Текст
D
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slca
о t е
showing Land Cover, Population,
Infrastructure, Plate Tectonics, and Climate
Bill Ranl<in
2006
J
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т able of Contents
2 The World
maps of Lапd Cover, Population, Infrastructure, Plate Tectonics, and Climate
7 Sub..Continental Regions
maps of Lапd Cover. Population and Infrastt ucture, Plate Тесtoпics. апd Climate
8 Central and Southern Africa
12 North Africa and Europe
16 Central and Southwest Asia
20 South Asia
24 Northern Eurasia
28 East Asia
32 Southeast Asia
36 Australasia
40 The Western Arctic
44 Northern America
48 Central America and the Caribbean
52 Southern America
56 Antarctica
59 The World Осеап
maps of Lапd Cover and Plate Т ectonics
60 Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic Sea
62 Indian and Southern Oceans
64 Pacific Ocean
66 Notes
67 About the Projections
68 About the Data
About this Atlas
What is the purpose of а paper atlas iп the эgе of the internet When it's possibIe to
find reliabIe information оп even the smallest hamlet with just а few keystrokes. how
could а static set of printed pages Ье апуthiпg but limitiпg
This atlas offers two answers to this question. The first is а simple fact of resolution:
high..quality рriпtiпg оп large pieces of paper сап show at а single glance much more
iпfоrmаtiоп than еvеп the most advanced computer mопitоr. Мапу paper atlases fail
to take advantage of the high rеsоlutiоп of paper; this atlas maximizes the amount of
useful information оп each page. After all. it is only through а great abundance of
data that it becomes possibIe to get а reliabIe general impression.
Second, а paper atlas is better for presenting а particular cartographic point of view.
Regardless of the amount of information availabIe at our fingertips, по тар сап ever
show а final authoritative view of the world. not еУеП of the purely physical world of
geographic features and the built епvirопmепt. Through the соuпtlеss micro choices
required to make апу тар selecting which regions to show. which colors to use.
or how to represent border disputes and ice caps а cartographer always offers а
сеrtаiп version of the world. This atlas рrеsепts а wOI ld where the ..natural." the
.'artificial." and the ..political" саппоt Ье separated. Тime zone boundaries.
fishiпg..rights law. and oil рiреliпеs are as much а part of our physical geography as
rainforests and cropland In targe part. ту mоtlvаtюп for making this atlas was to
understand how the allegedly natural world is implicated in the politics of space. And
as shown in the scale comparisons at the bottom of each page, this is not а
God's eye view of ап abstract landscape. but а world whlch сап only Ье understood
in relation to what I already kпоw
This atlas 31so shows that knowledge of the earth will always Ье а comыnation of
different kinds of тса produced in many different places. Sheets 68 {о 71 give
detailed dеsсrlрtюпs of sources. wlth references where appropriate. Most of the
data was created Ьу large gоvеrпmепt agencies for scientific projects. and in all cases
it is рrоvisiопаl апd time specific. As the polar ice recedes. political boundaries are
renegotlated. and ever more sophisticated infrastructure blnds the соrпеrs of the
world closer together. по тар сап ever Ье truly consistent and ..up to date." This
atlas abandons the ..faster better now" ethos of the internet in order to give а more
detailed snapshot of а particular moment.
Note that all the maps i" this atlas use equal area projections. meaning that опе
square centimeter (or square inch) of paper..space always represents the same area
оп the real world surface of the earth. Additionally. all the maps of sub..continental
regions use the same scale and thus сап Ье directly compared with each other. The
maps of the world ocean also use а common scale. For а fuller discussion of the
three projections used in this atlas. see sheet 67.
е
or
maps of
Land Cover, Population, Infrastructure,
Plate Tectonics, and Climate
World Land Cover
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land Cover In (he year 2000, including relatlve рrороn:юп оп the en(lre surface of (he еаn:h
_ т rop,c.a1 Forest 1.1W Dec,duous Shrubs 11% _ Т rees Flooded ,п Salt Water 0.7%
_ Needle-leaved Е\.""К'"",IS 1 2% _ Evergreen Shrubs 0.9% Trees Flooded in Fresh Water 0.8%
_ Needle Leaved Deciduous 1 2% _ Grass 1.5% Flooded Shrubs or Grass 1.6%
_ Deciduous Foresr 0.7% Sparse Shrubs or Grass 2 Б% Water 7067.
_ Deciduous Trees 0.7% Snow and!ce 1.9% MinfMax Extent of Solid Sea !Се. 2005
_ M.xed Т rees 1 O Barren Land ЗS% !Се Shelf О.]
Mixed Treesand Shrubs 0.8% _ Burnt Trees 0.8%
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Mixed Crops and Shrubs' Grass 0.8%
Mlxed Crops and Trees 0,9%
Urban Areas <D 1%
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Major Earthquakes 1975-2000
magn'tude оп the R,chter Scale:
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maps of
Land Cover, Population and Infrastructure,
Plate Tectonics, and Climate
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more th.ш 10,000 3.861 апd greater Lo,gos. Рапs. Dell1l. ВuеПDS Aires
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Plate Motion
Major Earthquakes 1975 2000
magnltlJde оп the Rlchter Scale:
5 О 5.9
О 6.0 6.9
О 7JJ 79
Active Volcanoes
Arrows show motion relative (о Africa
Color"$ а150 show plate mQtlon
date of last eruptlon:
. since 1900
. 16th 19th cenwry
. 1st 15th сепсиl)'
. between 1.000 and 10.000
years :!,go
Elevation and Bathymetry
meters 9.000 29.528 feet
6,000 19.685
3.000 9.842
including extreme points оп this тар
Greater- calDf" I:Dmril.5t bвtwееп pa-tвs iпdicat.e!l
W8t8f'r.u... dtrJerllПС'" in ,d oo drnav."W1t
Seafloor Spreadll1g Qr Contlflental Rift
+-- hitf".est point аЬоуе sea level' peak of Кilim"njaro. Кепуа (5,895 m /19340 ft)
+-- hlghest рО551Ые permanent humlln settlemeflt (5,100 m /16,500 п)
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Q 100 100 JOO 400 500 I<m
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9.842
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+-- greacest осеan depth. boctom of the Romanche Gap. southwest of Libena ( 7,7S8 m I 25.153 ft)
Central and Southern Africa .. Climate
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Меап Annual Т emperature
Average of all temperaturer. tl1rоughош the year
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LIBYA
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Моridiш
Land Cover in the year 2000. including relative proportion оп this тар as percentaze of total non water area
_ TroplC.a1 Forest <1% Declduous Shrubs 5% _ Trees Flooded In Salt Water <1%
_ Deciduous Forest 7% Evergreen Shrubs <1% Trees Flooded in Fresh Water <1%
Deciduous Т rees < 1 % Grass 4% Flooded Shrubs or Grass 2%
_ Needle-1eaved Ev." 1\''''''' IS 13% Sparse Shrubs or Grass · Salt Water
_ Needle.Leaved Deciduous % Snow and!ce < 1% Мах Extent of Solid Sealce, 2005
_ М,хед Т rees 7' Barren L.and % Fresh Water
Mixed T s and Shrubs <L.. _ Burnt Trees <1% Rivеr(widtt1"roponЮn.lroа...со!w.otont1odJ
Sovereignty in 2006
Cities, Roads. Canals, Time
Cultlvated L.and 23%
Mixed Crops апд Shrubs I Grass 3%
Mixed Crops аnд Т rees 3%
Urban Areas <'
U.N.-recognlzed IntematlOna1 Border
De (аао Intern3.tional Вorder
Sub.Natl0n;a1 Border (lc1dudlnga<JtonO<'l1OlJ$ o",)
r U N. MEMBER SТAТE
,
-< State {de (аао) witl1 Llmited or No Recognitlon
L (j@"pt!I"&'nt lDf" 5pl!!cial Т I!Irтitor')' (hrent tate if1 Pa...вnt:hesEI!'
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.. 1"ItI ferтorY""'n(llbhed lE1пly I>у of1jc,,,rJ; С( Ic:j n:risn
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o;r "'!дOOD -щооо р"""
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Otj> d 1.000,000 5.000.000 ,,,,,,pI.
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Highway I Road or Path
Сапа1 or Aqueduct
Time Zone Вo ndal)' (Ol W;"ter' DST щ,,,s"""""
sma.'1 'Qnt use(l for
il.nd b.,.A.n.
with I l.a.м
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Q 100 100 JOO 400 500 I<m
' 1 (Ю' ' ni
North Africa and Europe .. Population and Infrastructure
I.OCIO 386
people I km1. 100 39 people I mi:>
10 '1
less t:11;m I 0.4 and below
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Population Density in the year 2000
more than 10,000 З.86r and greater -f----Pal"is, New York Cit)', J3karta, Т ok)'o
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Q 100 100 JOO 400 500 I<m
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14
North Africa and Europe .. Plate Tectonics
l '::}.. L '-
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'\h8tfi1ll1\l. RIq: .f;lI""n '--'11
Ео .." ...."' ' ,,,... POLAND 1IiO..
. iiifi. в.-.;..... GERMANY, o. ..:'" .
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. .. ............ \.."ftEPU BL G е tt.<'l) rI . rvo.
..:: .. ' t ' .' : .: w.:: :M Xia Т"
FRANCE ......... 1."." G)., Po.J;;;'" ....... ..... t ' 'Odua
"",,' _ . n, USТRIA .... . "'.... (бn...04 OМANIА .
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u..... . D '!,п-J SbI.I Вni r.....
olo. .... -.......... - - ....
.... . ........ . w._ в......
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........... T.ri" 'MI"'. ( , C .L-, . "::. 1I..choc ....п...
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..., . 'ri&RZEGO\IЦ:IIA { ,
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. .......;- . . ) Fi"';:" 'O.ROJ.... « BULGARIA _.....
V,II,d'" .... . IV''' . ...,;, MO t ya 2.......'. с;......
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а", -.... - -п.... .... nat Ia>' ...
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MAll
sal1aralDesert
LIBYA
:1.>'1'1
.
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S"W
........
Мoridii.n
s'[
I<rE
.S"E
ZCI'E
:>S'E
",.,
Plate Motion
....:>r Arrows show motion relative to Africa
Colors '1lso show plate тotiоп
G,...II:.- сaIOt- II:t:II1tr'пt b.tw_n рЬt85lпdk:at8!i
gr-.аUirnil1l\rtdlff.....-:.11'I iidl""eaOl'l d 8flt..
Seaf100r Sрrеаdщg or Contlr1ental Rlft
Area of difJuse transformatlOn
(PIa'" ЬоопсЬ';'" ..di....... "" u.-.a.awn)
Major Earthquakes 1975 2000
magnitLJde оп the Richter Scale'
с 5.0 5.9
О 6.0 6 9
О 7.o п
Active Volcanoes
Elevation and Вathymetry
meters 9,000 29,S28 feet
6,000 19,685
3.000 9.842
including extreme points оп this тар
d;tte of lasr f!ruption:
. since 1900
. 16th 19т centLJry
. 1 5t 15th century
. between 1.000 and 10.000
ye;trs ago
+--- hlghest p0111t аЬovе sea le..-e1: реак of Mont Blanc. France Iltaly f4.808m I 15,774 ft)
bE EquaJ.Aril!&
kaI.ащ"') N .nd "'''''.N is t:1O,OOO,QI.X)
'on-l0iНm
Ihch = 31S.7 m"
N..". YQ1(/ nillll: D'III....m. ilta....
Sea Level
з.ооо
less [han 6,000
Sea Level
+--Iowest pOlnt оп land 5hore of the Dead Sea. Israel 1 Jordan (-418 m 1 1 371 ftJ
Q
1
О
100 100 JOO 400 SOO I<m
, .' . . .
10) 2:ьо хю ni
9.в42
19.685 and below +-- greatest осеап dep[h. in те Салаry Вasir1, west 01 Portuga] (3ррх. 5,5OO m I 18.oo0 ft)
North Africa and Europe .. Climate
,.....
...
ICELAND
IRL
UK
?
SPAIN
PRT
MOROCCO
NOR
l,
r
r FIN
SW
\
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1
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TUN
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GREEcE
LGERIA
....
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..
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1811. dlal't ",],00
Меап Аппuаl Т emperature
Дуепge of а.11 temperarures throughout the year
'":
ICELAND
UK.
IRL
SPAIN
PRT
MORQC <?J
.... 0.... 4'
NOR
IN
r s""'
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Temperature Range (Сопtrаst of Seasons)
Differenc:e between minimum a.nd maximum a.vera,ge monthly tеmреr,Шln::S
..
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RUSSIA
1
Tm
TURKE'
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I
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leS5 d1;a.n 0.-4 4 40 4001"
Меап Аппuаl Precipitation
Includ,ng snow. CQnvened w equ1va1ent amount of rаlП
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Precipitation Range (Сопtrаst of Wet & Dry Seasons)
Difference between minimum and maximum a.verage monthly precipitation
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'tm-42.jНm
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А
Q .wo 800 1100 '600 lOOCМOn
I . , , , ,
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16
Central and Southwest Asia
...
Land Cover
-..
t
I
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Land Cover in the year 2000. including relative proportion оп this тар as percentaze of total поп wаtеr area
_ TroplC.a1 Forest <1% Dec,duous Shrubs 7% _ Trees Flooded ,., Salt Water <1%
_ Deciduous Fores[ 2% Evergreen Shrubs <1% Trees Flooded i., Fresh Water ("ol'1e)
Deciduous Т rees < 1 % Grass 6% Flooded Shrubs or Grass < 1 %
_ Needle-1eaved E\<."I\''''''IS 1% Sparse Shrubs or Grass 10% Salt Water
_ Needle.Leaved Deciduous % Snow and!ce 2% Мах Extent of Solid Sea Ice, 2005
_ Mlxed Т rees < Barren L.and SO% Fresh Wi!ter
Mixed T s and Shrubs <1% _ Burnt Trees <1% Rivеr(widtt1l'roponЮn.lroа,.."'watof>l1odJ
Cultlvated L.and 17%
Mixed Crops апд Shrubs I Grass 3%
Mixed Crops апд Т rees < 1 %
Urban Areas <'
Sovereignty in 2006
U.N_ recognlzed IntematlOna1 Border
Ое (аао Intern<ttional Вorder
Disputed Border ( O. ..,d<t<lng .opo.... .. dII!",.)
Sub-National Border (io1dudi", ;оо.,',,,,,,тООI "'!gio..)
."",I'fom", for I U N MEMBER STATE
!ltilltв!i WItJ, Ies!; la.nd ""\
wn Fthodo "Iond L State (de (аао) witl1 Limired о, No Recognition
QI &cla"L!! (Pм@r.tSir.iteinPвI'@nd"1@!@:!)
Cities, Roads. Canals, Time
Cllj)ld.OO.ooo...250J)X1 'III
o;r of 25Q,OOO 5ЩООО p"'fil.
С,,>, d 500.000 1..000.00о F*>plo
Otj' d 1.000.000 S,ooO,ooo ,"'''р1е
City of rnосе [han 5.000,000 people
Нighway I Road or Path
Сапа1 or дquedUC[
Тime Zone Вou.,dary (io1 ..; ter. DST щ'''s''''''''')
ЬЕ EqшJ-Аril!а.
kaI,ащ IS N .nd J.5.N is t:1O,OOO,QI.X)
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Q 100 100 JOO 400 SOO I<m
' 1 (Ю' ' ni
Central and Southwest Asia .. Plate Tectonics
TI "'''' "1" 1.: UКitAINE
ROМANIA 8t''''J ...... J M . i{h:i:....
.. \.)(Iei:i
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7 SOMAU
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Plate Motion
Мajor Earthquakes 1975 2000
magnltlJde ОП the R.chter Scale:
. 5.0 5.9
О 6.0 6.9
О 7.0 7.9
Active Volcanoes
Elevation and Bathymetry
mete 9,000 29,518 feet
6.000 19.685
3.000 9.842
.....>r Arrows show motion relative со Africa
Colors a1so show plate тоиоп
Gn!IIIIU!I" t:alor соrШ 1 be[Ween lIItes indl.c.at:eg
We4mr tivEI di"-erEf1се m ir&etion d rnm'ВI1'1ertt.
Seafloor Spreadin.g о!" ContlJlental Rlft
Area of dilfuse trаш;rormаtiоп
(РI""'''''"nd.r;e. <JI'Unl<rюwn)
date of l:ast еruрtюn:
. since 1900
. 16th 19т centlJry
. 1st 15th century
. between 1.000 ilnd 10.000
years :ago
Sea Level
3.000
le5s than ,OOO
Sea Level
.
(,О'Е
f.S-f
""Е
inc1uding extreme points оп this тар
hlghe5t pOlnt аЬоуе sea level: peak of К2, Кa5hmlr (8,611 m 128,251 ft)
+-- tJtghest posslbIe permanent hlJman settlement (5,100 m f 16,500 ft)
+--Iawesr polnt оп land. shore oftl1e Dead Sea,Israe1 I Jordan ( 1IB m I I 371 ft)
9.B42
19.685 and below greatest осеап depth: bottom of а уа11еу sOlJtheast of Socotr.l ( 5.612 m I 18.412 п)
...
4S'M
40'"
35'М
]О....
l5'M
:rcpic. dCIII"K@f""
.......h"'d,i. .....
th41 5Uf1 " neve,.
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7S 1;
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kaI.ащ IS N .nd J.5.N is ':1O,OOO,QI.X)
lon-l0iНm
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Q
1
Q
100 100 JOO 400 SOO I<m
, .' , , .
10) 2:ьо хю ni
18
t
I
N..". YQ1(/ nillll: D'III....m. ilta....
Central and Southwest Asia .. Climate
T UK ,.-J
RUSSIA
КAZAKHSТAN
"t/1...,.
TURKEY
TRK
GR ,
,
p
сур LEB J SYRIA -r
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ER ...
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o;:ТНIO DJ
Addl. с\ \ ..
АЬ.Ьо
YEMEN
.-.
SQMALIA
Меап Annual Т emperature
Average of :3.11 temperarures throughout the year
I.s:s. dlan ...'],OQ
..10.
О'
14'
И,s!l d.iU'I 411
n'
\r1{f)M uк
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CHINA
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(BQmt>ay)
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OMAN
ER
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I
Addl, .':"1
д.."". SQMALIA
"
10' :IO" ]О'С
-
5()' 68' &"i
О'
-4(10
:10'
Temperature Range (Contrast of Seasons)
Dlfference between mlnlmum апd m..xlmum avera,ge monthly temperи.ures
О'
З6'
72'
'\,
it eM
... "'-
BLG
, I
....:S>
l
TRK
.... -L
./
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CHINA
RUSSIA
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с:
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CHINA
в-с
SQMALIA
1os,<II.., I 10 100 1.000 СМ
Il!Iss.lIl1an 0.4 '" 40 4001"
.
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Add.. . I
д...",,' таЫаП 1
YEMEN
Mean Annual Precipitation
Includlng snow. convened to equlvalent amount OF raln
,. t
GR
...
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"
CYP E: SY.RIA
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MO "1
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.
PAKISJ AN
EGYPТ
I!HR
IN8
Rl)?dh
SUDAN
ER
OМAN
МumБаi
(Вamoay)
кмachi
1t
SAUOI ARABIA
.
t. Нjl
Add..
д...",,'
""\
rDJ
YEMEN
,
. ma1iland :
"
SQMALIA
PreClpltatlOn Range (Contrast of Wet & Dry Seasons)
Difference between minimum and maximum :3.vera,ge monthly precipit.1tion
10
100
o.
..
-4(1
bE Equal.Aril!&
kaI,ащ IS N .nd J.5.N is 1:41.00Q.000
rtm-42.jНm
11N:I\=bl,-9m
Q -wo 800 1100 1600 lOOCМOn
I . . , . ,
с) еОО . ш mi
19
/ L' '.
,
6О'С
IOB'F
1.000 см
400i.
ТbeGn!llltL..вla!o!.a't:me.:s.amil! !lcaJe:
А
South Asia
..
Land Cover
тш.КМЕNISТ ..
! ' 't. ()o('jJO
'. 11 "
НI [1 tfv
bul
..:"ftAFУНАr;I ДI-I
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.
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Q
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"о ..",.. "::>. , '.
1'Чr'r п g е t . с Р J Q ; п '-'" о I -- .,
Lш:J.:now ' ('о, t4 .,
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Vш"!;'l :.;;;: .' 'ВANGLADESHr ,(/
.,..... J
.,. '..L .... D.;'oka
;.
.. Kh
........ Kok:2lta' E4 .. .,
t" kUtta.\ Chitto,gQf1CJ,
,
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.:"' """:...101 1fII "'-r1
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..
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r Or1m 605111
.
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,
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OMAN
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. спеппа1
(Madr.1S)
.a..............1III1 ,
kgl;hi..
к:о. ...
",-
.
Mii.dl.lrilli
...., "'
Tamil
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,
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SRI
LANKA
r
МOO.UJ'''''''
7VE
I
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75'"
SS'E
Land Cover in the year 2000. including relative proportion оп this тар as percentaze of total non water area
_ т roplC.a1 Forest 4%
_ Deciduous Forest 7%
Deciduous Т rees < 1 %
_ Needle-leaved Е'о& gJ eEllS 3%
_ Needle.Leaved Deciduous (попе)
_ M,xedTrees. le)
Mixed T !> and Shrubs 1%
Declduous Shrubs 6%
Evergreen Shrubs 3%
Grass 10%
Sparse Shrubs or Grass 6%
Snow and!ce 3%
Barren L.and 19%
_ Burnt Trees (попе)
_ Trees Flooded In S.alt Water <1%
Trees Flooded in Fresh Water (попе)
Flooded Shrubs or Grass <: 1 %
Salt Water
Мах Extent of Solid Sealce, 2005
Fresh Water
River (widtt1I"ОponЮn.l ro а,.. '" w.o,"""od)
Sovereignty in 2006
Cultlvated L.and %
Mixed Crops and Shrubs (Grass <:1%
Mixed Crops and Т rees ",Х,
Urban Areas <'
U.N, recogn,zed IntematlOnal Border
Ое (аао Intern<ttion<t1 Вorder
Di5puted Border ("", "'dodlng 'opo<a1ls<dalm,)
Sub-National Border (ir1dudi", ;outDl10m0us l'E!gioм'l
,,,,.llfOf>,,,, fcr i U N MEMBER STATE
!ltilltв!i'W1'd11m5Ia.nd
"""" F\hodo....1'I<I Stat (de (acto) witl1 Limired or No Recognition
lr Intf'fratNI .[хcl"..-!!! (Paren.t Sr.at2 in Pвremf1 et)
J;O
о-
IP
J..
А'
IMYANMдR
i
'O'N
J
,
"
.......А...
'N
INDONESI/\
........
ш,..и?и(' .
NI",l..
95
Cities, Roads. Canals, Time
CIIj)I d tоо.olЮ...1SiШXI 'III
o;r d2.SQ.OOO. ""'-000 P"'f'l'
С"" "'500.000 1,(lO0.O0O F*>plo
Cit)' d 1.000.000 SЛОО,ооо .
City of rnore [han 5.000,000 people
Нighway I Road о,. Path
Canal or Aqueduct
Тime Zone Вoundary (in w;n....; DST щ'''s''''''''')
20
....
'<--.
.
.11
.
t
bE EquaJ.Aril!a.
kaI,ащ LO N .nd J.5.N is ':1O,OOO,QI.X)
lon-l0iНm
'h<h = 3'S.7 "'''
N..". YQ1(/ nillll: D'III....m. ilta....
Q 100 100 JOO 400 SOO I<m
' 1 (Ю' ' ni
South Asia .. Population and Infrastructure
. L Kt1ENIST
'МdJtrIc,<\r ,
,
,...
то
{/.
DС!
IRAN
.........
. ;
,...,
...
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#
ь
klli"'" ..
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6
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...
.
. :""' k
.
....
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.
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....
>
a/'fAN
j'
{
'E
Population Density in the year 2000
more than 10.000 3J!61 ilnd greater +--Delhl. Paris. Be1Iiп,g. Buenos Alres, Calro
+---Bangladesl1. Hauston, Johannesburg. Greater H;mol
NOrthem India. Greater Perth. Rwanda. Suburban Chlcago
+--Mountains of Pakisr.an, Algerian Caasr. Northern New Jersey
+--Central Afghan'stan. Estonla. Vermont. Central Chile
+---Southern Tiber. Central Finland, Upper Hichigan
1.000 386
реорlе I km I()O 39 реорlе I mi
10 -4
less than I 0.4 and below
r Orrт 605111
"
MQUntoinS
. \..- -;.
..а.:', О' I
s .. itj. ...... 6....
"Q"?
:;: f I.thxot' . \ ,. I Ь е 1.0 п
!-i < O.kn 7 ,
i h...labo.d ' '.
;'- \ \5 : У,...., . 'k
1 J M
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t PAKISTAj\J '"' r '" "- .....,о.'. ........... ! 't;t . . I
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(Madras)
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о
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Ur:>i
....
"-Tamil
Eela.m
IINDIAj
TrivllnrJru
SRI
LANKA
.....
МALDI\IES
8S'E
I
SO'E
7VE
7S"E
I nfrastructure
Rallroad
Divided HigJ1way
Road or Path
Power I СоmmUПlCаtlОПS СаЫе
Over1and PiFeline
Canal or Aqueduct
r
А1е{.. "
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а " l\iI'4t
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)
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lon-l0iНm
Ih<h = ЗIS.7 m"
N..". YQ1(/ nillll: D'III....m. ilta....
Q
1
Q
100 100 JOO 400 SOO I<m
, .' , , .
10) 2:ьо хю ni
\1fK T"" .....' """ 1т.; ,с.
, f;Ii h- .t
Hiпdt.r Q,.
1C.OJ>Oj,/ Q-f:
,. ..... 'f1
ip....,..."'"
Q
;;
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".......у'). ':
1""""....
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I
rf
.
Faisal8 f. . Amr'iuY"
J . .-: (
.ф r'
\со) {.
South Asia .. Plate Т ectonics
.
м...НI\>o.
"+
IRAN
AFGНANISTAN :
L
J.1"'"
.
.
. \ ....
.
.
. .
;
. .
1
PAКlSTAN
/",
t .:.:('NI
vy;r
Du t
..... W
..
1
'с
. t-I,1dl!nbad
UAEf
..
l'
1
\
SA.
Arablan
Plate
I:>GI.
Ahma<loliad
.. ..
OMAN
J
..
7.}
- t
Mumbil' t-
(I!onDIy) ,"
.'
.
...
,
;"",}
..,.r J
Indian
Plate
(.
" J 040,.",.
)) J
. J
I
o <8I!!"'J
,
../
r'.: I
· $.qmalia
...
FЧatе
/
,
I
Ibl,/.
J
...
,
)l
6
,.
'E
5"E
7VE
Plate Motion
....:>т Arrows show mooon relatlve tO AfrlCa
Colors 01150 5how p1ate motion
G"Ntw c.o1Of C«I'tПI$ b8tw..... p11t8S k'1c1ir:at4't
gre.a.r.er r'@1и1\t@ diПеl"'@n.c.e in .dil"'eCtion cl mcNlI!II'rIIent
Seafloor Spreading or Continental Rift
Area of dilfuse transюnnаtiоn
:::;;::::; (PI.," """"d.';.. ..,," со' ..n1a\own)
Major Eartl1quakes 1975 2000
m'lgТ1itude оп the RlChter Scale:
о 5.0 5.9
О 6.0 6.9
О 7.0 Н
8.0 and greater
Active Vоlсапоеs
,
l.rf".{/![ 6 () Sf't.
..
18
lТп.1tJ п
ntаlПS
M ()U
...
.
:J"'
Eurasian Plare
.
u
r 1 ь е 1-.0 -n
CН\NA
.r '\)i
p a-teo.
O*1d , i r l'o
'"
Ihj
Q"o ..... 0«.,
'(;'
, I'ir'r Q п g е [ ,с ' '!k:.aw 1
Ka pц
Vilrм'I!.
INDIA
.....
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..:m.
""'о«> (
(' ...
":BANGLADES
.,R shII'м
) O
' " \
t<..o!atl' 1-
h!......
(c.Ko '1.1 .....""Ij;"O'i5 1
1r1
"J:C;I
1
f1YANMAk
(ptJRМA)
....no.l>}:.
ВI1?,oo1
..... tl\.
v,ndlJ. "
tlI,-(l"
.o(pUro
NЧрur
в.....;!Ifw
- ...
.Pune
с::.
ltI
....
AILANI
/)J' "
. .........
. Y"''''I!On-'
-:-.'R,щgооп)
,., ;
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J
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.....
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.
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"'>
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.. J
1
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Bu rli1a
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м:.и.. :д..
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I { """'"
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....
.
75"1:
SO'E
SS'E
'I«I'E
9!j'E
Еlеvаtiоп and Batl1ymetl"y
те, 's 9.000 29,528 teet
6.000 19,685
3.000 9.841
date of last eruptlOn'
. since 1900
. 16th 19th сепtury
. 1st 1 Sth century
. between 1.000 and 10.000
)'ears a.go
IПсludlПg extreme роюtS ОП thlS тар
hlghest pOlnt аЬоуе sea level' peak of Mount Everest (8.848 m 119.028 ft)
hjghest possibIe permanent human settlement (5,100 m 116.500 ft)
Sea Level
з.ооо
less than --6,000
Sea Level
Iowest pOlnt оп land: Kuttani!du Area. southwest India ( 2т 1 7ft)
9.842
19.685 апd below greatest осеап depth: In theJava Trench (аррх. 5,500 m I 18.000 ft)
J5'N
]O'N
.
;
.
!I'N
Тropic dСалСI!r'
Nl;lrttt 1;"'"
tМesunisf)8'l'l!Ir
d;r"",>,"""0'!....t
!trN
15'"
ID'N
'"
1..
22
...
x..
,
,11
.
t
bE EquaJ.Aril!a.
kaI.ащ LO N .nd J.5.N is ':1O,OOO,QI.X)
lon-l0iНm
Ih<h = ЗIS.7 m"
N..". YQ1(/ nillll: D'III....m. ilta....
Q
1
Q
100 100 JOO 400 SOO I<m
, .' , , .
10) 2:ьо хю ni
South Asia .. Climate
1 lI; I
<:
'-
1\
lТRif
HANISTAN } с
........... "
,
<t..
CHINA
NPL
...
.
U
РАЮ AN
Ihi
.
...
,
км:кh
'11
B N(
K<>ko.... ' J
(CalrntМ)
OM
toNt1A
J.
Mumb",
(Вombay)
)
,
y o.
,R.mg<>Dfi,
, J Chenn"i f ,
(I"I;ukж) 1
.
Ta
lеlзm
SRI INDOSE
LANKA
МALDIVES 1
1... IПa. 1QO IO' О' IC- 10- ]О'С
Ies. than ..... 14' ]1' 50" 68' U'f
.,............
r
.
,
Dtlh.
AN
... ;-L.
км:кh l. [
ND1A { :-:, \ mANМA
BUR
Muml>'"
(6omb.у) ,
V"';on
(R..ngo<Н')
Chenn"i
(Madr"s)
.:таmil
Eel3m
SRI
LANKA
МALDIVES 1 INDOSESIA
С'
1ii'
Меап Annual Т emperature
Average of all temperatures throughout the year
Temperature Range (Contrast of Seasons)
D,fference between mlnlmum апd maximum avera,ge monthly temperatures
)6'
IRAN
UAE'
ж
AFGHANIS1=,('"
Wil7 "taD
? ).
CHINA
IRAN
Кмжh"
,
,
UAE
ж
) PAKISTAN
Delhi
'1
:!о -----
ВN<..
" I
KoIc:o... 'f-""'"'"' \
(CoI,,"<ra)' \
А',
"JR
Мumbзi .
(Бombay)
,
,
1"
y o.
жоаn) ,
,
Chennai
(l'WJras)
Ta
( 1зm
SRI
LANKA
INDOSE
МALDIVES I
..
!ан"ал I
10
100
1.000 cm
Меап Annual Precipitation
Including snow, converted to equivalent amount of rain
С'
j.. .
AFGHAt-' "
"
..... J
CHINA
...
, PAКlirAN
t'
Delhi
.....
т
.......
l<М-adW
...,
"1 _ I
.
K"'<>I"
(C.ku<raj'
,
r'
.
А
'u
Murrrn.i
(ВomOOy)
J 1 1"
.
у on
. К""")
f
1
Chennai
(Nadras)
I
.
am1l-
l elam
SRI
LANKA
INDOSE
I'1ALDIVES I
10
400ln
Preclpitation Range (Contrast of Wet & Dry Seasons)
Difference between mln.mum and maxlmum ilvera,ge monthly precipltatlon
4
........n O,
4
40
O,
,
40'
72'
t
, '
"
t
,
'1
100
40
bE Equal.Aril!&
kaI,ащ IO N.nd J.5.N is 1:41.00Q.000
rtm-42.jНm
11N:I\=bl,-9m
Q .wo 800 1100 1600 lOOCМOn
. . , , , ,
с) еОО . ш mi
у
r ,-".......'
,L
5О.С
108'F
1.000 cm
toOin
23
\
\
ТbeGn!llltL..вla!o!.a't:me.:s.amil! !lcaJe:
А
Northern Eurasia
..
Land Cover
. .
FINLAND
13o ren ,.. Se(l
it. rloblJrg
11 Lak.;-
....."'"
"'-:r
'"
со .....
.JI;;D\fиyl!" '!"
IIIUo5U\,I
rl '(;JVoйrj] Z mryй
(RU AJ
1(010 Se(l
. I'J 1
А..]
.
1 а.
)( Pcr.inr:lll tJМ Wtlrfd -":. ...
rthl!.d'мm"'l! ...
q
/..
.." .... 'с rz .
I
..:&.....
...... 1} 1 О .
.. '"1-.
"L.!;
I'.
у........
ClY J'OI
ос""",..
""' \ID
y
""""'"'
Nahny
N""xor<>d
I
i"
V1"!i'
уl.l.....а
....
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g> iOf:..
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"К k""
1'0;0*
, JIS. .
Porm' ..
<>'
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RUSSIA
Iz...
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el)\l1lМlfl-
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6.000 19.685
3.000 9.842
including extreme points оп th is тар
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Cities. Roads. Canals, Time
Ul;:fd.OO.oo:J--250.000pll
o;r ""!дOOD 'iOQ.OOO р..,.,.
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Otj' d 1.000.000 5,000.000 """pI.
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Highway I Road or Path
Сапа1 or Aqueduct
Time Zone Вo ndary (Ol W;"ter' DST """.>юwn)
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East Asia
Population and Infrastructure
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Population Density in the year 2000
more th.ш 10,000 3.861 and greater Seoul, Calro, Mexlco City. Paris, Delhl
+---Pearl Rlver Delta. Houston. Вangladesh. Ruhr Valley
+---Slchuan Вasln.Java. Suburban Perth, Rwanda
Northem Vietnam. NlJ:elia, Fiji. Centra1 Michrgan
Laos. Central Afghanlstan. Estonla... Vermont., Yucat1ln
Tibetan Plateau, Вэjа California, Southem Mauritania
1,000 386
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less than I 0.4 and below
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Мajor Earthquakes 1975 2000
ma,gnltl.lde оп the R.chter Sc.ale:
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О 6,O 6,9
О 7.0 7.9
'} 8,0 and greater
....>r Arrows show motion relarive ro Africa
Colors а150 show p1ate mooon
Grl!!lШ!t' t:Dlor COn 1 betwl!!len F1ates. ifJ4dic.a
l""e4mr tiVEI differEf1ce m dir&etioo of mClyemertt.
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date of l:ast еruрtюп:
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. 1st 15th century
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years :a,go
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mete 9.000 29,528 feet
6,000 19.685
3.000 9.842
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including extreme points оп this тар
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Sea Level
З.ООО
less than 6,OOO
Sea Level
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Dlfference between mlnlmum and maxlmum average monthly temperatures
,
нcn,g KC<\Ii
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Меап Annual Т emperature
Average of з11 temperatures throughout the year
-
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Precipitation Range (Contrast of Wet & Dry Seasons)
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Land Cover in the year 2000. including relative proportion оп this тар as percentaze of total non water area
_ т roplC.a1 Forest 17%
_ Deciduous Forest 2%
Deciduous Т rees З%
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_ Needle.Leaved Deciduous (попе)
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Declduous Shrubs 10%
Evergreen Shrubs 9%
Grass 4%
Sparse Shrubs or Grass
Snow and!ce < 1%
Barren L.and <1%
_ Burnt Trees (попе)
7'
_ Trees Flooded In S.alt Water <1%
т rees Flooded in Fresh Water 2%
Flooded Shrubs or Grass < 1 %
Salt Water
Мах Extent of Solid Sealce, 2005
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s.."щonш,.u", r U N MEMeER STATE
.ш..-: :;::,..: .{ Srat (de (аао) wirl1 Lim.ted Or No Recognition
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,
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.
,
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t40 D E
Cities. Roads. Canals, Time
d"lоо.ооо--2501WOOpII
СIt)' <l2ЩOOD SOQ.OOO pq1.
ci<y d 500.000 1..000.00о fOOpIo
Oty OJ 1.000,000 5.000,000 "оорl.
О!}' 01 rnore than 5.000.000 peo le
Hlghway I Road or Path
Сапаl or Aqueduct
Тiтe Zone Вoundary (Ol "';"",,", DST "',' s»Qwn)
bE EquaJ.Aril!& 1C8"I
5<01..1000 IO' .nd 11) N.. 1 :10.000.00о
lon-l0iНm
Ih<h = 31S.7 "'''
N.1JIj" YQ1(/ nillll: D'III....m. ilta....
Cultlvated L.and 1 S%
Mixed Crops and Shrubs I Grass <:1%
Mixed Crops and Т rees 13%
Urban Areas <'
Q 100 !оо JOO 400 SOO I<m
' 1 (Ю' ' ni
Southeast Asia
1,000 386
people I km1. 100 39 people J mi 1
10 1
less than 1 0.4 and below
..
Population and Infrastructure
4'
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more th.ш 10,000 3.861 and greater Jakarta. New Yorl< Clt)'. Paris. Oelh" Buenos Alres
+---Greater Hanoi. Montreal. Вosron, Sr. Perersburg, Baghdad
+---Ja\la. Northem Indla. Haltl, Nile Delta. Rwanda
Mlndanao Island. Nigeria. Сепrrаl Mich.gan. Cuba
Northern Papua New GUlnea. Midwest US, Southern Iran
+---Centra1 Borneo. Kaz.akh Steppe, Сasрiап Dерrеssiоп
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Major Earthquakes 1975 2000
magnltl.lde оп the R.chter Scale:
. S.o S9
О 6.0 6.9
О 7.o 79
. е.О ;and greater
Active Volcanoes
....>r Arrow5 $how morion relar.ive [о Africa
Colors a1so 5how pl;ate motlon
Gn!IIIIU!I" II:CISor con berween iII in c..at..e!il
We4tEr rllla""'EI di"-erEf1се in irectioo d mavВl1'1Ef1t
Seafloor Spreadln,g Qr Contlnental Rift
Area of dilfuse transrormation
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date of lasr eruptJon:
. since 1900
. 16th 19th century
. I $[ 15th century
. Ьеtwееп 1.000 ;and 10,000
years ago
Elevation and Bathymetry
meters 9.000 29.528 feet
6,000 19.685
3,000 9.842
including extreme points оп this тар
highest point аЬоуе sea 'еуе1: peak of Kangto, India 1 South Tibet (7.090 m I 23.261 ft)
(----- I,ghest pos!;lbIe реrmаnепt humап 5еmеmепt (5,100 m /16.500 п)
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Sea Level
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9.842
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Southeast Asia
..
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I"IDfA
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Меап Annual Т emperature
Average of all temperatures throцghout the year
'<'-
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Mean AnnUзl Precipitation
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"T.1'Wan
т emperature Range (Contrast of Seasons)
Difference between minimum :a.nd maxlmum :a.ver<1ge monthly temperatLJre!>
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А
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у
tIarti: Kong
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,
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Precipitation Range (Contrast of Wet & Dry Seasons)
D,fference between m'nlmum :a.nd max,mum .werage monthly prec'p't.atJon
,
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10"
36"
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Land Cover in the year 2000. including relative proportion оп this тар as percentaze of total non water area
_ TroplC.a1 Forest 14% Declduous 5hrubs (rlone) _ Trees Flooded In Salt Water <1%
_ Deciduous Fore5t (попе) Evergreen Shrubs <1% Trees Flooded in Fresh Water <1%
Deciduous Т rees 6% Grass J В% Flooded Shrubs or Grass < 1 %
_ Needle.leaved E\<."I\'"",,,IS <1% Sparse Shrubs or Grass 28% Salt Water
_ Needle.Leaved Deciduous (попе) Snow and!ce (попе) Мах Extent of Solid Sealce, 2005
_ Mlxed Т rees < Barren L.and Fresh W.ater
Mixed T s and Shrubs <L.. _ Burnt Trees (попе) Rivеr(widtt1"roponЮn.lroа,..dw.otont1odJ
Sovereignty in 2006
Cultlvated L.and I U.N. ecognlzed InternatlOnal Вorder
Mixed Crops and Shrubs I Grass < 1% Sub-National Вorder ''''''''''''''''''.-.;''''.1
Mixed Crops and Trees 3% .me1lfQ",,,.lt!foo- { U.N. MEMBER STAТE
Urban Areas <' ....te, -:::::"=.:. D"I"'odont Т rn"Ш7 (Pa...nt St>.te ir1 Pи......'...1
1:han f\hode lвпd PcIJlкd.Jr 'ПfЧ'rоt!!d {.k-cJav.е- (P.arI!f'lI.Stвr..eirll f.iМ"el'\tt.escsJ
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Cities. Roads. Canals. Time
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n Clr:yd l5Q,.OOO sщ.cюo p«Ip1e
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Highway ( Road or Path
Canal о.. AqueduCt
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Population Density in the year 2000
more than 10,000 3.861 and greater
+--Melbourne, Houston. Бangladеsh" Jol1annesburg
+---SuЬurbэ.п Perth, Hi\ltJ, Nlle Delta. Rw3.n(]3.
+--Fiji. Mountairls of Paki5tiln. Northern Syria. Al,gerian Coast
+--New Brlta.ln Island. Vermont. Central Сhilе. Zambl:!.
SolJthеrп New Guinea Island. Baja California. Тibetan Plateilu
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Plate Motion
...>r Arrows show motion relative [о Africa
Colors '1lso show р1а[е motion
Мajor Earthquakes 1975 2000
magnitLJde оп the Richter Sc.ale'
., 5,0 5.9
О 6.0 6.9
Q. 7.0 7.9
: 8.0 and greater
Active Volcanoes
date of last eruption:
. !iince 1900
. 16т 19т cenl:LJry
. l!i[ 15th cen[ury
. between 1.000 and 10.000
years :!,go
Gl"li!IIIIti!JI'" c contr.lsl between paltвs indic:ates
I'I"Wblr V1I dlff8r8nC8 m ,diПlction of mav.".nt.
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::::=;.:::; Area of dlПusе traлsfurmatlOП
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meters 9.000 29.S28 feet
6,000 19,685
3.000 9.841
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including extreme points оп this тар
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Sea Level
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Australasia
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Меап Annual Т emperature
Ауеrэgе of all temperatures tl1ro ,gho t tl1e year
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Mean Annual Precipitation
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Ternperature Range (Сопtrаst of Seasons)
Difference between minimum and maximum average monthly temperatures
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magnltl.lde оп the Rlchte.- Scale:
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О 7JJ 79
Active Volcanoes
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% Area of diffl.l e transrormation
(А"'" ",,"nclo.;e. .-..с. О' "'\"lOwп)
date of last eruptlOn:
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. 16th 19th cenwry
. 1 s[ 1 Srh century
. Ьеtwееп 1.000 ilnd 10.000
years аЕО
Elevation and Bathymetry
meters 9.000 29.528 feet
6,000 19.685
3,000 9.842
including extreme points оп this тар
+-- hQ:hest point аЬоуе sea level: peak of Mount МсКiлlе)'. Alaska (6.194 m 120.320 ft)
+-- h.ghest posslbIe permanent human settlement (5,100 m f 16,500 п)
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The Western Arctic
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Sovereignty in 2006
Cultlvated L.and 17% U.N. recognlzed IntematlOnal Border
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Mixed CI"OpS and Trees (попе) "".'lfQn'ш"'Qr 1 U N. MEMBER STATE
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Crea[ r An[,IIes
Population Density in the year 2000
more th.1П 10,000 3.861 and greater New Yor\< Clt)', Цgos. Parl , Delhl, Be'jirJg
Boston. Вangladesh. Johannesburg. Greater H01.nol
+---Suburban Chlca.go, Hal[I, SichlJan Basln. Southern Wales
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Colors а1so show plate motion
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grвaи.r rela.live tifferEf1ce in i4' bOO d rnavemll!f'lt.
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6.000 19.685
3.000 9.841
date of last еruрtюn.
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highest poim аЬоуе sea lel/el. реаk of MQunt Elberr.. Colorado (4.401 m 114.440 ft)
lowest pOlnt оп land: bottom of Death Valle)'. CaJrfornla ( 6 m I 182 ft)
9.842
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S1 VJNCENT 111 ТНЕ GREN.t.DINES
AntllllS & An.lba
IN T}1ERLANDSI
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Land Cover in the year 2000. including relative proportion оп this тар as percentaze of total non water area
_ TroplC.a1 Forest 52% Declduous Shrubs З'I. _ Trees Flooded In S.alt Water <1%
_ Deciduous Forest 1% Evergreen Shrubs <1% Trees Flooded in Fresh Water 3%
Deciduous Т rees < 1 % Grass <;<;' Flooded Shrubs or Grass 2%
_ Needle.1eaved &." 1\''''''' IS 8% Sparse Shrubs or Grass Salt Water
_ Needle.Leaved Deciduous (попе) Snow and!ce (попе) Мах Extent of Solid Sealce, 2005
_ MlxedTrees < Barren L.and <1% Fresh W.ater
Mixed T s and Shrubs <L.. _ Burnt Trees (попе) Rivеr(widtt1"roponЮn.lroа,.."'w.otont1odJ
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.. t..IA
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,r....r 1'\.[
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-() f>
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.
COLOMBIA
Sovereignty in 2006
Cultlvated L.and 11 % U.N.--recognlzed IntematlOn.a1 Border
Mixed Crops апд Shrubs / Grass 2% Sub.Nation.a1 Border (indU<iПС U""'omou. "".)
Mixed Crops апд Trees J}(. ....llfont"'''''fo, j U.N MEMBER STATE
Urban Areas < I 11iI0II1 U;=Э llJ ndt!nt Tl!!rrirDr;r{Parent 5ta'U! iп Pvw1 J
lIhWI Rho6e I.slwld ... &clоу!! (p.iIIII'II!IfI'tSt:il.te in Parend1e!lll!$)
t;;;;;; 11!......1It:lry r:J...1f Ьу OIfiCtdh Or!JC olf!;rs
""'\;'....
,
Guill8Ч tli ....
.......
....
1'1.,
.
BO"\l\'
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I
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J.
..
е
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' om I
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'1< ;, ,
ПОШ ....
I -
. .
'pt, .
с> >. 50s
.
I_",} ... ..,
..
. . j
...
...
7O"W S'W шw Я"\I\' 50"\1\'
Cities. Roads. Canals, Time
Ul;:fd.OO.ooo--250J)X1р11 'III
o;r "'2!дОО1) -щооо р"""
cr.,.- '" 500.000 1..000.00о р<ор,"
Otj" d 1.000.000 5,000,000 ,,,,,,pI.
О!}' 01 rnore than 5.000,000 people
Highway I Road or Path
Сапа1 or Aqueduct
Time Zone Вo ndary (in w;nter' DST """.1юwn)
bE EquaJ.Aril!&
ScoI. Ion.o О''' ond 1S"N ;, 1 :10.оомоо
lon-l0iНm
Ih<h = ЗIS.7 m"
Q 100 100 JOO 400 SOO I<m
' 1 (Ю' ' ni
-"
...............
,->
48
,,\
.l? '
N..". YQ1(/ nillll: D'III....m. ilta....
Central America and the Caribbean
UNITED
SТД ТE'
;f
I
""".....
'"
........./I.JLII[1'f
....
"
Ht)$.tQfl
.
М...-.. Orloans
'"
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r_
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M .
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c..pod>o-.:
"
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.......
'........
MEXICO
--"
1'1If rJ:1 с........ =.
.
J .
'4
IТEl&дLA
,
..
Population and Infrastructure
DOMINICAN
EPUBtIC
KoDllNEar. !ritigh V"'"P
, I ldarн!o (U,K,J
.'iI> _... .. ""&"III:I(I.J K
... S;l.n I8iII " !iir. Manrr.l t
с: J DQmln,gQ "' , ___ -5< н...",," (N ЮS)
Puerto Rico . & ВдRВUIOД
. ..
А h " 1 I &U5. VirJi"I,t.л'" (lJ.S,) ST KlnS М .. , К!
' '" , е S &: NEVIS 1: cnu...rat,..... ,
r- f'r IF"-дNС )
"'", . DOMltII,CA
, ....
..............
.
!l<tmuda
(1JJt)
Т..:....
.........;1..
T
.
: Miarnl
ТНЕ
ВAHAMAS
..
-.,.
5r'
с.......
CUВA ,].
Tиrkl" C.'"o,l.. (ux.
со
",
".,....,
s...
D.C
HAITI
1'In", .
-4
Ca:"""'I.,
IU,KI
jAMAICA
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reo t
е,
r _
.
....
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EL SALV OL
COCD!> fst
IC OSTAR Ic:A
о
о
00 О 'jБ:-- J
. ..
.- ...
о
I,
CECLWJOI\I
95'W
9O'W
Population Density in the year 2000
more than 10.000 ].861 апd greater Mexlco City. New York City. Рапs, jakarta. Т okyo
Houston. Бaghdаd, Вangl;!.desh. Ruhr V.3.lle)'
+---Ha.ltl, Greater Vancou\ler. North Chlna Plaln
+---СиЬа. Northern New jersey, Nigeria. Algerian Coast
+--Yucmn, Loos. Central AfghanlStan. Z;!.mbla
+---Eastern Рапата. Tibetan Plateau. Caspian Depression
1.000 ]86
people 1 km' 100 ]9 people 1 mi'
10 ./1
less than I 0.4 and below
U
".
AGUA
......
Seo
caribbean
L Antlllls & An.Ibill
(N THERLANDSI
...
ci
..
..
cz.
"
...
.
f Вf .
.r -:-""""" -y-"""
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.
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./(
VENEZUELA
,
....
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..
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се .
r СОLОМБIА
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с..
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,
о
о
о о
04;
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PERU
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If%Jl61J
--
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7O"W
S'W
I nfrastructure
Rallroad
Divided Highway
Road or Path
Power I СоmmUПlсаtlOПS СаЫе
Pipellne
С;!.па' or Aqueduct
Gеоstatюпаry Satellite
:. 'M0 f= (FRдNCE)
r: . 5Т
"<t
, " f.ARВADOS
ST VJI\JCENT & ТНЕ GREN.>.DINES
· GI\ENADA
...
RINIDAD & TOBAGO
"""'.......
GUY
.
.....1I8I"i1кl
..
SURINAME
101
J
BRAZIL
16
"2<
м,.....
Ч<)#
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/
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.о.:
I
"9
<>:
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JO' j
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IO'N
S'N
о
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-&1","
.
J4I
i$
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bE EquaJ.Aril!&
ScaI..1on.o О''' ond 1S"N ;, 1 :10.оомоо
lon-l0iНm
Ih<h = ЗIS,7 m"
Q
I
Q
100 100 JOO 400 SOO I<m
, .' , , .
10) 2:ьо хю ni
-'""
...............
,->
49
,,\
.l? '
N..". YQ1(/ nillll: D'III....m. ilta....
Central America and the Caribbean
Plate Motion
....>r Arrows show motion relative (о Africa
Colors al o t1ow p1i1te motion
G-еа.terot.O\аt".ц."'tragt pa indica.te5:
lf6illtEir re\itive Mвrвoce in dsectюfl d movвtm!l1t
Seafloor SрrеаdlП,g or Сопtiпепtal Rlft
Area of diffuse t
(Pi.a. bound:arie9 irdi5.til'\Ct: cr tJn\cl'1QWn)
UNITED
SТAТES
n
НDW.tDп
"
S-n IQ ,
...
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l
о
M ,,
Iiiill: JD 'II3
D
о..
.......
<II ':1.
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I..UliJlbIP-d
...
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:. Cit)l J....
Tu1 ."u. . Il!I"a.cn.l;t
,
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MEXICO
.
tl..
...
Cocos
PJare
"'.........,.,.
....
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/
...
M dill
с..ро"".
I3,LIZE
lV
"tI.
.7'
.., OiF
t:..,...,
т...:..
Nazca Plate
95'W
9O'W
Major Earthquakes 1975 2000
magПltudе оп the Rlchter Scale:
. 5.0 5.9
..... 6.0 6.9
U 7.0 7.9
r) в.О and greater
'"
.
(.
)
r ....
1 ,
!
,
.
" ,
wr
.
.........
.'
./
/'
ffi'W
..
Plate Т ectonics
L
I
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r
.-
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РIa1'Р
р
...["М'IQuill.....
...... м.''Р J1ю Ц ,.
.. ..Irn..v.na,.. -.. ., F
........ ... ........... . ......T M...::: ' .
North ""'О'" ...;.""
-.-1'10
.",:-'" And ...... ....
Рlа1ё
...... .WIrrO
I >' GUYANA ·
:I Р
P tP
н."..
, L ,.....
J. -
cGUATE Js."f>,j ",ho
1-. ......
. . HUNDURдS
ТЧ"'i.opIpo f
CARAGU:
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./' ... :NAМ iate.
....
.
-1..,
?
l
.
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,р ..A"'"'""'1LJ, Ir,. '''-:' 'й
1 .) ' 10. . AN
..-- ..... I , !TI >- ...... ...., - .
r I IAMAICA """..;..... ...'....,.... ...., ..(. "'"'"..
..J"'b .. './" . J" ....... 1 . . Iht{ .....". . J""
.v, . .., , I .., "
4'1 fr fI " ,
,...,. 1..1/ ,е, /С; 1'.. I III'g'" d"HS.i
I J,.I # ..J
,. I I I,J.-'!.i" ( 'l.aribbean Plare
{::: .. J'J '
l'i..J& /к
J/ "
,
VENEZUELA
Нod.m
..:;::r
"o"h
---<;'1'
'''''; .Ii.I3
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-6"
ОUl ':;:
..
.......
.
EC
'CI.i
....,,'
"
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.............
COlOMBIA
""78ч
!
..,.,....
,
r'
PERU ......
I \
\l
I
01....
. .
BO"VV
7 'W
7fYW
Active Volcanoes
Elevation and Bathymetry
meters 9,000 29.528 feet
6,000 19.68:5
3,000 9,842
, ""
. St. M , ..8
'>rs rzr
1......,,'-111
.( .1t.'O"/
1c,A.
.
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.....
....,
.
...
&::
q:
r 1
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ci
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j
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1
T"INIDAD
.J.
.
CIUd8ljI!ool
t1anl.'\A
.
C;S'W
щ'w
including extreme points оп this тар
.
.I..
date of last eruptlOn:
. since 1900
. 16th 19th century
. 1 st 15th cen(ury
. between 1.000 and 10,000
years ago
:
..'
..
.
........",
IOBAGO
South American
I Plate
....
......
( fr/!nch
SURINAME \с G :; irтo
IJRANC
/
""""'-
:rrar6 '1
BRAZll
<If.Y"
't."......
я'W
CI"W
r highest polnt above !IOea leveJ: реа1< of Mount Сl1lmЬоr.п.о. Ecuildor (6.267 m /10.560 ft)
r highest posslbIe permanent t1uman settlement (5.100 m / 16.500 ft)
Sea Level
З,ООО
less than ,OOO
Sea Level
{-----Iowest point оп land: shore of lake Enriquillo. Dominican RepubIic (...14 m I .144 fr)
9.B42
19.685 and below rdeep осеал floor ( 5.500т I IB,OOO ft)
{-----greate5t осеап depth. bottom of t:I1e Puerto Rko Тrепсl1 ( .605 m / .28,231 fr)
.,.
., :.$
., .
f
"/
hlom
f
O' j
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l 'N
TI'Cf"ic: oIU1Квr
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..
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S'N
E ,
50s
bE EquaJ.Aril!&
5<oI..1on.o О''' ond 1S"N ;, I :lO.ooмoo
lon-l0iНm
Ih<h = ЗIS.7 m"
Q
I
Q
100 100 JOO 400 SOO I<m
, .' , , .
10) 2:ьо хю ni
.r-
...............
50
,.>
,,\
.l? '
N..". YQ1(/ nillll: D'III....m. ilta....
Central America and the Caribbean
..
Climate
UNIТED
, SТAТES
HCI ltC1n Nflw"'Or n:!i
. . ,
'.
....\ ' '
}
АП:
HC:St4
N.....drl..".
м
......
-11l>ml
ТНЕ
BAHAMAS
НaWI'II.
.
ТНЕ
BAHAMAS
Мек!со С
BELIZE
HONDURAS
,.
BR
HAI (i:1l . ..."
S-nto
JAMAICA Dornl
r
Mek!F0 От;у
CUВA
,l
BELIZE
NDURAS
GUA TEMALA
EL SALVADOR
GUA TEMALA ..;...,.
EL SALVADOR
NICARAGUA
NICARAGUA
-.
. .
I ' С..."".
VENEZUELA
(
..........
СilПВ:II.S- I'
..
t;
COSTA f .
RICA
PANAMA
COSTI'\
RICA
.
PANAMA
ENEZ
:>
GUYANA
SURINAME
f,-еRtlJ Gи1ono
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"
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,
IF
.r
'
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'':.....
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ffRU
PERU
J
Меап Annual Т emperature
Average of аll temperatures throughout the year
'L )',
11I!!ii:5. tt.ara -100 IO' О' IC' 10' ]О'С
less d1iln _41:1 .4' ]1' '>(). 68' I!b'f
С'
с
Temperature Range (Contrast of Seasons)
Difference betwl!erJ minimum and maximum avera,ge monthly temperatun:
UNIТED \
SТAТES
На:'1
---
UNIТED
SТAТES
на;' laI N«w"'O.-ltI3Ins
< ,
N..;Orl..".
'-
M ICO
(
.
МЕ.
......
ТНЕ
BAHAMAS
&-
ТНЕ
BAHAMAS
н.......
н.......
HeKico С
r
BELIZE
NDURAS
HeKico С
\,
BELIZE
НONDURAS
,./
,1,
, ,
GUAТEMA
EL SALVADOR
GUAТEMA
EL SALVADOR
,
-.
NICARAGUA
NICARAGUA
-.
Cilr.il.i:IIS-. -1' ..J
...
IENEZUELA
GUYANA
SURINAME
frenr:h Gliiona
4.
4.
Cilr.il.i:1IS
"
COSТA
RICA
.
PANAMA
COSTA
RICA
.
PANAMA
ENEZUE
восоь
lА
.... . OLO"'BIf!
U DI..m ....
восоь
.... COL01"IВV
......«о
....
'=:Jf
PERU
J
51
f
,1. "'-
J
1,
t
GUYANA
SURINAME
r ( f,-еRtlJ Gи1ono
BRAZIL
ZO'
1(1"
('О'С
]6.
72'
10e"F
GUYANA
, SURINAME
frenr:h Gliiona
L 1
... -
6
\ J
:.. ..... (
ВRAZI
l
L \ \ \
10 100 IJXЮ ст
.. 40 4OOi"
.
1
..
6 .._ I
\ '" J
'::'"'"-+- 4
..." r В I
j
\ J\ \
10 100 I.OOO"m
0,4 4 40 4001"
FERU
J
Меап Annual Precipitation
Induding snow, converted w equlvalent amount of raln
lesst:'h:m .
Precipitation Range (Contrast of Wet & Dry Seasons)
Difference between minimum and maximum average monthly precipitation
1... d1a" 0.4
bE Equal.Aril!& UC8l
5<01..1000 Ю'" ond 15'N ;, l:4l.OOМOO
rtm-42.jНm
.1N:I\=bl,-9m
ТbeGn!llltL..вla!o!.a't:me.:s.amil! !lcaJe:
А
Ю iOO еоо 1100 1600 lOOCМOn
1 ' . . . .
с) еОО . ш mi
Т"'У".... .. <..
' tr ;---.
I .
.
.. .. .
;1.
Sй.aLu
Вoo.m
.
М.......
Southern America
..
Lan d Cover
"ая ,RlOCks
Jx
VIIorll 11._'
'-'Saq iIC
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,," (j.1J Д
h о!\
C;::
;р.
t
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.
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F rl
с!,,,
(Вl\AZll)
.fClra.j.п. с
1 W
4O'W
45'W
Land Cover in the year 2000. including relative proportion оп this тар as percentaze of total non water area
_ TroplC.a1 Forest 35% Declduous Shrubs 6% _ Trees Flooded In Salt Water <1%
_ Deciduous Forest 6% Evergreen Shrubs <1% Trees Flooded in Fresh Water 1%
Deciduous Т rees 1% Grass <;<;' Flooded Shrubs or Grass 1%
_ Needle-leaved &." 11''''''' IS [попе) Sparse Shrubs or Grass 10% Salt Water
_ Needle.Leaved Deciduou5 (попе) Snow and!ce < 1% Мах Extent of Solid Sealce, 1005
_ Mlxed Т rees < Barren L.and Fresh W.ater
Mixed T s and Shrubs (попе) _ Burnt Trees (попе) Rivеr(widtt1"roponЮn.lroа,..dw.otont1odJ
..J c
0(-
'0
Sea
Falkland 15
(UK.)
(fIр а
'(о.
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.
t.oP!o
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е 'b
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11
(,S'W
7fY'W
Sovereignty in 2006
Cultlvated L.and 12% U_N_ ecognlzed InternatlOnal Вorder
Mixed Crops апд Shrubs I Grass 6% Sub--National Вorder ,u""om",,'пg;о'..1
Mixed Crops апд Trees 6% 5"",llfu",u"""to.- U.N MEMBER STATE
Urb А < 1"11 !Lr.a.'te!i вntt l:ernюne:s: "'\
an reas. with lI.nd ...... D nd!ln.tТt!,.rftory(РillrentSt:a.te.,Ривntl-мase5t
man filiod!! hb.nd fC6bOOIr 'nlegHI'teJ Erctaw- tP.arentSt.ar..e- ,n F'at'"e:Jrth J
- Di!'plI!nd nr l-!'нitDq inflOfIiti!"d IJfJJy Ь, О; 15
йdй:i .
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}.
1
.1 DI"\8;h.
;; "''''1"11
.. 1'Ij:"
YI
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u,1J
i
}а ,..
,-
7 'W
Cities. Roads. Canals, Тiтe
Ci"l d" 100JX(I !SO.OOO
Clty d"Z50..000 soo.ooo 'ifI
C 001500.000 ..ооо.ооор.ор1.
Cit)' '" 1.000.000 S,OOO.ooO р.орl.
Cit)' о! more (harl 5.000.000 peof)le
Hl,ghway I Road or Path
Canal or Aqueduct
Time Zone Boundary (;n ""n",," О5Т 00<'''''''''')
f
,
s.!j, !ii
SO'S
oU.S
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52
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..
Population and Infrastructure
So.rh SoncIoo..II 1...
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Population Density in the year 2000
more thiln 10.000 ].861 апd greater Bueno5 A.re5. Be111n.g, РаП5. Cairo, Delh.
+---Porto Alegre. Housron, Ruhr Уа11е)', Ремl River Delta
+---Braz.lla, Suburban Perth. Northem Indla, Rwan(]a
Centra1 Ec:uador, N.geria, Mounr.ail1s ofPakistan
Centr.l1 Chlle. Vеrmопt. Southеrп Il"3n. Estonlil
-t----Bra.zilian Hills. Southem New Guinea Island. Upper Мlсhigaл
I.OCIO ]86
реор1е I km1. 100 ]9 реор1е I mi 1
10 ./1
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Major Earthquakes 1975 2000
magnltl.lde оп the RlCl1ter Scale:
" S.O 5.9
О 6.0 6.9
О 7.0 7.9
") 8.0 ;and grea[er
.....>r Arrows show motion r@lati\le [О Africa
Colors also show plate тOtJоп
Greatвr" calor I[:OntrilSl: bвtween paltвs iпdia.tes
We4mr nZativEI di"-erEf1се m ir&etioo d rnm'ВI1'1eпt
Seafloor SpreadlJ1g Qr ContlJlental Rlft
Area of diffuse transformation
(PI""'Ьoun,jor;e. <JI'unl<rюwn)
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45'W
5O'W
Active Volcanoes
date oflast eruptlOn:
. since 1900
16th 19th century
" Ist 15th century
. Ьеtwееп 1.000 ;and 10,000
years ago
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COLOMBIA
с
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7O'W
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6fY'W
Elevation and Bathymetry
meters 9,000 29.518 feet
6,000 19.685
3,000 9.842
including extreme points оп this тар
I1lg11est pOlnt аЬО\l@ sea le."el: p@ak of Aconcagu"" Argentln", (6,962 m 112.841 ft)
+--l1lg11est known permanent settlement: La RlnCOI"1:ada, sovthern Peru (5,IOOm 116,728 ft)
(а mining town with а рорu1м-IOП of around 7.000)
(-----Iowesr pOlnt оп I,,-nd. Lagun,,- del Сатоп. sour\1east Argentlna ( 105 m 1 .344 ft)
Sea Le\lel
3.OO0
less th:ап --6,000
Sea Le."el
9.842
19.685 and below +--deep осеап floor ( 5.5OOm 1 18,000 ft)
greatest осеап dept\1. bottom Qf the South S,lJldwit:h Trencl1 (--8,418 m I 27.651 ft)
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..
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14' ]1' . 68' U'F
т emperature Range (Contrast of Seasons)
Difference between minimum апс! maximum 3verage monrhly temperatures
О' W' 40' 60:r.C
о" ]6' n' 10e'F
....
J
. \.....
..
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Меап Annual Т emperature
Дye of аll temperatures throughout the year
18S!. d\an -1О О
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/
100in
Precipitation Range (Contrast of Wet & Dry 5easons)
Difference between minimum and maximum average monthly precipitation
10
100
..000 cm
Меап Annual Precipitation
Including snow. converted to equivalent 1Imount of r1lin
40
0.4
4
4()
400in
.AlЬЕп EqшI.Ari1!6 flп:Jp.lIКТI
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1 =662.9m
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Antarctica
..
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Land Cover in the year 2000, including relative proportion оп this тар as percentaze of total поп wаtеr area
_ TroplC.a1 Forest <1% Declduous Shrubs <1% _ Trees Flooded IП Salt Wate (попе)
_ Deciduous Fore5t <1% Eve green Shrubs <1% Trees Flooded in Fresh Water (попе)
Deciduous Т ees < 1 % Grass <: I % Flooded Shrubs or Grass <: 1 %
_ Needle-leaved &." 1\''''''' IS [попе) Sparse Shrubs or Grass 7' Salt Water
_ Needle.Leaved Deciduous (попе) Snow and!ce 84% !Се Shelf 11 %
_ Mlxed Т rees <: Barren L.and 1% Мах Extent of $ol.d Sea Ice. 2005
Mixed T s and Shrubs (попе) _ Burnt Trees (попе) Fresh Water
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Urban Areas <'
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Sovereignty in 2006
so.". t?O 1. "'. а,... '''''''' cl60"S ""' Ьм. gQ"'..... 1»' o:h4
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p-t"ticipate in thll! t:rll!ril.t)'. but 5.even s)gnlW)l'ieg ,о.. A.rкentin.a.. Frllloce.,
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Research Stations. Roads. Тiтe
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)( "'billndoмd RI!S8ArCh S1::iIIt.КН1 (notiilllшnckюed-sc.60m.iIIf"lIIlbbe!&d)
Highway I Road or Path
Time Zone Вoundal'}' (1. ";nttor. DSТ ""'-r.I1"".)
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Plate Motion
Arrows show motion relative (о Africa
Color'$ also show plate motlOn
Greater- 1: Df" l:ontril.5t bвtween patss iпdicat.e!l
. 't8f r.1i... dtrJerllПС'" in ,d oo drnov."W1t
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.
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d о'
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't.I
.....
C[)"COI'"diR(fr"1lDa!ll j
V"""k \
<>
50"'" "'
+ l'Dr< (2005)
.,........1"""""1 1
PIonorok>,yo (IJ$SI\)
o.и.{U"""y
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"
."'D8 tI 1i8'
t
..
М....." pllinJ 1
.,......
90"1:
IIO"E
7I}'Е
Major Earthquakes 1975 2000
m nltl.lde оп the Rlchter Scale:
S О 5.9
О 6.0 6.9
О 7JJ 79
Active Volcanoes
date of last eruptlOn:
. since 1900
. 16th 19th cenwry
. 1st 15th century
. between 1.000 and 10,000
years :!,go
1......(u.Ч
"
El]u
('>
l "'6
а'.I .J.
Q'
ШЕ
.
S"...(u'-)
.
е(\
\)е
Q
",iШю о.....,
о
' \o
н...,.,"'!'i""'"
'О"Е
Elevation and Bathymetry
meters 9,000 29,518
6,000 19.685
3,000 9,842
Sea Level
3,OOO
less than ,OOO
Sea Lev
Shet a1td'l
J
!\.oth..,.(tt . ,...... fч... : о\" ,
I ...
n.м...rt'h1r 1 6.t..". r..n
'* tIA'li""dn., С!.,.
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Ijdgnno 11 ( IIIJ..
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..
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,
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{----- h est pOlnt аЬоуе sea level. peak of Vinson Masslf (4,е97т f 16, 066 ft)
9.841
19.685 and below {----- deep ocean floor ( 5,5oo m f 18,000 ft)
+---greatestocean depth: bottom ofthe South Sand""ch Trench (--8,"28 m f 27.651 ft)
06
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,
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"
t
I
Antarctic Pla
,-
4С)'Е
Ю'Е
iпсluding extreme points оп this тар
lowest point оп land: sea Level
57
...
,
.11
.
,..j",
South Аmеriсап
Plate
«J"W
nl l,n"h
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..
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,
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\
П'n. t1....d п
II)'E
bE EquaJ.Aril!& FrOfeL.l:lon
kaI, а1; 01. SOiUth Ptll. is I. a.ooo..ooo
.оп -100 m-.
Ih<h = ЗIS.7 m"
N..". YQ1(/ nillll: D'III....m. ilta....
1) 100 !оо JOO 400 SOO I<m
I '.' . . .
с) 10) 2:ьо хю ni
Antarctica
..
Climate
-
z
а
Меап Annual Т emperature
Average of all temperatures tl1roughout the year
.
Меап Annual Precipitation
IJldudiПЕ sпow. (:oпverted to eql.Jlva!ent зmоuпt of r.lIJl
,_..
'II!IS:!ii$.tN.t'II.-60<
1еsss.hl'1.з6 е
.
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,...
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less thm I
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...
f
"
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'
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CHILE CHILE "
ARGENТlNA ARGENТlNA
О'
31'
10'
SO'
,...
J
,.
-
К.
,...
,
20'
)оес
Temperature Range (Contrast of Seasons)
Difference betweeп miпimum aпd maximum ilvera.ge moпthly temperatures
611"
1!6'
CHILE
'\
\.
."
...
:!I
10
4
ARGENТlNA
"":!.
"',
-'
!..........
.j
..'
,
.
\
100
I сюо cm
Precipitation Range (Contrast of Wet & Dry Seasons)
Differeпce between minlmum and maximum i!.vera,ge monthly precipitation
40
fOOin
... ..
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О'
10'
о
]6.
CHILE
r
\
...
-."
...
.
...,.
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о..
4
bE Equal.Aril!& FrOfeL.l:lon
.saиа'11,. SOiUthPoI.:is I 4'000000
rltm. 42.О m..
IIN:h ; 60'-9 m
Q .wo 800 1100 1600 lOOCМOn
I . . , . ,
с) еОО . ш mi
.j
40'
60'С
71'
10e"F
ARGENТlNA
.j
100
IJXЮ с....
40
400;"
ТbeGn!llltL..вla!o!.a't:me.:s.amil! !lcaJe:
А
58
,
е
or
сеап
maps of
Land Cover and Plate Tectonics
Atlantic Осеап
..
Land Cover
RUSSIA
.,j..
.
,
Alasko '
(U.sJ, ,
.
.
.'-r
/'
.)
./7"
1<
. ..
Greenland
, , (DЕNМАRК).
CANAI;JA" .'
;.. "
Ао '1".
).
)- ,
..
.
.
.
,
.
. ..J1
""f
"
I
"
111;:
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,;
. t
:
UNIТED
. STATES
. -
MEXICO д .д:s\ T h. .1(.)
CUBA ' ' .... / DOMINIC N REPUBLIC
, .Puert.o Р . ..... .. ......п I"5kntl$ tu-!r:
." '.. I 8ritish <.}
GUA ' . , :",, :.,),.' · ""
.' _\ N'CP .t; bLO ВiA o CE)
C"O TД'A-- .: ' : ,'-. :----- I
. . ..'?y ZUELA',.'"" fHiiТHE(,IIENADfNES
; i. - .... . C:; INAO'\
. J . Jj\INIDAD 8с TOВAGO
, GU)'ANJ>;..
. suR:INAME
' . J . . Fr ch Gu.al1o (FRANCf)
..
"
Wi."
1
...
....
1
r'
,!
.J
[ .
. UI3UGШУ .
ARGENTINA
,
",
.
"
Falk.land 15:
. (UK)
'.
'.
ICELANЪ
-
FerJ
d.N
!6v.z
fWЧ---
AпUrctlC Т reaty ZOl1e
(No recognlzed clalms)
Ат--rttl"8 ";in;;l«"
Non:h ot rni91Вe..
Ih.п i rМ:'I'.r
rnidrQк. EWI
land Cover in the year 2000, including rel:auve рrоропюп оп the en(lre surface of the еапh
_ т I"Oplcal Forest 1 2% Decldl.Jous Shrubs 1.7% _ Т rees Flooded ,п Salt Water 0.1%
_ Needle.1eaved Evergreens 1.2% _ Evergreen Shrubs 0.9% Trees Flooded in Fresh Water 0.8%
_ Needle.Leaved Deciduous 1 2% _ Gra$$ 2.5'К . Flooded Shr b$ or Gras$ 1 6%
_ Deciduous Forest 0.7% Spal'$e Shrubs or Grass 2 8% Water 70Ь'J.
_ Decidl.Jou$ Trees .'% Snow and Ice 1.9% МiП/Мах Extent of Solid Sea Ice. 2005
_ Mlxed Т rees 1 0% Barren Land 3.5% !Се Shelf О.]С/
Mixed Trees and Shrubs 0.8% _ Bumt Trees 0.8%
Cultlv<lted Land L ,о
Mixed Crops and ShrLlbs I Grass 0.8%
Mixed Crops ilnd Trees 0.9%
Urban Areas <D.I%
Sovereignty in 2006
U.N. ecognlzed Il1ternatlonal Вorder
De (оао Interna.tional Border
.... Maritlme Exclus,ve Econom.c Zone
(.lюvring :юо.пm mits a11ow.d ь,- .........к....
1."" .,,,... <-O'Jmr1.. "'.. qO\ doolarod IП EEZ...,d
!iCJII"n8 ЬШ.ll"Jll:iu-iеs м&!' diisputEld.)
,м4JfIlЩ
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Tropk,dClI1"IC.et"
Non:I'1 ..lin...
dМ! 5IJni !ItfeI"
dl.-..dJ.........d
NORWAY
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Т1АURIТАNIА
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GUJNE'A, -ч1 \
'.GUIN
'-'irERRA IN \.
L'EON( TOGp сАМЕ!"
-tIВЕRIА ' (;HANA'NIGfRJA",
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di.-.rdy ""'"""'"
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.
SOUТH
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M шЬйЬi!IЮ
пfJ:l .i.1I1'te-
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: (NORWAYJ
;; I
...thвw.otfd
......
"'ПА Cir 1IJ:
NlЭrthdthis.Ii,,
1i:I;1WVWI"
пidпi,zhtEW'l
Atlantic Countries
. U N MEMBER SТAТE
= :;"' :.:; State (de (оао) wjt}, Limited or No Recognltlon
wid, Ioв:s.:s Ьлd
lItOO 1\110.;. " nd
.... Dependent Теnito?" (Раrеш Sta in P.iII'enthe!i.@s.J
1'oINкa'" bcl<r.. ( tSalto In F.,..''''....)
w o.p.nd.... ""110')' """ "у "'Т.... '" ..........'"
L.aпDert Az8oRш:haJ EquвhAreв. lТqe...tJOn
S iIIl. ICI"N.JS"W rs I-6DCIOCI-QOQ
11[,ffi fOOa:m
11ndI 947DI'I'II!!
()
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О
500
.
1 Ю
1000
,
SOO 7
. "'"
. .
IOOOml
60
......
t!
--
faPan &1: d'Н!I :l.a1Тl1I! !iI(a]e
Atlantic Осеап
Plate Motion
....:r Arrows show motion retШvе to Afric.a
Colors ,,150 5how plate motion
Grmter U)1Dr U)пtra.s.(. belLW4!1!!I'I p131te:!i: Wl icateg,
..... "reatв,. r-e1i1tiV'E! d in.r clП1D'o'lI!IfТlE!!nt..
Seafloor Spreading or ContJnent31 Rift
% Area of dllfuse tran5formation
(P1a.te baundllnes: ill4sJtif1c.tOf' un'knowr:l)
Sочth American
Plat(:!
..
Plate Т ectonics
/
,/
.
8.
,.,.
,
RU"SSlA
. . .
... ..;
iZ
.
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(u.s.).
t
rJP--:.
Pacific
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.
.
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к
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..
.
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с'' ....'
'" \
Antarctic
Plate
.'
ДП
(No reoo
"
.
-.
.
,
.-
An1 "Лdo:
Nof' isliв-e.
Ih.п i rМ:'I'.r
mi&ф!l1Il
Major Earthquakes 1975-2000
magn'tude оп the R,chter Scale:
<> 5.0 5.9
О 6.0 6.9
() 7.0 7.9
( 8.0 and greater
Active Volcanoes
....
: :-
" "
-",- .
"
Eurasian
Pla(e
..jt
8.
NORWAY
f
\,
\ ..1N1.8N'В
,," .,' . .... €S bNIA
I ,,, S H1f:N
. i: IA'
'
L1NIT D K OOM G Е(!J"IДЩ .J......
. '"';w' 1 ) ':;PfatI; t
еал М t . t ... ..
СБ. · . >
. , '
l . "", ж.---:""'--'"
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uri i' , dri2tЮhJ
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f
..
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.
.
.
,
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....
.
: !
L
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fYe [erfi '
Sahara
i:..
----
.
.
r-.
.
.
f1AURITANIA
Ei .
УЕ&СЕ' SENEGAt')
THFjS
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RM-/
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r
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.\
R r. .JO NEROOt{""'
, NA N G.ERJ .E
r m . :.. /
African .::
Plate 13RL
AN OLA
....",.
IPI\lIt,)
.. .. -#,......
')
..'
.
NAMIBIA
А T<opi,dCipuorn
с 1H::'dWs Iroe,
r IL h
.n!lсф OYiI!IrbeIII:d
О
-...
.
.UTH
,
. .
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..
Мo(tr'М'JOlloir.r"
iт ."L1.r fы
.'
....
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9;'
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..-
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.
1<
Ia.тs
,",ntArctX с....
NlЭrthClfthis.liпе..,
1i:I;1WПJ"
пidnl:nr!ll:8'l
Elevation and Bathymetry
meters 9.000 29.528 't
6.000 19.685
3,000 9,842
date of last erupt'on:
- 5inсе 1900
. 16tn 19tn century
. 1st 15th century
. between I.ОООапd 10.000
)'ears ago
Sea Level
Sea Level
з,ООО
less than --6,000
9.842
19.685 and below {..- deep осеап floor ( S.SOO m / .18.000 ft)
IПсludlng extreme pOlntS of the world
+-- h'ghest po.nt аЬоуе sea level: pe.ak of Mount Everest. Nepal/ Chll'1a. (8,848 m /19.028 ft)
{..- hl.ghest known permanent 5ettlement: La Rlnconad". sоuthеrп Peru (5,100 m /16.728 ft)
(а m'l'1ll'1g town Wlth а populat'ol'1 of around 7.000)
{..-Iowest point оп I.шd. st10re ofthe Dead Sea, Israel/ Jordan (.118т / 1.371 ft)
{..- greatest ocean depth. Ьonom of the Mariana Т rench. Pac,f,c Осеan ( 10.911 m / 35,798 ft)
L.aпDert Az8oRш:haJ EquвhAreв. lТqe...tJOn
S iIIl. ICI"N.JS"W rs I-6DCIOCI-QOQ
11[,ffi fOOa:m
11ndI 947DmI!!
()
I
О
500 '000 . t<m
1 Ю' soo I 7 50 ' 1 000 ml
61
.".
t!
--
faPan &1: d'Н!I :l.a1Тl1I! !iI(a]e
Indlan and Southern Oceans
..
Land Cover
,.
NEW
ZEALAND
,
,
117П "
(АVП
,
,.
<1
,
,
.
;CHILE
...... ......
..
ARGENTINA
.
Fаlklапd Is.
(U.K.}
-.
I!igLlIt 1
(NORW
.
,
AntarCtJc Т reilty Zone
(No recognized сlаiП1s)
-
_..
.. .
.._ --...--..
,-
.,'ннЮI
,
M r nall
( >\ANL
AUSTRALIA
..
'.
, SOUT:Pf'
AFRL€A
-t
.. -... ...
..:
''''
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y
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,
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,
, .
. -"..,
- ...--!
-' .
,
.
'''''
Land Cover In che ye"-r 2000. IПсluding relatlve рroponюn оп the entire surface of the earth
_ Tropical Forest 1.2% Deciduous Shrubs 1.7% _ Trees Flooded in Salt Water 0.7%
_ Needle-Ieaved Evergreens 1.2% _ Eyergreen Shrubs 0.9% Trees Flooded in Fresh Water 08%
_ Needle.Leaved Dec,duous 1.2% _ Grass 2. 55:: Flooded Shrubs or Grass 1.6%
_ Deciduou5 Forest 0.7% Sparse Shrubs or Grass 2.8% Water 6'1
_ Declduou5 Trees 0.7% SrlOwand!ce 2.9% MinfMax Extent ofSolid Sea Ice, 1005
_ Mixed Trees I. Баrrеп Land 3.5% Ice Shelf 0.3%
Mixed Trees and Shrubs 0.8% _ Бumt Trees 08%
SA .' DI . UDA Тropi<с!Canш
U ... .......'" NQrtt.d'tbisl
ARABIA . ""'..п;,......,
..1! 11orNl!r1'11!:W
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.,
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,
.
.
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Coros Is.. 1,
JПRAU
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.........
" 1 ;
'ТДNЧ'NI ;..-
EN
.. ., ,t.j
,
..... ...._
INtlbNESIA
,
\..
:!.
,,:.
''''J' '1
.r4
"
,
. .
, , ,
A IA. ..- SRI- '-.:
' --.,.., . . LANKA
'" o..r /- TD ' .0/ : А.
,\ INDlA r
. :,.. t-. ., }t1f R" ., \
,t GLADESH А-
CJ :. r
. ' .
,?
r J"
У
"- ..
"1
" YEMEN
........
OMAN
. I
_.
' ..... "... А.
PдКISTAN "" ___ OA AR
r ; IRAN 'Ic,- . . RAIN
J .
/ ,; , .. RAQ
L
.
'.EGYPT
,
i=.""....
!Ii '."
....
,
Cultivated Land L 1%
Mi>:ed Crops and Shrubs I Grass 0.8%
M,xed Crops апd Т rees 0.9%
Urban Areas <0.1%
Sovereignty IП 2006
U N.orecognized International Боrdеr
De (аао Internittional Вorder
ooo Mari(ime Exclusive Economic Zone
I. о-мr>g 200",,,, 11мЬ .10W4d b)llntomod"".,
k some o[.OL81trie!i I\8lve 1101 decwfJd!.an EEZ..and
IOf'П8 Ьск..пdil.п..:s. iU8 di:sput.d,)
Indian Ocean Countries
U.N MEMBER STAТE
.....II.on'u..df"r S (d fi h L d N R
........,d...-...й..S" tate е аао) w,t 'mlte or о есоgПltюп
1_:5 tilnd .... [) rн:ft!nt Т I!IT1tD1'J (Piu-ant StaU!' ,n P.a..renthвsвs)
th.п Rhode I""r><!
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Plate Motion
...>r Arrows show motion reI;Шve 10 Africa
Colors also show plate mоtюп
Active Volcanoes
Elevation and Bathymetry
met > 9.000 29,528!!:
6.000 19.685
3.000 9.842
Major Earthquakes 1975 2000
magnitude оп the Richter Scale:
о 5.0 5.9
О 6.0 6.9
() 7.0 7.9
( 8.0 and greater
с Тropj< dCipП<om;
Sl:JUthdthdllM.
1t"8S\.1n f1oI:V.r
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Tn:pК.dLu....iI!r"
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rnes.unis.Dl!YiI!f'"
dJ crJl0r-0l!r
date of l:lSt eruption:
. since 1900
. 16th 19th centu ry
. 1 st 15th century
. between 1.000 and 10,000
years ago
IПсluding extreme рОlПts of the wor1d
f...-h.ghest point :!.bove sea If!vel: peak of Mount Everest" NepaJ / China (8,8-48 m / 29.028 п)
+-- hlghest known permanent settlement: L1 Rlщ;опаdа. southern Peru (5,100 m I 16.728 ft)
(а mining town with а popularion of arolJnd 7.000)
+--Iowest porn: оп land: shore of the Dead Sea. Israel J Jordan (--418 m J 1.371 ft)
Ci.-еаtElr U)10f" c:ontra:st bet'Neen рЬш irdcatss
t8r п1i1t1п. а('" ....... in di,-.ctroп of П1ОV1IIП811't.
Seafloor Spreading or Contlnental Rlft
Area of d.ffuse transforтr.aoon
(Pb.te oourмiu-ies indistinc.t or uп1u1о'wn)
Sea Level
3.000
less than --6.000
Sea Level
.9.842
19.685 and below +-- deep осеan floor (-5.S00 m I 1 8.000 ft)
+---grearest ocean deptJ,. bottom ofthe Мапапа Trench. Расiflс Ocean (-10.911 m f ЗS,798 ftJ
БЗ
1..imb4!lrt.A:.r:imtJth.ilEI;jJI.MI...Ar-ea F'\ .
111. 3tJ4 (I:O"E. h I:=bQ.OOCIЛОО
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Fre"ch Pol;mesla
(FRANCE)
ДПUlrсut: Т re3ty Zопе
(No reсо,gпiZеd claims)
.ArкВI".cdc Ch:IE
NQr1h d d1is 1м..
!lhlilПI i& 1'Iev..
.....dnl,j\l..n
land Cover in the year 2000, including rel:auve рrоропюп оп the en(lre surface of the еапh
_ т I"Op,cal Forest 1 2% Dec,dl.Jous Shrubs 1.7% _ Т rees Flooded ,п Salt Water 0.1%
_ Needle-leaved Evergreens 1.2% _ Evergreen Shrubs 0.9% Trees Flooded iп Fresh Water 0.8%
_ Needle-Leaved Decidl.Jous 1 2% _ Gra$$ 2_5'К . Flooded Shrub$ or Gras$ 1 6%
_ Deciduous Forest 0.7% Sp.1l'$e Shrubs or Grass 2 8% Water 70.6'J.
_ Deciduous Trees .'% Sпоw and Ice 2.9% МiП/Мах Ехtепt of Solid Sea It:e. 2005
_ M.xed Т rees 1 0% Barren Land 3.5% !Се Shelf О.]С/
Mixed Trees .1nd Shrubs 0.8% _ Bumt Trees 0.8%
Cultlv<lted Land L '"
Mixed Crops and ShrLJbs I Grass 0.8%
Mixed Crops ilпd Trees 0.9%
Urban Areas <D.I%
Sovereignty In 2006
U.N.-reco.gn'zed Intern3tlonal Вorder
De facro IntеrпatiопaJ Border
- . Mar't,me Excll.J$,ve Econom.c Zone
(:!ItJtm""s:1OO-J1m limlu:alЮwкl byin't8rr\il.tIOrAiI
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wim k! d .... Ol!Jl4!n.dent Т erт'itcx')' {F'аr-eпt Srat.e il1l'arel'lthe5A!IJ
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64
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65
Pacific Осеап
Plate Т ectonics
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ТI'Of .......
sot по.
the:r;mi5:lI'I
IIIIr O'I'ItI'ht:ad
Plate Motion
Major Earthquakes 1975.2000
magn'tude оп the R,chter Xale:
о 5.0 5.9
О 6,O 6.9
() 7.0 7.9
( 8,0 and greater
Active Volcanoes
Elevation and Bathymetry
met > 9.000 29.528 '.
6.000 19.685
3,000 9.842
...::r Arrows show motion relative [о Africa
Colors ,,150 show plate mоtюп
Grl!!l2lU!:r U)1Dr II:OOU';a.S.t be een p1a.r..es. i-пdt.r..ateg
..... ,l'l"EIiiI.'ter ...e!ative dihenc:e in dir-ection cl mo"'lI!JI'Т1II!Iпt.
Seafloor Spreading or Contlnental Rift
Area of diffu5e tran5rormation
(PI. boUfldlnes k'1dllStJn 04" url<now'f'l)
date of last eruptlOn:
. 5ince 1900
. 16Ф 19th century
. 1st 15th century
. between 1.000 and 10,000
)'ears 2gO
Sea Level
-3.000
less than -6,000
Sea Level
IПсluding extreme points of the world
hrghest рО,nt аЬоуе sea level: peak of Mount Everest, Nepal / Ch,n2. (8.848 m / 29.028 ft)
hrghest known permanent 5ettlement: La R'nconada, southern Peru (5,100 m 116.728 ft)
(а m'n'ng town Wlth а рорulаt'оп of around 7.000)
Iowest poil1t оп 1.!Пd: st10re ofthe Dead Sea.lsrael/ Jordan ( 18m /-1.371 ft)
L..вrmerrADnuIhaJ "" '&Io
... 7.S"$. 1615'W it 1 «1000000
.. (;[I()lo:m
11IW:'h=941Dd!!
Frвncil!' 8[. dw!:5amE I.C3I1Е:
9.842
19.685 and below deep ocean floor ( S,500 m / .18,000 ft)
()
I
()
$00 '000 .$00 km
1: Ю' SOO' 7 50 ' 1 000 m1
f---- greatest ocean depth: bottom of the Мапапа Т rench. Pacitic Ocean ( IO.911 m / 35.798 ft)
otes
67
About the Projections
150"Е
"1IIt:
40.s o N ,,, .. 8 .\. . ,,'
. .'. . . . . .
t..
.
. . . . . . . . .
40 50S
. .... 81. . .1./
L J
srandard parallels at 40S"N/S. central meridian at 150 0 Е
wlth real wor1d circles 1.200 km in diameter. (о show shape distоrtюn
The world maps (апd the index maps in the upper right corner of each рэgе) use the
Eckert IV projection, with the central meridian set at 150°Е. This рrоjесtiоп was
presented iп 1906 Ьу Мах Eckert, а professor of economic geography at the
Тесhпicаl University of Aachen who devoted his career to еstаЫishiпg cartography
as а sClence separate from mathematics; he is remembered as а founder of
cartography as ап academic discipline. (Не was also ап enthusiastic supporter of the
Nazi party and helped compute trajectories for the bombardment of Paris.) The
Eckert IV projection was pubIished as part of а series of six world рrоjесtiопs
defined Ьу regular geometric boundaries. all with central meridian апd the two poles
drawn as lines half the length of the equator (making the mар fit exactly into а 2: 1
rectangle). For the IV projection. the outer meridians are half..circles, the other
meridians are half..ellipses. and the spacing of the parallels has Ьееп adjusted using
calculus to make the projection equal area. The linear scale is dеfiпеd Ьу the
.'standard parallels" at 40.5°N/S. and the projection is free from shape distortion
only where these parallels intersect the central meridian. It is widely used for
thematic maps of the world.
see Мак Eckert. "Neue EntwUrfe fi..ir Erdkarten," In Peterтanns Mltte,'иngen 52:5 (1906), рр. 97 I09.
12°5
1 52.5°Е
-.!. ,\.\.\.\
8/.I.,..r.. \.
t.... ..
.... \.
. . . .
iG . '
42°5
..
The suЬ сопtiпепtаl maps use Albers Equal..Area projections. with standard parallels
and central merldlanS adJusted to mlnlmize dlstortJon оп each тар. Below the
equator, south is placed up so that meridians converge towards the top of the page
оп all maps. This projection. presented in 1805 Ьу the Prussian merchant Heinrich
Albers, shows all parallels as concentric circles. апd all mеridiапs converging as
stralght liпеs perpendicular to the parallels. It IS constructed Ьу first choosing two
parallels along which linear scale will Ье the same, then adjusting the radius апd
spacing of the parallels with calculus to make the mар equal..area, There is по shape
distоrtiоп along the standard parallels. Albers's projection was relatively uпusеd in
the nlneteenth century. but SlПсе its adoptlOn Ьу Аmеrlсап cartographers In the
1 920s it has Ьесоmе the stапdаrd equal..area рrоjесtiоп for large regiопs.
see Helnrich Albers. "Beschrelbung einer neuen Kegelprojektion:' In Zach's MonatllChe Соrrеsролdеnz
zur Веfоrdеruлg der Erd uлd Нjmmе's Кuлdе 12 (Nov. 1 80S). рр. 4S0 4S9.
srandard parallels at 12"5 and 42°5, central meridian at 152.soE
with real world circles 500 krn in di.ameter
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central point at 7.5°5, 167.s o E
Wlth real-world circles 1,000 krn in diameter
1 67.5°Е
---
The maps of the world осеап use Lambert ДZimuthal Equal..Area projections. with
different central points for each тар. This projection was presented in 1772 as part
of а series of seven projections Ьу Johann Lambert) а renowned natural philosopher
employed Ьу the king of Prussia; his projections were the first to ье derived using
calculus. The ДZimuthal Equal..Area projection is constructed Ьу choosing а central
point and drawing real..world circles centered оп that point as concentric circles оп
the тар; the spacing of these circles is adjusted using calculus to make the projection
equal..area. (These imaginary circles only correspond to real..world parallels and
meridians when the central point is опе of the poles; in other cases real..world
parallels and meridians are complex curves.) The projection is not useful for
measurement, since the scale printed оп the mар is only true infinitesimally at the
central point and only the central point is free from shape distortion, but it is
commonly used for maps of the poles, hemispheres, or other very large areas.
see Johann Lambert, '.Anmerkungen und Zus:ttze zur Entwerfung der Land- und Нlmmelscharren."
part 3. sectlOn 6 in his Вeirтiзge zum Gebrauche der Mothemot/k илd dеrел Апwелduлg (1772).
68
About the Data
AII the geospatial data used to make this atlas is available оп the internet or
pubIished оп оуо. It is all "raw" data: large numeric databases which must Ье
displayed usiпg GIS software. 1 used ArcGIS to dеfiпе colors and symbology, and
then used Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Illustrator to make the fiпаl maps.
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Land cover data north of 60 0 S is from the Global Land Cover 2000 database,
pubIished Ьу the Еurореап Commission Joint Research Center in 2003. This data is
derived primarily from а fоurtееп mопth satellite survey of the world at а resolution
of опе kilometer; the raw data was processed Ьу researchers with specific expertise
in regional ecosystems before being combined into а global dataset.lt was created as
а baseline reference for future ecological change, and has Ьееп used in ecosystem
assessments and climate modeling. In the legends of the land cover maps 1 have
substltuted simpler terms for the scientists' technicallanguage:
т ropical Forest
Needle leaved Evergreens
Needle leaved Deciduous
Deciduous Forest
Deciduous Trees
Mixed Trees
Mlxed Trees and Shrubs
Deciduous Shrubs
Evergreen Shrubs
Grass
Sparse Shrubs or Grass
Snow and Ice
т ree Cover, broadleaved. evergreen
Tree Cover, needle--leaved, evergreen
Tree Cover, needle leaved, deciduous
т ree Cover, broadleaved. declduous, closed
Tree Cover, broadleaved. declduous. ореп
Tree Cover, mlxed leaftype
Mosaic: Tree cover I Other natural vegetatlon
Shrub Cover, closed open, deciduous
Shrub Cover, closed open, evergreen
Herbaceous Cover, closed-open
Sparse Herbaceous or sparse Shrub Cover
Snow and Ice
Вarren Land
Вare Areas
Burnt Trees
т ree Cover, burnt
т ree Cover, regularly flooded, saline water
Tree Cover, regularlyflooded, fresh water (& brackish)
Regularly f100ded Shrub and/or Herbaceous Cover
Wat.er Bodies
Cultivated and managed areas
Mosaic: Cropland I Shrub or Grass Cover
Mosaic: Cropland I Tree Cover I Ot.her natura1 vegetation
Artificia1 surfaces and associat.ed areas
т rees Flooded In Salt Water
т rees Flooded In Fresh Water
Flooded Shrubs or Grass
Water
Cultivated Land
Mlxed Crops and Shrubs/Grass
Mixed Crops and Т rees
Urban Areas
see http://www gem.jrc.itlglc2000
Land cover data for Antarctica is from the Antarctic Digital Database (АОО). а
collection of rock, ice shelf. and land data collected Ьу the British Antarctic Survey.
The digital files in the АОО were created with the use of dozens of pubIished maps
and aerial photographs from the last fifty years, most of which were produced Ьу the
U. S. Geological Survey, the British Antarctic Survey, the U. S. Navy, and Landsat
satellites.
see http://www.add.scar.orgfadd main.html
69
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The data for streams (scientifically. all naturally flowing waters are known as
streams) comes from the U. S. Geological Survey's Hydro 1 k project, а corrected
Digital Elevation Model (ОЕМ) that сап accurately simulate real..world water flow.
Stream locations and drainage..basin sizes were derived from this model. Lake data
was originally produced in 1997 Ьу the Nationallmagery and Маррiпg Agепсу
(NIMA. now the National Gеоsраtiаl..lпtеlligепсе Agency) using information from
NIMA's Operational Navigational Chart series. This data is part of Global G/S.
pubIished Ьу the USGS and the American Geologicallnstitute (AGI).
for streams, see http://еdс.usgs.gоv/рrоductslеlеvаtlOп/gtороЗО/hуdrо
for lakes, see http://www.aglweb.orgfpubslglobalgls
The minimum and maximum extents of solid sea ice in 2005 were determined with
data from the U. S. Nаtiопаllcе Center (NIC). а collaboration between the National
Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). the Navallce Center. and
the Coast Guard. These agencies collect and pubIish daily data оп the lосаtiоп of sea
ice; to determine yearly values for 2005. 1 combined several weeks of data for Фе
summer апd winter. The NIC was created to provide strategic, tactical, апd
ореrаtiопаl support for other U. S. governmental аgепсiеs, but other scientists have
used its pubIications to investigate global climate change the maximum extent of
sea ice has Ьееп decreasing steadily for the last several decades.
see http1fwww.natice.noaa.gov/products/edge
Winnipeg
..,..
NatlOnal and suЬ..паtiопаl boundary data. Including Iпdiап reserves and reservations
in Canada and the U. S., was compiled and distributed Ьу the Environmental Systems
Research Institute (ESRI). а сот рапу devoted to geographic iпfоrmаtiоп systems
(GIS) technology. City locations апd population figures also соте from ESRI. Except
for the boundaries of Iпdiап reserves and reservations. this data is availabIe as part of
Global GIS. pubIished Ьу the U. S. Geological Society (USGS) апd the Атеriсап
Gеоlоgiсаllпstitutе (AGI).
.
.
see http://www.aglweb.or.glpubslglobalgis
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Exclusive Economic Zone extents were computed Ьу the Flanders Marine Institute
using existing EEZ treaties or. where countries have not signed treaties or formally
declared ап EEZ. theoreticallimits under iпtеrпаtiопаllаw. Thelr database is
pubIlshed оп the Iпtеrпеt as ап open..source project, апd 1 made some minor
mоdifiсаtiопs to the data. 1 drew time..zone boundaries and the iпtеrпаtiопаl date
line myself, based оп various pubIished апd опliпе sources.
for EEZ data. see http1/www.vllzbe/vmdcdatalmarbound
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Road. Highway. Railroad. Canal, Aqueduct, Pipeline, СаЫе, and (оп the world тар)
Airfield data was originally produced in 1997 Ьу the Nationallmagery and Mapping
Agency (NIMA, now the National Geospatial..lntelligence Agency) using information
from NIMA's Operational Navigational Chart series. Although it has not Ьееп
updated since 1997, this series is the largest..scale unclassified тар series in existence
with consistent. continuous global coverage. This data is part of G/obal GIS. а
pubIication of the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the American Geological
Institute (AGI). 1 drew undersea саЫе paths using information from the International
СаЫе Protection Committee.
(
for land Infrastructure, see http://www.agiweb.orgfpubs!globalgis
for undersea cabIes. see http://www.iscpc.org
70
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Population density data is from the Global Rural..Urban Mapping Project (GRUMP), а
collaboration between the Center for International Earth Science Information
Network (CIESIN) at Columbia University, the International Food Policy Research
Institute (IFPRI), The World Bank, and the Centro Internacional de Agricultura
Т ropical (CIA Т). I have used the alpha version. published in 2004, which сопtаiпs
iпfоrmаtiоп for 399.747 аdmiпistrаtivе regions. 21.905 urban areas. and 55.412
smaller sеttlеmепts around the world. Data was collected from local authorities, and
then adjusted ассоrdiпg to UN statistics. Geostationary satellite iпfоrmаtiоп is from
Eric Jоhпstоп of www.satsig.net.
for рорul.шоп. see http://sedac.cleSin.COlumbla.edulgpw
/
Tectonic Plate bound.aries (and the diffusely deformed orogenic zones) were
constructed Ьу Peter Bird. а professor iп the Department of Earth апd Space
Sciences at UCLA. The locations of seafloor spreading and continental rift are also
derived from this data. Professor Bird modeled 52 plates based оп his and other
scientists' analysis of earthquakes. vоlcапоеs. GPS lапd traсkiпg. and seaf100r
magnetism. The slze distrlЬutiоп of his plates follows а power law. which suggests
that тапу of his оrоgепiс zопеs (the Рhiliррiпе islапds, sоuthеrп Europe) тау Ье
resolvabIe iпtо а great number of very small plates.
see Peter Blrd, "Ап updated dlgltal model of place boundarles"
In Geochemlstry Geophysics Geos}'stems 4:3 (14 Mar 2003).
I
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Earthquake data was collected Ьу the NatlOnal Earthquake Information Center
(NEIC) at the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS). Modern seismometers detect almost
all earthquakes greater thап magnitude 5 оп the Richter scale; below 5. global data
will not Ье consistent. Between 1975 and 2000 there were more than 40.000
earthquakes greatet- than magnitude 5. Volcano data was collected Ьу the
Smithsопiап Institution's Global Vоlcапism Program. Of the 1.500 volcanoes included
in the Smithsonian's dataset, almost 400 are known to have erupted since 1900. Both
datasets are availabIe through GlobQI GIS, а pubIication of the USGS and the
Amerlcan Geologlcal Instltute (AGI).
о
)
)
see http://www.agiweb.orgfpubsfglobalgis
Continental elevation data is from the U. S. Geological Survey's GTOP030 project,
а Digital Elevation Model (ОЕМ) of the world with а rеsоlutiоп of 30 arcseconds
(approxlmately опе kilometer). Bathymetric осеап..dерth data comes from the
ЕТОРО2 project of the NatlOnal Осеапоgrарhiс апd Atmospherlc АdmlПlstratюп's
National Geophysical Data Center. which includes elevation and bathymetry of the
епtirе world at а resolution of 2 arcminutes. Both of these DEMs were compiled
from ап assortment of existing digital sources. Urban..area boundaries соте from
the same source as the infrastructure data (see previous page).
for continental ОЕМ. see http=lledc.usgs.gov/products/elevatlOn/gtopo30/gtopo30.html
for Ьаthуm пс ОЕМ, see httр:l/wwwлgdс.поаа.gov/mи..mаgе/2mlnrе1iеf.html
..
Relief shading was computed using DEMs from the USGS and NOAA. Оп maps with
norch up. imaginary light comes from the norchwest; оп those with south up. light
comes from the southeast. Even though the sun would never Ье in this position,
4'light from the upper left" is а long..standing convention in cartography and
engineering drawing. (Some scholars have suggested that this habit originally stems
from right..handed painters positioning their canvas so that their painting arm would
not cast а shadow оп their work.) Note that this shading uses darker grays for
steeper slopes; it does not show hypothetical shadows.
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71
Temperature and precipitation data north of 60 0 S is derived from the Global
Climate Database of the Internationallnstitute of Applied Systems Analyses (IIASA).
This data is ап updated version of а 1991 database complled Ьу Rik Leemans and
Wolfgang Crame and originally distributed Ьу the Netherlands Nationallnstitute of
PubIic Health and Environmental Protection. This database presents monthly
averages of measurements taken continuously between 193 1 and 1960. It is
pubIished as gridded point data with а resolution of зо arcminutes; I computed а
best fit spline interpolation to smooth the data. Both datasets are availabIe through
Global GIS. а pubIication of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the American
Geologicallnstitute (AGI).
see http://www.-agiweb.orgfpubsfglobalgis
Antarctic temperature and precipitation data comes from William Connolley and
David Vaughan. two meteorologists associated with the British Antarctic Survey.
Their data presents annual averages only. and as with the IIASA data (аЬоуе). it was
pubIished as а gridded point database which I then smoothed Ьу computing а best fit
spline interpolation. То compute approximate values for maximum temperature
range. I consulted long term historica.1 data from individual weather stations to
roughly model how temperature range varies with elevation; I then calculated
temperature range from Connolley's data. То compute approximate values for
precipitation range. I used information оп Antarctic precipitation variability to
perform а similar calculation оп Vaughan's annual data. These calculations were very
simplistic. and the precision implied Ьу ту consistently smooth data is largely
fantasty. (Given the small number of weather stations оп the high Antarctic plateau,
the spatial resolution of the annual averages is probabIy quite optimistic as well.)
for Willlam Conno11ey's temperature data, see http://www.antarctlCa.ac.ukfmetfclimar.efwmcf#t
for monthly data from indlvldual weather stаtюпs, see httр:/fwww.апtаrсtiса.ас.uk/mеt1RЕАDЕR
for Davld Vaughan's preclpitation data. see http://www.nbs.ac.uk/icd/dgv/surfbal.htm
for preClpltatlOn ran.ge. see Rlchard Cullather, Davld Bromwlch, and Mlchael Van Woert, ."Spatlal and Temporal
Var,abll,ty of Antarctic PreClpltatlOn from At.mospherlc Methods:' }oиrпal о' C/lmate I I (March 1998).
The data vignettes in this sесtюп use the same Albers Equal Area projections as the sub-continental maps, but the
scale has Ьееп doubIed. The tlme.zone and EEZ data is shown uSlng the same projection as the Pacific Осеап. again ас
tWlce the scale of the orlglnal тар. In order. these vlgnettes show the area around Beljlng. the Antarctlc Penlnsula,
northern Alberta (Canada), the Amundsen Sea, northern Minnesota (u.s.), the central Paciflc Ocean, Mesopotamla.
Lake Victorla, Wallis & Futuna, Tokyo. the Pyrenees (twice). the Pamir Knot, and the Amery Ice Shelf.