Repetytorium
leksykalno-tematyczne
ANGIELSKI
DLA ŚREDNIO ZAAWANSOWANYCH
I ZAAWANSOWANYCH
Warszawa 2010

Autorzy: Joanna Szyke, Anna Grodzicka
Redakcja: Joanna Grotkowska
Lektorzy: Andrew Edwins, Rebecca Mason
Konsultacja językowa: Patrick Harrison
Montaż i mastering: Krzysztof Markiewicz
Projekt graficzny: Grażyna Faltyn
Skład i łamanie: Urszula Wołek-Staszewska – Agencja Wydawniczo-Poligraficzna AMALKER
Projekt okładki: Bartosz Kaliszewski
Ilustracje: Lidia Nowak-Chomicz
Zdjęcia: sxc.hu, wikipedia.org, Joanna Grotkowska
Zdjęcie na okładce: fotolia.com
Copyright Edgard 2010
CD Copyright Edgard 2010
Wydawnictwo Edgard
ul. Belgijska 11
02-511 Warszawa
Tel. / Fax (22) 847 51 23
edgard@edgard.pl
ISBN: 978-83 -61828-56-3
Wydanie I
Warszawa 2010

SPIS TREŚCI
7
1. PEOPLE AND THEIR WORLD CZŁOWIEK I ŚWIAT
8
1.1 APPEARANCE AND PERSONALITY
14
1.2 ETHICAL PROBLEMS
21
2. HOUSE AND FLAT DOM I MIESZKANIE
22
2.1 SHARING A FLAT
26
2.2 BUYING A FLAT
31
3. EDUCATION EDUKACJA
32
3.1 EDUCATION IN BRITAIN
36
3.2 ALTERNATIVE TEACHING METHODS
41
3.3 FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING
47
4. AT WORK W PRACY
48
4.1 PART -TIME JOBS
54
4.2 THE JOB MARKET
59
5. FAMILY AND FRIENDS RODZINA I PRZYJACIELE
60
5.1 FAMILY AND ITS PROBLEMS
66
5.2 HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVALS
71
6. DIET AND NUTRITION DIETA I ODŻYWIANIE
72
6.1 DIET AND HEALTHY LIVING
77
6.2 ENGLISH FOOD
83
7. SHOPPING AND FINANCES ZAKUPY I FINANSE
84
7.1 CUSTOMER COMPLAINTS
88
7.2 INSURANCE SOLUTIONS
92
TEST 1
97
8. TRAVELLING PODRÓŻE
98
8.1 EXPLORE THE SOUTHWEST OF ENGLAND!
103
8.2 TRANSPORT AND ACCIDENTS
109
9. ART AND CULTURE KULTURA I SZTUKA
110
9.1 PULITZER PRIZE WINNERS
115
9.2 A WEEK IN LONDON
121
10. SPORT SPORT
122
10.1 EXTREME SPORTS
127
10.2 DOPING
133
11. HEALTH ZDROWIE
134
11.1 SURGERY
140
11.2 ADDICTIONS
147
12. NEW TECHNOLOGY NOWE TECHNOLOGIE
148
12.1 THE INTERNET
152
12.2 INVENTIONS
159
13. NATURE AND THE UNIVERSE PRZYRODA I WSZECHŚWIAT
160
13.1 NATURAL DISASTERS
165
13.2 THE UNIVERSE
171
14. THE SOCIETY SPOŁECZEŃSTWO
172
14.1 . POVERTY AND OTHER WORLD PROBLEMS
176
14.2 RELIGION
181
14.3 HENRY VIII
185
TEST 2
190
ODPOWIEDZI

DLA KOGO?
Angielski - Repetytorium leksykalno-tematyczne przeznaczone jest do samodzielnej nauki dla
osób średnio zaawansowanych i zaawansowanych oraz wszystkich tych, którzy chcieliby
przystąpić do matury z języka angielskiego na poziomie rozszerzonym oraz egzaminu CAE.
Skierowane jest ono m.in. do uczniów szkół średnich, studentów i samouków. Może być
doskonałym uzupełnieniem nauki w szkole i na kursach językowych jako źródło dodatkowego
słownictwa i ćwiczeń.
JAK SIĘ UCZYĆ?
Repetytorium składa się z 14 rozdziałów tematycznych. Tematy te obejmują m.in. dom
i mieszkania, rodzinę, edukację, a także podróże, naukę i technikę oraz społeczeństwo.
Najlepszą metodą nauki jest czytanie tekstów zawartych w podręczniku, zapoznanie się z
zawartymi w nich słówkami oraz wykonywanie odpowiednich ćwiczeń. Każdy rozdział
podzielony jest na mniejsze jednostki tematyczne zawierające tekst (łącznie 30), listę
słownictwa oraz liczne ćwiczenia leksykalne. Tematyka tekstów jest ciekawa i różnorodna.
Dotyczą one zarówno spraw codziennych, jak i aktualnych problemów społecznych.
Najważniejsze słówka i zwroty z tekstów zostały przetłumaczone, aby ułatwić zrozumienie.
Jeśli są jednak jeszcze słówka, które wydają się nam niejasne, należy spróbować odgadnąć ich
znaczenie z kontekstu lub zajrzeć do słownika. Na listach słownictwa znajduje się również
wiele dodatkowych słówek związanych z danym tematem. Różnorodność dołączonych do
tekstów ćwiczeń ułatwia zapamiętywanie słówek. W repetytorium znajdują się m.in. ćwiczenia
polegające na łączeniu w pary, uzupełnianiu luk oraz rozwiązywaniu krzyżówek. Na końcu
książki znajduje się klucz odpowiedzi, z którym należy porównać swoje rozwiązania. Do
tekstów i ćwiczeń warto wracać co kilka dni lub tygodni, w celu powtórzenia najważniejszych
słów i zwrotów.

W repetytorium zamieszczono także dwa testy powtórzeniowe, które podsumowują naukę
słownictwa w kolejnych działach. Każdy test składa się z 35 pytań wielokrotnego wyboru,
dzięki którym można sprawdzić stopień opanowania materiału leksykalnego.
NAUKA Z PŁYTĄ
Integralną częścią repetytorium jest płyta audio (76 minut), na której znajdują się nagrania
części tekstów z książki (oznaczone są one w podręczniku odpowiednim symbolem). Jest ona
idealnym uzupełnieniem nauki z podręcznikiem. Można dzięki niej ćwiczyć umiejętność
rozumienia ze słuchu oraz osłuchać się z melodią i brzmieniem języka angielskiego. Warto
słuchać płyty, śledząc jednocześnie tekst, co ułatwi zapoznanie się z angielską ortografią
i interpunkcją. Na płycie znajduje się 20 tekstów udźwiękowionych przez rodowitych Anglików.
Wszystkich Czytelników zapraszamy do zarejestrowania się – tylko zarejestrowani Klienci
otrzymują informacje o atrakcyjnych zniżkach i promocjach na publikacje wydawnictwa
Edgard. Rejestracji można dokonać, poprzez wypełnienie formularza rejestracyjnego na
stronie internetowej www.edgard.pl
Pełna i aktualna oferta książek, kursów oraz programów multimedialnych wydawnictwa
Edgard znajduje się na naszej stronie internetowej www.jezykiobce.pl
Zapraszamy i życzymy przyjemnej nauki języka angielskiego!

1
PEOPLE
AND THEIR WORLD
CZŁOWIEK I ŚWIAT

1.1
APPEARANCE AND PERSONALITY
1 Answer the questions.
Odpowiedz na pytania.
1 What do you look like? Describe yourself in as much detail as possible.
2 There is a scientific dilemma called ‘nature versus nurture’ which debates whether inborn qualities or
acquired experiences determine who we are. Do you think that our personality depends more on
genetically determined traits or the upbringing we receive? Explain.
2 Match the words 1 – 10 with the words a – j to make two-part adjectives. Then put the adjectives into
correct categories.
Dopasuj wyrazy 1 – 10 do wyrazów a – j, tak aby powstały przymiotniki złożone. Następnie dopasuj
przymiotniki do odpowiednich kategorii.
3 Read the text and decide if the sentences below are true (T) or false (F).
Przeczytaj tekst i zdecyduj, czy poniższe zdania są prawdziwe (T) czy fałszywe (F).
1 Wearing the kind of clothes that she did, the boy's mother resembled an older woman.
T/F
2 The boy always used to doubt that the next Mr Right would actually be the one.
T/F
3 For her first prospective boyfriend, the mother chose to wear an elegant black
T/F
4 ensemble, matching her leather boots.
T/F
5 Gradually, the mother changed her clothing style to suit her own taste.
T/F
6 Having finally met the cardiologist, the mother had already dated a plethora of men of
different appearance and personality.
T/F
1 worn
2 hippie
3 absent
4 pink
5 over
6 high
7 big
8 broad
9 quick
10 short
a) style
b) out
c) minded
d) heeled
e) bellied
f) faced
g) legged
h) shouldered
i) tempered
j) dressed
Personality
Clothing
Appearance

My mother’s boyfriends
My parents got divorced when I was still an adolescent with a spotty complexion and dyed, red
dreadlocks. I had never before considered my mother to be a real ‘woman’, like slender models in
silk lingerie from billboards, or even plump, freckled housewives from TV commercials. My mum
used to wear worn-out dungarees or flared, hippie-style jeans, knitted, striped sweaters or a fleece
in winter and baggy T-shirts in the summer. No stilettos or stockings, but hiking boots and woollen
tights. No tweed coats, but sheepskin ones. With her rosy cheeks and crow’s feet, she looked more
like a younger version of Grandma than someone she pretended to be when she actually
commenced her quest for boyfriends.
She had her own ways of informing me the new Mr Right had just appeared. ‘We’re having
guests today,’ she used to say. ‘Oh,’ I was supposed to frown in astonishment. ‘Who’s coming?
Colleagues from the office?’ ‘No,’ she would smile. ‘You don't know him. But... (here the name of
the new boyfriend was given) is very nice. I’m sure you’ll get on well together.’ If only I had been
that optimistic at least once... I didn’t take after her. Mum might have been unreliable or impudent
sometimes. She might have been too talkative or absent-minded with her head in the clouds, but
her cheerfulness and optimism was authentic and adored by many people. How many, I was soon
to learn.
The first Mr Right candidate witnessed my mother’s weird conversion from a pink-faced
gardener to a mysterious, overweight ballet-dancer. My mum literally got stuck in her new pink
dress fitted around her chest and waist and flowing around her soft thighs, not knowing that I
would have to cut it with scissors after dinner, as she would not be able to take it off. Black tights
embroidered in a flowery pattern and over-the-knee, high-heeled boots completed this pathetic
look. When I saw her in this outfit, taking out suspiciously crimson-coloured chicken from the oven
and grinning as if she had won the lottery, I thought it was the end of the world. But the worst was
yet to come. And it came when the door opened and I understood that a short, big-bellied guy with
a parting and greasy hair, dressed in a navy-blue tracksuit and white trainers, was not the pizza boy,
but my mum’s boyfriend. I pretended to have indigestion and spent the evening in my room.
After the episode with the ballet dress my mum never wore anything sophisticated again. Jeans
and sexy tops were okay, as well as a new haircut. She started to look much better than she used
to when my father was still here. I would have been happy for her if only it hadn’t been for them...
Most of them were balding or bald, but one had a ponytail and one – blond highlights! Different
kinds of facial hair included sideburns and a goatee beard. They were overweight or skinny, broad -
shouldered and short-legged, in straw hats or spotted suits. One felt at home: having come for
dinner, he took off his corduroy trousers, exposing his grey long Johns, and put on his pink rabbit
slippers. The traits of character my mum chose were also unique. One was taciturn but quick -
tempered. He didn’t say a word for the whole dinner and when my mum asked him about his self-
conscious behaviour, he started to shout and kicked the kitchen stool, which broke into pieces.
There was an extremely indecisive one, who couldn’t even decide if he wanted still or sparkling
water, and a fussy one, who didn’t eat anything. The eggs were not free-range and the chocolate
was not organic! The worst were the boastful, authoritarian, conceited machos. When, after three
years of unsuccessful hunting, my mum finally brought back Jack, I couldn’t believe it. He was a
lively, optimistic cardiologist devoted to his clinic, dressed in jeans and a casual jacket. He had no
wig or ponytail, and was easy-going with a sense of humour. I wasn’t surprised when he moved in.
We are good friends now.

VOCABULARY
APPEARANCE
big-bellied – z brzuchem
bony – kościsty
broad–shouldered – barczysty
obese – otyły
obesity – otyłość
of muscular build – muskularnej budowy
overweight – z nadwagą
plump – pulchny
short-legged – z krótkimi nogami
skinny – chudy
slender – smukły
stout – tęgi
tiny – drobny
FACE
bags under the eyes – wory od oczami
balding – łysiejący
bulbous nose – bulwiasty nos
bun – kok
bushy eyebrows – krzaczaste brwi
clean-shaven – gładko ogolony
contact lenses – szkła kontaktowe
crew cut – na jeżyka
crow’s feet – kurze łapki
dimples – dołeczki
double chin – podwójny podbródek
dreadlocks – dredy
facial hair – zarost
flawless/spotty complexion – cera bez
skazy/pryszczata
freckled – piegowaty
freckles – piegi
fringe – grzywka
goatee beard – bródka
haircut – fryzura
highlights – pasemka
hooked nose – haczykowaty nos
mole – brodawka
parting – przedziałek
perm – trwała
pimples/spots – pryszcze
pink-faced – czerwony na twarzy
plaits – warkocze
ponytail – kucyk
protruding ears – odstające uszy
rosy cheeks – rumiane policzki
short-sighted – krótkowzroczny
sideburns – bokobrody
slanting eyes – skośne oczy
snub nose – zadarty nos
stubble – kilkudniowy zarost
suntanned – opalony
wrinkles – zmarszczki
CLOTHES AND ACCESSORIES
anorak – kurtka z kapturem
bra/brassiere – biustonosz
braces – szelki
buckle – sprzączka
cardigan – kardigan
clogs – drewniaki
combat trousers – bojówki
cuff – mankiet
dungarees – ogrodniczki
flared jeans – dzwony
fleece – polar
flip-flops – klapki
fur coat – futro
garment – część garderoby
gown – suknia
heel – obcas
hiking boots – buty trapery
jumper – sweter
knee-length skirt – spódnica do kolan
loafers – mokasyny
long Johns – kalesony
long-sleeved – z długim rękawem
mittens – rękawiczki z jednym palcem
outfit – strój, ubiór
overalls – kombinezon
robe – suknia
shawl – szal
sheepskin – kożuch
short-sleeved – z krótkim rękawem
sleeve – rękaw
sleeveless dress – sukienka bez rękawów
slippers – kapcie
stilettos – szpilki
stockings – pończochy
straw hat – kapelusz słomkowy
tailcoat – frak
tights – rajstopy
top hat – cylinder
tracksuit – dres
trunks – kąpielówki
underwear/lingerie – bielizna
V-neck – w serek

waistcoat – kamizelka
wellington boots – kalosze
zip – suwak
DESCRIBING CLOTHES
baggy – workowaty
be dressed in – być ubranym w
bootcut jeans – dżinsy bootcut
button up – pozapinać
casual – codzienny
checked – w kratkę
corduroy – sztruksowy
cotton – bawełniany
designer (clothes) – ubrania od projektantów
embroidered – haftowany
eye-catching – przykuwający wzrok
fasten (together with) – zapiąć (czymś)
fit – pasować (rozmiarem)
fitted around – dopasowany
flannel – flanelowy
flow (around) – spływać (np. dookoła ud)
flowery – kwiecisty
hang out of – wystawać z
high-heeled – na wysokim obcasie
hippie-style – w stylu hippisowskim
knitted – zrobiony na drutach
loose – luźny
match – pasować do czegoś
matching – pasujący
overdressed – ubrany zbyt elegancko
plain – zwyczajny
pleated – plisowany
silk – jedwabny
smart – elegancki
spotted – w kropki
striped – w paski
stylish – stylowy
suede – zamszowy
suit – pasować (komuś)
tight – obcisły
tweed – tweedowy
underdressed – ubrany za mało elegancko
velvet – aksamitny
well-fitting – dopasowany
worn-out – zużyty, przetarty
woollen – wełniany
zip up – zapinać na suwak
PERSONALITY
absent -minded – roztargniony
arrogant – arogancki
authoritarian – apodyktyczny
big-headed – zarozumiały
boastful – chełpliwy
bossy – apodyktyczny
candid – szczery
competitive – nastawiony na współzawodnictwo
conceited – zarozumiały
considerate – troskliwy
courageous – odważny
demanding – wymagający
devoted – oddany
easy-going – opanowany, spokojny
extroverted – ekstrawertyczny
forgetful – zapominalski
frank – szczery
fussy – wybredny, grymaśny
grumpy – zrzędliwy
honest/dishonest – uczciwy/nieuczciwy
hostile – wrogi
impudent – zuchwały
indecisive – niezdecydowany
insensitive – niedelikatny
introverted – introwertyczny
lively – pełen życia
mean – skąpy
modest – skromny
moody – humorzasty
narrow-minded – ograniczony
nosy – wścibski
obedient/disobedient – posłuszny/nieposłuszny
obstinate – uparty
open-minded – o otwartym umyśle
outgoing – otwarty
passionate – namiętny
quarrelsome – kłótliwy
quick-tempered – porywczy
reliable/unreliable – rzetelny/nierzetelny
rude – nieuprzejmy
self-confident – pewny siebie
selfish – egoistyczny
spiteful – złośliwy
strong-willed – posiadający silną wolę
taciturn – małomówny
talkative – gadatliwy
tender – czuły
tetchy – drażliwy
timid – bojaźliwy
trustworthy – godny zaufania
vain – próżny
vindictive – mściwy
vulnerable – taki, którego łatwo zranić

ACTIVATE YOUR VOCABULARY
4 Complete the crossword and find the clue.
Rozwiąż krzyżówkę i odczytaj hasło.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1 A person quite plump and solid looking, especially around the waist.
2 Being in fashion now means having a high-pinned ponytail and a long ..... covering the forehead.
3 Ceremonial inaugurations at the beginning of the school year have always been a nightmare of mine.
The idea of having to put on a white, over-starched shirt with a hideous, navy-blue, ..... skirt makes
me want to scream.
4 Photoshop is the world’s most magnificent dermatologist. Celebrities’ ..... is invariably flawless: not
a pimple, blemish or single wrinkle.
5 When you dine at her grandmother’s house, you are sure to find ..... cloth napkins beside every plate,
made with incredible precision and craftsmanship.
6 A thick cotton material with raised parallel lines in one direction, which is used for making clothes,
especially trousers and jackets.
7 A very short haircut.
8 Scottish kilts are traditional, knee-length pieces of clothing made of material.
9 It’s frequent but ignorant to describe people of Asian origin as ..... -eyed and pale-skinned.
10 High-heeled shoes.
11 A piece of clothing.
12 ..... ears might be a source of having a complex, but with an appropriate hairstyle a person’s image,
and self-esteem by extension, do not need to suffer.

5 Read what some people said. For each person, write an adjective which may best describe their
personality.
Przeczytaj wypowiedzi pięciu osób. Do każdej z nich dobierz przymiotnik, który najlepiej opisuje ich
osobowość.
1 ‘No, it’s going to be my way, or no way! I don’t care if your way is more ‘reasonable’. I said it and I’m
going to stand my ground!’
o..................
2 ‘I know you can do better. So you’re going to try harder, because I will accept nothing short of
perfection.’
d..................
3 ‘And then we went to that new skate park but it started raining and the half-pipe was all wet... And
I’d taken the wrong shoes which were useless... And there were so many skaters that the queuing
took up half the time... And everything was off!’
g..................
4 ‘You won’t believe what kind of a dude I’m going out with. A gorgeous combination of a bit younger
Brad and a lot younger Antonio; a smile to die for, only designer clothes and a killer BMW ride... And
he soooo loves me!’
b..................
5 ‘What do you mean “When am I coming back?” Are you seriously trying to pick a fight? What is that?
Spanish Inquisition? And don’t apologize now, it's too late!’
t................../q................../m..................
6 Answer the question.
Odpowiedz na pytanie, wpisując najbardziej pożądane cechy charakteru podanych osób.
A Chinese proverb reads: ‘Gold cannot be pure, and people cannot be perfect’.
But in an ideal world, what traits would these people have, in your opinion?
A perfect spouse:...........................................................................................................
A perfect mentor: ..........................................................................................................
A perfect opponent: .......................................................................................................
A perfect child: ..............................................................................................................

1.2
ETHICAL PROBLEMS
7 Read the quotation and answer the questions below.
Przeczytaj cytat i odpowiedz na pytania poniżej.
‘In law, a man is guilty when he violates the rights of others. In ethics, he is guilty if he only thinks of
doing so.’
(Immanuel Kant, German philosopher)
How do you understand Immanuel Kant’s thought? Do you agree?
8 Read the text and match sentences a–f with gaps 1–6 . Make sure the text is logically and stylistically
coherent.
Przeczytaj tekst. Następnie wstaw zdania a–f w luki 1–6, tak by tekst był spójny i poprawny
stylistycznie.
a) Abortion is a trauma people should be protected against by the government.
b) For others, the costs might be even higher.
c) The pro-choice activists say a ten-week foetus obviously does not possess these features.
d) She can expect a bunch of red roses and flattery and respect over her growing belly.
e) The mother would be compared to a person whose body is used as a dialysis machine for another
person.
f) In other countries, it might be restricted to only when the pregnancy has resulted from an illegal act
or when it is dangerous for the mother.

The abortion debate
The scenario could be optimistic. A woman performs the pregnancy test and, with two red stripes
in her pocket, exhilarated, calls her husband at work. (1) ...... The excited husband follows her to
hospital and then the long-awaited baby is born, pink and perfect.
But it might be pessimistic. When she learns that she is pregnant, she is devastated and full of
despair. She is alone with no help and funds, in a difficult financial or family situation, with health
problems which the pregnancy might make worse, or she learns that the foetus is deformed. She
consults a doctor. In some countries, she will be offered the right to decide and can ask for legal
abortion on demand. (2) ...... Otherwise the woman has no choice, even if she cannot support the
child or her mental health is endangered.
The pro-life movement tries to guarantee the unborn child the right to life. How can we kill
innocent babies? How can we justify murder? The proponents of this movement say that life begins
at conception and there is no doubt we should protect it.
The pro-choice movement, on the other hand, focuses on the woman’s rights over her own
body. A foetus might be a human being, but is it really a person? There is a difference between
dividing cells and a person, and killing an embryo is not killing a person, they argue. In their
definition of personhood, they include such features as consciousness, self-awareness and an
ability to communicate. (3) ...... However, a newborn child does not fully have them, either, but
killing newborn babies will never be justified. The uncertainty when a person begins should make
us stop abortion, as we can never be sure we are not actually murdering a person. We might also
not want to discriminate against the seriously ill. The act of killing unborn babies whose bodies are
deformed could be perceived as a hidden intolerance against the handicapped.
The pro-choice activists would say we should not focus on the child only. (4) ...... Would we
force anybody to be used as such a machine?
Another argument of the pro-choice movement is that anti-abortion law is not observed.
Women who want to get rid of an unwanted foetus will do it at any costs. For some, the costs will
be high, as illegal abortion is expensive in private clinics. (5) ...... Poorer women will look for
methods they can afford. The abortion underground in some cases means places and people we
should never trust, and there are women who lose their health, or even life, because they could not
afford better standards, whereas for the wealthier part of society anti-abortion law only means
more money to be paid for the service. The social discrepancy between women who can afford
appropriate conditions and those who can’t points towards the law being unfair and biased.
The last argument presented by pro-life activists is the trauma of post-abortion syndrome.
Women who abort might suffer from clinical depression, anxiety and be in danger of committing
suicide. (6) ...... On the other hand, research shows that a lot of women who decided to have an
abortion in a difficult situation felt relieved and, a few years later, were able to start a family.
Abortion is still a social taboo and making it illegal definitely does not help the women who choose
this option, and may add to the post-traumatic stress observed in these women.
Both pro-life and pro-choice movements use strong arguments, and seemingly it is difficult to
speak of a compromise. The laws used in different countries depend more on the political forces
than on the winners and losers in this ethical discussion.

VOCABULARY
FEELINGS
amazed – zdumiony
amused – rozbawiony
annoyed – zirytowany
anxious – niespokojny
ashamed – zawstydzony
be fed up with – mieć czegoś dosyć
be relieved – czuć ulgę
blush – rumienić się
calm down – uspokoić się
come out of your shell – wychodzić ze skorupy
confused – zmieszany
depressed – przygnębiony
disappointed – rozczarowany
dissatisfied – niezadowolony
embarrassed – zakłopotany
excited – podekscytowany
exhausted – wyczerpany
exhilarated – rozradowany
feel relieved – odczuwać ulgę
feel sorry for – współczuć
flatter – mówić komplementy
frustrated – sfrustrowany
furious – wściekły
get on somebody’s nerves – denerwować
kogoś
grumble – zrzędzić
have your head in the clouds – mieć głowę w
chmurach
impressed – pod wrażeniem
in despair – w rozpaczy
irritated – zirytowany
keep promises – dotrzymywać obietnic
let somebody down – zawieść kogoś
lose your temper – stracić panowanie nad sobą
regret – żałować
respect – szanować
show off – popisywać się
socialize – udzielać się towarzysko
sympathetic – współczujący
thrilled – podekscytowany
ETHICAL PROBLEMS
abortion – aborcja
abortion law – prawo aborcyjne
animal testing – eksperymenty na zwierzętach
anti-abortion law – prawo antyaborcyjne
assisted suicide – samobójstwo wspomagane
brain dead – w stanie śmierci mózgowej
conception – poczęcie
conscience – sumienie
consciousness – świadomość
contraception – antykoncepcja
contraceptives – środki antykoncepcyjne
discriminate – dyskryminować
DNR (Do Not Resuscitate) order – dokument
prawny w którym pacjent wyraża prośbę o
niereanimowanie go w przypadku zatrzymania
pracy serca lub oddechu
embryo – embrion
eugenics – eugenika
euthanasia – eutanazja
feeding tube – rurka przez którą podawane są
pokarmy
foetus – płód
gender selection – wybór płci dziecka
GMO (genetically modified organism) –
organizm modyfikowany genetycznie
handicapped – upośledzony
human dignity – ludzka godność
illegal – nielegalny
in a coma – w śpiączce
involuntary euthanasia – eutanazja
niedobrowolna
life-extending drugs – leki przedłużające życie
ludziom starszym
life-support machine – maszyna podtrzymująca
życie
mentally retarded – opóźniony w rozwoju
umysłowym
observe the law – przestrzegać prawa
on demand – na żądanie
opponent – przeciwnik/czka
post-abortion syndrome – zespół proaborcyjny
pro-choice movement – ruch zwolenników
wolnego wyboru
pro-life movement – ruch ochrony życia
proponent – zwolennik/czka
raise controversy – budzić kontrowersje
regulate – regulować
resuscitate – resuscytować, reanimować

self-awareness – samoświadomość
senile – starczy, zniedołężniały
suffer – cierpieć
terminally ill – śmiertelnie chorzy
termination of pregnancy – zakończenie /
przerwanie ciąży
transgenic organism – organizm transgeniczny
trauma – trauma
vivisection – wiwisekcja
voluntary euthanasia – eutanazja dobrowolna
ACTIVATE YOUR VOCABULARY
9 Read the following statements. For each statement write one adjective which may best describe how
another person may feel hearing these words.
Przeczytaj poniższe stwierdzenia. Do każdego stwierdzenia dobierz przymiotnik opisujący, jak czuje się
osoba, która je słyszy.
1 ‘How could you have done such a thing! He’s your best friend and you went behind his back like that.
What kind of a person are you?’
a......................
2 ‘Phew, I only left my iPhone at the office, and I thought I had lost it. That’s a load off my mind, I can
tell you!’
r......................
3 ‘It’s such an honour to meet you. I’ve heard so many good things about you and I’ve read your every
piece. I literally worship you!’
f......................
4 A: ‘You must be here at four tomorrow.’
B: ‘No, no, no. At two -thirty. At four the event starts, and she must get ready.’
A: ‘No, you’ve got it all wrong. It starts after five, she needs to be here around four, and at two -thirty
there is a sound check...’
c......................
5 ‘Wow, it’s tomorrow! You’re getting married to the most handsome guy in town, you’re going to
Bora Bora for honeymoon and coming back to a renovated, 19th century mansion. It’s so exciting!’
e......................
6 ‘Look, these are my two Oscars, three Golden Palms, and there, on the mantelpiece, are my six
Golden Globes.’
i......................

10 Complete the crossword and find the clue. Then use the clue to complete the quote underneath.
Rozwiąż krzyżówkę i odczytaj hasło. Hasło stanowi uzupełnienie cytatu pod spodem.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 He was alive, with all his bodily functions sustained, but there was no contact with him, as he was in
a.......
2 A young human being or animal before birth, when its organs have just started to develop is called
a .......
3 The moment or process when a woman or a female animal becomes pregnant is called ...... .
4 A DNR order is a document stating that a person does not want the doctors to ...... him / her.
5 The study of methods of improving the human race, e.g. by allowing only the chosen individuals to
reproduce, is called .......
6 I think I must be going ...... because I can never remember where I have put things or where I
parked the car. I’m seriously getting old.
7 The patient’s brain had stopped working properly even though her heart was still beating. The
patient was ...... .
8 A synonym for ‘supporter’, a person in favour of an idea, is a .......
9 The methods intended to prevent a woman from becoming pregnant are called .......
10 Doctor, should I feed my baby on ......, or stick to a timetable?
‘A clear ...... is usually the sign of a bad memory.’ (Steven Wright, American comedian)

11 Match the words 1–6 with the words a–f to make phrases.
Dopasuj wyrazy 1–6 do wyrazów a–f, tak by powstały zwroty.
1 assisted
a) selection
2 animal
b) testing
3 genetically modified
c) pregnancy
4 gender
d) suicide
5 pro-life
e) movement
6 termination of
f) organism
12 Complete the definitions with the phrases from exercise 11.
Uzupełnij definicje zwrotami z ćwiczenia 11.
1 ........................................ – using animals for in vivo experiments
2 ........................................ – m edical methods of deciding on the sex of your unborn child
3 ........................................ – when one person helps another (usually terminally ill) to kill
themselves in order to end their suffering
4 ........................................ – food in which genetic material has been altered
5 ........................................ – abortion
6 ........................................ – people who are against abortion on demand, and support for its
legal prohibition or restriction

2
HOUSE AND FLAT
DOM I MIESZKANIE

2.1
SHARING A FLAT
1 Answer the questions.
Odpowiedz na pytania.
1 What are the pros and cons of sharing a flat? Make two lists.
2 If you had to choose a roommate, and the shortlist only included: a clamorous unfulfilled drummer, a
non-showering slob and a save-the-animals-and-take-them-all-home eco-freak, who would you
choose? Explain your choice.
2 Read the text quickly and choose the best summary.
Przeczytaj tekst szybko i wybierz jego najlepsze podsumowanie.
1 The girls enjoyed staying together despite the incompatibility of their personalities, but the damage
done to the flat was the direct cause of them having to move out.
2 The girls, having accepted one another’s flaws, became really close, but the vermin which infested
the place made living there unbearable.
3 The girls did differ, but they managed to rise above it and accept one another’s annoying quirks of
character, yet they decided to change their place of residence due to the pressure put on them by
the owners to keep the place intact.
3 Read the text and match sentences a–f with gaps 1–6 . Make sure the text is logically and stylistically
coherent.
Przeczytaj tekst. Następnie wstaw zdania a–f w luki 1–6, tak by tekst był spójny i poprawny
stylistycznie.
a) Josephine didn’t mind.
b) Perhaps I should have.
c) She was the one who found the advertisement.
d) The girls believed the situation was under control all the time but I intuitively knew a disaster would
strike.
e) We replaced the plasma TV, but only managed to buy similar furniture.
f) The problem was it could only be used in one room at a time.

Six friends in one flat
The flat was big and the cost to be shared among the six of us. There were three rooms,
two of us in each. Six girls who went to university and studied at different faculties. We
met at one of those student parties and shared our views on the halls of residence we
lived in. Marianne still lived with her parents, so her motivation was even bigger.
(1) ...... And then the nightmare began.
It soon appeared that the flat, although nicely furnished and well-equipped, had one
disadvantage: it was awfully hot in the summer and freezing cold in winter. In July and
August we longed for the air-conditioning and took cold showers instead. Winter was
even worse. The central heating did not work, nor did the fireplace. We used an electric
radiator. (2) ...... The room which I shared with Josephine, a future lawyer, was the
smallest and easiest to heat. As a result, we all cramped on my bunk bed, hiding under
the bedspread and destroying the neatness of my bedding. I’m an orderly type and
simply hate mess, so I couldn’t stand the dirty feet on our fitted carpet, greasy marks
on the wallpaper, my friends’ clothes on my favourite rocking chair, magazines on my
dressing table or chewing gum stuck to my bedside lamp. (3) ...... We even all slept in
one room, crowding on the bunk beds. We couldn’t let our friends sleep on the floor,
could we?
Fortunately, winter ended, the other girls moved out of our room and I sighed with
relief. Unfortunately, with the coming spring, I observed a party-boom. I’m quite
sociable myself but I don’t think having parties for thirty people who bring their friends
doubling the number is a good idea. The flat was not ours, after all. (4) ...... And it did,
with two boys, some friends of a friend, who threw knives at the dresser pretending
they were playing darts, burnt a huge Valentine teddy bear in the fireplace, damaged
the plasma TV and cut the beautiful three-piece suite with scissors, yelling that they
wanted to get rid of the bourgeois furniture. It was a costly party. The only advantage
was that my friends never threw any more parties, so we could peacefully pay our
debts.
The debts grew when the owners visited us one day. Obviously, they did not know
about the television or the sofa and the armchairs. (5) ...... Well, it looked almost
exactly the same. But ‘almost’ really does make a difference. The damaged furniture
was real leather. What we bought only looked like leather, but when they sat on it... I
really thought they would kill us, or at least throw us out together with the sofa. We
agreed to pay the money back, also for the rug that we had ruined and for the blinds
which didn’t work. The owners wanted to make us pay for a broken floor tile in the
bathroom. It broke when I tried to kill a cockroach with a hammer, which then fell on
the floor – but I did not dare say this. (6) ...... The cockroaches were everywhere in the
flat, and even luxury furniture would not have changed this. We shared the costs and
took up a job in the pizzeria to pay the debt. Next year we resigned and returned to the
hall of residence. After all, the conditions there were so bad that they could not
become worse, even after the biggest possible party, and nobody pretended there
were no bugs.

VOCABULARY
FURNITURE AND EQUIPMENT
air-conditioning – klimatyzacja
bedding – pościel
bedside lamp – lampka nocna
bedspread – narzuta
bidet – bidet
bunk beds – łóżko piętrowe
central heating – centralne ogrzewanie
chest of drawers – komoda
double-glazed windows – okna z podwójnymi
szybami
dresser – kredens
dressing table – toaletka
durable – trwały
duvet – kołdra
extractor fan – okap kuchenny
fireplace – kominek
fitted carpet – wykładzina
fitted kitchen – meble kuchenne
folding chair – składane krzesło
freezer – zamrażarka
furnished/unfurnished – umeblowany /
nieumeblowany
kitchenette – aneks kuchenny
laundry basket – kosz na pranie
lighting – oświetlenie
mantelpiece – półka nad kominkiem
pipe – rura
plasma TV – telewizor plazmowy
radiator – grzejnik
rocking chair – fotel bujany
roller blinds – rolety
rug – dywanik
sheet – prześcieradło
sink – zlew
stool – taboret
tablecloth – obrus
tap – kran
three-piece suite – komplet wypoczynkowy
tiles – kafelki
umbrella stand – stojak na parasolki
Venetian blinds – żaluzje
wall unit – meblościanka
wallpaper – tapeta
washbasin – umywalka
wastepaper basket – kosz na papiery
window frame – rama okienna
worktop – blat kuchenny
TYPES AND PARTS OF HOUSES
amenities – udogodnienia, wygody
attic – strych
brick – cegła
bungalow – bungalow (dom parterowy)
cellar – piwnica
conversion – przebudowa, adaptacja
cosy – przytulny
detached house – dom wolnostojący
edifice – gmach, budynek
garret – klitka na poddaszu
ground floor flat/second floor flat – mieszkanie na
parterze/na drugim piętrze
housing estate – osiedle
loft apartment – loft
maisonette – mieszkanie dwupoziomowe
mansion – dworek
mansion block – rezydencja
multi-task room – pokój pełniący wiele funkcji
newly-built flat – mieszkanie w nowobudowanym
bloku
one-storey house – dom jednopiętrowy
overlook the river/park – wychodzić na rzekę/park
paved patio garden – wybrukowany taras w ogrodzie
penthouse – apartament na ostatnim piętrze
population – zaludnienie
resident porter – portier
rural community – społeczność wiejska
scaffolding – rusztowanie
semi-detached house – bliźniak
slum – slums
spacious – przestronny
storage space – miejsce do przechowywania rzeczy
suburbs – przedmieścia
tenement house – kamienica czynszowa
terraced house – dom szeregowy
thatched cottage – chata kryta strzechą
(tiny) studio – (malutka) kawalerka
tower block – wieżowiec
town hall – ratusz
ultramodern apartment – supernowoczesny
apartament
underground car park – parking podziemny
urban – miejski
with a view – z widokiem
within walking distance to... – w za sięgu dojścia
piechotą do...

ACTIVATE YOUR VOCABULARY
4 Cross the odd-one-out. Explain your choice.
Wykreśl wyraz, który nie pasuje do pozostałych. Uzasadnij swój wybór.
1 extractor fan
worktop
duvet
sink
2 washbasin
rug
pipe
dresser
3 fireplace
cellar
laundry room
attic
4 bunk bed
tiles
sheets
bedspread
5 furnished
spacious
affordable
air-conditioning
5 Complete the classified ad of a house for rent with the words from the box.
Uzupełnij ogłoszenie o wynajmie domu wyrazami z ramki.
access, available, deposit, detached, distance, fitted, freezer, double-glazed, heating,
paved, rent
BLUE MOON PARK
Three-bed semi-(1) ..................... house; partly furnished;
fully (2) ..................... kitchen/dining room inc.;
washing machine, fridge/(3) ....................., lounge with fireplace, shower;
(4) ....................., uPVC windows;
gas central (5) .....................;
(6) ..................... patio garden & garage;
walking (7) ..................... to local amenities;
good commuter (8) ..................... to the centre of Cambridge and the motorway
network;
(9) ..................... from 24/11/10
(10) .....................: £595 per calendar month
(11) .....................: £900

2.2
BUYING A FLAT
6 Explain the difference between the types of housing from the box, giving as m details as possible.
Wyjaśnij różnice między typami domów/mieszkań z ramki. Wymień jak najwięcej szczegółów.
a 19th century mansion, a log cabin, a 20 m2 studio apartment, a caravan, a maisonette
7 Choose one of the places from exercise 6. You are a real estate agent trying to make a sale. How
would you recommend the place in a convincing way?
Wybierz jeden z typów mieszkań/domów z ćwiczenia 6. Wyobraź sobie, że jesteś agentem/ką handlu
nieruchomościami, który/a próbuje dokonać sprzedaży. Jak zareklamował(a)byś klientowi to miejsce?
Bądź przekonujący/a.
8 Read the text and match the headings a–j to paragraphs 1–10.
Przeczytaj poniższy tekst i dopasuj nagłówki a–j do akapitów 1–10.
a) Conscious customer with a checklist
b) No dough, no demands
c) The art of negotiating
d) Location, location
e) No fudging finances
f) The sort of edifice
g) Instant infatuation
h) The moderation motto
i) Is the makeover a must?
j) Let the daylight in
Ten mistakes people make when they buy their first flat
1 ........
When you buy your first flat, you should think carefully about the type of building you choose. Newly -
built flats are attractive, but costly. They are unfurnished, so you must add the cost of a fitted kitchen
and bathroom equipment, as well as doors and floors. It is exciting to have everything new, but it costs a
lot. A big, old block of flats might make you feel anonymous (which might be an advantage or
disadvantage); smaller blocks feel cosier, but often there is no lift service, so if your flat is on the fourth
floor, you’ll have to struggle with the stairs every day.
2 ........
People who buy their first flat usually have a limited budget, which makes them think they should not
complain and take what is given. Of course, the fact that you want to buy something cheap should not
prevent you from choosing what you really want.

3 ........
On the other hand, it is not reasonable to buy over your budget only because you see a flat you’ve been
dreaming of. First of all, you might not get a loan, but even if you do, the mortgage payments might
deprive you of your holidays or hobbies, and you will soon start hating the flat that cost you so much.
Never accept invitations from an estate agency to see a flat that is far above your budget. If it is slightly
more expensive than you have planned for, the price might still be subject to negotiation.
4 ........
Write five things that you really want and five things you wo uld really hate on a piece of paper. For
example, you might want the flat to have two bedrooms and be within walking distance from galleries
and museums. Or you might want a maisonette with a view. You might hate the noise, or having a view
of another building from your window. People usually feel quite strongly about these features, but they
tend to forget them when they are looking at the twentieth flat in a row. Exhaustion is not a good
counsellor. You might want to give up some of your original assumptions, but it does not mean that you
should accept something that does not fulfil your needs.
5 ........
Inexperienced flat buyers usually do not pay enough attention to where the flat is situated. Noisy streets,
outskirts, gloomy neighbourhood... All of this counts.
6 ........
Never buy a dark flat with no sunlight. Never visit flats you want to buy after dark (yes, it might mean
you’ll have to take a day off work). You won’t be able to see if there is enough natural light in the flat,
and many disadvantages of the place may miraculously disappear under the curtain of darkness.
7 ........
Obviously, you do not always buy a perfect product. If the house is cluttered, or only needs fresh paint
or new tiles, then that’s fine. But redecorating won’t change the real flaws, such as thin walls or badly
designed rooms. These are disadvantages which prevent the flat from increasing in value over time. Also,
when you happily plan to change everything, think about how much it will cost. Remember about the
cost of your time as well.
8 ........
It’s high time you learnt it. You are about to sign an agreement which will force you to meet monthly
payments for the rest of your life (well, almost). Look for ways of cutting your costs. Per haps the
interest rates are lower at another bank? Never get a loan from the first bank you visit before checking
the others. Always ask if you could pay less.
9 ........
Do not cheat the bank. Do not hide your costs, credits or alimony. Do not buy anything on credit (even
furniture for the new flat) that could affect your credit score. The bank will know about any transaction
and can easily block your loan.
10 ........
And now a piece of advice which you might find useless after everything you’ve read so far. Flats are like
lovers. Even if the list of advantages is longer than the list of disadvantages, if this special ‘something’ is
missing, stay away from the place. You are supposed to fall in love with the flat you’re buying. And the
basic question, the first one to be asked is really simple: ‘Do you like it?’

VOCABULARY
BUYING A HOUSE/FLAT
20-year-loan – kredyt na 20 lat
administration charges – opłaty administracyjne
agreement – umowa
authenticated deed – akt notarialny
benefits – korzyści
buy furniture on credit/with a credit card – kupować
meble na kredyt/płacąc kartą kredytową
car loan – kredyt na samochód
cluttered – zagracony
collateral – zabezpieczenie
contract – umowa
credit worthiness/score – zdolność kredytowa
down payment – zaliczka, przedpłata
earnest money deposit – zadatek
equal monthly instalments – równe raty miesięczne
estate – nieruchomość
estate agency – agencja handlu nieruchomościami
estate business – handel nieruchomościami
features – cechy
home loan – kredyt na dom
increase in value over time – zyskiwać po pewnym
czasie na wartości
interest rate – oprocentowanie
lift (service) – winda
loan agreement – umowa kredytu
loan application – wniosek kredytowy
location – położenie
maintain – utrzymać
mortgage loan – kredyt hipoteczny
mortgage payment – rata kredytu hipotecznego
negotiate (over the price) – negocjować (cenę)
noise pollution – hałas otoczenia
notary – notariusz
pay off – spłacać
plot of land – działka
price range – zakres cenowy
property – własność
rubbish/garbage disposal – wywóz śmieci
sunlight – światło słoneczne
transaction – transakcja
urban – miejski
water/electricity supply – dostarczanie
wody/elektryczności
ACTIVATE YOUR VOCABULARY
9 Match the half words. In column B there are two half words you won’t need.
Połącz połówki wyrazów. Uwaga, w kolumnie B są dwie połówki, których nie potrzebujesz.
A
tran
main
nego
pro
colla
B
a) perty
b) tain
c) tein
d) saction
e) ciate
f) tiate
g) teral

10 Read the advice and complete the words.
Przeczytaj poniższe rady i uzupełnij brakujące litery.
If you dream of having your own place to live in and the only financial option to make it happen is takin g
am____a_
_
l_ _ _, here is a list of what you should do:
1 Find the perfect place within your price _ a
_
_
e ; consider its location, proximity to any urban
_
m _ _ i _ i _ s, noise pollution, the condition of the building, etc.
2 Study various bank credit offers, paying close attention to the smallest details.
3 Signapreliminaryc___r_
_
_
with the developer you want to buy the house from, in which both
parties commit to sign the proper contract.
4 Filetheloan_p
_
_
i____o
_
to the bank and wait for the decision. It may take some time, as they
must consider the likelihood of you paying off the loan on the basis of your credit _ c
_
_
e , current
employment, other collateral, etc.
5 Once you get a positive decision, you make final arrangements and then sign the I _ _ _ _ _ r
_
_
_
e
_
t. Remember to ask for clarification of any convoluted details in the contract, check again the level
of_n
_
_
r_s
_
r_ _ _s and any other additional fees. Remember that the higher the _o _
_
p_ _m_
_
_
you pay up front, the lower the monthly payment. And always be sure to read the small print!
6 Signana__h_
_t_
_a_
_d
deed with the developer in the presence of a notary transferring the
ownership of the house to you.
7 Nowallyouhavetodoispayoffyour_o
_
_
g _ _ _ for the next 20–40 years and enjoy your own pad.
But remember: you may be the owner of the flat, but if you stop paying _ _ _ the debt, the bank is
allowed to sell your property to get its money back.
11 Look at the photo. Write a detailed description of the house.
Opisz ze szczegółami dom na zdjęciu poniżej.
Make sure you mention:

location

type of house

interior and furnishings

advantages and disadvantages

3
EDUCATION
EDUKACJA

3.1
EDUCATION IN BRITAIN
WIEDZA O KRAJACH ANGLOJĘZYCZNYCH
1 Read the quotation and answer the questions below.
Przeczytaj cytat i odpowiedz na pytania poniżej.
‘Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.’
(Malcolm S. Forbes, American publisher)
How do you understand this statement? Do you agree?
2 Read the text and decide if the sentences below are true (T) or false (F).
Przeczytaj tekst i zdecyduj, czy poniższe zdania są prawdziwe (T) czy fałszywe (F).
1 Come 2013, education in the UK shall be mandatory till the age of 18.
T/F
2 The lowest mark you can get for a GCSE is a ‘U’.
T/F
3 Passing a CEE is a requirement for all independent school applicants.
T/F
4 Independent schools are gratuitous institutions.
T/F
5 Statistically speaking, education at independent schools increases a student’s
chances of getting a good grade at GCSEs or A-levels.
T/F
3 Choose the correct answer – a, b or c.
Wybierz właściwą odpowiedź – a, b lub c.
1 The first degree you do at a tertiary education institution is ...
a)aPhD
b)aBA
c)anMA
2 The exam taken by students aspiring to study at a public school is ...
a)aCEE
b) an A-level
c) a GCSE
3 School activities which go beyond the prescribed directives of the educational authorities
are called ...
a) extracurricular
b) additional
c) maintained
4 Having finished sixth-form college, British students take ...
a) GCSE exams
b)aCEE
c) A-level exams
5 Funds paid by parents for the education of their children are called ...
a) a scholarship
b)afee
c) a grant

Education in Britain
The basics
Full-time education is compulsory in England between the age of 5 and 16. The Education and Skills Act
of 2008 raises the leaving age to 18, but the change will only t ake effect in 2013 for 17-year-olds and in
2015 for 18-year-olds. Now, when students are 16, they can continue for a further two years (in sixth form)
or choose to drop out of school. A sixth-form college leads to A-level exams, necessary for going to
university, where, after three years, students get a Bachelor’s Degree. A Master’s Degree and a Doctor
of Philosophy require further studies and carrying out some research.
Ruled by exams
The British education system is exam-based. The most important exams are GCSEs (General Certificate of
Secondary Education), usually taken at the age of 16, and A-levels, taken after sixth-form college, at the
age of 18. A GCSE is an academic qualification awarded in a specific subject. Theoretically, students who
are at secondary school can take this exam between the ages of 14 and 16, but most decide to sit the
exams when they are 16. The exam is graded between A* (pronounced ‘A -star’) and G. Students might
also get a ‘U’ – which means ‘unclassified’. Only the grades A*, A, B and C are perceived as being good.
These exams are extremely important, as five or more ‘good’ grades (between A* and C) are often
required for taking A-levels exams later on. In some subjects, apart from sitting an exam, students have
to hand in assignments. This refers to such subjects as Art, Music and Design and Technology. Both GCSE
and A-level exams can be taken in a range of subjects.
Another exam worth mentioning is called the Common Entrance Examination and is taken by 13-year-
olds or even 11-year-olds – not by everybody, but by those students who want to attend independent
schools. This exam is organized in preparatory schools. Students usually take English, Maths, Science and
other subjects of their choice. Most schools require Geography, History, Religious Studies and one or
even two foreign languages. In some schools, there are additional interviews. Lots of people criticize the
idea of taking exams at such an early age, as it is simply too stressful for 13-year-olds. But obviously,
independent schools must be competitive to attract parents and this becomes easier with student
selection.
What do they pay for?
Independent schools, often called public schools, are, in contrast to state schools, fee-paying institutions.
Most independent schools are boarding schools, but some students attend day schools. In the past,
single-sex boys’ or girls’ schools were a rule; now schools are more often coeducational. Only seven per
cent of the population of students attend fee-paying schools, which is not surprising, considering the
fact that such education can cost over 10,000 pounds a year in a day school, and twice as much in a
boarding school. To this, parents must add the cost of preparatory schools and even pre-prep.
What do they pay for? Independent schools offer a more individual approach to each student, longer
teaching hours, more homework, as well as extra-curricular activities and sports. They might be elitist
and extremely expensive, but at the same time, they are effective. Independent school pupils obtain A*
results in GCSE exams four times more often, and in A-levels twice as often as state school students.
Fewer students of maintained schools go to university. The data show that 43.4 per cent of Oxford
University students and 38 per cent of Cambridge University students go to fee-paying schools – despite
making up only seven per cent of the school population! We might criticize public schools, but parents
will often make sacrifices to make sure their children are provided with the best education possible.

VOCABULARY
THE SYSTEM OF EDUCATION
A-level (Advanced level) – egzamin zdawany w wieku
17–18 lat
assignment – praca pisemna
Bachelor’s Degree – licencjat
boarding school – szkoła z internatem
certificate – certyfikat
competitive – konkurencyjny
comprehensive school – szkoła średnia
(ogólnokształcąca)
compulsory – obowiązkowy
day school – szkoła dzienna
diploma – dyplom
Doctor of Philosophy – stopień doktora nauk
humanistycznych
effective – efektywny
elitist – elitarny
entrance exam/examination – egzamin wstępny
evening studies – studia wieczorowe
extra-curricular activities – zajęcia pozaszkolne
extramural studies – studia zaoczne
fee-paying – płatny
final exam – egzamin końcowy
form tutor – wychowawca/czyni
CCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) –
egzamin zdawany w wieku 14–16 lat
give/do a lecture – wygłosić wykład
grade – oceniać; ocena
graduate – absolwent/ka
graduate (in) – ukończyć studia
hand in – oddać (pracę nauczycielowi)
higher education – szkolnictwo wyższe
independent/public school – szkoła prywatna
individual approach – indywidualne podejście
interview – rozmowa kwalifikacyjna
leaving age – wiek, w którym można przerwać naukę
lecture – wykład
lecturer – wykładowca/czyni
lower primary – niższe klasy szkoły podstawowej
lower secondary education – szkolnictwo
gimnazjalne
maintained schools/state schools – szkoły
państwowe, utrzymywane przez państwo
Master’s Degree – tytuł magistra
nursery/kindergarten – przedszkole
PhD – doktorat
post-graduate studies – studia podyplomowe
pre-prep school – szkoła przedprzygotowawcza (dla
dzieci w wieku 5–8 lat)
preparatory school – szkoła przygotowawcza
primary education – szkolnictwo podstawowe
require – wymagać
research – badania naukowe
scholarship/grant – stypendium
secondary education – szkolnictwo średnie
selection – selekcja
sit/take an exam – zdawać egzamin
technical school – technikum
tertiary education – szkolnictwo wyższe
upper primary education – wyższe klasy szkoły
podstawowej
upper secondary education – szkolnictwo
ponadgimnazjalne
vocational school – szkoła zawodowa

ACTIVATE YOUR VOCABULARY
4 Match the words 1–7 with the words a–g to make phrases.
Dopasuj wyrazy 1 –7 do wyrazów a–g, tak by powstały zwroty.
1 comprehensive
a) school
2 post-graduate
b) exam
3 entrance
c) education
4 tertiary
d) assignments
5 hand in
e) studies
6 school-leaving
f) age
7 boarding
g) school
5 Complete the definitions with the phrases from exercise 4.
Uzupełnij definicje zwrotami z ćwiczenia 4.
1 ..............................– a type of educational institution in which students are provided
with food and lodgings
2 ..............................– education in colleges and universities
3 ..............................– a type of examination where good results lead to being accepted
by a given school
4 ..............................– a school where children of all abilities are taught
5 ..............................– s ubmit a paper on a given subject
6 ..............................– the age people are when they are allowed to finish attending
academic institutions
7 ..............................– university studies at a more advanced level than a first degree

3.2
ALTERNATIVE TEACHING METHODS
7 Below some priority actions are presented which should be undertaken to improve school
education in Poland, according to a poll on state education. Number them in order of
importance for yourself and justify your choice.
Spójrz na listę zadań mających na celu poprawę edukacji w polskich szkołach. Ułóż zadania w
kolejności od najważniejszego do najmniej ważnego według swojego uznania. Uzasadnij
swój wybór.
a) producing new curricula and textbooks ...........
b) equipping schools with modern technology ...........
c) building new schools, classrooms ...........
d) providing services for students such as scholarships, catering etc ...........
e) supporting disadvantaged students ...........
f) improving the living standards of teachers (salary, bonuses etc.) ...... ... ..
g) supporting talented students ...........
8 Read the text and match statements 1 –6 below with the types of schools/systems of
education a–e . Some sentences may refer to more than one type of school/system.
Przeczytaj tekst. Następnie połącz stwierdzenia 1–6 z rodzajami szkół/systemów nauczania,
których dotyczą (a–e). Niektóre ze stwierdzeń mogą dotyczyć więcej niż jednego rodzaju
szkoły/systemu.
1 appreciates children’s choices as to the pace and content of their learning ...........
2 where the standard educational curriculum is followed ...........
3 tends to be too test-oriented ...........
4 acknowledges the different stages of children’s development and attempts to follow
them ...........
5 seems to kill a natural thirst for knowledge ...........
6 assessment is non-existent ...........
a) homeschooling
b) unschooling
c) Montessori method
d) traditional school
e) free democratic school

Education – yes. School – never!
Martha is ten and her younger brother, Bert – only seven years old. Are they ordinary kids?
If it wasn’t for the fact that they do not go to school, they definitely would be. The Education
Act requires parents to make sure their children get their education either by attending
school or otherwise. Martha and Bert’s parents, both photographers from Plymouth, have
chosen the latter option. ‘Martha suffers from a strong food allergy. We were afraid that at
school she would come in contact with the forbidden foods and not be mature enough to
realize what she was eating. Kids bring cakes or sweets and it is difficult to resist when you
are only five years old,’ says Martha’s mother. ‘We hated school when we were kids, as it did
not support our creativity, and only assessed the subjects we were hopeless at. We wanted
to give homeschooling a try and welcomed the opportunity. And we are really happy we did
it,’ adds the children’s father.
Homeschooling is a method of teaching when a child is taught at home by following the
school curriculum. More and more children receive this form of education. What is a necessity
for children with serious health conditions, often becomes a matter of choice for kids who
could go to school. Parents, who are not required to have any special diploma to teach their
kids, often criticize traditional schools as being based on punishment and constantly testing
kids instead of teaching them. As a result, children are not curious and knowledge-oriented,
but stressed and afraid of failure.
A more radical version of homeschooling is unschooling. Standard school curricula and
structure are rejected, together with conventional grading methods. The proponents of the
unschooling philosophy argue that children are natural learners – they only vary in learning
styles and the ages at which they are prepared to acquire a particular ability or skill. ‘I was a
really bad student at school,’ says Frank Bertham, a 40-year-old dentist from London, who
has introduced the unschooling method into his family. ‘Teachers thought I was retarded and
I was constantly punished for not being able to cope. I wanted a different childhood for my
son.’ Developmental differences at school age are huge, which can have a tremendous
impact on how a child is perceived. Unschooling means a lot of freedom for a child who
chooses what and when to learn.
One of the concerns of the opponents of such methods is that children suffer because
they cannot socialize with their peers. Is it possible to keep the benefits of child-led teaching,
but in a school environment? Maria Montessori, who in the early 1900s invented the so-called
Montessori method, believed it is. She started from teaching mentally challenged and
disabled children, but soon discovered that the method worked just as well with normal kids.
The foundation of the theory was that it is nature that guides a child’s development, and the
child subconsciously opts for the portions of knowledge which are attainable at a given time.
Self-directed learning, but in a well-prepared environment to support the child’s
development, and mixed-age groups to enable learning from each other – this is how it works
in Montessori schools.
Age-mixing and the removal of formal classes and curriculum are also a rule in free-
democratic schools. There is no evaluation or assessment in these schools. How is discipline
kept? Well, students and teachers form a democratic system in which they participate on
equal terms.
Is this the end of the traditional school? The growing popularity of less traditional
methods of teaching definitely shows that we should redefine our approach to education to
give our children a better start.

VOCABULARY
LEARNING
ability – zdolność
approach – podejście
aptitude – zdolność, uzdolnienie
assess – oceniać
assessment – ocean
conventional – konwencjonalny
creativity – kreatywność
developmental differences – różnice
rozwojowe
discipline – dyscyplina
evaluation – ocena
facilitate – ułatwiać, pomagać
failure – porażka
grading methods – metody oceniania
homeschooling – uczenie w domu (w zgodzie z
tradycyjnym programem nauczania)
impact – wpływ
learning styles – style uczenia się
mentally retarded – opóźniony umysłowo
mixed-age groups – grupy mieszane względem
wieku
peers – rówieśnicy
perceive – postrzegać
perception – postrzeganie
punishment – kara
radical – radykalny
school curriculum – program nauczania
skill – umiejętność
socialize – prowadzić życie towarzyskie,
integrować się
support – wspierać
testing – sprawdzanie wiedzy
unschooling – metoda uczenia w domu
polegająca na odcięciu się od wszelkich
tradycyjnych programów nauczania i oceniania
ACTIVATE YOUR VOCABULARY
9 Complete the table with appropriate noun and verb forms.
Uzupełnij tabelkę odpowiednimi formami rzeczowników i czasowników.
Verb
Noun
assessment
know
grade
develop
perceive
socialization
sufferer
impact
discipline
approach
education
remove

10 Complete the sentences with words from exercise 9 in the correct form.
Uzupełnij zdania wyrazami z ćwiczenia 9 w odpowiedniej formie.
1 He needs to ....................... more regularly, because he’s been living like a virtual
recluse recently.
2 The latest anti-smoking campaign seems to have had very little ....................... on young
people, who are still taking up the habit.
3 Exams should not be the only means of ....................... student abilities.
4 A complete change of ....................... is called for. If we don’t change our attitude now,
we shall fail!
5 After the presentation of the photographs, people’s ....................... of war will be
changed and, hopefully, its glorification will stop.
11 Find five phrases connected with education in the wordsearch. Look vertically,
horizontally and diagonally.
Znajdź w diagramie pięć wyrażeń związanych z edukacją. Szukaj pionowo, poziomo i ukośnie.
MAEWTTDRLADACEVH
ITTKSETCONEALENM
XHDNDTVRTIIYPBPT
EADETEOERETHOUGT
DRRIXGORTSAISEAN
ATEESEUUGHTETSNE
GASAYCNNTTNEMSFC
EHGRADINGMETHODH
GEPDSNVPREEYTETR
ROFDRERSLTTLEATR
OMRASTLEBIROHESO
UEEYEECVHANESSST
PLIWTHOTRETEAFEP
ASDFMFRBMOENCTEE
TEAADREAEOYETRRC
MENTALLYRETARDED
1 m ........................–.................... g.......................
2 d.......................
3 I....................... s.......................
4 g....................... m.......................
5 m....................... r.......................

12 Complete the sentences with the correct phrases from exercise 11.
Uzupełnij poniższe zdania odpowiednimi wyrażeniami z ćwiczenia 11.
1 An obvious advantage of having a ......................... is the possibility of older children
tutoring the younger ones.
2 ......................... in Polish schools are often disparaged as unfair and neglecting
individuality of thought.
3 Verbal or physical terror is not a legitimate method of maintaining classroom
.........................
4 We all differ in ........................., that’s why I memorize lexical items while I’m walking,
but you put up post-it notes all over the flat.
5 Not only was the child ........................., but also physically handicapped.

3.3
FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING
13 Answer the questions.
Odpowiedz na pytania.
1 Think about your methods of learning English. How do you memorize and revise
vocabulary? How do you study and practise grammar? Which seems more problematic for
you? Why do you think this is the case?
2 What different techniques for studying/memorizing do you know? Describe them.
14 Read the text on page 42 and match the learning styles a–c to language learning
activities 1–9 .
Przeczytaj tekst na stronie 42 i dopasuj style uczenia się a–c do ćwiczeń językowych 1–9 .
a) auditory learning
b) visual learning
c) kinaesthetic learning
1 listening to audiobooks focusing on vocabulary ...............
2 memorizing lexical items while walking ...............
3 mind-mapping ...............
4 colour-coding vocabulary .............
5 memorizing vocabulary through engaging with raps, poems, songs ...............
6 bouncing a ball off the wall with every word repeated ...............
7 playing interactive language games online
...............
8 highlighting important passages in a text ...............
9 repeating words aloud ...............

Boost your foreign language learning
No matter if you are learning English or French, these tips will help you improve your learning techniques.
Find your learning style
Are you a visual or an auditory learner? Do you often create graphs and diagrams to help you visualize
things, write timelines to remember historical dates, draw maps during Geography lessons and use a
highlighter to mark the most important information in an essay? If your answer is yes, then you are a
visual learner. Your brain works best when it is bombarded with images. Visual stimuli will also boost
your learning process when you take up English, Spanish or German. Use diagrams to learn vocabulary,
write different parts of speech in different columns and buy a visual dictionary. You probably added
visual impact to your learning when you were still a beginner. Now, being at advanced or proficiency
level, you might have forgotten about this necessary element improving your competence and
performance. Auditory learners should use more audio materials, such as audio CDs with recorded
dialogues and vocabulary. Kinaesthetic learners have to move their body or do something with their
hands when they learn or revise. It might not be that easy during lessons, but, when at home, find the
most comfortable way you learn or revise, even if this means walking or dancing.
Never learn things in isolation
One of the major mistakes students make in their learning process is forgetting that when y ou use a
language, you never use single words, or separate vocabulary from grammar. Whenever you learn a new
word, look it up in a good monolingual (e.g . English-English) dictionary and check for collocations,
information about the parts of speech, pronunciation and grammar rules. Check how different the word
is from its synonyms. Add a suffix or a prefix to make new words from the same lexical family. When you
learn a new grammar item, include it with the vocabulary, playing with more options.
Pay more attention to pronunciation
Often neglected, this area is extremely important in foreign language learning. To master the correct
pronunciation, you have to pay attention to how differently consonants and vowels are pronounced.
Study pronunciation charts and rules, especially those which are different from your mother tongue. For
example, a lot of Polish speakers devoice voiced consonants at the end of words, because this is what is
done in Polish.
Find a teacher
Do you attend a private language school, have private lessons with a tutor or opt for self-study?
Sometimes you might not really have much choice because of a limited budget, but if you do, think
carefully about which method of study suits you. Self-study is good for strong-willed, motivated people
with self-discipline. It might be great before exams if your budget is just enough to buy a few exam
preparation books. It might not work if you have just started and your main goal is to communicate in a
foreign language. A language school should be chosen carefully. A lot of factors should be taken into
account, e.g. the number of students in a group, the teaching methods or the classroom equipment.
Since the teacher is always the most important, it is advantageous to ask students from the school for a
recommendation. Private tutors are great if you are very weak but really talented. Weak students can
make up for previous failure; stronger ones can develop their knowledge in a way not possible during
typical classes of ten or 12 students.
And the last tip for everybody. Even if your major goal is to prepare for an exam, remember that learning
is for life. Even if you sit a written exam, do not neglect communication. Take an integrated approach,
which will enable you not only to pass exams with flying colours, b ut also ask a foreigner to open a
window in a stuffy compartment on a train wherever it’s going.

VOCABULARY
FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING
advanced – zaawansowany
auditory learner – „słuchowiec”
beginner – początkujący
bilingual dictionary – słownik dwujęzyczny
boost – przyspieszyć
booster – przyspieszacz, wzmac niacz
brain – mózg
communicative method – metoda
komunikacyjna
content – treść
elementary – podstawowy
establish a routine – ustanowić zwyczaj
font – czcionka
grammar-translation method – metoda
gramatyczno-tłumaczeniowa
heading – nagłówek
introduction – wstęp
kinaesthetic learner – kin estetyk
language school – szkoła językowa
meaning – znaczenie
methodology – metodyka
modality – modalność
monolingual dictionary – słownik
jednojęzyczny
multilingual dictionary – słownik wielojęzyczny
pass with flying colours – zdać śpiewająco
private tutor – nauczyciel/ka na lekcjach
prywatnych
proficiency level – poziom proficiency (biegły)
revise – powtarzać
revision – powtórka
self-study – samodzielne uczenie się
set a goal/target – ustalić cel
stimulus – bodziec
topic – temat
unit – rozdział, jednostka
visual learner – „wzrokowiec”
visual/picture dictionary – słownik obrazkowy
visualize – wizualizować
GRAMMAR, VOCABULARY AND
PRONUNCIATION
adjective – przymiotnik
adverb – przysłówek
antonym – antonim
article – przedimek, rodzajnik
clause – zdanie składowe
collocation – kolokacja
comparative – stopień wyższy przymiotnika
compound noun – rzeczownik złożony
consonant – spółgłoska
countable/uncountable – policzalny /
niepoliczalny
devoice – ubezdźwięczniać
embedded/subordinate clause – zdanie
podrzędne
exclamation mark – wykrzyknik
full stop – kropka
interjection – wykrzyknik
modal verb – czasownik modalny
object – dopełnienie
part of speech – część mowy
passive voice – strona bierna
phrase – zwrot
prefix – przedrostek
preposition – przyimek
pronoun – zaimek
pronunciation – wymowa
punctuation – interpunkcja
question mark – znak zapytania
relative clause – zdanie względne
reported speech – mowa zależna
semicolon – średnik
spelling – pisownia
subject – podmiot
suffix – przyrostek
superlative – stopień najwyższy przymiotnika
synonym – synonim
tense – czas gramatyczny
verb – czasownik
vocabulary – słownictwo
vowel – samogłoska

ACTIVATE YOUR VOCABULARY
15 Complete the crossword.
Rozwiąż krzyżówkę.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Across
1 A letter/group of letters added to the end of a word to make a new word.
4 A type of dictionary translating vocabulary from a foreign language into your mother
tongue.
5 Rules for using full stops, semicolons, exclamation marks, etc.
6 When two or more words are often used together in a way that sounds naturally correct.
7 For example a noun consisting of two or more parts.
Down
1 The way a particular word is spelt.
2 A speech sound we make when the breath flows out of the mouth without blocked being
by lips, teeth or tongue.
3 The correct way for voicing language items.

16Answer these questions in English.
Odpowiedz na pytania po angielsku.
1 Which prefixes and suffixes can be added to the verb THINK to create new words? How do
they change the meaning and part of speech?
2 What collocations can you make with the word HEART?
3 Why do we say ‘a rake’ and ‘an author’ but ‘an hour’ and ‘a university’?
4 A dictionary entry reads:
[Eng] old
[Esp] viejo
[Fr] vieux
[Ger] alt
What kind of dictionary is it?
17 Rearrange the letters to complete the sentences.
Rozszyfruj wyrazy w nawiasach i uzupełnij zdania.
1 To understand the intricacies of perfect tenses in English, it’s beneficial to draw a
(enilitme) .........................to (izevisula) ............................past events and the
events preceding them.
2 A visual (lussitum) ................................might be provided by any sort of illustration or
graphic representation.
3 We can say little about the meaning of a lexical item until we’ve checked its
(lloocconsita) .........................., synonyms and (asmynnto) .......................... .
4 We distinguish several (tpras) ...........................of
(eepshc) ...........................among which are adverbs and nouns.
5 A private language (tturo) ...........................ensures the fullest attention to your
personal language learning needs.

4
AT WORK
W PRACY

4.1
PART-TIME JOBS
1 Explain the differences between the following terms.
Wyjaśnij różnice między poniższymi wyrażeniami.
1 a full-time job and a part-time job
2 an employer and an employee
3 permanent and seasonal employment
2 Answer the questions.
Odpowiedz na pytania.
1 What part-time job options are available to young people in Poland?
2 What would you do, being a fresh Secondary School graduate, if you desperately need
some money for tuition fees?
3 Read the text about part-time jobs. Then for each paragraph (1–5), choose the most
suitable summary sentence (a–e).
Przeczytaj poniższy tekst. Następnie do każdego akapitu (1 –5) dobierz odpowiednie zdanie,
podsumowujące jego treść (a–e).
a) If it’s not your cup of tea, find a different cafe ..............
b) Never foul your own nest ..............
c) If you want it, make it happen ..............
d) The advantage of exploring the vicinity ..............
e) Your attributes – your unique selling points ..............

Part-time jobs – have a go!
1 Make the decision!
Do you need more cash for travelling or buying gadgets? Or perhaps you are thinking about university and feel
your pocket money will not be enough? If so, it’s high time you started thinking not only about how to reduce
spending, but also how to increase your income. Of course, if you are still at school, you can forget about a full -
time job. You’re left with weekends and evenings, but only if you are well -organized and able to cope with
work and homework. In turn, university stud ents usually have longer holidays. Part-time jobs not only provide
money, but also improve career development opportunities. Even if you work in a fast -food bar or just take
care of your neighbour’s pet, you learn how to be an employee.
2 How to start
Before you start looking at newspaper ads in terms of requirements for possible jobs, think about the skills and
abilities you possess. Write them down on a piece of paper. Then, think about which jobs the features could be
useful for. For example, speed typing is useful when you help in an office. Some of your skills might be very
well-developed or unique. Underline the skills which seem both useful and not typical. For example, if you
know how to make websites, you could start a website development service. Not many people know how to
do this and it’s extremely useful nowadays. To see what people perceive as necessary and worth paying for,
you might do a little market survey in your neighbourhood. It might appear that what people need is exactly
what you can offer. Babysitting or homework help are jobs many students can do but not all of them know
how to handle emergencies or o rganize interesting activities for kids. Completing a first aid course or being
able to engage a child in something more than watching cartoons might appear to be the recipe for success.
Cleaning services might bring you more profit than you expect if you organize yourself better. Attic clean -ups
or painting indoors with a team of friends will let you spend time together and offer a profes sional service at
the same time.
3 Outdoor delights
If you do not know how to teach kids or take care of them, dislike cleaning and painting, but like the fresh air,
there’s good news for you: there is a wide range of outdoor jobs you can undertake. Dog wa lking, lawn
mowing, shovelling, raking leaves or doing errands – everybody needs to have all these little jobs done. For
holidays, think about a summer camp or a skiing resort job. Such seasonal jobs do not only bring in money, but
also a lot of fun! Your age will be appreciated and no experience is usually needed as the employer provides
the training.
4 Be local
You might seek help in a Careers Service or Student Employment Office, which give listings of jobs and
vacancies, but if this doesn’t work, try being a local. Apply in person to a corner shop where everybody knows
you, look for ‘staff needed’ ads in shop windows and ask neighbours if you can do some work for them (but
don’t charge too much to encourage them). Try out all your connections. Active job seekers are usually much
more successful than people who send a few application forms and wait to be asked for an interview. Since
people in the neighbourhood know you, if there really is a job for the taking, the risk of failure will be much
lower.
5 Be good
Even if your aspirations are much higher than working in a local grocery store, never complain about the job
you have because it’s simple and not exactly what you dreamt about doing. When you are an adolescent, each
job brings experience and cannot be neglected. Lots of students opt for voluntary work. Even if it doesn’t
bring money, it teaches you a lot and provides much needed ex perience. Try to be the best wo rker ever,
whatever you do and for whatever cash you get. Your attitude will be appreciated and might bring some
unexpected benefits in the future.

VOCABULARY
TYPES OF JOBS
freelance job – praca na zlecenie
full-time job – praca w pełnym wymiarze
godzin
part-time job – praca w niepełnym wymiarze
godzin
permanent job – stała praca
seasonal job – praca sezonowa
shiftwork job – praca na zmiany
RECRUITMENT, LOOKING FOR A JOB,
PART–TIME JOBS
accuracy – dokładność
addition – nabytek, nowy/a pracownik/ca
amusement park – park rozrywki
apply in person – ubiegać się osobiście
aspirations – aspiracje
(attic) clean-up – sprzątanie (strychu)
attitude – postawa, podejście
babysitting – opieka nad dzieckiem
camp counsellor – opiekunk/a na kolonii/obozie
candidate – kandydat/ka
career development opportunities –
możliwości rozwoju kariery
charge – liczyć sobie
childcare centre – ośrodek opieki nad dziećmi
cleaning – sprzątanie
computer literacy – umiejętność obsługi
komputera
connections – znajomości
creating websites – tworzenie stron
internetowych
CV/resume – życiorys
dismiss – zwolnić
dog walking – wyprowadzanie psa
employee – pracownik/ca
employer – pracodawca/czyni
enclose – załączać, dołączać
entrepreneur – przedsiębiorca
errands – sprawunki, załatwianie spraw
failure – porażka
fire – zwolnić
first aid course – kurs pierwszej pomocy
freelance – niezależny, realizujący zlecenia od
wielu firm
gain experience – zbierać doświadczenie
generate profits/money – generować dochód
handle emergencies – radzić sobie w
sytuacjach awaryjnych
hire – zatrudniać
homework help/tutoring – pomoc w lekcjach
housecleaning services – sprzątanie
household chores – obowiązki domowe
income – dochód
indoor house painting – malowanie
intern – stażysta/ka
job application form – podanie o pracę
lawn work – pielęgnowanie trawników
letter of application – list motywacyjny
lifeguard – ratownik/czka
listing – wykaz
local store – lokalny sklep
market survey – badanie rynku
mowing lawns – strzyżenie trawników
on-the-job training – szkolenie pracownicze
outdoor job – praca na powietrzu
painting service – malowanie wnętrz
PC tutor – nauczyciel/ka obsługi komputera
pet care – opieka nad zwierzętami domowymi
perform a task/job/duty – wykonać
zadanie/pracę/obowiązek
position – stanowisko
provide training – zapewniać szkolenie
raking leaves – grabienie liści
references – referencje
requirements – wymagania
retail employment – zatrudnienie w handlu
seasonal employment – zatrudnienie
sezonowe
shovelling driveways/snow – odśnieżanie
podjazdów/śniegu
skilled – wykwalifikowany
(ski) resort job – praca w ośrodku (narciarskim)
staff needed – potrzebni pracownicy
start/open a business – rozpocząć biznes
(Student) Employment Office/Careers Service
Office – biuro zatrudnienia (studenckiego),
„pośredniak”
subordinate – podwładny/a
summer camp job – praca na obozie letnim
undertake a job – podjąć się pracy

vacancy – wakat
volunteer (n; v) – ochotnik/czka; pracować jako
ochotnik/czka
washing cars – mycie samochodów
website development service – zakładanie
stron internetowych
weed control – odchwaszczanie
ACTIVATE YOUR VOCABULARY
4 Complete the letter of application with the words from the box.
Uzupełnij list motywacyjny wyrazami z ramki.
express, skilled, addition, performing, accuracy, experience, sincerely, intern, gain,
specify, consideration, position, resume
Dear Mrs. Flynt,
I would like to (1) ........................... my interest in the (2) ........................... of
editorial assistant for your publishing company. As a recent graduate with writing, editing,
and administrative (3) ..........................., I believe I am a strong candidate for the
position at the INK Publishing Company.
You (4) ........................... that you are looking for someone with strong writing skills.
Having done an English major and working as a writing tutor and an editorial
(5) ........................... for both government magazine and a college marketing office,
I have become a (6) ........................... writer with a variety of experience.
Working as an office assistant at the Careers Services Office at XYZ College has given me
the skills necessary for (7) ........................... the various administrative tasks required
of an editorial assistant. My job has helped me (8) ........................... experience in
making phone calls, performing ordinary office duties, and doing numerous tasks that
involve computer programs such as Microsoft Access and Excel. For three years, I have
carried out these responsibilities and others with dedicated organization, speed, and
(9) ..........................., and I know I will be able to apply these abilities to a position
within your company.
Although I am a recent college graduate, I am sure my maturity, practical experience and
eagerness to enter the publishing business will make me an excellent editorial assistant.
I would love to begin my career with your company, and I am convinced that I would be a
beneficial (10) ........................... to the INK Publishing Company.
I have enclosed my (11) ..........................., and will telephone within the next week to
see if some time can be arranged to speak together. Thank you for your time and
(12) ...........................
Yours (13) ...........................,
James Madden

5 Look at the model for an application letter. Put each piece of information 1–10 into the
correct section of the letter below.
Spójrz na szablon listu motywacyjnego. Następnie umieść informacje 1 –10 w odpowiedniej
jego sekcji.
1 how your qualifications match the job description
2 typed – for an e-mail
3 summary of the information from your resume (not repetition!)
4 where you saw the job advertised
5 reasons for writing
6 thanking the employer for considering your job application
7 information about how you’ll follow-up on your job application
8 handwritten – for a mailed letter
9 mentioning the position applied for
10 what you can offer your prospective employer
SALUTATIONS
 Dear Mr./Ms. Smith,
 Dear Sir/Madam,
FIRST PARAGRAPH
 ...........................................
 ...........................................
 ...........................................
MIDDLE PARAGRAPH(S)
 ...........................................
 ...........................................
 ...........................................
FINAL PARAGRAPH
 ...........................................
 ...........................................
COMPLIMENTARY CLOSE
 Yours sincerely,
 Yours faithfully,
SIGNATURE
 ...........................................
 ...........................................

6 Complete the sentences with correct words.
Uzupełnij zdania odpowiednimi wyrazami.
1 A job available for someone to start doing is a v.................. .
2 If you’ve had enough of your nine-to-five job, try s.................. your own b..................
and work for yourself.
3 A list of former employers who can verify the fact that you’ve been a reliable employee are
your r.................. .
4 No formal qualifications are required as you will be provided with o..................training.
5 A recent s.................. revealed that most of the population are dissatisfied with their
conditions of employment.
6 To apply for a job, you must carefully write your r.................. summarizing your
education, qualifications and work experience, and e.................. this with a letter of
application.
7 Money which is earned from work or received from investments is your i.................. .
8 The ability to use a computer is called computer I.................. .
9 The way in which individuals manage their careers within and between organizations is
called c.................. d.................. .
10 Working for four national newspapers at the same time, he’s a f.................. journalist.
7 Provide synonyms for the following words.
Napisz synonimy podanych wyrazów.
1 approach = a............................
2 applicant = c............................
3 businessperson = e............................
4 make money = g............................ profits
5 employ = h............................
6 fire = d............................
7 personnel = s............................
8 CV = r............................
9 attach = e............................
10 ambitions = a............................
11 responsibilities = d ............................

4.2
THE JOB MARKET
8 Answer the questions.
Odpowiedz na pytania.
1 How long is the working week for an average Polish employee?
2 Does it differ depending on the type of company you work for? How?
9 Read the text and decide if the sentences below are true (T) or false (F).
Przeczytaj tekst i zdecyduj, czy poniższe zdania są prawdziwe (T) czy fałszywe (F).
1 The number of unemployment benefit recipients is currently increasing in
Europe.
T/F
2 Workers often devalue their professional worthiness in order to gain any kind
of employment.
T/F
3 The overworked often experience social exclusion.
T/F
4 The shortening of the average working week might be the solution to high
unemployment.
T/F
5 Even in times of recession, the valuing of your work increases with the amount
of effort that you put into it.
T/F
6 Long-term exhaustion and diminished interest in one’s career is a threat to a
person’s mental stability.
T/F
Eager beavers or lazybones?
There are two groups of people who will always envy each other: the unemployed and the overworked.
In times of recession people more often get fired or, faced with pay cuts, hand in the resignation
thinking that as experienced as they are, they won’t have any problems finding another job. The reality
appears much tougher, and they often end up sending hundreds of application forms and not even
being invited to one interview.
The unemployment rate gets higher in many European countries; more and more people are living
off their unemployment benefits, or, when the period during which they are helped by the government
is over, trying to make ends meet with the help of families or friends, often in a vicious circle of debts.
One of the major impacts of unemployment is labour migration. Families are split and people often
not only work abroad, but also below their market value. Those who work might suffer because of the
constant stress of realizing that when the company needs to cut costs, they might be made redundant.
Besides this, women might decide not to have babies, as maternity leave is costly for the company.

In turn, those who are out of work suffer from social exclusion. The economists discussing the
reasons for unemployment associate it with recession and low inflation. We can also notice that
unemployment is caused by technological development and population growth, as new technologies
and machines now produce the same amount of goods but require fewer employees. There has been a
trend to work less and less, which started in the 19th century. In some countries people worked 12 or
even 16 hours a day, but the working day has become shorter and shorter. If this continues, then the
unemployment rate could be lowered, but companies obviously do not see a point in letting people
work shorter for the same amount of money, as this would affect their profits. In fact, some people who
work for big companies will have probably observed the opposite trend. It might have been the case
that the official working day has become shorter, but, in practice, they are made to work overtime, and
are not really able to protest due to the number of jobless people desperately waiting to take their jobs.
In times of crisis employees often stop getting bonuses and being promoted, and they can forget about
pay rises, so they feel that even if they work more and more, their growing efforts are not appreciated.
Feeling insecure about the future, they can only see short-term goals, such as going home after 12 hours
in the office. Stress causes chronic stomach problems or a heart condition. Exhaustion, feeling
powerless and a lack of motivation lead to job burnout.
Both unemployment and burnout are dangerous for our mental selves. Working is important, but we
should always try to find a balance between work, rest, time for our families, and for ourselves.
VOCABULARY
WORK
blue-collar worker – pracownik fizyczny
demanding – wymagający
dull – nudny
employed – zatrudniony
employment – zatrudnienie
flexitime – ruchomy czas pracy
fringe benefits/perks – dodatki do pensji
get promoted – dostać awans
hand in your resignation/notice – złożyć
rezygnację/wypowiedzenie
maternity leave – urlop macierzyński
pay cut – obniżenie pensji
pay rise – podwyżka
retirement – emerytura
rewarding – dający satysfakcję
sick leave – zwolnienie lekarskie
well-paid – dobrze płatny
white collar worker – pracownik umysłowy
work overtime – pracować po godzinach
MOTIVATION, UNEMPLOYMENT AND JOB
BURNOUT
anxiety – niepokój
appreciation – docenianie, uznanie
aversion – awersja
be on the dole – być na zasiłku
bonus – premia
compete – współzawodniczyć
crying jag – napad płaczu
debt – dług
delegate responsibility – delegować zadania
depression – depresja
dismiss/sack/fire – zwolnić
effort – wysiłek
exhaustion – wyczerpanie
fatigue – zmęczenie
forgetfulness – częste zapominanie
inability – niemożność
inflation – inflacja
insomnia – bezsenność
irritability – drażliwość
job burnout – wypalenie zawodowe
labour migration – migracja zarobkowa
layoffs – zwolnienia
medical insurance – ubezpieczenie medyczne
motivation – motywacja
nightmares – koszmary senne
powerlessness – bezsilność
profitability – rentowność
promotion – awans
recession – recesja
recessionary phase – faza recesji
report to somebody – podlegać komuś

responsibility – odpowiedzialność
retirement plan – plan emerytalny
reward – nagroda
salary rise – podwyżka
seasonal unemployment – bezrobocie
sezonowe
short-term/long-term goals – cele
krótkoterminowe/długoterminowe
social exclusion – wykluczenie społeczne
stroke – udar mózgu
subordinate – podwładny/a
suicide – samobójstwo
supervisor – przełożony/a
time off – czas wolny
trial/probation/probationary period – okres
próbny
unemployment benefit – zasiłek dla
bezrobotnych
unemployment rate – stopień bezrobocia
unsuitable – nieodpowiedni
vicious circle – błędne koło
work under pressure – pracować pod presją
ACTIVATE YOUR VOCABULARY
10 Complete the sentences with correct words.
Uzupełnij zdania odpowiednimi wyrazami.
1 To avoid job burnout managers should learn to d...................... responsibilities in order
to lighten the burden a bit.
2 He was offered a w...................... - c ... ...... ... ...... .... position as an office clerk. Finally,
he was able to stop working with his hands.
3 F...................... is a scheme that lets you choose when you start and finish work, within
certain limits agreed with your employer.
4 Due to a widely-publicized financial scandal, the chief executive was forced to h............
in his r...................... .
5 Years of slaving away for the company’s benefit have finally paid off, as he has received
both a p...................... to regional manager and a considerable p...................
r................... .
6 One of the advantages of working here is the paid o...................... I don’t know what I
would do if I had to stay till midnight and did not get rewarded for it!
7 The unemployed are entitled to six months of u...................... b... ...... ... ...... .... from
the state.
8 The company’s I.............- t ...... ...... ... goal is to go public and start selling shares. But
we’re setting a rational timeframe for this – approximately 6–7 years.

11 Cross the odd-one-out. Explain your choice.
Wykreśl wyraz, który nie pasuje do pozostałych. Uzasadnij swój wybór.
1 sack
dismiss
hire
fire
2 bonus
salary
pension
maternity leave
3 recessionary
well-paid
rewarding
part-time
4 exhaustion
responsibility
aversion
powerlessness
5 boss
subordinate
supervisor
employer
12 Read the information leaflet on job burnout and complete the words.
Przeczytaj ulotkę informacyjną dotyczącą wypalenia zawodowego i uzupełnij brakujące
litery.
WHAT CAUSES JOB BURNOUT?
1 working harder to hold onto your job in the face of impending I _ y _
_
_s
2 working harder because of the company having less s _ a
_
_
3 working hard without being rew_ _ _ _d
4 beinginan__suit____career
5 not having enough time _ _ f work
HOW DO YOU KNOW IF YOU ARE BURNT OUT?
If you are experiencing any of the following symptoms, burnout may be to blame:
6 fa__g_
_
7 ir_ _t_
_ i_i_y
8 uncontrollable cry_ _ _ jags
9 anx____attacks
10 ins____a
11 nig_ _ma_ _s
12 forg__f
_
_
n__s
13 lowpro___t_
_
i_yatwork
14 _ _ abi_ _ _y to concentrate
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF BURNOUT?
Burnout can affect your physical and mental health. It can lead to:
15 d_p
_
_
s___n
16 a_x_e_y
17 physical illness, i.e. having a s _ r
_
k _ or heart attack
18 s_ic_d
_

5
FAMILY AND FRIENDS
RODZINA
I PRZYJACIELE

5.1
FAMILY AND ITS PROBLEMS
1 Look at the family tree. Say as much as you can about the family and its members.
Przyjrzyj się drzewu genealogicznemu i opisz szczegółowo przedstawioną na nim rodzinę.
2 Read the text and decide in which paragraph (1–5) the information below (a–f) is given.
There is one piece of information you won’t need.
Przeczytaj tekst. Następnie zdecyduj w którym akapicie (1–5) podane są poniższe informacje.
Jedna z informacji podana jest dodatkowo.
a) The empowerment of the fair sex. .........
b) The concept of the family – no longer unequivocal. .........
c) The gory alpha–male battle for dominance. .........
d) Confusion over the household chore division. .........
e) Females being mighty, hence intimidating. .........
f) A sane consensus must be struck. .........
TOM
BELLA
DAWN
JACK
JANE
FRANK
JILL
JOHN
ANN
JULIE
SAM
JESSY
GEMMA
HARRY
MOLLY
FATHER
UNKNOWN
NINA
MATT
married
divorded
not married
ERIC
LILLY

Alpha-males or alpha-females – do traditional families still exist?
1 A lot has been said about the disappearance of the traditional, extended family model, which has been
replaced by the nuclear family, with a husband and wife and one or more children. This model, however,
used to be modern and to the new generation it looks very traditional, if not boring. With the growing
divorce rate, a broken home is perceived as something absolutely normal. With so many single parents
around, nobody is surprised when a child has two homes, or even when all the ex -wives and ex-husbands
spend their holidays together. Thus, the modern family often means a blended family, but might also
mean homosexual marriages or couples co-habiting and not hurrying to the registry office. But the
biggest changes that the vision of the new family has introduced are in the perception of the roles of a
man and woman when they form a couple and when they don’t.
2 After women gained economic independence, the divorce rate increased. One of the reasons was that
women felt stronger, and facing domestic violence, abuse or alcoholism, they could much more easily
say no. The alpha-male became an endangered species, no more protected by social rules. Women broke
off relationships and marriages and stayed with their children. The necessity of protecting and caring for
their children often meant women having to go to work and spend more time in the office than before.
3 Nowadays a woman in a single-parent family usually combines all the roles that used to be performed
by two parents. She works, does the household chores and takes care of the children. Being hard -
working, stress-resistant and powerful, she is the new alpha-female. She is even stronger than that, as
men never combined all the roles in the family – there was always a woman who dusted the shelves. It
might be difficult for a single mother to start a new family, as men in general are afraid of alpha-females
and seek an environment in which they can perform their traditional role. Men also prefer to provide for
their own children. The new man, who is divorced and pays alimony, does not look for a woman who has
children, because if he wanted more children, this could be financially unbearable for the couple.
4 Couples, on the other hand, find it difficult to redefine their roles. Women work as much as men do,
but men still find it difficult to clean and wash up as much as women do. The years of practice when a
man would come home from the office, sit down with a remote control in his hands and have his dinner
served for him are not easy to erase. The man gets frustrated because much more is expected from him
these days, and he doesn’t understand why. The woman gets frustrated, realizing she is probably a part
of the first generation of women-slaves who understand the frustration while still not being able to
change the situation. Either they hire a cleaning lady, or work out some compromise. If not, the couple
will inevitably split up.
5 So, what should we do to be able to survive as a family? Couples should definitely take the time and
courage to openly renegotiate their roles in family, taking note of who does what. One of my friends
managed to discuss all the aspects of family life with her husband. She loves cooking, but hates cleaning
and shopping. They agreed that she would cook dinner every day, while her husband would do the
shopping and minor cleaning tasks. The major cleaning is done by a hired professional. He drives the
children to school, while she collects them. She has one evening off when she attends photography
lessons. He has one evening off, usually going to the pub with friends. They always go out together once
a week, leaving the children with a babysitter. They have invented a system of tokens. If one of them
cannot do their job, they ask the partner to do it, who gets ‘a token’. The token can then be used when
the other one wants another free evening or a free weekend. This may sound complicated – but it works.
I remember what my friend told me: ‘I’ve seen too many couples splitting up because one partner felt
something was unfair. I decided that my marriage would be different. I know it sounds weird to have so
many rules, but it’s like with football or tennis – you have to learn the rules at the beginning to be able to
play well in the future.’

VOCABULARY
FAMILY MEMBERS AND FAMILY LIFE
abuse – wykorzystywać (np. seksualnie)
alpha-male – samiec alfa
ancestor – przodek
broken home – rozbity dom
cohabit – mieszkać razem
commitment – oddanie
descendant – potomek
divorce rate – liczba rozwodów
domestic violence – przemoc domowa
economic independence – niezależność
finansowa
emotional support – wsparcie emocjonalne
ex-boyfriend – były chłopak
ex-girlfriend – była dziewczyna
ex-husband – były mąż
ex-wife – była żona
extended family – rozszerzona/duża rodzina
family-centric – nastawiony na rodzinę
father/mother-in-law – teść/teściowa
foster parents – przybrani rodzice
half-brother – brat przyrodni
half-sister – siostra przyrodnia
homosexual marriage – małżeństwo
homoseksualne
illegitimate child – nieślubne dziecko
make an effort – zrobić wysiłek
maternal/paternal family – rodzina ze strony
matki/ojca
multigenerational family – rodzina
wielopokoleniowa
nuclear family – rodzina nuklearna
offspring – potomstwo
orphan – sierota
parenting roles – role rodzicielskie
parents-in-law – teściowie
registry office – urząd stanu cywilnego
remarriage – powtórne małżeństwo
self-sufficient – samowystarczalny
sibling(s) – rodzeństwo
single-parent family – rodzina niepełna
son/daughter-in-law – zięć/synowa
spouse – małżonek/małżonka
stepfamily – rodzina przyrodnia
RELATIONSHIPS – PHRASAL VERBS
break off a relationship – zakończyć związek
drop by – wpaść
drop off – zdrzemnąć się
fall behind with (work/payments) – zalegać (w
pracy/z opłatami)
fall out with – pokłócić się
get down to work – zabrać się do pracy
get on with somebody – mieć z kimś dobry
kontakt
keep in touch – być w kontakcie
let somebody down – zawieść kogoś
look down on somebody – patrzeć na kogoś z
góry
look up to somebody – szanować kogoś
make up – pogodzić się
make up (an excuse/a story) – wymyślić
(wymówkę/historyjkę)
make up for something – wynagrodzić coś
put somebody down – upokarzać kogoś
split up with somebody – rozstać się z kimś
take after somebody – być podobnym do
kogoś
take somebody out for lunch/dinner – zabrać
kogoś na lunch/kolację
take up a hobby – zacząć hobby
tell somebody off – zrobić komuś awanturę
turn somebody down – odmówić komuś

ACTIVATE YOUR VOCABULARY
3 Find ten words and phrases connected with the topic of family in the wordsearch. Look
vertically, horizontally and diagonally.
Znajdź w diagramie dziesięć wyrazów i zwrotów związanych z tematem rodziny. Szukaj
pionowo, poziomo i ukośnie.
NTADESCENDANTYR
BWAAEAFEOSITEET
OFFSPRINGLYPHIM
FOSTERPARENTBWE
EUTTHTIOLAOAAYD
NBAHUUEOORHLTTI
TBYIRSHFBONLTCI
EMLTUNSFCIOTNDO
FOTONTLANCESTOR
UWPFEATOYSOSRRP
NSPLHMSGICTNDEH
SIBLINGOVHEALEA
TENAFHSASEPHATN
1 a.........................
2 c.........................
3 d.........................
4 f......................... p.........................
5 h.........................- b... ... ...... ...... ... ....
6 o.........................
7 s.........-......-..........
8 s.........................
9 or.........................
10 sp.........................

4 Decide which of the words in exercise 3 are synonyms or close synonyms of these words.
Zdecyduj, które wyrazy z zadania 3 są zwrotami synonimicznymi w stosunku do podanych
wyrażeń.
1 dwell together = .........................
2 adoptive parent = .........................
3 forefather = .........................
4 progeny = .........................
5 successor = .........................
6 parentless child = .........................
7 husband or wife = .........................
5 Match the words 1–5 with the words a–e to make phrases. Then write their definitions.
Dopasuj wyrazy 1–5 do wyrazów a–e, tak aby powstały wyrażenia. Następnie napisz ich
definicje.
1 divorce
a) child
2 illegitimate
b) marriage
3 multigenerational
c) family
4 self-
d) rate
5 heterosexual
e) sufficient
1 ...................................................................................................................
2 ...................................................................................................................
3 ...................................................................................................................
4 ...................................................................................................................
5 ...................................................................................................................

6 Read the sentences. In some of them the prepositions in the phrasal verbs have been
mixed up. Tick the correct sentences, change the incorrect ones.
Przeczytaj poniższe zdania. Niektóre z nich są prawidłowe, a w niektórych pozamieniano
przyimki przy czasownikach złożonych. Zaznacz zdania prawidłowe, popraw zdania
nieprawidłowe.
1 She found it difficult to even look at the boy, as he took after his father a lot, who had
abandoned and humiliated her.
2 These days, finding a genuine mentor, a person to look up at, is immeasurably difficult.
3 Impetuous as she was, she kept telling her then-boyfriend out in front of all his mates, so
one day he had had enough and they split off.
4 Hardly had they made up after a massive falling out when she sent him a text message
announcing that she wished to break up the relationship.
5 We had known that humiliation was part of the package when we accepted the job, but
the continual practice of putting us back, verbal insults and looking though on us as if we
were uneducated imbeciles was way over the top.

5.2
HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVALS
7 What celebrations do these two groups of words refer to? Describe how these holidays are
celebrated in Poland.
Do jakich świąt odnoszą się poniższe dwie grupy wyrazów? Opowiedz, jak obchodzi się te
święta w Polsce.
1 the dropping ball, fireworks, sparkling wine, resolution
2 Holy Week, the Passion, incense, daffodils, lamb
8 Rearrange the letters to complete the Christmas to-do list.
Rozszyfruj wyrazy w nawiasach i uzupełnij listę rzeczy do załatwienia przed świętami.
Mum
Dad
Katie
Household
(oserch)
..............
 do the (roiing)
...... ......
 shop for special
(ofdo) .............
 (dnes tuo) .............
cards
 (read tuo) .............
the attic
 (xaw) ...........
the floors
 do the (vangcuumi)
.............
 change the (heetss)
.............
 do the (unalrdy)
.............
Outdoor
activities
 (yub) .............
Christmas presents
 (ikcp pu) .............
the Christmas tree
 (tup tuo) .............
the lights on the porch
Fun stuff
 (dateecor) .................. the tree
 visit our widowed, elderly neighbour with delicacies and best (wisesh) ......
9 Read the message board and match sentences a–e with gaps 1–5 . Make sure the text is
logically and stylistically coherent.
Przeczytaj tekst. Następnie wstaw zdania a–e w luki 1–5, tak by tekst był spójny i poprawny
stylistycznie.
a) Or else, what happens if they are left alone.
b) We play chess (I never know how to move) or draughts (I never manage to have a king!).
c) Take last Christmas.
d) I don’t understand how you can play games at Christmas.
e) And we help each other to clean the house.

Do you like holidays? Before each Christmas or Easter, I always think, ‘Oh no, not again...’
I’m so busy every day working overtime and doing all the household chores that having
any additional work to do seems a nightmare. (1) .... December is always a hot time in the
office as it’s the end of the year. Now: a few days before Christmas school holidays start,
which means it’s not ‘who’s going to collect the children from school’. It’s ‘who stays with
them’. (2) .... Teens at home with friends coming round meant that ordinary cleaning,
sweeping the floor or vacuuming was not enough. The mess was so bad that I had to take
a day off work to tidy it all up. Then, on the 24th, I had to go to the office to finish
everything. As a result, I had three hours to prepare dinner. The only thing I was dreaming
about was taking a nap. I didn’t even manage to do my hair! I was completely exhausted.
marion70
Holidays, like alcohol, are for those who can use them wisely. In our family, everybody
does something, so you still have plenty of time to relax! I've got a huge,
multigenerational family and we divide work between ourselves to make sure nobody
becomes a ‘slave’ at Christmas. For example, for dinner, everybody brings one dish. (3) ....
In fact, it seems that the celebrations start much earlier, when my granddad prepares his
famous punch and, drinking from huge glasses, we divide the chores. After a few hours,
everything is done – we are only a bit tipsy! Next day, we meet for dinner, everybody with
their own pot or jar with something tasty inside. I love Christmas and Easter!
lucasx
For me, Christmas and other holidays have always been associated with games. My family
loves both card and board games. (4) .... We play cards (although I can never distinguish
between clubs and spades). When I was a little girl, I loved shuffling and cutting the deck
and I still love cards, even if I am hopeless at any game which requires any complicated
rules. Still, this is a time when my family, some middle-aged, some ageing, with teenagers
and toddlers, gather around the big table in my grandma’s house to play games and
spend time together.
Cinderella
(5) .... As we all know, it’s a religious holiday and should not be celebrated with gambling,
but with calm reflection about life. The essence of Christmas is not spending money on
gadgets, but going to church and helping the poor. We never neglect the spiritual part of
religious holidays in our family and we are proud of it.
JimmyJames

VOCABULARY
STAGES OF LIFE
ageing – starzejący się
grown-up – dorosły
in his/her early/mid/late forties – lekko po
czterdziestce/po czterdziestce/mocno po
czterdziestce
in your prime – w kwiecie wieku
life span/expectancy – przeciętna długość życia
menopause – menopauza
turn (18) – skończyć (18) lat
underage – niepełnoletni, nieletni
EVERYDAY LIFE
change the sheets – zmieniać pościel
clean/tidy up – sprzątać
collect children from kindergarten/school –
odebrać dzieci z przedszkola/szkoły
do the household chores – wykonywać prace
domowe
do the washing/the laundry – robić pranie
dust – wycierać kurze
hang up the washing – wieszać pranie
have a rest – odpoczywać
iron – prasować
put the rubbish out – wyrzucać śmieci
sweep the floor – zamiatać
take a nap – uciąć sobie drzemkę
vacuum/do the vacuuming – odkurzać
wax – woskować
BOARD AND CARD GAMES
backwards – do tyłu
board – plansza
board game – gra planszowa
capture – zbić
card game – gra w karty
chess – szachy
clubs – trefle
counters/pieces/tokens – pionki
crown – zrobić „damkę”
cut the deck – przełożyć talię
deck – talia
diamonds – karo
draughts – warcaby
draw – remis
forwards – do przodu
gambling – hazard
hearts – kiery
jump – przeskoczyć
king – damka (w warcabach)
move (n; v) – ruch; zrobić ruch
rules – zasady
roll/throw the dice – rzucać kostką
score – wynik
shuffle – tasować
(someone’s) turn – (czyjaś) kolejka
spades – piki
square – pole
suits – kolory karciane
tactics – taktyka
toss a coin – rzucać monetą
ACTIVATE YOUR VOCABULARY
11 Complete the sentences with correct words connected to stages of people’s lives.
Uzupełnij zdania odpowiednimi wyrazami związanymi z etapami życia człowieka.
1 The phenomenon of an a.................... society is most worrying from the point of view of social
insurance, as in the foreseeable future, the retired shall outnumber working people.
2 When her menopause struck, she was beyond flabbergasted. She thought she was in the
p.................... of life.
3 Life e.................... increased greatly over the second part of the 20th century, due to an
abundance of food and the availability of medicine.
4 In Poland there are laws against u.................... drinking. You can only buy alcohol once you’ve
t.................... 18.

11 Complete the rules of draughts with the words from the box.
Uzupełnij zasady gry w warcaby wyrazami z ramki.
adjacent, backwards, board, capture, counters, crowned, diagonally, draw, opponents,
pieces, purpose, removing, renders, tossed, turns, vacant
The game of draughts is played on a standard chess (1) ....................... made up of
64 black and white chequered squares. Each player has 12 pieces, normally in the form
of round (2) ....................... . The board is placed between the two (3) .................
so that the near right-hand corner square is white for both players.
Black always starts first. A coin is (4) .................... to decide which player will be black.
Each player’s pieces are placed on the 12 black squares nearest to the players. The
white squares are not used at all during the game as the pieces only move (5) .............
and stay on the black squares throughout the game.
The (6) ................. of the game is to take all of your opponent’s pieces or to produce
such a position that your opponent is unable to move.
Players take (7) ....................... to move a piece of their own colour diagonally. Any
piece that reaches the far edge of the board is immediately (8) ‘ ......................’ and is
thereafter called ‘king’. The act of crowning is physical – another piece of the same
colour is placed on top of the piece or turned upside down, in order to distinguish it
from an ordinary piece.
Until a piece is ‘crowned’, it can only move and (9) ....................... in a diagonally
forward direction. Kings are allowed to move and capture diagonally forwards and
(10) ....................... thus being more powerful and valuable. However, ordinary
(11) ....................... can capture kings.
Whenever your piece has an opponent’s piece (12) ......................to it and the square
immediately behind the opponent’s piece is (13) ....................... the opponent’s
piece can be captured. If the player has the opportunity to capture one or more of the
opponent’s pieces, it is compulsory to do so. A piece is taken by jumping over it into the
vacant square behind and (14) ....................... it from the board.
The game is won by the player who first manages to take all his opponent’s pieces or
(15) ....................... them unable to move.
A (16) ....................... can occur by agreement at any point during the game.

6
DIET AND NUTRITION
DIETA I ODŻYWIANIE

6.1
DIET AND HEALTHY LIVING
1 Read the quotation and answer the questions below.
Przeczytaj cytat i odpowiedz na pytania poniżej.
‘The trouble with always trying to preserve the health of the body is that it is so difficult to do
without destroying the health of the mind.’
(Gilbert Keith Chesterton, English writer)
Do you agree with this view? Why/Why not?
2 Read the text and match beginnings of the sentences 1 -7 to their endings a-g .
Przeczytaj tekst na temat diet i dopasuj początki zdań 1 -7 do ich zakończeń a-g .
1 The consumption of highly-processed,
antibiotic-filled food is
2 Only by careful consideration and balance
between the yin and yang elements,
3 You should differentiate your diet
4 Not only the content of your meal is of
importance
5 The Chinese believe that the loss of
internal bodily balance is
6 The yin people tend to be apathetic, thus
eating rising blood pressure,
7 The cooling yang products are
a) can a meal be nutritiously beneficial.
b) greasy meat seems to be an obvious
solution for them.
c) but the method of its consumption as
well.
d) a cause of our organisms ailing.
e) the major sin of contemporary eating
culture.
f) advised for people with skin prone to
imperfections.
g) according to the season.
To lose weight and gain new life
Most people believe that starting a diet simply means another attempt at losing weight. However, there
are well-known dietary rules whose main objective is to ensure health and well-being.
Macrobiotics
The macrobiotic diet is based on a belief that nature knows what healthy eating is. The main mistake in
contemporary eating habits is the choice of highly processed or refined foods, such as white bread rolls
deprived of any nutritional value, farm chickens, fatty meats and sweets.
In Greek, ‘macro bios’ means long life. The term was used by Hippocrates and Aristotle, but this way of
eating was developed into a system in the late 19th and 20th centuries by Japanese doctors, who
discovered that this diet can be used well for treating patients with various health conditions.

The staple food in the ‘long life’ diet is whole grains, especially brown rice. Cereal products are
supplemented with vegetables, fruits, beans, seaweed and fermented soya products. These products
should be combined into meals according to a principle of balance between yin and yang elements. The
best food types are the ones that keep this balance; however, there are also products recommended to
be eaten sparingly. Meat, poultry and eggs have strong yang qualities, so we should avoid eating too
much of these, but also some extremely yin products such as tomatoes, peppers and potatoes, which
are traditionally regarded as healthy elements of a well-balanced diet, should not be eaten in large
quantities. The best products are locally grown and eaten in season. A macrobiotic diet emphasizes
cooking according to the time of the year. For example, in summer, we should eat lighter products (such
as fruit and large-leaved greens); they should be steamed, cooked quickly or eaten raw. On the other
hand, in winter, heavier food is recommended, like root vegetables or soya sauce, and more food will be
stewed or cooked, like miso soup. The manner of eating is also important; food should be chewed well
before swallowing and we should definitely not overeat. Pursuing a proper diet is a basic rule, but
macrobiotics is perceived as an approach to life rather than a diet. Treating your own body with respect
is a means to experience a feeling of oneness with the universe.
Chinese food therapy
Chinese nutrition rules date back to 2,000 BC. The basic assumption of this method is that food can be
classified into groups according to its yin and yang characteristics and tastes. The idea of the Chinese is
that a healthy body must be in balance and diseases or health conditions occur when this balance is lost.
Yang foods heat the body and raise the speed of the metabolism, whereas yin foods do the opposite.
The idea is to keep a balanced diet composed of two types of products, but taking into account
preliminary conditions. There are yang people and there are yin people. The former tend to have higher
blood pressure, they are often very energetic but must be careful not to eat too many yang foods, such
as red meat – they should rather cool their bodies with a yin watermelon. And there are the opposite –
yin people, who are supposed to eat fried meat, oil and salty dishes. They are often cold, anaemic and
sleepy – such foods will increase their body heat and improve their overall performance. Diseases are
believed to be often caused by overeating certain products. For example, urinary problems might be
caused by eating too many yin products – so, yang foods become the natural remedy. The opposite is
with acne – to improve this skin condition, it is recommended to avoid yang foods and choose cooling
products. Even tea can be yin or yang, depending on the type. Green tea is healthy – but not for people
who are lethargic or have very low blood pressure, as its yin elements might bring about devastating
effects for them. Black tea is heating – so it has the opposite effect and ‘target group’. Fortunately, most
people are neither extremely yin nor yang. They can enjoy both yin and yang products – only
remembering to balance the two!
These are just two of the famous diets which have changed the perception of what it means to eat
healthily. They have a long tradition and real beneficial effects. Recently, we have heard about other
ideas for eating – one of the interesting ones was eating according to your blood type. We may wonder
if this works. We might also wonder if diets whose foundation are based on philosophical or moral
reasons, such as veganism, have good effects for our health. What is clear, however, is that – as
somebody said a long time ago – ‘we are what we eat’. So, looking at our meal with a magnifying glass
should not be a surprise to anybody.

VOCABULARY
DIETS
blood pressure – ciśnienie krwi
blood type – grupa krwi
dietary regimen – reżim dietetyczny
highly processed – wysokoprzetworzony
lose weight – chudnąć
macrobiotics – makrobiotyka
refined – rafinowany
start a diet – rozpocząć dietę
veganism – weganizm
well-balanced diet – zrównoważona dieta
BREAD AND CEREAL PRODUCTS
bun – słodka bułka
corn bread – chleb kukurydziany
croissant – rogalik
French bread – bagietka
piece of toast – tost
roll – bułka
rolled oats – płatki owsiane
rye bread – chleb żytni
wholemeal bread – chleb razowy
DAIRY PRODUCTS
buttermilk – maślanka
cottage cheese – twarożek wiejski
cream cheese – biały serek kanapkowy
curds – zsiadłe mleko
free-range eggs – jajka od kur z wolnego
wybiegu
goat cheese – ser kozi
processed cheese – ser topiony
sour cream – gęsta śmietana
MEAT, FISH AND SEAFOOD
anchovies – anchois
beef – wołowina
chicken wings – skrzydełka kurczaka
cod – dorsz
duck – kaczka
eel – węgorz
filet – filet
goose – gęś
paddock – łupacz
kidney – nerki
lamb – jagnięcina
liver – wątróbka
lobster – homar
loin – polędwica
mackerel – makrela
meat bacon – bekon
mutton – baranina
oysters – ostrygi
pike – szczupak
pork – wieprzowina
poultry – drób
prawns – krewetki
ribs – żeberka
salmon – łosoś
sardines – sardynki
seafood – owoce morza
smoked – wędzony
sole – sola
steak – stek
stew – gulasz
tripe – flaki
trout – pstrąg
tuna – tuńczyk
turkey – indyk
veal – cielęcina
venison – dziczyzna
FRUIT AND VEGETABLES
almonds – migdały
apricot – morela
asparagus – szparag
aubergine – bakłażan
avocado – awokado
beetroot – burak
blackberries – jeżyny
blackcurrants – czarna porzeczka
broccoli – brokuły
Brussels sprouts – brukselka
capers – kapary
cashew nuts – orzechy nerkowca
cauliflower – kalafior
celery – seler naciowy
chicory – cykoria
coconut – orzech kokosowy
courgette – cukinia
cranberries – żurawina
dates – daktyle

figs – figi
gooseberries – agrest
green beans – fasolka szparagowa
hazelnuts – orzechy laskowe
leek – por
lettuce – sałata
marrow – kabaczek
melon – melon
peanuts – orzeszki ziemne
peas – groszek
pepper – papryka
pineapple – ananas
prune – suszona śliwka
pumpkin – dynia
radish – rzodkiewka
rhubarb – rabarbar
rocket leaf – rukola
sorrel – szczaw
spinach – szpinak
spring onions – dymka
sprouts – kiełki
sweetcorn – kukurydza
tangerine – mandarynka
watermelon – arbuz
zest – otarta skórka
HERBS AND SPICES
allspice – ziele angielskie
basil – bazylia
bay leaf – liść laurowy
chives – szczypiorek
cinnamon – cynamon
clove (of garlic) – ząbek (czosnku)
cloves – goździki
ginger – imbir
herb – zioło
horseradish – chrzan
lemon balm – melisa
marjoram – majeranek
mixed spice – przyprawa do pierników
nutmeg – gałka muszkatołowa
parsley – pietruszka
peppermint – mięta
spice – przyprawa
tarragon – estragon
thyme – tymianek
vanilla essence – aromat waniliowy
vinegar – ocet
CAKES AND DRINKS
apple crumple – jabłka z kruszonką
apple pie – szarlotka
confectionery – słodycze, wyroby cukiernicze
cordial – syrop
doughnut – pączek
(fruit) jelly – galaretka
gingerbread – pierniczki
milkshake – koktajl mleczny
muffin – mufinka
port – porto
refined sugar – cukier rafinowany
shortbread – kruche ciastka maślane
soft drinks – napoje bezalkoholowe
sponge cake – biszkopt
ACTIVATE YOUR VOCABULARY
3 Put the food products from the box into the correct categories.
Wpisz produkty żywnościowe z ramki w odpowiednie kolumny tabelki.
apricot, beetroot, blackcurrants, curds, dates, eel, milkshake, gingerbread, cordial, lettuce,
loin, prune, punch, roll, shortbread, tripe, rolled oats
Fruit and
vegetables
Dairy products Meat and
fish
Confectionery
Drinks
Bread and cereal
products

4 Read the sentences and complete the words.
Przeczytaj poniższe zdania i uzupełnij brakujące litery.
1 When you make a birthday cake, you can bake the s _ o
_
_
e cake for the layers yourself or
buy it ready made.
2 Raisins, c_a _b_r _
_e_andcut-upd_t
_
s are great additions to muffins and cheesecakes.
3 Once a tart is cool, you can serve it sprinkled with finely chopped p _ _ s
_
e_orch_v
_
_
.
4 W__l_
_e_
_
bread is a healthy sandwich option, much better than white bread rolls or
buns.
5 C_u_i_
_o_
_r
resembles broccoli, but is very different in colour.
6 The most popular fish at Christmas in Poland is _ e
_
_
i_g.
7 Meatfromadeeriscalledv___s
_
_
; meat from a small sheep is called _ _ _ b; meat from
an adult sheep is called _ u
_
t _ _ and meat from chickens, turkeys etc. is referred to as _ _
u__r_ .
8 I love drinking _u_
_e_m_
_ k . It’s much richer than milk, but not as heavy as yoghurt.
9 His number one breakfast is a piece of toast with p_ _c_s _
_ d cheese, another one with c _
t_a
_
_
cheese with slices of r _ d _
_
_
ontopandacupofg_e
_
_ tea.
10 Excessive use of r _ f
_
_
e _ sugar instead of e.g . brown sugar, will stop you from losing w_
_g_
_.
5 Invent and describe a whole-day healthy-diet menu. Pay attention to the number of meals,
their content, the amount of liquid drunk etc. Describe all the meals in detail.
Obmyśl i opisz całodniowy jadłospis kogoś na bardzo zdrowej diecie. Zwróć uwagę na ilość
posiłków, ich skład, ilość płynów itp. Szczegółowo opisz każde danie.

6.2
ENGLISH FOOD
WIEDZA O KRAJACH ANGLOJĘZYCZNYCH
6 Number the instructions for making scrambled eggs in their correct order.
Ułóż instrukcje dotyczące robienia jajecznicy w odpowiedniej kolejności.
Light-as-air scrambled eggs
 First, peel and chop up an onion.
□
 Season the mixture with salt, pepper or marjoram.
□
 Fry it until you are happy with the consistency, stirring occasionally.
□
 Melt some butter in a pan and fry it a golden colour.
□
 Serve with buttered toast, cut-up tomatoes and some radish sprouts.
□
 Take three eggs and break them into a bowl.
□
 Then add the egg mixture and stir gently.
□
 Whisk the eggs, add a dollop of sour cream to the mixture and whisk vigorously.
□
7 Explain how to prepare an instant pudding.
Wyjaśnij, jak przygotować budyń z torebki.
Things you need:
1 bag of instant chocolate pudding with sugar, a pint of milk, a saucepan, a cooker
8 Read the text on page 78 and complete the sentences below.
Przeczytaj tekst na stronie 78 i dokończ poniższe zdania zgodnie z jego treścią.
1 Not only has British food been affected by historical and geographical factors,
.................................................
2 Plain food might be devalued but is, in fact, .................................................
3 In British food, there are many kinds of......................, some of which are weird and
seemingly inedible.
4 Among the most popular British desserts are .................................................
5 Curry, though Indian in origin, is often .................................................

From fish and chips to curries: English food
Being criticized along with English weather, English food has been influenced by the history and
geography of the country as well as by the growing needs of a modern lifestyle and the globalization of
the food market.
The simplicity of the traditional Sunday roast consisting of roast beef, lamb, pork or chicken with
roast, boiled or mashed potatoes and boiled vegetables was often ridiculed, but, in fact, this is one of
the meals people often miss while chewing sushi or
eating cold salads from plastic plates at lunchtime in
big cities. Simple often means tasty, especially if high-
quality meat is roasted with care and served with
sauces: mint for lamb, apple for pork and horseradish
for beef. Roast beef is traditionally eaten with
Yorkshire pudding, which wins the contest for the
weirdest addition. Big ‘mushrooms’ made from flour,
milk and eggs are perfect for dipping in gravy. The
Sunday roast is served on Sundays and holidays in
homes and restaurants.
Another simple dish popular in pubs and as a takeaway is fish and chips. This started its career sold
with salt and vinegar, wrapped in a newspaper. Fried cod with thick potato chips (or sometimes other
root vegetables fried with herbs) and mushy peas is served in pubs and restaurants.
Meat and potatoes seem to be the basis for many meals. There are estimated to be about 400
varieties of sausage in the UK. They can be grilled and eaten with mashed potatoes and gravy. Sausages
can also be baked in batter and served with onion gravy. Why is this simple dish called toad in the hole?
Nobody knows. A very special kind of sausage is black pudding made from pig’s blood, tripe and other
edible parts. We have a similar type of sausage in Poland, so this meal as such is not astonishing – but the
fact that the word ‘pudding’ is used for such different types of food is extremely unusual.
A visitor to Britain might not only be astonished when pudding turns out to be black sausage, but
also when a pie is made of liver, kidney and mashed potatoes. So, can we expect any desserts at all? The
answer is – yes, of course! Some of them are puddings indeed, such as bread and butter pudding or
Christmas pudding. There are also apple and rhubarb crumbles, lemon tarts and the accompanying
custard – a sauce made from corn flour and vanilla. After the meal, coffee is often drunk. However, the
traditional hot drink of the British is tea. At teatime, beside
tea served with milk, little sandwiches and cakes are eaten.
However, this tradition of afternoon tea is disappearing, as
it takes up time, and office workers only usually have time
for ethnic takeaway foods. Indeed, curry has become so
popular that for many it seems to be more English than pie
or crumble – and it might be so. In times of social change it
is difficult to decide what the origin of a given food is. And
it is even more difficult to decide who is right: the
supporters of the traditional ‘meat and two veg’ meal or
the fans of spring rolls, sushi – and curry.

VOCABULARY
TRADITIONAL AND NEW BRITISH FOOD
black pudding – kaszanka
curry – curry
custard – sos waniliowy
fish and chips – ryba z frytkami
gravy – sos
lemon tart – tarta cytrynowa
mushy peas – puree z groszku
rhubarb crumble – rabarbar zapieczony z
kruszonoką
spring rolls – sajgonki
Sunday roast – obiad niedzielny z pieczenią,
ziemniakami i warzywami
takeaway food – jedzenie na wynos
toad in the hole – kiełbaski zapieczone w
cieście
Yorkshire pudding – Yorkshire pudding
COOKING
add – dodać
bake – piec (chleb, ciasto)
baking powder – proszek do pieczenia
barbecue – grillować
batter – ciasto (naleśnikowe)
bland – bez smaku
blind bake – podpiekać (np. kruchy spód do
ciasta lub tarty)
bowl – miska
brew – zaparzać (herbatę)
cake/baking tin – forma do ciasta
caster sugar – drobny cukier do pieczenia
chop up – siekać
cool – schładzać
deep-fry – smażyć w głębokim tłuszczu
dice – kroić w kostkę
dough – ciasto (zagniatane)
drain – odcedzać
flavour – doprawiać do smaku
fry – smażyć
garnish (v; n) – przybrać; przybranie
grate – ścierać (ser)
grater – tarka
grease – natłuścić
grind – zemleć
heat – podgrzewać
icing sugar – cukier puder
ingredient – składnik
knead – wyrabiać (ciasto)
line – wyłożyć (np. formę papierem do
pieczenia)
mash – tłuc (ziemniaki)
melt – topić
mix – mieszać (składniki ze sobą)
mixture – mieszanka, masa
overcook – rozgotować
pastry – ciasto (wałkowane)
peel – obierać
pickle – marynować
poach – gotować w wodzie
pour – nalewać
preheat the oven – nagrzać piekarnik
raw – surowy
roast – piec (mięso)
saute – smażyć
season – doprawić
self-raising flour – mąka z proszkiem do
pieczenia
serve – podawać
set – zastygać
sieve – przesiewać
simmer – gotować wolno
slice – kroić na plastry
sprinkle – posypać, skropić
squeeze – wyciskać
steam – gotować na parze
stir (in) – (w)mieszać
stir-fry – podsmażać, intensywnie mieszając
stuff – faszerować
sweeten – słodzić
undercook – nie dogotować
yeast – drożdże
whip – ubijać (śmietanę)
whisk/beat – ubijać (jajka, pianę)

ACTIVATE YOUR VOCABULARY
9 Read the cake recipe and complete the words.
Przeczytaj przepis na ciasto i uzupełnij brakujące litery.
Delicious carrot cake
Ingredients:
180 g self-raising f _ o
_
r
350gcasters__a
_
1 tsp (teaspoon) baking p _ w
_
_
r
1 tsp ground cinnamon
3 eggs
220 g grated r _ w carrots
1⁄4 tsp salt
300 ml sunflower oil
For the filling:
180gcreamc_e
_
se
180gm_I
_
ed butter
220 g icing sugar
1⁄2tspvanillae_s
_
n_e
Step1:P_eh__ttheoven
Heat the oven to 180°C. Grease and line a 25 cm round cake t _ n.
Step 2: Combine the dry i _ g
_
e__e
_
t_
S _ e v _ together the self-raising flour, baking powder, c_n _a_
_ n and salt.
Step 3: Prepare the mixture
Puttheoilinalargeb_w
_
and beat with the caster sugar. Beat in the eggs, adding one at a
time, then add the dry ingredients and stir in the g _ a
_
_
d carrots.
Step 4: Bake
Placethem_x
_
_
r _ in the tin, level off the top, and bake for 45 minutes. Reduce the heat to
170°C for a further 20 minutes. Take the cake out of the oven and let it c _ o
_
in the tin for five
minutes. Remove from the tin to cool on a wire rack.
Step 5: Make the filling
While the cake is cooling, b _ a
_
together the cream cheese and butter and add the vanilla
essence. Gradually add the sieved ic _ _ g sugar until the mixture is solid but spreadable.
Step 6: Finish
When the cake is cool, split it in half horizontally and spread the icing between the two parts
and over the top. Decorate it with w_ _n_ts, al_ _n_
_,etc.

10 Match the beginnings of these cooking instructions to their endings.
Dopasuj początki instrukcji kulinarnych do ich zakończeń.
1 chop up
2 deep-fry
3 peel
4 grease
5 melt
6 stir
7 preheat
8 flavour
9 grind
10 pour
a) an onion but don’t slice it
b) chocolate in a water bath
c) the oven to 185°C
d) a bland dip
e) beer over the ham
f) tomatoes for a salad
g) the coffee
h) a baking tin
i) the sauce so it won’t burn
j) a Mars bar in batter
11 Cross the odd-one-out. Explain your choice.
Wykreśl wyraz, który nie pasuje do pozostałych. Uzasadnij swój wybór.
1 squeeze
undercook
custard
sprinkle
2 whip
drink
fry
simmer
3 dough
mash
knead
steam
4 bread
batter
dough
pastry
5 sour
sweet
salty
icy

7
SHOPPING AND
FINANCES
ZAKUPY I FINANSE

7.1
CUSTOMER COMPLAINTS
1 Match the products (1-6) with possible reasons for complaining about them (a More than
one complaint is possible for each product.
Połącz produkty (1-6) z możliwymi przyczynami ich reklamacji (a-g). Dla każdego produktu
możliwa jest więcej niż jedna przyczyna reklamacji.
1. a wine glass
2. a sleeveless top
3. an iPod
4. a flat packed bookcase
5. ahat
6. a food processor
a) It’s the wrong size.
b) It's chipped.
c) It's shrunk while being washed.
d) It doesn’t charge.
e) A part is missing.
f) It doesn’t suit me.
g) It doesn’t work properly.
2 Read the text and answer the following questions.
Przeczytaj tekst i odpowiedz na poniższe pytania.
1 What kind of household appliance did the older couple buy?
..................................................................................................................
2 In what four ways are the complaints ‘blessings in disguise’?
..................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................
3 How should a complaint be dealt with?
..................................................................................................................
4 What are the ways of rectifying a problem with a defective appliance/unsatisfactory
service?
..................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................

Customer complaints: blessings in disguise?
‘I purchased a front load Miemens washer model GHR98 in August 2009. It was delivered
on time and installed properly, but after a few days, it appeared to be defective. It started
leaking and at the end of the cycle, excessive water was left inside. It needed its first repair
in September and then the second in October, and it still failed to spin. The washer stinks
and the clothes are dirty. We have stopped using it, waiting for a solution to be offered by
your company. We have talked to the manager about wanting a refund, but he was rude
and unhelpful, saying we still have the guarantee, so we should fix it. He didn’t even offer a
replacement, saying the washer had been used. We are senior citizens in bad health and the
washer was supposed to make our life easier – but it hasn’t!’
Such letters or emails are written every day by dissatisfied customers. To people who
run businesses, they might appear to be a nightmare, but in fact complaining clients are
blessings in disguise. First of all, if there is a complaint, that probably means there is a
problem with goods or services you are selling, so the complaining customer, in fact, is
helping to spot a problem and resolve it not only for himself, but also for other customers
who are silent, and potential ones in the future. It can also help managers to spot personal
problems – for example employees who are rude or keep passing on people to other
employees instead of helping them. Secondly, resolving the problem will help to retain the
customer. Research shows that customers who complained and the company solved the
problem are prone to be loyal to the company more frequently than ones who are just
happy with their purchase or service. Being helped and treated well creates a feeling of
security, as the company appears to be respectful to the customer’s needs. Thirdly, if the
company’s mission is to provide a good service and help when needed, complaints
influence employee motivation. Seeing problems being solved has a boosting effect on
people working in the company and it might enhance the pride of being a member.
Dealing with complaints requires some knowledge of psychology. First of all, the
salesperson should listen to the customer, and let him or her describe everything even if
this includes some unpleasant comments about the product or the company itself. After
this, a solution should be offered. Solutions will be different depending on the customer’s
needs. Obviously, the best solution from the company’s point of view is a replacement. Try
to replace the broken product with a new one. If the customer is afraid the new one won’t
work either, you could offer a similar model. Replacement keeps the customer with both
the product and the company, but there is a potential danger: if the new product is no
good, you definitely will not retain the customer. Well, we shouldn’t really sell products we
know are not worth buying, should we? If customers are really unhappy, they might want a
refund. It’s not perfect from the company’s point of view, as the customer might start
dealing with competitors. However, solving the problem like the customer wants it might
bring him or her back in the future. If there is a minor problem, you might offer a partial
refund or reduced price on another product. Retaining the customer is always the major
purpose. And the basic thing: make sure you apologize. Believe it or not, people expect
more than help with the product or refund: they also expect to hear ‘I’m sorry.’ Basic
human communication? Maybe, but hundreds of unhappy clients ignored by busy managers
would definitely appreciate hearing it.

VOCABULARY
SHOPPING
bar code – kod kreskowy
bargain – okazja
bulk – hurt
cash desk/checkout – kasa
changing room – przymierzalnia
competitive prices – konkurencyjne ceny
counter – lada
customer – klient/ka
discount – zniżka
ask for/give/offer a refund – poprosić
0/dać/zaproponować zwrot pieniędzy
goods – towary
haggle/bargain – targować się
offer – promocja
pay in cash – płacić gotówką
quality – jakość
receipt – paragon
reduce prices – obniżać ceny
sale – wyprzedaż
scanner – czytnik
trolley – wózek na zakupy
try on – przymierzać
wrap – pakować
COMPLAINTS
apologize – przeprosić
apology – przeprosiny
benefits – korzyści
brand/make – marka
broken – zepsuty
deal with – zajmować się
defective – źle działający
deliver – dostarczać
dissatisfaction – niezadowolenie
exchange – wymienić
file a complaint – złożyć skargę
fix – naprawić
give the money back – zwrócić pieniądze
ignore – ignorować
install – instalować
lawsuit – proces sądowy
leak – przeciekać
legal problems – problemy prawne
letter of complaint – skarga na piśmie
negative feedback – negatywny odbiór
offer a solution – zaoferować rozwiązanie
(partial) refund – (częściowy) zwrot pieniędzy
percentage – procent
poor service – niska jakość obsługi
prosper – prosperować
purchase – zakupić
reduced price – obniżona cena
repair – naprawiać
replacement – wymiana; towar na wymianę
reputation – reputacja
resolve a problem – rozwiązać problem
retain the customer – zachować klienta
scratches – zadrapania
ACTIVATE YOUR VOCABULARY
3 Circle the correct words.
Zakreśl właściwe słowa.
1 Tickets must be retained/purchased two weeks in advance.
2 I can give you some change for the shopping trolley/pram if you haven’t got any.
3 Look, the lens is scratched/leaking. I’d like it to be replaced.
4 It’s difficult to stop/retain staff these days. One day, they are pledging loyalty, the next
they are working for the competitors.
5 What mark/make of car has he got?

4 Complete the crossword and find the clue. The number of letters has been given.
Rozwiąż krzyżówkę i odczytaj hasło. Liczba liter została podana.
R
T
O
Y
G
Y
I
OU
L
I
 The act of supplying food to a store. (8)
 Legal proceedings against somebody. (7)
 A slip of paper providing proof of purchase. (7)
 The act of saying sorry. (7)
 A reduction in the usual price. (8)
 Something of good value that you can buy at a really low price. (7)
5 Complete the sentences with correct words.
Uzupełnij zdania odpowiednimi wyrazami.
1 A dissatisfied customer filing a c........................ expects the problem to be
r.................. quickly and effectively.
2 One of the s........................ which might be offered by a member of staff is a product
r........................ (the model may be the same or different).
3 The invention of b........................ c... ... ...... ... ...... ... has considerably shortened the
time we spend at the ch........................ .
4 In countries like Turkey, h........................ is considered an appropriate way of trading.
5 Last Monday, when I was buying a toy for my nephew as a present, a nice shop assistant
put it in a decorative bag and then charged me 20 zloty for it! When I asked her why the bill
was so high, she said she had added a w........................ charge! I just can’t believe it! It
was only a paper bag!
6 When something is broken, it needs to be f........................ .
7 The office buys Xerox paper in b........................ to keep its costs down.
8 Customers are free to express their d........................ with defective products. However,
aggressive public displays of emotion may appear shattering for the company’s
r........................ .

7.2
INSURANCE SOLUTIONS
6 Read the quotation and answer the questions below.
Przeczytaj cytat i odpowiedz na pytania poniżej.
‘Fun is like life insurance; the older you get, the more it costs.’
(Frank ‘Kin’ Hubbard, American cartoonist and humorist)
How do you understand this quote? Do you agree with it?
7 Read the text and decide if the sentences below are true (T) or false (F).
Przeczytaj tekst i zdecyduj, czy poniższe zdania są prawdziwe (T) czy fałszywe (F).
1 The WMW Union Bank provides various financial services.
T/F
2 The money set aside in pension plans is invested.
T/F
3 Upon retiring, there is the possibility of making a one-off withdrawal of one fifth,
of the capital gathered.
T/F
4 The health insurance plan might be customized.
T/F
5 The Golden Plan is a health insurance plan for elderly, ailing people.
T/F

Welcome to the WMW Union Bank
Whether you are looking for a pension solution, a health insurance plan, life insurance or
want to reduce your mortgage – explore your possibilities with the WMW Union Bank,
like four million customers worldwide.
You can obtain advice from one of our financial advisers.
Call 56459876 to obtain help and support.
Life is unpredictable. The only thing you can predict is how much financial support you will
get when the unpredicted happens.
Pension solutions
It is easy to put off planning for retirement with all the financial commitments you might
have, but people do get older and there will come a time when you will no longer be able to
work. When you are ready to retire, you will probably want to think of spending this quality
time in the best way possible: travelling, taking up new hobbies and not worrying how to pay
for everyday essentials. A serious financial plan will help you benefit from this precious time
in the future. Your payments (regular or single) are invested in a choice of funds managed by
investment professionals. The money you build up gives you an annual income until you die.
There is also the possibility of taking out 15 per cent of your savings (tax -free) when you
retire, although this means a smaller annual income. By starting your payments now, you are
guaranteed not to spend the rest of your life worrying about everyday costs. Build your
future now!
Private health insurance solutions
Health problems can be a traumatic experience not only for the patient, but also for the
family. Our award-winning health insurance solutions will provide financial support when it is
really needed. The flexible plan can be tailored to meet your or your company’s requirements.
From basic cover which includes the usual treatment benefits: specialist visits and essential
tests at a really affordable price, you can build up the insurance which suits you, covering in-
patient treatment, well-being service, consultation online and other benefits which are
important for you. The special cancer cover service helps patients with cancer to recover. Full
details, terms and conditions are available online, but we suggest you should contact one of
our consultants before making any decision.
Life insurance
If you don’t want to think what happens when you die, you are not alone. Lots of people are
afraid to talk about life insurance, thinking it is not yet time to die. But we are not eternal and
we do not want to leave the ones we love without financial help. The life insurance we offer
is aimed at customers in good health aged 18 to 70. There is also the Golden Plan for people
aged over 70.

VOCABULARY
INSURANCE AND BANKING
afford – pozwolić sobie na coś (finansowo)
affordable – przystępny (o cenie)
ATM/cashpoint/cash machine – bankomat
balance – saldo
bank/credit/charge card – karta
debetowa/kredytowa/obciążeniowa
bank statement – wyciąg z konta
be in debt – być zadłużonym
benefits – korzyści
bills – rachunki
business account – konto firmowe
cover – pokrywać
current account – konto bieżące
debt – dług
deposit (v; n) – wpłacić; lokata
fees/charges – opłaty
financial adviser – doradca finansowy
financial commitment – zobowiązanie
finansowe
fixed interest rate – oprocentowanie stałe
flexible – swobodny
free of charge – bez opłat
full cover – pełne pokrycie
fund – fundusz
gross income – dochód brutto
income – dochód
instalment – rata
insurance – ubezpieczenie
interest – odsetki
invest – inwestować
investment – inwestycja
life insurance – ubezpieczenie na życie
meet the requirements of something – spełnić
wymagania czegoś
mortgage – hipoteka
net income – dochód netto
operating fee – opłata za obsługę
overdraft – kredyt odnawialny w koncie
payment – wpłata, opłata
pension – emerytura
personal account – konto osobiste
premium – składka
retirement plan – plan emerytalny
savings – oszczędności
savings account – konto oszczędnościowe
taxes – podatki
terms/conditions – warunki
transfer – przelew
variable interest rate – oprocentowanie
zmienne
withdraw – wypłacić
ACTIVATE YOUR VOCABULARY
8 Complete the definitions.
Uzupełnij definicje.
1 ................... ................... – a detailed report written by a bank which lists all the
money you have in your account, the money you have taken out, all the interest gained etc.
2 ........................... – the last figure at the end of (1), showing how much money is
currently available
3 ........................... – funds that you put into your account to set it aside; it yields a profit
from interest and is usually made for a fixed period of time, e.g. six months
4 ........................... – a service available in your account which allows you to draw out
more money than you actually have (up to an agreed amount)
5 ........................... – a fee made to pay off a loan, usually paid regularly e.g. monthly,
annually

9 Complete the conversation with correct words.
Uzupełnij rozmowę w banku odpowiednimi wyrazami.
Teller:
Hello, what can I do for you?
Customer:
I’d like to open an (1) a...................... .
Teller:
Certainly. A personal or (2) b......................?
Customer:
Personal.
Teller:
What kind of account are you interested in?
Customer:
I’m not sure. What have you got?
Teller:
Well, we’ve got the (3) c................ account and the (4) s......................
one. The former allows you to (5) a...................... your money at any time,
but (6) g...................... less profit. The latter gives you a higher (7)
i...................... r... ... ... ...... ...... . However, you are not able to (8)
w................... the money easily, as you don’t have a (9) c......................
for this account and you cannot use (10) c......................machines.
Customer:
I think I’ll have the current account. Is there a limit of what my (11)
g...................... monthly income should be?
Teller:
No, there isn’t. There just needs to be some monthly income, regardless of its
amount.
Customer:
What are the (12) f...................... connected with the account then?
Teller:
Minimal. Opening the account and all e-banking services are free of (13)
c...................... . There’s only a five-pound operating fee charged monthly.
10 Match the beginnings of the sentences (1 -5) to their endings (a-f). There is one ending you
won’t need.
Dopasuj początki zdań (1-5) do ich zakończeń (a-f). Jedno zakończenie podane jest
dodatkowo.
1 My account has been charged
2 Unfortunately, you haven’t qualified for
the loan. You should reread
3 Being in
4 It’s a bold move to invest
5 In the current financial situation we
cannot afford
a) the requirements set out in the bank
regulations.
b) to make any investment mistakes.
c) with a 1 5-zloty operating fee, which I think
is a mistake.
d) in the construction industry nowadays.
e) the post-war economic history.
f) debt is a burden on your psyche.

TEST 1
Choose the correct answer – a, b, c or d.
Wybierz właściwą odpowiedź – a, b, c lub d.
1 A boastful person ....... .
a) behaves calmly because he/she is sure that he/she can do things well
b) wants very much to win or be more successful than other people
c) demands that people obey a set of rules or laws and refuses to allow them freedom
d) talks too proudly about himself/herself
2 You’re being so ... this morning. Are you stressed for some reason?
a) reliable
b) tetchy
c) courageous
d) vain
3 Our cook was a plump, ...... , lively woman.
a) skinny
b) bony
c) talkative
d) taciturn
4 I always get ..... when you don’t come back when you say you will!
a) obedient
b) exhausted
c) exhilarated
d) anxious
5 The prisoners were treated with absolutely no regard for human ..... and freedom.
a) consciousness
b) dignity
c) self-awareness
d) pro-life movement
6 Our windows are made of strong, ..... materials.
a) double-glazed
b) furnished
c) durable
d) detached
7 A cover for a window made of long, flat, plastic or metal slats which are fastened together and can
be moved in order to change the amount of light that is allowed through the window is a(n) .... .
a) Venetian blind
b) roller blind
c) window frame
d) extractor fan

8 The family lives in a thatched cottage that lacks basic .... .
a) lighting
b) amenities
c) tenements
d) storage space
9 The price for a newly-built flat may be paid either in one lump sum or in convenient .... .
a) credit scores
b) down payments
c) interest rates
d) instalments
10 We took out a £90 000 ..... in 1999 and still haven’t paid it off.
a) mortgage loan
b) mortgage payment
c) loan application
d) loan agreement
11 An examination taken by English and Welsh pupils at the age of 15 or 16 is called a(n) ..... .
a) level
b) MA
c) CEE
d) CCSE
12 Evaluation is ..... .
a) lack of success or not achieving something
b) systematic determination of someone’s progress
c) the way one person or many people feel about something or someone
d) the careful choice of a particular person from a bigger group
13 Information Technology is an important part of the school .... .
a) curriculum
b) grading methods
c) assessment
d) certificate
14 He had been very depressed after taking the exam, but it turned out that he passed with .... colours.
a) visual
b) advanced
c) vivid
d) flying
15 I have ..... myself a series of goals to achieve by the end of the academic year.
a) got
b) put
c) set
d) made

16 A(n) ... is a person who organizes and manages a business, assuming the risk for the sake of profit.
a) employer
b) entrepreneur
c) counsellor
d) volunteer
17 All the students are required to demonstrate computer .... as a graduation requirement.
a) literacy
b) references
c) errands
d) tutors
18 ..... can give employees greater freedom to suit personal needs.
a) Overtime
b) Mobile worktime
c) Flexitime
d) Full-time
19 Lucy’s just had a baby and she will be on maternity ..... until September.
a) retirement
b) benefit
c) holiday
d) leave
20 Theft, carelessness and waste have a direct impact on our company’s ..... .
a) recession
b) labour migration
c) exhaustion
d) profitability
21 Was Sir William Davenant William Shakespeare’s .... son?
a) illegitimate
b) unmarried
c) descendant
d) spouse
22 There are currently 143 million .... and/or abandoned children in the world.
a) ancestors
b) orphans
c) siblings
d) offspring
23 In a(n) .... one or both members of the couple have children from previous relationships.
a) stepfamily
b) multigenerational family
c) nuclear family
d) extended family

24 My boyfriend and I have been together for a year but we have not .... .
a) dropped by
b) made an effort
c) cohabited
d) made up
25 I’ve always .... my father for his sincerity, wisdom and generosity.
a) looked up to
b) taken after
c) got on with
d) kept in touch with
26 The doctor said my .... was too high and I had to stop working and rest at home.
a) dietary regimen
b) blood type
c) blood pressure
d) well-balanced diet
27 The meat from birds such as geese or turkeys is called .... .
a) pike
b) poultry
c) prawns
d) pork
28 To make bread, you need some flour, water and .... .
a) nutmeg
b) venison
c) zest
d) yeast
29 Custard is served with .... .
a) veal
b) tripe
c) sprouts
d) tarts
30 Can you .... the cream for the filling, please?
a) beat
b) whip
c) knead
d) poach
31 A .... is a set of thick and thin lines printed on a product or its container that carries basic
information about the product.
a) feedback code
b) checkout code
c) bargain code
d) bar code

32 This dishwasher is .... . Water is .... from it.
a) defective, leaking
b) poor, breaking
c) broken, excessive
d) competitive, coming
33 I complained immediately, but the company refused to give me a .... .
a) refund
b) repair
c) return
d) reduced price
34 The .... has a single monthly operating fee of five zloty.
a) bank statement
b) commitment
c) ATM
d) current account
35 Does your insurance company offer a(n) .... ?
a) instalment
b) balance
c) retirement plan
d) bank statement

8
TRAVELLING
PODRÓŻE

8.1
EXPLORE THE SOUTHWEST OF ENGLAND!
WIEDZA O KRAJACH ANGLOJĘZYCZNYCH
1 If you were to show a complete foreigner the three most memorable landmarks of Poland,
what would they be? Justify your choice.
Gdybyś miał/a zaprezentować obcokrajowcowi trzy najznamienitsze zabytki/skarby natury
Polski, co byś wybrał/a? Uzasadnij swój wybór.
2 Read the text and answer the following questions.
Przeczytaj tekst i odpowiedz na poniższe pytania.
Which place:
1 is an unexplained wonder ? ......................................
2 teaches you about the connection with Mother Earth? ......................................
3 allows you to look into the stars? ......................................
4 is a get-together ground for artists? ......................................
5 allows younger ones to participate actively in its events? ......................................
6 provides auditory educational materials? ......................................
7 used to be a place full of sailors and fishermen? ......................................
Explore the Southwest of England!
Bored of London? Take a train; after just an hour or two you are in
a completely different world. A world of outstanding landscapes
hiding historic pearls. Not to be missed.
Return to the ancient times
Visit Bath and see the magnificent bathing complex the Romans
built. You cannot jump into steaming pools, but you can see the
hot sources and feel history in its closest detail. Costumed
characters walk on ancient stone pavements and the fountain is
still working – you can even drink from it! To escape the crowds,
visit the baths in the evening – in the summer they are open until 10
p.m ., last entry at 9. Spend a romantic date in the ancient
surroundings. Bad at history? You can use, an audio guide
(available in eight languages) include: in the admission price.

Not ancient enough?
Want something more ancient? See
Stonehenge and admire this prehistoric
monument and its remarkable features. This
World Heritage Site has been a mystery
since its discovery. Was it an ancient temple?
A place for mysterious gatherings?
Or perhaps, as the orientation of the circle
on the rising and setting sun would suggest,
a gigantic astronomical calendar? Nobody
knows and the magic and the mystery still
exists. If you are tired after a walk, spend
some time in the Stonehenge café and buy
souvenirs for your family in the gift shop.
Walkers welcome
Perhaps you are not tired of walking but just the opposite? The Southwest offers wonderful walking
places. Devon and Cornwall are areas of outstanding natural beauty, with a sparkling blue sea and varied
coastal landscape. Visit atmospheric fishing villages and take in the picturesque landscape of Land’s End.
Artistic people will enjoy St Ives with its numerous galleries. Fish and chip lovers can eat lunch in one of
the harbours, looking at the boats and blue sea (you can also buy a famous Cornish pasty from one of
the many bakeries). The spectacular scenery of this area, made up of random thatched houses, rocks
and flowers, especially in spring, attracts tourists from all over the world.
Entertainment and education
Adults like walking and admiring tantalizing views, but this relaxing way of spending holidays might not
be appreciated by your children. Kids prefer to do things and see how things work. The place where your
kids can find out where sugar, tea or rubber come from and see not only tropical, but also carnivorous
and poisonous plants, where they can travel miles without actually having to move far, is Eden. Trop ical
biomes hide different worlds accessible to those who come to Cornwall. But Eden is no mere tropical
garden: it gives a fascinating insight into the relationship between plants and people as a priceless
source of education and knowledge. Finally, Eden offers workshops, themed events, interactive exhibits
and much more.
A maritime city
For those who prefer a city atmosphere, we suggest visiting Bristol. The capital of southwest England is
a historic maritime city bursting with life. It boasts fantastic events and festivals throughout the year,
fresh food markets to shop for fish and fruit, an unforgettable shopping experience at Cabot Circus, but
above all else – a medieval Old City with historic architecture, cobbled streets and fine restaurants and
cafés. Other attractions include the famous Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol Zoo Gardens and an
amazing Planetarium. You can also climb up to the top of Cabot Tower to enjoy spectacular views of the
city.

VOCABULARY
TRAVEL AND SIGHTSEEING
accommodation – zakwaterowanie
admission price – cena za wstęp
amazing – niesamowity
attractions – atrakcje
beach – plaża
boast – szczycić się
cliff – urwisko
coastal – przybrzeżny
coastline – wybrzeże
cobbled streets – kocie łby
countryside – wieś
event – wydarzenie
features – cechy
fishing village – wioska rybacka
fountain – fontanna
gift shop – sklepik z pamiątkami
harbour – port
insight – wgląd
landmark – zabytek, ciekawe miejsce
maritime – morski
medieval – średniowieczny
monument – pomnik
national park – park narodowy
nightlife – życie nocne
panoramic view – widok panoramiczny
path – ścieżka
picturesque – malowniczy
pool – basen
prehistoric – prehistoryczny
resort – kurort
Roman remains – pozostałości rzymskie
sandy – piaszczysty
scenery – sceneria
spectacular – spektakularny
splendour – splendor, przepych
steaming – parujący
stone pavement – chodnik z kamieni
stunning – oszałamiający
temple – świątynia
thatched roof – dach kryty słomą
themed – tematyczny
travel information – informacja dla podróżnych
unique – unikalny
wonderful – cudowny

ACTIVATE YOUR VOCABULARY
3 Complete the words below, which all collocate with the word view.
Uzupełnij brakujące litery w wyrazach, za pomocą których można opisać piękny widok.
4 Complete the crossword and find the clue. Then use the clue to complete the sentence
underneath.
Rozwiąż krzyżówkę i odczytaj hasło. Hasło stanowi uzupełnienie zdania pod spodem.
1
2
3
4
5
1 Straw used to make roofs.
2 A place where a lot of people go on holiday to rest, do sports or do other things.
3 Great beauty which attracts admiration and attention.
4 Connected to the sea or coast.
5 An area of water close to the sea where ships and boats can shelter.
6 ................................ is the administrative centre of Cornwall.
u
_
_
q
u
_
VIEW
p_c_u_es_u_
p
_
n
_
r
_
_
i
_
b_e_t_
_a_i_
_g

5 Complete the sentences with correct words.
Uzupełnij zdania odpowiednimi wyrazami.
1 We stood at the top of the cliff, admiring the incredible yet somewhat eerie s ............. y .
2 Living in the c ................ e is so much better than in an urban metropolis.
3 The cart clattered going down the c ................ d road.
4 When we were in Turkey, we saw the remains of the magnificent t .......... e of Aphrodite.
5 Cacti, which do not need a lot of water, grow nicely in s ................ y soil.
6 Look at the photo. Write a detailed description of the place. Use as much of the new
vocabulary as you can.
Opisz ze szczegółami widok na zdjęciu poniżej. Postaraj się użyć jak najwięcej nowego
słownictwa.

8.2
TRANSPORT AND ACCIDENTS
7 Have you ever seen or been involved in a road accident? Describe the circumstances.
Czy kiedykolwiek widziałeś/aś lub uczestniczyłeś/aś w wypadku drogowym? Opisz
okoliczności tego zdarzenia.
8 Read the text on page 104 and choose the correct answer – a, b or c.
Przeczytaj tekst na stronie 104, a następnie wybierz właściwą odpowiedź – a, b lub c.
1 Dan ...
a) wants to fly to Italy.
b) wishes to hire a caravan.
c) doesn’t want to drive.
2 The writer hates the idea because ...
a) sheissickinacar.
b) she thinks Dan is a reckless driver.
c) she doesn’t trust other drivers.
3 One day, her dad had an accident ...
a) in which his car knocked over a man.
b) which was probably the pedestrian’s fault.
c) where all the people involved were relatively unharmed.
4 In the Christmas accident...
a) she nearly died.
b) she didn’t break a bone.
c) the car ran off the road.
5 She worries that in Rome ...
a) it will be almost impossible to find a vacant parking space.
b) she won’t have to speak Italian.
c) the trip will be monotonous.

Sandra’s blog
17th March
I had a serious quarrel with Dan about our trip to Italy in the summer. He insists
on not going by plane as previously planned, and wants to go by car. What’s
more – not his jeep or my Peugeot – but a camper. He knows I hate cars but he
loves driving. A camper with accommodation ‘included in the price’ is the latest
idea. An idea which, I’m afraid, will kill me, and not because I am sick as soon as I
fasten my seatbelt, but mainly because I deeply believe even the best drivers are
helpless facing dangerous road conditions or crazy motorcyclists (even if they
don’t cause dangerous situations themselves). That’s why I have never got a
driving licence: I remember sitting in my dad’s van and watching him
accelerating, speeding, and then braking when it was still not too late. He would
overtake all possible vehicles, all huge ditch diggers, lorries and snowploughs,
and I would shake with fear. Once he ran into a pedestrian who was crossing the
street, almost knocking him down. Fortunately, nothing serious happened, but it
was probably only through my dad’s good luck. However, he didn’t have it when
we were driving to our family for Christmas, and his car skidded, we
somersaulted and fell into a ditch. I spent two months in hospital with broken
legs and ribs, and my dad almost died. Then I told him: ‘Never ever again’. And
although Dan is a careful driver, I still don’t believe it is safe. Two years ago, we
had an accident. We were driving home after a theatre performance when I
suddenly noticed a cyclist who was cycling with no back light. I shouted: ‘Dan!
Stop!’ And he swerved, avoiding the man, but crashing into a fence. Fortunately,
we were driving at a very low speed, as I always insist we should do in the
darkness. But you never know what to expect on the road. Also, from a practical
point of view: a car is not a jet and driving to our destination will take us a day or
two, and when we finally arrive in Rome, I’m sure it will be difficult to park the
camper. Actually, it will be a surprise if we manage to reach the city at all, with all
the flyovers and junctions – a nightmare in big cities. Driving in a city you know
and one you don’t know are two different stories. One-way streets, car parks full,
bypasses – that’s what we had in Cracow last year, but I presume Italy might be
worse, especially taking into account the fact that neither of us has ever shown
any talent for languages, so we don’t speak a word of Italian... And what if we
have a puncture in the middle of a motorway, with no spare tyre – and there is
no help? I don’t know what to do. Do you think I should opt for a cruise in the
Mediterranean instead? Perhaps if I buy tickets for a luxurious cruise liner, he will
give up his crazy idea?

VOCABULARY
MEANS OF TRANSPORT
airliner – samolot rejsowy
all-terrain vehicle (ATV) – quad
camper – samochód kempingowy
caravan – przyczepa kempingowa
coach – autokar
cruise liner – statek pasażerski
digger – koparka
dustcart – śmieciarka
ferry – prom
hearse – karawan
jet – odrzutowiec
lorry – ciężarówka
minibus – mikrobus
moped – motorower
motorboat – motorówka
ocean liner – transatlantyk
paddle boat – rower wodny
snowplough – pług śnieżny
steamship – parowiec
tow truck – holownik
van – pókiężarówka, van
yacht – jacht
DRIVING
accelerate – przyspieszać
beep a horn – nacisnąć klakson
brake – hamulec/hamować
bumps – wyboje
bus lane – pas dla autobusów
bypass – objazd, obwodnica
car park – parking
change gear – zmienić bieg
crash – rozbić, stłuczka
crossroads – skrzyżowanie
dead end – ślepa uliczka
ditch – rów
exit – zjazd (z autostrady)
fasten seat belt – zapiąć pasy
fill up – zatankować do pełna
fine – dać mandat
flyover – wiadukt
get stuck in a traffic jam – utknąć w korku
go through red lights – przejechać na
czerwonym świetle
indicate – włączyć kierunkowskaz
junction – skrzyżowanie
kerb – krawężnik
motorcyclist – motocyklista/ka
motorway – autostrada
no entry sign – znak zakazu wjazdu
one-way street – ulica jednokierunkowa
overtake – wyprzedzić
pavement – chodnik
pedestrian – pieszy
pull over – zjechać na pobocze
puncture/flat tyre – przebita opona
reverse gear – bieg wsteczny
road/street signs – znaki drogowe
road works – roboty drogowe
roundabout – rondo
run into somebody – wjechać na kogoś
skid – wpaść w poślizg
slippery road – śliska jezdnia
somersault – przekoziołkować
spare tyre – koło zapasowe
speed bump – próg zwalniający
speed limit – dozwolona prędkość
start the engine – uruchomić silnik
swerve – gwałtownie skręcić
tow – holować
traffic congestion – korek
traffic island – wysepka
traffic lights – światła (sygnalizajca)
tunnel – tunel
underpass – przejście podziemne
warning triangle – trójkąt ostrzegawczy
wheel – koło
zebra crossing – przejście dla pieszych

ACTIVATE YOUR VOCABULARY
9 Read the traffic notices and complete the words.
Przeczytaj notki o ruchu drogowym i uzupełnij brakujące litery.
1 ...while he was travelling the interstate, his tyre got a p _ _ _ t
_
_
_ . Since the traffic
congestion at that hour was heavy, he was unable to move the car to the side of the road,
so he was standing there with his f _ a_ t
_
r_,waitingforhiscartobet_w_
_
away by
the road breakdown service. The cars which were driving past were b_ p
_
_
g mercilessly.
2 ...he was spotted by the police patrol as he was g _ i
_
_
through a red light and not i_d _c _
_
_
n _ while turning left. When he was asked to _ u
_
I over, the officers noticed he hadn’t
f_s
_
_
_
e _ his seatbelt either. He was f _ n
_
_
severely and also received 12 penalty
points.
3 ...the driver a_c _l _
_a _e
_
while the lights were changing to red and as he was leaving the c
_
o_s
_
o _ ds, he lost control of the vehicle, drove onto the pavement and damage: the
car’s suspension on the k _ _ b.
4 ...the lights were just turning red as she b _ a_
_d too rapidly. As a consequence, the driver
behind had no chance to react and r _ _ into the back of her car.
5 ...the road was icy and very s_ _p_e_y . The driver was going over 140 kph, so well above
the s_e_d l_m _
_,whenhes_i
_
d _ _ and crashed into a lamppost.
10 Match the words 1-6 with the words a-f to make collocations. Then write a sentence with
each of them.
Dopasuj wyrazy 1-6 do wyrazów a-f, tak aby powstały wyrażenia. Następnie ułóż zdanie z
każdym z nich.
1 start
a) stuck in a traffic jam
2 change
b) the engine
3 get
c) sign
4 fill up
d) the tank
5 zebra
e) gears
6 road
f) crossing
1 .................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................
3 .................................................................................................................
4 .................................................................................................................
5 .................................................................................................................
6 .................................................................................................................

11 Cross out the incorrect option.
Wykreśl opcję niepoprawną.
1 to puncture
a tyre, a balloon, an engine
2 to overtake
a bus, the lights, a slower vehicle
3 traffic
congestion, island, wheel
4 main, blind, one-way
street
5 bus, straight, fast
lane
12 Complete the definitions.
Uzupełnij definicje.
1 .......................... – a road built around a town/village so that the traffic doesn’t have to
go directly through it
2 .......................... – a bridge which carries a road or railway over another road
3 .......................... – a road or path going under e.g . a busy road which allows vehicles or
people to get to the other side safely
4 .......................... – a small raised area built across the road to slow traffic down
5 .......................... – a smaller road used to leave a main road

9
ART AND CULTURE
KULTURA I SZTUKA

9.1
PULITZER PRIZE WINNERS
1 Answer the questions.
Odpowiedz na pytania
1 What’s your favourite type of literature? Have you got a favourite book that you have read
recently?
2 What prizes are awarded in Poland for exceptional literary achievements?
2 Read the text and decide if the sentences below are true (T) or false (F).
Przeczytaj tekst i zdecyduj, czy poniższe zdania są prawdziwe (T) czy fałszywe (F).
1 The Pulitzer Prize is merely an honorary award with no financial gratification.
T/F
2 Margaret Mitchell wrote Gone with the Wind while recuperating from an injury. T / F
3 Mitchell died instantly.
T/F
4 Hemingway and Williams both committed suicide.
T/F
5 The childhoods of Hemingway, Williams and Frost were marked by dramatic
events.
T/F
6 The mentally disturbed protagonists of Williams’ dramas may have been based
on his own sister.
T/F
7 Frost was a prolific writer.
T/F
8 Being almost 90, Frost died of natural causes.
T/F
The dramatic lives of Pulitzer Prize winners
The Pulitzer Prize, established by Joseph Pulitzer, an American journalist and newspaper publisher in the
early 20th century, is an award for achievements in journalism, literature and music. The prize, announced
every year in April, is awarded in twenty-one categories. In journalism, they include, for example,
breaking news, reporting or photography, local news reporting, reporting on national or international
affairs, criticism and even cartoons. In literature there are six categories: fiction, drama, history,
biography and autobiography, poetry and non-fiction. There is also one prize for music. The winners
receive certificates and 10,000 dollars in cash. Since 1917, when the first prizes were awarded, there have
been many famous winners. Some have received the prize more than once, while others have later been
awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Here are a few distinguished Pulitzer Prize winners and their
stories.

Margaret Mitchell was the author of the biggest bestseller ever. Gone with the Wind, published in
1936, sold more than 30 million copies. The film adaptation released three years later was also a
blockbuster and broke all records in winning ten Oscar awards. Interestingly, Mitchell, who worked for a
newspaper in Atlanta, wrote the book when she had broken her ankle and was bedridden for a while.
The purpose of writing the novel was to amuse herself. Mitchell hid the pages from her friends: the only
person who knew (and really supported her) was her husband, who proofread the manuscript and
helped her throughout the whole process. When, after a few years, in 1929 most of the novel had been
written, Mitchell literally put it in the drawer and forgot about it – until seven years later somebody
joked about her potential talent as an author and finally she dared to take the manuscript out and show
it to the world. Mitchell did not write any more bestsellers, and ten years after the success of the film
she was hit by a drunken driver and died in hospital five days later.
Dramatic deaths often happen in literary society, and some of them are suicidal: a famous example
being Ernest Hemingway, who committed suicide at the age of 62, having written ten novels, ten
collections of short stories and five non-fiction books, and having been awarded not only the Pulitzer,
but also the Nobel Prize. Hemingway’s novels, such as The Sun Also Rises, For Whom the Bell Tolls and The
Old Man and the Sea are not only gripping stories with strong, masculine protagonists – they are now
classics. The style Hemingway introduced is perceived by literary critics as the writer’s greatest
contribution to literature. His photographic style, a collage of images connected with the mastery of
dialogue, built a foundation of what became known as iceberg theory, or the theory of omission. A good
writer does not have to describe everything: the reader still understands what’s below the surface.
Hidden behind the successes of the author was his deteriorating health and alcohol problem, which
probably led to his suicide. However, we have to remember that other members of his family also
suffered from this problem: his father, sister and brother also killed themselves!
Looking at families as a whole is always a good source of investigation. It often happens that writers
do not come from happy families. Tennessee Williams, who won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama twice, for A
Streetcar Named Desire and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, had an alcoholic father and his mother suffered from
borderline hysteria. The closest to him was his sister, who was diagnosed with schizophrenia, and, after
being institutionalized for many years, had a lobotomy, which left her incapacitated for the rest of her
life. Williams’ insane characters who often appear in his plays might be based on his si ster. Not
surprisingly, the playwright’s death was also very dramatic, as he choked on an eye drop bottle cap.
However, the police report suggested his use of drugs and alcohol contributed to his death.
An outstanding winner of four prizes in poetry, Robert Frost, will be an exception here: he died of
complications after surgery at the age of 89 – so not that young. He left about 12,000 poems, letters,
photographs and recordings. The American poet, who for a few years was an unsuccessful farmer (and
in his poetry depicts the rural life of New England), was then a successful teacher and also had a really
dramatic personal life. His father died when he was eleven, leaving the family with no money. Besides
this, his mother died when he was 25, and his sister died in a mental hospital. He and his wife suffered
from depression. Of their six children, one committed suicide, two died when they were children and
one as a young adult. Only two daughters ended up outliving their father (but one of them spent her life
in the mental hospital). His wife had cancer and died of heart failure.
A recipe for success? A dramatic life, mental problems and sudden deaths? From such stories, we can
see that unusual lives create unusual writers, and that a literary sensitivity feeds on what for most
people would simply be a burden too hard to carry.

VOCABULARY
LITERATURE AND THE PRESS
achievement – osiągnięcie
author – autor/ka
autobiography – autobiografia
award – nagroda
bestselling – bestsellerowy
biography – biografia
blank verse – biały wiersz
blockbuster hit – szlagier
breaking news – wiadomość z ostatniej chwili
cartoon – komiks
classic – klasyka
climax – punkt kulminacyjny
collection – zbiór
criticism – krytyka
depict – opisywać
detective story – kryminał
dialogue – dialog
drama – dramat
epic – epika
essay – esej
fairy tale – bajka
fiction – literatura piękna
film adaptation – adaptacja filmowa
genre – gatunek literacki
gripping – wciągający
headline – nagłówek
international affairs – sprawy
międzynarodowe
journal – dziennik
journalism – dziennikarstwo
literary critic – krytyk/czka literacki/a
local newspaper – gazeta lokalna
manuscript – manuskrypt
mythology – mitologia
national affairs – wiadomości z kraju
Nobel Prize – Nagroda Nobla
non-fiction – literatura faktu
novel – powieść
ode – oda
play – sztuka teatralna
plot – fabuła
poem – wiersz
poetry – poezja
premiere – premiera
prolific – płodny
prose – proza
protagonist – protagonista, bohater
publish – opublikować
publisher – wydawca
quality newspaper – poważna gazeta
reporter – reporter/ka
review – recenzja
rhyme – rym
short story – opowiadanie
tabloids – prasa brukowa
writing style – styl pisarski
ACTIVATE YOUR VOCABULARY
3 Complete the definitions, using fiction and non-fiction.
Uzupełnij definicje wyrazami fiction oraz non-fiction.
1 .............................. – an account of a subject which is presented as a fact
2 ..............................– a form of narrative which deals with events that are imaginary,
invented or not factual

4 Put the literary forms from the box into the correct categories.
Wpisz formy literackie z ramki do odpowiednich kategorii.
novel, biography, scientific paper, poetry, play, mythology, essay, short story, fairy tale,
journal
Fiction
Non-fiction
5 Rearrange the letters to complete the sentences.
Rozszyfruj wyrazy w nawiasach i uzupełnij zdania.
1 His greatest literary (achmentieve) ............................ was receiving a complimentary
(vewire) ....................................... in a local newspaper for his first and last novel,
(deingpict) .............................. the cultural decline of the middle class.
2 The (lopt) .......................... of the latest (teivedect) .......................... story by Frank
Mezurro is set in present day New Orleans and packed with (pingpirg) ..........................
Mezurro action and fast-moving (gudialoes) .................................. Be ready for a
(caxlim) ................................. no one could have predicted. A definite
(bublockerts) .......................!
3 While reading a newspaper, I only scan the (lineheads) ..................... to know what kind
of news is being reported, and then choose what interests me the most. Usually It’s
(tionanal fifaras) ..................... and, to lighten the mood, (corotans) ........................ .
If I want some juicy gossip, I read (dloitabs) ......................

6 Find seven phrases connected with the topic of literature and the media in the word search.
Look vertically, horizontally and diagonally.
Znajdź w diagramie siedem zwrotów związanych z literaturą i mediami. Szukaj pionowo,
poziomo i ukośnie.
BACBRSCOOHMTB
ELLRAZRDEEGER
FFADOTIGENREE
BEDNEGTUQEKTA
CSAEKTIXIGYPK
VUPWNVCMBKLRI
DYTERQETBNFPN
PSADYRORKEROG
AWTEPWIRSURWN
QXIFTYUODEERE
ECOREQRBYBTJW
OBNXOPREIOEHS
7 Complete the sentences with the phrases from exercise 6 in correct form.
Uzupełnij zdania zwrotami z ćwiczenia 6 w odpowiedniej formie.
1 I think that ........................... is the best form of poetry, free-flowing and unrestrained
by the necessity of finding rhymes.
2 Rarely is a film ........................... as good as the original literary work.
3 Film ........................... are often accused of a lack of originality of thought, for if they
had it, they would be able to make their own creations instead of devaluing the work of
others.
4 Television programmes may be interrupted to report current ........................... .
5 The world ........................... of Avatar by James Cameron took place on December 10 th
2009.
6 I’ve always preferred reading ........................... to poetry.
7 What ........................... does this book fall into? Comedy or tragedy?

9.2
A WEEK IN LONDON
8 Which cultural places would you recommend for a versatile art lover to visit in your
town/city or a town/city you know well? Describe the places briefly and justify your
recommendation.
Jakie ośrodki kultury polecił(a)byś odwiedzić wszechstronnemu miłośnikowi sztuki w twoim
mieście lub mieście, które dobrze znasz? Krótko opisz te miejsca i uzasadnij, dlaczego warto
je zobaczyć.
9 Read the text on page 116 and answer these questions.
Przeczytaj tekst na stronie 116 i odpowiedz na poniższe pytania.
On which day:
1 can you see a mixture of the factual and fictitious in the works of art?
.......................
2 can you enjoy seeing posing celebrities?
.......................
3 can you enjoy a story based on a book, but whose plot has been modernized?
.......................
4 can you enjoy a symphonic masterpiece?
.......................
5 can you see a theatrical production adorned with live music?
.......................
6 can you see the works of one of the most prominent artists of the 19th century?
.......................
7 can you enjoy the renditions of a famous late artist’s pieces?
.......................
8 can you enjoy the written word in the comfort of a gastronomical establishment?
.......................
9 can you watch ‘social outcasts’ perform?
.......................

A week in London: enjoy it!
Monday
See the exhibition of Gauguin’s paintings in the National Gallery
One of the most influential and appreciated artists of the 19th century, Paul Gauguin
is the creator of numerous paintings, sculptures and drawings. See portraits, self-
portraits and landscapes, as well as the documentary section of the exhibition. Have a
fresh look at masterpieces combining realism and magic; take in the richness of
Gauguin’s world. It is the first big exhibition devoted to the artist with works from
public and private collections from England, the USA and Canada.
Tuesday
Listen to Jackson’s songs sung by mental hospital patients at the CC Club
Celebrate Michael Jackson’s birthday with ten talented young people singing with the
appealing soul band The Chairs. Listen to the special tribute to the artist who shaped
generations of musicians and fans, one of the most commercially successful artists of
all time, who sold over 750 million records and received 13 Grammy awards. Listen to
people isolated from society whose music and dance prove that being a great artist lies
deeply in the heart. Listen to a concert that has moved the world.
Wednesday
Read Jodi Picoult’s new bestselling novel at Bread Café
House Rules is a new ‘unputdownable’ book by the author of 17 bestsellers. A teenage
boy with Asperger’s syndrome lives with his devoted mother and a younger brother.
Like many autistic people, the boy has a special interest: his is in forensic science. The
hobby puts the boy in a difficult position when his tutor is brutally murdered and
Jacob is accused of committing the murder. The combination of a whodunit and a
novel about the psychology of autism, together with Picoult’s writing skills, is not
disappointing. The combination of this involving book with the comfort of soft sofas in
the new Bread Café is extremely successful.
Thursday
See Tennessee Williams’ The Glass Menagerie at the Street Theatre Festival
This new, spectacular production of an amateur Boston theatre, highly praised at
other festivals, is now in London! You can’t miss this thought-provoking performance.
A seriously funny play with stunning costumes and live music – and all for free!
Friday
See the new exhibition of Annie Leibovitz’s photographs
Annie Leibovitz does not have to be introduced to the audience – the photographer is
well-known throughout the world. The celebrated photographer’s exhibition features
her well-known portraits of public figures – actors, artists, architects and politicians,
including commission photography but also portraits of her family and friends.
Saturday
Watch Verdi’s Aida at the Royal Opera House
Verdi’s classic, with its intensity and tragedy of plot, has inspired many producers.

This production preserves all the values of Verdi’s masterpiece with a world-class cast,
haunting scenery and powerful music. One of the most memorable operas of all time is
a unique experience for all admirers of opera and for those for whom it will be a first
encounter with this kind of entertainment.
Sunday
Take your kids and go to the cinema
Alice in Wonderland in 3-D for the kids and adults leaves nobody bored. Burton’s
visionary adaptation of Lewis Carroll’s novel includes a certain modernization of the
plot: Alice jumps into the hole to escape an unwanted marriage, and the essence of the
action is fighting the horrible Jabberwocky, who aims to return the throne to the
White Queen. But this vivid, game-like, brand-new story does not mean the subtle
philosophy of Carroll’s original story has been lost. The deep meaning of Alice’s
adventure lies in the combination of a story of loss and isolation with some feminist
undertones, plus Gothic scenery, a smoking caterpillar and Johnny Depp as the Mad
Hatter.
For more information see: weekinlondon.com
VOCABULARY
ENTERTAINMENT
act – akt
adaptation – adaptacja
audience – widownia
backstage – kulisy
be commercially successful – odnieść sukces
komercyjny
blockbuster – szlagier
brand-new story – zupełnie nowa historia
cast – obsada
celebrated – znany
complex – złożony
complexity – złożoność
convey – pokazywać
costume – kostium
drawing – rysunek
entertainment – rozrywka
exhibition – wystawa
feature film – film fabularny
feminist – feministyczny
Gothic – gotycki
influential – wpływo wy
inspiration – inspiracja
interval – antrakt
masterpiece – arcydzieło
painting – malarstwo; obraz
performance – przedstawienie
plot – fabuła
portrait – portret
portray – portretować
prequel – następna część filmu z akcją
chronologicznie wcześniejszą
production – produkcja
prompter – sufler
props – rekwizyty
record – płyta
rehearsal – próba
richness – bogactwo
scenery – sceneria
self-portrait – autoportret
sequel – kontynuacja
sound effects – efekty dźwiękowe
stage – scena
the film features... – w filmie jest
pokazywany/gra
tribute – hołd
twist – zwrot akcji
version – wersja
whodunit – powieść detektywistyczna

DESCRIBING PERFORMANCES, BOOKS
AND WORKS OF ART
controversial – kontrowersyjny
disappointing – rozczarowujący
dull – nudny
enjoyable – przyjemny
funny – zabawny
highly praised – wysoko oceniony
involving – wciągający
moving – wzruszający
spectacular – spektakularny
thought-provoking – dający do myślenia
unputdownable (book) – wciągająca (książka)
ACTIVATE YOUR VOCABULARY
10 Match the words (1-9) to their definitions (a-f). There are three words you won’t need.
Połącz wyrazy (1-9) z ich definicjami (a-f). Trzy wyrazy podane są dodatkowo.
1 props
a) the art of forming solid objects representing e.g . people or ideas
2 sequel
from materials such as clay, wood, stone etc.
3 scene
b) a work of art made with great skill
4 scenery
c) a film, book or play which depicts the events which happened
5 exhibition
before the ones shown in the first film, book etc.
6 masterpiece
d) objects used by actors performing in a film, play etc.
7 prequel
e) large painted pictures used in theatre performances to represent
8 sculpture
the place where the action is set
9 requisites
f) an event when objects such as paintings etc. are shown to the public
11 Read the descriptions of some written works and decide what they are like.
Choose one adjective for each gap. The number of letters has been given.
Przeczytaj opisy różnych tekstów i do każdego z nich dobierz odpowiedni przymiotnik.
Liczba liter została podana w nawiasie.
1 It’s been ages since I read such a ......................... (4) book. Nothing original, cliché
after cliché and way too long.
2 Even though it is over 800 pages long, I read it almost in one go. It’s
absolutely ......................... (13). Once you start it, you simply must finish promptly.
3 I've always found stories of orphaned children really ......................... (6), and this one
was no exception. I shed a couple of tears, so make sure you have some tissues at hand.
4 The story is indeed ......................... (7, 9). It does make you wonder whether human
kind is following the right path or going backwards in social evolution.
5 His latest novel – purely ......................... (13). I was expecting a lot more than a
repetition of the scheme of his last book, with only a few details altered. A sh eer waste of
reading time.
6 Her latest piece appears to be highly ......................... (13). Is it still a harmless catchy
story born in the vivid imagination of its author, or maybe it’s already a deliberate
blasphemy? Opinions vary.

12 Complete the extract from a review with correct words.
Uzupełnij fragment recenzji odpowiednimi wyrazami.
Unfortunately, the only positive side of that traumatic theatrical experience was the
(1) ......................... party held afterwards, during which I could talk to all the actors,
directors and the rest of the staff in an informal, gossipy way, sipping a glass of m oderately
good red wine. The rest of the evening was a kind of fourth-grade Fiddler on the Roof
production fiasco revisited. But this time in a supposedly professional theatre with ostensibly
genuine actors.
From the beginning of the first (2) ......................... everything seemed to be going wrong,
and there were two more to wade through. The (3) ......................... had his hands full, so
to speak, as virtually all the actors forgot their lines at one point or another. The whole cast
was flouncing round the (4) ......................... as if there had been no direction and no prior
(5) .........................; as if they were standing there for the first time. To make things worse,
the (6) ......................... were hideous and totally unsuitable for the story, not to mention
that they didn’t fit properly, causing a few actors to visibly trip over a too long hem or loose
leg.
Seeing all this, the (7) ......................... came as a real saving grace, but only for a quarter.

10
SPORT
SPORT

10.1
EXTREME SPORTS
1 Explain how these extreme sports are done. If you don’t know, try to guess.
Wyjaśnij, na czym polegają te sporty ekstremalne. Jeśli ich nie znasz, spróbuj zgadnąć.
bungee jumping
ice climbing
scuba diving
cliff diving
2 Read the text and answer these questions.
Przeczytaj tekst i odpowiedz na poniższe pytania.
Which sport:
1 is about climbing a rock without a harness or rope?
.....................
2 is most like children playing?
.....................
3 makes you look and feel like a bird most?
.....................
4 breaks your fall with a cushion?
.....................
5 makes you race in a sort of snow vehicle?
.....................
6 demands an extraordinary lung capacity?
.....................
7 makes you jump off an edifice?
.....................

For adrenaline lovers
Bored with swimming, cycling or the gym? Why not take up an extreme sport – to not
only sculpture your muscles, but also increase the level of endorphins and adrenaline in
your blood?
What makes a sport extreme? Well, people still argue about the distinction between
extreme, adventure and conventional sports. One of the major issues is that extreme
sports are more dangerous and the number of victims is bigger. They are often more
solitary pursuits and involve a high level of physical exertion. They are also targeted at a
younger audience, although this has changed over the past few years: the first action
sports, such as sky diving, scuba diving or rock climbing, were for adults, while newer
ones, snowboarding, skateboarding or BMX-riding, are aimed at younger participants.
And last, but not least – they have never had an established role in culture. There is
always something of a rebel involved – that’s why young people are so often prone to try
sports their parents have never even heard of.
If you decide you want to have a go and pump some adrenaline into your life, the list
of options to choose from is enormous. There are air sports, such as gliding, hang gliding
or BASE jumping; water sports, such as freediving, windsurfing or Whitewater kayaking,
and land sports, for example mountain boarding or indoor climbing. Here are a few
interesting sports you can be thinking about. Before taking up any of these, you should
consult your GP.
Mountain boarding is a sport from the snowboarding family, in which participants ride
on a special board (deck) with wheels on tracks, grass hills, mountain bike trails and other
places – such a variety of terrain makes this sport really unique.
Another land sport worth mentioning is snowcross – racing on snow on snowmobiles
on artificial tracks with obstacles. The participants ride at a speed of about 100 km per
hour, while they can jump up to 40 metres in the air.
If you prefer climbing to riding, you might think of bouldering, which is rock climbing
without a rope. This sport is quite safe because there is usually a crash pad to prevent
serious injuries. It can be practised on natural or artificial boulders. If you think this is for
kids, think about free solo climbing, in which participants climb very high (also on tall
buildings) without any protection – relying only on their strength and abilities. If you
choose to stay on the ground, and prefer a sport with a lower fatality rate, try stunt pogo.
Performing tricks on a pogo stick is definitely a lot of fun – and a novelty compared with
skateboarding.
Have you ever dreamt of flying? Being a bird, having wings, and floating in the air?
Wingsuit flying brings you close to this with the use of a special suit which shapes your
body so that it becomes bird-like. The flyer wears a parachute, too. This is opened at a
certain altitude and the flyer lands like a parachute jumper. The most dangerous of all air
sports is probably BASE jumping. BASE is an acronym standing for Buildings, Antennas,
Spans (bridges) and Earth (cliffs). These four locations are departure points for a jump
with a parachute. It is believed that there is one fatality per 60 participants – so it is not
really recommended. And if you’d prefer to be a fish, not a bird, try out freediving. It is a
kind of diving where you hold your breath under water with no breathing apparatus. A
version of this is competitive apnea, where the purpose is to attain great depths on a
single breath.
There are many more extreme sports; some of them are sport-parodies (e.g. extreme
ironing). The choice is yours – and see you at the next X-Games competition!

VOCABULARY
EXTREME SPORTS
activity – aktywność, zajęcie
adrenaline – adrenalina
altitude – wysokość
apnea – bezdech
barefoot water skiing – narciarstwo wodne na
bosaka
BASE jumping – BASE jumping
BMX riding – BMX
boulder – głaz
bouldering – wspinaczka bez asekuracji liną
bungee jumping – skoki na bungee
caving/potholing – alpinizm jaskiniowy
challenge – wyzwanie
cliff diving – skoki do wody ze skały
coach – trener/ka
compete – współzawodniczyć
conventional – konwencjonalny
endorphins – endorfiny
environmental – środowiskowy
fear – strach
freediving – nurkowanie na wstrzymanym
oddechu
free solo climbing – wspinaczka bez asekuracji
gliding – szybownictwo
hang gliding – lotniarstwo
harness – uprząż
height – wysokość
helmet – kask
ice – lód
ice climbing – wspinaczka lodowa
indoor/outdoor climbing – wspinaczka w
terenie/w hali
inherent – inherentny
injuries – obrażenia, kontuzje
jet skiing – pływanie skuterem wodny
kitesurfing – kitesurfing
land/ice yachting – żeglarstwo lądowe/lodowe
life vest – kamizelka ratunkowa
mountain biking – kolarstwo górskie
mountain boarding – mountain boarding
obstacle – przeszkoda
open water swimming – pływanie
długodystansowe
parachute – spadochron
parachuting – spadochroniarstwo
paragliding – paralotniarstwo
participant – uczestnik/czka
physical exertion – wysiłek fizyczny
potential – potencjalny
rock – skała
rope – lina
sandboarding – sandboarding
scuba diving – nurkowanie ze sprzętem
skateboarding – skateboarding
ski jumping – skoki narciarskie
sky diving – sky diving
sky flying – sky flying
sky surfing – sky surfing
snorkelling – nurkowanie z rurką
snow conditions – warunki śniegowe
snowboarder – snowboardzista/ka
snowboarding – snowboarding
snowcross – snowcross
solitary – samotny
speed – prędkość
speed biking – kolarstwo szybkie
speed skiing – narciastwo szybkie
stunt – wyczyn kaskaderski
stunt pogo – stunt pogo
surfer – surfer/ka
surfing – surfing
target group – grupa docelowa
traditional sports – sporty tradycyjne
tyre – opona
variables – zmienne
water skiing – narciarstwo wodne
wave height – wysokość fali
wheel – koło
Whitewater kayaking – kajakarstwo górskie
windsurfing – windsurfing
wingsuit flying – skoki w specjalnym
kombinezonie

ACTIVATE YOUR VOCABULARY
3 Label the photographs with the names of extreme sports from the box. There are three
sports you won’t need.
Podpisz zdjęcia nazwami sportów ekstremalnych z ramki. Trzy dyscypliny sportu podane są
dodatkowo.
jet skiing, snorkelling, hang gliding, speed skiing, scuba diving, water skiing, caving/
potholing, paragliding
1 ....................................
2 ....................................
3 ....................................
4 ....................................
5 ....................................

4 Read the sentences and complete the words.
Przeczytaj zdania i uzupełnij brakujące litery.
1 Before deciding to take up an extreme sport, make sure you buy medical insurance to pay
for the treatment of inevitable i _ _ _ r
_
_
_,becausewherehighs__e
_
anda_t
_
_
u__
are involved, accidents are bound to happen.
2 All high-speed movie s _ u
_
t _ done by professionals require years of training and involve
great physical e _ e
_
t__n.
3 To beat a triple World Champion was a real c _ a
_
_
_
n_ebuthedidit.Tohavec_m
_
_
_
e _ against and defeated such an icon is a great honour.
4 S___ad_v_
_s
must have great lung capacity to use oxygen well while diving. They must
also slow their breathing speed down while the level of a_ r _
_a_
_ n_ is rising due to stress
or fear.
5 Ane__o_
_h_
_
is a chemical naturally released in the brain which helps to alleviate pain.
5 Look at the items below which are used to practise a certain sport and guess the name of
each sport.
Spójrz na listę sprzętów potrzebnych do uprawiania dyscyplin sportowych i zgadnij, o jaką
dyscyplinę chodzi.
1 a rope, a parachute, a suspension bridge
............................
2 a board, a helmet, a steep, sandy slope
............................
3 a speedboat, a rope, a life-vest, a helmet
............................
4 an aeroplane, a parachute and harness, goggles, will power
............................
5 a surfboard, a kite, an area of water
............................

10.2
DOPING
6 Discuss everything you can about these famous sportspeople. What do they have in
common?
Opowiedz, co wiesz o tych sportowcach. Co mają ze sobą wspólnego?
Ben Johnson
Lance Armstrong
Kornelia Marek
7 Read the text on page 128 and decide if the sentences below are true (T) or false (F).
Przeczytaj tekst na stronie 128 i zdecyduj, czy poniższe zdania są prawdziwe (T) czy fałszywe
(F).
1 Renate Neufeld claimed to have been a conscious drug user.
T/F
2 Having used doping, Renate became more masculine.
T/F
3 She escaped prosecution.
T/F
4 Carl Lewis lost his gold Olympic medal after a doping scandal.
T/F
5 Drug use in sports derives from a human superhero complex.
T/F
6 Laudanum and opium are energy-boosters.
T/F
7 The possible origin of the word ‘doping’ goes back to the name of an 18th
century African tribal dance.
T/F
8 Blood transfusions make you tougher.
T/F

Enhancing performance: in the trap of the superpeople world
In 1977, Renate Neufeld, a sprinter from East Germany, revealed that she had been told to
take ‘vitamin’ pills by her coach to improve her performance. Soon, she started to suffer
from problems: she had cramp, grew a moustache and her periods stopped. When she
refused to take the pills, the secret police investigated her. She escaped to the West, where
drugs, even if taken, were at least not the country’s official policy. She was one of the few
sportspeople who didn’t accept the side effects of performance-enhancing drugs. Others
feel there is no choice: being an athlete in the modem world requires facing the general
unofficial acceptance of taking drugs, or, if not, risking that ‘being clean’ might also mean
not being seen.
A famous case of an athlete who cheated during a competition was Ben Johnson, who
won the 100 metres race at the 1988 Summer Olympics, and then lost his gold medal when
he failed the drugs test and admitted using anabolic steroids. Carl Lewis, who was
promoted to take Johnson’s title, unfortunately revealed some time later that he had also
taken drugs, like everyone did. Gaining strength faster, improving cardio-respiratory
endurance, building up muscles and enhancing mental attitude – this is what drugs do. The
effect is clear. If you want to perform better in an event and hold an advantage over others,
you will be tempted to forge a few prescriptions or buy drugs on the black market.
It is obvious that the use of drugs has grown because people have always wanted too
much: to overcome the natural barriers and become a superhero. Who can take part in a
five-day-marathon? A week-long race? Only superpeople can go on and not drop out for so
many hours. This is how it all started. Endurance walking races in Britain lasted 24 hours in
1807 and seventy years later – 138 hours! How can you walk 520 miles if you don’t take
anything to keep you awake? Laudanum or opium were such substances used. Then cycling
races in America lasting six days used nitro-glycerine, stimulating the heart (the same
substance is used after a heart attack). Another ‘experiment’ in professional sport involved
a marathon winner taking strychnine (with brandy) at the Olympics in 1904. Besides this,
Tour de France cyclists in 1924 admitted taking bags of pills, cocaine, chloroform and
liniments to be able to complete the race. Amphetamine was used in English football
leagues in the sixties. Then, anabolic steroids began in weightlifting and spread to other
disciplines very quickly.
The word ‘doping’ might have its origin in ‘dop’ – a stimulating alcoholic drink used in
ceremonial dances in Africa in the 18th century. Stimulating drugs have not, however,
always been banished. At first they were simply treated as helpful. When it appeared that
they were harmful, a more restrictive official standpoint was taken up, but the official Anti-
Doping Convention of the Council of Europe wasn’t signed until 1989. It sets common
standards and regulations, the implementation of which is checked by a Monitoring Group
that also re-examines the list of prohibited substances. Does this mean sportspeople no
longer use drugs nowadays? Well, definitely, it is more difficult, as the tests are simply
better. On the other hand, some cheats avoid providing their own urine sample, or take
diuretics to clear their blood before taking the test. There is also a method that no tests can
check: blood transfusions, which increase endurance, although no drugs are actually
introduced into the system. Some people say doping should not be banned. If we say it is so
dangerous for athletes’ health, why not ban some aggressive sports, such as martial arts,
which, in fact, are statistically much more dangerous than taking drugs? And if the question
is about equality of opportunity, then more modern ski suits should also be banned, as they
improve performance. Is this a ‘witch hunt’ as some people suggest? Or an attempt to
return to the best values found in sport over the ages?

VOCABULARY
DOPING
abuse – nadużywanie
amphetamine – amfetamina
anabolic steroids – sterydy anaboliczne
anti-doping – antydopingowy
banishment – zakaz
banned/prohibited – zabroniony
black market – czarny rynek
blood transfusion – transfuzja krwi
boost – przyspieszyć, zwiększyć, podnieść
coach – trener/ka
endurance – wytrzymałość
enhance – polepszyć
equality of opportunity – równość szans
forge prescriptions – fałszo wać recepty
hormones – hormony
increase – zwiększać
martial arts – sztuki walki
mental attitude – podejście
penalized – karalny
performance-enhancing drugs – leki
poprawiające wydolność organizmu
professional – profesjonalny
protect – chronić
race – wyścig
regulations – regulacje
side effects – skutki uboczne
standards – standard
stimulant – stymulant
stimulate – stymulować
strength – siła
strychnine – strychnine
substance – substancja
urine sample – próbka moczu
weightlifting – podnoszenie ciężarów
ACTIVATE YOUR VOCABULARY
8 Complete the table with appropriate word forms.
Uzupełnij tabelkę odpowiednimi formami wyrazów.
Verb
Noun
protect
increase
enhance
endurance
abuse
forgery

9 Complete the sentences with the correct words from exercise 8.
Uzupełnij zdania odpowiednimi wyrazami z ćwiczenia 8.
1 It’s important to ......................... your skin from the harmful effects of the sun all year
round.
2 She ......................... her husband’s signature on the mortgage papers, because she
didn’t want him to find out.
3 We will never be able to trust her again as she has ......................... our trust and
friendship far too many times now.
4 Running a marathon is a true test of human ......................... and will power.
5 Since the recorded conversation was unclear, they had to use a special programme
to ..................... the clarity and quality of the recording.
10 Read the sentences below. If the sentence is correct, tick it. If the sentence is incorrect,
change the words in an appropriate way to make it correct.
Przeczytaj poniższe zdania. Zaznacz zdania poprawne, popraw zdania niepoprawne.
1 Diarrhoea and a rash are among the side effects of taking this medicine.
2 Since all drugs are illegal, he bought the cannabis on the underground market.
3 Mark was disqualified after traces of amphetamine were found in his urine sample.
4 Performance-enduring drugs are taken by athletes to improve their sporting performance.
5 Anabolic diuretics help you to develop muscles quickly.
6 Hormones influence the growth and development of animals, and are carried around the
body in the blood.

11 Complete the crossword.
Rozwiąż krzyżówkę.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Across
1 Having a lot of physical power and energy.
4 Renate Neufeld was one.
5 A sport such as judo or karate in which you fight to defend yourself.
7 Someone who teaches people to improve in sports.
9 When something is strictly forbidden.
10 A person who competes in such sports as jumping, running and throwing
11 The sport of lifting specially shaped heavy metal objects.
12 An official rule.
Down
1 A type of solid, liquid or gas with particular physical characteristics.
2 An extremely toxic alkaloid, often used as rat poison, and sometimes used in small
amounts as a medicine.
3 To punish someone.
6 The process of putting some blood from one person into another person’s body as a
medical treatment.
8 A competition in which you compete to be the fastest and finish first.

11
HEALTH
ZDROWIE

11.1
SURGERY
1 Look at these names of TV series. What do they have in common? What can you say about
each of them? Do you watch them?
Spójrz na poniższe tytuły seriali telewizyjnych. Co maja one ze sobą wspólnego? Co możesz o
nich powiedzieć? Które z nich oglądasz lub oglądałeś/aś?
ER
Grey’s Anatomy
Private Practice
House, M. D.
M*A*S*H
2 Read the text and choose the correct answer – a, b or c.
Przeczytaj tekst a następnie wybierz właściwą odpowiedź – a, b lub c.
1 The 19th century medicine ...
a had had centuries to develop and become effective.
b was successful at fighting haemorrhages.
c was struggling with the same problems as previous forms of the profession.
2 The basic difficulty with fighting internal diseases was ...
a an inability to look inside the organism.
b the speed of their spreading.
c the superstitions of religious clergy.
3 One of the maternity wards had a high maternal mortality rate because ...
a the medical staff didn’t follow basic hygienic guidelines.
b a mother had contact with corpses.
c bodies were dissected in the delivery room.
4 The inventors of anaesthesia ...
a gave up dentistry after a failed experiment.
b were both stomatologists.
c didn't manage to prove that laughing gas was a successful anaesthetic.

Surgery – the difficult beginnings
‘Before having an operation, the patient was tied to a table with leather ties. He would also be given
some vodka or opium. Then, the surgeon approached the table with a scalpel and amputated an arm or
cut into a diseased tongue. To stop the bleeding, a red-hot iron was put on the wound. Some patients
cried and shouted with pain, whilst other were reported to have sung psalms or prayed. Others died of
pain and shock, and if they didn’t, there was the threat they would soon die of infection.’ This
description does not belong to ancient times, but to the 19th century. Hard to believe, but the three
major problems for surgery: bleeding, infection and pain had still not been resolved at that time, even if
archaeological studies have shown that the history of surgery can be traced back to antiquity. Indeed,
amputations, trepanations and bone operations were done during Neolithic times, which does not
change the fact that 150 years ago, surgery was practically the same as thousands of years before, and,
to a range of dangerous diseases such as smallpox, polio, pneumonia and tuberculosis, a major health
threat was added: if something happened inside your body, doctors were practically unable to help you.
It must have meant patients dying of appendicitis, burst ulcers, tumours or abdominal wounds gained
through war with doctors not even attempting to open up their body.
One of the major issues in surgery is to prevent the patient from bleeding to death. It is surprising
that not only was bleeding not perceived as a problem in the past, but also bloodletting was used to
treat diseases. It was believed that before an amputation, it was necessary to remove the q uantity of
blood equal to the amount circulating in the limb that was to be cut. The fight against bleeding consisted
of two major strategies: closing blood vessels using cauterization or ligatures, and replacing the blood
lost through blood transfusions, to which a knowledge of blood groups was necessary. The hot iron
used for closing wounds had a major benefit: it fought against infections, which spread widely in hospital
wards. Before the discovery of germs by Pasteur, nobody knew why so many patients were dying after
operations, even if they were successful. A Hungarian doctor, Ignaz Semmelweis, discovered that in two
maternity clinics in Vienna where he worked, the maternal mortality rates were very different. He was
trying hard to discover the difference between the two places, and only after a breakthrough, which was
his colleague dying of infection after having been accidentally poked with a student’s scalpel while
performing a postmortem examination, did he realize that medical students working in the infamous
ward were fresh from the dissecting room, whereas student midwives in the second clinic were not
engaged in autopsies and had no contact with corpses. He did not know about germs yet, so he
presumed that what was killing the mothers were some unknown ‘cadaverous particles’. As a result, he
introduced handwashing into the wards and the mortality rate dropped to almost zero. However, his
teachings were not accepted: he was institutionalized and died in a mental hospital. Only after Louis
Pasteur’s discovery did sterilizing equipment and handwashing become obvious procedures.
And last, but not least, there was the issue of pain. Acute pain meant some operations were simply
not possible, as patients would be unable to endure them. Sharp pain often meant a sometimes fatal
shock or heart attack for the patient. Anaesthesia was discovered by two American dentists: Horace
Wells and William Morton, who were experimenting with laughing gas. However, when Wells’
demonstration of tooth extraction with this use of anaesthetic failed (the amount of gas was probably
too small for a patient who was a fat drunkard), he gave up dentistry, became a salesman and then, after
having become addicted to chloroform, under the influence of it attacked two prostitutes in the street,
pouring acid over their clothes, and ended up in prison. Having realized what he had done, Wells
committed suicide, cutting the artery in his leg while inhaling chloroform not to feel any pain. William
Morton was luckier: he used his partner’s discovery and became successful.
Nowadays, when transplants are a norm and we are starting to use nanotechnology in operations, it
is difficult to imagine that all this happened no more than a hundred and sixty years ago...

VOCABULARY
BODY PARTS AND ORGANS
appendix – wyrostek robaczkowy
artery – tętnica
bladder – pęcherz
blood vessel – nac zynie krwionośne
bronchi – oskrzela
calf – łydka
chest – klatka piersiowa
cuspid/canine tooth – kieł
elbow – łokieć
gland – gruczoł
gum – dziąsło
incisor – siekacz
intestine – jelito
kidney – nerka
limb – kończyna
liver – wątroba
lung – płuco
molar – ząb trzonowy
oesophagus – przełyk
ovary – jajnik
palate – podniebienie
pelvis – miednica
peritoneum – otrzewna
pupil – źrenica
rib – żebro
skull – czaszka
spinal cord – rdzeń kręgowy
spine – kręgosłup
spleen – śledziona
testicle – jądro
thigh – udo
thyroid – tarczyca
tongue – język
tonsils – migdałki
uterus – macica
vein – żyła
vertebrae – kręgi
windpipe/trachea – tchawica
ORGAN SYSTEMS
circulatory system – układ krwionośny
digestive system – układ trawienny
endocrine system – układ hormonalny
immune system – układ odpornościowy
lymphatic system – układ chłonny
muscular system – układ mięśniowy
nervous system – układ nerwo wy
reproductive system – układ rozrodczy
respiratory system – układ oddechowy
skeletal system – układ kostny
urinary system – układ moczowy
DISEASES, INJURIES, TREATMENT
acute/sharp pain – ostry ból
amputate – amputować
amputation – amputacja
anaemia – niedokrwistość
anaesthesia – znieczulenie
anaesthetic – środek znieczulający
angina – choroba wieńcowa
appendectomy – operacja usunięcia wyrostka
robaczkowego
appendicitis – zapalenie wyrostka
asthma – astma
autopsy – autopsja
be allergic to – mieć alergię na
bite – ukąszenie
bleed – krwawić
bleed to death – wykrwawić się na śmierć
bleeding – krwawienie
blood count – morfologia krwi
blood group/type – grupa krwi
blood loss – utrata krwi
blood transfusion – transfuzja krwi
bloodletting – upuszczanie krwi
bronchitis – zapalenie oskrzeli
bruise – siniak
burn – oparzenie
cadaver/corpse/dead body – zwłoki
cancer – rak

Casualty/Emergency Room – ambulatorium,
odddział ratunkowy
chickenpox – ospa wietrzna
come down with (an illness) – zachorować na
come/break out in a rash – dostać wysypki
constipation – zaparcie
CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) –
resuscytacja
CT/CAT scan – tomografia komputerowa
cramp – skurcz
cut – skaleczenie
cut – skaleczyć się
delivery/labour – poród
diabetes – cukrzyca
diarrhoea – biegunka
disinfect – dezynfekować
epilepsy – padaczka
epileptic seizure/fit – atak padaczkowy
faint – mdleć
fall ill – zachorować
fever – gorączka
flat feet – płaskostopie
flesh wound – rana powierzchowna
fracture – złamanie
gangrene – gangrene
germs – zarazki
haemorrhage – krwotok
heal – leczyć
heart attack – zawał serca
heart/liver/kidney failure – niewydolność
serca/wątroby/nerek
high/low blood pressure – wysokie/niskie
ciśnienie krwi
hurt – boleć
indigestion – niestrawność
infection – infekcja
inflammation – stan zapalny
influenza/the flu – grypa
injury – zranienie, rana
jaundice – żółtaczka
laughing gas – gaz rozweselający
laxative – środek przeczyszczający
leukaemia – białaczka
lump – grudka
maternity clinic/ward – klinika/oddział
położniczy
measles – odra
mental disorder – choroba psychiczna
midwife – akuszerka, położna
mortality rate – umieralność
MRI – rezonans magnetyczny
mumps – świnka
nausea – nudności
open wound – otwarta rana
otitis/ear inflammation – zapalenie ucha
pain/ache – ból
pang – skurcz
pathology – patologia
plague – dżuma
pneumonia – zapalenie płuc
poisoning – zatrucie
postmortem (examination) – sekcja zwłok
prevent – zapobiec
rash – wysypka
rheumatism – reumatyzm
scarlet fever – szkarlatyna
sepsis – sepsa
shivers/tremours – dreszcze
sore throat – ból gardła
sterilize – sterylizować
stroke – udar mózgu
surgeon – chirurg
surgical – chirurgiczny
suture – szew
sweat – pocić się
swelling – opuchlizna
take out/extract (a tooth) – wyrwać (ząb)
tonsillitis – angina
trepanation – trepanacja
tuberculosis/TB – gruźlica
tumour – guz
ulcer – wrzód
ultrasound – USG
viral hepatitis – wirusowe zapalenie wątroby
vomit/be sick/throw up – wymiotować
wart – brodawka
X-ray – prześwietlenie

ACTIVATE YOUR VOCABULARY
3 Look at the sketch of a human body and complete the names of the diseases or health
problems which correspond to the body parts.
Spójrz na szkic ciała ludzkiego. Uzupełnij brakujące litery w nazwach chorób, które dotyczą
zaznaczonych części ciała.
3__o
_
_
h___s
5_n
_
_
m____
7_u
_
_
r__l
_
s__
9 __p
_
_
_
i__t
_
s
10 d___r
_
_
e_
1__ro__
2_a
_
_
_
f__mm
_
t__n
4_u
_
p_
6_n
_
_
g__t
_
_
n
8_h
_
_
_
e__o
_
11 rh____t
_
_
_
12 f___f
_
_
_

4 Provide synonyms for the following words.
Napisz synonimy podanych wyrazów.
1 autopsy = p................ e...................
2 bleeding = h................
3 heal = c................
4 pang = c................
5 sharp = a................
5 Complete the crossword and find the clue. Then use the clue to complete the definition
underneath.
Rozwiąż krzyżówkę i odczytaj hasło. Hasło stanowi uzupełnienie definicji pod spodem.
W
R
E
Z
H
P
F
R
ST
SS
L
T
A
A
IC
ND
EU
A
AP
OM
 Acrackinabone.
 A damaged area of the body, such as cut skin or a hole in the flesh.
 A serious disease when the body produces too many white blood cells.
 A ‘tube’ which carries blood around the organism.
 A medical condition which makes it hard to breathe.
 A small hard lump on the skin (usually on the hand or face).
 A substance which makes you unable to feel pain.
 To uncontrollably empty your stomach through your mouth.
 Surgery during which your appendix is removed.
 A sudden and violent attack of an illness, e.g. epilepsy.
 A serious disease of the liver that makes your skin jaundiced (yellowish).
... ...... ...... ...... ... ...... . is a surgical procedure often performed by emergency physicians,
where a doctor makes an incision into the trachea (the windpipe) to allow the patient to
breathe.

11.2
ADDICTIONS
6 Read the quotation and answer the question below.
Przeczytaj cytat i odpowiedz na pytanie poniżej.
‘Just because you got the monkey off your back, it doesn’t mean the circus has left town.’
(George Carlin, American comedian)
How do you understand this statement in relation to the topic of addictions?
7 Read the texts and decide if the sentences below refer to Adam (A), Sasha (S) or both of
them (B).
Przeczytaj tekst i zdecyduj czy poniższe stwierdzenia odnoszą się do Adama (A), Sashy (S) czy
do obydwojga (B).
Who:
1 doubts that once you’ve tried something, you can remain a sporadic user?
..............
2 has sought professional help?
..............
3 hasn’t been able to quit an addiction even after the birth of their own child?
..............
4 became sexually loose?
..............
5 dragged another person into the addiction?
..............
6 is clean now?
..............
7 might be genetically pre-determined to addictive use?
..............
8 has forgotten about basic rules of hygiene?
..............
9 felt pressured and overwhelmed so much that he/she started using something? ..............
Addictions – real stories
Are you sure your teenage daughter really spends Saturday evenings drinking Cola and watching
romantic comedies with her female friends? Are you sure the headache she has on Sunday
mornings is really because of her period? Are you sure your son is clean and it’s only his friends
who smoke marijuana or take meth before exams? What if we told you where they really spend
their weekends and what they do? If you are sure, do not read this page.
This webpage tells the real stories of teenagers who have fought with different kinds of
addictions.

Recently added
Adam
I read about all kinds of addiction everywhere – such as webaholism, shopaholism or
workoholism, and I understand such things might be a problem, but when you get hooked on a
drug, it’s hell. When I was 17, I tried meth. Never believe people who say you can do it only at
weekends or quit when you want to. I was instantly hooked. I spent all my savings on meth and
then stole my parents’ money. I stopped having showers and changing my clothes. I kept having
blackouts and hallucinating, but I couldn’t stop. I knew I was in the grip of a disease and I felt I
would die if something didn’t change. I hit rock bottom. Then I met Heather. For some time, I
managed to hide my addiction, but one day she came when I was just about to take it. ‘Do you
want to try some?’ I asked. She hesitated. I should have protested then, withdrawn my proposal
and thrown the meth through the window. But I didn’t. I poured it on the foil, held a lit match
underneath and told her to inhale. Soon, we were doing it together. After three months, Heather
was pregnant and she stopped. I still used it. I was a bit jealous; she didn’t even have any
withdrawal symptoms – she just gave up – and that was it! I hardly remember the day when
Judith was born; I was high. Heather was still clean then, and I didn’t help much at home, so I felt
our relationship was deteriorating. Then when she couldn’t bear our life any longer, she started
to use it again, and then I realized we had to seek help. She was caught with the
methamphetamine and we had drugs tests done on us. The result was positive, and we lost our
daughter. We were told that we would never regain custody if we didn’t stay clean for six
months and seek professional help. We suffered. You feel exhausted all the time, you feel
nauseous, you vomit. You sweat, you have tremors and stomachache. We joined treatment
programs and self-help groups, but it wasn’t easy. If it hadn’t been for our daughter, we would
never have done it. Heather might have, perhaps, but I was so strongly addicted back then that I
nearly died having taken the drug for almost two years, and bringing myself back to life took
much longer.
Sasha
I don’t know why girls drink. I guess I just wanted to be accepted among peers and to feel more
at ease, as I was always really shy. I always felt so much pressure – especially from my dad, who
wanted me to do well at school, although I actually never coped. Well, now I know my mum is an
alcoholic, although I didn’t know then – it seemed like she would just have a drink or two after
dinner. Only after my treatment did I realize that she also had a problem, so I guess there could
be some genetic predisposition to it. So it started at parties, I couldn’t really say no; I would risk
being rejected by the group. After a few times drinking, I realized it helped me when I was
stressed out and made it easier to be part of a group. Well, I don’t like talking about these two
years when I was binge drinking, but the facts are that I lost my virginity to a boy I hardly knew,
that I later had unprotected sex with strangers, was at hospital three times because of alcoholic
poisoning and had a car accident when I was drink-driving. Fortunately, I didn’t hurt anybody, just
smashed a fence, but I blocked out everything, took drugs under the influence of alcohol,
became a chain-smoker and, last but not least, dropped out of school. Well, now, after two
months at a treatment centre, I’ve been sober for two months. I’m going home tomorrow. Will I
be able to resist drinking?

VOCABULARY
ADDICTIONS
addiction – uzależnienie
addictive – uzależniający
alcoholic – alkoholik/czka
alcoholic drinks – napoje alkoholowe
alcoholism – alkoholizm
alcohol-related illnesses – choroby związane z
nadużywaniem alkoholu
amphetamine – amfetamina
be/get hooked on – być
uzależnionym/uzależnić się od
be addicted to – być uzależnionym od
addict – osoba uzależniona
be in the grip of (a disease/an addiction) – być
w szponach (choroby/nałogu)
binge drinking – upijanie się
black out – upić się do nieprzytomności
brain damage – uszkodzenie mózgu
chocaholic – osoba uzależniona od czekolady
chocaholism – uzależnienie od czekolady
compulsive – kompulsywny
coordination – koordynacja
dependent on – zależny/uzależniony od
dizziness – zawroty głowy
drug addict – narkoman/ka
drink-driving – prowadzenie samochodu pod
wpływem alkoholu
feel at ease – czuć się wyluzowanym
gambling – hazard
genetic predisposition – uwarunkowania
genetyczne
get drunk – upić się
hallucinate – mieć halucynacje
hallucinations – halucynacje
harmful substances – szkodliwe substancje
heavy smoker – palacz/ka nałogowy/a
hit rock bottom – sięgnąć dna
impaired – pogorszony
inhale – wdychać
inject – wstrzykiwać
lung cancer – rak płuc
marijuana/cannabis – marihuana
meth (methamphetamine) – metamfetamina
nicotine – nikotyna
non-smoker – niepalący
non-smoking area – strefa dla niepalących
overcome an addiction – pokonać uzależnienie
passive smoking – bierne palenie
peers – rówieśnicy
quit/give up – rzucić
respiratory diseases – choroby układu
oddechowego
self-help/support group – grupa wsparcia
shopaholic – zakupoholik/czka
shopaholism – zakupoholizm
slow reaction time – wolny czas reakcji
smoker – palacz/ka
sniff – wąchać
sober – trzeźwy
spirits – mocne alkohole
stressed out – zestresowany
syringe – strzykawka
take drugs – brać narkotyki
therapist – terapeuta/ka
therapy – terapia
tipsy – na rauszu
tobacco – tytoń
treatment program – program leczenia
unprotected sex – seks bez zabezpieczeń
violent – gwałtowny
webaholic – osoba uzależniona od Internetu
webaholism – uzależnienie od Internetu
withdrawal symptoms – objawy odstawienia
workaholic – pracoholik/czka
workaholism – pracoholizm

ACTIVATE YOUR VOCABULARY
8 Find ten words and phrases connected with addictions in the wordsearch. Then use them
to complete the definitions underneath.
Znajdź w diagramie dziesięć słów i wyrażeń związanych z uzależnieniami, a następnie
uzupełnij nimi definicje poniżej.
SHEAVYSMOKERXJ
EWORKAHOLISMSB
LCDSOBERYDBVTS
FQYWCCXDVJSTRO
HFUNUNIOPKHLEL
ESANCILHAEFOAO
LCSOFCSCRYFVTU
PLSSCOFAHHUEMP
GOKNCTPNPJPREC
ROCKCIBNOJICNE
OVAPSNHCNOIOTK
UCHTDEXDQMOMYI
PGAMBLINGVFEYQ
PASSIVESMOKING
1 ................................ – breathing in smoke from the air around you when someone
else is smoking
2 ................................ – someone who smokes a lot of cigarettes
3 ................................ – working a lot and not having time for anything else
4 ................................ – someone who has been trained to treat a particular type of
mental or physical illness
5 ................................ – not drunk
6 ................................ – a poisonous chemical in tobacco which makes it difficult for
people to stop smoking
7 ................................ – a group of people who have the same problem, e.g. alcoholism,
and meet to provide help to each other
8 ................................ – to defeat something, e.g . an addiction
9 ................................ – methods to cure something, e.g. an addiction
10 ................................ – the activity of betting money or possessions, e.g . in card games
or horse races

9 Match what the people below say to the names of the addictions they suffer from. There
are two addictions you won’t need.
Połącz wypowiedzi osób z uzależnieniami, na jakie cierpią. Uwaga, dwa nałogi podane są
dodatkowo.
shopaholism, chocaholism, nicotine addiction, alcoholism, workaholism, drug addiction,
webaholism
1 ‘40 a day is a bare minimum. Sometimes I spark up one after another.’
.....................
2 ‘It started innocently, having one or two at a party to boost my confidence. Now, I have to
have one every hour, the quality irrelevant. Warm, on the rocks or neat, in a glass or
straight from the bottle – makes no difference to me.’
.....................
3 ‘A bar right after breakfast and a dark one always in my purse in case of an
emergency.’ ... ... ...... ...... ...
4 ‘I hardly ever turn it off. And thank goodness for mobile access and Wi-Fi, otherwise I
would never leave home.’
.....................
5 ‘Inhaling, injecting, sniffing – I've done it all.’
.....................
10 Rearrange the letters to complete the sentences.
Rozszyfruj wyrazy w nawiasach i uzupełnij zdania.
1 Living with a habitual smoker is a nightmare. The worst part is having to
(ilaneh) ....................... tobacco smoke 24 hours a day.
2 He’s gone back to (blingamg) ....................... again. The year-long therapy didn’t help.
3 The lying and stealing has started again.
4 I want to help her but the (wawathdril) ....................... symptoms are difficult to stand.
She’s moody, often violent, shivers, and the nausea never seems to stop.
5 Taking it up is easy, (titquing) ....................... however, is a whole different story.
6 Drink-driving is a punishable crime because once you’re under the influence, your vision is
seriously (imedirpa) ....................... so you may not notice something or misjudge the
distance between other cars.

11 Complete the sentences with correct words. The last letters of the words are given.
Uzupełnij zdania odpowiednimi wyrazami. Ostatnie litery wyrazów zostały podane.
1 I think she might have a drinking problem. Now that I think about it, I don't think I’ve ever
seen her completely .................r; she’s always been a bit tipsy.
2 After two years of struggling, he managed to .........................e his alcohol addiction,
although it wasn’t easy. He went to ..........................y and joined a ...................... -
....................p group.
3 It has been scientifically proven that young children exposed to cigarette smoke
are .....................e smokers, which may cause difficulty breathing or even lead to
serious .........................y problems.
4 Under the influence of drugs you may experience ............................s, which make you
see things that are not there .................s, which makes you feel like your head is
spinning, or you may even have a ..................t for a moment, and not be aware what is
going on.
5 Once you start using any harmful substance, it’s not long before you realize you have
become an ......................t . You soon lose control over your actions and using the
substance becomes ......................e – you simply must have it right away, nothing else
matters. And once the addiction takes over, you become weak-willed and
totally .....................t on the drug. Unfortunately, in most cases, you realize the gravity
of the situation once you have hit rock .....................m, but often by then it’s too late.

12
NEW TECHNOLOGY
NOWE TECHNOLOGIE

12.1
THE INTERNET
1 Look at the conversation about surfing the Internet and complete the words.
Przeczytaj rozmowę dotyczącą szukania informacji w Internecie i uzupełnij brakujące litery.
A:
What do I have to do to enter the Central Park Zoo (1) w _ b_
_
t_?
B:
You need to enter the site’s address into the address (2) _ _ r at the top of the
(3)b__w
_
e _ window and then press enter.
A:
But I don’t know their address.
B:
Well,youcoulduseasearch(4)e___n
_
to find the site. You need to enter its
address, for example www.google.com.
A:
OK, I’ve done it.
B:
Now type in the phrase you want to find, for instance Central Park Zoo, and pres s the
Search(5)b_t
_
_
n.
A:
Got it. Oh, there it is. Now what? I want to find their opening hours.
B:
Click on the ‘Plan Your Trip’ (6) t _ _ and you’ll find all the relevant information there.
A:
Thanks a lot.
2 Read the text and decide if the sentences below are true (T) or false (F).
Przeczytaj tekst i zdecyduj, czy poniższe zdania są prawdziwe (T) czy fałszywe (F).
1 The need for a worldwide network was born out of a fear of foreign
aggression.
T/F
2 The basic flaw of the first networks was the fact that they relied on a single
main computer.
T/F
3 Packet-switching technology was responsible for difficulties with data
transmission.
T/F
4 Private use of the Internet has been allowed since the early 1990s.
T/F
5 All the search engines prior to WebCrawler were only able to identify the site’s
title, and not its content.
T/F
6 Google has by far surpassed all the preceding browsers because it has been
able to come up with a lot more search results.
T/F
7 Currently, over a billion people have access to the Internet.
T/F

The history of the Internet
Before inter networking became widespread, the use of communication networks was limited:
communication was only possible between the users of a local network. Even if networks had
gateways or bridges between them, their use was often limited. As the networks operated from
one central location, it was clear that if the mainframe computer was damaged, information
would be lost.
The need for a better network grew in the U.S . military to be able to assist communications in
the event of a nuclear attack. A network which did not have a central hub was simply less
vulnerable to disruption. J. C . R. Lickider, who was a fundamental pioneer in Internet
development, published papers in the early 1960s in which he presented his ideas about future
networking. As a result, ARPANET was born. It started when at the University of California in Los
Angeles (UCLA) and three other universities, the first hosts were installed. ARPANET developed
rapidly: by 1981, the number of hosts had grown to 213.
One of the biggest problems predecessors of the global network faced was how to transmit
data. The use of traditional technology for telephony was limited. The milestone in networking
technology was the invention of packet-switching technology. Transmitted information would be
divided into so-called ‘message-blocks’, and routing decisions were made for each packet
separately. It meant that when there was a problem somewhere in the system, the piece of
information would choose a different route – and all pieces (or packets) would be successfully
put together through the receiver’s computer.
When the military-oriented ARPANET project was no longer supported, the growing system
was taken over by universities to serve scientific research purposes. Before 1991, it had been
officially forbidden to use the Internet for commercial purposes, which not only meant that
selling and advertising was not allowed, but also that individual users could not even dream
about accessing the net. Obviously, making the system accessible did not mean that the 1990s
Internet had the same functions as it has today. The most crucial and earliest Internet tool was
the e-mail, which in fact had been invented in 1965 as a way of communication between different
users of one computer. In 1971 standard e-mail address was created and the first attempts at
sending messages between two computers were made.
When the Internet grew in the 80s and 90s, people realized the need to be able to share
content and organize it. Using hypertext technology led to World Wide Web creation, and then
the famous Mosaic web browser. When the content had been stored and organized, the users
wanted to be able to find what they needed quickly, and the first search engines were born.
WebCrawler created in 1994 was the first full-text Web search engine. Before that, search
engines were able to look for page titles only. Soon, Yahoo! and AltaVista were created, but the
most successful search engine appeared to be Google, founded in 1998. It developed a new
approach for searching for results based on their relevancy. The best results were shown first,
which made the search engine really effective – and popular.
Now that we are not only able to use the Internet on our laptops, but also have mobile
phones with Internet connectivity, and 1.1 billion people have regular Internet access, it is difficult
to imagine what else we can get from global networking, apart from getting rid of the digital
divide which separates the world into two different worlds: one with Internet access, and the
other without, and making sure the net, which was once called global, is really that.

VOCABULARY
THE INTERNET AND COMPUTERS
access – dostęp
application – aplikacja
bookmark (n; v) – zakładka; dodać do
ulubionych
browse – przeglądać
browser – przeglądarka
burn a CD-ROM – nagrać CD-ROM
CD-ROM drive – napęd
CD-ROM commerce – handel
commercial use – działalność komercyjna
communication network – sieć komunikacyjna
connection – połączenie
crash – zawieszać się
cursor – kursor
customize – dostosować (np. pasek narzędzi)
cyberspace – przestrzeń wirtualna
data – dane
data processing – przetwarzanie danych
database – baza danych
delete – usuwać
desktop – pulpit
development – rozwój
download – ściągać
file – plik
hard disk – twardy dysk
hardware – sprzęt komputerowy
home page – strona główna
install – zainstalować
keyboard – klawiatura
limited/restricted – ograniczony
local network – sieć lokalna
network – sieć
operating system – system operacyjny
page setup – ustawienia strony
paste – wkleić
pioneer – pionier
pop-up ad – okienko reklamowe
processor/CPU – procesor
research – badania
resolution – rozdzielczość
restart – uruchomić ponownie
screensaver – wygaszacz ekranu
scroll up/down – przewijać w górę/w dół
search engine – wyszukiwarka
separate – oddzielny
server – serwer
settings – ustawienia
social networking site – portal
społecznościowy
software – oprogramowanie
solution – rozwiązanie
toolbar – pasek narzędzi
tools – narzędzia
username – nazwa użytkownika
website – strona internetowa
wireless – bezprzewodowy
word processor – edytor tekstu
E-MAIL
attach – załączyć
attachment – załącznik
bcc/blind carbon copy – UDW (ukryte do
wiadomości)
cc/carbon copy – DW (do wiadomości)
deleted items – elementy usunięte
drafts – kopie robocze
e-mail account – konto e-mailowe
forward – przesłać dalej
inbox – skrzynka odbiorcza
junk e-mail/spam – spam
mailbox – skrzynka e-mailowa
outbox – skrzynka nadawcza
reply all – odpowiedzieć wszystkim
sent items – elementy wysłane
subject – temat

ACTIVATE YOUR VOCABULARY
3 Complete the definitions. The number of letters has been given.
Uzupełnij definicje. Liczba liter została podana.
1 .............. ......................... (4, 10) – the use of a computer to perform data
calculations
2 ......................... ............. (9, 6) – a special program, e.g . Windows or Linux, that
controls the way a computer works, especially how its memory is used, and the timing of
other programs
3 ......................... (10) – the sharpness or clarity of an image
4 ......................... (7) – to put a computer program onto a computer so that the
computer can use it
5 ......................... (8) – to copy or move programs or information into a computer’s
memory, especially from the Internet or a larger computer
4 Complete the sentences with correct words.
Uzupełnij zdania odpowiednimi wyrazami.
1 Put the c................. at the beginning of the text and highlight the text you want to copy.
2 They have a computer h................. store with monitors, CPUs, keyboards – you name it,
they’ve got it.
3 To log in, you need to enter your u................. and password.
4 You can check your e-mail on your mobile phone thanks to w................... Internet access.
5 Google, AltaVista and Bing are all examples of s................. e... ...... ... .... . which allow
you to dig for information in the web.
5 Cross the odd-one-out. Explain your choice.
Wykreśl wyraz, który nie pasuje do pozostałych. Uzasadnij swój wybór.
1 restart
install
turn off
paste
2 outbox
drafts
homepage
mailbox
3 attach
browse
open
delete
4 link
homepage
website
webpage
5 file
cursors
bookmarks
tools

12.2
INVENTIONS
6 Read the quotation and answer the questions below.
Przeczytaj cytat i odpowiedz na pytania poniżej.
‘Necessity is the mother of invention, it is true, but its father is creativity, and knowledge is the
midwife.’
(Jonathan Schattke, American computer scientist)
How do you understand this statement? Do you agree? Why/Why not ?
7 Read the text and answer the following questions.
Przeczytaj tekst i odpowiedz na poniższe pytania.
Which invention:
1 was downright damaging to health? ..........................
2 allowed food to be stored longer? ..........................
3 is the product of a fascination with the extraterrestrial? ..........................
4 was derived from the poor quality of beverages? ..........................
5 resulted in the instigating of legal proceedings against a spouse? ..........................
6 was created as a means of helping a certain vocational group? ..........................
7 was born in the mind of an overburdened mother? ..........................
8 was inspired by a child’s imagination? ..........................
Inventions which have made life easier – or more pleasant
Clothes and undergarments
Could we imagine life without blue jeans? Hardly at all, I think. The story of our favourite clothing can be
traced back to the 1850s – the time of the American gold rush – when a canvas salesman, Levi Strauss,
noticed that the trousers miners were using were not durable enough to withstand the wear and tear of
the mining profession. He stitched some canvas together and sold them as pants, and then dyed them
blue to conceal stains. This workwear has become the most famous clothing ever. Obviously, some time

passed before they started to appear not only on men’s, but also women’s legs. However, before
women decided to fight against long skirts, they fought for something else: freedom from barbarous
corsets. Tight vests were stiffened with whalebones and steel rods poking into women’s bodies, which
was not only uncomfortable, b ut also really unhealthy. When Mary Phelps Jacob sewed together two
handkerchiefs, she didn’t know she had just invented the bra – a garment women cannot imagine life
without now. This design did not enjoy its well-deserved popularity until during the First World War,
when the U.S. government requested that women stop purchasing corsets to conserve metal.
Housewife delights
Lots of everyday objects were invented by women who simply wanted to make their lives easier. Marion
Donovan, who as a child had been reported to show an ingenious talent for inventing things, as a wife
and mother of two, frustrated by the repetitive changing of her child’s soiled diapers and bed sheets, sat
down at her sewing machine and invented a waterproof diaper cover, later replacing the dangerous
safety pins with press studs.
Shopping became much easier when flat-bottomed paper bags were created. Margaret E. Knight,
who invented a machine which automatically folded and glued paper bag bottoms, was a very prolific
inventor, as her list of achievements include a hundred other inventions, such as a rotary engine, a shoe-
cutting machine and a dress and skirt shield. Indeed, her obituary described her as ‘female Edison’.
However, not every female inventor was recognized, and some had to fight for patenting their
inventions. Most dramatically, Susan Hibbard, the inventor of the feather duster, had to sue her own
husband, who claimed her invention as his own!
Eating and drinking
Everyday life means most of all not cleaning or dusting, but eating and drinking. In this area such
inventions as can openers or coffee filters must be mentioned. The invention of the can by a British
merchant Peter Durand in 1810 was crucial for the army, as it allowed the so ldiers to eat food preserved
in cans, which prevented not only starvation, but also food poisoning. However, they had to wait for 50
years to be able to open the cans easily!
The coffee filter was invented by a German entrepreneur Melitta Benz, who was not satisfied with
the quality of over-brewed coffee and disliked the espresso-type machines which left granules in the
drink. Experimenting with various materials, she finally used a piece of paper from her son’s exercise
book! She was granted a patent in 1908 and set up a huge company. Now, her grandchildren control the
business with about 3.300 employees in 50 companies!
Some inventions prove to be successful because people have special needs, and some develop by
chance. This was the case when Ruth Wakefield wanted to make chocolate cookies, but she discovered
she had run out of baker’s chocolate. Using pieces of Nestle’s chocolate instead, she created a surprising
result, and now chocolate chip cookies are famous all over the world!
Toys for all
Making life more pleasant for children might mean giving them more cookies – or inventing new toys.
Ruth Handler was watching her daughter play with other children and noticed she was using dolls to act
out the future. The Barbie doll was a sensation at the 1959 Toy Fair, and Handler co-founded the
renowned Mattel toy company.
While the Barbie doll is a subject of desire among girls, the Frisbee is more universal in appeal. This
toy, used in various forms of sport and dog training, was produced through a UFO lover from California
wanting to design his own toy flying saucer and discovering that students in the southern states of the
US tossed Frisbee pie pans for fun (which they had been doing for almost a hundred years). Thus, a
name was given to the toy flying saucer – and a new pastime invented!

VOCABULARY
INVENTIONS
appliance – urządzenie
artificial – sztuczny
ballpoint pen – długopis
Barbie doll – lalka Barbie
bottom – dno
bra – biustonosz
brass – mosiądz
can – konserwa, puszka
can opener – otwieracz do puszek
canvas – płótno
carbon fibre – włókno węglowe
chocolate chip cookies – ciastka z kawałkami
czekolady
cloth – materiał
coffee filter – filtr do kawy
co-found – być współzałożycielem
copper – miedź
corset – gorset
demand – popyt
device – urządzenie
dispense – wydzielać
disposable nappies/diapers – pieluszki
jednorazowe
durable – trwały
dye – farbować
dynamite – dynamit
energy-saving – energooszczędny
entrepreneur – przedsiębiorca
fabric – tkanina, włókno
fasten – przymocować
fireproof – ogniotrwały
flat-bottomed – z płaskim dnem
flexible – giętki
fold – zaginać
Frisbee – Frisbee
gas – gaz
glass fibre – włókno szklane
glue – przyklejać
impermeable – nieprzepuszczalny
inefficient – mało wydajny
ingenious – genialny
innovative – innowacyjny
invention – wynalazek
iron – żelazo
light bulb – żarówka
liquid – ciecz
liquid crystal display – wyświetlacz
ciekłokrystaliczny
merchant – handlowiec
miniaturization – miniaturyzacja
obsolete – przestarzały
optical fibre – światłowód
paperclip – spinacz do papieru
patent – opatentować
permeable – przepuszczalny
plastic – plastic
poke – wbijać się
press studs – zatrzaski
prolific – płodny
purchase – kupować
rainproof – od deszczu
rotary engine – silnik rotacyjny
rotate – obracać się
rubber – guma
safety pin – agrafka
sew – szyć
shoe-cutting machine – maszyna obuwnicza
silk – jedwab
solid (n; adj) – ciało stałe; stały
stainless steel – stal nierdzewna
steam engine – silnik parowy
steel – stal, stalowy
sticky – lepki
stiffen – usztywniać
stitch – szew
suede – zamsz
supply – podaż
telegraph – telegraf
tight – obcisły
tin – cyna
upholstery – tapicerka
waterproof – wodoodporny
whalebone – kość wieloryba
windproof – nieprzepuszczający wiatru
wireless (n; v) – radio, radiowy
withstand – wytrzymać
workwear – ubranie robocze

ACTIVATE YOUR VOCABULARY
8 Label the photographs with the names of the inventions from the box. There are two
inventions you won’t need.
Podpisz zdjęcia nazwami wynalazków z ramki. Dwa wynalazki podane są dodatkowo.
reclining chair, tumble drier, peeler, netbook, urban bike, e -book reader, cheese slicer
1 ...................................
2 ...................................
3 ...................................
4 ...................................
5 ...................................

9 Complete the descriptions of five inventions and then match them to their names and
photographs from exercise 8.
Uzupełnij opisy pięciu różnych wynalazków, a następnie dopasuj je do ich zdjęć i nazw z
ćwiczenia 8.
1 It’s a piece of living room furniture, which can be tilted back and whose footrest can be
raised, offering you a comfortable, horizontal position. Its u....................y is usually
made of leather (genuine or a....................I) or suede.
2 It’s a small, lightweight version of a laptop, offering basic computing functions and
Internet access. It’s got a p....................c case and liquid crystal display. The charging
cord consists of a set of c....................r wires, insulated with plastic.
3 It’s a reliable means of travelling around a city. It’s comfortable and emission-free. Ideal for
women, thanks to its c....................n f....................e frame, which makes it easy to lift,
when need be.
4 It’s a household a....................e which removes moisture from your previously washed
laundry. Its main part, the round r..........................g drum, is made of quality
s....................s steel.
5 It’s a kitchen utensil allowing you to cut cheese. Its upper part and blade are made of
m....................I, while the handle is often plastic or w....................n. The handle is
often equipped with a non-slip r....................r handle.
10 Read the sentences and complete the words.
Przeczytaj poniższe zdania i uzupełnij brakujące litery.
1 Raincoats and Wellingtons are usually made from _ m
_
_
_
m_ _b_e materials such as
rubber or nylon.
2 Thiswassupposedtobeani____a_
_ v _ approach to handling our domestic budget, but
ithasproventobei__f
_
i__e
_
t, and we have ended up exceeding the budget by 45
per cent.
3 In an era of mobile technology, social networking sites and wireless Internet access, the
art of personal communication seems o _ _ _ I
_
t_.
4 Ice has three physical states. An ice cube is s _ _ i
_
. Once you heat it, it becomes a
_
_
q__d,andwhenboiled,itbecomesa__s.
5 The invention of the vacuum cleaner was spurred on by a _ e _
_
nd from numerous
housewives, tired of sweeping floors.
6 Musical instruments, such as trumpets and clarinets, are often made of b _ _ _ s.
7 Bankvaultsandsafesaremadeoff___p
_
_
_
f materials.

11 Complete the crossword and find the clue. Then use the clue to complete the sentence
underneath.
Rozwiąż krzyżówkę i odczytaj hasło. Hasło stanowi uzupełnienie zdania pod spodem.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1 It was typically constructed of a flexible material (like cloth or leather) and stiffened with
boning.
2 Contrary to popular belief, Thomas Alva Edison didn’t invent it, but rather he improved
upon a 50-year-old idea.
3 It is filled with sticky ink dispensed at tip by a small, rolling metal ball.
4 It was invented in America in 1867. Apart from keeping papers together, it has many other
interesting uses, e.g . early types of iPhones require one to eject the SIM card.
5 Although .................... fibre is generally considered an extremely modern medium for
telecommunication and networking, it’s a fairly simple and old technology.
6 .................... fibre is used for electrical, thermal and sound insulation, or for making
sports cars, boats, bows, arrows, hockey sticks and resistant fabrics.
7 It consists of two main parts: the boiler (steam generator) and the ‘motor’ unit, and can be
said to have been the moving force behind the Industrial Revolution.
8 The origin of this simple fastening device dates back to the 14th century BC, but it was
‘reinvented’ in 1849.
9 Marconi’s wireless .................... was first used on ocean liners, e.g. the RMS Titanic.
... ...... .... . ...... ... ..... was first invented by the Olmec Indians around 1500 BC.

13
NATURE AND THE UNIVERSE
PRZYRODA I WSZECHŚWIAT

13.1
NATURAL DISASTERS
1 Match the names of the global problems (1-9) to their definitions (a-i).
Dopasuj nazwy problemów ogólnoświatowych (1-9) do ich definicji (a-i).
1 flood
2 starvation
3 earthquake
4 poverty
5 child labour
6 spread of infectious
diseases
7 drought
8 volcanic eruption
9 cyclonic storm
a) a severe reduction in nutrient, vitamin and energy intake due
to a lack of food
b) the exploitation of children employment
c) a sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust which
produces seismic waves
d) a situation when lava, gasses, ash and rock pieces are
expelled from a volcanic vent
e) the transmission of a disease from one person to another
f) the overflow of a body of water which submerges the land
g) the inability to afford basic human needs such as food,
shelter, clothing, clean water or a health service
h) a circular, fluid air motion rotating in the same direction as
the Earth, e.g . a hurricane or tornado
i) an extended period of severe water shortage
2 Read the text and match the headings a-f to paragraphs 1-5. There is one heading you won’t
need.
Przeczytaj tekst i dopasuj nagłówki a-f do akapitów 1-5 . Jeden nagłówek podany jest
dodatkowo.
a To the four winds
b Tremendous tremors
c Heat wave horror
d Withered and ailing
e Disruptive eruptions
f In deep water
3 Read the text again and decide what these numbers refer to.
Przeczytaj tekst ponownie i zapisz, do czego odnoszą się poniższe liczby.
1 billions – .................
2 nineteen thirty-one – ... ...... ... .... .
3 eight – .................
4 a thousand – .................
5 nineteen eighty-five – ... ...... ...... ..
6 two hundred thousand – .................
7 two to five million – ................

What are the worst natural disasters?
Where do you find the biggest death toll?
1 ...............
On a list of catastrophic events, earthquakes are definitely at the top, especially if counted together. The
Shaanxi Earthquake for example, which hit China in 1556 with a magnitude of around 8 on the Richter
scale, killed about 830,000 people – 60 per cent of the population of the 97 counties which it affected.
The deadliest earthquake of the 20th century was probably the Haiyuan Earthquake in 1920. This Chinese
catastrophic disaster also caused landslides and cracks in the ground close to its epicentre, killing
200,000 people. A similar, or even bigger number of casualties was reported in 1976, when the Tangshan
Earthquake happened – and China was struck again. The number of deaths increased because of the
aftershocks. Seismic hazard is definitely very high in China, and serious monitoring both there and in the
West is aimed at detecting possible seismic movements.
2 ...............
Not at the top in terms of the number of victims, but still frightening, especially if you imagine being
there with fire and lava pouring down the mountain, or caught in a mudflow. Such a volcano eruption in
Columbia in 1985 ended the lives of 25,000 people. A list of the deadliest events would definitely include
volcano-related disasters, such as the one in Indonesia in 1815, when 80,000 people died because of
famine caused by the eruption of a volcano.
3 ...............
A major news story was hurricane Katrina, which struck the US Gulf Coast in 2005. With its 1,000 victims,
it was not the deadliest of events, but the insurance costs and property damage was counted in billions.
The Asian equivalent of a hurricane, a typhoon, killed 300,000 people in Calcutta, India, in 1 737. Some of
the biggest disasters which happened in the 18th or 19th centuries might have had much bigger death
tolls if they actually happened today, due to the sparse population of that time. In the case of hurricanes
or typhoons, it is not really the wind that kills so many people; it’s the flooding, which appears to be its
most common secondary effect, and the cause of millions of deaths worldwide.
4 ...............
The deadliest natural disaster that was ever recorded was the Central China Floods in 1931, which was
caused by seven cyclones bringing more and more rain. Three rivers flooded and four million people
were killed. No dams were able to hold back the amount of water in the three rivers, among them the
Yellow River, which had always been extremely prone to flooding, having done this 44 years earlier,
taking two million victims. The failure of the dams was the reason for a major catastrophe in Banqiao in
1975, when a storm collided with a typhoon bringing heavy rain. When the dam failed, billions of gallons
of water were released, causing huge waves and destroying everything in sight.
5 ...............
Hurricanes, earthquakes, flooding: these disasters are spectacular. The number of victims grows rapidly
and shocking scenes are shown on television. However, there are disasters whose death tolls might be
much bigger – even if they are not as immediately visible. Drought in Africa in the 1980s is estimated to
have caused ‘unknown millions’ of deaths. Nobody really counted the victims. In the case of the famous
influenza pandemic in 1918, 35 to 100 million deaths were reported. And, what is perhaps worse, two t o
five million people die every year from malaria. Does this make the mosquito-transmitted disease the
worst natural disaster ever? Well, it might.

VOCABULARY
NATURAL DISASTERS
casualties – ofiary, straty w ludziach
dam – zapora wodna
death toll – śmiertelne żniwo
deficiency – niedobór
devastate – zdewastować
drought – susza
earthquake – trzęsienie ziemi
epicentre – epicentrum
eye of the storm – oko cyklonu
famine – głód
flood – powódź
hail – grad
hazard – niebezpieczeństwo
hurricane – huragan
landslide – osuwisko
mudflow – powódź błotna
property damage – zniszczenie mienia
secondary effect – efekt wtórny
seismic – sejsmiczny
seismology – sejsmologia
starvation – głód
strike – uderzyć
thunderstorm – burza z piorunami
tornado – tornado
tropical cyclone – cyklon tropikalny
tsunami – tsunami
typhoon – tajfun
volcanic eruption – wybuch wulkanu
volcano – wulkan
weather phenomenon – zjawisko pogodowe
DISEASES
acquired – nabyty
AIDS – AIDS
bubonic plague – dżuma
deficiency – deficyt, niedobór
disease – choroba
epidemie – epidemia
eradicate – eliminować, niszczyć
immune – odporny
immune system – układ odpornościowy
immunodeficiency – niedobór odporności
influenza/flu – grypa
malaria – malaria
pandemie – pandemia
respiratory – oddechowy
severe – poważny
sexually transmitted – przenoszony drogą
płciową
smallpox – ospa
‘Spanish flue’ (1918 flu pandemie) – grypa
„hiszpanka” (pandemia grypy w roku 1918)
subtype – podtyp
syndrome – zespół, syndrom
transmit – przenosić
tuberculosis – gruźlica
virus – wirus

ACTIVATE YOUR VOCABULARY
4 Look at medical acronyms 1-6 and try to work out what the letters stand for, using the
words from the box. You can use some of the words more than once.
Spójrz na akronimy chorób 1-6 i postaraj się rozpisać ich nazwy, używając wyrazów z ramki.
Niektórych wyrazów można użyć więcej niż raz.
acquired, acute, deficiency, disease, human, immune, immunodeficiency, influenza A,
respiratory, severe, sexually, subtype H1N1, syndrome, transmitted, tuberculosis, virus
1 AIDS – .................. . ................... .................. . ...................
2 HIV – .................. . .................. . ..................
3 SARS – .................. . ................... .................. . ...................
4 AH1N1 – .................. . ................... .................. . ................... H1N1
5 TB – ..............................
6 STD – .................. . ................... .................. . ...................
5 Read the following statements made by people who have experienced petrifying moments
and decide what happened.
Przeczytaj wypowiedzi osób, które przeżyły przerażające chwile. Zdecyduj, o jakich
wydarzeniach mówią.
1 Maggie:
‘I felt like Dorothy leaving Kansas. The window shutters started cluttering
uncontrollably, and as I looked outside, I saw greyness and a terrifying,
death-wreaking funnel.’
......................
2 Ron:
‘All I could do was stand in the doorway, because that’s what they teach you,
and watch an enormous crack widen, splitting the house in two.’
.......................
3 Brie:
‘It’s hard to explain to a European. The sight of cracked earth, long-dead
vegetation and people sharing literally a thimble of water between three is
hard to forget.’
......................
4 Samuel:
‘The heavy rain and strong wind were unsettling. But what was the most
terrifying was the thunder and lightning striking every couple of seconds.’
..........................
5 Yuki:
‘Once the tremors of the earthquake subsided, we felt relieved. But not for
long. The screams of people outside signalled impending disaster. In that
horrific moment, over 20-metre-high waves started to hit the coast.’
..........................

6 Read the sentences and complete the words.
Przeczytaj poniższe zdania i uzupełnij brakujące litery.
1 Scientists claim that _u_
_
_
_
_
p_ _ _ _ e, so vividly depicted by Albert Camus, has been
successfully e_ _ _ i
_
_
t _ _ in most developed parts of the world and is not a threat any
longer.
2 The train was derailed, but, luckily, there were no c _ _ _ a
_
_
_
e _, just a couple of light
injuries.
3 S___m
_
_
_
g _ is the scientific study of earthquakes and their natural effects.
4 As the old saying goes: ‘Lightning does not _ _ _ i
_
e twice’. So don’t worry, I think you’ve
had your share of bad luck already.
5 A__n
_
_
m__isan_p
_
_
_
_
i _ of an infectious disease over a wide geographical area
and affecting an exceptionally high number of people.

13.2
THE UNIVERSE
7 Complete the following cosmic quiz.
Rozwiąż quiz na temat kosmosu.
1 The name of our galaxy is:
a) the Supernova Factory
b) the Virgo Cluster
c) the Milky Way
2 How many planets does our solar system have?
a) seven
b) eight
c) nine
3 Which is the largest planet in our solar system?
a) Venus
b) Jupiter
c) Saturn
4 Which planet is closest to the Sun?
a) Mercury
b) Mars
c) Venus
5 Which planet is furthest from the Sun?
a) Neptune
b) Pluto
c) Jupiter
6 How many moons does Saturn have?
a) none
b) one
c) above 30
7 Which planet is closest to Earth?
a) Venus
b) Mars
c) Mercury
8 Which planet is referred to as the Red Planet?
a) Earth
b) Jupiter
c) Mars
8 Read the text on page 166 and decide if the sentences below are true (T) or false (F).
Przeczytaj tekst na stronie 166 i zdecyduj, czy poniższe zdania są prawdziwe (T) czy fałszywe
(F).
1 It’s certain that the universe is indefinite.
T/F
2 Ultimately, the universe will become ungovernable.
T/F
3 Edwin Hubble was the creator of the theory stipulating that the universe is not
stable, but is widening all the time.
T/F
4 The theory stating that the universe is trying to reach a state of maximum
entropy argues that life will become impossible to sustain.
T/F
5 The factor leading to us burning up with the whole universe in a fireball is
gravitational force.
T/F
6 The theory of an oscillatory universe argues that the universe we know is the
first there ever has been but is definitely not the last, if or when ours is
destroyed.
T/F

Where is it ultimately heading?
We might discuss the nature of various celestial bodies, explore the black holes and analyse black
dwarfs, but there is no cosmological question more often asked than what the fate of the
universe is to be. Are we going to be evicted? What is the life span of this enormous home of ours?
Nothing lasts forever – not only humans and plants, but also stars and planets, and, finally,
the universe will meet its end. Not soon, however, and the comforting thought is that the
universe will continue to exist (or be inhabitable) for another hundred billion years, which is 20
times longer than the Earth has been here. The bad news is that it might be the case that, as time
passes by, the universe will become more and more uncomfortable, and finally practically
unliveable.
When the astronomer Edwin Hubble discovered in 1929 that the universe was expanding, it
became clear that one of the options would be an expansion of space, which will ultimately
cause the universe to become a place so dark and cold that nobody would like to inhabit it – and
nobody will. The Big Freeze scenario, which is now the one, most commonly accepted theory
among scientists, assumes that the universe will approach absolute zero temperature. A related
possibility is that the universe is directing itself towards a state of maximum entropy, which also
means life is not possible. An opposing theory is that our end will involve a Big Crunch, the
opposite of the Big Bang. If the gravitational force exerted by different galaxies, which now
slows the process of expansion, finally wins, an opposite process will lead to the universe
contracting into a fireball, in which even the smallest subatomic particles will burn, leaving no
space for life at all. If we believe that the Big Bang was actually preceded by the Big Crunch of a
previous universe, then we have to do with an oscillatory universe, which is an infinite sequence
of finite universes. This would mean that even if our great-grandchildren are finally transformed
into a ball of fire together with stars, planets and nebulas, the matter will not be contracted
forever, but will soon develop into a new universe.
However, in these theories one thing is not taken into consideration: the effects of life and
intelligence. The transformation of the Earth, which has been achieved through an intelligent
species dwelling here, has had an impact on our environment, which humans are able to change
if it brings benefits. We might expect this process to not cease in the future, but produce an
opposite process with new technologies and the development of science, possibly allowing the
citizens of the universe to be able to influence its fate – and they do not really have to hurry up!

VOCABULARY
THE UNIVERSE
asteroid – asteroida
astronomer – astronom
Big Bang theory – teoria Wielkiego Wybuchu
Big Crunch theory – teoria Wielkiej Zapaści
black dwarf – czarny karzeł
black hole – czarna dziura
celestial – niebieski (związany z niebem)
collapse – rozpaść się, załamać, upaść
contract – kurc zyć się
contraction – kurc zenie się
energy – energia
entropy – entropia
expand – rozszerzać się
expansion – rozszerzanie się
force – siła
galaxy – galaktyka
gravitational force – siła grawitacyjna
gravity – przyciąganie ziemskie
matter – materia
meteor – meteor
meteorite – meteoryt
nebula – mgławica
opposing – przeciwny
orbit the Earth – okrążać Ziemię
particles – cząstki
planet – planeta
pulsar – pulsar
quasar – kwazar
rotate – obracać się
THE SOLAR SYSTEM
the Earth – Ziemia
Jupiter – Jowisz
Mars – Mars
Mercury – Merkury
Neptune – Neptun
Saturn – Saturn
the Sun – Słońce
Uranus – Uran
Venus – Wenus
ACTIVATE YOUR VOCABULARY
9 Label the planets in the solar system.
Podpisz planety Układu Słonecznego.

10 Read the sentences and complete the words.
Przeczytaj poniższe zdania i uzupełnij brakujące litery.
1 The solar system is a structure consisting of the Sun and several c _ _ _ s
_
_
a _ objects
boundtoitbythef___eofgravity.
2 Not only do humans pollute the Earth, but space as well – it’s filled with several defunct
satellites aimlessly _ r
_
_
_
i_gtheEarth.
3 Q___a
_
_
are the most luminous objects in the universe. Although they resemble stars,
as they are a source of electromagnetic _ n
_
_
_
y, they are in fact active g _ _a_
_
es.
4 Electrons are examples of atomic _ a
_
t__I
_
_
.
5 TheBigBangresultedinthee__a
_
_
_
o _ of the universe, while the Big Crunch is to
resultinitsc__t
_
_
_
t___.
11 Find words and phrases connected with the topic of astronomy in the word snake. Search
for the words in a clockwise direction.
Znajdź wyrazy i zwroty związane z tematem astronomii w wężu literowym. Szukaj zgodnie z
ruchem wskazówek zegara.

12 Complete the definitions below with the words and phrases from exercise 11. There is one
definition you won’t need.
Uzupełnij poniższe definicje wyrazami i zwrotami z ćwiczenia 11. Jedna definicja podana jest
dodatkowo.
1 .............................. – a place in space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even
light, can escape
2 .............................. – a piece of rock or any other matter from space which has landed
on Earth
3 .............................. – one of many rocky objects which circle the Sun
4 .............................. – a cloud of gas or dust in space, which can be bright or dark
5 .............................. – the remnants of a star which has collapsed which become
sufficiently cool to no longer emit significant heat or light
6 .............................. – a piece of rock or any other matter from space which produces
bright light as it travels through the Earth’s atmosphere
7 .............................. – a small, dense star which emits radio waves
The word corresponding to the extra definition is: _ _ _ _ _ _

14
THE SOCIETY
SPOŁECZEŃSTWO

14.1.
POVERTY AND OTHER WORLD
PROBLEMS
1 Read the quotation and answer the questions below.
Przeczytaj cytat i odpowiedz na pytania poniżej.
‘Live life simply so that others may simply live.’
(Mahatma Gandhi, political and spiritual leader of India)
1 What do you think this statement means?
2 Do you agree with it? Why/Why not?
3 Do people follow this maxim these days? Why/Why not?
2 Read the text and answer these questions.
Przeczytaj tekst i odpowiedz na poniższe pytania.
In which paragraph does the writer argue that:
1 the existence of protective legislation is no guarantee that the regulation will be observed?
............
2 those supposed to be the priority are not one?
............
3 despite vast efforts, the statistical results are far from satisfactory?
............
4 the forecasts have appeared erroneous?
............
5 you should consider what you've been given?
............
6 some tragedies are more spectacular, thus making them arouse more pity?
............

Every 3.6 seconds...
1
Fifteen years after the adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which was
supposed to protect children in both developed and developing countries to provide
them with a decent childhood: healthcare, education and the right to play, we still cannot
say that we have succeeded. International organizations such as UNICEF might force legal
acts such as the Convention on the Worst Forms of Child Labour; committees might raise
funds to help the poorest children, but now, 15 years later, we still face extremely
pessimistic data.
2
Not only are over 100 million children not attending school, not only are over 150 million
underweight for their age, not only are two million children living with HIV – there’s more
than that. How would we feel if the Haiti earthquake occurred every ten days? Wouldn’t
we be devastated by the images in news coverage? One child dies every 3.6 seconds,
which means 17 children dying every minute, 24,000 every day, or 9 million every year.
Why aren’t we shocked?
3
Many international and national policies try to ensure child protection and tackle issues of
poverty and deprivation, but they still do not gain enough priority and, in fact, in global
economics, these issues are often neglected. The facts are as follows: children,
representing half of the population of developing countries and one-third of the
population of developed countries, are the poorest citizens in this world. They are
massive victims of armed conflicts, violence and abuse. They are made to work in
hazardous conditions and left with no food or access to health services, not to mention
education or personal development. Improving their living conditions and ensuring their
safety should be priorities – but they are not. It would be enough to spend one per cent
of what the world spends every year on weapons to put every child into school – and yet
it just doesn’t happen.
4
What is more, the spreading global economic crisis of the last three years has made
things even worse. According to the World Bank, the crisis has caused 53 million more
people to be trapped in poverty, bringing the number of people living on less than two
dollars a day to over 1.5 billion. We must remember that half of this number are children,
who are the most vulnerable and least crisis-resistant people. The infant and maternal
mortality rates, which were supposed to go down according to the United Nation’s
Millennium Development Goals, are still growing... So every time we complain that
because of the crisis our bank loans are higher or we can’t afford holidays in Spain, let’s
think about these billions of people who collect water for several hours every day and are
happy if they can get a bowl of rice to survive.

VOCABULARY
POVERTY AND OTHER WORLD PROBLEMS
abuse – wykorzystywanie
access – dostęp
accession – przystąpienie
armed conflict – konflikt zbrojny
bank loan – kredyt bankowy
convention – konwencja
deprivation – pozbawienie
developed countries – kraje rozwinięte
developing countries – kraje rozwijające się
economic crisis – kryzys ekonomiczny
economic growth – rozwój ekonomiczny
education – edukacja
ensure – zapewniać
equality – równość
foreign policy – polityka zagraniczna
hazardous – niebezpieczny
health services – usługi zdrowotne
healthcare – opieka zdrowotna
improve – poprawić
inequality – nierówność
infant mortality – umieralność niemowląt
injustice – niesprawiedliwość
integration – integracja
international organizations – organizacje
międzynarodowe
issue – sprawa, zagadnienie
legal act – akt prawny
maternal mortality – umieralność matek
membership – członkostwo
neglect – zaniedbywać
population – ludność
powerful – potężny
poverty – bieda
priority – priorytet
protect – chronić
protection – ochrona
provide – dostarczać
raise funds – zbierać fundusze
right – prawo
safety – bezpieczeństwo
security policy – polityka bezpieczeństwa
social – społeczny
tackle – stawiać czoło
threat – zagrożenie
violence – przemoc
weak – słaby
weapons – broń
ACTIVATE YOUR VOCABULARY
3 Rearrange the letters below to complete this quote from the 14th Dalai Lama.
Rozszyfruj wyrazy w nawiasach i uzupełnij cytat z XIV Dalajlamy.
‘There can be no peace as long as there is grinding poverty, (1) (cisoal) ................... injustice,
(2) (elityqinua) ....................... oppression, (3) (netalvimrenon) .................... degradation,
and as long as the (4) (kewa) ..................... and small continue to be trodden by the mighty
and (5) (lupefrow) ...................... .’

14 Complete the crossword and find the clue. The number of letters has been given.
Rozwiąż krzyżówkę i odczytaj hasło. Liczba liter została podana.
E
V
HR
E
Y
E
E
O
H
E
S
G
H
AF
 Money borrowed from a banking institution. (4)
 A problem, a complicated matter. (5)
 A condition of not feeling threatened or endangered. (6)
 The right of different groups of people to have the same rights, advantages, etc. (8)
 A set of services provided for treating the physically and mentally ill. (10)
 An exertion of physical force used to hurt others. (8)
 A suggestion that something unfortunate may happen, especially if certain conditions are
not met. (6)
 An increase in size or importance. (6)
 A situation that has reached a difficult or dangerous point; e.g. economic or political
concerning a country. (6)
 To make something certain to happen. (6)
5 Read the sentences and complete the words.
Przeczytaj poniższe zdania i uzupełnij brakujące litery.
1 The worst case of parental behaviour is _ _ u
_
_
_
g a child, whether physically or
emotionally, or _ e_
_
_
c__n
_
his or her need to be safe and loved.
2 One of the major fields of interest of any country’s s _ c _
_
i__p_
_
i _ y is protecting
againsttheuseof__a
_
_
n _ of mass destruction.
3 __f
_
_
tm___a
_
i _ _ is the number of infant deaths (i. e. children up to the age of one)
occurring per 1,000 live births.
4 UNICEF is a charity organization which _ _ i
_
_
smoneytop__v_
_
_
humanitarian help for
children and mothers in d _ _e
_
o__n
_
countries.
5 The greatest complaint of young mothers is sleep _e _
_
i__t_
_
_.

14.2
RELIGION
6 Read the following two quotations about religion and answer the questions below.
Przeczytaj dwa poniższe cytaty dotyczące religii i odpowiedz na pytania.
‘Religion is to do right. It is to love, it is to serve, it is to think, it is to be humble.’
(Ralph Waldo Emerson, American poet and philosopher)
‘We have just enough religion to make us hate, but not enough to make us love one another.’
(Jonathan Swift, Irish writer)
How do you understand these quotes? Which do you agree with more than the other? Explain.
7 Read the text quickly and choose the best summary.
Przeczytaj tekst szybko i wybierz jego najlepsze podsumowanie.
1 The older the religion, the stricter its rules and commands.
2 The differences between various belief systems result in the cultural diversity of their
followers.
3 No matter what religion we follow, the fact of having faith makes us human.
8 Read the text again and answer the following questions.
Przeczytaj tekst ponownie i odpowiedz na pytania.
Which religion/religions:
1 believes that we are born with an inherent stigma of sin? .......................
2 seeks an understanding of the ultimate truth through ascetic existence? .......................
3 believe that we are periodically reborn in a form determined by our previous
existence? ....................... , ....................... , .......................
4 treats hygiene as one of the pillars of its system of values? .......................
5 prohibits its followers from eating or drinking in the day during its holy
month? .......................
6 worships an amorphous being? .......................

And they all believe
What distinguishes people from animals? Not only the ability to laugh or play games, not only a higher
level of intelligence, not even addictions, but the phenomenon of religion.
The first religious system was born a long time ago, which shows that people have always had the
need to believe their humble existence is not pointless and has some higher purpose. Somewhere
between 4,000 and 2,500 BC Hinduism was born, making it one of the oldest religions. The basis for
Hinduism is a belief in the unity of everything (which for some might mean this religion is actually
polytheistic). The purpose of life is to rejoin with God; to do it we have to go through repeating cycles of
birth, life and death. Karma is where we are now, and the good and bad deeds in our life determine the
next step of reincarnation. This is marked by the caste we are in. A strict system of castes means that we
must accept the one we are in, as it reflects our previous life, and we have to live well to be ‘promoted’
to a higher caste in our future life. B uddhists also believe in reincarnation, but there is no focus on social
position being connected with castes; instead emphasis is placed on reducing the attachment to desire
and self through living a simple, balanced life, neither extremely ascetic, nor hedonistic. The final
destination is Nirvana. Another religion with faith in reincarnation is Jainism, but, in this system,
enlightenment and liberation from the cycle of life and death can be achieved through asceticism and a
non-violent approach to life. In practice, this means fruitarianism, as Jains cannot eat anything which kills
the animal or plant it is taken from. The caste system is openly rejected by the Sikh faith; according to
this religion, everyone is equal in the eyes of God, who is a formless creature with many names. This
leads to Sikhs not worshipping any icons.
The images of God, saints, and of course Jesus crucified on the cross, are adopted by Christianity,
which started as a sect of Judaism nearly 2,000 years ago. Both these religions are similar in many
aspects: one creator, God, is the absolute ruler of the universe, who monitors people’s activities,
rewarding good deeds and punishing the evil ones. The fundamental difference is that for the Jews, the
world and people are inherently good – and they are a chosen people, whereas most Christians believe
in original sin and Jesus dying to save people from it. All Christians believe in heaven, where all people
who repent for their sins before they die will join God.
However, not all Christians believe in hell and Satan. The belief in an evil being driving people to sin is
shared among Muslims. Islam, which is quite a young religion, as it was founded in 622, is in fact not
treated as a completely new religion, but as the same faith which had already been taught by preceding
prophets – and is now clarified and formalized by its last prophet – Muhammad. It is well known for its
strict rules, known as the Five Pillars of Islam. Muslims must pray five times a day facing Mecca, fast
during the month of Ramadan, donate regularly to charity and go on a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once
in a lifetime.
The rules and customs vary according to different religions. The Christians know the Ten
Commandments (or Decalogue) very well, but there are also other religions whose central features are
moral or ethical values. Confucianism, unlike most religious systems, is primarily an ethical system in
which such values as love among family members, honesty, benevolence and loyalty towards the state
are stressed. An interesting example of special central values are the ‘Four Affirmations’ of Shinto, an
ancient Japanese religion. Among these values are not only tradition and family, but also love of nature
and physical cleanliness.
It does not matter which faith we accept, as all religions are equal in a postmodern,
multicultural world. What matters is that we still believe, and this makes us more human.

VOCABULARY
RELIGIONS
Anglicanism – anglikanizm
Baptists – baptyści
Buddhism – buddyzm
Buddhist – buddysta/ka
Catholicism – katolicyzm
Confucianism – konfucjanizm
Eastern Orthodox Church – Kościół
prawosławny
Hinduism – hinduizm
Islam – islam
Jainism – dżinizm
Jew – żyd
Judaism – judaizm
Muslim – muzułmanin/ka
Protestantism – protestantyzm
Roman Catholic church – Kościół
rzymskokatolicki
Shinto – szintoizm
Sikhism – sikhizm
RELIGIOUS LIFE
the Annunciation – zwiastowanie
Apostle – apostoł
asceticism – ascetyzm
baptism – chrzest
belief – wiara
believe – wierzyć
caste system – system kastowy
ceremony – ceremonia
civilization – cywilizacja
conscience – sumienie
creator – stwórca
cross – krzyż
crucify – ukrzyżować
deadly sins – grzechy główne
Decalogue – Dekalog
deeds – uczynki
deity – bóstwo
eternal life – życie wieczne
ethical – etyczny
evil – zło
Five Pillars of Islam – piec filarów islamu
glory – chwała
God – Bóg
heaven – niebo
hell – piekło
Holy Spirit – Duch Święty
karma – karma
Lord’s Prayer/Our Father/Pater Noster – Ojcze
nasz
Mecca – Mekka
meditation – medytacja
miracle – cud
monotheistic – monoteistyczny
moral – moralny
mortal sin – grzech śmiertelny
Muhammad – Mahomet
New Testament – Nowy Testament
Old Testament – Stary Testament
origins – początki
pilgrimage – pielgrzymka
polytheistic – politeistyczny
preach – głosić, nauczać
punish – karać
purgatory – czyściec
Ramadan – ramadan
reincarnation – reinkarnacja
the Resurrection – zmartwychwstanie
reward – nagradzać
ritual – rytuał
Satan – Szatan
saviour – zbawiciel
sect – sekta
shrine – kaplica
sin – grzech, zgrzeszyć
temple – świątynia
temptation – pokusa
Ten Commandments – dziesięć przykazań
Bożych
trespass – naruszać czyjeś prawa
virtue – cnota
worship – oddawać cześć, wielbić
SEVEN DEADLY SINS
envy – zazdrość
gluttony – nieumiarkowanie w jedzeniu i piciu
greed – chciwość
lust – nieczystość
pride – pycha
sloth – lenistwo
wrath – gniew

ACTIVATE YOUR VOCABULARY
9 Look at the list of deadly sins (1-7) and match them with their correct descriptions (a-g).
Połącz nazwy grzechów głównych (1-7) z ich wyjaśnieniami (a-g).
The seven deadly sins are the vices of a person’s character which are thought to be the source
of all evil actions.
1 pride
2 greed
3 lust
4 envy
5 gluttony
6 wrath
7 sloth
a having a continually strong sexual desire
b extreme anger
c excessive eating or drinking
d desire to have something which belongs to somebody else
e the belief that you are superior to others
f laziness
g a constant need to have more
10 Complete the prayer with the words from the box.
Uzupełnij tekst modlitwy wyrazami z ramki.
bread, Father, glory, heaven, kingdom, temptation, trespass
LORD’S PRAYER
Our (1) ......................., who art in heaven,
Hallowed be thy name.
Thy (2) .......................come,
Thy will be done on earth as it is in (3) .......................
Give us this day our daily (4) .......................,
And forgive us our trespasses,
As we forgive those who (5) ....................... against us.
And lead us not into (6) .......................,
But deliver us from evil.
For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the (7) ....................... for ever and ever.
Amen.

11 Read the sentences and complete the words.
Przeczytaj poniższe zdania i uzupełnij brakujące litery.
1 Ancient Greek theology was p _ _ y _
_
_
i _ _ _ c, because it accepted simultaneous
existence of many gods and d_ _ _ i
_
s.
2 Thenew____a
_
_
n _ presents the life of Jesus, his p_ _ a
_
h_ _ g and focuses on
numerous m_ _ a
_
_
e _ he performed.
3 Catholics believe that God’s son was sent to earth as a s _ v
_
_
u_whowasc__c_f
_
_
d
to save people.
4 In the Catholic faith, souls who are not ready to go to heaven yet and are not burdened
withm__t
_
_
sins, undergo purification in a place called _ _ _ g _
_
o_y.Oncetheyare
free of sin, they join God and are rewarded with e _ e
_
n__life.
5 __c_
_
i _ _ sm is a lifestyle characterized by abstinence from worldly pleasures as a means
of reaching spiritual or religious goals.
6 Havingac____i
_
n_ _ means having the ability of the intellect to distinguish between
right and wrong, which may make you feel guilt and remorse.

14.3
HENRY VIII
WIEDZA O KRAJACH ANGLOJĘZYCZNYCH
12 Complete the following vocabulary quiz on royalty.
Rozwiąż quiz na temat rodziny królewskiej.
1 A large decoration for the head, made of gold and jewels and worn by a king and queen
during official ceremonies is called a diadem/crown/krone.
2 A ceremonial royal chair is called a throne/royal seat/ottoman.
3 The official home of a royal family is a residence/castle/palace.
4 The objects indicating a king’s royal identity are called tools/insignia/props of power.
5 A decorated stick carried by a king or queen during ceremonies as a symbol of their
authority is a sceptre/wand/hoe.
13 Read the text on page 182 and complete the following family tree of Henry VIII.
Przeczytaj tekst na stronie 182 i uzupełnij brakujące informacje w schemacie związków
Henryka VIII.
married
child
spouse
child
illegitimate children
 Henry FritzRoy
 Henry
 Catherine
Catherine of
(1) .....................
(marriage annulled)
Anne (2) .................
(marriage annulled/
beheaded)
Catherine
(5) .................
(marriage annulled/
beheaded)
Jane
(3) .................
Anne
(4) .................
(marriage annulled)
Catherine
(6) .................
Henry VIII Tudor
two
stillborn daughters
Henry
Henry
stillborn son
Mary I Tudor
Queen of England
Elisanbeth I Tudor
Queen of England
stillborn son
Edward VI Tudor
King of England
childless
childless
childless

The six wives of Henry VIII
Some kings might be well-known for what they’ve done for their countries: the wars they took part in,
acts of bravery, or sudden deaths. However, Henry VIII is famous for his wives – and not only because of
their number (six might not have been a shocking number in times when people hardly lived to 40 or 50).
It was the way he treated them that brought him fame.
It took Catherine of Aragon three months to journey from Spain to England. She had been betrothed
to Arthur, the son of Henry VII, when she was three years old, and married him when she was 16. Shortly
after the marriage Arthur died, but the English king, still being interested in Catherine’s dowry, offered
his second son, for whom she waited until he was old enough to marry. Finally, eight years after she
came to England, she was crowned queen. The first queen of England had now one goal: to provide a
male heir for the king – but this was, unfortunately, out of reach. After eight or nine pregnancies with
only one baby surviving (which was a girl), the king began to petition the Pope for an annulment, having
fallen in love with Anne Boleyn. Anne was already pregnant when the Archbishop of Canterbury granted
the annulment. Catherine had to renounce the title of Queen and died as Princess Dowager of Wales
three years later.
The year when Catherine’s ship was heading towards the English shore with her as a young girl
onboard, Anne Boleyn was born. A legend says she had a large mole on her neck and a sixth finger, but
she can’t have been that unattractive because she aroused a lot of fascination from the king. Once the
king’s mistress, later his wife, she tried everything to give him a son. Unfortunately, the first child was a
girl, and then, after a series of miscarriages, it became clear that failure might mean a potential threat –
especially since the king had a new fancy: Jane Seymour. Anne also had enemies at court. Due to charges
of adultery, incest and treason, Anne ended up being executed. Only ten days after Anne’s head was cut
off with a sword, Henry married again.
Jane Seymour was the only one of his wives to give him his desired heir, although she did not even
have a coronation. The king might have been waiting for her to prove herself, but there was no time for
this, as she died just two weeks after her son, Edward, was born. Jane would be the only one of his six
wives to be buried with him.
After a two-year period of probably genuine mourning, the king’s advisors started to look for a
foreign bride, and the plan was to look for such a contract in the court of Cleves. The two sisters of the
Duke of Cleves had their portraits painted and Henry chose Anne. However, she appeared to be ill-suited
for the English court, being neither very attractive nor well-educated. Despite this, she definitely was
clever enough not to protest when the king wanted an annulment and testified that the union had not
been consummated, avoiding the sad lot of Anne Boleyn.
The king at that time fell in love again. Catherine Howard was only nineteen when the king at the age
of 49 married her, and was definitely able to revive the king for some time, but it soon appeared that she
was not loyal. After enough evidence was gathered about her infidelity, she was beheaded and buried
next to Anne Boleyn.
The last of the wives, Catherine Parr, only managed to escape a cruel death because of her
intelligence. She possessed banned books and would have been arrested and executed on charges of
heresy if she hadn’t been able to convince the king that nothing she was doing was against him and ask
for his forgiveness. Perhaps the king was too old and weak to show his cruelty again? He died soon after
and Catherine (who was, by the way, named after Henry’s first wife) married Thomas Seymour, Jane’s
brother, only a few months later. However, her happiness didn’t last long: after giving birth to her first
child, she died from puerperal fever.

VOCABULARY
ROYALTY
adultery – cudzołóstwo
annul – anulować
annulment – anulowanie
behead – ściąć
betroth – zaręczyć się
bravery – męstwo, odwaga
coronation – koronacja
court – dwór
crowned – koronowany
dowry – posag
execution – egzekucja
heir – dziedzic, następca tronu
illegitimate children – nieślubne dzieci
incest – kazirodztwo
infidelity – niewierność
mistress – kochanka
out of wedlock – z nieprawego łoża
political match – małżeństwo polityczne
renounce – zrzec się (tytułu)
royalty – rodzina królewska
stillborn – martwo urodzony
successor – następca
treason – zdrada państwa
ACTIVATE YOUR VOCABULARY
14 Read the sort summary of the family tree from exercise 13 and complete the sentences
with one word in each gap.
Uzupełnij krótkie streszczenie wykresu z ćwiczenia 13, wstawiając w każdą lukę jeden wyraz.
Henry VIII had six wives, (1) ........................ of whom were beheaded on his orders. His
greatest ambition was to have a male (2) ........................ to inherit the Crown, but many of
his sons were (3) ..................... . Those who survived, however, were all too often named
(4) ........................ which may have testified to the king’s overblown ego. Four out of six
of his marriages were (5) ......................... The king’s only true love seemed to be Jane
Seymour. She managed to give him a son, who, after Henry Vlll’s death, became his direct
(6) ........................

15 Read the sentences below. If the sentence is correct, tick it. If the sentence is incorrect,
change the words in an appropriate way to make it correct.
Przeczytaj poniższe zdania. Zaznacz zdania poprawne, popraw zdania niepoprawne.
1 We’re trying to get our marriage annulated on the grounds of it being non-consummated.
2 If you collaborate with adversaries of the state, you may be tried for incest.
3 Watch out. Your wife is going to get medieval on you when she finds out about your
mistress.
4 After his proposal, we went to a fancy restaurant to celebrate out first night as a
betrothed couple.
5 One of the major reasons for divorce is the fidelity of either side.
16 Complete the sentences with correct words. The last letters of the words are given.
Uzupełnij zdania odpowiednimi wyrazami. Ostatnie litery wyrazów zostały podane.
1 I cheated on her – I committed ......................y.
2 Even if they don’t call me a bastard, or an ......................e child, it doesn’t change the
fact that I was born out of ......................k .
3 The tradition of women bringing in a ......................y upon marriage has become
obsolete and practically non-existent.
4 The owners of huge, profitable businesses, just like kings in the old days, want to have
a ......................r to succeed them. Luckily, it doesn’t have to be a male any more.
5 The lack of a male ......................r meant the end of the royal line of succession.

TEST 2
Choose the correct answer – a, b, c or d.
Wybierz właściwą odpowiedź – a, b, c lub d.
1 It’s a truly .... city that knows what it means to live from the sea and with the sea.
a) seaside resort
b) maritime
c) sea
d) underwater
2 The view over the Cliffs of Moher was absolutely ... .
a) prehistoric
b) panoramic
c) steaming
d) stunning
3 The old, ...... streets of the ancient town take you through hundreds of years of history.
a) cobbled
b) thatched
c) sandy
d) themed
4 My sister and I hired a ..... to travel around France.
a) coach
b) cruise liner
c) camper
d) roundabout
5 The car .... several times and landed on its roof.
a) skidded
b) somersaulted
c) towed
d) overtook
6 We bring you .... news and headlines from local, regional, national and international news sources.
a) blockbuster
b) bestselling
c) gripping
d) breaking
7 A story for children in which magical things happen is a ... .
a) plot
b) feature
c) genre
d) fairy tale

8 The only .... used in the play are a bed, a stool and a glass of water.
a) props
b) prompters
c) tributes
d) requisites
9 The painting .... an old woman in a black dress.
a) conveys
b) portraits
c) portrays
d) features
10 It’s a really .... film that escapes the standard discussion of the complex role of religion in the
public sphere.
a) dull
b) disappointing
c) unputdownable
d) thought-provoking
11 The sport of climbing into and around underground caves is .... .
a) paragliding
b) potholing
c) snorkelling
d) hang gliding
12 The biggest .... in our way was a fallen tree in the road.
a) harness
b) obstacle
c) variable
d) rope
13 It’s a gripping action film with plenty of spectacular .... .
a) injuries
b) challenges
c) altitudes
d) stunts
14 Music can .... your performance and brain activity.
a) abuse
b) endure
c) enhance
d) penalize
15 He ... cheques and other financial documents so successfully that no suspicion arose.
a) abused
b) prohibited
c) forged
d) banned

16 The top inside part of your mouth is your ... .
a) palate
b) pelvis
c) peritoneum
d) pupil
17 It’s hard to believe, but he escaped with cuts and ... after plunging 300 feet off a cliff.
a) mumps
b) bruises
c) germs
d) warts
18 The symptoms of ... include a persistent cough, a fever above 39 degrees, chest pain, shivers and
sweats.
a) angina
b) diarrhoea
c) hepatitis
d) pneumonia
19 Dennis is a recovering alcoholic – he’s been ... for the last two years.
a) impaired
b) sober
c) passive
d) dependent
20 Uncomfortable physical or mental changes that happen when the body is deprived of the alcohol
or drugs that it is accustomed to are called ... .
a) respiratory diseases
b) withdrawal symptoms
c) slow reaction time
d) overcoming an addiction
21 The best known ... is called Google, and its address is www.google.com.
a) operating system
b) search engine
c) web browser
d) social networking site
22 Nowadays there are robots which scan a website for e-mail addresses and then send loads of ... to
any e-mail addresses they find.
a) junk e-mail
b) e-mail accounts
c) deleted items
d) blind carbon copies

23 This screen has easy options to ... the basic look of your application.
a) download
b) browse
c) scroll up
d) customize
24 When it comes to convenience, most parents would agree that ... win out over the fabric ones.
a) carbon fibres
b) disposable nappies
c) waterproof corsets
d) stainless steel press studs
25 Our storm umbrella was designed to ... winds up to 70 mph.
a) supply
b) withstand
c) demand
d) co-found
26 A ... is a rapid movement of a large mass of loose soil and water.
a) drought
b) thunderstorm
c) mudflow
d) tsunami
27 Faced with the possibility of ..., UNICEF started a massive food distribution programme.
a) hail
b) casualties
c) landslides
d) famine
28 In 1967 WHO launched an intensified plan to ... smallpox.
a) transmit
b) acquire
c) eradicate
d) devastate
29 Metal ... as it gets colder.
a) expands
b) contracts
c) particles
d) collapses
30 The Moon ... the Earth.
a) forces
b) rotates
c) circulates
d) orbits

31 A few nights of sleep ... can be enough to put your health at serious risk.
a) neglect
b) disorder
c) integration
d) deprivation
32 There are several ways to ... the problem.
a) neglect
b) tackle
c) ensure
d) access
33 A clear ... is the key to happiness.
a) conscience
b) deity
c) purgatory
d) worship
34 Among her many ... are kindness, diligence and truthfulness.
a) sins
b) beliefs
c) virtues
d) temples
35 The courts do not tend to have much sympathy on the spouse who committed ..., and divorce laws
reflect that.
a) annulment
b) adultery
c) dowry
d) renounce

ODPOWIEDZI
1 PEOPLE AND THEIR WORLD/CZŁOWIEK I ŚWIAT
1.1
2 1b; 2a; 3c; 4f; 5j; 6d; 7e; 8h; 9i; 10g
Adjectives describing personality: absent-minded, quick-
tempered;
Adjectives describing clothing: worn-out, hippie-style,
over dress ed, high -heeled;
Adjectives describing appearance: pink-faced, big-bellied,
broad-shouldered, short-legged
3 1T;2T;3F;4F;5T
4 1 stout; 2 fringe; 3 pleated; 4 complexion; 5 embroidered; 6
corduroy; 7 crew cut; 8 checked; 9 slanting; 10 stilettos; 11
garment; 12 protruding;
clue: underdressed
5 1 obstinate; 2 demanding; 3 grumpy; 4 boastful; 5 tetchy /
quarrelsome / moody
1.2
8 1d;2f;3c;4e;5b;6a
9 1 ashamed; 2 relieved; 3 flattered; 4 confused; 5 exhilarated; 6
impressed
10 1 coma; 2 foetus; 3 conception; 4 resuscitate; 5 eugenics; 6
senile; 7 brain dead; 8 proponent; 9 contrac eptives; 10 demand;
clue: conscience
11 1d; 2b; 3f; 4a; 5e; 6c
12 1 animal testing; 2 gender selection; 3 assisted suicide; 4
genetically modified organism; 5 termination of pregnancy; 6 pro-
life movement
2 HOUSE AND FLAT/DOM I MIESZKANIE
2.1
2 sentence 3
3 1c;2f;3a;4d;5e;6b
4 1 duvet (the other things can be found in a kitchen); 2 dresser
(the other things can be found in a bathroom); 3 fireplace (the
others are rooms); 4 tiles (the other are connected with the bed
and sleeping); 5 air-conditioning (the other are adjectives)
5 1 detached; 2 fitted; 3 freezer; 4 double-glazed; 5 heating;6
paved; 7 distance; 8 access; 9 available; 10 rent; 11 deposit
2.2
8 1f; 2b; 3h; 4a; 5d; 6j; 7i; 8c; 9e; 10g
9 1d;2b;3f;4a;5g
10 mortgage loan; 1 range, amenities; 3 contract; 4 application,
score; 5 loan agreement, interest rates, down payment; 6
authenticated; 7 mortgage, off
3 EDUCATION/EDUKACJA
3.1
2 1F;2T;3T;4F;5T
3 1b;2a;3a;4c;5b
4 1 a/g; 2e; 3b; 4c; 5d; 6f; 7g/a
5 1 boarding school; 2 tertiary education; 3 entrance exam; 4
comprehensive school; 5 hand in an assignment; 6 school-
leaving age; 7 post-graduate studies
3.2
8 1b,c;2a,d;3d;4b,c;5d;6e
9 assess – assessment; know – knowledge; grade – grade;
develop – development; perceive – perception; socialize –
socialization; suffer – sufferer; impact – impact; discipline –
discipline; approach – approach; educate – education; remove –
removal
10 1 socialize; 2 impact; 3 assessing; 4 appr oach; 5 perceptions
11 mixed-age gr oup; discipline; learning style; grading method;
mentally retarded
12 1 mixed-age gr oup; 2 Grading methods; 3 discipline; 4 learning
styles; 5 mentally retarded
3.3
14 1a; 2c; 3b; 4b; 5a; 6c; 7c; 8b; 9a
15 Across: 1 s uffix; 4 bilingual; 5 punctuation; 6 collocation; 7
compound; Down: 1 spelling; 2 vowel; 3 pronunciation
16 1 rethink (v); thinkable (adj); unthinkable (adj); thinker (n) etc.; 2 a
change of heart; a broken heart; makes a heart grow fonder etc.;
3 because we put a before consonants and an before vowels, but
we consider the pr onunciation of a word, not the spelling; 5 a
multilingual dictionary
17 1 timeline, visualize; 2 stimulus; 3 collocations, antonyms; 4 parts,
speech; 5 tutor
4 AT WORK/W PRACY
4.1
1 1 a full-time job – a job which is done for the whole of a working
week, a part-time job – a job done for only part of the day or
week; 2 an employer – a person who gives employment to other
people, an employee – a person who receives employment, a
worker; 3 a permanent job – a job which is done all the time, with
no breaks, a seasonal job – a job done only during a particular
season of the year, e.g. strawberry picking
3 a3;b5;d;d4;e2
4 1 express; 2 position; 3 experience; 4 specify; 5 intern; 6 skilled;
7 performing; 8 gain; 9 accuracy; 10 addition; 11 resume; 12
consideration; 13 sincerely
5 First paragraph: 4, 5, 9; Middle par agraph(s): 1, 3, 10; Final
paragraph: 6, 7; Signature: 2, 8
6 1 vacancy; 2 starting your own business; 3 references; 4 on-the-
job; 5 survey; 6 resume, enclos e; 7 income; 8 literacy; 9 career
development; 10 freelance
7 1 attitude; 2 candidate; 3 entrepreneur; 4 generate; 5 hire; 6
dismiss; 7 staff; 8 resume; 9 enclose; 10 aspirations; 11 duties
4.2
9 1T;2T;3F;4T;5F;6T
10 1 delegate; 2 white-collar; 3 Flexitime; 4 hand, resignation; 5
promotion, pay rise; 6 overtime; 7 unemployment benefit; 8 long -
term
11 1 hire (the rest refer to losing your job); 2 maternity leave (the
rest refer to the money you get); 3 recessionary (the rest
describe a job); 4 responsibility (the rest refer to the way you may
feel); 5 subordinate (the rest refer to people who are higher than
you in company structure)
12 1 lay offs; 2 staff; 3 rewarded; 4 unsuitable; 5 off; 6 fatigue; 7
irritability; 8 crying jags; 9 anxiety; 10 insomnia; 11 nightmares;
12 forgetfulness; 13 profitability; 14 inability; 15 depression; 16
anxiety; 17 stroke; 18 suicide
5 FAMILY AND FRIENDS/RODZINA I PRZYJACIELE
5.1
2 b1;a2;e3;d4;f5
3 1 ancestor; 2 cohabit; 3 descendant; 4 foster parent; 5 half-
brother; 6 offspring; 7 son-in-law; 8 sibling; 9 orphan; 10 spouse
4 1 cohabit; 2 foster parent; 3 ancestor; 4 offspring; 5 descendant;
6 orphan; 7 spouse
5 1d;2a;3c;4e;5b
6 1 ; 2 look up to; 3 telling her boyfriend off, split up; 4 , break
off; 5 putting us down, looking down on
5.2
7 1 New Year’s Eve; 2 Easter
8 chor es; ironing; food; send out; clear out; wax; v acuuming;
sheets; laundry; buy; pick up; put out; decorate; wishes

9 1c;2a;3e;4b;5d
10 1 ageing; 2 prime; 3 expectancy; 4 underage, turned
11 1 board; 2 counters; 3 opponents; 4 tossed; 5 diagonally; 6
purpose; 7 turns; 8 crowned; 9 capture; 10 back wards; 11 pieces;
12 adjacent; 13 vacant; 14 removing; 15 render s; 16 draw
6 DIET AND NUTRITION/DIETA I ODŻYWIANIE
6.1
2 1e;2a;3g;4c;5d;6b;7f
3 Fruit and vegetables: apricot, beetroot, blackcurrants, lettuce,
prune; Dairy products: curds, milkshake; Meat and fish: eel,
loin, tripe; Confectionery: gingerbread, shortbread; Drinks:
milkshake, cordial, punch; Bread and cereal products: roll,
rolled oats
4 1 sponge; 2 cranberries, dates; 3 parsley, chives; 4 Whole meal;
5 Cauliflower; 6 herring; 7 venison, lamb, mutton, poultry; 8
buttermilk; 9 processed, cottage, radish, green; 10 refined,
weight
6.2
6 2 Take three eggs and break them into a bowl. 3 Whisk the eggs,
add a dollop of sour cream to the mixture and whisk vigorously. 4
Melt some butter in a pan and fry it a golden colour. 5 Then add
the egg mixture and stir gently. 6 Season the mixture with salt,
pepper or marjoram. 7 Fry it until you are happy with the
consistency, stirring occasionally. 8 Serve with buttered toast,
cut-up tomatoes and some radish sprouts.
8 1 but also by the growing needs of a modern lifestyle and
globalization. 2 missed / longed for by many. 3 sausage. 4
puddings, different crumbles and tarts. 5 regarded as a traditional
British dish.
9 flour, sugar, powder, raw, cheese, melted, essence, Preheat, tin,
ingredients, Sieve, cinnamon, bowl, grated, mixture, cool, beat,
icing, walnuts, almonds
10 1f; 2j; 3a; 4h; 5b; 6i; 7c; 8d; 9g; 10e
11 1 custard (not a cooking action); 2 drink (not a cooking action); 3
dough (not a c ooking action); 4 bread (not a baking/frying
mixture); 5 icy (not a flavour)
7 SHOPPING AND FINANCES/ZAKUPY I FINANSE
7.1
1 1a,b;2a,c,f;3e,d,g;4b,e;5a,c,f;6e,g
2 1 The couple bought a washing machine. 2 Complaints are
‘blessings in disguise’ because they help spot defective products
and unsatisfactory employees’ behaviour. They also help retain
customers and boost employees’ motivation. 3 Employees
should listen to the customer’s complaint attentively and offer a
suitable solution. 4 When dealing with a complaint, we should
offer a replacement or refund and always apologize for the
inconvenience.
3 1 purchased, 2 trolley, 3 scratched, 4 retain, 5 make
4 receipt, apology, bargain, delivery, discount, lawsuit
5 1 complaint, resolved; 2 solutions, replacement; 3 bar codes,
check out; 4 haggling; 5 wrapping; 6 fixed; 7 bulk; 8
dissatisfaction, reputation
7.2
7 1T;2T;3F;4T;5F
8 1 bank statement; 2 balance; 3 deposit; 4 overdraft; 5 instalment
9 1 account; 2 business; 3 current; 4 savings; 5 access; 6
generates; 7 inter est rate; 8 withdraw; 9 card; 10 cash; 11 gross;
12 fees; 13 charge
10 1c; 2a; 3f; 4d; 5b
TEST 1
1d; 2b; 3c; 4d; 5b; 6c; 7a; 8b; 9d; 10a; 11d; 12b; 13a; 14d; 15c;
16b; 17a; 18c; 19d; 20d; 21a; 22b; 23a; 24c; 25a; 26c; 27b; 28d;
29d; 30b; 31d; 32a; 33a; 34d; 35c
8 TRAVELLING/PODRÓŻE
8.1
2 1 Stonehenge; 2 Eden; 3 Bristol; 4 St. Ives; 5 Eden; 6 Bath; 7
Bristol
3 unique, amazing, picturesque, spectacular, panoramic,
magnificent, breathtaking, stunning
4 1 thatch; 2 resort; 3 splendour; 4 maritime; 5 harbour;
clue: Truro
5 1 scenery; 2 countryside; 3 cobbled; 4 temple; 5 sandy
8.2
8 1b;2c;3c;4c;5a
9 1 puncture, flat tyre, towed, beeping; 2 going, indicating, pull,
fastened, fined; 3 accelerated, crossroads, kerb; 4 braked, ran; 5
slippery, speed limit, skidded
10 1b; 2e; 3a; 4d; 5f; 6c
11 1 an engine; 2 the lights; 3 wheel; 4 blind; 5 straight
12 1 bypass; 2 flyover; 3 underpass; 4 speed bump; 5 exit
9 ART AND CULTURE/KULTURA I SZTUKA
9.1
2 1F;2T;3F;4F;5T;6T;7T;8F
3 1 non-fiction; 2 fiction
4 Fiction: novel, s hort story, fairy tale, poetry, play;
Non-fiction: biography, essay, scientific paper, mythology,
journal
5 1 achievement, review, depicting; 2 plot, detective, gripping,
dialogues, climax, blockbuster; 3 headlines, national affairs,
cartoons, tabloids
6 genre; adaptation; critic; breaking news; blank verse; premiere;
prose
7 1 blank verse; 2 adaptation; 3 critics; 4 breaking news; 5
premiere; 6 prose; 7 genre
9.2
9 1 Monday; 2 Friday; 3 Sunday; 4 Saturday; 5 Thursday; 6
Monday; 7 Tuesday; 8 Wednesday; 9 Tuesday
10 1d; 4e; 5f; 6b; 7c; 8a; no definition: 2, 3, 9
11 1 dull; 2 unputdownable; 3 moving; 4 thought-pr ovoking; 5
disappointing; 6 controversial
12 1 backstage; 2 act; 3 prompter; 4 stage; 5 rehearsal; 6 costumes;
7 interval
10 SPORT/SPORT
10.1
1 bungee jumping – jumping from a tall structure with a large
elastic rope tied to your legs so that the rope pulls you back
several times before you hit the ground; ice climbing – climbing
ice formations with pickaxes, often without ropes; scuba diving –
a form of underwater diving in which a diver uses a tube and an
air container on his/her back to breathe underwater; cliff diving –
jumping into water from high cliffs or other rock form ations
2 1 bouldering/free solo climbing; 2 stunt pogo; 3 wingsuit flying; 4
bouldering; 5 snowcross; 6 free diving; 7 BASE jumping
3 1 caving/potholing; 2 jet skiing; 3 speed skiing; 4 paragliding; 5
snork elling
4 1 injuries, speed, altitude; 2 stunts, exertion; 3 challenge,
competed; 4 Scuba divers, adrenaline; 5 endorphin
5 1 BASE jumping; 2 sandboarding; 3 barefoot water skiing; 4
parachuting; 5 kite surfing
10.2
6 Ben Johnson (sprinter, Canada), Lance Armstrong (road racing
cyclist, USA) and Kornelia Marek (cross country skier, Poland)
have all been involved in doping scandals.

7 1F;2T;3T;4F;5T;6T;7F;8T
8 protect – protection; increase – increase; enhance –
enhancement; endure – endurance; abuse – abuse; forge –
forgery
9 1 protect; 2 forged; 3 abused; 4 endurance; 5 enhance
10 1 ; 2 the black market; 3 urine sample; 4 Performance-
enhancing drugs; 5 Anabolic steroids; 6 
11 Across: 1 strength; 4 sprinter, 5 martial art; 7 coach; 9
banishment; 10 athlete; 11 weightlifting; 12 regulation;
Down: 1 substance; 2 strychnine; 3 penalize; 6 transfusion; 8
race
11 HEALTH/ZDROWIE
11.1
1 The series are all American medical shows. ER is a series about
emergency room doctors. Grey’s Anatomy is about a group of
young surgical trainees in a pr estigious hospital in Seattle.
Private Practice is about a private clinic focused on gynaecology,
obstetrics and paediatrics in Los Angeles. House, M. D. is a
series about an abrasive but brilliant diagnostician. M*A*S*H was
a series from the 1970s about a group of doctors and nurses
from a field hospital during the Korean War.
2 1c;2a;3a;4b
3 1 bronchitis; 2 pneumonia;3 tuberc ulosis; 4 appendicitis; 5
diarrhoea; 6 strok e; 7 ear inflammation; 8 mumps; 9 indigestion;
10 chickenpox; 11 rheumatism; 12 flat feet
4 1 postmortem examination; 2 haemorrhage; 3 cure; 4 cramp; 5
acute
5 wart, seizure, hepatitis, fracture, asthma, vessel, vomit,
anaesthetic, wound, leukaemia, appendectomy;
clue: tracheotomy
11.2
7 1A;2B;3A;4S;5A;6B;7S;8A;9S
8 1 passive smoking; 2 heavy smoker; 3 workaholism; 4 therapist;
5 sober; 6 nicotine; 7 self-help group; 8 overcome; 9 treatment;
10 gambling
9 1 nicotine addiction; 2 alcoholism; 3 chocaholism; 4 webaholism;
5 drug addiction
10 1 inhale; 2 gambling; 3 withdrawal; 4 quitting; 5 impaired
11 1 sober; 2 overcome, therapy, self-help; 3 passive, respiratory; 4
hallucinations, dizziness, blackout; 5 addict, compulsive,
dependent, bottom
12 NEW TECHNOLOGY/NOWE TECHNOLOGIE
12.1
1 1 website; 2 bar; 3 browser; 4 engine; 5 button; 6 tab
2 1T;2T;3F;4T;5T;6F;7T
3 1 data processing; 2 operating system; 3 resolution; 4 install; 5
download
4 1 cursor; 2 hardware; 3 username; 4 wireless; 5 search engines
5 1 paste (all the others are actions you can do with a computer); 2
homepage (all the others are connected to e-mail
correspondence); 3 browse (all the other actions you can do with
a file); 4 link (all the others refer to an Internet page); 5 cursor (all
the others are parts of a program menu)
12.2
7 1 corsets; 2 cans; 3 Frisbee; 4 coffee filters; 5 feather duster; 6
jeans; 7 waterproof diaper covers; 8 Barbie doll
8 1 tumble drier; 2 cheese slicer; 3 reclining chair; 4 netbook; 5
urban bike
9 1 upholstery, artificial (relining chair); 2 plastic, copper (netbook);
3 carbon fibre (urban bike); 4 appliance, rotating, stainless
(tumble drier); 5 metal, wooden, rubber (cheese slicer)
10 1 impermeable; 2 innovative, inefficient; 3 obsolete; 4 solid, liquid,
gas; 5 demand; 6 brass; 7 fireproof
11 1 corset; 2 light bulb; 3 ballpoint pen; 4 paperclip; 5 optical; 6
glass; 7 steam engine; 8 safety pin; 9 telegraph;
clue: chocolate
13 NATURE AND THE UNIVERSE/PRZYRODA I WSZECHŚWIAT
13.1
1 1f;2a;3c;4g;5b;6e;7i;8d;9h
2 1b;2e;3a;4f;5d
3 1 the amount of tons of water released during the flood in 1975,
which destroyed the dam; 2 the year in which the Central China
Floods occurred; 3 the magnitude of the Shaanxi earthquake; 4
the number of victims of the Katrina hurricane; 5 the year when a
volcano in Columbia erupted; 6 the number of people killed after
the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake; 7 the number of people dying of
malaria every year
4 1 AIDS – acquired immune deficiency syndrome; 2 HIV – human
immunodeficiency virus; 3 SARS – severe acute respiratory
syndrome; 4 AH1N1 – influenza A virus subtype H1N1; 5 TB –
tuberc ulosis; 6 STD – sex ually transmitted dis ease
5 1 hurricane/tornado; 2 earthquak e; 3 drought; 4 thunderstorm; 5
tsunami
6 1 bubonic plague, eradicated; 2 casualties; 3 Seismology; 4
strike; 5 pandemic, epidemic
13.2
7 1c;2b;3b;4a;5a;6c;7a;8c
8 1F;2T;3T;4T;5T;6F
9 1 Mercury; 2 Venus; 3 the Earth; 4 Mars; 5 Jupiter; 6 Saturn; 7
Uranus; 8 Neptune
10 1 celestial, force; 2 orbiting; 3 Quasars, energy, galaxies; 4
particles; 5 expansion, contraction
11 black dwarf; asteroid; black hole; meteorite; pulsar; nebula
12 1 black hole; 2 meteorite; 3 asteroid; 4 nebula; 5 black dwarf; 6 – ;
7 pulsar; the word corr esponding to the extra definition (6);
meteor
14 THE SOCIETY/SPOŁECZEŃSTWO
14.1
2 1para1;2para3;3para1;4para4;5para4;6para2
3 1 social; 2 inequality; 3 environm ental; 4 weak; 5 powerful
4 issue; violenc e; threat; equality; ensure; loan; healthcare; crisis;
growth; safety;
clue: inequality
5 1 abusing, neglecting; 2 security policy, weapons; 3 Infant
mortality; 4 raises, provide, developing; 5 deprivation
14.2
7 sentence 3
8 1 Christianity; 2 Jainism; 3 Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism; 4
Shinto; 5 Islam; 6 Sikhism
9 1e;2g;3a;4d;5c;6b;7f
10 1 Father; 2 kingdom; 3 heaven; 4 bread; 5 trespass; 6 temptation;
7 glory
11 1 polytheistic, deities; 2 Testament, preaching, miracles; 3
saviour, crucified; 4 mortal, purgatory, eternal; 5 Asceticism; 6
conscience
14.3
12 1 crown; 2 throne; 3 palace; 4 insignia; 5 sceptre
13 1 Aragon; 2 Boleyn; 3 Seymour; 4 Cleves; 5 Howard; 6 Parr
14 1 two; 2 heir; 3 stillborn; 4 Henry; 5 annulled; 6 successor
15 1 get our marriage annulled; 2 tried for treason; 3/;4/; 5 infidelity
of either side
16 1 adultery; 2 illegitimate, wedlock; 3 dowry; 4 successor; 5 heir
TEST 2
1b; 2d; 3a; 4c; 5b; 6d; 7d; 8a; 9c; 10d; 11b; 12b; 13d; 14c; 15c;
16a; 17b; 18d; 19b; 20b; 21b; 22a; 23d; 24b; 25b; 26c; 27d; 28c;
29b; 30d; 31d; 32b; 33a; 34c; 35b