ǼȘȈȕșȐș
ǮǨǴǴ
ǰǹǺǶǸǰȇ
ǯǨDZǾǨ
ǰȏȉȘȈȕȕȖȍ
ǺȖȔ II
Salamandra P.V.V.

ǮȈȔȔ Ǽ
ǰșȚȖȘȐȧ ȏȈȑȞȈ ǷȍȘ ș ȜȘ ǭ ȀȔȐȌȚ – ǩ Ȕ: Salamandra
P.V.V., 2016. – 84 c. Ȑȓȓ – ǮȈȔȔ Ǽ ǰȏȉȘȈȕȕȖȍ ǺȖȔ II).
ǪȖ ȊȚȖȘȖȑ ȚȖȔ «ǰȏȉȘȈȕȕȖȋȖª ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȥȚȈ-șȐȔȊȖȓȐșȚȈ ȗȘȖ-
ȏȈȐȒȈ ȌȘȈȔȈȚțȘȋȈ Ȑ ȒȘȐȚȐȒȈ Ǽ ǮȈȔȔȈ -1938) ȊȖȠȓȈ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐ-
ȚȈȧ ȗȖȊȍșȚȤ ©ǰșȚȖȘȐȧ ȏȈȑȞȈª, Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȖȊȍȓȓȣ Ȑ șȚȐȝȖ-
ȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ ǴȕȖȋȐȍ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȣ ȗȍȘȍȐȏȌȈȦȚșȧ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ
© Translators, estate, 2016
© Salamandra P.V.V., ȗȖȌȋ ȚȍȒșȚȈ ȖȜȖȘȔȓȍȕȐȍ 2016

ǽǾdzDzǶǿǹǼǰǶdz

7
DzȖȋȌȈ ȧ ȘȈșȒȘȣȊȈȦ ȒȈȒțȦ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȒȕȐȋț ȗȖȔȍȟȍȕ-
ȕțȦ  ȋ — ȥȗȖȝȈ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȧ ȊȣșȚțȗȐȓ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ — ȧ ȕȈ-
ȝȖȎț Ȋ ȕȍȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȖȑ ȊȈȋȕȍȘȐȈȕȞȍȊ ȒȈȘȚȖȕȕȣȝ ȓȍȉȍ-
Ȍȍȑ ȋȍȘȔȈȜȘȖȌȐȚȖȊ țȒȘȈȠȍȕȕȣȝ ȕȍȕȦȜȈȘȈȔȐ ȐȓȐ Ȏȍ
ȏȊȖȕȒȐȍ șȚȐȝȐ Ȋ Ȍțȝȍ ǨȘȔȈȕȌȈ ǹȐȓȤȊȍșȚȘȈ șȚȐȝȐ ȗȖȥ-
ȚȖȊ ȟȤȧ ȔțȏȈ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȓȈ ȧȘȔȈȘȖȟȕțȦ ȈȒȘȖȉȈȚȒț ț ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȖȑ ȓȖȗȈȦȚșȧ ȠȚȈȕȣ ȗȖȌ ȈȗȓȖȌȐșȔȍȕȚȣ șȖȉȘȈȊȠȐȝ-
șȧ ȕȈ șȖșȚȧȏȈȕȐȍ
ǴȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ ȗȖȌȣȔȈȓȈșȤ ȗȍșȕȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ
ȝȖȚȍȓȈ ȘȈșșȍȧȚȤ ȥȚȖȚ ȚțȔȈȕ ȗȖȌȖȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȑ
ǰ șȚȘȈȕȕȖȍ ȌȍȓȖ ǺȖȚ ȒȚȖ ȕȈȌțȊȈȧ ȡȍȒȐ ȐȋȘȈȓ ȕȈ ȓȍș-
ȕȖȑ șȊȐȘȍȓȐ șȘȍȌȐ ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȍȑ șȐȧȦȡȍȑ ȏȍȔȓȐ șȒȘȣ-
ȚȖȑ ȐȏȖȉȐȓȐȍȔ ȘȖȏ Ȋ ȔȈȕȍȘȍ ǺȍȖȒȘȐȚȈ ȐȓȐ ǸțșșȖ ȚȖȚ
ȒȚȖ ȐȋȘȈȓ ȚȈȒ — ȉȣȓ ǹȚȍȜȈȕ ǴȈȓȓȈȘȔȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȕȈ
ȥȚȖȚ ȘȈȏ șȉȘȖșȐȊ ȒȘȣȓȤȧ ȏȔȐȧ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȓ ȗȘȍȌ ȕȈȔȐ
ȒȈȒ ȜȈȊȕ ȌȍȘȍȊȍȕșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȌȕȧ ǺȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȖșȚȣȍ șȍȓȤ-
șȒȐȍ ȗȍșȕȐ ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓȐ ȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȋȖȓȖș ǼȘȈȕșȐș ǪȐȍȓȓȍ-
ǫȘȐȜȜȍȕ ȗȖȌ ȌțȉȈȔȐ ǵȈȏȍȔ ȏȈȗȍȓ ȋȐȔȕ ȗȈȝȕțȊȠȐȑ
șȊȍȎȍȑ ȒȖȘȖȑ Ȑ Ȓ ȋȐȗȗȖȋȘȐȜȈȔ ȝȐȔȍȘȈȔ ȌȘȈȒȖȕȈȔ
ȋȘȐȜȈȔ ȏȔȍȧȔ ȍȌȐȕȖȘȖȋȈȔ ȗțșȚȐȓ șȚȈȌȖ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȘȍȊȖș-
ȝȖȌȕȣȝ șȊȐȕȍȑ ǹ șȊȖȍȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȧ ȘȍȠȐȓșȧ Ȋ ©ǶȌȕȖȔ
Ȍȕȍª ȗȘȐșȖȍȌȐȕȐȚȤ Ȓ ȐȕȒțȉȈȔ ȊȈȔȗȐȘȈȔ ȏȌȖȘȖȊțȦ ȕȍ-
ȊȍșȚț ȒȈȎȌȖȍ țȚȘȖ ȔȖȦȡțȦ ȕȖȋȐ dzȍȒȖȕȚ Ȍȍ dzȐȓȤ ȗȘȐ-
ȏȕȈȊȈȊȠȐȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȍȒȈȘȐ ȕȈȠȍȓ ȗȖȘȖșȧȚ ǫȘȐȜȜȍȕȈ
ȉȍȏȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȔȐ ǰ Ȋșȍ ȗȖșȍȡȈȊȠȐȍ ȊȈȔȗȐȘȖȊ Ȋ ȉȈȏȈȓȤ-
ȚȖȊȣȝ ȋȘȖȚȈȝ șȍȘȌȐȓȐșȤ ȕȈ ȔȖȦ ȋȍȘȖȐȕȦ ȏȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ
ȉȣȓȈ ȗȓȈȔȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȖȌ ȘȖȏȈȔȐ Ȋ șȈȌȖȊȖȑ ȉȍșȍȌȒȍ ȏȈ ȚȖ
ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȝȖȌȐȓȈ ȏȈ ȒțȘȈȔȐ Ȑ țȚȧȚȈȔȐ ȏȈȊȧȏȣȊȈȓȈ ȉȈȕ-
ȒȐ ș ȊȈȘȍȕȤȍȔ ȘȈȏȌȍȊȈȓȈșȤ Ȋ șȊȍȚȓȖȑ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ Ȑ ȓȖȎȐ-
ȓȈșȤ șȗȈȚȤ Ȋ ȗȓȍȚȍȕțȦ ȒȘȖȊȈȚȤ
Ǵȍȕȧ ȖȉȊȐȕȧȓȐ
Ǫșȍ Ȏȍ ȏȈ ©ǹȊȐȕȖȗȈșȖȔª ȠȍșȚȤ ȓȍȚ șȗțșȚȧ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖ-
ȊȈȓȐ «Ǫ ǨȘȒȈȌȐȦª Ȉ ȏȈ ©ǶȌȕȐȔ ȌȕȍȔª ȗȖȧȊȐȊȠȐȔșȧ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ  ȋ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȗȧȚȤ ȓȍȚ «ǮȈȕ ǵțȈȘȘȤȖª Ǫ ȚȖ
ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȌȕȈ Ȑ ȚȈ Ȏȍ șȚȘțȧ ȏȈȌțȊȈȓȈ șȊȍȚȐȓȤȕȐȒȐ

8
dzȖȥȕȋȘȐȕȈ Ȑ ȖșȊȍȡȈȓȈ ȏȈȘȍȑ șȚȈȌȈ ȏȘȍȓȐ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȚȊȖȘ-
ȟȍșȒȐȍ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ ǴȍȌȓȍȕȕȣȔ Ȑ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȔ ȌȊȐȎȍ-
ȕȐȍȔ ȋȍȕȐȑ ǴȍȚȍȘȓȐȕȒȈ ȊȣȊȍȓ Ȑȏ ȉȍȏȌȕȣ ȘȖȑ Ȗșȓȍȗ-
ȓȧȦȡȐȝ ȗȟȍȓ ǨȕȌȘȍ ǮȐȌ ȊȖșȝȖȌȧ ȗȖ ȓȍșȚȕȐȞȍ ǨȓȈ-
ȌȐȕȈ ȗȖȌȕȧȓ Ȑȏ-ȗȖȌ ȉȍȓȖȋȖ ȗȖȒȘȣȊȈȓȈ ȊȖȓȠȍȉȕțȦ ȓȈȔ-
ȗț ȖȏȈȘȐȊȠțȦ ȔȈȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȐ ȕȖ țȊȣ ȚȈȐȊ-
ȠțȦ Ȋ șȍȉȍ ȚȖȕȒȐȑ ȧȌ
ǷȖȓȤ DzȓȖȌȍȓȤ țȒȘȈȠȍȕȕȣȑ ȒȖȘȈȓȓȈȔȐ Ȑ ȏȖȓȖȚȣ-
ȔȐ ȘȣȉȒȈȔȐ ȗȖȧȊȐȓșȧ Ȑȏ ȐȕȌȐȑșȒȐȝ ȔȖȘȍȑ Ȑȏ ȗȍȘ-
ȊȖȉȣȚȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȍȋȖ ȟȐșȚȈȧ ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕșȒȈȧ
ȌțȠȈ ȏȘȍȓȈ ȒȈȒ ȎȍȔȟțȎȐȕȈ ǬȖȓȎȍȕ ȓȐ ȧ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ
ȕȐȒȚȖ Ȑȏ ȕȈș ȕȍ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȓ ȗȍȘȊȍȕșȚȊȈ — ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ ȕȐȒȚȖ
ȕȍ ȐȔȍȓ ȗȘȈȊȈ
ǹȚȍȜȈȕ ǴȈȓȓȈȘȔȍ țȟȐȓ ȕȈș ȟȚȖ Ǭțȝ ȐȌȍȚ ȕȍ ȊȍȌȈȧ
ȖȚȒțȌȈ Ȑ ȒțȌȈ Ƕȕ ȊȕțȠȐȓ ȕȈȔ ȌȖșȚȖȐȕșȚȊȖ șȈȔȖȖȚȊȍȘ-
ȎȍȕȕȖșȚȤ șȖȋȓȈșȐȍ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȍ Ȋ ȥȚȖȑ șȚȘȈȠȕȖȑ ȉȖ-
ȘȤȉȍ ȏȈ ȒȘȈșȖȚț ȖȝȘȈȕȧȍȔțȦ ȌȊțȔȧ ȗșȈȔȐ ȉȍȏțȔȐȍȔ
Ȑ ȋȖȓȖȌȖȔ ǴȖȍ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȉȤȍȚșȧ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȧ ȊșȗȖ-
ȔȐȕȈȦ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ș ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ Ȕȕȍ ȎȈȓȐ ȘțȒț ȗȘȍȌȠȍ-
șȚȊȍȕȕȐȒȐ Ȋ Țț ȗȖȘț ȒȖȋȌȈ ȔȖȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȒȈȒ ȒȈȏȈ-
ȓȖșȤ ȉȣȓȖ Ȑȝ ȊȘȈȋȖȔ Ǵȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȋȘȐȜȜȍȕȐșȚȖȔ ȘȍȕȤȍ-
ȘȐșȚȖȔ șȈȔȔȍȕȐșȚȖȔ ȎȈȔȔȐșȚȖȔ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ Ȋ ȖȚȌȍȓȤ-
ȕȖșȚȐ Ǵȣ ȏȕȈȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȗȖ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȦ DzȈȘȤȍȘȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ
ȚȘțȗȣ ȕȍ ȟțȊșȚȊțȦȚ ȘȖȌșȚȊȈ Ǵȣ ȕȍ ȕțȎȌȈȓȐșȤ Ȋ ©ȕȈ-
ȚțȘȐșȚȈȝª Ȕȣ ȕȍ ȕțȎȌȈȓȐșȤ Ȋ ©ȋțȔȈȕȐșȚȈȝª Ȕȣ ȕȍ
ȕțȎȌȈȓȐșȤ Ȋ Țȍȝ ȒȚȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ țȔȍȍȚ ȗȍȘȍȒȘȍȡȐȊȈȚȤ ȐȔț-
ȡȍșȚȊȖ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗțȉȓȐȟȕȖ ȗȘȐșȊȖȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ șȍȉȍ
Ǵȣ șȖȏȕȈȊȈȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȍ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȤȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȘȖȒȖ-
ȊȣȔ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȖ ȗȘȖȚȍȒȈȓȖ ȊȣȠȍ ȕȈș Ȋ ȖȉȓȈȟȕȣȝ ȗȘȖșȚ-
ȘȈȕșȚȊȈȝ ȗȘȐ țȟȈșȚȐȐ ȉȖȋȖȊ
ǰ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț Ȕȣ ȖȗțșȚȐȓȐ ȋȖȓȖȊȣ Ȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȕțȓȐ ȕȈ ȕȖ-
ȋȐ ǪȏȋȓȧȕțȊ ȕȈ ȕȖȋȐ ȔȖȐ ȌȘțȏȤȧ Ȑ ȧ Ȕȣ ȗȖȓȦȉȐȓȐ
șȒȘȖȔȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȗȘȖșȚȖȚț Dz ȗȘȖșȚȖȚȍ Ȑ Ȓ șȒȘȖȔȕȖșȚȐ ȐȌȍȚ
ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ

9
Ǵȍȕȧ Ȋșȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ Ȑ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȖȚȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȍȚ șȓȖȎȕȖȍ Ȑ ȚȘȈ-
ȋȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȇ ȕȍ ȓȦȉȓȦ ȚȘțȗȖȊ Ȋ ȚȘȍȚȤȍȔ ȈȒȚȍ ȊȣȉȘȈ-
șȣȊȈȍȔȣȝ Ȑȏ ȖȒȕȈ ©ǹȓțȟȈȑª Ȕȍȕȧ ȘȈȏȌȘȈȎȈȍȚ Ǭȓȧ
Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȍȚ ȌȖȒȚȘȐȕȍȘșȒȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ Ȑ ȗȈȚȖȓȖȋȐȟȍș-
ȒȈȋȖ ȐȓȐ ȦȘȐȌȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ȇ ȖșȚȈȓșȧ ȉȣ ȌȖȊȖȓȍȕ
ȗȤȍșȖȑ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȓșȧ ȉȣ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȔȖȓȟȈ șȐ-
ȌȧȡȐȑ ȕȈ ȉȍȘȍȋț ȘțȟȤȧ ȇ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȉȣ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȓ ȒȈȒ
ȚȍȟȍȚ ȊȖȌȈ ȕȈ ȌȍȒȖȘȈȞȐȐ ȇ șȖȊșȍȔ ȕȍ ȓȦȉȓȦ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȕȍ-
ȕȧ ȝȖȚȧȚ ȘȈȏȊȓȍȟȤ ȐȓȐ ȘȈȏȎȈȓȖȉȐȚȤ ȗȘȍțȊȍȓȐȟȍȕȕȣ-
ȔȐ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈȔȐ ǶȌȕȈ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȕȈȗȐșȈȊȠȈȧ ȝțȌȖȎ-
ȕȐȒț ȟȚȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȉȤȦȡȍȍ ȗȖ ȕȍȘȊȈȔ șȔȍȠȕȖ Ȕȕȍ
ȕȍ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ șȚȘȈȕȕȖȑ ǪșȧȒȈȧ ȌȘȈȔȈ ȌȈȎȍ șȈȔȈȧ ȝȖȘȖ-
ȠȈȧ ȕȍȗȘȐȧȚȕȈ ȅȌȐȗ ȊȣȒȈȓȣȊȈȦȡȐȑ șȍȉȍ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȗȘȖ-
ȚȐȊȍȕ
ǹȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȔț ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒț ȟȚȖȉ ȊȖȓȕȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȕȍ ȕȈȌȖ
ȒȘȐȒȖȊ ȌȐȒȈȘȍȑ
Ǵȣ ȐȌȍȔ Ȓ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȍȕȐȦ Ȋ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ ȊșȧȒȐȝ ȏȜ-
ȜȍȒȚȖȊ ǹȓȈȊȈ ǩȖȋț
ǿȚȖ ȒȈșȈȍȚșȧ Ȕȍȕȧ ȚȖ ȧ șȧȌț ȕȈ ȔȧȋȒȖȔ ȓțȋț —ȗȘȐ-
ȕȧȚȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȓțȋȈ ȔȧȋȒȐȍ — ȏȈȒȐȕț țȌȖȟȒț Ȋ ȋȖ-
ȓțȉȣȍ ȐșȒȘȣ ȏȈȌȘȍȔȈȊȠȍȑ ȊȖȌȣ ȏȈȒțȘȦ ȚȘțȉȒț Ȑ ȉțȌț
șȓțȠȈȚȤ ȒȈȒ ȒȘȐȟȈȚ ȉȍȒȈșȣ ȐȓȐ ȋȓȧȌȍȚȤ ȒȈȒ ȘȍȗȖȓȖȊ
șȚȘȖȐȚ ȋȕȍȏȌȖ ȇ ȖȗȐȠț ȥȚȖ ȉȍȏ ȒȘȈșȕȖȘȍȟȐȧ ȇ ȝȖȟț
ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȔȐȘȕȖȋȖ ȉȍȋțȡȍȋȖ ȖȚ ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ ȚȘȍșȒȈ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖ-
ȘȖȔ ȔȖȧ ȌțȠȈ ȘȈșȒȘȣȓȈșȤ ȉȣ ȒȈȒ ȘȈșȗțșȒȈȍȚșȧ ȞȊȍȚȖȒ
ȟȐșȚȣȑ Ȋ șȓȍȏȈȝ șȘȍȌȐ ȘȖȉȒȐȝ șțȔȍȘȍȒ ȇ ȝȖȟț ȟȚȖȉȣ
ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȐ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ Ȑ ȕȐ ȔȍȕȤȠȐȔ ȟȍȔ ȉȓȍșȒ
ȎțȒȈ ȟȍȔ ȓțȕȕȣȑ ȓțȟ ȏȈȔȍȌȓȐȊȠȐȑșȧ ȕȈ ȊȍȚȒȍ ȜțȒ-
șȐȐ ȟȍȔ țȓȣȉȒȈ ȘȍȉȍȕȒȈ ȕȈ țȓȐȞȍ ȟȍȔ ȎȈȓȖȉȈ ȉȖȓȤ-
ȕȖȑ ȇ ȝȖȟț ȟȚȖȉȣ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȕȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȖșȚȈ
ȖȉȍȌ ț șȈȌȈ Ȋ șȍȔȤȍ ȍȋȖ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȈȧ ȔȍȓȈȕȝȖȓȐȧ
șȓȖȊȈ ȗȈȌȈȦȡȐȍ Ȋ ȘȈșșȍȧȕȕȖȔ șȊȍȚȍ ȇ șȚȘȈȠțșȤ șȒȖ-
ȔȖȘȖȝȖȊ ȘȐȚȖȘȖȊ ȊȖȏȊȣȠȈȦȡȐȝ șȊȖȑ ȋȖȓȖș ȚȘȐȉțȕȖȊ
ȘȣȟȈȡȐȝ ȘȈșȚȘȍȗȈȕȕȣȍ șȚȐȝȐ

Ƕ DzȘȈșȖȚȈ ȒȈȒ Țȣ șȚȣȌȓȐȊȈ ǬȍȘȍȊȖ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ
ȚȊȖȍ ȊȍȓȐȟȤȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗ Țȍȉȍ ȓȍȋȒȐȔ ȠȍȗȖȚȖȔ ǰ Țȣ
șȚȈȘțȝȈ Țȣ ȗȘȖȚȧȋȐȊȈȍȠȤ Ȓ ȊȍȚȝȖȔț ȗȖȘȖȋț șȊȖȐ ȕȍȔȣȍ
țșȚȈ Ȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȠȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȐȊȣȟȕȖȑ ȎȈȓȖȉȖȑ șȊȖȍȑ
ȗȘȧȓȒȐ
DzȊȈȔȧȐȌț
ǼȘȈȕșȐș ǮȈȔȔ
 ȋ
P. S. ǴȖȐ ȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏȈȕȐȧ ȐșȗȖȓȕȐȓȐșȤ ȏȈ ȥȚȐ șȍȔȤ ȓȍȚ.
ǷȘȖșȚȖȚȈ ȗȖȉȍȌȐȓȈ ȊȣȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȍ ǰ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȧ ȔȖȋț ȌȖȉȈ-
ȊȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȊșȧȒȈȧ ȐșȚȐȕȕȈȧ ȗȖȥȏȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȏȈȏȊțȟȐȚ ȊȖ
ǼȘȈȕȞȐȐ ȉțȌȍȚ ȒȈȚȖȓȐȟȍșȒȖȑ
ǬȍȒȈȉȘȤ  ȋ

ǶǿȀǼǾǶȍ
ǵǮǷȄǮ

dzǻǰ ǩǨǸǩǭ
ǵȈ ȗȈȔȧȚȤ Ȗ ǩȈȓȈȕșȖȕȍ Ȑ
ȚȍȕȐșȚȖȔ DzȈșȚȍȚȐ Ȗ ȘțȟȤȍ
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȔȍȎ ȕȍȏȈȉțȌȖȒ
ȖȚȘȈȎȈȍȚ ȚȊȖȦ ȚȐȝțȦ Ȑ
ȗȖȒȖȑȕțȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ
Ǽ Ǯ

13
ǹȘȍȌȐ ȘȖșȐșȚȖȋȖ ȚȔȐȕȈ ǯȈȧȞ ȗȘȐșȓțȠȈȊȠȐșȤ Ȓ ȏȊț-
ȒȈȔ ȗȖȋȖȕȐ ȕȈȟȈȓ ȊȏȉȐȘȈȚȤșȧ ȗȖ ȔȧȋȒȖȑ ȋȓȐȕȐșȚȖȑ
ȚȘȖȗȐȕȒȍ Ƕȕ ȉȖȧȓșȧ șȊȖȍȑ ȚȍȕȐ ȏȈ ȕȐȔ ȊșȓȍȌ ȉȍȎȈȓ
ȊȍȘȍșȒ Ȉ ȋȖȓțȉȣȍ ȒȖȓȖȒȖȓȤȕȐ ȊȣȘȈșȚȈȓȐ Ȑȏ ȌȖȓȐȕ Ƕȕ
șȗțșȒȈȓșȧ Ȑ ȗȖȌȣȔȈȓșȧ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȣȎȒȐ ȕȈȒȓȖȕȧȓȐ ȚȘȈ-
Ȋț ș ȕȈȕȐȏȈȕȕȣȔȐ ȕȈ ȕȍȑ ȒȈȗȓȧȔȐ ǺȍȗȍȘȤ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȉȘȈ-
ȚȖȔ ȉȣșȚȘȣȝ ȎȈȊȖȘȖȕȒȖȊ ǷȍȘȍșȍȒȈȧ ȠȖșșȍȑȕțȦ ȌȖȘȖ-
ȋț Ȗȕ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȉȈȓșȧ ȖȒȖȓȖ ȊȍȘșȚȖȊȖȋȖ șȚȖȓȉȈ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ
ȟȍȔ ȉȍȎȈȚȤ ȗȖ ȗȘȖșȍȓȖȟȕȖȑ ȉȍȓȈȧ ȖȚ șȖȓȕȞȈ Ȑ ȋțȓȒȈȧ
ȕȈ ȗȍȘȍȒȘȍșȚȒȈȝ ȖȕȈ ȚȍȘȧȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȚȍȔȕȖȔ Ȑ ȔȖȓȟȈȓȐ-
ȊȖȔ Ȕȝț
Ǫ ȥȚȖȚ ȌȍȕȤ Ȗȕ ȟțȚȤ ȕȍ șȗȖȚȒȕțȓșȧ Ȗ ȌȊȍȕȈȌȞȈȚȣȑ
ȊȍȘșȚȖȊȖȑ șȚȖȓȉ ȔȍȎȌț DzȈșȚȍȚȐ Ȑ ǩȈȓȈȕșȖȕȖȔ ȗȖȚȖȔț
ȟȚȖ ȍȋȖ ȐșȗțȋȈȕȕȣȍ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȗȖșȈȎȍȕȣ ȗȖ ȉȖȒȈȔ Ƕȕ ȖșȚȈ-
ȕȖȊȐȓșȧ șȘȈȏț ȍȋȖ ȘȈșȡȍȗȓȍȕȕȈȧ ȋțȉȈ ȏȈȌȘȖȎȈȓȈ ȕȍ-
ȏȈȔȍȚȕȖ Ȑ ȖȉȕȈȎȐȓȈ ȘȍȏȞȣ ǯȈȚȍȔ ȍȋȖ ȋȈȔȈȠȐ ȉȘȖȌȧ-
ȋȐ șȖȓȖȔȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȞȊȍȚȈ șȖ șȚȍȘȚȣȔȐ Ȑ ȖȉȓȖȔȈȕȕȣȔȐ ȒȖȋ-
ȚȧȔȐ ȊȣȚȧȕțȓȐșȤ Ȑ Ȗȕ ȗȘȣȋȕțȓ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȐȏȋȖȘȖȌȤ șȎȈȊ-
ȠȐșȤ Ȑ ȗȘȐȋȕțȊ țȠȐ Ȓ șȗȐȕȍ
ǰ șȕȖȊȈ ȗȖȌȣȔȈȓșȧ Ȗȕ ȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȒȈ șȖȉȈȒȐ Ȋ ȖȚ-
ȟȈȧȕȐȐ ȚȍȘȧȓȐ ȍȋȖ șȓȍȌ ǰ șȕȖȊȈ șȗțșȒȈȓșȧ Ȗȕ ȌȖ ȌȖȘȖ-
ȋȐ Ȋ ǹȖȊȎȍȕȚ ǯȌȍșȤ Ȗȕ țȊȐȌȈȓ ȓȖȠȈȌȤ ȏȈȗȘȧȎȍȕȕțȦ
Ȋ ȚȍȓȍȎȒț ǪȌȈȓȐ ȌȖȘȖȋȈ ȗȣȓȐȓȈ ȒȈȒ Ȋ șȍșȚȘȍ Ǩȕȕȍ ȒȖ-
ȋȌȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ ©șȍșȚȘȈ Țȣ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȐȠȤª ǩȓȍȌȕȈȧ
șțȝȖșȚȤ ȍȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȈ ȋȖȘȤȒȖ ȕȈȗȐȚȈȕȕȈȧ ȔȧȚȖȑ
ǹȒȖȘȖ ȓȖȠȈȌȤ ȗȖȘȈȊȕȧȓȈșȤ ș ǯȈȑȞȍȔ
ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȒȓȧȟȈ ȚȈȡȐȊȠȈȧ ȖȌȕȖȒȖȓȒț ǶȕȈ ȔȖȋȓȈ
ȐȌȚȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȋȈȓȖȗȖȔ ǸȈșșȓȈȉȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȖșȚȖȊ ȍȍ ȗȖȌȗȘȣ-
ȋȐȊȈȓ ȖȚ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ ȠȈȋȈ ȝȖȔțȚ ȗȖȒȈȟȐȊȈȓșȧ Ȑ ȏȍȔȓȐș-
ȚȈȧ ȋȘȐȊȈ ȏȍȓȍȕȈȧ Ȑ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȈȧ ȒȈȒ ȉȖȘȖȌȈ șȚȈȘȖȋȖ ȔȖ-
ȘȧȒȈ ȔȖȚȈȓȈșȤ Ȑȏ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ Ȋ șȚȖȘȖȕț ǮȐȊȖȚȕȖȍ ș ȚȘțȌȖȔ
ȗȖȌȣȔȈȓȖ ȘȈșȗțȝȠȐȍ ȒȈȒ ȉțȓȣȎȕȐȒ ȒȖȗȣȚȈ
ǯȈȧȞ ȐșȗțȋȈȓșȧ ȥȚȖȑ ȎȐȊȖȑ ȔȈȠȐȕȣ ȌȊȐȋȈȊȠȍȑșȧ
ș ȚȈȒȐȔ ȠțȔȖȔ Ƕȕ ȗȖȌȗȘȣȋȕțȓ Ȑ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓ ȉȍȋșȚȊȖ
ȗȖ ȓțȋȈȔ ȔȖȘȌȖȟȒȖȑ Ȓ ǷȐȘȍȕȍȧȔ ȝȊȖșȚȖȔ Ȓ șȚȍȗȧȔ

15
ȗȘȈȊȣȔ ȋȓȈȏȖȔ Ȓ ȊȖșȝȖȌȧȡȍȔț șȖȓȕȞț ȓȍȊȣȔ Ȓ Ǵȍȗ-
ȓȍȏǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ Ȗȕ ȗȘȐȚȈȐȓșȧ Ȋ ȎȕȐȊȍ ȕȍȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȖȚ ȗȍȘȍ-
ȗȍȓȒȐ ȖȚțȗȍȊȠȍȑ ȖȚ ȎȈȘȣ Ȑ ȌȘȍȔȈȊȠȍȑ ȒȈȒ ȒțȘȣ ȎȐ-
ȊȖȚȖȔ Ȋ ȗȣȓȐ
ǻȚȘȖ ȗȍȘȍȠȓȖ Ȋ ȗȖȓȌȍȕȤ ǵȍȉȖ ȗȖȉȓȍȌȕȍȓȖ ȖȚ ȎȈȘȣ
Ȑ șȚȈȓȖ șȊȍȚȓȖ-șȍȘȣȔ
ǷȓȈȊȈȓ șȈȘȣȟ ȖȚȌȈȊȈȧșȤ ȉȍȏ ȚȘțȌȈ ȗȖȓȍȚț Ȑ ȖȉȘȈ-
ȏțȧ Ȋșȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ Ȑ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȠȐȘȖȒȐȍ ȒȘțȋȐ Ǫ ȖȚȌȈȓȍȕȐȐ ȋȖ-
ȓțȉȈȧ șȒȈȚȍȘȚȤ ȘȍȒȐ ȓȍȕȐȊȖ țȕȖșȐȓȈ ȖȚȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȖȓȤ-
ȝȖȊȣȝ ȌȍȘȍȊȤȍȊ ǰȝ ȒȓȍȑȒȐȍ ȓȐșȚȤȧ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȧȓȐ
ȋȖȘȤȒȐȑ ȏȈȗȈȝ Ȑ ȊȣȌȍȓȧȓȐșȤ șȊȖȍȑ ȘȍȏȒȖȑ ȟȍȘȕȖȚȖȑ
ȕȈ ȉȓȍȌȕȖȔ ȊȖȌȧȕȖȋȖ ȞȊȍȚȈ ȊȖȏȌțȝȍ ǶȒȖȓȖ ȗȓȖȚȐȕȣ
șȚȈȧȔȐ șȒȖȓȤȏȐȓȐ Șȣȉȣ ǯȊțȒ ȒȖȓȖȒȖȓȈ țȌȈȘȐȓ șȊȖȐȔ
ȋȖȓțȉȣȔ ȒȘȣȓȖȔ ȏȕȖȑȕțȦ ȉȍȓȐȏȕț ȒȖȓȖȒȖȓȤȕȐ Ȑ ȖȚ-
Ȍȣȝ ǯȈȑȞȈ ȕȈȟȈȓșȧ
***
ǬȖ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ Ȗȕ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓșȧ Ȋ ȎȕȐȊȍ ȕȍȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȣȑ ȘȈȏ-
ȌȘȈȎȈȍȔȣȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Țțȟȍȑ ȔȖȠȍȒ ȌȘȖȎȈȡȐȝ ȒȈȒ ȌȖȘȖ-
ȋȈ ȕȈ șȖȓȕȞȍ ǷȖȚȖȔ Ȋ șțȔȍȘȒȈȝ Ȗȕ șȌȍȓȈȓ ȌȊȈ ȗȘȣȎȒȈ
ȊȗȍȘȍȌ Ȑ ȌȊȈ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȖ Ȑ ȕȈȓȍȊȖ
ǵȈȟȐȕȈȓȈșȤ ȕȖȟȤ Ƕȕ ȗȖȌȖȠȍȓ Ȓ ȘȍȟȒȍ ǹ ȗȘȧȓȖȒ ȚȘȖ-
șȚȕȐȒȈ șȊȍȠȐȊȈȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȓțȕȕȖȔ șȊȍȚȍ ȒțȌȍȓȐ șȍȘȍȉȘȐ-
șȚȣȝ ȚțȔȈȕȖȊ
ǯȈȧȞ ȗȘȐșȍȓ ȕȈ ȗȈȝțȟȍȍ șȍȕȖ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȣȑ ȋȈȘȔȖ-
ȕȐȟȕȣȔȐ ȏȊțȒȈȔȐ Ȋ ȥȚȐ ȟȈșȣ Ȑ ȗȘȐȏȣȊȈȔȐ ȗȍȘȍȗȍȓȖȒ,
ȏȊțȟȈȡȐȔȐ ȒȈȒ ȜȖȕȚȈȕȣ
ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȓȦȌȐ țȔȍȘȓȐ ǭȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȉȖȌȘșȚ-
ȊȖȊȈȓ ȊȌȈȓȍȒȍ ȌȊȐȋȈȧșȤ ȕȈȌ ȊȖȌȖȑ Ȑ ȊȣȚȧȋȐȊȈȧ ȉȍșȠțȔ-
ȕȖ șȊȖȐ șȍȚȐ șȚȘțȧȡȐȍșȧ Ȋ ȓțȋȈȝ ǺȖȓȤȒȖ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȊȖȌ ȉȣ-
ȓȖ ȥȚȐȔ ȊșȚȘȍȊȖȎȍȕȖ — ȏȈȧȟȤȍ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȖșȤ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȣȔ

16
ǪȖȚ șȘȍȌȐ ȌȧȚȓȈ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ȒȖȔȖȒ ȅȚȖ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȈȓȈșȤ
ȊȖȏȓȦȉȓȍȕȕȈȧ
ǯȈȧȞ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȐȓșȧ Ȓ ȕȍȑ Ȑ ȖȕȐ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȓȐșȤ ȗȖșȘȍȌȐ
ȋȖȓțȉȖȑ ȖȚȈȊȣ ǰȝ ȔȖȘȌȖȟȒȐ șȉȓȐȏȐȓȐșȤ ǰ ȔȍȎ ȌȐȒȖ-
ȋȖ ȡȈȊȍȓȧ ȖȕȐ ȞȍȓȖȊȈȓȐșȤ ȚȖȟȕȖ ȡȐȗȈȓȐ ȚȘȈȊț ǶȕȐ
ȐȋȘȈȓȐ ǯȈȚȍȔ ȋȖȓȖȌȕȣȍ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȐȓȐșȤ ȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȖ ȉȖȒ Ȗ
ȉȖȒ Ȓ ȜȍȘȔȍ ȘȈșȒȐȕțȊȠȍȑșȧ Ȋ șțȔȘȈȒȍ Ǫ ȎȈȓȒȖȔ ȖȋȖ-
ȘȖȌȍ ȒțȌȈ ȖȕȐ ȗȘȖȕȐȒȓȐ ȒȈȗțșȚȈ ȝȘțșȚȍȓȈ ȚȔȐȕ ȉȣȓ
ȋȖȘȤȒȐȔ ǹȖșȍȌȕȐȑ ȝȓȍȊ ȌȣȠȈȓ ǷȖȘȖșȍȕȖȒ ȗȘȖșțȕțȊ
ȗȖȌ ȌȊȍȘȤ șȊȖȍ ȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȖȍ ȘȣȓȤȞȍ Țȧȕțȓ ȕȖșȖȔ ȊȖȏ-
ȌțȝǺȈȒ ȗȘȖȠȓȈ ȕȖȟȤ Ȋ ȓȦȉȊȐ Ȑ Ȋ ȍȌȍ ǴȈȓȖ-ȗȖȔȈȓț
șțȔȘȈȒ țșȚțȗȐȓ ȏȈȘȍ ǷȖȒȈȏȈȓȐșȤ ȊȌȈȓȐ ȗȧȚȕȈ Ǫșȍ ȕȈ-
ȟȈȓȖ ȌȘȖȎȈȚȤ ǹȔȍȠȕȖȑ ȗȍȚțȝ ȗȘȍȘȊȈȓ ȚȐȠȐȕț ȊȏȖȉ-
ȘȈȊȠȐșȤ ȊȣșȖȒȖ ȕȈ ȒțȘȧȚȕȐȒ Ƕȕ ȒȘȐȟȈȓ șȊȐȘȍȗȖ Ȑ
ȈȗȓȖȌȐȘȖȊȈȓ șȍȉȍ ȖȉȘțȉȒȈȔȐ ȒȘȣȓȤȍȊ
ǯȈȧȞ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȌȘțȋȈ ȘȈșșȚȈȓȐșȤ ȖȒȖȓȖ ȐȏȋȖȘȖȌȐ Ȑȏ
ȠȐȗȖȊ Ȑ ȘȖȏ DzȈȏȈȓȖșȤ șȘȍȌȐ ȚțȔȈȕȈ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȈȓȈ ȌȍȘȍȊ-
ȕȧ Ȑȏ ȝȘțșȚȈȓȧ Ǫ ȗȖȓȍ ȊȐȌȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȖȏȈȉȖȟȍȕȕȣȍ șȖ-
ȉȈȒȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔȈȝȈȧ ȎȍșȚȒȐȔȐ ȒȈȒ ȒȈȕȈȚȣ ȝȊȖșȚȈȔȐ,
șȚȈȘȈȓȐșȤ ȘȈșȗțȚȈȚȤ șȘȍȌȐ ȔȧȚȣ Ȑ șȖȓȖȔȣ ȐȌȍȈȓȤȕȣȍ
ȒȘȐȊȣȍ, ȖȗȐșȈȕȕȣȍ ȔȐȓȖȑ ȗȈȘȖȟȒȖȑ
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ǯȈȧȞ ȕȈȠȍȓ țȉȍȎȐȡȍ Ȋ ȔȍȘȋȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȓȖȔȒȍ Ȗșȍȕȍȕ-
ȕȖȑ ȚțȚȖȊȣȔȐ ȌȍȘȍȊȤȧȔȐ ǯȌȍșȤ Ȗȕ ȖșȚȈȓșȧ ȌȖ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ
șȐȌȧ ș ȖȚȒȘȣȚȣȔȐ ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ Ƕȕ ȌȍȘȎȈȓșȧ ȒȈȒ ȒȖȘȖȓȤ
ȗȖȌ șȊȖȌȖȔ ȊȍȚȊȍȑ țȒȘȈȠȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȖșȓȍ ȓȐȊȕȧ ȒȈȗȓȧȔȐ
ȋȖȓțȉȖȋȖ șȖȓȕȞȈ Ƕȕ ȌȘȍȔȈȓ ǵȖ ȕȍșȗȖȒȖȑȕȣȑ ȖȚȌȣȝ
ȏȕȖȑȕȣȔ ȗȖȗȖȓțȌȕȍȔ ȌȈȊȈȓ ȍȔț ȚȘȍȊȖȎȕȣȑ șȖȕ Ƕȕ
șȖȊșȍȔ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓ ȕȐ ȉȍȏȔȧȚȍȎȕȖȋȖ ȏȈȔȐȘȈȕȐȧ ȧȡȍȘȐ-
Ȟȣ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȍȌȊȈ ȚȘȍȗȍȡȍȚ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ șȕȈ ȕȈ șȚȈ-

18
Șȣȝ șȚȍȕȈȝ ȕȐ ȌȖȊȍȘȟȐȊȖȋȖ ȖȚȌȣȝȈ ȉȈȘșțȒȈ Ȋ ȕȖȘȍ
ȗȖȓȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȝȓȈȌȣ
ǴȈȓȍȑȠȐȑ ȠțȔ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȓ ȍȔț Ȗȉ ȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ Ȋșȍ-
ȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȌȊȐȋȈȍȚșȧ ȗȈȌȈȍȚ țȌȈȘȧȍȚ ȕȍȖȉȣȟȕȖȍ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ
Țȍȕȍȑ — ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȍȕȐȍ ȊȘȈȋȈ Ƕȕ ȏȕȈȓ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȓȖȋȖȊȐȡȍ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȋșȍ Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȚȈȒȐȔ
Ȏȍ ȒȈȒ ȏȈ ȔȐȕțȚț ȌȖ ȥȚȖȋȖ ǷȖȥȚȖȔț Ȑ ȓȦȉȐȓ Ȗȕ ȗȖ-
ȘȧȌȖȒ Ȑ ȕȍȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȖșȚȤ ǶȚȟȍȋȖ ȔȖȋ ȉȣ ȏȈȚȘȍȗȍȚȈȚȤ
ȓȐșȚ ȠȐȗȖȊȕȐȒȈ Ȋ ȋȖȓțȉȖȔ ȗȖȒȖȍ ȎȈȘȒȖȋȖ Ȍȕȧ? ǶȚȟȍȋȖ
ȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȉȣ ȌȘȖȎȈȚȤ ȚȍȕȤ ȓȍșȈ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȕȍȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȈȧ ȟȚȖ
ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȊȠȐȔșȧ?
ǷȖȟȍȔț ȏȈȝȖȚȍȓ ȉȣ ȏȈȧȞ șȔȍȠȈȚȤșȧ ș ȓȦȌȤȔȐ șȖȉȐ-
ȘȈȦȡȐȔȐ ȕȍȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȖȚ ȍȋȖ ȏȈșȈȌȣ ȒȖȓȖșȤȧ ȔȈȐșȈ ȉȓȍȌ-
ȕȣȍ ȏȍȘȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȗȘȖȕȐȏȈȕȣ ȓțȟȈȔȐ șȖȓȕȞȈ" ǭȋȖ Ȋȍ-
ȒȐ ȉȍȏ ȘȍșȕȐȞ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȗȘȐȊȣȒȕțȚȤ Ȓ ȧȘȒȖȔț ȚȘȍȗȍȚț
ȗȖȓțȌȕȧ Ȑ țȎȍ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț Ȗȕ șȖȏȕȈȊȈȓ ȊșȦ ȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȤ
ȉȓȐȏȖșȚȐ Țȍȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȉȍȏ ȖșȓȍȗȓȍȕȐȧ ȋȓȧȌȍȓȐ ȕȈ ȉȍ-
ȓȖȍ ȗȓȈȔȧ ȎȕȐȊȈ
ǷȖȒȈ ȕȍ ȕȈșȚțȗȈȓȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȊȣȝȖȌȈ ȕȐȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȖ
ȍȋȖ ȊȣȏȊȈȚȤ Ȑȏ țȉȍȎȐȡȈ ǭȋȖ ȔțȌȘȖșȚȤ ȗȖȒȖȘȧȓȈșȤ
ȋȈȘȔȖȕȐȐ ǮȐȏȕȤ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȋȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȔțȏȣȒȖȑ ȋȌȍ ȒȈȎȌȈȧ
ȕȍșȚȘȖȑȕȈȧ ȕȖȚȈ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȓȈ ȍȔț Ȗȉ ȖșȚȖȘȖȎȕȖșȚȐ
Ƕȕ ȕȍ șȔȍȠȐȊȈȓ ȋȖȓȖșȈ șȊȖȘȣ ș ȖȚȌȈȓȍȕȕȣȔ ȏȊțȒȖȔ
ȒȖȓȖȒȖȓȖȊ ȕȐ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ș ȒȈȟȈȕȤȍȔ ȌȍȘȍȊȈ
ȕȐ ȊȣșȚȘȍȓȈ ș ȋȘȖȔȖȔ ȕȐ ȋȘȖȔȈ ș ȋȘȖȝȖȚȖȔ ȚȍȓȍȋȐ ȕȐ
șȊȐșȚȈ ȧșȚȘȍȉȈ șȖ șȊȐșȚȖȔ ȗȈȘȖȊȖȑ ȔȖȓȖȚȐȓȒȐ ǺȈȒȐȔ
ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ șȖșȚȈȊȐȓșȧ ȧȏȣȒ ȋȌȍ șȓȖȊȈ șȟȐȚȈȓȐșȤ ȊȘȈȋȈȔȐ
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DzȚȖ ȔȖȋ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȖȚȒțȌȈ ȏȈȧȞ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȓ ȥȚȖȑ ȖșȚȖȘȖȎ-
ȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ ȔțȌȘȖșȚȤȦ? ǰȝ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȚȍȘȧȓȖșȤ ȊȖ
ȔȘȈȒȍ ȊȍȒȖȊ ȋȌȍ Ȋșȍ șȓȐȊȈȍȚșȧ

19
ǹȖȠȍȓ ȓȐ Ȗȕ ș ǵȖȍȊȈ ȒȖȊȟȍȋȈ ȕȈ ȋȖȘț ǨȘȈȘȈȚ Ȋ ȟȈș
ȒȖȋȌȈ ȋȖȓțȉȤ șȖȝȘȈȕȧȦȡȐȑ Ȑ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ȊȖȘ-
ȒȖȊȈȕȐȐ ȠțȔ ȊȍȓȐȒȐȝ ȊȖȌ ȗȘȐȕȍș ȊȍșȚȤ ȟȚȖ țȉȣȊȈȍȚ
ȊȖȌȈ" ǺȈȒȐȔ ȓȐ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ șȖȏȌȈȕ ȥȚȖȚ DzțȞȣȑ ǽȊȖșȚ Ǹȣ-
ȎȈȧ ȀȍȘșȚȒȈ ǯȈȧȟȤȧ ǫțȉȈ ȥȚȖȚ ǻȠȈșȚȐȒ ȥȚȈ ǹȚȍȘȚȈȧ
dzȈȗȒȈ" ǩȘȖșȐȓ ȓȐ ȍȋȖ ǺȊȖȘȍȞ ȊȕȍȏȈȗȕȖ ȗȖȌ ȓȈȊȘȣ ȅȌȍ-
ȔȈ"ǪȐȌȍȓ ȓȐ Ȗȕ ȗȘȐȚȈȐȊȠȐșȤ ȗȖȌ ȘȖȏȖȊȣȔ ȒțșȚȖȔ ǭȊț?
ǶȕȈ ȋțȓȧȓȈ ȒȈȒ țȗȘȧȔȈȧ ȒȖȉȣȓȐȞȈ șȘȍȌȐ ȒȈșȈȚȐȒȖȊ
ǭȍ ȕȖȋȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȍȎȕȣ Ȑ ȏȖȓȖȚȣȍ ȋȘțȌȐ ȗȘȖșȊȍȟȐȊȈȓȐ
șȒȊȖȏȤ șȒȈȏȖȟȕȣȍ ȋȘȈȕȈȚȣ
ǰȓȐ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȊȕȈȟȈȓȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈșȒȈȓȍȕȕȣȔ ȚțȔȈȕȖȔ?
ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ Ȗȕ ȎȐȓ țȎȍ ȊȕțȚȘȐ ȗȖȘȜȐȘȈ" ǰȓȐ ȕȍșȋȖ-
ȘȈȍȔȣȑ Ȗȕ ȊȖșȒȘȍș Ȑȏ ȓȈȊȣ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȎȐȚȤ Ȋ ȒȓȍȚȖȟȒȈȝ
ȋȘȈȕȐȚȈ Ȑ ȊȖȌȖȘȖșȓȍȑ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȟȍȔ ȖșȔȍȓȐȚȤșȧ ȗȖȒȈ-
ȏȈȚȤ șȊȖȑ ȕȖș"
ǶȉȧȏȈȕ ȓȐ Ȗȕ șȊȍȘȒȈȦȡȐȔ șȚȘțȧȔ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ
ȞȊȍȚȈ șȔȖȓȣ" ǫȓȐȕȐșȚȣȔ ȓȐȔȖȕȈȔ șȊȖȍȦ ȠȍȘșȚȤȦ"
ǪȖȌȖȘȖșȓȧȔ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȔȧȋȒȐȔȐ țȠȈȔȐ" ǮȐȌȒȖȔț ȖȋȕȦ
șȊȖȍȑ ȉȣșȚȘȖȑ ȒȘȖȊȤȦ"
ǯȈȑȞȈ ȔȈȓȖ ȉȍșȗȖȒȖȐȓȖ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȥȚȖȚ
ȔȖȔȍȕȚ Ȗȕ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȖ ȖȚȌȣȝȈȓ Ȋ ȔȍȘȋȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȓȖȔȒȍ
ǹȚȖȧȓ ȋȘȖȏȖȊȖȑ ȈȊȋțșȚ Ȑ ȚȍȔȕȖ-șȐȕȍȍ ȕȍȉȖ ȒȓȖȕȧȡȍȋȖ-
șȧ Ȓ ȒȖȕȞț Ȍȕȧ ȊȏȌțȊȈȓȖșȤ ȒȖȍ-ȋȌȍ Ȑ ȋȖȚȖȊȐȓȖșȤ ȘȈȏ-
ȘȈȏȐȚȤșȧ ȓȐȊȕȍȔ ȕȈȌ ȌȖȓȐȕȖȑ
ǹȒȖȘȖ ȌȖȎȌȤ ȕȈȟȈȓ șȚțȟȈȚȤ ȗȖ ȏȈȘȖșȓȐ ȚȍȘȕȖȊȕȐ-
ȒȈ ǬȓȐȕȕȣȍ șȚȘțȐ ȉȈȘȈȉȈȕȐȓȐ Ȋșȍ șȐȓȤȕȍȍ ǵȖ ǯȈȧȞ
ȕȍ ȉȖȧȓșȧ ȍȋȖ ȌȖȎȌȤ ȉȣȓ ȗȖșȓțȠȍȕ ȘȐȚȔț țȎȍ ȏȕȈȒȖ-
ȔȖȔț ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȌȖȎȌȤ ȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȓ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȕȐȒȈȧ
ȍȡȍ șȒȊȖȏȤ ȗȖȒȘȖȊ ȘȈșȚȍȕȐȑ ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȌȕȈ ȒȈȗȓȧ țȌȈ-
ȘȧȧșȤ Ȑ ȏȊȍȕȧ ȗȈȌȈȓȈ ȕȈ ȖȌȕȖ Ȑ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȔȍșȚȖ
ǰȚȈȒ șȍȘȌȞȍ ǹȚȍȘȚȖȑ dzȈȗȒȐ ȕȍ ȚȘȍȊȖȎȐȓȖșȤ ȥȚȐȔ
ȒȖȕȞȍȘȚȖȔ Ƕȕ ȉȣȓ ȏȕȈȒȖȔ ș ȋȈȘȔȖȕȐȍȑ șȊȧȏțȦȡȍȑ
ȒȈȒ șȚȘȖȜȣ șȓȍȏȣ ȌȖȎȌȧ Ƕȕ ȏȕȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȕȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȕȐ
ȓȐșȐȞȈ ȕȐ ȧșȚȘȍȉ ȕȍ țȟȈșȚȊțȦȚ Ȋ ȕȍȑ ǵȍȉȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȒȈȒ

20
ȈȘȜȈ șȊȍȘȝț ȊȕȐȏ ȚȧȕțȓȐșȤ șȍȘȍȉȘȧȕȣȍ ȕȐȚȐ ȌȖȎȌȧ
ǰ ȊȕȐȏț Ȋșȍ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȓȖ Ȑȝ ȏȊțȟȈȚȤ ȗȖ-șȊȖȍȔț ǷȖȌ ȏȍ-
ȓȍȕȣȔȐ ȗȈȓȤȞȈȔȐ ȓȐșȚȤȍȊ ȝȘțșȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ șȚȘțȐ ȏȊțȟȈ-
ȓȐ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȖ Ȑ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ ȒȈȒ ȋȖȓȖșȈ ȌțȠȐ ȚțȔȈȕȖȊ ǫȓȐ-
ȕȈ ȚȘȖȕțȚȈȧ ȐȔȐ ȘȣȌȈȓȈ ȒȈȒ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ ȊȏȊȖȓȕȖȊȈȕ-
ȕȈȧ ȦȎȕȣȔ ȊȍȚȘȖȔ ǺȈȔ ȋȌȍ ȖȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȉȖȓȍȍ șțȝȖȑ Ȑ
ȎȈȎȌțȡȍȑ șȓȣȠȈȓșȧ ȏȊțȒ ȗȖȋȓȖȡȍȕȐȧ ȊȌȣȝȈȕȐȧ ȋȖ-
ȘȧȟȐȔȐ ȋțȉȈȔȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ țșȚțȗȈȓȐ ȕȈȌȊȐȕțȊȠȍȑșȧ ȋȘȖ-
ȏȍ
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ǵȖȟȤ ȗȖșȓȍ ȋȘȖȏȣ ȉȣȓȈ ȧșȕȖȑ ǬȖȎȌȤ ȗȖȟȚȐ Ȑș-
ȗȈȘȐȓșȧ ǷȖșȓȍ ȕȍȋȖ ȖșȚȈȓȐșȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȒȓȖȟȒȐ ȗțșȚȖȋȖ
ȚțȔȈȕȈ ȕȈ ȓțȎȈȑȒȍ ȋȌȍ ȏȈȧȞ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȓșȧ șȖ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȖȌ-
ȘțȋȖȑ DzȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȘȈȑșȒȐȍ ȝȓȖȗȟȈȚȕȐȒȐ ȘȈȏȘȣȊȈȓȐ șȊȖȐ
șȚȘțȟȤȧ Ȋ ȓțȕȕȖȔ ȗȖȚȖȒȍ ǵȈ ȖȚȒȖșȍ ȒțșȚȈȘȕȐȒȐ ȖȚȧ-
ȎȍȓȍȊȠȐȍ ȖȚ ȌȖȎȌȧ ȊȣșȚȘȖȐȓȐșȤ ȒȈȒ șȚȘȈȕȕȐȒȐ șȒȓȖ-
ȕȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȖȌ ȒȖȚȖȔȒȈȔȐ Ȑ ȉțȘȌȦȒȈȔȐ ǾȈȘȐȓ ȔȐȘ Ǫȍ-
ȟȍȘȕȧȧ ȏȈȘȧ ȗȖȚȘȧșȈȍȔȈȧ ȖȏȕȖȉȖȔ ȖȎȐȌȈȓȈ șȊȖȦ șȍșȚ-
Șț — țȚȘȍȕȕȦȦ ȏȈȘȦ Ȑ ȚȘȈȊȈ ȒȖȓȍȕȖȗȘȍȒȓȖȕȍȕȕȈȧ ȔȖ-
ȓȐȓȈșȤ ȍȑ.
ǪȌȘțȋ ǯȈȧȞ șȐȌȧ ȗȖșȘȍȌȐ ȗȖȓȧȕȣ țȊȐȌȍȓ ȟȍȓȖȊȍ-
ȒȈ ȐȌțȡȍȋȖ Ȓ ȕȍȔț Ȑ șȖȊșȍȔ ȕȍ ȐșȗțȋȈȓșȧ Ǫ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ
ȘȈȏ ș ȚȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȒȈȒ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȘȈșșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȐ Ȑ
ȕȈȚȧȋȐȊȈȍȚ ȓțȒ ȐȕșȚȐȕȒȚ ȉȍȋșȚȊȈ ȏȈȔȍȘ Ȋ ȌțȠȍ ǹȚȍȘȚȖȑ
dzȈȗȒȐ
ǷȘȐȉȓȐȎȈȊȠȐȑșȧ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȉȣȓ ȖȌȍȚ ȒȈȒ șȚȊȖȓ Ȍȍ-
ȘȍȊȈ ȏȐȔȖȑ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȍȋȖ ȖȒțȚȣȊȈȍȚ ȔȖȝ ǭȋȖ ȋȖȓȖȊț ȗȖ-
ȒȘȣȊȈȓ ȒȈȗȦȠȖȕ ȕȈ ȕȖȋȈȝ ȉȣȓȐ șȈȕȌȈȓȐȐ ǻ ȕȍȋȖ ȕȍ
ȉȣȓȖ ȗȈȓȒȐ ǭȋȖ ȘțȒȐ ȉȣȓȐ șȓȖȎȍȕȣ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȖȌȍȚ Ȋ
ȗȓȈȚȤȍ ȖȗȖȧșȈȕȕȖȍ ȊȍȘȍȊȒȖȑ DzȖșȚȓȧȊȖȍ ȓȐȞȖ ȖȉȘȈȡȍȕ-
ȕȖȍ Ȓ ȓțȕȍ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȉȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȍȍ ǪȣȌȍȓȧȓȐșȤ ȖȘȓȐȕȣȑ

21
ȕȖș ȋȓțȉȖȒȐȍ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȒȈȒ ț ȖșȓȖȊ Ȑ ȟȍȘȕȈȧ ȉȖȘȖȌȈ Ȋ
ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȓȍșȕȖȑ ȒțșȚȈȘȕȐȒ ȖșȚȈȊȐȓ ȒȓȖȟȤȧ ȖȊȍȟȤȍȑ
ȠȍȘșȚȐ
ǬȊȍ ȋȖȘȓȐȞȣ șȖȗȘȖȊȖȎȌȈȓȐ ȍȋȖ ǶȕȐ șȒȖȓȤȏȐȓȐ ș
ȊȍȚȒȐ ȕȈ ȊȍȚȒț Ȋ ȚȐȠȐȕȍ ȕȖȟȐ ǰȝ ȊȓȦȉȓȍȕȕȈȧ ȗȖȋȖȕȧ
ȒȘȣȓȤȍȊ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȓȈ ȓȍȗȍșȚȒȐ ȖȗȈȊȠȐȝ ȞȊȍȚȖȊ Ȕȍȟ-
ȚȈȦȡȐȝ șȖȍȌȐȕȐȚȤșȧ ȊȕȖȊȤ Ȑ ȘȈșȒȘȣȚȤ șȊȖȑ ȊȍȕȟȐȒ
ǺȘȐ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȕȣȝ șȖȉȈȒȐ Ȋ ȒȖȓȦȟȐȝ ȖȠȍȑȕȐȒȈȝ ȠȓȐ,
ȗȖȔȈȝȐȊȈȧ ȝȊȖșȚȈȔȐ ȊȗȍȘȍȌȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ șȚȈȘȣȑ ȊȖȓȒ
ȓȐȏȈȓ ȍȋȖ ȖȌȍȎȌț ǶȊȞȈ Ȑ ȧȋȕȍȕȖȒ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȈȓȐșȤ ȗȖ
ȒȘȖȒțșȈȔ ȉȓȍȦȡȐȍ ȕȍțȊȍȘȍȕȕȣȍ Ȑ ȖȟȈȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ ȚȖȗȟȈ
ȐȏțȔȘțȌȕțȦ șȐȘȍȕȤ ǺȘȐ ȧșȚȘȍȉȈ ȗȣȚȈȓȐșȤ ȐȋȘȈȚȤ ș ȋȖȘ-
ȓȐȞȈȔȐ ǩȖȧȏȓȐȊȈȧ ȕȖȟȕȈȧ ȗȚȐȞȈ șȊȐșȚȍȓȈ ȘȈȌȖșȚȕȖ Ȋ
ȌțȉȈȝ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȊȏȓȍȚȈȓȈ Ȑ șȖȍȌȐȕȧȓȈșȤ ș ȧșȚȘȍȉȈȔȐ ȋȖȘ-
ȓȐȞȈȔȐ ȧȋȕȍȕȒȖȔ ȖȊȞȖȑ șȖȉȈȒȈȔȐ Ȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȔ
ǿȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȏȐȓșȧ Ȓ ȏȈȑȞț Ȑ șȒȈȏȈȓ
ȇ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒ Ȗ ȔȖȑ ȉȘȈȚ ȇ Țȍȉȧ ȓȦȉȓȦ Ȑ ȗȘȐȊȍȚ-
șȚȊțȦ ȇ ȗȘȐȊȍȚșȚȊțȦ Țȍȉȧ ȐȔȍȕȍȔ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȍȉȈ ȒȖȚȖ-
ȘȖȍ ȖȚȘȈȎȈȍȚ ȊȖȌȣ Ȑ șȊȍȘȒȈȦȡȐȍ ȒȈȔȕȐ ȐȔȍȕȍȔ ȌȐȒȖ-
ȋȖ ȡȈȊȍȓȧ ȒȖȘȣ Ȑ ȏȍȘȍȕ șȓțȎȈȡȐȝ Țȍȉȍ ȗȐȡȍȑ ǰȌȐ ș
ȕȍȊȐȕȕȣȔȐ șȖȗȘȖȊȖȎȌȈȦȡȐȔȐ Ȕȍȕȧ ȖȕȐ ȗȘȐȊȧȏȈ-
ȓȐșȤ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ ș ȊȍȘȖȑ ȗȓȦȡȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȖȓȏȍȚ ȗȖ ȌȍȘȍȊț
ȕȍ ȌțȔȈȧ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ șȒȖȘȖ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȘȐȑȚȐ ȌȘȖȊȖșȍȒ Ƕ
ǯȈȧȞ ȧ ȕȍșț Țȍȉȍ ǪȍȘț ȍȍ Ȕȣ ȗȐȚȈȍȔ ȌȘțȋ Ȓ ȌȘțȋț
ǪȍȘț ȒȈȒ șȈȔȈ ȎȐȏȕȤ Ƕ ǯȈȧȞ ȔȐȓȣȑ ȕȍȎȕȣȑ Ȗ ȚȐȝȐȑ
ȉȘȖȌȧȎȒȈ ȝȖȟȍȠȤ ȓȐ Țȣ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ ǪȍȘț"
ǰ ȗȖȒȈ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ Ȋșȍ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȍ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐ-
ȓȐșȤ șȓțȠȈȧ ȌȖȊȍȘȟȐȊȖ șȓȖȊȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȕȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȓȐ
ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ǯȈȧȞ ȠȐȘȖȒȖ ȖȚȒȘȣȊ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ȐșȗțȋȈȕ-
ȕȣȔ ȏȊțȒȈȔȐ șȓȖȊ Ƕȕ ȌȍȘȎȈȓ ȖȌȕȖ țȝȖ ȊȗȍȘȍȌ ȌȘțȋȖȍ
ȕȈȏȈȌ ȋȖȚȖȊȣȑ ȉȍȎȈȚȤ Ȑ ȖșȚȈȚȤșȧ
ǪȐȌȧ ȥȚȖ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒ șȖȘȊȈȓ ȕȈ ȓțȎȈȑȒȍ ȗțȟȖȒ ȚȘȈ-
Ȋȣ ȗȘȖȚȧȕțȓ ȍȍ ǹȚȍȘȚȖȑ dzȈȗȒȍ Ȑ ǯȈȧȞ ȗȖȠȍȓ ȏȈ ȕȐȔ

22
ǹ ȥȚȖȑ ȕȖȟȐ Ȋșȍ ȉȘȖȌȐȓȐ ȊȔȍșȚȍ
ǵȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ Ȑȝ ȖȉȐȎȈȚȤ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ Ȑȝ ȏȈȡȐȡȈȓȈ
ǪȍȘȈ DzȖȋȌȈ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȌȘțȏȤȧ ȖșȚȈȕȈȊȓȐȊȈȓȐșȤ
ȕȈ ȗȓȖȡȈȌȐ șȍȓȈ ȋȌȍ ȚȈȕȞțȦȚ ȗȖȌ ȏȊțȒȐ ȊȖȓȣȕȒȐ Ȋ
ȟȈș ȒȖȋȌȈ ȋȘțșȚȧȚ ȖȓȤȝȐ Ȑ ȏȈ ȟȍȘȕȣȔȐ șȚȖȓȈȔȐ ȒȈȉȈȚ-
ȟȐȒȖȊ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ ȗȖȌȣȔȈȦȚ ȉȖȒȈȓȣ Ȑ ȝȖȝȖȟțȚ Ȑȝ ȖȒȘț-
ȎȈȓȐ ȓȦȌȐ ǴȖȓȖȌȣȍ ȗȈȘȕȐ șȚȘȍȓȧȊȠȐȍ Ȑȏ ȓțȒȈ Ȑ
ȘțȎȍȑ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȗȖȌțȔȈȓȐ ȉȣ țȉȐȚȤ ǯȈȑȞȈ ȚȈȒ țȌȐȊ-
ȓȧȓȈ Ȑȝ ȍȋȖ șȔȍȓȖșȚȤ ǶȕȐ șȖȟȓȐ ȉȣ ȏȈ ȎȍșȚȖȒȖșȚȤ Ȗȉ-
ȔȈȕțȚȤ ȉȍȌȕȖȍ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȖȍ șȓȖȎȐȊȠȍȍ șȊȖȍ ȌȖȊȍȘȐȍ Ȓ Ȑȝ
ȕȖȋȈȔ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒȈ șȟȐȚȈȓȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȔ șȗȖșȖȉȕȣȔ ȗȘȐ-
ȘțȟȈȚȤ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ Ȑ ȖȚȒȘȣȊȈȓȐ ȍȔț ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȗȖ ȕȖȟȈȔ
ȘȐȋȐ ȗȖȌȈȊȈȧ ȔȐȓȖșȚȣȕȦ Ƕȕ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȓ ȍȍ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȌȈ-
ȊȈȚȤ șȊȖȐȔ ȌȘțȏȤȧȔ Ȋșȍ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȓȦȉȐȓȐ
ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȖȕȐ ȓȍȋȒȖ ȒȖȘȔȐȓȐșȤ ǶșȍȕȤ ȉȣȓȈ ȡȍȌȘȈ
Ȑ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȓȈ ȋȕțȚȤșȧ ȈȔȉȈȘȣ ǰȔ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȓȐ șȖȉȐȘȈȚȤ
ȒȖȓȖșȤȧ ȕȈ ȗȖȓȧȝ ȔȈȐșȈ Ȑ țȟȈșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ Ȋ șȉȖȘȍ ȊȐȕȖ-
ȋȘȈȌȈ ȗȍȊȠȍȋȖ Ȋ ȓțȟȈȝ ȏȈȝȖȌȧȡȍȋȖ șȖȓȕȞȈ ǹȊȍȚȓȖ-
ȊȖȓȖșȣȍ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ ȌȈȊȐȓȐ ȋȘȖȏȌȐ ȕȈ ȕȍȎȕȖȑ ȋȘțȌȐ ǰȝ
ȗȖȌȕȧȚȣȍ ȓȖȒȚȐ ȉȓȍșȚȍȓȐ ǵȈȌ ȚȍȔȕȖȑ șȐȕȍȊȖȑ ȒȈȠ-
ȚȈȕȖȊ ȚȍȒȓȐ ȗȈȌȈȦȡȐȍ ȏȊȍȏȌȣ ǩȈȘȝȈȚ ȚțȔȈȕȖȊ șȋțȡȈȓ-
șȧ ǹȓȣȠȈȓșȧ ȠȖȘȖȝ ȗȓȈȚȤȍȊ Ȋ ȋȓțȉȐȕȍ Ȉȓȓȍȑ

24
ǶȕȐ ȓȦȉȖȊȈȓȐșȤ ȔȖȘȍȔ ȗȖȊȐșȠȐȔ Ȋ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȍ,
șȒȓȖȕȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȗȈȘțșȈȔȐ Ȑ ȉȍȓȣȔȐ ȗȍșȒȈȔȐ ȗȖȒȘȣȚȣ-
ȔȐ ȚȈȔȈȘȐșȒȈȔȐ ȓȍșȕȣȔȐ ȧȉȓȖȕȧȔȐ Ȑ șȖșȕȈȔȐ ǶȕȐ
ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȓȐ șȐȧȦȡȐȍ ȌȖȓȐȕȣ ȋȌȍ ȗȖȚȖȒ șȗțșȒȈȧșȤ ș
ȕȍȗȖȘȖȟȕȣȝ șȕȍȋȖȊ ȌȍȓȈȍȚșȧ ȘțȟȤȍȔ ȕȖ ȍȡȍ șȊȍȘȒȈȍȚ
ȊșȗȖȔȐȕȈȧ ȈȕȍȔȖȕȣ Ȑ ȔȖȘȖȏȣ DzȖȋȌȈ ȏȊțȟȈȓ ȖȝȖȚȕȐȟȐȑ
ȘȖȋ ȏȈȧȞ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓșȧ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȣȔ șȘȍȌȐ șȊȖȐȝ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȍȑ,
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȉȍȘȍȋȓȐ ȍȋȖ Ȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ Ȗȕ ȖȝȘȈȕȧȓ ǶȌȕȈȎȌȣ
șȊȖȘȈ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȏȐȊȠȐșȤ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȖȚșȚțȗȐȓȈ ȗȘȐ ȊȐȌȍ ȊȖȓ-
ȒȈ ȒȖȠȒȈ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌȖȊȈȊȠȈȧ ȋȖȘȓȐȞ țȉȍȎȈȓȈ ȖȚ ȚȘȍȝ
șȖȉȈȒ Ȋ ȒȖȓȦȟȐȝ ȖȠȍȑȕȐȒȈȝ ȝȖȘȍȒ ȗȖȌșȚȍȘȍȋȈȊȠȐȑ
ȖȊȞț șȗȘȧȚȈȓșȧ ȖȚ ȝȐȡȕȣȝ ȗȚȐȞ ǹȚȍȘȚȈȧ dzȈȗȒȈ Ȑșȗț-
ȋȈȓ ȓȈșȚȖȟȍȒ ȕȈȉȘȖșȐȊȠȐȝșȧ ȕȈ șȖȊț
***
ǹȚȍȘȚȈȧ dzȈȗȒȈ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȌȘțȎȐȓșȧ ș ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ șȖ-
ȉȈȒ ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȕȍȎȕȈȧ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȈȧ ȐȡȍȑȒȈ ș ȒȖȘȖȚȒȐȔ
ȝȊȖșȚȖȔ ȊȐșȧȟȐȔȐ țȠȈȔȐ Ȑ șȖȋȕțȚȣȔȐ ȌțȋȖȑ ȕȖȋȈȔȐ
ǶȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȊȍȎȓȐȊȈ Ȑ ȉȓȈȋȖȊȖșȗȐȚȈȕȕȈ ǶȕȈ ȘȖȌȐȓȈșȤ
Ȋ șȊȐȕȖȔ șȚȖȑȓȍ ț șȈȗȖȎȕȐȒȈ ȖȝȖȚȐȊȠȍȋȖșȧ ȗȖ ȊȖș-
ȒȘȍșȕȣȔ ȌȕȧȔ ǭȍ ȝȖȏȧȐȕ țȔȍȘ ǵȐȒȚȖ ȍȍ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȦȚȐȓ
Ȑ ȖȕȈ ȉȘȖȌȐȓȈ ȗȖ ȗȖȓȧȔ ȗȖȒȈ ȕȍ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȓȈ ǼȘȈȕȞȐș-
ȒȈ ǯȈȧȞ Ƞȍȓ ȘȧȌȖȔ ș ȕȍȑ ǯȈșȣȗȈȧ ȖȕȈ ȒȓȈȓȈ ȔȖȘȌȖȟ-
Ȓț ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ Ȑ Ȗȕ ȌȘȍȔȈȓ Ǫșȍ ȖȚȌȣȝȈȓȐ Ȑ șȖȕ Ȑȝ ȉȣȓ ȗȖ-
ȓȖȕ șȕȖȊȐȌȍȕȐȑ ȗȖȌ ȉȓȍȌȕȣȔ ȖȋȕȍȔ ȗȖȓȌȕȧ
ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒ ȊȐȌȍȓ ȚȖȋȌȈ șȕȖȊȈ ȘȈȑ ȖȚȒțȌȈ Ȗȕ șȗțș-
ȚȐȓșȧ Ƕȕ ȊȝȖȌȐȓ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȠȐȘȖȒȖ ȘȈșȒȘȣȚȣȍ ȊȖȘȖȚȈ ȗȖ
ȋȓȈȊȕȖȑ ȌȖȘȖȋȍ ȋȌȍ șȚȖȧȓȐ ȌȖȔȈ ǰȏȉȘȈȕȕȣȝ ȅȚȐ ȕȐȏ-
ȒȐȍ ȓȈȊȖȟȒȐ Ȋșȍ ȘȈȊȕȣȍ ȔȍȎȌț șȖȉȖȑ ȓȍȎȈȓȐ Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȑ
ȧȘȒȖȑ ȚȍȕȐ ȟȚȖ ȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ ȗȓȈȒȈȚȤ ȖȚ ȘȈȌȖșȚȐ Ǫ ȋȓțȉ-
ȕȍ ȓȈȊȖȒ ȉȓȍșȚȍȓȐ ȘțȉȈȕȒȐ ȔȖȓȖȚȒȐ ȕȈȗȐȓȒȐ ǺȈȔ
ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓȈșȤ ȊȍȓȐȒȈȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ǷȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȕȈ ȊȖȗȘȖș

25
ǩȖȋȈ ȟȍȋȖ ȝȖȚȧȚ ȗȘȐȠȍȌȠȐȍ Ȓ ǵȍȔț ȓȦȌȐ Ȋ ȕȈȋȘȈȌț
ȏȈ Ȑȝ ȏȍȔȕȣȍ ȌȍȓȈ ȖȕȐ ȗȘȖșȐȓȐ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȚȤ ȐȔ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ
ȗȖȔȖȋȓȖ ȐȔ ȌȖșȚȐȟȤ ǵȍȉȈ ǰ ȚȖȋȌȈ Ȑȝ șȒȘȖȔȕȣȍ Ȗȉȧ-
ȏȈȕȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȒȘȣȓȐșȤ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȚȖ ȚȈȑȕȖȑ ǸȈȉȖȟȐȍ ȗȖȒȈ-
ȏȣȊȈȓȐșȤ ȕȈ ȗȖȘȖȋȈȝ ȋȌȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȈȒȘȣȚȣȍ șȚȖȓȣ Ȍȓȧ
țȎȐȕȈ ǹȔȍȧȓȐșȤ ȕȍȉȍșȕȣȍ ȒȖȓȖȌȞȣ ǰ ȕȈ ȗȓȖȡȈȌȧȝ
Ȉȕȋȍȓȣ ȗȖȝȖȎȐȍ ȕȈ ȘȣȉȈȟȤȐ ȓȖȌȒȐ șȒȓȖȕȧȓȐșȤ Ȋ
ȝȊȈȓȍ șțȔȍȘȒȈȔ
ǮȐȊȖȚȕȣȍ Ȏȍ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȍȓȐ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ șȕȈȝ ȕȐ ȏȍȔȓȦ ȕȐ
ȘȈȑ ȚȈȒȐȔȐ ȒȈȒ Ȕȣ Ȑȝ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȔ Ȑ ȊȐȌȐȔ ǶȕȐ
ȋȘȍȏȐȓȐ Ȗ ȘȈșȗȓȣȊȟȈȚȣȝ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȈȝ ȋȌȍ Ȑȝ ȟțȊșȚ-
ȊȈ șȗȓȍȚȈȓȐșȤ ǿȚȖ-ȚȖ ȚțȔȈȕȐȓȖșȤ Ȋ ȕȐȝ dzȈȑ șȊȖȘȣ
șȓȐȊȈȓșȧ ț ǯȈȑȞȈ ș ȚȍȗȓȖȚȖȑ șȖȓȕȞȈ ș ȊȕȍȏȈȗȕȣȔ Ȋȣ-
șȚȘȍȓȖȔ ș șȣȘȖșȚȤȦ ȓȈȗ ș ȋȖȓȖȊȖȒȘțȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȉȍ-
ȋȖȔ ș ȐșȗțȋȖȔ ș ȏȈȗȈȝȖȔ ȋȓȐȕȣ ș ȉȓȍșȒȖȔ ȘțȟȤȧ ș ȒȈ-
ȟȈȕȤȍȔ ȌȐȒȖȑ ȔȖȘȒȖȊȐ ș ȠțȘȠȈȕȤȍȔ ȔȈȐșȈ ș ȓțȕȕȣȔ
șȊȍȚȖȔ ș ȊȖȓȕȍȕȐȍȔ ȗȘȐ ȊȐȌȍ ȗȖȌȘțȋȐ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȈȦȡȍȑ
Ȑȏ ȏȈȗȈȝȈ ȚȈȊȖȓȋȐ
Ǫșȍ șȒȊȖȏȤ ȏȈȒȘȣȚȣȍ ȊȍȒȐ ȊȐȌȍȓȐ ȖȚșȊȍȚȣ șȊȖȍȑ
ȎȐȏȕȐ ǫȖȘȓȐȞȣ ȏȈȡȐȡȈȓȐ ȖȚ șȖȓȕȞȈ șȊȖȐ ȗȖȌȊȐȎ-

26
ȕȣȍ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȍ ȋȖȓȖȊȒȐ Ȋ ȚȍȕȐ ȒȘȣȓȤȍȊ ȖȕȐ ȐșȒȈȓȐ
șȊȖȑ ǸȈȑ
***
DzȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȐȠȓȈ ȏȐȔȈ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒ șȒȈȏȈȓ șȊȖȐȔ ȌȘț-
ȏȤȧȔ ©ǩțȌȤȚȍ ȉȓȈȋȖșȓȖȊȍȕȕȣ ȐȉȖ ǫȖșȗȖȌț ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍ-
ȎȐȚȍ Ȋȣ ǵȖ ȧ ȚȘȍȊȖȎțșȤ ȒȘȐȒȐ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȈȦȡȐȝșȧ ȋț-
șȍȑ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȦȚ Ȗ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȍȕȐȐ ȋȖȓȖȌȈ ǵȍȉȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ
ȟȚȖ ȏȍȔȓȧ ȕȍ ȝȖȟȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ Ȓ ȊȈȔ ȔȐȓȖșȍȘȌȕȖȑ ǽȊȈȓȐȚȍ
ȚȈȑȕȣȍ ȏȈȔȣșȓȣ ǩȖȋȈª
***
ǬȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȏȍȔȓȧ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȕȐȝ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȈ
ǹ ȕȍȉȈ șȖ ȊȏȌțȚȣȔȐ ȉțȘȌȦȒȈȔȐ ȓȐȓșȧ ȔțȚȕȣȑ șȊȍȚ
ǷȓȖȌȣ ȐȏȋȖȘȖȌȍȑ Ȑ șȈȌȖȊ țȔȍȘȓȐ ǰ ȏȍȘȕȈ ȗȖȒȐȕțȓȐ
șȚȘțȟȒȐ ȟȚȖȉ țȑȚȐ Ȋ ȓȖȕȖ ȏȍȔȓȐ
©ǽȊȈȓȐȚȍ ȚȈȑȕȣȍ ȏȈȔȣșȓȣ ǩȖȋȈª șȒȈȏȈȓ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒ.
©ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ Ƕȕ ȝȖȟȍȚ ȟȚȖȉȣ Ȋȣ Ȕȍȕȧ ȗȖȒȐȕțȓȐ Ȑ
ȗȖȠȓȐ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ Ȋ șȊȖȦ șȚȖȘȖȕț Ȋ ȗȖȐșȒȈȝ ȗȐȡȐ ǺȖȋ-
ȌȈ ȖȚȌȍȓȐȚȍșȤ ȖȚ Ȕȍȕȧ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȧ ȕȍ ȔȖȋț șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȤ
ȏȈ ȊșȍȔȐ Ȑ ȐȌȐȚȍ Ȋ ȘȈȏȕȣȍ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ Ǫȣ ȎȐȊȣȍ Ȑ ȊȈȔ
ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȈ ȗȐȡȈ ȧ Ȏȍ ȊȖșȒȘȍșȠȐȑ ȕȈȝȖȎțșȤ ȏȌȍșȤ
ȗȖ ȔȐȓȖșȚȐ ǩȖȎȤȍȑ ȊȌȈȓȐ ȖȚ ȗȓȖȚșȒȐȝ ȕțȎȌ ǴȖȍ ȗȘȍ-
ȉȣȊȈȕȐȍ ȉȣȓȖ Ȕȕȍ ȌȈȘȖȊȈȕȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȊȍșȚȐ ȊȈș ȌȖ șȍȋȖ
Ȍȕȧ ȇ ȟțȊșȚȊțȦ ȟȚȖ ȔȖȧ ȔțȌȘȖșȚȤ ȐșșȧȒȓȈ Ȑ ȧ ȕȍ șȔȖ-
ȋț ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȏȈȉȖȚȐȚȤșȧ Ȗ ȊȈș ǭșȓȐ Ȋȣ ȝȖȚȐȚȍ Ȕȍȕȧ ȗȖȒȐ-
ȕțȚȤ ȗțșȚȤ ȘȈȏȊȧȎȍȚșȧ ȧȏȣȒ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ Ȑ ȗțșȚȤ Ȗȕ Ȕȕȍ
ȥȚȖ șȒȈȎȍȚª
ǷȍȘȊȣȔ ȏȈȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ȊȖȓȒ

27
Ƕȕ ȗȖșȔȖȚȘȍȓ ȕȈ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒȈ ȗȖȌȕȧȊ ȔȖȘȌț ǭȋȖ
ȖȉȌȍȘȋȈȕȕȣȑ ȝȊȖșȚ ȔȖȚȈȓșȧ ȖȚ ȊȍȚȘȈ Ƕȕ ȒȈȠȓȧȓ ǭȋȖ
ȖȒțȚȣȊȈȓȈ ȕȐȡȍȚȈ ǮȈȓȒȈȧ ȠȍȘșȚȤ ȗȘȐȌȈȊȈȓȈ ȍȔț ȊȐȌ
ȕȐȏȊȍȘȎȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȘȖȓȧ Ƕȕ ȖȉȌțȔȣȊȈȓ ȖȋȓȧȌȣȊȈȧ șȊȖȐȝ
ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȍȑ ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ Ȑȏ ȍȋȖ ȗȈșȚȐ ȊȣȘȊȈȓșȧ ȝȘȐȗȓȣȑ
ȏȊțȒ ǰ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ ȖșȒȈȓȐȓ ȏțȉȣ ȖȉȕȈȎȐȓȖșȤ ȍȋȖ șȚȈȘȖȍ
șȚȘȈȌȈȕȐȍ ǪȏȋȓȧȌ ȍȋȖ ȉȣȓ ȚȈȒ ȌȐȒ ȟȚȖ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȉȣȓȖ
ȘȍȠȐȚȤ ȉțȌȍȚ ȓȐ Ȗȕ ȒțșȈȚȤ ȐȓȐ ȓȐȏȈȚȤ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȋȖșȗȖ-
ȌȐȕȈ
Ƕȕ șȒȈȏȈȓ
©Ƕ șȖȚȣ ȖșȐȘȖȚȍȓȣȍ Ƕ ǩȍȌȕȣȑ Ƕ ǹȣȕ ǩȖȎȐȑ! DzȈȒ
ȗȖȒȐȕț ȧ Țȍȉȧ" Ǻȣ ȕȈȗȖȓȕȐȓ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤȦ ȔȖȦ ȎȈȓȒțȦ
ȎȐȏȕȤ ȇ ȕȖȟȈȔȐ șȓȍȌȐȓ ȏȈ ȌȣȝȈȕȤȍȔ șȖȉȈȒ ȗȈșȚțȝȖȊ
Ȗȋȕȍȑ ȟȚȖȉȣ țȓȖȊȐȚȤ ȔȐȕțȚț Ȑ ȊȖȕȏȐȚȤ ȖșȚȘȣȍ ȒȓȣȒȐ
Ȋ ȋȖȘȓȖ țșȕțȊȠȐȝ ȖȊȍȞ Ǻȣ ȕȈțȟȐȓ Ȕȍȕȧ ǩȓȈȋȖșȓȖȊȍȕ-
ȕȣȑ ȕȍȎȕȖșȚȐ șȈȌȖȊ ǰ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȎȍȓțȌȖȒ ȔȖȑ
șȎȐȔȈȍȚșȧ ȖȚ ȎȈȎȌȣ ȔȧșȈ ȧ ȗȐȚȈȦșȤ ȚȊȖȍȑ ȓȦȉȖȊȤȦ
DzȈȒ șȓȈȌȖȒ ȉȣȓ Ȕȕȍ ȋȖȓȖȌ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȔȖȧ ȔȖȘȌȈ ȒȈșȈȓȈșȤ
ȚȊȖȐȝ șȈȕȌȈȓȐȑ ȅȚȖȚ ȋȖȓȖȌ ȧ ȕȍșț ȟȚȖȉȣ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȤ ȏȈ
ȚȖȉȖȑ Ȑ ȧ ȖȝȖȚȕȖ țȔȘț ȏȈ ȚȊȖȦ ȓȦȉȖȊȤª
ǰ ȋȖȘȓȐȞȣ ȊȖȘȒȖȊȈȓȐ
ǶȕȐ ȗȘȍȒȘȈȚȐȓȐ șȊȖȑ ȏȧȉȒȐȑ ȗȖȓȍȚ Ȋ ȊȍȚȊȧȝ ȏȈșȖȝ-
ȠȍȋȖ ȌȍȘȍȊȈ ǶȕȐ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȘȍȠȐȚȤșȧ ȏȈȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ DzȈ-
ȏȈȓȖșȤ ȒȈȎȌțȦ ȔȐȕțȚț ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȕȈȟȕțȚ ȕȖ ȊȌȘțȋ Ȑș-
ȗțȋȈȕȕȣȧ ȖȕȐ șȕȖȊȈ ȕȈȗȖȓȕȧȓȐ ȘȣȌȈȦȡȐȔȐ ȉȍȓȣȔȐ
ȓȈșȒȈȔȐ ȓȍș ǶȕȐ ȚȘȍȗȍȚȈȓȐ ȒȈȒ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȍ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȖȉȕȧȊȠȐșȤ ȗȓȈȟțȚ ǶȕȐ ȏȈȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȐ ȊȔȍșȚȍ
ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ț ȕȐȝ ȉȣȓ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȌȐȕ ȋȖȓȖș
©Ƕ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȕȣȑ ȟȍȔ ȖȋȖȕȍȒ șȊȍȚ-
ȓȧȒȈ ȊȖ Ȕȝț ȉȖȓȍȍ ȔȐȓȣȑ ȟȍȔ ȘțȟȍȍȒ ȗȖȦȡȐȑ ȕȈȔ
ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȕȣ ȊȤȍȔ ȕȈȠȐ ȋȕȍȏȌȈ Ȋ ȗȈȝțȟȍȑ ȚȍȕȐ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȝ
ȚȖȗȖȓȍȑ ǿȚȖ ȏȕȈȟȈȚ ȕȍțȘȖȎȈȑ Ȑ ȔȖȘȖȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȝȖȚȧȚ
ȕȈș ȖȚȖȘȊȈȚȤ ȖȚ Țȍȉȧ Ȑ țȋȕȈȚȤ Ȋ ȗȓȖȌȖȘȖȌȕȣȍ șȚȘȈȕȣ"
ǸȈȌȐ Țȍȉȧ Ȕȣ ȗȖȓȦȉȐȔ ȕȍțȘȖȎȈȑ Ȑ ȝȖȓȖȌ ǸȈȌȐ ȚȊȖȍȑ
ȓȦȉȊȐ Ȕȣ ȖȚȘȍȟȍȔșȧ ȖȚ ȕȈȠȍȑ Ȑ ȍșȓȐ Ȕȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ

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țȔȍȘȍȚȤ ȖȚ ȝȖȓȖȌȈ ȋȖșȗȖȌȐȕ Ȕȣ ȗȖȋȐȉȕȍȔ ȗȘȐȎȈȊ-
ȠȐșȤ ȌȘțȋ Ȓ ȌȘțȋțª
***
ǰ ȖȌȕȈ Ȑȏ șȖȉȈȒ Ȋ ȒȖȓȦȟȍȔ ȖȠȍȑȕȐȒȍ ȊȣșȚțȗȐȓȈ
ȊȗȍȘȍȌ ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȐȡȍȑȒȈ ȗȖȌȘțȋȈ ǯȈȑȞȈ ǶȕȈ ȒȈȒ
ȊȖȓȒ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓȈ țȎȍ ȎȍșȚȖȒȐȑ ȋȖȓȖȌ Ȑ ȡȍȓȒȈȓȈ ȏț-
ȉȈȔȐ ǭȍ țȠȐ șȔȖȘȡȐȓȐșȤ ȗȖȌȣȔȈȧșȤ ȍȍ ȝȊȖșȚ ȔȖȝ-
ȕȈȚȣȑ ȒȈȒ șȚȘțȟȖȒ ȊȐșȍȓ ȕȍȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȖ ǫȓȈȏȈ ȞȊȍȚȈ
ȎȍȓȚȖȑ ȔȈȓȐȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ țșȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȣ ȕȈ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒȈ ș
țșȍȘȌȐȍȔ ȕȍȗȖȉȍȌȐȔȖȑ ǪȍȘȣ ǺȖȊȈȘȐȡȐ ȗȘȐȋȖȚȖȊȐȓȐșȤ
ȍȍ șȓțȠȈȚȤ ȌȖȊȍȘȟȐȊȖ șȒȓȖȕȐȊ ȋȖȓȖȊȣ Ȋ ȏȕȈȒ ȕȍȏȕȈ-
ȕȐȧ Ȑ ȌȖȉȘȖȚȣ ǰ ȖȊȟȈȘȒȐ ȕȍ șȓȣȝȈȊȠȐȍ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȒȘȖ-
Ȕȍ ȘȣȌȈȕȐȑ ȘȖȎȒȈ ȉȓȍȧȕȐȧ șȚȈȌ Ȑ țȌȈȘȖȊ ȔȖȓȕȐȐ ȕȈ
ȊȍȘȠȐȕȈȝ ȖȎȐȌȈȓȐ ȘȈȌȖșȚȕȣȍ Ȑ ȋȖȘȌȣȍ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȔȈ-
ȓȍȕȤȒȈȧ ȐȡȍȑȒȈ ȏȈȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȈ
ǶȕȈ șȌȍȓȈȓȈ ȠȈȋ ȊȗȍȘȍȌ ȕȍ ȐȏȌȈȊ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȏȊțȒȈ
ȓȐȏȕțȓȈ ȘțȒț ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒȈ Ȑ ȓȍȋȓȈ ț ȍȋȖ ȕȖȋ
***
ǰ ȏȈȉȓȍȧȓȈ ȖȊȞȈ
ȅȚȖ ȉȓȍȧȕȐȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȈȒ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȌțȠȈ ȍȍ ȒȈȏȈ-
ȓȖșȤ ȐșȗȈȘȧȓȈșȤ țȎȍ ȗȘȐ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȔȣșȓȐ ȗȖȒȐȕțȚȤ ǼȘȈȕ-
ȞȐșȒȈ DzȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȈ țȔȖȓȒȓȈ ȗȖșȓȣȠȈȓșȧ ȊȌȘțȋ ȋȖȓȖș
ȧȋȕȍȕȒȈ ȖȝȊȈȟȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȚȖ ȋȘțșȚȤȦ Ȑ ȗȓȈȟțȡȍȋȖ
ȒȈȒ ȘȍȉȍȕȖȒ
ǰ ȖȊȞȈ ȏȈȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȈ
©ǵȐ ȚȐȠȐȕȈ ȔȍȌțȕȒȐ ȚțșȒȕȍȦȡȍȑ ȖȚ ȘȖșȣ ȕȈ ȏȈȘȍ,
ȕȐ ȓȈȒȘȐȞȈ ȋȖȘ ș șȍȘȍȉȘȐșȚȣȔȐ ȒȈȗȓȧȔȐ ȚțȔȈȕȈ ȕȐ

29
ȗȖȌșȚȐȓȒȈ ȏȈȒȖȗȚȍȓȖȑ ȝȐȎȐȕȣ ȕȍ ȔȖȋțȚ șȘȈȊȕȧȚȤșȧ ș
ȓțȋȈȔȐ ȚȊȖȍȋȖ șȍȘȌȞȈ ǸȈȏȓțȒȍ ș ȚȖȉȖȑ Ȕȣ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȟȐ-
ȚȈȍȔ ȒȘȖȊȈȊțȦ ȉȖȑȕȦ ȒȈȟȈȕȤȍ ȚȍȓȍȎȒȐ Ȋȍȏțȡȍȑ ȕȈș
ȉȓȍȦȡȐȝ șȖ șȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȔȐ ȕȖȋȈȔȐ Ƕ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒ ȗȖȚȍȘȧ
Țȍȉȧ ȉțȌȍȚ ȕȈȠȍȑ șȔȍȘȚȤȦ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ Ȕȣ Țȍȉȧ ȓȦȉȐȔª
ǷȖȒȈ ȖȕȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȈ șȖȊȈ Ȑ ȧșȚȘȍȉȣ șȐȌȍȓȐ ȕȍȗȖȌ-
ȊȐȎȕȖ ș ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ ȗȖȓȕȣȔȐ țȎȈșȈ ȗȘȐȎȐȔȈȧ ȒȘȣȓȤȧ
ȟȚȖȉȣ ȕȍ țȓȍȚȍȚȤ
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ǯȈȧȞ ȏȈȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȔ
ǶȌȍȚȣȑ ȠȍȘșȚȤȦ ȞȊȍȚȈ șȖȓȖȔȣ Ȑ ȏȍȔȓȐ Ȗȕ ȒȈȏȈȓ-
șȧ ȉȖȋȖȔ ȎȕȐȊȈ ǹȘȍȌȐ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ ȖȉȍȏȌȖȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȏȐȔȖȑ,
Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȖșȚȈȚȒȖȔ ȓȍȚȈ Ƕȕ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȓ ȌȖȘȖȎȕȖȋȖ ȘȈ-
ȉȖȟȍȋȖ Ȑ ȌȍȘȍȊȍȕșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȟȚȈȓȤȖȕȈ ǭȋȖ țȠȍȑ ȌȖșȚȐȋȈ-
ȓȐ Ȋșȍ ȏȈȋȓțȠȍȕȕȣȍ ȠȖȘȖȝȐ ǶȌȕȖ țȝȖ ȖȉȘȈȡȍȕȕȖȍ Ȓ
ȏȍȔȓȍ ȗȖȌșȓțȠȐȊȈȓȖ ȒȈȒ șȒȘȐȗȐȚ ȔȖȘȖȏ ȌȘțȋȖȍ ȗȖȌ-
ȕȧȚȖȍ ȊȊȍȘȝ șȓțȠȈȓȖ ȒȈȒ ȖȚ țȌȈȘȖȊ ȚȖȗȖȘȈ ȋțȌȐȚ ȔȍȘȚ-
Ȋȣȑ ȓȍș
©Ƕ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒª șȒȈȏȈȓ Ȗȕ ©ȧ ȔȖȋț ȗȐȚȈȚȤșȧ ȏȈȔȠȍȕ-
ȕȖȑ ȒȖȘȖȑ ȖȕȈ ȘȈȏȔȧȋȟȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖȌ ȓȈșȒȖȑ șȕȍȋȈ Ȑ Ȍȍ-
ȓȈȍȚșȧ ȗȈȝțȟȍȑ ȖȚ ȏȐȔȕȐȝ ȏȖȘȤ ǵȍ ȘȈȏ ȕȈșȣȡȈȓșȧ ȧ
ȍȦ Ȋ ȥȚȐ ȉȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȌȕȐ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȚȍȘȕȖȊȣȑ ȒțșȚ ȒȈ-
ȎȍȚșȧ ȘȖȏȖȊȣȔ ȒȘȐșȚȈȓȓȖȔ Ȑ ȊȍȘȚȓȧȊȈȧ ȚȘȧșȖȋțȏȒȈ
ȗȘȖȕȏȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȒȘȐȟȐȚ ȗȖ ȟȍȘȊȧȒȈȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȕȈȗȘȈșȕȖ
ȗȣȚȈȍȚșȧ ȌȖșȚȈȚȤ Ȑȏ-ȗȖȌ ȓȤȌȈ ȇ ȉțȌț ȋȘȣȏȚȤ ȒȖȘț
ǷȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ Ȗ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒ ȧ ȕȍ ȝȖȟț ȗȖȋȐȉȈȚȤ ș ȔȖȐȔȐ
ȔȐȓȣȔȐ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȈȔȐ ȕȖ ȝȖȟț ȎȐȚȤ ș ȚȖȉȖȑ ȗȐȚȈȧșȤ
ȋȖȘȤȒȖȑ ȒȖȘȖȑ ȌțȉȈª
ǺȖȊȈȘȐȡȐ ǯȈȑȞȈ ȘȍȠȐȓȐ ȕȍ ȗȖȒȐȌȈȚȤ ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋȈ Ȑ
țȔȐȘȈȚȤ ȊȔȍșȚȍ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȒȘȈȦ ȖȗțșȚȖȠȍȕȕȖȔ ȏȐȔȖȑ

30
ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈșșȚȈȊȈȧșȤ ȖȕȐ ȔȖȋȓȐ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȚȤ
ȎȐȏȕȤ
ǶȌȕȈȎȌȣ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ țȊȧȌȠȐȍ ȋȖȘȓȐȞȣ ȖȉȖȘȊȈȓȐșȤ ș
ȊȍȚȒȐ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ șȐȌȍȓȐ Ȑ ȊȖȓȒ ȏȈȒȘȣȓ ȕȈȊȍȒȐ ȋȓȈ-
ȏȈ ȗȖȓȖȎȐȊ ȔȖȘȌț ȕȈ șȈȕȌȈȓȐȐ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒȈ ǬȊȈ Ȍȕȧ
țȎȍ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȌȍȘȎȈȚȤ ȖȚȧȎȍȓȍȊȠȍȑ ȋȖȓȖȊȣ Ȑ ȝȘȍȉȍȚ
ȍȋȖ ȗȖȝȖȌȐȓ ȕȈ ȋȘȧȏȕȣȑ ȚȍȘȕȖȊȣȑ ȒțșȚ ȌȘȖȎȈȡȐȑ ȗȖȌ
ȊȍȚȘȖȔ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒ ȗȖȞȍȓȖȊȈȓ ȍȋȖ Ȋ ȓȖȉ
ǯȈȚȍȔ țȔȍȘȓȐ ȧȋȕȍȕȖȒ ȖȊȟȈȘȒȐ ȧșȚȘȍȉȣ șȖȊȣ ȖȊ-
Ȟȣ Ȑ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ Ȑ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȈȧ ȐȡȍȑȒȈ ȕȈȗȘȈșȕȖ șȖȋȘȍȊȈȍ-
ȔȈȧ ǯȈȑȞȍȔ ǶȕȈ țȔȍȘȓȈ ȊȣȚȧȕțȊ ȝȊȖșȚ ǸȣȎȈȧ ȀȍȘ-
șȚȒȈ ȚȈȒ ȋȖȘȍȊȈȓ Ȗ ȕȍȑ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȌȖȚȘȈȋȐȊȈȓșȧ Ȟȍȓȣȑ ȌȍȕȤ
ȌȖ ȌțȉȖȊȖȑ ȒȖȘȣ
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ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒ ȔȖȓȐȓșȧ Ȋ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȐȐ țȚȒȕțȊȠȐșȤ ȋȖȓȖ-
ȊȖȑ Ȋ ȘțȒȐ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȥȚ ȟțȊșȚȊțȦȡȐȑ ȟȚȖ ȍȡȍ ȘȈȏ ȌțȠȈ
ȍȋȖ țșȒȖȓȤȏȈȍȚ
ǷȖȚȖȔ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓșȧ Ȗȕ Ȓ ǯȈȧȟȤȍȑ ǫțȉȍ
©Ƕ ǯȈȧȞ ȧ țșȓȣȠț ȋȖȓȖș ȗȘȐȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȡȐȑ Țȍȉȍ ȗȖ-
ȊȍșȚȐ Ȑȝ Ȑ Ȗȕ țȒȈȏȈȓ ȕȈ ȚȘțȗȣ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ
 Ȓ ȊȍȟȕȖȔț
ǩȓȈȎȍȕșȚȊț Ƕ ǯȈȧȞ ȍșȚȤ ǸȈȑ Ȍȓȧ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ ȕȖ ȧ ȕȍ
ȏȕȈȦ ȍȋȖ ǵȐ ȖȌȐȕ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȚțȌȈ ȗȘȖȕȐȒȕțȚȤ
Ǻȣ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȗȘȖȊȍșȚȐ ȚțȌȈ ȌȘțȏȍȑ ȌȈȕȕȣȝ Ȕȕȍ ǩȖȋȖȔ Ȑ
ȖȚȕȧȚȣȝ ǰȔ Ǻȣ șȈȔȣȑ ȖșȚȖȘȖȎȕȣȑ șȘȍȌȐ Ȋșȍȝ Ȑ
ȚȊȖȍȑ ȖșȚȖȘȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȧ Ȑȝ ȗȖȘțȟȈȦª
ǹȓȖȊȈ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒȈ ȗȖȌȣȔȈȓȐșȤ Ȓ ȗȘȖșȊȍȚȓȍȊȠȍȔț
ȕȍȉț ǰ șțȘȖȊȈȧ ȏȐȔȕȧȧ ȓȈȏțȘȤ șȌȍȓȈȓȈșȤ ȗȘȖȏȘȈȟȕȖȑ
DzȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ ȔȧȋȒȐȍ ȠȍȓȒȖȊȐșȚȣȍ țȠȐ ȕȍȎȕȖȑ Ȑȡȍȑ-
ȒȐ ȍȡȍ ȘȈȏ ȗȖȠȍȊȍȓȧȚșȧ ȖȚ ȊȕȍȏȈȗȕȖȑ ȘȈȌȖșȚȐ
©Ƕ ȔȖȐ ȌȘțȏȤȧ Ȋȣ țȔȍȘȓȐª ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒ
©țȔȍȘȓȐ ȓȐ Ȋȣ" ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȧ șȖȏȕȈȦ ȊȈȠț șȔȍȘȚȤ ǿȍȔ ȌȖ-

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ȒȈȎȍȚȍ Ȋȣ ǭȔț ȟȚȖ Ȋȣ ȕȍ șȗȐȚȍ" ǻȔȍȘ ȐȓȐ țșȕțȓ ȗȓȖȌ
ȓȦȚȐȒȈ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȊȍȚȍȘ ȕȍ ȠȍȊȍȓȐȚ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȍȋȖ ȘȍșȕȐȞ? Ƕ
ǪȖȓȒ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ Țȍȉȍ ȕȍ ȝȊȈȚȈȍȚ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȌȣȝȈȕȐȧ ȟȚȖ-
ȉȣ ȕȈȌțȚȤ ȚȊȖȐ ȉȖȒȈ" ǰ ȊȈȔ ȋȖȘȓȐȞȣ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȕȈșțȗȐȚȤ-
șȧ ȒȈȒ ȊȏȌȖȝ" ǰ ȊȈȔ ȖȊȞȣ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȕȍȎȕȣȔ ȗȓȈȟȍȔ țș-
ȓȈȌȐȚȤ ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȤ ȏȈȚȖȗȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȓțȋȖȊ" ǰ Țȍȉȍ șȖȊȈ ȟȚȖ-
ȉȣ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȚȐȚȤ ȘȣȌȈȕȐȍ Ȋ ȎȈȓȖȉț ȊȓȦȉȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȕȖȟȐ"
ǰ ȊȈȔ ȧșȚȘȍȉȣ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȖȌȕȧȚȤșȧ ș ȏȍȔȓȐ" ǰ ȊȈȔ ȖȊ-
ȟȈȘȒȐ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȊȈȠȍ ȚȧȊȒȈȕȤȍ șȓȐȓȖșȤ ș ȋȖȓȖșȖȔ ȏȈȗȘț-
Ȍȣ" ǰ Țȍȉȍ ȐȡȍȑȒȈ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȊȖȏȘȖȌȐȓșȧ ȚȊȖȑ țȔ Ȑ Țȣ șȕȖ-
ȊȈ ȐȋȘȈȓȈ șȖ ǹȚȍȘȚȖȑ dzȈȗȒȖȑ"ª
ǪȌȘțȋ ǯȈȧȞ ȗȘȣȋȕțȓ ș ȒȖȟȒȐ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ șȐȌȍȓ Ȋ
ȊȖȏȌțȝ Ȑ ȕȍ țȗȈȓ ȖȉȘȈȚȕȖ ȚȖȟȕȖ ȚȖȗȟȈ ȒȓȍȊȍȘȕȖȍ ȗȖȓȍ
Ȗȕ ȗȘȣȋȕțȓ ȍȡȍ ȘȈȏ Ȋ ȗțșȚȖȚț ǭȌȊȈ Ȗȕ ȥȚȖ șȌȍȓȈȓ ȒȈȒ
ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓ ȘȧȌȖȔ ȐȡȍȑȒț Ƕȕ șȗȘȖșȐȓ ȍȍ ȘȈȌȖșȚȕȖ ©ǸȈȏ-
Ȋȍ Țȣ ȕȍ țȔȍȘȓȈ"ª ǰ ȖȕȈ ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓȈ ȍȔț ȗȘȣȋȈȧ ©ȇ ȕȍ
șȖȊșȍȔ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȦ Ȗ ȟȍȔ Țȣ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȠȤ ǶȚȌȣȝ ȔȖȑ șȍȋȖ-
Ȍȕȧ ȉȣȓ ȚȐȝ Ȑ șȗȖȒȖȍȕª
ǯȈȧȞ țȊȐȌȍȓ ȟȚȖ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȍ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȐ ȏȈ
ȕȐȔ Ȋ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȖ ǷȖ ȌȘțȋȖȑ Ȏȍ ȌȖȘȖȋȍ Ƞȍȓ ǼȘȈȕ-
ȞȐșȒ Ȑ ȌȍȓȈȓ ȏȕȈȒȐ ǪȖȓȒț ȟȚȖȉȣ ȚȖȚ ȌȖȊȍȘȐȓșȧ ǹȚȍȘ-
ȚȖȑ dzȈȗȒȍ ǰ ǪȖȓȒ ȗȖșȓțȠȕȣȑ Ȑ ȗȖȒȖȘȕȣȑ șȍȘȌȞȍȔ
ȗȖȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȒȈȒ ǪȍȘȈ șȕȖȊȈ ȏȈȗȖȓȕȧȍȚ ȍȋȖ Ȑ ȗȘȖȌȖȓ-
ȎȈȓ șȊȖȑ ȗțȚȤ ș ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȈȔȐ ȗȖșȓȍ ȌȖȓȋȖȋȖ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȈ ȕȈ
șȊȖȍȋȖ ȋȖșȗȖȌȐȕȈ ȏȕȈȧ ȟȚȖ Ȍȓȧ ȐȏȉȘȈȕȕȣȝ ȌȈȎȍ ȘȈȏ-
ȓțȒȈ ȉȓȈȎȍȕȕȈ
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ǶȕȐ ȗȖȒȐȕțȓȐ ȏȐȔț ǹ țȌȐȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȚȖȗȚȈȓȐ ȖȕȐ ȥȚȐ
ȓțȎȈȑȒȐ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȕȍȌȖșȚțȗȕȣȍ Ȍȓȧ ȕȐȝ ȕȈȌ Ȑȝ ȋȖȓȖ-
ȊȈȔȐ ǵȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤ ȌȖșȚȐȟȤ ǸȈȑ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȓȈ Ȑȝ
ȕȈ ȕȍȉȍ ǯȈȧȞ Ȋȍȓ șȊȖȐȝ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȍȑ ȈȕȋȍȓȤșȒȐȔȐ ȚȘȖ-

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ȗȈȔȐ ȖȋȘȈȌȈȔȐ ȓțȟȍȑ ȔȓȍȟȕȣȔȐ ȗțȚȧȔȐ ȋȌȍ ȒȖȔȍȚȣ
ȊȐșȍȓȐ ȒȈȒ șȕȖȗȣ
ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒ ȗȖȘțȟȐȓ Ȑȝ ȍȔț Ȗȕ șȌȍȓȈȓ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȕȐ-
ȒȖȔ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȏȕȈȓ ȍȋȖ ȖșȚȖȘȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ǰ ȘȈȏȊȍ ǻȠȈ-
șȚȐȒ ȔȈȓȖ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓ ȥȚȖ șȊȖȑșȚȊȖ — ȕȈȟȈȓȖ ȔțȌȘȖșȚȐ"
ǸȈȏȊȍ ȗȘȐ ȊșȚȘȍȟȍ ș ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒȖȔ ǯȈȧȞ ȕȍ ȎȌȈȓ ȗȖȒȈ
ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȚȧȕțȓ ȍȔț ȞȊȍȚțȡȍȑ ȚȘȈȊȣ" ǰ ȒȖȋȌȈ
ȍȋȖ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȐ țȔȍȘȓȐ ȖȚ ȋȖȓȖȌȈ Ȑȏ ȓȦȉȊȐ ȌȘțȋ Ȓ ȌȘțȋț,
ȘȈȏȊȍ ǹȚȍȘȚȈȧ dzȈȗȒȈ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓ ȋȘȣȏȚȤ ȋȖȘȤȒțȦ
ȚȘȈȊț?
DzȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȥȚȈ ȖșȚȖȘȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȕȍ ȗȖȒȐȕȍȚ ȍȋȖ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȈ
ȕȍȉȍ ȍșȓȐ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȍ ȏȈȉȓțȌȧȚșȧ ǸȣȎȈȧ ȀȍȘșȚȒȈ ȕȈȑ-
ȌȍȚ ȊȍȘȕȣȑ ȗțȚȤ Ƕȕ ȕȍ șȖȉȤȍȚșȧ ș ȌȖȘȖȋȐ ȕȍ ȕȈȚȖȓȒ-
ȕȍȚșȧ ȕȐ ȕȈ șȖȓȕȞȍ ȕȐ ȕȈ ȓțȕț șțȔȍȍȚ ȐȏȉȍȎȈȚȤ ȗȈȌȈȦ-
ȡȐȝ ȏȊȍȏȌ ȖȗȈșȕȣȝ ȒȈȒ ȒȈȔȕȐ ȗȘȈȡȍȑ Ƕȕ ȘȈșȗȖȏȕȈȍȚ
ȓȈȏțȘȕȣȍ șȚȖȓȉȣ țȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȡȐȍ ȟȐșȓȖ ȗȘȖȑȌȍȕȕȣȝ ȒȐ-
ȓȖȔȍȚȘȖȊ Ȑ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȧ ȕȍȉȍșȕȣȝ ȌȍȘȍȊțȠȍȒ
***
ǯȈȧȞ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȐ ȓȦȉȖȊȈȓȐșȤ șȚȘȈȕȖȑ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȕȐ-
ȔȐ ȘȈșșȚȐȓȈȊȠȍȑșȧ. ǶȕȐ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȔȍȟȚȈȓȐ ȒȈȒ ȟȍȓȖ-
ȊȍȒ Ȗ ȒȘȈșȖȚȍ ȕȍȉȈ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȊȐȌȍȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȉȖ-
Ȓț Ȉ ȕȍ ȕȈȌ șȖȉȖȑ ȒȈȒ ȞȈȘȤ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ
DzțȞȣȑ ǽȊȖșȚ ǪȖȓȒ ǶȊȞȣ ǷȚȐȞȣ ǶȊȟȈȘȒȐ Ȑ ǰȡȍȑ-
ȒȈ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓȐ ȕȍȉȖ ȚȈȒȐȔ Ȏȍ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȔ ȒȈȒ ȏȍȔȓȦ ǰ
Ȋșȍ ȐșȒȓȦȟȈȧ ǯȈȑȞȈ ȏȈȕȧȚȖȋȖ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȗțȚȍȊȣȔȐ ȏȈȉȖ-
ȚȈȔȐ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȈȓȐșȤ ȟȐșȚȖȦ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤȦ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȈȓȖȔȕȐ-
ȟȍșȚȊȍ Ȓ ǩȖȋț ǵȍȉȖ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ ȕȍȌȖșȚȐȎȐȔȖȍ Ȍȓȧ ȕȐȝ,
șȔȍȕȧȓȖșȤ ȔȈȓȖ-ȗȖȔȈȓț ȏȍȔȓȍȦ șȚȖȓȤ Ȏȍ ȕȍȌȖșȚȐȎȐ-
ȔȖȑ ȗȖȌ ȕȐȔȐ
ǻȌȈȓȧȧșȤ ȖȚ ȏȍȔȓȐ ȖȕȐ șȔȖȚȘȍȓȐ ȕȈ ȕȍȍ ȒȈȒ ȕȈ
ȕȖȊȣȑ ȕȍȉȍșȕȣȑ șȊȖȌ ǷȖ ȓȈȏțȘȐ ȖȒȍȈȕȖȊ ȗȓȣȓȐ ȖȉȓȈ-

34
ȒȈ ȗȍȕȣ Ȑ ȖȋȖȕȤȒȐ ȓȈȊȖȟȍȒ ȖșȊȍȡȈȓȐ ȒȈȒ ȏȊȍȏȌȣ ȗȘȖ-
șȚȘȈȕșȚȊȖ ȕȖȟȐ
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ǷȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȈȓȐșȤ ȖȕȐ Ȓ ȏȍȔȓȧȔ ȖȉȍȡȈȕ-
ȕȣȔ ȐȔ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒȖȔ ǻȎ Ȉȓȣȑ ȒȓȍȊȍȘ ȏȈȝȖȌȧȡȍȋȖ șȖȓȕ-
ȞȈ Ȑ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȐȍ ȗȓȖȌȣ șțȔȍȘȍȒ șȓțȎȐȊȠȐȍ ȐȔ ȗȐȡȍȑ,
ȕȈȗȖȓȕȧȓȐ Ȑȝ ȌțȠȐ ȘȈȑșȒȐȔ șȖȒȖȔ
dzȐșȚȤȧ Ȑ ȋȖȘȧȡȐȍ ȗȓȖȌȣ ȊȓȐȊȈȓȐ Ȋ ȕȐȝ ȒȈȒțȦ-ȚȖ
șȐȓț ȓȍȚȈ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȧ șȍȘȌȞȈ ȉȐȚȤșȧ ȗȘȍȌȟțȊșȚȊȐȍȔ ȋȘȧ-
Ȍțȡȍȑ ȘȈȌȖșȚȐ
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ǬȖșȚȐȋȠȐ ȖȉȐȚȍȓȐ ȉȓȈȎȍȕȕȣȝ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ — ȖȕȐ
țȊȐȌȍȓȐ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ǸȈȑ — șȖȉȈȒ
ǰȏȌȈȓȍȒȈ ȌȖȕȍșșȧ ȓȈȑ Ǫ Ȍțȗȓȍ ȌțȉȈ ȖȕȐ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓȐ
ȌȖȋȈ șȐȌȍȊȠȍȋȖ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȉțȌȒȍ ǷȖ ȍȋȖ ȊȏȋȓȧȌț ȗȘȍȕȍ-
ȉȘȍȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȔț Ȑ ȉȓȈȋȖȌțȠȕȖȔț ȉȣȓȖ ȊȐȌȕȖ ȟȚȖ ț
ȕȍȋȖ Ȋ ȋȖȓȖȊȍ ȕȍ Ȋșȍ Ȋ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȍ ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓ ȗȍș ǬȐȖȋȍȕȈ
ǩȖȋ ȌȈȘȖȊȈȓ ȍȔț ȖȌȐȕȖȟȍșȚȊȖ Ȋ ȥȚȖȑ ȉȖȟȒȍ ȊȣȌȖȓȉ-
ȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȘȧȔȖ Ȋ ȌȍȘȍȊȍ ǩȍȏȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȖ ȋȓȧȌȍȓ Ȗȕ ȕȈ șȖ-
ȉȈȒ Ȋ ȒȖȓȦȟȐȝ ȖȠȍȑȕȐȒȈȝ ǯȈȚȍȔ Ȓ Ȑȝ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȔț țȌȐȊ-
ȓȍȕȐȦ Ȗȕ ȗȖȒȐȕțȓ ȕȈ ȔȐȕțȚț șȊȖȦ ȒȖȕțȘț ȕȈȌȍȓ ȕȈ
șȍȉȧ ș ȗȖȔȖȡȤȦ ȔȖȘȌȣ ȘȈȏȊȧȏȈȊȠȐȑșȧ ȖȠȍȑȕȐȒ Ȑ
ȊȖȏȊȘȈȚȐȊȠȐșȤ Ȋ ȉțȌȒț șȒȈȏȈȓ
©ǯȌȍșȤ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȘȈȌțȍȚșȧ ȒȈȒ ȔȖȎȍȚª
ǰ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ǯȈȧȞ Ȑ ȍȋȖ șȗțȚȕȐȒȐ țȊȐȌȈȓȐ șȖ-
ȉȈȒ ȘȈȏȣșȒȐȊȈȦȡȐȝ ȊȖȖȉȘȈȎȈȍȔȣȝ șȚȘȈȕȕȐȒȖȊ ǶȕȐ
ȖȚȊȈȎȕȖ șȗțșȒȈȓȐșȤ ȕȈ ȌȕȖ ȗȘȖȗȈșȚȐ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȕȈȑȚȐ Ȑȝ

Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȍșȚȐ ȐȔ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȉțȓȤȖȕȈ ȔȧșȈ Ȑ ȊȐȕȈ Ȋ ȔȈȓȍȕȤ-
ȒȐȝ ȉȖȟȖȕȒȈȝ ȗȖȌȊȍȠȍȕȕȣȝ Ȓ ȖȠȍȑȕȐȒț ǬȘțȋȐȍ ȉȘȖ-
șȈȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȓȍȌȧȕȣȍ ȖȏȍȘȈ ș ȕȈȗȘȈșȕȖȑ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȖȑ ȊȣȚȈ-
ȡȐȚȤ țȚȖȗȈȦȡȍȋȖ ǶȕȐ ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȓȐ ȉȍȘȍȋȈ ȌȘȖȎȈȡȐȍ,
ȖȋȓțȠȍȕȕȣȍ ȕȖ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȣȍ ȕȍȕțȎȕȖȑ ȗȘȍȌȈȕȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ
ȋȖȚȖȊȣȍ șȕȖȊȈ ȉȘȖșȐȚȤșȧ
ǬȘțȋȐȍ țȗȖȘȕȖ ȒȓȧȕȟȐȓȐ șȚȈȘȣȍ ȒȖșȚȐ ȕȈ ȗȖȘȖȋȈȝ
ȗțșȚȣȝ ȗȘȐȌȖȘȖȎȕȣȝ ȝȐȎȐȕ ȖȎȐȌȈȧ țȌȈȘȈ ȕȖȋȐ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȘȐȌȈȓ ȉȣ Ȑȝ ȊȏȋȓȧȌț ȒȈȒțȦ-ȚȖ ȖȟȈȘȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕțȦ
ȔȍȓȈȕȝȖȓȐȦ
ǹȖȉȈȒȈ ȚȖȟȐȓȤȡȐȒȈ ȊȣșțȕțȊ ȧȏȣȒ ȘȈȌȖșȚȕȖ ȊȍȘȚȍ-
ȓȈ ȒȖȓȍșȖ ȚȖȟȐȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȒȈȔȕȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȚȖȟȐȓ.
ǵȖ ȍȍ ȋȓȈȏȈ șȊȍȚȐȓȐșȤ ȗȖȒȖȘȕȖȑ ȊȍȘȖȑ Ȋ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȕȣȑ
ȌȖȓȋ Ȑ ȖȕȈ ȖșȚȈȕȈȊȓȐȊȈȓȈșȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȍȘȍȌȖȝȕțȚȤ
Ȑ ȗȖȚȖȔ șȕȖȊȈ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ
ǰ ȖȊȟȈȘȒȐ ș ȚȖȑ Ȏȍ ȊȍȘȖȑ șȚȈȘȈȓȐșȤ ȏȈȋȕȈȚȤ Ȋ ȖȊ-
ȟȈȘȕȦ ȕȈȊșȍȋȌȈ ȗȖȚȍȘȧȕȕȣȝ ȖȊȍȞ ǶȕȐ ȖȝȖȚȐȓȐșȤ ȏȈ ȕȐ-
ȔȐ ȕȈ ȉȍȘȍȋț ȘțȟȤȧ șȊȍȘȒȈȊȠȍȋȖ ț ȏȍȓȍȕȍȦȡȍȋȖ ȝȖȓȔȈ.
ǹ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȝȖȓȔȈ Ȑ Ȑȏ ȓȍșț șȗțșȒȈȓȈșȤ șȊȖȘȈ ȉȍȋȈȊȠȈȧ
ȊȍșȤ ȌȍȕȤ ȗȖ șȓȍȌȈȔ ȊȖȖȉȘȈȎȈȍȔȣȝ ȋȈȏȍȓȍȑ Ȑ ȓȈȕȍȑ
ǫȖȓȖșȈ ȖȚșȚȈȊȠȐȝ ȏȊȍȕȍȓȐ ȒȈȒ Ȋȍșȍȓȣȍ ȒȖȓȖȒȖȓȈ Ȋ ȞȊȍ-
Țțȡȍȍ ȗȈșȝȈȓȤȕȖȍ țȚȘȖ
ǯȌȍșȤ ȗȖșȍȓȐȓȐșȤ ȖȊȟȈȘȒȐ Ȑ ȐȡȍȑȒȈ ǵȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȑȡȍȑ-
ȒȈ ȏȈȝȖȚȍȓȈ ȕȍȎȕȖ ȗȖȗȘȖȡȈȚȤșȧ ș ǯȈȑȞȍȔ ȖȕȈ țȊȐȌȈ-
ȓȈ ȟȚȖ ǻȠȈșȚȐȒ țȓȐȏȕțȓ ȒȈȒ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ țșȓȣȝȈȓ ȋȖȕȟȐȝ.
ǰ ȧșȚȘȍȉȣ șȖȊȈ ȋȖȘȓȐȞȣ ȊȖȓȒ Ȑ ȖȊȞȈ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓȐ
ȉȍȏ ȕȍȋȖ șȊȖȑ ȗțȚȤ ǶȕȐ ȗȖȕȧȓȐ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȟȚȖ ǯȈȧȞ ȕȍ
șȔȖȋ țȔȍȘȍȚȤ ȒȈȒ ȖȕȐ ȖȚ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȒȈ ȊȍȘȣ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌȗȖ-
ȟȐȚȈȓ șȗȈșȈȚȤșȧ șȈȔ ȕȍ ȖȎȐȌȈȧ șȗȈșȍȕȤȧ ȖȚ ǩȖȋȈ
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36
ǪȚȖȘȣȔ ȉȣȓ ǸȈȑ ȗȚȐȞ Ƕȕ ȓȍȎȈȓ Ȋ ȗȘȖȝȓȈȌȕȖȑ ȘȖ-
ȡȍ ǷȍșȕȐ ȗȚȐȞ șȚȘțȐȓȐșȤ ȕȈ ȓȐșȚȤȧ ȖȓȤȝȐ ȌȍȓȈȧ Ȑȝ
ȊȖȓȕȐșȚȣȔȐ Ȑ șȚȍȒȈȓȐ Ȋ Șțȟȍȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȊȈȓ Ȑȝ
ȚȘȖșȚȕȐȒț
ǪȌȈȓȐ ȓȍȎȈȓ ȝȖȓȔ ȗȖȓȕȣȑ Ȋȍșȕȣ Ȑ șțȔȍȘȍȒ ǵȍȎ-
ȕȖșȚȤ șȒȓȖȕȖȊ ȍȋȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȕȍșȘȈȊȕȍȕȕȈ Ƕȕ ȌȣȠȈȓ ȖȌȐȕȖ-
ȟȍșȚȊȖȔ ȈȘȖȔȈȚȖȔ ȕȖȟȕȖȑ șȐȘȍȕȐ șȔȍȠȈȕȕȣȔ ș ȏȈ-
ȗȈȝȖȔ ȟȍȘȕȣȝ ȘȖȏ
ǵȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖ ȗȘȍȘȣȊȈȧșȤ ȘȈșșȣȗȈȓȈșȤ ȗȍșȕȧ șȖȓȖ-
ȊȤȧ ȒȈȒ ȗȈȌȈȦȚ ȘȈȏȉȐȊȈȧșȤ Ȋ ȊȖȓȕț ȝȘțșȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȏȊȍ-
ȏȌȣ ǹȓȣȠȈȓȈșȤ ȓȐȠȤ ȗȍșȕȧ șȖȓȖȊȤȧ ǯȈȌțȔȟȐȊȣȑ
ȝȖȓȔ ȏȊțȟȈȓ ȓȐȠȤ ȍȋȖ ȗȍșȕȤȦ ǰ ȕȖȟȤ ȉȣȓȈ ȘȣȌȈȕȤȍȔ
șȖȓȖȊȤȧ
ǺȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ȘȖȡȈȝ ȏȈȕȧȓȈșȤ ȏȈȘȧ ȒȘȈșȕȍȧ ȏȈ șȊȖȦ ȕȈȋȖ-
Țț șȘȍȌȐ ȝȖȘȈ ȗȚȐȞ ǰȝ șȊȐșȚȣ ȘȖȎȌȈȓȐșȤ ȗȖșȚȍȗȍȕ-
ȕȖ ȕȈșȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȚȧȎȍȓȍȓȐ ȒȘȣȓȤȧ ȖȚ ȓȦȉȊȐ Ȑ ȘȖșȣ
Ǫ ȏȍȓȍȕȖȑ ȘȎȐ ȕȍ ȏȊȈȓȈ ȍȡȍ ȗȍȘȍȗȍȓȒȈ ǹȐȕȐȞȣ ș
ȟȍȘȕȣȔȐ ȋȖȓȖȊȈȔȐ ȠțȔȍȓȐ Ȋ ȚȍȔȕȣȝ ȜȐȋȖȊȣȝ ȌȍȘȍ-
ȊȤȧȝ ȒȈȒ ȋȖȓȣȠȐ Ȋ ȊȖȌȍ ǯȍȓȍȕȣȑ ȌȧȚȍȓ ȒȈȒ ȋȖȘșȚȤ
ȚȘȈȊȣ șȖȘȊȈȕȕȖȑ ȕȈ ȏȖȓȖȚȖȑ ȓțȎȈȑȒȍ ș ȞȊȍȚȒȖȔ ȏȈȧ-
ȟȤȍȋȖ ȋȖȘȖȠȒȈ ȕȈ ȋȖȓȖȊȍ ȗȘȖȘȍȏȈȓ șȊȖȐȔ ȒȘȐȒȖȔ ȊȖȏ-
Ȍțȝ Ƕȕ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȐȓșȧ Ȓ șȚȈȘȖȑ ȧȉȓȖȕȍ ș ȕȈȐȊȕȣȔȐ ȟȈȠȍȟ-
ȒȈȔȐ ǵȐ ȖȌȕȈ ȔȈȓȐȕȖȊȒȈ ȕȐ ȖȌȐȕ ȡȍȋȓȍȕȖȒ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȈ
ȒȖȕȖȗȓȧȕȒȈ ȕȍ ȐșȗțȋȈȓȐșȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȚȘȐ ȧșȚȘȍȉȈ Ȑ șȖȊȈ
ȊșȚțȗȐȓȐ Ȋ ȥȚȖȚ ȒȘȈȑ ȕȈȗȐȚȈȕȕȣȑ ȞȊȍȚȈȔȐ
ǽȐȡȕȣȍ ȗȚȐȞȣ șȐȌȍȓȐ ȊȣșȖȒȖ ȕȈȌȔȍȕȕȣ Ȑ ȋȘțșȚ-
ȕȣ șȖ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȖȔ țșȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȕȣȔ ȕȈ șȖȓȕȞȍ țȌȈȘȧȧ Ȏȍ-
ȓȍȏȕȣȔȐ ȒȘȣȓȤȧȔȐ ȖșȚȘțȦ Ȑ ȗȧȚȕȐșȚțȦ ȋȘțȌȤ ǹȖȊȈ
ȗȖȓȍȚȍȓȈ Ȓ șțȔȍȘȍȟȕȖȔț ȝȖȓȔț ȟȚȖȉȣ ȏȈȘȣȊȠȐșȤ Ȋ
ȖȌȐȕȖȟȕȖȑ ȗȍȡȍȘȍ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȈȧ Ȋ ȚȍȕȐ Ȑ ȔțȌȘȖșȚȐ șȓț-
ȠȈȚȤ ȎȈȓȖȉȣ șȖȓȖȊȤȧ
ǵȖ șȈȔȖȍ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȍ țȉȍȎȐȡȍ ȐȏȉȘȈȓȐ ȋȖȘȓȐȞȣ
ǶȕȐ șȐȌȍȓȐ ȕȈ ȋȖȘȤȒȐȝ ȖȓȐȊȈȝ ȗȖȒȈȟȐȊȈȧșȤ Ȋ șțȔȍȘ-
ȒȈȝ ǹȘȍȌȐ ȕȐȝ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓȐșȤ Ȑ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȍ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ ȌȖȗț-
ȡȍȕȕȣȧ șȦȌȈ ȏȈ ȕȍȎȕȖșȚȤ ǯȌȍșȤ ȉȣȓȐ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȍ ȌȍȊț-

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ȠȒȐ ȊȏȌȣȝȈȦȡȐȍ Ȑ ȗȖȝȖȎȐȍ ȕȈ ȎȐȔȖȓȖșȚȤ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȍ
ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ ȊȖȘȒțȦȡȐȍ ș ȗȓȈȟțȡȐȔȐ ȋȖȘȓȐȞȈȔȐ — ȖȚ ȋȖȘ-
ȓȐȞ ǪȍȕȍȞȐȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȖȉȊȍȊȈȓȐ ȚȖșȒț Ȏȍȕ ǬȖȎȍȑ ȌȖ
ȋȖȘȓȐȞ ǰȉȍȘȐȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȘȐȔȈȕȐȊȈȓȐ ȒȘȈșȖȚȖȑ șȊȖȍ-
ȋȖ ȒȓȦȊȈ șȔțȋȓȣȝ ȘȣȉȈȟȍȒ Ǫșȍ ȋȖȘȓȐȞȣ ȋȘȍȏ — Ȑ ȚȈ
ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȊșȒȖȘȔȐȓȈ ǩȍȈȚȘȐȟȍ Ȑ ȚȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ǬȈȕȚ ȌȈȓ
ȏȍȘȕȈ Ȑ ȚȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ șȓȣȠȈȓȈ ȎȈȓȖȉȣ DzȐȚȚȍȘȐȐ Ȋ ȕȖ-
ȟȐ Ȑ ȚȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȊȏȌȣȝȈȓȈ ȕȈȌ ȗȓȈȟȍȔ ǪȐȘȋȐȕȐȐ ȒȖ-
ȋȌȈ ȖȕȈ ȕȈȗȘȈșȕȖ ȗȣȚȈȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȕȖȟȕȖȔ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȍ ȗȖȌ
ȚȍȕȤȦ ȒȖȒȖșȈ țșȗȖȒȖȐȚȤ ȉȖȓȤ ȕȍȎȕȣȝ ȖȎȖȋȖȊ Ȑ ȚȈ
ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ ȊȖȓȕțȍȔȈȧ șȒȓȖȕȖȔ ȓȍȚȈ Ȋ șȈȌț ȋȌȍ
țȔȐȘȈȦȚ șȓȐȊȣ ȌȖȊȍȘȧȍȚ șȚȘȈșȚȕȣȍ ȗȖșȓȈȕȐȧ ȟȚȖȉ
ȖȕȈ ȓȍȚȍȓȈ ȒțȌȈ ȗȖȕȍșțȚ ȍȍ ȒȘȣȓȤȧ
ǺȈȔ ȉȣȓȐ ȋȖȘȓȐȞȣ Ȑȏ șȚȈȘȖȋȖ ȌȖȔȈ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȐȒȈ
ȗȖȋȘȍȉȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȌ ȘȖȏȈȔȐ Țȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ Ȑȏ șȊȖȍȑ ȘțȒȐ
ȗȘȖȗȈȝȠȍȑ ȓȈȌȈȕȖȔ ȒȖȘȔȐȓ ǮȖșȓȍȕ ȌțȔȈȧ Ȗ dzȖȘȍȕ-
ȞȐȐ ǰ ȋȖȘȓȐȞȈ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȌȈȦȚ țȔȐȘȈȦȡȍȑ ȌȍȊȖȟȒȍ Ȑ
ȋȖȘȓȐȞȈ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȒȓȈȌțȚ Ȋ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȔȍșȚȈȝ ȕȈ ȋȖȘȧ-
ȟȐȑ ȓȖȉ ȉȖȓȤȕȣȝ Ȑ șȓȍȗȈȧ ȋȖȘȓȐȞȈ ȊȏȌȣȝȈȦȡȈȧ ȚȈȒ
ȋȘțșȚȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȈȍȚ Ȍȓȧ ȖȝȖȚȕȐȒȖȊ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȘȖȓȍ-
ȚȈȦȡȐȝ șȍșȚȍȘ Ȑ șȈȔȈȧ ȕȍȎȕȈȧ ȋȖȘȓȐȞȈ țȚȍȠȈȦȡȈȧ
șȚȈȘȖȋȖ ȗȖȒȐȕțȚȖȋȖ ȗȖȥȚȈ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȔȈȕșȈȘȌȍ
***
ǺȘȍȚȤȐȔ ȉȣȓ ǸȈȑ ȖȊȍȞ ȗȖșȘȍȌȐ ȐȏțȔȘțȌȕȖȑ ȌȖȓȐ-
ȕȣ ȖȘȖȠȈȍȔȖȑ ȘțȟȤȧȔȐ șȖ șȒȈȏȖȟȕȖ-ȏȍȓȍȕȖȑ ȚȘȈȊȖȑ
ȖȒȖȓȖ ȖȏȍȘȈ Ȑȏ ȗȍȘȓȈȔțȚȘȈ Ȑ ȗȈȊȓȐȕȤȐȝ ȗȍȘȤȍȊ Ȑȏ ȓȈ-
ȏțȘȐ Ȑ șȓȦȌȣ Ȑȏ ȠȍȍȒ ȒȖȓȐȉȘȐ Ȑ ȒȘȣȓȤȍȊ ȉȈȉȖȟȒȐ
ǷȖȓȐȏȈȊ șȒȘȖȔȕȖȑ șȖȓȐ ȕȈ ȋȘȈȕȐȚȍ ș ȏȖȓȖȚȣȔȐ ȏȍȘ-
ȕȈȔȐ ȖȊȞȣ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȋȘȍȏȐȓȐ ǷțȟȒȐ ȚȖȓșȚȖȑ ȠȍȘșȚȐ ȗȖ-
ȒȘȣȊȈȊȠȍȑ Ȑȝ ȓȍȎȈȓȐ ȒȈȒ ȓȐșȚȤȧ ȗȖȌ șȕȍȋȖȔ ȅȚȖȚ
ȊȐȌ ȉȣȓ ȚȈȒ ȟȐșȚ Ȑ ȧșȍȕ ȟȚȖ ȘȍșȕȐȞȣ ȧȋȕȧȚ ȗȖȉȍȓȍȓȐ

38
ȌȖ Ȑȝ ȏȖȓȖȚȐșȚȣȝ ȋȓȈȏ ǪȖȏȌțȝ ȉȣȓ ȚȈȒ ȗȘȖȏȘȈȟȍȕ ȟȚȖ
ȐȏȊȍșȚȒȖȊȣȍ ȊȍȘȠȐȕȣ ș ȎȍȓȚȣȔȐ ȗȖȓȖșȈȔȐ ȊȣșȚțȗȈ-
ȓȐ ȊȣȗțȒȓȖ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȌ ȊȖȌȖȑ DzȖȊȘȣ ȉțȒȖȊ Ȑ ȍȓȍȑ ȉȣȓȐ
ȊȣȚȒȈȕȣ Ȑȏ ȞȊȍȚȖȊ ȐȏȔȖȘȖȏȐ ȕȍȉȈ Ȑ ȒȘȖȊȐ ȊȍȚȍȘ ȒȖș-
ȕțȊȠȐșȤ Ȑȝ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȓșȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȓȍȋȒȐȔ ȗȈȝțȟȐȔ Ȑ ȓȍ-
ȌȧȕȣȔ
DzȈȒ ȋȖȓțȉȖȑ ȗȘȐȓȐȊ ȗȖȌȣȔȈȓșȧ ȗȈȘ ȖȚ ȌȘȈȋȖȞȍȕ-
ȕȣȝ ȊȍȘȠȐȕ ȗȍȘȍȗȓȍȚȍȕȕȣȝ șȍȘȍȉȘȐșȚȣȔȐ ȓȐȠȈȧȔȐ
ǷȖȚȖȒȐ ȗȈȌȈȧ șȖ șȒȈȓȐșȚȣȝ ȏțȉȞȖȊ ȌȣȔȐȓȐșȤ ǰ Ȋȕȍ-
ȏȈȗȕȖ ȈȕȋȍȓȤșȒȐȍ șȚȈȌȈ ȉȓȍȧȓȐ Ȓ ǩȖȋț ȐșȗțȋȈȕȕȣȍ ȒȖ-
ȓȖȒȖȓȤȟȐȒȐ ȗȓȈȒȈȓȐ Ȋ ȚȍȕȐ ȗȈȗȖȘȖȚȕȐȒȖȊ ǰ ȚȍȔȕȈȧ
ȊȖȌȈ ȗȖȚȖȒȖȊ ȗȘȍȓȖȔȓȧȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȓțȟȈȝ
ǴȍȎ ȌȐȒȐȝ ȓȈȊȘȖȊ ȓȍȎȈȓȈ ȕȈȑȌȍȕȕȈȧ ȖȊȞȈ ǭȊȈȕ-
ȋȍȓȐȧ ǭȍ ȕȖȋȈ ȗȖȌ ȔȖȘȌȖȟȒȖȑ ȍȡȍ șȖȟȐȓȈșȤ ȒȘȖȊȤȦ
ǷȘȖȑȌȍȕȕȣȍ ȌȖȘȖȋȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȚȘțȌȕȣ ȕȖ ȖȕȈ șȒȖȘȖ ȖȗȘȈ-
ȊȐȚșȧ ȖȚ ȒȐșȓȖȑ șȓȈȌȖșȚȐ ȟȍȘȕȐȒȐ ǶȕȈ țȎȍ ȊȏȌȘȈȋȐ-
ȊȈȓȈ șȓțȠȈȧ ȋȖȓȖșȈ șȊȖȐȝ ȘȈșșȍȧȕȕȣȝ ȗȖȌȘțȋ.
ǪȖȑȌȧ Ȋ ǸȈȑ ȖȊȞȣ ȗȖȌȘțȋȐ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒȈ țȊȐȌȍȓȐ ȧȋ-
ȕȍȕȒȈ ǮȈȕȈ Ȍȍ dzȈȜȖȕȚȍȕȈ șȒȓȖȕȐȊȠȍȋȖșȧ șȘȍȌȐ ȕȍȏȈ-
ȉțȌȖȒ ȞȊȍȚȈ ȊȖȓȕȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ Ȑȝ ȖȚȘȈȎȈȓȈ Ƕȕ ȕȍ șȗȖȘȐȓ
ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ș ȊȖȓȒȖȔ ȉȈșȕȐ Ƕȕ ȗȐȓ Ȑ ȊȖȌȈ ȕȍ ȔțȚȐȓȈșȤ
ǬȐȒȐȑ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȚȍȕȤ ȗȓȦȡȈ țȎȍ ȌȊȍșȚȐ
ȓȍȚ ȉȘȖșȈȓȈ ȋȘțșȚȤ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓ ȒȈȚȐȚȤ șȘȍȌȐ ȚȘȈȊȣ șȊȖȐ
ȗȘȍȓȖȔȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȊȖȓȕȣ țȕȖșȐȊȠȐȍ ȖȚȘȈȎȈȧ șȕȍȎȕȣȑ
ȚȘȍȗȍȚ ȧȋȕȍȕȒȈ
ǶȕȐ ȊȐȌȍȓȐ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȊȠȐșȤ Ȋ ȉȓȈȎȍȕȕȣȝ ȌȖȓȐȕȈȝ,
ȖȊȍȞ ȋȍȘȖȍȊ ǹȍȘȊȈȕȚȍșȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ țȔȐȘȈȧ ȖȚ ȓȦȉȊȐ Ȓ
ȖȌȕȖȑ ȌȍȊțȠȒȍ ȗȖȒȐȕțȓȐ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȊȍșȚȐ ȗȈșȚțȠȍ-
șȒțȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ ǻ ȥȚȐȝ ȖȊȍȞ ȉȣȓȐ șȈȔȣȍ ȕȍȎȕȣȍ ȋȖȓȖșȈ
șȍȘȌȍȞ ȓȦȉȧȡȐȝ ȊȚȈȑȕȍ șȊȖȐ ȘȈȕȣ ǶȕȐ ȗȐȓȐ ș ȚȘȈȊȣ
ǩȖȋȖȘȖȌȐȞȣ ȊșȍȋȌȈ șȊȍȎȐȍ Ȑ ȎȋțȟȐȍ șȓȍȏȣ ȥȚȐȝ ȗȈșȚț-
ȠȍșȒȐȝ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ ȘȖȕȧȊȠȐȝ ȘȖșț Ȑȏ ȟȈȠȍȟȍȒ ȋȓȈȏ
ǪȌȈȓȐ ȗȖȌȣȔȈȓșȧ ȕȍșȚȘȖȑȕȣȑ ȠțȔ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȐȉȖȑ ǶȒȍȈ-
ȕȈ ǹȓȣȠȈȓȐșȤ ȗȘȍȘȣȊȐșȚȣȍ ȘȣȌȈȕȤȧ ȜȓȍȑȚȣ ȥȝȖ ȗȘȖ-
ȗȈșȚȐ ȓȈȑ ȊșȚȘȍȊȖȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȖȉȈȒ ȗȈȌȍȕȐȍ ȒȈȔȕȧ Ȋ ȗț-

39
șȚȖȚț ȠțȔ ȊȖȌȖȗȈȌȖȊ ȗȖȒȘȣȊȈȍȔȣȑ ȋȘȖȝȖȚȖȔ ȗȖȚȖȒȖȊ.
ǫȖȓȖș ȕȈȘȖȌȈ ȐȌțȡȍȋȖ Ȋ ȖȉȍȚȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ ȏȍȔȓȐ Ȓ ȋȘȖȏ-
ȌȧȔ ȉȍȏȕȈȏȊȈȕȕȣȔ Ȓ ȖȋȕȍȕȕȣȔ ȒȖȓȖșȤȧȔ șȔȍȠȐȊȈȓ-
șȧ ș ȒȘȐȒȖȔ ȕȈȋȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ ȖșȓȐȞ ȕȍșțȡȐȝ ȚȧȎȍȓȣȍ
ȎȉȈȕȣ ȔȖȓȖȒȈ ȖȌȍȎȌț ȗȈșȚțȝȖȊ șȖȓȤ Ȑ șȣȘȣ ȟȍȠțȑ-
ȟȈȚȣȍ ȒȈȒ ȘțȝȓȧȒȐ
ǿȍȚȊȍȘȚȣȔ ȉȣȓ ǸȈȑ ȊȖȓȒȖȊ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȋȖȓȣȑ ȟȚȖ ȍȋȖ
ȚȘțȌȕȖ ȖȗȐșȈȚȤ
ǵȈ ȊȍȘȠȐȕȍ ȉȍșȗȓȖȌȕȖȑ ȋȖȘȣ Ȋ șȒȖȘȉȐ ȊȍȚȘȖȊ ȗȖȌ
ȗȘȖȕȐȏȣȊȈȦȡȐȔ ȚțȔȈȕȖȔ ȖȕȐ ȐșȗȣȚȣȊȈȓȐ șȓȈȌȖșȚȘȈ-
șȚȐȍ ȔțȟȍȕȐȒȖȊ ǶȕȐ ȗȐȚȈȓȐșȤ șȊȖȐȔ ȋȖȓȖȌȖȔ ȟțȊșȚ-
Ȋțȧ ȍȌȒțȦ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ ȖȚ ȖȡțȡȍȕȐȧ ȗȖȒȐȕțȚȖșȚȐ ȖȚ ȊȖȏ-
ȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȈ ȖȌȕȖ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ ȚȈ-
ȒȐȔ șȚȘȈȌȈȕȐȧȔ ȖȚȘȍȟȤșȧ ȖȚ ȓȦȉȊȐ ȒȘȖȊȐ
ǶȕȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȖȚȊȍȘȎȍȕȞȈȔȐ ș ȕȍșȉȣȚȖȟȕȣȔȐ ȋȘȍȏȈȔȐ
ǬȈȊȕȖ țȎȍ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȖȕȐ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȈȚȤșȧ Ȓ ȕȍȉȍșȕȣȔ
ȖȊȞȈȔ ȉȍȓȣȍ ȘȍșȕȐȞȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȔȖȘȋȈȓȐ Ȋ ȏȍȓȍȕȖȔ
șȊȍȚȍ ǰ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȈ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȕȍ țȔȐȘȈȓȈ ȊȖȓȒȐ ȕȍ
ȔȖȋȓȐ ȗȖȌșȚȍȘȍȋȈȚȤ ȚȘțȗȖȊ ȉȘȖȠȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȈșȚțȝȖȔ ȗȘȐ
ȊȍȟȕȖȔ ȝȖȝȖȚȍ ȗȖȚȖȒȈ ǰ ȖȕȐ ȗȖȒȖȘȐȓȐșȤ ǰȝ ȕȍșȟȈ-
șȚȕȈȧ ȠȍȘșȚȤ ȖȉȓȍȏȓȈȧ ȒȈȒ șȒȈȓȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȎȈȓȒȈ DzȈȒȖȍ-
ȚȖ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȊȍȓȐȟȐȍ ȞȈȘșȚȊȖȊȈȓȖ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ șȚȘȈȠȕȖȔ
țȉȍȎȐȡȍ
ǰȝ șȚȘȈȌȈȕȐȧ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȈșȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȘȈȋȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ Ȑ ȘȖ-
ȒȖȊȣȔȐ ȟȚȖ ȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ ȗȖȞȍȓȖȊȈȚȤ ȓȖȉ ȥȚȐȝ ȉȍȌȕȣȝ ȗȓȖ-
ȚȖȧȌȕȣȝ ȏȈșȚȐȋȕțȚȣȝ ȏȈ țȉȐȑșȚȊȖȔ ȧȋȕȧȚ DzȘȈșȖȚȈ ǸȈȧ

40
ȋȌȍ ȌȘțȋ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒȈ ȗȖșȍȓȐȓșȧ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȓȈșȤ Ȋ șȒȖȘȉȐ
Ȑ ȉȍȏȕȈȌȍȎȕȖȔ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȐȐ
ǰ ȕȈȌ ȥȚȖȑ șȚȘȈȕȖȑ ȕȍȉȖ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ ȘȈșșȚȐȓȈȓȖșȤ
ȌȖ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖșȚȐ.
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ǿȚȖ ȒȈșȈȍȚșȧ ǯȈȑȞȈ ȚȖ Ȗȕ ȗȘȐ ȊȐȌȍ ȕȍȉȍșȕȖȑ ȗșȈȘ-
ȕȐ șȒȘȣȓșȧ ǷȖȒȈ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓșȧ ș ȕȐȔ Ȗȕ Ȋȍ-
ȘȐȓ Ȋ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒȈ ǵȖ Ȋ ȖȉȐȚȍȓȐ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȣȝ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȊȍȘ-
ȕțȓȈșȤ ȕȍȌȖȊȍȘȟȐȊȖșȚȤ șȍȓȤșȒȖȋȖ ȎȐȚȍȓȧ ǵȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȧ
șȊȖȍȋȖ ǸȈȧ ȕȍ ȊȒțșȐȊȠȐ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȒȖȧ Ȑ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ
ȊȘȍȔȧ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȧ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȝ ȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȍȑ ș ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ Ȗȕ
țȔȍȓ ȉȖȘȖȚȤșȧ ǻȠȈșȚȐȒ ȗȘȐȠȍȓ Ȋ ȏȈȔȍȠȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ
ǺȈȒ ȉȘȖȌȐȓ Ȗȕ șȈȔ ȕȍ șȊȖȑ ȕȍ țȏȕȈȊȈȧ șȍȉȧ ȕȍ ȗȖ-
ȕȐȔȈȧ ȒȖȋȖ Ȗȕ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȖȧȚȤșȧ Ȑ ȒȚȖ ȉȖȐȚșȧ ȍȋȖ ǿȚȖ
Ȏȍ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ" ǵȈ ȕȍȉȍ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ șȟȈșȚȤȧ ǫȌȍ Ȏȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ
ȉȣȚȤ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȑ ȗȖȒȖȑ" Ǫ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȐȕȖȑ ȕȖȘȍ ȔȖȋ ǯȈȧȟȤȧ
ǫțȉȈ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȓțȟȠȍ ȔȍȟȚȈȚȤ ȊȖ șȕȍ ȟȍȔ Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȖșȚȍ-
ȓȐ Ȑȏ ȠȍȘșȚȐ ȘȈȏȖșȚȓȈȕȕȖȑ ȊȍȚȘȖȔ ȗȖȌ ȞȊȍȚțȡȐȔȐ
ȒțșȚȈȔȐ ȏȊȍȏȌ"
Ƕȕ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȓ șȗȈȚȤ ȍȔț ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȊȈȓȖ ȚȘȍȊȖȋȐ Ȑ ȔȕȖ-
ȋȖȋȖ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ ǹȐȌȧ Ȋ ȕȍȉȍșȕȖȔ ȖȊȘȈȋȍ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȟțȊșȚȊȖ-
ȊȈȓ ȒȈȒ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȕȐȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȌȘȖȎȤ ǴȖȠȒȐ șȗȘȧȚȈȕȕȣȍ
Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ǸȈȦ ȗȘțȌȖȊ șȊȖȐȔȐ țȒțșȈȔȐ ȕȍ ȎȈȓȐȓȐ ȉȖȓȤ-
Ƞȍ ȍȋȖ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȗȖȌȕȧȚȣȝ ȊȍȒ ǰ Ȗȕ ȎȈȓȍȓ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ǭȋȖ
șȍȘȌȞȍ ȕȍ ȉȐȓȖșȤ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ
ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȈ ȝȖȓȔȐȒȍ ȏȈȎȎȍȕȕȖȔ ȊȍȘȍșȒȖȔ ȊȣșȚȘȍȓ ȏȈș-
ȚȈȊȓȧȓ ȖșȣȗȈȚȤșȧ ȗȍșȖȒ ǵȈ ȍȋȖ ȔȖȏȖȓȐșȚȣȝ ȓȈȗȈȝ ȓȈ-
șȒȈȍȔȣȝ ȋȓȈȌȒȐȔȐ ȓțȎȈȑȒȈȔȐ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȗȘȖȘȈșȚȈȚȤ ȕȍ-
șȟȈșȚȕȈȧ ȠȍȘșȚȤ ǰ Ȗȕ ȕȈȟȈȓ ȖȗȓȈȒȐȊȈȚȤ ȉȓȍșȒ ȕȍȉȈ
ǩȣȓ Ȗȕ ȒȈȒ șȈȌȖȊȕȐȒ șȚȈȊȠȐȑ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȕȈ-

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ȌȍȊȈȧ ȗțȘȗțȘȕȣȍ șȈȕȌȈȓȐȐ ȎȈȓȍȍȚ Ȗ șȊȖȐȝ ȌȍȘȍȊȧȕ-
ȕȣȝ ȉȈȠȔȈȒȈȝ ȖȚȧȋȖȡȍȕȕȣȝ ȋȓȐȕȖȑ Ȑ ȉȍȌȕȖșȚȤȦ.
ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ǸȈȦ țȏȕȈȓ Ȗ ȗȍȟȈȓȐ ǹȚȍȘȚȖȑ dzȈȗ-
ȒȐ Ȑ Ȗȉ ȍȋȖ ȕȍțȘȧȌȐȞȈȝ ǭȋȖ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȔțȟȐȓȖșȤ ȖȚ ȚȖȋȖ
ȟȚȖ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȍȋȖ șȚȈȘȣȝ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȍȑ ȉȣȓ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȓȐȊ ǹ
Țȍȝ ȗȖȘ țȓȐȞȣ ȕȍȉȍșȕȖȑ ȌȍȘȍȊțȠȒȐ ȋȌȍ Ȗȕ ȎȐȓ șȚȈȓȐ
ȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ ȍȔț Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȔȐȘȕȣȔȐ ȊȍȟȍȘȕȐȍ ȘȍȒȐ Ȕȍȕȍȍ
ȕȍȎȕȣȔȐ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȉȍȓȣȔ ȌȣȝȈȕȐȍ ȓȐȓȐȑ Ȕȍȕȍȍ șȊȧȚȣȔ
ȉȓȍșȒ ȘțȉȈȕȒȈ Ȋ ȓȈȊȒȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ șȊȍȚȓȖȦ ȊȖȌȈ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȐȝ
ȒțȊȠȐȕȖȊ ȗȖȓȐȊȈȊȠȈȧ șȊȍȎțȦ ȚȘȈȊț Ȑ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȊȠȈȧ
ȚȘȍȗȍȚȈȚȤ ȚȍȓȖ ȈȕȋȍȓȖȊ șȐȌȧȡȐȝ ȕȈ ȗȍȘȍȒȓȈȌȐȕȍ ȒȖ-
ȓȖȌȞȈ
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ǺȖȋȌȈ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȐȓșȧ Ȓ ǩȖȋț Ȑ ǫȖșȗȖȌȤ ȗȘȐ-
ȕȧȓ ȍȋȖ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ șȈȌț ȕȈ șȒȓȖȕȍ Ȍȕȧ ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓ ǩȖȎȐȑ
șȈȌ șȈȔȣȑ șȒȘȖȔȕȣȑ ȕȖ Ȑ șȈȔȣȑ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȑ ǵȐȒȚȖ
ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓ Ȋ ȟȍȔ ȍȋȖ ȖȟȈȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȖȕȖ ȐșȝȖ-
ȌȐȓȖ ȖȚ ȓȦȉȊȐ ǪȌȖȓȤ ȐȏȢȍȌȍȕȕȣȝ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȍȔ șȚȍȕ șȊȍ-
ȠȐȊȈȓȈșȤ ȚȍȔȕȈȧ șȐȘȍȕȤ ǵȈ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȣȝ ȒȈȔȕȧȝ țȓȣ-
ȉȈȓȐșȤ ȔȝȐ Ȑ ȏȖȓȖȚȣȔȐ țșȚȈȔȐ ȗȐȓȐ ȚȍȔȕȣȍ șȍȘȌȞȈ
ȜȐȈȓȖȒ ǯȌȍșȤ ȞȈȘȐȓ ȘȈșșȍȧȕȕȣȑ șȊȍȚ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȊȠȐȑ ȕȐ
ȏȈȘȐ ȕȐ șțȔȍȘȍȒ ȕȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȑ ȟȍȔ ȖȕȐ ǵȈ
ȋȘȧȌȒȍ ȞȊȍȓ ȋȖȓțȉȖȑ ȟȍșȕȖȒ ǺȈȑȕȈ ȖȒȘțȎȈȓȈ ȒȘțȋȓȣȑ
ȞȊȍȚȖȒ ȕȍȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȣȑ ȕȈ ȊȣșȖȒȖȔ șȚȍȉȓȍ ǪȐȌȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ
ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȔȍȟȚȈȓ Ƕ ȟȍȔ" ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ Ȗ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ șȊȖȍȑ Ȍț-
ȠȐ ȗȍȊȠȍȑ ȏȐȔȕȐȔ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ Ȋ ȒȖȚȓȍ ȉȍȌȕȧȒȖȊ ȋȌȍ
ȒȐȗȐȚ șțȗ Ƕ ȉȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȈȧ șțȌȤȉȈ ǵȍȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȖȚ ȉțȒȖ-
ȊȖȑ ȈȓȓȍȐ șȈȓȈȚ ȐșȚȖȟȈȓ ȕȍȔȣȍ șȓȖȊȈ ǪȈȎȕȣȑ șȊȍȚ
ȖȒȘțȎȈȓ ȏȈȌȘȍȔȈȊȠȐȍ ȓȍȑȒȐ Ȑȝ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȏȈȒȖȕ-
ȟȍȕȈ

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ǰ ȉȍȏ țȕȐȎȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȉȍȏ ȋȖȘȌȖșȚȐ șȊȍȚȓȖ Ȑ ȌȖȊȍȘȟȐ-
ȊȖ ȠȈȓȜȍȑ ȗȖșȣȓȈȓ ǩȖȋț șȊȖȑ ȎȈȓȒȐȑ ȈȘȖȔȈȚ
ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒ șȍȓ ȘȧȌȖȔ ș ǩȖȋȖȔ ȕȈ șȒȈȔȍȑȒț Ȗșȍȕȍȕ-
ȕțȦ ȧșȍȕȍȔ ǰ ǩȖȋ șȒȈȏȈȓ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒț
«ȇ ȏȕȈȦ ȟȚȖ Țȍȉȧ ȗȘȐȊȍȓȖ șȦȌȈ DzȈȎȌȖȍ șțȡȍșȚȊȖ
ȉțȌȤ ȚȖ Ȓȓȍȡ ȐȓȐ ȏȈȧȞ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȖȉȘȍșȚȐ șȊȖȑ ǸȈȑ ǷȖȑ-
ȌȐ Ȓ ǹȚȍȘȚȖȑ dzȈȗȒȍ Ȑ șȗȘȖșȐ ȟȍȋȖ Ȗȕ ȝȖȟȍȚ ǰ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ
șȒȈȎȍȚ ȧ șȌȍȓȈȦ ǭșȓȐ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȝȖȚȍȓ țȔȍȘȍȚȤ ș ȌȘțȋȐȔȐ
Ȑ ȊȖșȒȘȍșȕțȚȤ — ȥȚȖ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȍȋȖ șȍȘȌȞȍ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ
ȗȘȐȊȧȏȈȕȖ Ȓ ȔȖȍȑ ȊȖȏȓȦȉȓȍȕȕȖȑ ǯȍȔȓȍ Ƕ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒ
ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖȚ ǻȠȈșȚȐȒ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖȑ ȓȦȉȖȊȤȦ ȇ ȓȦȉȓȦ ȏȍȔȓȦ
ȇ ȓȦȉȓȦ ȏȍȔȓȦ ȓȦȌȍȑ Ȑ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ ȞȊȍȚȖȊ Ȑ ȒȈȔȕȍȑ
Ƕ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒ ȗȖȑȌȐ ȖȚȣȡȐ ǯȈȑȞȈ Ȑ șȒȈȎȐ ȍȔț ȟȚȖ ȇ
ȍȋȖ ȌȘțȋª
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ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȐȓșȧ Ȋ ǸȈȑ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ — ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ
ȚțȌȈ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȕȐȒȈȓȐ ȓȦȌȐ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȔȖȓȖȌȍȕȤȒȐȝ ȌȍȊțȠȍȒ.
Ƕȕ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȓ ȚȈȔ ǯȈȑȞȈ ȉȘȖȌȐȊȠȍȋȖ Ȋ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȐȐ ǵȖ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ǻȠȈșȚȐȒ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȋȖșȗȖȌȐȕȈ ȒȈȒ ȕȈȟȈȓ
ȊȣȒȈȏȣȊȈȚȤ șȚȘȈȠȕțȦ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ ȕȍȏȈȔȍȚȕȖ ȌȘȖȎȈ Ȑ
ȋȓȧȌȧ ȍȡȍ ȕȍȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȍȍ ȟȍȔ ȊșȍȋȌȈ
— ǯȌȘȈȊșȚȊțȑ ȔȖȑ ȉȘȈȚ — șȒȈȏȈȓ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒ — ȇ
ȟțȧȓ ȒȈȒ șȚȘȈȌȈȍȚ ȚȊȖȍ șȍȘȌȞȍ Ȑ ȗȘȐȠȍȓ șȦȌȈ ȟȚȖȉȣ
Țȣ Ȕȕȍ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȈȓ Ȗ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȍȟȈȓȐ ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ Țȣ ȍȓ
șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȋȖȘȤȒȐȝ ȏȍȘȍȕ ǷȖȟȍȔț Țȣ ȕȍ ȕȈșȓȈȎ-
ȌȈȍȠȤșȧ ȔȐȘȖȔ ȒȈȒ ȉȍȓȣȍ ȧȋȕȧȚȈ Ȑ ȋȖȘȓȐȞȣ" Ƕ ȗȖȓȍ-
ȊȖȑ ȉȘȖȌȧȎȒȈ ȟȚȖ Țȣ ȐȡȍȠȤ ȚȘȍȊȖȎȕȖ ȏȌȍșȤ ȏȌȍșȤ
ȋȌȍ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ Țȣ ȕȍ țșȓȣȠȐȠȤ ȌȣȝȈȕȤȧ șȖȉȈȒ ȉȍȋțȡȐȝ
ȏȈ ȚȊȖȍȑ ȉȍȌȕȖȑ ȠȍȘșȚȒȖȑ?
— Ƕ ȔȐȓȣȑ ȌȘțȋ ȧ Ȑȡț ȏȌȍșȤ ȔȖȍȋȖ ǩȖȋȈ — ȖȚȊȍ-
ȚȐȓ ǯȈȧȟȤȧ ǫțȉȈ — ǷȖȒȈ Țȣ ȉȣȓ ȐȔ ȕȈ ȏȍȔȓȍ ȧ ȖșȚȈ-

ȊȈȓșȧ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȣȔ ǵȖ ȏȌȍșȤ Ȋ ǸȈȦ ȧ ȏȈȉȓțȌȐȓșȧ ȕȍ
ȟțȊșȚȊțȧ ȘȧȌȖȔ Țȍȉȧ Ȗ ȉȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȌȘțȋ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ
ǴȖȧ ȌțȠȈ șȚȘȈȌȈȍȚ ȕȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȧ ǩȖȋȈ
— ǬțȔȈȍȠȤ ȓȐ Țȣ — ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒ — ȟȚȖ
ǩȖȋ ȗȖȒȐȕțȓ ȏȈȑȞȍȊ Ȑ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȖȌȕȐ ȕȈ șȊȍȚȍ ȕȍ ȔȖȋțȚ
ȊȖȑȚȐ Ȋ ǸȈȑ?!
— Ƕ ȕȍȚ — ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓ ȍȔț ǹȚȍȘȚȈȧ dzȈȗȒȈ, — ȧ ȕȍ Ȍț-
ȔȈȦ Ȗȉ ȥȚȐȝ ȊȍȡȈȝ ȇ Ƞȍȓ ȏȈ ȚȖȉȖȑ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȕȈ-
țȟȐȓșȧ țȏȕȈȊȈȚȤ Țȍȉȧ ȒȈȒ ȗȓȍȚȍȕȤ ǺȡȍȚȕȖ ȧ ȐșȒȈȓ Ȋ
ȥȚȐȝ ȓțȋȈȝ ǩȖȋȈ Ȗ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ Țȣ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȠȤ ǴȖȐ șȗțȚȕȐ-
ȒȐ ȕȈȠȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȚȖȚȟȈș Ȑ ȊȖȠȓȐ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ Ȋ șȊȖȑ ǸȈȑ ȧ Ȏȍ
ȉȓțȎȌȈȦ ǹ ȚȖȑ ȔȐȕțȚȣ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȕȣ ȘȈșșȚȈȓȐșȤ ș ȚȖȉȖȑ
Ȑ ȧ ȗȖȗȈȓ ȕȈ ȕȍȉȖ ȚȖșȒȈ ȗȖ ȏȍȔȓȍ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȉȐȚȤșȧ
ȔȖȍ ȌȐȒȖȍ Ȑ ȘȍȉȧȟȍșȒȖȍ șȍȘȌȞȍ
Ƕ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒ Ȗ ȔȖȑ ȌȘțȋ Ȗ ȔȖȧ ȍȌȐȕȈȧ ȊȍȘȈ ȖȚȌȈȑ
Ȕȕȍ ȏȍȔȓȦ ȇ ȟțȊșȚȊțȦ ȟȚȖ ȏȌȍșȤ ȧ ȕȍ ț șȍȉȧ ǪȍȘȕȐ
Ȕȕȍ ȔȖȐ ȋȘȧȏȕȣȍ ȉȖȘȖȏȌȣ ȔȖȐ ȋȓȐȕȐșȚȣȍ ȚȘȖȗȐȕȒȐ
ǪȍȘȕȐ Ȕȕȍ ȔȖȦ ȌȖȓȐȕț ȋȌȍ ȘȖȎȖȒ ȖȝȖȚȕȐȒȈ ȒȖȓȍȉȈȓ
ȚțȔȈȕȣ ǪȍȘȕȐ Ȕȕȍ ȧȔȖȟȒț ȋȌȍ ȧ șȓțȠȈȓ ȒȈȒ ȉȓȈȋȖȊȍșȚ
ȓȈȑ ȋȖȕȟȐȝ ș ȊȐșȧȟȐȔȐ țȠȈȔȐ ǪȍȘȕȐ Ȕȕȍ ȔȖȑ șȚȘȈȝ
ǪȍȘȕȐ Ȕȕȍ ȔȖȑ țȎȈș ǪȍȘȕȐ Ȕȕȍ ȔȖȑ ȓțȋ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ
Țȣ ȕȈȠȍȓ Ȕȍȕȧ ǪȍȘȕȐ Ȕȕȍ ȏȈȘȦ ȕȈ ȘȍȒȍ ȖȚȒțȌȈ ȖșȚȖ-
ȘȖȎȕȣȑ ȘȣȉȖȓȖȊ ȊȣȚȈșȒȐȊȈȍȚ țȋȘȍȑ ǪȍȘȕȐ Ȕȕȍ ȖȚȈȊț,
șȐȕȦȦ ȖȚ ȓțȕȣ Ȑ ȔȖȦ ȚȈȑȕțȦ ȗțȋȓȐȊțȦ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ Ȋ ȌȐ-
ȒȖȔ ȡȈȊȍȓȍ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȕȍ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȓ ȗȈȌȈȦȡȐȑ
ȓȍȗȍșȚȖȒ ȠȐȗȖȊȕȐȒȈ ȖȚ ȘȖȏȖȊȖȋȖ ȧȏȣȒȈ ȔȖȍȑ ȗȖȌȘțȋȐ
ǪȍȘȕȐ Ȕȕȍ ȔȖȦ șȓȈȉȖșȚȤ ǰ ȗȖȑȌȐ șȒȈȎȐ ǩȖȋț ȟȚȖ ȧ
ȕȍ Ȋ șȐȓȈȝ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȖșȚȈȊȈȚȤșȧ ț ǵȍȋȖ
— Ƕ ǹȚȍȘȚȈȧ dzȈȗȒȈ — ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒ — Ȗ ȔȖȑ
ȌȘțȋ Ȗ ȕȍȎȕȣȑ ȉȖȧȏȓȐȊȣȑ ȗȘȖșȚȈȒ Ȗ ǯȈȧȞ ș ȔȈȓȖȑ Ȋȍ-
ȘȖȑ ȉȖȋȖȝțȓȤȕȐȒ ȍșȓȐ Țȣ ȕȍ ȕȈȠȍȓ ȚȊȖȍȋȖ ǩȖȋȈ ȚȖ
ȥȚȖ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ Țȣ ȕȍ țȔȍȘ ȒȈȒ ȚȊȖȐ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȐ
— ǵȖ ȍșȓȐ ȧ țȔȘț ȟȍȔ ȧ șȚȈȕț"— ȊȖșȒȓȐȒȕțȓ Ǹȣ-
ȎȈȧ ȀȍȘșȚȒȈ
ǰ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒ ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓ

— ǭșȓȐ Țȣ țȔȘȍȠȤ Țȣ șȚȈȕȍȠȤ șȊȖȐȔ ǸȈȍȔ
***
ǩȍșȍȌțȧ ȚȈȒ ȖȕȐ ȗȘȐȠȓȐ Ȓ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȍ ǸȈȧ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ
ǯȌȍșȤ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȓșȧ ǸȈȑ ȓȦȌȍȑ ǯȈȧȞ ȖȗțșȚȐȓ ȋȖȓȖȊț Ȑ
ȗȘȖȟȍȓ ȕȈ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȖȔ ȌȖȔȐȒȍ ȕȈȌȗȐșȤ țȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȡțȦ
ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ
ǬȍȕȤ ȉȣȓ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȎȈȘȒȐȑ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȌȗȐșȤ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȚȘȍ-
ȗȍȚȈȓȈ ǪȌȈȓȐ ȌȖȘȖȋȈ ȗȣȓȐȓȈ ȒȈȒ Ȋ șȍșȚȘȍ Ǩȕȕȍ ȒȖȋ-
ȌȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ ©șȍșȚȘȈ Țȣ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȐȠȤ"» ǩȓȍȌȕȈȧ
șțȝȖșȚȤ ȍȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȈ ȋȖȘȤȒȖ ȕȈȗȐȚȈȕȕȈȧ ȔȧȚȖȑ
ǰ ǯȈȧȞ țȊȐȌȍȓ ȓȖȠȈȌȤ ȏȈȗȘȧȎȍȕȕțȦ Ȋ ȚȍȓȍȎȒț
ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȒȓȧȟȈ ȚȈȡȐȊȠȈȧ ȖȌȕȖȒȖȓȒț ǶȕȈ ȔȖȋȓȈ
ȐȌȚȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȋȈȓȖȗȖȔ ǸȈșșȓȈȉȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȖșȚȖȊ ȍȍ ȗȖȌȗȘȣ-
ȋȐȊȈȓ ȖȚ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ ȠȈȋȈ ȝȖȔțȚ ȗȖȒȈȟȐȊȈȓșȧ Ȑ ȏȍȔȓȐ-
șȚȈȧ ȋȘȐȊȈ ȏȍȓȍȕȈȧ Ȑ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȈȧ ȒȈȒ ȉȖȘȖȌȈ șȚȈȘȖȋȖ
ȔȖȘȧȒȈ ȔȖȚȈȓȈșȤ Ȑȏ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ Ȋ șȚȖȘȖȕț ǮȐȊȖȚȕȖȍ ș ȚȘț-
ȌȖȔ ȗȖȌȣȔȈȓȖ ȘȈșȗțȝȠȐȍ ȒȈȒ ȉțȓȣȎȕȐȒ ȒȖȗȣȚȈ
ǺȖȋȌȈ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ șȐȓȤȕȖȍ ȟȍȔ Ȋșȍ ȊȝȖȌȐȊȠȐȍ
ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ Ȋ ȌțȠț ǯȈȑȞȈ ȗȘȖȕȏȐȓȖ ȍȋȖ
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DzȈșȚȍȚȐ-ǩȈȓȈȕșȖȕ  Ȓ

ȅȚȖ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȖȑ ȌȘȖȉȐȕȒȖȑ ȊȖȠȍȌ-
Ƞȍȑ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȏȈȚȣȓȖȒ Ȋ ȔȖȏȋ ǻȠȈșȚȐȒȈ. ǪȖȓȕȈ ȒȘȖȊȐ ȉȖ-
ȓȍȍ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȈȧ ȟȍȔ ȋȖȘȧȡȈȧ ȖșȍȕȤ ȘȈȏȊȍȘȕțȓȈșȤ ȗȍȘȍȌ
ȍȋȖ ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓȐșȤ țȎȍ Ȋȍȟȕȣȍ ȚȍȕȐ
Ƕȕ ȒȘȐȟȈȓ ǷȈȓȤȞȣ ȖȝȖȚȕȐȒȈ șȎȐȔȈȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȋȖȘȓȖ Ȍț-
ȠȐȓȐ ǹȍȘȌȞȍ ȍȋȖ ȉȐȊȠȍȍșȧ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ȒȈȒ ȉȓȍȌȕȣȑ ȠȐ-
ȗȖȊȕȐȒ Ȋ țȚȘȍȕȕȐȑ ȟȈș ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȏȈȔȖȓȒȈȓȖ ǶȌȕȖ ȔȋȕȖ-
ȊȍȕȐȍ Ȗȕ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓșȧ Ȋ ȘțȒȈȝ șȊȖȍȋȖ țȉȐȑȞȣ ȕȍȗȖȌȊȐȎ-
ȕȣȔ Ȑ ȊȣȚȧȕțȚȣȔ ȒȈȒ șȔȍȘȚȤ ǷȖȚȖȔ șȚȈȘȣȑ ǹȚȍȘȚȈȧ
dzȈȗȒȈ ȗȖȌȗȘȣȋȕțȓ ǭȋȖ ȒȖȋȚȐ ȚȡȍȚȕȖ șȚȈȘȈȓȐșȤ ȌȖșȚȐȟȤ
ȏȍȔȓȐ ȕȖ ȖȝȖȚȕȐȒ ȕȍ ȊȣȗțșȒȈȓ ȍȋȖ ǯȈȧȞ ȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȖ
ȔȈȓȖ-ȗȖȔȈȓț ȒȖȕȟȈȓșȧ
ǪȕȍȏȈȗȕȖ Ȗȕ ȖȡȍȚȐȕȐȓșȧ Ȑ șȚȈȓ ȗȖȝȖȎȐȔ ȕȈ ȎȕȐȊȖ,
Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ Ȗȕ ȗȘȧȚȈȓșȧ șȖ șȊȖȐȔ ȉȘȈȚȖȔ ȔȈȒȖȔ Ȑ șȍșȚ-
ȘȖȑ ȗȍȘȍȗȍȓȒȖȑ ȗȖȝȖȎȐȑ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȕȈ ȋȓȐȕț Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ
Ȗȕ ȔȖȟȐȓ șȊȖȐ ȉȍȌȕȣȍ ȓȈȗȣ ȗȖȝȖȎȐȑ ȍȡȍ ȕȈ ȖșȍȕȕȦȦ
ȓȐșȚȊț ȕȈ ȝȖȓȔȐȒ ȜȖȘȔț ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ Ȗȕ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȗȘȐȕȧȓ
ȗȖȝȖȎȐȑ ȕȈ ȧȔț Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ Ȗȕ ȒȈȒ ȉȓȈȋȖȊȍșȚ șȓțȠȈȓ
ȓȈȑ ȋȖȕȟȐȝ ș ȊȐșȧȡȐȔȐ țȠȈȔȐ ȗȖȝȖȎȐȑ ȕȈ șțȝțȦ șȒȈ-
ȓț — ȓȦȉȐȔȐȞț ȚȘȈȊȒȐ ǩȖȋȖȘȖȌȐȞȣ ȗȖȝȖȎȐȑ ȕȈ ȋȘț-
ȉțȦ ȖȌȍȎȌț ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒȈ ȗȖȝȖȎȐȑ șȊȖȐȔ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȖȔ Ȋ
ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȘȈșșȚȐȓȈȓȈșȤ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȕȖȟȕȈȧ ȓȈȏțȘȤ ȕȈ ȓțȎȈȑ-
Ȓț ȋȌȍ ȍȋȖ ȖȎȐȌȈȓȖ ȔȍȎ șȍȘȌȍȞ ȌȐȒȖȋȖ ȡȈȊȍȓȧ șȍȘȌȞȍ
ȗȖȌȘțȋȐ ȗȖȝȖȎȐȑ șȊȖȐȔȐ șȓȍȏȈȔȐ ȕȈ ȈȕȋȍȓȤșȒȐȑ Ȑș-
ȚȖȟȕȐȒ ț ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ șȐȌȐȚ ȘȣȉȖȓȖȊ Ȑ ȗȖȗȘȈȊȓȧȍȚ șȊȖȐ
șȕȈșȚȐ ȗȖȝȖȎȐȑ ȕȈ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȗȖȝȖȎȐȑ ȕȈ șȔȍȘȚȤ ȗȖȝȖ-
ȎȐȑ ȕȈ șȈȔȖȋȖ șȍȉȧ ȗȖȝȖȎȐȑ ȕȈ șȊȖȑ ǸȈȑ

DzǼǯǾǼȀǮ
ǯǼDZǮ

49
ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȝȖȘȖȠȍȕȤȒȈȧ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȈȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȖȕȈ
ȘȈȉȖȚȈȓȈ Ȋ ȔȈȋȈȏȐȕȍ ǭșȓȐ ȝȖȚȐȚȍ ȖȕȈ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȖȟȍȕȤ
țȔȕȈ ȕȖ ȍȍ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȚȍȔȕȣȍ Ȑ ȕȍȎȕȣȍ ȋȓȧȌȍȓȐ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ
ȋȘțșȚȕȖ ȕȈ ȊȈș ǶȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȚȈȒȖȑ Ȏȍ ȗȘȖșȚȖȑ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȍȍ
șȒȘȖȔȕȈȧ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȒȈ Ȋ ȕȍȑ ȖȕȈ ȎȐȓȈ ș ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȖȑ ȒȖȠ-
ȒȖȑ DzȈȎȌȖȍ țȚȘȖ țȝȖȌȧ ȕȈ ȘȈȉȖȚț ȖȕȈ ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȓȈ ȕȍȔ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȔȖȓȖȒȈ Ȋ ȔȐșȒȍ
ǻ ȒȖȠȒȐ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ț ȍȍ ȝȖȏȧȑȒȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȝȖȘȖȠȐȍ ȗȍȟȈȓȤ-
ȕȣȍ ȋȓȈȏȈ ǶȕȈ ȓȦȉȐȓȈ ȋȘȍȚȤșȧ ȕȈ șȖȓȕȞȍ ȓȍȎȈ ȕȈ ȗȖ-
ȌȖȒȖȕȕȐȒȍ ȋȌȍ șȚȖȧȓȈ ȋȍȘȈȕȤ Ȑ ȖȉȓȐȏȣȊȈȧ ȓȈȗȒț ȒȈȒ
ȒȐșȚȖȟȒț ȗȘȐȟȍșȣȊȈȚȤ ȍȦ ȒȖȘȖȚȒțȦ ȠȍȘșȚȤ ȕȈ ȋȖȓȖ-
Ȋȍ Ǫ ȖȌȐȕ ȌȍȕȤ ȒȖȠȒȈ Ȑ ȍȍ ȝȖȏȧȑȒȈ șȌȍȓȈȓȐșȤ ȉȍȘȍ-
ȔȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȖȌȕȈ ȖȚ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȋȖ ȋȖșȗȖȌȐȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȉȘȖ-
șȐȓ ȍȍ ȌȘțȋȈȧ ȖȚ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȚȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ șȉȍȎȈȓ
ǵȖ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȈȒ ȉȍȌȕȈȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȏȈȝȊȖȘȈȓȈ Ȑ
ȞȍȓȣȔȐ ȌȕȧȔȐ ȗȓȈȒȈȓȈ ȒȖȠȒȈ țȉȈȦȒȐȊȈȓȈ șȍȉȧ ȔțȘ-
ȓȣȟȈ ȕȈ șȖȓȕȞȍ ȓȐȏȈȓȈ șȊȖȑ ȉȍȓȣȑ ȎȐȊȖȚ Ȑ ȏȈȉȈȊȕȖ
ȚȖȗȖȘȡȐȓȈșȤ ǶȌȕȈȎȌȣ ȔȖȓȖȌȈȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȞȈ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȈ
ȗȐșȤȔȖ ǷȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȑ ȋȖșȗȖȌȐȕ ȗȖȒȐȕțȊȠȐȑ ȍȍ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ
ȗȖșȣȓȈȓ ȍȑ Ȋ ȗȖȌȈȘȖȒ  ȜȘȈȕȒȖȊ Ȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ Ȗ șȊȖȍȔ
ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌșȚȊȍ ǶȕȈ ȒțȗȐȓȈ ȗȍȟțȘȒț țȋȓȧ ȕȈ șț șȗȐȟȍȒ
Ȑ ȗȖȒȖȕȟȐȓȈ ș șȖȉȖȑ
DzȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȈ ȗȘȐȠȓȈ ȕȈ ȕȍȉȖ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȑ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȐȒ ȕȍ
ȝȖȚȍȓ ȊȗțșȚȐȚȤ ȍȍ Ȑ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȈȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȌȘȖȎȈȓȈ ȖȚ
ȔȣșȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȉȍȘȍȔȍȕȕȈ Ȑ ȟȚȖ ǫȖșȗȖȌȐȕ ȖșțȌȐȚ
ȍȍ ǵȖ ǬȖȉȘȣȑ ǩȖȋ șȒȈȏȈȓ
— ǫȖȓțȉțȠȒȈ ȧ ȗȘȐȋȖȚȖȊȐȓ Ȍȓȧ ȊȈș ȝȖȘȖȠȍȕȤȒțȦ
ȒȖȔȕȈȚȒț ȐȌȐȚȍ Ȑ ȘȖȎȈȑȚȍ ǵȈ ȕȍȉȍ Ȋșȍ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȚ ȝȖ-
ȘȖȠȖ Ȑ Ȋȣ ȕȍ țȔȘȍȚȍ
ǪȖȑȌȧ Ȋ ȒȖȔȕȈȚț ȗȘȐȋȖȚȖȊȓȍȕȕțȦ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȍ Ȋ ǵȍȉȍș-
ȕȖȑ ȓȍȟȍȉȕȐȞȍ ȖȕȈ țȊȐȌȍȓȈ ȟȚȖ ǬȖȉȘȣȑ ǩȖȋ ȝȖȚȍȓ ȗȖ-
ȘȈȌȖȊȈȚȤ ȍȍ Ȋ ȧȡȐȒȍ ȓȍȎȈȓȈ ȍȍ ȓȦȉȐȔȈȧ ȒȖȠȒȈ ǵȈ
ȗȖȌȖȒȖȕȕȐȒȍ șȚȖȧȓȈ ȋȍȘȈȕȤ

ǻ ȕȍȍ ȘȖȌȐȓȈșȤ ȝȖȘȖȠȍȕȤȒȈȧ ȉȍȓȖȉȘȣșȈȧ ȌȍȊȖȟȒȈ
Ȉ ț ȒȖȠȒȐ ȟȍȚȣȘȍ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȓȍȗȕȣȝ ȟȍȘȕȣȝ ȒȖȚȍȕȒȈ

ǾǮǷ
ǴǶǰǼȀǻȉȃ

52
ǵȍșȟȈșȚȕȈȧ șȚȈȘȈȧ ȓȖȠȈȌȤ ȏȈȗȘȧȎȍȕȕȈȧ Ȋ ȒȈȘȍȚț
ȌȘȍȔȈȓȈ ȌȖȎȌȓȐȊȖȑ ȕȖȟȤȦ ț șȓȍȗȖȑ ȌȊȍȘȐ ȘȍșȚȖȘȈȕȈ
ȋȌȍ șȔȍȧȓȐșȤ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ Ȑ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȍ ȓȦȌȐ ǩȍȌȕȈȧ ȒȖ-
ȉȣȓȈ ș ȖȗțȡȍȕȕȖȑ ȊȕȐȏ ȋȖȓȖȊȖȑ Ȑ șȓȈȉȣȔȐ ȕȖȋȈȔȐ,
ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȎȌȈȓȈ ȟȚȖȉ ȒțȚȐȓȣ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐ-
ȓȐ ȍȑ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȌȖȉȘȈȚȤșȧ ȌȖ ȍȍ ȊȖȕȦȟȍȑ ȎȈȓȒȖȑ ȒȖȕȦ-
ȠȕȐ Ǫ ȗȖȓțșȕȍ șȓȣȠȈȓȈ ȓȖȠȈȌȤ ȋȘțȉȣȍ ȖȒȘȐȒȐ ȥȚȐȝ
ȓȦȌȍȑ ǶȕȈ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȓȈ șȊȖȐȔ ȉȍȌȕȣȔ țȔȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȔȍȎȌț
ȊȐȏȋȖȔ ȊȍȘȚȧȡȍȋȖșȧ ȒȖȓȍșȈ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑ ȚȍȔ Ȏȍ Ȑ
ȒȘȐȒȖȔ țȓȐȟȕȖȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȕȍȚ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȑ ȘȈȏȕȐȞȣ
ǹȍȋȖȌȕȧ ȖȕȈ ȋȘȍȏȐȓȈ șȔțȚȕȖ Ȗ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȖȔ ȎȍȘȍȉȍȕ-
Ȓȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȉȣȓȈ ȒȖȋȌȈ-ȚȖ Ȗ ȗȖȓȧȕȍ ȋȌȍ ȖȕȈ ȗȘȣȋȈ-
ȓȈ șȖȊșȍȔ ȘȖȏȖȊȈȧ ȕȈ ȏȍȓȍȕȖȑ ȚȘȈȊȍ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȔȈȚȍȘȤȦ.
ǪȌȘțȋ ȖȕȈ țȗȈȓȈ ȏȈȔȍȘȚȊȖ ȕȈ șȒȖȓȤȏȒțȦ ȔȖșȚȖȊțȦ
ǶȕȈ ȗȘȐȠȓȈ ȒȖ ȊȘȈȚȈȔ ǵȍȉȈ ǪȍȓȐȒȐȑ țȟȍȕȣȑ
ȎȌȈȊȠȐȑ ȟȚȖ șȊ ǷȍȚȘ ȖȚȊȖȘȐȚ ȍȔț șȒȈȏȈȓ ȓȖȠȈȌȐ
— ǿȚȖ Țȣ ȏȌȍșȤ ȌȍȓȈȍȠȤ" Ǻȣ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȠȤ ȗȘȈȊȈ ȊȖȑ-
ȚȐ șȦȌȈ ȇ ȐȔȍȦ ȗȘȈȊȖ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȘȖȎȌȍȕ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȖȑ
ǰ ȉȍȌȕȈȧ ȒȓȧȟȈ ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓȈ ȍȔț
— ǴȖȧ ȔȈȚȤ ȉȣȓȈ ȕȍȎȕȖȑ ȒȖȉȣȓȖȑ ǶȕȈ țȔȍȘȓȈ
șȚȈȘȖȑ ȐșȒțșȈȕȕȖȑ ȗȐȧȊȒȈȔȐ ȇ ȗȘȐȠȓȈ Ȓ ǬȖȉȘȖȔț
ǩȖȋț șȗȘȖșȐȚȤ ȕȍ ȏȌȍșȤ ȓȐ ȖȕȈ
ǺȖȋȌȈ ȊȘȈȚȈ ȖȚȒȘȣȓȐșȤ ȕȈșȚȍȎȤ Ȑ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ȘȈȑ
ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ
ǹȚȈȘȈȧ ȓȖȠȈȌȤ țȊȐȌȍȓȈ șȊȖȦ ȔȈȚȤ Ȑ ȚȈ țȏȕȈȓȈ ȍȍ
ǶȕȈ ȗȘȐȊȍȚșȚȊȖȊȈȓȈ ȍȍ ȘȎȈȕȤȍȔ ǰ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȐ ȊȌȊȖȍȔ
ȗȈșȓȐșȤ ȕȈ ǩȖȎȤȍȔ ȓțȋț ȓȖȠȈȌȤ ș ȘȈȌȖșȚȤȦ țȏȕȈȓȈ
șȊȖȐȝ șȚȈȘȣȝ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȍȑ ȗȖ ȉȍȌȕȖșȚȐ ȖȕȐ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȉȣȓȐ
șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȣ ȕȈȊȍȒȐ
ǯȌȍșȤ ȉȣȓȐ Ȑ Țȍ ȟȚȖ ȚȈȡȐȓȐ ȒȈȔȕȐ șȒȖȓȤȏȧ ȗȖ ȔȖ-
șȚȖȊȣȔ ȋȖȘȖȌȖȊ ȖșȣȗȈȍȔȣȍ țȌȈȘȈȔȐ Ȑ ȊȈȓȐȊȠȐȍșȧ ȗȖȌ
ȚȧȎȍșȚȤȦ Țȍȓȍȋ ȏȌȍșȤ ȉȣȓȐ Ȑ Țȍ ȟȚȖ ȊȍȘȚȍȓȐ ș ȏȈȊȧȏȈȕ-
ȕȣȔȐ ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ ȗȖ ȌȍșȧȚȐ ȟȈșȖȊ Ȋ ȌȍȕȤ ȒȈȘțșȍȓȤ ȒȖȉȣ-
ȓȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȉȖȧ ȉȣȒȖȊ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȓȐ ȗȖ ȈȘȍȕȍ

ȔȐȔȖ ȘȈȌțȦȡȐȝșȧ ȌȍȊțȠȍȒ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȖșȚȧȔȐ ȗȖȌȔȍȚȈȧ
ȋȖȘȧȟȐȑ ȗȍșȖȒ ǰ ȉȣȓȐ ȍȡȍ Ȑ ȍȡȍ ȌȘțȋȐȍ.
Ǫșȍ ȖȕȐ ȊȍȟȕȖ ȗȈșȓȐșȤ ȕȈ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ ȓțȋȈȝ ȉȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȒȖȧ
ǵȖ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȚȖȎȍ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȣ
DzȖȠȒȐ ȚȈȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ Ȑ ȐȏȣșȒȈȕȕȣȍ ȕȍ șȓțȠȈȓȐșȤ
ȌȈȎȍ ǩȖȋȈ Ȑ Ƕȕ țȓȣȉȈȓșȧ ȐȔ ȏȈȉȈȊȓȧȧșȤ ȊȍȘȍȊȒȖȑ
ȒȖȕȟȐȒ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȒȖȠȒȐ ȚȘȖȋȈȓȐ ș ȟțȊșȚȊȖȔ ȕȍȖȉȢȧșȕȐ-
ȔȖȑ ȊȈȎȕȖșȚȐ
ǹȖȉȈȒȐ — ȥȚȐ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȓȐ ȊȘȍ-
Ȕȧ ȒȖȘȔȧ șȊȖȐȝ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȝ
Ǹȣȉȣ ȗȓȈȊȈȓȐ ȕȍ ȉȖȧșȤ ȘȣȉȈȒȈ ȗȚȐȞȣ ȓȍȚȈȓȐ ȕȍ
ȖȗȈșȈȧșȤ ȖȝȖȚȕȐȒȈ ǰ Ȋșȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȈȒ
Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ ǸȈȦ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ — ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ

Ǽ ǾǼǯǶǻǵǼǻdz
ǸǾȁǵǼ

55
ȇ ȊȣȗȐșȣȊȈȦ ȥȚȐ șȚȐȝȐ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȕȣȍ ȔȕȖȦ Ȋ ǫȖȓ-
ȓȈȕȌȐȐ
Ƕ ǸȖȉȐȕȏȖȕ DzȘțȏȖ ȗȘȐȉȣȊȠȐ Ȋ ǨȔșȚȍȘȌȈȔ
ȇ ȌțȔȈȦ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȚȈȔ ȉȣȓ ȗȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ
DzȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ ȍȝȈȓ ș ȖșȚȘȖȊȈ ș ȒȖȒȖșȖȊȣȔȐ ȗȈȓȤȔȈȔȐ
,
DzȈȒ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȓ Ȗȕ țȌȐȊȓȧȚȤșȧ ȒȘȍȗȒȐȔ ȔȖȓȖȚȒȈȔ
ǩȓȍșȚȍȊȠȐȔ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ ț ȒȈȎȌȖȑ ȌȊȍȘȐ
ǸȈȏȋȓȧȌȣȊȈȓ ȓȐ Ȗȕ ȒȖȕȚȖȘȣ ȋȌȍ șȋȐȉȈȧșȤ
ǷȘȐȒȈȏȟȐȒȐ șȟȍȚȈ ȏȈ ȒȕȐȋȈȔȐ ȊȍȓȐ
ǽȖȚȍȓ ȓȐ Ȗȕ ȘȈșȗȓȈȒȈȚȤșȧ ȗȘȐȗȖȔȕȐȊ ȗȖȗțȋȈȧ
ǺȧȎȍȓȣȑ ȏȖȕȚȐȒ ȕȈȊșȍȋȌȈ ȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ
ǵȈ ȖșȚȘȖȊȍ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȖȔ șȒȘȣȊȠȍȔșȧ ȊȌȈȓȐ
©Ƕ șȓȈȊȈ Ǻȍȉȍ ǫȖșȗȖȌȐª Ȗȕ ȊȖșȒȓȐȞȈȓ Ȋ șȔțȡȍȕȤȐ
ǷȍȘȍȌ ȚȦȓȤȗȈȕȈȔȐ Ȋ ȘȈșȗȐșȈȕȕȣȝ ȋȖȘȠȒȈȝ
ǵȖ Ȗȕ ȋȘțșȚȐȓ ȗȖȌțȔȈȊ Ȋ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ
Ƕ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȖȑ ȒȖȏȍ ȗȖȒȐȕțȚȖȑ ȕȈ ȖșȚȘȖȊȍ
DzȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȉȣȚȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ țȔȍȘȓȈ Ȋ ȒțșȚȈȝ
ǩȖȓȤȠȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȕȈ Ȕȍȕȧ ȌȍȑșȚȊȖȊȈȓȈ Ȋ ȌȍȚșȚȊȍ Ȑȏ ȘȈș-
șȒȈȏȈ Ȑ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȖȒ ȕȍ ȒȘȈșȖȚȈ ȚȍȕȐșȚȣȝ ȓȖȏ ȕȍ ȘȣȉȈ
ȊȣțȎȍȕȕȈȧ ȊȍȘȍȊȒȖȑ Ȑ ȒȘȦȟȒȖȔ ȕȍ ȖȌȐȕȖȒȈȧ ȒȖȒȖ-
șȖȊȈȧ ȗȈȓȤȔȈ Ȋ ȋȖȓțȉȖȔ ȏȕȖȍ țȚȘȈ ȕȍ ȘȖȏȖȊȣȍ Ȑ ȒȘȈș-
ȕȣȍ ȒȖȊȘȣ ȔȖȘșȒȐȝ ȍȎȍȑ Ȋ ȔȍȓȒȐȝ ȔȍșȚȈȝ ȔȖȘȧ ȕȍ Ȕȧ-
șȖ ȒȖȏȣ ȏȈȎȈȘȍȕȕȖȍ Ȑ ȗȖșȖȓȍȕȕȖȍ ȔȖȘșȒȖȑ șȖȓȤȦ ȕȍ
ȧȑȞȈ șȖȕȓȐȊȣȝ ȟȍȘȍȗȈȝ ȕȍ ȓȐȝȖȘȈȌȒȈ țȔȍȘȧȍȔȈȧ ȘȖ-
ȔȖȔ ș ȊȖȌȖȑ ȕȍ ȗȖȗțȋȈȑ ȕȍ ȌȖȔȈȠȕȐȍ ȒȖȠȒȐ Ȑ șȖȉȈ-
ȒȐ ȕȍ ȖȗțșȚȖȠȈȦȡȈȧ ȒȘȈșȖȚȈ șȖȓȕȞȈ ȕȈȘȐșȖȊȈȕȕȖȋȖ
ȕȈ ȒȖȔȗȈșȍ ȕȍ ȗȍȘȍȗȖȓȕȍȕȕȣȍ ȉȓȦȌȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȕȍȕȧ
ȗȘȐȚȧȋȐȊȈȓȐ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ, ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ǵȍȚ ȥȚȖ
ȉȣȓȈ șȚȈȘȖșȚȤ DzȘțȏȖ DzȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ șȔȍȠȈȊȠȐșȤ ș ȚȖȓȗȖȑ
ȊȕȖȊȤ Ȋ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȍ  ȓȍȚ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ șȍȉȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȖȌȐȕȖ-
ȒȐȔ ȟȍȔ ȒȖȋȌȈ-ȓȐȉȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ ȖȎȐȌȈȓ ȓȐȠȤ ȗȖȒȖȧ
șȔȍȘȚȐ ȖȉȓȈȟȍȕȕȖȑ Ȋ ȗȘȖȏȘȈȟȕȣȍ ȖȌȍȎȌȣ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȉȍș-
ȒȖȕȍȟȕȈȧ ȕȍȎȕȖșȚȤ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȈȧ ȚțȔȈȕȕȖȔț șȊȍȚț ȉțȘȤ

șȚȘțȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȖȍ ȎȐȓȐȡȍ Ȋ dzȖȕȌȖȕȍ ȇ ȗȘȐ-
ȊȍȚșȚȊțȦ Țȍȉȧ ȔȖȑ ȉȘȈȚ DzȘțȏȖ Ǵȍȕȧ ȚȈȒȎȍ țȘȈȋȈȕ ȎȐȏ-
ȕȐ ȏȈȉȘȖșȐȓ ȕȈ ȖȌȐȕȖȒȐȑ ȖșȚȘȖȊ ȋȌȍ ȧ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȊȐȎț,
ȒȘȖȔȍ ȚȧȎȍȓȖȑ ȔȖȕȖȚȖȕȕȖȑ ȊȖȌȣ ȌȈ Ȋȍȡȍȑ ȊȣȉȘȈșȣ-
ȊȈȍȔȣȝ ȔȖȘȍȔ ȖȌȕț ȔȐȕțȚț ȧ ȘȈȏȋȓȧȌȣȊȈȦ Ȑȝ ǷȖȚȖȔ
ȔȖȑ șȖȕ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȋȈȘȔȖȕȐȐ ș ȏȈșȚȍȕȟȐȊȣȔ ȘȖȗȖ-
ȚȖȔ ȊȍȟȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ țȓȣȉȒȈ ȗȘȖȉȍȋȈȍȚ ȗȖ ȔȖȍȔț
ȓȐȞț ǷțșȚȤ ȞȐȒȓȖȕ ȏȈȚȐȝȕȍȚ ǷțșȚȤ Ȋ ȔȖȍȑ șȚȈȘȖșȚȐ ȧ
țȊȐȎț ȗȖȌ ǫȖșȗȖȌȕȐȔȐ ȗȈȓȤȔȈȔȐ ȔȖȍ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȗȖȌȖȉ-
ȕȖȍ ȐȏȋȖȘȖȌȐ Ȑȏ ȊȐȕȖȋȘȈȌȕȣȝ ȓȖȏ

DZǼǾdzȅȊ
ǴǶǵǻǶ

58
ǵȍȒȐȑ ȗȖȥȚ ȗȖ ȐȔȍȕȐ dzȖȘȈȕ dzȖȘȐȕȐ ȖșȚȘȖ Ȗȡț-
ȡȈȓ ȋȖȘȍȟȤ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȅȚȖ ȔțȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȕȍȌțȋ Ȑ ȚȖȚ ȒȚȖ
ȐȔ șȚȘȈȌȈȍȚ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ Ȑ ȖȒ-
ȘțȎȈȦȡȐȍ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚȣ ȕȍ ȐșȗȣȚȣȊȈȧ ȎȍșȚȖȒȖȑ ȉȖȓȐ
DzȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ șȍȘȌȞȍ șȚȘȈȌȈȓȤȞȈ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖ ȚȍȘȏȈȦȚ șȖȔ-
ȕȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖ ȓȐ Ȗȕ ȗȖșȚțȗȈȍȚ
ǷȖȥȚ ȗȖȒȐȕțȓ ȋȖȘȖȌ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ Ȗȕ ȎȐȓ Ƕȕ ȖȚȗȘȈ-
ȊȐȓșȧ Ȋ ȌȍȘȍȊȕȦ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȓȦȉȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȌȍȘȍȊȤȧȔȐ ȕȐȊȈ-
ȔȐ ȘȍȒȖȑ ȊȕȐȔȈȚȤ ȒȘȐȒȈȔ ȗȍȘȍȗȍȓȖȒ Ȑ ȎțȘȟȈȕȐȦ
ȘțȟȍȑȒȖȊ șȚȘȍȒȖȚț ȚȒȈȞȒȐȝ șȚȈȕȒȖȊ Ȑ ȋțȓț ȚȍȓȍȋȘȈȜȕȣȝ
ȓȐȕȐȑ ǵȖ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȐ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ Ȑ ȏȊțȒȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȍȟȈȓȐȓȐ
ȍȋȖǹȈȔȣȍ șȓȈȌȖșȚȕȣȍ ȔȣșȓȐ ȖȚȏȣȊȈȓȐșȤ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȋȖ ȋȖ-
ȘȍȟȤȦ Ǩ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ Ȋ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȍ ȖȚȊȓȍȟȤșȧ ȖȚ șȊȖȍȋȖ Ȏȍ-
șȚȖȒȖȋȖ ȕȍȌțȋȈ șȘȣȊȈȓ ȞȊȍȚȖȒ Ȗȕ ȏȈȓȐȊȈȓșȧ șȓȍȏȈȔȐ
ȟȚȖ șȖȘȊȈȓ ȍȋȖ
Ƕȕ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȓ Ȋ șȍȓȖ ȧșȕȣȔ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȊȖȏȌțȝ ȉȣȓ
ȕȈȗȖȍȕ ȉȓȈȋȖțȝȈȕȐȍȔ ȋȘțȠ ǺȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȕȖȍ șȍȓȖ
ȊȘȖȌȍ Țȍȝ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȘȈȏ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȓ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ ȒȕȐȋȈȝ ǺțȚ
ȉȣȓȈ ȋȓȈȊȕȈȧ ȗȓȖȡȈȌȤ ȞȍȘȒȖȊȤ ȒȓȈȌȉȐȡȍ șȈȌȣ Ȓțȏ-
ȕȐȞȈ Ȑ ȚȍȔȕȣȑ ȗȖșȚȖȧȓȣȑ ȌȊȖȘ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȊȈȓȐȓ șȐ-
ȕȍȊȈȚȣȑ ȌȣȔ Ȉ ȏȈ ȖȒȕȈȔȐ ȔȍȓȤȒȈȓȐ șȚȈȒȈȕȣ ǩȣȓȈ ȚțȚ
Ȑ ȘȍȟȒȈ ȐȏȊȐȊȈȊȠȈȧșȧ ȗȖȌ șȍȕȤȦ ȌȐȒȖȋȖ ȖȘȍȠȕȐȒȈ
ǩȖȓȤȕȖȑ ȗȖȥȚ ȋȘțșȚȕȖ ȖȗțșȚȐȓșȧ ȕȈ ȒȈȔȍȕȤ Ƕȕ Ȍț-
ȔȈȓ Ȗ ȗȣȚȒȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȕȍȖȚșȚțȗȕȖ ȚȍȘȏȈȍȚ ȍȋȖ Ȗ ȔȈȚȍ-
ȘȐ ȖȗȓȈȒȐȊȈȦȡȍȑ ȍȋȖ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȍ Ȗ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈȝ ȍȋȖ
ȖȉȔȈȕțȊȠȐȝ Ȑ șȖȒȘțȠȈȓșȧ ȗȘȐ ȔȣșȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȍȘ-
ȊȖȋȖ ȗȘȐȟȈșȚȐȧ ȔȐȕțȓȖ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȋȖ ȕȈȊșȍȋȌȈ
©ǹȍȘȌȞț ȔȖȍȔț ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȖȔț ȔȖȍȔț șȍȘȌȞț ȕȍ șțȎ-
ȌȍȕȖ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȚȤșȧª — ȌțȔȈȓ Ȗȕ
ǪȌȘțȋ Ȗȕ țȊȐȌȍȓ ȊȖȏȓȍ șȍȉȧ ȔȖȓȖȌțȦ ȒȘȍșȚȤȧȕȒț —
ȗȖȌ ȏȊȍȏȌȕȣȔ ȕȍȉȖȔ ȖȕȈ ȋȕȈȓȈ ȌȖȔȖȑ ȋțșȍȑ DzȘȍșȚȤȧȕ-
ȒȈ șȗȘȖșȐȓȈ ț ȕȍȋȖ
— ǶȚȟȍȋȖ Țȣ ȗȓȈȟȍȠȤ"
Ƕȕ ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓ

59
— ǬțȠȈ ȔȖȧ ȕȐȏȊȍȘȋȈȧșȤ ȕȈ ȏȍȔȓȦ ȉȖȓȤȕȖ țȠȐȉ-
ȓȈșȤ ǪȣȏȌȖȘȖȊȍȚȤ ȧ ȕȍ ȔȖȋț ȐȉȖ ț Ȕȍȕȧ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ Țȧ-
ȎȍȓȖ ȕȈ șȍȘȌȞȍ
— ǽȖȟȍȠȤ ȔȖȍ" — șȒȈȏȈȓȈ ȖȕȈ — ǶȕȖ ȓȍȋȒȖȍ Ǩ ȧ
ȊȖȏȤȔț ȚȊȖȍ Ȑ Ȕȍȕȧ ȖȕȖ ȕȍ ȖȉȘȍȔȍȕȐȚ Ǵȕȍ ȊȍȌȤ ȕȍ
ȗȘȐȊȣȒȈȚȤ Ȓ ȚȧȎȍȓȖȑ ȕȖȠȍ
ǷȖȥȚ ȖȚȌȈȓ ȍȑ șȊȖȍ șȍȘȌȞȍ Ȉ ȍȍ șȍȘȌȞȍ Ȋȏȧȓ șȍȉȍ ǰ
ȚȖȚȟȈș Ȏȍ ȖȕȐ țȓȣȉȕțȓȐșȤ ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋț Ȑ ȘțȒȈ Ȗȉ ȘțȒț
ȗȖȠȓȐ ȗȖ ȚȘȖȗȐȕȒȈȔ
ǫțșȐ ȒȈȒ ȌȖȓȤȒȐ ȓțȕȣ ȉȍȎȈȓȐ ȊȗȍȘȍȌȐ ȕȐȝ
ǶȕȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȈ ȍȔț
— ȇ ȏȕȈȦ ȟȚȖ Țȣ țȟȍȕȣȑ Ȑ ȟȚȖ ȧ ȕȍ ȔȖȋț ȏȕȈȚȤ
ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ Țȣ ȏȕȈȍȠȤ ǵȖ ȧ ȏȕȈȦ ȟȚȖ ȓȦȉȓȦ Țȍȉȧ Ǻȣ
ȗȘȐȠȍȓ ȐȏȌȈȓȍȒȈ Ȑ ȊȍȘȕȖ ȘȖȌȐȓșȧ Ȋ ȒȘȈșȐȊȖȑ ȒȖȓȣ-
ȉȍȓȤȒȍ ȊȘȖȌȍ ȚȖȑ ȒȈȒțȦ ȧ ȊȐȌȍȓȈ ȖȌȕȈȎȌȣ ȍȍ ȊȍȏȓȐ
ȕȈ Țȍȓȍȋȍ ǹȔȈșȚȍȘȐȓȐ ȍȍ Ȍȓȧ ȉȖȋȈȟȍȑ ǺȊȖȧ ȔȈȚȤ ȌȖȓȎ-
ȕȖ ȉȣȚȤ țȔȍȍȚ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȒȘȈșȐȊȣȍ șȓȖȊȈ ȇ ȓȦȉȓȦ Țȍ-
ȉȧ Ǻȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȓ ȕȖȟȐ ș ȉȍȓȖȓȐȞȣȔȐ
ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈȔȐ Ȉ ȧ ȒȈȎțșȤ Țȍȉȍ țȘȖȌȓȐȊȖȑ Ȑ ȟȍȘȕȖȑ ȇ-ȚȖ
ȘȖȌȐȓȈșȤ ȕȍ Ȋ ȒȘȈșȐȊȖȑ ȒȖȓȣȉȍȓȤȒȍ ȇ ȘȖȌȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȗȖȓȍ,
Ȋ ȗȖȘț ȎȈȚȊȣ șȘȍȌȐ șȕȖȗȖȊ ǺȈȒ Ȕȕȍ șȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȐ Ȉ ȍȡȍ
șȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȔȈȚțȠȒț ȔȖȦ Ȑ Ȕȍȕȧ ȌȈ ȍȡȍ ȧȋȕȍȕȒȈ
ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȖȊȞȈ ȘȖȌȐȓȈ Ȋ ȚȖȚ Ȏȍ ȌȍȕȤ — Ȋșȍȝ ȚȘȖȐȝ ȕȈș
ȗȖșȈȌȐȓȐ ȕȈ ȖșȓȈ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȌȖȊȍȏȚȐ ȌȖ ȌȖȔț ǻ ȉȖȋȈȟȍȑ-ȚȖ
ȍșȚȤ ȓȖȠȈȌȐ
Ƕȕ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ȍȑ
— ȇ ȏȕȈȦ ȟȚȖ Țȣ ȗȘȖșȚȈȧ Ȑ ȟȚȖ ȧ ȕȍ ȔȖȋț șȚȈȚȤ ȚȈ-
ȒȐȔ ȒȈȒ Țȣ ǵȖ ȧ ȏȕȈȦ ȟȚȖ ȓȦȉȓȦ Țȍȉȧ Ǻȣ ȏȌȍȠȕȧȧ
Ȑ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȚȤ ȉȈȦȒȈȓȐ Țȍȉȧ Ȋ ȒȖȘȏȐȕȍ ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕ-
ȕȖȑ ȕȈ ȟȍȘȕȣȑ șȚțȓ ȊȘȖȌȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȧ ȊȐȌȍȓ ȖȌȕȈȎ-
Ȍȣ ȕȈ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȒȍ ȇ ȓȦȉȓȦ Țȍȉȧ ǴȈȚțȠȒȈ ȚȊȖȧ ȌȖȓȎ-
ȕȖ ȉȣȚȤ șțȟȐȚ ȓȍȕ Ǻȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȓȧșȈȓȈ ȗȖȌ Ȍȍ-
ȘȍȊȤȧȔȐ ș ȒȘȈșȈȊȞȈȔȐ ȗȈȘȕȧȔȐ șȐȓȤȕȣȔȐ Ȑ Ȋȍșȍȓȣ-

60
ȔȐ Ȉ ȧ ȒȈȎțșȤ Țȍȉȍ ȝȐȓȣȔ Ȑ ȋȘțșȚȕȣȔ ȇ ȘȖȌȐȓșȧ ȕȍ Ȋ
ȗȖȓȍ Ȋ ȗȖȘț ȎȈȚȊȣ Ǵȣ ș șȍșȚȘȖȑ ȘȖȌȐȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȕȈȘȧȌ-
ȕȖȑ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ Ȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȉȓȐȏȕȍȞȈȔȐ ȕȖ ȖȕȈ ȊșȒȖȘȍ țȔȍȘ-
ȓȈ ǴȈȚțȠȒȈ ȔȖȧ ȝȊȖȘȈȓȈ ǩȍȌȕȧȒȐ ȕȈȌȍȓȍȕȣ ȏȌȖȘȖ-
ȊȤȍȔ
ǶȕȐ ȓȍȎȈȓȐ ȊȔȍșȚȍ Ȋ ȗȖșȚȍȓȐ Ȑ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȖȉȕȧȓȐșȤ
ȍȡȍ ȒȘȍȗȟȍ
ǶȕȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȈ ȍȔț
— ǻ Ȕȍȕȧ ȚȊȖȍ șȍȘȌȞȍ
Ƕȕ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ȍȑ
— ǻ Ȕȍȕȧ ȚȊȖȍ șȍȘȌȞȍ
ǻ ȕȐȝ ȘȖȌȐȓșȧ ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȕȣȑ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒ
ǰ ȗȖȥȚ ȗȖȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȊ ȟȚȖ ȕȍȌțȋ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȠȍȓ șȒȈȏȈȓ
Ȏȍȕȍ
— ǴȖȧ ȔȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ șȖ ȔȕȖȑ șȚȈȓȖșȤ DzȖȋȌȈ ȧ
ȌțȔȈȦ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ț Ȕȍȕȧ șȎȐȔȈȍȚșȧ șȍȘȌȞȍ ǶȚȗțșȚȐ Ȕȍ-
ȕȧ ȌȘțȋ ȔȖȑ Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȍȑ ȟȚȖ ȧ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊ Ȑ ȟȚȖ ț
Ȕȍȕȧ șȣȕ
ǶȕȈ țȓȣȉȕțȓȈșȤ ȍȔț ȏȕȈȧ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȏȈȓȖȋ ț ȕȍȍ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ
ȍȋȖ șȍȘȌȞȍ Ȑ șȒȈȏȈȓȈ
— ǷȖȍȏȎȈȑ
ǰ Ȗȕ ȊȕȖȊȤ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȐȓșȧ ȗȖ ȚȍȔ Ȏȍ ȌȖȘȖȋȈȔ ȗȖ ȒȈ-
ȒȐȔ ȗȘȐȉȣȓ Ȋ ȥȚȐ ȒȘȈȧ
ǪșȒȖȘȍ Ȗȕ ȖȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ț ȋȖȘȖȌșȒȐȝ ȊȖȘȖȚ ȊȖȏȓȍ ȊȍȓȐ-
ȒȖȓȍȗȕȖȋȖ ȌȖȔȈ ȖȚȒțȌȈ ȌȖȕȖșȐȓșȧ șȔȍȝ Ȑ ȊȍșȍȓȈȧ ȘȍȟȤ,
ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȚȈȔ ȌȈȊȈȓȐ ȊȍȟȍȘ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȋȓȈ-
șȐȓȐ ȉȍȌȕȧȒȖȊ ǷȖȥȚ ȏȕȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȌȖȔ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ Ȑȏ ȍȋȖ
ȗȘȍȎȕȐȝ ȌȘțȏȍȑ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȖȋȖ Ȑ ȉȖȋȈȚȖȋȖ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȈ
ǷȘȐșȓțȠȐȊȈȧșȤ Ȓ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȈȔ Ȗȕ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȓșȧ ț ȘȍȠȍȚ-
ȒȐ ȗȈȘȒȈ ȏȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȊȐȌȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȊȖȌȖȔȍȚȣ Ȑ șȚȈȚțȐ
ǮȍȕȡȐȕȈ — Ȗȕ țȏȕȈȓ ȍȍ ȗȖ ȋȖȓȖșț — ȒȘȈșȈȊȐȞȈ ȕȍ-
ȒȖȋȌȈ ȘȈșȚȍȘȏȈȊȠȈȧ ȍȋȖ ȦȕȖȠȍșȒȖȍ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȈ
ȒȖȔț-ȚȖ

— ǷȖȔȕȐȚȍ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȥȚȈ dzȖȘȈȕȈ dzȖȘȐȕȐ" ǫȖȊȖ-
ȘȧȚ Ȗȕ ȎȍȕȐȓșȧ ȕȈ șȖȊșȍȔ ȗȘȖșȚȖȑ ȌȍȊțȠȒȍ ȕȈ ȒȘȍș-
ȚȤȧȕȒȍ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȚȖ
ǵȈ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȍȋȖ ȕȈȉȍȎȈȓȐ șȓȍȏȣ Ȑ Ȗȕ ȗȖȠȍȓ ȗȖ ȋȖ-
ȘȖȌșȒȐȔ țȓȐȞȈȔ Ȓ ȖȚȟȍȔț ȌȖȔț ǷȓȐȚȣ ȔȖșȚȖȊȖȑ ȚȐȝȖ
ȊȚȖȘȐȓȐ ȏȊțȒȈȔ ȍȋȖ țșȚȈȓȣȝ ȠȈȋȖȊ Ƕȕ ȖȚȊȖȘȐȓ ȌȊȍȘȤ
ȊȖȠȍȓ ǰ ȍȋȖ șȖȉȈȒȈ ȓȈșȒȖȊȈȧ ȗȘȍȌȈȕȕȈȧ Ȑ șȚȈȘȈȧ
ȗȖȌȉȍȎȈȓȈ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȝȘȖȔȈȧ ȘȈȌȖșȚȕȖ ȏȈȓȈȧȓȈ Ȑ șȚȈȓȈ
ȓȐȏȈȚȤ ȍȔț ȘțȒț Ƕȕ ȗȖȕȧȓ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȒȈ Ȗȕ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȖȊȈȓ
ȉȍȌȕțȦ ȚȊȈȘȤ ȘȈȏȉȐȓ ȗȈȘȈȓȐȟ ȊȍȌȤ ȋȖȘȍșȚȐ Ȑ ȊȘȍȔȧ
ȕȍ ȡȈȌȧȚ Ȑ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ
dzȖȘȈȕ dzȖȘȐȕȐ șȚȈȓ ȗȖȌȕȐȔȈȚȤșȧ ȗȖ ȓȍșȚȕȐȞȍ Ȑ ȘȈș-
ȚȘȖȋȈȓșȧ țȊȐȌȍȊ ț ȗȍȘȐȓ șȚȈȘȖȋȖ ȒȖȚȈ — Ȗȕ ȒȘțȎȐȓșȧ
ȊȣȋȐȉȈȓ șȗȐȕț ȏȈȌȐȘȈȓ ȝȊȖșȚ Ȑ ȚȍȘșȧ Ȗ șȚțȗȍȕȐ ǵȈ ȗȓȖ-
ȡȈȌȒȍ ȗȘȐȊȍȚȓȐȊȖ ȗȘȖȉȐȓȐ ȟȈșȣ
Ƕȕ ȚȐȝȖ ȊȖȠȍȓ Ȋ șȊȖȦ ȒȖȔȕȈȚț Ƕȕ țȊȐȌȍȓ ȔȈȚȤ —
ȖȕȈ șȚȖȧȓȈ ȕȈ ȒȖȓȍȕȧȝ Ȑ ȔȖȓȐȓȈșȤ ǶȕȈ ȠȍȗȚȈȓȈ
— ǩȖȎȍ ȔȖȑ șȖȝȘȈȕȐ ȔȖȍȔț șȣȕț ȎȐȏȕȤ ǩȖȎȍ ȔȖȑ,
ȊȍȌȤ Ȗȕ ȚȈȒ ȔțȟȐȓșȧ ǫȌȍ Ȗȕ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ" ǷȘȖșȚȐ Ȕȍȕȧ ȟȚȖ
ȧ ȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȐȓȈ ǷȘȖșȚȐ ȍȋȖ ȟȚȖ Ȑȏ-ȏȈ ȕȍȋȖ ȧ țȔȐȘȈȦ
Ǩ Ȗȕ ȗȘȍȒȓȖȕȐȊ ȒȖȓȍȕȐ ȘȧȌȖȔ ș ȕȍȦ țȎȍ ȗȘȐȎȐ-
ȔȈȓșȧ ȦȕȣȔȐ țșȚȈȔȐ Ȓ ȍȍ ȗȖșȍȌȍȊȠȐȔ ȊȖȓȖșȈȔ Ȑ ȋȖ-
ȊȖȘȐȓ
— ǷȖȑȌȍȔ șȖ ȔȕȖȦ ȇ ȐșȞȍȓȐȓșȧ ȇ ȏȕȈȦ ȒȘȈȑ ȋȌȍ
ȍșȚȤ ȌȍȘȍȊȤȧ ȕȐȊȣ ȘȍȟȒȈ ȋȌȍ șȓȣȠȐȚșȧ ȒȘȐȒ ȗȍȘȍȗȍ-
ȓȖȒ Ȑ șȚȘȍȒȖȚ ȚȒȈȞȒȐȝ șȚȈȕȒȖȊ ȋȌȍ ȋțȌȧȚ ȚȍȓȍȋȘȈȜȕȣȍ
ȓȐȕȐȐ ȋȌȍ șȒȘȖȔȕȈȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȊȓȈȌȍȍȚ ȔȖȐȔ șȍȘȌȞȍȔ
Ȑ ȋȌȍ ȘȍȏȊȐȚșȧ ȚȊȖȑ ȊȕțȒ

ǸǼǻǸǮ

63
ǮȐȓ ȕȈ șȊȍȚȍ șȒȘȖȔȕȣȑ ȔȈșȚȍȘȖȊȖȑ ǻ ȕȍȋȖ ȉȣȓȈ
ȝȖȘȖȠȈȧ ȎȍȕȈ Ȑ șȓȈȊȕȈȧ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȈȧ ȌȖȟȒȈ ǶȕȐ ȎȐȓȐ
Ȋ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȔ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ
ǷȖ șȓțȟȈȦ Ȍȕȧ ȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȖȚȞȈ ȘȍȠȍȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ Ȓț-
ȗȐȚȤ ȖȚȓȐȟȕȖȋȖ șȈȓȈȚȈ Ȑ ȏȈȎȈȘȐȚȤ ȒțȘȐȞț ǰ Ȋșȍ ȉȣȓȐ
Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȖșȒȘȍșȕȖȍ țȚȘȖ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȣ ȕȍ ȐșȒȓȦȟȈȧ Ȑ
ȒȖȚȍȕȒȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȓțȒȈȊȖ ȗȖșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȓ ȕȈ ȒțȘȐȞț Ȑ Ȍț-
ȔȈȓ ©ǰ Ȕȕȍ ȌȖșȚȈȕȍȚșȧ ȗȖȋȓȖȌȈȚȤ ȊȒțșȕȣȝ ȒȖșȚȖȟȍȒª
ǶȕȐ ȗȖȏȈȊȚȘȈȒȈȓȐ Ȑ ȖȚȍȞ șȒȈȏȈȓ
— ǹȍȋȖȌȕȧ Ȕȣ Ȋ ȒȖȐ-ȚȖ ȊȍȒȐ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐȔ șȍȉȍ ȗȘȖȒȈ-
ȚȐȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȒȖȕȒȍ Ȑ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȐȔșȧ ȏȈ ȋȖȘȖȌ
ǶȕȐ ȊȣȠȓȐ Ȑȏ ȌȖȔȈ
ǶȕȐ ȕȍ ȘȈȏ ȊȐȌȍȓȐ ȒȈȒ ȕȈȘȧȌȕȣȍ ȋȖșȗȖȌȈ Ȑ ȌȈȔȣ
ȗȖȌȈȊȈȓȐ ȘțȒȖȦ ȏȕȈȒ ȊȖȏȕȐȞȍ Ȑ ȚȖȚ șȘȈȏț Ȏȍ ȖșȚȈȕȈȊ-
ȓȐȊȈȓ ȓȖȠȈȌȍȑ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ șȍșȚȤ ȕȈ ȒȖȕȒț
ǴȈșȚȍȘȖȊȖȑ ȌȍȘȎȈȓ ȌȖȟȒț ȕȈ ȘțȒȈȝ ǶȕȐ ș ȎȍȕȖȑ
șȚȈȓȐ ȕȈ țȋȓț ȠȐȘȖȒȖȑ țȓȐȞȣ
Dz ȕȐȔ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȈȓȈșȤ ȕȈȘȧȌȕȈȧ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȗțșȚȈȧ ȒȖȕ-
ȒȈ ǰ ȖȕȐ țȎȍ ȘȈȌȖȊȈȓȐșȤ ȟȚȖ ȊȖȚ-ȊȖȚ ȏȈȗȓȈȚȐȊ ȗȖ
ȟȍȚȣȘȍ șț ȏȈ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ ȏȈȑȔțȚ Ȋ ȕȍȑ ȔȍșȚȈ ǴȈșȚȍȘȖȊȖȑ
ȗȖȌȈȓ ȏȕȈȒ ȊȖȏȕȐȞȍ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȚȖȚ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȓ ȓȖȠȈȌȍȑ
ǵȖ ȊȖȏȕȐȞȈ ȗȘȐ ȊȐȌȍ ȉȍȌȕȣȝ ȗȘȖșȚȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȉȘȖșȐȓ
ȕȈ ȕȐȝ ȗȘȍȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ Ȑ ȗȘȖȍȝȈȓ ȔȐȔȖ

ǶǵǯǾǮǻǻȉdz
ǿȀǶȃǼȀǰǼǾdzǻǶȍ

65
ǷȖȌȘȖșȚȒȖȔ-ȌȍȊȖȟȒȖȑ ș ȗȖȌșȚȘȐȎȍȕȕȖȦ ȟȍȓȒȖȑ
Ǫ șȊȖȑ ȗȈȕșȐȖȕ ȖȕȈ ȝȖȌȐȓȈ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȌȍȕȤ
ǰ ȕȈ ȒȈȕȐȒțȓȣ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȞȊȍȚȍȚ șȐȘȍȕȤ
dzȦȉȐȓȈ țȍȏȎȈȚȤ Ȋ ȏȍȓȍȕȖȑ ȖȌȕȖȒȖȓȒȍ
dzȍȋȒȖ șȗțșȒȈȍȚșȧ ș ȝȖȓȔȈ ȍȍ ȋȕȍȌȖȑ
DzȖȓȧșȒȈ ȟțȚȤ ȎȐȊȈ șȍȔȍȑșȚȊȖ ȕȍ ȉȖȋȈȚȖ«
ǶȌȕȖ Ȑȏ Țȍȝ șȍȔȍȑșȚȊ ȗȘȖșȓȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȒȖȋȌȈ-ȚȖ
ǫȌȍ ȉȍȌȕȖșȚȤ ȕȍ ȡȈȌȐȚ ȖșȈȕȒȐ ȘȖȌȖȊȖȑ

ǺȈȒȐȔȐ ȗȖȓȦȉȐȓ ȧ ȠȒȖȓȤȕȐȞ ȗȘȍȎȕȐȝ Ȍȕȍȑ
Ǫ ȟȤȐȝ ȏȊțȟȕȣȝ ȐȔȍȕȈȝ ȊȖșȚȖȘȎȍȕȕȖ-ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȣȝ
ǭșȚȤ ȕȍȎȕȖșȚȤ ©ȘȖȒȖȒȖª Ȑ șȚȐȓȤ ©ȓȐșȚȖȊ ȗȖȝȊȈȓȤȕȣȝª
ǹ ȖȊȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȘȈȔȒȖȦ Ȑȏ ȏȖȓȖȚȣȝ ȊȍȚȊȍȑ
Ƕ DzȓȈȘȈ Ȍ¶ȅȓȍȉȍȏ ǪȐȒȚȖȘȐȧ ǬȍȘȊȈȓȤ
dzȈțȘȈ Ȍ¶ȅȚȘȍȔȖȕ ǴȈȘȐ Ȍȍ dzȈȊȈȓȥ
Ƕ dzȐȧ ǼȓȈȕȠȐȘȥȏ Ȗ ǩȓȈȕȠ Ȍȍ ǷȍȘșȐȊȈȓȤ
ǺȍȘȍȏȈ dzȐȔȔȍȘȈȑȓȤ Ȑ ǹȐȓȤȊȈ dzȈȉțȓȥ
ȇ ȌțȔȈȦ Ȗ ȊȈș ȟȍȑ ȔȐȓȣȑ ȋȖȓȖș șȓȣȠȍȕ
ǹȒȊȖȏȤ ȟȈșȚțȦ șȐȘȍȕȤ Ȋ ȗȖȔȍșȚȤȧȝ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ
DzȚȖ ȓȦȉȐȚ ȧȉȓȖȒȐ Ȑ ȊȒțș ȕȍșȗȍȓȣȝ ȊȐȠȍȕ
ǹȒȊȖȏȕȖȑ țȏȖȘ ȊȖȘȖȚ Ȑ ȗȖȌȔȍȚȍȕȕȣȑ ȌȊȖȘ
Ǫȣ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȚȍ ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȋ ȌȖȔȈȝ ȋȖșȚȍȗȘȐȐȔȕȣȝ
ǫȌȍ ȊȐȓȒȐ Ȑ ȕȖȎȐ ȉȍșȍȌȍ Ȋ ȚȈȒȚ ȏȊȍȕȧȚ
ǫȌȍ Ȋ ȖȒȕȈȝ ȊȐȌȍȕ ȗȘțȌ Ȉ Ȑȏ-ȏȈ ȚțȟȐ ȌȣȔȕȖȑ
Ǫ șȚȍȒȓȖ ȖȘȈȕȎȍȘȍȑ ȉȤȍȚ ȘȖȏȖȊȣȑ ȏȈȒȈȚ
ǷȖȚȖȔ Ȋ șȊȖȑ ȟȈș ȏȈȎȋțȚ ȊȈȔ șȊȈȌȍȉȕȣȍ șȊȍȟȐ
ǰ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȑ șȖșȍȌ Ȗȕ ȕȍȎȕȣȑ ȉȣȓ ȎȍȕȐȝ
Ǫ ȗȖșȚȍȓȐ ȞȍȓȖȊȈȚȤ ȊȈȔ ȉțȌȍȚ ȋȘțȌȤ Ȑ ȗȓȍȟȐ
ǬȈ ȗȖȌȎȐȌȈȚȤ ȌȍȚȍȑ ©țȔȍȧ ȌȍȓȈȚȤ Ȑȝª
ǷȍȘ Ǫ ǸȖȎȌȍșȚȊȍȕșȒȖȋȖ

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ǷȖșȓțȠȈȑ ȒȈȒ Ȋ șȈȌț ȋȌȍ ȎȐȔȖȓȖșȚȤ ȞȊȍȚȍȚ
ǹȕȍȋȐȘȤ ȕȈ ȗȍȘșȐȒȍ ȏȈȓȐȊȐșȚȖ ȗȖȍȚ
DzȈȒ ȚȘȍȓȤ ȍȋȖ ș ȊȖȌȖȦ șȝȖȎȈ ȟȐșȚȖȑ
Ǫ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȊȖȏȌțȝ ȗȘȍȓȖȔȓȍȕ ȓțȟȐșȚȣȑ
Ǵȕȍ ȋȘțșȚȕȖ ȌȖ șȔȍȘȚȐ ȝȖȚȧ Ȕȍȕȧ
ǬȈȘȐȓȐ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȓȦȉȖȊȤȦ Ȉ ȖȌȕȈ Ȑ ȕȣȕȟȍ ȊȓȦȉȓȍȕȈ
ǹȒȖȕȟȈȓȈșȤ ȗȍȘȊȈȧ ǹȒȖȕȟȈȓȈșȤ Ȑ ȊȚȖȘȈȧ
ǿȚȖ șȚȈȓȖșȤ ș ȚȘȍȚȤȍȑ — ȧ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦ
ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȍșȚȤ ȍȡȍ ȖȌȕȈ
ǶȕȈ — ȒȈȒ ȕȍȎȕȈȧ ȓțȕȈ
Ǫ ȗȖșȓȍȖȉȍȌȍȕȕțȦ ȗȖȘț
Ǵȣ ș ȕȍȑ ȗȖȑȌȍȔ ȋțȓȧȚȤ ȗȖ ȋȖȘȖȌț —
ǩȣȚȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȖ ȒȊȈȘȚȈȓȈȔ ȉȖȋȈȟȍȑ
ǪȌȖȓȤ ȊȐȓȓ Ȑ ȗȈȘȒȖȊ ȋȌȍ ȕȍ șȟȍșȚȤ ȏȈȚȍȑ
ǸȍȠȍȚȒȐ ȘȖȏȣ ȓȈȊȘȣ Ȑ ȊȖȘȖȚȈ
ǹȗȓȖȠȤ ȕȈ ȏȈȗȖȘȍ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȏȕȈȦȚ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ
Ǩȝ ȉțȌȤ ȧ ȚȖȎȍ ȉȖȋȈȟȖȔ
Ǵȣ ș ǨȔȈȘȐȓȤȍȑ ȎȐȓȐ ȉ ȏȌȍșȤ ȊȌȊȖȍȔ
ǭȍ ȏȖȊț ȧ ǨȔȈȘȐȓȤȍȑ ȅȚȖ
ǯȊțȟȐȚ șȔȍȠȕȖ" ǵȐȟțȚȤ — Ȋ țșȚȈȝ ȗȖȥȚȈ
Ǻȣ ȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȠȤ Ȋ ȌȊȈȌȞȈȚȤ ȊȖșȍȔȤ ȓȍȚ
ǷȘȐȧȚȕȖ șȖȏȕȈȊȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ Țȣ ȗȖȥȚ"
ǰȔȍȧ ȌȍșȧȚȤ ȜȘȈȕȒȖȊ Ȋ ȒȖȠȍȓȤȒȍ
ȇ Ȋ șȚȘȈȠȕȖȑ ȕȈȝȖȎțșȤ ȚȖșȒȍ
ǵȖ ǨȔȈȘȐȓȤȍ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȦ ȧ
ǵțȎȕȣ ȕȍ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ Ȉ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ ȔȖȧ

67
ǷțșȚȤ Ȕȕȍ ȕȍ ȗȓȈȚȧȚ ȋȖȕȖȘȈȘȈ ȌȈȎȍ
Ǫ ©ǴȍȘȒȦȘȍª ȌȈȎȍ Ȋ ©ȅȘȔȐȚȈȎȍª —
ǿȚȖ Ȏ" ǨȔȈȘȐȓȤȧ ȒȘȖȚȒȈȧ ȔȖȧ
ǻȔȕȈ Ȑ ȘȈșșțȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȈ ȒȈȒ ȧ
ǷȖȓșȖȚȕȐ ȜȘȈȕȒȖȊ ȕȈȔ ȉȣ ȕȈȌȖȉȕȖ ȊșȍȋȖ
ǵȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȓȤ Ȋșȍ ȐȔȍȚȤ — Ȑ șȍȘȌȞȍ șȊȍȘȝ ȚȖȋȖ"
ǬȈ ȍșȓȐ ȉ ǸȖȚȠȐȓȤȌ ȍȑ șȒȈȏȈȓ ©ǰȌȍȔ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ«ª
ǶȕȈ ȍȔț ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓȈ ȉȣ ©ǵȍȚ
ȇ Ȓ ȗȓȈȚȤȦ ȔȖȍȔț ȕȍ ȌȈȔ ȊȈȔ ȗȘȐȒȖșȕțȚȤșȧ
ǪȍȌȤ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȍșȚȤ ȌȘțȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȓȦȉȓȦ ȧ«ª
ǰ ȍșȓȐ ȉ ǸȖȚȠȐȓȤȌ ȍȑ șȒȈȏȈȓ ©Ǩ ȒȈȒ Ȏȍ ȐȔȧ
ǺȖȋȖ« ȕț șȓȖȊȖȔ ȥȚȖȋȖ« ȗȖȥȚȈ"ª
ǶȕȈ ȉ ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓȈ ©ǼȘȈȕșȐșȖȔ ǮȈȔȔȖȔ
ǭȋȖ ȏȖȊțȚª ǵȖ ȌțȔȈȦ ȉȍȌȈ
ǩȣȓȈ ȉȣ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ǸȖȚȠȐȓȤȌ Ȗ ȚȈȒȖȔ
ǷȖȥȚȍ Ȑ ȕȍ șȓȣȠȈȓ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ
ǷȍȘ ǩ dzȐȊȠȐȞȈ

68
ǯȈȟȍȔ ȊȓȈȟȈȚ ȊȖȓȣ ȚȧȎȍȓȣȑ ȋȘțȏ Țȍȓȍȋ"
ǵȈȔ ȋȘțșȚȕȖ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ Ȑȝ ȗȖȕțȘȍȕȕȣȍ ȓȉȣ
ǹȚȘȈȌȈȓȤȟȍșȒȐȑ Ȑȝ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȕȣȑ ȔȖȓȤȉȣ
ǵȖ ȒȈȒ Ȏȍ șȍȓȧȕȐȕ ȉȍȏ ȕȐȝ ȗȘȖȔȣșȓȐȚ ȝȓȍȉ"
DzȖȋȌȈ ț ȕȐȝ țȎȍ ȕȍȚ șȐȓ ȊȍȚȍȘȐȕȈȘȣ
ǬȈȦȚ ȐȔ șȕȈȌȖȉȤȧ ȎȍȓȍȏȖȔ ȎȋțȚ ȒȈȓȍȕȣȔ
ǷȖȚȖȔ ȊȖȓȣ ȖȗȧȚȤ Ȋ ȧȘȍȔ ȊȗȘȧȋȈȧșȤ șȚȈȘȣȑ
ǪȖȓȖȟȈȚ ȉȖȘȖȕț ȗȖ ȗȖȓȖșȈȔ ȊȏȘȣȝȓȍȕȕȣȔ
ǷȖȘȖȑ șȓțȟȈȍȚșȧ șȓȖȔȈȍȚ ȕȖȋț ȊȖȓ
ǺȖȋȌȈ ȍȋȖ ȊȍȌțȚ ȕȈ ȉȖȑȕȦ ȗȘȍșȗȖȒȖȑȕȖ
ǪȖȓȈ ȊȕȐȔȈȊȠȍȋȖ șȊȍȘȟȒț ȕȈ ȕȐȊȍ ȏȕȖȑȕȖȑ
ǪȖȓȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȊȍșȤ șȊȖȑ ȊȍȒ ȗȖșȓțȠȕȖ ȉȘȍȓ
ǷȖȌ ȖȒȘȐȒȐ ȒȘȍșȚȤȧȕ țșȚȈȊȠȐȝ ȖȚ ȚȘțȌȈ
ǵȈ ȎȈȘȒȖȔ șȖȓȕȞȍ — ȉȘȍȓ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȧ șȈȔ ȒțȌȈ
ǷȍȘ ǩ dzȐȊȠȐȞȈ

69
Ƕȕ ȔȐȘȕȖ ȕȈ ȒțșȒȍ șȊȖȍȑ ȏȍȔȓȐ ȎȐȊȍȚ
ǹȚȘȐȎȍȚ ȒțșȚȣ Ȑ șȖȉȐȘȈȍȚ ȔȍȌ
ǰ Ȋ ȊȐȕȖȋȘȈȌȕȐȒȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ țȋȖȓȖȒ
ǿȚȖȉȣ Ȑȏ ȉȖȟȍȒ ȗȘȖȉȖȊȈȚȤ ȉȘȖȌȧȡȐȑ șȖȒ
Ǩ ȏȈȧȞ ȍșȚ ȍȋȖ șȈȓȈȚ ȏȈȉȘȈȊȠȐșȤ Ȋ șȈȌ
ǫȌȍ Ȋ ȌȖȎȌȤ ȖȚȧȎȍȓȍȊȠȐȍ ȒțșȚȣ șȚȖȧȚ
DzȘȍșȚȤȧȕȐȕ ș ȋȍȘȉȖȊȣȔ ȓȐșȚȖȔ ȐȌȍȚ Ȓ ȕȍȔț
ǿȚȖȉ ȘȈȏțȏȕȈȚȤ ȒȈȒ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚȤ ȍȔț
ǸțȎȤȍ Ȗȕ ȟȐșȚȐȚ Ȑ ș șȓțȎȈȕȒȖȑ șȗȐȚ
ǺȈȒ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȚ Ȗȕ ȌȖȊȖȓȍȕ șȣȚ
DzȖȋȌȈ ȚȖ ȗȘȈȊȖ Ȗȕ țȟȐȓ
ǹ ȥȗȖȝȐ ȚȖȑ
ǷȖȘȚȘȍȚ ȖșȚȈȓșȧ ȕȈȗȖȔȈȎȍȕȕȣȑ ȝțȌȖȑ
Ǫ ȌȕȐ ȘȖȔȈȕȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȌțȥȓȐ Ȑȏ-ȏȈ ȌȈȔ
ǹ ȋȈȏȍȚȖȦ Ȋ ȘțȒȍ Ȗȕ ȗȘȧȔȖ șȔȖȚȘȐȚ ȚȈȔ
DzȈȒ șȚȈȘȐȒȐ ȍȋȖ șȚȘȈȌȈȓȐ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ
ǶȌȕȖ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ȖȚ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȕȈȠȍȓ ȖȚȍȞ
ǶȌȕȈȎȌȣ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ ȊȍȘȕțȓșȧ Ȗȕ ȌȖȔȖȑ
ǹ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȒȖȗȕȖȑ ȊȖȓȖș țșȚȈȓȣȑ Ȑ ȝțȌȖȑ.
ǷȖȗȓȈȒȈȊ Ȗȕ ȗȖȝȖȘȖȕȐȓ ȖȚȞȈ Ȑ ȔȈȚȤ
DzȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȚȘȖȋȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȓȦȉȐȚȤ ȊșȗȖȔȐȕȈȚȤ
Ƕȕ ȖȌȐȕȖȒ Ȑ ȒȈȒ ȉȖȓȚȈȦȚ Ȋșȍ
ǶșȚȈȊȐȚ ȌȖȔ șȊȖȑ ǬȦȔȍȘȈșșȈȔ ȐȓȤ DzȈșșȍ
ǺȈȒ ȗȘȖȎȐȊȈȍȚ Ȗȕ ȖȌȐȕ ȊȉȓȐȏȐ ȌțȉȖȊ
ǷȘȖȊȖȌȐȚ Ȋ Ȓțȝȕȍ ȘȧȌ ȖșȍȕȕȐȝ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȊ
ǫȌȍ șȗȐȚ șȖȉȈȒȈ ț ȍȋȖ ȋȖȘȧȟȐȝ ȕȖȋ
Ǩ ȔțȝȐ ȗȈȟȒȈȦȚ ȉȍȓȍȕȣȑ ȗȖȚȖȓȖȒ
Ǩ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȖșȕțȊȠȐșȤ țȚȘȖȔ șȕȖȊȈ Ȗȕ
ǷȘȍȌ șȊȣȒȠȍȑșȧ șȓțȎȈȕȒȖȑ ȗȘȖȉțȍȚ ȚȘȖȔȉȖȕ
ǺȈȒ ȌȍȕȤ ȏȈ ȌȕȍȔ Ȓ ȟȍȔț ȕȍ ȏȕȈȧ Ȗȕ ȎȐȊȍȚ
ǶȌȕȈȎȌȣ ȘȖȌȐȓșȧ Ȗȕ ȖȌȕȈȎȌȣ Ȑ țȔȘȍȚ
ǷȍȘ ǰ ȅȘȍȕȉțȘȋȈ

70
ǭșȚȤ ȏȌȍșȤ șȚȈȘȐȕȕȣȑ ȌȖȔ ȗțșȚȖȑ Ȑ ȔȘȈȟȕȣȑ
DzȈȒ ȥȚȖ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȗȈșȔțȘȕȣȔȐ ȌȕȧȔȐ
Ǫ ȕȍȔ ȔȈȒȐ ȗȖȌ ȌȖȎȌȍȔ ȒȓȖȕȧșȤ Ȑ ȗȓȈȟȈ
ǬȊȖȘ ȔȖȒȘȣȑ ȖșȣȗȈȦȚ ȓȍȗȍșȚȒȈȔȐ
DzȖȋȌȈ-ȚȖ ȉȣȓȐ ȖȚȗȍȘȚȣ ȊȖȘȖȚȈ
DzȈȔȐȕ ȚȖȗȐȓșȧ ȏȈȓȐȊȈȧ șȊȍȚȖȔ
ȅȒȘȈȕ ȏȍȓȍȕȣȑ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȒȚȖ-ȚȖ
ǰȏȖȉȘȈȏȐȚȤ ȝȖȚȍȓ ©ǯȐȔț Ȑ dzȍȚȖª
ǬȖȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȓȐ Ȗ ȗȘȐȍȏȌȍ ǷȈȘșȐȊȈȓȍȑ
ǷȘȐȍȝȈȊȠȐȝ Ȑȏ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ș ȗȖȒȓȖȕȖȔ
ǪȌȘțȋ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȓȖșȤ ȠțȔȕȖ Ȋ ȚȐȝȖȑ ȏȈȓȍ
ǰ ȊȏȘȖșȓȣȍ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȓȐșȤ ȞȍȘȍȔȖȕȕȖ
Ǩ Ȋ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȍ ȌȍȚȐ
ǰȋȘȈȓȐ Ȋ ȗȘȧȚȒȐ ȐȓȐ Ȋ ȏȈȓȍ ȌȓȐȕȕȖȑ
ǸȈȏȋȓȧȌȣȊȈȓȐ șȚȈȘȣȍ ȗȖȘȚȘȍȚȣ
ǰ ȘȈȒțȠȒȐ șȔȍȠȕȣȍ ȕȈ ȒȈȔȐȕȍ
Ǩ șȚȈȘȐȒȐ ȊȏȌȣȝȈȓȐ ȕȈȌ ȗȖȘȚȘȍȚȖȔ
DzȈȒȖȋȖ-ȚȖ Ȑȏ ȊȕțȒȖȊ ȊșȗȖȔȐȕȈȧ
ǿȚȖ țȔȍȘ Ȗȕ Ȋ ȒȖȓȓȍȎȍ ȘȈȕȕȐȔ ȓȍȚȖȔ
©DzȈȒ ȜȖȘȔȈ ȠȓȈ ȍȔțª Ȑ ȔȈȚȤ ȘȖȌȕȈȧ
ǸȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȈ ȒȈȒ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȗȘȐȊȧȏȈȕ
Dz ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȧȔ ȉȖȧșȤ ȐȔ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȉȖȓȤȕȖ
ǰ ȉȍȌȕȖȋȖ ȘȍȉȍȕȒȈ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȊ șȘȈȏț
ǶȕȈ Ȋ ȗȓȈȚȖȟȍȒ ȗȓȈȒȈȓȈ ȕȍȊȖȓȤȕȖ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ Ȑ ȔȈȚȤ ȏȈȉȣȚȈ ȗțșȚȖ ȔȘȈȟȕȖ
DzȈȒ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȗȈșȔțȘȕȣȔȐ ȌȕȧȔȐ
DzȈȒ ȏȈ ȊȖȘȖȚȈȔȐ ȋȌȍ ȔȈȒȐ ȗȓȈȟȈ
ǬȊȖȘ ȔȖȒȘȣȑ ȖșȣȗȈȦȚ ȓȍȗȍșȚȒȈȔȐ
ǷȍȘ ǰ ȅȘȍȕȉțȘȋȈ

71
ǨȘȚțȘț ǮȈșșȍȘȐȖ
Ǫ ȥȒȐȗȈȎȍ ȍȝȈȓ ȧ Ȋ ȌȍȘȍȊȕȦ ȥȚț
ǻșȓȣȝȈȊ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȕȍȑ ȒȖȋȌȈ-ȚȖ ȎȐȓȐ ȗȘȍȌȒȐ
ǵȈȌ ȗȖȓȧȔȐ ȋȌȍ Ȕȣ ȚȐȝȖ ȗȘȖȍȏȎȈȓȐ
ǫȘțșȚȕȖ ȋȖȓțȉȐ ȚȧȎȍȓȣȍ ȓȍȚȈȓȐ
ǹȚȈȘȈȧ ȌȈȊȕȖ țșȚȈȊȠȈȧ ȒȖȉȣȓȈ
ǷȣȓȤȕȣȑ ȥȒȐȗȈȎ ȍȌȊȈ-ȍȌȊȈ ȚȈȡȐȓȈ
ǰ ȧ ȌțȔȈȓ Ȗ ȕȈȐȊȕȣȝ ȗȘȍȌȒȈȝ
ǰȏ ȌȍȘȍȊȕȐ ȊȣȍȏȎȈȊȠȐȝ ȘȍȌȒȖ
Ǫ ȊȖșȒȘȍșȍȕȤȍ Ȋ ȕȈȒȘȈȝȔȈȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȘțȉȈȠȒȈȝ
ȀȍȌȠȐȝ Ȋ ȞȍȘȒȖȊȤ ȉȍȌȕțȦ ȔȍȎ ȗȈȠȕȍȑ
ǭȝȈȓ ȧ ȟȚȖȉ ȗȖȋȓȧȌȍȚȤ ȕȈ Ȑȝ ȔȖȋȐȓȣ
ǹȒȘȣȚȣȍ ȕȈȊȍȘȕȖȍ ȋțșȚȖȑ ȒȘȈȗȐȊȖȑ
ȇ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȓ șȕȧȓ ș ȔȖȐȝ ȒȖȓȍȕ șȖȉȈȒț
ǵȍ ȝȖȚȍȊȠțȦ ș ȒȖȓȧșȒȖȑ ȘȈșșȚȈȊȈȚȤșȧ
ǩȈȠȕȧ șȚȈȘȈȧ șȚȖȧȓȈ ȒȈȒ ȒȖȋȌȈ-ȚȖ
ǵȈ ȟȈșȈȝ ȧ țȊȐȌȈȓ ȌȊȍȕȈȌȞȈȚȤ
ȇ ȘȈșșȗȘȈȠȐȊȈȓ ȕȖ ȓȦȌȐ ȖȚȊȍȟȈȧ
ǻȌȐȊȓȧȓȐșȤ ©ȅȚȖ ȐȔȧ Ȕȣ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȔª
©ǶȚ ȖȌȕȖȑ șȚȈȘțȠȒȐ Ȋȣ ȉ țȏȕȈȚȤ șțȔȍȓȐ
ǵȖ șȚȈȘțȝȈ țȔȍȘȓȈ ȕȈ ȚȖȑ ȕȍȌȍȓȍ».
ȇ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȐȓșȧ Ȓ ȕȖȚȈȘȐțșț ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ
ǪȔȍșȚȖ ȗȘȈȌȍȌȈ ȐȔȍȓ Ȋ șȍȓȍ ȒȖȕȚȖȘț
ǷȘȖȉȖȊȈȓ ȘȈșșȗȘȈȠȐȊȈȚȤ ȒȦȘȍ șȍȌȖȋȖ
ǺȖȎȍ ȕȍ șțȔȍȊȠȍȋȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȕȐ șȓȖȊȈ
ǵȈ Ȕȍȕȧ ȋȓȧȌȍȓȐ ȌȖȔȐȒȐ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ
ǵȍ ȎȐȊȍȚ ȕȐȒȚȖ Ȑ ȊȍȚȝȐȍ ȏȈȉȖȘȣ
ǬȊȍȘȐ ș ȗȣȓȤȦ șȚȈȘȖȑ ȕȈȊșȍȋȌȈ ȕȈȊȐșȠȍȑ
ǺȖȟȕȖ ȌȊȍȘȐ ȚȐȝȐȝ șȒȓȍȗȖȊ ȕȈ ȒȓȈȌȉȐȡȈȝ
ȇ ȗȘȖȠȍȓ ȏȈȌțȔȈȊȠȐșȤ ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȧ
ǵȖȊȣȝ ȜȓȈȋȖȊ ȕȈ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȔȥȘȐȐ
ǸȈȏȕȣȝ ȋȓțȗȖșȚȍȑ Ȑ ȕȖȊȖșȚȍȑ Ȋ șȍȓȍȕȤȐ
ǵȈȌȗȐșȐ ©ȘȍșȗțȉȓȐȒȈª Ȑ ȖȉȢȧȊȓȍȕȐȑ
ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȧ ȗȖȌȖȠȍȓ Ȓ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ ȊȖȘȖȚȈȔ
Ǫ ȌȖȔȍ ȏȈ ȖȉȊȐȚȖȑ ȘȖȏȈȔȐ ȘȍȠȍȚȒȖȑ
ǮȐȓȖ șȚȈȘȖȍ Ȑ ȌȖȉȘȖȍ șȍȔȍȑșȚȊȖ

72
ǹȚȈȘȣȑ ȋȖșȗȖȌȐȕ Ȑ ȌȈȔȈ ȊȣȠȓȐ ȊȔȍșȚȍ
ǶȟȍȕȤ ȔȐȓȈȧ Ȑ șȋȖȘȉȓȍȕȕȈȧ ȌȈȔȈ
Ǵȕȍ ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓȈ ©Ǩȝ Ȋȣ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ǮȈȔȔȖȊª
ǬȈ ȖȕȐ ȒȖȋȌȈ-ȚȖ ȎȐȓȐ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȔȍșȚȍ
ǹȣȕ ȕȖȚȈȘȐțșȈ țȍȝȈȓ Ȋ ȗțȚȍȠȍșȚȊȐȍ
Ǵȣ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȕȣȔ Ȑ șȋȕȐȊȠȐȔ ȌȖȔ ȒțȗȐȓȐ
ǹȚȈȘȣȑ ȌȖȔ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȊȈȠȐ ȗȘȍȌȒȐ ȎȐȓȐª
ǰ ȌȖșȚȈȊȠȐ ȘȎȈȊȣȑ ȒȓȦȟ Ȑȏ ȒțȝȕȐ
ǷȖȊȍȓȐ ȖȕȐ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȓ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟȕȖȑ
ǯȈȘȎȈȊȍȓȖȑ ȌȊȍȘȐ ș ȘȎȈȊȣȔ ȔȖȓȖȚȖȟȒȖȔ
ǶȒȕȈ ȋȘțșȚȕȣȍ ȕȈȊȍȒ ȏȈȒȘȣȚȣ ȉȣȓȐ
ǹȔȍȘȚȤȦ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȍȔ Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȖȓȍȚȕȍȑ ȗȣȓȤȦ
ȇ ȗȖȠȍȓ ȗȖ ȓȍșȚȕȐȞȈȔ ȟȍȘȊȐȊȣȔ șȋȕȐȊȠȐȔ
Ǫ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȣ ȏȈȉȣȚȣȍ ȋȌȍ ȕȍȚ ȓȐ ȔȣȠȐ
ǹ ȠȚțȒȈȚțȘȒȖȑ ȖȉȊȍȚȠȈȓȖȑ Ȑ ș șȣȘȣȔȐ
ǵȐȏȒȐȔȐ ȗȍȘȍȋȖȘȖȌȒȈȔȐ ȔȍȎ ȕȐȔȐ
ǬȊȍȘȐ Ȋ șȚȈȘȣȝ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȈȝ ȕȖșȐȓȐ ȚȘȈțȘ
ǷȖȟȍȘȕȍȊȠȐȍ ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȖȚ ȗȖȎȈȘȈ
Ǵȕȍ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȐ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȣ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ
ǮȐȓȐ țȔȍȘȠȐȍ ©ȏȌȍșȤ ȉȣȓȈ ȒȖȕȚȖȘȈª
ȇ ȗȘȖșȚȐȊȠȐșȤ ș ȔȐȓȖȦ șȍȔȤȍȦ
ǹȍȓ Ȋ ȒȖȓȧșȒț ȗȖșȍȘȍȊȠțȦ ȖȚ ȏȕȖȧ
ǿȚȖȉ țșȗȍȚȤ ȌȖȉȘȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌȖȒ ȌȈȓȍȒȐȑ
ǰ Ȕȣ ȍȝȈȓȐ ȕȈ șȖȓȕȍȟȕȖȔ ȗȘȐȗȍȒȍ
dzȖȠȈȌȤ ȉȍȌȕȈȧ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȉȍȎȈȓȈ
ǰ șȖȉȈȒȈ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȈȧ ȏȈȌȘȍȔȈȓȈ
ǫȘțșȚȕȖ ȋȖȓțȉȐ ȚȧȎȍȓȣȍ ȓȍȚȈȓȐ
ǵȈȌ ȗȖȓȧȔȐ ȋȌȍ Ȕȣ ȚȐȝȖ ȗȘȖȍȏȎȈȓȐ
ǷȍȘ ǰ ȅȘȍȕȉțȘȋȈ

73
ǹȖȉȈȒȈ Ȋ șȕȍȋ ȗțȋȈȍȚșȧ ȐȌȚȐ Ȑ ȍȑ
ǸȍȉȧȚȈ șȖ ȌȊȖȘȈ ȒȘȐȟȈȚ ©ǷȖȠȓȈ șȒȖȘȍȑª
ǵȈ șȕȍȎȕȖȑ țȓȐȞȍ ȕȍ șȓȣȠȕȖ ȕȐȒȖȋȖ
ǴȖȓȖȟȕȐȞȈ ȐȌȧ ȚȘȧșȍȚșȧ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ
ǿȚȖȉ ȕȍ țȗȈșȚȤ Ǩ ȌȖȔȈ Ȋ ȕȐȏȒȖȔ ȒȈȔȍȓȤȒȍ
ǶȋȖȕȤ ȚȘȍȡȐȚ șȊȐșȚȐȚ Ȑ ȗȈȝȕȍȚ ȕȈ ȘțȒȍ
ǷȍȘ ǰ ȅȘȍȕȉțȘȋȈ

74
ǶǺǸȃǪǶDz ǰǯ ǷǶȅǴȃ ©ǮǨǵ ǵǻǨǸǸȄǶª
DzȖȋȌȈ ȊȍȘȕȍȚșȧ ȖșȍȕȤ șȕȖȊȈ
ȇ șȟȈșȚȤȧ ȕȍ ȝȖȟț ȐȕȖȋȖ
DzȈȒ ȓȍșȈ ȉȓȍȌȕȖ-ȏȖȓȖȚȖȋȖ
DzȈȒ ȗȍșȕȐ ȎȈȓȖȉȕȖȑ șȓȍȗȖȋȖ
DzȈȒ ȒȖȓȖȒȖȓȤȟȐȒȈ ȒȖȘȖȊȣ
DzȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȐȌȍȚ ȏȐȔȈ ș ȌȖȎȌȧȔȐ
ǽȖȟț ȧ ȟȚȖȉȣ Ȋ ȗȍȟȒȍ ȗȓȈȔȧ
ȀțȔȍȓȖ ȒȘȈșȕȣȔȐ țȋȓȧȔȐ
ǿȚȖȉ șȊȍȚ ȊȐȌȕȍȓșȧ ȊȍȟȍȘȈȔȐ
Ǫ ȓȈȊȟȖȕȒȍ ș ȋȖȘȤȒȐȔȐ ȝȓȍȉȈȔȐ
ǪȍșȕȖȑ Ȕȕȍ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȕȈȌȖ
DzȈȒ ȊȍȚȘȈ ȖșȚȘȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȝȓȈȌȣ
ǸȈșȞȊȍȚȠȍȋȖ ȉȍȏ ȓȐșȚȤȍȊ șȈȌȈ
ǺȘȖȗȐȕȒȐ ȔȖȒȘȖȑ ț ȖȋȘȈȌȣ
ǰ ȓȈȕȌȣȠȍȑ ȟȚȖ țȚȘț ȘȈȌȣ
ǷȍȘ ǰ ȅȘȍȕȉțȘȋȈ

75
ǻȎ ȏȈȊȚȘȈ ȉțȌȍȚ ȋȖȌ ȒȈȒ ȧ Ȋ ǶȌȖ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȣȑ
ǹȘȣȊȈȓ ȞȊȍȚȣ ȕȈ ȔȖȒȘȖȑ ȖȚ ȌȖȎȌȧ ȖȗțȠȒȍ
ǹȍȋȖȌȕȧ șȈȔȣȑ ȓțȟȠȐȑ ȌȍȕȤ Ȑȏ Ȍȕȍȑ ȗȈșȝȈȓȤȕȣȝ
Ǩ ȧ ȗȖȍȝȈȓ ȔȐȔȖ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȑ ȌȍȘȍȊțȠȒȐ
ǰ ȔȐȔȖ ȘȖȡ ȓțȋȖȊ ȗȖȒȘȣȚȣȝ ȊȍȠȕȍȑ ȊȓȈȋȖȑ
DzȈȒ șȍȘȌȞȍ Țȣ ȕȍ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȓȖ ȉȐȚȤșȧ ȏȈ ȋȖȌ"
ȇ ȔțȟȈȦ Țȍȉȧ ȊȍȘȕțȊȠȐșȤ Ȓ ȚȖȑ ȌȖȓȐȕȍ
ǫȌȍ Ȋ ȗȘȖȠȓȣȑ ȋȖȌ ȧ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȔțȒȐ Ȋȣȕȍș
ǻȊȐȌȍȊ ȘȖȏȣ Ȋ șȈȌȐȒȍ țȉȖȋȖȑ ȞȍȘȒȊȐ
ǰ ȉȍȓțȦ șȐȘȍȕȤ ȕȈȊȐșȠțȦ ȕȈȌ ȌȊȍȘȞȍȑ
ȇ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȓ Ȗ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȘȖȠȍȌȠȍȑ ȉȖȓȐ
ǰ țȌȐȊȓȧȦșȤ ȒȈȒ ȧ ȕȍ țȗȈȓ ȕȍȊȖȓȤȕȖ
ǵȐȒȍȔ ȕȍ șȌȍȘȎȈȕȕȣȑ Ȋ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȤȐ Ȋ ȉȍșșȐȓȤȐ
ǵȈ țȏȒțȦ ȚȘȖȗȐȕȒț ȎȍȓȚțȦ ȖȚ ȗȣȓȐ
ǵȍȚ ȕȐȒȖȋȖ Ȑ Ȋșȍ Ȑ Ȋșȍ ȕȈ șȊȍȚȍ ȗțșȚȖ
ǯȈȟȍȔ ȧ ȘȖȌȐȓșȧ ȏȈȟȍȔ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȎȐȊț ȧ
Ƕ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ șȓȖȎȐȚȤ Ȓ ȚȊȖȐȔ ȒȖȓȍȕȧȔ ȌțȠț
ǿȚȖ ȊȈȓȐȚșȧ ȒȈȒ ȕȐȡȍȕȒȈ ȕȈ ȔȖșȚȖȊțȦ
ǻșȕțȚȤ ȏȈȉȣȚȤșȧ ȉȣ șțȔȍȚȤ țșȕțȚȤ ȕȈȌȖȓȋȖ
ǷȖȌ șȐȕȐȔ ȓȐȊȕȍȔ ȗȖȌ ȋȘȖȏȖȑ ȗȖȌ Țțȟȍȑ ȎȍȓȚȖȑ
ǵȍ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȕȐ ȝȖȓȔȖȊ Ȑ ȕȐ ȓȈȏțȘȐ șȐȕȍȑ
ǷȖȊȐșȠȍȑ ȚȧȎȍȓȖ ȕȈȌ șȐȕȍȦ ȌȖȓȐȕȖȑ
Ǵȕȍ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ ȒȚȖ-ȚȖ ȗȓȈȟȍȚ Ȋ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȥȚȖȔ
DzȖȋȖ ȕȈ șȈȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȕȍȚț
ǬȍȘȍȊȕȧ ȏȈșȣȗȈȍȚ ȕȈșȚțȗȈȍȚ ȊȍȟȍȘ
ǰ ȘȈȌȖșȚȕȖ ȚȘȍȡȐȚ Ȋ ȋțșȚȖȑ ȚȘȈȊȍ ȒțȏȕȍȟȐȒ
ǰ Ȋ ȌȖȔȐȒȍ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȖ ȏȈȌȘȍȔȈȊȠȍȔ Ȓ ȕȖȟȐ
ǴȍȎ șȐȚ ȉȍȓȍȦȚ Ƞȓȧȗȣ ȒȘțȋȓȣȍ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȝ
ǷȍȘ ǰ ȅȘȍȕȉțȘȋȈ

76
ǪȐșȐȚ ȕȈ ȉȍȓȖȑ șȚȍȕȒȍ ț ȒȘȖȊȈȚȐ
ǷȖȝȖȎȈȧ ȕȈ ȕȍȋȘȐȚȧȕȒț ǩȖȋȖȔȈȚȍȘȤ
ǰ ȧ ǭȍ ȓȦȉȓȦ șȓȍȋȒȈ ȗȖ-ȐȚȈȓȤȧȕșȒȐ
ǪȐȘȋȖ dzȈțȘȍȚȈȕȈ Ȋ ȏȖȓȖȚȖȔ țȉȖȘȍ
Ǻȣ Ȕȕȍ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȠȤ ȋȖȘȖȌȖȒ ț ȔȖȘȧ
ǫȌȍ ȗȘȖȌȈȦȚ ȒȘȐȟȈ ȕȈ ȕȈȉȍȘȍȎȕȣȝ ȌȓȐȕȕȣȝ
ǷȖȓȐȗȖȊ ȊșȧȒȐȍ ȗȓȖȌȣ Ȑ ȈȗȍȓȤșȐȕȣ
ǪȐȘȋȖ dzȈțȘȍȚȈȕȈ Ȋ ȥȚȐ ȌȕȐ ȗȍȟȈȓȐ
DzȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȈ ȔȖȍȑ ȓȦȉȊȐ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚ
Ǵȍȕȧ ȖȌȐȕ ǺȊȖȑ șȚȘȖȋȐȑ ȖȉȘȈȏ țȚȍȠȈȍȚ
ǷȍȘ ǰ ȅȘȍȕȉțȘȋȈ

77
Ǫ ȥȚȖ țȚȘȖ ȕȈȠȈ ȞȍȘȒȖȊȤ ȊȍșȍȓȖ ȏȊȖȕȐȓȈ
ǶȚȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȌȖȟȤ șȖșȍȌȈ ȏȈȔțȎ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȓȈ
ǰ ȖȕȈ ȏȊȖȕȐȓȈ Ȋ șȓȈȊț ȗȣȠȕȖȑ ȒțȒțȘțȏȣ
ǰ ȖȕȈ ȏȊȖȕȐȓȈ ȕȈȌ ȋțȔȕȈȔȐ ȕȈȌ șȈȘȈȍȔ
ǫȌȍ șȒȘȐȗȍȓȐ ȞȍȗȐ ȏȈȘȎȈȊȍȓȣȍ șȚȐȝȈȧ
ǰ ȖȕȈ ȏȊȖȕȐȓȈ ȕȈȌ ȈȔȉȈȘȈȔȐ ȕȈȌ ȒȓȈȌȖȊȣȔȐ
ǰ ȕȈȌ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈȔȐ ȚȍȔȕȣȔȐ Ȑ ȏȖȓȖȚȣȔȐ
ǿȚȖ ȗȘȐȠȓȐ ȚȖȓȗȖȑ ȕȈ șȊȈȌȤȉț Ȑȝ ȗȖȌȘțȋȐ ȔȐȓȖȑ
ǰ ȖȕȈ ȏȊȖȕȐȓȈ Ȗ ȓȦȉȊȐ ȖȕȈ ȏȊȖȕȐȓȈ
ǰ ȊȖȓȣ șȚțȗȈȧ ȊȈȎȕȖ ȐȏțȔȓȍȕȕȖ șȓȖȊȕȖ
ǷȖȊȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȓȐ ȉȓȍȌȕȣȍ ȘȖȋȈ Ȓ ȘȍȠȍȚȒȍ
ǫȌȍ ȒȘȈșȕȍȓ ȔȍȎ ȐȏȋȖȘȖȌȐ ȊȤȦȡȐȑșȧ ȠȐȗȖȊȕȐȒ
ǰ ȖȕȈ ȏȊȖȕȐȓȈ ǫȖȓțȉȐ ȚȖȗȖȘȡȈșȤ ȒȘȖȚȒȖ
ǪȖȘȒȖȊȈȓȐ ȕȈ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȐȝ ȟȍȘȍȗȐȞȈȝ ȒȘȣȠȐ
ǬȖȟȤ șȖșȍȌȈ ȒȈȒ ȞȊȍȚȖȒ ȏȈȌțȔȟȐȊȖ ȒȈȟȈȓȈșȤ
ǵȈ șȊȖȍȔ ȒȘȣȓȤȞȍ ȔȍȎ ȒțȘȈȔȐ Ȑ ȗȍȚțȝȈȔȐ
ǾȍȘȒȖȊȤ ȊȍșȍȓȖ ȏȊȖȕȐȓȈ DzȈȎȌȣȑ ȏȊțȒ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ
ǸȈșȗȓȣȊȈȓșȧ ȠȐȘȖȒȖ ȕȈȌ ȌȈȓȤȕȐȔȐ ȗȖȓȧȔȐ
ǷȈȘȣ ȊȣșȚȘȖȐȓȐșȤ ț ȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȖȋȖȘȖȌȈ
ǰ ȗȖȌȘțȋȐ ȗȖȌȖȠȓȐ Ȓ ȏȈșȚȍȕȟȐȊȖȑ ȕȍȊȍșȚȍ
ǴțȏȣȒȈ ȕȈȐȊȕȈȧ ȐȋȘȈȓȈ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȠȍșȚȊȐȍȔ
Ǩ ȗȖȥȚ ȔȖȓȐȊȠȐșȤ ǩȖȋț ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ DzȖȋȌȈ-ȚȖ
ǺȈȒ ȊșȚțȗȈȓȈ Ȋ ǽȈȕȈȈȕ ȕȍȊȍșȚȈ ǰșȈȈȒȈ
ǹȒȘȖȔȕȈȧ ǸȍȊȊȍȒȈ Ȑȏ șȚȖȓȤ ȌȖȉȓȍșȚȕȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ
ǪȘȍȔȍȕȈ ȕȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȓȐșȤ Ȓ ȚȍȔ ȒȚȖ ȊȍȘȐȚ Ȋ ǩȖȋȈ
ǴȖȎȍȚ ȊȖȚ ȒȖȓȖȌȍȞ ȋȌȍ ǸȈȝȐȓȤ șȚțȗȈȧ ȉȖșȖȑ
ǹȔțȋȓȣȔȐ ȘțȒȈȔȐ ȘȖȉȒȖ ȖȗȘȈȊȓȧȓȈ ȒȖșȣ
ǴȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ ȒȈȒ ȇȒȖȊ ȎȌȈȓ ȍȍ Ȋ ȚȍȕȐ ȖȓȐȊȣ
ǺȖȟȕȖ ȒȘȍȗȒțȦ șȖȏȘȍȊȠțȦ ȕȈ șȖȓȕȞȍ șȓȐȊț
ǷȍȘ ǰ ȅȘȍȕȉțȘȋȈ

Ǫ ȋȖȘȖȌȒȍ ȋȌȍ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓȈșȤ ǩȖȋȖȔȈȚȍȘȤ
ǺȐȝȐȍ ȘțȟȤȐ ȔȍȎ ȏȍȓȍȕȐ șȚȘțȧȚșȧ
DzȈȔȕȐ șȚȍȘȚȣȍ ȊȖȌȖȑ ȉȓȍșȚȧȚ șȐȓȤȕȍȍ
ǰ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȖ ȋȖȓțȉȍȦȚ ǷȐȘȍȕȍȐ.
ǵȈ ȝȖȓȔȐșȚȣȝ șȒȓȖȕȈȝ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȚȘȈȊ ȓȍȟȍȉȕȣȝ
ǰ ȏȊțȟȐȚ ȒȈȒ ȊȏȌȖȝ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȗȍȕȤȍ
Ǫșȍȝ ȗȘȐȠȍȌȠȐȝ ȟȚȖȉ ȗȘȖșȐȚȤ Ȗȉ ȐșȞȍȓȍȕȤȐ
Ǫ ȋȘȖȚȍ ȚȍȔȕȖȔ ǷȘȍșȊȧȚȈȧ ǩȖȋȖȔȈȚȍȘȤ
ǶȉȓȈȟȍȕȕȈȧ ȘȍȠȐȓȈ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ
ǷȘȍȌ ȘȍȉȍȕȒȖȔ ȔțȌȘȖ șȚȈȊȠȐȔ ȕȈ ȒȖȓȍȕȐ
ǩȍȌȕȣȔ Ȑ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȒȈȒ ǭȍ ȔȓȈȌȍȕȍȞ
ǩȖȎȤȐ ȋȘȖȚȣ Ȋ ǫȍȜșȐȔȈȕȍ Ȋ ǪȐȜȓȍȍȔȍ
ǵȣȕȍ șȕȖȊȈ ȧȊȓȍȕȣ Ȋȣ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȊșȍȔȐ
Ǫ ȌȣȔȕȖȔ ȋȘȖȚȍ ȗȘȍȒȓȖȕȐȊ ȒȖȓȍȕȐ
Ǫ șȓȈȌȒȖȔ Ȍȓȧ ȔȖȍȑ ȌțȠȐ șȔȐȘȍȕȤȐ
ǻȗȖȌȖȉȐȊȠȐșȤ ȉȍȏȋȘȈȔȖȚȕȣȔ ȒȘȍșȚȤȧȕȈȔ
ȇ ȔȖȓȦșȤ DzȘțȋȖȔ ȔȖȘȡȐȕȐșȚȣȍ ȓȐȞȈ
ǸțȒȐ ȋȘțȉȣȍ ȗȍȘȍȉȐȘȈȦȚ ȟȍȚȒȐ
ǰ ǫȖșȗȖȌȤ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȧșȓȧȝ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ ȋȕȍȏȌȐȚșȧ
Ǫ ȥȚȖȑ ȊȍȘȍ ȉȍȌȕȖȑ șȓȈȌȖșȚȕȖȑ Ȑ ȒȘȖȚȒȖȑ
ǷȍȘ ǰ ȅȘȍȕȉțȘȋȈ

79
ǷȘȐȔȍȟȈȕȐȧ
ǶșȕȖȊȕȖȑ ȔȈșșȐȊ ȊȒȓȦȟȍȕȕȣȝ ȊȖ ȊȚȖȘȖȑ ȚȖȔ ©ǰȏȉȘȈȕȕȖȋȖª Ǽ
ǮȈȔȔȈ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ șȖșȚȈȊȐȓȐ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȣ ǰ ȅȘȍȕȉțȘȋȈ Ȑ ǭ
ȀȔȐȌȚ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ Ȋ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȍ ǮȈȔȔȈ ©ǹȚȐȝȐ Ȑ ȗȘȖȏȈª Ǵ
 ȌȈȓȍȍ - CǷ
 ǽȖȚȧ ȗȘȖȏȈȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȣ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȒȕȐȋȍ ȉȣ-
ȓȐ ȗȖȌȗȐșȈȕȣ ǭ Ƕ ȀȔȐȌȚ -1977) – ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȖȑ
ȎȍȕȖȑ ȅȘȍȕȉțȘȋȈ Ȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȤȦ ȍȋȖ ȌȖȟȍȘȐ ǰȘȐȕȣ – ȓȍȒșȐȒȈ Ȑȝ ȕȍ
ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȑ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȐ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȖȚȘȍȌȈȒȚȐȘȖ-
ȊȈȕȣ Ȑ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ ȗȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȟȈșȚȐȟȕȖ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȍȕȣ șȈȔȐȔ
ȅȘȍȕȉțȘȋȖȔ Ǫșȍ ȚȍȒșȚȣ Ȑȏ ǹǷ ȗțȉȓȐȒțȦȚșȧ ȕȈȔȐ Ȋ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȖȘȜȖ-
ȋȘȈȜȐȐ ș șȖȝȘȈȕȍȕȐȍȔ ȖȘȐȋȐȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȗțȕȒȚțȈȞȐȐ
ǷȘȍȌȐșȓȖȊȐȍ
Ǫ ǹǷ ș ȗȘȐȔȍȟȈȕȐȍȔ ©ȅȚȈ ȏȈȔȍȚȒȈ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȗȖȔȍȡȍȕȕȈȧ Ȋ șȉȖȘ-
ȕȐȒȍ G. lȍ Cardonnel et ǹ Vellay “La litterature contemporaine”
 ȋ
 ȗȍȘȍȘȈȉȖȚȈȕȈ Ȑ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȍȕȈ Ǽ ǮȈȔȔȖȔ Ȍȓȧ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȋȖ
ȘțșșȒȖȋȖ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧª ǿȐȚȈȚȍȓȤ ȉȍȏțșȓȖȊȕȖ ȘȈșȗȖȏȕȈȍȚ ȔȕȖȋȖȟȐșȓȍȕ-
ȕȣȍ ȞȐȚȈȚȣ Ȑȏ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȌȐșȓȖȊȐȧ Ȋ șȚȈȚȤȍ Ǭ DzȘȦȟȒȖȊȈ ȕȈȗȍȟȈ-
ȚȈȕȕȖȑ Ȋ ȗȍȘȊȖȔ ȚȖȔȍ ©ǰȏȉȘȈȕȕȖȋȖª
ǹ  ǨȘȔȈȕȌȈ ǹȐȓȤȊȍșȚȘȈ – ǨȘȔȈȕ ǹȐȓȤȊȍșȚȘ -1901) – ȜȘȈȕ-
ȞțȏșȒȐȑ ȗȖȥȚ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȤ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȑ ȒȘȐȚȐȒ ȈȊȚȖȘ ȔȕȖȋȖȟȐș-
ȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȒȕȐȋ
ǹ. 7. ǺȍȖȒȘȐȚȈ Ȑ ǸțșșȖ – ǼȍȖȒȘȐȚ ǺȍȖȒȘȐȚ
 – ȌȘȍȊȕȍȋȘȍȟȍșȒȐȑ
ȗȖȥȚ III Ȋ Ȍ ȕȥ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȑ ȒȈȒ ȈȊȚȖȘ ȉțȒȖȓȐȟȍșȒȐȝ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȑ
Ǯ Ǯ ǸțșșȖ -1778) – ȊȣȌȈȦȡȐȑșȧ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȐȑ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜ ȗȐ-
șȈȚȍȓȤ ȔȣșȓȐȚȍȓȤ ȊȍȒȈ ǷȘȖșȊȍȡȍȕȐȧ
ǹ  ǹȚȍȜȈȕ ǴȈȓȓȈȘȔȍ – ȊȓȐȧȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȐȑ ȗȖȥȚ-șȐȔ-
ȊȖȓȐșȚ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȑ ȒȘȐȚȐȒ -1898).
ǹ  ǼȘȈȕșȐș ǪȐȍȓȓȍ-ǫȘȐȜȜȍȕ – ȚȈȒȎȍ ǪȤȍȓȍ-ǫȘȐȜȜȍȕ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏ-
șȒȐȑ ȗȖȥȚ-șȐȔȊȖȓȐșȚ -1937).

80
ǹ  dzȍȒȖȕȚ Ȍȍ dzȐȓȤ – Ȁ dzȍȒȖȕȚ Ȍȍ dzȐȓȤ -
 ȜȘȈȕȞțȏ-
șȒȐȑ ȗȖȥȚ ȊȐȌȕȍȑȠȐȑ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȤ ǷȈȘȕȈșșȒȖȑ ȠȒȖȓȣ
ǹ  dzȖȥȕȋȘȐȕȈ – dzȖȥȕȋȘȐȕ – ȘȣȞȈȘȤ ȋȍȘȖȑ ȕȍȔȍȞȒȐȝ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍ-
ȌȍȕȐȑ Ȗ ȒȖȘȖȓȍ ǨȘȚțȘȍ Ȑ ȖȌȕȖȐȔȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȗȍȘȣ Ǹ ǪȈȋȕȍȘȈ -

 ȗȘȍȔȤȍȘȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ șȖșȚȖȧȓȈșȤ Ȋ  ȋ
ǹ 8. ǴȍȚȍȘȓȐȕȒȈ« ȘȖȑ ȖșȓȍȗȓȧȦȡȐȝ ȗȟȍȓ – ǰȔȍȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȊȐȌț ȜȐ-
ȓȖșȖȜșȒȖȍ ȥșșȍ ©ǮȐȏȕȤ ȗȟȍȓª 
 ȉȍȓȤȋȐȑșȒȖȋȖ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȧ Ȑ
ȌȘȈȔȈȚțȘȋȈ Ǵ ǴȍȚȍȘȓȐȕȒȈ -
 ȓȈțȘȍȈȚȈ ǵȖȉȍȓȍȊșȒȖȑ
ȗȘȍȔȐȐ ȗȖ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ (1911).
ǹ  ǨȕȌȘȍ ǮȐȌ – ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȐȑ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȤ (1869-1951) ȗȘȖȏȈȐȒ
ȌȘȈȔȈȚțȘȋ Ȑ ȥșșȍȐșȚ ȓȈțȘȍȈȚ ǵȖȉȍȓȍȊșȒȖȑ ȗȘȍȔȐȐ ȗȖ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ
(1947).
ǹ  ǷȖȓȤ DzȓȖȌȍȓȤ – ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȐȑ ȗȖȥȚ (1868-1965) ȌȘȈȔȈȚțȘȋ
ȥșșȍȐșȚ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȊȠȐȑ ȒȈȒ șȐȔȊȖȓȐșȚ ȗȖȏȌȕȍȍ ȘȍȊȕȖșȚȕȣȑ ȒȈȚȖ-
ȓȐȒ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȣȑ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȤ
ǰșȚȖȘȐȧ ȏȈȑȞȈ
ǷȖȊȍșȚȤ Ǽ ǮȈȔȔȈ «ǰșȚȖȘȐȧ ȏȈȑȞȈª ©Le Roman du Lièvreª
 ȉȣȓȈ
ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȈ ȊȍșȕȖȑ  ȋ Ȑ Ȋ șȍȕȚȧȉȘȍ ȚȖȋȖ Ȏȍ ȋȖȌȈ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ Ȗȗțȉ-
ȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȈ Ȋ ȎțȘȕȈȓȍ ©ǴȍȘȒȦȘ Ȍȍ ǼȘȈȕșª Ǫ  ȋ ȊȣȠȓȖ ȗȍȘȊȖȍ ȖȚ-
ȌȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȍ ȗȖȊȍșȚȐ Ȋ șȖșȚȈȊȍ ȖȌȕȖȐȔȍȕȕȖȑ ȒȕȐȋȐ. ǮȈȔȔ șȟȐ-
ȚȈȓ ȥȚȖȚ ȚȍȒșȚ ȖȌȕȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȥȔȖȑ Ȋ ȗȘȖȏȍ Ȑ ©șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȉȓȈ-
ȋȖȟȍșȚȐȊȖȑ ȓȍȋȍȕȌȖȑª ȗȐșȤȔȖ Ȓ Ǩ ǮȐȌț ȖȚ  ȈȊȋ 

ǷȖȊȍșȚȤ ȕȍȖȌȕȖȒȘȈȚȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȐȏȌȈȊȈȓȈșȤ ȊȖ ǼȘȈȕȞȐȐ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȍȘȍȊȍ-
ȌȍȕȈ ȕȈ ȌȍșȧȚȖȒ ȧȏȣȒȖȊ ȗȘȐȟȍȔ șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ ȟȍȚȣȘȍ ȟȍȠșȒȐȝ ȗȍȘȍ-
ȊȖȌȈ
ǹ  «ȌȖȘȖȋȈ ȗȣȓȐȓȈ ȒȈȒ Ȋ șȍșȚȘȍ Ǩȕȕȍ – ǶȚșȣȓȒȈ Ȓ ȥȗȐȏȖȌț Ȑȏ
șȒȈȏȒȐ Ȁ ǷȍȘȘȖ (1628-
 ©ǹȐȕȧȧ ȉȖȘȖȌȈª ȋȌȍ șȍșȚȘȈ ȋȍȘȖȐȕȐ
ȊȐȌȐȚ ȓȐȠȤ ȖȉȓȈȒȖ ȗȣȓȐ ȊȔȍșȚȖ șȗȈșȐȚȍȓȍȑ-ȉȘȈȚȤȍȊ
ǹ  «DzȐȚȚȍȘȐȐ – ǪȐȌȐȔȖ ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȊȐȌț șȊ DzȐȚȍȘȐȧ ȒȈȚȖȓȐ-
ȟȍșȒȈȧ șȊȧȚȈȧ ȎȐȊȠȈȧ Ȋ V Ȋ ȟȤȦ ȗȈȔȧȚȤ ȟȚȧȚ  ȔȈȧ

81
ǹ  «ǪȐȘȋȐȕȐȐ – Ǻ ȍ ȋȍȘȖȐȕȐ șȍȕȚȐȔȍȕȚȈȓȐșȚșȒȖȋȖ ȘȖȔȈȕȈ
ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȋȖ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȧ ǩ Ȍȍ ǹȍȕ-ǷȤȍȘȈ -
 ©ǷȖȓȤ Ȑ ǪȐȘ-
ȋȐȕȐȧª 

ǹ 37. ǮȖșȓȍȕ« dzȖȘȍȞȐȐ – ǸȍȟȤ ȐȌȍȚ Ȗ ȗȍȘșȖȕȈȎȈȝ ȗȖȥȔȣ ©ǮȖș-
ȓȍȕª 
 ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȋȖ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȧ Ȑ ȗȖȥȚȈ Ǩ Ȍȍ dzȈȔȈȘȚȐȕȈ -
1869).
ǹ  «ȧȋȕȍȕȒȈ ǮȈȕȈ Ȍȍ dzȈȜȖȕȚȍȕȈ« ȊȖȓȒȖȔ ȉȈșȕȐ – ǷȖȌȘȈȏț-
ȔȍȊȈȍȚșȧ ȉȈșȕȧ ©ǪȖȓȒ Ȑ ȧȋȕȍȕȖȒª ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȋȖ ȉȈșȕȖȗȐșȞȈ Ǯ Ȍȍ
dzȈȜȖȕȚȍȕȈ -1695).
ǬȖȉȘȖȚȈ ȉȖȋȈ
ǷȍȟȈȚȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖ ǹǷ ǷȍȘ ǭ ȀȔȐȌȚ
ǸȈȑ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ
ǷȍȟȈȚȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖ ǹǷ ǷȍȘ ǭ ȀȔȐȌȚ
Ƕ ǸȖȉȐȕȏȖȕȍ DzȘțȏȖ
ǷȍȟȈȚȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖ ǹǷ ǷȍȘ ǭ ȀȔȐȌȚ Ǫ ȚȍȒșȚȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȖ țșȚȈȘȍȊȠȍȍ
ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ©DzȘțȏȥª
ǫȖȘȍȟȤ ȎȐȏȕȐ
ǪȗȍȘȊȣȍ Ȋ Ȓȕ ©/H 5RPDQ GX /LqYUHª 
 ǷȍȟȈȚȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȦ
ǼȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȈȧ ȕȖȊȍȓȓȈ ǽǽ ȊȍȒȈ - Ǵ  ǷȍȘ ǭ ǫțȕșȚȈ

82
DzȖȕȒȈ
ǪȗȍȘȊȣȍ Ȋ Ȓȕ «Le Roman GX /LqYUHª 
 ǷȍȟȈȚȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȦ:
ǼȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȈȧ ȕȖȊȍȓȓȈ ǽǽ ȊȍȒȈ - Ǵ  ǷȍȘ ǭ ǫțȕșȚȈ
ǰȏȉȘȈȕȕȣȍ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ
ǺȍȒșȚȣ ȗȍȟȈȚȈȦȚșȧ ȗȖ ǹǷ Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧȔ ǸȖȎȌȍșȚȊȍȕșȒȐȑ Ǫ.
ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ dz 
 Ȑ dzȐȊȠȐȞ ǩ ǷȖȓțȚȖȘȈȋȓȈȏȣȑ șȚȘȍȓȍȞ
ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ ǷȍȘȍȊȖȌȣ ǪȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ dz 

ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧȔ ǮȈȔȔȈ Ȋ ǹǷ ȗȘȍȌȗȖșȓȈȕȖ șȓȍȌțȦȡȍȍ ©ǷȘȍȌȐș-
ȓȖȊȐȍ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȟȐȒȈª
©ȇ ȗȖȓȈȋȈȦ ȟȚȖ Ȍȓȧ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȈ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȑ
ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȟȐȒ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȓ ȉȣȚȤ șȈȔȐȔ șȖȉȖȑ ȗȍȘȍ-
ȊȖȗȓȖȚȐȓșȧ șȚȈȓ ȈȊȚȖȘȖȔ ȅȚȖȋȖ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ Ȕȕȍ ȕȍ țȌȈȓȖșȤ ǷȘȖșȚȖ-
ȚȈ ȌȍȚșȒȈȧ ȕȈȐȊȕȖșȚȤ țȒȓȈȌ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȊȍȘȈ Ȋ ǩȖȋȈ Ȑ ǾȍȘ-
ȒȖȊȤ ǮȈȔȔȈ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȧȊȓȧȓȐșȤ Ȍȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ ȓȐȠȤ ȕȍȌȖșȚȐȎȐȔȣȔ
ȐȌȍȈȓȖȔ ǪȖȚ ȗȖȟȍȔț ȕȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ țȎ Ȗ șȐȓȍ ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȤ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ
ȕȈȑȌȍȚ Ȋ ȥȚȖȑ ȒȕȐȋȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȗȖȌȓȐȕȕȖȋȖ șȊȖȍȖȉȘȈȏȕȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ șȖșȚȈȊ-
ȓȧȍȚ ȋȓȈȊȕțȦ ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȤ șȚȐȝȖȊ ǮȈȔȔȈ ȇ ȟțȊșȚȊțȦ ȒȈȒ ȟȈșȚȖ ȧ
ȖȉȍșȒȘȈȠȐȊȈȓ ȍȋȖ ȖȉȘȈȏȣ șȋȓȈȎȐȊȈȓ ȍȋȖ ȖȉȖȘȖȚȣ Ȑ ȏȈȔȍȕȧȓ ȍȋȖ
ȧȏȣȒ “ȖȉȡȍȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ”.
ǺȈȒȎȍ ȕȍșȊȖȉȖȌȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȧ Ȋ ȊȣȉȖȘȍ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȑ Ǵȕȍ ȕȍ țȌȈ-
ȓȖșȤ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȗȍȘȍȊȍșȚȐ ȍȋȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ șȚȐȝȖȊ -
 ȕȈȗȐșȈȕ-
ȕȣȝ ȗȖșȓȍ ȖȉȘȈȡȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȒȈȚȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ȇ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȐȓ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȘȈȏ
ȕȍ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȓȦȉȐȓ Ȑ ȝȖȚȍȓ Ȉ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȔȖȋ
ǼȖȘȔȈ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȑ ǮȈȔȔȈ ȒȘȈȑȕȍ șȊȖȍȖȉȘȈȏȕȈ Ȑ ȕȈȑȚȐ
șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡțȦ ȍȑ Ȋ ȘțșșȒȖȔ șȚȐȝȍ Ȕȕȍ țȌȈȓȖșȤ ȓȐȠȤ Ȋ șȓȈȉȖȑ
șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ǩȓȐȎȍ ȌȘțȋȐȝ Ȓ ȖȘȐȋȐȕȈȓț ȗȖ ȜȖȘȔȍ șȚȐȝȐ ȗȍȘȍȊȍȌȍȕ-
ȕȣȍ ȔȕȖȑ ȏȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ “ǷȖȓȍȏȕȣȑ ȒȈȓȍȕȌȈȘȤ”, “ǷȍȘȍȌ ȏȐ-
ȔȖȑ” Ȑ ȌȘ

ǪȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȧ ȉțȌț șȟȐȚȈȚȤ șȊȖȦ ȏȈȌȈȟț ȊȣȗȖȓȕȍȕȕȖȑ
ȍșȓȐ ȥȚȈ ȒȕȐȋȈ ȕȍ ȌȈȊȈȧ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ țȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ
ȏȈȐȕȚȍȘȍșțȍȚ ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȧ Ȑ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȚ ȍȋȖ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȚȤșȧ Ȓ ȗȖȌȓȐȕȕȐȒț
ǹȟȐȚȈȦ țȔȍșȚȕȣȔ ȏȌȍșȤ ȊȣȘȈȏȐȚȤ ȔȖȦ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȖșȚȤ ǼȘȈȕ-
șȐșț ǮȈȔȔț ȖȒȈȏȈȊȠȍȔț Ȕȕȍ șȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ Ȋ ȥȚȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ

ǰ ȅȘȍȕȉțȘȋ».
ǹ  ǷȖȌȘȖșȚȒȖȔ-ȌȍȊȖȟȒȖȑ ș ȗȖȌșȚȘȐȎȍȕȕȖȦ ȟȍȓȒȖȑ« – ǶȌȕȖ
Ȑȏ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȑ ǮȈȔȔȈ ȚȍșȕȖ ȗȘȐȔȣȒȈȦȡȐȝ Ȓ ȗȖȊȍșȚȐ ©DzȓȈȘȈ
Ȍ’ȅȓȍȉȍȏª șȔ ȚȖȔ I).
ǹ  ǪȐȘȋȖ dzȈțȘȍȚȈȕȈ – Virgo Lauretana, ǩȖȋȖȔȈȚȍȘȤ dzȖȘȍȚșȒȈȧ
(ȓȈȚ.).
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Ǫ ȒȕȐȋȍ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȣ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȖȊ ȐȓȓȦșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȊȠȐȝ
«ǰșȚȖȘȐȦ ȏȈȑȞȈª Ȋ 6-1947 ȋȋ – DZ ǿȈȗȍȒȈ ș 1, 22, 25, 39, 56),
Ǹ ǯȍȍȊȈȓȤȌȈ ș 14), Ǯ. ǶȜȖȘȚȈ ș 17, 31, 44) , Ǹ dzȈȜȘȍșȕȍ ș 23) Ȑ
Ǯ ǬȍȓȈȊȈ ș 
 ǵȈ ȜȘȖȕȚȐșȗȐșȍ ȗȖȘȚȘȍȚ Ǽ ǮȈȔȔȈ ȘȈȉ ǹ ǫȐȚ-
ȘȐ Ǫ ȖȜȖȘȔȓȍȕȐȐ ȖȉȓȖȎȒȐ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȈ ȐȓȓȦșȚȘȈȞȐȧ Ǯ ǬȍȓȈȊȈ.