Нагота на сцене. (Темные страсти). Иллюстрированный сборник статей - Евреинов Н.Н.

ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ ОЧЕРК
Д-ра Витковского и Л. Насса
Г-жа Ӹаммесле øXVII в.ù в роли «Федры» Расина,
предтеча Тальма в реформе костюма
ТЕЛЕСНАЯ НАГОТА В УЧЕНИИ
АЙСЕДОРЫ ДУНКАН
øВыдержка из ее книги «Искусство будущего»ù
øАнкета среди французских артистов F. A. d’Erskyù
ВРЕМЯ И НАГОТА В ИСКУССТВЕ
øТри древних предсказанияù
Автор: Евреинов Н.Н.
Теги: искусство театр
Год: 2021
Похожие
Синяя Ирма. (Темные страсти)
Девушка-гепард. (Темные страсти)
Половой рынок и половые отношения. (Темные страсти)
Черные облака. (Scriptorium)
Текст
                    ȀǳǺǻȉǳ ǿȀǾǮǿȀǶ
SALAMANDRA P.V.V.

ǵǨǫǶǺǨ
ǵǨ ǹǾǭǵǭ
ǰȓȓȦșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ
șȉȖȘȕȐȒ
șȚȈȚȍȑ
Salamandra P.V.V.

ǵȈȋȖȚȈ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ ǰȓȓȦșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ șȉ șȚȈȚȍȑ ȗȖȌ
ȘȍȌ ǵ ǵ ǭȊȘȍȐȕȖȊȈ — ǩ Ȕ: Salamandra P.V.V., 2021. —
134 ș Ȑȓȓ — (ǺȍȔȕȣȍ șȚȘȈșȚȐ).
Ǫ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȐ ȗȖȓȕȖșȚȤȦ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕ ȕȈȠțȔȍȊȠȐȑ Ȋ șȊȖȍ ȊȘȍ-
Ȕȧ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ șȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȔ ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘȖȔ ȌȘȈȔȈȚțȘȋȖȔ
ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȒȖȔ Ȑ ȕȖȊȈȚȖȘȖȔ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ǵ ǵ ǭȊȘȍȐȕȖȊȣȔ - Ǫ
ȥȚȖȑ ȒȕȐȋȍ ǭȊȘȍȐȕȖȊ Ȋ Ȍțȝȍ ȐșȒȈȕȐȑ ȥȗȖȝȐ ȏȈȌȈȓșȧ ȞȍȓȤȦ ș ȘȈȏ-
ȕȣȝ șȚȖȘȖȕ ȖșȊȍȚȐȚȤ ȊȖȗȘȖș ©ȕȈȋȖȚȣ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍª Ȑ ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ Ȟȍȕ-
ȕȖșȚȐ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ ǵȈȘȧȌț șȖ șȚȈȚȤȧȔȐ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȐȝ Ȑ Șțș-
șȒȐȝ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȖȊ Ȑ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȍȑ Ȋ ȟȐșȓȍ Ȑȝ
— Ǩ ǬțȕȒȈȕ Ƿ ǳțȐș Ƿ ǨȓȤȚȍȕȉȍȘȋ ǵ ǲțȓȤȉȐȕ Ȑ șȈȔ ȘȍȌȈȒ-
ȚȖȘ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȔȍșȚȖ Ȋ ȒȕȐȋȍ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȦȚ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȖȟȍȘȒȐ
șȞȍȕȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȖȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȐȓȓȦșȚȘȈȞȐȐ
© Authors, estate, 2021
© Salamandra P.V.V., ȗȖȌȋ. ȚȍȒșȚȈ, ȖȜȖȘȔȓȍȕȐȍ, 2021

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ǻǮǱǼȀǮ ǻǮ ǿȄǳǻǳ
ǰȟȠȡȝȖȠȓșȪțȎȭ ȟȠȎȠȪȭ
ȌȘȍȊȕȍȑȠȐȝ ȊȘȍȔȍȕ ț Ȋșȍȝ
ȕȈȘȖȌȖȊ ȕȈȋȖȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȍ
ȚȍȓȖ șȟȐȚȈȍȚșȧ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȍȑ-
ȠȐȔ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȔȐȘșȒȖȑ
ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ
ǲȘȈșȖȚȈ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȊȖȏȕȐȒ-
ȓȈ ȗȖȏȎȍ ǲȘȈșȖȚȈ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȐ
șȚȈȓȖ ȉȣȚȤ, Ȑ ȌȖȉȘȖȌȍȚȍȓȐ
ȘȈȊȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȖșȖȏȕȈȕȈ ȗȖȏ-
Ȏȍ Ƕ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȍ Ȋȕȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍ-
șȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ Ȗ ȗȍȑȏȈȎȍ ȕȍȟȍ-
ȋȖ Ȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ — ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖșȓȍ șȔȍȘȚȐ ǹȖȓȖȔȖȕȈ ǸȦȐȏȌȈȓȧ
Ȉ ȍȡȍ ȊȍȘȕȍȍ — șȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕ ǮȈȕ-ǮȈȒȈ ǸțșșȖ șȚȈȓȐ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȤ
«ȊȐȌ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ» Ȓ ȒȈȚȍȋȖȘȐȐ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ Ȑ ȍȡȍ Ǵ-me de Stael
ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓȈ ȠȊȍȑȞȈȘșȒȐȍ ȋȖȘȣ ȖȚȊȘȈȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ-țȘȖȌȓȐȊȣȔȐ
ǺȍȓȖ Ȏȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȉȣȓȖ ȍșȚȤ Ȑ ȉțȌȍȚ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȔ
Ǭȓȧ ȎȐȊȖȗȐșȞȈ ȥȚȖ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ ȕȍȗȖȌȘȈȎȈȍȔȣȝ ȒȘȈșȖȒ Ȑ
ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ ȘȐșțȕȒȈ ȊȍȟȕȖ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ șȖȉȓȈȏȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȕȍȗȘȍ-
șȚȈȕȕȖ ȊȏȣȊȈȦȡȍȋȖ Ȓ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȖȔț Ȍțȝț ȉȍșșȐȓȤȕȖȔț Ȋ ȒȖ-
ȕȍȟȕȖȔ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȏȈȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȚȤ ȥȚȖȚ ȕȍȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȣȑ țȏȖȘ ȉȖ-
ȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȓȐȕȐȑ

9
Ǭȓȧ șȒțȓȤȗȚȖȘȈ — ȥȚȖ ȗȖȌȓȐȕȕȣȑ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚ ȍȋȖ ȐșȒțș-
șȚȊȈ șțȘȖȊȖȋȖ ȚȦȘȍȔȡȐȒȈ ȗȖ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȦ Ȓ ȕȍȎȕȍȑȠȍȔț
ȘȍȓȤȍȜț Ȋ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȍ
Ǭȓȧ ȈȘȝȐȚȍȒȚȖȘȈ — ȥȚȖ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȍȑȠȈȧ Ȑȏ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȒ ȔȐ-
ȘȈ ȌȖșȚȖȑȕȈȧ ȖȉȐȚȍȓȤ ȞȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȌțȝȈ
Ǭȓȧ ȔțȏȣȒȈȕȚȈ — ȥȚȖ ȖȟȈȘȖȊȈȕȤȍ ȗȍȘȊȖȏȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȘȐȚȔȐ-
ȒȐ ȊȣȏȊȈȊȠȍȑ ȕȈ șȊȍȚ șȊȖȍȑ ȋȈȘȔȖȕȐȍȑ ȚȈȕȞȍȊȈȓȤȕțȦ ȗȍș-
ȕȦ — ȒȖȓȣȉȍȓȤ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȑ ȔțȏȣȒȐ
Ǭȓȧ ȗȖȥȚȈ — ȥȚȖ ȊȖȓȠȍȉȕȣȑ ȊȣȘȈȏȐȚȍȓȤ ȓȐȘȐȒȐ ȕȍț-
ȓȖȊȐȔȖȑ ȋȘțȉȣȔȐ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȐșȒțșȕȈ ȕȐ ȉȣȓȈ Ȑȝ șȍȚȤ
ǰ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ Ȍȓȧ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ Ȍȓȧ ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ Ȑȏ ȕȈș — ȥȚȖ ȚȊȖ-
ȘȍȕȤȍ ȘțȒ ǩȖȎȤȐȝ ȘțȒ ȐșȒțșȕȍȑȠȍȋȖ ǮȐȊȖȗȐșȞȈ ǹȒțȓȤȗ-
ȚȖȘȈ ǨȘȝȐȚȍȒȚȖȘȈ ǴțȏȣȒȈȕȚȈ Ȑ ǷȖȥȚȈ
ǭșȚȤ ȓȐ ȕȈ șȊȍȚȍ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȖȌȍȎȌȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȉȣȓȈ ȉ ȌȖșȚȖȑȕȈ
ȖȉȓȍȟȤ ȥȚȖ ȚȍȓȖ — ȗȓȖȌ ǩȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȈ"
— ǲȖȕȍȟȕȖ, ȕȍȚ ȍȍ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ
ǵȍ ȘȖȌȐȓșȧ ȍȡȍ ȚȈȒȖȑ ǺȍȌȍșȒȐ ȚȈȒȖȑ ǪȖȘȚ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț
țȌȈȓȖșȤ ȉȣ ȕȈȑȚȐ Ȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ Ȑ ȜȖȘȔț ȘȈȊȕȖ ȌȖșȚȖȑȕȣȍ
ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈ Ȑ ȜȖȘȔȣ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ
ǲȖȎȈ țȉȐȚȣȝ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ Ȑȝ ȗȍȘȤȧ ȠȍȘșȚȤ ȠȍȓȒ ȚȘȈȊȣ
ȏȍȔȓȐ ȓȨȕ ȒȖȕȖȗȓȧ ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȣ ȏȍȔȕȣȍ ȔȍȚȈȓȓȣ — Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ
ȋȖȌȕȖ șȓțȎȐȚȤ ȓȐȠȤ ȏȈȡȐȚȖȑ Ȉ ȕȍ țȒȘȈȠȍȕȐȍȔ ȉȍșȗȖȌȖȉ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ
ǵȍȓȤȏȧ țȒȘȈșȐȚȤ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȍ
ȅȚȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ
ȅȚȖ ȓȐȠȤ ȔȖȌȐșȚȒȐ Ȑ șȈȗȖȎȕȐȒȐ ȊȖȖȉȘȈȎȈȦȚ ȟȚȖ Ȑȝ
ȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȕȍȍ ȉȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ǵȖ ȊȍȌȤ ȗȖȚȖȔț-ȚȖ ȖȕȐ
Ȑ ȕȍ ȓȦȌȐ Ȋ ȊȣșȖȒȖȔ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȐ ȥȚȖȋȖ șȓȖȊȈ Ȉ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ «ȔȖ-
ȌȐșȚȒȐ» Ȑ «șȈȗȖȎȕȐȒȐ».
ǳȦȌȐ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȐȍ ȕȍȐȏȊȘȈȡȍȕȕȣȍ ȕȍȐȏȔȍȓȤȟȈȊȠȐȍ Ȉ
ȉȖȓȤȠȐȍ ȓȦȌȐ — ȖȕȐ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȍșȓȐ șțȡȍ-
șȚȊțȦȚ ȉȖȋȐ ȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȕȍșȖȔȕȍȕȕȖ ȝȖȌȧȚ ȋȖȓȣȔȐ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȍȍ
— ȕȈȋȐȔȐ Ȑ șȖȏȌȈȊȈȓȐ ȗȖșȍȔț Ȑȝ ȗȖȌȖȉȐȧ Ȋ ȊȐȌȍ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕ-
ȕȣȝ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȝ ȜȐȋțȘ
ǰ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȉȖȋȖȊ ȕȖ Ȑ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȝȖȚȍȓȐ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȖȚ-
ȊȓȍȟȍȕȕȖ Ȋ ȐȌȍȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȐ șȚȈȓȖ ȉȣȚȤ, Ȋ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȍ ȊȣșȠȍȔ
ȟȍȔ ȟȈșȚȕȖȍ ȒȖȕȒȘȍȚȕȖȍ ȚȖ Ȏȍ șȈȔȖȍ ȘȐșȖȊȈȓȐ ȓȍȗȐȓȐ ȐȓȐ
ȊȖșȗȍȊȈȓȐ ȍȋȖ Ȋ ȊȐȌȍ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȕȖȋȖ șțȡȍșȚȊȈ ǰȕșȚȐȕȒȚ ȗȖȌ-

10
șȒȈȏȣȊȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȕȍȚ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȊȣȠȍ ȕȍȚ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȒȘȈȠȍ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ
ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ ȟȚȖ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȈ ȕȍȒțȌȈ Ȑ ȐȌ-
ȚȐ Ȋ ȌȖȔȖȋȈȕȐȐ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȋȖ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȐȔȗȖȕȐȘțȦ-
ȡȍȋȖ ȊșȍȔ Ȑ ȒȈȎȌȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȖȌȍȎȌȈ țȎ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚșȧ Ȓ ȈȒȞȐȌȍȕ-
ȚȈȓȤȕȖȔț ȕȍȊȈȎȕȖȔț ȕȍȕțȎȕȖȔț ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȖȘȣȊ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕ
Ȓ ȥșșȍȕȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȔț
ǨȓȓȍȋȖȘȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȜȐȋțȘȈ ȊȣȘȈȎȈȦȡȈȧ ȐȌȍȦ ȌȖȉȘȈ ȦȕȖ-
șȚȐ șȐȓȣ ȋȍȕȐȧ ȕȍȗȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ȕȈȋȈȧ ȐȕȈȟȍ ȕȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȚȤ
ȐȕȈȟȍ ȥȚȖ ȚȘțșȓȐȊȈȧ ȌȈȕȤ ȔȍȡȈȕșȒȖȑ țșȓȖȊȕȖșȚȐ ȊȣȊȍȘȚ
ȋȓțȗȖșȚȤ ȕȍȌȖȔȣșȓȐȍ ȐȓȐ ȉȍȏȊȒțșȐȞȈ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ-
ȕȖ ȕȈȠȍȔț ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔț ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȦ Ȗ ȊȍȓȐȟȈȑȠȍ-ȗȘȍ-
ȒȘȈșȕȖȔ ȉȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ-ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȔ
ǶȚșȦȌȈ ȗȖȕȧȚȍȕ ȒȈȎțȡȐȑșȧ șȚȘȈȕȕȣȔ ȖȉȣȟȈȑ ǹȘȍȌȕȍ-
ȊȍȒȖȊȤȧ ȌȈ Ȑ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȖȏȌȕȍȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȗȖșȣȓȈȚȤ ȕȈȊșȚȘȍȟț
ȋȍȘȖȧȔ ȘȣȞȈȘȧȔ Ȑ ȒȖȘȖȓȧȔ șȖȊșȍȔ ȘȈȏȌȍȚȣȝ ȌȍȊțȠȍȒ Ȋ ȘȈș-
ȞȊȍȚȍ Ȑȝ ȌȍȊȐȟȤȐȝ ȜȖȘȔ ǫȘȈȎȌȈȕȍ țȉȐȘȈȓȐ ȌȖȔȈ ȜȓȈȋȈȔȐ
șȚȓȈȓȐ ȌȖȘȖȋȐȍ ȒȖȊȘȣ ȗȖșȣȗȈȓȐ ȏȍȔȓȦ ȞȊȍȚȈȔȐ Ȑ ȘȍȌȒȐ-
ȔȐ ȘȈșȚȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȚȘȈȚȐȓȐșȤ ȕȈ ȗȐȘȠȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȌȈȘȣ șȖȟȐ-
ȕȧȓȐ ȝȖȘȖȠȐȍ ȗȍșȕȐ Ȑ ȘȍȟȐ ȋȍȘȖȦ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȓȐ ȕȈ țȒȘȈȠȍȕ-
ȕȣȍ șȚȖȋȕȣ Ȋ ȊȍȘȕȖȗȖȌȌȈȕȕȐȟȍșȒȖȔ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȍ ȒȓȈȕȧȓȐșȤ
ȒȘȐȟȈȓȐ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȖșȚȐ ȉȓȈȋȖșȓȖȊȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȊȖșȝȊȈȓȍȕȐȧ —
ȕȖ ȊșȍȋȖ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȔȈȓȖ ȓȦȌȧȔ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȖȓȕȖșȚȤȦ ȐȏȓȐȚȤ
șȊȖȦ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ǰ ȊȖȚ șțȘȖȊȣȍ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȖ-ȜȈȕȈ-
ȚȐȟȕȣȍ ȉȦȘȋȍȘȣ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȚ ȖȉȧȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȓȕȖȚȣ ȒȈȘ-
ȚȐȕȣ Ȑȝ țșȍȘȌȐȧ ȘȈȏȌȍȚȤ Ȋ ȟȍșȚȤ ȔȐȓȖȋȖ ȋȍȘȖȧ șȊȖȐȝ ȓȦȉȐ-
Ȕȣȝ ȌȖȟȍȘȍȑ ȗȖȘțȟȐȊ ȐȔ ȘȍȏȊȐȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȕȍȖȉȣȟȕȖȔ ȊȐ-
Ȍȍ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȍȋȖ ȉȖȍȊȖȋȖ ȒȖȕȧ ǩȖȓȤȠȍȋȖ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ țȎ ȌȈȚȤ ȕȍ Ȋȣ-
ȌțȔȈȚȤ ȕȍ șȖȚȊȖȘȐȚȤ — ȖȕȐ ȌȈȘȐȓȐ ȊȏȖȘț ȋȍȘȖȧ Ȑȝ ȗȖșȓȍȌ-
ȕȍȍ șȖȒȘȖȊȐȡȍ ȕȈȋțȦ ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȤ ȌȍȊȐȟȤȐȝ Țȍȓ
ǵȖ ȘȧȌȖȔ ș ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȖ-ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍȔ ȐȓȐ
ȊȔȍșȚȖ ȕȍȋȖ ȐȓȐ ȊșȓȍȌ ȏȈ ȕȐȔ ȕȈȋȖȚȈ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ
ȕȈ șȍȑ ȘȈȏ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȍȍ ȋȖȓȐȏȕȈ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȍȡȍ Ȋ ȓȦȌȧȝ ȌȘț-
ȋȖȍ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȓȈ Ȓ ȗȖȓț ȊȖȎȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ǰȔȍȕ-
ȕȖ ȊȖȎȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȕȖ ȕȍ ȘȈȏȊȘȈȚ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȌȖ ȚȊȍȘȌȖ ȗȖȔȕȐȚȤ
ȚȘȍȏȊȖ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȧ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕțȦ ȏȌȖȘȖȊțȦ ȗȖȝȖȚȤ ȉȍȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ
ȒȈȒ Ȕȣ ȏȕȈȍȔ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȍȕȐȧ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȘȖ-
ȌȈ ȖȚ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȊȍȌțȡȍȋȖ ȏȈ șȖȉȖȑ ȝȘȖȕȐ-
ȟȍșȒȐ ȋȐȗȍȘȍșȚȍȏȐȦ ȗȖȓȖȊȖȋȖ ȟțȊșȚȊȈ ȘȈȏȊȘȈȚ șȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȗȓȖȚ-

11
șȒȐȑ Ȉ ȏȈ ȕȐȔ ȌțȝȖȊȕȣȑ ȖȉțșȓȖȊȓȐȊȈȦȡȐȑ Ȋ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȔ Șȍ-
ȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȊȣȔȐȘȈȕȐȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ
ǾȍȓȖȔțȌȘȍȕȕȣȍ șȗȈȘȚȈȕȞȣ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓȐșȤ ȋȐȔȕȈșȚȐȒȖȑ șȖ-
ȊȔȍșȚȕȖ ș ȌȍȊțȠȒȈȔȐ ȕȈȋȐȔȐ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȖȕȐ
ǬȐȒȐȍ ȕȈȘȖȌȣ ȖȉȣȟȕȖ ȕȈȋȐȍ ȘȈȊȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦȚ
ȘȈȏȊȘȈȚȈ ȊȗȓȖȚȤ ȌȖ ȕȈȠȍșȚȊȐȧ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȐȝ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȚȘȍȋȍ-
ȘȖȊ ș Ȑȝ ȓȐȞȍȔȍȘȕȖȑ ȘȍȜȖȘȔȖȑ ȒȖșȚȦȔȈ*.
ȅȚȖ ș ȖȌȕȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ
ǹ ȌȘțȋȖȑ — ȊȏȋȓȧȕȐȚȍ ȕȈ șȈȔțȦ ȒȖșȚȦȔȕțȦ ȕȈȞȐȦ, ǼȘȈȕ-
ȞȐȦ, Ȑ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȚȍ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȣ ȗȖȉțȌȐȊȠȐȍ ȅȔȐȓȧ ǯȖȓȧ ȕȈȗȐ-
șȈȚȤ șȊȖȍ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȖȍ «Fécondité».
Ǫȕȍ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȧ — ȒȖșȚȦȔ Ȋ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ȗȘȐ-
ȟȐȕȈ ȘȈȏȊȘȈȚȈ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȧ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȊȖȍ ȊȖȏ-
ȉțȎȌȍȕȐȍ Ȗȕ ȌȈȍȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȚȈȒ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȥȘȖȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ
ȐȕȚȘȐȋȐ ǪȍȌȤ ȔȈșȒȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȍ — Ȋșȍ ȘȈȊȕȖ, ȓȐȞȖ ȚȍȓȖ ȒȖ-
ȕȍȟȕȖșȚȐ — ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐ ȕȍ ȊȣȏȊȈȚȤ «ȐȕȚȘȐ-
ȋȐ» ț șȈȔȖȋȖ ȘȈȊȕȖȌțȠȕȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ
ǲȓȐȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ țșȓȖȊȐȧ — ȥȚȖ șȈȔȖ șȖȉȖȑ ȥȚȖ șȦȌȈ ȕȍ
ȖȚȕȖșȐȚșȧ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȘȍȟȤ ȐȌȍȚ Ȗ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȐ ȒȖșȚȦ-
ȔȈ ȚȈȔ ȋȌȍ ȥȚȐ țșȓȖȊȐȧ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȕȐ ȗȘȐ ȟȍȔ **.
* ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɵɞɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɟɩɪɢɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ ɬɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɦ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɬɨ ɩɟɪ-
ɜɨɛɵɬɧɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɜɨɜɫɟ ɧɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɟɬ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɗɬɨ
ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬ-
ɜɚ ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɟɠɞɵ ɜɡɹɬɨɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ Ʌɢɲɶ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭ
ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɟɠɞɵ ɢ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɦɚɬɟ-
ɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɨɛɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɟ ɬɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜ ɫɨ-
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɵɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨ ɩɪɟ-
ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɜɩɪɨɱɟɦ ɨɧɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɟɥɨ ɩɪɢɜɵɱ-
ɤɢ Ʉɢɬɚɹɧɤɚ ɫɬɚɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɹɱɟɬ ɩɨɞ ɩɥɚɬɶɟ ɫɜɨɢ ɢɡɭɪɨɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɨɠ-
ɤɢ ɇɚɲɚ ɡɚɦɭɠɧɹɹ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɤɚ ɫɬɵɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɧɹɬɶ ɫ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ ɩɨɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɥɚ-
ɬɨɤ Ȼ Ɏ Ⱥɞɥɟɪ — ©ȼɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɟɠɞɵª ɫɬɪ 5).
** ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ ɧɟɥɢɲɧɢɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ ©ɦɵ ɜɟɡɞɟ ɧɚɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɟɦɫɹ ɧɚ
ɧɟɥɸɛɨɜɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤ ɨɞɟɠɞɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɤ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɹɦ Ⱦɚ-
ɠɟ ɫɵɧ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ-ɦɚɱɟɯɢ ɱɭɤɱɚ — ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɹɤɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɱɬɨɛɵ

12
ȇ ȕȈșȚȈȐȊȈȦ ȕȈ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȗȍȘȊȖȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȒȖșȚȦȔ — ȥȚȖ
ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȚȍȓȍșȕȈȧ ȔȈșȒȈ*, Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔ țȎȍ țȒȘȈȠȍȕȐȍ ȐȓȐ
ȏȈȡȐȚȈ ȖȚ ȘȍȏȒȖșȚȍȑ ȚȍȔȗȍȘȈȚțȘȣ ȈȚȔȖșȜȍȘȕȣȝ ȖșȈȌȒȖȊ
ȗȣȓȐ Ȑ ȗȘ **
ǺȍȓȍșȕȈȧ ȔȈșȒȈ ǰ ȕȍȌȈȘȖȔ ȔȖȕȈȝȐ ȗȘȖȏȊȈȓȐ șȒȊȖȏȕȣȍ
ȗȘȖȠȐȊȒȐ ȕȈ ȗȓȈȚȤȧȝ șȘȍȌȕȍȊȍȒȖȊȣȝ șȔȐȘȍȕȕȐȞ «ȡȍȓȒȈ-
ȔȐ ȌȤȧȊȖȓȈ» — «trous du diable». ǲȈȒ ȥȚȖ ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐ
ȊȍȘȕȖ ȔȍȚȒȖ Ȑ ȖșȚȘȖțȔȕȖ
ǸȧȌȖȔ ș ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȍȑ ȔȈșȒȐ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȗȖ-ȔȖȍ-
Ȕț ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȌȐȕ ȍȡȍ ȜȈȒȚȖȘ ȒȖșȚȦȔȈ șȍȒșțȈȓȤȕțȦ ȚȍȕȌȍȕ-
ȞȐȦ ȖȚȚȍȕȧȚȤ Ȑ ȗȖȌȟȍȘȒȐȊȈȚȤ șȖȉȓȈȏȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖ-
șȚȐ șȊȖȍȋȖ șȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ǷȘȐȒȘȣȊȈȍȚșȧ șȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȈșȚȤ
ȚȍȓȈ Ȑ ȕȍ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȘȈȌȐ «ȐȕȚȘȐȋȐ» șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈȌȐ
ȊȖȓȕțȦȡȍȋȖ ȒȖȕȚȘȈșȚȈ ȔȍȎȌț ȗȘȐȒȘȣȚȣȔ Ȑ ȕȍȗȘȐȒȘȣȚȣȔ
Ȋ ȞȊȍȚȍ Ȑ ȜȖȘȔȍ ȕȈȗȘ, ȔȈȚȖȊȣȑ ȚȖȕ ȖȌȍȧȕȐȧ ȘȧȌȖȔ ș ȓȖș-
ȕȧȡȍȑșȧ ȒȖȎȍȑ ȐȓȐ ȕȈȖȉȖȘȖȚ, ȓȖșȕȧȡȐȑșȧ ȉȓȍșȒ țȒȘȈȠȍ-
ȕȐȑ ȘȧȌȖȔ ș ȔȈȚȖȊȖȑ ȒȖȎȍȑ ȚȖȕȒȈȧ șȚȐșȕțȚȈȧ ȚȒȈȕȤȦ ȚȈȓȐȧ
ȘȧȌȖȔ ș ȗȖȓȕȣȔ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȕȣȔ ȉȦșȚȖȔ Ȑ Ț Ȍ
ǰ ȊȖȚ șȓțȟȐȓȖșȤ ȕȍȟȚȖ ȓȖȎȕȖȍ Ȑ ȊȘȍȌȕȖȍ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȊ «ȗȈ-
ȌȍȕȐȍ ȕȘȈȊȖȊ» ȖȚ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȓȤȕȖȑ Ȑ ȚȖȕȒȖ ȘȈșșȟȐȚȈȕ-
ȕȖȑ ȊȣșȚȈȊȒȐ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ ȊȓȈșȚȤ ȐȔțȡȐȍ ȊȔȍșȚȖ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉ șȒȈ-
ȏȈȚȤ: ©ǬȖȓȖȑ ȔȈșȒȐ ȌȖȓȖȑ ȗȈȋțȉȕțȦ ȐȕȚȘȐȋț ȌȖȓȖȑ ȝȐȚȘȖ-
șȚȐ ȊȣșȚȈȊȖȟȕȣȝ ȘȈȔ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ ȌȖȓȖȑ ȖȌȍȎȌȣ», — ȕȈȓȖȎȐȓȐ
ȏȈȗȘȍȚ ȕȈ șȈȔț ȕȈȋȖȚț ȕȈ ȟȐșȚțȦ ȕȍȊȐȕȕțȦ Ȑ ȗȖȓȍȏȕțȦ ȕȈ-
ȋȖȚț ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȖȚȕȖȠȍ-
ȕȐȧ ȐȓȐ țȔȍȘȍȕȕȖȑ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȖȑ ȗȖȝȖȚȐ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȊȣȏȊȈȚȤ Ȋ
ȕȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȖȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȍ
ɫɛɪɨɫɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɦɚɥɚɯɚɣ ɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɫɶ ɜ ɸɪɬɟ ɨɧ ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɜɫɸ ɨɞɟɠɞɭ ɢ
ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɚɧɬɚɥɨɧɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɤɟª Ibid., ɫɬɪ 9.
* Ȼ Ɏ Ⱥɞɥɟɪ ɧɟ ɢɞɟɬ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɱɬɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɣ
ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɨɞɟɠɞ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɢɡ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɣ
ɭɦɚɥɱɢɜɚɹ ɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɛɵɬɧɨɣ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɤɢ
** Havelock Ellis ɫɦ ɟɝɨ Etudes de psychologiɟ seɯuelle) ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɱɬɨ ɭ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɥɟɦɟɧ ɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɲɚɪɚ ɨɞɧɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɭɬɤɢ ɧɨɫɹɬ ɨɞɟɠ-
ɞɭ (La pudeur, ɱ ,

13
ǵȈȟȈȓșȧ șȚȣȌ ȕȈȋȖȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ șȚȣȌ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȖȉȡȍȋȖ ș ȍșȚȍșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕȖșȚȤȦ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȊȠȐȑ ȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȈȧ ȌȖȉȘȖȌȍȚȍȓȤ
ȗȖȖȡȘȧȊȠȐȑșȧ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖȦ ȊȓȈșȚȤȦ țȉȍȎȌȍȕȕȖȑ Ȋ
ȗȈȋțȉȍ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ Ȑ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȊșȍȔȐ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈȔȐ șȚȈȘȈȊȠȍȑșȧ țȌȍȘ-
ȎȈȚȤ ȖȚ ȕȍȍ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕ ȒȈȒ ȖȚ ȟȍȋȖ-ȚȖ ȗȖȏȖȘȕȖȋȖ ǪșȗȖȔȕȐȔ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȗ Țȍȓȍșȕȣȝ ȕȈȒȈȏȈȕȐȧȝ șȖȗȘȖȊȖȎȌȈȊȠȐȝșȧ ȗțȉȓȐȟ-
ȕȣȔ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȐȍȔ — ȌȍșȒȈȚȤ, șȔȖȚȘȐȚȍ ȕȈ ȗȖȏȖȘ ȖȉȕȈȎȍ-
ȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȘȖȕȐȒȕȐȚȍșȤ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȔ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȖȏȖȘȈ ǵȖ ȉȍȌȕȖȍ ȟȍ-
ȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊȖ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȔȐȘȍ ȋȌȍ ȚȈȒ ȔȈȓȖ țȚȍȝ Ȑ ȋȌȍ ȕȈȐȓțȟȠȐȍ
Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȗȘȐȍȌȈȦȚșȧ ȊȣȎȈȓȖ șȓȈȌȖșȚȤ Ȑ Ȑȏ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȖȏȖȘȈ Ȗȉ-
ȘȈȚȐȊ ȍȋȖ Ȋ ȥȘȖȚȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȔȈȕȐȦ ȜȓȈȋȍȓȓȈȕȚȐȏȔȈ
ǩȖȘȤȉȈ ș ȕȈȋȖȚȖȑ ȊȣȏȊȈȓȈ ȖȉȘȈȚȕȣȍ ȖȎȐȌȈȊȠȐȔșȧ Șȍ-
ȏțȓȤȚȈȚȣ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȥȚȖ ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȗȖȕȧȓȐ ǪȍȘȕȍȍ — ȕȈȟȐȕȈȦȚ ȗȖȕȐ-
ȔȈȚȤ
ǵȈȟȈȓȖ ǽǽ-ȋo ȊȍȒȈ ȖȏȕȈȔȍȕȖȊȈȓȖșȤ ȗȖȉȍȌȈȔȐ ǨȑșȍȌȖȘȣ
ǬțȕȒȈȕ Ȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȌȖȒȚȖȘȈ ǴȦȓȓȍȘȈ
ǭșȓȐ XVIII-ȣȑ ȊȍȒ Ȋ șȔȣșȓȍ șȚȐȓȧ ȒȖșȚȦȔȈ «ȊȍȒ ǳȦ-
ȌȖȊȐȒȖȊ», XIX-ȣȑ — «ǰȔȗȍȘȐȧ», «mille huit cent trente» Ȑ
«șȖȘȖȒȖȊȣȍ ȋȖȌȈ» ȚȖ ǽǽ-ȖȔț ȚȍȗȍȘȤ țȎ ȧșȕȖ șțȎȌȍȕȖ ȉȣȚȤ
«ȊȍȒȖȔ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ» ǻȎȍ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ Ȋȣ ȕȍ ȕȈȑȌȍȚȍ ȔȈȓȖ-ȔȈȓȤșȒȐ
ȘȈȏȊȐȚȖȑ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȕȍ ȕȖșȐȓȈ ȉȣ ȓȍȚȖȔ șȈȕȌȈȓȐȑ
ȕȈ ȉȖșț ȕȖȋț ȍșȓȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȍȍ ȕȐȎȕȐȍ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖșȚȐ ȕȍ ȐȏțȘȖ-
ȌȖȊȈȕȣ ȌȖ ȗȖȏȖȘȈ țȏȒȖȦ ȖȉțȊȤȦ
ǵȈȋȖȚȈ șȚȈȓȈ Ȋ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȎȐȊȖȚȘȍȗȍȡțȡȍȦ Țȍ-
ȔȖȑ ȒȈȒ ȋȐȋȐȍȕȣ șȗȖȘȚȈ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȥșȚȍȚȐȒȐ
ǸȈȏțȔȍȍȚșȧ — ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȌȊțșȔȣșȓȍȕȕȖ țȓȣȉȈȚȤ-
șȧ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ȒȈȜȍȠȈȕȚȈȕȍ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȗȤȧȕȖȑ ȗțȉȓȐ-
ȒȖȑ ȉȖșȖȕȖȋȈȧ ȌȐȊȈ șȗȍȞȐȜȐȟȍșȒȐ ȖȚȕȖșȧȡȈȧșȧ Ȓ ȞȍȕȕȖ-
șȚȐ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȕȖ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ țȎ ȖȚȕȍșȚȐșȤ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȐȕȈȟȍ ȒȈȒ ș
ȊȗȖȓȕȍ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȣȔ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȔ, Ȓ ȖȚȘȐȞȈȕȐȦ ȚȘȐȒȖ țȊȈȎȈȍ-
ȔȣȔȐ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȈȔȐ Ȑ ȈȘȚȐșȚȈȔȐ ȕȈȠȐȝ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ ȚȍȈȚȘȖȊ ȗȖ
ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȍșȓȐ ȕȍ ȝȖȟȍȠȤ ȗȘȖșȓȣȚȤ ȗȖȠȓȧȒȖȔ
ȇ ȕȈȏȖȊț ȐȔȍȕȈ ȗȍȘȊȣȔȐ ȗȘȐȠȍȌȠȐȍ Ȕȕȍ Ȋ ȋȖȓȖȊț ǨȗȖ-
ȓȖȋȍȚȈȔȐ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȧȊȠȐȔȐ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ
ȥȚȖ ȕȖȊȖȍ credo șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ, ț ȕȈș ȧȊȐȓȐșȤ ȈȘ-
ȚȐșȚȒȈ ǰȔȗȍȘȈȚȖȘșȒȖȋȖ ǴȈȓȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ǫȏȖȊșȒȈȧ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȈ
ǰȔȗȍȘȈȚ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȐȕșȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ǪȍȌȘȐȕșȒȈȧ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȈ

14
ǰȔȗȍȘȈȚ ǴȈȘȐȐȕșȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ǲțȏȕȍȞȖȊȈ ȈȘȚȐșȚ ǰȔȗȍȘȈȚ
ȚȍȈȚȘȖȊ ȀȈȓȧȗȐȕ ȈȘȚȐșȚȣ ǰȔȗȍȘȈȚ ȉȈȓȍȚȈ ǼȖȒȐȕ Ȑ ǴȖȘȌ-
ȒȐȕ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȈ ǹ-ǷȍȚȍȘȉțȘȋșȒȖȋȖ ǴȈȓȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ǪȈȓȍȘșȒȈȧ
ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȐ ǺȍȈȚȘȈ Ǫ Ǽ. ǲȖȔȐșșȈȘȎȍȊșȒȖȑ ǳȦȉȈȊȐȕȈ ǹȊȖ-
ȉȖȌȐȕȈ Ȑ ǩȈȘȣȕșȒȈȧ ȈȘȚȐșȚ ǺȍȈȚȘȈ Ǫ Ǽ ǲȖȔȐșșȈȘȎȍȊ-
șȒȖȑ ǴȋȍȉȘȖȊ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȈ ǹȚȈȘȐȕȕȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ǸȐȋȓȍȘ ȈȘȚȐșȚ
«ǵȖȊȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ» ǳ ǩ ȇȊȖȘșȒȖȑ ǵ ǵ ǻȘȊȈȕȞȖȊ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȈ
ǲȐȍȊșȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ǬțȊȈȕ-ǺȖȘȞȖȊȈ ǲ ǳ ǹȖȒȖȓȖȊȈ ȈȘȚȐșȚ ǲȐȍȊ-
șȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ «ǩȍȘȋȖȕȤȍ» Ǫ Ǩ ǩȓȦȔȍȕȚȈȓȤ-ǺȈȔȈȘȐȕ Ȑ ȌȘ
Ʌɢɧɚ Ʉɚɜɚɥɶɟɪɢ ɜ ɨɩɟɪɟ ©Ɍɚɢɫª Ɇɚɫɫɧɟ
ȅȚȐ ȐȔȍȕȈ Ȓ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȕȈȠȈ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈ ȕȍ ȔȖ-
ȎȍȚ ȖȚȕȍșȚȐșȤ ȐȕȈȟȍ ȒȈȒ ș ȗȖȓȕȣȔ țȊȈȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ
ȒȘȈșȕȖȘȍȟȐȊȣ ǵȖ ȒțȓȤȚț ȕȈȋȖȚȣ Ȋ șȊȧȏȐ ș ȈȕȚȐȟȕȖȑ ȗȓȈ-
șȚȐȒȖȑ ȖȚȌȈȦȚșȧ ș țȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȍȔ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȈȘȚȐșȚȣ-ȗȘȖȜȍș-
șȐȖȕȈȓȣ ȕȖ Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȖȍ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȍȑ Ȑ ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȐȞ Ȑȏ ȕȈȠȍȋȖ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȋȖ high-life. ǻȗȖȔȧȕț ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ ȕȍ-
ȌȈȊȕȐȑ șȗȍȒȚȈȒȓȤ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚȖȘȖȊ Ȑ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȖȊ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȕȈȗȘȈȊ-
ȓȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȊȣșȚțȗȐȓȐ ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȕȣȍ ȠȓȐ
«ǵȖȟȕȣȍ ȗȓȧșȒȐ» Ǽ ǹȖȓȖȋțȉȈ ȌȊȍȕȈȌȞȈȚȤ ȒȘȈșȐȊȣȝ ȓȦ-

15
ȉȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞ Ȑȏ fashionable’ȕȣȝ ȒȘțȋȖȊ ȗȍȚȍȘȉțȘȋșȒȖȋȖ Ȗȉȡȍ-
șȚȊȈǬȖȔȖȋȈȕȐȍ ȈȘȚȐșȚȖȊ țȗȘȖȟȐȚȤ ȕȈȋȖȚț ȚȍȓȈ ȕȈ ȗȖȌȔȖșȚ-
ȒȈț șȞȍȕȣ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȗȖȕȧȚȕȖ Ȑ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ șȞȍȕȈ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȧȊ-
ȓȧȚȤ ȕȈȔ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕțȦ ȗȘȈȊȌț Ȉ ȟȚȖ Ȏȍ ȓțȟȠȍ ȖȓȐȞȍȚȊȖȘȧȍȚ
ȍȍ ȒȈȒ ȕȍ ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȕȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ"
ǵȈȘȧȌț șȖ șȞȍȕȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȧȔȐ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȘȈȚțȦȚ ȏȈ
ȕȈȋȖȚț Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ Ȑ ȕȈȠȐ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȍ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȐ ǵȍ șȚȈȕț
ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚȤ ȏȌȍșȤ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ ȔȖȐȝ ȉȍșȍȌ șȖ ȔȕȖȋȐȔȐ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ
ȕȈ ȥȚț ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȏȓȖȉȖȌȕȍȊȕțȦ ȚȍȔț ȏȈȔȍȟț ȓȐȠȤ ȟȚȖ
ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ șȖȟțȊșȚȊțȍȚ șȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȧȔ ȈȘȚȐș-
ȚȖȊ-ȕȦȌȐșȚȖȊ ǲ ȚȖȔț Ȏȍ, ȊȏȋȓȧȌȣ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȋȓȈȊȈȘȍȑ șȖȊ-
ȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȑ ȎȐȊȖȗȐșȐ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖ ȊȣșȒȈȏȈȕȣ Ȋ
ȕȍȌȈȊȕȖ ȕȈȠțȔȍȊȠȍȔ ȋȈȏȍȚȕȖȔ ȐȕȚȍȘȊȤȦ*; Ȕȕȍ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȐȊȍșȚȐ șțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȌȖșȓȖȊȕȖ
ǵ ǰ ǸȍȘȐȝ
«Ǫ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȔ ȋȖȌț ȧ șȔȖȚȘȍȓ ǰȌț ǸțȉȐȕȠȚȍȑȕ Ȋ ȒȖșȚȦ-
Ȕȍ ǩȈȒșȚȈ Ȑ ȕȈȝȖȎț ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ ȖȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ
ȟȍȔ Ȋ ȒȖșȚȦȔȍ
ǵȈ ȕȍȑ ȚȈȒ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȊșȧȒȐȝ țȒȘȈȠȍȕȐȑ Ȑ ȉțș șȗțȚȣ-
ȊȈȊȠȐȝ Ȋșȍ ȓȐȕȐȐ ȍȍ ȚȍȓȈ ȟȚȖ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȧ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ ȧ ȕȍ ȗȖ-
ȓțȟȐȓ
ǬțȔȈȦ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȊȖȗȘȖșȍ ȕȈȌȖ ȐșȝȖȌȐȚȤ Ȑȏ ȖȉȡȍȋȖ ȗȘȈ-
ȊȐȓȈ ȒȘȈșȐȊȖ ȥȚȖ ȐȓȐ ȕȍȚ"
ǰ ȍșȓȐ ȥȚȖ ȒȘȈșȐȊȖ ȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȗȘȖȟȍȍ ȗȈȌȈȍȚ
ǺȖȋȌȈ ȕȐȟȚȖ ȕȐȒȍȔ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȏȈȔȍȟȍȕȖ
ȅȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȘȈȊȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȔȈșșȈ ȊșȧȒȐȝ ȕȍ-
șȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȖșȚȍȑ
ǭșȓȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȥȚȈ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈ ȌȈȍȚ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ ȚȖ
* ɋɦ Ne 339 ɡɚ 1909 ɝ ɬɨɲɧɨɣ ɞɨ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɦɨɞɧɨɝɨ ©ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɫɤɨɣ ɝɚ-
ɡɟɬɵ».

16
Ȋșȍ ȕȍșȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȖșȚȐ ȏȈȉȣȊȈȦȚșȧ Ȑ ȖȕȈ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȗȘȈȊȖ ȕȈ șțȡȍ-
șȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ
Ǫ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȌȐȕ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȒȘȈșȖȚȈ
ǪȖȏȤȔȐȚȍ Ȋșȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȍ ȘȐșȒȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ șȚȈȘȣȝ
ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȖȊ ȐȚȈȓȤȧȕșȒȐȍ ȜȓȈȔȈȕȌșȒȐȍ ȐșȗȈȕșȒȐȍ ȕȍ șȚȖȐȚ
ȌȈȎȍ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȚȤ Ȑȝ ȐȔȍȕȈ
ǷȖȟȍȔț Ȑȝ ȕȍ ȖșțȎȌȈȦȚ"
ǷȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȘȐșȒȖȊȈȕȕȖșȚȤ șȦȎȍȚȈ ȏȈȚȍȔȕȧȍȚșȧ ȝțȌȖ-
ȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȍȔ
ǪȖȖȉȡȍ Ȋ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ șȈȔȖȍ ȋȓȈȊȕȖȍ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȕȐȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȠȖ-
ȒȐȘȖȊȈȓȖ
ǲȈȒ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȥȚȖ ȌȖșȚȐȋȕțȚȖ — ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒ ȐȓȐ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȈ Ȋȣ-
ȝȖȌȧȚ ȗȖȉȍȌȐȚȍȓȧȔȐ
ǵȖ Ȕȕȍ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ șȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȕȈȋȖȚȍ ȕȈȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȍȚ
ȕȈ ȈȘȚȐșȚȖȒ șȚȘȈȠȕțȦ ȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȤ
ȅȚȖ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȚȘțȌȕȈȧ ȏȈȌȈȟȈ
— Ǫ ȒȈȒȖȔ șȔȣșȓȍ"
— ǷȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȑ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȔȈȓȖ
ǺȈȒ ȟȚȖ ȊșȧȒȐȑ ȒȚȖ ȘȐșȒțȍȚ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ șȊȖȍ șȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȍ-
ȚȍȕȌțȍȚ ȕȈ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȒȘȈșȖȚț».
ǳ. ǹ ǩȈȒșȚ
«ǩȣȓȖ ȉȣ ȉȓȐȏȖȘțȒȖ Ȑ ȕȍșȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖ ȐșȒȈȚȤ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȣ
ȥȚȖȋȖ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȋ țȗȈȌȒȍ șȚȣȌȓȐȊȖșȚȐ Ț ȍ ȗȘȖșȚȖ Ȋ șȈȓȤȕȖ-
șȚȐ Ȋ ȗȖȘȕȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ
ǹȖȊșȍȔ ȕȈȖȉȖȘȖȚ ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ ȕȐ șȚȘȈȕȕȖ ȕȈ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ
ǵȖȊȣȑ ȊȒțș ȖȚȊȍȟȈȍȚ ȕȖȊȖȔț ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȦ Ȋ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ ȊȖ-
Ȗȉȡȍ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȖȔ Ȋ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ ǲȈȒ «ȘȍȈȒȞȐȧ» ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȗȘȍ-
ȌȣȌțȡȍȋȖ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȧ ȕȍȊȘȈșȚȍȕȐȒȖȊ țȕȣȓȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȒȖȕȚȖȘ-
ȒȐ Ȑ ȒȈȉȐȕȍȚȈ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȍ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȍ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȍ ȉȘȖșȐȓȖșȤ
Ȋ șȚȖȘȖȕț șȗȖȘȚȈ ȋȐȔȕȈșȚȐȒȐ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȚȘțȌȈ ȚȈȕȞȍȊ
ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȖȌȕȐȔ șȓȖȊȖȔ, Ȋ șȚȖȘȖȕț ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ — ȒȈȒ ȏȈșȐȌȍȊ-
ȠȐȑșȧ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȎȈȎȌȍȚ ȗȘȖȉȍȎȈȚȤșȧ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȉȐȚȤșȧ șȐȓȤ-
ȕȍȍ ȗțȓȤș!..

17
ǷȖȧȊȐȓșȧ “ȒțȓȤȚ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȕȖȋȖ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȑ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ
ȚȍȓȈ” Ȋ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȗȖȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȊȟȍȘȈȠȕȍȔț ȒțȓȤȚț — ȗȖȓțȖȉ-
ȕȈȎȍȕȕȖȋȖ șȒȈȉȘȍȏȕȖȋȖ ȧȌȖȊȐȚȖ-ȗȐȒȈȕȚȕȖȋȖ.
ǽțȌȖȎȕȐȒȐ ȈȘȚȐșȚȣ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȐ Ȉ ȏȈ ȕȐȔȐ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȌȖȊȈȧ
ȔȖȓȖȌȍȎȤ Ȋșȍ șȖȋȓȈșȕȖ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ, Ȑ ȕȍ șȖȏȕȈȊȈȧ ȥȚȖȋȖ
ȐȡțȚ Ȑ ȗȘȖȗȖȊȍȌțȦȚ ȥȚȖȚ “ȕȖȊȣȑ ȒțȘș”.
ǭșȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȘȕȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȕȖ ȚȖ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȋȖșȗȖȌȈ Ȑ ȋȖșȗȖ-
ȎȐ Ȑȏ “ȜȈȘșȈ” ȡȍȋȖȓȧȦȡȐȍ Ȑȏ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ Ȋ ȊȍȟȍȘ Ȋ ȒȈȓȤșȖȕȈȝ
Ȑ ȕȖȟȕȣȝ ȘțȉȈȠȒȈȝ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ
ǵȖ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȈ Ȑ ȟȐșȚȈ Ȑ ǨȑșȍȌȖȘȈ ǬțȕȒȈȕ Ȑ
ȚȖ “ȉȖșȖȕȖȎȐȍ” ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȍșȚȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȓȐȠȕȐȑ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤ ȚȖ-
ȋȖ ȟȚȖ Ȕȣ șȚȘȍȔȐȔșȧ Ȓ ȒțȓȤȚț ȋȘȍȒȖȊ Ȓ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȔț ȏȌȖ-
ȘȖȊȖȔț Ȑ ȟȐșȚȖȔț Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Țȍȓț»
Ǩ ȇ ǫȖȓȖȊȐȕ
«ǷȖ-ȔȖȍȔț ȕțȎȍȕ ȚȈȓȈȕȚ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȉȕȈȎȐȚȤ ȗțȉ-
ȓȐȟȕȖ șȊȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ
ǪȖȏȤȔȍȔ ǬțȕȒȈȕ
Ǫ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȍȍ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȕȈȏȊȈȚȤ ȒȘȈșȐȊȖȑ
ȇ ȊȐȌȍȓ ȍȍ șȖȊșȍȔ ȉȓȐȏȒȖ Ȑ Ȋ șȔȣșȓȍ ȊȕȍȠȕȖșȚȐ ȖȕȈ
ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖȋȖ șȖȉȖȑ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ
ǹȈȔȈȧ ȏȈțȘȧȌȕȈȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ
ǵȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȈ ȚȈȕȞțȍȚ — ȥȚȖ ȖȌȕȖ ȖȟȈȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ
ǵȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȒȐ ȜȐȋțȘȣ ȒȈȎȌȈȧ ȗȖ-
ȏȈ ȒȈȎȌȖȍ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ ț ȕȍȍ ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȗȓȈșȚȐȟȕȣ Ȑ ȒȘȈ-
șȐȊȣ
ȇ ȊȐȌȍȓ ȔȈșșț ȉȖȓȍȍ ȒȘȈșȐȊȣȝ ȟȍȔ ǬțȕȒȈȕ, «ȉȖșȖȕȖ-
ȎȍȒª ȕȖ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȈ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȓȈ ȕȈ Ȕȍȕȧ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ Ȋȗȍ-
ȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȧ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ
ǵȐȒȈȒȖȑ ȒȖșȚȦȔ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ șȘȈȊȕȐȚȤșȧ ș ȒȘȈșȖȚȖȑ ȟȍȓȖ-
ȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ
ǵȍȌȈȊȕȖ Ȋ ȞȐȘȒȍ ȌȍȓȈȓ ȘȈȏȕȣȍ țȗȘȈȎȕȍȕȐȧ ș ȋȐȘȧȔȐ ȒȈ-
ȒȖȑ-ȚȖ șȚȈȘȣȑ ȈȕȋȓȐȟȈȕȐȕ
ǪȖ ȜȘȈȒȍ Ȗȕ ȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ȌȈȎȍ ȚȡȍȌțȠȕȣȔ
ǫȘțȌȤ ȊȗȈȓȈȧ ȜȐȋțȘȣ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȑ

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ǵȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ ȘȈȏȌȍȓșȧ Ȑ ȖȉȕȈȎȐȓ ȚȍȓȖ — ȐȔ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ
ȏȈȓȦȉȖȊȈȚȤșȧ
ǷȖȊȚȖȘȧȦ ȟȚȖ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚșȧ ȖșȖȉȣȑ ȚȈȓȈȕȚ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ
ȘȐșȒȕțȚȤ ȊȣȑȚȐ ȕȈ șȞȍȕț ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȕȣȔ
Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȐ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȚșȧ Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȔ Ȏȍ ȗȖ-
ȓȖȎȍȕȐȐ ȒȈȒ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȐ ȊȣșȚȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȍ ȕȍȏȈȒȖȕȟȍȕȕȣȍ Ȋȍ-
ȡȐǵȍ ȊșȧȒȐȑ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐȚȤ șȍȉȍ ȚȈȒțȦ șȔȍ-
ȓȖșȚȤ Ȉ ȓȐȠȤ Țȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ țȊȍȘȍȕȣ Ȋ șȍȉȍ Ȑ ȏȕȈȦȚ ȟȚȖ ț ȕȐȝ
ȥȚȖ ȊȣȑȌȍȚ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ...»
Ɍɚɧɰɨɜɳɢɰɚ ɇɟɚɩɨɥɢɬ ɦɭɡ
ǲȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȉȣ, Ȋșȍ ȖȉșȚȖȐȚ ȉȓȈȋȖȗȖȓțȟȕȖ Ȑ ȕȐȟȚȖ ȕȍ țȋȘȖ-
ȎȈȍȚ ȉȍȏȔȧȚȍȎȕȖȑ ȥȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ
ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȥȚȖ ȓȐȠȤ «ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȉȣ».
ǵȈ șȈȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ ȒȈȒ ȧ țȎȍ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȐȍ ȓȍȋȒȖ ȔȖ-
ȎȍȚ șȚȈȚȤ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚȖȔ ȥȒșȗȓțȈȚȈȞȐȐ șȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȒȈȜȍȠȈȕ-

19
ȚȈȕȕȣȝ ȌȐȊ Ȋ «ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ» ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȑ ȟȈșȚȤȦ ni foi,
ni loi Ȉ ȒȖȔȔȍȘȟȍșȒȐȑ ȐȕȚȍȘȍș șȒȖȘȍȑȠȍȋȖ șȉȣȚȈ ȎȐȊȖȋȖ
ȚȖȊȈȘȈ ǻȎȍ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȒȈȒ ȒȚȖ-ȚȖ țȌȈȟȕȖ ȊȣȘȈȏȐȓșȧ «ȕȍȚ ȚȈȒȖ-
ȋȖ ȒȈȉȈȒȈ ȋȌȍ ȉȣ ȕȍ ȠȓȍȗȈȓȐ ȉȖșȣȍ ȕȖȋȐ ȘȈȏȊȘȈȚȕȐȞ ȕȈ ȗȖ-
Țȍȝț ȋțȘȔȈȕȈȔ».
ǸȧȌȖȔ ș ȕȈȋȖȚȖȦ ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȦ ȗțșȚȐȓȈ ȒȖȘȕȐ ț ȏȕȈȔȍ-
ȕȐ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȕȈȋȖȚȈ ȗȖȘȕȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ǵȍ țșȗȍȓȈ ȍȡȍ ȗȍȘ-
ȊȈȧ ȧȊȐȚȤ Ȋșȍȑ șȊȖȍȑ ȔȖȡȐ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ ȒȈȒ ȍȍ țȎ șȚȈȓȐ ȕȈ ȏȈ-
ȌȊȖȘȒȈȝ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȗȘȖȜȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ Ȑ ȖȗȖȠȓȧȚȤ ȕȈșȚȖȓȤȒȖ
ȟȚȖ Ȑ ț ȈȘȚȐșȚȖȊ Ȑ ț ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ ȓȍȋȒȖ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȘȖȌȐȚȤșȧ șȖȔȕȍ-
ȕȐȍ Ȋ ȞȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȒțȓȤȚȈ șȞȍȕȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ
ǪȖȚ ȥȚȖ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ Ȋ șȊȧȏȐ ș ȕȈȏȘȍȊȠȐȔ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȔ
ț ȟȐȚȈȦȡȍȑ ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ Ȓ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȍ ȥșȚȍȚȐȏȔȈ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ ȟȍȓȖȊȍ-
ȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ Ȑ ȗȖȉțȎȌȈȍȚ ȊȣȗțșȚȐȚȤ ȒȕȐȋț ȋȌȍ ȉȣ ȊȖȗȘȖș
ȥȚȖȚ Ȑ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȊȖȗȘȖș Ȗ ȕȈȋȖȚȍ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ ȗȘȍȌ-
șȚȈȓ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ Ȋ ȔȕȖȋȖșȚȖȘȖȕȕȍȔ ȖșȊȍȡȍȕȐȐ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȐȔȍȦ-
ȡȐȝ ȗȘȈȊȖ ȕȈ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕțȦ ȒȖȔȗȍȚȍȕȚȕȖșȚȤ șȊȖȐȝ șțȎȌȍȕȐȑ
ǷȘȍȌȓȈȋȈȍȔȈȧ ȒȕȐȋȈ «ǵȈȋȖȚȈ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ» Ȑ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȖ-
ȗȣȚȒȖȑ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȖșȊȍȡȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈ ș ȖȌȕȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ Ȉ ș ȌȘț-
ȋȖȑ — șȉȖȘȕȐȒȖȔ ȗȘȖȜȐȓȤȚȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈ ȔȖȋțȡȍ-
ȋȖ ȉȣȚȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȖșȓțȎȐȚȤ ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȦ Ȑ Ȍȓȧ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȋȖ ȘȈȏ-
ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈ Ȋ ȕȈȠȍȔ Ȑ ȉȍȏ ȚȖȋȖ ȕȈșȒȊȖȏȤ
ȗȘȖȠȗȐȋȖȊȈȕȕȖȔ ȊșȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈȔȐ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤ-
ȕȖȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ
ǵȍȓȐȠȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ «ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȈ» ȥȚȖȋȖ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈ ȒȘȈȑ-
ȕȍ șȒȘȖȔȕȣȝ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȖȊ ǰȏ ȗȖȧȊȐȊȠȐȝșȧ Ȋ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ ȒȕȐȋ Ȕȣ
ȔȖȋȓȐ ȊȖșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȍȓȧ ȥȚȖȋȖ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈ ȓȐȠȤ țȊȘȈȎȍȔ
Ȍ-ȘȈ ǪȐȚȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ǵacca «Le nu Ȉu théatre», ȚȘțȌȖȔ ǵȖȘ-
ȔȈȕȌȐ «Le nu à I’église, dans la rue et au théatre», ȉȘȖȠȦȘȖȑ
Ȍ
ȅȘșȒȐ «Le nu sur la scène, est-il impudique ou artistique»,
ȒȕȐȋȖȑ ǨȑșȍȌȖȘȣ ǬțȕȒȈȕ «ǺȈȕȍȞ ȉțȌțȡȍȋȖ» Ȑ șȚȈȚȤȧȔȐ Ƿȍ-
ȚȍȘȈ ǨȓȤȚȍȕȉȍȘȋȈ Ȑ ǷȤȍȘȈ ǳțȐșȈ Ǫșȍ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȒȈȒ ȕȈȗȘ
«Les deshabillés au théatre» ǴȖȕȚȖȘȋȍȑȓȧ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȒȕȐȋȐ Ȋ
ȏȚȖȔ Ȍțȝȍ ȈȉșȖȓȦȚȕȖ ȕȍ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȚ ȌȈȕȕȣȍ ȔȖȋțȡȐȍ șȓț-
ȎȐȚȤ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȔȐ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȈȔȐ
ǿȚȖ ȒȈșȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȕȖȋȖ țȊȘȈȎȈ ǪȐȚȒȖȊ-
șȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ǵȈșșȈ ȚȖ șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȗȘȍȌțȗȘȍȌȐȚȤ ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȧ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐ
ȘȍȌȈȒȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȐ «ǰșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȖȟȍȘȒȈ» Ȋ ȚȖȟȕȖȔ ȗȍȘȍȊȖ-

22
ǭȋȐȗȚȧȕȍ șȗȘȈȊȓȧȓȐ ȒȈȎȌțȦ Ȋȍșȕț ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȣȍ ȖȉȘȧ-
Ȍȣ ȒȘȈȑȕȍ ȕȍȗȘȐȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȗȖ ȕȈȠȐȔ ȊȖȏȏȘȍȕȐȧȔ ǹȊȧȡȍȕ-
ȕȣȍ ȒțȘȚȐȏȈȕȒȐ ȗȖșȓȍ ȟțȊșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȚȈȕȞȍȊ ȖȚȌȈȊȈȓȐșȤ ȉȖ-
ȋȖȔȖȓȤȞȈȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȖ șȓȖȊȈȔ ǫȍȘȖȌȖȚȈ șȚȍȒȈȓȐșȤ ȕȈ ȥȚȐ
ȗȘȈȏȌȕȍșȚȊȈ Ȋ ȟȐșȓȍ șȍȔȐșȖȚ Țȣșȧȟ ǷȖȏȌȕȍȍ ȘȈȏȕțȏȌȈȕȕȣȍ
ȕȘȈȊȣ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ șȔȧȋȟȐȓȐșȤ ȗȖȌ ȔȈșȒȖȑ ȓȐȞȍȔȍȘȕȖȑ ȌȖȉȘȖ-
ȌȍȚȍȓȐ ȕȖ ȊȣșȚȈȊȒȈ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ ȖșȚȈȓȈșȤ ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȝ
ȗȘȈȊȐȓ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȖȑ ȐȓȐ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȐȕșȞȍȕȐȘȖȊȒȐ
ɋɜɹɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɹɫɤɚ ɟɝɢɩɬɹɧɤɢ
ǪȖȚ ȗȖȟȍȔț ȗȖȊȐȕțȧșȤ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȧȔ ȗȘȍȌȒȖȊ ǲȓȍȖȗȈȚȘȈ
țȊȓȍȒȈȊȠȈȧșȧ ȉȈȓȍȚȈȔȐ Ȑ ȗȓȈșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ ȏȘȍȓȐȡȈȔȐ ȧȊȓȧ-
ȓȈșȤ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȈȋȖȦ ȗȍȘȍȌ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȊȍȓȤȔȖȎȈȔȐ
ǸȈȊȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, Ȋ ǨȏȐȐ ȋȌȍ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȣȍ ȖȉȘȧȌȣ ȏȈ-
ȔȍȕȧȓȐ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȒțȘȚȐȏȈȕȒȐ ȧȊȓȧȓȐșȤ
ȉȍȏ ȖȌȍȎȌ Ȋ ȝȘȈȔȈȝ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȐȧȝ ȐȓȐ ȕȈ ȗȓȖȡȈȌȧȝ Ȑ ȚȖȘ-
ȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȖȚȌȈȊȈȓȐ șȊȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ ȉȓȈȋȖȟȍșȚȐȊȣȔ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȧȔ
Ǫ ȋȘȍȟȍșȒȖȑ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȐ ȋȌȍ ȉȖȋȖȚȊȖȘȐȓșȧ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȑȕș-
ȚȐȕȒȚ ȊȖșȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ǨȜȘȖȌȐȚȈ ȅȘȖș Ȑ ȐȕșȚȐȕȒȚ șȖȝ-
ȘȈȕȍȕȐȧ ȘȖȌȈ ǾȍȘȍȘȈ ǬȐȖȕȐș ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋșȍ ȗȘȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ
ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ ȕȖ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȐȌȍȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȧ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȍ ȒȘȈ-
șȖȚȣ — Ȋ ȋȘȍȟȍșȒȖȑ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȐ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȕȍșȍȕȖ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ șȔȧȋ-
ȟȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȋȘțȉȖșȚȤ ȍȋȐȗȍȚșȒȖȋȖ ȐȓȐ ȈȏȐȈȚșȒȖȋȖ ȒțȓȤȚȈ ǵȖ Ȋșȍ-

25
ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ Ȋ ȉȖȋȈȚȣȝ ȈȜȐȕ-
șȒȐȝ ȌȖȔȈȝ ȒȈȎȌȖȍ ȗȘȈȏȌȕȍșȚȊȖ ȏȈȒȈȕȟȐȊȈȓȖșȤ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊ-
ȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȐȓȐ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȥȘȖȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȧ ǰ Ȕȣ
ȕȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ șȔțȡȈȚȤșȧ ȊȖȓȤȕȖșȚȧȔȐ ȋȘȍȒȖȊ ȍșȓȐ ȊșȗȖȔ-
ȕȐȔ ȒȈȒȖȍ ȊȈȎȕȖȍ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ ȖȕȐ ȗȘȐȌȈȊȈȓȐ
ȎȍȕȡȐȕȍ Ȑ Ȋ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ ȋȍȚȍȘȍ ǬȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ — ȋȓț-
ȉȖȒȖȔȣșȓȍȕȕȣȑ ǹȖȒȘȈȚ ȉȘȈȓ țȘȖȒȐ ȚȈȕȞȍȊ ț șȓȈȌȖșȚȘȈșȚ-
ȕȖȑ ǨșȗȈȏȐȐ
Ƚɪɟɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɤɪɨɛɚɬɤɚ
ǫȘȍȒȐ ȞȍȕȐȓȐ Ȋ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈȝ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ țȔșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȌȖș-
ȚȖȐȕșȚȊȈ ȕȖ Ȑ ȗȓȈșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕșȚȊȖ ȜȖȘȔ ǷȖȥȚȖȔț-
ȚȖ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȏȘȍȓȐȡȈȝ ȎȍȕșȒȖȑ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ Ȓ ȟțȊșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ țȌȖ-
ȊȖȓȤșȚȊȐȧȔ ȗȘȐȔȍȠȐȊȈȓȖșȤ Ȑ șȚȘȖȋȖ-ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ǯȌȍșȤ
țȔȍșȚȕȖ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȋȘȍȟȍșȒȐȍ ȈȚȓȍȚȣ ȕȖșȐȓȐ șȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȓȍȋ-
ȒțȦ ȗȖȊȧȏȒț șȒȘȣȊȈȊȠțȦ Ȑȝ ȗȖȓ ǵȖ ȖȌȕȈȎȌȣ ȘȈȏȊȧȏȈȊ-
ȠȈȧșȧ ȗȖȊȧȏȒȈ ȗȖȔȍȠȈȓȈ ȈȚȓȍȚț ǶȘșȐȕȕț ȖȌȍȘȎȈȚȤ ȗȖȉȍȌț
ǺȖȋȌȈ ȘȍȠȐȓȐ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȐȚȤ ȥȚț țșȓȖȊȕȖșȚȤ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȎȍȕȡȐ-

27
ȋȓȈȊȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȖȚ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈȊȠȍȑ ȘȖȏȕȐ ȔȍȎȌț ȔțȎȟȐȕȈ-
ȔȐ Ȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈȔȐ
Ɋɢɦɫɤɢɟ ɚɤɬɪɢɫɵ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɶ ɜ Ƚɟɪɤɭɧɚɧɭɦɟ
Ǫ ȥȚț ȔȘȈȟȕțȦ ȥȗȖȝț ȐȏȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȧ ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȊȖșȗȍ-
ȊȈȦȚșȧ ȗțȉȓȐȟȕȖ ȉȍȏ ȔȈȓȍȑȠȐȝ șȚȍșȕȍȕȐȑ ǫȍȓȐȖȋȈȉȈȓ, ȕȈ-
ȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȧȊȓȧȓșȧ ȕȈȋȖȑ Ȋ șȖȗȘȖȊȖȎȌȍȕȐȐ ȦȕȖ-
Ƞȍȑ Ȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȘȈȏȌȍȚȣȝ Ǫ «ǹțȌȍ ǷȈȘȐșȈ» ȥȚȖȚ ȐȔ-
ȗȍȘȈȚȖȘ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȓ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ǪȍȕȍȘț Ȋ ȒȓȈșșȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȖȌȍȎȌȍ
ȉȖȋȐȕȐ
ǬȈȎȍ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȖȝȖȘȖȕ Ȋ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȐȐ ȕȍȘȍȌȒȖ ȕȈȝȖȌȐ-
ȓȐșȤ ȋȖȓȣȍ ȔȐȔȣ ȉȐȊȠȐȍ Ȋ ȚȐȔȗȈȕȣ
ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ, ȘȈȏȊȘȈȚȕȣȍ ȏȘȍȓȐȡȈ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ șȔȍȕȐȓȐ șȍ-
ȘȤȍȏȕțȦ ȌȘȈȔț Ȑ șȔȍȠȈȓȐșȤ ș ȞȐȘȒȖȊȣȔȐ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ-
ȔȐ ǬȖȔȐȞȐȈȕ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȓ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȘȈȏȌȍȚȣȝ ȌȍȊț-
ȠȍȒ șȘȈȎȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȈȘȍȕȍ ȞȐȘȒȈ ș ȒȈȘȓȐȒȈȔȐ Ȑ ȗȘ ǽȘȐș-
ȚȐȈȕșȒȐȍ ȔțȟȍȕȐȒȐ ȚȖȎȍ ȒȈȒ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ, ȘȈȏȌȍȊȈȓȐșȤ ȌȖȕȈȋȈ,
ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȑȝ ȖȚȌȈȊȈȓȐ ȕȈ ȘȈșȚȍȘȏȈȕȐȍ ȏȊȍȘȧȔ Ǫ ȗȖȘȣȊȍ ȥȒșȚȈ-

28
ȏȈ ȖȕȐ șȚȖȧȓȐ ȕȈ ȒȖȓȍȕȧȝ ȕȍ ȟțȊșȚȊțȧ șȚȘȈȌȈȕȐȑ ȕȖ ȊȖȏ-
ȉțȎȌȈȧ ȚȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ șȈȌȐȏȔ Ȋ ȗȘȍșȚțȗȕȖȑ ȚȖȓȗȍ ȏȈȉȣȊȠȍȑ Ȗ
șȊȖȐȝ ȗȘȍȎȕȐȝ ȋȍȘȖȧȝ*.
ȼɚɬɢɤɚɧ ɦɭɡ
* ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɡɪɟɥɢɳɟ — ©Ɇɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧ ɜ ɰɢɪɤɟ ɇɟɪɨɧɚª — ɞɚɜɚ-
ɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɚɧɨɪɚɦɵ əɧɚ ɋɬɵɤɢ ɩɪɢ-
ɜɥɟɤɚɹ ɧɟɫɦɟɬɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ ɇɟɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɱɬɨ ɛɨ-
ɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɫɟɳɚɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɡɪɟɥɢɳɟ ɫ ɬɟɦɢ ɠɟ ɱɭɜɫɬ-
ɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɰɟɥɹɦɢ ɱɬɨ ɢ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɜɟɤɨɜ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɉɚɧɨɪɚɦɚ
ɷɬɚ ɝɞɟ ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɬɹɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɥɢ ɫɨɜɟɪ-
ɲɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɭɱɟɧɢɰɵ ɛɵɥɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɞɚɜɚɜɲɟ-
ɝɨ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɢɥɥɸɡɢɸ ȼ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɤ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɟ Ɉɱɟɪɤ
Ɇ Ⱦ — Ɉɞɟɫɫɚ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɟɧɨ ɰɟɧɡɭɪɨɸ 20 ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ 1904 ɝ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨ-
ɱɢɦ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ©ɍ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ podium'a ɫɬɨɢɬ ɩɨɞ ɥɨɠɟɣ ɫɟɧɚɬɨ-
ɪɨɜ ɦɨɥɨɞɚɹ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɤɚ ɫɬɚɪɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɫɬɵɞɥɢɜɨ ɩɪɢɤɪɵɬɶ ɜɨɥɨɫɚɦɢ
ɫɜɨɸ ɧɚɝɨɬɭ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɝɪɭɛɵɟ ɲɭɬɤɢ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɟɣª ɫɬɪ 22); «ɨɞɢɧ
ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɜɨɢɧɨɜ ɫɬɚɥ ɩɨɞ ɥɨɠɟɣ ɰɟɡɚɪɹ ɢ ɧɚɝɥɨ ɥɸɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɩɪɟɥɟɫɬɹɦɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɣ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɤɢ ɭɦɢɪɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɫɬɟª ɫɬɪ 23);
«ɧɚɪɨɞ  ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɭɦɨɥɤ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɤɨɦ ɬɟɥɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɜɡɨɪ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɞɭ-
ɦɚɬɶ ɇɚɝɨɬɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɥ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɥɚ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɚ-
ɫɬɢª ɫɬɪ 24).
ɗɬɨ ɡɪɟɥɢɳɟ ɧɚɝɨɬɵ ɩɥɚɬɚ 50 ɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɟ ɱɟ-
ɪɟɡ ɝɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɜɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɚɧɰɚ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɦɟɱɟɣ Ɉɥɶɝɢ Ⱦɟɫ-
ɦɨɧɞ ɩɥɚɬɚ ɨɬ 2 ɞɨ 15 ɪ Ɋɟɞ.

29
ǪȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ ȥȚȐ ȖȚȊȘȈȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȏȘȍȓȐȡȈ ȉȣȓȐ ȊȖșȗȘȍ-
ȡȍȕȣ ȆșȚȐȕȐȈȕȖȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ, șȈȔ ȉȣȓ șțȗȘțȋȖȔ ȘȈș-
ȗțȚȕȖȑ ȞȐȘȒȖȊȖȑ ȕȈȍȏȌȕȐȞȣ ɎȍȖȌȖȘȣ ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ, Ȗȕ
ȕȈȠȍȓ ȕțȎȕȣȔ ȖȉțȏȌȈȚȤ ȖȉȡțȦ ȘȈșȗțȡȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȕȘȈȊȖȊ Ȑ, Ȋ
ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ, ȗȘȍȌȗȐșȈȓ ȊșȍȔ ȔȐȔȈȔ ȕȖșȐȚȤ ȒȖȘȖȚȍȕȤȒȐȍ ȚȘțș-
șȣ ȕȈ ȕȖȋȈȝ.
ǪșȒȖȘȍ Ȏȍ, ȗȖȌ ȌȈȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕșȒȐȝ ȗȘȖȗȖȊȍȌȕȐ-
ȒȖȊ șȞȍȕȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȕȈȋȖȚȈ ȗȖȌȊȍȘȋȓȈșȤ șȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȊȓȈșȚȍȑ
ȘȍȠȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȔț ȗȘȍșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȦ ǵȖ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȕȍȦ ȗȖȌ ȊȓȐȧ-
ȕȐȍȔ Țȍȝ Ȏȍ ȈșȒȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ șȚȐȔțȓȖȊ ȉȣȓ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕ ȒȖȕȍȞ Ȑ
șȞȍȕȐȟȍșȒȖȔț ȐșȒțșșȚȊț
Ⱥɤɪɨɛɚɬɤɚ Ȼɪɢɬ ɦɭɡ
ǹǸǭǬǵǰǭ ǪǭǲǨ ǰ «ǪǶǯǸǶǮǬǭǵǰǭ»
ǹȘȍȌȕȍȊȍȒȖȊȣȍ ȔȐșȚȍȘȐȐ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ ȚȘțȌȕȖ ȊȖșȗȘȖȐȏ-
ȊȍșȚȐ Ȋ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ș ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȗȖȌȓȐȕȕȖșȚȤȦ ȝȖ-

30
Țȧ ȉȣ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ țșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȖ ȉȍșșȗȖȘȕȣȔȐ ȚȍȒș-
ȚȈȔȐ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ ȜȐȋțȘȐȘȖȊȈȓȐ ȕȈȋȐȍ ȚȍȓȈ ǬȈȎȍ șȈȔ ǰȐșțș
ǽȘȐșȚȖș Ȋ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȐ ȚȖȋȌȈȠȕȐȝ ȈȒȚȍȘȖȊ ȊȐșȍȓ ȘȈșȗȧ-
ȚȣȔ ȕȈ ȒȘȍșȚȍ ȉȍȏ ȊșȧȒȐȝ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȖȊ ǸȈȏțȔȍȍȚșȧ ȥȚȖ ȗȘȖȐș-
ȝȖȌȐȓȖ țȎȍ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȚȍȈȚȘ ȊȣȠȍȓ Ȑȏ șȚȈȌȐȐ ȓȐȚțȘ-
ȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȌȘȈȔȣ Ȑ ș ȗȈȗȍȘȚȐ ȞȍȘȒȊȐ ȉȣȓ ȗȍȘȍȕȍșȍȕ ȕȈ ȗȓȖ-
ȡȈȌȤ
ǫȘȍȠȕȐȒȐ Ȋ ȈȌț ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȍȔȖȔ Ȋ ȊȐȌȍ ȋȘȖȔȈȌȕȖȑ ȘȈȏȍ-
ȊȈȦȡȍȑșȧ ȗȈșȚȐ ȘȈȊȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȓȐșȤ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȋȖ-
ȓȣȔȐ ȈȒȚȍȘȈȔȐ
ǷȘȐ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȊȢȍȏȌȈȝ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȑ ȚȈȒȎȍ țșȚȘȈȐȊȈ-
ȓȐșȤ ȐȋȘȣ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȈ ș ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȎȍȕȡȐ-
ȕȈȔȐ ȅȚȖ șȟȐȚȈȓȖșȤ ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ șȈȔȣȝ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȏȘȍ-
ȓȐȡ
ǲȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȈȓȓȍȋȖȘȐȐ ȗȘȖșȓȈȊȓȧȓȐ ǪȈȒȝȈ ȚȖ
ȘȧȌȖȔ ȕȍȗȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȔȍȡȈȓȐ țȗȐȊȠȍȋȖșȧ ȗȈȚȘȐȈȘȝȈ ǵȖȧ Ȋ
șȈȔȖȔ ȕȍȗȘȐȓȐȟȕȖȔ ȊȐȌȍ
ǯȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȒ ǳ ǼȘȐȌȓȍȕȌȍȘ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ ©ǲȈȘȚȐȕȈȝ
Ȑȏ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȘȐȔșȒȐȝ ȕȘȈȊȖȊ» ȏȈȔȍȟȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ «ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȋȖ-
ȓȖȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ Ȑ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȗțȉȓȐȒȖȑ Ȋ ȚȖȘȎȍ-
șȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ șȓțȟȈȧȝ ȊȖȊșȍ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍșȓȣȝȈȕȕȣȔ ȌȍȓȖȔ ȌȈȎȍ
Ȋ XV Ȑ XVI șȚȖȓȍȚȐȧȝ» ǳȦȌȖȊȐȒ XI ȗȘȐ șȊȖȍȔ ȊșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȐ
Ȋ ǷȈȘȐȎ Ȋ 1461 ȋ, ȉȣȓ ȊșȚȘȍȟȍȕ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȍȑȠȐȔȐ ȌȍȊțȠ-
ȒȈȔȐ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ, șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȐȟȍȔ ȖȕȐ ȗȖȌ-
ȕȍșȓȐ ȍȔț șȚȐȝȐ Ǫ ȟȐșȓȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȑ țșȚȘȖȍȕȕȣȝ Ȋ
1468 ȋ Ȍȓȧ ǲȈȘȓȈ ǹȔȍȓȖȋȖ Ȋ ǳȐȓȓȍ, ȉȣȓ Ȑ șțȌ ǷȈȘȐșȈ ȗȘȐ-
ȟȍȔ ȚȘȐ ȉȖȋȐȕȐ șȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȖ ȔȐȜț ȧȊȐȓȐșȤ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȈ-
ȋȐȔȐ ǭȡȍ ǬȦȘȍȘ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ȗțȚȍȠȍșȚȊȐȐ ȗȖ ǵȐȌȍȘȓȈȕȌȈȔ
(1520) șȖȖȉȡȈȍȚ Ȗ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȝ Ȏȍ șȞȍȕȈȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ Ȗȕ șȈȔ ȉȣȓ
ȖȟȍȊȐȌȞȍȔ «ǴȈȋȐșȚȘȈȚ ǨȕȚȊȍȘȗȍȕȈ — ȗȐȠȍȚ Ȗȕ șȊȖȍȔț
ȌȘțȋț ǴȍȓȈȕȝȚȖȕț — țșȚȘȖȐȓ ȕȈ țȓȐȞȍ ȊșȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȍ ȏȘȍ-
ȓȐȡȈ ȗȖ ȗȖȊȖȌț ȊȢȍȏȌȈ ǲȈȘȓȈ 9 ǺțȚ ȉȣȓȐ ȔȍȎȌț ȗȘȖȟȐȔ
ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȍȑȠȐȍ Ȑ ȏȕȈȚȕȍȑȠȐȍ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ, ȗȖȟȚȐ ȕȈ-
ȋȐȍ ȉȍȏ ȘțȉȈȠȍȒ Ȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȓȍȋȒȈ ȗȘȐȒȘȣȚȣȍ ȚȖȕȒȐȔ Ȝȓȍ-
ȘȖȔ ǴȖȓȖȌȖȑ ȒȖȘȖȓȤ ȗȘȖȠȍȓ ȔȐȔȖ ȕȍ ȊȏȋȓȧȕțȊ ȕȈ ȕȐȝª,
ȕȖ șȈȔ ǬȦȘȍȘ «Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȎȐȊȖȗȐșȞȈ», ȕȍ ȔȖȋ țȌȍȘȎȈȚȤșȧ
ȟȚȖȉ ȕȍ ȘȈȏȋȓȧȌȍȚȤ Ȑȝ ȊȕȐȔȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ

Ɉɬɪɵɜɨɤ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚɤɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɜ  ɝ ɇɚɰɢɨɧ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬ

33
ǺȍȈȚȘ XV ȊȍȒȈ ȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȓșȧ ȕȈȋȖȚȖȑ ȒȈȒ șȈȔȣȔ ȌȍȠȍ-
ȊȣȔ șȘȍȌșȚȊȖȔ Ȍȓȧ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȧ ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ ǵȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȐȏȖ-
ȉȘȈȎȈȓȈșȤ ȔȐșȚȍȘȐȧ Ȗ ȉȓȈȎȍȕȕȖȑ ǪȈȘȊȈȘȍ ǭȍ ȖȚȍȞ ȞȈȘȤ
ǵȐȒȖȔȐȌȐȑ țȏȕȈȊ ȟȚȖ ȍȋȖ ȌȖȟȤ șȚȈȓȈ ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕȒȖȑ ȖȚȌȈ-
ȊȈȓ ȍȍ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȈȋțȦ Ȍȓȧ ȒȈȏȕȐ ȗȈȓȈȟț. ǵȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȈ-
ȓȈȟ șȖ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȗȖȔȖȡȕȐȒȈȔȐ ȝȖȟȍȚ ȍȍ șȝȊȈȚȐȚȤ Ȑȝ ȗȖȘȈ-
ȎȈȍȚ șȓȍȗȖȚȈ Ȑ șȗțșȚȐȊȠȐȍșȧ ș ȕȍȉȈ Ȉȕȋȍȓȣ ȖȉȓȍȒȈȦȚ Ȕț-
ȟȍȕȐȞț Ȋ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȓȍȗȕțȦ ȚțȕȐȒț
Ǫ ȔȐșȚȍȘȐȐ Ȗ șȊ ǮȍȕȍȊȤȍȊȍ Ȋ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȍ ȔȈȚȤ Ǯȍ-
ȕȍȊȤȍȊȣ ȘȈȏȘȍȠȈȍȚșȧ ȖȚ ȉȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȗȘȐȏȣȊȈȧ ȕȈ ȗȖȔȖȡȤ Ȍȍ-
Ȋț ǴȈȘȐȦ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȍȑ ȗȘȐȕȖșȧȚ ȘȍȉȍȕȒȈ Ȑ ȖȕȈ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȖ ȒȖȘ-
ȔȐȚ ȍȋȖ ȋȘțȌȤȦ
ǺȍȈȚȘ XVI Ȋ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȖșȊȖȉȖȌȐȓșȧ ȖȚ țȏȒȖ-ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏ-
ȕȣȝ șȦȎȍȚȖȊ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ Ȑȏ ǩȐȉȓȐȐ șȚȈȓȐ ȊȣȉȐȘȈȚȤșȧ ȚȍȔȣ ȗȘȍ-
ȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ șȊȍȚșȒȖȋȖ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȈ ǶșȖȉȍȕȕȖ Ȏȍ ȓȦȉȐȔȖȑ
ȉȣȓȈ ȚȍȔȈ Ȗ ȌȍȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ǹțșȈȕȕȍ
ǹȚȣȌȓȐȊȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȕȍ ȐșȒȓȦȟȈȓȈ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ ǹț-
șȈȕȕȈ, ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȟȍȔ ȉȣȚȤ ȏȈȝȊȈȟȍȕȕȖȑ ȌȊțȔȧ șȈȚȐȘȈȔȐ-șȚȈȘ-
ȞȈȔȐ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȈșȤ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȗțȉȓȐȒȖȑ, ȖȌȍȚȈȧ ȓȐȠȤ șȊȖȐȔȐ
ȊȖȓȖșȈȔȐ
ǷȈșȚȖȘȈȓȤ «ǴȐȓȈș» ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȓȈ ȗȘȐȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧ ȗȈșȚțȠ-
ȒȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ șȖȉȐȘȈȧșȤ ȒțȗȈȚȤșȧ ȘȈȏȌȍȊȈȓȈșȤ ȌȖȕȈȋȈ Ȋ ȥȚȖ
șȈȔȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ șȈȚȐȘ ȗȖȌȒȈȘȈțȓȐȊȈȊȠȐȑ ȌȍȊțȠȒț ȉȘȖșȈȓșȧ
ȕȈ ȕȍȍ ǶȕȈ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȕȖ șȖȗȘȖȚȐȊȓȧȓȈșȤ ǺȖȋȌȈ șȈȚȐȘ ȗȘȐȊȧȏȣ-
ȊȈȓ ȍȍ ȋȖȓțȦ Ȓ ȌȍȘȍȊț ǷȖ șȟȈșȚȤȦ, ȕȈ ȒȘȐȒ ȧȊȓȧȓșȧ ȊȖȏȓȦȉ-
ȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȗȈșȚțȠȒȐ Ȑ ȖșȊȖȉȖȎȌȈȓ ȉȍȌȕțȦ ȌȍȊțȠȒț
ǭșȓȐ ȊȍȘȐȚȤ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȔ ȝȘȖȕȐȒȈȔ ȕȐȒȚȖ Ȑȏ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȍȑ
ȗȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȚȍșȚȖȊȈȓ șȟȐȚȈȧ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȕȈȑȌȍȕȖ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ
ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȒȘȈșȐȊȖȋȖ ȟȍȔ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ǶȌ-
ȕȈȒȖ ȋȖȓȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ șȓțȎȐȓȖ ȕȍȘȍȌȒȖ Ȑ șȞȍȕȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȖȘțȌȐȍȔ
ȒȖȔȐȒȖȊ ȚȈȒ, ȕȈȗȘ ȠțȚȣ ȕȈ ȗȓȖȡȈȌȕȣȝ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȝ ȕȍȘȍȌȒȖ
ȗȖȧȊȓȧȓȐșȤ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȗțȉȓȐȒȖȑ Ȋ ȟȍȔ ȔȈȚȤ ȘȖȌȐȓȈ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕ-
ȕȣȍ ȉȣȟȈȟȤȐȔȐ ȗțȏȣȘȧȔȐ
Ǫ 1608 ȋ ȌȈȊȈȓȈșȤ ȚȘȈȋȍȌȐȧ Ȍȍ ǲȘțȈ «ǵȍșȟȈșȚȕȣȍ ȗȖȘ-
ȚțȋȈȓȤȞȣ» ǯȌȍșȤ ȊȐȞȍ-ȒȖȘȖȓȤ ǰȕȌȐȐ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȖ șȊȖȍȑ
ȎȍȕȖȦ ȅȓȍȖȕȖȘȖȑ Ȑ ȊșȍȔ șȍȔȍȑșȚȊȖȔ ȕȈ ȒȖȘȈȉȓȍ Ȋ ǷȖȘȚț-
ȋȈȓȐȦ ǬȖȘȖȋȖȑ ȖȕȐ ȚȍȘȗȧȚ ȒȘțȠȍȕȐȍ Ȑ Ȑȝ ȗȘȐȉȐȊȈȍȚ Ȓ șȚȘȈ-
ȕȍ ȋȌȍ ȞȈȘșȚȊțȍȚ ȌȐȒȐȑ ȊȓȈșȚȍȓȐȕ ǿȍȘȕȖȒȖȎȈȧ ȞȈȘȐȞȈ ȉȍ-

34
șȍȌțȍȚ ș ȅȓȍȖȕȖȘȖȑ Ȑ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȊȖșȚȖȘȋȈȍȚșȧ ȍȍ ȉȦșȚȖȔ
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȕȍȗȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ȎȍȓȈȍȚ țȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȣȔ ǪȌȖȉȈȊȖȒ Ȑ
ȌȐȒȐȑ ȞȈȘȤ ȗȖȓȤșȚȐȓșȧ ȕȈ ȖȌȍȎȌȣ ȉȍȓȖȒȖȎȐȝ Ƕȕ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ
ȟȚȖȉȣ Ȋșȍ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȐșȤ ȅȓȍȖȕȖȘȈ Ȑȏ șȚȣȌȓȐȊȖșȚȐ ȏȈȘȣȊȈȍȚșȧ
ȗȖ ȗȖȧș Ȋ ȗȍșȖȒ șȓțȎȈȕȒȐ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȤ ȍȍ ȗȘȐȔȍ-
Șț ȕȖ Ȑȏ ȒȖȒȍȚșȚȊȈ ȌȍȓȈȦȚ ȓȐȠȕȐȍ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȕȍ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȣ-
ȊȈȍȔȣȍ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȔ șȚȣȌȓȐȊȖșȚȐ
ǼțȘȐȐ ȊȣȊȖȌȐȔȣȍ ȕȈ șȞȍȕț ȥȚȖȑ ȥȗȖȝȐ (XVII Ȋ Ȋșȍ-
ȋȌȈ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐȏȖȊȈȓȐșȤ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ ȖȚȊȐșȓȣȔ ȉȦșȚȖȔ
ǪȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ǳȦȌȖȊȐȒȈ XIV ȉȖȋȈȚȣȑ ȜȐȕȈȕșȐșȚ ǼțȒȥ țșȚ-
ȘȖȐȓ ȗȘȐȌȊȖȘȕȣȑ ȗȘȈȏȌȕȐȒ șȚȖȐȊȠȐȑ ȍȔț 6 ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȖȊ ȕȈ
ȕȈȠȐ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ ǴȖȓȤȍȘ ȕȈȗȐșȈȓ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȋȖ ȗȤȍșț «ǬȖȒțȟȕȣȍ».
Ǫ ȗȘȖȓȖȋȍ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȓșȧ ȘȖșȒȖȠȕȣȑ șȈȌ șȖ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖȔ ȜȖȕ-
ȚȈȕȖȊ ǷȖșȍȘȍȌȐȕȍ ȘȈșȒȘȣȊȈȓȈșȤ ȉȖȓȤȠȈȧ ȘȈȒȖȊȐȕȈ Ȑ ȖȚȚțȌȈ
ȗȖȧȊȓȧȓȈșȤ ȕȈȧȌȈ ȖȌȍȚȈȧ ȓȐȠȤ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȔȐ șȚȍȉȍȓȤȒȈȔȐ
ȚȘȖșȚȕȐȒȈ ǪȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȍȍ ȘȍȟȐ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȐșȤ ȌȘȐȈȌȣ ș șȈȚȐȘȈ-
ȔȐ Ȑ ȜȈȊȕȈȔȐ ȉȓȐșȚȈȊȠȐȍ ȚȈȒȎȍ șȊȖȍȑ ȕȈȋȖȚȖȑ ǵȈȧȌț ȐȏȖ-
ȉȘȈȎȈȓȈ ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȕȈȧ ǩȍȎȈȘ ȗȖȌȘțȋȈ ǴȖȓȤȍȘȈ
ǪǶǹǭǴǵǨǬǾǨǺȃǱ Ǫǭǲ
ǶȌȕȈ Ȑȏ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȣȝ ȈȒȚȘȐș XVIII Ȋ ȋȖșȗȖȎȈ
ǲȓȍȘȖȕ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ȌȘțȋȐȝ șȚȈȓȈ șȚȘȍȔȐȚȤșȧ Ȓ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȘȈȊȌȐȊȖ-
Ȕț ȒȖșȚȦȔț ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ Ǫ «ǬȐȌȖȕȍ» ȖȕȈ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȚȤșȧ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ ȊșȒȖȟȐȊ ș ȗȖșȚȍȓȐ Ȋ șȐȓȤȕȖȑ ȚȘȍȊȖȋȍ ǰ ȊȖȚ ȖȕȈ
ȘȍȠȐȓȈșȤ ȊȣșȚțȗȐȚȤ Ȋ ȥȚȖȑ șȞȍȕȍ ȉȖșȈȧ ș ȘȈșȚȘȍȗȈȕȕȣȔȐ
ȊȖȓȖșȈȔȐ Ȑ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȓȐȠȤ ȚțȕȐȒȍ ǺțȚ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȐșȤ ȐșȒ-
ȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȣ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȧ șȖȟȓȈ
ȌȖȓȋȖȔ ȊȔȍȠȈȚȤșȧ Ȑ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȑ ȘȈȏ ǬȐȌȖȕȈ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȈșȤ țȎȍ
Ȋ ȊȍșȤȔȈ țșȓȖȊȕȖȔ ȒȖșȚȦȔȍ
Ǫ ȓȐȘȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȚȘȈȋȍȌȐȐ «ǹȖȜȖȕȐșȉȈ» ȈȒȚȘȐșȈ ȐȏȖȉȘȈ-
ȎȈȊȠȈȧ ȋȍȘȖȐȕȦ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȌțȥȓȐ ȍȍ ȔțȎȈ ș ȓȦȉȖȊȕȐȒȖȔ
ȉȘȖșȈȓȈșȤ ȔȍȎȌț ȌȍȘțȡȐȔȐșȧ. ©ǮȍșȚȖȒȐȍ — ȊȖșȒȓȐȞȈȓȈ ȖȕȈ
ȘȈșșȚȍȋȐȊȈȧ șȊȖȑ ȒȖȘșȈȎ — ȟȚȖ Ȋȣ ȌȍȓȈȍȚȍ" ǭșȓȐ ȊȈȔ ȕțȎȕȈ
ȒȘȖȊȤ ȘȈȏȐȚȍ — ȊȖȚ ȔȖȧ ȋȘțȌȤ».
Ǫ ǸȐȔȍ șȈȔ ǷȈȗȈ ȊȔȍȠȐȊȈȓșȧ Ȋ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒț ȉȈȓȍȚȈ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌ-

35
ȗȐșȈȓ ȚȈȕȞȖȊȡȐȞȈȔ ȕȖșȐȚȤ ȚȘțșșȣ Ȑȏ ȟȍȘȕȖȋȖ ȉȈȘȝȈȚȈ ǴȖ-
ȘȈȓȐșȚȣ ȚȖ Ȑ ȌȍȓȖ șȓȍȌȐȓȐ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ
ȈȕȚȘȈȠȈ ȕȍ ȖȉȕȈȘțȎȐȓȖșȤ ȥȚȖȑ ȟȍȘȕȖȑ ȗȖȓȖșȒȐ ȔȈșȒȐȘțȦ-
ȡȐȝ ȚȘțșșȖȊ
Culo (1770- ɜ ɤɨɦ ɨɩɟɪɟ ©ɉɚɥɶɦɚª
ǪȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ǸȍȋȍȕȚșȚȊȈ ȖȗȍȘȕȣȑ ȒȖȘȌȍȉȈȓȍȚ ȕȈ ȖȌȕȖȔ Ȑȏ
ȗȘȐȌȊȖȘȕȣȝ ȗȘȈȏȌȕȍșȚȊ țȟȈșȚȊȖȊȈȓ Ȋ ȗȤȍșȍ ȗȖȌ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȍȔ
«ǯȍȔȕȖȑ ȘȈȑ» Ǫșȍ ȚȈȕȞȖȊȡȐȞȣ ȐȔȍȓȐ ȖȌȍȎȌț ȊȍȘȕțȦ ȐȏȖ-
ȉȘȈȎȈȍȔȖȑ ȥȗȖȝȍ Ț ȍ ȖȌȐȕ ȊȐȕȖȋȘȈȌȕȣȑ ȓȐșȚȖȒ Ȑ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ
ȉȖȓȍȍ

36
Ǫ ȒȖȕȞȍ XVIII Ȋ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ ȗȖȧȊȐȓșȧ ȊȍȓȐȒȐȑ ǺȈȓȤȔȈ
ȕȈȕȍșȠȐȑ țșȓȖȊȕȖșȚȐ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȒȖșȚȦȔȈ ȘȍȠȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ
țȌȈȘ
ǬȖ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ǼȘȈȕșțȈ-ǮȖȏȍȜȈ ǺȈȓȤȔȈ*) șȓțȟȈȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ
ǫțșȚȈȊ ǪȈȏȈ șȒȘȣȊȈȊȠȐȑșȧ Ȋ ǬȈȓȍȒȈȘȓȐȑșȒȖȑ ȗȍȡȍȘȍ Ȋ
ȒȘȍșȚȤȧȕșȒȖȔ ȗȓȈȚȤȍ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȓ ȖȚȚțȌȈ ȘȈȏȘȧȎȍȕȕȣȑ Ȋ ȋȖ-
ȓțȉȖȔ ȗȖȓțȒȈȜȚȈȕȤȍ ș ȋȖȘȕȖșȚȈȍȊȖȑ ȖȗțȠȒȖȑ ȐȓȐ ǻȓȐșș
ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȓșȧ Ȑȏ ȔȖȘșȒȐȝ ȊȖȓȕ ȕȈȗțȌȘȍȕȕȣȔ ǵȖ Ȋșȍ-ȚȈȒȐ Ȑ
ȏȈ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȕȈȌȖ ȖȚȔȍȚȐȚȤ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șȓȈȉȣȍ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ Ȓ
ȘȍȜȖȘȔȍ ȒȖșȚȦȔȈ ǯȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȈȧ ȖȗȍȘȕȈȧ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȈ ǹȍȕȚ-ǻȉȍȘ-
ȚȐ ȊȣșȚțȗȐȓȈ ȖȌȕȈȎȌȣ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȓȖ Ȋ Ǽȍș-
șȈȓȐȐ ȖȌȍȚȖȑ Ȋ ȌȓȐȕȕțȦ ȗȖȓȖȚȕȧȕțȦ ȚțȕȐȒț ȗȍȘȍȝȊȈȟȍȕ-
ȕțȦ ȗȖȌ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȕȖȑ ȋȘțȌȤȦ ș ȘȈșȗțȡȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȊȖȓȖșȈȔȐ Ȑ
ȋȖȓȣȔȐ ȕȖȋȈȔȐ Ȋ ȈȕȚȐȟȕȣȝ șȈȕȌȈȓȐȧȝ ǵȈ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȑ ȌȍȕȤ,
ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȍȑ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȖșȗȘȍȡȍȕȖ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȔ ȊȐȌȍ ȅȚȐ
Ȑ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȍ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȖȒȈȕȟȐȊȈȓȐșȤ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȍțȌȈȟȍȑ
ǺȈȓȤȔȈ ȖȒȈȏȈȓșȧ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȍȍ.
Ǫ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȘȈȏ ȖȉȓȍȒșȧ Ȗȕ Ȋ ȘȐȔșȒȐȑ ȒȖșȚȦȔ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȑ ȍȋȖ
ȒȓȈșșȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȗȘȖșȚȖȚȍ Ȋ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ 1789 ȋ ȐșȗȖȓȕȧȧ ȊȚȖȘȖ-
șȚȍȗȍȕȕțȦ ȘȖȓȤ ȚȘȐȉțȕȈ ǷȘȖȒȓȈ Ȋ ȚȘȈȋȍȌȐȐ ǪȖȓȤȚȍȘȈ «ǩȘțȚ».
«ȇ ȏȈȒȈȏȈȓ șȍȉȍ ȚȖȋț — ȗȖȊȍșȚȊțȍȚ ǺȈȓȤȔȈ — ȊȣțȟȐȓșȧ ȌȘȈ-
ȗȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȕȍȍ Ȑ ȕȖșȐȚȤ ȕȍ ȝțȎȍ ȓȦȉȖȋȖ șȍȕȈȚȖȘȈ ȐȓȐ ȒȖȕ-
șțȓȈ ȇ ȧȊȐȓșȧ ȏȈ ȒțȓȐșȣ Ȋ ȖȌȍȎȌȍ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȋȖ ȘȐȔȓȧȕȐȕȈ
ȖȒțȚȈȕȕȣȑ ȠȍȘșȚȧȕȖȦ ȚȖȋȖȦ ș ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȐȔȐ ȈȕȚȐȟȕȣȔȐ ȒȖ-
ȚțȘȕȈȔȐ Ȑ ș ȋȖȓȣȔȐ ȘțȒȈȔȐ Ȑ ȕȖȋȈȔȐ ǷȍȘȊȈȧ ȊșȚȘȍȟȍȕȕȈȧ
ȔȕȖȦ ȖșȖȉȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȔȈȌȔțȈȏȍȓȤ ǲȖȕȚȈ ȖȕȈ ș ȚȘțȌȖȔ țȏȕȈȓȈ
Ȕȍȕȧ Ȑ ȒȈȒ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ țȌȈȓȖșȤ ȍȑ ȥȚȖ ȘȈȏȘȈȏȐȓȈșȤ șȔȍȝȖȔ
— ǰȌȐȚȍ ȐȌȐȚȍ șȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ — ȊȖșȒȓȐȒȕțȓȈ ȖȕȈ — Ȗȕ șȖ-
ȊșȍȔ ȉțȌȚȖ ȌȘȍȊȕȧȧ șȚȈȚțȧ
ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȕȈȐȓțȟȠȈȧ ȗȖȝȊȈȓȈ ȒȈȒțȦ ȖȕȈ ȔȖȋȓȈ Ȕȕȍ Ȋȣ-
șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȇ ȊȣȠȍȓ ȕȈ șȞȍȕț Ȑ ȔȖȍ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȓȖ Ȗȋ-
ȘȖȔȕțȦ șȍȕșȈȞȐȦ ǫ-ȎȈ ǪȍșȚȘȐș ȕȈȝȖȌȐȊȠȈȧșȧ țȎȍ ȕȈ șȞȍ-
ȕȍ ȖȒȐȕțȓȈ Ȕȍȕȧ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȖȔ ș ȋȖȓȖȊȣ ȌȖ ȕȖȋ
— ǺȈȓȤȔȈ — ȠȍȗȕțȓȈ ȖȕȈ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȘȣȊȈȧ șȊȖȍȑ ȘȖȓȐ —
ȊȍȌȤ ț ȊȈș ȘțȒȐ ȋȖȓȣȍ"
— ǶȕȐ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȚȈȒȐȍ Ȏȍ ȒȈȒȐȍ ȉȣȓȐ ț ȘȐȔȓȧȕ
— ǵȖ ǺȈȓȤȔȈ ȕȈ ȊȈș ȕȍȚ ȠȚȈȕȖȊ!
—ǰțȘȐȔȓȧȕȐȝȕȍȉȣȓȖ

Ɍɚɥɶɦɚ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ ɉɪɨɤɥɚ

38
— ǹȊȐȕȤȧ — ȊȖșȒȓȐȒȕțȓȈ ȖȕȈ
ǫ-ȎȈ ǪȍșȚȘȐș ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȈ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȊȣȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȑ țȌȈ-
ȓȐȓȈșȤ șȖ șȞȍȕȣ ȏȈȌȣȝȈȧșȤ ȖȚ ȋȕȍȊȈ ȕȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȧ ȒȈȒ ȧ ȔȖȋ,
ȕȍ șȖȑȌȧ ș țȔȈ șȖȊȍȘȠȐȚȤ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȟțȌȖȊȐȡȕȣȑ ȗȖșȚțȗȖȒ».
Ɍɚɥɶɦɚ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ ɋɢɥɥɵ ɪɢɫ Ƚ ȼɟɪɧɷ
ǷțȉȓȐȒȈ ȕȈ ȔȐȕțȚț ȖșȚȖȓȉȍȕȍȓȈ ȖȚ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖșȚȐ ȕȖ
ȏȈȚȍȔ ȘȈȏȘȈȏȐȓȈșȤ ȈȗȓȖȌȐșȔȍȕȚȈȔȐ ǴȖȓȖȌȖȑ ȈȒȚȍȘ ȖȌȍȘ-
ȎȈȓ ȊȍȘȝ ȕȈȌ ȗȘȍȌȘȈșșțȌȒȈȔȐ Ȑ ȘȍȜȖȘȔȈ ȍȋȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȐȏȕȈ-
ȕȈ.
Ƚ-ɠɚ ɒɚɦɦɟɫɥɟ XVII ɜ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ ©Ɏɟɞɪɵª Ɋɚɫɢɧɚ
ɩɪɟɞɬɟɱɚ Ɍɚɥɶɦɚ ɜ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɟ ɤɨɫɬɸɦɚ

40
ǬǭǪȇǺǵǨǬǾǨǺȃǱ Ǫǭǲ
ǷȖșȓȍ ȗȈȌȍȕȐȧ ǷȍȘȊȖȑ ǰȔȗȍȘȐȐ Ȑ ȌȖ ȗȈȌȍȕȐȧ ȊȚȖȘȖȑ Ȋ
ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȓțȊȍȒȈ ȚȍȈȚȘ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȗȘȖȋȘȍșșȐȘȖȊȈȓ Ƕȕ ȚȈȒȎȍ
ȗȘȖȌȍȓȈȓ șȊȖȦ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȦ ȝȖȚȧ Ȑ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȔȐȘȕțȦ ȗȖ ȊȐȌț
ȕȖ ȕȐȏȊȍȘȋȠțȦ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȕȍȔȈȓȖ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȑ ǵȈȔȍȟȍȕȕȈȧ țȎȍ
ȚȘȈȋȐȒȖȔ ǺȈȓȤȔȈ ȘȍȜȖȘȔȈ șȞȍȕȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ ȊȣșȚț-
ȗȈȍȚ Ȋșȍ Șȍȏȟȍ Ȑ Șȍȏȟȍ Ǵȣ ȕȍ șȚȈȕȍȔ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȏȌȍșȤ Ȗ ȘȖ-
ȔȈȕȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȠȒȖȓȍ Ȗ ȍȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȈȝ Ȑ ȗȘȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȧȝ ȏȈȔȍ-
ȚȐȔ ȓȐȠȤ ȊȖ ȟȚȖ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓȈșȤ șȞȍȕȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȈ ȏȈ ȥȚȖȚ
Ƚ-ɠɚ Ʌɭɢɡɚ Ʉɨɧɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɚ Ɍɚɥɶɦɚ
ȗȍȘȐȖȌ Ȑ ȒȈȒȖȊȣ ȉȣȓȐ Ȋ ȗȓȈșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ
ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȐȍ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȐ ȖȗȍȘȣ Ȑ ȒȖȔȍȌȐȐ ǰȕȣȍ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȒȖȘȖ-
ȚȈȦȚ ȍȡȍ Ȑ ȗȖȕȣȕȍ șȊȖȐ ȌȕȐ țȒȘȣȊȠȐșȤ ȖȚ ȉțȘȤ Ȑ țȘȈȋȈȕȖȊ
șȊȖȍȑ ȒȐȗțȟȍȑ ȦȕȖșȚȐ

41
Ǫ ȖȉȡȍȔ ȔȖȎȕȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ țșȐȓȐȧ ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘȖȊ Ȑ ȒȖș-
ȚȦȔȍȘȖȊ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ șȊȖȌȐȓȐșȤ Ȋșȍ Ȓ ȉȖȓȍȍ Ȑ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȐșȒȘȍȕȕȍȔț
ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȦ ȗȘȈȊȌȣ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ
ȅȚȈ ȏȈȉȖȚȓȐȊȖșȚȤ Ȗ ȗȘȈȊȌȍ ȏȈȝȖȌȐȓȈ ț ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȈȊȚȖ-
ȘȖȊ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȘȐșȒțȧ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȈȕȍșȚȐ țȡȍȘȉ ȒȘȈșȖȚȍ ǰș-
ȚȐȕȈ ȌȖȉȘȖ Ȑ ȒȘȈșȖȚȈ ȊȍȌȤ ȕȍ ȊșȍȋȌȈ țȎȐȊȈȦȚșȧ ȔȐȘȕȖ
Ⱦɸɲɟɧɭɚ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ ©Ⱥɥɶɡɢɪɵ» (1-ɚɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ
ǺȈȒȖȑ ȘȐșȒȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ ȗȤȍșȖȑ ȉȣȓȈ ȌȘȈȔȈ șȐȕȤȖȘȈ ǹȖȋȘȈ-
ȚȐ ©ǬȍȊțȠȒȈ Ȑȏ ǶȒșȜȖȘȌȈª ǫȍȘȖȐȕȧ ȖȉȊȐȕȧȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȒȘȈȎȍ
ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȚȦȘȤȔț Ȑ ȗȘȐșțȎȌȈȍȚșȧ Ȓ ȊȐșȍȓȐȞȍ ǭȍ ȓȦ-
ȉȖȊȕȐȒ șȚțȌȍȕȚ-ȔȍȌȐȒ ȗȘȐȕȖșȐȚ ȍȑ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ©ǸȖȔȍȖ Ȑ ǬȎț-
ȓȤȍȚȚȍ» șȖȕȕȖȍ ȗȐȚȤȍ ǻȏȕȐȞț șȟȐȚȈȦȚ țȎȍ ȔȍȘȚȊȖȑ Ȑ, ȒȈȒ
șȈȔȖțȉȐȑȞț, ȖȚȌȈȦȚ Ȋ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚ Ȍȓȧ ȊșȒȘȣȚȐȧ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȓȍȒ-

42
ȞȐȐ ǰ ȊȖȚ ȖȕȈ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȈȋȈȧ șȘȍȌȐ ȈțȌȐ-
ȚȖȘȐȐ ȖȒȘțȎȍȕȕȈȧ ȝȐȘțȘȋȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȈȔȐ ǹȚț-
ȌȍȕȚȣ ȚȍșȕȧȚșȧ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȊȕȐȒȕțȚȤ Ȋ țȘȖȒ ȈȕȈȚȖȔȐȐ ȕȖ ȊȌȘțȋ
ȗȖȒȖȑȕȐȞȈ ȗȘȖȉțȎȌȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȗȈȌȈȍȚ Ȋ ȖȉȢȧȚȐȧ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȓȦȉȖȊ-
ȕȐȒȈ
ǶȚșȦȌȈ Ȕȣ ȊȐȌȐȔ ȟȚȖ țȎȍ șȞȍȕȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȚȖȋȖ
ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȓȖ ȕȈȋȖȚț ȒȈȒ ȕȍȖȚȢȍȔȓȍȔȣȑ ȜȈȒȚȖȘ ȗȘȈȊ-
ȌȐȊȖșȚȐ ǸȈȏȌȍȊȈȕȐȍ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȓȖșȤ Ȋșȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ Ȑ ȉȖȓȍȍ șȔȍȓȣȔ,
Ȉ ș ȌȘțȋȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ, ȖȉȖȋȈȡȈȓșȧ Ȑ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȐȕȊȍȕȚȈȘȤ
ȒȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȌȖ Țȍȝ ȗȖȘ ȕȍ ȌȖȗțșȒȈȓȈșȤ ȕȈ șȞȍȕț ȚȖȘ-
ȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȗȤȍșȈȝ: «ǵȖȊȖȉȘȈȟȕȈȧ», «ǷȍȘȊȈȧ șȊȈ-
ȌȍȉȕȈȧ ȕȖȟȤ» Ȑ Ț ȗ ǷȖȓȖȎȐȔ ȏȌȍșȤ ȠȓȈ ȘȍȟȤ Ȗ ȉțȘȎțȈȏ-
ȕȖȑ șțȗȘțȎȍșȒȖȑ ȒȘȖȊȈȚȐ ȕȖ ȊȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ ȖȕȈ ȗȘȍȖȉȘȈ-
ȏȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȒȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȖȚȍȓȧ ȉȓȈȋȖȗȘȐȧȚȕțȦ Ȍȓȧ ȊșȧȟȍșȒȐȝ ȓȦ-
ȉȖȊȕȣȝ quiproquos.
Ǫ ȖȗȍȘȍ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȐ șȚȘȖȋȐȔ ȗȘȍȌȗȐșȈȕȐȧȔ ǳȈ-
ȘȖȠȜțȒȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ șȌȍȓȈȊȠȐșȤ ș 1824 ȋȖȌȈ ȌȐȘȍȒȚȖȘȖȔ
«ǰȏȧȡȕȣȝ ȐșȒțșșȚȊ», ȖȉȢȧȊȐȓ ȊȖȑȕț șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȒȖȘȖȚȒȐȔ ȉȈ-
ȓȍȚȕȣȔ ȦȉȖȟȒȈȔ Ȑ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȋȓțȉȖȒȐȔ ȊȣȘȍȏȈȔ Ƕȕ ȗȘȖȐȏ-
Ȋȍȓ ȞȍȓțȦ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȦ Ȋ ȉȈȓȍȚȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ țȊȣ ȗȖȚȖȕțȓȈ Ȋ
ȐȦȓȤșȒȖȑ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ 1830 ȋ Ȑ țȎȍ ȗȘȐ ǳțȐ-ǼȐȓȐȗȗȍ ȒȖȘ-
ȌȍȉȈȓȍȚȕȣȍ ȚȈȕȞȖȊȡȐȞȣ ȗȖșȗȍȠȐȓȐ ȖȗȧȚȤ ȊȍȘȕțȚȤșȧ Ȓ șȊȖȐȔ
șȔȍȓȣȔ ȒȖșȚȦȔȈȔ
Ǫ ȥȚț ȥȗȖȝț ȗȖșȓȍ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȚȕȖșȚȍȑ ȒȖșȚȦȔ ȚȈȕ-
ȞȖȊȡȐȞ ȉȣȓ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ țșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕ. ǲȈȓȤșȖȕȣ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȕȣ ȉȍȏț-
șȓȖȊȕȖ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȔȐ ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȓȐ țȒȖ-
ȘȈȟȐȊȈȚȤ ȚȦȕȐȒȐ ȕȍ ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȧȧ ȕȘȈȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ǹȚȣȌȓȐ-
Ȋȣȑ ǳȈȘȖȠȜțȒȖ ȊȖșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȓșȧ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ, șȊȖȍȑ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȊȓȈ-
șȚȤȦ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȏȈȔȍȕȐȚȤ ȚȘȐȒȖ ȠȐȘȖȒȐȔȐ ȗȈȕȚȈȓȖȕȈȔȐ ȒȖȚȖ-
Șȣȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȊȣȋȓȧȌȣȊȈȚȤ Ȑȏ-ȗȖȌ ȦȉȒȐ ȗȘȍȌȊȈȘȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȖ țȌȓȐȕȍȕȕȖȑ ǺȈȕȞȖȊȡȐȞȈ Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȔ ȕȈȘȧȌȍ ȗȖȝȖȌȐȓȈ
ȕȈ ȔȈȓȖȓȍȚȕȐȝ ȌȍȊȖȟȍȒ ǪȚȖȘȖȑ ǰȔȗȍȘȐȐ ȒȘțȎȍȊȕȣȍ ȠȚȈ-
ȕȐȠȒȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ șȗțșȒȈȓȐșȤ ȌȖ șȈȔȖȑ ȓȖȌȣȎȒȐ ǵȍȟȍȋȖ Ȑ ȋȖ-
ȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȕȈșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȍȏȖȉȘȈȏȕȖ
ǵȖ Ȋ 1832 ȋ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȈȧ ǺȈȓȤȖȕȐ ȖȉȏȈȊȍȓȈșȤ ȒȖȘȖȚȍȕȤ-
ȒȖȦ ȦȉȖȟȒȖȑ ǺȖȕȒȖȍ ȚȘȐȒȖ șȈȔȣȍ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȍ ȚȘțșșȣ Ȑȏ ȊȏȉȐ-
ȚȖȑ ȒȐșȍȐ Ȑ ȗȓȐșșȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȚȦȕȐȒ șȚȈȓȐ ȗȖșȓȍ ǺȈȓȤȖȕȐ
ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȖȌȍȎȌȖȑ ȉȈȓȍȘȐȕ

43
Ʉɚɪɥɨɬɬɚ Ƚɪɢɡɢ ɜ ɤɨɫɬɸɦɟ ɛɚɛɨɱɤɢ
ǲȖȕȍȟȕȖ, Ȑ ȥȚȖȚ ȒȖșȚȦȔ ȒȈȒ ȗȈșȗȈȘȚț Ȍȓȧ ȊșȧȒȖȑ ȗȤȍșȣ,
ȕȍ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȖȊȈȓ șȞȍȕȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȗȘȈȊȌȍ ǻȎȍ Ȋ 1830 ȋ
ǺȍȖȜȐȓȤ ǫȖȚȤȍ ȗȘȖȚȍșȚȖȊȈȓ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȕȈȘȧȌȈ ȗȖ ȗȖȊȖ-
Ȍț ȉȈȓȍȚȈ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȊȠȍȋȖ ȐȕȌȐȈȕȖȒ «ǴȖȓȖȌȣȍ ȌȐȒȐȍ Ȑȕ-
ȌȐȈȕȒȐ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓȐșȤ ȕȈȔ ȊȍșȤȔȈ țȉȖ-
ȋȐȔȐ Ȑ ȗȖȎȐȓȣȔȐ ȊȣȘȧȌȐȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȒȈȒȐȍ-ȚȖ ȒȐșȍȑȕȣȍ ȚȦȕȐ-
ȒȐ — ȒȐșȍȧ Ȋ ȌȍȊșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȓȍșȈȝ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ — Ȑ țȒȘȈșȐȓȐșȤ
ȓȍȕȚȖȟȒȈȔȐ Ȑ ȗȍȘȤȧȔȐ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȊȠȐȔȐ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ
ȥȚȐ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȣ ȌȖ ȗȖȧșȈ ǬȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ, Ȑȝ ȗȓȍȟȐ
Ƞȍȧ ȋȘțȌȤ Ȑ ȘțȒȐ ȚȖ ȎȍȓȚȣȍ ȚȖ ȒȘȈșȕȣȍ ȚȖ ȋȖȓțȉȣȍ Ȑ ȌȈ-
Ȏȍ ȉȍȓȣȍ — Ȋ ȊȐȌȍ ȘȍȌȒȖșȚȐ — ȉȣȓȐ ȕȈ șȈȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ ȖȉȕȈ-

44
Ȏȍȕȣ ǵȖ ȚȈȔ ȋȌȍ ȒȖȕȟȈȓȖșȤ ȚȍȓȖ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȓȖșȤ ȚȘȐȒȖ ȐȔȍȊ-
Ƞȍȍ ȗȘȍȚȍȕȏȐȦ ȍȋȖ ȏȈȔȍșȚȐȚȤ — ȗȘȍȚȍȕȏȐȦ ȕȍȓȍȗțȦ ǺȘȐ-
ɂɡɨɪ ɜ «La Filleule des fées» (1849)
ȒȖ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȧȘȒȖ-ȘȖȏȖȊȖȋȖ ȐȓȐ ȕȍȎȕȖ-ȜȐȖȓȍ-
ȚȖȊȖȋȖ ȞȊȍȚȈ ǷȖȥȚȖȔț ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȤ șȍȉȍ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȉȖ-
ȓȍȍ ȕȍȗȘȐȓȐȟȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȉȍȏȖȉȘȈȏȕȖȋȖ ǸȈȏ ȕȈȋȖȚȈ ȕȍ Ȋ ȕȈȠȐȝ
ȗȘȈȊȈȝ Ȑ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȤ Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ ȋȘȈȞȐȑ Ȑ ȈȔț-
ȘȖȊ Ȋ Ȑȝ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔ ȊȐȌȍ ȘȈȏ Ȕȣ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȍȡȍ ȓȦ-
ȉȐȔ ȟȐșȚțȦ ȜȖȘȔț Ȑ ȒȘȈșȖȚț ȟȚȖȉȣ ȌȖȗțșȒȈȚȤ Ȑȝ ȉȍȏ Ȋșȧ-
ȒȐȝ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȖȊ ȚȈȒ ȓțȟȠȍ țȎ ȊȣȉȐȘȈȚȤ șȦȎȍȚȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȍ
ȚȘȍȉțȦȚ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȓȍȋȒȖȑ ȖȌȍȎȌȣ ǮȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȋȘțȌȤ Ȑ șȗȐȕȈ
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȏȈȔȍȕȍȕȣ ȘȖȏȖȊȣȔ ȒȖȘșȍȚȖȔ ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȧȦȚ Ȑ ȊȒțș
Ȑ ȗȘȈȊȌȖȗȖȌȖȉȐȍ Ȑ șȚȣȌȓȐȊȖșȚȤ»
ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȚȈȕȞȖȊȡȐȞȣ ȘȍȠȈȓȐșȤ ȖșȊȖȉȖȌȐȚȤ-
șȧ ȖȚ ȌȍșȗȖȚȐȟȕȖȋȖ ȚȘȐȒȖ Ȑ ȒȐșȍȑȕȣȝ ȚȘțșșȖȊ ǵȖ ȕȈȔ șȓȍ-
ȌțȍȚ ȗȘȐȉȈȊȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȌȍȓȈȓȐ ȥȚȖ Ȋ ȊȐȌȍ ȊȣȏȖȊȈ ȗțȉȓȐȒȍ
ǺȈȒȖȊ ȉȣȓ șȓțȟȈȑ șȖ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȖȑ ǳȖȓȖȑ ǴȖȕȚȍș ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ Ȋ
1840 ȋȖȌț ȊȏȌțȔȈȓȈ ȚȈȕȞȍȊȈȚȤ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ǷȖȘȚ-ǹȍȕ-
ǴȈȘȚȥȕ ȉȍȏ ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ ȚȘȐȒȖ ȕȍ șȒȘȣȊȈȧ ȖȚ ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ Ȋșȍȑ șȊȖȍȑ

45
ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȐ ȅȚȐȔ ȖȕȈ ȌțȔȈȓȈ ȌȖȊȍșȚȐ ȌȖ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȐȧ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȓȦ-
ȉȖȊȕȐȒȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ țȚȘȖȔ ȗȖșșȖȘȐȓșȧ ș ȕȍȦ
Ǫ ȕȖȧȉȘȍ 1848 ȋȖȌȈ Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ «ǪȖȌȍȊȐȓȤ» ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȍȌ-
șȚȈȊȓȍȕȈ șȈȚȐȘȈ ȕȈ ǷȘțȌȖȕȈ ȗȖȌ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȍȔ «ǹȖȉșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȖșȚȤ ȍșȚȤ ȒȘȈȎȈ» ǷȘțȌȖȕ ȉȣȓ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȍȕ șȘȍȌȐ ȏȍȔȕȖȋȖ
ȘȈȧ Ȋ ȊȐȌȍ ȖȟȒȖȊȖȑ ȏȔȍȐ Ȉ șȖȉȓȈȏȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ǪȐȘȎȐȕȐȧ ǶȒ-
ȚȈȊ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȓȈ ȒȈȒ ǭȊȈ Ȋ ȒȖșȚȦȔȍ șȚȘȖȋȖ șȖȋȓȈșȖȊȈȕȕȖȔ ș
ǩȐȉȓȐȍȑ — Ȓ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȔț țȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȐȦ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȍȑ ǰ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ
ȚȍȈȚȘȣ ȗȈȘȖȌȐȘȖȊȈȓȐ ȥȚț ȗȤȍșț ȟȚȖȉȣ ȐȔȍȚȤ șȓțȟȈȑ ȗȖȒȈ-
ȏȈȚȤ șȊȖȐȝ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȒȘȈșȐȊȖ șȓȖȎȍȕȕȣȝ ǭȊ
ǲȖȕȍȟȕȖ, ȧȊȐȓȈșȤ Ȑ ȕȍȐȏȉȍȎȕȈȧ «ǹțșȈȕȕȈ Ȋ ȒțȗȈȓȤȕȍª
ǺȍȖȜȐȓȤ ǫȖȚȤȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ȟȚȖ «ȥȚȈ ȗȤȍșȈ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ Ȋșȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎ-
ȕȖȍ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȉȣȚȤ ȉȍȏȕȘȈȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ Ȑ ȖȉȓȍȋȟȐȚȤ șȍ-
ȉȍ țșȗȍȝ ȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȖȔ ȖȋȖȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȎȍȕșȒȐȝ ȗȓȍȟ Ȑ ȘțȒ Ǵȣ
ȍȑ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȣ ȏȈ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȐȍ ȕȖ ȌȐȘȍȒȞȐȧ ȎȍșȚȖȒȖ
ȖȠȐȉȈȍȚșȧ ǵȍȚ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȌȖȉȘȖȌȍȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȕȘȈȊșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȟȍȔ ȥȚȈ țȉȖȋȈȧ ȊȣșȚȈȊȒȈ Ǫșȍ ȟȚȖ Ȕȣ ȏȌȍșȤ ȊȐȌȐȔ
ȌȈȍȚ ȕȈȔ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȎȈȓȒȖȍ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȍ Ȗȉ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȖȔ Ȑ Ȕȣ ȕȍ ȗȖ-
ȕȐȔȈȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȏȈ țȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȐȍ șȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ ȕȈ ȗȈțȒȈ ȐȓȐ ȕȈ ȚȣȒ-
Ȋț Ȋ ȒțȗȈȓȤȕȖȔ ȒȖșȚȦȔȍ ȅȚȖ ȌȍȓȖ ȗȈȚȖȓȖȋȐȐ Ȑ ȈȕȈȚȖȔȐȐ».
ǵȈ ȖȜȐȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȗȘȐȌȊȖȘȕȣȝ ȗȘȈȏȌȕȍșȚȊȈȝ ǪȚȖȘȖȑ ǰȔ-
ȗȍȘȐȐ țȎȍ șȊȍȚșȒȐȍ ȌȈȔȣ ȗȖȉȐȊȈȓȐ ȘȍȒȖȘȌ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȕȖșȚȐ
ǫȘȈȜȐȕȧ ǲȈșȚȐȓȤȖȕȍ ȧȊȐȓȈșȤ ȖȌȕȈȎȌȣ Ȋ ǺȦȓȤȍȘȐ Ȋ ȒȖș-
ȚȦȔȍ ȘȐȔȓȧȕȒȐ ǭȍ ȗȓȈȚȤȍ ȘȈȏȘȍȏȈȕȕȖȍ șȉȖȒț ȖȚȒȘȣȊȈȓȖ
ȊșȦ ȋȖȓțȦ ȕȖȋț ȉȍȏ ȚȘȐȒȖ ǵȈ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȈȓȤȞȈȝ ȍȍ ȕȖȋ
ȊȐȌȕȍȓȐșȤ ȗȍȘșȚȕȐ Ȑ ȋȖșȚȐ ȊȏȉȐȘȈȓȐșȤ ȕȈ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȍ ȗȖȌ-
șȚȈȊȕȣȍ șȒȈȔȍȍȟȒȐ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȓțȟȠȍ ȘȈȏȋȓȧȌȍȚȤ ȥȚț șȔȍȓțȦ
ȘȐȔȓȧȕȒț
ǩȖȓȤȠȖȑ țșȗȍȝ Ȋ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȐȔȍȓȐ ȎȐȊȣȍ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ ȖȉȣȒ-
ȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ Ȑȏ ȈȕȚȐȟȕȖȑ ȔȐȜȖȓȖȋȐȐ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȊȠȐȍ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ Ȗȉ-
ȕȈȘțȎȐȚȤ ȒȘȈșȐȊȣȍ ȜȖȘȔȣ Ȗȉȓȍȟȍȕȕȣȍ Ȋ ȠȍȓȒȖȊȖȍ ȚȘȐȒȖ
ǹȦȎȍȚȈȔȐ ȉȣȓȐ «ǪȍȕȍȘȈ, ȊȣȝȖȌȧȡȈȧ Ȑȏ ȊȖȓȕ», «ǬȐȈȕȈ Ȑ
ȕȐȔȜȣ», «ǼȘȐȕȈ», «ǬȈȜȕȐș Ȑ ǽȓȖȧ» Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ «ǿȍȚȣȘȍ ȟȈș-
ȚȐ șȊȍȚȈ» ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȕȣȍ ȖȌȕȈȎȌȣ ȟȍȚȣȘȤȔȧ ȗȘȐȌȊȖȘȕȣ-
ȔȐ ȒȘȈșȈȊȐȞȈȔȐ Ȋ ȒȘțȋț ȕȈȧȌ ȕȐȔȜ Ȑ ȚȘȐȚȖȕȖȊ
Ǫ ǵȍȈȗȖȓȍ Ȋ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȉȈȓȍȚȍ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐ-
Țȣȍ ȏȍȓȍȕȣȍ ȒȈȓȤșȖȕȣ ȗȘȍȌȗȐșȈȕȕȣȍ ȚȈȕȞȖȊȡȐȞȈȔ șȚȣȌ-
ȓȐȊȖ-ȟȖȗȖȘȕȖȑ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȍȑ

47
ǹǶǪǸǭǴǭǵǵǶǹǺȄ
ǵȈȠȈ ȥȗȖȝȈ ȌȖȠȓȈ ȌȖ ȒțȓȤȔȐȕȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȚȖȟȒȐ ȌȖ ȈȗȖ-
ȜȍȖȏȈ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ
ǵȈȟȐȕȈȧ ș 1870 ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȘȍȋȘȈȌȣ Ȋ
ȥȚȖȔ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ ȘțȠȈȚșȧ Ȑ șȊȖȉȖȌȈ ȘȈșȗțșȒȈȍȚșȧ ȗȣȠ-
ȕȣȔ ȞȊȍȚȖȔ ǰșȟȍȏȕȖȊȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȍȌȘȈșșțȌȒȖȊ țșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȕȖ-
ȊȖȑ ȕȘȈȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ — ȊȖȚ ȟȚȖ ȏȕȈȔȍȕțȍȚ ȕȈȠț ȥȗȖȝț ǷȘȈ-
ȊȖ Ȋșȍ ȌțȔȈȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȗȐșȈȚȤ ȊȓȍȟȍȚ ȏȈ șȖȉȖȑ Ȑ
ȗȘȈȊȖ Ȋșȍ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȊȣșȚȈȊȓȧȚȤ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ ǵȈȘȧȌț ș ȕȈșȚȖȧ-
ȡȍȑ șȊȖȉȖȌȖȑ, ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ, ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȍȔȍȌȓȧ Ȑ ȘȖȌȕȈȧ șȍ-
șȚȘȈ ȍȍ ȘȈșȗțȡȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ǷȖȥȚȖȔț ȊȖ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȝ ȕȈȋȖȚȈ
șȓțȎȐȚ ȏȈȌȈȟȈȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȕȖ ȍȡȍ Ȋ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȔ ȟȐșȓȍ Ȑȝ —
ȓȐȠȤ țȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȦ ȗȖȝȖȚȐ
Ɋɭɮɶ Ⱦɟɧɢ
ǬȍȒȖȓȤȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȊȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȖȗȈșȕȖ Ȑ
Ȍȓȧ șȈȔȖȑ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȐ ȍșȓȐ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȚȤ ȕȍȗȘȐȧȚȕȣȑ șȓțȟȈȑ ș
ǫȈȉȘȐȍȓȤ ǫȖȚȤȍ ȐȋȘȈȊȠȍȑ Ȋ ȗȤȍșȍ ǹȈȘȌț «Merveilleuses». Ǫ
ȍȍ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȦȡȍȔ «ȌȍȏȈȉȐȓȤȍ» șȖșȚȖȧȊȠȍȔ Ȑȏ ȋȈȏȖȊȖȋȖ ȗȓȈȚȤȧ,
ȗȘȖȘȍȏȈȕȕȖȋȖ șȉȖȒț ș ȒȖȘșȈȎȍȔ ȗȖȟȚȐ șȗȓȖȠȤ ȊȣȘȍȏȈȕ-
ȕȣȔ — ȉȣȓȖ ȚȈȒ ȔȈȓȖ ȖȌȍȎȌȣ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȎȍșȚȖȒȖ ȗȘȖșȚțȌȐ-

48
ȓȈșȤ ǬȘțȋȈȧ «ǴȍȘȊȍȓȤȍȏ», ȋȖșȗȖȎȈ Ȍȍ ǳȍșșȈȘ, ȊȣșȚȈȊȓȧȓȈ
Ȋ ȘȈȏȘȍȏ ȗȓȈȚȤȧ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȒȖȓȖșșȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȉȍȌȘȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȋ ȍȍ Ȏȍ
ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȈȝ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ ȓțȟȠȍ ȕȍ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȚȤ.
ǸȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ ȒȈȒ ȈȕȍȒȌȖȚ Ȗ ȋ-Ȏȍ ǴȈȝȈȓȥȕ Ȋ ȗȤȍșȍ «ǴȈ-
ȘȖȒȒȈȕȒȈª ǰȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȧ ȌȐȒȈȘȒț ȖȕȈ ȌȖȉȘȖșȖȊȍșȚȕȖ ȖȉȕȈȎȐ-
ȓȈșȤ Ȉ ȗȖșȓȍ șȗȍȒȚȈȒȓȧ șȗȘȖșȐȓȈ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ Ȑȏ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȖȒȓȖȕ-
ȕȐȒȖȊ ©Ƕ ȟȍȔ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈ ȌțȔȈȍȚ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȕȍȕȧ ȊȐȌȐȚ"» — «ǶȕȈ
ȌțȔȈȍȚ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȍȋȖ ȖȕȈ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȐȚ», — ȖȚȊȍȟȈȓ ȗȖȒȓȖȕȕȐȒ
— ©Ǩȝ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ», — ȊȖȏȘȈȏȐȓȈ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȈ Ȑ șȚȈȓȈ
ș Țȍȝ ȗȖȘ ȐȋȘȈȚȤ ȘȖȓȐ ȚȘȈȊȍșȚȐ ȊȣȒȈȏȣȊȈȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȚȘȍȝ ȟȍȚ-
ȊȍȘȚȍȑ Ȑȏ ȚȖȋȖ Ȗ ȟȍȔ «ȗțȉȓȐȒȈ ȌțȔȈȓȈ».
ǯȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȚȘȐȒȖ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȍȚșȧ țȎȍ ȟȍȔ-ȚȖ
țșȚȈȘȍȊȠȐȔ Ȑ Ȋșȧ ȖȌȍȎȌȈ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȐ ȒȈȒ ǴȈȝȈȓȥȕ
ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ «ȗȖȊȧȏȒȖȑ șȚȣȌȓȐȊȖșȚȐ» (cache-se-
ȝe).ǹȓȍȌțȍȚ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȍ ȚȈȕȞȖȊ-
ȡȐȞȣ — ǫȍȘȘȍȘȖ ǲȈȊȈȓȤȍȘȐ Ȋ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ șȊȖȍȑ ȒȈȘȤȍȘȣ
ǶȚȍȘȖ — Ȋșȍ ș ǷȐȘȍȕȍȑșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȓțȖșȚȘȖȊȈ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ Ȑș-
ȗȈȕȒȈ țȎȍ Ȑȏ ȟȘȍȊȈ ȔȈȚȍȘȐ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȚ ȚȈȕȞȖȊȡȐȞȍȑ — Ȋșȍ ȖȕȐ
ȌȍȒȖȓȤȚȐȘȖȊȈȓȐșȤ șȘȈȊȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ șȒȘȖȔȕȖ țȔȍȓȐ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟ-
ȕȖ ȊțȈȓȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ șȊȖȦ ȒȘȈșȖȚț ȕȍ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȧ ȔȈȓȍȑȠȐȝ țȗȘȍ-
ȒȖȊ Ȋ ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȍȕȐȐ șȚȣȌȓȐȊȖșȚȐ
ǰ ȕȈȗȘȈșȕȖ ȗȘȖ ȕȐȝ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ ȉțȌȚȖ ȉȣ ȖȌȕȈ Ȑȏ
ȕȐȝ ȊȖșȒȓȐȒȕțȓȈ ȗȍȘȍȌ șȗȍȒȚȈȒȓȍȔ: «ǹȍȑȟȈș ȕȈȟȐȕȈȦȚ ȖȌȍ-
ȕȍȔșȧ Ȏȍ ȗȖșȒȖȘȍȑ șȖȊșȍȔ ȋȖȓȣȔȐ»
ǿȈșȚȖ ȕȈȋȖȚȈ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȐ ȖȉțșȓȖȊȓȐȊȈȍȚșȧ șȈȔȐȔ ȈȊȚȖȘȖȔ
ȐȕșȞȍȕȐȘțȍȔȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȊȍșȤȔȈ
șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖȑ ȗȤȍșȍ ȗȖȌ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȍȔ «ǬȐȒȈȧ» ȈȊȚȖȘ ȍȍ ǲȦȘȍȓȤ
ȕȍ ȖȚșȚțȗȐȓ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤȦ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȗȖȓȕȖȑ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ
ǯȌȍșȤ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȈ ȌȐȒȈȧ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ Ȑȏ ȈȜȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȗȓȍȔȍ-
ȕȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ șȓțȟȈȑȕȖ ȗȖȑȔȈȕȈ ȐȚȈȓȤȧȕȞȈȔȐ Ȋ ȔȍȌȊȍȎȐȑ ȒȈȗ-
ȒȈȕ ǰ ǹȦȏȈȕȕȈ ǬȍȗȘȥ ȐșȗȖȓȕȧȊȠȈȧ ȥȚț ȘȖȓȤ ȧȊȓȧȓȈșȤ ȖȌȍ-
ȚȖȑ ȓȐȠȤ Ȋ șȊȍȚȓȖ-ȒȖȘȐȟȕȍȊȖȍ ȚȘȐȒȖ
ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȌȘțȋȈȧ ȈȒȚȘȐșȈ ǲȈȘȓȤȍ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȈșȤ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȡȍȗȍ-
ȚȐȓȤȕȖȑ ǲȖȋȌȈ ȍȑ ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ ȐșȗȖȓȕȧȚȤ ȗȖȌȖȉȕțȦ Ȏȍ ȘȖȓȤ
Ȋ ȗȤȍșȍ «ǾȊȍȚȖȒ ǨȕȕȈȔȈ», ȖȕȈ ȒȈȚȍȋȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐ ȖȚȒȈȏȈȓȈșȤ
șșȣȓȈȧșȤ ȕȈ ȟȘȍȏȔȍȘȕțȦ ȓȍȋȒȖșȚȤ ȒȖșȚȦȔȈ ǬȐȘȍȒȚȖȘ ȗȘȍȌȢȧ-
ȊȐȓ Ȓ ȕȍȑ ȐșȒ ȕȖ Ȑ șțȌ ȖȚȒȈȏȈȓ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȊȈȧ ȟȚȖ ȘȐșȒȖȊȈȕ-

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ȕȖȍ ȌȍȒȖȓȤȚȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȐșȗȖȘȚȐȚȤ ȘȍȗțȚȈȞȐȦ ȈȒȚȘȐșȣ Ȑ ȕȐȏ-
ȊȍșȚȐ ȍȍ Ȋ ȘȈȏȘȧȌ ȈȘȚȐșȚȖȒ ȓȍȋȒȖȋȖ ȎȈȕȘȈ ǲȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ, șțȌ
ȕȈȠȍȓ ȟȚȖ ȒȈȎȌȈȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȊȗȘȈȊȍ ȖȉȍȘȍȋȈȚȤ șȊȖȍ ȟțȊșȚȊȖ
șȚȣȌȓȐȊȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȒȖȕȚȘȈȒȚ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȑ ȎȍȘȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȚȈȒȐȔ
ȟțȊșȚȊȖȔ ȕȍ ȏȈșȓțȎȐȊȈȍȚ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒȐ ȗȘȈȊȖșțȌȐȧ
Ȼɨɪɟɰ ɜ ɦɚɫɤɟ
Ǫ ȘȍȗȍȘȚțȈȘȕȖȑ ȗȤȍșȍ «ǴȈșȒȈ» ǨȕȘȐ ǩȈȚȈȑȓȧ ȈȒȚȘȐșȍ
ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȠȐȘȖȒȖ ȘȈșȒȘȣȊȈȚȤ ȒȖȘșȈȎ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȖȌ-
ȕȖȔț Ȑȏ ȌȍȑșȚȊțȦȡȐȝ ȓȐȞ ȚȈȚțȐȘȖȊȒț ȗȖȔȍȡȍȕȕțȦ Ȋ șȒȘȣ-
ȚȖȔ ȔȍșȚȍ ǹțȗȘțȋȈ ȓȦȉȖȗȣȚȕȖȋȖ ȊȝȖȌȐȚ Ȋ ȥȚȖȚ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ ȕȈ
șȞȍȕț ȊȣȏȣȊȈȧ șȒȈȕȌȈȓ Ȑ ȊȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ ȘȈȏȊȖȌ ǰ ȈȘȚȐșȚ-

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ȒȈȔ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚșȧ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȤ ȘȍȔȈȘȒȍ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ
ǵȈȋȐȍ ȚȈȕȞȖȊȡȐȞȣ ȗȖȧȊȐȊȠȐȍșȧ ȏȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ
ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ, ȐȌțȚ ȍȡȍ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ ǪșȗȖȔȕȐȔ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ ǸȍȋȐȕț ǩȈȌȥ,
țșȐȓȐȊȈȦȡțȦ ȕȈȋȖȚȖȦ ȒȘȈșȖȚț ȚȈȕȞȍȊ ǨȜȘȖȌȐȚȣ, ȐȓȐ ǴȖȌ
ǨȓȓȈȕ Ȋ «ǹȈȓȖȔȍȍª, ȧȊȓȧȦȡțȦșȧ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ ș ȋȖȓȣȔ ȚȖȘșȖȔ
Ȑ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȕȖȋȈȔȐ
Ǫ «ǺȐȔȖȕȍ ǨȜȐȕșȒȖȔ» ȀȍȒșȗȐȘȈ ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȔ Ȋ ȚȍȈȚ-
Șȍ ǨȕȚțȈȕȈ ȉȣȓ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȍȕ ȌȖȔ ǺȐȔȖȕȈ ș ȏȖȓȖȚȣȔȐ ȒȖȓȖȕ-
ȕȈȔȐ ȗțȘȗțȘȕȣȔȐ ȒȖȊȘȈȔȐ ȘȖșȒȖȠȕȣȔȐ ȓȖȎȈȔȐ Ȑ ȌȖȘȖ-
ȋȐȔȐ ȒțȘȐȓȤȕȐȞȈȔȐ Ǫ ȥȚȖȑ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȍ ȚȍșȕȐȓȐșȤ ȗȖȓțȕȈ-
ȋȐȍ ȋȍȚȍȘȣ ȏȈȌȘȈȗȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ Ȋ ȓȍȋȒȐȍ ȚȒȈȕȐ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȒȖȚȖ-
Șȣȍ ȗȘȖșȊȍȟȐȊȈȓȐ Ȑȝ ȘȖȏȖȊȣȍ șȖșȞȣ
ǷȘȐ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȍ «ǴȈȌȈȔ ǹȈȕ-Ǯȍȕ», ǹȈȘȌț ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓșȧ ȗȍ-
ȘȍȌ ȊȚȖȘȣȔ ȈȒȚȖȔ Ȓ ȈȒȚȘȐșȈȔ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȊȠȐȔ ȗȘȐȌȊȖȘȕȣȝ
ȌȈȔ ș ȊȣȘȈȏȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȕȈȗțȚșȚȊȐȍȔ: «ǷȖȔȕȐȚȍ șțȌȈȘȣȕȐ
ȟȚȖ ȏȈȊȚȘȈ Ȋȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȐȋȘȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȊȈȠȐȔ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȖȔ ȕȖ ȊȈȠȐ-
ȔȐ ȜȖȘȔȈȔȐ» ǰ ȗȤȍșȈ ȖȌȍȘȎȈȓȈ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡțȦ ȗȖȉȍȌț
ǰȕȖȋȌȈ, ȊȗȘȖȟȍȔ, ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȐȖȉȘȍȚȈȦȚ ȐȏȣșȒȈȕȕȣȑ
ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȑ șȌȍȘȎȈȕȕȖșȚȐ Ƕȉ
ȥȚȖȔ ȔȖȎȕȖ șțȌȐȚȤ ȗȖ șȗȍȒȚȈȒȓȦ ȋ-ȎȐ ȀȍȑȘȍȓȤ ȐȋȘȈȊȠȍȑ
Ȋ ȊȖȌȍȊȐȓȍ ©ǲȖȘȈȓȐ Ȑ ǲȖ» ȔȖȓȖȌțȦ ȖșȖȉț ȒȖȘșȈȎ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ
ȉȣȓ șȕȈȉȎȍȕ ȌȊțȔȧ ȊșȚȈȊȒȈȔȐ ȖȕȈ ȘȈșȒȘȣȊȈȓȈ Ȑȝ ȗȍȘȍȌ șȊȖȐȔ
ȔțȎȍȔ ȊșȧȒȐȑ ȘȈȏ ȒȈȒ ȝȖȚȍȓȈ ȖȚ ȕȍȋȖ ȟȍȋȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȌȖȉȐȚȤ-
șȧ ǪȕȖșȧ ȗȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ Ȑ Ȋ șȊȖȦ ȔȐȔȐȒț șȚȣȌȓȐȊțȦ șȌȍȘȎȈȕ-
ȕȖșȚȤ ȋ-ȎȈ ȀȍȑȘȍȓȤ ȖȚȓȐȟȕȖ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȓȈ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȚ
ȚȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ șȐȓȤȕȖȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȗȘȐ
ȋȘțȉȖȔ șȘȣȊȈȕȐȐ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȖȊ
ǵȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ șȚȈȊȐȓșȧ «ǼȈțșȚ» ǴȈȘȓȖ Ȋ 1892 ȋ ȈȒȚȘȐșȈ
ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȊȠȈȧ ȘȈșȗțȚșȚȊȖ Ȋ ȟȐșȓȍ șȍȔȐ șȔȍȘȚȕȣȝ ȋȘȍȝȖȊ
ȊȣȝȖȌȐȓȈ ȓȐȠȤ ș ȗȖȊȧȏȒȖȑ ȕȈ ȉȍȌȘȈȝ Ȑ ȗȖȒȘȣȊȈȓȖȔ ȕȈ șȗȐȕȍ
ǹȚȈȘȣȑ ȒȘȐȚȐȒ ǹȈȘșȥ ȖșȚȖȓȉȍȕȍȓ ȗȘȐ ȊȐȌȍ șȖȊșȍȔ ȖȉȕȈ-
ȎȍȕȕȖȑ ȋȘțȌȐ ț ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȐ ȕȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȔȖȓȖȌȈȧ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈ ȖȚȕȍș-
ȓȈșȤ ș ȗȖȓȕȣȔ șȖȟțȊșȚȊȐȍȔ Ȓ ȖȌȕȖȔț Ȑȏ ȗȍȘȊȣȝ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȑ
ȕȈȋȖȚȣ Ȋ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖȔ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ
ǸȈȏțȔȍȍȚșȧ ȖȗȍȘȍȚȒȈ ȎȈȌȕȖ ȗȖȓȤȏțȍȚșȧ ȊșȧȒȖȑ ȊȖȏȔȖȎ-
ȕȖșȚȤȦ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ ǷȖ ȗȖȊȖȌț, ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ «ǬȖȟȍ-
Șȍȑ ǬȎȍȒșȖȕȈ» ǲȈȚȦȓȤ ǴȍȕȌȍș ȗȐșȈȓ șȓȍȌțȦȡȍȍ «ǴȕȖȋȐȍ
ȗȘȐȌțȚ șȦȌȈ ȗȖȌȐȊȐȚȤșȧ ȒȖșȚȦȔȈȔ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȐȔ Ȑ ȗȘȖȏȘȈȟ-

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ȕȣȔ șȊȍȘȒȈȦȡȐȔ Ȑ ȉȍȏțȔȕȣȔ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȖȊȈȧ ȌȐȘȍȒȞȐȧ
ȖȌȍȓȈ — ȓȐȠȤ Ȋ șȈȔȖȑ ȔȈȓȖȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ — ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȌȍȊȐȞ
ȘȖȌȖȔ Ȑȏ ǴȖȕȔȈȘȚȘȈ ȐȓȐ ǩȘȐȚȈȕȐȐ ȖȕȐ ș ȉȍșȗȘȐȔȍȘȕȣȔ
ȉȍșșȚȣȌșȚȊȖȔ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȖ ȗȘȍȌȓȈȋȈȦȚ șȈȔȐȝ șȍȉȧ ȞȍȓȐȒȖȔ ȉȍȏ
ȗȖȒȘȖȊȖȊ ȚȖ ȊȏȔȈȝȐȊȈȧ ȘțȒȈȔȐ ȚȖ ȠȍȊȍȓȧ ȉȍȌȘȈȔȐ ǷȖȐș-
ȚȐȕȍ ȍșȓȐ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȧȔ ȗȍȘȍȌȕȐȝ ȘȧȌȖȊ ȖȚȒȘȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȚȈȒȈȧ Ȏȍ
ȉȍȏȌȕȈ ȎȐȊȣȝ șȖȒȘȖȊȐȡ ȒȈȒțȦ ȊȐȌȧȚ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȐ ȓȖȎ Ȗȗțș-
ȒȈȧ ȋȓȈȏȈ Ȑȏ șȚȣȌȓȐȊȖșȚȐ — șȖȒȘȖȊȐȡ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȕȖ ȌȖȗȖȓ-
ȕȧȦȡȐȝ ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋȈ — Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȥȚȐ ȌȈȔȣ șȒȘȣȊȈȦȚ
ȕȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȝ șȈȕȚȐȔȍȚȘȖȊ Ȍȓȧ ȘȈȌȖșȚȍȑ ȐȕȚȐȔȕȣȝ
șȊȐȌȈȕȐȑ».
H. ɇ ɍɪɜɚɧɰɨɜ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ Ʌɟɲɟɝɨ «ɉɨɬɨɧɭɜɲɢɣ ɤɨɥɨɤɨɥ» Ƚɚɭɩɬɦɚɧɚ ɜ
ɏɚɪɶɤɨɜɫɤɨɦ Ƚɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɦ ɬɟɚɬɪɟ
ǪȗȖȓȕȍ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȏȘȍȓȐȡȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȓȈ ǲȖȓȍȚȚ
ǪȐȓȓȐ Ȋ ȗȤȍșȍ «LȈ Chair». ǳȦȉȖȊȕȐȒ ȏȈșȚȈȍȚ ȎȍȕȡȐȕț Ȋ
ȖȉȢȧȚȐȧx ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ Ƕȕ ȝȖȟȍȚ ȍȍ țȉȐȚȤ ȕȖ ȖȕȈ ȖȉȕȈȎȈȍȚ șȊȖȦ
ȋȘțȌȤ Ȑ ȖȉȍșșȐȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȐȒ ȗȈȌȈȍȚ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȕȍȑ ȕȈ ȒȖȓȍȕȐ

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ȅȚȈ Ȏȍ ǲȖȓȍȚȚ țȟȈșȚȊȖȊȈȓȈ Ȋ ȗȤȍșȍ ǳȍȘȉȍȘȋȈ «ǪȍȓȐȒȐȑ
ǷȈȕ», ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȑ Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ «L'Oeuvre». ǶȕȈ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȓȈ
ȐȏȉȘȈȕȕȐȞț ǷȈȕȈ Ȑ ȍȍ ȚȈȕȞȣ ȊȖ ȋȓȈȊȍ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȞȍș-
șȐȐ ȊȖșȒȘȍȠȈȓȐ ȖȉȘȈȏȣ ȈȕȚȐȟȕȣȝ ȊȈȒȝȈȕȈȓȐȑ ǶȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ
ȖȌȍȚȈ Ȋ ȘțȉȐȡȍ ȘȈȏȖȌȘȈȕȕȣȍ ȘȈȏȔȍȚȈȕȕȣȍ ȓȖȝȔȖȚȤȧ ȌȖȝȖ-
ȌȐȓȐ ȍȌȊȈ ȌȖ ȒȖȓȍȕ ȖȕȐ ȘȈșȗȈȝȐȊȈȓȐșȤ ț ȉȍȌȍȘ șțȝȐȝ Ȑ
ȎȐȓȐșȚȣȝ ȚȖȟȕȖ ȉȍȌȘȈ ȒȖȏȣ
ǺȈȒȈȧ ȕȈȋȖȚȈ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȊȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȒȖȔȍȌȐȐ Ȑ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȍ ȗȘȐ-
ȠȓȖșȤ ȊȍȘȕțȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȒȈȜȍȠȈȕȚȈȕ ȋȌȍ ȒȈȎȌȈȧ ȗȤȍșȈ șȓțȎȐȚ
ȗȖȊȖȌȖȔ Ȍȓȧ «ȘȈșȗȈȒȖȊȣȊȈȕȐȧ» ȎȍȕșȒȖȑ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ
ǯȈȌȈȟȈ ȒȖșȚȦȔȈ ȗȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȦ ǴȦȓȤȜȍȓȤȌȈ șȊȖȌȐȚ-
șȧ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ Ȓ șȓȍȌțȦȡȍȔț «ǬȈȕȣ ȌȊȍ șȜȍȘȐȟȍșȒȐȍ
ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȐ ȒȈȒ ȊȣȧȊȐȚȤ ȐȔ ȔȈȒșȐȔțȔ ȖșȚȈȊȐȊ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ
ȗȘȐȒȘȣȚȣȔȐ ȌȊȍ șȐȔȔȍȚȘȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȚȖȟȒȐ șȗȘȈȊȈ Ȑ șȓȍȊȈ"»
Ǫ ȖȉȡȍȔ, ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȈȧ ȞȍȕȏțȘȈ ȌȖȗțșȒȈȍȚ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȉȣ Ȗȉ-
ȕȈȎȍȕȕțȦ ȎȍȕȡȐȕț ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ ȍșȓȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȕȈ ȏȈȗȈșȍȚșȧ ȟȍȘ-
ȕȣȔȐ ȔțȎșȒȐȔȐ ȒțȗȈȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȚȘțșșȈȔȐ Ȑ ȌȊțȔȧ ȟȍȘȕȣȔȐ
ȖȉȓȈȚȒȈȔȐ Ȍȓȧ ȋȘțȌȐ ǬȍȓȖ ȒȈȒ ȊȐȌȐȚȍ țȎȍ șȚȖȐȚ ȏȈ ȕȍȔ-
ȕȖȋȐȔ.
ǰ ȕȍȘȍȌȒȖ ȒȈȜȍȠȈȕȚȈȕȕȣȍ ȗȍȊȐȞȣ țșȚȘȈȐȊȈȦȚ ȒȖȘșȈȎ
ș ȊȣȘȍȏȖȔ ȌȖ ȉȍȌȍȘ ȕȖ șȖȝȘȈȕȧȧ ȌȊȈ ȒțșȖȟȒȈ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȐ ȕȈ
ȋȘțȌȐ ǬȘțȋȐȍ ȌȍȓȈȦȚ ȊȣȘȍȏ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȕȖ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȒȓȈȕȧȦȚ-
șȧ ȗțȉȓȐȒȍ ȚȖ ȖȉȕȈȘțȎȐȊȈȦȚ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȔȕȖȋȖ ǰȝ ȉȦșȚ ȒȈȒ
ȎȐȊȖȑ ȊȣșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȈȗȖȒȈȏ șȈȔ șȖȉȖȦ ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ, ȚȘȍȚȤȐ
ȕȍ ȏȕȈȧ ȟȚȖ ȌȍȓȈȚȤ șȖ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȘțȒȈȔȐ ȗȘȐ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȐ ȕȍ-
ȓȍȗȣȝ ȒțȗȓȍȚȖȊ ȚȖ Ȑ ȌȍȓȖ ȗȖȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȚ ȉȘȍȚȍȓȤȒț ȗȖȌȌȍȘ-
ȎȐȊȈȦȡțȦ ȒȖȘșȈȎ Ȑ șȉȘȈșȣȊȈȍȔțȦ ȕȈȘȖȟȕȖ ȘȍȏȒȐȔ Ȑ Ȋȣ-
ȏȣȊȈȦȡȐȔ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȤȍȔ ȗȓȍȟȈ ǰȕȖȋȌȈ ȌȈȎȍ ȥȗȖȓȍȚȒȈ șȓȖȊ-
ȕȖ ȌȘȍșșȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȈȧ ȓȖȗȈȍȚșȧ ȒȈȒ ȘȈȏ Ȋ «ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȑ
ȔȖȔȍȕȚ» Ȑ ȒȖȘșȈȎ ȗȈȌȈȍȚ șȈȔ șȖȉȖȦ
Ǫ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ «ǷȈȘȐȏȐȈȕȈ» ȊȣșȚțȗȈȓȈ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ Ȋ
ȔȈșȒȍ ș ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ ǮȍȘȊȍ ǲȈȒ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȥȚȈ ȕȈȋȈȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ
ȉȣȓȈ ȗȐșȈȕȈ ș ȖȌȕȖȑ ȊȍȓȐȒȖșȊȍȚșȒȖȑ ȌȈȔȣ ǵȖ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ ȍȍ
ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȓȈ ȋ-ȎȈ ǴȖȕȐ ȐȕȒȖȋȕȐȚȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ
ȔȈșȒț ȉȣȓȖ ȚȖȚȟȈș Ȏȍ ȘȈșȒȘȣȚȖ — ȗȖ ȍȍ ȥȓȍȋȈȕȚȕȖȑ ȜȐȋțȘȍ
Ǫ ȌȘțȋȖȔ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȖȉȖȏȘȍȕȐȧ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȓȖ ȔȕȖ-
ȎȍșȚȊȖ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȝ ȈȒȚȘȐș Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȒȈȎȌȈȧ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȓȈ
ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕțȦ ȟȈșȚȤ ȚȍȓȈ ȗȖȌȟȍȘȒȕțȚțȦ ȖȚȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȒȖșȚȦ-

53
ɗɥɶɡɚ ȼɢɡɟɧɬɚɥɶ
ȔȖȔ ȖȌȕȈ — șȗȐȕț ȌȘțȋȈȧ ȋȘțȌȤ ȚȘȍȚȤȧ ȎȐȊȖȚ Ȑ Ț Ȍ ǹȕȈ-
ȟȈȓȈ ȗȘȈȊȈȧ ȋȘțȌȤ ȋȖșȗȖȎȐ ǺȈȒșȐȓȤ ȉȣȓȈ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȖȚ-
ȒȘȣȚȈ ȓȐȠȤ șȈȔȣȑ ȒȖȕȟȐȒ ȍȍ ȉȣȓ ȏȈȔȈșȒȐȘȖȊȈȕ ȒȘțȗȕȣȔ
ȉȘȐȓȓȐȈȕȚȖȔ ș ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȔȍȓȒȐȔȐ
ǵȖ ȗȘȍȜȍȒȚ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȐ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȓ ȗȘȐȒȘȣȚȤ ȥȚț ȊȣșȚȈȊȒț ȘȖȏȖ-
ȊȣȔ ȠȍȓȒȖȔ ǸȈȏțȔȍȍȚșȧ ȥȚȖ ȓȐȠȤ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȖȌȟȍȘȒȕțȓȖ ȕȈ-
ȋȖȚț ȈȒȚȘȐșȣ

55
Ǫ 1904 ȋȖȌț ȉȣȓȖ șȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȖ ȖșȖȉȖȍ ȖȉȖȏȘȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȌ ȕȈ-
ȏȊȈȕȐȍȔ «ǻ ȕȈș ȍșȚȤ ȉȍȓȤȍ». ȇȊȓȧȓȈșȤ ȞȍȓȈȧ ȊȍȘȍȕȐȞȈ ȝȖ-
ȘȖȠȍȕȤȒȐȝ ȎȍȕȡȐȕ ȖȌȍȚȣȝ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȗȘȐȓȐȟȕȖ — șȗȍȘȍȌȐ
ȕȖ ȓȐȠȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȕȐ ȗȖȊȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȓȐșȤ șȗȐȕȖȑ ȕȈȋȖȚȈ ȖȒȈ-
ȏȣȊȈȓȈșȤ ȗȖȓȕȖȑ ȓȐȠȤ ȠȐȘȖȒȐȑ ȟȍȘȕȣȑ ȉȈȕȚ ȗȘȐȒȘȣȊȈȓ
șȈȔȖȍ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖȍ
Ǫ 1906 ȋȖȌț ȌȈȊȈȓȖșȤ ȖȉȖȏȘȍȕȐȍ «Ǫșȍ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ».
ǪȐȕȖȋȘȈȌȕȣȍ ȓȐșȚȒȐ ȗȘȐ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȐ ȖȌȍȎȌȣ ȏȈȔȍȕȐȓȐșȤ
ȕȈ ȥȚȖȚ ȘȈȏ ȘȖȏȖȊȣȔȐ ȒȖȕȜȍȚȚȐ ǹȈȔȖȍ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȕȖȍ ȉȣȓȖ
ȊȖșȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ǼȘȐȕȣ șȉȘȈșȣȊȈȦȡȍȑ șȊȖȐ ȖȌȍȎȌȣ Ȑ
«ǹȘȈȊȕȍȕȐȍ» ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȍ ȗȖ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȍ ǳȈțȘȍȕșȈ
ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ, ȖȌȕȈ ȒȘȈșȐȊȈȧ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȈ ǳȐȓȐȈȕ ȕȈȠȓȈ șȗȖșȖȉ
ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȚȤșȧ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȋȖȓȖȑ ȕȍ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȈȧ ȕȈȗȈȌȖȒ Ȟȍȕ-
ȏțȘȣ ǶȕȈ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȗȘȖȜȐȓȤ șȗȘȖȠȍȕȕȈȧ ȗȖ ȥȚȖȔț ȗȖ-
ȊȖȌț ȐȕȚȍȘȊȤȦȍȘȖȔ Ȋ ǸȐȔȍ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȈ ȏȈȧȊȐȓȈ ȍȔț
— ǵȈȋȖȚȈ ȔȐȓȖșȚȐȊȣȑ ȋȖșțȌȈȘȤ ȕȈȋȖȚȈ ȖȚȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȈȧ ȖȌ-
ȕȐȔ șȓȖȊȖȔ, ȋȖȓȈȧ ȕȈȋȖȚȈ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ Ȋ șȍȉȍ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ șȒȈȉȘȍȏ-
ȕȖȋȖ ǪȏȋȓȧȕȐȚȍ ȕȈ șȚȈȚțȦ ǵȖ ȟȚȖ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȍȍ ȉȍȏȕȘȈȊșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕȖȑ Ȑ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȟȈșȚȖ — ȥȚȖ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȚȖ ȟȍȔ ȍȍ ȖȒȘțȎȈȦȚ
ȎȍșȚȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ ȍȍ ȗȘȐȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȚ — ȖȌȕȐȔ șȓȖȊȖȔ, șȗȖ-
șȖȉ ȍȍ ȌȍȔȖȕșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȇ șȚȈȘȈȦșȤ ȌȍȔȖȕșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȈ-
ȋȖȚț ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȗȘȖȜȐȓȤ ȇ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȕȈȊȓȐȊȈȦșȤ Ȗȉ-
ȘȈȡȍȕȕȈȧ ȓȐȞȖȔ ȐȓȐ șȗȐȕȖȑ Ȓ ȗțȉȓȐȒȍ — ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȗȖ ȒȘȈȑ-
ȕȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ Ȋ ȚȘȐ ȟȍȚȊȍȘȚȐ; Ȑ ȏȈȚȍȔ, ȧ șȚȈȘȈȦșȤ ȐȏȉȍȋȈȚȤ ȒȈȒȐȝ-
ȓȐȉȖ ȋȘțȉȣȝ ȎȍșȚȖȊ ȒȖȓȣȝȈȕȐȧ ȉȍȌȍȘ șțȌȖȘȖȎȕȣȝ ȊȏȌȘȈ-
ȋȐȊȈȕȐȑ — ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖȋȖ, ȊȖ ȊșȍȔ ȋȐȉȒȖșȚȤ ȗȓȈȊȕȖșȚȤ
Ȑ ȘȐȚȔȐȟȕȖșȚȤ Ȉ ȋȓȈȊȕȖȍ, ȗȘȖȜȐȓȤ ǶȌȐȕ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȖȜȐȓȤ
șȒȈȏȈȓȈ ȉȣ ȧ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȗȈȕȚȖȔȐȔ ȕȍ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȓȖ
Ȕȍȕȧ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȗȖȊȍȘȚȣȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȑ ȓȐȞȖȔ
— ǰȓȐ șȗȐȕȖȦ"
— ǰȓȐ șȗȐȕȖȦ Ȓ ȗțȉȓȐȒȍ — ȌȈ ǵȖ Ȋ ȥȚȐȝ ȗȖȏȈȝ ȕȍș-
ȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȡȍȒȖȚȓȐȊȣȝ ȧ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȏȈșȚȣȊȈȦ ȧ ȌȊȐȋȈȦșȤ
ȒȘțȎțșȤ
— Ǫ ȚȈȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ, Ȋȣ ȌȍȔȖȕșȚȘȐȘțȍȚȍ ȒȘțȋȖȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȍ
ȜȈșȈȌȈ"
— ǰ ȚȣȓȤȕȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ǬȈ ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȞȍȓȤ ȔȖȧ ȌȖ-
șȚȐȋȕțȚȈ ǯȘȐȚȍȓȤ ȊȐȌȐȚ ȔȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ ȓȐȠȤ Ȋ ȗȘȖȜȐȓȤ
ǶȉȕȈȎȍȕȐȍ Ȋșȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ Ȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȏȈȊȖȍȊȣȊȈȓȖ ȔȍșȚȖ ȕȈ

56
șȞȍȕȍ șȖȝȘȈȕȧȧ ȓȐȠȤ ȗȘȐȏȘȈȟȕȣȍ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȣ Ȍȓȧ ȐȕȚȐȔȕȖȋȖ.
ǵȖ ȎȐȊȣȍ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ ȗȖșȓțȎȐȓȐ Ȓ ȗȖȓȕȖȔț ȊȖȌȊȖȘȍȕȐȦ
ȕȈȋȖȚȣ *.
Ǫ ȗȤȍșȍ «ǷȖȘȚȘȍȚª ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȓȈșȤ șȊȍȚșȒȈȧ ȌȈȔȈ ȧȊȐȊ-
ȠȈȧșȧ ȗȖȏȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ Ȓ ȔȖȌȕȖȔț ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒț Ǫ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȍ ȝȖ-
ȏȧȐȕȈ ȓȈȒȍȑ ȊȣȌȈȍȚ șȍȉȧ ȏȈ ȎȐȊȖȗȐșȞȈ Ȑ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȌȈȔț
ȘȈȏȌȍȚȤșȧ ȌȖȕȈȋȈ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȖșȚțȦ ȕȈȚțȘȡȐȞț ǶȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȘȍȞȍȕ-
ȏȍȕȚȖȊ ȥȚȖȋȖ șȗȍȒȚȈȒȓȧ ȗȐșȈȓ: ©ǴȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖȌțȔȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ
ȊȖșȝȖȌȐȚ ȏȈȘȧ ȕȖ ȥȚȖ — ȓȐȠȤ șȗțșȒȈȓȈșȤ ȘțȉȈȠȒȈ».
ǵȍȐȏȔȍȕȕȈȧ «ȒțȗȈȦȡȈȧșȧ ǹțșȈȕȕȈ» Ȋ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȐ ǩȖȉ
ǪȈȓȤȚȍȘ țȝȐȚȘȧȓȈșȤ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȧȚȤ șȊȖȦ șȖȘȖȟȒț ȕȍ ȕȈȘțȠȈȧ
ȗȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ șȚȣȌȓȐȊȖșȚȐ — Ȋ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȐȐ ȌȊțȝ șȚȈȘȞȍȊ ȕȈ
șȞȍȕȍ Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȖȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȝ șȘȍȌȐ ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ ǺȒȈȕȤ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȗȖ-
ȊȐȕȖȊȈȓȈșȤ ȍȍ ȗȘȐȒȈȏȈȕȐȧȔ ǵȈ ȊȍȘȝț ȍȍ ȋȘțȌȐ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȣ
ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ șȚȣȌȓȐȊȖ ȏȈȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȓȐșȤ «ǬȈ, — ȗȘȖȐȏȕȍș ȖȌȕȈȎ-
Ȍȣ Ȋ ȏȈȓȍ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȚȖ ȒȓȍȊȍȚȕȐȒ, — ȒȖȘșȍȚ ȗȘȖȌȍȓȣȊȈȍȚ ȥȚȖȚ
ȜȖȒțș ǭȋȖ ȗȓȈȕȠȍȚȒȐ ȏȈȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȦȚ șȖȘȖȟȒț» ǵȖ ȕȈ șȓȍȌțȦ-
ȡȐȑ ȌȍȕȤ ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȍȕȕȈȧ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȈ ȗȖȊȍȘȕțȓȈșȤ ȓȐȞȖȔ Ȓ
ȌȍȘȏȒȖȑ ȓȖȎȍ ȋȌȍ șȖȔȕȍȊȈȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȍȍ ȌȖșȚȖȐȕșȚȊȈȝ Ȑ Ȋ ȖȚȊȍȚ
ȕȈ ȒȓȍȊȍȚț șȗțșȚȐȓȈ șȖȘȖȟȒț ȌȖ șȈȔȖȋȖ ȗȖȧșȈ — ț ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ
șȊȖȧ ȟȍșȚȤ
Ǫ «ǩȘȈȟȕȖȑ ȕȖȟȐ» Ȋ 1908 ȋ ǴȈȘșȍȓȤ ǰȘȊȍȕ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȈșȤ
Ȋ ȚȈȕȈȋȘșȒȖȔ ȗȓȈȚȤȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ țȎȍ ȕȍȏȈȌȖȓȋȖ ȌȖ ȚȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȐȏ-
ȊȍȓȖ șȍȕșȈȞȐȦ ȕȈ șȒȈȟȒȈȝ ǵȖ ȌȖșȚțȗ Ȋ țȉȖȘȕțȦ Ȓ ȈȒȚȘȐșȍ
ȉȣȓ ȜȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȖ ȊȖșȗȘȍȡȍȕ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȈ ȕȈȌȍȓȈ ȕȈ
șȍȉȧ ȥȚȖ ȗȓȈȚȤȍ ȉȍȏ ȒȖȘșȍȚȈ ȉȍȏ ȚȘȐȒȖ — Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȉȍȏ Șț-
ȉȈȠȒȐ ǶȕȈ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȊȖșȒȘȍșȐȓȈ ȒȖșȚȦȔ ǬȐȘȍȒȚȖȘȐȐ ȒȖȋȌȈ
Ȋșȍȝ ȔȖȌȕȐȞ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȓȐ «ȉȍȏȘțȉȈȠȕȣȔȐ».
Ǫ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȕȍȘȍȌȒȖ șȓțȟȈȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ ȌȐȘȍȒȚȖȘ ȐȓȐ
ȌȐȘȍȒȚȘȐșȈ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ȗȘȐȕțȎȌȈȦȚ ȈȘȚȐșȚȖȒ Ȓ ȟȘȍȏȔȍȘȕȖȔț Ȗȉ-
ȕȈȎȍȕȐȦ șȊȍȘȝț ȐȓȐ șȕȐȏț ȗȘȐȟȍȔ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȔ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȝȖ-
ȌȐȚșȧ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȖȚȍșȚȖȊȈȚȤ — ȐȕȈȟȍ Ȑȝ țȊȖȓȧȚ ǰȕȖȋȌȈ
ȊȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȌȍȓȖ ȌȖȝȖȌȐȚ Ȑ ȌȖ șțȌȈ ǺȈȒ Ȋ ȚȖȔ Ȏȍ 1908 ȋ ȋ-ȎȈ
ǪȈȓȤȜȖȘ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȐȋȓȈȠȍȕȈ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖ ȓȍȚȕȍȍ ȒȈȜȍ ș țșȓȖȊȐȍȔ
* ȼ ɋ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɟ ɠɢɜɵɟ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɫ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɧɚɝɢɦɢ ɬɟɥɚɦɢ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɜ
ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɪɚɡ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɀɟɥɟɡɧɨɦ ɬɟɚɬɪɟ «Ⱥɤɜɚɪɢɭɦɚ» ɥɟɬɨɦ 1908 ɝ Ɋɟɞ

57
ȧȊȓȧȚȤșȧ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȗțȉȓȐȒȖȑ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȔ ȚȘȐȒȖ ǵȖ ȊșȒȖȘȍ ȖȕȈ ȖȚ-
ȒȈȏȈȓȈșȤ ȌȍȔȖȕșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ șȊȖȦ ȒȘȈșȖȚț ȖȚȋȖȊȈȘȐȊȈȧșȤ ȟȚȖ,
ȊȖ-ȗȍȘȊȣȝ, ȍȑ șȚȣȌȕȖ Ȉ ȊȖ-ȊȚȖȘȣȝ, ȖȚ ȚȘȐȒȖ ț ȕȍȍ ȗȖȧȊȐ-
ȓȐșȤ ȉȖȓȐ Ȋ ȎȍȓțȌȒȍ ǭȑ ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ ȏȈȗȓȈȚȐȚȤ ȕȍțșȚȖȑȒț Ȋ
6000 ȜȘȈȕȒȖȊ ǹțȌ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȌȈȎȍ «ȈȒȈȌȍȔȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȚȘȐ-
ȒȖ» ȕȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ Ȍȓȧ ȒȈȜȍȠȈȕȚȈȕȕȖȑ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȐ ȟȍȋȖ-ȕȐ-
ȉțȌȤ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖȋȖ Ȉ ș ȌȘțȋȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ, ȚȘȐȒȖ ȓȐȠȍȕȕȖȍ Ȋșȧ-
ȒȖȋȖ ȒȈȘȒȈșȈ ȕȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȘȍȌȐȚȤ ȕȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȖȔț ȏȌȖȘȖ-
ȊȤȦ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȐ Ȗȉ ȖșȖȉȖȔ Ȏȍ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȍȕȕȖȔ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ șȓȍȌȖ-
ȊȈȓȖ ȗȘȍȌțȗȘȍȌȐȚȤ ȍȡȍ ȌȖ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȕȚȘȈȒȚȈ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ Ȏȍ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȧȍȔ ȚȘȐȒȖ șȟȐȚȈȍȚșȧ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ Ȋȣ-
ȠȍȌȠȐȔ Ȑȏ ȔȖȌȣ Ȑ ȕȈȋȖȚȈ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚșȧ ȕȍȗȖȌȌȍȓȤȕȈȧ
ǹȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȕȍȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȈȧ ȕȈȋȖȚȈ ȌȈȎȍ ȔȈȓȖ țȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖ-
ȘȧȍȚ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȐȝ ȥȘȖȚȖȔȈȕȖȊ ǶȕȐ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȟȐȚȈȦȚ ȗȐȒȈȕȚ-
ȕȖȍ ȌȍȏȈȉȐȓȤȍ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȗȍȊȐȟȒȐ ȏȈȔȈȕȟȐȊȣȍ dessous
ȚȈȕȞȖȊȡȐȞȣ — ȊȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȐȟȍȔ
ȗȖȓțȕȈȋȖȚȈ Ȑȝ ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȈȍȚ ȟȍȔ ȗȖȓȕȖȍ ȖȉȕȈ-
ȎȍȕȐȍ ǮȐȊȣȍ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ șȓțȎȈȚ ȚȖȔț ȧȘȒȐȔ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȖȔ ǯȕȈ-
ȔȍȕȐȚȖȍ șȍȔȍȑșȚȊȖ ǲȍȓȍȘ ȍȡȍ Ȋ -ȝ ȋȖȌȈȝ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȓȖ
«ǨȘȐȈȕț ȕȈ ȗȈȕȚȍȘȍª ȗȖ șȒțȓȤȗȚțȘȍ ǬȈȕȕȍȒȍȘȈ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȍ
ȠȍȌȍȊȘȣ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ǩțȘȎțȈ șȉȍȋȈȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȖȎȐȌȈȕȐȐ ȗȐȒȈȕȚ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȏȘȍȓȐȡȈ ȕȖ țȝȖȌȐȓȐ ȘȈȏȖȟȈȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ ǷȖ ȥȚȖȔț ȗȖȊȖ-
Ȍț ȕȍȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȊșȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚșȧ ȐȏȘȍȟȍȕȐȍ ǬȐȌȘȖ «ȇ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȝȖȟț
ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȕȈȋȖȚț ȕȖ ȕȍ ȓȦȉȓȦ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȍȍ Ȕȕȍ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ».
Ǫ 1907 ȋ Ȋ ǷȈȘȐȎȍ Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ «ǶȓȐȔȗȐȧ», ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȓȈ
ȉȖȓȤȠȈȧ ȊȣșȚȈȊȒȈ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ ǶȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȎțȘȕȈȓȐșȚȖȊ țȚȊȍȘȎ-
ȌȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȉȓȍșȒ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȕȖȑ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ Ȋ șȍȉȍ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ
ȉȍȏȕȘȈȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ǰ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȐȏȉȘȈȕȕȈȧ ȗȈȘȐȎșȒȈȧ
ȗțȉȓȐȒȈ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȓȈ ȥȚț ȎȐȊțȦ șȒțȓȤȗȚțȘț ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȈȧșȤ
ȟȐșȚȖ ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȧȔȐ — ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȖȔ ȐȌȍȈȓȤ-
ȕȖȑ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ «ȅȚȐ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ Ȑ ȥȚȐ ȔțȎȟȐȕȣ — ȗȐșȈȓ ȕȍ-
ȒȐȑ ȎțȘȕȈȓȐșȚ — ȘȍȌȒȖȑ ȈȒȈȌȍȔȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ ȝȖȚȧ Ȑ
ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȦȚ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȊȏȖȘȈȔȐ Ȋșȍȝ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȋȖȓȣȔȐ, ȕȖ Ȑȝ ȗȖȏȣ
ȚȈȒ ȈȘȚȐșȚȐȟȕȣ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȏȈȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȣ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȥȓȍȋȈȕȚȕȖ-
șȚȤȦ Ȑ ȎȍșȚ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȋȘȈȞȐȐ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍȔ ȥȚȖ ȊȐȌȍ-
ȕȐȍ ȟȐșȚȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȗȘȐȊȍȚșȚȊțȍȔȖȋȖ ȊșȍȔȐ».
Ǫ «ǼȖȓȐ ǩȍȘȎȍȘ» ȊȣșȚȈȊȓȧȓȈșȤ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ Ȏȍȕ-
șȒȈȧ ȕȈȋȖȚȈ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȜȐȋțȘȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȊȣșȍȘȍȉȘȍȕȣ Ȋ

58
ȗȖȌȘȈȎȈȕȐȍ ȔȍȚȈȓȓȐȟȍșȒȐȔ șȚȈȚțȧȔ ȐȓȐ șȗȓȖȠȤ ȗȖȒȘȣȚȣ
ȉȍȓȐȓȈȔȐ ǸȈșȗȖȓȈȋȈȓȐ Ȑȝ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖȉȣ Ȑȝ ȗȖȓ ȕȍ ȉȣȓ ȊȐȌȍȕ
ȗțȉȓȐȒȍ ǺȈȒ, Ȋ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȍ «ǹȚȘȈȠȕȣȑ șțȌ» 2 ȔțȎșȒȐȝ Ȑ 2
ȎȍȕșȒȐȝ ȜȐȋțȘȣ ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ Ȑȏ șȍȘȍȉȘȈ ȓȍȎȈȓȐ ț ȕȖȋ ǨȘ-
ȝȐșȚȘȈȚȐȋȈ ǴȐȝȈȐȓȈ ǬȘțȋȐȍ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȓȐ «ǨȗȖȓȓȖȕȖȊț ȒȖ-
ȓȍșȕȐȞțª ȕȈȗȖȌȖȉȐȍ ȊȍȘșȈȓȤșȒȖȑ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟ *
ǰȕȖȋȌȈ ȊȖșȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȒȓȈșșȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ șȖ-
ȗȘȖȊȖȎȌȈȍȚșȧ ȔțȏȣȒȖȑ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ șȚȐȝȈȔȐ ǺȈȒ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȊȖș-
ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ ȅȕȋȘȈ «ǰșȚȖȟȕȐȒª șȖȗȘȖȊȖȎȌȈȓȖșȤ
ȈȘȐȍȑ ȗȖȌ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȍȔ «Ƕșȍȕȕȧȧ ȌțȔȈ».
«ǽȘȐșȚȐȈȕȍ ȕȈ ȈȘȍȕȍ ȞȐȘȒȈ» șȖȗȘȖȊȖȎȌȈȓȐșȤ ȗȖȝȖȘȖȕ-
ȕȣȔ ȔȈȘȠȍȔ ȀȖȗȍȕȈ Ȑ Ț ȗ
ǬȈȎȍ Ȋ ȟȖȗȖȘȕȖȑ ǨȕȋȓȐȐ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȐșȤ ȕȈ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ
ȗȖȌȔȖșȚȒȈȝ ȔȘȈȔȖȘȕȣȍ ȌȍȊȣ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȖȌȕȈ ȔȍȎȌț ȗȘȖ-
ȟȐȔ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȓȈ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕțȦ ǪȍȕȍȘț ǶȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ șȖȊșȍȔ ȕȈ-
ȋȖȦ ȕȖ ȉȍȓȈȧ, ȒȈȒ șȐȋ ȖȉȊȈȓȧȕȕȣȑ Ȋ ȔțȒȍ Ȉ ȟȚȖȉ ȕȍ ȖșȒȖȘ-
ȉȐȚȤ șȚȣȌȓȐȊȖșȚȐ ȕȈ ȕȍȑ ȉȣȓ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȑ ȚȘȍțȋȖȓȤȕȐȟȍȒ
ȚȈȒȎȍ șȖȊșȍȔ ȉȍȓȣȑ ȏȈȔȍȕȧȊȠȐȑ șȖȉȖȦ ȜȐȋȖȊȣȑ ȓȐșȚ
ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ, Ȋ ȗȈȘȐȎșȒȖȔ «Moulin Rouge» Ȋ 1908 ȋ Ȋȣ-
șȚȈȊȓȧȓȈșȤ ȊșȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȈȧ ȕȈȋȖȚȈ — Ȑ Ȋ ȗȓȈșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȗȖȏȈȝ,
Ȑ Ȋ ȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȝ ȚȈȕȞȈȝ — ȗȘȐȟȍȔ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȌȍȎȌȖȑ
șȓțȎȐȓ ȟȍȘȕȣȑ ȠȍȓȒȖȊȣȑ ȗȖȧș ȖȎȐȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȏȖȓȖȚȣȔȐ Ȕȍ-
ȌȈȓȤȖȕȈȔȐ Ȑ ȉȓȧȠȒȖȑ Ȋ ȜȖȘȔȍ ȊȐȕȖȋȘȈȌȕȖȋȖ ȓȐșȚȈ
Ǫ ȚȈȕȞȈȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȕȈȏȊȈȚȤ ȜȈȕȚȈșȚȐȟȕȣȔȐ ȒȈȒ
ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȚȈȕȞȣ ǨȑșȍȌȖȘȣ ǬțȕȒȈȕ ȕȈȋȖȚȈ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȐȋȘȈȍȚ
ȉȖȓȤȠțȦ ȘȖȓȤ — Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȈȕȚȐȟȕȈȧ ȕȈȋȖȚȈ ȕȖȋ
Ǫ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȐȕȚȐȔȕȣȝ ȏȘȍȓȐȡȈȝ ȒȈȒ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ «ǩȈȓ -ȝ Ȑș-
ȒțșșȚȊ» ȐȓȐ ȉȈȓ ȐȕȚȍȘȕȈȚȈ ȒțȌȈ șȖȉȐȘȈȦȚșȧ ȍȎȍȋȖȌȕȖ ȔȖ-
ȓȖȌȣȍ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȐ șȖ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȗȖȌȘțȋȈȔȐ ȕȈȋȖȚȈ ȞȈȘȐȚ Ȋ ȗȖȓ-
ȕȖȑ șȐȓȍ ǲȚȖ ȕȍ șȓȣȝȈȓ Ȗ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȐȧȝ ȕȈȚțȘȡȐȞ Ȗ ȒȘȖȊȖ-
ȗȘȖȓȐȚȕȣȝ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȧȝ Ȋ ǳȈȚȐȕșȒȖȔ ȒȊȈȘȚȈȓȍ ȗȘȐȊȍȌȠȐȝ Ȓ
ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȥȚȐ ȉȈȓȣ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍȌȖșȚțȗȕȣ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖ-
șȚȖȘȖȕȕȐȝ ǯȈȔȍȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȟȚȖ țȟȈșȚȕȐȞȣ ȥȚȐȝ ȖȘȋȐȑ ȌȈȓȍ-
ȒȖ ȕȍ Ȋșȍ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȈȚ Ȓ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȖȕȈȓȒȈȔ ǵȍȔȈȓȖ ȏȈȔțȎ-
ȕȐȝ ȎȍȕȡȐȕ Ȑȏ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ȊȣșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ Ȋ ȥȚț ȕȖȟȤ șȊȖȦ ȗȖȓ-
* ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɋ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɟ ɜ «ȼɢɥɥɚ-Ɋɨɞɷª
ɡɢɦɨɸ 1910 ɝ Ɋɟɞ

59
ȕțȦ ȕȈȋȖȚț ȗȍȘȍȌ ȎȈȌȕȣȔȐ ȊȏȖȘȈȔȐ ȦȕȖȠȍȑ ǶȌȕȈ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ
șȖȏȕȈȓȈșȤ ȟȚȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȈ ȗȘȖȋțȓȐȊȈȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȔ ȊȐȌȍ șȘȍ-
ȌȐ ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ ȍȑ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȖȒȘțȎȈȦȡȐȍ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȦȚ ȍȦ
ȏȈȘȈȏ
Ǵȣ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȕȍ șȚȈȕȍȔ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȚȤșȧ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȗȖȌȘȖȉ-
ȕȖșȚȧȔȐ Ț Ȓ ȖȕȐ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȦȚ ȗȘȧȔȖȋȖ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ Ȓ ȘȖȓȐ
ȕȈȋȖȚȣ Ȋ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȔ șȞȍȕȐȟȍșȒȖȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ
ǵǨǫǶǺǨ BHǭ ǼǸǨǵǾǰǰ
ǼȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȈȧ ȗȈȕȚȖȔȐȔȈ ȗȖȌ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȍȔ «ǩȓȖȝȈ» șȖȏ-
ȌȈȕȕȈȧ Ȋ ȗȈȘȐȎșȒȖȔ «ǲȈȏȐȕȖ», ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȐȓȈșȤ ȗȖ Ȋșȍȑ
ǭȊȘȖȗȍ, Ȑ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȐ ȖȌȐȕ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȤ ȕȍ ȊȣȘȈȎȈȓ ȗȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ
șȊȖȍȋȖ ȕȍȋȖȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ǭșȓȐ ȒȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ Ȑ ȊșȚȈȊȈȓ șȖ șȊȖȍȋȖ Ȕȍ-
șȚȈ ȚȖ ȓȐȠȤ ȏȈ ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖȉ ȓțȟȠȍ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ
ǵȖ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ǷȘțșșȐȐ ȐșȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȍ ȗȖȏȊȖ-
ȓȐȓȐ șȕȧȚȤ ȒȖȘșȍȚ Ȋ ǨȊșȚȘȐȐ ȥȚȖ ȏȈȗȘȍȚȐȓȐ Ǫ ǩȍȘȓȐȕȍ ȍȑ
ȕȍ ȘȈȏȘȍȠȐȓȐ ȟȍșȈȚȤ ȒȖȓȍȕȖ Ȉ Ȋ Ǫȍȕȍ ȗȘȖșȐȓȐ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ Ǫ
ǷȈȘȐȎȍ țșȍȘȌȕȈȧ ȞȍȕȏțȘȈ ȉȣȓȈ șȔțȡȍȕȈ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȈ
ȖȚȖȌȊȐȕțȓȈ șȖȘȖȟȒț Ȑ țșȚȘȍȔȐȓȈ șȊȖȑ ȊȏȖȘ Ȋ ȋȓțȉȐȕț ȟȚȖ-
ȉȣ ȕȈȑȚȐ ȌȍȘȏȒȖȍ ȕȈșȍȒȖȔȖȍ ǶȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ ȚțȚ ȞȍȕȏțȘȍ ȊșȗȖȔ-
ȕȐȓȈșȤ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȈȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȕȈȘȐșȖȊȈȕȕȈȧ ǫȘȍȊȍȕȖȔ ȒȖȚȖ-
ȘȈȧ șȖȋȓȈșȕȖ ȗȖȌȗȐșȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ «ǰ ȗȖȌțȔȈȚȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ
ȏȌȍșȤ ȔȖȑ ȔțȎ ȗȖȔȍȡȈȍȚ șȊȖȦ ȟȍșȚȤ».
ǪȊȐȌț ȥȚȖȋȖ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒț ǨȕȎȍȓȤ ȅȘȖ ȗȘȖ-
șȐȓȐ ȕȍ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌȐȚȤ ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ ȏȈ ȓȐȕȐȦ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȈ ȖȟȍȘȟȍȕ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȘșȍȚȖȔ
Ǫ ȕȍȔȍȞȒȖȑ ȖȗȍȘȍȚȒȍ ȏȈȔȍȟȍȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȐ ȏȈȟȈșȚțȦ
ȚȈȒȎȍ ȕȍ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ șȚȍșȕȧȦȚșȧ ǺȘȐ ȚțȈȓȍȚȈ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ
Ȋșȍ țȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȒȈȘȚȖȕȒȍ Ȉ ȒȖȋȌȈ
ț ȌȘțȋȖȑ țȒȘȈȓȐ ȊȍșȤ ȋȈȘȌȍȘȖȉ Ȑ ȖȕȈ șȗȘȈȠȐȊȈȓȈ ȟȚȖ ȍȑ Ȍȍ-
ȓȈȚȤ «ȒȈȒ ȟȚȖ" — ȖȚȊȍȟȈȓȐ ȍȑ — ȐȋȘȈȚȤ “ǷȘȍȒȘȈșȕțȦ ǭȓȍ-
ȕț”» *
* Ɉ ɧɚɝɨɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɰɟɧɟ ɜ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɢ ɫɦ ɫɬɚɬɶɸ ©ɉɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɨɬɚª ɉɟɬɟɪɚ
Ⱥɥɶɬɟɧɛɟɪɝɚ

60
Ǫ ǭȋȐȗȚȍ ȚȈȕȍȞ ȎȐȊȖȚȈ ȐșȗȖȓȕȧȍȚșȧ ȕȍȘȍȌȒȖ ȈȓȔȍȧȔȐ
ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȈȧ ȖȌȍȎȌȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ — ȖȎȍȘȍȓȤȍ Ȑȏ ȞȍȝȐȕȖȊ
ǷȖȓȤ-ǪȐȒȚȖȘ ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȍȚ ȥȚȖ ȏȘȍȓȐȡȍ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ «Ǫȣ
ȊȐȌȐȚȍ Ȋ ȒȖȜȍȑȕȍ ȒȈȒ ȒȖȘȟȈȚșȧ ȗȖȌ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȊȣȠȐȚȣȔȐ
ȏȖȓȖȚȖȔ ȘțȉȈȠȒȈȔȐ ȥȚȐ ȚȊȈȘȐ ș ȗȖȌȒȘȈȠȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ
Ȉ ȗȖșȓȍ ȚȈȕȞȈ ȖȉȝȖȌȧȚ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȖȌșȚȈȊȓȧȧ șȊȖȐ ȊȓȈȎȕȣȍ ȖȚ
ȐșȗȈȘȐȕȣ ȡȍȒȐ Ȑ ȋȘțȌȐ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȕȈ ȕȐȝ ȕȈȓȍȗȓȧȓȐșȤ ȞȍȝȐ-
ȕȣª.
ǵȖ Ȋ ǪȖșȚȖȟȕȖȔ ǹțȌȈȕȍ ȚȈȕȍȞ ȎȐȊȖȚȈ țșȓȖȎȕȧȍȚșȧ ȍȡȍ
ȗȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȣȔ ȘȈȏȌȍȊȈȕȐȍȔ ȈȓȔȍȐ
«ǵȍ ȗȘȍȘȣȊȈȧ ȚȈȕȞȈ — ȗȐȠȍȚ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȍȞ — ȖȕȐ șȕȧȓȐ
ș șȍȉȧ ȟȈșȚȤ ȖȌȍȎȌȣ Ȑ, ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈȏ ȖȉȊȍȌȧ ȍȦ ȊȖȒȘțȋ șȍ-
ȉȧ șȉȘȖșȐȓȐ ȕȈ ȒȖȊȍȘ ȅȚȖ ȚȈȒ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔȣȑ ȚȈȕȍȞ “Ƿȟȍȓȣ”:
ȚȈȕȞȖȊȡȐȞȣ ȐȡțȚ ȗȟȍȓȒț Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȖȌȍȎȌȍ
ǯȈ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȈ Ȑ ȊȚȖȘȈȧ ȟȈșȚȤ ȖȌȍȎȌȣ ȖȉȕȈ-
ȎȐȊ ȗȖ ȗȖȧș ȉȦșȚ ȚȈȕȞȖȊȡȐȞ ȍȌȊȈ ȗȘȐȒȘȣȚȣȑ ȋȈȏȖȔ
ǫȐȉȒȐȍ ȒȈȒ ȚȘȖșȚȕȐȒ ȖȕȐ ȒȘțȎȐȓȐșȤ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȧ ȖȉȖȓȤ-
șȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȗȖȏȣ ȌȘțȋ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȌȘțȋȖȔ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȒȘȈȡȈȧ
ȥȚȐȝ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȑ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȊȠȐȝșȧ Ȋșȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ Ȑ ȉȖȓȍȍ șȓȈȌȖ-
șȚȘȈșȚȕȣȔȐ ȖȕȐ șȉȘȖșȐȓȐ Ȑ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȖșȚȈȚȒȐ ȖȌȍȎȌȣ
ǺȖȋȌȈ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȊ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȌȓȐȕȕȣȑ ȋȈȏȖȊȣȑ ȠȈȘȜ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓ ȕȖșȐȚȤșȧ ȕȈȌ ȈȓȔȍȧȔȐ ȖȕȐ ȕȈȗȖȔȕȐȓȐ
ȈȕȚȐȟȕȣȝ ȊȈȒȝȈȕȖȒ ȗȘȈȏȌȕțȦȡȐȝ șȈȚțȘȕȈȓȐȐ ǵȍȓȤȏȧ ȗȘȍȌ-
șȚȈȊȐȚȤ șȍȉȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȎȐȊȖȑ ȗȈȕȚȖȔȐȔȣ Ȑ ȉȖȓȍȍ țȊȓȍȒȈȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȣȝ ȗȖȏ ȟȍȔ ț ȥȚȐȔ ȚȈȕȞȖȊȡȐȞ
ǿȍȘȍȏ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȒȘȈȡȈȧ ȚȈȕȞȈ ȖȕȐ șȕȖȊȈ
șȚȈȓȐ ȖȉȓȍȒȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȖȌȍȎȌȣ Ȑ ȚȈȕȍȞ ȖȒȖȕȟȐȓșȧ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȊȍșȤ
ȒȖșȚȦȔ ȉȣȓ ȖȗȧȚȤ ȊȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕ» *.
ǺȈȒȐȍ Ȏȍ ȗȖȏȣ ȍșȓȐ ȊȍȘȐȚȤ ǨȜȐȕȍȦ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȍȒȖȋȌȈ ț
ȚȈȕȞȖȊȡȐȞ ȞȈȘȧ ǨȕȚȐȋȖȕȈ ȕȖșȐȊȠȐȝșȧ ȗȖȌ ȏȊțȒȐ ȜȘȐȋȐȑ-
șȒȐȝ ȜȓȍȑȚ ȗȍȘȍȌ șȚȈȘȟȍșȒȐȔȐ ȊȏȖȘȈȔȐ ȈȘȒȈȌșȒȐȝ ȗȖșȓȖȊ
* Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɭɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɧɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɸ ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɜɨɡɦɨɠ-
ɧɵɯ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɚɲɚɧɬɢ ɞɚɝɨɦɟɣɰɵ ɢ ɩɪ ɸɠɧɨɚɡɢɚɬ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɧɝɚɥɟɡɰɵ ɢ ɩɪ
 ɢ ɩɨɥɢɧɟɡɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɚɦɨɢɬɹɧɤɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ
ɨɯɨɬɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɟɦɵ ɤɚɤ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪ-
ɫɬɜɚɯ ɩɨɞ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ©ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨª Ɋɟɞ

61
ɗɮɢɨɩɫɤɢɣ ɬɚɧɟɰ ɫ ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ
«ǺȈȕȞȖȊȡȐȞȣ ȖȒțȚȈȕȕȣȍ ȗȘȖȏȘȈȟȕȣȔȐ ȚȒȈȕȧȔȐ ȊȘȣȊȈȦȚ-
șȧ Ȋ ȏȈȓ ȕȍȎȕȖ ȗȖȒȈȟȐȊȈȧșȤ ȕȈ ȕȖșȒȈȝ ǯȈȚȍȔ Ȑȝ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ
țșȒȖȘȧȦȚșȧ ȚȈȕȞțȧ ȖȕȐ ȖȉȕȈȎȈȦȚ ȋȖȓȖȊț ȗȖȚȖȔ ȗȓȍȟȐ ȗȖ-
ȚȖȔ Ȋșȍ ȚȍȓȖ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȊ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȧș șȒȘȣȊȈȦȡȐȑ ȉȍȌȘȈ ǰȝ
ȚȈȕȞȣ șȚȈȕȖȊȧȚșȧ Ȋșȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ Ȑ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȕȍȖȉțȏȌȈȕȕȣȔȐ ȈȘȒȈȌ-
șȒȐȍ ȗȖșȓȣ ȊȏȊȖȓȕȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ ȥȚȐȔ ȏȘȍȓȐȡȍȔ ȉȘȖșȈȦȚșȧ —
ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȐȍ ȞȈȘȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȊȍșȍȓȖ ȝȖȝȖȟȍȚ —
ȕȈ ȚȈȕȞȖȊȡȐȞ Țȍ ȐȏțȔȓȍȕȣ ȕȖ ȗȖȌȟȐȕȧȦȚșȧ ȉȍșȗȘȍȒȖș-
ȓȖȊȕȖ ȌȖȓȋț ȋȖșȚȍȗȘȐȐȔșȚȊȈ»

62
Ǫ ǺȖȒȐȖ Ȋ 1880 ȋȖȌț ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȓșȧ «ǺȈȕȍȞ ȌȖȎȌȧ». ǵȈ
șȞȍȕȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȣ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȍ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ șȖȉȐȘȈȦȡȐȍ-
șȧ ȊȣȑȚȐ Ȑȏ ȌȖȔȈ Ȋ șȈȔȣȝ ȕȈȘȧȌȕȣȝ ȚțȈȓȍȚȈȝ ǪȌȘțȋ ȘȈȏ-
ȘȈȎȈȍȚșȧ ȉțȘȧ ȓȤȦȚșȧ ȗȖȚȖȒȐ ȌȖȎȌȧ șȓȣȠȍȕ ȋȘȖȔ «ǺȖȋ-
ȌȈ — ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ǶȜȘȍ — ȒȈȒ ȘȈȏ Ȋ Țț ȔȐȕțȚț ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȕȍ-
ȕȍȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȖȎȐȌȈȍȠȤ ȟȍȚȣȘȍ ȚȈȕȞȖȊȡȐȞȣ ȔȐȋȖȔ ȗȖȌȉȐ-
ȘȈȦȚ ȦȉȒȐ ȌȖ șȈȔȣȝ ȗȖȌȔȣȠȍȒ Ȑ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȗȖȊȍȘȕțȊȠȐșȤ
țȉȍȋȈȦȚ ȖȉȕȈȘțȎȐȊȈȧ» Ȑ Ț Ȍ
ǯȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȈȧ ǴȖȌ ǨȓȓȈȕ ȘȖȌȖȔ Ȑȏ ǲȈȕȈȌȣ ȚȈȕȞȍȊȈȓȈ Ȋ
ǳȖȕȌȖȕȍ Ȋ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȐȐ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȖȋȖ ȒȖȘȖȓȧ Ȑ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȣ
ȋȖȘȧȟȖ ȍȑ ȈȗȓȖȌȐȘȖȊȈȊȠȐȝ ǵȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȍȍ ȗȘȐȋȓȈșȐȓȐ Ȋ ǴȈȕ-
ȟȍșȚȍȘ ȚȖ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȐ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ȉȣȓȐ ȠȖȒȐȘȖȊȈȕȣ șȓțȝȈ-
ȔȐ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȚȈȕȞȍ ǹȈȓȖȔȍȐ ȖȌȍȎȌț ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȐ șȖșȚȈȊ-
ȓȧȦȚ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȍȍ ȌȘȈȋȖȞȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ǵȍȌȖȓȋȖ Ȍț-
ȔȈȧ ȔȈȕȟȍșȚȍȘȞȣ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȚ Ȋ ǳȖȕȌȖȕșȒȐȑ ȚȍȈȚȘ șȊȖȐȝ
ȗȖȓȐȞȍȑșȒȐȝ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȘȖȊȍȘȐȚȤ ȥȚȐ șȓțȝȐ ǷȖ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȕȐȐ
ȚȈȕȞȈ ȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȐȒ ȔȈȕȟȍșȚȍȘșȒȖȑ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȐ ȏȈȧȊȐȓ ȌȐȘȍȒȚȖ-
Șț ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ȟȚȖ ȍȔț ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȗȘȖȑȚȐ ȏȈ ȒțȓȐșȣ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȘȈș-
șȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ ȉȓȐȎȍ ǴȖȌ ǨȓȓȈȕ Ȑ țȌȖșȚȖȊȍȘȐȚȤșȧ ȕȈșȚȖȓȤȒȖ
ȓȐ ȖȕȈ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȈ ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ Ȑȏ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ
ȏȈȓȈ ǵȖ Ȋ ȥȚȖȑ ȗȘȖȊȍȘȒȍ ȍȔț ȉȣȓȖ ȖȚȒȈȏȈȕȖ ǬȐȘȍȒȚȖȘ șȗȘȈ-
ȊȍȌȓȐȊȖ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓ ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȖșȔȖȚȘ ȉȣȓ ȉȣ ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȍȕȐȍȔ
Ȍȓȧ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȖȎȈȓțȑ șȖȋȓȈșȐȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȗȖ-
ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȓȍȋȒȖȑ ȖȌȍȎȌȍ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ Ȋșȍȝ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȕȖ
ȕȍ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȒȈȎȌȣȔ ȊȏȧȚȣȔ Ȋ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȔ ǷȖșȓȍ
ȥȚȖȋȖ ȔȈȕȟȍșȚȍȘȞȣ ȏȈȧȊȐȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȕȍ ȌȖȗțșȚȧȚ ț șȍȉȧ ȗȖ-
ȌȖȉȕȖȑ ȚȈȕȞȖȊȡȐȞȣ Ȑ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ țȚȘȍȕȕȐȝ ȋȈȏȍȚ ȉȣȓȖ ȌȖ-
ȉȈȊȓȍȕȖ «ǭșȓȐ ȔțȎȟȐȕȈȔ ȚȈȒ țȎ ȝȖȟȍȚșȧ “șȖȏȍȘȞȈȚȤ” Ȏȍȕ-
ȡȐȕț ȚȈȒ ȗțșȚȤ ȖȕȐ “șȖȏȍȘȞȈȦȚ” șȊȖȐȝ Ȏȍȕ».
ǷȖ ȥȚȖȔț ȗȖȊȖȌț ȖșȚȘȐȓȐ ȟȚȖ, ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ — Ȋșȧ ȒȈȔȗȈ-
ȕȐȧ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȖȌȕȧȚȈ ȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȈȔȐ ǴȈȕȟȍșȚȍȘȈ ȗȖȟȚȍȕȕȣ-
ȔȐ ȌȈȔȈȔȐ ȖȉȘȍȟȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ, ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ șȊȖȍȔț ȉȍȏȖ-
ȉȘȈȏȐȦ ȕȈ ȌȖȉȘȖȌȍȚȍȓȤ Ȑ ȊȖȏȔțȡȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȉȍșșȖȊȍșȚȕȖȑ ȒȖȕ-
ȒțȘȍȕȞȐȍȑ ȟțȎȍȏȍȔȒȐ
ǹȈȔȈ ǴȖȌ ǨȓȓȈȕ ȊȣșȒȈȏȈȓȈșȤ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ «ǸȈȏțȔȍȍȚ-
șȧ ȧ ȗȖȍȌț Ȋ ǴȈȕȟȍșȚȍȘ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȈȟȕț ș ȥȚȖȋȖ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ȍșȓȐ
ȖȚȗȘȈȊȓȦșȤ Ȋ ȗȘȖȊȐȕȞȐȈȓȤȕțȦ ȗȖȍȏȌȒț Ǩ ȍșȓȐ Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȍ ȗț-

63
șȚȧȚ Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘȣ Ȑ ȒȈȜȍȠȈȕȚȈȕȣ ȚȈȒ ȧ ȘȈșȒȐȕț ȗȈȓȈȚȒț Ȑ ȉț-
Ȍț ȚȈȕȞȍȊȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȚȘȈȊȍ».
ǯȈȚȍȔ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌȧ Ȓ ȊȖȗȘȖșț Ȗ ȒȖșȚȦȔȍ ǹȈȓȖȔȍȐ ǨȓȓȈȕ
ȏȈȧȊȐȓȈ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ șȈȔȈ ȕȈȘȐșȖȊȈȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȧșȤ ȒȈȒ
ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȓȐȎȍ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȐșȚȐȕȣ ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȖȕȈ ȚȡȈ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȖ țșȚȘȈȕȐȓȈ Ȋșȍ ȟȚȖ ȔȖȋȓȖ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ ȉȍșșȚȣȌȕȣȔ ȐȓȐ
Ɇɨɞ Ⱥɥɥɚɧ ɜ ©ɋɚɥɨɦɟɟª
ȥȘȖȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ «Ǵȕȍ ȕȐșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍ șȖȊȍșȚȕȖ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ
ȕȍȔ — ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓȈ ȖȕȈ — ȊȖ-ȗȍȘȊȣȝ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȧ ȚȈȕȞțȦ ȧ ȚȈȒ
ȗȖȋȓȖȡȍȕȈ ȔȖȐȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ ȕȍ șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ
Ȍȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ ǯȈȚȍȔ ȕȐ ȏȈ ȟȚȖ ȕȈ șȊȍȚȍ ȧ ȕȍ șȖȋȓȈșȐȓȈșȤ ȉȣ
ȊȣșȚțȗȐȚȤ Ȋ ȚȘȐȒȖ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ ȕȍȓȍȗȖ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȚȤ ȚȈȒȐȔ
ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȎȍȕȡȐȕț ȎȐȊȠțȦ Ȋ ȥȗȖȝț ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȑ ȕȍ ȗȖȌȖȏȘȍ-
ȊȈȓȐ Ȗ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȐ ȥȚȖȑ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȕȖșȚȐ ȚțȈȓȍȚȈ ǺȖȟ-

64
ȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȒȖșȚȦȔȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȊȈȎȕȖȍ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ».
ǨȘȚȐșȚȒȈ ȕȈșȚȈȐȊȈȓȈ ȕȈ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȋȖȚȈ ȐȓȐ ȌȍȏȈȉȐȓȤȍ
ȕȍ ȐȔȍȦȚ șȈȔȐ ȗȖ șȍȉȍ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȉȍșșȚȣȌȕȖȋȖ ȕȖ ȉȍșșȚȣȌȍȕ
șȞȍȕȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȎȍșȚ ȗȖȌȟȍȘȒȐȊȈȦȡȐȑ ȐȓȐ ȊȣșȚȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȑ
ȕȈ ȊȐȌ ȕȐȏȒȐȍ șȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȧ «ǴȕȖȋȐȍ ȗȐȠțȚ Ȕȕȍ — șȖȖȉȡȐ-
ȓȈ ȖȕȈ — ȟȚȖ ȧ țȕȐȎȈȦ șȊȖȑ ȗȖȓ ǷȖ-ȊȐȌȐȔȖȔț ȖȕȐ ȌțȔȈȦȚ
ȟȚȖ ȕȘȈȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚșȧ Ȋ ȗȘȧȔȖȔ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ Ȓ ȟȐș-
ȓț ȕȈȌȍȚȣȝ ȕȈ șȍȉȧ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȖȊ ǵȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȚȤ ȉȍȏȕȘȈȊșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȖȑ Ȑ Ȋ șȍȔȐ ȘȖȚȖȕȌȈȝ».
Ǫ ǿȐȒȈȋȖ ȚȖȟȕȖ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȋȖȘȖȌșȒȐȍ ȊȓȈșȚȐ ȊȖșȗȘȍȚȐȓȐ ȚȈ-
ȕȍȞ ǹȈȓȖȔȍȐ ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȌȐȘȍȒȚȖȘ ȖȚȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ȊȣȟȍȘȒȕțȚȤ ȍȋȖ
Ȑȏ ȗȘȖȋȘȈȔȔȣ ǰ ȊȖȚ ȍȌȊȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȈ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȈșȤ ȕȈ
șȞȍȕț ȒȈȒ ȕȈ ȕȍȍ ȗȖ ȘȈșȗȖȘȧȎȍȕȐȦ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȐ ȉȣȓȈ ȕȈȗ-
ȘȈȊȓȍȕȈ ȗȖȎȈȘȕȈȧ ȚȘțȉȈ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȊȠȈȧ ȏȓȖȗȖȓțȟȕțȦ ǹȈȓȖ-
ȔȍȦ țȉȍȎȈȚȤ ȏȈ ȒțȓȐșȣ
ǹǻǬǭǩǵȃǭ ǷǸǶǾǭǹǹȃ Ƕ ǵǨǫǶǺǭ HǨ ǹǾǭǵǭ
ǰȝ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ǵȣ ȗȘȐȊȍȌȍȔ ȏȌȍșȤ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȝȈ-
ȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȣȍ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ Țȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȍȕȣ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ
ȌȐȘȍȒȚȖȘȖȊ Ȑ ȈȒȚȘȐș «ǳȐȚȓȤ-ǷȈȓȈș», «ǼȖȓȐ-ǸȖȧȓȤ» Ȑ «ǼȖ-
ȓȐ-ǷȐȋȈȓȤ».
Ǫ ȗȍȘȊȖȔ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȍ ȗȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȤ șțȌȈ ǷȈȒȚȖȕ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓ-
șȧ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ Ȓ ȋ-Ȏȍ ǳȍȕȍ ȒȘȈșȐȊȖȑ ȊȖșȍȔȕȈȌȞȈȚȐȓȍȚ-
ȕȍȑ ȉȘȦȕȍȚȒȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ȟȍȔ ȗȖșȊȧȚȐȚȤ șȍȉȧ ȚȍȈȚȘț
ȗȖȏȐȘȖȊȈȓȈ ț ȕȈȟȐȕȈȦȡȐȝ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȖȊ ǴȖȕȔȈȘȚȘȈ
— Ǫȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȘȐȋȓȈȠȍȕȣ ȟȚȖȉȣ țȟȈșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ Ȋ ȎȐȊȣȝ
ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈȝ" ǬȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ, Ȑȝ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȖ ȚȘȐ Ȋ ȖȌȐȕ
ȊȍȟȍȘ ©ǨȔțȘ Ȑ ǷșȐȝȍȧª, «ǮȍȕȡȐȕȈ Ȋ ȔȈșȒȍ» Ȑ «ǺȘȐ ȋȘȈ-
ȞȐȐ» ǪȖȚ ȗȖ ȗȖȊȖȌț ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȑ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ Ȋȣ Ȑ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȈȍ-
ȚȍșȤ Ȓ ȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Ǫȣ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȐșȤ ȏȌȍșȤ Ȋ ȗȘȖȜȐȓȤ Ȑ
șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȈȋȈȧ
ǳȍ ȕ ȍǵȍȚțȔȍȕȧȉȣȓȈȊțȈȓȤ
ǷȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȤ ǵȖ Ȋȣ ȍȍ țȘȖȕȐȓȐ ǹȚȣȌȓȐȊȖșȚȤ ȍșȓȐ
ȊȍȘȐȚȤ ȈȊȚȖȘț ȊȖșȍȔȕȈȌȞȈȚȖȋȖ ȊȍȒȈ ȥȚȖ ȖȌȍȎȌȈ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ

65
ȗȘȐȒȈȓȣȊȈȦȚ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȊȍȟȍȘ ȉțȓȈȊȒȈȔȐ ǵȖ Ȋȣ ȖȚȒȖȓȖȓȐ
ȉțȓȈȊȒȐ
ǳ ȍ ȕ ȍ ǵȐȟțȚȤ ȇ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȈ șȖȊșȍȔ ȋȖȓȈȧ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȕȈ
Ȕȕȍ ȉȣȓ «ȗȖȧș șȚȣȌȓȐȊȖșȚȐ» ǲȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȧ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓȈșȤ ȌȈ-
ȓȍȒȖ ȖȚ ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ ȊȐȌȍȊȠȍȑ Ȕȍȕȧ ȓȐȠȤ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȗȖȒȘȣȊȈȓȖ Ȑ
ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȉȣȓȈ ȘȈȔȒȈ
ǷȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȤ ȇ ȏȕȈȦ Ȋȣ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚȍ ȟȚȖ ț ȊȈș ȉȣ-
ȓȖ ȗȘȐȚȧȏȈȕȐȍ — ȌȈȚȤ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ ȕȖ ȥȚȖ
ȏȈȊȐșȐȚ ȖȚ ȖȞȍȕȒȐ
ǯȈȚȍȔ ȗȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȤ ȗȍȘȍȠȍȓ Ȓ Ȍȍȓț ȚȍȈȚȘȈ «ǼȖȓȐ-ǷȐȋȈȓȤ».
ǫ-ȎȈ ȅȑȔȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȖșȓȍ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȊȣșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȐȋ-
ȓȈȠȍȕȈ ǨȕȚțȈȕȖȔ Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘ «ǶȌȍȖȕ» șȖȊȍȘȠȐȓȈ ȗȘȍșȚțȗȓȍ-
ȕȐȍ ȧȊȐȊȠȐșȤ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȗțȉȓȐȒȖȑ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȕȖȑ ȕȈȗȖ-
ȌȖȉȐȍ șȚȈȚțȐ ȏȈ ȗȘȖȏȘȈȟȕȣȔ ȥȒȘȈȕȖȔ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȈ-
ȗȐșȈȕȣ ȖȉȓȈȒȈ
ǷȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȤ ǪȈș ȖȉȊȐȕȧȦȚ șțȌȈȘȣȕȧ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ Ȋȣ
ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȓȐ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȈȋȈȧ Ȑ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȐșȤ ȚȈȒ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ
ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȐȑ Ȋ ȗȤȍșȍ ȐȔȍȊȠȍȑ ȏȈȋȓȈȊȐȍ «Ǫ ȋȘȍȏȈȝ». ǪȖȚ ȒȈ-
ȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȓȖ ȌȍȓȖ Ȋȣ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȓȐșȤ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ
ȖȒțȚȈȕȕȈȧ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȔȐ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȈȔȐ ȕȖ ȔȈȓȖ-ȗȖȔȈȓț ȥȚȐ
ȗȖȒȘȖȊȣ ȗȈȌȈȓȐ Ȑ Ȋȣ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȧȊȓȧȓȐșȤ ȒȈȒ ǼȘȐȕȈ ș ȖȌ-
ȕȐȔ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȎȍȘȍȓȤȍȔ ȕȈ Ƞȍȍ Ȑ ș ȗȖȧșȖȔ Ȑȏ șȚȍȒȓȧȘțșȈ ȕȈ
ȚȈȓȐȐ
ȅ ȑ Ȕ Ȗ ȇ ȕȍ ȧȊȓȧȓȈșȤ ȋȖȓȖȑ ȕȈ șȈȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȉȣȓ
ȚȖȓșȚȣȑ ȗȖȧș ȗȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ Ȋ 15 șȈȕȚ ȠȐȘȐȕȣ ǲȘȖȔȍ
ȚȖȋȖ, ȧ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓȈșȤ ȊȌȈȓȐ ȖȚ ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ ȖȚȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȚ Ȕȍȕȧ
ȔȍȚȈȓȓȐȟȍșȒȖȑ șȍȚȒȖȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȌȍȓȈȓȈ ȚțȔȈȕȕȣȔȐ ȔȖȐ ȖȟȍȘ-
ȚȈȕȐȧ
ǷȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȤ ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȍșȓȐ ȊȍȘȐȚȤ ȜȖȚȖȋȘȈȜȐȧȔ ȊȖș-
ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȕȣȔ Ȋ ȐȓȓȦșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȔ ȎțȘȕȈȓȍ
ȅ ȑ Ȕ Ȗ ȅȚȐ ȜȖȚȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ șȕȐȔȈȓȐșȤ ȊȖ ȊȘȍ-
Ȕȧ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȕȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȈ ȘȍȗȍȚȐȞȐȧȝ
ǬȐȘȍȒȚȖȘ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ȖȉȊȐȕȍȕȕȣȑ Ȋ șȖȖȉȡȕȐȟȍșȚȊȍ ȌȖȉȈ-
ȊȐȓ ȟȚȖ ȐȋȘȈ ȥȓȍȒȚȘȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ șȊȍȚȈ ȏȈ ȔȍȚȈȓȓȐȟȍșȒȖȑ șȍȚ-
ȒȖȑ ȌȍȓȈȓȈ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ ȚȖȟȕȖȍ ȒȖȕșȚȈȚȐȘȖ-
ȊȈȕȐȍ
— ǭșȓȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȚȤ ȋȓȈȏ ȗȖȓȐȞȍȑșȒȖȋȖ ȒȖȔȐșșȈȘȈ
— ȗȘȍȘȊȈȓ ȗȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȤ

ɀɟɪɦɟɧ ɗɣɦɨ ɜ ɤɨɫɬɸɦɟ ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɚ ɤ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ

67
ǬȐȘȍȒȚȖȘ Ǫȣ ȊȍȘȕȖ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓȐ ȋ-ȕ ȗȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȤ ǪȌȖ-
ȉȈȊȖȒ ȗȖȔȧȕțȚȈȧ ȗȤȍșȈ ȗȘȖȠȓȈ șȖȘȖȒ ȘȈȏ ǫȖșȗȖȌȈ ǲȓȈȘȚȐ
ǨȕȚțȈȕ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȈȘȚȐșȚȖȊ Ȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚȖȘȖȊ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȐ șȔȖȚ-
ȘȍȚȤ ȖȕȐ Ȋșȍ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȐȓȐ Ȕȍȕȧ ȏȈ ȚȖ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ ȒȘȈșȖ-
Țȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȧ ȐȔ ȌȈȓ
ǷȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȤ ǬȈ Ȋȣ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚȍ ȥȚȖ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ"
Ǩ ȊȖȚ ȗȖȓȐȞȍȑșȒȐȑ ȒȖȔȐșșȈȘ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚ ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȧȦȡȐȔ ȕȘȈȊ-
șȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȤ
ǷȖȚȖȔ ȘȈȏȉȐȘȈȓȖșȤ ȌȍȓȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ «ǳȐȚȓȤ-ǷȈȓȈș».
— ȇ ȊȈș ȌȖȗȘȈȠȐȊȈȦ ȗȍȘȊȣȔ — șȒȈȏȈȓ ȗȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȤ ȌȐ-
ȘȍȒȚȖȘț ȚȍȈȚȘȈ — ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȊȈȠȐ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȐ ȏȈȧȊȐȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ
ȌȍȑșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȖ ȊȈȠȍȔț ȗȘȐȒȈȏȈȕȐȦ ǪȈȠ
șȗȍȒȚȈȒȓȤ șȖșȚȖȧȓ Ȑȏ ȌȊțȝ ȟȈșȚȍȑ ǺȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȕȈș ȐȕȚȍȘȍ-
șțȍȚ ȕȈȟȈȓȈșȤ ȖȒȖȓȖ ȖȌȐȕȕȈȌȞȈȚȐ ȟȈșȖȊ Ǫ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȚȈȕ-
ȞȍȊȈȓȐ «ǰȏȐȌț», ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȉȈȓȍȚ ș ȍȋȐȗȍȚșȒȐȔȐ ȚȈȕȞȈȔȐ,
Ȑ «ǶȗȤȧȕȍȕȐȍ ȥȜȐȘȖȔ», ȟȚȖ ȊȍȘȕȍȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ ȕȈȏȊȈȚȤ Ȋ șțȡ-
ȕȖșȚȐ ȖȗȤȧȕȍȕȐȍȔ ȚȍȓȖȔ ǪȖȚ ȏȈ ȥȚț ȗȈȕȚȖȔȐȔț Ȋȣ Ȑ ȗȘȐ-
ȊȓȍȒȈȍȚȍșȤ Ȓ ȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ
ǬȐȘȍȒȚȖȘ Ǵȍȕȧ ȥȚȖ țȌȐȊȓȧȍȚ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȧ ȗȘȐȕȧȓ
Ȋșȍ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȖȘȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȕȍ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȟȍȕȕȣȔ Ǭȓȧ
ȖȋȘȈȎȌȍȕȐȧ șȍȉȧ ȖȚ ȊșȧȒȐȝ ȗȘȖȚȖȒȖȓȖȊ ȧ țșȚȘȖȐȓ ȖȚ 9 ȌȖ 11
ȗțȉȓȐȟȕȣȑ șȗȍȒȚȈȒȓȤ Ȉ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȧ ș 11 șȗȍȒȚȈȒȓȤ ȗȖ ȖșȖȉȣȔ
ȗȘȐȋȓȈȠȍȕȐȧȔ ǰ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȔȖȑ ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘ ȊȣȑȌȧ ȕȈ
șȞȍȕț ȏȈȧȊȐȓ ȟȚȖ ȒȖȕȍȞ șȗȍȒȚȈȒȓȧ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȕȍ ȗȖȕȘȈȊȐȚȤșȧ
ȋ-ȕț ǩȍȘȈȕȎȍ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț Ȋ ȏȈȓ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȚȐȚȤșȧ ȓȐȠȤ
ȏȘȐȚȍȓȐ ȗȘȍȌȢȧȊȐȊȠȐȍ ȗȘȐȋȓȈșȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȉȐȓȍȚȣ Ȑ ȕȍ ȗț-
ȋȈȦȡȐȍșȧ ȘȐșȒȖȊȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȕȞȈ șȗȍȒȚȈȒȓȧ
ǷȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȤ Ǻ ȍ Ȋȣ ȊȕțȠȈȓȐ ȒȈȎȌȖȔț ȎȍȓȈȕȐȍ ȗȖ-
șȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ ȥȚȖȚ ȒȖȕȍȞ"
ǬȐȘȍȒȚȖȘ ǵȐȟțȚȤ ȇ ȓȐȠȤ ȗȘȍȌțȗȘȍȎȌȈȓ.
ǷȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȤ ǷȖȓȐȞȍȑșȒȐȑ ȒȖȔȐșșȈȘ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȟȚȖ
ȌȊȍ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȗȖȧȊȐȊȠȐȍșȧ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ Ȋ ȉȈȓȤȕȖȔ ȚțȈȓȍȚȍ ȘȈȏ-
ȌȍȊȈȓȐșȤ Ȑ ȗȖȓțȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȓȐ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȕȈ-
ȗȖȔȐȕȈȊȠȈȧ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ©ȓȍșȉȐȧȕȖȒ».
ǬȐȘȍȒȚȖȘ ǵȖ ǴȈȒș ǴȖȘȍȑ ȗȘȖȌȍȓȈȓ ȚȖ Ȏȍ șȈȔȖȍ Ȋ «ǫȘȈȕ-
ǫȐȕȤȖȓȍ».
ǷȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȤ ǿȚȖ Ȏ ȌȍȓȈȚȤ ǵȈ ȕȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȗȖșȚțȗȐȓȖ ȌȖ-
ȕȍșȍȕȐȧ Ȋ șțȌ

68
ǨȘȚȐșȚȒȈ ǮȈȕȕȈ ǳȍȗȍȓȍȑ ȗȣȠȕȈȧ ȉȓȖȕȌȐȕȒȈ ȏȈȧȊȐȓȈ
șțȌț ȟȚȖ ȍȍ ȎȍșȚȣ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȓȐ șȖȉȖȑ ȓȐȠȤ ȖȗȤȧȕȍȕȐȍ
ȥȜȐȘȖȔ Ȉ ȕȐȟțȚȤ ȕȍ ȖȚȊȍȚ ȕȈ ȓȈșȒȐ ȘȈșȚȖȟȈȍȔȣȍ ȗȖȌȘț-
ȋȖȑǿȚȖ ȒȈșȈȍȚșȧ ȋ-ȎȐ ǩțȏȖȕ ȐșȗȖȓȕȧȊȠȍȑ Ȋ ȥȚȖȑ șȞȍȕȍ ȈȒ-
ȚȐȊȕțȦ ȘȖȓȤ ȚȖ ȗȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȤ țȗȘȍȒȈȍȚ ȍȍ Ȋ ȐȏȓȐȠȕȍȑ ȗȣȓ-
ȒȖșȚȐ ȕȖ ȖȕȈ ȘȍȏȒȖ ȗȘȖȚȍșȚțȍȚ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȞȍȓȖȊȈȓȈ ȕȈ
șȈȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ șȊȖȦ ȗȖȌȘțȋț ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ ȌțȔȈȦȚ
— ȇ Ȑ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȈ ȉȣ ȍȍ ȞȍȓȖȊȈȚȤ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȕȈȒ-
ȘȈȠȍȕȈ ȥȚȖ ȐșȗȖȘȚȐȓȖ ȉȣ ȔȖȑ ȋȘȐȔ
ǷȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȤ ȇ Ȑ ȕȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȦ ȟȚȖ Ȋȣ ȞȍȓȖȊȈȓȐ Ȋ șȈ-
ȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ ȕȖ Ȋȣ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȓȐ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ
ǯȈȚȍȔ ȗȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȤ ȊȣȏȊȈȓ ȗȘȐșȚȈȊȈ șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȊȠȍȋȖ ȗȘȖ-
ȚȖȒȖȓ Ȑ șȗȘȖșȐȓ
— Ǫȣ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ ȕȈ șȗȍȒȚȈȒȓȍ"
ǷȘȐșȚȈȊ ǵȈ ȟȈșȚȕȖȔ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȐ" ǬȈ
ǷȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȤ ǰ ȊȈȠȈ șȚȣȌȓȐȊȖșȚȤ ȉȣȓȈ ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȍȕȈ?
ǷȘȐșȚȈȊ ǷȘȐ ȖȉȡȍȔ șȔȍȝȍ ǴȖȍ ȓȐȟȕȖȍ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍ-
ȕȐȍ ȏȌȍșȤ ȕȐ ȗȘȐ ȟȍȔ ȇ șȖșȚȈȊȐȓ ȗȘȖȚȖȒȖȓ ȊȖȚ Ȑ Ȋșȍ
ǺȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȤ ȖȚȒȘȣȊȈȍȚ ȟȚȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȚȖȒȖȓȈ Ȑȏ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȧȊșȚȊțȍȚ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȌȍȒȖȘȈȞȐȐ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȊȠȍȑ ȖȚȌȍȓȤ-
ȕȣȑ ȒȈȉȐȕȍȚ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȐșȤ ȔțȎȟȐȕȈ Ȑ ȚȘȐ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ Ȋ ȉȈȓȤ-
ȕȣȝ ȚțȈȓȍȚȈȝ ǿȍȘȍȏ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȐȑ ȖȗȤȧȕȍȊȠȐȍ Ȏȍȕ-
ȡȐȕȣ șȚȈȓȐ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȚȤ ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋț șȖȔȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȓȈșȒȐ
ǶȌȕȈ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȗȖȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȊ ȖȚȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȍ țȠȓȈ ȕȖ ȌȊȍ ȌȘț-
ȋȐȧ ȖșȚȈȊȠȐșȤ ȕȈȍȌȐȕȍ șȚȈȓȐ ȘȈȏȖȉȓȈȟȈȚȤșȧ Ȑ ȖșȚȈȓȐșȤ Ȋ
ȖȌȕȐȝ ȟțȓȒȈȝ Ȑ șȖȘȖȟȒȈȝ
ǺȖȋȌȈ ȋ-ȎȈ ǳȍȗȍȓȍȑ țȗȈȓȈ ȕȈ ȌȐȊȈȕ Ȉ ȍȍ ȗȖȌȘțȋȈ ȉȘȖ-
șȐȊȠȐșȤ ȕȈ ȕȍȍ șȝȊȈȚȐȓȈ Ȋ ȖȉȢȧȚȐȧ Ȑ șȚȈȓȈ ȞȍȓȖȊȈȚȤ Ȋ ȋț-
ȉȣ ȗȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ț ȖȉȍȐȝ ȏȈȔȍȚȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȟțȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȍ-
ȕȐȍǵȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖ șȖȘȖȟȒȈ ț ȋ-ȎȐ ǳȍȗȍȓȍȑ ȗȈȌȈȓȈ ȊȕȐȏ Ȑ ȖȕȈ
ȉȣșȚȘȖ șȝȊȈȚȣȊȈȓȈ ȘȖȏț ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȘȐȒȘȣȚȤ șȚȣȌȓȐȊȣȔ Ȏȍ-
șȚȖȔ ȍȌȊȈ ȗȘȖȔȍȓȤȒȕțȊȠțȦ ȗȖȓȕțȦ ȕȈȋȖȚț
ǰ ȗȘȖȒțȘȈȚțȘȈ Ȑ ȏȈȡȐȚȈ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓȐșȤ Ȓ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȔ
ȈȊȚȖȘȐȚȍȚȈȔ ǷȍȘȊȈȧ Ȓ ȅȘȕȍșȚț ȓȈ Ǯȍȕȍșț Ȉ ȊȚȖȘȈȧ Ȓ ǷȤȍȘț
ǳțȐșț ǳȈ Ǯȍȕȍș ȏȈȒȖȕȟȐȓ șȊȖȦ ȘȍȟȤ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȜȘȈȏȖȑ «ǫȖȓȣȝ
ȎȍȕȡȐȕ ȊȣșȚȈȊȓȧȑȚȍ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ țȋȖȌȕȖ ȕȖ ȕȍ Ȋ ȌȘȈȔȈȚȐȟȍ-

Ⱥɣɫɟɞɨɪɚ Ⱦɭɧɤɚɧ ɫɤɭɥɶɩɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɨɮ ɒɨɬɬɚ

70
șȒȖȔ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ — Ȉ Ȋ ȈȕȈȚȖȔȐȟȍșȒȖȔ» ǷȤȍȘ ǳțȐș ȕȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ
ȌȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȒȘȈșȖȚȈ ȜȖȘȔ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȚ Ȋ ȊȣșȠȍȑ șȚȍ-
ȗȍȕȐ ȔȖȘȈȓȐȏțȦȡȍȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ «Ǵȣ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊțȍȔ — ȋȖȊȖ-
ȘȐȓ Ȗȕ — ȏȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȗȧȚȕȈȌȞȈȚȤ ȓȍȚ ȗȘȐ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȖȔ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȐ Ȋ ȗȖȓȤȏț ȖșȊȖȉȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ
ȅȚȖ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ ȚȍȔ șȐȓȤȕȍȍ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȖ ȉȍȏȓȐȟȕȖ Ȑ șȈȔȖ-
ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȓȤȕȖ ǻ ȕȍȋȖ ȕȍȚ ȕȐ ȊȖȎȌȧ ȕȐ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȕȐ
ȋȈȏȍȚȕȖȋȖ ȖȘȋȈȕȈ
ǩȓȈȋȖȗȘȐȧȚȕȖȍ ȐȓȐ ȉȍȏȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȖȍ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȕȈȋȖȚȍ
ȏȈȘȖȌȐȓȖșȤ Ȋ ȈȘȚȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ șȘȍȌȍ ǯȈȚȍȔ ȖȕȖ ȔȈȓȖ-ȗȖȔȈȓț
șȌȍȓȈȓȖșȤ ȊșȍȖȉȡȐȔ ǯȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȋ ǷȈȘȐȎȍ ȉȣȓȖ
ȌȈȕȖ ȌȖ ȌȊțȝ Țȣșȧȟ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȑ ȋȌȍ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȓȐ ȕȈȋȐȍ
ȈȒȚȘȐșȣ ȕȍ ȊȣȏȊȈȊ ȕȐ ȍȌȐȕȖȋȖ șȒȈȕȌȈȓȈ ǵȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȚȍ-
șȚȖȊȈȓ, șȚȈȓȖ ȉȣȚȤ, ȌȍȓȖ ȊȣȐȋȘȈȕȖ
ǷțȉȓȐȒȈ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȗȖȕȧȓȈ ȟȚȖ ȊȖȗȘȖș Ȗ ȕȈȋȖȚȍ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșțȍȚ
ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȣȍ țșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȉ ȕȍ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕ-
șȒȐȍ ǪȖșȝȐȡȈȚȤșȧ ȋȖȓȖȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȖȑ ȥȚȖ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȋȘȍȝ
ȕȖ ȊȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ — ȕȍ ȗȘȍșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ
ǨȒȚȘȐșȈ șȖȋȓȈȠȈȍȚșȧ ȐȋȘȈȚȤ ȉȍȏ ȖȌȍȎȌȣ ȅȚȖ ȌȍȓȖ ȍȍ Ȑ
ȍȍ ȌțȝȖȊȕȐȒȈ ȕȖ ȊȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ, ȕȍ șțȌȍȉȕȖȋȖ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍ-
ȓȧ ǳȦȌȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȧȍȚ ȕȈȋȖȚȈ ȔȖȋțȚ ȕȍ ȉȣȊȈȚȤ Ȋ
ȚȍȈȚȘȍ ȕȈ ȟȚȖ Ȏȍ ȖȕȐ ȎȈȓțȦȚșȧ" ǪȍȌȤ ȚȈȕȞȖȊȡȐȞ ȕȍ ȊȖȌȧȚ
ȗȖ țȓȐȞȈȔ ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȕȈșȐȓțȍȚ ȊȏȖȘȖȊ
ǹțȌ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌțȍȚ ȕȈȋȖȚț ȓȐȠȤ ȐșȝȖȌȧ Ȑȏ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȈ ȟȚȖ
ȕȈȋȖȚȈ — ȗȖșȚȣȌȕȖȍ ȏȘȍȓȐȡȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȈ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Șȍ-
ȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȍ ȍȊȈȕȋȍȓȤșȒȖȋȖ Ȉ ȍȊȘȍȑșȒȖȋȖ ȗȍȘȍ-
ȠȍȌȠȍȋȖ ȗȘȧȔȣȔ ȗțȚȍȔ Ȑȏ ǴȖȐșȍȍȊȈ ȏȈȒȖȕȈ Ȋ ȒȈȕȖȕȐȟȍ-
șȒȖȍ ȗȘȈȊȖ Ȉ Ȑȏ ȒȈȕȖȕȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȈȊȈ Ȋ ȐșȚȖȓȒȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȋȘȈȎ-
ȌȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȈȊȈ
ǵȖ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȖȎȐȔ ȕȈ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȐȍ ȟȚȖ ȋȘȍȠȕȐȞȈ ȔȖȎȍȚ
ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌțȍȔȈ ȏȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȚȈȕȞȍȊȈȓȈ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȕȖȔ
ȊȐȌȍ ȗȍȘȍȌ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȍȔ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȌȈȎȍ șȖȟțȊșȚȊțȦȡȐȝ ȍȍ Ȟȍ-
ȓȧȔ ǷȖȟȍȔț Ȏȍ Ȋȣ ȕȍ țșȚȘȖȐȚȍ ȗȖȓȐȞȍȑșȒȐȝ ȖȉȝȖȌȖȊ ȗȖ
ȊșȍȔ ȏȈȓȈȔ ȋȌȍ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȘȈȏȌȍȊȈȦȚșȧ ȗțȉȓȐȟȕȖ?
ǲȖȋȌȈ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ Ȋ ǵȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕțȦ ȠȒȖ-
ȓț Ȑȏȧȡȕȣȝ ȐșȒțșșȚȊ ȍȋȖ ȕȍȗȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ ȘȐșȖȊȈȚȤ
ȕȈȋȐȝ ȎȍȕȡȐȕ

71
ȅȚȐ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȣ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ ȗȘȐ ȖșȖ-
ȉȣȝ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ ȖȗȚȐȒȐ ȗȘȐ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȐȋȘȍ șȊȍȚȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȘȍȊ-
ȘȈȡȈȍȚ Ȑȝ ȚȍȓȖ ȗȖȟȚȐ Ȋ ȉȍșȗȓȖȚȕȖȍ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȊȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓț-
ȟȈȍ ȖȚȌȈȓȍȕȕȖȍ ȖȉȖșȖȉȓȍȕȕȖȍ ȖȚ ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ — ȘȊȖȔ ȖȘȒȍșȚȘȈ
Ȑ ȉȈșȚȐȖȕȖȔ ȘȈȔȗȣ ǵȍȚ ȏȌȍșȤ ȖȕȐ ȗȖȏȐȘțȦȚ șȘȍȌȐ ȉȍȓȖȋȖ
Ȍȕȧ Ȋ ȚȘȍȝ ȠȈȋȈȝ ȖȚ țȟȍȕȐȒȖȊ Ȑ ȖȕȐ ȖȉȧȏȈȕȣ șȘȐșȖȊȣȊȈȚȤ
Ȋșȍ ȓȐȕȐȐ ȥȚȖȑ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ Ȋȣ ȖȉȢȧȊȓȧȍȚȍ ȗȖȏȖȘȕȖȑ
ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ Ȋȣ ȏȈȗȘȍȡȈȍȚȍ ȗȧȚȐȌȍșȧȚȐȓȍȚȕȐȔ ȔțȎȟȐ-
ȕȈȔ ȓȐȠȤ Ȋ șȚȍȕȈȝ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ
ǰ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȗȓȈȚȐȚ ȕȈȚțȘȡȐȞȈȔ ȏȈ Ȑȝ ȘȈȏ-
ȌȍȊȈȕȐȍ ȗȍȘȍȌ țȟȍȕȐȒȈȔȐ ȚȖ Ȏȍ șȈȔȖȍ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȖ ȗȘȍșȓȍ-
ȌțȍȚ ȏȌȍșȤ ȈȘȚȐșȚȖȒ
Ǩ ȊȍȌȤ ȚȍȈȚȘ — ȥȚȖ ȍȡȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȟȍȔ ȎȐȊȖȗȐșȤ ȥȚȖ Ȟȍ-
ȓȣȑ ǷȈȘȕȈș ǰșȒțșșȚȊ»
ǷȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȤ ȗȘȖȒțȘȈȚțȘȣ ǩȘȦȕȍ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȐȓ ȈȘȋțȔȍȕ-
ȚȈȞȐȦ ȓȈ ǮȍȕȍșȈ «ǵȍȗȘȐȓȐȟȕȈ ȓȐ ȕȈȋȖȚȈ — ȥȚȖ ȊȖȗȘȖș
șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȖȉȡȐȑ ȀȖȒȐȘțȍȚ ȓȐ ȖȕȈ Ȋ ȕȈȠȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ" ǺȈȒȖȊ
ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȊȖȗȘȖș ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȚȤ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕ
ȅȚȖ, Ȋ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ — ȊȖȗȘȖș ȖȉȣȟȈȧ Ȑ ȋȍȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȠȐ-
ȘȖȚȣ Ǫ ǫȘȍȞȐȐ ȋȌȍ ȕȈșȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȓȖșȤ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖȑ ȈȘȚȐ-
șȚȐȟȕȖșȚȤȦ ȕȈȋȖȚȈ ȕȐȟțȚȤ ȕȍ ȠȖȒȐȘȖȊȈȓȈ ǹȈȔȖ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȖȍ
ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȓȖșȤ ȒȈȒ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ
ǵȖ, ȗȖȌ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍȔ ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕșȒȖȑ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȐ ȥȚȖ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ
șȚȈȓȖ ȋȘȍȝȖȊȕȣȔ Ȑ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȕȖȊȈȧ ȕȘȈȊșȚȊȍȕȕȈȧ ȚȖȟȒȈ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ
ȗȖȊȓȐȧȓȈ ȕȈ ȚȖȟȒț ȏȘȍȕȐȧ ȏȈȒȖȕȈ
ǶȌȕȈȒȖ țȋȖȓȖȊȕȣȑ ȏȈȒȖȕ ȕȈșȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȥȚȖ ȗȖȕȧȓ
ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȓ șȖșȚȈȊȈ ȗȘȍșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȈȊȐȊ Ȋ ȒȈȎ-
ȌȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȖȞȍȕȒț șțȌȤȍ șȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȖ ș șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȔ țȘȖȊȕȍȔ
ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ
Ǫ ȚȈȒȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȊȓȈșȚȐ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȕȐ-
ȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȑ ȔȖȐ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧ ȕȍ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ
ȒȓȖȕȧȚșȧ Ȓ ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖȉȣ ȌȖȉȐȚȤșȧ șȚȘȖȋȐȝ ȕȈȒȈȏȈȕȐȑ ȒȈȒ Ȓ
ȖșțȎȌȍȕȐȦ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȈ».
ǷȘȐ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȑȠȍȔ șțȌȖȋȖȊȖȘȍȕȐȐ ȕȈȋȖȚȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȐȏȕȈ-
ȕȈ ȗȘȐȍȔȓȍȔȖȑ ȗȘȐ ȕȈȠȍȔ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ Ȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȘ-
ȕȖȋȘȈȜȐȧ ȗȖȌȊȍȘȋȓȈșȤ ȖșțȎȌȍȕȐȦ
Ǫ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ ȗȘȐȋȖȊȖȘ șȊȍȓșȧ Ȓ șȓȍȌțȦȡȍȔț
ǺȍȈȚȘ «ǼȖȓȐ-ǸȖȧȓȤª ȉȣȓ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȈȕ ȊȊȐȌț ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȚȘȍȝ

72
ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈȝ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȐ ȧȊȐȓȐșȤ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȕȈȋȐȔȐ
ȕȖ șȖȝȘȈȕȧȧ ȗȖȓȕțȦ ȕȍȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȖșȚȤ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȓȐ ȐȓȓȦ-
ȏȐȦ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȋȘțȗȗ ȎȐȊȖȗȐșȐ ȐȓȐ șȒțȓȤȗȚțȘȣ
ǹȚȣȌȓȐȊȣȍ ȟȈșȚȐ ȚȍȓȈ Ȑ Ȋșȍ, ȟȚȖ ȕȈȊȖȌȐȓȖ ȕȈ ȔȣșȓȤ Ȗ
ȕȐȝ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȐȒȘȣȚȖ ȚȒȈȕȤȦ ȚȍȓȍșȕȖȋȖ ȞȊȍȚȈ ȗȘȐȒȘȍȗȓȍȕ-
ȕȖȦ ȕȍȏȈȔȍȚȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ
ǸțȒȐ ȌȍȑșȚȊțȦȡȐȝ ȓȐȞ ȉȣȓȐ ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȣ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖȉȣ
ȔȈșȒȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ șȍȘȍȌȐȕț ȚȍȓȈ ȗȘȐȒȘȣȚțȦ ȓȍȋȒȐȔ ȋȈȏȖȊȣȔ ȠȈȘ-
ȜȖȔ
ǪȊȐȌț ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȖșȚțȗȖȒ ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ Ȋ ȊȐȕț ȈȘȚȐșȚ-
ȒȈȔ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ ȕȍȗȘȐșȚȖȑȕȣȔ Ȑ ȘȐșȒȖȊȈȕȕȣȔ, ȕȍ-
ȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ șȟȐȚȈȚȤșȧ ș ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈȔȐ ȍȋȖ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȐȧ —
ȔȍșȚȖȔ Ȑ ȞȍȓȤȦ
ǶȚȌȈȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȌȍȑșȚȊțȦȡȐȝ ȓȐȞ ȗȖȔȍȡȍȕȕȣȝ Ȋ ȘȈȔȍ Ȋ
ȋȓțȉȐȕȍ șȞȍȕȣ ȒȘȈșȒȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ Ȑȝ ȗȖȒȘȣȊȈȓȈ ȗȓȈșȚȐȟȍș-
ȒȐȍ ȗȖȏȣ ȟțȎȌȣȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȘȈșȗțȚȕȖȋȖ Ȑȝ ȕȍȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȖșȚȤ ȊȖ
ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ — ȊȖȖȉȡȍ, țșȚȘȈȕȍȕȐȍ ȊșȧȒȖȑ ȊȖȓȤȕȖ-
șȚȐ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȌȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȧȔ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȗȘȖ--
ȐȏȊȖȌȐȔȖȍ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȕȖȑ ȗȓȈșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȒȘȈșȖȚȖȑ — Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ
ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȌțȔȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȖȉȊȐȕȧȍȔȣȍ ȕȍ șȖȊȍȘȠȐȓȐ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȋȖ
ȉȍȏȕȘȈȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȖșȚțȗȒȈ
ǺȈȒȎȍ ȉȣȓ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȈȕ Ȑ ȌȐȘȍȒȚȖȘ «ǼȖȓȐ-ǷȐȋȈȓȤ»:
ǪȊȐȌț ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȔȐȔȖ ȚȦȓȧ ȗȘȖȚȧȕțȚȖȋȖ ȗȍȘȍȌ șȞȍȕȖȑ,
ȋȌȍ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȓȈșȤ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȈ ȖșȊȍȡȍȕȕȈȧ ȞȊȍȚȕȣȔȐ ȓȈȔȗȖȟ-
ȒȈȔȐ Ȑ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȍ ȟȈșȚȐ ȚȍȓȈ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȘȐȒȘȣȚȣ ȘȖȏȖȊȖȦ
ȚȈȜȚȖȑ ȗȖȓȐȞȍȑșȒȐȑ ȒȖȔȐșșȈȘ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓ ȟȚȖ ȋ-ȎȈ ȅȑȔȖ ȉȣ-
ȓȈ ȖȉȘȐȚȈ ȗȖȌ ȔȣȠȒȈȔȐ Ȑ Ȋ ȕȐȎȕȍȑ ȟȈșȚȐ ȚțȓȖȊȐȡȈ ȕȖ
ȥȚȖ ȓȐȠȤ șȔȧȋȟȈȓȖ ȊȖȓȤȕȣȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘ ȏȘȍȓȐȡȈ ȊȌȖȉȈȊȖȒ,
ȏȘȐȚȍȓȐ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȟȍȔ ȒȖȔȐșșȈȘ ȟțȊșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ Ȓ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȧȔ ȕȍ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȓȐ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȊȕȐ-
ȔȈȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȓȖ ȌȖȓȋ ȗȖȓȐȞȍȑșȒȖȋȖ
ǰ ȋ-ȎȈ ȅȑȔȖ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȓȐȊȈȧ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȈ Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȐȋȘȍ Ȏȍ-
șȚȈȝ Ȑ ȗȖȏȈȝ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȓȧȓȈșȤ, ȗȖ-ȊȐȌȐȔȖȔț, ȓȐȠȤ ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍ-
șȒȐȔ șȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȟțȎȌȣȔ ȊșȧȒȐȝ ȗȖȘȕȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐȝ Ȟȍȓȍȑ
Ǫ ȖȉȡȍȔ ȗȖȓțȟȈȓȖșȤ ȓȐȠȤ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ ȖȎȐȊȠȍȑ șȚȈȚțȐ
ǺȈȒȖȍ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ ȏȈșȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȊȈ-
ȕȖ ȗȐșȤȔȖȔ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȋȖ ȈȒȈȌȍȔȐȒȈ ǮȦȓȧ ǲȓȈȘȚȐ ȐșȒȘȍȕ-
ȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȈȊȚȖȘȐȚȍȚȕȖșȚȤ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ Ȋȕȍ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȧ

ǵȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ, ȚȘțȗȗȈ «ǳȐȚȓȤ-ǷȈȓȈș» ȉȣȓȈ ȖȉȊȐȕȍȕȈ Ȋ ȖșȒȖȘ-
ȉȓȍȕȐȐ ȕȘȈȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ
ȊȊȐȌț ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȖȉȊȐȕȧȍȔȣȍ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȈȕȚȖȔȐȔȣ ȊȖș-
ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȓȐ șȞȍȕț ȖȗȤȧȕȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȓȍșȉȐȑșȒȖȑ ȓȦȉȊȐ ȗȘȐȟȍȔ
ȋ-ȎȈ ǳȍȗȍȓȍȑ ȏȈȗȘȖȒȐȕțȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȒȘȍșȓȍ ȖȉȕȈȎȐȊ șȊȖȑ ȚȖȘș Ȑ
ȋȘțȌȐ Ȉ ȋ-ȎȈ ǩțȏȖȕ ȗȘȐșȍȓȈ Ȓ ȕȍȑ Ȑ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȖȚȒȘȣȊ șȊȖȐ
ȋȘțȌȐ Ȑ ȚȖȘș ȗȘȐȎȐȔȈȓȈșȤ Ȓ ȗȖȌȘțȋȍ ȖȉȕȧȊ ȍȍ ȘțȒȈȔȐ
ȅȚȐ ȖȉȢȧȚȐȧ ȗȘȍȒȘȈȡȈȓȐșȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȌȈȚȤ
ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȋ-Ȏȍ ǳȍȗȍȓȍȑ ȊȣȘȈȏȐȚȤ ȐȋȘȖȦ ȓȐȞȈ Ȑ ȚȘȍȗȍ-
ȚȖȔ ȚȍȓȈ ȥȘȖȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȊȣȏȊȈȕȕȖȍ ȓȈșȒȈȔȐ ȌȘț-
ȋȖȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ
Ǫ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȥȚȖȑ șȞȍȕȣ ȗȖșȓȍ ȚȈȒȐȝ ȖȉȢȧȚȐȑ ȋ-ȎȈ ǩțȏȖȕ*
ȊȣȗȘȧȔȐȓȈșȤ ȊȖ ȊȍșȤ ȘȖșȚ ȗȘȐȟȍȔ ȍȍ șȖȘȖȟȒȈ șȗțșȚȐȓȈșȤ
ȕȐȎȍ ȒȖȓȍȕ ǨȘȚȐșȚȒȈ șȝȊȈȚȐȓȈ ȉțȒȍȚ ȘȖȏ Ȑ ȗȘȐȒȘȣȓȈșȤ ȐȔ
ȘȈȌȐ șȚȣȌȓȐȊȖșȚȐ
ǺȈȒȈȧ ȊȣșȚȈȊȒȈ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȉȣȚȤ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȔȈ
ȒȈȒ ȗȘȐȏȣȊ Ȓ șȈȔȖȑ ȋȘțȉȖȑ ȗȖȝȖȚȐ ȊȖȓȕțȦȡȍȑ Ȑ ȖȗȈșȕȖȑ
ȏȈșȓțȎȐȊȈȦȡȍȑ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț șȚȘȖȋȖȋȖ ȖșțȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȅȚȖ ȏȘȍȓȐ-
ȡȍ ȊșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȋȖ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȔȈ Ȑ ȊȖȏȔțȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ
ȕȍȗȘȐșȚȖȑȕȖșȚȐ ȊșȍȞȍȓȖ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚșȧ Ȓ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ ȗȖȘȕȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ
ǽȖȚȧ Ȑ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ șȗȍȒȚȈȒȓȤ ȉȣȓ ȟȈșȚȕȣȑ ȕȖ
ȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ țșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȕȣȔ ȟȚȖ ȊșȧȒȖȍ ȓȐȞȖ ȧȊȓȧȊȠȍȍșȧ Ȋ
ȒȈșșț ȗȖȓțȟȈȓȖ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȊȝȖȌȕȣȔ ȉȐȓȍȚȖȔ Ȑ ȗȘȐȋȓȈșȐȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȣȑ ȉȐȓȍȚ ȕȈ ȗȈȕȚȖȔȐȔț ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȧȧ ȧȊȓȧȓȈșȤ ȓȐȠȤ
ȗȘȐȔȈȕȒȖȑ Ȍȓȧ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȧ ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȈȧ ȕȍȏȌȖȘȖ-
ȊȖȍ ȓȦȉȖȗȣȚșȚȊȖ
Ǫ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȚȘȐ ȔȍșȧȞȈ ȚȦȘȤȔȣ Ȑ ȌȊȍșȚȐ ȜȘȈȕȒȖȊ
ȠȚȘȈȜȈ Ȋ ȕȈȒȈȏȈȕȐȍ ȌȐȘȍȒȚȖȘț ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ȌȊȍ ȕȍȌȍȓȐ ȏȈȒȓȦ-
ȟȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȧȚȤȌȍșȧȚ ȜȘȈȕȒȖȊ Ȋ ȕȈȒȈȏȈȕȐȍ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȈȔ
ǹȈȔ ǹȖȓȖȔȖȕ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȘȈșșțȌȐȚȤ ȓțȟȠȍ ȕȖ Ȓ șȖȎȈȓȍȕȐȦ
șțȌȍȉȕȈȧ ȗȈȓȈȚȈ ȕȍȌȈȊȕȖ ȒȈșșȐȘȖȊȈȓȈ ȗȍȘȊȖȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ Ȑ Ȗșț-
ȌȐȓȈ Ȋșȍ ȚȘȐ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ
ǷȍȘȍȊȖȌ Ǫ ǳȈȟȐȕȖȊȈ
* ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɲɢɛɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɚ ɢ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɨɛ ɚɪɬɢɫɬɤɟ Ʌɟɩɟɥɟɣ ɫɦ
ɜɵɲɟ ɉɪɢɦ ɢɡɞ.).

74
ǶǿȀǼǾǶȅǳǿǸǶǷ ǼȅǳǾǸ
(ȒȜȝȜșțȓțȖȓ
ǰȏ ȒȕȐȋȐ Normandy: «Le nu à l’eglise, Ȉu théatre
et dans la rue».
ǷȍȘȊȖȑ ȖȌȍȎȌȖȦ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȉȣȓ ȏȔȍȑ ǺȘțȌȕȖ ȖȚșȦȌȈ
ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȊȣȊȖȌ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȗȍȘȊȖȍ ȗȘȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ șȚȣȌ-
ȓȐȊȖșȚȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȋ ȗȖȓȤȏț ȎȍȕșȒȖȑ ȌȖȉȘȖȌȍȚȍȓȐ
ǹȚȘȈȝ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȕȈȋȖȚȖȑ șȖȊȗȈȌȈȍȚ ș ȉȖȧȏȕȤȦ ȋȘȍȝȈ Ƕȕ ȒȖ-
ȘȍȕȐȚșȧ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȑ Ȋ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ ȒȓȐȔȈȚȈ ȕȖ ȍȡȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ Ȋ Ȗȉȣ-
ȟȈȧȝ ȏȈȒȖȕȈȝ Ȑ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ Ȋ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȐ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȖȑ ȏȈ ȚȖ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȔț Țȍȓț ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȗȘȐșț-
ȡȍ Ȋ ȔȈșșȍ ȕȈȠȍȔț ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ǸȍȓȐȋȐȧ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȓȈ ȎȍȕȡȐȕț
ȕȍȟȐșȚȖȑ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȧ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȓȈ ȕȍȗȘȐȓȐȟȕȣȔ ȉȍȏȔȧȚȍȎȕȖȍ Ȑ
ȉȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȓȍȗȐȍ ȚȍȓȈ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȖȋȖ Ȑ ȟțȎȌȖȋȖ Ȋșȧ-
ȒȐȔ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȈȔ.
ǽȈȕȎȍșȚȊț ȖȉȧȏȈȕȈ șȊȖȐȔ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȍȔ ȉȍȏȕȘȈȊșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ ǽȈȕȎȍșȚȊȖ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȓȖ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚțȦ ȉȘȈȟȕțȦ
șȖȘȖȟȒț Ȋ ȊȐȌȍ ȔȍȠȒȈ Ȑȏ ȋȘțȉȖȑ ȝȖȓșȚȐȕȣ ș ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ
ȓȐȠȤ ȖȚȊȍȘșȚȐȍȔ
ǬȈȓȍȒȖ țȠȓȖ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȍȒȓȖȕȍȕȐȍ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȟȍȓȖ-
ȊȍȟȍșȒȖȑ ȒȘȈșȖȚȖȑ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȧȓȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȖȔȐȔȖ ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ șȓȈȌȖ-
șȚȘȈșȚȐȧ ȒȖȋȌȈ șțȌȤȐ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȈȓȐ ǼȘȐȕț ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ
ȍȍ ȚȍȓȍșȕȖȍ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕșȚȊȖ ȕȍ ȌȖȗțșȒȈȓȖ ȕȐ ȔȈȓȍȑȠȍȋȖ ȖșțȎ-
ȌȍȕȐȧ
ǰ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȝȈȕȎȍșȚȊȖ șȖȏȌȈȓȖ ȋȕțșȕȖȍ șȔȈȒȖȊȈȕȤȍ ȋȘȍȝȈ
Ǫ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ — ȉȖȧȏȓȐȊȈȧ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ ȊȒțȠȈȚȤ ȏȈȗȘȍȚ-
ȕȣȑ ȗȓȖȌ Ȑ ȉȍȏȕȘȈȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȤ șȊȐȓȐ șȍȉȍ ȗȘȖȟȕȖȍ ȋȕȍȏȌȖ
șȘȍȌȐ șȈȔȖȋȖ ȌțȝȖȊȍȕșȚȊȈ
ǰȔȍȕȕȖ ȞȍȘȒȊȐ șȌȍȓȈȓȐșȤ ȔȍșȚȖȔ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȣȝ șȊȐȌȈȕȐȑ
Ȋ ȥȗȖȝț ǪȖȏȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ
ǹȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȍ ȈȘȚȐșȚȣ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȏȈȝȊȈȟȍȕȣ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȐȏȖ-
ȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȑ ȖșȕȖȊȖȑ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ Ȋ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ
ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȐȕȌȐȊȐȌțțȔ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔ ȊȐȌȍ ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ

75
ȕȍ ȌȖȗțșȒȈȍȚșȧ ȕȐ ȗȈȕȚȈȓȖȕ ȕȐ ȦȉȒȐ ȕȐ ȚȘȐȒȖ ȥȚȖȋȖ Ȗȉȍ-
ȏȤȧȕșȚȊȈ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ
ǿȚȖ ȒȈșȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ ȚȖ ȍȍ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ țȎȍ
ȕȍșȖȔȕȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȌȚȊȍȘȎȌȍȕȖ Ȋ ȌȘȍȊȕȐȝ ȔȐșȚȍȘȐȧȝ ȕȈ ȗȘȈȏȌ-
ȕȍșȚȊȈȝ ǬȐȖȕȐșȈ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ Ȋ șȘȍȌȕȐȍ ȊȍȒȈ ǰȐșțș ǽȘȐșȚȖș ȕȍ-
ȘȍȌȒȖ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȓșȧ ȕȈ ȒȘȍșȚȍ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȈȋȖȑ ȚȘȐȒȖ ȒȈȒ
ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȚȍȕȖ ȓȐȠȤ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ XVIII ȊȍȒȈ ȖȗȍȘ-
ȕȣȔ ȒȖșȚȦȔȍȘȖȔ ǴȈȓȤȖ ǪȖȚ Ȋ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȚȍȒșȚ ȖȌȕȖȑ
Ȑȏ ȔȐșȚȍȘȐȑ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȦȡȍȑ șȚȘȈșȚȐ ǫȖșȗȖȌȕȐ:
« ǶȘȐȓȤȧȘ. Ǫȣ ȝȖȚȐȚȍ ǭȋȖ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȒȈȒȐȔ Ȗȕ Ȋȣ-
Ƞȍȓ Ȑȏ ȟȘȍȊȈ ȔȈȚȍȘȐ"
ǰȍȘȖȊȖȈȔ ǰȔȍȕȕȖ».
ǾȍȘȒȖȊȤ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓȈ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȔ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȗȓȈșȚȐȟȍ-
șȒȖȔ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ ȚȈȒ Ȑ Ȋ șȓȖȊȍșȕȖȔ ǵȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȈ ȗȖȟțȊșȚ-
ȊȖȊȈȓȈ ȟȚȖ țȎȍ ȕȍ Ȋ șȐȓȈȝ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȚȤ ȥȚȐȔȐ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍ-
ȕȐȧȔȐ ȒȈȒ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓȈ ȟȚȖ ȖȘțȌȐȍ ȊȣȒȖȊȈȕȕȖȍ ȍȍ
ȘțȒȈȔȐ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȖ șȈȔȖșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȘȈșȚȍȚ Ȑ ȌȊȐ-
ȎȍȚșȧ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȑ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȊȖȓȍ Ȑ ȕȍȘȍȌȒȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ șȈȔȖȑ
ȞȍȘȒȊȐ ȚȖȋȌȈ șȖȋȓȈșȕȖ ȖȉȣȟȕȖȑ ȚȈȒȚȐȒȍ ȖȕȈ ȗȘȐȕȧȓȈșȤ
șȈȔȈ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȈȚȤ șȊȖȍ ȌȍȚȐȡȍ șȖ ȊșȍȦ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȍȑ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕ-
ȕȖȑ ȕȍȒȖȋȌȈ Ȍȓȧ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȕȈ șȊȍȚ
ǪȖȏȘȖȌȐȊȠȈȧșȧ ȊȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ ȔȐșȚȍȘȐȧ Ȋ ȜȖȘȔȍ ȖȗȍȘȣ
țȎȍ ș ȗȍȘȊȣȝ ȠȈȋȖȊ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȍȌȈȕȈ ȞȍȘȒȖȊȕȖȑ ȈȕȈȜȍȔȍ
Ǫ ȖȉȡȍȔ ȕȈȋȖȚȈ ȊȍȟȕȖ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȓȈ Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ Ȑ ȗȖȌȊȍȘȋ-
ȓȈșȤ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ șțȘȖȊȣȔ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧȔ ȓȐȠȤ Ȋ ȗȍȘȐȖȌ ȕȖ-
ȊȖȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ
ǲȖȋȌȈ ȊȖ ǼȘȈȕȞȐȦ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȐȋȓȈȠȍȕȈ ǫȍȕȘȐȝȖȔ III ȐȚȈ-
ȓȤȧȕșȒȈȧ ȚȘțȗȗȈ ȗȖȌ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ ǬȎȍȓȖȏȐ ȚȖ ȗȖȟȚȍȕȕȣȍ
ȓȦȌȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȣ ȊȐȌȧ ȒȈȒ ȚȈȕȞȖȊȡȐȞȣ ȖȚȊȈȎȕȖ Ȋȣ-
șȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ șȊȖȑ ȉȦșȚ ǷȖ șȓȖȊȈȔ ǷȤȍȘȈ Ȍȍ ǳȍȚțȈȓȧ «ț ȥȚȐȝ
ȔȐȓȣȝ ȌȈȔ ȋȘțȌȐ ȌȊȐȋȈȓȐșȤ ȗȖ ȒȖȔȗȈșț Ȑ Ȋ ȚȈȒȚ șȓȖȊȕȖ
ȔȈȧȚȕȐȒȐ ȐȓȐ ȍȡȍ ȊȍȘȕȍȍ șȓȖȊȕȖ Ȓțȏȕȍȟȕȣȍ ȔȍȝȈ».
Ǫ 1681 ȋ Ȋ ǹȍȕ-ǮȍȘȔȍȕȍ ȌȈȊȈȓșȧ ȉȈȓȍȚ «ǺȖȘȎȍșȚȊȖ ȓȦȉ-
ȊȐ» ȗȖȌ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ ǳțȓȓȐ Ǫ ȕȍȔ țȟȈșȚȊȖȊȈȓȈ șțȗȘțȋȈ ȌȖ-
ȜȐȕȈ ȗȘȐȕȞȍșșȈ ǲȖȕȚȐ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȧ ȕȐȔȜ ǬȐȈȕȣ
M-me ǷțȈȚȤȍ ȗȖȌȊȐȏȈȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȘȖȓȐ ǵȈȧȌȣ Ȉ m-me ǹȍȊȐȕȤȍ
ȊȣșȚțȗȈȓȈ Ȋ ȒȖșȚȦȔȍ ȈȔȈȏȖȕȒȐ ȊȣȏȊȈȊȠȍȔ șȓȍȌțȦȡȍȍ ȟȍȚ-
ȊȍȘȖșȚȐȠȐȍ

76
Belle et jeune guerrière, une preuve assez bonne
Qu'on sait d'une amasone et la règle et les voeux,
C'est qu'on n'a qu'un téton... Je crois, Dieu me pardonne,
Que vous en avez déja deux!
ǷȘȐȔȍȘ ȗȖȌȈȕȕȣȑ ȌȊȖȘȖȔ ȊșȒȖȘȍ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȐȓșȧ ȗȖ
ȊșȍȔț ǷȈȘȐȎț
ǷȘȖȜȍșșȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȚȈȕȞȖȊȡȐȞȣ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȓȐ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ Ȋ
ȋȓțȝȐȝ Ȑ ȌȓȐȕȕȣȝ ȗȓȈȚȤȧȝ ǳȐȠȤ Ȋ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ ǽVIII ȊȍȒȈ ǲȈ-
ȔȈȘȋȖ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȌȍȉȦȚȈ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȒȖȘȖȚȍȕȤȒȖȑ
ȦȉȖȟȒȍ Ǩ Ȋ 1770 ȋ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȈȧ ǹȍȕȚ-ȆȉȍȘȚȐ ȊȣșȚțȗȐȓȈ Ȋ
«ǬȐȌȖȕȍ» ȖȉȓȍȒȠȐșȤ Ȋ ȒȖșȚȦȔ șȖȏȌȈȕȕȣȑ ȖȌȕȐȔ ȝțȌȖȎ-
ȕȐȒȖȔ ȗȖ ȈȕȚȐȟȕȣȔ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȈȔ Ț ȍ ȓȐȠȤ Ȋ ȚțȕȐȒȍ Ȑ șȈȕ-
ȌȈȓȐȧȝ
ǹ țȔȍȕȤȠȍȕȐȍȔ ȦȉȖȟȒȐ Ȋ ȉȈȓȍȚȍ ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȐȚȤ Ȑ
ȌȓȐȕȕȣȍ ȗȈȕȚȈȓȖȕȣ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȊȠȐȍ ȒȖȔȐȟȕȖȍ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍ-
ȕȐȍ ǪȖȞȈȘȐȓȐșȤ ȚȈȒ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔȣȍ «ȚȦȚȦ» ȅȚȖ ȕȖȊȖȊȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ
ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȚȘȐȒȖ ȕȈȌȖȓȋȖ ȏȈȗȖȓȖȕȐȓȖ ȉȈȓȍȚ ǰȕȖȋȌȈ Ȑȏ ȓȖȎ-
ȕȖȑ șȚȣȌȓȐȊȖșȚȐ ȚȘȐȒȖ ȕȍ ȌȍȓȈȓȖșȤ ȌȈȎȍ ȚȍȓȍșȕȖȋȖ ȞȊȍȚȈ
Ȉ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȕȍȉȍșȕȖ-ȋȖȓțȉȖȋȖ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȐ ȗȈȗșȒȖȔ ȌȊȖȘȍ
ǵȖ ș ȕȈȟȈȓȈ XX Ȋ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȐ ȖȉȢȧȊȐȓȐ ȊȖȑȕț ȉȈȓȍȚȕȣȔ
ȦȉȖȟȒȈȔ Ȑ ȚȘȐȒȖ ǷȍȘȊȣȍ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ șȖȏȌȈȚȤ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȚȈȕȞȣ ȗȘȐ-
ȕȈȌȓȍȎȈȓȐ AȑșȍȌȖȘȍ ǬțȕȒȈȕ ǳȖȐ ǼȦȓȓȍȘ Ȑ ȚȈȕȞȍȊȈȊȠȍȑ
ȗȖȌ ȋȐȗȕȖȏȖȔ ǴȈȌȓȍȕ. ǹ ȥȚȐȝ ȗȖȘ ȚȘȐȒȖ Ȑ ȒȖȘȖȚȒȐȍ ȦȉȖȟ-
ȒȐ ȗȖ-ȊȐȌȐȔȖȔț ȖȉȘȍȟȍȕȣ ȕȈ șȔȍȘȚȤ ǮȍșȚ Ȑ ȔȐȔȐȒȈ ȚȈȕ-
ȞȖȊȡȐȞȣ ȖȚȕȣȕȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȊȣȘȈȎȈȚȤ ȐȌȍȦ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ Ȋ șȖȋȓȈ-
șȖȊȈȕȐȐ ș ȔțȏȣȒȖȑ ǶȕȐ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȊȈȚȤ ȌțȠȍȊȕțȦ ȌȘȈ-
Ȕț ȐȓȐ Ȋ ȗȘȖșȚȖȑ ȋȈȘȔȖȕȐȐ ȗȖȏ ȘȐșȖȊȈȚȤ ȐȏȔȍȕȟȐȊțȦ ȒȘȈ-
șȖȚț ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȝ ȓȐȕȐȑ
ǹȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȍȡȍ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ XVIII Ȋ țȎȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȏȈȟȈȚȒȐ ȚȈ-
ȒȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ǫȍȚȍ ȗȖșȍȚȐȓ ȕȍȒȖȋȌȈ ȌȐȗȓȖȔȈȚȈ ǪȐȓȤȧȔȈ
ǫȈȔȐȓȤȚȖȕȈ ǰ ȊȖȚ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȗȐșȈȓ Ȗ ȚȈȕȞȈȝ ȅȔȔȣ ǫȈȘȚ ǪȐ-
ȓȤȧȔ ǫȈȔȐȓȤȚȖȕ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȐȏțȟȈȊȠȐȑ ȗȘȐȘȖȌț ȕȈȠȍȓ Ȋ ȓȐȞȍ
ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȑ Ȑ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȕȈȐȊȣșȠȍȍ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ
ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ «ǶȌȍȚȈȧ Ȋ ȋȘȍȟȍșȒȐȑ ȝȐȚȖȕ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ
ȕȍȖȉȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȐȌȍȚ Ȓ ȕȍȑ ȖȕȈ ȘȈșȗțșȒȈȍȚ șȊȖȐ ȊȖȓȖșȣ șȝȊȈ-
ȚȣȊȈȍȚ ȗȖȒȘȣȊȈȓȖ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚ Ȟȍȓȣȑ ȘȧȌ ȊȣȘȈȏȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ
ȗȖȏ ȊȖȗȓȖȡȈȦȡȐȝ ȕȈ ȋȓȈȏȈȝ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȧ ȋȘȍȏȣ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȝțȌȖȎ-

78
ȕȐȒȖȊ ǶȕȈ țȔȍȍȚ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȖ ȌȘȈȗȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ șȒȓȈȌȒȐ ȗȖȒȘȣȊȈ-
ȓȈ Ȍȓȧ ȒȈȎȌȖȑ Ȑȏ ȥȚȐȝ ȗȖȏ Ȑ țșȚȘȈȐȊȈȚȤ ȌȖ șȖȚȕȐ ȊșȍȊȖȏ-
ȔȖȎȕȣȝ țȉȖȘȖȊ Ȑȏ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȚȖȋȖ Ȏȍ ȒțșȖȟȒȈ ȚȒȈȕȐ ǹȚȈȘȣȑ
ǫȈȔȐȓȤȚȖȕ ȖșȊȍȡȈȍȚ ȍȍ ȌȍȘȎȈ șȊȍȚȐȓȤȕȐȒ Ƕȕ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȟȚȖ
ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚ Ȋ ȥȚȖȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȍ ȞȍȓțȦ ȒȖȓȓȍȒȞȐȦ ȈȕȚȐȟȕȣȝ șȖ-
ȒȘȖȊȐȡ Ȑ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȍȑȠȐȍ ȗȘȖȜȐȓȐ ȊȣȘȍȏȈȕȕȣȍ ȕȈ șȐȞȐȓȐȈȕ-
șȒȐȝ ȔȍȌȈȓȧȝ».
ǫȍȘȔȈȕșȒȐȑ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒ ǸȍȉȍȘȋ ȏȈȘȐșȖȊȈȓ ȚȘȐȕȈȌȞȈȚȤ ȗȖȏ,
ȊȖșȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȧȡȐȝ ȚȈȕȞȣ ȓȍȌȐ ǫȈȔȐȓȤȚȖȕ ȕȈ ȟȍȘȕȖȔ ȜȖȕȍ
ǵȍȟȚȖ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖȍ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȓȈ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȚȈȕȞȈȔȐ ȌȈȚȟȈȕȒȈ
ǰȌȈ ǩȘțȕ ǷȖ șȓȖȊȈȔ ȋ-ȎȐ ǹȚȈȓȤ ȍȍ ȚȈȕȍȞ ȉȣȓ ȞȍȓȣȔ Șȧ-
ȌȖȔ ȔȐȔȖȓȍȚȕȣȝ ȠȍȌȍȊȘȖȊ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ
ȉȣ ȏȈȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȚȤ ȕȈȊșȍȋȌȈ Ǩ ǪȐȓȤȋȍȓȤȔ ȀȓȍȋȍȓȤ ȊȖșȒȓȐȒ-
ȕțȓ țȊȐȌȍȊ ȍȍ «ǴȖȐ ȖȗȤȧȕȍȕȕȣȍ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȍȓȐ
ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖȋȖ ȚȈȕȞȈ ȓȍȋȒȖȋȖ ȒȈȒ ȊȍȧȕȤȍ ȏȍȜȐȘȈ ǲȈȎȌȣȑ ȎȍșȚ
ȒȈȎȌȖȍ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȤȍ ȥȚȖ — ȖȟȈȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ Ȑ Ȋșȍ ȊȔȍșȚȍ — ȋȈȘȔȖ-
ȕȐȧ ȅȚȖ ȖȉȘȈȚȕȖ ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȕȍȒȖȋȌȈ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȐȓ ǷȐȋȔȈ-
ȓȐȖȕ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȖ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȊȍȓȍȕȐȦ ȖȎȐȓ ȔȘȈȔȖȘ ǯȌȍșȤ ȧ ȊȐ-
Ȏț ȒȈȒ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȕȈ ȓȍȚț ȜȐȋțȘȣ șȖȏȌȈȕȕȣȍ ȋȘȍȟȍșȒȐȔ
ȘȍȏȞȖȔ».
ȅȚȐ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȕȍ ȗȖȠȓȐ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȅȔ-
ȔȈ ǫȈȘȚ ȊșȒȖȘȍ ȊȣȠȓȈ ȏȈȔțȎ ȏȈ ǫȈȔȐȓȤȚȖȕȈ Ȉ ǰȌȈ ǩȘțȕ —
ȏȈ ȋȘȈȜȈ ǩȖȔȉȍȓȧ ǰȌȈ ǩȘțȕ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȓȈșȤ ȕȍȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖȑ
ȝȖȓȖȌȕȖșȚȤȦ ȚȍȔȗȍȘȈȔȍȕȚȈ Ȑ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț ȗȘȖȏȊȈȕȈ ǻȕ-
ȌȐȕȖȑ ǬȈȎȍ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȊȈȧ ȗȣȓȒȐȍ ȗȍȘȍȎȐȊȈȕȐȧ ȖȕȈ șȖȝȘȈȕȧ-
ȓȈ ȕȍȊȖȏȔțȚȐȔȖȍ șȗȖȒȖȑșȚȊȐȍ ǷȖȥȚȖȔț Ȋșȍ ȍȍ ȗȖȏȣ Ȑ Ȏȍș-
Țȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȣ ȉȍȏțȗȘȍȟȕȖȋȖ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌșȚȊȈ
ǹȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ ǨȑșȍȌȖȘȣ ǬțȕȒȈȕ ȕȈȟȈȓȐșȤ Ȋ
1901 ȋ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȈ ȗȖȋȘțȏȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȐȏțȟȍȕȐȍ ȌȘȍȊȕȐȝ ȚȈȕȞȍȊ
Ȋ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȋȘȍȟȍșȒȐȝ ǳȖȐ ǼȦȓȓȍȘ ȊȖșȝȐȡȈȓȈ ȗȍȘȍȓȐ-
ȊȈȔȐ ȒȘȈșȖȒ ȊȈȒȝȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȊȐȝȘȍȔ ȕȖ ȗȓȈșȚȐȒȈ ȉȣȓȈ ț ȕȍȍ
ȕȈ ȊȚȖȘȖȔ ȗȓȈȕȍ ǵȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȐ ȗȍȘȍȕȖșȧȚ ȕȈș
Ȓ ȊȖșȚȖȟȕȖȑ ȒȘȈșȖȚȍ ȚȈȕȞȈ ȕȈ șȒȈȏȖȟȕȣȍ ȉȍȘȍȋȈ ǰȕȌȈ Ȑ Ǩȕ-
ȕȈȔȈ ȇ ȘȈȏțȔȍȦ ȏȌȍșȤ ȚȈȕȞȣ ǴȈȌȓȍȕ ǲȓȍȖ Ȍȍ ǴȍȘȖȌ ǴȈ-
Țȣ ǽȈȘȐ Ȑ ǸțȜȐ ǹȍȕ-ǬȍȕȐ
ǵȖ șȘȍȌȐ ȕȐȝ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȊȣȌȍȓȧȍȚșȧ ǮȍȘȔȍȕ ȅȑȔȖ Ȍȍ-
ȉȦȚȐȘȖȊȈȊȠȈȧ Ȋ 1907 ȋ Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ «Femina». ǶȕȈ ȊȣșȚțȗȐȓȈ
Ȋ ȗȤȍșȍ «ǵȐȘȊȈȕȈ» Ȋ ȗȍȘȊȖȉȣȚȕȖȔ ȐȕȌțșșȒȖȔ ȖȌȍȧȕȐȐ ǵȍ-

79
șȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȖșȚȤ ȒȖșȚȦȔȈ ȋȖșȗȖȎȈ ȅȑȔȖ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȍȚșȧ
ȖșȖȉȖȑ ȞȍȓȖȔțȌȘȍȕȕȖșȚȤȦ ȗȖȏ ǶȕȈ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȍȚ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧȔȐ
Ȋșȍ ȖȚȚȍȕȒȐ ȏȈȔȣșȓȈ Ȑ ȔțȏȣȒȐ șȓȍȌțȧ ȏȈ ȔȍȕȧȦȡȐȔșȧ ȘȐȚ-
ȔȖȔ ș ȗȖȘȈȏȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȟțȚȒȖșȚȤȦ ǶȌȕȐȔ șȓȖȊȖȔ, Ȓ ȕȍȑ ȔȖȎ-
ȕȖ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȐȚȤ șȓȖȊȈ ǸȐȝȈȘȌȈ ǪȈȋȕȍȘȈ ©ǺȈȕȍȞ ȔțȏȣȒȈ Ȑ ȗȖȥ-
ȏȐȧ șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ ȝȖȘȖȊȖȌ ȎȐȊȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ».
ɍɪɨɤ ɬɚɧɰɟɜ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɦɭɡ
ǵȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȍ ȝȖȘȍȖȋȘȈȜȣ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȟȐȚȈȦȚ ȗȘȐ
ȥȚȖȔ ȈȕȚȐȟȕțȦ ȌȘȈȗȐȘȖȊȒț ȊȍșȤȔȈ țȌȖȉȕțȦ Ȑ ȗȘȐȋȖȌȕțȦ
Ȍȓȧ ȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȒȘȈșȐȊȣȝ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȑ ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȗȖ-
ȟȚȐ Ȋșȍ ȚȍȓȖ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȖȒțȚȈȕȖ șȈȔȣȔȐ ȞȍȓȖȔțȌȘȍȕȕȣȔȐ șȒȓȈȌ-
ȒȈȔȐ ǵȖ Ȋ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȚȈȕȞȈȝ ȥȚȈ Ȏȍ ȌȘȈȗȐȘȖȊȒȈ ȔȖȎȍȚ Ȑ
ȖȉȕȈȎȐȚȤ ȜȐȋțȘț ȅȎȍȕ ȅȘȌȐ ȊȣșȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ:
©ǺȈȕȞȍȊȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȒȖșȚȦȔ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȖȌȊȍȘȋȈȚȤșȧ ȒȖȓȍȉȈȕȐȧȔ
ȔȖȌȣ Ȉ ȍȡȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȐșȒȈȎȈȚȤ ȥșȚȍȚȐȒț ȐȕȌȐȊȐȌțțȔȈ ǺȈȕ-
ȞȍȊȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȒȖșȚȦȔ ȕȍ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȈȚȤ Ȓ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȑ
ȥȗȖȝȍ ȅȚȖ ȒȖșȚȦȔ Ȋșȍȝ ȊȘȍȔȍȕ Ȑ ȕȈȘȖȌȖȊ Ƕȕ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ
ȓȐȠȤ ȌȘȈȗȐȘȖȊȒȖȦ șȈȔȖȑ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȖȑ ȕȈ Țȍȓȍ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ șȊȖ-
ȉȖȌȕȖȔ».
ǪȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȏȐȎȌțȡȍȍșȧ ȕȈ ȒȘȈșȖȚȍ
ȗȘȐȘȖȌȕȣȝ ȓȐȕȐȑ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȌȖȗțșȚȐȚȤ ȚȘȐȒȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ
ȓȖȔȈȍȚ ȥȚȐ ȓȐȕȐȐ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ Ȑȝ ȚȧȎȍȓȣȔȐ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȗȘȧȔȖ

80
șȒȘȣȊȈȍȚ
ǵȈȌȖ ȕȈȌȍȧȚȤșȧ ȟȚȖ Ȑ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑȞȣ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖ ȌȘțȋȐȔ ȕȈȘȖ-
ȌȈȔ ȗȘȐȊȣȒȕțȚ Ȓ ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȖȔț șȖȏȍȘȞȈȕȐȦ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ ȖȕȈ ȗȍ-
ȘȍșȚȈȕȍȚ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȚȤ ȕȈ ȕȐȝ ȋȈȌȒȖȍ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ șȗȖșȖȉ-
ȕȖȍ șȔțȚȐȚȤ ȗȘȖșȚțȦ Ȑ ȏȌȘȈȊțȦ ȖȞȍȕȒț ȒȘȈșȐȊȣȝ ȜȖȘȔ ǿțȊ-
șȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȗȘȐșțȡȈ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȑ ȕȈȚțȘȍ Ȑ ȗȖ șȓȖȊȈȔ ǸȈȔ-
ȉȖșșȖȕȈ «ȍșȚȤ ȟțȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌȕȈȧ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȡȈȧ
ȓȐȠȤ țșȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȍ ȊșȍȋȖ șțȡȍșȚȊȈ Ȓ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȔț».
ǲȘȈșȖȚȈ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȝ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȈȕȐȑ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ
ǴȘȈȔȖȘȕȣȍ ȐȓȐ ȎȐȊȣȍ ȜȐȋțȘȣ ȉȍȏ ȖȌȍȎȌ ȕȍ ȊȣȏȖȊțȚ Ȋ ȝț-
ȌȖȎȕȐȒȍ ȗȖȝȖȚȓȐȊȖȋȖ ȚȘȍȗȍȚȈ ȍșȓȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȕȐ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȒȘȈșȐȊȣ ǰ ȗȘȈȊȌț ȋȖȊȖȘȧ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȔȈȓȖ ȕȈ șȈȔȖȔ
Ȍȍȓȍ ȒȘȈșȐȊȣȝ ȎȍȕȡȐȕ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȖȌȕȐ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȉȣ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȈȚȤ
șȈȔțȦ șȔȍȓțȦ ȕȈȋȖȚț Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ
ǷȖȟȍȔț Ȏ ȉȣ ȕȍ șȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȒȖȔȐȚȍȚ Ȑȏ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȕȕȣȝ ȈȘ-
ȚȐșȚȖȊ Ȑ ȈȘȚȐșȚȖȒ ȗȖȓȤȏțȦȡȐȝșȧ ȈȊȚȖȘȐȚȍȚȖȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȌȈ-
ȊȈȓȐ ȉȣ ȗȘȈȊȖ ȕȈ ȗțȉȓȐȟȕȣȑ ȗȖȒȈȏ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ" ǩțȌȤȚȍ ȗȖȒȖȑ-
ȕȣ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȘȈȏȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȉȣ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ ǶȌȍȎ-
ȌȈ ȕțȎȕȈ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ Ȍȓȧ ȗȘȐȒȘȣȚȐȧ țȘȖȌșȚȊȈ
Ǫ 1908 ȋ ȕȈ ǳȖȕȠȈȕșȒȐȝ șȒȈȟȒȈȝ Ȋ ǷȈȘȐȎȍ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȐșȤ
ȟȍȚȣȘȍ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȍ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ șȖ șȒțȓȤȗȚțȘȕȣȔȐ ȜȖȘȔȈȔȐ —
șȚȘȖȑȕȣȍ ȥȓȍȋȈȕȚȕȣȍ Ȑ ȖȌȍȚȣȍ Ȋ ȗȓȈȚȤȧ ǬȐȘȍȒȚȖȘȐȐ ȋȖ-
ȓțȉȖȋȖ ȉȍȓȖȋȖ ȟȍȘȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȒȖȜȍȑȕȖȋȖ ȞȊȍȚȈ ȆȉȒȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȖȟȍȕȤ
ȌȓȐȕȕȣ ȕȖ ȕȈșȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȉȓȍȋȈȓȐ ȚȍȓȖ ȟȚȖ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȓȍȗȕȖ Ȗȉ-
ȘȐșȖȊȣȊȈȓȐ Ȋșȍ ȓȐȕȐȐ ǻ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȉȣȓ ȘȈȏȘȍȏ ș ȓȍȊȖȋȖ ȉȖȒȈ,
ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȊȠȐȑ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȕȐȎȕȦȦ ȟȈșȚȤ ȕȖȋȐ ȗȘȐȒȘȣȚțȦ ȟȍȝ-
ȓȖȔ Ȑȏ ȟȍȘȕȖȑ ȒȐșȍȐ ǺȖȓȗȈ ȖȒȘțȎȐȓȈ ȥȚȐȝ ȎȍȕȡȐȕ Ȋȣș-
ȒȈȏȣȊȈȧ ȐșȒȘȍȕȕȐȑ ȊȖșȚȖȘȋ ǶȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȔȖȌȍȓȐ Ȑȏ
ȔȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȔȈȋȈȏȐȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗțșȚȐȓ Ȋ ȝȖȌ ȕȖȊțȦ ȔȖȌț ȕȍ-
ȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȧȊȐȊȠțȦșȧ Ȑ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ ǳȐȈȕȈ Ȍȍ ǷțȎȐ ǮȍȘ-
Ȕȍȕ ȅȑȔȖ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȐ ș țșȗȍȝȖȔ ȊȖșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȓȐșȤ ȚȈ-
ȒȖȑ ȖȌȍȎȌȖȑ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȗȖ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȦ ǷȖȓȧ ǨȌȈȔȈ «ȖȕȐ
ȗȖȝȖȌȐȓȐ ȕȈ șȐȘȍȕț ȗȘȐȗȖȌȕȧȊȠțȦșȧ ȕȈ ȋȘȍȉȕȍ ȊȖȓȕȣ».
ǲȖȘșȍȚ ȉȣȓ ȖȚȔȍȕȍȕ ȉȍȓȤȍ — ȚȈȒȎȍ ǶșȚȈȓȈșȤ ȓȐȠȤ ȕȍșȓȖȎ-
ȕȈȧ «ȒȖȔȉȐȕȈȞȐȧ» ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȈȊȓȧȊȠȈȧ Țȍȓț ȗȖȓȕțȦ șȊȖȉȖȌț
ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȑ
ǪȖȚ ȟȚȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ȗȖ ȥȚȖȔț ȗȖȊȖȌț ǨȕȈȚȖȓȤ ǼȘȈȕș ©ȇ Ȏȍ-
ȓȈȦ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȘȐ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȐ ȏȈȊȚȘȈ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ șȚȈȘȖȋȖ

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țșȓȖȊȕȖȋȖ șȐȓțȥȚȈ ȖȉȓȍȟȍȕȕȖȋȖ Ȋ ȜȐȎȔȣ ȒȘȐȕȖȓȐȕ ȐȓȐ
ȚțȘȕȦȘ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȍ ȊȖșșȚȈȓȐ
ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȔȖȌȣ Ȑ ȖȚȊȈȎȕȖ ȖȚșȚȈȐȊȈȓȐ ȉȣ ȕȣȕȍȠȕȦȦ
ȖȌȍȎȌț ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕțȦ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȖȟȍȘȟȐȊȈȓȈ ȕȍȒȖȋȌȈ ȓȐȕȐȐ
ǨȕȚȐȋȖȕȣ Ȑ ȋȖșȗȖȎȐ ǸȍȒȈȔȤȍ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȓȧȊȠȐȍ ǷȘȈȒșȐȚȍȓȧ
Ȑ ǷȘȦȌȖȕȈ».
ǺȖȋȌȈ ȔțȎȟȐȕȣ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȉțȌțȚ ȐȔȍȚȤ ȗȘȈȊȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ©ǪȖȚ
ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖ șȓȖȎȍȕȕȣȍ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ǶȕȐ ȕȍ ȒȖȓȍȉȓȦȚșȧ ȖȉȕȈ-
ȘțȎȐȊȈȚȤ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕșȚȊȖ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȉȦșȚȈ ȚȖȟȍȕȣȍ ȕȖȋȐ șȗȖȒȖȑ-
ȕțȦ Ȑ șȔȍȓțȦ ȗȖșȚțȗȤ ǴȖȌȈ ȔȖȌȈ — ȥȚȖ ȓȐȠȤ Ȍȓȧ țȘȖ-
ȌȖȊ»
ǰȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖ ȔȕȍȕȐȍ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȈ ǪȐȓȓȍȚȈ ȗȖ ȗȖȊȖȌț ȕȈȋȖ-
Țȣ Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ: «ǶȌȕȈȎȌȣ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ ȧ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȐȓșȧ Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘ ȟȚȖȉȣ
ȗȖȓțȟȐȚȤ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȍ Ȗȉ ȖȌȕȖȔ șȒȈȕȌȈȓȤȕȖȔ ȕȖȔȍȘȍ ǵȖ, Ȋȏȋȓȧ-
ȕțȊ ȕȈ ȥȚȖ ȏȘȍȓȐȡȍ ȧ ȒȖȕșȚȈȚȐȘȖȊȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ ȖȉȕȈ-
ȎȍȕȕȈȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȊȖȊșȍ ȕȍ ȚȈȒ ȌțȘȕȈ ȇ ȗȍȘȍȊȍȓ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ
ȕȈ ȏȈȓ Ȑ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓ ȗȖȓȕȖȍ șȗȖȒȖȑșȚȊȐȍ șȘȍȌȐ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȍȑ ǵȐ-
ȒȈȒȐȝ ȗȘȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȑ ȗȖȝȖȚȐ ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȓȖșȤ Ȋ ȏȈȓȍ ȒȈȒ ȕȈȗȘȐ-
ȔȍȘ ȗȘȐ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȐ ǵȈȕȈ ȖȉȓȍȟȍȕȕȖȑ Ȋ ȚȘȐȒȖ
ǰ ȚȍȔ ȓțȟȠȍ ȍșȓȐ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȕȈ-
ȋȖȑ ȊȐȌ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȑ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȝțȌȖ-
ȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȌțȝȖȊȕȣȔ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȍȕȐȍȔ
ȅȚȖ ȕȍ ȗȈȘȈȌȖȒș țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȊȣȟȒȈ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ șȗȓȖ-
ȠȕțȦ ȕȈȋȖȚț ȖȒȈȎȍȚ șȒȖȘȍȍ ȔȖȘȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ
ȊȖȏȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ ȐȏȓȐȠȕȧȧ șȚȣȌȓȐȊȖșȚȤ Ȑ șȖȏȌȈȍȚ șȈȚȐȘȖȊ ȔȈ-
ȕȤȧȒȖȊ ȗȖȝȖȚȐ
ǪȏȋȓȧȕȐȚȍ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ ȕȈ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ țȝȈȎȐȊȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȏȈ Ȏȍȕ-
ȡȐȕȖȑ ǭșȓȐ Ȗȕ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȚ ȔȍȎȌț ȗȍȘȟȈȚȒȖȦ ȐȓȐ ȘțȒȈȊȖȔ
ȗȘȖȔȍȎțȚȖȒ ȚȍȓȈ ȕȈȗȖȌȖȉȐȍ ȉȘȈșȓȍȚȈ ȚȖȚȟȈș Ȗȕ ȎȈȌȕȖ ȍȋȖ
ȞȍȓțȍȚ ȟȍȋȖ ȕȐȒȈȒ ȕȍ șȚȈȓ ȉȣ ȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȗȘȐȊȣȒȕțȊ Ȓ ȗȖȓȕȖȑ
ȕȈȋȖȚȍ
ǰ ȉțȌȤ ȖȕȈ ȘȈȏȘȍȠȍȕȈ — ȗȘȖȝȖȎȐȍ Ȋ ǺȦȓȤȍȘȐ ȐȓȐ ǭȓȐ-
șȍȑșȒȐȝ ȗȖȓȧȝ ȕȍ șȚȈȓȐ ȉȣ ȋȈȌȍȕȤȒȖ ȊȖȓȕȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȗȘȐ ȊȐȌȍ
ȝțȌȖȡȈȊȣȝ ȋȖȓȍȕȤȒȐȝ ȐȒȘ Ȉ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍȔ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȊ
ȉȣȚȤ Ȋ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȖȔ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ ȚȈȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȔ
ȗȘȐȖȉȘȍȓȈ ȉȣ ȉȖȓȤȠțȦ șȊȖȉȖȌț ȗȘȐ ȝȖȌȤȉȍ ȗȖ țȓȐȞȍ».
Ǩ ȊȖȚ ȟȚȖ șȒȈȏȈȓ ȗȖ ȥȚȖȔț ȗȖȊȖȌț ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒ ȅȔȐȓȤ ǩȈȧȘ
«ǵȍ șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȗȘȐȔȍȠȐȊȈȚȤ Ȓ ȕȍȗȘȐȒȖșȕȖȊȍȕȕȖȑ Ȑ șȊȧȡȍȕ-

82
ȕȖȑ ȒȘȈșȖȚȍ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚȖȊ ǶȉȓȍȒȈȚȤ
Ȋ ȟțȓȒȐ ȎȍȕșȒȐȍ ȕȖȋȐ — ȥȚȖ ȓȐȠȈȚȤ ȎȍȕȡȐȕț ȗȖȥȏȐȐ ș
ȉȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȚȖȟȒȐ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȖȌȊȍȘȋȈȚȤ ȍȍ ȎȋțȟȍȔț ȊȖȎ-
ȌȍȓȍȕȐȦ ǲȖȘșȍȚ ȗȈȕȚȈȓȖȕȣ ȘțȉȈȠȒȈ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟȍȍ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȦȚ
ȓȐȠȤ ȗȖȝȖȚȤ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȦȚșȧ Ȓ ȗȓȖȚșȒȐȔ ȟțȊ-
șȚȊȈȔȐ ǶȕȐ ȉțȌȧȚ șȚȘȈșȚȐ Ȑ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐ
ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȈȦȚ ȔȖȏȋ» ǿȚȖ ȒȈșȈȍȚșȧ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈ Ȗ șȚȣȌȓȐȊȖșȚȐ ȚȖ
șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓ ǮȈȕ ǴȖȘȖ «ǹȚȣȌ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚșȧ ȚȈȔ ȋȌȍ
ȒȖȕȟȈȍȚșȧ ȒȘȈșȖȚȈ» ǺȍȓȖ ȕȍ ȗȖșȚȣȌȕȖ ȗȖșȚȣȌȕȖ ȚȖ șȒȖȚ-
șȒȖȍ ȟțȊșȚȊȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȍȋȖ ȊȐȌȖȔ ț ȋȘȧȏȕȣȝ Ȑș-
ȗȖȘȟȍȕȕȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ
ȼɚɤɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɚɧɟɰ ɦɭɡ ɜ Ʉɪɚɤɨɜɟ
«ǷȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȍ — ȗȖ șȓȖȊȈȔ ǩȍȘȋșȖȕȈ Ȑ ǳȍȉȍȋȈ — ȗȘȍȌ-
șȚȈȍȚ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȋȓȈȏȖȔ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȈ ȉȍȏ ȊșȧȒȐȝ Ȕȣșȓȍȑ Ȗ ȕȘȈȊ-
șȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ șȚȣȌȓȐȊȖșȚȐ ȒȈȒ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȖȍ șȖȟȍȚȈȕȐȍ ȓȐȕȐȑ,
șȘȍȌȣ Ȑ șȊȍȚȖȚȍȕȍȑ ǰ ȟȍȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȥȚȖ ȋȈȘȔȖȕȐȟȕȖȍ ȞȍȓȖȍ
ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȈȍȚșȧ Ȓ ȐȌȍȈȓȤȕȖȔț șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕșȚȊț ȚȍȔ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ țȝȖ-
ȌȐȚȤ ȔȣșȓȤ Ȗ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȖȑ ȟțȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ».
«ǶȌȕȈȎȌȣ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ǵȖȘȔȈȕȌȐ ȧ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȖȊȈȓ
ȕȈ ȘȍȗȍȚȐȞȐȐ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȗȈȕȚȖȔȐȔȣ ǹȞȍȕȈȘȐȑ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȓ Ȟȍ-

ȓțȦ ȋȈȔȔț ȟțȊșȚȊ ȊȣȘȈȎȈȍȔȣȝ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȔȐ ȗȖȏȈȔȐ ȋȓț-
ȉȖȒȖȍ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȐ ȏȊțȒȈȝ ȟȈȘțȦȡȍȑ ȔțȏȣȒȐ ȉȓȈȋȖȋȖ-
ȊȍȑȕțȦ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ ȗȘȐ ȗȘȖȕȐȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȐ Ȋ șȊȧȡȍȕȕțȦ șȜȍȘț ȉȖ-
ȋȖȊ șȚȘȈȝ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȊȕȍȏȈȗȕȣȔ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȤȍȔ șȔȍȘȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȖȗȈș-
ȕȖșȚȐ ȉȍȠȍȕȖȍ țȗȖȍȕȐȍ șȚȘȈșȚȐ ȗȖȞȍȓțȑ ȐșȚȖȘȋȈȦȡȐȑ Ȍț-
Ƞț ȗȘȐ ȌȊȖȑȕȖȔ șȖȌȘȖȋȈȕȐȐ șȚȘȈȝȈ Ȑ șȓȈȌȖșȚȘȈșȚȐȧ ǨȘȚȐ-
șȚȒȈ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȓȈ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ ȘȧȌȍ ȒȘȈșȕȖȘȍȟȐȊȣȝ ȗȖȏ
ȋȌȍ ȚȖȘș Ȑ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖșȚȐ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȗȖȊȐȕțȧșȤ ȔțȏȣȒȍ ȗȍȘȍȌȈ-
ȊȈȓȐ ȥȚț șȎȈȚțȦ ȌȘȈȔț ǹȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȐșȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȈ Ȗȉȓȍ-
ȒȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȗȖȓțȗȘȖȏȘȈȟȕțȦ ȖȌȍȎȌț șȖ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖȔ țȒȘȈȠȍ-
ȕȐȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȍȍ șȚȍșȕȧȓȐ ǰ ȊȖȚ șȈȔȣȔ ȗȘȖșȚȣȔ Ȑ ȞȍȓȖ-
ȔțȌȘȍȕȕȣȔ ȎȍșȚȖȔ ȖȕȈ șȉȘȖșȐȓȈ ȥȚȖ ȗȓȈȚȤȍ Ȑ șȚȈȓȈ ȚȈȕ-
ȞȍȊȈȚȤ ȋȖȓȈȧ ǵȈș ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȖȊȈȓȖ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȋȓț-
ȉȖȒȖ ȏȈȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ ȍȍ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȍȔ Ȑ ȥȚȖȚ ȕȍȗȘȍȌȊȐ-
Ȍȍȕȕȣȑ șȓțȟȈȑ ȕȍ ȊȣȏȊȈȓ ȕȐ Ȋ ȒȖȔ Ȑȏ ȕȈș ȕȐȏȒȐȝ ȗȖȔȣ-
șȓȖȊ ǷȍȘȍȌ ȕȈȔȐ ȉȣȓȖ ȖȚȒȘȖȊȍȕȐȍ ȊȣșȖȒȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ».
ǷȍȘȍȊȖȌ Ǫ ǳȈȟȐȕȖȊȈ

ɒɤɨɥɚ Ⱥɣɫɟɞɨɪɵ Ⱦɭɧɤɚɧ

85
ȀǳǹǳǿǻǮȍ ǻǮǱǼȀǮ ǰ ȁȅǳǻǶǶ
ǮǷǿǳǲǼǾȉ ǲȁǻǸǮǻ
(ǰȩȒȓȞȔȘȎ Ȗȕ ȓȓ ȘțȖȑȖ ©ǶȟȘȡȟȟȠȐȜ ȏȡȒȡȧȓȑȜª
ǶȌȕȈȎȌȣ ȕȍȒȈȧ ȉȈȘȣȕȧ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓȈșȤ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ ș ȊȖȗȘȖșȖȔ
ȗȖȟȍȔț ȧ ȚȈȕȞțȦ ȉȖșȐȒȖȔ. «ǷȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȧ ȗȘȍȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȈ ȉȓȈ-
ȋȖȋȖȊȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȍȌ ȒȘȈșȖȚȖȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȑ ȕȖȋȐ», — ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓȈ
ȧ ǩȈȘȣȕȧ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓȈ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖȋȖ ȟțȊșȚȊȈ ȖȕȈ ȓȐȟ-
ȕȖ ȕȍ ȐșȗȣȚȣȊȈȍȚ «ǵȖ ȍȋȖ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȐșȗȣȚȈȚȤ șțȌȈȘȣ-
ȕȧ — ȊȖȏȘȈȏȐȓȈ ȧ — ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȜȖȘȔȈ Ȑ ȗȓȈșȚȐȟȕȖșȚȤ ȟȍ-
ȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȑ ȕȖȋȐ — ȉȖȓȤȠȈȧ ȗȖȉȍȌȈ Ȋ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ ȟȍ-
ȓȖȊȍȒȈ»
ǳȐȠȤ ȕȈȋȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ
ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧȝ
ǬȖșȚȐȋȕțȊ ȊȍȘȠȐȕȣ ȞȐȊȐȓȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȕȍȗȘȍȔȍȕ-
ȕȖ ȊȍȘȕȍȚșȧ Ȓ ȕȈȋȖȚȍ ǵȖ ȥȚȖ țȎȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȕȍ ȉȍșșȖȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ
ȕȍȊȖȓȤȕȈȧ ȕȈȋȖȚȈ ȌȐȒȈȘȧ Ȉ șȖȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȕȈȧ ȕȈ-
ȋȖȚȈ ȏȘȍȓȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȚȍȓȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȋȈȘȔȖȕȐȟ-
ȕȣȔ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȍȋȖ ȌțȝȖȊȕȖȑ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ ǬȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȚȈȒȖ-
ȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȉțȌțȚ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣ Ȑ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣ, ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖ ȌȊȐȎȍ-
ȕȐȧȔ ȌȐȒȈȘȧ ȐȓȐ ȊȖȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȏȊȍȘȧ
ǺȍȔ ȒȚȖ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚ țȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȐȍ Ȋ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧȝ ȖȉțșȓȖȊ-
ȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȕȈȠȍȑ ȉȈȓȍȚȕȖȑ ȠȒȖȓȖȑ ȒȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȍȡȍ țȊȍȘȍȕ ȟȚȖ
șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȑ ȉȈȓȍȚ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȈȕ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ
ȝȖȘȍȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ ȐȓȐ ȒȈȒȐȔȐ-ȓȐȉȖ ȌȘțȋȐȔȐ ȔȖȚȐȊȈȔȐ
— ȚȍȔ ȧ ȏȈȧȊȓȧȦ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȉȍșșȐȓȤȕȣ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ ȉȈȓȍȚ-
ȕȖȑ ȦȉȒȐ Ȑ ȚȘȐȒȖ ǭșȓȐ ȉȣ Ȑȝ ȊȏȖȘ șȗȖșȖȉȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȗȘȖȕȐȒ-
ȕțȚȤ ȋȓțȉȎȍ ȖȕȐ ȉȣ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȌ ȥȚȐȔȐ ȦȉȒȈȔȐ Ȑ
ȚȘȐȒȖ ȕȍȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȌȊȐȎțȚșȧ ȐȏțȘȖȌȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ ȔțșȒțȓȣ ǯȈ-
ȋȓȧȕțȊ Ȏȍ ȍȡȍ ȋȓțȉȎȍ Ȕȣ țȊȐȌȐȔ ȗȖȌ ȔțșȒțȓȈȔȐ ȒȖșȚȐ
ȚȖȟȕȖ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȐȏțȘȖȌȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ ǶȉȍȏȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȕȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ ȐșȒȘȐȊ-
ȓȍȕȕȣȑ șȒȍȓȍȚ ȚȈȕȞțȍȚ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȕȈȔȐ ǰȝ ȐȏțȘȖȌȖȊȈȓȖ ȗȘȖ-
ȚȐȊȖȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȗȓȈȚȤȍ Ȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ
— ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚ țȟȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȊȖșȗȐȚȈȕȐȧ ǵȖ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȑ ȉȈ-
ȓȍȚ Ȑ șȚȖȐȚ ȒȈȒ ȘȈȏ ȕȈ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȉȍȏȖȉȘȈȎȐȊȈȚȤ ȒȘȈșȐȊȖȍ

86
ȖȚ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ ȚȍȓȖ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ǰ ȘȈȏțȔȍȍȚșȧ ȥȚȖ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ
ȉȣȚȤ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȈȕȖ ȕȐ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ ȕȐ ȝȖȘȍȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐ-
ȔȐ șȖȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȧȔȐ
ǫȘȍȟȍșȒȐȍ ȉȖȋȐ — ȖȓȐȞȍȚȊȖȘȍȕȤȍ șȐȓ ǷȘȐȘȖȌȣ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț
Ȑȝ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȦȚ Ȋ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȐ ȊȣȘȈȎȈȦȡȍȔ ȒȖȕȞȍȕ-
ȚȘȈȞȐȦ Ȑ ȗȘȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȥȚȐȝ șȐȓ ǪȖȚ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȈ ȗȖȟȍȔț ȋȘȍ-
ȟȍșȒȖȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȕȍ șȌȍȓȈȓȖșȤ țȏȒȖ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȔ Ȑ ȝa-
ȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȣȔ Ȉ ȉȣȓȖ Ȑ ȉțȌȍȚ ȊȍȟȕȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖȔ ȊșȍȋȖ ȟȍȓȖ-
ȊȍȟȍșȚȊȈ ǰ ȊȖȚ ȗȖȟȍȔț ȒȖȋȌȈ ȧ ȚȈȕȞțȦ ȉȖșȈȧ ȗȖ ȏȍȔȓȍ ȧ
ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦ ȋȘȍȟȍșȒȐȍ ȗȖȏȣ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȋȘȍȟȍșȒȐȍ
ȗȖȏȣ Ȑ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȕȈ ȕȈȠȍȑ
ȗȓȈȕȍȚȍ
Ǫ ȓȦȉȖȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ ȕȈȋȖȍ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȑ șȈȔȖȍ ȗȘȍ-
ȒȘȈșȕȖȍ
ǰșȚȐȕȈ ȥȚȈ ȖȉȡȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȈ
ǽțȌȖȎȕȐȒ șȒțȓȤȗȚȖȘ ȗȖȥȚ — Ȋșȍ ȖȌȐȕȈȒȖȊȖ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌ-
șȚȊțȦȚșȧ ȍȦ ȓȐȠȤ ȚȈȕȞȖȘ ȏȈȉȣȓ ȍȍ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȚȖȚ ȒȚȖ ȓțȟȠȍ
ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȍȍ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȏȈȗȖȔȕȐȚȤ — ȊȍȌȤ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ ȍȋȖ Ȑș-
ȒțșșȚȊȈ — șȈȔȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ
Ǫ șȖȏȍȘȞȈȕȐȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ Ȑ șȐȔȔȍȚȘȐȐ ȍȋȖ ȜȖȘȔ
ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓ ȗȍȘȊȖȍ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȍ Ȗ ȒȘȈșȖȚȍ ǰ ȕȖȊțȦ ȠȒȖ-
ȓț ȚȈȕȞȈ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȚȤ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ Țȍ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȚȖ-
Șȣȍ ȕȈȘȖȌȧȚșȧ Ȋ ȚȍșȕȍȑȠȍȑ ȋȈȘȔȖȕȐȐ ș șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖȑ ȜȖȘ-
ȔȖȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ Ȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȚȍȔ șȈȔȐ ȗȖ șȍ-
ȉȍ șȗȖșȖȉȕȣ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȤ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȍȑȠȍȍ ȚȍȓȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ
Ƕ ǬȍȔȍȚȘȈ! ȒȘȈșȐȊȣȍ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȚȊȖȍȑ ȗȘȖșȚȖȘȕȖȌȖ-
ȘȖȎȕȖȑ ȏȍȔȓȐ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȕȧȓȐ ȉ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȋ șȊȖȦ șȘȍȌț ȕȖ ȗȖșȔȖȚ-
ȘȐ — ȧ șȉȘȖșȐȓȈ șȊȖȐ șȈȕȌȈȓȐȐ ȟȚȖȉȣ șȚțȗȕȐ ȔȖȐ ș ȉȓȈȋȖ-
ȋȖȊȍȕȐȍȔ ȗȘȐȒȖșȕțȓȐșȤ Ȓ ȚȊȖȍȑ ȎȐȊȖȚȊȖȘȕȖȑ ȗȖȟȊȍ ȧ Ȑș-
ȗȖȓȕȧȓȈ ȚȊȖȐ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȍșȕȐ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȊȈȘȊȈȘȈȔȐ ȕȈȠȐȝ
Ȍȕȍȑ Ȑ Ȕȕȍ țȌȈȓȖșȤ-ȚȈȒȐ șȒȓȖȕȐȚȤ Ȑȝ Ȓ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȦ Ȑ ȏȈșȚȈ-
ȊȐȚȤ ȗȖȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȊșȦ Ȑȝ ȒȘȈșȖȚț
ǭșȓȐ ȉ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ ȚȈȕȞȈȝ Ȕȕȍ țȌȈȓȖșȤ ȕȈȑȚȐ ȝȖȚȤ ȖȌȕț ȚȖ-
ȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȏț ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ șȒțȓȤȗȚȖȘ ȔȖȋ ȉȣ șȔȍȓȖ ȏȈȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȚȤ Ȋ
ȔȘȈȔȖȘȍ ȌȈȉȣ ȖȕȈ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȓȈșȤ ȕȈȊȍȒȐ Ȑ ȖȉȖȋȈȚȐȓȈ șȖȉȖȦ
ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ — ȧ ȕȍ șȖȟȓȈ ȉ șȊȖȐ ȚȘțȌȣ ȕȈȗȘȈșȕȣȔȐ

Ǫ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ ȧ ȋȖȊȖȘȦ Ȗ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȐ ȎȍȕșȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ Ȋ
ȒȘȈșȖȚȍ Ȑ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȤȍ Ȗ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȐ Ȓ ȗȍȘȊȖȉȣȚȕȖȑ șȐȓȍ
ȇ ȋȖȊȖȘȦ Ȗ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȐ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȣȝ ȔȈȚȍȘȍȑ Ȑ Ȗ ȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȐ
ȏȌȖȘȖȊȖȋȖ ȗȖȚȖȔșȚȊȈ ǩțȌțȡȍȑ ȠȒȖȓȍ ȚȈȕȞȈ șțȎȌȍȕȖ ȘȈȏ-
ȊȐȚȤ ȐȌȍȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȎȍȕșȒȐȑ șȚȈȕ ȅȚȖȑ ȠȒȖȓȍ ȚȈȕȞȍȊ șțȎȌȍȕȖ
ȉȣȚȤ Ȑ ȔțȏȍȍȔ șȊȖȍȑ ȥȗȖȝȐ
ǰȌȍȈȓ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȔȍȕȧȚȤșȧ
ȗȖ ȒȈȗȘȐȏț ȔȖȌȣ ǪșȗȖȔȕȐȚȍ ȘȈșșȒȈȏ Ȗ șȒțȓȤȗȚțȘȕȖȔ ȐȏȖ-
ȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȐ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȑ ȘȐȔȓȧȕȒȐ ȕȈȑȌȍȕȕȖȔ ȗȘȐ ǷȈȗȍ ǰȕȕȖ-
ȒȍȕȚȐȐ VIII-ȖȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ șȊȖȍȑ ȒȘȈșȖȚȖȑ ȊȣȏȊȈȓȈ ȚȈȒțȦ șȍȕ-
șȈȞȐȦ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȉțȒȊȈȓȤȕȖ ȓȖȔȐȓȐșȤ Ȓ ȕȍȑ ȒȈȒ Ȓ șȊȧȚȖȑ Șȍ-
ȓȐȒȊȐȐ ȗȖȒȈ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ǷȈȗȈ ȖȉȍcȗȖȒȖȍȕȕȣȑ ȥȚȐȔ șȖȉȓȈȏ-
ȕȖȔ ȕȍ Ȋȍȓȍȓ ȍȍ șȕȖȊȈ ȏȈȘȣȚȤ
ǺȈȕȞȖȊȡȐȞȈ ȉțȌțȡȍȋȖ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȐȚ ȔȐșșȐȦ ȎȍȕșȒȖȋȖ
ȚȍȓȈ Ȑ șȊȧȚȖșȚȤ Ȋșȍȝ ȍȋȖ ȟȈșȚȍȑ
ǰȏ Ȋșȍȝ ȟȈșȚȍȑ ȍȍ ȚȍȓȈ ȉțȌȍȚ șȐȧȚȤ ȍȍ ȌțȠȈ ȊȍȡȈȧ Ȗ
Ȕȣșȓȧȝ Ȑ ȟȈȧȕȐȧȝ Țȣșȧȟȍȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕ
ǶȕȈ șȚȈȕȞțȍȚ ǺȈȕȍȞ ǮȐȏȕȐ ȕȍ Ȋ ȕȈȋȖȚȍ ȗȍȘȊȖȉȣȚȕȖ-
ȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȕȖ Ȋ ȖȉȕȖȊȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȕȈȋȖȚȍ Ȋ ȕȈȋȖȚȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȕȍ
ȉțȌȍȚ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ șȚȖȧȚȤ Ȋ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȘȍȟȐȐ ș ȍȋȖ ȌțȝȖȔ Ȉ șȖ-
ȓȤȍȚșȧ ș ȕȐȔ ȕȈȊȍȒȐ Ȋ ȊȍȓȐȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȋȈȘȔȖȕȐȐ
ȅȚȖ ȔȐșșȐȧ ȋȘȧȌțȡȍȑ ȚȈȕȞȖȊȡȐȞȣ
ǶȕȈ țȎȍ ȉȓȐȏȒȈ ǶȕȈ ȉțȌȍȚ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȍȍ ȍȋȐȗȚȧȕȖȒ ȋȘȍ-
ȟȈȕȖȒ ȐȚȈȓȤȧȕȖȒ Ȋșȍȝ ȎȍȕȡȐȕ ȐșȚȍȒȠȐȝ șȚȖȓȍȚȐȑ. ǰ ȍȍ
șȐȔȊȖȓȖȔ șȚȈȕȍȚ — ȊȖȏȊȣȠȍȕȕȣȑ Ȍțȝ Ȋ ȉȍȏȋȘȈȕȐȟȕȖ șȊȖ-
ȉȖȌȕȖȔ Țȍȓȍ

88
ǽǾǼǹǳǱǼǺǳǻȉ Ǽ ǸǾǮǿǼȀǳ
«ǴȐȘ ȌȍȘȎȐȚșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ǲȘȈșȖȚȖȦ».
ǳ ȌȈ ǪȐȕȟȐ
«... diu ir wîpheit rehte tuot»
ǲȖȊȈȕȣȑ ȋȖȚȐȟȍșȒȐ-ȕȈȐȊȕȣȑ Ȑ șȚȘȖȋȐȑ ȗȖ ȘȐșțȕȒț ȧȏȣȒ
ǪȖȓȤȜȘȈȔȈ ȜȖȕ ȅȠȍȕȉȈȝȈ
ǰ ȟȍȘȍȏ Ȟȍȓȣȑ ȘȧȌ ȊȍȒȖȊ ȏȈȌțȔȟȐȊȖ-ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȈȧ ȔȍȟȚȈ
ǫȨȚȍ
— «Ewig-Weibliche zieht uns hinan...»
ǺȈȒ ȊȍȌȤ ǪȍȟȕȖȍ Ƕ ȊȍȟȕȖ-ȎȍȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔ ȚȐȝȖ ȔȍȟȚȈȦȚ
ȖȉȈ ȗȖȥȚȈ Ȉ ȕȍ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȏȣȉȓȍȔȖ Ȑ ȔȐȔȖȓȍȚȕȖ ǰ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ
ȏȚȖ ǪȍȟȕȖȍ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖ-ǪȍȟȕȖȍ ȍșȚȤ ȊȖȏȊȣȠȈȦȡȈȧ ǲȘȈșȖȚȈ
ǰ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȈȔ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ «ǿȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȍȕ», — Ȕȣ ȔȣșȓȐȔ
Ȗ ȕȍȔ ȒȈȒ Ȗ ȎȐȊȖȑ ȥȔȈȕȈȞȐȐ ǩȖȋȈ Ȕȣ ȗȣȚȓȐȊȖ ȗȘȖȊȐȌȐȔ
Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȕȍȟȚȖ ȖȚ ǪȍȟȕȖșȚȐ Ȉ ȕȍ ȘȐșțȍȔ șȍȉȍ ȗȓȖȚșȒȐȍ ȜȖȘ-
Ȕȣ ǰȉȖ ȜȖȘȔȈ — țȔȐȘȈȦȡȈȧ ȓȖȎȤ țșȓȖȊȕȖșȚȤ ȊȘȍȔȍȕ-
ȕȖșȚȤ ǪȍȟȕȖșȚȤ Ȏȍ ȈȉșȖȓȦȚ ȊȍȟȕȖ ȎȐȊȈȧ ȗȘȈȊȌȈ — ȥȚȖ
ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȐȑ Ȍțȝ ǺȍȓȖ ȒȘȈșȐȊȖ" — ǯȕȈȟȐȚ ȚȍȓȖ — ǲȘȈșȖȚȈ"
— ǵȍȚ Ȑ ȕȍȚ — ǺȍȓȖ — ȔȐȘȈȎȕȣȑ șȖȉȓȈȏȕ ǪșȗȣȝȕȍȚ Ȑ ȘȈș-
ȚȈȍȚ ȊȓȍȒțȡȈȧ șȚȘȈșȚȤ
ǩȖȋ — ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȍȕ Ȋ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕșȚȊȍ șȊȖȍȔ ǩȖȋ Ȋȕȍ ȒȖȕȍȟ-
ȕȣȝ Ȟȍȓȍȑ ȔȐȘȈ ȐȉȖ ȊȖȐșȚȐȕț ȞȍȓȤ ȍșȚȤ ȒȖȕȍȞ ǾȍȓȤȦ ȗȘȐ-
ȊȧȏȈȕȈ șțȉșȚȈȕȞȐȧ Ȓ ȉȍȌȕȖȑ ȕȍșȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖȑ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȑ ȏȍȔ-
ȓȍ ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȒȐȑ Ȍțȝ ȒȈȒ ȥȔȈȕȈȞȐȧ ǩȖȋȈ ȒȈȒ ȔȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ
ȊȏȓȍȚ ȊȘȖȊȍȕȤ ș ǵȐȔ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ Ȋȍȟȍȕ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȍȕ ȉȍșȞȍȓȍȕ
ȒȈȒ Ƕȕ ǲȘȈșȖȚȈ ȌțȝȈ ȍșȚȤ ǲȘȈșȖȚȈ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕșȚȊȈ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟ-
ȕȖșȚȕ ȉȍșȞȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȇ ȔȣșȓȦ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕșȚȊȖ ȊȖȗȘȍȒȐ ǳȍȑȉ-
ȕȐȞț ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȓȐȠȍȕȕȣȔ ȞȍȓȐ Ȉ ǲȘȈșȖȚț — ȊȖȗȘȍȒȐ Ȁȍȓ-
ȓȐȕȋț ȒȖȕȍȟȕȣȍ ȜȖȘȔȣ ȕȍ ȊȣȘȈȎȈȦȚ ǩȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȘȈȏ-
ȘțȠȈȧ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖșȚȐ ǩȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȋȖ ȕȍ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȈȧ ȍȋȖ șȈ-
ȔȖȋȖ

89
ǺȍȓȖ Țȍ ȊȕȍȠȕȐȍ ȜȖȘȔȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊȖ ȚȈȒ
ȟȈșȚȖ Ȑ ȚȈȒ ȕȍȏȈșȓțȎȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȐȗȐșȣȊȈȍȚ ǲȘȈșȖȚț — ȕȍșȖȊȍȘ-
ȠȍȕȕȖ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȞȍȓȍșȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȖ ȗȘȐȊȧȏȈȕȖ ȞȍȓȤȦ Ȓ ȉȘȍȕ-
ȕȖȑ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ǷȘȈȊȌȈ ȥȚȈ ȞȍȓȤ ȍșȚȤ șȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȍ Ȓ șȖȊȍȘ-
ȠȍȕșȚȊț ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖșȚȐ ȊȍȟȕȖșȚȐ ȕȖ ȥȚȈ ȕȍȖȉȢȧȚȕȈȧ ȞȍȓȤ
ȕȍ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȍȡȍ ȚȘȈȕșȞȍȌȍȕȚȕȖȑ ȟȐșȚȖ ȐȔȔȈȕȍȕȚȕțȦ ȌȈȎȍ
ȟțȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖ-ȘȍȈȓȤȕțȦ șțȡȕȖșȚȤ — Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍ-
ȒȈ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȖșȧȏȈȍȔȖ-ȊȕȍȠȕȐȝ ȜȖȘȔȈȝ ǭȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȍșȚȤ șȘȍȌ--
șȚȊȖ ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȚȤ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȐȌȍȈȓȈ ǵȍ ȌȖșȚȐȟȤ Ȉ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȌȖșȚȐ-
ȋȈȚȤ Ȋ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȍ «șȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȧ» ȐȉȖ ȗȘȍȌȍȓ Ȍȓȧ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕ-
ȕȖȑ ȊȍȓȐȟȐȕȣ ȕȍȌȖșȚȐȎȐȔ ȈȉșȖȓȦȚȕȖȍ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȍ ȖȉȘȈ-
ȡȈȍȚ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȕțȦ Ȋ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕțȦ Ț ȍ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȈȍȚ șȈȔț ȗȍ-
ȘȍȔȍȕȕțȦ Ǭȓȧ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȏȍ ȊȈȎȍȕ ȒȐȕȍȏȐș ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȑ ǩȍȏ
ȥȚȖȋȖ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȕȍȚ ǻȕȐȟȚȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȉȘȈȡȍȕȐȍȔ ȍȍ Ȋ
ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕțȦ  ǰȌȍȈȓ ȗȘȐ ȈȉșȖȓȦȚȕȖȔ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȐ ȗȘȍȌȍ-
ȓȈ ȍșȚȤ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȒȐȕȍȏȐșȈ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ț ȍ —
șȔȍȘȚȤ ȅȚȖ — ȗȖȋȓȖȡȍȕȐȍ ǩȖȋȖȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ Ț ȍ ȐșȟȍȏȕȖ-
ȊȍȕȐȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ Ȋ ȊȍȟȕȖȑ șțȉșȚȈȕȞȐȐ ǩȖȋȈ ȅȚȖ ȕȍȟȚȖ ȗȘȖ-
ȚȐȊȖȗȖȓȖȎȕȖȍ ȗȘȖȞȍșșț ȥȔȈȕȈȞȐȐ ȌȍȥȔȈȕȈȞȐȧ Ț ȍ ȗȘȧȔȈȧ
ȈȕȚȐȚȍȏȈ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȖȔț Ȍțȝț
ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȚȍȓȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȌȈȎȍ Ȋ ȐȌȍȈȓȤȕȍȑȠȍȔ
șȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȐ șȊȖȍȔ Ȋ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȍ ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȕȐȧ ȕȈȐȊȖȏȊȣȠȍȕȕȍȑ-
Ƞȍȑ ȞȍȓȐ șȊȖȍȑ — Ȋșȍ-ȚȈȒȐ ȈȕȚȐȚȍȏȈ ȉȖȎȍșȒȖȔț ȕȈȟȈȓț
ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȖȔț Ȍțȝț Ǩ ȗȖȟȍȔț" — ǷȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȞȍȓȤ
ǹȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ șȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȑ șțȉșȚȈȕȞȐȐ ȟȍȓȖ-
ȊȍȒȈ ȌȈȎȍ șȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ǩȖȋț Ȓ ǪȍȟȕȖȔț Ȓ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖȔț
Ȓ Ȍțȝț ȐșȟȍȘȗȣȊȈȍȚ ȒȐȕȍȏȐș Ț ȍ ȎȐȏȕȤ
ǵȖ ȒȈȒ Ȏȍ ȒȈȒȐȔȐ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȣȔȐ Ț ȍ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȌȖșȚțȗ-
ȕȣȔȐ ȍȔț șȘȍȌșȚȊȈȔȐ ȗȣȚȈȍȚșȧ ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȚȤ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȈȧ șțȡ-
ȕȖșȚȤ ȊȍȟȕȖșȚȐ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖșȚȐ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕșȚȊȈ" — ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȌ-
ȕȐȔ ȘȈȏȔȕȖȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȗȖȓȖȊȣȔ ȓȐ ȉȍșȗȖȓȣȔ — Ȋșȍ ȘȈȊȕȖ ȕȖ
țȔȕȖȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȌȖ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖȑ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖșȚȐ ȟȐșȓȈ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȤ-
ȕȣȝ ȒȓȍȚȖȒ Ȋ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȍ ǫȐȗȖȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ Continuität des Plas-
mas ǪȍȑșȔȈȕȈ Ȑ ȍșȚȤ ȊȣȘȈȏȐȚȍȓȤ ȕȍ ȊȍȟȕȖșȚȐ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȐ Ȉ ȍȍ
ȗȖșȚȖȧȕșȚȊȈ Ȋ șȔȣșȓȍ ȘȈȏȔȕȖȎȍȕȐȧ Ȋ șȔȣșȓȍ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ
ǿȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊț șȊȖȑșȚȊȍȕ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȌȐȕ ȊȐȌ ȘȈȏȔȕȖȎȍȕȐȧ
— ȗȖȓȖȊȖȑ ȒȖȕȚȈȒȚ ȌȊțȝ ȘȈȏȕȖȗȖȓȦșȕȣȝ ȒȓȍȚȖȒ ǵȈ ȊȣșȠȐȝ

90
Ȏȍ șȚȈȌȐȧȝ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȌțȝȖȊȕȖ-șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ ȟȍȓȖȊȍ-
ȟȍșȚȊȖ ȒțȓȤȚȐȊȐȘțȍȚ șȍȒșțȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȟțȊșȚȊȖ ȒȈȒ ȖȋȘȖȔȕțȦ ȒȐ-
ȕȍȚȐȟȍșȒțȦ șȐȓț șȐȕȚȍȏ Ȋșȍȝ ȜȐȏȐȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ șȚȘȍȔȓȍ-
ȕȐȑ șȊȖȐȝ șțȚȤ șȈȔȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ
ǰȚȈȒ, ț ȚȍȓȈ ȍșȚȤ șȊȖȧ ȞȍȓȤ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ, ȗȖȎȈȓțȑ, ȊȣșȖȒȈȧ
ȞȍȓȤ ǰ ȝȖȚȧ ȞȍȓȤ ȥȚȈ ȍșȚȤ ȌȖ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ șȚȘȍȔȓȍ-
ȕȐȍ Ȓ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖșȚȐ sui generis, — ȖȌȕȖ ȚȖ țȎȍ ȟȚȖ ȞȍȓȤ
ȍșȚȤ ȒȈȒ ȚȈȒȖȊȈȧ — ȚȍȓȖ, ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȕȍșȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ǰ ȉȣȚȤ
ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȣȔ ȉȣȚȤ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȣȔ ȖȕȖ Ȑ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȐȉȖ ȚȖ-
ȌȈ ȥȚȖ țȎȍ ȕȍ ȚȍȓȖ Ȉ ȒȈȒȈȧ-ȚȖ ȕȈȌȔȐȘȕȈȧ șțȡȕȖșȚȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ
ȉȣȚȤ, Ȍțȝ ǺȍȓȖ Ȏȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ «țȔȍȘȍȚȤ» ȕȍșȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȣȔ ȐȉȖ
ȖȕȖ — ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȖȕȖ ȕȍșȍȚ Ȋ șȍȉȍ ȞȍȓȤ Ț ȍ ȒȖȕȍȞ
ǭșȓȐ ș ȌȘțȋȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ǲȘȈșȖȚȈ ȐșȚȐȕȕȈȧ ǲȘȈșȖȚȈ Ȋ
ȈȉșȖȓȦȚȕȖȔ șȊȖȍȔ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȐ ȍșȚȤ ȊȣșȠȍȍ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕșȚȊȖ
ĮȺİǁǏǎǑ ǨȕȈȒșȐȔȈȕȌȘȈ ȉȣȚȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ, ǩȖȋ ȚȖ ȧșȕȖȍ ȌȍȓȖ ȟȚȖ
ǲȘȈșȖȚȖȦ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ǭȋȖ ȥȔȈȕȈȞȐȧ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȈȧ
ȉȍșȞȍȓȤȕȈȧ șȚȈȓȖ ȉȣȚȤ, șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȈȧ — Ȍțȝ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȐȑ Ȍțȝ.
ǺȍȓȖ Ȏȍ ȒȈȒ șțȉșȚȈȕȞȐȧ ș ȞȍȓȤȦ Ț ȍ șțȉșȚȈȕȞȐȧ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȈȧ
— ȕȍșȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȌȘțȋȐȔȐ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ — ȕȍ ǲȘȈșȖȚȈ Ȑ ǲȘȈșȖ-
ȚȖȦ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȉȣȚȤ Ȑ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ
ǭșȓȐ Ȏȍ ǿȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȒȈȒ ȜȈȒȚ ȒȈȒ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȍ-
ȕȐȍ șȚȘȍȔȐȚșȧ Ȋ ȔȍȘȍ șȐȓ Ȓ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕșȚȊț Ȑ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȋ
șȚȘȈșȚȕȖȑ ȐșȚȖȔȍ ȚȧȋȖȚȍȍȚ ȐȕșȚȐȕȒȚȐȊȕȣȔȐ ȚȍȔȕȣȔȐ șȐȓȈ-
ȔȐ «ȋȍȕȐȧ ȘȖȌȈ» Ȓ Țȍȓț ȚȖ ȊȖȊșȍ ȕȍ ȊȖ ȐȔȧ ǲȘȈșȖȚȣ Ȉ ȊȖ
ȐȔȧ șȍȒșțȈȓȤȕȖȑ șȐȓȣ Ƕȕ ȍȍ ȒțȓȤȚȐȊȐȘțȍȚ șȚȘȈșȚȕȖ țȊȓȍȟȍȕ-
ȕȖ Ȑ șȚȐȝȐȑȕȖ ȗțȚȈȍȚ ș ǲȘȈșȖȚȖȑ
ǿȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ — ȕȍ ǲȘȈșȖȚȈ Ț ȍ ȐȕȖȗȖȓȦșȕȈȧ ǲȘȈ-
șȖȚȍ ȚȍȏȈ ȈȕȚȐȚȍȏȈ ȔȐȕțș țȘȖȌșȚȊȖ Tertium ȗȖȗ datur.
ǲȘȈșȖȚȈ Ȏȍ — ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȐȑ Ȍțȝ ǰ Ȋ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȈȝ ȌțȝȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ
Ȑ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȍ ǲȘȈșȖȚȣ
Ǵȕȍ, ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ, țȒȈȎțȚ ȕȈ ȋȘȍȒȖȊ ȈȕȚȐȟȕȖȋȖ ȔȐȘȈ ǵȖ Ȑș-
ȚȖȘȐȧ ȗȓȈșȚȐȒȐ ȕȈȔ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȟȚȖ ȋȍȘȔȣ ȌȐȜȜȍȘȍȕȞȐ-
ȘțȧșȤ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȘȈȏȊȐȓȐ ȋȖȓȖȊț ȒȈȒ șȐȔȊȖȓ ȔȣșȓȐ Ȑ
ȌțȝȈ — Ȑ ȥȚȖȑ ȗȓȈșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ǲȘȈșȖȚȖȑ ȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȖȊȈȓșȧ Ȗȋ-
ȘȖȔȕȣȑ ȗȍȓȈșȋȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȗȍȘȐȖȌ ȋȖȔȍȘȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȈȕȈȒȚȖȊ Ǻȍ-
ȓȖ Ȏȍ ȗȘȍșȓȖȊțȚȈȧ «ǲȘȈșȖȚȈ» ȕȈȋȖȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ șȊȖȦ ȌȐȜ-
ȜȍȘȍȕȞȐȈȞȐȦ Ȋ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȍ ȈȕȚȘȖȗȖȔȖȘȜȐȏȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȖȚȒȓȖȕȍ-
ȕȐȧ șȒțȓȤȗȚțȘȣ ȖȚ ȋȐȍȘȈȚȐȒȐ ȌȘȍȊȕȍȈȕȚȐȟȕȖȋȖ șȚȐȓȧ ș

92
ȜȈȓȓțșȈ ȒȈȒ șȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊțȍȚ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ǷȈȊȏȈȕȐȑ Ǩ ȥȚȖ ȗȘȧ-
ȔȖ țȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȕȈȔ ȒȈȒ ȥȓȓȐȕ ȈȕȚȐȟȕȣȑ șȔȖȚȘȍȓ ȕȈ ȕȈȋȖȚț
— Ȑ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȓȐ ȉȣȚȤ ȘȍȟȤ Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȥȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ Ȗ ǲȘȈșȖȚȍ"
ǭșȓȐ Ȏȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȒțȓȤȚȐȊȐȘțȧ șȍȒșțȈȓȤȕțȦ șȐȓț ȕȈȏȣ-
ȊȈȍȚ ȚȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȚȍȓȖ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȊșȍȋȌȈ țȘȖȌȓȐȊțȦ ȕȈȋȖȚț ǲȘȈ-
șȖȚȖȦ ȚȖ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȋ Țȍȝ șȓțȟȈȧȝ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȥȚȖ ȚȍȓȖ ȌȈȕ-
ȕȖȍ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ, Ȋ șȍȒșțȈȓȤȕȖȔ șȔȣșȓȍ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȍȚ ȍȋȖ
ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ șȐȓȤȕȣȔ șȚȘȈșȚȕȣȔ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȧȔ ǿȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȓȍȓȍȍȚ Ȋ
șȍȉȍ șȍȒșțȈȓȤȕțȦ ȔȖȡȤ ȒȈȒ șȓȍȗȖȍ ȖȘțȌȐȍ ȊȖ ȊȓȈșȚȐ ȗȘȐ-
ȘȖȌȣ ȓȍȓȍȍȚ ȊȖ ȐȔȧ ȎȐȊȣȝ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȍȕȐȑ Ȋ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ Ȕȍȓ-
ȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ȎȈȓȒȖȋȖ șȊȖȑșȚȊȈ ǵȖ Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȐȕșȚȐȕȒȚȐȊȕȖ ȉȖȘȍȚșȧ
ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȐȑ Ȍțȝ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȊșȍȗȖȋȓȖȡȈȦȡȍȑ ȊȓȈșȚȐ șȍȒșțȈȓȐȏ-
ȔȈ Ȑ «șȚȣȌȐȚșȧ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȗȖȌȟȐȕȍȕȐȧ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȍ»
Ǫȓ ǹȖȓȖȊȤȍȊ ǵȖ ȗȖȉȍȌȈ ȟȈșȚȖ ȏȈ «ȋȍȕȐȍȔ ȘȖȌȈ» ǵȍȌȈȘȖȔ
Ȏȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȌȈȎȍ Ȋ ǰșȒțșșȚȊȖ Ȋ ȞȈȘșȚȊȖ ȟȐșȚȖȑ ȔȍȟȚȣ ȊȊȍȓ
ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊțȦȡțȦ ȕȈȋȖȚț Ȑ ȓȦȉțȍȚșȧ ȍȦ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȖ ȉȍȏȕȈȒȈ-
ȏȈȕȕȖ Ȑ ȟȚȖ țȎȍ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍȓȍȗȖ — șȖȉȖȘȕȖ ȅȒșȚȈȏ
ȎȐȊȖȚȕȖȑ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ șȚȈȚȤ ȥȒșȚȈȏȖȔ ȖȘȜȐȟȍșȒȐȔ
ǹȍȒșțȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȟțȊșȚȊȖ ȕȍ ȌȖȗțșȒȈȍȚ ȔȈșșȖȊȖȑ șȚȘȈșȚȐ ȕȖ șȚȐ-
ȝȐȑȕȖ ȉȍȏȔȍȘȕȖ ȎȈȌȍȕ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ Ȋ șȍȒșțȈȓȤȕȖȔ ȥȒșȚȈȏȍ ȔȈ-
ȓȖ ȍȔț ȖȌȐȕȖȒȐȝ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȍȕȐȑ ȌȍȘȏȖșȚȕȖ ȗȘȐȏȣȊȈȍȚ Ȗȕ ȕȈ
ȗȖȒȓȖȕȍȕȐȍ Țȍȓț Ȑ ȕȈȋȖȚȍ Ȟȍȓȣȍ ȚȖȓȗȣ Ȑ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊțȍȚ Ȗș-
ȒȊȍȘȕȧȧ ȌȈȎȍ ǰșȒțșșȚȊȖ ǶȌȐȕȖȒȈȧ șȚȘȈșȚȤ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌȐȚ Ȋ ȊȈȒ-
ȝȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȋȘȍȝ Ȋ ȉțȑȕȖȍ ȗȐȘȠȍșȚȊȖ ǺȍȓȈ ǵȖ ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ ȌȈȓȍ-
ȒȖ ȖȚ ȟȐșȚȣȝ ȥȔȖȞȐȑ ǰșȒțșșȚȊȈ ǪȍȌȤ Ȋ ȉȍȏțȔȐȐ șȚȘȈșȚȐ ȕȍȚ Ȑ
ȚȍȕȐ ǲȘȈșȖȚȣ ȐȉȖ șȚȘȈșȚȤ ȘȊȍȚșȧ Ȓ ȞȍȓȐ ȐȔȔȈȕȍȕȚȕȖȑ
ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȞȍȓȐ Ȉ ȊșȍșȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȈȧ ȊȍȟȕȈȧ ǲȘȈșȖȚȈ ȧȊȓȧȍ-
ȔȈȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȐȔ ȌțȝȖȔ ȉȍȏȋȘȈȕȐȟȕȈ ȉȍșȞȍȓȤȕȈ
ǪȖȚ ȗȖȟȍȔț ȚȍȓȖ Ȑ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȚȤ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȧ ǰșȒțș-
șȚȊȈ ȐȉȖ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ ǰșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȍșȚȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȌȕȈ ǲȘȈșȖȚȈ
Ǩ ȍșȓȐ ȥȚȖ ȚȈȒ ȚȖ ȉȓȐȏȖȒ Ȑ ȊȣȊȖȌ Ȗȉ țȘȖȌȓȐȊȖșȚȐ ȉȍș-
șȔȣșȓȐȐ Ȑ ȉȍȏȖȉȘȈȏȐȐ ȚȍȓȈ ǬȈȎȍ ȈȕȚȐȟȕȣȑ ȋȘȍȒ ȕȈ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȚȈȒ ȕȈȓȋȈȓȈ ȐșȚȖȘȐȧ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȋȘȍȒ șȖȏȌȈȊȠȐȑ ȗȘȍ-
șȓȖȊțȚȣȑ «ȒțȓȤȚ ȚȍȓȈ» Ȋ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ ȕȐȋȌȍ, ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ Ȗ ȒȘȈ-
șȖȚȍ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ Ȑ ȕȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ Ƕȕ ȊȖȊșȍ Ȑ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȚȍȕȌȖȊȈȓ ȕȈ
ȈȉșȖȓȦȚȕțȦ ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȕȖșȚȤ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ Ȗȕ ȐșȗȖȊȍȌȖȊȈȓ ȐȌȍȦ șȊȖ-
ȉȖȌȕȖȋȖ șȍȒșțȈȓȐȏȔȈ Ȑ șȊȖȐȔ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȐȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖȔ ȗȓȈș-
ȚȐȒȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȌȟȍȘȒȕțȓ ȗȖȓȕȖȍ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȍ ȐșȚȐȕȕȖȑ ǲȘȈ-

93
șȖȚȣ Ȋ ȕȈȋȖȔ Țȍȓȍ» ȅȓȓȐȕșȒȐȑ șȒțȓȤȗȚȖȘ ȌȈȓ Ȟȍȓȣȑ ȘȧȌ
ȗȣȠȕȖ ȖȌȍȚȣȝ Ȑ ȞȍȓȖȔțȌȘȍȕȕȖ ȏȈȒțȚȈȕȕȣȝ ȜȐȋțȘ ȒȈȒ ȕȈȗȘ.:
ǷȈȑȖȕȐȑșȒȈȧ ǷȖȉȍȌȈ ǹȈȔȖȜȘȈȒȐȑșȒȈȧ ǵȐȒȍ ǨȜȐȕȈ-ǷȈȓ-
ȓȈȌȈ ǯȍȊș ǵȐȖȉȍȧ ȌȖȟȍȘȐ ǲȍȒȘȖȗșȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȡȐȍ Ȗȉ ȐȌȍȑ-
ȕȖȑ ǲȘȈșȖȚȍ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȌțȝȈ ȺĮǏǎǑıǁĮ ǷȓȈȚȖȕȈ Ȑ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ
ȊȘȍȔȧ ȍȡȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȍ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ǵȈȋȖȚȣ Ȋ ȜȖȘȔȈȝ ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȊ-
ȓȧȦȡȐȝ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȋȖ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȧ Ȋ Ȑȝ ȧȘȒȖ-ȟțȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ șȍȒșț-
ȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȚȍȕȌȍȕȞȐȐ ǬȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ țȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȕȈ ǫȈȕȐ-
ȔȍȌȈ ǼȈȊȕȈ ȒȈȗȐȚȖȓȐȑșȒȖȋȖ ȅȘȖșȈ Ȋ ǪȈȚȐȒȈȕȍ ǪȍȕȍȘț Ȕȍ-
ȌȐȟȐ-ȜȓȖȘȍȕȚȐȑșȒțȦ Ȑ Ț Ȍ ȌȖ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖșȚȐ ǪșȦȌț ȒȈȚȍ-
ȋȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐ ȊȣȧȊȓȍȕȈ ȐȌȍȍ Ȗ ȚȧȋȖȚȍȕȐȐ ȐȕȖȗȖȓȦșȕȣȝ ȜȖȘ-
ȔȈȚȐȊȕȣȝ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȊ Ȓ ȒȖȕȚȈȒȚț Ȓ șȓȐȧȕȐȦ ȊȗȓȖȚȤ ȌȖ șȔȍ-
ȠȍȕȐȧ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȘȈȏȕȖȗȖȓȦșȕȣȝ ȊȚȖȘȐȟȕȣȝ ȗȖȓȖȊȣȝ ȗȘȐȏȕȈ-
ȒȖȊ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȔ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȔȍ (= ȈȕȌȘȖȋȐȕȈ
ǵȈȠȈ ȚȍȏȈ, ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ, ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȕȈ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȌ-
ȕȐȔ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȐȔ ȗțȚȍȔ ǴȖȎȕȖ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȤ ȍȍ Ȑ ȗȖ-ȊȐȌȐ-
ȔȖȔț, ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȧȘȟȍ Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȍȍ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȔȍȚȖ-
ȌȖȔ Ȑ ȕȈ ȗȈȔȧȚȕȐȒȈȝ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ǴȖȧ Ȏȍ ȞȍȓȤ ȗȖȒȈ Ȋ ȊȐȌȍ
«ȗȘȍȌȊȈȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ șȖȖȉȡȍȕȐȧ» ȐȏȓȖȎȐȚȤ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȍ ȔȣșȓȐ
Ȑ ȊȣșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȚȖ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȟȚȖ ȊșȍȋȌȈ Ȑ ȗȖȕȣȕȍ ȕȈȋȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ
Ȋ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȓȖșȤ ȊȖȊșȍ ȕȍ ȒȈȒ ǲȘȈșȖȚȈ Ȉ ȒȈȒ ȔȖ-
ȔȍȕȚ șȍȒșțȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȊȖșȚȖȘȋȈ ǰ ȌȈȎȍ ǾȍȑȏȐȕȋ ș ȕȈțȟȕȣȔȐ
ȌȈȕȕȣȔȐ Ȋ ȘțȒȈȝ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȖȗȘȖȊȍȘȋȕțȚȤ ȥȚȖȑ șȈȔȖȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖȑ
ȐșȚȐȕȣ ǹȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȥȚȖ ȗȘȧȔȖ — șȚȘȈȠȕȖ ǪȍȒȖȊȖȍ ȓȐȞȍȔȍ-
ȘȐȍ! — Ǩ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȐ ȔȖȓȟȈȚ ǬȈ ȊȍȌȤ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒț ȕȍȟȍȋȖ Ȑ ȋȖ-
ȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗȕ ȔȣșȓȐȚ Ȑ ȟțȊșȚȊțȍȚ șȚȘȍȔȐȚ șȊȖȑ ȗȣȓ Ȓ ȕȈșȓȈȎ-
ȌȍȕȐȦ ǭșȚȤ ȗȘȈȊȌȈ ȖȚȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȣȍ Ǹțȉȍȕș ǰȖȘȌȈȕș ǬȎȖȘ-
ȌȎȖȕȍ ǩțȋȘȖ ǲȈȉȈȕȍȓȤ ǩțȠȍ ǲȈȕȖȊȈ ǼȍȓȐșȤȍȕ ǸȖȗș Ȑ
Ț Ȍ — ȚȖȎȍ ȌȖ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖșȚȐ ǩȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ Ȏȍ ȓȐȞȍȔȍȘȐȚ
ȎȍșȚȖȒȖ Ȑ ȖșȒȖȘȉȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȍȓȧ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ǵȍ ȕȈșȚȈȓ ȍȡȍ ȌȍȕȤ
șțȌȕȣȑ
ǰ ȍȡȍ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȑ țȒȓȖȕ Ȋ ȐșȚȖȘȐȦ Ǫ ȥȗȖȝȐ țȗȈȌȒȈ (2-ȧ
ǰȔȗȍȘȐȧ ǹȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ǸȐȔ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ ȐȔȗȍȘȈȚȖȘȖȊ Țȍ-
ȓȖ ȗȍȘȍȎȐȊȈȍȚ ȔȖȔȍȕȚȣ șȍȒșțȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚȐȊȈȞȐȐ Ȑ Ȋ Ȑș-
ȒțșșȚȊȍ ȊȖȞȈȘȧȍȚșȧ ǵȈȋȖȚȈ Ǫ ȥȗȖȝȐ Ȏȍ ȊȣșȠȍȋȖ ȕȈȗȘȧȎȍ-
ȕȐȧ ȌțȝȈ Ȑ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȈ Ȋ ȥȗȖȝȐ ȊȣșȠȍȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ Ǹȍȕȍș-
șȈȕș ǸȍȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȧ ȒȖșȚȦȔ ȌȍȓȈȍȚșȧ Ȋșȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ Ȑ ȉȖȓȍȍ șȓȖȎ-
ȕȣȔ Ȑ ȗȣȠȕȣȔ Ƕȕ ȏȈȒȘȣȊȈȍȚ ȚȍȓȖ șȒȓȈȌȒȈȔȐ ȉțȜȈȔȐ

94
ȜȐȎȔȈȔȐ Ƕȕ ȌȍȓȈȍȚșȧ ȞȊȍȚȐșȚȣȔ ȟȚȖȉȣ Ȋ ȒȘȈșȒȈȝ Ȑ Ȑȝ
ȗȍȘȍȓȐȊȈȝ șȒȘȣȚȤ ȚȍȓȖ țȉȖȋȖ-țȘȖȌȓȐȊȖȍ ȗȖȝȖȚȓȐȊȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ
ǷȈșȒȈȓȤ ȗȘȈȊȌț șȒȈȏȈȓ Ȗ ȜȖȘȔȍ ȕȖșȈ ǲȓȍȖȗȈȚȘȣ ȕȖ ȗȘȐ ȟȍȔ
Ȏȍ ȏȌȍșȤ ǲȘȈșȖȚȈ" — «ǵȐȓȤșȒȈȧ ȏȔȍȑȒȈ» — șȐȔȊȖȓ ȗȖȓȖ-
ȊȖȋȖ ȗȖȘȈȉȖȡȍȕȐȧ Ȑ șȍȒșțȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȥȒșȚȈȏȈ ǺȡȍȚȕȖ Ȑ ǬȖȕ
ǮțȈȕ ȐșȒȈȓ ǲȘȈșȖȚț Ȋ «mille ȍ tre». ǭȍ ȚȈȔ ȕȍȚ Ȑ ȉȣȚȤ ȕȍ
ȔȖȎȍȚ Ƕȕ Ƞȍȓ ȓȖȎȕȖȑ ȌȖȘȖȋȖȑ ȥȚȖȚ ȉȍȏțȔȕȣȑ ȔȍȟȚȈȚȍȓȤ
ǹȍȒșțȈȓȤȕȈȧ șȚȘȈșȚȤ ȊȖȐșȚȐȕț «șȐȓȤȕȈ ȒȈȒ șȔȍȘȚȤ», ȕȖ Ȑ
ȒȈȒ șȔȍȘȚȤ ȖȕȈ — ȕȍ-ǲȘȈșȖȚȈ Ȉ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȍ ǲȘȈșȖ-
Țȣ ǪȖȗȘȖș Ȗ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ șȓȖȎȕȍȍ Ǫ ȥȗȖȝȐ țȗȈȌȒȈ ǵȈȋȖȚȈ ȕȈȋȓȖ
ȊȝȖȌȐȓȈ Ȋ țȋȘȦȔȖ-ȗȘȐȚȈȍȕȕȣȑ ȝȘȈȔ ǬȐȖȕȐșȈ Ǵȣ ș șȖȊȘȍ-
ȔȍȕȕȣȔ ȉȍșșȚȣȌșȚȊȖȔ — ȗȖȝȖȚȓȐȊȖ-ȎȈȓȒȐȍ ȒȘȖȗȈȚȍȓȐ ǨȘȍ-
ȕȈ ǲȖȓȐȏȍȧ ȊȐȌȈȓȈ Ȟȍȓȣȍ ȖȘȋȐȐ ǵȈȋȖȚȣ ǩȈȓȍȚ «ǴȈȦȔȈ»
ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȈȓ ȗȘȐ ǲȖȕșȚȈȕȚȐȕȍ ǪȍȓȐȒȖȔ ȚȣșȧȟȐ ȐȕȖȏȍȔȞȍȊ
ȕȈ ȉțȑȕȖȍ ȗȐȘȠȍșȚȊȖ ǺȍȓȈ ǵȖ ȋȌȍ Ȏȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȍȌȕȖȍ ȏȈȋȕȈȕ-
ȕȖȍ ǰșȒțșșȚȊȖ" ǶȕȖ ȏȈȝȐȘȍȓȖ Ȋ ȥȚȐ ȉȍȏțȔȕȣȍ ȗȍȘȐȖȌȣ ǲȘȈ--
șȖȚȈ ȔȖȓȟȈȓȈ
ǳȐȒȖȊȈȕȐȍ ǯȓȖȋȖ ǵȈȟȈȓȈ Ȋ «ȗȘȈȏȌȕȐȒȍ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȐȑ» ȕȈ-
ȊȖȌȐȚ ȕȈ ȔȣșȓȤ Ȗ ǪȍȓȐȒȖȔ ǹȚȘȈȌȈȕȐȐ ȗȘȖȕȐȒȈȦȡȍȔ ȔȐȘ
ǰșȚȐȕȕȈȧ ȚȖȕȒȖȉȓȖȋȖțȝȈȕȕȈȧ ǲȘȈșȖȚȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ șȚȘȈȌȈ-
ȕȐȐ ǹțȡȕȖșȚȤ Ȏȍ ȚȍȓȈ ș ȍȋȖ ȕȈȋȖȚȖȦ Ȑ ȗȘȧȕȣȔ șȍȒșțȈȓȐȏ-
ȔȖȔ — ȗȣȓȒȖȍ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȅȚȖ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȍ ȈșȒȍȏȈ ȅȚȖ ȖȉȖ-
ȎȍșȚȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȌțȝȈ Ȑ ȔȣșȓȐ ȘȈȏȊȍȡȍșȚȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ
ǬțȠȈ ȒȈȒ ȥȔȈȕȈȞȐȧ ǩȖȋȈ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȍȉȣȊȈȍȚ Ȋ ȗȘȍȌȍ-
ȓȈȝ ȐȕȌȐȊȐȌțȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȖȉȖȋȈȡȈȍȚșȧ șȚȘȈȌȈ-
ȕȐȍȔ țȚȖȕȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ ȔȖȌțȓȧȞȐȧȝ ȊȌȈȓȐ ȖȚ ȉȖȎȍșȚȊȈ Ȑ
ȗȖȚȖȔ ȖȗȧȚȤ șȓȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ș ȕȐȔ ș ȈȉșȖȓȦȚȕȖȑ ǲȘȈșȖȚȖȑ ȉȍș-
ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖșȚȤȦ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕșȚȊȖȔ ǰ ȍșȓȐ ȞȍȓȤ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ ȐșȒțș-
șȚȊȈ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ, ȗȖ ǬȈȕȚȍ, «trasumanar l'umanita», Ț ȍ ȊȣȊȍșȚȐ
ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȏȈ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȣ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ ȚȖ ȉȓȐȎȈȑȠȈȧ ȞȍȓȤ șȍȒ-
șțȈȓȐȏȔȈ Ȉ șȓȍȌ Ȑ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ — țȌȍȘȎȈȚȤ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȊȖ ȊȓȈșȚȐ
ȗȓȖȚȐ ȊȖ ȊȓȈșȚȐ ȌȍȔȖȕȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȍȕȐȑ, ȊȌȈȓȐ ȖȚ ȉȖ-
ȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȔțȌȘȖșȚȐ
Summa summarum ȈȕȚȐȟȕȖȑ ȗȓȈșȚȐȒȐ ȍȍ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȟȍ-
șȒȐȑ ȊȣȊȖȌ, ȓțȟȠȐȑ Ȑ ȊȣșȠȐȑ ȍȍ ȖȉȘȈȏȍȞ — ǫȈȓȈȚȍȧ — ȏȈ-
ȝȊȈȚȐȓȈ ȚȊȖȘȞȈ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȉȍșșȔȍȘȚȕȖȑ ȒȘȈșȖȚȖȑ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȖ-
ȋȖ ȌțȝȈ Ȉ șȓȈȌȒȐȔ ȖȉȔȈȕȖȔ Ȑ ȗȤȧȕȣȔ ȚȘȍȗȍȚȖȔ ȗȖȓȖȊȖȋȖ

ǿǮǾǾǮ ǯǳǾǻǮǾ Ǽ ǻǮǱǼȀǳ Ƕ ǲǾ
(ǮțȘȓȠȎ ȟȞȓȒȖ ȢȞȎțȤȡȕȟȘȖȣ ȎȞȠȖȟȠȜȐ F A d’Ersky
ǹȈȘȘȈ ǩȍȘȕȈȘ
ȇ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȦ ȔȈȕȐȜȍșȚȈȞȐȐ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȔȐ (fort bel-
les); ȋȖȊȖȘȦ ȥȚȖ ȕȍ ȒȈșȈȧșȤ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȐȔȍȚȤ ȔȍșȚȖ Ȋ
ȚȖȔ ȐȓȐ ȌȘțȋȖȔ music-hall'ȍ, ȒțȌȈ ȗȖȔȐȔȖ ȗȘȖȟȍȋȖ Ȕȕȍ ȕȍ-
ȒȖȋȌȈ șȝȖȌȐȚȤ ǵȖ ȧ ȌțȔȈȦ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȟȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȍȑ ș ȚȖȟȒȐ
ȏȘȍȕȐȧ ȕȘȈȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȚȤ ȎȍȕșȒțȦ ȕȈȋȖȚț ȟȍȔ
ȊȣșȚȈȊȓȧȚȤ ȈȘȚȐșȚȖȒ Ȋ ȚȈȒȐȝ ȒȖșȚȦȔȈȝ ȐȓȐ, ȊȍȘȕȍȍ, Ȋ ȚȈȒȐȝ
deshabillés, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȊȕțȠȍȕȣ ȟȍȔ-ȚȖ ȌȘțȋȐȔ ȕȍȎȍȓȐ șȗȍȒ-
ȚȈȒȓȤ ȧȊȓȧȦȡȐȑ ȎȐȊțȦ șȚȈȚțȦ ȓȐȠȍȕȕțȦ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȖȊ ǫȘȍ-
ȒȐ ȗȖ-ȔȖȍȔț ȉȣȓȐ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȈȊȣ ȐșȗȖȊȍȌțȧ ȕȈșȚȖȧ-
ȡȐȑ ȒțȓȤȚ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȚȘțȌȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ ȕȈȑȚȐ ȟȚȖ-
ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȠȖȒȐȘțȦȡȍȍ
Ǵ ǫȥȓȤȧȘ
(ȉȣȊȠȐȑ ȌȐȘȍȒȚȖȘ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ de l’OȘéȋȈ)
ǭșȓȐ Ȋ ȋȓțȉȐȕȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ șȞȍȕȣ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȈȗȖȜȍȖȏȈ Ȏȍȕ-
ȡȐȕȈ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȈȋȖȑ ȥȚȖ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖ ȥȚȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ
ǰ ȧ ȉȣ ȕȍ ȏȈȌțȔȈȓșȧ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ «ǶȗȍȘȣ» Ȏȍȕ-
ȡȐȕț ȉȍȏ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȖȊ ȍșȓȐ ȉ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȖȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȓȖ ȒȈȒȖȍ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ
ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ «ǼȘȐȕȈ ȗȘȍȌ șțȌȖȔ ȈȘȍȖȗȈȋȈ».
Ǫ «ǺȈȐș» ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ șȞȍȕȣ ȖȉȖȓȤȡȍȕȐȧ ǨȜȈȕȈȐȓȈ ȗȖȧȊ-
ȓȧȦȡȈȧșȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȕȈȋȈ Ȑ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȔȖȍ ȍȦ Ȋȗȍ-
ȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ ȕȐșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍ ȖșȒȖȘȉȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȈșȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȍșȤ Ȉȕ-
șȈȔȉȓȤ ȊȍȓȐȟȍșȚȊȍȕ Ȑ ȚȈȒ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȔȐșȚȐȟȍȕ
_____

97
ǫ-ȎȈ ǴȐȘȚȐș
ǫ-ȎȈ ǴȐȘȚȐș
ǷȖȔȐȔȖ ȊșȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȟȍȋȖ ȕȈ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ șȞȍȕȈȝ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȔȈȓȖ
ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ ȕȈȋȈ ȓȐ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȐȓȐ Ȋ ȚȘȐȒȖ Ț Ȓ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȐ ȕȈ-
ȝȖȌȧȡȐȍșȧ Ȋ ȖȚȌȈȓȍȕȐȐ ȊȐȌȧȚ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚȣ șȒȊȖȏȤ ȐȋȘț șȊȍȚȈ
ȘȈȔȗȣ Ȑ șȖȜȐȚȖȊ
ǵȍ șȖȊșȍȔ ȚȈȒ ȖȉșȚȖȐȚ ȌȍȓȖ Ȋ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȝ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȝ Ȑ ȧ
ȗȘȐȏȕȈȦșȤ ȟȚȖ Ȑ ȉȍȏ ȖșȖȉȖȑ ȡȍȗȍȚȐȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȐȔȍȍȠȤ ȖșȕȖ-
ȊȈȕȐȍ ȗȖȘȐȞȈȚȤ ȖȋȖȓȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȉȣȊȈȦȚ ȕȍȓȖȊȒȐ-
ȔȐǵȈȋȖȚȈ — ȥȚȖ ȒȖșȚȦȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȚȘțȌȕȍȑ ȊșȍȋȖ ȕȖșȐȚȤ

98
ǶȌȍȚȚ ǬȦȓȧȒ
ȇ ȓȦȉȓȦ ȕȈȋȖȚț Ȍȓȧ șȍȉȧ ȕȖ ȖȕȈ Ȕȕȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȈ Ȋ ȌȘț-
ȋȐȝ ȇ ȌȖȗțșȒȈȦ ȊȣșȚȈȊȒț ȕȈȋȖȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȘȈȌȐ ȍȍ ȜȖȘȔ
ȍȍ ȓȐȕȐȑ ș ȚȖȟȒȐ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȇ ȚȈȒ ȕȈ ȕȍȍ Ȑ șȔȖȚȘȦ
Ǫ ȔȈșȚȍȘșȒȖȑ șȒțȓȤȗȚȖȘȈ ȌȍȓȖ ȖȉșȚȖȐȚ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ǵȈ ȔȍȓȖȟȐ
ȕȍ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȦȚ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ǵȍ ȚȖ Ȕȣ ȊȐȌȐȔ Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ ǸȈșșȔȈȚ-
ȘȐȊȈȧ ȕȈȋțȦ ȎȍȕȡȐȕț ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ ȔțȎȟȐȕȈ Ȋ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ
ȔȖȔȍȕȚ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȟțȊșȚȊțȍȚ ȗȘȐȓȐȊ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȑ ǪȔȍșȚȖ ȚȖ-
ȋȖ ȟȚȖȉ șȖȏȍȘȞȈȚȤ ȥȚț ȎȍȕȡȐȕț ȊȖ Ȋșȍȑ ȍȍ șȒțȓȤȗȚțȘȕȖȑ ȒȘȈ-
șȍ ȍȋȖ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȣ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȣ ȕȈ ȕȍȟȚȖ ȌȘțȋȖȍ ȟȍȔ ȍȍ ȓȐȕȐȐ
ǪȖȚ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȈ ȗȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȧ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȦ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ
ǺȖȓȤȒȖ șȌȈȍȚșȧ Ȕȕȍ ȟȚȖ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȍ șȖȊșȍȔ ȗȘȈȊȣ ȚȈȒ ȌȖȓȋȖ
ȔȍȌȓȧ ș ȍȍ ȏȈȗȘȍȡȍȕȐȍȔ ǷȖȓȐȞȍȑșȒȈȧ ȗȘȍȜȍȒȚțȘȈ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ
ȉȣȓȈ ȉȣ ȐȓȐ ȗȘȍȒȘȈȚȐȚȤ ȍȍ Ȋ șȈȔȖȔ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ ȐȓȐ ȏȈȒȘȣȚȤ
ȋȓȈȏȈ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ țȎȍ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȔȕȖȋȖ șȌȍȓȈȕȖ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖ-
ȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȕȈ șȚȈȓȈ ȚȍȘȗȐȔȖȑ Ȋ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȍȕȐȍ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȝ
ȔȍșȧȞȍȊ Ǩ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ ȒȖȕȟȈȦȚ ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȊȣ-
ȒȈȦȚ ȒȖ ȊșȍȔț
ǳȐȏ ǼȓȍȘȖȕ
ȇ ȌȖȗțșȒȈȦ ȕȈȋȖȚț ȍșȓȐ ȖȕȈ ȗȘȐȓȐȟȕȈ ǮȍȕȡȐȕȈ șȓȍ-
ȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȚȤ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȗțȉȓȐȒȖȑ șȖȝ-
ȘȈȕȧȧ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȏȐȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȕȍȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȖșȚȤ ǷȖ ȔȖȍȔț, țȎ ȓțȟ-
Ƞȍ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȚȤ ȋȖȓțȦ ȎȍȕȡȐȕț ȟȍȔ ȊȣșȚȈȊȓȧȚȤ ȉȖȘȞȖȊ
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ș ȐșȒȘȐȊȓȍȕȕȣȔ ȓȐȞȖȔ ȗȖȒȘȣȚȣȍ ȗȖȚȖȔ șȞȍȗȓȐ-
ȊȈȦȚșȧ Ȑ ȞȈȘȈȗȈȦȚșȧ ȗȘȐ ȈȗȓȖȌȐșȔȍȕȚȈȝ ȘȈȏȢȧȘȍȕȕȖȑ ȚȖȓ-
ȗȣ
ǴȈȋȥȘȈ
ȇ ȌȖȗțșȒȈȦ ȕȈȋȖȚț ș ȚȖȟȒȐ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ ȥșȚȍȚȐȒȐ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ

ǵȈȋȖȚȈ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȔȍșȚȖ Ȋ «ǹȈȓȖȕȍ» ȗȖȟȍȔț ȉȣ ȕȍ ȉȣȚȤ ȍȑ
Ȑ Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ" ǲ ȚȖȔț Ȏȍ, șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ ȓȐ ȟȚȖ-ȓȐȉȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȘȍ-
ȒȘȈșȕȖȍ ȟȍȔ ȒȘȈșȐȊȈȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ"
ǴȖȌ ǹȈȕșȖȕ
ȇ ȕȍ ȌȖȗțșȒȈȦ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȌ țșȓȖȊȐȍȔ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȎȍȕȡȐ-
ȉȣȓȈ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȈ Ȋ ȚȍȓȍșȕȖȔ șȔȣșȓȍ ȟȚȖȉȣ Ȋșȍ ȍȍ ȓȐȕȐȐ
ȉȣȓȐ ȚȖȕȒȖ Ȑ ȟȍȚȒȖ ȖȚȟȍȒȈȕȍȕȣ ǺȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȐ ȚȈȒȖȔ ȖȋȘȈ-
ȕȐȟȍȕȐȐ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȐȍ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȕȍȔȣșȓȐȔȣȔ ȧ Ȑ ȕȍ
ȕȈȠȓȈ ȉȣ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȐȓȐ Ȕȍȕȍȍ
ȝȖȘȖȠȖ șȓȖȎȍȕȕȈȧ ȌȍȘȏȕțȓȈ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ șȊȖȐ ȜȖȘȔȣ ȉȍȏ Ȋșȧ-
ȒȐȝ ȗȘȐȒȘȣȚȐȑ Ȋșȍ ȘȈȊȕȖ, ȕȈ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȐȓȐ ȔȈȓȖȑ șȞȍȕȍ

100
ǸȁǹȊȀ ǻǮǱǼȀȉ
ǵȈȋȖȚȈ — ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ șȖ-
șȚȖȧȕȐȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȅȚȖ ȍȋȖ ȘȈȑ-
șȒȈȧ ȖȌȍȎȌȈ ǹȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ
ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȍ Ȗ ȓțȟȠȐȝ ȊȘȍ-
ȔȍȕȈȝ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȓȦȌȐ șȍȓȐȓȐșȤ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȚȍȗȓȖȔ ȒȓȐȔȈȚȍ șȊȧ-
ȏȈȕȖ ș ȉȓȈȎȍȕȕȖȦ ȕȈȋȖȚȖȑ ǯȈ-
ȚȍȔ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ȎȐȏ-
ȕȐ țȝțȌȠȐȓȐșȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȓȦȌȐ țȏ-
ȕȈȓȐ Ȑ ȋȖȓȖȌ Ȑ ȝȖȓȖȌ ȚȧȎ-
ȒțȦ ȉȖȘȤȉț Ȑȏ-ȏȈ ȒțșȒȈ ȝȓȍȉȈ
Ȑ ȗȘȖȟȐȝ ȕȈșțȡȕȣȝ ȗȖȚȘȍȉȕȖ-
șȚȍȑ ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ ȏȈȡȐȡȈȚȤșȧ
ȖȌȍȎȌȖȑ ȖȌȕȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ șȖȋȘȍ-
ȊȈȦȡȍȑ Ȑ șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȦȡȍȑ ȥȒȖ-
ȕȖȔȐȦ Ȋ ȗȐȡȍ Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȗȋ-
ȘȈȎȌȈȦȡȍȑ ȖȚ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȗȖ-
ȓȖȊȣȝ șȚȘȈșȚȍȑ ȕȍȘȍȌȒȖ ȗȖȘȖȎ-
ȌȈȊȠȐȝ Ȟȍȓȣȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ,
țȎȍ ș ȌȘȍȊȕȐȝ ȊȘȍȔȍȕ ȖȌȍȎȌȈ
ȊȕȖșȐȚ ȗțȚȈȕȐȞț Ȋ ȗȖȓȖȊȖȑ ȗȖȌ-
ȉȖȘ ȕȐȒȚȖ Ȋ ȚȖȟȕȖșȚȐ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȚ,
ȕȈ ȒȖȔ Ȗȕ ȎȍȕȐȚșȧ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ
ȖȌȍȎȌȈ șȒȘȣȊȈȍȚ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ Țȍ-
ȓȍșȕȣȝ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȒȖȊ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ
ȔțȌȘȣȑ ǴȖȐșȍȑ ȎȍȓȈȧ ȟȚȖ-
ȉȣ Ȋșȍ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȐȏȘȈȐȓȤșȒȐȍ
ȗȖ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȌȈȊȈȓȐ ȗȖȚȖȔ-
șȚȊȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ «ȔȕȖȎȐȓȖșȤ ȉȣ ȒȈȒ ȗȍșȖȒ ȔȖȘșȒȖȑ» ȗȘȍȌ-
ȗȐșȈȓ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȏȈȒȘȣȊȈȚȤ ȌȍȊțȠȒț ȗȘȐ ȊȣȌȈȟȍ ȏȈȔțȎ
ǻșȚȘȈȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ «ȐȋȘȈ ȊȚȍȔȕțȦ» ǰ ȊȖȚ ǰȈȒȖȊ
ȊȔȍșȚȖ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȑ ǸȈȝȐȓȐ ȉȍȘȍȚ șȕȈȟȈȓȈ Ȋ Ȏȍȕȣ ǳȐȦ «ȉȖ-
ȓȤȕțȦ ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ» Ǫ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ Ȏȍ ȖȚ ȖȉȍȐȝ Ȏȍȕ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȌȊȍ-
ȕȈȌȞȈȚȤ șȣȕȖȊȍȑ

101
ǷȖȒȘȖȊȣ șȚȈȓȖ ȉȣȚȤ, țȎȍ ș ȥȚȐȝ ȗȖȘ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȒȖȘȘȍȒ-
ȚȐȊȖȔ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȖșȚȈȦȚșȧ ȌȖșȍȓȍ ǵȖ ș ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍȔ ȊȘȍ-
ȔȍȕȐ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȉȖȘȤȉȈ ȏȈ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȚȍȘȧȍȚ șȊȖȑ ȖșȚȘȣȑ
ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘ Ȑ Țȍȓȍșȕȣȍ ȜȖȘȔȣ ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȦȚ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȒȘȈ-
șȖȚȣ ȒȈȒ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȈȗȘ Ȋ ȅȓȓȈȌȍ șȗȓȖȠȕȣȍ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȣ ȧȊȓȧȦȚ-
șȧ ȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐ ȓȐȠȕȐȔȐ ȖȕȐ șȊȖȌȧȚșȧ Ȓ ȔȐȕȐȔțȔț ȐȕȈȟȍ
ȖȕȐ ȓȐȠȤ ȏȈșȚȐȓȈȦȚ ȖȚ ȊȏȖȘȖȊ Ȑȝ ȓțȟȠțȦ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ ȗȘȐ-
ȘȖȌȕțȦ ȒȘȈșȖȚț ǶȚȕȣȕȍ ȒȘȈșȐȊȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ ȔȖȎȍȚ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȖ
ȖȉȕȈȎȈȚȤșȧ ȊȍȌȤ ȒȘȈșȖȚȈ ȗȖ șȓȖȊȈȔ ǷȍȓȈȌȈȕȈ — ȒȈȒ ȕȍȟ-
ȚȖ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖȍ Ȑ ȉȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ — șȈȔȣȑ ȞȍȓȖȔțȌȘȍȕȕȣȑ
ȗȖȒȘȖȊ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ ǬȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȘȖȒ ȓȎȐȊ ȓȐȞȍȔȍȘȍȕ Ȗȕ
ȎȈȎȌȍȚ ȐȕȚȘȐȋțȦȡȐȝ ȘȈȏȌȘȈȎȈȦȡȐȝ ȗȖȝȖȚȤ ȗȘȐȒȘȣȚȐȑ
ȌȈȦȡȐȝ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȗȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȕȈȘȈșȚȈȕȐȍ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȐȧ Ȉ
ȗȘȧȔȖ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȖ ȋȓȧȌȧȡȈȧ ȕȈȋȖȚȈ ȖȠȍȓȖȔȓȧȍȚ Ȑ ȘȈșȝȖȓȈ-
ȎȐȊȈȍȚ ȘȈȏȊȘȈȚȕȐȒȈ Ǫ ȕȍȑ ȕȍȚ ȏȈȗȘȍȚȕȖșȚȐ ȋȘȍȝȈ ȕȍȚ ȏȈ-
ȔȈȕȟȐȊȖȑ «ȔȍȘȏȖșȚȐ ȗȘȍȓȦȉȖȌȍȑșȚȊȈ» ǪȖȚ ȗȖȟȍȔț Ȑ ȗȖȓȐ-
ȞȐȧ Ȋșȍȝ șȚȘȈȕ ȗȖȘȖȟȕȈȧ ȌȖ ȔȖȏȋȈ ȒȖșȚȍȑ ȚȈȒ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȐȚșȧ
ȊșȍȔȐ șȐȓȈȔȐ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȖȔț Ȑ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȖȔț ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȦ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ
ǵȖ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȐ Ȑ ȗȖȥȚȣ țȎȍ ȐșȗȖȒȖȕ ȊȍȒȈ ȟȍȘȗȈȦȚ șȊȖȐ ȓțȟ-
ȠȐȍ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȖȟȍȘȚȈȕȐȧȝ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ «ȚȍȔ ȉȖ-
ȓȍȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȐȔ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȓȧȚȤșȧ ȈȘȚȐșȚȣ, — ȊȖșȒȓȐȞȈȍȚ Ǩȑ-
șȍȌȖȘȈ ǬțȕȒȈȕ — ǪȍȌȤ Ȑȝ ȖȘțȌȐȍ șȈȔȖ ȥȚȖ ȚȍȓȖ» ǰ ȊȖȚ Țȍ-
ȗȍȘȤ ȕȈ ȊȍȘȠȐȕȍ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȏȈȔȣȒȈȧ ȒȖȓȤȞȖ ȗȘȖȋ-
ȘȍșșȈ ȗȍȘȊȖȉȣȚȕȈȧ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȈȧ ȕȈȋȖȚȈ ȊȕȖȊȤ șȚȘȍȔȐȚșȧ ȏȈ-
ȊȖȍȊȈȚȤ ȔȐȘ ȗȘȐ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ șȈȔȖȋȖ ȌȍȔȖȒȘȈȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ Ȑȏ Ȑș-
ȒțșșȚȊ — ȚȍȈȚȘȈ
ǵȖ Ȋ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȐȓȐ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȗȖȓȕȖȍ ȖȉȕȈ-
ȎȍȕȐȍ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ ȒȈȒ ȒȘȈȑȕȐȑ ȕȈȚțȘȈȓȐȏȔ ȊȘȧȌ ȓȐ ȌȖȗț-
șȚȐȔȖ ȊȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȥȚȖ ȓȐȠȤ ȗȘȖȔȍȎțȚȖȟȕȈȧ șȚȈȌȐȧ
ȥȚȖ — ȖȚȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ ȖȚ țșȚȈȘȍȓȖȋȖ șȚȐȓȧ Ȑ ȗȈțȏȈ Ȋ ȖȎȐȌȈȕȐȐ
ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ǵȈȋȖȚȈ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ ȒȈȒ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȉȣ-
ȓȈ ȉȣ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȘȐșȒȖȊȈȕȕȈ Ȋ șȔȣșȓȍ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ Ȑ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȔ Ȗȉ-
ȘȈȏȖȔ ȎȍȕșȒȖȑ ǪȖȚ ȟȚȖ ȗȐȠȍȚ ȗȖ ȥȚȖȔț ȗȖȊȖȌț ȋ-ȎȈ Ǭȍ-
ȓȈȘȦ-ǴȖȘȌȘȦ Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȒȕȐȋȍ «Prêtresse de Tannit»: «ǫȓȈȊ-
ȕȈȧ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȈ ȊșȍȔȖȋțȡȍȑ ȊȓȈșȚȐ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ — ȥȚȖ ȕȐȟȚȖȎ-
ȕȈȧ Ȑ ȉȍșșȔȍȘȚȕȈȧ ȦȉȒȈ ǭșȓȐ Ȕȣ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȖȎȐȔ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ
ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊȖ ȖȉȕȈȎȐȚșȧ ȚȖȋȌȈ Ȋ șȒȖȘȖȔ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȉțȌȍȚ
ȌȖȒȈȏȈȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ Ȋ ȊȍȟȕȖȑ ȉȖȘȤȉȍ ȏȈ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ

102
Ƚ-ɠɚ Ɍɪɭɯɚɧɨɜɚ
țȚȘȈȚȐȓȈ șȊȖȐ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȈ Ȑ, ȊȖ-ȗȍȘȊȣȝ — ȗȘȍ-
ȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȖ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ ǷȘȐ ȖȌȐȕȈȒȖȊȖȑ ȒȘȈșȖȚȍ șȚȘȖȑȕȣȑ
ȔțȎȟȐȕȈ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȖȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȍȡȍ ȊȖșȝȐȚȐȚeȓȤȕȍȍ ȗȖ ȖȟȍȘȚȈ-
ȕȐȧȔ ȚȍȓȈ ȟȍȔ șȚȘȖȑȕȈȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ Ǩ ȌțȘȕȖ șȓȖȎȍȕȕȣȑ
ȔțȎȟȐȕȈ ȊșȍȋȌȈ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȉȍȏȖȉȘȈȏȍȕ ȟȍȔ ȌțȘȕȖ șȓȖȎȍȕȕȈȧ
ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ
ǪȌȖȉȈȊȖȒ ȗȘȐ ȕȈȋȖȚȍ ȐșȟȍȏȈȍȚ ȚȈȑȕȈ Ȉ ȚȈȑȕȈ ȊȍȌȤ ȥȚȖ
Ȋșȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ǫȖȓȈȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ — ȥȚȖ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȈȧ șȚȈȚțȧ ȕȖ,
ȟȚȖȉȣ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȍȍ ȎȍȓȈȕȕȖȑ ȊȍȘȕȐȚȍ ȍȑ ȦȉȒț ǺȖȋȌȈ ȏȈȋȈȌȖȟ-
ȕȣȑ ȔȐȘ ȓȐȕȐȑ Ȑ ȒȖȕȚțȘȖȊ ȕȈȑȌȍȚ șȊȖȦ ȖșȤ țȊȍȘȍȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ
ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧȝ ǺȖȋȌȈ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ șțȔȍȍȚ ȊșȚțȗȐȚȤ Ȋ ȋȈȘȔȖȕȐȦ ș
ȖȒȘțȎȈȦȡȍȑ șȘȍȌȖȑ ȍȍ ȜȐȋțȘȈ ȗȘȐȌȈșȚ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȣȑ șȔȣșȓ
ȔȍȘȚȊȣȔ ȌȘȈȗȐȘȖȊȒȈȔ ȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȣȑ ȎȍșȚ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȐȚ ȏȈȔȍȘ-
ȠȐȑ ȐȏȋȐȉ ȒȘȍșȓȈ ǹȘȍȌȐ ȏȍȓȍȕȐ ȍȍ ȚȖȕȒȈȧ ȜȐȋțȘȈ șȌȘț-
ȎȐȚșȧ ș ȌȓȐȕȕȣȔȐ ȊȍȘȚȐȒȈȓȧȔȐ ȌȍȘȍȊȤȍȊ Ȉ ȋȐȉȒȐȍ ȘțȒȐ —
ș ȊȍȚȊȧȔȐ».
ǬȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȊȍȌȤ șȞȍȕȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȜȐȋțȘȈ ȍșȚȤ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ Ȉ ȕȍ ȕȈȚțȘȈ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ, Ȑ ȚȍȓȖ
ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȚȤ ȏȈȋȘȐȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȖ Ȑ șȚȐȓȐȏȖȊȈȕȖ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ ș ȗȖ-

103
ȔȖȡȤȦ țȒȘȈȠȍȕȐȑ Ȉ ȓȍȋȒȐȍ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȣ ȕȍ șȒȘȣȊȈȦȡȐȍ ȓȐ-
ȕȐȑ ȌȈȌțȚ ȓȐȠȤ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȊȖȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȦ ȐșȗȘȈȊȐȚȤ Ȕȍȓ-
ȒȐȍ ȐȏȢȧȕȣ ȘȈȏȘȖȏȕȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȚȍȓȈ — Ȑ ȜȐȋțȘȈ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȕȍȚ
ȚȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ȗȍȘȊȖȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȐȌȍȍ ǺȊȖȘȞȈ Ȉ ȕȍ Ȋ șȓțȟȈȑȕȖȔ ȍȍ
ȎȐȏȕȍȕȕȖȔ ȐșȒȈȎȍȕȐȐ
ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȚ ȍȡȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȍ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ ȊȣșȚț-
ȗȈȦȡȈȧ Ȑȏ ȖȌȍȎȌȣ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȕȈȧ ȘțȒȈ ȐȓȐ ȕȖȋȈ ȐȓȐ șȔțȋ-
ȓȈȧ ȚȈȓȐȧ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȐȕȌȐȑșȒȐȝ ȚȈȕȞȈȝ ǪȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȏȌȍșȤ
ȕȈȌȖ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȐȚȤșȧ ȓȐȠȤ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȖȔ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȘȈȊ-
Ȍȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ ȍȡȍ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȚ ȒȖ ȔȕȖȋȐȔ șȔȍȓȣȔ ȗȖ-
șȚțȗȒȈȔ Ȍȓȧ ȊȣȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȓțȟȠȍȑ ȉȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ
ɗɥɥɚ Ɋɚɛɟɧɟɤ ɫ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɫɰɟɧɟ
Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɩɩɨɞɪɨɦɚ
ǲȖȕȍȟȕȖ șȖ șȞȍȕȣ ȒțȓȤȚ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ ȗȘȖȕȐȒȕȍȚ Ȑ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȤ
ȕȖ ȥȚȈ ȗȘȖȗȈȋȈȕȌȈ ȕȍ ȋȘȖȏȐȚ ȖșȖȉȣȔ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȐȍȔ Ǫ
ȋȘȖȔȈȌȕȖȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȍ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ șȈȔȐ țȒȓȖȕȧȚșȧ ȖȚ Ȗȉ-
ȕȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ Ȑȝ ȒȘȈșȖȚȈ ȕȍȕȈȌȍȎȕȈ ȗȖȒȖȐȚșȧ ȕȈ ȖȉȔȈ-
ȕȍ ȕȈȋȖȚȈ Ȏȍ ȊȣȊȖȌȐȚ ȍȋȖ ȕȈ șȊȍȎțȦ ȊȖȌț Ǭȓȧ șȈȔȖȏȈȡȐ-
Țȣ ȉțȌțȚ ȊȣȌȊȐȋȈȚȤșȧ ȗȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ ȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȚȣȌ-
ȓȐȊȖșȚȐ ȌȖȉȘȖȌȍȚȍȓȐ ȕȖ ș ȌȘțȋȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ țșȐȓȐȚșȧ Ȑ țȝȖȌ

ȏȈ șȊȖȐȔ ȚȍȓȖȔ șȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȗȖȓȕȖȑ ȚȍȓȍșȕȖȑ ȒȘȈșȖȚȍ
ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ț ȥȓȓȐȕȖȊ ǰ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȖ, ș țȓțȟȠȍȕȐȍȔ
ȚȍȓȈ ȉțȌȍȚ ȔȈȓȖ-ȗȖȔȈȓț șȌȈȊȈȚȤșȧ ȓȐȞȍȔȍȘȕȈȧ ȔȖȘȈȓȤ ȗȘȖ-
ȗȖȊȍȌțȍȔȈȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ țȘȖȌȓȐȊȖ
Ǫ Ƿ ǳȈȟȐȕȖȊ

105
ǽǾǳǸǾǮǿǻǮȍ ǻǮǱǼȀǮ
ǽȓȠȓȞ ǮșȪȠȓțȏȓȞȑ
ǹȓȖȊȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȕȈȔȐ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȖȚȒȘȣȓȈșȤ ȕȖȊȈȧ ȥȘȈ
ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ șȊȖȉȖȌȣ
ǯȈȓ ȕȈȗȖȓȕȍȕȕȣȑ ȎȐȊȖȗȐșȞȈȔȐ ȊȈȧȚȍȓȧȔȐ ȗȖȥȚȈȔȐ
ȈȘȝȐȚȍȒȚȖȘȈȔȐ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȧȔȐ ȈȒȚȍȘȈȔȐ ȗȍȘȊȍȑȠȐȔȐ ȗȍȊ-
ȞȈȔȐ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈȔȐ Ȑ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈȔȐ — Ȉ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ Ȋ ȖșȓȍȗȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȖȔ șȐȧȕȐȐ ȦȕȖȑ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ ȚȘȐ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ șȖȊșȍȔ ȕȈ-
ȋȐȍ ȗȖȏȖȓȖȟȍȕȕȣȍ Ȋ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌȕȣȝ ȗȖȏȈȝ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȦȡȐȍ
șȓȖȊȕȖ ȖȚȓȐȚȈȧ Ȑȏ ȉȘȖȕȏȣ șȒțȓȤȗȚțȘȕȈȧ ȋȘțȗȗȈ
ǵȍȚ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȍȍ ȎȍȕșȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ — ȈȉșȖȓȦȚȕȖ
ȕȐȟȍȋȖ — ȟȍȔ ț ȚȖȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȓȈ «ǪȈȒȝȈȕȒț» Ȑ
«ǯȈ ȊȖȌȖȑ» Ȑ Ȕȣ Ȋșȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȖȓȕȣ ȍȌȐȕȖȌțȠȕȣȔ ȊȖșȚȖȘ-
ȋȖȔ ȗȘȍȌ ȓȐȞȖȔ ȥȚȐȝ ȎȐȊȣȝ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ǺȊȖȘ-
ȞȈ ǶȕȈ șȚȖȧȓȈ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌȕȖ ȕȈȋȈȧ ȉȍȏ șȔțȡȍȕȐȧ ȗȖȒȈȏȣ-
ȊȈȧșȤ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȚȖȓȗȍ ǲȖȋȌȈ Ȏȍ ȖȕȈ Ȋ ȏȈ-
ȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍ țȌȈȓȐȓȈșȤ ș ȋȓțȉȖȒȐȔ ȗȖȒȓȖȕȖȔ Ȕȣ Ȋșȍ ȗȖȟțȊșȚ-
ȊȖȊȈȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȕȈȔ ȕȈȌȓȍȎȈȓȖ ȉȣ șȒȓȖȕȐȚȤșȧ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȕȍȑ
ȒȈȒ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȑ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȉȍȏțȗȘȍȟ-
ȕȖȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȖȑ ȖȚȊȈȎȐȊȠȍȑșȧ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȕȈȠȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ
ȗțȉȓȐȟȕȖ Ȋ ȊȐȌȍ ȊȣșȖȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ
ȇ ȋȖȚȖȊ ȌȈȎȍ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȉȍȏ ȗȈȜȖșȈ ȟȚȖ ȓțȟ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȏȖȓȖ-
ȚȖȋȖ șȐȧȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȘȍȏȈȓ ȚȤȔț ȕȈȠȍȋȖ ȔȐȘȈ șȗțȋȕțȊ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȍȌ-
ȘȈșșțȌȒȐ ȒȈȒ șȚȈȦ ȓȍȚțȟȐȝ ȔȣȠȍȑ Ƕ ȥȚȖȚ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȍȕȕȣȑ
șȚȘȈȝ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȑ ȕȈȋȖȚȖȑ ȅȚȈ «ȘȈȏȌȘȈȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ
șȓȈȉȖșȚȤ» ȕȈȠȍȋȖ ȔȐȘȈ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȒȈȒ ȕțȎȍȕ Ȑ ȗȖȕȧȚȍȕ șȚȘȈȝ
ȓȐȠȤ ȗȘȍȌ ȖȌȕȐȔ — ȗȘȍȌ ȉȍȏȖȉȘȈȏȕȖȑ ȕȈȋȖȚȖȑ
ȇ ȌȈȊȕȖ țȎȍ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓ ȟȚȖ ȒȘȈșȐȊȣȍ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ șȚȘȈȌȈȦȚ
șȚȣȌȓȐȊȖșȚȤȦ ȟȍȔ ȕȍȒȘȈșȐȊȣȍ ǶȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ ȖȕȐ ȟțȊșȚȊțȦȚ,
ȟȚȖ ȕȐȒȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȧȦȚ șȊȖȍȑ ȕȈȋȖȚȖȑ ȉȍșșȖȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ
ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȕȣȍ șȖȋȓȈșȕȖ ș ȐȌȍȈȓȈȔȐ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ Ǩ ȕȍȒȘȈșȐȊȣȍ
ȗȘȧȟțȚșȧ ȘȖȉȒȖ șȓȖȊȕȖ șȒȖȘȉȧ Ȗ șȊȖȍȔ ȕȍșȖȊȍȘȠȍȕșȚȊȍ
ȇ țȎȍ ȗȐșȈȓ ȟȚȖ «ȐȏȧȡȕȖ șȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȈȧ ȎȍȕșȒȈȧ Șț-
ȒȈ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȗȖȓȤȏțȍȚșȧ șȓțȟȈȍȔ ȊȣșțȕțȚȤșȧ ȕȈ șȊȍȚ ǩȖȎȐȑ Ȑȏ

ȜțȚȓȧȘȈ ȐȔȍȕțȍȔȖȋȖ ȗȍȘȟȈȚȒȖȑ ȕȍȐȏȧȡȕȈȧ Ȏȍ ȘțȒȈ ȖȝȖȚ-
ȕȍȑ ȗȘȧȟȍȚșȧ ȏȈ șȊȖȍȑ ȖȉȖȓȖȟȒȖȑ țȊȍȘȧȧ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȐȓȐ
ȌȘțȋȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȐȓȐ ȔȍșȚȍ “ȕȍ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȖ” șȕȐȔȈȚȤ ȗȍȘȟȈȚȒȐ».
ȅȚȐ ȚȘȐ «ǯȖȓȖȚȣȍ ȌȍȊȣ» ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȊȠȐȍșȧ Ȋ «ǶȘȜȍț-
Ȕȍ» ȖȚȕȦȌȤ ȕȍ șȍȕșȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȍ ȏȘȍȓȐȡȍ Ȉ ȊȈȎȕȣȑ ȈȒȚ Ȋ Ȍȍ-
ȓȍ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȊȖșȗȐȚȈȕȐȧ ȗȖȓȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȌȘȈșșțȌȒȖȊ Ȗȉ-
ȡȍșȚȊȈ Ȋ Ȍțȝȍ țȊȈȎȍȕȐȧ Ȓ ȚȍȓȍșȕȖȔț șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕșȚȊț
ǩȣȚȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ, ȔȕȖȋȖ ȎȍȕȡȐȕ ȊȏȊȖȓȕȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ Ȑ ȚȘȖȕțȚȣȍ
ȥȚȖȑ ȉȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȦ ȒȘȈșȖȚȖȦ ȗȘȐȓȖȎȈȚ șȚȈȘȈȕȤȍ țșȖȊȍȘȠȍȕ-
șȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ șȊȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ ȋȐȋȐȍȕȐȟȍșȒȐȔ țȝȖȌȖȔ Ȑ țȗȘȈȎȕȍȕȐȧ-
ȔȐ ȚȡȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȖȉȍȘȍȋȈȧ ȍȋȖ ȍșȓȐ ȖȕȖ ȉȓȐȏȒȖ Ȓ ȥȚȖȔț ȐȌȍȈ-
ȓț ǶȚȕȣȕȍ țȎȍ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐ ȖȋȓȧȕțȊȠȐșȤ ȕȈ șȍȉȧ șȚȈ-
ȕțȚ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȗȖșȊȧȡȈȚȤ ȏȈȉȖȚ Țȍȓț șȊȖȐȝ ȌȖȟȍȘȍȑ ȟȍȔ Ȑȝ ȗȓȈ-
ȚȤȧȔ Ȑ ȠȓȧȗȒȈȔ
Ǵȣ șȚȈȕȍȔ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȉȓȈȋȖșȓȖȊȓȧȚȤ ȊȈș ȏȈ țȘȖȒ ȗȘȍ-
ȒȘȈșȕȣȍ «ȏȖȓȖȚȣȍ ȌȍȊȣ».

107
ǿȄǳǻǶȅǳǿǸǮȍ ȄǳǻǻǼǿȀȊ ǻǮǱǼȀȉ
ǽȜ ȝȜȐȜȒȡ ©ǰȓȥȓȞȎ ȘȞȎȟȜȠȩª ǼșȪȑȖ ǲȓȟȚȜțȒ*
...non infames excercet corpore ludos
Inter luctantes nuda puella viros.
ǷȘȖȗȍȘȞȐȑ (Ludi Laconumj.
ǰ ȊȖȚ ȕȈșȚȈȓ ȌȍȕȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ ǷȘȍȒȘȈșȕȈȧ ǵȈȋȖȚȈ ȊȖȏȔțȚȐ-
ȓȈșȤ ǫȘȈȕȐȞȣ ȔȖȘȧ ȉȈȕȐ ȋȐȔȕȈșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȏȈȓȈ Ȑ ȓȍȟȍȉ-
ȕȐȞȣ Ȍ-ȘȈ ǳȈȔȈȕȈ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓȐșȤ ȍȑ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ
șȚȍșȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ Ȑ ȖȕȈ ȖȉȢȧȊȐȓȈ ȊȖȑȕț ȏȈ șȊȖȉȖȌț ǿȍșȚȖ-
ȓȦȉȐȊȈȧ ȗȖȓȕȈȧ șȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ șȊȖȍȑ șȐȓȣ ȖȉȈȧȕȐȧ ȖȕȈ ȉȘȖ-
șȐȓȈ ȏȈȊȐșȚȓȐȊȣȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ȕȈ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȗȖȌȔȖșȚȒȐ Ȑ ȊȖ
ȟȚȖ ȉȣ ȚȖ ȕȐ șȚȈȓȖ ȘȍȠȐȓȈ ȌȖȉȐȚȤșȧ ȗȖȟȍȚȕȖȋȖ ȔȍșȚȈ ȕȈ șȞȍ-
ȕȍ ǹȘȍȌȐ ȈȘȚȐșȚȖȊ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȖȊ ȌȖȒȚȖȘȖȊ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȍȑ Ȑ ȗț-
ȉȓȐȒȐ ȖȕȈ ȕȈȠȓȈ șȍȉȍ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȏȍ ȏȈȡȐȚȕȐȒȖȊ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȑ
ȊȘȈȋȖȊ Ȑ ȕȍ țȕȣȊȈȧ ȊȖȦȍȚ șȍȉȍ Ȑ ȊȖȦȍȚ ȗȖȌ ȋȘȖȝȖȚ ȈȗȓȖ-
ȌȐșȔȍȕȚȖȊ Ȑ șȊȐșȚ
ǷȖ șȓȖȊȈȔ ǷȤȍȘȈ ǳțȐșȈ Ȋ ǷȈȘȐȎȍ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȊȖȏȔȖȎ-
ȕȣȔ ȌȈȚȤ ȏȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȌȊȍ ȚȣșȧȟȐ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȗȘȍȌ-
șȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȑ ȋȌȍ ȜȐȋțȘȐȘȖȊȈȓȐ ȕȈȋȐȍ ȈȒȚȘȐșȣ ȕȍ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȧ
șȒȈȕȌȈȓȈ ǷȖȓȈȋȈȦ ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒȖȔț ȗȖȟȚȍȕȕȖȔț ȘȍȊȕȐȚȍȓȦ Ȉȕ-
ȚȐȟȕȖȑ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȖȊȍȘȐȚȤ ȕȈ șȓȖȊȖ ȊȘȧȌ ȓȐ Ȗȕ Ȗȉ-
ȟȍȓșȧ Ȑ ȍșȓȐ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȊȍȓȖșȤ ȍȔț ȗȖȉȣȊȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȖȉȍȐȝ ȚȣșȧȟȈȝ
ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȏȘȍȓȐȡ ȚȖ țȎ țșȓȍȌȐȚȤ ȏȈ Ȑȝ ȞȐȜȘȖȑ Ȗȕ
ȕȈȊȍȘȕȖȍ țșȓȍȌȐȓ
ǵȈȓȐȟȕȖșȚȤ șȚȈȓȖ ȉȣȚȤ țșȗȍȝȈ ǵȈȋȖȚȣ ȕȍ ȗȖȌȓȍȎȐȚ șȖ-
ȔȕȍȕȐȦ
ǲȈȒ ȥȚȖ ȏȈȊȍȓȖșȤ țȎ ȐșșȚȈȘȐ Ȑ ȕȈ șȍȑ ȘȈȏ Ȕȣ ȖȟțȚȐȓȐșȤ
Ȋ ȝȊȖșȚȍ ǯȈȗȈȌȈ ȕȖ Ȋșȍ-ȚȈȒȐ ȖȟțȚȐȓȐșȤ — ȗȘȐȍȝȈȓȈ ǶȓȤȋȈ
* ɇɚɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɪɚɡ ɜ ©Ɍɟɚɬɪɟ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟª ɫɦ ʋ  — 1908 ɝ

108
ǬȍșȔȖȕȌ Ȑ ȍșȓȐ ȕȈ ȕȈȠȍȑ țȓȐȞȍ ȕȍ ȕȈșȚȈȓ ȍȡȍ ȗȘȈȏȌȕȐȒ
ȚȖ țȎ ȒȈȕțȕ ȍȋȖ ȉȍșșȗȖȘȕȖ
Ǫ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ ȋȖȓȈȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȖȚȕȦȌȤ ȕȍ șȊȈȓȐ-
ȓȈșȤ ȕȈ ȕȈȠț șȞȍȕț ȒȈȒ șȕȍȋ ȕȈ ȋȖȓȖȊț Ǵȣ țȎȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȖȌ-
ȋȖȚȖȊȓȍȕȣ — ȕȈș ȗȘȍȌȊȈȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȐșȗȣȚȣȊȈȓȐ
ǹȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȉȖșȣȍ ȕȖȋȐ ǨȘȚȍȔȐș ǲȖȓȖȕȕȣ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕ-
ȕȣȍ ȕȖȋȐ ǨȑșȍȌȖȘȣ ǬțȕȒȈȕ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȑ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȕȍșȘȈȊ-
ȕȍȕȕȖȑ Ȑ ȕȍȗȘȍȊȏȖȑȌȍȕȕȖȑ ȌȈȓȍȍ ȋȖȓȣȍ ȚȖȘșȣ ȉȖșȖȕȖȋȐȝ
ȇȚȚȐ-ǰȕȌȘȈ ȏȈȚȍȔ face nue Ȋ ȎȐȊȣȝ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈȝ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȈ
ǪȍȡȐȓȖȊȈ Ȑ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȊȣȘȈȎȈȧșȤ ȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȔ ȧȏȣȒȖȔ ȋȘȍ-
ȝȖȊȖȌȕȐȞȣ-ȘȍȒȓȈȔȣ, «ǶȓȤȋȈ ǬȍșȔȖȕȌ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȑ ȒȘȈșȍ ȕȍȗȘȐ-
ȒȘȣȚȖȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ».
ǿȚȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ Ȗ ȕȍȑ șȈȔȖȑ ȍȍ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȐ ȎȐȊȖȑ șȒțȓȤȗ-
ȚțȘȣ ȎȐȊȣȝ ȒȈȘȚȐȕ Ȗ ȍȍ ȚȈȕȞȈȝ?
ǷȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ, ȐȌȍȧ ȕȍ ȍȍ ȖȕȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȐȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȐȞȈ ȐȌȍȑ ȉȍȘȓȐȕșȒȖȋȖ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ «ǲȘȈșȖȚȣ» ȗȘȍșȓȍȌțȦ-
ȡȍȋȖ ș ǲȈȘȓȖȔ ǪȈȕȏȍȓȖȊ ȊȖ ȋȓȈȊȍ ȏȈȌȈȟȐ ȐȌȍȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤ-
ȚțȘȣ
Ǫ șȔȣșȓȍ ȊȣȌȍȘȎȈȕȕȖȑ șȚȈȚțȈȘȕȖșȚȐ ǬȍșȔȖȕȌ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ
ȖȚȊȍȟȈȍȚ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȧȔ ȗȘȍȌȢȧȊȓȧȍȔȣȔ ȕȈȚțȘȡȐȞȍ Ǩ ȍȍ
ȚȈȕȞȣ ǵȍ ȏȕȈȦ ȕȖ Ȕȕȍ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ Ȑȏ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȖȌȘȈȎȈ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȐȞ ǬțȕȒȈȕ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ Ȕȕȍ ȌȖȊȍȓȖșȤ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȥȚȖ șȈȔȈȧ
ȓȍȋȒȖȔȣșȓȍȕȕȈȧ ǫȌȍ țȎ ȚțȚ ȐșȒȈȚȤ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȍȕ-
ȕȈȋȖ ȎȍșȚȈ ȉȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ǨȑșȍȌȖȘȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ Ǩ ǳ ǪȖȓȣȕ-
șȒȐȑ șȟȐȚȈȍȚ ȏȈ ȗȖȌȊȐȋ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ țȕȖșȧȡȐȑ ȊȖȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ
ȏȈ ȋȘȈȕȤ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȋȖ Ȋ ȉȍșȗȘȍȌȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȈ ȉțȌț-
ȡȍȋȖ ǷȘȖșȚȖ-ȕȈȗȘȖșȚȖ — ȕȐ ȚȍȝȕȐȒȐ ȕȐ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȈ
ǶșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȚȍȓȖ ǪȖȚ ȗȖȎȈȓțȑ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȟȍȔ Ǭȍș-
ȔȖȕȌ ȔȖȋȓȈ ȗȘȍȚȍȕȌȖȊȈȚȤ ȊȣȏȊȈȚȤ Ȓ șȍȉȍ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖȍ ȖȚȕȖ-
ȠȍȕȐȍ șȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȒȘȐȚȐȒȐ
ǰ Ȍȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȍȗȖȕȧȚȕȖ ȗȖȟȍȔț Ȑȏ ȕȈȠȐȝ ȘȍȞȍȕȏȍȕȚȖȊ
ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȒȖșȕțȓșȧ ǶȓȤȋȐ ǬȍșȔȖȕȌ ȗȖ șțȡȍșȚȊț ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȍȦ ȏȘȍȓȐȡȈ
ǭșȓȐ ȉ ȧ ȉȣȓ ȘȍȞȍȕȏȍȕȚȖȔ ȧ ȗȖȎȈȓțȑ ȕȈȟȈȓ ȉȣ șȊȖȦ
ȏȈȔȍȚȒț ȗȘȐȉȓȐȏȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȚȈȒ
ǷȘȐ șȐȔȔȍȚȘȐȟȕȖȔ țșȚȘȖȑșȚȊȍ ȓȐȞȈ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȣ ȚȍȓȈ ǶȓȤ-
ȋȐ ǬȍșȔȖȕȌ șȖȋȓȈșȕȖ Fritch¶ȍȊșȒȖȔț ȒȓȦȟț ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȕȖȘȔȈȓȤ-
ȕȣ ȖȉȡȈȧ ȊȣșȖȚȈ ȊȣȘȈȎȈȍȚșȧ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȏȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȋ ¾ ȋȖ-

110
ȓȖȊȕȣȝ ȊȣșȖȚ șȍȘȍȌȐȕȈ ȚȍȓȈ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȕȈ ȊȍȘȝȕȦȦ ȟȈșȚȤ
ȓȖȉȒȈ ȕȖȋȐ ȗȘȐ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȐ Ǵikulicz¶ȥȍȊșȒȖȑ ȖșȤȦ ȐȌțȚ ȗȖ-
ȟȚȐ Ȋ ȗȘȧȔȖȔ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȐ Ȑ ȓȐȠȤ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȊȣȠȈȦȚ 3
ȋȖȓȖȊȕȣȍ ȊȣșȖȚȣ ȌȈȓȍȍ ȖȗȐȘȈȧșȤ ȕȈ Țț Ȏȍ «ȈȕȚȘȖȗȖȓȖȋȐ-
ȟȍșȒțȦ ȔȍȘț» Ȕȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȖȚȔȍȚȐȚȤ, ȕȈȘȧȌț ș ȚȈȒȐȔȐ ȕȍ-
ȌȖșȚȈȚȒȈȔȐ ȒȈȒ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȊȣșȖȒȖȍ ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȋȘțȌȍȑ
Ȑ ȕȍ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȚȖȕȒȖȍ ȒȖȓȍȕȖ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȌȖșȚȖȐȕșȚȊȈ ȒȈȒ ȕȖȘ-
ȔȈȓȤȕȖ ȌȓȐȕȕȣȍ ȘțȒȐ ș ȘȖȊȕȣȔȐ țȚȖȕȟȈȦȡȐȔȐșȧ Ȓ ȒȖȕȞț
ȗȈȓȤȞȈȔȐ ȔȧȋȒȐȑ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌ ȖȚ ȏȈȚȣȓȒȈ Ȓ ȗȓȍȟȈȔ ȧȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖ
ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȕțȦ șȍȘȍȌȐȕȕțȦ ȓȖȎȉȐȕȒț ȕȈ șȗȐȕȍ Ȑ țȗȘțȋȐȍ,
ȒȘțȋȓȣȍ ȧȋȖȌȐȞȣ
ǭșȓȐ țȗȖȔȧȕțȚȤ ȕȈȘȧȌț ș ȐȏȓȖȎȍȕȕȣȔ ȒȘȈșȐȊȣȍ ș ȚȘțȌȖȔ
ȖȉȘȈȏțȦȡȐȍșȧ ȒȖȎȕȣȍ șȒȓȈȌȒȐ ȗȘȐ ȐȏȋȐȉȈȝ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȦȕȖȋȖ
ȚȍȓȈ — ǶȓȤȋȍ ǬȍșȔȖȕȌ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȍșȓȐ ȕȍ 5 ș
ȒȘȍșȚȖȔ ȚȖ 5 ș ȔȐȕțșȖȔ ȊȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ
ǹȓȖȊȖȔ, ȖȕȈ ȉȣ șȔȍȓȖ ȔȖȋȓȈ ȕȈȔ ȗȖȌȈȘȐȚȤ ȟȈșȖȒ ȥșȚȍ-
ȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȘȈȌȖșȚȐ ȕȖ ǵȖ ȉȍȌȈ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒțȦ ȟȐșȚțȦ ȘȈ-
ȌȖșȚȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȊȣȏȊȈȚȤ ȓȐȠȤ ȕȈȋȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ Ȉ ȕȍ ȋȖȓȖȍ
ǵȍ ȏȕȈȦ ȒȈȒ Ȍȓȧ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȕȖ Ȍȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȧ ȖȉȕȈ-
ȎȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȖȋȖȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍ șȖȊȗȈȌȈȦȚ Ȉ ȗȘȧȔȖ-
ȚȈȒȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȗȖȓȈȋȈȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ ǻ ȕȈș
Ȏȍ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȖ Ȑ ȥȚȖȑ ȖȠȐȉȒȐ ȕȍ ȟțȎȌȣ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȑȏ
ȕȈȠȐȝ ȓțȟȠȐȝ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȍȑ șȔȍȠȐȊȈȚȤ ȥȚȐ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȧ șȈȔȣȔ
ȗȘȐșȒȖȘȉȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ǼȖȕȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȐȍ șȈȔȐȝ șȓȖȊ
— ȌȍȓȖ ȕȍȚȘțȌȕȖȍ Ȉ ȊȖȚ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȐȍ Ȑȝ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȑ Ȑȝ ȖȚ-
ȚȍȕȒȖȊ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȑ, ȐȔȐ ȖȉȕȐȔȈȍȔȣȝ Ț ȍ șȈȔȐȝ ȌțȠ Ȋ ȕȐȝ
ȎȐȊțȡȐȝ — ȥȚȖ, ȗȖ-ȊȐȌȐȔȖȔț, Ȍȓȧ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ Ȑȏ ȕȈș șȓȐȠȒȖȔ
ȔțȌȘȍȕȖȍ ȌȍȓȖ
ǵȍțȎȍȓȐ ȕȈȠ ȧȏȣȒ țȎ ȕȈșȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȉȖȋȈȚ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȌȊțȔ ȘȈȏ-
ȓȐȟȕȣȔ șȓȖȊȈȔ Ȕȣ ȗȘȐȌȈȊȈȓȐ ȉȣ ȖȌȕȖ Ȑ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ
Ǩ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ, ȌȐșȚȈȕȞȐȧ ȔȍȎȌț ȥȚȐȔȐ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ ȖȋȘȖȔ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȈ
Ƕ ȕȈȋȖȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȍ ȧ ȔȖȋț ȊȍșȚȐ ȉȍșȍȌț șȖ șȊȖȍȑ ȔȈȚȍ-
ȘȤȦ șȍșȚȘȖȦ ȌȖȟȍȘȤȦ ȕȍ ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȧȧ ȊȖȊșȍ Ȑȝ ȟțȊșȚȊȈ Ȟȍ-
ȓȖȔțȌȘȐȧ Ȗ ȋȖȓȖȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȍ Ȕȕȍ ȗȘȐșȚȖȑȕȍȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȏȈ-
ȒȘȣȊȠȐ ȖȚ ȕȐȝ ȌȊȍȘȐ
ǶȋȖȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ Ȓ șȍȒșțȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȍ;
ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȓ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȍ ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ

111
ǵȍșȖȔȕȍȕȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȊșȧȒȈȧ ȕȈȋȈȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȚȍȔ Ȑ
ȋȖȓȈȧ ȕȖ ȖȚȕȦȌȤ ȕȍ ȊșȍȋȌȈ Ȑ ȕȍ ȊșȧȒȈȧ ȋȖȓȈȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȖȌ-
ȕȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ Ȑ ȕȈȋȈȧ
ǲȈȒȈȧ-ȚȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȈȧ șȚȘȖȋȖșȚȤ ȖȟȍȘȚȈȕȐȑ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȚȖ
ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ Ȗȟȍȑ ȚȈȒȖȍ Ȉ ȕȍ ȐȕȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ
ȧȊȕȖ ȞȍȓȖȔțȌȘȍȕȕȈȧ ȗȖȏȈ ȎȍșȚ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȍ ȗȖȌȟȍȘȒȐȊȈȕȐȧ
ȉȍșșȗȖȘȕȖșȚȤ ȕȍȊȐȕȕȖșȚȐ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ — șȓȖȊȖȔ, ȧ ȕȍ șțȔȍȦ Ȋ
ȚȖȟȕȖșȚȐ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȚȤ Ȑ ȐșȟȍȘȗȈȚȤ Ȋșȍ Țȍ țșȓȖȊȐȧ ȗȘȐ ȒȖȐȝ
ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȍȚșȧ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ ȕȖ ȧ ȧșȕȖ ȟțȊșȚȊțȦ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȥȚȐ
ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȍ Ȍȓȧ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ țșȓȖȊȐȧ șȖȉȓȦȌȍȕȣ Ȑ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍȚ
ǷȖȒȘȖȊ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ — ȗȖȐșȚȐȕȍ ȊȖȓȠȍȉȕȣȑ ȗȖȒȘȖȊ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖ
ȗȓȈȚȤȍ ȚȈȒ ȕȍ ȒȈȗȘȐȏȕȖ ȗȘȐ ȕȖșȒȍ ȔȈȓȍȑȠȈȧ ȕȍȖșȚȖȘȖȎ-
ȕȖșȚȤ ȔȈȓȍȑȠȍȍ ȓȍȋȒȖȔȣșȓȐȍ Ȋ ȖȉȘȈȡȍȕȐȐ ș ȕȐȔ — Ȑ ȊȖȓ-
Ƞȍȉȕȣȑ ȗȖȒȘȖȊ șȗȈȌȈȍȚ ȕȈȒȈȏȣȊȈȧ ȊȐȕȖȊȕȣȝ ȕȍȗȘȐȓȐ-
ȟȐȍȔ ȖȋȖȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ șȔȍȕȧȧ țȊȈȎȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȕȐȔ ȕȈ șȔȍȝ ȐȓȐ ȗȖ-
ȝȖȚȓȐȊȖșȚȤ
ǫȖȘȍ ȗȘȖȊȐȕȐȊȠȍȑșȧ — șȗȈȌȍȚ ȥȚȖȚ ȗȖȒȘȖȊ Ȑ ȓȐȠȤ ș ȉȖ-
ȓȤȠȐȔ ȚȘțȌȖȔ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȕȈȌȍȕȍȚșȧ Ǩ ȓțȟȠȍ ȍȋȖ ȕȍȚ ȕȈ șȊȍȚȍ
ǰ ȘȍȌȒȖȍ ȥȚȖ ȖȌȍȧȕȐȍ ȕȍ ȊșȧȒȖȔț ȖȕȖ ȊȗȖȘț
ǩȣȓȈ ȓȐ ȋ-ȎȈ ǬȍșȔȖȕȌ Ȋșȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȕȈȋȈȧ ȕȈ șȊȖȍȔ «Ǫȍ-
ȟȍȘȍ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ»" ǻȊȣ ǵȍȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȖ ȕȈȋȈȧ ȖȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ
Ȋ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȐ ȎȐȊȖȑ șȒțȓȤȗȚțȘȣ Ȑ ȎȐȊȣȝ ȒȈȘȚȐȕ ǩȣȓȐ
ȔȖȔȍȕȚȣ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȧ ȔȖȋ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȗȘȖ șȍȉȧ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȟȚȖ Ǭ ǹ Ǵȍ-
ȘȍȎȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȗȘȖ ȆȓȐȈȕȈ șȖȏȍȘȞȈȊȠȍȋȖ ǨȜȘȖȌȐȚț-ǨȕȈȌȐȖ-
Ȕȍȕț ©ǬțȠȈ ȍȋȖ ȖșȊȖȉȖȎȌȈȓȈșȤ ȖȚ ȏȍȔȕȖȑ ȓȦȉȊȐ ǺȖ ȉȣȓ
ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ ȗȖȒȖȑ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȑ ȈȔȉȘȖȏȐȑȕȖȑ ȕȖȟȐ ǫȖȔȍȘȈ ȗȖ-
ȌȖȉȕȣȑ șȓȈȌȒȖȔț ȖȚȌȣȝț șȔȍȘȚȐ» ǷȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȉȣȓȐ ȔȖȔȍȕ-
Țȣ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȧ șȔȍȓȖ ȔȖȋ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȗȘȖ ȕȍȍ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȟȚȖ Ǭ ǹ Ǵȍ-
ȘȍȎȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȗȘȖ ǨȘșȐȕȖȦ ȔȍȚȈȊȠțȦ ȌȐșȒ ©ǶȕȈ șȚȖȧȓȈ
ȟȐșȚȈȧ ȖȉȓȍȟȍȕȕȈȧ șȊȍȚȖȔ ȒȈȒ șȈȔȖȦ ȞȍȓȖȔțȌȘȍȕȕȖȦ Ȑȏ
ȖȌȍȎȌ» ǰ ȊȌȘțȋ Ǫȣ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȍȚȍ țȎȈș ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȕȈșȚ-
ȘȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȓȖȗȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȑ
ȎȍȕȡȐȕȍ ȥȚȈ «șȈȔȈȧ ȞȍȓȖȔțȌȘȍȕȕȈȧ Ȑȏ ȖȌȍȎȌ», ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖ
ȋȕȐȓȖȔț ȚȘȐȒȖ"
ǰ ȊȖȚ ȧ ȗȖȕȧȓ ȟȚȖ ȉȣȚȤ ȕȈȋȖȦ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȏȌȍșȤ
ȚȘȍȉțȍȚșȧ ȗȘȐ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȍȔ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȍ ȗȖȌȓȐȕȕȣȑ ȚȈ-
ȓȈȕȚ — ȚȈȓȈȕȚ ȗȓȈșȚȐȒȐ ȚȈȓȈȕȚ ȔȐȔȐȒȐ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș șȖȊȍȘ-
ȠȍȕȕȖȦ ȚȍȝȕȐȒȖȦ Ȋ șȔȣșȓȍ ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ ȈȘȚȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȚȈȒ-

112
ȚȈ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ tenue, ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ Ȕȣ ȕȍ ȏȈȌțȔȣȊȈȧșȤ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȉȣ ȗȖȌ-
ȊȍșȚȐ ȗȖȌ ȒȈȚȍȋȖȘȐȦ ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐ-ȖȉȈȧȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ.
ǰ ȊȖȚ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȕȈȋȖȚȈ ȕȈȋȖȚȈ-ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȖȏȔȖȎ-
ȕȈ ȕȖ Ȑ ȕțȎȕȈ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ ǿțȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖ-ȋȘțȉȖȍ ȚȘȐȒȖ ȖșȒȖȘ-
ȉȓȧȍȚ ȕȈș ȚȈȔ ȋȌȍ Ȕȣ ȝȖȚȍȓȐ ȉ ȖȚȌȈȚȤșȧ ȟȐșȚȖȔț șȖȏȍȘȞȈ-
ȕȐȦ ȞȍȓȖȔțȌȘȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ
ǹȞȍȕȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȗȖ șțȡȍșȚȊț — ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ șȐȕȚȍ-
ȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ Ȑ Ȋ ȒȘțȋ ȐșȒțșșȚȊ șȓțȎȈȡȐȑ ȍȔț ȉȈȏȐșȖȔ ȌȖȓȎ-
ȕȖ ȉȣȚȤ ȊȒȓȦȟȍȕȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ — ȕȈȋȖȚȈ ǹȞȍȕȐȟȍșȒȈȧ Ȟȍȕ-
ȕȖșȚȤ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȚȤ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȑ ȖȕȈ ȊȣȚȍȒȈȍȚ
Ȑȏ ȞȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Ȍȓȧ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ȊșȍȋȖ ȐșȚȐȕȕȖ-ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȋȖ Ȉ ȚȈȒȖ-
ȊȣȔ Ȋ ȟȐșȓȍ ȗȘȖȟȍȋȖ ȊșȍȋȌȈ șȟȐȚȈȓȖșȤ șȟȐȚȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȉțȌȍȚ
șȟȐȚȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈȋȖȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ ȖȚȊȍȟȈȦȡȍȍ șȊȖȍȑ șȚȘțȒ-
ȚțȘȖȑ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ Ȑ ȕȍ Ȋ ȗȖȓȕȖȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȕȈȠȐȔ ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȚȘȍ-
ȉȖȊȈȕȐȧȔ
ǪȔȍșȚȍ ș ǷȤȍȘȖȔ ǳțȐșȖȔ ȧ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ țȉȍȎȌȍȕ ȟȚȖ «ȈȊȚȖ-
Șȣ Ȑ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈ Ȋ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȍ șȖȋȓȈșȕȣ șȖȍȌȐȕȐȚȤ ȥșȚȍȚȐ-
Ȓț ȚȍȈȚȘȈ Ȑ ȥșȚȍȚȐȒț Ȕțȏȍȧ Ǵȣ țȊȐȌȐȔ ȒȈȒ ȉțȌțȚ ȐȋȘȈȚȤ Ȋ
ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔ ȊȐȌȍ ș ȗȖȓȕȖȑ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖșȚȤȦ ȉȍȏ ȗȘȐȏȣȊȈ Ȓ
ȊțȓȤȋȈȘȕȖȑ ȟțȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȘȖȓȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ “ȗȘȍȌȗȖ-
ȓȈȋȈȦȚșȧ” ȋȖȓȣȔȐ ǪȍȕȍȘț ǪȈȋȕȍȘȈ ǺȈȕȋȍȑȏȍȘ ȚȘȍȝ ȌȖȟȍ-
Șȍȑ ǸȍȑȕȈ ǯȖȓȖȚȖ ǸȍȑȕȈ Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȘȖȓȍȑ ǰ ȥȚȖ ȏȘȍ-
ȓȐȡȍ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ ȉțȌȍȚ ȌȖșȚȖȑȕȖ ȗȖșȍȡȍȕȐȑ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖȑ ȗțȉȓȐ-
ȒȐ».ǵȖ ȧ ȐȌț ȌȈȓȤȠȍ — ǵȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȈȋȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȖ ȗȘȈ-
Ȋț ȥșȚȍȚȐȏȔȈ ȉȣȚȤ ȊȣȊȍȌȍȕȖ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ ȕȖ Ȑ ȋȖȓȖȍ ȗȖșȓȍȌ-
ȕȍȍ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȘȈȏțȔȍȍȚșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȍ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȈȝ Ȑ ȗȘȐ
ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȝ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ ǺȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȋȖȓȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ Ȋ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȗȖȓȖȎ-
ȕȖșȚȤ ȕȈȋȖȔț ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚ Ȋ șȍȉȍ ȕȍȟȚȖ ȕȍȗȘȐȧȚȕȖȍ Ȍȓȧ ȕȈ-
ȠȐȝ ȊȣșȠȐȝ ȟțȊșȚȊ ȚȖ ȌȖȗțȡȍȕȐȍ ȍȋȖ Ȋ șȞȍȕȐȟȍșȒȖȔ Ȑș-
ȒțșșȚȊȍ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ Ȋ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ ȔȣșȓȐȔȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȈ ȗȘȈ-
ȊȈȝ «ȉȍȏȖȉȘȈȏȕȖȋȖ» ǪȍȌȤ Ȑ ȉȍȏȖȉȘȈȏȕȖȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȚ ȥșȚȍ-
ȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ ǵȖ Ȍȓȧ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȥșȚȍ-
ȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ ȍȋȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȖ ȕȈ ȕȍȐȏȉȍȎȕȖȔ ȕȈ-
ȘțȠȍȕȐȐ ȕȐȏȠȍȑ șȚțȗȍȕȐ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ Ȋ ȗȖȓȤȏț ȊȣșȠȍȑ ǫȖȓȖȍ
ȚȍȓȖ ȒȈȒ «ȉȍȏȖȉȘȈȏȕȖȍ», Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ sui generis, ȚȘȍ-
ȉțȍȚ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȖșȚȐ ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ-
ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȊȍșȈ ȚȖȔț ȕȍțȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȐȦ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ Ȋȣȏȣ-

ȊȈȍȚ ȍȋȖ ȟțȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖ-ȕȍȗȘȐȧȚȕȣȑ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚ ǺȈȒȐȔ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖ-
ȊȍșȖȔ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȍ ȐȓȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȖȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗ ǰ ǼȖȓȤȒȍȓȤȚȈ ȐȓȐ Ȏȍ ȗȘȖșȚȖ țȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȐȍ
ȌȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȔȖȍ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȐȔ ȗȖȌȘȈȎȈȕȐȍȔ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗ ǲ ǫȘȖȖ-
șȈǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ ȒȈȒ ȕȈȋȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ ȚȈȒ Ȑ
ȋȖȓȖȍ ȌȖȗțșȚȐȔȖ Ȋ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖȔ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȖȔ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȣ
ȕȖ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȈȒ ȕȈȋȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȈȉșȖȓȦȚȕțȦ șȞȍȕȐ-
ȟȍșȒțȦ ȞȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȋȖȓȖȔț Țȍȓț ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȐȌȈȕȈ ȓȐȠȤ
țșȓȖȊȕȈȧ șȞȍȕȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȞȍȕȕȖșȚȤ
ǺȈȒ ȒȈȒ ǶȓȤȋȈ ǬȍșȔȖȕȌ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȧșȤ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȚȈȕȞȍȊ
țȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȖ ȐȓȐ ȕȍțȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȖ Ȋ ȋȖȓȖȔ ȊȐȌȍ ȕȍ ȘȈșȗȖȓȈ-
ȋȈȓȈ ȚȘȍȉțȍȔȣȔ ȕȈȠȐȔ ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȔ șȊȖȍȊȘȍȔȍȕ-
ȕȣȔ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȊȍșȖȔ ȚȖ Ȑ ȏȘȍȓȐȡȍ ȥȚȐȝ ȚȈȕȞȍȊ ȊȣȠȓȖ ț ȕȍȍ
ȕȍȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ǬȈȕȕȖȍ ȍȦ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȕȖ ȕȈ-
Ƞȍȑ ȈȌȔȐȕȐșȚȘȈȞȐȍȑ șȖȉȓȈȏȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȏȘȍȓȐȡȍȔ Ȑ ȗȖȊȚȖ-
ȘȍȕȐȍ ȍȋȖ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȚȈȒȖȊȖȋȖ ȏȈȗȘȍȡȍȕȖ
ǹȖȉȓȈȏȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȏȘȍȓȐȡȍ
ǸȈȏȊȍ ȥȚȖ ȚȈȒ șȚȘȈȠȕȖ"
ǵȍȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȖȚȟȈșȚȐ — ȌȈ ȗȖȎȈȓțȑ ǵȖ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȓȐ
ț ȕȈș ȊȖȖȉȡȍ-ȚȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȖ-ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ?
Ǫ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ, Ȕȕȍ ȎȈȓȤ ǶȓȤȋț ǬȍșȔȖȕȌ ǰșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȕȈ-
ȋȖȚȣ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȍȡȍ ȦȕȖȍ ǷȖȌȖȎȌȐȚȍ șȚȖȓȤ șțȘȖȊȖ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȤșȧ
Ȓ ȍȋȖ ȕȍțșȗȍȝȈȔ
ǵ ǭȊȘȍȐȕȖȊ

115
ǰ ǵǮȇǶȀȁ ǻǮǱǼȀȉ
ǽȪȓȞ ǹȡȖȟ
ǯȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȗȧȚȕȈȌȞȈȚȤ ȓȍȚ Ȕȣ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȍȔ ȊȖ ǼȘȈȕ-
ȞȐȐ ȔȖȡȕȖȍ ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ, ȘȈȚțȦȡȍȍ ȏȈ șȊȖȉȖȌț
ȕȈȋȖȚȣ Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ
ȅȚȖ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ ȚȍȔ ȔȖȋțȟȍȍ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȖ ȉȍȏȣȔȍȕȕȖ Ȑ șȈȔȖ-
ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȓȤȕȖ ǵȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣ ȍȋȖ ȊȖȎȌȐ ȍȋȖ ȓȐȌȍȘȣ ȍȋȖ ȖȘȋȈȕ.
Ǫ ȖȚȓȐȟȐȍ ȖȚ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȗȈȘȚȐȐ ȗȘȐȕȖșȐȊȠȍȑ ȒȘțȗ-
ȕȣȍ ȎȍȘȚȊȣ Ȍȓȧ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȐȧ șȊȖȐȝ ȚȍȖȘȐȑ ȗȖȒȓȖȕ-
ȕȐȒȐ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ ȕȍ șȖȏȌȈȊȈȓȐ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȝ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊ ǶȕȐ ȗȘȍȕȍ-
ȉȘȍȋȓȐ ȋȘțȗȗȐȘȖȊȒȖȑ șȊȖȐȝ șȐȓ Ȑ Ȋ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȖȕȐ ȕȍ
ȗȘȖȧȊȓȧȓȐ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȝ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȣȝ șȚȈȘȈȕȐȑ ǵȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȔȍȎȌț
ȕȐȔȐ ȖȘȈȚȖȘȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ șȚȈȘȈȓșȧ ȉȣ ȊȖșȗȓȈȔȍȕȐȚȤ ȕȖȊȖȖȉ-
ȘȈȡȍȕȕȣȝ ǵȍ ȉȣȓȖ Ȑ ȗȈȘȓȈȔȍȕȚșȒȖȋȖ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ
ȗȖȌșȚȘȍȒȈȓ ȉȣ ȔȐȕȐșȚȘȖȊ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȌȖȉȐȚȤșȧ Ȑȝ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒȐ
ǵȍ ȉȣȓȖ ǴȍȞȍȕȈȚȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȖȎȍȘȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȉȣ șȊȖȍ șȖșȚȖȧ-
ȕȐȍ ȕȈ țșȗȍȝ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȋȖ ȌȍȓȈ Ǩ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ, ȗțȉȓȐȒȈ Ȋșȍ-ȚȈȒȐ
ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȈ ȏȈ ȥȚȐȔȐ ȓȦȌȤȔȐ
ǩȓȈȋȖȗȘȐȧȚȕȖȍ ȐȓȐ ȉȍȏȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȖȍ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȕȈȋȖȚȍ
ȏȈȘȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ȗȍȘȊȖȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȖ Ȋ ȈȘȚȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȒȘțȎȒȈȝ ȏȈ-
ȚȍȔ ȖȕȖ ȔȈȓȖ-ȗȖȔȈȓț șȌȍȓȈȓȖșȤ ȗȖȗțȓȧȘȕȣȔ Ȑ șȊȍȚșȒȐȔ Ȉ
șȚȈȓȖ ȉȣȚȤ, ȊșȍȖȉȡȐȔ ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ȕȈ ȥȚȖȚ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚ ȕȐ Ȋ
ȒȖȔ țȎȍ ȕȍ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȈȍȚ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȑ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȏȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ
ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȋ ǷȈȘȐȎȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȌȖ ȌȊțȝ Țȣșȧȟ
șȗȍȒȚȈȒȓȍȑ ȋȌȍ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȓȐ ȋȖȓȣȍ ȈȒȚȘȐșȣ ȕȍ ȊȣȏȊȈȊ ȕȐ ȖȌ-
ȕȖȋȖ șȒȈȕȌȈȓȈ ȇ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȦ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ.
ǷȖșȍȚȐȚȍȓȐ ȕȈȠȐȝ ȒȈȜȍȠȈȕȚȈȕȖȊ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȊȍȟȍȘ ȊȍșȤ-
ȔȈ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȣ ȗȖ șȖșȚȈȊț ǹȔȖȚȘȧ ȗȖ ȌȕȧȔ ȐȓȐ șȍȏȖȕȈȔ
Ȋ ȟȐșȓȖ Ȑȝ ȊȝȖȌȐȚ ǷȈȘȐȎ ȖȒȘȍșȚȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȖȊȐȕȞȐȧ, ȗȘȐȍȏ-
ȎȐȍ ȐȕȖșȚȘȈȕȞȣ ǰ ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȚȍșȚȖȊȈȓ ǹȚȈȓȖ ȉȣȚȤ șȈ-
ȔȖ ȌȍȓȖ ȊȖșȗȘȐȕȧȚȖ
ǪȖȚ ȔȕȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȐȓȖșȤ șȈȔȖ șȖȉȖȑ Ȑ ȗȖ-
ȓțȟȐȓȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ ȋȖȓȖșȖȊ ȉȍȏ ȊșȧȒȖȑ ȈȋȐȚȈȞȐȐ ȍȌȐȕ-
șȚȊȍȕȕȖ Ȋ șȐȓț ȏȌȘȈȊȖȋȖ șȔȣșȓȈ

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ǷțȉȓȐȒȈ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȗȖȕȧȓȈ ȟȚȖ ȊȖȗȘȖș Ȗ ȕȈȋȖȚȍ ȏȈ-
ȚȘȈȋȐȊȈȍȚ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȣȍ țșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȉ ȕȍ
ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȐȍ ȟȚȖ ȊȖșȝȐȡȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈȋȖȦ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȖȑ ȉȣȚȤ ȔȖ-
ȎȍȚ Ȑ ȋȘȍȝ ȕȖ țȎ ȊȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȕȍ ȗȘȍșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ.
ǺȈȒȈȧ-ȚȖ ȈȒȚȘȐșȈ șȖȋȓȈȠȈȍȚșȧ ȐȋȘȈȚȤ ȉȍȏ ȒȖșȚȦȔȈ ȅȚȖ
ȌȍȓȖ șȈȔȖȑ ȈȒȚȘȐșȣ Ȑ ȍȍ ȌțȝȖȊȕȐȒȈ ȍșȓȐ ț ȕȍȍ ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ ȚȈ-
ȒȖȊȖȑ ǵȖ ȥȚȖ ȕȍ ȌȍȓȖ șțȌȍȉȕȖȋȖ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȧ
ǵȐ ȖȌȕȈ șȚȈȚȤȧ ȕȈȠȐȝ ȏȈȒȖȕȖȊ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȐȔȍ-
ȕȍȕȈ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖ țȚȊȍȘ-
ȎȌȈȚȤ ȉțȌȚȖ ȉȣ ȋȖȓȈȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȧȍȚ ȕȘȈȊșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȖșȚȤ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕ ȗȓȈȚȧȡȐȝ ȗȖ șȖȚȕȍ șț ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȖșȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ ȕȈ
ȕȍȍ ǺȍȈȚȘ — ȥȚȖ ȏȈȒȘȣȚȖȍ ȗȖȔȍȡȍȕȐȍ ǳȦȌȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȠȖ-
ȒȐȘțȍȚ ȕȈȋȖȚȈ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȖ ȔȖȋțȚ ȕȍ ȊȝȖȌȐȚȤ ȚțȌȈ ǵȈ ȟȚȖ Ȏȍ
ȖȕȐ ȎȈȓțȦȚșȧ" ǪȍȌȤ ȚȈȕȞȖȊȡȐȞț ȕȍ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȧȚ Ȓ ȕȐȔ ȕȈ ȌȖȔ
ǭȍ ȕȍ ȘȈȏȊȖȏȧȚ ȗȖ țȓȐȞȈȔ ǵȐȒȚȖ ȊȍȌȤ ȕȍ ȕȈșȐȓțȍȚ Ȑȝ ȊȏȖ-
ȘȖȊǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȓȐȞȈ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȦȚ ȕȐ ȔȈȓȍȑ-
ȠȍȋȖ ȗȖȊȖȌȈ ȎȈȓȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȍȕȐȍ șȊȖȐȝ ȟțȊșȚȊ șțȌ
ȕȍ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȈȍȚ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȍȓȧ țȌȖȊȓȍ-
ȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ ȎȈȓȖȉȣ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ Ȗȕ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȍȚ ȖȉȖșȕȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ ǵȍȚ,
Ȗȕ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌțȍȚ ȊȖ ȐȔȧ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȈ ȗȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț ȕȈȋȖȚȈ ȍșȚȤ
ȏȘȍȓȐȡȍ ȗȖșȚȣȌȕȖȍ — ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȈ ȗȖ șțȡȍșȚȊț ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȖ-
ȋȖ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȍ ȍȊȈȕȋȍȓȤșȒȖȋȖ Ȉ ȍȊȘȍȑșȒȖȋȖ ȗȍȘȍȠȍȌȠȍȋȖ ȗȖ
ȗȘȧȔȖȑ ȓȐȕȐȐ ȖȚ ǴȖȐșȍȍȊȈ ȏȈȒȖȕȈ Ȋ ȕȈȠȍ ȒȈȕȖȕȐȟȍșȒȖȍ
ȗȘȈȊȖ Ȉ Ȑȏ ȒȈȕȖȕȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȈȊȈ Ȋ ȚȖȓȒȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȐȝ
ȏȈȒȖȕȖȊ
ǩȣȓȖ ȉȣ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ șȖȋȓȈșȕȖ ș șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȐȌȍȧȔȐ ȗȘȍ-
ȌȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȌțȝȖȊȕȐȒȈȔ ȗȖȓȕȍȑȠțȦ șȊȖȉȖȌț ȖȚȟȐȚȣȊȈȚȤ ȒȈȒ
ȐȔ țȋȖȌȕȖ șȖȋȘȍȠȐȊȠȐȝ ȈȒȚȘȐș Ȉ ȐșȗȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȔț șțȌț
ȗȘȐȏȕȈȚȤ șȍȉȧ ȕȍȒȖȔȗȍȚȍȕȚȕȣȔ Ȋ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ ȕȘȈȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȉȖ-
ȋȖșȓȖȊȐȧ ǷȘȐȉȈȊȓȧȚȤ Ȓ ȗȖȒȈȧȕȐȦ ȍȡȍ ȒȈȘț — ȥȚȖ ȗȖȐș-
ȚȐȕȍ ȐȏȉȣȚȖȒ țșȍȘȌȐȧ
ǵȖ ȗȘȐȔȍȔ ȕȈ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȐȍ ȚȍȖȘȐȦ șțȌȈ ǷȘȍȌȗȖȓȖȎȐȔ
ȟȚȖ ȋȘȍȠȕȐȞȈ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌțȍȔȈ șțȌȖȔ ȏȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȚȈȕ-
ȞȍȊȈȓȈ Ȋ ȗȍȘȊȖȉȣȚȕȖȔ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȕȖȔ ȊȐȌȍ ȗȍȘȍȌ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȍȔ
ȏȘȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ Ȑ șȖȟțȊșȚȊțȦȡȐȝ ȍȍ ȏȈȚȍȍ ǷȖȟȍȔț Ȏȍ Ȋȣ
ȕȍ ȊȚȖȘȋȈȍȚȍșȤ ș ȗȖȓȐȞȐȍȑ ȊȖ Ȋșȍ ȏȈȓȣ ȋȌȍ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȗțȉ-
ȓȐȟȕȖ ȘȈȏȌȍȊȈȦȚșȧ" ǵȍ ș ȚȍȈȚȘȈ Ȋȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣ ȕȈȟȈȚȤ ȊȈ-

118
Ƞȍ ȘȈșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȕȍȚ șȖ ȠȒȖȓȣ
ǵȈ țȓȐȞȍ ǩȖȕȈȗȈȘȚ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȖ șȖȌȍȘȎȐȚ șȈȔțȦ ȖȉȠȐȘ-
ȕțȦ Ȋ ȔȐȘȍ ǪȣșȠțȦ ȠȒȖȓț ș ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ șȖȗȍȘȕȐ-
ȟȈȚȤ ȕȐ ȖȌȐȕ ȜȈȒțȓȤȚȍȚ ǯȌȍșȤ ȖȉțȟȈȦȚșȧ ȐȏȧȡȕȣȔ ȐșȒțș-
șȚȊȈȔ
ǲȈȎȌȣȑ Ȑȏ ȕȈȠȐȝ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȖȊ ȖȉȧȏȈȕ ȗȘȖȑȚȐ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȥȚȖ
țȟȘȍȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȅȚȖ ȉȍȏȔȖȓȊȕȣȑ ȕȖ ȕȍȘțȠȐȔȣȑ ȏȈȒȖȕ ǽț-
ȌȖȎȕȐȒȐ ȎȍȓȈȦȡȐȍ ȖșȚȈȚȤșȧ ȕȍȏȈȊȐșȐȔȣȔȐ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ-
șȧ ȓȐȠȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȊșȧȒȖȑ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒȐ ȌȖ Țȍȝ
ȗȖȘ ȗȖȒȈ ȖȕȐ șȚȈȕțȚ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȔȐ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ șȊȖȐȔ șȖȉșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕȣȔ șȐȓȈȔ ȟȚȖ șȓțȟȈȍȚșȧ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ, ȓȐȠȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȐ
țȔȘțȚ ȕȈȌȖȘȊȈȊȠȐșȤ Ȋ ȉȖȘȤȉȍ ǹ ȥȚȖȋȖ Ȍȕȧ ȉȓȈȋȖșȒȓȖȕȕȖȍ
ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȖ ȐȔ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊțȍȚ ȗȖȘțȟȈȧ Ȑȝ ȗȖȒȓȖȕȕȐ-
ȒȈȔ ȊȖȏȌȊȐȋȕțȚȤ ȐȔ șȚȈȚțȦ Ȑ ȗȘȐȖȉȘȍȚȈȧ Ȍȓȧ ǳțȊȘȈ ȒȈȘ-
ȚȐȕȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȖȕȖ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ȕȍ țȌȖșȚȈȐȊȈȓȖ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ Ȑ Ȋ ǹȈ-
ȓȖȕ Ȍȓȧ ȟȍȘȌȈȒȖȊ șȊȖȐȝ ȉȍȘȘȐȚȖȕșȒȐȝ Ȑ ȓȐȔțȏȍȕșȒȐȝ Ȕț-
ȏȍȍȊ Ǫșȍ ȥȚȖ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ Ȑ ȕȍ șȚȖȐȚ ȘȈșȗȘȖ-
șȚȘȈȕȧȚȤșȧ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ
Ǩ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȦȕȖȠȈ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ — ȗȖȕȍȊȖȓȍ ȒȈȒ Ȕȣ șȍȑȟȈș
ȖȉȢȧșȕȐȓȐ — Ȋ ȥȚț ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕțȦ ȠȒȖȓț Ȑȏȧȡȕȣȝ ȐșȒțșșȚȊ,
ȚȖ ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȉȍșȗȖȒȖȐȚșȧ țȏȕȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȗȖȉțȎȌȈȍȚ ȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȚȈ-
ȓȈȕȚ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ ȗȐșȈȚȤ ȔȍȘȚȊțȦ ȗȘȐȘȖȌț ȗȖ ȗȘȐȔȍ-
Șț ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ ǺȈȘȌȍȕȈ ȐȓȐ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȚȤ șȚȈȘȣȝ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȖȊ ȗȖ
ȗȘȐȔȍȘț ǸȍȔȉȘȈȕȌȚȈ ǵȍȚ țȟȍȕȐȒȈ ȕȍȐȏȔȍȕȕȖ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ
ȘȐșȖȊȈȚȤ ȋȖȓȣȝ ȎȍȕȡȐȕ
ȅȚȐ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȕȍ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ ȗȘȐ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȤ-
ȕȖȑ ȖȗȚȐȒȍ Ȋ ȐȋȘȍ șȊȍȚȈ ȌȍȓȈȦȡȍȑ Ȑȏ Ȑȝ ȚȍȓȈ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȕȍȔȈ-
ȚȍȘȐȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȊȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȖȚȌȈȓȍȕȕȖȍ ȖȚȘȍ-
ȏȈȕȕȖȍ ȖȚ ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ ȘȊȖȔ ȖȘȒȍșȚȘȈ Ȑ ȉȈșȚȐȖȕȖȔ ȘȈȔȗȣ ǵȈ-
ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȏȌȍșȤ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȊȣșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚșȧ șȘȍȌȐ ȉȍȓȖȋȖ Ȍȕȧ Ȑ
Ȋ ȚȘȍȝ ȠȈȋȈȝ ȖȚ țȟȍȕȐȒȖȊ Ȉ Țȍ ȖȉȧȏȈȕȣ ȚȖȟȕȖ ȊȖșȗȘȖȐȏȊȖ-
ȌȐȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȓȐȕȐȐ ȥȚȖȑ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ Ȋȣ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ
ȖȉȢȧȊȓȧȍȚȍ ȗȖșȚȣȌȕȖȑ ȏȘȍȓȐȡȍ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ Ȋȣ ȖȚȒȈȏȣȊȈȍ-
Țȍ ȓȦȌȧȔ ȗȧȚȐȌȍșȧȚȐȓȍȚȕȍȋȖ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈ Ȋ șȚȍȕȈȝ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ Ȋȣ
ȕȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȕȈȊȧȏȣȊȈȍȚȍ ȍȋȖ Ȋ țȟȍȉȕȖȑ ȏȈȓȍ ȕȍșȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ-
ȓȍȚȕȐȔ
ǷȘȍȌȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȍ ȟȚȖ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ Ȑȏ ȥȚȐȝ ȦȕȖȠȍȑ ȊȌȘțȋ ȖȝȊȈ-
ȚȐȚ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȊșȍȘȤȍȏ ȚȖ ȟțȊșȚȊȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȍȚ ț

119
ȊȈș ȚȈȒȖȍ țȟȈșȚȐȍ ȉȐȉȓȍȑșȒȐȑ țȎȈș ȗȍȘȍȌ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȑ ȕȈ-
ȋȖȚȖȑ ǪȍȌȤ țȟȍȕȐȒț ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȌȓȧȚ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ
«Ǫȣ ȔȐȓȍȑȠȐȑ ȖȚȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚȍșȤ ȘȐșȖȊȈȚȤ ȋȖȓȣȝ ȎȍȕȡȐȕ"
ǵț ȚȈȒ ȔȖȎȍȚȍ țȝȖȌȐȚȤ ǸȐȔșȒȈȧ ȗȘȍȔȐȧ ȕȍ ȗȘȖ ȊȈș ǶȚȕȣ-
ȕȍ ȕȍ ȎȌȐȚȍ ȖȚ Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȐ ȏȈȒȈȏȖȊ ȕȐ ȗȖșȖȉȐȑ ȕȐ ȖȘȌȍȕȖȊ
ȕȐ ȒȈȒȐȝ-ȓȐȉȖ ȔȐȓȖșȚȍȑ ȇ ȊȈș ȖȚȔȍȚȈȦ ȖȚ ȖȜȐȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ
ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ».
Ⱥɪɬɟɦɢɫ Ʉɨɥɨɧɧɚ
ǰ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȗȓȈȚȐȚ ȕȈȚțȘȡȐȞȈȔ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȘȈȏ-
ȌȈȊȈȚȤ Ȑȝ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȔȐ țȟȍȕȐȒȈȔȐ ȖȕȖ — ȚȖ Ȏȍ șȈȔȖȍ
ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȖ — ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌțȍȔȣȔ ȕȣȕȍ ȈȘȚȐșȚȒȈȔ
«Ǫȣ ȐȋȘȈȓȐ ǫȈȓȈȚȍȦ șțȌȈȘȣȕȧ" ȇ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȓȧȦ ȊȈș Ȋ ǹȍȕ-
ǳȈȏȈȘ Ǫȣ ȔȖȓȖȌȣ ț ȊȈș ȒȈȒ ț Ȋșȍȝ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȍ ȈȒȚȘȐș ȉȣȓȈ
ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȏȈȊȍȚȕȈȧ ȔȍȟȚȈ Ȋȣ ȕȈȌȍȧȓȐșȤ ȗȖȒȐȕțȚȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ-ȕȐ-
ȉțȌȤ ȒȈȜȍȠȈȕȚȈȕ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ȖȚȚțȌȈ ȗȖȌȕȧȚȤ-
șȧ ȕȈ ȉȖȓȤȠțȦ șȞȍȕț Ȑ ȏȈȒȖȕȟȐȚȤ ȗȖȗȘȐȡȍ ȕȈ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȕȐ-
ȉțȌȤ șțȉșȐȌȐȘțȍȔȖȑ șȞȍȕȍ ǵț ȚȈȒ ȖșȚȈȊȤȚȍ Ȋșȍ ȊȈȠȐ ȕȈ-
ȌȍȎȌȣ ȇ ȌȈȦ ȊȈȔ șțȌȍȉȕȣȑ ȈȚȚȍșȚȈȚ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȏȈȒȘȖȍȚ ȗȍ-
ȘȍȌ ȊȈȔȐ ȌȊȍȘȐ ȌȈȎȍ “ǶȌȍȖȕȈ” ȇ ȊȈș ȖȚȔȍȚȈȦ ȖȚ ȖȜȐȞȐȈȓȤ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ».
ǩȣȊȈȦȚ ȔȐȕțȚȣ ǫ ǨȕȘȐ ǴȈȘȍ ȊȣȘȈȏȐȓ ȊȈȔ ȥȚȖ ȓțȟȠȍ
ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ ȉȣȊȈȦȚ ȔȐȕțȚȣ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍȊȖȓȤȕȖ șȗȘȈȠȐ-

120
ȊȈȍȠȤ șȍȉȧ: ȕȍțȎȍȓȐ șȊȖȌ ȕȈȠȐȝ țșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȑ șȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕ
ȓȦȌȤȔȐ ȊȓȈȌȍȦȡȐȔȐ ȊșȍȔȐ țȔșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔȐ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȧȔȐ?
ǵȍșȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȖșȚȤ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȝ ȗȘȐȋȖȊȖȘȖȊ șȚȈȕȍȚ ȍȡȍ ȧȊșȚ-
Ȋȍȕȕȍȍ ȍșȓȐ Ȕȣ șȘȈȊȕȐȔ Ȑȝ ȔȖȚȐȊȣ
ǪȍȌȤ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ «ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȣ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ» ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ ȕȈȊȧȏȣ-
ȊȈȚȤ țȟȍȕȐȒȈȔ ȏȘȍȓȐȡȍ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ Ȋ țȓȐȞȍ ǩȖȕȈȗȈȘȚ Ǻȍ Ȏȍ șȈ-
Ȕȣȍ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȣ ȌȖȗțșȒȈȦȚ Ȋ ȕȈȠȐȝ Ȕțȏȍȑȕȣȝ ȏȈȓȈȝ șȔȍȠȍ-
ȕȐȍ ȋȖȓȣȝ ȜȐȋțȘ ș ȖȌȍȚȣȔȐ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȖȒȈ-
ȏȈȚȤ șȊȖȍȔț șȣȕț șțȘȖȊȖȋȖ ǼȐȓȐȗȗȈ Ȍȍ ȀȈȔȗȈȕȤ ȕȍ ȗȖȌȕȖ-
șȧ ȍȔț Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȑ ȗȖȌȘțȎȒȐ ǼȘȈȋȖȕȈȘȈ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ
ȋȖȓȖȑ ȕȈ ȍȍ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȖȔ ȓȖȎȍ ș ȗȘȐȗȖȌȕȧȚȖȑ șȖȘȖȟȒȖȑ Ȑ ȕȖ-
ȋȈȔȐ ȏȈȌȘȈȕȕȣȔȐ Ȓ ȗȖȚȖȓȒț
ǵȖ Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȌȈȦȚ ȕȈȔ ȗȖȓȕțȦ șȊȖ-
ȉȖȌț ȊȣȉȖȘȈ ȊȍȌȤ ȖȚȞȣ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȖ ȔȖȋțȚ ȊȍșȚȐ șȊȖȐȝ ȌȖȟȍ-
Șȍȑ ȊȖ «ǼȘȈȕȞțȏșȒțȦ ȒȖȔȍȌȐȦ» ȕȍ ȊȖȌȧ Ȑȝ Ȋ «ǶȓȐȔȗȐȦ»),
ȚȈȔ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȣ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȕȍ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȣȊȈȦȚ țȎȍ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ǶȕȐ ȕȍ
ȌȖȗțșȒȈȦȚșȧ ȕȐ Ȋ ȊȐȌȍ ȌȖȊȖȌȖȊ ȕȐ Ȋ ȊȐȌȍ ȐȏȊȐȕȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ǲȖȕ-
șȍȘȊȈȚȖȘȐȧ ȗȖȌȟȐȕȍȕȕȈȧ ǬȐȘȍȒȞȐȐ Ȑȏȧȡȕȣȝ ȐșȒțșșȚȊ șȈ-
ȔȈ ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȈ Ȑȏ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ ǰșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ
ȏȈ ȕȍȦ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȦȚșȧ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȊȐȓȍȋȐȐ
ǵȖ ȊȍȌȤ ǺȍȈȚȘ ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȟȍȔ ȖȌȕȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȥȚȖ
Ȟȍȓȣȑ ǷȈȘȕȈș ǮȐȊȖȗȐșȍȞ Ȑ ȈȘȝȐȚȍȒȚȖȘ ȗȘȐȕȖșȧȚ ȍȔț șȊȖȐ
ȌȍȒȖȘȈȞȐȐ ȗȖȥȚ — șȊȖȍ ȓȐȉȘȍȚȚȖ ȒȖȔȗȖȏȐȚȖȘ — ȗȈȘȚȐȚț-
Șț ȈȒȚȍȘ — șȊȖȦ ȐȋȘț ȗȍȊȍȞ — ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȑ ȋȖȓȖș Ȕțȏȣ-
ȒȈȕȚ — șȊȍȘȝȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȑ ȐȕȎȍȕȍȘ ȕȍșȍȚ ȍȔț șȊȖȐ ȔȈȠȐ-
ȕȣ ȦȊȍȓȐȘ — ȌȘȈȋȖȞȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȘȍȔȍșȓȍȕȕȐȒ ȔȍȉȍȓȤ șȖșțȌȣ
ȒȖșȚȦȔȣ țȟȍȕȣȑ șȖȚȘțȌȕȐȟȈȍȚ ȚțȚ Ȏȍ Ȑ ȈȘȝȍȖȓȖȋ ȗȖȔȖ-
ȋȈȍȚ șȖȊȍȚȖȔ ȗȘȐȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȐșȚȖȘȐȒ Ȑ ȗȘȖȐȏȕȖșȐȚ șȊȖȍ Ȕȕȍ-
ȕȐȍ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒț ǶȗȍȘȈ — ȖȕȈ ȘȍȏȦȔȐȘțȍȚ șȖ-
ȉȖȑ țȔșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ țșȐȓȐȍ ȞȍȓȖȑ ȥȗȖȝȐ.
«ǺțȚ ȌȍȓȖ ȐȌȍȚ ȕȍ Ȗȉ ȖȗȍȘȍ — ȊȖȏȘȈȏȧȚ Ȕȕȍ Ȑȕȣȍ — Ȉ Ȗ
ȒȈȜȍȠȈȕȚȈȕȍ».
ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȕȍ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍșȤ ș ȚȈȒȐȔ ȗȘȍȏȘȍȕȐȍȔ Ȓ ȒȈȜȍȠȈȕ-
ȚȈȕț ǳȖȥȕȋȘȐȕ ȉȣȓ ȕȈȔ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȘȈȏ Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ
«ȅȌȍȕ» ǲȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȐȔȍȑȚȍ ȒȈȗȓȦ ȚȍȘȗȍȕȐȧ! ǶȗȍȘȈ — Ȗȟȍ-
ȊȐȌȕȈȧ ȞȍȓȤ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ MaȓȍȕȤ-
ȒȐȍ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȍ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȦȚșȧ șȕȐȏț
ǷȍȘȊȣȍ ȖȗȣȚȣ ȏȘȍȓȐȡȈ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȈȟȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈ

121
ȉȖȓȍȍ ȔȍȓȒȐȝ șȞȍȕȈȝ ȕȖ ȉțȌțȚ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȣ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȍ Ȗȗȣ-
Țȣ țȎ ȉțȌȤȚȍ ȗȖȒȖȑȕȣ ȅȚȖ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ ȕȍȖȌȖȓȐȔȖ ȖȕȖ ȌȖș-
ȚȐȋȕȍȚ ȞȍȓȐ ȊȖȗȘȍȒȐ ȊșȍȔț ǨȊȚȖȘ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈ Ȋ ȉȖȓȤ-
ȠȐȕșȚȊȍ șȖȋȓȈșȕȣ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȐȚȤ ȥșȚȍȚȐȒț ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ș ȥșȚȍȚȐȒȖȑ
Ȕțȏȍȍ Ǵȣ țȊȐȌȐȔ ȐșȗȖȓȕȧȍȔȣȔȐ Ȋ ȗȖȓȕȖȑ ȕȈȋȖȚȍ Ȑ ș șȈ-
ȔȣȔ ȋȓțȉȖȒȐȔ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȔ ȉȍȏ ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȐȏȣȊȈ Ȓ ȊțȓȤȋȈȘ-
ȕȖȑ ȟțȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Țȍ ȘȖȓȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ țȎȍ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ «ȗȘȍȌȗȖ-
ȓȈȋȈȦȚșȧ» ȋȖȓȣȔȐ ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȘȖȓȤ ǪȈȋȕȍȘȖȊșȒȖȑ ǪȍȕȍȘȣ ȚȘȍȝ
ǸȍȑȕșȒȐȝ ǬȍȊ Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȖȦȚșȧ ȚȈȕȞțȦȚșȧ
ȐȓȐ ȔȐȔȐȘțȦȚșȧ Ȑ șȗȐșȖȒ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȕȍȚ ȕȈȌȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ȏȈȘȈ-
ȕȍȍ șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȚȤ
ǳȐȠȤ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȏȘȍȓȐȡȍ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ ȉțȌȍȚ ȌȖșȚȖȑȕȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ȉț-
ȌȍȚ ȌȖșȚȖȑȕȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȣȝ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȍȑ ǵȖ ȟȍȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ
șȚȈȕțȚ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȍ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȚȍȔ ȕȐ-
Ȏȍ ȖȗțșȚȐȚșȧ Ȑȝ ȈȘȚȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ țȘȖȊȍȕȤ ȅȚȖ ȒȈȒ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȉȖ-
ȓȍȍ ȗȖȕȧȚȕȖ
ǬȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȍ ȈȒȚȘȐșȣ Ȋ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȗȖȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ
ȔȖȓȖȌȣȔ ȗȖȥȚȈȔ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȧȊȓȧȦȚ ȕȐ ȔȈȓȍȑȠȍȑ șȒȓȖȕȕȖșȚȐ
Ȓ șțȌȍȉȕȣȔ ȒȈȘȈȔ ǻ ȕȐȝ Ȋ ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȕȖȔ Țȍȓȍ ȕȍ ȎȐȊȍȚ ȌțȠȈ
ȔțȟȍȕȐȞȣ ǶȕȐ ȖȚȊȈȎȕȣ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȗțȉȓȐȒȖȑ ȕȖ ȔȈȓȖȌțȠȕȖ-
ȚȘțșȓȐȊȣ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȒȖȔȐșșȈȘȖȔ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȐ ǻ ȕȐȝ ȕȍȚ ȥȚȖȋȖ «ȗȘȍ-
ȏȘȍȕȐȧ Ȓ ȏȈȒȖȕȈȔ» ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț ȕȍȒȖȋȌȈ țȟȐȓ ȕȈș ǮȈȕ ǸȐȠȗȍȕ
ǴȕȖȋȐȍ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȐ ȋȖȚȖȊȣ ȋȖȘȌȐȚȤșȧ ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȗȖșȚȘȈȌȈȓȐ ȏȈ
ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȖȚșȐȎȐȊȈȧ Ȋ ǹȍȕȚ-ǷȍȓȈȎȐ ǵȖ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȈ ȚȘȈȋȐȟȍ-
șȒȈȧ ȈȒȚȘȐșȈ ȕȍ șȚȈȕȍȚ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȚȤ ȒȈȒ ȖȕȈ ȗȓȈȒȈȓȈ ȗȘȖ-
ȊȖȌȧ ȌȕȐ Ȋ ǹȍȕ-ǳȈȏȈȘȍ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ ȌȈȎȍ Ȑȏ-ȏȈ ȓȦȉȊȐ Ȓ ȋȘȍȟȍ-
șȒȐȔ ȕȘȈȊȈȔ
ǹȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȍșȓȐ ȒȈȒȐȔ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȕȣȕȍȠȕȍȍ
ȗȘȍșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ Ȑ ȕȍ ȒȖȕȟȐȚșȧ ȒȈȒ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȤ —
ȚȖ ȏȘȍȓȐȡȈ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ Ȋșȍ-ȚȈȒȐ ȊȖȏȖȉȕȖȊȧȚșȧ ȗȖșȓȍ ȒȖȘȖȚȒȖȋȖ
ȗȍȘȍȘȣȊȈ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ ȥȚȖ șȌȍȓȈȓȖșȤ ȖȚȕȣȕȍ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȠȐȘȖ-
ȒȐȔ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȔȖȋȓȖ ȉȣȚȤ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȖ — ȕȖ ȊȔȍșȚȖ ȖȉȓȈȋȖ-
ȘȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȥȚȐȝ ȏȘȍȓȐȡ ȉțȌȍȚ ȖȋȘțȉȍȕȐȍ ǷțȉȓȐȒȈ șȚȈȕȍȚ ȚȘȍ-
ȉȖȊȈȚȤ ȈȘȚȐșȚȖȊ ȍȑ Ȏȍ ȖȚȕȣȕȍ șȔȖȋțȚ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȚȤ ȓȐȠȤ ȗȖ-
ȚȈșȒțȠȍȒ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȌȐȘȍȒȚȖȘȈȔ ȗȘȐȌȍȚșȧ ȊȣȉȐȘȈȚȤ șȊȖȐȝ Ȑș-
ȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞ șȘȍȌȐ ȚȈȒȐȝ ȌȍȊȐȞ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ǹȍȕ-ǳȈȏȈȘ ȕȍ Ȑș-
ȗțȋȈȍȚ
ȅȚȈ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȈȧ ȕȍțȌȈȟȈ ȗȘȖȌȓȐȚșȧ ș ȗȖȓȋȖȌȈ ǷȖȚȖȔ Ȋșȍ

ȕȈȟȕȍȚșȧ șȣȏȕȖȊȈ.
ǹ ȕȈȋȖȚȖȦ Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȟȚȖ ș ȉȖȧȔȐ ȉȣȒȖȊ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȉȣȓȐ ȘȈȏȘȍȠȍȕȣ ȊȊȐȌț ȜȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȚȘȍ-
ȉȖȊȈȕȐȧ șȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȕȈșȍȓȍȕȐȧ ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȧ țȗȘȍȒȈȦ șȍȉȧ
ȟȚȖ ȊȣȉȘȈȓ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȊȍȌȤ ȊșȧȒȐȑ ȉȖȑ ȉȣȒȖȊ Ȋȓȍ-
ȟȍȚ ȏȈ șȖȉȖȦ ȌȖ ȌȊȈȌȞȈȚȐ ȎȍȘȚȊ — ȗȧȚȕȈȌȞȈȚȤ ȓȖȠȈȌȍȑ ȕȈ
ȠȍșȚȤ ȉȣȒȖȊ — ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ, ȒȈȒ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ
ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȦȡȍȑ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ ǫȈȓȈȚȍȦ ȧ ȚȡȍȚȕȖ Ȑȡț ȎȍȘȚȊț ȕȖ
ȕȍ șȓȣȠț ȍȍ șȚȖȕȖȊ.
ǷȍȘȍȊ Ǫ Ƿ ǳȈȟȐȕȖȊȈ
Ʉɨɫɬɸɦ ɚɦɭɪɚ ɢɡ ©ȼɟɧɟ-
Ƚ-ɠɚ Ȼɪɨɤɚɪ ɜ ɤɨɫɬɸɦɟ ɋɢɥɶ-
ɰɢɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɧɚɜɚɥɚª  ɝ.) ɮɢɞɵ — ©ɋɦɟɪɬɶ Ɍɚɫɫɨª  ɝ

123
ȍǵȉǸ ȀǳǹǮ
(Ǹ ȐȩȟȠȡȝșȓțȖȬ Miss Maud Allan*
Ǫ 62 ȋȖȌț ȌȖ P. ǽ. țȔȍȘ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȑ ȘȐȔșȒȐȑ ȈȒȚȍȘ ǲȊȐȕȚ
ǸȖșȞȐȑ ǫȈȓȓ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ Ȍȓȧ șȞȍȕȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȐșȒțș-
șȚȊȈ ȉȣȓȖ ȋȘȖȔȈȌȕȖ Ȑ ȕȍ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȧȊȐȓ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȗȘȐȍ-
Ȕȣ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȌȍȒȓȈȔȈȞȐȐ ȖșȕȖȊȈȓ ȠȒȖȓț șȞȍȕȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ
ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȗȘȍȗȖȌȈȓ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȐȍ ȗȖ șȊȖȐȔ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȈȔ țȘȖ-
ȒȐ ȚȖȋȌȈȠȕȐȔ ȦȘȐșȚȈȔ-ȖȘȈȚȖȘȈȔ ȕȈȗȐșȈȓ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȖȉȠȐȘ-
ȕȣȑ ȚȘȈȒȚȈȚ ȗȖ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȞȍȕȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȏȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ
ȉȣȓ ȕȈȏȊȈȕ «țȟȍȕȣȔ» Ȑȏ țșȚ șȈȔȖȋȖ ǫȖȘȈȞȐȧ ǵȍȚ ȋȓȈȊȕȖȍ
ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ ǲȊȐȕȚȈ ǸȖșȞȐȧ ǫȈȓȓȈ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȖșȊȖȉȖȌȐȓ ȓȐ-
ȞȖ ȈȒȚȍȘȈ ȖȚ ȔȈșȒȐ Ȑ ȚȍȔ ȗȖȓȖȎȐȓ ȕȈȟȈȓȖ șȞȍȕȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȔȐ-
ȔȐȒȍ. ǨȒȚȍȘ ȗȖȓȕȍȍ Ȑ țȉȍȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȍȍ șȔȖȋ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȟțȊșȚ-
ȊȈȝ Ȑ Ȕȣșȓȧȝ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȍȔȖȋȖ ȐȔ ȓȐȞȈ ǩȖȓȍȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȧȊȐȓȈșȤ
ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȊȈȚȤ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȦ ȟțȊșȚȊȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȐȒȈȒ ȕȍ
ȊȣȘȈȏȐȚȤ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ
ǵȖ ǸȖșȞȐȑ ȌȈȓ șȊȖȉȖȌț ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȓȐȟȕȖȑ ȔȐȔȐȒȍ ǺȍȓȖ ȏȈ
ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍȔ ȘțȒ ȖșȚȈȓȖșȤ Ȋ ȘȈȉșȒȖȑ ȖȌȍȎȌȍ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȌȈ-
Ȏȍ ȕȈ ȞȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ țȉȘȈȕșȚȊȖ
ǷȘȈȊȌȈ ȚȖȋȌȈȠȕȐȍ «ȔȐȔȣ» ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȖȉȖȊȈȓȐ ȊȣȘȈ-
ȏȐȚȤ șȚȘȈșȚȤ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȕȈȋȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ ȕȖ ȗȘȐ ȕȈȟȈȊȠȍȔșȧ țȗȈȌȒȍ
ȕȘȈȊȖȊ ȈȔȜȐȚȍȈȚȘȈ Ȑ ȖȉȧȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȔ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȑ ȊȣȋȖȌȍ șȕȐ-
șȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȐ șȞȍȕȣ ȒȖ ȊȒțșȈȔ ȥȚȖȑ ȘȈȏȊȘȈȡȍȕȕȖȑ ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ
— ȕȈȋȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ ȘȈȏțȔȍȍȚșȧ ȥȒșȗȓțȈȚȐȘȖȊȈȓȖșȤ ȓȐȠȤ Ȋ șȍȒ-
șțȈȓȤȕȣȝ Ȟȍȓȧȝ ǰ ȍșȓȐ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȏȌȍșȤ Ȗȉ Ȑș-
ȒțșșȚȊȍ ȚȖ țȎ ȊȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ, ȕȍ Ȋ ȊȣșȠȍȔ șȔȣșȓȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ
ȗȖȕȧȚȐȧ
ǲ ȚȖȔț Ȏȍ, ȥȚȖ ȌȓȐȓȖșȤ ȕȍ șȚȖȓȤ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȟȚȖȉ țșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤ
ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȦ ǷȖȌȖȉȕȈȧ ȥȔȈȕșȐȗȈȞȐȧ ȚȍȓȈ ȒȈȒ ȖȘțȌȐȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ
șȍȒșțȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȐȔȐȒȐ ȕȈ ȗȍȘȊȣȝ Ȏȍ ȗȖȘȈȝ ȗȖȌȊȍȘȋȓȈșȤ ȗȖ-
ȘȐȞȈȕȐȦ țȊȈȎȈȍȔȣȝ «ǹȍȕȍȒ» ȏȈȚȍȔ ȋȖȕȍȕȐȦ ȏȈȗȘȍȡȍȕȐȦ
* ɇɚɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɪɚɡ ɜ ©Ɍɟɚɬɪɟ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟª ɫɦ ʋ  — 1909 ɝ

124
Ȑ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȐșȒȖȘȍȕȍȕȐȦ ȈșȒȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȦ ȊȓȈșȚȤȦ ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕ-
șȚȊȈ ȚȈȒ ȒșȚȈȚȐ ȗȖȌȖșȗȍȊȠȍȋȖ ȕȈ ȊȣȘțȟȒț ȔȖȘȈȓȐ
ǷȍȘȊȈȧ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȈ ȕȍ țȌȈȓȈșȤ ǵȈȋȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ șȞȍ-
ȕȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈ ȉȣȓȖ ȖșțȎȌȍȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȍșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ ǴȖ-
ȘȈȓȐ ȔȈȓȖ ȌȍȓȈ ȌȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ǭȑ ȊȗȖȘț ȉȓȦșȚȐ șȊȖȐ ȐȕȚȍ-
Șȍșȣ ǷȖȥȚȖȔț ȕȍ ȕȈ ȌȈȕȕțȦ ȘȖȓȤ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ ȉȣȓ ȕȈȓȖȎȍȕ ȏȈ-
ȗȘȍȚ Ȉ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ ȕȈ ȕȈȋȖȚț ǰ ȗȘȐȋȖȊȖȘ ȔȖȘȈȓȐ ȉȣȓ ȕȈșȚȖȓȤ-
ȒȖ șȚȘȖȋ ȕȈșȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȉȍȏȈȗȍȓȓȧȞȐȖȕȍȕ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȍȕȐȍ
ȌȊțȝ ȚȣșȧȟȍȓȍȚȐȑ ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ șțȔȍȓ ȘȍȈȉȐȓȐȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȈȋȖȍ
ȚȍȓȖ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ
ǵȖ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȈșȤ ǬțȕȒȈȕ Ȑ Ȋșȍ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȓȐ Ȗ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȑ
ȅȓȓȈȌȍ Ȗ ȏȈȉȣȚȖȑ ȞȍȓȖȔțȌȘȍȕȕȖȑ ȅȓȓȈȌȍ
«ǪȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ — ȊȍȡȈȓȈ ȐȏțȔȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ǨȑșȍȌȖ-
ȘȈ — ȕȈȋȖȍ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȑ șȈȔȖȍ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȍ ȅȚȈ ȐșȚȐȕȈ
ȖȉȡȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȈ ǽțȌȖȎȕȐȒ șȒțȓȤȗȚȖȘ ȗȖȥȚ — Ȋșȍ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌ-
șȚȊțȦȚșȧ ȍȦ ǰ ȧ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȈ șȖȏȌȈȚȤ ȚȍȈȚȘ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȤ ȠȒȖȓț Ȋ
ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȉȣ 100 ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȝ ȌȍȊȖȟȍȒ ȐȏțȟȈȓȐ ȔȖȍ ȐșȒțșșȚ-
ȊȖ» ǰ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȍȍ șȗȘȖșȐȓȐ Ȗ ȊȍȘȠȐȕȈȝ ȍȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȖȕȈ ȖȚ-
ȊȍȚȐȓȈ ©ǹȊȍȚ ȓȤȦȡȐȑșȧ ȕȈ ȉȍȓȣȍ ȞȊȍȚȣ ȥȚȖ ȚȈȕȍȞ ȒȖȚȖ-
Șȣȑ ȟțȚȒȖ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȓ ȉȣ șȊȍȚ Ȑ ȉȍȓȐȏȕț ȞȊȍȚȖȊ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȓ ȉȣ
ȚȈȒ ȟȐșȚȖ ȚȈȒ șȐȓȤȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȓȦȌȐ ȊȐȌȍȊȠȐȍ ȍȋȖ șȒȈȏȈȓȐ ȉȣ
ȊȖȚ ȌȊȐȎȍȚșȧ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȕȈȔȐ ȌțȠȈ ȌțȠȈ țȊȐȌȍȊȠȈȧ șȊȍȚ Ȍț-
ȠȈ ȗȖȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȊȠȈȧ ȉȍȓȐȏȕț ȉȍȓȖȋȖ ȞȊȍȚȈ» ǶȕȈ ȘȈȏțȓȈ
șȊȖȐ ȕȍȎȕȣȍ ȕȖȋȐ șȕȧȓȈ ȔȈșȒț ș ȊȣȘȈȏȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȉȍȓȖȋȖ Țȍ-
ȓȈ Ȑ ȏȈȗȓȧșȈȓȈ ǯȈȗȘȍȚȈ ȕȍ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȖ ǵȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ Ȕȣ șȒȓȖ-
ȕȐȓȐșȤ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȕȍȦ Ȕȣ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖ șȒȓȖȕȐȓȐșȤ ȗȍȘȍȌ
ȚȍȓȖȔ ȗȖȘȊȈȊȠȐȔ ȗțȚȣ ȏȓȖȑ ȖȌȍȎȌȣ, Ȑ ȗȘȖȐȏȕȍșȓȐ șȓȖȊȈ
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȍȑ ȚȈȒ ȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ țșȓȣȠȈȚȤ ©ǿȍȘȍȏ ȍȍ ȧșȕȖȊȐȌȍȕȤȍ
Ȑ Ȋ ȕȈș ȊȓȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȓȈșȒȖȊȖȍ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȤȍ Ȋșȍȑ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ ȊȖșșȖȏ-
ȌȈȕȕȖȍ ȚȈȕȞȖȊȡȐȞȍȑ Ǵȣ ȟțȊșȚȊțȍȔ Ȋ ȕȈș șȓȐȊȈȦȚșȧ ȒȖȓȍ-
ȉȈȕȐȧ șȊȍȚȈ ș ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ șȊȍȘȒȈȦȡȍȑ ȉȍȓȐȏȕȣ»
Ǫșȍ ȖȞȍȕȐȓȐ ȖȉȈȧȕȐȍ ȗȓȈșȚȐȒȐ ȕȈȋȖȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ ǵȖ ȕȍ țȊȍ-
Șȍȕ ȧ ȗȖȕȧȚȕȖ ȓȐ ȊșȍȔ Ȋșȍ ȚȖ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ ȒȈȒȖȍ șțȎȌȍȕȖ ȐȔȍȚȤ
ȕȈȋȖȔț Țȍȓț ȒȈȒ șȞȍȕȐȟȍșȒȖȔț șȘȍȌșȚȊț ȥȔȖȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ
ȥȒșȗȘȍșșȐȐ ȉȍȏȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȓ ȗȓȈșȚȐȒȖ-ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔț ȔȖ-
ȔȍȕȚț ȚȈȒȖȑ ȥȒșȗȘȍșșȐȐ ȇ ȐȔȍȦ Ȋ ȊȐȌț ȔȐȔȐȒț ȚȍȓȈ, ȉȍȏ-
ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȖ, «ȕȈȋȖȋȖ» ȐȓȐ «ȋȖȓȖȋȖ» ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȌȘȈȔȈȚȐȟȍș-
ȒȖȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ ȒȈȒ ȧ țȎȍ țȒȈȏȈȓ ȗȘȐȍȔȓȍȔȖ Ȑ «ȋȖȓȖȍ» ȚȍȓȖ

125
ȕȈ ȗȘȈȊȈȝ ©ȉȍȏȖȉȘȈȏȕȖȋȖ» Ț ȍ ȗȘȐ țșȓȖȊȐȐ ȕȈȘțȠȍȕȐȧ ȕȐȏ-
Ƞȍȑ șȚțȗȍȕȐ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ Ȋ ȗȖȓȤȏț ȊȣșȠȍȑ
ǹȞȍȕȐȟȍșȒȈȧ șȊȍȚȖȗȐșȤ ș ȗȘȐȘȖȌȕȖȑ ȕȍȐȏȉȍȎȕȖșȚȤȦ
ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȉȈȏȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȒȖȕȚȘȈșȚȍ șȊȍȚȓȖȋȖ Ȑ ȚȍȔȕȖȋȖ ǵȈȔ
șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȓȦȉȣ ȟȈȘȣ ȌȘȈȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȒȖȕȚȘȈșȚȖȊ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȚ-
ȘȍȟȤșȧ ȖȚ ȚȍȔȕȖȋȖ ǬȈ, ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȒȈȒ ȕȈȔȐ ȌȖȏȕȈȕȖ ȟȍȘȍȏ șȊȍȚ-
ȓȖȍ — Ȑ ȚȍȔȕȖȍ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚ ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȈȕȐȍ
ǸȖȌȥȕ ȊȍȓȐȟȈȑȠȐȑ șȒțȓȤȗȚȖȘ ȕȈȠȍȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȐȏȖȉȘȈ-
ȏȐȓ «ǴȣșȓȐȚȍȓȧ» Ȋ ȊȐȌȍ ȕȈȋȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ Ȑ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ ȌȈȎȍ
ȥȚȖȚ ȖȉȘȈȏ ȕȍ ȉȣȓ ȗȘȍȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ Ȑ ȋȈȘȔȖȕȐȐ ȗȘȍ-
ȒȘȈșȕȖ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȖȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ ȌȈȎȍ Ȋ ȕȍȔ șȒȊȖȏȐȓȈ ȎȈȓȒȈȧ
ȚȡȍȌțȠȕȖșȚȤ șȚȈȘȖșȚȤ ȐȓȐ țȘȖȌȓȐȊȖșȚȤ — «ǴȣșȓȐȚȍȓȤ»
ȉȣȓ ȉȣ, ȚȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ, ȠȍȌȍȊȘȖȔ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȋȓȈȊȕȖȍ ȏȈ-
ȌȈȕȐȍ ȥȚȖȑ țȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ șȒțȓȤȗȚțȘȣ ȕȍ Ȋ ȒȘȈșȐȊȖșȚȐ ȗȖȏȣ
ȘȈȏȔȣȠȓȧȦȡȍȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ Ȉ Ȋ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȐ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ
ȔțșȒțȓ ȕȈȗȘȧȎȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȌțȔȣ
ǷȖșȚȐȋȈȚȤ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȊȕȍȠȕȖșȚȤ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȍȍ — ȊȖȚ șȖȒȘȖȊȍȕ--
ȕȣȑ ȓȖȏțȕȋ ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ǰ ȕȈȠȍ ȚȍȓȖ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ Ȟȍȕ-
ȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȕȐȒ Ȓ ȕȈȠȍȑ ȌțȠȍ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȚȘȍȟȤșȧ ȖȚ ȕȍȋȖ Ȑȏ
ȝȈȕȎȍșȚȊȈ ȜȐȓȐșȚȍȘșȒȖȑ ȔȖȘȈȓȐ
ǵȍȚ Ȍȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȊșȧȒȐȑ șȒȓȈȌ ȌțȠȐ
ȕȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ țȎȍ ȗȘȖ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ȥȔȖȞȐȑ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȊȖ
Ȋșȍȑ ȎȍȓȈȕȕȖȑ ȗȖȓȕȖȚȍ ȓȐȠȤ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȕȈȋȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ ǴțȎȍșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȌȘȧȝȓȖșȚȤ șȒțȗȖșȚȤ ȏȓȖșȚȤ șȍȕȚȐȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ
ȞȍȓȖȔțȌȘȐȍ ȕȍȊȐȕȕȖșȚȤ — ȓȦȉȖȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘ șȚȈȕȍȚ ȧȊșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȍȍ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ ȓȐȠȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȌȍȔȈșȒȐȘțȍȚșȧ ȚȍȓȖ ǶȌȕȐ ȚȖȓȤ-
ȒȖ ȕȍȋȘȈȔȖȚȕȣȍ ȉȓȐȏȖȘțȒȐȍ ȐȓȐ ȕȈȐȊȕȣȍ șȗȖșȖȉȕȣ țȚȊȍȘȎ-
ȌȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ Ȋ «ȉȈȕȍ Ȋșȍ ȘȈȊȕȣ». Ǩ ȟȚȖ ȒȈșȈȍȚșȧ șȞȍȕȐȟȍșȒȖȑ
ȥȒșȗȘȍșșȐȐ ȥȔȖȞȐȑ ȚȖ ȕȈȋȖȚȈ ȈȘȚȐșȚȈ ȒȈȒ Ȕȣ ȊȐȌȍȓȐ Ȑȏ
Țȍȝ Ȏȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȑ ǬțȕȒȈȕ ȌȈȍȚ ȚȈȒȖȑ «ȒȓȦȟ Ȓ ȚȈȑȕȈȔ»,
ȟȚȖ ȘȧȌȖȔ ș ȕȐȔ ȌȘțȋȐȍ «șȘȍȌșȚȊȐȧ» Ȓ ȗȘȖȕȐȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȦ ȕȈȔ
ȒȈȎțȚșȧ ȋȘȖȔȖȏȌȒȐȔȐ Ȉ ȟȈșȚȖ Ȑ ȕȍȊȍȘȕȣȔȐ
ȇ ȕȍȗȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȗȣȚȈȦșȤ Ȋ ȐȕȚȐȔȕȖȔ ȒȘțȋț ȘȖȌȕȣȝ Ȕȕȍ
ȗȖ Ȍțȝț ȐșȒȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȐȕșȞȍȕȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȗȤȍșț ȋȌȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊțȦȚ ȓȐȠȤ
ȌțȠȐ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚșȧ «ȕȈȋȐȍ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȧ ȌțȠȐ» ȖȚȉȘȖșȐȊ
șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȔȈșȒȐȘțȦȡȐȍ ȏȈȊȍșȣ ȖȌȍȎȌȣ ǷțșȚȤ «ȗȘȍȌ-
șȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȌțȠȐ» ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȕȍȚ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȗȘȐ ȗȖȌȓȐȕȕȖ ȖȚȒȘȣ-
ȚȖȔ ȏȈȕȈȊȍșȍ ǿȚȖȉȣ ȒȘȈșȐȊȖȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȓȖ ȍȡȍ ȒȘȈȠȍ țȘȖȌ-

127
ȓȐȊȖȍ țȘȖȌȓȐȊȍȍ ȎȈȓȒȖȍ Ȑ ȕȍȔȖȡȕȖȍ ȍȡȍ ȚȘȖȋȈȚȍȓȤȕȍȍ
ȊȓȈșȚȕȖȍ ȍȡȍ ȊȓȈșȚȕȍȍ ȚȈȑȕȖȍ ȍȡȍ ȚȈȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȍȍ ȇ ȊȍȘȦ
ȐșȒȘȍȕȕȍ ȟȚȖ, ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȚȈȒȈȧ ȗȤȍșȈ ȒȈȒ ©ǨȋȓȈȊȍȕȈ Ȑ ǹȍ-
ȓȐȏȍȚȚȈ» ǴȍȚȍȘȓȐȕȒȈ ȗȘȐ ȈȉșȖȓȦȚȕȖȑ ȕȈȋȖȚȍ Ȋșȍȝ ȥȚȐȝ ȟȐ-
șȚȣȝ Țȍȓ șȓțȎȈȡȐȝ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȓȐȠȤ ȌțȠ ȐȔȐ ȝȘȈȕȐ-
Ȕȣȝ ȕȈȔ ȧȊȐȚșȧ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȔ-ȚȖ ȕȖȊȖȔ ȚȘȍȗȍȚȍ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȚȖ ȕȖ-
ȊȖȑ ȔȖȡȐ ȌȘȈȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȗȍȘȍȎȐȊȈȕȐȑ
ȇ ȊȐȌȍȓ ǴȖȖȌ ȅȓȓȍȕ ȐȓȐ ǴȖȌ ǨȓȈȕ ȒȈȒ ȍȍ ȕȍȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖ
ț ȕȈș ȐȔȍȕțȦȚ
ǭȍ șȞȍȕȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȊȖȗȓȖȡȍȕȐȍ ǹȈȓȖȔȍȐ (Vision) ȌȍȑșȚȊȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ ȏȈ great attraction.
ǶȕȈ ȔȐȓȈ Ȑ ȊȣȘȈȏȐȚȍȓȤȕȈ Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȌȍȊȐȟȤȍȑ ȕȈȋȖȚȍ ǷȖ-
șȊȖȍȔț ȒȘȈșȐȊȈ — ȇ ȋȖȊȖȘȦ ȓȐȠȤ ȗȘȖ ȍȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ șȈȔȈ
Ȏȍ ȗȖ șȍȉȍ ȖȕȈ ȕȍ ȉȓȍȡȍȚ ȒȘȈșȖȚȖȑ — Ȑ ȘȖȚ ȊȍȓȐȒ Ȑ ȕȖș
ȕȍȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȣȑ șțȚțȓȖȊȈȚȈ ȕȖȋȐ ș ȎȐȓȈȔȐ ȇ ȋȖȊȖȘȦ ȓȐȠȤ
ȗȘȖ ȍȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ
ǷȖȟȚȐ Ȋșȍ ȋȈȏȍȚȣ ȍȍ ȘȈȏȘțȋȈȓȐ ǵȖ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈ ȕȈȗȘȈșȕȖ
ȗȘȐȌȈȍȚ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖȍ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ ȋȈȏȍȚȕȣȔ șȚȘȖȒȈȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȋ
șȚȘȍȔȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȋȖȕȤȉȍ ȏȈ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȍȔ ȕȍ ȗȐȠțȚșȧ șȖȋȓȈșȕȖ ȗȘȈ-
ȊȐȓț «șȍȔȤ ȘȈȏ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȤ Ȉ ȖȌȐȕ ȘȈȏ ȖȚȘȍȎȤ» ǪȏȧȚȤ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ
ȊșȍȔȐ țȊȈȎȈȍȔȖȋȖ ȒȘȐȚȐȒȈ Ǫ ǹȊȍȚȓȖȊȈ șȖȋȓȈșȕȖ «ǩȐȘȎȍ-
ȊȣȔ ȊȍȌȖȔȖșȚȧȔ» ȖȚ 20 ȕȖȧȉȘȧ 1909 ȋ «ǴȖȌ ǨȓȓȈȕ ȒȘȈ-
șȐȊȖ șȓȖȎȍȕȕȈȧ» Ȉ șȖȋȓȈșȕȖ «ǩȐȘȎȍȊȣȔ ȊȍȌȖȔȖșȚȧȔ» ȖȚ
23 ȕȖȧȉȘȧ ț ȕȍȍ «ȕȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȒȘȈșȐȊȣȍ ȕȖȋȐ» ȟȚȖ țȎȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚ-
șȧ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȣȔ ȌȍȜȍȒȚȖȔ Ȍȓȧ ȚȈȕȞȖȊȡȐȞȣ Ȋ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Ȍȓȧ
«ȉȖșȖȕȖȎȒȐ» ǹȒȖȘȖ ȌțȘȕȍȦȚ Ȋ ȋȓȈȏȈȝ Ǫ ǹȊȍȚȓȖȊȈ «ȒȘȈ-
șȐȊȖ șȓȖȎȍȕȕȣȍ» ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ǵȖ, ȟȚȖ ȉȣ Ȗȕ ȕȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ȗȘȖ
ǴȖȌ ȅȓȓȍȕ ȧ ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȓ «ȕȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȒȘȈșȐȊȣȍ ȕȖȋȐ» Ȋ șȚȘȈ-
șȚȕȖȑ ȗȓȧșȒȍ ǹȈȓȖȔȍȐ Ǫȣ ȗȖȔȕȐȚȍ «ȇȊȓȍȕȐȍ» ǫțșȚȈȊȈ ǴȖȘȖ
Ȋ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȐ ǫȦȐșȔȈȕșȈ" — «ǻȉȐȑșȚȊȖ șȖȊȍȘȠȐȓȖșȤ Ȏȍș-
ȚȖȔ ȐșȗțȋȈ ǹȈȓȖȔȍȧ ȖȚȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȍȚ țȎȈșȕȖȍ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȚȖ-
ȘȖȍ ȗȘȐȒȖȊȣȊȈȍȚ ȍȍ ȕȈ ȔȍșȚȍ ȕȍȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȖ ǶȕȈ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȋȖ-
ȓȈȧ ȕȈ ȕȍȑ ȕȈȌȍȚȣ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȏȖȓȖȚȣȍ ȊȍȡȐ ȧȘȒȐȍ ȔȐȕȍȘȈ-
ȓȣ ȔȍȎȌț ȕȈȋȘțȌȕȐȒȖȔ Ȑ ȗȖȧșȖȔ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȍȚ ȎȐȊȖȚ ȗȘȖ-
ȘȣȚȣȑ ȗțȗȒȖȔ Ǫ ȉȍșȟțȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔ Ȑ ȉȍȏȎȈȓȖșȚȕȖȔ ȐȏȊȈȧ-
ȕȐȐ Ȋ ȕȍȊȐȕȕȖȔ Ȑ ȖȗȈșȕȖȔ ȐȌȖȓȍ ȧȊȓȧȓșȧ ȥȘȖȚȐȏȔ țȎȈș
ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȉȣȚȐȧ ǩȍȏȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȑ ȒȖȠȔȈȘ ȌțȠȐȓ ȜȐȋ-
ȓȧȘȒț ȖȗȤȧȕȍȕȕțȦ ȊȐȝȘȍȔ ȚȈȕȞȈ ȒțȘȚȐȏȈȕȒț ȖȒȈȔȍȕȍȊ-

ȠțȦ Ȑ ȏȈȋȐȗȕȖȚȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȕȕțȦ țȎȈșȖȔ».
ǰ ǴȖȌ ȅȓȓȍȕ ȉȣȓȈ ȉȓȐȏȒȈ Ȓ ǫțșȚȈȊț ǴȖȘȖ Ȑ Ȓ ǫȦȐș-
ȔȈȕșț ǶȕȈ ȧȊȐȓȈ ȕȈ ȥșȚȘȈȌȍ «ȗȓȈȔȍȕȕțȦ» Ȑ «ȎȍșȚȖȒțȦ»,
«țȚȖȕȟȍȕȕțȦ» Ȑ «ȌȐȒțȦ», «ȋȕțșȕțȦ» Ȑ «ȐȏȧȡȕțȦ» ǶȕȈ ȗȖ-
ȕȘȈȊȐȓȈșȤ — ȒȘȐȟȈȓȐ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȓȐ ȈȗȓȖȌȐȘȖȊȈȓȐ ȟȍșȚȊȖ-
ȊȈȓȐ
Ǫ ȌȘțȋȐȝ «ȕȖȔȍȘȈȝª ȖȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ șȓȈȉȍȍ ǵȖ Ȑ ȚȈȔ ȍȍ ȌțȠȈ
șțȔȍȓȈ ȖȉȢȧșȕȐȚȤșȧ ȒȘȈșȐȊȖ Ȑ ȐȏȣșȒȈȕȕȖ ȕȈ ȥȚȖȔ ȋȐȉȒȖȔ Ȑ
ȗȖȕȧȚȕȖȔ ȊșȍȔ ȕȈȘȖȌȈȔ ȧȏȣȒȍ ȎȐȊȖȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ
ȇ ȉȣ, ȕȈȊȍȘȕȖȍ ȍȡȍ ȖȝȖȚȕȍȍ ȗȘȖșȚȐȓ ȥȚȖȑ ȦȕȖȑ ȈȘȚȐșȚ-
Ȓȍ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȗȖȋȘȍȠȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ ȚȍȝȕȐȒȍ ȍșȓȐ ȉ ȖȕȈ Ȕȍȕȧ
ȕȍ ȘȈșșȍȘȌȐȓȈ șȊȖȍȑ ȒȕȐȋȖȑ «ǴȖȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȑ ȔȖȐ ȚȈȕȞȣ»,
ȒȕȐȋȖȑ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȖȕȈ ȊȍȌȍȚ ȕȈȟȈȓȖ șȊȖȐȝ ȚȈȕȞȍȊ ȖȚ ȗȖȓȖ-
Țȍȕ ǩȖȚȐȟȍȓȓȐ Ȑ ȎȍșȚȖȊ ǹȈȘȘȣ ǩȍȘȕȈȘ Ȑ ȕȐ șȓȖȊȖȔ ȕȍ țȗȖ-
ȔȐȕȈȍȚ Ȗ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȘȍȌȠȍșȚȊȍȕȕȐȞȍ— ȐȏțȔȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ Ȑ ȕȐȒȍȔ
ȕȍ ȗȘȍȊȏȖȑȌȍȕȕȖȑ ǨȑșȍȌȖȘȍ ǬțȕȒȈȕ*.
ǵ ǭȊȘȍȐȕȖȊ
Ɏɥɨɪɟɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɦɭɡ
* ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ ɟɫɥɢ ɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɣ Ɇɨɨɞ ɗɥɟɧ Ⱦɭɧɤɚɧ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ
ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɰɟɣ ɟɟ ɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɫɨɩɟɪɧɢɰɟɣ ɜ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɧɧɨɦ
ɢɦ ɨɛɟɢɦ ɬɚɧɰɨɜɳɢɰɟɣ Ʌɨɢ Ɏɸɥɥɟɪ ɇ ȿ

129
ǰǾǳǺȍ Ƕ ǻǮǱǼȀǮ ǰ ǶǿǸȁǿǿȀǰǳ
(ȀȞȖ ȒȞȓȐțȖȣ ȝȞȓȒȟȘȎȕȎțȖȭ
ǵ ǵ ǭȊȘȍȐȕȖȊț
«ǯȕȈȦ ȚȊȖȐ ȌȍȓȈ Ȑ șȒȖȘȉȤ Ȑ
ȕȐȡȍȚț (ȊȗȘȖȟȍȔ, Țȣ ȉȖȋȈȚ
Ȉ ȖȕȐ ȕȍ ȚȈȒȖȊȣ ȕȖ — șȉȖȘȐȡȍ
șȈȚȈȕȐȕșȒȖȍ».
ǩȣȓȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȗȖȒȓȖȕȧȓșȧ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȖȔț ȕȈȟȈȓț
ȎȐȏȕȐ.
ǩȣȊȈȍȚ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȓȦȌȐ ȉȓțȌȧȡȐȍ ȕȈ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȍȘȍȒȘȍșȚ-
ȒȈȝ ș ȝțȓȖȦ ȒȐȊȈȦȚ ȕȈ ȟȐșȚțȦ ȕȈȋȖȚț Ȕțȏ
ǩțȌȍȚ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȖȋȌȈ
«ǪȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ».
— ȋȖȓȈȧ ȐșȚȐȕȈ —
ǻȚȍȠȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȐșȗȖȓȕȐȚșȧ ȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏȈȕȐȍ
«ǰ ȉțȌȍȚ ȗȈșȚȐ Ȑȝ ȎȍȏȓȖȔ
ȎȍȓȍȏȕȣȔ; ȒȈȒ șȖșțȌȣ ȋȓȐ-
ȕȧȕȣȍ ȖȕȐ șȖȒȘțȠȈȚșȧ».
ǲțȓȤȉȐȕ

131
ȅȚȐȔ ȌȖȉȘȖȌȍȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȔ ǷȘȐȘȖȌȖȦ ȖȚȔȍȘȍȕ
ȒȘțȋ, ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ Ȍȓȧ ȕȐȝ ȖȉȠȐȘȕȣȑ
ǷȖȓȖȎȐȔ — ȥȚȐ șȓȍȗȖȘȖȎȌȍȕȕȣȍ șȈȔȐ șȍȉȧ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȧȚ Ȑ
ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦȚ ȎȐȊțȚ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȑ ȟȈșȚȤȦ ȕȈ ȖȡțȗȤ Ȑ ȗȖȚȖȔț Ȋ Ȑȝ
ȖȉȐȝȖȌȍ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊțȍȚ Ȑ ȟțȊșȚȊȖ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ
ǲțȘȤȍȏȕȈȧ ȗȈȘȖȌȐȧ ȕȈ ȕȍȍ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȈȍȚ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ȕȍȓȍȗȖȑ
ȌțȠȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȔȕȖȋȖȟȐșȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȞȐȊȐȓȐȏȖȊȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȓȍȉ-
șȈ Ȑ ȘȈȏȉȖȋȈȚȍȊȠȐȝ ȔȈșȚȍȘȖȊȣȝ ǵȈșȓȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȈȧ ȜȐȏȐȟȍș-
ȒȈȧ ȌȘȧȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȗȖȌȕȍȊȖȓȤȕȣȑ ȚȘțȌ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȠȓȐ Ȍȓȧ ȕȐȝ ȌȈ-
ȘȖȔǰ ȊȖȚ ȟȚȖȉ ȕȍ ȘȈșșȚȈȚȤșȧ ș ȒȘȈșȖȚȖȑ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȍȍ
șȚȈȓȐ ȗȖȔȍȡȈȚȤ ȚȈȒ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ ȕȈ Ȍȕȍ «ȌțȠȐ», ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȗȘȐșțȚ-
șȚȊȐȍ ȍȍ ȘȍȒȖȔȍȕȌțȍȚșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȍȘȐȚȤ
ǹȕȈȘțȎȐ ȕȈȌȍȊȈȍȚșȧ ȒȈȒȈȧ-ȚȖ «ȞȍȝȖȊȈȧ ȥșȚȍȚȐȒȈ» ȖȌȍȧ-
ȕȐȑ — Ȑ ȞȍȓȤ ȌȖșȚȐȋȕțȚȈ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȐșȤ ȋȖșȗȖȌȈ «ȗȖ ȖȉȘȈȏț
Ȑ ȗȖȌȖȉȐȦ ǩȖȎȐȦ».
ǹȗȖșȖȉ țȕȐȊȍȘșȈȓȤȕȣȑ
ǵȖ ȐșȚȐȕȕȖ ȊȍȕȍȞ ȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ — ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ — Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȔ ȊȐ-
Ȍȍ ȜȐȋțȘȈ ȗȖȠȓȈȧ Ȋ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȔ ȎȈȓȒȈȧ Ȑ șȔȍȝȖȚȊȖȘȕȈȧ Ȋ
ȉțȌțȡȍȔ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȊșȨ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȍ Ȑ ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȕȖ-țșȓȖȊȕȖȍ ȗȘȍȌ
ȓȐȞȖȔ ȊȍȟȕȖȑ ȐșȚȐȕȣ
ǹȘȈȊȕȐȊȈȚȤ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ ȖȌȍȧȕȕȖȍ ȒȘȈșȖȚȖȑ ș
șȈȔȖșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȤȦ ȒȈȒȐȝ ȉȣ ȚȖ ȕȐ ȉȣȓȖ ȖȌȍȎȌ
ȔȖȎȍȚ ȓȐȠȤ ȕȍȒȚȖ ș ȚȘȧȗȐȟȕȖȑ ȌțȠȖȑ ȐȓȐ ȓțȒȈȊȣȔ ȧȏȣ-
ȒȖȔ ǬțȠȈ șȓȍȗȈȧ Ȓ ȎȐȊțȡȍȑ ȊȖȗȓȖȡȍȕȕȖȑ ǲȘȈșȖȚȍ ȚȘț-
șȓȐȊȖ ȕȍȕȈȊȐȌȧȡȈȧ ȍȍ ȕȍȗȖȌȒțȗȕȣȑ ȒȘȐȚȍȘȐȑ — ȥȚȖȋȖ ȊȍȘ-
ȕȖȋȖ șȚȘȈȎȈ ȎȐȏȕȐ — ȗȖȏȖȘȕȣȔ șȚȣȌȖȔ ȖȚȘȈȊȓȍȕȕȈȧ Ȉ ȕȍ
șȊȧȡȍȕȕȖȑ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤȦ ȖȉțȧȕȕȈȧ — ȚȈȒȈȧ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȌțȠȈ ȍș-
ȓȐ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȈȏȊȈȚȤ ȥȚȖ ȌțȠȖȑ ȉȍȘȍȚșȧ țșȚȈȕȈȊȓȐ-
ȊȈȚȤ ȏȈȒȖȕȣ ǭȍ ȋȓțȉȖȒȐȝ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȐȝ ȚȈȐȕșȚȊ
ǫȓȈȏȈ ȕȍ țȏȕȈȦȡȐȍ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ Ȋ ȎȐȊȖȔ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȔȍ ȊȐ-
ȌȧȚ ȍȍ Ȋ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȐ — ȔȐȓȣȑ ȈȉșțȘȌ ȗȘȍȚȍȕȌțȦȡȐȝ ȕȈ ȋȓț-
ȉȖȒȖȍ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȍȍ ȗȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȍ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ ȌțȠȖȑ
ǶȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȚȤ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ — ȧȏȣȒȖȔ ȕȖșȖȔ ȗȈȓȤȞȍȔ ȗȘȐ-
ȓȐȟȕȍȍ Ȍȓȧ ȖȘȈȕȋțȚȈȕȋȖȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȝȖȘȖȠȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ
ȕȍ ȗȐȠțȚ ȚȘȈȒȚȈȚȖȊ ȗȖ ȥșȚȍȚȐȒȍ Ȑ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȕȍ ȓȍȏțȚ Ȋ
ȟțȎȌțȦ ȐȔ ȖȉȓȈșȚȤ

ǬȈȑȚȍ ȊȖȓȦ «ȥșȚȍȚȐȒțșȈȔ» ȉțȚȈȜȖȘȐȐ Ȑ ȖȕȐ ȏȈ ȓȍȕȚȣ Ȑ
ȉțșȣ ȗȘȖȌȈȌțȚ ȕȈ șȢȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȎȐȊȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȒȈȒ ȓȦȉȖȑ Ȗȋ-
ȕȍȏȍȔȍȓȍȞ
ǿȍȓȖȊȍȒ Ȍȓȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ șȈȔȖȍ ȞȍȕȕȖȍ — ȗȐȌȎȈȒ ȕȍ șȗȖ-
șȖȉȍȕ ȞȍȕȐȚȤ «șȘȈȔȖȚț» ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ Ȋ ȕȍȔ șȗȘȧȚȈȕȈ
ȅȚȐ «ȊȍȠȈȓȒȐ» țșȓțȎȈȦȡȐȍ ȋȈȘȌȍȘȖȉȕȖȑ ȥșȚȍȚȐȒȍ, Ȑ
ȊȖȊșȍ ȏȈȉȣȓȐ ȉȣ Ȗ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȍ Ȍȓȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ șțȡȍșȚȊțȦȚ ȍș-
ȓȐ ȉȣ șȈȔȈ ǷȘȐȘȖȌȈ ȕȍ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȓȈ ȐȔ ȗȖȌȟȈș ȟȚȖ ȌȈȎȍ
Ȑȝ «ȊȖȓȠȍȉȕȖȍ» ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȉȍșșȐȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȚȐȚȤ ȓȦȉȖȋȖ
Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ Ȋ «ȊȍȕȍȞ ȚȊȖȘȍȕȤȧ» ȐȓȐ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȐȓȐȟȕȖȋȖ
șȚȈȚȐșȚȈ ȎȐȏȕȐ
ǶȌȍȎȌȈ ȋȈȘȈȕȚȐȘțȍȚ ȘȈȊȕȖ ȖȚ șȖȏȍȘȞȈȕȤȧ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ Ȑ ȉȍ-
ȏȖȉȘȈȏȐȧ ǺȍȔ ȟȤȐ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȊȐȌȧȚ ȕȈșȒȊȖȏȤ ȐȓȐ șȈȔȐ șȖȏȌȈȦȚ
ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȐȔ ȏȘȍȕȐȍȔ Ȋ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ ȕȈȌȖ țȔȍȚȤ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȚȤ ȖȌ-
ȕȖ ȖȚ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȔȐȕȖȊȈȚȤ ǹȞȐȓȓț ȕȈȋȓȖȋȖ ȉȍșșȚȣȌșȚ-
ȊȈ Ȑ ǽȈȘȐȉȌț ȝȈȕȎȍșȚȊȈ șȚȣȌȓȐȊȖșȚȐ ȖȌȐȕȈȒȖȊȖ ȖȗȈșȕȣȝ
ȗȓȖȊȞȈȔ ȕȈ ȘȖȌȐȕț ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȋȖ — ȐșȒȈȚȍȓȧȔ ȊȍȟȕȖȑ ȒȘȈ-
șȖȚȣ Ȋ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȔ Țȍȓȍ
ǰ ǴȧșȖȍȌȖȊ

ǺȍȒșȚ ȒȕȐȋȐ ȗțȉȓȐȒțȍȚșȧ ȗȖ ȗȍȘȊȖȔț ȐȏȌȈȕȐȦ ǹǷȉ ǺȐȗ ǴȖȘ-
șȒȖȋȖ ȔȐȕȐșȚȍȘșȚȊȈ  ǶȘȜȖȋȘȈȜȐȧ Ȑ ȗțȕȒȚțȈȞȐȧ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȍȕȣ
Ȓ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȔ ȕȖȘȔȈȔ ǹȖȝȘȈȕȍȕȖ ȖȘȐȋȐȕȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ȕȍȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȣȝ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȖȊ țȕȐȜȐȞȐȘȖȊȈȕȖ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ȘȧȌȈ ȐȔȍȕ ǷȖȌșȚȘȈ-
ȘȈȕȐȟȕȣȍ ȗȘȐȔȍȟȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȈȚ ȘȍȌȈȒȚȖȘț Ǫșȍ ȐȓȓȦșȚȘȈȞȐȐ Ȋȏȧ-
Țȣ Ȑȏ ȗȍȘȊȖȐȏȌȈȕȐȧ Ǫ ȖȜȖȘȔȓȍȕȐȐ ȖȉȓȖȎȒȐ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȈ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ
Ǽ ȌȍȓȤ ǴȈȘȓȍ

ȀǳǺǻȉǳ ǿȀǾǮǿȀǶ
SALAMANDRA P.V.V.
ǵȈșȚȖȧȡȈȧ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌțȍȚ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ
ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȖ-ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȞȍȓȐ Ȑ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȌȕȈȏȕȈ-
ȟȍȕȈ Ȍȓȧ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ-ȓȐȉȖ ȒȖȔȔȍȘȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȊȖșȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍ-
ȕȐȧ Ȑ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȐȧ ȐȏȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȐȉȣȓȐ Ȑ Țȗ
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