)J(lmaCT pCBOJ110llHOllflYIO cluya-
UlHO. B ra16yprc pa60 l IHc nOIlfl5!J1HCb lIa nOOPY)f(CIlfIOC noccnllIHC, flO,
OKa3aBWHCb B HJOJIHUlHI, I3blHY)l(1I.eHbl 6blJlH I1peKpaTHTb 60pb6y. PYKO-
BOJlCT130 BOCCTaHHCf HaXO,UlLl0Cb B pYKax KOMMYHHCTOB, HO K Hlnl
npUMKIIYJIa H lJaCTb COUHaJI-n.C1OKpaTOB.
nO.l0)J(CIIHC C,fJ.Ba cTa61-1J1H3HPOBa.10Cb, KaK pa1pa1HJlC}! \-lHpoBofi
.JKOHO\H1'ICCKHi-i KplUHC 1929 r. llHCJIO 6c3pa6oTHbiX 1I.0CTHrJlO 9 IJlH
lICIloneK. HeMeUKml 6YP)f(y,uwl CTaml CmlJbmaTb CB0I1 HHTepeCbl C <1J<1-
WHCTCKOfi napn-Icn FUl1uepa (1889-1945), IHICHOBaBwcikH HGl(UOH(l1-
COl<ua:llICmllrJeCKOlI pa{)orJeii l1apmllell rcpmmlH (HCnAn).
<1JawHcTcKHi-l PC)J(I-IM 03I-1a'laCT .1HKBHllaUHIO pa3IlCJlCIH1H BCTBCi-i
BnaCHI. cpaLllHBaHHe rocnOilCTBYIOLllci-i ellHHCTI3CHHOi-i napHm H rocy-
.llapCTBeHHoro annapaT£l, JaIlpCrneHHe OCHOBHbIX npaB If CBo60Il, onopy
lia paCHJ1 H HaUHomUH13I, npHleliCHHe nOm1TI-flICcKoro Tcppopa, CO-
JlI.alH1C \ICCT J1HWCHHSI cn060.ubl ,U.I]H npOTl1BHHKOn pC)J(Hm (KOHLl'larC-
peB H T.n.).
nporpaMla <1>aWI1CTCKOH IIapTlH1 BOJBCLll,UIa C03.J.aHl1e «HOBOro
IICMCilKoro pcfixa», BCJlHKOfi IHlIlcpm1, HCKOpCIICIIHC MapKCH3Ma 1.1
KO\IMYHH3la. >H3H'lecKoro HCTpc6J1CHHSI CBpeel3. npOrpa\IMa 6bIJIa
paCCllHTaHa Ha IIpHBJlClleHHC OIIpCJI.CJ1CHHOii liaCTl1 HC.l1.0BO.IbHbIX - OT

13. 1It3MeHeHHSl3anaAHoH rocYAapcTBeHHo-npcBoBoH opraHH3aHH
379
pa604HX AO \ICJIKHX JlanOlIHHKon. Pa60lIHM 06ell1ulH 11HKBlf)I,UU1K) 6e3-
pa60nlUbl, KpCCTbHHal\-1 - nOl3blWeHHC UCH Ha CCJlbCKOX03HikTBCHHYIO
IIPOllYKUHIO, mtB04HHKa1 - JIHKHI-lllamllO HeHaBHCTHblX KpYIIHblX Ma-
raJI-1IIOB. fJlarmoH IlCJlhlO cnlIIOBHTCH pacnpocTpallcIIHc (p.UlII-ICTCKOii
HlI.e0J10nUI, a TaK)J(C 1I0.nroToBKa TeppopHcnl l lecKoro anllapara DJIH no-
.naBJICmHI allTmpaUIHCTCKHX ClUJ.
npCABH1l5! onaCHOCTb (aWH3\la, KO\tnapnlH fCptaHHH pa3BcpHYJ1a
IIpO rim HCro 60pb6y. OHa IIpCllJIO)J(H.'la ICBbl\1 CI1JlaM H OC06CHHO CO-
IUHU1-11C:\IOKpanl\1 061)CllHm1TbC}1 B aIlTHmllU1CTCKO:\1 (PPOIITC. npCJL'IO-
)f(eHHt: .no 6bLIO OTBt:prHyro cOUl1a I-"Je\IOKpan1 l It:CKI1MH UMepa'-H1.
n03HlUHI, 3m-mnUi cOmtaJl-'J.C\tOKpanlfH, 6bLla (l)aTU1bHoi.f H rH6eJlb-
HoH DJUI fcpMaHIHI, Ol-Ia HC l136am1JIa I-IX, KaK 11 KO\1\IYHI-ICTOB, OT pa3-
rOHa 11 IIpCC"ICllOBaHHii
B HlOJ1C 1932 f. lIa Bhl60pax napnHI fHT.lcpa HC nOJ1Y l Bua 6OJlh-
WHHCTl3a roJ10COB H B HOH6pc :noro )J(C rolla nOTcpHJla cwc lIaCTb ro..10-
COB. B :nHX YCJlOBlHIX l\IOHOnO}IHCTl-llIeCKHC Kpynl fcp\tamm npH3B.lJIH
n-1TJICpa K R'IaCTH, KOTopbli-l 30 HOH6pH 6blJl Ha3Ha l iCH HMnCpCKH\1
KaHWICp01\-I. nepexoD. K (paWHCTcKOMY pC)J(m.lY OCYwCCTI3HJICH «l\mp-
IIhll'> nYTCM.
B nepl3blC MCCSlUbl rHTJlCpOBCKOro npaBJlcHl1S1 6b1ml }IHKBHllHpOl3a-
HbI 6YP)J(ya3HO-JleMOKpaTwIecKl1c cBo6oIlbI. OnteHWIHcb cBo6011a
J1I-l l Ill0CTH. CJlona, nClIaTH, co6pmmH. nomnum lIan.cml.,aCb IIcorpa-
Hl1lleHHbI1H npal3aMH. Bce napnm, I3KJllO l lasl 6YP)J(yaJHbIC, 6bl"lH Ja-
npCUlCIIhl. HaUHcTcK,ul napnl}! OCnL'IaCh 0,fJ.1H1 11 cnU1a, no CYIUCCTBY,
lIaCTblO npaBl-ITc11bCTBCHHOii CI1CTeMbl. napnlSl IUICJla BOCHIHI-lpOB<1H-
HYIO CTPYKTYPY.
CnCIU-UlmKOii IIOBOro PC)I(I-IMa 61>1110 CTpC:\L'1CHHC K a6co.lI0THOMY
KOHTpO.'l1O Hall BCCMH c<pcpa\1H 06WCCTBeHHoii 11 JIWIHOii )J(H3Hl1 rpa)J(-
.naH. McxaIIH3M TaKoro KOIITpOJ1H 6blJ1 BCCb\1a pa3BCTBJlCIIIlblM. C 011-
Hoil CTOpOHbl, :no 6bl-l annapaT Tcppopa: CA - WTYPtOBbIC OTpHllbl
(COJ"JaHbI B 1921 r.), CC - oxpaHHblC orpHllbl (1923); C Ilpyroi1 CTOpO-
IIbl, annapaT opramnalUloHlloro B031ciknnHI IIa lIaCCJ1CIIHC: IICD.An,
HaUllOHaJI-COUH3mICTl-l l ICCKI-IH )l(eHcKui-l COlO3, n-ITJIeplOrCHil (MO.'10-
.nC)J(lIaH opramnalUHI mlllHcToB), TpynoBoii q)POlIT H T.il.; C TpCTI)Ci1 -
annapaT no nponaraHIlucTcKOii 06pa60TKc H3CC.'lCHI1H. <1JYHKUlHI 3THX
TpCX allllaparoB rCCHO lIepeIlJICra.'U-ICb, COCTau.nUl MHoroorpac"lel3oi-i
KO\tnJ1CKC \lCXaIlHJMa (ImIlU-lcTCKOii JU1Knnypbl. n01 PYKOBOn.CTBO\1
HCD.An lleHCT130Ba I] I-I annapaTbI roCYllapCTBcHHOro ynpaBJ1CHHH no
PYKOBO,llCTBY 3KOHOMI1K0i1, HMncpCK.UI KaHlle.1HpmI, Bcn.aBIuaH BOOPY-
)l(CHHbIMU ClmaMH, CYlI.C6HOii CHCTC\IOH U lI.p. (puc. 13.6).

380
IV. rOCYAapCTBO VI npaBO B HOBewee BpeMSI
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MeCTax
Puc. 13.6. MeX3HJt3M 3umcTcKoif lJ.HKT3T)'Pbl B fep\l3HUlI
3aKOII OT 30 HIIBap}1 1934 r. «0 Ho(wii cmpYKl1lype peiixa» npc'10CTa-
BIU rl1TJlepy KaK (K)PCPY 11 maBe HMnepcKoro npaBHTCJ1bCTBa «nOJ1I-lO-
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nOJlHhlii OTXO J 1. OT npHllluma pa311C.'lCIHHI BJlaCTciL rHT.1Cp B anrycTc
1934 r. nOCJ1C CtCpTH npC3HllCllTa na)lfI ,pOll fUlioell6YP2a (1847-1934)
06"bC.11HIIH.1 .110JDKHOCTH pci-ixcnpC3HllCl-lTa H pci-ixcKaHu..'lCpa.
Bc}! rOCYlI.apCTBCIIHa}! BJlaCTb OKa3aJ1aCb B PYKax qJ/opepa. KOTophlii
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PeweHml C"be3.Ll013 napnll1 C \tOMeI-lTa I-IX npHI-I}ITHSI nQ.TIY'IaJ1H cHny 3a-
KOHa. Opc6bmaHHe 13 pCHXCTare H Ha npal3l1TenbCTl3eI-lHoi-1 cnY)f(6c CI3H-
3blBaJlOCb C npHcslroi-i Ha BepI-lOCTb HaUHOHaJI-COUlIaJII1J\ty.
Bo rmwe K,DKJ10H HJ 32 06JIacreii crmLI 2a)1J/limep, 06JI<lCTb lle.IH-
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lIa UCIITIXUIbllhl\1 npaIHfTCJlbCTBO\1.
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13. 1It3MeHeHHSl3anaAHoH rocYAapcTBeHHo-npcBoBoH opraHH3aLo1H
381
TC. rJ1aBI-IYK) pO.'lb CT.Lla HrpaTb CC. B cc paMKax C(lmpMHpomLlHcb
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raI-l 6CJOIlaCI-IOCTH roCYllapCTBa rCCT.1II0 - TafiI-l<U1 IlOJ1HWUI. cn. KOI-l-
Tp0J1l1pOBa.10 rccnmo. BnOCJIC1CTBHH BOJIIHK}IO CnCIlH<UIhIlOC BC11OtCT-
BO, KOTopoe BeJ10 BCIO paJUeD.blB3TelbI-lYIO H KapaTeJ1bHYIO pa60TY B
pci-ixc - PCXA (rmuUloc HmcpCKOC BC1.0MCTBO 6c30nacliocTH). UCIIT-
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llcTBcpTbli-i BC'HL1 KOlillCliTIXl1ll1OHlfblMH .'1arCp}IM 11 , npc fJ.BapHTC.1 bll bI "1
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KOIITppa3Bc11Koi-i. npH BCCM :)TOI np0l1.0.1)f(.UH '{eikTBoBaTb MI1IIHCTCp-
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COUI1<UlbHblC 3aUOCUaI-lIHI TpYllHllll-IXC}1 OK.13<UIHCb JIHKBH.LlHpOUaI-l-
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Y l lpC)J(llaJ1HCb TaK I-Ia3blUaClblC XOJHHCTBCI-II-IblC naJ1aTbI - 06"bCD.HI-ICi-ilHI
6aJiKHpOB H npOMbIlIl.1eHI-II1KOB. KOTopbIe pcrYJ1HpOmUIH JKOHOMI-Ille-
CKI1C OTHOWCIHI}!.
Pacou<UI TCOPH}I HUHJ1aCb OCI-IOUaI-lHe1 lJ..,HI paJBHJblUaHHH MHpouoH
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rcptaI-lml B OD.I-IOCTOpOI-lI-le\l nopSIilKC aHHYJ1HpOUaJ1a D.JISI CC6}1 Bepca Ib-
CKiIli J\lUpHlJ/l/ ()()l()(Wp.
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(1941-1945), B KOTOpoH oI-la nOTcpneJla COKPYWHTC}IbHOe nOpa)f(CHHe OT
llcikTBHi-i COIOJIIHKOB - CCCP. CWA, BCJ1HK06pl-ITallHH, <DpaIlIlHH.
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npll1COeALt1HeHlI1e rAP 1< cDpr
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OllllbIC 301lbl: COBCTCKYIO, aMcpHKaIiCKYIO. aJlrmlikKYIO 11 paJmY3cKYI0.
YnpaBJIeHHe oKKynHpoBaHHoi-j CTpaHoi-j cOCpClI.OTOllHBartOCb B COIO.1110"\l
KOlf/llpn1bHnu coeeme. COCTOSIUlCM H3 npc.a.cnmHTCJ1ci-i llCTblpCX OKKyna-
UHOHIILIX lOll.
OD.I-IaKO UCKOpC JallallI-lblC OKKYII<1UHOHHbIC BJJaCTH paJpeWHJ1I1 Tpe\f
3allallHbiM 30HaM COeD.I1HHTbC}I B emlHoe rocymlpCTBO. 23 MaH 1949 r.
BCTynHJla B CHJ1Y KOHCI1WmYl(WI (/Jedepa/1lU6HOli PecnYOWKU rep.\laHl/U.
Olla 3aKpCnI-lJ1a OCIIOBIIMC rpmK1allCKHC H nOJ1HTWICCKHC CB060Ilbl I-I
npOB03fJ1aCH.'1a 3ananllYI0 rClntalll1Io 11CIOKpaTWICCKHM 1Jedepa/1lUmlbl.U
cocyoapC/1Uw..u. B cocnm <Dpr B 1949 r. BOIIL1H II 3C"fCJlb, KmK)1<1}! H3
KOropbIX HMC:Ia CBOIO KOI-lCTH rYUHIO, J<1KOI-lo.aaTeJ1bI-lbIC, HCIlO"II-IHTCJIb-
I-IblC H cy...rc6I-1ble Opl aI-lbl. no (l)Oplc IIpmUCI-Iml <Dpr craJla nap.lll-
AteHmCKOl/ pecnyiiwKOli.

382
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBeHWee BpeMSI
B {J)Pf eCTb llBa opnma, YlIaCTBYIOlUHX B 3aKOI-lOJI..neJlbCTBe: 6YI-I-
llecnlr H 6YI-IJleCpar (COI03I-1bIH C"bC3!l H COI03I-1bIH COBeT). B 3TOM IIpO-
ueccc YllacTByeT H npe3H...rCI-I r pecIIy6m-IKH, KOTOpblH IIOtlIIHCblBaeT 3a-
KO I-I 1.1 11 UlIpaHC B03Bpani rb HX I-Ia UTOpHllI-lOe paCCIl)TpeHl-IC.
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paBI-IbIX, CB06o.aI-lbIX BbI60pOB. PYKOBOIlHT 3acc.aaI-lHmHI 6YI-lIlCCTara H3-
6pm-IHbIH H\f Ha BCCb CpOK nOJIHOMOllHbli-j npC!lCCllaTCJ1b. B 6YH!lCCTarC
C0311aIOTCSI napnli-lHLIC paKUlHt. 3TOT opraH CllHTaCTCSI llaXO!l}!U!H\ICSI
B COCTO}!IIHlf nOCTmllllIoH CCCCHH H C03hmaCTC}! cro npCJlCCJlaTCJ1CM lIa
nJ1CllapllbIC laCCllallHn no MCpC IUlfJ.06110CTH. 3aCC1<lHH}! 6YIIllccnlra,
KaK H 60J1bIllHIICTBa nap.laICIITon MHpa, OTKpbITbIC: oml MOryr 6bITb
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pacrcsi. ero lLICI-Ibl I-Ia3I-1a l IaIOTCSI IIpaUHTCJlbCTUa\Ht 3eMCJ1b H OT3blUa1OT-
cn I1HI. n03TOMY KaKoro-.1H60 cpOKa nOJ1HOlOllHi-l He YCTaI-lOBJIeI-lo.
npellCeD,aTeJ1b 6YI-ln.ccpaTa nepeH361-fpaCTC}1 e)J(croD,Ho. 3aCCD,aI-lH}I C03bl-
BalOTcn no Iepe I-Iall06HocTH.
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. paTH<I>HKaumI fC)J(JlYI-IapOllI-lbl,{ 1l0roBOpOB;
. <t)QpfHpOBalll1C IICKOTOphlX BblCIIIHX opralIOB B.lacnl;
. YliacTHe H BbI60pax n pe3H.ueHTa H IIp.
Hcno.1I-lHTeJlbHoi-i BJIaCTblO 06J1alI.alOT npeJUdeH/11 H npaeU/11e.lbcmeo,
XOT}! lIa Jl.CJIC npc3HllcIIT l1.Ci-iCTBYCT no YKa3aJnuIM npaBHTCJlbCTBa. 011
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B OTJ1l1 l IHC OT KOIICTHTYUHH BcihmpcKoi-i Pccny6mlKH, B {J)pr
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06uHlx Bbl60pax Hero paCIlOp}I)J(eI-lH}I .aO:I)J(I-IbI 6bIJ1H II OllTBep)J(JlaTbC}1
n paBHTCJl bCTBOl\-I.
fJIaua npaBHTe"lbCTua - (l>en.cpa.lbI-lbIi1 KaHl(,1ep - yruep)KJlanCSI
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nOJ1l-ITHKI1. <})CIlcpaJlbI-lblC MHI-IHCTpbl I-IeCJ1H OTueTCTBeHI-IOCTb ncpCIl
KaHUJICpOM, KOTOpbli-j 6blJl BnpaBC YBOJHITb fHHHCTpa. HmKHSI}! na.laTa
napJIafCIITa lOLla Bblpa3HTb IIC10BCpllC fHIIHCTPY. OTBCTCTBCHIIOCTb
11.1 n.cnTC.lbIlOCTb np<lBHTCJ1bCTBa IICC KaIIlL1Cp. C cro C1\-ICIIOH yxom-fJ1H B
OTCTaBKY 11 MHHI1CTpbI.
Koma 3amUJ,I-IbIC oKKynamlOI-II-IbIC n.CP)J(<lBbI, OKOHllaTeJ1bI-lO o6oco-
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rCplaI-lI1I1. 7 OKTSI6p}1 1949 r. 61.1.10 06"bnBJlci-io 06 06pa30UaI-lHlf I-IOBOro
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13. 1It3MeHeHHSl3anaAHoH rocYAapcTBeHHo-npcBoBoH opraHH3aLo1H
383
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fJ1aBOH rOCYllapCTBa HBJI}!J1CH I1pe3UOe1l11l. Ho B 1960 rallY :na 1l.0mK-
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(CEnf).
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nepeC"lpOHKa B CCCP cn1MYJHlpOB<L'Ja HpoueCCbl 06I-10HJleI-lml H
flIP, n CTpaliC C0311amLUICb HOBblC napTlHl H llBH)J(CHHSI. KOTOphlC BI>I-
crynaJIH nponm npOBOIlI1BwerocH Kypca n CTpaHe.
B 1989 rallY BCT:.L'I Bonpoc 0 Jll1KBHIlaUHH paCKO_la fCp:\talHH1. DblJ1a
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384
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lIT06b1 rCpmHHH 6bLla IlcihpaJ1bllbll\-1 roCYJ1apCTBOM. Korna )l(C :no
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6bl110 npCKpalIlCIlO. B C(CPC BClIIlIOro npaBa npHlIlHmHa.lbllhIC H3:\fC-
IICIIH}I KOCllY11HCh caMoro onpC J 1CJ1CIIHH npaea C06C/11eeIllIOC/1111. no Bci1-
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KatlCCTBC npanOBOro cpcn.cTna COIlHaJlbllOH 3aIUHTbI IJaCC.lcm-I}!.
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385
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w-mx B pa3DHTlHI rCpMaI-lCKOrO npaDa.
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6bIJ1H YC.I]0 BlUI oprallHlalU1H H onJ1aThI Tpyn.a. OIlH J1.0J1)!(1Ih1 6hL1H YCTa-
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B HOBciiwee BpC:\H1 6bLla I1pOBellCI-Ia WI-1POKO\laCW.la6I-1.UI PC(I)OpMa
COl(IWIIJHOcO .1aKOH(}()al1le IIJCI1l6a. B 1911 rollY 6blJI IIpl-1I-1}IT COl(IW UJHfJlli
K()()eKc, B KOTOpOM OIlpCllCJUlJlOCb roCYllapCTBCI-II-IOC CTpaXOBaI-ll-IC. 003ll-
HCC 6bll COJ.ItaH cnemlaJJbHbIH cyn. no COUHa.'lbI-lbIM n.CJ1a1. 0PHI-II-Ir-.-laIOT-
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KJIaCCJ.1lICCKOro YOJ10611010 npa6a 0 COOTBCTCTBHH IC)!()]Y T}!)!(CCTbIO npc-
cryn.'1CHlI}! H T}!)f(CCTbIO IUlKa3aIlH}!, COKpamCIIHH 06JJaCTH npHMCIICIIH}!
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.I]H6epaJIbHO-JIel\-IOKpanl l lecKoH 3aKOI-lHOCTH. B 1933 ro1Y 6bIJl npl-1I-1}!T
.aeKpCT «(8 .1all(U/llY 2ep.1WHCKOi!O Hapo(){/», KOTOpblH CUO...rIU Ha I-ICT CBO-
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::ny II0BYIO KOlIllcnllHiO.
I BC('(JUll(WIIICTopml rocY,J,alX-....na 11 IIp.ma: Y'lc61111K / nOd. peIl. K.M. 6arblpa. C. 449.
2 Ppall lIop6ep. YK33. CO'I. C. 82.

386
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBewee BpeMSI
YTBep)KJI.aJ10Cb, liTO <1>lOpcp ilomKeI-l HcnOJlmlTb Bee roeYlI.apCTBeI-l-
HbIe <I>YHKUHH. B lIaCTI-IOCTH. 3aKOH 0 IllMHOlto I /W/X OT 24 l\-tapTa 1933 f.
lIepemUI eMY JaKOI-lOll<1TeJIbI-lble IIpaJa 1-1 IIpeUpanlJ1 ero B 3aKOI-lO).l<1-
TeJlbI-lYIO HJI:.1CTb, IIOCKOJlbKY OI-l IIO'IYlIl1JI IIp:.1BO COJll:.1naTb «3aKOI-lbl
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TaIOKC OCYLUCCTBJUITb <PYHKUHH npaBOCYD.lHI, XOT}! Ha npaKTI-1KC OllCHb
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SlCHoro nOHVlMaHVlSI 3Toro, HenocpeACTBeHHbl, Vl3BeCTHbl VI >t<Vl3HeHHbl cpaK-
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I Ppall J/op6ep. YKa3 CO'I. C. 83.

13. 1It3MeHeHHSl3anaAHoH rocYAapcTBeHHo-npcBoBoH opraHH3aLo1H
387
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388
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OCIIOI3Y .uJ1H npanoBoH 3aUll1TbI IIaCIHblX pa60TlIlIKOB. B :;m-IX UCJ1HX
rpa)l(llallC lH-fCJ1H npaBO C0311aBaTb 061>CfJ.HIICm-l}! JU1}! oxpallbl H YJ'IYll-
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nap,LUCJ1bIlO C I10pMa1H, pcrYJ1HpYIOIllHfH B3aH MOOTIIOIIICII ml
Me)K.J.Y pa60rollareJI}IHf H I-IaeMI-IblH1 pa6o l ll1i\lH, paJIH1mUIC}1 OC06blii
KOfIIJleKC I1paBOUbIX I-IOpl. I10JIY l H1BWI1X CIIeUHaJlbI-lOe H,uuaHHe «COl(lI-
(UbHOe 3aKoHooame lbcm60».
Opr3H1-UaUI-U1 cyoe6Ho2o npOl(eCCa B repM3H1-1I1 Ha npOTSI)I(eHHH XX 13.
HeCKOJ1bKO paJ npeTepneBaJ1a Cepbe3I-1bIe HJfCI-leI-lml. C npHI-IHTHe\f
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npOlnBOIlCTBa.
all 6b1J1 npcpmm C npHxollof K BJ1aCnl (l>allIl-lcTOI3. CYllc6ml}! CHC-
TCta 6hLla ncpccTpocml COOTBCTCTBCIIIIO WICSl\f mllU101UUI-coumUII13Ma.
I)bL1H oprallH30B,Hlbl Cnel{Ua.lbllble cyabl, KOTOpblC 11.OJI)I(IIbi 6bL1H pac-
cMaTpHBaTb .uCJla «0 BCp0J10tHbIX I-IanallKdX Ha npaBl-ITcJlbCTBO». CYil
COCI<lUJIHJlcn HJ rpex llJleI-lOU I1apnlH) JaCellaJI 6e3 I1PHC}I)I(I-IbIX, P,U6H-
paJI ne.r!a B ynpolUeHI-IoH npoueJ-type. D.efIcTUOUaJ1 TaK I-IaJblBaeMbli-i H{J-
pOOH bill cyo. OH CllHTa IJC}I UblcweH Hi-iCTaI-lUHeH no HaH60J1ee TSI)J(KH \f
.fieJla1. rJ1313I-1bIf 06pa30\f 0 rocy.aapCTl3eHHoi-i 113l\1eHe. B OCHOl3e ero
n.e}!TeJ1bHOCTH J1C)I(3;la lIdeoJWeliH «l/al(lI01W lblfOi!O Ilpa60COJlfaHWI>). DblJ1H
c03IlaHLI clicme.\la llapmlliillblX Cyd06 pa3JII-l l IHbIX YPol3Hcii H llpC313b1 l IaH-
IIblC (WellllO-1l0Jle({bte CyObt.
nOCJ1C BTOPOi-i 1HpOBOrl BOi-illbl nap,UJ1eJ1bIlO C 06p330B311HCf
l1.BYX HC-ICIlKHX rOCYllapCTB melT npOIlCCC B03pO)l(IlCtHHI OCHOBOnOJ1a-
raK>IUHX I1pHI-IUHnOB npaBOCYJUHI B YCJ10BmIX paJI-IbIX THnon roCY11<lp-
CTReHI-IOCTI1.
C03).laHHe elll-lI-loii reptaI-lHI1 I1pepUlO I1apa.,LIe..'lbHbIii I1POUCCC
paJI3HTHSI CYilonpOH3Bo.aCTua, OI-lO CTaJ10 OCYUleCTBJ1S1TbCH B COOTBeTCT-
I3HH C KOI-lCTHTYUHeH <Dpr.
CCron.HH oprmIH33UHH cync6HoH nJ13CTH n rCpMaHHH OCHonaH3 H3
npWll(ll/1e 1l0JllIClicme.1t/IOC/11II: HC CYUlCCTI3YCT KaKoro-To OIll-IOro I3bICWCro
cYllc6110ro opralla 111-1 B (I>C1CpaUl-fH. IIH B 3C1;1S1X. HCT p3311CJICIIHSI
nOJ1lfOlOlJHi-i Me)K_rtY cymlHf 3CMCJ1b H (l>ellcpaJlbllbItH cYJ1atH. CYllbl
3eMCJlbI-lbIC BXOIlHT B CHCTCtY Bcex CYilOB B repMaI-lHH. T.e. BKJlIO l talOTCH
13 cllcmeJuy OOll(e(fJeoepailbHbIX cyooe.

13. 1It3MeHeHHSl3anaAHoH rocYAapcTBeHHo-npcBoBoH opraHH3aLo1H
389
3TO CI1CIlH..L1H3I1pOBaI-fI-l<UI cYl1.e6I-1,UI CHCTela. nOtH\-tO KOI-lCTHTY-
UHOI-lI-lOi-l IOCTHUlHI .11eikTBYIOT mlTb I3cTuei1 11 paBOCYlU1SI: 06w..l}J. aIlIH-
I-IHC"IpanIBI-I<UI, TPy.aOB<UI, (I>HI-IaI-lcoB<UI H COUHa;IbI-l<U1 IOCTl1UHH.
Bcnm cYl1.c6110i1 BJiaCTH IHICIOT CBOi1 BCpXOBllhlH opraH (nhlCIIIHii
CYll) , KOTOpbIH I-IaJblBaeTCH 1I0-paJHOMY: cpeIlepa.lbHasl cy...re6I-1<U1 lIaJlma
(1303LlaB.;1}ICT CHCTCIY 06I1lHX CYll.OB), <J)CllCpa;Ibllbli-i a....UfHIHICTIXlTHBHbIH
CYll, <pCllCpaJlbI-lblrI <pI1HaHcol3blii cyn.. <pC.aCpaJIbHbIii cy.a no TPYilOBblM
CIIopa1. (pellepa:lbI-lblj.l CYll 110 COUH.UlbI-lbIM ...reml1. Bce I-IaJBaI-lI-lble CYllbI
HC3aIH1CI1Mbl 110 OTIIOIIICHHIO n.pyr K llpyry H K J1.pynlM Opraml1.
Ka)KJl<UI BeTBb cYlle6Hort BJIaC rH HMeeT I-IeCKOJ1bKO HI-IC raI-lUHH. ECTb
H 1PYruc CYllbI, ll.cikTBYIOIIlHe Ha 06L1leCTBeHl-fbIX IIall,Llax: D.HCIlHIl.1H-
HapHblC CYD.bI. cyn.bI ruIH a.II.UOKaTOB H .up.
B 1I0CJlellI-lHe J1eCSlrl1;Ie nUl I-IaMeTHJIOCb I-IeKOTOpoe y"pOlleHHe IH-
6CP,LI] bll blX HalI<Ll B CYJ1.C6HO1 npOIlcccC, llci-icTBYCT C\-IClllai II IaH (I)opta
npouecca, CUOHCTBeHH,ut eIY HeOIlHOJHallI-lOCTb npHHUHnou, n0J10)/(eI-l-
I-IbIX B OCHOBY llOCYlle6l-foro 11 cYlI.e6I-1oro CJ1e11CTBlUI. npaBoCYilHC OCHO-
I3bmaCTC}! Ha npUHUlmax r.lacHocTH, COCTH, 3aTCJIbl-lOCTH YCTIIOCTI1. HC-
nOCpeD.CTBeI-lI-lOCn1.
rCptaIlCKa}! CYJ1.C6 mUI CHCTC1a npcJ1n0J1araCT BbicoKopa3BHTYI0 3a-
KOI-lOlI.aTeJlbI-lYIO 6,13Y, KOTopaSi onpelI.emleT cHcTeIY H CTPYKTYPY Cy.a013
H Jl()Ilp06I-10 (ImKcHpyeT IIpoueccy,ulbI-lblC (I)()PMbl pa60Tbi. 3aKOI-lbI 110
::Hoii fOD.CJIH omlCbmmOT H 1aKpcnJmloT npaKHl l lcCKI-1 BCC C<pCPbl D.C}!-
TeJIbHOCTH cYlI.ou. Cy.ae6Hml CHCTe1a Hcno.lb3yeT, KpoMe aneJIJ1HUHOH-
HoH <J)QP1h1. KaCCaUI10HHYIO <POpIY 06)J(,LI]0B<lHHH. a nlK)J(e 11 mll130p-
HYIO H pcmBl1oI-lI-lYIO (l)Qplbl 06)J(aJIOBaI-lI-IS1 cYIle6Hbix peweHlliL
BonpoCbl A" p03MbIW"eHII1 it1I<OHTpOI\
1. KaK I-ImI6pbCKaH peBOJllOUlUI 1918 r. nOBJImIJIa I-Ia roCY1lC.lpCTBeI-l-
HOCTb rCpMaHHI1?
2. KaK<U1 (I)OpMa rocy...rapcmeI-lI-loro YC"lpoikma repMaI-lHI1 YCTaI-laB-
.T1I1Ba"laCb KOHCTHTYIUICH 1919 r.?
3. OxapaKTcpu3yi-iTe T\-leXaHH31 Q>aLUHcTcKOi-i D.HKTarypbl n rCpMaHI-lH.
4. OxapaK repHJyiiTe armapaT YllpaBJleI-ll-U1 <Delle paTH 13I-IOrI PecIIy6-
J1HKH rCptaHIm.
5. llai-i re xapaKrepHcn-IKY roCY1lC.lpCTBeI-lHoro crpml repMaHcKoii
.uCMOKIXlHl l lccKOi1 Pccny6mlKH.
6. Ha KaKoi1 OCI-Ionc npOl-l30lliJ10 06pa30B<lHHC CilHI-Ioro repMaI-lCKO-
ro roCYllapCTua 13 oKHI6pe 1990 f.'!
7. KaK OTpa3H.1HCb nporpCCCHl3llblC H pCaKUHOl-ll-lblC TCHD.CHWH1 n pa3-
UHHIH rep1\.JaHCKOro rpa)KJ].aHcKoro H yroJIOUHOro I1paBa B XX B.'!

390
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBeHwee BpeMSI
8. CKOJIbKO 06mtCTei-i K)CTHUIHI (11 COOTBeTCTBeHHO cy.ae6HbIx CHC-
TCI) lleHcTllYIOT B conpeMeHHoi.i <I>pr?
9. D.aihc OUCIIKY cYlI.oycTpoikTna H cYJ10npOl-f3no.nCTRa conpclclI-
110M rCpl<lIHH1.
13.5. V1TOI\V1: aT CPOWV13MO
1< nOpI\OMeHTCI<Otl1 pecny61\V1l<e
HABA comaCHO 4>awcTcKo£1 AOl<TpHe He MO>KeT
paCCMaTpBaTbCs:! KaK KOHe'-lHbl£1 pe3ynbTaT o6LLleCT-
Ba, OH Bcero nHWb ero cpeAcTBo. Bcs:! >K3Hb o6LLleCT-
Ba CBoATCs:! K TOMY, T06bl cAenaTb 3 HABAa H-
cTPYMeHT AIls:! CBOX coaIlbHblx Ltene£1.
,[le POKKO, Tanbs:!HcK£1lQpCT
KpVl3V1C I<OHCTVlryLJ.1t10HHOc:, MOHOpXIt1V1
J.1T:'lJ1mI KaK e.il.HHOC H ca:\IOCTOHTCJ1bJWe rocy.naPCTIJO nmIIHI.'lOCb Ha
n011l-nWlccKoi-i KapTc Enpon!>1 B \tapTC 1861 r. EbL'IO 06p:.noBall0
J.1TaJ1bHHCKOC KOpOJ1CBCTBO. no 3TOro Ha AneHHHHax cywecTBOBaJ1H
JIlHllb HCJ:'H3HCI-IMbIC KopOJleBCTIm. 06UlI1pHbiC 06JIaCTH BX01U1;1H B CO-
cnm ABCTpO- BeHrepCKOH 11\lIIeplH1.
K IUl l l:.L'lY XX B. J.1nlJBHI HBJmJlaCb KOIIC/1lWll)'I{UOIlllOii .'lOlIapxueii no
rJ1ane C KopO.'Iel, oc06a KOTOpOro CtlHTa'IaCb «cmllUcHHoi.i H Henpl-IKOC-
HoneHHoi1».
OCI-IOllHbIM 3aKOI-lOM J.1T:'L1IH1 6bImi KOHCTHTYUIUI 1848 r. «A1boep-
111llllCKllli cmamY/1l» n bCIOIITa. COrJ1aCHO KOHCTlnYWH1 3aKOllO fJ.aTC.l b-
HaH EJ1aCTb OCYlUCCTBJ1HJ1aCb COBMCCTHO KOp0J1C1 H napJ1aMCHTO1.
nOJIHOMOtnUI KOpOJIH 6bLIH BeCbla 06UlI1pHbl: yrncp)J(11.CHHC JaKO-
HOB. IIPHI-I}I rblX mlpJtaleHTOM; HJllaHHe lleKpe'IOB ;:1-151 I.IX HCIIOJII-IeHmI;
.lI.OCpOllllbIi-i pocnYCK mLlaTbl lcnyr:'1TOB; (POp1HpOBamIC npaBlHCJ1bCT-
Ba; Ha3Ha t lCHHC Bcex 1I.0J1)J(HOCTHbIX 111-111; 061JHBJ1CHHC BoHHbl H 3a-
KJ110 l lCHHC MI-Ipa, KOpOJ1b 6blJ1 TaK)J(e rJ1aBHOKO!\laHllYIOWHM 1l00py-
)J(eHHbIMH CluaMH.
nap.laMCHT COCTmIJ1 H3 JWYX naJ1aT - CCII:.1Ta, tL1CHbl KOTOpOro (npcJ1.-
CTaBHTC.1H Kopo.'lCnCKOH (1)aH1J1HH, UCpKOBHblC HcpapXI-I, BblCUlHC tlHHon-
HHKH, rCHepa.Tlbl 11 T.n.) HaJHall:.UIlICb KOpO.ICM nO)J(HJHCHHO. 1.1 na.l:.trbl
.lI.CnyraToB, In6HpaetOi-i Ha nHTb 'leT. nepnOH:.llI.lT1bHO H3611p.lTeJ1bHbIM
npaBO1 n KOpOJ1CBCKoi1 J.1T:'LlI1H nO.lbJOIkLI]HCb :\IY)J(lIlHfbI C 30.1CT, a TaK)J(C
MY)J(lIHHbl, 1l0CTHrWHC 21 ro.na, CCJ1H OHH 6bL1H rpaMOTHbIMH, I1;1H nJ1anl-
J1B npH:\1OH Ha.Ior, Will 06.1:'l.LlaJlH JeleJIbHOi1 C06CTBCHHOCTbIO Will KBap-
Hlpoi1. 11:111 ()T6bL1H BOHHCKYK) I10BHHHOC"lb. B 1882 ro..lY HJ6Hp<HeJIbHOe
npano 61>1J10 JlOnOJlHCIIO BnCIlCIIIICM cnCIUI:'L'IhHOro 3K3a1CHa lIa rpaMOT-

13. 1It3MeHeHHSl3anaAHoH rocYAapcTBeHHo-npcBoBoH opraHH3aHH
391
Hocrb (B c"IYllae orcyrcnum coomercTBYlOwero IlOKYMeHra). B 1919 roIlY
npm1JOIlJ.l]O (XlCIIIHPCIIHC H36HpaTCJJbIlOrO npaBa HTIUIMIIIIlCn, lITO npl1nc'IO
K YBCJJWICHHIO 3JJCKTOpaTa no 8 1JJH lICJJOBCK.
CeHar (KaK H KOpOJIb) HMeJI IIpaBO 6eccpoliHoro OTJIaraTeJlbHoro
BeTO B OTHoweHIHI npeDJIaraeMblX JaKOHOllpoeKTOB.
naJIaTa ..J.enYTaTOB HMeJJa nOJ1HOT\-IO l IHH no Q)Op\H1pOBaI-lHIO 6lOn)f(eTa
CTpaHbI H c60pa HaJ10fOn; MHHHCTpbl 6bIJ1H OTBeTCTBCHHbI ncpeil naJla-
TOi-i ncnYTaToB.
B CROIO OllCpC1b npaRl-1TCJlbCTRO 06J1<Ula.'I0 BCCbMa IIIHpOKI1:\H1 no.'I-
1I0\fO l IHH:\H1. Cormlcllo nOm-1Tl-l l ICCKOH npaKTHKC KOpO"lb lIaJlla l laJ1
npCl\-lbep-:\HIIHICTpO\1 J'IlUICpa napHIHlloro 60m>IIIHllcTBa I-WH KaKoro-
TII-160 nOm-1Tl-l l leCKoro TClICHlHI, npen,CTLlBJlellHOro B narma\-teHTe. npa-
BI1TeJ1bCTBO OCYWCCTB.l}L10 nOBceJlHeBI-IOe PYKOBOllCTBO cTpaHoH, l1\-teJ1O
IIpaBO IIpl-1OCTaHaBJHWaTb J.eikTUlHI IIpaBOBblX HOPI. IIplmnTblX lIap'Ia-
MeHTO\f, a TaK)f(e npaBO JaKOHoiJ.aTeJ1bHOi-i HHHUIfaTi-Wbl.
KOHCTHT)-UI-uI 1848 f. npOB03maWaJla neMOKpaTJ-1lleCKUe npaBa rpa)f(-
.uaI-l. HO C BeCbMa CYlUeCTBCI-IHblMI1 oroBopKa\-H1. TaK, HC 6bIJ111 OHfCHeHbl
MI-IOnlC npHBHJ1CrHH ..J.BOpHHCTBa, B TO\-f (mCJ1C H ..J.BOpHHCKHC Tl-rryJ1bI.
BOJlIllKllOeellue rjJalllu3Jua. B XOJ1C ncpBoi-i MI-lPOROii RoihlbI J.1TaJ1HH
BOIlLla B 6JJOK AIITLlIITbJ. 06UU1C BOCllIIblC y6bITKH HTa"lHH COCT,lIH1ml
nOllTH TpeTb cc HaUHOI-HLl]bHOro J1.0Xona. HH(I)mIlUHI, na.aeHI1C pe.Ll]b-
Hoi-i 3apa6oTI-IoH n.laTbl, a TaK)f(e pOCT 6e3pa6oH1UbI npHBeJ'IH K pe3-
KOMY CHH)f(eHHlO >KIHI-IeHI-Ioro ypOBI-I}I pa3J1H l IHbIX K.neropi-IH HaceJle-
HmJ. C rp,lHa OK,U,UIaCb Ha IIOpore .3KOHOB1lleCKOro KpIBHca. Koro-
pbli-i cra.1] npe.nBeCTHHKOM peBO!IIOUHOHHOii clnyamH1. WJIa BOJIHa
1a6aCTOBOK B KpynHbIx ropoilax. npOHCX01U1J1 3aXBaT npellnpWITI-liL a
Ha IOrc CTpaHbl - 3CMCJ1b nOMCIlU1KOB.
Pa3Max HapOJ1Horo nmDKCHHH 3aCTamu npam1TCJ1bCTBO noi-iTH Ha
YCTynKH. DblJ10 06cwaJlo nOBbIWCBHC 3apa60TJloii nJlaTbl H YCTaBOB.HC-
IHIC JX160(ICrO KOJITpOmI lIa npCJ1.npWITIHIX. npo<pCOI0311hlC Jll-11Cpbl
y6cm-lJ1H pa60 l IHx BCpll)'Tb npCfJnplHlTWI 6bIBIIIHM RJ1afJ.CJ1buaM. Ho B.'1a-
.lI.eJlbUbI. 1l06uBWHCb 3TOro B03BpalUeHmI. OTK,U,L1HCb BbIllOJII-IHTb 06e-
WaI-llHl, JU1HHbie HapOIlY.
XapaKrepHoi1 (leproi1 H r,LIMIHCKOH 3KOHOMlfKH KOHWl XIX - Ha(la-
Jia XX B. }1B.UIJIaCb BblCOKan KOHueHTpaUlH1 IIpO\-lbIWJleHI-IOrO npmUBOll-
CTBa. aKTHBHOCTb 6aHKOBCKoro Kam1TMa. Y)f(e Ha py6e)f(e XX B. B03HU-
KatOT TaKHC MOHonOJ1HCTJ-1lICCKHC 06'bCnHHCHHH. KaK «<!>I-JaT», «MOI-ITCKa-
THIIH», «n HPCJ1J1H», KOTOpblC onpcnCJ1Hm-l H onpCJ1cmlIOT pa3RHTHC
UTaJlhHIICKOi-i 3KOJlO:\H1KH. AKTI1RIlYIO pOJ1l) I1f(XUIH H TaKHC <pHllaIlCORbIC
opraIllBatUH1, KaK «DaBKO J1.H Pota», «DaIlK CmlToro nyxa» H .np.
BICCTC C TC:\I IIC 6bLla npCOnOJJCIHI OTCTIL10CTb B ccm>CKOM XOJ}Ii-i-
CTRC (lIaJll-1 l IHC Kpynllblx nO\ICUUJllbI1X X03}likTR, I-ICnOJ1bIUlHfa), 311a l lH-

392
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Te_l]bHbIC P;.13.1I1lHHI BO BCeX c(f>epax 06LHeCTBeI-lI-lO-n<mHnl l ICCKOrO H
,)KOIIOfWICCKOro pa3J1WIHH IC)!(J1Y CCRCpO1 11 JOro1 npl-fROJ1IUH B TC-
llCHI1C lWI-fTCJlbHOro npC'-ICHH KO 1HOnnf KpI13HCHbI1 HBJlCHml1.
KplHHc npenOnpeneJll-IJl aKTl1UHYIO penOIIIOUI10HHYIO 60pb6y, pOCT
llHCJIa llJIeHOB I1po<l>COI030B, YCI-1JIeHHe pOJH1 CoumUIHcnl l leCKoH nap-
nm (B 1919 r. Hcn nO_I]}'llHml OKOJ10 TpCTH rO.'10COB In61-1paTc.'1ci-i).
60JlbWOC 3Ha l lCHHC npl106pcJla nCHTCJlbHOCTb KpynHcHwcro npo<l>coI03-
HOro 06'be.J.HHeI-lmI - Bceuf11a 1bJIHCKOli KomjJepeHlI,UlI mpyda. B 1921 ro-
.lIS 'Ienoe KpblJIO COUH<UH1Cnl l lecKoH napnm 06pa30Balo HTa.lb}IHCKYIO
KOfM}'lHlcnllICCKYIO napTl-BO.
nplt1XOA 4>OWIt1CTOB 1< BAOCTIt1
C.la60cTb HTa'1b}!HCKOro roCYJ1apCTBa B npOBcncmm HM BHYTPCIIlleft
1I nHCWHci-1 nOJll-1THKH, COUHalbHbIti KpH3HC - BCC 3TO C03JlaJlO KOf-
nJleKC KOHKpCTHO-HCTopWleCKHX ycnoBHi-i, B KOTOpbIX B03HHK (1)3WH3'-1.
B 1919 roJ-ty n l\hlJIaHe 6blJIa COJ.naHa I1epmUi <l>awHc rCKml opraHlHa-
IUUI. Ee OCIlOBaTCJlCt cnLl Eellllf110 MycCD.lllJlll (1883-1945). 4 HC_I]O
qmlllHcTcKHX COI030B HallHIIaCT 6blCTpO paCTH.
D.JHI npl-lUJ1e l leHmI I-IapOlI.a Ha CBOIO CTOPOI-lY MYCCO.1HHH HCnOJlb30-
&'UI n.eMarorwleCKYIO nporpar-.-I\f}'. OI-la npOBOJr"lawa;13 m-IKBl-1llaUHIO \10-
Hapxm-l 11 OTMCHY Tl-1TynOB, YCTi.lHOn.HeHHe TBcpnoH B.laCTH H IIaUHOH;UIb-
HOro CJUHlCTRa, C03hIR Y l lpC111TcnbIIoro c06pamui. B )KOHOMWICCKOH
cq)CPC nporpa1i\m 6bwa OpHCflTl-lpomma fla YCTaIIofLlcIIHC 8- l IacOROro
pa6o l lero .nHH, nBeneHHe HMora Ha KpynHblH Kam-fTa.l, oCYlileCTB..leHHe
arpapHoH pe<l>op1\-1bl H T.n. Bo BHeWI-Iei-i I10JlI1THKe UeJIblO I1pOl paMfbI
6bIm-1 60ph6a 3a «BCJlI-IKYIO HnUHIlO», 3axnaT IlonblX TCppl1TOpHH. cDalIm-
CThI RRC.'1!1 RocmnHpORatlllYIO q)OPI}' onC)!(J1h1. llCpIIhlC py6aIlIKI1, oc06yIO
opraHH33UHOHHYIO CTPYKTyPY - .1eeUOllbl, KOlopmbl. KpoMc 3TOro. y
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HHC:\f Ha con:\ICCTHOM 3accn.aHIHI 06CI-fX mU1aT napJlaMCHTa C YlJaCTHCf
IIpCl1CTaBl-ITc_l]eH OT 06JJaCTCi-i. CpOK cro IIOJ1HOMOlIHH Ce\lb -'leT. nOJI-
HO\1O l Il1H npC3HnCI-ITa nOB01lbll0 WHpOKH. 011 Ha3Ha l JaCT nbI60pbl nap-
JJaMeHTa, \1O>KCT pacnycnfTb nap.Ja:\fCHT HIII-I Ol1HY In cro 1I<11aT noc-
pOlIHO, a nlK>KC IntCCT npaBo OLlaraTC.l blloro BCTO B OTlloIIIeIIIHf npH-
IUlTblX napJlaMCI-ITO1 3aKOHon. npC3HlI.CI-IT l-Ia3I-1a l JaCT Ha RblCWHC rocy-
.lI.apCTUeI-lI-lblC ..lOR>KHOCm, }IBJIHCTcn BCpXOBHbIM r JaBHOKO\taI-lJ-tYIOIlUf\1
noopY>KCllllbIX ClLl, 06.1aJlaCT npaRO1 nO:\tHRORaIIIHI H J1.p. AKTbI npC3H-
n.eHTa Tpc6YIOT 06}lJaTCJlbI-loi-i KOHTpaCHrI-laUUH co CTOpOHbI npeMbCp-
MHI-IHCTpa.
flpOeU11leJlbC11leO - CORCT MHIIHCTPOR ocymcCTB.l}ICT HcnO.lIlHTC.'lb-
HbIe nOJIHOlOlBUI. OHO OTueTCTueHHO nepelI. napJtaMeHTOM. npCJHnCHT
lIa311a l JaCT npC'lCC1aTCRH CORCTa MHIIHCTpOR. a no cro npCJL10>KCIIHlO -
MHHHCTpOB. nOCRe 3TOro BHOBb C<IJOpMI-lpOBaHI-Ioe npaBl-fTeJlbCTBO
.lI.O:I>KHO IIO.IY l IHTb !lOBCpl-fC 06CHX IIi.UlaT. npaBlrre_l]bCTBY :\to>KeT 6bI J"b
.lI.C.1CrHpOR<mo co CTOpOllbl nap.laMCIITa OCYll1CCTRJ1CIIHC 3aKOIIO'laTC}Ib-
HOtl <PYHKUIHI, HO C onpenCJleHHbI1I1 orpaHWICHlHlMU H B lIpeJBbIlJai1-
IIbIX 06CTmITCnbCTBax.
Bc}! cYilc6HaH CHCTeMa n03LlanJIHCTCH BbICWHM COnCTO\f MafHCTpa-
TYpbl non npcnCCnaTCJIbCTI3O\I npC31-WCllnt pccny6JIHKH.
B KalICCTUC (l){)p:\tbI TCppHTopmuIbHoro YCTpotlcTna 6bLl B3}IT YI-II1Ta-
pH3:\f C umpOKOH aRTOIIOMI-ICH. KOIICTI-fTymI5! rJlaCHT. lITO pccny6J1HKa
e;U-IHa H l-Ie,'lelJ1:\.1a. OHa neJIHTCSI Ha 06JlaCTl-f, npOBl-1HUIH1 H KOMMYI-Ibl.
Bcc 3TH no.ll-fnIKO-a,'l:\HfIIHCTpanmllbIC C11HlHI1hI R ToH HJIH 1,1II0B fCpC
06JIMatOT aBTOI-lO1IfeiL COrJIaCHO 3aKOHY 1990 r. npOm-II-I1UHI H KOM-
MYHbI llOJI>KHbI IHICTb C1C...rYK}IllHC opraHbl: COBCT, rmmy HCIIO"IHHTC:Ib-
110M B.laCTH - :\upa R KOf\lymlx H npcHccflaTc.l}! R npoBlHIIUHIX.

398
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBewee BpeMSI
Pe<l:IbHbI1 BeCOl\l B nO"lHTJ1lICCKOi.i >KH3HH HnL1HH 06.l]aJ1<.lCT KaTO-
nWICCKaH UCpKORh. COr"laCIIO KOIICTl-nyum-1 rocynapcTRO H KaTO.I]WIC-
CKml UCpKOBb npl-lMCHHTCnbHO K CnOCMY C06CTBCHHOMY YCTpoikTny HC-
3anHCHMbi H cyuepeHHbl. OTHOWeHIHI Me>K1lY HHl\IH pelYJHIPYIOTCH J/a-
mepaHCKIUtli COl.,WllIemlfUtli. 3nl COrJlaWCHIHI 6bIJIH 3<lKJIIOlleHbl B
1929 r. H 06110BJICIIhi B ccpcrUlIIe 1980-x. 3ml l lcIIHC KaTOJHl l lCCKOH
ucpKnH YCHmmaCTCH TCM 06CTOHTcJlbcTnoM, tlTO 90% HaccnCHHH HTa-
J1IHI HCnOUe,'lYIOT KaTOJIHUHJl\-I. B opraHH3aUl-IOHHOt n.l]aHe plHICKO-
KaTOJHl l leCK.HI uepKOBb pa3,'lC:IeH3 B HntnHH Ha apXI-Icm-ICKOIICTBa.
KOIICTHT)IIUm nplBllaCT 3a IICKaTOJIl-flICCKHMH KOII)CCCIHIMH npaBO
C03namlTh CROll OpralllBaIUH1 COLlaCIIO C06CTnCllllhl1 ycnma:\t, CCm-l
OHH I-IC nponmOpetIaT HTaTJbHHCKm.lY npaUOnOpRilKY.
B 06lUeCTBeHHOH )l(H3HH CTpaHbl Ba>KHOe MeCTO JaHHM.VIH nOJIHTH-
lICCKHC napnHI. CatbI:\tH :\taCCOBbI:\tH 1-13 I-IHX JWHTeJ1bIlOC BpC:\UI }!I1JUI-
nHCb XpllCmllaIlCKO-OeJ'WKpal1ll1l.feCKaR napl1111R (x.un) 11 I1maJlbflllCKafl
KO..H.UYlIllCI1111 l leCKaR IWpl1ll1R (H Kn).
X,Lln 1I0:IbJyeTcH II01l.Llep>KKoi KaTOJIWleCKOH uepKBH H BHyrpeHHe
HHKOnla I-Ie 6bl']a e.lUIHOH. B ee COCntBe BCCnla CYlUeCrBOB<VIH J1eBhIe,
npaBhlC H IlCIITpHCTCKHC rpynmlpOBKH. H Kn Om11XlJ1aCh rnamlblt 06-
pa30\1 IIa pa60 l H1x, non cc Il.TJHHIIHC:\1 lIaxom-L1CH U Kpynuci-iwuH npo)-
COIOJ CTpaHbl BCeOUlI«(JJ1 ul11a lbJfHCKW{ KOHlpeOep(Jl{WI mpy()a. H Kn B
1991 r. paCKOJIOJlaCb Ha .D.e.HoKpa/llllllecKYIO JWPI11UIO .1e(fbIX Clil canJlC),
B3}IBWyIO KYpC Ha TpalU1UHOHI-IhIe I-W,e.UlbI COUHC:UI-J-teMOKpanm, H I-Ia
flapmmo KOJ'U1YIIUCI11l1I.feCKOIO npeo6pa30eallllfl. B nocncmmc ro.nbl n OT-
BCT Ha PC3KYlO aKTHBl13aUHIO npaBblX CH1 3TH nBC napntH C03.nam-1 WI-l-
POKYIO KO<LI HUH 10 JleBOueH rpHC rCKHX CI-LI. OCI-IOBaH H.UI B 1892 r.
H/lla;llJJIHCKaR COl{IHUIIC/llUlleCKaR JWp/llllR (HCn) OIHlpaeTC}I Ha Cpe..lHHe
cnOl1 UaCCJICIIHH, BbIcTynacT 3a rpa>K11.aIlCKHC npana lIacenCHlHI, 3a cno-
60.ny H COUl1aJlbHYIO cnpaBCnJH1BOCTb. H/lla,lbRllcKafl COl{UaJl-oeJHoKpa-
11111 I leCK(lJf J1apmWI (HCnn), 06paJOBaHI-Imi B 1969 r., 3aHHMaeT 60nee
IIpaBbIe II03HUHH H TeCHO cmpy...rHI-l l laeT C xun.
HaJIl-flJl.1c npoTi-mopc t H1ii BO IBL']}1,1aX pa3HbIX napn-IH BJICllCT 3a co-
60ii pa3110rnaCIHI H R C03n.anaCMblX H1H KmL1HIUHIX. H KaK nOKa3,lJ1a
HCTOpIHl, 3TO npHBOlll-1J'0 K tIaCTblM npamnenbCTBeI-lHbl\t KpH3HCa\t H
n.a>KC K n.OCpOlIHbIM Bbl60paM u napm1MeHT.
3Tonbi p03BVln1 npoBoBoC1 CVlCTeMbl
npaBOB<U1 CHCTe:\ta COBpCMCHHOH Hnullm 6bLIa C03...raHa B IIpO-
I1CCCC C03n.am-l}! HC3aBHCIUtOro H<UUIOH<lJ1hHoro rOCYlapCTna. npo-
H30WJ,a nepepa60TKa npaBOBblX CI1CTeM OT.nenbHbIX 11TaJ'lMII-ICKHX Tep-
pH roPI-li-i B 06L1leHaUHOH.UlbHoe IIpaBO B OCHOBHOM H::t OCHOBe peuclI-

13. 1It3MeHeHHSl3anaAHoH rocYAapcTBeHHo-npcBoBoH opraHH3aHH
399
LIIH1 (J>paI-lUY3cKoro 3aKOHOJ1<lTe_l]bCTBa. <I>paHUY3cK<UI npaBoB;ul CHCTe-
Ma 6blJla anannlpoBaHa K l1TaJlbHCKIU1 HaUl-IOHa.lbHo-KYJ1bTypI-lbl1
OC06CI-IHOCnIM.
B Honci1l11cc npCM}! HHUIh5!IICKOC npano 1-13tCII}!JlOCh n:\ICCTC C 1",13-
BHTHCM rocynapcTBa. YCTaHOBJ1CI-IHC <1>aUJl1CTCKOH .nHKTaTypbI B 20-c ro-
.lI.bl XX B. npl1BeJIO K pallHKaJlbI-lbl1 H3leHeHIHIM, rJlLlBHbIf 06pa30M B
yroJIOnHOM npaBc H cy.aonpm13Bo.ncTnc. JII16cpa lbHblC no cym Y20-
J1()(fHlJ/li u Y20J1O(fHO-llPOI{eCCYlU1JHblli Ko()eKcbl, llcikTBoBaBwHe B lIepHoll
KOliCTHTYUHOilIIOi1 MOllapxlHf, C npHxonO1 (JmulHcTcKOH fll1KHlTyphl
YCTYmfJ1l1 ICCTO yroJl0BHOMY 3aKoHo.naTCJ1bCTny, IOpunwlcCKH 3aKpcn-
JHlBWeIY TeppOpl-fC"1 HlleCKHC IC l"O,J.bl I1011aBJICI-IlHl HHaKOMbICJHlWHX.
npmICXOIll1T H3-ICHCHHC 1l0KTpHHaJlbI-lbIX OCHOB yro.TJOBl-lOH nOJ1HTlIKI1.
B 1930 rOllY 6bLIH IIpHH}lrbl pelipeCCHBHble 110 cynl Y20.106Hblli H Y20-
J106I1o-11pOl{eccya.7tJ1lblli KooeKcbl. ClhIC_1] 3T11X ncpC:\ICIl COCTmlJJ B ncpc-
xonc K y)f(CCTOlICHHIO HaKa3aHI'IH H OrpaHl-JlleHHIO npan non03pCBac-
J\IbIX Ha JalUl1TY.
B 3THX KOJICKCaX lIaWJ1H OTpa)!(CI-HIC npHlIUHnbl H l-mCTI-1TYTbl. pa3-
pa60TaHHblC laCCl-flleCKOH WKOJIOH yroJIOBHOro IIpaHa, TaKHe, KaK «(Ul-I-
1I0BIIOCTb», COOTBCTCTBHC II aK;:uaIII-Hi nDKeCTH 'lC}IIIIHI H 111". C 1pyroH
CTOpOHbl, YK HCnblTa.1] B.1HHI-IHC l-1Ta.l]bHl-lCKOH WKOJ1bl n03HTlml-13ta. B
COOTHeTC rHl-B1 C aH rpOIlOJ1 oro-co UllO. IOHlllCC KID.l HanpaBJleHHC\1 B He\1
cOnCp)!(<L1HCb -ICpbl 6C30naCIIocni B Rl1J1C J1IIIUCIHIH Cn060J1bl. KOTOpblC
npl-fMeH}lm-fCb B OTI-IOWCHHH J1I1U, npl-l3I-1aHHblX «(COUl-faJIbI-lO onaCHbl-
MH». K TaKOBbIJ\-1 OTI-IOCHJJHCb nponmHHKH TOT,UH1TapHoro pe)!(HMa,
«(lIc6J1aroHa,,1C)!(lIbIC» (T.C. aIlTHqmIllHCTbl). HllaKOMbICJ1HIUHC. DblJ1a RRC-
,J.eHa C\ICpTH<U1 KaJHb, oc06eHHO 110 IIpecTynJleHiHIM nO"IHTJ1llecKoro
xapaKTcpa (OHICIICllHa}! C 1889 r.), npCTIynlOTpClllla}! R 26 CTaThHX. 113
HHX 21 CTaTbH OTI-IOCHJJaCb K npCCTYn"lCHHHM nponm rocynapcTBa, 4 -
IIponm o6wecTBeI-lI-loi-i 6e30llacHocTH H I - nponm "Il-flIHOCTH (KB<UIH-
qHlIlHpOmUlHoc y6HikTRo). DbLTJO 3IUI l Il1Tcm,1I0 pac II 111 pc 110 npH:\ICIIC-
HI-IC nmKIHHeHI-IOH KclTOpfl-f no UC_I]OMY PSIllY npecTyn.l]cHuii. rJ1aBHbl\f
06pa30M nO.1HTWICCKHX.
rpmK1IaHCKO-npanonblc OTHOWCHHH per.TJaJ\IcHTHponal H3.aaHHbIH B
1942 r. Fpa.JlcoaHcKlili Ko()eKc. OI-l BK.IlOll,lJI B CC6}1 WHpOKHH ClleKTp
llaCTIIOnlXlRORhlX OTIIOIIICIIHH. B TO1 )!(C ro1Y 6h1J1 H311.all Fpa.>lCOQ1ICKUlI
npOl(eccya.lbHblii KodeKc.
npaBO J.1HUIMIHCKOH Pccny6m1KH OTIIOCHTC}I K pm-laIIO-rcp:\HlHcKOH
npaBonoi-i ceMbC. no _)Toli npl-flumc CHCTCta 3aKOlionaTeJlbCTBa omlpa-
erC}1 Ha IIpHHUHII HCpXOHCHcma JaKOI-la. Pa3B1HHe npaHa J.1TcUIHH xa-
paKTepluyeTC}1 11 BY:\HI OTm-lllHreJlbHbl\1H OC06CHHOCnl\lH: 3<1\ICTHbl\l
H;IIUII-IHeM (ppaHUYJCKoro JaKOHOmUe_l]bCTBa, MHOrl1e flO.TIO)J(CHlHl 1-1

400
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBeHwee BpeMSI
K)pHJUI4eCK.UI (I)Opla KOTOpbIX 6bIJH1 J.H11\tCTBOBaI-lbI, H BbICOKOI.J CTa-
61-1JIbI-lOCTbK) !lpHI-IUHIIOB H HI-ICTH I)'TOB.
I1T,VIMII-ICKH1\I K)PHCHlt YJ-l.Ll0Cb I-IaM nI .11lCKBaTI-IYK) IIpaBOBYK)
<POpfY, n03BOJUlIOWYlO I-IaH60JIee TOllI-lO perJI<1MeI-lrJ.lpOlmrb peaJlbI-lO
CJIO)l{I-IBWHeC}1 TOBapI-lO-lleI-le)l{I-Ible ori-ioweI-lI-U1. rm1BI-Iblt 06pa30t :no
...IOCTHraCTCH 3a CIICT TOro, liTO rpa:>K1laI-lCKO-npaI30130C 3aKOI-lOlIaTCJ1bCTI30
COllCp)f(l-1T JIHWb 06lllHC HOpMbl, liTO llCJIaCT cro cTa6H.'IbI-lbl1. npH 3TO1
B0311UKalOWHC np06CJIbI 13 C(CPC lJaCTlIoro npalm 0110 130cnomUICT C
n01\l0lllhi0 H31alll-IH 3aKOIIOB (3aKOlla 0 6aIlKpOTCTBC, CTlxlxonhlX KOt-
nammx, 6allKax H T. fl.), KOIIKPCTU3HPYI0lllHX 0611UIC nOJIO)l{CIHIH. CJIC-
llYCT 3aMCTHTb, lITO npl-HllUmbl lIaCTIIOI.J C06CTBCIIIIOCTH, pblHKa, lIaC1\I-
I-Ioro TpYJ-la I-Ie CTalHLIHCb 11011 CO1I-IeI-lHe H q)aWHCrCKHM pe)l{I-Il\-101\l, lITO
JleJla':IO 3aKOI-lOmue"IbCTBO n1K)I{e cTa6H.TlbI-lbIM.
UeI-lTp,UlbI-lbIM I1I-1CnITYW\t }!BJHLIOCb np1l60 co6cm6eHHocmu. OI-lO
npeilnOJIaraJIO COOTBeTCTBue npaBOMOlIIHIM C06CTBeI-lHI1Ka 06Sl3aHI-IO-
cnl Bcex OCTaJlbI-lblX :IIIli npH3I-1aBaTb If I-Ie I-IapywaTb I-IX; onpe.aeJICI-I-
I-IOCTb 06"beKTa npal3a C06CTI3CI-II-IOCTH; npH3I-1aI-lHC 13 Ka l leCTI3C npaBO-
MOllHM C06CTBCIIIIHKa TOJlbKO TOro, lITO <pHKCHpOBaIlO 1I0pMa1\lH rpa)l{-
llallCKoro npaBa.
C TpaIlC(I)opMaJUlcJ.i rocnOJICTBYIOIIU1X npOH3BOIJ.CTBC!lIIbiX OTIIOlllC-
IHIM HIICTHTYT npaBa C06CTBCIIIIOCTH npCTCpnCBaJI InICIICmUI. 011 YT-
pa l ll1B<lJI CBOi-i a6COJ1KHl-IbII.J xapaKTCp. I1CK.1K)lH1TC.l]bHbIC npaBotOlllHI
C06CTBeI-lHI1Ka 1I0D.BeprJll1Cb cywecTBeI-lI-lbl1 OrpaI-lJ1lleI-llUIM. OI-lH Kaca-
JIHCb 3aKpe!llCI-II-IbiX 3aKOI-laMH IIpHI-IYllHTe'1bI-lOrO oPIY:>K1leI-llUl I-IeKOTO-
pblX BHllOB C06CTBCI-II-IOCni (I-Ianpl1tCp, 3e\teJIbI-loi.J).
YCJIO)f(I-IeI-II-le COUHaJ1bHO-X03HikTneHHOM )l{H3HH 06YCJ10mUH H3tC-
I-ICI-IHSI 13 06fl3ame1bC111eemlO.U npaee. OTlleJIbHble BHllbl 06SI3aTeJIbCT13 130
MI-IOrO1 I-IanOJII-IHJ1HCb I-I0l3bl1 co.acp)l{aI-lHC1. nOHBHJ1HCb I-IOl3blC I3H.abl
1l0roBOpOB, 06YCJ10BJ1CllllhIC 1-13tCIICmUIH1 B 3KOII0:\HIKC, B lJaCTIIOCTU
IIc06X01.HIOCTbI0 COBCplllCIICTBOBai II-HI , HIITCIICmlHlKalUIH 311a l l HTC.I] b-
lIoi-i lJacnl pbIHKa TOBapOB H YCJ1Yr.
Ce.ueilHo-6pa r lHbJe OIl1HOlUeHlIR pcrymlpYIOTC}I 3aKOHO.u () 6paKe
1970 r. CnCUl-HpHKa cetei-iI-loro npaBa COCTOI-1T B TOM, lITO 01-10 I-Iaxo-
WHC}I !l0J-t CI-LlbI-lbIM B"llUII-IHeM K,HOJHIllecKoi-i uepKBH. 3m 06ycJIO-
I3HJ10 3anpCT I-Ia pa3BOD.. D.onycK.uoCb IOpHJUl l lCCKH o(l)optJICI-II-IOC
pa311CJ'IbI-lOe npO)l{Hl3aI-lHC cynpyrol3. 3aKoI-l npeD.YCMaTpHl3a 1 JIHWb
I-ICCKOJlbKO CJIYltacn, KOrD.a 13 cy.uc6I-10t nOpSID.KC nOCJ1C 5-7 J1CT pa3-
D,CJ1bHOrO npO)l{lmaHliSl IO)I{CT 6blTb pa3pCillCH pa3130D.. 3aKoli 0 6paKe
1987 r. COKpanJ.TI :>TOT CpOK: 011 npH31taJI pa3J1CJlb1lOC npO)f(HBaIlHC
cynpyroB B TCllCIIHC TpCX JICT 1l0CTaTOlII-IbIl\I OCIIOBaIlHCt 1.1}1 pa3BOJla
H npellynlOTpe'I B03MO)l{I-IOCTb nOOlIepCllI-lOrO HcnOJ1I-leI-II-UI pOJU-I-
TeJlbCKHX !lpan.

13. 1It3MeHeHHSl3anaAHoH rocYAapcTBeHHo-npcBoBoH opraHH3aHH
401
TpYOO(ible ()Jl1JfOlI.leHllfl pea 'HI30BbIB.I-1HCb B nepBYK) olIcpenb I-IOpMa-
1\-11-1 KOI-lCTlHYUHOI-lI-lOro IIp.ma. KOI-lCnnyumI 1947 r. npOB03naCHJIa
npaBO I-Ia TpYll, 06paJOBaI-lHe npo<pcOIo30B, 3a6acToBKY, paBeI-lCTBO B
onJIare IpYlla MY)l{lIHI-I 11 )l{eI-lWl1I-1, 1.I.0crol1I-1ble YCJIOBlUI TpYlla Hero
cnpaBe..J..,UIBoe BOJI-Iarp.UKlleI-lI-le. B 11 raJIIUI cywecTBye r pa3BH I<HI CHC-
TCta COl(lW.lbIiOlO )aKOIIOOal11e.lbCI116a. B 1970 rOllY 6blJI npHI-IHT 3aKoI-l 0
laWI1TC cn06011bl H ;rOCTOHHCTna pa6oTHHKon.
npw CICJlC nOJH1UI l ICCKHX PC)I{I-IMoBllmI60JIcc CYWCCTnCflllblM H3-
MCflCfH1SI-1 nOlJ.ncpraJH1Cb Yi?OJ106110e H Yi?OJ106110-npOl{eccya.lblloe npaeo,
nOCKO.1bKY HICllflO OflO rapallnlpYCT UlncpCChI rocnonCTnYIOIIU1X
rpynn. CnCp)l{CfHlC pC)t(J-IMa MYCCOJ1l.1fH1 OTKpbL10 n)'Tb K J1I.I6cp<L1Iua-
UlUI yroJIOBI-IOro 3<lKOI-lO,J.aTe"IbCTB,1. YK 1930 rolla 6blJI pa1ll1Ka:IbI-lO
nepepa60T<1I-1 B lleMOKparWleCKOM llyxe. 1-13 I-Iero 6bLIH H3MtrbI 1I0JIO)l{e-
HIUI, I-IOC}lllUle OTKpOBeI-lI-lO I1lleOJIOrWlecKHii H penpeCCHBI-Iblli xapaK-
Tep, 0T\1eI-leI-la CMepTI-IaH KaJI-Ib. KpoMe TOro, YK llonO.1I-1eI-l cneUHa.l]b-
Hbl\tH 3aKOI-latH n COOTBeTCTBl1l1 C Tpe6oBaI-lmiMII BpeMeI-ll1, C1\HIPlaIO-
WHIH I-IaKa3aI-lHC 3<l OTile.lbI-lbIC 13I1Ilbi npal3oI-lapyweI-lHH. TaK, 3aKoli
1974 r. pacIIIHpl-IJI npana CYllbH fla nlHPICIIHC lIaKa3aIlHH, a 3aKoli
1981 r. 3aMCflHJI yrOJIOI3f1YIO OTI3CTCTI3CIIIIOCTb, npC'lYCI\-I<1Tpl-1BmOUlYIO
JUIIIICIIHC cn060nbl 3a onpC.lJ.CJICllllblC Bl-Wbi npaBollapYIIICInIil, aJnUlIIH-
cTpaTHBlfoH.
B 70-90-e roflbI XX n. n nCpHO.IJ. pOCTa opraHIHOBaHi-foi1 npeCTyn-
HOCTH. I-Iap}l;ry C JIH6epaJH1JaUl1ei-i yrOJIOBI-Ioro JaKOHO.lI.,UeJIbCTBa, npe-
D.YCM.nplwamICb Y)I(eCTOlleI-lHe I-IaKa3aI-lIHI H OrpaI-lJ-1lleI-lHe npoueccy-
alJbI-lblX npaB ..J..,lSI Yl!aCTI-IHKOB npecTynI-lblx co06weCTB H TeppOpHCTl-llle-
CKI1X rpynmlp0l30K, paCWl1peI-II-le npal3 nOJIHUHH n 60pb6e C \ta<IHlei1.
Cy;rc6I-1aSl CHCTeMa 13 ncpHo;r KOI-lCTHTYUl1OI-II-IOi1 :\10 I-Iapx lH I COCTOH-
J1<1 H3 lHpOBbiX cYllci-i, npCTOpOI3, H13..1H13WHXCH OJlliOBpCICHI-IO H c.l]en.o-
m1TcmlHI H 06mIIH1TcmIMH, KOTOpblC nO.IJ.llHmL1HCb KOpOJICBCKO:\IY
npOKYpopy, npOKYPOpy 06.'IaCTllbIX Tp116YII<L10B, pacnmTpHBamlHIX llCJIa
C YlIacnIe1 npHC}I)I{l-IbIX 3aCCflaTe.1cH. anC.1.I]}IIlHOIIIIoro cyna. Kacc..lL1I1-
oI-lI-loro cy.rw H BepxOImoro CYJJa.
C npHXOllO1 (l>aWHCTOB K BJlaCTH I-Ia feC"rax 6bllH COJl1<lI-lbl cWC no-
JlHucikKHe rpH6YI-I,LlbI. CYllI-1BWHe Ja npmlBJIeI-llH1 aI-lHl{l>aWHCTCKHX I-Ia-
CTpoeI-lHi-i. B 1931 ron.y CYLI. npHCSl)I{I-IblX 6blJI 3afeI-leI-l cyoou llle(/)(jJeIl06
(CYllbH H nHTb we<I>(I)cI-IoB). Wc(I>(I>cI-Ibl no.a61-1PaJIHCb H3 I-IllilC)I{I-IbIX llH-
HOnI-lHKOn, )'TnCp)I(J.aJlHCb MHI-II-ICTpml IOCTHUlUI. Ha npC;rnapl-1Tc.lbI-lO1
C.1CllCTBHl1 .ucikTBOIk1J1a npC3YtnUl1H I3HHOI3HOCTH. B cy.uc 06BHHSlC\lbli-i
IIC H\ICJI nOllTH fHlKaKlIX rapallTlIH cnmlx npan. H lla)f(C LlaCIlOCTb cY1c6-
1I0ro JaCCllaJlIUI 3aBHCCJIa OT npCIJ.CCJ1aTemi CYll.l. HHJUICC 3BCIIO COCT<lB-
mlJlH tHpOBbIe CYllbH - npCTopbI. KOTOpbIC 6bL1H O.llI-lOBpeMCI-II-IO H CJ1C-
llomrreTJ}ItH H 06m-II-1HTeJl}IMH.

402
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBewee BpeMSI
Ha OCI-IOBalHHI 30KOHO «0 10U{Ume ocydopcm(fG» (1927) 6bIJIH co-
w.aI-lbl llpe3I3bl ' lai-lI-1ble OpraI-lbl (l>awHcTcKoil IOpl-ICilHKUHH - «TPH6YI-I<lJI
1aUUHbi rocY.1apCrml», npocywecTBoBaBwHM !lO 1936 f. OI-l COCTml;I HJ
BbICIIIHX oclnlllcpoB apMIHI H no.1HTlJlICCKoi1 nOJ1HlUH1 H paCCMaTplm.lJI
nOJHITJ.1lleCKHe n.eJIa, paCCJIelI.yeMble «Oc060H CJIY)l(60H nO.1HTWleCKHX
paCCJlCllOmlI-lHih. Ero npHroBopbI, B TO1 'HICJIe H K CfepTI-Ioi-i Ka3I-1H.
06)1(al013aI-lHlO I-IC nO!LI]C)I(aJJH.
CYlle6I-1<U1 BeTl3b BJI<lCrI-1 B IIepHOll peclIy6'11-1KH perml\feI-l rlIpOB<l-
llaCb KOHCnfTYlUlci1 1947 r., lIaCTWIHO 3aKoHof 0 CYllOYCTpoikTBC
1941 r., a TaK)I(e rpa)J(JlaI-lCKHM, yrOJIOnHblf H alI.MHHHCTpanmHblf
3aKOI-lOlla reJl bCTBOM.
CYllc6HaH CHCTcm nOllpa3.uCJ1HJIaCb I-Ia:
I) CYllbl o6111ei1 IOpl-ICllHKWHI, B KO\flle reI-lUHIO KOropblX I3XOllHJII1
f(Xl)J(JlHIICKHC I-I yroJIOBHblC 'lCJIa
2) allHfI-lHCTpaTHI3I-1bIC CYilbl, KOTOpbIC paCCI\IaTplmaJ1H )l(aJJ06bl I-Ia
aKTbl H ;reHCTBlHI n.OJ1)KI-IOCTI-IbIX :n1U
3) DOCHllbIC TPI-f6YIIa.lbl - 1-If 6blJlH non.CYJ1l-1bl npccTynJICIIHH, co-
l3epWeI-lI-lble 130eI-lI-lOCJIY)KalllHMH I.
nCpB.UI IHICT<HIIlHH no !\-I.I-103IIalIHTCJIbHbIf rp(l)K1aIlCKH1 JJ.C.la1 B
CYllax 06wdi 10pIIClU1KUIHI - JHupoeoii cyo. MHpOl3blC CYIlbH Ha3l-1a l la-
IHCb I-Ia 4 rO,..1<1. CYila\H1 I3TopOi1 Hi-iCTaHUlH1 110 WHPOKO\IY KPYI Y I-Ie
TO.lbKO rpa)J(JlallCKHX (c CY1fOi-i HCKa no 750 TbIC. Jll-lp) , 110 H yroJIOB-
HbIX lI.e.1 (HaKaJaHHe no KOTOpblM He npel3bIWaeT Tpex 'leT mlWeI-llH1
CBo6o'lbI) }1U.l}IJIHCb opOlIHapHbJe mp1l6yua;lbl. BBeJleI-lI-lbie B 1999 r. OHH
>KC HBJIHJIHCb ancJ1J1HUHOIIHOii HllcTaHlU1cH no pCWCIIl1Hf. BbIHCCCIIHbl1
MHpOUblMH cy.uMI;"UI. TpH6YI-l.lJlbI COCTO}I III 1-13 OllI-lOro 1-IJII1 H3 Tpex cy-
lcB. B cro COCTaB BXOllLlH cynbl npucmKllblX, paCCUlTpHBaIOIIU1C CCpb-
e3Hble yrOJIOI3I-1ble npeCTynJIeHHH. Ane.,.'lSIUHOI-lHble >KaJJ06bl I-Ia npHro-
BOpbl, BbII-IeCeI-lI-lbIe 0pJll.II-1apI-lbIH1 TPH6YI-l.LlaH1. paCCMarpHmUIH al1e;l-
.Ilfll(UOllllbJe CyObl. B I-IX IOpl1C1HKIUlIO BX01Hlia TCpplHopml OilllOro cy-
!le6I-1oro oKpyra. BOJr1aBJ1SIJI CI1CTefY cy.aOI3 KacCal(1I0UHblli cyd. OI-l
06ccnc l lHB<lJI C'UHlCTBO cYJlc6110i1 npaKTHKH H pa3pCIIHLl cnopbl 0 KOl\-I-
neTel-lUlHf Me>K.ilY CYJ1aMH, a TaK>Ke Hn:IH.1CH nocJIen.Hei-i Hi-iCTaHUHei-i I-Ia
)I(,UI06b1 I-Ia nOCTaI-lOBJleI-llH1 CY.J.OB 110 rpa)l(1laI-lCKIHf H yroJIOBI-IbIf .ne-
JIaM. B HC:\-f HMC.1HCb TPH mlJlaTbi no rpa>KJlaliCKHM l1.eJla1 H TPH - no
yro;lOI3I-1bIM.
A,UHlIIlICT(XlTHBllbIC CYlbl 06pa3YloT caMOCTmlTCJIbllYIO CHCTCl\IY cy-
!lOB BO fJIaBe C Focy(}apcmeeHHbLU Co({emo.u. B K,DKlloi-i 06mlCTH (HX 20)
.neiicTBOI3a.l a.Ll\U1HHCTpanmHblii TPH6YH1. BbIClllasJ HHCTaHUl!SJ an.MH-
I MJxaee P. T. MCTOpUSI roc)''!apCTII:.l II np..'u\<'1 3apY[)C)I(HhIX CTpaH. M., 2005. C. 774.

13. 1It3MeHeHHSl3anaAHoH rocYAapcTBeHHo-npcBoBoH opraHH3aHH
403
I-II-ICTpanIlJI-loH IOCTHUlHI - rOCYJl<lpCTneI-lI-lbIi1 co neT. 3TY (I>YI-IKUHIO
BblHOJIWllOT rpH ero OTlleJleI-l1-H1 C cYlle6HblMH 1I0}II-IO\tOlll-UIII1. 06wee
c06paHHe ConCTa lO)J(eT <poplymlpOnaTb npanonblC npHI-IUI-tnbl llCH-
TCJIbllOCTH allHlIIHCTIX1TlmllbIX Tp116YllaJlOB.
B 1988 ro.lly B coomeTCTBlHI C KOI-lC"I H rYWIOI-lI-lblMH IIpHI-IUHIIaH1
npaBocYlliHi H 3aWHTbI npau JIWII-IOCTH 6bI"1 npHH}IT I-IOBblH Yi!().W6HO-
npOl(eccya.lbHblli KodeKc. OH I3bweJ1HJI lme CTamm npouecca:
I) CTaIlHIO npClI.napHTCJIblloro paccJICnOnamlH, KOTopaH ocymccTn-
I]}ICTC}I Cy.aC6HOH nom-lIU1cH, npOKypOP;UU1, CJICHCTBCHHbI\HI
Cyn.bHMl1;
2) CTallHIO cYllc6I-10fO paJ6HpaTeJIbCTRa, KOfHa n.CTaJIbHO OnpCllCJIH-
CTCH CTaTYC Y l taCTlH1Kon npOIlccca, 3aKOIIIIOCTb npCJ11.ml.'ICllllhlX
.J.OK£l3aTCJlbCTn, npoucnypa 06)J(a;IOnaI-llHI npllnmopa, npoucccy-
aJlbI-lble rapaI-lTlUI 06m1WleMOMY.
KOIICmWllYl'UOIIIIO.uy cyoy no.acymlbi cnopbl 0 KOI-lCTlHYUHOI-lI-lOCTH
,.. ..
laKOlIon H H:\-ICIOIIUIX CiLlY JaKOlltl aKTOB rocynapcTBa H OOJIaCTCH;
KompmlKTbl 1\-1e)J()lY BJlaCnl\HI rocy....rapCTBa, :\fC)J(1I.Y BJJaCTH\U1 rocymlpcT-
B<l H 06JIaCTeH; 06B1-II-ICI-Iml npoHfU npe3Hn.CI-ITa I1Ta'IMII-ICKOH Pecny6-
JIHKH, nblJ1nHII)'Tblc n COOTnCTCTRlUI C Hop1\-laMH KOllcn1TYIUH1. KOIICTH-
TYIlHOHl-lbIi-i cyn. npHIII-IMaCT pcmcm-HI 0 npanoMcplloCTH nponcncm-IH
pe(l>epeI-llIYMOB, KacaIOWHXC}1 OHfCI-Ibl JaKOI-lOn.
BonpOCbl AI\ p03Mb1Wl\eHII1 it11<OHTpOI\
I. KaKoii 6bll rocyn.apcTBcIIIIbIi-i erpoH I1T<LI]J-1I-1 B IIalI,LI]C XX B.?
2. ilaHTc xapaKTcpHcnlKY MeXaI-lHJMa <pawHcTcKOH lUlKTaTYPbI Mycco-
.IIUHH.
3. OxapaKTcplnyiiTc «KopnopanWIIOC rocymlpCTBO').
4. KaK<UJ (pOpMa roCY.ilapCTI3,1 YCTaIJaBJlHB<Ll]aCb B I1Ta.11H1 KOIICTlHYUH-
eM 1947 r.?
5. OxapaKTcplnyiiTc Ina.1MIIICKYI0 CHCTC\IY npaBa. KaKoBbI cc HCTOll-
IIHKH 11 OT'IJ.tlIHTC "IbllbIC OC06cllIIocnt'?

fAOSO 14
CTpOHbl LJ.eHTpOl\bHOC1
V1 BOCTOLJHOC1 Esponbl
.o.eMOl<panlS1 _.. ocyeCTBJ1S1eTCS1 TorAa, l<orAa 6eAHS1-
I<, OAep>KaB no6eAY, Hel<OTOpblX 3 CBOX npOn1BH-
1<06 YHWHO>KaT, HbIX 3rOHflT, a OCTaI1bHbIX ypa6HfI-
lOT B rpa>KAaHCKX npaBax_._
nnamOH, ApeBHerpe4ecl<L:I <pJ10CO<p
CTOHOBl\eHV1e He30BV1CV1MbIX rocy AOpCTB
B HOBCHwee BpCMH n ueHTpc 1-1 Ha UOCTOKe Enponbi U03HI-IK.11-1 He-
JanI-lCI-IMbIC rocyn.apcTna. I1x nOHn.1CI-IHC CTaJIO CJle.rrCTI3I-1C1 pcnoJlloUI-I-
OHI-IbIX C06bITHI.J. HenocpCllCTBCI-IHO ClUI3aHI-IbIX C nepBoi-i MHPOBOI.J
BoflI-lof; 11 paClIallOM ABC rpo- BeI-lrepCKof; H1\mepm-1. B oKTH6pe 1918 r.
COCTOHJIOCb np01303r.rIaWeI-lHe 4eXOCJI013aUKOii Pccny6J1HKH. B I-ICC 130-
lillII-I Ycxml, C'IOBaKHH, llaCTb CCJlC3HH, laKapnaTcKa5! YKpmma. TaK)/(C
B oKnl6pe :noro rolla cepobl, XOp(Wml" H c 106eHl(bl 3<U1B1U1I1 0 C03JlaI-lIHI
cl3oero KopO.l]eBCTl3a. HOBasl IOI-IapXIHI I-IaJbIBa l]aCb KopoJle6Cl1160 cep6oe.
xopeamoe U CJlOeelll(ee. Ol-la OCHOBbIBaJlaCb l-fa HllCC nomITWICCKoro
COl03a 10)/(Hb1X CJlamlll. 2 II ml6p}1 1918 r. npOB03LlaCHJla IIC3am-lCIH-10CTb
BeHzpuR.
PacnalI. InmcplUl nOCTaBl1J1 l3onpoc 0 cYD.b6c MOI-lapXHH H n caMoi-i
AnCTpm-1. RlacTb 13 CTpallC ncpCWJla B PYKH BpCICHlloro HaUHOHaJ1bJlO-
ro c06paI-lmI H rocYilapCTneI-lHoro COBenl. BpcleI-lI-loe I-IaWIOI-la-IbI-lOe
C06p;.lI-IHe y"paJilI-lI-fTlO MOI-lapXmo H IIpOBOJrJlaClLIO A6CI11pWO lle\IOKpa-
TWICCKOH pccny6mlKoH. 16 (I)Cl3paJ1H 1919 r. 6bIJ1H npOI3Cllel-lbl I3bl6opbI
B YlIpcllHTeJlbHOC l-IaIlHOI-UI-lbI-lOC C06paI-fHe. On,IcmL1HCb Bce COCJ10B-
I-IbIe IIpmn1JICnm H nil YJIbl, BBOllHJH1Cb Bceo6wee In6HpaTe..'lbI-lOe IIpaBO
H 8- l laconoI.J pa60 ' lHii n.C 1-1 b, npHlIHTO nepeilonoc no TeM npeMCHaM co-
UHaJlbllOC 3aKOHOllaTCJ1hCTBO.
PCBOJIIOIUHI B BCHrpml nOHall<.UlY paJBlma.l]aCb, KaK H B ABCTplHI.
3HCCb nJIaCTb ncpcw.l]a 13 PYKII HaW-loHllilbl-loro COI3CTa. BCl-lrpl-IH 6blJIa
"pOBOJljlaWeI-la pec lIy6J11-1 Koi--i. OllI-laKO B OTJll-l l llte or ABcrplul B BeI-lr-
PIUI 6blJIO OL1bllO BJlIHIIIHC KO\-IMymlCTI-l l ICCKOI.J napnm. B OCHonIIO1
COCTOHlllCH 1-13 I3cpHynwlIxcH 1-13 Poccm-1 nOCHI-IOnJ1CHl-lbIX nCl-lrpon.
KOI\-I MYI-I HCTbI npH3B<L1H K COUl-1<.l.JlI-ICTW-ICCKOi.i pCBOJIK)UHH H I-IalJ<.L1H
aKTHI3HYIO pa60TY no pncWHpcmuo CBOCro BJ1I-1Hmm B COI3CTaX, C03.ua-

14. CTPCHbl UeHTpcJ\bHOH H BOCTO'fHOH EBponbl
405
BaetbIX no BCei-i CTp.UIC. PeLllaK)WHi-i nepeBcc KYpCY Ha COUI1..UIHcnl l le-
CKYIO peBOJIIOUHIO HaJJa, KaK :no I-IlI napallOKcalbI-lO. nO.'IHTHKa BCJ1I1KHX
llep)f{aB, B Y'lbnntaHIBI-IOH (I)opl\le lIorpe60mlBwHx OT lIo6e)f(1leI-lI-lOH
BCllrplHI oCBo6o)J(J1CIIHH TCppl-ITOpHH, npcllIJa311a l lcllllhlX ncpcHnl K cc
COCellH:\-1 - PYJ\llJlHllli H llexocJw(WKlili. 3TO cnoco6cTBOBaJIO CnJIOlleI-lHIO
BCllrcpcKoro IIapon.a non. PYKOBOflCTBO1 JICBblX CHJI.
Oco6eI-lI-lOCTblO npoucccOB <!>OPMHPOBaI-IHH I-IoBoi-j rocY1J.apCTBCI-II-IO-
cnl B BOCTOlII-lO- H UCHTPaJJbI-lO-CBpOnCHcKHX CTpaJ-tax 6blJIO TO, liTO
HOBblC rocYllapCTBa <t>opH1ponaJJHCb lIa nOlIBC aBTOpl-ITapllblX PC)f{HMOB
mpex 1I.uneplil/: ABCTpo-BcHrcpCKoii, rCptaHCKOii H PoccHi1cKOii. 311CCb
He YTBCpDJIJlaCb, KaK B 3anam-fOi-i Euponc, .lH6ep..uIbIlO- leIOKpaTl-flle-
CK..UI HlleOJIOrlHI, I-Ie CJIO)f{lUaCb YCT()i-ilmmuI lIapnli.iI-l<UI CHCTeM,L 3m
I-IenOCpeilCTBeI-lI-lO CKa3aJIOCb I-Ia TOM, liTO B :HHX CTp:.1I-1aX BnOCJIellCTnHH
B03HHK.1H aUTOpl-ITapi-ibIe HJIl1 uoeHHo-aUTopl1TapHble pe)l(I-IMbI, npocy-
wecruoB:.1BWHe UlLIOTb 110 Bropoi-j H1pOBoil UOi-iI-lbl.
Bo BI-IOBb 06paJOBaI-lI-lbiX CTpaI-l:.1X CTaJIH c0311aBaTbCH KOHCTI-ITymm.
T aK, n COOTnCTCTBlU1 C BpeJuelillOl/ KOIICf1lllmYl<lIel/ lfexoc.106aKlIli (1918)
llciicTBoBa.l BhICllHlH 3aKOHOilaTCJIhHblH opraH - HaUl-IOI-Ia.l]bIlOC c06-
paIHIC, YTuCp)f{)l<umCb maBa rocyn.apCTua - npC3HflCIIT. npaBl-1TCJIbCTBO.
Bnoc.'Ie.aCTBlHI 6h!.'I YllpC)f{llCII BCPXOBllbIi-i CYil. BbICIlIHii aUHH-fHCTpa-
nI BI-I bI i-i CYlI..
KOI-lcTlnyumI 18 HK)I-I}I 1921 r. Kopo':IencTBa cep60B. xopBaTOB H
CJIOBeI-lueB YIIP,UJ.lI-lHJIa IIpe)l(I-IHe IIpOBI1I-1UHH H peOpnlI-lHJOB.ua alll\lH-
HHCTpanfBI-IOe lleJleI-lHe 110 (ppaI-lUYJCKOMY 06paJUY, p:.1JlleJIHU CTpaI-lY I-I<l
llenapTafCI-ITbI 11 oKpyra. YI-IlnapI-lbli-j nOllXOll 6blJI BblrOlI.eH CCp6a\f, liTO
060CTplUO I-I:.1UHOI-laJIbHbIC nponmOpCllIHI. B 1929 rOilY crnc 60ncc npo-
}IBHJIaCb OpHCI-ITamIH I-m C03.amIHC rocy.r:wpCTBa-l-mWIH: KOpOJICBCTBO
CTa.l0 IOrocnaBlIci-j C anToplnapllbIt pC)f{ln10t.
n06C1I<1 OKTH6pbCKOii PCBO.TIIOIUUf C03H,Lla npCllnOCblJIKH 1L1H IIC3a-
mICI1IOCTH nOJlblllll. B COOTUCTCTIUH1 C npOB03r'IaIIICHHbl:\-1 B POCCHI-1
IIpaBOM I-IapOHOB Ha ca100IIpeJ.leJleI-lHe nOJlbwa 06"MIBH':Ia 0 C03ilaI-lIHI
I-IeJaBHclutOii nO':IbCKOii PeclIy6.1HKH.
BOJpO)f(1leI-lHe no UJCK020 2ocy(}apcl1lea 6blJIO JaKOI-lOmHeJIbI-lO 3a-
KpeIIJleI-lO B T:.1K I-I.UblB:.1eIOH Ma.u)l/ KOHCl1l1ll11Yl(1I1i (1919). B coorueT-
CTUHH C He" BJIdCTb KOHueHTpHpOBalaCb B PYKClX Yl,pemlTeJIbHoro
ccihm. 3aTCM TaK l-Ia3blBaclOij Mapf1106CKOl/ KOIICl11l1111Yl(Ueli (1921)
YTBCp)f{.aaJICH npmllU1n npc lCTa mlTCJI bllOi.i ItCMOKpanm, pa311CJICIl HH
BCTBdj BJlaCTH. 3aKoilOnaTCJIbHaH BJIaCTh BBCp}IJIaCh nByxnaJIaTHOMY
na("maMcllry, COCTOHBIlICty H3 ccihm H CCllaTa, BB01H.I]C}! nOCT npC3H-
llCIlTa pccny6mlKH.
HOBbIC KOIICTI1T)'1l1101lIlbIC 3aKOllbI EOJlrapHH, IOroCJI<lBIHI, PYfbI-
I-II-Hi BI-IeCJIH neMOKpa rWleCKHe IH\leI-leI-lml rJlaBI-Ibll\l 06paJOM B In6Hpa-

406
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBewee BpeMSI
TeJ1bI-lOC npaBO. npOB03LlaCI-IJIH P}lll }1etOKpaTlllIeCKHX npaB H CBo60,Il..
I-IO COXpaI-ll-1JlH MOI-lapXHllecKYK) (I>OpfY IIpaBJICI-IIHI.
M 1-lpOlmH 3KOI-lOtWlecKHH KpHJHC 1929-1933 IT. CIIoc06c rBOlm.'I
yr.ly6JICI-IHK> nOJIl-ITH'-IeCKOI.J I-IecTa6wIbI-lOCTH, BbIXOll 1-13 KOTOPOi-i
npalH-fTCJIH CTpaH pCnlOl-Ia BHlI.CJIH n CBcpTbIBam-m D.C\lOKpaTlPICCKHX
rocy.aapCTI3CI-II-IO-npaI30I3bIX HI-ICTHTYTOI3. 13 Y)l(CCTOIICI-IIHI nO.1HTWIC-
CKHX pe)l{HMOB. Ye rKO Ha1\!e B1JlaCb reI-llleI-lUlUI Kpl-l3HCa lIapJH1MCI-I ra-
pl13ta, BMeWaTeJIbCTml rOCYllapCTBa BO BCC C(I>CpbI nOJIHTlfllecKoi-i
)l(113I1H, OTK.13a OT OCIIOBllblX npaB H cB060J1. B KOIIClJIIOM CllCTC :no
npl-113CJ10 K YCTaI-lOBJICHHlO al3TOpl-1Tapl-lbIX pC)I{lUlOn 13 50;uapllll, 1010-
c.wellll, BeHlplili. JaKpen.I]CI-IHIO aBTOpl-1Tapl-lblX npHI-IUHnOB II HI-ICTH-
TYTOB BO BI-IOBb npl-II-1}ITbIX KOI-lCTHTYUIHIX nOJIbWH (1935), PYMbII-IHH
(1938) H 1pynlx CTpall.
Bo npCfH noi111b1 CTpallbl UCIITpa.lbIlOi1 H BocTOllHoi-i EBponbl OKa-
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14. CTPCHbl UeHTpcJ\bHOH H BOCTO'fHOH EBponbl
407
p.UlCb I-Ia I-Iero, cra.1H calOi1 BJIIUlreJlbI-loi.1 lIo.,IIHwlecKoi-i CI1Jloi-L KOM-
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408
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBewee BpeMSI
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npOB03LlaUleI-lHC 4eXOCJIOBaKHeii B 1968 r. Kypca I-Ia 1l0C1e;rOBaTe:Ib-
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14. CTPCHbl UeHTpcJ\bHOH H BOCTO'fHOH EBponbl
409
6ep}I I-Ia BoopY)J(eI-lI-le JamlllI-lbIe o6pa3UbI rocYllapCTBeI-lI-fOCTH. B
1991 n>J1Y BOCTOlII-IOeBponei-icKHc CTpaI-lbI nO,lnHCaJHf COcJll11lleHlIfl c Eff-
pOCOIOJOJ\!. B 1994ron.y OHH I3cTym1JIH 13 nporpaIr\-IY «napTHCpCTI30 130
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412
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PYCCKOC, rCp\taIIcKOC, aBCTpHikKOC npaBO. I1nlK. B CTIXlIIaX J1.aIIIIbIX
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Bccro TpYJ1.0BOrO IIapO'I.a.
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. cnoco6HoCTb npmm OKa3bmaTb 06paTHoc B03J1.Ci-iCTBHC Ha pa3B11-
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HbIi1 CMbICJ1, H60 Ham1 t 1l1C Y Macc onpCilCJlCHHLIX 3J1CMCHTOB npaBOBoH
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OCTpO Kpl-ITHKY}I 6YP)J(ya3110c npaBO, npaBmUHC PC)J(IUlb1. B CTpmlaX
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BC}IKoro npaBa Bo06we. PelIb W.lla 06 OTMCHe H npH3Htll-lHH He!lcikTBH-
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3TOT ncpcBopOT B npaBoRofi )J(H3IHI RhlcTymUl IIC KaK npOCTOC OTPHIta-
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Ce6}I HeKOTopbIe CTapble npaBOBbIe (I>OpMbl, KOTopbIe HcnOJlb30B<L1HCb B

14. CTPOHbl UeHTpoJ\bHO H BOCTO"HO EBponbl
413
HI-ITCpCCax COLUI:'UIl-fCTI-llICCKoro o6wccTna. C;l(})J(I1BWHCC}1 JJ.CloKp:.nH-
llCCKHC Tpa1U1UIH-f 6blJIH nOCTal3J1CI-Ibl Ha CJ1Y)J(6y HOBOro CTpml.
B oOJIraplHf Jlei1cTInlC IIpc)J(Hero JaKOHOllaTCJlbCTBa cp.ny IIOJIHO-
CThIO 6h1JIO OTMCIICIIO. B 3aKOIIC oonrapcKoro HapoJ1llOro C06palllHI OT
9 Hml6pH 1951 r. « 06 0I11.\teHe Beex .JaKOHOB, U3()OHHbIX do 9 CeHll1J/6pJI
1944 v> rOBOpHJIOCb, liTO onfCWIIOTCH KaK npon-fUOpC l tallU1C KOIlCHI-
TYl.I.HH H YCTaHOnJICHHm-fY n 60JlrapHH COl.l.HalHCTWICCKOfY 3aKOHo.n.a-
rCJIbcmy I-f CllH nuorcn HCllcikTBI1 rCjlbHblH1 BCC l1JllaHHble DO 9 CCH-
TH6p}1 1944 r. 3aKOllbl H fJ.pymc II0pMaTHBllhiC aKTbl.
B J-lpynfx CIpaHax CTapoc JaKOHOJ-laTCJIbCTBO HCnO]IbJOUa IOCb, HO
JIHllIb n Toi-i :\-fCpC, B KaKoi1 OHO COOTBCTCTBOB:.UlO HOBbIM 3:'l]1.a l taI\-I.
BJlaCTb HC OTKa3bIl3aJIaCb OT HcnO.'lb30Bat-IHH HCKOTOpblX CTapblX 3aKO-
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THnllblX aKTOB DOBOCIIlIoro BpCfCIH1. B 4CXOCJIOBaKHI1 Bn.I]OTb JIO
1950 r. HCnOJIbJOU:.tJ1HCb HOpMbl CTapblX ancTpo-ncHrcpcKl1X yroJl0nHbiX
YJIO)J(CHHl1. B BCI-IrplHI BnJlOTb 110 1951 r. npHMemIJIHCb HopMaTHBHO-
npanOBblC aKTbl KOHua XIX n. HOp1bl CTaporo npaBa l-fcnOJlb30naJIHCb
HC \fCXaHWICCKI-I: <popMa OCTanaJIaCb cTapoi1, COilcp)J(aHHC 6b1JIO HOBbIM.
11 :;ITO 61.1110 rmmllblf.
npll\ICHCHHC cTaporo npaBa 6bl.'10 !lOnYlllcHo 11 B TOf, liTO Kaca-
}IOCb Hl\IYlUCCTBCHHbIX H HeKOTopblX .1pyrl1x IIpaBOOTHOWeHl1l1, I-IO C
TCHf «nonpaBKaMH,>, KOTOpblC 6bi.TH! BIICCCHbl B CTapoc npaBO I10BbI1
'JaKO HO!laTC.l bCTBOf.
no ICpC TOro KaK 3:.mcpW,LI]C}1 CJIOf cTaporo rOCYJ1.apCTBCIIlIoro an-
napaTa. C npH06pCTCHHC\1 onbITa B ynpa13.1cHIHI roCY!lapCTBOM. C nmm-
JICHlleM KallpOB IOpHCTOB, I-IaKOIIJICHHe\1 OIIbITa B 06mlCTl1 CY!le6Hoi.i
lC}!TCJIhIlOCTH CTapblC 3aKOIlhi cnUlH BOBCC HCKJIlOlIaTbCH 1-13 npaBoBoi.f
)l(1-13HH. B 1950 ro.uy HOBbIii Fpa.)/ciJaHcKltil KoiJeKc npHHI1\taCTCH B llexo-
C1060KUU, B 1959 r. - B Bellpuu. B EOJuapuu, flo.lbllle H J1.pyrHx CTpa-
Hax 13 50-x rollax nOHBJlHIOTCH KOilCKCbl ce.ueilHot?o npaea. nmIl3HJlocb
HOBOC cCMei1 Ho-6pa l lHoe mKOHOmHCJI bCTBO.
B floJlbllle, IIanpHMCp, llCKpCTOM 1946 r., H31mlllhl1 n01 lIa3BalH1C1
« 0611,ue IlOcmOl106Jlel/lIR t?paJICi)allCKOO npaea» , 6blJIO OTMeHCHO .uCHCT-
nHC IICMCUKHX H aBcTpHikKHx rpa)J(JI.aIlCKHX 3aKOHOB, patma KaK H 3a-
KOHOB cTapoH uapcKoi1 POCCIH1. B3aMcH I-IX BhID.BHraJIl-fCb 3aKOH, npll-
H}lrblii HOBOi-i illiac rblO, o6bl l lal1, eCJII-f OH H \feJI o6111eHauHoHa IbHoe
3Ifa l ICIIHC, 06mccTBcIIllblH HlfTCpCC.
OCHOBHOC nHHtaHlIC YIIC:UlJIOCb JaKOHO!laTC}IbcTBY, pcry.ll1pYlOlliCIY
npOHCCCbl HaIU1OI-I<VHf3aUIIH. npl-IHI-tM<1.,lHCb HOBbie 3aKOHbI 0 HaUHOH3-
muaum-t npO\1bIUL1CHHocnf, Tp31-1CnOpTa. AKTbl 0 HaW10HllilH3aUHH CY-
weCTBeHHblM 06paJOf CK.Ba'II1Cb Ha Bcefi COBOKY"Hocnl HMywecTBcH-

414
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HbIX npaBOOTHOllIeHHi-i. Ho MI-IOroC npOllOJDIG.UIO perYJII-lpOB:.lTbC}I HOp1a-
l\HI CTapOro npaBa, CClHf OHH HC npOTl1l30pC t ll-fJ1H HOBoi-; nOm1THKe.
3aKOHOllaTeJlbCTBa paCC\tarpl-fBaelbIX C"IpaH Ha IIpOrmKemm 60Jlee
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YCTaHaI3..'Uma"lH 06H3aHHOCTb TpYllI1TbCH; C 3TH\f opraHWICCKH cml3hIBa-
J10Ch npaBO Ha cnpaBCIlmmoc n03I-1ilrpa)l(llCmIC, Hil OTilhIX, laTCpHilTJb-
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IHI 6hIJ10 IlHCKpHMHHillillH n TPy.uOBbIX OTHOWCHI-IHX (no nplnltaKaf
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YCTamlrull-fB,LlaCb OnpC1CJlCHlUUI np010Jl)J(HTC.'IhllOCTb pa6o t lci-i HCllC-
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weB). TpY()O£fl>le KoOeKC1,[ 3i.U1pCW£U1H HCJaKOHHble YBo..'lhHeHI-UI, "Tpe60Ba-
Jill CIpOroro c06mollcHmi IIpaBl-fJI 6e30mlcHocTH Ha II peJ-t1lPIUIHUIX.
Oc06i.U1 pOJlb 13 3aWH re IIpaB TpY)J(eHHKoB omOJ-tILlaCh IIpml>coI03<lM.
OHH 06JJall<l.TJH 3Hatll1Te,]bHhl1H nOJ1HO\lOtIlUlII1, BK..I IO l lml npaBO Ha)l-
30pa 3il OXPilHOi-; TpYIlil, npano Ha 3aKJ1lO t ICHHC KOJ1J1CKTHBHhIX n.OroBO-
pOB, npano nplHlI-fMaTh .LlCHTC.I]LIIOe yttaCTHC n pil3pCWCI-IHH Tpy.uonblX
KOllqmHKTon.
B KOIIIlC 40-x - lIa l la.rlC 50-x ron:OB npOIIlJ10ro CTO.....CTHH 3aKOIlOlla-
TCJ1hJlml n.C}ITCJ1bHOCTb mUIL'Ia CBOC BbIpa)J(CIII-fC B uoeblX ycO.10eUbiX KooeK-
eax - i.LTJ6aHCKm1 (1948), BCHrcpCKm-f (1950), 60J1rapCKOI\-I (1951) I-f .n.p.
CO.J.ep)J(aHHe1 lIepBblX JaKOHOB, J.UIO)J(HBWHX OCHOBY )'c(UO£fHOcO
npaeG 1O_10"jbIX roCYlmpCTB, ClleJIi.UOCb, eCTecmCHHO, IIpeCJle.n.OB<lHHC
npecTynHblx 1I0C}lraTeJlbCTB Ha H0I3bli1 nO.IHTWIeCKI-ffi pe)J(HM: nOJIbCKHi1
laKOH «06 OXp(lHe locydapcfllell» (1944), 6oJlrapcKI-li1 - «0 JllU{lmze Ha-
POdHOli 8.WCI11U» (1945) H .J.p. B Hepa3pblBHoi-i CmI3H C I-IH\Hf HaXO"j}ITCH
H Te 3aKOHhl, KOTOphlC npCCJ1cn.OBa"lH BHHOBHHKOB pa3BH3hIBilHI-fH BoHHbl,
JlCMCIlKHX nOC061HIKOB: 6oJ1rapcKHi-i - «0 npei)altlllJ uapoouG.\lY eyoy eu-
uoeUUKoe eoe,1e t telllJR EG.liYljJllll e .\lupoeylO 80llUY npomlle eOlO3UliK08 U 3a
3> IOOeRltliR , eoeepmell/tble eo (peJ'1R 80lIUbi» (1944); PY1bIllCKHfi - «0 npe-
e1eOO(UlJllili li HaKa3aJllili eoellllbiX npecmYI1l11JKO( U J1UI{, eWlOellblX e npe-
emynlelluu /lpomll( J\lupa li tte.lO(ettecm(w» (1945) H IIp. TaKHM 06pa3o:\-I,
HOBbIC 3aKOHhi Hl\-Ie.IH cBoefi UC'lblO IIpec leJ-tOBaHHe rex, KTO IIponmH..'I-
C}I HOBblM coumumCTWleCKHl\.1 pe<t>optaM, a TaK)I(C Bcex TCX, KTO co-
Tpy.aHWlaJI C HeMeUKHMH <1>awHCTa\1H.
Oc060e ICCTO n CHCTCMe yr0J10I3HhIX 3aKOHOB 3aWIJ10 npCCJ1CilOBa-
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cnCKYJ1}!WHI, TaK Ha3LmilClOH llCpHOH ToprOnJ1I.L Hanplulcp, tICXOCJIO-
BaUKHi1 3aKOJI «0 npec.leooBamlU «ttepJloi./ mop2oB.W» li noiJoi5J1blX oellcm-
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BHHOBHOro JII-ma, HO Ii ero nepeBOCIlI-ITaI-llle, yrOTIOBHoe IIp.mo n.onyc-

14. CTPOHbl UeHTpoJ\bHO H BOCTO"HO EBponbl
415
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416
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14. CTPOHbl UeHTpoJ\bHO H BOCTO"HO EBponbl
417
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cTpaliax BOCTOlIIloH 11 UCIITpa.I]bIfOH EBponbI'?
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fAOSO 15
fOCYAOPCTBO VI npOBO
COBpeMeHHoro BOCTOI<O:
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15. rOCYAOpCTBO H npOBO COBpeMeHHoro BOCTOKO
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YllpC:>tmCIBUI pacn)'mCllbl. H1m1Tapl-1CTCKHC opraIHnalUH1 3anpcmCllbl,
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napTl-m H npoq>COI03bl.
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B I-IOBOrollI-lC\f 06palllCI-IHH K I-IapDilY H!\InCpaTOp ny6.lwlI-IO OTpeKC}1 OT
Cllocro «6mKccTBcHHoro npOHCXO)J(1lCHI-!H». DbIJ10 OTMCI-ICI-IO «topaJlbI-lOC
nocmnaHHC» n llYXC «HMncpaTopcKoro nYTH>) n WKO.lax. B1CCTC C TCM
HMncpaTOp OCTanaJlCH n.YXOBlILI\1 rJ1anoli rocYllapcTBa.
nap.lafcIIT npUll5!J1 1108)'10 KOIICI11WnYI{1II0 (BcTymlJ1a B 1cikTBHC n
1947 r.). KOTOp<U1 n.cikTBYCT H nOI-IbIHC. Olla npOB03rJ1aCl-tJ13 $InolBHo
.lle\IOKJXHI-l l leCKIHf rOCYJ-tapCTBO1. B 0 LlHllHC 0 r I1pe...rblll.Yllleil KOI-lCTllI y-
UHH I1pellYC\ta rpl-IB,UOCb OrpaI-lI-l l iCI-IHe I1pepora n18 wmepal11opa. OI-l
CraI-lOBH..'IC}1 J1HWb CIH180..'IOM I-IaWH!. 51I10I-lIHI cn1..'la /lap.llU-leHI11CKOli
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H.'I H3 !l(Ual11bl !lpeocmaellme.wt/ H /la.lambl coeemliliKoe. nCpna5! In6Hpa-
J1aCb I1a 4 roJJ.a. BTOpa5I - lIa 6 J1CT C ncpcln6paIlHc1 nO.'IOmfHbl COBCT-
IHIKon tlCpC3 K<DKJJ.bIC 3 roJJ.a. npe:ubep-..Hllllllcmpa - Ll(8)' HcnO.1IlH-
TCJ11>1I0i-i B;JaCTH - lIa311a l laJl HMncpaTOp, 110 011 n.OJ1)J(CII 61>1J1 nOJ1Y l IHTb
.llOBCpHe nap'IaMeHla. Bo rJ1aBe cy.ae6I-1oii BJIaCTH I-IaXOllHJIC}1 BepxoB-
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no KOIiCTlITYLUtIt 1947 r.

15. rOCYAOpCTBO H npOBO COBpeMeHHoro BOCTOKO
421
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c03.uHBaTb cyxonYTI-IblC, BOeI-lI-lO-lOpCKHe H BOCI-II-IO-BOJilYWI-IbIC CIUbl,
paBI-IO KaK II .upyrHc CpcllcTBa LUUI BenCi-ilHi BOHI-Ibl. B COOTBCTCTBHH C
KOllcHnYUHcH 6hL1 YCTaIlOBJICII nOT0J10K BOCIlIIhIX PHCXOllOB - 1% OT
8<L10Doro IIHmfOmUlblIoro npollYKTa B roll.. 3TO n03BOmfJ10 HIIBccnlpo-
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npH06pc.1H npaBo B npCllCJ1HX cBoeH KOMnCTCI-IUHH IH1IaBaTb nOCTaI-lOB-
J1CHHH. B3HMHTb I-IaJIOrH, ynpHR1HTb CBOHf HMYlllecTBO\1 H llCJ1HMII. ry-
6CpI-lHTOpLI npC(I)eKTYP. npLI ropOlI.OB H ncpenCI-ICKHC cTapocTbl llOJ])I(-
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nOCJ1CBOClllIaH nO.lIlTHKa llc:\-IOKpaTH3HIUIH OllCllb CKOpO CI\-ICIIH-
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B COOTBCTCTBHH C 3aKOUmt 0 /1lpyooeblx OI11UOWeHWIX ua 2ocyoap-
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COJ03HbIX H Tpy.uOBLIX npanax. B 1949-1950 ro.uHX npOnO.D.l-ITCH ncpDaH
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naBIlJaHC}I apCCT<IMI-t H YBOJlbIlCI-I1mm KOttYI-IIICTOB H3 JX13J1HllllbIX
CJ1 Y:>K6 , pamfO, nClJant. 3anpellleI-lHe:\1 p}I.aa nCpHOlllJlICCKI-tX 1-f3JI.aI-lHii
KoafYI-IHcnflIecKoi,i uapnHf 51110I-lHH.

422
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBewee BpeMSI
BICCTC C TCM I-IallUlOCb II (l)op:\-mpOB:.lI-lIIC nO.1HTl-flleCKoi-i CHCTC:\lbI.
B 1955 roIlY I-Ia 6a3e npaBOUCI-ITpHCTCKHX napnli-i 6bIJJa C03IIaHa J/1I6e-
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01111011 napTHcH C1'Ula COI(II01liCmll L leCKGR /lGpmUR f!/lOIIUU (cn$l). EblJIO
nOCCTaI-lOBJ1CI-IO elI.H I-ICTnO KO.1Ut)'1IlIC/11l1 1 IeCKOli /lap/1ll1l1.
B II OJ 111 rl-llICCKOH CHCTC\le KJIJOllCBYIO pOJlb Hrp.UIH qH-fI-laI-lCOBbIC
n03\1O)J(1I0CTI1 11 H6cp,UbIl0-1C:\IOKJXlTI-flICCKOii napnm KaK npaBmllci-f
napnnf. non. .10JYI-Ira:\H1 XOJ}IikmeHI-Ioro pa:munm IIpOBHI-IUl-li-i npaBl-I-
TCJlbC1'BO BbIHcmICT cpcnCTBa MCCTllblM opraI-laM B.laCTH. nOJ"LTICJl)KH-
BaJOlllHM KaHIUwaTOB OT 11D.n. BCn.YlllIIC <1>YHKUlfOHCPbl napnm BMCCTC
C BblClllHMH llHI-IOBI-IHKaMII rOCYJlapCTBCI-II-IOro aIlIIapara, a raK)J(C IIpCll-
CTaBHTC:IHm Kpynlloro 6l1Jllcca npCfJ.CTaBJ1}II0T co60H KpcnKO cmnall-
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rocynapcTBeI-lI-lmI fwaCTb B CTpaHe. CaM npeMbCp-MIII-IHCTp JIIHIlCI-I B03-
MO)l(HOCTH npHlIHTb TO HJlH l-fHOC pcwcm-Ic. IIC COf.'Jaconaf-IHOC C MIIC-
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I-ICI-IHH B rocYllapCTBeHI-IOM anllapaTC $InOI-lHH 6blJII-t CmI3aI-lbI C C0311a-
II HC:\I H OnpCIlCJlCIIHC1 )YIIKUl-IH :\lHorOlIHCJlCllllblX roCY1apCTBCllllbiX
OpraI-lOB H HI-ICTI1TYTOB, nplHBaI-lHblX pClllaTb CJ10)l(I-IbIC Jana l H1 BOCCTa-
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fJly60KHC nOCJlCBOeI-lI-lble pe<l)Qplbl 3aJI]0)J(I1J1H OCI-IOBbl npaBoBoro
roCYIUlPC ma. Blellla rCJlbCTBO roCYllapcTBa B IIpOIHBOIlCTBO co BpCMe-
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rJlaBHblM 06pa30f llcpe3 I-I3.Jl0fH H KOI-lTpOJ1b 3a KatlCCTBOM npo.aYKUHH.
BBoIIl-nC}I aIlTH:\lOlIonOJlbIlOC 3aKOII0;1a1'CJlbCTBO. MaKCIHf<Ulbllml CBO-
60lIa npCJl.npHI-IIImTcJlbcKoi-l D.CHTe.'1bI-lOCTH B COllCTaI-lIHf C ileIOKpanl-
lleCKIHI pe)J(IHI0M "JXlBOBOro roCY1l<lpC ma 1l<LTIH KO"IOCC.U bI-lYIO 0 mallY.
COCT05!J10Cb «f!1l0J{CKoe :JKOJ{O.UUl.leCKOe LIYOO».
D.cIOKpaTl-flleCKI-IH PC)I(I-IM n03nOJlH.TI I-IapOilY n KOpOTKlIH CpOK
npCOlI.OJlCTb p.13PYXY, BOCCnlIlOBl-fTb XOJ}li-ic1'BO, IICnO_lbJOBaTb lIoBdi-
WIlC .uOCTl-I)J(CHIHI HaYlII-lO-TCXHWICCKoj.i pcnOJIIOUl-m. C ccpcm-fHbl
1950-x rollOB I-IallHI-IaC rC}1 IICpHOJ-t 60.lce lle\1 IIHTI-IaJ.1UanfJleTI-Iero cpe-
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I-II-L1aCb H car...la 5InOI-IIHl. H CC pO.lb B HfpC. Tcmbl pOCTa 6bl.1H ca-
Mbl:\H1 BbICOKlum cpeJl.II CTpaI-l 3anaJl:a. $InoHlH1 060Ilwa <DpaHIUIIO,
BCJll-IK06pHTaHHlO H <Dpr no 061>CMY Ba.rIOBOro HaUl-IOIla..lbHOfO npo-
lI.YKTa. HblI-le 5IIIOI-llUl - o.J.I-Ia 10 Be:1I-1KHX Jlcp)J(au MI-Ipa.

15. rOCYAapcTBo H npaBO COBpeMeHHoro BocToKa
423
P03BII1TII1e nOHCI<oro npOBO
$InoHcKoe npano H HOIicHwce BpeJ'\uI pa3HHBC:VIOCb no LI.OCTaTOlIHO
OpHn1HaJ1bI-lOfY nym. COlleTaH npHHwmbl 3ana.aHoeBponei-icKoro 3aKO-
HOH::lTeJ1bCTBa C IICKOTOpbIMH HHcTHTYTaMH }mOllcKoro npOllcxo)J(JlCIIH5!.
B I-Ie1 nepenJ1CTalOTC}1 )J(lmyw.Hc H nOI-lblI-lC Tpa,DJfUHH uI-IccY.D.c6I-1oro
pC III C IBHI cnopon C HonblH1 K01CKcam H npollcccya.l]bHbIH1 IIOP\ta1\nt,
KOTopble COJIwmlTlHCb 110 06pa3W\f cllcpm\ q>paI-lUYJCKOro H He\ICUKoro
npaBa, a nocJlc BTOpoH mponoi-l Boi1HbI - alcpHKaHcKoro npaBa.
nOpa)l(CI-IHC $InOI-II-Ht H ec oKKynamm afCpHKaI-lCKHMII BoikK<lMH B
TCtlCHHC CCMH J1CT npHncm-1 K CYlllCCTBCHl-lbIM H3MCI-ICHIHI:\-1 n mOl-ICKO1
np.me. 3TO cnoc06cTBOBiUlO TO\IY, lITO aI-lfJIO-a\tCpUKaI-lCK.m npaBOBaH
CCMMI (npCII1\-IYlllCCTBCI-II-IO n ee aMCpIlKaI-lCKO1 BapHaHTC) CT::um OKa3bl-
BaTb Jl01HIB-tpYI()II1ee B.1mIHHC Ha paJBHTHC }IrIOHCKOro npaBa. H::m6o-
J1ee olllynlMo TaKoe UmHII-IHC npOSIUHJ10Cb B KOHCTHTYUHOI-lI-lOI. rpa)l(-
UlHCKOM, Toprono1 H yr0J10BHO-npollcccY<I-1bIlO1 npaBC.
B ncpBoi-j nOJl0BHI-IC XX B. B OCHOBI-IOM IleikTBoBalo lpa.)/a)aHcKoe
3aKoilOdamelbcm6o KOJllla XIX - Ha l laJ1a XX B. (lianpHMcp, rpa)J(}I.aIl-
cKuH Ko...reKC 1898 r.)
nOC.le STopoH \H1ponoH noi1Hbi rpa)J(ilaHCKOC npano 6b1.'10 MOllCp-
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)l(CHHH 60J1bWYIO pOJ1b CblrpaJIH I-IOBblC 0606111alOlllHc 3aKOHo.aaTCJlbI-lbIC
aKTbI - TaK Ha3bIBaeMbie OCl1061ll,le 1aKOIll,1 (06 o6pa30BaHIH1 - 1947 r.,
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1968 r. II Jlp.). H::LUIlIHC T::lKHX aKTOB CTa.lO ml)J(lIoi-i OC06ClllIOCTblO
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n pOlBOIIIJla Tp::lHCcpOIHf<lIUHI OCHOBHhlX HHCTHT Ton rpa)J(Jl::lIICKO-
ro npaBa B C ropOHY 60JIbWei-l CTelleI-lH Ylle ra HH repeCOB 06w.CCTBa B
UC.101. 113 C<I>CpbI rpa)J(llaIlCKo-npaBonoi-i pCrJ1::lfCIITaWHI BbIHCJlH-
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424
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,J.CHCKOC YCMOTpeHHC H BBCnCI-Ibl Hi-iCTIITyrbl YCJlOBI-IOro OCY)f(ilCI-II-fH H
YCJIOBI-IOrO OCBo60)J(JleHIIH, 1I.0IIYCK.UIOCb C:\HIPIeHHC I-IaKa3aHIIH no YC-
MOTpCIIHlO CYila.
YTO KacaCTCSI onpCJlC'lCHIHI paJMCpOB I-IaKaJaI-IIHI, TO cB060n.a cY-
llcikKoro ynlOTpclIIHI onpCJlc.l}LlaCh 31CCb ilBY:\HI 06CT05!TCJIhCTmnHf:
I) cy.u Mor taHcBpHpOBaTb B BbI60pc paJICpa CaI-lKW-HI. n0J1b3YHCb
Te\-t, lHO JaKOI-lOllarCJlb 3a(I>HKCI'fPOB(t;I BCpXI-Ille H I-IH)J(I-IHC npc-
llCJ1hl caHKIlHi-i Ha 60JIhlIloi-i RlICTamUHf IlPyr OT 1Pyra;
2) 3aKOHOlI.aTC.lb npcn.YC\lOTPCJ1. liTO CYil \lO)I(CT YBCJII-PIHTb I-IaKa3a-
HHC BblLlIC npC1CJla, YCT<1II0BJ1CIIIIOrO 3aKOHOM (npH KBtLl]I-f(pHKa-
WHf npccTynJ1CI-IIUI KaK pCUl-I1H1BI-IOro).
D.aHHoe YroJIOBI-IOC YJIO:>KCI-IHC B rClICI-IHe BCCro J-tOBOeI-lI-loro IICpHO-
11<1 COXJXHHLI]O IlCIITJXLlhHOC ICCTO B CHCTCMC yroJ10BHOro npaBa, KOTO-
pOC I-Ia pa3J1H'IHbIX :nanax HCTOpl-H1 }lnOI-II-fH nOnOJ1HHJIOCb BCC I-IOnblfH
cnClUf..UlbHblHf yr0J10BHbIHf 3aKOmlH1 H yr0J10BHO-npaBOBbIMH 1I0p-
:.mHf 3aKOHOltaTCJlbCTna C onpc.uCJICI-II-Iblm H3fCI-ICI-IH}!m, BHCCCHHbl-
I\1H nOC.IC Bropoi-i :\mpOimii BoiiI-lbI. MHorHC cm IIOJIO:>KCI-IIIH aKlya 11.-
IIbI H B conpC\-tCllllblH nCpHOfJ..
O.uHaKO pea"lbI-lblC Kpyni-ibIc nCpCMCI-Ibl B YT0J10BHO1 3aKOI-lOlIaTe.lb-
CTnc nOCJ1c.uomL1H nOCJIC nailCHH5I aBTopHTCTa MOI-lapXIH-I H B 06wci-i
CB5I3H C WI-IPOKOi-, npaBOBoH PC(opMoi-i nOCJ1C BTOpoii \mpoBoi-i Boi.iHbI.
3aKolio.H 1947 r. 1-13 YJ10:>KCIIH5! 6hL1H I1CKJ110 l ICllhi npccTynJ1ClntH nponm

15. rOCYAapcTBo H npaBO COBpeMeHHoro BocToKa
425
IIMnepaTopcKoro JlOMa, ynpa31I.I-ICHbi cCMei-iI-lO-lOpaTIbI-lbIe npecTYlule-
I-IlHI, HapywCI-ImI CYIIPY:>KCCKOf; BepHocTH. BMCCTC C TC\-f ImelleHbI I-IaKa-
3amm Ja BOCI-II-IblC npcc'IYIIJICHIIH, nponm :\Hlpa 1-1 lleJIOBClII-IOCTII H .Jp.
B OCI-IOUI-IOM :>Ke 110 KOI-lUa XX B. yroJIOBI-IOe npaBo OCI-IOBblB,UIOCb I-Ia
npl-II-1UIIII<\X Y'IO:>KeI-llUl 1907 r.
B UCJlOM BJ1IHII-IHC 3apy6c:>KHoro npaBa I-IC 6bf.TIO Bcc06bC\-f.I]IOlllHM.
BmulHllc npaBa CWA Ha mOI-lCKYIO npaBoBYlo CHCTCMY OKa3a.lOCb I-IC
lIaCTOJlbKO CHJlbHbl\-1. tIT06bI «ncpcnmYTb') mOIiCKOC npaBO nO.TIHOCTbIO
B CC-lbIO aHLlocaKcOHcKOro npana.
BBOmLTJI-ICb ca\-106blTllbiC II0BCJlJlhl, IICH3BCCTHhiC 6YP)J(ya3I1o\-IY npa-
BY. HCKOTOpblC aKTbl CBl-IfJ.CTCJlbCTBOBa.lll 0 BJlH5!HHH KaK KOHTHHCH-
"l<I-lbI-lOro, TaK H ;lI-IrJlOCaKCOI-lCKOro npaBa. OOJlbWIII-ICTBO III-1cn-fI yroB
OCI-IOBI-IblX 0 I pacJlcfl }II IOI-lCKOro npaBa: rpa)fWaHcKoro. rpa)l(}laI-lCKO-
npoucccy.VlbI-lOro H yroTIOBI-IOro - II0-lIpC:>KI-IeMY 6aJHpyerC}1 Ha rpaJlH-
UHHX pOMaI-lO-rcpr...IaI-lCKoi-i npaBOBoi-i Ce\fbH.
Cy.ac6Hml CHCTCMa 51noI-ll-ll-1 I-IOCIIT paJBeTBJlCHI-IbIii xapaKTep. B 20-e
rolI.bl XX B. OCI-IOUHblMII OpraI-laMH 06111Ci-'I 10CTHUlH1 CTa.I]I-1 ..ueCI1lHble I-I
paiiOllllble CYilbI. Oml paCC\-taTpllnaJ1H OCIIOBHYIO Maccy rpa)J(IlaIlCKHX I-I
yro.TIOBllbiX nCJI. MCCTHbli-l CY1MI CJJ.HHO.TIJ1l1ll0 pCIII'Ll HC311a l IHTCJlbHbiC
llCJla, B OCIIOBHO\-1 qXl)J(naHCKHC C IIC60.1bIllOH CYM\-lOi-i HCKa. B pai-l-
OllllbiX cynax HC.TIa pCIIIam-ICb KOJl.lcrllaJ1bIlO, KpO-IC Toro, oml nci-icT-
BOB:1.1II KaK CYllbI BTOpoH Hi-iCTaHIUHI B OTI-IOmCHIHI \tCCTHbIX CYilOB.
HeJHallH rC.lbHbIC IIpaBOI-lapYWCI-Iml paJ6Hpa.1H I-IHJOBbIC 1I0"Htucf1-
CKHC CYllbl.
D.cficTBoBaJlH OKpY:>KHbIC aneJlJlSIUIIOI-lI-lblC CYlI.bI, file .ueJ1a paCCMaT-
plmaJ1HCb TO.TIbKO B nopH.aKC 06:>KaJ1onaI-lIHI. Bo ClaBe cYlI.e6I-1oi-i CI-fC-
TCMbl I-IaXOm1.lCH B"ICOKlili cyo. B I-ICM pa36Hpamicb 06Bl1HeI-lIHI B ro-
cYIlapcTBcHHOii H3MCI-IC. BblcTynJlCI-IlH1 npoTim ll.'1CHOB InmcpaTopcKoi-i
llHiIaCTlHI H 11.p.
Oco6Yl0 CIICTC\-IY COCnmn}!JlH CYObl 110 ce.ueilllbHt de.w.u. Om-I ncilcT-
BOBC.UIH npH OKPY:>KllbIX cynax II paCCMi.lTpl-1Bi.Um cnopbl 0 lIaCJlCJ].CTBe,
CIIOpbI, Clnl3<lI-lHbIe C ceMeHHbI1 npaBO!\!, BbIrIO:II-I}1J1H nOCpeJlHl\lICCKIIC
Q>yI-lKUlHI no CCMcHI-IbI\-f .aC:Ia\-1. B 1921 ro.uy 6bUI COJllaH (Jp6ump(JJK' /lO
KO.U.uep t leCKllJ\1 C110pWl. n pCJ-tCCLla rcm-I BCCX CYllOB I-Ia3I-1a l l<VIHCb 0 r l1\-fe-
I-II-1 HMnepaTopa, CYilbH - MHHHcTepcTBo\-f IOCTHUlHI.
B 1926-1929 roilax 6blJl npl-1 H}IT rpa.>lfoaHCKO-l1pOleccya'lbllblli KO-
oeKc, YCTaHommwHi-l I-IOnbIH nopHilOK pa360pa ileJi (B ilCI-Ib MO)l(I-IO 6blJlO
'JaCJlYWHBaTb JlHWb O..1l-IOro CBH.uCTCJlH H JlI060c IlCJlO paCTHfHoa.l0Cb l-fa
1-1,5 \-fccHua.) D.ci-icTBomul ImCTIIT'T npUCflJ/fllblX 3aceoal1le.leii. npCH-
cnml1Te:IH\-1H roCY1apCTBa B npoucccax BbIcTyml-'1H npOKYPOPbl.
C npHI-IH HICl\-f I-IoBoi-i KOHCl1llIl11YI{WI HllOHUli (1947) 6bUIa pe(l>op!\lH-
pomllla H cYIlc6mUl CHCTCMa. KOHCTHTYUH5! YCTaHOmUIa nOJ11I)'10 caMO-

426
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBewee BpeMSI
CTOHrCJIbI-lOCrb cYlI.c6I-1oii BCrBl-1 B.lIaCnl, HCCMCI-IHC\IOCrb cYJ-tcii, r:IaC-
HOCTh II OTKpblTOCTb cYlI.Onpmf3BOn.CTB<1. HOB<I}! CYfJ.C6IHI}! OprmIH3aUH5!
6bIJ1a YCTaI-lOBJ1eHa 3aKOHO.u 0 (}'()oycmpoiicmee (1947).
B COOTnCTCTIHHf C m-I1 6blJIa C(I)oJHmpOB<lIIa tteml,lpexyp06ueeafl
cllcmeJ"a {J'doe, e!U1HbIX llJlH rpa)l(1I.aI-lCKHX I-I yro.'IOBI-IbIX llcn. Ynpa31I.I-IH-
JIHCb oco6bIe H allMIII-IHCTpaTHBHbIe CYllbI. OCHOBI-f<UI :\-tacca lleJl npHXO-
lIJLlaCb IHI TaK IH13hlBaC:\lhIC CYJ\uwplIl,le CYOI,1 (nOlITH 600 CYJ10B Ha BCIO
CTpaI-lY) H pmioHHblC £}'d,,1 (232 cyn.a).
LlcikTBOB,um B"lcoKlIe Cydbl (HX 6bL'I0 8), paCCUlTpl-1BaBIIIHC anc.'I-
J1HUlHI Ha PCWCI-IH5! I-IH30BbiX OpraI-lOB IOCTHUlHI. BCPXOBI-Ihli-i CYIl. no-
:\Uf:\tO aneJW}JJlHOI-lI-lbIX (I)YHKUHH, 6bW Ha;:J.CJ1CH nOJ1HOT\U)lHHI1H KOH-
CTHTYUHOJlIIOro Ha1l30pa H ynpan"lCIIIHI cy.rrC6HbI:\1I-I .rrc.'Ia1H I.
HOBbI H Y20.106HO-llpOI{eC(}'(] U,HIJJli KO()eKC (1947) CYLUCC meH HO .Je-
MOKpaTH3HpOBa..l npOIlCCC, ODICHH.I] ml)J(HOC paHCC npc.uBapl-ITCJlbHOC
CJ1ywaI-II-IC, OCI-IOBaHI-IOC I-Ia npCJY1\-InUHl-1 BHHOBHOCTH 06mII-IHCMoro.
B 1949 ron.y YCOBcpweHCTBOB,lIHIIO 1l011BepfJ1HCb H ceJ"eliHl,le Cydl,l,
KOTOphlC CTa.HH ttaCThIO 06LUcii 10CTHUHH. CYllhl 6hL1H 06pa30naHbI no-
BCC\leCTI-IO I-t pCW.L'1H HOIIpOCbI 06 OTBCrCrBCI-II-IOCTH I-IeCOBCpWCHI-IO.lICT-
III,IX C YlICTO1 MtlCHlHI OpratiOB COIU1aJ1bIIOH JalIlHTbI H BOCmnaTCJIbllblX
y t lpe)l(1I.cHHH.
C.10)J(lfBIlI<UICH B XOJle nOCJ1CBOCHHOH npaBoBoH PC(I)OPMbI cYJ1C6HaH
CHCTeMa 13 OCHonHOM coxpaHH:mcb 11.0 KOI-lua XX B. CerolI.I-IH cYlle6I-1YIo
BCrBb B.IaCTH B03rJIaB-UICT Bepxo(jHlJ/li cyd, cocrmlLUHi-i HJ LI<lBI-IOro cy-
.JbH H llCTblpHWlUaTl-I CYIlCH. J.1 ICIOTCH TPH OTllCJ1CfHIH (no nHTb cYIlci-i).
BCPXOBI-Ibli-l CYIl oCYLUecTBJ1HeT KOI-lCTHTYUHOHHblH KOI-lTpOJ1b, a TaK)J(C
}IBJlHCTC}I nOCJ1CRHCii HHCTaI-lIU1Cii JVUI paCnl()TpCIH-tH LlpynIx J1eJI. OH
OKOI-l t laTe.lbI-lO pacnmTpHBaeT llCJla 0 npecTynnemmx npoTl-m rocYllap-
CTB<l. BCPXOBI-IbIii cyn OCYLUCCTB.ll}ICT IIO.lII-IOMOlilHI cy.uc6I-1oro YlIpaUJIe-
HIm, H3.rraCT PYKOBOIlJllliHC YKa3mH1H lL'IH HII)J(CCTOHlliHX CY10n, 0606-
LUaeT cYllc6I-1YlO IIpaKTHKY.
B 51nolll-1I-I IlcikTBYIOT TaK)J(C BblcUilIe CyiJbl. Oml }!BJl5!fOTC}I cyn.a1I-I
nepBoH 1-1HCTaHUHH no D.eJla1 0 rocynapcTBeI-lI-lbIx npecTynncI-IIIHx.
HMCIOT B CBOC:\I COCTaBC IICCKOJ1bKO OTRCJ1CIIHi,i.
11 \ICIOTCH OKPYJICUble CyObl, paCC1aTplmaIOLUHc OCHonHYIO Maccy
yrOJIOBI-IbIX H rpa)K1laI-lCKHX llC"I. OHII }IB.ll}IKHCH f<lK)J(C aIIe:IJIHUI-tOI-lHoi-i
HHCTaJlIlHci-i }LI]H TaK Ha3bmaClhlX OllCI{lI1UlIIWPllbiX cYdoe - mf3I11cro
3BCHa BccH cYJ-tc6I-1oi-t CI-tCreMbI.
B IUlcmm.'IIHlaptlbIX cYJ1ax ICJIKHC yro.'IOBllbiC IlC.la II rpmKJ1allCKHC
,J,CJ1a C onpcIlcJ1CHI-IOH UCI-IoH HCKa pacc:\-laTpHmUOTcH CilHI-I0J1J-111I-10 CYllb-
ci-i, KOTOPblH HC o6H3aTCJ1bHO .aOJl)J(CH HMCTb fOpUllI-lllCCKOC 06pa30BaI-II-Ic.
I O.\lC'.lb'/C'ltKO. O.A. BccoGw.m UCTOplU1 rOCY,J,apL, na 11 \lpana. 3-c 113;l.. I1C\lp. T. 2. 1\.-1.,
200 I. C. 449.

15. rOCYAapcTBo H npaBO COBpeMeHHoro BocToKa
427
nO-npe:>KHeMY .aeikTBYIOT cyOtJI 110 ceJ\1eiiHtJ/J\1 OeJw"Jf, (f)YHKWHI KOTO-
pblX OCT<UlaCb IICH3ICIIIIOj-i. Ar1IHIIHCTJ)(lTHBllbIX CY'10B n $Inomm. KaK
I-I 13 allLl0caKCOIICKHX CTpaliax. CCrOlUI5! IICT.
Ca1 npouccc cy.aonpm13BOilCTna COilCp)J(HT KaK pCllcnnfpOnaHl-lblC
pO:\-taHO-rCpi\laJlCKHC i\1O.uCJ1H, TaK H TpaIlHUHOHlibIC I-IOPMbl, CJ10)J(HI3-
WHCC}! B npOWJlOM. COBpCMCI-II-IOC HnOHCKOC npaBO I-IapHilY C cYIlc6I-1oj-i
npoucilypoi1 npeilOCTaWHleT UOJMO)J(I-IOCTb Ubl6paTb cnew-ta I]bI-lYIO, Ja-
KpenJ1eHI-IYIO B rpa)J(11aI-lCKO-npoueccya lbHOM Ko.aeKCC npHMI-fpHTeJI]b-
I-IYIO npOUCllYPY. COLlaCHO ,noi-i npouc.uypc KOMneTeI-lTI-Iblj-j CYll COJD,aCT
no JaSlUneI-lHIO OllHOH HJ CTOpOI-l cneUHalbI-lbIH ap6IUpa:>KHbIi-i KOHITeT
B cocraBe ...wyx-rpex I-IeClIeumuHcroB II IIOll I1pellCeJli.HCJlbCTBOM I-I.UHa-
llaeMOrO B 60JlbWHHCTBe C1YllaeR npoq)CCCHOI-l.UlbI-loro CYllbH. 3TOT KO-
MH rCT BblJblBaeT H BbICJIYWI-maCT nl)J(YWlleCH CTOpOI-lbI. a Ji.He1 IIblTa-
eTC}I CKJ10I-lIITb HX K no.1K)60BHOty pCIlICHHIO. B CJIYltae I-IeYJlalIH TaKoi-i
1I0IIbITKH HCK MO:>KeT 6bITb IIOllaH H cYIle6HOM IIOp}lllKe. Ha IIpaKTIIKC
COfJ1aCHTCJ1bIlbIC npO IlCHYPhi IUICKH 60JlbIIIOC 3Ita l ICIIHC, TCM 60.1CC 'ITO
CYJlbI 3a l taCTYI0 no.'Ib3YIOTC}! n03i\f0)J(IIOCThIO npHOCT<\lIOmnb paCC\fOT-
pcmlC Jlc.'1a II nCpCJ1<lTb cro n Gp6WllpGJIClltJIli K0-1tl1mem l .
D.mmoc HBJlCIIHC 13 }mOIiCKOM CY10npOl13130fJ.CTBC IIC CTOHT ncpc-
OUCI-IHBaTb. B nOC.'1CIlI-lIIC roilbl 3Ha l HneJlbI-lO B03pOC.10 lH1CJlO cYIlc6I-1b1X
npoucccon, OC06CHHO KaCatOWI-IXC}! 3aWHTbi OKPY)J(alOlllci-i CpClIbl H OT-
BCTCTBCHI-IOCTH 3a K,PleCTBO npmnBO.J.UMoH npOllYKUHl1. YltaCTI-IHKaH1
::nHX npOUCCCOB HBJ15!IOTCH TbIC5!'H1 HCTUOB.
fOUop}1 0 6y.aYWCM SmOI-lCKOro npaBa, (ppaI-lUYJCKHH Y'ICHbIH, KO\f-
napanfBHCT P. D.am11l cnpaBClIJlHnO YTBep)J(ila'1, lITO lla)J(e ecmf smOH-
CKl1e npaBOHblC Hi-iCTHTyrbl 6YlIyr nO.TII-IOCTbIO BCCTCpI-lH3HpOBaI-lbl, a
IOpllJ1J-1lICCKaH TCXIIHKa J'\IOJlCpIH13I-IpOBalia. npHMCIICIHIC npana BCC pan-
110 6YJ'1CT omymaTb lIa cc6c B KYJ1bTYPIlOi-i c(f)cpc :noii CTpallbl )J(lmy-
lleCTb H JlcilcTBCHllocTb Tpa1J1UHOHI-IbIX npl-mIllmon.
BonpoCbl AI\ p03Mb1Wl\eHII1 II1I<OHTpOI\
1. KaKoBbI oco6eHHocTH rocy.aapcTueI-lI-lo-npaooBoro pa3B1UIUI $IrrOI-lIUl
B IIcpBoH II OJI Oint HC XX B.'?
2. nepelIHc.nne IIpWHIHbl ycnlI-lOI3.IeHIHI (ImWHcTcKoro pe:>KHMa B 51110-
11111-1 II paCCKa)J(IITC 0 cra nOCJlCfJ.CTBlUIX.
3. KaK CKa3aJ1CH Ha pa3BHTlHI nOCJ1CBOCIIIIOH }lnomm aMcpHKaHcKHH
oKKynaUHolilIbIi-i pC:>KHM?
4. OxapaKTeplnyi-iTe (POPIY npaB..leHIHI 11 rocYJJ.apcTBCI-IHoro pe)J(I-I\1a
$IIIOHl-H1 no KOHcTlnywIH 1947 r.
I Cou(}oe A.X. YK33. CO'I. C. 209.

428
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBewee BpeMSI
5. D.ai1Tc xapaKTcpHCTHKY COBpCMCIIIIOro roCY1apCTBcIIIIOro YCTpoikTBa
5InoHIHL
6. KaKue HJleHeI-lmI I1pOl-tJOlllJII1 B npauoBoii CHCTeMe 5InoHIHt B Ho-
Bciiwcc BPC\UI?
7. OxapaKTcplnytiTc CYJIOYCTpOi1cTBO H cY10npOl-I3BO'lCTBO 5InoHHII.
15. 2. I<v1Toc!1cI<o peBOAK)I4V1 V1 06p030BoHV1e
I<V1TOC!1CI<OC!1 HopoAHOC!1 Pecny6AV1I<V1
nOpRAOK B rOCYAapCTBe AOCTlilraeTCR TpeMR nyYRMLot:
3aKOHOM, AOBepLoteM III BnaCTblO... EcnLot npaBIIITenb
BblnYCTLotT Lot3 CBOLotX PYK BnaCTb. eMY rp03LotT rLot6enb.
EcnLot npaBLotTenb Lot CaHOBHLotKIII npeHe6peralOT 3aKO-
HOM III AeVlCTBYIOT LotCXOAR Lot3 nlll4HbiX n06y}f{,QeHLotVl,
Helll36e)J(Ha CMyYa. n03TOMY, ecnlll npLot BBeAeHLotLot 3a-
KOHa npOBOAIIITCR 4eTKoe pa3rpaHLot4eHLote npaB III 06R-
3aHHOCTeVi Lot nplll 3TOM 3anpelllaeTCR HapywaTb 3aKOH
B KOpblCTHblX 4enRX, 6YAeT AOCTlllrHYTO xopowee
npaBneHLote.
WaH RH, KIIITaViCKLotVl peq,opMaTOp, IV B. AO H.3.
CVlHbxaV1cl<a peBOI\IOLJ,VI>I 1911 r. 1
K Hall<.L1Y XX B. KIITai-i COXpaHI-I:I IIpaKHfllCCKH Hel13MCHHbIM C:IO-
)l(1-1BWHi-icj:1 B XVII - I-Ia(laJIC XVIII B., nOCJ1C MaI-lbll)J(ypCKOro 3aBOCBa-
I-II-HI. rocyJ-tapCTBCI-IHO-lIpaBoBoi-i C"lpof1. nOllblrKII cTapoi1 a;U1HHI-fCrpa-
nmllol-i CIICTCfhI npOBCCnt nOJ1l-1Hf l ICCKHC pCOpMbl IIH K lIC:\-ty HC
npHBe.1H, I-IO B TO )l(e Bper--m yCKOplUH KOI-lUCHTpaUHlO 06111eCTBeI-lI-loi-i
onn03lHUH1 cymcCTBYIOIl.lCMY CTpOiO.
B ncpBblC roJl.bI XX B. B KHTac CTaJlH B03paCTaTb pCnOJ1l0UHOI-lHbIC
I-IaC"lpOCHIUI B o6ll.lccruc. B 1905 rollY pCBOJIJOUHOI-lI-lblC CIUbl 06bC.JII-
HHJHICb B C'UIIIYIO napnllo - Kumai'icKlili peflD.lIOl(llOlllllJlll COI03. npCll-
cc.uaTCJ1CM COJ03a 61,1.1 In6paI-l CYlib f/mcell (1866-1925). 01-1 npon03-
rJ1aCHJ1 TPH npHl-fwma cBoci-i nOmfTHKII: H<.UU1OH<.UlI-13f, ilCMOKJXlTHJO H
HapOill-iOC 6.'IarolI.CHCTBlIC.
Pc BOJIIOUlHI I-Ialla'laCb BOCCraI-lHCM COJI.J,H H O{lmucpoB B ropOllC
YWlIIe 10 OKHI6p}I 1911 r. BoccTaIlHc 6blJ10 rImV1.CJl)KaIIO lI.pyntMH
npom-II-IumIMH CTpal-ibl. B IlcKa6pc 1911 r. I-Ia KOI-lcpCpCI-IUlHf npCIlCTa-
BHTCJ1ci-i 17 pCBOJ1K)UHOI-lI-lbIX npom-IHUHi1 rJ1anoi-i Klu,ul 6bIl lu6paH
I Cllllbxaii - HO 1911 roil. 110 Kllrai1cKoIY K<llICIlil.apIO. PCBO.IIOUIUl COCTOH,I<lCb B
:nOf ro.1)', n03TOIY OHa 11 Ha3bIH<lCTCH «CIIHhxaiicKaH».

15. rOCYAapcTBo H npaBO COBpeMeHHoro BocToKa
429
CYI-fb 5ITCCH, npll Yll:lCTIIH KOTOpOro 6bI"la p:13pa60T<lI-Ia H npHI-UlTa
BpeuelllwR KOHCl11l1111)'I(WI. KOI-lCn1Tyuml npoB03rnawana paBI-IblC npaBa
Bcex rpa)J(ilaH. cB06011Y CIOBa I-t IIC l lan-I, OpnlI-lIHaUHH, BepollclioBe-
lI.amHl. Hbl60p MCCTa )J(HTC.lbcTBa, C03IU1HHC OTBCTCTBClitiOro npdBH-
TeJIbCTBa. KHTaH npellCTaUJISIJ1 c060i-i pcclIy6'IHKY. LlaBoi-i rocYilapc ma
mU".I]C5! I1pe31ldellIn. 3:lKOtlOJ1.aTc.'IbIlYIO BJ'IaCTb nOJ1Y l laJ1 I1Gp.w.uelll1l,
COCTOHBWHi-i H3 IlBYX naJ1aT: Cellal1la H nGJ1lJl1lbl IlpeaCI1lGBlIl1le>leil. Ho B
CIUY IIJ\ICI-II-fBWei-ic}1 110 II-HI-flICCKOi-i 06CT<1I-10BKI-1 3Ta KOI-lCTI1I yuml He
6bLla pca.1H30Balla.
Ha ceBepe CrpaI-lbl, MCI-IeC paJBllroJ'\-I B npOMbIWJIeHHOM orHowe-
IIIHI, BJ1aCTb OCTaB,LlaCb B PYKax LUHfCKoro npaBHTeJ1bCTB:l. UHIlbI,
I-IanyraI-lI-lblc pa3\taxoM pCBOJ1JOUl-tOI-IHOrO .um-t)l(CI-IIHI, 06paTltJ1HCb K
6bIBWe1\-IY ry6epHaroPY croJIJ1lII-loii IIpOBHHUlHI, 6eCIIpHI-IUIIIII-IOMY 110-
I]HnlKallY H KapbcpHCTY IDallb Ill1lKalO (1859-1916), C npocb60i-i no-
...raBl-fTb pC BOJ1JOUIHO. npl-1 3TOM BOJI-IHK KO\mpOMI-fCC: J1I.f6epa1bI-lbie
nO\tCUlHKH H 6YP:>KyaJH}I COrJ1aCIUHCb Ha J1IIKBllnaUI1IO MOH:lpXIHI.
OIlHaKo H CYHb 5ITCCH 6blJ1 BbIHY:>KIlCH YCTynHTb CHoii npC31-1IlCHTcKlli-i
nOCT lOaI-lb WHKmo.
Onn03HIlIHI BO DIaBC C CYlih 5ITCCIIOM opramnomUIa 1I0BYI0 nap-
THIO - fmlllHbdaH (HaUl-IOI-Ia'lbI-lilSl napnHI). B mO.le 1913 r. PYKOBOlUI-
TeJ1l,f rOHIHblI.aHa nOllI-l}IJIH BOCCTaHI-Ie, I-IalipaBJIeI-lHOe nponm nOJIHTII-
KH lOallb WHK:lH. nOC.TIClI.IIHi-l nO'lamtTI 3TO BoccmIHIC I-I 3anpcnLl IlCH-
TeJ1bI-lOCTb HaW-\OHaJIbI-lOH napnm. OI-l Tal0Ke BI-IeC HJ\teI-lCHIUI B KOH-
cnrryUHlO, COLTIaCIlO KOTOphiM CpOK no.rIllo\lOlH1H npC31-mCIlTa YBC.'II-fllH-
Ba.1C}1 IlO 10 .'leT. II BbII-laWHBaJ1 nJlaI-lb\ Ha BOCCTaI-lOImeI-lHC \fOI-IapXIII1 B
CTJX1I-lC. 3ro BbIJB<lJIO BOJ1\-\YllieI-lI'fe B CTpaHe. lOaHb WI-tKaH 3aHBH'1 06
OTKa3C OT BOCCTallOBJ1CIIHH \lOllapXm-f. Ho :no IIC CIHf3U.TIO lIanpH)J(CII-
I-IOCTH B KIITaiicKof 06lliccTBe.
BCKOPC nOCJ1C CMcpnf lOalib WHKaH B 1916 r. BJ1::1CTb OKa3,t-laCb B
PYKax M 11.1 IITapl-ICTOB-rCI-IepaJIOB, nOJlb30BaBWHXC}1 60J1bWIIM BJ1I-I5!I-II1C\1
I-Ia ceBepe KH raH. lOr CTpaI-lbl I-Ie IIPIHI-I.UI BJIaCTI-f reI-lCp.VIOB. Obl110
c(jmp\mpommo BOCIlIiOC npaBI-tTCJlbCTBO 3,mU1Tbl pccny6.1HKH BO rJIt1BC
C CYHb 5ITceHOM.
OKnI6pbCK<:U1 pCBomOW-fH B Poccm-f nplUULla 1I0Bbli-l lumy.'lbC 60Pb-
6c KI-fTai-icKoro I-Iapo.ua 3a HaUHOHa.TIbHOC OCB060)J(ll.CHHC. B 1919 roilY
I-IalItUIC}1 II0.llbeM pCBO.IIOUl-I0HI-IOrO JlBl-I)J(eI-IIHI. CocrmLlIICb Mi-iOrO..'llOll-
IIblC rrC\IOIICTpalUHt no Bcd-i CTpaIiC. B 1921 rony 6b1"la C03Jl<llla Kmuty-
1l1lCI11l1 1 1eCKaR /WIJ/1ll1R K1I11l(JJI.
B 1923 rORY KO\fMYI-IHCTbI npllmlJ1l-t pemCHl-te 0 BCTyn.TIeI-lHH B nap-
Tl110 CYHb HTccHa (n03pO)J(ll.CH HbI i-I fOMHHblI.,m), COXPaJ-IHH opralllua-
UHOI-lI-lYIO Ca\fOCTml rC.lbI-lOCTb.

430
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBeHwee BpeMSI
nO!l. InlUIHHC:\t IUCi1 pC BOJl KnUHI B POCCl-HI B3r'UI!l.bI CYHb 51TccHa
H3MCHIIJHICb, HOBOi-i TpaKTOBKe nOllBeprJHICb TPH ero npl1HLUma. TaK.
npllHl{lln Hat(llOHa 1lI3,Ua CTaJI Bblpa)f(aTb IUlCH CBCp)f(CHIUl 11I-10CTpaHHoro
rocn01cnm H parmonpam-15! BCCX H<lIUIOH<lJ1bIIOCTci1 CTJXlIIbI. flpWIl{Wl
Hapodo6.WCfllllJl Co.uCP)f«U KPHTHKY .l1CIOKpaTHH JamlllHoro rima. npo-
B03rmllmlJlOCb IIapOJlOB;laCTlIC Bccro IIap01a, a HC TOJ1bKO MCIIbIllHIICT-
Ba. B npWIl{liIl HapOOHOt!O 6_1Oi!odeIlCI11611H KpOIC ypaBHHBaHH5! npaB Ha
3C:\LHO 6bLIH BKJHOllCHbl rpC60B<IHIHI rocymlpCrBCHHOH IIOMOlUl1 6cJpa-
60TIIbIl, YJ1Y I IIIICIIIHI YC.l0BlIi1 TpY1a, 3<UlU1Tbl pa60 1 H1x opralll-13aIlHi1 H
OrpaHl-fllCHl-H1 BJIacnl KamiTala. HOB<UI lpaKTOBKa npl-IHLlHIlOB 6bUIa
n0J10)f(eHa B OCI-IOBY nOJ1HTHllCCKOii npOrpaM\fbI rOMI1I-Ib}l,aIIa.
CYTb 5lTCCH BbIcTynUJI C «06U(elll1pOi!pa.,uwi, cmpOllmeJlbcm60 i!OCY-
()apcm6a» , B KOropOi1 HJ..'IO)f(ILI CBOH KOHCTl1TYLUI0HHble BJrJHlllbl, Bblpa-
311BIIIHCCn B lU1.cnx 0 ('TPCX ncpH01ax» I-I «n5!TH B..1aCnIX». CDOplHpOBa-
HHC roCyiwpcTBa OH paJllCJ1I-IJl Ha "PI-I nCpl-lOlla:
I) BoeHl-we npaBJlCIHIC
2) nOJHlnlllCCKa onCKa;
3) KOHCTH1YUHOHHoe IIpaB;IeHHe.
B ncpBO:\! H3 ::nHX nCpHO'lOn BCC rocyn.apCTnCIIIIhlC YllpC)f(JlCIIIHI
.J.OJ1)f(Hbl KOHTpOJlHpOBaTbC$1 BOCHHOi-i ailMHI-IIICTpaLUlci1, 01lHOBpC-
MCHHO BoeHHYK) CHJ1Y HaMClHL1IOCb HcnO.lb30naTb .D.JIH 06"bCJUIHCHIHI
CTpaHbI. B nCpHOJ1 no.1HTl-flICCKOH onCKH IIaCC1CIIHC opramnycT ca-
MoynpaB.1CHUC. KOHcH1TymIOHHoc npaBJleHHC HacTynaeT C OpraHI1-
3allHci1 cawynpaBJ1CIBUI 130 BCCX YC3JlaX CTpaIIbJ C03J1aIllICM npaml-
TC.'lbCTBa «nTlI BJlaCTcih>, nOCJlC llcro CJ1CJ1YCT COJblB HaLlHoHa.lbI-lo-
ro c06paHIHI.
BbumHra H}ICIO «nflTH BJlaCTCih, CYllb 51Tccli Bcrym-lJ1 n060plll-1-
KOM npHHmma pa3.uCJlCHHH n.na CTcii, HO npH 3TO\f K 3aKOHOllaTCJ1b-
1I0H, HcnOJ1IIHTC.ilbIIOi-i H CY.llC6IIOH BJlaCT5!1 011 n.06muLl 3K3a\ICII<lIlH-
OHHYIO H KOHTpO.lbHYIO B.'laCTII. CYI-Ib 51TccH ClIHTM. lITO 3K3ar-.-ICHa-
LUIOHH<U1 CHCTCMa «BOCIIOJIH}ICT IIp06CJlbl. cBoikrBCHHblC 11J6Hp.HCJlb-
IIoH CHCTCMC» 11U1 oT60pa II<m6oJ1cc JlOCTOi1HblX KaWUIJ1aTOB lIa rocy-
.napCTnCHHbIC nOCTbi.
Mc)I(J1.Y TCM KHTaH ocnm<lJIC5! nom-IHllleCKH pa3Jlp06.ilCHIIbII. a
60JlbWa (WCTb cro TCppl1Topm-1 HaXOJ],lwaCb nOll B.l]aCTblO BOCHlliHHbI.
B 1926 roilY Hall<UIC}1 110'<011 pCBO.'IIOLUI0HHbl'< CIUI IOra IIponm cc-
BCpllblX MI-LI]IHapHCTOB. lO)f(allc B3n.1H nCKlllI. OflIIaKo CTaBIIIHI1 nOCJ1C
CMCpTH CYHb 5ITccHa .1l-lilCpml rO:\HlHbilaHa lfall K{Jlllllll (1887-1975)
p.UOPBi.lJ1 C KomapHlcH. KOM\1YI-lHCTbI OTcTynHJ1H B OTlla.leHHbIe pai-i-
OHbl KHTaH, mc npOilOJl)1(lIJHI 60pb6y Y)I(C nponm fOMlIHbllaHa, npll-
wc.uwcro K B.'1<1CTH.

15. rOCYAOpCTBO H npOBO COBpeMeHHoro BOCTOKO
431
r ocy AOpCTBeHHblLi1 CTpOLi1 rOMLt1HbAOHOBCI<OrO l<v1TO
B OCHOBY rocy.aapcTBcHHblX npc06pa30mlHHH 6bLl nOJl0)l{CH nJ1aH
CYllb 5{Tcclla. B COOTBCTCTBHH C «06ll.lcii nporpa\tMoH CTpOl1TC.lbcTBa
rocy.aapcTBa» KHTai-i nOJ1)1{CH 6bl.l BCT)'m1Tb B ncpltol1 nOm1TI1'ICCKOH
onCKH. O(I1LUla.'IbHbll\-1 Hatla.TIOM :noro ncpHona 6bJ!1 06"bBJlCH 1929 ro.u.
Ha C"bC3jJ.C rOMHHbjJ.aHa 6bLIH O(I>OpM..'ICHbl OlleKYHCKHC (I>YHKUlHI
napnlH. CorJ1acllo pCIIICIII-m1 Cl)C31la, B TC l lClHlC Bccro nCpHOfJ.a nO_ll-f-
TWICCKOi-i onCKH IlbICWHM Opra1l0\1 rocY1lapCTBClllloi-i BJiaCTH 06'bSmnsL'I-
cst HaUHOHaJ1bHbIH C"bC311 rm1l1Hbl1aHa, a B npm.IC)f(YTKax Me)f(1ly cro
COJblB,UIH - UCHTP£UlbHbIH ItCIIOJIHHTC'IbHbli-i Km.HlTCT. CBOH <I>YHKLUHI.
CBH3allIlbIC C onpCl1.CJICIII101 }C}lTe.lbHocnl npamnCJlbCTBa, UM K rO\-UII-Ib-
,:raHa OCYWCCTB.,lSl.'I lICpC3 UCllTpa.lbllbIii nomlTWICCKHii COBCT.
BCKopc <I>YHKLUHI nOJ1HTWICCKoi-i onCKH rOMHHb.ilaI-la 6bL1H OCI>OP\1-
J!CHbl roCYllapCTBCHHbl:\-1 .JOKYMCHrm.1, Ha3ffi\HHbIM Bpe.,-teHHOl'i KOHCI11Wl1Y-
l(lIefi ncpHOJ1a nOJ1HTI-f l ICCKoi1 onCKH. B COOTBCTCTBHH C IIci-i C"bC3.'1Y ro-
MI1Hb)laJ-Ia npCD,OCTaD..1S1J10Cb npaBO OCYll.lCCTI3,lSlTb D..'IaCTb B roCYllapCTBC.
Bcc .JPYfHC BblCWHe opraHbl roCYllapCTBa 6bWH nOCTaI3J1eHbl nOlI KOH-
rpOJlb UMK rm.u1HbjJ.aHa, Koropm.fY 6bUI0 "pCllOcraBJICHO IIpaBO H£UHa-
ltaTb mllU-IOmL'IbIlOC npmU1Tc.lbCTBO. 4aIl KaHIIIH IIC Y1<lJlOCb 10611TbC}1
}/tlpC)f(J1CIIHH lI.n cc6S1 nOCTa npC3HllCllTa pccny6mlKH, 011 CTa.'I npC1lCcna-
TeJ1CM HaUHOH<L'IbHOro npamnC_lbCTBa.
BpCICHH,UI KOHCTHl)'LUUI CO.Jcp)f(.Lla JleKJIapaLUm H 06ClUaHl1Sl B OT-
HOmCHIH1 rpmKitaHCKHX npaB H I-JapOltHOro 6.1arocoCTOSlHH5!. Ho 3a BCCb
ncpHOJ1. roMI1IfblIaHOBCKOro npaBJlCIII1S1 HWICro HC 6bL10 CllCJ1aIlO IL1S1 npo-
ncncmm HX n )l{H3Hb.
<lhlKH1 l ICCKYIO KOI-lCTH IYLUIIO CTpaHbl COCTaBH..'1H IIpHI-In rblC B 1931 r.
HOBblC 3aKOIlbI 06 opnuuuaIUHI IlCHTIXlJIbIlblX npamnCJ1bCTBCHllblX ytIPC)f(-
.ncIII-li-i, KOTOphlC COCpCfJ.OTOlll1J1H BCIO BJlaCTb B PYKax npC1lCC1laTCJ1S1 lIa-
LlHOI-laJ1bHOro npamnc1 bCTBa. O.ilHOBpeICHHO 6blJlli npHHSlTbl HcrnaCHble
YCnti-iOlLICHlUI 0 IIpaBC BoeHHoro KO:\taH110BaHIUI Ha B:\tCWaJCJIbCTBO B .J.CTJa
a.Ll,MI1HIICTpaTHBHoro ynpaIlilCHlHI H napnlHI-IbJe .D.Cla, a T<\K)f(C nOCT<IHOB-
J1CIII1S1 0 no.lll1lcikKoi-i CHCTC\fC KpyroBOi-i nopYKH HaCC.I]CIII-1S1 H llPYfHC
nOll06Hbie aKTbl l .
rOMI.IHb.JaHOBCK.15I BcpXYWKa OTKa3blB,UIaCb or COJ.JaHIUl KO<LlI1LlHOI-l-
Horo npam1TCJ1bCTBa, Ha llC1 HaCT,mB<Llll 1lC:\tOKpaTWlccKHC opramnalUHI
Klna.
B 3THX YCJ10BlUIX Halla_10Cb paCWI-lpCHHC mlOHcKoi1 arpCCCHH B KH-
Tac, 11MCBwci-l CBOIt\-1 pC3y.lbTaTOM oKKynmul1O Ccncpo-BocTollHoro KI-I-
Ta. B !\-tapTC 1932 r. }1Il0IlCKOC np..ml1TC"lbCTBO 061)}IBH.10 0 C03J1amm B
J paHlHlaX CeBcpo- BOC"J OllHOro KH nUl «HC3aBl1cHMoro» roCY1l<\PC rna
I J!C'/1Wpllll rocY:J.apcTlm u npilnil J.lp}6C)Kllbl"\ CTp.1J1 / no,J, pC'l. O.A. )KUJ1KOl!il Ii
II.A. KpamcHIIHHIiKOROii. C. 458.

432
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBewee BpeMSI
AfaHbll.JICOYlO BO L'IaBe C nOCJle.'1HHM npenCTaBHTeJlet CBCprH}rrOl1 .'1HHa-
cnm Ill/H fly 11. rm.aIHbll<1HOBCKoe npaBHTe;lbCTBO He OpraHl-l30B,UIO
OTnopa arpeccopaf, JaH}1TOe 1I01taB)leHHet PCBOJ1IOUHOHHoro llBI-DKCHIUI,
KapaTCJ1bHLI\fH 3KcncilHUI-mMH npOTHB C03.uaHHbIX KOMIYI-fHCTaH1 pCBO-
1]100{HOHlfhIX 6a3 - oCB06m'GClfHhiX pai-ioIfOB. J1I1111h .D.<lJIhlIcJ.iIllCC pac-
WHpeHHe mloHcKoi-i arpeccm-I, HaCTOM l ll1Bble Ipc60lmHI.UI 06ruecTBeHHO-
CTH npeKpantTb rpa)I(llaHCKYIO Boi-iHY 3aCTam-11H PYKonOilCTBO rOI\H1Hbila-
Ifa 3<1K.'IIOlIHTb C KOtMYIIHCTaH1 n 1937 r. COfJ1aIllCHHC 0 rmYTpCHIfCf
MI-lpC. OnHaKo B Te l lCIHIC BceM aHnUInOIICKOH BoiiHbl paHolfhI. KOI-ITpO-
JlHpyetble KOfMYHHCTaMH, nOlllcpra.JIHCb 6J10Ka1I.e.
B 1945 roilY noc.l]c nOpa)l(CHHH
5!nOlfcKoi.f KnmITYlfcKoi.f apHH1 11
oCBo6mKlleHIHI COBeTCKIHtH Boi-i-
CKaMI1 ccncpO-BOCTOKa CTpaHbI
COOTHOWCI-IHC CHJ1 H3ICHL10Cb n
nOJlh3Y KOIlym-lcToB, B03rJ1aB-
?
mICl\-lbIX Afao 1l3:J()ymUf (1893-
1976).
.J KHTaM OKa3aJ1C5! cpaKTwlccKH
, pa3}1.CJ1CHlfbIf Ha ilBC lJaCTH. Ce-
Bepo-BoCTOlII-lbli-i KII rai-i Haxo-
1H1J1C}1 nOil KOHTpOJ1CM KOl\-IIYHII-
CTOB. OHiI lOr.1H HcnocpCilCTBCH-
110 oncpCThCH lIa nO.iI.llCp:>KKY
CCCP. OCT<UIbHOii t.IaCThK) KHT<UI YIIpaBJ1}IJI rO:\tHHbilaH. neperOlmpbl 0
C0311aHHH ClI.HHOrO rOCYllapCTlm C Koam-IUHOHHbl\f "pamITCJ1bCTBOM HC
npl-1Bc.1H K pcaJlbHOIY 06'bCmIHCHHIO CTpaHbJ. BCCHOi-i 1946 r. noi1cKa
rO:\HlllhfJ.aIIa }IBllIIy.'IHCh B lIacTynJ1CHHC. l-hlll<lJIaCh HomUI lpO.JICOOIlCKOff
flotiHa. BHalJ,Ue HHHLU-taHmOM BJlallcml BoikKa rOMHHbllaI-la, Jare1 OHa
ncpcwJ1a n PYKH KO\lMYHHcTon. Hx nOCHHblC ycncxH cnoc06CTnOnaJ1H
OTXOllY OT nOIl.Llcp:>KKH rO\lllllbllaJIa BJ1HSlTCJ1bllbIX nOmlTWICCKllX CHJ1,
HCKaBIIIHX KOHTaKTbI C KOMtYIHICTatH. YKpcm-ll]a n03HUHH KOmapn1H
H pa3BCpH}'TC}I Ha KOH"l pOJIHPYCMOi.f HMH reppl-1 ropHH arpapHml pe(IJOpMa.
ncpepacnpc.ucmmwaH 3ef.I]H B n0J1b3Y KpCCTbHH.
K IJa l l<L1Y 1949 r. 6hlJ1 3aBcplllCif pa3rpm1 Boi1cK rOM HII hn.alfa. Oc-
-laTKH BOHCKa rOtHHb.aaHa H npeJHJ1CHT KI-rraMCKOl1 pecny6JlliKH YaI-l
Kai-iwH YKpbIJIHCb Ha oc-rpOBe TaUflaHb.
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80 npeMH rpa}K".1.aUCKOH BOHllbl
06p030BOHV1e V1 p03BV1TV1e I(HP
I oKnl6pn 1949 r. B nCKHHe 6blJ10 npOBOJrJlaWCHO C0311aHHC KUf1l111i-
CKoii /-IapoiJllOli Pecny6.1UKu (KH P) I-Ia nJ1CHapHoj.i CCCCHH HapoiJllolo /10-
JIUflll1 l leCKOlO KOIlCy.lb11Wf1l116110l0 C06ema KumaR (HnKCK).

15. rOCYAapcTBo H npaBO COBpeMeHHoro BocToKa
433
CCCCIUI IIpl1Hmla OOll1J1/O (co8.uecf11HYIO) npopau.'t)' HnKCK, 1I0cra-
HOBJ1CIHI}! 0 rocYJlapCTBCHHOM <1>Jlarc, rHlIIC, HOBOI J1CTOC l IHCJ1CHUU 11
nCpeHeCeHHH CT01UUbi rocyn.apCTBa B neKHH C BOJBpalllCHHCM el\-tY CTa-
poro IItnBalHHI.
06111a npOrpaMMa C l ll1TaJlaCb Bpe.UellllOil KOIlCl11lmlYllleli CTpaHbl.
OI-l,l npOUOJLlaCHJIa KH P «roCYlI.apCTBOt HOBOi-i }1.eIOKpan-Hl'). B KallC-
CTBC OCIIOB!.I )KOHOIWICCKoro pa3BUTIHI CTIXlIIhI npOB03f.'laUlaJICSI rocy-
..1apCTnCHHbIi-1 CeKTOp XOJHikTna. BMeCTe C TCM onpCnCmL1HCb nym pa3-
BUTIm KOOnCpaTHBIIOrO, ICJ1KOTOBapIIOrO. roCY1apCTBCHlI0-KanHT<L1U-
CTHlICCKOro H tIaCTI-IOKam1TaJHICTll l ICCKOro CCKTOpOB. npl0 0 ncpcxo-
De K COUH.lJIH3IY B 061l1eI-i nporpaIMC HC roBOpH'lOCb.
OCHOBllhiMU npHIlUlmaH1 opramnaUHlI H .uCSlTCJ1bHOCTH roCYlI.apCT-
BCHHblX opraHOB IIPOB03LIaW..UH1Cb .nCMOKpa B-llICCKHH UCH rp.LH1J1 H
YlIaCTHC B ynpaBJIclIHH n.CJraHI roCY1apCTBa IlIHpOKHX HapOJlHblX mcc,
IIpen.CTaRUllOlUHX BCC I-IaLUIOHaJ1bHOCTU CTPaHbl, H np. 06111ml IIporpaM-
Ma }1BJ1}1.1aCb OTnpaBI-IbIt nYHKTOM 3aKOHOJl<lTC.'lbCTBa KHP. Bcc npe)f<Hee
KHTaikKOC 3aKOII01IaTCJ1bCTBO On1CIIH.TIOCb.
npHXO.LI. KI-rraikKHX KoaIYHHCTOB K luac B-1 1I0JIO)f(I111 HalJ(UIO rpaI-l-
1U03110i-i TpaHC(IJOp:\talUH1 KI-ITai.fcKOrO 06I1lCCTBa. n05!BHJ1HCb HOBblC
opraHbl RlaCTH. BbICWH!\-I opnlHOM B CTpaHe 6blJ1 06'MIB.TleH LleH/llpa Ib-
IIblii HapooHbtij Ilpa(Wme.lfJCm(ieIlHblll CO(iel11 (UHnC). 011 (l>opH1pOB<.lJI
.npyme rocynapcTnCHHblC opraHbl: roq'dapcl11eel/llblii 1l(lmIllUCl11pam1l6-
IIMil coeem (BbICllH1i-i HCIIOJII-IH re.'lbHblH opraH), HapocJHo-peenllOlllOHllblll
eOellllbtli coeem, BepXOellbllJ cyd H Bepxoell)'10 II(JPOiJIIYIO npOK)'pamop)'.
B\ICCTe C UHnc 3TH opraHbl COCTaBLll-1 ueHTplli1bHOC Hap0.'1I-10C npa-
IH1TCJ1bCTBO KH P. npcn.CCmITc.1C1 CT..L'I Mao UJ3}IYH.
15 CCI-ITSI6pSI 1954 r. 6blJ1a npHHSlTa nepBml KOIICmlllllYlwl KH P,
IOpH1Hl l ICCKH 3aKpCm-IBW<U1 r.JtaBHbIe I10JI0)f(eHIUl rCHcp<LlbHOH "lHHIHI
KOMMYHIICTWlccKOi-i napn-HI KI-ITa.
TaK )f(C, KaK H B C'lp<lHax BOCTOllHOH EBpOflbl, B Kmac KOMIIapn-l-
cH OCYIllCCTllnJ10Cb «CTpOHTCJlbCTBO COIlHaJlI13m». OlllltlKO 13 Jlam>lIcH-
WCM KYpC 6bl.1 11JICHeH. ECJ1I-I n BOCTOllHOH EBpone B 1950-c rollbl
II<.lMCnL1C}1 KpH3HC CJ10)f(I-IBIIICrOCSI COIU-l<lJ1IBm. TO B KI-ITac cro HC 6bI-
J10. DOJ1CC TOro, ncpDbIC ycncxll n03DO.UIJ1H Mao U33.ilYHY CllCJ1aTb DbI-
BOil 0 BOJMO)f(HOCTH IIOCTaHOBKH 60JICC pallHK..lJ1bHbIX UCJICH.
B Mac 1958 r. Kn K ymCp)f(j[aCT HOBYIO rCHCpaJ1bIlYIO J1I-1I1HIO. DhlJ10
PCWCHO <1>OpcllpoBan 3KOHOMHllCCKoe pa3BHTUC, OCYlllCCTBHTb nom-Inl-
K)' (.EO;lblUO?O CKat/Ka» 1-1 nOCTpOHTb 1I0BOC 06I1lCCTBO. BMCCTO IIc60.1b-
111IIX KooncpanmOD 6blJ11-1 C03.ilaHbI lIapodllbie KmWY"bl, 06'bCllHHHDWIIC
B cpe.JHe1 no 20 TbIC. KpeCTMIH, B KOTOpbIX o606lUCCTBJ1}I.'IOCb Bce,
BK'lIOll<U1 npuyca J 1c6HhlC x03ikTBa, BBO.'UIJ1CH ypaBHHTCJ1bllhli-i npHH-
UI1I1 paCllpClle.ICHIUI. )l(HJHb KpCCTbHH 6blJJa )f(ec rKO pcmaMCH B-lpOua-
lIa. B npOMblIIL1CHliOCTII 6bIJ10 pCIJICHO YCKOPI1Tb UH1YCTpH,lJIHJaIlHIO

434
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBewee BpeMSI
sa ClieT 6eJB03MeJllHoro rpY1l<l II yrel\-I CTpOH rCJlbCTBa MCjlKI1X IIpe,LwpH-
S!TlIH C nonYKYCTaplloi-j TCXIIO.I]OflICH.
OD.HaKO «EO"lbwoH CK<llIOK) nOTepneJ1 Kpax. npOl-I3BOllCTBO CCJ1bCKO-
X03SIikTBCIIIIOH npOJlYKIlIHI ymlJlO, B pH1lC paHOIiOB KHTml HalHt-1CH ro-
J10;!. COKpaTIIJ10Cb 11 npm'lbIWJ1CHHOC npmI3BOlICTBO. BMCCTO pblBKa Bnc-
PCJJ. CTJXtHa nOJ1Y l IHJIa 3KOHOH1llecKHi-i KpIHHC. C 1961 rolla 61,1.1 B3}IT
KVPC lIa ypely.mpoe(Jlllle, T.C. cpaKnlllccKYIO on1CIIY rCllcJXU1bHOi-i .1IHlHH.
nOCKOJ1bKY >Ke ca\1 Mao UJ.:Il1YH ClIHTaJ1 3TO «ypCI )''IHpOBaHHc»
.TlHlUb nCpCJlbiIIlKoi-i H npoJlOJ1)K,t-l HacnumaTb lIa npalULlbHoCTH CBocro
pCBOllOLU10HHOro Kypca, B cTpaHc H napTlH1 B03HHK.1a HaCTOSiwaH on-
n0311WUl eMY, lITO BbIHYlIHJ10 Mao HalfaTb OTKPbITYIO 60pb6y CO CBOH\HI
nponmlll-IKaH1. I1CXOD.H U3 Toro lITO onn03HUlIS! nycTl1J1a rJ1y60KIIC
KOpHI1 B IIapnli-iHo1 11 roCY1l<lpC rBeI-lHO1 .mllapaTe. OH CllcmUI rJHtBHbl\f
OpYJlI-IC:\1 601"1,61,1 MO.10lIC)Kb H apIHIO. n05!BHJ1HCb ('KpaCHbIC oxpaHlIH-
KI-I» (XYHIUi16HHbl) H «6YHTapH» (UJao<l>aHH), PYKOBOlI.HMblC I-ICIIOCpCll-
CTnCIHIO Mao U33n.YHOM H cro 6jll'l)Kai-iIlHHm Cn.HI-IOMbIUL1CHHIIKa1H.
Oml rpoMu.1H napnli1Hblc KOMHTCTbl 11 MI1I1HCTCpcTBa, 3aXBaTbIDaJ1H
npcllIlplUl nUl 11 BYJbl. Bce :HO II0JIY l lH.'10 H.UBaHl1e «Be,llIKWI nplUef1lap-
CK(JfI K)'.lbf1lJ'PIl{lfI peeo.lIOl{IIfl». Bo BpC:\HI «KY.l]bTYPIIOH pcno.'IIOIUHi»
TOJ1bKO liTO HalIaBWHC COJllaBaTbC}1 npaBOHblC OCHOHbl rOCYlI.apCTHa 6b1-
TlH p;npYlIleHbl. B 1975 ron.y 6bLla npl1mITa HOBa}1 KOHCf1lWllYI{UfI, CTaB-
llIaS! 3HalIHTCJ1bHbIf pcrpeccoM no cpaBHeHHIO C ncpBoH. OHa 6blJ1a
nplHHaHa JICnUHIJOBa rb I-ICKO ropblC I1HCTH rYTbl H II0.T1H nIlICCKlle YCT<I-
HOBKII. nOpO)l()}CHHblC (.KYJ1bTYPHoi-i PCBOJ1loW-lclh). no pacnopmKcIIHlo
Mao UJ311YHa nOJIO)l(CHHC B CTpaHC BJ}IJ1a BOll CBOi1 KOI-lTpO"lb apMHSI.
YTo6bI c6<LlaI-ICHpOBaTb n03pOCIIICC B.'ImIHHe apMHI1, Mao Halla"l BOC-
CTaHaB.1HBaTb napnlHHbIe H roCYlI.apCTBCI-IHbIC opraHbl. BepHYJ1 \IHOfHX
OmUlbI-lblX nap rpa60 rI-lHKOU. Ho ero KYPC Bce 60jlCe IH)KI-IB<Ll ce6}1.
B 1978 ro.ny 6bLTJH BHCCCHbl H3ICHCI-IHSI n KOI-ICTlrryuHIO KH P. Ho-
HeUi KOHCTHTYWHI 6bIJIa }IPKO Bblpa)KeHI-IblM KOMllpOMHCCHblM D.OKYMCI-I-
TOf, COllcnUHlnHf ycnUlOBKH HOBoro KlnaikKoro PYKonOilCTBa C HCKO-
TOpblMH .103YHra!\lH «KYJlbTYPHOil PCBOJ1JOUUH».
nOCJ1C CICI)TH Mao U331YlHt B napnHi BJ}L'IH BCpX npanmTHKH,
H<lCnUW<lBIlIHC Ha OTK<l3C OT HconpaBlIam-lbIX 3a6cr<lHllii BnCpCD.. JlH-
.J.epO1 IIparMaTUKOB CTaJI JI.JH CflOIlliH (1904-1997). HalJa"lacb HOBaH
nonoca pa3BHTHH KlnaH. npHXOJ1 nparMaTHKOB K B.'IaCTH nO.10>KHJ1
Ha l laJ10 Kapn.lIHa.l]bHbl1 ncpCICHaM BO BHyrpCHI-Iel-i nom-nHKC. «KYJ1b-
TypH,UI pcnO:I10IHHI» 6bL'Ia n01BcprHYTa KpHTlIKC. Bcc nOCTpan.aBIIIHC B
3TH rOilbl 6bWH pCa6UJ1HTHpOBaHbl. BOCCTaHanJ1HBaJ1aCb HOpMaJ1bHaH
pa6(na roCYllapCTBeHHbIX H 06WCCTBCHI-IbiX opramuaW-li-i. Cra"l HJY-
lIaThCSI onblT 3anaJlHhiX CTpaH. JlCCSlTKH ThlCSlll CTyn.CHTOB nocxa.'IH
YllHTbCH 3a rpaI-lHUY. CTpaI-la CTaI-lOBlI"IaCb 60.Tlee OTKpblroi-1. OblJI HJ}1f
KYpC 11<1 BBClcm1C fualiOflOlI pbllfOLIl/Oli -:JKOfl(UtllKli. rOCYJlapCTBCIIHbIC

15. rOCYAapcTBo H npaBO COBpeMeHHoro BocToKa
435
IIpCJ-tllpl-Hl nUl IICpCBOllHJIHCb I-Ia x03pac l lc r, 1I00lUP}L!OCb paJBIUHC
MC.I]Koro H cpcfJ.llcro 611311cca. CnIMYJ1IlpOBaJ1I1Cb 1-1II0CTpamlhic Kam1-
TaJ10BJ10)l(CHHH. B CCJ1bCKOM X03HHCTBC, mc 3aHHTa n.o CHX nop 60J1b-
IIHUI lIaCTb TpYJJ.ocnoc06110ro 1I<1CCJ1CIIIHI, 6blJ1a BBcnClla CIICTcm cc-
\-lei1Horo n0J1p5l1W npH coxpaHcHIHI KOJ1J1CKTHBHOi-i C06CTBCHHOCTH Ha
3C!\-LllO. Bcc 3TO cnoc06CTUOB(lI]O YCKopeHl-IIQ TCMnOB paJBlIT1HI CTpaHbI.
r ocy AopCTBeHHblLl1 CTpOLl1 COBpeMeHHoro l(itlTOfi
B 1982 rollY npl1HHMaCTC5I HOna51 KOIICmlll1l)'l{WI KHP, onpCllcmm-
WtH( 110 HHWleCKYIO CYWI-IOCTb mCYllapCTB<1 KaK oe.,wKp(J/lW l lecK)'1O dllK-
mamypy lI(JpoiJa, nOJllICpKIIYB npH ::nO:\f, lITO. no cymcCTBY, JUfKT<nypa
Hapon.a - 3TO D.HKTaTypa npOJ1CTapIHlTa. 3Ha l IHTCJ1bHbIC H3MeHCHI-HI
npOl1JOllIml B rOCYlI.apCTBCHHO:\t CTpoe.
B KHP I-IC IIpHHHTa KOHUCIILUHI paJllCJICHl-H1 BJlaCrCH. 3.L1.CCb IIpH-
\-IeH}ICTC}I I-IHOH nOllXOl1: ClIHTaCTC}I, lITO opraHaMl1 rocy...rapCTBCHHOH
BJ1aCTII SlBJ1S1IOTC5I TOJIbKO npCllCTaBHTeJ1bHbIC opraHbI Tima COBCTOB,
KOTOpblM CIH13Y DOBCPXY npl1Ha1L1C)f(HT nomlDTa roCYllapCTJ3CIHlOH n11a-
cn1 (opramnaIlHOHHo-npaBomlSl KOHlIcnlllHl CfJ.llIICTBa rOCYllapCTBCH-
HOl1 BJ1UCnl). PU3J1H l laJOTCSI: oprallhl roCY1lapCTBCIIIIOl1 BJlaCTl1 (BhICIIH1C
H MCCTHbIC). OPraHbl roCYllapCTBClllIoro ynpaRlcHiHI (BbICIIIHi-i oprall
06WCH KOMIICTCHLUH1 - IIpaBHTCJlbCTBO, MccrHblC - HCIIOJ1HHTCJlbHbIC
KO:\Hucrbl c06paHHH Hapo...rI-lblX IIpCllCTaBIHc.ICH), opraHbl cy...ra H IIpO-
KypaI ypbl.
K lUICJIY BblClllHX opraHOB roCYllapCTBCHHOi-i BJlaCTJ.l OTHocn rcn:
BceKlImai'CKoe co6paHlIe HapOOHblX npeOCma811me leli - BCpXOBHbli-i opraH
roCYllapCTBCHHOl1 BJ1aCTH, em lIocmOJIHHbui KOJHlUllem H IIpeocedame lb
Pecny6.llIKU.
BCCKI-ITaikKOC c06palll-IC Hapon.llh1X npC1lCTamncJ1cH In6HpaCTCSI lIa
nnTb J1CT. D,cnyruTbl BCH n 1l0J1)f(lIbl COB1CIIL<lTh ncnynnCKYIO pa60TY C
TPY101 lIa npmnBOJ1CTBC, B YllpC)I(}lCm-ISlX H T.1l. Ct.IHTaCTCSI. lITO CTUTYC
«HCOCB06mKJI.CHIIorO llcnyranl» n03BOJlnCT C\tY 6bITb TCCHO CBn3aJllIbI:\f
C :\tacca:\1H. TPYllHTbC}I B:\teCTC C HH:\tH, J1Y l IIIJC JHaTb I-IX HaCTpOCHIHI H
HY)f(J1bl.
BCH n - opraH OllHOnaJ1aTHbIM. Y HCro HCT nOCToslHHOro npclI.CC-
.n.aTcml H nOCToslHHOro PYKOBOllSIWCro opraHa. 3aCCJ1aHl-HIMH PYKOBOJ1I1T
npC3HiUlYf CCCCHII. KOTOpbli-i 1136HpaCTCH Ha Ka)l(1I.oi-i ceCCHI-I. Y.leHbI
npc3HllIly:\ta npCilCellaTCJIbCTBYIOT I-Ia 3accn.aHHSlX 06bI l iHO nOOllcpC.nHO.
BCHn C031laCT OTpaCJ1CBbIC (cnCIlHa.1H3HPOBUllllbIC) nOCTOSlHHblC KO-
MHCCHH: >lmaHCOBo-JKOIIOMHlICCKYIO, no HIIOCTIXlIIllbl:\1 1c:m1 H 1p.
CBoc06pa3HOC nO.I]O)f(CHHC B CHCTC:\IC nbICIIIHX opraHOB rocyn.apCT-
BCIIHOH BJlaCTH 3aIH1MaCT nOCT<HIHI-IbIi-i KOH1TCT BCHn. C OJI.HOM CTO-
pOI-lbl, OH opraI-l BCHn, C n.pyroH CTOpOI-lbI, 3TO BbICWI-Il1 opraH rocy-

436
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBewee BpeMSI
lUlpCTBeHHoi-1 InaCHI, HMeK)lliIli-i Ca1OCT<HITe.'lbHbIe no.'lHOtolIlHI, KOTO-
pbIe OH OCYllleCTBJ1}IeT HeJaBHCHMO OT roro, 3aCemteT lUll He 3ace;raeT
BCHn. K co6cneI-lI-lOH KOMIIereHLUIH nOcTmIHHoro KOMIHeT<1 BCHn
orI-lOC}ITCH:
. TOJ1KOB<lfIHC KOIICTI1TYUJ.HI 11 JaKOIlOB
. KOHTpOJlb 3a pa60Toi1 npamne.lbCTBa - rOCYllapCTllcHHOro COllCTa;
. KOI-lTpO.lb 3a pa60Toi-l UeHTpalbHoro BoeHHoro COBeTa, BepXOB-
HOro I-IapOllHoro CYiIa, BepxonHoi-l HapOllHOi-i npoKypaTYpbI;
. npaBO OT\-ICIIHTb aKTbl opraIlOB rOCYJlapCTBCIIIIOii BmlCTH npo-
BI1HUHi-i, alHOHO\II-1bIX pai-ioHOB, ropOllOB ueH rp,ulbHOro I1011llH-
HeI-llU1 H n.p.
flIaBoi-i roCYlI.apCTBa HBJHleTCH npellCeII.aTeJ1b KH P. Ero nO"lHOMO-
llHH CBOlI.SITCSI npellMYllleCTBeHI-IO K IHn.amuo aKTOB, KOTOPbl!\H1 O)Op\l-
J1SJ10TCH PCWCIHIH BCH n H cro nOCTO}!III-IOro KOH1TCTa. 01-1 IJa3Ha l JaCT
\HlOflIX RblClUllX 1l0.1)f(IIOCTllhIX lIlIll (npClbCp rocyn.apCTBcHIfOro conc-
Ta. cro 3a1CCTHTCJIH, IHIfHCTphi H 11p.), Ifarpa)f()1aCT rOCYJlapCTBCIIIfhlfH
I1arpailaIH, npl-lcmnmaCT nOllCTllblC 3B<lfIHH, H<13l1a l meT H OT3bIBaCT 1U1-
nJ10Man-flICCKIIX npcn.CT<UHITCJlcf1 Kif P. paTH<l>llIUlPYCT 11 llCIiOllCllPYCT
MC)f(j.1YIIap();1lIbIC 10roBOpbI H 1p.
nOJ1HOMOlIHH npellcemneJUI Ha I1paKnlKe orpaHI-llleHbl, Bce Ba)f(HbIe
pewemul IIpHHllMalOTCH ueH Ip.UlbHbIMH opnlHaHI KO\IMYHHCTI-l l lecKoi-i
napnlH KI1Ta}l, B COOTBeTCTBHH C KOTOpbIMH II llei-icTByeT npe;rceJ-taTeJ1b
KHP. OH IH6HpaeTCH BCHn I-Ia CpOK ero nOJl HOl\-IOllH ti - nHTb lIfT.
OlI.HO 11 TO )f(C mluo He lO)f(eT 6bITb H36paHO Ha :ny 1101I)f(HOCTb 601Iec
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CH (oeyoapemeel/Ilbll) coeem, 110 60Jlb1llY10, a IHfOr1a H pClllalOmYIO pO.'lb
HrpaCT llellmpa.lbl/b/l/ 80ellllbtli eoeem. UClITpaJlbllbll\HI oprallaMH OTpac-
TJeBOrO ynpaB.1CHHH }IB!UIIOTCH tHIHICTCJ)cTBa H Be'lOMCTBa.
focy...rapCTBeHHbIi-i COBeT xapaKTepinyeTC5! KOHCTI1TYUlldi KaK ueH-
Tpa.lbHoe HapO.llHOe npam-ITeJ1bCTBO, lIcnO.l HI-ITe.1] bHbli-i opraI-l rocyn.ap-
CTBeHHoii BJiaCTl1 H Bblcwlli1 rocy.aapCTueHHbli-i am.H1I-1HCTpanmHbli-i
opraH. nCpBoe onpe11e.'leHHC CBSlJaI-lO C rer"'l. lITO B KI-ITae cyweCTBYIOT
TaK)f(e MeCTHblC HapOllHblC npam1TeJlbCTna, KOTOpblMH HBJIHIOTC}! HC-
nOJ1HHTClIbI-lbIC KOIHTCTbl MCCTHblX c06pmUli-i HapOllHbIX npC11CTaBl1TC-
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nOJ1I-IO1Ot.nUI1 npdBI-ITc.lbCTBa B 11.pynlx CTpclllax. BMCCTC C TCM te)l(}lY
CCCCHHMH BCH n H 3aCC11amIH1H nOCTOHlIl-IOro KOfHTCTa 011 MO)f(CT

15. rOCYAapcTBo H npaBO COBpeMeHHoro BocToKa
437
lI3JlClmlTb no JKOI-IOMHlIeCKIIt Bonpoca1 aKTbl, KOTopbIe 06bIlIHO npH-
mHlalOTCH B IUIJ1C JaKOlla. M lIonlC aKTbl rOCYJIapCTBclilIoro COBCTa
npl-1I-lHtaIOTc B BHJIC COBMCCTHblX PCWCHIIH rOCYJIapCTBcHHoro COBCTa
H UK KOMIIapB-m KI-ITml.
KHP HileT no nyn-I COBeprneHCTBOBaHlUl rocyn.apCTBeHHO-lIpaBOBbIX
HlICTI-ITyrOB, KOTOpblC CTaiI OIUITC}I BCC 60J1CC npHcnoc06J1ClIllbl1H K
BbInOJ1HCHHIO CTOWIIX ncpCJI cTpaHoi1 3an.a t l.
B CTpaHe npOHCXOJIH.'IO nOCTOSIHHOC 06HOBJICHI.IC 3aKOH01l<lTeJ1bCTBa 0
nOp}IJIKe (l>Op1HpOBi.lHIUI H OpnIHHJaLUH1 roCYllapCTneHHbIX opnlHOU. Obl-
na 3aBcpmCila II 0 B,UI pCJ1.aKWUI 3aKolla 0 Bbl60pax BO BCCKI-ITaikKOe c06-
pamlc lIapOJUlblX npCJICTaBlITCJ1cii 11 fCCTllbIC c06pamul lIapOlUlblX npC}l-
CTaBl1Tc.1CH 11 3aKOHa 06 OpraHI-1JaLUH1 MCCTHblX c06paHI1H HapollHbIX
npeilCTamlTCJlei-i H \leCTHbIX Hapo.JHblX IIpaBH re'lbCTB. B JTH JaKOI-lbl 6bI-
m-I BBcn.eHbl nOJ1O)J(eI-II1SI 06 06}13aTe.lbHbIX ,LI]bTCpllanmllbIx K.1I-UUIJIaT)'-
pax lIa BbI6opax, 0 npaBC YllaCTIHI B Bbl60pax qXl)J(jl,m KH P, npo)J(ll-
BalOIlU1X 3a rpam-mci1, 06 YBCJII-l l IClIHI1 npcJlCTamITCJ1bCTBa B opraHax BJ1<l-
CTI1 Ma 10lIHCJ1eHHbIX I-IapOJIOB, 0 1I0p}lllKe BblllBII)J(CHIUI KaHlI.H.aaTOB B
..le II yra rbI H HX OTJbIHe 11 1'.11.
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.1OJ/CeHUe 0 (!()cJ'()apCf1l8eHHblx clYJ/('aU{lIx, npHH}ITOe rOCCOBCTO\f KHP B
1993 r. nOJIO)J(CHI.IC I1pe.JYCfOrpCJIO Ha60p CJIY)J(aWIIX 110 pe3YJlbraraM
3KJateHOB, lIeTKoe OnpeJIeleI-lHe nOp}IJIKa HX H<13Ha l IeHI1SI H CMeweHI1SI,
CHCTCMY ncpl-101WICCKHX aTTCCTaUH i-I , OTBOJI 01' DomKIlOCTl1 (lIanpHMcp,
1-13-3a pOilCTBCHI-IbIX CBH3cii B annapaTc), pOTaUHIO KallpOB.
D.e\IOKpanUaLUUI 11I-1crl1lyroB HOCHr BeCbMa n.OJllpOmlHI-Ibli-i xapaKTep
B paIKax YCT<IHOBHBweHc}J 1I0lHrB-l l leCKoH CHCTeMbl. BMecTe C TeM KI-rrai-i
nOCTcnCHHO OTXOmlT OT npe)J(lIci-i CHCTCtbl ynpaB.1CIIH5!, oCHoBallHoi-i lIa
ail\IHHHCTpanIBHO-KO\IaHilHbIX MCTon.ax.
MOAepHitl30lJ,itlfI TPOAitllJ,itlOHHOrO npOBO
C B03I-IHKHOBCHHCf B KI1Tac pccny6.'IIIKat-icK0I1 <1)OPIL1 npan..lcHlm
HatlaJICH npouecc MOllCpHI-13aW-1H TpamumoHHoro npaBa. B 1912 roilY 6b1-
JIO IIpl1mnO Y2D.108HOe JlOJICeHue. 3aTe1\-1 (B 1928 H 1935 rr.) 6bl11a IIpOBe-
.l1clla ero pen.aKWHI, BI-ICCelibI H3MeHCmHI. C 1928 roml Y.lo)J(cHHe 6blJ10
ncpCHfCI-IOBm-lO n KoiJeKc. OH 3mn1CTBOBaJI 1HOrHC 113 nO.'IO)f(Clmi1 yro-
J10BHOro 3<1KOI-lo.naTCJ1bCTBa }lnoHIHI H CTpaH 3ana.J.Hoi-l EBponbl.
B I10CJlellYIOWHe 1"01lbi B KOllH<pl-IKaLUloHHbIX pa60T<lX BOJ06mlll<UH1
CTpeIJ1CHlHI K 60JlbIllCMY }IlICTY oco6eHHocTci1 HaIUIOH,U1bHOI.f npaBO-
BoH Ky.lbTYpbl. Bo BCCX 1I0pmnIlmo-npaBOBbIX aKTax TOro BpCfCIHI
YCTaHaB.'IlmalaCb nOBblWCI-IHaH yr0J10BHaH OTBCTCTBeHI-IOCTb 3a nocSlra-

438
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBewee BpeMSI
TCJ1bCTBO Ha )l(113Hb, Jl1.0pOBbC H llCCTb POJ{CTBCHHHKOB. CYllICCTnOB<UIH
B03paCTHhiC orpalHl l lCHHH npH\ICHCI-IlUl CMCpTIIOi.i Ka31H1. YllHThmaJIaCb
milia npccTynHIIKa.
npOCKT f!){JJK'd{JHCKOi!() K()()eKC{J 6bL1 pa3pa6oTaH K KOHLlY 1925 r.,
HO B CHllY pCBOJHOLUIOHHbIX C06bITI-ti-i 6bIli OKOI-lll<nCJlbHO npHH}IT .1HWb
B 1930 r. 11 BCTymLl B J1cikTiUlC B 1931 r. KOJICKC pcrY11I1pOnaJi HIYIIIC-
CTBCHHblC OTHOWCHIHI B 061l1cii <POP\IC. MHOfHC BonpOCbl Inl HC OXBa-
TblBa"lI1Cb, liTO Tpc60BaJ10 paJpa60TKI-1 OTilCJlbHblX 3aKOHOB. Kon.eKC
OpIICI-ITI-lpoml"lCSI H<l COOTBCTCTBYK)llIHC KOlleKcbI 51noHHH 11 rCp\taHHH.
OCIfOBHblC 3aKOllbi TOro BpCICIfH 6bL1H CBC1CHbi B lbo(/Jat{IO{JllblliY -
nOJmYlo Km-try IIICCTII 3aKolloB, B KOTOpYIO BOIlL1H HOpMhl KOIfCTHTYIIH-
OHI-IOro, rpa)J(1laHcKoro. rpa)J(ilaHCKO-npOLlcCCYaJlbHOro. aLl\H1HIICTpaTlm-
HOro, TpYllOBOro, cpHHaHcoBoro H JC\leJlbHoro IIpaBa.
BbllucnCpClIHCJICHHbIC HopMaTHBHo-npaBOBblc aKTbl 6bL'IH B OC-
1108110:\-1 npHlf5!Thi B nCpHOJl rOMHllb1allOBCKoro npaBJ1CIIH5!. nOnblTKH
BHC.rrpCIIIHI cro Ha TCppHTOplHI Bccro KHTaH 61>11111 6c3ycnclUllhI, BCllh
B 3TOT HCTOpWICCKHH nepHO.J nCp\laI-leHTI-IO IIpOllOJ1)l(aJlaCb rpa)J(1laH-
CKaH BOrlHa.
B 1932 roHY 6bl11l1 nplHlSlTbi II0pManmlf0-npaBOBhlC aKThl B 06.1ac-
Tll rpa)!(J1aHcKoro npaBa. KacaIOUU1CCSI BJIO)l(ClIllS1 Kam1TaJIOB 8 TOpro-
BblC H npO\fblW.'lCHHbIC npCllnpl-HITlHI, 11 IIpam-Ll 0 CCYllax. npCllYCMaT-
pHB.UOCb IIpOBCllCHHC COUHa.'lbHbIX IIpe06paJOBaHHH. H.lIIpaIUCHHbIX Ha
P,UpYWCHHC (IJeOila IbHOi-i CIICTCI\-lbI JeMJIeBJlaJlCHIUI.
B cpCBpaJIC 1949 f. cwc 110 06pa30munm KH P npHWClIIllH\H1 K o.1a-
CHI KOMMYHllCTaMH 6bIJIO OTMCHCHO .ncikTBHC ro\IHHbD.aHOncKoro Ja-
KOHO}.l<1TCjIbCTUa I-Ia rcppH roplHI oCB06mtWCHHbiX paiioHou.
COLJ,Lt101\V1CTLt14eCI(Oe npOBO I(HP
B\ICCTC C lIpOBOJrJIaWCHHCM Klnai-icKoH HapO.JHoi-i PcclIy6.IHKII
HalIclJlOCb CTpOHTCJlbCTBO HOBoro, COLlH.uIHcnlllecKoro, IIpaBa.
B cro pa3B11TIUl :\10)1(110 BhlD.CJ1HTh TPH :nana.
flepoblli :J11lQn (1949-1956) - CTaHonJ1CI-IHC I-IOBOro npaBa. Obl11l1
npllI-1SlTbl JlIKOHbI 0 .Je.H Ie II mpyde, BpeMCI-IHble KOHCTHTYW10HHbIe aKTbl,
KOTOpblC OnpClleJlSIJIH npaBOBble OCHOBbl roCYII.apCTBa. BMCCTe C TCM B
KI-fTac 50-x rOlI.OB OTCyrcTBOB<lJI£1 HCJ10CTH,UI npaBOBLUI CHCTCM.l. 3aKo-
HOIWTCJ1bCTBO 11\IC.'I0 pa3p03HcHHbli-i xapaKTCp B CIIJ1Y pa306wcI-IHOCTH
OTllCJlbHblX Teppl-fTOplli-i Klnasl B ncpBblC nOCJlCBOCHHblC rolI.bJ.
Ha (I)QP1HpOBdHHC CIICTC\lbl IIp.ma JHalIHTC'lbHoe B:I1U1HHC OKaJbl-
Ba..1H CYWCCTBOBaBW,Ul Toma IIO.1HHl l lCCKan H IIpaBomUI KY.'lbTypa 06-
weCTBa H BoeHHO-KOMaHllHbIe leTOJlbI PYKOBO.LI.CTBa cTpaI-loi-i. npaBO-
TBOpllCCrBO OrJlJ-1lI,LIOCb \1 Horocy6beKTHocTblO, Korop,UI Bblpa)l(aTJaCb B

15. rOCYAapcTBo H npaBO COBpeMeHHoro BocToKa
439
npCllCTaBJlCHHH HOpMOTBOpllCCKHX npaB WllpOKO:\IY KPYry BJlaCTHbIX
opnuloB.
B ca:\IOM IHllI<L1C 50-x roHOB 6bL10 npHfHlTO IICCKOJ1bKO Ba)J(lIhlX
06WCKI-ITaHcKHX I-IOpMaTHBHbIX aKTOB no Yi?O,1Oelfo.uy I1paey. C031Iana-
J1l1Cb I-IOpMaTHBllbIC aKTbl no rpynna:\1 OllIlOpO.illibIX npccryn.lcHHi1, lIa-
nplnlcp 0 3anpcTe HapKoTHKOB. 0 HaKa3aHI15!X 3a KOHTppCBO.llOliII0I-l-
HYIO .ae}lTeJ1bHOCTb, Ja no.apbll3 roCYlIapCTBeHHOH .l1eHe)J(Hoi-1 cl-lcTeMbl,
Ja KopPynUHlo H IIp. I
B Cepe.LI.HHe 50-x ro1l0B 6bLl npHH}IT pSIlI. Ba)J(HbIX aKTOB no mpycJo-
6011)' npaey. perymlpYlOlUHX OTnYCKa. neHCHOI-lHOe 06ecne l IeHI-le. nop}l-
.J.OK YBOllbI-leHlU1 pa60 l IHx H C1IY)J(alUHX 11 llpyrHe BOIlpOCbI IPY1l0BOro
npaBa.
XapaKrepHoH lleproH IOCTHUHH IJ.<lI-lHOro lIepHOlla 6bLlO 0611JH1e
pa3J1J1lIHbIX IUUlOB llpCJBbIlJaiiHbIX CY}l{)B. Kpo:\tC 60eHHb/X mpUOYHa;106 C
1950 r. cnulH COJllaBaTbC}I HapO()HiJ[e mpuoYHa.uJ[ B pai1()Hax "pOBC}leH IUI
3CMC.lbtloi1 PC(I>OpMbl. <})olnUlT1btlO OtiH ClIl-ITaJ111Cb mt-lanl:\HI (KOJ1J1C-
rH5!MH) YC3111blX H rop01CKHX lIapO'ltlblX CY10n, a >aKnIllccKII 6blJ1H
cnCIlHam)tlbl:\HI llpC3Bbl l laimbl:\HI CYJ1'I:\H1. B HX KOMnCTClIllHIO BXOJU!J1H
tiC TOJ1bKO HCJ1a. Cml3atltlblC C npOBCllCHlICM 3C:\IC.1btl0i1 pC>OpMbl. tlO
TaK)J(C 11 BCC lICJ1a 0 KOHTppCBO.llOliII0HHbIX npccTynJ1CHHSlX H 6aWU-I-
TH31C. nO.l0BHHa llJ1CHOB TPH6YI-Ja.l0B In6HpaJIHCb YC311HblH1 Hml ro-
pOlICKIHm HapOlIHbI\1H npaBl1Te.l]bCTBa:\HI, llpyra5! nO.10BUHa H36HpaJ1aCb
KOI-l(CPCHLUUIMH Hapo.aI-lblX npc.nCTaBl-ITc.lcii J1I-160 Ha c06paHHSlX KpC-
CTMIH. npllroUOpbl HapOlIHblX TpH6YI-Ial0B nO,il.,le)J(aJ1H YTBep)J(lleI-lHIO
BblweCTOHWllX opraHOB.
B \lapTe 1952 r. 6blm1 Yllpe)J(.ileI-lbl Hapo.uHbIe TPH6YH.Ubl Ha ne-
pHOll MaCCOBoi-1 Kai\HlaHHH «caHb (l>aI-lb» «<I1pOrHB rpex J011» - KOp-
pyrlLlIHI, paCTOlIHTe.lbCTBa H 610poKpan-U\ta). OHH C031IaBalH1Cb BO
Bcex Y l lpC)J(}1eHHHX H B BOHHCKHX lJaCTHX OT nOJ1Ka H BbIwe. o HI-I
MOLI]H npHrOBapHBaTb K Jl106bI1 tCp:nl HaKa3aIHHI C nOCJ1c.aYIOIliHM
YTBepK.1.CHHCM BbIWeCT<UIIllHMH npaBIHClbCTBCHHbIHI IUI-I BOCHHbI-
MI-I HIiCTaIllUUI:\H1.
HapOllI-lble TpI16YHaJ1bI B ropolIax C03.ilaBamlCb ropOllCKHMH Ha-
pO.ilHbI1H npaBI-ITeJlbCTBaMH H BO Bpe:\1S1 npOBelICHHSI B 1952-1953 rr.
MaccoBoi1 KaMnaHIH1 «y (aHb» «<nponm nHTI1 30J1» - nO.ilKyna pa-
60Tl-IHKOB rocannapaTa, XHWCIH-Il1, YKJ10llCIIIUI OT yn"laTbl 1H1J10rOB.
MaXllIIallHH C rocyn.apCTBCllllbI1H 3aKa3U:\H1. npC J 1ccn.aTCJ1S1:\H1 TpH6y-
lIa.lOB H<13t1al.JaJ1HCb, KaK npaBHJ10, npCHccn.aTcml roponCKHX IIUPO.il-
tlblX CYHOB. npHroBopbl :.>THX Tpl-16ytla"10B, CCJ1H 01111 npCfJ.YC:\taTpHBa-
I 1lC11/Of1Wl rocY,lapcrna U IIpana Japy6c)t\lIblX CTp.1I1. ll. 2 / no.'!. o6w. pC'I.
II.A. KpalllcHIIHHI1KOROii U O.A. )KU,'lKOB.L - M., 1999. C. 695.

440
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBeHwee BpeMSI
JH1 C1CPTHYIO KaJHb IUI-I D.m-ITCJlbHOe HIWCHHe CB060ilbi (OT .J.CCIHI
J1CT H 60J1CC), nOiL'IC)I(a'Hl YT13Cp)J(JICHHIO UbI WCCTomW-1 1\UI npaUl-fTCJ1b-
CTBCIIHbI\H1 oprm-Ia\H1.
B tapTC 1951 r. 6bl1l0 npl-IH}ITO BpC\ICHHOC opraHlnamlOHHOC nO.lO-
)l(CHIIC HaponHbIX cynon KHP. OHO HCXO.J.HJlO 113 npc)I(Hdi npaKTHKH OC-
n060)f01Cllllb1X paiiollon (na H H3 KIHai-icKoi1 Tpa"1Hw-m): nKJIIOllClHlC lIa-
pOJlllblX CYJlOB n CTPYKTYPY 1CCTllbIX npam1TCJlbCTB. npCJlYC\IaTpHnaJIOCb,
C031UIIHC HIICTHT)'Ta IIUP0l.llbiX 3acc1l<1IIHi-i, 110 npaBO npHIITI.JH cY1c6110ro
peUICIHUI OcrUB:'llOCb 3a Cy.n.b}IHf, a 3aCC113Tcm-1 MorJ1H J1HIlIb «nO\tOraTb B
paCCJIeD.OmIHlUI JleJ1a, IIPIIHW\taTb YlIucnle B CY.iI.e6HO\t p.u61'lpaTeJIbC'TBe I-I
BbICKaJbIB3Tb CBOC MHCHHC 110 paCnfaTPI-IBaCMO\IY D.C'Iy.)I.
Ha 6nlOpO"'" .Jnlane (1957-1976) - B IIepHOD. «EOJIbWOro CKallKa,) H
«KYJlbTYPHOH pe BOJI IOUIH1') - npmIBlUII-1Cb HHnLHICTWIeCKHC TCHJ-1CH-
WHI no OTHOWCHHIO K npauy I-I JaKOHHOCHl, npHBcnWHC K YMaJ1CW-11O
pOJH1 3aKOHo.aaTCJlbCTBa B pcry.UlponaHIHI 06WCCTBCHHbIX OTHowcHHii.
Opano CTaJIO paCC\IaTplmaTbC5I KaK oPymte nOilanJICHHH, Hc06xo.J.IUIOC
D..'1 60ph6b1 C «npara\HI lIapOJ1a,). D..I]5I n311110ro :nana Tl1nWlIlbIMH 61.1-
J1H CIII-DKCIIHC pO.1H, a 33TCI\-1 H npcKpamclIHc llC}ITCJ1bIlOCTH npcJ1cTaml-
TCJ1hllbIX oprmtOB, (tmKHl l lcCKI-IH OTKa3 OT C06J110flCInHI 3aKOIIIIOCn1.
OnlloH In OTJIWIHTCJ1bllhiX llCpT nlpenlbelO :inlana B np3BonOM P33-
BlIT1HI KIH:'UI (c KOlllla 70-x ro110n) CT<.L10 nOCCT<.1II0BJlCIIHC npaBoBoii
CI-ICTelbI KIHu}!. KaK Y)I(C roBOpH.'IOCb, B 1978 r. 6hLla npHIITa KOM-
npO\H1CCHmI KOHCmWllYl(UR, 3aTel\-1 6bLla 06HUPO.iI.OBUHa np{JflOfl{JR npo-
2P(UHta, B KOTOpOi1 B KalleCTBC IIpl-lOpJHCTHbIX H.mpaB:leHI-IH OllpelleJHI-
llOCb IIpHHHnlC HOP\IaHIUHbIX aKTOU 13 XOJ}IHcrncHHoi-i c<pcpc, 13 oxpaHC
06WCCTuCHHOro IIOpR.'lKa H opraHH3aUIH1 rOCY.JapCTBCHHbIX opnmou.
B 1979 rony 6bIJII-1 npl-IHlTbI Y20,'106Hb/li H Y20.106Ho-npOl(eccya IbHblli
KooeKcbl, JaKOHbl 06 0P2(//IlIJGl(lW lfapoiJlfblx CyiJ06.
B 1986 roilY 6bI:m UUC)lCHbI 13 .n.cikTBHC 06WHC nO.'IO)l(CHI-I5I rpa)l(-
JlallcKOro npana, 6mnKHC K (PYIIKIUIHM TpamlIU-IOIIIIO nOlllulac\tOii
06WCH (IaCn1 rpa)J(JIaHCKOro KonCKca. B 1989 rOilY 6blJII-1 npl-IH}!Tbl Ad-
AUlHllcmpamllflHO-llpOl(eccyaJll)H/JIli Ko(JeKC, pRO 3aKOH06 1I nOCflWH06.1eHllli,
YCTallommUIl-lX OClIonamUI D..I]}! allMHIIHCTpaTi-IBIIOrO npOinnonCTna no
06paweHIHIM rpa)J()laH H OpraHI-l3auuii.
AKTHBIIO npOBOJUIMa5I X03HikTBClllla PCOP\Ia, O)l(lm.'1CIHle rpa)l(-
.lI.<lHCKOro 060pOTa, Wl1pOKOe npl-IBJlelICHI-le I-IHOCTpaHHoro KallHTaJIa
C03}J.:'Unt npC.iI.nOCbL1KH lL'UI npUH5ITlHI \HIOrO l IHCJ1CHI-lbIX I-IOP\taHIBHbIX
aKTon. EbIJH1 npHH}!Tbl 3aKOlf 0 npedllpwmlllJlX, OCH06aHlfblX Ha KGmi/1W.le
UHOCmpaHHb/X (Imp.u, 3aKOH 0 X01JllicI1UfeHHO.H ()02(}flOpe, 3aKOH 0 .ueJ/f{)Y-
llapoiJllblX X03RlicmeellllbiX d020eopax, pa3.1U/.fllble aKmbl 0 coe."eCl1l11b1X
npe()npwlmwlx.
I Ikmopllll rocY,J,apcTna Ii IIp.ma Jap}6CiKllblX CTp.lII. ll. 2 / no I 06UI. PC,J,. O.A )l(UD.-
Kona If II.A. KpamcHuHHl1KonoH. C. 465-466.

15. rOCYAOpCTBO H npOBO COBpeMeHHoro BOCTOKO
441
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cTpororo 1I0p}IJ-tKa B 06WCCTUe C rYMaHUJaUHCfi I1paua H IIpaBOCY.,UUI.
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TCJ1bCTBa, KOTopa npOilo.l)f(aCTC5I H nOHbIHC.
B KI-ITac CYWCcrnYIOT OOU(UC H CnCI(ua..lbllb/C cyObi. 06UU1C - 3TO Bcpxoe-
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CHCTe1a, UbIpa)f(aIOW<UIC5J:

442
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I. B pC3ynhTaTc 'ICro npOIUOIILI]O na,1CHI-IC MOl-JapXHlI B KUTac?
2. OxapaKTcplnyihc PC3YJlbTaTLI rpa)J(1I.allCKHX BOitH B .nOBOCIIHO\-1 KHTac.
3. PaccKa)J(I-ITC 06 06paJOBamm KUTai-icKoi-i HapofJ.tIoii Pccny6.'1I-IKI-1.
4. KaK CK.13,L'IHCb I-Ia pa3BIITHl-t KI-I P nOJll1TUKa «OOJlbWOro CKalIKa» 1-1
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5. KaK npOX01U1J1 npouecc MO..1epHlnaWH1 TpaD.l1UHOHHOro npana nOCJIe
nOJI-IllKI-IOUCHl1S1 B KUTac pccny6m1KaHcKoii (t)OP-lbI npaBJlcHIUI?
6. KaKoBo roCY1apCTBCtIHOC YCTpoikTBO KHP no KOHcTI1TymIH 1982 r.?
7. YTO npCJ1.CTaIl.l}!CT c060ii CYJJ.c6Ho-npaBoBasI CIICTC\ta KH P B COOpC-
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HOWeHIH1. Ero OCHOUOH. KaK H npC)J(1le. ublcTynaJi KaCTOBbII1 CTpOi1.
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15. rOCYAapcTBo H npaBO COBpeMeHHoro BocToKa
443
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(HHK). OH 06"be.n.HwIJI pa3HopollHbIe CJIOI-I I-IHJll-likKOrO 0611iccTDa BO-
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MbllllJlCHHOCTH. Tpc60na.1H JXICW1-1 pCInHI YlJacnUI IllllHIi-iucB B COBCTax
IIpl-l aHrmlikKOM IH1Ue-Kopo:Ie H I y6epHaropax IIpOIUlHUI-IH. npH .:HO"-1
HCnOJlb30na.1HCb TOJlbKO I\-mpHblc cpCllCTna: ny6.1HKaml}! cT3TcI-i, opra-
HJHaWHI weCTUHii I-I n.eMOHCTpaUI-li-i. no.a 3H<H\-leHeM 11 H K npOXOlll-fJIH
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ltaJIHCb 3a6aCTonKH pa60 l lHx, OXmlTblBamllHC IlCJlbIC npOmlllIUHI. Ha
ymluax ropo.QOU JanbIJ1aml KOCTpbl JO npHUOJHbIX T013apOU (eupo-
ncikKa5! OflC)f01a, :\lc6CJ1b H 1p.).
AHfJ1J.1ltaI-lC peWH'1H npHMeHHTb nom-ITHKY «pa311eJHIH 11 BJtaCTuyi1».
B 1905 rOllY mmC-KOpOJIb l1HilHH JlOPll llJlcopdJlc H. KepJoli (1859-
1925) pa3J1e.'1HJI 5eHea.llilo - ca:\IYIO 6ecnoKoi1 HYIO npOBlH-IUI-IK) - Ha
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calOllil-IXC}1 HHlll-likKHX "pcllcnum rC:lbHblX opn1HoB.
B 1909 rollY 6blJ1 onfCHCH pa3lI.CJI ECHramm I-I nponCllCHa PC)OP-
Ma, paCWl-lp}!UW<U1 YltaCTHe I-IH.JHHueu B "POBHHUl-laJlbHbIX JaKOHOila-
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\1oxaH;J.ac KapaWIaH.l raH.lll P01UJ1CSI 2 OKTSI6pSl 1869 r. Y'HI.1CSI B I3CJ1IIK06pHTa-
IIIIH IIa fulllOK,na. Ta\l r,1II1l11 IIOJIIaKO1I1 ICH C cBponciicKoi (jHlJ1oco(IHICIt H HIlC-
p,nypoii. r.ly6oKoc nnC'laT.1CHue Ha Hero npOlBnc.l0 Y'ICHHC Jl.H. TO.1CTOro 0 HC-
IIpOHtII ICIIIII1 JJIY lIaCl1 'HlC\I. KapbCPY .\.JlIIOK,t HI 011 II<I'Ia;1 II Khmolt A<j)PUKC, mc
3alUIHuaJ1 npana UHrtI1i1ucn. npOJKUBanUIIIX Ta1. HICHHO TOrrta OH Bhlpa6oTaJ1 TaK-
1I1K} lIlplforo COllpOrl1l1JIClflUI lIaCI1JHIIO. HICIlIiO ror..!a cro CHt HI IIaJblll,lIb Ma-
xanloii. 13 1915 ro,rty OH cnLl O..lHIHI U3 J1u..lcpon napTlHl HHmlicKuH HalHloHalb-
II bl ii KOllrpccc. 30 HlllmpH 1948 r. '-'I. r,UI;1I1 fib!..l JaClpC.ICII O'lIII1M 11.3 'IJICIIOB
IIH,1YIICTCKOH 3KcTpelIlcTcKOi OpraHll3alUHI.

444
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBewee BpeMSI
BlICW\10CTb H C<D.lOynpaUJleHl1e nYTc1 6oi-iKoTa aHrJIHikKOJ.1 KOJIOHl1a.'Ib-
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npCBpanL1HCb B l\-IHCCOBYIO napHIIO, KOTOPYIO nO;u1Cp)l(lma.1H H1J1.TH10Ilbl
HH1U1 i-i ue13. B KalleCTBe rJJaUHOro "lerolla 60pb6bl 3a He3a13HCHMOCrb
faIPUI npCJ1.J1Q)fO-Ll nOJUlnlKY Cambfl2paXli (ynopcTBO B HCTI.JIfC). T.C. IIC-
HaCIUbCTBeHHOe ConpOHIBJ1CI-Hle. OH npeJLlanLl nO"lHOCTbIO OTKa3aTbC}I
OT COTPYD.HH'ICCTBa C KO.10H, HJaTOpa\H1 He nOKynaTb HX TOBapbl, He
pa60TaTb B I1X Y 1 IpC)f(.,1CmUIX, He CJ1Y)f(I1Tb B 11X ap1\HHI. falllUl npI13bIB<.U1
OTKa3aTbCH OT CH.'IOnbIX aKUI1J1, TCI
- I 60.'Ice OTBClJaTb lIa CI1.'IOBbIC .nCi1CT-
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CIUIHC nopO:>K.uaCT TOJIbKO HODOC
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, npam1TCJ1bCTBO 06I-JaPOD.OB3.1]0 n:IaIl
pC<POp1 D ynpan..1CHIHI I1HD.HCH.
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paCKOJIOTb oCBo6o.rU1TeJlbHOC 'UUDKeHHC, B 1919 r. aHnl-liicKI1i-i IIap"la-
\ICH r ymepJ-tHJI HOBblH 3aKoH 00 ynpl/fUeHllll f!m)ueil. COLIaCHO KO ropm.IY
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15. rOCYAapcTBo H npaBO COBpeMeHHoro BocToKa
445
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448
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBewee BpeMSI
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15. rOCYAapcTBo H npaBO COBpeMeHHoro BocToKa
449
CTBa. OLHl l IH<U1 OT 3anaIJ.HbIX .a.C\toKpanli1. OHa BKHIOlIaCT B CC6}I IH-ICTH-
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C 1947 no 1977 roll 011 6CCCMCilIIO lIaXOIUIJ1CH Y BJlaCTH. I1HK omlpaCTC51
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450
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBeHwee BpeMSI
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npOCbI 06mCCTBa.
3TO 061>CHICTC PllOM <IJaKTOpOB. B pa3BHTIHI HHJ1HikKOro npaBa
B XIX-XX BB. MO)J(HO BbI.aeJ1H1'b lI.Ba 3Tana: KO.lOHlWlbHbJll nepllo() (11.0
1947 r.) H nocmKO.lOHUO.lbllbll/ nepllod (c 1947 r.).
PllJBlImlie npllBll (3 KOJlOHlI{UbHbJlI nepllo(). HaH60.lJee cywecTueHHoe
B03lleiknme Ha npllBO Hm)lIli OK,13aJIa aHLn-likKa}1 KOJIOHIHaillHI. 3a-
BoeBa1'e.IJH He CTpelHJ1HCb pacnpOC1'paHH1'b Ha HOBblX no.u.uaHHblX nel1-
CrBl-le aHrmlikKoro IIpaua. OHH He BOJpmK,UH1 IIpon-w IIpHMeHeHIHI B
06.1IaCrl-l ItllCI11H020 npllBll 60.lIee 3HaKO\lbIX 3roMY Hace..'leHHIO HOp:\1
OOt,/III/020 npllBll. 5bL1 o<l>HUl-ta'IbHO IIpIHHf.lH anTopH reT lIm)YCCK020
npaBll l . TaK, Y)f(C B 30-e rollbl XX n. cnCIlmL1bll<UI KOMHCCIHI nOll PY-
KOBOllCTBOM IHBCCTI-Ioro aHrJ1 HikKoro lopl-lcnl AlaK(ueR COC1'aBI-LTJf.l
npocK1' YlOJlOB/lOi'O KodeKcll. 011 6bL1 YTBCp)J(IJ.CII 3f.lKOIIOlJ.aTc.1bllbl:\1
conCTO:\1 npl-l IHlIlC-KOpOJ1C 111I1IHI B 1860 r. 31'01 KOIJ.CKC HCnbITf.lJ1 I1a
cc6c H3BCC1'IIOC nJ1H5!IIHC H (ppallIlY3cKoro 3aKOIlOJUnCJ1bCTBa. a TaK)f(C
3aHMCTnOB<1.IJ pn nO.lJo)f(cHHi-l H3 mmYCCKoro I-I \IYCy.IJL1aHCKOrO npa-
Ba, 110 n UCJlO:\l no CBOC:\lY llYXY 011 COOTBC1'C1'Bomw aHL1Hi-icKOi.i npa-
BOBoi-l CIICTCMC.
B TO )J(e upeM1 aHr.1Hl1CKOe rocnonCTuo ry61-1Te.'ILHO BOJ.J.eHCTuoua-
JIO Ha HHnYCCKoe npaBO: c<l)cpa ero neikTBH 6LLIJa orpaHWleHa pena-
MeHTaUl1eH YJKOro Kpyra 06weCTBeHHbIX OTHoweHHiL npH '3TOM He
Y'IHTblUa1aCb pe.1HrH03H,U! npHHa.:L1e)J(HOCTb. HOBbIe X03}leBa He 3HaJH1
HHllYCCKoe IIpauo. II..'IOXO IIOHIH-l<lJH1 HHllYCCKYIO IIpauouylO IpamlIlHIO,
K TO\lY )J(e HCKa)J(eHHYIO B nepeBo.aax enpoileikKHX IOpHCTon. nepnOHa-
lI<UlbHO OH H OWI-160 l IHO II OJ Iara:IH, II ro .llxap:\la IIpellC raBJUle r lleikT-
BYIOIllce npaBO I1H.JJ1H, xonI, KaK IBBeCTHO, 3TO 6blJH1 pe;IHrI-I0JHbIe
IIpelllH1CaHlHI. K TOIY )J(e }lJbIK, Ha KOTOpOM OHH HJJJanUH1Cb. 6bIJI He-
H3BeC1'CH 6pl-fTaI-IIlf.l:\1. He cnac;:UH1 nO.lO)J(CI-IHe MCCTHbIe 3KcnepTbl, 31-1a-
TOKH J1XapMamacTp.
I MII.aYCCKOC npaBO - IlpOaOaOR clicme.ua 06WJtllbl. JtCIIOBCD.YfOUlCi Jtll.aYI13M. fmm-
HOti 'lcpToii JtH..1YCCKoro npana SIHJHICTCSI opraHlf'lCCKaSi CBSl3b C pCJlIlflfCH. 'ITO npc-
...lOllpCilC HICT .1II'I1lbIii. ,I IIC TCppllwpJtaJIbIIbli xapaKTCp ::noro npaml. MCW'IIIIIKa!\1If
SIHJ1SIIOTCSI (HapSl..l}' co CIUIIIlCHHhJ!\lIf nJtcaHlISl!\BI mnycon) 06l>1<wlI II 33KOHbJ. K HOp-
\IaM UIl.LlYCCKOro IIpana. ilclkrnYlowu1 B conpCMClIlIblX YC IOBlISIX. IIpUlIailllCIK.H
pN W.lle/l11/ JlII'IHOro CT3T}'C3. IH<'llO'lml 6paK It P0360(). HcconcpIllCHHOJ1CHtC U onc-
KYIICTlm. /)(}(}cm({(J. YCblIIO(i,lC'II/1e. C"e.IIC'lillJ'1O COVCf1IUC'IIIIOCf1Ib. lI{lc.le(}(1(WIIIIC'. C06CTUCII-
HOCT", pc:mrU03HhIC IfHCTUT)'TbI.

452
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBewee BpeMSI
11 HllYCCKOe npaBO nO.J.uepL10Cb OnpCJ1CJIeHI-fOi1 MO.J.CpHln.U.UU1. 11 H-
.d.YCCKUC nOHHTl-UI H 06I,I l ial-t aHrJ1WlaHC I-1HTCpnpCTHpOBa.'H1 n JlYXC 06wcro
IIpaBa, IIOH}IrHOro ...LUI HI-1X, HO OTIepraeMoro 1-1 HllycaMH. AHr-IllikKI-te
1t0plbI npana I-1CnO.l]h30B<UII-1Cb lIJI}! pCryJHlpOBaIlltH OTIIOIlICltl-1fI MC)t()ly
C06CTnCHHI-1Ka:-.m CCMcHI-Ioro HMYWCCTBa, I-1Cn0J1b30BillHICb B OTHOWCHHI1
cTmyca I-1HllYCCKI-1X 6JlaroTBOpl-1TeJlbHbIX YlIpe)J(ileHllii 1-1 .ap.
HOp\-fbI I-1HllYCCKOro npana npl-tI\lCHH.'I1-1 1-1 n CTpOrO OrpaHWICHHI,IX
c<IJepax: 6paK, HaCJlellOBaHl-1e. KaCTbl. pe.IHrl-103Hble HHcnllyrbl. BHe
:)Toro Kpyra 06mCCTnCIIltbiX OTItOIlICItI-1i1 .fJ.cI.fcTnOmLI]O IIOBOC l1leppul1lo-
pUOJlbllOe npOBO, KOTOpOC 6I,f.TIO HC CmI3aHO HH C pcm1rHci.l, HI-1 C nJ1C-
MeHHbl\-H1 06bl l l.UIMI-1. C0311aHl-1e TaKoro npaua K,Ua;IOCb H,UI..'IYlIWIHf
cnOC060M pcrym-tpOnaHI1H OTHOllJCI-Il1ii 1C)l(llY JIJO.ubMH, npl1l-1a.J..;lC)I(a-
WH\HI K p.13Hbl\-f pe.IHB-103Hbll\-f 06WHHaM.
,LI0 y<""'TaIIOB:ICIIIUI altrm-tikKoro rocnon.CTBa IIIHpOKO HcnO:Ih30Ba-
.TIOCI, .UYC)UMtaIiCKoe npa60. O.J.HaKO OHO HC IBmI110Cb TCppl-1TOpHa1bHI,I1
IIpaBOM. TaK KaK 6blJ10 CluuaHO C pcmlrl1cii I-1C..'laMa H 110 caMoi-l IIpHpO-
fiC HC \lOr;1O pacnpOCTp,lIIHTbCH Ha HCfYCYJIb\-tal-/ - CBpCCB, 11IIllycon,
xpl-lcntaH.
Altr11J-1lJaIIe CT011KItY11HCI, C ItC06XOJUfMOCTbIO COJnalllUI npaBOBoii
CI-tCTCII,I, cnoc06Hoii cmnm06pa3HO pa3pcwaTI, n031HIKalOWI-1C cnopbI
HC3i.lHI-1CH\fO OT \feCTHoCrl-t, pCJ1HrHOJHbIX TP,UlHUUM H ll-llIHOro cTaTyca
cy6"bCKTOB npana. OOTpc6110CTI, B :)TOf aKrya.'l1l31-tpOnaJIaCb TmYI\IH 06-
CTmITCJ1 bCTua M 11:
. \fycYJIbMaHCKoc H I-1HlI.YCCKOC npano OCTanmUH1 nHC C<t>CPbI npa-
BOBon> perYJII-tpomtHIHI HaI1HOHa1bHbIC leHbWI-1HCTBa, TeM ca-
\1 1,1 \-1 IHICJ1I-1CI, ma l lHTCJ1blll,IC np06c.'IM n pcry.1HpomUII-m 06mc-
CTnCHHblX OTHOWCHUii;
. CKJlaIlbmaJOlllHcCH HOBblC 6YP)f(ya3Hblc OTHOWCIHIH HY)I(llaJIHCb B
npaBOBofI permlMeHTaUlHt He3aBHCI-1I\IO OT pCJ1I-1rH03HOi-i IIpl-tH.l1l-
JIC)I(II0CTU cy6"bCKTOB npan3.
AHflllikKaSI KO.TIOHI-ta.'IbH,U1 a.LI.\H1HI-ICTpaUlHl flblTarlaCb PCWI-1TI, npo-
6.'Ie\-fY nYTC1 KO.J.IHIH1KaIUHf 1-1 pa3BHTH5! 3aKOHOll,HCJIbCTBa.
B 1859-1882 rollax 6I,L1 npHlt5!T P}!Il KOIlCKcon H 3aKOItOn: (pa.J/coall-
CKui./ npOll,eC()'a IbHbli./ KooeKC (1859), Y20.106HbJi./ KooeKC (1860), 3aKoH 0
IWc,leoo6alllill (1865), 3aKoli 0 pea.ilbll(Uf lICnO.1HeHUU 06R3al1le.lbCl1l6 (1872),
3aKoH 0 leHHbJX 6y.ualax (1881), 3aKoH 0 nepexoiJe COOCl1leeHHOCI1lU (1882)
H llpynfc KOJIC KCbI 6();Jce II03.aHero BpeMeHH. npH IIpOBClleHHII KO}U1<lm-
KaJUHt 6bl11H npl-1mlTbl no nlllHf<lII1-1C oc06cltltocnt 111t,1HH. npanonbIc
Tpa.nllUlIU pa3Hbix KOI-/(I>cccHH II pcnfOHon.
Pa36Ul1lUe npaea e /WCI1lKG.WHUG..U,HblIJ nepuoo. noc;lc npOU03naWCHIUI
B 1947 r. HC3<1BHCH\tOCTH l1H1ulH llBl1)l(CHUC 3a MOllcpHluaW11O H YHH>H-

15. rOCYAapcTBo H npaBO COBpeMeHHoro BocToKa
453
KaLU1l0 npi.lBoBoi-l CHCTelbI nOJIY l H1jlO HOBbIi-1 IHUIYJ1bC. B 1955 roilY 6bl-
J1a C0311aHa IOpH11WleCKa}! KOMHCCIUI ilil}1 peweHl-UI Bonpoca 0 TOM. Ka-
KI-Ie 3aKOHOmrreJlbHbIe pe(I)Oplbl CjIellye r HeCTH B I1paBOBOM CHCTC\fe
I1lImHl. CYJ1C6HYI0 CHCTC:>'IY B03LlamfJ1 BcpxOBflbli'l CYl. I1HfJ.IHI, nOJIY-
lll-mWHH npaBO nO.aTBCpm1Tb IUIH HCKJIlOllHTb cYllc6HbIC peWCHI-IH, npH-
H}lTble H nepl-1Oil 6pHT£IHCKOro rocnollCTml. O.LI.I-IaKO C0311aTb CBOe HH-
n.Hi-icKOC npaBO HC ynaTJOCL n CI-1J1Y YCTOltllHBOCTH pCJ1I-lrH03HLIX, nJIC-
MCHHbIX, KYJlbIypHblX pa3J11-l l lHH. no 3roH I1pl-l l IHHe \10llepHlnamUI
ocymcCTB.I]}Lli.lCb n rpi.llll-mi.lX cymccTBOBtlBIIIHX npaBOBblX YKJItlJ10B: MY-
CYJ1bMaI-lCKoro npana, HH11YCCKOro.
KOHcn-nYUIHI I1HlllIH "pCllYCMalpHB<UIa HJllaHHe ellHHoro Fpa.Jlc-
dallCKOlO KooeKca lI..1Sl BCCX rpa)l(ilaH, HO KaMHCf npCTKHOBCHHSl HBJUIJI-
C}I JU-l l lHblil CTaIYC rpa>KllaH, Koropblil p,um-llleH ,lL1}1 P,UHbIX Kacr.
CTmlJ1i.l :mn.i.ll!a CJ1C.'ItlTb CTi.lTYC OlUHfaKOBhlM .IVHI BCCX.
B HaCTOSllUCC BpCM5! 1I110YCCKoe npaeo OCTaCTCSl lI..l}! orpoIHoro
60J1bWHHCTBa HHllYCOB ellHHCTBeHHbI1 I1paBOM. OHO perJ1a\leHnlpyeT
I-IX J1I-flIHLIi,j CTaTYC, KOTOpLIH nOIll-D,mCTCSl nCCL:>.ta WI-lpOKO. J1WIHLIH
cmTYC HC TO.IbKO BKJllOlIaCT HelHIYlllCCTBCHHble OTHoweHHH, HO H pac-
npOCTpamICTC}1 Hi.l Bi.DKHbIC 1I.uYU(eC/1l(feI/lIMe npaua.
I-1l-1llYCCKOC npaBO 06pcno COBCPWCHI-W HOBLIC lICpTLI, XOTSl 01-10 OC-
TaJIOCb npaBOM, I1pHMCH}leMbIM TOJlbKO K HHIlYCCKOH lJacrH HaCenCI-Il-H1
11 HmHl. OJllfaKO OTnano 1\HlOro 06Ll l faCn, HapYlIlanUHlX cro UCJ10CT-
HOCTb. KpoMC TOro, llxapMa CTa.la HHTepnpcnlpOBaTbCH HC CTO.'IL Ol1HO-
3Hi.ll.JHO. a npHleHI-1Te.'1bHO K IH:>.ICIHIIOUU1MC}I COIlHa:IbI-lbI:>.1 YCjIOBI-HII,
laKOH011aTC.l LCTBY.
PC3YJ1bT,UOM KOllH<I>HKaUlHI HHllYCCKOro I1paBa CTaJ1 KOIlCKC, 131<.,110-
llalOlHuH TPH lIaCTH: I llaCTL - 3aKoli 0 6paKe (1955), I I llaCTL - 3aKoli
o HecoeepllleHHo.1emHlIX U oneKe (1953), I II llaCTb - 3aKoH 0 Hac leOoea-
HUll (1956).
60JlhlllHC H3:>.ICHCIIIUI npOl-1301llJ1l-1 B ceJueiillo." "paee. nCpCCMtlTIHI-
Ba 10Cb Tpa.aHUIIOHHOC IIH11YCCKOC npaBO, 13 KOTOpOM CC\IMI - 3TO CBH-
IIlCHHblii COI03, OCHOBi.lHHbli'l IIi.l .llapcmUI. (061,CKTO:>.1 'mpc, m15! Ki.lK
H3BCCTHO, BblcTynana )l(CHWl-lHa, KOTopaSl ncpc.aaBaJ1aCb pO.aCTBCHI-IHKa-
MI-I )J(eI-lbl pOllCTBeHHHKa1 fY)f(a.). 3i.lKOI-l paCCMaTpHB<LI 6paK KaK n.oro-
nop IY)J(lIlHlbI H )f(CHUUHlbl. 3i.lKJIIOlICIIHblil C I-IX CorJ1aCH5!. JaKOH YCTi.I-
HaB.'IHBa"l IOHoraMHYIO celblO. fHOrO)l(eHCTBO 3anpCWa'lOcb. Y l lpC)I(1I.a-
.TJi.lCb CB060l1.<1 pa3BOI1.0B.
nOSlBHJHfCb 3aKoHbl, PCrJIaI\-ICHTHpYIOWHC OTHOWCHHSl MC)I(1I.Y rpa)f(-
n.aHaMH I1HllHH. HCIIoBellylOwHMH P,UJHIlIHble pc.lHnul. OHH IIpIHHa-
.. ,-
Bi.LHI .llCHCTBHTCJlbHbIMII Opi.lKH MC:>K.llY Im.uycaMH H \IYCy.lbMi.lIli.lMII.

454
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBewee BpeMSI
COBpCtCHH;UI TCHllCIiUlHI npaBOBoH 3B0J1K)IHH1 11 HlllHI COCTOHT H
CTpCI;leHIHI 3a:>'leHI-1Tb Tpa!U1IlIIOHHble KOHUenUl-m peJ1Hrl-103HOro npa-
Ba JamUlHOH KOHIlCIIUl-ICH CBeTcKoro IIp.ma, He CIUI3aHHoro C peJIIHII-
cH. 3TO npaBo lH13bIBmOT lIIu)uiicKU.U Ilal(IIOIlO.lbltbW npaeo.u B OTJ1WIHC
OT HHIlYCCKOro npaBa. OHO BKJIIO(laeT Bce 3aKOHbI H H.u1-1 1-1. 1-1leIOUU1e,
K<1K II pmULIO , uce06lllee npIHfCHCI-Il-1e. JJ.<DKC eC;IH OHI-1 pacnpOCTpaH}I-
IOTC}! Ha OTIle.lbHbIC KaTcroplHI rpa)KllaH. CCpbC3HbiM npCmITCTBI-1C1
H<1 ,:HOM nyul }IBJUllOrCH IIpaBoBblc 06bl l l<Ul 1-1 ueKomUI IIpaKHIK<1. Co-
OTIfOIlICIfI-1C 3aKOIf01aTCJ1bCTBt1 1-1 pcaJ1blfoi'l npaKTI-1KI-1 n I1lf r UHl TaKO-
BO, liTO OHli (laCTO CYlllCCTBYIOT I-IC3anHClI!\I0 !lPyr OT Ilpyra. nCJIO B
TO!\-I, liTO TPYllHO cp.13Y IHMCHHTb npl-1Bbl l IKI-1 1-1 1HpOB033peHI-1C,
HMClOlllHC DCKOBblC KOpHli. bOJ1bWaH ltaCTb Hi-inYCOB. )l(1-1BYWI-1X B n.c-
peUH}IX, uouce He CJIetlYlOr HOUbl1 3<1KOHaM, OHI-1 npOllOJI)KalOr )KlHb
TaK, KaK )f(HJH1 I-1X npCHKI-1.
B I1HLUHl CYlllCCTnYCT caMOCTOHTCJlbHaH cyoe61lGJI e.WClllb. npl-l-
lIe\t cYIlc6H<HI CHCTCt<1 C;U1l-Ia}!, I1CHTpamHOB3I-IH.UI. I-ICCIOTP}I Iia
<pc.ucpanWHYIO <POpIY rocynapcTBclIHOro YCTpoikTna. nOil0611aH
ueH rpaJIlUaUHH npl-13UaI-la CJIY)KI-1Tb em1H006pa3HOMY TO"lKouaHHIO 1-1
nplHICIICIIHlO npana lIa ncci-i TCppI-1TO(Hm CTpallbi. YKpCnJ1}!Tb CC IlC-
J10CTHOCTb.
B(nr;IaB:HICT cY1-1c6HYK) CI-1CTCMY BepXOBHlJliJ cyd, COCT(UIllll-1H 1-13 npc.il.-
CCLl3TCJ1H H 17 llJ1Cllon. Ita311a l tacMbiX npC3I-1IlCIITOM. 011 }!B;J}!CTCH BbIC-
WI-1M opraHoM KOHCTI1TYUl-1oHHoro KOHTpoml, Bblcweii aneJ1J1HUHOHHOi-i
HllcTmllll-lcH no qX1)f()1<lIICKH1 1-1 yroJ10BllblM llCJ1a:>'1, pa3pcwaCT cnopbl
MC)I(flY npamITe.I]bCTUaMI-1 <I)cnepawm 1-1 WTaTOB.
BblcweH CYJlC6HOH I-1HCTaHUl-1eH wnlTa }IB;HICTC}I BblCWI-1H CYll. OH
ocymc(''TBJ1}!CT PYKononcTno BCCMH cynaMI-1 lIa TCpplHOplHI UlnlTa. 11311.<1-
eT cyne6Hbie npl-lKa3bl 06 YCTpaHeHIHI Hapywemm npaB no BceM BO-
npocaf, pca:nnYCT )YIIKllIHO KO II CT I-1ryll 1-1 011 II oro KOIITpOml.
non Ha(laJIOM BblCWI-1X CYlI.OB HaXOill-1TCH I-1CpapXI-IH nPYrHx cy..aOB,
I-1MCHYCMblX B KOHcnllywHI «IlOIIO:IHI-1 re:lbHbl\H1 cymtMI-1». T.C. cymtM 1-1 ,
nOI1. l Il-1If5!IOIJU1\HIC}1 BblClIIl-1M CY1a:>.1.
Ca1aH I-IH3WaH cryneHb cyne6Hoi-i ClICTelbI - cyab' nOHtlGfllllOe,
n.cik'TBYIOIJUle n ilCpCBIf5!X. 0111-1 paCCtaTpHBaIOT IIC31f,llIHTC"lblfbIC yro-
J10nHb1C 1-1 rpa)l(flaHCKHC neJ1a. ArJaJ10rl-PIHbIC cyn.bl B ropo.uax Ha3bImllOT-
C}I Hap()()Hl>IJtll. 50Jlee C'IO)KHble .J,eJJa - rp(1)J()laHCKl-1e JJ.eJJa C CYMMOi-i
I-1CKa OT I TbIC. no 5 TbiC. pymlH - paCC!\laTpl-1nmOT CYOl)[ .UYIlClH/)(JB
(IYHCH) - CYilb}I-l1Hnyc). rpa)l(flaHCKI-1C .1c.la C HcorpaHwlcHHOi-i CYM-
MOi-i IICKa 1-1 ane.TJmnUHl Iia pCIIICI-IlH1 \IYI-Icml>ou IiaXOll}!TC}1 B BCLlCI-HHI
oonoJlIIUme.llbllb/X cyooe.

15. rOCYAapcTBo H npaBO COBpeMeHHoro BocToKa
455
BonpoCbl AI\ p03Mb1Wl\eHII1 it11<OHTpOI\
1. KaKOI3bI cou.mllbI-lO-nOI]I-tTWIeCKUe nOCJlellCTI31UI 6pUT<lHCKOro nJIa-
llbl'ICCTBa Hall J.1 H!l.HCH?
2. KaKOBbI :nam.1 HlI,IUIiicKOro I1a1UIOtIaJlbIlO-ocJ)060;u-ITCJ1I.I1oro ]1.J)H-
)f(CHlm?
3. PaccKa)J(lHe 06 OCYlilcCTnJICHIHI rocyn..lpCTBeHHoro CTpOlllCJIbCTBa B
I1lnm-I 10 nO.'1Y'ICIIIHI CIO I1C3a1mCIIMOcnL
4. OxapaKTcplnyiiTc rocy.aapCTBCIIlIbIii cTpoii J.11I.aHH no KOIfcnnYUHlI
1950 r.
5. B 'ICI OC06CHHOCTlI (I)OP\lbI npaBJICHI-I5! II TCppHTOpllaJIbHOro YCT-
poi-icTml 111I ' ]JfHCKOi-i Pccny6mfKIt"?
6. KaK pa3I31tBalaCb npaI30I3aH CHCTela B KOI]OHl-JaJlbHbIH nepnoll?
7. KaKonbl CIlCUI1CIH1'ICCKHC 'ICpI"bI I1pmm B I1OCI"KOJIOHH.LIbHbIH I1CpHOll?
8. Ha30BHTC OCIIOBIfble HCTOlIIIHKH 11II.nHiicKOro COBpC:\tCIfIfOro npaBa.
9. OxapaKTepluyi-iTe Cl-ICTeMY CYllOYCl poi1cTBa B 11 HLUHI.

fAOSO 16
l<pyweHV1e I<OI\OHV10I\bH0Il1 CV1CTeMbl
V1 06p030BOHV1e HOBblX
He30BV1CV1MbIX rOCYAopCTB.
r ocy AopCTBeHHo-npOBOBO
reorpocpV1 p03BV1BOIOW.V1XC CTpOH
16.1. Oco6eHHocT1I1111 XOpOI<TepHble 4epTbi
p03B1I1TV1 6blBW1I1X I<OI\OHV1l11
111 30BV1CV1MbIX CTpOH
CeroAH B BeK pecny6m1K, KorAa HacrynaeT 3noxa
Macc, AeMOKpaTlllfI...CTana a6cYPAoM. Ha Aene -
HanlllO AIi1KTarypa 6 q,anbWlII60M 06nli1be AeMOKpa-
TIIIIII. TaK060 &1CT&1HHOe nllll\O CYll.\eCTBYIOll.\&1X nOnli1TIII-
eCKIi1X pe>KIIIM06.
MyaMap KaiJiJacjJu, nOnIllTIII...eCKIi1 AeflTenb,
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l1e\.tOKpanl l ICCKI-IX (I)OP\.1 HaUlIOI-l.U1bHoi1 rOCYl1.apCTBCI-II-IOCTH.
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JIOUlHIX 6YP)Ky,uI-IO-Jle\1OKparWleCKoro CTpml. C KOI-lua 40-x I-I no
KOI-lua 70-x n>11OU 3UOJIIOUlHI 3ntX HI-IC n1 rYTOU IIpOJ.ICXOJU1JIa 13 p.l\I-
Kax napJ1aMCI-ITaplnta. B 1978 roilY 6blJla npl-II-I}JTa KOI-lCTHTYUlUI,
Ba)l(I-Ici-jwlHm OC06CHI-IOCTMI-1 KOTOPOH BH.'111Cb OTKa3 OT OCHOBI-IbIX
llCpT Tpa.uUUI-IOHHOrO nap.lafCHTapU3\.fa I-I HailCJ1CHHC npC3U;ICHTa
OllCHb I1111pOKIU1H n0J1110MOlHlH\.H1.
D.OBOJIbIlO C;lO)Kllbl\l 6bl"' npoIlccc 06p:'130Balll-l}J IIC3anHCI-IMbIX
rOCY1apCTB, pacn0J10)KCIIHbIX Ha HHl1.0KHTaj1cKo1 mmYOCTpOBC I-Ilia
OCTpouax, IIpOC rI-lpalOllU1XC}1 I-Ia lOr 13 I-IaIIpaUJleI-llUl AUCTp,LIIH1. no-
CJle 3aBoeBaHH}J HeJaBl-ICHMOCTlf 13 40-x rOllax XX B. B 60J1blllHHCTBe
CTpaI-l perl10I-la CTaJ1H BOCnpl-IHIH1aTbC 3analI.Hbie rOCYlI.apCTBeHHO-
1 CI.:  15.3 (.HH'!JUI - COJ):{aHl1C HaI1I1OH<t'lhHOro roCYlapCnla».

16. KpyweHHe KOJ\oHHaJ\bHo CHCTeMbl
471
npaBOBbIe I-I nOHITWICCKI-IC (I>OpMbI, KOTOPbIC. O..QHaKO, I-Ie COOTBeTCT-
BomLHI B TO Bpe\.HI \.leCTI-IbI\.1 COUHi.LlbI-lO-3KOI-lO\.lWleCKH\.1 YCJIOBIHII,
11 B pH.llC crpaI-l B n.aJIbI-lCHWC!\I 6bIJIH I-I3MCI-ICI-IbI. llpeBHml KY!Ib"lypa
HapOllOB .nom pcnlOHa Q>OpMI-lpOmlJ1aCb nOll BOJllCHCTBHeM paJ"Ulll-
I-IblX UHBI-I;HuaUHi-i: HI-Imtl1cKOii, KI-ITc1i-1cKOi-1 H HC""lMCKOii. Mi-iOrHe
)!O-ITCJ1H, I-IanplUICp, HUOOKlIl11GJI - no npCHMYWCCTBY 6YILilI-ICTbl,
Huooue3UlI, Mcuaii3liU H bPYlleJ/ - lycy.'1b\.laHC, (/J,UlIIU1WI - XPI-I-
cnmHC-KaTOJ1HKI-I.
Cpi.ny nOCJ1C OKOllllafll-l}! BTOpOi-1 MI-IPOBOi-1 Boi-illbl I-I All rmul , I-I
(DpalllUul, H HI-lllcluall1bl nblT<L'B-ICb BOCCTallOBl-ITh CBOi-1 KOIITpOJ1b
IIall YTCPHllllbl\.1H K0J10HlHI\.1H. 3TO Bbl3naJ10 nOOPY)KCIIHOC conpo-
THBJleI-lHe, KOTOpOC H 3aCTaBHJI0 B KOHUC KOI-lUOB nplHH.trb HX I-Ie3a-
BHCHMOC rb.
Mcuai13wl, HHl)()He3wl. CllH2anyp, Tau.u/H() I-I (/)ILllJllllllHbJ IIpl-lllep-
)l(1-maJUICb J1HI-IIHI Ha pa3BHTHC pblHOllHbIX OTI-lOWCHI-IiI, lITO .aa"10 11\1
,lI,OcTyn K KamlTal]aM H I-IOuei-iWH\1 TCXI-IO.l0nUlM. nOCTeneHI-IO OI-lH CO-
UI.aJ1l-1 nOTCI-IUl-taJ1 ,lI,JUI YCKOpCI-IlUl pa3BHHul, ,lI,061-IJ1I-ICb BblCOKHX TCMnOB
pOCTa 3KOIlOMHKII H BOllL1H B l1l-lCJ10 1I0BhIX IHFIYCTpl,m"lhHbIX CTpall.
Bcc 3TH CTP,Hlbl In6c)KaJll-1 06 hI llH o i-I JLfUI cTpall TpcTbcro \Ulpa BIICIU-
IICi-1 3,UW.I])KCIIHOCnl. 31CCb C(I>op:\HlpomLlHcb OTIIOCHTC!]bllO cTa6H.'1b-
IIblC HIICTHT)'Tbi luaCTH.
KOI-lCTHTYIUUI 11 HllOHe31HI 1945 r. npOn03IJlaCIUa cynepCl-II-ITCT I-Ia-
pOlla H mlTb npl-II-IUHnOU mCYllapCTUCI-IHOi-i HlI.C0J10nm (naHlfllcli1bl):
Ucpy B em-II-Ioro Eora, e.llHI-ICTUO I-IawUl. .nCMOKpanIlO. rY\taI-lHJM, cllpa-
BeDJHIUOCTb. Cuoe06paJI-IblM UbICWI-I!\I opraHOM rocy.aapcTBcHHOi-i 13.1]a-
CHi 3;reCb 5IBJ1HJ1C}1 Hapodllblli KOHcy.lbmal11116Hblli KOH2pecc, KOTOpbIi-j CO-
61-lpaJ1C5I OilHH pa3 B mlTb .1CT DJUI pa3pa60TKH I-I COBCpWCI-ICTBOnaI-llH1
KOHCTHTYWUl. In6paI-lIHI npC3HlI.CHTa H Bl-IUC-npc311.nCI-ITa. npC31-1llCI-IT
aBTO\.lanl l ICCKII CTaHOIH1J1C}1 npC\.lbCp-MI-IIII-ICTpO\.I, rJ1aBoii HcmUIII-I-
TCJ1bHOi-i BJli.ICnl. IUICJ1 OllCHb IIIHpOKI-IC nO.1HO\.-IOlIlHI.
YCHJ1CHHe J1I-l l lI-foi1 nJIaCnl npe31-lllCHTa npmUOIlJJ10 B KOHHC 50-x -
I-Ialla'Ie 60-x ro.aOB, Kor;J.a npe3HlleI-lT CYKaplIo npOBOJrJ1aCH'1 nepeXOll
K «I-Ianpau.l}le\.lOi-l ..1eMOKpanUl). CYWecTBYlOwHi1 BOeI-lHbli-i pe)KHM
om-lpaerCH Ha npeBocxollCTBO 011 I-I 0 i-I napn1H - rOJIKap (oQmW-H1!Ib-
I-IO pa3peWeI-lbi TpH), KOTopasl IUlceT 60J1bWHI-ICTBO \teCT B nap.'Ia-
\'ICI-ITe. PCWaIOWa}1 pO.lb B PYKOBOlI.CTBC CTpaI-lOH npHI-Ia.nJ1e)KHT BO-
CHHbl\.l, KOTOpbIC COCTan.l51IOT .11-flIHbli-1 annapaT npC31-1ilCHTa H 60Jlb-
WYIO ltaCTb Ha3Ha l taC\.lbIX ll;lCHOB KOHcy.lbTaTI1BHOrO KOHrpccca H
I
napJ1aMCHTa .
I lfcl1loptlll rocY.'lapCTBa U IIpana JapV6CIKllbiX CTp.lIl / no,J, o6w. pC;l. O.A. )1(11 lKona
II II.A. KpalllcHuHHuKonoii. C. 507.

472
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBewee BpeMSI
Ha CDI-IJllmrnmaX B 1946-1972 rr. JJ.ei--icTBOBaJ1a a:\lepIIKaHCK<UI
MO.lleJlb IIpe3I-1JICHTcKoi-i pecny6J111KI-1 C JlByxnapnlHHoH cHcTeMoi-i.
BlccTe C TC:\1 Y)I(e B 50-x rOilax 3Ta CHCTeta npOileIOI-ICTpl-lpOBaJ1a
OTcTynJICIIHC OT l1C:\IOKpanIH. nocKo.lbKY 6blJ1H 3anpcIIlcllbI JlCBblC
nlpnHl I-I npo(l)cOIoJbl. C Halla.']a 70-x rOJlOB 6bIJI npon03LlamCI-I KYpC
Ha COJltaI-lHe «I-IOBOrO o6wecTua», KOropblH xapaKTepHJOB<lJlCn lWJlb-
Hci-iweH KOHueHTpauuci-i BJ1aCTH B PYKax npe31-ID.CHTa, onopoi-i Ha ap-
MI-IIO, ycnllloB.lclIIlCM MOilonOJ1HH o 111 0 i-i napTHI-1. B 1986 roJ1Y 6bLla
IIpl1H}lTa H08ml KOI-lCTl1IYUHn, Koropml CoxpaI-lI1..'Ia <POPMY IIpeJI-ILleI-lT-
cKoj-i pecny6J1 H KH.
npH:\ICpO:\f YCTaI-lOl1.1CIIIHI KOHCTI1TYUHOlllloro aJHopl-!Tapl-13Ma C.1Y-
)IO-!T BOCIIHO-6IopoKpanl l lccKHii PC)tOHI Tm1J1aJna. BocHHan BcpxymKa.
I-IeC1\-IOTpn Ha paJJ1IPIHble M.1I-IeBpbl H npHKpblTl-H1 B UH.ile OpraI-llf3awUl
Bbl60pOB I-I ncpCilallH BJlaCTl1 rpa)l(!laJ-ICKI-IM J1I-ma:\l, Hrpa.lJa 311CCb pC-
maJOIIlYIO pOJ1b B 06mCCTnc1l1l0i-i )10131111 H ocymcCTBJ1CIIIH1 nOJ1l-lnl l IC-
CKoii BJlaCTl1.
Bo BbemHWfe 1-1 JIaoce ocyweCTB.lnJIOCb <'CTpmneJ1bCTBO COW-taJ1J.U-
Ma» no COBCTCKO1Y 06pa3UY_ B Ka.,mYEfllll, nOCKOJ1bKY ne..-I noc.lJc nopa-
)l(CIHUI IlpOd1Cp11KaHCKoro pC)J(HMa K B.laCTH npHIlIJII-1 npoKHTaikKI-le
KO:\IMYHI-ICTbl. 6blJIa IIpeJ-tllpHI-I}lra 1I0llbirKa 110 KIHajkKoMY cueI-lapl-llo
cpaJY <,nOCTpOl-lTb KO:\IMYI-IHJM». 80 BTOpOH nO.I]OBHHe 1980-x rollOB 3TH
CTpaHbI BCTym1J111 B KpHJI-IC. BbCTH;U1 c 1986 r. pCIIH1Jl nOCJ1C'1.0mlTb
IIpl-IMepy KII r<U1 I-I I-Ialla TI pblI-lOlIHble pe<poP:\tbI IIPH COXpaHeI-lI-IH :\IOI-IO-
nOJ1lHI Ko:\mapTlU1 Ha RrmCTb.
Y CTOHOBl\eHlI1e
I<OHCTlI1ryLl.II10HHOro CTpO B CTpOHOX
DAIIl>I<Hero III CpeAHero BOCTOI<O
HaKaHYI-le 1I0JIY l leHI-m HeJaBl-ICHMOCnI 60JlbWHHCTBO C-lpaH Apa6cKo-
ro BocToKa IIpellcraBJUIJIH c060j-i <peOlI.a.IbHble 11111-1 lIoJ1YQ)eOLlaJlbHbIe
06wcCTBa. HCC:\fOTP}1 Ha pa:UII-llIHC <POpM 3anHCH:\fOCTH OT \1CTponoJllli-i
(ClI{JlIR, JIU6liR mJ]H.I]I-ICb m>J1Malln.aTlIhIH1 TCppl-ITOpIHIT\H1; KY6eiull. Ala-
pOKKO IIpoTeKroparaHI, <1 E2unmy, HpaKY H JIu6aHY 6bua (l)opM<ulbI-lo
npe.aOCT<1B.leI-la He3amlcl-IMOCTb), Bce 3TH CTpaHbl (lJaKTHllecKI1 OCTaB(l-
J1HCb K0J10IllHIMH 1-1.1H n0J1YK0J101HInMH.
31I.eCb I-Ia6mO.L!.<L11-ICb I-IIHKlle TeMlIbl 3KOI-lOMH l ieCKoro pOCTa, OT-
CTanalll-IC OT ncpCJJ.OBbIX CTpaH nOCTenCHIIO ynCJ1HlUlBaJ10Cb. Cnmo-
BlUOCb OlIeIH-lJ1I-1bI:\f, lITO 3TH CTpaI-lbI H 060Jp1HIO:\t 6YLlYlUCM I-Ie
MorYT I-I I-Ie )J(eJl<UOT CJ1C.,JonaTb 3anaD.I-IO:\ty napl-HlI-ITY WIB1-LHI3aUHH.
nOHCK Hiloro nynl, KOTOpbli-i 6bl COlICTaJ1 n cc6c UClllIocnl BOCTO-

16. KpyweHHe KOJ\oHHaJ\bHo CHCTeMbl
473
Ka H 3amma, nbIpa31-1JIC5! n a KnllHl3a IUHI llC}ITeJIbHOCTH rocYllapcT-
na, lITO IICpCJlKO nCJ10 K YCT<lJIOBJ1CIIHIO TOT<L11-ITapllbIX 11 m3TopH-
TapllblX pC)tao.fOn.
TpanmU1OIIIIoH (I>OIHfOH npannCmH! n CTpallax Apa6cKoro BOCTO-
Ka 6bLla IOllapXIH!, npHlIC-1 MOIHIPXHI-1 lJaIllC nccro IH1CJ1H a6COJIlOT-
HO-TCOKpaTJ1lICCKl-lii xapaKTCp. A6COJIlOTI-lbIC IOHapXHU COXpaHHJ1I-ICb
I-I noc.'1C 3anOCBaHH}J HC3aOlICI-IMOCTH B KOpOJ1CBCTBC CaY006CKaR Apa-
eUR. n KflSDKCCTnax ApaBHikKoro nonYOCTpOBa (OJHali. 6XOORllue 6
OA3 :JJHupamb/). B Ipymx apa6CKI-IX CTpaHax nOCJ1C ocn060)l(1I.eI-lH}1
06pa30na ' HlCb KOI-lCTHTYUHOHI-IblC MOHapxm-1 (En-mcT 110 1953 r., Ty-
HUC D.O 1957 f., J!tCMCH .ao 1962 r., JhmHH D.O 1971 r., 110pJIC1I-1HH, Ma-
POKKO, KYBei1T, Eaxpef.fH). B 3THX CTpaHax 6blJ1H npUH}ITbl KOHCTHTY-
UlHf, npOB03rJ1aWeI-lo C031IaHHC nap.'1a-leHTon. O.aHaKo B P}ID.C CTpaH
(KYUCHT B 1972 f., CaYlIOBCKaH Apamu! B 1992 r., O!\-laH B 1996 r.),
nOCKOJ1bKY KOHCTlnyum-1 6b1J1l-1 «D.apOBaHbl» IIpam-ITeJ15IMH. Jaq.mKcH-
pOBaI-lbl 1l0.IO)J(eI-lIHI 0 TOM, '-11'0 BC}! B'IaCTb I-ICX01UIT OT MOI-lapxa. Ta-
KII\1 06paJol. napJIa\leH raplHM OCHmCH BO \II-IOn-IX CTp.lI-IaX JII-IWb
BHeWHIHI npllKpblnle1 a6co..'IlOrlU!\Ia, I-Ie rOBopH Y)J(C 0 roM, llro rll-
mll.JHoji lL'HI .nHX CTpaI-l clnyaW-lci1 CHIJ1 pocnycK napJ1a\leI-lTOn I-I OT-
CYTcTBHe HX COJbIHa n TelleI-lHe :\-II-IonIX 'leT. B I-IeKOTOpbIX cTp.lI-IaX
(MapoKKo, JhIBIHI, 110p.lUII-lIHI H .Lip.) .l1eikTBYIOT IIpaBoBble I-IOpMbl
MYCYJ'Ib\-lallCKOrO (I>YIIl1.aICIIT<L1IH\ta, OCIIOBIIbIt 1-ICTOlIIIHKO1 npaBa
ClHlTaeTC}I KopaH I.
Fr!unem - caHUI Kpynml}J no lIl-lCJ1CIIIIOCnl lIaCCJ1CIIIUI apa6cKmi
cTp.lI-Ia. KOHCTHTYWHI 1923 r. 06'MIHlua En-meT I-Ie3aBl1CIHIbIM rocYllap-
CTBOM, I-IaXOlll-IBWI-IMC}1 11011 YllpaB.leI-lI-le1 KOpOJIH I-I napJIaMeI-lTa. Ko-
PO:lb, lIapJIaMeHr I-I npamrreJlbCrnO JJ.ejknmre.lIbI-lO cywecrBona"lI-I, I-IO
I-IaCTmlUU1M X03H1-II-IO!\l EnmTa OCTanaJlaCb AI-IrJ1l-IH. nO.'10)l(eHHe I-IC 113-
Mem-I'10Cb H nOCJ1C Toro, KaK BCTynHJ1 B clmy aHr.10-enmeTcKUH iloro-
nop 1936 r., 3aHnJ151BWHH 0 «npCKpaWCHHH» nOCl-lHOn oKKynamm: Ha
TCppHTOplH1 En-mTa COXpall}!.'1I-ICb BOCl-lllblC 6a3bl I-I BOOPY)J(CllllbIC CH-
J1bI BCJ1I-IK06plnalllHI. B 1952 rollY n pC3y.'1bTaTC nOClllloro ncpCBopOTa
KOpOJlb (/)apYK 6bIJ1 CBCprI-l)'T, CTpaI-lY B03LlaBHJ1 Fa"Ha.lh AooeJlb Hacep
(1918-1970). OI-l 6blJI y6e)l(1I.eI-lHbI1 I-IaU110I-li.LlI-ICTO\1 I-I CTpeHL1C}I K
nO.llHofi caMocnUI reJlbHOCTl1 EnHITa. OllHaKo ero no '11-1 rll l IeCKoe llec-
roJ11061-le npOCTIlpaJIOCb Jl.Ulbwe: OH Cl!H J"(}TJ, l! ro cywecTByer em1Hml
apa6cKaH I-IaUH}! I-I 1I03TOMY BOJIO)J(I-IO C03JJ.aHI-le emlI-loro apa6cKoro
roCYlI.apCTBa, J1H.aepOM KOToporo OI-l cc6}J H Mb!CJ1I-Ll. (ileikTBI-ITeJlbHo,
I IlC/1l0pUH roC}'llapcTBa 11 IIp.ma JapV6CIKllbiX CTp.lIl. ll. 2 / no,J, pCJ1. a.A. )KI1JIKona
II II.A. KpamcHIIHHIIKoii. 2 1131. i\'L, 2004. C. 511.

474
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBewee BpeMSI
KaK HJBeCTHO) IlOCJ1C apa6CKHX 3aBocBaI-ll1ii VII-IX BB. IHOrHe H<lpO-
llbI O;!lUKHerO BOCTOKa 11 CeBepi-iOH A(I>pHKH IIpllI-1}IJIl-I 1-IC'JaM H apa6-
CKHH }IJbIK). OT nepCH..1CKOrO J,LII-ma 110 ADlaI-l rl-flIeCKOrO OKe.lI-Ia 3BY-
llaJla apa6CK<H1 pellb. )«IHem-1 BCeX mx CTpaH ClIIH,L'IH Ce6}I H apa6a-
MH) H CHpHi-iuaMI-I) I-I a DK.I-lpuaMH) H IYHI-lcuaMI-1 H T.il. 011I-10UpeMeI-lHO.
3TO H C03.ilaBaJIO 11.1.'I1031-110 B03fO)I{HOCnl apa6cKoro eJU-II-ICTBa.
B 1956 ro;ry 6blJ1a nplfl-l}!Ta 6pe,uellliWI KUIICl1lUmYI{liR Ellll1emCKOii
Apa6cKOlI Pecny6,1uKli. OIIa 06'bs1BHJJa C06CTBCI-IIIOCTbi0 roCYllapCTBa
ICMllblC IIC'lpa, npcllynmTpHR<UJa pC<pOplh1 B 06J1acnl 3CLlcnO.lb30Ba-
Hl-HI, IlCJ1bIO KOTOpblX lIOJ1)1{HO 6b1J10 CT<ITb npcKlxlIIlcm-IC (pCOmUlbllhiX
<t)QP1 3Kcn.lyaTaIUHI, YKa3bm,lJIa Ha IIco6xomHmCTb nJlaHOBoro pa3BH-
nm KOI-lOU1KI-I, 1I00UlpeI-llie KOOlIepanmHbIX (I>OpM 11 IIp.
HOUblH rall erHlleTCKHX peQ.>op\t orKpbmaeTcn lleKperaMH IIpeJI-I-
.J.eI-lTa Hacepa, 113ilaI-lI-lblHI B 1960 f. OI-lI1 03Ha<WJIl-I. <ITO ErHneT l-mCT
no nym 3KOII0:\-IWICCKHX I-I COIlHa.l]bllbIX npc06pa30BallllH, npl1ilCp)l{H-
mUICb HCKamfT,UllfCnllICCKOH OpHCIIT<UUU1 I .
npllI-1nT<HI B 1110Jle 1962 r. XapnlllR Hm(1I0HaJlbHb1X ()eiicm6UlI omepr.lla
Kam1TaJll.ICTl-flleCKHi-i nYTb pa3B1-ITlUI, a BpeJueHHwl KOHCf11l1l11YI{WI 1964 r.
npOB03rJ1aCH.la En-mcT COIUHUlllcnl l lccKoi1 n.CfOKIXITHlICCKOi-i pccny6-
mlKoiL K cepelil-II-Ie 60-x 1"01i0B roq'lIapcTBeI-lHbIH ceKrop 3KOHOMHKI-1
ErHilTa II-IalHlTeJlbHO BOJpOC, 011HaKO nporpaMMa yrJ1y61eHHn KOHO-
MWICCKI-IX PC(POPI HC C1\wrJ1a pCIlHlTb UCJ1bIJ.1 P}Jll Ba)l{I-IbIX 3KOI-I0IWIC-
CKHX np06.I]CM.
B 1971 rolI.Y I-Ia pe<l>epeHllYMe 6blJ1a o.il06peI-la HOm!}1 KOHCf1111111YI(WI
Apa6cKoii Pccny6.'1HKII EnmcT, KOTopaSl npon03LlaWaJla APE «rocy-
lrapCTBO1 C COIUta.1HCTll l ICCKI-IM .uClOKpaTWICCKH1 CTpOCI, oCllonall-
I-IbI\t I-Ia COI03e CI1Jl TPYlIOBOro I-Iap0..1a». BblcWlnt opnlI-lOM rocymtpcT-
BeHHofi UJIaCTH IIpOBOJLIaWa r locb Hapo.J.Hoe c06paHHe, rJIauoft rocy-
llapcnm - npC31-I'lCHT. <J>aKTwlccKH )l{C C CCpCIUlIIhI 1970-x rOllon CTpa-
lIa paJBlmaCTC}J no Kamn.UHCTI-flICCKOMY nYTH.
K lJHC.IY KPYIII-IblX apa6cKI1x crpaH OrI-lOCIHC}1 A1JICUp. I-IeJaBlICH-
\tOCTb KOTOpOro 6blJJa npUJHaHa <J>paI-luHei-i nOCJIe LL.1HTeJ1bI-loH I-IaUHO-
IlrulbIl0-ocn060LUfTCJ1bIlOH noi-11lbl (1954-1962).
nOC;Ie LlO(..'TH)I{eI-lI-U1 I-IeJaBHCHMOCTl1 R03HI-IK:m np06JleMbI, KacaB-
wnecsi rOCYlI.apCTueHHoro yc-rpoikTBa, a TaK)I{e COUHaJlbHbIX H 3KOHO-
MWICCKI-IX pC<I>OpM, MoryuU1x nOKOH<UlTb C HaC.1CilHC\1 KOJl0HnaJlbHoro
pC)I{lnta I-I BbmCCTH CTpallY Ha nyrb nporpCCCl-lBlloro pa3B1ITHH.
B ceHnI6pe 1962 r. COCH)}! TIHCb BbI60pbI B )IL(peOume/ll)Hoe coopa-
Hue, npHHeCWHe n06elI.Y opraHiBa ropy oCU06o.J.HTeJlbHofi UOHHbl -
1 {/epllluoflcKlIIi 3. .\-1. YKa3. CO'I. 2-e H3JJ.. C. 624.

16. KpyweHHe KOJ\oHHaJ\bHo CHCTeMbl
475
(/)pOHlllY HOl(lIOHa.1bHOi!O oC(w6o.J/coeHufl (CDHO). TaK CTa 1 I-f(13bIBaTbC}1
PeUOJllOUHOI-lHblH KO\HlTeT. nOJIHO\IOlII-lOe C06paI-lHe 06bHUHJIO ADKHp
Haponi-ioH D.cfOKpaTI-flICcKoi1 Pecny6JHIKoi1. bbl.l npon03r"lallJCH KYpC
lIa «COIlH,U1HCTI-flICCKOC ncpcycTpoiicTBO') 06lliccTBa, 3aKpCnJ1Cllllbli-i B
1I0C TIellYlOllU1X KOI-lCnlTYUHOHI-IblX AOKYleHTax (1963, 1976). TaK, KOH-
CI11UI11YI(WI AHllP 1976 r. JaKpemUa rocnO.JCTBYIOlliee nO.TIO)J(eHHe 06-
llJeCTBeHHoii c06CTBeI-lHOCTH, PYKoBomllliYIO pO.T}b <I>HO B nocTpoeHHH
COIlHaJ1113la B paIKax «lI<lIlHOIHL'1hHbIX H HCJ1aICKIIX UCHIIOCTCi.j,).
B 1989 rollY 6bIJla nplHf5!Ta HOBCUI KOIICI11WllYl(lIfl. OIia }!BJI}L'1aCb
«ileHIleo.10nIJHpOBaI-lHbII» OCI-IOBHbll\-\ 3aKOHOI; nO'1O)J(eHiUl 0 COUHa-
JUI3Me B OCHOBHO1 6b1JHI 1-ICK.llO l leI-lbL BBOIU1J10Cb pa3ileJ1CHHe BCTBci-i
BJ1aCTlI, YCT<lIIaB.ll1B<U1aCh OTRCTCTBCHHOCTh npaBl1TCJ1bCTBa ncpC1 nap-
JIaMeHTOM. JlIIKBI1JlllpOB<lJIOCb MOHonOJlbHoe nOJIO)J(eHlle CDHO, BBOlUl-
J1aCb \II-IoronapTHi1HOCTb. B 1996 rony 6blJ1a npHHHTa HOBCUI KOHC/lll1my-
l(lIlI. B KOTOPOi1 n 0.'1 Ylll-lm-I lI.a '1 bHcii llJCC pa3BHTI1C llCIOKpaTWICCKI-IC
nplllllu-tnbi KOHCTHTYIlHOIIIIOro pa3B11nIH.
B 1967 roJJ.Y 6bI:m 06paJOBi.lI-la HapO()H{lfl Pecnyo.1uKa 1O.)/cHoi!O fle.ue-
Ha. OHa npOB03fJ1aCI-IJ1a «I-IeKamlTaJll-ICTWlecKHi-i» nyrb paJBI-IT1H1. KOH-
cmumYI(lifl Hapoolloii lleJHOKpal1ll1 l leCKoii Pecny6.wKli fle.Hell 1978 r. (TaK
CTaJla lIa3blBi.lTbC}! cTJxma) npOB03IJlaCI-ma UCJlblO CTIXlIIbI nOCTpOCIIHC
e.JI-II-Ioro lletOKpa rHllecKoro MeleHa, 3aKpemLIa HCKJIIOllI-lTeJlbHYIO co6-
CTBCHHOCTb rocy.aapCTBa I-Ia 3eIJ110, pyKoBomllliYIO pOOb fle..HeHcKOlI ('0-
l(llll WCl11l1EfeCKOlI napmUli H nOJIHOBJIaCTHC I-IapOllHhlX COBCTOn. Ha nponl-
)J(CIIIHI IHOfl-lX .1CT IC)J(1Y CeeepllbLu (McMcllcKaH Apa6cKmi Pccny6.'1 H-
Ki.l) 11 IO.J/cm,w (HilPM) fle.ueHmt BemlCb IICpen>BOpbI 0 BOCCOe.lHI-Ie-
I-II-IH, JaBepWHBWI1eC}1 npl-1I-IHHleM KOHCTHTYWHI elU1I-1oro roCYllapCTua.
C 1992 rOLIa llcikTnYCT KOllcmumYl(lIR edUIl020 fleMella.
B 1947 rollY no pCIIICIIHlO OH I r npm130IIIC.'1 IX13J1C.'1 n{UeCl11lJllbl C
ue:lblO C03llaI-lI-UI I-Ia ee repplHoplHI .JBYX caMOCrmrreJlbI-lblX roCY.JapCTB -
apa6cKoro H cBpeiicKoro. B eBpeiicKoi1 llaCTII CTpaHbl 6bmo C031IaHO ro-
cy.uapCTBO ff3pau lb. OnmlKO B lIpyroi-i llaCTH na.'1CCTlHfbl, cpaKTWICCKl1
no 1CJ1CtIIloii le)J01Y 113paH.'1C1 I-I l1op,rramlci-i, peIIICtme OOH HC 6bIJ10
OCYlliCC-I B.IeI-lO. B 1988 rOllY I-Ia ceCCIH-1 BbICWCro opr<lI-Ia mUICCTHI-ICKOro
HapOlla - Hal(lIOllaJlbl1020 coeema naJecmlillbl - HapHlI.Y C O(I>HW-Ia.JlbHbIM
npH311atH1CM 113paH.'1}1 6hlJ10 npOR03rJ1aIIICIIO 06pa30rnuII1c na.lecmwlcKo-
i!O ocyoapCl1l(w. Pe,ulIuawm npHHUI-tna «llBa HapO.lla - IlBa roCYllapCTB<I')
HaTaJlKlWaeTC}1 Ha 3Ha l IHTel]bHbie npemITCTBlHI, npl1BO.LJ.Slllille K CI1JJOBblM
pCllJCHH}!1 B03HHKaIOlliHX np06J1c1.
VlHTerpOLl,lIl)l TPOAIIlLl,IIlOHHOro III esponeCicl<oro nposo
nOC.1C 1I0CTJ-I)J(CIHHI HC3anHCIHlOCTH pa3B1-ITHC HaUHOHaJ1bHOrO
npaml MOJlO.ubIX rocy.aapCTB paCCMaTpHBaCMbIX pcnlOlIOB np0l1.0J1)1(,I-

476
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBewee BpeMSI
JIOCb I-Ia 6.ne Y)Ke C(f)Op1HpOBaBlIJHXC5! B HI-IX COOTBeTCTBYIOllI.HX npa-
UOBblX CHCTeM. TaK, KorJ-ta IIpOwe"l IIpouecc lI.eKOJIOHIUatil-HI 6PI-I-
TaHCKoH Hf\-InCpm-l, HonblC rocy.uapCTBa, B03I-1HKlllHC Ha 6a3C aHrJ1HH-
CKIIX KOJ101Wi-l, npaKTWICCKH OKa3am1Cb B cq>cpc n.11U1IHUI I-I llcHcT-
InHI aI-lrJlocaKCOHCKOH CI-ICTeMbl IIp.ma.
<I>op\tOH BOJHHKHOUeI-llH1 H <1>HKCaUHH npaBOBbIX Tpe60uaHl-IJ.'1 B P}I-
llC CTpall 1O)KlIoi-i H IOro-BoCTOlllloi-i A3IHI, a TaK)KC B roCY1apCTnax
Dml)KHero H CpeilHero BOCTOKa }IBIUOCb peJ1UU03H()-OO:U{JmUlleCKoe
npaeo, KOTOpOC B COllCTalllHI C rOCYllapCT[3CIIHbl1 3aKOlIo.rUlTCJ1bCTBO\1
llOKOJIOHI1<UlbI-lOro I-I KOJ10HI1<UlbHOro lIepHOJ-tOH o6piuyeT ntK HaJblBae-
MOC mpaOlll{UOlfllOe npaeo. B HCI npaBOBblC I-I fOpaJlbl-lblC HOpMbl 13bl-
CTYIIaK>T B I-Iepa3pbIBI-Ioi1 CIUIJH, nO::HOMY npll peweIHHI KOH(I>"H1KTOB
PYKOBOllCTBylOTCH Hnceti npIUH1pCmUI.
TpamllUIOHIiOC npaBO BXOJHIT n KallCCTBC COCTi.lBIIOH lJacnl B co-
Bpe\teHHYIO KOOU(jJUKGl{W{) IlpU6U. 3Ta CI-ICTe1a npaua npOllOJ1)KaeT cy-
IIlCCTBonaTb 6.1i.lro.uapH \ICXaIlH3MY TP,UIJIUHH H npCCtcTnCIIIIOCTH n
UOClIplU1 fHH H HCIlOJlbJOUaHHH rpe60Ui.1HHi-l IIpauouoro roCYlI.apCTua.
nOJ1lnIIKi.l BbITCCIICIIH}! Tpa.rlH1U101lIlbIX 06hl l IaCB I-I 3aICllbl 11X 1f0p-
\.laHI COUpeMeHI-Ioro IIpaHa IIpereplIeJli:I B I-IOBblX YCJIOBIUIX 3Ha l llHeJlb-
IIblC In1CHCHHH, CnH3aIlllbiC C pOCTOM HaUlIOHaJlbHOrO ca1OC03I-1aIll-IH
Hapo.aOB. 3TO OTllerH1HO npmIHI-IJ10Cb B HX CTpe1\-lJ1eI-lIHI YIu13aTb npo-
UCCC \1OD.CpHH3aUHH CBOUX 06lliCCTBCHHbiX H roCYllapCTBcHHo-npa-
BOUbIX (f>op1 C BOCCTaHOnJ1CIH1et CBOl-IX TIXlilJlUUOHHbIX ueHI-IOCTei-i.
B c<f)epe npaBa TaKoi1 nOllXOIl HaWeJ1 CBoe BbIpa)KeHHe B lIHmelpa-
l{UU (nOCpCJICTBml 3i.lKOII01i.lTCJ1bCTBi.l H cY'lc6Ifoi-i npaKTHKII) pH1a lfolHI
H I-IHCTHTYTOU Ipam1UHOHI-Ioro npaua C .n.eHcTBYIOllI.I-IMH B ::HHX cTpaHax
n0J10)KCIII-IHMH cnponcikKoro npi.lBa.
HeC1\-tOTP}1 Ha 60JlbWOe pa3I-1006paJue IIpaUOBbIx CI-ICTeM, BblpOClllHX
lIa 6a3c 6bIDlllHX K0J10HI-Ia.'1bHbIX BJla.J.CHHii, 0111-1 H\1CIOT CXOllCTBO B oc-
I-IOBI-IblX tOteI-lTaX HI-IYIpeHI-Iei-i CTPYKTYPbl rpa)f(lJ.aI-lCKoro, yroJloHI-Ioro
H llPYroro npaBa H caMoro IOplllll-fllCCKOro MbllllJ1CI-IIHI.
BonpOCbl A" p03MbIW"eHII1 it1I<OHTpO"
1. KaK npoxomua llCKO,IOHH3aUlHI crpdH JO)KHoH 1 JOro-BOC"IWIHOii
A3IHt.?
2. KaK,ul (I>op:\la npaB.neHIHI YCTaHdI3.mmaJlaCb B CTpaHax OJIIDKHero If
CpcLUICro BOCTOKa?
3. KaK PCIU<1CTC}I npo6.IC\ta npeCMCTBCHHOCTl1 11 HOIHI3Hbl B Bblpa60rKc
OpM roCYJJ.apCTBcIIIfOro pC)KHMa B CTpalIax IO)J(IIOH H 10ro-
BOCIWIHOH A31-m'?

16. KpyweHHe KOJ\oHHaJ\bHo CHCTeMbl
477
4. Ouclllnc PC3YJ1bTaTbI cTpmncnbcma COUl-I,lJIHCTI-flICCKOii roCYJJ.apCT-
BeHHOCTH BO BbeTI-Ia\le, J1aoce, KaM6omKe.
5. KaK IIpOXOllln npouecc TpaHC(IJOptaUlm lpamlUl-IOHHoro npaml CTpaH
paCC\taTpHmle\lbIX pemOHOB n conpe:-'leHHbIe npan013bIe cHcTe:\1bI?
16.4. C03AoHV1e He30BV1CV1MbIX rocYAopCTB
B T ponV1ecl<OLl1 A<PPV1I<e
COOTHOWeHl-le cl-ln Ha Ml-lpOBOL1 apeHe cnoco6CTBO-
Bano 6opb6e ACPPIi1I<1-1... 06S13blBano KOIlOHli1aIlbHble
Aep>KaBbl K nepeMeHe TaKTIi1KI-I. nOIi1CKaM HOBblX
cpe,qCTB rocno,qCTBa.
3_M 4epHunOBCKUU.
pOCCIi1L1CKI-IVI I-ICTOpli1K roCYAapCTBa Ii1 npaBa
MOAepHII13ou.lI1 nOl\II1TII14eCI<II1X CII1CTeM MOI\OAblX rocy AOpCTB
60Jlhlllmi lIaCTh rOCYHapCTB TpOllll'leCKOlI ArjJPUKU nOJ1Y l lH.la IIC3aBH-
CI-IMOCTb B 1960 r. (cpa3Y 17 cTpall), cro IJa3bIBmOT roilO\1 A<I>pHKI-1.
D.aJIbI-lei-illJaH lICKO.lOHI13aUl-IH nOllJJ1a TpYlII-Iee. nopTyraJIHSI nblTaJJaCb
.no nOCJlelI.I-Iero Yllep)K<lTb cuml KOJ10HIHI. B AHluJ1e, MOlaJuuuKe B OTBeT
I-Ia 3TO I-I<1 l JalOCb napTl-naI-lCKOe lIBI-DKeI-lHe. BCKope K0J10HIHI CTalH He-
Ia13HCI-IMbIMH.
Cl0)l(Hasi clTryawUl B03HHKJla B IOJICHoii Podeluu. TaM npo)l(l-maJ1o
3I-1<1 l lH reJlbHoe 6e.loe MeHbWIII-1CTBO. B OCI-IOBI-IO1 <1)ep1epbl. oeJIble B
1965 r. IIpOB03LlaCI1:I H He3<lBI1CIHIOCTb PO.J,e31H1 H [J blTa 'II-ICb C03.LlaTb
roCVL1<lpCrBO no Tl-lIIY IOApl. HII BemlK06pllnlI-lIHI, KoropoH npHI-li1.'l-
Jle)l(lJIa PO,lC3Hn, HI-I OOH I-Ie npl13Ha,lll ::Hoii He3aJUlCIHtOCnl, a a)-
pl-IKallLlbl - )K11TC.1H CTpallbl - lIallL1H BOOPY)KCIIlIYIO 60pb6y npOTHB
paCI1CTCKoro npaBHTCJ1bCTB<.l. OKa3aBIIIHcb B H30J1mUH1. 6CJ1bIC B 1979 r.
CCJ1I-I C acppl-IKafllla\HI 3a CTO.l ncpcroBopOB. EhLla pa3pa60Talla II 0 mUI
KOIICTHTYlUf}!, npl-1311momml paBCIICTBO pac. B 1980 roHY lIa cc OCIIOBC
npOBCilCHbl nbI60pbI 11 npOB03r.l]allJClla IIC3amICII\fOCTb I-IOBoro rocy.uap-
CTB3 - 311.t16a6ee.
nOC.1ClIHCH TCppl1TOpIICH, HC IHfCBllJCH HC3aBHCI-II\fOCTH, }!BJHIJ1aCb
6bIBwa}J rep:\JaI-lCKa}I IOro-3anan.Han AQ)pHKa, MaI-lllaT I-Ia ynp<lRleHI-le
KOTOpoii 6blJ1 nepc.uaH IOAP nOCJle ncpBoii \H1poBoi-i Boi-iHbl. A<I>pu-
KaHUbl C 1966 r. Ha l JalH BoopY)KeI-lI-lYIO 60pb6y 3a He3aBHCHMOCTb, 3a-
uepWHUWYlOcn 06paJOBaI-lHe:\f HeJaBHCIHfOro rocYlI.apc rua A<J.>PHKI-I -
Ha.1tlluulI.
1 Kpe()ep A.A. MCTOpllS1 lIonciimcro npC\ICHU. 1'\"1., 1997. C. 185.

478
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBewee BpeMSI
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C HaI-16oJlbWHMH TpYllI-lOCnlH1. 3TO caMbIi-i OTCTa;lbli-i B 3KOI-lOr-nPle-
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HC3aBHCHMOCni 60J1bWa}1 ttaCTb HaCCJ1CHIHI 6blJla COCpC.uOTolICHa B
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Fa6cJH) , Me.lUI (311Up, 311.u611fl). KaKaO, lIeUI H Ko<l>e (KeHlIfI). BbICOKHe
TeMIIbI pOCTa I-IaCeJleHI-IH. a OI-lH 13 A(I>pl1Ke BbICOKI-le. CBOilHJII-1 I-I<1 HeT
Bce YCILllUI no npeo.aOJICHI-IJO OTCT<lTIOCTH. npm13BOJJ.CTBO I1pOJl.OBOJlb-
C rlmH XpOHHlleCKI-1 OTCTam1"!O OT pOCTa Hace:leI-lIHI, H eCJH1 6bl He 110-
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CKOH A<I>pI-1KH OK:ua'1aCb 6bl JOI-loi-i roJloJ-ta. nOJlYlleHHe He3aUHCIU10-
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16. KpyweHHe KOJ\oHHaJ\bHo CHCTeMbl
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CYllapcTB. B CmlJll C 3fIHI B IiCKOTOpblX CTpaIiax C KOIiua 70-x ro.aOB
0603Ha l IH;IC}1 IIOBOpOT K lleMOKpa rH3aUHH \-Ie WlI.OU rocyn.apcTBcI-II-Ioro
npaR1CHIHI. 6bl.l]H J11IKOIUlHpOBaHbl aBTOpl-ITapHblC pc:>taulbI B Ylalloe,
Uellmpa'lblloii ArjJpllKaliCKOli Pecny6.lllKe, 3K6amopua..lbllOll {611Itee; n 80-x
rOlI.ax K fpmKlI..mcKOMY npanJlCIIHIO B03npanlJHICb Cyoall, Pyalloa. Bno-
CJ1Cj1.CTIHHI B IICKOTOphlX H3 IHIX IIC0J1110KpaTIl0 lICpCfJ.OmUIHCb nOCllllhiC
H rpa)J(.fJ..lIICKIIC PC)I(IHIh1 (lianpIHlcp. Cyoall).
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13 TCX C rpaIiax, KOTopble IIpOUOJrJHICHJHI «COUH,UIHCTWICCKYIO OpHCI-I-
TaUHIO)} paJBl-ITHH. B 1960 roilY Iia 3TOT nYTb BCTymlJB1 TPH rocyn.ap-
CTBa ({aHa. feuHeR, Ma.llI) , B 1970 ro.ay -IX (IHC.l0 YlI.BOHJ10Cb, a B
ccpellHI-IC 80-x rOIlOB Ha nYTb «couHam'lcTwICCKOi-i 0PI-ICI-ITaWHI)
nCTa.1H AlIlO"W. 5emUi. KOlIlO, TaIl3G1IUR, 3rjJlI011 lIR. BnOCJ1CiICTBl1H
llaCTb 1-13 I11IX n pC3y.lbHnc nOClillblX ncpcnopOTOB IUI-I H3\ICIICIIH}I
npC)I(lIHX KOIIIlCnIUlj-i pa3B11T1HI OTK.13aJ1HCb OT :noro Kypca; OKOII(ta-
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lIeCKHX rOCYll<lpCTB 6bIJ1<l CBCPrI-IYT<l n 80-90-x rOJJ.<lX.
Mbl He \-IO)l(e\-1 roUOPIHb 3lleCb 0 K.DKllOM a<l>pHKaHCKO\1 roCYllapcT-
UC. COWJ1eMC}1 Iia TaHlaHul{). 06e COCTanJUIIOw.He ee (Jacnl - TaHlaHb-
UKa H 3aHJu6ap, 06beilHI-IHBWHCC$1 13 1964 f., npI106pCJHI nOJ1l-ITwlecKYIO
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palillblX .1HIl; 3aTC\-1 nOCJ1C.fJ.OBaJ10 06pa30nallHc 3aKOII0'1..lTeJ1bllbIX co-
BCTon. C03j1..lIHIbIX H<l OCHOBC IlmpOKoro 1136HIXlTCJ1bIlOrO npaBa; lIa-
KOI-lCU, nmIliHJII-ICb 3aKOI-lO;'UlTeJlbHbIe co6paHlUI, 1136paHI-IbIC I-Ia OCHO-
Be Hce06w.ero HJ61-lpaTe"IbI-lOrO npaBa. I-I BMeCTe C HIHHI HallHOH,lJ1b-
Hble MHI-IHCTepCTBa.
Pecl>op\-lbI 3TH cnoc06CTBOBa.1H D.aJ1bHCiiwe\-IY oTcTyn.1CI-II1IO K0J10-
I-IllaJ1bHbIX BJlaCTei-i. B 1961 rOilY CTaI-lOBHTCH I-IC3aBl-ICIHfOH TaI-lraHbH-
Ka, B 1963 r. - 3aH3H6ap.
nCpBOH<l l la.lbllo TallnlllbHKa BOCnpHlI}lJla allL1HjkKYI0 npaBl-ITCJ1b-
CTBCHHYIO CHCTC\-IY. napJ1aMeHT, MeCTI-IOe caMoynpaRflCI-IIIC. MHoronap-
THi-iI-lOCTb 11 np. Ho OlleI-lb CKOpO MHoronapTHi-iI-loCTb 6bIJ1a YCTpaJ-feHa H
YCTaIlOBl-IJ1aCb o.nllonapn1jil-la}1 CIICTCl\-Ia. CXOll}!T CO CUCIILI npoallr..'mii-
CKlle IIapl HH. EtlH HCTBCI-I Hoi-l IIpamHueti I1apnlci-i CTaI-lOIiH rC}1 Hm(uo-

480
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBeHwee BpeMSI
HllU,HlJ/li COlO3 mJJpllKaHl{ee TaHcaHbUKIl - T AHY. nCpB.UI KOI-lCTl1 rymHI
TallnlllbHKH 6bIJ1a npOB03LlamClla B 1962 r. CTpalla 6bLla 061,}IB.I]Clla
pccny6J1HKOi-l C npc3HilcHTCKOi-i <POP\fOi-i npaBJ1CHHH.
B '3aIl31-16apc 06pa30B<LlaCb IIapO'lH<UI pccny6mfKa. Olla rI01rIHC<U1a
C TaHraHbHKoj-i COlO3HbIfI 1l0roBOp, B pC3y.lbTaTC KOTOpOro B03HHKJlO
(l)ellCpaTl1BHOC roCYLlapCTBO TaH3aHHH. Em npC3H.aeHTOf OCTllC}I J1l-1JtCp
npaBmuci-i napTI-nt l TallnlllbHKH. BHLlc-npC311J1CIIT - J1H}lCP npamlluci-i
napnm 3aH31-16apa.
BnOCJ1CJlCTBlHI nO}l n.HJUIIH1C:\1 ncpCfCII, npOHCWCllUIHX B CTIXlIIC,
npHHHtaJlaCb HOBblC KOllcmWllYI{UU. o HI-I BBCP}!J1H mKOHOilaTCJ1bHYIO
BJI.1CTb napJl<:l:\tCHTY H npC3HlleHTY.
B nOC.'ICIUICC BpC:\f}! npamUUHC Kpym CTIXlIIhl BCllYT nOHCK 1I0110H
c-rparcnm pa3B1HJUI. KOrop<U1 1I0JBOJIJUa 6hl OIiTHMa;IhHO COlJCIi.lrh PO;lh
roC)'1apCTBH C KOJ1J1CKTI1BIIOH B3aHfOnO:\fOIUbiO H lJaCTllhlf npCllnpHIHI-
MarCJlbCTBOM; OllHOllapnfiiHml CHCTCMa JaMCHCHa \fHOrOllapTHi1HOi-i.
K cepcmmc 1960-x [(mOB, KHK Y)f( ronOpJ-1JlOCb, co CTapbIM KO.10-
lH1aJl113\fOf 6bLl0 n OClIonHOf nOKOIPICHO. HCKJllOllCHHC COCTanJ1}!J1H
rJl<lBHbIM 06paJOM 1I0p.1 yr,ulbcKHC H HcmlHCKHC KOJIOHHH B A(I>PHKC:
AII?OJW, Al03aJu61IK, 1-lcmlllCK,UI Caxapa, llopmY2a.lbcKaR [eulieR.
7 CCHTH6pH 1974 r. 6bL10 nommcaHO corJlallJCHHC MC)f{J1y npaUH-
TCJ1bCTBOM nopTyrL1HH. C o.aHoii CTOpOt-lbI, H (/JPOHl1lO.U OCflo6oJ/COeHUR
HO.JlUtOIIKa (<lJPE1l HMO) - C llpyroH. COrJIaWCHHC 6bL10 paTH<IHlUH-
pOBaHO IIpCJI-1LlCH roM nop.1 yra:IJm H TCM ca:\lbl:\f BC.I Y"HJIO B CIUY.
BCKOpC n CTOJ1HLlC HOBOro rocy..aapCTBa llopelicy-MapKlilue 6bLl nOllHIT
KpaCHO-JC1CHO-lICpHO-)f(C1TbI11 (Imar <lJPEJ1 H MO H npOB03rJlallJeHa
IIC3aBHCI-1:\tOCTb M()3aM6HKa.
B TCllCHHC npCllllJCCT13YIOUU1X 9 fCC}lUCB B.laCTb B CTpaHC OCYWCCT-
BJHIJIaCb nCpCXOJlHbI:\f (BpC:\fCHHbl:\f) npaBlUCJlbcmo:\1. nOll ero PYKOBOLl-
CTBO1 npOHCXOlll-Lla nO!I.roToBKa HOBblX Ka..apOB rOCYllapCTBcHHOro an-
napaTa 1-1 3aMeHa cTapOrl, KOJIOHH,UlbHOii all1\-IHHHC1paUl1H HOBoj1. PCUo-
J1JOIUlOIIIIOii. OllllOBpCMCIIHO C 3TI-1:\f B CTpallC BnO}lHJ10Cb IIOBOC 3aKO-
Ho..aaTC:lbCTBO. KacaIOWCCC}1 llC:\IOKpaTJ1lleCKI-1X HHCTHT}'TOU H COUHa 1b-
IIblX oTllomclIHjt rOBOp}1 0 3a..rW l lax HOBoro npaBl-1TCJ1bCTBa, <lJPEJ1 H-
MO YKa3bIBaJl Ha C03!I.aI-IHC YC..l0BHH, npH KOTOpblX 'JaBOCBaHHYIO Mo-
IaM6HKOf HapOJ1HYIO .llC\IOKp.UH 10 MO)f(HO 6YlleT c.LtCJla rb Bce06wl1\f
1l0CTO}!IIHCM. UCJlhlO napnm 6hlJlO npOB03rJ1amCll0 C031am-IC npC1.no-
CbI"lOK n,ml ncpCXOlla K CTpm1TCJ1bCTBY COUlH1JIH3:\fa.
B TO\f )f(C rollY npm1CXOllHJ1H ncpUblC Bbl60pbl B KOHCTHTYUHOHHblC
opraHbl HapollHoi-i BJ1aCTH - OT HapollHoH accaM6.1CH M03aM6HKa
(BepxoBHbli-l 3aKoHollaTcJlbHbifl opraI-l roCYlI.apCTna) 110 HapOllHblX ac-
car\-16.1ci-j Ha MCCTax. npCJHilCHT M03af611Ka (OH )l(C LlaBa npaB}!wci-i
1 {/epllluoflcKlIIi 3..\-1. YKa3. em!. C. 637.

16. KpyweHHe KOJ\oHHaJ\bHo CHCTeMbl
481
napnm) }!13JUIJ1C1 13ICCTC C TCt PYKOOO.llHTC.1Ct npal3l1TCJ1bCTOa H ma13-
HOKO/>.-taHLlYIOWHi\-I uOOPY)I(CHHbIU1 CH.lai\1H.
B 1990 rollY B M03aM6uKc 6blJ1H ocymcCTB.1CHbJ Ba)J(I-IbIC PC<POP\tbl:
mtCHa MOHonO.um O..aHOH napnm tHoronapnIHHocTblO, ynpa3ilHCHHC
nOCTa npC\tbCp-U1HHCTpa I-I ncpCXOll cro <PYI-IKUl-lii K r.laoc roCYllapCT-
Ba, npHII}!TbIC nporpatMbl phlllOllHOji 3KOIIOMHKH. n pHII}!Ta 110m}}!
KOIICTI-1Tymm, 3aKpCmmlUa}! 3TH H3tCIICm-I}!.
12 cCllnl6pH 1974 r. JI.6lJ.)ICeflUe 600pYJICellllbiX ClU 3r/JUolluu B03Lla-
BlUO aHHIMOllapXJ-IlleCKYIO, ,UlnHI>eomU1bHYIO penOJ1IOIlHIO. B pe3YJ1bTa-
TC KOTOpoii 6bIJ1H CBcpmYTbI IHmepaTOp Xaj-i'Ie CClaCHe H cm IIPaIut-
TCJ1bCTBO. llci-icTBHC MOHapXJ-IlICCKOii KOHCTHD'UHH 6blJIO npHOCTaHOB-
JICHO. <lJopMa IbH<.UI orMCHa \10HapXHH 6bIJIa I1pOlUBClleHa ItCKpero\1
BCpXOBHOro opraHa BJ1<ICTH pCUOJllOUHOHHOH '3<lmomU1, BpeMCHHbl\t
ooeHHblM ail\H1HHCTpaTHUHbIM COUCTOt 0 tapTe 1975 f. (OH HaXO!ll-IJ1CH
y B,laCnt 60JICe 10 J1CT.) Ony6.1I-IKOOaHHa}! COOCTO1 flpOlpWUW H{I[1I0-
Jla IbHo-iJe..uoKpamullecKOli pe80JlIOllIU (1976) CTam1J1a UCJ1blO OCYlIlCCTO-
J1CmIC allTI1<pcOllaJIbllhlX H allnHlMncpmU1I-1CTWICCKHX -ICp I-I OilIlOBpC-
MCIlIiO C TCM C03J1allHC npCJ1nOCblJ10K JLJ1}J COIU1<U11-1Cnl l lccKOro CTPOH-
TCJ1bCTBa B CTIXlHC.
B 1987 roJ1Y lIa PC<I)CPClIllYMC 61.1."13 npHII}!Ta 1I0Ba}! KOIlCmumYllIR,
KOTopaH npOB03rJ1aIII<Lla CTIXlHY lIapOfJ.1I0-11C\lOKIXlTJ-IlICcKoi-'i pccny6_1H-
Koji. ObIJ1H 1136palibI HaIU-IOII<LlbIiOC c06pamlc, rOCYJ1apcTBclillbIji co-
BCT H I1pC3H..aCHT, H<.u.te:IcHHbIi-'i 061lH1pHbIHI IlOJ1HOMOlIJUlMH, C03ItaHbi
I1HTb atHOHOMHblX o6pa30BaHHii, 1-13 KOropbIX OllHO (3pwllpeJ/) 06mlll,ulO
1aKOHOmlTe.IbHbl\U1 I10J1 HOMOlIIUI MH. OllHaKo IIpaB}llIlHi-i PC)f(HM HC cy-
\lCJl pellHHb OCTpblC 3THO-HaUHOHaJlbHbIC np06:lclbl H 6blJI cucprHYT
o.llHoii H3 nOOCTaHllCCKHX rpynnHpoooK, oblcTynalOlIll1x 3a C031I.aHl-IC
KoaJ1HUHoHHOro npamneJlbcToa.
B 1993 roilY 3pHTPC}! OblllJJ1a H3 COCTaoa 3<lmonJ-m H CTaJIa caMO-
CTO}!TCJ1bllbIM roCYllapCTBQ\I. a B 1994 r. B 3<pI-1OnJ-m 6bl.l]a npHII}!Ta
1I0BaH KOJlC11l1ll11Yl(UR. Olla Y l lpCJ11ua napJ1atCIiTapIlYIO pccny6m1KY C
1II1-1pOKIHUI nO.lIIOMOlIHHMH npCMbcp-mIHICTlxl H <I>cllcpalUlIO, B COCTa-
BC KOTOpoi-i J1.CIUlTb mHlTOB.
llCKOJloHluaW-IH AQ>PHKH CYlIlCCTBCHHO IUMeHHJla H 1I0JIO)f(CHHC
IOJICHo-AqJpllKaHCKOli Pecllyu.wKU (}oAP). T80puaM anapTCI-llla (cHcTe-
Ma pacofioH ItliCKpIHHll-IaW-m) CTaJ10 HCI-IO, lITO OCn060D,HnIlUfCC}! CTpa-
IIbl A(I>pHKl1 lie 6Yllyr MHPHTbc}1 C paCHCTCKHM pe)f(IHI0M lIa IOrc
KOHHIHeHra I-I 106I1m1JYlOr \le)l(}lYHapOllHoe C0061I1CCrBO Ha 60pb6y C
HHM. A :no OJHa l JaJ10, liTO IOAP )f(..aa 11-1 caHKWH1, 3KOHO\B1 l leCKHC
60i-iKOTbI. n03TO\ty 6b1J1 83HT KYPC I-ta C0311a1H1C nOJ1I-IOCTblO aBTOHO\1-
1I0ro X03}IHCTIJa, B03I1HK.la C06CTBCIIIHUI 1OII1mUI nOCIIII,UI npO\lbllll-
JICIHIOCTb. IOAP IlblT,U1aCb C03LlaTb K CCBCpy OT ce6H ucnOlIKY rocy-
.llapcTB, KOTOpblC MonlH 6bl COCTamnb cuoC06paJHblii nmlc 6eJonac-
HOCTH OT He3aBlICH\1Oi-i A<I)PHKH. CTa.rIa OllCBH.llHOH TlIlCTI-IOCTb BCCX

482
IV. rOCYAapCTBO H npaBO B HOBewee BpeMSI
3TlIX YCHJwji. K IlaCTO}!LU.CMY BpC:\ICHH J1HKBUm-lpOnafla paCona}! ccrpc-
raIHI}!, JlerUllnOBalibI Bce nOm-ITlIl.JeCKHe napn-m CTJXlIIbl.
npOBOBO MHOrOCI\OLIIHOCTb O<J:>PLl1I<OHCI<oro npOBO
A<pPUKaHCKa}! npaBOBa}! CeIb}! OXBaTbmaCT npaBOBblC npOIlCCCbI Ha
rpo:\m;IHO:\1 KOHTI-IHeH reo Bo Bropoii nOJIOBJ-IHe XX B., KOma MHorOlIHC-
J1eHHble aQ)pHKaHCKHe KOJIOHHH no.l)IlIllJIH He3anHCHMOCTb. I-IX npano-
Bble CHCTC:\lbI OKa3am-ICb «npI-IB}!3aHHbIMH) K pOMaHo-replaHCKoi-i npa-
BOBOH CC:\-lbC.
B pe3YJIbTaTe oc06eHHocTeii HCTOpl-lllecKoro paJBHnm npaBO acl)PH-
KaHCKHX rocy..aapCTU, 06peTWHX HaW-IOHaJ1bHYIO He3am-ICHfOCTb, COtle-
TaCTCS:1 C 3J1CMeHTaMH cTaporo, C pcmlrH03HbiM npanor.!, 06bPIHbI1 npa-
BOI, KOTOpOC BCC CIIlC J1ci1cTBYCT B OTflOCHTCJ1bHO IIlHpoKoji c(l)cpc 06-
ureCTBeHHbIX OTHOlUeHHii.
CJ]eD.yeT OT\ICTHTb 60.'1bWHC pa3..11-l l IHH Me)fWY HapOD.aMH A(I)PI-IKH,
paJHo06pa3He I-IX 06bl t laen H 06bPIHOro npaBa. lla)l(c nJ1e:\leHa. Hacc-
mllOIllHC COCClllIJlC rcorpaQ)J1lICCKHC paiioHbl, :\mryr B :JTO:\-I nJ1<lIIC cy-
lUeCTBeHHO pa3.:IJ1lI<rrbC}1. O..aHaKo 06ureii TeHD.eHuHei-i HIlJIHeTC}I pa3flll-
mlle HlIl(IWHll IbHOii Ilpa6060li Clicme..Ubl.
K HaCTOs:Iure:\IY Bpe:\leHH npaKTl1 l leCKH 3anCpWI-IJlaCb pa60Ta no
YIHHlmKaIlHH 06bI l IIIOro npana (")}Illa a<pPHKaHcKHx nJ1CMCH. B HCKOTO-
pbIX acl)pHKaHCKHx CTpaHax npOBo.aH.1HCb pe(lmpMbI. CT<tBHBWHC ue.lblO
C03llaHHe eilHHof1 KO;IHqmKaUHH II 3aKOHOll<U"eJlbHbIX H 06bl l lHbiX HOp1\!.
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f)OJlhIIIHC H3ICIICHIHI npCTCpnCJ10 yo..106110e Ilp1l60. B K0J10IHHLlh-
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OCHOBaHHblii Ha aHLlHiicKO:\1 o6ure:\1 IIpaBe. Hap}l.ay C .:HHM MeCTHbIe
Cy.ubI paCCMaTpHnaml yroJ10nHbIe llCHHH}!. PYKOBOD.CTnY}!Cb CJ10)f(HBWH-
MHC}! 06hllIaHH1. nOCJ1C nOJ1y t lCflHH HC3am-ICIHmCTH IICKOTOpbIC CTpaflhl
BKJIlOlH1J1H m);lO)f(eHIHI 06bIl.JHOrO npaBa n yrO.10BHbIe KOLlCKCbl. flpYfl-lC
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BO I-I npOn03rJ1aCHn yroJIOnHbIi.i Ko.aeKC Cm1HCTnCHHbIM aKTO:\I. YCTaHan-
m-IBmOHl.I-1:\1 yroJ10BHYI0 OTnCTCTBCIiHOCTh.
3Ha t H1Tc.lhHO CJ10)f(HCC OKa3aJ10Ch npOBCllcm-IC PCQ>OP1\! B 06J1aCTlI
i'pll.JIC()aHCKO('O, ce..l1eiIHOi!O H Hac..le()cm6eHHOi!O Ilpa6a. fly<11H13:\1 3aKOH0J1a-
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6cccnopHO TO, tlTO TpMHLlHOHHOC ml)pHK,lIICKOC 06bl l lllOC npaBo YTpa-
llHBacT, a B IICKOTOpblX C.I]YllUlX Y)f(C YTIXITIL10 flIOfl-iC CBOH ncpBOHa-
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COBpe\lCHHblH 3Tan paJUlIT1UI a(l)pHKaHcKoti npa130noti CC\tbH xa-
paKTcpH3YCTC}! npanonoi-i MliorocnoHlloCTblO, HO C 60J1cc oPlcTmmoi-i
TCII J 1cIIIlHci-i K OpHfl-UI<L'1bflbl:\1 IOpl1J1J1lICCKH:\1 KOflcTpYKlUm:\1 H cnoco-
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.Atllp06aHlle oou{emepplimoplla.lbHOli Ilpa6060li ClIcmeJ\tbl.

16. KpyweHHe KOJ\oHHaJ\bHo CHCTeMbl
483
PO}lb CYllOB B cTpaHax paCC1\lOrpeHHblx pcn-loHon HCBCJH1Ka. Hacc-
11cmlC \UU10 06palllacTcH B rocymlpcTBcflllhiC CY.l.1hl. npc,1nO l H1Ta}! n011C-
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cnopoB. Emc \-fCflbIllC HX pOJlh B TCX rocYllapCTBax, mc rocnOfJ.CTBYCT
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..1eHCTnYIOLUHC OT l-i\fCHH rocy.uapCTl3a.
B roCYllapCTBax, mc llcHcTBYIOT npHllmmbr aflr"locaKCOfiCKoro
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TPYllOBblM ClIopaf, JlC;laM HCCOBcpWeHHOJIC rHHX 1-1 JlP.).
B roCY1apCTBax, CJ1CllYIOIllHX pOMafio-rcpMaficKoi-'i lOllCJ1H npaBO-
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3(ImolUm HapOOHbJe mpllVYHlUbi KpeCTbSIHCKI-1X aCCOUHamfH.
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IIpaHrJa KOpO.I]SI A.lh)pCHa I I Ta1 )J(C. C. 472-480.
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rpa,HcVaHcKllli KOllCKC (Ko..aeKc Hano.leoHa) 1804 f. II Ta1 JKe. C. 455-538.
rpa.Jlcr)allcKoe Y10)J(CfIHC rCpMaJICKOii HMnCpl-H1 1896 r. II TaM )J(C. C. 583-619.
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I( p03AeAY IV
AHllllll11peCI1l06CKllii JaKOH Wep\IaHa 1890 r. 3aKOH K1CihOl-ia 1914 r. II
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ApucToTcJlI> 74
ATy,nbna 237
AWOKa 40. 46, 47. 55
oa6yp 225
oaikp D. 330
baTbIp K.I1. 120. 151, 343, 3S5
oelDKroT 258
I>C33C\ICJlhllhli1 110allli 154, 157
oCproi-i1I .n. 30 I
oepHrapJlII f. (l)oH 376
bUIt.1Cp )1(. 3S6
OUCT\tapK O. 2S6
l>uplIIIITaHIt Y. 330
OOllCIt )1(. 169
60JlecJI<m Xpa6pbIii I S6
bOHlHI)aIlU i-i 171
opyr 95
I>YJ1<1 226
oyw L1.)J(. 350
bYIIl L1.)J(., \1.1. 350
6IOJIOll 284
BaH MaH 61
Ballb AlIbIIlU 214
l3acKo 1l<1 faMa 225
BaWHIIITOII L1.)J(. 300
I3UJlbrc.lbM 3aBOCB<lTCJlb 154
BUJIbre.lbM OpaHcKuii 256
falDKIICB K.C. 469
faii 71,99
f Ji1 MapHii 95
faH..J.11 M. 443-445
fmnH 1-1. 450
rCllpl'1X II 161
fCHPHX III 155
fCHPUX IV 167
fCllpux VIII 158
f-IJlbraMeIII 27
fHH.nclI6ypr 380
fUT.1Cp 378-380
f066c T. 169
f o.ll>OaX n. 264
L1.c rOJlJlb 265, 367, 369, 370
fop6a l Icfi M.C. 408
fpaKxu. rai1 II Tu6epHii 94
fpauualt 170
rpa(l>cKui-i B.r. 31, 110, 170
fPHropuH VII 166
fPHroPHH IX 171
fyallcIoii 319
n)J(ollcoII JI. 34S
L1.uOKJIC nmH 97, 101
L1.paKoIIT 81
L1.ywaH CTe<!)aH 189, 190
n:m C}lOmm 434
)l(aK Jlc fO(I)(I) 178
)l(ullKoB O.M. 79. 110. 132. 332.
351, 431, 439, 440, 459, 463. 465
)l(IOIICH A. 371
3ar.I<WHH H.B. 124, 179
I-1BaH ACCHb II 189
1-11lII0KCIITUii III 167
I-1HHoKeHntii VIII 168
1-1 om III XXII 171
1-10aHH naBeJI II 174
I-1cnoBcmIHK 3. 153
KaCTaH 175
KaJlurYla 96
KapJt BCJlI-IKHi-i 125, 165
Kapn JlI>!ChIi-i 126
KapJt !vI apTC!IJ1 123
Kapn I 254, 255
Kapn II 255
Kapn IV 148
KapTcp n)J(. 349
Kaccuii 95

526
KaCTpo <1>. 465
KeHHe.au ll)l(. 348
KCp3011 11)J(. 443
KeTu X. 292
KIWJlllIIr P. 15
Km-IHTOH D. 355
1(;111c(I)CH 76
1(;1IO l leI3CKUH B.O. 6
KOB.l]cp 3
KOIICT,lIInm 97, 164, 165
KOII03 419
KOHpaJ1. Map6yprcKui.i 174
KOHq}YIH111 62
KopTec 3. 235
KOPHY0.l].lI-IC 302
KpawcmuIIIuKoBa I-I.A. 79, 110. 223,
322.351,431,439.440,465
Kpc,lJ.cp A.A. 477
Kpm.mcJlI. O. 254. 255
KYlIld B.B. 99
11cJ) III 126
11cJ) VI 182
11cHI-1H 8.1-1. 277, 334
1111 305
11u6KHeXT K. 376, 377
11uBaHueB K.E. 153. 209. 210
11lmcpcaii.a 11. 68
Jhmuon B.A. 343
11IlKypr 86. 89
111-IHKOJIhH A. 304. 305
11111Jl1 l.J. 308
J1HmtT-l1wTap 30
11llcHeBcKlli-i 3.8. 129, 145
110KK 70, 169
l10Tapb 126
_lYH-ooHanapT 274, 287
J1Yl1-<1>ILllwn OpJlCallCKllH 274. 275
11IO..1mlr IIcMCUKIIH 126
11IOilOBUK IX 134
11IOJlOBIIK XIV 136
111oJ1oBIIK XV 265
J1IO.aOBIIK XVI 265, 269
11loKccM6ypr P. 379
11IOTep 176
MaKe.aoHcKHH 79
MaKoJici-i 451
tvf<lHY 47-50, 54
Mao UJ:mYIl 432-434,
MapK AHTOHHi-i 95
MapKc K. 492
Mapcu;IIIH n<wyaHcKuii 169
MapnlII 1110Tcp 175
1'.1 U:IoweBWI 411
MUll 23
MUHaMoro E. 205
MIHTcpall <I>. 370
Muxalu VIII 181
MO.ilccnm 99
MOHTccKbe, 70
Mot-ITecYMa 235
Mya\lap Karv1a(lH1 456
My BaH 62, 64
MycCOJIIHHI D. 392. 393. 395. 40 I
MyxaeB 402, 450
MyxaIMc1 194
MYUYXl1TO 312
Ha60HH.a 34
Ha6omLI]acap 34
HmyxolloHocep 34
Hano.leoH DOI-tanapT 272-274
HapaM-Cy:mc 29
Hacep r. 473
Hcpoll 96
HepCeC}IHU B.C. 242
I-I CPY .n. 446
l-hIKCOH P. 349. 350
O.ilO<1KP 98
OKTammlI 95
O\ICJIblIeHKO O.A. 30. 163. 185, 426
OpJloJ)a H.E. 174
OC3KC K. 337
OTIOII 144, 165
nanCl 71
nana PUICKI-li.i 394
namlHH<IH 99
nCpUKJl 77
nepoH X.fl. 465
ncppu 1'.1.311
n erm 366
n UIlOlICT A. 465
numlH KOPOTKl1i.i 124, 165
nl1ccapo <I>. 237

YK030Tel\b MMeH
527
nJlaTOII 404
njJYTapx 80
nm.mu..ay )1(, 370
npY111UKOB M.H. 3-5
ny 1-1 432
PC3I111KOB K. 20
PeiiraH P. 349
PeHc D,aBH.n 292, 294, 341
Po6ccnbcp 269
.J.e POKKO 390
PmlYJl AnryCl)"1 98
PY3BCJlhT T. 341
PY3BeJlbr <1>. 345-347
PY_laH Hop6ep 3,61, 167, 250, 329,
385. 410
Pycco 270
Cm1 fJ.OB AX. 202. 242. 293, 427, 442
CaproH 28
CapK03u 1-1. 371
CCH-)I(all KpCBKCp 298
CeH-)I(IOcT 269
CeH-CI'I\IOH 493
CcpBuH Tymli-i 100
CMIIT A 486
COKpaT 82, 83
CO.10II 76. 80. 81. 83
CTaJlI-I H 11. B. 407. 410
CYKapHo 471
CYJll]a 79
CYHb }JTCCH 428-430
TaliaKa 419
TC3ci-i 71
TI.IMYP 225
TUTo 11.6.410
TI-1XOmlpOB IO.A 324
Toi-iH6u II. 486
TOKyrana 206
TpYt3H r. 348
TIOJ1op E. 158
Yro l.JaBcc 467
YJIbInmH 71, 99, 138
Yp-HaIMY 29. 30
YPYI1HJUlnlHa 30
<1)apYK 473
<1>cHoPOB K.r. 129, 145
<1>I1JI1l1III IV 156
<I)op.a fl.)J(. 349
<1>pc1cpuK 175
<1>PU.ilPI1X II 288
XaM\-Iypaml 31, 33-37, 39, 55
Xlo,1IHlr 121
XopeMxc6a 25
Xoy Y. 300
Xy61L1aH 214. 215
X3i1 fl.. 418
UfiatircpT K. 292
Ue3apb 95
Umlb Wl1xyall.nu 60
llaJlD.parynTa 53, 223
l.JaH 66
llall Kai1wl1 430, 431
l.JCP'Il1JI.Ib Y. 246. 445
l.JcpllluoncKHi-i 3. M, 131, 206
l.J)J(Y JOaHblI)KaH 215
l.Ju6Up}ICn c.A. 144
l.J111JfJ1CXaH 214
l.JuPKUH C.B. 357, 469
l.JcJlhIloB-6c6y-ron M.A. 117
l.JepHI1JIOI3CKHii 3.1'.1. 130, 144, 206,
415.474,477
l.JYHaKou M.<P. 460
lbll- Tall 57
Wall }JIJ 428
WaprpcKoi.i 1-1. 170
Wcii.acMall <D. 377
WepMaH 351
WupaK )1(. 371
LllncHfJlcp O. II
36cpT M. 377
3.ayap.n I 156
3l1rc.l]bc <1>. 412
D.' 3cTeH )1(. 370
3TTJlJ1 P. 442
K)allh WUKaJ.i 429
IOCTI-IIIH<HI 3, 181, 184, 289
51KOB II 256
}Jcncpc K. 341

npeAMeTHblL/1 Yl<030Tel\b
A6comOHnM III, 132
AmuYM 32, 38
Amn 198
ArLl0il 123, 121. 139, 140. 149
Alla(l)cla 173
Al-lfJlOCaKCOHCKa npaBOBaSJ CI'1CTcm 249. 292-294
AnCJLla 88
Ap6HTP 104
Apt:ondr 76
APXOHTbl 76. 68
ApxHKancJ1JlaH 124
ATelIH1 83
AUTCKH 234, 235
baJ1bl'1 135
ba311.1CUC 73
baKY<PY 205
baflhSI)J(I.1 135
oapoH 145
oeHe(lH1uUH 123, 135
Dml1b 0 npaBax 302, 303, 198, 309
bOfllbIxaH 317
bOJlbwoii qJawucTcKHii coneT (O<1>C) 395
bOHanapnU\1 284
OpaX\IaHbI 42. 47, 53, 55
OYlUlH3\1 202, 226
DYlUla 226
bYJlC 73
bYIIJ1CCpaT 298
b)fCH 312
DlOprcphI 145
BaK-(1) 199
BapHbI 40, 155
Bai.iwbH 42
BaccaJi 133
BaClueBC 179
BellbI 41. 43, 47
BcihlapCKaSJ Pccny61HKa 377
BCJII1Ka}J pCMOIICTpaUlI}J 253
BCJ1I1KaSJ xapnlSJ fiOJlhIIOCTCi.i 155
BCJlUKlli-j 3KOIIO\1 180
BCpreJlb..a 128

npeAMeTHblM YK030Tel\b
529
BCP,ICHCKltH ,10rOlOp 126
Bccnl)a.lhcKI1I-i Hlp 168
Bum 256
I3U31-tPb 20 I
Bl1JI.JaHbI 133
BI1Hathl 226. 227
BUII,1I1KaW.loIIllhlli UCK 102
BOCHfIbIi.i 3aKOH 182
BopMccKuli KOHKOp.a<1T 147
BOpMCCKlli-i JKJUT 176
BOcToIIlIaSJ lCCnOTlUI 17
BOCTOlIlIbIi1 nm (peo..aMH3Ma 114
BcallHIIKI.1 91. 96
faHbl 43
raY_I]}IHTCP 380
fCJlH3}I 77, 78
feHepalbHbIc WTaTbl 265. 266
rcmlopbl 75
rCpmHcKoc rpa)t(llaliCKOC Y.I]O)KCIII-IC 296
fCPyclUJ 88
rcpuor 146
feCnlIIO 381
rCTCphl 82
rJlOCCaTOpbl 115, 116
fO\HlHilaH 429, 430-432
rOpOJ1CKOe npano 115
focYJlapcTBo 6J1arolcHcTBl15! 334
f ocy.aapcTnclIIIbIii CORCT 180. 212, 273
rpa)t(ll,mCKOC 06WCCTUO 70
fpmKllaHcKuii KOllCKC l-IaIlO':IeOHa 278-280, 296, 307
rpacl) 121
,Jaihlc 206
D.aMHH .1lOii 320
D.acl>y 58
,JmUlll mOffJllI 320
n)J(aTl1 21
n)J(eHTpH 252
D.eKpeTa '!HII 171
nCKYPIlOH 96
..lCI]CnipOBalllloc 3aKOII01laTCJlbCTBO 359. 369
nC1>.mypm 75
D.eMoKpaTiUl 247
nen(lpTaleHT 286
D.C(I)eHCOp 180, 184
nUuaH 196, 197, 225

530
..aurrcpbI 253
.ill-I reCTI.! 3
..aI-tKT,nypa 94, 95, 378-381. 393
..aupeKToplHI 272, 281
;IUCTpl-l KT 286
..aoKTpl-lHa MOllpo 464
..aoMa l Il-IH<1 189
..aoMI-IHaT 96
,ilxap\1a 47, 48
,Jxap\laUIaCTpa 227
EI3pOIlei-tCKOe I1paI30 339
EmtTlUHIi.i 173
Epcc!. 176
)I(UPOHlU1CTbI 266. 267
)I(PClICCTBO 20, 22, 33
)I(yna 189
1'lJlpyra 189
3aKoHollaTe"lbHbIi-i Kopnyc 272
3aKoIIbI Ll.paKolITa 80
3aKOIIhI XII Ta6.l1-lU 102
3aKoHbi MaHY 47-53
3aKoHbI CrC(paHa Ll.ywaHa 191.192
3aKoH Cy.nHbl i-j TIIo.nmt 191
3aKOIIbI XaIlypanu 34-39
3UeJJJ.H.lH I1<1Jta ra 157
3eLlelleJlblIecKI-ti-i 3aKOH 182
3c\tcKoi-i MHp 150
3CICKOC npano 148
10.'Ior<U1 6YJLJa 150
11 nall 200
I1Jl)J(\-la 198
I1KTa 199. 228
l1taM 201
11 \1a1\1<lT 196
11 I\IYIHITCT 123
l1mcpmI 90. 95-98, 259
11lIIcparop 96-98. 273-275
11 HUeCHtTypa 165
11 IIHcnCII1CIITbI 253
I1I1HHiicKl1i-i lIaIUlOIIal]bllhIii KOIlrpccc 443, 444, 449
I1H!lYJlbrCHUl-I5! 166
11 IIllYCCKOC npano 223, 451-453

npeAMerHblH YK030reJ\b 531
I1HKluuHuml 142. 173
I1HKBIUIHH-IOHl-lblH npOIlccc 105, 142
I1IIKH 235, 236, 237
I1I-ITCIiUIUI 106
I1HTcpJ.H-IKr 142, 168. 173
I1CJI<l1 194, 224
I1CJla1CKOc rocy.fJ.apCTBO 470
Ka;u-ti1 196. 201
KaHOHJ1lICCKOC upano 115, 116. 149
KaIIuJlcp 212. 213
Kamtl)'J1}JpuH 126
Kap\1a 42
KapLU-IH,UI 166
«Kapo.TJHHa» 129
KacTbl 42
KacTonbIc CY.ilbI 53
KdccaW10HHblH CY.il 284
KaymLIbo 321
KncCTop 180
KIHtpUTbI 102
KmIc 198
I(;mpeHlloHcK,UI dCCH3a 161
KOropThI 362
KOHCKC (l)coJlocmI 181
KOJlJlenl5! cTlxlTeroB 77
KOJIOH 96
KmHITCT 06111CCTBCHHOro cmlCCH1H1 270
KOMHTCT 06wccTncllIIoi1 6C30naCliOCTU 270
KOM.nCMIHIUH}J 106
Km1McHllamHI 123
KOHI3eHr 271
KOIIKJIaB 166
KOIIKop.naT 147
KOHKy6uHaT 103
KOHCUCTOPHH 180
KOllcYJI 91. 92. 93
KOllnlllcIITaJ'l.lIa}J (pOIaIlO-
rCp\laHCK.m npanOB.m cl-lcTem) 249, 294-297
KOHTpacHrHaT)'pa 256. 257, 359
Konuro.ll..a 159
Kopall 197
Kopnopanuntoc roCY1l<lpCTnO 394
« KYJI<llIHOe IIpaI30» 150
K)-p(IJloPCT 146. 148
KYTIOMbI 138
KwaTplHI 42. 55

532
11au.fJ.Tar 370
11anI)YHmH-I 94, 325
11eI3CJI:ICPbI 253
11ercc 100
11cfH3M 62
11CfHOHhI 392
11enIC<lKUHOHHbIii npouecc 105, 106
11eHHoc IIIXIBO 115. 148
Jluall 199
111-IKypra PC(POp\lJ,J 86
11yrc:ulb 27
11aTcpaHcKI-ti1 c060p 167, 168
11 Io<lmU!oaIIbwy 458
_lmIhMIHlb 211
M<lfHCTpaTypa 92
MaihI 233. 234
MaHopaT 159
MaiioprlO\I 121
'VlaH rpHlIapuw,u 223
:VlaHuHnamuI 102
MapKa 120
MapllIaJl 124
MapKrpacl) 145
Maxapa.J.)J(a 223
:V1ci.i;DKmtC 193
'V1cnKH 75
MUHHCTepmlJIhI 124, 134
l'vhIHI-tTMCH 300
MHCCypui-icKHii KO\mpOMUCC 304
MUCLUIMHIIOp 160
MOHapXI15! 6yp6oHon 274
:VloHapxlUI KapO;H1HroI3 121, 123-125
MOHapxlHI McpommroI3 121-123
MOI-ICCCB 3aKOII 182
MopcKoi1 3aKOH 182
MYJlbK 199, 228
:VlycynbMaHcK<UI mua 433
\1YCYI]bM:UICKOC npaBO 197-201, 227
:VlYHI-IIUlmUH1TCT 267
MYWKCHYM 32. 38
HaWtOH<lJlbHblii KOHI3eHT 269
HaUI-IOUaJlbHOC c06paIHIc 268
HcraToplIhIi-i HCK 102
Hl-I6:unxy 226
1-h-IKcikKui-i c060p 164

npeAMerHblH YK030reJ\b
533
HOMbl 20
«HOI3bIH KYPC» PY3UCJIbT<1 345, 346
HYHUlHI 166
06mfIIl-ITc.lbllbIH npouccc 130
06naTbI 133
«06wec upaBO» 158. 262
06wIIIOc npano 158
06UU1ll3 13. 17. 86
(,OKc(l)o(lilCKHC npomnmt» 156
OmIYMHble UOHHbl 318
OP'la.'lIUI 38. 55. 191
Op.aollallc 134
OCTpaKH3M 77
nam 121
11a.l]aTa )].cnyraTon 285
na.l]aTa n3pon 285
naJI<1Ta waxM.ITHOH JJ.OCKH 155
nalJllmn 46
nalJlJaCHJla 471
Ilapu)J(cK,UI Kml\-lYlla 275-278
napmKcKHH napmlMCHT 134, 137
napHwall 44
naTpHIUH1 90
nCpcrpHllbI 102
nCplUKH 64
nJle6eH 90
nJIe6eikKHi-i Tpu6YH 91
II0Jluc 73
nOJlbCKa}J npamUl 191
(,nOnpaI3Ka n II<1T<I» 462
nOCTfJIocc.rropbl 116
npaBo lIapOfJ.on 10 I
Ilpano cnpanCD..lllBOCnl 262
npeI30 164
npCI30TaIKH 135
npC31Ul 133
npcKapui:'t 123
npCCBI-ITCpHaI-ICTBO 253
npcrop 92, 93, 101
npC(I)CKf 180, 282
IlPC(I)CKTypa 293
npCUCJlCIiTHOC npano 260, 293
npHHUI-tn<lT 95
npO!ICrapI-tH 91
npoTollapuH 180

534
npOXl-lpOH J 82
n(a..I]b1lrpa<l) 124
Pall)J(a 43
Pa.IDK<1ca6xa 46
PalJ.)J(YKI-I 46
Pa3mmaJolIll-ICC}J CT(XUlbI 456, 458
PaIIIIC(pCOllaJlbIIa}J \.IOHapXIUI 122
Paxl-tH6yprepbI 129
PCI30JIIOUlHI ((Meii.JJw> 312. 316
PcHXCTar 287. 298
PCKC 91
PeJuIfI-t03Ho-,J.orM,lTlflICCKOe npaI30 476
PC(I)CpcH.J.apHI1 124
PC(I)Op\laIUHI 175
PC(lmplbI 6paTbcn fpaKx 94
PC(lmpMbI r<UI Mapl-m 95
Pe(I)Op\lbI IbloK.leTHaHa 97
PC(I)OPlbI KOHC"laHn1Ha 97
PC(I)OPlbl KmIC)CHa 76
PC(lmplbI ncpHl<J1a 78
PC(I)oplbI COJloHa 76
PeucnmIH pll \ICKOro IIpaml 71
PlulcKa}J KYPlf}J 164
P03bICKIIOH npOllCCC 119
POMaHo-repMaHcK.uI npaI30B<UI CHCTC\ta 269
PbIUapb 145
CaKC I]J,apH H 181
CaKcolIcKOC 3CPWIJlO 148
OlJIlflItCK<UI IIpaI31Ia 126. 127
Ol\lypau 204. 206. 208, 312
CCIIaT 91,92
Callcapa 42
CerYHaT 205, 312
CeihUIKlf 187
CCllaTyc-KoIICYJlhThl 100
CCIILOPI-I}J 204
CCHbOpmIJlbH3}J MOHapXHn III
CcpBlnyr 102
CCCCUTIHI 87
CIHIK.l]lfT 180. 189
CHlIO.J 133
CI1HTOH3\1 202
CKa6mibi 129
CMCP_1hl 186
CMlfpHTl1 221

npeAMerHblH YK030reJ\b
535
ConpHC}J)J(lIbIC 131
CTaT'TIIOC npaBO 293
CTaT)'T l)J(Hpa 462
CTaT'TbI KaJnHlpa BCJ1HKOro 190
CTpaTcr 1 S 1
CyfJ. KotICI-ICTOpl-l}J 183
CYJl MYllcHon 454
CYJl naII'lmITon 454
CYJlTall 226, 227
CYI IlIa 197
TaJHp 200
Tai1mlIIcKoc roCYJlapCTBO 318-319
TamloI-I 37. 53
Ta.'lbC 133
TC3aypapl111 124
TcoKpanl}J 336
TI-IHHai1 205
TI-IIIBCi-i 58
T Opll 256
TPCTci-jCKI-li-i CY.T1MI lO4
TpafJ.HIUlOIIIIOC npano 476
TpaH6aJ1H31 458
TpacT 259
«TpcTl-IH n1p» 458
TpH6hI 91
TpH3H 160
Tp-ITTl-I}J 77
Tp-16YH 93
Tp-I6Yfl-lhIC co6pamm 93
TYHntH 129
Y-ITaHarCMOT 154
Y'IpC1I1TCJlbHOC c06paHl-lc 266
<DapaoH 22
<DaWI-IJM 336
<Deihl H bl 266
<DeJIOHHSI 160
<DcMHble cy l.bH 104
<De01l<IJlbHoe IIpano 86. 87
<DcTlm 198
<D-IKX 198
<DH'Ia 73, 77, 78

536
<1>oPIYJ15!PllhIii npouccc 105, 106
<}>paTpH}J 73
<1>IOpcp 382
Xa ill 200
Xa.JJICbI 197
X.PIm!) 194. 196
XapaKlIpn 204
Xapnm 285
XI-!D.)J(33 199
UCH31-1Ba 139
UCH30p 92, 94
UCHTYPHaTHbIc c06paHI15! 91-93
UCpKOBl-lbIH KJHIp 164
UepKouHoC npaBO 176
UUnUJlbIIOC npaBO 10 I
l.laII.aa'1bI 42
YHHW 133
l.1J IIC}II1 59
WapnaT 197
Wcq)(!)CIfbI 29]
WJI}JXT3 186
Wy.nPbI 42. 52. 55
3nmnpu.nbI 75
3mJjI94
3KKHCCIHI 77
3I(;IOr<1 185
3\B1p 197
3\IH(XlT 196
3napx 180
3(ImpbI 88
IOpltCTbI 71, 99, 138
51K06nIfCKa}J )].lIKTaTypa 269-271

Or I\OSI\8HII18
OT OBTOpO 3
npeAMeT 111 MeTOAOI\Orll1 it1CTOpit1111 rocy AOpCTBO
111 npoBo 30py6e>I<HbIX CTpOH 1<01< Y4e6Ho
AII1ClI1nI\II1Hbl 6
P03Ae/\ I. r ocy AopCTBeHHoe YCTpOIl1CTBO
V1 npOBO B CTpOHOX ApeBHero MV1pO 14
r I\OBO 1. ApeBHeBocTo4Hbie II1Bit1I\it1301I1111 15
1.1. XapaKTepHbIe llCpTbl npCBHeBOCTOllHblX rOCYllapCTB 15
1.2. )].PCBHI-1t-i En-mcT. BOcTollHasl llccnOHm 20
UeHTIXI-IH30I3aHHOC 6IopoKpan-I l lecKoc roCYJmpCTBO 20
EnmcTcKoc JaKOfIO.fJ.aTCJ1LCTBO 23
1.3. lIpcBHHH MCCOnOTC:IMHH (lInYPctlbc): WYMCP, BaBI1JIOH.
3aKOHbi Xal\n1ypam1 - llCpTbI paHHcro COCT05lHI-U1 npaBa 26
D.peBHI-lil WYMep 27
rOCY1l<lpCmCHHbIii I-I 06WCCTI3CHHbIii Cl poH 27
APcnlIdimcc 3aKOII0'1aTCJlbCTBO 30
D,pclUH1ii BanUJ10H 31
rocYllapCTI30 I30CTOlIHOi-i )].ecnonm 31
3aKoIIbi Xa\I\lypanlf - fIalC)KfIbli.i rapallT a6COJ1IOTtIOi-i
MOHapXHU 34
1.4. )].pcBmlSi MH.tllHl. 3aKoHbi MaHY - npaBoBoti KO.LlCKC
H CBOll MOpaJIbllblX npmn-IJI 40
Bapllo-KacTonhIii CTpoi-i 40
3aKoHbi MaHY - ellHHCTBO CBeTcKoro
H PCI]HfH03fIOro npaBa 47
1.5. )].PCBI-IHH KHTaH: nO"l I-1TH KO-TCppHTopHa lbHml
3aMKHYTOCTb, 3aKpblTOCTb H Tpam-1UHOHHOCTb 56
06lUCCrBeHHbli II rocY...IapCrBCHHbIi.i CTpoil 56
«KapaTCJlbHoe) npano 61
r I\OBO 2. CTpOHbl OHTit14HOrO MlI1pO 68
2.1. XapaKTcpHbIC llCpTbl rOCYllapCTBCHHoro CTpOH 11 npana
allTl-1 l lllblX rOCYJlapCTB 68
2.2. CTaHoB:ICHl1e llpeBHerpClJCCKOi-i rOCYflapCTBeHHOCTH:
AcPHHbI H CnapTa 72
A()HHlhI - JlOCTl1)KCIHIC pccny6J1J-IKallcKoi1 {1>OpMhI npaB..1CIIIHI 74

538
Aq>HIICKa llC\lOKpant}J
\qn-IIIcKoc npano
CI mpTa
rOCY1l<lpCTnCHHOC H 06weCTI3CHHOC YCTpoikTBo
npaI3o: paI3HOnpaBl1C H 3aKOHonOCJ'ywaHHe
2.3. B03BhlWCHHC H lIaLtCIIHe PHMa: uapCKCUI BJlaCTb,
pccny6J1HKa, HmCpI1H
UapcK,uI I3.laCTb
PH\ICK.UI pccny6Jll1Ka
PH\tCK;:m HMneplUI
2.4. PI1MCKOC npaBO: OCHOBHbIC nCpHOll.bI pa3BI1T1HI
74
79
86
86
89
90
90
91
95
99
P03AeJ\ II. r OCYAOPCTBO V1 npOBO
B CpeAHV1e Bel<O 109
rl\OSO 3. <DeoAOl\bHble cpOPMbl rOCYAopCTSO
111 oco6eHHocTII1 nposo 110
<1>OP"lhl 3anallHocnponciicKoii \IOHapXIH1 III
BOCTotlHbli-j rim (!)COll<:UIbHOro roCYJlapCTBa 113
Cpe..lHcBeKouoe I1paBO 115
r 1\0 SO 4. CTpOHbl 30nOAHO Esponbl 120
4.1. PaJ-lI-Ic<l>con.aJIbI-lOC rocyn.apCTBO 11 npaBO <paHKoB.
CaJIJ.1lICCKaH npaBJJ.a 120
OT BoeHHoH llC\IOKpaTHH K paHHc<l>eOD.<lJ1bHoMY rocy.aapCTBY 120
npaI30 (1)(XH-IKon: Clll-tlICCK;:UI npan..'la 126
4.2. CDpaHUHH - CTan.HaJIbHOCTb BOCXOll.SIll.lCrO n.Bl-f)l(CHHH
(l)op1 rOCYJUlpCTBa 132
OT (!)CO,1.UlbHOt-i pa3,1p06J1CIUIOCTH K a6co.l10THOH \IOHapXm-I 132
«CTpaHa mlcaHoro 11 Henl1CaHoro I1paBa» 138
4.3. fcpMaHI1S1: cncumlmKa rocynapcTBCI-IHo-npaUOBoro CTpOSI 144
CI3SIWCHH.UI PH\ICKmI HMncplUl rcpMaHcKoi-i HdUHH 144
npaBo TCppl-tT0pHa;IbHbIX 06p;:uonaIHIH I-I ropollon 148
4.4. AHrJIHSI: :nanhl 11 OC06CHHOCTH CTaHOHJ1CHI1H rocyn.apCTBa
H npaBa 153
06pa30uamfc IlCIiTpam1JOBaIiIiOro roCY1apCTna 153
CncIll1qmKa allLll1ikKOro CpCHIICBCKOBOro npana 158
4.5. KaTOJIWICCKaH UCpKOBb H KallOlll1 l lCCKOC npaBO,
HX U"lHSlHHC 1m :>UO.1IOliHIO 3analll-loH CPCllI-ICUCKOUOti
rocyn.apCTBCHHOCTH 163
Po.% UCpKBl-1 n HCTOplH1 3ana,1IIoH roCYJ1apCTBCIIHOCTH 163
KalIoIIIllICCKOC npano 169

539
rl\OBO 5. rOCYAopcTBeHHble 111 npoBoBble Cit1CTeMbl
BII130HTII1it1111 CI\OBHCI<II1X rocYAopCTB 178
5.1. BI13aHTI1ikKaH HMncpHH: OC06CHHOCTH rOCYllapCTDCHHO-
npauouoro pa3BHTHH 178
UCHTp.uIIBOI3aHHbIii rocYllapCTBeHHbIi-i annapaT YIIpaBJICHIUI 178
E.mlHoe Ko.amlmUHpomlHHoe JaKOHOllaTeJIbCTI30 181
5.2. focY.JapcTucl-IHblH cTpoi-i 11 npauou<U1 OpraHI13aWHI
3anaml bIX H 10)1(11 blX Cmll3H I-I 185
nOJIhCKOC rocyrmpcTBO 186
l.ICIIICKOC rocYlapcTBo 187
DonrapcKoc rocY1apcTBO 188
CCp6CKOC rocy.aapCTBO 189
CpCllIlCnCKOBoc CJlansmcKoc npaBO 190
r I\OBO 6. CpeAHeBel<oBbl BOCTOI< 193
6.1. Apa6cKHH xam-lcpaT - TCOKpaTHlICCKaH MOHapXHH.
XapaKTcpHbIC tlCpTbI 1YCYJlblaHCKoro npaRCl 193
UCIITpa.I]I-I30BaHHmI TCOKpaTWICC KaH \IQlmpXlHI 193
MYCy.%M,lIICKOC npaBO 197
6.2. CDopHlponaHHc .RnoHcKoro QJCOil&lbHOrO
rOCYllapCTna H npana 202
CcrYHaT - cncuml>wIccK<UI >op1a ynpaBJIcHIUI 202
npaI3o. CI3o.n JaKOHOI3 «Taiixo-pl-luype.> 207
6.3. <DCOll.aJ1bHbIH KHTaH: cncUH<pl1Ka rOCYllapCTBCHHO-
npaBOBoro pa3DI1THH 210
OT .J.IIHaCTIm UJI-IHb K ..II1HaCHm U-IH: 1I0lIblTKI1
06"beLUIHeHI-HI KI-IT<UI 210
KIITailCKOc (I>C01.UbHOC npaBO 216
6.4. Pa3BI1THC <1>co.uaJlbHoro rocy.uapCTBa H npaBa };fWU-IH.
YCTOl-t l Il1BOCTb IIpaBOBbIX npcllcTaBJIcIII1H HI-IJlYI131d 223
06pa30BaIIIlc MHorolImmOH<1.'MIOrO rocy.napCTna 223
06HOB;lCIIHC npaBa 226
r I\OBO 7. r ocy AOpCTBO AMepit1J<it1 111 Acppit1l<it1
B CpeAHlI1e Bel<O 233
7.1. focYllapcTBcHHblC 06pa30BaHI1H H npaBO B AMCpl1KC 233
rOCY1l<lpCTna \laihl. aUTCKOB, HHKOI3 233
npaI3o: npOCTOTa 11 CYP0I30CTb 237
7.2. MorYlliccTBCHHblC rocyrrapcTBa AcPPI1KH 240
OT caMOCTmITcnblIoro pa3BHnHl K KOJlOmnaUHl-1 240
npaI30 CpC.LJ.HCI3cKOBoii A(I>pIIKH 242

540
P03Ae/\ III. V1CTOpll1>l rOCYAOpCTBO
111 npOBO HOBOrO BpeMeHII1 245
r I\OBO 8. Oc06eHHOCTit1 6YP>l<yo3Horo
rocYAopCTBO it1 ero npoBoBo CII1CTeMbl 246
(I)OplhI npaB.1CmHI 6YP)J(ya3l1oro rocy.rlapCTna 246
Honblc KallCCTna H npmiUHnbI 6YP)J(Y,13l1oro npana 247
r I\OBO 9. r ocY AOpCTBO 30noAHo EBponbl 252
9.1. BCJ1I1K06pI1TaI-II1H: OT a6coJ1loTl-IOH MOHapXI1I-1
K napJJaMcHTCKOH 252
PCr10JlIOIUUI XVII n. I-I IUMClIcmHI n roCYJ1.apCTBCIIIIO\1
CTpOC AHrlIH1 252
YTBCP)J(1I.CI-IHC KOI-lCTHTYUIIOI-lI-loH \IOHapXm-1 II ee 3BOJIlOUlUI
B XVIII H XIX BB. 256
opHTaHCKa5! KOJlOHI-taJlbHmI InmcpmI 259
3BOJlIOUlHI aHrJII-likKoro IIpaml 259
9.2. <DpaHUI1H: OT MOHapXl111 K pccny6J1I1KC 264
PCBOJlIOUll5! 1789-1794 rr. H CTaIl0B.1CIIHC KOlICTltTYUl10IIIIOro
CTpOSI 264
rOCYil<lpCTBCHHbIH CTpOH CDpaHUlHt OT nCpBOH peclIy6mlKI-1
)].0 ncpnoH InmcplUI 271
3BOJlIOIUI5! roCYfJ.apCTBcIIIIOro CTpOSI CDpaIIIUHt OT pC)J(lnm
PccTaBpmUH1 )].0 BTOpoii In1nCpIHI 274
napH)J(cK,UI Kml\tYHa 1871 r. 275
OT (l>cOJlaJlbltoH CI1CTC\lbI npana K 6YP)J(Y.131t0\IY npany.
KO)].CKC HanO"lCOlta 278
9.3. rCpMaHHH: C03JI.31111e e.u11l10fO fOCYJI.3pCTRa 284
3UOJlIOUlI5! rcp\taHcKoi-i rocy.napcTBeHHocTH 284
PO)J(!lCIII-IC rcplalicKoii I1MnCplHt 286
n paBO. r cp\taIiCKOC rpa)J()laIICKOC ynmKclII1C 1896 r. 288
9.4. B03HI1KIIOBCIII1C 11 pa3BI1TI1C allfnocaKCOHCKOH 11 pomllo-
fcpmHcKoH (KOHTI1HCHTaJlbHoH) npanOBblX CI1CTCM 292
AIiLlocaKCOIICKOC npano 292
POT\IaIIO-rCpIaIICKOC npaBO 294
rl\OBO 10. CWA: CTOHOBl\eHlI1e ceBepOOMepit1J<OHCI(O
rocy AopcTBeHHOCTit1. 3BOI\IOLI,II1
OMe pit1I(OHC 1(0 ro I(OHCTII1TYLI,II10HOI\1I13MO
B XVIII-XIX BB. 298
OpramnaUIUI ynpHIlJ1CIIIUI n CCBCpOH\-ICpHK.lIICKI1X KO.I]OIllUIX
All Ll IHt 298
AMcpl-IKaHcK,HI pCBOmOlUl5! H D.cKlapamHI IIC3aJUlCIniOCTII 299

AMcpl-IKaHCK<UI Ko HCTl-rryu IUI 1787 r. II OHJLlb 0 npaBax 1791 r. 301
rpa)l(JlaHCKaSi noi-iHa CCBcpa I-I IOra. nOnpaBKI1
K KOHcn-rrymHl
<pop\H1pOnaHI-lc npaBonoi-i CI-ICTCMbl
r I\OBO 11. BHeeBponeCI<II1 MlI1p B HOBoe BpeM
11.1. 5lnOHI1H. PCBOJ11OUHH M3i--i.u311 H cc rocy.aapCTBCHHO-
npaBOBblC nOCJIc.aCTBHH
CTaIIOnJiClUlC 6YP)J(ya3I1oro nynl pa3BHnUI: OT CO.naJ1bJlOro
K arpCCCHI3I-IOMY \UtJllrrapHCTCKO\IY roCYiIapCTny
51 nOHCKOC 6YP)J(yaJI-Ioc npaBO
11.2. KJ-fTati. focy.aapcTBcHHo-npaBoBoH cTpoH - HOBbIC
BblJOBbl BpC1CIII1
I/hmcpmI linn
np,lI3o: npeo6Jla..aaHl-IC CpCllHCI3eKOBbIX HOpM
] 1.3. flaJ"l1HCKaH A1epI1Ka: CTaHOBJIeI-lHe 1-IaUI10HaJlbHOH
rocy.uapCTBCHHOCTH
06pa30BaHItC HeJmmCI-IMbIX rocyn.apcm
PcucmUUI Jaml.fJ.IIOCnponci-icKoro npana
11.4. focy.uapcTBa A(PHKI1: YCTHHOBJ1CHI1C cBponeikKoro
rOCllOl1CTBa
Pa3..aCjl A(I)PH KH
KOJIOHI-taJlbHOC np,lBO: rn6pH.J.Hble CnCTC\lbl
541
303
306
311
311
311
313
316
316
320
324
324
327
329
329
331
P03Ae/\ IV. rOCYAOpCTBO 111 npOBO
B HOBeViwee BpeM>l 333
rl\OBO 12. OCHOBHble TeHAeHLI,II1it1 p03BII1TII1
rOCYAopCTBO 111 npOBO B XX-XXI BB. 334
HanpaRl]eHlHI H TeH.LlCHUIHI p.13B1-lnUl rocyn.apCTneHHOCTH 334
Pa3B1rme cy..ae6Ho-npauonoH CHCTClbi. EnpoIlciicKOe npaBO 337
rl\OBO 13. V13MeHeHII1 30nOAHO rOCYAopCTBeHHO-
npOBOBO OprOHII130Ll,it1111 341
13.1. CocilImcHHbIc WTaTbl AMCpHKI1 - npOilOJI)I(CHHC
3anallHOrO Tl1na pa3BI1TI1H rocy.uapCTBCHHOCTI1 341
OCI-IOBl-lhIC TCII1CHIUHt roCYJlapCTBCI-IHOro p,UBI-lnI5! 341
(,HOBbIi-i KYpC» npC3H..aCIITa (I>. PY3BcJlbTa 345
rocYJlapcTBo 6JIaron.eHCTBI-U1 347
CHcTcMannaumI a\ICpHKaJlCKoro npaBa 350
13.2. BCJII1K06pl1TaHI1SI - CORpC'-1CHHbIH MCXaHI13M
nap.rIcU1CHTCKOH MOHapXl111 357

542
OCIIOBIII>!C HJ\ICIlCtIlHI B rocYJ1.apCTnCIIIIO\1 CTpOC 357
opu nlHCKOe COllpY)J(eCTI30 HaUl-Iii - HOBbIi.i 11-111
rocy..aapCTBCHHOro o6p.130mlIUHI 361
Pa3IUtnic COnpC\ICIIIIOro alIrJlHikKoro npana 362
13.3. <Dpal-IIlI1H: OT I1apJIaMCH rCKoH K o1CIIIal-II-IOH
(npC3Hll.CIITCKO- I1apJIa1CIITCKOM) pccny6JII1KC 365
TpCTbH Pccny6JluKa 13 XX B. II ec nallCHl1e 365
lICTncpTmI Pccny6mtKa 367
n}If<HI PCCII}6Jl I-I Ka. KOHcniTYIlI15! 1958 r. 369
\1011epHHJ,lUIHI (ppaHuY3cKoro JaKOHo.aaTClbCTI3a 371
13.4. fCpMaHI1H: 06pa30naHHc .nnyx pccny6J1HK - CDPf
11 flIP, I1X 061>C.uHHCHI1C 376
BcihmpCK<H1 PccIIy6J11-IKa 376
<Pawl'lcTCK<UI !lI-lKTaTypa 378
06pa30naIlHc ..anyx I1CMCUKHX rocyn.apCTn. npHCOC!llmCIIIIC
r1J.PK<Ppr 381
npaBOB<m IIomrnlKa: CMCHa npOI pCCCltBHblX
II pcaKUHOHHblX TCH..aeHUIIH 384
13.5. MTa.lI1SI: OT ct>aWI13-ta K napJIaMCHTCKOH pecny6.rJl1Kc 390
KpH311C KOHC111l YWlOH Hoii lOHapXHI-1 390
npHXOll {paWHCTOB K RlaCTH 392
rocy.lJ.apcTDcIIIIhIi-j cTpoii I1Ta.']h}IIICKOii Pccny6mIKI-I.
KOHCTH I} UlUI 1947 r. 395
"3rmIbI pa3BI-ITi-ISI npaBoBoi-i CHcrelbI 398
r/\OBO 14. CTPOHbl UeHTpO/\bHO it1 BOCT04HO EBponbl 404
CnlHORI]CHHC HC3amtCHMbIX roCY.J.apCTI3 404
YCTaIlOBJlCIIIIC IIaPOlI.II0-.J,cMoKpaTIJlICCKOH BJlaCnl 406
rJly60KHc 06I1lCCTBCHI-IhIC H nOJIltTl1'ICCKHC nCpC\ICHhl.
C\ICHa BeKTopa pa3B11l1-HI 408
OT COUHa.I]I-tCnlllccKOro npana K I10nbI1 IHIUHOIla lbIlbI1
CIICTC\taM npana 411
r/\OBO 15. rOCYAOpCTBO 111 npOBO COBpeMeHHoro
BOCTOI<O: HO nYTX CII1HTe30 ABYX H040/\ 418
15.1. }lIIOIIIHI: OT TOTllim rapH3Ma K lIapJIaMclITcKOH lOlIapXI1I1 418
Mc)J(.LJ.Y JJ.nYHI \UlpOnbIMI-1 noiiIlaMI-1 418
}I nOIlCKOC rocy.rmpCTBO nocJlc BTOPO" MUpOnO" noHIII>! 419
Pa3BHTHe mloHcKoro npaml 423
15.2. KI1TaMCKaH pCnOmOUl-fH H o6pa30BaHHc KI-ITaHcKoH
HapoilHoi Pccny6m1KI1 428
CIIHbxai-icK<UI peBO.1IOUlUI 1911 r. 428
rocy..aapCTBCl-ll-lbIH cTpoii roMHHbJJ.iUIOBCKOro KI-rr.ul 431
06pa30naIIl-IC H pa3IU-lnlC KHP 432

543
rocy..aapcmCHHbII1 cTpoi.i COBpCMCHHOro KI1T<UI
MO}lCpHlnamUI Tpa.rUHUIOHHOro npana
COUmUH1CTI-flICCKOC npano KHP
15.3. MHll.J.UI: C03L1.aHHC HaUHOHaJIbHOrO rOCYfrapCTBa
3TanhI IJaIlUOlIaJlhIIO-OCBo6om'ITCJlhIIOrO 1B1DJ(CIIIHI
I1H.LluikKOC HaW.IOH<U1bHOC npano
435
437
438
442
442
450
r I\OBO 16. I(pyweHit1e I<OI\OHit10I\bHO Cit1CTeMbl
it1 06p030BOHit1e HOBblX He30Bit1Cit1MbIX
rocy AOpCTB. r ocy AopcTBeHHo-npoBoBo
reorpocpll1 p03BII1BOIOW.it1XC CTpOH 456
16.1. OC06CIIIIOCTH 11 xapaKTcpllblC llCpTbI pa3IHiTHH 6bIBWI1X
KO"lOHI1H 11 3aBI1CIU1bIX CTpaH 456
KpywcHile KOJlOHH,t-lbHbIX uMnepuii 456
nOJ1IHI-flICCKa5! IOfJ.CptIlUaIlIHI B YC.l]om-15!X IICJam1CIH1Ocni 457
Cnoco6pa3uc o6wCCTBClIlIoi.i CTPYKTYPbI rocy..aapCTna 459
OC06CHHOCI"I1 IIpmm B pa3BIWaJOIlH1XC}1 roCYllapcnmx 461
16.2. rocy.uapcTBa llaTI1HcKoH AMCpl1KI1 463
OCHOBHbIC rCH,tJ.CHWHI l1 H<mpaR'ICHlHI rocYJIapCmcHHoro
C rpOlHCJ11.CTBa .1anIIIOmtCpIIK<mCKUX CTpalI 463
HOBbIe TeHJJ.CHUlHl pa3I3HTIHI lIan-IHOaMcpl-IKaHCKl1X
rOCYilapCTB 467
nya.llnt naTllIfOaMCpl1K<mcKoro npaBa 468
16.3. 06pa30RaHHc HC3aBHCIU'lbIX rOCYilapCTB R IO)I(HoH
H IOro- BOCTOlIl-lOii A31111, I-Ia 6J1I1)1(HCM 11 CpC.uHC:\-I
BOCTOKC 469
nCKOJloIllnaLUt}J l1 (OpT\HlpOBaIlllc UIICnlTYTOB BJiaCTl1
B CTpaHax IO)J(HoH l1 IOIO-BoCTOlIHOH A31UI 469
YCTallOBJICIUlC KOHCnlTYIUIOHIlOro CTp05! B CTp<max
omt)J(Hcro U Cpe.nHcro BocToKa 472
I1HrcrpaulHI rpaJ.I1U1-IOHHOro 11 cnpollcikKOro IIpaBa 475
16.4. C03.uaI-lI1C I-IC3am-ICIU1bIX roCYilapCTB B TponwlccKoi'l
A<I)pI1KC 477
MOlI.cpmnaW'15! nOmlTl-flICCKI1X CI1CTCM \-IOJlOlI.bIX roCYJJ.apCTB 477
npaBOBa}I l\IHoroCJloi.iHOCTb acppHKaHcKoro npaml 482
30J<1\104eHlI1e 485
5it161\1I10rpocpIl14eCJ<II1 cnll1COI< 495
CI\OBOpb onpeAel\eHII1 II1CTOpll1l<o-npOBOBbIX nOHTit1 503
YJ<030Tel\b II1MeH 525
npeAMeTHbl YJ<030Tel\b 528