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co6c"mycr I-IaYlIHO 060CI-IOBaI-lHOfY paCKpblTHIO Cyrl-I rocy...rapCTBCHHO-
I1paBoBoro IIpouecca.
Onle l leHHoe B TOM )f(e lepe OT I-IOC 1-1 TC}I II K BJ,HlMOCmUH rocYJ-tap-
CTueHHo-npaBouOH HCTOpHH C llCI110plleil nO.1Ul11l1 l leCKIiX II npaeoeblx Y1te-
Hlili. np06.I]CManlKa nocJleD-Hei-i - UOJHHKHOUeHHe, paJUl-ITHe H 3(1)<I>CK-
THUHOCTL rOCYllapcTuCHHLIX H npauonblx YlICHHr1 B I-IX I-1CTOpWICCKOH
KOIIKpCTIlOCTH. I1 J 1CH, YlICIIIHI, rocn011.CTBYI01IU1C B Toi-i I-IJII-I ImoH cTpa-
IIC B onpCJlc.I]CIIIIOC BpCMH, :vmoro06pa3l1bl. B 'JTOI-i CBH3H Ba)f(1I0 BbI51C-
1II-ITb. B KtlKOii CTcnClII1 I-I KtlKHM 06ptl30M 0111-1 o Ka3i.L1II BJIIUI1II1C lIa
pa3BI-ITHC rocY1.apCTBCHIIocnl, npaBa B KOHKpCTIIOJ.1 CTJXlIIC. focymlpcT-
BCHHo-npaBOBi.UI IICTOplHI 3apy6e:>KI-IbIX CTJXlI-I TeCHO CIUI3.Ula C .1Pyr0J.1
1-ICTOPI-IKO-lOpmUl l lccKOH llI-ICUllIl"IHHOI-i - llcmoplleli cOCY()lIPCf1l611 II
np1l611 POCCllll. 'IaK KaK y 06cI1x HaYK 06UU1C 1alla l H1. PaJHI-ma JlI-1Wb U
npe11.MeTe IUYlleI-lIHI.
TaKlul 06pa30M, npeiluemo.1Jt HCTopm-1 rocYilapcTBa H npaBa 3apy-
6C)I(HblX CTpaH 51n.151CTCH roCYllapcTno H npaBo OTllCJlbHbIX CTpaI-l B npo-
ucccc I-IX CTaHon.1CHIUI 1-1 P,13B11TJHI n OnpCllCJlCHlWi-i KOHKpCTHO-
1-ICTOpJ-lllcCKoi-i 06cnllloBKc I-I XpOII0.10Hl l ICCKOi-i nOCJ1CJlOBtlTCJlbllOCTH,
BbHIBJlCIIHC I-IX CnCIlIHI>HKH I-I lIIOro06ptl3IUI. C omlOJ.1 CTOpOllbI, I-I 06-
IUHX 3tlKOI-IOr-.-ICpHOCTCi-i pa3BHTJUI - C JJ.pyrol-i. B KYpCC ptlCn1i.lTpI-1BaIOT-
C}I CTpYKTypa, KOMIlCTCHUlUI opraHOB rOCYllapCTBa, pa3BHTHC CI-1CTC:VlbI
npaBa I-Ia pa3HbiX 3Tallax pa3ImnHI HlpOBOM mlBl-L11-13aUHH. npH 3TO1
HCCJlellyeTC}1 co.ncp)f(aHHe roCYllapCTUCHHo-npaBOBbIX IIpOUCCCOB IIpe-
1-IMywecTueHHO n CTpaHax, OKaJaUWI1X CYWCCTBCI-IHOC BJ1I-UII-II-IC Ha I-IC-
TOPI-11O roCY.J.apCTnCHHOCTI1.
KaK I-I 111061.151 llpyra51 HaYKa, roCYllapCTnCHHo-npaBona51 I-1CTOpH51
06JlallaeT ueJIbI1 p}lllOf 'emocJoJ102ul/ecKux nOllxOilOB. MeTo...rOJlOrlHI
1-ICTOpl-IKO-nptlBOBbIX lHCIlI-tnJII-lll BKJIIOlIaCT B CC6H 06IIlHC npCJ1CTaB.1C-
HI-UI 0 npl-1polI.c. H.BHalICHIHI, p.BBI-ITHH roCYllapCTua 1-1 IIpaua. a TaK)f(e
KOHKpCTHhIC npl-ICMbI, MCTOlbI IUYllCIBUI t:.1TcpHi.U1a. npCllMCT HtlYKI-1 1-1
TtIC6HOH .ullcmmJlllllbI TCCHO cn513aH C MCTOlI01l0rncH. nOlIllaC IU1CIUI0

8
npellMeT OnpellelHleT. C I10MOlUblO KaKI1X !\IeTOJlOB IUYllaeTC}1 r-.-li.UepI1i.LI.
Ho 6bIBaCT 11 lIao60pOT, Kona HCnOJ1bJYCMml :\ICT0'10.10flHI BblllCJ1}ICT
TO, Ha lITO HanpaU.leHa HlUYlllmI \lbIC.lb.
WHpOKHH llHanaJOH HaKOnJ1eHHbIX KOHuenTY.lI]bHbIX YCTaHOBOK
n03B0J151CT 06'b5lCI-HITb rocyn.apCTBClIlIo-npanOBOC pa31U1nlC C pa3..'Ullj-
HblX nOJHuHi1. nO cepC.JHHbl 80-x ron.OB XX B. B ore l lecTBcHHoi1 HCTO-
pHKo-npanoBoH lIaYKC rocnollCTnOmll] MaTcpl-uL11ICTJ.1lICCKI.Ii1 nOllXOll.
3aTeM nOJ1Y l UlJl pacnpocTpaHcHHe leT011.0JlOrJ-1lleCKHi-i rVI IOpa.l IBM.
<DOp:\taUl-IOHHbIi-i non.xon. 6bIJI JJ.onoJlI-leI-l UHHI.IJ1IUaUl-IOHI-IbIM, lITO no-
3nOJHlJ10 BOCCTi.HlOBHTL HCTOpWICCKl1i-1 npouccc pa3BHnl51 roCY11.apCT-
BeHHbIX 11 npaBoBblX HHCTI1TyrOB B 60.lee nO.1I-lOM mUle.
MCTorro.1onm HCTOIJl-H1 rOCYllapCTBa 1.1 npaBa CK.l.nblBaCTC}1 In CO-
nOKynHocnl r-...eT011.0B H npHHUl-mOB HaYllHoro 3HaHI-m, npHMCH}IC\lbIX
B pa!\lKaX Toro IUI.I I-!Horo KOHueIHya'lbHoro IIOllX01U1. B llaI-lHOM KYP-
cc HcnOJlb3YIOTCH KaK 0611U1c MCTOllbI JV151 BCCX lIaYK, TaK 1.1 cncIlmlHl-
ljeCKHe.
OCIIOBII blC ofilllIe JJ.emoi)bl.
I. I1cmopu t lecKlIll nooxoiJ K COlua.lbllbW RB.leIlWUl II npOl(eCcaJH B 06-
ll(eC11lee 1I (?o(}'cJapcJruie. BC}IKOe COUl-HLlbI-lOe 6bI nle I1CTOpWII-IO, OHO
Bccrlla 113X01HTC5I B CTaIlOBJ1CInHI, B npOIlCCCC nOCTOHlIJlblX ncpc:\tCIi.
TaKoi-i non.xoD. K 1I0JHaHHIO npcllOXpaH}ICT OT npcBpalUCHI-U1 ero BbIBO-
.uOB B (I>Op:\UL""IbHYIO Teopmo, n0J1110CTb10 a6CTpampOBaIIIIYIO OT I-ICTO-
plut, cnoc06cTBYCT nocnpmnBC11.CIHlIO rocyn.apCTBCHHo-npanOBLIX 51BJlC-
HHf1 B I.IX XpOHOJlOrJ.1lleCKOM paJBH nm, co BceMH IIPHCYlUHMH I.IM Heno-
BTOpIUlbI:\HI llcpnl:\HI, rrcnUUIMH 1.1 OC06CIIIIOCTH:\H1. CBoikTBo JIalIliOrO
MeTona - YCTaHoBJleHHc IICTOpWICCKOi-i nOC}ICilOBaTeJ1bHOCTH H3)71tae-
MOro npouccca pa3nHnUi rOCYlI.apCTHCI-IHOCTH. npaBOBbIX CHCTe\1 H 011.-
1I0BpCMCilli0 nblHCIICI-UlC rCIlCTWICCKHX HCTOKon :noro npouccca I-I co-
npOBmKllalOlUHX ero }1B;leHHi1.
].1cTOIJl-llIecKI-tH 1\-ICTOll npCllYCMaTpmmCT KOIIKpCTlfOC HCTOpJ.1lICCKOC
lICCJle.nOBaHHe B03I-1HKI-IOBeI-lml H pa3BHnuI rocynapcTBeHHo-npaBoBblX
HHCnIT)'TOH. cnoc06cTByeT onnIM.LlbHO:\IY HanpaB.leHHIO H3Y l leHI-m I.IX
CYUJ.1I0CTH, TCII11.CIHHli.j pa3BHnl5l. npWIC:\1 nOCJlcn.IICC MO)f(CT 6LITL npo-
BClI.CHO no \leHbwefi \lcpe B .uBYX OTHOCHTe;lLI-IO caIOCTOSITeJ1bHbIX, HO
BJ.U1MOCIUIJaHHbIX paKypcax. nepBbIi1 npe.anOJIaraCT BbJ}IBJlCIHle KOH-
KpCTHO-HCTOpWICCKHX 3aKoHo:\ICpI-lOCTCH pa3BHnHI. BTOpoi-i CmIJaH C
paCKpblTl1eM o6uHlx J<1KOI-lOMepHOcTei-i H<1 6a3e KOHKpeTHbIX HCTOpl.llIC-
CKHX 1.ICCJlC11.0BaJmi-i, OXBaTLmalOIlUIX 3I1a l nnC}]bllbli-i npocTpallcTnclillo-
npe\leHHoH mmCT HCTOpHH rocy.uapCTBeHHOCTH.
2. JJO(?lI l feCKlili .ue11lo(). C ero I10MOUJ.blO HCCJletl.YCMble }I BJleHIHI pac-
c:\li.1Tpl1mllOTCH IIa BblCIIICH CT,nHI1 I.IX pa3mnH5I, Kona 01111 npH06pc-

9
raJor Hau60Jlee JpeJIYIO <pOpty. H ..:HO cIIOc06crByer JIYlIWe\ty 1I0HHMa-
IHIIO npC11b1J1YUUtX cnl11.uH pa3R1-nlHl rocyn.apCTncHlloro annapanl, cy-
.uC6I-1bIX OpraHOB. npaBOBbIX CHCTC\t. 4aCTHOe. KOHKpCTHOe npH OKOH-
lIaTC.lbHO:\t q)QPIY;JI.1pOmlllIHI PC3YJlbTaTOB 3a l IaCTYI0 OnYCKaCTC}I, xonl
npu HCCJlenOBamB-1 OHO UMeeTCH B BllilY, Ha I-Icro OnHpaIOTC, nCJla
BbIBOnbI.
3an.a l Ia JIOrJ-llICcKOro MCTOna COCTOltT B paCKphlnlH pO.1U, KOTOPYIO
OTD.eJlbI-lLle 3JIC\tCHTbl CltCTel\-ILI (HanpHMCp, npaBOBOH CHCTe\lbI) HrpalOT
B cocnmc pa31UITOrO IlCJloro. JlonlllccKHI-i :\tCT01 n03BOmiCT ycnllloBHTb
TO, liTO CKpLITO 3a llHCWHCH (I)OptOll UJlIt Kapn1I-l0i-'t C06bITHH, 3a MHO-
)KCCTBO:\1 I-IecYWecTBcHHbIX H CJIYllaHI-IbIX .J.enUlel-i. B OTJlJ-IllHe OT HCTO-
pJ-llICCKoro, 3TOT MCTOll. Tpc6YCT HC CTOJlbKO 1-1a6.'l101I.CIHlSI, CKOJlhKO aHa-
J1113a. 06a 3n1 Merolla nOIlO:IH}IIOT llpyr .n.pyra. u60 ucropHllecKHH \tC-
TOll It:\tCCT CBOIt n03HHBaTCJlbllbiC npCJICJlbI.
3. Mel11o{}bl llH()YK1{llll £I deoYK1{lIli. TecHo IIPU\lbIKaIOT K JlOfl1 l lCCKmty
MeTony U npCLmommlKH ItCnOJIb30BaHHC Bcero 60raTCTBa 3HaHHI-i, I-IaKO-
nJICIIHLIX ItCTOpHCH, <pltJlocmlmcl-i It TcopucH. 11 H 11. Y K T H n H LI H
Meroll - Clloco6 UCC;lellOBaHI-UI It 1t3JIO)KeHlHl, IIPH KOropOM OT Ha6JIIO-
1aCMbiX llaCTHblX qmKToB ncpcxomn K nbl1C;ICllmo npmmHnOB. 0611U.IX
nOJIO)f(eHui.l Teopm-I, YCTaHOBJIeHUIO JaKoHo\tepHocTeH. npOHIBono-
TJO)KHbIJ.t ItH11.YKTHBHOI\lY MCTOllY 11 C 11. Y K T H B H bI if :\tcn>1l npC.iJ,CTaB-
mIeT c060H TaKoH cnoc06 Hcc..len.OBaHHH H H3:IO)l(CHI-U1. npH KOTOpO:\t
113 06wux TeopenllleCKHX 1I0JI0)KeHui-'t, YCTaHOB:IeHHbIX IIpltHUHIIOB,
IaKOHO:\tCpHOCTcJ.1 nCJlaIOTC llaCTHLIC BbIBOilbl 11 3aKJIIOl1Cl-nm.
4. Memo{) K lllccmjJUKlll<lIli. 06J1er ' laeT c60p I\-taTepHa.TJa It opraHH3a-
IHIK> HCCJlC11.0BaTC.1bCKHX npOUCLlYP, nO:\1OraCT BbIpa60TKc HaYlIHOI-i
TCpHlI-IO.I]OnH-l, cnoc06cTByeT OTKpblTl-l1O HOBLIX JaKoHo:\lepHocTcH,
06eClle l IHBaeT CltCTeManuamllO. B OCI-IOBe MeTOlla K.laccmIHIKaW-1H _le-
)KIn CD.JIHCTBO H pa3H006pa3ltC 06"bCKTHBHoi.i pCaJIbHOCTH, n03I-mmlC
KOlOpOH Tpe6yeT, C OJlHOH CTOpOHbl, 06"be.LlI1I-ICHlHl CXOJ-tHbIX }IBJleHHH, a
C ilpyroJ.i - 060c06J1CHHH I-IX no OTJIJ-IlHlTC.TJLHhI:\t npH3HaKat.
Hmt60.1ee I1cno.TJL3ye:\tble C"el(lIalbllble Juel1l00bl.
I. KOHKpeI11110-11CI110plltleCKlllJ aHaJ1ll3. :v10)KCT 6bITb nOCTaBJICII ncp-
nbIM .13 pSlll.Y 'IaCTHLIX npHC\tOB H \tCTOll.0n H3YlICHH HCTOpHH rocYlI.ap-
CTBa H IIp.ma. I1cIIOJlbJOBaI-lUe JJ.aHI-IOrO :\ICTOl1<t 1I03BOJUICT JIYllWC 110-
mUIaTL roCY11apCTno H npano HCX011H H3 YCJIOBHI-i, B KOTOpblX q>op:\HI-
pOBaUICb I.IX CTpYKTypa, HHcnnyrbI, OCHOBHblC nOH}lnUI.
Hc TOJIbKO 3KOHO:\HlKa, rcorpa<IHllICCKOC nOJIO)KCIHlC, KJIIUHlT H
nO'IBLI, xapaKTCp cOTpynHl-fllCCTBa H npoTl-m060pCTBa COUUaJIhHblX
rpYlI1I I-Iace:ICHIUI, HO 1.1 ItX 3TI-IJ-IlICCKOe cBoco6pa3He, ypOBCHb pa3BH-
nUl, BCKonLIC Tpam.IIlIB-I, ItIlCO.10rUH 1l0.TJ)KHbI Y'IHTblBaTbC npu aHa-
lll-UC CTaHOB.IeHI-UI 11 paJBIHWI rocYlI.apcrna H IIpaBa.

10
KOHKpeTHo-HcropJ1lleCKHH aHaJIIB I1pe.JIIO..'laraer paJJIJ1ltarb He
TOJlbKO YCJl0 UlHI CTaHOBJIeHIHI, paJUHTI-HI rocY.l..wpCTua H npaua, HO 1-1
06paTHoe HX B03lleHCTBI-1e Ha 3KOHOH1KY, COUHaJ1bHble OTHOWeHI-UI,
KYJ1bTYPY. B OCIIOBC HCTOpWICCKOro mtaJnna nC:>KHT 1l0KY:\ICIiTLI: na:-,ulT-
IHIKH npaBa, CBI-111CTCm,CTBa nom-IHllICCKOi.i HCTOpHH H J1pyrHc o<lmlUl-
aJ1bllhlC HCTOlIIIHKH. D.ml H3Y l IClUHI HCTOpHH BCIKoro roCY11.apCTBa npl-l-
BJiCKaIOTC}1 IIC TO.lhKO nOJ1l-1THKO-IOpl-11U1 l ICCKHC llallHblC, HO H CBCJ1CIUHI
no HCTOplHI X03}likTBeHlIoro 6blTa, Ky.lbTYPC IIap0J10B, cro 06mCCTBCH-
lI()\tY COJI-I,lI-IHIO. Bce OI-II.1 Tpe6YIOT 06"bCKTI-1BHOH OIlCIIKH C YlIeTO:\1
"POHCXO)l(1I.eHI-UI 1l0KY\leH ra, ero aUTopCTBa H KOHKpeTHOH 06CTaHOBKH.
2. XpUHU.1Ocu l lecKlill uemoO. CYTb XpOHO..'IOrJ1llecKoro I\-leTOlla COCTOl1T
13 TOM, lITO 1B.,leHIUI, C06bITI-1H roCYllapCTBeHHo-npauouoH I1CTOpHH HJ-
J1araJOTC1 CTpOro BO BPC:\ICIII-lOl\l (XpOJ-I0J10rWICCKOM) nopIilKC. B lIHC-
TOI mille 3TOT leTOll npH\leHHeTC1 1l0n0J1bHO pellKO, manHbI:\1 06pa30\l
npl-1 COCTaJUCIUUI XpOIHIK C06blTui-i 1-1 I-1CTOPWICCKOH XpOH0J10flHt, KO-
rJ1a PCKOIlCTPYHPYCTC}1 Ilcnb C06bITHi-i, B 60J1hIllUIICTBC CJ1YlIaCB rCHCTI-1-
llCCKI-1 CIUI3a1l1lbIX J1.Pyr C LlpyrOM.
Pa31-10BHJ1.HOCTbIO XpOI-IOJIOfl-l l lCCKoro \ICTOlla }IBmICTC}1 n p 0 -
6 J1 e :\1 H 0 - x I' 0 H 0 J1 0 r 1-1 II e C K 1-1 i-L OH npCJlIIo..']araCT paJJle.1CHHC
60..'Iec I1'IH MeHce Wl1pOKOH TeMbl Ha p}IJl OTHOCI-1 re:lbHO YJKHX IIp06JIe:\l,
Ka)l(1I.a1 I-1J KOTOpblX pHCC:\taTpI-1UaeTC1 n XpOHOJ10rWIeCKofi nOC.lellOIk1-
TeJ1bHOCTH OTHOC}IWHXCI K Heii HCTOpHKO-lOpH.LJ.WleCKI-1X QJaKTOB.
3. lUemoiJ nepuoiJUJ(Jl{llll. OCHOBHH Ha TO:\I. 'ITO H roCYllapCTBO 1-1
npano npoxomlT pa3J1J1lIHbIC cTyncHH pa3BHnUl, OTllcmlCMblC llpyr OT
.upyra OnpCllCJ1CHHbIMH KalICCTnCHJ-ILIMH py6C:>Ka:\H1.
4. ClIIIXPOlfllCl1ll1 l leCKlili .uemoiJ. npl-IMcmlcTc1 CpanlUtTCJIbllO pC:>KC.
011 mnBOJ15!CT YCT,1II0BI-1Th BJ,UIIOCIUI3H :\Ie)l(}ly }IBJlCIUHI:\H1 1-1 npOIlCC-
cal\-IH, npOTeK,lIOIlU1MI1 H OlI.HO H TO :>KC npe:\HI H pa3I-IbIX MeCTax OllHoro
roCYllapCTHa 1-1JH1 H HeCKOJ1bKHX roCYllapCTBax. npH nOMOl1U1 CHHXPOHI-1-
crwlecKoro :\leTOlla MO:>KHO paCCMa-tpHB,Ub Bce c06blnHI. "P0l1CXOllHB-
wl-1e OJ-tHonpe:\leHHO, a He roJlbKO re, KOTopble HeIlOCpe.<lCmeHHO CU}IJa-
Hbl C OllHOH HHTepeCYJOwci1 Hac np06J1C:\lOi-i. B pllle CJI}'ttacn 3TO OKa-
3LIBaCTCH Hc06xomIMbI\I, llT06bl conOCTaBHTb pa3HonJlaHonbiC HB..'lCHI-U1
H npOUCCCbl, nOKa3HTb rocynapcTBCJ-IHo-npaBOBoii MCXaHl-f3:\1 B KOH-
KpCTllblH I-1CTOIJH'ICCKI-IH :\1O:\ICIIT H OllIlOBpClCIIIIO nO;IlICpKII)'Tb 3aKO-
1I0:\ICpIlOCTH. 06ycJ1ommIlIHC TaKOC COCTOHIIHC.
5. PernpOCJleKm1l611blii .uemoiJ (OT ,10m. rctro - H<13a1J. H spicio -
CM(>TpCTb). OCHOHaH Ha TOI. lITO IIpOW:IOe H (l>op:\1aX 1-1 MCXaHI-13:\te ro-
CY1l<lpCnm, CJIO:>KI-1UWeHCH CHCTe:\IC IIpaBa. HX Hac rmlwee H 6Y.llywce
reCHO CmI3aHbl Me)l(1I.Y C060H. 3roT MeroJ-t .aaeT UOJ:\IO:>KHOCrb UOCCOJ-
LlaTb KapTl1HY IIpOW..'IOro .n.a:>Ke IIpH orcyrcTUlHI 1I0.1Horo cocraua ItC-
rolIHHKOH, OTHOC}IWI-1XC}1 K IHYlIaeMOIY HpeMeHH.

11
6. Cp{J6HlI1lle.lbHO-liCmOpll/ecKlIiI Alemod. o.D,l-IH 1-13 paCnpOCTpaHCH-
HbIX "ICTO.nOB HCTOpl-IKO-lOpHiUl<ICCKHX 1-ICC.1CIlOmlHHi1. OCHOUbmaCTCH
1-13 npH3HaHHH H3BCCTHOii nOBTOpICMOCTH HCKOTOpblX llCpT n rocYilap-
CTBCHHO-npaBoBoi1 HCTOpm-I, OpHCHTl-lpyeT Ha H3}I<ICHHC I-IX n} TC1 CO-
nOCTaBJ1CHliH. D.larO.uaTblO llil1 lICTOpWICCKOro MblUlJ1CHHH Ha3bIBaJI
Cpamll-fTC.lhllhlfi :\-ICTOJ1 O. WnCllrJ1Cp. A. ToHII6H C"IHTaJI CpamlCHHC
OCIIOBHhlM :\fCTOJ10M BhUIBJlCIUHI pa3BHTHH .T1OKa.lhllhIX KYJ1hTYp.
B nocncn.llcc BpC:\UI CpaBlII-1TCJ1hIlOMY MCTOJ1Y YI1CmICTC}1 nOBhIllICII-
HOC BIHI\taIlHC. Bo MHOrHX CTpaHaX HMeKHC}I HHCTHT}'Tbl CpaBIH1TeJlb-
HOrO IIJY l lCHmI npaBi.l, C031-1aH TaKoi-i HHCTlHyT H B HamcH CTpaHe.
CpaRHHTeJ1bHbIi-i MeTOtl 13 HCTOpHH rocymlpcTna H "pana n03nomiCT 81-1-
n.e rb 06wee, yc raHaU.u-ma rb 11013 rop}leMOCTb, pel y.mpHOCTb, a TaK)J(C
BblIIeJl}lTb oc06eHHoe, ueIlYWCC K OCOJHaHHIO HHD.l-fUH.nyaJlbHoro.
Ero Cyrb COCTOI-fT B cpaBHeHIHI aHaJIOrWIHbIX I-fCTOpWlecKlfx (OPM
rocYllapcTBcHHOCTH H npaBoublx CHCTCM llil}1 YCTaHOBJ1CHlHl B HHX KaK
06LUHX 3aKoHoMcPHocTci-i, TaK Ii pa3J1wmi-i. C ero nOMOLUblO MO)J(HO
npoBccTH all<111O[l-1I-1 MC:>KJ1Y npol1ccca1I-1 rocYJmpCTBclllloro CTpOHTCJIbCT-
na H pa3BHTlHI npana n ImYX-Tpcx CTpallax. B nOCJICJ1YIOIlU1X pa 31CJ1 ax ,
lIanpl-IICp, cpanIH1TCJ1hHbli-i MCTOfl 60J1CC nOJ1HO I-fCnO.'Ih30mlll npH BhIJ1C-
J1CIUHI pa3Jlwmi.i roCY1apCTBCIIIIOCTH BocToKa H 3an1a, oT60pc mTC-
pmL'Ia npl-f H3JIO:>KCIIHH 6yp:>Kya3110ro npaBa. npl-1 xapaKTcpHCTHKC allrJ1O-
caKCOIICKOi-i H pm,taIlO-rcpMaHcKoi-i (KOHTHHCIIT.LlbI-Ioi1) (OPM np.lBa.
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12
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13
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18
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26
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28
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1. ApeBHeBOCTO'lHble Ll,Io1BIo1J\1013CLI,Io1Io1
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30
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38
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40
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42
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44
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46
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48
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58
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(npamlJl B 475-476 r.) 6bl1l<1 CBeprI-lYTa repMaHWlMH 80 r-,,,me C OdO{JK-
pO.H (OK. 431-493).
BonpOCbl AI\ p03Mb1Wl\eHII1 it11<OHTpOI\
I. Ha30BHTc OCHonHbIe ncpllOIlbI HCTOplH1 rocy..aapCTnCHHocnl npenHC-
ro Pm-la.
2. OnpeJleJUI rc OC06eI-lHOC fl1 paJUHTlHI KaJK1loro ItJ HIIX.
3. 4TO npellCTaBmIJ1a c060i-i PHMCK,UI 06wIHia n ilpeI3Hci-iwl-tH nepl-tOll?
KaK Olla ynpaBmIJlaCI;?
4. Calocro$lTeJIbHO npel.lClal3bIe IHlpa1\lII..ay couHaJlbHoH crPYKIYPbI
pHMCKOro 06wecTBa.
5. KTO TaKllC naTplllUII1 H nJlC6cH? nO'ICIY n"lc6cH Clla'Ia.la IIC BXOJUf-
I1-1 13 pl-IMCKYIO 06wl-fHY?
6. B KaKoi-i ncplfOll HCTOpm-1 npeBHcro PlI\m 060cTpHlacb 60pb6a nJ1C-
6CCB II mlTplIIUlcB?
7. nO',eMY II<UpHmm 6blJII1 I3bIHY)J(JlCHbI YCIyn<lrb IJJIe6eIM? PaCCK<l)J(IHe
06 OCHOBHbIX ::nanax :noH 60pb6bI. 4e1 OHa 3aBepWILlaCb H Koma?
8. KaKI1C OC06ClIIIhIC lICpThI 6bLlit npllCYIIlH napcKoii Rlacnl 13 D.PCB-
HeM PI1lC?
9. Korlla I-t npH KaKHX YCJ10Bl-UIX 13 llpenHC\1 PIUle YCT<IHOI3HmICb Pec-
ny6.1IlKa?
10. OxapaKTcplByi-iTc roCY..1apCTBeHHbIC opraH'" PIIMCKOH pccny6.11IKI-f
(ceHaT. UeHT);pmTI-IbIe 11 TPH6YTHbIe c06paHIUI).
II. nCpC l IHC-lltTC q>YIIKUlH1 0pJ1llIIapIIbIX (06bl'IIIbIX) I-I ::JKCTpaopmmap-
HbIX (tlpCJUbI'wiiHbIX) -lantCTpaTYp.
12. 061>HCHIUe, B lIeM JaK.1IOlIalaCb OCHOI3H<UI ue;Ib pe(pop\1 6paTbcn
rpaKxoB. II0lICMY HX pCOplbI IIC \formt npCllOTBpantTb KpH3I1C'?
13. llaHTc onCHKY 1C5!TC.%HOCTII Cy.1Jlbl, UCJap}I. KaK OKTaBUaI-IY yn.a-
:IOCb cTa61UIHI1pOmlTb I3HyrpHIIoJll1TItlIeCKYIO cluyamlIO B PHMe?
14. llct \10)J(1I0 061>}!CIIHTb ncpcxo.n OT Pccny61HKH K I1Mncpmt"? 061>-
CIH1TC, 'ICM OT.lI-1'JaCTCI IIMncpcKmI (I>op\ta npaB.'1CIIIHI OT pccny6-
:mKaHcKoi-L
15. nOlICMY mmcpcK<UI (I)OpMa npanJlCHlHI .aaB<Lla B03MO)J(1I0CTb npO}!B-
.1CIIIHI lCCnOnlJ\ta 11 6c33aKo1HHI'?

2. CTPCHbl CHT&-1"HOrO M&-1pC
99
16. KaKHC ncpCfCHbI H PC(OPMbI ncpHOlla nplHIwmaTa II .nOMIHIaTa
cnoC06CTlJOBaJll-I YKpCnJICHIHO MOHapXH'ICCKOi.i (OPlhI I1paB.IcHIHI'?
17. KaK npOSlBHJlC}1 Kplt311C rocy.aapCTncHHoro CTPO}! PII\ICKoi-i ItMnC-
pitH'? KaKHC CHMnTOMbl ymlllKa CT<LI] It 3a\.ICTI-Ibl B rocy.aapCTBeHHO-
nOJ1lUWIeCKoH )J(l1JHU Y)J(e 13 I1epI3bIe neKa 11 \mepltlt'? KaK IIJleHl1-
.!lICb U'lca'lbI pHICKOro 06luecTBa?
18. C.fJ.CJlaHTC cpaBI-II1TCJ1hHMH aHaJlH3 npWIIIH KpH311ca rocYJ1apCTBCHHO-
ro YCTpoikTBa n rpcIlIm H PInIC.
19. bJ.JJlO .111 YCTaIIOBJ1CIIHC BOCIIHOH J1ltKTaTyphl C1IHICTBCHHO B03(0)J(-
HoH cpop\loii CYlIlCCTBonaHlU1 PH\ICKOro rocYIlapCTBa'?
20. KaKl1e BbIXOJ1bI 113 KpH311ca npC.lL11aralll pe(lmpM<lTOpbI ToB nopbI?
21. nepelIllc.IHTC OCHOUHbIC npl-JlIl1HbI m6e.llt 3amlllHoii PHMCKOi1 l-tM-
neplll-i.
2.4. PL-1MCJ<oe npOBO:
OCHOBHble nepL-10Abl p03BL-1TL-1
npOA C06CTBeHHbl TbICfI'-jeneTHVI nyYb pa3BVlTVI.
pli1MCKOe npaBO HaAomo nepe>KVlno rOCYAapCTBO. B
paMKax KOToporo OHO Cq:,OpMlilpOBanOCb. VI '-Iepe3
MHorVle BeKa Bowno B >KVl3Hb HapOAOB HOBore VI Ho-
Bewero BpeMeHIi1.
B.B. KYI./Ma,
pOCCIi1CKIi1 Ii1CTOpVlK rOCYAapCTBa VI npaBa
Pa3BltHnO pl1MCKOro IIpaBa clloco6crBomUIII II-IOnle o6CrmlfeJlbCr-
na. npC)J(IIC Becro :no"-IY cOflciicTBOmlJl BbICOKHl-i YPOBClib JKOHOHllIC-
CKHX OTI-IOWeHI-li.i, .D.OCTHrI-lyTbIii PUMOM B nepUO.iJ.bI nOJJlHeii pecny6.IHKH
H npltHIumaTIL
He ICHbwec 3H3 t lCHHe HMC.l MHoroHamloHaJlbHblft x3paKTep C3-
Moil 11 \-lIleplHI , 1I0pOlUIBWHI1 lIorpe6HocTb «lIpHMHpeI-lHH» \tHOn-IX I-I
pa3J1I-1'IHbIX npanOl3blX CHCTC1\.I, HCTOpWICCKH n03HHKWHX II CYlllCCTno-
l3al311H1X B JaBOeBaI-lHbIX CTpaI-laX, npe)Klle I3cero B rpemHl, En-tOTe,
CHpml H JIp. PIIICKHC IOpHCTbI HIC.1H B03:\-1Q)KIIOCTb BOCn0J1b30BHTbCSI
pe3YJ1bTaTaMH npaBOBoro pa3BHTHH HamlOHa.lbHblX llacTci.i l1tnCplHl,
oco6eHHO A(lmH. He:lbJ}1 I-Ie onlenub, W1KOHeu. TO BHHtaHHe, KOTO-
pOC YilC.1S1J10Cb npany, H TOT nOlICT, KOTOpbl1 6blJ1a OKPY)J(CI-Ia nc}!-
TeJlbI-lOCTb fOpltCTOB, OC06CHI-IO BbI1l,1I0111HXCH, T3KHX, KaK fau (II B.),
Y.:1bI1UGIl (OK. 170-228), Mo()ecmull (III B.), flammuall (OK. 150-212),
lIaeeJl (III B.) H MHOfHX n.pynlx.
I1CTolIHHKa\-HI plHtCKOro IIpaBa }!BJUIJIHCb: 06bI l II-loe IIpaBO, 3aKOHbl,
3DHKTbI tanlcTpaTOB, llCHTCJ1bHOCTb fOpHCTOB (Pltc. 2.6).

100
I. rOCYAapCTBeHHOe YCTPOHCTBO 101 npaBO B CTpaHaX ApeBHerO Mlo1pa
06blYHOe npaBO I 3aKOHbi I 3AL-IKTbl AeSnellbHOCTb
MamCTpaTOB IOpL-lCTOB
06blyaVl npeAKOB 3aKOHblnepVlOAa HOSaA CL-ICTeMa npaso Vl3SeCT-
06blyaVl )Kpe40B Pecny611V1KVI- HOpM npaBa - IOC HblX IOpVlCTOB Aa-
06b1YHa npaK- llereC npeTOpL-lYM BaTb 063aTellb-
TViKa 3aKOHbi nepVloAa Hble AnA CYAe
06blyaVl np VlH 4 V1n aTa - Oc:pVl4L-1allbHble
MarL-lCTpaTOS CeHaTYC-KOH- KOHCYllb Ta4L-1L-1
CYllbTbl
3aKOHbi
L-IMnepaTOpOB -
KOHCTVlTY4VI
PHC. 2.6. IkTO'lIIJfKIf plfMCKOro npaBa
Pm.ICKHC IOpHCTbI BBCJ1H pa3ilCJ1CHHe npaBa Ha ny6J1WIHOe H llaCT-
Hoe. lIy6w L tHoe npaeo perYJ11-tpOBaJ10 B.lIaCTHbIC OTHOWCI-IIUl H COilep)l(a-
JIO 06}I3aTeJlbHbIe .QJUI CTOpOH HOpMbI. B CIUI3I1 C 3TH1 ero IIOJIO)f(eHI-UI
IIC :\lOrml 6hITh H3:\ICIICllhl COCmIlJCIII.IC1 llaCTllblX }1I.III. lfacml/oe npaeo
pcrymtpOoaJ10 HMYIllCCTBCI-IllblC OTHOWCIIIHI, OCI-IOObmaHCb Ha paOCIICT-
Be CTOpOH, Hero 1I0JI0)f(eHHH \101'.11-1 6bITb HJMCHeHbl YllaCTHHKaMH 06H-
3aTeJlbCTB. B .'l3.Jlbl-leHwc:\1 TaKoe n.eJ"'1eHHC nplBHamU10cb B EBpone H
BocnpHlulTO B conpC:\lcHllhlX npaBOBblX CHCTCIaX.
npaBO PI-IMa pa3B1-maJ10Cb Ha npOTH)I(CHHH 60."'1ce TbICHllH J1eT. B .11-1-
reparype IHlelOrC}1 pa3JIH l IHbie II O)lX011bI K OIlpe...reJleHI1IO 3ralIOB paJBH-
nm pHMCKOro I1pamt. npe11CT<lB;UIeTC}1 Y1106HOH CJIe.'lYKHU<U1 lIepHO..1H-
3amiH HCTOpHH pHtCKOro npana (pHC. 2.7).
ApeBHewVl nepL-lOA KllaCCW"leCKVI nepL-loA nOCTK.naCCVl4eCKVI ne-
(VI B. AO H.3. - (cep. III B. AO H.3. - PVlOA (KoHeu III B. H.3. -
cep. III B. AO H.3.) KOHeu. III B. H.3.) VI B. H.3.)
Puc. 2.7. OClloBIlMe nCIJlt01M JlCTOplut npaBa .upeBlicro Pmta
n C P n bl H n e p H 011 HCTOplHI pH/\"ICKOro npaBa I-Ia3bIBaCTCH
()pe6HeilUIlHf. XpOI-lo.'IorwlecKHe pa!\-IKH .:Horo nepHolla - OT pe<poP\1
CCpBI-U1 TYJ1mm (VI B. JIO 11.3.) no ncpBoi-i nymlllCCKOJ.'i Boi-1Hbl (ccp.
III o. JIO 11.3.). llpcnllCHIIICC npano :HOro ncpHO,1a (KBl-lpHTCKOC, llH-
BHJlbHoe) COOTBeTCTBOBaJJO paHHei.j c-rynel-lH roCYllapCTBCHI-IOCTH, a no-
31"OMY 6blJI0 HepaJIHHO, xapaKreplBomUIOCb apXal-llIHOCTblO, .JaIKHYro-
CTbK} H T.n.

2. CTPCHbl CHT&-1"HOrO M&-1pC
101
B TOp 0 li II e p H O.'l HCroPHl.1 pl-1\1CKOro lJaCTHOrO IIpaml -
K.WCCli/eCKlil'. 011 mll"U1C C CCPC}UlllhI III B. fJ.0 11.3. H 3aKOlllm.I]C B
KOHue III B. H.3. (Ha l laJ10 npaBJ1eHH llHOK.i1entaHa). 3TOT nepHOll xa-
paKTCpl-130B<L1C}1 rocnollcTnOf npCTopcKOro npana. paCllBCTOM pH1CKOi.i
IOpHcnpY.'lCHWHI. MMCHHO B KOHUC ::noro ncpHOila pHMCKOC llaCTHOC
npano .'lOCTHL10 cnocro COnCpLIJeHCTna.
B T P C T b C:\f n C p HOD. C HCTOpHH pH:\fCKOro llaCTIiOro npaBa -
IWCI11K lGCCli1leCKmt (KOHCU III B. - VI B. H.3.) - 6blJ1H lfCllcpnaHbI
TnopllCCKHC nOTCIiWHI pln1CKoro npaBa. CHlpam-\C rpallcH IC)K)lY OT-
D.e.1bHbIHI BCTmlMH plnfcKoro npaBa n03B0J1HJ10 OCYWCCTBHTb CHCTCMa-
H13aLlHIO npana. nOJ1H.UI CI.ICTetanl3aw-\SI pHICKOro npaBa 6bLla npo-
nC.1lClia B BOCTOlllloi-i PHICKOi-i HMncpHH (Blnallnm) n VI B.
Crapoe pHMCKoe IIpano IIPHH}I ro H,13blB.Hb 1{1l611U,Hl,m npa(m.u, IIpa-
BO1 pHMCKOi-i 0611UHlbi. B npOHmopC'-IHH C mmH.1bllbl1 npaBO1 pa3nH-
Ba;10Cb npel1lOpCKOe npa80. TpCTbH\f 3IeMeHTO\1 pHMCKoro npaBa npH-
IUITO Ha3bIBaTb npaflO Hapodofl.
K OCHOBllbI:\1 IHlCTHTYTaf plHICKoro llaCTIIOrO npaBa OTHOCHJ1HCb:
IIpanoBoH cnuyc 'lHllHOCTH n llpeBHef PHfC, neWI-Ible IIp.ma. o6}ua-
TCJ1hCTnCllllbIC npana. 6paK H CCMh}l, lIaCJ1CllOB<UIHC.
D.peBHui-1 PI1f 6bL1 pa6011.'Ia.LleJ1b l leCKU\f rOCYilapCTnOM, nO.}TOMY He
Bce HMe.1H npana. Cy6.bCKTO1 npan<l npH3Han<l1C}I TOJ1hKO cno6oHHbli-i
lle.'10nCK, CJ1ellOnaTeJ1bHO, pa6bl pacCMaTpHBa"lHcb HC KaK cy6'beKT. a KaK
06"beKT IIpana «<ronop}lwee oPYllI-1e»).
no..lIIG1/ npa8ocnoco611OCI11b CK..1aJ1blOfu1aCb H3 TpCX OClIonllblX 3TJC-
MCHTOB (cocTmIHl1i-1): COCTmIHHe CB06011bl, COCTmlHHe rpmK1J.aI-lCTBa,
cCMeiiHoe COCTmIHHC. C TO'-IKH 3pCIHUI CT,lTyca CBo60}U,I paJ.lwI,LI]I-\Cb
cB06011Hb1C H pa6bl, cTaTyca rpa)K1laHCTBa - pHMCKHC rpa)K1laHe H D.PY-
rHe cBo6011HbIe JIHW.l (JlaTHHbl, lIeperpHHbl H D.p.), cefei-iHoro COCTml-
IHI - OTUbl cCMcikTBa H nOilBJ1aCTHbIC In1 nIma. Co npCfCHCf pa3..1H-
lnUi n IIpanOCIIoc06HOCTH cn060J-tHoro HaCeJ1eHIUI paJHblX rpY"1I C1aJll1
HC l IC3aTb, 1-1 n 212 r. 11.3. 6hlJ1 H311all 3m-\KT 0 llaponallHH npaB pH:\fCKoro
rpa)K1laHCTBa BCCf npOBHHUl-laJJaf (Hcrpa)K1laI-la:\f).
,OeecnOCOOHOCl11b B llpcnllC:\f PH:\IC 3a1H1CCJ1a npC)K.1C ncero OT n03-
paCTa. no 06lUCMY npammy C 14 .1CT (a )l(eI-llUHHbl - C 12 J1CT) mmo
CTaHOIHL'IOCb 1I0JIHOCTbK} .1eecIIoco6HbIM H \1Or'IO JaKJIK}lJaTb ClleJIKH.
HC3aBHCHMO OT B03paCTa orpallwnma..1HCb B Hcccnoc06110CTH .1HIUl.
CTpa.J.alOlUHC nCHXWleCKHfH 60J1e3H}I1I1, Te.l]eCHbIMH Hcn.OCTaTKa'-Hl, a
T<IK)KC pacTOlIHTCJ1H.
OC06b1M 06CTOTCJ1bCTnOI, orpat-fWnlBaBWI.m npaBODOC nOJ10)l(CHHC
I pa)f(lJ.aHHHa. }mmJTIOCb Yt(UIeHHe lIeCTH H 6eClIecnlC. COCTmIHHe 6eClIec-
TIHI lIacTymL10 1-13-3a OCY)K..1cmUI 3a npCCTYnJ1CIHI HJ1H 3a HIIOC oc060
nopolJawee IIpaBOI-lapyweHHe, HapyweI-II-1C IIpaBonblX HOpf, KacalOlUHXC}1
6paKa, 1amiTHC nOJOpllhl'-l D.CJ10M (npOCTInymuI, CB0111I1lICCTno).

102
I. rOCYAapCTBeHHOe YCTPOCTBO 101 npaBO B CTpaHaX ApeBHerO Mlo1pa
3aKOHlJ/ XII l11aiIwl{. O.LlHa U3 .J.penI-lHX KOllH<pHKaUHi-i pH\lCKOrO
npana - 3aKOllbi XII Ta6mm. 01111 npHII}!Thl n CCpC1HIIC V B. }1.0 11.3. I-I
perYJHfpOBaJJl1 ccpepy ceMei-iI-lbIX, HaCJ1ellCTBeI-lHbIX OTHOllleHHi.i, COllep-
)J(,U1H IlOplbl yro.I]OBIIOrO npana.
Pm.ICKOC npaBO nOllpa3ilCJlHJ10 eo6cmeellllOcmb Ha lI.Ba nma: K ncp-
nO\IY (pee .UGHl{WW) OTI-IOCHJ1HCb 3C:\t'HI, pa60 l IHii CKOT. pa6bI. 3.naHIHI,
COOPY)J(CIHI}!; KO nTopOMY (pee lIeK JJtal/l{ll1lll) - ncc 1PYruc BCLUH. npH
OTlIY)!()1eHI1H Bellm nepnoro Tuna Tpe60l3<1J10Ch C06.11O.uCHHC I-Ie06xo.Ju-
MblX CPOpHLlbIlOCTCH n TOP)J(CCTBCIIIIOii 06cnmOBKC npH cnH 1CTCJ1HX.
npaBO c06CTBeHHOCTH Ha llpyrue BClUH ncpeXOlll-lJ10 nOcpCllCTB01\-I npo-
CTOI-I Tpa.amu.U1 (Tpalll-IUH}! - nepella l Ja OJIHIHf JIHUO:\f J1.pyro:\tY (1)i.lKTH-
lICCKoro llJ1alI.CHJ.I}! BClUhIO).
C I II nCKa 110 H.3. 3aKOHbi XII ra6JIHU cnLIH 1101l0JIH}IrbC}1 IIpCrop-
CKH:\HI 3JU1KTaMH, nOCKOJlbKY n03I1HKa.1H 60J1CC CJ10)J(lIbIC npi.lnOBbIC
OTHOllleHIHI, KOTopble He06xoJ-tI1MO 6blJ10 yperYJIHpOB<nb. nmlB UleTC}1
HOB<m (I>op:\ta co6CTBeHI-IOCTII. Ha3bIBaC:\t<UI npemopeKOlI. Ec OXPi.lH}ICT
npCTOp. B pH:\ICKO:\f npanc qmrypuponanH TaK)J(C KeupumelWR C06CT-
neHHocrh, npO(fliHl{IUUbHm/ co6CTBeHHOCTh, C06CTneI-lHOCrb nepecpliHO(i.
PUICKHC IOpHCTbI nOIII.IM,L1H mn C06CTBCIIIIOCTbiO a6COJ110TIIOC
npano 1I0.Ib30naTbC}1 11 pacnopmKaTbC}1 BelUa1I1 C orpaHHlleHIHIMH, YC-
TaHOBJ1CHHbIHI J1.0roBOpO:\t lLll-\ npano:\t. )].cikTBoBa.JlO npaBl-lJ10 0 TO:\I,
lITO c06CTneHHlIK lI\leeT npaBO ileJlaTb co cnOCH BClllblO Bce. lITO Cl\-IY
IIP}IMO I-Ie 3allpelUaeT 3aKOH. C06CTBeHHOCTb - 31'0 roCIIOtlCTBO HCK.IlO-
llHTCJlhHOC, npH:\fOC H HcnocpCJ1CTnCHHOC. COilcp)J(allHC npaBa C06CT-
BeHHOCTH Bblpa)l(al0Cb B B03MO)J(HOCTH c06CTneHHHKa 011HOnpe\leHHO
nOJIbJOBaTbC}I BCUlbIO, paCnOp}I)J(i.lTbC}1 BelllbIo, HJBjleKaTb JJ.OXOHbI OT
nOJ1bJOBaHHH H pacnopj:I)J(CHI-U1 BelllblO.
Cnoc06bl IIpH06pCTeI-lIHI npaBa co6CTHeHHOCTH ...rCJUlJIHCb Ha lIepBO-
lIa l la.lbI-lhlC H npOlHBOilHhIC. nepeOllataJlbllble cnoc06bl npH06pCTCHHH
npana C06CTneI-lHOCTH He 3am1CeJIH H He BblTCKllilH 113 c06CTBeHHOCTH
J1.pyroro ;llma. TaKlum cnoc06aMH 51 B.1}!JHfCb: OKKynmU-IH. T.C. 06palllc-
I-IHe B CBOIO c06cTBeHHocTb HHKO:\IY He npHHa]Ll]e)l(alllHX BCW.Ci1, nplw6-
pCTellHC BCIIlH no 1aBIIOCTH B.Ha;1CIfIUI H J1.p. npOlI3(WaHble cnoc06bl npH-
06pCTCHHH npaBa C06CTBCHHOCTH OCHOBhIBMHCh Ha npaBC npC)I(Hcro
C06CTBCHHHKa BelllH (KYII:UI-lIpO}la)J(a, 11apeHl.le, HaCJIC..:!OB<lHHe 11 .J.p.).
CYIllCCTnOBa'IO IICCKOJ1hKO Bl-L10B HCKon no :k'1I1lHTC npana c06CTnC1II10-
cnl. OCHOBI-Ihlf HR1}IJlC}1 6liHiJliKm{liOHHblli liCK - HCK C06CTBCI-II-IHKa 06
HCTpc60Bi.lfH1H nCIIlH H3 llY)J(Oro IIC3aKoHlloro IL1,1CIfIUI. ECJHI KTO-JUl60
C0311anal npcnHTCTnUH B OCYIllCCTBJICHIUI C06CTBCHHHKOM CBOHX npaB -
HCIIOJlb30B<UIC}I HezamopHlJIti liCK. Q)op:\lOii 01 paI-lll l ICI-IlU1 IIpaBa C06CTBCI-I-
1I0cni CJ1Y)J(HJ1 eepellmym (nCIIUlOC npano nOJ%301*1IIHH llY)J(oii nClIlhIO).
EbIJIO pa3pa60raHO 06J13al11e.;lbCI11(ieHHOe npa60. PI-fMCKoe npano onpe-
J1.cmICT 06}I3i.lTCJIbCTBO KaK «npaBOBbIC OKonbl, B CHJ1Y KOTOpblX \-Ibl npH-

2. CTPCHbl CHT&-1"HOrO M&-1pC
103
HY)K)laCIC}1 II ro-HH6Y...Ib HCIIO.IHlHb COLlaCHO JaKOHaM I-Iawcro roCYll<lP-
CTna». B 60:ICC n03IUmi1 ncpl1011 06}13aTC}IbCTnO CT<Ll0 paCCl\mTplmaTbC
KaK IOpH.uWICCKHC OTHOWCI-II-tH MC)KilY llBYHI J1HuaMH, B CHJlY KOTopOro
011.110 H3 miX, HICIIYClOC KpC1HTOpOM, HICCT npaBO Tpc60BaTh OT 11.Pyro-
ro Jll-1Ua, 1-D.ICI-IYC1\-IOro 1l0.1)f(HHKOM. HCnOJIHCI-IH llcro-m160 B CBOIO nOJIb-
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7. rOCYACpCTBC AMeplllKIII III A<I>Pio1KIII B CpeAHllle BeKC
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III. IIICTOplllSi rOCYAOpCTSO III nposo Hosoro SpeMeHIII
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254
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258
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JIaCb COUH,UlbI-l<UI CTpYKTypa aHfJIHikKoro o6wecTHa. Ha IIOJ1HTI-l l lecKytO
apcllY nhIIlWH 1I0nbiC CJ10H 06I1lCCTBa, aKTHBIlO BhlcTymmIIIHc 3a PC<llH-
JaUllIO CBOl-IX npan. 3TO npO}!BHJ10Cb B 60Pb6c 3a HOBYIO lu6HpaTc.TJb-
HYIO CHCTe\ty.
B 1832 ro.ay 6bIJ1 npH I-UIT ElL1.1b () napJw.ueHI1lCKOli pecjJOp.ue. Ero Cyrb
CBOJHLlaCb K orpallWICIHlIO npClI.CT<lBHTCJlbCTna B nap.laICIITC OT «rIlH-
.JblX», «KaptaHI-IbIX» MCCTCtICK. B TO )l(C Bpcr...IH KpynI-lblc npOtbIWJ1CHHbIC
ropo.Ja, I-Ie HMeBWHe npe.ac faBlneJ1bCTBa B lIapml\teH re. 1I0..'IY l IHJIH raKoe
IIp.mo. YHe.TII-flIHJIOCb KO'1H4eCrBO mm 06JJ<1llatOWHX aKTHBHbI1 lu61'lpa-
TCJ1bllbI1 npanm1. B 1867 rofJ.Y COCTOHJ1aCb IlOeaR u36upameJlblwR perjJop-
."a. fJ1anllhIf cc HTOroM L.,l'IO YBcm-flICIIHC t!HCJ1a H36upaTc.l]cii nOllTH B
.JBa paJa npe)!(.Je Bcero 3a ClIeT l\le.'IKoi1 6YP)KyaJHH H I-Ial160J1ee 06ecne-
lIeHHoH 4aCTH pa6o l lero K.lacca. B IlOCJleJlHei.-i t.IeTBepTH XIX B. IIpI1HH-
MaCTCH P}I,1 3aKOIIOB. npCllYCM,lTpHnalOIllHX 1l,LlbI-Ici1I1IYK) llCMOKpanua-
UI-flO 11361'lpaTCJ1bHoro npana. CPC1I.I-f HHX oc060c fCCTO 3aHHtaloT 3aKO-
HOllaTe IbHble aKTbl 1884 H 1885 rr., COC"IaBI1BWHe 11lpe11lblO ll1uupa11le lb-
HYIO pe(l)()fJ.uy B AHrmm. CYlllecmeHHblMH I-IOBOBBelleHlUI1I1 mULIHCb
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BBCn.CHHC H36HpaTc.lbHblX OKpyroB C paBHhlM npCLlCTam1Te.lbCTBOM OT
OlI.l1HaKoBoro KOJ1HtleCTBa HaCeJ1emm. CoXpaHeHl1e HMYllleCTBeHHoro H
IIO..'IOHoro In61'lpareJlbI-lblX UeHJOB, CJIO)J(HbIH 1I0PRL1.0K perHCTpaWHf HJ-
6upaTc.lci1 - CCphC311blC IIcnOCTaTKH 1I0BoH IU6HIJ<lTCJ1bIl0i1 CHCTC:\lbl.

9. rOCYAapcTsa 3anaAHo&ll EsponbI
259
BICCTe c paclllHpeHHe\1 IB6HpaTeJlbHbIX npaB npmlcxOllHT lleMO-
Kpannawul nOJIIHJ1llecKoi1 )l(HJI-IH: D.06mmlOrcH 1Iera IbHOro cywecTBo-
BaHIUI npocpCOlO3bI, OTMCHHCTCH yro.l0BHOC HaKa3aHHC 3a opram13amllO
Ja6aCTOUOK, npH3I1aCTC}! cBo60.ua CJIOBa H cB060J1a nCllaTH.
5pIl1TOHCI<O I<OI\OHII10I\bHO II1Mnepll1
I)pHT..mCKaH KOJlOIIH.U1bIIaH HMncplul IHl'HLla CK}I3J1blBaTbC}! B
XVII-XVIII BB. B 60Ph6c C McnaHHcH. fO.I].l]aHlUlci-i. <DpaIlIU1ci.-i Allr-
J1HH n.o6lumcb TOproBOH H fOpCKOi-i rcrCMOHHH.
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caxap nOfOfJ1H AHrJ1lHl CTaTb MorYtlei:f n.ep)l(auoi1. Ha CTpa)l(e 3aMOp-
cKoi-i TOproB.l1H CTml1H BoopY)I(eHHble CHJlbl. Mx MOUlb o6ecne l IHJla ei1
roCIIO,J.CTBO. OHa BblWJIa Ha lIepBoe MeCTO B EBpOIlC.
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C HaCeJleI-lHet 60Jlee 2,5 IJlH lleJIOHeK. 3n> 6bI11 HI)J(e.lbIH Yimp. 011-
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HH}!. B KOHUC XVIII B. B03HHK..10 ncpBoc nOCCJ1CHHC cnponci.-iucB B AB-
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lie XX B., Koma OKO.lIO lieTBepTI1 I-IaCe.lleHHH Je1HOro mapa )1(1-1]10 liOn.
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B HOBoe npeMH aHr'IHi,icKoe npano pa3nHB<U10Cb B OCHonHO1 3BO-
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IblXHYJIH rJly6HHbi IIpaBOBot'1 CI1CreMbl. B CIUY reorpa<})HlICCKoi1 o60co6-

260
III. IIICTOplllSi rOCYAOpCTSO III nposo Hosoro SpeMeHIII
JICHHOCTl1 H OC06eHHOCTei-i HCTOpm-1 AHL1HH JlleCb B TellCHHe DJIHTe.TJbHO-
ro llpeMeHH Cal\-IOCTQ}lTeJIbHO COJllall<L'lOCb I1pauo cuoeH CTpaHbl. PHICKoe
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CTbK) aHrJlHi1cKOro npaB:.l mL'UICTC}I em apxa1l3.\1. KOropbIH OCT<L:IC}I OT
cTaporo (J)CO.a,U1bHOro CTpOH, liO C pa3InlTHCt 6YP)J(yaJI-IbIX OTliOIllCliHii
apxm1 l lllmi q)()pMa lIanOJIlHlJIaCI. 1I0BbiM CO,fJ.Cp)J(aHHCf.
3aKOHo.uaTCJlbCTUO AHrJ'lHH OCTaUaJlOCb HCKo.umJH1UHponaHHbIM.
KaK H3nCCTHO, npano .nCJ1l-IJ10Cb I-Ia nBC lJaCTlI: o6U1cc npano H npaBO
cnpanCiL1HnOCTH. BnOCJIc.uCTI3IHI 6blJ1H cocmmCllbl n C1HIIYIO CHCTC\1Y
CYllbl o6mcro npana H npana cnpanCJlJU1ROCTH. COOTnCTCTnCHHO H II0p-
MI.l 06111Cro npana ncpccnL1H ClH1TaTI.CH oc06oH CHCTC\1OiL OTJ1J.1l1ll0i-i
OT II0pM CYJ10B CnpaBCJL1HBOCTH. B031H1KJIO edulloe npele()ellmlloe npa6o.
npCucnCH rHOC I1paBO HC HMCJIO H HC HMCCT 06}U;UeJlbHOH CHJlbI.
OHO HCOIlpellC..'ICHHOC H II m )J(e I3pC:\UI nI6KOC, I10CKOJIbKY 13 HeKom-
pbIX CJIYlI<UIX cynbH MO)J(eT oToi-inl OT I1peue.ueHTOB H BblHeCTH npyroe
pcrneHHC. 3aKOHbi TaJ0Ke }m.1S110TC}1 OnHI1\1 H3 HCTOllHHKOB npaBa AHr-
mul. OHH He CBeileHbl B CHCTeMY 11 nei-icTuylOT Ca\IOCTQ}ITC.I]bHO.
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3nCCb HMCJ'lHCb HCKOTOpblC oTcrynJ1CHHH OT npHlIIuma 10pH.uWICCKOro
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.naHcKOro npaBa. Beu-u-IOc npano B AHI1lIHI nOI-IHt<U10Cb umpOKO, no-
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ncpe.uaHHblM CMY npynlM J1HUO1 (Y ' lpeiJumeJle.u) B nOJlbJY TpCTbHX JIHU
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9. rOCYAapcTsa 3anaAHo EsponbI
261
P()\-I npaBo 3,lllUlIuaeT HHTepecbI 3CteJIbHoro co6cTBeHHHKa H B TO >KC
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KalOWHe HJ IIpaBOHaPYWCHIUI. lLrul aHrJHliicKOro 1l0roBOpHOro IIpaBa
xapaKTcpHbIM lBmICTC5I TO'IHOC onpCllCJlCHHC npaB H 06513aHHOCTCH
CTOpOH, Tpc60naJ-IHC OT .uOJ1>KHHKa il06poconCCTl-lOrO BbInOnHCHHH 0651-
3aTcn bCTB.
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HCKJllO l IHTeJ1bHbIX CJ1Y l lmiX H TOJlbKO Ha OCHOBaHIHI nap.laMeHTCKoro
aKTa. D,JH1TeJ1bHOe upeul COXpaH}L1HCb (I>eoila I]bHbie nepe>KHTKH B
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B;UI oc b.

262
III. IIICTOplllSi rOCYAapCTsa III npasa Hosoro speMeHIII
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9. rOCYAapcTsa 3anaAHo&ll EsponbI
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9. rOCYAapcTsa 3anaAHo EsponbI
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272
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llBopuax. TOproBUbl KynaJ1HCb B pOCKO-
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9. rOCYAapcTsa 3anaAHo&ll EsponbI
273
cYJlei-L OH I1Me.l npHBo 1HKOHO.L1.HTCJIbH0I1 HHHLlHHTl1BbI. Y BToporo H
TpeTbero KOHCYJIOB 11l\-le HlCb 'IHWb COUelllHTeJIbHbIe 1I0.II-IOIOlIIUI.
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11a31-la l laTb M3pOn KOl\-IMYH H ropOllOB. Pccny6.'1HKHHCKHi-i CTpoH YWC.'l B
npOIIL'IOC, IHHl-IMY1 n.CMOKJXlTHlICCKI1X cB06on. 6hLI] YIlI-flITO)KCIi.
B 1802 roilY oOI-l<1lIapT 61,1;1 06"MIBJleH 1I0)KHJI-IeI-lHbI1 KOI-lCY;IO1. Ero
BJIaCTb npHHH\laJIH MOHHpXl-JlleCKHi-i xHpaKTep. B 1804 roll)' OH opraI-lH30-
mUl CBOIO Kopollamllo B co6opc napH)KCKOH 6ormUlTCpH, KYJIhMHllallHcii
KOTOpOH D.OJ1)KHO 6bIJ10 CnlTb B03.10)KeHHC KOpOHbI nanoii pHICKH1. On-
HaKO HalIoTleoH caM BJSlJ1 lJaBpoBblH BeI-lOK H BOJJlO)KI-fJI ce6c I-Ia roJIOUY.
TCI CHMblf OH 6bIJI npOn03rJIalllCH l/unepamopo.u qJpmlllJ'306. B CBOHX
PYKax oommapT COCpC10TOlII-Ll Hcno.1IIHTCJ1hIlYIO H 3aKOlIon.aTC.l]hIlYIO
BJlaCTb. npH HamueoI-le CJ10)KHJlCH UeI-lTpaJIH30naHI-IblH rocY.iJ.apCTBeI-l-
HbIii annapaT. 3aKOHOllaTeJ1bHYIO BJlaCTb npellCTaB..l}IJlH CeHaT, rOCYllap-
CTBCI-IHblii COBCT, 3aKoHollaTcJlbHbIii Kopnyc. npH HMncpaTope ncikTBo-
mUlH BhlCOKHii H Tai-illblii COBCThl, npamITCJ1bCTBO (pHC. 9.3).
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seTSb snaCTH seTSb snaCTH snaCTH
I CeHaT I VlMnepaTOp CYAbl
(HanoneoH MCKJlI04Ii1TenbHO -
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r oCYAapcTBeHHbl
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PUC. 9.3. CTPYKTypa IIcpRoif "\UlclnlH 1804-1814 rr.

274
III. IIICTOplllSi rOCYAapCTsa III npasa Hosoro speMeHIII
C HleHet HanoJ1COHa. a TaK)KC cro IlJIe1\UIHI-IHKa JlYH O()I-lanapTa,
npamIwero II03)Ke, cmuaHO "POl-ICXO)l(JleI-ll1e repMHHa DUHl/nap/mllAt,
ynoTpc6J1}!CMOro iUl}! 060311a l 1CIH1}! pC)KHfa JHlllHOH B.laCTH, B03111-1-
KalOwen> H 06cnmOBKC 06111CCTHeI-lI-loro Kpl13l1ca. C nOJIHTHKo-opraI-lH-
Ia!lHOIIIIOH TOllKH 3PCIIH}! 60IHmapTH3M CCTh PC)KHM mflllloH Macnl n
061llCCTBe C Bpa'lYIOIIUHIH nOmlT1-l l ICCKI1MH rpynrIHpoBKaMH H K."'Iacca-
MH, KOTOpbIH orHlpaCTCH B CBOe\1 yrBep)l(1I.eHIHf I-Ia nOlUlCp)KKY apMHH I-I
TJI-lllHbIH aBTOpl1TCT npmU1TcmI, npeTCIIJ1YKmrcro lIa pOJ1b ap6HTpa I-t no-
CpelI.I-IHKa BO B3aJ-IMOOTI-IOWeI-lIUIX 1\-le)l(1I.Y Bpa)IWYlOlllH\fH IIOJlHTl-flleCKH-
MI-I CH.laIH.
HCTOPH}I nepBOH (l)paI-lUY3CKOH IHIIICpHH - 31"0 HCTopml HCllpe-
pbIBlibIX 3axnaTHWICCKHX noHII. nonY.TmpllbIi.i 130 <DpallUl-m Hano.1COII
IIC no.lb30mL1C}1 .llOBCpHCf cBponcikKHX lOlIapXOB. Y)KC lIaXOJ15!Cb B
COCTOHHI-fH noih.lbl C Al-lrm-lcii, <DpaI-lUH}! CTOJ1KI-IYJIaCb C yrp030ii BTOp-
)KCIIU}! Boi1cK Poccm-I, AnCTpHH H npyccm-I. PCaKIH1}! Hano.1COIta 6blJ1a
Mri-iOBeHHoi.i: 3a D,Ba ro).J,a OH p,UrpOMHJ1 CBOHX npOTl-IBI-IHKOB, nOKopHB
BCIO EBpony. f;1 TyT Yllatta CTMa H3ICHHTb HanOJ1COHY: CI-talta I]a Ha nH-
peHeikKOM nOJ1YOCTpOBe, a 3aTe1 B POCCHH B 1812 ro.ny. B 1814 rollY
PYCCKHC, aBcTpHi-icKHC, nPYCCKHC H aHr.1Hi1cKHC DoHcKa DCTym-lJ1H DO
CDpaI-lLlI1l0. IHmcplUI Han01eOI-la npCKpaTHJla CBoe cymccTBOBaI-lHe.
3BOI\IOLJ,V1 rocy AopCTseHHoro CTpO cDpOHLJ,V1l11
OT pe>l<lI1MO PeCTOSpOLlV1l11 AO BTOpoLil V1Mnepll1V1
nOC.1C nOpa)KCIIIHI IHmCpHI1 6bLla pccnlBpHpOBalla .\10IlapXUR Eyp-
001108. 0111aKO nO.1HOC nOCCnlllOBJ1CIIHC cTaporo CTpml 6h1JIO Y)KC HC-
B03MO)K1-I0. B 1814 roilY 6b1JIa npHI-I}!Ta Xap/1lllH. Ol-la npon03r.1aWMa
IICKOTOpblC nOJIHTHlICCKHC cB06011bJ. B cTpallc BBOllHJIaCb KOIlCTlUYUH-
OHI-Ia}! fOI-Iapxml. KOpOJ1b nOJ1Y l ta I] BCIO noni-ioTY HcnOnHHTCJlbHOii B..l]a-
CTH H HMe.'I npaBO 3aKOHOll<1Te.'lbHOH HHHUIfaTlfUbl. nap.'IaleI-lT CTpaI-lbI
6bIJI 06pa30BaH B COCTaBC .JUYX naJ1aT: mUIaTbl rnpOB H ml1aTbI .uenYTa-
TOB. BblcoKHe B03paCTHble H H\1ywecTBeHHble UeI-l3bl OTCTpaH}IJ1H OT
Bbl60pOB 3I-1a t (H reJlbHYIO llaCTb HaCe.lICI-IHH. 5bL'I<1 BBellCHa llOnOJIHH-
reJlbI-l<U1 uCH3ypa npeCCbI. 3anpelliCHbi c06paHH}1 H j\-laI-lH<I)eCTaUHH. 3m
BbI3B.t:IO Bce06111ee I-IellOBOJlbCTHO pe)KHfOl, I-I B HIOJIe 1830 r. BOC-
CTaBWHe ropo)l(aI-le 3aI-ln.'1H CTO.llHUY. KpynH<U1 6YP)Kya3IUI C<pOpMHpO-
Bi.Lla BpCteHl-Ioe npaBHTeJ1bCTBO, IIPOU03LlaCHBLuee KOpOJIeM JIyu (/)/1-
Jlwma Op.leaflCKO?O (n pmU1J1 B 1830-1848 rr.).
HOBbIii pC)KHf 6bLl K)PI-UUllICCKH O(I)op1JICII Xapm/leil /830 l. Pac-
IIIHpHJlaCb pOJIb napJ1afCIlTa. 5blJ1H YMCllhUlClibI n03pacTIIoH H IHIYIIIC-
CTBCIlIIblii !lCII3bl, B PC3Y.l]bTaTC llCro YBC.'Hl l lHJ10Cb lIHCJ10 H36HpaTc.I]ci-L
B CPCBP,LI]C 1848 r. n napH)KC 6bLTJa paCCTpCJI}!lta MHpHmI n.CMOIICT-
paUH5! napH)KaI-l, Tpc60BanwHx .J.cIOKpaTinaUl-IH nO.1HTWICCKOro CTp05!

9. rOCYAapcTsa 3anaAHo&ll EsponbI
275
H YJ1Y l IllICHH}I 3KOI-lOIHlICCKoro nOJlO)J(eHmI I-IapOll.a. 3TO nOCJ1Y)J(I-IJIO
TO.llIKO\f K BOOPY)J(CIIIIO\fY nOCCTaIlHiO. BOCCTamlJHC OR1allc:m napu-
)l(C1. J1yu cJ>Hmmn OTPCKC}! OT npccTO.1a. 6blJIa npOB03rJ1aWCI-Ia pcc-
ny6mfKa. BecHoH 1848 r. COCTO}iJ1HCb Bbl60pbl B YllpemneJlbHOe co6pa-
I-IHe, COCTaH KOTOpOro H 3T01\-1 )J(e roLlY npHI-I}IJ1 I-IonylO KOHcmll111YI(1II0.
B COOTnCTCTBIHI C llcii 6blJla npHiHlTa pecnyoJ111KallCKaf/ (f)()p.ua npan-
JICI-IHH, npoBo3rJlaWaJIOCb pa3ilCJlCI-IHC BCTBci-i BJ1aCTH. npc.nCTaBHTc.lb-
Hoe npaUJIeHue. Hlll(1I0HlJ IbHoe co6paHlIe 06"bSmm1.10Cb BbICillHM OpraHO\f
3aKOI-lOJWTC.lbHOii n.1aCTH. B ero KO\HICTCHUHIO HXOllHJlO: HCK,llOlIH-
TCJ1bIlOC npaBO npIHHITI-HI 3aKoIIOB, pCIIICIIHC nonpocon Boi-illbI H MI-Ipa
H !J.p. flpe311dellm CT<mOnl-IJlC}! rnanoii HcnOmUnCJ1bIlOH BJlaCTH. OhlJ10
COXpaI-lCHO npC)I(Hee allMI-fI-lI-ICTpaTHuHO-TeppHTOpHaJlbI-lOC llCJleHlfC I-Ia
.nenapra\leHTbl, JlHClpHKTbl H KOfMYI-lbl. BBOllHJ10Cb Bceo6lllee I-I np}l-
Moe In6HpaTc.lbllOC npano. rOJ10COBaJ-IHe 6blJ10 TaiiI-lbIM. f;136HpaTcJ1b-
IIbIC npaBa nOJlYlH1J1H ncc <J>paIlUY3bl B B03paCTC OT 21 rolla, a H36pall-
IIbI\1H />.-IOrJlH 6bITb .ll-ma, .nOCTHrWI1C 25 J1CT.
nepl3bl\f 11J6paI-lHb1M IIpe3HlleHTOM pecny6J111KH CT,UI JIYlI EOHanapm
(npam-IJI B 1852-1870 IT.), n;IeHIHI-II1K HanOJleoHa. BCKope OH conep-
1IH1J1 rocYJmpCTBCllllblii ncpcnopOT, pa30flHL1 IlalU-IOII<LlbIlOC co6pallHc.
HOBasl KOllcmllmYI(lIR /852 l. 3aKOllo.uaTCJIbIlO 3aKpCnI-fJ1a R'IaCTb JlYH
60I-lanapTa. BC}I nOJ1HOTa BJlaCTH nepeXOLUfJ1a K npe3HlleI-lTY, KOTOPOfY
6blJ1l1 nOllllHHCI-IbI Bce OCHOBI-Ible 3BeHMI roCYJ-lapCTBeI-lI-lOrO annapara, B
TO1 lH1CJle apfH}I. nO:IHUlHI. )J(aI-llI.apMCplHl. TOJlbKO npe3HlleI-lT 06JlanaJ1
npaBOM 3aKOII0J1aTCJlbIlOi-1 HIIHUlmnmbl. 011 In6upaJIc}i Ita 10 J1CT, I-I
J1HWb 3TO OTJIWlaJIO cro OT I-IaCJICllCTnCHI-Ioro :\wI-Iapxa.
BCKope JlYH 60Hanapr 6bJlI npOB03rJlaWCI-I HMlleparopOM (l>paHUY-
Ion IIOLl I1MCI-ICM HaIIO;IeOI-la II I. YCT<lI-lOBI-IJlaCb nOCI-II-IO-lIo"H1ucikK<U1
.lU1KTaTypa. B nO.1HTHKC COlICT,umCb n.CMaronHI H pcnpCCCHH. BbIXOlI. H3
TPY1lI-lbIX cHTyauHii B CTpaHC InmcpHSI mmCJIa B no6c.uoHOCI-Ioi-l BoiiHC,
KOTOpylO oI-la HalJala JICTOM 1870 r. nponm npyccm-I. O.uI-laKO cJ>paH-
UIHI 110 rcplIeJIa 1I0pa)J(eHHe. OI-lO nOCT<lBH;IO <DpaHUHlo I-Ia rpaHb I-Ia-
IU-IOII<LlbIlOii KaTaCTp(}(l>bl.
napll1>KCI<O)1 I<OMMYHO 1871 r.
npyccaKH 3a1UIJ1H 60J1bWYIO lIaCTb Teppl-ITopHH <DpaIlIH1H. Ha 3a-
uuny CTpaHbl nOJll-f}!JlHCb pa6o l IHc, ncpCJ10na}! IH-ITCJlJ1HrCI-lLU-I}i, MCJ1Ka}!
6YP)J(ya3IHI. 6blJ1a C<I>OpMI-lpoBaHa HaLU-fOI-la'lbHml rnapmHI. KpynHa}i
6YP)J(ya3ml 60JlbWC onaC,UIaCb pa60 l IHx, llCM npyccaKOB.
B I-IOYb Ha 18 MapTa 1871 r. npaBHTCJ1bCTnCI-IHbIC BoikKa nbIT,L1HCb
:mxnaTHTb nYIIIKH napH)J(cKoii lIat(lI01lG -lbllOii l6apolill H P<.130PY)J(UTb
pa60 l H1x. 1-10 COJ1n.aTbl OTKa3,U1HCb CTpCmITh B lIapOII. H CT<L1H 6paTaTI>C}1

276
III. IIICTOplllSi rOCYAapCTsa III npasa Hosoro speMeHIII
C I-II-I:\1. npanHTCJ1bCTBO 6C)Ki.UlO H3 ropo.n.a. H ILlaCTb n CTOJ1HUC nCpCUlJ1.1
B PYKH UCIITP,l'IbIlOro KO:\IHTCTa 1-laUHOII<Ulblloii rBapn.IHI.
PYKon01ll-fTCJ1H :-.mIlHCTcpCTn H BClI.OMCTn nOKHllyml ropOll, a OC-
TaBWHCCH n HCM lllfHonHHKH HC )f(CJlaJHI pa60TaTb. B 3TI-1X YCJ10Bl-f}!X
6blJIO npm-I}!TO PCWCIIHC 06 YBOJlbllCIIHH BCCX tIHHOBHHKOB, KOTOpblC IIC
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HOH rBap.ilHH 6bIJ1H npOBC.ileHbl Bcc06wHC npmlblc Bbl60pbl B npCJlCTa-
BHTCJ1bHbIH opraH BJJaCTH - Cueem l/apu.)ICCKOl/ KOJ",UYHbl. 26 1\mpTa
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60 t ll-fC HJlH I-IX npc..aCTaBlHCJlH. OpraHo1 B,laCTI1 H ynpawIcHl-fS1 KO\IMY-
HbI CT.UI Concr Oapl-I)KCKOfi KOfMYHbl (pl1c. 9.4).
KOMHCCHH(10)
CoeeT nap&ilxcKoLii KOMMYHbl
KOMHTeT
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9. rOCYAapcTsa 3anaAHo&ll EsponbI
277
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BCHI-IOCTl1 Ha CpCllCTBa IIPOlHUOllCTBa: KOI-l<I>HCKOBaJla 6CJllCikTBOBi.m-
WI-IC npc.anpI-UlTml, 6POWCHI-ILIC X03}!CBaHI, H ncpc.aa1a HX accow.mUH-
m1 pa60 l IHx. UCpKOBb 6bI.1a OTllC.'lCHa OT rocy.napCTna. npon03f;lallla-
lIHCL IICOThC:\L1CILIC npana rpa)f(1lall lIa TpYll, cB060ny J1WIIIOCTH, CDO-
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278
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9. rOCYAapcTsa 3anaAHo&ll EsponbI
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280
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10pnCm1KUI-II-I, OKPY)I(HblC cyn.LI 11 MuponLIC CYilLH. I-hlcmlcL KaccaUH-
OHHbli1 I-I aneJIJUlUI-IOHHbli1 CYilbl (CM. pHC. 9.3).

282
III. IIICTOplllSi rOCYAapCTsa III npasa Hosoro speMeHIII
B nepHOll PeCT<lBpaWIH oyp60HOB CYUleCTBOB(UHI Cy.rrbI HCKJ1K)lIH-
reJlbHOH IOpHCllI-lKUHH, KaccaUHOHHblH, <1I1CJJ1UIUl-IOHHbli-l, OKpY)J(HbIe
CYllbI H MllponblC CYllbH. AHa.l0rJ-lllHbIC CYllbl llcikTnOBaJlH B TelICHI.IC
BTOPOH H"mCpHJ-I.
Bo BpeleHa napmKCKOM KOMMYHbI CTapoe CYllOYCTPOMCTHO H CYJlO-
npm1JBOllCTBO 6bL1H OHleHeHbi. CYlle6Hmi CI.ICTe\ta napH)J(CKoii KO\I-
MYHbI COCT05lm\ IU 06rnerpa)J(1laHCKHX H noeHHbIX CY1l0B. ConCT na-
pmKcKoii KO"1:\IYllhi }11U1J1C5I 1UI5I nccx cY10n KaCCaIHIOllliOH IHicTalllHlci.i
1.1 CY10\t ncpBOH HHCTaHIlIHI no ne:laM, npcn.CT<lBJ1}IJOIllH:\1 OC06YK) Ba)J(-
HOCTb. CYllbl BbI6I1p.UIHCb.
B KOHUC XlX n. YTnCpDJ1JIaCb I-Iona5! CHCTCMa cy.uon (pIlC. 9.5).
I KaCCaL.4I-10HHbl CYA I
I AnennflL.4l-10HHbl CYA I
I CYAbl nepsoi:1 I-1HCraHLlI-1V! I
I Ml-1pOBble CYAbl-1 I
PUC. 9.5. Cyncoll3H BCTBb B.13CTII <I>P3I1UIfIl B KOIIIlC XIX B.
OD.Hoii In caMblX Ba)J(HbIX 1.ICTOpl.PICCKHX oc06eHHocTeH cYlle6Ho-
npanonoH CHCTC\tbl CTa.I]O n03tulKlionCIIHC n IIcH OTD.C.']bIlOH a(hWllliCm-
pamu6110ii IOCI11lillili - co cnocH IOpl.ICfJ.HKIUICH 1.1 npollcJ1ypoii. B03-
MO)J(HOCTb npoKOHTpOJHlpOBaTb B cYlle6HO\1 IlOp}IHKe 1.1 Te1 6o:Iee 06-
)l(aJIOBaTb peweHlH1 opraHon I1CnOJ1HIHCJ1bHOH BJIacnl (He BepxoBHoi-1),
lll-lHOBHHKOB 1.1 D.OJ1)J(HOCTHbIX .lUlU Y)J(C C XVIII n. paCC"taTpHnaJIaCb KaK
O'UIa 1.13 rapaIlTHi.i ycncllllloH J1C}ITClbIlOCTH IHlCHnYTOB ynpaBJICIHUI. B
oc06eHHOCTH T<tK,HI BOJ:\IO)J(HOCTb 6bLI.t B(1)J(Ha .n;m rap<1HTlHI rpa)J(.J.aH-
CKI1X npan.
B 1 ROO rOilY 6bLI]H C03D.aIlbI C06emb/ nperjJeK/1l)'1J. Om.1 COCTOfL1I1 H3
JII.m, Ha3I1a l IaBIIII-IXC}1 r:laBOH roCYJ1<lpCTBa. 31CCb :\IO)J(IIO 6blJ10 06)J(,L10-
BaTb peweH IHI 0 HaUl-IOH,UIH3aWHI IHlyrnecTBa, pa306paTb )J(,uI06bl lta-
CTHblX J1HU no Haloro06J10)J(eHHIO, cnopbl rocYllapcTneHHoi-i allMI1HI.ICT-
palUH1 H npCnnpl-HlTHH 06mccTncllllhlx pa60T. BbIClllci1 IHicTalilUicH
aa:I.1III-II.lcTpaTHBI-IOH IOCTHIlIHI 6bIJ1 focy.aapcTBeI-lHblH CO BeT.
BnOCJ1en.CTBlHI nomm.1C5I ew.e OD.HH opraH. nK.l]lO t iCHI-IbIH n CI1CTe:\IY
<1;J.MI1HHCrpan-IBHOH K)Cn1WIH, - /1lpU6YHll_l KOHqUUKll108. Oco6oe ma-

9. rOCYAapcTsa 3anaAHo&ll EsponbI
283
lleHi-le ei\-IY 6bl110 IIpH...raHo B lIepl-IOll Bropoi1 pecIIy6mlKIJ: B COCTaB Tpl1-
6ymLla UX01.HJ1H UblCIIIHe CYJlhll pccny6.1HKI1. npcn.ccmnc.lbCTBOB<L'I II-f-
HI.ICl"p IOCHIUHH. TpH6YHa.1] 3aHI.IMa..1CH pa3pclllcHHCM cnopon 0 nOll-
CYllHOCTI1 11 0 nponmOpCllHHX n IOpHcmlKUlHI pa3HbiX Ylpe)I(JJ.cHHi.i 1.1
1.IHcnll-YTou HCIIO.'IHI-ITe.lbHoi1 BJIaCTH. B 1852 rollY Tpl.16YH.UI 6blJ1 OT-
MCIICH, 110 B I R75 r. OBonL nOCCTaHOB.1CIl.
TaKI-1\! 06pa30M, n Honoc npCIH no <1>palllum lcikTnomwH pa3-
J1WIHble cYllc6HbIC CHCTeMbl. KpO\IC Toro, HMenaCb npoKypaT)'pa, B
Q>YHKUlHI KOropOl1 BXO;UUO IIO)..IJ.I.ep)J(aHI.le o6UIIHeHI-UI 11 KOH rpO:Ib 3a
l1.eikTBlUIMII nomKHOCTHbIX J1IIIl cYJ.{a.
BonpOCbl AI\ p03Mb1Wl\eHII1 it1 I<OHTpOI\
I. KaKOBbl 6bI'II.lllI31DKYlUHe CHJlbI pCBO.'IIOIUHI no <f)paIllum'!
2. lITO OT.I]WIaJIO p;nm-tTi-le 6YP)J(ya3Hoil MO.ileJll1 rocYllapCTBa 130 <PpaH-
UlH1 OT ;:mrmIikKoii \.fO.!lCJllt?
3. KaK<UI <popMa npaBJlCJn1H 6bL1a YCT<1II0BJIClia ncpnoH pCnOJ1IOIlHOII-
Hoii KOHcTlnyuueii <DpaHIUHI'!
4. KaK,UI 113 naprl-111 BCJH1KOl1 (l>paHUYJCKoi1 pCBO.I10UIHI 3aKOHO..laTCJIL-
HO JaKpeml 'Ia 6C3B03IC3..1HYIO onlCHY (peo..aaJlbHbIX nOBl-lHHOCTCii
KPCCTb}! If!
5. KaK<U1 (I>op\ta roCY1apCTBCHHOro ynpaItl]CmHI 6bl.l]a YCTaHOB.1CHa
}IK06I1HCKOIi KOHcnIIyuHcii'?
6. OxapaKTcpl13yiiTe nOJ1I1TWleCKYIO (PluyPY HanOJleOHa oOHanapTa.
7. KaKoB 6bIn rocYllapCTBCIIIIbIii annap;:lT ncpBoi1 (l>paIIUY3CKoii IIMnepHu?
8. KaKOBbI npwnlIIbI pCCTaBpamU1 MOlIapXm-! 6yp6oIIOB?
9. lITO TaKOC 60Hanapn1JM. KaKI.IC ero npl1JHaKU C(I>OP\II1POB<lJIHCb BO
<PpaHw m ?
10. B lIbliX PYKax KOIIUCIITpHpOBaJ1aCb BC}! nOJ1IIOm B.'IaCTl1 no KOIIcnI-
TYWH1 <I)paIIIUH1 1852 r."?
11. KaKoB npaKTI1'IeCKI-lii onblT napmKcKoii KOI\.IYHbI? OxapaKTcpluyii-
Te rocY.ilapCTBCHHbIi-i mmapaT naplDKcKoi-i Kml\IYHbl.
12. KaKHc KOIICTHT)'UHOlIlIbIC JaKOlIbI ymcpllHJIII rocYJJ.apcTBclIHbIH
cTpoi-i TpCTbCii pccny6J111KIt'!
13. KaK nOB.1IH!.']a <DpaH IlY3C K<UI 6YP)J(Y,UI-laSI pCBOJ1IOIUHI Ha CTaHOBJlC-
HHe HaW-IOH.uIbHOH npaBoBoH CIICTCMbl?
14. PacKpoihc OC06CHHOCnt 6YP)J(ya3Horo npaBa <DpaHUlm.
15. KaKHC TpallHUlut cTapoii (paIIUYJcKoi-i UHI3HJ1HCTHKI1 nC)J(aT B OCIIO-
BC K01cKca Hano.l]colIa?
16. KaKI1\! BOnpOCa\! I10CBmueHa nepnan, BropasI 11 1 peTMI KHHI H Ko-
..1eKca Hano.lcoHa'!
17. llaiiTc xapaKTcpHcTHKY yroJlOBIIOro npaBa <I)paIIUlH1 B HOBoc BPC\!}!.
18. KaKOBO 6bIJIO 3aKOlIOlaTCnhCTBO napll)J(cKOii KOI\.IYIII>I?
19. KaK C.IO)J(I1JlaCb 1.1 pa3B1IBaJIaCb cy...rc6Ho-npaBoBan CI-1CTe\1a <DpaHUlH1
n HOBoe fiPC\ISI?

284
III. IIICTOplllSi rOCYAapCTsa III npasa Hosoro speMeHIII
9.3. repMoHV1: C03AOHV1e eAV1Horo
rOCYAopCTSO
Mp e nOAe.neH! Mbl He XOntM HI-tKOMY MewaTb, HO
Mbl I-t He n03BOIlM HKOMY CTaTb HaM Ha nYT. B
HacTynalOeM CTo.neT .._ HeMeL.4K HapOA 6YAeT
MOIlOTOM I-tIl HaKOBaIlbHe.
KH3b clOnoe, MI-tHCTp repMaH KOHL.4a XIX B.
3BOI\IOU.II1 repMOHCI<olil rocy AopCTseHHoCTII1
fCplaml5! n03.>KC npYnlx cBponci1cKI-lx cTpall BcrynlIJ1a lIa nYTb Ka-
nlna.1H3Ma. Pecpop\fbi B npYCCHH H ..tPyrux repMaHcKlfx rocy.aapCTBax
IIOCI-L1H Orpalil-fllCllllbIi1 xapaKTcp.
K Hall<uy XVIII B. fepMaHl-U1 COCTQ}U<1 H3 MHO.>KeCTBa rocYllapcTB
(Goncc 300), Ka)f(llOC In KOTOpblX 11MCJlO cnmo TaIO.>KCHHYIO CHCTCMY.
opraHbl YlIpaBJIeHI-UI, CBoe JaKOHOJ1..lTe.lbCTBO.
CpCLUf repI\-IaHCKHX KHmKCCTB MO.>KHO nblLlcmnb npYCCHIO. CaKco-
IlHIO, OaBapl1K) II OC06CHII0 ABCTPHK). B pCJYJ1bTaTC lIanOJ1COIIOnCKIlX
noi-iH 6bl11a nepCKpOCHa KapTa fCp\taHlm. MC t le3.1a CmILUeHHa51 PI-IM-
CKa51 H1\-InCpH5I rcpMallcKoi1 IIalllHI. B 1806 ron.y 6blJ1 C03Jl<1II PeimcKlili
COI03, B KOTOPO\f 06"bCllI1HHJH1Cb 16 IOHapxHi-i nOll IIpOTeKTopaTO\1
<PpaHlUHI.
nOC;le IIOpa.>KeHml <DpaHUHH COLl<lCHO [JaplI.JK'CK(Uty mpaKl1wmy
1814 l. 6bl11 06pa30BaH rep:\WIICKlIii C0103, COCTOHBWHH 1-13 34 rocy.uapCTB
I-I 4 BOJIbHbIX ropollOB. nOHlHHPYK)lUmI P();Jb B TOt COlO3e IIpHHaLVIe-
)l(aJIa ABCTplHI. rcptaHcKHH COlO3 HC 6b111 Hli YHlnapHblf rocYllapcT-
nOI, HH (l)cJJ.epaIUld1, nlK KaK Ka)J(}J.OC rocYllapcTBO B HeM OCTaB..UIOCb
HCJaBHClf\fLI\I. BCKope r.laUCHCTBYlOlllYIO pO.lb CTa.la HrpaTb npyccml.
:)KOIIOfI-flICCKml lOlI1b KOTOpOi1 YBCJlWmB:.UIaCb C Ka.>KI1.bl:\1 ron.m.1. 011.-
HaKO HCnlOrp}1 Ha 3TO fep\taHcKHi1 COIOJ IIpOllO.I])I(<lJI 6bITb pblXJIOi-1
CTPYKTypoi1: nonpoc 0 C11111CTnc ocnm..LI]CH OTKpbIThl:\1. B npYCCHH I-I
..tPYnlX rep"laHCKHX roCYllapCI Bax 1I0.rr BJIIUIHI-leM <DpaHUY3CKOH peBO-
JIl0UHH B03IUIK.il0 6YP.>Kya3Ho-.uCfOKpaHlllcCKOC D.81-I.>KCHHC, ncpcpocWCC
B BOOPY.>KeHHYto 60pb6y. B 1830 roIlY BCllbIXHYJIa peBOJ1K)WUI, KOTopml
BCKOpC 6LIJla no.uanJICHa. PClllCHHC 3an.a t ll-l 061>eLUIHCHI-I5I CTpaHLI OTK.Ha-
.lI.bIB,L10Cb.
B 1834 ro.llY 18 HeMeUKI-IX roCYll<lpCTB 06paJOBaJHI TaJHO,)fCeHHblii. CO-
103. ABCTpml I-I CC C..lTC.l:IHTbl B Cm03 IIC nOIlL1H. DOJ1bIlIC BCCX OT Ylla-
CTlm B COIOJC BbHH p<um npYCClHl. 3BOJ11Oumi repM<lHCKOH rocymipcT-
nCIIIIOCHI nponOJ1.>K<l.laCb I-I B nOCJ1c.fJ.}'IOIIUlC rOllbl (pHC. 9.6).

9. rOCYAapcTsa 3anaAHo&ll EsponbI
285
JlIIIKBIIIAal..!,lIIR CBRll!.eHHO&ll PIIIMCKO&lllllMneplll1ll repMaHcKo Hal..!,lIIlII nOCI1e
3aXBaTa <1>paHLlIIIe repMaHlII1II
1806 r. I PeHHcKIIIH COlO3 I
1815 r. I r epMaHcKIIIH COlO3 B BIIIAe KOHeAepal..!,lIIl11 I
1834 r. I TaMO)KeHHbIH COlO3 I
1866 r. I CeBepo-repMaHcKIIIH COlO3 I
1871 r. I r epMaHCKaR IIIMneplllR B BIIIAe eAepal..!,llllll I
PUC. 9.6. 3BOJllOIUfSl repM3HcKOH rOCYJl3pCTBCHHOCTlf
B IICpJtO.l C 1806 110 1871 r.
B 1848-1849 roilax n fepIaHHI.1 npm130WJla HC3aBcpweHHmi 6YP)J(Y-
a3HO-lle\fOKpaTWlecKaSl peBomoUlISI. LrIaBHoi.i cc D.nu)I(ywcH cHnoH 6bL1H
pa60 t lHe, pCMCCJ1CHHHKH, leJlKUe KpCCTMIHC. PCBO.lIOUlISl nOTcpnena no-
pa)J(CHue. Pa60 l mi1 KJ1acc 6b1J1 HCOpraHI1JOB<1HHbIM H HC..10CT,UOlIHO 3pC-
J1bll. KpeCTMIH(''TBO B OCHOBHOi1 \taccc HC 1I011H}VIOCb Ha 60pb6y C 1I0\tC-
lUI1Ka\HI, a JHI6ep,ulbH<.UI 6YP)J(yaJlUl 6bLJa 1I0JJl-lHIt.ICCKI.1 IPYCJJI-IBOH 1.1 HC-
PCUH1TCJ1bHoi.1. ECJlI-I BO <DpaHWHI XVIII B. B XOJ1C peBOJ1K>WH-1 6bIJIH
YHI-flITO)J(CHbl nOtlTH ncc ncpC)J(IHKU (I>C01.,U1IU\fa, TO B fcp1\mmm coxpa-
IIIUOCb rocnO.fJ.CTnO nOfCIIUlKon. a CTpalla OCTa.TIaCb nom.ITWICCKI.1 pa3-
.l1.P06.IJCHlfOH. oYP)J(ya3HH yn.,Ll0Cb J106IHbC}1 .IJHlIlb IICKOTOpblX pc(l)op\1.
B 1850 ro.fJ.Y B npyccm.1 6bl.l]a nplHlSlTa KOIiCl11lil11YI(lIR. Olla 3aKpc-
nUJ1a npCD.CTamITCnbHOC npan.1CIUIC H BKJ110 l IHJIa n CHCTC\tY BbICWI.IX
roCYllapCTnCHHblX opraHon D.Byxna.HaTHbIH napna\tCHT. Olma naJJaTa
(na.llaTa D.CnyraToB) 6bIJIa nbI60pHOH, D.pyraSl (naJJaTa rocnoD.) COCTaBJISI-
lIaCb 110 KOpOJleBCKOMY YKa3Y 113 IIpHHUCB KpOBII, KH}l3ei-i H llpyrHx Ha-
3Ha l ICHHbiX KOpOHOH m1U. KOpO.Ib 06mlJl(UI IIpanOM 3aKoH01IaICJlbHOi't
HH I1UH<1T11 Bbl. IIpaBOM BeTO. OH OCTamUIC}1 LlaBoH 1.lcnOJIHIHC.llbHOH
B.lJaCTU. KOHCH1IYUlUI YCTaHaBJllmaJIa. llro «I.ICIIOJIHIHC.llbH.UI BJJaCTb
IIpl.IH.ULle)J(HT ()llHOtY Kopomo», a «3aKOHo.aaTCJlbH<UI BJlaCTb ocywecTB-
T)}IeTC5! COBMCCTHO KOP()J1C1 1.1 06clum mLlaTa\HI».
KOHcTlnyUllSl D.CKJ1apHpOBaJJa onpCD.CJ1CHllbIH Ha60p ilC\tOKpaTWIC-
CKI1X npaB H CBo6o...r: CBo6o.ay co6paHIIH 11 COIOJOB, CBo6o.ay C.lOBa 1.1
HcnpllKOCHOBeHHOCTb JlHlIHOCTII. Ho OHH COIIPOBO)J(JJ.,UIHCb onpe...relCH-
IIbI\H1 oronopKa\H1. KOTOphiC no cyn-l CnOJUWI.1 ncc lIa HCT. Cn060n.a
c06paHl.IH, HanplIMCp, OrpaHI1'BmaJ1aCb O}J.HI1\1 na)J(Hbl\t YCJ10mleM, Ka-

286
III. IIICTOplllSi rOCYAapCTsa III npasa Hosoro speMeHIII
caK>UlHMC}I .11-I11Ib «HIBllH-lX C.1oen 06lUeCTBa.): c06paHmI p,upew.t-10Cb
npOBOJUlTh TOJ1bKO n nO\ICIIlCIIIHI - nOJl KphllllCH (!). HCT ilClIcr lIa TO,
(IT06bl apeHilOBaTb n01\-IClUCHHC, HCT H npa13a Ha c06paHmi.
PO>KAeHlI1e r epMOHCI<OIl1I11Mnepll1l11
B 1862 rollY npCMbcp-MI-IHI-ICTPOM npyccm-I cra..l O. bucHapK (1815-
1898) I-I OCTamt-1C}I HI 110 1890 r. CBoei-i peIIyraUH-
ci-i «)KC.'IC3110ro KaIlIV1cpa» 011 6h1J1 065nall nom1TH-
(ICCKHM ycnCXa\1 II KYpCY Ha CluonblC "ICTO,abI 3a-
KpcnJ1CHlHi npYCCKoro rocnOIlCTl3a B HC"1eUKO-
}l3bl l IHOi-i UeH I pa;IbHoH EBpolle.
Bblxoncit H3 npyccKoi-i apHCTOKpanm, DHC-
MapK OT.1WlaJICn I3HCWHei-l lnm03aHTHOCTblO,
...  -:- )KeJle3Hoi-j BOllei-i, rpoI.11lHoi-i I PYIlOClloc06HO-
... CTbIO. m-llIlfoi-i OTB3roi-i. B "IOJlonocnl 6JHICTa..l Ha
IlY3J1S1X. nOJlytH1J1 6J1arOllapHocTb OT KOpOJlSl 3a
cnaccmlc .uBYX yronalOllUlX. Ero He CTpaWIUHI
HaeIHble y611HUbI. O,aHa)l(}lbI (B 1866 r.) BO Bpe-
:\UI nOKywelHUI OH CX13anlJ1 3a ropJlo OJlHOro H3
IIHX, Koma TOT IlBa)K1lbl BbICTpCJ1HJI B Hcro H3 pCBOJlbocpa.
01-1 n(>Ka3.L'I Ce6}I nO.1HTHKO:\1 TBCPJlOii BOJ1I.1 H 60JlblllOro npaKTWIe-
CKOro yfa. Ero OTJ1I.flIaJIa nOllHaH 6ecucpCMOHHOCTb n Bbl60pc cpeIlCTB
]L'I}I 3alIU1Tbl HHTCpCCOB nPYCCKoi-i MOHapXHH. bHCMapK TpanlJ1 Kpyn-
HblC CpCIlCTl3a Ha YBCJ1I.l l lemlC apMIUI H OTK.l0HSIJI TpC60BaHWI 6YP)Kya-
nHI 0 npoBCIlcmm J1I16cpaJlbHbiX pCcpOpM. B OilHOM H3 BbIcTyn.1CI-H-IH
OHC:\tapK 3aSlIUL'I, liTO «BeJlHKHe BonpOCbl 3nOXH» peWalOTC}1 He napJ1a-
MCHTCKHMH pellaMII If rO"10conaHI-ICl\-I, a «)Ke.1C30M H KponblO».
npyccKoi-j Iollapxm-I HY)KHa 6bIJla ClLlbmUI apMml nJl}! ynCp)KallHH 0
nOBl-IHOBeHIHI HapOlla If np013elleHiUl BoHH C UCJlblO HaCII.lbCTueHHoro
061>cmHICHHH fcpMamm nOil cnOHM rJlaBCHCTBO1. fJlamloH nOMcxoH
Ha  ro1 "Y HI C nLIa ABC rpml. OHa ro)l(e IIpe reHJ.lOmLIa Ha LTlaBHYIO
pOJlb 0 fepMamm n npOnmlUIaCb nJlaHaM OHC"1apKa. npaBl1TCJ1I.1 pSlila
MalbIX roq'lapcTB 6mL1HCb nOrJlOLIleHIHI HX BJlanelHIi-i npYCCHei-i I-I 61.1-
111-1 Ha CTOpOHC ABCTpHH. BCKope DHCMapK 06"MIBHJI UOHHY D.aHIIH I-I
nOTpc60mt-l, lIT06hl olla oTKa3,LlaCh OT nX01HnIIIHX n IICC HC"ICIlKHX
TeppHTopHi-i. npYCCKHe BoikKa JIerKO p;n6HJIH CJw6yIO mnCKYIO apMHIO,
HO AnCTpHSI HC corJlaCII.laCb C J1ci1cTBHmm npyccm-I.
onnmpK pCIIII1J1 mmccnl Y.fJ.<IP AnCTpnn. MClllaBlllci-i 06"bC.fJ.IHICIH-IIO
fCp!\laHIHf nOll rJlaneHCTBO\1 npYCCHH. B 1866 roilY npYCCKa}I ap:\IIUI
nToprnaCb 00 nJIan.cmlSl AOCTplHI I-I 3 mOJlSl pa3rp01\HLla cc noikKa npH
lleWCKOl\-1 CeJleHIHI Ca.J.oBa. DH ma .:)ra peWH.la HCXOll 60pb6bI Ja J"..'Ja-
BCHCTBO npyccm-I n fcpMamm. npYCCHSI OKOH(JaTcnLHO npnCOem-lHI-IJIa
M.t-lbIe I-IeMeUKHe roCYIlapCTBa n ueHTpe fepM.uHm"
AUCTpHI-f IIpHWJIOCb conmCHlbC}J Ha pocnYCK fepMaHcKoro COI03a. BMC-
CTO HCro n 1866 r. 6hlJl C03J1all CeeepO?ep.1taIiCKlill COIO) 1-13 22 IIC\ICIlKlfX ro-
f'
r
O. 6lfCMapK

9. rOCYAapcTsa 3anaAHo&ll EsponbI
287
CY.fJ.<lpCTn no.fJ. rmmCIICTBOM npyccm-I. Bcc oml coxpalll-Ll1-I \IOIIapXWlccKOC
YCTpo, iicTBO CBOI-I D.l-1HaCTlm 1-1 IIpaml reJH>C"I Ba, OHleJlbHble apMIH-I, .3.:'1KOHbl 1-1
cy.ne6HblC nOpHilKI-I. B 1867 ron.y 6Ll1a npl-lH}ITa KOHcmumYl{UR Ceeepocep-
UOIlCKOi'O COI030, COLlaCHO KOTOpoi-i ncSI llilaCTb ncpCxom1.la npC3HllCHT}'
COIOJa - IIPYCCKO\ty KOpOJIIO, KaHLLlepy 1.1 06lUecolO3HoMY pei-ixcrary.
nOC.1C p,13rpm,ta AncTpHII rJIanI-IOH notcxoii ua nynl mLl]bllciilllcro
061>CLUIHeHWI fep\taHI-III BO rmme C npyccl-leii CTa.l]a HtnCpWI HanoJ1c-
011<1 II I. Ec npamlTCJ1LCTno Tpc60Ba.l0, llT06LI IO)J(IIbIC JlC\!CUKIIC rocy-
.J.apcrna OC"l<lB.UUlCb BHe 061>e1U1HeHHOH feptaHI-II-I, H CTpOHJIO 3aBoeBa-
TCJlLJ-ILIC nJlaHLI 3axnaTa pSJIm HC1CUKI.IX 3C1eJ1L J-Ia J1cno\! 6cpcry Pci.i-
Ha. bl-lCMapK peWH;1 p.13rpOMHTb <DpaHUI-IK>, lIT06bI JanepWH rb 06"belll-l-
HCHHe fep\taHI-II-I «CBepxy». 3TO COCTmlJ10Cb B pe3YJ1bTaTe (l>paHKO-
npyccKoi.i noBllbl (1870-1871). JlYlJUiC nOOPY)J(CHII<UI 1.1 fioJ1cC 1II0ro-
lIl-lCJleHH,UI apMltS1 npYCClHt HaHeCJIa <ppaHUY3cKI.IM BoikKaM COKPYWI-I-
TCJ1bHOC nOpmKCUI-IC 1.1 oKKynl-lpOmuIa 3IHl l UlTCJ1bllYIO lraCTb <DpaIlIUH-1.
B 1871 rOIlY B Bepc,ule 6bl110 06"MIBJIeHO 0 C0311aH 1-111 FepJ,wHcKOlI lLU-
neplill no mallC C 1.1 M ncpaTopml. KOTOpbl\t CTa.l npyccKl-li-i KOpOJlb BUlb-
i'e.lbM I (1797-1888). B COCHm feptaHCKoii lumeplHI BOllL1H YlJaCTl-UlKH
CenepOrCp1\-taHcKoro COlO3a 1.1 IO)J(Ho-rep-taHCKHC rocYllapcTna co CBOI-I\Ht
umaCnHI\H1 H npam1TCJ1bCTnaH1. 3J1b3aC H lraCTb JloTapHUnH-1 6blJ11-1 01-
roprH)'TbI or <DpaHUlH-1 1.1 IIpHcoeLUIHeHbI K feptaHcKofi I-IMllepml.
B 1871 ro.uy fiblJ1a npHIISlTa KOllcmllll1Yl{UR fep"'talluu. Cl,1BoH 1.IMnc-
pm.1 CTaJ1 npyccKHi1 KOpOJ1b, I-IMeBWHii 3Ha l 1HTeJ1bHYIO IICnOJ1HI1TeJ1bHYIO
BJlaCTb. no KOI-lCTHTYUlHI 6bL111 o6pa30naHbI HBe mt-laTbI: OIma - Co-
103Hbli-i COlleT (O}'Hoecpam) 1.1 n.pyrml - pelixcmai!. l.JacTb llen TaTOB Co-
103Horo coneTa HaJHalI.UI l-1\meparop, a lJaCTb Ha3Ha l la.JlaCb npaBlneJlb-
CTBm-1H COI03J1bIX rOCY1apCTB. D.cn)'TaTbl )J(C pci1xcTara In6Hpa.rHlCb.
COI03Hbli-i COlleT Hte.1 npallO H3.uaHIHI YKa30n, HMellWI1X CIUY 3aKOHa,
T.e. ofiJlall,L'I 3aKOHOilaTeJ1bHOH nJI<ICTbK> IIOMHtO peiiXCTara (pl-lc. 9.7).
Ha3Ha4eHl-te
r OTBeTCTBeH HOCT b ' ittMnepaTop (KOpOIlb npycc&,m) 
I KOHTpacrHaTypa I
... ...
KaHLVlep (npeMbep-
MHCTp) npycc1-t
3aKOH
COI03Hbl CO BeT
(6YHAecpaT)
PeHXCTar
L npfiMble Bbl6oPbl,
Bceo6w.ee MY)KCKOe
36paTenbHoe npaBO
Ha3Hal.jeHe 
npeACTaBTeneH
npaBI-tTenbCTBOM 3eMenb
PI-tC. 9.7. CXe\f3 rOCY.lI.apCTBellilOro YCTpoiicTB3 fepM311cKOii Itl\mepltlt
no KOHCTlIT)lUtil 1871 r.

288
III. IIICTOplllSi rOCYAapCTsa III npasa Hosoro speMeHIII
Pei1XC rar IIpe...rIlpI1HIUt<UI HeOllHOKp<HH ble I10IlbIrKH YCTaHOBlHb
KOIlTpO.'Ib 3a I1CnOJ1lIHTCJlblIOI-f BJlaCTbIO, 110 I1a npaKTlIKe IIC 6bL10 CI1C-
TClbI pa3.ilCJ1Cm-15I BJ1aCTci-1, a CHCTCMa CllCp)l(CK I-I npOTlmOBCCOB HC
lleiicTnona 1a.
11 \mepCKOC npaBI-ITeJ1bCl BO IIpellCTaBJ1S1JI KaHUJIep. (I>YHKUHH H
nOJ1HO\tQlllUl KOToporo 6bl11l1 OllCIIb llHlpOKIHHI. MCCTlIhlC npam1TCJIb-
cTim maBllbl1 06pa301 HcnOJ'ImL'IH H"mcpCKHC 3aKOH!>!.
TaKH\1 06pa30M. KOHCTHTYWHI U:!71 r. 6bLla BblpmKeHHeI\"1 KO\mpO-
MI-lcca l\-le)J()J.Y (l)eO,J.;UbHO-K>HKepCKIHI 3eIJleBJta..aeHI-le"l H I1PYCCKO-
rcpM.UICKIHI Kamn<L10"1.
OOCJ1C 061>C.uHIICIHI5! B rcp"UU-UUI HalllUIaCTCSI 3KOHO\lWICCKHH
pOCT. B 1880 roilY 6blJ10 nBClleHO ncpnoc n Enponc rocYlI.apCTnCHHOc
COUl-taJlbHoe 06ecIIe l lCHHe. ObIJIa Yllpe)J()J.eHa 06lUerepMaHCK<UI Ba nOTa.
YBCJ1I-lllHJlOCb lUlCJ10 pa60l.lHx, lITO nhlflBlU,UIO pa60 l ll-lH KJIaCC n I10nY10
nOJil-ITJ-IlICCKYIO CI-f.I]Y.
3a KOpOTKHi1 CpOK rep"1aHIUI CTMa caloi1 1\WlllHOi1 cBponcHcKoi-l
.llep.>Kanol-f, 6pOCHBweH BbI30B AHr:JIHI, <DpaHwul I-I POCCHH, lira IIPIl-
neJ10 K nepnoH MHpOBOH Boi1He, n KOTOPOi1 fepMaHml nOTepneJ1a 110-
pa.>KCIII-IC. MOIlapxHSI 6!>IJ1a ynpa3JfJ.HCHa. noc.'IC OKOHlI<UIIUI ncpnol-f
\H1pOBOH BOl-fH bl Halla TJCSI npouccc CTaHOB.,leHI-U1 pecny61111KaHcKoro
KOHCTHTYUHOHHOro CTpon fepMaHim.
npOso. repMOHCI<oe rpO>I<AOHCI<Oe YAO>KeHlI1e 1896 r.
B TO npe\HI KaK B npaBe <DpaHUHH, AHrmUI HOBOro Bpe\leHH Ha-
IlJJ1I-1 1IIHpOKOe (>Tpa.>KeI-IHe HI-ITCpeCbI 6YP.>Kya_mH, rCptaHCKoe 3aKOHO-
n.aTCJ1!>CTno nO l lTlI nOJ1ll0CTbi0 coxpamL10 HOpMbl (PCOJ1.<UIbIIOro npana.
CoxpaWIJ10Cb llCJlCHHe )l(I-ITCJlCI-f Ha rocnoil I-I cJlyr, T.C. CYlUCCTBOBM
COCJIOBHblH CTpoi1.
B 1794 roilY 6bIJlO npHIISlTo flpyccKoe 3e.UCKoe )lO.JlceHlle. 0110 co-
CTOHT H3 llBYX ltaCTCi-i. B ncpnol-f "JanHcaHbl HOpMhl rpa:>K1laI-lcKoro npa-
na, BO nTopoH roBOpl1TC}1 0 npanOBO1 n0J10.>KeHIHI coc.10nHi1, cTaTyce
roCYllapcrneHHblX Yllpe)J()J.eHHH, LUKOJI, UepKBl-1. 3...recb .>Ke COllep.>KaTC}1
CTaThH yroJ'IonlIoro npaBa.
KOpOJ1h <DpIIJ1PUX II, OTlI.aBa}! JIalib BpCICIHI H. BCpOSlTHO, nOIHI\taSl
onaCHOCTb H.ileii <DpaHuY3cKoi1 pCBOJilOll.HH 1789 r., 3aCTaBHJ1 COCTaBH-
TeJlefi YJIO.>KeHIHI HCXO...rlrl b 113 I1pHHUHIIon eCTeCTBeHHora I1paBa. B He1
f{mOpl-IJ10Cb 0 3allU1Te npaB J1J-llIHOCTH. c06CTneHHOCTH nOJ1.1I.aHHbIX. 3TO
6blJ1 onpC}J.CJ1CIIHbIi-j nporpccc, XOTSI H nOCJ1C npHlHITlm YJ10.>KCIIIHI or-
paHWIHBaJ10Cb npaBO C06paHl-IH. oe3 p<upeWCHI-U1 HC il03BOJ1}L10Cb npo-
BOJ-tIHb LIa.>Ke 6aHKerbl H \taCKapa.D.bI, I1pCCJlellOBaJIHCb aBTopbl I-I IBLlaTC-
.1]1-1 «onaClIbIX KIll-In>, TC. KTO «IICnO l ITHTCJlbIIO KpHnlKon<Ll npdBHTe'Ib-
CTno.>, I-I T..il. B"1CCTC C TC\I paClllHpfL1HCb npana UCpKBH. Oc060c ICCTO
OTBOJUlJ10Cb KOpOJlIO.

9. rOCYAapcTsa 3anaAHo&ll EsponbI
289
PaCCY)f(llCHml 0 3allll-1TC npaB nO.J.1laHHbIX, HX c06cTBeHHocTH B yc-
J10BH5!X nOJJI.mci1cKOro pC)J(HMa H1\-IC.1H cIHmO.lwIcCKHi-l xapaKTcp. TeM
HC \1CHCC caM >aKT lJaCTWlHoro npH3I-IaHl-I}! npan J1I-flIHOCTH. HHcTHl)'Ta
6YP)J(ya3HoH C06CTBCHHOCTH KaK OCHOBbI rpa)J(JlaHCKI-IX OTHOWCHIIH,
HBJISlHCb lIaHblO npC1cHH, 6bIJI waroM Bncpcil Ha n}'TH CnUIOBJICHI-1H
1I0noi1 CI-ICTCMbl npana.
Y.10)l(CIIHC OTK,na.l0Cb OT HCIlOJ1b30namiSi 1I0p\l pm.-ICKoro npaBa,
xonl IICKOTOpblC CTaTbH nOllHI IlCnIlKO\1 B3}IThl 1-13 CBOfJ.a 3aKOliOB IOc-
HfI-lI-taI-la. OHO 1-I3061UYCT I-IpaBoY l H1TCJ1bI-lbIMII paccY)J(Jl.eI-lIUIMH I-I B TO
)J(C Bpe1\HI npC;I,IHICbIBaCT npHMCH}ITb nbITKH, m1l0 l IHbIC Y.J.apbI. CO.J,Cp-
)l(aHIIe H }OpMa YJ10)l(CHH5! B 60JIbWei-j MCpC OTpa)l(.lJ1H I-IH rcpCCbl no-
MClUHKOB, a HC 6YP)J(yaJIHI.
rep.lllJHCKOe np(/BO 1l0JIYlH-Ll0 paJBUTHe B "POUCCCC 06"beilHHeHIUI rcp-
MaHCKHX roCYllapCTB. TaK, B 1847 r. Ha KOH(PCPCHUlHI Ta\lo)J(cHHoro
COlO3a 6bIJI npl-IH}IT 06u<er!ep.UlJIICKlili BeKcelbllbui YCI11(/6, nncpBblC npl-IMC-
mIBwl1H elll-m006pa3Hoc pcryJJI.lpOnaHHC nCKCC:1bHOro 060poTa. Ero
nplHl}!HIC YKpcmL10 n03HLUH1 npYCCHl1 n npanonoii c(l>cpc. B 1857 r01Y
lIa 06CY)f(JI.CIIHC COI03110ro ccihta 6b1J1H npCJICTan..1Clihi JIna npOCKTa Top-
roBOro KOfJ.CKca: npyccKui1 H ancTpHikKHi-i. 3aKOIIOJIaTc.1H nbl6p,L1H n
KallCCTBC OCIIOBhl }lJ1S1 6YJl.ymci1 06mcrCp"ta1lCKOH K01HqmKaIUHI TOpro-
noro npana npyccKHi-j npOCKT. nplHUITHC B 1861 r. 0611(er!epJualfcKor!o
/lW/JC06020 J1OJK'elfllR OKOlillaTCJl bliO 3aKpem1!1O BCJJ.ymyIO pOJ1 b n PYCCIHI
B C03.mlHIHI el1.HHOrO 3KOHOMIIlICCKoro H npanOBoro npOCTpaHCTn,l.
B 1900 roIlY BcrYIIIno B CI-IJIY rep.1wHcKoe 2paJK'daHCKoe J1OJK'eHlle. B
OCHOBY cm JlCrml PH\ICKOC npaBO II npeJ-tweCTBYlOlUec repMaHCKoe npa-
BO. Y;IO)l(CHHC COllep)l(l-IT mITb KHI-Ir: llepB{J}1 KHlNO - 06lU<U1 llaCTb,
Bl1lOpaJi - OTHOCI-ITC}I K 06.suaTeJlbHO\IY npany, I11pembJl - K BCWHOMY,
ttem6epl1U/R - K cC"lci1HOI\-IY. flJ1111{J}{ - K HaCJICllCTBCHHO"IY npany.
YJlO)I(CHHC npH3HaCT IOpHlI.WICCKOC mmo B KallCCTBC cy6"bCKTa rpa-
)l(H<lIICKOro npana. IOpH}1wICCKI-lc mma llC.1H.1HCb lIa llna mma: (fJepetillb/
(06mccTBa. COI03bl) I-I YllpC)f(JI.CmlSl. <1>CpCi1l1bl, B CBOIO OlICpCHh, Morml
6bITb X035!ikTBClillbl\HI I-I IICX03}likTBClillbIMH, 110 m-m<1, BXO'J.HIJUIC n
III-IX, 6bIJ1H CBH3,Ulbl 1pyr C npyro1 llJ1eIlCKIUHI npaBaHI H 06}!3,lIIIIO-
CnIHI. l.JacTHbIC JHlWI o6pa30BbIBa HI YlIpe)J(llCHI-HI H BbILleJl}I;H1 JJ,mI 3TO-
ro onpCJleJICHHOe IHIYlUeCTBO. 3a IOpHllI-llICCKI-IMII J1HWl1H nplBHaBa-
JlaCb WI-IPOK,UI npaBoclloc06HOCTb.
B YJIO)J(CHHH BCC BClUH pa311eJleHbl H<1 JC"leJlbHble YlIaCTKH H mU-l-
)J(IHlbIC BCWH. llBI-I)J(HMOCTblO ClIIHaCrC}1 Bce, II ro He }IBJHICTC}J JCMe!Ib-
Hbl\l YlIaCTKO\1 I-I cro IIpHHaililC)J(HOCTblO, IIpOllHO cmuaHHoi-i C JCM'ICi-i.
YKa3<1HbI CJ1ellYlOlUHC 6ell{Hble npaea: npaoo c06CTBeHHOCTH, B..1ailCHI-le,
nOJlb30BaHHC IIY)l(I-IMI-1 nClUa"HI (JCMC.lbHbIC I-I JlWIHblC CCpml1)TbI, Y3Y>-
PYKT), npaBO Ha nOJlytlCHHC UCHHocnl In 11)')K0i1 nCWH (3<1J10r ilBl-I)J(I-I/\-IO-
CTI-I, HnOTCKa IICJUUl)J(H\IOCTH), npaBO Ha npH06pCTCIIHC KaKoH-.11-160 DCL1H1
(npano npCIHIYIUCCTBClIlIOn nOKynKH, npano OXOThI. pbl6110H .10B.I"1H).

290
III. IIICTOplllSi rOCYAOpCTSO III nposo Hosoro SpeMeHIII
np(J(W C06Cm6eHHOCIllll }IBmIJIOCb OCI-IOBHbI1 BelUI-lbI1 npaBO:\t. no.u-
lIepKHB<UJaCb cBo6oIla llaCTI-IOl-I C06CTBeI-lI-lOCTH. ObI;IH IIpe.il.YCMmpeI-lbl
OrpaI-lIlIeI-lIUI !LUI C06CTBeI-lI-lIIKa 3eMC;IbI-loro YlJaCTKa.
Y.l0)J(eI-llle .uaeT Ollpe.ueJleHHe 06JI3ame.lbcme(J. Hau60Jlee pacnpoc rpa-
I-IeI-lI-lblil clloc06 130JI-IIIKI-IOUeI-llU1 06}UaTe.IbCTUeI-lI-lbIX IIpa1300TI-IOWeHHiI -
OOc080Pb/. OI-lII OCI-IOl3blB,1.I]HCb t-m npII-IUlmC CI3060.il.bI. 06H3aTCJlbI-lbl1 yc-
JIOnHCM .ucikTnHTCJTbHOCTH .uorol30p0I3 Hfi.J1H.10Cb nO.1CI-I3'bHMCHHC CTOpOH,
T.C. I3IICWHCC nbIpa)l(CIIHC BOJTI1. OcnaplmamIC C.uC..lTKH, 3aKJIlOliCI-IlIOH no.u
nJHUIIHlCf 3a6nY)!(JlCIII-fH. J10nYCK<lI10Cb IICMC"UTCHIIO. a nOIl nJHUIIHlC:\f Ha-
CJ;IHH, 06Mmm - B TCtlCIIHC r011a. TC1 CaIb1:\1 3aKOH0J1aTC;Ib CTpC:\IHJ1CH
nplUIaTb l1oronoplfblM OTIIOIlICIIIUIM cTa6H"lblfbll-I xapaKTCp. B KallCCTBC
BOJHHKI-IOBeHml 06}l3arC..'lbCT13 IIpIIJI-IamUIC}1 H deJll1Km.
EJlI-fI-lCT13eI-lI-lOH (IJOP\10i-i 6paKa 6bIJi cpa.J/n)aHcKlIll 6paK. )KeI-lLUllI-IbI
MOrJHI UC1)'mHb 13 6paK 110 .uOCTl-I)J(eHIUI 16 .1eT, MY)J(lIHI-IbI - 21 ro.ua.
llrISI 3aKJIIOlleHHH 6paKa TaIOKe I-Ie06xollu:\fO 6bL10 0601OilHoe comaCHe.
06pY t leI-llle - He06xom-IMoe YC.I]013He D.JHI noc.le.uYlOlllero 3aKHIO l leI-lIHI
6paKa. B cJlytme I-IapyweI-llH1 :noro .il.orol3opa I-IacTyna.la H:\IYLUecTUeHI-Iml
OTBCTCTBCIIIIOCTb. 3aKpCnJ1HJlocb rJ1aBCIfCTBYTomcc nOnO)l(CInIC MY)I(a.
MY)I(Y npC110CT<Ul.'1HJ10Cb npano pClllaTb BCC BonpOChl. KacmOllUlCCH co-
n:\fCCTIfOi-i cynPY)J(ccKoi-i )fOIJIUf. opallHbli-i JIOroBOp onpC11CJ1HJ1 IHfYIIlCCT-
BClfllblC OTIIOIlICIIHH cynpyroB. 311CCb xapaKTcplIa pa3;I.CJ1bIIOCTb npaBa
c06cTneHHocTH Ha H:\tYLUecTno cynpyroB, eCJHI l1.0roBOpOM He YCT<UJaBJIH-
mUlcn llPyroi-i II 0PR,JOK. Oreu OCYLUeCrBJln.I IIOJII-IYIO 13JIaCTb Hel)l JJ.eTbMH.
Y.IO)l(eI-llle paJ.IWlaeT Hac-1edoeaHl-le no 3<lKOI-lY II no JaUeLUaI-l II 10.
npOUOIllHcn 60J1ee n0J1I-10 IlPlIHl<1II1 ceOOOObl 3aeeu<aHlill. 3aueLUaTb MO)J(I-IO
C 16 JleT. Ho 3aBe1lIaTeJ1bHaH cBo6oila Bce )J(e HeCKOJ1bKO orpaI-ll-jlllma-
J1aCb. TaK, 1lJISI HCKOTOpblX nHU yCTaI-laMHBaJJaCb 3aBCLUaTCJlbI-laH .uOlIH.
D.ono.1I-1CI-IHC:\f K fpa)f(LI.aHCKoIY YJ10)J(CI-IHIO HBlWCH TOpc08bUi KO-
oeKc. B IIC1 B OCIIOBIIOM C011Cp)J(,t-10Cb npaBO KOMlcpcaIlTOB. XapaKTcp
C11C.10K HCXOJ1l1J1 H3 Cy6"bCKTHRIlOro npH3l1aKa: ToprOBbIH1 nplnmma-
JIHCb C11e;IKH. COBCpllICHHbIC KO!\nICpCaIITaH1.
B 1871 roilY 6bIJ10 npll I-I}!TO Yco.lOfmoe JUO.JICeHue. Ha ncpBo:\t ICCTe
cpellH IIPCCTYIIJleI-lHH CTQ}IJIH rocy.uapCTBeI-lI-lblC (ocKop6'lcI-II-le HMnepa-
Topa H MeCrHblX rocyJ-tapel-I; (l)eUbWI-IBOMOI-leTI-IHlleCTBO, OCHOBaI-lHe 1"<111-
I-IbIX opraI-lIIJaul1ii H T.Il.). MHOro BI-IHMaI-llU1 y.ueJleI-lo npeCTynJleI-lIHI:\f
npoTl-II3 c06CTUeI-lI-lOCTH I-I J1I-flIHOCTII. YJlo)J(eI-lHe npeIlycMaTpI13aJlo cJle-
l1.YlOlLUle I-IaKa3aHI-m: CICPTHYIO Ka3I-1b, 3aJGIIOlICIH1C B pa60 t lcM .uOMC,
TlOpCMHOC 3aKJIlO l ICHHC, nOMCLUCHI-IC B KpcnOCTb. apCCT. orpaHWICI-HIC B
npaBax. IUTpacl>. OCIIOBIIOii UC.1blO IUlKa3allllH HB..'1H.10Cb YCTpamCIIHC.
liullepcKLILi 3(JKOH /877 c. YCTaIIOBHJ1 CJ1C11YIOIIlYIO CHCTC:\IY CY110B:
I-II-I3Il1Hi-i. II:IH ItJaCTKOUbIj..j JeMCKHH. HJIH OKPY)J(I-IOH CYIl BbICIllHH 3C:\t-
CKHii, IIUI 06JI<lCTI-IoH cy.u; H\lIIepCKIII1 (Bep'<.o13I-IbIii) cy.u.

9. rOCYAapcTsa 3anaAHo EsponbI
291
MCJ1KIIC npaBoI-lapywcI-IIIH paJ611pillI ytIaCTKOBbli-i Cy.ubSl CD.HI-IOJ1WII-IO
H'HI C Y t taCHICJ\-1 !luyx lUeifJrfJeHOB (3acC.uaTCJ1cH). OKPY)J(I-IbIC cynbI CJlY)J(H-
J111 anCJ1J1HUHoHHoi-i 1-IHCTaHUl1cH lL1}! ytJaCTKOBbJX CY!lOB H paccMaTplma-
J111 TH)J(KHe yroJ10BHb1C npccrynJlci-il-IH C ytIaCHIe1 12 npl-ICH)J(I-IbIX.
06J1acTl-lOi-i cy.u npl-1l-lH\Ia.1 anCJIJ1HUlHI I-Ia npl-lroBOpbl OKPY)f(I-IbIX cy-
llOB H BhlnO.'ImlJ1 pCBlnllOHHblC (I)YHKUHH. BCPXOBHblH (HMncpcKHi-1) CYil
HRnHJ1CH BbICllIIUI pCBlnIlOHllhl1 opraHO1 no BCCf .il.CJ1af. a TaK>KC CYllOf
ncpnoi-i IIHCTaHIUHI no llCJ1aM 0 roCYlapCTBClilioH H3ICIIC H IJIni-IOIta)J(C.
B CJ1Y l Jae oc06oH 06CTallOBKH YlIpe)l(JlLI]I-ICb BOeUI-Ible H nOJ1CBbIC
CYllbI. B CYJJ.C CTOpOI-laM .J.amunlCb WHpOKHC npoucccya:IbI-lbIC IIp.ma ,iLJHI
npc.uOCTaRJlCHHH 1l0K.13aTCJ1bCTB. CYil Bblcrymu naCCHBHbIf I-Ia6mOnaTC-
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npOKYPOPO1 1l0n0J1mITCJ1bllbl1 06B1mHTCJ1C1 lOr BblcTynaTb nOTCp-
neBIJIHi-L TaKoi-i OC06CIIIIOCTII lie 3I-1<U1O yro.'IOBHO-npollcccya:IbHOC
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I-IbIX, I-IO H OlipaBllaTeJlbI-lblX IIpHr013opOB.
BonpOCbl AI\ p03Mb1Wl\eHII1 II1I<OHTpOI\
I. KaKYIO pO.% LL'IH fcpMaHlHI CbIrp,1J1H lIan01COIIOUCKHC Boiillbl?
2. PacKpoiiTc ')BO.110111110 rCp1\HlHcKoi-i rocymlpCTBCH Hocnl B XVIII-
XIX BB.
3. nOtICMY rcpMaIIIllo XIX B. IIC.%3H lIa3BaTb B HCTI1IIIIOM CMbICJ1C 1\10-
JJ.cpm13Hpomullloii cTpalloi-i? npl-IBcJJ.lnc npmlcpbI.
4. Ha30mlTC OTnWlIlTCl]bllbIC OC06CHIIOCTH 6YP)J(ya3110ro roCYJIapCTBa B
fcp\l<uUUI.
5. KTO OCYlUCCTnmn 3aKOI-l0J1aTeJ1bHYI0 I3:JaCTb B npYCCHII cor:Jaci-io
KOI-lCHnywm 1850 r.?
6. D.aihe xapaKTepnCTHKY nOJ1HTWIeCKoii (IHlrYPbI O. OHc-mpKa.
7. B KaKoi-j (l)OpMe 06"bellHHltna I-IeleUKHe Jel;m KOHcnITymUI fep\m-
I-II-III 1871 r.?
8. KaK H,UbIlJa IC}! opraH IIpC..lCIaBlI1eJlbCma JCMC.lb 110 IcpmHcKoi1
KOllcHnYIlHlI 1871 r.?
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1871 r.?
10. Ha30BIITc OT.1WIIITCJ1MIhIC OC06CHIIOCTH rcpMalIcKoro npaBa.
11. KaKonbl OCHOBHblC nO.lO)J(CHIHI rCpmI-lCKoro rpa)J(1I.<lHCKoro YJlO)J(CHHH?

292
III. IIICTOplllSi rOCYAapCTsa III npasa Hosoro speMeHIII
12. HaJOI3HTe OCI-IOBHbIe 'IepTbl repMaHcKoro yro.'I0I3I-10ro npaml. l.fel
OHO OTJllfllaJlOCb OT (!)paHUYJCKOro?
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\IaHml'!
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CTpaHax, npaBOBble CII1CTeMbl KOTOpblX II1cnblTblBan B
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9. rOCYAapcTsa 3anaAHo&ll EsponbI
293
CKoro IlpaBa (OTCK).aa paJ:IHlIlHI n Tep:\HII-I(UOrHH H B I-I.UIHlIHH I-IeKOTO-
pblX OC06blX IIp,mOBbIx I1Hcm ryroB).
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Kopo_lcncKllc Cyn.bl. C lle}IfCJlbI-lOCTbfO I-Ia IIocrmII-II-Ioii OCHonc KopoJlcn-
CKHX IX131,C3JllIbIX cYJ1cii H 6hlJ10 cmnallo (POp\HfpOnaHHC 06mcro npaBa
CTpaI-lbl. OHO paccMaTpHnaJlO Ilpe:>K,1C ncero «TmK6bl KOpOI-lbI», T.e. .ueJ1a,
npenCTaBJlSllOLllHC npm\-lOi-i Hi-iTepCC C TOlIKH 3pCHHSI D03\1O:>KI-IbIX noxo-
.nOB Ki.UHhl. nOCTCIlCIIHO CIlHCOK HI:>K6 paCmllp}L'IC}1. B XOllC 1C}ITCJ1hIIO-
cnl .aaHI-IbIX cynoD nOCTenCI-II-IO CKJIa..1blDalaCb cY\f!\1a pelllCHHH, KOTO-
phIm H pYKonon.cTBomlJlHcb n nOCJ1CllYIOWC\1 3TH CYJlbl.
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DbISlCI-ICIHHI, 6blJ10 .IIH aI-laJJorH'II-IOC nCllO paCC\IOTpCI-IO paI-lblllC. Ecml
.na, TO 011 PYKOBOfJ.CTBOB,UICSI pcmcm-ICM, nplllISlTbl\1 palIcc. Cyn.C6I1bIH
npCuelI.eI-lT SIBJlSLI]CH OCHOBI-Ibl\f HCTOllHHKOM aI-lrJll1HcKOro IlpaBa.
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HaS! 3aLllHTa npcnWCCTBYCT npaoy>), KOTopaH onpcn.CJ1HJIa xapaKTcpHbIC
lIepTbl aI-lrJII'fikKoro IlpaBOIlOI-lHMaI-llUI.
C KOI-lua XIII o. n03paCTaCT pOJlb cI1lal1lYl1lfl020 (CTaTYT - aKT, IlpH-
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B XIV-XV BCKax Ilpano BblXOIlHT 3<1 :>KCCrKHC paMKH 3aKpblToi-i
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CTHlIKI1 06paruaJ1l1Cb K KOpOJlfO. KaK Y)f(C 6bLIO cK,U<1HO. pn.uOM C 06-
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nC)])HfBOCTII. B CJ1Y'IaC pa3I-10rJlaCHSI IC)f(ilY cynal\H1 06wcro npana H
CYllO:\1 KalllUlcpa npC1nO l lTCIIHC OTllamlJlOCb IIOpMa\1 npaBa cnpanCJLI]II-
BOCTH. lla)f(e CTaIYTI-IOe npano 6bLIO 1I0nnep)f(eI-lO npaKrHKe YCMOTpCI-II-H1
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3ro TO, K llCMY IIpll"JCI cYIle6I-1oc paCCMmpeI-llle.
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\ICHHOCTII). tv1.. 2003. C. 244.

294
III. IIICTOplllSi rOCYAapCTsa III npasa Hosoro speMeHIII
TaKH1 06paJOI, CYllleCTBOBaJI .nyalIl31 cyn.onpOHJBO.D.CTBa: nO1JnlO
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B ro BpeHI KaK K)PHCTbI KOI-lTllI-IeI-l nUIbI-lOH EnpOllbI paCCMarpHB<UH1
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KaK pcrmlICllnfpOBalla lIallmUI CI-ITyalU1H, B Allrmm BIIHtaIlHC COCpC-
1l0TOlIHnaJlOCh lIa TOI, n KaKOf nopH11KC Olla 110J1)1(lIa 6blTb paCCMOTpC-
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HeCl\IOTpH I-Ia Ka)l(YlllYfOcH KOI-lCepBanIBI-IOCTb, npeUCilCI-ITHml CHC-
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lllHpOKOro YCMmpeI-lH}I, llemlJla IIpal30 nI6KH\1 B ero IIplHleI-leI-lHH I-Ia
npaKTHKe. 31'a CHCTeta IIpHJI-IaUaJlaCb On.HOH 1-13 calbIX ll)(j)eKntBHbIx.
B HOI3oe Bpe:\ul oI-la paCllpOC"lpaHIUacb I-Ia CiliA H KOJIOHHH AI-IrJIHH.
POMOHo-repMOHCI<oe npOBO
6a30ii D..1H n.pyroii l\mpoBoi-i CHCTCMbl npaBa CTa.lO TaK I-Ia3blBaC-IOe
KOHl11l1HeHmlUbHoe (poMaI-lO-reptaI-lCKoe) npa6o, J<.,laCClJllecKYfO xapaK-
repHcTHKY KOTOPOMY .aal 113BecTHbli-i (1)paI-luYJCKHii KOMllapantBHCT
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1967 H 1988 IT. I Ham'liI PeI-le 06"beJUII-1l1JI IIpaBOBble CHCTeMbl, B03HHK-
IUHC U KOI-lTHHeI-lT<lTIbHOH Enpone, B ellHHYIO pOIaI-lo-repr\l(II-lCKYIO npa-
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. I-IaJlWIHC KpynI-lblx aKTOD KOllH<lmKaUIIH B OCI-IODI-IblX O'rpac.1HX npaBa;
. 60JIee BbICOKlI11 ypOBeI-lb a6CTpaKTI-IOCTH I-IOpM IIpaBa no CpaBI-Ie-
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9. rOCYAapcTsa 3anaAHo&ll EsponbI
295
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npaBa B HTLUb}IHCKHX, (t)pallIlYJCKHX H rl'p1allCKHX ymmcpcIITCTax CIUC
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B nponmOBCC <pCOJla.lbHOMY n.ccnOTI1JMY H npm13BOJIY.
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onpCI1C.I]Clfllbl\fH nplHlIUlIlaMH. K01.H<tmKaIUUI 3aBcplll<.lI]a (t)opH1pOmllH1C
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296
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9. rOCYAapcTsa 3anaAHo&ll EsponbI
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fAOSO 10
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10. CWA: CTaHOBJ\eHL-Ie ceBepOaMepL-lKaHCKOH rocYAapcTBeHHocTIII
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302
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no KOlfcn1Tym1H YCTallaBJ1HBU10Cb (l)cJ1.cpanmIloc YCTpoi-1cTBO H
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10. CWA: CTCHOBJ\eHlo1e ceBepoaMeplo1KaHcKo rocYAapcTBeHHocTIo1
303
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q)OIHmpOmUH1Cb HCnOmUfTC.l]blli.lH H CYJ1C6ml}! BCTBH nJli.lCTH:
2) 3ilKpCnJlH.'1HCb pa3m-lllHbiC CpOKH nO.1] HOMOtlH i-I nCTnCrl n.lilCnl.
TilK, lLleHbl nilJIaTbl npCnCTaBl-ITeJlCH 1-I36HpalOrC}1 I-Ia 2 rolla,
ceI-l aTOp bl - I-li.l 6 .1eT, npe3H..a.eHT - I-Ia 4 rona. a CYllbH Bep-
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3) anTopbl m.lcpHKaHcKoii KOHcTHTymm CTapaJ1HCb CKOHCTPYI-lponaTb
TilKOi-i \teXaHH3M. KOTOpblii 6bl aBTmWTWICCKH npcmlTCTBOBaJi
oJ1.HoH H3 uCTuei-i B.JlaCTH CKOHueH rpHpOBaTb H CBOHX PYKax 60Jlb-
IUC B.laCTH, l.IC:\t ci-l OTB01HTC5!. T.e. Y3ypm1poBaTb B.HaCTb. TaK,
napJla:\tCIlT lO)f(CT OTCTIXUH1Th npC3HitCilTa n nOp}IJ1KC H:\tnJ-1lIICH-
Ta 3il COBCpWCHHC npaBOI-lapYWCHI-HI. a CpeJ1CTBOM B.11HIHIHI npe-
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BO\I, pi.l3mmaJOlllH\1C}! B TCppHTOpHHJlbIl0-rOCY1apCTBCHII0:\1 OTIIOlllC-
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JlHCb n 3apa)f(CIIHb1C \HU15!pHCH pC3CpmUUUI. TaK, B pC3Cpni.lIUHI n OK'Ii.l-
XOMC .1HWb HeMHorHC H3 HHlI.ei-iuCB BbI)f(I-lml nOC.1C 3apa)f(eHI-H1 l\"talSlpH-
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TeppHToplHl K 3anililY OT pCKH MHCCHCHni-l. 4yrb nOJ)f(C (1819) I1cnaHiHI
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MCXHKO. HCBany, lOry, llaCTb KO.I]0paJto. B 1846 r. 6blml 3aXBa l iCHbi ny-
3pTO- PUKO, o. fyaM, <I>ummmmbl.

304
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B npouecce ocrpoil 60pb6bI H CWA 06p,13YlOrcn napHtH. B 1828 rollY
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.lIaCb 1I<l (X13110pOnllbIC COlUf,LlbllhiC CIUbI, B OCIlOBIIOf 10ra. 4CpC3 25 JICT
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n.laJIC, 110 HiroTCBlIla5! K CCBCpmm1. B pccny6.1I1KaJICKOH napnm 06pa30-
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10. CWA: CTCHOBJ\eHlo1e ceBepoaMeplo1KaHcKo rocYAapcTBeHHocTIo1
305
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Ha l lamlcb BOCllllhlC llcikTBH}!. nOJl{))KHBlIIHC lIalI<L'IO rpa)!(JlalicKoH
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J1H B KOIIClIIIO:\1 CllCTC K ycncxy apMIIH ccncpHIi.
9 anpCJIH 1965 r. rClIcpa.l JIll - rmlBlloKoM.lHD.YIOlllHii apHfci-i
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B KOHu.e XIX n. CHCTC\ta JII101lCK020 6YP.)fcyaJII020 npaea «I>eOlI.alb-
1I0-npanOBbIC 3"IC\ICIIThl ltaCTJ.IlIIIO coxpaIHL1HCb B nci-1) 6bLIa nO l lTl-I
CopMHpomllla. Ha :lTanC ynpollclIH HOBoi-i npaBoBoi-i CHCTClbI B
oqH111HaJ1blloi-j rocynapcTncHHo-npaBoBoi-i J.fflco"lOrI1H, B TCOpl1H rocy-
l.apcTIJa H npana ItalIHllaCTCH H YCI1J1HBaCTC}1 BJlH5!1II1e rCp\t<lIfcKHX npa-
BOBbIX UlKOJI.
HOl30C FpaJK'dallCKOe )J.l(}JK'eHUe, BueJ-teHI-IOe B llei-iCI"Ime B 1898 r.,
Y l lI-1TblBa 10 H rep\taI-lCKOC. H <ppaHUYJCKOC, H TpallHUHOI-lI-lOe mlOI-lCKOC
npaBO. B I-Ie\1 I-IaH60Jlcc peaKUHOHI-IbI\H1 no COD.ep)l(aHHIO 6bL1H ltaCTl-I,
nOCBHweHI-IblC ce\lcHI-Io1Y H Hac.1e.aCTneI-lI-lOMY npaBY, B KOTOpbIX npc-
n.YCMaTpHnaJIOCb, liTO Bce HMYWCCTBO LlaBbl CCMbH HaCJICD.OBal CTap-
WIIi-i ChlI-I. Pa:\IKH naTpHapXaJ1bHoi-i CCMbH HcnOMcpHO paCWHpm1HCb 3a
CllCT n,Ll]bllHX pOJICTnCIIHHKOB. B ::nofi fllfaHTCKOii CCMbC II(mCTJ.mc KO-
1I0CCi.lJIbHbIC npana HMCJI ee rllaBa: 011 YKa3bma..l llllella\1 COlbH fCCTO
)J(11Te.lbCTna, JIamL1 H1 pi.UpeIIlem-IC I-Ja BCTyn:letHIC B 6paK H Ha OTJJ.e-
JIeHHe B Ca\IOCTmrreJlbHYK) CetbK).
B lIacnIX. noCmIllleI-lHbIX 06 III IUI nOJIO)J(eHIHI1\1 rpa)!(JlaHCKOro npa-
ua, BeIllH01\1Y H 1l0JIroBOMY npi.IBY, H1\1e.IH MeCTO xapaKTepi-ible npH3I-1aKH
6YP)J(ya3Horo rpa)l(1I.aHcKoro npaBa.
B Honoc npC\IH 6blllH npHHTbl 3aKOHbI, n COOTnCTCTnHH C KOTO-
pbIH1 YllpC)l(,UaJlaCb CmlI-laH cy.ac6I-1aH CHCTC1a. KOllcmumYl<liR /8892.
YCTaHoBlll1a 06UlHC HallaJIa CYlI.C6HOii opramnau.m1. npOB03fJ1aWaJIaCb
HC3aBUCH\IOCTL CYJ1.C6HOi-i JUlaCTI-I. cc nOlllIHHCIIHOCTL 3aKollY, CYlbf
rapallTl-lpOnamlcb JllalIHTCJlbII<UI lIe3anHCHMOCTb. rJ1aBoi-j cY1c6Hoi-i CI1C-
Te\tbI ClIHT<lJ1C}1 HMnepaTOp, CYJJ.bI JJ.eikTBOHi.lJ1H OT cro H\teHH. CYlllecT-
UOB<UIH cnewm;lbHble H alIellJUIUHOHHble CYlI.bl (Pl1c. 11.1).

11. BHeeBponecKIII Mlllp B HOBoe BpeMSI
315
BbICOKIt1 It1MnepaTOpCKIt1i:1 CYA
Konnenllt1 aAMIIIHlllcTpantBHblX CYAOB
Anenmu.t1t10HHble CYAbl (7)
ry6epHaTopCKIt1e CYAbl
MeCTHble OKPY)KHble CYAbl
BoeHHble CYAbl
PHC. 11.1. C)'JJ.e6H3B C"CTeM3 lIDOH"" B KOHlle XIX B.
B K(1)t(;101 oKpyrc, KOTOpbIC 6bl1lH o6pa30naHbi no Bcci-i cTpaHc,
COJJJ.amUIC}1 MecTHbli-j cYJJ.. .lleikTBoB.ulH ry6epHcKHe CYJJ.bI, ceMb aneJI-
mlUHOHHbIX H BbICOKHi-i HMnepaTopcKI-li1 cYD..
HonaH CHCTCMa oprm-Ion IOCTHUHH 6b111a C<poplHponaHa Ha OCHona-
IIIH1 nOJ1O.J/celillfl 0 cyiJoycmpOlic/116e (1890), nplHl5!Toro OlI.HOBpCMCHHO C
nepBblM D..iHI 5InoHHH YZO;lOBHO-npOl(eccyaJltJHbw K(}(}eKCo.u: B I-IX p.upa-
60TKC npl-1I-lJlll yttaCTI-IC Bl1!lHble rCp1aHCKHC npaBOBCilbl. no HOBOtY
3aKOHY CYD.bl 6bl1lH COnOD.lIHHCHbI B I-IeCK01lbKO Hi-iCTaHUl-li-i, YCTaI-lOBJIC-
Ha cTporml TCppHTOpH,lJ1bl Ia}! noncynllocTb.
B HOBoe BpC1\-m 3I-1a l lHreJlbHble IHMeI-leHl-U1 KOCHYJIHCb yroJIOBHOro
cYlI.onpmnBOlI.CTBa. Yro.10BHo-npoucccY,L'IbIIOe npaBO I-Iall,lJ10 H3lemITb-
CH cwc ..ao npHHHnlH 30KOIIO 06 Yi!O.lOBIIOii IlpOl(eiJJ1Je. nOil DJ1IUIHI-IC1
Q>paHUYJCKoro IIp.ma B03HIIK.'IH CILlbHbIe HaCTpoeHIHI H nO:IbJY HocnpH-
THH HOBbIX BJ1CIIHH B yro1l0BHo-npOIlCCCYaJIbHOM npaBC. 3111 Hona5!
reI-lJJ.eHWUI IIOC reneH I-IO 1-1 <pparMeI-l rapHO pea.,1H30BblB,LIaCb B BHJ-te npH-
mlTlH1 npHIHuma B036Y)K.,'J.CIIH5! yroJ10BIIOro npcc.'ICnOmllIH5! rocynapcT-
130\1 B mtUe npoKypopa. Ewe D.O npHI-IlnUI KOHCTI1TYUHH B paMKax
IIpe)J(Hei-i IOCTHWH1 6bnH nne.rleHbI IIpoueccya:IbHble HonweCTHa: JaceJ-t<1-
I-IHH CTa:m OTKpbITblm, 3anpCWCHbI nblTKH CBlmcTc1Ici-i H 06BHHCMbIX.
B 1872 roJIY p.upeweHo IIpl1cyrcTBHe B cy...re npeJ-tcraBlHCJlei-i npcccbl,
Cyltbl 61>1.111 OTnC.1CIIhI OT npoKypaTypbl, OntCIICIIbI COIlmLlhIIhIC pa3JII-l l IIUI
nepeD. CYlI.Of, UBCileH HI-ICnnyr 3aWHTHHKOB. B 1875 ro..ay npHwlTa CI1C-
TCMa anCJImIUHOHHoro H KaccawloHHoro CYilOIIpOHJBO.J,CTBa, n 1876 r.
OTMCI-IIUH 06H3aTc.l]bI-lOCTb npl-13I-1aHIHI o6mlHHcloro ful Ha3I-13 l ICHH5!

316
III. IIICTOplllSi rOCYAapCTsa III npasa Hosoro speMeHIII
I-IaK,UaI-lIHI I-t lip. OCI-IOBHblM lIyre\t KOHC'lpYHpOIaI-lIUI I-IOBoi1 CIICTetbI
cyn.onpmnBOJI.Cnm 6bl.10 lu6paHO peleIll11llp0601/l/e 30110d1/OIO Ilp060.
BonpoCbl AI\ p03Mb1Wl\eHII1 it1I<OHTpOI\
l. OxapaKTeplnyihc OCHOBllblC lICpTbl 06WCCTBClllIOro CTpOH }(nmnm B
HOBOC BpCMH.
2. nOlICMY 13 .HnoHl1lt ..ao.lroe BpeUI He YCT<maB.11-tBa.laCb CH.lbHaH ueH-
Tpam130BalIlla}! 1L1aCTb'? KaK 3TO CKa3,LI]OCb lIa CC n01HTJ-IlICCKOM
pa3BHTUH'? npl1BC1HTC npHMCphl.
3. OxapaKTeplnyi-iTe rocYllapcTBCHI-IbIii cTpoH .HnoHIHI B HOBoe BpeMH.
4. npoallaJ1H3upyiiTc xapaKTCp PCcpOP\ol J\ibHJl.311.
5. KaK m paJI1JIHCb Ha xapaKTepc }IIIOHCKOH rocy..aapCTBeHHOCTII ..!Be
npOTHBono.10)KHbIC TeHJJ.eHWHt - BOCnpIHI\flIHBOCTb K HHOCTpall-
HhIM IL1HHHUSIM H CTpCUCHHC K IHO.UIIUHI'?
6. KaK,m (l)Opm npaB.TICHlHl YCTaHaB;IHBalIaCb 110 KOHCTIfI)IW-Ht .HIIO-
111m 1889 r.?
7. 41'0 n paJBl1nm SIIIOHCKOH roCYJlapcmCHHocnl OT.IJ-IlHLiIOCb or 06bI'I-
1I0B BOCTOlIIIOH Mo..acmf?
8. KaK nOrL1HHJlH pCqJOP\lhI vbiifJ,3H IIa (IJOpMl-IponaJIHc CJ1I-IlIoro 3aKO-
HOlI.aTC.I]bCTBa .H nOHlUl?
9. Llai1Tc xapaKTcpHCTUKY rpa)!(.1allcKoro npaBa. KaKOBbI cm HCTOlIfIHKU.?
10. OUCHH rc cOJ.!cp)J(aHlle }II10HCKOro Yro.IOBHOro Y-'IO)J(eHI-UI 1880 r.
II. Ha KaKHX npHHUlmax CTpOHmlCb cYLlc6I-1.UI CHCTCMa .HnoHlm?
11.2. l<linoC1. rOCYAopCTBeHHo-npOBOBOC1
CTpoC1 - HOBbie Bbl30Bbi BpeMeHV1
KIIITa CYIIITaeT IIIX (IIIHocTpaHl\eB. - npUM. aemopa)
BapBapaMIo1, 1<0TOpblX 60r oCY>K.D.aeT 101 nOCblllaeT Ha
3eMlllO AYXOB 101 reHllleB Allfl IIIX IIICTpe61leHlllfI...
03 nucmoeKU eo epeMR eoccmaHUR uX3myaHeu
(ompRObl cnpaeeonueocmu U Mupa). 1900 r.
ApeHAaTopbl ycePAHO TPYAflTCfI. HeB3101pafl Ha Clo1llb-
Hble X01l0Aa III >Kapy. Mbl CnOI<OHO CLilAIIIM AOMa III no-
nyyaeM nonoBIo1HY c06paHHoro Io1MIo1 ypo>Kafi.
03 COI./UHeHUR nepuooa LJUH
V1Mneplt1 LlIt1H
C XVII I1CKa KHHlC:\! npamwa MaIIb'l)KypCKa5! lUIIIaCTH5! UHII.
B"laCTb 1a1lb'l)Kypon Hall. MHOrO\tHJlJlHOI-lI-lbI1 Klnne\t .ncp)l(a'IaCb TPH
CTO.'ICTHH. YTBCP;U1BWHCb lIa TpOIlC KlnaHcKHX HMncpaTopOB, \tallb-

11. BHeeBponecKIII Mlllp B HOBoe BpeMSI
317
ll)J(YPbl B OCI-IOBI-IO1 CJlcn.OBa.1H Kluai1cKIHI rocYllapCTBeI-lI-lbl\1 Tpa...rI1UH-
}IL OPOl-I30IlL'10 nOCCT<1II0B:ICIIHC npalUITc.lbCTBclHlOro annapaTa no
06pa3UY npC)J(Hero KI-ITai-icKoro <}>COlI.aJlbHOrO rocyn.apCTua, I-IO C MaHb-
ll)J(ypa1H IIa K.1IOlICBhlX nOCT<IX.
Bo rJlaBe roCYil<lpCTBa
CTOHJI MHI-Ibll)J(ypCKHi-j 60-
2()blxaH (InmcpaTop), I-IH-
n.CJlCHI-IbIH HCOrpHI-IWICI-I-
IIoil B.laCTbIO. all 6blJ1 '-
IIcorpam-l l lCllllblM MOl mp-
XOI. BCpXOBfIbl:\-1 3aKoIIO-
JJ.aTCJ1C:\t 11 BCPXOBt-IbIM
)J(peUOM. TpoH lIepellaB<liI-
cn 110 HaCJleJlCTBY H 110
npHI-IUlmy nepBOpOD.CTBa.
HCCMOTp1 I-Ia TO liTO
ncponaHHe1 l\-laI-lbll)l(ypon
npOll.O.l)1(a.l OCTa&1TbC wa-
1\1 a II H 3:\1 , 60fLlbixall npl1-
CBOl-Ll cc6c <f)YIIKIU1H
BCpXOBHoro rJ1<lBbI KOH-
(l)yu.mlHcKoH pe:mnlH.
E:\IY TaK)J(e 6bl11 IIO..alIH-
- r......lIrr. ,
HeI-l CJIO)J(HbIH 6lOpoKpa- ....1IrrIobao D==--
THllecKHi-l aIIIIapaT. f.IaB- c_ ...._O '1)OoOlQACIU - -
--
I-IbI1H rocyn.apcTneI-lI-lblMH _'
Yllpe)f(UcHI-I1H 6bI.111 fo- 33BOCB3HltC KltT3H \f3Hb l VK)'p3\f1t B XVII B.
cy.uapcTnclIHblii conCT, JthmcpaTopcKHi1 CCKpCTapHaT, BOCIUlblH conCT.
Bblcrua5! I-IcnOJ1IIHTC"lbllasl nJlaCTb OCYIUCCTB..I]}!.lacb llCpC3 rocyn.apcTBclI-
"YIO KallllcJUlpmo II IIICCTb mlJlaT (lIHIIOB, <p1111a1ICOB, pl-rry,UOI1, IIaKa-
lallHH, 06mccTBcllllbiX pa60T H BOCllllblX l.C"l). lIHIIOBHl-l l lCCTBO ltC.1H-
JIOCb I-Ia .ueB}lTb KJIaCCOB, IUleJlHCb ollpeJJ.eJleHHbIc JHaKH 0'L1J-llUUI. nOll-
TH Bce BblCWHe 1I.0:I)J(I-IOCnl 6bl11l1 JaMeIUeI-lbI HlI-Ibll)J(ypa1H. KH rai-1Ubl B
OCI-IOBI-IO1 J<1HHM,UI1 1l0JI)J(I-IOCTI1 CpellI-lliX H M:I<lJWI1X lIHI-IOBHI1KOB.
fJlaBI-I<U1 BOeI-lI-l<U1 ollopa UHI-ICKHX 60rJ-tbIXaI-lOB - ap:\H1n, KOTOP"UI
COCTO}IJla npCH\fYIUecTBeI-lHO 1-13 MaHbll)J(YpOU. KpOMe TOro, UHI-Ibl pac-
nOJiaraJI H MOHro.l bCKOii KOHHl1Uci-1.
fOCYIWPCTBCllllblH annapaT KI1TaHcKoH I1MncpHH 6b1J1 CHJlbllO
oCJla6J1cII H3-3a KoppymlHH 11 B3TOlllll-flICCTBa, ap1HH 6hIJ1a c"la60
OCllaU!CllIlOH. nJlOxo no.arOTOBJlCIIIIOI-t, IIC 6bLla B COCT05!IIHH 060po-
IHITb rocYltapCTI10, nponmOCTmlTb aptHl1 H <fUOTY HIlOCTpallllhiX ro-
cYltapcTB.

318
III. IIICTOplllSi rOCYAapCTsa III npasa Hosoro speMeHIII
CTP;UJa 6bLla pi13JJ.CJICIia Iia npOBHHUHI1) 06bCJJ.HHCHHbIC B 10 Hi11\-IC-
CrHl-flleCTB. Bo rJ1i.lBe K<DK1l0M IIpOintHUHH CTO}J'IH BoeHHbIl1 H rpi.DK1IaH-
CKHi-j ry6epHaropbI. npOBHHWUI ..1e"lHJIaCb Ha 06mlCTH, oKpyra, ye3J-1bI,
BOJlOcrH. OKpyra H yeJ..abl BOJrJlaR'ULlI1 y"paBmllOLUI1C npH IIOI\-IOLUH
CTapOCT C/110()fWpOK. HHJWei-i aJJ.:\H1I-11-1CTpanmi-ioil e...u1HI-lUci-j 6bl11O 06"b-
C1HHCI-IHC 10 11.nopon BO rJlanc co cTapocToii Ha:\ICCTHI-flICCTna H IlpO-
mmUlHI HMCJll1 cnOH co6CTnCHHbiC BoiicKa H <jnUIaHCOnLIC nCllOfcTna.
Opu ncpnblX MaIlLll)KypCKHX 60filblxaJlax 3aKpcmL10Cb npaBOBOC
nOJImKCHHC pi.13:m l lflhIX CJIOCB JlaCCJ1CIIIUI. BhlCIIIYIO CTYIlCHh (I)CO'li.Llh-
HOM I-ICpi1pXHH mHH:\Ii.lJ1H lallhll)J(ypCK,UI 3J1i1Tb H lBopmlCTBO; fJ.i.lJ1CC
CJIC]tOBa.iH Kpymlblc Klni1iicKHC <j)CO'ltL'Ibl H 60faTbIC KymlbI. KpCCTb}l-
He, pefeCJleHHHKH He H\leJIH HHKaKllX IIpaB. MaI-lbll)KYPbl 06panuIH
Mi-iOn-IX HJ 1I0KOpCI-II-IOro KH raikKoro HaCCJleI-lIHI B pa60B. OblJI ycra-
I-IOBJICI-I pe)KI-Il\-1 q>COll,1:IbI-lOi-i pcaKUHH, COCilHHCHI-IbIi-i C I-IaUI10Ha IbI-lbl\I
nopa60LUCHHC\I.
KHTai1 npOBOlll-L'I IlOJ1HTHKY IBomluHH CTpaI-lbI OT BI-IeWHCrO 1\11-1-
pa. C KOI-lua XVII I n. rocy..aapcTBa EBpoIlbl YCHJIHJIH llaBJ1CI-IHC I-Ia
KHTai-i, CTpCMCb nOJIYllIHh JlOBhlC phlllKU c6hlTa H HCTOllIIHKH Cbl-
ph. C 1839 rona allrJIl-fllaHC pa3BcpHYJ'IH npon-IB Klnml BOCJlllhlC
llci1cTIHl5!, IlO"lO)KHBIIIHC IHlll<L10 DUllYJ1mb"" eoill1a", (1840-1842).
B i1BrYCTC 1842 r. B HaHKHllc Klnai-i IlOlUH1C,Ll HcpaBllonpaBIlblH
JJ.OroBOp C AH, LI]Hei-i a B 1844 r. aHi.lJ10rI-flIHbIe .JoronopbI C Klnae1 3a-
KJIlOlBUI.1 CiliA H <1>paI-lUHH. no 3THM 1l0roBopaI KHraii 06HJblBa.JIC}1
orKpblTb llJUi aI-lfJlHi.icKoi-j TOproBJlI1 mlTb 1I0pTOB. YILlaTIHb OrpO\II-1 10
KOHTPH6YUl-IIO, YCTaHOBHTb JIbroTI-IblC Ta1\-1O)KCHHbIC TaplHI)bI, OCYLUCCT-
nHTb npHHUlm HaH60Jlbwcro 6JIaronpHTCTBOBaI-lIUl, npeilOCTanHTb
HI-IOCTpaI-luaM IlpaBO Ha KOHUCCCIHI.
.'':}nl iloroBOpLI 03I-1aICHOBaJH1 I-IattaJ10 npCBpaLUcmHI Klnml n Il().TJY-
KOJ10HHtlJ1bIIYI0 CTIXlIIY. J.1110cTpallllblC Tonapbl n01pbm,L1H 3KOHOfHKY,
YBCJ1H l IHBtlJlH mLloroBoc 6pCI5!.
(,lIe6ecHoe cocyoapC/1160» TaiullIH06. B 11Kmc 1850 r. Hi1 l li.lJIi1Cb Kpe-
Cl1lbflHCKafl 60llHa, n0J1Y4I1BIU<UI H£l3Bi1I-fHC TmlmlHcKoco 60CC/11aHlIfl I . OHO
OXBaTlLl0 JI-Ia l IHTeJ1bHYIO llaCTb COI paHbI. B 1\-lapTC 1853 r. 6bLl0 06"b}!n-
JleI-lO 0 C03ilaHHH Tmll111HCKOi!O cO{TOapCI116a.
TaiimlHbl nponoJrJ1awam-1 H OCYLUccTBmL1H I-Ia npaKTHKc HllCH
ypaBI-IHTCJIbI-lOrO pacnpcJJ.cJ1cI-IIUI. PYKonOD.CTBO ni-iOBb C03LtaI-lHbl!\l ro-
CYLlapCTnO1 npl-II-IH.'IO nporpa11Y npco6pa30naI-lII o6LUccTna H rocy-
n.apCTBa. B OCHonc cc - ncpcpacnpc.uCJICHHC 3C1Jll.1 Ha ypaBl-IHTCJIb-
HblX lIa t la.li1X, npc.uOCTaB.'ICHHC paBlwnpaBH )KCHUlHIHnl. 60ph6a C
KoPPymmeH.
I «TaiimlH HIHhro» - «He6eCHOC rOCYlapCTHO nceo611lero 6.1aro'l.CHCTlUlSI».

11. BHeeBponecKIII Mlllp B HOBoe BpeMSI
319
3TO npHBJIeKi.lJIO B l-tX P}I.abl 06e3!l0"lcHHbIX J1J()1I.ei1. TaiinHI-IOB m)Jl-
.J.ep)J(lma;IH Ti.lK)J(e ltaCTb 6YP)J(yaJIHI H 1I0telllHKOB, TaK KaK JUH1)J(eHHe
6bIJIO HaIIpaBJIeHo IIponm 3aCHJlMI MaHb l l)J(YPCKOH1UtHaCnlH Ulm.
Tai-iIIHI-ICKOe rocY.J.apcmo IIpocywecTBOBaJIO ilO 1864 r. CTo.'II-1Ua
rai1mlI-lOB HaI-lKUI-I 6bIJia W ryp\tOt BJ}tra UHHCKHMH Boi-1cKaMH. Oc-
I-IOnI-lblm npWllmaH1 HX Ilopa)J(CI-IIHI CTalH I-ICIlOCJI]CilOBaTeJ1bI-lOCTb B
nponc.aCIHIH PC<POPM, yrpaTa nOlI.llcp)J(KH TaHmnmn n HapoJJ.C H 1-1110-
CTIXlJIllaH HIITcpnCIlUlUI. D.BH)J(CIH1C TaHmmon 6bl.10 npClI.nCCTIU1KO\1 lIa-
IIHOIli.lJ1bIl0-OCB060fJ.HTCJ1bIlOi-i 60pb6b1 lIapOJIOB KIHa 3a CBOH Ilpana.
npamIIllHc Kpynl UHIICKOH HMIlCpHH BbIlIY)J(JICllbl 6blJlH nolint lIa
PW1. pc(l)()pt:
. npOB03rJlaWCII KYpC lIa YCTallOBJlCIIHC KOIITaKTOB C ltHOCTpallua-
H1, BOCIlplUITllC "1apy6c)J(lIb1x 10CTH)J(CIlHii;
. pCOpraI-lH30mma KIHa i-1c Ka}I apIIHI;
. YCWleHO CTpOHTeJIbCTBO JaBo..aOB, Bep(pei-i H apCeHi.LlOB.
B TO )J(e BpeUI ::'.Ira 1I0JIHTI1Ka IIplmeJla K WHPOKOMY IIpOI-lHKI-IOUe-
I-II,tlO B KHrai-j HHOC"lpaI-lHbIX Ki.UIHra.IOB.
(,Cmo ()Heil pe(/)op""». B 60-80-e rollbI XIX B. H\lIIepmI IIpOBOlll-lJla
nomHHKY «caMoycHJlCI-IH», OCHOBHOC Ha3Ha l lCHHC KOTOPOH cno.aH.lOCb
K YKpcnJ1CHIHO CYlliCCTnYIOllicro PC)J(I-IMa. CTOPOHHHKU :noi1 nOmITHKU
BblcTynaHH 3a 60.1CC TCCIIOC COTpYfJ.IIWICCTBO C HllocTpamILI:\HI l1cp)J(a-
mum, ImnlCTnonallHC 11IIOCTpalllloro onbiTa B MO J lcpm13aIUH1 BOOpy-
)J(ClIlIblX CIL1. B PC3Y"lbTaTC HIlOCTIXlJIllbl. HcnOJlh3YH npHBl1.'1Crl-IH, YCI-I-
JIHJ1H Jl(UHTWICCKOC JIalUCIII-IC lIa KI-ITai-i. 3TO npHBCJ10 K allnmpaBH-
TeJlbcmeHI-IbIM H aHnHtHOCrpaHI-IbIi\-1 BbIcrYIIJleHIHIt I-IapOilHbIX Macc.
B ro )J(e upe:\HI COJl1<lB"UIHCb IIepBbIe KHTai1cKHe KaIllHi.LIHCn1 l IeCKI-te
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KUTac. B OTnCT KHTai-1cK<U1 lIallHOlli.lI]blIa 6YP)J(ya3H B03LlaBHJ1a 1I0noc
UUI)J(CIIHC 3a npOBc1cIIHC pc<I)()P1. CnuUI.I]HCb 3a.rra l lH:
. OrpaLUlTb KI-ITai-icKHx npellnpl-IHIH-li.lTCJ1Ci-1 OT HHOCTpaHI-IblX KOH-
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. IBMeI-lHTb Me 1"01lbI roCYllapCTBcI-IHOro y"paBJIeHIHI;
. y"paJllHH rb JaKOHbI, CJJ.ep)J(lmaJ()lUHe paJBH rHe CTpaHbl.
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paTOp fyaHclOl'j. C cro 1I0tolllblO 6blJlO pcopraHl-IJoBaHO ueHTpalbHOC
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320
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pa3IUITHSI. Co BpCICIIC1 :no npHBCJ10 CTp<lIIY B CIIIC 60JlbllIl-fi-1 ynaHOK.
nOJIIHHKa IIpamllueti 1l1-1I-1acnm BbIJblBaJJa B03lyweI-lI-le HapO,LIa. npo-
lBoweJ' P}Ill BbICTYlIJleI-lI-lii H BOCCTaI-lHfi, I-IO OI-ll-f I-Ie IIpl1I-leCJIH ycnexa.
npOSo: npeo6AOAOHLt1e CpeAHesel<OSblX HOpM
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C:\fOTpeTb CBO.a 3aKOI-lOB llaJUlIH ,1I0il npellblllywcii m1I-laCTI1H MHI-I.
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KalICCTBC OCHOHI-IbIX. OI-l nOJ1YlIl-1J1 I-Ia3BaI-lHC llGl(uH JlIOli.llI. HOBOC
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B lla.'lbI-leihlle1 B I-Icro BHOCI-IJIJ-ICb H3MeHCI-IJUI. OHO nepCCtaTplma-
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11. BHeeBponecKIII Mlllp B HOBoe BpeMSI
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2) 60.l]bUl<UI 6;UI6YKOBiHI mlJlKa (60, 70, 80, 90, 100 YJmpoB)
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I roll, 1,5 rolla, 2 rolla, 3 rolla;
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npec-rYIIJleHHe\1. B p}llI.e cJ1Y l iaen n npane nCTpellanocb paJ.TlJ-IllHe \-le)f(ilY
y"-lbIUlJleI-lHbIMH H HeY1bIUI"leI-lI-lblH1 npeCTynJleI-llUlMl1. nOI-lITHe BJ-II-Ibl
I-Ie 6bl.l0 p.13pa601"i.1HO. MY)f(, Hallpmlep, ornelHUI Ja IIpeelYILleI-lHe, eo-
neplileI-lHOC )f(eHoH, CbIH - Ja IIpocTynKH MaTepH, OlIeI-lb UlHpOKO IIpaK-
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OTBCTCTBJ-IC C TomaIlIIUlMI-1 pcaJllUlH1. bbIJIH 1-ICKJ110 l ICllhl yroJl0BllbiC
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11. BHeeBponecKIII Mlllp B HOBoe BpeMSI
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