Автор: Томсинов В.А.
Теги: отрасли права история право государство и право
ISBN: 978-5-8078-0186-0
Год: 2011
Текст
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reo IIpH aHaJIH3e cOJ\epmaHHR 3rrHJIOra oc060e BHHMaHHe CJIe,n;yeT
YJ\eJIHTb TOM xapaKTepHCTHKe, KOTOPYIO XaMMyparrH ,n;aeT 3J\eCb
CBOHM "3aKOHaM". CJIOBa XaMMyparrH, rrpHBo,n;HMble B 3rrHJIOre,
CBM)J.eTeJIbCTBYIOT 0 TOM, ',1'1'0 ero peIlleHHe HaqePTaTb TeKCT "3a-
KOHOB" Ha CTeJIe He 6bIJIO CJIyqaMHbIM - OHO 6bIJIO rrpO)J;I1KTOBaHO
COBepIlleHHo orrpe,n;eJIeHHbIMH rrpe,n;CTaBJIeHHRMH BaBHJIOHCKoro rrpa-
BHTeJIR 0 C OCTH CBOHX "3aKoHoB", 06 HX pOJIM B 06 eCTBeHHOM
mH3HM. CTYJ\eHTbI )J;OJI:/KHbI paccKa3aTb, B <reM 3aKJIIOqaeTCR CYTb
3THX rrpe,n;CTaBJIeHHM.
06paIQaHCb K OC1i061iOMY 7ne1(cmy "3aKOHOB XaMMyparrH", He-
06XO,n;HMO B rrepBYIO Oqepe)J;b OTBeTHTb Ha Borrpoc, eCTb JIH B HeM
KaKOM-HI16Y)J;b rropR)J;OK B pacrrOJIO:/KeHHH rrpaBOBbIX HOpM. ECJIH rro-
PMOK Bce :/Ke 06HapymHBaeTcR, TO KaKOB OH? l(aJIee He06xo)J;HMO
OCTaHOBHTbCR Ha Borrpoce 0 rrpOHCXO:/K)J;eHHH 3THX HOpM, a HMeH-
HO: HBJ!HIOTCR JIH OHH 3arrHCblO 06blqaeB, cy,n;e6HbIX peIlleHHti HJIH
me HX HCTOqHHK - BOJIR HCKJIlOqHTeJIbHO OJ\Horo XaMMyparrH, B03-
meJIaBillero rrO-CBoeMY rrepeYCTpOHTb 06ru:eCTBeHHble OTHOIlleHHR
B BaBHJIOHe.
CBOH "3aKOHbI" XaMMyparrl1 rrpe)J;CTaBJIReT B rrpOJIore 1'1 3rrH-
JIore K HHM KaK BOrrJIOIQeHHe crrpaBe)J;JIHBOCTH. CTy,n;eHTbI ,n;OJImHbI
orrpe)J;eJIHTb rrpH aHaJIH3e HX OCHOBHoro TeKCTa, qeM RBJIReTCR Ta-
KaR xapaKTepHCTHKa "3aKOHOB" - rrpOCTO H,n;eOJIOrHqeCKHM MH-
OM HJIH :/Ke OTpa:/KeHl1eM peaJIbHOCTH. qTO TaKoe crrpaBeJ\JIHBOCTb
B rrOHHMaHHH XaMMyparrH? l(eMcTBHTeJIbHO JIH co,n;epmaHHe "3a-
KOHOB XaMMyparrH" rrpOHH3aHO HaqaJIaMH crrpaBe)J;JIHBOCTH?
TeMa 1. "3aKOHbI XaMMypanH"
5
06 aR XapaKTepHCTHKa JI1060ro rrpaBoBoro rraMRTHHKa rrpeJ\-
rrOJIaraeT, rrOMHMO rrpOqerO, XapaKTepHCTHKY ero rrpaBOBbIX HOpM
PaCCMaTpHBaR OCHOBHOM TeKCT "3aKOHOB XaMMypam1", He06xoJ\H-
MO 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha PMY HX H3JIOmeHHR. KaKOBa OHa -
Ka3YHCTHqHa !1JIH a6CTpaKTHa? MCrrOJIb3yIOTCR JIH B p;aHHOM rrpa-
BOBOM rraMHTHHKe IIPH 113J10meHI1H HOpM KaK!1e-JIH60 a6CTpaKTHble
lOpH)J;H'IeCKHe rrOHRTHR?
,1JJIR )J;peBHeBOCTOqHbIX 06Il\eCTB 3aKOHOMepHOCTblO RBJIHeTCR
TeCHaH CBR3b rrpaBOBOM KYJIbTypbI C peJIHrJ1eM. 06Hapym!1BaeTCR
JIH BJIHHHHe peJIHrHH Ha rrpaBOBble HOpMbI B "3aKOHax XaMMypa-
rrH"? ECJIH )J;a, TO B qeM BblpamaeTCR 3'1'0 BJIHRHHe? KaKOB ero xa-
paKTep?
IIocJIe OTBeTa Ha YKa3aHHble BOIIpOCbI MomHO rrpeJ\rrpHHRTb
rrorrbITKY orrpe)J;eJIHTb, OCHOBbIBaRCb cTporo Ha TeKCTe "3aKoHoB
XaMMyparrH", lOpH)J;HqecKYlO rrpHpoJ\Y )J;aHHoro rraMRTHHKa, HaCTO-
RIl\YIO QeJIb ero C03J\aHHH.
BTOpOiJ Bonpoc IIpJ1 06cY:/K)J;eHHH 3Toro Borrpoca Ha CeMJ1Hap-
CKOM 3aHRTHH He06xoJ\HMO B rrepByIO Oqepe)J;b
Ha3BaTb Te COQHaJIbHble rpyrrrrbI. CTaTYC KOTOpbIX lOpHJ\HqeCKH
O OpMJIReTCR B "3aKOHax XaMMyparrH". CJ\eJIaTb 31'0 HerrpOCTO. ,1JJIR
0603HaqeHHR pa3JIWIHbIX rpyrrrr HaCeJIeHI1R B rrepeBO.lIax TeKCTa "3a-
KOHOB" Ha PYCCKI1M R3bIK llIHpOKO HCrrOJIb3yIOTCR TepMHHbI R3blKa
opHrHHaJIa, TaK!1e, KaK, HarrpHMep, "aBHJIYM", "MYIllKeHYM", "pe-
;:J;yM", "IllaMaJIJIYM", "6aHpYM", "Hap;HTYM", "TaMKap" 1'1 .lip. IIpH 31'0M
B caMHX "3aKOHax" He J\aeTCR crreQHaJIbHbIX orrpep;eJIeHHii: J\aHHbIX
TepMHHOB. K TOMY :/Ke MHonle 1'13 HHX yrroTpe6JIRlOTCR peJ\KO - He
60JIee qeM B TpeX-qeTblpex CTaTbRX. II03TOMY rrOJ\JIHHHOe !1X 3Ha-
qeHHe He MO:/KeT 6bITb YCTaHOBJIeHO B rrOJIHOM 06'beMe. Op;HaKO C
yqeTOM KOHTeKCTa, B KOTOpOM rrpHMeHHlOTcH YKa3aHHble TepMHHbI,
a TaK:/Ke C rroMOlI(blO cpaBHHTeJIbHoro MeTo)J;a BrrOJIHe MO:/KHO p;ora-
)J;aTbcH, KaKyIO KaTeropHlO HaCeJIeHHH Ka:/K)J;brM 1'13 HI1X 0603HaqaeT.
IIo pO)J;Y 3aHRTHM 31'0 MorYT 6bITb 3eMJIeBJIaJ\eJIbQbI, KyrrQbI HJIH
me rocyp;apcTBeHHble CJIymaIl\He, mpeQbI; rro MeCTY B 06Il\eCTBeH-
HOM HepapXHH - BbICIllHe HJIH HH3IllHe KJIaCCbI.
Oc060e BHHMaHHe CJIe)J;YeT 06paTHTb Ha TepMHH "qeJIOBeK" HJlH
"aBHJIYM", HCrrOJIb3yeMbrM B PYCCKHX rrepeBOn;ax TeKCTa "3aKOHOB
XaMMyparrH". ,1JaHHbIM TepMHH BblcTyrraeT 3J\eCb, rro MeHbIlleM Mepe,
B Tpex 3HaqeHHRX. B 60JIbIllHHCTBe CTaTeti OH 0603HaqaeT JIHqHO
cB060p;Horo 06Il\HHHHKa, BJIaJ\eJIbQa 3eMeJIbHoro yqaCTKa, crroc06-
Horo rrOKyrraTb cepe6po, 30JIOTO, pa60B, J\OMaIllHHM CKOT. 3T0 rrep-
Boe 3HaqeHHe TepMHHa "qeJIOBeK" HJIH "aBHJIYM". B HeKOTopbIX CTa-
TbHX OH paBH03HaqeH TepMHHY " H3HqeCKOe JIHllO", 0603HaqaH
qeJIOBeKa, HHJ\HBM)J.a KaK TaKoBoro. 3TO era BTopoe 3HaqeHHe. M,
HaKOHeQ, B pMe CJIyqaeB TepMHHOM "qeJIOBeK" HJIH "aBHJIYM" Ha-
6
J1CTOpI1H rocy.napCTBa H npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX crpaH
3bIBaeTCH rrpe)J;CTaBHTeJIb orrpeJ\eJIeHHOM COllHaJIbHOM rpyrrrrbI. B
3THX CJIyqaRx OH rrpOTHBorrOCTaBJIReTCR qJIeHY pyroM COllHaJIb-
HOM rpyrrrrbI, COCTORIl.\eM 113 MYlliKeHYMOB. TaKOBO TpeTbe 3Ha qe-
HHe paCCMaTpHBaeMoro TepMHHa. CTy eHTbI OJI:/KHbI OTbICKaTb B
TeKCTe "3aKOHOB XaMMyparrH" CTaTbH, rrOKa3blBalOI.llI1e Ka:/K)J;oe 1'13
yKa3aHHbIX Tpex 3HaqeHHM TepMHHa "qeJIOBeK" HJIH "aBHJIYM".
PaCCMaTpHBaR rrpaBOBOM CTaTYC TaKI1X COllHaJIbHbIX rpyrrrr, KaK
pe)J;YMbI, TaMKapbI 1'1 MYWKeHYMbI, He06xo)J;HMO 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe
Ha HX 06R3aHHOCTH rro OTHOllIeHHlO K roCYJ\apCTBY. XapaKTep B03JIO-
J!{eHHbIX Ha HHX rrOBHHHOCTeM B rrOJIb3Y rOCY)J;apCTBa BO MHO roM orr-
pe)J;eJIRJI 1'1 xapaKTep HX rrpaBOBoro cTaTyca, MeCTO B 06r.qeCTBeHHOM
HepapXHH. CTYJ\eHTbI OJImHbI rrpHBeCTH KOHKpeTHble CTaTbH "3aKo-
HOB XaMMyparrH", HJIJIlOCTpHpYIOI.llI1e OTMeqeHHYlO 3aKoHoMepHoCTb.
HaH60JIee OTT.J:eTJIHBO pa3JIHqHR B rrpaBoBoM rrOJIO:iKeHHH COllH-
aJIbHbIX rpyrrrr BaBHJIOHCKOro 06Il.\eCTBa rrpOOBJIRlOTCR B CTaTbHX
"3aKOHOB", orrpe eJIRIOI.llI1X HaKa3aHHH 3a Te HJIH HHble rrpecTyrr-
JIeHHR. He06xo)J;HMO HaMTH 3TH CTaTbH 1'1 Ha KOHKpeTHbIX rrpHMe-
pax rrOKa3aTb CYTb yKa3aHHbIX pa3JIHqHM.
JIHQa, OTHOC.ffiI.lI1eCR K rpyrrrre HeCB060 Horo HaCeJIeHl1.H, B PYC-
CKOM rrepeBOJ\e TeKCTa "3aKOHOB XaMMyparrH" J1MeHYIOTCR pa6a-
MH. IIpH aHaJIH3e HOpM, 3aKperrJIRlOI.llI1X rrpaBOBOM CTaTYC aHHotl
COQHaJIbHOM rpyrrrrbI, CJIe yeT yqecTb, ',1'1'0 B "3aKOHax" rOBopHTCR
o pa3JIHqHbIX KaTeropHHx pa60B. CTYJ\eHTbI OJI:/KHbI Ha3BaTb 3TH
KaTeropHH 1'1 rrpH 3TOM orrpe)J;eJIHTb, CYLL\eCTBYlOT JIH KaKHe-JIH60
pa3JIHqHR B HX IIpaBOBOM rrOJIO:iKeHHH. ECJIH J\a, TO Me:iK;:J;y KaKI1MH
KaTerOpHRMI1 pa60B 1'1 B qeM 3aKJIlOqalOTCR 3TH pa3JIHql1.H?
IIpH OrrHCaHHM rrpaBOBoro rrOJIOmeHHH pa60B He06xo)J;I1MO 06-
paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha CJIeJ\YIOI.llI1e CTaTbH "3aKoHoB XaMMyparrH":
7, 171, 175, 176, 1991'1247, 205, 213, 214, 231, 251 1'1 252, 278-282.
I\aKl1e BbIBOJ\bI 0 rrpaBoBoM rrOJIO:/KeHHH pa60B MO:/KHO C eJIaTb 1'13
co epmaHHR YKa3aHHbIX CTaTeM?
TeKCT "3aKOHOB XaMMyparrH" 3a HKCHpOBaJI 1'1 TaKYIO KaTe-
ropHIO 3aBHcHMoro HaCeJIeHl1.H, KaK OT aHHble B pa6CTBO Ha BpeMR
(CT. 117). B qeM 3aKJIlOqaIOTCR oc06eHHocTH rrpaBoBoro rrOJIO:/KeHHR
)J;aHHoM KaTeropHH HaCeJIeHHH?
TpcTllii Bonpoc HOpMbI 6paqHO-CeMeMHoro rrpaBa 3aHHMalOT B
"3aKoHax XaMMyparrH" rrO'fTH qeTBepTYlO qaCTb
OCHOBHOro TeKCTa. OHH pacrrOJIOmeHbI 3J\eCb KOMrraKTHO co 128-M
rro 193 CTaTblO. K c epe 6paqHO-CeMeMHoro IIpaBa MO:iKHO OTHeCTH
TaK:/Ke CTaTbH 1941'1195 paccMaTpHBaeMoro C60pHHKa, XOTR 3a HK-
cHpoBaHHble 3J\eCb HOpMbI HMelOT o)J;HoBpeMeHHo RpKO BblpameH-
HbIM yroJIOBHO-rrpaBoBoM xapaKTep, rrOCKOJIbKY B HHX HJ\eT peqb 0
rrpecTyrrJIeHI1.HX 1'1 HaKa3aHHRX 3a rrpecTyrrJIeHHH. YroJIOBHO-rrpa-
BOBbIMH IIO cBoeMY xapaKTepy RBJIRIOTCR 1'1 )J;pyrne CTaTbH yKa3aH-
TeMa 1. "3aKOHbI XaMMypanH"
7
HOJ1 qaCTH "3aKOHOB" - OHH TaKme rrOCBRLL\eHbI rrpecTyrrJIeHHRM 1'1
HaKa3aHHRM. Mx rrpHCYTCTBHe B rpyrrrre HOpM 6paqHO-CeMeMHoro
rrpaBa CBM)J.eTeJIbCTByeT 0 TOM, ',1'1'0 B BaBHJlOHCKOM 06LL\ecTBe rrpe,lJ;-
rrpHHHMaJIHCb OC06ble MepbI rro 3aU.\YITe YCToeB ceMbH.
"3aKOHbI XaMMyparrH" BblpaJKalOT orrpe,lJ;eJIeHHble rrpe,lJ;CTaBJIe-
HHR 0 rrpHpO,lJ;e 1'1 QeJIH 6paKa. KaK MOJKHO orrpe,lJ;eJIHTb lOpH,lJ;HqeC-
KYlO rrpHpo;:J;y 1'1 QeJIb 6paKa rro HopMaM paCCMaTpHBaeMoro rrpaBO-
BOro rraM.HTHHKa? KaKoe 3HaqeHHe HMeJI ,lJ;OrOBOp rrpH 3aKJIlOqeHHH
6paKa? HOpMbI "3aKOHOB XaMMyparrH" YCTaHaBJIHBalOT, ',1'1'0 3aKJIlO-
qeHHbIM 6paK 6Y,lJ;eT ,lJ;eMCTBHTeJIbHbIM JIHIIlb rrpH C06JIlO,lJ;eHHH orrpe-
,lJ;eJIeHHbIX YCJIOBHM. KaKl1e 3'1'0 YCJIOBHR? .I(orrYCKaeTC.H JIM MHOro-
:/KeHCTBO rro "3aKOHaM XaMMyparrH"? ECJIH ,lJ;a, TO rrpH KaKHX 06CTO-
RTeJIbCTBax? IIpH KaKHX YCJIOBHRX B03MOJKeH pa3BO,lJ; CyrrPyroB?
IIocJIe OTBeTa Ha YKa3aHHble BorrpocbI cJIe,lJ;YeT. OCHOBbIBaRCb
Ha KOHKpeTHblx CTaTbRX "3aKoHoB XaMMyparrH", orrpe,lJ;eJIHTb rrpa-
Ba 1'1 06R3aHHocTH cyrrpyroB. IIpH 3TOM B OQeHKe rrpaBoBoro rrOJIO-
:/KeHHR MYJKa 1'1 JKeHbI He06xo)J;HMO H36eraTb O,lJ;HOCTOpOHHOCTH. K
rrpHMepy. orrHCbIBaR cTaTYc 3aMYJKHeM JKeHIl.\I1HbI, He06xo,lJ;HMo crre-
QYlaJIbHO OCTaHOBHTbCR Ha rrpe,lJ;ycMoTpeHHbIX,l\JIR Hee HopMaMH "3a-
KOHOB" rapaHTHRX MaTepHaJIbHoro CO,lJ;epmaHHR. CTY,lJ;eHTbI ,lJ;OJImHbI
BbUlBHTb 3TH HOpMbI B TeKCTe H3yqaeMoro rrpaBOBoro rraMRTHHKa_
IIpH aHaJIH3e HMYLL\eCTBeHHbIX npaB 1'1 06.H3aHHOCTeJ1 cyrrpy-
roB CJIe,lJ;yeT 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha CTaTbH 159-164, B KOTOpbIX
H,lJ;eT peqb 0 6paqHOM BbIKyrre 1'1 rrpH,l\aHOM cyrrpyrH, a TaKme Ha
CTaTblO 150, r,lJ;e rOBOpHTC.H 06HMYLL\eCTBe, rrepeIIle,l\IIleM 0'1' Myma
K )KeHe rro ,lJ;OroBOPy ,lJ;apeHHR. KaKoBa lOpM)J.HqeCKa.H rrpHpo;:J;a 3THX
KaTeropJ1J1 HMYLL\eCTBa? KaK MeHReTC.H cTaTYc rrpH,lJ;aHoro B pa3JIWI-
HbIX 06CTORTeJIbCTBax?
"3aKoHbI XaMMyparrH" CO,lJ;epmaT TaKJKe HOpMbI, perYJIHpyIO-
Il.\He B3aHMOOTHOIIleHH.H po,lJ;HTeJIeJ1 1'1 ,lJ;eTeJ1. 3TH HOpMbI orpaHWIH-
BaIOT BJIaCTb pO,lJ;HTeJIeM Ha,lJ; ,lJ;eTbMJ.1 B qeM COCTORT ,lJ;aHHble orpa-
HHqeHHR?
KaKOBO rrpaBOBoe rrOJIOJKeHHe rrpHeMHbIX ,lJ;eTeM rro "3aKOHaM
XaMMyparrH"?
K HopMaM. perYJIHpYlOLL\J1M B3aHMOOTHOIIleHHR pO,lJ;HTeJIeJ1 1'1
,lJ;eTeM, TeCHO rrpHMbIKalOT rrpaBHJIa HaCJIe,lJ;OBaHHR ,lJ;eTbMH HMYLL\e-
CTBa HX oTQa. KaKOM rropR,lJ;OK HaCJIe,lJ;OBaHH.H HMYLL\eCTBa poJ\HTe-
JIeJ1 ,lJ;eTbMH YCTaHaBJIMBalOT "3aKOHbI XaMMypaIDI"? MomeT JIH OTeQ
OTCTpaHHTb CbIHa OT HaCJIe,lJ;oBaHHR ceMeMHoro HMYLL\eCTBa? KaKOM
CTaTYC YlMelOT CbIHOBb.H CB060;:J;Horo qeJIOBeKa, pOJK,lJ;eHHble ero pa-
6bIHeM? MorYT JIH OHH rrpeTeH,lJ;OBaTb Ha qaCTb HaCJIe,lJ;CTBa B CJIY-
qae CMepTH HX OTQa? 3HalOT JIH "3aKOHbI XaMMyparrH" HHCTJ1TYT
HaCJIe,lJ;OBaHHR rro 3aBeIl.\aHHlO? Mor JIM HaCJIe,lJ;O,lJ;aTeJIb 06eCrreqHTb
KaKHM-JIYl60 crroc06oM rrpaBO HaCJIe,lJ;OBaHHR CBOero HMYLL\eCTBa TOMY
KOMY rrOJKeJIaeT?
8
J1CTOpI1H roCy.napCTBa H npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX crpaH
MHCTHTYTbI BeLL\HOrO rrpaBa - 3'1'0 B rrepByIO
Oqepe)J;b HHCTHTYTbI rrpaBa c06crBeHHocTH, BJIa-
)J;eHHH HJIH )J;epmaHHR, TO eCTb cOBoKyrrHocTH
rrpaBOBbIX HOpM, 3aKperrJIHlOI.I:(I1XTe HJlH HHbIe BeIl.\I1 BO BJIaCTH Ka-
Koro-JIH60 cy6'beKTa rrpaBa - 6Y)J;b 3'1'0 OT)J;eJIbHbrM HHro1BM)J. HJlH
06'be)J;HHeHHe HH)J;HBH)J;OB (KOprrOpaQHR, TOBapHLL\eCTBO, 06l.W'IHa).
B BaBHJIOHe, KaK H BO BCeX )J;pyrHx )J;peBHHX CTpaHaX, rJIaB-
HOM BeLL\blO, COCTaBJIRBIlleM YHp;aMeHT 6JIarococToRHHH HH)J;HBH-
)J;a, CeMbH 1'1 06LL\eCTBa B QeJIOM, BblcTyrram 3eMJIR B CHJlY TaKOrO
cBoero 3HaqeHHR 3eMeJIbHble yqacTKH craHOBHJIHCb o6DeKToM CJIOiK-
HeMIlIHX rrpaBOOTHOlIleHHM, B KOTOpbIX BeLL\Hble rrpaBa HH)J;HBH)J;a
orrpe)J;eJIRJIHCb BO MHoroM B 3aBHCHMOCTH 0'1' ero Mecra B 06LL\eCT-
BeHHOM HepapX IH, OHH TeCHO rreperrJIeTaJIHCb C JIHqHbIMH ero rro-
BHHHOCTRMH B rrOJIb3Y roCY)J;apCTBa HJIH 06r..qHHbI. BMeCTe C TeM
CO)J;epmaHHe rrpaB HH)J;HBM)J.a Ha 3eMeJIbHbrM yqaCTOK orrpe)J;eJIRJIOCb,
COrJIaCHO "3aKOHaM XaMMyparrH", TaK:/Ke crroc060M rrpH06peTeHHR
HM Y'faCTKa. PacrropRiKeHHe KyrrJIeHHOM 3eMJIeM 6bIJIO 60JIee CBO-
60)J;HbIM, HemeJIH pacrropRiKeHHe 3eMJIeM. rrOJIyqeHHOM 3a CJIYiK6y
(CM. CT. 38-39).
CO)J;epmaHHe "3aKoHoB XaMMyparrH" RCHO CBJ1)J.eTeJIbCTBYeT 0
TOM, ',1'1'0 3eMeJIbHble yqacTKH RBJIRJIHCb B BaBHJIOHCKOM 06LL\eCTBe
rrpe)J;MeToM rpaiK)J;aHcKoro 060poTa - OHH MOrJIH rrpo;:J;aBaTbCH, C;:J;a-
BaTbCH B apeH;:J;y, 06MeHHBaTbcH, rrepe;:J;aBaTbcH rro HaCJIe)J;cTBY, 6bITb
rrpe;:J;MeTOM 3aJIOra (CM., HarrpHMep, CT. 39-42). CJIe)J;oBaTeJIbHO,
3)J;eCb 6bIJI BrrOJIHe pa3BHT HHCTHTYT rrpaBa C06cTBeHHOCTH Ha 3eM-
JIlO. BMecTe C TeM, O)J;HaKO, oCYLL\eCTBJIeHHe 3TOro rrpaBa HMeJIO He-
KOTOpble rrpaBOBbJe orpaHWIeHHR CTY)J;eHTbI )J;OJDKHbI BHHMaTeJIb-
HO rrpOqHTaTb CTaTbH "3aKoHoB XaMMyparrH", B KOTOpbIX M)J.eT peqb
o 3eMeJIbHbIX yqacTKax, 1'1 HaiirTH YKa3aHHble OrpaHHqeHHR. He06-
XO)J;HMO qeTKO orrpe)J;eJIHTb Te YCJIOBHR, rrpH KOTOpbIX MO:/KHO 6bIJIO
COBeplIlHTb KyrrJIlO-rrpo)J;aiKY 3eMJIH, c)J;aTb 3eMeJIbHbli.j: yqaCTOK B
apeH)J;y, C)J;eJIaTb ero rrpe;:J;MeToM )J;oroBopa MeHbI, rrepe)J;aTb rro Ha-
cJIe)J;cTBY, OT)J;aTb B 3aJIOr.
TeKCT H3yqaeMoro rrpaBoBOro rraMRTHHKa rrOKa3bIBaeT, qT03eM-
JIR Mor JIa 6bITb o6DeKToM He TOJIbKO rrpaBa C06CTBeHHOCTH. HO 1'1
)J;pyrHX BeLL\HbIX rrpaB. CTY)J;eHTbI )J;OJImHbI caMOCTORTeJIbHO orrpe-
)J;eJIHTb xa paKTep 3THX rrpaB. Oc060e BHHMaHHe CJIe;:J;yeT rrpH 3TOM
y)J;eJIHTb HHCTHTYTY cJIYiKe6Horo )J;epmaHHR - HopMaM, KOTopble
YCTaHaBJIHBaJIH BeLL\Hble rrpaBa Ha 3eMeJIbHble yqaCTKH, rrOJIyqeH-
Hble 0'1' rrpaBHTeJIR 3a rocY)J;apcTBeHHYlO CJIY:/K6y. "3aKoHbI XaM-
MYparrH" 3a HKCHpOBaJIH HeCKOJIbKO pa3HOBJ1)J.HOCTeiir TaKHX BeLL\-
HbIX rrpaB, KOTOpbIM corrYTCTByeT 06H3aHHocTb HeCTH rOCY)J;apCTBeH-
HyIO CJIyiK6y. KaKHe pa3HOBH;:J;HOCTH HHCTHTYTa cJIYiKe6Horo )J;ep-
maHHR MOiKHO 06HaPYiKHTb B TeKCTe "3aKoHoB"? qTO OHH C06OJ1
rrpe)J;cTaBJIRlOT 1'1 qeM )J;pyr 0'1' )J;pyra OTJIHqalOTCR?
ICTBCpT"lii
Bonpoc
TeMa 1. "3aKOHbI XaMMypanH"
9
IIOMHMO 3eMeJIbHbIX yqacTKoB 06'beKTOM rrpaBa C06CTBeHHOC-
'1'1'1, CJIYJKe6Horo ,lJ;epmaHHR 1'1 ,lJ;pyrHx BeIl.\HbIX rrpaB rro "3aKOHaM
XaMMyparrH" MOrJIH BblcTyrraTb TaK:/Ke HHble MaTepHaJIbHble rrpe,lJ;-
MeTbI (,lJ;OM, ca,lJ;, CKOT, pa6bI, J\paroQeHHble MeTaJIJIbI, rrpo,lJ;YKTbI 1'1
T. ,lJ;.). Cry,lJ;eHTbI ,lJ;OJIJKHbI rrpoaHaJIH3HpOBaTb KOHKpeTHble CTaTbH,
B KOTOpbIX J1)J.eT peqb 0 Be HbIX rrpaBax Ha 3TH npe,lJ;MeTbI, 1'1 C,lJ;e-
JIaTb COOTBeTCTBYlO He BbIBO,lJ;bI.
IIocJIe paCCMOTpeHHR Bcero KOMIIJIeKCa HOpM "3aKOHUB XaM-
MyparrH", 3aKperrJIRlOLL\HX Te HJIH HHble MaTepHaJIbHble rrpe,lJ;MeTbI
BO BJIaCTH HH,lJ;HBHp;a, 06LL\HHbI HJ!H rrpaBHTeJIR, CJIe,lJ;yeT rrepeMTH K
aHaJIH3Y cTaTeiir, B KOTOpbIX J1)J.eT peqb 0 ,lJ;oroBopax. B rrepBYlO oqe-
pe,lJ;b He06xo,lJ;HMO YCTaHOBHTb, KaKHe BH,lJ;bI ,lJ;orOBopOB HaIllJIH CBOe
OTpa:/KeHHe B TeKCTe H3yqaeMOrO rrpaBOBoro rraMRTHHKa. 3aTeM
CTY,lJ;eHTbI ,lJ;OJIJKHbI ,lJ;aTb OIIHcaHHe YCJIOBHM Tex p;orOBopOB, KOTO-
pble yrroMHHalOTC.H 3,lJ;eCb HaH60JIee qaCTO. K HX qHCJIY OTHOCRTCR
,lJ;OroBOpbI KyrrJIH-rrpo,lJ;aJKH, apeH)J;bI, HaMMa. 3aMMa, XpaHeHHR 1'1 ,lJ;p.
"3aKOHbI XaMMyparrH" rrOKa3bIBalOT, ',1'1'0 rOCY,lJ;apCTBeHHaR BJIaCTb
IllHpOKO BMeIllHBaJIaCb B J\oroBopHble OTHOIlleHHR qaCTHbIX JIHQ, or-
paHH'fHBa.R HX CBo60;:J;y B BbIDope YCJIOBHJ1 P;OroBOpoB orrpe,lJ;eJIeH-
HbIMH paMKaMH. B qeM KOHKpeTHO rrpORBJIRJIOCb BMeIllaTeJIbCTBO
roCY,lJ;apCTBa. B YKa3aHHYlO c epy?
KaKHe rrpaB.wa YCTaHaBJIHBaIDTC.H B paCCMaTpHBaeMOM rrpa-
BOBOM rraMRTHJ1Ke OTHOCHTeJIbHO ,lJ;orOBOpa KyrrJIH-rrpO;:J;a:/KJ1?
KaKHe cpe,lJ;CTBa 06eCrreqeHHR B03BpaTa p;OJIra rrpe,lJ;YCMOTpe-
HbI B TeKCTe "3aKOHOB XaMMyparrH"?
HOpMbI "3aKOHOB XaMMyparrH" npe,lJ;nOJIaraIDT He TOJIbKO HMY-
LL\eCTBeHHYlO, HO 1'1 JIHqHYlO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb ,lJ;OJIJKHHKa rrepe,lJ;
Kpe,lJ;HTOpoM. B qeM 3aKJIlOqaeTC.H YKa3aHHaR OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb? BMe-
CTe C TeM "3aKOHbI XaMMyparrH" CO,lJ;epJKaT orrpe,lJ;eJIeHHble orpa-
HWIeHHR BJIaCTH Kpe,lJ;HTOpa Ha,lJ; ,lJ;OJIJKHHKOM. B qeM COCTOHT CYTb
3THX orpaHHqeHHM?
KaKHe pa3HOBJ1,lJ;HOCTH ,lJ;orOBOpa HaJ1Ma yrrOMJ1HalOTCR B TeK-
CTe "3aKOHOB XaMMyparrH"?
KaKHe rrpaBHJIa YCTaHaBJIHBaIOTCR OTHOCHTeJIbHO ,lJ;oroBopa
apeH)J;bI? KaKHMH rrpaBaMH 06JIa,lJ;aeT apeH)J;aTOp? B qeM COCTO.HT
ero 06.H3aHHOCTH?
KaK peryJIHpYeTCR J\oroBOp HaMMa? KaKHMH rrpaBaMH 06JIaJ\aeT
HaeMHbrM pa6OTHJ1K? KaKOBbI ero 06R3aHHOCTH?
KaKHe rrpaBHJIa YCTaHOBJIeHbI B "3aKOHax XaMMyparrH" OTHO-
CHTeJIbHO ,lJ;oroBopa xpaHeHHR? IIpH KaKHX YCJIOBHRX ,lJ;aHHbIM ,lJ;oro-
BOp CqHTaeTC.H lOpH,lJ;H IeCKH ,lJ;eMCTBHTeJIbHbIM?
KaKHe BH):\bI ,lJ;oroBOpa OTpamalOT CT. 100 1'1 104 "3aKoHoB XaM-
MyparrH"?
M3 cOJ\epmaHHR paccMaTpHBaeMoro rrpaBoBOro rraMHTHHKa
BH,lJ;HO, ',1'1'0 06R3aTeJIbCTBa MOrJIH B03HHKaTb He TOJIbKO 1'13 ,lJ;oroBO-
10
J1CTOpI1H roCy.napCTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX crpaH
pa, HO TaKme 1'13 rrpHqHHeHHR BpeJ\a (CM. CT. 53-55, 59, 206, 214,
251 H,lJ;p.). B KaKHX CJIyqa.flX B03HHKaJIH rrO,lJ;06Hble 06.f13aTeJIbCTBa
1'1 B qeM OHH COCTORJIH?
nHTJ.Ji.j BOnpOC ITpHcTyrraR K paCCMOTpeHHIO ,lJ;aHHOrO BOrrpo-
ca, CJIe;:J;yeT HMeTb B BH;:J;y, ',1'1'0 B "3aKOHaX
XaMMyparrH" OTCYTCTByeT C'TpOraR rpaHb Me:/K;:J;y yrOJIOBHbIM rrpe-
cTyrrJIeHl1eM M rpa:/K,lJ;aHCKI1M rrpaBOHapYllleHHeM. ITO,lJ; rrpeCTyrrJIe-
HHeM 3,lJ;eCb rrOHHMaeTCR, KaK rrpaBHJlO, ,lJ;eMCTBHe, rrpHqHHHBlllee
TOT HJIH HHOM MaTepHaJIbHbIM y ep6 - 6Y;:J;b TO Kpama HJIH HaHe-
CeHHe TeJIeCHoro YBeqbR. COOTBeTCTBeHHO HaKa3aHHe BblcTyrraeT
qaCTO B OpMe B03Me eHH.fI rrp r(mHeHHOra MaTepHaJIbHOrO yrI.\ep-
6a. CryJ\eHTbI ,lJ;OJIJKHbI IIpHBeCTH KOHKpeTHble CTaTbH "3aKOHOB",
OTpamalO Me TaKOe rrOHHMaHHe rrpecTyrrJIeHHR 1'1 HaKa3aHHR.
IToCJIe 3TOro He06xo,lJ;HMO OCTaHOBHTbCR Ha KOHKpeTHbIX BH-
,lJ;ax rrpecTyrrJIeHHM 1'1 HaKa3aHHM, BCTpeqalO XCR B TeKCTe H3Y-
qaeMOrO rrpaBoBoro rraM.fITHMKa.
Oc060e BHMMaHHe rrpH H3yqeHHM paCCMaTpHBaeMoro BOrrpOCa
CJIe,lJ;yeT y,lJ;eJIHTb aKTOpaM, Orrpe,lJ;eJIRlO HM Ha3HaqeHHe TOro HJlH
HHOrO HaKa3aHHR. CTY,lJ;eHTbI J\OJImHbI YCTaHOBHTb, yqHTbIBaeTCR JIH
rrpH 3TOM "3aKOHaMH XaMMyparrH" aKTOp BHHbI rrpaBOHapYlllHTe-
JIR, pa3JIWIaIOTCR JIH Me y C06OJ1 YMbIllLJIeHHble 1'1 HeOCTOpOJKHble
rrpecTyrrJIeHHR, BbI,lJ;eJIRlOTCR JIH pa3JIMqHble CTa,lJ;HH COBepllleHHR
rrpecTyrrJIeHHR, OpMbI coyqacTHR B rrpeCTyrrHoM ,lJ;eRHHH. He06xo-
,lJ;HMO TaKme orrpe,lJ;eJIHTb, KaKOe BJIHRHHe Ha Ha3HaqeHMe HaKa3a-
HHR OKa3bIBaeT rrpHHa,lJ;JIeJKHOCTb rrpecTyrrHHKa 1'1 rrOTeprreBlllero K
TOM HJlH HHOM COQHaJIbHOM rpyrrrre.
HBJIReTCR JIH BHHOBHOCTb He06xo,lJ;HMbIM OCHOBaHHeM .l\JIR yro-
JIOBHOJ1 OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH no "3aKoHaM XaMMyparrH"?
"3aKoHbI XaMMyparrH" 3HalOT rrpHHQHrr TaJIHOHa rrpH Ha3Haqe-
HI1H HaKa3aHHR. B qeM CMbICJI ,lJ;aHHoro rrpHHQHrra. KaKOBbI era ,lJ;OC-
TOHHCTBa 1'1 He,lJ;oCTaTKH? B KaKHX CJIyqaRx OH rrpHMeHReTCR rro "3a-
KOHaM XaMMypaIIH"? MO:/KHO JIH CqHTaTb rrpHHQMrroM TaJIHOHa rrpa-
BHJIO, rrpHMeHeHHoe rrpH Ha3HaqeHHH HaKa3aHHR B CT. 230 "3aKoHoB"?
KaKl1e BbIBO,lJ;bI MO:/KHO C,lJ;eJIaTb 1'13 CO,lJ;epmaHHR CT. 23-24, 154,
158, 116, 210, 230 "3aKoHoB XaMMyparrH"?
IlIcCToii Bonpoc "3aKoHbI XaMMyparrH" MaJIO roBOpRT 0 cY,lJ;e 1'1
cY,lJ;e6HoM rrpoQecce - HM rrOCB.fI eHO He 60-
JIee ,lJ;eCRTH cTaTeM (3-5, 9-13). TeM He MeHee, rro CO.l\epmaHHlO
3THX CTaTeM MO:/KHO C,lJ;eJIaTb pR,lJ; BbIBO.l\OB OTHOCHTeJIbHO xapaKTe-
pa BaBHJIOHCKOro cY.l\a 1'1 CY,lJ;e6Horo rrpoQecca. B qaCTHOCTH, MO:/KHO
YTBepJK,lJ;aTb, ',1'1'0 rrOMHMO cY,lJ;a, oTrrpaBJIRBlllerocR rrpaBHTeJIeM B
ero )J;BoPQe, B BaBHJIOHCKOM 06 eCTBe BpeMeH XaMMyparrH cyrI.\e-
CTBOBaJIH CY,lJ;e6Hble opraHbI 1'1 60JIee HH3Koro ypOBHR. CY,lJ;eM Mor-
TeMa 1. "3aKOHbI XaMMypanH"
11
JIH CHHTb C J\OJI:/KHOCTH 3a HapyrneHHe rrpaBHJI cYJ\OrrpoH3BOJ\CTBa.
TeKCT "3aKOHOB XaMMyparrH" 3aclmKcHpoBaJI rrOpR,lJ;OK rrpHBO,lJ;a
OTBeT"<IHKa 1'1 CBJ1)J.eTeJIeJ1 B CY,lJ;, pa3JIHqHble CrrOC06bI ,lJ;OKa3bIBaHHR
TeX HJ!H HHbIX aKTOB CTOpoHaMH CY,lJ;e6Horo rrpoQecca. CTY,lJ;eHTbI
,lJ;OJI:iKHbI OrrHCaTb 3TH aCrreKTbI CY,lJ;e6HOrO rrpoQecca Ha OCHOBaHHH
COOTBeTCTBYIOJ.l.{HX CTaTeM rrpaBOBOrO rraMRTHHKa.
KaKMe BH,lJ;bI ,lJ;OKa3aTeJIbCTB rrpHMeHRJIHCb B CY,lJ;e6HOM rrpOL\eCCe
rro "3aKOHaM XaMMyparrH"?
CTaTbH 2 "3aKoHoB XaMMyparrH" CO,lJ;ep:/KHT OIIHcaHHe TaK Ha-
3bIBaeMoro "60:iKberO cY,lJ;a". B qeM COCTOHT QeJIb 1'1 CMbICJI TaKoro
"cY11.a"? B KaKHX CJIyqaHx rrpH6eraJIH K HeMY?
BI1BJII10fP A <1>113
A JiICTOqHltJKJiI
1. XpecToMaTHR no HCTOpl1H rocy.napCTBa H npaBa 3apy6emHblx CTpaH.
.D:peBHocTb 11 Cpe.lIHHe BeKa. 2-e 113J\aHHe, .lIOnOJlHeHHOe / CocTaBHTeJIb -
npo . B. A. TOJItCU1W6. M.: J1K.D: "3epL\aJIo-M", 2004 C. 8-36.
2_ BOJl."K06 11. M. 3aKoHbI BaBI1JIOHCKOro L\apH XaMMypa6H. M., 1914.
3. 3aKoHbI BaB.!JIOHHH, ACCHpHH H XeTTcKoro L\apCTBa / llpe.lIHcJlo-
BHe, nepeBoJ\ H KOMMeHTapHfl no.n pe.naKUl1efl11. M. JI,bJt"KOHOOa / / BecTHHK
J\PeBHeM I1CTOpl1l1. 1952. NQ 3-4.
4. 3aKoHbI XaMMypanl1 / llepeBo.lI JI. A. 'Iunuua B HOBOM peJ\aKL\HH
B. A R"K06colla / / XpeCTOMaTI1R no HCTOpHH LIpeBHero BocToKa. M., 1997.
C. 125-157.
B. JIHTEPATYPA
1. Bceo611\aR I1CTOpl1R rocY.lIapCTBa 11 npaBa. TOM L .D:peBHHM MHp_
Cpe.nHl1e BeKa / llo.lI pe.naKL\HeW B. A. TO.MCUH08a. M.: J11\:.D: "3epL\aJIo-M",
2002_ C. 47-90_
2. J1CTOpHH BocToKa B weCTH TOMax. TOM 1. BOCTOK B J\PeBHocTH. M.,
2000. C. 88-99.
3_ JIonyxuu A. n. 3aKoHo.naTeJIbCTBO MOl1ceH. Cy.lI Ha.n J1HCYCOM XpI1C-
TOM. BaBH.JlOHCKI1M L\apb llpaBJ\bI AMMypa611 / IIo.n pe.naKL\Hefl H C npe.nl1c-
JIOBl1eM B. A. TOJItCU1W6a. M.: I13.lIaTeJIbCTBO "3epL\aJIo", 2005. C. 265-309_
4. Peii.cHep M. A. J1.neoJI0I'l111 BoCTOKa. O<IepKH BOCTO<IHOfl TeOKpaTYIH.
M.-JI., 1927.
5. R"K06cou B. A. B03HI1KHOBeHI1e nHcaHoro npaBa B J\peBHet"i Meco-
nOTaMHI1 / / BecrHHK .npeBHefl I1CTOpHH. 1981. NQ 4.
TEMA 2
MAIIIACTPA MAHY
("3AKOHbI MARY")
11 APTXAIIIACTP A KAYTI1JIbl1
(4 'taca)
.I(xapMarnaCTpbI - :no rrpOH3Be)J;eHHR, rrpe)J;cTaBJIRlOIl.{l1e co-
60M C60PHHKI1 MHpoB033peHqeCKI1X )J;OrMaTOB HH,lJ;YH3Ma, HOpM HH-
)J;YCCKOM MOpaJIH 1'1 rrpaBa. EOJIbrnaR qaCTb 1'13 CoxpaHHBrnHXCR TeK-
CTOB )J;xapMarnaCTp 6bIJIa C03)J;aHa B :moxy C IV BeKa )J;O H. 3. rro V
BeK H. 3. .lI:xapMarnaCTpa MaHY, Ha3bIBaeMaH B eBporreii[cKoM HCTO-
pHKo-rrpaBOBOM HaYKe "3aKoHaMH MaRY", C03)J;aBaJIaCb, rro MHe-
HHIO HCCJIe,l\oBaTeJIeM, BO II BeKe )J;O H. 3. - II BeKe H. 3. Ha rrpoTR-
:/KeHHH MHorHX BeKOB OHa HBJIRJlaCb HaHOOJIee aBTOpHTeTHbIM B I1H-
)J;YH3Me rrpOH3Be)J;eHHeM )J;aHHoro maHpa.
ApTxarnaCTpaMH B )J;peBHeii[ MH,lJ;HH Ha3blBaJIHCb rrpoH3Be)J;e-
HHR, rrOCBRLL\eHHble HCKYCCTBY yrrpaBJIeHHR rOCY)J;apCTBOM. OHH CO-
)J;epmaJIH peKOMeH,l\aQHH rrpaBHTeJIlO rOCY)J;apCTBa rro yrrpaBJIeHHlO
roCYJ\apCTBeHHbIM X03RMCTBOM. rrO,l\)J;epmaHHlO BHYTpeHHero rropRJ\-
Ka B rocY)J;apcTBe, OTrrpaBJIeHHIO rrpaBOCY)J;HR, opraHH3aQHH 060po-
HbI 0'1' BHernHHX BparOB, BeJ\eHHlO BHelllHeii[ rrOJIHTHKH 1'1 T. ,l\. M3
BceM MaCCbI rrO)J;06HbIX rrpoH3Be)J;eHHM )J;O HarnHX )J;HeM )J;OIllJIO JIHrnb
e)J;HHCTBeHHOe - apTxarnaCTpa, rrpHrrHCbIBaeMaH 6paXMaHY Kay-
THJIbe. MCCJIe)J;OBaTeJIH )J;aTHpYlOT ee C03,l\aHHe I BeKOM )J;O H. 3. -
III BeKOM H. 3. EOJIee TOqHaR )J;aTa He MOJKeT 6bITb Ha3BaHa, rro-
CKOJIbKY Ha rrpOTRJKeHHH BeKOB TeKCT :nOM apTxarnacTpbI, TaK JKe
KaK 1'1 TeKCTbI MHorHX )J;xapMarnacTp, rrOCTORHHO pa3BHBaJICR - B
Hero BHOCHJIHCb pa3JIHqHble H3MeHeHHR HJIH J\orrOJIHeHHH.
M3yqeHHe .I(xapMarnaCTpbI MaHY ("3aKoHoB MaRY") 1'1 ApTxa-
rnacTpbI KaYTYIJIbH Ha ceMHHapCKI1X 3aHRTHRX rrpH3BaHo )J;aTb CTY-
)J;eHTaM rrpe)J;cTaBJIeHHe 0 peJIHrH03HOM COQHoHopMaTHBHoM KYJIb-
Type ,l\peBHeM MH,l\HH, 0 crroc06ax 3aKperrJIeHHR B M)J.eOJIOrWIeCKHX
)J;OrMaTaX, rrpe)J;ITHCaHHRX peJIHrH03HoM MOpaJII1 1'1 B rrpaBoBbIX HOp-
Max CJIOJKHBrneJ1CR Ha rrpaKTHKe OOIl.{eCTBeHHOJ1 HepapXHH, )J;eJIe-
HHR 06LL\eCTBa Ha BapHbI 1'1 )J;Pyrne COQl1aJIbHble rpyrrrrbI. KpoMe TOro,
CTY)J;eHTbI )J;OJIJKHbI rrOJIyqHTb CBe)J;eHHR 0 HopMax 6paQHO-CeMeM-
HOro rrpaBa, rrpH06peCTH 3HaHHe oc06eHHOCTeM rrpaBOBoro peryJIH-
TeMa 2. .D:xapMawacTpa MaRY 11 APTxawacTpa KaYTl1J!bH
13
pOBaHHR HMYLLleCTBeHHbIX OTHoIlleHHM B YCJIOBHRX J\peBHeHH,lJ;MM-
CKOro 06LL\eCTBa, YCBOHTb OTpa:IKeHHble B TeKCTax YKa3aHHbIX rrpo-
H3Be)J;eHHM rrpe)J;cTaBJIeHHR 0 rrpeCTyrrJIeHHH 1'1 HaKa3aHHH, 03HaKO-
MHTbCH C 3a HKCHpOBaHHbIMH 3)J;eCb 3JIeMeHTaMH CY)J;0YCTpoMCTBa
1'1 rrpaBHJIaMH cY)J;orrpoH3BO,lJ;CTBa.
.D:JIR )J;oCTH:/KeHHR YKa3aHHblx QeJIeJ1 Ha ceMHHapcKoM 3aHH-
'1'1'11'1 He06xo)J;HMO paCCMOTpeTb CJIe)J;YIOLLlHe BorrpoCbI:
1. JiICTO'lIlUKII npaBa B ,lJ.pCBHCii HII,lJ.IUI. OOIQaH xapaKTCpHCTl1Ka
.IJ:xapMaruacTpbI MallY ("3aKoHoB MaHY") H ApTxamacTpbI KaYTlIJIhlL
2. npaBOBOc nO.1JOmCIIHC OCIIOBllbIX rpynn HaCCJICHUH B .IJ:xapMa-
ruacTpc MaHY 11 B ApTxamacTpc KaYTHJIbl1.
3. HIICTl1TYTbI opa'lno-ccl\lCrmoro npaBa B J(xapl\laIII<lCTPC Many
II B ApTXaInaCTpC KaYTlIJIMI.
4. JiIHCTlITYTbI BCIL\IIOrO npaBa. BII.r:\bI ,lJ.OrOBOpOB B .IJ:xapl\lamaCT-
pc MallY II B ApTxamacTpc KaYTlIJIML
5. npccTynJICmm II lIaKa3allllH B .IJ:xapnlamaCTpC MallY H B ApT-
xamaCTpc KaYTIIJIML
6. CY} 11 cY,lJ.c611h1ii npoQccc B .IJ:xapl\lamaCTpC Many Ii II ApTxa-
InaCTpc KaYTn.TJbli.
nCpBhlii Bonpoc .D:xapMaIllacTpa MaHY 1'1 APTxaIllacTpa Kay-
THJlbH RBJIHlOTCR rrpOH3Be)J;eHHRMH, Kam,n;oe H3
KOTOpbIX rrpe)J;cTaBJIReT C060M L\eJIbrM :/KaHp Tpa)J;HQHoHHOM )J;peB-
HeHH;:J;yccKOM JIHTepaTypbI, pa3BHBaBIllHMCR, rro MeHbilleM Mepe, TbI-
CRqeJIeTHe. B paMKax 3Toro maHpa CJIO:/KMJIHCb orrpe)J;eJIeHHble rrpa-
BHJIa CHCTeMHoro rrocTpoeHHR TeKCTa, ero KOHQeIITYaJIbHaH OCHO-
Ba, rroHHTHMHbr}I 1'1 TepMHHOJIorwrecKHM arrrrapaT. B CBOIO Oqepe)J;b,
rrpoH3Be)J;eHHR B JKaHpaX )J;xapMaIllacTpbI 1'1 apTxaIllacTpbI 6bIJIH
HeOT'beMJIeMOM 'mCTblO oOJIee IllHpOKOM JIHTepaTypHoM Tpa)J;HL\HH,
HCTOKH KOTOpoJ1 TaHJlHCb B CBIDl.\eHHbIX KHHrax HH)J;yY13Ma - Be-
)J;ax. ECTeCTBeHHO, ',1'1'0 rrpH TaKOM rrOJIOJKeHMH TeKCTbI )J;xapMaIllacTp
1'1 apTxaIllaCTp HeH36e:/KHO BrrHTbIBaJIH B ce6R HOpMbI, cO)J;epmaB-
IllHeCH B rrpoH3Be)J;eHHRX )J;PYrux :/KaHpOB )J;peBHeHH)J;yccKOM JIHTe-
paTypbI. B CBR3H C 3THM, rrpeJK)J;e 'leM 06paTHTbcH K TeKCTaM .D:xap-
MaIllacTpbI MaRY 1'1 ApTXaIllacTpbI KaYTHJIbH, He06xo)J;HMO orrHcaTb
BClO cHcTeMY HCTOqHHKOB rrpaBa )J;peBHeJ1 MH)J;HJ1. IIpH 3TOM CJIe-
)J;yeT oc060 Bbr.n;eJIHTb Be)J;bI, )J;xapMaIllacTpbI, apTxaIllacTpbI, 06bI-
qaH, cY)J;e6Hble peIlleHHH, YKa3bI rrpaBHTeJIeM, COBeTbI 3HaTOKOB Tpa-
)J;I1l\HOHHbIX rrpaBHJI rrOBe)J;eHHR. B TeopHH HH)J;yYI3Ma caMbIM aBTO-
pHTeTHbIM HaCTaBJIeHHeM B rrpaBHJlaX rrOBe)J;eHHR CqHTaJIHCb Be,lJ;bI.
CTaTbR 6 "3aKoHoB MaHY" Ha3blBaeT Be)J;bI "KopHeM )J;xapMbI".
"KaKOJ1 3aKOH )J;JIR KOro HH 6bIJI 6bI 06'bRBJIeH MaHY, OH BeCb H3JIO-
JKeH B Be)J;e...", - rOBopHTCR B CT. 7 rJIaBbI II "3aKoHoB MaRY".
14
J1CTOpI1H roCy.napCTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX C'rpaH
O)J;HaKO Ha CaMOM )J;eJIe BeJ\bI He cOJ\epmaJIH rrpaBOBbIX HOpM. Mx
rJIaBHaH poJIb B CHCTeMe HCTOqHHKOB HH;:J;yCCKora rrpaBa aKTH-
qeCKH CBO)J;HJIaCb JIJ:1111b K OCBR eHHlO CBOHM aBTopHTeTOM Bcex
)J;pyrHX HCTOqHHKOB rrpaBa. 3HaqeHHe rrOCJIe)J;HHX orrpe)J;eJIHeTCR B
COOTBeTCTBYIO HX CTaTbHX .I(xapMalllacTpbI MaRY 1'1 ApTxalllacT-
pbI KaYTHJlbH. CTY)J;eHTbI )J;OJI:/KHbI rrpOaHaJIH3HpOBaTb 3TH CTaTbH
1'1 omRCHHTb HX CMbICJI. fJIaBHOM me L\eJIblO paCCMOTpeHHR CHCTe-
MbI HCTOqHHKOB rrpaBa )J;peBHeii[ MH)J;HH RBJIHeTCR orrpeJ\eJIeHHe
MeCTa 1'1 pOJIH J\xapMalllaCTp 1'1 apTxalllaCTp B )J;aHHOM CHCTeMe.
IIocJIe 3Toro He06xo)J;HMO OCTaHOBHTbCR Ha OCHOBHbIX Bexax
HCTOpHH )J;xapMalllaCTp. CTY)J;eHTbI ,l\OJImHbI KpaTKO oxapaKTepH-
30BaTb: eo-nepe'btX, paHHHe )J;xapMalllaCTpbI - TaK Ha3bIBaeMble
)J;xapMaCYTpbI (ArraCTaM6bI, faYTaMbI, BaY)J;xaRHbI, BaCHlllTXH), CO-
3,l\aHHe KOTOpbIX J\aTHpYeTCR IV-II BeKaMH )J;O H. 3.; eo-emop'btX,
)J;xapMalllac-rpbI MaHY J:1 .H.n;mHaBaJIKbH, )J;aTHpyeMble II BeKOM )J;O
H. 3. - II BeKOM H. 3.; H. e-mpem'bUX, .I(xapMalllaCTpy Hapa)J;bI. CO-
3)J;aHHYIO BO II -IV BeKax H. 3.
XapaKTepHCTHKa J\xapMalllaCTp B KaqeCTBe HCTO'lHHKOB rrpa-
Ba )J;OJI:/KHa HaqHHaTbCR C YCTaHOBJIeHHR 3HaqeHHR rrOHRTHR ",l\xap-
MalllaCTpa".
.I(xapMa rrpeJ\CTaBJIHeT co60M He06bIKHOBeHHO CJIO:/KHOe, He HMe-
lO ee HHKaKHx aHaJIoroB B eBporreMCKHx R3bIKax rrOHHTHe l . B ca-
MOM lllHpOKOM CMbICJIe OHO 0603Ha'laeT Bce06I.W1M rropR)J;OK B MH-
pe - rropR)J;OK, rrpOHH3bIBalO i1M Bce :/KHBble CYll\eCTBa 1'1 BClO He-
mHBYlO MaTepHIO. B 60JIee :/Ke Y3KOM 1'1 pacrrpoCTpaHeHHOM 3Haqe-
HHM )J;xapMa - 3'1'0 )J;OJIr, 06R3aHHOCTH, rrpaBHJIa rrOBeJ\eHHR, 06pa3
:/KJ:13HH H)J;eaJIbHO 6JIarOqeCTHBOro, )J;06po)J;eTeJIbHOrO HH)J;yca. IIpH-
qeM 06pa3 mH3HH BO Bceii[ ero rrOJIHOTe, BO BCex era J\eTaJIRx: rro-
HRTHe )J;xapMbI OXBaTbIBaeT CBOHM 3HaqeHHeM O)J;HOBpeMeHHO 1'1
peJIHrH03Hble, 1'1 MopaJIbHble, 1'1 rrpaBOBble HOpMbI.
TepMHH "lllaCTpa" 0603HaqaeT TpaKTaT. IIo3TOMY JI106YIO )J;xap-
MalllaCTpy MomHO Ha3BaTb TpaKTaTOM 0 )J;xapMe.
UeHTpaJIbHOe MeCTO B cOJ\epmaHJ:1H )J;xapMalllaCTp 3aHHMaeT
KOHQerrQMR "BapHa)J;xapMbI", O OpMJIHlO aH )J;eJIeHHe )J;peBHeHH)J;YC-
CKoro 06LL\eCTBa Ha qeTblpe BapHbI (6paXMaHOB, Kllla'Tpl1eB, BaMlllHeB,
lllY)J;p), HepapxHlO 3THX BapH, HX COQMaJIbHble YHKQI1H, rrpaBa 1'1
06R3aHHOCTH. C KOHQerrQHeM "BapHaJ\xapMbI" TeCHO CBR3aHa Teo-
pHR "alllpaMa)J;xapMbI", COrJIaCHO KOTOpOJ1 BCR ml13Hb 6paxMaHOB,
KlllaTpHeB 1'1 BaMlllHeB rrO)J;pa3)J;eJIReTCR Ha qeTblpe cra)J;HH - "alll-
1 ABTOp YH.l\aMeHTaJIbHOrO nRTI1TOMHOro Hcc.,'Ie.nOBaHI1R no HCTOpHH
.nxapMawacrp HHAHMCKHH Y'-IeHbrfl II B. RaHe nl1CaJI 06 3TOM CJleJ\YlOll1ee: "lIxap-
Ma - OJ\HO 113 Tex caHCKpHTCKHX C'IOB, KOTopble AeJIalOT TILIeTHblMI1 BCHKl1e
nOnbITKH HaflTiI HM TO'!HOe COOTBeTC'rBl1e B aHrJI.li1cKOM I1J!H KaKOM-JII160 }:\pyrOM
.R3bIKe". (CM.: Kane P. V. History of Dharmashastra. Vol. 1. Poana, 1930. P. 1.)
TeMa 2. .D:xapMawacTpa MaRY 11 APTxawacTpa KaYTl1J!bH
15
paMbI": 1) CTa,lJ;HR yqeHHKa, 2) CTa,lJ;HR J\OMOX03RHHa, 3) CTaJ\HR 0'1'-
llIeJIbHHKa 1'1 4) CTa,lJ;HR aCKeTa. IIpe6bIBaHHe Ha Kam,lJ;OM 1'13 3THX
CTa;:J;HM HaJIaraeT Ha HH;:J;yCa CBOH CrreQH HqeCKHe 06R3aHHOCTH, '1"p€-
6yeT orrpe,lJ;eJIeHHoro 06pa3a mH3HH. KpOMe TOro, ;:J;XapMallIaCTpa,
KaK rrpaBHJIO, BKJIlOqaeT B Ce6H ,lJ;XapMY MY:/Ka 1'1 :/KeHbI, ,lJ;XapMY 0
HaCJIe,lJ;OBaHHM, ,lJ;xapMY rrpaBHTeJIR rocyp;apCTBa, ,lJ;XapMY 06 3IIH-
THMHH (rrOKaRHHH).
BbIRBJIHH xapaKTepHble,lJ;JIR ,lJ;XapMallIacrpbI rrpH3HaKH, CTY,lJ;eH-
TbI ,lJ;OJI:/KHbI Ha rrpHMepe "3aKOHOB MaHY" rrOKa3aTb CJIO:/KHbIJ1 CO-
CTaB ,lJ;aHHoro po,lJ;a rrpoH3Be,lJ;eHHM, r,lJ;e rrpaBOBble HOpMbI BrrJIeTeHbI
B MaCCHB peJIHrH03HO-3THqeCKI1X rrpaBHJI, MH OJIOrHqeCKI1X 1'1 H-
JIOCO CKHX KOHQerrQHM.
IIocJIe paCCMOTpeHHR CHCTeMbI H3yqaeMoM ,lJ;XapMallIaCTpbI He-
06xo,lJ;HMO rrpe,lJ;rrpHHHTb rrOrrbITKY BbIRBHTb 3aKOHOMepHOCTH B 1'13-
JIOmeHHH C06CTBeHHO rrpaBOBoro MaTepHaJIa ,lJ;aHHoro rrpOH3Be,lJ;e-
HHR, TO eCTb 8-M rJIaBbI "3aKOHOB MaHY". CJIe;:J;yeT, B qaCTHOCTH,
06paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha rropR,lJ;OK pacrrOJIOmeHHR rrpaBOBbIX HOpM,
HX rpyrrrrHpOBKY. OCOOeHHOCTH TepMHHOJIOrHJ.1
B TeKCTe "3aKOHOB MaHY" HMeeTCR yme orrpe,lJ;eJIeHHaR TeH;:J;eH-
QHR K rrpeOJ\OJIeHHlO Ka3yYICTHqHOCTH, 3aKOHOMepHOM MR rrpaBO-
BbIX naMHTHHKOB 3rrOXH .l!:peBHOCTH. B qaCTHOCTH, 3,lJ;eCb rrpHCYTCT-
ByIOT 3JIeMeHTbI rrpOCTeMlliero lOpM)J.HqeCKoro rrOHRTHMHOro arrrrapa-
Ta. B "<IeM rrpoRBJIReTCR YKa3aHHaR TeH,lJ;eHQHR? KaKHe rrpOCTeMIliHe
lOpH,lJ;HqeCKHe rrOHHTHR MOmHO 06HapY:/KI1Tb B "3aKOHax MaHY"?
OOmaR xapaKTepHCTHKa ApTxallIaCTpbI KaYTHJIbH ,lJ;OJDKHa Ha-
qHHaTbCH C YCTaHOBJIeHHH 3HaqeHHR TepMHHa "ap'I"xallIaCTpa". B
rrepeBO,lJ;e C CaHCKpHTa "apTxa" - 3'1'0 rrOJIb3a. CJIeJ\OBaTeJIbHO, Tep-
MI1H "apTxallIaCTpa" 0003HaqaeT ,lJ;OCJIOBHO TpaKTaT 0 rrOJIb3e. Co-
rJIaCHO ,lJ;peBHeHH,lJ;YCCKOMY yqeHHlO, rrOJIOmeHHOMY B OCHOBaHHe
ApTxallIaCTpbI KaYTHJlbH, B qeJIOBeqeCKOM :/KH3HH CYll\eCTBYlOT TPH
QeHHOCTH HJIH QeJIH: 1) apTXa, 2) ,lJ;xapMa 1'1 3) KaMa. Ha3BaHHbIM
QeHHOCTRM HJIH QeJIRM J\OJI:/KeH ObIJI, rro MHeHHlO KaYTHJlbH, CJIY-
:/KHTb MY,lJ;PbU';"1 rrpaBHTeJIb rocyp;apCTBa. IIpH 3TOM rrop; CJIymeHHeM
"apTxe" rrOHHMaJIOCb C1peMJIeHHe rrpaBHTeJIR K HaKOrrJIeHHlO B CTpa-
He MaTepHaJIbHbIX ooraTCTB. rro,lJ; CJIymeHHeM ",lJ;xapMe" - rrO,lJ;,lJ;ep-
:/KaHHe rrpaBHTeJIeM 06meCTBeHHoro rropH,lJ;Ka, COMlO,lJ;eHHe HM 1'1 ero
rrOMaHHbIMH MOpaJIbHbIX 1'1 rrpaBOBbIX HOpM. CJIymeHHe :/Ke "KaMe"
OC03HaBaJIOCb aBTopOM paCCMaTpHBaeMoro TpaKTaTa KaK ,lJ;OCTHme-
HHe rrpaBHTeJIeM JII06BH K ce6e CO CTOpOHbI CBOHX rrO,lJ;,lJ;aHHbIX. Bo3-
BO,lJ;H "apTxy" Ha caMoe BblCOKoe MeCTO B HepapxHH YKa3aHHblx
QeHHocTeM HJIH QeJIeM, KaYTHJIbR rrORCHHJI, <1'1'0 ",lJ;xapMa" 1'1 "KaMa"
OCHOBaHbI Ha "apTXe". B J\xapMallIaCTpax Ha BbICllIee MeCTO CTaBH-
JIaCb, eCTeCTBeHHO, ",lJ;XapMa".
ApTxawaCTpa KaYTHJIbH npH3HaeT pa3pa6OTaHHble B p;xap-
MaWaCTpax KOHQerrQHH "BapHa,lJ;XapMbI" 1'1 "awpaMa,lJ;XapMbI", O,lJ;Ha-
16
J1CTOpI1H roCy.napCTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX crpaH
KO H3JlaraeT HX He CTOJIb rrO.llp06HO. KaK 3'1'0 J\eJIaeT .I(xapMarnaCTpa
MaHY. C .lIPyroM CTOpOHbI, B ApTxarnaCTpe KaYTHJIbH 60JIee )J;eTaJIb-
HO H3JIaralOTCH rrpaBHJIa cY)J;orrpOH3BO)J;CTBa 1'1 HOpMbI, perYJIMpylO-
IQHe HMyrI.\eCTBeHHble OTHorneHHH.
B TeKCTe ApTXarnaCTpbI KaYTHJIbH TaK JKe, KaK 1'1 B .I(xapMa-
rnacTpe MaHY, MomHO YBM)J.eTb rrpocTeiirIID1i1: lOpM)J.HqeCKHM rrOHR-
THMHbIH arrrrapaT, OqeBM)J.l!YlO TeH)J;eHQMlO K rrpeO)J;OJIeHHIO Ka3YHC-
THqHOCTH. CTY)J;eHTbI )J;OJI:/KHbI cpaBHHTb C 3TOM TOqKH 3peHHR ApT-
xarnaCTpy KaYTHJIbH C .I(xapMarnaCTpOJ1 MaHY )J;JIR TOro, qT06bI
orrpe)J;eJIHTb, B KaKOM 1'13 3THX MYX rrpOH3Be)J;eHHM 3JIeMeHTbI a6CT-
paKTHOrO lOpH)J;HqeCKoro MbIllJJIeHHR BblpaJKeHbI CHJlbHee 1'1 COOT-
BeTCTBeHHO lOpH)J;HqeCKHM rrOHRTHMHbIM arrrrapaT pa3BHT B 60JIb-
rneM CTerreHH.
BTOpoii Bonpoc HaqHHaR paCCMO'TpeHHe .lIaHHoro BOrrpoca, CJIe-
)J;yeT B nepBYlO Oqepe)J;b YCTaHOBHTb, 0 KaKHX
COQHaJIbHbIX rpyrrrrax H)J;eT peqb B TeKCTe .I(xapMarnaCTpbI MaHY 1'1
ApTxarnaCTpbI KaYTHJIbH. HaH60JIee rrO)J;p06HO 3)J;eCb orrHCbIBaeTCH
rrpaBOBOJ1 CTaryc BaPH. Cyru:HOCTb BapHoBoro )J;eJIeHHR paCKpbIBa-
eTCR RCHee Bcero B HopMax, 3aKperrJIRlOIl.U1X pOJ\ 3aHRTHM )J;JIR KaJK-
)J;OM BapHbI. M3 3THX HOpM co BceM OqeBHJ\HOCTblO BbITeKaeT, ',1'1'0
BapHbI rrpeJ\CTaBJIRlOT C06OJ1 He ',1'1'0 HHoe, KaK COCJIOBHR, xapaKTep-
Hble J\JIR JI106oro KJIaCCOBOro )J;06yp:/Kya3Horo 06IQecTBa. IIpH aHa-
JIH3e CTaTeM, H3JIaralOIQHX rrpaBa 1'1 06H3aHHOCTH 6paXMaHOB, KlliaT-
pHeB, BaMlliHeB 1'1 rnY)J;p, CJIe)J;yeT Bbr,neJIHTb crroc06bI 3aKperrJIeHHR
BapHOBOM HepapXHH, 06eCrreqHBalOl.W'le rocrrO)J;CTBYIOIQee rrOJIO:/Ke-
HHe B 06LL\ecTBe 6paXMaHOB. Cry)J;eHTbI )J;OJIJKHbI BbIRBHTb B TeKCTe
H3yqaeMbIX TpaKTaTOB CJIymaLL\He .lIOCTH:/KeHHlO YKa3aHHOM QeJIH
H)J;eOJIOrHqeCKHe KOHQerrQHH, peJIHrH03Ho-06p.H,D;OBble npaBHJIa, MO-
paJIbHble 1'1 rrpaBOBble HOpMbI. Ha OCHOBe KOHKpeTHbIX CTaTeM .I(xap-
MalliaCTpbI MaHY 1'1 ApTxalliaCTpbI KaYTHJIbH He06xo)J;HMO rrOKa-
3aTb xapaKTep B3aHMOOTHOllieHHJ1 rrpaBHTeJI.H rOCY)J;apcTBa C 6pax-
MaHaMM.
IIpH paCCMOTpeHHH rrpaBOBoro cTaryca OTJ\eJIbHbIX BapH CJIe-
)J;yeT 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha rrpe)J;rrHcaHHH )J;xapMalliaCTpbI MaHY,
3aKperrJIRlOIQHe 060c06JIeHHOe rrOJIO:/KeHHe rny)J;p rro OTHOllieHHlO K
OCTaJIbHbIM BapHaM. HOpMbI 3Toro TpaKTaTa aKTHqeCKH CTaBRT
lliY.lIP 3a paMKH HH;:J;yCCKOro 06LL\ecTBa. lIIY.lIpbI He )J;orrycKalOTC.H K
H3yqeHHlO CBRLL\eHHbIX HH)J;YCCKHX KHHr. TO eCTb K YCBoeHHlO J\Y-
XOBHOJ1 Tpa)J;HQHH HH)J;YH3Ma, OHH He CqHTalOTCR apHRMH. Mx ep;HH-
CTBeHHoe rrpeJ\Ha3HaqeHHe - YCJIymeHHe rrpeJ\cTaBHTeJIRM OCTaJIb-
HbIX Tpex BapH. "3aKoHbI MaHY" B pR)J;e CJIyqaeB HeJ\BYCMbICJIeHHO
rrpHpaBHHBalOT lliY)J;P K pa6aM (CM., HarrpHMep, CT. 417 rJIaBbI VIII).
ApTXalliacTpa KaYTHJIbH He 060c06JIReT rny)J;p B TaKoM pe3-
KOM CTerreHH OT J\PyrHx BapH, KaK 3'1'0 )J;eJIalOT )J;xapMalliaCTpbI Ka-
TeMa 2. .D:xapMawacTpa MaHY 11 APTxawacTpa KaYTl1J!bH
17
YTHJIb.H rrpe,ACTaBJIReT IllYJ\P B KaqeCTBe apHeB (APTxaIllaCTpa, III.
13.1), JIKJ,AeM, KOTopble 3aHHMaKJTC.H 3eMJIe,AeJIHeM, rrOJIyqalOT ,AO-
XO)J;bI 1'1 rrJIaT.HT HaJIOrH.
TeKcT .l(xapMaIllacTpbI MaHY rroKa3bIBaeT, ',1'1'0 B paMKax Ka:iK-
,AOM 1'13 Ba pH BbI,D;eJIRJIHCb OT,AeJIbHble COQHaJIbHble rpyrrIIbI CO CBO-
HM OC06bIM CTaTYCOM, OTJIHqaBllII1M HX 0'1' ,APyrJllx rrpe,ACTaBHTeJIeM
TOM me caMOM BapHbL qTO :no 3a rpyrrrrbI? KaKHe aKTOpbI orrpe-
,AeJIRJIH HX OC06bIM cTaTYc?
ITocJIe paccMOTpeHH.H HOpM, 3aKperrJI.HKJ x rrpaBoBoe rrOJIO-
JI{eHHe BapH, cJIe,AYeT 06paTHTbcR K CTaTb.HM .l(xapMaIllacTpbI MaHY
1'1 ApTxaIllacTpbI KaYTHJIbH, YCTaHaBJIHBaKJI.l\HM cTaTYc )J;pyrHX co-
QHaJIbHbIX rpyrrrr.
B qaCTHOCTH, He06xo,AHMo OCTaHOBHTbC.H Ha CTaTb.HX, oTpama-
lO X rrpaBoBoi1 cTaTYc pa60B B ,ApeBHeHH,AJIlikKOM 06I.l\eCTBe. CJIe-
,AyeT HMeTb B BH;:J;y, qTO B rrepeBO,Ae "3aKoHoB MaHY" Ha PYCCKHM
.H3WK )J;JI.H 0603HaqeHH.H pa60B HHOr,Aa yrrarpe6JIReTC.H caHcKpHT-
CKHi1 TepMHH ")J;aCbKJ". CTY,AeHTbI ,AOJI:iKHbI Ha3BaTb ceMb pa3p.H,AOB
pa60B. BbI,D;eJIReMbIX B YKa3aHHoM rrpoH3Be)J;eHHH. PeKoMeH;:J;yeTCR
TaK:/Ke CpaBHJIlTb rrpaBoBoe rrOJIOmeHHe pa60B C rrpaBOBbIM CTaTY-
COM IIIY,Ap.
ITOMHMO BaPH paCCMaTpHBaeMble 'TpaKTaTbI BbI,D;eJI.HKJT MHO:iKe-
CTBO COQHaJIbHbIX rpyrrrr ,APyroro xapaKTepa. KaKHe 3TO rpyrrrrbI?
qTO TaKoe KaCTbI? B '-IeM 3aKJIKJ'-raeTCR HX OTJIWme 0'1' BapH?
TpcTllii Bonpoc MHCTHTYTaM 6pR'lHO-CeMeMHoro rrpaBa rrOCB.H-
I.l\eHO 60JIee rrOJIOBHHbI CTaTeM ,AeBRTOM rJIa-
BbI "3aROHOB MaRY", H3JIaraKJIl.\J1X TaR Ha3bIBaeMYIO "BeqHYIO ;:J;Xap-
MY ,AJI.H 1'1 meHbI, rrpe6bIBaKJ X Ha rrYTH ,AXapMbI, - 6y,AYT
JIH OHH BMeCTe HJIH B pa3JIYKe". BMeCTe C TeM CTaTbH, peryJIHPYIO-
Il\He 6paqHO-CeMeMHble orHOIlleHH.H, HMeKJTC.H 1'1 B ,APyrHx rJIaBaX
YKa3aHHoro rrpOH3Be,AeHH.H (Cl'iL rJI. II, III, V, VIII). B ApTXaIllacTpe
RaYTHJIbH HOpMbI 6paqHO-ceMei1Horo rrpaBa BbI,AeJIRKJTCR B oco6YIO
rpyrrrry cTaTei1, KOTOpa.H 0603HaqaeTC.H KaK "rrpaBHJIa, CB.H3aHHble
C 6paKoM" (CM. rJIaBbI 2, 3, 4 KHHrH III).
CO)J;epmaI.l\HeCR B "3aKoHax MaHY" HOpMbI 6paqHO-CeMeMHoro
rrpaBa rrpoHH3aHbI ,AYXOM COCJIOBHOCTM. CTY,AeHTbI ,AOJI:/KHbI rrOKa-
3aTb Ha rrpHMepe KOHKpeTHbIX cTaTeM )J;aHHoro TpaKTaTa, KaKOe 3Ha-
qeHJIle rrpH,AaeTC.H B HeM BapHOBOJ1 rrpHHa)J;Jle:/KHOCTH CyrrpyroB rrpH
3aKJIKJqeHHH 6paKa. rrpH pacrrpe.n:eJIeHHH HaCJIe.n:CTBa.
B "ITpaBHJIaX, CB.H3aHHbIX C 6paKOM" ApTxaIllaCTpbl KaYTH-
JIbH rrpHHQJIlrr COCJIOBHOCTH rrpMBJIReTC.H MeHee 3aMeTHO. .l(aHHbrn
rrpHHQHrr 06HapYJI{HBaeTCR 3,AeCb JIHIllb TaM, r,Ae rOBopHTCR 0 BTO-
pH'-lHOM BbIXO,Ae 3aMym. ITo rrpaBHJIaM, YCTaHOBJIeHHbIM ApTxaillaCT-
pOM KaYTHJIbH, "meHbI IllY,AP, BaMiliHeB, KillaTpHeB 1'1 6paxMaHoB,
yexaBIllHX Ha KopOTKoe BpeM.H (HO He B03BpaI.l\aKJI.l\HXC.H), )J;OJI:/KHbI
18
J1crOpl1H rocy.napCTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX crpaH
m,lJ;aTb COOTBeTCTBeHHO OJJ:HH, ,lJ;Ba, TpH 1'1 qeTblpe rop;a, eCJIH Y HHX
HeT rrOTOMCTBa. ECJIH J!{eHbI HMeKJT rrOTOMCTBO, TO OHH (COOTBeTCT-
BeHHO) ,lJ;OJI:/KHbI m,lJ;aTb Ha rop; 60JIbIlle".
IIpHHa,lJ;Jle:/KHOCTb HH)J.HBH}J;a K TOM HJIH HHOM BapHe yqHTbIBa-
eTc.H ApTXaIllaCTpoM KaynIJIbH 1'1 B rrpaBHJIaX, perJIaMeHTHpYIO-
Il.\J1X rrOpR;:J;OK HaCJIep;OBaHHR. B qaCTHOCTH, rro rrpe,lJ;rrHCaHH.HM ApT-
xaIllaCTpbI, rrpH OTCYTCTBHH HaCJIe,lJ;HHKOB HMYI-L\eCTBO rrocTyrraeT B
rrOJIb3Y rrpaBHTeJI.H rocyp;apcTBa. Op;HaKO ,lJ;JIR BbIMOpo'-lHOro HMY-
Il\eCTBa, rrpHHa,lJ;JIemaBillero YMepilleMY 6paxMaHY, KOTOpbIM .HBJlRJI-
C.H 3HaTOKOM Bep;, ApTxaIllaCTpa KaYTHJIbH YCTaHaBJIHBaeT HCKJIKJ-
qeHHe 1'13 p;aHHoro rrpaBHJIa - TaKoe HMYI-L\eCTBO OTp;aeTC.H He rocy-
p;apCTBY, a ,lJ;pyrHM 3HaTOKaM Be,lJ;. ECJIH YMepIllHi1 6paxMaH OCTaBHJI
rrOCJIe ce6.H p;eTeM OT pa3HbIX meH, rrpHHa,lJ;Jlema x K pa3JIHqHbIM
BapHaM, TO, COrJIaCHO APTxaIllaCTpe, CbIH 6paXMaHKH rrOJIyqaeT 4
P;OJIH B HaCJIep;CTBe, CbIlI KillaTpHMKI1 - 3 P;OJIH, CbIH meHll\HHbI-
BaMIllbH - 2 p;OJIH, CbIH IllYP;p.HHKH - 1 p;OJIKJ.
M .D:xapMaIllacTpa MaHY, 1'1 ApTxaIllacTpa KaYTHJIbH Bblpa-
malOT BrrOJIHe orrpep;eJIeHHble rrpep;CTaBJIeHH.H 0 Cyru:HOCTH 6paKa 1'1
CeMbM. B qeM 3aKJIKJqaeTCR CYTb 3THX rrpeP;CTaBJIeHHM?
KaKl1e OpMbI 6paKa BbI)J;eJI.HlOT YKa3aHHble rrpaBoBble rraMRT-
HHKH?
IIpH paccMoTpeHHH rrpaBoBoro rrOJIOmeHH.H meH HbI B ceMbe
CJIe;:J;yeT 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe, C OP;HOM CTOpOHbI, Ha TaKHe CTaTbH,
KaK 56 1'1 57 rJIaBbI III "3aKoHoB MaHY", 1'1, C P;PyroM CTOpOHbI, Ha
CTaTbH, rrop;06Hble 147,148,154 rJIaBbI V, CTaTbH 13,14,151'117
rJIaBbI IX "3aKoHoB MaHY". CTY,lJ;eHTbI P;OJI:/KHbI cpaBHHTb cop;ep-
maHHe 3THX P;BYX rpyrrrr cTaTeM 1'1 OTBeTHTb Ha Borrpoc, KaKOB CMbICJI
paCXOm,lJ;eHHM Mem,lJ;Y HHMH? He OTpamaKJT JIH OHH p;Ba rrpoTHBo-
peqaIl\HX P;Pyr ,lJ;pyry rrpep;CTaBJIeHH.H 0 rrOJIo:meHHH meH HbI B
ceMbe? J1JIH :me rrpoTHBopeqHe Mem,lJ;y Ha3BaHHbIMH rpyrrrraMH CTa-
TeM TOJIbKO KamYI.l\eec.H, BHeiliHee?
IIop;06HbIM me 06pa30M CJIep;yeT cpaBHHTb CTaTbH 213 1'1 214
rJIaBbI II co CTaTbRMH 226 1'1 233 TOM me rJIaBbI "3aKoHoB MaHY"_
He rrpOTHBOpeqaT JIH OHH p;pyr p;pyry?
.D:JIR 06I.l\eM OQeHKH YCTaHOBJIeHHoro "3aKoHaMH MaHY" rrpaBo-
BOro rrOJIOmeHH.H meHI.l\HHbI 1'1 ,lJ;eTej;"1 B ceMbe 60JIbiliOe 3HaqeHHe
HMeeT 1'1 CTaTb.H 416 rJIaBbI VIII ,lJ;aHHoro rrpoH3Bep;eHH.H_ KaKoe
rrpeP;CTaBJIeHHe 0 rrOJIOmeHHH meHbI 1'1 CbIHa B ceMbe BblpamaeT
3Ta CTaTb.H?
qCTBCPTblii
Bonpoc
IIpH paccMoTpeHHH cTaTeM .D:xapMaIllacTpbI
MaHY 1'1 APTxaIllacTpbI KaYTHJIbH, rrOCB.HI.l\eH-
HbIX BeIl\HbIM rrpaBaM, He06xop;HMO B rrepBYIO
pa3JIWIHe Mem,lJ;y rrpaBoBbIMH HopMaMH, oTpa-
O'-lepe,lJ;b rrpoBecTH
TeMa 2. .D:xapMawacTpa MaHY 11 APTxawacTpa KaYTl1J!bH
19
malO MH rrpaKTHKY, 11 qHCTO H.n;eOJIOrHqeCKI1MH .n;eKJIapaQH.HMH,
BblpamaKJIl.{I1MH cKopee J!{eJIaHH.H aBTopa yKa3aHHoro rrpoH3Be.n;e-
HH.H, He:iReJIH .n;eMcTBHTeJIbHOcTb. CTaTei1 rrOCJIe.n;Hero po.n;a oc06eH-
HO MHOro B .IJ:xapMarnacTpe MaHY. KaKl1e CTaTbH )J;aHHOro TpaKTaTa
MO:/KHO OTHeCTH K pa3pR)J;Y M)J.eoJIOrWIeCKHx .n;eKJIapaQHi1?
B 060HX paccMaTpHBaeMbIX rrpoH3Be.n;eHH.HX rrpoBO.n;HTC.H .n;oc-
TaTOqHO qeTKOe pa3JIHqHe Mem)J;Y HHcTHTYTaMH rrpaBa c06cTBeH-
HOCTH 1'1 BJIa.n;eHHR CTY)J;eHTbI .n;OJImHbI rrOKa3aTb 3TO Ha rrpHMepe
KOHKpeTHblx CTaTei1 .IJ:xapMarnaCTpbI MaHY 1'1 ApTxarnaCTpbI Kay-
THJIbM.
KaK H3BecTHO, )J;JIR J\peBHHX 06Il.{eCTB xapaKTepHa TeCHaR CB.H3b
rrpaBa c06cTBeHHocTH HH.n;HBM)J.a Ha 3eMJIKJ C ero rrpHHa,WIemHOC-
TbKJ K 06 He. KaKI1M 06pa30M rrpo.HBJIReTC.H )J;aHHa.H 3aKoHoMep-
HOCTb B pacCMaTpHBaeMblx TpaKTaTax?
.IJ:aJIee He06xo)J;HMO paccMoTpeTb cTaTbH, KacaKJ ec.H crropoB
rro rroBoA)' rpaHHl..\ 3eMeJIbHbIX yqacTKoB (cTaTbH 245, 254, 262. 263,
265 rJIaBbI VIII "3aKoHoB MaHY"; 8 1'1 9 maBbI KHl1rH III ApTxarna-
CTpbl KaYTHJIbH). KaKyIO pOJIb HrpaeT rrpaBHTeJIb rocy.n;apcTBa B
pa3pern;HI1I1 .n;aHHbIX crropoB? HBJI.HeTC.H H OHa pOJIbKJ TOJIbKO CY-
)J;bH, apoHTpa M.'IH :iRe BblpamaeT HeqTO OOJIbrnee?
KaK perYJIHpyeTC.H ApTxarnaC'Tpoi1 KaYTHJIbH rrpaBO BJIa)J;e-
HH.H opOCHTeJIbHbIMH coopymeHH.HMH?
06paIl.{aRCb K HopMaM, perYJIHpyIOIl.{HM .n;oroBopHble OTHorne-
HH.H, CJIe.n;YeT rrpem)J;e Bcero y.n;eJIHTb BHHMaHHe YCJIOBH.HM )J;eMCTBH-
TeJIbHOCTH c.n;eJIOK, a TaKme aKTOpaM, KOTOpble .n;aBaJIH OCHOBa-
HHe rrpH3HaTb TY HJIH HHyIO c.n;eJIKY He.n;ei1cTBHTeJIbHoit IIpH Ka-
KHX 06CTO.HTeJIbCTBaX Ta HJIH HHa.H c.n;eJIKa MOrJIa 6bITb rrpH3HaHa
He)J;ei1cTBHTeJIbHOM B paCCMa'TpHBaeMbIX rrpaBoBbIX rraMRTHHKax?
IIpH aHaJIH3e cTaTei1, rrOCBRIl.{eHHbIX KOHKpeTHbIM BH.n;aM c.n;e-
JIOK, He06xo.n;HMO Y)J;eJIHTb maBHoe BHHMaHHe HaI160JIee pa3pa60-
TaHHbIM B .IJ:xapMarnaCTpe MaHY 1'1 ApTxarnaCTpe KaYTHJIbH .n;o-
roBopaM, HarrpHMep - .n;OroBOpy KyrrJIH-rrpo.n;a:/KI1, .n;OroBOpy 3aM-
Ma, )J;OroBOpy Hai1Ma. TeKCTbI yKa3aHHbIX 'TpaKTaTOB 3a HKCHpO-
BaJIH HeKOTOpble Crrel\H HqeCKHe oc06eHHoCTH 3aHHbIX .n;OroBO-
pOB, OTpamaKJ e ypoBeHb pa3BHTHR .n;peBHeHH;:J;J1ikKOro 06Il.{eCTBa
1'1 roCY)J;apCTBa B Ty:moxy, Kor.n;a c03.n;aBaJIHCb .IJ:xapMarnaCTpa Ma-
HY 1'1 APTxarnaCTpa KaYTHJIbH. B qeM BblpamaKJTC.H 3TH oc06eH-
HOCTH?
I1HTbJl1 BOllpOC IIpHcTyrra.H K H3yqeHHKJ .n;aHHoro Borrpoca,
Heo6xo.n;t1MO B rrepByIO oqepe,lJ;b BbIRCHHTb, Ka-
KHe .n;eRHHR 'TpaKTYKJTC.H B .IJ:xapMarnaCTpe MaHY 1'1 ApTxarnaCTpe
KaYTHJIbH B KaqeCTBe rrpeCTyrrJIeHHi1? B qeM YCMaTpHBaKJT Ha3BaH-
Hble rrpOH3Be)J;eHHR CYl.l..\HOCTb HaKa3aHJ1.H?
20
J1crOpl1H rocy.napCTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX crpaH
OTBeqaR Ha 3TH BOrrpOCbI, CJIe.n;YeT HMeTb B BM)J.Y, ',1'1'0 Bblpa-
meHHble B TeKCTaX .IJ:xapMaIllaCTpbI MaHY 1'1 ApTXaIllaCTpbI Kay-
THJIbH rrpe.n;CTaBJIeHHR 0 CYI-L\HOCTYI rrpecTyrrJIeHHR 1'1 HaKa3aHH.H He-
CYT Ha ce6e 3aMeTHbli1 OTIIeqaTOK 06 x MHpoB033peHqeCKI1X YC-
TaHOBOK 1'1 peJIillH03HO-3THqeCKHX rrpHHQJ1l10B HH)J;yH3Ma. B 60JIb-
Iller, CTerreHH 3TO KaCaeTc.H .IJ:xapMaIllaCTpbI, B MeHbIllei1 - ApT-
xaIllaCTpbI.
C .n;pyroM C'ropOHbI, yKa3aHHble rrpe.n;CTaBJIeHHR O'TpamalOT CO-
OTBeTCTBYIOI.l\Hi1 3Tarr HCTOp.l'-IeCKoi1 3BOJIlOQHH .n;peBHeHH.n;t1MCKO-
ro 06ru:eCTBa 1'1 rocY)J;apcTBa.
B qeM KOHKpeTHO - B KaKHX CTaTb.HX "3aKOHOB MaHY" 1'1 Ap-
TxaIllaCTpbI KaYTHJIbH - rrpORBJIReTC.H BJIH.HHHe HH)J;yCCKOM HJIO-
CO HH 11 peJIHrI103HOM 3THKH Ha rrOHRTHR rrpecTyrrJIeHJ1H 1'1 HaKa-
3aHH.H?
KaK OTpa3HJIHCb Ha cO)J;epmaHHH HOpM yroJIOBHOro rrpaBa pac-
CMaTpHBaeMblx rrpaBOBbIX rraMRTHHKOB COCJIOBHOCTb )J;peBHeHH.n;HM-
CKorO 06I.l\eCTBa, Hepa3BHTOCTb YHKQHOHHpoBaBrnero B ero paM-
KaX arrrrapaTa roCY)J;apCTBeHHOM BJIaCnl?
B rrOHCKaX OTBeTa Ha rrOCTaBJIeHHble BorrpOCbI CJIe)J;yeT 06pa-
THTbc.H rrpem;:J;e BCero K Ce;:J;bMOM 1'1 BOCbMOi1 rJIaBaM "3aKoHoB MaHY",
HO rrpH 3TOM HeJIb3H HrHopHpoBaTb cO)J;epmaHHe H.n;PYrl1X rJIaB .n;aH-
HOro TpaKTaTa: TeMa rrpecTyrrJIeHHR (HapyrueHHR wapMbI) 1'1 HaKa-
3aHHR 3a Hero - CTep:/KHeBaR TeMa JI1060M )J;xapMaIllaCTpbI.
B ApTxaIllaCTpe KaYTHJIbH rrpecTyrrJIeHJ1HM 1'1 HaKa3aHHHM crre-
QHaJIbHO rrOCBRI.l\eHbI rJIaBbI 17, 18, 19 1'1 20 KHillH III. O,lJ;HaKO OT-
.n;eJIbHble CTaTbYl, YCTaHaBJIHBalO e HaKa3aH.I.H 3a cOBepIlleHHble
rrpaBoHapyrueHH.H, BCTpeqalOTC.H 1'1 B .n;pyrHX rJIaBaX ,D;aHHOM KHHrM.
Y.HCHHB CMbICJI BOrrJIOI.l\eHHbIX B .IJ:xa pMaIllacTpe MaHY 1'1 ApT-
xaIllacTpe KaYTHJIbH rrpe.n;CTaBJIeHHM 0 CYI.lUiOCTH rrpecTyrrJIeHHR 1'1
HaKa3aHH.H, MO:/KHO rrpHcTyrraTb K 60JIee KOHKpeTHoMY aHaJIH3Y co-
.n;epmaru:HXc.H B yKa3aHHblx rrpoH3Be)J;eHH.HX yroJIOBHO-rrpaBoBblx
HOpM.
B rrpoQecce 3TOro aHaJIH3a CJIe)J;yeT orrpe.n;eJIHTb. BbI)J;eJI.HlOTC.H
JIH B HHX pa3JIHqHble CTa)J;HH cOBepIlleHHR rrpecTyrrJIeHHR, OpMbI
coyqacTH.H B rrpeCTyrrHoM .n;e.HHHH, pa3JIHqalOTCR JIH rrpecTyrrJIeHH.H
YMbIIllJIeHHble 1'1 HeOCTOpO:/KHble. .IJ:aJIee He06xo.n;HMO orrpe.n;eJIHTb
rrpaBHJIa HJIH rrpHHQYlrrbI, rro KOTOpbIM B .IJ:xapMarnacTpe MaHY 1'1
APTxaIllaCTpe KaYTHJIbH Ha3HaqaeTC.H TO HJIH HHoe HaKa3aHHe 3a
COBepIlleHHoe rrpeCTyrrJIeHHe, BbI)J;eJIHTb 06CTORTeJIbCTBa, CMRr'fa-
lOUJ;He HJIH OTHrqalOUJ;He HaKa3aHHe.
KaKoe BJIHRHHe Ha xapaKTep HaKa3aHHR 3a rrpeCTyrrJIeHHe OKa-
3bIBaeT COCJIOBHbli;j (BapHoBbli1) CTaTYC rrpecTyrrHl'LKa 1'1 rroTeprreB-
Illero?
B Yl3yqaeMbIX rrpoH3Be.n;eHHRx oc06eHHo .n;eTaJIbHO perJIaMeH-
THPYeTC.H Ha3HaqeHYle TaKOro HaKa3aHH.H, KaK IllTpa . KaKYle pa3-
TeMa 2. .D:xapMawacTpa MaHY 11 APTxawacTpa KaYTl1J!bH
21
HOBM)J.HOCTH IllTpa OB BbI)J;eJIRlOTCR B HHX? B KaKHX CJIyqaRx B Ka-
qeCTBe HaKa3aHHR 3a rrpeCTyrrJIeHHe rrpHMeHReTC.H cMepTHaR Ka3Hb?
CTyp;eHTbI )J;OJI:/KHbI HayqHTbCR OTJIHqaTb B TeKCTe "3aKoHoB
MaHY" yroJIOBHO-rrpaBoBble HOpMbI 0'1' rrpocTbIX p;eKJIapaUHM HJIH
rrpH3bIBOB. IOpHro1'-leCKaR HopMa 6JIHme K rrpaKTHKe, OHa KOHKPeT-
Ha - )J;eKJIapaQH.H me HJIH rrpH3bIB HOC.HT rrpep;eJIbHO 06I.l\HM xa-
paKTep.
IIpH paCCMO'TpeHHH OT)J;eJIbHbIX BHP;OB rrpeCTyrrJIeHHM 1'1 HaKa-
3aHHM CJIe)J;yeT rrpe:mp;e Bcero 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha TO, 'fT0 B .IJ:xap-
MawaCTpe MaHY 1'1 B ApTxawaCTpe KaYTHJIbH rrpep;rrpHHHMaKJTCR
rrorrbITKH )J;aTb orrpep;eJIeHHR rrpecTyrrJIeHHK HaH60JIee OqeBH)J;Hble
CJIyqaH - CTaTbR 332 rJIaBbI VIII "3aKoHoB MaHY" 1'1 rrepBble rro
CqeTY CTaTbH rJIaB 17, 18, 19 KHHlli III APTxawacTpbI KaYTHJIbH.
IIlcc ("(IIi Bnnpnc TeKCT "3aKoHOB MaHY" p;aeT JIHWb caMoe 06-
I.l\ee rrpep;CTaBJIeHHe 0 cyp;e 1'1 cyp;e6HoM rrpo-
uecce. TeM He MeHee, Ha OCHOBe aHaJIH3a KOHKpeTHbIX CTaTej;"1 p;aH-
HOro rrpoH3Be)J;eHHR MO:/KHO Cp;eJIaTb orrpep;eJIeHHble BbIBO)J;bI OTHO-
CHTeJIbHO xapaKTepa cyp;a, ero COCTaBa, BHP;OB, rrpoQep;yp cyp;e6Horo
pa36HpaTeJIbCTBa 1'1 T. )J;. (CM., HarrpHMep, CT. 16, 31, 140, 141 rJIaBbI
VII 1'1 CT. 1, 2, 3, 8, 20, 45, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 60, 63, 64, 65, 66, 70, 73
rJIaBbI VIII 1'1 p;p.)
BOJIee p;eTaJIbHO perJIaMeHTHpyeTC.H CYP;OYCTpoMCTBO 1'1 cY)J;o-
rrpoH3BoP;CTBO B ApTxawacTpe KaYTHJIbH. CJIe)J;YeT 06paTHTb oco-
60e BHHMaHHe Ha rJIaBY 1 KHHrH III ApTxawacTpbI, HO HeJIb3R yrryc-
KaTb 1'13 BM)J.y 1'1 p;pyrHe rJIaBbI p;aHHOM KHHlli (HarrpHMep, CT. 1 rJIa-
BbI 8, CT. 15 rJIaBbI 9, CT. 25. 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 34, 39, 45, 50
rJIaBbI 11, CT. 17, 19, 20 rJIaBbI 19, CT. 17, 22 rJIaBbI 201'1 )J;p.).
"3aKoHbI MaHY" 1'1 APTxawac'Tpa KaYTHJIbH )J;aKJT p;eTaJIbHbli1
rrepeqeHb OC1i06a1iUU )J;JIR BbIHeCeHI1.H cyp;e6HbIX peweHHM. Op;HaKo,
eCJIH MaHY rrepBOCTerreHHOe 3HaqeHHe rrpM)J.aeT )J;xapMe, TO Kay-
THJIbR Ba:/KHeMwYKJ pOJIb OTBO)J;HT roCY)J;apeBY YKa3Y (CM. CT. 39 rJIa-
BbI III ApxawacTpbI). KpoMe TOro, B paccMaTpHBaeMblx rrpoH3Be-
p;eHH.HX orrHCbIBaKJTC.H CpedC11J.6a peweHHR cyp;e6Horo p;eJIa. KaKHe
1'13 HHX CqHTaKJTC.H BamHeMwHMH?
IIocJIe paCCMOTpeHHR CTaTeM, KOTOpbIMH perYJIHpYIOTCR pa3-
JIH'-lHble acrreKTbI CYP;0YCTpOMCTBa 1'1 cyp;orrpoH3Bop;CTBa, He06xoro1-
MO 06paTHTbC.H K HopMaM, KJpH)J;H'-leCKH caHKUl10HHPYIOI.l.U1M caMO-
yrrpaBcTBO (CM., HarrpHMep, CT. 48, 49, 50 rJIaBbI VIII "3aKoHoB MaHY"
1'1 p;p.). CTyp;eHTbI P;OJI:/KHbI rrpOaHaJIH3HpOBaTb HX 1'1 YCTaHoBHTb, B
KaKHX cJIyqa.Hx 1'1 KaKHM JIHuaM "3aKoHbI MaHY" pa3peWaKJT rrpH-
MeHRTb BHecyp;e6Hble Cpe)J;CTBa BOCCTaHOBJIeHHR HapyrneHHoro rrpaBa.
22
J1crOpl1H rocy.napCTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX crpaH
BI1BJII10fP A I1H
A MCTOqHMKM
L XpeCTOMaTI1R no HCTop.m rocy.napCTBa .1 npaBa 3apy6emHblx CTpaH_
.D:peBHocTb 11 Cpe,l\Hl1e BeKa. 2-e 113,l\aHHe, ,l\OnOJIHeHHoe / COCl'aBUTeJIb -
npo B. A. TO.MCUU06. M.: J13J\aTeJIbCTBO "3epL\aJIo", 2004_ C. 36-88.
2. ApTxawaC'rpa I1JI.I HaYKa nOJII1'nIK.1 / llepeBo,l\ C CaHCKpl1'ra
A. 11. BocmpwwBa, E. E. 06epMW1.J!epa, B. B. Ce-UU1teBa. M.-JI., 195911 M.,
1993.
3_ B.IWHy-CMp.ITI1_ fJIaBbI II-VII / llepeBoJ\A. A. Buzacuua / / llpaK-
TI1KYM no I1CTOpHH ,l\peBHero MHpa. Bbrn. L ,lXpeBHI1W BoCTOR. M., 1989_
4_ .D:xapMalllaC'rpa Hapa,l\bI / llepeBO,l\ C CaHCKpl1Ta 11 KOMMeHTap.lfI
A. A. Buzacuua 11 A. M. Ca.llw3eau'/.feea. M, 1998.
5. 3aKoHbI MaHY / llepeBo.n C. JI. 3J1.b !UUOBU1LU, HCnpaBJIeHHbIH H .no-
nOJIHeHHb!l1 r. <1)_ l1J1.bUUbt.M. M., 1960.
6. 3aKoHbI MaHy. MaHaBa,l\XapMaWacTpa / llepeBo,l\ C. JI. 3JIbMaHoB.I-
'-Ja, npoBepeHHblfl I1I1CnpaBJleHHbIW r. <1). l1J1.bUUbl.M. M.: 3KcMa-llpecc. 2002.
7_ Ca.M036au'l.feB A. M. KHl1ra MY,l\peL\a .Hp;:1KHaBaJIKb.l. M., 1994.
E. JlMTEPATYPA
1. Buzacuu A. A. lOpl1,l\H'IecKaH TeMaTYIKa B KOMn0311L\HH ,l\XapMa-
waC'rp / / CaHCKpl1T .1 ,l\peBHeYIH,l\I1MCKaH KYJIbTypa. M., 1979.
2. Buzacuu A. A. "MepbI npOTI1B BOpOB" B HapaJ\a-cMpH'n1 / / .D:peB-
HRR J1HJ\I1H. .H3bIK, "'YJIbTypa. TeKCT. M., 1985.
3_ Buzacuu A. A. HaeM B J\peBHel1 J1H)J.I1.1 / / BeCTHI1K ,l\peBHel1 .ICTO-
pl1H_ 1989_ NQ 3.
4. Buzacuu A. A. "YcTaB 0 pa6ax" B "ApTxawacTpe" H:aYTI1JIbH / /
BecTH.lK ,l\peBHefi .ICTOp.I.I. 1976. NQ 4.
5. Buzacuu A. A., Ca.M03Bau'l.feB A. M. ApTxawacTpa: npo6JIeMbI co-
L\HaJIbHOM CTPYI<TypbI 11 npaBa. M., 1984.
6_ l1J1.bUU r. <1). IllY,l\pbI 11 pa6bI B ,l\peBHe.IHJ\I1MCK.IX COOpHI1KaX 3aKO-
HOB / / BeCTHI1K J\peBHeWI1CTop.ll1. 1950. NQ 2.
7. PO.M.aUOB B. H. 0 COL\l1aJIbHOfi 3Ha'II1MOC'n1 J\xapMawacTp / / CaH-
CKpl1T H ,l\peBHeHHJ\I1HcKaR KYJIbTypa. M., 1979.
8. PO.M.a1ioe B. H. K Bonpocy 0 maHpe .nxapMawacTp / / J1CTOpHR 11
KYJIbTypa UeHTpaJIbHOM A3HI1. M., 1983.
9_ Ca.Mo3Ba1i'l.feB A. M_ ApTxawacTpa 11 ,l\XapMawacTpa: npaoo H npo-
6JIeMbI I1HTerpaL\HI1 >KaHpOB / / BecTHHK J\peBHew I1CTOpHI1. 1984_ NQ 2.
10. Ca.1IW3eau'l.fee A. M. llpaBoBoM TeKCT ,l\xapMawacTpbI_ M_, 1991.
11. Ca.Mo3Ba1i'/.feB A. M. Teopl1R coocTBeHHOCTI1 B J\peBHel1 J1H,l\I1I1. M.
1978.
TEMA 3
3AKOHbI BEHA,[(QATI1 TABJIlIQ
(2 .taca)
3aKOHbI .D:seHa.n;QaTH Ta6JIHU - YHYlKaJIbHbli1 rraMRTHHK .n;peB-
Heihllero rrepHo.n;a J1CTOpHH pHMCKOro rrpaBa. M3yqeHHe ero Ha ce-
MHHapcKHx 3aHRTH.HX rrpH3saHo )J;aTb CTY)J;eHTaM rrpe)J;cTaSJIeHHe 0
xapaKTepe apXaHqHoi1 rrpaBoBoi1 KYJIbTypbI .D:peBHero PHMa, rrOHH-
MaHHe 3aKoHoMepHocTei1 YHKQHOHHpOBaHHR pl1MCKOrO rrpaBa Ha
paHHHx cTyrreHRx ero 3BOJIKJQHH, cBe)J;eHHR 0 rrepBOHaqaJIbHbIX rrpa-
BOBbIX opMax )J;peBHepHMCKoro 06rn;ecTsa.
BrrJIOTb .n;o VI BeKa H. 3., TO eCTb Ha rrpOTR:IKeHHH QeJIoro
TbICR'-JeJIeTHR (!), 3aKOHbI .D:BeHa)J;QaTH Ta6JIHQ 3aHHMaJIH HCKJIKJ-
qHTeJIbHOe rrOJIO:iKeHHe B pHMCKOi1 KJpHcrrpy.n;eHQHH. OHH 6bIJIH )J;JIR
KJPHCTOB .D:peBHero PHMa CBoem po.n;a CBRI.l\eHHbIM IIHcaHHeM. IIpH-
qeM OCTaBaJIHCb TaKOBbIM )J;a:iKe Tor.n;a, Kor)J;a aKTH'-leCKH yTpaTH-
JIH CBoe rrepBOHa'-laJIbHOe 3HaqeHHe C60pHHKa )J;eMCTBYKJI.l\HX HOpM.
M rrOCJIe 3TOro pHMCKHe KJpHCTbI rrpo.n;OJI:iKaJIH QHTHpoBaTb 3aKo-
HbI .D:BeHa)J;QaTYI Ta6JIHQ rro pa3JIH'-lHbIM rrOBO)J;aM 1'1 .n;a:iKe rrHcaTb
CBOH KOMMeHTapHH Ha HX TeKCT. (CaMbIM rrOJIHbIM 1'13 TaKHX KOM-
MeHTapHeB, .n;OIlle.n;IllHX )J;O HaC, rrpHHa)J;JIe:/KHT pHMCKOMY KJpHCTY
raKJ, KOTOpbli1 :iKHJI SO II BeKe H. 3., TO eCTb crrycTR IlleCTb CTOJIe-
THi1 CO BpeMeHH C03;:J;aHHR 3aKOHOB .D:BeHa)J;QaTH Ta6JIHQ).
M3yqeHHe 3aKOHOB .D:BeHa.n;QaTH Ta6JIHQ - He06xo.n;YlMaR CTY-
rreHb B rrpoQecce rr03HaHHR BceM rrOCJIe;:J;ylOI.l\eM HCTOpHH pHMCKOro
rrpaBa. B 3THX Ta6JIHQax - HCTOK TOro, '-lTO Ha3bIBalOT KJIaCCH'IeC-
KI1M pHMCKHM rrpaBOM, caMoro rpaH.n;Yl03HOrO RBJIeHH.H s rrpaBOBoi;j:
HCTOpHH '-leJIOBeqeCTBa.
IIpH 06cym)J;eHHH 3aKOHOB .D:seHa)J;QaTH Ta6JIHQ Ha ceMHHap-
CKYlX 3aHRTH.HX QeJIeC006pa3HO cocpe.n;OTOqHTbCR Ha paCCMOTpeHHH
CJIe)J;YIOI.l\J1X BOrrpOCOB:
1. MCTOplUl C03 aHIlH 3aKOHOB ,l(BCHaJI,L\aTU Ta6JIHI..\. Mx 06u aH
xapaKTcpucTUKa.
2. npaBoBOc IIOJI01KCHlIC OCHOBHbIX I'PYIlII HaCCJICHIlH no 3aKo-
HaM ,l(BcHanQaTlI TaoJIuL\.
3. npaBoBoc pcrYJ"lllpOBmmc 6pa'-Jllo-CCI\1ciblhIX OTHOIIlCIU1H no
3aKllnal\1 ;J,BcnaJ\QaTI1 TaoJ"ll11..\.
24
J1crOpl1H rocy.napCTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX crpaH
4. MHCTHTYTbI BCl.l{HOI'O npaBa. BII,1J.bI ,1J.OI'OBOpOB B 3aIWHaX l{BC-
Ha)J;QaUI Ta6JIIU
5. npCC'I"YIl.J"ICHIUI II HaIl:a3aHI1J1 B 3aIWHaX L!:BcHa,1J.L\aU1 TaoJIIIL\.
6. CYJI. II CYJ\COHblii npoL\CCC B 3aKoHax l{BCHa)J;L\aTI1 Ta6JIIIL\.
IIcpBblii Bonpoc IIpH H3yqeHHH ,lJ;aHHoro Borrpoca peKOMeH,lJ;Y-
eTC.H B rrepBYro oqepe;:J;b 06paTHTbcR K TpeTbeti:
KHHre COqHHeHHR p;peBHepHMcKoro HCTopHKa THTa JIHBH.H "Mcro-
pH.H PI1Ma 0'1' OCHOBaHH.H ropo,lJ;a". 3p;ecb rrpHBO,lJ;HTC.H KpaTKa.H !1C-
TOpH.H C03p;aHH.H 3aKoHoB .IJ:BeHaMaTH Ta6J1HQ, ,lJ;aeTCR OQeHKa 3T0M)'
rrpaBoBoMY rraMRTHHKY. HeKoTopble CBe,lJ;eHH.H 06 06CTO.HTeJIbCTBaX
rrO.HBJIeHHR 3aKoHoB .IJ:BeHa,lJ;QaTH Ta6JIHQ BKyrre C xapaKTepHCTH-
KaMH rrOCJIe,lJ;HHX cop;epmaTCR TalOKe BO BTOpoMTHTYJIe rrepBOM KHH-
rH .IJ:HrecT IOcTHHHaHa, BO BTOpOti: KHHre ,lJ;HaJIOra UHQepOHa "0
rocY,lJ;apcTBe", B rrepBoM KHHre TpaKTaTa UHQepoHa "06 opaTOpe",
B ,lJ;eC.HToti: KHHre COqHHeHHR .IJ:HOHHCHR faJIHKapHaccKoro "PHMcKHe
p;peBHocTH".
PaccMaTpHBa.H KTbI 1'13 HCTOpHH C03p;aHH.H 3aKOHOB .IJ:BeHa,lJ;-
QaTH Ta6JIHu, He06xop;!1MO CTpeMHTbC.H K TOMY, qT06bI Hati:TH 0'1'-
BeT Ha Borrpoc, ,lJ;JIR qero C03}J;aBaJIC.H 3'1'0'1' rrpaBoBoi1 C60PHHK, Ka-
KOBO 6bIJIO ero rrpep;Ha3HaqeHHe.
IIpHcTyrraR K 06 eM xapaKTepHCTHKe 3aKOHoB .IJ:BeHap;QaTH
Ta6JIHQ, CJIe;:J;yeT rrpem,lJ;e Bcero OCMbICJIHTb OQeHKY, p;aHHYKJ 3'1'0-
MY rrpaBOBOMY rraMRTHHKY THTOM JIHBHeM. ComaCHO BbICKa3bIBa-
HHIO pHMCKOro HcropHKa, 3TH Ta6JIHQbI "1'1 CerOp;H.H, HeCMOTpR Ha
QeJIYIO ropy HarpoMOm,lJ;eHHbIX ,lJ;pyr Ha ,lJ;pyra 3aKOHOB, OCTalOTCR
ucm01W.M Bcezo ny6.!lU1t1WZO u ttQcmHOzo npaBa" .IJ:peBHero PHMa.
qTO HMeJI 3,lJ;eCb B BM)J.Y ThT JIHBHM?
IIO,lJ;JIHHHblti: TeKCT 3aKOHOB .IJ:BeHaP;QaTYI Ta6JIHQ He COXpaHHJI-
C.H. TOT TeKcT, KOTOpbIM orrepHpYKJT YlCCJIep;OBaTeJIH, eCTb He qTO
HHoe, KaK peKOHCTpYKQYIR OCHOBHOro cop;epmaHH.H 3TOro rrpaBoBoro
rraM.HTHHKa, ocyrn;eCTBJIeHHa.H B XVI-XVII BeKax Ha OCHOBe rrpHBo-
p;11MbIX B rrpoH3Bep;eHH.HX aHTHqHbIX rrpaBoBep;oB, !1CTOpHKOB, H-
JIOCO OB QYlTaT 1'13 Hero HJIH rrepeCRa30B OT,lJ;eJIbHbIX ero HOpM. .IJ:aH-
Hoe 06CTORTeJIbCTBO He ,lJ;aeT OCHOBaHHM ,lJ;JIR '/wmezopU<l1iNX CY:/K-
p;eHHM 0 cop;epmaHHH 3aKOHOB .IJ:BeHa,lJ;QaTH Ta6JIHQ. O,lJ;HaKO HeKO-
Topble BrrOJIHe p;OCTOBepHble BbIBO,lJ;bI 06 06 eM xapaKTepe paccMaT-
pHBaeMoro rrpaBoBoro rraM.HTHHKa ero peKOHCTpYHpoBaHHbIM TeKCT
rr03BOJI.HeT c,lJ;eJIaTb.
B qaCTHOCTH, rro ,lJ;OCTyrrHOMY HaM TeKCTY 3aKOHOB .IJ:BeHap;Qa-
'1'1'1 Ta6JIHQ MbI MOm€M CY,lJ;HTb 06 ypoBHe rrpaBoBoj;"1 KYJIbTypbI ,lJ;peB-
HepHMcKoro 06 ecTBa V BeKa p;o H. 3.; Y3HaTb 0 TOM, KaK OPMY-
JIHpOBaJIOCb cop;epmaHHe rrpaBOBbIX HOpM - rrocpep;CTBOM crreQH-
aJIbHbIX KJpH,lJ;HqeCKvIX rrOHRTHM HJ!H rrYTeM H3JIOmeHH.H KOHKpeT-
TeMa 3. 3aKoHbI lIBeHa.nL\aTl1 Ta6J!HLI
25
HbIX CJIyqaeB (Ka3ycoB); orrpe.JJ;eJIHTb oc06eHHocTH lOpH.JJ;.f'-IeCKoro
MbIWJIeHHR pHMJIRH B :moxy .IJ:BeHa)J;QaTH Ta6JIHQ: .HBJIRJIOCb OHO
BceQeJIO Ka3YHcTWIeCKHM HJIH yme CTaHOBHJIOCb rrOHRTHMHbIM, XOTR
6bI OTqaCTt1.
MO:/KHO JIH rrpHMeHHTeJIbHO K 3aKoHaM .IJ:BeHa.JJ;QaTH Ta6JIHQ
rOBopHTb 0 KaKOM-JIH60 BJIH.HHHH peJIHrHH? ECJIYI .JJ;a, TO B qeM OHa
rrpO.HBJI.HeTC.H?
ECTb JIH KaK0i1-HH6Y.JJ;b rrOp.H)J;OK B TeKCTe H3yqaeMoro rrpaBO-
BOro rraMRTHHKa HJIH .JJ;aHHbli1 TeKCT XaOTHqeH? MO:/KHO JIH roBOpHTb
o CHCTeMe H3JIO:/KeHHR HOpM 3aKOHOB ):(BeHa)J;uaTH Ta6JIHQ? ECJIH
HeT, TO rrOqeMY? ECJIH )J;a, TO B qeM :3Ta CHCTeMa BblpamaeTC.H?
KaKOBO rrpOHcxom)J;eHHe rrpaBOBbIX HOpM paCCMaTpHBaeMoro
C60pHHKa? MO:/KHO JIH ero Ha3BaTb C60pHHKOM rrpaBOBbIX 06bf'-IaeB?
MJIH me :no COOpHHK CY.JJ;eOHbIX peweHHi1? MJIH OH COCTOHT 1'13 crre-
QHaJIbHO pa3pa60TaHHbIX )J;JIR )J;aHHoro C60pHHKa 3aKOHOB?
KaKYle c epbI 06I.l\eCTBeHHOM :/KYl3HH )J;peBHHX pHMJIRH pery-
JIHPYlOT 3aKOHbI .IJ:BeHa)J;QaTH Ta6JIHQ? M KaKYle 06ru:eCTBeHHble 0'1'-
HOWeHH.H, 06bIKHOBeHHO BblcTyrralOI1U1e B KaqeCTBe 06'beKTa npaBO-
Boro perYJIHpOBaHHR, OCTalOTC.H 3.JJ;eCb BHe paMOK rrOCJIe)J;Hero? ITo
KaKOM rrp.f'-IHHe?
.IJ:owe)J;WHM .JJ;O Hac TeKCT 3aKOHOB .IJ:BeHaMaTH Ta6JIHQ BbI3bI-
BaeT MHO:iKeCTBO 1'1 .JJ;pyrHx BorrpoCOB 06ru:ero xapaKTepa. Ho, rroma-
JIYM, caMbli,j: Ba:lKHbll1 cpe.JJ;YI HHX - :no Borrpoc 0 TOM, KaKOBa rrOJI-
HOTa :noro TeKCTa. BKJIlOqaeT JIH OH B ce6.H BeCb rrepBOHaqaJIbHbli,j:
06'beM Ta6JIHQ - 6o.rrbwyIO ero qaCTb - HJIH :iKe MbI HMeeM .JJ;eJIO C
MeHbwei1 qaCTblO TOro TeKCTa, KOTOpbIM 6bLJI 3arrHcaH B .IJ:peBHeM
PHMe B cepe.JJ;HHe V BeKa )J;O H. 3. 1'1 KOTOpbIM rrOJIyqHJI rr03me Ha-
3BaHHe "3aKOHOB .IJ:BeHa.JJ;QaTH Ta6JIHQ"? MHeHHR yqeHblx rro .JJ;aH-
HOMY Borrpocy pa3.JJ;eJIHJIHCb: O)J;HH CqHTalOT, qTO peKOHCTpYHpOBaH-
HbrM TeKCT .IJ:BeHaMaTH Ta6JIHQ BKJIlOqaeT B ce6R rrO'fTH Bce rrep-
BOHaqaJIbHOe CO.JJ;epmaHHe )J;aHHoro rrpaBoBoro C60PHHKa; )J;pym:e
rrOJIaralOT, 'ITO .JJ;O Hac .JJ;OllIJIa JIHWb He3HaqHTeJIbHaR qaCTb Bcex
lOpH.JJ;YlqeCKI1X HOpM, 3arrHcaHHbIX B PHMe B cepe.JJ;HHe V BeKa .JJ;O
H. 3., 1'1 ',1'1'0 rrepBOHa'IaJIbHbli,j: TeKCT 3aKOHOB .IJ:BeHa)J;QaTb Ta6JIHQ
BKJIIOqaJI B ce6R HOpMbI, perYJIHpYlOI.l\J1e Bce c epbI :iKH3HH )J;peB-
HepHMcKoro 06I.l\eCTBa. KaKHe aprYMeHTbI MO:iKHO rrpHBeCTH B rrOJIb3Y
Kam)J;oi-i 1'13 3THX TO'IeK 3peHHR?
BTOpoii Bonpoc ITpHcTyrra.H K H3yqeHHlO )J;aHHOrO BOrrpOCa.
CJIe;:J;yeT B rrepBYlO Oqepe;:J;b orrpe.JJ;eJIHTb, 0 Ka-
KHX COQHaJIbHbIX rpyrrrrax M)J.eT peqb B TeKCTe 3aKOHOB .IJ:BeHa)J;QaTH
Ta6JIHU.
.IJ:aJIee He06xo.JJ;HMO paCCMOTpeTb rrpaBOBOM CTaTYC pa60B, ero
OTJIl1'fHR 0'1' CTaTyca CB060.JJ;HbIX. CTY)J;eHTbI )J;OJI:/KHbI 06paTJ1Tb BHH-
MaHHe Ha CTaTblO 12 Ta6JIHQbI VII, CTaTblO 14 Ta6JIHl..\bI VIII 1'1 CTa-
26
J1crOpl1H rocy.napCTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX crpaH
TblO 26 Ta6JIHUbI XII. Mor JIH cB060.n;HbIM rpam.n;aHHH YTpaTHTb rro
3aKoHaM .IJ:BeHa)J;uaTYI Ta6JIHQ CBOlO cB060)J;Y 1'1 rrpeBpaTHTbC.H B pa-
6a? KaKHe JIHQa Ha3bIBalOTC.H B 3THX Ta6JIHUaX "rro)J;BJIaCTHbIMH"?
qeM HX rrpaBoBoM cTaTYc OTJIHqaeTC.H OT CTaTyca pa6a? KaKoB rrpa-
BOBOM cTaTYc KaTeropHH BOJIbHOoTrrYI.l\eHHHKoB rro 3aKoHaM .IJ:Be-
Ha.n;QaTH Ta6JIHQ?
Co.n;epmaHHe )J;OIUe,lJ;Illl1X .n;o Hac TPy.n;OB .n;peBHepHMCKHX I1C-
TOpHl\OB rrOKa3bIBaeT, ',1'1'0 rrOJIHTW'lecl\Oe 1'1 rrpaBOBoe pa3BHTHe )J;peB-
HepHMcKoro 06I.l\eCTBa BO MHOroM orrpe)J;eJIRJIOCb B paCCMaTpHBae-
MYlO 3rroxy 60pb60M Mem)J;Y c060M .n;BYX COCJIOBHM - rraTpHQHeB 1'1
rrJIe6eeB. lIo MHeHHlO YKa3aHHbIX HCTOPHKOB, pe3YJIbTaTOM HMeHHO
3TOM 60pb6bI CTaJIO rrO.HBJIeHYle 3aKOHOB .IJ:BeHa.n;uaTH Ta6JIHQ. .IJ:aH-
Hble 3aKOHbI 6bIJIH 3arrHCaHbI, RK06bI, rro Tpe60BaHHlO IIJIe6eeB, CTpe-
MHBUIJ1XC.H HKCaQHeM rrpaBOBbIX HOpM 3aUU1THTb ce6.H 0'1' rrpOH3-
BOJIa rraTpHQHeB. JIlO60rrbITHO, o.n;HaKO, ',1'1'0 B peKOHCTpYHpOBaHHOM
TeKCTe paCCMaTpHBaeMoro rrpaBOBoro rraMRTHHKa 0 rraTpl1QI1RX 1'1
rrJIe6e.Hx rOBopHT TOJIbKO o.n;Ha CTaTbR - OHa rrOMeI.l\eHa B HaqaJIO
Ta6JIHQbI XI. B COBpeMeHHbIX rry6JIHKaQHRX TeKCTa 3aKOHOB .IJ:Be-
Ha.n;uaTYI Ta6JIHQ 3Ta CTaTbR rrpHBO)J;HTCR B rrepeCKa3e, co.n;epma-
I.l\eMC.H BO BTOpOM KHHre .n;HaJIOra DHQepOHa "0 rocy.n;apCTBe". BoT
ee co.n;epmaHHe Ha R3bIKe opHrHHaJIa 1'1 B rrepeBO)J;e Ha PYCCKHi,j:
R3bIK:
Tabula XI. 1. Cicero de rep. II. 36: Qui (decemviri) cum X
tabulas summa legum aequitate prudentiaque conscripsissent, in
annum posterum Xviros alios subrogauerunt... (37) qui duabus
tabulis iniquarum legum additis conubia ut ne plebei cum patribus
essent, inhumanissima lege sanxerunt.
Ta6.au"LfO- XI. 1. L{U"4ep01i. 0 2Ocydapcmee. II. 36: lIocJIe TOro,
KaK (.n;eQeMBHpaMH) 6bIJIH 3arrHCaHbI )J;eCRTb Ta6JIYlU B BbICIUeM CTe-
rreHH crrpaBe)J;JIHBbIX 1'1 MY)J;pbIX 3aKOHOB, KBHpHTbI BbI6paJIH B CJIe-
;:J;ylOI.l\eM ro;:J;y .n;pyrHX (.n;eQeMBHpoB)... (37) KOTopble, )J;06aBHB .n;Be
Ta6JIHQbI HeCrrpaBe,l\JIHBblx 3aKOHOB, CaHl\QMOHHpOBaJIYI 6eCqeJIOBeq-
HeMIUHM 3aKOHOM 3arrpeT Ha 6paKH Mem;:J;y rrJIe6eRMH 1'1 rraTpHUH.H-
MM. (llepeeod B. A. TOMcu1iOea.)
THT JIHBHM B CBoeM "MCTOpHH PHMa OT OCHOBaHHR ropo.n;a"
rrpHBo)J;HT 3aRBJIeHHe .n;eQeMBHpoB 0 TOM, qTO B .n;eCRTH Ta6JIYlQax
OHH "ypaBHRJIH B rrpaBax Bcex - 1'1 JIyqIUHX 1'1 xy.n;U1J1X..." (CM. KHH-
ry III. 34 (3». HaCKOJIbKO .n;aHHoe 3a.HBJIeHHe OTpamaeT )J;oIUe.n;IUHM
.n;o Hac TeKCT .IJ:BeHMQaTH Ta6JIHQ? KaK MO:iKHO OQeHHTb B KOHTeK-
CTe Bcero cO)J;ep:iKaHHR 3aKOHOB .IJ:BeHa.n;QaTH Ta6JIHQ TO, ',1'1'0 6bIJIO
3arrHcaHO HOBbIMH )J;eQeMBHpaMH B BblIUerrpHBe)J;eHHOM CTaTbe 1 Ta6-
JIYlQbI XI?
TeMa 3. 3aKoHbI lIBeHa.nL\aTl1 Ta6J!HLI
27
TpcTllii nonpoc IIpaBoBble HOpMbI, perYJIHpYIOIQJ1e 6paqHO-Ce-
MeMHble oTHoIlleHHH, H3JIomeHbI B OCHOBHOM
B IV, V, VI 1'1 XI Ta6JII1Qax. 3TH HOpMbI OTpa:>KalOT lOpM)J.H IeCKYIO
rrpHpO Y 6paKa 1'1 CeMbH, O OpMJIRIOT B3aHMOOTHOIlleHHH Me:iK;:J;Y
cyrrpyraMH, Me:/K)J;Y pO HTeJIRMH 1'1 eTbMH.
.n:JIR Orrpe eJIeHHR lOpM)J.WIeCKOt'I rrpHpo bI 6paKa 1'1 ceMbH CJIe-
yeT rrpem)J;e Bcero paCCMOTpeTb CTaTblO 4 Ta6JII1QbI VI, CTaTbl1 2
1'1 3 Ta6JIHQbI IV. KaKoe rrpe CTaBJIeHHe 0 npaBooTHOIlleHI1RX Mem-
Y cyrrpyraMI1 BblpamalOT YKa3aHHble CTaTbH 3aKoHoB .n:BeHa Qa-
'1'1'1 Ta6JIHQ? KaKOM xapaKTep rrpH aeTCH B HHX rrpaBooTHoIlleHHHM
Me:iK;:J;Y OTQOM 1'1 CbIHOM?
TIocJIe OTBeTa Ha 3'1'0'1' BOrrpOC He06xo HMO 06paTHTbCH K CTa-
TbHM, O OpMJIRlOI..L\J1M rrpaBOBOe rrOJIOmeHHe 3aMymHei;f 1'1 He3aMym-
Het'I meHIQJ1HbI B CeMbe. TIpH :nOM CJIe yeT y eJIHTb oc06oe BHHMa-
HHe CTaTbHM 1 1'1 2 Ta6JIHQbI V. KaK orrpe eJIHeTCR rrpaBoBoM CTa-
TYC :/KeHIQJ1HbI B 3THX CTaTbRX 3aKoHoB .lI:BeHa QaTH Ta6JIHQ?
CTaTbR 6 Ta6JIHQbI VI H3JIaraeTCH B rrepecKa3e THTa JIHBHH.
o KaKOM "paCrrOpH:/KeHHH OTHOCmeJIbHO eByr.uKJiI B 6JIarorrpHHT-
HOM JIR ee cB060 bI CMbICJIe" roBOpHTCR B aHHoM CTaTbe? .n:JIR
OTBeTa Ha rrOCJIe HHt'I BOrrpoc cTy eHTaM CJIe yeT 06paTHTbCH KTpe-
TbeM KHHre CO IHHeHHH THTa JIHBHH "MCTOpHH PHMa 0'1' OCHOBaHHR
ropo a", B KOTOpOM orrHCbIBaeTCH CJI IaM C BeprnHHeM.
IOpH H IecKaH rrpHpo)J;a ceMbH pacKpbIBaeTcH 1'1 B Tex HopMax
3aKoHoB .n:BeHa QaTH Ta6JIJ1Q, KOTopble rrOCB eHbI HaCJIe OBaHHlO
KaKOt'I rropR)J;oK HaCJIe OBaHHR 3aKperrJIReTCR B 3THX HopMax? KaK
B HHX oTpamaeTcH xapaKTep peBHepHMcKot'I ceMbH?
PaCCMOTpeHHe aHHoro BOrrpoca QeJIeC006pa3-
HO Ha IHHaTb C orrpe eJIeHHR Kpyra rex JIHQ HJ!H
061..L\eCTBeHHbIX 06pa30BaHHM, KOTOpble, corJIac-
HO 3aKoHaM .n:BeHa QaTH TaOJIHQ, MoryT BblcTyrraTb B KaqeCTBe
cy6'beKTOB rrpaBa co6cTBeHHocTH.
TeKcT H3yqaeMoro rrpaBoBoro rraMRTHHKa rrOKa3bIBaeT, qTO HaH-
60JIbIllee BHI1MaHHe B HeM y eJIHJIOCb Bel..L\HbIM rrpaBaM HH)J;HBM)J.OB.
O HaKO He Bce HH)J;HBH)J;bI MOrJIH HBJIHTbCH 06JIa aTeJIRMH TaKHX
rrpaB. HeKOTopble KaTeropHH H3WIeCKJilX JIHQ OTCTpaHRJIHCb 3aKO-
HaMH .lI:BeHa QaTH Ta6JIHQ 0'1' paCrrOpIDI{eHHR CBOHM HMYl..L\eCTBOM.
qTO 3'1'0 3a JIHQa, 1'1 rro KaKot'I rrpHqHHe OHH OrpaHI1 IHBaJIHCb B CBO-
HX Bel..L\HbIX rrpaBax?
TIoCJIe 3TOro He06xo HMO 06paTJ1TbCR K CTaTbRM, perYJIHpYIO-
I..L\J1M crroc06bI rrpH06peTeHHR rrpaBa c06CTBeHHOCTH Ha Bel..L\b. CTY-
eHTbI OJl:/KHbI rrpOaHaJIH3HpOBaTb 3TH CTaTbH 1'1 paCCKa3aTb, Ka-
KHM 06pa30M, COrJIaCHO 3aKoHaM .n:BeHa QaTH Ta6JIHQ, MOrJIO 6bITb
rrpH06peTeHO rrpaBO c06CTBeHHOCTH Ha TY HJ!H HHYIO Bei..L\b. qTO rrpe -
CTaBJIHJIH C060M rrpOQe ypbI OT'fym)J;eHHH BeIQJ1, rrpe YCMOTpeHHble
'IcTncpTbrii
nonpoc
28
J1CTOpI1H roCy.napCTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX crpaH
CTaTb€M 56 Ta6JIHQbI VI? qTO 03HaqaeT TepMHH "res mancipi"? Ka-
KHe pa3HoBH)J;HOCTH Bel..L\eM clmrYPHpYlOT B 3aKoHax .n:BeHa QaTH
Ta6JIHQ? KaKHe OrpaHH'-JeHI1R HaJIaralOTCR 3 eCb Ha paCrrOpRmeHHe
YKpa eHHoM Bel..L\blO? KaK perYJIHpyeTcR rropR)J;oK rrOJIb30BaHH.H IY-
mOM Bel..L\blO?
IIpHcTyrra.H K aHaJIH3Y cTaTeM, KaCalOl..L\HXCR oroBopoB, CJIe-
yeT B rrepBYIO oqepe,w, OCMbICJIJ1Tb YCTaHOBJIeHHbli1 HMI1 rropR oK
3aKJIlOqeHH.H c eJIOK. B qeM CMbICJI CTaTbH 1 Ta6JIHQbI VI? RaKoe
3HaqeHHe J1MeeT rrpOJ1.'3HeCeHHe CJIOB rrpH 3aKJIlOqeHJ1J1 C eJIKH? Ka-
KOBa pOJIb cBH eTeJIeJ71 aHHoM rrpoQe YPbI? .n:aJIee He06xo HMO orr-
pe eJIHTb, KaKHe BH)J;bI OroBOpOB rrpe ycMoTpeHbI 3aKoHaMH ,lXBe-
Ha QaTH Ta6JIHQ.
KaK H3BeCTHO, Hal160JIee rro po6Ho B paccMaTpHBaeMoM rrpa-
BOBOM rraMRTHHKe perYJIHpYIOTC.H OroBOpbI 3aMMa 1'1 KYIIJIH-rrpO-
a:/Kl1. IIpH 3TOM YCJIOBHR YKa3aHHbIX OroBOpOB OTJIH'falOTC.H o-
BOJIbHO 60JIbIllOJ71 CrreL\H HKOM, OTpa:1KaIOl..L\eM ypoBeHb pa3BHTHR
peBHepHMcKoro 061..L\eCTBa B V BeKe o H. 3. CTy eHTbI OJImHbI
rrOKa3aTb, B qeM KOHKpeTHO rrpO.HBJI.HJIHCb CrreQH HqeCKHe qepTbI
3a HKCHpOBaHHbIX B 3aKoHax ,lXBeHa QaTI1 Ta6Jll1Q orOBOpOB 3aMMa
1'1 KyrrJIH-rrpo amH. IIpH 3TOM oco60e BHHMaHHe OJImHO 6bITb y e-
JIeHO Ta6JIHQe III, CTaTbe 18a Ta6JIHQbI VIII, CTaTbe 56 Ta6JIHQbI
VI, CTaTbe 11 Ta6JIHL\bI VII, CTaTbe 1 Ta6JIJ1QbI XII 1'1 p. KaKoBa
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb OJIJKHHKa 3a HeHCrrOJlHeHHe CBoero 06.H3aTeJIb-
CTBa rro OroBOpy 3aMMa? IIoqeMY 3aKoHbI ,lXBeHa QaTH Ta6JIHQ yc-
TaHaBJIHBalOT TaKYlO JKeCToKYIO OPMY OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH OJlJKHH-
Ka 3a HeOT aqy OJIra? IIoqeMY I1MH CaHKL\HOHHpyeTcR CTOJIb BbI-
COKa.H CTerreHb rrp0l13BOJIa Kpe HTopa B OTHOIlleHHH OJlJKHHKa, He
HCrrOJlHRlOl..L\erO cBoero 06R3aTeJIbCTBa?
nHTMU Bonpoc IIpH paCCMOTpeHHH 3TOro Borrpoca He06xo H-
MO B rrepBym O Iepe b orrpe eJIHTb, KaKHe BH-
bI yroJIOBHbIX HaKa3aHHM yrrOMHHalOTCR B 3aKOHaX ,lXBeHa QaTH
Ta6JIHQ 1'1 3a KaKorO po a eRHHR OHH Ha3HaqalOTCR CTY eHTbI OJl-
mHbI HayqHTbC.H OTJIHqaTb yrOJIOBHble rrpecTyrrJIeHHR 0'1' eJIHKTOB,
TO eCTb e.HHHM, rrOpOJK)J;alOIQHX 06.H3aTeJIbCTBO B03MeCTHTb Yl..L\ep6.
KaKHe pa3HOBH HOCTH eJII1KTOB MOJKHO 06HapYJKHTb B TeKCTe H3Y-
qaeMOrO rrpaBoooro rraMRTHHKa?
Cpe H HaKa3aHI1M, rrpe YCMOTpeHHbIX 3aKOHaMH ,lXBeHa QaTH
Ta6JIHQ, oco60e MeCTO 3aHJ1MaeT cMepTHa.H Ka3Hb. 3a KaKHe rrpe-
cTyrrJIeHH.H aHHblt'I lOpM)J.J1'feCKHM C60PHHK YCTaHaBJIHBaeT B Kaqe-
CTBe HaKa3aHI1.H cMepTHYIO Ka3Hb? KaK MOJKHO OQeHHTb npHBe eH-
Hoe B CTaTb€ 16 Ta6JII1QbI VIII peKoHcTpYHpoBaHHoro TeKCTa 3aKo-
HOB .n:BeHa QaTH Ta6JIHQ BbICKa3bIBaHHe UHQepOHa, COrJIaCHO KO-
TOPOMY "XII Ta6JIHQ YCTaHOBHJIH CMepTHYIO Ka3Hb 3a He60JIbIlloe
qHCJIO rrpecTyrrHblx )J;eRHHM"?
TeMa 3. 3aKoHbI lIBeHa.nL\aTl1 Ta6J!HLI
29
CJIe YlOIUeM 3a aqeM aHaJIH3a TeKCTa 3aKoHoB llBeHa QaTH
Ta6JIHQ OJlmHO CTaTb BbIHBJIeHHe rrpl1HQI1I10B Ha3HaqeHHH yrOJIOB-
HbIX HaKa3aHHM, a TaK:/Ke o6cTORTeJIbCTB, BJIHRlOIUHX Ha XapaKTep
1'1 CTerreHb HaKa3aHHM. Oc06oe BHHMaHHe rrpH 3TOM He06xo I1MO y e-
JIHTb Ta6JIHQaM VIII 1'1 IX, a TaK:/Ke CTaTbe 2a 1'1 26 Ta6JIHQbI XII.
PaccMaTpHBaR HOpMbI, COCTaBJIRlOIQJ1e cO epmaHl1e YKa3aH-
HbIX Ta6JIHQ, CJIe yeT BbIRCHHTb, KaKOe 3HaqeHHe rrpH orrpe eJIe-
HHH HaKa3aHHH rrpH aBaJIOCb B 3aKOHaX llBeHa QaTH Ta6JIHQ COQH-
aJIbHoMY cTaTYcy rrpaBoHapYIIlI1TeJIH 1'1 rrOTeprreBillero, B03pacTY
rrpecTyrrHHKa, 06CTOHTeJIbCTBaM, rrpH KOTOpbIX cOBepIIlaJIOCb rrpe-
cTyrrJIeHHe 1'1 T. )J;.
llJIR rrpaBoBblx rraMRTHHKOB 3rrOXI1 .IJ:peBHocTH THIII1'fHbIM RB-
JIReTCH Ha3Ha IeHHe HaKa3aHHR no rrpHHQl1rry TaJIHOHa - "OKO 3a
OKO, 3y6 3a 3y6". 3HalOT JIH TaKOM rrpHHQHrr 3aKOHbI llBeHaJ\QaTH
Ta6JIHQ?
.IJ:aJIee He06xo HMO YCTaHOBHTb, H3BeCTHa JIH paCCMaTpHBae-
MOMY rrpaBOBOMY rraMRTHHKY KaTeropHR BHHbI, pa3JIHqalOTCR JIM B
HeM rrpecTyrrJIeHl1R YMbIIllJIeHHble 1'1 COBepIIleHHble rro HeOCTopom-
HOCTH, BbI eJIRlOTCH JIH CTa HH COBepIIleHHR rrpecTyrrHoro eRHHH,
OpMbI coyqacTHR B rrpecTyrrJIeHHH.
Co epmaHHe 3aKOHOB .IJ:BeHa QaTH Ta6JIHQ rrOKa3bIBaeT, ',1'1'0
B peBHepHMCKOM 06w;eCTBe V BeKe O H. 3. O HHM 1'13 caMblX
pacrrpOCTpaHeHHbIX rrpaBOHapYIIleHHM HBJIRJIaCb Kpama. KaKl1e
MepbI 60pb6bI C TaKoro po a rrpecTyrrJIeHHRMH rrpe YCMaTpI1BaJIHCb
HopMaMH aHHoro C60pHHKa? qeM MO:iKHO 06'bHCHHTb pa3JIHqHOe
OTHOIIleHHe pHMJIRH K KpamaM B HOqHOe 1'1 HeBHoe BpeMH, 3a HK-
CHpOBaHHoe B CTaTbRX 12 1'1 13 Ta6JIHQbI VIII?
M3 TPY OB )J;peBHepHMcKHX HCTOpHKOB H3BecTHo, ',1'1'0 CaMbIM
OrraCHbIM )J;eRHHeM cpe H rrpaBoHapyr.ueHHM pHMJIRHe Cql1TaJIH ro-
cy apcTBeHHYlO H3MeHY. M 3'1'0 HX OTHOIIleHHe K aHHOMY rrpecTyrr-
JIeHHlO OTpa3HJI TeKCT 3aKOHOB .IJ:BeHa)J;QaTH Ta6JIHQ. B qeM OHO
rrpORBJIReTCH?
B IeM CMbICJI CTaTbH 246 Ta6JIHQbI VIII? TIOqeMY 3a TClMHoe
HCTpe6JIeHHe ypomaH Ha3Ha IaJIaCb cMepTHaR Ka3Hb "60JIee TRm-
KaR, qeM 3a y6HMCTBO qeJIOBeKa "?
IIpH rro,wOTOBKe aHHoro Borrpoca K 06cym)J;e-
HHIO Ha ceMHHapcKoM 3aHRTHH CJIe yeT rrpo-
aHaJIH3HpOBaTb Bce CTaTbH nepBbIX BYX Ta6JIHQ paccMaTpHBae-
MOro rrpaBoBoro rraMRTHHKa, a TaK:/Ke CTaTblO 5a Ta6JIHQbI VI. CTa-
TbH 156 1'1 22, 23 Ta6JIHQbI VIII, CTaTbH 1-2, 3, 4, 6 Ta6JIHQbI IX,
CTaTbH 3 1'1 4 Ta6JIHQbI XII. B yKa3aHHblx CTaTbRX oTpamaeTcR xa-
paKTep 1'1 COCTaB cY)J;a, HKCHPYIOTCH HeKoTopble 3JIeMeHTbI rrpo-
Qe ypbI cy orrpoH3Bo CTBa.
llICCTOII Bonpoc
30
J1CTOpI1H roCy.napCTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX crpaH
B rrpoQecce aHaJIH3a nepeqHCJIeHHbIX CTaTeM 3aKOHOB D:BeHa -
QaTH Ta6JIHQ He06xo HMO Orrpe eJIHTb, C qero HaqHHaJIOCb, COrJIaCHO
3TI1M CTaTb.HM, paCCMOTpeHHe TOro HJ!H I1HOro crropa B cy e, KaK
BbI3blBaJIHCb B cy OTBeT IHKH 1'1 CBM)J.eTeJIH, KaK 06bIBaJIHCb O-
Ka3aTeJIbCTBa, KaKl1e Tpe60BaHHR rrpe 'bRBJIRJIHCb K CY bRM 1'1 CBH-
eTeJIRM, B KaKOM rrOpR;:J;Ke rrpOXO HJ!O cy e6Hoe pa36HpaTeJIbCTBO
TOro HJII1 J1Horo eJIa. Oc060e BHHMaHHe CJIe yeT y eJIJ1Tb YCTaHOB-
JIeHHbIM 3aKOHaMI1 .n:BeHa u:anJ Ta6JII1Q rapaHTHRM CrrpaBe)J;JIHBOrO
pa3perneHHR crropa B cy e.
HaKOHeQ, cTy eHTbI OJI:/KHbI, OCHOBbIBa.HCb Ha KOHKpeTHbIX
CTaTbRX H3 IaeMOrO rrpaBOBOrO rraMRTHHKa, rrOKa3aTb, KaKOe 3Ha-
IeHHe rrpM)J.aBaJIOCb B HeM cy y 1'1 cy e6HOMY rrpoQeccy.
TIoCJIe paCCMOTpeHHR HOpM, peryJIHpylOIW1X pa3perneHHe crro-
pOB B cy e, Heo6xo HMO 06paTJ1TbCR K CTaTbRM, B KOTOpbIX caHK-
QHOHHpyeTC.H caMoyrrpaBcTBO HJ!H caMOCY,lJ;, TO eCTb BHecy e6Hble
crroc06bI pa3perneHH.H crropOB. B KaKJ1X CJIY Ia.HX 3aKOHbI .n:BeHa -
QaTH Ta6JIHQ orrYCKaJIH rrO,lJ;OOHble OpMbI BOCCTaHOBJIeHHR Hapy-
rneHHoro rrpaBa 1'1 pa3perneHHR crropOB?
BI1BJII10fP A(})I1H
A. HCTOYJHHI H:
1. XpeCTOMaTI1H nu HCTUpHH rocy.napcTBa.1 npaBa 3apy6emHbIX CTpaH_
.D:peBHocTb H CpeAHl1e BeKa. 2-e 113AaHI1e, AOnOJIHeHHOe / COCTaBUTeJIb -
np . B. A. TO.MCUU06. M.: J13AaTeJIbCTBO "3epL\aJIo", 2004. C. 115-125.
2_ 3aKaHbI XII Ta6JII1L\ / llepeBo.n .II. ,T[. KoifJau08a. M., 1996.
3. Tum .7W3UU. J1CTOpHH PI1Ma 0'1' OCHOBaHHH ropoJ\a. TOM 1. M., 1989.
C. 143-145.
4. U;u'lj-epou. .D: IaJIOI'H: 0 rocy.napCTBe. 0 3aKOHax. M., 1994. C. 50-51.
5. U;u'l.fepou. TpH TpaKTaTa 06 opaTopcKoM HCKyccTBe. M.. 1994. C. 112-
113.
B. JIHTEPATYPA:
1. KoifJau08 ,T[. ,T[. 06H3aTeJIbcrBeHHoe npaBo B apXal1'-JecKoM PHMe (VI-
IV BB. J\O H. 3.). M.. 1994.
2_ HU'KOJl.bC'KUU E. B. CI1CTeMal1 TeKCT XII TaOJlHL\. J1cCJIeAOBaH.le no
I1CTOpHH pHMCKOro npaBa. Coo., 1897.
3. nopmYZC1.IW6 11_ B. 3aKaH XII TaOJlI1L\. CapaToB, 1895.
4. TO.MCUU08 B. A. lOpl1cnpYAeHL\I1H B )J;YXOBHOM KYJIbType .D:peBHero
PI1Ma (ApeBHeMWI1M nepHuJ\) / / BecTHHK MucKoBcKoru YHHBepc.ITeTa. Ce-
pUH "llpaBo". 1995. NQ 1. C. 33-41.
TEMA 4
I1HCT1ITYU;1111 r AS
11 l1rECTbI IOCTJi1H11AHA
(6 'lac06)
MHCTHTyQHH raH 1'1 LJ:HrecTbI IOcTHHHaHa - caMble 3HaqJ1TeJIb-
Hble rrpOJ13Be eHl1R 1'13 BCeX OII1e II1HX O HaC rraMRTHI1KOB KJIaC-
CHqeCKOrO pHMCKOro rrpaBa. OHH B06paJIH B Ce6R rJIaBHbIe OCTH-
meHHR KJIaCCH'IeCKOM pHMCKOJ711OpHcrrpy eHQHH. M3)"IeHHe TeKCTOB
3THX rrpaBOBbIX rraMHTHHKOB Ha CeMHHapCKHX 3aHHTHRX J\OJI:/KHO
CrrOC06CTBOBaTb YCBOeHHlO cTy eHTaMH YH)J;aMeHTaJIbHbIX rrOHRTHM
1'1 KOHQerrQHM KJIaCCWIecKoro pHMCKOrO rrpaBa, KaCalOIQHXCR rrpaoo-
BOro cTaTyca H3HqeCKHX JII1Q, BeIWibIX rrpaB, lOpH HqeCKOM CY)J;b-
6bI BelL\ei1, crrOC060B 3alL\l1TbI cy6'beKTHBHbIX rrpaB. YKa3aHHble rro-
HRTHH 1'1 KOHQerrQHH COCTaBJIRlOT B CBOeM COOOKyrrHOCTH TO, '1'1'0 BrrOJl-
He MomHO Ha3BaTb TeopHeM rpa:/K)J;aHcKoro rrpaBa. YCBoeHl1e HX-
He06xo I1MbIM HaqaJIbHbrM 3Tarr B rrpoQecce rr03HaHHR COBpeMeHHoro
rpam)J;aHcKoro rrpaBa.
LJ:JIR paCCMOTpeHHR aHHOM TeMbI peKOMeH;:J;yeTCR OTBeCTH TPH
CeMHHapCKI1X 3aHRTHR. TIpH 3TOM Ha nepeOM 1'13 HHX QeJIeC006pa3-
HO OrpaHl1qHTbCR paCCMOTpeHHeM HCTOpHH C03 aHHH 1'1 CHCTeMbI
Ka:i:K)J;oro 1'13 Ha3BaHHbIX npaBOBbIX rraMRTHHKOB, a TaK:/Ke o6cY:/K)J;e-
HHeM rrpHHQHrrOB, orrpe eJIHlOW;HX rrpaBOBOM CTaTYC H3H'IeCKHX
JIHQ, 1'1 HOpM, perYJIHpYIOlL\HX 6pa"<lHO-CeMeJ 7 1Hble OTHOII1eHH.H. Brno-
poe 3aHRTHe CJIe;:J;yeT rrOCBRTJ1Tb aHaJIH3Y HHCTJ1TYTOB BeUJ;Horo rrpa-
Ba, B COCTaB KOTOpOro peBHepI1MCKHe lOpl1CTbI BKJIlOqaJIH 1'1 06R-
3aTeJIbCTBeHHoe rrpaBO. rJIaBHOM QeJIblO mpem'bezo ceMHHapCKoro
3aHRTHH OJImHO CTaTb 3aKperrJIeHHe 3HaHHI\ rrpH06peTeHHbIX CTY-
eHTaMH Ha .D:Byx rrpe bI YIQHX CeMHHapax. CaMbIM 3 eKTHBHbIM
cpe CTBOM )J;JIH OCTHmeHHH aHHOM QeJIH HBJIReTCH, Ha MOM B3rJIR ,
peII1eHl1e Ka3YCOB. Pa36HpaR Ka3YCbI, pa3;:J;yMbIBaR Ha TeM, KaK
pelill1Tb HX Ha OCHOBe rrpHHQJ1II0B MHCTJ1TYQHM raR 11 LJ:HrecT IOc-
THHl1aHa, cTy eHTbI 6Y;:J;yT, rrOMHMO rrpO'Iero, 3HaKOMHTbCR C JIOrH-
KOM peBHepI1MCKOrO lOpM)J.WIecKoro MbIII1JIeHHR, a TaK:/Ke rrpH06-
peTaTb HaBbIKH lOpM)J.l1qeCKOrO aHaJIH3a KOHKpeTHblx :/K113HeHHbIX
cHTyaQHM.
TaKHM 06pa30M, Ha ceMHHapCKHx 3aHRTHRX rro yKa3aHHOM TeMe
rrpe rrOJlaraeTCR 06Cym)J;eHHe CJIe;:J;ylOIQJ1X BorrpOCOB:
32
J1CTOpI1H roCy.napCTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX crpaH
1. OOIL\aH XapaKTCpHCTI1Ka HHCTJITYL\lni raH.
2. HCTOpl1H C03J\aHUH U 06 aH xapaKTCpllCTJ1Ka ,LJ:IUCCT IOcTU-
Hl1aHa.
3. npaBoBoii CTaTYC cl>H3H'lCCKI1X JII-IL\ 110 HHCTl1TYL\UHM raH H
,LJ:urccTaM IOcTl1HUaHa.
4. HHCTHTYTbI Opa'lHO-CCMciiHoro IlpaBa B HHCTl1TYI\J1HX raH If
,LJ:nrccTaX IOcTl1HHaHa.
5. npaBo BJraJ\CHUH H IIpaBO COOCTBCHHOCTH B I'IHCTHTYL\I1HX raH
U ,LJ:llrccTax IOcTJIHIIaHa.
6. 06H3aTc."lbCTBCHHOC IIpaBO B I1HCTIITYL\URX raH H ,LJ:I-IrCcTa.x
IOcTlIHI-IaHa.
7. rpaa;,!l,aHCKIU1I1PO CCC 110 JIHCTI-ITYL\UHI\I I'aH I-I ,LJ:urccTaI\110c-
TUHllaHa.
IlcpBbll1 BOlipOC PaccMoTpeHHe aHHoro Borrpoca CJIeJ\yeT Ha-
"IHHaTb C BbmCHeHHR 3Ha IeHHR TepMHHa "MH-
CTHTYQHH". KaKHe lOpH H IecKHe rrpOJ13Be eHHH Ha3bIBaJIHCb B
.IJ:peBHeM PHMe "HHCTJ1TyQHRMH"? B qeM COCTORJIO rJIaBHOe rrpe -
Ha3HaqeHHe TaKHX rrpoH3Be eHHM?
CBe eHHR, cO ep:1Ka HeCH B CO IHHeHHRX faH, rr03BOJIRlOT c e-
JIaTb Bbmo , ',1'1'0 BpeMR ero :/K113HH rrpHXO J1TCH rrpHOJIH3HTeJIbHO
Ha rrepHO,lJ; co 117 o 180 ro a H. 3. IIpe:iK;:J;e qeM rrpHcTyrrHTb K
paOOTe Ha CBOHMH "MHCTHTyQWJ:MI1", OH OJI:/KeH 6bIJI OCHOBaTeJIbHO
H3Y IHTb HOpMbI eMCTBoBaBIllero rrpaBa PHMCKOM HMrrepJ1J1, a TaK-
me npaBOBble YCTaHOBJIeHHR, HMeBillHe CHJIY B rrpOllIJIOM. OTCIo a
MomHO ora aTbCR, ',1'1'0 MHCTHTyQJ1J1 faH BPAA JIH rrORBHJII1Cb pa-
Hee cepen;J1HbI II BeKa H. 3. HeKOTopble eTaJIH HX CO ep:1KaHHH alOT
OCHOBaHHe rrOJIaffiTb, ITO rrHCaJIHCb OHH B rrOCJIe HHe ro bI rrpaB-
JIeHI1R I1MrrepaTopa AHTOHI1Ha IIHR, YMepillero B 161 ro;:J;y.
KaK 6bI TO HH 6bIJIO, MHCTHTYQHH faH OTpamalOT 3Ha IHTeJIb-
HO 60JIee BbICOKYIO cTyrreHb 3BOJIlOQHH pHMCKOro rrpaBa, HemeJIH
Ta, KOTopaR HallIJIa CBoe OTpameHHe B TeKCTe 3aKOHOB )XBeHa,lJ;Qa-
'1'1'1 Ta6JIH . CorrOCTaBJIeHHe CTHJIR lOpM)J.H IecKoro MbIllIJIeHHR, CTe-
rreHH pa3pa60TaHHOCTH rrpaBOBbIX HHCTHTYTOB, BOrrJIOIl\eHHblx B
CO I11HeHJ1I1 faR, C TeM, ',1'1'0 eMoHcTpHpyeT rrpoH3Be eHHe eQeM-
BHpOB, aeT B03MomHOCTb YBM)J.eTb, HaCKOJIbKO aJIeKO rrpO,lJ;BHHY-
JIaCb lOpHcrrpy eHQHR .IJ:peBHero PHMa 3a IIleCTb CTOJIeTHl 7 1, oT e-
JIRlOIW1X 3TH npaBOBble rraMRTHl1KH pyr 0'1' n;pyra. Ec.fI.U 3a'K01i'bL
,lI,ee1watj.Q.mu Ta6.f1.utf - amo, 06pa31iO zoeopon, aemcm.6o pu.lltC'/W20
npaea, mo I11icmumytfuu Taon - e03pacm ezo 3p€Jwcmu.
IIpe Ha3HaqeHl1e TOro HJIH J1Horo rrpaBoBOro rraMHTHHKa Bce-
r,lJ;a OTpa:1KaeTCR B ero CO,lJ;epmaHHH. KaKHe qepTbI MHCTHTyu:HJ 7 1 faR
rr03BOJIRlOT C eJIaTb BbIBO 0 TOM, ',1'1'0 3TO rrpoH3Be eHHe rrpe Ha3-
TeMa 4. J1l!CTJ1TYL\HI1 faR H LIurecTbI lOcTI1HHaHa
.,.,
,),)
HaqeHO 6bIJIO CJIymHTb yqeoHbIM rrOCOOHeM .l(JIR pHMJIRH, H3 IaBlill1X
rrpaBO CBoeM CTpaHbI?
MorJIo JII1 paCCMaTpHBaeMoe COqHHeHHe faR HMeTb KaKOe-JIH60
rrpaKTWIecKoe 3HaqeHI1e - Harrpl1Mep, HCnOJlb30BaTbCR )];JIR OOOCHO-
BaHI1R TOro HJIH 1'!Horo CY.l(e6Horo peIIleHHH? ECJII1 .l(a, TO KaKHM
06pa30M? M eCTb JII1 peaJIbHble .l(OKa3aTeJIbCTBa TOMY, 'fT0 MHCTHTY-
QHH faR, 0YJ\ IH Ie6HHKoM, I1MeJIH B .IJ:peBHeM Pi1Me TaK:/Ke rrpaK-
THqeCKOe 3HaqeHI1e rrpl1 peIIleHHH CY.l(e6HbIX crropoB? KaKYIO pOJIb
3'1'0 rrpOH3Be.l(eHHe CblrpaJIO B I1CTOpHH pHMCKOM lOpHcrrpY.l(eHQI111"?
KaKOBa rrOCJIe.l(YIO aR cY.l(b6a MHCTHTyu:HM faH?
IIocJIe 06CY:/K,lJ;eHHH yKa3aHHbIX BorrpOCOB CJIe.l(yeT paCCMOT-
peTb BHYTpeHHlOlO CTPYKTYPY MHCTHTYQHM faR. ECTb JIH 3.l(eCb
KaK0i 7 1-HH6Y,lJ;b rrOpR,lJ;OK H3JIOmeHHR rrpaBoBoro MaTepHaJIa? Mom-
HO JIH rrpHMeHHTeJIbHO K CO.l(ep:/KaHHlO .l(aHHoro rrpoH3Be.l(eHHH ro-
BOPHTb 0 cHcTeMe?
B 8 rraparpa e rrepBoi1 KHI1I'H cBoero CO IHHeHHH faM 3aRBJI.H-
eT: "Bce rrpaBO, KOTOpbIM MbI rrOJIb3yeMcR, OTHOCI1TCH JIH60 K JIH-
QaM, JIH60 K BelL\aM, JII160 K HCKaM?" RaK BOIIJIOlL\aeTCR .l(aHHaR
KJIaCCH I1KaQHR rrpaBoBblx HOpM B CO.l(ep:/KaHHH MHCTHTyQm 7 1 faR?
RaK H3BecTHo, 3HaqHTeJIbHaR qaCTb TeKCTa MHCTHTYQHM faR
(c 88 no 225 rraparpa TpeTbeM KHHrH) rrOCBRlL\eHa 06R3aTeJIbCTBaM.
IIo IeMY .l(peBHepHMCKI1M lOpHCT, BbI.l(eJIRH B OT.l(eJIbHble KaTeropHH
"JIHQa", "BeIQH", "I1CKH", He CTaBHT B 3'1'0'1' pR,lJ; "06H3aTeJIbCTBa"?
HaCKOJIbKO rrOCJIe.l(OBaTeJIbHO rrpH.l(epmHBaeTCR faM yKa3aH-
HOro HM B 9 8 KHHrH rrepBoM rrOp.H.l!Ka 113JIOmeHI1R rrpaBoBoro MaTe-
pl1aJIa B TeKCTe CBOHX MHCTHTyu:HM? ECJIH I1MelOTCR oTcTyrrJIeHHR
0'1' 3TOro rrOpR.l(Ka, TO B qeM OHH Bblpa:/KalOTCR?
BTOpoi.j BOnpoc MCTOpHiO C03.l(aHHH .IJ:HrecT He06xo,lJ;HMO pac-
CMaTpHBaTb B KOHTeKCTe BceM HCTOpHH CHC-
TeMaTI13aIJ;HH pHMCKOro rrpaBa, OCYlL\eCTBJIeHHot'I B BI13aHTHI1 BO Bpe-
MR rrpaBJIeHI1R HMrrepaTopa IOcTHHHaHa. CTY.l(eHTbI .l(OJImHbI BbIRC-
HHTb, KaKl1e 3a,lJ;aqH CTaBHJI IOcTHHHaH rrepe,lJ; ropHcTaMH, 1136paH-
HbIMH 11M .l(JIR COCTaBJIeHHH KO.l(eKca, MHCTHTyu:HM 11 .IJ:lliecT, KaK
rrpOTeKaJIa YKa3aHHaR pa60Ta, KOr.l(a OHa 6bIJIa 3aBepilleHa, KaK C03-
.l(aBaJIHCb 11 KOr.l(a 6bIJIH C03.l(aHbI .IJ:HrecTbL
B yqeoHot'I JIHTepaType CHCTeMaTH3aQHR pl1MCKoro rrpaBa rrpH
HMrrepaTope IOcnnmaHe qaCTO Ha3blBaeTCR "KO.l(H HKaQJ1et'I", a CO-
3.l(aHHble B rrpoQecce ee Ko.l(eKC, MHCTHTYQI1I1 1'1 .IJ:HrecTbI - "CBO-
.l(OM 3aKOHOB IOcTHHl1aHa". HaCKOJlbKO rrpHMeHl1MbI YKa3aHHble rro-
HRTHR K paCCMaTpHBaeMbIM RBJIeHl1RM? MO:iKHO JIH OCYlL\eCTBJIeH-
HYIO B BH3aHTHH CHCTeMaTH3aQHlO pHMCKOro rrpaBa Ha3BaTb "KO-
.l(H HKaQHeM", a rrORBHBlill1eCR B pe3YJIbTaTe ee rrpOH3Be.l(eHHR "CBO-
.l(OM 3aKOHOB IOCTHHI1aHa"? COCTaBJIRlOT JIH OHH BMeCTe e.l(HHbIM
34
J1CTOpI1H roCy.napCTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX crpaH
CBO HJIH me npeJ\CTaBJIRlOT C060M COBeprneHHO caMOCTORTeJIbHble
rrpOH3Be eHHR, pa3JIH ralOIl.{HeC.H Mem;:J;y C060M rro :/KaHPY, rro xa-
paKTepy CO ep:/KaHHR, rro BHYTpeHHei1 opraHH3aQHH, rro lOpH HqeC-
KOM TeXHHKe 1'1 T. )J;.?
Ror a B03HHKJIO 1'1 YTBep HJIOCb Hal1MeHOBaHHe Ro eKca, MH-
CTHTYQHJ1 1'1 .Ib1reCT lOcTI1HHaHa "CBO OM QHBHJIbHOrO rrpaBa" (Corpus
Iuris Civilis)? B qeM 3aKJIlOqaeTCR rrO JIHHHbIM CMblCJI aHHoro HaH-
MeHoBaHHR?
MMnepaTop IOcTHHHaH rrpH aJI co6paHHbIM B .l{HrecTax MHe-
HHRM )J;peBHepHMcKHX IOPHCTOB TaKYIO me lOpH I1'fecKYIO CHJIY, Ka-
KYlO HMeJIH H3)J;aHHble HM 3aKOHbI, 1'1 COOTBeTCTBeHHO 06R3aJI CY)J;bI
CJIe OBaTb 3TI1M MHeHHRM rrpH BbIHeceHHH perneHHM. Mem;:J;y TeM,
MHonre 1'13 HI1X HOCRT 06lL\HM, TeOpeTHqeClli11 7 r XapaKTep 1'1 MaJIO-
rrpl1MeHHMbI K npaKTHKe. 60JIblill1HCTBO :/Ke KaCaeTCR cyry60 KOHK-
peTHbIX, orrHcaHHbIX B TeKCTe .IJ:HrecT, CJIyqaeB. RaK MOrJIH TaKHe
MHeHHR npl1MeHRTbC.H B cy e6HoM rrpaKTHKe? RaKyrO pOJIb .IJ:Hrec-
TbI IOCTHHHaHa rrpH3BaHbI 6bIJIH HrpaTb B pa3BHTHH BH3aHTHMCKOM
lOpHcrrpy eHQI1J1?
.IJ:HrecTbl IOCTHHHaHa - BeCbMa cBoeo6pa3HbrM rrpaBOBot'I rra-
MRTHHK, He I1MelOIQJ1M aHaJIoroB B HCTOpHH rrpaBa. QT06bI rrOHRTb
ero lOpH H IeCKYIO rrpHpo y, He06xo)J;HMO pa306paTbC.H B MexaHH3-
Me YHKQHOHHpOBaHHH rrpaBa B .IJ:peBHeM PHMe, YRCHHTb CrreQH H-
IeCKHe IepTbI aHHoro MexaHH3Ma. .IJ:JIR 3Toro CJIe yeT B rrepBYIO
Oqepe b 06paTI1TbCR KTHTYJIaM 1, 2, 3 KHHrH I .IJ:HrecT IOcTHHHa-
Ha. CO ep:/KalL\HeCR 3)J;eCb BblCKa3bIBaHHH peBHepHMcKHX lOpHC-
TOB 0 CYlL\HOCTH rrpaBa, ero COCTaBHblX qaCTRX, orrHcaHHe HCTOPHH
rrpaBa 1'1 lOpHcrrpy eHQHH .IJ:peBHero PI1Ma, orrpe eJIeHHR HCTOqHH-
KOB pHMCKOro rrpaBa alOT 06lL\ee rrpe CTaBJIeHHe 0 xapaKTepe PHM-
CKOro rrpaBa, 0 CBOJ1CTBax 10pH)J;H IecKoro MblrnJIeHHR peBHHx PI1M-
JIRH.
RaK H3BeCTHO, HMrrepaTop lOcTHHHaH )J;aJI paCCMaTpl1BaeMO-
MY c60PHI1KY, rrOMHMO Ha3BaHHH ".IJ:HrecT", TaK:/Ke HaHMeHOBaHHe
"IIaH eKTOB". flBJIReTCR JIH TepMHH "rraH)J;eKTbI" B aHHoM CJIyqae
rrpOCTbIM CHHOHHMOM TepMHHa " HreCTbI"? J1JIH me OH HMeeT Ka-
KOM-TO Oc06bIl 7 r CMbICJI?
PaCCMaTpHBa.H CO ep:/KaHHe .IJ:11reCT, He06xo HMO 06paTHTb BHH-
MaHHe Ha HX CTpyKTYPY. .IJ:aHHoe rrp0l13Be eHHe HMeeT orpOMHbIl 7 r
06'beM - OHO COCTOHT 1'13 50 KHHr. RIiI1rH B CBOIO Oqepe b J\eJIRTCR
Ha THTYJIbI, TI1TYJIbI - Ha parMeHTbI. CTy eHTbI BnOJIHe MorYT
caMOCTORTeJIbHO YCTaHOBHrb, ITO H3JIO:lKeHHe rrpaBoBOro MaTepHaJIa
H)J;eT B nOp.H Ke 0'1' 06lL\ero K qaCTHoMY. OHO Haql1HaeTCH B .IJ:Hrec-
Tax C OrrHCaHI1.H 06lL\11X lOpH H IecKHx rrOH.HTI1M (THTYJI 1 KHHrH I)
3aTeM aeTCR KpaTKI1M 0630p HCTOpHI1 rrpaBa B .IJ:peBHeM PHMe (TH-
TYJI 2 TOM me KHHnr), THTYJIbI 3 1'1 4 rrepBot'I KHI1rH TaK:/Ke rrOCBR-
lL\eHbI 06lL\11M BorrpocaM, HO yme 60Jlee KOHKpeTHoro XapaKTepa -
TeMa 4. J1l!CTJ1TYL\HI1 faR H LIurecTbI lOcTI1HHaHa
35
HCTOqHI1KaM npaBa. C 5-ro THTYJIa HI1Tb 113JIOmeHHH MaTepHaJIa B
.LJ:HrecTax orrYCKaeTCH B e6pH elL\e 60JIee KOHKpeTHbIX rrp06JIeM -
rrp06JIeM rrpaBoBoro cTaTyca qeJIOBeKa.
B lOpM)J.H IeCKOM JIHTepaType rrpH xapaKTepHCTHKe CHCTeMbI
TOro HJII1 HHoro Ko eKca (HanpI1Mep, fepMaHCKoro rpa:>K aHCKOro
YJIO:/KeHI1R 1900 r.) qaCTO yrroTpe6JIReTCR rrOHRTHe "rraH;:J;eKTHaR CH-
CTeMa". TIpH 3TOM rro pa3YMeBaeTcR, ',1'1'0 CBoe rrp0l1Cxom,lJ;eHHe aH-
HaR CHCTeMa Be eT 0'1' CHCTeMbI .LJ:HrecT HJIH TIaH,lJ;eKTOB IOCTHHHa-
Ha. O HaKO COCTaBHTeJII1 .LJ:lliecT He C03 aJIH JIR 3TOro rrpOH3Be e-
HHR KaKOM-JIH60 OC060171 CHCTeMbI. ROHCTPYI1PYR TeKCT .LJ:HrecT 1'13
MHeHHi;f ,lJ;peBHepHMCKHX lOPHCTOB, OHH 1'1 CHCTeMY 113JIOmeHHR 3THX
MHeHHi1 3aHMCTBOBaJIH 1'13 lOpM)J.J1'feCKHX rrpOH3Be eHHM, C03,lJ;aHHbIX
B .LJ:peBHeM PHMe B rrpe llleCTBYlOlL\He 3rrOXH. QT06bI orrpe eJIHTb,
oTKy a ObIJIa B3RTa HCnOJIb30BaHHaR B .LJ:l1recTax CHCTeMa H3JIome-
HHR rrpaBoBoro MaTepHaJIa, He06xo HMO 06paTHTbCH K BbICKa3bIBa-
HHRM HHJ1QHaTOpa C03 aHH.H aHHoro rrpOH3Be,lJ;eHHR - HMrrepaTO-
pa IOCTJ1HHaHa. B ero ROHCTHTyQHH 0'1' 15 eKa6p.H 530 ro,lJ;a (HJIH
"Deo auctore", rro rrepBbIM ee CJIOBaM) CO ep:/KaTCR rrpe rrHcaHHR
KBecTopy TpH60HHaHY OTHOCHTeJIbHO pa60T no COCTaBJIeHHlO .LJ:H-
reCTo Cpe H 3THX rrpeJ\rrHcaHHM eCTb O HO, npRMO yKa3bIBalOlL\ee Ha
CHCTeMY, KOTOpOM OJImeH 6bIJI CJIe,lJ;OBaTb TpH60HHaH B pacrro-
JIO:/KeHHH CO ep:/KaHHR .LJ:l1reCT.
Constitutio Deo AuctoTe, 5: "Cumque haec material summa
numinis liberalitate collecta fuerit, oportet earn pulcherrimo opere
extruere et quasi proprium et sanctissimum tern plum iustitiae
consecrare et in libros quinquaginta et certos titulos totum ius
digerere, tam secundum nostri constitutionum codicis quam edicti
perpetui imitationem..."_
K01icmumytj,UJt Deo AuctoTe, 5: "TIocJIe TOro, KaK BeCb 3'1'0'1'
MaTepHaJI, rro 60mbeM MI1JIOCTH, 6y eT c06paH, Ha,lJ;JIemJ1T C03 aTb
1'13 Hero rrpeKpaCHeMlllee rrpOH3Be eHHe, 11 KaK 6bI OCBRTHTb rro -
JIHHHbIM 1'1 He3bI6JIeMbrn xpaM rrpaBOCY,lJ;HR, 11 paCrrOJIO:/KJ1Tb Bce rrpa-
BO B 50 KHlliax 11 B orrpe eJIeHHOM KOJIHqeCTBe THTYJIOB rro o6pa3-
QY KaK Halllero Ro eKca KOHCTHTyu:I1J\ TaK 1'1 nOCTOHIfHoro 3J\I1K-
Ta". (IIepee08 B. A. TOMCU1iOea.)
"TIOCTO.HHHbIM 3 HKT" (Edictum perpetuum) - :no 3 HKT rrpe-
Topa, orrpe eJI.HBlllHM 06lL\Y1O rrporpaMMY e.HTeJIbHOCTH aHHoro
OJImHOCTHoro JIHQa Ha BeCb CpOK ero rrOJIHOMOqHM 1'1 CO ep:/KaB-
lill1M, B OTJIWIHe 0'1' 3 I1KTa Ha OT eJIbHbIM CJI IaM (edicta repentina),
rrpaBHJIa 06lL\ero xapaKTepa - HOpMbI TaK Ha3bIBaeMoro rrpeTop-
CKOro rrpaBa. 3aKoH ROpHeJIHR CYJIJIbI (Lex Cornelia), rrpHHRTbIl 7 1 B
.LJ:peBHeM PHMe B 67 ro;:J;y o H. 3., YCTaHaBJIHBaJI: "Ut praetors ex
edictis suis perpetuis jus dicerent" ("QT06bI rrpeTOp BeplllHJI cy,lJ;
36
J1CTOpI1H roCy.napCTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX crpaH
Ha OCHOBe CBOerO "rrocTORHHoro 3 HKTa"»). B 125-128 ro ax H. 3.
pHMCKHM lOpHCT CaJIbBHM IOJIHaH C03 aJI rro rropy<IeHHlO HMrrepa-
Topa A)J;pHaHa OKOHqaTeJIbHYIO pe aKQHlO "rrOCToRHHOro 3 I1I(Ta".
3TOM pe aKQHH pHMCKHl 7 1 ceHaT rrpM)J.aJI He3bI6.rreMbIM, HeH3MeHHe-
MbIM xapaKTep. TOJIbKO HMrrepaTOp OTHbIHe Mor BHOCHTb KaKHe-
JIH60 H3MeHeHHR B TeKCT "rrOCTORHHoro 3 HKTa" - rrpeTopCKHM
3 HKT CTaJI no cynl CBoeM I1MrrepaTopCKHM lOpH HqeCKHM aKTOM'.
3TO 06cTORTeJIbCTBO 1'1 rr03BOJIHJIO HMrrepaTOpy IOCTI1HHaHY rrOCTa-
BHTb "IIOCTOHHHblt'I 3 HKT" B O I1H pR,lJ; CO CBOI1M "Ko eKCOM KOH-
CTJ1'1'YQHJ 7 1", YKa3aB Ha 06a :nJ1X CBo a rrpaBOBbIX HOpM KaK Ha 06-
pa3eQ, rro KOTOPOMY CJIe)J;yeT pacrrOJIO:/KJ.1Tb rrpaBoB0I1 MaTepHaJI B
.l!:HrecTax HJIH IIaH eKTax.
BrrpOqeM, eCTb OCHOBaHHH rrOJIaraTb, ',1'1'0 CI1CTeMa "IIOCTORH-
HOro 3)J;HKTa" ObIJIa 6bI rrpHHRTa B KaqeCTBe oopa3Qa )J;JIR CHCTeMbI
.l!:HrecT 1'1 6e3 crreQHaJIbHoro Ha TO YKa3aHHR IOcTJ1HHaHa. .l!:eJIo B
TOM, ',1'1'0 CTepmHeM .l!:HrecT CTaJIH parMeHTbI 1'13 KOMMeHTapHH
peBHepHMcKoro lOpHCTa .l!:OMHQHH Y JIbrrHaHa K "IIOCTOHHHOMY
3 HKTy"2. CHCTeMa J\aHHoro KOMMeHTapHR, eCTeCTBeHHO. Bocrrpo-
H3BO HJIa CHCTeMY pacrrOJIOmeHHR MaTepHaJIa B rrOCJIe HeM.
TeKCT "IIOCTORHHoro 3 HKTa" He OIIleJI a HaC. CHCTeMa ero
6bIJIa peKOHCTpYl1pOBaHa y<IeHbIMH B Ha IaJIe XX BeKa 3 Ha OCHOBe
COXpaHJ1BIIlHXCH KOMMeHTapHeB peBHepHMCKJ1X lOpHCTOB K aH-
HOMY 3 HKTY, rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M, BbIIIleyrroMRHYToro KOMMeHTapHH
Y JIbrrHaHa. COrJIaCHO peKoHCTpyKQl111 yqeHbIX B "IIOCTORHHOM 3 HK-
Te" rroCJIe OBaTeJIbHO paccMaTpHBaJIHCb: 1) 06IW1e BorrpocbI OTIIpaB-
JIeHHR rrpaBocY HR, 2) BorrpocbI, KaCalOl..L\HeCR HCKOB rro pa3JIHq-
HbIM crropaM, 3) rrp06JIeMbI I1CnOJlHeHHR cy e6HbIX peIIleHI1M, 4) oco-
6ble OpMbI cy e6HoM 3al..L\HTbI (rrpeTOpCKl1e HHTep I1KTbI, 3KCQen-
QHI1, CTJlIIYJIR HH). Bce :no H3JIaraeTCH 1'1 B .l!:HrecTax IOcTHHHaHa
(HaqHHaR co BTOpOM KHHnl), rrpJ1'feM B TaKOM me rrO'fTH rropR)J;Ke,
KaK 1'1 BTeKCTe "IIOCToHHHoro 3 HKTa".
CI1CTeMa "IIOCToRHHoro 3 HKTa" - :no CHCTeMa CBO a rrpeTop-
CKOro rrpaBa. O HaKO B .l!:HrecTax IOcTHHHaHa H3JIaralOTCR MHeHHR
peBHepHMcKHX lOpHCTOB, KaCalOI.W1eCR 1'1 TaKHX npe)J;MeToB, KOTO-
pble BbIXO HJIH 3a paMKH eHTeJIbHOCTH rrpeTopoB 1'1 OTHOCHJIHCb K
HopMaM rry6JIHqHoro rrpaBa. ECTecTBeHHo, "<1'1'0 BKpaIIJIeHHe rro 06-
I 3TOT 3.nI1KT, C03.naHHbri', B nepBoH TpeTH II B. H. 3. 11 OO"bHBJIeHHbrn pI'IM-
CKI1M ceHaTOM He3brOJIeMbIM, MbI C'-JI1TaeM He06xo.nI1MbIM nl1CaTb C 3ar.'IaBHOH
6YKBbI, TO ecTb KaK "llocTOHHHbIH 3.nI1KT", OTJII1'laH ero TeM caMbIM OT MHoro-
'-JHCJIeHHbIX "nocTOHHHbIX 3,!\I1KTOB" npeTOpoB, nOJIBJIHBWHXCR B npe.nwecTBY-
IOI.L\HH nepl-1o.n 11 He OT.'II1'IaBWHXCH TaKOH He3bI6JIeMocrblO.
2 llo no.nC'IeTaM HCCJIe.noBaTe.'IeM, H3pe'IeHHH Y JIbIIHaHa 3aHl1MalOT 40'IL
06"beMa TeKCTa .D:11!'eCT.
3 eM.: Lenel O. Eclictum perpetuum P., 1907.
TeMa 4. J1l!CTI1TYL\HI1 faR H LIHrecTbI lOcTI1HHaHa
37
HbIX HOpM B TeKCT 1!:HrecT BJIeKJIO 3a c060M oTcTyrrJIeHHe 0'1' CHCTe-
MbI "IIOCTORHHoro 3;:J;HKTa"_
TpcTllii Bonpoc PaCCMOTpeHHe ,lJ;aHHorO Borrpoca peKOMeH;:J;yeT-
CR HaqHHaTb C orrpe,Z:\eJIeHHR rrOHRTHM rrpaBO-
crroc06HOCTH 1'1 ,Z:\eecrroc06HOCTH, HCrrOJIb3yeMblx B J1HCTHTYL{J1RX faR
1'1 1!:HrecTax IOcTHHHaHa ,Z:\JIR xapaKTepHcTHKH rrpaBoBoro cTaTyca
H3HqeCKMX JIHQ. IIpH YCTaHOBJIeHHH MOMeHTa, C KOTOpOro B03HH-
KaeT rrpaBocrroc06HOCTb, CJIe,Z:\yeT yqeCTb BbICKa3bIBaHHe PHMCKO-
ro IOpHcTa IIaBJIa, co,Z:\ep}Ka eeCR B 7 THTYJIa 5 KHHrH I 1!:HrecT
(D. 1.5.7). Co,Z:\ep}KaHHe rrOHRTHR rrpaBocrroc06HoCTH BO MHOroM pac-
KpbrnaeTcR B 159, 160 1'1 161 KHHrH I MHCTHTyQHM 11 B THTYJIe 5
KHHrH IV 1!:HrecT, r,Z:\e rOBopHTCR 0 pa3JIHqHbIX BM)J.aX ee YMaJIeHHR.
AHaJIH3 TeKCTa MHCTHTYQHM :/KeJIaTeJIbHO COBMeCTHTb C O,Z:\HO-
BpeMeHHbIM paccMoTpeHHeM cOOTBeTCTBYIO HX parMeHToB 1!:H-
reCTo MHorHe rrOJIO:/KeHHR, BbICKa3aHHble B rrepBOM 1'13 rrpaBOBbIX
rraMRTHHKOB, rrORCHRlOTCR HJIH ,Z:\eTaJIH3HpYIOTCR BO BTOpOM. HarrpH-
Mep, B MHCTHTyQHRX roBOpHTCR 0 cB060,lJ;e Tex HJIH HHbIX H3H-
qeCKI1X JIHQ, HO orrpe,Z:\eJIeHHe CB060,lJ;bI, rrOHHMaHHe ee pHMCKI1MH
lOpHCTaMH ,Z:\aeTCR B 1!:HrecTax (CM.: D. I. 5. 4). 1!:pyroM rrpHMep:
88-92 rrepBoM KHHrH MHCTHTYQHM paccMaTpHBalOT, KaKHM 06-
pa30M B Tex HJIH HHbIX KOHKpeTHbIX CJIyqaRx orrpe,Z:\eJIReTCR rrpa-
BOBOt'! CTaryc pe6eHKa, pO}K,lJ;eHHoro pa6bIHei1 HJIH HHocTpaHKOt'l B
1!:HrecTax :/Ke rrpHBo,Z:\RTCR 06 He rrpHHL{J1IIbI perneHHR ,Z:\aHHot'1 rrpo-
6JIeMbI. (D. I. 5.19 1'1 ,Z:\p.).
IIocJIe BbIRCHeHHR 06 HX acrreKTOB rrpaBoBoro cTaTyca H3H-
qeCKHX JIHQ MO:/KHO rrpHcTyrrHTb K paccMoTpeHHIO rrOJIO:/KeHHi1 MH-
CTHTyQHM 1'1 1!:HrecT, KacalO HXCR cTaTyca pa3JIHqHbIX rpyrrrr Ha-
CeJIeHHR. 1!:eJIeHHe HaCeJIeHHR rro xapaKTepy rrpaBoBoro cTaTyca ,lJ;a-
eTCR B 9-12 1'1 48-49 KHHrH I MHCTHTYQHt'1.
IIpH aHaJIH3e rrpaBoBoro cTaTyca pa60B cry,Z:\eHTbI ,lJ;OJI:/KHbI 06-
paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha 53 1'1 54 KHHrH I MHCTHTyQHt'1 1'1 2 THTYJIa
6 KHHrH I 1!:HrecT. B HHX rOBopHTCR 06 YCTaHOBJIeHHbIX KOHCTHTY-
QHRMH 1'1 pecKpHrrTaMH ,lJ;peBHepHMcKHX HMIIepaTOpOB orpaHHqeHHRX
BJIaCTH rocrro,Z:\ Ha,lJ; CBOHMH pa6aMH. KaKHe e e OrpaHHqeHHR BJIa-
CTH rocrro,Z:\ Ha,Z:\ pa6aMH HallUIH CBoe OTpa:/KeHHe B TeKCTax MH-
CTHTyQHM faR 1'1 1!:HrecT IOcTHHHaHa?
IIOMHMO ,lJ;eJIeHHR HaCeJIeHHR Ha cBo60,Z:\HbIX 1'1 pa60B HeMaJIO-
Ba:/KHOe 3HaqeHHe rrpH,lJ;aBaJIOCb B H3yqaeMbix rrpaBoBbIX rraMRTHH-
Kax ,Z:\eJIeHHIO JIlO,Z:\et'1 Ha JIHQ CBoero rrpaBa (sui iuris), HJIH CaMOBJIaCT-
HbIX, 1'1 JIHQ qymoro rrpaBa (alieno iuris), HJIH rrO,Z:\BJIaCTHbIX qy:/KO-
MY rrpaBY. 06 3TOM ,Z:\eJIeHHM rOBOpHTCR B 48-49 KHHrH I MHCTH-
TYQHt'I faR 1'1 B THTYJIe 6 KHHrH I 1!:HrecT IOcTHHHaHa. KTO TaKHe
JIHQa cBoero rrpaBa 1'1 JIHQa qy:/KOro rrpaBa? KaKOt'I CMbICJI HMeJIO C
TOqKH 3peHHR pHMCKOro rrpaBa YKa3aHHoe ,Z:\eJIeHHe HaCeJIeHHR?
38
J1crOpl1H rocy.napCTBa H npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX crpaH
B MHCTHTYU:HRX faR 1'1 1!:HrecTax IOcTHHHaHa
,Z:\ocTaTOqHO rro,Z:\po6HO perJIaMeHTHpYIOTCR pa3-
JIHqHble acrreKTbI 3aKJIIO'-IeHHR 6paKa, a TaK:/Ke
rrpaBoBoro rrOJIO:/KeHHR 3aMY:/KHeM :/KeH HHbI 1'1 ,Z:\eTeM. (CM., Ha-
rrpHMep, 9-162 KHHm I 1'1 80-87,89-90 KHHm II MHCTHTYL{J1t'1
faR, KHHry I THryJI 5, KHHry XXIII THTYJIbI 1-2, KHHry XXVI '1'1'1-
ryJIbI 1-3 1!:HrecT IOcTHHHaHa). Bo BCRKOM cJIY<fae, rrpocToe orrH-
caHHe co,Z:\epma HXcR 3,Z:\eCb HOpM 6paqHO-ceMet'IHoro rrpaBa 3at'l-
MeT CJIJ1IllKOM MHoro BpeMeHM. II03TOMY cTy,Z:\eHTOB CJIe,Z:\yeT opHeH-
THpOBaTb Ha BbIRBJIeHHe B H3yqaeMblx rrpaBOBbIX rraMRTHHKax JIHIllb
OCHOBOrrOJIaralO HX rrpHHL{J1II0B rrpaBOBoro pery JIHpoBaHHR 6pa ',1-
Ho-ceMeMHbIX OTHOrneHHM.
B qaCTHOCTH, HM He06xo)J;HMO BbIRCHHTb, KaKHe Tpe60BaHHR
rrpe,Z:\'bHBJIRlOTCR B MHCTHTYU:HRX faR 1'1 1!:HrecTax IOcTHHHaHa K
JIHQaM, BcryrralO HM B 6paK"? B KaK!1X CJIyqaRX 6paK CqHTaeTCR
3,Z:\ecb He,Z:\orrYCTHMbIM"? KaKHe OpMbI 3aKJIlOqeHHR 6paKa BbI,ZJ;eJIR-
lOTCR B TeKCTax YKa3aHHblx rrpOH3Be,Z:\eHHM?
fat'l ,Z:\aeT B CBOHX MHCTHTYL\Y1RX orrHcaHHe He TOJIbKO Tex OpM.
KOTopble rrpHMeHRJIHCb B ero BpeMR, HO 1'1 ,Z:\aBHO OT:/KHBlIIJI!X, YTpa-
THBllli1X lOpM)J.HqeCKYIO CHJIY. CTy,Z:\eHTbI ,Z:\OJImHbI caMOCTORTeJIbHO
orrpe,Z:\eJIHTb, K KaKOt'1 KaTeropHH OTHOCRTCR OIIHcaHHble B MHCTH-
TYU:HRX pa3JIWIHble crroc06bI 3aKJllOqeHHR 6paKa, KaKHe 1'13 HHX HMe-
10'1' rrpHMeHeHHe Ha rrpaKTHKe, 1'1 KaK!1e - C'-IHTalOTCR YTpaTHBlIIJI!-
MH CBDe lOpM)J.WIeCKOe 3HaqeHHe.
o pa3Bo,Z:\e 1'1 )J;pymx opMax rrpeKpa eHHR 6paKa HaH60J1ee
rro,Z:\po6HO rOBopHTCR B THTYJIe 2 KHHrH XXIII 1!:HrecT IOcTHHHaHa.
IIpH paccMOTpeHHM co,Z:\epmaHHR ,Z:\aHHoro THTYJIa oc06oe BHHMa-
HHe CJIe,Z:\yeT y,Z:\eJIHTb MHeHHRM pHMCKHX lOpHCTOB 06 OCHOBaHHRX
rrpeKpa eHHH 6paKa.
IIpHcTyrraH K aHaJIH3Y rrpaBoBoro rrOJIO:/KeHHR 3aMY:/KHet'I meH-
HHbI 1'1 ,Z:\eTet'I, He06xo,Z:\HMO CHaqaJIa 06paTHTbCR K 117 1'1 118
KHHrH I MHCTHTYU:Ht'1 faR. PeKoMeH,Z:\yeTcH cpaBHHTb Bblpa:/KeHHOe
B HHX rrpe,Z:\cTaBJIeHHe 0 IOpM)J.WIeCKOM rrpHpo,Z:\e 6pa'fH0-CeMet'IHbIX
OTHorneHHt'1 C TeM rrpe,Z:\CTaBJIeHHeM, KOTopoe BOrrJIO aIOT 3aKOHbI
1!:BeHa,Z:\QaTH Ta6JIHQ. B qeM 3aKJIIO<faeTCR CXO,Z:\CTBO 3THX rrpe,Z:\-
CTaBJIeHHt'I"? B qeM OHH pa3JIHqalOTcR"? MO:/KHO JIH rOBopHTb 0 TOM,
',1'1'0 B MHCTHTYQHRX faR 1'1 1!:HrecTax IOcTHHHaHa Ha6JIlO,Z:\aeTcR
OTXO,Z:\ 0'1' Toro rrOHHMaHHR 6paKa 1'1 CeMbH, KOTopoe rrOKa3bIBaeT TeKCT
3aKoHoB 1!:BeHa,Z:\QaTH Ta6JIHQ?
KpOMe TOro, cTy,Z:\eHTbI ,Z:\OJImHbI CpaBHHTb rrpHHQHrrbI 6paqHO-
ceMet'IHoro rrpaBa, H3JIO:/KeHHble B 1!:HrecTax IOCTHHHaHa, C TaKHMH
:/Ke rrpHHL{J1rraMH 1'13 MHCTHTYQHt'1 faR"? B qeM OHH CXO)J;HbI? ECTb
JIH Mem,Z:\y HHMH KaK!1e-JIH60 pa3JIHqHR"?
KaK!1e BbIBO,Z:\bl MO:/KHO c,Z:\eJIaTb 1'13 BblCKa3bIBaHHR IIOMrrOHHH,
rrpHBe,Z:\eHHoro B 5 THryJIa 2 KHHm XXIII 1!:HrecT IOcTHHHaHa?
'ICTBCPTbIU
Bonpoc
TeMa 4. J1l!CTI1TYL\HI1 faR H LIHrecTbI lOcTI1HHaHa
39
KaKoe rrpe,Z:\CTaBJIeHHe 0 Cyr.u:HOCTH 6paKa BblpaJRaeT 3'1'0 BbICKa3bI-
BaHHe?
KaK H3BeCTHO, rrpe,Z:\CTaBJIeHHR pHMCKHX lOpHCTOB 0 6paKe 1'1
CeMbe C TeqeHHeM BpeMeHH H3MeHRJIHCb. OTJIHqaeTCR JIM rrOHHMa-
HHe CYIIJ.HOCTH 6paKa 1'1 CeMbH, BblpameHHOe B TeKCTe .IJ:HrecT IOc-
THHHaHa, 0'1' rrOHHMaHHR, BOrrJIOlL\eHHoro B MHCTHTYW1RX faR?
HeKoTopble Ba:/KHble acrreKTbI rrpaBoBoro cTaTyca cyrrpyroB 1'1
,Z:\eTeM pacKpbIBalOTcR B HopMax HaCJIe,Z:\cTBeHHoro rrpaBa, H3JIOmeH-
HbIX faeM B KOHQe II 1'1 HaqaJIe III KHHr CBOHX J1HCTHTYQHt'1. 3TH
HOpMbI TaKme BblpamalOT orrpe,Z:\eJIeHHOe rrpe,Z:\CTaBJIeHHe 0 CYIl.\HO-
CTH CeMbH, ee COQHaJIbHOM Ha3HaqeHHH.
IIpaBo BJIa,Z:\eHHR 1'1 rrpaBO C06CTBeHHOCTH rrpe,Z:\-
CTalOT B MHCTHTyQHRX faR 1'1 .IJ:HrecTax IOcTH-
HHaHa BO MHO:/KeCTBe pa3HOBM)J.HOCTet'l, B pa3JIH'fHbIX OTTeHKaX. B
OCHOBe TaKoro pa3Ho06pa3HR BJIa,Z:\eJIbqeCKHX 1'1 c06cTBeHHI1qeCKHX
oTHoUleHHM JIe:/KHT rrpefR,Z:\e Bcero pa3Ho06pa3He HX o6DeKToB, TO
eCTb BelL\eM. MMeHHO rr03TOMY fat'l HaqHHaeT H3JIO:/KeHHe 2-t'1 KHH-
rH CBOHX MHCTHTyQHM C KJIaCCH HKaQHH BelL\et'1. KaK!1e KpHTepHH
JIemaT B OCHOBe ,Z:\aHHOM KJIaCCH HKaQHH? KaK!1e BeIl.\H OTHOCRTCR
K KaTerOpHH BelL\et'1 6omeCTBeHHoro npaBa? B qeM 3aKJIlOqaeTCR
pa3JUlqHe MefR,Z:\y BelL\aMH CaKpaJIbHbIMH 1'1 peJIHrH03HbIMH? ITOqeMY
ropo)J;CKHe CTeHbI 1'1 BopOTa 06'bRBJIRlOTCR B MHCTHTyQHRX faR "B
HeKOTopot'1 CTeneHH BelL\aMH 60fReCTBeHHoro rrpaBa" ( 8 KHHrH II)?
KaKHe BeIl.-'H OTHOCRTCR K KaTerOpHH BelL\eM qeJIOBeqeCKoro rrpaBa?
qeM OHH OTJIHqalOTCR 0'1' BelL\et'1 60fReCTBeHHoro rrpaBa? B qeM pa3-
JIHqHe Mem)J;y BeUlaMH TeJIeCHbIMH 1'1 6eCTeJIeCHbIMH? KaKHe BeIl.\l1
OTHOCRTCR B MHCTHTYQHRX faR K 6eCTeJIeCHbIM BelL\aM? B qeM 3aK-
JIlO'faeTCR CMbICJI ,Z:\eJIeHHR BelL\et'I Ha res mancipi 1'1 res nec mancipi?
q TO rrpe,Z:\cTaBJIReT C060M MaHQHrraQHR rro MHCTHryQHRM faR?
CorJIaCHO MHCTHTyQHRM faR xapaKTep BeIl.\H BO MHOroM orrpe-
,Z:\eJIReT co,Z:\epmaHHe CBR3aHHbIX C HeM OTHOUleHHH rrpaBa BJIa,Z:\e-
HHR HJIH npaBa c06CTBeHHOCTH. KaKHM 06pa30M?
KaK!1e crroc06bI rrpH06peTeHHR rrpaBa BJIa,Z:\eHHR 1'1 rrpaBa c06-
CTBeHHOCTH HaTe HJIH HHbie BeIl.-'H BbI,Z:\eJIReT fai1:"? B qeM CYlL\-
HOCTb rrpoQe,Z:\ypbI in jure cessio? B KaKHX CJIyqaRx OHa rrpHMeHR-
eTCR? qTO TaKoe usucapio? ITpH KaK!1X YCJIOBHRX MO:/KHO rrpH06pe-
CTH rrpaBo c06cTBeHHocTH Ha Be rrocpe)J;cTBoM usucapio?
.IJ:JIR 0603HaqeHHR rrpaBa BJIa,Z:\eHHR 1'1 rrpaBa C06CTBeHHOCTH B
H3yqaeMbIX rrpaBoBblx rraMRTHHKax HCrrOJIb3YlOTCH pa3JIH'fHble rro-
HRTHR 1'1 TepMHHbI. He06xo,Z:\HMO BbI)J;eJIHTb B J1HCTHTYQHRX faR 1'1
.IJ:HrecTax IOCTHHHaHa )J;aHHble rrOHRTHR 1'1 TepMHHbl 1'1 orrpe,Z:\eJIHTb
HX CMbICJI. Oc06oe BHHMaHHe rrpH 3TOM CJIe,Z:\yeT 06paTHTb Ha CO-
)J;epmaHHe 30, 40, 41, 45, 49, 50, 88, 89, 91 KHHrH II MHCTHTyQHM.
nJlTblH Bonpoc
40
J1CTOpI1H rocy.napCTBa H npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX CTpaH
KaKoe pa3JIHqHe rrpOBO,Z:\HTCR B MHCTHTYU:HRX MeJK)J;Y rrpaBOM
BJIa,Z:\eHHR 1'1 rrpaBOM C05cTBeHHOCTH? KaKHe rrpH3HaKH npaBa BJIa-
)J;eHHR HKCHPYlOTCR B 153 KHHrH IV MHCTHTYU:Ht'I"? KaKHMH HC-
KaMH 3alQvu.u;aJIOCb rrpaBO co5cTBeHHocTH? KaKHM crroc060M 3a H-
aJIOCb rrpaBO BJIa,Z:\eHHR? qTO TaKoe HHTep,Z:\HKT? KaKHe pa3HOBM)J.-
HOCTH HHTePJ\HKTOB orrHCbIBaeT fat'l B CBOHX MHCTHTYL{HRX?
qTO TaKoe "60HHTapHoe BJIa,Z:\eHHe", rrpe,Z:\ycMoTpeHHoe 41
KHHrH II MHCTHryQHM? KaK H3BecTHo, 3Ta pa3HOBM)J.HOCTb npaBa
BJIa,Z:\eHHR 3a aJIaCb IIy6JIHL{HaHOBbIM HCKOM 1'1 rrocpe,Z:\CTBOM rrpe-
TOpCKOro exceptio. B .l!:HrecTax IOcTHHHaHa Ha3BaHHoMY HCKY no-
cBRru:eHTHTYJI II KHHrH IllecToi;j. B MHCTHTYW1RX faR - 36 KHH-
rH IV. B qeM CMbICJI )J;aHHoro HCKa?
CorJIaCHO MHCTHryQHRM faR 1'1 .l!:HreCTaM IOcTHHHaHa Ha rrpa-
BO co6cTBeHHocTH HaJIaraJIC.fI QeJIbIM pR,Z:\ orpaHWIeHHt'I. B qeM OHH
3aKJIlOqaJIHcb?
Oc060e MeCTO cpe,Z:\H HHCTHTYTOB BeIIJ;Horo npaBa 3aHHMalOT
cepBHryTbI - pa3Ho06pa3Hble rrpaBa nOJIb30BaHHR qY:/KHMH Be a-
MH. KaKOBa lOpH)J;HqeCKaR rrpHpoJ\a CepBHTYTa rro yqeHHlO pHMC-
KHX lOpHCTOB? KaKHe BH)J;bI CepBHTYToB BbI,ZJ;eJIRlOTCR B MHCTHTY-
QHRX faR 1'1 .l!:HrecTax IOcTHHHaHa?
KaK H3BecTHo, rrpaBo nOJIb30BaHHR qY:/KOi;j BeIl.{b1O MO:/KeT 6bITb
O OpMJIeHO ,Z:\OroBOpOM apeH)J;bI. KaKHMH rrpeHMyru:ecTBaMH 06JIa-
)J;aeT cepBHTYT rro cpaBHeHHIO C ,Z:\oroBopoM apeH)J;bI?
llrcCToii Ronpoc MHCTHTYQHH faR He CO)J;epmaT orrpe)J;eJIeHHR
06R3aTeJIbCTBa, 0603HaqaBillerOCR B pHMCKOM
rrpaBe JIaTHHCKHM TepMHHoM "obligatio". 3TO orrpe)J;eJIeHHe )J;aeTCR
B MHCTHTYU:HRX IOcTHHHaHa:
Institutiones Iustiniani. Libe1' te1"tius. XIII. "Obligatio est iuris
vinculum, quo necessitate adstringimur alicuius solvendae rei
secundum nostrae civitatis iura" I.
M-,icmumy'lfuu lOcmwiUa"Ha. K"Huza mpem"bJl.. Tumy.a XIII.
"06R3aTeJIbCTBO - 3'1'0 rrpaBOBble OKOBbI, KOTopble CBR3bIBalOT Hac
He06xo)J;HMOCTblO qTO-HH6Y,Z:\b C)J;eJIaTb B COOTBeTCTBHH C rrpaBOM
Haillero rOCY)J;apCTBa". (flepeBOa B. A. TOMCU"HOBa.)
B .l!:HrecTax IOCTHHHaHa rrpHBO,Z:\HTCR orrpe,Z:\eJIeHHe 06R3aTeJIb-
cTBa, )J;aHHoe IOpHCTOM IIaBJIoM.
Iustiniani Digesta. Libcr quadmgesimus quw.tus. VII. 3:
"Obligationum substantia non in eo consistit, ut aliquod corpus
I llaMRTHI1KH pl1MCKoro npaBa. J1HCTHTYL\IUI IOcH1HHaHa / llepeBo.n
LI. PaccHepa / llo.n pe.naKL\llefl Jl.. Jl.. Koifxl1t06a H B. A. TCMlCU"lt06a. M_: J13.na-
TeJIbCTBO "3epL\aJIo", 1998. C. 242.
TeMa 4. J1l!CTI1TYL\HI1 faR H LIHrecTbI lOcTI1HHaHa
41
nostrum aut servitutem nostram faciat, sed ut alium nobis
obstringat ad dandum aliquid vel faciendum vel praestandum 1 .
/l,uzee:m'bL IOcmu'Hua1iC1.. K'Hma XLN, mumyJl. VII, napazpaif> 3:
"CYIl.\HOCTb 06R3aTeJIbCTBa 3aKJIlOqaeTCR He B TOM, qT06bI c,Z:\eJIaTb
KaKOe-HH6Y,Z:\b BeIl.\eCTBO HaIllHM, HJIH cepBHTYT c,Z:\eJIaTb HaIllHM, HO
lB TOM,] qT06bI KOro-JIOOO rrepe,Z:\ HaMH 06.H3aTb qTO-HH6Y)J;b HJIH c)J;e-
JIaTb, HJIH rrpe,Z:\OCTaBHTb". (flepeBOa B. A. TOJItCU'HOBa.)
PaCCMOTpeHHe KOHKpeTHblx 06R3aTeJIbCTB He06xo)J;HMO HaqH-
HaTb C HX KJIaCCH HKaQHH. MHCTHTyQHH faR ,Z:\eJIRT Bce 06R3aTeJIb-
CTBa Ha ,Z:\Ba BH,Z:\a - 06R3aTeJIbCTBa 1'13 ,Z:\OroBOpOB 1'1 06R3aTeJIbCTBa
1'13 ,Z:\eJIHKTOB (rrpaBOHapYIlleHHM).
06R3aTeJIbCTBa 1'13 ,Z:\orOBopOB )J;eJIRTCR B CBOIO Oqepe,Z:\b Ha:
1) 06R3aTeJIbCTBa, KOTopble 3aKJIIO'falOTCR rrepe,Z:\aqeti Bel..L\l1 (peaJIb-
Hble 06.H3aTeJIbCTBa), 2) o6R3aTeJIbCTBa, KOTopble 3aKJIIO'faIOTCR rro-
cpe)J;cTBoM Borrpoca 1'1 OTBeTa (Bep6aJIbHble 06R3aTeJIbCTBa), 3) 06R-
3aTeJIbCTBa, B03HHKalOl..L\I1e 1'13 3arrHCH B rrpHXO)J;Ho-paCXO)J;HYIO KHHry
(JIHTTepaJIbHble 06R3aTeJIbCTBa), 4) 06R3aTeJIbCTBa, B03HHKalOl..L\I1e
1'13 COrJIaIlleHHR (KOHceHcyaJIbHble 06R3aTeJIbCTBa). B qeM CMbICJI )J;aH-
HOM KJIaCCH HKaQHH 06R3aTeJIbCTB? KaKOM KpHTepHM nOJIOJKeH B
ee OCHOBY?
TIpH KaKHX ,Z:\oroBopax 06R3aTeJIbCTBa rrOpO:/K)J;alOTCR rrepe,Z:\a-
qeM Bel..L\l1? KaK B03HHKaeT Bep6aJIbHOe 06R3aTeJIbCTBO? TIpH Ka-
KHX YCJIOBHRX CTHrrYJIRQHR rropOJK,Z:\aeT 06R3aTeJIbCTBa? B KaKHX
CJIyqaRx CTHrrYJIRQHR He HMeeT IOpM)J.WIeCKOM CHJIbI. TO ecTb lOPH)J;H-
qeCK!1 HHqTO:/KHa, 6eCnOJIe3Ha? KaK B03HHKaeT JIHTTepaJIbHOe 06R-
3aTeJIbCTBO? B KaKOM CJIyqae 3arrHCb B rrpHxO,Z:\Ho-pacxOJ\HYIO KHH-
ry He rropOJK,Z:\aeT 06R3aTeJIbCTB, HO CJIY:/KHT JIHIllb CBH,Z:\eTeJIbCTBOM
peaJIbHOrO 06R3aTeJIbCTBa?
KaKHe ,Z:\orOBopbI rrOpOJK,Z:\alOT 06R3aTeJIbCTBa CorJIaIlleHHeM? B
qeM 3aKJIlOqaeTCR OTJIHqHe KOHceHcyaJIbHbIX 06R3aTeJIbCTB 0'1' Bep-
6aJIbHbIX?
MO:/KeT JIH, rro pHMCKOMY rrpaBY, 3aKJIIOqHTb KOHceHcyaJIbHblti
)J;orOBOp qeJIOBeK, RBJIRlOlL\I1MCR HeMbIM?
TeKCTbI H3yqaeMbIX rrpaBOBbIX rraMRTHHKOB HCrrOJIb3YlOT TpH
pa3JIWIHbIX TepMHHa )J;JIR 0603HaqeHHR COrJIaIlleHHt'I - conventio,
pactum, contractus. B qeM COCTOHT CMbICJI KaJK)J;oro 1'13 3THXTep-
MHHOB? ITpH OTBeTe Ha ,Z:\aHHbrn Borrpoc CJIe,Z:\yeT 06paTHTb oco60e
BHHMaHHe Ha co,Z:\epJKaHHe THTYJIa 14 KHHrH II JJ:HrecT IOcTHHHaHa.
TIocJIe 3Toro CJIe,Z:\yeT paccMoTpeTb OT,Z:\eJIbHble BH)J;bI ,Z:\orOBO-
POB, KaK-TO: )J;oroBop 3at'IMa, Hat'lMa, TOBapHlL\eCTBa. Oc060e BHHMa-
HHe He06xo,Z:\HMO y)J;eJIHTb KyrrJIe-rrpo)J;aJKe. CTY)J;eHTbI ,Z:\OJI:/KHbI rrpo-
I Corpus Iuris Civilis. Volumen primum Institutiones. Digesta. Berolini,
1886. P. 716.
42
J1crOpl1H rocy.napCTBa H npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX crpaH
qHTaTb 139-147 KHHrH III MHCTHTYU:Ht'1 faR, a TaK:/Ke THTYJIbI 1
1'1 6 KHHrH XVIII .IJ:HrecT IOcTHHHaHa 1'1 OTBeTHTb Ha cJIe,Z:\YlO He
BOrrpOCbI:
KaK 06'bRCHRJIH pHMcKHe IOpHCTbI npOHCXO:/K)J;eHHe )J;oroBopa
KyrrJIH- rrpo)J;a:/KI'(?
KaKoBbI YCJIOBHR ,Z:\eMcTBHTeJIbHOCTH )J;oroBopa KyrrJIM-rrpO-
)J;a:/KH?
IIpH KaKHX YCJIOBHRX ,Z:\OroBOp KyrrJIH-rrpo,Z:\amH CqHTaJICR He-
)J;et'lcTBHTeJIbHbIM?
MO:/KeT JIH 6bITb rrpH3HaHa IOpM)J.WIeCKH )J;et'IcTBHTeJIbHOt'I rrpo-
)J;ama Be H, e e He cy eCTBYIO eM HJIH He HMeIo eMCR B pacrro-
pRmeHHH npO,Z:\aBQa?
B KaKHX opMax MO:/KeT BblpamaTbCR rrepe)J;aqa BeIQH rrpH ee
rrpo,Z:\ame?
B KaKOt'I MOMeHT pHCK CJIyqat'IHOt'I rH6eJIH Be H nepeXO,Z:\HT C
npo,Z:\aBQa Ha rroKyrraTeJIR?
06R3aTeJIbCTBaM 1'13 )J;eJIHKTa (rrpaBoHapyweHHRM) rrOCBR eHbI
182-225 KHHrH III MHCTHTYQHt'1 faR. KaKHe cImKTOpbI rrpHHHMa-
JIHCb BO BHHMaHHe rrpH OQeHKe YIIJ.ep6a, rrpHqHHeHHoro )J;eJIHKToM?
CCAbJllOii Bonpoc B MHCTHTYQHRX faR ,Z:\aeTcR onHcaHHe ,Z:\BYX
BH,Z:\OB cy,Z:\orrpoH3Bo,Z:\cTBa -- rrpoQecca rro-
cpe,Z:\cTBoM 3aKOHHbIX HCKOB (legis actiones) 1'1 rrpoQecca rrocpe,Z:\-
CTBOM OPMYJI (per formulas). B qeM 3aKJIlOqalOTCR rJIaBHble OTJIH-
qHTeJIbHble qepTbI 3THX )J;BYX BM)J.OB rpam,Z:\aHcKoro rrpoQecca? Ka-
KHe CTa)J;HH BbI)J;eJIReT fat'I B JIerHcaKQHOHHOM 1'1 OPMYJIRpHOM
rrpoQeccax? B KaKHX opMax Mor 6bITb B036ymJ\eH HCK B JIerHCaK-
Q)10HHOM rrpoQecce?
BBe,Z:\eHHe 3aKOHaMH 36YU;HR 1'1 OKTaBHaHa ABrycTa cy,Z:\orrpo-
H3BO,Z:\CTBa rrocpe,Z:\CTBOM PMYJI He rrpHBeJIO K rrOJIHot'1 OTMeHe JIe-
rHcaKQHOHHoro rrpoQecca. B KaKHX CJIyqaRX COXpaHHJIO CBoe ,Z:\et'l-
CTBHe cy,Z:\orrpOH3BO)J;CTBO rrocpe,Z:\CTBOM 3aKOHHbIX HCKOB?
)J:aJIee He06xoJ\HMO 06paTHTbCR K CO)J;epmaHHIO HCKOBOti p-
MYJIbI. OHO orrHCbIBaeTCR B 39-59, 130-134 KHHrH IV MHCTHTY-
QHt'1 faR. Cry,Z:\eHTbI ,Z:\OJI:/KHbI orrpe,Z:\eJIHTb, 1'13 KaKHX 'faCTet'1 COCTO-
1'1'1' HCKOBaR opMYJIa, 1'1 ',1'1'0 rrpe,Z:\CTaBJIRlOT C060M demonstratio,
intentio, adjudicatio, condemnatio. KaK B3aHMOCBR3aHbI Mem;:J;y co-
60t'1 pa3JIWIHble qaCTH HCKOBOM OPMYJIbI? 06R3aTeJIbHO JIH rrpH-
CYTcTBHe Bcex 3THX qeTblpex 'facTei;j BO Bcex HCKOBbIX OPMYJIaX?
B 130-132 KHHrH IV MHCTHTYU;HM faR onHCbIBaeTCR H,Z:\O-
rrOJIHHTeJIbHaR qaCTb HCKOBOM OPMYJIbI - praescriptio. KaKoBo
ee Ha3HaqeHHe?
COrJIaCHO MHCTHTYQHRM faR HCKH 6bIBaIOT ,Z:\BYX P0,Z:\OB: 1) actio
in rem, HJIH BHH)J;HKaQJ1R 1'1 2) actio in personam, HJIH KOH)J;HKQHR.
B '<IeM 3aKJIlOqaeTCR pa3JIHqHe Mem;:J;y 3THMH pO,Z:\aMH HCKOB?
TeMa 4. J1l!CTI1TYL\HI1 faH H LIHrecTbI lOcTI1HHaHa
43
115-122 KHHrH IV MHCTHTYQHt'1 faR rrOCBRll.{eHbI TaKoMY
rrpou;eccyaJIbHoMY cpe)J;cTBY 3all.{HTbI OTBeTqHKa, KaK B03pa:/KeHHe
(exceptio). B qeM ero CYIIJ;HOCTb? B KaKHX CJIyqaRx OHO rrpHMeHR-
eTcR?
BI1BJII10rPA I1H
A. I1CTO.IHI'IIUI:
L XpeCIOMaTI1R no HC10pHH rOCYJ\apCTBa 11 npaBa 3apyoemHbIX CTpaH.
LIpeBHOCTb H Cpe.nHHe BeKa. 2-e 113.naHHe, .nonOJIHeHHOe / COCTaBHTeJIb
B. A. TOMCU1i06. M.. 2004. C. 125-226.
2_ rail. J1HCTHTYL\1111 / llepeBo.n <P. ,l1,bLabLHCIWZO. llo.n pe.n. JI. JI. Ko-
ifJa1ioea U B. A. Caee.rz.beea. M., 1997_
3_ .D:HrecTbI IOcTuH11aHa. J130paHHbIe parMeHTbI B nepeBo.ne H C npl1-
Me'-IaHHHMH 11. C. nepemepC'KOZO / OrB. pe.n. E. A. C'Kpunwtee. M., 1984.
4_ .D:HrecTbI lOcTHHI1aHa / OTB. pe.n- .T}. .'1. KoifxLH06. T. 1. KH_ I-IV. M_,
2002. T. 2. KH. V-XI. M., 2002. T. 3. KH. XII-XIX. M., 2003. T. 4. RH. XX-
XXVII. M., 2004. T. 5. llOJIYTOM 1. KH. XXVIII-XXXII. M., 2004. T. 5. llo-
JIYTOM 2_ KH_ XXXIII-XXXVI. T. 6_ llOJIYTOM 1. KH_ XXXVII-XL. M., 2005_
T. 6_ llOJlYTOM 2. RH_ XLI-XLIV. M., 2005.
5_ IOcmu1iua1i. KoHCTHryL\HR "OMNEM" / IIepeBo.n J1. .'1. KoifJa1ioaa / /
3epL\aJIo. :/KYPHaJI IOpl1.nH'-JecKofl 6I1o.r!HOrpa HH. BbIn. 2. M, 1997.
E. JUITEPA TYP A:
1. BOZOJI.en06 H. n. Y'-JeoHHK HCTOpHH pl1MCKOro npaBa / llo.n pe.naK-
L\HeWI1 C npe.nI1CJIOBHeM B. A. Toft!Cu1ioea. M., 2004.
2. rpUMJIt ,l1,. ,l1,. JIeKl\HI1 no .norMe pl1MCKOro npaBa / llo.n pe.naKL\l1efl H
C npe.nHCJIOBHeM B. A. TOft!CU1i06a. M., 2003.
3. nepemepCk-"Uu 11. C. .D:HrecTbI lOCTI1HHaHa. O<IepKH no I1CTOpHI1 co-
CTaBJIeHI1H H 06IL1aR xapaKTepl1CTI1Ka. M., 1956.
4_ nOk--p06C'KUU 11. A. J1crOpuR pl1MCKOro npaBa_ Cn6., 1998.
5. nyxa1i 11., nOJl.€I'!a'K-Ak-"Ii..i}!06C'K(l.ft M. PHMcKoe npaBo. M., 2000.
6. TOMCU1W6 B. A. lOpucnpy.neHL\I1R B LIpeBHeM PI1Me (KJIaCCI1'-JecKHfl
nepl'lO.n) / / BeCTHI1K MocKoBcKoro YHHBepCH'reTa. CepHR "llpaBo". 1995.
NQ 2. C. 35-45.
7. Toft!Cu1ioe B. A. lOpI1cnpy.neHL\HR B .D:peBHeM PI1Me (nOCTKJIaCCH-
<IeCKI1H nepl10.n) / / BecTHHK MocKoBcKoro YHHBepCI1TeTa. Cepl1H "llpaBo".
1995_ NQ 6. C. 56-64_
8. TOft!CU1i08 B. A. 0 CYll\HOCTI1 RBJIeHI1H, Ha3bIBaeMoro peL\enL\l1efl PI1M-
CKOro npaBa / / BecTHHK MocKoBcKoro YHI1BepCHTeTa. Cepl1H "llpaBo". 1998.
NQ 4. C. 3-17.
TEMA 5
SMorA - IIAMHTHI1K
BI13AHTI1MCKOrO DPABA
(2 'taca)
8KJIora - HaH60JIee 3Ha<rHTeJIbHblti rrOCJIe IOcTHHHaHoBbIX MH-
CTHTYW1t'1, .lI:Hrecr 1'1 Ko,Z:\eKca rrpaBoBot'I rraMRTHHK BH3aHTHH. Co-
3,Z:\aHHblt'1 B 726 ro)J;Y OH Ha rrpOTR:/KeHHM rrOqTH 150 JIeT BblcTyrraJI B
pOJIH )J;eMcTBYlO ero 3aKOHO)J;aTeJIbHoro CBO)J;a 1'1 rrpHMeHRJICR B Ka-
qeCTBe yqe6Horo PYKOBo)J;cTBa rrpH 06yqeHHH IOpHcrrpy,Z:\eHQI1I1 B3a-
MeH MHCTHTYQHt'1 IOcTHHHaHa. Ha OCHOBe oclmQMaJIbHoro TeKCTa
8KJIOrH BH3aHTHMcKHMH yqeHbIMH-rrpaBoBe,Z:\aMH 6bIJIH COCTaBJIe-
HbI TaK Ha3bIBaeMaR cTHaR 8KJIora (Ecloga privata) 1'1 cTHaR
pacrrpocTpaHeHHa.H 8KJIora (Ecloga privata aucta).
8KJIora 6bIJIa H3)J;aHa HMrrepaTopoM JIbBOM III (McaBpoM). Ero
rrpaBJIeHHe OTKpbIJIO TaK Ha3bIBaeMblt'1 "HKOH060pqeCK!1J 7 1 rrepHo)J;"
B HCTOpHH BH3aHTHH, rrpo,Z:\OJImaBIllJ1MCR ,Z:\O BOQapeHHR Ha BH3aH-
THt'ICKOM rrpeCTOJIe MaKe,Z:\oHcKot'1 )J;HHaCTHH, TO eCTb ,Z:\O 867 ro)J;a.
IIepBblt'1 HMrrepaTop 3TOt'1 ,Z:\HHaCTI1I1 BaCHJII1M MaKe)J;oHRHHH 06'bR-
BI'IJI Bce 3aKOHo,Z:\aTeJIbHble aKTbI HMrrepaTopoB-HCaBpHHQeB, 1'1 B TOM
'fHCJIe 8KJIory, "60JITOBHeM", TO eCTb rrpOTHBOpeqa HMH ,Z:\YXY XPH-
cnlaHCKot'1 M)J.eOJIorl1l1. 8'1'0 He 03Ha'faJIO, O)J;HaKO, ',1'1'0 HOpMbI 8K-
JIom C 3THX rrop YTpaTHJIH CBOIO IOpM)J.WIeCKYIO CHJIY. OrBeprH)'B
Ha3BaHHbrn 3aKoHo,Z:\aTeJlbHbIM c60pHHK B QeJIOM, HMIIepaTOpbI MaKe-
)J;OHCKOt'1 )J;HHacTHH BoCrrpHHRJIH ero B qaCTHOCTRX. OHH CTaJIH BKJIIO-
qaTb CTaTbH 8KJIorn B CBOH Y3aKOHeHHR. IT03,Z:\Hee TeKCT 8KJIorn,
rrepepa60TaHHbIH B CBoeM CO)J;ep:/KaHHH, BOIlleJI B COCTaB C60PHH-
KOB BH3aHTHMCKoro QepKOBHoro rrpaBa. IIo Mepe parrpocTpaHeHHR
rrpaBOCJIaBHOM xpHcTHaHcKoM peJIHrHH B CJIaBRHCKHX cTpaHax OH
rrepeBO)J;HJICR Ha CJIaB.HHCKHe R3bIKH. Ha PYCH CJIaBRHCKHt'1 BapH-
aHT 8KJIOrH ObIJI H3BeCTeH Y:/Ke B X BeKe l . OH BOIlleJI B COCTaB Kop-
MqeM KHHrH rro,Z:\ Ha3BaHHeM "JIeoHa, QapR rrpeMYJ\poro, 1'1 KOHcTaH-
THHa BepHot'I QaplO rJIaBH3HbI" ('1'. e. rJIaBbI - B. T.).
I CM. 0 cy.nboe 3KJ!om B YCJIOBI1RX PyCI1: To.McU'/we B. A. lOpJ1cnpy.neH-
L\llH LIpeBHeH PYCH. CTaTbR '-JeTBepTaR / / 3aKoHo.naTeJIbCTBO_ 2003_ N2 W-
e. 88-92.
TeMa 5 3KJ!ora - naMRTHHK BH3aHTHfICKOro npaBa
45
M3yqeHHe 3KJIOrH Ha ceMHHapcKoM 3aHRTHH ,Z:\aeT B03MO:/KHOCTb
pacKpbITb OCHOBHble TeH,Z:\eHQHH B 3BOJIIOL{HH BH3aHTHMcKoro rrpa-
Ba B rrOCJIe- IOcTHHHaHOBCKyIO 3rroxy - YBM)J.eTb, KaK B YCJIOBHRX
cpe,Z:\HeBeKOBoM BH3aHTI1MCKOM HMrrepHH MO,Z:\H HQHpOBaJIHCb HH-
CTHTYTbI 1'1 HOpMbI pHMCKOro npaBa, CHCTeMaTH3MpoBaHHble HMrre-
paTopoM IOcTHHHaHoM.
.D:JIR )J;ocTHmeHHR yKa3aHHblx QeJIeM rrpe)J;JIaraeTCR paccMoT-
peTb cJIe,Z:\YIOIl.{He BOrrpOCbI:
1. HCTOpllJl C03J\mmH 31UIon1. Ec o61I aH xapaKTcpllcnnm.
2. HHCTlITYTbI 6pa'lHO-CCI\ICHHOrO IIpaBa 1I0 HOpl\talU 3lUIorll.
3. HHCTlITYTbI BCI Horo npaBa. BI1Abl AorOBopOB no HoplUalU 3K-
JIOl'lI.
4. npCCTYnJICHl1H 11 HaK<13aHIIH 1I0 HOpM<1M 3KJIOI'I-L
ncpBI.lii Ronpoc BpeMR H3)J;aHH.H 3KJIOrH 0603HaqeHO B rrOJIHOM
Ha3BaHHH 3TOrO C60pHHKa - B MeCRQe MapTe
B ro,Z:\y OT COTBOpeHHR MHpa 6234 HJIH B 726 ro,Z:\y 0'1' pom)J;eHHR
XpHCTa 1. Pa60Ta rro COCTaBJIeHHIO 3KJIOrH 6bIJIa OCYIIJ.eCTBJIeHa crre-
QHaJIbHOM KOMHCCHeM, C03)J;aHHOM rro pacrropRmeHHIO HMrrepaTopa
JIbBa III. CTy,Z:\eHTbI ,Z:\OJI:/KHbI 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha CJIe)J;YIOIIJ.He
CJIOBa B rrpe)J;HCJIOBHH K 3KJIore - "MbI C03BaJIH HaUIHX CJIaBHet'l-
IllHX IIa'TpHKHeB 1'1 CJIaBHeHIllero KBeCTopa. 1'1 CJIaBHeMIllHX rHnaTOB,
<1'1 aHTHrpa eBCOB>, 1'1 rrpOqHX 60ro60R3HeHHbIX JIIO,Z:\et'I 1'1 rrpHKa-
3aJIH [,Z:\OCTaBHTb] K HaM Bce c06paHHble Y HHX KHHrH". B COCTaB-
JIeHHH 3K.norH yqacTBOBaJIH, TaKHM 06pa30M, rrpe,Z:\CTaBHTeJIH BbIC-
IlleH BH3aHTHMCKOM 3HaTH, HOCHTeJIH BbICOKHX THTYJIOB 1'1 qHHOB,
qJIeHbI CHHKJIHTa - COBeIl.{aTeJIbHOrO opraHa rrpH HMrrepaTope.
I.:(eHTpaJIbHot'1 HrypOM B 3TOt'1 KOMHCCHH 6bIJI KBeCTOp - BbICIllHM
cy,Z:\e6Hblt'1 '-IHHOBHHK, rrpe,Z:\ce,Z:\aTeJIbCTBOBaBIllHt'I B caMot'1 BbICOKOM
nOCJIe HMrrepaTopa CY)J;e6HOt'1 HHCTaHQHH. B O,Z:\HOM 1'13 BapHaHTOB
KOpMqet'1 KHHrH, co,Z:\epmaIl.{et'1 CJIaBRHCKHt'1 rrepeBo,Z:\ 3KJIOrH, Ha3bI-
BaeTCR HMR 3Toro "CJIaBHet'IIllero KBeCTopa" - HHKHTa. 8T0 HMR
BCTpeqaeTCR 1'1 B O,Z:\HOt'1 1'13 PYKOrrHceM 3KJIOrH, HarrHcaHHot'I Ha rpe-
qeCKOM R3bIKe 2 .
I HeKOTopble 113 coxpaHHBWHXCR pyKOIDICefl 3KJ!ol'l1 Ha3bIBalOT B CBOHX
3arJIaBI1RX Apyme .naTbI. ll03ToMY BOnpOC 0 TO'-JHOti .naTl1pOBKe C03j.\aHHH .naH-
Horo npaBOBoro naMRTHHKa He peweH eILIe OKOH'laTeJIbHO. PR.!\ yqeHblx BbICKa-
3aJIH, Hanpl1Mep, MbICJIb 0 TOM, 'ITO 3KJ!ora 6b!JIa C03.naHa B 741 r. O.nHaKO,
nOCKOJIbKY PYKonHcH <rall\e Bcero Ha3bIBalO"r 726 1'., HMeHHO 3Ta }:\aTa C<!HTaeTCR
06lL\enpHHSlTofl .naTofl C03.I\aHI1H 3TOm c60pHI1Ka.
2 CM.: Jlunmu'lf E. 8. llpaBo H cy}:\ B BU3aHTI1H B IV-VIII BB. Jl, 1976_
C. 196.
46
J1crOpl1H rocy.napCTBa H npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX crpaH
TepMHH "3KJIOra" 03HaqaeT "H3BJIeqeHHe". OH OTpamaeT xa-
paKTep pa60TbI KOMHCCHH rro COCTaBJIeHHIO paCCMaTpHBaeMoro rrpa-
BOBoro rraMRTHHKa. KOMHCCHR rrpOH3BO,Z:\HJIa OT60p He06xo,Z:\HMbIX
HOpM 1'13 yme cy ecTBoBaBIllHX B TO BpeMR C60pHHKOB Y3aKOHe-
HI1M. 8TH C60PHHK!1 0603HaqeHbI B rrOJIHOM Ha3BaHI111 3KJIOrH - MH-
CTHTYL{J1H, .IJ:HrecTbI, Ko)J;eKC 1'1 HOBeJIJIbI IOCTHHHaHa. HOpMbI, 1'13-
BJIeqeHHble 1'13 Ha3BaHHbiX KHHr, HCnpaBJIRJlHCb KaK B CBoeM co,Z:\ep-
maHHH, TaK 1'1 B OPMYJIHpOBKaX. BMeCTe C TeM B 3KJIory BOilleJI 1'1
QeJIbrM PM HOBbIX rrpaBOBblx HOpM, B03HHKUll1X B BH3aHTHH B Te-
qeHHe VI - HaqaJIe VII BeKa. Oc06eHHo MHOro HOBoBBe,Z:\eHHt'1 cO)J;ep-
:/KaT THTYJIbI I, II 1'1 XVII.
B rrpe)J;HCJIOBHH K 3KJIore paCCKa3bIBaeTCR 0 rrpHHQI1IIaX, no
KOTOpbIM oroHpaJIHCb 1'13 IOcTHHHaHOBbIX C60pHHKOB Te HJIH HHble
HOpMbI, a TaK:/Ke 0 xapaKTepe HX rrepepa60TKH. 3)J;eCb :/Ke 0603Ha-
qalOTCR 1'1 QeJIH C03,Z:\aHHR 3K.norn, Bblpa:/KalOTCR H,Z:\eH cnpaBe)J;JIH-
BOCTH 1'1 3aKOHHOCTH.
TIOJIHblt'1 TeKCT 3KJIOrH J\eJIHTCR Ha BoceMHa'z:\QaTb THTYJIOB, rro-
CBR eHbIX HHCTHTyTaM 6pa-<rHo-ceMet'IHoro, rpam;:J;aHCKoro 1'1 yroJIOB-
Horo rrpaBa, a TaK:/Ke HopMaM npoQeccyaJIbHOrO rrpaBa.
CJIe,Z:\yeT 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha TO, ',1'1'0 CHCTeMa pacrrOJIO:/Ke-
HHR rrpaBOBoro MaTepHaJIa B 3KJIore OTJIHqaeTCR 0'1' CHCTeM MHCTH-
TYQl1M, Ko,Z:\eKca 1'1 .IJ:HreCT IOcTHlIHaHa. B qeM rrpORBJIReTCR 3'1'0 0'1'-
JIHqHe?
KaK H3BeCTHO, pHMCKoe rrpaBO rrOCTKJIaCCHqeCKOrO rrepHO)J;a
HCrrbITaJIO Ha ce6e BJIHRHHe xpHCTHaHCKot'1 peJIHrHH. CJIe,Z:\bI 3TOro
BJIHRHHR oc06eHHO OTqeTJIHBO rrpOCTynalOT B KO)J;eKce IOCTHHHaHa.
3KJIora OTpa3HJIa 3HaqHTeJIbHOe YCHJIeHHe B03)J;et'ICTBHR xpHCTHaH-
CTBa Ha rrpaBOC03HaHHe. KaK rrpORBJIReTCR )J;aHHaH TeH)J;eHQHR B CO-
)J;ep:/KaHHH 3KJIorn?
BTOpoii Bonpoc 3KJIora rrpH,Z:\aeT HHCTHTYTaM 6paKa 1'1 ceMbH
rrOBbIIIleHHoe 3HaqeHHe. Ha 3'1'0 YKa3bIBaeT Y:/Ke
caMO pacrrOJIOmeHHe rrpaBOBbIX HOpM, perYJIHpyIOIQHX 6paqHO-Ce-
Met'IHble OTHOIIleHHe - HM OTBe,Z:\eHbI B 3KJIore TpH rrepBbIX THTY-
JIa, COCTORIQHX B CBoet'1 cOBOKyrrHocTH 1'13 20 CTaTet'L KpoMe Toro,
3aIQHTe YCToeB 6paKa 1'1 ceMbH OTBe,Z:\eHO 13 cTaTeM ceMHa)J;l.{aToro
THTYJIa ,Z:\aI-IHoro rrpaBoBoro rraMRTHHKa (CTaTbH 19, 20. 21, 25. 26.
27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36), TO eCTb qeTBepTaH qaCTb yKa3aHHoro
THTYJIa. crreQHaJIbHO rrOCBRI1.1eHHOrO HaKa3aHHRM 3a npecTyrrJIeHHR.
TIpH paCCMOTpeHHH HOpM 6paqHO-ceMet'IHoro rrpaBa, rrpe,Z:\CTaB-
JIeHHbIX B 3KJIore, He06xo,Z:\HMO cpaBHHTb HX C aHaJIOrWIHbIMH HOp-
MaMH MHCTHTYL{J1t'1 faR, MHCTHTYU:Ht'1 !1 .IJ:HrecT IOcTHHHHHaHa. 8T0
cpaBHeHHe rr03BOJIHT BbIRBHTb Te H3MeHeHHR, KOTopble rrpeTeprre-
JIO B BH3aHTHH B TeqeHHe VI - HaqaJIa VII BeKa 6paqHO-ceMet'I-
Hoe rrpaBO .IJ:peBHero PHMa.
TeMa 5 3KJ!ora - naMRTHHK B113aHTJ1i1:cKoro npaaa
47
B rrepByIO OqepeJ\b CJIeJ\yeT 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha rrpaBJ-lJIa,
perYJIHpyIO e 3aKJIlOqeHHe 6paKa. 3KJIora rrpeJ\YcMaTpHBaeT Ta-
KOM 06PRJ\, KaK o6pyqeHHe. B qeM CMbICJI 3Toro o6pRJ\a? MMeeT JIH
06pyqeHHe lOpM)J.WIecKyIO CHJIY rro HopMaM 3KJIorH?
KaK H3BeCTHO, 3aKJIlOqeHHlO 6paKa rrOCBRIl.{eH rrepBbIM THTYJI
KHHrH XXIII .IJ:HrecT IOcTHHHaHa. PRJ\ rrpaBHJI, H3JIO:/KeHHbIX 3J\eCb,
rroBTopRlOTCR B 3KJIore. OJ\HaKO BMeCTe C reM 3KJIora COJ\ep:/KHT 1'1
HOBbIe rrpe)J;IIHCaHHR, OTCYTCTBOBaBlIll1e B 6paqHO-CeMeMHOM rrpaBe
.IJ:peBHero PHMa. KaKHe 3'1'0 rrpeJ\rrHcaHHR? B qeM 3aKJIlOqaeTCR HX
CMbICJI?
KaK Y:>Ke OTMeqaJIOCb, TeKCT 3KJIOrJ1 rrOKa3blBaeT BJIHRHHe XPH-
CTHaHCTBa Ha BH3aHTHMCKoe rrpaBO. 3JIeMeHTbI XpHCTHaHCKOM 3'1'1'1-
KH RBHO OTpa:/KalOTCR B HopMax, rrOCBRIl.{eHHbIX 06pyqeHHlO. TaK,
COrJIaCHO 98 rrpaBl1JIY, rrpHHRToMY Ha VI BCeJIeHCKOM TPYJIJIbCKOM
c060peJ, rrpoxoJ\J1BIlIeM B 691-692 rOJ\ax, "6ep)'IWii-i B 06Il.{eHHe 6pa-
Ka :/KeHIl.{HHY, 06pyqeHHYlO J\PyroMY, eIl.{e rrpH :/K!13HH Toro, KOMY
OHa 06PyqeHa, rrO)J;JIe:/KHT BHHe rrpeJI1060J\eRHHR"2. MHR<J:e rooopR,
xpHcTHaHcTBo rrpH.n;aJIO Y3aM, B03HHKaBIlIHM BCJIeJ\CTBHe 06pyqe-
HHR, TaKoM me lOpHJ\HqeCKHM xapaRTep, KaKoi-i HMeJIH Y3bI, C03J\a-
BaBIlIHeCR 3aKOHHbIM 6paKoM. .IJ:aHHoe rrpe)J;cTaBJIeHHe 06 06pyqe-
HHH OTpa3HJIa CTaTbR 32 THTYJIa XVII 3KJIOrJ1, rro KOTOpOM "o6ecqec-
THBIlIHM qymylO HeBecTY, eCJIH 3'1'0 CJ\eJIaHO 1'1 C ee COrJIaCHR, rroJ\-
JIe:/KHT 06pe3aHHlO Hoca". TO eCTb HaKa3aHHlO, Ha3HaqaeMOMY 3K-
JIOrOM 3a rrpeJI1060J\eRHHe.
IToCJIe paCCMOTpeHHR CTaTeM, KaCalO XCR 06pyqeHHR, CJIe-
J\yeT 06paTHTbCR K rrpeJ\YCMOTpeHHbIM 3KJIOroM YCJIOBHRM 3aKJIlO-
qeHI1R 6paKa. ITpH KaK!1X YCJIOBHRX 3KJIora pa3pelliaeT BCTyrrJIe-
HHe BO BTOpOM 6paK? .IJ:JIR OTBeTa Ha 3'1'0'1' Borrpoc He06xo)J;HMO rrpo-
qHTaTb CTaTbH 11 1'1 12 THTYJIa II.
COrJIaCHO 3KJIore 6paK MomeT 3aKJIlOqaTbCR B rrHCbMeHHOM HJIH
YCTHOM opMe. KaKOB rropRJ\oK 3aKJIlOqeHHR 6paKa B rrHCbMeHH0I1
opMe. 0 6paKe, 3aKJIIOqaeMOM B YCTH0I1 opMe, rOBopHTCR B CTa-
Tbe 9 THTYJIa II 3KJIorH. 0 KaK0I1 pa3HOBM)J.HOCTH 6paKa M)J.eT 3J\eCb
peqb? KaK OHa 11MeHOBaJIaCb B .IJ:peBHeM PHMe? KaKHe H3MeHeHHR
rrpereprreJIa 3Ta pa3HOBI1J];HOCTb 6paKa B YCJIOBHRX BH3aHTHH?
I B Tpy.nax, nOCBRl.l.\eHHbIX HCropHH npaBOCJIaBHOfl L\epKBH, .naHHblfl Co-
60p HMeHyeTcR I'mor.na "llRTo-IIIecTbIM BceJIeHCKHM CUOOpoM". V BceJIeHCKHM
Co6op, npOXO,l\IIBIillIW B 553 1'., 11 VI Bce.T!eHCKI1H Co60p, COCTORB!III1ikR B 681 1'.,
He YTBep,l\l1J!H CBOHX npaBI1JI. llo3TOMY npaBOCJIaBHbIM l1epapXaM npHlllJIOCb
C06paTbCR el.l.\e pa3 B 691-692 1'1'. CneL\HaJIbHO J\J!R COCTaBJIeHI1R 11 YTBep)!'.!\e-
HHR npaBl'!.T!. LIaHHblfl c060p nOJIyql'!.T! HaI1MeHOBaHHe VI BceJJeHCKOro TPYJIJJb-
CKom co6opa. OH CTaJI KaK ObI npo.nOJI)KeHHeM paHee COCTORBWlIXCR V H VI
BceJIeHCK !X C060pOB.
2LIeRHI1R Bce.T!eHCKHX COOOpOB. TOM 4. Cn6., 1996. C. 297.
48
J1crOpl1R rocy.napCTBa H npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX CTpaH
CTaTbH 3KJIOrH, rrOCBRIl.{eHHble pa3BOJ\Y, HCrrbITaJIH Ha ce6e RB-
Hoe BJIHRHHe xpHCTHaHCKo i peJIHrJ1H. B qeM KOHKpeTHO Bblpa3H-
JIOCb 3'1"0 BJIHRHHe? IIpH KaKHX 06CTORTeJIbCTBaX 3KJIora J\orrycKa-
eT paCTOpJKeHHe 6paKa?
KaK peryJIHpYlOTCR 3KJIOrol1 HMyrI.(eCTBeHHble OTHOllIeHHR Mem-
J\Y cyrrpyraMH? KaKOi1 rrpaBoBoti CTaTYC HMelOT, COrJIaCHO 3KJIore,
rrpM)J.aHOe 1'1 rrpeJJ,6paqHbIM J\ap MYJKa?
.IJ:JIR rrOHHMaHHR xa paKTepa yCTaHOBJIeHHbIX 3KJIorOM HMyrI.(e-
CTBeHHbIX OTHOllIeHHM Mem)J;y cyrrpyraMH 60JIblliOe 3HaqeHHe HMe-
eT CTaTbR 6 THTYJIa II YKa3aHHoro rrpaBoBoro naMRTHHKa. KaK0I1
BbIBOJ\ OTHOCHTeJIbHO HMYIl.{eCTBeHHbIX rrpaB :/KeHbI MOJKHO CJ\eJIaTb
1'13 cOJ\epJKaHHR )J;aHHOM CTaTbH?
CTaTbR 8 THTyJIa II 3KJIorH rrpOBOJ\HT rrpHHQYlrr lOpH)J;HqeCKO-
ro paBeHcTBa cyrrpyroB. 3THM rrpHHQHrrOM rrpoHH3aHo cOJ\epJKaHHe
11 QeJIoro pR;:J;a )J;pyrHx CTaTeM 3KJIOrH. OJ\HaKO OTClO)J;a COBceM He
CJIe)J;yeT, 'fT0 3KJIora He J\orrYCKaeT KaKHX-JII160 pa3JIHqHM B rrpa-
Bax Mem)J;y cyrrpyraMH. B qeM KOHKpeTHO rrpORBJIRlOTCR 3TH pa3-
JII1qHR?
KaI perYJIl1pYlOTCR B 3KJIore OTHOllIeHHR Mem)J;y pO)J;HTeJIRMH
1'1 )J;eTbMH?
3KJIora )J;aeT orrHcaHHe BeCbMa He3HaqHTeJIb-
HOM qaCTH HHCTHTYTOB BeIl.{Horo rrpaBa, rrpH-
cy x BH3aHTI1MCKOMY rrpaBy VII BeKa, rrpHqeM orrHcaHHe J\OBOJIbHO
KpaTKoe. TVITYJI XII 3KJIOrH rrOCBRIl.{eH 3M HTeB3HCY, TVITYJI XVI
cOJ\ep:/K!1T HOpMbI, peryJIHpYlOIl.{He cTaTyc pa3JIHqHbIX BM)J.OB rre-
KYJIHR. IIpH paccMoTpeHHH cO)J;epmaHHR YKa3aHHblx THTYJIOB CJIe-
J\yeT B rrepBYlO Oqepe.z:\b 06paTHTbcR K HopMaM pHMCKOro rrpaBa,
KaCalOIl.{HMCR 3M HTeB3HCa 1'1 rreKYJIHR I . MHorHe 1'13 3THX HOpM rro-
BTOpRlOTCH B XII 1'1 XVI THTYJIaX 3KJIorH. BMeCTe C TeM 3KJIora
3a HKCHpOBaJIa 1'1 HeKoTopble HOBOBBeJ\eHHR B J\aHHbIX HHCTHTY-
Tax. B qeM OHH 3aKJIlOqalOTCR?
CJIe)J;yeT HMeTb B BM)J.y, ',1'1'0 3M HTeB3HC B TOM BM)J.e, KaK OH
rrpeJ\CTaBJIeH B 3KJIore, HMeeT BeCbMa CJIO:/KHYIO lOpM)J.HqeCKYIO rrpH-
pO)J;y. .IJ:aHHbIM HHCTHTYT HHorJ\a Ha3bIBaKJT HHCTHTYTOM HaCJIeJ\CT-
BeHH0I1 apeH)J;bL M )J;JIR TaKoro ero Ha3BaHHR CyrI.(eCTBYIOT orrpeJ\e-
JIeHHble OCHOBaHHH. OJ\HaKO BMeCTe C TeM 3M HTeB3HC OTJIWIaeTCR
0'1' )J;orOBopa apeHJ\bI. B qeM 3aKJIlOqalOTCR 3TH OTJIWIHR? KaKHe
TPC1'I11( BOIJpOC
I 06 3M HTeB3I1ce MO'K!-IO npo'Il'lTaTb B KHHre: PI1MCKOe 'IaCTHOE' npaBO /
TIo.n pe.naKl.\Hefl M_ B. H06U'l.pWZO U M_ C. nepemepC'K020_ M., 1996. C. 215-218.
CBe.neHI1R me 0 neKYJII1H MomHO Hawnl B KHl1re: nyxaH M., nOJ!eHa'K-A'KU.M06-
C1«m M. Pr1MCKoe npaBO / TIepeBo.n C MaKe.nOHcKoro. llo.n pe.naKL\Hefl B. A. Tilll-
CU1!Oea. M, 2000. C. 118.
TeMa 5 3KJ!ora - naMRTHHK BI13aHTHficKOro npaBa
49
BH,n:bI 3M HTeB3Hca Bb!JJ:eJIReT 3KJIora? KaKMMJ1 rrpaBaMH 06JIaJ\a-
eT 3M HTeHT? KaKJ1e 06R3aHHocTH B03JIaralOTCR Ha Hero HopMaMH
3KJIOrH?
qTO TaKOe rreKYJIHM? KaKHe pa3HOBM)J.HOCTH rreKYJIHR rrpe)J;yc-
MOTpeHbI B 3KJIore?
3KJIOra cOJ\ep:/KHT HOpMbI, peryJIHpYlOJ.W1e JIHIllb HeKoTopble
BH)J;bI J\OroBOpOB. 3'1'0 - J\OroBOpbI )J;apeHHR (THTYJI IV), KyrrJIH-
rrpoJ\a:/KH (THTyJI IX), 3aMMa (cTaTbH 1-4 THTYJIa X), TOBapmQecT-
Ba (cTaTbR 5 Tl'ITyJIa X), rrOKJIamH (THTyJI XI) 1'1 HaMMa (THTYJI XIII).
CO)J;epmaHHe YKa3aHHbIX THTyJIOB peKOMeH;:J;yeTC.fI paCCMa'TpH-
BaTh B corrOCTaBJIeHHH C TeM, qTO rOBopHTCR 0 rrepeqHCJIeHHbIX )J;oro-
Bopax B MHCTHTYQHRX 1'1 .IJ:HrecTax IOCTHHHaHa. TaK, J\orOBOpy ,n:a-
peHH.fI rrOCBRI.QeH TJ1TYJI VII KHHrH 2 I1HCTHTy Hi1 IOcTHHHaHa '. 0
KYIIJIe-rrpoJ\ame roBOPHTCR B THTYJIe XXIII KHHrH 3 MHCTHTYQHl1
IOcTHHHaHa 1'1 B THTyJIe 1 KHHrM XVIII .IJ:HrecT IOcTHHHaHa 1'1 T. )J;.
KaKMe BH)J;bI )J;apeHHR BbI)J;eJIReT 3KJIora? B qeM 3aKJIlOqaeTCR
CXO)J;CTBO )J;apeHH.fI, CJ\eJIaHHOrO B rrpe)J;BM)J.eHHH cMepTH, C 3aBeru:a-
HHeM? qeM 3'1'0 ,n:apeHl1e OTJIWmeTCR 0'1' 3aBeru:aHHR? IIpH KaKHX
06CTORTeJIbCTBaX )J;ap MomeT 6bITb B3RT 06paTHO?
IIpH KaKHX yCJIOBHRX 3KJIora rrpH3HaeT )J;eMCTBHTeJIbHbIM )J;O-
rOBOp KyrrJIH-rrpo)J;amM?
KaKMe cpeJ\CTBa 06eCrreqeHHH HCrrOJlHeHHR ,n:OroBOpOB KyrrJIH-
rrpOJ\amH 1'1 3aMMa rrpe,n:YCMaTpHBaeT 3KJIora?
IIpeCTyrrJIeHI1RM 1'1 HaKa3aHHRM rrOCBRru:eH '1'1'1-
TyJI XVII 3KJIOrH. Ero COJ\epmaHHe, TaK me,
KaK 1'1 COJ\epmaHHe J\pyrHx THTy JIOB J\aHHoro
rrpaBoBoro rraMRTHHKa, HeceT B ce6e 3aMeTHble CJIeJ\bI BJIHRHHR XPH-
CTHaHCKOM peJIHrHH. B qeM BblpamaeTcR 3TO BJIHRHHe?
C J\pyrOM CTOpOHbI, 3aHHbrn THTyJI oTpamaeT OCHOBHble TeH-
)J;eHQHH 3BOJIlOQHH C pMHpoBaBIllHxcR B .IJ:peBHeM PHMe HHCTH-
TyTOB yroJIOBHOrO rrpaBa B yCJIOBHHX BH3aHTHl1cKOro 06ru:eCTBa. B
qaCTHOCTH, 3KJIora BOCrrpHHRJIa :/KeCTOKHe 'fJIeHOBpeJ\HTeJIbHble Ha-
Ka3aHHR, rrpaKTHKoBaBIllHecH B .IJ:peBHeM PHMe, HO pacrrpocTpaHH-
JIa HX Ha 60JIee IllHpOKHl1 Kpyr rrpeCTyrrJIeHHl1.
KaKHe BHJ\b1 rrpecTYIIJIeHHM yrroMHHalOTCR B 3KJIore? KaKHe
aKTOpbI yqHTblBalOTCR rrpH Ha3HaqeHHH HaKa3aHHM?
KaKYlO QeJIb HaKa3aHHR BblpamalOT yroJlOBHo-rrpaBoBble HOp-
MbI 3KJIOrM?
IIpH OQeHKe xapaKTepa HaKa3aHHM. rrpe)J;ycMoTpeHHbIX 3KJIo-
rOM, He06xoJ\HMO yqHTbIBaTb, ',1'1'0 OHH OTpamaJIH B033peHHR Hace-
qCTBCPTblii
BOllpOC
---
I CM.: J1HCTI'ITyr.rHl1 lOcTI1HHaHa / TIepeBo.n C JIaT Jl.. Paccnepa. TIo.n pe-
.naKL\l1efl.r!. .T!. Korjja1!06a u B. A. TO.MCU1!OBa. M, 1998. C. 111-112.
50
J1crOpl1R rocy.napCTBa H npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX CTpaH
JIeHH.fI, ero cBoe06pa3Hoe rrOHHMaHHe crrpaBeJ\JIHBOCTH rrpH orrpe-
J\eJIeHHH HaKa3aHHR 3a TO HJIH HHoe rrpeCTyIIJIeHHe. TaK, CorJIaCHO
3THM B033peHHRM crrpaBeJ\JIHBbIM HaKa3aHHeM CqHTaJIOCb OTCeqe-
HHe TOM qaCTH TeJIa rrpeCTyrrHHKa, rrocpeJ\CTBOM KOTOpOM OH CO-
BepIllI1JI rrpecTyrrJIeHHe. BMeCTe C TeM, CJIe)J;yeT HMeTb BBM)J.y, ',1'1'0
HaKa3aHHR, yCTaHOBJIeHHble 3KJIOroM, KaK rrpaBHJIO, 3aMeHRJIH CMep-
THYlO Ka3Hb, rrpeJ\YCMOTpeHHYIO 3a aHaJIOrHqHble rrpecTyrrJIeHHR
HopMaMH pHMCKoro rrpana.
CTaTbR 42 paccMaTpHBaeMoro TI1TyJIa crreQHaJIbHO oronapHnaeT,
',1'1'0 HaKa3aHHe 3a OTpaBJIeHHe pacrrpOCTpaHReTCR KaK Ha cB(60)J;HbIX,
TaK 1'1 Ha pa60B I . O;:J;HaKO B QeJIOM pR;:J;e pyrHx CTaTeM 3KJIorH co-
QHaJIbHOe HJIH HMYIl.{eCTBeHHoe rrOJIO:/KeHHe rrpaBoHapyrID1TeJIR Bce
me yqHTbIBaeTC.fI rrpH Ha3HaqeHHH HaKa3aHHi;'J. B KaKI1X CJIyqaRx?
BI1BJII10fP A<I>I1H
A. I1CT01JHHKH:
1. XpeCTOMaTI1R no I1CTOpHH rocy.napCTBa 11 npaBa 3apy6e:IKHbIX CTpaH.
LIpeBHocTb H Cpe.nHl1e BeKa. 2-e 113.naHHe, .nonOJIHeHHoe / COCTaBl'lTeJlb -
B. A. TOJItCU1!Oe. M., 2004_ C. 229-249.
2_ AHTOJrorl1R Ml1pOBOW npaBoBofl MbICJII1. TOM 2. EBpona V-XVII BE.
M_, 1999. C. 100-117_
3. 3KJIOra. BU3aHTHMcKHfi 3aKoHo.naTeJIbHblfl CBO.n VIII BeKa / BCTY-
nUTeJIbHaR CTaTbR, nepeBo.n, KOMMeHTapHI1 E. 3. JIunwu"lf. M., 1965.
4. J1HCTI'ITyr.rHH lOcTI1Hl1aHa / llepeBo.n C JIaTI1HCKoro l1.. Pacc1I.epa. llo.n
pe.naKr.rHefl JI. JI. KoifJmwea, B. A. TO.M.Cu1I.0ea. M., 1998.
B. JIl1TEPATYPA:
1. JIunwu"lf E. 3. llpaBo H cy.n B BI13aHTI111 B IV-VIII BB. JI., 1976.
C. 195-203.
2. Meoeeoee 11. n. llpaBoBaR KYJIbrypa BI13aHTI1flCKOM I1Mnepl1l1_ Cllo_,
2001.
3. Mw!Oe.II. B. BU3aHrJ1MCKaR 3KJIOra 11 llpoc-rpaHHaR PyccKaR TIpaB-
.na (np06J!eMbI per.renL\l1l1) / / LIpeBHee npaBo. 1998 N 1 (3)_ C. 113-119.
I "YJIH<IeHHblfl. 6y.nb TO CBOOO.nHblfl I'LJ!H pao. B TOM. <ITO OH JIaJI no.n Ka-
KHM-JIH60 npe):\J!orOM mITbe KOMY-JIH60, fiYAb TO :lKeHa Mymy H.'!H MY'" :lKeHe
I1JIH CJIyra X03RI'my, 11 3aTeM no 3TOfi npH'IHHe Ha Bbilll1BWerO HanaJIa 60J!e3Hb
11 OH oCJIa6eJI H YMep, nO):\J!e:1KYIT Ka3HI1 Me<IOM".
TEMA 6
CAJII1QECKAH IIPABM
(2 'laca)
CaJIWIeCKaR rrpaBJ\a (Lex Salica) - HaH60JIee H3BeCTHbrM rrpa-
BOB0I1 rraMRTHHK 1'13 KaTeropHH TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX "BapBapCKHX
rrpaBJ\". "BapBapCKI!!MH rrpaBJ\aMH" B HCTopHKo-rrpaBOBOM HaYKe Ha-
3bIBalOT lOpM)J.WIeCKHe C60PHHKH 3rrOXH PaHHero Cpe;:J;HeBeKOBbR,
COCTORIW'Ie 60JIbIlleJ1 qaCTblO 1'13 3arrHceM HOpM 06bI'-JHorO rrpaBa.
ITOMHMO CaJIHqeCKOJ1 rrpaBJ\bI K HHM OTHOCRTCR TaKHe rrpaBOBble
rraMRTHJ1KI!!, KaK PHrryapcKaR rrpaBJ\a, AJIaMaHHCKaR rrpaB)J;a, Ea-
BapCKaR rrpaBJ\a 1'1 .lip. BpeMR HX C03,l\aHH.fI J\aTHpyeTCR HCCJIeJ\OBa-
TeJIRMH rrepHO)J;OM C VI rro X BeK.
ITpaBoBbIM rraMRTHHKaM, 3aqHCJIReMbIM HCTopHKaMH B KaTero-
pHlO "BapBapcKHX rrpaBJ\", CBoMcTBeHHbI o6Il.{HM CTHJIb lOpM)J.WIeC-
KOro MbIIllJIeHHR, CXO)J;CTBO lOpM)J.WIeCKOM TeXHHKH, O)J;HHaKOBble crro-
C06bI opraHH3aQHH rrpaBoBOro MaTepHaJIa. B HX TeKCTax 06Hapy:/KH-
BaeTCR HeMaJIO CXOJKHX rro cBoeMY cOJ\epJKaHHlO rrpaBoBbIX HOpM. B
CBR3H C 3THM H3yqeHHe CaJIHqeCK0I1 rrpaB,l\bI rr03BOJIReT rrOJIyqHTb
rrpeJ\cTaBJIeHHe 0 xapaKTepe 1'1 cOJ\epJKaHHH QeJIOM KaTeropHH lOPH-
,l\WIeCKI!!X C60PHHKOB - TaK Ha3bIBaeMblX "BapBapCKI!!X rrpaBJ\".
ITpH paccMoTpeHHH )J;aHHoro rrpaBoBoro rraMRTHHKa Ha ceMH-
HapcKoM 3aHRTHH QeJIeC006pa3Ho cocpeJ\oTOqHTbCR Ha CJIe)J;ylOIW'IX
Borrpocax:
1. 06 aH xapaKTCpl1CTlma CaJIlI'lCCKOM npaB}J.bL
2. llpaBOBOc nOJIOmCHI1C OCHOBHbIX rpynn HaCCJICHI111 no CaJII1-
'1ccKoii npaB}J.e.
3. npaBoBOc pcrYJIl1pOBaHI1C III\IYU CCTBCHHbIX OTHOIllCHIII':" no Ca-
JIU'ICCKOll npaB}J.c.
4. llpccTynJIClIl1H 11 HaKa3aHI1H no CaJII1'1CCKOM npaB}J.C.
5. CY}J. 11 cY}J.c6Hbnl npOL\CCC no CaJIlNCCKOii npaB}J.e.
OpHrHHaJIbHbIM TeKCT CaJIHqeCKOM rrpaB)J;bI
6bIJI HarrHcaH Ha R3bIKe "BYJIbrapHOM", J1JIH yrr-
pOIl.{eHHOM, JIaTbIHH. OTclO)J;a 1'1 JIaTHHCKOe Ha3BaHHe 3TOro rrpaBO-
Boro rraMRTHHKa - Lex Salica. TepMHHoM Lex 0603HaqaJIC.fI B .IJ:peB-
nepBbrii Bonpoc
52
J1crOpHR rocy.napCTBa H npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX CTpaH
HeM PHMe BpeMeH Pecrry6JIHKH 3aKOH. B ::moxy PaHHero CpeJ\HeBe-
KOBbR 3THM TepMHHOM 0603HaqaJIH HHor a pHMCKOe rrpaBO B Qe-
JIOM, HO qar.u:e Bcero rroJ\ HHM rrOHHMaJIH 06blqHOe rrpaBO rrJIeMeH,
CeJIHBllIHXC.fI Ha TeppHTopHRX 6bIBllleM 3arraJ\HOM PHMCKOM HMrre-
pHH. B )J;aHHOM cJIY'fae Lex Salica - 3'1'0 06bI'fHoe CaJIWIeCKOe rrpaBo,
06blqHO-rrpaBoBble HOpMbI CaJIWIeCKI!!X paHKoB, rrpH3HaHHble rocy-
J\apcTBeHHoM BJIaCTblO 1'1 rrpHMeHReMble COOTBeTCTBeHHO rrpH pa3-
pellIeHHH Tex HJIH HHbIX crropoB.
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OCHOBaHHe CqHTaTb, qTO BOIIJIor.u:eHHoe B HeM rrpaBO 6bIJIO IIJIeMeH-
HbIM, TO eCTb 0'1' JIHqaJIOCb rrepCOHaJIbHbIM xa paKTepOM )J;eMCTBH.fI.
O;:J;HaKO cOJ\epmaHHe CaJIHqeCKOM rrpaB)J;bI rrOKa3bIBaeT, qTO HOp-
MbI ee pacrrpoCTpaH.fIJIHCb He TOJIbKO Ha CaJIJ1qeCKHX paHKOB, HO
1'1 Ha rrpO:/KHBaBllIHX cpeJ\H HHX rrpeJ\CTaBHTeJIeM J\pyrl!!x repMaH-
CKHX rrJIeMeH 1'1 )J;ame Ha pHMJIRH (CM., HarrpHMep, 2 THTYJIa XIV
1'1 1 THTYJIa XLI).
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HHKY co06r.u:aeTcR, ',1'1'0 Lex Salica 6bIJI rrpOJ\HKToBaH 3HaTHbIMH
JIlO bMH 1'13 paHKOB, KOTOpble "Tor a 6bIJIH ero rrpaBHTeJIRMH. BbI6-
paJIH 1'13 MHorHX MY:/KeM qeTblpex, a HMeHHO: BH30raCTa, EOJ\arac-
Ta, CaJIeraCTa 1'1 BH)J;oracTa B MeCTax, Ha3blBaeMbIX CaJIbXaMe, Eo-
)J;oxaMe, BH oxaMe_ 3TH JIlO)J;H C06paJIHCb Ha TpH 3ace)J;aHHR, 'I"lQa-
TeJIbHO 06cY)J;11JII1 Bee rrOBO bI K TR:/K6e 1'1 BbIHeCJIH 0 Kam)J;OM 113
HHX OT)J;eJIbHOe pellIeHHe, KaK CJIe)J;yeT HH:/Ke". ITo MHeHHlO HCCJIe-
J\OBaTeJIeM, HMeHa COCTaBHTeJIeM CaJIHqeCKOM rrpaB)J;bI MH HqHbI.
B 3TOM HeT HHqerO YJ\HBHTeJIbHOrO -- rrpeJ\CTaBJIeHHe Toro HJIH
HHoro lOpl'Jl(WIecKoro C60PHHKa B KaqeCTBe TBopeHHR KaKoro-JI1160
MH HqeCKoro rrpaBHTeJI.fI 6bIJIO pacrrpOCTpaHeHHbIM RBJIeHHeM B
3rrOXH .IJ:peBHocTH 1'1 PaHHero CpeJ\HeBeKOBbR.
CO)J;epmaHHe BToporo rrpoJIora aeT OCHOBaHHe rrOJIaraTb, ',1'1'0
CaJIHqeCKa.fI rrpaB)J;a rrpe)J;CTaBJIRJIa C060M )J;orOBOp Mem)J;y Hapo-
J\OM 1'1 Bom)J;RMM. "EbIJIO yro)J;HO paHKaM 1'1 YCTaHOBJIeHO Me:/K)J;y
HHMJ1 1'1 HX Bom)J;RMH, - rOBopHTCR 3)J;eCb, - OTCeqb, B QeJIRX
coxpaHeHH.fI BHYTpeHHero MHpa, Bce HeHaBHCTHble rrOBOJ\bI K crro-
paM, 1'1 TaK KaK OHH rrpeBOCXO)J;HJ!H Bce oKpymalO e HapO bI py-
KOlO xpa6poCTH, TO COOTBeTCTBeHHO 3TOMy rrpeB30MTJ1 HX 1'1 aBTO-
pHTeTOM 3aKOHa, qT06bI co06pa3HO KaqeCTBY rrpoCTyrrKoB rrpHHH-
MaJIHCb 1'1 CYJ\e6Hble pellIeHHR".
ITepBOHaqaJIbHbIM BapHaHT CaJIHqeCKOM rrpaB bI 6bIJI COCTaB-
JIeH B KOHQe V - HaqaJIe VI BeKa. .IJ:ollIe)J;llIHM me J\O Hac TeKCT
.fIBJIReTCH 60JIee rr03J\HHM BapHaHToM 3aHHoro C60pHHKa. YqeHble
)J;aTHpYlOT PYKOIIl1CJ1, cO)J;epma e ero, VIII-IX BeKaMH. 3TOT Ba-
pHaHT B KaKOM-TO CTerreHH OTJIWIaeTCR 0'1' rrepBOHaqaJIbHoro. B rrep-
BOM rrpoJIore K CaJIHqeCKOM rrpaB)J;e co06r.u:aeTCR 0 TOM, ',1'1'0 KOpOJIb
TeMa 6. CaJII1<IecKM npaB.na
53
paHKOB XJIoJ\BHr rrOCJIe rrpHHRTHH xpHcTHaHcTBa HCrrpaBHJI B
CaJIHqeCKOM rrpaB)J;e TO, 'fT0 OKa3aJIOCb eMY HerrpHeMJIeMbIM, 1'1 rrpH-
J\aJI ee TeKCTY 66JIbIJ.IY1O RCHOCTb. TaKl!!e :/Ke HCrrpaBJIeHHR BHOCH-
JIH B TeKCT .l\aHHoro lOpM)J.WIecKoro C60PHHKa 1'1 .l\pyrl!!e paHKCKHe
KOpOJIH - XHJIWepT 1'1 XnoTapb. B rrepBOM 3rrHJIOre K CaJIJ1qeCKOM
rrpaBJ\e rOBOpHTCH 0 TOM, ',1'1'0 "rrepBbIM KOpOJIb paHKOB rrOCTaHO-
BJiIJI PYKOBO.l\CTBOBaTbCR B CYJ\e6HbIX peWeHI1RX THTYJIaMH C 1-ro
)J;O 62-ro. A rrOTOM BMeCTe co CBOHMH rrpH6JIJ1:/KeHHbIMH OH c)J;eJIaJI
rrpJ16aBJIeHHe - C 63-ro THTyJIa .l\0 78-ro. A KOpOJIb XHJIb.l\eJIb-
6epT, )J;oJIroe BpeMR crrycTR, pa3MbIWJIRJI, ',1'1'0 eMY Ha.l\JIe:IKHT eIl.{e
rrpH6aBHTb 1'1, KaK H3BecTHo, HaWeJI .l\OCTOMHbIM BHeCTH J\06aBJIe-
HHR C 78-ro )J;O 83-ro THTYJIa, qTO OH 1'1 rrepe.l\aJI 6paTY cBoeMY Xno-
TaplO B rrHCbMeHHOM BH)J;e. XJIOTapb me, C 6JIarO)J;apHocTblO rrpH-
HHBWH 3TH THTYJIbI 0'1' CTapwero cBoero 6paTa, rrOTOM BMeCTe C
JIlO)J;bMH KOpOJIeBCTBa CBoero 06cym)J;aJI, ',1'1'0 K 3TOMy CJIe)J;yeT eIl.{e
rrpH6aBJ1Tb, ',1'1'0 Ha.l\JIemHT yCTaHoBHTb BHOBb, 1'1 rrOCTaHOBHJI TO,
qTO CJIe)J;yeT C THTyJIa 89-ro rro 93-i1. iii rrOTOM BHOBb HarrHcaHHoe
OH rrepeJ\aJI CBoeMY 6paTy, 1'1 OHH rropeWHJIH, qT06bI Bce 3TO coxpa-
HHJIOCb He3bI6JIeMO, KaK 1'1 paHee yCTaHOBJIeHHoe".
KaKl!!e BbIBO.l\bI MO:IKHO CJ\eJIaTb Yl3 rrpHBe)J;eHHblX CJIOB 3rrHJIO-
ra K CaJIHqeCKOM rrpaB.l\e?
ITpHcTyrraR K aHaJIH3Y TeKCTa CaJIWIeCKOH rrpaB)J;bI, CJIe)J;yeT
rrpem)J;e Bcero 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha xapaKTep H3JIOmeHHbIX 3J\eCb
HOpM. qTO B 3THX HopMax CJIymHT HBHbIM CBM)J.eTeJIbCTBOM HX rrpo-
Hcxom)J;eHHH 1'13 06bI'-JaR? KaKHe CBOMCTBa lOpM)J.WIeCKOrO MbIWJIe-
HHR Bblpa:IKaeT cOJ\ep:IKaHl1e paCCMaTpHBaeMoro rrpaBOBoro rraMRT-
HHKa? B qeM rrpOHBJIRlOTCR CHMBOJIH3M 1'1 Ka3YHCTHqHOCTb 3Toro
MbIWJIeHHH?
ITpaBo JI1060ro 06Il.{eCTBa BcerJ\a B TOM HJIH HHOM Mepe OTpa-
:lKaeT ero xapaKTep, oc06eHHOCTH ero opraHH3aQm1, rrOBce)J;HeBHYlO
mH3Hb JIlO)J;eM. 06blqHOe rrpaBO )J;eJIaeT 3TO B HaH60JIee a)J;eKBaTHOM
CTerreHH. KaKHMH qepTaMH MomHO oxapaRTepH30BaTb 06Il.{eCTBO, B
KOTOpOM )J;eMCTBOBaJIH HOpMbI CaJIHqeCKOM rrpaB)J;bI? qTO MO:IKHO
CKa3aTb 0 ero 3KOHOMHqeCKOM :/K1!!3HH? KaK opraHH30BaHa BJIaCTb B
3TOM 06Il.{eCTBe? KaKHe BJIaCTHble HHCTHTYTbI YHKQHOHHPYIOT B
ero paMKax?
COBpeMeHHble HCCJIe)J;OBaTeJIH 06Il.{eCTBeHHoro CTpOH paHKOB
KOHQa V - HaqaJIa VI BeKa COrJIaCHbI B TOM, ',1'1'0 paHKH ml!!J:m
06 HaMH. Ha 3TO YKa3bIBalOT MHorHe aKTbI. CJIeJ\bJ 06Il.{HHHOM
opraHH3aQHH MO:/KHO 06HapY:/KHTb 1'1 B TeKCTe CaJIHqeCKOM rrpaB)J;bI.
OC06brM HHTepec B CBH3H C 3THM rrpeJ\CTaBJIReT THTyJI XLV J\aH-
HOro c60pHHKa, B KOTOpOM roBOpHTCR 0 rrepeCeJIeHQe (migrans). ITep-
BbIJ1 rraparpa 3TOro THTYJIa rJIaCJ1T: "ECJIH KTO 3aXOqeT rrepece-
JIHTbCR Ha BHJIJIY K )J;pyroMY, 1'1 eCJIH O)J;I1H HJIH HeCKOJIbKO 1'13 mH-
54
J1crOpHR rocy.napCTBa H npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX CTpaH
TeJIeM BHJIJIbI 3aXOTRT rrpHHRTb ero, HO HaM;:J;eTCR XOTR OJ\HH, KOTO-
pbIM BOCrrpOTJ1BHTC.fI rrepeCeJIeHHIO, OH He 6Y,lJ;eT HMeTb rrpaBa TaM
rrOCeJIHTbC.fI". B COOTBeTCTBHH C J\orrOJIHeHHeM K 2 TOT, KTO rrpH-
rJIaCHT MHrpaHTa "rrepeCeJIHTbC.fI B qy:/KYIO BHJIJIy 6e3 rrpeJ\BapH-
TeJIbHOrO COrJIarneHHR, rrpHcym,lJ;aeTCR K yrrJIaTe 1 800 ,lJ;eH., ',1'1'0
COCTaBJIReT 45 COJI.". 3 YKa3aHHoro THTyJIa YCTaHaBJIHBaJI cJIe;:J;y-
lOIl.{ee rrpaBHJIo: "ECJIH rrepeCeJIHBrneMYCR B TeqeHHe 12 MeCRQeB
He 6Y,lJ;eT rrpe 'bJ'lBJIeHO HHKaKOro rrpOTeCTa, OH ,lJ;OJImeH OCTaTbC.fI
HerrpHKOCHOBeHHbIM, KaK 1'1 ,lJ;pyrne COCe,lJ;H"- CJIOBOCOqeTaHHe "1'1 ,lJ;py-
rHe COCe,lJ;H" pR,lJ; HCCJIe,lJ;OBaTeJIei-i CqJ1TaeT rrpH3HaKOM cyIl.{eCTBO-
BaHHR y paHKOB TeppHTOpHaJIbHOM coceJ\CKOM 06 HbI.
PaCCMaTpHBa.fI HOpMbI rrpHBe eHHoro THTYJIa. CJIe;:J;yeT 06pa-
TJ1Tb BHJ1MaHHe TaKme Ha rrpaBJ1JIO, H3JIOJKeHHOe B 4 THTY JIa XIV
CaJIHqeCKOM rrpaBJ\bI.
COJ\epmaHHe THTYJIa XLV CaJIHqeCKOM rrpaB bI 3aCTaBJI.fIeT
C,lJ;eJIaTb BbIBO,lJ; 0 TOM, ',1'1'0 B ee BpeMeHa paHKI!! 6bIJIH opraHH30Ba-
HbI B rrOCeJIeHHR (BHJIJIbI) 06Il.{HHHOro THrra J . O,lJ;HaKO ,lJ;aHHbIM THTYJI,
KaK, BIIpOqeM, Bce OCTaJIbHble pa3J\eJIbI CaJIWIeCKOM rrpaB,lJ;bI, He rro-
3BOJIReT CKa3aTb qTO-JIH60 orrpeJ\eJIeHHOe 0 xapaKTepe paHKCKOM
06 HbI. IT03TOMY B 3TOM Borrpoce yqeHble paCXO,lJ;J'lTC.fI BO MHeHHRX_
C TOqKl1 3peHHR A. M. HeycbIXHHa, CaJIWIeCKaR rrpaB a 3a HK-
CHpOBaJIa 3apoJK,lJ;alOll.\YlOCR 06Il.{HHY-MapKY. ITo MHeHl!!lO A. H. ry-
peBWIa, "06 Ha paHKCKOro rrepJ10,lJ;a 6bIJIa eIl.{e BeCbMa J\aJIeKa
0'1' cBoero lOpM)J.WIecKoro O OpMJIeHHR". THTyJI XLV CaJIWIeCKOM
rrpaB)J;bI He CO,lJ;ep:/KHT "HHKaKHX YKa3aHHM Ha cYIl.{eCTBOBaHHe 06-
Il.{HHHOrO caMoyrrpaBJIeHHR"2.
KaKHe a pryMeHTbI MOJKHO rrpHBecTH B rrOJIb3Y yrroMRHYTbIX
TOqeK 3peHHR?
06Il.{aR xapaKTepHcTHKa JI1060ro rrpaBoBoro rraMRTHHKa rrpe,lJ;-
rrOJIaraeT TaKme oQeHKY CBoMcTBeHHoM eMY IOpHJ\HqeCKOM TeXHH-
KH, ypoBHR opraHH3aQHI!! rrpaBoBoro MaTepHaJIa. MO:/KHO JIH roBO-
pHTb rrpHMeHJ1TeJIbHO K CaJIHqeCKOM rrpaB e 0 lOpM)J.HqeCKHX rrOH.fI-
THRX, 0 KaKOM-JIH60 CHCTeMe H3JIOmeHHR rrpaBoBblx HOpM, 06 0'1'-
paCJIRX rrpaBa - rpam,lJ;aHCKoM J1JIH yroJIOBHOM rrpaBe?
COJ\epmaHHe CaJIWIeCKOM rrpaBJ\bI rrOKa3bIBaeT, ',1'1'0 aHHbrn
C60PHHK 6bIJI rrpeJ\Ha3HaqeH )J;JI.fI yperYJIJ1pOBaHH.fI HaH60JIee OCT-
I J1CTOpI1K A J1. HeycbIXllH, CneL\HaJIbHO H3yqaB!III1M 00lL\eCTBeHHbn1 cTpofl
cj:JpaHKoB paCCMaTpl1BaeMOM 3nOXH, nl1caJI: "LIepeBHSI, 11300pa)KeHHa.H B XLV
rJIaBe CaJIH<IecKoM npaB.nbI, npe.ncTaBJIRJla CoOOM 0611\HHY 11 npHTOM 3eM-
JIe.neJIb<IecKyKJ oOll\I1HY". (CM.: HeycblXU1i A. U. B03HI1KHOBeHI1e 3aBHCHMoro
KpeCTbRHcTBa B 3ana}:\HOJ1 EBpone VI-VIII BB. M., 1956. C. 89_
o rypeeu't A. H. J136paHHble TPYJlbI. TOM L .D:peBHHe repMaHl.\bL BHKI1HrH.
M.-Cll6., 1999. C. 65.
TeMa 6. CaJII1<IecKM npaB.na
55
pbIX KOHcImHKToB, OO3HHKaBllIHX BO paHKCKoM 06Il.{eCTBe. II03TO-
MY B HeM roBOPHJIOCb rrpeHMyru:eCTBeHHO 0 HaKa3aHHRX 3a rrpHqH-
HeHHe Bpe.l\a JIWIHOCTH 1'1 HMyru:eCTBY HH)J;HBM)J.OB, a TaK:/Ke 0 CY.l\O-
rrpOH3BOJ\CTBe. PerJIaMeHTaQHH HMyru:eCTBeHHbIX OTHOllIeHHM YJ\e-
JIReTCR B CaJIHqeCKOJ1 rrpaB.l\e CpaBHHTeJIbHO MaJIO BHHMaHH.fI. EIl.{e
MeHbllle MeCTa OTBOJ\HTCR 3J\eCb HopMaM 6paqHO-CeMeMHoro rrpaBa.
OJ\HaKO TeKCT paCCMaTpHBaeMoro rrpaBoBoro rraMRTHHKa Bce :/Ke .l\aeT
orrpe)J;eJIeHHOe rrpe)J;CTaBJIeHHe 0 xapaKTepe 6paqHO-CeMeMHbIX 0'1'-
HOllIeHHM, rrpHCyru:HX paHKCKOMY 06Il.{eCTBY KOHQa V - HaqaJIa
VI BeKa. HarrpHMep, CO)J;epmaHHe THTYJIa XIII CBM)J.eTeJIbCTByeT 0
TOM, ',1'1'0 Y paHKOB cyru:ecTBOBaJIa B J\aHHoe BpeMR TaKaR opMa
3aKJIlOqeHJ1R 6paKa, KaK YMbIKaHHe HeBeCTbI; ',1'1'0 3a .l\eBYllIKY, B3.fI-
TYlO B meHbI, yrrJIaqHBaJICR BbIKyrr; qTO rrpH BCTyrrJIeHHH B 6paK C
pa6bIHeM cB060.l\Hbrn MymqHHa JIHlllaJIC.fI cB060J\bI, 1'1 TO me caMoe
rrpOHcxo)J;J1JIO CO cB060)J;HOM meHIl.{VIHOM, oT)J;aBllleM ce6R pa6y.
BTOpOU Bonpoc IIpHcTyrraR K paccMoTpeHHlO )J;aHHoro Borrpo-
ca, CJIe)J;yeT B rrepBYIO Oqepe)J;b orrpe.l\eJIHTb,
o KaKHX rpyrrrrax HaCeJIeHH.fI M)J.eT peqb B CaJIHqeCKOM rrpaBJ\e. Ka-
KHe aKTopbI orrpeJ\eJIRlOT B 3TOM rrpaBoBoM rraM.fITHHKe )J;eJIeHHe
HaCeJIeHH.fI Ha pa3JIHqHble rpyrrrrbI 1'1 COOTBeTCTBeHHO pa3JIHqJ1R B
HX rrpaBoBoM cTaryce?
TeKcT CaJIWIeCKOM rrpaB)J;bI He OTpamaeT COQHaJIbHoi1 CTPyK-
rypbI paHKcKoro 06Il.{eCTBa BO BceM ee o6'beMe. Ero cO)J;epmaHHe
COCTaBJIRlOT rrpaBOBble HOpMbI, J\eMCTBOBaBlliHe Ha ypOBHe He60JIb-
llIHX paHKCKJ1X rrOCeJIeHHM, o6'beJ\HHeHHbIX B 06Il.{VIHbI. CaJIWIeC-
KaR rrpaBLJ;a J\OBOJlbHO rrOJ\p06HO perJIaMeHTHpyeT rrpaBOBOM CTaTYC
CB060J\HbIX paHKOB 1'1 HeKOTopbIX rpyrrrr 3aBHcHMoro HaCeJIeHH.fI.
ECTb B HeM HOpMbI, 3aKperrJI.fI1OIl.{VIe rrpaBOBoe rrOJIOmeHHe oT)J;eJIb-
HbIX J\OJI:/KHOCTHbIX JIHQ KOpOJIeBcKOro yrrpaBJIeHHR. Ho 3)J;eCb 0'1'-
CYTCTByIOT HOpMbI, perJIaMeHTHpYlOIl.{He rrpaBOOOM CTaTYC rrpeLJ;CTa-
BHTeJIeM Bblcillero CJIO.fI paHKCKoro 06Il.{eCTBa - paHKCKOM 3Ha-
'1'1'1. MemLJ;y TeM 0 cYIl.{eCTBOBaHHH cpe)J;H paHKOB TaKOM COQHaJIb-
HOM rpyrrrrbI rrpRMO rOBOpHTC.fI B rrepBOM rrpOJIore K CaJIWIeCKOM
rrpaBLJ;e. THTYJI XXIV .l\aHHorO rrpaBoBoro C60pHHKa cOLJ;epmJ1T yrro-
MHHaHHR 0 )J;JIHHHOBOJIOCOM MaJIbqHKe. KaK J13BeCTHO, )J;JIHHHble 00-
JIOCbI 6bIJIH Y paHKOB 3rrOXH MepoBHHroB rrpH3HaKoM rrpHHa)J;JIem-
HOCTH K 3HaTHoMY pO)J;y. rpHropHM TYPCKHM - aBTop XPOHHKH "Mc-
TOpH.fI paHKoB", c03)J;aHHoM BO BTOpOM rrOJIOBHHe VI BeKa, oIIl1pa-
.fICb Ha CBeJ\eHHR 1'13 COqHHeHHM mHBllIHX .l\0 Hero HCTopHorpa OB,
rrHCaJI 0 TOM, KaK paHKH "H36paJIH ce6e )J;JIHHHOBOJIOCbIX KOpOJIeM
1'13 CBOHX rrepBbIX, TaK CKa3aTb, 60JIee 3HaTHbIX pO)J;OB"'. .IJ:JIHHHble
I rpuzopuu TypCKUU. J1CTOpHR paHKOB. M, 1987. C. 39.
56
J1crOpHR rocy.napCTBa H npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX CTpaH
BOJIOCbI, crrycKaBllli1eCR Ha IIJIeqH, HOCHJIH y paHKOB TOJlbKO qJIe-
HbI KOpOJIeBCKOrO pOJ\a MepoBHHrOB - pR OBble me paHKH OJI-
:/KHbI 6bIJIH HOCHTb 06pe3aHHble, KOpoTKl!!e BOJIOCbI.
TeM He MeHee, CaJIHqeCKaR rrpaB a rrOKa3bmaeT J\OCTaTOqHO
CJIO:/KHOe rro CBoeMY COCTaBY 06r.u:eCTBO, B cpe e KOTOpOro HMelOTC.fI
3HaqHTeJIbHble pa3JIWIHR HHJ\I!!BHJ\OB B rrpaBOBOM cTaTyce, - 06r.u:e-
CTBO, rJ\e cyn-\ecTByeT CTporo orrpeJ\eJIeHHaR COQHaJIbHaR HepapXHR.
ITo KaKHM IIpH3HaKaM MOJKHO orrpeJ\eJII1Tb MecTO TOM HJII1 HHOM rpyrr-
rrbI HaCeJIeHHR B 06r.u:eCTBeHHOM HepapXHH? KaKaR COQVlaJIbHaR rpyrr-
rra 06JIa,lJ;aeT caMbIM BbICOKHM rrpaBOBbIM CTaTYCOM rro CaJIHqeCKOM
rrpaB e? KaKHe aKTopbI orrpe eJIRlOT 3'1'0'1' CTaTyC? KaKl!!e KaTe-
ropJ1H J\OJImHOCTHbIX JIHQ rOCY,lJ;apCTBeHHoro yrrpaBJIeHH.fI yrroMHHa-
lOTCR B TeKCTe paCCMaTpHBaeMoro rrpaBOBoro rraMRTHHKa? KaKOB
rrpaBOBOM CTaTYC 3THX JIHQ?
.KaKI!!MH qepTaMH xapaKTepH3yeTC.fI rrpaBOBOM CTaTYC CB060,lJ;-
HOro paHKa? KaKOBO rrpaBOBoe rrOJIOmeHHe paHKCKHX meHWHH
1'1 J\eTeM?
OC06ylO KaTeropHlO paHKCKoro 06r.u:eCTBa COCTaBJIRJlJ1 pa6bI.
o pa6ax rOBOpRT MHorHe CTaTbH CaJII1qeCKOM npaB,lJ;bI (CM. THTYJI X,
1; XII, 1-2; XXV, 3-6; XXXV, 1-5; XXXIX, 1; XL VI p.)_ !\a-
KHe BbmO bI 0 rrpaBoBoM cTaTyce pa60B MOJKHO C,lJ;eJIaTb Ha OCHO-
BaHHH 3THX cTaTeM?
B TeKCTe CaJIHqeCKOM rrpaB bI MomHO BCTpeTHTb yrrOMHHaHHR
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BOBOM cTaTyc JIHTOB? qeM OH OTJIHqaeTCH 0'1' rrpaBoBoro cTaTyca
pa60B?
B THTYJIaX XIV, XXXII, XLI CaJIWIeCKOM rrpaBJ\bI HJ\eT peqb
o pHMJIRHaX? KaKoBo rrpaBoBoe rrOJlOmeHHe ,lJ;aHHoM KaTeropHH Ha-
CeJIeHHR? qeM OHO OTJIWmeTCR 0'1' rrpaBOBoro cTaTyca cB060,lJ;HOrO
paHKa ?
TpcTlln Bonpoc 3HaqHTeJIbHaR qaCTb HOpM CaJIHqeCKOM rrpaB-
,lJ;bI rrOCBRr.qeHa 3alQHTe Toro HJIJ1 HHoro HMY-
r.qeCTBa - rrpeHMyn-\ecTBeHHo J\OMallIHero CKOTa, HO TaK:/Ke 1'1 3e-
MeJIbHbIX yqacTKoB (CM., HarrpJ1Mep, THTYJIbI II, III-VII, XXXIV 1'1
.lip.). Bce OHH cBHJ\eTeJIbCTByIOT 0 TOM, ',1'1'0 paHKI!! BeJIH J\OCTaTOqHO
HHTeHcHBHYIO X03RMCTBeHHYIO J\eRTeJIbHOCTb, 1'1 ',1'1'0 B HX cpeJ\e yme
BrrOJIHe yKopeHHJIHCb rrpe CTaBJIeHHR 1'1 0 rrpaBe BJIa,lJ;eHHR, 1'1 0 rrpaBe
c06cTBeHHocTH, XOTR rrpH 3TOM OTCYTcTBOBaJIH crreQHaJIbHble Tep-
MHHbI )];JIR 0603Ha qeHHR YKa3aHHblx rrpaBoBbIX HHCTHTYTOB. BMec-
TO HHX HCrrOJIb30BaJIHCb 6bITOBble TepMHHbI - qar.qe Bcero rrpOCTO
orrpe,lJ;eJIeHHR "CBOM" J1JIH "qy:lKOM".
CJIe)J;yeT 06paTHTb oc060e BHHMaHHe Ha THTyJIbI LIX 1'1 XLVI
CaJIHqeCKOM rrpaB,lJ;bI. KaKHe BbIBO)J;bI MomHO C,lJ;eJIaTb 1'13 5 THTY-
TeMa 6. CaJIH'IeCKaH npaB.na
57
JIa LIX? B qeM CMbICJI rrpOQeJ\ypbI rrepeJ\aqH HMYll\ecTBa, orrHcaH-
HOM B THTYJIe XLVI?
Ha3BaHHe .n;aHHoro THTYJIa - "De acfatmire" (B caMo:t'I paH-
He:t'I 1'13 COXpaHHBlID1XCR pyKOrrHce:t'I CaJIWIeCKOM rrpaB)J;bI) HJIH -
"De affatomiae" (B PYKorrHcRx VIII B.) - rrepeBe,n;eHo Ha PYCCKHM
R3bIK CJIOBaMH "0 rrepe,n;aqe HMYll\eCTBa". Ho [([3 ero COJ\ep:/KaHHR
OqeBH.n;HO, ',1'1'0 B HeM HJ\eT peqb He rrpOCTO 0 rrepe.n;aqe HMYll\eCTBa,
a 0 rrepe,n;aqe HMYll\eCTBa rro HaCJIeJ\CTBY.
IIpH paCCMOTpeHHH rrpOQe,n;ypbI, OIIHcaHHo:t'I B THTYJIe XLVI,
He06xo,n;HMO HMeTb B BHJ\Y, ',1'1'0 Y caJIHqeCKHX paHKoB, KaK 1'1 Y
J\PyrHx repMaHcKHx IIJIeMeH 1 , OTCYTcTBOBaJIa B TO BpeMR B HaCJIe,n;-
CTBeHHOM rrpaBe cB060J\a 3aBern:aHHR, TO eCTb HHJ\HBHJ\ He Mor 3a-
Bern:aTb CBoe HMYll\eCTBO TeM, KOMY meJIaJI ero OCTaBHTb rrOCJIe CBoeM
CMepTJ1. II03TOMY HMyrn:eCTBO YMeprnero rrepexOI!HJIO He3aBHCHMO
0'1' ero BOJIH K TeM, KTO C'fHTaJICR HaCJIeJ\HHKoM rro 06bI'fHOMY rrpaBY.
ECJIH me TaKOBble OTCYTCTBOBaJIH, TO yKa3aHHoe HMYll\eCTBO rrepe-
XO,l:\HJIO K ero coce)J;RM. 0 TOM, qTO HMeHHO COCe,l:\H rrOJIyqaJIH HMYll\e-
CTBO YMeprnero B CJIyqae OTCYTCTBHR Y Hero HaCJIe.n;HHKOB rro HOp-
MaM 06bI'-JHOro rrpaBa, KOCBeHHbIM 06pa30M cBH)J;eTeJIbCTByeT cOJ\ep-
:/KaHHe OJ\HOro 1'13 3.n;HKTOB KOpOJIR XHJIbrrepHKa (561-584). "PaB-
HbIM 06pa30M COH3BOJIHJIH 1'1 rrOCTaHOBHJIH, - rOBopHTCR B HeM, -
'fT06bI eCJIH KTO, HMeR coceJ\e:t'I, OCTaBHT rrOCJIe CBOe:t'I CMepTH CbI-
HOBeM HJIH ,l:\OqepeM, rrYCTb CbIHOBbR, rrOKa ml1BbI, BJIa,l:\elOT 3eMJIelO,
COrJIaCHO CaJIHqeCKOMY 3aKOHY. ECJIH :/Ke CbIHOBbR YMPYT, J\Oqb rro-
J\06HbIM :/Ke 06pa30M rrYCTb rrOJIyqaeT 3TH 3eMJIH, KaK rrOJIyqHJIH 6bI
HX CbIHOBbR, eCJIH 6bI OCTaBaJIHCb ml1BbI. A eCJIH YMpeT 6paT, ,l:\PY-
ro:t'I :/Ke OCTaHeTCR B :/KI1BbIX, 6paT rrycTb rrOJIyqaeT 3eMJIH, a He co-
ceau"2 (BbI)J;eJIeHO MHOlO. - B. T.). IIpoQeJ\ypa, orrHcaHHaR B THTYJIe
XLVI CaJIHqeCKOM rrpaB,l:\bI, rr03BOJIRJIa HH)J;HBH;:J;y 1'1 rrpH OTCYTCT-
BHH B HaCJIe,l:\CTBeHHOM rrpaBe CaJIHqeCKHX paHKOB cBo60J\bI 3aBe-
rn:aHHR 06ecrreqHTb rrepeJ\aqy HMYll\eCTBa rrOCJIe CBoe:t'I CMepTH TOMY,
KOMY OH }KeJIaJI ero rrepe.n;aTb. JIR 3Toro HaCJIe,l:\O,l:\aTeJIb rrepe)J;a-
BaJI rrpaBO c06CTBeHHOCTH Ha 3T0 HMYll\eCTBO KaKOMY-JIH60 JIHQY,
rrpHHHMaBrneMY Ha ce6R 06R3aTeJIbCTBO rrepe)J;aTb ero rrOCJIe CMep-
'1'1'1 HaCJIe,l:\o.n;aTeJIRTOMY, KOro TOT Ha3HaqHJI B KaqeCTBe CBoero Ha-
CJIe,l:\HHKa. IIepe)J;aB rrOCpeI!HHKY rrpaBO c06CTBeHHOCTH Ha HMyrn:e-
I "O.nHaKO HaCJIe.nHHKaMH H npeeMHI1KaMH YMepwero MOryT 6bITb JII1Wb
ero .neTYI; 3aBelL\aHl-IH y HHX HeI13BeCTHbI", - nl1caJI pI1MCKI1i1 HCTOpHK KopHe-
JII1W TaL\l1T B CBoeM Tpy.ne "0 npOHCXO:1KJ\eHHH repMaHL\eB H MeCTOnOJIO:1KeHHH
fepMaHl'IH"_ CM.: KopH€JI.uu TU'4um. CO'IHHeHHR B JlBYX TOMax_ TOM L M, 1993_
C. 362.
2 CaJIH'IeCKaH npaBAa / llepeBo.n H. n. rpa'4Ua1iC1<:020. M, 1950. C. 72. B
VIII B. HMYll\ecTBO cBo60.nHoro q)paHKa, He I'IMelOll\erO HaCJIeJ\HHKOB, CTaJIO ne-
peXOJ\l1Tb K KOpDJIlO.
58
J1crOpHH rOCYAapCTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX CTpaH
CTBO, HaCJIeJ\OJ\aTeJIb COXpaHRJI rrpaBO BJIaJ\eHHR 1'1 rrOJIb30BaHHR HM
J\O caMOM CBOeM CMepTH. TaKHM 06pa30M, rrpoQe;:J;ypa, BblcTyrralOIQaR
B CaJIWIeCKOM rrpaBJ\e rrOJ\ Ha3BaHHeM "acfatmire" HJIH "affatomiae",
He RBJIReTCR rro CBoeM CYTH rrepe)J;aqeM HMyru:eCTBa.
CaJIHqeCKaR rrpaB.n;a 3HaeT .n;Ba BH.n;a 06R3aTeJIbCTB - 06R3a-
TeJIbCTBa [([3 J\eJIHKTa (rrpaBOHapYllleHHR) 1'1 06R3aTeJIbCTBa 1'13 J\O-
roBopa.
06R3aTeJIbCTBaM, BbITeKalOI.l.\HM 1'13 .n;orOBOpa, rrOCBRIQeHbI '1'1'1-
TYJIbI L 1'1 LII paCCMaTpHBaeMoro rrpaBoBOro rraMRTHHKa. B 060HX
THTYJIaX peqb HJ\eT 0 rropRJ\Ke B3bICKaHHR J\OJIra rro J\OroBOPY 3aM-
Ma. CTy.n;eHTbI .n;OJIJKHbI BHHMaTeJIbHO rrpOqHTaTb TeKCTbI yKa3aH-
HbIX THTYJIOB 1'1 OTBeTHTb Ha CJIe;:J;ylOI.l.\He BorrpOCbI:
B qeM 3aKJIlOqalOTCR pa3JIHqHR Mem;:J;y J\BYMR crroc06aMH B3bIC-
KaHHR J\OJIra, YCTaHOBJIeHHbIMH L 1'1 LII THTYJIaMH CaJIHqeCKot"I
rrpaBJ\bI?
IIoqeMY CaJIWIeCKaR rrpaBJ\a rrpeJ\YCMaTpHBaeT J\Ba pa3JIWI-
HbIX crroc06a HCrrOJIHeHHR 06R3aTeJIbCTBa rro J\orOBOpy 3aMMa?
KaKYlO pOJIb HrpalOT B rrpOQeJ\ype B3bICKaHHR J\OJIra )J;OJIJKHO-
CTHbIe JIHQa KOpOJIeBCKOt"I a;:J;MHHHCTpaQHH?
IIpH paCCMOTpeHHH .n;aHHoro Borrpoca CJIe.n;y-
eT B rrepBYIO OqepeJ\b orrpeJ\eJIHTb Kpyr J\eR-
HHt"I, KOTopbIe B CaJIHqeCKot"I rrpaBJ\e TpaKTY-
lOTCH B KaqeCTBe rrpecTyrrJIeHHM. Ha OCHOBaHHH KaKHX rrpH3HaKOB
TO HJIH HHoe J\eRHHe OTHOCHTCR B 3TOM c60pHHKe K pa3pRJ\Y rrpe-
cTyrrJIeHHM?
3HaeT JIH CaJIHqeCKaR rrpaB.n;a rrOHRTHe BHHbI rrpaBOHapYlIlH-
TeJIR? Pa3JIWIalOTCR JIH B Het"I YMbIUlJIeHHbIe 1'1 HeOCTOpOJKHble rrpe-
cTyrrJIeHHR? KaKHe cTaJ\HH COBepIlIeHHR rrpecTyrrJIeHHR 1'1 cpopMbI
coyqaCTHR B rrpecTyrrHoM J\eRTeJIbHOCTH BbIJ\eJIReT CaJIHqeCKaR
rrpaBJ\a?
CaMbIM TR:/KKHM rrpeCTyrrJIeHHeM RBJIReTCR, COrJIaCHO HopMaM
CaJIWIeCKot"I rrpaB.n;bI, y6HMCTBO. EMY rrocBmQeHbI THTYJIbI XV, XXIV,
XXXV, XXXVI, XLI, XLII, XLIII, LIV, LXII, LXIII. KaKHe KaTe-
ropHH y6HMcTBa pa3JIHqalOTCR B HopMax YKa3aHHblx THTYJIOB?
o rrpecTYIIJIeHHH, HMelOIQeM CBOHM CJIeJ\CTBHeM HaHeceHHe qe-
JIOBeKY TeJIeCHbIX rrOBpeJKJ\eHHM, rOBopHTCR B THTYJIaX XVII 1'1
XXIX paccMaTpHBaeMoro rrpaBOBoro rraMRTHHKa. KaKHe KaTeropHH
YKa3aHHblx rrpecTyrrJIeHHM BbIJ\eJIRlOTCR B HHX?
KaKHe .n;eRHHR KBaJIH HQHPYlOTCR rro HopMaM CaJIHqeCKot"I
rrpaBJ\bI B KaqeCTBe rrpecTyrrJIeHHM, HarrpaBJIeHHbIX rrpOTHB qeCTH
1'1 J\OCTOHHCTBa JIWIHOCTH?
M3 Bcex BH.n;OB rrpecTyrrJIeHHR, yrroMHHaeMbIX B TeKCTe CaJIH-
qeCKOM rrpaBJ\bI, HaH60JIbIlIee BHHMaHHe YJ\eJIReTCR 3J\eCb KpaJKe
EM crreQHaJIbHO rrOCBmu;eHbI ceMHa.n;QaTb THTYJIOB )J;aHHoro rrpaBo-
"CTBCpTblii
Bonpoc
TeMa 6. CaJIH'IeCKaH npaBAa
59
Boro rraMRTHHKa (II-VIII, X-XII, XXI-XXII, XXXIII-XXXIV,
XXXVIII, XL). KaKHe KaTeropHH KpaJKH OrrHCblBalOTCR B YKa3aH-
HbIX THTYJIax?
B oc06YIO pa3HoBH)J;HOCTb rrpecTyrrJIeHHR, KOTopaR CXO,l:\Ha C
Kpame:t'r, HO He COBrra,l:\aeT C HeM, BbI)J;eJIReTCR rroxHIQeHHe pa60B 1'1
CBo60,l:\HbIX JIlO)J;e:t'I. ECJIH Kpama 0603HaqaeTCR B JIaTHHCKOM TeKCTe
CaJIHqeCKOM rrpaB,l:\bI KaK "furtum", TO rrOXHIQeHHe JIlO)J;e:t'I - KaK
"plagium"_ COOTBeTCTBeHHo THTYJI XXXIX, B KOTOpOM roBOPHTCR
o ,l:\aHHOM pa3HoBHJ\HOCTH rrpecTyrrJIeHHR, HMeeT Ha3BaHHe "De
plagiatoribus". Ha PYCCK!1M R3bIK ero rrepeBeJIH CJIOBaMH "0 rrOXH-
THTeJIRX pa60B", Mem;:J;y TeM rrpaBHJ!bHee 6bIJIO 6bI B J\aHHOM CJIY-
qae J\06aBHTb K HHM CJIOBa "1'1 cB060J\HbIX JIlOJ\eM". JIaTHHCK!1M Tep-
MHH "plagium" 0603HaqaeT rrOXHIQeHHe He TOJIbKO pa60B, HO TaK-
:/Ke 1'1 CB060,l:\HbIX JIlO,l:\e:t'I C QeJIblO rrpo)J;a:/KH B pa6CTBO. 0 rrOXHIQeHHH
pa60B roBOpJ1TCR JIHlIIb B 9 1 YKa3aHHoro THTYJIa, B ,l:\BYX )J;Pymx
rraparpa ax peqb H)J;eT 0 rrOXHIQeHHH HMeHHO CBo60,l:\HbIX JIlOJ\et1.
CJIOBa "0 rrOXHIQeHHH cB060J\HbIX" CTORT B Ha3BaHHH THTYJIa
XIII CaJIHqeCKOM rrpaBI!bI. OI!HaKO rrOI! HHMH rrOJ\pa3YMeBalOTCR He
Kpama 1'1 He rrOXHIQeHHe C QeJIblO rrpO,l:\amH B pa6CTBO, a O,l:\Ha 113
OpM 6paKa, OCYll\eCTBJIRBliiaRCR rrocpeJ\CTBOM rrOXYIIQeHHR HeBeCTbI.
TI03TOMY B JIaTHHCKOM Ha3BaHHH YKa3aHHoro THTYJIa yrrOTpe6JIReTCR
He TepMHH "furtum" HJ!H "plagium", a TepMHH "raptus". THTYJI
Ha3bIBaeTCR COOTBeTCTBeHHO - "De rapto ingenuorum"I. 0 TOM,
QTO paCCMaTpHBaeMbIM THTYJI rrOCBRIQeH 6paKY, CBH,l:\eTeJIbCTByeT
1'1 caMO ero CO,l:\epmaHHe. 3,l:\eCb roBOpHTCR 0 rrOXHIQeHHH He rrpOCTO
CB060;:J;Horo qeJIOBeKa, HO CB060,l:\HOM )J;eBYlIIKJ1. B 9 8-10 THTYJIa
XIII rrpRMo roBOPHTCH 0 6paKe, 0 :/KeHHXe 1'1 HeBeCTe. JI1060rrbITHo,
QTO Ha3HaqaR CYMMY I!JIR BbIIIJIaTbI 3a rrOXHIQeHHe CB060,l:\HOM ,l:\e-
BymK!1, CaJIHqeCKaR rrpaB,l:\a He HaCTaHBaeT Ha B03BpaIQeHHH rro-
XHIQeHHOM ee pO,l:\HTeJIRM HJ!H rrOKpOBHTeJIlO. B CBR3H C 3THM B03-
HHKaeT Borrpoc, 0 KaKOM rrpaBoHapymeHHH HJ\eT peqb B ,l:\aHHOM
CJIyqae? qTO COCTaBJIReT 06'b€KT 3Toro rrpaBOHapymeHHR?
3HaqHTeJIbHoe BHHMaHHe Y,l:\eJIReTCH B CaJIWIeCKo:t'I rrpaB,l:\e rrpe-
CTYIIJIeHHRM rrpOTHB rrpaBOCY,l:\HR. HaKa3aHHRM 3a HeRBKY B CYJ\ rro-
CBRIQeHbI rrepBble )J;Ba rraparpa a rrepBoro THTYJIa ,l:\aHHoro C60PHHKa.
o pa3JIHQHbIX KaTeropHRX yKa3aHHOM pa3HOBHJ\HOCTH rrpecTyrrJIeHHR
rOBopHTCR B THTYJIaX XVIII, XL, XLVIII, XLIX, LVI, LVII. KpoMe
Toro, paccMaTpHBaR rrpecTYIIJIeHHR rrpoTHB rrpaBOcY,l:\HR, cJIe;:J;yeT
06paTHTbCR TaKme K KarrHTYJIRpHRM paHKcKHx KOpOJIeM, pa3'bRC-
HRlOIQHM 1'1 pa3BHBalOIQ!1M HOpMbI CaJIWIeCKOM rrpaB;:J;bI 2 . Oc06eHHo
rrpHMeqaTeJIbHaR HopMa CO,l:\epJKHTCR B 9 3 KarrHTYJIRpHR IV Cl(eK-
I .D:OCJIOBHO: "0 nOXHI..L\eHHH CBOOO.nHopom.neHHbIX"_
2 CM_: CaJIH'IeCKaR npaB.na / llepeBo.n H. n. rpa'4uaHclwZO. M., 1950.
C. 58, 59, 68, 69, 70, 71.
60
J1crOpHH rOCYAapCTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX CTpaH
peT KOpOJIJJ XHJIbJ\e6ePTa). OHa rJIaCHT: "ECJIH KTO HaM)J;eT BOpa 1'1
TaMHO, 6e3 CY,l:\bH, rrOJIyqYIT rreHlO, TaKOBOro yrro,l:\06JIRTb pa360:t'rHHKY".
IIo)J;06HaR HopMa cOJ\epmHTCR 1'1 B ,l:\eKpeTe XnOTapR, COCTaBJIRlOru:eM
BTOpYIO qaCTb YKa3aHHoro KarrHTYJIRpHR: "ECJIH KTO TaMHbIM 06pa-
30M B03bMeT C KaKOro-JIH60 Bopa rreHlO 3a YKPa;:J;eHHoe, 06a rrO,[\JIe-
:/KaT HaKa3aHHlO KaK pa360MHHKM".
IIpHBe,l:\eHHble HOpMbI CJIymaT CBH)J;eTeJIbCTBOM TOro, ',1'1'0 paH-
KCKHe KOpOJIH HaqHHaJIH paCCMaTpHBaTb rrpecTyrrJIeHHe B KaqeCTBe
)J;eRHHR, rrpW-IHHRlOru:ero Bpe,l:\ He TOJIbKO qaCTHbIM, HO 1'1 rocY,l:\ap-
CTBeHHbIM HHTepecaM. C ,l:\pyroM CTOpOHbI, CTpeMJIeHHe KOpOJIe:t'I YT-
Bep,l:\HTb CYJ\ B Ka qeCTBe 06R3aTeJIbHoro rrocpeJ\HHKa B crropax Mem-
J\Y qaCTHbIMH JIHQaMH MomHO 06'bRCHHTb :/KeJIaHHeM 06eCrreqHTb
rrpHTOK HHaHCOBbIX Cpe,l:\CTB B rOCY)J;apCTBeHHYlO Ka3HY.
B qeM 3aKJIlOqaeTCR CMbICJI HaKa3aHHR rro CaJIHqeCKo:t'I rrpaB-
.lie? KaKoe 3HaqeHHe eMY rrpH)J;aeTCR? KaKHe pa3HOBH)J;HOCTH HaKa-
3aHHR yrrOMHHaIOTCR B TeKCTe paCCMaTpHBaeMoro rrpaBoBoro rraMRT-
HHKa?
COrJIaCHO HopMe, cOJ\epmaru:eMCR B 1 THTYJIa XXXV CaJIH-
qeCKOM rrpaB,l:\bI, "eCJIH KaKO:t'I-HH6Y,l:\b pa6 JIJ1lill1T mH3HH pa6a, roc-
rrO,l:\a rrycTb pa3)J;eJIRT Mem)J;Y C060M y6H:t'IQY". KaKoe HaKa3aHHe
pa6y-y6HMQe rrO,l:\pa3YMeBaeTCR B rrpHBe,l:\eHHo:t'I HopMe? qTO 03Ha-
qalOT CJIOBa "rocrro)J;a rrycTb pa3,l:\eJIRT Me:/K;:J;y C060M y6HMQy"?
CaMbIMH pacrrpocTpaHeHHbIMH BH)J;aMH HaKa3aHHR B JI1060:t'I
"BapBapcKoM rrpaB,l:\e" BCer,l:\a BbIcTyrralOT BepreJIbJ\ (BHpa, KOMrro-
3HQHR) 1'1 llITpa . B yqe6HHKax rro HCTOPHH rocY,l:\apCTBa 1'1 rrpaBa
HX qaCTO CMeIlli1BalOT Mem;:J;y co6oti Mem;:J;y TeM UJTpa cyru:eCTBeH-
HO OTJIWIaeTCR rro CBoe:t'I lOpM)J.H'fecKOM rrpHpO,l:\e 0'1' BepreJIb)J;a (BHPbI,
KOMrr03HQHH). B qeM 3aKJIlO'faeTCR ,l:\aHHOe OTJIHqHe? CO,l:\epmaHHe
1 THTYJIa LXI CaJIHqeCKOM rrpaB)J;bI rrOKa3blBaeT, 'fT0 BepreJIbJ\
Mor COqeTaTbCR co IllTpa oM.
KaKHe aKTopbI yqHTbIBalOTCR B CaJIHqeCKOM rrpaBJ\e rrpH orr-
pe,l:\eJIeHHH HaKa3aHHM? KaKoe BJIHRHHe Ha xapaKTep 1'1 CTerreHb
HaKa3aHHR OKa3blBaeT cOQHaJIbHbIM cTaTYc rrpaBoHapyrIII1TeJIR 1'1 rro-
TeprreBrnero?
CaJIHqeCKaR rrpaB,l:\a cO)J;ep:/KI1T rrpeJ\rrHcaHHR 1'1 Ha TOT CJIY-
qaM, eCJIH rrpaBoHapyrnHTeJIb OKa3bIBaJICR He B COCTORHHH yrrJIa-
THTb BHPY HJIH rnTpa . qTO pa3pernaJIOCb eMY )J;eJIaTb B TaKOM
CJIyqae?
nHTblii Bonpoc Pa3JIHqHbIM aCrreKTaM CY)J;e6Horo rrpoQecca rro-
CBRru:eHbI THTYJIbI I, XLIX, L, LI, LII, LVI,
LVII CaJIHqeCKo:t'I rrpaB)J;bI. BMeCTe C TeM rrpH paCCMOTpeHHH ,l:\aH-
HOro Borrpoca He06xoJ\HMO 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe TaK:/Ke Ha THTYJIbI
XXXVII 1'1 XLVII CaJIHqeCKOM rrpaB,l:\bI, perYJIHpYlOlI..\He P03bICK-
Hble ,l:\eMCTBHR.
TeMa 6. CaJIH'IeCKaH npaBAa
61
CaJIWIeCKaR rrpaBJ\a rrpM)J.aeT 60JIbIlIOe 3HaqeHHe cY;:J;y KaK HH-
CTHTYTY pa3peIlIeHHR KOH JIHKTOB. MMeHHo rr03ToMY 3,l:\eCb 3aKperr-
JIReTCR 06maTeJIbHOCTb RBKH B CYJ\e6HOe 3aceJ\aHHe KaK OTBeTqH-
Ka, TaK 1'1 CBH,lJ;eTeJIR. I\aKJ1e MepbI rrpe,l:\rrpHHHMalOTcR rrpoTHB Tex,
KTO He RBJIReTCR rro BbI30BY B CYJ\? KaKoM rrOpR,l:\OK BbI30Ba B cy,lJ;
rrpeJ\ycMaTpHBaeT CaJIHqeCKaR rrpaB,l:\a rrpHMeHHTeJIbHO K pa3JIHQ-
HbIM 06CTORTeJIbCTBaM?
KaKHe BH,lJ;bI CY,l:\OB yrroMHHalOTC.fI B TeKCTe CaJIHqecKO:t'I rrpaB-
,lJ;bI? B KaKHX CJIyqaRx J\eJIO pacCMaTpHBaJIOCb B cYJ\e "rrepe,l:\ JIH-
QOM caMoro KOpOJIR"?
KaKHe crroc06bI ,l:\OKa3bmaHHR aKTOB HCrrOJIb30BaJIHCb B CY-
,lJ;e6HOM rrpoQecce rro HopMaM CaJIWIeCKO:t'I rrpaB,l:\bI? B qeM CMbICJI
rrpOQe,l:\ypbI ,l:\OKa3blBaHHR, rrpe,lJ;YCMOTpeHHo:t'I THTYJIOM LIII CaJIH-
qeCKOM rrpaB)J;bI?
IIpM)J.aBaR 60JIbIlIOe 3HaQeHHe cy;:J;y, HOpMbI CaJIWIeCKOM rrpaB-
J\bI BrrOJIHe J\orrYCKalOT COBepIlIeHHe pMa rrpoQeccyaJIbHbIX J\eM-
CTBHM '-JaCTHbIM JIHQOM - rrOTeprreBIlIHM HJIH HCTQOM. TaK, CorJIac-
HO 9 2 1'1 3 THTYJIa I HMeHHO qaCTHOe JIHQO BbI3bIBaeT rrpaBoHapy-
IlIHTeJIR B cY,l:\. A cO,l:\epmaHHe THTYJIOB XXXVII 1'1 XLVII CaJIH-
QeCKOM rrpaB,l:\bI rrOKa3bIBaeT, QTO rroTeprreBIlIHM Mor CaMOJIHqHO
rrpOH3BO,l:\HTb ,lJ;ame p03blcKHble ,lJ;e:t'IcTBHR. IIpaB,l:\a, OKOH'faTeJIbHOe
peIlIeHHe rro ,l:\eJIY 1'1 B 3TOM cJIyqae rrpHHHMaJIOCb B pe3YJIbTaTe
cY,l:\e6Horo pa36HpaTeJIbCTBa.
CorJIaCHO rrpaBHJIY, YCTaHOBJIeHHoMY B THTYJIe XXXVII Ca-
JIHqeCKOM rrpaBJ\bI, TOT, KTO YTpaTHJI BCJIe,l:\CTBHe Kpa:/KH KaKoe-
JIH60 }KHBOTHOe 1'1 3aTeM B TeqeHHe 3-x CYTOK 06HapymHJI ero Y
,l:\Pyroro JIHQa, ,l:\OJImeH 6bIJI B CJIyqae, eCJIH 3'1'0 JIHQO 3aRBHT, 'fT0
:/KHBOTHOe HM KyrrJIeHO HJIH rrOJIyqeHo B 06MeH, ,l:\OKa3bIBaTb Qepe3
TpeTbHX JIHQ, 'fT0 OHO - ero C06CTBeHHOCTb. ECJIH me pa3bICKHBa-
lO HM CBOlO BelQb 06HapymHBaJI ee rro rrpOIlIeCTBHH 3-x CYTOK, 1'1
TOT, Y Kom OH HaM,lJ;eT ee, 3aRBHT, ',1'1'0 KyrrHJI ee HJIH rrOJIyqHJI B
06MeH, TO OTBeTqHK J\OJImeH 6bIJI ,l:\OKa3bIBaTb CBoe rrpaBO Ha crrop-
HYIO BelQb. IIoqeMY B rrepBoM cJIyqae 6peMR ,lJ;OKa3bIBaHHR JIe:/KHT
Ha HCTQe, a BO BTOpOM - Ha OTBeTqHKe?
6116JII10fP A4>I1H
A. HCTO'IHUKM:
1. XpeCTOMaTI1H no HCTopml rocy.napCTBa 11 npaBa 3apy6emHblx CTpaH.
.D:peBHocTb H Cpe.nHJ1e BeKa. 2-e 113.naHJ1e, .nonOJlHeHHOe / COCTaBHTeJIb -
npo . B. A. TOJl1CU1we. M.: J13J\aTeJIbCTBO "3epL\aJIo", 2004. C. 253-278.
2. CaJIH'IeCKaH npaB.na / llepeBoJ\ H. n. rpa'lfua1ic'/wzo. lloJ\ pe.n.
B. CPo CeJlte'/w8a. M., 1950.
62
J1CTOpHH rOCYAapCTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX CTpaH
3. AHTOJIOrHH MHpoBOH npaBoBoH MbICJIH. TOM 2. EBpona V-XVII BB.
M., 1999. C. 31-40.
B. JUITEPATYPA:
1 Typeeu'l A. E. J136paHHble Tpy.nbl. TOM 1. .D:peBHHe repMaHL\bI. BI1-
RI1HI'I1. M.-Cll6., 1999. C. 58-67, 245-287_
2. Heycblxu"I{ A. 11. HOBbie .naHHble no HCTO'IHI1KOBe.neHI1IO CaJIJ1'-Jec-
ROH npaB.nbI / / Cpe.nHl1e BeKa. 1960. BbIn. 17. C. 394-409; 1962_ BbIn. 2L
C. 212-237; 1964. BbIn. 25. C. 35-52; 1967. BbIn. 30_ C. 41-60.
3. HeycblXu"I{ A. 11. llp06J!eMbI 3ana.nHoeBpOnei1:cKOrO eo.naJIH3Ma. M.,
1974.
4. CUOOp08 A. 11. OpraH113aL\HH BJIaCTYI BO CPpaHKcKoM KOpOJIeBCTBe B
VIII-IX BB. / / Cpe.nHHe BeKa. 2003. BbIn. 64. C. 3-34.
TEMA 7
"KYTIOMbI BOBE3W' 4>I1JII1IIIIA BOMAHY APA
"BEJII1KI1I1: MAPrOBCKm1: OP OHAHC"
1357 r.
(2 .taca)
IOpH HqeCKHM C60PHHK "KYTlOMbI BOBe3H", KOTOpbIM COCTaBHJI
BO BTOpOM rrOJIOBHHe XIII BeKa paHQY3cKHM 6aJIbH <PHJIHrrrr .lie
PeMH, CYlp e BOMaHyap, rrpe CTaBJIReT C060M rrpaBoBO:t'r rraMHT-
HHK, BeCbMa xapaKTepHbIM )J;JIR CpeI!HeBeKOBOM <ppaHQJ1H. IIo)J;06Hble
lOpM)J.W-IeCKHe C60PHHKH 6bIJIH C03)J;aHbI B TeqeHHe XII - XIV Be-
KOB BO MHOrHX paHQY3cKMX MeCTHOCT.HX - B BpeTaHH, ByprYH-
J\HH, BepMaHJ\ya, HopMaH)J;HH, IIHKap)J;HH, llIaMrraHH 1'1 )J;p. C60p-
HHK, COCTaBJIeHHbIM B BOBe3H, rrpH06peJI HaH60JIbIIIylO H3BeCTHOCTb
B Cpe;:J;HeBeKOBo:t"I <PpaHQHH rrpem)J;e Bcero 6JIaro apR cBoeMY co-
J\epmaHHlO. B HeM HallUIH CBOe BblpameHHe OCHOBHble HHCTHTyTbI
paHQy3CKoro rrpaBa 3rrOXH rrepexoJ\a 0'1' ceHbOpHaJIbHOM MOHap-
XHH K COCJIOBHO-rrpe CTaBHTeJIbHOM MOHapXHH, a TaK:/Ke HeKOTO-
pble THrrHqHble JIR paHIJ:Y3CKoro 06ru:eCTBa 3TOro BpeMeHH H eo-
JIOrMqeCKHe KOHQerrQHH, KaCalOlL\HeCR KOpOJIeBCKOM BJIaCTH, QepK-
BH, COQHaJIbHOH MepapXHH, rrpaBOCY)J;HR 1'1 T. )J;. HeMaJIbIM HHTepeC
rrpe)J;CTaBJIReT 1'1 C OPMYJIHpOBaHHoe <PHJIHrrrrOM e BOMaHyapoM
yqeHHe 06 H;:J;eaJIbHOM 6aJIbH -- aJ\MHHHcTpaTope C cYJ\eMcKMMH
rrOJIHOMOqHRMH. 8TH J\OJI:/KHOCTHble JIHQa HrpaJIH O HY 1'13 KJIlOqeBbIX
pOJIeM B rrpoQeccax, rrpOHCXO HBlllHX B rrOJIHTHqeCKOM 1'1 lOpH)J;WIe-
CKO:t"I c pax paHQy3CKoro 06ru:eCTBa BTOpO:t"I rrOJIOBHHbI XIII BeKa.
J!:oKYMeHT, Ha3BaHHbIM "BeJIHKHM MapToBcKHM op oHaHcoM",
Bblpa3HJI rrpHTR3aHHR reHepaJIbHbIX lllTaTOB Ha 60JIbillee yqacTHe
B yrrpaBJIeHHH cTpaHo:t"I. BMecTe C TeM B HeM HallIJIa OTpameHHe
3aHHTepeCOBaHHOCTb npe CTaBHTeJIeM pa3JIHqHbIX COCJIOBHH paH-
QY3CKoro 06ru:eCTBa B YCHJIeHHH QeHTpaJIbHOM rOCYJ\apCTBeHHOM
BJIaCTH.
M3yqeHHe TeKCTOB yKa3aHHbIX rrpOH3Be eHH:t"I Ha ceMHHa p-
CKOM 3aHRTHH rrpH3BaHO J\aTb CTYJ\eHTaM 3HaHHe HCTOqHHKOB 1'1
OCHOBHbIX HHCTHTYTOB cpe HeBeKOBoro rrpaBa <ppaHQHH, 03HaKO-
MHTb HX C Ba:/KHeHlllHMH 3JIeMeHTaMH paHQY3CKOM rrOJIHTHqeCKOM
64
J1crOpHH rOCYAapCTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX CTpaH
1'1 rrpaBOBOM M)J.eOJIOrHH BTOpOM rrOJIOBHHbI XIII - rrepBo:t'r rrOJIOBH-
HbI XIV BeKOB. .IJ:JIR J\OCTH:/KeHHR 3THX QeJIeM peKOMeH;:J;YeTCR pac-
CMOTpeTb cJIe)J;YIOru:He BOrrpOCbI:
1. nCTO'lm1K 1 npaBa CPCJJ.UCBCKOBOii «I>paHL\1II1.
2. 06ru:aH xapaKTCpHCTl-lKa c60pmma «I>uJumna JJ.C BOMauyapa
"KYTIOIUbl BoBC311".
3. npaBoBoc pcrYJll1pOBaHliC 11MYU CCTBCHHblX OTHOUlCHlrn. no-
HHTliC CC31IHbl (saisinc) no "KYTlOl\laM BOBC3U".
4. npccTynJICHUH 11 HaKa3am'IH no "KYTIOMaM BOBC311".
5. CYJJ. 11 CYJJ.C6Hblii npOL\CCC no "KYTIOMal\l BoBC311".
6. MCTOpl1H C03J\aHHH 1'1 06IJJ;aH xapaKTCpUCTl-lKa "BCJIUKOro Map-
TOBCKoro opJ\ollallca". OCUOBllbIC Tpc60Bam.1H rCUCpaJIbUbIX UlTaTOB.
nCpBblii Bonpoc PaccMaTpHBaR HCTOqHHKH paHU:Y3cKoro cpe,l:\-
HeBeKoBoro rrpaBa, CJIe;:J;yeT yqHTbIBaTb, 'fT0 Ha
rrpOTRmeHHH Bce:t'I 3rrOXH Cpe,l:\HHX BeKOB cPpaHQHR He HMeJIa e,l:\H-
HOM rrpaBOBOM CHCTeMbI. IIpaBo, 06ru:ee )J;JIR Bce:t'I cTpaHbI, - KOpO-
JIeBCKOe rrpaBO cPpaHQHH - OXBaTbIBaJIO CBOHMH rrpaBoBbIMH HOp-
MaMH BeCbMa Y3KYIO c epy 06ru:ecTBeHHbIX oTHolIIeHHM. B Kam)J;o:t'I
paHQY3cKO:t'I rrpoBHHQHH ,l:\eMCTBOBaJIO CBoe co6cTBeHHoe rrpaBO,
BO MHornx acrreKTax OTJIWIaBlIIeeCR KaK 0'1' rrpaBa ,l:\pynrx rrpOBHH-
QHM, TaK 1'1 0'1' o6ru:e paHU:Y3CKoro rrpaBa. B rop0)J;ax TaK:/Ke )J;eM-
CTBOBaJI caMOCTORTeJIbHbri1: MexaHH3M rrpaBo06pa30BaHHR 1'1 COOT-
BeTCTBeHHO rrpHMeHRJlHCb CBOH oc06ble rrpaBOBble HOpMbI.
KpOMe Toro, Ha TeppHTOpHH cpe.lIHeBeKOBOM cPpaHQHH HMeJIH
CHJIY rrpHHQHrrbI 1'1 HOpMbI YHHBepCaJIbHbIX rrpaBOBbIX CHCTeM -
TaK Ha3blBaeMoro KaHOHHqeCKoro rrpaBa 1'1 ToproBoro rrpaBa. OHH
Bblpa6aTbIBaJIHCb COOTBeTCTBeHHO B paMKax KaTOJIHqeCKOM QepKBH
1'1 B KOprrOpaQHRX ToprOBQeB, YHKQHOHHpOBaBIIIHX B KaqeCTBe 06-
ru:eeBporreMcKHX opraHH3aQHM.
HaKOHeQ, BO paHU:Y3cKoM 06ru:ecTBe 3rrOXH Cpe;:J;HeBeKOBbR
HaXO)J;HJIH CBoe rrpHMeHeHHe HOpMbI pHMCKOro rrpaBa. MHorHe 1'13
HHX ,l:\e:t'ICTBOBaJIH 3)J;eCb eru:e co BpeMeH cPpaHKcKoro roCY,l:\apCTBa
HJ!H )J;a:/Ke PHMCKOM I1MrrepHH. IIpeTeprreB orrpeJ\eJIeHHYIO TpaHC-
OpMaQHIO 1'1 rrpHcrroc06HBlID1Cb K HOBbIM 06ru:eCTBeHHbIM YCJIOBH-
RM, OHH rrpeBpaTHJ!HCb B O;:J;HY 1'13 pa3HOBM)J.HOCTe:t'I paHU:Y3CKoro
06blqHOro rrpaBa_ C XIII BeKa BO cPpaHQHH HaqHHalOT rrpH06peTaTb
lOpHJ\HqecKYlO CHJIY HeKoTopble 3JIeMeHTbI "YHHBepcHTeTcKoro"
pHMcKoro rrpaBa, TO eCTb HOpMbI, rrpHHQHrrbl 1'1 KOHQerrQHH, H3BJIe-
qeHHble rrpo eccopaMH 3arra)J;HoeBporreMCKHX YHHBepCHTeTOB -
rJIOCCaTOpaMH 1'1 KOMMeHTaTopaMH - 1'13 pHMCKHX rrpaBOBbIX TeK-
CTOB 1'1 MO)J;H HQHPOBaHHble rrpHMeHHTeJIbHO K peaJIHRM Cpe,lJ;HeBe-
KOBOro 3arra)J;HoeBporreMCKoro 06ru:eCTBa.
TeMa 7. "KYTIOMbI BoBe3H". "BeJII1K1IH MapTOBCKI1M op.noHaHc" 1357 r. 65
TaKMM 06pa30M, rrpaBo cpeJ\HeBeKOBoM <ppaHQJ1H rrpeJ\cTaBJIRJIO
c060H CJIO:/KHYlO M03aHKY pa3JIHqHbIX rrpaBoBbIX CHCTeM - MecTHblx,
06ru:e paHIJ:Y3CKHX, 06ru:eeBporre:t'rcKHx, COCJIOBHbIX, KoprropaTHBHbIX
1'1 T. rr. B paMKax Kam,lJ;OM 1'13 HHX cyru:eCTBOBaJI CBO:t'I, caMOCTORTeJIb-
HbIM MexaHH3M OpMHpOBaHHR rrpaBOBbIX HOpM. Bce :no rrpe,l:\O-
rrpeJ\eJIRJIO 1'1 COOTBeTCTBYlOru:HM xapaKTep HCTOqHHKOB rrpaBa.
Ha3bIBaR 06bI'fa:t'I B KaqeCTBe 6a30Boro HCTOqHHKa paHQY3-
CKOro Cpe,l:\HeBeKOBOro rrpaBa, He06xo,l:\HMO HMeTb B BH,l:\Y, 'fT0 OH
BorrJIoru:aJICR BO MHO:/KeCTBe pa3HOBH,l:\HOCTeM_ 06blqaM (KYTlOM)
,lJ;OMHHHpOBaJI B KaqeCTBe HCTOqHHKa rrpaBa Ha MeCTHOM ypOBHe -
B paMKax OT,l:\eJIbHbIX rrpOBHHQHM HJIH rOpO,l:\OB. Ho OH ,l:\eMCTBOBaJI
B :nOM me KaqeCTBe 1'1 B CHCTeMe 06ru:e paHQY3cKOro rrpaBa, TO
eCTb HapR,l:\Y C MeCTHbIMH 06bI'faRMH, rrpHMeHRBWHMHCR JIHWb B
rrpeJ\eJIax KaKo:t'I-TO OJ\HOM MeCTHOCTH, CJIe;:J;yeT BbI)J;eJIRTb 06bIqaH,
rrOJIyqHBwHe aBTopHTeT B MaCWTa6e BceM CTpaHbI. BMeCTe C TeM
06blqaH BblcTyrraJIH B KaqeCTBe 3HaqHMbIX HCTOqHHKOB rrpaBa 1'1 B
paMKax rrpaBoBbIX CHCTeM 06ru:eeBporre:t'IcKOro xapaKTepa - KaHOHH-
qeCKoro rrpaBa 1'1 TOproBOro rrpaBa. OC06eHHO 60JIbWOe 3HaqeHHe B
,lJ;aHHOM KaqeCTBe 06bI'faM HMeJI B TOproBOM rrpaBe.
HeMaJIaR qaCTb HOpM pHMCKOro rrpaBa TaK:/Ke BblcTyrraJIa, KaK
yme OTMeqaJIOCb, B cpopMe 06bI'laR.
B C60pHHKe "KYTlOMbI SOBe3H" yrrOTpe6JIReTCR TaKoe nOHR-
THe, KaK "reHepaJIbHbrM KYTlOM". qTO 0603HaqaeT J\aHHoe rroHRTHe?
3HaqeHHe TOro HJIH HHOro HCTOqHHKa rrpaBa 6bIJIO HeO,l:\HHaKO-
BbIM B pa3JIHqHbIX rrpaBOBbIX CHCTeMax. HarrpHMep, cY,l:\e6Hoe pe-
weHHe HrpaJIO 60JIee Ba:/KHYlO pOJIb B KaqeCTBe HCTO'fHHKa npaBa B
paMKax TOproBoro rrpaBa, He:/KeJIH B KaKoM-HH6Y,lJ;b ApyrOM rrpaBO-
BOM CHCTeMe. .D:oKTpHHa 6bIJIa 60JIee 3HaqHMOM B KaqeCTBe HCTOq-
HMKa rrpaBa B KaHOHWIeCKOM rrpaBe, HemeJIH B paMKax MeCTHoro
rrpaBa. 3aKOH CBOlO HaH6OJIbIIIylO pOJIb B KaqeCTBe HCTOqHHKa rrpa-
Ba HrpaJI B 06ru:e paHQY3CKOM rrpaBe, BblcTyrraR B BH,lJ;e KOpOJIeB-
CKHX YCTaHOBJIeHHH, HJIH Op,l:\OHaHCOB.
KaKHe eru:e MO:/KHO rrpHBeCTH rrpHMepbI HeO,l:\HHaKOBOM 3HaqH-
MOCTH HCTOqHHKOB rrpaBa B pa3JIHqHbIX rrpaBOBbIX CHCTeMax?
KaKHe HCTOqHHKH rrpaBa xa paKTepHbI ,l:\JIR rOpO,l:\CKOro rrpaBa,
,lJ;eMCTBoBaBwero Ha TeppHTOpHH <PpaHQHH?
PaCCMaTpHBaR TaKOM HCTOqHHK rrpaBa Cpe,l:\HeBeKOBOM <PpaH-
QHH, KaK KOpOJIeBCKOe YCTaHOBJIeHHe, HJIH Op,lJ;OHaHC, CJIe;:J;yeT 06-
paTl'ITb BHHMaHHe Ha 1043 rrpOH3Be,l:\eHHR <PHJIHrrrra ,lJ;e BOMaHya-
pa "KYTlOMbI BOBe3H", B KOTOpOM roBOpHTCR: "CJIe,lJ;YeT rrOHHMaTb,
qTO KOpOJIb RBJIReTCR cynepeHoM Ha,lJ; BceMH 1'1 Ha OCHOBaHHH CBoe-
ro rrpaBa OXpaHReT Bce CBoe KOpOJIeBCTBO, B CHJIY qero OH MomeT
C03,lJ;aTb BCRKHe yqpem,lJ;eHHR, KaKHe eMY yrO,l:\HO ,[\JIR 06ru:e:t'I rrOJIb3bI,
1'1 TO, ',1'1'0 OH YCTaHaBJIHBaeT, ,lJ;OJI:/KHO C06JIlO,lJ;aTbCR". <PHJIHrrrr ,l:\e
66
J1crOpHH rOCYAapCTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX CTpaH
BOMaHyap rrpOB()J\HJI, OJ\Hawo, pa3JIH'fHe Me)K)J;Y YCTaHOBJIeHHRMH
KOpOJIR, H3,AaHHbIMH .AJIR cBoero )J;OMeHa, 1'1 KOpOJIeBCKHMH YCTa-
HOBJIeHHRMH, HMeBIlIHMH xapaKTep reHepaJIbHbIX, TO eCTb rrpe,A-
Ha3HaqeHHbIX,AJIR Bcero KOpOJIeBCTBa. lIo MHeHHlO <PHJIHrrrra ,Ae Bo-
MaHyapa, YCTaHOBJIeHHR rrepB()ro pO)J;a 6apOHbI 6bIJIH BrrpaBe He rrpH-
MeHRTb B CB()HX 3eMJIHX. YCTaHOBJIeHHR :/Ke BToporo pO,Aa RBJIR-
JIHCb 06Il\e06R3aTeJIbHbIMH ,AJIR Bcex, eCJIH OHH 6bIJIH Bblpa60TaHbI
KOpOJIeM COBMeCTHO C "BOJIbIill1M COBeTOM 1 ".
B KaqeCTBe rrpHMepa KOpOJIeBCKMX 3aKOHO,AaTeJIbHbIX aKTOB
MomHO rrpHBeCTH Op,AOHaHC KOpOJIR JIlO,AOBHKa XII "0 cY,Ae 1'1 OX-
paHe rropR,AKa B KOpOJIeBCTBe", H3,AaHHbIM B MapTe 1498 ro)J;a, a
TaK:/Ke OPJ\OHaHC KOpOJIR <ppaHQHCKa I "06 OTrrpaBJIeHHH rrpaBo-
cY,Al'm", H3,AaHHbrM B aBrycTe 1539 rO)J;a. KaKHe BorrpocbI perYJIH-
PYlOT Ha3BaHHble Op,AOHaHcbI?
3HaqeHHe Tex HJIH HHbIX HCTOqHHKOB rrpaBa Cpe,AHeBeKOBoM
<PpaHQHH MeHRJIOCb B rrpoQecce 3BOJIlOQHH paHQY3cKoro 06ru:e-
CTBa 1'1 rocY)J;apcTBa. HarrpHMep, rro Mepe YCHJIeHHR rocY,I:\apCTBeH-
HOM BJIaCTH B03paCTaJIa pOJIb KOpOJIeBCKHX YCTaHOBJIeHHM 1'1 COOTBeT-
CTBeHHO rra,I:\aJIO 3HaqeHHe 06blqaR.
BTOpoii Bonpoc C03)J;aTeJIeM rrpOH3Be)J;eHHR, H3BeCTHoro rro,A
Ha3BaHHeM "KYTlOMbI BOBe3H (Coutumes de
Beauvaisis)", 6bIJI <PHJIHrrrr,I:\e PeMH, CHp)J;e BOMaHyap2. OH pO,I:\HJICR
rrpH6JIM3HTeJIbHO B KOHQe 1246 - Ha'faJIe 1247 ro,Aa, a YMep B 1296
rOJ\Y. B HCTOPHlO paHQY3cKOM Cpe,I:\HeBeKOBoM KyJIbTypbI 3'1'0'1'
qeJIOBeK BOIlIeJI He TOJIbKO B KaqeCTBe rrpaBOBe,I:\a, HO 1'1 KaK rr03T,
aBTOp CTHXOTBOpHbIX rrpOH3Be,I:\eHHM
B 1279-1284 ro,I:\ax <PHJIHrrrr )J;e PeMH, CHp BOMaHyap 3aHH-
MaJI ,I:\OJI:/KHOCTb 6aJIbH B MeCTeqKe BOBe3H rpa CTBa KrrepMoH. B
O,I:\HOM 1'13 paHQY3CKHX )J;OKYMeHTOB, )J;aTHpyeMblx 1283 rO,I:\OM,
yrroMHHaeTCR 6aJIbH <PI1JIHrrrr ,I:\e PeMH B cJIe,I:\YlOru:eM HarrHcaHHH:
"Phelippes de Biaumanoir, baillius de Clermont".
qTO rrpe,I:\CTaBJIRJIa C060M ,I:\OJI:/KHOCTb 6aJIbH B CHCTeMe yrrpaB-
JIeHHR Cpe,I:\HeBeKOBOM <ppaHQHH? KaKHM 6bIJI Kpyr rrOJIHOMOqHM
6aJIbH? OrBeTbI Ha 3TH B()rrpOCbI MomHO Ha:t"ITH B paCCMaTpHBae-
MOM rrpaB()B()M rraMRTHHKe.
I Bo BTOpOH nOJIOBHHe XIII B. B Ka'IeCTBe TaKOrO KOJIJIerl1aJIbHOrO opraHa
BblcTynaJIa BO cI:>paHL\I1H KOpDJIeBCKaR KYpl1R.
2 TI1TYJI CHp .ne EOMaHyap CPHJIHnn .ne PeMYI nOJIyqJ1J! B 1279 r. - nOCJIe
'1'01'0, KaK BCTynl1Jl EO BJIa.neHl1e HMeHHeM BoMaHyap B CaHJIHCe (bailly Bomanoir
en Sanlise).
3 ll03TH'IecKHe TBOpeHI1H CPHJIlmna .ne PeMI1 - "Oeuvres poetiques de
Beaumanoir" - onyOJ!HKOBaHbI B H3AaID!I1: Collection des anciens texts fran ais.
T. 1-2. Paris, 1884-1885.
TeMa 7. "KYTIOMbI BoBe3H". "BeJII1K1IM MapTOBCKI1M op.noHaHc" 1357 r. 67
Pa60TY Ha,lJ; TpaKTaToM "KYTlOMbI BOBe3H" CPHJIJIHrr,lJ;e BOMa-
Hyap Ha"IaJI rrpH6JIH3HTeJIbHO B 1280 ro,lJ;yl, a 3aBepWHJI TpeMR ro,lJ;a-
MH rr03,D;Hee - B 1283 ro;:J;y. IIocJIe,D;HRJI ,lJ;am Ha3bmaeTCR B 3aKJIIO"IH-
TeJIbHbIX CTpoKax TpaKTaTa, B KOTOpbIX roBOpHTCJI, B "IaCTHOCTH:
"Ici fine Phelippes de Beaumanoir son livre lequel il fist des
coustumes de Beauvoisins en l'an de l'incarnacion Nostre Seigneur
mill .CC. Lxxx. et .iii (3,lJ;eCb 3aKaH"IHBaeT cpHJIHrrrr ,lJ;e BOMaHyap
CBOIO KlIHry, B KOTOpOM OH orrHCbIBaeT KYTIOMbI BOBe3H B ro,lJ; BOrrJIO-
lL\eHHR Hawero rOcrro,lJ;a O,lJ;Ha TbICJI'fa ;:J;BeCTH BOCeMb,lJ;eCRT TpeTHM)".
B 1289-1290 ro,lJ;ax B TeKCT paccMaTpHBaeMoro TpaKTaTa 6bIJIH
BHeceHbI HCrrpaBJIeHHJI 1'1 ,lJ;orrOJIHeHHR. IIepBOHa"IaJIbHbIM BapHaHT
,lJ;aHHoro rrpOH3BeJ\eHHJI He COXpaHHJICR. B Te"IeHHe XIV-XVII Be-
KOB BO cppaHQHH pacrrpoCTpaHRJIHCb ero pYKOrrHcHble KorrHH, Ha-
rrHcaHHble Ha apXaH"IHOM paHL\Y3CKOM JI3bIKe 1'1 OTJIH'faBWHeCJI
,lJ;pyr 0'1' ,lJ;pyra B HeKoTopbIX MeCTax CTHJIeM, a B pJI,lJ;e CTaTeM 1'1
cO,lJ;epmaHHeM. B 1690 ro;:J;y O,D;Ha 1'13 TaKHx KorrHM 6bIJIa H3,lJ;aHa
THrrorpa KHM crroco60M. BTopoe THrrorpa CKOe H3,lJ;aHl1e "KYTIO-
MOB BOBe3H" BbIlI1JIO B CBeT B 1842 ro,lJ;Y. IIepBble 1'1 rrOCJIe;:J;yIOl.L\He
H3,lJ;aHHJI TpaKTaTa cpHJIl1rrrra ,lJ;e BOMaHyapa 2 BocrrpOH3BO)J;HJIH ero
TeKCT, HarrHcaHHbIM Ha apXaH"IHOM paHL\Y3CKOM JI3bIKe, KOropbIM
rrHCaJIH B Cpe,lJ;HHe BeRa.
B rrpoJIore K CBoeMY TpaKTaTY cpl'IJIHrrrr ,lJ;e BOMaHyap Ha3BaJI
COCTaB ero CO,lJ;epmaHHR.
Coutumes de Beauvaisis. Li p7'Ologues ( 6): "...Le travail que
nous I metrons, avons nous commencie en tel maniere que nous
entendons a confermer grant partie de cest livre par les jugemens
qui ont este fet en nos tans en ladite contee de Clermont; et l'autre
partie par clers usages et par cleres 3 coustumes 4 usees et
I B Ha'IaJIe npoJrora K CBOeMY TpaKTaTY ( 1) CPI1J!J1nn.ne BoMaHyap coo6-
ll\aJI 0 TOM. 'ITO Ha3Ha'IeH oxpaHRTb npaBO J1 OObI'laU rpa CTBa KrrepMoH ("Et
pour ce que nous sommes de celui pais et que nous nous sommes entrernis de
gardeI' et de fel"e gardeI' les drois et les coustumes de ladite contee par la
volonte du tres haut homme et tres noble Robert, fil du roi de France, conte
de Clermont").
· .H OCHOBbIBaJICR npJ1 Ham1CaHJ1H HaCTORll\erO y<Ie6Ho-MeTO.nJ1<IecKoro
nOCOOHJI Ha napl1mCKOM 113.naHHI1 "KYTIOMOB EOBe3H", Hane'IaTaHHOM B .nBYX
TOMax B 1899-1900 ro.nax: Philippe de Beaumanoir. Coutumes de Beauvaisis.
Text critique publie avec une introduction, un glossaire et une table analitique
par Am Salmon. Tome prernier. Paris, 1899. Tome second. Paris, 1900.
3 llpJ1Be.neHHbrn OTpbIBOK HanJ1CaH Ha Cpe,l\lleBeKOBOM paHL\Y3CKOM R3bI-
Ke. CJ10BO "cleres" HJIH B .npyroM HanHCaHI1H - "clers" Ha COBpeMeHHOM paH-
L\Y3CKOM R3bIKe nl1WeTCR KaK "clair".
· CJ10BO "coustumes" Ha cOBpeMeHHoM paHL\Y3CKOM R3bIKe m1111eTCR KaK
"coutumes".
68
J1CTOpHH rocy.napCTBa J1 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX crpaH
acoustumees de lonc tans pesiblement; et l'autre partie, des cas
douteus en ladite con tee, par Ie judgement des chasteleries l
voisines; et ['autre partie par Ie droit qui est communs a tous ou
roiaume de France" 2.
KymlO.Mot Boee3U. IIpoJtoz (* 6): "...3Ty pa6()TY MbI HaqHHaeM
B TaKOM MaHepe, B KaKOM JKeJIaeM 3aBepIlli1Tb, [cocTaBHB] OOJIb-
rnylO qaCTb 3TOM KHHrH cY,lJ;e6HbIMH perneHHJIMH, KOTopble 6bIJIH
BbIHeceHbI B Harne BpeMR B BblrneHa3BaHHOM rpa CTBe KrrepMoH; a
,lJ;pyrYIO qaCTb rrOHRTHbIMH 06bIKHOBeHHRMH 1'1 nOHJITHbIMH 06bI'-JaJI-
MH, KOTopble MorJIH 6bITb rrpHMeHReMbIMH 1'1 rrpH3HaBaeMbIMH ,lJ;OJI-
roe BpeMJI; 1'1 ,lJ;pyryIO qaCTb 1'13 crropHbIX CJIyqaeB B BbIllieHa3BaH-
HOM rpa CTBe, CY,lJ;e6HbIMH perneHHJIMH 1'13 Coce,lJ;HHX 3aMKOB; 1'1
,lJ;pyrYIO 'faCTb rrpaBOM, KOTopoe JIBJlReTCJI 06rn;MM rro BceMY KOpO-
JIeBCTBY <ppaHQHH"_ (IIepeeoa B. A. TO.Mcu1i.oea).
HeKOTopble paHQY3CKMe HCTOpHKM rrOJIaralOT, ',1'1'0 "rro,lJ; rrpa-
BOM, KOTopoe JIBJIJIeTCJI 06Il\HM rro BceMY KopOJleBCTBY <ppaHQHH
(Ie droit qui est communs a tous ou roiaume de France)" <PHJIHrrrr
,lJ;e BOMaHyap rrO,lJ;pa3YMeBaJI pHMcKoe rrpaBo, HCrrOJIb30BaBrneeCJI B
KaqeCTBe cy6CM)J.HapHoro HCTOqHHKa B cY,lJ;ax Cpe;:J;HeBeKOBoM <ppaH-
QHH. .n:pyrne BbICKa3bIBalOT MHeHHe 0 TOM, ',1'1'0 3'1'0 06i.lV'le ,lJ;JIJI BceM
<ppaHQHH HOpMbI 06bI'-IHOro rrpaBa. TpeTbH CqHTalOT, "1'1'0 3,lJ;eCb H,lJ;eT
pe"Ib 0 COBOKyrrHOCTH KOpoJIeBCKMX YCTaHOBJIeHHM (establissements).
lIocJIe;:J;HRJI TO"IKa 3peHHJI MHe KameTCJI 6JIHJKe K I1CTHHe. 0
KOpOJIeBCKMX YCTaHOBJIeHHRX roBOpHTCJI B rrepBOM rJIaBe "KYTIO-
MOB BOBe3H", rrpH"IeM B CBJI3H C ,lJ;eJITeJIbHOCTblO ,lJ;OJI:/KHOCTHbIX JIHQ,
HMeHyeMblx 6aJIbH.
Coutumes de Beauvaisis. * 51: "Li establissement que Ii rois
fet pour Ie commun pourfit doivent ester fourment garde par la
porveance des baillis"3.
KymlO.Mot Boee3u. * 51: "YcTaHOBJIeHHR, KOTopble KOpOJIb 1'13-
,lJ;aJI ,lJ;JIR 06Il\ero 6JIara, ,lJ;OJIJKHbI, 6e3YCJIOBHO, OXpaHJITbCJI 3a60TOM
6aJIbH". (IIepeeoa B. A. TO.Mcu1i.oea).
PaCCMaTpHBaeMoe rrpOH3Be,lJ;eHHe COCTOHT 1'13 rrpOJIora, OCHOB-
HOro TeKCTa 1'1 3aKJIIO"IeHHJI. OCHOBHOM ero TeKCT pa3,lJ;eJIeH Ha 70
rJIaB. lIo BceM BM)J.HMOCTH, 3'1'0 ,lJ;eJIeHHe ,lJ;aJI caM aBTOp, rrOCKOJIbKY
o CO,lJ;ep:/KaHHH Ka:/K,lJ;OM 1'13 rJIaB roBOPHTCJI B rrpOJIore ( 10) "Ky-
I eJ10BO "chasteleries" Ha COBpeMeHHOM paHl_\Y3cKOM R3bIKe nl1WeTCR
KaK "casteles".
2 Philippe de Beaumanoi1.. Coutumes de Beauvaisis. Tome premier. Paris,
1899. p. 3-4_
3 Ibid. P. 39.
TeMa 7. "KYTIOMbI BoBe3H". "BeJIl1K1IM MapTOBCKI1M op.noHaHc" 1357 r. 69
TIOMOB BOBe3H"I. Bce cOJ\ep:/KaHHe ,lJ;aHHoro TpaKTaTa J\eJIHTCJI Ha
rraparpa bI (cTaTbH). IIpH CrrJIOWHOM HYMepaQHH OHO COCTOHT 1'13
1982-x rraparpa oB. IIepBble ,lJ;eCJITb 1'13 HHX rrpHXO,lJ;RTCJI Ha rrpo-
JIor, rrOCJIe,lJ;HHM - Ha 3aKJIIO"IeHHe.
O,lJ;HHM 1'13 MOTHBOB, rr06Y)J;HBIllHX <PHJIHrrrra ,lJ;e BOMaHyapa Ha-
rrHcaTb TpaKTaT "RYTIOMbI BOBe311", 6bIJIO, rro BceM BM)J.HMOCTH, ero
CTpeMJIeHHe 03HaKOMI1Tb KaK MO:/KHO 60JIbillee qHCJIO JIIO,lJ;eM C 06bI-
"IaJIMH CBoeM MeCTHOCTM. B 174 yKa3aHHoro rrpoH3Be,lJ;eHHR co-
,nepmHTCJI 3aMe"IaHHe ero aBTopa 0 TOM, 'ITO "60JIbIllHHCTBO JIIO,lJ;eM
He 3HaKOMO C KYTIOMaMH 1'1 He 3HaeT, KaK HMH Ha,lJ;O rrOJIb30BaTbCJI
1'1 Ha ',1'1'0 CJIe;:J;yeT orrHpaTbCJI B Ka:/K,lJ;OM ,lJ;aHHOM TJI:/K6e...... TeKCT
paCCMaTpHBaeMoro rrpOH3Be,lJ;eHI1R rrOKa3bIBaeT, "ITO ero 3Ha"IeHHe
,lJ;aJIeKO BbIXO.n;HJIO 3a paMKI1 YKa3aHHOM QeJII1. RaKHe BbIBO.n;bI 0 rrpe,lJ;-
Ha3Ha"IeHHH TpaKTaTa <PHJIHrrrra .lie BOMaHyapa MO:/KHO C,lJ;eJIaTb Ha
OCHOBaHHH aHaJIH3a ero CO,lJ;epmaHI1JI?
RaK H3BeCTHO, <PHJIHrrrr .n;e BOMaHyap cneQHaJIbHO H3yqaJI PHM-
CKoe rrpaBO. Mo:/KHO JIH roBOPHTb 0 BJIHJIHHH pHMCKHX rrpaBOBbIX
KOHQerrlV'lM rrpHMeHI1TeJIbHO K ero rrpOH3Be,lJ;eHHIO "RYTIOMbI BOBe-
3H"? ECJII1 ,lJ;a, TO B qeM rrpOJIBJIJIeTCJI 3T0 BJIHJIHl1e?
CO,lJ;ep:/KaHHe C60pHHKa "RYTIOMbI BOBe3H" HOCHT CJIO:/KHbIM
KOMrrJIeKCHbIM xapaKTep. B HeM CBe,lJ;eHbI Boe,lJ;I1HO HOpMbI, peryJIH-
pYIOIl\He pa3JII1qHble rro CBoeMY xapaKTepy 06lL\eCTBeHHble OTHOIlle-
HHR. MO:/KHO JIH rOBopHTb rrpHMeHHTeJIbHO K ,lJ;aHHoMY rrpoH3Be,lJ;e-
HHIO 0 KaKOM-JIH60 CHCTeMe H3JIOmeHHJI rrpaBoBbIX HOpM? RaKMe
rpyrrrrbI rrpaBoBbIX HOpM MO:/KHO 3,lJ;eCb Bbr.n;eJIHTb?
B TeKCTe paCCMaTpHBaeMoro rrpaBoBoro rraMJITHHKa H3JIome-
HbI, rrOMHMO rrpaBoBbIX HOpM, M)J.eOJIOrHqeCKHe KOH errQI1H. RaKMe
rrpe,lJ;CTaBJIeHHJI 0 CYIl\HOCTH KopoJIeBCKOM BJIaCTI1 1'1 CBRTOM I{epK-
BH Bblpa3HJI <PHJIHrrrr ,lJ;e BOMaHyap? RaK rrpe,lJ;CTaBJlRJI OH COlV'l-
aJIbHYIO CTPYKTYPY <ppaHQHH? HaCKOJIbKO 3TH rrpe,lJ;CTaBJIeHHR CO-
OTBeTCTBOBaJIH peaJIHRM paHL\Y3CKoro 06lL\eCTBa BTOpOM rrOJIOBH-
HbI XIII BeKa?
IIpH aHaJIH3e CO,lJ;epmaHHR "RYTIOMOB BOBe3H" CJIe,lJ;yeT I1MeTb
B BM)J.y, ',1'1'0 aBTop rrpe,lJ;CTaBHJI 3,lJ;eCb rrOMI1MO rrpoqero 1'1 CBOH C06CT-
BeHHble rrOJIHTH"IeCKHe B3rJIR.n;bI. TaK, HarrpHMep, B 1519 TpaKTaTa
rOBopHTCR 0 TOM, ',1'1'0 "Kam,lJ;bIM ceHbop, I1MeIOl.L\l1M B cBoeM BJIaCTI1
ropo,n-KOMMYHY, ,lJ;OJImeH emero,lJ;HO Y3HaBaTb, B KaKOM COCTOJIHI1H
HaXO,lJ;MTCJI ropoJ\ 1'1 KaK HM yrrpaBJIRlOT M3pbI 1'1 Te, KOTopble rrOCTaB-
JIeHbI ero oxpaHRTb 11 11M yrrpaBJIJITb". IIocJIe 3TOro <PHJIl1rrrr ,lJ;e Bo-
MaHyap 3aJIBJIJIeT: "IIYCTb 60raTble He COMHeBalOTCR, 'ITO eCJIH OHH
HapYillalOT 3aKOH (mes font), OHH 6y;:J;yT HaKa3aHbI, 1'1 nycTb 6e.n;HJI-
. Philippe de Beaumanoi1". eoutumes de Beauvaisis. Tome premier. Paris,
1899. P. 7-15.
70
J1CTOpI1H rocy.napCTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX crpaH
KH YKa3aHHbIX mpOJ\OB MorYT Ml1pHO 3apa6aTbIBaTb ce6e Ha rrpo-
rrHTaHHe"o
TpcTllii BOnpOC IIpH paCCMOTpeHHI1 ,lJ;aHHoro BOrrpOCa CJIe,lJ;YeT
I1MeTb B BH;:J;y, ',1'1'0 TpaKTaT "KYTIOMbI BOBe-
31'1" OTpa:/KaeT XapaKTepHyIO ,lJ;JlJI eO,lJ;aJIbHoro 06lL\eCTBa TeCHYIO
CBR3b I1Myru:eCTBeHHbIX rrpaB HH,lJ;I1BM)J.a C ero COQMaJIbHbIM CTaTY-
COM. B qeM Bblpa:/KaeTCJI 3,lJ;eCb ,lJ;aHHaJI CBJI3b? KaKHe 06lL\eCTBeH-
Hble COCTOJIHHR 1'1 COOTBeTCTBYIOlL\l1e HM HMyru:eCTBeHHble rrpaBa
BbI,lJ;eJIRJI <PHJIHrrrr ,lJ;e BOMaHyap?
BMeCTe C TeM B "KYTIOMax BOBe3H" Haxo,lJ;HT CBoe Bblpa:/Ke-
HHe 1'1 ,lJ;pyraJI 3aKOHOMepHOCTb eO,lJ;aJIH3Ma -- 06peMeHeHHOCTb
BelL\HbIX rrpaB 06JI3aHHOCTJIMH JIWIHOm, HeHMyru:eCTBeHHoro xapaK-
Tepa. B Ka'IeCTBe HJIJIIOCTpaQI1H )J;aHHOM 3aKoHoMepHOCTH MOmBO
rrpHBeCTI1 927 paccMaTpHBaeMoro rrpaBoBoro rraMRTHHKa, B KOTO-
pOM M,lIeT peqb 0 "rOCTH3e" - 3eMeJIbHOM Ha,lJ;eJIe, ):\epmaHHe KO-
Toporo corrpRmeHO C 06R3aHHOCTbIO BaCCaJIa HeCTI1 BoeHHYIO cJIym6y
B rrOJIb3Y ceHbopa, rrpe,lJ;OCTaBHBlllem eMY TaKOM Ha):\eJI. B YKa3aH-
HOM rraparpa paccKa3bIBaeTCJI 0 TOM, KaK O,lJ;HH pbIQapb "B'IHHHJI
HCK K ,lJ;pyrOMY pbIQapIO rro rrOBO,lJ;y Tom, 'ITO OH rrpHHRJI B CBOM
"HOBbIM ropo,lJ;" ero rrOCeJIeHQa, KOTOpbIM ml1JI y Hem B CHJIY ,lJ;ep-
:/KaHHR roCTH3bI 1 ro,lJ; 1'1 1 ,lJ;eHb 11 ymeJI C Hee, HI1KOMY He rrepe,lJ;aB-
lllH 1'1 He rrpO,lJ;aBlllH CBoero Ha,lJ;eJIa, He O'II1CTHBlllH ero 0'1' 06R3a-
TeJIbCTB 1'1 He OCTaBHBlllH 3aMeCTHTeJIeM rrOCeJIeHl\a CO CTOpOHbI, a
rrpOCTO 6pOCHBIlli1 (roCTH3Y) COBceM He06pa6aTbIBaeMOM 11 rrYCTOM".
COrJIaCHO 973, "6bIJIO rrocraHOBJIeHO rro cY;:J;y, 'IT06bI OH OTOCJIaJI
em ml1Tb K HCTl\Y 1'1 Brrpe,lJ;b He rrpl1HHMaJI ,lJ;0 Tex rrop, rrOKa (rroce-
JIeHeQ) He ,lJ;aCT Y,lJ;OBJIeTBOpeHHJI CBoeMY ceHbOpy 3a roCTI13Y HJIH
O'II1lL\eHHeM ee 0'1' 06JI3aTeJIbCTB, HJIH rrpo):\ameM, HJIH ,lJ;apeHl1eM,
HJIH me MeHOM".
CJIe;:J;yeT 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe 1'1 Ha yrrOMJIHYTble B "KYTIOMax
BOBe3H" TaKHe cHTyaQMI1, KOr,lJ;a 06JIa,lJ;aHl1e TeM I1JIH HHbIM BelL\-
HbIM rrpaBOM BJIe'IeT 3a C060M orrpe,lJ;eJIeHHoro pO,lJ;a BJIaCTHble rrOJI-
HOMO'IHR. TaK, COrJIaCHO 1641 yKa3aHHom TpaKTaTa, "Ka:/K,lJ;bIM
'IeJIOBeK, BJIa):\eIOIl\HM be oM B KnepMoHcKOM rpa TBe, o6JIa,lJ;a-
eT BblcllleM 1'1 HH3111eM IOpI1C;:J;HKQHeM B rrpe,lJ;eJIax CBoem be a".
B 'IeM elL\e rrpORBJIReTCJI eo,lJ;aJIbHbrn xapaKTep BelI.\HbIX rrpaB,
3a I1KcHpoBaHHblx B "KYTIOMax BOBe3H"?
Oc06yIO pa3HoBH,lJ;HOCTb BelI.\HblX rrpaB rrpe,lJ;CTaBJIJIeT C060M
HHCTHTYT ce3HHbI (seisine). qTO TaKoe ce3HHa B TOM BM)J.e, KaK OHa
orrHCbIBaeTCJI B rrpOH3Be,lJ;eHHI1 "KYTIOMbI BOBe311"? B 'IeM BM)J.HT
aBTOp 3Toro TpaKTaTa OTJII1'IHe ,lJ;aHHOro rrpaBOBoro I1HCTHTYTa 0'1'
rrpaBa c06CTBeHHOCTH (propriete)? KaK rrpH06peTaeTCR ce3HHa, CO-
rJIaCHO rrpaBHJIaM, H3JIOmeHHbIM <PHJIJ1IIrrOM ):\e BOMaHyapOM? Ka-
TeMa 7. "KYTIOMbI BoBe3H". "BeJIl1K1IM MapTOBCKI1M op.noHaHc" 1357 r. 71
KOM rrOpJI,lJ;oK cY,lJ;e6HoM 3aIIU1TbI ce3HHbI YCTaHaBJIHBalOT "KYTIOMbI
BOBe3H"?
IIpeCTyrrJIeHHRM 1'1 HaKa3aHI1RM rrOCBRI.l\eH crre-
QHaJIbHbrM pa3,lJ;eJI C60pHHKa "KYTIOMbI BOBe-
31'1". 3,lJ;ecb orrHCbIBalOTCJI OT,lJ;eJIbHble BM)J.bI rrpe-
CTYIIJIeHHM (y6HMCTBO, H3HaCI1JIOBaHHe, Kpama, 3a6JIym,lJ;eHl1e B Bepe
1'1 AP.) 1'1 HaKa3aHI1JI, YCTaHOBJIeHHble 3a HX COBeprneHl1e. KaK OTMeqa-
eT 4>HJIHIIrr ,lJ;e BOMaHyap, OH paccKa3bIBaeT 06 3TOM ",lJ;JIJI TOro,
'-IT06bI rrpocTble JIIO,lJ;11 3HaJII1, KaKoe I1X OmH,lJ;aeT HaKa3aHHe, eCJII1
KTO-JIH60 1'13 HHX COBepIlli1T rrpeCTyrrJIeHHe, 1'1 qT06bI Ka:/K,lJ;bIM qe-
JIOBeK B OT,lJ;eJIbHOCTH 3HaJI 3'1'0, TaKme, '-IT06bI ceHbOp 3HaJI, KaKOe
HaKa3aHHe CJIe;:J;yeT 3a Ka:m,lJ;oe rrpecTyrrJIeHHe".
IIpl1 paCCMOTpeHHH pa3L1eJIa TpaKTaTa, rrOCBRIQeHHoro HopMaM
yroJIOBHOro rrpaBa, He06xo,lJ;I1MO B rrepBYIO O"Iepe,lJ;b 06paTHTb BHI1-
MaHHe Ha TY KJIaCCH HKaQHIO rrpeCTyrrJIeHHM, KOTOpaJI rrpHBO,lJ;MT-
CR B 823. KaKOB Kpwrepl1M ,lJ;aHHoM KJIaCCH I1KaQI1I1?
4>HJIl1rrrr ,lJ;e BOMaHyap He orpaHH"II1BaeTCJI B CBoeM rrp0l13Be-
,neHHH rrepe"IHCJIeHHeM pa3JIH"IHbIX BH,lJ;OB rrpeCTyrrJIeHHM, HO CTpe-
MHTCJI BbIRBI1Tb CYI.l\H0CTb HaH60JIee TJI:mKHX 113 HHX. CJIe,lJ;YeT 06-
paTHTb oc060e BHI1MaHHe HaTe orrpe,lJ;eJIeHI1R, KOTopble ,lJ;alOTCJI B
"KYTIOMax BOBe3H" TaKOMY rrpecTyrrJIeHHIO, KaK y6HMCTBO. 3,lJ;eCb
pa3JII1'-ffilOTCR Me:m;:J;y C060M YMbIlliJIeHHoe y6HMCTBO 1'1 y611MCTBO B
rrbIJIY CCOpbI 1'1 BO BpeMR ,lJ;paKM. B OpHrHHaJIbHOM TeKCTe TpaKTaTa
YKa3aHHble KaTeropHH y6HMcTBa 0603Ha"IalOTCJI pa3JIH"IHbIMH Tep-
MI1HaMI1. YMbIIlIJIeHHOe y6HMCTBO Ha3bIBaeTCJI CJIOBOM "murtres",
y6HMCTBO BO BpeMR ApaKM I1MeHyeTCJI TepMHHoM "homicide".
Oc06brM HHTepec rrpe,lJ;CTaBJIReT C060M orrHCbIBaeMoe B 826-
827 "KYTIOMOB BOBe311" RBJIeHl1e, KOTopoe 4>I1JIHrrrr ,lJ;e BOMaHyap
0603HaqaeTTepMI1HoM "traison". ,n:aHHbIM TepMHH MOmBO rrepeBec-
'1'1'1 Ha PYCCKMM JI3bIK CJIOBOM "H3MeHa" I, OAHaKO 60JIee y,lJ;a"IHbIM,
Ha MOM B3rJIR,lJ;, RBJIReTCJI rrepeBo,lJ; era CJIOBOM "rrpe,lJ;aTeJIbCTBo"2.
,n:eJIO B TOM, ',1'1'0 rro,lJ; TepMHHOM "traison" B paccMaTpHBaeMoM TpaK-
TaTe rrO,lJ;pa3YMeBaeTCJI He KaKOe-TO OT,lJ;eJIbHOe rrpecTyrrJIeHl1e -
H3MeHa, HO, CKopee, rrpOCTO npU'LUueuue Cep'be31iOZO Bpeaa KaKO-
MY-JIH60 qeJIOBeKY. Ha TaKOe rrOHHMaHHe TepMHHa "traison" Ha-
TaJIKHBaeT CO,lJ;epmaHl1e 827 C60pHHKa "KYTIOMbI BOBe3H"o 3,lJ;eCb
'ICTBCPTbIU
BOllpoC
. J1MeHHo KaK "J13MeHa" nepeBO):\l1TCR TepMI1H "traison" B nyOJIHKaL\l1J1
.13BJIe'-JeHI1H H3 COOpHHKa "KYTIOMbI BoBe3l1" B "AHTOJIOrHl1 Ml1pOBOH npaBoBofl
MbICJlJ1" (TOM 2. M., 1999. C. 462).
2 J1MeHHo TaK nepeBo.nHTCR TepMHH "traison" B "XpecToMaTY!I1 naMJITlU1-
KOB cpeo.naJIbHoro rocy.napCTBa J1 npaBa crpaH EBponbI", 113.naHHOM no.n pe.naK-
L\l1eM B. M. KopeQKoro B 1961 r. (C. 588).
72
J1CTOpI1H rocy.napCTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX crpaH
BeJ\b rrp.HMO rOBOpHTCR 0 TOM, "1'1'0 "traison" BblpamaeTC.H "1'1 B 1'13-
6I1eHHH, 1'1 B HaHeCeHI1H YBe"II1M..., 1'1 B JImeCBH,lJ;eTeJIbCTBOBaHHI1,
Be,lJ; eM K qbeM-JIH60 CMepTH HJIH K JIHllIeHHlO KOro-JIH60 HaCJIeJ\-
CTBa, HJII1 K CCbIJIKe, HJIH K TOMY, ',1'1'0 CeHbOp (,lJ;aHHoro qeJIOBeKa)
B03HeHaBM)J.HT ero, I1JIH K ,lJ;pyrHM rrO,lJ;06Horo po,lJ;a rrOCJIe,lJ;CTBHRM".
IIpH'fHHeHHe Bpe,lJ;a TOMY HJIH HHOMY qeJIOBeKY MO:/KeT BOrrJIOIl.\aTbC.H
B pa3JIWIHbIX rrpecTyrrHbIX ,lJ;e.HHH.HX - B y6HMcTBe, HaHeCeHHI1 Te-
JIeCHbIX rrOBpe:/K,lJ;eHI1M, KJIeBeTe 1'1 T. ,lJ;. OHO MomeT BOrrJIOIl.\aTbC.H
TaKme 1'1 B H3MeHe. BOT rrO"IeMY 60JIee rrpaBHJIbHO, C MoeM TO"IKH
3peHH.H, rrepeBo,lJ;HTb TepMI1H "traison" CJIOBOM "rrpe,lJ;aTeJIbCTBO",
KOTopoe 0603HaqaeT B PyCCKOM .H3bIKe He BH,lJ; rrpecTyrrJIeHH.H, a
HMeHHO rrpH"IHHeHl1e Bpe,lJ;a.
IIpl1 paCCMOTpeHHH HaKa3aHHM, yrroMRHYTbIX B TpaKTaTe <PH-
JIHrrrra .lie BOMaHyapa. CJIe;:J;yeT 06paTHTb BHI1MaHHe Ha aKTOpbI,
06YCJIOBJII1BaIOIl\l1e Mepy HaKa3aHI1.H 3a COBepllIeHl1e rrpeCTyrrJIeHH.H.
KaKHe 06CTORTeJIbCTBa rrpHHI1MaIOTCR BO BHHMaHHe B "KYTIOMax
BOBe3H" rrpH Ha3Ha"IeHHH HaKa3aHI1.H?
nfiTbl" Bonpoc 0 cY,lJ;e 1'1 CY,lJ;e6HbIX rrpoQeccax roBOpHTCR BO
MHOrl1X CTaTbRX c60pHHKa "KYTIOMbI BOBe3H".
IIpH paCCMOTpeHI1H ,lJ;aHHbIX CTaTeM CJIe,lJ;yeT rrpe:/K,lJ;e Bcero orrpe-
,lJ;eJIHTb, KaKHe BM)J.bI CY,lJ;e6HbIX opraHOB yrroMHHaIOTCR B HHX.
<PHJIl1rrrr l.1.e BOMaHyap rrpOBOlJ.HJI pa3JII1qHe Mem,lJ;y CBeTCKHMI1
1'1 QepKOBHbIMH CY,lJ;aMH. Ol.1.HaKO BMeCTe C TeM OH YCMaTpHBaJI Tec-
HyIO B3aHMOCB.H3b CBeTCKOM IOCTHQI1I1 C ,lJ;YXOBHOM. KaK COOTHOCH-
JIHCb, rro ero MHeHl1lO, YKa3aHHble pa3HOBM)J.HOCTH CYl.1.e6HOM BJIaCTH?
CBeTCKaR lOCTHQH.H BbICTyrraeT B "KYTIOMaX BOBe311" B pa3-
JIHqHbIX opMax. O)J;HOM 1'13 HHX .HBJIReTC.H KOpOJIeBCKI1M CY,lJ;, ,lJ;py-
roM - cyl.1. ceHbopa. qTO rrpel.1.cTaBJIRlOT C060M 3TH CY,lJ;bI? KaKHMI1
rrOJIHOMOqHRMH 06JIa,lJ;aIOT KOpOJIb 1'1 ceHbopbI B c epe rrpaBOCY;:J;H.H?
Ha "IeM 6a3HpyeTC.H CY,lJ;e6Ha.H BJIaCTb KOpOJI.H? M3 "IerD rrpOHCTeKalOT
CY,lJ;e6Hble rrOJIHOMO"IHR ceHbopa?
B KaKOM rropR)J;Ke paCCMaTpHBalOTCR ,lJ;eJIa B KOpOJIeBCKOM 1'1
CeHbOpaJIbHOM cY,lJ;ax?
KaKHe rrpHHQHrrbI CY,lJ;e6Horo rrpoQeCca 3a HKCHpOBaHbI B "Ky-
TIOMax BOBe3H"? HeKOTopble oCHOBOrrOJIaralOIIU1e rrpHHlV'IrrbI rrpa-
BOCY,lJ;I1.H rrp.HMO C OPMYJIl1pOBaHbI B TeKCTe ,lJ;aHHoro TpaKTaTa (CM.,
HarrpHMep, 47, 1883, 1910, 1914) - ,lJ;pyrHe CJIe;:J;yeT BbIBeCTI1 1'13
CO,lJ;epmaHI1.H KOHKpeTHbIX rrpaBOBbIX HOpM.
B rraparpa ax C 1145 rro 1175 "KYTIOMOB BOBe311" H3JlaraeTCR
yqeHHe 0 ,lJ;OKa3aTeJIbCTBaX B cY,lJ;e6HoM rrpoQecce. IIo MHeHl1lO <PH-
JIHrrrra ,lJ;e BOMaHyapa, Ha OCHOBaHI1H 06bI"IaeB rpa cTBa KrrepMoH
MO:/KHO BbIlJ,eJIHTb BoceMb BH,lJ;OB ,lJ;OKa3aTeJIbCTB. B "IeM 3aKJIIOqa-
eTCR I1X CYTb?
TeMa 7. "KYTIOMbI BoBe3H". "BeJIl1K1IM MapTOBCKI1M op.noHaHc" 1357 r. 73
KaKHMH Ka"IeCTBaMH J\OJImeH o6J!aJ\aTb, C TO"IKH 3peHI1JI CPH-
JIHrrrra )J;e EOMaHyapa, "qeJIOBeK, meJIaIOIl\HM 6bITb crrpaBe)J;JII1BbIM
1'1 "IeCTHbIM 6aJIbH"?
IlIcCToH Bonpoc ITpH 06cym,!{eHHH )J;aHHoro Borrpoca Ha ceMH-
HapcKoM 3aHRTI1H He06xo)J;MMO B rrepBYIO oqe-
pe)J;b orrHcaTb 06cTaHoBKY, CJIOmHBIllYIOcR BO CPpaHQHH K 1357 ro;:J;y,
TO eCTb KO BpeMeHH rrpHHRTHR ,nOKYMeHTa, Ha3BaHHoro BeJIHKHM
MaPTOBCKI1M op)J;OHaHCOM.
ITpH aHaJIH3e TeKCTa ,naHHoro ,nOKYMeHTa CJIe;:J;yeT 06paTHTb
BHHMaHHe Ha em Ha"IaJIO. 3)J;eCb Ha3bIBalOTCR 06lL\eCTBeHHble CHJIbI,
rro HHI1Ql1aTHBe KOTOpbIX 6bIJIH C PMYJIHpOBaHbI Tpe60BaHHJI, Co-
CTaBHBiliHe cO)J;epmaHHe BeJIHKoro MaPTOBcKoro op)J;oHaHca. 3'1'0
rrpe)J;cTaBHTeJIH )J;yxoBeHcTBa, BbICilieM CBeTCKOM apHcTOKpaTI1H
(rrpHH bI KpOBH), )J;BOpRHcTBa 1'1 ropomaH, BXO)J;MBIlll1e B COCTaB 06Il\e-
paH Y3CKoro COCJIOBHO-rrpe)J;cTaBHTeJIbHOrO opraHa - feHepaJIb-
HbIX IllTaTOB.
PaccMaTpHBaeMbIM op)J;oHaHc rrpeJ\cTaBJIeH B BH.!{e J\oKYMeH-
Ta, I1CXO)J;RIl\ero 0'1' HMeHH KapJIa, cTapiliero CbIHa paHQY3cKoro
KOpOJIJI MoaHHa II (,n:06poro). MO:/KHO JIH roBoPHTb 0 TOM, 'fT0 KapJI
KaK rrpe,nCTaBHTeJIb KOpOJIeBCKOM BJIaCTH pa3)J;eJIRJI BblpameHHble
B ero TeKCTe H)J;eH?
MHorHe Tpe6oBaHHJI, H3JIO:/KeHHble B BeJIHKOM MapTOBCKOM
op,nOHaHce,rrpo)J;HKTOBaHbIKOHKpeTHOM06CTaHOBKOM,CJIOmHBIlleMCJI
BO CPpaHQHH rrOCJIe TOro, KaK KOpOJIb MoaHH II rrpOHrpaJI cpameHHe
C aHrJIl1qaHaMI1 1'1 rrorraJI K HHM B rrJIeH. O,nHaKO HapMY C 3THM B
cO)J;epmaHHI1 ,naHHoro )J;OKYMeHTa rrpOCJIe:/KHBalOTCR M,lIeH, OTpama-
IOlL\I'le orrpe,neJIeHHble 3aKOHOMepHOCTH B 3BOJIIOQMH cpe,nHeBeKOBOM
paHU:Y3CKOM roCY)];a pCTBeHHOCTH.
PaCKpbITHe YKa3aHHbIX H)J;eM 11 )J;OJI:/KHO COCTaBJIJITb rJIaBHYlO
QeJIb aHaJIH3a TeKCTa BeJIHKoro MapTOBCKoro op)J;OHaHca Ha ceMH-
HapCKOM 3aHRTHH. Oc06oe BHHMaHHe B rrpoQecce STOro aHaJIH3a CJIe-
,nyeT 06paTHTb Ha CTaTbH 2, 8, 43. KaKHe M,lIeH BblpamaIOT rrepe-
qHCJIeHHble CTaTbH?
ITpH 06Il\eM o eHKe BeJIHKoro MapToBcKOro op,noHaHca 1357
ro)J;a He06xoro1MO )"-IHTbIBaTb )J;BORKYIO rrpHpo;:J;y )J;aHHoro )J;oKYMeHTa.
C O,!{HOM CTOpOHbI, OH HMeeT OPMY lOpM)J.WIeCKom aKTa, HeKOTO-
pble 1'13 ero CTaTeM MorYT 6bITb OTHeceHbI K pa3pJI)J;Y rrpaBOBbIX
HOpM. Ho, C )J;pyrOM CTOpOHbI, 3'1'0 )J;OKYMeHT rrOJII1THqeCKHM - OH
BblpamaeT rrOJII1THqeCKHe Tpe60BaHI1JI orrpe)J;eJIeHHbIX KpyrOB Tor-
)J;aIllHero paH Y3CKOro 06lL\eCTBa. A BCJIKHe rrOJIHTHqeCKHe Tpe-
60BaHHR, KaK rrpaBHJIO, HecYT B ce6e rrOMHMO rrpHTR3aHI1M, COOT-
BeTcTBYIOI.l(J1X peaJIbHOCTH, TaKme H,neH cyry60 YM03pHTeJIbHbIe,
HeocYIl\eCTBHMble Ha rrpaKTHKe. TaKHe H)J;eH rrpHcYTcTByIOT 1'1 B co-
74
J1CTOpI1H rocy.napCTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX crpaH
)J;epmaHHH BeJIHKOro MapToBcKOro Op)J;OHaHCa. KaKHe 3T0 HJ\eH? B
GeM rrpOJIBJIJIeTCR I1X YM03pHTeJIbHbIM xapaKTep?
BI1BJII10fP Awl1.H
A. MCTOqHMKM
1. XpeCTOMaTI1H naMRTHJ1KOB eo.naJIbHOrO rocy.napCTBa H npaBa CTpaH
EBponbI / llo.n pe.naKL\l1eM B. M. Kope 'Kozo. M., 1961. C. 580-599.
2. XpeCTOMaTI1R no I1CTOpJ1I1 rocy.napcTBa 11 npaBa 3apy6emHblx cTpaH.
.D:peBHocTb 11 epe.nHHe BeKa_ 2-e 113.naHl1e, .nonOJlHeHHOe / COCTaBI'ITeJIb -
npo . B. A. TO.MCU1iOe. M.: J13.naTeJlbCTBO "3epL\aJIo", 2004_ C. 278-284_
3. AHTOJIOI'l1R Ml1pOBOfl npaBoBoi1 MbICJIJ1 B nRTH TOMax_ TOM 2. EBpona
V-XVII BB. M, 1999. C. 453-470.
4. BeJIJ1KHM MapToBcKI1M op.noHaHc 1357 ro.na / / COL\J1aJIbHaR I1CTO-
pHH epe.nHeBeKOBbH. TOM 2. .D:epeBHR J1 ropo.n n03.nHero CpeJ\HeBeKoBbH/
TIoJ\ peJ\. E. A. Koc.lltu1iC'KOZO U A. p.. YaQJI.b oBa. M-JI., 1927. C. 333-346.
Ii JUITEPATYPA
1. BepJIW.1i r. p."JIC. 3anaJ\HaH Tpa.nI1L\HR npaaa: 3noxa OpMHpoBaHHH.
M., 1998. C. 438-451.
2. BU1iOZpaaOB n. r. PI1MCKOe npaBo B Cpe):\HeBeKOBOfl EBpone. M., 1910.
C. 24-27, 42-60.
3. Xa'wmYPJl1i H. A. B03HHKHoBeHI1e feHepaJIbHbIX IIlTaToB BO cppaH-
L\HH. M_, 1976.
TEMA 8
BEJII1KA.H XAPTI1.H BOJIbHOCTEH 1215 r.
(2 'laca)
BeJIHKaR XapTI1R BOJIbHOCTeM (Magna Carta Libertatum)
1215 ro)J;a rrpl1Ha)J;JIemHT K qHCJIY rrpaBoBblx rraMRTHI1KOB, CbITpaB-
IlIHX orpOMHYIO pOJIb B aHrJIHMCKOM rrOJIHTHqeCKOM 1'1 rrpaBoBoM HC-
TOPHH. OHa rrOJIBHJIaCb B rropy paCQBeTa eO)J;aJIH3Ma B KaqeCTBe
,nOKYMeHTa, BblpaJKaIOI.l\ero B CBoeM CO)J;epmaHI1H rrpeHMYI.l\eCTBeHHO
Tpe60BaHI1JI KJIaCca eO)J;aJIOB - )J;YXOBHbIX 1'1 CBeTCKHX. O)J;HaKO B
HaqaJIe XVII BeKa BeJIHKaJI XapTHR BOJIbHOCTeM rrpH06peJIa 60-
JIee llIHpOKoe 3HaqeHHe - aHrJIHMCKHe rrOJIHTWIeCKHe )J;eRTeJII1, 60-
pOBIlIHeCJI rrpoTHB rrpOH3BOJIa KOpOJIeBCKOM BJIaCTH, rrpH)J;aJIH 31'0-
MY)J;OKYMeHTY, H3JIaraIOlL\eMY rrpaBa 11 BOJIbHOCTH BbICIlli1X COCJIO-
BHM aHrJIHMCKoro eO)J;aJIbHoro 06lL\eCTBa, 3HaqeHHe KOHCTHTyQH-
OHHOro yCTaHOBJIeHHJI, TO eCTb IOpH)J;WIecKoro aKTa, 3aKperrJIJIIO-
lL\ero rrpaBa 1'1 BOJIbHOCTI1 Bcezo HaCeJIeHI1JI AHrJII1H. B qaCTHOCTI1,
CCbIJIKH Ha BeJIHKyIO XapTl1IO BOJIbHOCTeM KaK Ha rrpaBOBOM )J;OKY-
MeHT, B KOTOpOM OmJIBJIeHbI 11 Y3aKOHeHbI rapaHTHI1 JIWlHOM CBO-
60)J;bI Bcex rrOMaHHbIX KOpOJIJI, 6bIJIl1 BKJIIOqeHbI B TeKCT "IIeTHQI1I1
o rrpaBe", rrpe)J;CTaBJIeHHOM KOpOJIIO KapJIY I aHrJIHMCKHM rrap-
JIaMeHTOM 2 I1IOHR 1628 rO)J;a 1 .
CrreQl1aJIHCT rro HCTOpl1H cpe)J;HeBeKoBoro 3arra)J;HoeBporreM-
CKOro 06I.l\eCTBa 1'1 rocY)J;apcTBa rrpcxPeccop H. KapeeB rrHCaJI 0 BeJIH-
KOM XapTHH BOJIbHOCTeM KaK 0 " YH)J;aMeHTe, Ha KOTOpOM 6bIJIO
rrOCTpoeHO Bce 3)J;aHHe aHrJIHMCKOM rrOJIHTH'feCKOM CB06o,lJ;bI"2. IIo)J;06-
HaR xapaKTepHCTHKa YKa3aHHOM xapTHI1 qaCTO BCTpeqaeTCR B TPY-
)J;ax, rrOCBRlL\eHHbIX rrOJIHTHqeCKOM HCTOPHH cpe)J;HeBeKoBoM AHrJII1H.
B Kypce HCTOPHH rocY)J;apcTBa 1'1 rrpaBa 3apy6eJKHbIX cTpaH
BeJII1KaJI XapTI1R BOJIbHOCTeM )J;OJIJKHa paCCMaTpHBaTbCR B Kaqe-
CTBe rrpaBoBoro rraMRTHHKa KOHKpeTHOM HCTopWIecKoM 3rrOXH. Ue-
. CM. 06 3TOM: To.M.cU1i.Oe B. A. lOpH.l1H'lecKile acneKTbl nOJII1Tl1'leCKOW
oopb6bI B AHrJIHH B nepBble J\eCRTI1JIenlR XVII B. / / BeCTHJ1K MocKoBcKoro YfI-
Ta. eepl1H "llpaBo". 2001. NQ 3. C. 30-40.
2 Kapeee H. lloMecTbe-rocy.napCTBo J1 COCJ!OBHaH MOHapxHH epe.nHI1X Be-
KOB. O<IepK pa3BHTHR COUYlaJIbHoro crpOR 11 nOJ!l1TI1'leCKI1X yqpe)K,l\eHI1I1 B 3a-
na.nHow EBpone. Bbill. II-i1. ello., 1906. C. 161.
76
J1CTOpI1H rocy.napCTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX crpaH
JIbIO HCTOpHKO-rrpaBOBOrO HCCJIeJ\OBaHHJI BeJIHKOM XapTHH BOJIbHO-
CTeM JIBJIJIeTCJI He 06HapymeHHe B ee CO,lJ;ep:/KaHHH HeKI1X a6CTpaK-
THbIX rrOJIHTW'leCKHX rrpHHQl1rrOB, HO 06'bRCHeHHe JJ;aHHoro J\OKYMeH-
Ta, orrpe,lJ;eJIeHHe ero IOpH,lJ;I1"IeCKoti rrpHpO,lJ;bI, BbIJIBJIeHl1e rrepBO-
HaqaJIbHoro CMbICJIa ero CTaTeM 1'1 Tora 3HaqeHHR, KOTopoe rrpH)J;a-
BaJIH CTaTbJIM XapTHH ee COCTaBHTeJIH. B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3THM Ha
ceMHHapCKOM 3aHJITHI1, rrOCBJIIQeHHOM BeJII1KOM XapTHH BOJIbHO-
CTeM, peKOMeH)J;YeTCJI paCCMOTpeTb CJIe,lJ;YIOi.lV'le BorrpOCbI:
1. MCTOpYlB c03J\mmH BCJUlKOH XapTlIl1 BOJlbIlOcTeH. IOpYlJ\II'IC-
CKaB npnpo.na 3TOro .nOKYMCIITa.
2. CTaTbYl, 3aKpcnJIBIO 1e npaBa n BOJlbHOCTYI OCHOBHbIX COQYI-
aJIbHbIX rpynn.
3. npl1HL\llIlbI KOpOJlCBCKOrO npaBOCYJ\YlH, 3aKpCnJICHHbIC BeJll1-
Koii XapTlICH BoJIbHOCTCit
PaCCMOTpeHl1e HCTOpHH C03,ZJ;aHHR BeJIHKOM Xap-
nCpBblH Bonpoc
'1'1'11'1 BOJIbHOCTeM rr03BOJIJIeT He TOJIbKO rrpaBHJIb-
HO orrpe,lJ;eJII1Tb KJIaCCOBYro C)'lWfOCTb 3TOro ,lJ;OKYMeHTa, HO 1'1 C03,lJ;aeT
rrpe,lJ;rrOCbIJIKH MJI YCTaHOBJIeHHJI era IOpH,lJ;WIeCKOM rrpHpO,lJ;bI.
Ha OCHOBaHHH CO,lJ;ep:/KaHHJI rrpeaM6YJIbI K XapTHH 1'1 60JIblID1H-
CTBa ee cTaTeM (B OC06eHHOCTH CT. 1) MO:/KHO C,lJ;eJIaTb BbIEO,lJ;, ',1'1'0
rrepe,lJ; HaMH aRT, H3,lJ;aHHbrn rro HHHQHaTHBe KOpOJIR MoaHHa. "3HaM-
Te, - BOCKJIMQaeT Ero BeJIWIeCTBO, - ',1'1'0 MbI, rro BoJ/C'be.MY 61iY-
we1iUlO U aML CnaCe1iWi aywu Haweu U 6cex npeawecmee1i1iU'1\:06
U 1iac.II£a1iU'1\:06 Hawux, 6 l£ecmo Bow U aML 6036'b£we1iWi C6.Rmou
I..{ep1C6U U aML y.aYl£we1iWi '1\:OpoJte6cmea Hawe20, rro cOBeTY ,lJ;OCTO-
rrO"ITeHHbIX OTI..{OB HauII1x CTe aHa KeHTep63pHMcKoro apXHerrl1C-
Korra... Bo-rrepBbIX, ,lJ;aJIH rrpe,lJ; BoroM CBoe COrJIaCHe..., qT06bI aHr-
JII1MCKaJI QepKOBb 6bIJIa CB060,lJ;Ha... IIO:HCa.IW6MU MoL ma'KJICe 6Ce.M
c606oa1iol.M moo.H.M 1CopoJte6cmea Hawe20 3a Hac 1'1 3a HaCJIe,lJ;HH-
KOB HaIllJ1X Ha Be"IHble BpeMeHa Bce HHmerrl1CaHble BOJIbHOCTH..."
(Bbr.n;eJIeHO MHOIO. - B. T.).
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JIHKYID XapTHIO BOJIbHOCTeM B Ka"IeCTBe lOpH,ZJ;I1qeCKoro aKTa, HC-
XO,lJ;RIl\ero HCKJIIO"IHTeJIbHO 0'1' era KOpOJIeBCKOM rrepcoHbI, RK06bI
03apeHHoM BO:/KeCTBeHHbIM BHYllleHl1eM. JII060rrbITHo, ',1'1'0 B "ne-
THQHI1 0 rrpaBe" 1628 ro,lJ;a YKa3aHHaJI XapTHR HMeHyeTCJI "CTaTY-
TOM, Ha3bIEaeMbIM "BeJIHKaR XapTHJI BOJIbHOCTeM AHrJIHH", 1'1 CTa-
BHTCJI B O,lJ;HH pJI,lJ; CO CTaTYTaMH KOpOJIeM 3;:J;yap,lJ;a 11'1 3;:J;yap,lJ;a III.
HaCKOJIbKO OTpa:/KalOT rrO,lJ;JIHHHYIO lOpM)J.WIecKYIO rrpHpo;:J;y ,lJ;aHHoro
,ZJ;oKYMeHTa rro,lJ;06Hble B033peHHJI Ha Hero?
M3yqeHHe 06CTORTeJIbCTB, B KOTOpbIX 6bIJI C03,lJ;aH paCCMaTpH-
BaeMbIM rrpaBOBOM rraMRTHHK, rr03BOJIJIeT 06HapymHTb HaCTOJIi.lV'le
TeMa 8. BeJII1KaR XapTI1R BoJIbHOCTeH 1215 r.
77
rrpeJ\rrOCbIJIKH ero rrORBJIeHHJI. O):\HHM H3 BamHeMllIJ1X HCTOqHHKOB
cBeJ\eHHM rro HCTOpHH c03J\aHHR BeJIHKOM XapTHH BoJIbHOCTeM JIB-
JIReTCR "XpOHHKa MaTBeR IIapH:/KcKoro". OTpbIBOK 1'13 Hee rrpHBO-
J\HTCR B KHHre "CpeJ\HeBeKOBbe B ero rraMRTHHKaX" (M., 1913. C. 216-
218). OrrHcaHHe C06bITHM, CJIyqHBllli1XCJI B AHrJIHH B 1215 ro)J;y 1'1 rrpH-
BeJ\llli1X K rrORBJIeHHlO BeJIHKOM XapTHH BoJlbHOCTeM, ):\aeTCR B KHHre
,n:. M. IIeTpYllleBcKoro "OqepKH 113 HCTOpHH aHrJIHMcKOro rocy):\ap-
CTBa 1'1 06ru:ecTBa B Cpe):\HHe BeKa" (M., 1937. C. 121-145) 1'1 IIITOK-
Map B. B. "MCTOpHR AHrJIHH B CpeJ\HHe BeKa" (H3J\aHHe 2-e, J\orrOJI-
HeHHoe: CII6., 2000. C. 63-66), a TaK:/Ke B pJIJ\e J\pymx H3J\aHHM.
IIpH paccMOTpeHHH 3aHHbIX C06bITHM He06xoJ\HMO BbIJIBHTb
rrpW'IHHbI B03HHKHOBeHHR B AHrJIHH B Ha-qaJIe XIII BeKa oC'Tporo
KOH JIHKTa Mem.r\y 6apoHaMH, )J;yxoBeHcTBoM 1'1 ropomaHaMH, C 0):\-
HOM CTOpOHbI, 1'1 KOpOJIeM MoaHHoM, C .lIpyroM CTOpOHbI. ,n:aHHbIM
KOH .'IHKT YCJIO:1KHJI.'ICJI rr03HU:HeM r.'IaBbI PHMcKO-KaTOJIWleCKOM
u:epKBH rrarrbI MHHOKeHTHR III. B 1205-1213 ro)J;ax rrarra BblcTyrraJI
rrpoTHB MoaHHa (BIIJIOTb J\O TOro, '-ITO OTJIyqHJI ero OT u:epKBH). JIeToM
1213 ro)J;a aHrJIHMCKHM KOpOJIb rrOllleJI Ha YCTyrrKI1 rrarrcKoMY rrpe-
CTOJIY B pRJ\e BamHblX BorrpocoB, 1'1 rrarra MHHOKeHTHM III CTaJI rroJ\-
J\epmHBaTb ero. IIpH aHaJIH3e B3aHMOOTHollleHHM aHrJIHMCKOro KO-
pOJIR 1'1 r aBbI PHMcKO-KaTOJIH'IeCKOM u:epKBH c eJ\yeT 06paTHTb
oc06oe BHHMaHHe Ha BeCbMa JI1060rrbITHYIO B rrOJIHTH'IeCKOM HlOPH-
J\H'IeCKOM OTHOllleHHRX cJ\eJIKY, 3aKJIlO'IeHHYIO Me:/K;:J;y HHMH B OK-
TJI6pe 1213 ro):\a. Cor.'IaCHO YC.'IOBHRM 3TOM CJ\eJIKI1 KOpOJIb MoaHH
rrepeJ\aBaJI rrarre MHHoKeHTHlO III Bce 3eMJIH AHr JIHMCKOro KOpO-
JIeBCTBa 1'1 B CBOIO O'Iepe):\b B TOT :/Ke MOMeHT rrOJIyqaJI HX 06paTHO,
HO Y:IKe Ha rrpaBax J\epmaTeJIJI JIeHa. TaKHM 06pa30M, B MOMeHT
rrO)J;rrHcaHHJI BeJIHKOM XaPTHH BoJIbHOCTeM aHrJIHMCKI1H KOpOJIb RB-
JIR.'ICJI Bacca.'IOM r.'IaBbI KaTOJIH'IeCKOM u:epKBH. KaKl1e lOpH)J;I1'IeCKHe
rrOCJIeJ\CTBHJI HMeJI STOT clmKT, KaK OTpa3HJICJI OH Ha cYJ\b6e YKa-
3aHHoro J\OKYMeHTa?
MCTOpHJI rrORBJIeHHJI BeJIHKOM XapTHH BoJIbHOCTeM y6e):\HTeJIb-
HO rrOKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO rrOJ\rrHcaHHe ee Kopo.'IeM MoaHHOM 6bIJIO cepb-
e3HOM YCTyrrKOM C ero CTOpOHbI Tpe60BaHHJIM BbICTyrrHBlllHX rrpOTHB
Hero COLU1a.'lbHbIX CHJI. .l(aHHaJI XapTHJI 6bIJIa COCTaBJIeHa Ha OCHO-
Be CTaTeM, rrO)J;aHHbIX KOpOJIlO MoaHHY 6apOHaMH. TeKCT 3aHHbIX
6apOHCKHX CTaTeM COXpaHHJICJI rroJ\ rrpHMe'IaTeJIbHbIM Ha3BaHH-
eM - "Ista sunt Capitula que Barones petunt et dominus Rex
concedit (3T0 - CTaTbH, KOTopble 6apoHbI rrpe,lJ.'bRBJIJIlOT 1'1 Ha KO-
Topble rocrrOJ\HH KOpOJIb J\aeT COrJIaCHe)". Bce 3TH CTaTbH (HX 6bIJIO
49) BOlllJIH C He60JIblllHMH H3MeHeHHRMH B OKOH'faTeJIbHbIM BapH-
aHT XapTJ-IH. B HCTOpH'IeCKHX xpoHHKax cOXpaHHJIOCb TaK:/Ke CBH-
J\eTeJIbCTBO 0 rrepBoM peaKQHH KOpOJIR MoaHHa Ha CTaTbH, rrpe)J;'bRB-
JIeHHble eMY 6apoHaMH. COrJIaCHO eMY KOpOJIb, rrpOCJIywaB co):\ep-
:/KaHHe 6apoHcKI1X cTaTeM, JI3BHTeJIbHO 1'1 3JI06HO pacxoxoTaJICJI 1'1
78
J1CTOpHR roCy.napCTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX crpaH
3aTeM 3a.HBHJI: "KaK 3'1'0 6apoHbI YJ\OBOJIbCTBOBaJIHCb TaKHMH He3a-
KOHHbIMH 'Tpe6()BaHHRMH? qTO 6bI HM y:m rroTpe60BaTb BCe KOpO-
JIeBCTBO! IIpHTJI3aHHR HX 6eCCMbICJIeHHbI 1'1 JIO:/KHbI 1'1 He orrHpalOT-
CR HH Ha KaKOe rrpaBO".
o TOM, 'fT0 rrpHHRTHe BeJIHKOM Xa pTHH BoJIbHOCTeM 6bIJIO ce-
pbe3HOM YCTyrrKOM KOpOJIR CBOHM rrpOTHBHHKaM CBM)J.eTeJlbcTByeT
1'1 caM ee TeKCT. B CTaTbJIX 61 1'1 63 paccMaTpHBaeMoro rrpaBoBoro
rraMRTHHKa roBOpHTCJI HeqTO, rrpJIMO rrpoTHBOpeqaIl.\ee BblweyrroMR-
HYTbIM BbICKa3bIBaHHRM KOpOJIR MoaHHa 0 J\06pOBOJIbHOM )J;apoBa-
HHH HM BOJlbHOCTeM CB060J\HbIM JIIO)J;RM CBoero KOpOJIeBCTBa. KaK
pacKpbIBaeTCJI rrO)J;JIHHHaJI lOpM)J.WIeCKaJI rrpHpo)J;a XapTHH B YKa-
3aHHbIX craTbJIx?
Cpe,IJ.H COQHaJIbHbIX rpyrrrr aHr JIHMCKOro 06Il.\eCTBa, aKTHBHO
BbICTyrrHBIllJ1X B HaqaJIe XIII BeKa rrpoTHB KOpoJIJI, 6e3YCJIOBHO, J\O-
MHHHpOBaJIH CBeTCKHe eoJ\aJIbI - 6apOHbI. .lI:aHHoe 06CTOJITeJIb-
CTBO cYIl.\eCTBeHHo OTpa3HJIOCb Ha IOpHJ\HqeCKOM rrpHpoJ\e BeJIH-
KOM XapTHH BoJIbHOcTeM. KaKHM 06pa30M?
KaK H3BeCTHO, xapTHH, HarrOMHHalOIl.\He BeJIHKYlO XapTHlO
BoJIbHOCTeM, H3J\aBaJIH 1'1 ,lJ.pyrHe aHrJIHMCKHe KOpOJIH - rrpe,lJ.IlleCT-
BeHHHKH MoaHHa. TaK, B XapTHH BoJIbHOCTeM KOpoJIR reHpHXa I,
COCTaBJIeHHOM B 1100 ro.lIY, roBOpHJIOCb: "3HaMTe, qTO R rro EO:/KbeMY
MM.7IOCep,IJ.HIO 1'1 C 06Il.\ero corJIaCHR 6apoHoB KOpOJIeBCTBa AHrJIHH
KopoHoBaH B KOpOJIH 3Toro KOpOJIeBCTBa. M TaK KaK KOpOJIeBCTBO
6bIJIO YTecHeHo HecrrpaBeJ\JIHBbIMH B3HMaHHJIMH, TO JI 1'13 rrOqTeHHJI
K Eory 1'1 1'13 JI106BH, KOTOPYlO K BaM BceM HMelO, CBJITYlO 60:/KblO
QepKOBb rrpem)J;e Bcero ,lJ.eJIalO CB060J\HOM; TaK qTO He 6Y)J;Y rrpo)J;a-
BaTb, HH OTJ\aBaTb Ha OTKyrr 1'1 rrOCJIe CMepTH apXHerrHCKorra HJIH
errHCKorra HJIH a66aTa He 6Y)J;Y HWIero 6paTb 1'13 J\OMeHa QepKBH HJIH
C JllOJ\eM ee B TO BpeMJI, rrOKa He BCTyrrHJI eIl.\e B Hee rrpeeMHHK (YMep-
wero)". BeJIHKaJI XapTHR BOJIbHOCTeM 1215 ro.lIa B03HHKJIa, TaKHM
06pa30M, He Ha rrycToM MeCTe - OHa 6a3HpOBaJIaCb Ha rrpo'<lHOM rro-
JIHTHqeCKOM 1'1 rrpaBOBOM TpaJ\HI.U1M. BMeCTe C TeM OHa CTaJIa BO MHO-
rOM HOBbIM JIBJIeHHeM B rrOJIHTHqeCKOM 1'1 rrpaBOBOM HCTOpHH AHr-
JIHM. B '<IeM 3aKJIIOqaeTCJI TpaJ\HQHOHHOCTb BeJIHKOM XapTHH BoJIb-
HOCTeM? B qeM Bblpa:/KaeTCR ee HOBH3Ha, OTJIHqHe OT rrpeJ\weCTBY-
lOI.l.\HX xapTHM aHrJIHMCKHX KOpOJIeM? HaCKOJIbKO COOTBeTcTByeT pe-
aJlbHOCTH BblweyrroMRHYTaJI OQeHKa KOpOJIeM MoaHHOM 'Tpe60BaHHM
6apOHOB KaK He3aKOHHbIX 1'1 He orrHpalOIL\HXCH HH Ha KaKoe rrpaBO?
BTOpoii Bonpoc BeJIHKaJI XapTHR BOJIbHOCTeM 6bIJIa rrpHHJITa
KOpOJIeM MoaHHOM rrOJ\ J\aBJIeHHeM IllJ1pOKOro
COI.U1aJIbHoro J\BH:/KeHHR, B cocraB KOToporo BXOJ\HJIH 6apOHbI, J\y-
XOBeHCTBO, pbIQapH, ropO:/KaHe, rrpeJ\CTaBHTeJIH CeJlbCKHX :mHTeJIeM
IIpH paCCMOTpeHHH TeKCTa XapTHH Ha ceMHHapCKOM 3aHJITHH CJIe-
)J;yeT rrpem,lle Bcero orrpeJ\eJIHTb, KaKHe ee CTaTbH Bblpa:/KalOT HH-
TeMa 8. BeJII1KaR XapTI1R BoJIbHOCTeH 1215 r.
79
TepeCbI Kam.r\oro 1'13 Ha3BaHHbIX CJIOeB aHrJIHMCKoro CpeJ\HeBeKOBO-
ro 06Il.\eCTBa. KaKHe CTaTbH B XaPTHH rrpRMO BblpammOT HHTepe-
CbI KOpOJIeBCKOM BJIaCTH?
3HaqHTeJIbHaR qaCTb CTaTeM H3yqaeMoro rrpaBoBoro rraMRTHHKa
rrOCBRIl.\eHa perYJIHpOBaHHlO eOJ\aJIbHbIX OTHOllleHHM (CM., Ha-
rrpHMep, CT. 2-8, 16, 32, 60 1'1 .np.). ECTb B HeM CTaTbH, perYJIHpYIO-
IL\He TOproBJIlO (CM., HarrpHMep, CT. 35, 41 1'1 .n;p.). PJI.n; CTaTeM rrpH-
3BaH orpa.n;HTb HaCeJIeHHe AHrJIHH 0'1' rrpoH3BOJIa co CTOpOHbI KO-
pOJIeBCKOM BJIaCTH, KOpOJIeBCKHX .n;OJI:>KHOCTHbIX JIHU: (CM., HarrpH-
Mep, CT. 9, 20, 28, 30, 31, 38, 39, 52 1'1 .n;p.). IIpHqeM 0'1' 3TOro rrpOH3-
BOJIa 3al.l.\l1I1.¥llOTCR .n;a:me HH3lllJ1e CJIOH 06Il.\eCTBa - BHJIJIaHbI (CM.
CT. 20). IIo rroJ\CqeTY B. B. llIToKMap, "OCHOBHaJI Macca cTaTeM (30)
3aIL\HIl.\aeT HHTepeCbI )J;YXOBHbIX 1'1 CBeTCKHX o)J;aJIOB, 7 CTaTeM
oTpamalOT HHTepecbI pbIQapeM 1'1 cB060J\HOM BepxYlllKH J\epmaTe-
JIeM 1'1 JIHllib 3 - HHTepecbI ropomaH 1 ".
B CTaTbe 1 BeJIHKOM XapTHH BOJIbHOCTeM rrpoB03rJIailiaeTCJI
He3bI6JIeMOCTb rrpaB 1'1 BOJIbHOCTeM aHr JIHMCKOM u:epKBM. JI1060rrbIT-
HO, ',1'1'0 B rrpoeKTe 3Toro .n;oKYMeHTa, rrpe.n;cTaBJIeHHOM KOpOJIlO 00-
pOHaMH, CTaTbR 0 rrpaBax 1'1 BOJIbHOCTJIX u:epKBH OTCYTcTBOBaJIa.
BOJIblllHHCTBO YR:a3aHHbIX cTaTeM cOJ\epmaJIOCb B XapTHJIX, 1'13-
.n;aBaBlllJ1XCJI J\PyrHMH KOpOJIRMH AHrJIHM - rrpe.n;r.uecTBeHHHKaMH
KOpOJIR MoaHHa_
Oc060e 3HaqeHHe HMelOT CTaTbH 12 1'1 14 BeJIHKOM XapTHH
BoJIbHOcTeM. IIo)J;06HbIX CTaTeM He 6bIJIO B rrpe.n;bIAYI.l.\I1X xap=x
aHrJIHMCKHX KOpOJIeM. M 3'1'0 He CJIyqaMHO. YKa3aHHble CTaTbH or-
paHHqHBalOT KopoJIeBCKYIO BJIaCTb B TOM c epe, B KOTOpOM OHa He
3HaJIa orpaHwleHHM CO BpeMeH BHJIbreJIbMa I (3aBOeBaTeJIJI). B 'lleM
3aKJIIOqaeTCJI CYTb orpaHWIeHHM, HaJIaraeMbIX Ha .n;eMCTBHR aHrJIHM-
CKOro KOpoJIR CTaTbJIMH 121'1 14 paccMaTpHBaeMoro .n;oKYMeHTa?
IIpH aHaJIH3e co.n;epmaHHR CTaTbH 14 XapTHH CJIe.n;yeT 06pa-
THTb BHI1MaHHe Ha YCTaHOBJIeHHOe 3.n;eCb pa3JIH'llHe B cTaTyce qJIe-
HOB 06Il.\ero COBeTa KopoJleBcTBa: O.n;HI1 1'13 HHX rrpH3bIBalOTCJI Ha
3ace.n;aHHe COBeTa rro JIHqHOMY BbI30BY KOpOJIJI, .n;Pyrl1e - rro BbI-
30BY qepe3 rrocpe.n;CTBO KopoJIeBCKHX lllepH B 1'1 6eMJIH B.
Cpe)J;H CTaTeM paCCMa'TpHBaeMoro .n;0KYMeHTa, 3aKperrJIRlOIl.\I'IX
rrpaBa 1'1 BOJIbHOCTH pa3JIH'llHbIX CJIOeB aHrJIHMcKoro 06Il.\eCTBa, OCO-
60e MecTO 3aHHMaeT CTaTbJI 61. B HeM roBOpHTCJI 0 rapaHTHRX CO-
6JIlO.n;eHHJI rrOJIOmeHHM XapTHI1 KopoJIeM. B 'lleM 3aKJIlOqalOTCJI J\aH-
Hble rapaHTHH? KaKHMH rrOJIHOMO'llHRMH 06JIa.n;aeT COBeT 25 6apo-
HOB? KaKOM CMbICJI HMeeT yqpem)J;eHHe TaKoro opraHa?
IIpH aHaJIH3e yKa3aHHOM CTaTbH CJIe)J;yeT 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe
Ha TO, "ITO OHa rrpe.n;OCTaBJIReT 6apOHaM 1'1 BceMY HaCeJIeHHIO AHr-
I llimoK.Map B. B. J1CTOpI1R AHrJIl1I1 B Cpe.nHl1e BeKa. Cll6., 2000. C. 64.
80
J1CTOpHR roCy.napCTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX CTpaH
JIHH ("06ru:HHe BCeM 3eMJIH") rrpaBO OTKpbITOro BoopymeHHoro BbIC-
TyrrJIeHHH rrpOTHB KOpOJIR B CJIyqaHx, KOr,Z:\a HM HapywalOTcH rrpo-
B03rJIaWeHHble XaPTHeM rrpaBa 1'1 BOJIbHOCTM. IIpaBJ\a, XaPTHH ra-
paHTHpyeT rrpH TaKOM BblcTyrrJIeHMH HerrpHKOCHOBeHHOCTb JIH"IHO-
CTH KOpoJIH, KOpOJIeBbI 1'1 HX ,Z:\eTei"I.
KaK H3BeCTHO, Cpe,Z:\H HCCJIe,Z:\OBaTeJIeM BeJIHKOM XapTHH BoJIb-
HOCTeM OTCYTCTByeT eJ\HHCTBO B 06ru:eM Ou:eHKe ,[IaHHOro ,Z:\OKYMeH-
Ta. M 3'1'0 He CJIyqaMHO. XapTHH rrpH3BaHa 6bIJIa Bblpa3HTb HHTepe-
CbI Bcex rpyrrrr aHrJIHMcKoro cpe,Z:\HeBeKOBoro 06Il.\eCTBa, 60POBWHXCR
C rrpOH3BOJIOM KOpOJIeBCKOM BJIaCTH, HO 3TH rpyrrrrbI, CXO)J;RCb B CBoeM
CTpeMJIeHHH OrpaHHqHTb KOpOJIeBCKYIO BJIaCTb, paCXO,Z:\HJ!HCb BO
MHorHX ,Z:\PYrHX CBOHX I1HTepecax. MMeHHO rro:nOMY B TeKCTe Be-
JIHKOM XapTHH BOJIbHOCTeM HallLJm CBoe OTpameHHe pa3JIHqHble
TeH,Z:\eHU:HH 06Il.\eCTBeHHoro pa3BHTHR, rrpOHBJIHBllIJ1eCR B AHrJIHH B
HaqaJIe XIII BeKa. 06cym)J;aH ,[IaHHbIM Borrpoc Ha ceMHHapcKoM 3a-
HHTHH, CJIe,Z:\yeT rrpHHRTb BO BHHMaHHe Te C06bITHH 1'1 rrpou:eccbI,
KOTopble rrpOHcxo,Z:\HJIH B aHr JIHMCKOM 06ru:ecTBe rrOCJIe rrpHHHTHR
YKa3aHHOM XapTHH - Ha rrpOTH:/KeHHH Bcero XIII BeKa. B CBeTe
3THX C06bITHM 1'1 rrpou:eccoB MHorHe rrOJIOmeHHR BeJIHKOM XaPTHH
BoJIbHOCTeM CTaHOBHTCR 60JIee rrOHRTHbIMH.
TpCTlIU Bonpoc IIpHHU:HIIbI KOpOJIeBcKoro rrpaBocY,Z:\HR 3aKpe-
rrJIHIOTCH B CTaTbRX 17-22, 24, 34, 36, 38, 39,
40,45, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57 BeJIHKOM XapTHH BOJIbHOcTeM. TeMa rrpa-
BOCY,Z:\HR, TaKHM 06pa30M, - O,Z:\Ha 1'13 CTep:/KHeBbIX TeM ,Z:\aHHoro
J\OKYMeHTa. IIo CJIOBaM .lX. M. IIe'TpyweBcKoro, "J\eJIY rrpaBOCYJ\HH
BeJII1KaH XapTHR OTBOJ\HT BeCbMa BM)J.HOe MeCTO, He 3a6bIBaH rrpH
:nOM J\ame caMbIX HH3WHX CJIOeB aHrJIHMcKoro 06ru:eCTBa. MO:/KHO
,Z:\a:/Ke CKa3aTb, ',1'1'0 u:eHTp TRmeCTH ee rrpHHU:HIIHaJIbHOrO 3HaqeHHR
3,Z:\eCb HMeHHO 1'1 JIe:/KHT, 1'1 caMble 3HaMeHHTble ee rraparpa bI,
CTRmaBWHe BeJIHKOM XapTHH HeYBRJ\aeMYIO CJIaBY ( 39 1'1 40),
OTHOCRTCR KaK pa3 K cY)J;e6HoMY J\eJIy"l.
BOJIbllIJ1HCTBO cTaTeM XaPTHH HMeeT CBoeM u:eJIblO OrpaHH'lleHJ1e
rrpOH3BOJIa KOpOJIeBCKOM BJIaCTH B 06JIaCTH rrpaBocY,Z:\HR. TaK, CMbICJI
CTaTbH 17 3aKJIlOqaeTCR B TOM, qTO CYJ\ 06ru:HX TRm6 MO:/KeT Te-
rrepb c06HpaTbCR 1'1 paCCMaTpHBaTb J\eJIa 6e3 yqacTHR KOpOJIR.
CorJIaCHO CTaTbe 34 "rrpHKa3, Ha3bIBaeMbIM Praecipe, Brrpe;:J;b
He J\OJI:/KeH Bbl,l\aBaTbCR KOMY 6bI TO HH 6bIJIO 0 KaKOM-JIH60 ,Z:\ep-
:/KaHHH, BCJIe,Z:\CTBHe 'llero CB060J\HbIM 'lleJIOBeK (liber homo) Mor 6bI
rroTepRTb CBOIO KYPHlO". CMbICJI cOJ\ep:/KaHHH rrpoI.U1THpOBaHHoM CTa-
TbH MO:/KHO rrOHHTb JIHWb rrpH YCJIOBHH, eCJIH 6Y)J;eT TOqHO orrpeJ\e-
JleHO 3Ha'lleHHe TepMHHa "KypHR (curia)". IIo,Z:\ 3THM TepMHHoM B
I nempY'W.eBCX;UU 11.. M. BeJIHKaR XaPTl'm BOJIbHOCTeWI1 KOHCTHTyr.rHOH-
HaR 6oPb6a B aHrJ!l1WCKOM 0611\ecTBe BO BTOpoW nOJIOBI1He XIII B. M, 1918. C. 39.
TeMa 8. BeJII1KaR XapTI1R BoJIbHOCTeH 1215 r.
81
J\aHHOM CTaTbe rroJ\pa3YMeBaeTCJI CeHbOpHaJIbHbrM cYJ\ (CeHbOpHaJIb-
HaJI KYpHR). TepMHH :/Ke "rrpHKa3 (breve)" 0603Ha-QaeT BbI):\aBae-
Moe KOpOJIeM rrpe):\rrHcaHHe 0 paccMoTpeHHH ,lJ;eJIa B KOpOJIeBCKOM
cy):\e. CJIe):\oBaTeJIbHO, aHaJIH3HpyeMaJI CTaTbR 3arrpell.\aeT KOpoJIlO
rrepe):\aBaTb HCKY! rro rroBo):\y J\ep:1KaHHR 3eMeJIbHoro Ha):\eJIa, pac-
CMaTpHBaBIIIJ1eCJI rro Tor):\alllHeM Tpa):\HU:HH B MeCTHblX ceHbopH-
aJIbHbIX cy):\ax, B CY,lJ;bI u:eHTpaJIbHble, KOpoJIeBCKHe.
TepMHH "KypHR" rrpOJIHBaeT CBeT 1'1 Ha 3HaqeHHe TepMHHa "CBO-
60):\HbrM qeJIOBeK". O<ieBM)J.HO, qTO rro):\ HHM rro):\pa3YMeBalOTCJI B ,lJ;aH-
HOM CTaTbe He Bce CB060,lJ;Hble JIIO):\H aHrJIHMCKOro KOpOJIeBCTBa, a
JII1Illb eo):\aJIbI - HMeHHO OHH HMeJIH "KYPHlO".
Oc06oe 3HaqeHHe He TOJIbKO cpero1 CTaTeM BeJIHKOM XapTHH
BoJIbHOCTeM, rrpOB03rJIalllalOll.\HX rrpHHI.U1rrbI rrpaBOCY):\HR, HO BO BceM
TeKCTe 3TOro rrpaBoBoro rraMRTHHKa HMeeT CTaTbR 39.
KaKoM rrpHHU:Hrr KOpOJIeBCKOro rrpaBocY):\HR 3aKperrJIJIeT ):\aH-
HaJI CTaTb.I'I?
OpHrHHaJIbHbrM TeKCT yKa3aHHOM CTaTbH, H3JI0meHHbrM KaK 1'1
BeCb TeKCT XaPTHH Ha JIaTblHH, BblrJIJI):\HT CJIe):lylOll.\HM 06pa30M:
Magna Ca7"ta. Cap. 39: "Nullus liber homo capiatur, vel
imprisonetur, aut disseisiatur, aut utlagetur, aut exuletur, aut aliquo
modo destruatur. nec super eum ibimus, nec super eum mittemus,
nisi per legale judicium parium suorum vel per legem terre".
BeIl.U1W XapmUJI. BO/l.'buocmeu. Cmam'b 39: "HH O):\HH CBO-
60J\HbrM qeJIOBeK He 6YJ\eT 3aJ\ep:/KaH. HJIH 3aTOqeH B TlOPbMY, HJIH
JIHllleH BJIa;:J;eHHR CBOHM 3eMeJIbHbIM Ha):\eJIOM, HJIH rrOCTaBJIeH BHe
3aKOHa, HJIH BblCJIaH [3a rrpe):\eJIbI CTpaHbI], HJIH KaKHM-JIH60 06pa-
30M JIHllleH CBoero rrOJIOmeHHJI [B 06ll.\ecTBe]; cBepx Toro, MbI He
BblcTyrrHM rrpOTHB Hero, He HalllJIeM Ha Hero [BOMCKO], pa3Be TOJIb-
KO rro 3aKOHHOMY rrpHroBOpy ero rr3pOB HJIH rro 3aKOHY CTpaHbl".
(IIepeBoa B. A. TO.MCUUOBa.)
CMbICJI rrpOU:HTHpOBaHHOM CTaTbH BrrOJIHe rrOHRTeH - CorJIaC-
HO eM Kam,lJ;oMY "cB060):\HOMY qeJIOBeKY" AHrJIHMCKoro KOpOJIeBCTBa
rrpeJ\ocTaBJIJIlOTCJI rapaHTHH rrpOTHB rrpoH3BOJIbHoro 3aTOqeHHR rro,lJ;
cTpa:my, He3aKoHHoM KOH HCKaI.U1H rrpHHaJ\JIe:/KaIl.\eM eMY HeJ\BH-
:/KHMOCTH, JIHllleHHJI rrpaBoBoM 3all.\HTbI, H3rHaHHR 3a rrpe):\eJIbI cTpa-
HbI, JIHllleHHR COI.U1aJlbHOrO CTaryca 1'1 T. ):\. HerrOHJITHbIM OCTaeTCR
B CTaTbe 39 JIHlllb OJ\HO: KTO 3):\eCb rroJ\pa3YMeBaeTCJI rroJ\ "cB06o,lJ;-
HbIM qeJIOBeKOM" - Bce cB060):\Hble JIIO):\H KOpOJIeBCTBa HJIH TOJIb-
KO oJ\aJIbI?
CaM rro ce6e TeKCT aHaJIH3HpyeMoM CTaTbH He J\aeT OCHOBa-
HID! ):\JIJI 0):\H03HaqHoro OTBeTa Ha 3'1'0'1' Borrpoc. Cy):\y rr3pOB rro):\-
JIe:/KaJIH, KaK H3BeCTHO, TOJIbKO rrpe):\CTaBHTeJIH BbIClllHX COCJIOBHM
82
J1CTOpHR roCy.napCTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX crpaH
cpeJ\HeBeKoBoro 06ru:eCTBa. II03TOMY CJIOBa "rro rrpHroBOpy paBHbIX
ero (per legale judicium parium suorum)" OTHOCJITCR, 6e3YCJIOBHO,
TOJIbKO K eoJ\aJIaM. O,l:\HaKO 3a yKa3aHHbIMH CJIOBaMH B CTaTbe 39
HJJ.YT J\pyrHe CJIOBa - "HJIH rro 3aKOHaM CTpaHbI (vel per legem
terre)", KOTopble MorYT OTHOCHTbCJI He TOJIbKO K 6apOHaM, HO 1'1 K
JI106bIM Bo06ru:e CB060,l:\HbIM JIlO,l:\RM AHrJIHMCKoro KOp()JIeBCTBa. C0103
"HJJH (vel)" RBJIReTCJI O,l:\HOBpeMeHHo 1'1 COe,l:\HHHTeJIbHbIM, 1'1 pa3,l:\e-
JIHTeJIbHbIM COI030M. Or TOro, B KaKOM KaqeCTBe MHHbIM COlO3 BbI-
cTyrraeT B rrOCJIe,lJ;HeM pa3€ CTaTbH 39, 3aBHCHT CMbICJI yrroTpe6-
JIReMOrO B HaqaJIe YKa3aHHoM CTaTbH TepMHHa "cB060,l:\HbIM qeJIO-
BeK". ECJIH 3'1'0'1' C0103 RBJIReTCJI 3J\eCb coeJ\HHHTeJIbHbIM, rro,l:\ "CBO-
60,l:\HbIM qeJIOBeKOM" B CTaTb€ 39 XaPTHH MO:/KeT rroJ\pa3YMeBaTb-
CR TOJIbKO rrpe,l:\CTaBHTeJlb Bblcillero COCJIOBHR. EcJIH ,l:\aHHbIM COlO3
OKa3bIBaeTCH B paCCMaTpHBaeMOM CJIyqae pa3'beJ\HHHTeJIbHbIM, Tep-
MHH "cB060,l:\HbIM qeJIOBeK" 0603HaqaeT JI1060ro cB060,l:\Horo rrOMaH-
HOro aHrJIHMcKoro KOpOJIR. Ho B03MomHO JIH ynepeHHo CKa3aTb, B
KaKOM 1'13 ,l:\BYX KaqeCTB BblcTyrraeT B rrOCJIe,l:\HeM pa3e CTaTbH 39
XapTHI1 C0103 "HJJH"? HeT, HeB03MO:/KH0!
TaKHM 06pa30M, C rrOMOIl.\blO qHCTO rpaMMaTHqeCKoro TOJIKO-
BaHHJI cO,l:\epJKaHHR CTaTbH 39 HeJIb3R YCTaHoBHTb rrO,lJ;JIHHHbrn
CMbICJI TepMHHa "cB060,lJ;Hbrn qeJIOBeK".
MMeHHo HeOrrpe,l:\eJIeHHOCTb 3Toro TepMHHa rr03BOJIHJIa aBTO-
paM "IIeTHU:HM 0 rrpaBe" 1628 roM CCbIJIaTbCR Ha BeJIHKYIO Xap-
'1'1'110 BOJIbHOCTeM KaK Ha IOpH,l:\HqeCKHM aKT, rrpe,l:\OCTaBHBIUY1M ra-
paHTHH OT rrpOH3BOJIbHoro 3aKJIlOqeHHR B TIOPbMY BceM rroMaH-
HbIM aHr JIHMCKOro KOpoJIR.
Ho eCJIH rpaMMaTWIeCKI1M crroc06 TOJIKOBaHHR He ,l:\aeT B03MDm-
HOCTH orrpe,l:\eJIHTb, rrpe,l:\CTaBHTeJIeM KaKHX 06Il.\eCTBeHHbIX rpyrrrr
3all.\I'lIl.\aeT CTaTbR 39 XapTHH, TO MO:/KHO JIH ,lJ;OCTWIb ,lJ;aHHOM u:eJIH
rrpHMeHeHHeM ,l:\pyrHx crroco60B TOJIKOBaHHR rrpaBoBbIX HOpM?
KaKl1e aprYMeHTbI MomHO rrpHBecTH B rrOJIb3Y TOro, ',1'1'0 rro,lJ;
TepMHHoM "cB060,l:\Hbrn qeJIOBeK (liber homo)" B CTaTbe 39 BeJIH-
KOM XapTHH BoJIbHOCTeM 1215 ro,lJ;a rrO,l:\pa3YMeBaeTcR TOJIbKO rrpe,l:\-
CTaBHTeJIb BbIClllHX CJIoeB TOr,l:\alllHero aHr JIHMCKOro 06ru:eCTBa?
OqeBM)J.HO, ',1'1'0 "cB06o,l:\HbIM qeJIOBeK", 0 KOTOpOM M)J.eT peqb B
,l:\aHHoM CTaTbe, - :no, KaK rrpaBHJJO, HH,l:\HBM)J., 06JIa)J;alOIl.\HM He-
,l:\BHJKHMbIM HMYIl.\eCTBOM 1'1 HeKoTOpbIM BJIHJIHHeM B 06Il.\eCTBe. B
qaCTHOCTH, KaK BbITeKaeT 1'13 TeKCTa caMOM CTaTbH (rrpHqeM KaK 1'13
ero JIaTHHCKoro opHrHHaJIa, TaK 1'1 H3 JI1060ro BapHaHTa rrepeBO,lJ;a
Ha PYCCKHM JI3bIK), 3TOro "CB06o,l:\Horo qeJIOBeKa" MOJKHO JIHlllHTb
3eMeJlbHOrO BJIa,l:\eHHJI 1'1 COLU1aJIbHOrO CTaTyca. QT06bI rrO,l:\qHHHTb
ero, KOpOJIIO He06xo,l:\HMO Ha Hero Harra,l:\aTb, rrOCbIJIaTb Ha Hero KOro-
TO (BepoRTHee Bcero, C BOMCKOM), H3roHJITb OTKY,l:\a-TO (CKopeM Bce-
ro - 1'13 CTpaHbI). ECJIH "CB060,l:\HbIM qeJIOBeK" B ,lJ;aHHOM CJIyqae -
TeMa 8. BeJII1KaR XapTI1R BoJIbHOCTeH 1215 r.
83
6apOH, TO rrpHMeHeHHe KOpOJIeM J\JIH ero rrOJ\qHHeHHR Bcex rroJ\06-
HbIX Mep BrrOJIHe 06'bHCHHMO. ECJIH me rro,lJ; "cB06o,l:\HbIM qeJIOBe-
KOM" MbICJIHTCH B CTaTbe 39 rrOMHMO eo,l:\aJIa TaK:/Ke 1'1 rrpocToM
rrO)J;)J;aHHbrn - ropomaHHH HJIH CeJIbCKHM :mMTeJIb - He rrpHHaJ\JIe-
:/Kall.\HM K BbICilieMY COCJIOBHlO, TO B TaKOM CJIyqae 3a'lleM rrpHMe-
HRTb K HeMY YKa3aHHble MepbI.
Ho caMoe rJIaBHOe J\ame He B 3TOM, a B TOM, ',1'1'0, 6CpH no)];
CBOIO 3aUJ,HTY Bcex Boo6Il\e CBo6o)];HbIX JIl0)];eM CTpallbl, KOpOJIb 6ec-
QepeMoHiIO BTOpraJICH 6b1 B cq,epy BJIaCnl MeCTllbIX Q>eO)];aJIOB.
Ero BeJUlqeCTBO TeM caMblM cepbe3Ho 6b1 orpaHI1qlIBaJI BJIaCTb
6apoHOB Ha MCCTax. MOrJIH JII1 6apOHbI rr03BOJIHTb MoaHHY Be33e-
MeJIbHoMY - KOpoJIIO, KOTOporo OHH, 06pa3Ho roBOpR, rrOCTaBHJ!H
Ha KOJIeHH, 6paTb rro,l:\ CBOIO KOpOJIeBCKYIO 3all.\HTY Bcex rrpocTbIX
CB060,l:\HbIX JIlOJ\eM Bcero cBoero KopoJIeBCTBa?
JI1060rrbITHO, "ITO rrOJIOmeHHR, BOIlle,l:\IllHe B CTaTblO 39 BeJIH-
KOM XapTHH BoJIbHOCTeM 1215 rO,l:\a, 6bIJIH rrpeJ\JIOmeHbI HMeHHO
6apoHaMH. B rrepeqHe "6apoHcKHX cTaTeM", rrpe,l:\'bRBJIeHHbIX KOpO-
JIIO MoaHHY, OHH COCTaBJIRlOT CTaTblO 29. B3aMeH TepMHHa "cB06o,l:\-
HbIM "IeJIOBeK (liber homo)" 3J\eCb HCrrOJIb3yeTcR TepMHH "JIH"IHOCTb
CB060,l:\HOro qeJIOBeKa (corpus liberi hominis)", ,l:\a B rrpe,lJ;rrOCJIe,l:\HeM
pa3e BMeCTO "cBepx TOro, MoL He BblcTyrrHM Ha Hero, He HaIllJIeM,
CBepx TOro, Ha Hero [BOMCIW] (nec super eum ibimus, nec super eum
mittemus)" rOBOpHTCH: "HJIH [rrYCTb] TOT '/WPO//.o, CBepx Toro, He
HaCbIJIaeT Ha Hero [BOMCKO] (nec Rex eat vel mittat super eum)". B
OCTaJIbHOM me Ha6JIIO,l:\aeTCH rrO"ITH rrOJIHOe COBrra,l:\eHHe TeKCTa CTa-
TbH 39 BeJIHKOM XapTHH BoJIbHOCTeM C TeKCTOM CTaTbH 29, rrpe,l:\-
JIOmeHHOM 6apOHaMH.
TepMHH "cB060,lJ;Hbrn qeJIOBeK" HCrrOJIb3yeTcH 1'1 B CTaTbe 34
XapTHH, HO TaM OH COBepIlleHHO He,l:\BYCMbICJIeHHO 0603HaqaeT HH-
,l:\HBH,lJ;a, HMelOIl.\erO B CBoeM pacrropR:meHHH ceHbOpaJIbHYIO KypHlO,
TO eCTb rrpe,l:\CTaBI1TeJIR BbICiliero COCJIOBHR CJIe,l:\OBaTeJIbHO, yrrOT-
pe6JIeHHe TepMHHa "cB060,l:\Hbrn qeJIOBeK" B Y3KOM CMbICJIe, TO eCTb
,l:\JIH 0603HaqeHHR He JII060ro CB060,l:\HOrO rrO,l:\,l:\aHHOrO aHrJIHMclwro
KOpOJIR, HO JIHilib rrpe,l:\CTaBHTeJIR Bblciliero COCJIOBHR aHr JIHMCKOro
06Il.\ecTBa, 6bIJIO BrrOJIHe ,l:\OrrYCTHMbIM ,l:\JIR COCTaBHTeJIeM TeKCTa
paCCMa'TpHBaeMoro rrpaBOBoro rraMRTHHKa.
KaKHe aprYMeHTbI MomHO rrpHBeCTH B rrOJIb3Y TOro, "ITO Tep-
MHH "cB06oJ\HbIM qeJIOBeK" rrO,l:\pa3YMeBaeT B CTaTbe 39 BeJIHKOM
XapTHI1 BoJIbHOCTeM He TOJIbKO 6apOHa, HO BCRKOro Boo6Il.\e CBO-
60,l:\HorO rrO,l:\,l:\aHHoro aHrJIHMCKOro KOpoJIH?
IIepBbIM H3 TaKHX aprYMeHToB MO:mHO 06HapymHTb B 06CTOR-
TeJIbCTBaX rrpHHHTHR yKa3aHHOM XapTHH. BapOHaM Y,l:\aJIOCb o,l:\ep-
:/KaTb rr06e,l:\Y B KOH JlHKTe C KOpOJIeM MoaHHOM 1'1 rrpHHYJ\HTb ero
BeJIHqeCTBO K rrO,lJ;rrHCaHHIO ,lJ;0KYMeHTa, 3aKperrJIRlOIl.\ero 3a HHMH
84
J1CTOpHR roCy.napCTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX crpaH
OBOJIbHO illHpOKHM Kpyr rrpaB 1'1 BOJIbHOCTeM, TOJIbKO 6JIarOJ\apH
rro)J;)J;epmKe HX BHmeHHR pa3JIHqHbIMH CJIORMH TOr,lJ;alllHero aHrJIHM-
CKOro 06ru:eCTBa. MorJIH JIH 6apOHbI B TaKOM CJIyqae HrHOpHpOBaTb
HHTepeCbI CBOHX COlO3HHKOB B 60pb6e C KOpOJIeM 1'1 3aKperrHTb ra-
paHTHH HerrpHKOCHOBeHHOCTH JIHqHOCTH, H3JIO:/KeHHble B CTaTbe 39
XapTHH, TOJIbKO 3a rrpe CTaBHTeJIRMH cBoero COCJIOBHH?
BTOpOM aprYMeHT B rrOJIb3Y caMoro illHpOKOro TOJIKOBaHHR Tep-
MHHa "cB060 HbIM qeJIOBeK", yrrO'Tpe6JIReMOrO B CTaTbe 39 BeJIH-
KOM XapTHH BoJIbHOCTeM 1215 ro a, 3aKJIIOqaeTCH B TOM, ',1'1'0 rrpHH-
U:Hrr paBeHCTBa Bcex JIIO,lJ;eM rrepe 3aKOHOM, He3aBHCHMO OT HX CO-
CJIOBHOM rrpHHaJ\JIe:/KHOCTH, 6bIJI COBceM He qym,lJ; rrpaBOC03HaHHlO
BbICIUY1X COCJIOBHM aHrJIHMcKoro 06ru:eCTBa TOro BpeMeHH. Ho oco-
6Y1Q u:eHHOCTb aHHbIM rrpHHQHrr rrpe CTaBJIHJI JIR KOp()JIeBCKOM
BJIaCTH B AHrJIHH - OH 6bIJI O HHM 113 CHJIbHei1rm1x Cpe,lJ;CTB 6opb-
6bI C cerrapaTH3MOM eO aJIbHbIX ceHbOpOB. YTBepm,lJ;eHHe B c e-
pe rrpaBOCY HH rrpHHQHrra 3aKOHHOCTH 1'1 paBeHCTBa Bcex rrepe,lJ; 3a-
KOHOM 6bIJIO O HHM 1'13 Ba:/KHeMillHX 3JIeMeHTOB rrO.7IHTHKH aHrJIHM-
CKHX KOpOJIeM, Ha-llHHaR C reHpHxa II.
CWTbH 60 BeJIHKOM XapTHH BoJIbHOCTeM 1215 rOM 3a HKCHpO-
BaJIa rrpHHU:Hrr paBeHcTBa Bcex rrepeJ\ 3aKoHoM, rrpaBJ\a, B J\OBOJIb-
HO cBoe06pa3HoM OPMYJIHpOBKe. CorJIaCHO eM Bce 6apoHbI - rro -
J\aHHble aHrJIHMCKOro KOpOJIR 06H3aHbI C06JIIOJ\aTb B OTHOilleHHH K
CBOHM BaCCaJIaM Bce Te 06bI'-JaH 1'1 BOJIbHOCTH, KOTopble ero BeJIH-
qeCTBO rrpH3HaJI Ha,lVIe:/KaIL\HM K C06JIlO eHHlO B CBoeM KOpOJIeB-
CTBe OTHOCHTeJIbHO CBOHX BaCCaJIOB. OrclO a MO:IKHO C,lJ;eJIaTb BeCb-
Ma HHTepecHbIM BbIBO OTHOCHTeJIbHO CMbICJIa CTaTbH 39 Xapum,
a HMeHHO: a)Ke eCJIH H3JIomeHHble B aHHoM CTaTbe rapaHTHH OT
rrpOH3BOJIbHOrO 3aTOqeHHR B TlOpbMY, He3aKOHHbIX KOH HCKaU:HM
HMyru:ecTBa 1'1 pyrHx rrOCHraTeJIbCTB Ha JIWIHOCTb KOpOJIb rrpe,lJ;oc-
TaBJIReT TOJIbKO 6apOHaM, TO eCTb TOJIbKO rrpe CTaBHTeJIb Bblcillero
COCJIOBHH rrOJ\pa3YMeBaeTCR rro TepMHHOM "CB060;:J;HbrM qeJIOBeK",
TO 3TH rapaHTHH Bce paBHO pacrrpOCTpaHHlOTCH Ha Bcex cB06o -
HbIX JIlO eM aHrJIHMCKOro KOpOJIeBCTBa. BapoHbI 06H3aHbI, B COOT-
BeTCTBHH CO CTaTbeM 60 XapTHH, 06eCrreqHTb C06JIlO eHHe B OTHO-
illeHHH rrO,lJ;BJIaCTHbIX ce6e JIIO eM Te rrpaBoBble HOpMbI, KOTopble
KOpOJIb 06R3aJICH C06JIIO aTb rro OTHOilleHHlO K 6apOHaM.
IIpHBO,lJ;R 3TOT aprYMeHT, CJIeJ\yeT 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha CTa-
TbH 1 1'1 2 Op oHaHca 0 cY,lJ;bRX, 113,lJ;aHHoro B 1346 ro y aHrJIHM-
CKHM KOpOJIeM 3 yap oM III. B CWTbe 1 yKa3aHHoro Op oHaHca
roBOPHTCR: "MI,I rrpHKa3bIBaeM, "lT06bI HaIUY1 CY)J;bH OTHbIHe 06ecrre-
qHBaJIH ocyru:ecTBJIeHHe 3aKOHa 1'1 rrpan BCe.M Haw:u.M. nOaaaU1i"bI.Jlt,
B paB1iOU. .M.€pe 60zam"bI.JIt U 6ea1i"bI.Jlt, 1ie3aBUC"U./lt0 om JtU'l1iocmu".
B CTaTbe 2 3'1'0 rrOJIO:/KeHHe rrO TBep:/K,lJ;aeTCH: "To :/Ke caMoe MI,I
rrOCTaHOBHJIH B OTHOilleHHH 6apoHoB Ka3HaqeMCTBa. M MbI OTKpbITO
rroTpe60BaJIH 0'1' HHX B HailleM rrpHcYTCTBHH, qT06bI OHH B COOT-
TeMa 8. BeJII1KaR XapTI1R BoJIbHocTew1215 r.
85
BeTCTBHH C pa3YMOM oCYlL\eCTBJIRJIH rrpaBO B OTHOllleHHH BCeX Ha-
wux noBBa1i1i'bLX, 1W"K 60A'bWUX, ma"K U MM'bLX"1 (KYPCHB MOM. -
B. T.).
RaKHe elL\e aprYMeHTbI MomHO rrpHBeCTH B rrOJIb3Y, C O,/:\HOM
CTOpOHbI, Y3KorO 1'1, C '/:\PyroM CTOpOHbI, lllHpOKOrO TOJIKOBaHHJI
TepMHHa "cBo60,/:\Hbrn qeJIOBeK" B craTbe 39 BeJIHKOM XapTl1H BoJIb-
HocTeM 1215 ro,/:\a?
RaKHe rrpHHI.U1rrbI KOpOJIeBCKOro rrpaBocY,/:\HR 3aKpeIIJIJIlOT CTa-
TbH 40 1'145 paccMaTpHBaeMoro rrpaBoBoro rraMJITHHKa?
BI1BJII10fP Aq>I1H
A J;ICT01JHJ;IRH
1. XpeCTOMaTI1R no HCTOpl1H roCYJ\apcTBa H npaBa 3apy6emHblx CTpaH.
.D:peBHocTb H CpeJ\Hl1e BeKa. 2-e 113J\aHl'le, J\onOJIHeHHOe / COCTaBHTeJIb -
npo . B. A. TOMCU1we. M.: J13.naTeJIbCTBO "3epL\aJIo", 2004. C. 330-339.
2. KOpOJIb 11 6apoHbI B 1215 roJIY. (lil3 XpOHHKH MaTBeR llapl1mcKo-
ro) / / CpeJ\HeBeKoBbe B ero naMRTHl'lKaX / llo,[\ peJ\aKL\l1eM 11.. H. Ezopoea.
M, 1913. C. 216-218.
Ii JIHTEP ATYP A
1. nempyweeC'KUU 11.. M. BeJII1KaR XapTI1R BoJIbHOCTeH H KOHcrwry-
L\HOHHaR 60pb6a B aHl'JIl1HCKOM OOll\eCTBe BO BTOpofl nOJIOBI1He XIII BeKa.
M., 1918.
2. nempyweeC'KUU 11.. M. O'lepKH 113 HCTOpl1H aHrJIl1i1cKoro rocy.nap-
CTBa 11 06!L\ecTBa B Cpe.nHHe BeKa_ J13,[\aHl1e 4-e, BHOBb HCnpaBJleHHOe H
J\onOJIHeHHoe. M.. 1937. C. 121-145.
3. nmu-11.1Omauu Ill. cpeoJ\aJIbHaR MOHapxHR BO CPpaHUYIH H B AHr-
JIHH X-XIII BeKOB. Cll6., 2001. C. 311-323_
4_ Caeu1i A. H. 0 TpH)J.L\aTb .neBRToM CI'aTbe BeJIUKOi1: XapTI111 / / liIc-
TOpl1'IeCKHe 113BeCTUR. M., 1917. NQ 1-2_ C. 87-90.
5_ l:Jepuwweclcuu 3. M. BeJII1KaR XapTI1R BOJIbHOCTew / / BonpocbI
nOJII1TU'-JeCKOW opraHH3aL\HH pa60BJla.neJIb'-JecKoro 11 eoJ\aJIbHOrO 0611\eCTBa.
CBepMoBcK, 1984_ C. 89-107_
6. .RCUUCICUU H. J1CTOpHR BeJIHKOfl XapT1111 B XIII CTOJIeTHI1. Kl1eB,
1888_
1 CM.: XpeCTOMaTHJI no HCTOpHH rocy.napCTBa H npaBa 3apy6e:1KHbIX cTpaH.
LIpeBHOCTb H Cpe.nHHe BeKa_ 2-e 113.naHHe, .nonOJIHeHHoe / CoCTaBHTeJIb -
B. A. TOJI«:Uuoe. M., 2004. C. 347.
TEMA 9
CAKCOHCKOE 3EPQAJIO
(2 >taca)
CaKCoHcKoe 3epu:aJIO (Sachsenspiegel) OTHOCHTCR K qHCJIy HaH-
60JIee 3HaqHTeJIbHbIX rrpaBoBbIX rraMRTHHKOB Cpe,IJ.HeBeKOBoM rep-
MaHHH. OHO 6bIJIO C03,IJ.aHO B rrepBoM 1peTH XIII BeKa Ha TeppHTo-
pHH, Ha3bIBaBllleMCJI Tor)J;a OCT aJIHeM. .n:aHHaJI TeppHTOpHJI coc-
TaBJIRJIa BOCTOqHYIO 'llaCTb pacrraBlllerOCJI B KOHu:e XII BeKa CaK-
COHCKoro repu:orcTBa, ',1'1'0 OTpa3HJIOCb B Ha3BaHHH paccMaTpHBae-
MOro lOpM)J.WIecKoro rrpoH3Be)J;eHHJI "CaKcoHcKHM". qTO:/Ke KaCaeTCR
TepMHHa "3epu:aJIO" (Ha HeMeU:KOM R3bIKe - spiegel, Ha JIaTHHC-
KOM - speculum), TO HM 0603Ha'llaJIHCb B EBporre KHHrH, cOJ\ep-
:/KaBIIIJ1e HaCTaBJIeHHR, HJ!H rroyqeHHR, B pa3JIHqHbIX Ha x (Teo-
JIOrHH, HJIOCO HH, eCTeCTB03HaHHH) HJIH 06Y'llaBlllHe HaBbIKaM
KaKOM-HOOY)J;b rrpaKTHqeCKOM ,lJ.eRTeJIbHOCTH (HarrpHMep, yrrpaBJIe-
HHlO, BoeHHOMY J\eJlY, KpaCHOpeqHlO 1'1 T. J\.). Oc060e MeCTO Cpe,n;H
KHHr, HMeHOBaBlllHXCR "3€p JIaMH", 3aHHMaJIH HaCTaBJIeHHJI B rrpa-
BHJIaX rrOBe,n;eHHJI, rrpe,n;Ha3HaqeHHble ,n;JIJI pa3JIH'llHbIX COCJIOBHM 06-
Il.\eCTBa: pbIu;apeM, J\YXOBeHCTBa, ropomaH. BbIJIH C03,IJ.aHbI TaK:/Ke
CrreQMaJIbHble 3epu:aJIa ,n;JIJI :lKeHIQHH (Frauen-Spigel) 1'1 lOHOllleM (Der
jungen Knaben-Spiegel)J. HaKOHeu:, "3epu:aJIaMH" Ha3bIBaJIHCb B
pa3JIH'llHbIX eBpOrreMCKI1X C1paHax (repMaHHH, McrraHHH, MTaJIHH,
<PpaHIJ;I1H 1'1 .lip.) lOpM)J.H'lleCKHe TpaKTaTbI. K KaTeropHH "3€pu:aJI"
OTHOCHJICJI, HarrpHMep, TaKOM H3BeCTHbrn rrpaBOBOM rraMRTHHK cpe,n;-
HeBeKOBOM McrraHHH, KaK "CeMb rrapTH,n; My,n;poro KOpOJIJI .n:OHa
AJIb OHca. Ero BTopoe Ha3BaHHe - "3epu:aJIo Bcex rrpaB". M C03-
,lJ.aH OH 6bIJI JIHlllb HeMHorHM rr03,n;Hee CaKCoHcKoro 3epu:aJIa2.
ABTOpOM CaKcoHcKOro 3€pu:aJIa 6bIJI 3MKe H PerrKOB (Eike
fon Repkow)3. ITo )J;aHHbIM HeMeU:KHX HCCJIe,n;OBaTeJIeM, pO,n;HJICJI OH
B 1180-1190 ro,n;ax, a YMep BCKope rrOCJIe 1233 ro)J;a. By,n;yqH BbI-
xo,n;u;eM 1'13 He60raTOM pblu:apCKOM ceMbH, OH rrOCBJITHJI ce6R cJIy:m6e
. KaK U3BecTHO, "lOHOCTH '-JeCTHoe 3epL\aJIo" 6b!JIO H3.naHO B POCel'!I1 no
pacnopRmeHl11O lleTpa 1.
2 C03.naHYle "3epuana Bcex npaB" I'IJII'I "CeMH napnlll MYJ\Poro KOpDJIR
.D:OHa AJIb Hca" .naTl1pyeTcR cepe.nl-IHofl XIII B.
3 HeKOTopble HCCJIe.nOBaTeJ!l1 "CaKcoHcKoro 3epL\aJIa" HMeHyKJT ero aBTD-
pa KaK 3WKe Penray.
TeMa 9. CaKCOHCKOf' 3epL\aJIO
87
rrpe,lJ;CTaBHTeJIRM eo;:J;aJIbHoj;i apHCTOKpaTHH. Ha OCHOBaHHH HeKOTO-
pbIX CBe,lJ;eHHfl 0 ,lJ;eRTeJIbHOCTH 3fIKe OH PerrKOBa MomHO C,lJ;eJIaTb
BbIEO,lJ; 0 TOM, ',1'1'0 OH '-IaCTO BblcTyrraJI B Ka'-IeCTBe CBM)J.eTeJIR rrpH
cOBepweHHH apHcToKpaTaMH pa3JIHqHbIX lOpH,lJ;HqeCKI'IX C,lJ;eJIOK C
HMeHHRMH HJIH 3aMKaMH. CO,lJ;epmaHHe C03,lJ;aHHOrO HM TpaKTaTa
BbI,lJ;aeT B HeM rJIy6oKoro 3HaTOKa ,lJ;eflCTBoBaBwero Ha TeppHTopHH
CaKCOHHH rrpaBa. BepORTHee Bcero, CBOH lOpH)J;H'-IeCKl1e 3HaHHR aB-
TOp "CaKcoHcKOro 3ep aJIa" rrpH06peJI He TOJIbKO rrYTeM yqacTHR B
CY,lJ;e6HbIX rrpo e,lJ;ypax, HO 1'1 rrOCpe,lJ;CTBOM crreU:HaJIbHoro H3yqeHHR
rrpaBOBbIX ,lJ;OKYMeHTOB, a B03MomHO, 1'1 B npo ecce 06yqeHHR lOPHC-
rrPY,lJ;eHW'1H Y KaKoro-HH6Y,lJ;b rrpo eCCHOHaJIbHoro rrpaBOBe,lJ;a.
CaKCOHCKoe 3ep aJIO BKJIlOqaeT B CBoe CO,lJ;epmaHHe rrpaBOBble
HOpMbI, ,lJ;eMCTBOBaBllIHe B XIII BeKe He TOJIbKO Ha TeppHTopHH CaKCO-
HHH, HO 1'1 B ,lJ;pyrHX 06JIaCTRX repMaHHH. OHO BOCrrpHHRJIO pRJ\ rrOJIO-
.meHHM HMrrepcKoro repMaHCKoro 3aKOHO,lJ;aTeJIbCTBa, BOrrJIOll\eHHoro
B TaK Ha3bIEaeMbIX "KOHCTHTyrJ,J1RX MHpa (constitutio pacis)". C ,lJ;PY-
rofl CTOpOHbI, ,lJ;aHHbrM TpaKTaT OKa3aJI 3aMeTHoe BJIHRHHe Ha rrpaBo
,lJ;PyrHx repMaHcKHx 3eMeJIb, B TOM '-IHCJIe 1'1 Ha ropO,lJ;CKOe rrpaBO.
lIOMHMO lOpM)J.WIeCKI'IX HOpM, B CaKCOHCKOM 3ep aJIe H3JIOmeHbI
TeOpeTHqeCKHe rrpaBOBble KOHu:errW'lH, xapaKTepHble J\JIR cpe,lJ;-
HeBeKoBoro repMaHcKoro 06ll\eCTBa, a TaKme rrOJIHTHKO-rrpaBOBble
B3rJIR,lJ;bI caMoro aBTopa.
lIepBaR pe;:J;aKQHR ;:J;aHHOro rrpOH3Be,lJ;eHHR 6bIJIa HarrHcaHa Ha
JIaTbIHH - R3bIKe 3arra,lJ;HOeBpOrreflCKI'IX rrpaBOBe,lJ;OB 3rrOXH Cpe,lJ;-
HeBeKOBbR. O;:J;HaKO 3aTeM 3MKe OH PerrKOB H3JIO:/KHJI TeKCT CaK-
COHCKoro 3ep aJIa Ha HeMe KOM R3bIKe'. lIo MHeHHIO crreW'taJIHC-
TOB, TeM CaMbIM ObIJIH 3aJIOmeHbI OCHOBbI HeMeU:Koro IOpH,lJ;HqeCKO-
ro rrOHRTHflHoro 1'1 TepMHHOJIorYlqeCKOrO arrrrapaTa, a YKa3aHHbIM
TpaKTaT CTaJI OTrrpaBHbIM rrYHKToM B pa3BI'ITHH B Cpe,lJ;HeBeKOBoM
repMaHHH Ha HOHaJIbHOfI lOpHcrrpY,lJ;eHU:HH.
M3Y'-IeHHe CaKcoHcKoro 3ep aJIa Ha ceMHHapcKoM 3aHRTHH
HMeeT u:eJIblO 03HaKOMJIeHHe cTY,lJ;eHTOB C OCHOBHbIMH rrOHRTHRMH,
HHcTHTYTaMH 1'1 HopMaMH eO,lJ;aJIbHOrO rrpaBa, C JIOI"HKofl THrrHqHoro
,lJ;JIR Cpe,lJ;HeBeKoBoro 3arra,lJ;HoeBporreflcKoro 06ll\eCTBa lOpH,lJ;HqeC-
Koro MbIIIIJIeHHR. JIR ,lJ;OCTHmeHHR rrOCTaBJIeHHOM u:eJIH He06xo)J;Yl-
MO paccMoTpeTb CJIe,lJ;YlO e BorrpocbI:
1. I1cTo'IHI1KU npaBa B CpCJ\HCBCKOBOH rCpMaHIUL HCTOplUl co-
3 mmH CaKcollcKoro 3cpu:aJIa. 061I aH xapaKTCpl1CTI1Ka 3Toro npaBO-
Boro naMHTI1I1Ka.
2. npaBoBoH CTaTYC OCHOBHbIX rpynn HaCCJlCIDUl no CaKCOHCKO-
MY 3Cp aJlY.
I 00 3TOM 3MKe H PenKOB COoO!l{a€T caM B CTHXOTBOpHOM BBe.neHI1H K
nepBOH 'laCTH cBoero TpaKTaTa, nOCBR!l{eHHOH 3eMCKOMY npaBY (landrecht).
88
J1crOpHH rocy.napCTBa 1'1 npaaa 3apyOe:1KHbIX CTpaH
3. npaBoBoc pcryJlJlpoBaHIiC Jll\tyIUCCTBCHHbIX OTHOIllCHJU":'1 no HOp-
Mal\l CaKcoHcKoro 3Cp aJIa.
4. npccTynJICHIUl 1'1 HaKa3aHlUl no HopMaM CaKcoHcKoro 3Cp aJIa.
5. CYJ\ Ii CYJ\C6HbIH npo ccc no HopMaM CaKcoHcKoro 3Cp aJIa.
nCpBbIH BOnpoc ITpH paccMOTpeHHH )J;aHHoro Borrpoca CJIe;:J;yeT
yqHTbIBaTb, 'fT0 C KOH a XI - HaqaJIa XII BeKa
1'1 B TeqeHHe XIII BeKa Ha TeppHTopHH repMaHHH IlIeJI rrpo ecc
YCHJIeHHR MeCTHblX BJIaCTHTeJIeM - KYP lOPCTOB (KHR3eJ;'I) HJIH
rep oroB, cOrrpOBO:/K)J;aBIill1J;'IcR oCJIa6JIeHHeM eHTpaJIbHOM rocY)J;ap-
CTBeHHoJ;'I BJIaCTH. <PopMaJIbHO repMaHHR rrpo)J;oJI:/KaJIa OCTaBaTbCR
e)J;HHbIM rocY)J;apcTBOM - "CBRll\eHlloM PHMCKOM HMrrepHeM" - BO
rJIaBe C HMrrepaTopoM, BblcTyrraBIlIHM B KaqeCTBe BepxoBHoro cY-
)J;bH 1'1 HOCHTeJIR BbICIlIeM 3aKoHo)J;aTeJIbHOM BJIaCTH. O)J;HaKo cImK-
THqeCKH repMaHHR Y:lKe B XIII BeKe rrpeBpaTYIJIaCb B KOHrJIOMepaT
caMOCTORTeJIbHbIX rocY)J;a pCTBeHHbIX 06pa30BaHHM (KYP lOpIlIecTB,
rep orcTB), B paMKax Kam,n;oro 1'13 KOTOpbIX CKJIa)J;bIBaJIHCb He3aBH-
CHMaR OT HMrrepCKOM CHCTeMbI yrrpaBJIeHHR a)J;MHHHCTpaU:HR 1'1 c06-
CTBeHHoe rrpaBO.
C )J;pyrOM CTOpOHbI, CaMOCTORTeJIbHbIMH rrOJIHTHqeCKHMH 06pa-
30BaHHRMH RBJIRJIHCb Ha TeppHTOpl'rn repMaHl'rn MHorHe ropo)J;a. iii,
HaKOHe , HaCTORll\ee "rOCY)J;apCTBO B roCY)J;apCTBe" rrpe)J;CTaBJIRJIa
co60M MeCTHaR opraHH3a I1R PHMCKO-KaTOJIHqeCKoJ;'I epKBH.
ITpaBO repMaHHH HeH36e:/KHO )J;po6HJIOCb B 3THX YCJIOBHRX Ha
MHO:IKeCTBO CaMOCTORTeJIbHbIX CHCTeM. HapR)J;Y C CHCTeMOM HMrrep-
CKOro rrpaBa 3)J;eCb CYll\eCTBOBaJIH MHoroqHCJIeHHble MeCTHble rrpa-
BOBbIe CHCTeMbI, )J;eJ;'ICTBOBaBllIHe B paMKax OT)J;eJIbHbIX KY IOP-
IlIeCTB I'LITH rep orCTB. B rop0)J;ax TaIOKe pMHpOBaJIOCb CBoe npaBO.
rOpO)J;CKoe rrpaBO repMaHCKoro ropo)J;a Mar)J;e6ypra HMeJIO aBTopH-
TeT B Cpe)J;HHe BeKa He TOJIbKO B repMaHYIH, HO 1'1 B )J;PYrHX eBpo-
rreMCKHX CTpaHax. Ero HOpMbI rrpH3HaBaJIH B Ka'-IeCTBe )J;eMCTByIO-
ll\HX, HarrpHMep, B ropo)J;e MHHcKe (MeHcKe, KaK OHTor)J;a Ha3bI-
BaJICR), BXO)J;HBIlIeM B COCTaB BeJIHKOrO KHR:iKeCTBa JIHToBcKoro.
CaMocTORTeJIbHOM rrpaBoBoM CHCTeMOM RBJIRJIOCb B repMaHHH, KaK
1'1 B )J;PYrHX 3arra)J;HoeBporreHcKHx cTpaHax, KaHOHH'-IeCKoe rrpaBO.
HOpMbI KaHOHHqeCKoro rrpaBa HMeJIH rrpRMoe )J;eJ;'ICTBHe Ha TeppH-
TOPHH repMaHHH. BMeCTe C TeM OT)J;eJIbHble rrOJIO:IKeHHR KaHOHH-
qeCKoro rrpaBa BKJIlOqaJIHCb B pR)J;e CJIyqaeB B 3aKOHO)J;aTeJIbHble
aKTbI, H3)J;aBaeMble CBeTCKHMH BJIaCTRMH.
Ha'-IHHaR C XV BeKa HeMaJIOBa:/KHyIO pOJIb B peIlIeHHH Tex HJIH
HHbIX IOpH)J.WIeCKHX np06JIeM CTaJIO HrpaTb B cpe)J;HeBeKoBoM rep-
MaHHH TaK Ha3bmaeMoe "pHMcKoe rrpaBo". 3'1'0 "pHMcKoe rrpaBO"
He 6bIJIO TeM rrpaBoM, KOTopoe )J;eMCTBOBaJIO Kor)J;a-To B paMKax
JJ:peBHero PJ,IMa, - OHO rrpe)J;CTaBJIRJIO C060M cOBoKyrrHocTb )J;OKT-
TeMa 9. CaKCOHCKOf' 3epL\aJIO
89
pHH, rrpHHQHrrOB 1'1 HOpM, Bblpa60TaHHblx B HTaJIbRHCKHX YHHBep-
CHTeTaX Ha OCHOBe coxpaHHBIllHxCR pHMCKHX rrpaBoBbIx TeKCTOB
(rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M, KO,ZJ;eKca JDCTHHHaHa 1'1 JJ:wecT JDcTHHHaHa).
CaMbIM pacrrpocTpaHeHHbIM perYJIRTopOM 06LL\eCTBeHHblx 0'1'-
HOIlleHHM B Cpe,lJ;HeBeKOBoM repMaHHH 6bIJIo, KaK 1'1 rroBCIO,lJ;Y B Tor-
,lJ;alllHeM EBporre, 06bI'fHOe rrpaBo. JJ:eMCTBHe ero YCHJIHBaJIO pa3,lJ;po6-
JIeHHOCTb repMaHcKoro rrpaBa.
Pa3JIHqHR Me:iK,ZJ;Y COCJIOBHRMH Cpe,lJ;HeBeKOBoro repMaHcKoro
06LL\ecTBa BbI3bmaJIH K :/KV!3HH CHCTeMbI rrpana, ,lJ;eMCTByIOI.W1e B paM-
Kax OT,lJ;eJIbHbIX COQHaJIbHbIX rpyrrrr. B KaqeCTBe rrpHMepa 3,lJ;eCb
MO:/KHO Ha3BaTb JIeHHOe rrpaBo (lehnrecht), HOpMbI 1'1 KOHQerrQHH KO-
Toporo BOIlLITH B COCTaB CaKcoHcKoro 3epQaJIa B KaqeCTBe caMOCTO-
RTeJIbHOM qaCTH, 060c06JIeHHoJ;'I OT 3eMcKoro rrpaBa (landrecht).
TaKHM 06pa30M, rrpaBo repMaHHH RBJIRJlO C060M COBOKyrrHOCTb
MHOrOqHCJIeHHbIX 1'1 pa3Ho06pa3HbIX rrpaBoBblx CHCTeM. B paMKax
Ka:iK,ZJ;OM 1'13 HHX CKJIa,lJ;bmaJIaCb CBOR HepapXHR HCTOqHHKOB rrpaBa.
ITpH paCCMOTpeHHH HCTO"IHHIWB HMrrepcKoro rrpana CJIe,lJ;yeT OCO-
60e BHHMaHHe 06paTHTb Ha TaK Ha3bIBaeMble "KOHCTHTyIJ:HH MHpa"l,
H3,lJ;aBaBiliHeCR HMrrepaTopaMH "CBRLL\eHHOM PJ,IMCKOM HMrrepHH" B
XII-XIII BeKax.
qTO 03HaqaeT TepMHH "MHp (pax)", rrpHCYTCTBYlOI.W1M B Ha-
3BaHHH ,lJ;aHHoro HCTOqHHKa HMrrepcKoro rrpana? B qeM 3aKJIlOqaeT-
CR oc06eHHocTb HMrrepaTopcKHX "KOHCTHTYQHM MHpa" KaK HCTOq-
HHKOB rrpaBa? JJ:JIR OTBeTa Ha 3TH BorrpOCbI He06xo,lJ;HMO 06paTHTb-
CR K TeKCTaM KOHKpeTHbIX HMrrepaTopCKHX "KOHCTHTyu:HJ;'1 MHpa".
B qaCTHOCTH, OC06bIM HHTepeC rrpe,lJ;CTaBJIReT "KOHCTYITYQV!R MHpa
(Constitutio pacis)", H3,lJ;aHHaR B 1235 ro,lJ;Y HMrrepaTopoM "CBRLL\eH-
HOM PJ,IMCKOM HMrrepl'm" <PpM)J.pHXOM II.
JJ:0KYMeHTbI, rro,lJ;06HbIe HMIIepaTOpcKHM "KOHCTHTyu:HRM MHpa",
rrORBJIRJIHCb B YKa3aHHbIJ;'1 rrepHo,lJ; 1'1 B OT,lJ;eJIbHbIX repMaHcKHX 3eM-
JIRX. C KaKoM QeJIblO OHH C03,lJ;aBaJIHcb?
O,lJ;HHM 1'13 na:/KHeMIllJ1X HCTO'-IHHKOB HMIIepCKOro rrpaBa B rep-
MaHHH 6bIJI ,lJ;OroBOp. KaKHe IOpH,lJ;HqeCKHe aKTbI MO:/KHO rrpHBeCTYI
B KaqeCTBe rrpHMepa YKa3aHHoro HCTOqHHKa rrpaBa?
* * *
06paIl\aRCb K CaKCOHCKOMY 3epu:aJIY, CJIe;:J;yeT B rrepBYlO oqe-
pe,ZJ;b orrpe,lJ;eJIHTb :/KaRp 3TOro lOpM)J.WIecKoro rrpOH3Be,lJ;eHHR. JJ:JIR
3TOro He06xo,lJ;HMO paCCMOTpeTb CTPYKTYPY ero CO,lJ;ep:/KaHHR, ero
COCTaB. qTO rr06Y,lJ;HJIo 3ti:Ke H PerrKOBa C03)J;aTb CaKCOHCKoe 3ep-
QaJIo? KaKV!M u:eJIRM rrpH3BaH 6bIJI CJIY:/KYITb 3'1'0'1' TpaKTaT?
M3 KaKHX qaCTeM COCTOHT paCCMaTpl'IBaeMbIJ;'1 rrpaBOBOM rraMRT-
HHK? qTO rrpe,ZJ;CTaBJIRlOT C060M 3eMCKoe rrpaBo. C O,ZJ;HOM CTOpOHbI,
I B JIHTepaType OHI1 '-JaCTO Ha3bIBaIOTCH TaK:1Ke "CTaT MI1 MHpa".
90
J1crOpl1H rocy.napCTBa 11 npaaa 3apyOe:1KHbIX CTpaH
1'1 JIeHHOe rrpaBO, C ,lJ;pyrOM? B '-IeM 3aKJIIOqalOTCR pa3JIH'-mR Mem;:J;y
HHMH?
KaKOBa CHCTeMa H3JlOmeHHR MaTepHaJIa B rrepBOM qaCTH CaK-
COHCKOro 3epQaJIa, rrOCBRLL\eHHOM 3eMCKOMY rrpaBY? ITo KaKOM CHC-
TeMe H3JlaraeTCR B ,lJ;aHHOM TpaKTaTe JIeHHOe rrpaBO?
ECTb JIH KaKaR-HH6YP;b B3aHMOCBR3b Mem;:J;y 3eMCKHM 1'1 JIeH-
HbIM rrpaBOM? ITpOCJIe:/KHBaeTCH JIH 3Ta B3aHMOCBR3b B TeKCTe CaK-
COHCKOrO 3epQaJIa? ECJIH ,lJ;a, TO B qeM OHa BblpamaeTCR?
ITpH pemeHHH 3a,lJ;aHHbIX Bbnue BorrpOCOB CJIe,lJ;YeT 06paTHTb
BHHMaHHe Ha CTaTbIO 14 KHHrH 1 rrepBoM qaCTH CaKcoHcKoro 3ep-
QaJIa. JJ:aHHaR CTaTbR rrOKa3bIBaeT, '-1'1'0 rrpaBOBoe perYJIHpOBaHHe
JIeHHbIX OTHomeHHfl rro 3eMCKOMY rrpaBY OTJIHqaeTCR HeKOTopbIMH
OC06eHHOCTRMH rro cpaBHeHHIO C rrpaBOBbIM peryJIHpOBaHHeM p;aH-
HbIX OTHomeHHM B c epe JIeHHoro rrpaBa.
CaKCOHCKoe 3epQaJIO 3a HKCHpOBaJIO B CBoeM TeKCTe QeJIbIM
PM HOpM HMrrepcKoro rocY,lJ;apCTBeHHoro rrpaBa. B HeKoTopbIX CTa-
TbRX ,lJ;aHHoro rrpoH3Be,lJ;eHHR BocrrpOH3BO,lJ;RTCH rrOJIOmeHHR "KOHCTH-
TYQHM MHpa" HMrrepaTopoB "CBRLL\eHHoM PHMCKOM HMrrepl'lH". Ha-
rrpHMep, CTaTbR 66 KHHrH 2 rrepBoM qaCTH CO,lJ;epmHT HOpMbI "KOH-
CTHTYQHH MHpa", rrpHHRToM 1 CeHTIDpR 1221 ro,lJ;a. B TeKCTe CaK-
COHCKOro 3epQaJIa roBOpl'ITCR rrOMHMO rrpoqero 1'1 0 BbIDopax KOpOJIR
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MaHHe rrpe:m,lle Bcero Ha CTaTblO 16 KHHrH 1 rrepBoM qaCTH CaKcoH-
CKOro 3ep aJIa. B 1 YKa3aHHoM CTaTbH roBOpHTCH: "HHKTO He MO-
JKeT rrpH06peCTH HHoro rrpaBa, KpOMe TOro, KOTopoe eMY CBoi"lcTBeH-
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060CHOBaTb, OH TepReT 06a rrpaBa". B '-IeM CMbICJI rrpO I1THpOBaH-
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CR, ',1'1'0 yqaCTHe CB060,lJ;HbIX JIlO,lJ;eM B TOM HJIH HHOM cY,lJ;e CBR3aHO C
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KOro 06LL\eCTBa - rocrro,lJ;, 3HaTH. IIpH aHaJIH3e TeKCTa 3TOii qaCTH
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1'1 peJIHrn03HbIM aKTOpaMH. TaK, COrJIaCHO HopMe, H3JIOmeHHOM B
CTaTbe 29 KHHrH 1 rrepBOM qaCTH J{aHHoro TpaKTaTa. caKC YTpaqH-
BaeT CBOH rrpaBa OTHOCHTeJIbHO 3eMeJIbHOrO yqaCTKa, "eCJIH He 3a-
RBJIReT 0 HHX B TeqeHHe TPM)J.u:aTH JIeT 1'1 O,lJ;HOro ro,lJ;a 1'1 OJ{HOro ,lJ;HR.
rOCY,lJ;apCTBO 1'1 IllBa6 HHKOr,lJ;a He YTpa"lHBalOT rrpaBa c06CTBeHHO-
CTH, rrOCKOJIbKY OHH MorYT ero ,lJ;OKa3aTb CBM)J.eTeJIRMH". B KaKHX ell\e
CJIyqaRx 3THHqeCKHM aKTOp 06YCJIOBJIHBaeT pa3JIHqHR B npaBO-
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92
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3aHBJIRJI rrpH 3TOM B CTaTbe 42 KHHrH 3 nepBoM qaCTH: "Bor C03,lJ;aJI
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6oraTbri1:". M ,lJ;aJIee: "IIo rrpaB,lJ;e rOBopR, MOM YM He MO:/KeT rrOHRTb
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,lJ;ep:/KaHHe CaKcoHcKOro 3ep aJIa. HaH60JIee 3Ha"lHMbIMH Cpe,lJ;H HHX
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qHHIlIeBOe ,lJ;ep:/KaHHe, pa3Ho06pa3Hble BH)J;bI qHHIlIeBoro ,lJ;epmaHHR
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CTBeHHOCTH 1'1 JIeHOM HaH60JIee RCHO Oqep'-IHBalOTcR B 2 CTaTbH 38
KHHrH 1 rrepBOM qaCTH CaKCOHCKOro 3ep aJIa. HeKoTopble BbffiO,nbI
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rrepBoM qaCTH paccMaTpHBaeMoro rraMRTHHKa, C O,nHOJ;"1 CTOpOHbI, C
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TeMa 9. CaKCOHCKOf' 3epL\aJIO
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CTH "HMrrepaTop rrepe,lJ;aeT B JIeH Bce ;:J;yXoBHble KHRJKeCKHe JIeHbI
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,lJ;aeT rrpH rrOMOI.W1 3HaMeHH. HH O,lJ;HH 3HaMeHHbrM JIeH OH He MOmeT
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Ba:/KHeMIllHe HOpMbI, 3aKperrJIRIOll\He rrpaBOMOqHR 1'1 06R3aHHo-
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CTaTbRX 21, 48, 53, 58 KHHrH 2 TOM me qaCTH CaKcoHcKoro 3ep a-
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roPHRX rrpeCTyrrJIeHHM M)J.eT peqb B AaHHOM TpaKTaTe?
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qaCTH paCCMaTpHBaeMoro rrpOH3Be)J;eHI'IR, TO eCTb 3eMcKoro npaBa.
O)J;HaKO 1'1 BO BToprn ero qaCTH, rrOCBRLL\eHHOM JIeHHOMY rrpaBY, CY)J;O-
rrpOH3BOACTBY OTBe)J;eHa oc06aR rJIaBa - BTopaR rro CqeTY. OHaTaK
1'1 Ha3bIBaeTCR - "0 rrOpR;:J;Ke cY)J;orrpOH3BOACTBa". O<IeBH)J;HO, 'fT0
3)J;ecb HMeeTCR B BH;:J;y cY)J;orrpoH3BoACTBO B paMKax JIeHHoro CYAa.
B CTaTbe 1 KHHrYt 1 rrepBoM qaCTH CaKcoHcKoro 3epl\aJIa rOBO-
pHTCR 0 )J;BYX OCHOBHbIX BH)J;ax cY)J;a - l\epKOBHoM cY)J;e 1'1 CBeT-
TeMa 9. CaKCOHCKOf' 3epL\aJIO
95
CKOM cy,ne, KOTopble )J;eMCTBYIOT B TecHoti CBR3Ke, B3aHMHO )J;orrOJI-
HRR )J;pyr )J;pyra.
IOpH)J;HqeCKaR rrpHpO)J;a CBeTCKOM CY)J;e6HOM BJIaCTII, rrpe)J;CTaB-
JIeHHOM B CaKCOHCKOM 3epQaJIe, B rrOJIHOM Mepe COOTBeTcTByeT eo-
)J;aJIbHOMY TYIIIY 06Il.{eCTBa. Cy,ne6HaR YHKQHR MbICJIHTCR 3)J;eCb B
Ka qeCTBe O;:J;Hoti 1'13 06R3aHHOCTeM, rrpOHCTeKalOll\eM 113 COCJIOBHOro
cTaTyca 1'1 BJIa)J;eHHR 3eMeJIbHbIM Ha)J;eJIOM. MMeHHO rr03TOMY yKa-
3aHHaR YHKQHR Ha3bIBaeTCR B TeKCTe paCCMaTpHBaeMoro npaBO-
Boro rraMRTHHKa "cy,ne6HOM nOBHHHOCTbIO" (CM., HarrpHMep, 2 CTa-
TbH 2 KHHrH 1 rrepBoti qaCTH) HJIH "cy,ne6HbIM JIeHOM" (CM., HarrpH-
Mep, 3 CTaTbH 53 1'1 1 CTaTbH 54 l\HHrH 3 rrepBoM qaCTH). MMeHHo
B CHJIY cBoeM eo)J;aJIbHOM rrpHpo)J;bI cy,ne6HaR YHKQHR rrepe,na-
eTCR, COrJIaCHO CaKcoHcKOMY 3ep aJIY, rro HaCJIe)J;CTBY (CM., HarrpH-
Mep, 3 CTaTbH 26 KHHrH 3 nepBoM qaCTH).
B 1 CTaTbH 55 KHHrH 1 rrepBoM qaCTII CaKCOHCKOro 3epQaJIa
OTMeqeHHaR OC06eHHOCTb cBeTcKoM cY)J;e6HoM BJIaCTH BblpamaeTcR
rrpe)J;eJIbHO RCHO: "BCRKHM cBeTcKHM cY)J; HMeeT CBOHM HaqaJIOM
H36paHHe. IT03TOMY CY)J;beM He MOmeT 6bITb Ha3HaqeHHbIM CY)J;bR 1'1
HHKTO HHOM, eCJIH OH He 6bIJI CY)J;beM rro pom)J;eHHIO HJIH rro CBoeMY
JIeHY". B COOTBeTCTBHM C YCTaHOBJIeHHbIM 3)J;eCb rrpHHQHrrOM, eCJIH
Ha )J;OJI:/KHOCTb Cy,nbH H36HpaJICR Ha )J;JlHTeJIbHbIM CpOK qeJIOBeK, He
HMeBIllHM JIeHa, rpa HJIH MapKrpa )J;OJI:/KeH 6bIJI Ha)J;eJIHTb ero
JIeHOM 06 3TOM rrpRMo roBOPHTCR B 1 CTaTbH 58 KHHrYl 1 rrepBoM
qaCTH pacCMaTpHBaeMoro rrpoH3Be,neHHR.
IOpM)J.HqeCKaR rrpHpo,na cBeTCKoro cy,na paCKpbIBaeTCR 1'1 B CTa-
Tbe 2 KHHrH 1 rrepBoM qaCTII CaKcoHcKoro 3ep aJIa. KaKHe BbIBO,nbI
o cymHocTH cY)J;e6HoM BJIaCTII, rrpe,ncTaBJIeHHOM B )J;aHHOM TpaKTa-
Te, MomHO C)J;eJIaTb 1'13 cO)J;epmaHHR yKa3aHHOM CTaTbH?
CO)J;epmaHHe paCCMaTpl'IBaeMoro rrpaBoBoro rraMRTHHKa rrOKa-
3bIBaeT, 'fT0 Cy,nbI B repMaHHH ,neJIHJIHCb Ha KaTeropHH, COOTBeT-
CTBOBaBiliHe COCJIOBHOM CTpyKType 06Il.{eCTBa. MHaqe roBOpR, l1epap-
XHR CY)J;OB BO MHOroM 6a3HpOBaJIaCb Ha COCJIOBHOM HepapXHH. 3'1'0
B rrOJIHOM Mepe COOTBeTCTBOBaJIO eo)J;aJIbHOM rrpHpO)J;e cpe)J;HeBe-
KOBbIX repMaHCKI1X CY)J;OB.
KaKHe KaTeropHH CY)J;OB orrHCbIBalOTCR B CaKCOHCKOM 3epQa-
JIe? B CaKcoHcKOM 3epQaJIe )J;ocraTO"lHO qeTKO pa3rpaHHqHBaIOTCR
c epbI IOpHC)J;HKQHH QepKoBHoro 1'1 CBeTcKoro Cy,nOB (CM, HarrpH-
Mep, 1 CTaTbH 87 KHHrYl 3 rrepBoM qaCTII 1'1 ,np.). ITpH 3TOM B HeKO-
TOpbIX CJIyqaRx )J;orrycKaeTcR rrOBTopHoe paccMoTpeHHe )J;eJIa, yme
paccMoTpeHHoro B CBeTCKOM cY)J;e, B cy,ne epKoBHoM I'LITH Hao60-
pOT. COrJIaCHO rrpaBHJIY, YCTaHOBJIeHHOMY B )J;aHHOM TpaKTaTe, HHKTO
He rrJIaTIIT IllTpa )J;Bam)J;bI 3a O,nHO 1'1 TO me npaBOHapyureHHe. O,n-
HaKO B CJIyqae, eCJIH rrpaBOHapyurHTeJIb HapYIllHJI MHp 1'1 rroJ\JIe-
:/KHT 3a CBoe rrpecTyrrJIeHHe OTJIyqeHHIO 0'1' epKBH, OH rrJIaTHT
96
J1crOpl1H rocy.napCTBa 11 npaaa 3apyOe:1KHbIX CTpaH
llITpa 1'1 rro perneHHIO CBeTCKOro cY)J;a, 1'1 no rrOCTaHOBJIeHHIO cy.na
QepKoBHoro (CM. 06 3TOM 4 CTaTbH 53 KHHrH 1 rrepBoM qaCTH).
IIpH aHaJIH3e HOpM CaKcoHcKoro 3epQaJIa, rrOCBRl.L\eHHbIX 1\:0-
pOJIeBCKoMY cY;:J;y, oc060e BHHMaHHe CJIe;:J;yeT Y)J;eJIHTb 1 CTaTbH
26, CTaTbe 33, 2 CTaTbH 52 KHHrH 3 rrepBoM qaCTH. B qeM 3aKJIlO-
qalOTCR 3a HKcHpoBaHHble B TeKCTe CaKcoHcKoro 3ep aJIa OTJIH-
qHR KOpOJIeBcKoro cY)J;a 0'1' )J;PYrHX KaTeropHM CY)J;OB?
Kall: 06pa3yeTcR 1'1 )J;eMcTByeT, COrJIaCHO HopMaM CaKcoHcKoro
3ep aJIa, cy.n rpa a? KaKOBbI paMKH ero lOpHC)J;HKW1H?
KaK 06pa3yeTCR 1'1 )J;eflcTByeT CY)J; rorpa a? KaKOBa c epa ero
lOpHC)J;HKQHH?
qTO npe)J;cTaBJIReT c060fI JIeHHbrM CY)J;, COrJIaCHO HopMaM CaK-
COHCKOro 3ep aJIa? KaKoBa ero OpraHH3aQHR? KaKoB rropR)J;OK pac-
cMoTpeHHR )J;eJI B JIeHHOM cY)J;e, COrJIaCHO HopMaM, H3JIOmeHHbIM B
rJIaBe 2 BTOpOM qaCTH CaKcoHcKoro 3epQaJIa?
BI1BJII10fP A<I>I1H
A I'ICTOqmUU'l
1. CaKCOHCKoe 3epL\aJIO. llaMRTHHK, KOMMeHTapHH, HCCJIe.nOBaHI1R /
OrBeTCTBeHHbIH pe.naKTOp B. M. Kope"lf1<."Uu. M., 1985. C. 12-144.
2. XpeCTOMaTI1R no HCTOpHH rocy.napcTBa H npaBa 3apyoemHblx cTpaH.
.D:peBHocTb 1'1 CpeJIHHe BeKa_ 2-e H3.naHl1e / CocTaBHTeJIb - npo . B. A. To.M-
CUHoe. M.: J13.naTeJIbCTBO "3epL\aJIo", 2004. C 351-387_
3. K01iPUHZ r. 0 npoucxom.neHHI1 npaaa fepMaHHH / / AHTOJIOrHH MH-
pOBOH npaBoBoH MbICJII1. TOM 2. M, 1999. C. 733-737_
Ii JUiTEPATYPA
1. JI.e. t60 JI. M. "CaKcoHcKoe 3epua.::ro" - BbIJ\aIOll\I1HCH naMHTHHK I1C-
TOpHU repMaHcKOro eo.naJIbHoro npaBa / / CaKCoHcKoe 3epL\aJIO_ llaMRT-
HHK, KOMMeHTapHH, HCCJIe.nOBaHHH / OTBeTCTBeHHbIH pe.naKTOp B. M. Ko-
pe"lf1<."Uu. M., 1985. C. 152-224.
2_ A"KCeHeHOK r. A., KU"KOmb B. A. "CaKcoHcKoe 3epL\aJIO" 1'1 ero aBTop
B CBeTe HOBbIX I1CCJIe.noBaHHH / / CaKcoHcKoe 3epL\aJIO_ llaMRTHHK, KOMMeH-
TaPHH, UCCJIe.nOBaHI1H / OTBeTCTBeHHblfl pe.naKTop B. M. Kope1.f1<."Uu. M., 1985.
C. 226-269.
3. EepJIWH r. 3ana.nHaR TpaJ\I1L\I1H npaBa: 3noxa OpMl1pOBaHuH. M.,
1998. C. 452-479.
4_ BUHozpaooe n. r. PHMcKoe npaBo B cpeJ\HeBeKoBofl EBpone. M., 1910.
C.77-95.
T E MAIO
KAPOJII1HA - YrOJIOBHOE
11 YrOJIOBHO-llPOQECCYAJIhHOE YJIOmEHJ1E
CPE HEBEKOBOM fEPMAHl111
(2 .taca)
YroJIOBHO-CY)J;e6Hoe YJIO:/KeHHe CBRIl\eHHOM PHMCKOM HMrrepHH
(Peinlich Gerichts Ordnung des heyligen Romischen Reichs), 1'13-
BecTHoe TaK:/Ke KaK YJIO:/KeHHe HMrrepaTopa KapJIa V HJII1 KapOJIH-
Ha (Constitutio criminalis Carolina), 6bIJIO rrpHHRTO B 1532 rO)J;Y.
OHO CTaJIO caMbIM aBTopHTeTHbIM 06Il\eHMrrepcKHM CBO)J;OM HOpM
yroJIOBHOro 1'1 yrOJIOBHo-rrpOQeccyaJIbHoro rrpaBa fepMaHHH I . Ha
rrpOTRJKeHHH )J;BYX c rrOJIOBHHOM CTOJIeTHM KapOJII1Ha COCTaBJIRJIa
OCHOBY yrOJIOBHOro 1'1 yrOJIOBHo-rrpoQeccyaJIbHoro rrpaBa "CBRIl\eH-
HOM PI1MCKOM I1MrrepHH" 1'1 BXO)J;HBIID1X B Hee repMaHcKI1X rocY)J;apcTB.
TOJIbKO rrOCJIe TOro, KaK BO BTOpOM rrOJIOBHHe XVIII - HaqaJIe XIX
BeKa B 3THX rocY)J;apcTBax 6bIJIH C03)J;aHbI co6cTBeHHble yroJIOBHble
YJIO:/KeHHR 2 , yroJIOBHo-cY)J;e6Hoe YJIOmeHHe HMrrepaTopa KapJIa V
y1paTHJIO Ha rrpaKTHKe CBoe lOpH)J;l1qeCKOe 3HaqeHHe.
M3yqeHHe KapOJIHHbI B Kypce HCTOPHH rocy)J;apCTBa 1'1 rrpaBa
3apy6e:/KHbIX CTpaH rrpH3BaHO 03HaKOMHTb CTY)J;eHTOB C OCHOBHbI-
MH HHCTHTYTaMH 1'1 HopMaMH yroJIOBHOro 1'1 yroJIOBHo-rrpOQeccyaJIb-
HOro rrpaBa fepMaHHH 3rrOXH rr03)J;Hero Cpe;:J;HeBeKOBbR. CO)J;epma-
HHe )J;aHHoro YJIO:/KeHHR rrOKa3bIBaeT BrrOJIHe pa3pa60TaHHbrM rro-
I B 1530 r. B fepMaHI1H ObUIO npHlIRTo J1MnepcKoe nOJII1L\eHcKoe YJIome-
mle (Reichspolizeiordnung), BKJTIQ'-JI1BWee B CBoe co.nepmalme PM HOpM yroJIOB-
HOro H yroJIOBHO-npOL\eccyaJIbHoro npaBa_ CCb!JIKa Ha Hero .naeTCR B KOHL\e cra-
ThH 106 (CVI) KapOJU1HbL YKa3amloe YJIomemle He npHoOpeJIO B repMaHCKI1X
rocy}:\apcraax TaKoro aBTOpl1TeTa, KaKOM HMeJIa KapoJII1Ha.
2 llepBbIM cpe.n11 HHX 6bUIO BaaapcKoe yroJIOBHOe YJIOmeHHe 1751 r., 3a-
'!'eM ABCTpl1HcKOe yrOJIOBlIoe YJIOmelme 1768 r., oOHOBJIeHHOe B 1788 11 1803 rr.
B 1805 r. nORBJIReTCR yroJIOBHOe YJIOmeHl1e llpyccJ1J1 (Allgemeines eriminalrecht
fur die Preussischen Staaten)_ B 18131'_ B Baaapl1l1 npl1HI1MaeTCR HOBoe yroJIOBHoe
YJIOmeHHe. craBwee oOpa3!.\oM .nJIR MHorHX }:\pyrHx repMaHCKHX rocy.napcrB.
O.nHoBpeMeHHO C 3THM B L\e.'!OM pMe repMaHcKHx rocy.napcTB OTMeHReTCR I1H-
CTH1"YT llbITKl1, 3aHI1MaIOIL\HM BeJ\Yll.!ee MeC'rO B KapoJIHHe_ B llpycCYl11 nbITKa
OTMeHSleTCR B 1756 1'., B ABCTpJ1J1 - B 1776 r., B BaBapl1H - B 1786 r. 11 T. .n.
98
J1crOpHR roCy.napcTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX CTpatI
HRTHMHbIM arrrrapaT yrOJIOBHOro 1'1 yrOJIOBHO-rrpOQeccyaJIbHoro rrpa-
Ba, OTpa:/KalOIWIM )J;OBOJIbHO BbICOKHM ypOBeHb pa3BHTHR rrpaBOBO-
ro MbIUIJIeHHR.
CpaBHHB HOpMbI KapOJIHHbI C yroJIOBHO-rrpaBOBbIMH HOpMaMH
CaKcoHcKOro 3epQaJIa, MOJKHO YBM)J.eTb, qTO 3a TPH CTOJIeTHR, rrpo-
Ille)J;IID:!e co BpeMeHH rrORBJIeHHR lOpM)J.l1qecKOro TpaKTaTa 3MKe H
PeIIKOBa 1'1 )J;O C03J\aHHR YroJIOBHO-CYJ\e6Horo YJIO:/KeHHR KapJIa V,
Cpe)J;HeBeKOBaR repMaHCKaR lOpHCrrpY)J;eHQMR rrpeTeprreJIa Cepbe3-
Hble H3MeHeHHR, rrpH06peJIa HOBOe KaqeCTBeHHOe COCTORHHe.
IIpl1 paCCMOTpeHHI1 KaPOJIHHbI Ha CeMI1HapCKOM 3aHRTl1H pe-
KOMeH;:J;yeTCJI 06CY)J;HTb CJIe)J;YIOIWIe BOrrpOCbI:
1. MCTOpl1H C03 aHI1H KapOJII1Hbl. 06ruaH xapaKTCpl1CTJlKa 3Toro
npaBoBoro nalUHTHI1Ka.
2. npccrynJICHI1H 11 HaKa3aHIUL
3. OCHOBHI.IC npl1Hl..\l1nbl 11 CTaJ\lm I1HKBI131'11..\110HHOro n)JOI..\Ccca.
nCpBblii Bonpoc 0 QeJIJ1 C03)J;aHHR KapOJIHHbI rOBOpl1TCR B rrpe-
)J;HCJIOBHH Kap.na V K ee OCHOBHOMY TeKCTY.
MMrrepaTop, B qaCTHOCTH, 06'bHBJIReT 3)J;eCb rJIaCHO 0 TOM, ',1'1'0 )J;O
ero CBe)J;eHHR )J;OIllJIO qepe3 KYP lOPCTOB 1'1 rrpe)J;cTaBHTeJIeM pa3-
JIHqHbIX COCJIOBHM, ',1'1'0 rrpaBocY)J;He BO MHorHX yrOJIOBHbIX cY)J;ax HM-
rrepHH BepillaT JIHQa, He 3HalOIWIe HMrrepcKoro rrpaBa 1'1 He HMelO-
IWIe )J;OJImHOro rrpaKTWIeCKoro orrbITa Be)J;eHHR yrOJIOBHbIX )J;eJI. Ha-
CKOJIbKO )J;aHHoe 3aRBJIeHHe KapJIa V COOTBeTcTByeT )J;eMCTBHTeJIb-
HOCTH? KaKOBO 6bIJIO COCTORHHe HCTOqHHKOB rrpaBa fepMaHHH B
KOHQe XV - HaqaJIe XVI BeKa?
KaKHe o6cTORTeJIbCTBa rr06Y)J;HJII1 HMrrepaTopcKYlO BJIaCTb B
fepMaHHH C03)J;aTb 06Il\eHMrrepcKoe yrOJIOBHo-cY)J;e6Hoe YJIOJKeHHe?
IIpH paccMOTpeHHH )J;aHHbIX o6cTORTeJIbCTB He06xo)J;HMO rrpH-
HRTb BO BHI1MaHHe cO)J;ep:/KaHHe CTaTbH 127 (CXXVII), B KOTOpOM
M)J.eT peqb 0 HaKa3aHHH 3aqHHIWIKOB HapO,lJ;HOrO 6YHTa, 1'1 CTaTbH
128 (CXXVIII), YCTaHaBJIHBalOIQeM :/KeCToKoe HaKa3aHl1e 3a 6po-
)J;R:/KHl1qeCTBO.
KaK C03)J;aBa.nCR rrpoeKT Yro.noBHo-cY)J;e6Horo YJIOmeHHR Kap-
JIa V?
IIo MHeHHlO HeMeW'HX yqeHbIX, HCCJIe)J;OBaBIllHX HCTOPHIO C03-
)J;aHHR KapOJIHHbI, B OCHOBY ee TeKCTa 6bIJIH rrOJIO:/KeHbI HOpMbI BaM-
6eprcKoro yrOJIOBHO-CY)J;e6HOro YJIOJKeHHH 1507 rO)J;a 1'1 BpaH)J.eH6ypr-
CKOro yroJIOBHo-cY)J;e6Horo YJIO:/KeHHR 1516 ro)J;a. IIOqeMY OKa3aJIOCb
B03MOJKHbIM B YCJIOBHRX fepMaHHH rrepBoM TpeTH XVI BeKa rrpH-
J\aTb HopMaM rrpaBa O)J;HOM 113 3eMeJIb 06Il\eHMrrepcKoe 3HaqeHHe?
KaKoe BJII1RHHe Ha cO)J;ep:/KaHHe KapOJIHHbI OKa3aJIa cY)J;e6HaR
rrpaKTHKa?
TeMa 10. KapoJIl'lHa
99
KaKOBO OTHOllIeHHe KapOJIHHbI K J\eMCTBYIOl.L\I1M 06bI'faRM? .D:JIR
OTBeTa Ha 3TOT BOrrpOC He06xo)J;HMO 06paTHTbCR rrpe )J;e Bcero K
oroBopKe (Clausula Salvatoria), 3aBepllialOIl\eM rrpe)J;HCJIOBHe HMrre-
paTOpa KapJIa V K OCHOBHOMY TeKCTY KaPOJIHHbI, a TaK:/Ke K CTa-
TbRM, B KOTOpbIX HMelOTCR CCbIJIKH Ha 06bI'faH (CM., HarrpHMep, CTa-
TbH 104 (CIV), 218 (CCXVIII) 1'1 )J;p.).
ITO)J;JIHHHaR lOpH)J;HqeCKaR rrpHpo)J;a Kapo.nHHbI KaK 06Il\eHM-
rrepcKoro YJIO:iKeHHR BO MHOroM pacKpbIBaeTCJI B rrOCJIe)J;HeH ee CTa-
Tbe - 219 (CCXIX), a TaK:/Ke B CTaTbe 105 (CV). KaKHe BbIBO)J;bI 0
xapaKTepe paccMaTpHBaeMoro rrpaBoBoro rraMRTHHKa MO:iKHO c)J;e-
JIaTb Ha OCHOBaHHH 3aHHbIX cTaTeM?
B TeKCTe KapOJII1HbI Heo)J;HoKpaTHo yrroMHHaeTCR CJIOBOCOqe-
TaHHe "HallIe HMrrepaTopcKoe rrpaBo" HJIH "HallIe 06Il\ee HMrrepa-
TopcKOe rrpaBo" (CM., HarrpHMep, CT. 104 (CIV), 106 (CVI), 120 (CXX),
126 (CXXVI) H )J;p.). qTO 03Ha'faeT )J;aHHoe rroHRTHe? B KaKOM CMbIC-
JIe yrrOTpe6JIReTCR OHO B YroJIOBHo-cY)J;e6HoM YJIO:iKeHHH KapJIa V?
CO)J;epmaHHe KapOJIHHbI oTpamaeT TeH.n;eHQHlO B03pacTaHHR
pOJIH rocY)J;apcTBeHHoM BJIaCTH B 06Il.\eCTBeHHoM mH3HH. B qeM KOH-
KpeTHo rrpoRBJIReTCR )J;aHHaR TeH)J.eHQHR?
KaKHe CBoMcTBa lOpH,!J;WIecKoM TeXHHKH rrpORB.nRlOTcR B cO)J;ep-
maHHH KapoJIHHbI? KaKOB rropR)J;oK pacrrOJIO:/KeHHR rrpaBoBbIX HOpM?
omHo JIH rOBopHTb 0 KaKoM-To CHCTeMe H3JIO:iKeHHR rrpaBoBoro
MaTepHaJIa rrpHMeHHTeJIbHO K )J;aHHoMY yroJIOBHo-cY)J;e6HoMY YJIO-
meHHlO?
BTOpoii Bonpoc HOpMbI yrOJIOBHOro rrpaBa B KapOJIHHe TeCHO
rreperrJIeTeHbI C yroJIOBHo-rrpoQeccyaJIbHbIMH
HopMaMH. IT03TOMY HeKoTopble rrpH3HaKI1 rrpecTyrrJIeHHM, BH)J;bI rrpe-
cTyrrJIeHHj,i, HeKOTopble 3JIeMeHTbI COCTaBa rrpecTyrrJIeHHR 1'1 T. rr. pac-
KpbIBalOTCJI 11 orrHCbIBalOTCR B Tex CTaTbRX paCCMaTpl'IBaeMoro rrpa-
BOBOro rraMRTHHKa, KOTopble crreQHa.nbHO rrOCBRIl\eHbI H3JIO:/KeHHlO
rrpaBHJI yrOJIOBHOro cY)J;orrpOH3BO)J;CTBa. 3'1'0 TaKHe CTaTbH, KaK, Ha-
rrpHMep, 16 (XVI), 33 (XXXIII), 34 (XXXIV), 44 (XLIV), 48 (XLVIII),
52 (LII) 1'1 )J;p. BJ-I,!J;bI HaKa3aHHM H KpaTKaR HX xapaKTepHcTHKa )J;a-
lOTCJI B CTaTbe 192 (CXCII) KaPOJIHHbI, H3JIaralOIl\eM 3aKJIlOqHTeJIb-
Hble 'faCTH BCRKOrO rrpHroBopa.
Herrocpe)J;cTBeHHo rrpecTyrrJIeHHRM 1'1 HaKa3aHHRM rrOCBRIl\eHbI
B YroJIOBHo-cY)J;e6HoM YJIO:/KeHHH KapJIa V CTaTbH co 104 (CIV) rro
180 (CLXXX).
ITpH aHaJIH3e HOpM yroJIOBHDrO rrpaBa KapOJIHHbI CJIe)J;yeT
rrpe )J;e Bcero BbI,!J;eJIHTb Kpyr rrOHRTHM, rrocpe.n;cTBoM KOTOpbIX orrH-
CbIBaeTCR rrpecryrrHoe )J;eRHHe. 31'0 rrOHRTHR, 0603HaqalOl.L\I1e pa3-
JIHqHble BJ-I,!J;bI coyqacTHR B rrpecTyrrJIeHHH, pa3JIWIHble CTa)J;HH co-
BepllIeHHR rrpecTyrrJIeHHR, OpMbI BHHOBHOCTH 1'1 T. rr.
100
J1CTOpHR roCy.napcTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX CTpatI
qTO nOHHMaeTCJI rro)J; coyqacTHeM B rrpecTyrrJIeHHH B paCCMaT-
pHBaeMOM YJIO:/KeHHH? KaKHe pa3HOBH)J;HOCTH coyqacTHR BbI,ZJ;eJIR-
lOTCJI 3)J;eCb?
KapOJIHHa )J;aeT orrpe)J;eJIeHHe rrOHRTHR rrOKYIlleHHR [CM. CTa-
TblO 178 (CLXXVIII)]. B qeM 3aKJIlOqaeTCR CYTb 3TOro orrpe)J;eJIeHHR?
KaKl1e OpMbI BHHOBHOCTH BbI,ZJ;eJIRlOTCR B KapOJIHHe?
IIpH paccMoTpeHHH BI'I,ZJ;OB rrpeCTyrrJIeHHM 1'1 HaKa3aHHM, orrH-
caHHbIX B TeKCTe KapoJIHHbI, CJIe.nyeT 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe, ',1'1'0 xa-
paKTepHCTHKa HX HaqHHaeTCJI 3)J;eCb C rrpecTyrrJIeHHM, HarrpaBJIeH-
HbIX rrpoTHB xpHcTHaHcKoti BepbI. O)J;HaKo HaH60JIbillee qHCJIO CTa-
TeM )J;aHHoro rrpaooBoro rraMRTHHKa rrOCBRIl.\eHO TaKI1M rrpecTyrrJIe-
HHRM, KaK y6HMCTBO 1'1 Kpama.
KaKl1e KaTeropHH y6HMcTBa pa3JIHqaeT KapoJIHHa?
KaKHe pa3HOBH.n;HOCTH Kpa:/KH orrHCbmalOTCR B ee TeKcTe?
qTO rrOHHMaeTCR B KapoJIHHe rro)J; TaKHM rrpeCTyrrJIeHHeM, KaK
H3MeHa? KaKHe KaTeropHH H3MeHbI 3)J;eCb BbI,ZJ;eJIRIOTcR?
CTaTbR 135 (CXXXV) KapOJIHHbI YCTaHaBJIHBaeT HaKa3aHHe
3a caMoy6l'mCTBo. OHa TaK 1'1 Ha3bIBaeTCR - "HaKa3aHHe 3a caMO-
y6Hti:CTBO". COrJIaCHO )J;aHHOM CTaTbe, "eCJIH KTO-JIH60, 6y.n;yqH 06-
BHHeH 1'1 BbI3BaH HJIH J\OCTaBJIeH B cYJ\ rro TaKoMY )J;eJIY, 3a KOTopoe
OH MO:/KeT 6bITb JIHilleH :/KH3HH H HMYIl.\eCTBa, y6beT caM ce6R 1'13
CTpaxa rrepeJ\ rrO)J;06HbIM 3aCJIYJKeHHbIM HaKa3aHHeM, TO B TaKOM
CJIyqae ero HaCJIe)J;HHKH JIHilialOTCR rrpaBa HaCJIe)J;OBaTb ero HMY-
lL\eCTBO 1'1 TaKoe HaCJIe)J;CTBO 1'1 HMYIl.\ecTBO )J;OJI:/KHbI rrepeMTH B Ka3HY
Tex BJIaCTeM, KOHM rrpHHa)J;JIe:/KHT rrpaBO HaKa3aHHR, )J;eHeJKHOM rreHH
1'1 KOH HCKal\HH. Ho eCJIH KTO-JIH60 y6beT ce6R rrOMHMO YKa3aHHbIX
OqeBM)J.HbIX rr06YJK,!I;eHHM, B Tex CJIyqaRX, Kor)J;a OH rrO)J;JIemaJI TOJIbKO
TeJIeCHOMY HaKa3aHHlO, JIH60 rro HHbIM rrpWIHHaM, H3-3a TeJIeCHOM
6oJIe3HH, MeJIaHXOJIHH, rrOBpeJK)J;eHHR pacCY)J;Ka HJIH HHOro rro)J;06-
Horo CJIa60YMHR, TO H3-3a cero He )J;OJIJKHO rrperrRTCTBOBaTb ero
HaCJIe)J;HHKaM B rrOJIyqeHHH HaCJIe)J;CTBa, 1'1 rrpOTHB HHX HeJIb3R CCbI-
JIaTbCJI Ha KaKOM-JIH60 CTapbIM rropR.n;OK, 06blqaM HJIH CTaTYT, OT-
MeHReMble 1'1 YHHqTOJKaeMble HaCTORlL\HM, B TaKOM 1'1 HHbIX rro)J;06-
HbIX CJIyqaRX rrYCTb PYKOBO)J;CTBYlOTCR HaIllHM HMrrepaTopcKHM
rrHcaHbIM rrpaBoM".
MO:/KHO JIH CqHTaTb Ha OCHOBaHHH cO)J;epmaHHR rrpHBe)J;eHHoM
CTaTbH, "iTO caMoy6HMcTBO paccMaTpHBaJIOCb B KapOJIHHe B Kaqe-
CTBe rrpecryrrJIeHHR? ECJIH .n;a, TO "lemo B )J;aHHOM CJIyqae BblcTyrra-
eT B KaqeCTBe cy6'beKTa rrpecTyrrJIeHHR 1'1 'tmo COCTaBJIReT 06'beKT
rrpeCTyrrHoro rrOCRraTeJIbCTBa? ECJIH :/Ke caMoy6HMCTBO HeJIb3R CqH-
TaTb B paCCMaTpHBaeMOM cHTyaQHH rrpecTyrrJIeHHeM, TO 3a 'tmo Tor-
)J;a Ha3Ha"iaeTCJI HaKa3aHHe?
YroJIOBHO-CY)J;e6Hoe YJIOJKeHHe KapJIa V )J;OCTaTOqHO MHOro 1'1
rro.n;p06HO roBOPHT 0 HaKa3aHHRX 3a Te HJIH HHble npecTyrrJIeHHR. B
qeM 3aKJIlOqaeTC.H QeJIb HaKa3aHHR COrJIaCHO KapOJIHHe?
TeMa 10. KapoJIl'lHa
101
ITpH qTeHHH TeKCTa H3yqaeMOrO rrpaBOBOrO rraMRTHHKa HeJIb3R
He 3aMeTHTb )J;OBOJIbHO :/KeCToKoro xapaKTepa HaKa3aHHM, rrpe)J;rrH-
CbmaeMbIX ero HOpMaMl'l 06'bRCHeHHe ,AaHHOMY CBOMCTBY KapOJIH-
HbI CJIeJ\yeT HCKaTb B C03HaHHI1 11 HpaBax cpe,AHeBeKOBoro 06 e-
CTBa 3arra)J;HoM EBporrbI. KapOJIHHa Bcero-HaBcero OTpamaJIa crre-
QH HqeCKHe qepTbI ,AaHHoro C03HaHHR 1'1 HpaBOB. OIIl1CaHHbIe B HeM
pa3JIHqHble pMbI CMepTHOfI Ka3HH 1'1 TeJIeCHbIX HaKa3aHHM, corrpR-
meHHble C HCTR3aHHeM qeJIOBeqeCKOM rrJIOTH, RBJIRJIHCb IllHpoKO pac-
rrpOCTpaHeHHbIMH RBJleHHRMH cpeJ\HeBeKoBot1: 3arra)J;HoeBporreMcKot1:
CY)J;e6HOM rrpaKTHKH. B HaCTOR ee BpeMR OHH Ka:/KYTCR Qpe3MepHO
:/KeCTOKHMH, 6eCqeJIOBeqHbIMH. Ho C03HaHHlO 3arra)J;HoeBporreMCKO-
ro 06Il.\eCTBa srrOXH Cpe)J;HeBeKOBbR rrO)J;06Hble HaKa3aHHR COBceM
He rrpe,ACTaBJIRJIHCb meCTOKHMH, HeCYIl.\l1MH C C060M CTpailIHoe 3JIO
)J;JIR qeJIOBeKa. HarrpoTHB, 3arra,AHOeBpOrreMCKoe 06Il.\eCTBO pacCMaT-
pHBaeMOM srrOXH 6bIJIO CKJIOHHO CqHTaTb TaRHe HaKa3aHHR 6JIaroM
)J;JIR rex JIlO)J;eM, KOTopble HM rrO)J;BepraJIHCb. CTpa)J;aHHe, BbI3BaH-
Hoe HCTR3aHHeM rrJIOTH, paCCMaTpHBaJIOCb JIlO)J;bMH, BocrrHTaHHbI-
MH B )J;yxe xpHCTHaHCKOM peJIHrHH. aKTopOM, OqJ1lI.:(aBIllHM )J;yury
qeJIOBeKa 1'1 TeM CaMbIM HCrrpaBJIRBIllHM ero.
KaKHe aKTOpbI rrpeJ\rrHCbIBaeT KapOJIHHa rrpHHHMaTb BO BHH-
MaHHe rrpH Ha3HaqeHHH HaKa3aHHR? KaKHe 06CTORTeJIbCTBa MorYT
CJIymHTb OCHOBaHHeM )J;JIR CMRr'-JeHHR HaKa3aHHR HJIH rrOJIHoro OC-
B06om)J;eHHR 0'1' OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a COBepIlleHl1e rrpeCTYIIJIeHI1R?
qTO rrOHHMaeTCR B KapOJIHHe rro)J; rrpaBOMepHOM He06xo)J;HMOM
060pOHOM? ITpH KaKI1X YCJIOBHRX JIHQO, COBepIID:!BIllee y6HMCTBO B
COCTORHHH He06xoJ\HMOM 060POHbI, oCB060m)J;aeTCR OT HaKa3aHHR
3a Hero?
TpCTuii Bonpoc ITpH paCCMOTpeHHH )J;aHHoro Borrpoca CJIe;:J;yeT
rrpem)J;e Bcero orrpe)J;eJIHTb CYIW'OCTb HHKBH-
3HQHOHHOro rrpoQecca, rrOKa3aTb era OTJIHqHe 0'1' rrpoQecca 06BHHH-
TeJIbHoro.
B HCTOpH'feCKOM JIHTepaType, rrOCBRlL\eHHOM HCTOPHH HHKBI1-
3HQHOHHoro rrpoQecca, BbICKa3bIBalOTCR pa3JIHqHble TOqKH 3peHHR
Ha ero rrpOHCXOJK,!];eHHe.
O)J;HH yqeHble, rrHI.I1YlQJ1e 06 HHKBH3HQHOHHOM rrpoQecce, CqH-
TalOT, ',1'1'0 OH B03HHK B paMKaX pHMCKOM KaTOJIHqeCKOM QepKBH 1'1
YTBep)J;HJICR B cTpaHax 3arra,AHOM EBporrbI 6JIaro)J;apR )J;eRTeJIbHO-
CTH QepKoBHbIX HHKBH3HQHOHHbIX TpH6YHaJIOB. CBeTCKaR BJIaCTb
3al'IMCTBOBaJIa STy OPMY paccMoTpemm yroJIOBHbIX )J;eJI H3 c e-
pbI QepKoBHot1: I1HKBH3HQI1H 1'1 pacrrpOCTpaHHJIa Ha )J;eRTeJIbHOCTb
CBeTCKHX CY,AOB, 3aKperrHB ee B yroJIOBHO-rrpOQeccyaJIbHOM 3a-
KOHO)J;aTeJIbCTBe.
J!:pyrHe HCCJIe)J;OBaTeJIH rrpOBO)J;RT B CBOHX pa60Tax MHeHHe 0
TOM, ',1'1'0 HHKBH3HQHOHHbIM HJIH p03bICKHOM rrpoQecc eCTb c03)J;a-
102
J1CTOpHR roCy.napcTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX CTpatI
HHe CBeTCKOM BJIaCTH 1'1 ',1'1'0 pHMCKaR KaTOJIHqeCKaR QepKOBb He
H306peJIa ero, a 3aHMCTBOBaJIa 1'13 c epbI CBeTcKoro cy,/:\a. ,n:aHHaR
TOqKa 3peHHR rrpe)J;CTaBJIReTCR MHe 60JIee COOTBeTCTByIOIl.\eM aK-
TaM. KOpHH HHKBH3HQHOHHOro rrpoQecca crrpaBe,/:\JIHBO, Ha MOM
B3rJIRJ\, YCMaTpHBalOTCR B CY)J;orrpOH3BOJ\CTBe, ,/:\eMCTBOBaBllIeM BO
CPpaHKCKOM roCY)J;apCTBe eIl.\e B srroxy MepoBHHroB. B srroxy Kap-
JIa Be.nHKoro HaqaJIa HHKBH3HQHOHHOrO rrpoQecca rro.nyqHJIH )J;aJIb-
HeMllIee pa3BHTHe B paMKax C03,/:\aHHoro HM HHCTHTYTa misi dominici
(KopoJIeBCKHX rrOCJIaHI.\eB).
,n:aJIbHeMllIee CBoe pa3BHTHe HHKBH3HQHOHHbIM rrpoQecc rrOJIY-
qHJI B XI-XII BeKaX B roPOJ\CKHX KOMMYHaX CeBepHoM J1TaJIHI'L B
paMKax pHMCKOM KaTOJIHqeCKOM QepKBH HHKBH3HQHOHHbIH rrpoQecc
O HQHaJIbHO 6bIJI rrpH3HaH TOJIbKO B KOHQe XII - Ha<faJIe XIII BeKa.
B )J;eKpeTaJIHH rrarrbI J1HHoKeHTHR III, H3,/:\aHHoM 22 ceHTR6pR 1198
ro)J;a rro rroBo)J;y KOpbICTHOro )J;OJI:/KHOCTHOro rrpecTyrrJIeHHR, cOBep-
llIeHHoro apxHerrHcKorroM MHJIaHCKHM, )J;aBaJIOCb pa3pellIeHHe Ha
paccMoTpeHHe yrOJIOBHOro )J;eJIa KJIHpHKa B rropR)J;Ke ex officio. B
,/:\eKa6pbCKOM ,/:\eKpeTaJIHH 1199 ro,/:\a Y:/Ke HcrrO.nb30BaJICR 1'1 TepMHH
"inquisitio", KOTOpbIM BrrOCJIe)J;CTBHH 6Y;:J;yT 0603Ha<faTb HHKBH3H-
QHOHHbIM rrpoQecc, rrpaB,/:\a 3,/:\eCb OH BblcTyrraJI rrOKa eIl.\e B IllJ1pO-
KOM CMbICJIe - KaK CJIOBO, 0603HaqaBllIee CY)J;e6Hoe )J;eJIO (TRm6y)
Bo06r.u:e'. qeTBepTbIM JIaTepaHcKHM c060p pHMCKOM KaTOJIWIeCKOM
QepKBH, COCTORBllIHj,icR B 1215 ro;:J;y, O HQl'raJIbHO rrpH3HaJI HHKBH-
3HQHOHHbIM rrpoQecc (inquisitio) B KaqeCTBe 3aKOHHoM rrpoQe;:J;ypbI
paCCMOTpeHHR J\eJI B QepKOBHbIX TpH6YHaJIaX rro rrpecTyrrJIeHHRM
KJIHpHKOB. iKHBllIHM B rrepHo)J; CTaHOBJIeHHR QepKOBHoM HHKBH3H-
QHH KOMMeHTaTop KaHOHH'-IeCKoro rrpaBa poaoifrpea (YMep B 1243 r.)
6e3 KaKHX-JIH60 cOMHeHHM 3aRBJIRJI B CBOHX KOMMeHTapHRX 0 CBeT-
CKOM rrpOHcxom)J;eHHH HHKBH3HQHOHHOrO rrpoQecca.
ITpl13HaHHe HHKBI1311QHOHHOro rrpoQecca QepKOBHOM BJIaCTblO
rrpM)J.aJIO HOBbIM HMrrYJIbC pa3BHTHlO 1'1 pacrrpOCTpaHeHHlO STOM op-
MbI paCCMOTpeHHR yroJIOBHbIX )J;eJI B c<Pepe CBeTCKOM BJlaCTH. B pe-
3YJIbTaTe KO BpeMeHH C03,/:\aHHR YroJIOBHo-cy,/:\e6Horo YJIOmeHHR
KapJIa V HHKBH3HQHOHHbIM rrpoQecc CTaJI rocrrO,/:\CTBYlOr.u:eM op-
MOM paCCMOTpeHHR yrOJIOBHbIX )J;eJI B rrpaKTHKe CBeTCKHX H Qep-
KOBHbIX CY,/:\OB repMaHHH. KapOJIHHa Bcero JIHllIb 3aKperrHJIa STy
rrpaKTHKY B CBOHX CTaTbRX.
MHKBH3HQHOHHOMY rrpOQeccy rrOCBRIl.\eHO 60JIbIllJ1HCTBO HOpM
yroJIOBHO-rrpOQeccyaJIbHOrO rrpaBa KaPOJIHHbI. AHaJIH3 COJ\ep:/KaHHR
STHX HOpM )J;OJI:/KeH 6bITb HarrpaBJIeH rrpeJK,!\e Bcero Ha BbIRBJIeHHe
3aKperrJIeHHbIX B HHX OCHOBHbIX rrpHHQHrrOB HHKBH3HQHOHHoro rrpo-
Qecca.
I Or JIaTl1HCKOrO CJIoaa "inquirere" - BeCTH }:\eJIo, TRmoy.
TeMa 10. KapoJIl'lHa
103
KaK H3BeCTHO, 06BHHHTeJIbHbIM rrpOQeCC 6a3HpyeTCR Ha rrpHH-
QHrre COCTR3aTeJIbHOCTH CTOpOH. IIpHCYTCTByeT JIH COCTR3aTeJIb-
HOCTb B HHKBH3HQHOHHOM rrpoQecce, OrrHCaHHOM B KapoJIHHe?
06BHHHTeJIbHOMY rrpoQeccy CBOMCTBeHHa rJIaCHOCTb. J1MelOT-
CR JIH 3JIeMeHTbI rJIaCHOCTH B HHKBH3HQHOHHOM rrpoQecce?
KaKHe rrpHHQHrrbI JIemaT B OCHOBe HHKBH3HQHOHHOrO rrpoQec-
ca, 3aKperrJIeHHoro HOpMaMH KapOJIHHbI?
KaKOBa QeJIb CY)J;e6HOrO rrpoQecca comaCHO KapOJIHHe?
B paCCMaTpHBaeMOM rrpaBOBOM rraMRTHHKe )J;OCTaTOqHO rro.n;p06-
HO orrHCbIBaeTCR rrOCJIe)J;OBaTeJIbHOe )J;BH:/KeHHe HHKBH3HQHOHHOro
rrpoQecca 0'1' O)J;HOM CTa)J;HH K )J;pyrok
ITepBYlO CTa)J;HlO HHKBH3HQHOHHOro rrpoQecca COCTaBJIRJIa rrpo-
Qe.n;ypa rrpe.n;BapHTeJIbHoro 06Il\ero paCCJIe.n;oBaHHR (inquisitio
generalis). KaK OHa orrHCbIBaeTCR B KapOJIHHe? M3 KaKHX )J;eMCTBHM
)J;aHHaR CTa)J;HR COCTOHT? KaKOBa ee QeJIb? KaKHe 06CTORTeJIbCTBa
RBJIRlOTCR, rro HopMaM KapOJIHHbI, OCHOBaHHeM )J;JIR B036ym)J;eHHR
YroJIOBHOro J\eJIa 1'1 HaqaJIa rrpe)J;BapHTeJIbHOrO 06LL\ero paCCJIe)J;o-
BaHl'm?
BmopM CTa)J;HJJ HHKBH3HQHOHHOro rrpoQecca - 3'1'0 crreQHaJIb-
Hoe paCCJIeJ\OBaHHe (inquisitio specialis). KaKHe J\eMCTBHR )J;OJI:/KHbI
rrpe.n;rrpHHHMaTbcR Ha 3TOM CTa)J;HH yrOJIOBHOro rrpoQecca COrJIaCHO
KapOJIHHe? B qeM COCTOHT Ha3HaqeHHe inquisitio specialis?
KaKHe BH)J;bI J\OKa3aTeJIbCTB orrHCbIBalOTCR B paCCMaTpHBae-
MOM rrpaBOBOM rraMRTHHKe? KaKHe crroc06 )J;OKa3bIBaHI1R CqHTa-
lOTCR )J;orrycTHMbIMH?
O.n;HOM 1'13 caMbIX rJIaBHbIX TeM KapoJIHHbI RBJIReTCJJ TeMa rrbIT-
KH. IIpHMeHeHHe rrbITKH perJIaMeHTHpYeTCR 3)J;eCb, HarrpHMep, B CTa-
TbRX 8 (VIII), 9 (IX), 22 (XXII), 23 (XXIII), 27 (XXVII), 29 (XXIX),
45 (XL V), 46 (XLVI), 47 (XL VII) 1'1 )J;p. KaKaR pOJIb OTBO)J;HTCR IIbITKe
B cy.n;e6HoM rrpoQecce, orrHcaHHOM B KapOJIHHe? IIpH KaKHX YCJIO-
BHRX OHa rrpHMeHReTCR comaCHO rrpaBHJIaM .n;aHHoro YJIO:/KeHHR?
KaKoe 3HaqeHHe HMelOT CBe.n;eHHR, rrOJIyqeHHble rro)J; rrbITKOM?
KaKoe 3HaqeHHe rrpH.n;aeT KapOJIHHa rrpH3HaHHlO 06BHHReMO-
ro B COBepweHHH rrpeCTyrrJIeHHR?
Tpem'b.5t CTa)J;HR HHKBH3HQHOHHOro rrpoQecca - Bblpa60TKa,
COCTaBJIeI-IHe 1'1 omaweHHe rrpHroBopa. EM crreQHaJIbHO rrOCBRLL\eHbI
B KapOJIHHe CTaTbH C 92 (XCII) rro 99 (XCIX), co 181 (CLXXXI) rro
199 (CXCIX), O)J;HaKO HeKoTopble .n;eMcTBHR, cOBepwaeMble Ha 3TOM
CTa)J;HH cYJ\orrpoH3Bo.n;cTBa, orrHcaHbI B pR)J;e .n;pyrHx CTaTbek
KaKl1e rrpaBHJIa )J;JIR YKa3aHHOM CTa)J;HH rrpoQecca YCTaHaBJIH-
BaeT paccMaTpHBaeMoe YJIO:/KeHHe?
KaKl1e B03MO:/KHble BapHaHTbI rrpHroBopa yrroMHHalOTcR HorrH-
CbIBalOTCR B KapOJIHHe?
XOTR cOJ\ep:/KaHHe rrpHroBopa BO MHOroM rrpe)J;orrpe.n;eJIRJIOCb
pe3YJIbTaTaMH, rrOJIyqeHHbIMH B xo.n;e paCCJIe)J;oBaHHR, 1'1 :no pac-
104
J1CTOpHR roCy.napcTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX CTpatI
CJIe)J;OBaHHe OCyr.u:eCTBJIRJIOCb CaMHM CYJ\OM, J\aHHaR CTaJ\HR HMeJIa
CaMOCTORTeJIbHOe 3HaqeHHe, 1'1 ee HeJIb3R CMellIHBaTb C rrpe,AbI)J;Y-
Il\eM CTa)J;HeM HHKBH3HQHOHHOro rrpoQecca. KapOJIHHa paCCMaTpH-
BaeT Bbrpa60TKY, COCTaBJIeHHe 1'1 OrJIallIeHHe rrpHroBopa B KaqeCTBe
HMeHHO CaMOCTORTeJIbHOH CTa,AHH CY,AOrrpOH3BO,ACTBa. CTaTbR 92
(XCII) )J;aHHoro YJIO:/KeHHR rrpeJ\rrHcbIBaeT cY,Abe, llIe eHaM 1'1 cY-
,Ae6HbIM 3ace)J;aTeJIRM "TIl\aTeJIbHO 0603peTb 1'1 06CY)J;HTb Bee rrpo-
l\eccyaJIbHble 3aRBJIeHHR 1'1 rrpOH3BO,ACTBO (rro )J;eJIY)". KapOJIHHa
,AorrYCKaeT, ',1'1'0 npHroBopOM MO:/KeT CTaTb He TOJIbKO OCY:iK)J;eHHe
06BHHReMOrO, HO TaKme rrOJIHOe orrpaB;:J;aHHe ero HJIH :/Ke qaCTHq-
Hoe, BJIeKyr.u:ee 3a C060M rrpOCTO OCTaBJIeHHe rro,A rrO)J;03peHHeM.
IIpHroBop ,AOJI:/KeH BbIHOCHTbCR, COrJIaCHO KapOJIHHe, Ha OCHOBa-
HHH He O)J;HHX MHeHHM CY)J;eM, HO 1'1 B COOTBeTCTBHH C HopMaMH :no-
ro YJIO:/KeHHR, rrpHHQHIIaMH CrrpaBeJ\JlHBOCTH 1'1 06CTORTeJIbCTBaMH
KaJK,!];oro KOHKpeTHoro CJIyqaR. PaCCJIe)J;OBaHHe MO:/KeT rrpe,Aorrpe-
)J;eJIHTb Ha3HaqeHHe rrpecTyrrHI1KY B KaqeCTBe MepM HaKa3aHI1R
CMepTHOM Ka3HM. O)J;HaKO crroc06 1'1 pMbI ee orrpe,AeJIRlOTCR TOJIbKO
Ha CJIeP;YIOIl.\eM CTa)J;HH HHKBH3HQHOHHOrO rrpoQecca. 06 3TOM rrpR-
MO roBOPHT CTaTbR 104 (CIV) KapoJIHHbL COrJIaCHO H3JIOmeHHOM B
3TOM CTaTbe HopMe "HaJ\Jle:/KHT rrpHcY)J;HTb crroc06 1'1 OpMbI cMepT-
HOM Ka3HH, cooTBeTcTBYIOIl.\I1e 06CTORTeJIbCTBaM H 3JIOCTHOCTH rrpe-
cTyrrJIeHHR, comaCHO )J;06PbIM 06bI'faRM HJIH YKa3aHHRM oJIaroro 1'1
CBe)J;yr.u:ero B rrpaBe CY,AbH".
KapOJIHHa peKOMeH;:J;yeT CY)J;bRM 06paIl\aTbCR B CJIyqaRX B03-
HHKHOBeHHR 3aTpYJ\HeHHM rrpH BbI60pe HaKa3aHHR, COOTBeTCTBYIO-
Il\ero xapaKTepy rrpecTyrrJIeHHR, 1'1 rrpH OTCYTCTBHH B HeM He06xo-
P;HMbIX HOpM 3a COBeTOM K 3HaTOKaM rrpaBa.
B yrrOMRHYTOM BbIllIe eTaTbe 104 (CIV) KapOJIHHbI CY,AbRM pa3-
pelliaeTcR B cHTyaQHH, KOr,Aa HMrrepcKoe rrpaBo YCTaHaBJIHBaeT yro-
JIOBHOe HaKa3aHHe, HerrpHeMJIeMOe rro 06CTORTeJIbCTBaM )J;aHHoro
MeCTa H BpeMeHH, "Ha3HaqaTb 1'1 ocyr.u:ecTBJIRTb HaKa3aHHR rro CBO-
eMY YCMoTpeHHlO, COOTBeTCTBeHHO 06CTORTeJIbCTBaM H 3JIOCTHOCTH
rrpecTyrrJIeHHR"_ Y'fHTbIBaR, ',1'1'0 HaKa3aHHR, KOTOpble rrpe)J;rrHCbIBaJIO
HMrrepcKoe rrpaBo repMaHHH, 6bIJIH qpe3BbI'faMHO :/KeCTOKHMH, CBO-
P;HJIHCb, B OCHOBHOM, K pa3JIHqHbIM rrpHqHHRBIlIJ1M rJIy60KHe H-
3HqeCKHe cTpa)J;aHHR opMaM cMepTHoM Ka3HH 1'1 HaHeceHHlO YBe-
qHt'I TeJIY ocym)J;eHHoro, )J;03BOJIeHHe CY)J;bRM oTcTyrraTb 0'1' HOpM
3TOro rrpaBa 1'1 PYKOBOJ\cTBoBaTbcR CBOHM YCMoTpeHHeM C03)J;aBaJIO
B03MomHOCTb BbIHeceHHR rrpecryrrHHKY 60JIee rYMaHHoro rrpHroBo-
pa. 0 TOM, ',1'1'0 KapOJIJ1HOM rrpe)J;rrOJIaraeTCR B )J;aHHOM cJIyqae HMeHHO
CMWqeHHe rrpHroBopa, CBH,AeTeJIbCTBYIOT cO)J;epmaIl.\l1eCR B paccMaT-
pHBaeMoM HopMe CCbIJIKH Ha crrpaBeJ\JlHBOCTb 1'1 06Il\ee 6JIaro. Cy-
)J;bRM rr03BOJIReTCR Ha3HaqaTb HaKa3aHHR rro cBoeMY YCMoTpeHHIO
HMeHHO "1'13 JII06BH K CrrpaBeJ\JlHBOCTH 1'1 B CTpeMJIeHHH K 06Il.\eMY
TeMa 10. KapoJIl'lHa
105
6JIary". KpOMe TOro, pa3pewaR CY)J;bRM "Ha3HaqaTb 1'1 OCyr.u:eCTB-
JIRTb HaKa3aHHR rro CBoeMY YCMOTpeHHlO", KapOJIHHa CJIe)J;YlOIl.\eM
:/Ke HOpMOM OrpaHHqHBaeT CB060)J;y CY)J;eMcKoro rrpOH3BOJIa. "B oco-
6eHHOCTH Ha)J;JIe:/KMT HMeTb B BH)J;Y, - rOBopHTCR B 3aKJIlOqeHHH
CTaTbH 104 (CIV), - ',1'1'0 EO Bcex Tex CJIyqaRX, KOr)J;a Hallie HMrrepa-
TopcKoe rrpaBO He YCTaHaBJIHBaeT 1'1 He )J;orrYCKaeT CMepTHOM Ka3HH
1'1 KaKOro-JIH60 JJ;pyroro TeJIeCHOrO, YBeqaIl.\ero = rr030pRIl.\ero Ha-
Ka3aHHR (HJIH B rro)J;06HbIX HM), CYJJ;bR 1'1 CY)J;e6Hble 3ace)J;aTeJIH TaKme
He JJ;OJImHbI HHKOro rrpHroBapHBaTb K CMepTHOM Ka3HH HJIH rrpOqHM
yroJIOBHbIM HaKa3aHHRM".
TaKHM 06pa30M, HHKBH3HQHOHHbIM rrpoQecc, 3aKperrJIeHHbIM B
rrpaBOBblx HopMax KaPOJIHHbI, 'lie 60LA 3anp02pCI.M.i11upoBa'li 'liU 'lia
'lienpe.ilte1i'lioe OCYJlCaeuue 06BU1i.R.eJlt020, 1iU ua JlCecmo uii npU20-
BOp B DmUowe1iUU .nu"lfa, npu3Ua'li1i020 BUUOB1ioW!1. B npecmyn.ne-
'liUU. ITpH aHaJIH3e TeKCTa KapOJIHHbI CJIe)J;YeT oc060e BHHMaHMe
06pallIaTb Ha TaKl1e CTaTbH, KaK, HarrpHMep, 155 (CLV), B KOTOpOM
roBOpHTCR: "EcJIH 6Y)J;eT 3aKJIlOqeH B TlOPbMY KTO-JIH60, paHee
06'bRBJleHHbIM OrraJIbHbIM 3a y6MMCTBO, COrJIaCHO 06bI'lalO HHbIX MeCT,
1'1 B TlOpbMe 6YJJ;eT rrpocHTb pa3pellIeHHR J\OKa3aTb CBOIO HeBHHOB-
HOCTb COOTBeTCTBeHHO rrOCTaHOB.neHHRM BbIllIerrpHBe)J;eHHblx CTa-
TeM 06 orrpaB)J;aHHH, TO eMY JJ;OJI:/KHO 6bITb )J;03BOJIeHO JJ;OKa3aTb STO,
HeB3HpaR Ha TO, ',1'1'0 OH paHee 6bIJI rrpH3HaH OrraJIbHbIM 3a y6Hti:-
CTBO".
.IJ:JIR 60JIee rrpaBHJIbHOM OQeHKI1 HOpM KapOJIHHbI, perJIaMeHTH-
PYlOIl.\HX XOJJ; HHKBH3HQHOHHOro rrpoQecca, CJIe)J;yeT yqecTb TaKme
cJIe)J;YIOIl.\ee 3aRBJIeHHe, cO)J;ep:/KaIl.\eeCR B CTaTbe 218 (CCXVIII):
"Bo MHornx yroJIOBHbIX cYJ\ax 06HaPY:lKeHbI MHoro06pa3Hble 3JIO-
yrrOTpe6JIeHHR, rroJJ;06Hble rrpHBe)J;eHHbIM, TaK 'fT0 TlOpbMbI rrpHMe-
HRIOTCR He JJ;JIR oxpaHeHHR, a )J;JIR BRIl.\erO HaKa3aHHR 3aXBaqeH-
HbIX H 6pOllIeHHbIX TYJ\a. MHOM pa3 TaKme BJIaCTH 6e3 J\OCTaTOq-
HbIX YJIHK xBaTalOT 1'1 Ca:/KalOT B TlOPbMY qeCTHbIX JIlO)J;et'I, paHee He
orrOpOqeHHbIX 1'1 He HMelOIl.\HX )J;ypHOM CJIaBbI, 1'1 JJ;eMCTBYIOT rrpH
TaKHX apeCTaX HaCKOpo 1'1 OrrpOMeT'-IHBO, rrpHqHHRR TeM yr.u:ep6 qeCTH
apeCTOBaHHbIX".
TaKHM 06pa30M, Ha3HaqeHHe KapOJIHHbI 3aKJIlOqaJIOCb He B TOM,
qT06bI yTBep)J;HTb HHKBH3HQHOHHbIM rrpoQeCC B JJ;eRTeJIbHOCTH rep-
MaHCKHX CY)J;OB - STOT rrpoQeCC He 6bIJI HOBbIM JJ;JIR fepMaHHH rrep-
BOM TpeTH XV BeKa, KO BpeMeHH rrpHHRTHR KapOJIHHbI OH HMeJI
Y:/Ke )J;OBOJIbHO llIHpoKoe pacrrpOCTpaHeHHe B CY)J;e6HOM rrpaKTHKe.
YroJIOBHO-CYJ\e6Hoe YJIOmeHMe KapJIa V rrpH3BaHO 6bIJIO rrOCTaBHTb
HHKBH3HQHOHHbrM rrpoQecc B TaKHe rrpaBOBble paMKH, qT06bI OH He
rrpeBpaIl.\aJICR B HHCTpYMeHT pacrrpaBbI HaJJ; JIlO)J;bMH HeBHHOBHbI-
MH, HO rro KaKHM-TO rrpHqHHaM CTaBllIHMH Heyro)J;HbIMH MeCTHbIM
BJIaCTRM.
106
J1CTOpHR roCy.napcTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX CTpatI
BHHMaTeJIbHOe 1'1 Herrpe.ZJ:y6eJK)J;eHHOe qTeHHe TeKCTa KapOJIH-
HbI rr03BOJIReT C,AeJIaTb BbIBO,A 0 TOM, 'fT0 KpaCHBOe, rrOXO:/Kee Ha
:/KeHCKOe HMR, Ha3BaHHe :noro rrpaBoBoro rraMHTHHKa cooceM He Ha-
XO)J;HTCR B rrpOTHBOpeqHH C CO)J;epmaHHeM ero HOpM. KapOJIHHa He
TOJIbKO He )J;eJIaJIa HHKBH3HQHOHHbIM rrpoQecc 60JIee YCTpallIaI0Il.\HM,
HO CKopee 06JIaropamHBaJIa 3'1'0 HBJIeHHe, KOTOpoe HeCrrpaBe)J;JIHBO,
rro MoeMY MHeHHlO, rrpe)J;CTaBJIReTCR B COBpeMeHHot"I JIHTepaType
KaK CHMBOJI Bcero caMoro Mpa'fHOrO B HCTOpHH 3arraJ\HoeBporret"ICKoro
Cpe)J;HeBeKOBbR.
BI1BJII10fP Aq>I1H
A J;ICT01JHJ;IRM
1. KapOJII1Ha. YrOJIOBHo-cy.neoHoe YJIOmeHl1e KapJIa V / llepeBo}:\. npe-
.nI1CJIOBHe 11 npHMe'-JaHI1R npocp. C. H. BYJl.amoea. AJIMa-ATa, 1967.
2. XpeCTOMaTI1R no HCTOpHH rocYJ\apcTBa 11 npaBa 3apy6emHblx CTpaH.
.D:peBHocTb H epe}:\Hl1e BeKa. 2-e 113.naHHe, .nonOJIHeHHOe / eOCTaBI'ITeJIb -
npocp. B. A. To.Mcw!Oe. M: J13.naTeJIbC'l'BO "3epuaJIo", 2004. e. 396-432.
B. JIMTEPATYPA
L nO.!l,,!//nc'IC"'!di H. H. OCHoBHble OpMbI nOCTpOeHI1R yrOJIOBHOrO npo-
L\eCca / / Y<IeHble 3anHCKI1 MocKoBcKoro rocy.napcl'BeHHoro yHHBepcHTeTa.
1949. BbIn. 145. C. 57-65.
2. 'le.JIb1to/3-Be6ymo/3 M. A. Kypc yrOJIOBHO-npOL\eccyaJIbHOrO npaBa.
Cn6., 1995. e. 276-285.
TEMA 11
nPABOBbIE llAMHTHJffiI1 CPE HEBEKOBOrO
KI1TAH
(2 'laca)
IIpoL\ecc OCBoeHHR 60raTeMIl1ero rrpaBOBoro HaCJIe,lJ;HR cpe)J;He-
BeKoBoro KHTaR pOCCHMCKMMH yqeHbIMH HaXO,lJ;MTCR B Ha'laJIbHOM
CTa)J;HJ1. K HaCTORIl..\eMY BpeMeHH C,lJ;eJIaHbI TOJIbKO rrepBble rnarH rro
rrepeBO,lJ;YTeKcToB KHTat'lcKMx rrpaBoBblx rraMRTHHKOB 3rrOXH Cpe,lJ;-
HeBeKoBbH, OCMbICJIeHHlO cO,lJ;epmaIl..\erOCH B HHX MaTepHaJIa.
B 1997 ro,lJ;Y BbIIlIJIa B CBeT B rrepeBO,lJ;e Ha PYCCKHt'1 R3bIK rrep-
BaR qaCTb Cpe,lJ;HeBeKOBoro KHTaMCKoro rrpaBOBoro CBO,lJ;a, C03,lJ;aH-
HOro B HaqaJIe XVII BeKa. )J;aHHbIM CBO,lJ; COCTOHT 1'13 c60pHHKa "3a-
KOHOB BeJIHKot'1 ,lJ;HHaCTHH Ml'IH", KOTOpblt'1 6bIJI COCTaBJIeH B KOHQe
XIV BeKa, 1'1 HMrrepaTopcKHX rroCTaHOBJIeHHt'I, H3,lJ;aHHbIX B rrOCJIe-
,lJ;YIOlL\He CTOJIeTHR I .
B 1999 1'1 2001 rO,lJ;ax 6bIJIa H3,lJ;aHa B rrepeBO,lJ;e C KMTat'lcKoro
R3bIKa Ha PYCCKHt'1 3HaqHTeJIbHaR qaCTb TeKCTa c60pHHKa "Yro-
JIOBHble YCTaHOBJIeHHR TaH (TaH JIIOM LIlY H)", COCTaBJIeHHOrO B
KHTae B 653 ro)J;y2. YKa3aHHblt'1 IOpH,lJ;MqeCKHt'1 c60pHHK H3BeCTeH B
HCTOpHqeCKot'1 JIHTepaType rro,lJ; Ha3BaHHRMH "TaHcKHt'1 KO,lJ;eKC" HJIH
"YroJIOBHblt'1 KO,lJ;eKC ,lJ;HHaCTHH TaH".
M3yqeHHe rrpaBoBbIX HHCTHTYTOB Cpe,lJ;HeBeKoBoro KHTaR B KYP-
ce HCTOPHH roCY;:J;apcTBa 1'1 rrpaBa 3apy6e:/KHbIX cTpaH He06xo)J;HMO
rrpOBO,lJ;HTb Ha OCHOBe aHaJIH3a cO,lJ;epmaHHR Ha3BaHHbIX IOpH)J;H'leC-
KHX C60pHHKOB - TO eCTb "3aKOHOB BeJIHKOM ,lJ;HHaCTHH MHH" 1'1
"YrOJIOBHbIX YCTaHOBJIeHHM TaH".
1 eM.: 3aKOHbI BeJIYIKOM .nYIHaCTYII1 MI1H co CBO,!\HbIM KOMMeHTapJ1eM YI npYI-
JIOmeHYIeM nOCTaHOBJIeHYIfl. "t.IaCTb I / llepeBo.n C KI'ITaflcKoro, YICCJle.nOBaHYIe,
npYIMe'-JaHI1H YI npJ1J!OmeHYIe H. n. CeucmYHoeoiL M_: J13.naTeJIbCKaH qmpMa
"BocTO'-JHaH JII1TepaTypa" PAR. 1997. (llepeBo.n BTOpOfl '-JaCTI1 .naHHoro npaBo-
BOro naMRTHYIKa I'OTOBI1TCR K 113.naHI1IO B TOM :lKe YI3.naTeJIbCTBe.)
2 eM.: YroJIOBHble YCTaHOBJIeHI1H TaH C pa3"bHCHeHI1HMYI. IJ:3JoaHI1 1-8 /
ITepeBo.n. BBe}:\eHYIe 11 KOMMeHTapl1fl B. M. Pot6w<:0ea. ell6.: "lleTepoyprcKoe
BOcToKoBe}:\eHl1e", 1999; YroJIOBHble YCTaHOBJIeHYIH TaH C pa3"bHCHeHYIHMI'I.
IJ:3JoaHYI 9-16 / llepeBo.n YI KOMMeHTapYIfl B. M. Pbt6w<:0ea. ell6.: "lleTep6yp-
rCKoe BocTOKoBe.neHl1e", 2001.
108
J1crOPUH roCY.napCTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX CTpaH
fJIaBHoti L\eJIbIO CeMHHapCKOrO 3aHRTHR rro ,D;aHHoti TeMe RBJIR-
eTCR 03HaKOMJIeHHe cry,D;eHTOB C oc06eHHOCTRMH rrpaBOBoti KYJIb-
TypbI Cpe,D;HeBeKoBoro KI1TaR. OCHOBHoe CO,D;epmaHHe BbIUIeyKa3aH-
HbIX rrpaBOBbIX rraMRTHHKOB COCTaBJIRlOT HOpMbI yrOJIOBHOro rrpaBa.
IIo:3TOMY HMeHHO yroJIOBHO-rrpaBOBble rrOHRTHR 1'1 npHHL\l1rrbI ,D;OJI-
:/KHbI CTaTb rrpe;:J;MeTOM CrreQMaJIbHoro 06CY:/K,lJ;eHHR Ha ceMHHapCKOM
3aHRTHH.
IIpH 3TOM L\eJIeCOO6pa3HO paCCMOTpeTb CJIe,lJ;YIOIl.{l1e BOrrpOCbI:
1. JiIcTO'IHIIKII npaBa B CpCJ\HCBCKOBOM KJlTac.
2. JiICTOpl1R C03J],aHJIR 11 o6 aR xapaKTCpllCTI1Ka C60pHJIKa "Yro-
JIOBHblC YCTaHOBJICHIIJI TaH (TaH moil IllY II)".
3.0CHOBHbIC 'ICpTbI yrOJlOBHOrO IlpaBa B "TaH moii my 11".
4. JiIcToplIJi C03,1J,alll'IJI II oOIQaJl xap<lKTCpI1CTJIKa COOpllJlKa "3a-
KOIIOB BCJIIIKOM J\lllIaCTJIJI MIIH".
5. OCIIOBllblC IlOlIJlTJlR 11 npl1ll4l1Ilbi yrOJIOBIIOrO IlpaBa B "3aKo-
Hax BeJlJlKoii J\I1HaCTIU1 MI1H".
nepBbll 1 BOIlpoC PaccMOTpeHHe ,lJ;aHHoro Bonpoca CJIe,lJ;yeT Ha-
qHHaTb C BbIRBJIeHHR OCHOBHbIX qePT rrpaBo-
BOt'1 KYJIbTYPbI Cpe,lJ;HeBeKoBoro KHTaR. IIpH 3TOM He06xo,lJ;HMO rro,lJ;-
qepKHYTb, ',1'1'0 YH;:J;aMeHT ee CJIO:/KHJICR eIl..\e B ,lJ;peBHeKHTat'lcKoM
06Il..\eCTBe.
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B ,lJ;peBHeM 1'1 Cpe,D;HeBeKOBoM KHTae HOpMbI MOpaJIH. qTO me Kaca-
eTCR rrpaBoBblx HOpM, TO OHH He HMeJIH 3,lJ;eCb TaKoro 3Ha'leHHR,
KaKOe HM rrpH,lJ;aBaJIOCb B CTpaHax Cpe,D;HeBeKOBot'1 EBporrbI.
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KYJIbTYPOM 3arra,lJ;HOeBpOrreMcKoro Cpe,D;HeBeKoBoro 06Il.{eCTBa.
IIpH xapaKTepHCTHKe HCTOqHHKOB rrpana Cpe,lJ;HeBeKoBoro KH-
TaR CJIe,lJ;yeT Y,lJ;eJIHTb BHHMaHHe 06bI'-JaIO 1'1 ero pOJIH B perYJIHpo-
BaHHH 06Il..\eCTBeHHbIX OTHOIlleHHM, a TaK:/Ke 3aKOHY.
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3aRBJIRJI: ".fl, BJIa,lJ;eR IIo,lJ;He6ecHoM, rrO,lJ;pamaJI ,lJ;peBHOCTH B OCY-
TeMa 11. llpaBoBble naMRTHHKI1 cpe,!\HeBeKoBoro KJ1TaH
109
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HOBeHHO 0 Tpa;:J;HQHOHHOCTH rOBopRT rrpHMeHHTeJIbHO K 06blqHOMY
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Tpa;:J;HQHOHHOCTH 6bIJIa rJIy60KO rrpoHH3aHa BCR rrpaBOBaR KYJIbTY-
pa, Bce HCTOqHHKH npaBa 1'1 B TOM qHCJIe - )J;ame 3aKOHO,l:\aTeJIb-
CTBO. B IOpH)J;MqeCKMX C60pHHKaX HJIH CBO)J;aX 3aKOHOB, C03)J;aHHbIX
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KHX 3aKoHo)J;aTeJIbHbIX rraMRTHHKOB.
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rrpecryrrJIeHHeM? Pa3JIWIalOTCR JIH 3)J;eCb cpop-
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yrOJIOBHbIX YCTaHOBJIeHHRX TaH B CHCTeMY ")J;eCRTH 30JI"? B qeM
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K HeMY, COCTaBJIeHHOM OCHOBaTeJIeM )J;HHaCTHH MHH KHTaMcKHM HM-
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1'1 caHOBHHKH 3HaJIH HX, a TaK:/Ke )J;JIR TOro, 'lT06bI BHyrIlHTb CTpax
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HHIO HMrrepaTopa C60PHHK era 3aKOHOB 6bIJI pa3MHomeH 1'1 pacrrpo-
CTpaHeH B CTOJIHL\e 1'1 Ha MeCTax.
qCTBCPTbIii
Bonpoc
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111
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MHH" eCTb RCHoe YKa3aHHe Ha TO, ',1'1'0 C60PHHK CBOHX HOpM HMrrepa-
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JIH rrpHCY:iK;:J;aTb HaKa3aHHR JIHll.Ib Ha OCHOBaHHH )J;aHHbIX HM 3aKOHOB
CO.n;epJKaHHe paCCMaTpHBaeMoro rrpaBOBOrO rraMRTHHKa THrrHq-
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MeCTO 3aHHMalOT B HeM HOpMbI, orrpe.n;eJIRIOIl.{He MepbI HaKa3aHHM
3a Te HJ!H HHble rrpecTyrrJIeHHR. BOJIbiliOe MecTO 3aHHMalOT TaK:/Ke
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CTBeHHbIX OTHOIlleHHM.
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MbI KOTOpOro KacaIOTCR caMbIX pa3Hoo6pa3HbIX c p :/KM3HH cpe)J;-
HeBeKOBoro KHTaMcKoro 06Il.{eCTBa.
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Tpa.n;HQHOHHbIM, rrpHqeM YX0)J;RIl.\I1M B .n;peBHOCTb, RBJIReTCH H3JlO-
JKeHHoe B CTaTbe 1 rJIaBbI I C60pHHKa yqeHHe 0 IIRTH CTerreHRX
HaKa3aHHR. Tpa.n;HQHOHHa .n;JIR yrOJIOBHOro 3aKOHo.n;aTeJIbCTBa cpe.n;-
HeBeKoBoro KHTaR 1'1 KOHQerrL\HR )J;eCRTH 3JIo)J;eRHHM (HJIH 3OJI) -
WU3, orrHcaHHaR B CTaTbe 2 TOM :IKe rJIaBbI.
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KOTOpOM OHa rrpe)J;CTaBJIeHa B H3yqaeMoM rrpaBOBOM rraMRTHHKe?
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B HeM HrHOpHpyeTcR TR:/KeCTb COBepIlleHHoro rrpeCTyrrJIeHHR, BCJIe)J;-
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3aRBJIeHHe 0 CMepTH )J;e)J;a, 6a6KH, OTL\a [HJIH] MaTepH" TpaKryIOTcR
B KaqeCTBe 60JIee TR:/KKMX rrpecryrrJIeHHti, 'leM, HarrpHMep, y6Ht'/-
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ye3)J;a. CnpaIill1BaeTCR, eCTb JIH B rrepeqHe )J;eCRTH 3JlO)J;eRHHt'/ Ka-
KaR-JIH60 CHCTeMa? lIo KaKOMY rrpHHQHrry pacrrOJIOmeHbI ,naHHble
"3JIo.n;eRHHR"?
3aKOHbI )J;HHaCTHH MY/H, KaK 1'1 Bce cpe.n;HeBeKoBoe 3aKoHo.n;a-
TeJIbCTBO, npOHH3aHbI .n;YXOM HepaBeHCTBa. Bblpa:/KeHHeM ero RBJI.fI-
eTCR, B 'laCTHOCTH, CTaTbR 3 rJIaBbI I pacCMaTpHBaeMOrO c60pHHKa,
B KOTOpOM rrepeqHCJIRlOTCR OCHOBaHHR )J;JIR paccMOTpeHHR )J;eJIa B
oco6oM rropR;:J;Ke. lIpHHL\Hrr HepaBeHcTBa rrpORBJIReTCH 1'1 B CTaTb-
112
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RX 3aKOHOB ,D;HHaCTHH MHH, rrOCBRIl.{eHHbIX rrpHHL\HrraM Orrpe,D;eJIe-
HHR HaKa3aHlliii:, 1'1 TaM, r)J;e H)J;eT pe'lb 0 CMRr'-JeHHH yqaCTH rrpe-
cTyrrHHKOB.
TeM He MeHee 3aKOHbI )J;HHaCTHH MHH OTpamalOT 3Ha'lHTeJIb-
HO 60JIee BbICOKlliii: ypOBeHb pa3paOOTKH HOpM 1'1 HHCTHTYTOB yrOJlOB-
HOro rrpaBa, HemeJIH TOT, KOTOpbIM rrOKa3bIBalOT yroJIOBHble YCTa-
HOBJIeHHR )J;MHaCTHH TaH.
PaCCMaTpHBaeMble 3aKOHbI 60JIee )J;eTaJIbHO orrHCbIBalOT cpop-
MbI coyqacTHR B rrpecryrrHoM )J;eRHHH, BbJ)J;eJIRR rJIaBapR 1'1 coyqacT-
HHKOB. 3)J;eCb 60JIee qeTKO pa3JIHqaIOTCR 1'1 CTa)J;HH COBeprneHHR
rrpecTyrrJIeHHR, 1'1 OpMbI BHHOBHOCTM.
HaKa3aHHe B 3aKOHaX )J;MHaCTHH MHH COCTaBJIReT rJIaBHYIO Te-
MY. KaKHe BH)J;bI HaKa3aHHR yrroMHHaIOTCR 3)J;eCb? Ha OCHOBaHHH
KaKHX rrpHHL\HrrOB Ha3Ha'laeTCR HaKa3aHHe COrJIaCHO YKa3aHHbIM
3aKOHaM? KaKHe 06CTORTeJIbCTBa rrpH3HalOTCR B HHX CMRrqaIOIl.{H-
MH HaKa3aHHe?
BI1BJII10fP A I1,H
A. MCTOQHJ1KM
L Ym.TIOBHble YCTaHOBJIeHI1R TaH C pa3"bRCHeHI1RMI1 ("TaH JIlOfl ILlY
U"). I(3lOaHu 1-8 / llepeBoJl, BBe.neHl1e U KOMMeHTapl1M B. M. PbL6mwea.
ell6., 1999. c. 76-356.
2_ YroJIOBHble ycraHOBJIeHI1R TaH C pa3"bHCHeHJ1RMI1 ("TaH mOH ILlY
u"). I(31OaHYI9-16 / / llepeBo.n 11 KOMMeHTapl1fl B. M. PbL6a"Koea. ell6., 2001.
3. 3aKOHbl BeJIUKOfl .nI1HaCTYIH MJ1H co CBOJlHblM KOMMeHTapueM 11 npu-
JIomeHUeM nOCTaHOBJleHI1H / llepeBo.n C KUTaHCKoro, I1CCJIe.nOBaHl1e, npUMe-
'-JaHYIR 11 npl1JIOmeHUR H. n. CeucmYHoeou_ M_, 1997. C. 163-165, 304-392.
4. XpeCTOMaTI1H no I1CTOpUU rocy.napcTBa 11 npaBa 3apy6emHblx CTpaH.
.D:peBHocTb U epe.nHl1e BeKa. 2-e 113J1aHUe, .nonOJIHeHHOe / COCTaBI1TeJIb -
npoq). B. A. TOMcwLOe. M.: J13J1aTeJIbCTBO "3epLlaJIO", 2004. C. 504-526.
Ii JUiTEPATYPA
1. KbL'LUHoe E. 11. OCHOBbI cpe.nHeBeKoBoro KUTaHcKoro npaBa. M., 1986.
2. PbL6a"Koe B. M. I1CTOKI1 3TI1'-JecKoH Opl1eHTUpOBaHHOCTI1 Tpa.nuLluoH-
Horo Kl'lTaMCKOro npaBa / / YroJIOBHble YCTaHoBJleHuH TaH... C. 7-16.
3. PbL6a"K06 B. M. TaHcKuM KOJleKC U ero OCHOBHble nOJIo:!KeHI1R / / Yro-
JIOBHble yCTaHoBJleHI1R TaH... C. 28-74.
4. Ceucmyuoea H. n. KpaTKHfl o'-JepK I1CTOpJ111 MYniCKOrO 3aKOHOJlaTeJIb-
CTBa / / 3aKoHbI BeJIUKOM Jll'lHaCTl111 MI'IH... C. 11-39.
5. CeucmY1l06a H. n. 06ll\ee Onl1CaHYle naMRTHI1Ka / / 3aKoHbI BeJIu-
KOH JlI1HaCTl111 MJ1H... C. 40-53_
6. CeucmYH06Q H. n. HaKa3aHl1R no .D:a MI'IH JIIOM I(3U I(3e CPy JIu / /
SaKOHbI BeJIUKOH JlI1HaCTl111 MI1H... C. 75-99.
T E M A 12
nPABOBbIE llAMm'HI1KI1
CPEJI,HEBEROBOtt HnOHl111
(2 1laCa)
"KOHCTHTYQMR CE TOKY" (604 r.), "MaHH ecT Tat'IKa" (646 r.) 1'1
CBO,lJ; 3aKOHOB "TaMxope" (702-718 rr.) - HaH60JIee 3Ha'lHTeJIbHble
rrpaBoBble rraMRTHHKH Cpe.l{HeBeKOBoM HrroHHH. MXTeKCTbI coxpa-
HHJ!HCb rrOqTH B rrOJIHOM 06'beMe. B 1984-1985 rO,lJ;ax OHH BbIUIJlH B
CBeT B rrepeBoAe Ha PYCCKHM R3bIK I . B 1997 ro;:J;y 6bIJI orry6JIHKOBaH
B nepeBO.l{e co CTapoRrroHcKoro Ha PYCCKHM R3bIK TeKCT RrrOHCKoro
rrHCbMeHHoro rraMRTHHKa "HHXOH ceKH (HaqepTaHHble [rrHcbMeH-
HO] aHHaJIbI HrrOHHM)", C03.l{aHHoro B 720 ro,lJ;y. 2 B :nOM HCTOpH'le-
CKOM TpY,lJ;e, HarrOMHHalOlL\eM CBOHM maHpOM 3arra)J;HOeBpOrreMCKue
HCTOpHqeCKHe XpOHHKH HJIH PYCCKMe JIeTOrrHCH, ,lJ;aHO H3JlOmeHHe
CO,lJ;epmaHHR l..\eJIoro pR.l{a 3aKOHO,lJ;aTeJIbHbIX aKTOB HrrOHHH, rrpH-
HRTbIX B TeqeHHe rrepBbIX IlleCTH CTOJIeTHM HailleM 3pbI, 1'1 B TOM
'lHCJIe "KOHCTHTyrJ;HH CeTOKY" 1'1 "MaHH eCTa Tat'ma". IIepeBo,lJ;
TeKCTOB 3THX ,lJ;BYX ,lJ;OKYMeHToB Ha PYCCKHM R3bIK HeCKOJIbKO 0'1'-
JIHqaeTCR OT rrepeBO.l{a, KOTOpblt'1 6bIJI orry6JIHKoBaH paHee. TaK, B
Ha3BaHHM rrepBoro 1'13 HHX BMeCTO TepMHHa "KOHCTHTyrJ;HR" HCrrOJIb-
3yeTcH TepMHH "YJIOmeHHe". a B HaHMeHOBaHHH BToporo BMeCTO
CJIOBa "MaHH eCT" yrroTpe6JIReTCR CJIOBO "YKa3". Onpe.l{eJIeHHble
paCXom,lJ;eHHR eCTb 1'1 B rrepe,lJ;aqe KOHKpeTHbIX rrOJIOmeHHH .l{OKY-
MeHTOB. O)J;HaKO OOlL\I1t'1 CMbICJI CO,lJ;epmaHHR O)J;Horo 1'1 .l{pyroro rrpa-
BOBOro rraMRTHHKa O,lJ;HHaKOB B 060HX BapHaHTax nepeBOAa.
IIOJIOmeHHR "KOHCTHTyrJ;HM CeTOKY" 1'1 "MaHH eCTa TaMKa"
OKa3aJIH BJIHRHHe Ha rrOCJIe.l\YlOIl..\ee 3aKOHO;:J;aTeJIbCTBO Cpe,lJ;Hene-
I eM.: TeKC'I'bI "KoHCTl1"ryL\lIYl ei:!ToKy" U "MaHuct>eCTa TaflKa" ony6JJUKO-
BaHbI B KHure: nonoe K. A. 3aKOHo.naTeJIbHbIe aKTbI cpe.nHeBeKOBofl HnOHl111 /
llepeBo.n C HnOHCKOro. BCTynl1TeJIbHaH CTaTbH. KoMMeHTapufl. M, 1984. TeKcT
CBo.na 3aKOHOB "Taflxope" onyOJIUKOBaH B c.TJeJ1YIOll\HX 113.naHl'IRX: eBO.n 3aKO-
HOB "Taflxope". 702-718 1'1'. KH. 1: I-XV 3aKOHbI / BcTynuTeJIbHaH CTaTbR,
nepeBo.n C JlpeBHeHnoHcKoro 11 KOMMeHTapl1M K. A. nonooo. M., 1985; eBO.n 3a-
KOHOB "TaMxope". 702-718 IT. KH. 2: XVI-XXX 3aKOHbI / BCTymneJIbHaH
CTaTbR, nepeBO.n C ,!\peBHeHnoHcKoro U KOMMeHTapl1fl K. A. nonORa. M, 1985
2 eM.: lfuXOH CeKI1- AHHaJIbI HnoHuu_ T 1-2/ llepeBo.n co cTapoRnoH-
CKOro 11 KOMMeHTapl111 .'1. M. EpM.a:KoeaU 11 A. H. MeUj€pJl.'Koea. ell6., 1997.
114
J1CTOPUH roCY.napCTBa 11 npaBa 3apyOe:1KHbIX CTpaH
KOBoti HrroHHH. A CBO,lJ; 3aKOHOB "Tatixope" COXpaHRJI CBoe 3Haqe-
HHe BrrJIOTb ,lJ;0 Cepe,lJ;HHbI XIX BeKa.
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THqeCKot"1 1'1 3KOHOMH<feCKot"1 mY!3HH RrrOHCKoro 06Il\eCTBa VII - Ha-
'IaJIa VIII BeKa, YCBoeHHe KOTOpbIX He06xo)J;HMo rrpH H3yqeHHH KYP-
ca HCTOpHH rocY,lJ;apCTBa 1'1 IIpaBa 3apy6e:/KHbIX cTpaH.
PaccMoTpeHHe "KOHCTHTyQHH C€'rOKY", "MaHH ecTa Tat"IKa"
1'1 CBO,lJ;a 3aKOHOB "Tat"lxope" Ha ceMHHapcKHx 3aHRTHRX rrpH3BaHO
03HaKOMHTb cTY,lJ;eHTOB co ClIeI:(H HqeCKHMH qepTaMH IIpaBOBOM
KYJIbTypbI, rrpaBOBbIMH HopMaMH 1'1 HHcTHTYTaMH, xapaKTepHbIMH
,lJ;JIR Cpe;:J;HeBeKoBot"1 HrrOHHH.
KOHeqHO, H3yqeHHe cpe.n;HeBeKoBblx RrrOHCKHX rrpaBOBbIX TeK-
CTOB - HeJIerKOe 3aHRTHe ,lJ;JIR Tex, KTO HMeJI ,lJ;0 3TOro ,lJ;eJIO JIHilib
C rrpaBoM eBporret"lcKHx cTpaH. O.n;HaKO H3yqaTb .n;aHHble TeKCTbI 110
pa3HbIM rrpHqHHaM He06xo)J;HMO. Mx CJIe,lJ;yeT H3yqaTb XOTR 6bI yme
)J;JIR TOro, qT06bI He 3a60JIeTb orraCHot"1 1'1 Bpe,lJ;Hot"1 60JIe3HbIO rro,lJ;
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BaJIH B 3rroxy Cpe,lJ;HeBeKOBbR TOJIbKO B EBporre, rrpwreM .n;a:lKe He
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2. OCHOBHbIC npl1HLll1nbI "KOHCTlITY UI CCTOKY".
3.06maR xapaKTcpHCTlIKa "MaHne)JCcTa Tai-iKa".
4. 06maR xapaKTCpl1CTl1Ka CBOJla 3aKOHOB "Tai-ixopc".
5. OCHOBHblC nOHJlTl1J1 II npllHl.\llUbl yrOJIOBHOrO npaBa B CBOJIC
3aKOHOB "Taiixopc".
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CKOro 06lI.\eCTBa xapaKTepHbI Te me caMble 3a-
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CR B TeKCTax Cpe,lJ;HeBeKOBbIX KHTaHcKHx TpaKTaToB HJIH HaCTaB-
JIeHHM HopMaMH "JIH". B "KOHCTHTYQHH C€'rOKY" )];JIR 0603Ha'IeHHR
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TeMa 12. llpaBoBble naMRTHI1KYI cpe.nHeBeKoBoH HnOHl111
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,lJ;y C HHM HHTeHCHBHO pa3BHBaJIaCb 1'1 TaKaR cpopMa BblpameHHR
rrpaBa, RaK 3aKOH.
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Cpe,l\HeBeKOBOM HrrOHHH?
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o TOM, KaKoe 60JIbiliOe 3Ha'leHHe rrpH,l\aBaJIOCb 3aKOHO,l\aTeJIb-
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pHqeCKHe XpOHHKH HJIH aHHaJIbI - rrpOH3Be,lJ;eHHR, B KOTOpbIX orrH-
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paTopaMH pa3JIH'lHbIX yKa30B. IIpH'leM CO,l\epmaHHe :1THX yKa30B,
KaK rrpaBHJIO, nO,lJ;p06HO orrHCbIBaeTCR B TeKCTax Cpe,l\HeBeKOBbIX
RrrOHCKHX aHHaJIOB.
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CBH,lJ;eTeJIbCTByeT 0 TOM, 'lTO B HrrOHHH yme B paHHee Cpe,l\HeBe-
KOBbe HMeJIHCb orrbITHble 3aKOHHHKH, crroc06Hble C03,lJ;aBaTb CHCTe-
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HHKH rrORBHJIHCb BO BTOpOM rrOJIOBHHe VII BeRa. O,lJ;HH 1'13 HHX -
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rot'l - C60PHHK "KHeMHraXapape" - rrOHBHJICR B 682 ro,lJ;Y. TaKHM
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o C03,lJ;aHHH CBO,lJ;a 3aKOHOB "TaMxope", B HrroHHH Y:/Ke HMeJIOCb ,lJ;0-
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HblO cBoeM pa3BHTocTH HJIH 3peJIOCTH OHO He YCTyrraJIO eMY, a B
orrpe,lJ;eJIeHHbIX qepTaX ,lJ;a:/Ke rrpeBOCXO)J;HJIO. HanpHMep, B CHCTe-
MaTH3al..\HH HOpM, B pa3pa60TKe HHCTHryTOB a,l\MHHHCTpaTHBHoro
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'lHHaTb C 06weM xapaKTepHCTHKH "KOHCTHTY-
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116
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HMrrepaTopCKHM YKa3. IIoJIHoe HaHMeHOBaHHe "KOHCTHTYL\HH C€'rO-
KY" MomHO rrepeBeCTH, rro MHeHHlO HCCJIe,lJ;OBaTeJIR 3Toro rrpaBOBO-
ro rraMRTHHKa K. A. IIorroBa, cJIe;:J;yIOru:HM 06pa30M: "CeMHa;:J;u:aTH-
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aHHHaJIaX HrroHHH "HHXOH ceKH" 604 ro,lJ;OM. 3,lJ;eCb roBOpHTCR, B
-qaCTHOCTH: "JIemo, 4-.R. .fI.Y'H.a, 3-u ae'H.'b. IIpecTOJIOHaCJIe;:J;HHK caM
COCTaBHJI "YJIOmeHHe, B KOTOpOM 6bIJIO CeMHa,D;QaTb cTaTet'I". .lI:a-
JIee orrHCbIBaeTCR HX cO,lJ;epmaHHe.
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a,D;pec ,lJ;OJImHOCTHbIX JIHL\ roCY,lJ;apCTBeHHoro yrrpaBJIeHHR. TaKHe Ha-
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1'1 RrrOHCKHe HMrrepaTopbI BepHJIH B HX 3 eKTHBHOCTb, CBH,lJ;eTeJIb-
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yQHR. B qeM 3aKJIlOqaeTCR CMbICJI CKa3aHHoro B :nOM cTaTbe?
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JIHqHbIM, TaKme Hym,lJ;aeTCH B OCMbICJIeHHH. qTO rro,lJ;pa3YMeBaeTcH
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IIpHHL\J1rrbI. rrpOB03rJIarneHHble B "KOHCTHTyQHH CeTOKY", RBHO
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lIIHM rrpeCTOJI B 645-654 roJlax. TepMHH me "TaMKa" 0603HaqaeT B
JlaHHOM cJIyqae JleBH3 rrepBbIX rrRTH JIeT ero rrpaBJIeHHR, rraJlalO-
ll.\I1X Ha 645-650 roJlbI. CMbICJI 3TOro TepMHHa MomHO 0603Ha'IHTb
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BaeMbrM JlOKYMeHT BeCbMa rrOXO:/K Ha KpaTKHM KOHcrreKT KaKoro-To
3HaqHTeJIbHO 60JIee 06'beMHoro JlOKYMeHTa.
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BaeT, ',1'1'0 pe OpMbI, rrpOB03rJIalIIeHHble HMrrepaTopoM ROTOKY, HO-
CHJIH JlOBOJIbHO paJlHKaJIbHblt:I xapaKTep. B qeM 3aKJIlOqaJICR HX
CMbICJI? !\aKaR CHCTeMa rocYJlapCTBeHHoro yrrpaBJIeHHR JlOJI:/KHa 6bI-
JIa B03HHKHYTb B pe3YJIbTaTe OCYll.\ecTBJIeHHR MeporrpHRTHM, rrpe,lJ;-
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HarrpaBJIeHHble cKopee Ha BOCCTaHOBJIeHl1e rrOpR Ka B CHCTeMe ro-
cYJlapCTBeHHoro yrrpaBJIeHHR, HemeJIH Ha CKOJIbKO-HH6YJlb cepbe3-
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TeM rrpOCJIeml1BaeTCR CTpeMJIeHHe RrroHcKoro HMrrepaTopa rrOCTa-
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CR B rrepBOM KHl1re rrpOH3Be,lJ;eHHR RrroHcKoro I1cropHKa PaM 3e
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cTByeT peaJIbHbIM cl)aKTaM?
CBOJI 3aKOHOB "TaMxopi?' 3aKperrHJI pe3YJIb-
TaTbI pecI)opM, oCYl..L\ecrBJIeHHbIX B HrrOHI1H BO
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118
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BO BpeMR Epo. IToCJIe,lJ;Hee CJIOBO 0603HaqaeT ):\eB113 rrepHOJla rrpaB-
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OqepeJlb orrpeJleJIHTb, KaKHe 06JIaCTH 06ll.\eCTBeHHblx OTHoIIIeHHM
peryJIl1pYlOT ero HOpMbI. 3aTeM Heo6xoJll1MO paCCMOTpeTb rrOpRJlOK
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"TaMXOpe", KOTOpbIM COCTOHT 113 63 CTaTeM. 3HaqHTeJIbHaR qaCTb
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I OHI1 TaKme onYOJIHKOBaHbI B nepeBo.ne Ha PYCCKHi1 R3bIK. CM.: CBO.n
3aKOHOB "Tai1:xo pl1L\YPe"- 702-718 IT. PHL\Y (YroJIOBHbrn Ko.neKc) / BCTynl1TeJIb-
lIaR CTaTbR. nepeBo.n C L!peBHeRnOHcKoro H KOMMeHTapl1fl K. A. nonoea. M..
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M.: J13.naTeJIbCTBO "3epLlaJIO", 2004. C. 542-549.
TeMa 12. llpaBoBble naMRTHI1KI1 cpeJ\HeBeKoBoH HnOHl111
119
06CTORTeJIbCTBOM M 06'bRCHReTCR, rrO-BH)J.MMOMY, (paKT BKJIlOqeHHR
HOpM yrOJIOBHOrO rrpaBa B CBOJI aJlMMHMc'TpaTMBHbIX M rpam)J;aHC-
KMX 3aKOHOB. Ccl)epa yrOJIOBHOro rrpou:ecca - :no ccl)epa JleRTeJIb-
HOCTM a)J;MMHMcTpaTMBHbIX OpraHOB M )J;OJI:/KHOCTHbIX JIMU:. MHaqe
rOBopR, yroJIOBHO-rrpou:eccyaJIbHOe rrpaBo BblcryrraeT B CBOJle 3aKO-
HOB "TaMxopi?' KaK qaCTb a)J;MMHI1CTpaTMBHoro rrpaBa. A yroJIOBHOe
rrpaBo RBJIReTCR 3)J;eCb HeoT'beMJIeMOfl qaCTblO yrOJIOBHOro rrpou:ecca.
I\aKHe BM)J;bI rrpecTyrrJIeHMM yrroMHHalOTcH B paCCMaTpMBae-
MOM rrpaBOBOM rraMRTHMf\e?
BbI)J;eJIRlOTCR JII1 3)J;eCb cl)OpMbI coyqacTMR B rrpecTyrrHoM )J;eR-
HMM M CTa)J;MM COBeprneHMR rrpecTyrrJIeHMR? Pa3JIMqalOTCR JIM cl)Op-
MbI BMHbI?
I\aKMe BH)J.bI HaKa3aHHM 3HaeT CBOJI 3aKOHOB "TaMxope"?
l\aKHe 06cTORTeJIbCTBa rrpMHHMaIOTCR BO BHMMaHMe rrpM Ha3Ha-
qeHMM HaKa3aHMM?
BI1BJII10fP A<I>I1H
A. J1CTOQHJ1KH
1. YJIOmeHl1e (KOHCTHTYL\HR) CeTOKY / / HHXOH CeKI1- AHHaJIbI Hno-
HHI1. T. 2 / llepeBoJ\ co cTapoRnoHcKoro 11 KOMMeHTapl111 JI. M. Ep.M.a1WeOU
11 A. H. MeUj€pJl.'/wea. Cllo_, 1997. C. 94-98.
2. "YKa3 0 pe opMax" (MaHH ecT TaflKa) / / HHXOH CeKI1 - AHHaJIbI
.fInoHHI1_ T. 2 / llepeBoJ\ co CTapORnoHcKoro H KOMMeHTapHHJI. M. EpJ}w1i:oeou
H A. H. MeUj€pJl.'/wea. Cll6., 1997. C. 148-150.
3_ KOHCTI1TYLlI1R CeToKY / / nonoe K. A. 3aKoHoJ\aTeJIbHble aKTbI cpeJ\-
HeBeKoBoH HnOHl111 / llepeBoJ\ C RnOHCKoro_ BCTynl1TeJIbHaR CTaTbR. KoM-
MeHTapHH. M., 1984. C. 22-26.
4. MaHI1 ecT TaflKa / / nonoe K. A. 3aKOHOJlaTeJIbHble aKTbI CpeJlHe-
BeKOBOH HnoHHH / llepeBoJl C RnoHcKoro. BCTyn ITeJIbHaR CTaTbR. KOMMeH-
Tapl1M_ M_, 1984_ C. 52-54_
5_ CBOJ\ 3aKOHOB "TaHxope"_ 702-718 1'1'_ Ku. 1: I-XV 3aKOHbI_ BCTY-
nHTeJIbHaR CTaTbR, nepeBoJ\ C JlpeBHeRnoHcKoro H KOMMeHTapHM K. A. no-
noea. M., 1985.
6. CBOJ\ 3aKOHOB "Taflxope". 702-718 1'1'. KH. 2: XVI-XXX 3aKO-
HbI_ BCTynl1TeJIbHaR CTaTbJl, nepeBoJ\ C J\peBHeRnoHcKoro H KOMMeHTapl1H
K. A. nonoea. M., 1985.
7. CBOJ\ 3aKOHOB "Taflxo pHLlYpe". 702-718 1'1'. PHLlY (YrOJIOBHbIH KO-
J\eKc) / BCTynl1TeJIbHaR CTaTbR. nepeBoJ\ C J\peBHeRnoHcKoro H KOMMeHTa-
pHH K. A. nonoea. M., 1989.
8. XpeCTOMaTI1R no I1CTOpHH rocYJ\apCTBa 11 npaBa 3apyoemHblx CTpaH
.!J:peBHocTb H CpeJ\Hl1e BeKa. 2-e 113J\aHl1e, J\onOJIHeIIHOe / CocTaBHTeJIb -
npo . B. A. TOMCU'/iOe. M.: J13J\aTeJIbCTBO "3epLlaJIO", 2004. C. 526-549.
TeMa 12_ IIpaBoBble naMRTHI1KI1 cpeJ\HeBeKoBoM HnoH1111
113
B.JUlTEPATYPA
1. Bop06bee M. B. HnOHCKI1M KOJleKC "TaMxo epo pe" (VIII B.) 11 npaBo
paHHero CpeJlHeBeKOBbJ!_ M., 1990_
2_ nonoe K. A. 0 "KOHCTI1TYLlI1I1 CeToKY" / / nonoe K. A. 3aKoHoJla-
TeJIbHble aKTbI cpeJ\HeBeKoBoH HnOHl111 / IIepeBoJl C RnOHCKoro. BcrymI-
TeJIbHaR CTaTbR. KOMMeHTapI1H. M., 1984. C. 7-12.
3. nonoe K. A. 0 "MaHI1 ecTe TaHKa" / / nonoe K. A. 3aKoHoJlaTeJIb-
Hble aKTbI cpeJ\HeBeKoBoM HnOHl111 / IIepeBoJ\ C RnOHCKoro. BCTynI1TeJIb-
HaR CTaTbR. KOMMeHTapI1M. M., 1984. C. 12-20.
4. TOJl.cmozY30e A. A. HnoHI1R B VII-X BB. / / MCTOpl1R BocToKa B
llleCTI1 TOMax. TOM 2. BOCTOK B CpeJlHl1e seKa. M., 2000. C. 180-192.
CO EPmAHI1E
n pC}:\IICJIOBIlC
................... .VII
T eM a 1. "3<1KOHI>I Xal\1!UYPalIl1" ...
.......1
Bonpoc 1. OOll\aR xapaKTepl1CTI1Ka "3aKoHoB XaMMypamI"
Bonpoc 2. IIp BoBoe nOJIOmeHl1e OCr;?BHbIX rpynn HaCeJIeHI1R
no 3aKoHaM XaMMypamI ...........................
Bonpoc 3. J1H TI1TYTbJ Opa'lHO-CeMe ,Horo npaBa
no 3aKOIlaM XaMMypanl1 ...........................
Bonpoc 4. J1H THTYTbI Bell\HOrO npa ,a. BI1J1bJ JlOrOBOpoB
no 3aKoHaM XaMMypamI ...........................
Bonpoc 5. IIpecTynJIeHI1R 11 HaKa3aHI1R
no "3aKoHaM XaMMypanl1" . _ _ _ _ 10
Bonpoc 6. CYJ\ 11 cYJleOHblfl npOLlecc B "3aKoHax XaMMypamI" . . . .. 10
T eM a 2. LJ:xap:ummlcTpa Many ("3aKonb' Many")
II ApTxawacTpa Ka;l'TlIJlbll
12
Bonpoc 1. J1CTO'-JHI1K11 npaBa B JlpeBHeM J1H)J.I1I1_
OOll\aR xapaKTepl1CTI1Ka LIxapMawacTpbI MaHY
("3aKoHoB MaHY") 11 ApTxawacTpbI KaYTIIJIbl1 ......... 13
Bonpoc 2. IIpaBoBoe nOJIOmeHl1e OCHOBHbIX rpynn HaCeJIeHI1R
B LIxapMawacTpe MaHY 11 B ApTxawacTpe KaYTJ1JIbl1 16
Bonpoc 3. J1HCTI1TYTbJ Opa'lHO-CeMefIHoro npaBa
B .!J:xapMamacTpe MaHY 11 B ApTXawac rpe KaYTJ1JIbl1 17
Bonpoc 4. J1HCTHTYTbI Bell\HOrO npaBa. BI1J\bJ JloroBopoB
B LIxapMawacTpe MaHY 11 B ApTXawacTpe KaYTYIJIbl1 18
Bonpoc 5. IIpecTynJleHI1R 11 HaKa3aHI1R B LIxapMawacTpe MaHY
11 B ApTXawacTpe KaYTI1JIbl1 .. _ 19
Bonpoc 6. CYJl 11 cYJleoHbIW npOLlecc B LIxapMawacTpe MaHY
11 B ApTxawacTpe KaYTJ1JIbl1 ........................ 21
T e M a 3. 3aKOllbI XII Ta6JIm . . _
23
Bonpoc 1. J1CTOpHR C03J1aHI1R 3aKoHoB LIBeHaJ\L\a111 TaoJlI1L\.
J1x OOll\aR xapaKTepl1CTI1Ka ......................... 24
IV
COJ\epmaHl1e
Bonpoc 2. IIpaBoBoe nOJIOmeHl1e OCHOBHblX rpynn HaCeJIeHI1R
no 3aKoHaM .!J:BeHaJ\LlaTI1 Ta6J111L1 .................... 25
Bonpoc 3. IIpaBoBoe perYJIl1pOBaHl1e Opa'lHO-CeMefIHbIX
OTHOWeHI1W no 3aKoHaM .!J:BeHaJ\L\aTl1 Ta6.TJI1L1 27
Bonpoc 4. J1HCTHTYTbI BelUHoro npaBa. BI1J\bl J\oroBopoB
B 3aKoHax .!J:BeHaJlLlaTI1 Ta6J111L1 . 27
Bonpoc 5. IIpecTynJleHI1R 11 HaKa3aHI1R B 3aKoHax
.!J:BeHaJ\L\aTI1 Ta6J111L1 _ _ . 28
Bonpoc 6. CYJ\ 11 cYJleOHblW npoLlecc B 3aKoHax
.!J:BeHaJ\L\aTI1 Ta6.TJI1L1 ............................... 29
T e M a 4. I'hlCTIlTYLll1II I'aJi II .!J:llrccTbl IOCTllllllalla
31
Bonpoc 1. OOll\aR xapaKTepl1CTI1Ka J1HCTI1TYLlI1W faR. _ _ _ _ . . 32
Bonpoc 2. J1CTOpI1R C03J\aHI1R 11 o6ll\aR xapaKTepl1CTI1Ka
.!J:l1recT lOcTI1Hl1aHa .......................... 33
Bonpoc 3. IIpaBoBofI CTaTYC 11311'-JeCKI1X JII1L1
no J1HCTI1TYL\I1RM faR 11 .!J:l1recTaM lOcTI1Hl1aHa ......... 37
Bonpoc 4. MHCTHTYTbI 6pa'lHO-CeMefmoro npaBa
B J1HCTI1TYLlI1RX faR 11 .!J:HrecTax lOcTI1Hl1aHa 38
Bonpoc 5. IIpaBo BJlaJleHHR 11 npaBO C06CTBeHHOCTI1
B J1HCTI1TYUYIRX faR 11 .!J:HrecTax lOcrI1Hl1aHa 39
Bonpoc 6. OOR3aTeJIbCTBeHHoe npaBo B J1HCTI1TYLlI1RX faR
11 LIl1reCTaX lOcTI1HHaHa ........ 40
Bonpoc 7. fpamJ\aHCKI1M npoLlecc no J1HCTI1TYUYIRM faR
11 LIl1reCTaM lOcTI1Hl1aHa
42
T e M a 5. 3"""lora - nal\lHTlnm BlI3a1fTlliicKoro IIpaBa ............. 44
Bonpoc 1. J1C'I'OpHR C03J1aHI1R 3KJ!orH.
Ee OOll\aR xapaKTepl1CTI1Ka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 45
Bonpoc 2. MHCTHTYTbl 6pa'lHO-CeMeMHoro npaBa .. _ _ . . _ _ _ . . . . . . _ _ 46
Bonpoc 3. J1HCTHryTbl Bell\Horo npaBa. BI1J\bl J\oroBopOB 48
Bonpoc 4. IIpecTynJleHI1R 11 HaKa3aHHR ........................ 49
T e M a 6. Ca.m'lCCKaH npaB; a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 51
Bonpoc 1. OOll\aR xapaKTepl1CTI1Ka CaJII1'lecKofl npaBJ\bI .. . . . . . . " 51
Bonpoc 2. IIpaBoBoe nOJIOmeHl1e OCHOBHblX rpynn HaCeJIeHI1R
no CaJII1'-JeCKOW npaBJle 55
Bonpoc 3. IIpaBoBoe perYJIl1pOBaHl1e I1MYll\eCTBeHHblx
oTHOWeHI1M ........ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . _ . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . . . . . .. 56
Co.nepmaHl1e
v
Bonpoc 4. IIpecTynJleHI1R 11 HaKa3aHI1R _ _ . 58
Bonpoc 5. Cy.n 11 cy.neoHbIH npouecc ........................... 60
T eM a 7. "K;I'TIOI\II>I BOBC3H" $IIJUlnll<l } C BOl\I<IH;I'apa
II HCJUlKllii MapToBcKllii Opll,(lHaHC 1357 r. ....................... 63
Bonpoc 1. J1CTO'lHI1KI1 npaBa cpe.nHeBeKoBoii cppaHLll111 64
Bonpoc 2. 0611\aR xapaKTepl1CTI1Ka COOpHI1Ka
CPI1JIl1nna .ne BOMaHyapa "KYTlOMbl BOBe3H" ........... 66
Bonpoc 3. IIpaBoBoe perYJll1poBaHl1e I1MYll\ecTBeHHbIX
OTHOWeHI1H. IIoHRTl1e ce311Hbi (saisine) 70
Bonpoc 4. IIpecTynJIeHHR 11 HaKa3aHI1R _ _ _ _ _ . . _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ . . . _ . _ _ . _ 71
Bonpoc 5. Cy.n 11 cy.neoHbIH npoLlecc. TpeooBaHI1R,
npe.n"bRBJlReMble K Cy.nbRM _ _ _ _ _ . . _ _ _ . _ . _ _ _ _ _ . . . _ . . _ _ 72
Bonpoc 6. J1cTOpl1R C03J\aHHR 11 OOll\aR xapaKTepl1CTHKa
"BeJII1KOrO MaPToBcKoro op.noHaHca".
OCHoBHble Tpe60BaHI1R reHepaJIbHbIX WTaTOB .......... 73
T e M a 8. BCJIllKaJl XapTlIR BOJII.IIOCTCii 1215 r. . . .
75
Bonpoc 1. J1CTOpHR C03.naHHR BeJII1KOH XapT1111 BOJlbHOcTeH.
lOpH)J.I1'leCKaR npl1p0.na 3TOro .noKYMeHTa .. _ _ . . _ _ _ _ . . _ 76
Bonpoc 2. CTaTbl1, 3aKpenJlRIOll\l1e npaBa 11 BOJlbHOCTH
OCHOBHbIX COL\l1aJIbHbIX rpynn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., 78
Bonpoc 3. IIpl1HLll1nbl KOpOJleBCKOro npaBocy.nI1R.
3aKpenJleHHbie BeJII1KOH XaPTl1eH BOJIbHOCTeH ......... 80
T e M a 9. CaKcollcKUC 3CpLlaJIO ................................. 86
Bonpoc 1. J1CTO'lHHKI1 npaBa B cpe.nHeBeKoBoM repMaHI1I1.
J1CTOpI1R C03.naHI1R CaKcoHcKoro 3epLlaJIa.
0611\aR xapaKTepl1CTI1Ka 3TOro npaBoBoro naMRTHI1Ka
Bonpoc 2. IIpaBoBoi1 CTaTYC OCHOBHblX rpynn HaCeJIeHI1R
no CaKcoHcKOMY 3epLlaJIY ........................... 90
Bonpoc 3. IIpaBoBoe perYJIl1pOBaHl1e I1MYll\eCTBeHHblx
OTHOWeHI1M _ _ _ _
88
Bonpoc 4. IIpecTynJIeHI1R H HaKa3aHI1R
Bonpoc 5. Cy.n 11 cYJleoHblii npOLlecc
92
........................ 93
94
T e MaiO. Kapo.TJIIHa - ;I'ro.TJOBHOC H ;I'ro.TJOBIIO-HpOLlCCC;I'<I.TJbIlOC
;I'JlOmCHHC CPC} HCBCKOBOii I'cp)laHIIII _ _ _ _ _ _ . . . _ . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 97
Bonpoc 1. J1CTOpI1R C03J1aHI1R KapoJII1Hbl.
0611\aR xapaKTepl1CTI1Ka 3Toro npaBoBoro naMRTHI1Ka ... 98
VI
COJ\epmaHl1e
Bonpoc 2. IIpeC'rynJleHI1R 11 HaKa3aHI1R _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ . . . . . . _ _ 99
Bonpoc 3. OCHoBHble npl1HLll1nbI 11 CTaJ\I'IH I1HKBI1311L1110HHOro
npoLlecca ..... 101
T e MalL npaBoBblc nal\lJITlnlK1l CpC)J,IICBcKoBoro KIlTaJI ......... 107
Bonpoc 1. J1CTO<JHI1KI1 npaBa B cpeJ\HeBeKoBoM KI1Tae _ _ _ _ 108
Bonpoc 2. J1CTOpI1R C03J\aHI1R 11 OOll\aR xapaKTepl1CTI1Ka
C60PHI1Ka "YroJlOBHble YCTaHOBJleHI1R TaH
(TaH .mOH wy 11)" ..................... ........... 109
Bonpoc 3. O;,HoBHble .:epTbI 'y'roJIOBHOrO npaBa
B TaH JIIOI1 wy 11 ................................ 110
Bonpoc 4. J1CTOpI1R C03J\aHI1R 11 OOll\aR xapaKTepl1CTI1Ka
C60PHI1Ka "3aKoHoB BeJII1KOii J\YnlaCTI1I1 MI'IH" 110
Bonpoc 5. O;,HoBHble nOHRTI1R I npl1HLll1nbI yro;,r0BHoro npaBa
B 3aKoHax BeJII1KOI1 J\I1HaCTYII1 MI1H ................ 111
T e M a 12. npaBOBJ.lC nal\lRTHUKII CpClI,IICBCKOBOii .HnOlum .,. 113
Bonpoc 1. J1CTO<JHHKI1 npaBa B cpeJ\HeBeKoBoH HnoHHH ..... 114
Bonpoc 2. OCHoBHble npl1HLll1nbI "KOHCTJ1TYLlHI1 CeToKY" 115
Bonpoc 3. OOll\aR xapaKTepl1CTI1Ka "MaHI1 eCTa TaHKa" ........ 116
Bonpoc 4. OOll\aR xapaKTepl1CTI1Ka CBOJ\a 3aKOHOB "TaHxope" .... 117
Bonpoc 5. OCHoBHble nOHRT R 110 npJ1 l1nbI yrOJIOBHoro npaBa
B CBOJ\e 3aKOHOB TaHxope _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . . _ _ . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. 118
TOMCI1HOB BJlaro1Ml1p AJleKCeeBWI
JtlCTOPHH rOCYMPCTBA J1 TIP ABA
3APYBElKHbIX CTPAH
(.II:PEBHOCTb )it CPE;:(HJtlE BEKA)
YQe6HO-MeTO.l\I1qeCKOe nocoOl1e
MR CeMI1HapCKI1X 3aHSlTI1H
J13J\aTeJlbCTBO "3epLlaJlo- M"
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