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B. <1>. K03JlOB, C. H. C\1UpHOB. - M.: 3HeproaToM-
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paBHblii 1 .11.)1{ I1a KBa,llpaTHblii
MeTp B CCKYH.ll.Y
0003Ha'leHHe eAHHH
AKTMBHOCTH M XapaKTepHCTHK nOJIR H3J1Y'IeHR
I COOTIIOllleHHe Mem)J.Y e,:J.HIIHL(aMH
RH CHCTe:'lIIftR e.!\HHHT\a
KH
pa
P
69p
pa.n
pa
C
Pic
63p/C
pa.n/c
P'CM 2
q'MKH
3pr/(CM2.C)
M3BI (CM 2 .c)
K/Opu paBllo 3,7.10 10 pacna-
.J;OB B ceKYH.n:y
Paa cooTBeTcTBycT norno-
Il\ellHOH 3HeprHH 100 3pr lIa 1 I'
eell.\eCTna
PeH.TZeH. - ,lI,03a <jJoToHHoro
113nY4e!!HH, "PH KOTOpOH KOp-
nYCKYJlHpHaH 3MHCCllH, B03HHK-
llIaH Jj 1 CM 3 B03)1:yxa, C03)1:aCT
11011 bI , IICCYIl\He I CfCE KOJlHqe-
CTI!a 3,1eKTpH'ICCTBa Ka)l{,/I.oro
3!!aKa
Eap - 3KIJHIJaJlCIITllaH )1:03 a
JIIo60ro BHAa H3.'1YQeIlHH
Kep.Tta - KIIIIeTHtleCKaH 3l1ep-
fH5I B pa,llax, nepe;l,allHaH 3apH-
lliC!!lIbBI tjaCTH aM, 06pa30BaH-
I!blM HOIIH3HPYIOIl\HM H3. YQeHH-
eM B e,l,HHHI\e MaCChi 06J1Y'Iae-
Moil cpe.J:bI
Paa 8 CeKYliay
PeH.TZeH. 8 CeKYliay
Eap 8 ceKYIiDy
Paa 8 ceKYIiDy
r aJlAta-nOcTORliliaR (f) pa.ll.HO-
IIYK.'1H.J:a - MOIl\HOCTb 3Kcn03H-
1 IIOHHOii ,iJ.03b1 (Ph), C03,!!,aIJa
eMoii pa)l:I10!!YK.1H.ll.OM aKTHBHO-
CTblO 1 MKH lIa paccToHHHH I CM
6e3 HaQa.1bIlOH <jJ1I.1bTpal 1!11
3pI' Ha KIJa.a.paTIILli"! caHTH-
MeTp B CCKYH.J:Y fiJlH Mera3J1eKT-
pOIlBO.'1bT lIa KBa,llpaTllblH caHTH-
MeTp B ceKYH,Z!Y
I fiK=1 pacn./c=2,703.10- 11 KH
1 KH=3.7.1OIO pacn./c=3,7.IOIO fiK
1 fp=1 )J;)I{!KI' = 1.10& 3pI'/r=
= 100 pa,l(
I pa,ll,= 100 3Pr /r= 1,10- 2 )J;)I{ 'Kr -=
=1.10- 2 fp= I crp
1 Kn/Kr=3,88.103 P
1 P=2,58.10-& KJI/Kr
1 3B= Ifp = I
Q
= 100 69p;
1 pa.n
169p=-=
Q
I.IO-2fp
Q = I .10- 2 3B = 1 c3a
1 fp=1 )J;)I{/Kr=I,IO& 3pr/r-:
= 100 paJ],
1 pa)\= 100 3pr/I'= 1.10- 2 .L!:)I{/Kr=
=1.10- 2 fp=1 cfp
)J;)I{/Kr
Q
100 pa.n _
Q -
J .10- 2 )J;)I{/Kr
Q
J fp/c--=I )J;)I{/(Kr,c)=J02 pa,l(/c
J paMc=I.10-2 )J;)I{/(KI"C)=
=1.10- 2 fp/c=J cfp/c
1 Kn/(Kr.c)=3,88.10-3 Pic
1 P/c=2,58.1O-' KJI/(Kr.c)
I 3B/c=100 63P/C
1 63p/c=I.10-2 3B/c=1 C3B/C
1 fp/c= 1,lI)I{/(Kr.c)=I00 pa.n/c
1 pa,ll,/c 1.10- 2 )J;)I{/(Kr.c)=
=10- 2 fp/c=1 cfp/c
r IJRC , aKn'M2/(Kr,c,SK)=0,1939 r,
P.CM2/('I'MKfi)
I BT/M2=1 .n)l{/( .c)=
-= 10 3 9pr/(cM2.c)=6,24.1()8
M98/(CM2.C)
1 3pI'/(CM 2 .C)= 10- 3 )J;)I{/(M2.C)=
=10- 3 BT/M2; 1 M98/(CM 2 .C)=
=1,602.10-P )J;)I{/(M2.C)=
= 1,602.10- 8 BT/M 2
15
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J1.JH! XapaKTeptlCTHRH cr,:OPOCTH pa/!,HOaKTHnHOrO pacna.n:a noJIb3yIOTCH
neptlO.n:OM nOJIypacna.n:a T 1 / 2 , T, e, BpeMeHeM, B TeIJeHHe KOTOpOro pacna-
.n:aeTC5I nO.'!OBHHa nep BOHaqa.'lbHorO qllCJIa 5IAep .n:aHHOrO pa.n:110HYKJIH.n:a.
ECJIlI npllH5ITb, IJTO N = O,5N o , TO nOJIYIJHM NINo = e- AT1 / 2 = 112,
OTKy.n:a In 2 = 'AT 1 / 2 HJ!H TI/2 = O,693/A,
'A = O,693IT 1 / 2 .
(2.2)
OrHOCI!TeJIbHOe H3MeHeHIIe qHCJIa 5J.n:ep onpeAeJHleTC5I H3 cooTHorueHHH
NIN o = e- O ,G931/TI/2 = e- Al . (2.3)
AKTHBHOCTb paAIIoHYKJ!u.n:a B HCTOqHIIKe - oTHorueHIIe qIICJIa dN cnOH-
TaHHb!X 5J.n:epHbIX npeBpam;eHIIH paAHoHYKJIII.n:a, npoHcXOA5Im;HX B AaIlHOM
ero KOJIHqecTBe 3a HHTepBaJI BpeMeHH dt, K 3TOMY HlITepnaJIY:
A = dNldt. (2.4)
OrHorneHlIe aKTHBHOCTlI pa.l1.HoHYKJIHAa B 06pa3l1.e K Macce H 06'beMY
06pa3l1.a ua3blBaeTC5I YAe.nbHOH (DK/Kr) H 06'beMHOH (DK/M 3 ) aKTHBIIO-
CTblO paAlIoHYKJIII.n:a COOTBeTCTBeHHO.
3a eAIIHHII.Y aKTlIBHOCTH pa.n:HouYKJIHAOB B CI1 npHuHMaeTcH 1 aKT
pacna.n:a B 1 C (pacn./c). 3Ty e.n:HHlIUY Ha3blBalOT 6eKK.epe/lb (DK).
BHeclIcTeMHoH e.n:HHHlI.eH aKTHBHOCTH HBJIHeTC5I KlOpH (KH). KlOpU-
3TO e.n:HHHua aKTIIBHOCTlI paAIIoaKTHBHb!X Bem;eCTB, onpeAeJI5IeMa5I KaK
aKTHBHOCTb pa.n:HoHYKJIH.n:a, B KOTOpOM B 1 C npoHcxOAHT 3,7 . 10 10 aKTOB
pacna.n:a (aKTHBHoCTb 1 r 226Ra npHOJIIrm:eHHo paBHa 1 KH).
BHecIIcTeMHaH eAHHHlI.a aKTIIBHOCTH KlOpll CB5I3aHa C 6eKKepeJIeM CJIe-
.n:YlOllI.HM o6pa30M:
1 KII = 3,7 . 10 10 pacn./c = 3,7. 10 10 DK;
1 DK = 2,7 . 10- 11 KH.
2.1.2. EAHHHLtLl A03b1 H3.11YQeHHH
Ha pHC. 2.1 AaHa cxeMa o6pa30BaHH5I norJIorueHHoH, 9KCn031UI.HOHIIOH
II 3KBHBaJIeHTHoH )J.03 B I10JIe cMeruaHHoro HenOCpe.l1.cTBeHHo (H3JIyqeHHe
3apmKeHHbix qacTlIlI.) II KOCBeHHO (cpoTOHbl II HeihpoHbl) HOHH3HpYlOm;ero
H3J!YIJeHlISI. npH B3aHMo)J.eHcTBIIH IIOHH3HPYIOllI.ero lI3JIyqeHH5I co cpe.n:oH
qaCTb 3HepmH cpoTOHOB npe06pa3yeTC5I B 3ueprmo, nepe)J.aHHYIO Belll.eCT-
BY (KHHeTlIIJecKYIO 3HeprIIIO OCBo60)K,ZJ,eHHb!X 3JIeKTpOHOB, Tep5IeMYlO npH
IIX B3allMO,ZJ,eHCTBHII C Belll.eCTBOM) II norJ!Olll.eHHYlO Bem;eCTBOM.
)],JIH onpe,ZJ,e.neHIUI MepblnOrJIOlll.eHHOH 3HeprHII JII060ro BH,ZJ,a H3JIyqeHHH
B cpe.n:e HCnOJIb3yeTcH nOHHTHe IIOrJIOlll.eHHOH )J.03bl H3JIYIJeHHH (,ZJ,03bI 1I3-
JIyqeHIIH).
nOrJIom.eHHaH )J.03a H3JIYIJeHIIH D - OTHOllIeime cpe.n:HeM: 3HeprHH
d W, nepe/!,aHHOH: HOHII3HPYIOllI.HM H3JIYIJeHHeM JU'IIIPf'TRV R <!.nPMPwT'!lT)HOl\f
OO'beMe, K Macce dm Belll.eCTBa B 310M o6'be
D =- dW ldm.
(2.5)
17
3a e,lJ,1I1H1I1Y norJlo1lI.eHHoH ,lJ,03bI H3JIyqeHHH B CM npHHHMaeTCH rpeA
(fp),
r peu paBeH nor.l0III.eHHOH: ,n:03e H3.1y'!eHH5I, COOTBeTCTBYIOIII.eii
3HeprHH 1 .lJ,:m: HOH1I311pYIOrn.ero I1'MY l ICHlI51 moooro BII)].a, nor.'1orn.eI1lIOii
Bern.eCTBOM MaccoH 1 Kr (1 fp 1 .lJ,m/Kr).
BHecHcTeMHoH e)].HHl1l1.eH nOrJIoIII.eHHOH: )].03bl 113JIyqeHIHI HB.l51eTC5I
paiJ: 1 pa,lJ, COOTBeTcTByeT nOrJIOIII.eHIIOH 3HeprHH 100 3pr Ha 1 r JII060ro
BeIII.eCTBa
1 pa)]. = 100 3prlr =-= 1 . 10- 2 .lJ,)!{/Kr = 1 . 10- 2 fp,
1 fp = 100 pa)]..
BeJlHqHHa nOrJlorn.ellHoH ,lJ,03bI H3.'IYQeHHH 3aBHCHT OT BH)].a H3JIyqeHH5I,
ero cneKTpaJlbHOrO COCTaBa, COCTaBa norJIOIII.aJorn.eH cpe,n:bl H YC.l0BHH
06JIYQeHlIH.
.lI.JIH xapaKTepHCTHKH .3$PeKTa HOHH3aI\UI1 B B03)].yxe npHHma 3Kcno-
3HlI.HOilHaH ,lJ,03a <pOTOHHoro H3.'1YQeHHH.
3KCn03U/{UOHHa5l iJ03a cpomOHHOcO U3/lYtf.eHUf/. - OTHOllleIIHe nOJIlIOrO
3apH)].a dQ Bcex HOHOB O)].Horo 3HaKa, C03)].aHl!bIX B B03)].yxe, Kor,lJ,a Bce
3JIeKTpOHbI H n03liTpOHbl, oCBo60m)].eHHble cpoTOHaMIf B 3J1eMeilTapHOM
06'beMe B03)].yxa MaCCOH dm, nOJIIIOCTblO nOrJIOTHJIIICb B B03,n:yxe, K Macce
dm B03,n:YXa B 3TOM 06'beMe:
X = dQ/dm. (2.6)
3a e)].llIlHlI.Y 3KCn03HI\HOIIHOH
,n:03bl B CM npHHHMaeTC5I Ky.l01! I1a
KHJIOrpaMM (K.l/Kr).
KY/lOH fla KU/lOcpaMM - 3KCIIO-
3HlI.I10IIHa51 ,n:03a cpoToHHoro H3JIY4e-
HHH, npl1 npoxo:m:)].eHHH KOToporo
Qepe3 1 Kr cyxoro aTMoc<pepHoro
B03)].yxa B pe3YJIbTaTe 3aBepweHHH
Bcex HOHH3all.HOHHbIX npou.eccoB B
B03)].yxe C03)I,aIOTCH HOHbI, HeCYIII.He
33p5l)]. B O)].HH Ky.'IOH 3.'IeKTpI1QeCTBa
Ka:m:,n:oro 3HaK3.
BHecHcTeMHoH e)].I1IIHu.eH .9KCnO-
3HIJ:110HHOH ,Z!.03bI HB.l51eTC5I peHTren
(P).
PeHm2C1-1 - 3KCn03HlI.HOJIHa51 ,Z!.O-
3a <PoToHHoro H3JIYQeHH5I, npH npo-
xom,n:eHIHI KOToporo Qepe3 0,001293 r
[Macca 1 CM a cyxoro B03.l1.yxa Ilpl1
HOpMa,'IbHbIX YCJIOBH5IX (273 K, 0,1
MOa) I B03J\yxa B pe3y.'IbTaTe 3aBep-
3KCnOJIlqlloHHflR
{JUJU
18
PHC 2.1. CxeMa <jJopMHpOaaHHi1 ,il,03b1 H
CBH3allHblX e HCH BE'.1H'IHH
IlIeHlI5I BCeX HOHH:3aII.H:OHHbIX IJpOI eCCOB C03,n:aIOTC5I HOHbl, Hecym.nC O,n:HY
3JIeKTpOCTaTHlIeCKYlO e,n:H:HHII.y KOJIHlIeCTBa 3.leKTpHlIeCTBa Kam,n:OrO
3HaKa:
1 P = 2,58 . 10- 4 KJI/Kr;
1 KJI/Kr = 3,88 . 1()3 P.
113 onpe,n:eJIeHH5I peHTreHa MOmHO HaihH ero 3HepreTHtIeCKHe 3KBH-
Ba.'IeHTbI npH YCJIOBIiH :weKTpOHHoro paBIIOBeCH:H.
no onpe,n:eJIeHHIO 1 P cooTBeTcTByeT 3apH,n: 1 CrCE = net r,n:e n-
tIHC.'JO nap HOHOB B 1 CMs, e - 3ap5l,n: HOHa, paBHbIH 4,8 . 10- 10 CrCE.
TaKH:M oopa30M, ,n:JI5I no.'IYlIeHHfI 3apH,n:a 1 CrCE TpeoyeTC5I n =
= 1/(4,8 . 10-10) = 2,08 . 10 9 nap HOHOB/CM s .
ECJIH YlIeCTb, lITO cpe,n:H5I5I 3HeprHH HOHooopa30BaHH:H B B03,n:yxe B =
= 33,85 3B H 1 3B = 1,6 . 10- 12 3pr, TO 3Kcn03Hu,HOHHOH ,n:03e 1 P oy-
,lJ,eT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb nOrJIom.eHHa51 3HeprHH
nB = 2,08 . 10 9 . 33,85 . 10- 6 = 7,05 . 10 4 M3B/CM 3 = 0,113 3prlcM 3 .
n H: nepeClIeTe Ha 1 r B03,lJ,yxa 1 P oy,Z!.eT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb 2,08 X
X 10 /0,001293 = 1,61 . 10 12 IJap HOHOB/r.
CJIe,n:OBaTe.'IbHO npH nepeClIeTe Ha 1 r B03,lJ,yxa 3KCn03Hu,HoHHOH ,n:03e 1 P
oY,lJ,eT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb nor.'IOlU,eHHafl 3IIeprHfI
ne = 1,61 . 10 12 .33,85,10- 6 = 5,45.10 7 M3B'r = 87,33pr/r.
.lI.JI5I onpe,n:eJIeHHH B03,lJ,eHcTBHH Ha cpe,n:y KOCBeHIIO HOHH3HPYIOlU,HX
H3JIYlIeHHH BBO,lJ,HTC5I nOH5ITHe KepMa*.
KepMa - OTHOIlIeHHC CYMMbI nepBOHalIaJIbHhlX KHHeTHlIeCKHX 3Hep-
fHH dW R Bcex 3apflmeHHhlx lIaCTHI , n05lBHBIlIHXCH 1I0,lJ, ,n:eHCTBH:eM KOC-
BeHHO HOHI13HpYIOm.ero H3JIYlIeHH5I B 3JIeMeHTapHoM 06'beMe. K Macce dm
BeIU,eCTBa B 3TOM OO'beMe
K = dW II/dm.
(2,7)
B nOJIe <poToHHoro H3JIYlIeIIH5I KepMa B B03,n:yxe paBHa HalIaJIbHOH KH:-
lIeTHlIeCKOH 3HepmH: Bcex 3JIeKTpOHoB H n03IiTpOIIOB, oCBo60m,11,eHHbIX npH
B3aHMo,n:eHcTBHH <pOTOIIOB C e,lJ,HHH:UeH MaCCbI B03,n:yxa.
BeJIHlIHHa dW II BKJIlOlIaeT B ceo 51 TaIOKe 3HeprHIO. 3aTpalIeHHYlO 3apH-
meIIIIbIMH tIaCTHII.aMH Ha oopa30Bamle TOpMo3Horo H3JIYlIeHH:51 H: BTOPHqHbIX
3ap5lmeHHbIx lIaCTHU.
KepMY MomHO Bblpa3HTb lIepe3 <pJIlOeHC 3HeprHH H3JIYlIeIlII5I FE:
K = FEfJK. (2.8)
r,n:e (JK - K03qxpHu,HeIIT npeo6pa30BaHHH 3HeprHH KOCBeHHO HOHH3HPYIO-
m.ero H3JIYQeHHH B 3HeprHIO 3ap5lmeHHbIx lIaCTHU. .lI.JIH cpoToHHoro H3.'IY-
tIeHH:51 (JK = u, r.n:.e flu - K03qxpH:II.HeHT nepe.n:alIH 3HeprHH.
E,n:HHH:u,a H:3MepeHH5I ,n:JIH KepMbI Ta me, lITO H ,n:.1H nOrJIOIU,eHHOH ,n:03bI
B CM, - rpeii.
· Kerma - COKpaIl\eHHaH cpopMa Bblpa)l{CHHH kinetic energy released in mate-
ial (KHHeTH'IeCKaH 3HeprHH, peaJIH30BaHHaH B MaTepnaJle),
19
,I:LJIH YlIeTa pa)].HaUHOHHOrO B03)].eHCTBIIH pa3JIHlIHbIX BH)].OB 1I3.'IYlIeIlIIH
lIa TKailb BBO)].HTCH 3KBHBaJIeHTHaH )].03 a , e)].HHHueH 1f3MepeHHH KOTOpOH:
B Cl1 HBJIHeTCH 3HBepT (3B).
3usepm onpe)].eJIHeTCH KaK nOrJIOIUeHHaH )].03a D JlIo60ro BH)].a H3JIYQe-
HH5I, YMHO)/{eUHaH Ha K03qxpHUHeHT KalleCTBa Q )]..151 3Toro BH)].a H3JIYlIeHHH
H MO)].HcpHUHPYIOIUHH MHO)/{HTeJIb N, KOTOpbIH B HaCTOHIUee BpeMH npH-
HHMaeTCH paBIIbIM e)].HHHue.
BHeCHCTeMUOH e)].HHHueH 3KBHBaJIeHTHOH )].03bI HBJIHeTCH OHO,J10rHqe-
CKHH 3KBHBaJIeHT peHTreIla 6Jp (1 63p = 10- 2 3B = 1 C3B).
3KBHBaJIeHTHaH )].03a H3JIYQeHH5I BBO)].HTCH )].JIH oueHKH pa)].HaUHoHHoH
onaCHOCTH XpOHHQeCKOrO 06JIyqeHHH QeJIOBeKa B nO.1e pa3JIHlIHbIX HOIIH-
3HPYIOIUHX H3JIY1JeHHH H onpe)].eJIHeTCH CYMMOH npoH3Be)].eHHH nOrJIOIUeH-
HbIX )].03 D i pa3JIHQHbIX BH)].OB H3JlYQeHHH H COOTBeTCTBYIOIUHX Ko3<fx!m-
UHeHTOB KalleCTBa H3JIYQeHHH Qi:
N
H= DiQi'
,= 1
(2.9)
K03qxpHlllleHT Ka'IeCTBa Qi eCTb 0e3pa3MepHa5I BeJIHlIHHa, Ha KOTOPYIO
)].OJI)/{Ha 6bITb YMHO)/{eHa nOrJIOIUeHHaH )].03a D i )].aHHoro H3JIYQeHHH ,lJ;JIH
no.'IYQeIIlIH 3KBHBaJIeHTHOH )].03bI Hi 3TOro H3JIYlIeHH5I. PerJIaMeHTHpO-
BaHHa5I 3aBHCHMOCTb Ko3<fxPHUHeHTa KaQeCTBa OT nOJIHOH JI03* npHBe)].e-
Ha B Ta6JI. 2.3.
T a 6.1 H 1.\ a 23. 3aBHcHMoCTb K03CPCPHl\HeHTa Ka4eCTBa Q OT Jl n3 B BO)l.e
JIn3. 3.5 7
K3BJMKM H ldeHee
Q 2
23
53
175
H 60Jlee
5
10
20
3HaQelIH5I Q )].JIH pa3JlHQHblX BH,lJ;OB H3JIYlJ:eHH5I C HeH3BeCTHblM CneKT-
paJIbHblM COCTaBOM npHBe,n:eHbI B Ta6,II. 2.4.
113 BbIlUeH3.10)/{eHHoro c.1Je)].yeT, QTO
3B = = I .lI.)I{/Kr = 100 pa,ll = 100 63p;
Q Q Q
1 63p = 10- 2 3B = 1 C3B.
MOUl,HOCTb nor.rIoIUeililoH )].03bI D (rp/c), MOIUHOCTb 3Kcn03HuHoIlIIOII
)].03bI P HC [KJI/ (Kr . c) 1. MOIUIIOCTb 3KBliBaJIeHTilOH )].03bI fI (3B/C), MOUl-
HOCTb KepMbI k. (rp/c) - OTHOlll€HHe npHpaIUeHHH YKa3aHHbIX BeJIHIlUU
3a MaJIblH HHTepBa.1 BpeMeHH dt K 3HaQeUHIO 3Toro HHTepBaJIa:
b = dD/dt; P tm = dX/dt; if = dH/dt; K =- dK/dt.
* Jl[j3 - oTlloureHl!e cpe.J-lIcJi ,lIepmlT, ,10Ka,1bIlO nepe;J.aHHoiI cpe,llC .D.BH)I{Y-
II\CiiCH 1dpHJKCI!I!OII 4aCTU!\ei\ Upll lIf'pCMeLUClIIlII ec lIa HeKOTopoe paCCTOSJIIHC, K 9TQ-
MY paCCTOill!I!IO,
20
T a 6,1 H 11 a 24, Ycpe)l.HeHHOe 3Ha4eHHe K03cpclJHl(HeHTa Ka4eCTBa Q
,llnH pa3nH4HWX BH)l.OB H3nY4eHHH
BII,J; H3J1YQClIIHI
Q
PeHHCHOBCKoe H Y-H3JJY4ellHe, 3J1CKTpOllbl, n03HTpOllbT, B-H3J1Y4e-
lme
HeiiTpollbl C 3Hcprneil MeHbwe 20 K3B 3
HcihpOllbi C 9IICprHeil 0,1-10 M9B 10
DporOllbi (' 3l1cpmeii. MellbiliC 10 M,B 10
a-I1: .1Y4eIlHe C 311eprHeii MCIlI,llIC 10 M:iB 20
TH)I{C.1bIC 5!Apa OT)l.a'lH 20
2.1.3. faMMa-nOCToslHHaSi H pa,ll.HeBblH raMMa-3KBHBaJleHT
MOIl lI()CTb ,lI.03bI, C03JI.anaCMa51 V-I13JIYQCllHeM Ha e.ll.!IIIH!LY aKTHB-
nOCTH, 3anKCH r OT CXCMbI pacna.ll.a, T. e. KOJ1HqeCTBa cpOTOIIOB, npH-
XU.ll.51Ill.IIXC5I lIa O)J:IfII pacna.ll., H 3Hcpnm (POTOIIOB. MOI!LIIOCTb .lI.03bl
I1CTO'iIIHl<a V-wnYLJeIII1H C; HIIHIIlIOH aKTH13IIOCTH MO)KIIO Bccr:l,a onpe.ll.c-
JJHTb, CC.1H H313CCTlIa ra Ma-nOCTOHl1l1a5l, xapaKTepIl3YJOII aH ,lI.aIIHbIi'i
p a.ll.HOIIYK.1 H.lI..
fa.M.Ma-nOcmoflflftafl npeJI.CTaBJJ5\eT C060H .lI.030BYJO XapaKTepHCTHKY
nOJJH ,\,-H3JJY'ieHHH TOqellHorO H30TponHO H3JJY'laJOIlI,ero HCTOqHHKa npH
<pHKCHpOBaHHbIX 3HalleHHHX aKTHBHOCTH paJl.l1olIYKJJH.lI.a A H paCCT05\HHH
OT HCTOqHHKa .lI.O JI.eTeKTOpa r.
Pa3JJHqaJOT .lI.HqxpepeHII.HaJJbIIble H nO.1Hble raMMa-nOCTOHHHbIe.
J1.urf)(jJepeHlfuaAblWf/. eaMMa-nOCmOf/.HHaf/. (f l ) OTHOcHTCH K onpe.ll.eJIeH-
HOH MOH03HepreTHqeCKOH JJHHHH raM\fa-CneKTpa paJI.HoHYKJJHJI.a.
flOAHafl HJJH npOCTO eaJf.M.a-nOCmOflHliafl (F) paBHa CYMMe JI.HqxpepeH-
II.Ha.'1hHbIX raMMa-nOCT05IHHbIX.
faMMa-nocToHHHaH, onpeJI.eJJeHlIa51 BO BIIeCHCTeMHb1X eJI.HHHII.aX, 'lHC-
JJeHHO paBlIa MOIll.HOCTH 3KCn03HII.HOHHOH JI.03b1 (P/q), C03JI.aBaeMOH '\'-
KBaHTaMH Bcex .'JUIIHH TOlleqHbIM H30TponHb1M ,\,-HCTOqHHKOM aKTHBHOCTblO
1 MKH Ha paCCT05\HHH 1 CM 6e3 lIaqaJJbIIOH <pH.'JbTpaII.HH.
LlJJH TO'ieqHOrO H30TpOIIHoro ,\,-HCTO'iHHKa
r = P ( X = Art ) .
,2 allC ,2'
,3
f -=PVl'('A'
(2.10)
(2.11 )
f.ll.e r - HOIIH3aII.HOHllaH raMMa-nOCT05\HHaH, p. CM 2 1 ('I . MKH); A-
aKTHBHOCTb, MKH; r - paCCTOHHHe, CM; P'JHC - MOI..IJ.HOCTb 3KCn03HII.HOIl-
HOM: ,lI.03b1, PIli.
LlJJ5\ TOtIC'lHOro II10TponHoro paJI.HOHYKJJHJI.a I'IKTHBIIOCTbIO A (MKH),
HcnycKaJOIII.ero ,\,-KBauThI m pa3.1H'lHbIX 3HepreTHqeCKHX rpynn C 3HeprH-
eii i-H rpYlInbI E'l i (M3B) H KBaHTOBhI!>1 }3h1XOJI.OM ni (,\,-KBaHTo}3/pacna.ll.),
21
raMMa-rrOCTOHHIIaH BO BHeCHCTeMHbIX e HHHn:aX [P . CM 2 1 (t! . MKH)] pac-
CtIHTbIBaeTCH ITO Qx>pMYJIe
r=
m
3,7.10 7 E"l n ii!ni. I ,G,lo-a.3600
1=1
4;1:.87,3.1
m _
= 194,5. E"lni fLUi,
i=1
r,lI.e 3,7. 10 7 - tIHC.no paCrra,lI.OD B 1 C, cooTBeTcTBYIOIII.ee aKTHBHOCTH
1 MKH; "iini - MaccoBbIH K03qxpHn:HCHT I10r.'I0lll.eHHH 3HeprHH ,\,-H3JIYQe-
HH5I i-H rpYIII1bI, cM 2 /r; 1,6. 10- 6 - K03qxpHn:HeIIT nepCDo a e HHHn:
M3B B 3pr; 3600 - t!HC,10 ceKYIIA B 1 4; 87,3 - 3HaQeHHe 3I1epreTllt!ec-
Koro 3KBHBaJIeHTa 1 P.
I1oIIlf3an:HoHHoe eHcTBHe ,\,-lf3.1YIJeHHH .TJ106h1X paAHoaKTHBHbIX rrpe-
rrapaToB qaCTO on:eHHBaIOT nYTe:\1 cpaBHeHHH HX C pa,lI.HeBbIM 3TaJIOHHbIM
HCTO'lHHKOM rrpH O HHaKOBbIX YC.'IOBH5JX H3MepeIIH5I. TaK n05lBHJIaCb Be-
JIH4HHa, Ha3bIBaeMaH eaMMa-3K8U6QAeNmOM., KOTopaH H3MCp5IeTCH B MHJI-
Jllfrpa:\1M-3KBHBa.leHTax pa;r.HH (Mr-3KB Ra) 1f.'IH rpaMM-3KBHBaJIeHTaX
pa,lI.HH (r-3KB Ra).
M UA.1UcpaM.M-3K8U8aACHnl paaUfi - C;UiJlHn:a ra'\1\1a-3KBHB3.1eHTa pa-
,lI.1I0aKTHBIIoro I1perrapaTa, ,\,-1I3.1YQeJllre KOTOpOro np\{ AaIJJ\oH rpH.lbTpa-
n:HH H TO)K eCTBeHHbIX YCJ10BHHX H3:\1epeHHH C03.J;aeT TaKYIO )Ke :\10UJ,IIOCTb
3Kcrr03Hn:HoHHOH ,lI.03bl, KaK H ,\,-H3J1YlJeHHe 1 Mr rocY,lI.apCTBeHHoro 3Ta.'I0-
Ha pa,lI.HH B paBHoBecHH C OCHOBHblMH ,lI.OlJepHH:\1H npoAYKTaMH pacrra,lI.a
npH II.laTlfHOBOM cpHJIbTpe TOJ1III.HHOH 0,5 MM.
3KcrrepHMeIITaJIbHO 6bI.l0 YCTaHOB.leHO. lITO TOlJelIHbIH HCTOlIHHK pa-
HH C cpH.lbTpOM H3 nJIaTlfIIbI TOJIIII.HHOH 0,5 MM, aKTHBHOCTblO 1 MKH, Ha-
XO,lI.Hlll.HHCH B paBIIOBeCHH C npO YKTaVlH pacrra,lI.a, C03 aeT Ha paccToHHHH
1 CM MOlll.I10CTb 3Kcrr03Hu,HoHHOH 03bI 8,4 P/lJ*. 3TO 3Ha4eIIHe raMMa-no-
CTOHHHofr pa,lI.HH r Ra =- 8,4 P . C\1 2 1 (lJ . MKH) rrpHIIHMaeTcH JPH cpaB-
HeHHH MOlll.HOCTH 03bI OT HCTOlJIIHKOB ,\,-1I3JIYlJeIIHH, HMelOlll.HX pa3.'IHlJ-
Hble raMMa-rrOCTOHHHble. ECJIH HCTOlJHHK ,\,-H3J1YlJeHHH aKTHBpOCTblO A =-=
= 1 MKH (rrpH OTCYTCTBHH cpHJIbTpan:mr) C03.J;aeT MOIIJ:IIOCTb 3Kcn03Hn:HOH-
HOH 03bl 8,4 P/4 [T. e. r = 8,4 P . CM 2 1 (4 . MKH)] Ha paCCTOHHHH 1 CM
OT TOlJelJHOrO HCTOlJHHKa, TO raMMa-3KBHBaJIeHT M 6y eT paBeH 1 Mr-3KB
Ra:
(2.12)
r
M=-A.
8,4
(2.13)
Onpe)l.eJIHM raMMa-nocToHHHYIO 60CO Hero aKTHBIIOCTb, KOTopaH 6b1J1a 6b1 9KBH-
DaJleHTHa no C03,l1,aBaeMOH: MOlI.\HOCTH 9KCn03HI.\HOHHOH: ,lI,03e I IKH Ra.
npH pacna,lle H)l.pa ijOCo HcnYCKalOTCH )l.Ba <pOTOHa C 9HcprHeii 1:: 1 '" 1,17 M3B
H E 2 = 1,33 M3B. .ZJ:.1H <pOTOHOD C 3J1eprlleH £1 - 1,17 M3B IIOHH3al nOHHaH l'-no-
CTOHHHaH 6Y,lI,eT paBlia r 1 = 6,2 P . oN (4 . MI(H), a ,llJlH £2 =-= 1,33 M9B r 2 =
= 6,7 P . CM 2 / (4 . MI(n). CYMMapHaH r = r 1 + r 2 = 6,2 + 6,7 = 12,9 P X
X CM 2 / (4 . MI(H).
$3l1aqeHHe r rOCYJl.apCTBeliHoro 9TaJlOHa pa)tH51 paBlio 8,25 P . o.N ('I . MI(H).
22
h CpaBHCHHR V-nOCTOHllllbiX 60CO II H4Ra onpC;1.emlCM, 4TO
r colr R,a -= 12,9/8,4 -= 1,54,
T. e, I MKH 60CO C03;1.aCT MOlll,HOCTb 3KCJ\0'1HI 1!0I!HOH )1,03bl H3J1Y'IeIlHH, B 1,54 pa3
60JlbIIlYIO, '1e\! I MKII (11,111 I Mr) Ra C.'1e,ll,OlJaTe.lbHO, cpOTOllbl, IIcnYCKae Ib[e pa,ll,1I0-
HYKJlIl,ll,OM 60CO aKTIlBIlOCTblO 0,65 MKII, C03,l1,a1OT TaKYIO )l{e MOlll,HOCTb 3KC!1031lI.\H-
oHHoH ,lJ,03bl, KaK cpOTOllbl I MKII Ra, c.'1e,lJ,OuaTCJlbHO, raM la-3KHIIBa.1eIlT aKTIIBHOCTH
0,65 I KH 60CO paBeu 1 lr-3KB Ra.
npHMep 1. OnpCf.\e,lHTb raMMa-3KBHlJaJlCIIT, cooTBeTcTBYlOllI,HH aKTHBHOCTH
24Na A 6 MKII, eC.1H ramla-nOCTOHlIlIaH I:-Ja paBlia 18,1 P . c N (11 . IKH).
Pelueflue.
M=Arl8,4=6.18,1/8,4= 12,92 Mr'3KB Ra.
CBH3b Me)f{JI,Y MOrn.HOCTblO 3KCn03HII.HOHHOH JI,03bI H3.'lYlleHlIH POI<C Ii
raMMa-3KBlfBa.'lenTOM M TOIlClJHOrO HCT04I1HKa, Bblpa)f{eHHbIM B MH.'lJIH-
rpaMM-3KBHBa.'leHTaX pa.J;HH (Mr-.3KB R.a), Ha paccTOHHIIH r (CM) MO)f{eT
6bITb onpe.rr.eJIena no c.'leJI,YIOrn.eH cpopMy.'Ie:
M.8,4
r 2
. MP/q.
(2.14a)
P BRC =
CBH3b Me)f{)l.Y aKTHBHOCTblO A H MOrn.IlOCTblO 3KCn03HII.HOHHOH JI,03bI
MO)f{eT 6bITb npeJI,cTaBJIeHa c.leJI,YIOrn.eH CPOp IY.l0H:
Ar
, MP/lJ.
P SIIC
POI<C=
r J
(2, 146)
npHMep 2. Onpe,lJ,eJlIITb 3KCn03Hl.\II0lIHYIO ,lJ,03Y, c03,l1,aBaeMYlo npenapaToM
0,24 r-3KB Ra 3a 30 MIiH lIa paCCTOIIIIHH I M.
PemeHlle.
x= M,8,4 t= 0,24.1000'8,4 I
r 100 3 2"" = 0 , I P.
npHMep 3. Onpel!;e.'1HTb MO HOCTb 3KCn03Hu.HOHHOH )l.03bl, C03,l1,aBae IYIO nCTO'!-
HHKOM 60CO aKTHBHOCTblO 0,55 [KH lIa paCCTOHHHH 0,5 M OT npenapaTa.
PemeHue.
PO!lc=Ar/r =O,55.12,9/(0,25. 104)=2,8 P/'I.
HaH60.1ee Y,J;06IIaH xapaKTcpHCTlIKa nO,lH ,\,-1I3,lY4eIIlIH nplI onpeJI,e-
JIeHHH raW,ta-nOcTOHHHOH B eJI,lIHIfII.aX CI1 - nor.l0rn.CHHaH .rr.03a B B03-
.rr.yxe. B 3TOM c,lY4ae raMMa-nOCTOHHHOH pa.rr.HOHYKJIHJI,a Ha3bIBaCTcH :\IOrn.-
HOCTb IIor.10rn.eHHOH JI,03bI B B03,i1,yxe, C03;J:aBaeMOH ,\,-H3.1YlJeIlHe\1 TOlJeq-
Horo H30TponHoro lIYK;IH,'I,a aKTHBHOC1'blO A =---' 1 5K Ha paccToHHHH r =
= 1 M OT Hero 6e3 Ha4a.'IbHOH cplf.TIbTpaII.IIH 113JIYQeHIfH.
31'a BC.1HQIIHa 0603Ha 1 [aeTCH r 11> H3McpHeTCH B e) !!I!I[[LaX arp X
X M 2 1 (C . OK) If BbJpa/KaeTCH c,;rC;rYIOrn.CH Q)()P\IY:lOii:
m
f: .1l , ';[ n ..1 602,10-11,1018
VL t L ,
r _i=1
n-
m
-., -
--= 12,750 E"ini/llli>
,=[
fJI,e 1,602. 10- 19 - K03qxpHII.Hel1T nepCBO;J,a e;J,HHlIII, 13B B JX)f{; E "I if
nit Ilu i Bblpa)f{eHbI B M3B, ,\,-KBaHTipacn., M 2 /Kr B03JI,YXa COOTBe1'C1'BeHHO;
10 18 - K03qxpHlI,lIeHT IIcpeCllCTa C)J.I!HIfII. rp B arp (aTTorpeii).
23
4n .1
(2.15)
113 Bhlpa)/{elIHH (\.12) II (1.15) onpe.n.e.1H(,M CBH31, \1(')/{.n.y raMMa-nOCTO-
51 H H bI 1II :
In, af'p . M 2 ! (c . OK) = 6,554I, P . CM 2 1 ('I . MKH) (2.16)
(HX 3HalJeUHH npHBc.n.eHbI B npHJIO)/{eHHH - CM. Ta6.1. f1.3).
ECJIH H3BeCTHa aKTHBIIOCTb A (.oK) TOlJelJHoro H30TponHoro pa.n.HOHYK-
JIH.n.a, TO Ha paCCTOHHHH r (M) 01' HerO MO)/{HO paCClJHTaTb MOlll.HOCTb norJIO-
lll.eHHOH: .n.03bI B B03.n.yxe b (arp/c) no <PoPMYJIe
iJ = AInlr2. (2.17)
ECJIlI Tpe6yeTcH nepeihH OT MOlll.HOCTH nOrJIOlll.eHHOii .n.03bI B B03.n.yxe
D (arp/c), paCClJHTaHHOH: no cpopMYJIe (2.17), K MOlll.HOCTH 3KBHBaJIeHTHOH
.n.03bl i-I (a3B/c) .n.JIH Y-H3JIYlJeHHH, TO MO)/{HO HCnOJIb30BaTb CJIe.n.YIOlll.ee
COOTHOllIeHHe:
. , -TK-
HID = fLn IfLn' (2.18)
-K-
r.n.e fL , fLn - MaCCOBbIe Ko3<fxPHlI.HeHTbI nOrJIOlll.eHH5I 3HeprHH Y-KBaHToB
B TKaHH H B03.n.yxe COOTBeTCTBeHHO.
JI.JI5I 3HeprHH Y-KBauToB Ey = 0,08-;-10 M3B OTHOllIeHHe K/ n =
1,09 + 0,02. Tor)l;a
Ii = 1,096 = 1 ,09Af nlr2. (2.19)
ECJIII Hy)/{HO rrpoBecTH paClJeTbI 3KCn03HII.HOIIIIOH ,l103bI B e.n.HHHII.aX
CH, TO MO)/{liO onpe,l1eJIHTb no.n.o6Ho III raMMa-nocToHHHYIO no 3Kcno-
3HU,HOHHOH: .n.03e I aMc :
f OHC ' aKJI . M 2 1 (Kr . C . DK) = 0,1939I, P . CM 2 1 ('I . MKH). (2.20)
L(JI5I cpoToHHoro MOH03HepreTHlJeCKOrO H3JIYlJeHH5I B YCJIOBH5iX 3JIeK-
TpoHHoro paBHoBecHH nor.'10lll.eHHaH .n.03a II MOUI.HOCTb nOrJIOIII.eHHOH .n.03bI
CBH3aHbI C cpJIlOeHCOM F H IIJIOTHOCTblO nOTOKa (P cpOTOHOB cJIe.n.YIOlll.IIM co-
OTilOllIeHHeM: i:
D=EY nF; D=EY n<P, (2.21)
r.n.e E.,' - 3HeprH5I cpOTOHOB; pn - MaCCOBbIH K03qxpllII.IIe1lT nor JIOllI.eHlIH
3IIepnIH II3J1Y'leHH5I.
2.2. HOPMbl It nPABUJlA PA.lI.UALl.UOHHOn
6E30nACHOCTU
2.2.1. n paBHJla pa./l.Hau,HoHHoH oe30nacHocTH
OCIIOBHbIM 1I0pMaTHBHbiM .n.oKY:\1eHTOM, perJIaMeHTHpYIOlll.H 1 ypOBHH
B03.n.eH:CTBHH HOHH3HPYIOIII.HX H3JIY'leHHH: B CCCP, HBJI5IIOTC5I «HOPMbI pa-
.n.HaII.HOHHOH 6e30nacHocTH HPB-76». OCHoBHble Tpe60BallH5I no 06eCIIC-
qeHHIO pa.n.H3nHoHHoH 6e30nacHocTH per JIaMeHTHpYIOTCH «OCHOBHbIMI1 ca-
HHTapHbIMII npaBHJlaMH pa60Tbi C pa.n.HoaKTHBHbIMH BeIII.eCTBaMH II .n.py-
rHMH IfCTOlJHHKaMH HOHH3I1PYIOIII.JlX H3JIY'leHHH OCf1-72/80». B 3THX .n.o-
24
T 3 6 :1 II 1.\ 3 2.5, .lI.o30Bble npe.a.eJlbl BHeWHero It BHyrpeHHero oftJlY'leHHII,
3B!roA (69p!rOJl.)
JI,030Bhle npc..a.eJlbl,
3B/CO}!, (U'P/IOA)
rpynud KpnTH'IeCKHX opraHOB
II III
TIpeAeJlbHO ,lI,OnycTHMaH ,ll03a
,lJ,JIH K3TerOpllll A (f1.LI. )
TIpe,lleJI ,lJ,03b1 ,lJ,JlSI K3TeropHH
5 (TI )
TIpe,ll,eJl ,lI,03b1 ,llJlSl KaTeropHH
5, 06YCJIOBJleHHblH pa,llHOaKTHB-
HblMH OTXO,ll3MH A3C
.').10- 2
(5)
5, 10- 3
(0,5)
2 5 . 10- 4
(2;5, 10- 2 )
15.10- 2
(15)
15.10- 3
(1,5)
75.10- 4
(7:5.10- 2 )
3.10- 1
(30)
3.10- 2
(3)
1,5.10- 3
(1.5,10-1)
n p H M C q a H II e. .IJ:JlH KaTCI UpHH A (la nCKJIIO'IeHHCM JKeHU\HII ,1\0 O neT) pacnpe)lcne-
HHC ,n03LI RHemllcro H3.1 I.{('HUSI R Te t lellHC 1'0,1;3 He pefJIa,",ClITHpyeTcSI
KYMeHTax orrpe,n;eJIeHhI .IJ:030BbIe rrpe.IJ:e.lbI H rrpHHUHrrbI HX rrpHMeHeJlH5I,
KJIaCcHqmuHpoBaHbI BH,.'I,bI pa60T C I1CrrO.lb30naHHeM paJI,HOaKTHBHbIX Be-
m.eCTB, Tpe6oBaHH5I rro 06eCrretIeHHIO pa.u.uaWfOHHoii 6e30nacHOCTH.
BBO.IJ: B .IJ:eiiCTBHe MOrn.llbIX A3C CTaBIfT 3a.u.atIH o6ecrre4eHHH pa.u.HaUH-
OHHOH 6e30rraCHOCTI! He TO.lbKO 06C.1Y)KIIBalorn.ero rrepCOHa.la A3C, HO H
HaCeJIeHHH, npO)KHBalOrn.cro B paHOHe IIX HaXO)Kj(eHII5I, a TaK)Ke 3a.u.a-
qH oxpaHbI OKpY)KalOrn.eii cpe,'J.hI OT 3arpH3HeHHH pa.IJ:IIOaKTHBJlbIMI! OTXO-
.IJ:aMH H OT C6POCOB H36bIT04Horo Tell.la. «CaHHTapHbIe rrpaBHJIa rrpoeKTH-
pOBaHHH H .9Kcrr.lyaTauHH aTOMHblX .9.1eKTpOCTaIlUHH crr A3C-79» HB-
JIHIOTCH OCHOBHblM .u.OKYMeHTOM, 06eCIle4HBalOrn.IIM peWeJlHe paCCMaTpH-
BaeMbIX DorrpOCOD. B HHX OTpa)KeHbI pe3YJIbTaTbI Hcc.'1ej(ODailHii CODeTC-
KHX II 3apy6e)KIlbIX crreUHa.1HCTOB B 06.'1aCTI1 rrpoeKTHpOBaI!II51 H .9KCJT.1Iya-
TallHH A3C, paCqeTa 6Ho.10m4eCKoii 3aIII.HTbI 5I.IJ:epHbIX peaKTopOB H .IJ:PY-
rHX HCTOtJHHKOD H3JIY4eHHH Ha A3C, B DbI60pe .9qxpeKTHBHbIX 3aIII.HTHLIX
MaTepHa.'10D, B oueHKC aKTHBHOCTI! TeXIIO.'10rH4eCKHX cpe.IJ:, JI,OrrYCTHMbIX
Bb16poCOB pa.IJ:HOaKTHDllbIX a3p030.leH H ra30B BO BHeWJl1010 cpe.u.y H 06rn.eif
paj(HalI,IIOHliOH 06CTalIOBKH !fa A3C II OKpY)KalOIII.eii ee :\leCTIIOCTH.
Pa3J1IPIHbre opraHbI H TKaHH Te.la 4e.l0BeKa 06JIa.u.a1OT pa3IIOH pa.IJ:HO-
tJYBcTBHTe.rIbHOCTbIO K HOHH3HPYIOW.eMY H3.1J.Y4eHHlO.
KpwnUlfeCKUll opcaH (11pH 06.1Y4CHHH) - oprall H.11I TKaHb. 4aCTb TC-
JIa "'JIH Bce Teno, OOJIY4ellHe KOTOpOro D JI,aHlibIX YC.l0BHHX IlpIl4HH5IeT
HaH60.1bWHr"t YIII.cp6 3.u.OpOBhIO )(aHlloro ,1Hua H.111 ero rrOTOMCTBa. B rro-
pH.u.Ke y6bIBaIlIl51 pa;IYfOLJYBCTBHTe.'ILIIOCTH YCTaHOB,1eHbI TPH rpyrrrrbI
KpHTH4CCKIIX opraHoB (TaCh, 2.5): I rpynrra - Bce T€.10, rOHa.u.bI II Kpac-
lILI» KOC rIILIii :\103r; II I pYI1IIa -- III.lfTOBIf,J.l!a}1 )Kc.'re3a, )KllpOBa51 TKallb,
neLJellb, II01JKIf, ce:re3eIIKa, )Ke,lY)Jp'IHO-KIIWeLJIIbill 1 paRT, ,1erKlle, XPYC-
Ta.1J.HK r.la3a H .l.lpyme opraHbI, He Bxo.u.51III.He B I H III rpynrrbI; III rpyrr-
rra - KOCTIIdH TKallb, IW)KIIbrii rroKpoB, KIICTI!, IIpC.IJ:rr,le4b5I, JIO.IJ:bI)KKIi
H CTOrrbI.
OCHoBHoe na3IIaqeHI!e 3aw.HTbI OT HOIIlI3HPYIOIII.HX I13,'!Y4eHHH- HC-
KJII04HTb npeBbIUleIlHe YCTaHOB.TJeHHbIX B HP5-76 030BbIX rrpe.IJ:eJIoB
BHeUIHcro II BHYTpellllero o6.1YLJeHIIH rrepcoHa,la npIl pa60Te C HCTOqIHi-
Rat.m II3.1YLJeIlHH, '!TOOhI IIpe;.I.OTBpaTHTb CO,\laTH'ieCKHe H CBeCTI1 K MHHH-
MYMY COMaTHKO-CTOXaCTHqeCKHe H rCHeTlIqeCKIIe nOpmKeHHH mOAeK. )lo-
30Bble rrpe,n;e.'1bI HC BK.'1104aIOT ,n;03Y, 00YC.10BJJeIlIlYIO eCTeCTBeHHblM cpOHOM
H3JIyqeHHH H rrO.lyqeHHYIO I1PH Me,n;HI.(HHCKOM o6c.,1e,n;OBaHHH H Jle4eHHH.
)l030Bble npe,n;e.1b1 YCTaIlOB.'JeHbI B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT rpyrrrrbI KpHTHQeC-
KHX OpraJ!OB H KaTerOpHII oOJlyqaeMblX JIHI.(. )l.lH rrepCOHa.'Ja (KaTeropHH
A) YCTaHaB.1HBaCTC5I npe;T.e.lbIiO ,n;orrYCTHMaH ,n;03a 3a ro,n; (nM). )l.'JH
OrpaHIl'IeHIIOH qaCTH lIace.leHH5I (KaTeropHH 5) YCTaHaBJlIIBaeTCH rrpe,n;e.1
,n;03bI 3a rOA (nil). Cor.lacHo cn A3C-79, rrpe,n;e.lbllo ,n;orrycTHMa51 ,n;03a
oOJlyqellIi51 nCpCOHaJia A3C per.la\feHTHpOBaHa HP5-76.
OrpaHHqeIlHe 00.1YQeHH5I OO.lbIIIHX rpyrrrr HaCeJleHH5I (KaTerOpH5I B)
OOJlaCTH, Kpa5l, pecrrYOJlHKH, CTpaHbI CBH3aHO C orraCHOCTblO B03I1HKIIOBe-
HH5I OT,n;a.leHHbIX COMaTHqeCKHX rroc.'leACTBHH H reHeTHqeCKliX 3qxpeKTOB.
PerJlaMeHTaI.(H5I H KOIlTpO.1b 3a Oe>.1yqeHHeM Hace.1eHH5I OTHOCHTCH K KO\[-
rreTeHI.(HH MmlHCTepcTBa 3,n;paBooxpalleHHH CCCP.
CYMMapHaH 3KBHBaJleHTlIa51 ,n;03a H rrpH oOJlyqeHHH Bcero opraHH3Ma
3a Bpe 151 T (.'leT) C HaqaJJa rrpocpeCCHOHa.l1bIIOH: paOOTbI He ,n;o.'l}!{lIa rrpeBbI-
lIlaTb
H = 5 . 10- 2 T, 3B,
(2.22)
CYMMaplla51 3KBHBa.leIlTHa51 ,n;03a, lIaKorr.'leIIHa51 K 30 ro,n;aM, BO Bcex
C.1Y 1 IaHX He ,n;omKHa rrpeBblIllaTb 12 nz:UI., T. e. 60 . 10- 2 3B.
)l.lH }!{eHIII.HH ,n;o 40 .1eT 3KBHBa.1eIlTlla51 A03a lIa Ta306e,n;peHHYIO 00-
,1aCTb He ,n;OJl)!{lIa rrpeBbIIllaTb 10- 2 3B 3a .TJIOObIe 2 Mec.
Do YCJlOBHHM BHeUIIIero H BHYTpcHHero 06.1Y4eHHH rrepcolIa.'l no IIII-
,n;HBH,n;ya.lblioM 3KBHBa.;1eIlTHoi'I ,n;03e rro,n;pa3;T.e.1HeTcH Ha ,n;Be rpyrrrrbI. ECJlH
3KBIIBa.1eHTJIa51 ,n;03a rrpeBhllIlaCT 0,3 ro,n;OBOH D)l)l, TO ,n;.151 3TOM KaTero-
pIlH .1l:1U 06H3aTc.lb1i0 ,n;O.'1)!{eH rrpOBo,n;I!TbC5I l:IH,n;HBl:I;T.ya,'lbHbIH ,n;03l:1MeT-
pHqeCKHH KOHTpO.1b. B ,n;pyrHx C.lyqaHX l:IlI).(HBH.i'!.ya.'lbllbIH ,n;03H\1eTpHqeC-
Kl:IH KOHTpO.lb He 00513aTe.1CH, 110 I1pOBO,n;HTC5I KOHTpO:lb MOI..UHOCTl:I 3KBl:I-
Ba.leHTIlOH ,n;03bI BHelIlHero HOHl:I3l:1pYlOI..Uero H3.1yqCIIHH H KOHu,eHTpaIT,l:Il:I
pa,n;l:IOHYK.ll:1,n;OB B B03,n;yxe pa60 1 !Hx 1I0Mel..UeHl:IH.
O,n;HOKpaTHoe Blleumee oOJlyqeHlle CBhIIlle 5 D)l)l, a TaK)!{e lIocTyrr.le-
HIIe B opraHH3M pa.i'!.HoHyK.1H.i'!.OB 6<)J]ee 5 Il)ln ,n;O.l)!{HO paCCMarpl:lBaTbCH
KaK rrOTeHI.(Ha.1bIl0 onaclloe.
Dpl:l npaBl:IJlbHOM 06paIII.eHHH C I1CTOqIlHKOM 1I0IIH3HPYlOI..Ul:IX l:I3J1Y-
lJeHl:IH HX Bpe,n;lIoe B03,n;eHCTBl:Ie MO}!{1I0 CBeCTl:I K Ml:IIIHMYMY. ITpeHe6-
pe)!{eHHe rrpaBHJlaMl:I pa,n;Hal.(HOHlloi'l 6e30rraciloCTl:I rrpl:lBO.i'!.HT K T5I)!{eJIbIM
nOCJle,n;CTBHHM KaK ,n;.151 3,n;OpOBb51 caMoro pa60TalOl..UerO, TaK H ,n;Jl5I OKPy-
)!{alOIII.HX ero JlIO,n;CH. CTeneHb pa,n;l:IaI.(HOHHOH: orraCIlOCTH rrpH pa60Te C
l:ICTOqHl:IK3MH HOIIH3HPYlOI..UHX H3.1yqeHHH onpe,n;e.l51eTC5I cJle,n;YIOIII.l:IMH
cpaKTOpa ll:I: repMeTHqHOCTblO HCTOqHHKa (OTKpblTbIH: H.1H 3aKpbITblH:),
3HeprHeH: HOHH3HpYlOI..Uero H3.1yqeHH H, aKTHBIIOCTblO II rrepHo;xoM rroJlypac-
rra.n.a pa.n.HOIlYK.'IH,n;a 113 OTKpbITbIX HCTOqHl:IKOB pa,n;HoaKTHBHble BeIll,eCT-
Ba B BH,n;e a3p030.TJei'l MorYT rrOlla,n;aTb Ha nOBepXHOCTH rroMel..UeHl:IH, 060-
py.n.oBaHH5I H B B03,n;yX. C.'1e.n.y(,T nOMIU1Tb, qTO .1HKBl:I,n;HpoBaTb 3arp5l3He-
HHe pa.n.HoaKTHBllbIMII BeI..UCCTB3MII Bcer,n;a Tpy.n.llee, 4eM npe.n.yrrpe,n;HTb
ero, n03TO IY npH pa60Te C UTKpbITbnl HCTU4HHKOM He06xo,n;HMO COOJJIO-
.n.aTb OCOOYIO OCTOPO)!{IIOCTb II BbInO.1H5ITb Bce Tpe60BaIlHH, rrpe,n;ycMoTpeH-
2fi
T a 6 .'1 II 1.\ a 2,6, KJlaccbI pa60T C OTKpblTbiMIl HCTO'lHHKaMH HOHH3HPYlOI1I.liX
H3JlY1JeHHH B 3aSHCHMOCTH OT rpynn pa)l.HaL\HOHHOH onaCHOCTH
\HHII\la.1bllO 3Ha- AKTlIillIOCTb Ha paUOlleM MeCTe,
rpyuua 1{}{)fcHI aKTHB- 3.7 10' EK (l MKKH)
pa.1HalJ,JlOHHOH 1I0C1b (M3A), KJiacC pa60T
onaCHOCTH 3,7.10' EK
(1 )1KKH) I I
I II III
A
B
B
r
0,1
1,0
10,0
100,0
>104
>105
>106
>107
10-104
102-10 5
10 3 -1 ()6
10 4 -10 7
0,1-10
1-102
10-10 3
102-10 4
n p II M e 4 a H II H. 1 npH IICIIO.1b10IJaIiHII pa,.UIOIIYK,1H.10B, IJpC;J:C.'bllO ;J:0IIYCTII\!3H aKTII8-
HOCTb KOTOpblX HC YKa3aHa " IlPli-iti. c.'c. yer npHHuMaTb alla4CHHe M3A pdOHblM 3,7,1()3 DK,
2. ,IJ.onycK3eTcH YBeJlH4eHHc 3KTUUHOCTll Ha pJ(iO"C\! MCCTe JlpH UpOCTblX OIJCpalJ,IlHX C JKH.n;-
KOCTSI\lH (6e3 YllaplluallHH, rreperOllKH, udp6oTaJKa) 0 lU 1'33 H rrpH xpallCllHH D 100 pa3
Hble OCn-72/80 H .n.PYfHMH HHCTPYKII.HHMil no pa.n.HaII.HOHHOH 6e30nac-
HOCTH.
TIpH I1CnOJIb30BalIHH 3aKpbITbIX HCTOtJHHKOB .n.omKHbI BbInOJIHHTbC5I
CJIe.n.YIOllI.He IIpaBH.aa: no B03 O)l{HOCTIl pacno.laraTb HCTO'!HHK Ha aK-
CHMaJIbHOM paCCT05IHHH OT nepcolIaJla H orpaHHtJHBaTb BpeM5I npe6bIBaHHH
nepCOHaJIa B6:m3H lICTO'IHJ.fKa; npil HcnOJlb30BaHHH nYlIKa H3JIYlIeHHH
CJIe.n.yeT HaIlpaBJI5ITb ero B CTOPOHY, r.u.e OTCYTcTByeT nepCOIlaJI; npH MOrn.-
HOCTH .n.03bI, I1peBbIWalOIli.eH npe.n.e.lblIo .n.onYCTHMbIH ypoBeHb, npHMeHe-
HHe 3arn.HTHbIX 3KpaHoB 065I3aTe.'IbHo.
MOllI.IIOCTb 3KBHBaJIeHTHOH .n.03bI H3.'IYlIemIH, H3MepeHHOH: Ha pacCTo-
5IHI1H 0,1 M OT JlOBepXHOCTI1 I1CTO'!HHKa, He .n.O.'I)I{Ha npeBblIlIaTb
10- 3 M3B/1I, Ha BII013b pa3pa6aTblI3ae bIX nepCHOCHbIX, nepeJI.BH)I{HbIX
H CTaII.HOHapHbiX .u.ecpeKTOCKOIIHlIeCKHX H )LPyrHx aIJlIapaTaX -
3 . 10- 2 M3B/q Ha paCCTOHlIl111 1 M OT nOBepXHOCTI1 annapaTa C HCTOllHHKOM,
a Ha pa,il,HOH30TOIIIlbIX npl160pax - 3 . 10- 3 M3B/1l Ha paccToHHHH 1 M OT
nOBepXHOCTI1 6.101\a IIpH60pa C HCTOtJlIHKOM II 10- 1 M3B/IJ BIIJIOTUYIO K no-
BepXHocTH 6.10Ka C HCTOllHHKOM.
npH pa60Te C 3aKpbITbIMH I'-HCTO'IHHKa lI, r3MMa-3KBHBaJIeHT KOTO-
pbIX 60JIee 200 Mr-3KB Ra, ,IJ,OJI)I{lIbI IICIl0.1b30BaTbCH YCTpoikTBa C .n.HC-
TaHII.IiOHHbE\1 ynp aB.1eHHe:-1.
Pa,ll,HOaKTlIBHbIe Bern.eCTBa KaK nOTellII.HaJJbHble HCTO'UIHKH BHYTpeH-
Hero 06.1Y4e1lHH 110 CTenCIIII pa.lLlIaiLIIOHIIOii OllaCIIOCTH pa3.n.e.15IIOTCH Ha
'!eTbIpe rpynnbI - A, 5, B, r ('ra6.!. 2,6). npIIH3JJ,.1C)I{HOCTb pa.n.IIOHYK.'IH-
.n.a K rpYllfle pa.n.HaII.HOIIHOii OllaCIIOCTII YKa3aHa B Ta6:\. 1 HP5-76.
Pa60TLI C OTI<pblTbn1!! 1ll'T()IJHlIKa\111 .u.C.l5\r 1Ia TPI1 K.13cca, KOTopble
onpc.u.e.:15\10T Tpc6oB<lIlIl5I K p33\1CIlI,C'1I!l1O II 060Py_ oBalIl!lO 1I0\1C1IlC-
HHlr.
Pa60TbI III h.'lacca I1POI3O.lL5ITCH 13 OT,a:e:lbHLIX no:\lellI.CHH5IX, Y;J.OBJleT-
BOpHlOllI,HX Tpe60BaHHHM BLInO.1HeHHH XHMH'IeCKHX pa60T.
Pa60Tbl II K.1acca oCYllI,eCTB:15l101C5I B H30:l!1pOBaHllblx nO:\lelll,eIIIlHX;
.n.OJI)I{eH 6bITb !lpe;J.yc oTpell CaJlllTapIlbIH IIponycKHHK C .u.03HMeTpH'leCKIIM
KOHTpOJJei\1 Ha BbIXO;!e.
27
TaGJ1Hi a 2.7. .lI.onycTHMble 3arpll3/1eHHII nOBepxllocTeii (.n3 A ),llltC1HII/(CM2 MHII)
06beKT 3arpSl3l!eHHSI
OT"e.1bHblc t .2
npO'IHC
a-AhlllnHhlC'lljK.lU.n.bl"'[
13-AKTHBl!ble
II) KJIU,l\.Ll*J
KO)l{Ilbie nOKpOBLI, no.10Tell, u.a cnel Ge-
nbC, BIlYTPCIIl15lSl nOI3CpXIlOCTb ,1l1ueilLlX 'Ia-
cTeii Cpe,ll,CTB HIJ,llHBH,llya.1bHoii 3a1Il,HTbi
OCHOI!Ha51 cneno,J.C)I{,lI,a, BHYTpelJlI5151 no-
I!CpXIIOCTb ,lI,onOJJl!H reJlhllI.jX cpe;l.CTIJ IIH,
,\lllJlliJ,yaJlbIlOH 3a1Il,1ITLI
Ha PY)I{IJble IlOl3epX/JoCTH cnel.\oGYBII II
; ono.rIHHTe.'1bnbIX cpe,J,cT13 IIIJ,J.HBH,llya.1bHoii
3aU HTbI, HClloJlb3yeMbix 13 nO\le1Il,e/JH5IX:
nOCT05l/JIJOro npe6blBaIJUH nepconaJia
ncpHOJl.ll'leCKOrO npeGbll3allllSl IICpCOlla-
Jla
ClIel.\llaJlblJaH O,lle)l{,lla
)],PYI He lllJ,lI,HBHAyaJII,!lbIC cpCIl.cma 3a-
1II,IJTLI:
DnYTpeHHHSI nOilepxnOCTb
lJapY)I{HaSl nOBepX!lOCTb
nOBCpXIlOCTII nOMe1Il,ellilii nOCTOH!lIlOrO
npe6b1l!a!lHSI lIepCO!laJla II lIaXOiUl11 erocH
13 III1X 060py.n.013alJllH
nOuepXIJOCTIi IIOMC1II,eHllii !lepllO,ll,H'IeCKO-
1'0 npeULll3allHH !lepco!laJla II !laXO;l.H1II,CrO-
CH D Hf!X oGoPY,:!.Ol3aHIlH
TpaliCnOpTliLle cpe,J.CTBa II HapY)I{Ha51
110BCpXl10CTb 3a1Il,HTllbiX KO!lTeiiucpOB II
oxpaHHoii TapLi ynaKOlJ01IHblX KOMII:IeKTOI3
pa,ll,HoaKTlll3HblX lJC1II,eCTI3*
100
5
20
800
5 20 2000
50 200 8000
5 20 800
5 20 800
GO 200 8000
5 200 2000
50 200 8000
10 10 100
>1 A.TH nUBL'pxIIOCTCii paGo""x nOMcll\cHHH, oGoPY,lOuaHHSI, Tpal!CnOpTlII x cpe;J;CTB, 3 ll\IIT
III,IX }(0HTei'ntCpUll H U\:pUHHOi( TapJ.l. '\31 PH3UC'(TH'bIX a aKTHBHbI tH nYK.1J1 aMll. IlOp:\lI1P)CTC.5I HC
<pHKCl!pOnal!HOe (<<CHHMdl'\10C» JarpSl3HClllle, ,!I..1H OCTam,HIoIX 110B0pXHOCTeH - CYMMapHoe (<I>IIK
... lIpODaHHOC II IlC<PHKClipOBdHHOC) 33rpSlJIlClllle. CHln.taC'!oc'Jo 3drp>iJHeUHC onpefJ,c.151eTCH MCTO-
,10\1 cyxoro Ma3Ka, ,
+..: K OT.l{€'.1bHLI\1 pa,1.1l0UYKJIH1\3M OTHOCHTCH a aKTlIHIII.IC ltyKlllI..<r.I.f, JI.OIIYC,.II:daSi KOIII eHTpa
l\IIH (,LI,KA) KUT01H,I, B BOJ, )X0 lIp01l1GO)J.CIUC!!HL'X 110M CI1,C!! II!! MCllbllle J,7,1O-1 nK/ 13
(I I(}--" KHf,l)
*3 JI..1H 'Sl, 9"51 + y J]..onYCTlL\IOC 3arpH31ICILHe YCT.JllaUJlHBaeTCH B J pa3 \ICllhlllC, 1arpstJIIC
III1C TpllTIICM IIC 1I0pMlIPYCTCH, TaK KaK CIO BfJli\cilCTUIiC KOIlTpO.1HPYCTCH no C",l,cp alllllO 8 80J-
,1yxe H opraHH3MC.
.t Bile CaHH.TapLlO-3a I'TII0I't 10Hhl llcq)HKClipOBaHllOc 3arpSl3Hell1Ie TpallCnlJpTHhlX CP<'JI,CTB n
JlapY)KHoA: nOHepXHOCTII QXpaHHOA: TapI.1 ynaKI)RolIilLIX KO\fil JeKTOD HC JI,OnycKacTcH
Pa60Tbi I KJIaCCa npOBOJI.HTCSI 13 H30JIHpOBaIIHOM IIOMeI1l.eIlHH C OTJI.eJIb-
IIbiM BbIXOJI.OM lIepe3 caIlHTapHbIH nponYCKHHK. nOMeIIJ.eIIHe pa3JI.€JIHeTCSI
lIa TplI 30Hbl: I 301la -- IIC06c.'IY)/{IIBaeMble 110 leIIJ.eHIlH (Ka lepbI, 60KCLI
H T. n.), 13 KOTOpbIX pa3MeI1l.aeTC5I 06oPYJI.OBaIlIIe, KO\mYIIIIK3IJ:IIII, 5lBJIHIO-
IIJ.HeCH HClOlllIlIKaMH pa,1.l,1I0aKTIl13Horo 3arp5I3He1I1l5I; II 30lla -- I1epHOJI.H-
lIeCKH 06CJIY)/{HBaeMbiC nOMeI1l.eHHH, npeJI.Ha3HalleHfIbIC JI.JIH npOBeJI.ellHH
peMOIlTHbiX pa60T, BCKpbITHH TeXHo.'IOrHlIeCKoro 060PYJI.OBaIIHH, 3arpY3-
KH H pa3rpY3KH paJI.HoaKTI1BHbiX MaTepHaJIOB H HX xpaHeHH5I; III 30Ha -
nOMeI1l.eHH 51 , npeJI.Ha3HalleHHbie ,lI.JIH OOcJIY)/{HBalOI1l.erO nepCOH8JIa, pa3-
MeIIJ.eHHH ny.'IbTOB ynpaB,neHHH.
28
npH pa60TC C OTi<:pbITbiMIl paJI.IiOaKTHDHbl¥1I BE'U ecTBaMil }.(OJDKIIbI ObITL
tIpE'JI.YCMOTpeHbI MepbI 3aIIJ.IiTbI OT BHeUIIIerO 06.'IYlIeHIi51 H nona,ll.aHH5I pa-
JI.HOaKTHBHbIX Bern.eCTB BHYTPb OpraHIi3Ma. KO.'IIilleCTBO pa,ll.IiOHYK.1HJI.OB
Ha pa60llHX MecTax JI.OJDKHO 6bITb MHHIIMa.'IbHbI !. Be.1JIillIiHbI JI.OnYCTHMO-
fO 3arp5l3HeHIi51 nOBepXIIOCTell pa60llHX nOMern.ellHH, HapY)/{HbIX nOBepX-
HOCTell o60PYJI.oBaHIi5f, HHJI.HBHJI.ya.1hHbIX CpE'JI.CTB 3a" HTbI II KO)/{HbIX
nOKpOBOB npHBeJI.eHbI B Ta6JI. 2.7.
2.2.2. )J.onycTHMblC lIoCTynJlellHSI paJl.HOaKTHBHblX BC CCTB
B opraHH3M QCJlOBCKa
):(JI5I npeJI.OTBpaIIJ.eHH5I norraJI.aHH5I pa,ll.lIoHYK.1JHJI.OB B opraHII3M lIeJIO-
BeKa C B03.llYXOM 'Iepe3 opraHbI ,lI.bIXaIlIi5l, C BO,ll.OH H npO,ll.YKTaMH nHTaHHH
lIepe3 )/{eJIYJI.OllHO-KHlllellHbIH TpaKT, KO)/{Y IiJIH nOBpe)/{JI.eI!H5I KO)/{H He06-
XOJI.HMO orpaHIillIiTb HX cOJI.ep)/{aHHe H ocyrn.ecTBJI5ITb KOHTpOJIb B 3TIiX
cpeJI.ax. ):(JIH 3TOH Il.eJIH YCTaHaBJIIiBaIOTC5I HOpMbI - iJonycmuMble KOH.-
l{eH.mpal{uu ():(K) paJI.HoaKTHBHbIX HYKJIIiJI.OB JI.JIH Tex KOHTpo.1IipyeMbIx
cpeJI. (B03,l1.YX H BOJI.a) , H3 KOTOpblX OHH MorYT npoIlIiKaTb B opraHIi3M tIe-
JIOBeKa. HeKoTopbIe paJI.HoHYKJIIi,ll.bI H36IipaTeJIbHO HaKarrJIIiBalOTCH B OT-
JI.eJIbHbIX opraHax TMa (HanpIiMep, OKOJIO 20% IiOJI.a, nocTynalOIIJ.erO B
cpraHH3M lIE'JIOBeKa, OTKJI8JI.blBaeTC5I B IIJ.IiTOBIi,ll.HOR }!{E'JIe3e, Macca KO-
TOpOR COCTaBJI5IeT TOJIbKO 0,03% MaCCbI TeJIa) H, TaKHM o6pa30M, OTJI.aIOT
3I1eprHlO IiOHH3IipYIOIIJ.erO H3JIYlIeHH5I IIc60.1blllOMY 06'beMY TKaI!Ii.
ponycmuMoe cooepJICaH.ue ():(C) - Cpe,ll.HeroJI.oBoe cO,ll.ep}!{aHIie paJI.IiO-
aKTIiBHblX BeIIJ.ecTB B opraHH3Me (KpHTHlIecKoM opraHe), IIPH KOTOpOM 3K-
BIiBaJIeHTHa51 JI.03a paBHa npeJI.eJIbHO JI.Orr)'cTIiMoH JI.03C (fULll) JI..1H KaTe-
ropIiH A IiJIH npeJI.e.ny JI.03bI (n):() JVJ 51 KaTeropml J).
flpeiJel/bH.O iJonycmu.Moe eoiJoeoe flocmYIlJ/eH.ue (n):(n) ,lI..l5I .1HIl. KaTero-
pIiH A - nOCTynJIeHHe paJI.IiOaKTHBHbIX BeIIJ.eCTB B opraHII3W B TCIJeIlIIe
roJI.a, KOTopoe 3a 50 JIeT C03JI.aeT B KpIiTHIJeCKOM oprallc 3KBIiBaJleHTllYlO
JI.03Y, paBIIYIO 1 n)1):( (CM. Ta6.1, I HP5-76).
npIi E')/{eroJI.I!OM nOCTynJIeIlHH 113 ypOBHe nnn 3KIH1B8.1E'IlTHaH ; 03a
33 JII060H roJI. OYJI.eT paBHa HJIH Mellbwe I nx1.)1. (B 3aBI!CIiYlOCTII OT BpC-
MeHH JI.0CTIi)/{eHIl H paBHOBeCHoro CO,ll.ep}!{aIlIi5I paJI.HOaKTII13110rO BellJ.eCTBa
B opraHIi3Me).
flpeiJel/ eoiJ080?O nocmYlll/eHUfl (nro) JI.JJH .'JHIl. KaTeroplw 5 - no-
cTynJIeHIie p8JI.HOaKTIiBHbIX Bern.ecTB B OpraI!H3M B TCl/eHlle rOAa, KOTopoe
3a 70 JIeT C03JI.aeT B KpIiTHlIeCKO\f opraHe 3KBHB3.1eHTIIYIo JI.03Y, paBHYIO
1 0):( (CM. Ta6JI. 1 HP5-76).
2.2.3. )J.onycTHMaSi KOHIl.eHTpaIl.HSI paAHoaKTHBHblX a3p030JleH
H ra30B B B03AYXC
B)!.blXaIJIie , y-pa)!.IioaKTHBIIbIX a3p030.'!CH HB.'I5JeTC5I OCHOBHOH npll.
tIHHOR BUYTpeIlHcro 06.1Y'IeHII5I 06c.'1Y}!{HBalOIIJ.ero lIepcoHa.'la A3C. )10-
3a BHYTpeHHero 06JIY'IeHIi51 orrpe.n.E'.'151eTC5I KOJIH'IeCTBO¥ 1I0CTynIiBwIix
tJepe3 opraHbI ,lI.bIXaHH5I pa,ll.IioHYKJIHJI.OB Ii Ii X nOCJIe,ll.YIOIIJ.IiM HaKOnJJe-
HHeM B pa3JJHlIHblX oprallax (HanpIiMep, B IIJ.IiTOBHJI.HOH )/{e.1C3e, JJerKIIX,
CKeJJeTe, nelleHH H ,lI.p.).
29
OnblT 3KcnJIyaTau.HH A3C nOKa3aJI, 4TO ;l.03a BHYTpeHHerO cpaKTH-
4eCKOrO 06JIY4eHHH nepCOHaJIa MaJIa, TaK KaK KOHu.eHTpau.HH a3p030 eH
06bI4HO HH3Ka.
B,lJ,bIXaeMble pa,lJ,HOaKTHBHble 6JIaropO,lJ,Hble ra3hl - PBr (aprOH, KPIlI!-
TOH, KceHOH), 06pa3YIOIII.HeCH npH pa60Te peaKTopa A3C, n04TH He HaKan-
JIHBaIOTCH B opraHH3Me. n03TOMY HX B03,lJ,eHCTBHe Ha 4eJIOBeKa onpe,lJ,eJI5I-
eTCH BHeIllHHM , y-06.nY4eHHeM TeJIa.
CorJIaCHO HPB-76, CYMMapHoe B03,lJ,eHCTBHe BHeIllHHX H BHYTpemmx
HCT04HHKOB Ha KaR<,lJ,bIH: KpHTH4eCKHH opraH He omKHO npeBblwaTb COOT-
BeTCTBYIOIII.eH npe,lJ,e.'IbHO ,lJ,OnYCTHMOH ,lJ,03bI (nM) B rO,1;.
lh06bI 06ecne4HTb 3TO Tpe60BaHHe, HPB-76 perJIa\1ellTHPYIOT ;1;0-
nycTHMoe cO,lJ,epR<aHHe (.rrq KaR<,lJ,OrO pa,lJ,HoHYK.rIH;l.a B opraHe. KpoMe TO-
ro, C Y4eToM JJ.C B HPB-76 YCTaHoB.rleHbI npe,lJ,eJILIIO ;J:OIIycTHMoe ro,lJ,O-
Boe nocTynJIeHHe (flJJ.n) pa,lJ,HoIIYK.1H,lJ,a B opraHH3M 4epe3 opraHbI ,lJ,bIXa-
HHH npocpeccHOHa.lbHbIX pa60TIlHKoB H cooTBeTcTBYIOIII.Ife ,lJ,OnycntMble
KOHu.eHTpau.IIH (JJ.KA) a3p030JIeM B B03,lJ,yxe npOH3BO,lJ,cTBe1IHblx nOMew.e-
HHH, a TaKR<e npe,lJ,eJI rO,lJ,OBOrO 1I0cTynJIeHHH (I1rfl) H JJ.KB .lI..1H Jmu. KaTe-
ropHH B - orpaHH4eHHoH 4aCTH Hace.leHHH, IIpOR<HBaIOIII.erO B 30He lIa-
6JIIO,lJ,eHHH.
JJ.onYCTHMaH KOHu.eHTpaI HH (JJ.K) - OTHowemte flJJ.n H.'111 nrn pa-
,lJ,HoaKTHBHbIX BeIII.ecTB K 06'beMY V BO,lJ,bI H B03,lJ,yxa, C KOTopbm OHH noCTY-
naIOT B opraHH3M 4eJIOBeKa B Te4eilHe rO,lJ,a.
npH YCTaHOB.'Iemm nJJ.fl, nrn H JJ.K Y ' IHTbIBa.1C5I BH,lJ, H3JIYlJeHIf H
pa,lJ,HoHYKJIH,lJ,a, cpH3HKO-XHMH4eCKHe CBOHCTBa H 6Ho.'IOm4eCKHe xapaKTc-
pHCTHKH ero nOBe eHHH B opraHH3Me: HcliepcHocTL a3p030JICH:, pacTBo-
pHMOCTb BeIII.eCTBa, ,lJ,O.lH Bew.ecTBa, oTK.'1a,lJ,bIBaIOIII.CrOCH B KpHTH4ecKoM
opraHe, 3qxpeKTHBHbIM nepHO,lJ, no.'1YBbIBe,lJ,eHH5I H3 KpHTl!y.ecKoro opralla
3a C4eT cpH3H4eCKoro pacna a H 6Ho.10nty.ecKllx MexaHH3MOB BbIBe enHH.
CJIe,lJ,yeT oTMeTHTb, qTO 3Ha4eHHH nJJ.lI, nrn II JJ.K, IIpHBe,lJ,eilHble B
HPB-76, paCCqHTaIlbI ,lJ,.'lH a3p030.1eil C Me,il.HaHllbIM a3pO,lJ,HHaMH4eCKH\1
,lJ,HaMeTpoM d a 1 MKM.
.rr.onycTHMaH KOHu.eHTpau.HH .rr.KA BbI4HCJIHJIaCb ,lJ,eJIeHHeM n.rr.n Ha
06'beM B03,lJ,yxa VA, B,lJ,bIXaeMoro pa60T\!HKoM 3a 2000 pa60qHx 4aCOB B
ro,lJ,Y:
JJ.KA = nJJ.n/v A, GK/M:!,
(2.2:1)
06'beM V A npHHHMaJICH paBHbIM 2500 M !rO;l..
.rr.JIH HaCeJIeHHH, npOR<HBaIOw.ero B paHone pa3\!ew.eHH5! 5!,lJ,epHOH yc-
TaHOBKH, COrJIaCHO HPB-76 npe.ll.e.l ,lJ,OnycTHMoH ;l.03b! 3a 1'0)). YCTaHOBJleH
paBHhIM 0,1 nM ,lJ,JI5! npocpeccHona.lbHbIX pa60TIIIIKOB, a rO.n.OBoe no-
Tpe6JIeHHe B03,lJ,yxa VB = 7300 M 3 ; .rr.KB =-- nrn/VB (BK/M:!).
113 cnoc06a YCTaiiOBJIeHHH .rr.K C.le,lJ,yeT, 4TO eC.11I B Te4eHHe Bcero rO,lJ,3
B,lJ,bIXaJIC5! B03,lJ,YX co cpe,lJ,HerO,lJ,OBOH KOHu.eIITpau. ll eii JJ.KA lI.ll! JJ.K E, TO
,lJ,03a B KpHTH4eCKOM opraHe 3a ro;l. 6YAeT paBIIa nM H.1J! n.rr. -COOT-
BeTCTBeHHO 5 C3B HJIH 0,5 C3B (,lJ,JIH KpHTI1qeCKIIX opraHOB 1 rpynnbI).
JJ.JIH 3aIII.HTbI Hace.'IeHHH H oxpaHbl OKpYR<aIOw.eH Cp e,il.hI , cor.laCHO
cn A3C-79, npe,lJ,eJI ,lJ,03bI (n.rr. A3C), 06yc.'lOBJIeHHbIH pa,lJ,HOaKTHBHbIMH
BbI6pocaMH H c6pocaMH A3C, YCTaHOBJIeH paBHbIM JIHillb 5 % n)]" npHH5I"
30
TOro HPB-76, - 0,025 C3B .n;JJ5I KpHTH'IeCKHX opraHOB I rpynnhI (CM.
TaM. 5.1).
OTcro)I,a BH,ZI.HO, 'ITO JJ.K B Ha A3C H rrrrr Ha A3C .n;,,151 OT,L(e.nhHhIX JIHU.
H3 HaCeJJeHH5I, 06yc.loB.rreHHhle ra30a3p030.TIhHhIMH pa.n;HoaKTHBHhIMH OT-
XO,Zl.aMH, COrJJaCHO HPB-76, He .1I.OJJLKHhI npeBhIIIlaTh 4% JJ.KB H oro,
a :>KU.n;KHMH c6pocaMH - 1 % oro.
B OT"lH'IHe OT a3p030JIeH .n;onycTu faH KOHI.(eHTpaI.(H5I PBr onpe.n;e.1H-
eTCH no .n;onycnI:\wH MOIll.HOCTIl .i(03hI (JJ.MJJ.) f! A BHeIIlHero ., y-06JJY'Ie-
HHH, KOTOPYIO 3TH ra3hI MorYT C03.n;aTb B aTMoccpepe C PBr:
JJ.K = If Aid,
(2.24)
me if A .n;onYCTHMaH 10Ill.IIOCTb .n;03hI B KpHTH'feCKOM opraHe - Kome,
no.n;KO)!{HhIX TKaHHX, rOHa.i(aX, BO BceM Te.le; d - .n;030BhIH K03qxpHI.(HeHT,
onpe.n;eJJHeMhIH no MOIll.IIOCTH JI.03hI B KpHTH'IeCKOM opraHe, C03.n;aBaeMOH
npu KOHu.eIlTpaI.(lfH PBr, paBHoH 1 BK/M 3 . 3Ha'IeHHH d YBe.1U'fUBaIOTCH C
pOCTOM pa3MepoB nOMeIJ eHHH 11 .n;OCTHraIOT MaKcHMYMa Ha OTKphITOH MeCT-
HOCTU, TaK KaK cpoTOHhI MorYT npHxo.n;HTh H3 3Ha'IUTeJJhHOrO 06 eMa
B03.n;yxa. OpH 3TOM JJ.K YMeHhIIlaIOTcH npOnOpI.(HOHaJJhHO POCTY o6 eMa
B03.11.yxa, H3 KOToporo nocTynaIOT cpOTOHhI. C H3MeHeHHeM pa3MepoB no-
MelI.(eHHH MO:>KeT H3MeHHTbCH H KpHTH'IeCKUH opraH. B 60JJhIIlHX nOMellI.e-
HHHX (o6beMoM 10 4 M 3 II 60JJee), a TaK)!{e Ha OTKphITOH MeCTHOCTH KPHTH-
qeCKUMH opraHaMH HBJlHIOTC5I rOHa.n;hI H.1H Bce TeJlO. B nOMellI.eIlHHx Mellh-
IIlero pa3Mepa KpHTH'IeCKHMH 6y.n;YT 3TH me oprallhI H Koma. B nOMellI.ellH-
HX MaJlOrO pa3Mepa KpHTHQeCKHM opraHOM CTaHOBHTC5I r.laBllhIM 06pa30M
Koma 3a CQeT ee -06.rrY'Ielm5T.
B CBH3H C 3THM .n;onYCTHMa5I KOIlI.(eHTpaI.(H 51 pa.n;HOHYK.1H.n;OB PBr
('lIAr, 811, e7, 88Kr, 133,135,137, 1 3 8Xe) B B03;Lyxe H3MCHHeTCH B WHpOKOM .n;Ha-
IIa301le: B pa60'IHX nOMellI.CHHHX OT 1.4 . 10 7 BK/M 3 ('3aXe, KpHTH'IeCKHH
opran - KO:>Ka) .n;o 8,1 . 10" BK/M:! (8 Kr, rOHa.1l.bI); Ha OTKpbITOH MeCTHO-
CHI .n;JlH KaTeropHH A OT 4 . 10 6 BK/M s (8"Kr, Koma) .n;o 4,8 . 10 01 BK/M:!
(88KI', rOHa.n;hI), .1I.JIH KaTeropHiI 6 OT 9,6 . 10:; BKiM s (8:;KI', KO:>Ka) .n;o
1,1 . 10 3 BK!\13 (88Kr, roHa;J:bI).
BHeIlIIlee -, y-H3.1Y'feHHC 06bI'fHO KOIlTpO.1HpyeTC5I HH.n;HBH.n;ya.lhHhI-
MH HJlH nepeHOCllhlMIl .n;03HMeTpaMH. B 3TOM c.rrY'Iae .n;onOJlHHTeJJhIlYIO
OI.(eHKY .n;03hI OT PBr no KOHI.(eHTpaI HH B B03.n;yxe .n;e.naTh He CJle.n;yeT, 'ITO-
6hI He Y'IeCTh ee .n;Ba)!{.i(bI.
JJ.onYCTHMble KOHI.(eHTpaI.(HH JlKA H JJ.KB paCC'IHTaHhI Ha MaKCHMaJlh-
no B03MO)!{HOe BpeMH nOCTyn.1CHHH pa.n;HOHYKJlH.n;OB B opraHH3M, paBHoe
.n;.lH nepCOHa"la T A 50 .1eT, a .n;.'IH .1HI.( 113 HaCeJJemlH Tn =- 70 JleT. OpH
3TOM .n;03a H A B KpHTH'feCKOM opraHe 3a nepHO.n; npocpeCCHOHa.lhHOH .1I.eH-
Te.lbHOCTIl He npeBhICHT 3HaqeHHH
H<H A T A .
(2.25a)
JJ.03a H B 3a B03MomHoe (B cpe;J:lIeM) BpeM5I mH3HH B paHOHe pa3MellI.e-
HHH A3C He npeBbICHT 3Ha'IeIIH5I
H H B r B .
(2.256)
31
rIpeohIBaHHe B aTMOc<f>epe, 3arpH3HeHHOH OoJIhIDHHCTBOM pa,n:HOHYK-
JIH,n:OB Ha ypOBHe ,lJ,K, B TelleHHe TOJIhKO 1 ro,n:a IfJopMHpyeT ,n:03Y, paBHYIO
rI,lJ,,lJ, HJIH rI,lJ, 3a ro,n:. 3ro TaKHe cpaBHHTeJIhHO KOpOTKOR<HBYlIJ,He HJIH
OhICTpOBhIBo,n:HllI.HeCH li3 opraHH3Ma pa,n:HoHYKJIH,n:hI, KOTophle HMelOT 3cp-
cpeKTHBHhIH nepHo,n: nOJIYBbIBe,n:eHHH Ta<p 01' ,n:oJIeH: CYTOK ,n:0 10 2 CYT. 3cp-
<f>eKTHBHhIH nepHO,n: nOJIYBhlBe,n:eHJiH onpe,n:eJIHeTCH no cpopMYJIe
Ta<p = T 1 / 2 TfJ/(TI/2 + TIj),
(2.26)
r,n:e T1/2 - nepHO,n: llOJIypacna,n:a; TfJ - nepHO,n: OHOJIOrHqeCKOrO nOJIYBhI-
Be,n:eHliH pa,n:HOIlYKJIH,n:a li3 opraHli3Ma.
,lJ,JI51 3THX 6hICTpOBhIBO,n:5IllI.HXC5I pa,n:HOHYKJIH,n:OB B CJIyqae paBHOMep-
HOro B TelleHHe ro,n:a nocTynJIeHHH C B,n:hIxaeMhIM B03,n:YXOM B 3aBHCHMOCTU
01' T[J<p JIHOo B HaqaJIe, JIH60 B KOHr.r.e ro,n:a ,n:OCTHraeTCH paBHOBeCHoe
co,n:epR<aHHe pa,n:HOHYKJIH,n:a B KpHTHlIeCKOM opraHe Ha ,n:onYCTHMOM
ypOBHe.
rIpH 1I0cTynJleHHH B opraHH3M 905r, 226Ra, 23 7 Np, 239pU, 241Am H He-
KOTOphIX ,n:Pyrrrx TpancypaHoBhIX ,n:O.'IrOR<I1BYllI,HX 3J1eMeHTOB paBHOBeCHoe
HaKOnJleHHe B KpHTlfIleCKOM opraHe (B CKeJIeTe HJlH neqenH) He ,n:OCTHraeT-
CH B TelleI-IHe 50 JleT Tpy,n:OBOiI ,n:eHTe.'IbHOCTH H BceH )KH3HH. rI03TOMY B
lIepBhIe ro,n:hl KOHTaKTa C ,n:oJlrO)KIIBYllI:IIMH a3p030JlHMH 3THX pa,n:HoHYK-
JlH,n:OB HarpY3Ka Ha KpHTHlIecKlie opraHhI oy,n:eT MeHhllIe ,n:onycTHMoH ro-
,n:OBOH ,n:03hI, ,n:aR<e eCJlH KOHr.r.eHTpar.r.H5I a3p030JleH B B03,n:yxe COOTBeTCTBO-
BaJla ,lJ,K. 130Jlee )KecTKHH noJ1,Xo,n: K HOpMHpoBaHHIO ,lJ,K ,lI,JIH pa,n:HoHYKJlH-
)l.OB C 60JlhllIHM nepHO)l.OM nOJlYBhIBe)l.eHIUI H3 opraHH3Ma 06YCJIOBJleH He-
06XO)l.I1MOCTblO 06ecnellHTh B03MO)KHOCTh paOoThI lIeJIOBeKa B npo<f>eccHO-
Ha.'IhllhIX YCJlOBH5IX B TelleHHe Bcero nepHo,n:a TpY)l.ocnoc06HOCTH, BKJlIOlIa5I
caMhle nOCJle,n:IIHe rO)l.hl B KOHr.r.C 50-JleTHerO CTa)Ka paOoThl, De3 npeBhIIDe-
HH5I rIM B JlIOOoM ro)l.Y 3Toro cpOKa. I1CXO,n:H H3 H3J10R<eHHOrO, CJIe,n:yeT C
OCTOpOR<HOCThlO IIpHMeH5ITh ,lJ,K )l.JlH or.r.eHKH nOCJle)l.CTBHH Henpe)l.YCMOT-
peHHhIX CJlyqaeB, TaKHX KaK KpaTKOBpeMeHHoe aBapHHHoe nocTynJleHHe
HYKJlH)l.OB B aTMoccpepy, a 3aTeM B opraHH3M.
1..J.HCJleHHhIC 3HaIJeHH5I ,lJ,K paCClIHTaHhl H3 YCJlOBHH, liTO Ha KpHTHlIec-
KHH opraH )l.CHCTBYCT TOJlhKO O)l.HH pa)l.HOHYKJlH,n:, KOTOphlH H C03,n:aeT rI,lJ,,lJ,
3a ro,n:. B peaJJhHhIX YC.'IOBIIHX )l.eAcTByeT He O)l.HH, a neCKO"lbKO pa,n:HO-
HYKJJH)l.OB, a TaKR<e BHellinee H3J1Y1JeHHe. rI03TOMY Heo6xo,n:HMO or.r.eHH-
BaTh CYMMapHoe B03,n:ellcTBHe BCCX pa)l.HoHYKJlH,n:OB H BHelliHero H3J1Y1JeHli5I
Ha KaR<JI.hIH KpHTHlIeCKHH opraH.
B HP6-76 perJlaMeHTHpOBaHhI ,lJ,KA II ,lJ,K B ,n:Jl5I CJIYlIa5I, Kor,n:a COC-
1 aB CMeCII pa,n:lIonYK.1H)l.OB HC H3BeCTCH HJlH H3BeCTeH qaCTHlIHO.
B 3aK.'IlOlIeIlHe CJle,n:yeT OTMeTHTb, liTO, nOCKOJlhKY rI,lJ, ,lI,JIH ra30a3-
p030.'lhllhlX Bhl6poCOB A3C YCTaHOBJleH Ha ypoBHe 4 % rI,lJ" npHH5IToro B
HP6-76, ,n:onycTHMhle KOIlr.r.eHTpar.r.11H (J1KB) B aTMoccpepHOM B03,n:yxe B
paHoHe A3C )l.OJlR<Hhl OblTh YMeHhllICHhI 8 25 pa3.
2.2.4. )l,onycntMble ypOBHH oToHHoro H3J1Y'leHHH
He.n;CJIhHaH npe.n;eJIbHO .n;onycTHMa51 .n;03a JlI060ro BHl1.a HOHH3IipYIOw.ero
H3JIYLJeHHH .n;.lH npocpeccHOHaJIbHblX pa60THHKoB (KaTerOpl\51 A) H A =-=
= 1 . 10- 3 3B (0,1 63p) cooTBeTcTByeT .n;onYCTH OH :-.10llI.HOCTII l1.03hI if!l..
npH 1 (q) pa60TbI B .i1.CHb .n;JI5I rneCTH.n;HeBHoH pa60'leH He.n;e.m:
liA = 0,1.10- 2 .10 6 = 4,63.10- 2 , MK3B/C= 16,7.10- 2 ,M3B/q (2.27)
6. t . 3600 t t
(HII. --,4,63/1, MK03p/C= 16,7/t, 63p/q).
.LI.:J5I rneCTH'IaCOBOro pa60qero .n;H5I .n;onycnn1a51 MOllI.IIOCTb l1.03bI 6Y1I.CT
paBIIa
fh -= 0,772 . 10- 2 MK3n/c =- 2,8 . 10- 2 M3B/L( (2.28)
(ih = 0,772 m63p/c =-= 2,8 M63p/q).
rIpH pa60Tc C Y-HCTO'IHHKaMH OLJeHh 'IaCTO npHxOl1.HTCH HCrrOJIh30naTh
.n;onycTH\1YIO nJIOTlIOCTb nOTOKa cpOTOIIOB <P'l'A . .LI..151 Ollpe.n;e.TJelIl!51 3TOH
BeJIH'IHIIhI HCITOJIb3yeTc5I cpop\1YJIa, BbIpmKaIOllI.aH 3aBHCH\10CTh Me)!{.1I.Y
nJIOTHOCThlO nOTOKa fP? C 3HepmcH E'I' H OllI.HOCTblO 3KBHna.'1eHTHOH
.n;03hl i-I, neJIHLJHHa KO ropoif .i1.0JI)!{IIa 6bITb :-.1:eHhille if A, T. C.
if --co I/in/Q = !PI' E'I' n.1 ,6.1O- 13 /Q 0,772.10- 8 3n/c,
(2.29)
r.n;e I = (PJ:.'." - I1IlTeHCHBIlOCTh Y-H3.rrYQeHH5I. ."'bB/ ( 2 . c); (P.,,-
nJIOT HOC Tb IIOTORa cpOTOIlOB, cpOTOH/ (\1 2 . C); E V - 3HCprlfH cpOTOIIon,
M3B; !lll - MaCCOBbIH K03ctxPHI l1eHT nOrJIow.eHHH 3HeprlfH cpOTOHOB B 6110-
JIOrH'IeCKOI[ TKaHH, M 2 /Kr; Q - K03cp HIl,HeHT KaQeCTl3a (11..151 cpOTOIIOB
Q = 1); 1,6. 10- 13 - 3HCpreTI1'IeCKHif 3KBHnaJIeHT 1 M3B, .LI.)!{/M3B.
113 Bblpa)!{eHH5I (2.29) H YCJIOBHH fP." Q;'I'A onpe.n;eJl5le
(P'I'A"""' 48,3.101/(E'I' n)' cjJOTOH/(M 2 .C).
(2.30)
Orrpe.n;e.1HM .n;onycTI1\1bIe YCJJOnHH pa60TbI 06CJJY)!{I.IJ3aIOJIl,ero nepcoHa-
J1a C TO'IeLJHhl\1 H30TpOIIHhIM HCTOQIIHKOM Y-H3JIYQeIIHH 6e3 3aW.HThI. Bo
BHeCHCTeMIIbIX e.n;HHHljaX Hcno.1b3ye COOTHOIIIeHHe Me)!{.1I.Y .n;030H X, raM-
Ma-3KBHBa.'JeHTO,\1 M (Mr-3KI3 Ra), paCCT05l!II!e\1 OT HCT0"4HIIKa .11.0 .1I.eTeK-
Topa r (M) 11 BpC:-.1elleM oO,'IYQeHlI51 t (L!):
X = 8,4 . Mti (r 2 . 101) 0,0167 P,
(2.31)
OTKY.1l. a
Mt,'r 2 20.
(2.32)
B CHCTeMe CI1 HCnOJIh3yeM COOTHOIIIeIIlle Me)!{.n;y MOW.HOCTblO 3KBH-
BaJIeHTHOH .n;03hI if (3B/C), raM\fa-nOCToHHHOH TII r arp . M 2 J (c . DK)],
aKTHBHOCThlO HCTO'IIIHKa A (6K) H paCCTOHHHeM OT HCTOQHHKa .n;o .n;eTeK-
Topa r (\f):
H = TnA/r2 0,772 . 10- 8 3B/C.
(2.33)
3:1
2 3aK. 9.1
npHMeP. Onpe,ll,eJlHTb paCCTO!llllle r OT TOllCI[IIOrO H30TpOnHOrO HCTO'llIHKa 60CO.
C KOTOpblM MO)l{IIO pa60TaTb 6e3 3aLl.\HTbl B Te4CHHe t - 64, eCJlIi raMMa-3KBHBaJleHT
M = 3.3 Mr-3KB Ra (r = 12.9P'CM 2 /(II'MKIi), r = 84,63 arp/ (c . M 2 /OK).
PeweHue (BO BlieCHCTeMHblX e,ll,HHHuax) no !j>opMY,1e (2,32)
r=1I Mb/20 =1I3,3.6/20= 1 M,
PeWI!HUe (B e,ll,HlIllll.ax CIl). no !j>opMYJle (2.13)
A _ 8,4M _
- r --
no !j>op IYJ1e (2.33)
r = 11 ruAi (0,772, IO- H )
8,4.3,3 r. 8 I
--2,1<> 'IKIi--= . 0 7 OK;
12,9
_ 1184,6.8,10 7 .10-]8/(0,772.10- 8 ) = 1M.
fJIaBa 3
HCT01.JHHKH PA,lI.HAlI.HOHHOn OnACHOCTH
HA A3C H 3AllI.HTA OT HOHH3HPYIOllI.HX
H3J1Y1.J EH H n
3.1. 51.lI.EPHbIfl PEAKTOP A3C, 51.lI.EPHOE TOnJIHBO
H TEnJIOHOCHTEJIb KAK HCTOlJHHKH
HOHH3HPYIO HX H3JIYlJEHHR
5!.n;epHhIH peaKTop A3C npe,npaBJIHeT co60A YCTPOHCTBO, B KOTOpOM
ocyrn;eCTBJIHeTCH ynpaBJIHeMaH l.(enHaH peaKl.(lfH .n;eJIeHlf5I 5I,l,ep If KHHeTH-
qeCKaH 3HeprHH npo.n;YKTOB .n;eJIeHHH npe06pa3yeTcH B TenJIO, nepe.n;aBae-
Moe OXJIalK.n;aJorn;eH cpe.n;e .n;JIH nocJIe.n;YIOrn;ero HCnOJlh30BaHlf5I.
AKTHBHaH 30Ha peaKTopa HBJIHeTC5I MOrn;nhIM IfCTOqHHKOM neHTpoHHO-
ro H I'-If3J1yqeHIfH. HanplfMep, npIf .n;eJIeHIfIf H.n;pa 235U 06pa3YlOTcH l1.Ba
OCKOJIKa C 3HeprneH 162 M3B H HeHTpoHbI .n;eJIeHHH. KOTophIe pa3l1.eJI5I-
IOTC5I Ha MrHOBeHHhIe (OKOJIO 2,5 HeHTp.l.n;eJIeIIHe) If 3ana3.n;hIBalOrn;He (OKO-
JIO 5. 10- 3 lIeiiTp.l.n;eJIeHHe). MrHOBeHHhIe HeHTpOHhI, BbI.1I.eJl5IIOrn;HeCH
nOqTH o.n;HOBpe\1eHHO C OCKOJIKaMH .n;eJIeHH5I (npHMcplIO qepe3 10- 12 C noc-
JIe .n;eJIeHHH), COCTaBJIHIOT oOJlec 99% Bcex HeiiTpoHoB .u.eJleHH5I. 3ana3I{bI-
BalOrn;He HeHTpoHbI (MeHee 1 % o6rn;ero 4I1CJla HeiiTpolloB .u.e.'IeHHH) Hcnyc-
KalOTCH CHJlhHOB036YIKl1.eHHbIMH 5I.1I.paMH OCKOJIKOB Jte.'ICIIHH 4epe3 HeCKO.'lL-
KO ceKYH.n; HJlH MHHYT. BOJlhllIaH qaCTb 3ana3.n;hlBalOrn;HX IIeihpoHoB IIC-
nycKaeTC5I B TeqeHHe 1 MHH nOCJIe .n;eJIeIlH5I.
3HeprCTllqeCKHH cneKTp lIeHTpOlioB JtCJIeHII5I (puc. 3.1) r.IomllO npe}t-
CTaBlfTh 3MnHpnqeCKOH Op\1YJlOH
S (En) = 0,484 sh V 2E n e- En ,
r.n;e S (En) - .n;OJIH HeHTpOHOB B IfHTepBaJIe 3HeprHH OT En
En - 3Heprlf5I HeHTpOHOB, M3B.
MaKCHMYM cneKTpa MrHOBeHHhlX HeHTpOHOB Jle.'ICHII5I Haxo.n;HTCH
OKOJIO 0,8 M3B, a cpe.n;1I5I5I 3HCpriHI paBHa 2 M3B. CJIcJ.onaTe.'IbIIO, cpc.1I.-
34
(3.1 )
;:to En + dEn;
1D 1
10- 2
10- 3
10-'\
10- 5
024 6 8 W
PHC. 3,1. 9HepreTH'leCKllif cneKTp lIeiiT-
pOIlOB ,lleJleHHH
10 6
r- -
<1'(E n ),o'fl' ,0:; I
T -------.-
I '
I
Ie?
10 1
10°
'0-' 10-'
PIlC. 3,3, CneKTp Hcihpollon B neHTpe aKTHBHoH
30HbI pcaKTopOB na 6b1CTpblX (KpHBaSl /) H Ten-
JlORbiX (KpI!HaH 2) neiiTpoHax
I7pc v eJ4{ymOQHb'e
_--fl
I I
I
En ,36
PHC. 32, ClleKTp 3aMC,lI,JleHHblX lleiiTpo-
IIOB
40
1
r--
<D
2 30
,,;
20
E
,,-"
r;:. 10
o
En ,36
H5IH cy apHaH 3l1eprH5I rHOl3eHllhlX HeihpOHOB 6y.n;eT pal3Ha 2 . 2,5 --=
=-= 5 M3B, 4HCJIO HeihpolloB .n;eJIeHHH y6bIBaeT C pOCTOM IIX 3HepmH npH-
6JIH3HTe.1bIIO no 3KcnOHeHTe ,.'.(0 15-18 M3B.
npH B3aHMO,i.\eJICTBl1lf HeiiTpoHoB .n;e.TIeHH5I C pa3JIH1JHbI'.1H 5I,iJ,pa H 3JIe-
MeUTOB, IIaXOJl,5IUl,HXCH B aKTHBHOH 301le, HX 3uepreTH1JeCKHH cneKTp 113-
MellHeTCH (pl1c. 3.2). CneKTp 6bICTpbIX neihpoHoB n01JTH He OTJIH1JaeTCH OT
cneKTpa neihpoHol3 .n;e.'IeIlHH; B npO e)!{YT01JHOH 06JIaCTH 3HeprHH cneKTp
HeHTpOIlOI3 I1pe06pa3yeTC5I B clleKTp 3a'.1e.n;JIHIOUl,HXC5I HeHTpoIloB. JJ.JIH
OT.n;e.neHHH TeIlJIOBblX lIeHTpOHOB OT Ha,iJ,TenJIOBbJX HX nponycKalOT 1Jepe3
Ka.n;MHJ1, KOTOpbIH 3qxpeKTHBIIO nor.'IoUl,aeT HeiiTpoHbI C 3HeprHeH MeHee
0,4 3B.
CneKTpbI IIdhpOHOB 13 peaKTopax Ha TeI1JIOBbIX H 6bICTpbIX HeHTpoHax
CYUl,ecTBeHlIO pa3.1H1JaIOTCH, B aKTHBHOH 30He peaKTopoB Ha 6bICTpbIX
HeHTpOHax TeI1JIOBble lIeHTpoHhI IIpaKT!f1JeCKH OTCYTCTBYIOT H cneKTpbI
HeHTpOHOB 6JlH3KH K clleKTpy ,!\e.1emIH, Ha pHC. 3.3 npHBeAeHbI cneKTpbI
HeiiTpoHoB 13 l eHTpe aKTHI3HOH: 30HbI peaKTopoB Ha 6bICTpbIX (KpHBaH 1)
Ii TenJIOBbIX (KpHBaH 2) HeHTpoHax.
tTp!! paOoTalOw.eM H)(epHOM peaKTOpe OCHOBHbIMH HCTOqlIHKaMH I'-H3-
.'IyqeIlHH 51BJI5IIOTCH: MrHOBelIHOe I'-H3JIyqeIIHe. B03HHKalOw.ee npH )(eJIe-
HHH H,l{pa 2a5U; I'-H3JIyqeHHe KOPOTKO)KHBYI.qHX npO,l{YKTOD ,l{eJICIHiH, HC-
nYCKaeMOe B TCqeHHe 10 MHI! IlOCJIe ,l{eJIeHHH, Ii I'-H3JIyQeHHe ,l{OJIrOmHBY-
I.qHX npo)J,YKTOB ,l{eJIeHH5I, BbI,l{eJIHIOI.qeeCH 3a BpeMH 60JIbWe 10 MHH nOCJIe
,l{CJICIIH5I; 3aXBaTHoe I'-H3.'IyqeHHe no (n, 1')-peaKUHH, B03HHKaIOI.qee npH
3aXBaTe Hci%TpOIlOB 51.l(paMH TOnJI!!Ba, TeIIJIOIlOC!!TeJI5I, 3aMe.l(.'IHTCJIH H
KOIICTPYK1UIOHIIhlX MaT( pHaJIOB peaKTopa. BTopocTenellIlOc 3IIaqClllfC
IIpl! paooTalOlUC\1 51.l(epIlO 1 peaKTopc HMeIOT: 1'-1I3JIYQeIIHe npl! HeynpyroM
paccemmll lIeiiTpoHoB no (n, n'I')-pcaKI(IiH; TOpM03Hoe H3JIyqeHHe, 06-
pa3YIOI.qeeC5I npH TopMomeHHH -H3JIyqeHHH npo,l{YKTOB ,l{c.TJeHHH B aKTHBHoH
30He; I'-H3JIYQeHHe npO,l{YKTOB aKTHBaUHH (1I0rJIOI.qeHHe HeihpolloB CTa-
6HJIbHblMH 51,l{paMH MaTepHaJIOB aKTl1BIIOH 30Hbl Ii TCnJIOHOcHTe.'ICM); 1'-
H3JIYQeHHe, conpOBOm,l{alOI.qee (n, p)-, (n, a)-peaKnHH r HanpHMcp,
J60 (n, p)16N, JOB (n, a)1Li H ,l{p.l; 1'-1f3JIYQeHHe npH aTlHHrHJI5IUHIl I/O-
3HTpOHOB.
MrHOBCHHOe I'-H3JIYQeHHe H:-.1eeT cYMMapHYIO 3HeprHIO lIa 1 ,l{eJIeHlle
OKOJIO 5 M3B co cpe)J,HcH 3lICpmei'r !f>oTOHOB OKOJIO 1 M3B.
3HCpreTHQCCKOe pacnpe;I.e.'IeHHe MrHOBeHHoro I'-H3JIYQCHH5I onHCbI-
naeTCH COOTHowellHeM
S(E")=8,Oe- 1 ,IE,,, (3.1a)
f.l(e S (E ,,) - ,l{o.TJ5i cpOTOIIOll B HIiTepBaJIe 3IIeprHJI OT £" ,l{0 £" + dE ,;
E'I - 3IIeprHH cpOTOIIOB, M3B.
OPO).l,YKTbI pacna,l{a cO,l{ep)KaT OQeHb 60.'IbIllOe KOJIHqeCTnO pa,l{HoHYK-
JIH,l{OB c pa3HoH aKTIiBHOCTblO, 3aBHCHI.qei.'f KaK OT pa60Qero, TaK H Hepa-
60Qero DpeMeHH peaKTopa.
311epreTHQeCKOe pacnpe)(eJIeHHe I'-H3JIYQeHII5I KOPOTKO)KHDYI.qHX npo-
,l{YKTOB ,l{eJIeHHH HMeeT BH,l{:
S(E")=6,Oe- I ,IE,,. (3.16)
Tor,l{a cYMMapHoe 3HepreTHqeCKOe pacnpC,l{e.'IeHHe paccMoTpeHHbIx HC-
TOQIlHKOI3 V-H3JIVQeIlHH npH ,l{eJIeHHH BbIpa3HTcH COOTIIOUleHHeM
S(£,,)-= 14e- 1 ,IE". (3.1B)
3HCpfH5I I'-H3JIYQeHIiH npo,l{YKTOB ,l{e.leHHSI COCTaBJIHeT )1.0 6 M3B Ha
pacna)J" a -H3.'IYQCHHSI - OKOJIO 5 M3B.
3aXDaTHoe I'-Ii3JIYQeHHe, B031IHKa10I.qee B pe3YJIbTaTe 3aXBaTa HeHTpo-
Ha 51,l{pOM, HMeeT 3HepfHIO ll.o 10 M3B, KOTOpa51 3aBHCHT OT 3HepfHH CBH3H
HeiiTpolIa C SI,l{pOM.
CYMMapHaSi 3IICprH5I, Bbl)J.e.1IiBWaHC5I B aKTHBHOH 30HC 51)J.epHoro pe-
aKTopa IIPH ,l{e.1CHHIf O,l{HOrO H,l{pa 235U, COCTaBJI5ICT 193 .\hB (Ha OCKOJIKH
Jl,eJIeHH5I npHXO.l(HTCSI 162 M3B, MrHOBCIIHblC Hei'lTpOlIbI - 5 bhB, MrHO-
HellilOe 1'-1I3JIyQe1IHe - 5 M3B, I'-H3JIYQeHIie npO,l{YKTOB ,l{eJIeIIHH-
6 lv13B, -QaCTHIlLI npO,l{YKTOB .zr.eJIeHIIH - 5 M3B, 3aXBaTIIOC I'-H3JIYQe-
HHt' - 10 M3B).
Dp!! OCTalIOBJICHHOM 51).1,epHOM peaKTopc OCHOBHbIMH HCTOQHHKaMH
1'-1I3JIYQeHIi51 HDJIHIOTCH cpOTOHbl ,l{OJIrOmHBYlLI.HX npO,l{YKTOB ,l{eJIeHHH. OT
,l{Pyrl1x I'-HCTOQHHKOB BKJIa,l{ B cYMMapHYIO n.l0THOCTb nOTOKa !f>oTOHOB
He3HaQHTeJIelI.
3G
KpoMe OCHOBHOrO HCTOQI!HKa H3JIyqCHHH - aKTHBIIOH 30llbI peaKT6-
pa - CYIlI,eCTBCHllOe 311aqellHe HMeCT y-H3JlyqelIHe TeUJIOHOCII'reJ1H H y-
lf3J1yqellHC IIpO,i..(YKTOB aKTlfBalI.I1H 3.'1CMeHTOB, BXO.n;HIlI,HX B COCTaB KOH-
CTpYKJJ:HOHHbIX MaTepHaJIOB.
HaBe,ll.eHHYIO aKTHBHOCTb TenJIOIIOCHTCJlH MO)KUO pa3.n;eJIHTb Ha COOCT-
BeHHYIO aKTHBHOCTb If aKTHBIIOCTb npl:lMeCeH. COOCTBCHlIa5I aKTHBHOCTb
3aBHCHT OT CBOHCTil H)],ep caMoro TenJIOHOCHTeJl5I. TaK, HanpIU1ep, eCJlH
B KaqeCTBe TeUJIOHOCIITeJlH B pcaKTope npHMeHHeTCH no,\a, TO n03HHKalOT
CJle.n;YIOIlI,He peaKl l1l1: !GO (II, p)\I;0.; 17 0 (II, p)"N; 1HO (n, 1') 19 0;
2H (n, y)aH.
PeaKHHH 16 0 (n, p)16N npOTeKaeT Ha 6bICTpbIX HeihpOHax C ,:mepmeH
6oJ1ee 10 l\bB C oopa30Balll1eM pa,ll.HouYKJlH.n.a 16N (T 1/2 -- 7,11 c), Hcnyc-
KalOllI.erO y-KBaHTbI C ::mepruei-i 6,13-7,11 H 2,75 M3B.
PeaKlI.I1H 1'0 (n, p) 17 N npOHCXO,i..(HT TaK)Ke Ha ObICTpbIX HeiiTpoHax C
3HeprHeH oOJlce 9 M3B C 06pa30BaHHeM 17N (T 1 / 2 -- 4,1 c), HcnycKalO-
w.ero -QaCTHlI.bI C MaKCHMa.lbHOH 3HeprHci1 3,7 M3B H HeiiTpoHbI C 3Hep-
rHeH 1 M3B. ECTecTBclIHoe co.n.ep)KaHIIe B npl1po.n;e 16 0 H 17 0 COOTBeTcT-
BeHHO paBlIo 99,8 H 0,039%.
PeaKlI.l1H 18 0 (n, 1') 19 0 11 2H (n, y)3H npH paCqeTe 3aIll,HTbI Cl1CTeMbI
OXJla)K.n;enH5I peaKTopa lIe yqHTbIBalOTCH H3-3a MaJIOrO 3qxpeKTHBHoro ce-
qeHHH.
ECJlH TenJIOHOCIiTeJlC:\1 5IilJ15leTCH HaTpHH, TO OCHOBIIOH peaKlI.l1eH OY-
.n;eT 23Na (n, yf l Na Ha TenJlOilhIX HciiTpoHax; 24Na (T 1 / 2 = 151.1) H3.1yqaeT
.n;Ba y-KBallTa C 3IIepmeH 2,75 H 1,37 M3B.
Hailc;J.eHHaH aKTHBHOCTb KOHCTPYKlI.HOIIHbIX MaTepHaJlOB 3aBHCHT OT
nJIOTHOCTH nOTOKa HeHTpoHoB, 3<t$eKTIiBHoro CeqeHHH nOf.TIOIlI,aIOIlI,eH
cpe.n;bI H neplfo.n;a nOJlypacna;J.a 06pa3YIOIlI,I1XCH pa.n;HoHYKJlH.n;OB. HaH-
OOJ1bII1YIO HaBe.n;eHIIYIO aKTIiBHOCTb no y-Ii3JIYQeHHIO l1MelOT pa.n;HoHYKJlH-
.n;bI 6 1 Cr, 66Mn, 6 9 Fe, 6 0 CO Ii ;J.p.
B ra3ax (N 2) HJlIi C:\1eC5IX ra30B (N 2 + He), HCn0J1b3yeMbIx )l..'IH ox-
Jla)K.n;eHHH KJla,i1.KH peaKTopa, B BH;J.e npl1MeCH MO)KeT npHCYTCTilOBaTb
aproH o1°Ar, KOTOpbIH aKTHilHpyeTcH no peaKlI.HH 4°Ar (n, 1') o1IAr (T 1 / 2 =-=
= 1,83 1.1).
AKTHBHpoBaHlIbIe npHMecH B TeIlJlOl:IOCHTeJIe HBJIHIOTCH HCTOI.IHH-
KOM y-H3JIYQeIIIIH. K upHMecHM TenJlOHOCIiTeJlH OTIIOCHTCH MHHe-
paJlbHbie COJIH (OCOOCHHO COJIH Na), pacTBopeHHbIe ra3bI (Ar H .n;p.),
npO,ll.YKTbI KOpp03IiH (OKHCJlbl )KeJle3a, KOOaJlbTa, HHKe.'lH, xpOMa Ii .n;p.),
nona.n;alOIlI,He B TelIJIoHOCHTeJIb npH l1X CMbme C BHYTpeHHeH 1I0BepXHOCTIi
Tpy60npoBo.n;oB, pa,ll.HOaKTl1BHbIe npO,ll.YKTbI .n;C.leHI1H (Xc, Kr, I), noCTY-
nHBII1He B Ten.lOHOCIiTe.lb H3 TB3JIOB. IIpo,ll.YKTbl KOpp03HI1, 3p03IiIi H IIpO-
)l.YKTbI .n;eJleHH5I, OCeBII1He B BH.n;e IIJIeHKH lIa nOBepxHocTHX 060py.n;oBaHHH,
HBJ1HIOTC5I HCTOQHHKaMI1 y-H3JlYQeHHH.
Pa.n;l1oaKTIiBHoCTb Ten.rIOHOCI1TeJIH H OTJIo){{eHHH IIa 060py.n;oBaHHH 3a-
BHCHT OT THna TeUJ10HOCHTCJIH, MaTepl1aJIOB KOI!'rypa H aKTHBHOH 301IbI,
Ha.n;e)KHOCTH TIBJIOB, cnoco611oCTH pa,ll.HoHYK.'IH,lI.OB K OCa)K)l,eHHIO Ha no-
BepXIIOCT5IX H I1ocTynJIeHHIO IiX B TenJ10HOCHTeJIb.
B Bo.n;OOXJIa){{) aeMbIX 5I.n;CpHbIX peaKTopax ooopy.n;oBaHHc TeXHOJIOrH-
QeCKOro KOHTypa H3rOT0I3.'l5IeTCH H3 KOpp03HOHHO-CTOHKHX CTaJICIf. B coc.
37
TaB npOJ YKTOB KOpp03HH BXOJUIT CJIe,l{YIOLLI.lfe OCHOBHhle pa,l{HOHYKJIIf,l{br,
06pa3YIOLLI.I1CCH no c.leJ.YIOLLI.II 1 peaKHHHM:
oRFe (n, y)59Fe (T1/ 45,1 CYT, EVI '--= 1,1 M3B, EV2 = 1,29M3B).
PaBHoBecHoe COACp.IK3HHe pa,l{HoHyKJIH,l{a 59Fe B OT:IO.lKeHHHX H TenJIOHO-
CHTeJJe (B BH) e Fe20a H Fe 3 0..) )J:QCTHraeTC51 npHMepHo 'Iepe3 0,5 rOAa pa-
60TbI A3C C P6}.\K. MOll I!OCTb A03bI y-H3JIYlJeHHH co Bpe\1eneM ,l{OCTHraeT
MaKCH\1aJIbHOrO 3HalJellH51 H B !WJIbHeiiIllC\f lie MCH5leTC5l:
511Cr (11. y) ICr (T1/2 -- 27,7 CYT, E . "--' 0,32 M3B).
PaBI!OBeCHOc co.n:ep.IKaHHe 51CI' B OT.l0.IKeHHHX H TenJIOHOCHTeJJe ,/(OCTH-
ranCH 4epe3 2-3 \fec pafioTbI A3C. MOLLI.HOCTb ,l{03bI y-H3JIY'IeIIII51 B Ha-
lJaJJC 3KCnJIyaTaUII!I A3C HLJJIHeTCH Ol1pC) CJIHIOw.eif, 3 3aTCM YMeHbwaeTC5I:
55Mn (11, y)fJliMn (TI/2 - 2,58 'I, EVI - 0,846 M3R, E v2 -
--1,81/\1313, E va -2,11 Ab13).
PaBI!OBeCHOe co.n:ep.IKaHHe paiJ)1OIIYK.ll1,l{3 IiJ'1n B OTJIO)!(eUHHX H Ten-
JIOHOCHTe.le HaCTynaeT 13 TClJeH!Ie 1 Mec pa60TbI peaKTopa. 4epe3 IIeCKOJIb-
KO 4aCOB nOCJIe ero OCTallOBKH 5GMn lie 06HapY)!(HBaeTCH B TenJIOIIOCHTeJIe
H OTJIO)!(eIlHHX:
5 Fe (n, p):; Mn (TI/2 -= 312,3 CYT, Ev = 0,835 l\hB).
PaBHOBCClIoe co.n:cp)!(aHIiC :'''Mn B OT.l0)!(eHHHX 11 TenJIOHOCHTeJIe Ha-
CTynacT 3a 1 ro;!. pa60TbI pcaKTOpa, ero BKJIa,il, B \fOLLI.!lOCTb J,03bI MemleTCH
He3Ha'IHTeJIbHO:
5 9 CO (11, y)GOCo (T 1/2 =- 5,3 rO,il,a, E'li = 1,17 l\hB, E '2 --= 1,33 M3B);
5RNi (11, p)5 CO (TI/2 =- 70CYT. E v1 -=-0,511 1\\313, E\'2,-O,81 M3B).
PaBI!OBeCIIOe cOll,CpmaHHe GIICO B TenJIOHOCHTe.le H OT.lOmeUHHX YBe-
.1I1lJHBaeTCH B Te4CHHe Bccro Bpe\1CHH pa60ThI A3C. a ,l{.15I 5 R CO HaCTYlIaeT
'Iepe3 0,5 rOJl,3. 13KJIa,l{ y-H3.1Y'IeHIIH GUCo B \fOll HOCTb A03bI 4epe3 2-3 1'0-
,l{a 3KCnJIyaTaIl.HH A3C CTaHOBIITCH onpe,l{e.1HIOU HM no cpaBHeHHIO C ,l{Py-
rHMH pa.iJ,HoHYKJlHAaMH. a BK.la;l 5 CO Be.1IIK B lIa4aJIbHbIH nepHO,il, 3KC-
I1JIyaTaIl.I1I1 peaKTopa:
94Z r (11, y)95Z r (T 1 / 2 - 64 CYT, E '1 --'- 0,72 .'\-bB, E'I2:- 0,75 M3B).
PaBlIoBecHoe cO.iJ,ep;.KaIlHC paAllOHyK.11f.n:a 95Z r B Te!lJIOHOCHTeJIe H OT-
JlOmeHHHX ,l{OCTHraeTCH I1pHMCpHO 3a 1 I'O;!. pa60TbI peaKTopa. BKJIa,l{ y-
H3JIy"IeHH5I 95Z r lIe npeBhlwaeT 1-2%. Il,l1pKOHHH HLJ.1HeTC5I O,l{HHM
H3 OCI!OBHbIX Malepl1a.rIOB aKTHBI!OH 30lIbI peaK'ropa.
3HaH CO,l{ep)!(aHHe paAHoHYK.1H,1,OB KOpp03HoHHoro 11 3p03HOHHOro
npOHCXOm) eHH5I B TeU.lonOCHle.1C H OTJIO)j{eHH5IX, MO)!{HO CY,/(HTbO pa,il.lfa-
II.HOHHOH 06CTallOBKe A3C B I eJJO\I H npaBHJIbHO Bbl6HpaTb MaTepHaJIbI
o60pY,l{OBaHH51 TeX1!0.lOrH4eCKOro KOHTypa,
yIcTOlJHI1KOM pa:lllOaKTHBl!blX IIpoAyKTOB ,il.CJIeHII51 LJ Ten.'IOI!OCI!TeJIe
5l,LlepllOrO peaKTopa HB.1HeTC5I ero aKTIIBHa5I 30Ha. B TelJ.TIOHOCHTe.TIb no-
cTynalOT npO) YKThl J e.rleI!I1H H3-nO;( 060.'10'IeK HerepMeTHlJHblX TB3JIOB H
C nOBepxllocTCH !IX OOO.104E-'K, 3arpH3HeHHbIx TOII.1HBO!vI npH 113rOTOBJIe-
HHH. flOCJICJl,H51H COnaBJIHIOIII.3H 3arpH3HE-'IIHH Ten.loHocHTCJJeH no cpaB-
38
HeHlf10 C nepBOH He3HaqHTe.'Iblla H He npHBo.n;IfT K YBeJIlfqeHHIO ero aKTIII3-
J{OCTH.
Pa3ynJIOTHeHHe 060JIOqeK TB3JIOB npH .3KCII,'IyaTau,HH A3C npoHcxo-
.n;HT 13 OCHOBHOM 13 pe3YJIbTaTe KOpp03HOHHo-ycTa,'IocTHbIX npOl eccoB.
Pa3repMeTH3au,H5I TB3JIOB xapaKTepH3yeTcH n05lBJIeHHeM 13 060JIOqKe
3aKpbITbIX H OTKpbITbIX MaKpo- If MHKpoTpeII HH, pa3phlBoB, KOTopbIe co
BpeMeHeM yBeJIJ.IlIHBaIOTCH, If CTaHOBHTC5I B03MO)!{lIbIM np 5iMOH KOHTaKT
TenJIOHOCHTeJI5I C TonRHBOM.
B npou,ecce pa60TbI repMeTHQHOrO TB3JIa ra3006pa3HbIe H JIeTYQHe npo-
,n.YKTbI .n;eJIe1lH5I H&K3nRHB310TC5I 13 CI3000,'])rbIX o6'LcMax (13 nopax TOnJIH-
Ba - CneQeHHOH .n;BYOKI1CH ypalla, 1I0 OGOJIOllKOH TB3JIa) , rIpH pa3rep-
MeTH3au,HH TB3.10B 13 Ten.lOHOCHTe.lb nocTynmoT IIPO; YKTb! ,D.CJIeHHH H3-
no.n; 060JIOllKH TB3JIa. VI3 Oo.'IbIIIOrO QHCJIa npo,a:YKTOB J(eJIeHHH lIaHooRb-
Illee npaKTHQeCKOe 3HaQeHHe IIMeeT BL!XOiJ; o.rrarOpOJJ!b!X ra30B (KceHOI!a,
KpHnTOHa), Ho.n;a, u,e3H5I, CTpOHlUUl, IITTPH5I, py6H.n;HH,
BTOpOH KOHTyp II pa3JIHlIllbie BCIIO\fOraTeJIbHh!e TCXHO.10nrQeCKHC KOH-
TypbI MoryT OhITL HCTOQHHKaMH H3.1YlleHII51 , CCJIH oYJ\eT npoHcxo.n;HTb
npOTeQKa B HHX TCnJIOHOCHTe.'I5I H3 OCIIO!3HOro TeXIIOJIOrlllleCKoro K01ITY-
pa (HanpHMep, pa3rep\feTI13a1 H5I TC!1.1006.\feHHb!X TPYO nepBoro II BTopOro
KOHTypOB B naporeHepaTOpc).
3.2. Bbl60P 3AUJ.HTHbIX MATEPHAJ10B
)J.JIH 3aII HTL! OT HOHH3HpYIOII cro H3RYQellHH Heo6xo.n;IIMO Bbl6HpaTb
MaTepHaJi C YQeTO\f 3aUI.HTIIL!X H McxaHlllIccKHX CBOHCTB, nJIOTHOCTH H
CTOHMOCTH.
rIoMHMo 3aUI.IITHL!X C130HCTB \1aTepHaJIbl .LJ:0.1)!{lIb! Gb!Tb KOHCTPYKIJ;HOII-
HO npollHblMH, HMcn BL!COKY!O pa.n:HaUllolIlIYIO H TepMHlIccKYIO CTOHKOCTb,
ornecToHKoCTb, )!{apOCTOHKOCTb, xHMlllIecKY!O HI!epTHOCTb, He I3bI.1I.eJI5ITb
HJI.OBHTbIX lf B3pLIBoonaCHbIX, C pC3KHM 3anaX0\1 ra30B no.1l. ;:lgHcTBHeM Ha-
rpeBa H 06.1YQeIlHH, COXpaH5ITb CTaOIl.lbHhIe pa3\fcphI; lIe06xo,1,HMO YQH-
TbIBaTb J1pOCTOTy 'v10Ilra)!{a, B03 fO)!{HOCTb MeXaHHQeCKOH 06paOOTKH II J(O-
cTynHoCTh.
3aW:HTHhle CBOHCTl3a \f3TepHa.10B OT lIeHTpO!II!Oro H3.1YlleHII5I Ollpe)l.e-
JI5IIOTC5I HX 3aMe.n;.1mou eii H 1I0r,'IOUl,alOw.eH cnoco6HOCTblO, CTeneHblO aK-
THBau,I1I!.
6blCTph!e J1CHTpOHhr lIaIlUOJIC'C 3tPtPCKTIII3HO 3a\1ei ,1mOTCH neru.eCTBaMIl
C MaJIbIM aTOMllbI\1 !IOMCPO\1. K TaKI!.\1 \1aTep!la,JJa\1 OTIIOCHTC5I rpa(lJHT, a
T3K)Ke BO.n:OpO,lJ.co,1,ep)!{aU He BeII eCTl3a (.1erKa51 H TH)!{eJI3H BO,lJ.a, nJIacr-
MaCCbI, nOJlH.3THJIeH, lIapaqJHH).
)J.JIH .3qxpeKTIIBlroro nor JIOIJ eIlHH Tell.10Bb1X lIei'npOHOB npHMeH5JIOTC5I
MaTepHaJIbl, KOTopble H\fC'IOT 60.'IbIiI0C' CClIeHHC nOrJIOIu.eI!l!H: coe.n;HHeH!lH
C 60pOM -- 60pllaH cra.'IL, Gopa.1b, GOpllhlH rpaqJHT, Kap6H;\ 60pa, a TaK-
:lKe Ka.1l.MHH, oeTOH (lla JIHMOHHTOBblX II APynrx py.u.ax).
raMMa-113.1YlIeHHe 113H60JICC 3ctxlJeKTlIBII0 OCJIa6.'I5IeTC5I \faTepHaJIaMH
c 60JIbumM aTOMHbl 1 HO\fCpOM II BbICOKOii n.rIOTHOCTblO (CBlIHCI , CTaJIb, oe-
TOH Ha MameTHTOBblX H iIPYrI1X PY; 3X, CBHHUOBoe CTeK.TJO).
PaCC\fOTpHJ\I HC'IWTOpb!e J\1arep"aJII,!, 110.TJYllIIBIJ!11C IIJl!pOKOC npHMClle-
HHe .1I.JI5I 3 aUl,I1Tb! OT Hei'npOHIlOro II Y-H3JIYlleHHH.
39
Booa HCnOJIb3yeTcH He TOJIbKO KaK 3aMe)l.JIHTeJIb HeiiTpoHoB, HO H KaK
3aIII.HTHbIH MaTepHaJI OT lIeHTpOHHoro H3JIyqeHHH 6JIarO)l.apH BbTCOKOH
nJIOTHOCTH aTOMOB BOJJ;opO)l.a. DocJIe CTOJIKHOBeHHH C aTOMaMH BO)l.opO)l.a
6bICTpbIH HeHTpOTI 3aMe)l.JIHeTCH )1.0 TenJIOBOH 3HeprHH, a 3aTeM norJIow:a-
eTCH cpe]J:OH. DpH nOrJIow:eHHH TenJIOBbTX HellTpOHOI3 H)l.paMH BO)l.OpO]J:a
IH (n, I')D] B03HHKalOT 3aXBaTHble I'-KBaHTbI C 3HeprHell Ey 2,23 M3B.
BbIXO)l. 3aXBaTHoro I'-H3JIyqeHHH MO)f{HO 3HaqHTeJIbHO CHH3HTb, eCJIH npH-
MeHHTb 6opHpoBaHHYlO BO]J:Y. B 3TOM cJIyqae TenJIOBble HellTpoHbI 6Y)l.YT
nOrJIow:aTbCH 60pOM (loB (11, a)7Li], a conYTcTBYIOw:ee BTOpl{QTWe J13JIY-
QeHHe 6Y)l.eT HMeTb cyw:ecTBeIIlIO MeHbllIYIO 3HeprHlo (E y = 0,5 M3B).
KOHCTPYKTHBIIO 3aW:HTa H3 BO)l.bI BbInOJIIIHeTCH B BH]J:C CeKI(JiOlIlIbIX 6aKOB
H3 CTa.'!H HJIH )l.pymx MaTepHaJIOB.
flOAU3mUAeH (p =- 0,93 r/cYl3) - TCpMOnJIaCTHqHhIH nOJIHMep (C n H 2n ),
KOTOpbIH HBJIHCTCH JIyqIUHM 3aMe)l.JIHTeJIeYl, qeYl BO)l.a. DOJIlBTHJIeH MO)f{I!O
npHMeH5ITb lIa TaKJ:lX YQaCTKaX 3aW:HThT, r)l.e TeYinepaTypa HC )l.OCTHraCT
TeMnepaTypbI ero pa3MHrQCHHH (368 K). DOJIH3THJICH npHMcHHeTcH B BI{-
)l.e JIJ:lCTOB, JICHT, npYTKoB. DpH HCnOJIb30BaHHH nOJIJI3TH.leHa He06xo)l.H-
MO YQJ:lTbIBaTb ero BbTCOKJ:lll K03qxlmI1.HeHT JIJ:lTIeHHOrO paCUmpeHJ:l5I (B 13
pa3 60JIb1lIC, qeM y :lKCJIe3a). C nOI3bIllIeHJ:leM TeYinepaTypbI IIOJIJ:l3TJ:lJIeH
pa3MHrqaeTCH, a 3aTeM 3arOpaeTC5I, 06pa3YH )l.BYOKHCb yrJIepo)l.a J:I BO-
)l.y. 3aW:J:lTHble CBoHcTBa OT 1'-J:l3JIyqeHHH npJ:lMepHO TaKHe )f{e, KaK y BO-
)l.bT. ,LI.JI5I YMeHbllIelIJ:lH BbIXO.J;a 3aXBaTIIOrO 1'-J:l3JIYIIeHHH B nOJIH3THJIeH
)l.06aBJI5IIOT 60pco,I(ep)f{aW:He Bew:eCTBa.
113 )l.pyrJ:lx BO,I(OpO)l.co)l.ep/KaW:HX Bew:eCTB HHor]J:a HCIIO.lb3YIOTCH pa3-
JIJ:lIIlIbTe nJIaCTMaCCbI (nOJIHCTHpOJI, IIOJIJ:lnpOIIHJIeu) H rH)l.pIf)l.bI MCTaJI.l0B
(CaH, LiH, CnHm).
FpaqJUm lIaXO)l.J:lT IlIHpOKoe IIpJ:lMeHeHJ:le B peaKTopax lIa TenJIOI3bIX HellT-
pOHax B KaQeCTI3e 3a\1e)l.JIJ:lTeJI5I J:I OTpa)f{aTeJI5I. OH 06JIaJJ;aCT )l.OCTaTOQHOll
npOQIIOCTblO, JIerKO IIO.1UT.aeTC5I MeXaHHQeCKOll 06pa60TKe; HCnOJIb3YCTC5I
B 3aW:J:lTe B BJ:I)l.e 6JIOKOB. O)l.HaKO rpaqJJ:lT .lemo OKJ:lCJIHCTC5I, B pe3Y.'1b-
TaTe Qero CTaHOBJ:lTC5I xpynKHM. KpOMe TOro, IIpJ:l 06.1YQeHHJ:I HeHTpOHaMI{
KpHCTaJIJIJ:lIIeCKaH perneTKa rpaqmTa IIOI3pe/K)l.aeTCH, IITO OTpa/KaeTCH I!a
ero cpJ:l3HQeCKJ:lX cBoikrsax. ,LI.JIH IIOBblUleIIJ:lH CTOHKOCTH rpacpJ:lTa K OKHC-
JIeHJ:l1O )1.0 TeMncpaTypbI 800-1200K ero IIoBepxHocTb nOKpbIBaIOT nJIeH-
KOll J:l3 cpoccpaTlIOrO CTeK.'Ia. DpJ:l TeMnepaType I3bIlIlC 1400 K rpacpJfT Hc-
no.lb3yeTCJI I3 IIHcpTlIoii cpe)l.e.
Kap6ua 60pa xpynoK, OOJI3lI.aeT BbICOKOii Tep\IOCTOHKOrTbIO. Pa60qa51
TeMnepaTypa Ha B03)1.yxe ]J:O 800 K, B HIICpTlIOH cpe]J:c - )1.0 1800 K. fIpJ:l
nOrJIow:eHHJ:I TenJIOBbIX J:I Me)l.JIeHHbIX HCllTpOIIOB B pe3YJIbTaTe H]J:epHoH
peaKI1.HJ:I lOB (n, a)7Li 06pa3YlOTCH re.'IJ1H II JIlITHH. CKOIIJIelIHe reJIlf5I B
Hopax IIpIl BblCOKOH Te mepaTYpc MO/KCT TlpIfBCCTH K YBeJIlllieIIIIIO .n.aB.1C-
HIIH B r330BOll nOJIOCTII, Bc.'!e)l.CTBHe liCro B MaTCpHaJIe B03HIIKalOr TpeU(II.
TIbl. DpJ:lCYTCTBHe .'!HTHH B 60pcO)l.ep)f{aU(eM MaTepHaJIe CHJDKaeT era KOp-
p03J:10HHbIC CBollcTBa. Bop HCnOJIb3YlOT IIPH J:l3rOTOBJIeHJ:IJ:I )l.J:lcnepCJ:lOH-
HbIX MaTepJ:laJIOB, HaIIpH [ep 60paJIH, 6opiioro rpacpJ:lTa.
EopaAb J:l3rOTOBJIHIOT H3 JIHCTOB aJIIOMHIIHH, Me)f{)l.y KOTOpbTMH 3aCbI-
nalOT nopollIKo06pa3HYlo CMeCb Kap6J:1)1.a 60pa C aJIIOMJ:lHHeM. 3aTeM BCIO
Maccy npoKaTbIB31OT B rOp5IQeM CO'CTOHHHH. JlHcT UOpaJIH TOJIII1.HHOll
0,44 CM C MaCCOBbIM co.u.epJKaHHeM B.C 30% CHH/KaeT IIJIOTHOCTb nOTOKa
o
'I'ertJIoBblX HeHTpOHOB B 1000 pa3. BOpaJIb o6.1a)l.aeT Y)l.OBJIeTBOpHTeJIbfroA
TerIJlOnpOBO.1l.HOCTb!O; ero nJIOTHOCTb coxpaHHeTC5I .11.0 reMnepaTypb! 1100 1<.
DopaJIb xoporuo 06pa6aTblBaeTcH, ,T!erKO cBapHBaeTC51 B aTMoccpepe remu!.
ITo CTOHMOCTH UOpHbU'i zpaqJUtn 3Ha1!HTeJIbHO )l.erueBJIe 6opamI. l<aK
Ii 6opaJIb, OH oOJIa)l.aCT XOpOIIlHMH: rIorJIow:a!Oill,HMIl cBoikTBaMH H MaJIOM
oCTaT01!I10M aKTIlBHOCTblO. JlIlCT H3 60pHoro rpaqmTa TO.1W:HHOH 2,5 CM (c
MaCCOBbIM cO)l.ep)!{aHHeM 60pa )1.0 4 %) CHH)!{aeT nJIOTIIOCTb nOTOKa TenJIO-
BblX HeHTpoHoB B 400 pa3. EOPllb!K rpaq\IlT npHroTODJIfllOT !f3 CMeCH
rpaqJHTa H COe,i\.l:!HeHl1H Gopa (B 4 C, B 2 0 3 ).
)l(e.lle30 liCnOJIb3yeTcfl B 3aW:HTe B BH)l.e CTa.'IH H qyrYHa (npoKaT, no-
KOBKH, ,Z!.p06b). CTa.1b (yrJIepO)l.HCTa51 H C JIempYIOW:Il¥!H 3.'leMeHTaMH)
5lBJIHeTC51 OCHOBHbIM KOIICTPYKUHOIIHLIM MaTCpJIa.'IO\l: )l.JI51 H3rOTOBJIeHHH
Y3JIOB pcaKTopHbIX )'t.:TaHODOK (KOPllYC peaKTopa, TenJIOBaH 11 pa.1l.HaUH-
OHHasx 3aW:HTa, Tpy60npOBO)l.bI, pa3,'lHl{lIbIe MeXaHH:3MbI, apMaTypa )l.JIH
3aW:I1TbI H3 )l.pyrllx MaTepHaJIOB). OHa OTIlOCI1TC5I K MaTepHaJIaM, B KOTO-
pbIX XOpOIllO COQeTaIOTC5I KOHCTPYKUHOIIHble H 3aW:HTHbIe CBOHCTBa.
3arn.HTa H3 CTa.'lH 01' I'-H3JIyqemI5J Ha 30% T5I)!{e.nce 3KBHBaJIeHTHOH CBHH-
UOBOH 3aW:HTbI, 110 31'0 KOMnelIcHpyeTC51 JIYQWHMH KOHCTPYKUHOHHbIMH
KaqeCTBaMH CTa.1H. l<aK 3aW:HTa OT HeihpOlilIoro H3JIyqeHH5I CTaJIb 60JIee
KTHBHa, tIeM CBHHeu. O)l.HaKO npH HcnO.lb30BaHHH CTaJIH B KaqeCTBe
KOHCTPYKuHouHoro MaTepHa.TJ:a )l.JI5I peaKTopa Heo6xo)l.HMO YQlITbIBaTb Ii
ee He)l.OCTaTKH. 110)1. )l.eikTBHeM TenJIOBbIX HeHTpoHoB )!{eJIe30, 51BJIfllOill,e-
eC5I OCHOBIIOH COCTaBJI5lIow:eH: qaCTblO CTaJIH, aKTHBHpyeTC5J C 06pa30Ba-
HHeM pa.1l.HoHYK,TJ:H)l.a 5 9 Fe (T1/2 = 45.1 )l.Hfl), HcnycKalOrn.ero I'-H3JIY-
qeHHe (Ey =-- 1,1 M3B, E = 1,29 M3B). I<poM:e TOro, npH 3aXBaTe Heih-
pOHOB 5I)l.paMH )!{e,1e3a B03HHKaeT BbIcoK03HepreTHQeCKOe 3aXBaTHoe I'-H3-
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3aill,HTbI qaCTO onpe) eJ15!eT )l.03Y H3JIYQeIlH:fl 3a 3aW:HroiL I< oc06eHlIO-
CT51M )!{eJIe3a KaK 3aW:HTHoro MaTepHa.'la OTIIOCHTC51 TaK)!{e ne)l.OCTaTO\f-
Hoe OCJIa6JIeHHe nCI1TpOHOB npOMe)!{YTOtlHbIX ::meprHH.
ITpH paCqeTe SaUl,HTbI CJIe,il,yeT 06paill,aTb oc06oe BHHMaHHe Ha CO)l.ep-
)!{aHHe B CTac11I MapraHILa, IIIIKeJIH II Ko6aJIbTa, TaK KaK HaBe)J.eHHa5I I'
aKTHBHoCTb onpC;J,CJI51eTCH B OCHOBHOM CO)l.ep)!{aHHe I 3THX npHMeceH
CTaJIb, nO)l.!3eprmorn.aflC51 06JIYQeHHIO 60JIbWHMH cp.'llOeHCaMH HeihpOHOB,
)l.OJI)!{Ha co.rr.ep)!{aTb He 60JIce 0,2 % Mapra!lUa, a TaHTa,T! H Ko6a.'lbT MorYT
HaXO)l.llTbCfl Jl\1Illb B BH;J,e CJIe.rr.oB.
3axBaTHoe I'-H3JIYQemIC H OCTaTOtIHYIO aKTltBHOCTb MO)!{HO B 3Haql1-
TeJIbHOH CTeneHH YMCHbWlITb, eCJIH )l.06aBHTb B CTaJIb coe;J,HHeIUIe 60pa H
nOJIyqHTb 60pnyIO CTa.1b. Dopnafl CTa.'lb no MeXaHHqeCKltM CBoHcTBaM
xy)!{e KOHCTPYKUltOIIHOH: CTaJIH. OHa Oqellb xpYIIKa H TPY.1l.HO nOMaeTCH
MeXaHHQeCKOH o5pa6oTKe.
CBUHel{ HcnOJIb3yeTC51 B 3aw.HTe B BHAe OT.T!HBOK (OQex.'lOBaHIIbIX CTaJIb-
HblMH JIHCTaMH), JIHCTOB, AP06H. 113 HMelOill,HXC5I )l.eIlleBbIX MaTepHaJIOB
CBHHeu 06JIa)l.aeT HaH60JIee BbICOKHMH 3aw.HTHbIMH CI30HCTDaMH )l.JIH I'-H3-
JIyqeHIiH. Ero ue.neco06pa3HO HCnOJIb30BaTb npM He06xo)l.HMOCTH orpaHH-
'HiTb pa3MepbI M Maccy 3aW:HTbI. ITpHMCHeU\1e CBHHua OrpaHHQHBaeTC5I
ero HH3KOH TeMnepaTypOH IIJIaBJIeHH51 (600 1<).
BOAbcjJpa,u u maHmaA MorYT HcnOJIb30BaTbCfl KaK 3a1lI.HTHble MaTep',w-
JIbI B rOpfltIHX 30Hax, r)l.C nplIMeHeHlIe CBHlllI.a HCKJIIOQaCTC5I. I1cIIO.'lb30-
41
BaTb 3TH MeTaJIJIbI JI51 3aIl\IITbI npOMblIlIJIeHHhIX peaKTOpOB HeI1.eJIeCOOO-
pa3HO, laK KaK OHH 1l0pOrlI.
/(aaMUU XOpOIIIO IIOr.'low.aeT I1eihpOHbI C 3Hepmei1 MeHbwe 0.4 3B.
JIHCTOBoH Ka \mH TO.11I IIHOH 0, I Of CHHJKaeT nJIOTHOCTb nOTORa TenJIOBbIX
HeHTpOHOB B 10 9 pa3. IJpH 3TO'J B031IliKaeT 3aXBanroe Y-I13JIyqeHHe C 3Hep-
rHeH ; o 7,5 M3B. Ka,l.(\fHii He o6JIa aeT .il.0CTaTUqHO XOpOIIIHMH MexalIH-
qeCKIiMli CBoHCTBaMH, n03ToM)' qaw.e npHMewIIOT CIJ.1aB Ka ,mH co CB!1HII.OM.
JIHCT, BbIIlOJI!leHIILIH Ji3 TaKoro CII.'Ia13a (5% Ka) MIiH no Macce), OCJIa6.1HeT
nJIOTHOCTL !lOTOKa TCfI.'IOBl>IX !leiiTpOlIoB B 500 pa3.
EemoH 51BJIHeTC51 OCHOBIlbf\1 MaTep!1aJIOM Jl,JIH 3aw.HTbI OT H3JIYQemli1.
eCJIH Macca H pa3Mep 3aw.llTbl lie orpaHIPmBaJoTcH pymMH YCJIOBH5IMH.
EeToH, IIpH lelIHeMhlH iVI51 3aIl\HTbI OT J!3.1Y1.J.eIlIlH, COCTOHT 113 3anOJIHHTe-
.rreH, CB5I3allHbIX Me)jUY c060ii I1.CMeHTOM. 13 COCTaB II.e'v!t'HTa J3XO,.'\HT B oc-
!lOBHOM OKJiCJILI KaJIbI1.IIH, Kpe'vllllI51, a.'1I0MHlIH51, JKeJIe3a Ii .'IerKHe H pa,
KOTopble HIITC/!CHBHO rror.10w.aIOT "\'-H3.1JY1.J.eIlHe H 3aMe) JIHI0T 6bIcTpbIe
HeihpoHbI B pe3YJIbTaTC ynpyroro H Hcynpyroro CTOJIKHOBeIlHH.
OCJIa6JlellHe IIJlOTHOCTII IIOTOKa HeiiTpoHoB B CieToIle 3aBHCHT OT co-
epJKaHHH BO,ll.bI B M3TepllaJIC 3aIl HTLJ, KOTopoe ollpe; eJI51CTC51 13 OCHOBHOM
THIIOM HCnOJlb3yeMoro 6eTolla.
OCJIa6JIC!lHe !lJIOTJlOCTH !lOTOKa I1CiiTpOHOB oeTolIHoH 3aIl\IHOH Mo)/(eT
6bITb 31Ia1.J.liTeJIbHO yneJIH1.J.e/!o BBe CIIHeM coe lillemni 60pa B COCTaB Ma-
TepHaJia 3alII..HTbI. OCJIa6.'IeHHe y-H3JIYQeHH5I 3aBliCHT OT nJIOTIIOCTH 6eToIla.
HaH60JIbIlIaH nJIOTHOCTb 6eToIla nOJIY1.J.aeTC51 npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH B Ka-
qeCT13C 3anOJIIIHTeJI5I JKeJIe3Horo cKpana (CTaJlblIbIX lUapHKoB, npOBOJIOKH,
o6pe3KoB CTaJIbHOrO JIOMa), HaHMeIlbIlla51 - npli HCnOJIb3013aHHH neCKa
H rpaBHH. KOHCTPYKI{H51 6eToHHoH 3aw.HTbI MOJKeT 6bITb MOHO.'IHTHOH ( JIH
60JIbUlIiX peaKTopoB) HJIH COCT05lTh 113 OT,J,eJILHbIX 6JIOKOB ( JI5I I1eoo.lb-
IllHX peaKTopOB).
.lI.JI5I CHH)/(eHIUI BbIXO;J,a 3aXBaTHoro y-H3,rrY1.J.eHHH B 6eroH BBO 5IT BMCC-
Te C 3anOJIHHTeJleM ;J,O 3% B 4 C.
ECToH 13 3aBHCHMOCTH OT rrpWvleH5Je\1hIX 33nommTe.leH H YCJIOBHH ero
3KClIJIyaTal1.I1H nOJl,pa3;"(eJiHeTCH Ha C.1C;J,YIOW.He MapKH.
CmpOUmeJlbHblU 6emOH (r '- 2,2-;.-2.3 r/cM 3 ) I!CIIOJIb3yeTcH ,lI,JIH 113fO-
TOBJleHHH 3aIII.HTbI, KOTOpa5I 3KCrIJIyaTIIpyeTcH np!! HH3KHX TeMnepaTypax
HJIH npH Ha.'IHllHH CHCTCMLI OXJlaJK}l.eHIi>I. 3aIlo.1I1I1TeJIeM HBJ1HCTCH rpa-
HI1T, 113BeCTH5IK. Bo a I1CnOJIb3yeTC5I ;J,JlH 3aTBcp eHH51 6eToHa,
J]uMoHumooble 6emoHbi (p - 2,4--;....3,2 r/cM 3 ) H3rOTOBJIHIOTCH Ha JIH-
MOHHTOBblX (65% FeO s . 3H 2 0, 12% H 2 0) 3anOJIHHTeJIHX, I1pH T =
=--: 500 K OHH Tep5IIOT 25 % CBH3alIHOH BO b;'
CepneHmuHumoBblu 6emUH (p =-- 2,5-;.-2,7 f!c il) H3rOTOBJIHeTe5J li3
CepneHTHHHTODbIX (3MgO. Si0 2 . 2H 2 0 C npHMecHMH AI 2 0 S , FeO,
Fe203) 3anOJIIIHTeJ1en. DpH 780 K OB Tep5leT cBH3aHHYlo BO;J,y. Pa-
60tJaH TCMnepaTypa oCToIIa 750 K. .lI..15I YJIyqWeHlfH ero 3aUJ,HTHbIX
CBOHCTB o6aB.15IeTCH )/(eJle3HaH p06b HJIH MCTaJIJIHtJeCKHe OTIHJ1KH.
EpycumoBbl/l 6emoH (p -- 2,1--:-2,2 r / cM 3 ) H3rOTOBJI5IeTCH H3 Mg (OHh
C npHMeC5IMH CaO H Si0 2 , cO,l.(epJKaUJ,Hx ,11.0 30% BOJl,bI, KOTOpa5I TepSJeTcH
npH T =- 650 K. Pa6011aH TeMnepaTypa 6eToHa T = 600 K.
MacHemumoobl£ 6emoHbl (p = 3 r/cM S ) npHfOTOBJI5IIOTCH H3 MameTH-
TOBblX (FesO!) 3anOJIHHTe.leH. EeToH HCnOJIb3yeTcH npH T -= 800 K.
42
5
7
2
:3
a)
.j. f) 0
. 0'
0: ;0 v <;0
,j. > ] '
o (1. V
. 0: r 0
b ..4 00 D 1,
o .) .. 0"'"
0'
,
p
,
o.
...
PRC. 3.4. CxeMbl 3all(!ITbl peaKTopa P5MK-1000 (a) H IJepXHero I1CpeKpblTHH peaK-
Topa (6).
a) 1- HJTIITllhl;; IIarTII,l (\laTCpHa., )/(EcIIK); 2 - 1<1Ch1nKa III cppnellTIIII!lT" II K<>PO<"I8TOii Ml'-
T3JIJIOKOIICTPYKllHU; 3 - (,eT0I1U3H 1II3XTa 1H'aKTOp:1 (OfJbl'll1hlil crpollTC',lhHLln Ot'TOII). 1- '=I.IC!>!/!
K3 H3 pe4Horo IICCK3. 5 KU.1hl "l!oii (/aK C f1o,loii fi fi.11JKI1 1.JII HTL{ 1t3 CTi1..1H. 7 - 1 pdqHIT(J-
BaSI KJlaAKa pcaKTopa, Ii) (- CIoC\lII"'" <'.10KII !I.111111"'O IIanll.1" !\'.lTL'P"01 i!\f)CI1K), :2-
HH)I{Hlle IIPC'beMHhIC 0.11)KII (MaTCp!!a., )/(1;CI1K) J - "CPllrPCplliillblC 010'" (\laTCplla.l
)l(BCllK!. 4 - .0.1Q1JKII Tl'XIIO:Jorll'lCCKIIX K""O'IOU PL'OKT"]!.!
Xp0.MUm08ble 6emOHbl (p. - 3,2-:-3,3 r/Cl\13) COCT05lT H3 XpOMllTOBbIX
3aIlOJIHHTe.leH FeCrOH II IICIlO.lb3YIOTCf! KaK JKapOYlIoplll>liI 6Cl0Il C pa-
6oQei1 TCM IlepaT) pOI" T c-' I 100 K.
£apUm06b1.e 6emOHbl (p - 3,0-:-3,6 r/CM ) COcrOHT 11380 -85% BaSO-l
H HCnOJJb3YIOTC5I KaK CTpOHTC.lhBbIH \1';JTep"a.l.
CxeMa 33 IlI.IITbl peaKTOpa P5MK-IOOO np"nC;leHa IIi] pIlC. 3.4, a. Pc-
aKTop pa3MeIlI.ell B 6eTOHI!OH wane KBa.n.paTHoro C€4eIIH5I; To.rIIl HlIa CTeli
200 CM, fpaqm rOBa5I K.'1a.n.Ka H OTpaJKaTeJlb pa3MeIlI.elILI 13 repMeTH4HoI! no-
43
1
z
:)
PHC. 3.5. CxeM3 3aUl,HTbI peaKTopa BB3p-440:
1- KOPHYC peaKTopa, 2 - 1aW;IITa 113 1JO)l.L! (6aK C BOAoH), 3 - GCTOImaSi maXTa pcaKTopa
(06bI'IHLliI CTPOIITeJILIiLlii Ol'T"!!)
'TOCTIf, paCnOJIO){{eHJ!OH J3 ILI.JJIHH)J:pIflfeCKml KO){{yxe peaKTOpa Ii Me){{ y
TOpI aMIf MeTaJIJTOKOJICTPYKHHH Kopo611aTOrO TIfJla. BepXH5I51 MeTaJIJTO-
!<OHCTPYKHII5I ( HaMCTp 19,5 M, I3hlCOTa 3 M) HUv1HCTCH orropOH TeXIlOJIOrlf-
lleCKIIX KaIla.lOB, JIII){{I!H51 (,!I.lIaMCTp 16,5 M, BbICOTa 2 M) - OJlOpOH peaK-
Topa. 3a rpaqmTOBoH K.la)J:KOH pacno.'IaraIOTCfI Ko.lhI eBOH BO HIlOii 6aK
(TOJIlll.HHa CJlO5I BO,'I.bI 1,2 M), CJIOH 3aCbIfIKH If3 pellHoro neCKa TOJTIII.IfHOH
1,3 M If CJIOH CTpOHTeJlbHOrO 6eTOHa TOJlII H[[of{ 2 M. JI.JISI CHH){{CJlHR DJIOT-
HOCTH nOTOKa H3.1YlleIlHH I1a I1H){{HIOIO II BepXHlOIO MeT3.'iJ10KOHCTPYKI1.HII
YCTaHaBJIHB31OTC5I 33III.HTHLle CT3.'lbHbIe 6JTOKH TOJllll.IIHOH 20 CM (BIIH3Y)
44
H 25 CM (BBepxy). IlpocTpaIIcTBo Me)f{,II,Y TeXHOJIOmqeCKHMH K3I1aJlaMI! H
MeTaJIJ!oKOHCTpYKI HH.\1H 3anOJIHeIIO cepnCHTHHHTOM. 3Ta 3aCbInKa B\1eCTC
c onopHbIMH nJII1TaMH MeTaJTJIOKOHcTpYKII.riii BbmOJ1H5IeT pOJIb OCHOBHOH
salIJ. 1HbI (TO.'IlIJ.HHa: BBepx - 2,8 M cepneHTHHHTa H 0,3 M CTaJIH, BHH3 -
IBM cepneHTHIIHTa H 0,25 M cTa. 1 m). BepxH5I5I lJaCTb llIaXTbI (pHC. 3.4, 6)
n peKPb1Ta CTaJIbHbI.\1 JIHCTOM TO.'IlIJ.HH0I1 4 CM 11 CJIoeM )f{eJIe306apHH-
cepneHTHHHToBoro I e\1CHTHOro KaMII5I TOJIlIJ.HHOH 90 CM. ITepmpepHHHa5I
qaCTb IllaXTbI nepeKpblTa MeTaJIJIHIJeCKHMH Kop06a\1H, 3anOJIHeHIIb1MH TaK-
)Ke )f{eJIe306apHHcepneHTHIIHTOBbIM KaMHCM I1J1H 3aCbrnKOH H3 CMeCH
cepneHTHHHTa H qyrYHHOH ,lI,P06H.
3aIII.HTa KopnYClIhlX peaKTopOB THna BB3P (pHC. 3.5) COCTOliT H3 TOJJ-
CTOCTeHlIoro MeTaJIJIHlJeCKOrO Kopnyca, 3aKpbIToro cBepxy t:PbIlHKOiL
3alIJ. HTa peaKTopa BB3P pa3,1I,eJI5IeTC5I lIa BHYTpHKopnycIIYIO H BHeImp-
nycHYIO. BHYTpHKopnycIIa5I 3alIJ.HTa CJIY)f{liT KaK ,lI,J1H CHJ1)KeHJ1H cpJlIOeHCa
If3JIyqeIIH5I Ha Kopnyc ).1;0 npe)I,eJIbHO ,lI,onycTHMoro 3HalleHHH, TaK Ii )J;JI5I
6HOJIOrHQeCKOH 3aII1.HTbI. 3Ta 3aII1.HTa COCTOHT li3 qepe)I,YIOlIJ.HXCH KOMno-
HeHTOB CTaJJH TOJllIJ.11I10H 35-50 CM H BO.il:bI. I1epBbIH C.'IOH CT3JIH rrpe.il:CTaB-
JHleT co60H llIaXTY aKTlfBHOH 30HLI. )JaJIee pacnOJIaraeTC5I Koprryc peaK-
Topa TOJllIJ.HIIOH 15-20 CM. 3alIJ.HTa BepXHeH qaCTH peaKTopa COCTOHT H3
CJI05I BO)I,bI H KpbIIllKH, HH)f{II5I5I - 113 BO)J;bI HJIH H3 qepe)I,YIOlIJ.HXC5I CJIOeB
BO)I,bI H CTaJ1H. C BHeIllHeH CTOpOIIbI Kopnyca B I1eKOTOphIX KOHCTPYKI HHX
peaKTopa BB3P-440 HMeeTCH KOJIbII.eBOH CTaJIbHOlr 6aK C BO,lI,OH (To.1IlI.I1Ha
CJI051 BO)I,bI 95 CM, CTaJIH 2,5 CM II 6eToHa 300 C:\1:). B peaKTopax BB3P-1000
Ii B OT)I,eJIbHbIX cJIyqa5lx B BB3P-440 3a KopnycoM peaKTopa BMeCTO 6aKa
C EO)I,OH YKJIa)I,bIBaeTC5I cepneHTHHHTOBbIH 6CTOH, oXJIa)K)I,aeMbIH CneII.H-
aJIbHblM KOHTYPOM. B BepxHcH qaCTH peaKTopa I10MelIJ.aeTC5I 6eToHHbIH
HJIH MeTa.1JIHqeCKHH KOJInaK, a B HH)f{nei-i - C.'IOH 6eTOl!a. 3a30p Me)f{,II,y
KopnycoM H 6eTOHlIoH 3alIJ.HToH peaKTopa 3aCbrnaeTCH cepneHTHHI1TOM H
\lyrYHHoH ,lI,p06blO, a I1Hor)I,a )J;06aB.15leTCH Kap611)I, 6opa. Ha)I, naTpy6KaMH,
nO)I,BO)I,HIII.HMH H OTBO)I,51U H:\nI TenJIOHOC!lTe.'1b, YCTanaBJ1 HBaeTC5I nepeKphI-
TIfe li3 6eToHa (KOJ1bI eRaH 6eToHIIa51 KOHCO.lb).
3.3. METOJ].bl PAClfETA 3AI.I.(HTbi OT a- H -H3JIYlfEHHA
TaK KaK a,- H -qaCTHII.bI HMelOT He60JlbIlIYI0 )J;JIHIIY np06era B BeIII.eCTBe,
TO )I,JT5I paCqeTa 3aIII.HThI OT 3TliX BH)I,OB H3JlyqeHIf51 06bIliHO OCTaTO(IIl0
onpe)I,eJIJ1Tb MaKCH.\1aJIhHYIO )I,J1HHY npooera, KOTopaH 3aBIfCHT OT!lX I1aQa.lb-
HOll 3Hepnm, a TaK)f{e OT aTO\1HOrO 1I0\1epa, aTOMfIOH MaCCbI If fT.'IOTHOCTH
norJIOlIJ.alOIII.ero BelIJ.CCn3. )J.llt lIa fTpooera 3a p 51)f{ellII hlX 'IaCTIfI R ra3e
3aBHCIfT OT nplfpO)I,bI ra3a, ero Te\1HepaTypbl H ) aBJIeHIf5I. Cpe;J.fIHH )I,JIIfHa
npo6era a,-1.faCTHII. B B03)I,yxe XOpOiliO H3vrepeHa; pe3y.lbTaT[,I If3MepeHHH:
npHBe)I,eHbI K HopMaJlbHbIM YC.l0BJ1HM npl1 TeMIIepaType 273 K H ,lI,aB.leHHH
1013 rIla. Ha OCIIOBaHIIII 3KcnepWvleHTa.'IhHbIX } aHlIbIX vre)K)I,Y cpe.lJ:lIf'rr
,lI,JIHHOH npooera a,-QaCTI1llbl B B03) yxe II ee 3I1eprIlell Ea YCTaIlOB.lelff>1
3MTIHpHQeCKIIC COOTHOUleHI/H. TaK, reiirep I10:lyqHJI 3 lmlpHQeCKOe COOT-
HOUleHHe Me)f{)I,Y )I,JIHHOH npo6era a,-lIaCTHII. B B03; yxe II I1X 3HepmeH:
B CJIe,lI,YIOIII.ei% cPoPMe:
3/2
Ran --- O,318E a , CM,
r)I,e Ea, - .9Hepnl5I a-'-!aCTHII., M3B.
45
CooTHOUleHHe (3,2) cnpaBe)l.JIHBO B .u:Hana30He :Jllepnlii OT 3 )1.0 8 M3B
C norpeUlHocTblO )1.0 5 %, )JJI 51 ynpolIl.ellll51 MOMHO no.lb30BaTbCH BblpaMe-
HIfeM (c norpeWHOCTbIO )1.0 8%)
Rau V E /3, CM.
(3.3)
npHMep 1. Onpe,ll.eJlHTb ,lI.JlHIIY npo6cra Gt_4aCTHubi C 3l1eprHci{ Ea, = 5 .\\3B
B B03AYXC
PeWeHtle, Ilo cpopMYJle (3,3)
RrJ.u V5a/3-3,7 t:M
)JJ1HHa npo6era ct-tJ3CTHlL B )l.pymx cpe)l.ax O)f{eT 6bITb onpe)l.CJIeHa
no q>opMYJIe 5p3rra
Ra -= lO- i -V AE /p, CM,
(3.4)
If 60JIee TOtJHO npH H3BeCTHOM aTOM 110M HOMepe
3
Ra _-0 10- 4 A -V E /(p -V l2 ), CM,
(3.5)
r)l.e Ea - 3HeprH51 ct-qaCTHlL, M3B; A - aTOMHaH Macca; p - n.lOTHOCTb
norJIOlIl.alOlII.ero BelIl.eCTBa, r:'CM 3 ; Z - aTOMHbIH HOMep.
npHMep 2. Ollpe,ll.eJlHTb ,[I.,lHHY np06era Gt-1jaCTHUhl C 3HeprlIeii Eu. '---' 5 M3B B
6HOJlOrH 1 1eCKUH TKallH, eC,lH ArK 15,7, Zaw - - 7,5, It =- I 1/CM 3 .
PeweHue flu cpOpMyJJe (3.4)
R rly K = 10- 4 V 15, 7.5 3 /1 =44,3.10- 4 CM;
no CPop\IYJle (3.5)
3
Ray K 10- 4 .15,7 V53/(1 V 7Y ) =46,3.10- 4 CM.
MaKCHMa.lbHYIO )I..111I1Y np06era -qaCTHlL MO)f{HO onpe.u:eJIHTb no CJIe-
AYlOlII.HM q>opMy.laM:
Rfj = 0,40E 1,38 r,'cM 2 Al (j!J151 0,15 Efj 0,8 M3B), (3.6)
R fJ - O,542E fj - 0,133 r/cM 2 A1 ()I.,l51 0,8 E fJ 3 l\hB), (3.7)
r)l.c E fj - rpaIlH4.lIa51 3HeprIlH p-tJacTlIlL, M3B.
,lLJ151 B03)1.yxa II .rrerKIiX 'vf3Teplla:IOB peKO ell)l.YIOTcH TaK)f{e cJIe.u:YlOuJ,lIe
npH6,:\HMeHHble q>OpMy.lbl:
)1..151 B03Ayxa
Rl 450E fJ CM;
AJIH JIerKHX MaTepHa,lOB (aJllOMIIH II H)
(3.8)
R fj 0,2E 1\ CM (npH E fj > 0,5 M3B),
Rfj O,IEfj CM (npH Efj < 0,5 M3B),
(3,9)
46
nptlMep 3. OnpeAeJlIITb MaKclHlaJlhny!O p'JlH ny npo6era -'laeTHI.\ II 1I03Ayxe H
3J1IOMHIIHH, CCJIH laKCIIMaJlblla}/ 31leprHH -clIeKrpa Efl - 3,15 M3B (UCTO'lHHK
RaC),
PemeHue. Ilo <popMYJle (3,8)
Ri!=450.3,15dO- 2 = 14,2 M;
no <Pop IYJle (3.7)
Rt l =O,542.3,15-0,133.=I,58 r/cM 2 , R =I,58/2,7=O,6 CM;
no <p0pMy.1C (3,9)
R I =0,2.3,15=0,63 e\!,
,l1..'151 cpe TO.1ll1. I IHOH MeHbUlC MaKCIfMaJIbllOH ,l!JUIHbl "po6era oCJIa6-
JIeIfHe nJIOTHOCTH nOTOKa B-qacTlIli. CJIe)I.yeT 3KCnOIIeHli.Ha.lbHOMY 3aKoHY
<p = <Po e - J1x,
(3.10)
r)I.e <p If <po - n.lOTHOCTb nOTOKa B-4aCTHli. 1I0CJle 3al1f.HTbi H )I.O Hee; -
MaccoBblH K03qxp:I1 He"T 1I0rJIOl1f.eHH51 3JleKTpOIlOB, cM 2 /r; X - TOJII1f.HH8
nOrJIOTHTeJI5I, r/cM 2 .
3aBHCHMOCTb i:l OT MaKCHMaJlbHOH 3HepnIH -qaCTIIli. E 13 (M3B) MOIK-
HO annpoKcHMHpoBaTb OPMYJIOH
15, 5E i3 1 ,41 17 E 13 - 1 ,43 22EB" 1,33.
(3.11 )
OCHOBlla51 3a)I.a'Ia 3al1f.HTbi OT MOI1f.HblX nyqKOB -qaCTII1 CBO HTCH K
3al1f.HTe 01' BTopH4Horo TOpM031I0rO H3.1Y4eHHH, BbIXO)I. TOpM03Horo H3-
.1yqelIH5I )I..'1H -qaCTHli., 06.18;J,aIOI1f.HX lIenpepblBHblM cneKTpOM H TOpMO-
351llJ.HXC5I B Cpe)I.e C 3 eKTHBHbIM nOpH)I.KOBbIM HOMepOM Za<P, MOIKHO Oli.e-
HHTb B npC)I.IIOJlO)!{eHHH !IOJIHOrO nOrJlOl1f.eHHH 3.1eKTpOHOB B HCTOqHHKe
no CJle)I.YlOl1f.eH opMYJIe:
m E 2
E OPM -= 1,23. 10--1 (Z;)W +3) n13 i 13 i , M3B/pacna)I.,
i 1
(3.12 )
t)I.e nl3. - BbIXO.lI. B-q8CTHli. i-H :JHepreTH4ecKoH rpynnbI Ha O)I.HH p acna)\
I
51)I.pa; EI3' - MaKCIIMa.lbHa51 3HCprH5I napli.Ha.lbHoro i-ro -cneKTpa; m -
I
IIHCJIO nap1 Ha.lbHbIX cncKTpoB; Zacp - 3 rpeKTHBHbIH aToMllbIH HOMep
XHMHqeCKOrO 3.1eMeHTa, B KOTOpOM IIpOHCXO)I.HT TOpMO)!{eHHe 3J1eKTpOHoB
3.4. METO.n.bl PAClfETA 3AIlUfTbi OT c1JOTOHHOrO
H3J1YlfEHIUI
ITpH npoXO)!{; eHHH OTOHOB qepe3 nellJ.€CTBO C03)I.aeTCH UlHpOKHH ny-
'lOR H3.1yqeHH5I, COCTOfll1f.liH li3 paCCe5lIIHOrO H nepaCCe5lHIIOrO H3JIYQeHHH.
OCJla6JIeliHe n.loTHoCTH nOTOKa 3HeprHH UlHpOKoro nY4Ka 6e3 YQeTa reo.
MerpHQCCKOrO aKTopa Bblpa)!{aeTC5I <PoPMYJlOH
1 = 10 e-lJ.x B (Ev, Z, (l.X), (3.13)
47
f)l.e B (Ey, Z, px) - 3HeprenrqeCKHH <paKTOp HaKOITJIeIlIHI, yqHTbIBalOIII.HH
BKJI3)1. paCCe5111110rO 1I3.1yqeHHH.
ECJIH 113MCP!!TL )].eTCKTOpOM nJIOfl!OCTb nOTOKa ::JHepfl1H <PoTOH013 B YC-
J10BHflX Y3I<Oro H lIIHpOKOrO nyqKOB np" O)l.HHaK013bIX napaMeTpax E y,
Z, /..I.x, TO IlOKa3aHl1e )l.eTeKTOpa B YCJIOBIHIX lImpOKoro nYLJKa 6Y)l.eT 60JIb-
we Ha 13eJIHqHHY BKJIa)l.a pacceHHHoro 113J1yqel/H5I. <l>aKTop IlaKOnJIeHHfl
3aBIfCHT 01' ::H1epn!lf <pOTOH013 E y, aTOMHoro HOMepa Z, 'IOJ1rn.HHbI CJI05I 3a-
rn.llTHoro MaTepHaJI3 x, p3CnOJIQ)KeIIlIH HCTOqHHKa 11 JI,cTeKTOpa no OTHO-
lIIeHIIIO K 33rn.IITe, reOYleTpHI! II KOMnOHUI3I<II 3alI IITLr. ,Ll,JI51 pefJICTpHpye-
MbiX 3(pq)€KTOB pa3JIH431OT cJIeJJ.YIOrn.He BH)l.bl <paKTOpOB I-I3KOnJIeHJ.ffl: qIfC-
JlOBbIe (JI,JlH nJlOTHOCTH nOTOKa <pOTOHOB), 3HepreTHqeCKHe ()l.JI51 nJIOTHOCTH
rrOTOKOB 3l/eprHl1 <pOTOH3), )l.030Bbie ()I..l51 3KCno3HII,!!OHIiOH )l.03Ll).
Dpli pac4eTe 3aIli,HTLI 01' I'-H3JIyqeHI151 y)l.06HO IIpHYleHHTb YHHBepcaJlb-
Hble Ta6J1. 11.1 (CM. rrpHul0JKe!lHe), BbIQHCJ1elIHhIe IIa OCH013aHI!H <POPMYJlbI
OCJlaOJleHIHI I3 Bern.eCTBe wHpoKoro nyqKa <PoTOHOB OT TOlJeqHOrO IICTOqHHKa,
BK:1101131OIli,eii <l>3KTOp I1aKOrrJleHHH, II paCqeTHble <POPMYJlbl, 13bIBe)l.eHlIbIe
B pa3)].. 2.1.
0603HaYlIM 'Jepe3 k KpaTHocTb oC.la6.1eHH51 H3JIYQeHH5I, KOTopaH rrpeJI,-
CTaB.151eT COOoH OTHOIJICHHe II3MepcIIHoi'I I1J\H pacC4HTaHl/OH 3KCrr03HII,H-
OHIIOH )l.03bI X (MOIli,HOCTII 3Kcn03HII,HoHHOll )].03b! POKC) 6e3 3alII,HTb[ K npe-
JI,C.lbHO JI,OnYCTHMOH 3KCrr03HII,IfOHHOH JI,03e XA rrpe)l.eJIbHO )l.orrYCTHMOH
MOrn.HOCTH 3KCrr03HII,HOHHOH )l.03bI B 1'011 JKe TO'lKe 3a 3alII,HTHbI\1: 3KpaHOM
TOJ1Ili,HHOH x:
k (x,E y) = X/X A =POI c/Pll.Mll.'
(3.14)
Dpll onpe)l.eJIeHHH rro YIlHBepCaJlblIbIM Ta6JI. D.l (CM. npHJIOJKeHHe)
lJe06Xo,iJ.HMOH TOJlrn.HHbI 3aIli,HTHorO C.10H JI,aHHoro MaTepHaJIa x (CM) CJIe-
AyeT 3HaTb 3HeprHIO <pOTOIIOB E y (M3B) II KpaTlIOCTb oCJIa6JIeHHH H3JIYQe-
HH51 k.
PaccMoTpliM p5I)I. THrrOBbIX 3a)l.aLJ rro paCQeTY 3aIli,lITbI OT ,\,-H3JIYLJeHH5t
(B 3a)].a'laX H3Y1eHeHHe <paK"fOpa HaKOITJICHHH 01' B3aHMHoro rrOJlOJKeHH5I
lICTO'IHI1K - 3aIII.HTa- )].eTeKTop lIe yqHTbIBaeTc5I).
npHMeP 1. MOU IIOCTb 3KCIIO HIlI.HOIIHOii 03b1 OT T01JCllHOrO H30TponHoro HCTOq.
IIJ!Ka '\'-1I3J1Y'leHHJl 60CO (E y = 1,25.1\'1313) Jla pau04eM MCCTe parma P aKc =
= 77,2 IKP/C.
Onpe,n:CJlHTb TomIl,HIIY CBHHUOBOH 3all\HfbI x pb ' eCJlH npo,n:OJl)l{HTCJlbIlOCTb pa.
60Tbl C HCT0411I1KO 1 .lH .'lHII, KaTcropHH A COCTaBJIHeT t 6 4 B ACHb.
PelUeHtle (BO lJlleCHCreMIIblX e HnHl.\aX). ,l],onYCTHMaH MOll\IIOCTb 3Kcn03HUHon-
HOH ,l].03b1 no <POp:\l)'JlC (2.27)
PAM =4,63/t=4, 63/6=0, 772 MKP /c.
He06xoJJ;HMaSl KpaTHOCTb oc.lau.'leIlliJI
k --=P 3HC /PAMiJ. 077,2/0,772= 100.
113 TaUJI. n.la, 3HaJl Ey = 1,25 M3B II k = 100,onpe,n:eJISlcM TOJIll\JtHY X pb
8,45 CM CBlfHl.\a.
48
PeuJelwe (R e,il,HHHl.\aX CII). IP = 2,58 . 10- 4 KJllKr, Tor,ll,R
4,63.2,58.10- 4 .10- 6
P AMA =-0 6 2.10- 10 KJI/(Kf'C) H
PJliC 77,2.10- 6 .2,58.10- 4 =2.10- 8 KJI/(Kf'C);
k_2.10- 8 /(2.10-IO)= 100; xpb =8,45 C,!.
npHMeP 2. l-!1fee1cH TepaneDTIIYtCKaH ra111la-ycTdHoBKa C TO'!e'lllbI11 H30Tpon-
HbiM IICTOIIHIlKOM tl°Co, raM1ta-3KIIIIBaJltlll KOToporo panell 50 r-3KB R.a (E v =
= 1,25.I\13B). Ilpll nO;"\I'OTUlJKt ycrallOlJKII K paGoTe IICTOllJlHK IIbllJOAHTCSI lJ pa604ee
nOJlO)l{ellHe no Ilc3alU,IHI.I,eHlloMY UlJlaHry.
PaCC1JHTaTb HCouxoAHMyIO 10,l11IIIIlY ueTOIlIIOI! CTellKH xc;, OTJ\eJlHlOllleH IIYJlbT
ynpanJleHHH onepaTopa OT YCTallOHKH, ('CJlH , = 2 \1. 3RIIIHTa Jj,OJl)l{IIR OUtClle'IIITb
npejl,eJlbllO ,lI,OIlYCTH lbIC YCJlOBHH OU,1) ljellHH J\Jl5l nepCOllaJla IIPH pa60 ' !l'M Aile npo-
AOJliKHTtJlbllOCTblO 6 Y. flpll IIpOeKTlJpOnallI!H Y'!l'CTb AlJYKpaTllbJii 3anac II 2.
PemeHlIe (lJO BileCHCTe\lllf,IX eAHllllllax). AKTHBIIOCTb HCTOlIHIIKa 110 <pop\IYJle
(2,13):
A
8,4M
---
F
R, 4.50.10 3
-=32,50.\03 MI\II,
J2,9
MOIl1.HOCTb 3Kcn03HulloIIIIOii J 03b! OT lIe3allllllU,ell!lOrO HCT041lllKa Ila paccToHIIHH 2 M
no <PopMYJle (2,11a)
P I\C ;
8,4.M.IOr.
,:J.104.: 600
8,1.50,10 3 .10 6
22.10 4 .3600
2916 MKP/C.
,l],onYCTIfMaH M0lU,HOCTf, 3KCII0311UUO!lHOH .ll.03bl npH npOAO,1)1{HTe,lbHocTH pa60.
4ero ,lI,!l5I t = 6 'I no cp()p !Y:le (2.27)
Pl.l,MJ],=1,631 4,63/6=O,772 MKP/C
KpaTHocTb OCJlaUJle!lHH C Y'leTO\! ,/(1\) KpaT!lOrO 3anaca II = 2
k-- P I,C Il,P.'J..MA 2916.2/0,77'2 -7,5,103,
TOJllU,HHR 6eToH HOH 3alllilll,1 Oil pe;Il',lHCTCH no TSUJI, fl.16. fl pI! k = 7,5 . I ()3 II
B., == 1,25 M38 Xc; VJ,5 01.
PemeHue (lJ CJj,HHHuax Cl1). A 32,36. 10 3 M1\H - 32,56. 10') . 3,7 . 10 7 - =
= 120,47 10 10 DK.
)J..'1S1 60CO Fs1;c no <pop\lYJle (220)
F oBe , al\,l y,2/(l\r. C I>!<) =0,1939 P , ('y,2/(1J . \1 . I\u) =0,1939. 12,9=2,5 aKJI . 12/
I (Kr . C. DK) =2,5 . 10-IR KJI . M 2 /(Kf C. OK)
MOU 1I0CTb 3KCllmHIIHOHHoii i\03101 110 CPOPM) Jle (2.11):
AF 11 .(' 120 47,10 10 .2 5.IO-l
P311C = = ' 4' = 75,29.10- 8 KJI/(Kf'C).
.11.onycTHMRSI MO!1 I!OCTb 9Ken03Hl.\HOilIIOii ;:J.03bI npll I = 6 'I
P J],MA =0,772.2,58.10- 10 = 1,99.10- 10 KJI/(Kr .c).
OTCIOAR
k = 75,29.10- 8 .2 /( 1,99.10- 10 ) = i, 5.103.
TIPH k = 7,5 . 10 3 TI Ey = 1,25 M B Xc; =-= 93,5 CM.
npHMep 3. TOLJellHblH 1130Tponllb1H IICtu4I1HI' oU C:o TP:W('lIopTHDveTCI'I. lJ te'tenlle
2 CYT. .'\l<rllll1l0C1b HeTOltllilKa A 5,4 KI1,
49
()np(> eJtllTb TOJlII liIlY Cnlllll.\OBOrO KOHTCHTIepa, Y4MTbllJaSl, tJfO paccTo!iTlIIC aT
3KcneJ{MTopa J\O MCTotJIII!Ka ,= 2 \I
PeUleH.ue (DO BlIeCIICTe\llIbiX e;11!1II1uax), OlJpt:i e.HI \1 31\CnU3I1UIIOlJlJ) 10 ilUJY (pac-
4CT DC,llCTCH 3a t ,: 24 q D CHH311 C Te I, tJTO 3Kcne;rIlTOp lJaXU,IHTCH npH rpY3C Kpyr-
Jlb/C CYTKlI, XOTH UpCMH 06J1Y4CHIlH B J\aHHO ( cJlYLJae 60.1ec 1 CYT, 110 npe).lCJlbllO ,;1.0-
IIycTHMaH J\03a 3a 1 CYT X A - - 0,0167 P) 110 cjJoP\\y. c (2 146)'
Art 5,4,10 3 .12,9.24
X=- - 418 P.
, 4. 10 4 '
KpaTHocTb oc,1a6J1CIIIIH k =- 41,8/0,0167 2500, 110 Ti!iJJI, n,la onpeil.c,1HC\I
TOJlII HlJY 3aIIIHThI: xl'h = 13,7 eM,
PeUieHue (B Cl\HIIHuaX CI1), A 5.4 KH = 5,4 . 3,7 . 10 10 , 19.9H. 1010 UK;
1= 24'1= 24.3600 '86400c,JJ.JlH6UCoFOKC=2,5. 10- 1 ; K.l. \Ill (Kr'C'DK)
(eM. npH lep 2). 3KCII031lllHOlJllaH ,ll03a 3a I CYT
AFoHCt 19,9810 10 2,5,IO-IM,86400
X 10 79.IO- J KJI/Kr.
r! 4 '
npCJ\CJlbHO J\onycTHMaH 3KCn03MUlJOTIllaH ;'\03a 3a I C)'T
X A - 0,0167. 2,58 . 10-- 4 =.4,31 . IO- G KJI/Kr,
I(paTHocTb oCJla6J1ellllH
k = 10,79.10- 3 /(4,31.10-°) -25oo,
OTclO,;J.a npli k = 2500 H Ev - 1,25 M3I3 x ph - 137 . 10- 3 I.
npHMep 4. CBHHuoBaH 3alUHTa TOJllUHHOH x = 1,5 CM pacCtlHTaTir. 1\JlH paGoTl'!
C T04C411blM H30TpOllHbiM HCT04HHKOM 137CS (E v 0,661 M3I3) U TC4CIIlIc I' = 0,5 tJ
n J\eHh C C06J1IO,:.\cIIHeM 1I0pM pa,1J,HaI.\HOIIHoi"1 6l3unaCHOCTH. KaKOH ).lO.l)1{lIa UblTb TOJl-
II HHa J\onOJlIlHTc.'1bHOH CHHIIUOIJOH 3alUI!Tbl, UUCClleLJHlJalOlUeii oe30IIaCllYI0 pa60TY
D TC4ellHC t" - 10 \1 B ,lI,CHb?
PeUieHue. ,L.I.ono.lI1HTc.lbHaH KpaTHOCTb OC,laUJleIlIlH k 1"/ i' =-- 10/0,5 = 20,
4TO COOTBCTCTBYCT ,llOnOJlHI!Tc.lhIlOii TOJlIUMHC ClJlIIIIIOHOii 3alUHTbI AX PL - 3,00 eM
(eM. Ta6J1, fT,la), Tor,ll,a 1I0JlllaH TOJllUHHa CIJHIIUOBOii 3aUIHTbi x pL 4.50 CM.
npHMeP 5. OHepaToPY IIPH pa60Tc co C\leCblO pa).lHuaKTHBHblX IIPOl\YKTOD J\e-
JICllliH C 3<p<!>eKTHDHoi{ 9HCprl!cii EOqJ 1,5 .'\I3R npH1lJ.1oCb 113 leHI!Tb paccToHHHC
C " r 5 ( ,ll0 ," = 1 M,
KaKoi{ TO.1T1 HHbI J\OJl)l{CH 6blTb CIJHIIUOBblH 3Kpall, 4T06hl IIPH pauOTc lIa pac.
CTOHHHH 5 M aT HCTOtJHHKa C06J1IO;.ta,li!Ch ; Ol!ycTHMaH IOlUIiOCTh 3KCn0311UIIOHHOii
,lI,03h1. fTpe,ll)C\10TpCTb ,llBYKpaTHWH 3alIac, I1CT04H HK CLJ IITaT I, fO'le'IHbl\l H30Tpon-
HblM,
PeUieHue. I(paTHOeTb OCJla6.1cIIHH
k-"P" I P' =- r,l / ," =5!/12--25
3KC .jKC I'
C ytleTo 1 ,/lH)'KpaTlioru 3alIaca (k l =- k . 2 25. 2 =- 50) TOJl!llIlIIa CI1J.1lI110-
!!Oro 9KpaHa xpb - 8,2 CM (CM, Tau.l. fT.la),
B npaKTHlIeCKHX paC4eTaX (npH OTcyrcTBHH YHimepcaJlbllblX Ta6J1HQ)
)J,.;lH onepaniBHoro onpe!I,e.leHH51 npHMepHOH TO.illll,Hllbl 3alll,HTbl MO)l{HO HC'
nO.l b30BaTb npH6.1H)KeIlHOe 311a 4CIIHe C.l0H nO.l0BHI! 1I0ro oc.'Ia6.'IeIlH 51 *
cpoTOHOB B reOMeTpHH UIHpOKoro nY'lKa. fIpll H313eCTHOH KpaTIIOCTH oc.la6-
JIeHH51 k, nOJIYlleHHOH J1l06blM H3 npHBeD.ellHblX cnOc060B, \IO)I{1I0 ollpe-
J{eJlHTb lIHCJlO CJlOeB nOJlOBH HlIoro oc.la6.1eJlII H 11 II, C.le)I,OnaTe.lbIlO, TO.l-
lWiHY 3alll,HTbI.
.. CJlOH nO,10DHIiHoro OCJta6JtCIIH 51 !'J.1/2 paBCII TOJlIUHIiC 3alUHTbI, KOTopaSl
OCJta6J1HeT A03Y H3.1YQCIIHH B 2 pa3a.
50
3aBHCHMOCTb Me)!{.n.y /, H n O)!{HO BbIpa3llTb CJTe.n.YIOllI,HM 06pa30 .
nYCTb XA =-- X CXp (-O,693x/ ld -- 2-X/ I/ (T. e. X H3MeHHeTC5I no
3aKOHY oC:Ia6JICHHH Y3Koro nY4Ka), 101';1.a, cor.laClIO cpop YJTe (3,14),
k =-== 2 x / a1 / 2 - 2 11 H:III x'"= nA I / 2 .
DpHBe,lJ,C\1 npH6:I1I)!{eIIIlYIO 33BHCHMOCTh Me)f{.Il.Y KpaTHocTblO oc.na6-
JleHH 51 k H 4HC.'10 C.l0CB nO.10BHHlloro oC.'la6.1eHH5I n:
. :HaHTHHkTb oc,la6-. I 2 I 4 I 8 II (j 1 32 I (14 1 125 1 250 I 500 I JOOO
4HC,10 C.l0elJ no.lO- 1 1 3 4 5 G 7 8 9 10
DHHlIoro oc.la6.1c-
IIHH n
ECJlH k =-= 4000, TO 2 11 -=- 4 . 1000, oTKY,lJ,a 11 =--- 2 -I- 10 ---=- ] 2 CJlOeB.
npHMep 6. PaCC'iIlT,JTb TO.IUlHHY CBHIIUOIJOrO 3Kpalla, CCJlH Ha o CHH3HTb HII-
TeHCHBIIOCTb Y-1l3JIY4eIlIlH B 125 . lOG pa3, C.l0M IlO.l01J1IIIHOrO oc.la6.1eHHH ,llJlH
CBHHua 1/2 1,3 CM
PemcHue 411C.l0 C.l0l'B 1I0.l0DHHHOI 0 uc.la6J1eHHH, COOTlJeTcTDYlOu ee KpaTHOCTlI
OCJlao.leHHH k 125. JOH, 0Yl\eT palJllo n - 7 + 20 27. TOJlII Hlla CBHHUOIJOrO
3Kpalla (lIpH i\!/ 1,3 C I H n - 27) palJHa x pb = 1/2n -= 1,3.27 - - 35,1 C I.
npHMep 7. OnpC',lI,eJlIlTb rO,llI HIIY 3all HTbl H3 CBH!II OIJOro CTeKJla .aJlH Taro, 1JTO-
6b1 YMellbWHTb \IOIilIIOCTb nor.l0llleHlIoii ,ll03bl Jj G,6 pa.uJ4 )].0 J\onYCTHMoro 311a-
4eHHH .lH lIl'pCOlIa.la K8Tl'rUpHH A npH 30-4aCOIJOH pa604eii HeJ\eJle, CJloii 1I0.10IJHII-
Horo oc.laOJll'IIHH CIJHIIUOIJOI U CTeK.la 1/2 -= 2,1 C\1,
PelucHuc (1)0 BHeCHCTeWlblX e,'J,HllHuax). )J,onycTH\1aH MOll.llIOCTb )].03b1:
HII. 1111./t = 0,1/30 3,33 . IO- a 63p/4,
MOIl.lHOCTh 3KBHBaJlellTiIOH 1I.0,bI H 0IIpe.ae.1HeTCH no :.IOIl.lIIOCTH nor.l0u elllloi'l
Jl,03b1 IJ B03J\Y xc b IlO <PUpM)' Jle (2 19),
li --0 1,096 - 1,09. 6,6 =- 7,19 63p/'1.
KpaTllucTb oc.la6J1ellllH H3.1YlJeHHH 3all.lliToii:
k=JjjHA=2n- 7,19 2,16.JO J
3,33,1O- a
OrclO.aa H XOJ\H I nz II Tor;.la X CT !l.I/2n 2,1, II = 23,1 nl
Pell/CHIIC (11 (',1HlIlIll8X 01) ,- 30 1J 30, 3600 =- - 1,08. 10 5 c; if A 0-
= 0,1/1,08.10" 9,2G, 10- 7 03p/C -- 9,2G. 10- 7 . 10- 2 =- 9,2G. 10- 9 3B/C;
Jj - 6,6 P8;!/4 6,6. 10- 2 /3600 18,34, 10-r. I'p/c; H - 1,090 1,09 X
X 18,34 . 10- 6 z 2,0 . JO-5 JH/C
KpaTIlOCTb OCJla6J1eIlliH H3.1Y4('HHH 3aU\HTOH
2,0.10-:;
f _ - 2, IG. IO J .
9,26,1O-u
npli 11= II X CT - ""1/21l= 2,1.11- 23,101.
npHMep 8. )J"lH rpa ) IipOHKH ;\U3HMeTpa npHMeIfHt'TCH T01Je4HblH H30TponHblH
paJl,HoIIYKJlHI 60CO aKTHlJlfOCTbIO A 50 MKH OnpeJ\e,lIiTb IIPUJ\O.l)1{IiTeJlbHOCTb
pa60Tbl B ).(l'Hh npll IlJeCTllilllC'IJHOii pauo4eM lIeJ\e,le ue3 3aU\IITbI, 4T06b1 06ecne4HTb
onYCTH\IYIO J\03Y ; JlH nepCOllaJla (l<aTeropHH A), PaccTOHHHe aT HCT04HHKa).(0 one-
paTopa , 2 M, OCJla6J1eHlieM H pacccHIlHeM ,\,-H3J1Y4eIlHH IJ 1J03).(yxe npeHeupe4b.
51
PetueflUe (130 IJlleCI1CTeMllbiX e JjHHuaX). Bpe IH paUOTh1 C Y4CTOM q,OPMYJlbI
(2,19):
, Art
H - - P VIOl t -- I, O!W 1,09 ----;-
r-
HA' 0,1.2 2 .10'
t-=-
6.I,09Ar 6.1,09,50.12,9
lfA
6 '
4,
PetUeflue (II e,.'\Hlllluax CI1), A - 50 MKH 50 . 3,7 . 10 7 - 185 . 10 7 OK.
r II 84,63 arp . I2/ (c . OK) 8,463. 10- 17 fp . M / (c . OK) (CM. TaU.'!. TI3.);
H A = 0,1 69p = 10- 3 3B,
BpeMH pa60Tbl no q,OP\ly.1C (2,19)'
fIA,2 10- 3 .4
t _ 0,3906.\04 C = 1 4.
6 1,09Ar 6. I ,09.185.10 7 .8,46:3.10-- 17
npHMep 9. PaCC 1 1l1TaTb TOJJ HIIY CBHIIUOHOH 3alllHThi aT Y-113.1Y4eHHH T04e4HO-
ro H30TponHoro I1CTOlJlIHKa GOCo aKTl1lJHOCTblO A = 10 MKI1, PaccToHIIHC o paootlero
Mecra r = I M. BpeMH pa60Thi t 6 'I U ellb.
PetueHue (no I3l1eCI1CTeMllbIX e,il.HHl1l.\ax) 3KCn03l1Ul101lllaH ,il.03a OT I1CT04HHK3
6e3 3aU HTW no q,OPMYJ1C (2.146)
Art 10,12.9.6
X -= -0,0771 P.
r l ,I04 12.10.
TIpe eJJbHO 11.0nYCTlI laH 3KCII0311l.\HOliliaH 03a X A = 0,01 G7 P.
PaClJCTHaH KpaTHucTb oc a6JJenHH
k -- X/ X A 0,077/0,0167 = 5,
OTCIO,il.a To.l111Hlla CBHIITLOnOH 3all HTbl x pb - 3,4 eM (c\1. Ta6JI, TI.la).
Pellleflue (n e,ll,HIIHuax CI1). A 10 !KH --- 10 . 3,7 , 10 7 = 3,7 . 10 8 DK;
r IIC - - 2,5 . 10- 18 K.TJ . M 2 / (Kr . C . DK) (CM, upHMep 2),
3KCn031lUHOllllaH ,il.03a no q,opMYJle (2 10)'
Ar aIle t
x-
,2
:3,7,10 8 .2,5.10- 18 ,6.3600
12 -2,0,10- 5 KJI/Kr.
TIpe e.lbll() ,lI,OIIYCTI1MaH 3Kcn03HHHOllnaJ! ,lI,03a
X A - - 4,31 . ]0- 6 KNKr (c 1. IIpH !ep 3).
Kpa fIIOCTb oCJIa6J1eIlHH
k=2,O.105/(4,31.IO- G )=4,7 = 5, T()r a x p b=3,4 CM.
3.5. METOJ].bl PAClJETA 3AIlIJITbi OT HEffTPOHHOrO
H3J1YlJEHH5I
DpOCTpaHCTBelIHoe paClIpCJJ;c.1emIC II.10TIIOCTH nOTOKa (MOlll,HOCTH
)l.03bI) 6LICTp1>IX lI lhpOIIOB \10)f{HO onHcaTb npoCToH 3KIIOHeHl.!.Ha.1LIIOH
3aDHCII 10CTbI0 BIf: a \
(p(x)=lf'oe- x /",
(3,15)
I")l.e ').., - JJ;JIHHa pe:Jal\CalllllI HeihpOHOI3 B cpc,J,e, 3aBIIC5Illl,aH 01' 311eprHII
Hell rpOHOB,
B OOJIbUlHIICme BO.a.OpO)l.C0.a.ep)Kalll,IIX cpe,'J. oCJIa6.'IemIC \10lll,HOCTH
)l.03bI 6blCTpblX HeHTpOHOB BBO)l.HMblMH B 3alll,HTY 3.1eMe1lTaMIl MO)KIIO yqeCTb
52
npOCTbIM 3KCIIOHenQHaJIhHLIM MHO>KHTeJICM nll1a e- IJL1IJX, r,lJ.e nhIb-
CeqeHHe BbIBe,lJ.eIlH5I, x - TO.1Il1,Hna BBO,lJ.HMOrO 3.'ICMeI!Ta. B 3aBHCHMOCTH
aT cnoc06a BBe,lJ.eHH5I BeIll,eCTBa B 3aIll,H'ry pa3:IlIQa1OT Ce1JeHHH BbIBe,lJ.eI!H51
,lJ.JI5I reTeporeHHblX cpe;"( (C.'IOM BeIll,eCTBa BBO,lJ.HTC51 B BO,lJ.OpO,lJ.cO,lJ.ep>KaIll,YIO
cpe,lJ.Y B6JIH3H HCTOl1HHKa) II CCQeHHH BLlBe,lJ.eHH5I ,lJ.JI51 rOMoreHHblX cpeJI,
(BeIll,eCTBO paBHOMepHO paCllpeJieJl51eTC51 B BO,lJ.OpO,lJ.co,lJ.ep>KaIll,eM MaTC-
pHaJIe) .
Ha npaKTHKe Ce1JCIIHH BLIBe,lJ.eHH51, H3V1epellHble B rOMoreHHbIX cpe,lJ.ax,
MorYT 6bITb HcnO.lb30BaHbl ,lJ.JI5I paCIJeT3 \10Ill,IIOCTH ,lJ.03bI HeihpOHOB B re-
TeporeHHbIX cpe,lJ.ax. Pa3JIH4H5I B .3THX CeIJemlHX JI,JlH BCCX .3.1eMeHTOB lIe
60Jlee 5-10%.
,UJl5I HeihpoHoB ,lJ.e.leHHH ,lJ.:IHHa peJIaKCaUHH, H3V1epeHHa51 ,lJ.eTeKTOpO\1
C 3qxpeKTHBHbiM 3IlepreTHQeCKH\1 IIopormI OKO.10 3 M.3B B cpe,lJ.e, He CO,lJ.ep-
>KaIll,eH BO,lJ.OpO,lJ.a, npaKTHIJeCKH COBIIaJiaeT C JI..'IHHOH pe.'IaKcaQHH, pac-
C4HTaHIIOH Ha OCIIOBaHHH CelJeHH5I BLlBe,J,eHH5I HeihpOHOB. CJle,lJ.OBaTeJlbHO,
ce4eHH51 BbIBe,lJ.eHHH lleihpOIIOB VlO)f{HO I1CnOJlb30BaTb ;p51 paC1JeTa HeBO-
)J.opo)J.co)J.ep>KaIll,eH 3aIll,HTbl OT 6bICTphlX HeihpOIIOB.
,UJI5I TenJlOBbIX HeihpOHOB .iI.OIIYCTHMa5I n.'I01HOCTL I10TOKa .lI..1H IllCCTlf-
qaCOBOro pa60qero .LJ.IIH IIPH llIeCTHJI.lIeBHOH lIe}.JeJIe
crX,H =- 770 T. I1eihp.! (C\1: 2 . c), (3.16)
a )J.JlH t (q B ,lJ.CHL) IIPH 6-)J.HeBHoH He)J.e.le
<pX H =--= 4620/t, T. BCHTp.! (CM ' c). (3.17)
,UJl51 6hlCTpbIX HeHTpoIIoB C 3HepmeH 0,2-20 M3B ,lJ.OIIYCTHM351 IIJIOT-
HOCTb nOTOKa )J.Jl5I llIeCTlIlJaCOBOro pa60qero )J.H51 I1PH IllecTH)J.HcBHOH lIe-
)J.eJIe
<p ,1J =- 20 6. IleHTp.! (C\1: 2 . c),
a )J.JI51 t (tI B ,lJ.eHb) IIPE IUccTH}.JHeBlloH HeJI,e.le
q; .H 0-_ 120/t, 6. lIeHTp.! (CM 2 . c).
(3.18)
(3.19)
rJIaBa 4
METO.ll.bI PErHcTPAu,H H H .lI.03HMETPH5I
HOHH3HPYIO HX H3J1YQEHHA
DpHoop )J.JlH perI1CTpalum m060ro I3I1.LJ.a HOIIH3HpYIOIlI,erO H3JIY4eml51
(3apH)KeHHble qaCTHllbI, Y-H3J1yqeIlHe, HeHTpoHLI) COCTOHT H3 )J.eTeKTopa H
H3MepHTeJIbIIOH anI!apaTypbl. ,UeTeKTop BK.lIOQaeT QYBcTBHTe.'1blIbIH 06'beM,
B KOTOpOM 3IICprHH H3J1YQelIlfH BC.le)J.CTBHe B3aHMO.lJ:efICTBIfH C BeIll,eCTI30M
npe06pa3ycTC5I B ..'I.Pyrol1 BH,lJ. 3I1eprHH, Y.lJ:06HbIl"1 )J.Jl5I H3:\1CpeIHlH. OCHOB-
HOH xapaKTepllCTlIKOH. ,lJ.CTeKTopa 51BJIHCTCH 3cjJrpeKmll8/wCtnb pcC!ucmpal{uu
H3JIyQelIlf51, OIIpe,lJ.e.'15IeMaH KaK OTIIOillCHHe 3Hepnm, IIor JlOU\eHHOH B 'lYB-
CTBHTeJIbHOM 06'beMe, K :mcprHH H3J1YQeIIH51, npoxo)J.51Ill,eii Qepe3 .3TOT
06'beM. BeIll,eCTBO QYBCTBlfTe.'IbHOrO OO'be:vta M01KeT 6bITb ra30M, )KH)J.KOCTblO
HJIIf TBepJI.bIM TCJlOM, B coomeTCTBHH C QeM )J.CTeKTopLI I!a3bIBaIOTC51 ra30-
BbIMH, )KH)J.KOCTHbIMH HJIH TBep)J.OTeJIbIIbIMII. B HOHH3aQHOIIHbIX ra30BbIX
53
.lJ:eTeKTOpax Ii3Mep5leTC51 IiOHH3anIi51 ra30Boro lIYBCTBHTeJIbl!OrO OO"beMa
perijCTpHpYCMbIM Ii3.1YlIeHHeM. f10JIynpOBO.lJ:HHKOBbIC .lJ:eTeKTopbI HMelOT
TBep.lJ:OTeJIbHb1l1 4YBCTBIirc.lbHbIl1 06"beM, HOl!H311pyeMbIH H3JIYlIeHHeM.
B ClI,HHTHJIJI5lIU10HHbIX .lJ:CTeKTOpax (TBep.lJ:b1X, )KH.lJ:KHX, ra30BbIX) nepBIill-
IIbIM 3qxpeKTOM AeHCTnJ.15I 113JIY'IeHIiH 5lBJI5IeTC51 B0311HKHOBelIHe onpe.u:e-
JIeHIIOrO KOJIHlIeCTI3a cpOTOliOB (BcnbIIlIKa), a B cpoTO.L(eTeKTOpax - 06pa-
30BaIme lI,eIlTpOn CKpbITOrO Ii300pa)l{ellH51.
Ba)KIIOH xapaKTepIiCTHKOH H3MepIiTeJIbHOH annapaTypbI 5IBJI5IeTC51
'1Y8cm8umeAbHocmb, onpeAeJI51eMa5! MHIUf:\1aJIbHOH BeJIH'IHlIOH perIiCTpIi-
Pye:\10ro CHrHa.la Jl,eTCKTopa. YBCJIHlIeHHe 'IYBCTBHTeJlbllOCTH H3MepIiTeJIb-
HOH: lIaCTH IIpHoopa npHBO.L(HT K B03paCTaHHIO cro ra6apIiTOB H MaCCbI,
n03TOMY B p5l)I,e ) CTeKTopOB lfcnOJIb3YIOTCH cpH3HlIeCKHe IiJIH XHMIilleCKIie
MexaHH3MbI YCIiJIeIlH5I nepBH'IIIOrO 3qxpeKTa (ra30I3bIH pa3p5l)l. B ClIeTllHKe,
BTOpH'IHa51 3JIeKTpOHH351 3MHCCH5I B CU,HHTlIJIJI5IU,IiOHHOM 6JIOKe )l.eTeKTIi-
pOBaHH5I, np051BJIeHIie B cpoTo; eTeKTope). DOJIee BbICOKHe Tpe60BaHH5I K
lIYBCTBHTeJIbHOCTIi H3:\1epHTeJIbliOH annapaTypbI npeA"b51BJI5IIOTC5! npIi pe-
rHCTpau,HIi H3.'IYlleHH5I HOIIH33U,HOIlHbl:\1H KaMepaMH Ii nOJIynpOBO)I,IIHKOBbI-
:\1H )l.eTeKTopaMII, B KOTOpb1X OTCYTCTI3yeT :\1eX3l1H3M YCH.r:IeHH51 nepBHlIHO-
ro 3cpcpeKra.
4.1. HOHH3ALl.HOHHbIA METO)]. J],03HMETPHH
4.1. 1. <l>H3H'IeCKHe OCHOBbI npHMeHeHHSI HOHH3au,HOHHblX ra30BblX
AereKTopoB
HOHu3au,ueii. l!a3bIBaeTCH BbIphIBaHHe 3JIeK'fpOHa H3 aTOM3, KOTOpbIH B
pe3y.'IbTaTe npeBp3uJ.aeTC51 B 1!0JIO)KHTCJIbllbIH HOII. LLJI5I oCYIu,ecTBJIeIIHH
3Toro npou,ecc3 l!e06XO.lJ:HMa 3HcprHH, paBIIa5I nOTeHu,IiaJIY HOHH3al HH
aTOM3.
HeynPJ Die coy A3peIIH5I 33p51)l{e1!IIbIX lIaCTHI C HeihpaJIbilbl:\1H aTO-
:\1aMH ra30Boro lIYBCTBHTeJIbHOrO 06"beMa ;r,eTeKTopa conpOBO)KAaIOTC5I ne-
pe)l.311eH KHHeTHlIeCKOH 3HcprHH 3THX 1I3CTHU, 3JIeKTpOHaM aTOMOB, ECJIU
nepe)I,31!IIa51 3.1CKTPOHY ::mepr!l5I npeBbIIlIaeT nOTeHlI,HaJI HOHH3au,HIi, 06-
pa3YIOTC5I 3.'IeKTpoH Ii nOJIO)l{HreJIbHbIH HOH. 3JIeKTpOHbI B B03)1.yxe 6bICT-
po 3aXBaTblBalOTC5I Hei'lTpa.lbHbI\1H MOJIeKYJIaMH KHCJIOpO)l.a HJIH BO)l.bI,
liTO npHBO.lJ:I1T K 06pa30BaHHIO DI.tKeJIhIX OTpIfI aTeJIblIbIX HOHOB,
311cprllH 3ap51.tKCHHOii qaCTlII[br, I10repHHHa5I B 'IYBCTBIITCJIbilOM OO"be-
MC, onpC,W,lHeTC5I 110 1I11CJIY C03AaHHbIX nap nOJIO.tKHTe.lbHbIX Ii OTpHlI,a-
TeJIbHblX IIOIIOB, a TaK)KC 3HeprHIi c 06pa30BaHHH OAHOH napbI HOHOB. 3KC-
nepH:\1eHTaJIbHO YCTaHOBJIeHO, liTO 3Halleilffe to CJIaOO 3aBHCIiT OT 3i1eprHIf
3ap5I)KeHHOH 1I3CnllJ.bI, ee MaCCbI, 3apHAa Ii BIi)l.a IiOHH3HPJ eMoro ra3a.
LLJI51 B03;J:yxa B pOKOM .lJ:Hana30He 311eprHH 3ap5I.tKeillibIX lIaCTIII[ npll-
lIH.:\1aeTC5I c 5,42\,. 10- 18 LL)K (33,85 3B).
fIpIi CTOJIKIIOBCHHII pa3I10HMeHHo 3ap5l)KeHilblX IIOIIOB OTpllu,aTeJIbl!bIH
HOH Tep5IeT e.'Ia60 CB513aJlllb(H 3JIeKTpOH, nepe.u:aBa5I cro nOJIO.tKHTeJIbHOMY
HOHY. B pe3ymmITe 06pa3YIOTC5I ;r,Be I!clhpaJIbHblC Mo.leKy.lbI. 3TOT npo-
I[ceC, 06paTllblH HOIlIl3au,HH, npIiBO)I,I1T K Y:-'IclibweHIiIO 'IHC.'!a lIap HOHOB Ii
lIa3b1BaeTCH pCKo,1l6uHwjue/l.
54
PeKOMOHHaI1,H5I, onpe,ll.eJI5IeMa51 Ha4a:IbllbI\1 npOCTpanCT\3ellllbI\1 pac-
npell.eJIeHI1eM 06pa30133BWHXCH 11011013, T. e. C1PYKTypoii rpeKa 3ap}DKCH-
HOH qaCTHI1,bI, Ha3blBaeTC5I HaqaJIbHOH. Halfa.'lblIaH peKOMOHHall.H51 YBeJIH-
QHBaeTC5I C pOCTOM :IHHeHHbIX nOTepb 3HcprUH (JIlI3) 3apH)f{eHllblX Qac-
THI.( H 3HaQHTeJIbHO OOJIbWe AJIH a.-QaCTHI , QCM ).JIH -4aCTHl(. Ha'IaJIb/lYIO
peKOM6fIHaUHIO CJIe.rr.yeT Y'IHTblBaTL .rr.JIH MI10l'OKpaTHO 3ap5I)f{eHHbIX HJIH
HH3K03HepreTH'IeCKHX 'laCTHl( B ra3e npH aT.\!OccjJepHOI\! Aa13JIeHHH.
PeKOM6Hllall.HH 1I0HOB, .ll,lIqxpYII.rr. H pYIOIUHX 3a npejJ,C:IbI TpeKa, lIa3bI-
BaeTCH 06'beMIiOli; OHa Ollpc.rr.ev'l5IeTCH y)!(C IIC :II1JIeHIIOH, a OO'bC\tHOH KOH-
I1,eHTpaI HeH no.r!O)f{HTeJIblIbIX (Il +) II OTpHl aTCJIbHbIX (n_) 3ap5IAoB.
CKOpOCTb 06"beMHOH peKOM6HllaJ HH, T. e. 4HCJIO lIap !lOHOn, HciiTpa.'JH-
3YIOIUHXCH B 1 r,P ra3a 3a 1 C, IIpOllopll.HOl1avlLIJa 'lIIC.rIY COOTlWTCTBYI0UJ.I1X
CTOJIKHOBeHIIH, KOTOpOC onpe;Wv'I5IeTCH npoIl3Bc:r,eHlIC,\'\ Il,' _'
B OTcyn':TBHe 3JIeKTpH'leCKOrO 110:151 B 'lYBCTBHTE'JII,110M OO'beMe n + -,
= n_ = n H CKOpOCTb peKOM6HHall.HH paBHa BCJIH'lHIIe -an 2 , r.rr.c a -
K03qxpHlI.HeHT PCKOM6HHall.HH. OTpHl(aTe.lbIIbIJI 3IIaK nOKa3hiUaeJ, 'ITO
3Ha'lelllle n YMellblllaeTC5I C MOMellTa IIOHH3all.HII ra3a 3apH/KCIIHOII qaCTH-
l(eH. 3IIa'lellHe a, onpeJ./,c.1HIOIUee 13epOHTlIOCTb pCKOMOlilIaI1,HII, YMCllb-
rnaeTCH npH B03paCTalIHH OTHOCHTCJIbIlOH: CKOpOCT!I JIOJIO)f{HTeJIbllbIX H
OTpHl(aTeJIbHbIX HOHOB.
npH nOCTOHHIIOH IHITeHCH13HOCTH H3JIY4CHH5I YCTaJIa13.'1HOaeTC5I He 3aBH-
C5Iw. aH OT BpeMeHH paBHOBeCHaH KOHl(CHTpal(l'15I np 1I0liJIbIX lIap, KOTOPYIO
HaXO.lI.HT H3 YCJIOBIHI paBCHCTl3a CKopocTei'1 1I0JIH3al HH Nil ra3a B 'lyncT-
BHTeJIbHOM 06"beMe H peKOM6HHaJ HH:
Nil "'-- QI1 , (4.1)
OTKy.rr. a
np -= V Na/a . (4,2)
ECJIH Ha nJIOCKOnapav'lv'le:IbHbIX 3JICKTpo,ll.aX ,lI,cTeKTopa !lMeeTCST pag-
HOC'tb nOTCHUHa.'IOB V, TO 13 H3MepHTCv'lbHO\t OO'bCMC 13031I1IKaCT 3JleKTp H-
tIeCKoe nOJIc. HalIp51)KCHIlOCTb E O;I.HOpO,lI,HOrO 3.leKTpH'leCKOrO IIOJIH 011-
pe.rr.eJIHeTCST paBCHCTI30M E -'C' Vii (l - paccToHHHe MC)f{,J,Y "leKTpO.l(aMH).
Ha 3apfl,lJ. e n 3JIeKTpH'leCKOM nOJIe Hanp5I)f{eHHOCTbI0 E .iI.ei'ICTI3yeT CH-
JIa, paBHa51 eE, KOTopa51 nepcMeIl(aeT nOJIO)f{HTCJIbIlLIC HOllbI K OTpHl(aTCJIb-
HOMy 3JIeKTpo,:!,y, OTpHl(aTev1bl!bIe HOHbI - K 1I0v10)f{liTe.1LII0\ly 3JIeKTpO-
.rr.y. npH B03pacTaHHH 3Ha'IeHHH E 3.1eKTpOI! IIa ,J..1HIIC cIm60.iI.HOro npo-
6era pa3rOl!fleTCH 3JICKTpH'leCKHM nOJIeM lI.O HcprHH, IIpeBOCXOASTIl(eii
nOTeHl(HaJi HOHH3aI1,HH aTOMOB HJIH MOJIeKy.l ra3a. Heynpy mc CTOJIKIIO-
BeHH51 C TaKHM 3JIeKTpOHoM npHBo,.'/.5IT K HOHH3aI1,Hli aTO\tOB H.ll! MOJIeKYJI
ra3a.
3TOT npoI1,ecc, Ha3bmaeMhiH yoapHou UOHU3atjudi, YBe.1H'lHBaeT 4J.1CJIO
o6pa3YIOIl(HXC51 B ra30BOM OO'beMe nap HOHOB, If 1I03TOMY 5JB.1HeTC5I Mexa.
HH3MOM ra30Boro YCHv1eI!H5I HOHH3aUHOl!HOrO 3tPcjJcKTa perHCTpHpyeMoro
lI:3JIytieHIHI.
,lJeTeKTopbl C I!H3KHMH 3Ha'leHH51MH E B 4YBCTI3IITC.'ILIIOM 06"beMe, He
Jl,ocTaT04HblMH ,lI,JIST y.rr.apHOH HOIlH3al(HH, Ha3bIBaIOTCH UOHU3a/1UOHHblMU
KaMepaMU. ,lJeTeKTopbl C BhICOKHMH 3I1a'leHHH\1If E y fIOJIO)KHTe.lbHoro
55
9JIeKTpO a \1aJ10rO AHaMeTpa, IICtTOJIL3YlOllI,He MeXalIH3M YAaplIOH J{ornt-
3aUIHI, lIa3bIBalOTCH 2il30Pil3pJlOHblJtU CtJ.Cmt{llKilMll.
OCHOBHbIM npelfMYllI,eCTBOM HOlIH3aUIIOHHLIX KaMep HBJIHeTCH BbICOKaH
HaAe)f{HOCTb, COOTBeTCTBYIOllI,a5I YPOBHIO HaAe1KHOCTH COBpeMeHHLIX 3JIeKT-
pOHHbIX YCTPOHCTB 06pa60TKII IIHcjJOpMaUHII B CHCTeMaX paAIIaUIIOHlIOrO
KOHTpOJIH. OCHOBHOH HeAOCTaTOK IIOIIII3aUHOlIHbIX KaMep - 1I1I3KOe 3Ha-
qeHIIe BbIXoAHOrO CHrIIaJIa. Hal1p1l\1ep, ,L(JIH Ka,\1epbI C 06'beMOM IIOJIOCTII
1 . 10- 3 M a 3HaqeHHC 1I0H1I33U,Ho1IIloro TOKa paI.JIIO 2,6 . 10- 13 A npH )1.0-
nycTHMoH MOlll,HOCTH 3KCII03HUIIOliHOH )l.03LI, paBIIOI! 2 . 10- 10 KJI/ (KI' . C).
OAHaKO npHMCllellHe nOJIeBLIX Tpall3IICTOpOB C II30JIHp013aIIHbIM 3aTBopoM,
KOTopbIe IIMelOT TOKII YTeqKH Menee 10- 1 & A. a TaK)f{e MarHIIToynpa13JIHe-
MbIX repMeTIIqHbIX KOHTaKT013 (repKOIIOB) C COIlpOTffBileHlIeM H30JI5IU.l1H
60JIee 10 14 OM Il03BOJIHeT C03)1.aTb MaJIora6apiiTHbIII lIa,L(e)f{IILIH Y3e.'I )l.JI5I
pa60TbI C TOKOM IIOHII3aUHOIIHOH KaMepbI Ha ypOI3lIe 10- 14 A II IIpe06pa30-
HaTb ero B MOlll,IIbIH BbIXOAHOH CIIrJIaJI.
OCH013HbIMH npeIIMYU\eCTBaMII ra30pa3p5IAHLIX CqeHIIKOB HBJIHIOTCH
3JIaqIITeJIbHaH aMnJIIITY)J.a IIMnYJIbCa, qTO ynpOlll,aeT 3aAaqy YCI1JIeHIIH BbI-
XO)l.HOrO CHrIla.'Ia, a TaK)Ke npOCTOTa KOHCTPYKUHH, HII3KaH CTOHMOCTb II
MaJIbIe 3HaqeHII5I cjJOHa IIO cpaBHCHHIO co CUHHTHJIJI5IUHOHHLIMII II nOJIynpo-
BO)l.HIIKOBbIMII )l.eTeKTopaMII. I1x OCIIOBHOH He.iI.OCTaTOK - OrpaImqeHflbIH
)l.lIaIla30H H3MepeHHH II MeIIbIlla5I, qeM )l.JIH IIOHH3aUHOHHbIX KaMep, lIa-
)J.e)f{HOCTb.
4.1.2. Pe)f{UMbI pa60TbI uOHH3au,HOHHbIX KaMep
l1oHII3aUIIoHHaH KaMepa - ra30BLIH )l.CTeKTOp, B KOTOPO\! 3JIeKTpHqeC-
Koe nOJIe B qYBcTBIITeJIbHOM 06'beMe Me)f{)l.Y 3JIeKTpO.iI.aMII IICnOJIb3yeTC5I
) .'I5I c06HpaHII5I Ha IIHX IIOHOB, 1303JIHKIllHX nOA ,L(eHCTBIIeM IIOJIH3I1pYIOlll,e-
ro H3JIyqeHII5I. 06blqll0 C06l1paHIIe npoBo,L(IITC5I B pe)f{IIMe lIaCbllll,eIlIf5I npH
BeJIHqllHe nOJIH, )l.ocTaTOqIlOH AJI5I YCTpaHeHHH IloTepli 3ap5I)l.oB IIa pe-
KOM6HHauIIIO, IIO HCAoCTaTOqHOH )l.JIH ra30130rO YCHJIeHH5I. He06xo IIMaH
)J.JIH 3Toro Hanp5I)f{eHIIOCTb IIO.'IH E onpe)l.CJI5IeTC5I BH)l.OM peflIcTplIpyeMoro
II3JIyqeIlH5I, pa3HoCTbIO 1I0TellUIIaJIOB U I1a 3JIeKTpO) aX, a TaK)f{e KOIIcjJII-
rypaIlHeii Me)f{3JIeKTpOAlloro yqaCTKa. B nJIOCKOH lIoHII3aUHoIlIloH KaMepe
3JIeKTpOAaMH 5I13.h5J.IOTC5I napaJIJleJIbIfble )l.HCKII, )l.HaMeTp KOTOpbIX 3HaqII-
TeJIbHO npeBbIIllaeT paCCT05I1Ille I Me)f{)l.Y IIHMII. lJ,HJIIIH)l.plIqCCKaH KaMepa
HMeeT ABa COOCHLIX (KoaKCIIaJILHbIX) UIIJIIIH)l.plIqeCKHX 3JIeKTpO)l.a, )l.JIHHa
KOTOpbIX 60JIbille )l.lIaMeTpa. B ccpepllqeCKOH KaMepe 3JIeKTpOAbI npe;r,CTaB-
.15I1OT C060H )l.Be KOIIUeHTpIIqeCKIIe CcpcPbI.
CYMMapHbIH HOHII3auHOlIHbIH 3qxpeKT, KOTOpbIH C03)1.aeTCH 60.1IbIllHM
4l1CJIOM qaCTHU, H3MepHIOT no Cpe)l.HeMY TOKY i (mOK08bte KaMepbl) IIJIII
no II3MeHeHHIO 3IIaqeI!H5J U 3apH)l.OM, HaKOnJIeHlIbIM Ha 3JIeKTpO)l.ax 3a
onpe)l.eJIeHHbIH npO )f{YTOK BpeMeIIH (wwzeepa/lbHble KaMepbt).
CHJIa HOIlH3aUHOlIHoro TOKa iu B pe)f{HMe HaCLIllI,eHII51 TOROBOH KaMe-
pbI onpe,L(eJI5IeTC5I CKOpOCTblO 06pa30BaHII5I N H 4l1CJIa nap HOIIOB B qYBCT-
BIITeJIbllOM 06'beMe V no)l. .ZI.eHCTBHeM IIOIIII3HpYlOllI,ero II3JIyqeHII5I.
ECJIII IIIITep13aJILI BpeMeHH Me)f{.ZI.y nona)J.alllI5IMH B 06'beM V OT.iI.eJIbHbiX
3ap5I)f{eIlHbIX qaCTHU: 3HaQHTeJIbll0 60JIbrne .ZI.JIIITCJIbHOCTH c06Hpall1I5I 06-
pa30BaBIllIIXC5I nap IIOHOB, TOK i 6Y.lI.eT He nOCTOHHHbIM, a IIMnYJIbCHbIM
(IlMnYAbCHble KWrtepbl).
56
i,A 1
2
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D V,S
PHC. 4,1. CxeMa H3\o1CpHTCJIbllOH l.\enH
nJlocKoii TOKonoH HO!lH3aaHO!lHOiI Ka-
Mepbl:
J. 2 - 3JIeKTpO,1hl, 3 - H3"epHTCJIbllblii I1PH'
!Sop; 4 - HCTv'JIIHK I1HTallHH
PHC. 4 2 Bo. hT.a).{nepHaH xapaKTcpH-
CTHKa TOKOIJOH HOHH3alJ,HOHIIOH KaMcpbl
PaCCMOTpHM BOJIbT-a mepHYIO xapaKTepHcn:IKY TOKOBOH HOHH3aUHoH-
HOll KaMepbI. Ha 3J1eKTpO..'l,hI 1 II 2 nJIOCK0I1 TOKOBOK KaMepbI nO aeTC5I rra-
npmKeHHe U OT HCTOqIHfKa rHnaHH5I 4 (pHC. 4.1). B OTcYTCTBHe H3JIyqeHH51
uenb pa30MKIIYTa 1I30JIHPYIO\I H\f ra30BbIM qYBCTBHTeJIbHbI'\f 06DeMoM Me)K-
l1.Y 3JIeKTp O l1. a \fH H CTpeJiKa H3'\fepI1Te.15I TOKa 3 CTOHT Ha IIYJIe. 06JIYQeHHe
QyBCTBHTeJIhrrOrO 06'beMa V KOJIJIHMHpOBaHHbIM (Y3KHM) rrYQKOM sap5IlKeH-
HhIX lIaCTHU, BH)KYLUI1XCH rrapaJIJleJIbHO 3.1eKTpOl1.a\f, npHBOl1.HT K HOlIH-
saUIUI ra3a co CKOpOCTblO N l!' ITo l1.ellcTBHe'J 3JIeKTpHQeCKOrO IIOJI5l Ha
xaOTHlIeCKoe TeII.loBoe .iI.BH)KeIIHC HOHOB HaK.lal1.bIBaeTCH ,n:peAcp IIOJIO)KH-
TeJIbHhIX HorrOB K oTpHuaTe.lhHo 3apH)KeHHoMY 3JIeKTp0l1.Y, oTpHuaTCJIb-
HhIX - K nOJIO)KHTeJIbHO 3ap51)KCIIIIOMY 3JIeKTpol1.Y. B pe3YJIhTaTe ,n:peA-
cpa 3ap5Il1.oB ra3 CTa!lO\3HTC5I IIpOBO.zr.HHKOM H 3aMbIKaeT uenb, B KOTOpOH
rr05lBJI5leTC51 HOHH3aUlioHIIhlii TOK i, pCrHCTpHpyeMbIii npH6opoM 3. 3aBI1-
CHMOCTb HOHH3aUHOlIJIOrO TOKa i OT IIanpmKCIHI5I U Ha 3J1CKTpo,n:ax, no-
JIYlIeHHa5I npH nOCT05IHHor'f nJIOTHOCTII IIOTOKa qaCTIIU, Ha3bIBaeTC5I 80/lbm-
aMnepH.OU xapaKmcpucmuKou mOKo8ou/\aMepbl (pHC. 4.2). Be.rrH4HHa i on-
pel1.eJI5IerCH cYMMapHbIM 3JIeKTpHqeCKHM 3ap5I; OM HOHOB, co6paHHLIx rra
3JIeKTpol1.aX KaMepbl B TeqeHHC 1 c. B HaqaJIbHOK TOQKe xapaKTcpHcTH-
KH (U = 0) nOJIe B qYBCTBHTCJIbHO'd 06'LCMe OTCYTcTByeT H C06HpafIHe
SapH11.0B He rrpOHCXOl1.l1T (i = 0). Bce 3apHJl.bI, KOTopble 06pa3YIOTC5l npH
HOHH3auHII ra3a, pCKOM6HHIfPYlOT n o60eMe, !Ie IIonal1.a5I rra 3JIeKTpO;'IbI.
4HCJIO nap HOHon I1p B el1.ImJlue 060e\la onpeJI.CJlHIOT no cpopMYJle (4.2) H
YCJlOBH51 paBe!lCTBa cKopoCTei1 IfOHH3al Hrl Nil If 060eMHoi:i per(o,\f6HHal IfH
-an'}.. ITpli I105IBJleHHH lIa 3JleKTpo;r,ax HanpmKeHH5I U rraqrmaeTCH .lI.peiicjJ
H c06HpaIlI1c 3ap5I)J.OB, lITO npIIBOl1.HT K npOTeKaHHIO HOHH3auHoHHoro TO-
Ka i. B YCTaHOBIIBlllCMCH pe)KHMe 1I3MepeIIUII BeJIHqHIIa i OIIpe..'l,CJIHeTCH
pa3HOCTbIO CKopOCTeII IIOHH3aIUlli II pCKOM6I11IaUI1H:
i/Ve =-0 N n - an 2 .
(4.3)
CpaBlIeHIfe cpopMYJI (4.2) H (4.3) I10Ka3bIBaeT, QTO n < I1p BCJIe)J.CTBHe
OTBOl1.a QaCTII 06pa30BaBIUHXC5I 3ap5IAOB IIa 3JIeKTpOl1.bI. IToTepH 3apH}(OB
Ha peKOM6uHaJUilO na.zr.alOT C YHe.TfIfqeHHe'\f HX CKOpOCTH ,n:pCHcpa, KOTopaH
JIHHeHHO 3aBHCIlT OT U. fI03TOMY BJIIfHHlle peKOM6l!IIaIUIII Ha c06HpaHlle
aapHl1.0B YMCIIblllaCTCH npH B03paCTaHHlI U, qTO npHBO} HT K YBeJIHqeHHIO
07
i (06.TJaCTb peKoMoHHawHf 1 lIa pllC. 4.2). B 06J1aCTH HaCbIll emHI 2, r.ll.e
BJlH5IIIHeM peKOMOHH3I\I!H \10lK1I0 npcHeope4b, Bce oopa30BaBlllHeC5I HOHbI
coolipalOTC5I Ha 3.'IeKTpo,Jax. D03TOMY B .n:aHHoH oo.TJaCTH 3Ha4eHHe IIOHH-
3aUHOHHoro TOKa. Ha3Lmae'v!Oro mOKO,1t HacblUJ,CHUfl ill, He 3anHCHT OT Ha-
np5llKeI!Il5I II onpe.LJ;eJI5IeTC5I 110 cjJOPMY.'IC (4,3) 6e3 BToporo 4J1ella B ee npa-
BoA 4aCTH:
ill =-= cVNIj"
(4.4)
3Ha4eHHC N ", onpe: c.l5Ie'vloe no H3MepeHHoMY TOKY HaCblrn.eHHH in.
n03BO.'I5ICT ()I1pCi eJ1IITh 3HeprHIO, KOTopaH 3aTpa4HBaeTCH 3a 1 C 3ap5l)KeH-
HLIMH 4aCTHuaMH Ha HOIIH3aIlHIO ra3a B 4YBCTBHTe.1bHOM 06'beMC. LI.JI5I 3TO-
ro c.1e.n:yeT YMIIOlKHTb BCJIH411IIY N n Ha 3HeprHIO e 06pa30BaHHH IIapbI HO-
HOB. Be.1H4Hlla U, HeOOXO.lI.H\1aH ) JIH paOOTLI TOKOBOH KaMepbl B pelKHMe
HaCbIIll.emISl, 3aBlfCHT OT I1pHPO) bl ra3a H BII/l,a H3JIY4eHH5I.
DpH .n:a.1LHeHllle\1 YBC.1H4eHIfH U IIOlIH3aUHOlIHbIH TOK i B03paCTaeT
B 06J1aCTH 8 B pe3Y.'IbTaTC y.n:apHOH IIOHH3aUHH, KOTopaH HCnOJIb3yeTC5I
.n;JIH ra30Boro YCHJ1CHIIH 1I0lIH3anHOHIIoro 3qxpeKTa B HMnYJIbCHblX .n;eTeK-
Topax.
4. t .3. PerHCTpau,HSI V-H3JIY4eHHSI 6eCCTeH04Hoii HOHH3au,HOHHoii
KaMepOH
TOKonaH Ka 1epa, B 4)'BCTBIITe.'JLH0\1 OO-LeMe KOTOpOH HOHH3aUH5I C03-
.n:aeTCH BTOpIl4I1LIMH 3.TJCKTpOHa'vtH, B031\HKIllHMil B pe3YJIbTaTe B3aHMo.n;eif-
CTIJHH Y-KBaHTOB C B03) YXOM, l!a3blBaeTCH 6eccmeHOttHOii (H.OpMaAbHoii)
KQMCpoit .
PaCOIOTpH\! OCOOCHI!OCTH penlCTpaUIIH nJIocKoil KaMepOH KOJI.'IH\1H-
pOl3aHIIOrO IlyqKa Y- KBall roB C nOCTOHHHOH: IIHTeIICHIJIIOCTblO, IIepeCeKalO-
Ill.ero 4YLJCTI3I1Te.1LHLIH OO'LCM V napa.1JIeJILHO 3.TJeKTp0jJ:aM (pHC. 4.3).
OXpaHI!Lle 3.'IeKTpo.n:bl 1 H 2 nblpaBIIHBalOT 3JIeKTpll4ecKoe 1I0JIe Y KpaeB
C06H paIoIll.cro 3.1eKTp0.ll.a 3, 4TO IIc06XO)J.H:\1O .n;JIH TO"IHoro onpe.n;eJleHHH
qYBCTBIIlCJIhllOro OO'Le\1a, JlJl51 CHHlKeHH5I TOKOB YTeqKH 4epe3 H30JI5ITOp
c06HpmOIll.ero 3JlcKTpO.LJ;a pa3HOCTL nOTCH lLHaJIOB Me)K.n:y IIHM H oxpallHbl-
MIl 3JleKTpOjJ:aMII nOJ,;1.ep)K!lBaeTCH 6JH13KOH: )( JlYJIIO. Kopnyc 4 KaMepLI
HMceT .'J:Halppanll)f 5 H 6 JI,.'I5I BBO)la H BbIBO,l,a KOJIJIHMllpOBallHoro nY4Ka
,\,-KBaHToB, HCIIycKac'vILIx IICT04miKO"1 7. BeJIH4HHa H3MepHTeJIbHOrO oU'Le-
Ma v, 13 KOTOpOM Y-KIWIITbl n3a\!\10)ld'tC1BYIOT C n03.a.yxoM B IJYBcTBHTeJIb-
HOM o()1,CMe, OlIpC)le.'uleTcSl ;:VIl1Jl0H c06\!pmoll ero 3.'ICKTpO,'I.a II nOlIepe'!-
IIhIM ceqeII HeM nY4Ka.
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CTeHKII KaMephI lIa IIOII\!3alllIl0 B 4.YBCTBHTCJ1LHOM 06'Le\1C V. LI.OIIYCTIIM,
4TO ('.10ii LJ03.Wxa \1ell\,'IL CH'HKOH: II ;J.alIlIhl\l OO'he IOVI H\teCT TOJIIll.HUY f,
a \1aKCIIMa.lbllaSl r'1.mlf IIpoocra BTOpll4l1hlX 3.1eKTpOIIOB B B0311.yxe paB-
Ha Nt! IIlaX' Tor;la lIP" f > Rf'> fI>a, 3.1eKTpoHhl, Bhl.'IeTalOIll.He II3 CTeIIKlf, HC
1I0na,il,310T B OOLe:l-1 v', 1I0rJJOIll.a5JCL B oKpYlKalOrn.e\1 ero B03.n:yxe. 3Ha4cHHe
t, npl! KOTOpOM IICK.lI04aeTCH B.1H5IIIHe CTel!KH, Ha 1-2 I!Op5I.lI.Ka IIpeBLI-
IlIaCT .'IHlleiiI!Lle pa3\ICpLI 06'Le\1a V, paI3\ILle J,.lHIIC c06lfpalOIll.ero 3JIeKTpO-
) a 8, Hanp\!'vIep, )1.151 B03J1.yxa npH aTMocq1cpllOM J1.aBJIeIlHIl Rf'. IflaX 4 M,
eC.1J.1 1:.' tJ - 1 ,'vbB.
58
PHC. 4.3, Cxe la TOKOBOii 6cccTeno'lIIoH 110-
HH3aUHoHHOH KaMepbl
1, 2 - OXpalIl!hle 3.1eKTpo. hl, 3 - co(jHpalOluHH
3JICKTP0)l, 4 - KOPUYC KaMcpLI, 5. 6 - )lll3<\>-
parMhl )J.JH{ HBO)la H 13h1BOi13 K0.1..1H\IHp<malllturO
IJY'IKa V KBdliTOB, 7 - IICT04HHK Y H J1yqeHHH.
K U1'1epUmpJ1blI0I<1Y np'Juapy
) I - lf
Ef
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HO TOJIbKO npll 3aTpaTe I1a ero HOll1l3aQHfO BCCH ::mcpnm oopa30uaBWHXCH
B HeM BTOpll4l1blX 3.1CKTpOHOB. )]..'151 ::noro '\faKCII\la.lbHa51 ollfJW IIp06era
3J1eKTpOIlOB ,n:OJI)!{lfa .'JC)!{al h B IIpe,J,eJlaX ;J,af!l[o("o OO'bC\la. 'ITO IIpaKTI\-
lIeCKH He.il.0CTH)!{IfMO rrpH aTMoccpepHOM .u.aB.1CHI!I!. TaKml oopa30M, BTO-
pH4I1l>le 3JIeKTpOHbl Oy,n:YT BblJiCTaTh 3a npe)J.CJlbl OOl,eMa V. HOHII3HPY51
OKpy)!{alOlll.IIH B03.i1.YX B 06'beMe Me)Kl Y OXpaf!lIbI.\1 3.1eKTpo;J,oM 2 II Kopny-
COM 4. B TO )!{e BpeM5I BTOpHlIllblC 3JIeKTpOlfbl. B0311HKIlllfe 1I0lJ; } eKCTBHe"J
I'-KBaHTOB B 06'beMe Me)!{,J.y oxpaHHbIM 3JIeKTpOlJ;OM J H KoprrycO\1 4, 6Y;J,YT
norra)J.aTb B H3MCpHTeJIbHbIH 06'bCM, HOIlH3HPYH 1I0CJICl IIHH. B CJIY4ae
3JIeKTpOHIIOro paBHOBeCH5I .il.OCTHraeTC5I paBcHcTBO 311a4ellHII 3HeprHH
3JIeKTpOHoB, KOTopble IIOIIa)J.aIOT B 06'beM V H BbiJ1CTalOT 113 I1ero. ITpH 3JIeKT-
pOHHOM paBIIOBeCHH 3I1eprHH 1'-1f3J1YlleHHH, rrOrJIOlll.eIlHa51 B H3MCpUTeJIb-
HOM 06'beMe V. 0Ilpe)J.e.il5leTCH IIO HOIlH3a1(HH 4YUCTBHTeJIbHOrO 06'beMa V
BTOpHlIHblMH 3JICKTpOHaMH. ,lJ,.'151 C03} aHHH 3.'JeKTpOIlflOrO paBHOBeCIf51 ,i1/IH-
Ha oxpaHIIoro 3JIeKTpO,il,a J jJ.OJI)!{lIa npeBbllllaTb 3lfa4ellHe Rf', max'
B 3TIIX YColOBH5IX 3l1eprH5I I'-KBaIlTOB. IIepe; a[\[fa51 BTOpH4I1bI\1 3JIeKT-
pOHaM B H3MepHTeJIbHOM 061,eMe, paBlla 3HeprllH, 3aTpa4ellllOH lIa HOHH-
3a1(HIO 4YBCTBHTeJIbHOrO OO'be\1a.
CJIe)J.OBaTeJIbIfO, MOlll.1I0CTb 3Kcrr03HIlHOlillOlI } 03bI P I." MO}f(l(O 1\3Me-
pHTb rro 3I1allellHIO TOKa lfaCbIlll.eIlH5I il!' EC.lll ncpe.J,alfa 31!eprHH i'-KBali-
TOB BTOpIIlIHblM 3JIeKTpOlla\1 npOllCXO,.'JJIT B 1f3McpHTe.1bIlO\1 OOl,e.\1e u ('v'?)
rrpH 3JIeKTpOHHOM paBHOBeCHH, TO MOlll.HOCTH 3KCI[OJII! H01\[f01i : 03bl P 31\C
[KJII (Kr . C)] COOTBeTCTByeT TOK HacbIlu,CHlI51 ill (A) rrpff 1I0p\la.lbHoM .il.aB-
JIemm II TCMllepaType:
i}{ 7'-- PH P J1 : C V,
(4.5)
r)J.e PH - rrJIOTJIOCTb B03Ayxa rrplI lfOp\1a,1LII0\1 ,rraBJIeHHH H Ter.mepaTY-
pe, paBliaH 1,293 Kr/M:I.
Ha OCIlOBaHHH cpopMYJIbl (4.5) rro.1YllH\1 JlHIICHflYIO 3a13I1CH\10CTb ,\1e)!{.rr.y
BeJIHqIIHaMH P'fjliC Ii il\:
PULe ill 'PH V , (4.6)
4.1.4. PerHCTpau.HSI V-H3J1YQeHHSI CTeHOQHOH HOHH3au,HOHHOH
KaMepOH
TOKOBa51 KaMepa, B lIYI3CTBHTe.rlbHOM 06'bE'\1e KOTOpOH lfOflli3aUJIH C03-
AaeTCH BTOpH4HbI\1H 3JIeKTpOlfa.\III, B03HHKaIOU H\111 B ptJy.'IbTDTC B3aHMO-
){eHCTBHH I'-KBaHTOB co CTeIlKaY1l1, Ha3bIBaeTCH cmeHotJ.Holi. y: YBCTI3HTeJIb-
HhiH 06'beM KaMepb1 V 06pa3YCT ra30BYI0 JlO.'10CTb, OKPY)!{CIIIlYIO mcp,J,blM
59
i
io
PHC 44. 3aBHC!lMOCTb IIOHH3a-
I.\lf0HHOro TOKa i OT TOJllll.H!lbl
CTeliKH x ,llJlSl CTCH01JHOH HOHH3a-
IUIOHIWH KaMcpbl
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BCIlI,eCTI30M cTeHKH, KOTOpa51 06b['l/[0 CJIY>KIIT OJI.IIHM H3 3.1eKTpo,WB. BTO-
pOH 3JIeKTpo,LJ. (C06HpaIOIlI,UH) HaXo,LJ.HTC5I 13 1I0JIOCTH H H30.1HPYCTCH 01'
CTeHKI1. B 3aBI1CI1MOCTI1 01' KOHC}mrypalLHI1 3JICKTpO,LJ.OB CH'1I0411bIe KaMe-
pLI pa3JI,eJIH[OT lIa lLIIJIHJlApw.J:ecKJle H CcpepH'lCCKHe.
.ll.JIHHa np06cra BTOpl1'lHbIX 3JICKTpOilOB B ra3e, lIa[\o.'IHH[OIll,e 110-
JIOCTb, HaMHoro 60JIbillC ec JIHlIeHJlbIX pa3MepoB.
PaCCMOTpl1M YCJIOI3HR, npIi KOTOpbIX MO>KHO OnpeACJII1Tb npony!O B3a-
Jr:'vIOCBH3b Me>KAY TOKOM lIaCbIIlI,CHHR ill II MOIll,JlOCTb!O JI,03bI b (BT/M 3 )
Y-H3JIYlJeJlHR, coomeTcTBY!OUl.eH 3HeprHI1 B 1 JI.>K, nOrJIOIll,eHHOH 3a 1 C B
1 M 3 MaTepHaJIa CTCIIKI1 C aTOMJlbI HOMepoM Zc. OOMecTIfM KaMepy B 110JIe
I1CTOllHI1Ka Y-H3JIyT.J:eHlf5I If IIC 6Y.J.eM YT.J:HTLIBaTb BJIHHHlfe CJIOR n03Ayxa
MC>KAY KaMepoH 11 I1CTO'lHI1KOM Ha 110HH3alLHIO ra3a B 110JIOCTH. TOr) a I1PH
TOJIIlI,I1He CTCHKI1 x = 0 TOK UaCblIll,eHHH onpCAeJIReTUI HOHH3aU:l1eH ra3a
BTOpIl'lHbIMH :weKTpoIIaMH, 06pa30BaBIlIHMHC5I n I10JIOCTII. B03paCTaJll1e
x flpllBOAHT K YBeJIHT.J:elIl1!O i H (pHC. 4.4) 3a C4eT BTOpl1'lHLIX 3JIeKTpOlIoB,
I3b[.1eTaIOIlI,HX H3 CTeHKH. I-Ial160JIblllee 3HaqeHHe AOCTH raeTCH I1PH x max --"-'
=- R.r, max, rAe Rf} lIIax - MaKCHMaJILllbIH I1p06cr BTOpHT.J:l!bIX 3JIeKTpOII OB
B MaTepl1aJIC CTeHKII. B 3TOM CJ1Y'lae B CTCHKe KaMepLI C03,LJ.aeTCH paBlIO-
I3eCl1e Me>K.u.y I1CpBI1T.J:IILIM y-H3JIY'leHlfeM 11 BTOpH'lIlh[MH 3JICKTpOlIaMH.
OpH ,LJ.aJIbJleHllleM yneJII1T.J:elllIH X 3HaT.J:eJllle iJ( YMCHblIlaeTCH BCJIeACT-
Bl1e OCJIa6JICHlIH IIIlTelICI1BHOCTI1 y-113JIYQeHHH B CTeIIKe KaMepbI. B YCJIO-
.
BHRX 3JIeKTpOHHoro paBHOBeCH5I MOIll,I10CTb 110I'JIOIu,eHHOH ,LJ.03bI lJ CBH3a-
IIa C TOKOM lIaCbIIlI,eIlI1H i li COOTHomeHHeM
D-=k c,
Ve
(4.7)
r,J,e k =- SZ/Sr - - OTHOlllelllfC TOpM031!LIX clloc061I0CTeH CTeHKJ.f (Sz) 11
ra3a (Sr)' Ha3bIBaeMoe OTIIOCIiTeJIbHOH TOpM03110H cfloc06HOCTbIO CTCIIKH.
TOpM03H8H CIIOCOOHOCTb Ol1pe; eJI5IeTCH KaK cpe;J.1I5151 HOTepH 3IIeprl111
3JIeKTpOHOB IIa eAHHHI e AJI 11 HbI np06era.
.lLmI rO.\lOreHIIhIX KaMep, y KOTOpLIX CTCHKa H ra3 H"vIeIOT paBHbIe 3Ha-
lIeHHH Z, cpopMYJIa (4,7) c;.npaBeAJIHBa ) .151 nO.10CTII JII06LIX pa3MepOB.
B 60JIbllll1HCTBe CJlyqaeB rro.'10CTb KaMcpb[ 38nOJIHHeTCH B03,LJ.YXO."vI,
KOTOpbIH HBJIHeTCH CJIOJKHbIM BeIll,eCTBOM (ra30BOH CMeCblO) H HMeeT 3cp-
cpeKTIfBHL[1t aTOMHbIH HOMep Z <I> = 7,6. 3l1aT.J:eHl1e Zuq, CJIO>KlIoro Be[u,eCTBa
olIpe,LJ.eJI5IeTCH no aToMHoMY HOMepy YCJIOBHOrO npocToro I3eIll,eCTBa npH
o.J.HHaKoBoH 311eprl1H y-KBaIITOI3, IIepe,LJ.aJIIiOH BTOpH'lHbIM 3JIeKTpOHaM B
e,LJ.HHHlLe MaCChI cpaBIIHBaeMbIX Beu eCTB. B CJIYT.J:ae 3JIeKTpOHHoro paBHO-
BeCI151 B 1 Kr BeIll,eCTB C OJl,HHaKOBbIMI1 3Haqell1f5lMH Zalj' nor.'1011 aeTCH 0,LJ.1f-
HaKOBa}J 311eprJIH y-1I3.'1YT.J:eHH5I.
GO
BeI..LI.eCTBO CTeHKH C 3qxpeKTHBHLIM aTOMllblM IW:-.repO\1 Z 3' paBlIblM
Z . H33LIBaCTCH IJ03UYXVJK61l6llAeHfIlHb/AI. KaMepa C B03;J.yX03KBHBa.rIeHT-
HhIMH CTeHKaMH H B03)J.YUI1!OH IIOJIOCTblO 5IB.rrHeTC5I lIaCTHbIM CJIYlIaeM 1'0-
MOreHHOH KaMepbI.
4.1.5. 3aBHcHMoCTb TOKa Hacblw.eHHH CTeHoliHOH KaMepbl
OT 3HeprHH perHCTpHpyeMoro y-H3JIY'leHHH (XO,ll. C }l{eCTKocTblO)
PacCMOTpH\1 neo6XO,lI,IIMLle YCJIOBH5I ,lI,.15I H3\1epCH!I5I "IOI..LI.HOCTH 3Kcno-
3HI HOHIIOH l 03bl P l;r no 3IIalienHIO TOKa lIaCbII..LI.eHHa il( B cTeHollIIoH Ka-
Mepe.
.l1.onYCTII:>I, liTO B03,iJ,YX B MeCTC pacnOJIOJKCHIIH CTCIiOllHOl1 KaMepbl lIa-
XO)J.HTC5I IIPH 1I0pMaJILIIblX YCJIOBmlX H 06.1YllaerCH KOJIJIlIMHpOBaHHhIM
nYliKOM Y-1I3JIYlleHHH C HHTeHCHI3HOCTbIO 10 (BT/M 2 ). ECJIIi B ,lI,aHHOM 061>eMC
B03,lI,yxa C03,lI,a1lO 3JICKTpOHHoe paI3HOBCCHe, TO MOU HOrTb 3KCII03HlLHOHHOH
,lI,03hI PaRC [KJI/ (Kr . c)l OIlpe,lI,eJlHeTC5I no cpop:-.rYJIe
Pal;c = 10 f1 e/(ePn)' (4.8)
f,lI,e f1 - mmCHHbIH K03cpcpHlLHeHT ncpclJ,allIl 3HeprHH ,lI,.15I B03,lI,yxa. Be-
JlHlIHHa fl.rr 5IBJIHeTC5I KOJIHlIeCTBeHHOH xapaKTepHCTHKoH IIpOlLecca npe06-
pa30BaHHH 311epnm E'V lIepBW.J:HhIX Y-KBaHToB 13 KHHeTHlIccKYIO 311eprHIO
BTOPW.J:HbIX 3.1eKTpoHoB. .MHO)KHTC.1b e/(I'p II) HeOOXO,iJ,HM .11:.151 nepeBO,lI,a MOru.-
HOCTH 3Kcn03HlLHOHHOH ,lI,03LI H3 e.J;HIIHlL BT/:>I 3 B K.rr/ (KI' . c).
EC.1H B CTeHKe KaMepbl TaK)KC C03l\,aIlO 3JICKTpOlllIOC paBiIOBecrre, TO
MOllLHOCTb IIOI'JlOI..LI.eIIHOH lJ,03bI b B 1 M: J crelIKH onpc.n;eJI5IeTC5I 110 cpop:-.rYJle,
alIaJIOrH1.J:HOH (4,8),
D --= 10 fl.;,
(4.9)
f,lI,e fl.; - JIHHeHHbIH K03cpcp H lL H eHT nepe,lI,aT.J:H 3HepnUf ,lI,JlH MarepHa.'1a
CTellKI1 C aTO.\1HhIM HO.\1epo:-.r Z.
TaKH.\1 06pa30M, npH 3JIeKTpOlIHOM paBIIoBecHH B B03l\,yxe, r,lI,e HaXQ-
,lI,HTC5I Ka.\1epa, H Bee. CTeHKC 1I0JIYlIac:-.r C.1elJ,YI01lLYIO B3aHMOCB5I3b Me)K,lI,Y
BeJlHT.J:HHa.\1H PaRC If D Ha OCIIOBalIHII cpop:-.rYJI (4.8) H (4.9):
--.!L /1;
PaHC
/l
e
(4.10)
DOJ1.CTan.l5I5I B ljJOp:-.rY.1Y (4.10) 3HaT.J:CIIHe b 113 (4.7), nOJIYT.J:aCM BbIpa-
)KeHHC ,iJ,.15I OTIIOllleIlH5I i"l P anc, KOTOpOC lIa3blBaeTC5I lIYBCTBHTe.rr LIIOCThlO
CTeHOT.J:HOH KaMepLI no MOI..LI.HOCTH ,lI,03LI:
ill __ 'l Sn V
p- -- - Pr. . (4.11)
aHC II Sz
.l1.030Baa T.J:YBcTBHTeJIbHOCTb KaMepbI C lIeB03,lI,yx03KBIIBa.rreIITIIOH CTCII-
KOH (Z;q, =1= Z q,) 3aBHCHT OT 3IICprHH E y pefIlCTpHpyeMoro Y-H3JIYllcmI5I.
3Ta 3aBHCHMOCTL (xo,lI, C :lKeCTKOcTbIO) )J}I5I KaMepLI C aJIIOMHHHeBOH
(Zc 13) creHKoH TOJIllLHIIOii 4 .10 3 :\1 npm3el ella I1a pllC. 4.5. DpH
61
i/PJI1..
OmH,eO,
J
PIIC 45 3aIJIICH\10CTh ,lI,030IJoii 'IYBCT81t-
TC.1I,IIUCTI! OT ';IICpntll E .1.lH IIUIIIIJaI.\H-
OllllOll KaMepbl C J,I!O HHHeBoll C reHKoH
TOJlUl,IIHOii 4.10- 3 M
2
E.." < 0,2 M3B .n.OJOB3H QYBCTBl1TeJIb-
1 - HOCTb Jl,aHllOii KaMepbI B03paCTaeT C
Y\-leHbUlCHHCM E r BCJIejlCTI3IIe YBeJIH-
z, n
-L. ----L.._ lleHlIH OTIIOIIleHHH /1",' /1", npOXO) HT
a 0,1 0,2 0,3 EJ',M3B llcpe3 ,\1aKCHMYM npH E y -0- 60 K3B
\I .n.a.'1ee lIa.aaeT IB-3a nor.10u errHH
IHI3JIYllellH5I B CTCIIKC, He )'llHfhIBaCMoro cpop 1Y.'1oii (4.11). ::JHefJI'eflj4CC-
KaH 3aBHCHMOCTb .n.o3013oii 4YBCT13I1Te.lblloCTB 0'1 cyn:T13ye !', CCJIB CTeliKa
KaMepbI BbInOJIHeHa H3 B03.n.yx03KBHBaJIeHTIIOrO Bew,eCTBa (Z <p -=- Z <I»'
B 3TOM CJIY4ae ,n:030BaH llYBCTBHTCJIbHOCTb orrpe.n.eJI5JeTC5I 110 <PoPMYJIe
iUIP,,:C=Pu V .
( 4.12)
CJIe)J,OBaTeJIbHO, KaMepbI C B03.n.yxo3KBlmaJIeHTHbI\1H CTCIIKa',1H n03BOJI5IIOT
onpe)J,eJIHTb MOlII,HOCTb 3Kcno31i1 HoHIIOH )J,03bI P HC I1C'3aBHCHMO OT 9Hep-
rI:m ,\,-H3JIY4eIlH5I no cpopMYJIe
PsJlc=i"/p"V, (4.13)
KOTopaH ana.'10rHQIla CPOPMYJIC (4.6) ;1J151 6eccTeIlo4HoH B03)J,YXo3KBHBa-
JIeHTrrOH Ka\1epbI.
4. t .6. ra30pa3pS1)1,Hble C'IeT4HKH
I1MnYJIbCIlaH HOHH3aJIHOHIIaH KaMepa, HCnOJIh3YI01I aH ra30BOC YCH-
JIeHHe nepBH4HoH HOHH3aIUlH, c03,J,allHoH 3ap5lIKelIHOii 4anHIleii 13 4YBCT-
BHTeJIb1l0M 06'LeMe, Ha3hIBaeTCH cQ30pa3p}{OHbIM cIJemlJUJWJI.
l1epBHlIHa51 HOHH3au,IHI H3\1epHeTCH no m1nJ1l1TY,J,e Il'vwY.'1hca A 11 13 00-
JIaCTH Hacblw,eIlH5! (pHC. 4.6), r.n.e 3Ha4CHHe A" He 3aBHCHT OT rranpH:tKellHH
U Ha 3JIeKTpO)J,ax .n.eTCKTopa. 3HallClllie 11 II onpe,iJ;eJIHeTCH TO.1bKO 4HCJIOM
nap 1l0HOB, KOTopbIe 06pa3YIOTCH 3apHIKeHIlOH lJaCTHu.eH B 4YBCTBHTe.lb-
HOM 06'be!\1e. TaKHM 06pa30M, aMnJlliTy.u,a HMTlY.'1bCa B 06JIaCTH IIaCblw,e-
HHH npOnOpu.HOlIaJJblla nepBHllHOH HOHH3au.HH, T, c. 311CpI'HH 3apH)f{eHlIOH
4aCTIlu.bI, IIOI'JIOlII,CIIHOH B llYBCTBHTC.lbIlOM 06'bCMC. II03ToMY 3IIalleHHe
An )J,JIH a-4aCTIlU ropa3,Z1,0 OOJIbIJle, lleM ) J151 B-llacTHu. (11 IIa > A lljj ).
B npOnOpu.HoHaJIbHOH 06JIaCTIl aMn.TfHTy,'{a HMIIYJIhCa 11 B03paCTaeT
npH YBeJIHlJellHH U 3a ClieT ra30BOl'0 YCIJJIeHl-l51 B npou:ecce Y.LlapHOH HOHH-
3aU.HH. MHoroKpaTiroe IIOI3TOpeWie aKTOI3 y,n:apllOH HOIIH3alll-IJ.i npe,n:CTaB-
JIHeT C060H JlecaMocrr05lTe.'1hHbIH .'laBHIIHbIH pa3p5l)T" KOTOpbJH flpeKpalI.ja-
eTCH npll c06HpaHHH 3apH,ZI,OB Ha 3JIeKTpOJI,aX,
CYMMa nepBH4110H HOHH3aUHH, BhI3BaIlHOI"i 3apHIKCHHOH 4aCTllu.eH, If
BTOp!fllHOH HOH»3anHH, B03HHKalOw,eH B pa3pH;le, Ha3blBaCTC51 nOJilIOH !f0-
HH3aUlfeH, KOTopaH onpe).\eJI5IeT 3l1alfelillC' A. B IIponopu.HollaJIbllOH 06-
JIaCTH I10JJHaH HOHH3au.lf51 npoIlop1iHoHa.1bHa nepBHllHoH, T. e. 3HaliellHe
A nporropIIIlOHaJIbHO A II' CJIe,Zl,oBaTeJlhIlO, npOIlOpu.HollaJIbllhli-i ClleTllHK
62
.4,6
ra31ldoc YCUI1CHUe
I..
flponOpquoHa.l1!JHJIi OO.l1UCmb OiJpaHU'{CHHOD
OO/laCmb nponopquoHU.I1bHOCmll
Obllacmb / DtMacmb DO/laCmb
llOHUJaqUOHI/(ii1 KOMCpb _ Tctiet:plI Htiflpepblt!HblX pIIJpRiJOt!
'1 >'1 <: raJoOOC YCll/lt:HUt:
r----- --r--
I I
IlIcCIUfOCmOflmC/lb-1
I fiblil elIJotlblii I
pa3pflO
l/O/lIlCnlb
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COfofoCmOllmC/lbfibli1
i:aJot!blU plIJPfliJ
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PHC. 4,6 3a!JHcHMOCTh :JMnJlHTY,lI,bI H\lnY,lhca 11 OT Hanp5DKelll!51 U .D:JJiI pa3JJIIQHblX
pe)l{HMOB pa60Tbi HMlly.1bClloro lJOllH3<JI.\HOIIHOIO .a:ereKTopa
MOJKHO npl1 H'1I5ITb ..'I,.'HI 113\1CpC'lIl151 3l1eprl1H' 3ap5IJKC'lIl1b1X lIacTHIL, norJIO
IlI,eHHOH B IJ.YBCT13I!TCJILII0"l1 o6'LeMe, Y BeJIHlIC'I1 He lII1C.'Ja 3ap5I,a:OB, co6paH-
IIblX Ha .3JICKTpO;1ax, xapaKTcpH3yeTC5I KO.3qxpHILHelfTOM ra30Boro YCI1JIe-
HH5I, KOTOpLI i1 onpe,n:eJI5ICTCH OTlfOllleHHCM A/A II' K03qxpHlLHeHT ra3080ro
YCHJIelll151 IIponopILIfOHaJlbllOrO ClieTtIHKa HC 3aBHCHT OT nepBHlIHoH HOHH-
3alLHH.
I1pH ,aaJIblfeHlUeM YBe"'lHlIelllfH Jlanp5IJKellHH Ha ClieTlIHKe KO.3qxpHlLH-
eHT ra30130rO YCH.'leHIIH CYIlI,CCTBeHHO B03paCTaCT J.f HallHHaeT 3a13HCeTb OT
nepBHlIHoii IfOHII3aUHlI. 3TOT JLllalla30H lIanp5IJKCIII1H Ha3bIBaeTC5I 06JIaCTbIO
orpaHHlIelllloH IIponopIlHOllaJI bHOCTl1. B ,aaHlloH 06JlacTH npoHcxo,n:HT
c6JII1JKeJll1e KpHBLIX, COOTBeTCTBYIOIlI,IIX pa311LIM 311alleHHHM nepBHlIHoH
HOHJ.f3aUHn. JlaJIee HallHJlaeTCH o6.'laCTb feHrepa, B KOTOpOH aMIIJIHTy,n:a
HMllYJILCa 3aBHcnT TO"'1hKO OT JlanpHJKell115I. I1pn 3aJI,aH/lOM U I3ce HMnYJIb-
Cb/ He3aBlICH\fO OT BltjLa 3apmKeHllbiX lI3CTI1IL 11 c03,n:aBaeMoH I1MH UepBIIIJ.-
HOH HOHH3aIU1H ItMCIOT o,aHllaKOI3YIO nCJIHlIHHY. Pa3pHJI, B 06,1acTH feiire-
pa HBJI5ICTCH CaMOCT05lTeJIbHblM, 1I0CK0J1LKY 011 npOJIOJIJKaeTCH npH npeK-
paULeJlHH 06JIYQCIIH5I ClICT'IIIKa HOI!1I3I1PYIOIJ HM H3JIYQeIlHeM. LlJIH Toro
1J.T06bl BLI3BaTL pa3pH}L. ;LOCTaTOllIlO 1l05IBJICIIHH B QYBCTBllTeJIbHOM 06'beMe
o,n:Horo 3JIeKTpOlla, ra30pa3pHdHbIL' iJcmel\mOpb/, pa6ommoU{ue (] o6,wcmu
caMocmoHmeAbH020 pa3pflda, Ha3b/(]QfOmCJl Ctlem'lUKaMU r eU2epa-M IOAAepa.
3a 06J1acTbIO fCHrepa pa3p5!JI CTalI013ItTC5I lIenpepblBHblM, T, e. YJKe He
Bb/3blBaeTCH HOHI!3alLH CH. B .3TOIf 06J1aCTH lIenpepblBllblX pa3p5l,n:OB CtIeT-
tIHK HenpHro,n:eH .lI..15! perHCTpaUlIII 1!3JIYQeIlHH.
PaCCMOTpml VlcxaHH3M pa3BIITliH pa3p5I.lI.a B HcnO.1b3yeMblx na npaK-
THKe nponoplLilOIIa.lbH 0i1 II rCHrepOBCKoii OOJIaCT5IX.
P3
4.1.7. Pa3BHTHe pa3pH,lI.a B nponopll.HoHaJlbHOM C'IeT'IHKe
ra30pa3p5I,lI.Hble ClIeTT.J:HKH HMelOT KOaKCHaJIbHhle ':>7IeKTpO;(bI C I1apYjJ{-
I1bIM 3a3eMJleHHbIM UHJlHII,lI.pHT.J:eCKHM KaTO,ll.OM 2 H BHYTpeHHHM alIOJl,OM 1
MaJIOrO pa,iJ,Hyca (pIIC. 4.7). npHMeIleIlHe TaKoH KOHqmrypaI HH rr03BOJIHeT
cym.ecTBeHIIo CIIH3HTb Hanp5IjJ{eHHe I1aT.J:aJla 06.1acTH rrponOpUl10HaJIbHO-
CTH no cpaBIIeHHlo C 1IJ10CKOIlapaJIJIe,'1bIlbl\ll1 3.1eKTpO)(aMH. AHO,ll. MaJIOrO
pa,ll.Hyca Ta (MHIII1MaJibIIOe 3HaT.J:elIHe Ta -- 80 MKM) Ha3hIl3aerC5I HHThlO If
CJlYJKI1T C0611p3l0III.HM 3.1eKTp0,ll.oM. JIIaQeIIJ1C E B03paCTaeT npH ,lI.BHJKCHHII
3J1eKTpOIla K aHo,ll.Y. 4eM MeHhille Tn, TCM 60.'1bIlle narrp5DKeHHOCTh nOJIH
y rrOBepXHOCTlI aHO,ll.a. B 06.1aCTH rrpOrrOpIIHOllaJlhHOCTH aHO,n: OKpYjJ{eH
301IOH YJI,apHOH 110HH3aI HII, pa.'!HYC KOTOpOH B03paCTaeT C YBeJ1HT.J:CHIIeM
narrpHJKeHH5I U. B 3Toil 30He 3.1eKTpOH I1a A.'1HHe CI3000,ll.IIOrO rrp06era
rrpl100peTaCT B 3.'1eKTpHT.J:eCKOM none KHHeTHT.J:CcKyro 3HeprHlO, AOCTaTOT.J:HYIO
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06J1aCTH rrponopILHona.lbIIOCTH pa;I.uyc 30IlbI y)(apnOH HOHI13aILHH IIpeBhI-
m'CT p'A"yc .IIOA' "' )1-'UIlY coo60;\IIoro IIp06era 3.,CKTpOlla, KOTopall
npl1 ) aBJleIlHH ra::w, paBHQ.\;! 1,3 . 1O lla, COCTaB.'15IeT 10 MKM.
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HOM YBeJ!HlIeHHfI T.J:l1c.rIa 3JICKTpOH0I3 T.J:HCJlO rrap HOHOB B JIamme, KOTopoe
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COCpe,ll.OTOT.J:eIlO B OT.J:CHb TOIlKOM c.rIoe, npHMhIK3!Om.e',1 K nOBcpxIlOCTH HH-
TH, K03qxpIfIorcIIT ra30Boro YCH.leIlHH CT.J:CT4IfKa, a T3KiKe aMrr.'1IITYJJ:a H
cpopMa IIM!1)'JlhCa He 3aBIIC5IT OT Mecra B03II!IKIIOBeIlH5I IICp13HT.J:1I0ii 1101111-
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paGoTaeT B OOJlaCTI1 I1aCbrU CHIiH rrpH I1arrpHjJ{CHHOCTI1 IIOJlH E, lIe,ll.OCTa-
TOT.J:nOH ,lI.JIH y,n:apHOH IIOHH3aILmi.
AMII.'1I1TYJJ:a A IIlYllIYJlbCa 3aI3IJCHT OT 411CJla nap IIOIIOB, c06pal!I!bIX na
3JIeKTpO,1,aX, II IIpUI!OpILlloIla.lhHa lIepBIIQIlOH 1101I113aILIIII. T. c. 31!CprIlIl
3ap5IjJ{cHllOii, T.J:aCTlIUhl, 11 0 r.1J om.c I! I 1011 B T.J:YBcTI3IlTeJIbHO:vl OO'beMc.
<PopMa HMI!YJIbCa onpe.lIc.1HcrcH c06HpaHHeM Ha KaTO)1,e CT.J:eTT.J:HKa nOJl0-
nmTC.'1bI!hIX HOJIOB, KOTophle 06pa30BaJlHCb B JIaBllHe. BpeMH c06HpaHI1H
HaXO,iI,5IT 110 CKOpOCTH ,'IpefIcpa 110HOB B 3JIeKTpHT.J:eCKOM nOJle: OlIO COCTaB-
JIHeT HeCKOJlhKO MII,IJ.1HCCKYII.'!. ,11pellQ1 1I0H013 He BJlHHeT na H3MeHeHI1e
3J1CKTpIlT.J:CCIWrO no.'151 I3 30lle Y,J,apHOH JlOHH3aILHH. 110 )T0 IY B npo op-
ILllolla.lbHoM CT.J:eTT.J:HKe MorYT B0311HKaTb I1MnYJlbCbl OT .'IaBHII, pa3BIIBalO-
64
llI,HXC5I IIC3aBHCHMO B HerrOCpe)1,CTBeIIHOII OJIII30CTH .il.pyr OT Apyra. A rrJIH-
TY,lI.a HMrry. hC(JB OT a- 1 IaCTIIIl, 3lfa1JIITe.1LIf0 BbIlIIC, 'Ie OT -'IaCTHIl, (CM.
plfC. 4.6), II03TOMY rrpolIopl lIolfa.1hIIblii C'IeT'IHK MO>KeT perHCTpIlpOBaTb
a-1JaCnfl hI IIPH 3Ha'IHTC,1bIl0\1 tpolle -'IaCTJ!I .
4.1.8. MexaHH3M pa3BHTHSI pa3pSl,ll.a B C'ICT'tHKe
reHrepa-MIOJIJIepa
B npOrrOpIl,HOIIa,1hlfO\l C1JCT'IIIKC .1;mIlIW pa::nmnaeTcH IfcprrellAHKY-
JI5IpHO I1HTIf n HallpaB.lcHHIl CII.'IOBbIX .1HIIIII1 3.1cKTpH'IeCKOrO rrO.lIH. DpH
nepexo,ll.e B oo.'IaCTb orpam-r'ICIIIIOH IIpOrrOpIl,IIOHa.'IhHOCTII npOHCXO,ll.HT
nOCTeneHIIoe pacnpoCTpaHeHHc JIaBHHhI B.i{O.'IL IIHTH. B HQi/O..1e o6/lacmu
ret1 epa pa3pJla cmaH06UmCJl ca tOCm()JlmeAbHbl.11 u 3Q,'(()ambl6aem 6eCb aHoo
ct{£mtf.UKa.
)J.JI5I BblHCHeHHH lip HIJII Hhr 3Toro HBJleHII5I IIe06xo,'l,HMO YIJeCTb I1pO-
Il,eccbI B036Y>K,lI.CHHH aTOMOB ra:w 3.1eKTpoHHbIM Y.il.apOM B MeCTe pa3BIITHH
rrepBH'IHOII J'IaBHHLI. B030Y>KJ;CHHbIC aTO\lbl ra3a Mory r B03Bpaw;anC5I B
OCIIOBHoe COCT05UlHC H3JIyqaTeJILIIhIM rrepexoJ,o , HcnycKa5I cpoToIlbr-
KBaHTbr 3.'IeKTpO\farlIIITHOro H3JIYQeHH5I. 3HeprHH cpoToIla, paBHa51 rrOTell-
lLl1aJ1Y B036Y>K;reIlIl5l. )rJI5I aTO\Ja Ar COnaBJIHer 11.6 3B H .i{OCTaTO'lHa ,lI..1H
BblpbmamuI cpOT<H.'IeKTpOl!a IU KaTOJ;a IIPH I10r.'IOw;eIlIIH cpoTolla. <POTO-
3JIt:KTpOl!hr, ,lI.BHra5lCh n 3.1eKTpHl£ecKoM 1I0.'IC 'IYBcTI3HTe,'ILHOrO 06'heMa K
aHo,ll.Y, BCTynalOT B 06JIaCTb y)1,apHoH I10IlII3aIl,HH, r;Ie (03)1,a1OT BTOpH'IHbrC
JIaBHllhI. BTOpll'IHbIe .1anHHbl TaK>Ke HBJ1HIOTCH IICTO'IlIHKO cpoTOI!HOrO
Jl3JIYQeHH5I, KOTopoe npH nor.l0IIl,eIlHJI Ila KaTO,'[e npIlBOi[IIT K 06pa30BaHHIO
HOBblX cpOT03JICKTpOIlOB, TaK>KC C03;ralOW;HX JIaBIIHbI B6JIH3H HHTH. MHo-
rOKpaTHoe rroBToperIHe ,'[aHlloii noc.le;J.OBaTe.'1hHOCTH IfpOIreccoB (H3.'IYQe-
l!He cpoToHa - BLlpLIBaHJlC cpoT03JIeKTpOHa - B03HHKH013el!He .'1anHIIbI)
npHBO,ll.HT K pacnpocTpalleIIIIIO pa3pH,'I,a eHee 'leM 3a 10- 6 CliO Bcell ,lI..1HHe
aHOll.a. )J.JIH I3blpbIBaHJl5I O;rHoro cpOTO:1.1eKTpOHa He06xoJ;HMO B cpeJ,HeM
10 4 cpOTOHOB, rr03TO Y cpOTOHIiOC 1f3.'1YQeIIHC .'1aBHHhI n rrponopHIlOHaJIbHOH
06JIaCTH HC BblphIBaeT cpOT03.lICKTPOllbl H3 KaTO,ll.a. 3,leKTpOHhI H3 30HbI
Y,lI.apHOH HOIIH3aLLHH B TC'ICHHe 10- 8 C c06HpalOTCH lIa II 11TH. 3a 3TO BpeMH
nOJIO>KHTeJlbHbIe HOHhl, KOTophle 06pa30Ba.1I1ICb B 3TOH >Ke 30IIC, He ycne-
BalOT nepeMeCTHTbC5I K KaTO,1)' H3-3a MeHbilleH CKOpOCTl1 .il.peifcpa. DpOCT-
paHcmeHHhlH 3apH,lI. nO,10>KHTCJIbllbIX HOHOB, 3KpaHHpYIOIll.HX HlfTb, Ha-
3bIBaeTCH «UOHHbl.M 'ieX/lO,11». J.10IIHhIH 'leXO.l 06pbIBaeT pa3pH,iJ., CIIH>KaH
HarrpH>KeHHOCTL 3.'lcKTpH'leCKOrO nOJIH B6.1I13H IIHTH )rO 311a'IeHHif, npH
KOTOpblX HC :-lO>KeT "POHCXO;IHTb Y,lI.apll3H 1I0IIIf3aIl,I!H, B pe3YJIbTaTe 3K-
pallHpoBalIHH III IT If JlOlIlIhI:\f 1JeX.10\f C'ICT'IlfI, CTalIOBIfTCH nC'lYBcTBHTe.'Ib-
IIhlM K ) eiiCTBHIO If 011 113H PYIOlIl,CrO IfJ.1Y'ICIIIIH. IlO:loiKIITe.rIhlIble IfOHbl ,lI.BH-
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III IT II , creKalOT 110 Harp)'304HO\f)' pCJI!CTOPy If CIIII>KaIOT lIanpH)KeIIlfC IIa
C'leT41I Kt'. HalIpH>KCIIJIC BOCel all aBJIIl13aeTC5I npl! 3apHlI.Ke 01' HCT01JIIIfKa
mlTalIlIH 31<13l:!BaJleIITHoii C\1KOCTIf C 4CpC3 lIarpY30'IHhIH pe3HCTOp R (c .
pHC. 4.7), J.1HTcpBa.'I npeMell1f OT 1I10\1eHTa B0111HKIIOBeHHH nepBlI'IHOH
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BpeMeHe\1 C'ICTLIIIKa, B TC'IeHilC \lepTBOrO Bpe\1eHl! (OKO.'10 1O- c) C'IeT'IIfK
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3 jdK !I Ij')
BIITC.'lbHOM 061,c:Yle 110;1. ,J,CHCTI3IIe 1 113.1Y4elll15I. C1C.n:YIOIl1.Uii BpeMeHH0I1 1111-
TepBaJI, B IWTOpOM lIanpfliKeHue B03paCTaeT OT U r )1,O lla4aJIbHorO U o ,
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3YIOTC5I, npeBpall1.a5lCb B I3036YM,n:ellllble aTOMbI. 3l1eprli5I B036Y)f{.iI:eHH5I
paBlla pa3HOCTil 3Ha4ellllH nOTeHI HaJIa 1l0Hli3alLHH (E j = 15,73B) H pa-
60TbI BbIXO,lI,a If 3.'leKTpOlla 113 KaTO.ll.a (cp =- 5 3B). H3JIYT.J:aTeJIbHbIH nepe-
XO.ll. B036Y)f{JI,ellllOro aTO\la B OCHOBlloe COCT05IHI!e npnI3O.ll.liT K ncnYCKa-
111110 cpoToHa C 3Hepmeii E i - (p. EC.l11 3Hepru5I cpoToHa 60JIbille pa60ThI
BbIX0.iI:a (E i - cp> q', I1JI!! E i > 2cp), TO I303MO)f{1I0 BbIpbIBaHHe cpoTO-
3JIeKTpOHa 113 KaTO.ll.a.
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HblH cpOT03JIeKTpOil Bbl30BeT pa3p5l,lI,. TaKliM 06pa30M, nputf.WWU caMonoO-
()epaICU8aIiU51 pa3pH()a f!8AJwmC5l 803liUKli06elille rjJom09AeKmpOIi08 npu no-
ZAoU{eIiUU KamoOo.M rjJomoHOO, u3AyweMbLX 8036YaIC()eIiHbIMU amOMaMU npu
nepexoOax (J OCli08Hoe cocmOJlIiue nOCAe HeumpaAU3a/1UU UOH08 y n08epxHO-
cmu Kamri)a.
B 3TliX yCJIOI3li5I X liOH!!3l1pYlOll1.ee li3JIY4eHliC 3anYCKaeT pa3p5l)1" KO-
TOpblH npO.ll.OJIMaeTC5I !! nOCJIe npeKpaU eHH5I )1,eikTBlUI H3JIY4eHHH. TaKoH
pa3pH.lI., Ha3b!Bac tbIH caMOCT05ITe.'1bHhl , lIenp!!rO.ll.ell .lI.JI5I perucTpalLH!!
113JIYT.J:eHII5I.
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)f{IITe.'1hllbIX II0BOB H3 KaTO:J,e.
)J.JI5I railleHII5I C3MOCT05lTe:lhlloro pa3p5I) a HeOOXO.ll.IIMO, 4T06hT IIpll
lIeiiTpa.'1113alLlili nO.'10mIlTeJ1hllbIX 1I0ll0B Ha K3TO.iI:e lIanpHMeTlHe U Ohl.l0
fliellbllle lIa4a.lblloro H3npHmellllH o6. 1 IaCTH feiirepa. Tor,lI,a cpOT03JIeKTpO-
IIbl, KOTOpblC B03l1HKalOT npJ.1 Hdhpa,'1H3alLl1li, He CMorYT 3anYCTliTh ca lO-
CT05ITe.lbHhIH pa3pfl;J,. 3Ty 3a.n:a4Y BbInOJIII5IeT racm.lLflii pe3HCTOp 60.1h-
llIoro HOMJ.1l1aJIa (nOp}j,lI,Ka 10 9 OM), YBe.1HT.J:liBaIOIl1.HH BpeM5I BOCCTaHOBJIe-
HH5I HaTlp5I)f{eHliH 'C4eT4liKa AO 10- 2 C.
O;J,HaKo .lI.3HIlblH cnoc06 ramCHli5I pa3p5I.lI.a cYll1.eCTBeHllo YXY.ll.llIaeT
ObIcTpo).!,eiicTBHe CT.J:eT4I1Ka, IIo3To\fY B JlaCT05lll1.ee BpeM5I .lI.JI5I 3TOH lLe,llI
npliMeH5IIOT raC5IU He .lI.06aBKH napoB 3TliJIOBOrO cnlipTa (C 2 H o OH) H.'lH
raJIOreHOB (C1 2 , Br2' 1 2 ), Ilpli 06pbIBC pa3p5l.ll.a MOJICKYJIhI C 2 H 5 0H pa3-
pywalOTC5I, 4TO orpaHli411BaCT CpOK CJIYMObl C4eT'II1IWI3 co Cn!lpTOl3hlM ca-
MoraweHlleM, IIMeloll IIX BblCOKoe I13!1pH)f{elllle I1a4aJl3 C4eTa (BbIUle 800 B).
C4eT4HKli C raUlelllle t pa3p5l) a .lI.OOaBKaMH ra.'10reHOB He HMelOT YKa3alI-
HblX He.ll.OCTaTKOB II 1l03TOMY !IpH\1eH5IIOTC5I B .lI.03II:vteTpl!4eCKliX II pa-
.!lliOMerpHT.J:eCKHX npH60pax.
4.1.9. MexaHH3M o6pblBa pa3pH,II.a B raJIOreHOBOM C'IeT'IHKe
OCHOBIIhJ\1 1'330\1 B ra:JOI ellOl3hlX Clfe1"lll Kax HI3. fleTCH IICOII, K KOTOPO-
!y ,lI,06aB,lHCTC5I 0,1 11 ,', aprOHa :VJ5I CHllMeHllH pa6olfero H3npH)f{eHliH ,lI,O
200-400 B. r CHll1.eH ) 06aBKOrr C:IYMl:!T I1C3IIa4I1TeJlbIlOe KO.1114eCTI30
(0,1 %) Mo.le l ra.l0rellOB, Dpe.!ln04TliTe.lbIIee npllMeHeHlie 6poMa, TaK
KaK OIl Xli m4eCKH l\IeHCe aKTIIBeH, 4eM X.l0p, 1'1 li !eeT 6o,lbIIlee .u.aBJleliHe
napOB, 4e!\-! liO.ll.,
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DOCKOJIbKY nOTeHlU!a.l ltOJIH3alJ:I'IH E i MOJIeKy.'IbI Br2 (E i =-0 12,8 3B)
MeHbIlIe, tIeM aTOMOB Ne (E i = 21,5 3B), lIa KaTO} e r8.10reHOBoro CtIeTtIHKa
HeHTpaJ1H3YIOTCH HOHII311pOBaHHhie ,\IOJleKy.lbl raC'fllJ ell ,lI,06aBKH, B 3TOM
cJ!YtIae 1J0BepXHocTb KUTO;.(8 npe/ Bapll1c.l LIIO 06paGa IblBaen:5I ,lI,.lH YBeJIII-
tIeHH5I pa60Thi BbIXO,lI,a qJ 3JleKTpOIJa (<p > 6,5 3B). 3HeprHH, BbI,lI,e.l5IlOIII.aH-
CH npl! lIeihpa.1H3aUIIH HOHH3HpOBaHHhiX Mo.leKy.l Br2 Ha KaTO,lI,e C BblCO-
KHM 3HaqellllCM q), He} OCraTotIHa }T,.15I BblpbiBaHIfH <poT03.'1eKTpOlla (E i <
< 2qJ). H n03fOMY pa3pH,lI, raCI1TC'5I. I Jpl1 06phIBC pa3pH}(a no }(aHHO\1Y cno-
c06y MOJIeKy.lbl Brz He pa3pYUla!OTCH, n03TO IY ra:lorCIiOBblH C4eT1JHK I1Me-
eT IIpaKTIfTleCKIl I1eOrpaIl114CHHI,I!"1 CpOK l',lYIKObl.
4.1.10. C'leTHaSi xapaKTepHCTHKa
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YCHJIHTe.'!H 06LI 1 III0 COOTBcTcmycT Ha4a.1Y 06JIaCTH fci\repa U r , n03ToMY
HMnYJIbCbl C a:.fIlJIHTY,lI,OH MelILllle 11 r lIe nOna,lT,alOT IIa nepCC1JeTHOe YCT-
pOHCTBO. l.J I1C.l0 I1MnY.'ILcoB, 3aperHCTpHpoBaHIILlx 3a 1 c, Ha3bIllaeTCH CKO-
pOCTb!O C4eTa Il (HMn/c), 3aBI1CHMOCTb CKOpOCTH CyeTa /l 01' HanpmKeHHH U
Ha CtIeT1J.I1Ke feHrepa -- M!OJIJIepa npH nocToHHIIOH HIITeHCHBHOCTH H3JIY-
qeHHH HBJIHeTC5I c'leTHoH xapaKTepHCTI1KOH ra30pa3p5I,lI,lIorO ,lI,eTeKTopa
(pHC. 4,8). C4eTHaH xapaKTeplfCTI1Ka - 3TO mnerpa.'!bIIaH KpHBaH, n KaiK-
,lI,oA T04Ke KOTOpOH perucTpl1pY!OTC5I Bce HMny.lbcbl C aMn.1HTY,lI,OH, I1peBbl-
1lI a !OIII.C II 8IIa'ieIll1e ,11 r. B IIaYa.1LIIoII 'laCTIl 1 c4eTHoH xapaKTepHcTHKII
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nJIaTO 2 (pa60 t laH 06.1aCTb CIfCTYHKa). fOpIl30HTa.'!bHLIJ1 Y4acToK 2 C'leTHOH
xapaKTepHcTIIKIl MO)f{eT 6hlTb 110.lytICH npH no.1HoH .'HiKBH,lI,aI(HH IJOc.lepa3-
p5I,lI,OB, KOTopble I1pJlBO,lI,51T K 06pa30BaIIH!O .10)f{IIbIX I1:.fny.lbcoB. B 3TOM
c.1YQae CKOpOCTL C4eTa He 3aBI!CIIT 01' lIanp5I)f{CI!IIH, TaK KaK OHa paBHa no-
CTOHHIIOH CKOpOCTJI 06p330BaHII H nCpBII'11IbIX IIOHll1Cll\II11 B 4YBCTmlTe.lb-
110M 06'beMe CYC1YIIKa,
J10iKHble II\IIIY:I bCLI nOHB.'IHIOTCH 3Cl C'IeT npll,11If1a1l115I 3.1CKTpOHOB K
MO.leKy.la 1 ra:lore1l0!J, 06paJOB3BUllllfl'H OTplll(a re.l L1Ih1l1 1I0H ,IT,BII)f{eTC'H
K HI1TH II 1I0,i.\XO;(IIT K OG:[(1Clll y; aplloii IIOHII3al11111 B \10\1eIlT lIel'iTpa.1H3a-
UHH nO.'IOiKI11CJlbHL1X 11011013, Kor.J,a IIanp5IlKeHIIC IIa aHO,lI,e 1I0.1110rTb!O BOC-
CTaHOBH.l0Cb, 3.1eKTpOH, nOTep51llllhlH OTpllIlaTe:lhHhll>l 110110\1 13 06.1aCT1I
Y,lI,apHOH HOHH3al(liII, IIP1l130j\l1T K 1I0HB" eJllII0 IIOC:lepa8pHJT.a, KOTOphIH II
cpopMHpyeT :IO)f{lIblH H\oIIlYJlbC, 3a 06:laCTbfO 1I.1aTO paCIIO.10)f{CH Hepa60-
4HH Y4acToK 3, B KOTOpOM 4HC,10 .10)f{HbIX Hwny.lbCOB 6blCTPO yneJIHtIHBa-
eTCH C pOCTOM HanpHiKeHHH, II B C1JeT4I1Ke B0311HKaeT IIt'npepblBHblH pa3-
pH,lI" He nO)IJI.a!OIII.flika raWeJII110
3* 67
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KBamCB. IICC!\C,ILKY Jlor.1cu elllle 1'-113.'1)''1('111151 ra:'>OM, HaIl0.11UII01l m14YB-
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B1'Opli4HhiH 3.1eK'1 pOll BbI,"le1'aeT B '1YBC1 BlI1'eJlblIblH 06'he:\1 11 06pa3yeT lIep-
BIl'1IlYIO HOlI!l3aUI11O, KO'IOpaH 3allYCKacl' pa3pH;1;,
3cpq;CK1'HBIIOCTh peHICTpaIUIH 11 onpC,il,c.1HeTC51 OTlIOIlleHHeM 4HCJJa 3ape-
rHCTpllp013alIllblx Y-KBaHToB !< 4I1C,lY naJLaIOIlI.!1X lIa C'leT4HK, IIOCKOJIb:<Y
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11 = [/ 0 - I (x)]/I o , (4.14)
me 10 - !I 111 eHCH13HOC'Jh 113:IY4eHIi 51, 1I3J1,aJom.ero lIa C4CT'IHK; I (x)- 1111-
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x [I (x)) < 10 RC:I('.L\.CTBIIC llorJ10Ill.CIII15I Y-KBallToB B cTelIKel.
H,JI!6o:lce IIpocroe COOTIJoureHlle ;1;.151 1] CYII eCTByeT I3 C:IY4ae TCHKOH
( ( Z ) 1 Z "" rtvh
CTCH"II X« pn - , nl.e f.\n - .'IIIHeHHI,llI K03't"t'HIUleIlT nepe;1;a l lll 3HeprHH
')'-If3.IY4eHH5I 13 C1'C'IIKC 3I1a!j(,IIHe J (x) 13 CPOPMYJIC (4,14) lIaxoAHM no 3KC-
nOHeHlUI3,1 blIQ;\IY 3aKolIY oC.1a6,lellll H y:moro KO.1.l!I 1!IpOBaHl!OrO IIY'II<a
y-1I2,lY4CHIIH, lIallpaB.1elllIOI'O 1l0p Ta,lbII0 IIOBepXHocTH CTeHKI!. OpllMe-
I1H5I YC:loBHe 1'OHI\OH nellKIl (1';;.\'« 1) }(.'IH pa3v10IKC'II1IH 3KcnOHeHThi B 3aKO-
7-
He OC.'laO:lellll51 B tHT; no nellC'II5l\! 1'1;.1 II orpaHlI'IHB351C'h BTOPL!M !1,leHO\1
7. 7-
pa3:IO)!(CIIII5I (C /In' - 1 - 1',,\"), 1I0,lYlJaC\! i .I5I 'q:
1]' !';;x. (4.15)
C:le;L013a1'e.lbJIO, 3q;q;eI\THBJIOCTL perIlCTpalLHH )'-113.1Y'Iellll51 .nHHeHJIO 1303-
paC1aeT C ynC'.1!14eHlIC:\! 10.11lLlllIb! CTelIl\1I (pHC. 4,9). MaKCH\la,lbJIOe 3Ha-
qeHl1e 1] ;1;OC'llfraC'IC5I npll IIOlIa,iJ,<lIIIIH HaH6o:lblIJerO 'IHC.1a B1'OPH'1Hb!X
3:ICKTpOH0\3 13 1.JYBC'I13H're.11,lIhlil oG'LeM C4C'(4I1Ka. LI.:IH 31010 3Ha'1eH11e X
,lI,Ov1)KHO 6bITb 6,11l3KIIM 1\ M3KCIIMa,lLHoi'1 :.1-.111 lIe C\306o;l!lOro np06cra Rr> mnx
BTOp!1'lIIbIX 3:ICI\1 jJOHOil, oGpa:ooBaHlIblx Y-I<BaIlTa\1H B :\laTepl!a.'le CTeIIKIl.
nOCKO,lbI<Y CpCJ,II5I51 ;1,ll1l1a IIpO(,1 a ,\,-hBall'!OB OOJILWe 3Ha4CIIIHT Rfl m""
L
10 Ilmax - !'n Rl\ma,« 1. IJall!JII\I('P, IIpII !Jl'lllnpanIiH ,\,-I\B<lII'IOB C :mep-
rHeH Ev = 1 M&B (,'1C1"IIIKO\I C ,13T)'IIHLIM KaTO,lJ,OM II;; - 52 M-- J , Rfl lOa 'I: '
=- EOO MI< I, ()'I <Y.Ja 1]Jlln \ - 0,02G, T aKIIM 06pa30M, :\laKCHMa,lbHaH 3CP-
cteKTHBHoCTL j1CrlICTpallll!1 )'-1I3:IY4eHH5I npll Yl<a3allHbiX YC:IOBIIHX COCTaH-
.'151('1' Bcero 2,6%.
Cor';Iacllo Bhlpa)KeHHIO (4,!5), npH X< Rf\1I13x 3aBIICID10CTb 11 OT Ev
Ollpe;L('.15lC'1 C}I COO1'13e1 \.'l nYlOlUcii .la BlICII\10CTb10 ,11llIeiilIoro KO:=:tqxplllLllell-
tl
1£
TOHl<a';l
cmel' Q
(,uR,f3rna:r. < 1)
i, ______ __.J.
q,'I.
imo.:x:
2
1
2 E)')M3B
o xma.J: x
PHC. 49, 3aBlfclfMoCTb 3<jJ<jJCKTHBIiOCTIl
perHCrpaIUIH t] Y-1J3.'1y'rCIfHH OT TOJlIU1l-
Rbi CTeIIKH X ra30pa3pH,l1HorO ,llCTCKTU-
pa
a
PHC. 4.10. 3aBHcIIMoCTb 3<jJ<jJeKTHBHoCTH pCrHCTpal HH 11 y-H3;IY'leHHSI C'IeT'IHKOM fci!-
rcpa-MIOJlJIcpa aT 311eprHH Y-KBaIiTOB E-v
z z
Ta nepe.ll.allH ::mepnm n. OpH YMeIIhlIIeHHH Ev B03pacTaeT 11n Bc.le.ll.cTBl1e
YBeJII111eIII15I BK.'Ia.ll.a cpoT03.'IeKTpHlJeCKOrO nor.l0Il1.eHH5I. B 06JIaCTI1 cpOTO-
.3q)(peKTa Be.1J.1lJI1Ha 11 CYIl1.eC1 BeHIIO 3aBHCIIT 01' aTOMHoro HOMepa Z BeIl1.e-
CTBa CTeHKI1 (/1; Z4). 003T0:\IY 3cjxpeKTHBI!OCTh pemcTpaU:HH Y-113JIYlle-
HI1H Ma"lblX 3HeprJ.1H B03pacTaeT C YMeHhlIIeIIl1eM Ev H YBeJJWIeHHeM Z (Ha-
npl1Mep, npJI IIepeXo.ll.e OT a.1IOMHHHeBoro KaToAa K CBHHU:OBOMY).
B cJIylJae TO.TJCTOH CTeIIKI1 (x > R ma x) CMorYT IlonaCTb B llYBCTBI1TeJIb-
HblH 06'beM H BbI3BaTh pa3p5I.lI. TO.lbKO 3.':IeKTpoIIhI, 06pa30BaHIlbIe I!a .lI.eH-
CTBYIOIII.eH TOJ1Il1.HHC, paBHOH Rf> max' BHelIIHI1H 3KpaIIHpYIOIl1.HH CJIOH CTeH-
KH TOJIIl1.HI!OH X - Rf, max YMeliblliaeT HIITeHCllBI!OCTb 113J1YlJeUH5I I!a .lI.eii-
CTBYIOIl1.eH TOJIIl1.IIIIe. B pe3Y.lhTaTe 3KpamlpOBaI!H5I CIII1)f{aeTCH T.J:HCJIO
3JIeKTpOHOB, nOna.ll.alOIII.Hx B 1J.YBcTBHTe.'1bIlb1H 06be\! C'IeT'lHKa. C:leAOBa-
TeJIbHO, npl1 B03paCTaHJ.1JI 3Ha'ICHI1H X TOJ1CTOH CTeIlK\! 3cjxpeKTI1BHOCTb pe-
rl1CTpau:ml Y-H3YlJeIIJIH na.ll.aeT (CM. pl1C. 4,9). OplI B03paCTaHHlf Ev cpe.ll.-
H5I5I 3HeprHH BTOplIlJIIhIX 3JleInpOIIOB YBe.'IH4HBaeTCH, lJTO npHBO.ll.HT K poc-
TY Rf3 max II .lI.eHcTBYIOIl1.eH TO.1Il1.HHhI CTeI!Kl1. YBe.llf4eHl1e .lI.eHCTBYIOIl1.eH
TO.rIIl1.HHhI COnpOBO)!\.lI.aeTC5I YBeJllIlJCHHe ! 1.JlfC,ila 3.1eKTpoHoB, nOlIa.ll.alOIl1.HX
B lJYBcTBlfTeJIbHbIH OO'be,\-I. TaKHM 06pa30M, 3HaT.J:eHl1e I] B03paCTaeT np\! pOC-
Te Ev .lI.JIH ClJeT4lfKa C TO.'ICTOH CTeHKOH (x> Rr. maJ. PaccMoTpeHHbIe 3a-
KOI!OMepI!OCTH B I10I3e)J.eHIfII BeJII11.JIII!bI '] MorYT 6bITb I1CnOJIb30BaHbI .lI.JI5I
06'bHCHeHI15I 3KcneplfMCHTa.lbHbIX 3aBIIClfMocTeH 'I'J OT 3HCprJIH Y-113JIYlJe-
HlfH .lI.JI5I pa3JIJIlJI!bIX MaTepl1a.10B KaTO.ll.a (Pl1c. 4.10).
4.1.12. 3aBHCHMoCTb .lI.030BOH 'IYBCTBHTeJlbHOCTH C'IeT'IHKa
OT 3HeprHH y-H3J1Y'IeHHH (xo.ll. C 1KeCTKocTblO)
CT.J:eT'JIIK rc!lrcpa -- MIO.l.1epa, pa60TaIOIl1.\!H B oO.laCTI1 n,laTo, lfMeeT
.1I1HeHHYIO 3aI3HCII\oJOC1 b CK()pOn II C'IeTa II OT HHTeHCIIBHOCTH I Y-H3JIY'le-
HH5I If MO:>KCT HCIIO,'lh30BaTbC5I .a.-HI ;J.o3IlMeTpIIIl .lI.aHHOro \!3.TJY4eHilH B orpa-
HHlJCHI!OM .lI.llana30Ile .3Hepnm Y-KBaHTOB,
ECJJH F- nJ10Il1.a.ll.b I10BepXHOC1 H ClJeTlJHKa, KOTOpblH HaX0.ll.HTC5I B nOJIe
Y-H3JIYlJeI!HH C I1JIOTHOCTblO' nOTOKa 'P, TO 3cjxpeKTHBHOCTb pemCTpaU:lfH 'I'J
onpe.ll.e.1HeTC5I aJlaJIom'JHO (4.14):
'I'J 0..; n,(Ftr). (4.16)
69
Ha OC!IOBa!IHII ct>oP Y,lbl (4 k), CBH1LIBClIOIU,E'J"1 IOJU,I!OCTL .9KCII03IJI.tIlOI!-
!lOH .lI.03bI PJ1,c C IIHreliCIIllHOCTblO Y-IB:IY4CIII1H I (I - (fEy), no.1Y4HM .lI..1H
llYBcrBHre.1bHOCTli ClIeT'{lIKa rro :\10IIJ,HOCTH .lI.03b1 [2,73.10 14 K.l/(Kf.C) =
= 1 M3B /(M 3 .c)1:
n/ P II," --co 2,7:3. I 011 11F(j!l Ey). (,l, 17)
.lI.mI onpC.lI.e.lenllH MOIIJ,IIOCTH ,Il,03LI 1'-H3J1Y'leHH5I no 311alleHHIO n ClieTlIliKa
feHrepa-MIO:r.TJepa C HCIT0.lb30BaHHe:vr CPOPMY:Ihl (4.17) .lI.0.1iKHL16bITb H3-
BeCTHLI 3aBIICII\!OCTl1 II H p OT D,. 3a1311CHMOCTb 3cpcpeK1 HBHOCTII perllCTpa-
1 HlI OT 3Heprrm Y-lI3.1Y'ICHIiH paCC\10Tpena B pa3.l1.E'.lC 4,1,11 (CM. pHC, 4.10).
K03qxpHlI,IIeHT nepe;r,a'llI 3HCpI'l1H /l ,II,.l5I B03.l1.yxa B .lI.1I ana30He E y OT
0,5.l1.o 2,0 M3B 113MeH5ICTC5I ne3Ha'IHTc.lbHO. C.le.ll.OBaTe.lbHo, B ,Il,aHHOM .lI.H-
ana30lle 3HCpflIH XO,Il, C iKCCTKOCTb10 C'IcT'iuKa feiircpa - MIO.l.lepa onpe-
.lI.e:I5ICTCH 3a13HCl1MOCTb10 11 or Ey.
.lI.03013aH llYBCTI3Jne.1bHOCTL :\la.l0ra6apHTHoro ra30pa3pH.lI.HOrO ClIeT-
lIHKa CGM-21, npHMCH5IeMoro B rrplI60pax HH.lI.lIBII,l1,ya.lbHoro .lI.03I1MeTpH-
lIeCKoro KOHTpO.TJH «CTplj)l() (CM. pa3/(. 6.2), B03pacTacT B 3,6 pa3a rrpH
YMeHbllleHHH 3Ha'ICHH5I fly OT 0,5 ,l1,0 0,05 M3B, I1cno.TJb30BaHHe Ka.ll.MHe-
Boro cpH.1LTpa CHH)I(aCT 3a13l1CHMOCTb lIYHCTl3llTe.1bHOCTH C'IeT4HKa.ll.O + 25%
B ,l1,l1alla30ne 0,05-3,0 lv\3B.
Cpa1meHHe OP\IYJ1 (4.12) H (4.17) rrOKa3bIBaeT, qTO ClIerlll1Kl1 HMelOT
3HaT.Jl1Te:lbHO 66.1burylO 'IYBCTBHTe.lbHoCTb, '-ICM CTeIlO'-IHbIe HOHH3all,HOHnb1e
KaMepbl. Hanprr'vlep, rrpH ,a,orryclllMoH MOIIJ,1I0CTH ,Il,03b1 .lI.Mfu, paBiIOH:
2,0.]0-10 KJ1/(Kr' c), TOK rraCbIlJ eHHH B cTeHo'IHOI'i KaMepe C 06'beMOM V =
= 10- 6 M 3 COCTaB.1HeT 2,7.10- 16 A. TO'-IHOe H3l\!epeHHe TaKIIX Ma.lb1X 'fOKOB
B03MO)l(lIO TO.lbKO 13 :!a60paTopHbIX YC.l0BHHX.
O,l1,HaKO perHCTpau,l15I ra30pa3pH; HbIM C'-IeTQHKOM y-H3.1YllenH5I C YKa-
3a1IIlOH :\lOIIJ,!lOCTLIO ,l1,03b1 lie BbI3bIBaeT 3aTPY.lI.HellIlH, IIprr 3qxpeKTHBHOCTH
perHCTpal 1II1 I] - 1 % C1\OpOCTb C'leTa Il - 15 1nm/c lIa 1.10- 1 M 2 no-
BepXIIOCTJI C4CT'IIII\a ) .1H E" --, 1 .\bB.
4.1.13. KOHCTPYKlI,HH C4eT'lHKOB )J,JlSI perHCTpall,HH pa3J1H4HblX
BH)J,OB H3.'1Y4eHIHI
.lI.JIH pC'rHCTpa11.I!I! B-4aCTII11. C 3HepmcH 0,05-0,3 M3B, a TaKiKe ex-
4aCTHlI, IlpIJMeIIHIOTC5I Topu,Ol3ble C'IeTlIIJKII ferrrcpa - MIO.l.1epa C BXO.n:-
JILIM OK 110M 1 Ha Topu,e, 3aKpbITbI\1 C.llO.lI.5IHOH IIJIaCTHHKoii, lleHJIOH01301r
nJIelIKoii H.1H CJ:JIO'lIIHHCl3oii cpo.lhroii (pHC. 4.11). To.1IIJ,IIIIa Bxo;r,IIOro OK-
Ha oIIpe;r,e;IHeT ero I1pOIIIIILae.\IOCTL ,l1,.15I pCrHCTpl1pYC:\!bIX lIaCTIlu, 3a.a;aHHoI!
3I1epnm, llpOIlI1ILae\IOCTb OIlpc;r,c,l5IeTC5I OTHOllleHHeM 4HC.la IIpOme,Il,lll!1X
'-Iepe3 01<110 'IaCTIII( I< 4!1C.1Y 4aCTIIU, lIa,J.alOIIJ,IIX Ha OKIIO 3a;LaIlHoH TO.1IIJ,1I-
IIbl. l-JailpIlMep, I1pOHIIlI,aeMOCTb Ol<lIa TO.1IIJ,I1HOll 4 II 1,5 Mr,'cM 2 ,J..1H B-
ClleK'rpa C rpallll'l1101! 3HeprJ[eii 0,25 l\bB COCTan,15ICT COOTBCTCTBeHHO 40 H
80%. AHO.ll.OM C'IC I HKa CJIYiKJlT BO.'JbcppaMOBa51 HIITb 2, BIIaHHHa5I B lI,ellT-
pe CTeK.1HIlHoro KopIIyca 3, HHTL I3BO,Il,!1TCH '-ICpe3 CTeK.1HIlIIbIH: Ka1m.1JIHp
4 ,n:.1H YMeHblllellH5I KpaeBoro 3qxpel<Ta H OrpaHH'-IeIlH5I '-IYBcTBHTeJIbHOrO
06'beMa. Ha cBo60,n:HoM KOllll,C IIHTH B6JIH3H Bxo,n:noro OKHa pacrrOJIO)!{eHa
70
If
J
"
1
I
2 ;5 6
/
a)
2
5
o
I)
!{
1 2 3
1-;
q. 5
1
PHC, 4.11. TOPUOBblH C'IeT'lHK refirc-
pa-MIOJlJlcpa ,llJlSl perHCTpar HH fi-'Ia-
C lIiU:
1 - BXO.:\IIOC 01<."0 113 C.'IO.i\LI !I.ll1 IIcn:JOII";
2 - allOI\ C4eT411Ka (HOJ1b<!>paMoDaR !lHTb),
3 -. CTCKJlHHllblii KOPIlYC C4eTliHKa. 4 - CTCK-
.'1HHHLUi KanU.",lHp, 5 - CTCK..1HHHT,lA wapHK,
6 - KaTO,;! C'ICT4I1Ka <\lCilllaS! clclIKa)
PHC, 4 12 CIICT'IIIK ,llJlH pCrHCTpaUHH
fi-H3J1Y'leIlIl51 (a) Ii Y-1I3J1YQeIlHSI (6):
1 - KaTO)!, 2 - aIlO)!; 3. 4 - CTCKJ1Hllllble
TpyGK!I, :5, 6 - DLIROJ1,LI 3.' KT\!O)J.OU
CTeK.'1HIIHaH 6ycIIII!(a 5, KaTO;J;OM HB:UlelCH J\IC.lI.HaH 1lI1J1I1H.lI.pH'leCKaH CTeH-
Ka 6.
.lI.JlH pcrHCTpa1um P-Q3CTHI( C 3Heprrrerr oo.lee 0,3 M&B HcnOJlb3YIOTC5I
liH.ilflH.l1.PIJ'lCCKlle C'-IeT4HKl! (pHC. 4.12, a) C TOHKHM a.rlIOMHIIHeBbIM KaTO.ll.OM
1. npOHHUaCMOCTb KaTO.ll.a TO.'1IIJ:HHOrr 100 \1K\f .!I.JlH -IWCTHI( C rpaHH4HoH
3IIeprHeH cncKTpa 1,7 H 0,25 M&B COCTaBJIHeT 70 II 1,5% COOTBeTCTBeHI!O.
AIIOJI. (Bo.'lbcppaMoBaH HHTh) 2 KpCIIHTCH B CTeKJIHIIHblX TPy6Kax 8 H 4.
BbIBO.ll.aMl! JI..'151 &.lCKTP0.ll.0B C.1Y)I<aT KOIITaKThl 5 11 6.
.lI.JlH perrrCTpaIUI Ii I'-KBaHTOB IIpll.\leHHlOT IlIImiII.lI.pl14eCKIle ClleT'HfKII
(pIiC. 4.12, 6), B KOTOpblX KaTO)(OM 1 C,lY)!{HT TOIIKHf! npOBO,IIJIIIJ:Hrr CJ10H 1!3
rpacpHTa, MC,l,H H.1H Bo.'IbcppaMa, HalleceHIIbIH IIallhI.1ClmC'v1 B BaKYYMe IIa
BHYTpellHlOlo IIoBepxlIocTL CTeK,'1HHIIOH: Tpy6KH 8. AHOll,Ovr C.1Y)!{IIT BO.1bcp-
paMOBa51 HlITh 2, HaTHHYTaH no OCIf C'leT'lHKa. Ha KOHHax ClleTIIJ[Ka l!\1e-
IOTC5I BbIBO.lJ,bl KaTO.ll.a 5 H aHO.ll.a 6,
IIhtpOl<oe npHMelleHl1e HaIIJ,lH 1(I!.lHHJl.pli 1 IeCKHe ra.10rCIlOBble C'leT'lH-
KII THna CTC, B K010phIX BMeCTO CTeK.1HHHOH: TPYOKI1 Hcno,lb3yeTcH TOHKaH
CTaJIbHa51 Tpy6Ka, c.1JY)!WIIJ:aH KaTO.ll.OM
4.2. nOJIynpOBO)l.HHKOBblE )l.ETEKTOPbl
HOHH3HPYIOlJ.(HX H3JIYIJEHHn
OCHOBllbl\1H npellMYIIJ:eCTBaMII 1!0.lYOp0I30Jl.III!KOBbIX ;r.eTcKTopOB HB.1 H-
IOTCH JllilidilIaH 3aBI1CIIMOCTL a\1l!.llf rY11hl IIMIIY:II,ca OT lJOr:loIIJ:elllIoH &HCP-
rHH, He'-lyBcTBl1Te.1hHocTh K :-'1arHIITHO\IY 00.110. KOMnaKTHOCTb KOHCTPYK-
II.HII, B03MO)!{HOCTh perl1CTpal(l1!1 KopOTKOnp06e)!{lIblX 3apH)!{eIlHb1X 'lac-
THII. npH 3HaLJIlTe,lbHOM cpoHC Y-I13J1Y4eHIHI, a Tal\)!{e BbICOKoe 9l1epreTH-
'lI;'CKoe pa3pelUellJfC d (C:-'l. p(L1; , 46).
71
K He,n:OCTaTKaM 3THX ,n:eTeKTOpOB OTHOCHTCH Ha,'IIJI!HC COUcTBellHOH
npOBO,n:HMOCTH, H3 eHeHHe XapaKTepHCTHK npH Oo,J1hWHX ,n:03ax, a TaKR<e
HeB03MOR<HOCTb C03,n:aHHH 1JYBCTBHTe.rIbHOH OO.TaCTH OO.lhIUOH TOJIlll.HHbI
,n:.'IH nOJIHOrO nOrJIOlll.eHHH Y-H3JIyqeHH5I.
4.2. t. Co6CTBeHHaSi npOBO,lJ,HMOCTb nOJlynpOBO,lJ,tJHKOB
nO.lynpOBo,n:IIHKOBbIH ..'I.eTCKTOp npe,n:CTaBJI HeT coooii I!OHH3aWIOHHYIO
KaMepy, qYBCTBHTe.1bJlbIH 06"be KOTOpOH HB.IHeTCH TBep.J.bIM Te.TOM. HOIm-
3HpYIOlll.ee H3JIYIJeHHe BbI3bmaeT nOHB.TeHHe 3ap5J,n:OB B ITO.lynpOBo,n:IIHKe,
'ITO npHBo,n:HT K H3MeHeHHIO ero IIpOBO,n:I1MOCTH, Perl1CTpaUHH H3JIYQeHH5I --
IIO"IYIIPOBO,n:HHKOBbI ,n:eTeKTOpOM OR<eT IIpOBO,n:IITbC5I B HMny JIbCHOM H
TOKOBOM peR<HMax. HCIIO.lb30BaHHC TBep,n:oro Tbla B KaQeCTBe QYBCTBH-
Te.1bHoro 06"beMa BMeCTO ra3a II03BO.'I5IeT YBe.1H4HTb B 10 4 pa3 IIOrJIOlll.eIIIIYIO
3HeprHIO B e;r,HITHI(e IJYBCTBHTe:IbHoro 06'be\1a H3-3a 60.1ee BbICOKOH nJIOT-
HOCTH Belll.eCTBa H YMeHbWeHH5I Jla IIOp5J,n:OK 3HeprnH 06pa30BaHHH rrapbI
HocHTe.leH 3ap5l)(a.
nO.1ynpoBo,n:HHK I1MeeT IIPH KOMlfaTIIOH TeMIIepaType IIpOBOlI.HMOCTb,
IIpOMeR<YTOIJHYIO MeR<,n:y npOBOlI.H OCTH\1II MeTa.1.1a H II30JIHTopa. rrpl! YBe-
JIHIJelIHH TeMIIepaTypb1 IIpOBO,n:HMOCTb MeTa:l.la y;\1eHblIlaeTC5J, nOJIYIIpoBO,n:-
HHKa - 6bICTpO B03paCTaeT. ::ha OCOOCHlfOCTb IIOJIynpOBo,n:IIHKOB 06bHCHH-
eTCH 30HIIOH Mo,n:e.'IblO 311epreTIi4rCKHX ypormeH 3,'IeKTpOIlOB B KpHCTa.1Jle
(pHC. 4.13). ::beKTpollbI B H30.'IHpOBaHHhlx aTOMax MorYT HMeTb .1HWb He-
K010pble ,n:HcKpeTllbIe 3HaQeHHH 3l1eprHH. B pe3YJIbTaTe cyr.u:ecTBoBalIHH
XIIMH4eCKHX cBH3eH MeR<,n:y aTO\1a\1H B KpHcTa,l.le KaR<;r,hIH 3HepreTHQeC-
KHH ypoBeHb 3.1eKTpoHa paClll.eIl:IHeTcH B lIenpepb!13IIbIH Ha60p pa3peUiell-
I1LIX YPoBileH, Ha3bIBaeMblH 301I0H. COBOKYIJIIOCTb pa3pewelIHhix 3HepreTH-
4eCKHX YPoBileH ,n:.1H CBOOolI.IIbIX 3.'IeKTpOlloB IIa3hIBaeTC5I 3011011 npOBo,n:H-
MOCTH, a ,n:JI5I CBSl3aHHbIX 3:IeKTpOIlOB, I,OTopbIe Y1JaCTBYIOT B oopa30BaHHII
BaJIeHTHbIX CB5I3eH MeR<,n:y aTOMaMH KpHCTa.l.la, - Ba.'leHTIIOI1 301l0H. )],.'151
IIepeBo,n:a 3JIeKTpOHa H3 CBH3allHoro COCT05lllHH B Ba.leIlTilOH 30He B CBO-
6o,n:Hoe COCT05IHHe B 30He npOBo,n:I!MOCTI1 lIeOOXO.LI.I1MO nepe;r.aTb e\1Y 3Hep-
fJllO, paBHYIO ::meprHH BaJIeHTIlOH CBH3H ::ha 311cprrrH OIIpe;r,e.'l5IeT I1mpHHY
!\E 3 3aIIpelll.eHHOH 30HbI, pa3,n:e.'IHI0r.u:eH 30lfY Ba.ICIITHhIX YPOBlleif H 30HY
IIpOBO.lI.HMOCTH. 3anper.u:eHHaH 30lla He co;r,epR<IIT 3.1eKTpOlillhIX 3HepreTH-
4CCKIIX ypOBHeH, eCJIH B KpHCTa.l.1C OTCYTCTBYIOT npI!MeCH H lI.ecpeKTbl
CTPYKTypbI. YMeHbweHHe 311a'IeHlHI I1E3 OT 2-3 3B ..'1.0 Hy.1H COOTBeTCT-
ByeT nepexo;r.y OT I130.15ITOpa K MeTa.MY. npH a6COJIIOTiiOM HYJIe Tevrnepa-
TypbI Ba.leH I IIa51 301la, 06pa30BaHHaH 3I1epreTH1feCKII\111 ypOBIl 5'1\\11 Bllew-
HIIX Ba.1eIlTHbIX 3JIeKTpOHoB, 3anO.ll1ella 1 (e:JIf KOM, (J 30lla npOBO)(IIMOCTII
He CO.ll.epR<HT CBOOo..'l.HblX 3.'IeKTpOHOB.
B 3TO\\ c.1Y4ae IIpOBO.n.HMOCTb OlCY1CTI3yeT, T. e. KpIlCTa.'J,l 51B.l51eTC5I
lI.:J.e(J. I bHbl\1 I! JO.'I SlTOpO\1 , 13 TaKOM I\pIICTa.'J.IC lIa.rlmKeHIIC BIICWHero
3.1eKTpH'IeCKoro nO.'I5I He npIIBO)lHT K n05lB.1e1I1Il0 3.1eKTpH4eCKoro TOKa.
IlpH YBe.1HQeHHH Te lIIepaTypbI 3.1eKTpOHbl MorYT nepeXO)LHTb H3 Ba.leHT-
HOH 30Hb! B 30IlY IIpOBO;r,H OCTH B pe3y.lbTaTe TeWIOBoro B036YR<,n:eIlHH, 'ITO
Be,leT K II05lB:IeHIIIO np0!30:ut\IOCTH, K010paH B03pacraCT C POCTO\! TeMne-
paTypbI.
7
PHC. 413 30llHBSI ol1.e.I1, 3Uepn;TI!4C-
CKHX Yf)()Blleii 3.1CKTpOIIOB B l;pIlCTa.'l,lC
:j-; -," c. {
-{
3,leKTpCJl!, IIOK/!lWH Ha,leHTIIYI 3.1. ::',....."
30HY, OCTaB:HICT D lIeji HC'3aIl5!TLII! -"03:".].
3HepreTWleCKHH ypOBel!b, Ira3blHae-
MblH ,n:bIpKOH, B 3,;leKTpl/4CCKOM IIO.le
,n:b1pKa Be,n:eT ce6H KaK IIO,'/O)!{IJTC:lb-
HbIH 3apH,n:, ne.IHlJHHa KOToporo paBlia
3apH,n:y ,9,;leKTpOlia. TaKI1M 06pa30'vf, .l1.bIpKII D Ba,leHTHOH 30lle, KaK H CB060,n:-
HbIe 3JleKTpOHbI B 30He IIpOBO)l,HMOCTII, YlJaCTBYIOT B C03.l1.aHHH TOKa IIplI
HaJIO)l{eHHI1 3.1eKTpHlJeCKOrO nO,I5I Ha IIO,IYIIPOBO,.1,IIHIC 3HalJeUHe y,n:eJIb-
HOll rrpOBo,n:HMOCTH a nOJlynpOBO.D.HIIKa orrpe.D.eJIHeTC5I KOHu:eHTpall,lIei{ ni
H rro,n:BH)I{HOCTblO 1!0CHTeJleH TOKa - 3J1eKTpOHOB H ,n:blpOK. DpoBo,n:HMOCTb
6eCIIpHMeCHoro I1pOBo,n:fU1Ka Ha3bIBaeTCH c06CTBeIllIOH (IJ;) H 06yc.IOBJIeHa
IIepeXOJJ:a 1H 3.1CKTpOIlOB lIP!! TelI.10BOM B036yn<,n:CIIIIII 113 3,HIo.1HeIlHOH Ba-
.7JeHTHOJi 30lIbl B 30llY npOBo,n:m.IOCTII. flpH 300 K ,n:JlH KpeMIIH5I t!.Eo --
<='-- 1,1 313,11; =- 7,0.10 15 I- ; ai :_- 38.10- 4 CM/M, ,n:Jl5I repMaHIIH t!.E 3 =
= 0,67 3B, ni =- 6,0.10 19 M- 3 ; ai =-= 2,3 CM/M. ,L(JlH YMellbIlleHH5I C06CT-
BenHoM IIpODO.D.HMOCTII repMa IHH OX,la.IK.D.aIOT .lK1I,n:KHM a30TOM ,n:o 77 K.
IIpHMeHHc;.,.IaH B HaCTOHII.I.ee BpeM5I TeXHO;lOrlI5I 04HCTKII IIO,'lYIIPOBO,n:IIHKO-
BblX KplICTa,l,'lOB n03BO.IHeT CHH3HTb co,n:ep.IKaHHC IIpl:!MeCHbIx a1'OMOB ,n:o
10 16 M- a , lJTO IIPH KOMI/aTHOM TeMrrepaType COOTBeTCTBYC1' c06C1'BeHHOH IIpO-
BO)l,lIMOCTH repMaI/HH If rrpIfMeCHOH IIpOBO,n:HMOCTH KpCMHHH.
8 d
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(f) 8 G)(t) - 4- -i
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"CH I
4.2.2. npHMecHaSI npOBO,ll,HMOCTb nOJIynpoBO,lJ."HKOB
repMam1H H KpeMHHH lJeTbIpeXBaJleH1'Hbl, TaK KaK HB.1HIOTC5I 3.leMeIlTa-
Mil tIeTBeplofl rpymlLI DepHo)l,HlJeCKOI! cHCTe1LI 3.leMeHTOB MeH,n:e:leeBa.
ATOMbI 3THX 3.1eMeHTOB HMeIOr 4eTLIpe Ba.leilTHLIX 3.leKTpOHa B ca lOH BHelli-
Hell 113 3aHHTbJX 3:JeKTpOIHlbIX 060.10lJCK. Bne,a,emJe aTOMOB .l1.pyroH Ba-
.'ICHTHOCTH B Kpl1CTa.l,l!I 1 leCKYIO pemCTKY rro.lyrrpOBO)).HHKa npHBO,n:H1' K
n05lBJIeHHIO rrpHMeCIlOH npOBO)/,IJ\10CTH, KOTOpa51 CBH3aIla C B03HHKHOBC-
lJHCM ,n:OHOpHblX E)J. If aKu:eIlTOpIILIX La 3HepreTHlJeCKHX ypOBlleil B 3aJ1pe-
UI,eHHOH 30He (CM. pllC. 4,13). npHMeCH II!, 3aMeUI,alOII.I.HMI1 'IeTblpeXBa-
JleHTHbIe aTO\olbl KpHCTa.l.l0B, HB.lmOTC51 3:ICMCIITbl Tpe1'beH (60p, aJIIOMII-
HHH) H,1IJ IlHTOH (cpOC(POP, j\lbJllIb5JK) rpynIIbJ. l.Jl1C,;lO B3J1eHTHbiX 3JIeK1'pO-
HOB y aTO;.,.10B 60pa II a:!IOMHIIIIH Ha O,.1,HH MeJl, bllle y aTOMOn cpoccpopa II
Mblll1b5IKa - Ha O)).IIH CiO,lbme, lJe [ y aTOMOB repMaIIHH l1JIII KpCMHH5I B IIC-
XO)l,HOM KpJICTa.l.le. IIpH 3aME'memIl1 o-1.1loro II3 IJCTblpeXBaJIeH1'HblX 31'0-
MOBIIO.lynpOBO)l,I1I1Ka npHMCCHhnl 115ITIID,WeHTHbIM aTOMOM l!eTblpe Ra-
JIeIITIIbIX 3.1eKTpOIIa rrOc.rlel IlerO )'lJaCTBYIOT B 06pa30BaHHH CBH3eH C CO-
Ce)l,HHMII l!CTbIPb IH 3TOMa\11J KpIICTa,l,la (pHC. 4.14). Ka)!{)).a51 li3 'IeTbIpex
CB5I3eii 06pa30B311a O.D.I!II I 113 3.1eKTpOHOB BllelUlleH 060.10lJKH K3K aTOMa
nOJIYl1pOBO/ HJlK2, TaK If I1pl1:.!eClIoro aTOMa, [I5lTb1H BaJIeHTHblH 3JIeKTpOII
npHMeCIIoro aTo\O[3 OCTaeTCH lIeIiCII0.'lb30BaHllbl\[, T. e. B KpHC1'aJI.le C1'aHO-
BHTCH Ha O.D.lIH 3.ICKTpOH GO,lbUle, lJeM He06xo,n:HMO ,il,JI5J 06pa30BaHHH CB}!-
3H, 3TOT !/3CiblTO t Ulblii 3,leK1 pall, c.1a60 CBH3aHHblH C IIpIIMeCHbl'vf aTO\1o"vl,
73
PHC 4,14 Pacno.'1OlKClllle 3apnn0l1 11
KpHCT3J1J1H'IeCKOii pf'lliCTKC KPC",III1 II
npH BBC,lJ,eHHH lIpIl\1CCIIUI <) 11:-1T1WaJIC'TlT'
Hora 3TO !a As
+
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f!D_'l2 ttJ e 1 111:0 JJ :.,.
PIIC 4 J;j Pacuo.10)l{f'HIIC 33pH,lI,OB B
J,pUCraJIJmqeCKOH pCJlICTKC KpC\!"H!HI npH
I1He,a:eIlHH npmlC'cHofO TpeXBaJlel1T110rO
"TUMa B
rrepeXO.l1.HT B 30HY npOBo,n:HMOCTIf JIO;!. JLeHCTBIfCM ::meprHlf Ten.10Boro ,n:BH-
)KeIIHH. Dplf\1eCllhIii aTOM B pe3Y:lbTarc 3TOro lIepexo/l,a IIpeBpaw.aeTC5I B
nO. OJKJjreJl bllblH lIOH. II pHMeCH 11 IHll3a,r!eIlTlIhIX aTOMOB (QJocQJopa, MLIWb-
51l<a), KOTOpb!e HOHI13I!PYIOTl'5I B hpHCTa.'J.1e, OT,aaBC15I 3,IeKTpOHbI B 30llY
npOBO,J,HMOCTH, Ha3LlBalOrC5I ,101l0pllhIMH. Jl.OHOpHblH IIpm1eCHhu1 ypOBelIb
E lJ. pacno.'IaraCTCH B 3allpew.eHHoli 30He y IIHJKHerO Kpafl 30HLI IIpOBO,J,H-
MOCTH (CM. pHC. 4,13), Be.H!'lHHa 1::;1. m.J5JeTCH 3HeprHeii 1I0HH3al HH WITH-
BaJleHTHOro aTOMa. DOJIOJKHreJIb!lLIC HOIlLI .l1.01l0pHOH npJ1J\1eCI! CBH3aHbI
B perueTKe KpI1CTaJIJ!a H He MorYT !lepe\1ew.aTbCH BO BHeWIICV! ,9,leKTpH'leC-
KOM !loJle. C1e;J.0I3aTe.'ILHO, IIpIlMeC!laH npOBo,n:HMOCTL ,J,OHOpIlLIX ypOBHeH
06YCJIOB.1e!la ;J,BH)!{CHHeM Cn060)LHbIX 3.1CKTpOHOil H n03TOMY 51B.'J5IeTCH
3JIeKTpOHl!OH. B COOTBeTCTBHH C BH,n:O:v1. npOBO.l1.HMOCTH rrOJIynpOBo,n;HHKH C
)J.OIlOpHOH npHMeCblO na3bIBalOTC5I 3J!CKTpOHllblMH (nO.1ynpOBO)J.HHKaMH
n-THrra) .
3aMew.eHHe 4CTbIpeXBaJJeHTHOro arOMa nOJIY!lpOBO..'1.lIfIKa TpeXBaJIeHT-
HLIM npHMeCHbl:'f aTOMO\1: (60pa, a.ilIOMHIIH5I) npHBOj\HT K HIIOMY pe3y.lbTa-
TY. KaK H B Ilpe,n:bI.l1.yw.eM CJIytwe, npHMeCHblH aTOM COXpaH5IeT paCl!peAe-
JIeIIHe CB5I3eU 3aMew.aeMoro aTG:.1a. O)J,lIaKO ,n,,'lfl 06pa30BaHH5I 0.LI.I10H XHMH-
qeCKOH ClHI3H C KaJK;I:LIM H3 'IeTLJpeX coce)J.HHX aTOMOB KpHCTa:l.rJa y Tpex-
BaJIeHTHOro aTOMa He XBaTaeT O,'1,HOro 3JIeKTpOI!a, I-Ie,n;OCTalOw.HH 3:!CKT-
porr ,n:JIH 06pa30BaHHH LJeTBepToii CB5I3H MO)!{eT 6LITb I10.1Y'leH OT O.l1.HOH I-n
CB5I3eii MeJK.l1.Y aTO\1aMH KpHCTa,1.1C1, He3arrO.1HClIlIa5I CB5I3b, B03HHKwaH
npH nepcxo,IJ,e 3JleKTpOHa K 'fpeXBa.'ICIITHOMY aTO\1Y, 5lB,'15IeTCH ,!/,LlpKOH B
na.rleHTHOH 30lIe. DpHMeCHblH aTOM B PC3YJIbTaTe 3aXBaTa 3.1CKTpOlla If]
l3aJleHTHOH 301lb1 npeBpaw.aerC5I B OTpIILI.aTe.'IbHLJH HOIl (pHC. 4.15).
TaKHe npHMecH TpeXBaJIeIlTHblx aTOMOB (6opa II a.1IOMHH!l5I) C03,1.aIOT
aKLI.enTopHLle ypOBIlI! 3Hepnm Ea B 3al1pew.ellHorr 30HC n6JIH3lf BepxHero
KpaH Ba.lel!THOM. 30IIb[ (C\1. pHC. 4.13). Be:mtIHHa Ea HB.151eTCH 3HepmeH
HOHH3aJum TpexBa.leHTHLIx aTOMOB H cpaBHHMa C 3I!epmeU Tel1.10Boro ;J.I3H-
LKerrH5I npB KOMHaTllOH TeMJlepaType, D03TOMY nepeXO.ll.bI 3.1CKTPOIl0I3 11.1
BaJIellTHOH 30Bb! lIa aKI enTopllble ypOI3HJI B03MOJKHbI IIPH KO\!HaTIIOH reM-
nepaType. OTpHJiarc.1bllLle HOIlLI aK1iCl1TOpHOr"! JlpHMeCH C13513aHbI B peweT-
Ke KpHcTa.1.'Ia II He MorYT )J,B!!raTbC5I BO I3HeWHeM 3,1eKTpH t leCKOM [fO.le.
llpHMecHaH JlpOIJO)lHMOCTL, 06yc.l0B.leHlIa51 <JKLI.eIITOpHbIMH YPOBII H H,
orrpe.ll.e.HleTC5I iU3lIJKeHH€\1 ,J.blpOK B na.'1eIl1IlOr! 30He Ii lIa3bIBaeTCH ;J.hlp04-
nOH, B COOTI3erCTI3J1!I C BIqO\! IIp0I30,JJI \IOCTli 1I0.'1yrrpoBo,J.IlItKII C aKu.em op-
74
HOR rrpHMCChlO 51B.15110TCH .l1.hlpOIIHblMfI (nO.1ynpOBO.l1.HIIKa:'1H p-THna). CJIe-
.l1.0BaTe.1hHO, 06a BfI.l1.a /lpfiMecHOH (Heco6cTBenHOH) IIp0I30.l1.HMOCTH IIOJIY-
npOBO.l1.HHKa 06YCJIOB.'IeHbI "OHH3aI Hej:f npl1\1CCCH.
):L.15I nO.lynpOBO.l1.HHKa C I/ecooc mellllOii rrpOBOl(I/.\IOCTblO KOIll1.eHTpa-
l1.J/fl .l1.bJpOK P 0 fJIH'laCTC5I OT KOH1 e/lTpal1.1I11 CB060.l1.lIh1X 3.'IeKTpOIlOB n,
O).(HaKO IIPH nOCT05/HIIOii Tel>WepaType CrrpaBe) :nIBO COOTHOillenfie
/lP nl,
(4.18)
me ni - KOHl1.eHTpal1.Hfl 3JIeI<TpOHOB fI.1H .l1.hIpOK 13 6ecnpmJeCHOM nOJIynpo-
BO.l1. HHK e.
B COOTBeTCTBHH C cpOPMYJIOH (4.10), npOBO.l1.flMOCTh 1I0JIynpOBO.l1.HflKa
n-THna yMeIlhUlaeTcfl I1PH .l1.06aB.leIlHH aKl1.cnTopHhIX npHMeceH, no.lynpo-
BO.l1.HflKa p-THna - npH .l1.06aBJIeHflH .l1.01l0pHhTX npHMeceH. O.l1.IIaKO .l1.a)!{e
MflHflMaJIhIlafl npOBO.l1.flMOCTb, .l1.0CTfirHYTaH C 1I0MOIIJ.hlO KO\iIleHcHpYIOW:flX
rrpHMeceH, Bce eIIJ.e C.lf1UlKOM Be.1HKa .l1.JIH HcnO.lb30Ba1IHH TaKoro nOJIynpo-
BO).(HfiKa 13 Ka'leCme .l1.eTeKTOpa H3.1YlleHflH fl3-3a 60.1billHX cpOHOBhIX TOKOB.
Pe3Koc YMenblllclIHe npOBO.l1.IIMOCTH OCHOBallO Ha HCTlO.1h30BaHHH
cBoHCTBa nepcxo)l.a Mem).(y p- H ll-nOJIYIlpOBO.l1.HHKaMfi.
4.2.3. n-p-nepexo.l1.
PaCC\lOTplI\1 B03I1III<I/OBeIfHe p - 1l-lIepeXO.l1.a 13 Kpe.\!HIIH. KpI!CTa.1.1
KpeMHHH CO.l1.epmHT aKl1.emopHYIO IIp\lMCCh 60pa II 5/13.1fleTCH p-nOJlynpo-
BO).(HHKOM C .l1.blpOllHOH I1pOBOJ flMOCTblO. 06JIaCTb C 3.1elnpOHHOH: npo-
BO)l.HMOCTLIO C03.l1.aCTCfl ;I,flqxpY3lIeH 13 TOHKUH lIoBepxHocTlIblJ"! C.10H KpU-
CTaJIJIa .l1.01l0pHh1X aTO\lOB cpoccpopa. Pa3.1I/llUe 13 KO/I!I..CIITpa1U!5/x 1I0CHTe-
JIeH 3apH; a npHBO.l1.HT K .il.BflmeIlHIO ).(blpOK B n-06J1aCTh, 3.!leKTpoHoB - B
p-06JIaCTb. I10TlH3f1pOB3HlIhle aTOMbI cpoccpopa, 3.1eKTpOIlf,I KOTOpblX nepe-
IIIJlfI B p-06JIaCTL, 06pa3YlOT HecKoMneIlCHpOl3aHlIb!H OU'LC\1.Hhlli nO.10)!{fI-
TeJlhHhIH 3apH.l1. 13 n-06.1acTH. I1oHfl3f1pOBaHHhTe aTO.\!hl 60pa C03.l1.a1OT 06'h-
eMHhIH OTpfll1.aTe.lh/lbIH 3ap5I.l1. 13 p-06.'IacTII rrpIl yxo)l.e H3 Hee .l1.h1pOK B n-06-
JIaCTL. .Me)!{.l1.Y CJIOH\III IIpoCTpaHcTBemlOro 3ap5/.l1.a, KOTophle aHa.'lOrl1'lHLI
KOH.l1.eHcaTopy I1.10CKOii ra30BOH: floHII3aUHoHHoJ"1 I<aMephI, B031/HKaeT 3.1eK-
TpflllecKoe 110.le, npen5JTCTBYIOIIJ.ee ).(a.'IbIlCI[illeMY .l1.BH)!{eHHIO 3JIeKTpOHoB
fI .l1.hlpOK 'lepe3 ncpexo,n:.
no;!. ,n:eHcTBfleM nOJI5I HOCflTeJIH 3ap5/Aa (3.1CKTpOHbI H .l1.bIpKfI) Y.l1.aJIfl-
IOTCfl II3 06JIaCTfi nepexo).(a, npOBO.l1.IIMOCTb KOTOpOH: CTaHOBflTCH 3I1a1JH-
Te.lhHO Hllme, 'IeM 13 OCTa.lhHO\1 06'beMe KpflCTa.l.13. 06el(HeHIIa5I HOCflTe.l5/-
MH o6.1aCTh p-ll-nepeXO.l1.a 5IB.1HeTC5I OCHOBIIOii paUO'leH 06.1aCTb10 CYIIJ.eCT-
BYIOIIJ.HX nOJlynpOBO,'/.HHKOBhIX ;r.eTeKTopOB. Ai\III.1HTY.l1.a mmYJlbca 130
BHelllHeii l1.enH .l1.eTeKTOpa rrpolIopu,HOIla.1bHa IIIJC.1Y lIap \1011013, 06pa30-
BaHHhlX 3ap5J>KCHIIOH Yac'[ lI11er! B QYI3CTI3IITC'.lbHO\! 06'Le.\le p - - n-I1epe-
xo).(a. O;!.lIaKO llHIpmla 310ii 06,lacTil nprr OTCYTCTI3IJI! BlleIlI!IerO Hanp5liKe-
HH5J OqeHb Ma.la (OKO.TJO 10-;> M), lJTO npHBo;r.IJT I< '!a.lbl\1 a\1nJIflTy,n:aM HM-
nYJIhCOB. J{.15J YBc.1HyeHIIH IIIIJpflllhI p - n -llepex0.l1.a AeTeKTopa He06xo-
AMMO npfl\!eH5/Tb ,lJ.I/O;!HYIO CXe\IY BK.lIOQeHIJH, npH KOTOpOH nanpaB,nelIHH
BlleIUHero nO,l5/ II nO.1H p -- n-nC'pCXO;!.3 COl3rra)I.alOT, flO3tTO.\1Y npIlJIO)l{eH-
Hoe 3JIeKTplflleC:KO(, 110. Ie TaK)!{C oy AeT Y.l1.aJI HTb )[OC[[ re.111 [13 o6e,n:HeJlHoi!
/0
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MY H3 3Ha1.JeHlfH HallpmKeHHH, Ha3bIBaeMOrO 06paTllbl\L
no cnocooy no.1Y4eHIIH p - 11 -nepeXOJI,a rI0.1YIIPOB01l,HHKOBLle ,n:eTeK-
TOpLI 1I0.n:pa3,l,eJIHIOTC5I lIa ,'l,IHlxpY3HOHHL1e, 1I0I3CpXIIOCTlIO-OapLepllbIe II ,111-
TJlH-; peH<PoBble.
Cnoc06 C03.n:alIl1H P -- /l-lIcpexo,n:a B ,n:HqxpY3I!OHHO\r I<pCMHlleBOM .n:e-
TeKTope y)!(e paCC\1OTpell. )1HqxpY3H5I aTQ:o.lOB oc<popa B I<pe mJlii IIpOTeI<a-
eT IIPH TeMnepaType HH)!{e 1073 K B aTMoccpepe aprolla If IIpJlBO,l,HT K 06-
pa30Bamllo C.10R C n-llpOBO..'l.HMOCTblO.
B .n:eTeI<TOpe BToporo THna nOBepxllocTlIhrif C.10R /l-KpeWWIH OKHC.'ffler-
C5I KHC.l0pOJI,OM B03Ayxa II npHoopeTacT .a;LlpOlIHYIO IIpOBO,'l,H IOCTb. KOH-
TaKT C IIoBepxHOCTHbl:\1 p-cJl0eM ocyrn.ecTBJHleTCH C 110MOrn.blO TOHKOH n:reH-
KH 30.10Ta, HaIlLIJI5IeMOH B BaKyywe. npH H3rOTOBJlellHH IIoBepxHocTHO-
oapbepHbIx 30JIOTO-repMaHHeBhlx .n:eTeKTopoB B OTJ1H4He OT JI,HqxpY3HOHHbIX
He HCIIOJIb3yeTcH BbiCOKOTeMrrepaTypHa51 06pa6oTKa, /<OTopa51 YXY1l. m aeT
o.n:HOpO.n:HOCTb KpHCTa.1JIOB. B .1HTHIJ-,II,peH<PoHoM .n:eTeKTope BBe) ellHe ,Il,0-
HOpllbIX aTOMOB .1HHHH B p-KpeMHHH OOh11.JIIOH tlHCTOTbl 1I03BO.1HeT /lOITH-
3HTb ero y.rr-eJIbHYIO npOB01l,1I\lOCTb.n:0 10- 3 CM/,W H YBe.1II t HITb IUlJplWY 06e) -
lIeHiIOH 06JIaCTH 3a CtIeT KOi\lrrellCal1.HII HOllaWH :IHTHB 3apH,Z.(a 3Kl1.efITopHLrx
npHMeceH. p - n-nepeXOA B ,.'I.eTeK lope lI.allHoro TIiIla o6paJye rC51 /lpH Alfq)-
cpY31I1I JIIITHH B p-Kpe\IHIIH "PH Te\1neparype IIII)!{e 873 K, I10IlbI .1HTHH
lIe CB5I3alIbI B KpHcTa.l.1H4eCKOH peweTKe Kpe IIIHR II Mory r I1epe:\1ern.aTbcH
Me)!{.l1.Y ee Y3JIaMH 1I0.n: .n:eHcTBHe:\1 BHeWIIero 3.1eKTpII'IeCKOro nO.l51, COBlIa-
.n:alOrn.ero IIO HaIIpaB.1eHHIO C IIO.1e:\1 p - fl -nepexo.n:a. JI.peHcp B IipHJIo)j{eli-
HOM IIO.1e IIO.10.iKHTe.1LHbIX HOHon .1IITHH IIPE 473 K B p-KpeMIIHH IIpHBO,'l,HT
K nOJIHOH KO:\1neHCaI(HH 061>e:\1HOrO 3ap5l.n:a aKnemopoB. C;/OH, B KOTOpOM
ocyrn.ecTBJIeHa KOMneHcal1.H5I, HMeeT HH3KYlO IIpOBO; HMOCTb, 6JIH3KYlO K
coocTBeHHoH (i-llpOBO.n: HMO CTb), TaKHM o6pa30M, JIHTIfH-.n:peHcpoBLIe .n:e-
TeKTopbI HMelOT IIepexo.n:b! p - i - n-THI1a. )].J1H YBeJ/lftIeHH5I 3qxpeKT1W-
HOCTH pemcTpal1.HH I'-H3JIY1.JeJIH5I p - i -- ll-llepexo.n: C03.n:aeTC5I B repMa-
Him, H:\1elOrn.eM 60.1blllHH aToMHbIH HOMep (Z----o 32), tIeM KpeMHHH (Z =14).
JIHTHH-.n:peH<PoBble repMaHHeBble .n:eTeKTophI C tIYBcTBHTe.1bHbIM 001>eMO\1
)J;O 100 CM 3 , OXJIa)!{.n:aeMbIe .iKH.n:KHM a30TOM, IIpH IeH5IIOTC5I B crreKTpoMeT-
pHH I'-H3JIY1.JeHIUI H HMelOT 60.1ee BbICOKoe 3HepreTHtfeCKOe pa3perneHHe,
'leM Cl1.HHTHJ1J15IUHOJIHbIe cIIeKTpoMeTpbI (CM. pa3,n:. 4.6).
4.2.4. TOKOBblH pe.iKHM nOJlynpoBo)J.HHKOBbIX .n.eTeKTOpOB
B OTJ1lftfHe OT ra30BoH HOHI13al1.HOHIIOH KaMepbI, 4YBCTBI1TeJILIILIM 06'1-
eMOM KOTOpOH 51BJ151eTC5I BeCb ra30BhlH npOMe.iKYToK Me)K.n:y 3JIeKTp0.n:aMH,
1.JYBcTBHTeJIbHa51 06.rracTb IIOJIYIIpono.l1.HHKoBOro J1.eTeKTopa 3aHHMaeT TOJIb-
KO 1.JaCTb 06'beMa KpHcTaJl.la, EC.'IH lIa .lI.eTeK10p IJo.lae1CH oopa1Hoe HarrpH-
)!(eHHe U, TO OHO npaKTlltIeCKH Bce na.n:aCT Ha I!IJBblllleH/lO\l COllpOfJ/BJleIlHII
o6e.n:HeHHoro c.r!05I, YBeJ1HtfEBaH TOJlrn.HHY 110C'-Ie Hero II np!!BOlI.H K 1I05lB-
.1eHHIO TeMHOBoro TOKa iT' HaJ1I14JIe Te\1HOBOrO TOKa HB,lBeTCH Cyrn.CCT-
BeHlIblM He.n:OCTaTKOM no.1YIIpOBO,II,HHKOBOro .n:eTeKTopa no cpaBlICHHIO C
ra30BOH HOHH3al1.HOHIIOH KaMepOH. JI.eTeKTopLI B TOKOBml peA<I1\1C lOrYT
IIpH 1eH 5ITbC 51 .n:.151. 1I,03HMCTpHII y- H3ytfeHll H np II MOrn.HOCTII J1.03bl P llC >
> 0,5 MKK.l/ (Kr' c) (2. 10: MKP/C). EC.11I TO.IIlI.lllIa CTeIIKH, oKpy)!{alO!l ei'l
;-(;
qYBCTBHTeJTbHbIi"1 061,e , 60:lLlliC \!aKC/J\13.1hlIOH )J/I!IHbI np06era BTOPI(1!-
lIbIX 3.1eKTpOHOB, TO )1;.151 orlpC.D.CJ1CII!HI .'W30BOH 'IYBCTBlfTC.lbHOCTH
i /P3I1C ,n:eTeKTOpa HCnO.lb3yeTcR cpOPMY.13 (4.11), nO.1Y'IelIHaH 1I..:rH CTe-
II to to
HOLIHOfi 1I0Hfl3al1.HOHIIOH KaMeph!.
3aBflcHMoCTh .D.030BOH IJynCTI3HTe,lbHOCTIf OT E y (XOll. C }KCCTKOCTblO)
TaK}Ke onpe,Z.(eJIHeTCH no cpop Y:le (4 II) ,Q:1R lI.CTeKTOpon Ha OCilOBe Kpe\1-
HlHI 3aBHcl\\10CTh )1030BOH qYBCTBHTC:IbHOCTII OT 3HeprHII oTcyrcTByeT lIPH
Ey> 0,2 l'\3B. DpH YMeHhlileHIIH E y :J;030BaH qYBcrBIITe.lbHocTb B03-
pacTacT, IlPOXO}I,IIT qepCl \1aKcwy!y np!! Ey --, 0,03 ,i\13B, a 3aTe\f Y\1eHh-
waCTCR. J1p}I\lelleHllc :J,OJlO.11I1ITC,lbJlhIX cpH,'lhTpOB, 3aKpbIBa!Ou1,HX I3XO::(-
!loe OK!!O ;J,tTeKTopa, n03130.1 HCT YYIellLIII!lTh XOJ( C }KeCTKOCTbIO :1.0 10% B
,n:H3!!a30He 0,08-0,2 lv\3B., J{:IH rep\13I1HCl3b!X .D.erCKTopoB (Z --= 32)..xo.'I.
C )!{eCTKOCTLIO 3Ha4I1Tc.lbHee, 'Ie:;! ,.:I,,151 Kpe\1Hl!eBhIX (Z - - 14)
Dpl1 ,n:.1IHe.lbHO npl1;\!CIIeIlHI1 i(eTeKTOpoB I1X CBOHcma H3\1ell5IIOTCH
no,n: ,n:eHCTl3l1e\1 Y-H3JIY'IeHI1H. lJ,onycTHMa51 1I,0la npl1 06.1Y'lel!l!l1 :I,IICP:PY3H-
OHHbIX H I10BepXHocTHo-6apbCp!!bfX .D.ercf\TopOB COCTaB 'fReT 2,6.10 1 K1/Kr
(lOA P), .1HTHIi-,Z.(pCHcpOBbIX - 26 !\.l'Kr (10; P).
4.2.5. HMnYJlbCHblH pe}KHM nOJlynpOBo,ll.HHKOBbIX ,lI.CTeKTOpoB
A;\!II.IlIly;(a IJ\\IlY.ll,ca /1 Ollpl'.'le.J5ICTCH Ol1l01i1C1I11e\1 3apH;(8, C03n:aH-
1101'0 pefllCTpllpYC\IOH lJ8CTIJILeH B IlyncTBIITc:rLHoH 06,lacTH, K e\H<O:TI1
p -- ll-ncpcxo,n:a, Ec.'111 TO,ll1(I1Ha 'IynCTBtrle.1bHoH oo.laCTll Oo.lbll!e ,n:.1HHbI
npo6era 3apH}KCHIIOr! qaCTHHhl, TO 3aBI1CHMOCTb \1e}KlI,Y 3HeprHeH nOC.le.n:-
lIeH: H 3HaQeHHCM A JIHHeHHa. Oopa30BaBUII1eCH B 3TOH OOJTaCTfi HepaBHO-
BeCHbie HOCHTc:m 3apH,n:a JI,BfI)KYTCH 1I0JJ, ,n:eHCTI3f1e BllelllHero 3.leKTpfl-
QeCKOrO nO.l5I 'lepe3 p - - n-nepexoll. K COOTBeTCTBYlO1l.I,HYI 3.:rCKTpO..'I.a .
DOCKO.lhKY nOJ(BHiKHOCTb 3.1eKTpOHOB Ii )(blPOK 3HalJIITe.lbHO OO.'TblIIe 11011.-
BfI}KHOCTH HOIiOB B ra3C, BpCM5! COOl1palll!H HOCI1Te.leH H HapaCTallH5I nepe)l,-
Hero <ppOHTa HMny.lbca COcr8B.151CT 10- 7 C Ec.1If Bpe H }KH3II11 HOCflreJleH
3apH,lI.a B no.lynpoBo)l,HI1Ke I1peBbllUaeT 10- 7 C, TO Bce OHli c06Hpa1OTC5I na
3.1eKTpo,n:8X.
B 061l.1,eM C:IYIJ8C 3:!eKTpOHHO-JI,b!pOIJIIbIe flapbI c03,n:a10TC51 38pH}KeHHOH
lJaCTHI(eH H 3a npeJI.e.TJaMIl p - - n-nepeXO;1,8, Bpe\f5I lI,Hcp::j)Y3f1rr HOCHTeJTeH
OT MeCTa B03HHKHOBeHH51 11.0 '1YBCTBHTe.lhHOI"I oo:!aCTlf COCTaB.15IeT 10- 3 C.
D03TOMY HMny.'TLCbI, c03;I.allllhIe 3TfI:vm HOCI1Te.15D1H, HapaCT810T Me.ll"leH-
HO, '1TO yXY.ll,WaeT BpeMeHH)'1O pa3pelllaI01l.l,YI0 cnoc06HOCTb ,n:eTeKTopa, a
TaK}Ke npflnOJJ.flT K lIapymeHHIo .1HHeHIIOH 3aBHCH OCTII e}K,n:y 3IIeprrreH
3ap5I}Ke1IHOH QaCTHl1.bI H 3I1a'leHHeM A.
ECJTfI nOCT05llmaH BpeMeHIl H3\lepHTe.1bHoH CflCTeMbI 3HaQliTeJTbHO \1eHb-
we Bpe e!m ;I,HqxpY3HH Hoclne.lcA, 10 Ha 3.leKTpO)l.aX He oY:(YT c06l1paThC5!
3ap, 51.lI,bI h010phie 06p330B3IIbI 33 nre;(e.!a 1I 'lYBClI3HTe.lbHOH 06.1aCTfi.
lI.030BaH '1YI3l'IBHfe.'lhHOCTb IIO:IYIIPOBOJl,lIf1!\O!3blX )l.eTeKTOpOB 13 IIM-
IIy.rlbl'HO\1 pe1KIIMC 3I1a'IIITe.lhHO BhIlUC', '1e\! !3 TOJ<OBO , II II03!30,lHeT perfl-
crpflpoBaTb MI1HHMaJlbIIhle 3Ha4eHIIH POKC - nOp51JI,Ka 0,3 nKn!(Kr'c)
(lo-a MKP/C). HHiKHIIH IIpe;l,e.l J.J3Y!epCIIHH OIlpe;I,C.1HeTC51 ypOBHeM IlIYM8,
B03HflKalOlI(erO B ,.:I,eTeKTOpe B pe3y.lbTaTe BPCMClfHl:IX II3\feHelIflH (cp,lIOKTY-
allIIH) 1 eMH0I30rO TOKa. <POH<JI3YIO CKOpOCTb ClJeTa O}KIJO 3Ha'lflTeJIhHO CHH-
3I1TL, npl'L\!eHIlB ;UtCKpHvUfHaTOp - YCTPOHCTBO, KOTopoe lie nponycKaer
77
nIPJ 4
omH.e8.
3
3
2
2
1
a 0,25 0,5 0,7'5 E"i ,MsB
PIlC 416 3aflHCHMOCTb ,l1030BOI! lIYUCT-
ilHTeJlj,I!OCTI! 11/1',>1,0 J1I!TI!ii-l1peill\J0I30! 0
,lleTeKTOpa 01' 3!leprHH ,\,-KBaHTOI3 Ev
npH pa3JJHQHblX 3!1aQe!l1IHX nopora ,llHC-
KpHMHHaUI!H E;r. II 06paTHoro HanpH)I{e-
IIHH U:
1- £1l.= 150 K3B, V=5 B: 2 - £)\=150 K3B.
U=80 B. 3 - J:a 100 K3B, V=80 B, 4-
E1l. 40 K3B. V=80 B
Ha nepeC4eTIIbIH IlpH60p HMIly.lbCbl C aMIlJHITY.lI.OH, He npeBbIllIaIOIII.eH: YCTa-
HOB.leIIHbIH npe,Il,c.'I. )].aIIIILIH npe.a.e.1 IIa3LIBaeTCH ypoBHe (noporOM) .D.HC-
KpHMHHa1l.HH Ed' KOTOpblH 06bIlJHO BbIpa)KaeTCH B e.ll.HHHu.ax 3l!epreTlilJeCKOH
lllKaJIbI (K3B) Ha OCIIOBamm B3aIl OCBH3H Me)K.lI.Y 3HeprHeH, nOTep5IHHOH B
lJYBCTBHTe.rIbHOH o6.1acTH, H aMnJIHTY;I,OH HMny.1IJca.
TIpH nOCTOHIIHOM 3HalJCHIlll Ed J o30Ba5I lJYBcTBHTeJlbHOCTb ; eTeKTopa
.1ImeHIIO B03paCTaeT C YBe.'IIl'ICHl!e f TOJIIII.HIILI 06e;UleHHoro C.l05l, T. e. C
POCTOM 06paTHOlO lIanp5I)KeHH5I U. 3Ha 1 1elllie U nbl611paeTCH Ha YlJaCTKe
IIaCbIIlI,eI1I151 Bo.1bT-aM1IepHOH xapaKTepl1Cl HKH H3 YC.10BH 51 MaKCI1Ma.'IbIlOrO
OTlIOlilellH5I CHrHa.la K WY!o.1Y. 4YBCTBII'Je.'lLHOCTb IIC.1IHldiIl0 y ellblllaeT-
CH C pOCTO?IIlIopora JJ.lIcKpmIHlIalilIH Ed' uco(JeHlIo IIPH IIIf31<JfX 311a4eIlliHX
3Hepnm Y-H3Y4eHH5I Ev. C:lc;I,oBaTe.:lbHo, BhIOlIpa5I 3HalJelllIH Ed' MO)KHO
1I3MemITb 3HepreTHlJecKYIO 3aBIIClI:\10C1 b : 030BOif lJ.YBcTBHTe.1bHocTH, T, e.
X0.ll. C )KeCTKOCTblO .lI..151 HMny.lbcHOIO .lI.eTCKTopa. Ha pHC. 4.16 npe,n:CTaB-
.'IeH XO.ll. C )KeCTKOCTblO JJIITHH -.lI.peihpOBoro .lI.eTeKTOpa npH U = 5 B, Ed =
= 150 K3B (KpHBaH 1) H IIpll U ---' 80 B, Ed' paBHoM 150, 100 II 40 K3B
(cooTBeTcTBelIHo KplIBble 2, 3, 4). TaKIIM 06pa30M, .lI.HCKpHMIIHa1l.HeH HM-
nYJJbCOB MO)KIIO cYIII.eCTBeIIllo CHH3HTb Xo,n: C )KeCTKOCTblO JJHTHM-.lI.peH<Po-
BbIX ,Il,eTeKTOpoB npH Ev> 0,3 l\bB.
4.3. <l>OTOfPA<I>H4ECKHR METO,lJ. ,lJ.03HMETPHH
4.3.1. XapaKTepHcTHKH q,oTorpaq,HtJecKHx MaTepHaJIOB
C nOMOIII.blO cpoTorpacpHlJ.eCKOrO Mel0.ll.a 6bIJIH nOJIyqeHbI nepBble cBeAe-
HIIH 06 HOHH3HPYIOlll.HX H3.1Y4eIIH5Ix pa,Il,HoaKTHBHblX BeIII.eCTB. B HaCT05I-
III.ee Bpe:\15I 3TOT MeTO.ll. I1cno.l1b3yeTC5I JJ;JI5I HHJJ;HBHJJ;yaJJbHOrO KOIITpOJI5I,II,03bI
"1'-0 - H lIeihpOHHoro H3JlyqeIIHH IIa A3C. KOHCTPYK1I.H5I IUlJJ;HBH.lI.yaJIb-
HOro <PoToJJ;o3HMeTpa THna 11<P KY paccMoTpeIIa B pa3.l1.. 6.2. HH)Ke H3.10-
)KeRbI OCHOBHble nOJIO)!{eIIH 51 cpoTorpacpH4ecKoro MeTOJJ;a.
B COCTaB CBeTOlJ.YBcTBHTeJILHOH: 3MYJIbCI!JI BXO;I,HT 6pmmCToe cepe6po
AgBr HJIH X.lopHCToe cepe6po AgCl, HaX0.ll.HTlI.eeCH BHYTPH CJIon )Ke.1aTHHa.
HocJle HaHeceHHH 3My.'IbCHH Ha 1I.eJI.'lyJIOH,II" CTeKJIO IIJIH 6YMary o6pa3Y-
IOTCH COOTBeTCTBeHHO q,oTOIlJIeIIKa, cpoTOIIJIaCTHHKa HJIH cpOT06YMara. DplI
06JIY4eHHH cBeT04YBcTBHTe.lblIoro CJI051 cpoTolIa:-.m B03JJ;eHcTBHe OKa3bI-
BalOT 3.1eK'fpOHbI, o6pa30BaHHbie np!! nOrJIOIII.ellliH 'V-KBaHTOB B BeIII.eCTBe,
78
OKPy)!{alO e\f tPo ro3V!y.1bCIIIO, B l\anilOC - S
TI1 B KaCCeTe ,lI,:IH 1I.1elIKIt II B CaMOM C.l0e
cpOT03My.lbCIlIf ,
TIp C,l1,1 IOJIO)!UIM , liTO IIa 3ap HmCHHYIO
KacceTY na.l1.alOT cpOTOHhT, J10r:I011(aeMbIe C
06pa30Balllle 1 BTOplllfIlblX 3,leKTpoIlOB, 1\0-
TOphIC B3aH:VI(); cjic1BYIOT C AgBr, I1eiiTp.1- SO
JIH3YH flO.'lomIlTe.lbHl,IC IIOJlhl repeupa II
06pa3Y5I, TaKHM 06pa30M, lIa IIOBepXHO- a
CTH 3epel! l1.elITpbI npOflBJIeHHH - aTOMbI
MeTaJIJIHlIecKoro cepe6pa. B ,lI,a.IbHeHlliC:\I PHC, 4,17. XapaKrepHCTHhJ cpOTOo
IIO,lI, ,lI,elrCTBHeM JlpOHBHTeJIH 3TH l1.ellTpbl MaTepHaJlOB S=f{lg X)
CIIOCOOCTBYIOT BOCCTaJlOBJIeIlll1O MeTa.I,1I1-
IlecKoro cepe6pa H3 3epeH AgBr, I1pll
cpHKCllpOBalIlili npOHCXO,lI,HT paCTBOpeHHe II Y/T,ilJIeHlle 111 , \IY:I bCII II
KpHCTa.IJIOB AgBr, He cO,J,epma 11 x u.eHTpOB IIpO fIB.1 ell II H.
<POT03MY.1bCI1I1 pa3JII1lfIIOH IIYBCTBI1TeJI bJlOCTII IICIl0.Ib3YIOTC5I ,lI,JJH ,lI,0-
311MeTpHlieCKHX IT,e.IeH B IlIHpOKOM ,lI,lIana30lIe ,lI,03. <POTOIIJIeIIKH nOMe alOT
B crrel1.l1aJIbIlble KacceTbI BMeCTe C cpH.IbTpOM, npe,lI,Ha3HalJeHlIbIM ,lI,JIH y.rIY'I-
IlleHIIH 3l'IepreTHlieCKOH xapaJnepllCTI1KH llYBCTBI1Te.lbIlOCTI1 OT.LI.e.IbIIhIX
BH,lI,OB 113.IYlIeIIH5I. CIloc06HOCTb cpOT03MYJIbCIII1 perl1CTpl1pOBaTb H3J1YlIe-
Hl1e, IIpe06pa30BalIHoe pa3JII1'IJIbl:\lH tP1IJ1bTpaMH, IIO: BO.l5IeT IIO:1ylIaTb CBe-
,lI,eHHH 0 ,lI,03e 113Mep 5Ie.\foro 113J1Y'leHI\5I.
XHMUlieCKH 06pa60TaHHa5I II.1eHKa I1MCCT Jlp03pa4Hbie H I1011epHeBUIIIC
MeCTa, KOTophle COOTBeTCTBYIOT He3aCBelieHIIbIM II 3aCBe'leHHbIM YlIaCTKaM
<PoT03:\1Y.IbCIIH. CII0.Ib3YH 3TOT 3cp<jJeKT AMI .l1.03HMeTpHI1, \10mHO YCTaIIO-
BHTb CBH3b \Iem/T,Y CTeneliblO 1I0liepHeHIIH II.leHKII H IIOrJIO CIIHOH ,lI,030iL
)]..IH 3TOH 1 C.111 C:ICi yeT 311aTb xapaJ<TepllCTHKH tP()TOrpa(pHlieCKI1X MaTe-
pHaJlOB.
PaCC\IOTpll'vI ou,IY4eIIHYIO II oopa60TaHllYI0 cpOTOfweIlKY, Ha KOTOpylO
IIa) aeT BlI.l1.I1MLJii CBC r C I1Hn IICHBHOCTblO J 0, 3a IIJIeIlKOH. HHTellCI1BHOCTb
YMeHbUlaeTCH )1.0 3IIa4elIHH J. JIorapl1cp\f J 01 f IIa3blI3aeTCH o/lmUttCCKOU
nAomfiOCtnblO 1I0 t l('pNCflllfl B.l11 I10'JcpHeHHeM S:
IgIolI = S. (4.19)
XapaKTepHcTHKa cpoToMaTepl1a,10B IIpe;r.CTaD.I5IeT C060H 3aBlfCHMOCTb
Mem,lI,Y IIO'lCplieImeM S H IIOrJIO eIlHOH 3HeprHeH H3.1YQeIIH5I D <PoT03MYJlb-
CHH HJlI1 3KCII03Hl 110HIIOH )1.030ll X. 06bl'IHO xapaKTepHCTI1Ka cpoToMaTe-
pHaJIOB 1I306pamaCTC5I D IIo.1YJIOrapl1cp\fIl'feCKOM MacwTa6c S -= f (lg X)
(pHC. 4.17). lIpmfOJII1HelrHbIlr YQaCTOK AB (06.'IaCTb I10pMa.IbEoH 3KCII03H-
l1.HH) 51BJI5IeTC5I pa6o'IlfM, tg 0 - «KoHTpaCTJIOCTb» cpOT03My.'1LClm; L-
lIIHpuHa cpOT03MY.'JbCHII, xapaKTepH3YIO a5I 06.IacTb 3Kcrr03l1lJ.1m; S,,-
ByaJIb II.IeHKH; SIX -.- lJYBcTBHTe:IbHocTb q10TOJlJleHKIJ.
4.3.2. <l>oTorpa4)1tQeCKOe ) eiicTBHe peHTreHOBCKoro
H y-H3JIY'leHHH
K.aK yme YK33hIBa:locb, IW cpOT03\oIY,'1bCIIIO I1enOcpC;T,CTBeHlIo B03-
)1.eikTBYIOT lIe lpoTOllbI, a BTOplI'IHble 3.'ICKTpOHbI, 06pa30BaBllll1eC5I npH 110-
r JIO eHI1I1 CPOTOHOB.
79
2,0
s ---- -- ---
1,6
1,2
I),a -
D,'I
"2 ' f34u
---=:::::
o 0,26 0,52 0,73 1,Clf 1:1X (Kn!t<r)
PHC. 418. 3aBHcHMoCTh S=f(X) ,ll,151
pa3.'1H411b1X 3l1cprm'i. MOllo',HIeprCTlflJC-
CKoro Y-H3JJY'IeHHH
'1,0
D,6
Q -
lDD ZCD
f Er1 <
40Q ! 0:)'] £.'I,J<3B
EJ'z f Ph
l AC
I _ """vI CPC,TiC:J,vl/.'1tC:J1/
51 > 5z
PHC. 4,19. 3aBHcHMoCTh S/X=f(E'I')
(xo.J. C )!{eCTKocTblO) <jJoTonJleIlKII 6e3
ejJlf.'1bTpOB
IlOCKO.1bl';Y cpOTO.:; Y,lLCJIH, B COCTaB KOTOpOH BXO,J,HT AgBr, H oKpy*a-
lOl11.aH ee cpc,u:a !It' 5Jl'lIHIOTC5J B03,IJ:yx03KImBaJICHT/1bl 111 1a'ICpHaJ1aMH,
TO H CleneHb n0'1epHCH1151 !I.1eIlKH npH O,IJ:UIIaKOnbIX ,IJ:03aX X UYJI,CT 3aB11-
CCTb OT 3Hepfl1H 3TOrO H3.1YtJCIIH5I.
lIa pHC. 4.18 npHneJl,CHbl 3aBHCHMOCTH 5 = f (lg- X) ,IJ:.15! pa3Hblx)Ha-
qCHHH 3HCprHH MOH03HepreTH'1eCKOrO H3J1Y'1eHH5I. 113 rpacpHKa BHJI,HO,
'11'0 OJl,Ha H Ta *e Jl,03a B 3aBHCHMOCTH 01' 3I1epnIH. naJl,alOIII.cro H3J1Y'1eHHH
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51 X = t (E'I') (pHC. 4.19). 31'01' rpacpHK HarJ15J,IJ,IIO nOKa3bIBaeT 3anHCHMOCTb
CTeneHH 1I0tJepIlCHH5J IWCHKH, OTHcceHHoH K C)].HHHlI.e )].03bl, 01' 3HeprHH H3-
JIYIJCHH5I, T. e. xo)]. C *eCTKOCTblO.
.lI..151 Toro '11'06bl npaBJ.1.1 bllO onpe;.r,e:Jll1 b )].03Y Hc on03HepreTW!CCKOrO
1I3J1, ytJelIJ.151 npU eH5JlOT BblpaBHI1BaloIII.He cpJ.1JlbTpbl, c:ly*alll.J.1e .lI.J151 ROM-
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pC;J.e.1eHHa5J Jl,03a Bbl3bma:la I1pHMeplIo O)J.HfWKORoe 1I0'lCpnelIJ.1e He3anHCII-
MO 01' 3IfcpnIH lIaJl,alOlll.erO J.13.1Y 1 leHH5J).
Ha pHC. 4.19 nOKa3aH8 cxe Ia 06.1Y'1elIJ.15I <pOT03 y.1"CIiJ.1: Ha Hce naJl,a-
eT peHTrCnOnCKoe 113.1Y4CIIJ.1C C 311cpmeH E'I'I =- 100 K3B H E'I'2 = 450 K3B,
C03) aIOIl ee o.Ll,J.1IIaKoBYIO ;J.03Y J.13J1YLJCIIHH. HeC lOTp5I Ha TO, tJTO E'I'2 >E'I'1t
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;J.06paH BblpanIIlm810III./!H rpH,'lbTp (0,75 \1M CBHlllI.a H 0,5 :\1:\1 a_llO J.1HHH),
KOTOpblfl 1I0 I ITH II 0.1 II OCTbJO K0:\111eHCHpOB8.'1 XOJl, C *eCTKOCTb10. CmIHlI.O-
BblA cpJ.1.1bTp CH,'JbHCC I10L10III.aCT H3.1YTlellJ.1C C MeHbIllei'r 3lIepmeH.
B pC.1y.1bTaTe nor:IOIII.CIIJ.151 I'-KBaIiTOB 011 HatJHIIaeT HcnYCKaTb rpOT03.'leKT-
pOllbr, KOTOpblC MorYT ynC.111lIHBaTb /lOllepIIClIIIe flJIeHKH. ,IL.151 npe,lJ,OTBpa-
III.ellJ.1H norD C:IY)KJ.1T a,110MIfIIJ.1eBbIH qm.1hTp. Ha puc. 4.20 npJlneJl,eIIa 3a-
BJ.1CHMOCTh 51 X = 7 f (Ey) npn 06J1YLJeHHII cpOTon,ICH/UI 6C3 BblpaBIIJ.1BalO-
w,J.1X cpH.1hTpOB (1) If C BhlpaBIIJ.1BalOll In1H rplf.1hTpaMIf (2).
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80
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lI,HH COBlla)l,aeT C MaKCHMYMOM nOrJIOlll,eHHH AgBr.
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TOB.
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fJpH HCnOJIb30BaHHH ClI,HHTHJlJIHPYIOIll,HX nellI,eCTB B Bll)l,e 3KpaHOB, a
TaK)I{e Upll BBe)l,eHliH HX B CPOT03MYJlbCHIO CHH)f{aeTCH BJIHHIIHe yrJIa na-
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3YlOTCH OTHOCHTeJIbHbIM MeTO)l,OM: nOqepHeHHe nJIeHKH OT H3MepHeMoro H3-
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HOM )l,030H OT ,\,-HCTOtIHHKa vOCo. 06WIHO )l,Jl51 3TOH lI,eJIH 6epYT HeCKOJ1bKO
nJIeHOK, KOTopbIe 06JIYlJaIOTC51 OJI.HOBpeMeHHO HCTOqHHKOM H3neCTHOM aK-
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YnpOlll.CJIHaH cxeMa )l,eHClfTOMeTpa nOKa3alla lIa pHC, 4,22. IlPH60p
COCTOHT H3 ;J.BYX ce.'JeIIOB1>IX <Po'r03.1eMcHToB - 211 8, BK.l!01JCHH1>IX no )l,Hcp-
cpepeIlUJla.lbllo!"1 CX('Me. OT HCTOlJHIIKa CBeTa 6 0)1,111/ cneToBOI'l nY40K Ha-
npan.l51eTc51 tj('pe3 KpyroBoH OnTH4eCI(JIH K.lllH 5 H ) I1a(ppanIY 4 Ha lIe-
81
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ocnc aeT 1I0BepXHOCTb H3MeplfTeJIb-
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60pa OTKJ101I51eTC}! OT HYJ1enoro no.'IOJKeHHH. ,IJ,.;151 B03Bpa eHHH CTpeJ1KH 13
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HHlJeCKHX KpHCT8.1JIOB 06'bHCliHeTcH 30HHOH Ylo.ll.e.'lh1O 3.1eKTpoHHbIX 3IIep-
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(P<t>JI) ,llJl51 q,ocq,aTllblX CTeKOJl'
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KOCTbIO Cll.HHTH.l,lHTopa.
IIeOpiJaHl/f1eCl\lle CqllHlll/lA If/mop/!! Co;«'piKaT IIpH [eCHble aTOMbi I!CllleCTB, C03-
l\alOlJ\He UCII rph! .1Io:>mIH'CUCIIUIlIl 11 3allpell eHlloii aOHe KpHCIQ,1.1a. 3TH TlellleCTBa
Ha3b[Ba10TCH aKTI1BaTOpa\fH 11 YKa3bITlaIOTC5I TI cKooKax nOC,lC 0003Ha'leHIfH cjJOP\!YJlb[
coe,J.IIIlL'IIIlH ITo XIIMJl'leCKO\I) COCTaTlY IIcOprDIIHIJL'CKHe CHHHTIi,1.1HTOphl W))I{IIO pa3-
,D.E',lI1TL Ha TPH I p\ IllIb[ CY,lhcjJlf;\bl -lnS (Ag), ZIIS (Cu), CdS (Ag), ra.10reIlH,D.hl
lI eJlO'lllhIX \ICTa,'LI013 - !'\a! (II). C ! (TI), Li! (TI), liT (Eu), 1I0.lbcjJpa\!aTbl-
C W()I' CdW0 4 C130iicTBa nt'pe'lHL',WIIllhIX CUI!1I11I,1,15/TOpOn I1pIIBr,ll,L'lIb1 IJ Ta6.'1. 4.1.
()CIIOIIHhl1,[ He,!(OCTaTKO\1 L'1\IIHTH,1.151TOpOB nrpuoi\ rpynm,[ HTI"lHeTCH Ma.1aH npo-
3pa'IIIUCTb ,pH COOCTTlCIIIIOrO H3.1Y ' leIlH5I, 'ITO IIpIlTlO).l.lIT K I!E'OUXO,,\H roCTH npH lell5lTb
TOHKIfE' C.l0H, nplirO,,\lIb[e TO.1I,KO ,'{,151 pcrl1CTpallHH KOpOTKOHpo6eMIlh1X a-'1aCTl1u.
Hanpl1'o1ep. KpIICTJ.l,lbi CE'pIlHCTOro llllllKa lllS (Ag) I!crrO,lb3Y!()TCH ,a.1H H3rOT013.le-
1I1I5I 3KpaiiOll 1 OJ111 H 1I0i\ 20 -40 MK\I C OlJelIh UhJCOKOii Clll1IITII:J.1HUHOfiIlOii 3cjJlpeK-
THBIIOCTLIO (2K%) Ci\IlIlTH.1,lf1TOP CdS (Ag) Il\ll'cr lIeCKU,lbKO OO.lbWY!O Ilp03p;J'I-
flOCTb ,,\.151 COOCTHelIlioro 113:IY'll'HII5I Ii \IO)KL'T npH [rllflTLC5I B 1311,,\e fleOO,lb1!fHX IIO-
Jlynp03pal[flLIX \IOIIOKpHCTa.1.10Tl
CUfl HTIl.1.1H IlHUlllla51 3ljJcjJel< IIlTlllOCTb CUll II I II ,1 ,1 jJl 0p013 TlTopoii rpYIlIIhl [Cflbll!e
(I-K%), u...llIaKO ()flU npOJpalJllbl ,'\.lH C06CT13l'lIllOrO 11 i,lY ' leflII5I , I103TO\IY HMelOT
60Jlh1!fllr pa.!\lephr 11 13hlCOJ( 10 3cjJcjJrK rllTlflOCTb pcrv.CTpaUIIl1 Y-H3.1Y1JellliH HaH60.1ec
'raCTO IIpH frIlHL'lC5I \lOIlOKpHCT:J.'1.1 Nal (Tl) C \laKCIIMDJlbHb[\! CBCTOBbDI Hb[XO,ll,O !
'It, KOTOpblii O"IIII;JKOII , :IH 3:Il'KTpOIlOIl, npOTOIIUH, ,,\rt"rrpUHOTl Ii .1HIIE'HHO :ia13HCHT OT
3lIeprJIII 3TIIX '1aCrlIll (pilL' 429). C.1E',1OHare1bllo, CIlIlIITI1,1JI5ITOp Na! (1) ue,;[L'CO-
oopa.;]!o IIL'IIO.'IL lOBar!, J. '151 CllL'KTpO lrrplJlI } r<.IJalillblX 'japHfKl'lJlJhIX IlaCTII!! II Y II j-
.'lY'leIlIIH
C) u\enTlE'lJllbl\1 IIr:\OCTaTJ(U ! 51T1,15H'TCH I HI pOChUJ!H'IIiOCTio hprlL'r:J,1.1<l Na! (11),
KOTOpLIH ,1J1H npr"OXpallE'J!IJ5I OT lIJ1arll 1I0:>fE'II\Q!OT II rep lrTHT[I!YIO OUO.l0 T IKY co CT('K-
.1Hllllbl\f OhIlO\1 l!a lICe nOI!t'p.\lIOL'TJ! KpIICld.'J.Ja. !\PO\lI' nplI,IL'IdIOII\rii h 01(11)', lId
IJUCHr 'JTpaiKdrL',lb ,110\1HllrCUl'IITIlOrO IU,lj'lL'IIIIH 1I3 (IJ,HL'U "arllJ!H, BhlCOhllii :jlpI11E'K-
TIIBllbJii aTO\lHblii 1I0\lep J\alilioro CIIIIIITII.1.1HTopa (Z rj) 50) HB.1HeIC5I HpI1 I IHIIOt"J
3l1a4l1Te,lblloru Xo]{a C iKeCTKOCTLIO IIPH pNIICTpDI!HII Y-IU,l 1JelII!H,
I3O,lbif>pa\JaThi Ka.1bIlH5I Ii Ka: \llIjl 1l\!L'IOT TlhICOKIlE' 3Ha4eHH5I /.a:f1H n,'10T!lOCTII,
fl03TO\IY TaK,KC rory r UIHb lIL'nO.1biOBaHh! ,1,151 pE'fHC rpaUIIJ! Y-IU.1} 1JL'1!1I5I, He,1o
CTaTl<J\l1J 3TlIX CIlIIIITII,1.1HrOpOB 51n.l51i(HCH \ld.11,1,' pin"l P!,I, a TaKiK,' OO.'lbUIE'l' ApC-
Mil 1IbICH('IIHllaI!I!H 11 \lrl!hlllHii C!\eIUIWH 13bl:'\U", '1('\! Y '\a! (TI)
K'I
1 d (), I Ii II a <1 I OCHoBllbie CBoHcTBa HeoprallH1lccKHX CI(HIITH.n. RTopOB
.
cO to(
= 0 ."
Q. ; J, ><0 :if ;:r
:<:r
'" "'''' «sQ:i
'" ","'to: o .
K!!I!CTd.l., .... Z,,,p il::(t:f :;;.... "" O :C Otbaclb IIp}j\!eHCIIH>I
0
0 :ctTI :: "'0: 0...._ =>"co:::f
c::;::; {.) o::r- ctI p.=
j: tJ::.at o of-<
i ""0- =X...CJ
0>' -ro....ro "':r- =o ::r
to: 0 :I:::::O::T t;"'Q,jU
-...... ::f=o' '"=0 "'...."
-.... U 0 =<C. "'- uoz
ZnS( Ag) 4,1 27 28,0 1,0 1,0 4GO} PCrJlcrpal.\HSI THJKeJlblX
CdS( Ag) 4, 44 20,0 200 1,0 7GO JapR)I{CHllblX 4aCTlil.\
Nal(TI) 3,07 50 8,4 0,25 1,0 41O} PerncTpaIlHH - II "Y'
KI(Tl) 3,13 49 2,5 1,0 0,3 410 HJ.1Y4CHHH
CsI(T!) 1,51 54 .3,0 0,5 0,3 5GO PerueTpaU;IIH "Y-H3J1Y4C-
IIHII
LiI(TI) 4,06 52 1,0 1,2 0,1 4,-)°1 Pel I!eTpaI HR HeHTpoIloB
LiI(Eu) 4,00 52 3,0 J ,0 0,7 4GOI
CaIAEu) 4,5 51 15,1 0,5 1,8 - PCrllcrpallHR - H "Y-
ID.1Y'leIlIlH
Csf 3,59 53 0,1 0,05 ° , 0% 390 PCfIlCTpal\HH "Y- H3J1 Y'lC-
IIHH
C1W0 4 (;,1 59 4,0 G,O 0,5 4301. PcrHeTpal H5I TH)I{e,lLIX
CdW0 4 7,9 'il H,O ti,O O,!! ::;30/ ',a RA<eIlHhlX 'laCTHH
p
()P.?UHlllleC/.:IIC ct<llrll/lIl.1.JJ!lIlOfJl>I .'\("lH1L:R lIa 1 pn rpynnLl - MOllUKpHCTaJlJlbl
(ldO.1. 42) II pacllJOpbl CIII!!Il11.1.1I!pYlow,ero neilleCTBa B OpraHIl'leCKOii )l{H,iJ,KOCTII
Il.lli TBL'p,].oii rr:laCDIaL:L'C Ocu0ellrroCTbio IICL'X OpraliIl'leeKI1X CIIIIIITI1.1JIRTOPOIJ HB-
:IRe1CR U4ellb laJlOC IIper.IH HbICBl''iHBdIlHH-Ha 1-2 rrOIJ5I..(Ka HIiA<e, '!e 1 y lIeopl'a-
IIH'Il'eKHX. Kpo"lE' Toro, oprallH'leCKIIl' CUI1I1HI.1.1RTOpbl 3Ila4I1TE'Jl""0 G. H)I{E' K 1J03AY-
X03KIIIIBaJleIlTH"' 1 BE'w,l'CTllaM, 'INI lIE'opraHH'IE'CKHe, H rr03To IY HM('IOT 1E'lIbWHH
XO,iJ, C ;.KE'CTKOCThlO.
HaHuo.lec 4aCTO rrpH lellHe\lblii IOIIuKpIlCTaJl.l aHrpaUl'Ha xapahTepH3)E'TC5I
MaKCHMaJlbHhlM ,lI,JlH opraIlH'IE'CK IIX CIIHHTH,l,lHTOPOB 3Ha'lE'lIHNI 11 (G%), KOTUpOC
MellbWC, 'Ie:.! ,lI,JlH HeupraIlH4eCKOl'0 KpHeTa. .'1a NaI (TI) (11 K o). Bpe 1R BUClle-
'1HIJaHIIH aHTpauella lIa I10pR,llUK MCHhwe, 4eM l .lH !\al (TI) COUTIJl'TCTBCHIIO
3,3 . 10- 3 II 2,5 . 10-" c. CneTOIJOH Rh/XO" ;JIITpaUella, KaK H BCCX oprallH'leCKHX
CUI!IITII.'1:I5ITOPOB, IeIlbUl3E'TCR lIa I10p5l,ll,OK npll nepexo,iJ,c OT 9,1eKlpOIlOB K (X-4ac-
TIIl.\a\! (pHC. 4,30).
a:> ZIT
\TJ
18
:J::
C>
12
e-
x
6
X
a
2
,-
fj
13
10E?, 1f\
PHC. 4,29. 3aBIICH',fOCTb CBeTOBoro BbIXO,lla
r. KpHCTaJl.'1a fl(aI(TJ) OT 31lepfllil I:::y :PH
3J1eKTpOHoB II npoTonoB (1), a Tal()I{e .3-,151
(.(-tIaCfHl.\ (2)
!-JO
15
<0
;: 10
........
:J::
'"
E
e. 5
,
K
"
u
5
10
5Er,M3B
PilL' 4 30 .1aIJHCIiMOCTb CIJE'TOBOrO UhI-
XUjJ.a % Kpll(Ta.1. a alii pancl!a U r 3lIep-
H!lH E.. ,1,151 3.1eKTpO!lOn (1). rrpOTO-
lIon (2) II 'A -\lanIIU (:1)
Tau . II n a 4.2. OCHoBHble cBoiicTBa OpraIlH'IeCKHX CUHHtlfJlJlSlTOpOt
CI\HHTHJI BPC\lH CneToBoJl AJlHHa
RLICBC\fH- BOJIHH
f1J10TIIOCTL ZaL!> JHII HOHHaH naH!lH (npH JJhlXOI]; MaKCHMYMa
COCT3n KpH CTJ..1JJa p, r/c\!' 3q,q,eKT!lB- 11 n036Y)f{ OTHOCH- cncKTpa
IIOCTb 1], A /{HII) 't. TC'JJbHO JIIOMIIH("C-
0' :HlTpanCH::J
IV III 9 C u.eIlLlHlI, 11M
-
AHTpaueli C H H 10 1,25 5,8 G,O 33 1,0 445
CTlfJlb6ell CJ4I-1H 1,1G 5,7 2,5 G,O 0,4-0,7 410
Ha<lJTa. HH CloH 1,15 5,8 1,0 73 0,2 345
TOJlali C1,H 1O 1,18 5,8 4,G 4,0 0,3-0,5 390
IZ- TepcpeHHJI C I8 11 14 1,23 5,8 4,5 4,5 0,3-0,5 400
-
OCIIOilllbiM npelf\1YII ecTBo 1 )l{HJ\KIIX oprall1l4ccKIIX CI.\IfHTHJI.'151TOPOB 5IBJl5IeTCSI
1D3MO)l{II0CTb IfCnOJlb30naHliH OO.lbIllHX OU'bC IOB JlKlUOH <jJOpMhl oJlaro,llapH npocTOTe
npHrOTOI!JlellHH H Ma.'10H CTOIf\!OCTIf KpoMe Toro, II )l{H,i\KHX CUHIITHJlJlHTOpaX MOtKHO
paCTBOp5lTb coe,Z\HHelllfH THiKC. blX lera.1JlOB (ClJllllel , BHOIYT) ,llJlSl YlJeJlIf'le!lH5I 3<jJ-
<jJeKTHBIfOCTH pel'llCTpaUHH Y-1f3,'1)''IeIfH5I, a TaK)I{e COl',i\lillellll51 uopa H Ka,ll IIIH C l eJlblO
nOJJbllllellHH 9<jJ<jJl'KTIIIJIIUCl H perlfcTpal HH IIciITpo!lolJ. 13nt',:J.l'IIIfC pa,Z\lIoaKTlIlJHblX
1f30TO!lOB IJ )l{H;.lKHii CI.\IIJlTHJI,lHTOP n03UOJlHeT 113 ICpHTh laJlWC aKTHBHOCTH.
TIJlaCT\laCCOlJhIC opraHII'lecKllc CUHHTHJlJlHTOphl - TBep,ll,ble paCTIJOpbl, KOTOphiC
He Tpe6Y!OT II OT.1HLJlle or )l{H;.lKHX paCTuopOB rep\leTJf1leCKII 3aKpbITOrO KOHTCHliepa
H3 XH Ili'leCKII cToi'iKoro MaTepHaJla II \I0r)'T IIpH reHHTbCH B lllllpOKO 1 ,lllfana30lle
TeMnepaT)'p II ,lI,alJJleHHH, II.'1acTMaCCOlJble CI HIITH,1.151TOpbl npHrOTOBJlHIOTC5I nOJlIIMe-
pH3all.Hci-i )l{1f.i\Koro CTllpO,la 11,111 lJHIIIIJlTO.1YO.la )J,Jl5I pcrHCTpal{HIf Kop0rKonp06e)l{-
Hbi x 'IaCTIII.\ npll \ft'H 5IIOTCH TOHKUII.leIl04I!blC H,laCHlaCCOlJbIe CILHHTHJlJl5ITOpbl, KO-
Topble 1f lelOT TaKHe )l{C 311a'le!lHSI ClJeTOnOro nhlXOila H npeMe!l1l III CUe'lHBaHII5I, KaK
II )l{H,lI,KHe ell.IIIITH.1J151TOP/,r.
4.4.4. PerHCTpaLl.HSI y-H3J1YlJeHHSI CLl.HJlTHJlJlSH HOHHblM .n.03HMeTpOM
3qxjJeI\TIIBIIOCTb pcrIlCTpaU)!H Y-1I3.1Y4ellll51 11, onpe,ll.eJI5IeMaH no <PoP-
MYJle 14.14), B03paCTacT C YBCJlHlJeHl1e 1 TO,llII.IlJlbl CLl.HIITHJlJI5ITOpa x, a
TaK>KC ero :l!lI/d\.HOro K03cjx}:H1L1.HeIlTa ncpeJWIII 3I1eprHH It . 3HalJeHHe It;
B03paCTaeT C Y\ICHLliIeJlHeM 3Hcpnf!1 Y-KBaJlTOB E-v H B 06JlacTH KOMnTOH-
aqxpeKTa I1ponopl Holla:IbI/O n:IOTI/O(,Tl! p, B OO,laCTII cjx.rl'03qxpeKTa-'leTBep-
TOH CTenelIlI 3qxpeKTHBlloro aTO llloro HOMepa Z 1jJ CIIHIITHJIJI5ITOpa. I103TOMY
,lI..1H perllCTpalJ,l1II Y-H3.'ly t ICHliH nbl6IIpalOT HeOprallH'IeCKlle llI.e,10lJHO-ra.'I0-
H,lI.HLle \IOII0l(pllcTa.'1,lb1 .\JaI (11), K1 (Tl), Cs1 (11), H\oIelOILl.He BblCOKHe 3Ha-
lJemfH r 11 Z <f>' OObl'-lHO npll\ICI/HeTC51 KpllcTa:1.1 :\'a1 (TI), TaK KaK on 06-
JIa,J.aeT Halfoo.lb!llefI CrUIIITI!:I.l HWlOlIHoi-i 3qxpeKTIlBlIOCTblO (CM. Ta6.;J.4. I).
3qxpeKllIBIIOCTL penlCTpalJ,1II1 pKO!'O (KO.l.11!Ml/pOBaHilOro) nYlJKa y-KBalI-
TOB, na.J.a!OII IIX I/Op\la:ILIIO nOBepX!lOCTlI KpllCTa,l1a \!a1 (Tl) TO.1U IfHOiI
4.10- \1 (L"{ paBHa 1 ,2. . 0.5; 0,3,\\38), conaB.l51eT coomeTCTBeHHO 0,53;
0,80; 0,96. TaKIIM o6pa30 1, 31IatlClIlle 11 CIlHHTII:f.1m I!OIIIIOrO .ll.eTCKTopa n
06J1acTH cj10T03cjxpCKTa (E-v < 0,3 1\138) MOlKeT ) OCTHraTb 100%, qTO COOT-
BeTcTnyeT nO:IHo\.IY nOr,101L1.CIIJ.f1O na) alOllI.ero Ha CIJ,HHTH.1.151TOp y-H3,lYl.Je-
111151. KaK cJIe,J.yer 113 pa3.11.. 4,1, CqCT'lHK reArepa - .\1lo,1.1epa UMeeT 60-
Jlee HI13KOe 3Ha T leHile 11 (HeCKO,lbIW II p0lJ,eHTO B) ,
91
[(pJlCTa.1.1 l\ 3 I (T I) H ICCT BbTCOKO(' 3113QCIlIIC LO'11 II cyw.eCTBcTlHo OTK-
.101I5IeTC5I OT l103,J,yx03Klmlla.leIlTHoro llew.eCTBa (Z '11 - 7,6). C le.ll.OBa-
Te:lbIlO, .lI.030ll3H 'IYllCTllHTe.1bHOCTb CIUIH fII:TJIHHIfOJlHOrO : 03InlC rpa 113
OCHOBe ::noro KpIICT3.'IJJa 3aBHCIIT OT 3HepnfII perHCTpJlpye 1Oro 113.1Y4CHII51
(XO,J. C .lKeCTKOCTLIO). OIIpe.ll.e.111M XOA C .lKeCTKOCTLIO )VI}I I1MnYJlbCHOro H
TOI\OBOrO pe.IKI1MOB paoOTbl CIUlIlTII.'1.'lHILHOJlIlOrO JJ.Q31I\ICTpa.
HMnYJIbCHblH pe)l\HM pacoTbi. CKOpOCTb C'leTa W\11IY:lbCOll n lIa llLIX0.ll.e
<l>3Y onpe,iJ,e:ISle1cH 4HC.10 I\TOpIl4HbIX 3JIeKTpOHoll, B03HIIKIlH1X D CLI,HH-
TIIJTJl51Tope 38 I C II pallila OTI!OUJE'JlJlIO MO HOCTH 1101 :[()U eIlJlOH )1.03L1 y-1I3-
.1YQeHH5I D K 3IIa4eHlll0 Ev, )1.151 )'31\0rO nY'IKa ,\,-KI:!aIlTOB I1HTeJlCIIBIlOCTLIO
J 0, II3JlaIO HX JlOpMaJJbHO TopnOBOH nOBepXJ10CTIl Jl.l0 a.ll.blO F TOHKoro
(p;x < 1) IlH.1I!I1,1.pHQeCKOrO ClllIIITH.'JJI5ITOpa, HMee\!
, z z
D==-IoF1)-IoFf!nx Io!ln V, (4,28)
OTKY.lI. a
n --= / 0 !-t V,
I'. v
(4.29)
r; c V - OO'beM C1ll!l1TII:IJ1S1Topa, M a .
Ha OCHonallHH <poP\!YJI (4.28) II (4,29) no.1Y'!3CM .n..'151 TOIlKoro CLI,HHTH.l-
.151T0pa aHa.lorHQHO cpop\o1Y:le (4.17):
z
_-=2,73.10H V, (4.30)
P OHC E "B
V t"'11
3HaQeHHe 1// P OHC TOHlwro CllIIHTH.1.1H10pa IIpHMO npOIlOpLl,Holla.'1hHO
cro TOJI HlIe x, 0Ilpe) e.1HlOllWH 3Ha'leHH}1 1), V H D cor.laCHO cpopMy.le
(4.28), 11 pe3Ko I303paCTaeT C YMeHLweHHcM Ev llC:le)1.CTBHe pOCTa p .
Tl03TOMY npll VIa:lblX Ev B03'v10meIl IIepcXo)1. K C:IY4alO TOJJCTOrO CLI,HHTH.'J-
.n m opa (f.I;X > I), cOOTBeTcTBYIOU IIi1 no.1Hm1Y nor:IOllleHIIIO perHCTpll-
pyeMoro 113:IY'IeIIlI51 (D '-- J of), J 030BaH 'IYBcTBIITe,lLHocTL C!LHIITH.'1:I51-
'!Opa onpc.n.e.1HcTcH aJla.'10rH'IHO BhlpameHllio (4,30) npll q =-= 1:
-=2,7: .1014 , (4.31)
P E "
JhC V Il"
fIpOH3Be.ll.eHlIe Evf.l B tPOP Y:IC (431) HMceT MI1I1HMY:--1 npH Ev ==-
==-- O,06.M3B, 1I03TOMy npl1.11aHIIoi1 3I1epfllH y-H3.1Y l leIIlIH ,J,030BaH'IYBcTBII-
Te.'JhHCCTb 10.1CToro CllIlHTJ1.1.'I5I10pa npOXO.ll.llT 4cpe3 MaKClI'vIpl H CIIH.lKa-
CTCH npH ; a.lhIleHWe! pleHbweIIlIlI Ev 113-3a pe3Koro YlleJJ!I'lellIlH f.I B
OC'1ilCTH <pOTo3q;q;eKTa,
TOKOBblH peJIBIM pacoTbi. AlIO,I.JJlhIJi TOI< i" (A) lIa BLIXOJle CP:-)Y OIlPC'.lI.e-
:15Ie'ICH 110 cpop\1)'J1e (4.27), lll\OTOpoii 311a'leIl!leLJ ;\.151 101lhO[O CllllII'IIfJI.1H-
Topa HaXO.l15TT no (4,28). I1CIIO.'1b3YH COO'IIIOllJCIIHC (4,8) .lI..l51 P;he, I10.1Y'JII 1
).\..151 .I1030B0l1 4)'BCTBHTeJI bliOCTH TOHKOro Cllllll1 JI.1JJI\-I1 opa 06'Le 10M V
ia M!-t epn
V,
P aHc
fll
( 4.32)
92
flRC. 431. 3aBilcHMoCTh ,J.0:J11!J01I !IYBCT1JH-
TeJJbJlOCTH ial POKC OT 3Hepnm Y-1I3,1Y4el/!l5I
E v ,llJlfl TOHKOrO CUHHTII.1JJHTOpa'
1- aHTpal\CH, 2 - x lopaHTpdt\CII: J - C IeCb
57 % aHTpal\clla II 11 % X,10pdHTpal\clla
2,0
r.ll.e f - cpe; mtH paCXO.ll. 3HCpnm 1,5
Ha 06pa30BallI!e ONIOro <!JOT09JJeKT- 1,0
pOHa.
Ha OCHOB3111J1.1 (POP V1y.1 hI (4, .32) 0,5
MllIIHMa,lbHO II3:VICpHe"O 1Y 3HallCHllIO
ia =- 0,1 HA COOTBeTcTByeT P OHC =- 0 2 1 £ M B
=5,9 nKJJ/(Kr'c) (2,3.10- 2 MKP/c) 10- 2 5 10- 2 )',3
npH li3MCpeHH51X TOHKHM B03.l1.YX03KBIIBaJJeHTHbIM ClI:IIHTHJJ.'15!TOpOM, eCJJII
V =-0 10- 6 M 3 , P =- 1()3 Kr/M 3 , f = 2 K3B, M = lOG. .IL.1H HOpYla.'lbHOH liO-
Hli3alJ,liOHHOH KaMepbI TaKoro )/{e 06'beMa MliHHMa.lbHOMY TOKY 10 <!JA co-
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npH:\feH5IIOT ,lI,,151' pernCTpa HH HeihpOHOB C 3HepmeH OT 0.25 ,lI,0 10 M3B.
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4 3JI'; 9 7
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.D:eTeKTop nOporoBaR .D:cTeKTop noporonaR
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1I0if 06JIaCTH.
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TO )l.03Y MO)/{HO onpe)l.eJIHTb no cpopMYJIe
D = [0,095 (J pu -JNp) + 2,4 (JNp- Ju) +
+3,0(J u -J s )+3,7fs].10- 9 , pa)l., (4.34)
r,il.e J i - nJIOTIIOCTb nOTOKa IIeifTpoHoB C 3Hepmeif Bblwe nopora a KTIIBa-
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(4.35)
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100
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JIli3aTOpa, onpe)I.eJI51.eTC51. rpa)I.YlipoBKOH no I1CTOqHliKaM H3JIyqeHli51. C li3-
BecTHoH 3HepmeH. HCTliHHoe 3uepreTliqeCKOe pacnpe)I.e.'IeHHe BOCCTaHaB-
JIliBaeTCfl no npli6opHOMY cneKTpy aHaJIli3aTopa.
fIpli pemCTpall.lili MOH03HepreTI1qeCKliX 3ap5DKeHHb1X qaCTliII. liJIli KOC-
BeHHO liOHli3lfPYIOIIJ.liX Blf)I.OB lf3.1YQeHliH (Y-KBaHTbI, IIeHTpoHbl) C 3Heprli-
eif Eo clIeKTpoMeTp pemcTplipyeT paclIpe)I.eJIeHHe QHCJIa N liMIIYJIbCOB IIO
3HepmH E. llIlipliHa E IIOJIYQeHHOrO paClIpe)I.eJIeHIHI aMIIJIliTY)I. A liM-
IIYJIbCOB (pliC. 4.35), li3MepeHHa51. Ha ero nOJIYBblcoTe H Bblpa)!{eIIHa51. B
3IIepreTHQeCKliX e)I.HImll.aX, II03BOJIHeT OlIpe)I.eJ1liTb OCHOBHYIO xapaKTepnc-
THKY clIeKTpOMeTpH'IeCKOro )I.eTeKTOpa - ero 3HepreTlfQeCKOe pa3peIIle-
HHed.
3uepreTHQeCKliM pa3perneHlieM d Ha3bIBaIOT OTHorneHHe IIlHPHHbl E
pacnpe)I.e.'IeHli5I K 3HeprHH Eo 3ap51.)!{eIlHbIX QaCTHlI., nOrJIOIIJ.eIlHOH B QYBCT-
BliTe.'lbHO:\1 06'beMe )I.eTeKTopa:
PHC. 4,35. AMnJllitY,llHOe pacnpe.!te.neHlic HMnyJtbcoa
npH pemcTpaUHH MOHo.mepreTH'IeCKOrO H3JJY'leHHH C
311epmell Eo
N
N rna:r
d = E/Eo.
E
a
Eo
(4.37)
3ap51.)!{elIlibIe QaCTlill.bI npe)I.CTaBJI5IIOT pemcrpHpyeMoe HenOCpe)I.cTBeu-
HO lfOIIli3lfpYIOIIJ.ee li3J1YlIeHHe liJIli 06pa3YIOTC5I IIpli B3aliMO)I.eHCTBliJi MOHO-
3HepreTliQeCKliX y-KBaIiTOB liJIli HeHTpOHOB C BeIIJ.ecTBO:\1 )I.eTeKTopa.
DpHQlfHOH B03IIliKaIOIIJ.erO paClIpe)I.eJIeHli51. lfMIIY.'IbCOB no aMIIJ1lirY)I.aM
npli perrrCTpall.lili MOII09HepreTlfQeCKOrO li3.1YQeH!:!H 5IBJI5IIOTC5I OTKJIOHe-
Hli5I OT cpe)I.Hero 3l1aQeHlfH (<pJIIOKTyall..!:Ili) QliCJIa HOC!:!TeJIeH 3apfl)I.OB B liM-
IIYJIbCIIOH HOIIlf3al liOIIHOH KaMepe, IIpOIIOpll.lfOHaJIbHOM CQeTQliKe If IIOJ1Y-
IIpOBO)I.HlfKOBOM )I.eTeKTOpe, a TaK)!{e Q!:!CJIa cpoTOHOB B ClI.liHTlfJIJI5ITOpe.
<1>JIIOKTyall.lfli YKa3aHHblX BeJIHQHH B03HliKaIOT BCJIe)I.CTBlie CTaTliCTliQeC-
Koro xapaKTepa B3aliMO)I.eHCTBH51. li3JIYQeHli51. C BeIIJ.eCTBOM li paBHbI KOpHIO
KBa)I.paTHOMY H3 QliCJIa HOCHTeJIeH 3ap51.)I.OB B liOHli3all.HOHHblX )I.eTeKTOpax
HJIli cpoTOHOB B ClI.liHTHJIJI51.TOpax.
3HepreTHQeCKOe pa3peIIleHlie )I.eTeKTopOB YJIYQIIlaeTC51. C YBeJIliQeHlieM
nOrJIOIII.eHHOH 3Hepmli E. )XonOJIH!:!Te:lbHbIM!:! liCTOtJHHKaMI1 aMIIJIliTY)I.Horo
pa36poca )I.JI51. ClI.liHTHJIJI5IlI.liOHHOro )I.eTeKTOpa 51.BJIHIOTC51. qmIOKTyaII.lili QHC-
JIa cpoT03J1eKTpOHOB, BbIJIeTaIOIIJ.liX C cpoTOKaTO)I.a <1>3Y, a TaK)Ke HelIOJIHOe
IIOrJIOIII.eHlie y-li3JIYQeHli51. npH ClIeKTpOMeTplili IIOCJle)I.Hero. CYMMapHoe
3HepreTliQeCKOe pa3peIIleHlie CII.liHTliJIJ1HlI.liOHHoro 6JIOKa )I.eTeKTlipOBaHli51
101
BJ],3r 2-24 C kpHcTa.l.'lOM NaI(Tl) .1!.lIaMeTpoM 11 BbtCOTOH, paBHbIMH
4,0.10- 2 M, J.1 <1>3Y-93 lie npCBblluaeT 10,5% npH Ev =-- 0,66 M3B.
DplIqlIHaMH YXY,lI,weHHH pa3peweHHH nOJlynpOBO,.'l;HIIKOBOro ,.'I;eTeKTOpa
SI.B.1HIOTCH WYMbI YCJ.1.'IHTe.1H II BJIIISllIlIe npJ.1MeCHbIx lI.eHTpOB 3aXBaTa BO-
CHTeJIeH 3apSI,lI,a. O,ll,HaKo H C yqeTO\f 3TlIX cpaKTopoB pa3pemelilIe nOJIynpo-
BO,ll,HHKOBOro ,lI,CTeKTopa 3HaQHTeJIbHO BbIwe, 'Ie\f ClI.IIIITII.'IJIHlI.HOHHOro 60'10-
Ka ,lI,eTeKTllpoBalilIH (BanpJ.1Mep, ,lI,JIH JIIITIIH-,lI,peHcpoBoro repMaHHeBoro ,lI,e-
TeKTopa J],rJ],-11 d =--, 0,5% npH Ev -= 0,66 M3B).
Be.'IHqJ.1Ha d SJ.B.1SIeTCSJ. KO.ilJ.1qeCTBelIlioH xapaKTepilcTIlKOH pa3,l1,eJIelilISJ.
Ha nO.1YlleHHoM 3HepreTHlJeCKOM cncKTpe ,lI,BYX 6,11J.13KO JIe)l{aIll.HX MaKCII-
MYMOB, ,lI,.lSI lJero wllpHBa Kal!a.1a aIfa.'IH3aTOpa ;I:O.'I)I{Ha 6bITb MeHbllle 31la-
QeHHSJ. d B 5-10 pa3.
Cne.n;oBaTe.'IbHO, IIpJ.1 y.'1YllwemHf pa3peweHHSJ. ,lI,eTeKTOpa B03paCTaeT
lJIIC.'IO Kalla.lOB aHa.1H3aTopa, Heo6xo,ll,HMOe ,lI,JISI 06pa60TKH aMrrJIHTY,ll,HOrO
pacnpe,ll,eJleHHSI IIMrrY.lbCOB 6e3 nOTepH crreKTpoMeTpHIIecKoH HHcpOpMall.H1I.
HanpllMep, B ClI.IIHTH.1JISIlI.J.10HHOM cneKTpoMeTpe ,lI,OJI)I{eH IICnOo'Ib30BaTbCSI
aHaJI1I3aTOp, HMelOI.IJ;IiH 60JIee 100 Kalla.lOB (AH-128, AH-256), B nOJIynpo-
BO,ll,lIlIKOBOM cneKTpoMeTpe - aHaJI1I3aTOp, HMelOIlI.HH 60JIee 1000 KaHa.lOB
(AH-I024, AI1-4096).
BTOpOH OCIiOBHOH xapaKTepilcTIIKOH cneKTpoMeTpa SJ.BJlSIeTCSJ. 3qxpeK.-
mU8fIOCmb pecucmpa4uu aHaJIlI3HpyeMoro H3J1yqeHIISI, onpe,ll,e.'ISJ.eMaSJ. 01'-
HOWeHHeMqlICJIa 3apemcTpilpoBalllIbIx qaCTlllI. lI.l!! Y-KBaHToB K '!Hc.'IY no-
naBWJ.1X B ,lI,eTeKTop.
3qxpeKTHBHOCTb pemCTpall.HH C1 IIIITffJIJISIlI.J.lOHHOrO y-cneKTpoMeTpa
IIPH TO"lIl1.ffne KpilCTaJl"la NaI(TI) 60JIee 10 CM 6J1H3Ka K 100% B 1I1lIpOKOM
,iJ,ffarra30He 3HaqCHHH Ev' TaKJ.1C cneKTpOMeTphI nO.lIIoro norJl0Ill.enlIH HC-
1I0Jlb3YlOTCH npil IICCJIe,ll,OBaHHH IICTOlfHJ.lKOB y-H3.'IYlJeHIIH Ma.loH aKTIIB-
HOCTH (nanpHMep, npH KOHTpOJle BIIYTpeIiHero 06J1YlJeHIIH Ha YCTallOBKe
CH4).
3qxpeKTilBIIOCTb perHCTpall.HH y-1I3JIyqelllIH no.'IynpOBO,ll,IiJ.lKOBbIMIl ;r,e-
TeKTopa Hf 3J1alfHTCJIbHO II H)I{e , nocKoJlbKY TO.1Il1.HHa IIX qYBcTBIITeJIbllOH
06JIaCTI1 He 60 ee 1 CM.
Dpil npOBe,ll,eJlHIl ,lI,03lIMeTpHqeCKOrO H pa,ll,Hall.HOHHO-TeXHO,,10rlIqecKoro
KOHTpO.'ISI Ha A3C HCI10JIb3YIOTCH TOJIbKO ClI.IIHTII.'I.1SIlI.HOHHbIH II nOJlynpo-
BO,ll,HHKOBbIH ,lI,eTCKTOpbI B OCHOBIIOM ,lI,JI H y-cneKTpoMeTpIlH. PaccMoTpHM
B03MO)l{HOCTil Ka)l{,lI,Oro H3 3THX clleKTpoMeTpoB, IIcno,rIb3yeMblx ,lI,.'ISJ. aHa-
JIlI3a cneKTpoB y-H3.1yqCHHSJ..
4.6.1. CLl.HHTHJlJUILl.HOHHblH O,ll.HOKpHCTaJlbHblH V-cneKTpoMeTp
HalI60.1ee WHpOKO npllMeliHIOTcH BbICOK03qxpeKTffBHbIe O,ll,1I0KpIlCTaJIb-
HbIe y-cneKTpoMeTpbl.
KaK YKa3aIio B pa3 . 4.4, ,lI,.lSJ. perHCTpall.HII V-1I3J1yqeIlHSJ. 06bIqHO IIC-
no.'Ib3YIOT HeOpraHHqeCKffe ClI.IIHTIIJIJISJ.TOpbI N aI(TI).
3aBlIcHMoCTb "lHHcHHoro K03QxlJHlI.HeHTa oc.la6MHHSJ. fl ,lI,.lSJ. NaI(TI)
OT 3HeprHH y-ff3J1yqeHHSI Ev npHBe,ll,eHa Ha pilC. 4.36. Ha OCHOBaHHH 3aBII-
CHMOCTIl fl (Ev) MO)l{BO C,lI,eJlaTb BbIBO).t, '11'0 rrpil E v< 1,5 M3B 3<P<Pe KTOM
06pa30Ba1lHSJ. rrap MO)l{HO npeJle6peqb II y-KBaHTbI norJl0Ill.alOTCSJ. npil cpoTO-
3qxpeKTe HJIII paccellBalOTcSJ. npil 3qxpeKTe KOMnTOlla.
102
10'J.
10 0
fO-f
W 2
fD- 3
D,D1 D,1
PRC. 4 36. 3aBHcHMoCTb JlHlIeAHOro
K03<P<PHI.\HeHTa OCJIa6J1CIIHH JL "lI,JlH
HcopraHH'ICCKOro CHHHTHJlJlIITOpa
NaI (TI) aT 3HeprHH 'Y-H3J1Y'IeHHH
Ev (T-BKJla"ll, <poT03<p<peKTa, (1-
BKJla,ll, KOMnToH-3<p<pcKTa, x - BKJla"ll,
3<P<pcKTa o6pa30BaHHSI nap)
N,IlMn
10
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 D,D 0,7 E 1 ,M3B
PRC. 4,37. AnnapaTYPHaSl JlHHHH O,ll,HOKPH-
CTaJlbliOrO CI(HHTHJlJlHl.\HOllllOrO cneKTpo-
MeTpa npH perHCTpaUIiR 'Y-H3JJY'lCHHH pa-
J\HOHYKJIH"lI,a 95Nb
f1pH CPOT03cfxPeKTe 06pa3YIOTCH <pOT03J1eKTpOHbI, 3IIepnUI KOTOpbIX ITpaK-
TH'IeCKH paBHa E Y' <1>oT03J1eKTpOHbI cpopMHPYIOT <pOTOITHK Ha aITnapaTYP-
HOll JlHHHH cneKTpOMeTpa (pHC. 4.37). ECJlH ,lI.JlHHa npo6era cpoT03J1eKTpO-
HOB Mellbwe TOJIIl.I.HHbI CIl.UHTHJI.l5ITOpa, TO nOJlOIKeHHe cpoTOIIHKa Ha 3Hep-
reTH'IeCKOH WKaJle aHaJlH3aTOpa COOTBeTcmyeT 3HeprHH y-H3.'IY'IeHHH.
KOMnTOHOBCKHe 3J1eKTpOHbI OT.n;a'IH, 06pa30BaBWHeOI npH pacceHHHH
MOH03I1epreTH'IeCKOrO y-H3.TJY'IeHHH, HMeIOT nenpepbIBHbIll cneKTp, ITO-
CKOJlbKY 3HeprHH 3.1eKTpOHa OT,lI.a'IlI 3aBHCHT OT yrJla 9 pacceHHHH y-KBaII-
Ta, H' <POpMHPYIOT lIenpepbIBHoe pacnpe.n;eJleHH'e Ha annapaTYPIIoll JlHHHH.
f1pH o.n;HoKpaTHoM pacceHHHH Ha YlaKCHYlaJlbHbIH yroJl 0 = 180 0 y-
KBaHT lie MOIKeT ITO.'IHOCTblO nepe.n;aTb CBOIO 3HCprHIO 3.1eKTpOHY OT.n;a'lH,
n03TOMY MeIK.n;y HenpepbIBHbIM pacnpe.n;eJleHHeM II <poTonHKoM HMeeTCH
npOBaJl. PaCCTOHHHe lIa anITapaTYPIIoll .1HIIHH MeIK.n;y rpaHHIl.eH KOMIITO-
HOBCKoro pacnpe.n;eJleHHH H <pOTOIIHKOM COCTaBJlHeT 0,25 M3B.
C YBe.lll'IeIlHeM pa3MepOB CIl.HHTHJlmITOpa YBe.'IH'IHBaeTCH BepOHTHOCTb
MHorOKpaTHoro pacceHHHH y-KBaHTOB. f10CKOJlbKY ITPH 3TOM npOHCXO,lI.HT
YMeHbweHHe 3HepmH pacceHHIIoro H3.1Y'IeHHH, B03paCTaeT BepOHTHOCTb
cpoT03J1eKTpH'IeCKOrO ITOr.10ll(eHHH. f1oc.le,lI.oBaTeJlbHbIH pH.n; npOIl.eccoB
MHoroKpaTHoro pacceHHIIH 3aBepwaeTCH cpoTonOrJlOIl.l.eHHeM H .n;aeT BKJla.n; B
<POTOITIIK, <POpMIIPYH nHK IIOJlHOrO nOrJlOll(eHHH, IIOCKOJlbKY 3TH IIpOIl.eCCbI
npOTeKalOT 3a BpeMH, KOTopoe 3Ha'IHTeJlbHO MeHbwe BpeMeHII BbICBe'IHBa-
HH5I CIl.HHTH.l.'IHTOpa, H perHCTpHpYIOTCH KaK e,lI.HIIH'IHbIH aKT.
TaKIIM 06pa30Yl, YBe.'IH'IeIIHe pa3MepOB CIl.HHTHJI.TJHTOpa npHBo.n;HT K
POCTY OTHOIlIeHHH IIJlOIl.l.a.n;H, OrpaHII'IeHHOll ITHKOM IIOJlHOrO nOrJlOIl.l.eHHH,
K 06ll(eH nJlOll(a.n;H, .1eIKaIl.l.eH IIO,lI. annapaTypHOH .'IHHHeH, T, e. YJlY'IIlIaeT
BII.n; IIOCJle.n;HeH.
103
nJIorn.a,lI,b nllKa nOJIHOrO nOrJIOrn.eHH5I B03paCTaeT npil YBeJIHqeHIIH KO-
3qxplIIl.lIeHTa nOrJIOrn.eHHH 1; npil (P<:>T03qxpeKTe, T. e, npH YMeHbWeHll1l 3Hep-
mIl 1'-H3JIyqeHIIH (CM. pHC. 4.36) H YBe.rmqeHll1l 3cfxPeKTHBHoro aTOMHoro
HOMepa ZaljJ' n03TOMY )1.JIH 1'-cneKTpoMeTpHH HCnOJIb3YIOTCSI HeOpraHHqe-
CKHe ClI.IIHTIIJIJIHTOpbI, HMelOrn.He 60JIee BbICOKlle 3HaqeHilSi Za4>' tIeM opra-
HlIqeCKlle [)1.JIH NaI(TI) Zect> = 50, )1.JISI aHTpall.eHa Zd4> = 5,81.
KpoMe nepBlIqHOro 1'-H3JIyqeH1I5I ClI.lIHTlIJIJl5lTOp pemcTpllpyeT pacce.
51HHoe 1'- H3JJyqeHile Ha yr JJbI 90° <9< 180° OT <1>3Y II 3arn.HTbI cneKTpoMcTpa.
3HepmH Eys 06paTHo pacceHHHoro 1'-H3JJyqeHHH cJJa60 3aBilCIIT OT 9 (npil
Ey = 0,76 M3B Eys = 0,31 M3B )1.JlH 9 = 90° II Eys = 0,19 M3B
)1.JJH 9 = 180°). 06paTHo pacceSlHHoe 1'-1I3JJyqeHlle q,op HpyeT Ha annapa-
TYPHOll JJHHHIl HecllMMeTplIqHbIH nHK C MaKCIIMYMOM, JJe*arn.IIM Me*)1.Y
YKa3aHHbIMil 3HaqeHlIHMil Eo;s (CM. pilC. 4.37). BKJJa)1. 06paTHoro pacceH-
HIIH B03paCTaeT C YBeJIlIqeHlleM paccToSlHIIH OT HCTOqHIfKa 1'-KBaHToB )1.0
ClI.lIHTIIJIJJHTOpa II C YMeHbweHlleM pa3MepoB nOCJIe,lI,Hero.
B03pacTaHile Ev npIIBO)1.IIT K 6bICTPOMY YMeHbweHIlIO JJIfIIellHOro KO-
3qxplIlI.lfeIITa q,oT03JJeKTplIqeCKOrO nor.'IOIII.eHIIH 't, KOTOpbIii CTaHOBHTCH
npeHe6pe*IIMo Ma.'IbIM npil Eo; > 3 M3B (CM. pilC. 4.36). IIpll 3TlIX 311aqe-
HH5IX Eo; BbIcoK03HepreTHQeCKaSi QaCTb annapaTYPHoH JJIfHHIl onpe)1. 'I5I-
eTCH 3qxpeKTOM 06pa30BaHlIH 3.'IeKTpOHHo-n03IITpOHHbIX nap. .[(.lH 06pa30-
BaHIIH napbI 3JIeKTpOil - n03lITpoH He06xo)1.IIMa 311eprlIH, paBHaH 3Hep-
mIl MaCChI nOK05I 3THX QaCTlllI. 2m o c2 (mo - Macca nOKOH 3JIeKTpOHa IIJJH
n031ITpOHa; C - CKOpOCTb CBeTa; 2moe 2 = 1,022 M3B). Pa3HocTb Me*,lI,Y
3HeprHeii nOrJJorn.eHHoro 1'-KBaHTa E'1 II noporoBoH 3HepmeH 2moc 2 on-
pe)1.eJIHeT KIlHeTIIQecKylO 3HepmIO 3JJeKTpOHHO-n03IfTpOHHOH napbI. IIpH
I10JIHOM nor JJorn.eH If II B ClI.lIHTHJJJJHTOpe KIlHeTIIQeCKOll 3Heprillf napbI 3TlIX
QaCTlllI. Ha annapaTYPHoll JJIIHIIH nOHBJIHeTCH nllK C 3Heprilell E'1- 2moc 2 .
IIocJJe TopMo*elllIH B ClI.HHTIIJJJJHTOpe n03HTpoH aHHlIrHJJlfpyeT (peaKlI.IfH,
06paTHaH 06pa30BaHilIO napbI), IIcnycKaH )1.Ba 1'-KBaHTa C 3HeprHell Eo; =
= moc 2 = 0,511 M3B. AHIIlIm.1HlI.IIOHHble 1'-KBaHTbI MorYT nOrJJOTIITbCH
B ClI.IIHTIf.l.'IHTOpe IIJJIl BbI.leTeTb 3a ero npe;I:eJJbI. IIpll nor.l0rn.eHIlIl O,lI,Horo
aHHHrHJIHlI.lfOHHOro 1'-KBaHTa Ha arrnapaTYPHoll JJHHIlIf nOHB.'IHeTCH nllK C
3Hepmell E')} - moc2, npl1 nor.l0rn.eHIfIl )1.BYX - Ev' TaKIlM 06pa30M, nplf
cneKTpoMeTpll1l 1'-1I3JIYQeHIfH C 3Hepmeii EO'> 1,5 M3B nllK nOJJHOrO no-
rJIorn.eHIIH cooTBeTcTByeT nOrJIorn.eHIlIO B ClI.H1-ITIIJI.l51Tope lie TOJIhKO
KIfHeTIfQeCKOll 3HeprHil 3JIeKTpOHHo-n03IITpOlIHOH napbI, HO II 3HeprHil all-
1IlIrHJIHlI.lIOHHhIX 1'-KBaHTOB. YBeJIIIQeHlle pa3MepOB ClI.IfHTII.1JIHTOpa npll-
BO)1.HT K nO)1.aBJIeHIlIO nllKOB npil 3IIepmHx Eo; - 2 moe 2 II EO' - moc 2
3a CQeT B03paCTaHHH nllKa nOJJHOrO nOrJJorn.eHH5I npil EO', a TaK*e YMCHb-
waeT BJJHHHlle yxo)!.a 3JJeKTpOHOB 1I3 KpIlCTaJJJIa.
TaKH 06pa30M, B03paCTaHile pa3MepOB ClI.IIHTHJI.1HTopa B OJI.I10KpIIC-
TaJJbHOM 1'-cneKTpOMeTpe n03BOJIHeT YJJYlJWIITb BII)!. annapaTYPHoii JJIIHIIII,
nOCKOJJbKY npil 3TOM YBeJIlIQlfBaeTCH nJJorn.a)1.b nHKa nOJIHOrO nor.l0rn.eHHH,
nO.'Io*eHlle KOToporo onpe)1.eJJHeT 3HeprHIO perlIcTpllpyeMoro 1'-1I3JJYQeHIlH.
3TOT MeTO)1. nO)1.aBJJeHIIH HenpepbIBHoro pacnpe)!.eJIeHIIH II n060lJHblX nllKOB
B OTJJIIQlIe OT MHorOKpllCTaJJbHbIX cneKTpOMeTpOB lie YCJ10*HHeT KOIICTPYK-
lI.HIO ClI.IIHTIf.1JIHlI.HOHHOro 6.TIOKa )1.eTeKTHpOBaHIIH II He CIIII*aeT 3qxpeKTIfB-
1I0CTh pemCTpall.lIH I'-H3.1YQeHII5I, QTO If MeN pernaIOIII.ee 311alJeIllie nplf 1'-
ClleKTpO!\leTpllH lIa A-aC. o'Z\HaKO 2IIIepreTIILJeCKOe pa3pelllCIIlle d, onpe)1.e-
104
JHteMoe no llmpHHe nlIRa nOJIiloro nor,,10rn.eHHH, yXY.1J.lliaeTCH C YBeJIHI} .
HHeM pa3MepOB CIJ.HHTHJIJIHTopa. HanpHMep, npH Ey = 0,66 M3B ,n;JIfl
6JIOKOB ,n;eTeKTHpoBaHHH Ha OCBOBe CIJ.HHTHJIJIHTOpOB NaI (Tl), HMeIO-
rn.HX pa3Mep (,n;HaMeTp 11 BbICOTY) 25x25, 40x40, 63x63u 150x150MM,
MaKCHMaJIbHbIe 3HatJeHHH d paBHbI 8,5; 9,0; 10,0 H 12,0% COOTBeTCTBeH-
HO.
f1pHtJHHaMH yxy,n;rneHHH 3HepreTHtJecKoro pa3pell1eHHH npH YBeJIHtJe-
HHH pa3MepoB CIJ.HHTHJIJIHTOpa HBJIHIOTCH B03pacTaHHe pa36poca ,n;JIHHbI
nYTH, npoxo,n;HMoro q,oToHaMH BcnbIrnKH ,n;o Bxo,n;Horo OKHa <1>3Y, a TaK-
)f{e pOCT Heo,n;Hopo,n;HOCTH pacnpe,n;eJJeHHSl aKTHBaTopa no 06"beMY CIJ.HHTHJJ-
JIHTopa.
.lI-JIH YJJYtJrneHHH pa3perneHHH HCKJ1IotJaIOT npOMeJKYTOtJHble cpe,n;bI (Ba-
3eJIHH, onTHtJeCKHH KJIeH) Me)K,n;y CIJ.HHTHJIJIHTOpOM H <1>3Y. B 3TOM CJJY-
tJae onTHtJeCKHH KOHTaKT ,n;OCTHraeTCH )f{ecTKHM CKpenJIeHHeM CIJ.HHTHJIJIH-
Topa H <1>3Y B o6m.eM Kopnyce. TaKaH Hepa360pHaH KOHCTPYKIJ.HH Ha3bIBa-
eTCH CIJ.HHTH6JJOKOM.
4.6.2. nonynpOBO,IJ.HHKOBblH V.cneKTpoMeTp
.lI-JIH nOJJYtJeHHH miKa nOJIHOrO nOrJIorn.eHHH Ha armapaTypHOH JIHHHH
Heo6xo,n;HM ,n;eTeKTOp C 60JJbrnHM qYBCTBHTeJIbHbIM 06'beMOM H aTOMHbI
HOMepOM Z. f103TOMY B nOJJynpOBo,n;HHKOBbIX y-cneKTpOMeTpax npHMeHHIOT-
CH JJHTHH-,n;peH<pOBble ,n;eTeKTopbI C qYBCTBHTeJIbHbIM 06"beMO ,n;o 5.} 0- 5 M 3
(.lI-r.lI-K-21) Ha OCHOBe repMaHHH (Z = 32). TOKH YTeqKH B repMaHHH CHH-
)KaIOT ero OXJJam,IJ.eHHeM mH,IJ.KHM a3OTOM.
AnnapaTYPHaH JJHHHfl OXJJam,n;eHHoro JJHTHH-,n;peHq,oBoro repMaHHeBoro
,n:eTeKTopa npH Ey = 0,66 M3B nOKa3aHa Ha pHC. 4.38. BblcoTa nHKa nOJJ-
HOro nOrJJom.eHHfl COCTaBJJHeT 60JJee nOJIOBHHbI BbICOTbI HenpepbIBHoro KOM-
nTOHOBCKoro pacnpe,n;eJJeHHH y ero BepxHeH rpaHHIJ.bI.
CpaBHeHHe pHC. 4.37 H 4.38 n03BOJJHeT c,n;eJJaTb BbIBO,IJ. 06 yxy,n;rneHHH
cpopMbI armapaTYPHoH JIHHHH y-cneKTpoMeTpa npH YMeHbrnemIH Z.
3HepreTHL!eCKOe pa3perneHHe d nOJJynpOBO.D.HHKOBOro ,n;eTeKTopa, orrpe-
,n;eJJHeMOe rnHpHlloH nHKa nOJIHOrO rrOrJJow.eHHH Ha nO.'IOBHHe ero BbICOTh1,
JIYtJrne 0,5% rrpH Ey = 0,66 M3B.
CrreKTp y-H3JIyqeHHH np06bI TenJIOHOCHTeJIH nepBoro KOHTypa A3C C
peaKTopoM BB3P-440, H3MepeHHbIH ,n:eTeKTopoM .lI-r.lI-K-40B, npHBe,n;eH Ha
pHC. 6.26. BblcoKoe 3HepreTHtJe-
CKoe pa3perneIIlIe no.'IynpoBo,n;HHKO- N,I1Mn
Boro crreKTpOMeTpa n03BOJJfleT on- 10'+
pe,n;eJJHTb co,n;epmaHHe npo,n;YKTOB
,n;eJJeHHH H aKTHBHpoBaHHhrx npo-
,n;YKTOB KOpp03HH B TenJJOHOCHTeJIe. 103
102.
3,5 K38
PHC. 4.38. AnnapaTypnMt JlHlllfSl JlHTHH-
Apeii<!JOIwfo repMalmeBoro AeTCK1'Opa, ox- 101
.lia)l{.lI.elHlOro ,ll0 78 K, npH pCmCTpau.HH a
Y-H3J1YQeHHH paAlioHYIUIH.lI.a 13TCS
0,2
0,'+
0,6 E"I }M38
105
tJlaBa 5
METOJJ.bl H3MEPEHH5I PAJJ.110AKTHBHbIX
A3P030JIEA 11 rA30B
5.1. PAJJ.HOAKTHBHbIE A3P030JlH
Pa)l,liOaKTIIBHble a3p030JlH - 3TO B3BeweHHble B B03)1,yxe (B BH)I,e TYMa-
Ha IIJlH )l,bIMa) MeJlb'laHWlie TDep)l,ble HJlH mH)I,KHe "I aCTlill.bl, 06.1a)l,alOlJ.I.lIe
eCTeCTBeHHoH HJlli HCxyccTBeHHoH Ct-, -, r-pa)l,HoaKTIIBHoCTblO. B nepBo
c.'1yqae 3TO npo,n;YKTbl pacIla,/J;a ypaHa, TOpl1H H pa,n;liH, pacceHHHble B npH-
pO,n;HOH cpe,n;e, BO BTOpOM-TBep,n;ble H JIeTY'IHe npo,n;YKTbl ,n;eJIeHHH ypalla
B H,n;epHo peaKTope, MlIrpHpoBaBwlie B B03,n;yX, a TaKme pa,n;HoHYKJlff,n;b£
aKTIIBall.HOHHOro npolIcxom,n;eHHH.
KOJIlIqeCTBO II pacnpe)l.eJIeHHe pa)l.lIOaKTI1BHbIX a3p030JIeH, nOCTynalO-
lJ.I.IIX qepe3 opraHbl ,n;blxaHHH B opraHII3 , 3aBHCHT OT pa3Mepa a3p030Jlb-
HbIX tJaCTIIII.. f103TOMY ,/J;JIH OII.eHKII CTeneHH pa,l.(lIa1I,HoHHOH onaCHOCTH a3po-
30JIeH Heo6xo)l.HMO onpe,n;eJIHTb He TO.'IbKO HX OO'beMHYIO aKTHBHOCTb (Kon-
II.eHTpall.HIO) B B03)1.yxe (5K/M 3 ), HO II 3HaTb )l.IICnepCHOCTb a3p030.1bHb1X
qaCTHII..
B B03)1.yxe MorYT nplICYTCTBOBaTb aap030JllI pa3MepOM OT )l.0.1eH ,n;o He-
CKOJIbKIIX ,n;eCHTKOB MHKpOMeTpOB.
3KcneplIMenTaJIbHbIe HCCJIe,n;onaf:!H5I nOKa3a.1H, tJTO pacnpe,/J;eJIeIIHe qnc-
JIa 4aCTIIll. no pa3MepaM, a CJIe)l.OBaTe.1bHO, no Macce H aKTIIBHOCTII nO)l.qff-
H5IeTC5I JIOrapH MlIqeCKII HopMaJlbHOMY 3aKOHY.
)XlIcnepCIIOCTb qaCTHII. B 3TOM CJIY4.ae xapaKTeplI3yeTcH Me,n;HaHHbIM )l.lIa-
MeTpOM d H CTaH)l.apTHbIM reoMeTpHqecKHM OTKJIOHeHlIe IT OT ,n;HaMeTpa.
KpynHble qaCTII1I,bl (d> 1 MKM) .9$PeKTHBHO 3a,n;epmHBalOTcH BepxHHMH
,/J;bIxaTeJIbHblMH nYTHMH (HOCOf.TIOTKa, TpaxeH, 6pOHXH), a MeJIKHe (d <
< 1 MKM) )l.OCTliraIOT aJlbBeOJI JIerKHX. B .'1erOqHbIX aJILBeOJlaX oce,n;alOT B
OCHOBHOM caMble MCJIKHe 4aCTHll.bl (d =- 0,1 MKM H MeHee). MexaHH3M
ocam)l.eHIU{ nO,/J;4HHHeTCH 3aKonaM 6pOYHoBcKoro )l.BlImelIHH H )l.1IQ:xPY3HII.
COrJIaCHO peKoMeH,n;au,IIHM Mem,ll.YHap0)l.HOH KOMHCCHH no pa,ll.Hau,HoH-
HOH 3arn.IITe (MKP3) nplIHIIMaeTcH cJIe)l.YIOrn.ee pacnpe,/J;eJIelllle B,n;bIXae-
MbIX a3p030.'1eH; 50 % OCam)l.aeTCH B BepxHIlx )l.blxaTeJIbHblX nYTHx, 25 % -
13 JIerKHX, 25% - Bbl)l.blXalOTCH B B03)1.YX.
B ,/J;aJIbHeHWeM 6bJ.'10 YTO'llIeIIO, 'ITO B Tpaxenx H 6polIxax OTKJIa)l.blBa-
etcH 10% 4acTIIu, C Me)l.I:!aHHbIM )l.HaMerpOM d a = 0,2 -;- 10,0 MKM, B HO-
cor.'10TKe - OT 40)1.090% qaCTHII. )l.HaMel'pO d a =- 1-;-10 MKM, B JIerKHX
- OT 25)1.060% )l.lIaMeTpOM d a = 0,1-;-1,0 MKM.
OTJIOmHBWliecH B JIerKliX 4aCTHll.bI pa,ll.IfoaKTffBHbIX a3p030.'1eH 6blCT-
po II nOJIHOCTbIO BcaCbIBalOTCH B KpO!3b, eCJlH OHII COCTOHT ff3 paCTBOpH-
Moro Bern.eCTBa. 4acTHII.bl HepaCTBOpHMOro BelJ.I.eCTBa Tome nocTynalOT B
KpOBb, HO TOJIbKO B IIO.10BffHHOM KOJlffl/eCTBe. f10naBlIJHe B KpOBb pa,/J;HoaK-
TIIBHbIe 4acTIIu,bI TOKOM KpOBH pa3HOCHTCH no BceMY TeJIy H..1H cocpe,n;OTO'lH-
BalOTCH B onpe)l,e.1eHHblX (KpIITIfqeCKIIX) opraHaX If HB.'IHIOTCH HCTOqf!HKOM
BHYTpeHHero 06.'IY'lCHHH. Te "I aCTIIll.bl, KOTOpL1C 3a,n;epma.'JIICb B BepXIIHX
)l.bIXaTe.'IbHbIX nYTHX, MlIrplipYIOT B Hocor.10TKY, npor.laTblBaIOTCH, a 3a-
TeM nona)l.alOT B meJ! Y)l.OK II CTaHOB5ITCH IICTOqHIfKOM OOJlYlJ.eHHH meJlY)l.oq_
106
HO-KIHlIe'lIlOrO TpaKTa ()KKT). 4aCTb HX MO)!{eT BCaCbIBaTbCSI H3 )l(KT B
KpOBb.
CJIe.n;yeT OTMeTHTb, 'lTO 3a.n;ep)!{Ka a3p030.1bHb1X 'laCnlIJ. B BepXHHX .n;bI-
XaTeJIbJlbiX nYT5IX H .i1erKIIX onpe.n;eJIHeTCH He reOMeTpfPlecKIIM d, a a3po-
.n;IIHaMII'leCKHM pa3MepOM 3THX 'lacnllJ. d a . Be.ll1'lHJla d a CBH3aHa C I1JIOT-
HOCTbIO Belll.eCTBa 'lacnuJ. H HX reOMeTpIIl/eCKHM pa3MepOM COOTHome-
HIIeM d a = dVp (p - nJIOTJlOCTb nelll.eCTBa). A3po.n;HHa\1H'leCKIIe pa3Mepbl
OTpa)!{aIOT cnoc06HOCTb a3p030JIbHblX 'laCTHli c.'1e.n;OBaTb no HanpaB.leHHIO
B03.n;yulHoro nOTOKa H TeM caMhlM onpe.n;eJI5IIOT HX nOBe.n;eHHe B opraH8x .n;bl-
xaHIIfI, a TaK)!{e B B03.n;yxoBo.n;ax BeHTH.i151UIIOIlHbIX CHCTeM A3C H B03.n;yXO-
3a60pHbIx Tpy6Kax .n;JIH KOHTpOJIH a3p030aeH. KpoMe Toro, OT .n;HcncpcIIo-
CTII a3p030.1CH 3aBHCHT }IX npocKoK '1epe3 cplfJIbTpbI O'lHCTKIf npH BbI6poce
B03.n;yxa II3 A3C II 'Iepe3 HH.n;HBH.n:Y8JIbIIhle pecnHpaTopbl, npIIMeIl5leMble .n;JIH
3all.(HTbI opraHoB .n;b1xaHHH. JI.JIH H3MepewUI d a a3p030JlbHblX l/aCTHli H Bhl-
5IBJIemI5J HX pacnpe.n;eJIeHHH no pa3MepaM HCnOJIb3YIOT npH60p PAC-2-01
(<<OJIbXa- b». OII 06eCne'IHBaeT perHCTpaIJ.HIO l/ClCTHl.( no !l5Inf rpY!lna\1
a3pO,lIHHaM11'IeCKHX pa3 fepoB n .n;H3na30He OT 0,2 }iO 20 1K\1.
f1pH60p BhI/JOmIeH B BH.n;e ,'1.Byx 6.10KOB: 6.101<a ,ll,eTeKTllpOBaJlI151
oILAC2-01 H H3MepHTeJIbHOrO nYJIbTa oT32-01. C nOMOll.(bIO nO,lI06HbIX npH-
6opoB 6b1JIO YCTaHoB.leIIo, 'ITO eCTeCTBCIIHble pa;U1OaKTIIBHhle a3p030.1II n
OCHOBHOM Me.1KO)1.HCnepCHbI. HanpHMep, a3p03o.1hJlhIe npO}iYKTbl pacna.n;a
pa.n;olla (RaA, RaB, RaC) HMeIOT pa3MepbI OT 0,005,11,00,035 !I1KM. I1x 06bl'l-
JIa51 KOHIJ.eHTpaIJ.H5I B B03Ayxe conan.l51CT 3,7-37,0 DK/M a .
B B03.n;yxe nOMcIIieHHH 11 B Bbl1 }I)!{HOH BCHTH.1H1iHH A3C KpoMe eCTeCT-
BelIHblX 6blJIH 06IIapy)!{eHbI 11cKycCTBeHHhIC paAHoaKTHBlIbIe a3p030.1H, 3Ha-
'IHTe.'1bJla5J 'laCTb KOTOpblX .- KOPOTKO)!{HBYIOll.(Ife -aKTHBlIble a3p030JIH
(Tl/2 < 1 'I) C a3poAHllaMwlccKHM AHaMeTpoM d a < 1 MKM.
5.2. ItCTOlfHItKIt 3Arp5I3HEHIt51 PA.lI.ItOAKTItBHbIMIt
A3P030J151MIt It rA3AMIt B03.lI.YXA nOMEllI.EHltff A3C
It ItCTOlfHItKIt PA.lI.ItOAKTItBHWX BW6POCOB
B OKPY)I(AlOllI.YIO CPE.lI.Y
5.2.1. npH'IHHbI 3arpSl3HeHHSI pa,ll.HOaKTHBHblMH a3p030JISlMH
H ra3aMH B03,11.yxa nOMelI\eHHH
KaK 6hI.'10 nOKa33110 B r.-I, 3, 5I.n;epHhIl1 peaKTop H H.n;epi/Oe TOIl.1JJBO
A3C 5JBJUlIOTC5I HCT04HHKa'v1!1 pa..'l.l-lOaKTHUIIbIX BCUJ.eCTB, KOTopble MorYT
nonaAaTb B 1I0MCW.CI/II5I A3C, a 3aTe\1 B OKPYlKaJOll.(YIO cpe.n;y B cpOpMC
ra30H, a3po30.1ei'i H pa.n;HoaKTHI3/1bIX IKH.lI.KoCTeH.
3THX IICT041111KOB ,LJ,Ha:
1) II P0.il.YKThl Jie.'1eHIHI H.n;cpHoro Ton:llma (H:J.ep 2aau, 21,;U, 2:\9PU);
2) npo.n;YKTbl aKTHBaIU1ll HeHTpoHaMlf npHMeceii ren:IOIIOCHTC.1H, IiHP-
KYJIHpYIOIl erO 4epc3 aKTf:lI3HYIO 30HY pcaKTopa.
yb IIpHMecei1 c:le.il.yeT OT!VICTHTb B lIepnyIO Olfepe.ll.h npo;J.YKTbI KOp-
p03IIII BIIYTpeHHHx nonepxIIoCTeA cocY.il.0B, TPy60llpOBOiJ.OB II pa3.1wIIloro
o60PY.lJ.oBaHIHI ncpBoro KOIlTypa A3C, O:\1bmaCMOro TefT.lOHOCHTeJIeM. B pe-
3Y.1bTaTe aXTHBaUIiH 3THX npH leceH B Ten.lOHOClI1e.le MorYT CO.l1.eplKaTbC5!.
TaKHe pa.ll.HaII.HOHIIOOnacHbIe pa/iItOHYKJIH.lI.bl, KaK ICr (T 1 / 2 --- 27,8 CYT).
107
MMn(312,3 CYT), 68CO (71,3 cyr), 6Dpe (45 CYT), 60CO (5,25 ro.n. a ), 65Z n
(245 CYT), 98Z r (65 CYT), 110 m Ag (250 CYT).
3a C<JeT npHMeCH 4°Ar, pacTBopeHHoro BMeCTe C B03.n.YXOM B BO.n.HOM Ten-
J10HOCHTeJ1e, 06pa3yeTC51. 41Ar no peaKII,HH 4°Ar (n, y)41Ar.
DpHMeHeHHe 60pHoro perYJ1HpOBaHH51. MOlll.HOCTH peaKTopa THrra BB3P
nYTeM .n.06aB.1eHHSI B BO.n.HbIH Te0J10HOCHTeJ1b 60pHOH KHC.10TbI npHBo.n.HT K
IIaKOnJIeHHIO TPHTHSI 3H no peaKlI.HH JOB (n, 2alH. TpHTHH TaKIKe 06pa-
3yeTC5I B He60.1blllOM KOJIH<JeCTBe B pe3YJIbTaTe aKTHBall.HH .n.eihepH51., BXO-
.n.5IIII,ero (0,015%) B COCTaB BO.n.bI, no peaKlI.HH 2H (fl, yYH. KpoMe HHX B BO,lI.-
HOM TenJIOHOCHTeJIe 06pa3YIOTcH 6oJ1ee KOpOTKOIKHBYIOUI.HC pa.n.HoHYKJIH.n.bI
[16N (7,4 c), 18p (1,87 'I), 24Na (14,9 'I), 47K (12,3 'I)], KOTopbIe cpop-
MHPYIOT pa.n.HaHHoHHYIO 06CTaHoBKY Ha CTaHI HH, HO 1I3-3a He60JIbIllOrO
rrepHo.n.a rrOJIypacrra.n.a He npe,l.(CTaBJ15IIOT orraCHOCTH rrpH B03MOIKHOM BbIXO-
.n.e B OKPYIKaIOIII,YIO cpe.n.y.
B HOpMaJIbHOM peIKHMe pa60TbI A3C npoHcxo.n.l1T 3na'lHTeJIbHaH Bpe-
MeHHa5I 3a;r:epIKKa pa.n.HoHYKJIH.n.OB rrepe.n. HX BbI6poCOM B aTMoccpepy. B pe-
3y.'1bTaTe KOpOTKOIKHBYIOIII,He pa.n.HOIIYKJll1,l.(bI B OCIIOBHOM paCna)l.YTc51
rrp, e1KJJ,C l/eM BbIU.n.YT H3 A3C.
BC.'1C;J,cTBHe )J,eJIeHHH THIKeJIbIX H.n.ep Torr.1HBa B HCM 06pa3yeTC5I OKO.'10
600 pa3.1If<JHbIX pa.n.HoHyK.1H.n.OB. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT <pH3HKo-xH;.,m<JecKoro
COCTOHHH5f npo.n.YKTbI .n.eJIeHH5I pa3.n.eJ1HIOT Ha c.'1e)!.YI01lI.lfe rpynIlbI: 1)
6J!aropo.n.HbIe ra3bI (KceHoH, KpHIITOII, apron); 2) .'1CTY 1 IHe BeUJ,eCTBa (lIa-
npHMep, HO.n., IJ,e3HH); 3) He.'1eTYl/lle Beli.l;eCTB3 (lIanpIfMep, CTpOHlI.HH, .'1aR-
TaH, lJ,HpKOHHH, PYTeHHH, II,epHH).
DOJIbllla51. '1aCTb rrpo.n.YKTOB .n.e.1eHHH, KaK H HX rrpo.n.YKTOB pa.n.HoaKTHB-
HOro pacna.n.a, - H y-pa.n.HoaKTHBIIa. I1x nepHo.n.bI rro.'1ypaclla)!.a Haxo.n.51TC5I
B lllHpOKHX npe.n.eJlax - OT .n.o.'1eH ceKYH.n;bI .n.o )!.eC5ITKOB :leT H no.lee.
EapbepaMH, orpalUJ.'1HBaIOllI.HMH pacIIpocTpaHeHHe rrpo.n.YKTOB ,1,e.'1eHH51.
B rrOMeli.l;eHlHI A3C H oKpYIKaIOIII,YIO cpe.n.y, CJ1YIKaT 060.'10'lKa TB3.1a, KOII-
TYP TerrJ10HOCHTe.15I, repMeTH<JHbIe 60KCbl H.1H repMeTHl/HaH 060,10lJKa,
DPO.n;YKTLI.n;c.1eHlul (OCKO.'1KH T5IIKeJ1bIX H.n.ep) 06pa3YIOTcH BHYTPH Ta6:lc-
TOK 5I.n;epHoro TOrr,1HBa H B OCHOBHOM OCTaIOTC5I B IIHX. JJ..'1HHa cH0(0)l.HOrO
np06era OCKO.'1KOB 33 CYCT KHHelH<JeCKOH ::meprHH .n;e.'1eIlH51 paBHa 5--
10 MK\1, qTO 3Ha'lIfTe.'1bHO MeHbllle pa3MepoB Ta6:leToK. HCKOTopaH 1.J.aCTb
ra3000pa3I1bIX H .TJ.eTY'IHX npo.n.YKTOB ;r:eJIeHH5I H ne60JIbIlIa51 1.J.3CTb lIe.leTY-
'1HX IJpO)J,YKTOB BCJ1e.n;CTBlfe ;J,IfQ:xPY3HH lJCpe3 TOn,'1HBO H no)!. .n;eHCTBlfeM KH-
HeTl1yeCKOH 3HeprHH OT;r:allH C nOBepxIIocTH TOnJiIfBa nona;J.aeT B npunpaIl-
CTEO MeIKJI.Y Ta6:ICTKaMH Torr.1HBa H o60no1.J.KOH TB3.1a. JJ.a.1bHeHUIHH BbI-
XO.n. pa;J,HOHYK'IHJJ.OB H3-no)!. 060.'10qKH TB3,'1a B OX.'1aIK.n;aIOIII,HH Terr.10HOC!!-
Te.'1b B03MOIKeH 3a C<JeT npOIl,ecca .n.HQ:xPY3HH qepe3 060.'10'IKY TB3.'1a. O)!.Ha-
KO 3TOT DbIXO.n; III1IITO)KHO Ma.l.
Ha npaKTHKe !!.n.ea.1bHO repMeTH4HbIX 060.'10lJCK TB3.'10B IIe 6bIBaeT.
B rrpOIl,ecce pa60TbI TB3JIbI B aKTHBIIOH 30He peaKTopa HcrrbITbIBaIOT Terr-
.10BbIe. rH;J:paB.1HlJeCKHe H MexaHH<JCCKHe narpy3KH, B pe3y.1bT3Te Y He-
KOTOpOH 4aCTI1 TH3.'10B B03IIHKaIOT .n;ecpeKThl 060:IOqeK:
1) MHKpOTpelll.HHbI, l/Cpe3 KOTopble .n;HQ:xPYH.n.HPYIOT PBf, HO;J:, II,C3HH,
TpIITHH H .n.PyrHe .'1eTYYHe rrpO}I.YKTbI .n.e.rleIIHH;
2) 6o.'1bIlIHe TpeIIl,HHbI, 1.J.epC3 KOTopbIe B03MOIKeH rrp5IMoii KOIITaKT TCII-
JIOIIOCIITeJI51. C TOIIJIHBOM, B pe3y.TJ.bTaTe qero B Terr.'101l0CHTe.1b rrOJla;J:aeT
108
HeKOTopoe KOJIHqecTBO HeJIeTYllHX npOJJ;yKTOB JJ;eJIeHlUI H JJ;a)!{e caMoro Ton-
JIHBa.
B OTelleCTBeHHbIX peaKTopax THna BB3P, a TaK)!{e B 3apy6e}f{HbIX
PWR, pa60TaIOu.r.Hx Ha A3C, llHCJIO ra30HenJIOTHbIX TB3JIOB (c MHKpOTpe-
III.HnaMH) He JJ;O.l)!{HO npeBbIIIlaTb I %, a C KpynHbJMH JJ;ecpeKTaMH - 0, 1%.
.II..'I51 peaKTopa P5MK:, KOTOpbIH SlBJI51.eTCH OJJ;HOKOHTYPHbI\f, 3TH JJ;onYCKH Ta-
KHe )!{e, XOT5I B npoeKTax A3C CHH}f{eHbI COOTBeTCTBeIIHO ,n:o 0, I H 0,01 %.
cI>aKTHlleCKHe nOKa3aTem:r HerepMeTHllHOCTH 060.'IOlleK TB3JIOB Ha 1-2 no-
pH,n:Ka MCHbille 3THX npe,ll,eJlbHo ,lI,onycTHMbIX 3HalleHHiL
K:aK y}f{e OTMellaJlOCb panee, TeXHo.'IOmlleCKHe CHCTeMbI, cOJJ;ep}f{aIII.He
TenJlOHOCHTe.lb, CKOIICTpYHpoBaHbI H 3Kcrr.lyaTHpYIOTC5I TaKHM o6pa30M,
llT06bI oOeCneQHTb H30JIHl(HIO nonaBIIlHX B TerrJIOHOCHTe.'Ib paJJ;HoHYKJIH,lI,OB.
C 3TOH l(eJlbIO qaCTb TerrJIOHOCHTeJI51. HerrpepbIBHo IIaIlpan.15!eTC5I B crre-
lI.Ha.'IbIIYIO cHcTeMY BO,ll,OOllHCTKH (ra30011HcTKH). .II.JI5I A3C C peaKTopoM
BB3P-440 KO.'IHlleCTBO TenJIOIIOCHTeJI5I, H,lI,yu.r.ero Ha O'IIICTKY, COCTaBJIHeT
20 Till, B BB3P-IOOO - OKOJIO 60 T/q, T. e. OKOJ10 10% o6u.r.ero KOJUiqecT-
Ba TeIl.lOHOCHTe.'l5I rrepI3oro KOHTypa 3a I ll. LlaBHbIM 3JleMeHTOM BO,n:OOqHCT-
KH HB.l5IeTCH HOlIoooMeHIIbIH <pHJIbTp, KOTOpb1H y.laBJ1HBaeT B TOH H.lH HHOH
CTeneHIl I3ce pa,iJ;HOIlYK.1HJJ;bI, KpOMe P5f H TpHTH5! B <pOpMC 3I-PHO.
Ha peaKTope BB3P-1000 JJ;orrOJIHHTe.JIbHO rrpOH3BO,iJ;HTC5! JJ;era3aHH5I
OQHu.r.3eMoro Ten.'lOIIOCHTe.l5I ,lI,JIH y,ll,a.'IeHH51. ra3006paaIlblx H ,neTyqHX rrpo-
JJ;YKTOI3 JJ;eJleIlHH. Ha A3C C peaKTopoM P5MK: HMeeTCH OqnCTKa CKon,ll,eH-
CHpoB3HHoro nOC.le Typ6HHbI napa.
C,lI,ynKH ra30n I1anp3BJl5IIOT Ha paJJ;HOxpOMaTorpa<pHqeCKHe yro.lbHble all:-
COp6ePbI. 5.'I3ro,n:apH JJ;HIIaMHllecKoH a,iJ;cOpOl(HH ra30B I3 aKTHI3HpOBaIlHOM
yr.le npOHcxo,n:HT HX 3aJJ;ep)!{Ka OT HeCKO.lbKHX ,lI,eCHTKOB llaCOB ,n:o IIeCKOJlb-
KHX lI.eCHTKOn CYTOK B 3aI3HCHMOCTH OT pa60qero 06'be\1a aJJ;cop6epa, CKO-
pOCTH I1pOJJ;YBKH, MaCCOBoro llHC.'Ia ra3000pa3Horo pa,ll,1I0IIYKJ1H) a H yc.'IO-
n1II1 3Kcrr.lyaTal(IHi a,ll,cop6epa. B npoeKTe A3C 3TH a,n:cop6ephI co BceMH
TeXHH4eCKHMU YCTpoitcmaMH H npHcnoc06.'IenH51.MH na3bmaIOT yCTalIoBKa-
MH rro,n:3B.leIlU51. aKTHBHOCTH (YnAK:). npH OO-heMe yr.l5I 20 M 3 ynAK: na
HonoBOpOHe)!{CKOH A3C, K:OJlbCKOH A3C H ,lI,pyrlfx A3C 3Toro THna o6ec-
neqHBaeT 33,n:ep)KKY KceIIOlla B TeqeHHe 42 CYT H KpHmoHa - 3,5 CYT, 'ITO
cyu.r.eCTBCHIIO CIIII)!{aeT HX BhI6poc n aTMoc<Pepy. Ha A3C C peaKTopm1
BB3P rrpOnCXO,ll,HT TaK)!{e 33,l1,cp}f{Ka PEf n nCpI30M KOIITYpC, KOTopaH ,n:o-
CT3TOqIlO Be.1HKa: nepHO,ll, nOJIYBbIJJ;eJIeHH5I H3 KOHTypa COCTan.'I51.eT OT
I1eCKOJlbIOIX 'JaCOB ,lI,O HeCKO.lbKHX CYTOK,
B 0JJ;I10KOHTYPHOM peaKTope THlla PEMK: npOHCXO,ll,HT JJ;OBO.'IbIlO 6bJCT-
pbIl1 BbIBOlI. PEf, H30TOn0I3 HO) a H3 Ten.lOHOCHTe.1H n nap (npHMepHo 3a
30 MHH). npH KOIlJJ;eHcanHH napa OIlH YIlOCHTC5I 3)!{eKTOpa 1H Typ6HH II Ha-
npanJIHIOTC5I I1a I3bJ)J,ep}f{KY B ra3rOJIb,n:epbI H (H:IH) ynAK:.
npOll;'"(H 4epe3 ynAK:, OCTaBIlIHeC51. P5f I1anpaI3.15IIOT B neIITHJI5IHHOH-
HYIO Tpy6y A3C BblCOTOll OOhl'-lHO 100-150 M H BbJ6paCbII3aIOT B aTMOCcpepy.
)1.151 O.lUIOKOHTYPIlbIX A3C cneuua.'IbHa51. npeMellIlaH 3a.n:ep)!{Ka PEf
nepe,n: BhIOpOCOM B aTMoccpepy HMeeT 6o.1ee Ba)!{HOe 3HaqelmC, qeM )!JI5I A3C
C peaKTopOM BB3P, H3-3a Ma.'IOrO BpeMeHH HX npe6hIBaHU51. B Ten.'IOHOCH-
TeJIe.
no 3TOH )!{e npllllHIIe Ko.1HlleCTBO BbI6paCbJB3eMhiX P5f I1a A3C C pe-
aKTopOM PlJMK: Ha nOp5I,iJ;OK 6oJlbllle, 4eM lJa A3C C peaKTopoM BB3P.
109
npH 3TOM B Bbl6pocax BB9P npe06J1a,ZJ.aeT OTHOCHTeJlbHO ,ZJ.OJlrO)f(HBY HH
HYK.'m,ZJ. 133Xe, HMeIO HI'f HH3KYIO l'-nocTOHHJIYIO [3,31 afp' M2/(c. DK)l.
B Bbl6pocax PEMK. npHcYTcTBYIOT 60Jlee KOpOTKO)f(HBY He HYK.1H,ZJ.bl BBKr
[63,57 afp'M 2 /(c' EK)J H 135Xe [8,67 afp'M 2 /(c. EK)] C BblCOKHM 3HalleHJ1eM
,\,-nocTOHHJIOH. ,\,-nOCT05IHHa51 B.'lJ1HeT JIa cpOpMHpoBallHe ,;r,03bl BHeUlHero
,\,-06J1YlleHJ1H B paHoHe A.3C.
flOMHMO C,ZI.YBOK ra30B JleTYllJ1X II TBep,ZI.blX npO,ZI.YKTOB ,;r,e.'1eIlHH H KOp-
p03HH lf3 TelIJlOHOCHTeJlH npH ero ,ZI.era3aUHlf, lfMeeTCH e e O,ZJ.HH nYTb Bbl-
XO.II.a 3THX pa.II.HoHYK.TJH.II.OB - TaK lIa3bIBaeMble HeopraHH30BaIIHble npo-
TellKlf (H.1H YTellKH) TenJTOIIOCHTe.'IH B repMeTHllHble IIOMe eHH5I, r,ZI.e pac-
no.10)f(eHbl TPy60npoBo,ZI.bl If 060PY)l.OBaIlHe C TenJIOHOCHTe.'IeM.
flpoeKTlloe 3HalleHlfe )I,onycTlfMOH HeopraHH30BaHHoH npoTellKH Ten.10-
HOCHTe.'IH nepBoro KOHTypa 06blllll0 He npeBb11IlaeT 100-200 Krill, a cpaK-
THlieCKoe ,ZI..151 peaKTopa BB9P-440 HaXO,ZJ.HTC5I B npe)I,e.1ax 5-50 Krill.
Y 3THX )f(e peaKTopOB HMeeTCH npOTellKa Ten.101l0CHTeJIH 130 BTOpOH KOHTYP
llepe3 Hen.l0THOCTH TPy6LJaTKH naporeHepaTopOB. 06blllll0 3TH IIpOTellKH
He 6o.'1blIle 0,1 Kr/ll IIPH Jl,onycTHMoM 3HallelIHH 1 Krill.
BMeCTe c YKa3aIlHLI\lH npOTellKaMH B B03,ZI.YX repMeTHQHbIX nOMe emtH
BbIXO,;r,HT PEf, TPHTHH, HO.II. J1 ,ZI.PYrHe IIpO,ZI.YKTLI ,;r,e.1eHH5I, a TaK)f(e pa,;r,HO-
ahTtiBHble IIpO; YKTbl KOpp03HH.
CHCTeMOH BbITH)f(HOH BeHTH.151IlHH 3TJ1X 1I0Me eIlHH Bce OIlH OTCaCb!-
BaIOTC5I B BeHTH:IHIlHOHHYIO Tpy6y A3C, npOH)l.H nepe,ZI. Bb!6poCOM 13 aT-
Moccpepy OllHCTKY lIa a3p030.'1bllhIX J1 HO,lJ.HbIX cpH.1LTpax. PEf J1 TPHTHH
3THMH LPH.1hTpaMH He y.1aBJlHBaIOTCH,
3a C4eT Heopram130BaHllb!X npOTe4CK Tell.10HOCHTC.1H cpopMHpyeTcH
ra30a3p030.1bHb1H Bbl6pocA3C 13 aTMoctfJepy, KOTOpbIH, COrJlaCHO CIl A9C-
79, He ,;r,o.l)heH npeBhlIllaTb 1,85.10 13 BK rfBT (3)' cYTIIIO PEr.
<PaKTH4ecKHH BLIUPOC )1..151 A3C C peaKTopoM BB3P B 10-50 pa3 MeHb-
me Jl,OnycTHMoro 3HalleHHH, a )L.1H A3C C PEMK. - B HeCKo.1bKO pa3 Mellb-
lIle,
flpOTe41<H Tell.'10HOCHTe.1H 130 BTOpOH KOI!TYP npHBo)l.HT K 1I0HB.1CHHIO
r.laI3HbIM 06pa30M PEf, a TaK>Ke TPHTHH, HO,ila H a3p03o.'IeH 13 3>KeKTOp-
HblX ra3ax A3C C peaKTopoM BB.3P, 110CKO.lbKY Bbl6poc 3>KeKTOpllb1X ra-
3013 Y 3THX A3C npOH3BO;(HTCH tJepe3 BLI6poCHYIO Tpy6y Typ6HIIHoro 3a.:13
lIa BblCOTe KpblWH (OKO.10 20 M), .ilOnycTIIMhlH I3bl6poc 3THX PEf )I,OJ1>Kell
UblTb 13 10 2 pa3 MeHbwe - 1,85. JOll EK/rfBT (3)'CYTI. cDaKTH4ecKHH Bbl-
6poc PBf C 3>KeKTOpHLIMH ra3a 1H OUbl4110 lie npCI3bIIll3eT 0,1- 0,01 3TOro
3HalJCHHH,
5.2.2. Pa,ll,HOaKTHBHoe 3arpSl3HeHHe B03,11,yxa H nOBepxHocTeH
repMeTHqHblX nOMe eHHH 3a CqeT HeopraHH30BaHHoH npOTeqKH
TenJlOHOCHTeJlSl
B neplloJ, 1I0pMaJILHOH 3KCn.'1yaTauHH A3C MorYT !l\1Cn MeCTO Heopra-
mEOBalllIble YTelJKII Ten.l01l0CHTC.15! 4epe3 pa:o.1H4Hble lIen.10TIIOCTH cp.laIl-
ueBblX COeJLHlleHlIH II npIIBo,ZI.oB 3anoplioH apMaTYPbl lIepBoro KOIlTypa.
YlCTC'IeHHe BOJ,bl C TeMnepaTYPOH 01\0.10 523 K. cOnpOBO)f(,l,aeTCH lIapo-
oGpa30BaHHeM, C 06pa3YIOIUHMCH rrapOM B B03,ZI.YX nOMe eH1I5I 6Y.ilYT Bbl-
XO.Li,I1Tb npaKTII'IeCKH Bce PEf II TpHTHH.
110
)J,OJT5! APymx pa.il.HOItYK.1, H.lI.OB YIIOCHMbIX 1I3 Ten.10JlOCHTe.15I C l1apOM.
COCTaBHT K pO. 3.l1.eCb K e - K03qxpHI.l,HeHT paCnp e .ll.e.1eJlHfl p a.ll.H OHYK.1H.lI.a
Me}!{.lI.Y napOBOH It BO.il,HOH cpa3aMH npH nap006pa30BaHI1H, e - .lI.O.l51 Ten-
JIOHOCHTeJIH, npeBpaUl,aIOUl,erOCH B nap npH YTellKe H3 KOHTypa. 06bIllHO
K p npHHHMaIOT paBHblM 10-2.l1.J1H HO.ll.a, 3.10- 2 - .lI..1H Il,e3H5I, 4.10- 2
.n.JI5I Il,epH5I, Ko6aJlbTa H .IJ.PYrHX I1eJIeTYllHx pa.ll.HoIlYKJIH.L(OB.
K03<P<PHll,HeHT 0 MO}!{HO npHHHTb paBHbIM 0,4, 110JlaraH, lITO 40% BO.ll.bI
npeBpalll.aeTCH B nap. OCTaJIbHa51 4aCTb BblTeKaIOUl,erO TenJIOHOCHTe.1H llac-
THllHO HJIli nOJIHOCTbIO HCnap5leTC5I C nOBepxHocTH nOMeUl,eIlH5I B B03.l1.YX.
110.ll. - HaH60.1ee onacHbIH pa.ll.HoIlYKJIH.lI., TaK KaK era cpaBIIHTeJIbllO MHO-
ro CO.ll.ep}!{HTCH B Ten.lOHOClITeJIe. DonaB B B03.l1.YX, a 3aTeM B Oprall113M,
OH 06.1YllaeT B OCIIOBHOM Ul,HTOBlI,iT,HYIO }!{e.le3y. PaccMoTpHM npHMep OIl,eH-
KH 3arpH3HeHHH B03.n.yxa nOMeUl,eHHH PEf II HaH60JIee pa.n.Hau.HoHHoonac-
HbIM pa.L(HOHYK.1H,!I.OM 131 I, a TaK}!{e 60CO.
AKTHBHOCTb A f KaKOrO-JIH60 pa.n.HOHYK.1H.n.a PEf B B03,IT,yxe repMeTHll-
HbIX nOMeUl,eHHH: nepBoro KOHTypa MO}!{HO onpe.L(eJlHTb no .n.HcpcpepeHIl,H-
aJIbllOMY ypaBHeHHIO
dA[ldt==gK ai' -(A i +n)A1,
(5.1)
r.ll.e t - BpeMfl, nporne.n.mee nOCJIe HallaJIa HCTelleHHH TenJIOIIOCHTe.'15I; g-
CKOpOCTb npOTe4KIt Ten.10HOCHTeJIH, Krill; K = I (.n..'151 Paf); ai -
y.n.e.lbHaH aKTHBIlOCTb .n.aHHOI'O pa.L(HoHYKJIH.n.a B TenJIOHOCI1Te.le, EK/KI';
n - nOCTOHHHaH BeIlTH.1HIl,HH (B03.n.yxo06MeIla) repMeTH'lHbIX nOMeUl,eHHH:,
ll-I; A.i - nOCTOHHIla5I pa,IT,HOaKTHBHoI'o pacna.ll.a .lI..'151 i-I'o pa.n.HoHYKJIlI.n.a.
PemeHlIe ypaBIIeHH5I (5.1) .n..1H YCTaHoBHBmeI'ocH pe}!{lIMa npoTellKH
TenJlOHOClITe.1H H BeIlTH.1HpoDaHHH 110MeUl,eHHH: 6Y.lI.eT liMen BH.n.:
Ai = (1 e-e'i+n) t). (5.2)
Aii n
ROHIl,eHTpaIl,Hfl PEf D B03.L(yxe Kr paBHa A /V (V - 06'beM nOMeUl,eHHH).
113 ypaBIIeliliH (5.2) c.le.n.yeT, lITO aKTHDIIOCTb H.1H KOHI CHTpaIl,HH noc.,1e
nOHB.1eH1I5I npOTe4KH BHallaJIe paCTeT no 3KCnOIleHIl,Ha.1bHOMY 3aKOHY. 3a-
TeM npH t» 6.0,69/(A, -I- n) OHa .L(OCTHI'aeT paBiIOBeCHOI'O COCTOHHHH,
Kor.n.a A r 11 Kr He 3aBlIC5IT aT t II nplIJlHMaIOT nOCT051HHble 3Ha4eHH51:
A ---= gai I(Ai + n), K -= ga;l(}'i + n) V.
(5,3)
3HalleHHe paBHOBeCHOH: aKTHBHOCTH IfJm KO!Iu.eJlrpaUHH PGf 3a13HCHT
OT y.n.eJIbHOH aKTHBHOCTH HYKJIH.lI.a B Ten.lOIlOCHTe.le ai II CKOpOCTH npOTe!I-
KH g.
)1,.151 peaKTopa BB3P-440 .n.onycTHMafl Y.ll.e.'1bHaH aKTHBHOCTb PEf B
TenJIOHOClITe.1e (npH 1% ra30Hen.lOTIIhlX 060.104eK TB3.10B) COCTaI3.1HeT
3,7.10 9 EK/Kr. CKOpOCTh npoTe4KH g 06bJqJIO I1aXO.ll.I1TcH B npe e.1ax 5-
50 Kr,'q, KparHOCTb B03.l1.yxoo6MeHa n = 0,5 11-1, Ai «n, 06'beM rep-
MeTlillIlhlX I10\leUl,eHHH V =- 10" M:J. Tor,'l,a paBl10DeCHaH 06'bC\1HaH aKTHI3-
HOCTb PEf B I303.l1.yxe 3THX nOMeUl,em1ii COCTaBliT Kr - 3,7. 10 9 . (5-;-...50)1
0,5'10" "- 3,7 . (10 4 --;- 105) EK/M . PaBI!OBeCHe YC'TaIlOBIITCfl npHMepuo
3a 1 0 q.
III
B 3TOH o elI1<:e MbI nOJlaraJ:m, lITO nOCTOHlIlIaH pacrra.n.a Ai Bcex PEr
MHoro MeHbllle n. Ha caMOM Ae.1e 3TO crrpaBeAJIlfBO TOJibKO AJiH. AO.TJrOJKH:-
Byrn.ero paAl1oHYK.TJI1Aa 133Xe, a .11..151 85 m Kr (T 1 / 2 = 4,36 1I), 8MKr (2,77 1I),
l:S:SXe (9,13 lJ) A, cpaBHHMo C n. Do 3TOH npHlJHHe paBIIOBeCHa51 KOH eHTpa-
H5I PEf 13 I303) yxe 6YAeT HCCKOJibKO MeHbllle. <PaKTHlJeCKH OHa 6y.n;eT ern.e
MeHbllle H3-3a 3HalJI1TeJIbHO 60Jiee HH3KOH YAeJIbHOH aKTHBHOCTH: PEf 13
TerrJiOHOCI1Te.ae lIO CpaBlIel1HlO C AorrycTHMOH (13 10-100 pa3). DpH pa60Te
A3C c peaKTopoM BB9P Ha HOMHHaJIbHOH MOW.HOCTH cpaKTHlJeCKa51
KOH e1lTpa l151 ra30B 13 o6c.nYJKHBaeMbIx nOMern.eHH5IX HHJKe rrpeAeJIbHOH
lJYBCTBI1Te.1bHOCTH HCrrOJib3ye wH annapaTypbI AJi51 KOHTpOJi51 PEf
(MeHee 1,8. 10 4 E K/M 3 ).
CooTHollleHHe (5.3) MOJKHO HcrrOJib30BaTb AJIH paClJeTa Br - BbI6poca
PEf B aTMoccpepy 3a ClJeT nOCT05lHHOH HeopraHH30BaHHoH rrpOTelJKH TenJiO-
HOCHTeJI5I. )J.JiH 3Toro A HaAO YMHOJKHTb Ha n:
Br = AI n = ga, n/(A, + n), (5.4)
H.111 Br = ga, (AJIH AO.1fOJKI1Byrn.HX PEf, IIarrpl1Mep 133Xe, KorAa Ai «n).
B KalJeCTBe rrpl1Mepa o elmM B03MOJKHbIH BbI6poc OAHoro 6JIOKa BB9p.
440: Br = {5-50).3,7.10 9 .24 = (4,4-44,4)' 1011 DK/CYT.
<PaKTl1lJeCKHH BbI6poc PEf BB9P-440 COCTaBJIHeT (1,8 - 3,7)'10 11
EK/CYT Bc.lIeACTBl1e HI:13KOH YAeJIbHOH aKTHBHOCTH PEf B TerrJlOHOCHTe:Te.
I10Be.a.eHl1e a3p030:TeH 110Aa, K06aJIbTa H APyrHx a3p030.1eH, 06pa3YlO-
rn.I1XCH npH lfCTey.emUi TerrJlOHOCHTeJIH, orrHCbIBaeTCH 6o.1ee CJIOJKIlblMH
ypaI3HeHI1HMH. 9TI1 ypaBHeIlHH OTpaJKalOT rrpo eccbI COp6 HH a3p030.1eH
Ha rroBepxHocT51X rrOMern.eHI1H H rrOCJIeAYlOrn.eH: Aecop6 HH HOAa C rroI3epx-
HocTeH, rrpl1'leM HOA Aecop6HpyeTc51 C 06pa30BaHI1eM JlCTYlJHX cOCAHHeIIHH
(110AI1CTOrO I3o)l.opo)l.a HI, MeTH.1110AHAa CH 3 I).
BblI3eAeHl1e a3p030JibHOrO HOAa, K06aJIbTa H APYfHX HYK:mAoB, a TaK-
JKe JleTyy.cro 110Aa H3 I303Ayxa xapaKTepH3yeTcH COOTBeTCTBYIOrn.HMH rro-
CTOflHHbIMH O'lHCTKH Ha Clle Ha.'IbHbIX cpHJ1bTpax, YCTaHOBJlelIIlbIX B peIl,l1p-
KYJI51 110IlHOH I3eHTHJi5l 110HHOH CI1CTeMe repMeTHIIHbIX no ern.cHHH. 110-
3TOMY BMeCTO oAHoro Al1qxpepeH l1aJIbHoro ypaBHeHHH THrra (5.1), KaK 310
Tpe6yeTcH .11..151 PBf, He06xoAI1Ma CHCTeMa H3 Tpex HJlI1 )I,BYX ypaBHeHI1H:,
Orrl1CbIBalOrn.Hx aKTHBHOCTb (KoII eHTpa l1lO) a3p030JibHOrO 110)l.a (K06aJib-
Ta HAP.) 13 B03Ayxe, .1eTY'leH: cpOpMbI HOAa B B03Ayxe 11 rroBepXHocTHYlO
aKTI1I3HOClb 110Aa, Ko6aJIbTa H ApyrHx, COp6HpOBaHHbIX Ha nOBepxIIocTHX B
rrOMern.eHI1HX B pe3y.'IbTaTe OCaJKAelIl1H a3p030JieH.
PeweHHe 3TOH CI1CTeMbI ypaBHeHHH AJi51 paBHOBecHoro COCT05lHI151 (Kor.
)l.a npOH:AeT AOCTaTClJIIOe BpeM5I AJl5I YCTaHOBJlelIl1H paI3HOBeCHfl) H ceT BHA:
8K p gai
). c + l.i +n + T}a
A.' _ AD l. c K;r. ,
- (A c-I f..i-!-T}a+ n )(1.i+Kl\)'
Aa=
(5.1)
(5.6)
S A B l. c(A:cl'''i-1 T}a+ n ) OKpgai A c
A.. = = I (5.i)
(A c+ Ai+ 1 !Jr,-n) (AJ-!-K A ) (A c rAJ-!-T}.,-i-n)(Ai i-K A )
112
A = A 3 A C (}. c -I-?v i -I- 1')3 + n) 8K p gai }. d; . (5.8)
(A.i + n) A.i (A.i + n) A.t
3)1.eCb A a - aKTI1BHOCTb 110)l.a (11J111 R06aJIbTa H )l.pyrl1x pa)l.HO-
HYKJlI1)1.0B) B a3p030JlblIOH cpopMe; A JI - aKTHBHOCTb HO)l.a B JIeTyqeH
cpopMe, KOTOpa51 B03HHKaeT B pe3YJIbTaTe )l.ecop6u.HH a3p030JIbHOrO HO)l.a
u A s
C nOBepXHOCTel1 nOMern.eHHH; H - aKTI1BHOCTb HO)l.a, oceBinero Ha no-
BepXlIOCT5IX repMeTI11JHOrO rrOMelIJ.eHH5I; A - aKTHBHOCTb K06aJlbTa HJlH
)l.pyroro pa)l.110uYKJlI1)1.a, oceBUlero Ha rrOBepXHOCT5IX nOMelIJ.eHHH; 'I1a, 'I1n
- nOCT05lHHbIe BblBe)l.eHI151 COOTBeTCTBeHHO a3p030JleH H JIeTyqerO 110)l.a H3
u a u JI
B03)1.yxa CHCTeMOH 01JI1CTKH; ""oc - nOCTOHHHa51 OCa)K)l.eHHH a3p030JleH; ""oc
- lJOCT05lHHa5I OCa)K)l.eHI1H HO)l.a B JleTyqeH cpopMe; K A - nOCT05lHHa51 )l.e-
cop6u.1111 110)l.a C rroBepxHocTeH nOMern.eHH5I.
DOCT05IHHbIe OCa)K)l.eHH5I A JI = K JI SIV orrpe)l.eJI5IIOTCH no CKOpOCTH
OCa)K)l.eHI15I (MaccolIepeIIoca) K oe a3p030JleH HO)l.a (K06aJIbTa H )l.p.) H JIe-
TY1JerO 110)l.a, S - nJlorn.a)l.b nOBepxHocTeH repMeTHqHbIX nOMern.eHI1H:.
JJ,Jl5I peaKTopa BB3P-440 n = 1,2.10- 4 c- 1 , V = 10 10 CM 3 ; S =
= 5.10 7 CM 2 , K c = 5.10- 2 CM/c, K = 10- 2 cM/c ()l.Jl5I JleTY1JerO HO)l.a),
'I1a='YJ:r = 6.10- 0 c-1, K A = 5.10- 6 c- 1 , ai = 3,7.10 6 BK/Kr ()l.JI5I 131 1),
at =- 3,7.10 2 DK/Kr ()l.JIH 60CO).
TOI')l.a )l.JIH 131 1
A a _ 0,4.10- 2 (5-50}.3,7.10 8
H - 3uOO.(2,5, 10- 4 + 1,2.10-'+6.10- 5 ) =(5 -;.- 50).10 4 BK,
r)l.e 2,5.10- 4 = Aoe =-..: 5.10- 2 .5.10 7 /10 1 °, Ai Ao H Ai n.
KOHu.eHTpau.I1H a3p030JIbHOrO 131 1 B B03)1.yxe repMeTHqHOrO HeOOCJIY-
)KHBaeMOrO rrOMCrn.eHH5I COCTaBHT K: = A:IV = (5 - 50). 10 4 /10 4 =
= 5 -7 EO DK/M a , 1JTO MeHbUle )l.OrrYCTHMOH KOHu.eHTpau. HH JJ,KA =
= 155,4 BK/M a )l.JI5I B03)1.yxa pa6oql1x nOMern.eHHH: C IIOCT05lHlIbIM rrpe6blBa-
Hl1eM rrepCOHaJIa.
AKTI1BHOCTb H KOHu.eIITpau.H5I 110)l.a B JIeTyqeH cpopMe (HI, CH 3 I) paB-
Hbl
JI (5+50}.104.2.5.1O- .5.10-8
A H =
(5,10- 5 + 1,2.10-'+ 6.10- 5 ).5.10- 8
(5 -;.- 50) .10 4 DK;
K = (5 -;.- 50) .10 4 /l 0 4 = 5 -;.- 50 DK/M 3 ,
T. e. JIeTyIJl1e cpopMbI HO)l.a CO)l.ep*aTC5I B B03)1.yxe repMeTHqHbIX nOMern.e-
HHH no KpaHHeH Mcpe B TaKOM )Ke KOJlI1qeCTBe, 1JTO H a3p030JIbHbIH HO)l..
Do.IHa5I aKTI1BIlOCTb lIa nOBepXHOCT5IX 3a C1JeT oceBlIIero 131 1 COCTaBHT
A -= \J.4.10-2(5-;-.50}.3,7.10 6 .2,5.1Q4 =(4-;'-40).10 6 DR,
3600.(5,1O-"-:-1,2.1O-'+6.1O-&).5.IO- b
nOBepXlJOCTlIa5I 3KTI1BHOCTb 1a1 I
A /S = (4-;.-40) . 10 6 /5.10' = 8-;.-90 BK/CM 2 .
113
aHa MaJIa no cpaBlIenHIO C ,lI,onYCTW\fhIM 3arpH3HeHHeM (JJ.311.) ,lI,JI5I nOMe e-
HHH nepHO,lI.H4eCKOro npe6hIBallH5I nepCOHa.la H HaXO,II,Hrn.erOC5I I3 HHX 060-
pY,lI.OBaHH5I. .II.JI5I -aKTHBHbIX HYK:TH,II,OB .II.3;.. = 8000 4aCT. I(C 2. MHH).
1-'13 npHBe,lI.eHHOrO npHMepa paclleTa 3arp 5I3HeIIH5I a3p030JIHMH
131 1 B03,lI.yxa H nOBepXHOCTeH He06cJIY}!{HBaeMhIX rCpMeTH'IHhIX no e eHHii
CJIe,lI.yeT. lITO Ha IIOBepXHOCT5IX MO}!{eT HaXO,lI.HThCH 6o.1bllle aKTHBlIhIX Be-
rn.ecTB. 'IeM B B03,lI.yxe.
npOBe,lI.eM npHMepHblii paClleT ,lI.JIH 60 CO:
a 0,4.4.10- 2 (5-50).3,7.102 2 0
A K = = 0 2 0 DK;
3600 (2, 5.10- 4 + 1,2.10- 4 +6.10- 5 )
K = A /V = (2 20).10- 3 BK/M 3 ,
A 0= 0,4.4. 0-2 (5-50).3,7.102.2,5.10- 4 = (4 40) 10 6 BK:!;
3600.1,2.10-'.4,1.10- 9
A /S =-- 8 --;- 80 DK/CM 2 .
O,lI.HaKO CJIe,lI.yeT HMeTb B BH,lI.Y. 'ITO paBHOBeCHa5I nOBepxHOCTHa5I aKTHB-
HOCTb 60CO MO}!{eT ,lI.OCTH4b 3Toro 3HalleHH5I TOJIbKO llepe3 15-30 .1eT 3KC-
nJIyaTau.HH A3C, TaK KaK nOCT05lHHa51 pacna,lI.a 6UCO OlleJlI, a.la (A.}( =
= 4,1.10- 7 c- 2 ), a ,il,ecop6u.H5I 60CO B B03,lI.YX npaKTHllecKH lIe npOHcXo,il,HT
(K iI. = 0). BbII3e,lI.eHHe oOCo C nOBepXIIOCTCH: H,iI,eT B OCIIOI3HO.\1 3a ClleT .\1e,lI.-
JIeHHOrO pa,lI.HOaKTHBHoro paclla,lI,a (Tl/2 = 5,25 rO,lI.a), eCJIH He YllHTbIBaTb
YCTpaHeHHH ero npH llaCTH4Hoii ,lI.e3aKTHBau.HH HJIH y60pKe B.la}!{HbI\1 ClIO-
co60M 3arp5I3HeHHblx nOBepXHOCTeH: rep.\1eTH41I0rO no e eHH5I.
npH pa60Tc A3C C peaKTopo BB3P cpaKTHlleCKa5I KOHu.eHTpaIlHH cy -
MbI ,lI.o.lrO}!{HByrn.HX -aKTHI3HbIX a3p030JIeH I3 B03,lI.YXC 06cJIY)l{HBae.\1blx 110-
Mern.eHHH IIH}!{e npe,lI.eJIbHOH. 1JYBCTI3HTeJIbIIOCTH Hcno.lb3YCMOH allnapaTY-
phI KOHTpO.l51 (MeHee 3,7 BK/M a ).
5.2.3. Pa,ll.HOaKTHBHoe 3arpSl3HeHHe B03Ayxa B nepHO,ll. npOBe,ll.eHHSI
n aHoBO-npe,ll.ynpe,ll.HTe bH x peMoHToB H neperpY3KH Ton HBa
B nepHo)I. npoBe,lI.eHH5I nJIaHOBO-npe,lI.ynpe,lI,HTe.1bHOrO pe\10lITa (nnp)
Ii neperpY3KH TOnJIHBa npOI3O,il,5ITC5I TaKHe pa,lI.HaI1.lfOHHoollacllble pa60TbI,
KaK pa3yn:IOTHeHHe rJIaBHOrO pa3'beMa peaKTopa H era ,lI.e3aKTHBa[ H5I, 3a-
tIHCTKa rHe3,lI.llllIH.'IeK 3Toro pa3'be\1a, 1ll.lHcpoBKa MeTa.1JIa ,lI.JI5I peBH3HH KOp-
nyca peaKTopa. 3allHCTKa H cBapKa I3 naporeHepaTope, peMoHT H ,lI.e3aKTH-
Bau.HH lIapOrCHcpaTopoB H t:laBHblX U.HpKyJI}jI HOHHbIX HaCOCOB.
B 3TOT nepHo,lI. nplI BbIII0.1HeHHH HeKoTopbIX onepau.Hii (oc06eHHo npH
pa3ynJIOTHeHHIi r JIaBHOrO pa3'beMa, pa3JIHlllIbIX pa60Tax no 3allHCTKe,
cBapKe H liIJIHcpoBKe) cYMMapHa51 KOHu.eHTpau.H5I a3p030JIeH (51Cf, 5RCO.
60CO, 5 9 Fe. 54Mn, 1l0mAg, 131 1) B nOMe eIIHH O}\{eT KpaTKOBpe eHlIO no-
BbIlllaTbC5I ,lI.0 70-3000 DK/M 3 .
TaKa51 KOHu.eHTpau.H5I B03HHKaeT .'IOKa.lbHo B 30lIe nenOCpe,lI,CTBeHfIoro
npOBe,lI.eHH5I pe fOHTlIbIX pa60T. n03TOMY ,lI,.'I5I CHH}\{eIlH5I KOHUCIITpaI1.HlI
a3p030J1CH: B ,lI.OllOJIHeHHe K 06rn.cii BeIlTHJI5II1.HH lIcno.lb3YIOI' nepCHOCllbIe
I303,lI.yx03a60pHbIe OTCaCbll3alO He YCTpoHcTBa H npll eH5IIOT HII)l.IIBH,lI.ya.lb-
HbIe pecnHpaTopbI ,lI.JI5I 3arn.HTbI opraIloB ,il,bIXaHH5I.
114
,Z:(HcrrepCHOCTb a3p030.'Ieif, B03HHKalOIII.HX rrpH rrpOBe,n:eHIUI: 3THX pa60T,
JIe)KHT B npe.n:e.1aX d a = 6-:-12 MK . TaKHe KpyrrHo,n:HcrrepcHbIe a3p030JIH
Ha 60-80% 3a.n:ep)KHBaIOTC5I B BepxHHx ,n:bIxaTeJIbHbIX rrYT5lx H BbIBO,n:HT-
Cfl H3 OpraHJ.l3Ma 1Jepe3 )KeJIy,n:ollHo-KHlIIellHbIH TpaKT. DpHMepHo 10%
3TJ1X a3p030.1eif 3a,n:ep)Kl1I3aeTCH B JIerKHX H MO)KeT 6bITb 06HapY)KeHO lIa
YCTaH013KaX rro orrpc.n:e.1eHHIO aKTHBHOCTH B TeJle 1JeJl013eKa (CM. r:r. 5), a
pa,n:HOHYKJIH,n: 131 I - B llI.HTOBH,n:HOH )KeJIe3C rrpH 06c.1e,n:OBaIlHH peMOIITHO-
fO nepCOHaJIa A3C.
YqHTbIBaH HenpO)I,0.1)KHTeJIbHOCTb e)Kero,n:HO rrp0130,n:HMbIX peMOHTHblX
H rreperpY301JHbIX pa60T (O) HII MeC5III. 13 ro,n:y) , palI.HaII.HOHIlYIO orraCHOCTb
a3p030JIeH, 06pa3YIOIII.HXCH npH DrIP, CllHTalOT He3HaQHTe:IbiioH.
5.3. CAHHTAPHOE 3AKOHOJl,ATEJlbCTBO no OXPAHE
OT 3Arp5I3HEHH5I PAJI,HOHYKJlHJI,AMH OKPY)I(AIOIlI.ER
CPEJI,bl
OxpaHa oKpY)KalOIII.eH cpe,n:bI OT 3arp5l3HeHH5I pa}J;HoHYK.1H,n:aMH, 06pa-
3YIOIl HMHCH rrpH pa60Tc A3C, 06ecrrcllHBaeTC5I rrpH C06J1IO,n:eHHH «Calm-
TapHbIx rrpaBII.1 rrpoeKTHp013aHHH H 3KCrrJIyaTanHH A3C CD A3C-79»,
«HopM pa,n:Hal HoHHoi1 6e30llacHocTH HP5-76», «OCHOBHbIX caHHTapHbIx
rrpaBHJI paGoTbI C pa,n:HoaKTHBHbl\1H BeU(eCTBa\1H H ,n:pyrmm HCTOllHHKa:\1H
HOIIH3HPYIOIII.HX H3J1Y4eHHH OCrI-72i80», <<06III.HX 1I0J10)KCIIHH 06ccrreQe-
HH5I 6e30nacllocTH A3C rrpl1 npoeKTHpoBallHH, CTpOHle.1hcTBe II 3KCrrJIya-
TaII.HH OD5 AC-82», «DpaBH.1 pa,n:HaQHOHlIoH 6e30rracIIocTH rrpH 3Kcrr.1ya-
TaII.HH aTOMHblX 3JIeKTpOCTaIlQHH DP5 A3C-84».
5.3.1. TpeooBaHHSI K 3aIII.HTe oKpy*alOllJ;eH cpeAbi
DpH IIpoeKTHpoBaHHH pa,D,Hal HOIJIIO.H 3allI.HTh[ A3C ,n:JIH CHlj)KeHHH 1303-
MO)KIIOrO 1303,n:eHCTBH5I Ha OKpY)KalOIII.YIO cpe)l,Y YllHTbIBalOT 13K:1a,n: B 3K13H-
BaJlellTIIYIO )l,03Y pcex BH,J.OB HOHH3I1pYIOIII.erO H3.1Y4eIlHH: 13l1eWHcro npo-
HHKalOIII.erO ,\,-H3.;lYlleHIIH, BIIYTpCHHcro OOJlYlleHHH OT IIoCTyrralOIII.HX B
opraHH3M pa.n:lIoaKTHBllbIX a3p030.1eH H ra3006pa3IIbiX IIpO)l,YKTOB, KpO-
Me PlJf (lIarrpHIvICp, 1 2 , HI, CHal).
B II.CJ1flX 38 III.HTbI Hace.rIeHH5I II OXpaHb[ BHeIl!HCH Cpe)l,b[ 11:.151 A3C
C peaKTopa,;m pa3.'1H4HOrO HlrI3 (BB3P, P6.\\K, 5H) BCD A3C-79 YCTa-
IIOBJIeHb[ npe1l:e.lhI ro,n:oBoH )I,03hl (ll,Z:(5) BHel1!HerO H BHYTpeHIIero o6.1Y4e-
HHH .111Il H3 IraCeJleHHH. 3TH IIpe.n:e.'IbI ,n:03bI, OOYC.;IOB.1eHHble rO;J.OBbI:\1H ra30-
a3p030.1bHbIMH BbI6pocaMH A3C B aT:\10C<jx>PY H )!(H) KH\1H pa)(HOaKTHB-
HhlMH c6pocaMH B Bo,n:oeMbI, UpHBe,II,eHbl B Ta6.1. 5.1.
y!3 Tau.'!. 5,1 BH,n:HO, lITO IJpc,n:eJlblIO )J;onYCTl1MOe B03.n:eHCTBHe A3C IIa
lIaCe"leHHC H OKpY)KalOIII.YIO cpe,n:y 311a4HTeJlbHO orpallH4ellO no cpaBHCIIHIO
C IIpe,n:e.l0M,n:03bI, YCTaHOB.1eHHbIM B HP5--76 )1,:151 .1HI( KaTeropHH !J. TaKoe
orpaHH4eHHC (COCTaB.15I10III.ee TO.lbKO 4 % IIpe,n:e.1a ,n:03hl J .151 ra30a3po-
. 30.1bHb1X BbI6poCOB H 1 % ,n:J15I .lKH,II,KHX C6POCOB A3C) OOOCIIOBaHO lIe06xo-
,n:HMOCTblO HMeTb pe3epn ;-'-.151 ,n:PyrHx I1CKYCCTBeHHblX pa.cJ:HoaKTH13HhIX HC-
TOllIIHKOB, IlpH eH5IeMbIX B Hapo,n:IIOM X03HHCT13e,
Ba)KHbIM apry eHToM ,n:.15I 13Be;l.eHH5I 3Toro orpaHH4eHH5I 5IBHJICH OrrblT
3KCrrJlyaTauHII OTe4eCT13eHHbIX \I 3apy6e;.KlIblX A3C, KOTOpblH rrOKa3a.1, lITO
115
T a 6 JI H U a 5.1. npe)l.eJlbl )l.03b1 AJlI! OrpaHH'IeHHOii '1aCTH HaceJleRHSI
(KaTerOpHI! 6), 06ycJloBJleHHble pa)l.HoaKTHBHblMH Bbl6pocaMH H c6pocaMH A3C,
MK3BjrO)l.
rpynna KpJlTH"CCKHX opranOB
II 111
.II.OJl" npe-
IICJ1a 1I031,!
HPIi-76,%
BHA pa;J.HoaKTH!\HblX OTXO)!OB
ra30a3p030.'1Lllble nu6pocbI 200 600 1200 4
)j(H,llKHe c6pocbI Ha OT)l.e.lbIlbie !JU)l.b! no- 50 150 300 I
)l.Ono.lb30naHHH*
Bcero
250
750 I 1500
5
· nO)! BII;J.a\lH RO)!01l0.lb30BaHII" nOIlHMaeTC" Pb!(j0.l0BCTIJO, pl,Iuopa3uc.:\CllHC, OpOIUCHHC II
I1HThCAOe BO;1,OCua6JKeHHC
cpaKTI111eCKl1e .II.03bl 06J1YlleHH5I BnOJIIIe YKJ1a.II.blBaIOTCH B YCTaHoB:[eIllIbIH
HOpMaTI1B ()l.J151 M!lOrHX A3C C 6o.'1ee 'leM )l.ecHTIfKpaT!lhIM 3allacoM).
Dpe)l.e.1 )l.03bT, rrpl1Be)l,eHHblH B Ta6JI. 5. I, YCTaHaBJlIIl3aeTCH )1.-'151 rpa-
IIHlJ,b1 camnapHo-3arn.HTHoH 30Hbl HJlH 3a ee rrpe)l.€.'JaMI1 Ha TaKO\!: paccToH-
JlHH, r,ZI.e O)f{H)l.aeTCH Hal160JlbillaH )l.03a BIIelUHcro H BIIYTpeIlIlero 06.'JYll(,-
111151. Dpl1 paclleTHoH OJI,CHKe )1.03[,1, 06YCJJOBJleHHOH ra30a3p030,lhHbl\IH B[>I-
6pocaMH If )f{H)l.KI1MH c6pocaMH, Ylll1ThlBalOT rrpHMble H 1\0CBeHIIhiC lIyni I10-
CTyrrJleHH5I pa)l.1I0IIYK.1I1)1.0B B opraHH3M. DOCTyrr.TJeHl1e 3a ClleT B,ZI.bIXaHIiH
C B03)1.YXOM - rrp5lMOH nYTb, rrOCTYIIJIeHl1e C nl1UI,eH - KOCl3eHHblii nYTb,
KOTOpbIH B !leKOTOpbIX cHTyalI,HHX MO)f{eT CTaTh onpe)l,c.l51IOUI,IfM. I-IarrpJ!'
Mep, )l.03a 06J1Y'leHIf51 UI,HTOBIf)l.HOH )f{eJle3bl pa,J,HOHYK.1H)l.OM ] 31 1 3a C'ICT
rrOTpe6J1eHHH MO.'JOKa B rrepHO)l. rraCT611rn.Horo CO)l.ep)f{a!lIlH KOpOB B paiio-
He A3C MO)f{CT B 100 H 60,'Jee pa3 rrpeBblCHTb ) 03Y OT B)l.bIXaeMOJ'O 13 1 1.
31'0 rrpOI1CXO)l.I1T nOTOMY, '1TO 131 1 OCC,ZI.aeT Ha paCTHTc.lbllhlH rrOKpOB MCCT-
HOCTII, KOpOBbl nOC)l.aIOT TpaBY C 60.1 hili 11 X rrJlOUI,a)l.CH II 131 1 HaKall.1ImaCTC5i
B MOJlOKe.
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B CD A3C-79 perJlaMeHTHpoBaH Cpe) HccYTOllHbIH If cpe.J,lIe\1CC5I4!1hIH )1.0-
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OrrblTe .3Kcrr:lyaTaII,I1H .n.eHCTBYIOUI,HX A3C (TaOJI. 5,2 H 5.3). [fpe,il,no.laraeT-
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IIpe.n.e.lbr )l.03bl, YKa3aHHble B Ta6JI. 5, I.
113 Tao.'J. 5.2 H 5,3 BJ.1)1.IIO, '1TO .n.OrrYCTI1MbIH BbI6poc ra30B H a3p030:re11
He3a1311CHMO OT Tl1na pcaKTopa A3C YCTaHon.leJi O.II.HlIaKOBbIM H onpC,ZI.c.'JH-
CTCH MOUI,1I0CTbI0 A3C. .II..1H npaBI1J1bHOH oueHKIf .n.031>1 OT ra30a3p030Jlh-
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MblX pa)l.HOIIYKJlI1.n.OI3 KaK B ra3006pa3HOH, TaK H 13 a3p030.1b1/OH CPOP'M'
D03TOMY CHJlaMH rrepCOHaJla A3C H rrpHB.leKae\lbIX KOMnCTeHTllblX opra-
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JII1.n.Horo COCTal3a Bcex pa.n.HoaKTHBHbIX OTXO,il,OB, Y.II.a:1 He\11>1X Him Y)I{C !la-
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3aHa npHHI1MaTb Mepbl no CHH)I{eHHIO Bbl6poca pa.n.HoHYK.'JH.iI,OB B aTMoccpe-
PY H c6poca HX C )l{11)1.KHMH OTXO)l.aMH )1.0 MI1HI1M3J1blIOrO ypOBH51, KOTOpOro
MO)l{!lO ;J.OCTl1rHYTb C YlleToM 3KOHOMH'ICCKI1X H COlI,H3JJb!lbiX co06pa)l{eIlHH,
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B aTMoccjlepy A3C JleKTpH1jeCKOii MOll.\HOCTblO No 6000 MBT ( JI)
Pa.:\HOllYKJlII,1J.bl
,lI,OllYCTH"bIH Bb,6poc
EK/kvT 1000 MBT (3.1)] I KHJ[C)T 1000 MBT (3J1)]
Pf)[ (mouaH CMCCh) 18,5.10 '2 500
13q (ra30Ba5J + a3p030.1hIIaH <jJa- 3,7 . 10 8 0,01
3a)
CMeCh ,l,O:lrO)l{HBYll.lIIX HYKJlII,n:OB 5,5.10 8 0,015
(}J)K I I)
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,llOB (K>KIl)
n l' 11 M C" a II II nino.. TepM!I110M PEr lIOIIIIMaCTo.l ,1(oGaH C\lCCb (j.13 I opoJJ.,n,Ix pa,1J.llo
aKTIIBHhlX ral0R -- aprona. I\pHnTOlia H KCCHOHa
2 CMCCLIO .i\0.110JKllilYIJ\H'C IIYKJlH;IOn (,lI,)I(II) Ha,naHT,I pa.1110aKTllnHLlc "3P030.'II, 3KcnoIlH-
POH""""'" Ha <PHJlbTpC H TetIClIlIC 1 CYT II H3MCpClIHI,IC tIepe3 I CYT IIOC.1C CIIHTHH IIpOGh!. IIp II
Heo6xuJ1.H OCTH llC'pHO.1. .::IKcnoHHpoRallHK cPH.TJ.bTpa MO.>K€'T ()hlTb H 'leHl'lI
3, CMCCblO KopOnOjf(HnY"\HX P ;lIlOll)b,'H.i\on (K>K11) lIa111alll,I pa1110CJKTHBllblC 33pO,O,'H,
3KCIIOHHpOHaHHhl0 lIa q,H.lbTpe H TC4eHlle 1 CYT II H3MCpcHHbie 40pC3 1/2 4 1I0c,'e CHHTIIH npo61,1
npH H('()UXO:lIIMOCTIi llepliOIT. 3KcnOHHpOBaUHH MO>K('T t1hTTb H':\'IC'lH.'1I
4 J.1.onycKacTcSI OjlHOKpaTllhl11 (1I..1H CYT01I11blA:) Bbl(ipOC pallHOl1YI\.lH}lon. R fi pa IIpeRblll13-
IOILlIli1 npllilO)!CIIII",ii B TdGJI 5 2 cpe, HccYT04Hbli! )lOI1YCTHM",i! BI,'GpOC Upll YC.'lonHII, 4TO CYM-
MapHl)IH llhIGpOC 33 O':\HH KBapTa.1 IIC npCHI,lCIIT COOTHl'TCTHYlOw,cru paC4CTHOIO JHrtllC'IIIIH
Ta6.llIua 5,3 Cpe,Il.HeM e CH4Hblii )l.OnycTHMblii Bbl6poc HCKOTOpblX pa)l.HOHYKJlH)l.OB
H3 A3C B aTMoccjlepy
PdAIIOJI)"KJ1IIAT,1
J.'C.l0BIIH I
'OSr "Sr 13 iCo;:; "Co HMn lilCr
N s < 6000 .\\Br (3J1.). 5,5 10 8
BK/[MeC !OOO MBT(3J1.)J 5,fi.107 5,5.lQ8 5,5.10 8 G,5.I08 5,5.10 8
MKH/IMec'1000.\\Br 1,5 15 15 15 15 15
(3J1.) 1
N >(jOOO MET (3.1,):
UK/ ICC 3,3,10 8 3,3,10 9 3,3,\0 9 3,3 10 9 3,3,10 9 3,3,109
MI\H/ :.ICC 9 90 90 90 90 90
n p II "l' II .j 1111 51 1 EC..111 HOMlillcI.'ILuaSi 3..1€KTPIPICCK3H ::\lOlll.11QCTb N'J A3C ne IIpC'Blouua
CT 6000 MH r TO )1J1H Ollpl';l,c..leHIIH ,llOnYCTHMoro DhlOpoca C ll'.J.)eT nO.'lhJOnaTbC51 Tao., .1'2 H
Ta(i.'J [):3 T (' i'UP'I(j.l113()UD.IIH£,I\1 ;J.OII\(,TH\n>i.\1 RhIOPOCO\1 OPH HO\fHHcLlhIlOi1 3.1l'KTPlIl.lCCKOi1
"OLLlHOCTH """l'0 1000 MI3T C.le::\Y"T 1It'1I0.lh10Balb 3I1a"CHHC ,lI,B ::\"" MOl1lll0CTH 10110 MBT (3)
2 EC.ll1 1I0"Hlla.lwaH 3.ICKTpIl4CCKdH MOIII,HOClb IdC npeBI,IIuacT GOOO MI:\T, TO ;lOlI)'CTH-
Mblrt HblUPOC lie .i\U.IJKCH npPUhlUl Th yponliH. IIpIlBC;\eHHOro B Tau., J 3
3 npIID£'.J.eHllhlc R TdO.l {) 2 H 5, 3lt...P'C'HHH 1I.H OTlIUCHTCH K TPYUC RhtCOTOif or 80 n.o
150 M II pailHO\ll'PII()A Cpe!lIlCro.loHoi! p03e IJCTpOH, npH OTK.l0flCIIHH OT "fiX )C.l0HHA Tpe(jyelc"
BBO;\HTb 1l0llpanKH D 3HdlJCIIllSI .lIB,
4 CPC'}l.HC\fl'CHYHOC 3I1d J('HJle Bhlupoca n HCK.ll()qHTf'.lbHbIX C.1YtJ:UHX MO£CT ()blTb 60o/1blllC
n ;; pa3 npll YC.l01l1lll, '1TO lie GY,1J.CT npCBI,IWCI! ro.lOBort IIpC::\C.l RT,Iupoca,
C 3Toii Me ll.C:lblO YCTaJlaB.TJI1BaCTCH rO,ZI.OBOH ,ZI.OJlycnIMhIH c6poc (JJ.C) pa-
,ZI.IIOIlYKJiI1; OB C MH,ZI.KI1MI1 CTOKaMIf no alla.l0fl1H C }I,OJlYCTl1MhIM I3hI6poCOM.
JJ.orrYCTI1Mb1H c6poc cn A3C-79 lie pcr.laMeHTl1pyeTcH. JJ..1H KaM,ZI.oH
A3C ypOB1l1f JJ.C B BO,II,Oe:\-I!>I orrpe,lI,c.1HIOTC5I C Y1JCTOM MeCTHbIX YC.l0BHH 11
Tpe6oBaHIIH, H3.TJOMeHHbIX B Ta6.'!. 5,1.
JJ.J15I .1Y1JWCH oxpaHhl oKpYMalOllI.ei'i Cpe,II,bI OT 3arp 5I3HCHII5I pa.n.lfoaKTI1B-
HbIMII BCll eCTBa\m a) MI1HI1CTpall.115I A3C Ha OCliOBe OilblTa 3Kcn.lyaTaUifH
117
YCTaHaBJIIfBaeT pa60 t !l1H (KOHTpOJIbHbIH) BbI6poc (PB) II c6poc (PC), ROTO-
pble HIDKe ,ZI.orrYCTIIMoro BbI6poca Ii c6poca. YpOBHII PB Ii PC orrpe,ZI.eJlHIOT-
C5I COCToHHIIeM TeXHOJIOrHqeCKorO o60PY,ZI.oBaHHH A3C H ,ZI.OCTHrHYTOH
CTerreHblO OlJHCTKH ra30B, pa,ZI.HOaKTHBHbIX a.3p030.1eii II )l{H,iI,KHX
pa,ZI.HOaKTHBHbIX CTOKOB.
Dpe,ZI.JIO)l{eHHble a,ZI.MHHHCTpaII.HeH A3C 3HalJeHH5I pa60QHX BbI6poCOB
II C6pOCOB YTBep)l{,ZI.aIOTC5I opraHaMH rOCCaHII3,ZI.30pa.
OnblT 3Kcn.lyaTaII.HH A3C B CCCP rrOKa3a.l, 4TO CTaHII.HH HMelOT ,ZI.OCTa-
TOQHO Ha,ZI.e)l{I10e TeXHOJlOrH4eCKOe o60PY,ZI.oBaHlie H pe)l{HMbl ero .3KCnJIya-
TaII.HIi, KOTopble o6ecrre1JHBaIOT pa,ZI.HaII.HOHHYIO 6e30lIacHOCTb nepCOHaJIa Ii
HaCeJIeHHH II oxpaHY OKpY)I{alOrn.eii Cpe,il,bI C 60JIbIllHM 3anaCOM I10 OTHOIlle-
HHIO K ,ZI.OlIycnlMblM HopMaM.
5.4. METO)J.bl OCA)I()J.EHH5I PA)J.HOAKTHBHbIX
A3P030JlEA H H3MEPEHH5I HX KOHlI.EHTPAlI.HH
Pa,ZI.HOaKTHBIIhle a.3p030JIH npe)J.CTaB.1HIOT 3I1a4HTe.lbHYIO pa,ZI.HaIUIOH-
I1YIO orraCHOCTb, I103TOMY HX ,ZI.OIlycTHMaH aKTHBHaH KOIIILeHTpaILHH (EK/M S )
04eIlb MaJIa (CM. pa3,ZI.. 5.2).
HenOCpe,ZI.CTBeHIIoe 113MepeIlHe KOIlILeHTpanHH a3p030JIeH Ha ypOBHe .IT.K
C rrOMOIll.blO KaKoro-JIH60 ,ZI.eTeKTOpa npaKTH4ecKil HeB03MO)l{I10, DO.3TOMY
Bce MeTO,ZI.bl KOHTpOJIH a3p030JIeif OCIIOBaHbl lIa H3B.le1JeIlHH IIX H3 B03,ZI.yxa
Ha pa3.1H4I1ble cpHJlbTpbl H nOc.TJe;LYIOIll.eM H3Mepelllfll HX aKTHBIiOCTH B KOII-
II.eHTpIIpOBaHIIOM BH,ZI.e. .II.JIH OCa)l{,iI,eHIlH a3p030JIE'H: Ilpm'leH5IIOT BO.l01<-
HHCTbIe cpH.lbTpbl (CTeK.10Bo.TJOKHO C BOJIOKIIaMH ,ZI.HaMeTpoM 2---3 MKM),
TKaHIi H3 YJIbTpaToIlKHx BOJIOI<OH (1,5 MKM) nma <1>[1 (qm.lbTpbl IIeTpHHo-
Ba *), MeM6paHHbie cpHJIbTpbl, yrOJIbHble qm.lbTphl, 3.1eKTpoqmJ1bTpbl H
HHepII.HOHllble OCa,ZI.HTe.1H.
OCHOBIIblMH napaMeTpaMH, IIMeIOJII.HMH CYIll.eCTBeHHoe 3I1a'leIlHe ,ZI..1H
H3MepeHII5I KOHII.ellTpanHH pa;\HOaKTHBHbIX a.3p03o.1eii, 51B.l51IOTC5I 3cjxpeK-
THBHCCTb HJIH KOsq:qJJ.1II.HeHT npocKoKa cpllJIbTpa, era a3po,J.HHa\IH4eCKoe
CCllpOTHB.lcHHe, To.TJIll.HHa cpH.TJbTpa If pacrrpe) e.leHIle oceBWHX 1JaCTHI1. (HX
aKTHBHoCTII) 110 TOJIIll.IfHe cpH.lbTpa,
5.4.1. TOHKOBOJlOKHHCTble 4JHJlbTpbl <i> n
B CCCP wHpoKoe pacrrpocTpaHellHe ,ZI..151 KOHTpO.l51 a3p030.1eH: II 04HCT-
KH CT HHX BO?.lJ.yxa IIC.1Y'IH.TJH TOHK0I30JIOKIlHClbre cpI-!.1bTpbI <l>D.
TKallH <l>Dn H3 nepx.lopBHHH:la HMeIOT Cpe,ZI.HHH ,ZI.HaMeTp BO.l0KOH 1,5
H 2,5 MKM, 06.1a)(aIOT CTOH:KOCTblO K KHCJIOTaM H Ill.e.l0'laM, He CMa4HBaIOTC5I
BO)(OH H MorYT I-fCnOJlb30BaTbC5I npH TeMncpaType JLO 333 K. TKaHH <l>rIA
H3 BO.l0KOH ane I 1i.1 ue.l.llO.103hl ,J.Ha\teTpoM 1,5 MK\t CTOHKH I< op raIlH4ec-
I<HM paCTBopHTe:IHM (THlla XJIOpHpOBaHHblx yr.leB0,.10p0,J.OB) H \torYT 6bITb
HCnOJIb30BaHb1,ZI.0 423 K H BJIa)l{lICCl H He 60.1ee EO%. MexaHlI3\t rpH.lbTpa-
UHII a.3p030JIhHhlX 4aCTHII. Ha TKaH5IX <1>1 I 3aK.llO'laeTC5I B C.1ejIYIOrn.eM:
*AKaJl,eMHK If B DeTpSTIIOf! - COBeTCKIiH ) l/l'lIblH, nOA P) KOf!O)J.CTUOM KOTOpO-
ro 6b1JIH C03;\allbl cjJHJJbTpbl ,:J,. H OCa)l{.aeIiIiH <J3p030.1eH
118
1) )1,.1$1 '1aCTIIU OoJIbIllHX pa3MepoB - HlIepll,Hoimoe oca)!{J!.eHilc npH
OO.lbIllOH CKOpOCTIl cplIJlbTpanHH (Bep05lTHOCTb 3a,ZI.ep)KKIl 3TlIX llaCT1I1{ Ha
BO.'JOKHaX nponopUHOHaJIbHa d 2 v, r; e d - ;J.HaMeTp qaCTIlUbI, v - CKOpOCTb
qaCTHUbl);
2) OCa)K,ZI.eHHe llaCTHUbl BCJIe,ZI.CTBHe KacaHIHI BO.lOKHa npH era om6a-
HHH C Bep05lTHOCTblO, 3aBHC5Irn.eH B OCHOBHO aT pa3Mepa qaCTHII, T. e.
nponopUHOHaJlbIlOH d;
3) OCa)K,ZI.eHHe Bc.le,ZI.CTBHe ,ZI.HqxpY3l:1H H OCe,ZI.aHHS1 MeJIKO,ZI.HCnepcHbIx
a3p030JleH [Bep05lTHOCTb OCa)K,ZI.eHHH B03pacTaeT C YMeIlbIlleHHeM ,ZI.lIaMeTpa
qaCTHIl, H CKOpOCTH cpH.lbTpaIl,HH, T. e. npOllOpl(HOHa.lbHa (l!dV)1/2 J;
4) 3.1eKTpOCTaTH4eCKoe npHT5I}KeHHe a3p030JIbHbiX qaCTHIl" KOTopoe
HMeeT 60.1blIlOC 311alleHHe ,ZI.JlH cpHJIbTpOB <I>fl, TaK KaK OHH HMelOT BblCOKHH
3J1eKTpOCTaTHllecKHi'r 3ap5l,ZI. [Bep05lTHOCTb OCa)K,ZI.eHHH KaK 3apH)KeHHbIX,
TaK H He3ap5l}KeHIIbiX a3p030.1bHb1X qaCTHIl, (B nOCJle,ZI.HeM cJIyqae npOHcxo-
,ZI.HT HX nOJlSlpH3aIl,HH), IIpOnopll,HOHaJIbHa d 2 /vl;
5) OCa)K,ZI.eIIHe B lIOl3epXHOCTHO c.loe MaTepHaJl3 Tex qaCTHIl" pa3Mep
KOTOpblX 6o,lbIlle paCCTO IHHH Me1K,ZI.Y BOJlOKHaMIl cpHJlbTpa,
B pe3y.'1bTaTe nepeqHCJleHHblx npOI1.eCCOB Ha cpHJlbTpaX <I>D ,ZI.OCTHra-
eTCH npaKTHqeCKH O,ZI.HHaKOBoe YJlaBJlHBaHHe a3p030JlbHbiX qaCTHIl, JlI06blX
pa3MepOB BIMOTb ,ZI.O cBo60,ZI.HbIX aTOMOB C 3qxpeKTHBHOCTblO noqTH 100%,
T. e. Bep05lTIIOCTb npHcoe,ZI.HHellHH qaCTHIl, K 130.10KHaM y cpHJlbTpa <I>n 6J1H3-
Ka K e)l,HllHll,e. B TO )Ke BpCMH pa,ZI.HoaKTHBHbIe 6J1arOpO,ZI.Hble ra31>1, He oca)!{-
.lI.aHCb, npOXO,ZI.51T 1JCpe3 MaTepHaJl <I>fl, T. e, BepOHTHOCTb npHcoe,ZI.HHeHH5I
aTOMOB PEf K Bo.l0KHa 6.1H3Ka K HYJlIO. 31'0 n03Bo.1HeT HcnO.'lb30BaTb
cpHJlbTpbl <I>fl B KalleCTBe npe,ZI.Oca,ZI.HTeJIeH a3p030JleH Ha BXO,ZI.e B HOHH3a-
Il,lI0HHbie KaMepblll .lI.pyme ,ZI.eTeKTOpbl, Hcno.lb3yeMble)I,Jl51 KOlITpOJ\51 PEf.
Do.1aralOT, qTO paCllpe,ZI.eJIeHHe aKTHBHOCTH no TOJlrn.Hlle cpHJlbTpa no,ZI.-
\J.HH5IeTCH 3KcnoHeIlIl,Ha,lbllOMY 3aKOHY. Tor,ZI.a 3qxpeKTHBHOCTb 1') BOJlOK-
HHCToro cpHJ\bTpa onpe)l,e:IHeTcH no cpopMy.1e
1')= (Ao-Ah)/Ao= l_e- k <jJh, (5.9)
r,IJ.e Ao - KOnll,eHTpanHH a3p030.1eH ,lIP cpHJlbTpa; A h ....:...... TO )!(e nOC.'Ie
IVH.1bTpa TOJlll(HHOH h; k(jJ - K03<P<PHIl,HeHT cpH.lbTpaIl,HH, paBHblH OTl!OCII-
'teJIblloMY H3MeHClIHIO KOHll,eHTpall,HH a3p030JlfI Ha e,ZI.liHHIl,Y TO.lll(HlIbI
cpIfJlbipa H 3aBHC5Ill(HH KaK aT cpoPMbl, pa3Mepa If a3pO,ZI.HHaMHllecKoro AHa-
MeTpa a p030.'IbHbIX llacTHIl" TaK H aT CKOpOCTH npOKaqKH B03,ZI.yxa qepe3
cpHJlbTp, B.13}KHOCTH B03Ayxa, CBOHCTB MaTepHa.la cpHJlbTpa H era Te mepa-
TYPbl, XHMHtIeCKOH npHpO.ilbl 4acTHIl,'
3qxpeKTHBHOCTb MO)KeT 6blTb HaH,ZI.ena 3KCrrep1tMeHTa.1b1lO no aKTHBHo-
CTIl A lJaCTHIl" oceBWHX lIa ,ZI.Ba cpHJlbTpa o,ZI.HIIaKoBoH TO.1ll(HlIbI, pacno-
JIO)KeHHbIX OAHII Ha,ZI. ,ZI.pyrHM:
1') = 1 - A2 IA l! (5.10)
r,ZI.e Al If A 2 - 3KTHBHOCTb qaCTHIl" OCa)!{,ZI.eHHblX Jla nepBo\t It BTOpOM
IVHJIbTpax.
DpOCKOK e a3p030JlbHblX qaCTIIIl, lJepe3 cpH.1bTP onpe; e.1HIOT 110 cpoPMY-
,Jle
e=-1-'YJ=A2/At, (5,11)
T. e. no OiHOlIIeHll1O 3Ha4elfHH aKTHBHOCTH Ha BTOpO f H nepaoM cpHJlbtpaX.
119
T a (j .1111( a 5.1. XapaKtepHcTliKH lIeKoTopLiX aH8J1i1TH'leCKHX !/JHJlbTPOB A4>A
.II':.! " '"
...
to t; .II'"
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0:"''' ')t:: :!!'" ..
<p H :Jblpa <pH.'bTpa ",,,0. 0:"'", .. . I1a3Ha'lCHHe
'" 0." 0. _ 0"'''' ",'"
0",.11 .e-"
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"0'" 00: .,.,...... .e-g
p.c:.e- u= "'t; (1)",
M>A-PMA-20 <I>ITA-15-2,O 20 40-60 100 99,9 ,l:L. H pa,llHOMeTpH'Ie-
eKoro onpc)J.eJIeHHH KOH-
l.\eIlTpal HH pa,llHoaKTHB-
lib/X a3p030. eH np!! no-
Bb/IIIeHHOH reMnepaType
(If,0 423 K:)
A<I>A-PMIT-3 <I>ITIT-15-1,7 3 40-60 60 99,9 To )l{e, npH rCMnepary-
pe ,ll0 333 1<; cToiiKHH K
XHMH'IeCKH arpeceHBHblM
CpC,llaM
A<I>A-PCIT-40 <I>ITIT-15-1,7 40 40-60 800 99,9 ,l:LJlH palf,IIOCneKrpo-
MeTpll'leCKOrO onpelf,eJIe-
HIIH pa,llHoaKTHBHblX a3po-
30JleH
A<I>A-XA-20 <I>ITA-15-2,O 20 20 140 99,9 ,l:LJlH pa,llHOXHMH'IeCKOrO
allaJlH3a pa,llHoaKTHBHblX
a3p030Jleii. <I>IIJlbTp 06pa-
6aTblBaercH MeTO)J.OM
«MoKporo» C)I{lIrallHH.
T. e. C)I{lIraHHH CMeCblO
KOIll.\eHTplipoBaHlIblX cep-
HOH H a30THoH HJI!! YKeyc-
HOH KIICJlOT
A<I>A-prIT-3 <I>ITIT-15 3 40---60 9 99,5 ,l:LJlH pa,llHOrpa<pH'ICCKO-
ro aHaJlH3a
A<I>A-BIT-20 <I>ITIT-15-1,7 18 15 140 99,9 ,l:LJlH onpe,lleJlelilIH Mac-
eOBOH KOH! CIITpa HH
3 30-75 99,9 a3p030JleH
A<I>ACH <I> IT C .n:06aBKoH - ,l:LJlH onpe,lleJIellHSr
113MC.'1b'lCHHOrO a3p030.'1CH II napoB MOJle-
yr.1H II AgN0 3 Ky.1HpIloro paAHOiiolf,a
n p H M e 'I a II H e ConpOTHBJleIlHe II 3<P<PCKTHBHOCTb YKa3aHloI l\JI!! CTaIl;1apTHol! .'"HcAHoi!
CKOpOCTH <pHJlbTpal(HH I CMjC [1 CM'j(C CM')] C B03paCTaHIIeM CKOpOCTH nOTOKa 1J03l\yxa IIPO-
HCXO.1HT .1HIICnlloe B03paCTdllHe conpOTHn.'CIII'H <pH.'bTpa, flpH 3JrpY3KC 60Jlee I Jl/('dHII' CM')
no)]. <pH.'loTp C.1C,lJ,ycT YCTallan.11waTb OIlOPIIYIO CCTKY
I1cCJle,nOBaIIlHI 1l0l<a3aJIH, '11'0 Mal<CHMaJIbHhIM IlpOCKOKOM CKB03h MaTe-
pHa.l q,n 06Jla,nalOT QaCTH1I.hI ,Z1.HaMeTpOM 0,1-0,2 MKM. n03TOMY npOCKOK
cpHJlhTpOB q,n pa3.1JHlIIlhIX MapOl< onpe,Z1.eJl5IIOT H npHBO,Z1.5IT B TeXIIHqeCKHX
xapaKTepHcTHKax no a3p030Jl5lM, HMelOI.IJ.HM HMeJlHO 3TH pa3MephI I1PH CTaH-
,napTHOH CKOpOCTII npOKalIKl:I B03,Z1.yxa 1 CM/C. 3HaqeHl:I5! MaKCl:IMaJlhHOrO
npOCKOKa npl:l 3Tl:IX YC.l0Bl:I5!X Y cpHJ1hTpOB q,n, Hcno.'1h3yeMbIx ,Z1.Jl5I ollpe-
,Z1.eJleHH5I KOHll.e!ITpa1I.l:Il:I Ct.-, -aKTHB!IbIX a3p030JleH l:I HX ,Z1.HcnepCHOCTl:I,
HaXO,Z1.HTC5! B I1pe,Z1.e.'Iax 0,1 - 1,0%. J(HHaMl:I4eCKOe conponm.'IeHHe co-
craBMleT OT 15 AO 40 na I1PH CIWpOCTH 1 CMlc l:I .'1l:1IIeHHO B03paCTaeT C YBe-
.'1l:11J.eHl:IeM CKOpOCTl:I B03,Z1.yxa. q,l:IJlhTphl pa3HbiX MapOK l:IMelOT pa3HYlO TO.'1-
llI,I1Hy cpH.'IhTPYlOu ero CJ1051: 3,0:::1::0,5 Mr/cM 2 (q,nn-15-1,5 H q,l1A-1S-
120
2,0), 1,5 ::J:: 0,15 Mr/cM 2 (H3JIf H n,f03 Mn
1,6 ::J:: 0,2 Mr/cM 2 (JI<I:>C). <I:>HJIbT-
pbI H3.TI l:I JI<I>C liClIO.'Jb3YIOTCH If
,nJIH YJIaB.'Jl:IBaHl:IH ex-aKTl:IBI!bIX
a3p030JIeM B TOHKOM JI060BOM
CJIOe <pl:IJIbTpa, 4T06bI ex-4aCTl:Iu.bI Z
He lIor.10llI.aJIHCb B 06'beMe <pl:IJIbT-
pa. B Ta6JI. 5.4 npl:lBe,neHbI xa-
paKTepl:lCTl:IKH aHa,,1HTH'leCKl:IX 0 200
KpyrJIbIX <pl:IJIbTpOB Tl:IlIa A<I:>A
,nJIH OT60pa lIpo6 a3p030JIeM. Pile. 5,1. raMMa-cneKTp np06bJ a3p030J!eil
,LL.'JH onpe,ne.leHl:IH KOHu.eHT- npO,llYKTOIJ ,lle. eIIII5J
pau.l:Il:I A pa,nHoaKTl:IBI!bIX a3p030-
JIeM lIO aKTl:IBHOCTl:I, OCa)K,neHHoM I!a <pHJIbTpe, MO)KHO BOClIOJIb30BaTbCH
CJJe,nYIOllI.eli <p0pMy.10M:
A = 0,27 (n - n<IJ)/( w'l1FV), (5.12)
r,ne A - KOHu.eHTpau.l:IH a3p030JIeM, DK/M 3 ; n - CKOpOCTb C'leTa Ha pa,nHO-
MeTpl:l'leCKOM YCTaHOBKe lIPH l:I3MepeHl:Il:I aKTl:IBIIOCTl:I <pl:IJIbTpa, l:IMn/c;
n<IJ - CKOpOCTb C'leTa <PaHa; W -lIolIpaBKa Ha caMOnOrJIOllI.eHl:Ie ,neTeKTl:I-
PyeMoro H3JIY'IeHHH B 06'beMe <pl:IJIbTpa, OTII. e,lJ..; '11 - 3qxpeKTl:IBIIOCTb
<pl:IJIbTpa, OTII. e,n,; F - 3qxpeKTl:IBHOCTb pa,nHoMeTpl:l'leCKOM YCTaHOBKl:I,
OTH. e.n.,; V - 06beM lIpoKa4aHHoro B03,nyxa, M 3 .
<I:>opMY.'Ja (5.12) ClIpaBe,iJ:JIHBa ,nJIH paC'leTa KOJIu.eHTpau.l:Il:I ,noJlrO)KJ1BY-
lIJ.l:IX a3p030JIeM, Y KOTOpbIX lIepl:lO,n lIOJIypaclIa,na Tt/2 t (t - BpeMH
lIpOKa'lKH B03,nyxa 'lepe3 <pl:IJIhTp). TorJJ.a He Tpe6yeTcH BHeceHIIH nOlIpaB-
Kl:I B CKOpOCTb C'leTa n Ha pa,iJ:HOaKTl:IBIIbIM paClIa,n a3p030JleM, HaKOnJIen-
HhIX Ha <pl:IJIhTpe 3a BpeMH t.
Pa,nl:lOHYKJIl:I,nHbIH COCTaB -, y-aKTl:IBHbIX a3p030JleH MO)KIIO YCTaHO-
Bl:ITb ,nBYMH cnoco6aMl:I;
1) pa,nHOXl:IMl:iIICCKl:IM Bbl,iJ:eJleHl:IeM OT.n.eJIbHbIX pa,nl:lOHYK.'IH,lJ.OB, oca-
)K,neHHbIX IIa <p1whTpe, nOCJIe 030JIelll:lH (C)Kl:IraHl:IH) <pl:IJIhTpa;
2) clIeKTpOMeTpl:lpOBaHlieM 3Heprl:ll:l y-H3JIY'leHl:IH H l:I3MepelIl:leM CKO-
pOCTl:I ClIa,na HHTelICI1BIIOCTl:I y-JIl:IHHH Ha cneKTporpaMMe, T. e. onpe.n.e"le-
Hl:IeM nepl-fO,na lIOJIypaClIa,iJ:a IIYKJll:l,na.
ClIoco6bI pa,nl:lOXl:IMl:I'leCKOrO BblJJ.e.leHl:I5I pa,nl:lOHYKJIH,nOB OlIl:ICaHbI B
ClIeu.l1aJIhI!bIX PYKOBo.n.CTBax, a MeTO,n cneKTpOMeTplll:l pa,nl:lOaKTHBHbIX
lIpo6 113JIO)KeI! B rJI. 4. Ha y-cneKTpoMeTpe ,nOCTaTO'lHO OlICpaTl:IBHO l:I C
lIpl1MeHCHl:IeM aBTOMaTH3l:1pOBaHiIOH BhI'll:lCJ1IITe.lhHOH TeXHl:IKl:I OlIpe.n.eJ1H-
lOT He TOJIhKO pa,nl:lOHYK.'IH,lI.HhIH COCTaB a3p030JIeH, HO H aKTl:IBIIOCTh Ka)K-
,norD pa,nHOIIYKJIl:I,na (pl:lc. 5.1).
JII06aH YCTaHoBKa ,nJIH onpe,iJ:eJJeHl:IH KOHu.eHTpau.l:Il1 a3po30JleH COCTO-
liT l:I3 CJIe.n.YIOlIJ.l:IX OCIlOBllbIX Y3JIOB: <pl:IJIhTpa a3p030J'IeM; YCTpOHCTBa ,nmI
npOKa'll:lBaHHH B03,nyxa 'lCpe3 <pl:IJIbTp; lIpl:l6opa ,iJ:JIH l:I3MepeHl:IH CKOpOCTfI
l:IJIl:I 06'beMa npOKa'll:lBaeMOro B03,nyxa; ex-, - l:I.'Il:I y-,neTeKTopa; C'leTilOH
l:IJIIi ClIeKTpOMeTpl:l'leCKOM yCTaI!OBKl:I ,nJIH OlIpe,iJ:eJIeHl:IH aKTl:IBIlOCTI1 Ha
<pl:I.lbTpe l:I ee pa,nl:lOHYKJIH,nHOro COCTaBa. KOHCTPYKTHBHO TaKHe YCTaHOB-
Kl:I MorYT C03,naBaTbCH H IIClIO"lb30BaTbCH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BbJIIOJIHHeMhlX
3a)J.a'l:
121
1) .n:JI5I OT60pa pa30BhIx np06 a3p030JIeii Ha <pHJIhTP C nOCJIe.n:YIOIII.HM H3-
MepeHHeM H aHaJIH30M B JIa60paTOpHbIX YCJIOBII5IX C u.e.lbIO II3Y4eHH5I IIJIH
HCCJIe.n:OBaHH5I pa.n:IIau.IIoHHoH oOcTaHoBKII;
2) .n:JI5I HenpephIBHoro, aBToMaTII3IIpoBaHHoro, .n:IICTaHu.HOHHoro KOHT-
pOJI5I KOHu.eHTpau.HH a3p030JIeH B nOMern.eHH5IX H BeHTHJI5Iu.IIOHHhIX CHCTe-
Max A3C, B TOM 4HC.le B BeHTII.'I5IU.IIOIIHOH TPy6e (KOHTpOJlb BhI6poca BaT-
MOC<PePY).
B Ka4eCTBe aHaJIH3HpYIOIII.IIX YCTpoliCTB npHMeHHIOT JII06bIe aMnJIH-
Ty.n:HbIe aHaJIH3aTOphI HMnYJIbCOB, BbI.n:anaeMbIX YKa3aHHbIMH .n:eTeKTopaMH
Y-KBaHTOB.
B 3aKJII04eHIIe OTMeTIIM, 4TO BOJIOKHHCThIe <pH.1bTpbI HMeIOT CJIe.n:YIOIII.He
He.n:OCTaTKH: 3aBIICIIMOCTb IIX 3qxpeKTHBHOCTII OT .n:IIcnepCHOCTH a3p030.'Ieli;
CHH:tKeHIIe 3qxpeKTHBHOCTH B YCJIOBII5IX nOBhImeHHOH HOHH3au.HH H3-3a
YMeHhmeHHfl c06CTBeHIloro 3JIeKTpOCTaTII4eCKoro 3ap5l.n:a, KOTOphIH IIrpa-
eT 6oJIbIllYIO pO.lb B y.laB.1HBaIiHII a3p030JIhHbIX 4acTIIu.; MaJIa5I .n:onyc-
TilMa5I CKOpOCTb npOKa4KH. ,lJ,onYCTIIMaH CKOpOCTh COCTaBJI5IeT OT 150 .n:o
600 M 3 /(4.M 2 ) npH 3qxpeKTIIBHOCTII 99,9-99,0%; 3qxpeKTHBHOCTb na.n:aeT .n:o
90% npH HarPY3Ke 7000 M3/(4. M 2 ). He06xo.n:IIMOCTb BHeceHIIH nonpanoK
Ha caMOnOrJIOIlI.eHIIe ex- II -qaCTIIu. B <pflJIhTpe npH onpe.n:eJIeHIIH aKTHB-
HOCTH TaK:tKe CJIe.n:yeT OTHeCTII K He.n:OCTaTKaM BO.'IOKHIICThIX <pII.1hTpOB.
5.4.2. MeM6paHHble «IJHJIbTpbl, 3JIeKTpo«IJHJIbTpbl H HHepu.HoHHble
OCa,Il.HTeJIH
YKa3aHHhle <pIIJIhTphI no P5l.n:y npH4HH nOKa lIe Haxo.n:51T IllHpOKoro npH-
MeHeHH5I, n03TOMY orpaHII4IIMC5I JIIIIllh caMhIM KpaTKHM HX onIIcaHIIeM.
MeM6paHHhle, IIJIH KapTOHHhle, <pII.1bTphI II3rOTaBJIHnalOT nYTeM BhICY-
IllIIBalIII5I .n:IIHHTpOu.eJIJIIOJI03bI; OHII npeJJ.CTaBJI5IIOT C060H nopIICThlli CJIOH
Bern.eCTBa TOJIIlI.HHOH 100 MKM. 06'beM nop COCTaBJ15IeT 70-80% o6'beMa
<pIIJIbTpa; cpe.n:HIIH pa3Mep nop OT 0,3 .n:o 3,0 MKM. MeM6paHHbIe <pIIJIhTphI
3a.n:ep:tKHBaIOT 4aCTIIllhI, pa3Mep KOTOphIX B 10-15 pa3 MeHhille pa3Mepa
nop. KapToHHhIH <pHJIhTp THna <l:>MCO H <pIIJIbTpocop6IIPYIOIII.HH aHaJIHTII-
4eCKHH MaTepHaJI «Mali» nponIITaHbI (IIMnperIlHpOBaHhI) a30THOKIIC.lbIM ce-
pe6poM, HO.n:IICTbIMH H 6pOMIICTbIMII coe.n:HHeHH5IMII cepe6pa, Ha KOTOphIX
npOIIcxo.n:HT xeMoCOp6U.H5I II.'III II30TOOHbIH 06MeH JIeTY4IIX <pOpM IIo.n:a.
3qxpeKTHBHOCTb m,mperHHpOBaIIHhIX <pHJIbTpOB K napaM Ho.n:a .n:OCTHraeT
95% II 6oJIee. K IIe.n:OCTaTKaM 3THX <pII.1hTpOB CJIe.n:yeT OTlieCTH 6o.1bIlloe a3-
po.n:IIHaMH4eCKoe conpoTHB.leHIIe (OT 20 .n:o 1500 Oa).
3JIeKTpo<pIIJIhTpbI 3ap5l:tKalOT a.3p030JIH npoKa4HBaeMoro B03.n:yxa OT-
pHu.aTeJIhHbIM 3apH.n:oM, a 3JIeKTpH4eCKoe nO.le 3aCTaBJI5IeT liX .n:BIIraThCH K
nOJIO:tKIITeJIhHO 3apH:tKeHHOH MHillelIH H OCa:tK.n:aThCH Ha HeM. B 3JIeKTpO-
<pHJIhTpe THna 3<1:>-2 a3p030JIH 3ap5l:tKa1OTCH 6JIaro.n:apH KOPOIIHOMY pa3pH-
.n:y, B03HIIKalOIII.eMY Me)K.n:y cHcTeMoH H3 19 HrJI II oca.n:HTeJIbIIbIM .3JIeKTpO-
.n:OM-MIIIlleHblO .n:IIaMeTpoM 40 MM. Ha HrJIbI, pacno.'IO:tKeHHhle lIa paCCTOH-
HIIH 5 MM OT MIIIlleHII, no.n:aeTC5I BhlCOKoe Hanp5l:tKeHHe (nop5l.n:Ka 10-
12 KB). 3<p<PeKTIIBHOCTb 3<1:>-2 COCTan.'IHeT 75 + 20% .n:JIH lJaCTHu. pa3Me-
pOM 10- 2 - 10 2 MKM (pIIC. 5.2).
A3p030JIII OCa:tK.n:aIOTC5I Ha C'beMHYIO MHIIIeHb TOHKHM c.l0e\1, 'no n03BO-
Jl5IeT onpe.n:e.l5ITb IIX aKTHBHOCTh C Ma.l0H I10rpCIllIlocThlO IIa ex- HJIH -c4eT-
12
PHC, 5 2 CxeMa 3.1eKTpOcpHJlbTpa 9<1>-2:
1 - Kopnyc, 2 - DhlCOKODO.1bTllblC 3.,eKTp0,1l.bl; 3 - co(jllpaKHl\HI!
3J1eKTpo;J. (MHllICHb), 1 - ;J.cp)!{aTe.'b MHIIICHH. 5 - BblCOKODO.1bT-
HhI H DROa
PHC 53 C'(eMa \1lfOrOKaCKa,a,Horo COnJlOBOrO H\1naK-
Topa
1 - IIpYJt<Hlla, 2 - CKPCI1_'RIOU\HI! CTCP'KCHb: 3 con_lO, 4 - -+
KOJl.,eKTopHaH ".,aCTHHa, 5 - <jJH.1bTp, 6 paCXO)!HaR ;J.Ha<jJ-
parMrt
- - f
Z
3
4-
5
6
I / I<. BOKYYMHOMY
Y I'ocacy
HOll YCTaIlOBKe, 9:1eKTpOcpHJIhTp 06JIa,AaeT pH,AOM ,AOCTOHIICTB: He3Ha t Ht-
TeJIhHOe )].HHaMH4eCKOe COnpOTl:IB.1ellHC H COOTBeTCTBeHHO 6o.1JhIllaH CKO-
pOCTh IIpOKa4KH (6-90 M 3 /4); BbICOKa5I npOH3Bo,AHTe.'JhllocTb BCJleJJ:CTBHe
MaJIOH IlpO,AOJDKHTeJIbilOCTH oT60pa np06 H 6hICTpOH CMelIbI \1HIllelleH, Opo-
,AOJDKHTe.'JbHOCTh oT60pa np06bI ,n:JIH H3MepeHH5I KOIlu'eI!TpaIJ,HH, 6JIH3KHX K
,lI,OnycTHMbIM LLK,\, COCTaB.1HeT Bcero HeCKO.'IhKO MHHYT.
DpHro,AHOCTb 9<1>-2 JJ:J15I H3 epeHH5I KOI!u,eHTpaIJ,HH pa)l.HOaKTHBIlblX a3-
p030.1eI1 orpaIlH4eIla HecTa6H.'JhHOCTblO ero K03qxtml HeHTa npocKoKa
(3$PeKTHBIIOCTH), KOTOpb1H 3aBHCHT OT TCMnepaTYPhl H BJIa:tKHOCTH B03,AY-
xa, cpH3HKO-XH HL{eCKHX CBOI1CTB a3p03o.1eH.
HenpHro,AHoCTh 3JIeKTpocpH.'IbTpOB ,A.1H 04HCTKH BhI6poCOB a3p030JIeH B
aTMoccpePY B YC.10BH5IX A3C 0Ilpc,n:e.1HeTC5I HX HH3KOH 9qxpeKTHBHoCThlO
04HCTKH H 60JIbIllHM npOCKOKO\L
I1neplJ,HOHHbIe oca,AHTeJIH (HMnaKTopbI) npHMeI!5IIOT B OCHOBHOM ,AJIH
OCa:tK,AeHHH a3p030JlhHhlX 4aCTHI C pa3,lI,eJleHHeM (cenapaI(J.lell) HX B 3aBH-
CHMOCTH OT a3po,AHI!aMH4eCKHx pa3MepoB. CYIII.IIOCTh MeTO,Aa 3aK.'I104aeTCH
B c.le,AYIOUl,eM. B03,AYX, cO,Aep:tKaUl,HH a3po30.'IH Bcex pa3Y!epoB, HanpaB.'IH-
eTCH B Y3KYIO Ul,eJ1b HMnaKTopa co CKOpOCTblO 10-100 Mfc. IlpoH,A5I 4epe3
Ill.eJJh, CTPY51 Bl"3,lI,yxa pe3KO MeH5IeT CBoe IIanpaB.'IeHHe (Ha 90°) H CKOpOCTh.
Bo.'Jee T5DKe.'IbIe (KpynHble) 4aCTHlJ,bl, no HHeplJ,HH COXpaH5I5I CBoe npe:tKHee
HanpaB,.1eIHle, HaTaJIKHBaIOTC5I lIa Cnel(J.la,,'JhHYIO MHlUeHb J-IJ1H JIHnKYIO JIeH-
Ty H oca:tK)J.arOTCH B Hell. B npH60pe «O.'Ibxa-l» HMeeTC5I IlleCTh nOCJIe,AoBa-
TeJIbHO pacnOJIO:tKeHHbIX HMnaKTopoB co Ul,eJI5IMH pa3.1H4Horo pa3Mepa
n03BOJIHIOUl,HMH oCYIII.eCTB:1HTb cenapalJ,HIO 4aCTHIJ, no nHTH rpynlIaM B ,AHa-
na30He 0,2-20 MKM (pHC, 5.3).
123
npeHMYJJ.J.eCTBa HIIepIl,HOIIIIbIX oca,Al-lTeJIeH - npOCTOTa KOHCTPYI<Il,l-Ht,
BblCOKa5I JlpO\l3BO.AHTCJIhHOCTb H B03MO)KllOCTb pa3,Ae.'1eHHH a3p030JIeii
no CTeneHII ,H,l:ICnepCHOCTl:I, l:IX Hel!.OCTaTOK - Hl:I3K35I 3qxpeKTHBIIOCTb
OCa)K.AelIl:IH Me.'1KO,Al:ICllepCHbIX a3p030JIeH, 3aBHCllMOCTb 3qxpeKTHBIIOCTli
OT Te nepaTypbl II BJla)KHOCTl:I OKpY)KalOJJ.J.eH CpelI.bI.
B 3aKJIl0'IeHl:IC OTMeTHM, 'ITO npl:lrO.AHOCTb .'11060ro l:I3 onHcaHlIbIX
cpHJIhTpOB ,A.15I OCa)K,AeIlH5I 11 nOCJIe,il.YIOJJ.J.cro I!3MepellHH aKTIIBIlOCTl:I a3po-
30.'IeH B OCHOBHOM onpe,AemleTCH npOl:l3BC,il.elUfCM 06'beYfa B03,Ayxa, npOKa-
4HBaeMoro 'IepC3 CPl:l.lbTp, Ha K03qxpHIl,HeHT npOCKOKa. rrpH 3TOYf Ba)Kl!O,
l!T06bl K03qxpHl.J.HeHT npOCKOKa cJIa60 3aBHCeJI OT TeMnepaTypbl H B,'1a)KI!O-
CTII B03.Ayxa, cpl:l3HKO-XIf H'-leCKI!X CBOllCTB a3p030JIH, a TaK)Ke lIe H3Me-
H5IJICH 3a BpeMH llpOKa4KI!. B naH60JIbIlleH CTeneIIll 3Tl1M Tpe6oBaHl:IHM
y,AOBJIeTBOp5IIOT cpl:lJIbTpbl <1>[ L
5.5. METO,lI.bl H3MEPEHIUI KOHlI,EHTPALI,l-tH
PA,lI.HOAKTHBHWXfA30B
r a3bI, KOTopble nOHBJIHIOTCH npH 3KCnJIyaTaIl,l:IH A3C, npaKTH'IecKH
Bce -, y-pa,AHoaKTHBHbI.
113MepellHe KOHIl,eHTpaIl,l:Il:I TaKl:IX ra30B, KaK aproII, Kpl:lnTOH, Kce-
HOR, TPHTI1H, l:IMelOJJ.J.HX JI.OnycTl:IMYIO KOIllI.eHTpaIl,Hlo (.LI.KA) 3,7. 10 1 -
3,7. 10 5 I3K/M 3 , OCHOBaHO Ila C'IeTe OT,Ae,'1bIIblX -'IaCTl:IIl, l:IJIl:I y- KBaRToB
H Ha l:I3 epellHl1 HOIUf3al!.HOHHoro TOKa, C03,AaBaeMoro 3THMl:I QaCTl:IIl,aYfI1
(KBallTa l:I). KpoMe l:I3MepCHl:IH KOHIl,eHTpaIl,l:Il:I 'IaCTO B03HHKaeT He06-
XO,il.l:IMOCTb B onpe,il.eJIellHH HYKJll:1,AHOro COCTaBa CMeCJ.f pa.Al:IOaKTl:IBHblX
ra30B no nepl:lo.AaM nOJIypaclIalI.a, cneKTpOMCTpl:leH y-KBaHToB, no rpalm'I-
1l0H 3HeprIfli -cneKTpa, palI.l:IOMeTpl:leH a3p030JIbHbiX npO.AYKTOB pacna-
lI.a ra30B, xpo aTorpacpl:l'IeCKl:I pa3,AeJIel!HeM ra30B B yro.lbHhlX l:IJIl:I CIl-
JIHKarCJIeBblX JIOBYllIKax. 1--13-3a CH.'1bHOrO Jlor.'I0JJ.J.eHH5I -'IaCTHIl, l:I3Yfe-
p5IeMbIii ra3 JIl:I60 BBO,il.HT BHyTPb ra30pa3pH,AHoro C4eT'Il:1Ka l:IJIl:I 110Hl:I3a-
Il,l:IOIlHOH KaMepbI, .'1H60 npHMell5IIOT TOHKOCTeHHblC (npeIlYfYJJ.J.ecTBcHHO
TOp Il,OBbIe) C'IeT'IHKl1 l:IJIl:I CII.HHTl:IJIJIH1!.HOHHble ,AeTeKTOpbl, pa3MeJJ.J.aeMble
B 06'be e C pa,Al:IOaKTHBH M ra30Yf.
lIlHpoKoe pacnpOCTpalleHl:Ie nOJIY4l:1JI npOCTOH 11 ,AocTynIIblH MeTO:!.
l:I3MepCI1l:IH aKTl:IBHOCTl:I ra30B C nO OJJ.J.hlO TOHKOCTCHHbIX TOpIl,OBblX C'IeT-
'Il:1KOB nflla CI3T IIJIl:I MCT, nOMeJJ.J.aeMblX B TOpeIl, Il,HJIl:IH,il.pl:l'IeCKl:IX Ka-
Mep, KOTOpblC HanOJIIl5IIOf pa,'J.1I0aKTl:IBHblM ra30M l:I.'lli 'Iepe3 KOTopble He-
npephlBHO npOKa'IHBalOT 3TOT ra3. 11110r;I.a BYfeCTO TOpIl,OBOrO CLIeT'IHKa B
Il,eHTpe KaMepbl JlOMern.aIOT Il,HJIHII;I.pl:lLIeCKl:IH C'IeT4l:1K C 60JIee TOJICThlMli
CTeIiKaMl:I.
KOIIIl,ellTpaIl,l:IH K ra3a B TaKOH KaMepe C TOpIl,OBblM C'IeT'Il:1KOYf onpe-
,Ae.TJ:HeTCH no cpopMYJIe
K = snll/(T)SV),
(5.13)
r,Ae ; - K03qxpl:lIl,l:IeHT, 3aBHCHJJ.J.HH OT BbI6paRHblX e,il.HHl:IIl, l:I3MepelUf5I;
nil - CKOpOCTb C4eTa -'IaCTHIl,; T) - K03<!Jcpl:l1!.HeHT, 3aBl:IC5IJJ.J.l:IH OT rpa-
HH4HOH 3Heprl:lH -'IaCTlfIl" TOJIJJ.J.l:Illhl BXO,AHOrO OKHa TOpIl,OBOrO C'IeT'Il:1Ka
l:I pa3MepOB 06'be a KaMepbl C ra30M; S - pa604aH n.l0rn.a,Ab BXO,7!.IIoro
OKHa C'IeT4l!Ka; V - 06'beM Ka ephl.
124
,Z:LJI5I TOpn0130ro Cl.leTI.I1{Ka C OKHOM TOJIIU.HHOH 5 Mr/cM npH H3MeItemfl1
rpaIIlil.lllOii 3HeprHil OT 0,2 )(0 3,0 M3B rpa YHpOBOI.IHbIH K03cpcjmu.HeHT
MeH5IeTCH OT 0,11 ;.l0 0,53 (mm/c)/(oK/M 3 ) .'IH KaMepbl 06'beMOM 6,3. 1O- 3 M a
(pa HYc U.H.'IHH pHqeCKoi{ KaMepbI 10 CM, BbICOTa 20 CM) HJIH OT 0,07
o 0,43 (HMn/c) /(OK/M 3 ) J15I KaMepbI pa}l.lIycoM 15 CM H BblCOTOH 30 CM.
norpeWHOCTb H3MepeHIIH B CB5I3H C TaKOH 3aBHCHMOCTbIO OT rpaHHqlIOH
3HeprHH -qaCTH1( 3THM crroc060M TeM 60J1bwe, qeM CJIO)l(IIee pa)(HoHyK-
JIH)(HhIH COCTaB CMeCH ra30B.
,lJ,JIH IIpaKTIIl.leCKOrO HCrrOJIb30BaHHH rrpii oT60pe np06 II pa)(HOMeTpH'H
-aKTHBIIbIX ra30B Y)(06IIbI nepeHOCHble U.H.1fIH)(pHqeCKHe Ka \1ephI C TOp-
U.OBhIM CqeTqHKO I H CKJIa)(bIBalOIll,HMHCH CTeHKaMH H3 TOHKoro nOJIH3THJIe-
Ha. Pa3\1ephI KaMephI (pa.L(HYc 15 CM H Bblcora 30 CM) 6hlJIH Bbl6paHbI Of!-
THMaJIhHbIMH, 1160 npll .L(aJIbHeHilieM YBeJIHqeHHH pa3Mcpa I.IYBCTBHTe.'Ih-
1I0CTb pacTeT OqCHh Me)(.'IeHHO. Macca KaMepbI He IIpeBblwaeT 1 Kr. Hc-
CJIe)(yeMhIH B03.lI.YX 3acaChIBaeTCH B KaMepy qepe3 OTBepCTHe B )(lIe (oTBep-
CTHe 3aKphlTo a3p030JlhHhIM cpHJIhTpOM) npH ee paCKJIa)(bIBaHHH ()(eHcTByeT
nO)(06HO MexaM rapMoHH). 3TO ynpOIll,aeT oT60p np06hI B03 yxa, TaK KaK
npOKaqHaH YCTaHOBKa He Tpe6yeTCH.
MHHHMaJlbHO perHcTpHpyeMaH 3TOH KaMepOH KOHu.eHTpau.HH 3aBHCHT
OT rpaHJ.tqIIOH 3HeprHH -qaCTH1J; ra3006pa3IIoro pa)(HoHyKJlH)(a H Haxo-
)(HTCH 13 npe.L(e.1ax (3,0-3,7).10 4 OK/M 3 )(JIH 41 Ar, B5 m Kr, BBKr, 135Xe.
,lJ,Jl5I 133Xe, H:.!ClOllI.erO 60JIee HH3KylO rpaHHqHYIO 3HeprHIO lJ:aCTHIJ;
(E fJ = 0,346 M3B), MHHHMa.1hIIO pemcTpHpyeMaH KOHl1.eIITpau.HH COCTaB-
JIHeT 10,7. 10 4 OK/M a . 3Ta KaMepa HerrpHrO)(Ha )(.151 H3MepeHHH KOIlu.eIITpa-
U.HH TaKHX ra3013, KaK 14C, 3H, HMelOllI.HX elll.e 60JIee HH3KYlO rpaHHqIIYIO
3IIeprHIO !'3-lIaCTHU. (MeHcc 0,3 M3B).
,lJ,.'IH KOIlTpOJlH TaKHX ra30B npHMeH5IIOT npOTOqIIble HOHH3au.HOIIHhle
KaMepb! 1I.1H )l(H)(KHe CU.HIITliJlJI5ITOpbI, B KOTopble BBO)(HT oT06paHHble H3
B03)(yxa pa3.1I1lJIIhl:.!H crroc06aMH np06hI, co)(ep)l(alll.He 14C02 HJIH 3HHO.
B HOHH3al HoIIHOli KaMepe (06bI4HO 06'beMOM 20 HJIH 80 JI) B 3aBHCH-
MOCTif OT KOIIu.eHTpau.HH ra3a B03HHKaeT TOK naCbIllI.eHH5I ill' KOTOpbIl1
MO)l(eT perHcTpIIpOBaThC5I cepHHHhl:.!H npH60paMH Ha ypoBIIe OT 10- 12 A
H 60.1ec. TOK lIaCb1lll.eHHH 3THX KaMep 3aBHCHT OT reOMeTpHl.!eCKOH
CPOPMhl, pa3MepoB H MaTepHaJla CTeIIOK KaMepbl H Bblpa)l(aeTCH cpopMYJIOH
i n = .3,7.10 13 .1,6.10- 9 KV E fJ/l:,
(5.14)
r)(e 1,6.10- 19 - 3apH)( HOHa, KJI; E 13 - cpe)(IIHH 3IIepnfH -Cf!eKTpa,
M3B, c - cpe}l.II5I5I 3HeprHH 06pa30BaHH5I HOHa B B03)(yxe, paBHaH
33,85 3B; - K03qxpHu.HeHT, YlJ:HTbIBalOllI.HH BbIWenepel.!HCJIeHHhle oco-
6eHHocTH KOIIKpeTilOH HOHH3au.HoHHoH KaMepbI.
MHHHMa.'lbilO H3MepHeMaH HOHH3au.HOHHbIMH KaMepaMH ,lJ,3-20 H
,lJ,3-70 (no 41Ar) KOHu.eIITpau.HH ra30B B B03)(yxe COCTaBJIHer COOTBeTCTBeH-
HO 3,7'10 4 If 1,8'10 4 OK/M 3 .
3HaqeIIHe K03qxpHu.HeHTa paCqeTHbIM HJlH 9KcrrepHMeIITaJIbHhIM ny-
TeM Bhl5IBHTh TPY)(HO. n03TOMY HCnOJIb3yeMhle HOHH3au.HoHHhle KaMephI
(H KaMephl C TOpU.OBhIM CqeTl.!HKOM) rpa)(YHpYIOT pa)(HOaKTHBHhIMH ra3aMH
C H3BecTHoH aKTHBHOCThlO HJIH C nOMOlll.hlO npH60pa 2322-01 «oHoTa» )(JIH
rpa)(YHpoBKH II rrpoBepKH pa)(HOMeTpoB. ,lJ,Hana30H H3MepeHH5I KOHu.eHTpa-
l1.HH -pa)(HOaKTHBHbIX ra30B 3Toro npH60pa (1,85.10 4 -1,85.10 10 OK/M 3 )
125
AocTaTotUm lImpOl<. OCHOBHa5I nOrpellllIOCTb + 10%. 3a C'IeT Jf3MeHet-IlHI
QYBcTBHTe.l1bHocTI1 B )J.HaIla301Ie rpalmtIHbIX 311eprHH B-I:l3JIyqeHHH 0,15-
2,2 M3B norpeIllllocTb COCTaBJI5IeT ::f:: 20%. Macca I1pH60pa 23 Kr.
npl1 HenpepbIBHO:'vl 1I3MepeHlIH KOHu.eHTpau.HH ra30B lJ:epe3 HOHH3au.I1-
OHHYIO KaMepy (IiJIIi tIepe3 KaMepy C TOpU.OBbIM CtIeT4I1KoM) 1I0CTOHHHO npo-
KatIHBalOT B03)J.YX co CKOpOCTblO (j) = V 1 1t 1 (VI - 06'LeM Be,AYlIJ.ero K Ka-
Mepe ra30npOBO;(a, i 1 -- Bpe\15I J(BII)KCHIiH ra3a 110 061>C\1Y 3Toro ra30npo-
BO,Aa) .
B yCTaIloBHBIlIeMC5I pe)KH:'vIe qHCJIO aTO:'vlOB pa,J.HoaKTHBHoro ra3a B
H3MepHTeJlbHOM 06'Le'v'lc V 2 TaKOH KaMepbI CTaHOBIiTCH IIOCTOHHHbI\f (no-
cTynJIeHlIe aTOMOB C rrOTOKOM B03,l1.yxa H y6blBaHlie IIX B pe3y.I1bTaTC YIIoca
nOTOKO:'vl H pa,ll.HoaKTHBHOrO pacna)J.a O,AHHaKOBbI).
Tor)(a paBIIOBeCHbIH TOK I1aCbIlIJ.eHHH ill B HOHH3al(1I01I1I0H KaMcpe 6y-
.ZI.eT paBeH
i H = l (K IA) (j) exp (-AV 1 /w) ll-e- \'2/(1)],
(5.15)
r,Ae A - nOCT05lHHaH pacIIa)J.a; 1 - K03cpqmu.HeHT, ytIlITbmalOlIJ.HH nepe-
,Aaqy 3HeprllH -qaCTHl( Ha HOHH3au.1I1O II 3aBlICHllI.lIH OT napaMeTpoB Ka-
MCpbI II BbI6palIHbIx e)J.IIHIIu. 1I3MCpeIIH5I BXO,A5IllI.HX B <Pop:'vlYJIY BeJIHtIHII.
C pOCTO:'vl CKOpOCTH (j) rrpOKa4KH e- v,j(1) II e- V2/(1) CTpeMHTcH K IIYJIIO,
a TOK HaCbIlIl.eIIII5I )J.OCTliraeT MaKCHMaJIbHOrO 3Haqe1I1I5I:
i H = IKV2' K = i/ IV2'
(5.16)
,lJ,JI5I Ka:'vlepbI C TOpU.OBbIM HJIIi U.HJIIIH,ApHlJ:eCKIU1 CtIeT4HKOM npll Henpe-
pbIBHOH npOKalJ:Ke B03,Ayxa TaK)Ke YCTaHaBJIIiBaeTCH ) HHa\1HtIeCKOe paBHo-
BeClie. n03TOMY BbIpa)KCHliH (5.15) II (5.16) CnpaBe,AJIIIBhI C TeM JIHIllb OT-
JIHqlleM, qTO BMeCTO TOKa ill li3:'v1epHeTCH CKOpOCTb CtIeTa, a K03qxpHu.HeHT
Bl npIl:'vleT ,Apyroe 3JIaqeHlIe H pa3MepHocTh. B03MO)KHbIe 3lIaqelIlI5I 1I3Me-
p5le:\lhIX pa3JIlitIHOH annapaTypoH pa,AHau.HoHHoro KOHTpO.1H KOHL{eInpa-
U.IIH pa,ll.1I0aKTHBlIbIX ra30B npliBe,AeHbI B pa3,J., 6.4 (CM. npH60pbI II 6JIO-
KH ,AeTeKTlIpOBaHHH PA12C-l, P!\C-3-01-1 «,lJ,poK-2», P!\C-2-02 «!\aJIH-
Ha», ,lJ,Bf-l, ,lJ,Bf-2).
,lJ,JIH HenpephIBHoro aBTOMaTHtIeCKOrO KOHTpOJIH 3H II HC, lI:'v1elOlIJ.HX
HlI3KyIO rpaHlitIlIYIO 3Heprl11O -qaCTHI(, MO)KHO HCnOJIh30BaTb pa.ZI.IIO:\lCTp
PfB-03 «CaKcaYJI», KOTOpbIH n03BOJI5IeT H3MepHTb HX KOHIielITpaIill1O B
,AlIana30He 1,85.10 5 -3,7.10 15 BK/M 3 (no 3H). lJYBcTBliTe.I1bHOCTb 3Toro
npll60pa K 85Kr 3HaqllTeJIhHO BbIIlle (3,7.103-3,7.10 14 BK/M 3 ), qeM K
3H II 14c. ,lJ,JI5I 1I3:\1epeHH5I KOHu.eHTpau.lIli PBf Hcno.1h3YIOT MerO.ZI. YJIaBJIH-
BaHHH Ha aKTHBlipoBaHHbIx yrJI5Ix C nocJIe)J.YIOlIl.efl: I'-CneKTpoMeTplieH HYK-
JIli,AOB H YCTaHOBJIeHHeM pa,AHoIIYK.1H,AHOrO COCTaBa CMeCIi PBf. HaKon-
JIeHlIe KplinTolIa H KCeIIOHB. B aKTHBHpOBaHIIO:'vl yr.'Ie ,AaeT B03MO)KIIOCTb
KOHTpOJIHpOBaTh PBf npH ,AOBOJIbHO HlI3KOH KOHu.eIITpau.HII B B03,Ayxe
(OKOJlO 37 BK/M 3 ). ECJIII HY)KHO H3:'v1epHTb KOHu.eHTpau.1I1O 3H B ,AHana30He
(18,5-1,85)'103 BK/M:!, HCnOJIb3YIOT )KII,AKHe CIl.HHTHJIJIRTOphl, B KOTophIe
BBO.ZI.RT oT06paHHble 113 B03)J.yxa pa3JIII'lHbl.\1H cnoc06aMli npo6bI 3H.
I1cnOJIb3YIOTCH CJIe,AYlOllI.He cnoco6bI oT6opa rrpo6 3H 113 B03,Ayxa:
1) BhIMOpa)KIIBaHHe BJIarli B03,Ayxa; 2) YJIaBJIIIBaHHe OKHCH TpHTl1H lIpO-
126
nYCKaJIHCM B03.n.yxa l.J.epC3 BO.n.y; 3) nOrJIoru.CHHe OKHCH TPHTH5I rHrpo-
CKOnHI.J.eCKHMH COJIHMH XJIOpHCTOro KaJIbu.H5I.
,UJI5I H3MepeHH5l npo6 npliMelIHiOT >KH.IlKHe CU.lIHTHJIJIHTOpbl.
5.6. METO,lI.bI OlJHCTKH B03,lI.YXA OT fA30B
H A3P030JIEff
fa30a3p030JIbHbie Bhl6poChI B aTMoccpepy HOpMaJIbHO pa60TaJoru.eH A3C
pa3.n.CJI5IIOT Ha TeXIIOJIOrHI.J.CCKHe BhI6poCbI H BbI6poCbI, CB5I3aHHble C BeH-
THJI5IHHeH 1T0MCmCIIl:lH A3C. DepBble - 3TO ra30BhIe C.n.YBKH H3 .Ilea3pa-
TOpOB ITCpBOrO KOHTypa, 3>KCKTOpHbIe ra3bI Typ6HH, ra30Ba5I npo.n.YBKa
aKTHBlloH 3011 hI H MCTaJIJIOKOHCTPYKU.HH peaKTOpa PEMK. C.n.YBKH H3 CH-
CTeMbI cllcu.ra3001.J.HCTKH (HanpHMCp, nOCJIe yrOJIhHOrO a.n.copoepa) H H3
HCKOTOpOrO TCXII0.10rHl.J.eCKOrO 060py.n.OBaHH5I, HanpHMep H3 6aKOB C 3a-
rp5l3HeHllhiM TCITJIOHOCHTeJICM nepBOrO KOHTypa, 6aCCCHHOB BbI.n.ep)!(KH
oTpa60TaBllJCrO TOnJIHBa, C.n.YBKH CHCTCMhl CIICnBO.llOOI.J.I1CTKH. BTOphIe
06YCJIOBJICHbi He3I1aI.J.HTCJIbllbIM nOCTYITJIeHHeM 3THX ra30B H a3p030JIeH H3
He06cJIY>KHBaCMbIX TCXHOJIOrHI.J.CCKHX 1T0MCmCHHH B nOJIYOOCJIY)!(HBaeMhIe
H 06CJIY>KHBaCMble nOMcru.CHHH A3C, a TaK>KC Bh1.n.CJICIlHeM ra30B H a3po-
30JICH. B B03,J,YX ITPH IIP06ooT60pe TeITJIOHOCHTC.15I (.lI.JI5I perYJI5IpHOro
aHaJIH3a ero y.n.CJIbIlOH aKTHBHOCTH H pa.ll.HoHYKJIH.lI.HOrO cocTaBa).
OCHOBHhI\1H lIyKJIH.lI.aMH, olIpe.ll.CJIHIOII HMH aKTHBHOCTb ra30B H 30-
JIeH, nO.ll.JIC)!(aJu.HX Y.lI.aJIellHIO C A3C, 5IBJI5IIOTCH PEf (4IAr. 85- 87 Kr,
133- 135 XC), pa,1,l:lOlIyK.1HjJ,bl Ho; a (rJIaBHhIM 06pa30M 131 1), ITpO.ll.YKThI
KOpp03HH H ;lCJICHHH ypalla (58,60CO, 54Mn, 5 9 Fe. 137C5). <POpMbI cymccT-
BOBallH5! 131 1 H .n.pyrHx H30TOlIOB HO,J,a pa3JIHI.J.HbI H l.J.aCTO MCH5IIOTCH 110
nYTH ,J,BH>KeIlH5! K Bbl6poCHOH Tpy6e A3C.
Bhl6poc 131 I B aTMoccpepy H,J,CT B OCIIOBHOM B JIeTYI.J.eH (napOBOH.) cpop-
Me - B BH.n.C MOJIeKYJIHpllOrO HO) a 1 2 H OpraHHtIeCKHX coe,J,HHeHHH (r JIaB-
HhIM 06pa30M MCTH.1HO;]JI;la CH 3 I). B a3p030JIhHOH. cpopMe HOA Y.ll.aJI5!eTCH
B KOJIH4CCTBe, lie npeBbIllJalOmCM 10% o6mcro Bbl6poca HO.ll.a.
,UJI5I OI.J.HCTKH TeXHOJIOrHI.J.eCKHX ra30B B CHCTC faX TCXIIOJIOrHI.J.eCKOH
BCHTHJI51UIIJI A3C YCTaIlOB.leHbl cpHJIbTpbI OI.J.HCTKH OT a3p030JICH H ra3-
rOJIb.ll.Cpbl 3a,J.cp)!(KH PEf. KOTOphlC CIIH)KaIOT aKTHBIlOCTh Bhl6poca B aT-
MOCCPCPy .n.o .n.OIlYCTHMbIX 3I1aI.J.eHHH C IICKOTOpblM 3anaCOM Ha Henpe.n.BH.lI.eH-
I!ble cHTyallHII HJJlIlIOBblllleHHhle KpaTKOBpCMCllllbIe Bbl6poChI (CM. Ta6JI. 5.2).
CTcncHb OtIHCTKH ra30B CPHJlbTpYlOmHM YCTPOHCTBOM 4aCTO OlTpC.lI.CJI5IIOT
He TOJIbKO no 3q;<teKTHBHOCTH 11, HO H ITO K03qxjmllueliTY OI.J.HCTKH K oq '
KOTOphlH 5IBJlHeTCH 06paTHhIM 3HaI.J.CHHCM npocKOKa c [eM. cpopMYJlY
(5.11)]:
1 I
Koq=---,o-.
B I-Tj
,UJl5I OI.J.HCTKII OT a3po30.'leH Ha A3C npHMeH5IIOTC5I CTaH.lI.apTHhIe CPHJIb-
TPbI, COCT05l111He H3 I1CCKO.'lbKHX CJlOCB TKallH H3 YJlbTpaToHKoro CTeKJIO-
BOJlOKHa HJIH TKaHH <PD (pHC. 5.4); CJlOH OT.n.eJleHhI .lI.pyr OT .n.pyra nO,J..n.ep-
>KHBalOwcii CCTKOH. 3cpq;cKTHBHOCTb nO.il.06HOrO <pHJlbTpa (HanpHMep,
1J,-500 «<papTOc») COCT3B.'I}ICT He Mcnee 99,0% (K03qxplIllllellT OI.J.HCTKH
127
(5.17)
l!o30y:r
PRe. 54. CxeMa (j>HJlbTpa OqnCTKR aT
a3p030Jlcii
1 - TKa1lh <t>n }{JIH YJIhTpaTOIiKoc CH"i\.'JOno
JIOKIIO; 2 - HOAA p}KHBalOl!\a" CCTKa
1
K 0'1 = 10 2 ) npl:l pacxo,/l.e 1303JJ:Y-
xa 400 M 3 /q H ,/I.HHaMHqeCKOM
COnpOTl:IBJICIIHH 1000 Da.
)JJIH nOBhIllIeHl:IH npOH3BO,/l.l:ITeJIhHOCTH TOH HJIH ImoH BeHTHJIHl.{HOIJIJOH
Cl:ICTeMbI onpe,/l.eJIeHHOe lil:lCJIO cTaH,/I.apTHbIx <pl:IJIbTpOB pacnOJIaralOT na-
paJIJIeJIhHO ,/I.pyr ,/I.pyry. )JJIH nOBhUUeHl:IH CTenemr H I1a,/l.e)KHOCTH OqHCTKH
YCTaHaBJIl:IBalOT ,/I.Be cTyrreHH <pHJIbTpOB rrYTeM l:IX nOCJIe,/l.013aTC.1bHoro co-
e,/l.HHeHl:IH. )JonOJIHl:ITeJIhHaH Ol.ll:lCTKa B03,/1.yxa C nOMOIl.{blO 3THX CHCTe\1
OT JIeTYliHx <pOpM HO,/l.a 13 He06xo,/l.l:IMbIX CJIyqaHX rrpOl:l3BO,/l.HTCH rrYTeM no-
CJIe,/l.OBaTeJIbHOrO rrO)J;KJIlOlieHl:IH cTaH,/I.apTHblx yrOJIbIlbIX a.'Lcop6epo13 TH-
rra AYI1.
4YBcTBl:ITeJIhHOCTb 3Tl:IX aJJ.cop6epoB K Opramfl.leCKl:I\1 COe,/l.HHeHH5JM
l:Io,/l.a Yl3eJIHql:l13aeTCH, eCJJl:I OIll:l nponHTaHbI (l:IMrrpenmpOl3aHhI) XHMHQC-
CKHMl:I rrOrJIOTl:ITeJIHMl:I (AgN0 3 , PbI 2 ) .n:.'IH YJIaB.'IHBaIlHH opraIlHlieCKl:IX
<PoPM Ho.n:a.
)JJIH OQl:lCTKH TeXIIOJIOrHl.leCKl:IX C.n:Y130K OT PEf rrpHMeIl5JIOT JJ.Ba CIIO-
c06a - cop6u.HIO ra30B B yrOJIbHbIX a.n.cop6epax 60.1blUoro 06be\la
(CM. pa3.n:. 5.3.1) l:I 3a.n:ep)KKY ra3013 B CrreUHaJIbHbIX eMKOCTHX (ra3ro.'Ib.il,e-
pax BbI,/I.ep)KKII). K03qxpHl.{l1eHT Olil:lCTKH KO'I ra30B 3THMl:I YCTpoHCTBa\fH
BhIpa)KaeTCH <POPMYJIOH
K )., t
0'1= e' ,
(5.18)
r,/l.e Ai - rrOCTOHHHaH pacrra,/l.a i-ro pa.n.l:IOHYKJIl:IJJ.a; t - Bpe 1H 3a.n:ep)KKI!
YCTPOHCTBOM.
Pa3MephI a.n:cop6epOB l:IJIl:I ra3rOJIh.n:epOB 3aBHCHT OT 06"bCMa ra3013,
no.n.JIe)Kalll.IIX OliHCTKe, liTO orrpejI,eJIHeTCH Tl:InOM l:I pe)KHMOM pa60TbI pe-
aKTopa. )JJIH A3C C peaKTopOM BB3P pacxo.n: ra30B Ha CneUHaJIhHYIO Olil:l-
CTKY COCTa13JIHeT 10-70 M 3 /li, a Ha A3C C pcaKTopoM PE.\1K - 300-
350 M 3 /1.I.
fa3roJIb,/l.ep rrpocT B H3rOT013JIeHHH II .n:OBOJIhHO liaCTO IIcno.TJh3yeTcH
lIa A3C C peaKTopoM PE.MK. OH BbIIlO.'IHeH B Bl:Il{C )Kc.1e306eTOIlIIoro rep-
MeTifliHOrO nO,/l.3eMHOro coopY)KeHl:IH C JIa6l:1pUHTOM )LJI5J 3a le,/l.JIeHHoro
,/I.BH)KeHHH ra3a. BpeMH BhI,/I.ep)KKH c6paChIBae\fOrO ra3a B TaKOM ra3-
rOJIb){epe 06'heMOM OKOJIO 2000 M 3 COCTaBJI5JeT 8-10 li, a K03qxpl:lUHeIIT
Ol.ll:lCTKl:I 3aBl:ICHT OT nocToHIIHOH pacna.n.a Ai Ka)K,/I.OrO I1yKJIII.n.a PEf.
Ha Bblxo.n:e H3 ra3roJIb.n:epa yCTaiiOBJIeIl a3p030JIbHbIH <pl:IJIhTp ,/1..151
YJIaBJII1BaHl:IH 06pa3YlOllI.l:IXCH npl:l pacrra.n.e PEf a3p030JIeA, naupHMep
241 c
137 Xe ---+ 137Cs.
DOCKOJIhKY 13 ra3rOJIbjI,ep BbI,/I.ep)KKl:I (H 13 yrOJIhHbIH a,.'(cop6ep) 13MeCTe
C ra3aMH nocTynaeT BO.n:0pon:, liTO MO)KeT I1pHBeCTl:I K 06pa3013aHHIO rpc-
MYlieH C leCH II B3pbIBy l:IJIl:I nO)Kapy, Harrpa13.'I5JeMbilf Ha OQIlCTKY B03,/1.T'<
I!pe,1.Bapl:lTCJIbI!O oCB060)j{,li.aIOT OT Bo.n.opO,li.a "YTeM C)j{IIralIl:IH era B cnp.-
1:28
1
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I
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Co dmopoii
RUHUU
fa3bl
,..
li
PHC 5 5 CxeM3 YCTanOBKH O'IHCTKH TeXnOJlOrH'IeCKHX ra30B YOAK:
1 -- Bh'UpOl:llaR Tpyua: 2 - yro.'bHhlH 3i1CoP(,CP, 3 - IlCOJ1HTOBhIC (cH.1HKa,'c.1cuhll') OC) JllIITC.1H
ra3a, 4 - 'J1CKTp0HalpCUaTC,1h B(3)1yxa, 5 - a3p030.1bIlbll! q,H.1bTP. 6 - 1CII,'00(I"CIIHHK
JUla.lbHhlX peKO 1611I1arOpaX. HeJl,OCraTKOM ra3rOJIb;'l,epa 5113.1HeTC5I lIe-
06XO,ll,HMOCTb ;, e.r1aTb ero BeCbMa 60JIb1IIH'vf 110 pa3Mepy H OO'heMY.
3TOrO lIeJ.l,OCTaTKa He HMeeT yrOJIbHbIH <pHJIbTp-a.n.copoep, paomaJo-
U1,HH 110 npHIlUHny pa,ll,HOXpOMaTorpa<pH'IeCKOH YCTaHOBKH, YJIaBJIHBaJOIlJ,eH
PEr (pHC, 5,5). AJI,copoep 2 paCC'IHTaH Ha pa60ry rrpH KOMllaTlIOH reMIIe-
parype, XOT5I OH MO)Ker 6blTh 60.lee .3<fxPeKTHBHh1M, CC.1H aKTHBHpoBalillbIfr
yrOJIb oX.'1a)K,lI,aTh. B cxeMe a,ll,cop6epa npe)J.ycMoTpellbl npe.n.napHTe.lh-
Hoe OXJIa)K:LCHHe ra3a B TerrJIo06MellllHKe 6, O'll:lCTKa OT a3p030JICH lIa
<pH.1bTpC .5 H 1'.'ly60Ka51 oCYIIlKa Ha ueo.1HTOBbIX (cHJIHKarc.'IeBhlx) K 0.'10 11-
Hax 8, TaK KaK yrOJIbllbIH a)J.cop6ep B npl1cyTcTBHH BJIarH TCp5lCT COpOU.I!OIl-
HyJO crroco6HoCTh. PerellepaU1HI lI,eOJIHTOBbIX KOJIOIIH or HaKOIIHBJUcfl-
C5I BJIarH oCYIlJ,eCTBJI5IeTC5I rOp5l'lHM B03.l1.YXOM npH 1I0MOIII.H 3.lcKTpoHarpe-
BaTeJI5I 4. nOC.le a1l,cop6epa ra3 HanpaBJI5IJOT B BbIOPOCIIYJO BCIITH.15lILHOII-
HYIO Tpy6y 1 A3C.
Ha A3C C pcaKTopmr BB3P ynAK COCTOHT OOb1'1HO 113 : ByX H.1H rpex
B3aIfM03aMell5leMbIX JIHIIHH l:I 06eCne'lHBaeT K03cfxPHuHellT O'lHCTKIf lOl npH
pa60'leM OO'heMC a.il.cop6epa 20 M 3 II pacxoJl,e B03;Lyxa 7 M 3 /'I, 13 pa60'leM
06'beMe 40 r! 110 KcellollY C03J1,aeTC5I 3a.n.ep)KKa B re'lCHIJe 10 C) T, lJ:TO 06ec-
lIe'lHBaeT lIe06Xo.ll.HMYJO O'll:lCTKy OT 133Xe l:I J.l,pymx. p a,1JI oily K.'1 HJI,OB, B
TOM 'IHCJIe H30ronOB KpHlITOlla.
Ha A3C C peaKTopOM PEMK YCTaHOBKa ynAK CO.il.ep)KHT B HeCKO.lb-
KO pa3 60.1bJUHH 06'beM a,ll,cop6epa, TeM He Mellce olla KOMIIaKTHee II 3<p-
<PeKTHBHee ra3ro.1b.il.epa Bbl,ll,ep)KKH, oc06ellHO n OTHomeHIIH .lI.o.lrO)KIfB\'-
IIl.l:IX 133 X e l:I 131 I. -
06'he'vlbI BeHTHJIHlI,l:IOHHOrO B03,l1,yxa (COTHH TbIC5I'I Ky6H4ecKHX MCTpOB
B lJ:ac), Y.'l.a.15leMoro H3 1I0MeIII.eIlHH A3C, CYIlJ,eCTBeIlHO 60JIbllle OO'hCMOB
TeXIIO.TlOrH'IeCKl:IX ra30B. O'lHCTKa TaKoro orpOMHoro KOJIII'IeCma B03J1,y-
xa rrpaKTH'IeCKH HeB03MO)KHa, H, KaK npaBIIJIO, B !leH lIeT lIe06xoll,lI-
MOCTI!. O.'l.HaKO n rrepHO,ll,bl IIpOBe.ll.CHII5I n.'1aIIQBbIX pe\IOIITHhL\ If ncpe-
::i 3"h. '2 \29
rpY30QHbIX pa60T Ha OCTaHOBJIeHIIOM peaKTope, Kor.z a KOIIu:eHTpaU:H5I
33p030JIeH H Ho a KpaTKOBpeMeHIIO MO)l{eT B03paCTaTb IIa 2-3 nopH Ka,
npe ycMaTpHBaeTcH BKJIIOQeHHe OnOJIHHTeJIbHOH peMoHTHoH BeHTHJIH-
JJ.HH, oCHameHHOH: BbICOK03<fxPeKTHBHbIMH a3p030JIbHbIMH H HO HbIMH CPHJIb-
TpaMH.
J(JIH OQHCTKH B03 yxa (H ero OXJIam eH H5I) B IIeKoTopbIX TeXHOJIOrHlIe-
CKHX nOMemeHHHX C o6opy oBaHHeM nepBoro KOIlTypa npHMelIHIOT pe-
U:HPKYJIHU:HoHHbIe CHCTeMbI OllHCTKH. B 3THX CHCTeMax OllHmeHHbIH CPHJIb-
TpaMH B03 YX BHOBb lIocTynaeT B TeXHOJIOrHlIeCKoe nOMemeHHe, a lie Ha
BbI6poc B aTMoccpepy. IlpH 3TOM KOHu:eHTpaI HH a3p030JIeH B nO\femeHHH
YMellbumeTcH. MaTepHaJI cpHJIbTpOB OJImeH COXpaH5ITb CBOH cBoikTBa
npH OCTaTOllilO BbICOKHX TeMrrepaType ( o 373 K.) H BJIa)l{lIOCTH (.n.o
] 00%). 06bIliHO JIH 3Toro HCnOJIb3YlOT TKaHH H3 TOHKoro CTeKJIOBOJIOKHa.
HeBbIcoKHH K03qxpHI{HeHT OllHCTKH (K o '! = 20 --:- 30) TaKHX cpHJlbTpOB
KOMrreIIcHpyeTcH 3a ClieT YBe.rIHlIeHHH 06'beMa npoKaliKH OllHmaeMoro B03-
.uyxa nOMemeHH5I.
B cJIYllae MaKCHMaJIbHOH npoeKTHoH aBapHH (MIlA) HJIH KpaHHe Ma-
JIOBepOHTHoH rHnOTemlieCKOH aBapHH (r A), KOTopbIe MorYT npoH30HTH
Ha A3C B pe3YJIbTaTe 3HallHTeJIbHOH YTeliKH TerrJIOHOCHTe.rI5I H3 lIepBOrO
KOHTypa (HJIH H3 KMIlIJ, P5MK), npoH30H eT KpaTKoBpeMeHHoe orOJIC-
HHe lIaCTH aKTHBHOH 30HbI peaKTopa, rreperpeB 060JIOlieK TB3JIOB H HX pa3-
repMeTH3aU:HH. Tor a B B03 YX TeXHOJIOmlieCKHX repMeTHlIHbIX rrOMeme-
HHH H no 3amHTHYlO 060JIOliKY A3C 3a HeCKO.'IbKO eCHTKOB ceKY" no-
cTyn5IT nOliTH Bce P5r H JIeTYliHe rrpo YKTbI eJIeHHH, HaKonHBlilHeCH no
060JIOliKaMH TB3JIOB. ¥Ix aKTHBUOCTb BbJpamaeTCH 3HalleUHeM nopH Ka
10 17 5K (MHJIJIHOHbI KlOpH). Cpe H HHX oc06ylO pa HaU:HOIlIlYIO onaCHOCTb
B nepBbIe lIaCbI H CYTKH nOCJIe TaKOH aBapHH rrpHo6peTalOT pa,J,HOH30TonbI
Ho.n.a (B rrepBYIO Ollepe b 131J).
J(JI5I npe OTBpameHHH HeopraHH30BaHHOH paCTeliKH Ho a no nOMeme-
UHHM A3C H BbIopoca ero B 3HallHTeJIbH0\1 KOJIHlIeCTBe B aTMoccpepy npe-
YCMOTpeHO aBTOMaTHQeCKOe BKJIlOlIeIIHe (lIepe3 1 MHH nOCJIe aBapHH)
CrreUHaJIbHbIX YllleBbIx (cnpHHKJIepHbIx) YCTaHOBOK. 3TH YCTaIIOBKH pa3-
6pbI3rHBalOT cBepxy B 06'beM rep\feTHlIHbIX nOMemeHHH: (HJIH B 3amHTHYlO
060JIOliKY A3C) KarrJIH BO bJ,
co epmamHe 06aBKH ruIIOCYJIb-
cpHTa, rH pa3Hlla HJIH pyrnx
XHMHKaTOB.
B pe3YJIbTaTe nOllaBWHH B 061,-
eM nOMemeHHH HO,J, paCTBopHeTCH
H.1H XHMHlIeCKH CBH3bIBaeTCH Kan-
JIH\f1I C!1pHHKJIepIiOH BO;J.bI. Bo a
co6HpaeTcH 3aTeM B npHHMKax
1
2
8
130
PIIC, 56. CxeMa CnpIlHKJlepHOi! YCTa-
HOBKH'
J - HOH006\1CHllblA q,HJlhTp OQHCTKH enpHHK-
JlepHoA BOj(bl, 2 - o60pY)loaalIHe I KOHTypa;
3 - IIOMC CHHe I KOHTypa, 4 - CllpHHK.1Pp-
H.>le pO>KKH. 5 - lIneoe CllpHIlK..1CpHOH. BOl1.1JI.
() . XOJIU,111,'1bHHK
Ha 1I0.'1Y nOMel1l.eHHfI, nanpaBJI5IeTCfI Ha OllHCTKy OT HO)l.a Ha ene-
IJ:HaJIbHbIX HOHo06MeHHbiX CMOJIaX, 3 3aTeM BHOBb nocTynaeT
lIa CnpJlHK.1epHYIO YCTaHOBKY )l.JI 51 nOBTopHoro MHoroKpaTHoro HCnOJIb-
30BaIlH5I. PacxoA BO)l.bI Ha O)l.HOH TaKOH YCTaHOBKe )l.OcTHraeT 6.10 5 Krill,
B npoeKTe npe)l.YC fOTpeHa OJl.HOBpe IeHlla51 pa60Ta HeCKO.1bKHX YCTaHOBOK
(pHC. 5.6).
IlpH oueliKe pa)(HaUHUllllhIX JluCJIeJ L:TBHH T3KHX 3B3PHH H paclieTe
He06xo)l.HMOH 3$PeKTIfBlloCTH CnpHHKJIepllbfX YCTaHoBOK PYKOBO)l.CTBYIOTCH
TeM, 'ITO HO)( BbfXO)l.HT H3 TB3JIOB B OCHOBHOM B MOJIeKYJI5IpHOH cpopMe (1 2 )
If B03MomHO 06pa30BafIHe HaH60JIee JIeTYliero COe)l.HHeHH5I - MeTHJIHO-
)l.H)l.3 B KOJIIILJeCme 1% 06lI1.ero BbIXO)l.a, a TaK)I{e 5% a3p030JIbilOrO HO)l.a.
3)1.eCb HMeeT 3I1aLJeIWe TO, liTO Ka)l{)I,a51 H3 3THX cpOpM HO)l.a no-pa3HOM)'
Y.'1aBJIlIBaeTC5I nplf opoweHHH 3arp5l3HeHHOro B03,:r,yxa.
K03qxpHL lIe1lT OllHCTKH KaKOrO-JIH60 H30Tona HO)l.a onpe)l.eJI5IeTC5I Bbf-
pameHHeM, all3.10rJlllHblM cpopMYJIe (5,18):
K = e(i'i+AM+AJI+Aa) t ( 5.19 )
Oq ,
r)l.e Ai - rrOCT05lHHa51 pa)l.HOaKTHBHoro pacna)l.a; AM' An, Aa - no-
CTOHHHbIe BbfBe.iJ,eHH5I CnpHIIKJIepHOH YCTaHOBKOH COOTBeTCTBeHHO MOJIe-
KYJI5IpHOrO !1o,:r,a, MeT!1JIHO)l.H)l.a H a3p030JIbHOrO HO)l.a.
3HalieIlH5I f10CT05lIlfIbIX BbIBe)l.eHl151 3aBHC5IT OT paCXOAa CnpHHKJIepHOH
BOJJ:bI, BblCOThl H 06'beMa nOMelIl.eHH5I, )l.HaMeTpa KarreJIb ' 3cpcpeKTHBHOCTH
COp6U!1H H.'111 3aXBaTa HOAa KarrJIeH.
Ha A3C C peaKTopOM BB3P-440 AM --= 4,6.10- 3 C-t, A."I = 1,5.10- 5
ct, Aa O 3,4.10--1 c 1 . Tor)l.a )1..151 131 1 (Ai = 10- 6 C 1 ) Ai «AM' Ao, A.'I
K 4,6 . 10- 3 t 1 f\.1
H M '-- C , T. e. 3a v C aKTHBHOCTb MOJIeKYJIHpHOrO HOA3
CHH3HTC5I 3a ClieT OpOlUeHH5I B e-1,6 100 pa3, a3p030JIbHOrO HO)l.a B
eO,34 1,5 pa3a, a MeTHJIHOAH)l.a B eO,015 = 1,015 pa3a.
3a 150 II I1enpepbIBHoH pa60TbI CnpHIIKJIepHOH YCTaHoBKH noCJIC aBa-
pHH BeCb Mo,1eKYJI5IpllbIH H a3p030JIbHbIH 131 1 6Y)l.eT BbIBeAeH 113 B03)1.yxa
repMeTH'Illoro nOMelIl.eIlH5I, a aKTIIBHOCTb MeTHJIHO)l.H)J.a CHH3HTCH ,D,O
10 10 DK. MaKCHMaJIbHO B03MomHbIH 3a aBapHIO BbI6poc 131 I lIepe3 HenJIOT-
HOCTH repMeTH'IliOrO nOMelIl.eHHH B aTMOCcpePY He npeBbICHT npl1Mepno
1.10 12 DK.
Jla6opaTopHaH pa60Ta
OnpeJI.eJleHHe KOHueHTpaUHH eCTeCTBeHHblX paJI.HOaKTHBHblX
a3p030Jleii C nOMO blO YCTaHOBKH PB-4
B aTMoc<jJeplloM B03,l1,yxe .'11060ro nOMew.eHHSI BCer,/l,a cO,ll,ep)l{aTCH 3MaHal.\HH -
ra3006pa311b1e npO,llYKTbJ pacna,/l,a eCTeCTBeHHO pa HoaKTHBllbIX ceMeHcTB ypalla, TO.
pHH H aKTHHI!H
bJiaro.n.apH ra300Upa3H0\1V COCTOHIII!IO 3TH 3MaHal.\HH - coomeTCTBeHHO pa OH
222Rn, TOpOl! 2101n I! aKTHHOII 229'\n - ,/I,H<P<I>YII,lI,Hp)'IOT H3 CKaJlbltbIX nopo;!, rp)'HTa
H 1I04BbI B anlOc<jJepy H.1H H3 CTeH 3,i\aIlHH B B03,llYX 1I0\1l'lileHHH KOlIl.\CHTpaUHH
3Mallal.\HH H HX pa,ll,I!OaKTHBHbIX npO,ll,YKTOB pacna,l(a B nepBYIO 04epe,l(b 3aBHCHT OT
npHpO;!l!blX YCJlOUHH (B MeCTax BbIXO;(a ropllbiX 1I0pO,/l, olla BCer,/l,a ilbIllIe) H MaTepHa-
Jla CTell 3 aI!HH (B ,lI,epeBHHltbIX ,/I,OMaX olla Ml'Hblile, 4CM B KHpnH411b1X H, H KaMCH-
HbIX). Hx KOIII.\l'HTpal(I!H 3aBHCHT TaK)I{e OT CKOpOCTH BeTpa lIa MCCTHOCTH H.ll! BCII-
5* 131
1'1t.1Itpye\!O<'TH nO\!ell eIlHH t(OHu.eHTpau.IiH Ii aKTHBHOCTb 1'opOHa Ii 3KTHnOtta 1\ 110:\-
){yxe OObI4HO O'IeHb MaJla, H elO MO)l{HO npcHe6pC4b. OCHOBHWC xapaKH'pHCTHKH ,l{0-
4epllHX a3p030JlbllbiX npO){YKTOB pacna,ll,a pa){OHa IIpHUe,ll,el!bl Ha CXC IC pacna"a 22lRn-
A 222Rn a 218RaA a 2uRaB . '\' 214RaC , '\' 214RaC' ....<;
-+ -+ -+ -+
T'!, 3,8 CYT 3 MHH 27 MHH 19,7 MHH 1,6.10- 4
C
A a 2!ORaD , '\' 210RaE 210RaF a 206Pb
-+ -+ -+ -+
T./ 22 ro,'\a 5 CYT 138 CYT CTa6uJlb-
,.
!!hI ii
113 3TOii cxeMbI pacna,'\a BH,lI,IIO, 4TO iI paBIIOBeCIiOM COCTOHHHH aKTHBHOCTb KO-
pOTKO)l{HIJYII cro R aC' onpe,QeJlHCTCH aKTHBHOCTblO ero npe,QWCCTBeHIIHKa RaC, AK-
THUHOCThlO RaD, RaE H RaF MO)l{HO npeHe6pe'lb, TaK KaK ncpHoA nOJlypacna,l{a
RaD II!O(,O UOJlbilie ncpHO,QII 1I0Jlypacna,l(a ero npe,ll,WeCTBeHIIHKOil. TaKHM 06pa30 !,
CYMMapHaH KOHUeHTpal.\HH a-aKTHBHbIX a3p030JleH B B03,l1,yxe UY,QeT onpC,l(eJlHTbCH
RaA H Rae' C 3tpcpeKTHBllbiM nepHO,ll,OM nOJlypacna,Qa T 1/2 = 35 MHH, KaK nOKa3bI'
BalOT pac'lcTbI II IUMCpCHHH. AKTHBHOCTb a3p030JlCH 6Y,QCT onpe,l(eJlHTbCH RaB H
RaC C TaKIlM )10.(' 3<jJ<jJeKTHBlibIM nepHO,l(oM nOJlypacna,Qa. 9TH a3p030JlH HBJlHIOTCH
rJlaBllblMH HCT0411HKaMH a-, -oeJlY4eHllH JlerKHX, H n03TOMY HX aKTllBIIOCTb B B03-
,lI,YXC IIpe,llCTaBJlHCT onpC,l(eJlClillbIH HHTcpec B ,l(03HMCTpHll <jJOHOBoro (eCTeCTBeHHoro)
06J1Y'lCHHH '1CJluueKa.
DpH paC'IeTe 3<jJ<jJeKTHBHoro ncpHO,Qa nOJl)'pacna,Qa T 1 / 2 a3p030JleH lIa <jJHJlbTpC
Y'lH fhlUa.10Cb, 'ITO KO.1H4CCTilO RaC H R.aC' lIa <jJHJlbTpe CKJla,'\hIBaCTCH ll3 RaC, occu-
wcro npH <jJHJlbl pal.\HH (c Y'lCTOM ero pacna,Qa), a TaK)I{e RaC, 06pa30BaBwerOCH 11
PC3YJlbTaTC pacn<l"a R.aA II RaB, HaKonHBWHXCH B <jJHJlbTpC. KOJlH'leCTBO RaB lIa
<jJHJlbTpe CKJlaAblBaCTCH ll3 RaB, oceBwcro npH <jJHJlbTpaI.\HH (c Y'leTOM elo pacna,ll,a),
a TaK)I{e RaB, oupa30uaBUlcrOCH B pe3y.1bTaTe pacna,Qa RaA, HaKonHBwcrOCH lIa
qm.1blpc, 31!a4CIIHe T1/2 nOJlY4ell0 nYTeM npHMeliellHH CJlO)l{l!blX Bblpa)l{CIIHH ;(JlH
nen04KII pa,ll,IIOaKTJlIJHblX npeBpallJ,eHHH (npe,QCTaB.lenJlblX Ila CXCMC), lIaKOIIJlCIIHH
H pacna"a CYMMaplloii a-aKTHHHOCTH lIa <jJH.1bTpe.
)]..151 onpe,lle, eIlHH CYM !apHOii KOlIl.\eHTpal.\HH a-aKTHilHblX a3p030.1C'H no HX
aKTHilHOCTH Ha <jJHJlbTpe <l>DD-15 (A<l>A) HcnOJlb3YC 1 paC'ICTIIYIO <jJOpM)'JlY (5.12)
A =0,27 (n-n<!MwTJFV, DK/M 3 ,
r,J,e BCC 060311a4ellHH OCTaBJleHbI npe)l{HHMH, a BpCMH npOKa'lKH t ,l(OJl)l{HO 6bITb Bbl-
6pall0 MHoro MellbWHM Tl/2'
C I.\C.1blO ynpOllJ,ellHH paC'leTOB B ,lI,aHHOii pa60Te npHHH !aeM' 3qxpCKTHBIIOCTb
)'JlaB.1HBaHHH a3p030.1eii TJ I, nonpaBKY Ha caMOnOrJlOIIJ,CHHC a-4aCTHI.\ B 06'beMe
<jJH.1bTpa w,- I, IJpeMH npoKa'lKH tlCpC3 <jJHJlbTp t= 5 MHH (t Tl/2 - 3<jJ<jJCKTHB-
noro nepHO,ll,a no.1ypacna,Qa a3p030Jleii).
IlopSl.i\OK UblTIOJll!ellHH pa60TbI:
I) 03HaKOMHTbCH C HIICTpYKI.\HeH npH60pa PB-4 H nO,ll,rOTOBHTb ero K pa60Te
cor.laCIiO OJlHCallHIO (eM. pa3,Q. 6.36 H pHC, 6,14);
2) H3MCpHTb <jJOHOUYIO CKOpOCTb C4eTa ncfJ B Te4ellHe 5 MHII;
a) onpe,ll,eJlHTb 3<jJ<jJCKTHBHOCTb F C'IeTa a-4aCTHI.\ C nOMOIl.\blO 06pa3uoBoro 239PU
H,lH ypaHuuoro a-HGT04HHKa, - KOTOpblii He06xo,QHMO nOCTaBHTb iI rHC3,l{0 ,QaT4HKa
<.'X-30.1H» lIa 5 MHII, no <jJopMYJle
F=(n o r;- n 4J)la,
r,ll,e nor; - CKOpOCTb c'Iera npH H31w1epeHHH 06pa31.\0BOrO HCTO'lHHKa, HMnlC; a-
OHeWHec H3J1)'4eHHe (a-'1acTluilc) B yroJl 2n, npHBe,JJ.eHHoe B nacnopTc noro 06pa3'
UOBoro IICT04I1HKa;
132
4) nCTaBHTb !\JHJtbtp <I>On (A<I>A) B B03J1.yx03aoopllHK tI npOKaliatb liepe3 Hero
1303J1,YX B le'leHHe I 5 MHII co CKOpOCTblO V 0,02 Ma/MHH (I1pH 3TOM nOnJlaBOK
pOTaMerpa D.O,l)1{ell CTOHTb lIa cpeJl.Heii pHcKe) H nOJl,C'IHTaTb 06'bCM npOKa'laHIIOrO
u03J1.yxa V = vi = 0,1 M 3 ;
5) BCTaBHTb K3CCCTY C <jJHJlbTpOM nocJle npoKa4KH B rHC3J1.0 JI, iTqHKa «a-30.11!».
H3\!epHTb 13 Te'!eIlHC 5 MIIH CKOpOCTb C'IeTa n H onpeJl.eJlHTb no <jJopMY,le (5,12) KOH-
l.\ellTpal.\HIO a-aKTHI3I1b1X a3p030JleiL ilorpeUlHocTb onpCJl.eJlellllH cYMMapHoif KOH-
eIlTpal(HH 3THM cnOCOUOM COCTaBJlHeT lie MeHblIIe :1:50%.
JI..1H nOBb!lIICIIHH T041!0CTH Bb!4HCJleHHSI KOlIl.\ellTpal.\HII OT,llCJlbIlO JI"lH RaA,
RaB H RaC (cooTBeTCTBeHIIO AA' A B HAc) aKTHBI!OCTb <jJHJlbTpa H3MepHIOT Jl.Ba)l{-
,llhl: C I if no 4-10 H C 7-if no 10-10 MHHyTy nOC,le npeKpal! eHHH npoKa4KH. TorAa
MO)l{IIO !JocnO,lb30BaTbCH COOTHoweHHHMH
AA 4,3 (Nt - N 2 )1 (uHjFV);
A B -= I,IN/ (w1]FV);
Ac = 0,37 (5,97N 2 - 2,44N t )1 (w1]FV),
r,ll,e W = I; 1] =-= I; V = vt = 0,\ M 3 ; Nt - 4HCJlO HMnYJlbCOl3, COC4HTalilihIX PB-4
C I-if no 4-10 MHII)TY 3a Bb!4eTOM <jJoHa 3a 3 MHH, a N 2 - 4HCJlO HMIIY,lbCOB, COC'IH-
TalillblX C 7 -ii I!U 1010 MHIIYTY nocJle npeKpawcIIHH npOKal!KH lfepe3 <jJII.lbTp, TaK)I{e
3a Bb!4CTOM <jJolia 3a 3 MHH. B yKa3aHHblx COOTHOWCHHHX 4HCJleHHb!C K03<jJ<jJHI.\HeH-
Tb! OTpa)l{alOT ,lI,HllaMHKY HaKOnJleHHH H pacna,ll,a RaA, RaB II RaC Ha <jJH,lhTpe C
Y'leToM l.\enO'leK paJl.HOaKTHBHblX npeKpau eHHH, upeMeHH npoKa4KH (t = 5 MHII) H
upeMeHH H3MepeIlHH aKTHBIiOCTH lIa <jJHJlbTpe. DorpewHocTb onpeJl.eJleHHH KOIlueIlT-
pal.\HH a3p030Jleif RaA, RaB H RaC B B03J1.yxe no YKa3aHHblM COOTHOWeIlH51 ! COCTan-
JlHeT 20-40%, 'ITO npHeMJleMO B Jl.03H\1eTpHH a3p030Jlcii.
fJIaBa 6
.lI.03HMETPHlJECKH" H PA.lI.HALl.HOHHbIR
TEXHOJlOfHlJECKHR KOHTPOJlb HA A3C
6.1. KJlACCH<I>HKALl.IUI, HA3HAqEHHE
H nPHHLl.HnHAJlbHOE YCTPOACTBO nPH60POB
)J.Jl5I )J.03HMETPHQECKOrO H PA)J.HALl.HOHHOrO
TEXHOJlOrHQECKOrO KOHTPOJl51
DpH60pbl .lI.JHI pemCTpall.HH HOJlH3HPYIOlll.HX H3J1YlIeIlHH no cO.ll.ep)j{a-
HHIO HCllocpe;J;cTBeHHo BOCnpHJlHMae OH Ha6J1IO.lI.aTeJleM H3MepHTe.'IbHOH:
HHcpOpMall.HH .lI.eJlHTCH Ha o03uMempbl, paiJuoMempbl u cneKmpoMempbl.
J!.o3uMemp - npH60p .lI.JlH nOJlYlIeHHH H3MepHTCJlbllOH HHcpOpMall.HH 06
3KCrr03HlI.HO'iliOH .lI.03e H MOlll.HOCTH 3KCrr03HlI.HOHliOH )J.03bl, a TaK)j{e 06
3HcprHH, rrepeHocHMoH HOHH3HPYIOlll.HM H3J1YlIeHHe HJlH nepe;J;aIlHOH: HM
06'beKTY, HaXO.ll.Hlll.eMycH B rroJle ero .lI.eHCTBHH. PaouoMemp - npH60p
.lI.JlH rro.1YlIeIIHH H3MepHTeJlbHOH HHcpOpMall.HH 06 aKTHBHOCTH HYKJIH.lI.OB,
Y.lI.eJlbiiOH aKTHBHOCTH, 06'beMHOH aKTHBHOCTH ra30B, aap030JIeH, )j{H.lI.KO-
cTeH, a TaK)j{e 0 rrJlOTHOCTH rrOTOKa HOHH3HPYIOlll.HX H3JIYlIeHHH.
):L03HMeTpbl H pa.ll.HOMeTpbI MorYT HMeTb cBeToBYIO H 3BYKOBYIO CHr-
IIaJlH3all.lilO, KOTopaH BKJllOliaeTCH rrpH npeBbllIleHHIi YCTaHOBJIeHHOrO no-
pora. CneKmpoMemp - rrpH60p .lI.JIH rrOJIYlIeHHH H3MepHTeJIbiiOH HHcpopMa-
lI.liH 0 crreKTpe paCllpe.ll.eJIeHHH HOHH3IipYIOlll.IiX H3JIYlIelfliH 110 O.ll.HOMY HJlIi
GOJIce rrapaMeTpaM, xapaKTepH3YIOlll.H HcTOllllliKIi H nOJIH H3JIYlIellHiL
133
npH JI.03HMCTpl1t!eCKOM H p3J1,1I31UIOHilOM TeXHOJIOflitteclWM 1<0llTpOJIC lIa
A3C !13 lepmOTC5I 31!CpreTlILIeCKIIC CneKTpbl ,\'-113.rIYLIeIlHH.
YHHBepCaJIbl!blC npll60pbl COBMeIJ aJOT CPYIIKlI,lII1 }.I.03HMeTpa 11 pa,ll,l1o-
MeTpa, pa}.I.HOMCTpa H CneKTpOMeTpa. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT XapaKTepa IIpO-
Be,ll,eIlHH KOIITpOJIH npH60pbl }l,eJIHTCH Ha TPil rpynnbl:
1) HOCHMblC IIpH60pbl )I,JI5I I1I1,l1,I1BH}.I.yaJIbHOrO KOHTpOJIH 06.1YlleHH5I nep-
COHaJIa;
2) nepeilocHble npH60pbl,ll,JIH rpynnoI3oro ,lI,0311MeTpHLIecKoro KOHTpOJIH
HJII1 pa,'l,l1all,HOIII!O-TeXI!OJIOrHlIeCKoro KOI!TpOJI5I;
3) CTaJl,HOHapHblc O)I,I!OKalla.1bllble IIpH60pbl H MHOrOKal!aJlbHble YCTa-
IIOBKH )1..1H lIenpepbIBHoro }.I.HCTaHUHOHlIoro }.I.03HMeTpHLIeCKoro H pa,ll,Ha-
UHOHHO-TeXIIOJl0rI14CCKOro KOHTpOJl51 B cpHKcHponallIlblx TOliKax, lIl1CJlO
KOTOpblX ollpejl,c.rI51CTC5I lIJlCJIOM KaHaJlOB.
jJ,03/lJ./cmpbl /lH()u(Jw)yaAbl/()i!O "OHmpOAJ/ COCTOHT H3 )1,eTeKTopa H 113-
Mep!ITeJI bHOrO nYJIbTa C 6JIOKO /IHTaIlHH. B lIepBblX KOIICTPYKUII51 X }.I.03If-
MeTpOE )]'K-02 1!0CHMblH ,lI,CTeKTOp (HHTerpIfpYIOIII.aH I101l1f3aUHOHlla5I Ka-
Mepa) HMCJI 3.1CKTpOMeTp C YCTPOHCTBOM IICIIOCpC,lI,CmeHHOrO OTCtIeTa }.I.03bl
y-H3JlYlleHHH If 6bIJI n03TOMY lIe,iJ.OCTaTOtIHO Ha,ll,emell. B ,lI,03HMeTpaX
KHJJ-2, KH)].-6 npe)l.YCMOTpeHO OT,lI,eJIbHOe nepeHOCHOe H3MepHTeJIbHOe
YCTPOHCTBO, LITO CYIII.eCTBeIlIlO ynpocHIJIO KOIICTPYKI HIO HOCI1MOIi H01l1f3a-
I HOHHOH KaMepbl H 1I0Bb/CIfJIO ee lIa,ll,emllOCTh. He,ll,OCTaTKOM jl,aHHOrO Tlfna
,lI,eTeKTOpOB HBJI5IIOTCH lIe06XO,ll,HMOCTb nHTaHHH OT 3apH,lI,HOrO 6JIOKa H Ma-
JIblH ,lI,Halla3011 pCrHCTplfpyeMblx A03. B OCTaJIblIblX THlIaX HI!AIfBH,lI,yaJIb-
HblX ,lI,03HMeTpOB 1I0CHMble ,lI,eTeKTOpbl He Tpe6YlOT nHTaHIfH. HanpHMep,
npH perHCTpaUHH j'-H3.'IYlleHIfH ,lI,03HMeTpaMil H<I>KY, 11<1>1(-2, 3, 4M
npHMeI!HIOTC5I cpoTOnJIeHKIf, )1,03HMeTpoM K)].T -02 - TepMOJIIOMHHocpOp.
TepMo.1lOMHHecuellTHble ,lI,eTeKTOpbl, n03BOJIHIOIII.He perHcTpHpoBaTb 3Ha-
tIeHIIH 3Kcn:J3HIlHoHHOH ,lI,03bl ,lI,O 10 4 P, HCnOJlb3YlOTCH B aBapHHHblX A03H-
MeTpax K)].T-I, HKC-A. )].JI5I aBapHHIIOH )l,03HMeTpHH (,lI,03HMeTp THlla
«rHeHC») If cneKTpOMeTpHH (<<)].HCHCH»)) HellTpOIlOB npHMeHHIOTcH aKTHBa-
UHOHHble ,lI,eTeKTOpbl 11 ,lI,eTeKTOpbl ,lI,eJIeHHH. B nepeHOCHblX npu60pax npH-
MeH5IIOTCH HOIlH3aJ IfOllllble If CI1.HIITHJIJIHI 110IIl!ble Jl,eTeKTOpbl, 3JIeKTpHtIe-
CKHH CHrHa.'I Ha BblxOAe KOTOpbIX CPYHKUHOHa.'IbHO CBH3aH C napaMeTpaMH
perHCTpHpyeMoro H3JIytIeIIHH. OTCtIeT II0Ka3aHHH npOEO,ll,HTC5I no CTpeJIOtI-
HOMy npH60py, paCIIOJIOmeHHOMY IIa H3MepHTe.1bHoM ny.'IbTe.
C nOMOIII.blO nepeHocHblX pa)l.HOMeTpOB onpe,ll,eJI5IIOT cJIeAYIOIII.He BeJIlI-
tIHHbl npH npOBC,lI,eHHH ,lI,03HMeTpHtIeCKOrO II pa)l.l1aUI10IIHO-TeXHOJIOrHtIe-
CKoro KOHTpOJIH:
1) CTenellb pa,ll,HOaKTHBHoH 3arp5I3HeHHOcTH TeJIa H cneUO,ll,em,ll,bl nep-
COHaJIa (C352-IeM, C352-2eM, 5)].3A2-0l);
2) nJIOTHOCTb nOTOKoB ex-, -, y- H HeHTpoHHoro H3.'1ytIeHHH (PYn-I,
YHM2-2);
3) 06'beMHYIO aKTHBHOCTb- pa,ll,HoaKTHBHblX ra30B (PB-4, pr5-3-0I) H
a3p030JIeH (PB-4) B B03,l1,yxe;
4) 06'beMIlYIO aKTHBHOCTb nHTbeBoH BO,1,bl B OTKpblTblX BOAoeMax H Ma-
.'10aKTHBHbIX C6POCHbiX pacTBopoB (2522-02 «5IceHb-IIl»).
Pa,ll,HOMcTp pr5-3-01 nOMHMO ,lI,CTeKTOpa H H3MepHTeJlbIIOrO nYJIbTa
CO,ll,epLKHT YCTPOHCTBO ,lI,JIH npOKal!KH OT6HpaeMoro B03,l1,yxa tIepe3 npOTOl!-
HYIO HOHH3auHoHHYlO KaMepy, a3p030JlbHaH tIaCTb pa,ll,I10MeTpa PB-4-
134
YCTPOHCTBO JIH npOKaliKH B03 yxa lIepe3 cpHJIbTp, HaKanJIJ.IBalOUJ.IfH H3Me.
pS1eMYIO aKTHBHOCTb.
Cmal{UOHapHble paiJuoMempbl (PK5-2-02, PKC-2-02) B OnOJIHeHHe
K nepelllfCJleHHblM 3a allaM n03BOJlHIOT Onpe eJIHTb 06'beMHYIO aKTIfBHOCTb
a3p030JIeH C pa3 eJIeHHeM BKJIa OB KOPOTKO)!{HBYUJ.HX H OJIrO)!{HBYUJ.IfX
pa HOIIYKJlH OB. JLJl5I 3TOH l1.eJIH npHMeHHIOTCH 6JIOKH eTeKTHpOBaHHH C
OCa)!{ eHHeM a3p030JIeH Ha BH)!{YUJ.YIOCH CPHJIbTpylOUJ.YIO JIeHTY.
CTal1.HOHapHblH pa HOMeTp THna P)Kf2-04 Onpe e.rI5IeT 06'beMIIYIO aK-
THBHOCTb pa HOHYKJIH}J,a 132 1 B TenJIOIiOCHTe.rIe nepBOrO KOHTypa, P)Kf2-03
- 06'beMHYIO aKTHBIIOCTb TenJIOHOCHTeJIS1 BTOpOrO KOHTypa.
B CTal HOHapHbIX MHKpOpeHTreHOMeTpaX (<<KaKTYC», l1MJLl(-70) WUJ.-
HOCTb 03bl ,\,-H3J1YlIeHHH H3MepHeTCH TOKOBblMH HOIIH3al1.HOHllblMH KaMe-
paMH, KOTOpble H eIOT 60JlblllYIO II a)(e)!{1I0CTb , lIeM ra30pa3p5l HblC ClIeT-
lIHKH.
Cmal{UOHapHbt.e CneKmpOMempbl COCTOHT H3 CI1.HHTHJIJlHI1.HOHllblX (6J10K
5JL5C3-leM) HJlH nOJIynpoBo HHKOBbIX (HarrpHMep, JlHTHH- peHcpOBbIH
Ha OCHOBe rcpMaHHH THrra JLfJLK-405) eTeKTopoB H MHorOKaHaJIbHoro
aMnJlHTY HOro allaJIH3aTOpa HMnYJIbCoB. CrreKTpoMeTpbl npHMell5llOTCH JIH
onpe eJIellHH COCTaBa pa HoHYKJIH OB, co ep)!{aUJ.HxcH B TCnJIOHOCHTe.rIe,
npH cneKTpOMeTpHH pa HoaKTHBHbIX npo6 BHelllHeH cpe}J,bl, a TaK)!{e npH
KOHTpOJle BHYTpeHHero 06J1YlIeHHH ncpconaJla.
JLJl5I opraHH3al1.HH HenpepblBHoro HCTaHnHOIiHoro KOHTpOJlH pa Ha-
I1.HOHHOH 06CTaHOBKH Ha A3C B 06'beMe, npe ycMoTpeHHOMCn A3C--79,
Heo6xo HMbI MH020KaHaAbHb/e ycmaH08KU THna «CHcTeMa», «CeHBaJI»,
«fop6all», KOTopble HMelOT HHTOlllIYIO CTPYKTypllYIO cxeMy C nOJlHOCTblO aB-
TOHOMHblMH 3J1eMeHTaMH Ka)!{jJ,oro H3MepHTeJIhHOrO KaHaJla. n03TOMY HeHC-
npaBHocTb O Horo HJIH HeCKOJlbKHX H3MepHTeJlbllbiX KaHaJlOB He npHBO-
HT K BbIXO Y H3 CTp051 DceH YCTaHOBKH, KOTopaH xapaKTepH3yeTcH BbICO-
KHM ypOBlieM Ha e)!{HOCTH.
COBpeMelillblC CHCTCMbl 03HMeTplllleCKoro II pa Hal1.HOIiHoro TeXHOJIO-
rHlIeCKoro KOHTpOJIH HMelOT CJIe.n.YIOUJ.He oc06eHHOCTH:
I) YHHCPHI1.HpOBaHHble cxeMbl 6JIOKOB H YCTPOHCTB eTeKTHpOBaIlHH,
Bblpa6aTbIBalOUJ.He 3JIeKTpHlieCKHe HMnYJlbCbl HOpMaJlH30BaHHOH JIHTeJIb-
HOCTH H aMnJlHTY bl;
2) BBe.n.eHHe cTall.n.apTIIOro KaHaJIa nepe.n.allll aHIlbIX;
3) npHMcHeHHe 3BM JIH 06pa60TKH HHcpOpMal1.HH H YllpaBJIeHH5I CH-
neMoH;
4) Bb1l30: HllcpOpMal1.lI11 lIa nOKa3bIBalOllI.lle II ca oIlHlllYUJ.lie npH60pbI,
I1.HcppoBble II onepaTHBIlble 3.rleKTpOHII0-JlYlieBble HII;:J,IiKaTopbf, neliaTalOllI.He
YCTpoHcTBa, Ta6JIo cBeToBoii CHrHaJIII3al1.IIH H YCTpoHcma 3BYKOBOH CHr-
HaJIH3aI1.HH.
Bbl eJlellHe YCTPOHCTB KOHTpOJI5I 3alll.HTHbiX 6apbepoB Ha nYTH pacnpo-
cTpaHeHHH pa.n.HoHYKJlH OB B caMOCTOHTeJlbHYIO rpynny aeT B03MO)!{I!OCTb
He TOJlbKO perHCTpHpOBaTb pa.n.HaI1.HOHHYIO 06CTaHOBKY, HO H nporH03H-
pOBaTb ee YXYJJ.llleHHC BCJIe}J,CTBHe HeHCllpaBHOCTH o60Py.n.OBaHHH, liTO no-
3BOJlHeT CBCCTH K MIIlIHMYMY DCpOHTHOCTb KpynHbIx aBapHH Ha A3C.
npH60pbf HHJJ.HBH ya.1bHoro 03HMeTpHlieCKoro KOHTpOJIH, a TaK)!{e
nepeHOCHa51 H CTaI HOHapHa51 }(03HMeTpHlieCKa51 annapaTypa B HaCTOHUJ.ee
BpeMH rp3 'Hp)IOTCH BO BHeCHCTC HbIX C,lJ,HIlHI1.3X (63p, p3J.1., peIlTren
!35
H HX npOH3BO HbIe). D03TOMy YKa3aHHbIe e HHHlI.bI HCnOJIb3YlOTCH npH OnH-
CalIHH XapaKTepHCTHK npH6opOB JIH perHCTpall.HH HOHH3HPYIOtJJ.HX H3JIY-
tJeHHiL
6.2. nPH60Pbl HH)1.HBH)1.YAJlbHOrO
)1.03HMETPH4ECKOrO KOHTPOJl
6.2.1. KOMnJIeKT HH,lI.HBH,lI.yaJIbHblX ,lI.03HMeTpoB KH)1.-2
KOMIIJleKT HII,lI,HBH,lI,yaJlbllbix ,/I,03HMeTpOB KYI.z:L-2 npC,/I,lla3Ha4CH .l\JlH H3MepellHSI
3KCII03Hl.\HOllllOH )],03Ll ,\,-H3J1Y4eIlHH C 3HeprHcH OT 0,15 )],0 2,0 M38 B ,lI,Hana3011e
0,005-1,0 P. .z:LHana30H H3MepeHHH pa36HT lIa ,/I,Ba nOMHana30lIa' I nOMHana3011 -
0,005-0,05 P npH MOlll.IIOCTH ,lI,03b1 lIe 60Jlee 1,67 MP/C; II nOMHana3011 - 0,05-
1,0 P npH MOIlJ,HOCTH ,lI,03b1 HC 60Jlee 33 MP/C.
B KOMnJleKT ,/I,03HMeTpa KYlJI.-2 BXO,ll,HT (pHC. 6 I): 3apH,/I,1I0-H3MepHTeJlbIlOC YCT-
poiicTno H ,lI,03HMeTpbl. .z:L03HMeTpbl (pHC. 6.2) COCTOHT H3 )],BYX HOHH3allHOHllbiX KaMep,
pacc4HTallHhix Ha MaKCHM:aJlbHble ,/I,03b1 0,05 H 1,0 P COOTl3eTCTBeHHO. Ka)l{j\3H KaMepa
npe,/l,CTaBJlHCT 3J1eKTpH4ecKYIO eMKOCTb, 06pa30BallllYIO l.\eHTpaJlbllbl\1 3J1eKTpO,l(0 1
2, 3 H KopnycoM 1. 11cpe,/l, H3MepelIHeM 3KCn03Hl.\HOHHOii ,lI,03bl HOIIH3al.\HOHHhle Ka-
MCpbl 3apH)I{alOT ,ll0 onpe,/l,eJlCHHOrO nOTeHI.\HaJla, nOCJle.n:OBaTeJlbllO BCTaBJlHH TOPl.\bI
KaMep B rHe3,l1,0 «3apH,ll» 5 3apH,lI,1I0-H3MepHTCJlbHOrO YCTpoiicTl3a 110,ll, il03,l1,eiicTBHeM
,\,-H3J1Y4eHHH H nOJlOCTH HOHH3al.\HOHHOii KaMepbl 06pa3YlOTcH HOHbI, KOTopble CHH-
MalOT 3ap5l,ll, C 3,leKTpO,/l,oB H YMeHblllalOT lIanpH)I{CHHe lIa nOCJle,ll,HHX. 06J1Y4eHHble
,/I,03HMeTpbl pa3i1HH4HBaIOT H BCTaBJlHIOT n rH(3)],0 «Yl3McpeHHe» 4 ,lI,0 Yllopa, OTC'!H-
TblBaH 3Ha'IeHHC 3KCn03Hl.\H0l!1lOH ,lI,03bl no llIKaJle CTpeJI04HOrO npH60pa 3. Kopnyc
,/I,03H leTpa C 60Jlee BbiCOKHM MaKCHMaJlhllbiM 311a4eHHeM perHcTpHpyeMoii 3KCIIQ:;H-
I.\HOHHOH ,/I,03bl (I, ° P) HMeeT KpacHbIii I.\BeT, H nOKa3allHH cJlP.n:yeT 'IHTaTb no llIKaJle
IIpH60pa 3 110.1\ KpacHoH nOJlocoii. Kopnyc ,ll03HMeTpa Ha 0,05 P HMeeT 30.10THCTbIH
I.\BeT, H nOK33allHH noro ,lI,03HMeTpa CJle,ll,yeT 4HTaTb no IIlKaJle no,iJ, 30.10THCTOH no.
Jlocoii. 11pe;I:CJlbIIO ,llOnYCTHMaH ,lI,lIeBliaH )J,03a (0,0167 P) OTMe4alla Ha llIKaJlC KpaclloA
pHCKOH,
PHC, 6,1 K:oMnJleKT HH,/I,HBH,llyaJlbHblx )],03HMeTpoB K:YI.z:L.2:
a - Hy.'LT H3MCpeHH11 H 32pH.I\KH; 6 - KOMHlleKT )lo3HMeTpoR; 1 - TYM(').,ep BK.,IO'IeHHH ceTH:
'.: - IIjJr.'1()'\pdIlHTf'JIb. :3 - l'Tprlo T lllblf1: TlPH.6op. 4 - rHClilO «11 J1\tepCHHC'::t. 5 - rIlC1 'lO 3ap}J,J.».
6 - p rYJ1HTOp CtJYRcTBHTellbHocTb 0,05 P.; 7 - pcrYIIHTop CtJYRCTBHTC,1bROCTL 1,0 P.; 8 - py4'
Kd «Y TdHonKa WKa.'Ll>; 9 - ]103I1MCTp Ha 0,05 P; 10 - . OJH\lCTp lIa 1,0 P
lJli
PHC, 62, CxeMa ,/I,03HMeTpa KOMrrJleKTa KI1):{-2'
1 - KOPHYC ,lJ.03HMcTpa: 2, 3 - I(eI!Tp8JIbHhIC 3J1CKTpOAbJ
3apH,/I,HO-H3MepHTeJIbIlOe YCTPOHCTBO rrpOBepSleTCH KOHTpO.lbHblM ,/I,03HMeTpOM,
BCTaBJleHHblM B rHe3,/1,0 «H3MepeHHe», cpa3Y nocJle ero 3apH)J,a. CTpeJlKa BOJIbTMeTpa
,!].OJl)l{Ha YCTaHOBIITbCH Jla IIYJIeBOH OTMeTKe IlIKaJlbl. DpH OTKJlOJleHHH CTpeJlKH Heoo.
XO,/l,HMO n03IJpaTlITb ee Jla HyJIeilYIO OTMeTKY rrOTeHlJ,UOMeTpOM «4YBCTBHTCJIbHOCTb
I P» 7 IIJlH PY'I KOH «Y CT. IlIKaJIbI» 8.
OCHOBl!aH norpewHocTb H3MepeHHSi 9KCn03Hl.\HOHI!OH ,lI,03b1 I'-H3J1Y'leHHH 60CO
B HopMa.'1bl!bIX YCJlOBHHX He rrpeBbIlliaeT :1:7% )].JlSi rrepBoH TpeTH H :1:15% ,l(JIH DC-
TaJlbliOH 4aCTH IlIKaJlbl.
Ca lOpa3pH,I( ,lI,03HMeTpa 3a 24 'I rrpH 20°C H OTHOCHTeJlblIOH BJla)l{HOCTH 95:1:3%
He npeBbilliaeT 5% MaKCHMaJIbHOrO 3Ha'leHHH IlIKaJlb! rrO)JJ!.Harra30Ha.
f1HTaHHe 3apH,/I,HO-H3MepHTeJlbHOrO YCTpoHcTBa ocy ecTBJlHeTcH OT ceTH rrepe-
MeHHoro TOKa l!anpH)I{eHHeM 127 HJIH 220 B, a TaK)I{e OT 6aTapeH B-AMll.r-O,5, ,lI,BYX
KOMnJIeKTOB KOTOpblX AocTaTo'll!o AJlIt HenpepblBHoH pa60Tbi B Te'leliHe 18 4.
1II0,l(H<jJHKaI.\HeH KOMnJleKTa KI1):{-2 HBJlHeTCH KOMn.lleKT HH,lI,HBH.n;yaJlbHoro ,1(0-
3HMeTpH'IeCKOrO KOHTpOJlH KI1):{-6, npe,/l,l!a3Ha'leHHblH ,llJlH H3MepeHHH B ,l(Hana30HaX
0,02-0,2 H 0,2-2,0 P.
):{JIH onepaTHDHoro KOHTpOJIIt <jJpaKI.\HOHHpOBaHHoro 06.nY4eHHH npH npoBe,l(e-
IIHH pa60T nOBblllIeHHoH pa,l(HaI.\HOHI!OH onaCHOCTH npHMeHHeTcH 0l\H06J104HblH Ha-
cTeHllblH npH60p THna YH-27 C Il.H<jJpOBOH H!I,/I,HKau,Heii nOKa3aHHH KOII,/l,eI!CaTOpHblx
,l(03HMeTpoB B ,/I,Hana30He 10 MP - 2,0 P.
):{JlH HH,lI,HBH,lI,yaJlbHOrO aBapHHHoro KOHTpOJlH MO)l{eT HCnOJlb30BaTbCH KOMnJleKT
):{K-50, npe,/l,Ha3lIa4eHHblii )J,JlH H3MepeHHH 9KCn03Hl.\HoHHOH )J,03b1 ,/1,0 50 P npH MO -
IIOCTH ,/I,03b1 ,/1,0 55,6 MP/C. CaMopa3pH,I( ,l(03HMeTpa ):{K-50 3a CYTKH He npeBbiwaCT
10%.
6.2.2. l(oMnJlCKT TCpMOJlIOMHHCC eHTHbix ,lI.03HMeTpOB K)1.T-1
« naxpa»
KOMnJIeKT npeAHa3HaQeH ,l(JIH HH,/I,HDH)J,yaJIbHOrO ,lI,03HMeTpH'IeCKOrO KOHTpOJlIT
B lllHpOKOM ,/I,Hana30He ,11,03 I'-H3J1Y'IeIlHH (1-10'" P) H COCTOHT H3 lIa60pa KacceT
C AeTcKTopaMH lIa OCIIOBe LiF, a TaK)I{e H3MepHTeJlbliOrO nYJlbTa Yf1<P-OI.
TCpMOJIIOMHHeCueJlTJlble ,l(03HMeTpbl H3 1jYr0pHcToro JlHTHH C ,/I,ouaBKaMH Mar-
IIHSI H THTana BbinOJIHeHbI B BH,l(e Ta6J1eTOK )J,HaMeTpOM 0,5 C f, TOJlll.\HHOH 0,1 eM H
HMelOT KOMnellCHpYlOll.\HH <jJHJIbTp ,llJlSl YMeHbllleHHH 3aBHCHMOCTH rrOKa3al!I!H OT
91!eprHH I'-H3.1Y4eHHH (xo)J.a C )l{eCTKOCTblO). LiF HMeCT ,lI,Ba I!H3KOTeMnepaTYPlIbix
MaKcHMyMa TepMOJIIOMHHeCu,eHI.\HH (383 H 423 K), COCT8BJlHIOIl.\HX npH HIlTerpaJIbllO\f
MeTO;I:e H3\repeHIlSi AO 40% 061l.\eii CBeTOCYMMbI. 9Ty BCJlH'IHIlY He HCnOJlb3YIOT ,/1,.151
onpe,ll,eJlCII!Uj ,lI,03b1. I1HTerpaJIbHblii MeTO,l( H3MepeHHH rrorJlO CI!IIOH ,lI,03h1 CBH3aH C
onpe,ll,eJleIlHC 1 IIJIoll.\aAH !I0,l( KpHBOH TepMOBblCBe4HBaHHH (CBCTOCYMMbI) B 06J1aCTIl
BbiCOKOTeMrrepaTYPHoro MaKcHMYMa (475 K), r,ll,e nOTepH ,/I,03HMeTpHLJeCKOH HH<jJOP-
MaHHH co BpeMeHeM (<tJe,/l,Hl!r) He3HaLJHTeJlbHa H ,/I,JlH LiF (Mg, Ti) COCTaBJI!leT 1 % B
MeCHu, ,
CTPYKTYPllaH cxeMa H3MepHTeJlbnOrO ny.1bTa YI1<P-OI, pa6oTaloru.ero IJ TCpMO
TaiiMepnoM pe)l{H'-Ie, I!pe,ll,CTaBJIena Ha pnc. 6.3. BKJlIO<!erme I!pH60pa npHBO,ll,HT K
YCTaHOBJlCnHIO lIa nOBepxnOCTH narpenaTCJI!I H TeMnepaTypbl TJ co 400-.;-410 K Vl-
JlOM Tcp rOCTa6HJlH3au,HH YT. f1pll pa3Mell.\eIlHH o6.'1Y4eHlloro ,l\CTeKTopa ):{ Ha nn-
BepxllocTH HarpelJaTeJlH MHKpOnepeKJlI04aTeJleM 3anycKacTcH TaiiMep T, C UbIXO;'.ld
PIIC I) 3 b. oK-cxeMa 1i3MepliTeJihl-lOtO
nYJlhTa Yf1 <1>-0 I ,/I,JlH pernCTpaIlHl! no-
Ka3aHliH KOMrrJleKTa TepMOJlIOMIlHeC-
l.\eHTHbiX ,/I,03HMeTpOB K.lI.T -1 '
a - IICTO'lllnK <lTa.l0HHojj HpKOCTH, 3 - scp-
l(aJlO, .lI. - i\eTeKTOp; H - HarpeBaTeJlb;
YT - yseJi TepMOCTa6HJlH,au.HH; T - TailMep;
Aun - 8118J10ro-u.H<!>poDOII npeo6pa30Ba-
TCJlb. <I> - cBeTo(j>HJlbTp; <l>3Y - (j>OT03J1QK-
TpOHHhlJI YMHOJKHTeJlb; nn - nepec'IcTHbllI
npn6op; uny - IJ.H<!>ponCqaTalOll\ee YCTpoJl-
CTBO; fin - 6J10K nHTallHH
KOToporo CnrHaJl «C6poc» TlOcTynaeT Ha lIepeClIeTllbIH npH60p f1f1. TeMTIeparypa TI
nOBepXHOCTH HarpeilaTeJlSl lIoMep)KHBaeTCH B Te4eHHe 10 c. 3a 3TO BpeMH rrpOXO,/l,HT
He perllcTpllpyeMaH nepeC4CTHblM npH60pOM TepMOJlIOMHHeCl.\eIlI.\HH, He HeCYllI,aH ,/1,0-
30Boii HHcpOpMal.\HH H CBSl3aHHaH C onYCTOIlleHHeM MeJlKHX JIOBYUleK .neTeKTopa. 3a-
reM CHrHaJlOM «f1YCK» C BbIXO,/l,a TaHMcpa 3anYCKaerCH f1f1 H nepeKJlI04aeTCH YT Ha
T€MnepaTYPY T 2 = 535 K. TepMOJlIOMllllcCl.\eHTHOe 113J1YlIeHHe, HecYllI,ee ,l1030BYIO
HncpopMal.\HIO H CBH3aHHoe C onycToUleHHeM rJIy60KHx JlOBYUleK ,/I,eTeKTOpa, OTpa)l{a-
eTCH OT 3epKaJla 3, TlpOXO,/l,HT 4epe3 cBeTocpHJlbTp <1> H nocTynaeT Ha <1>9Y, aHO,ll,HblH
TOK KOToporo Tlpe06pa3yeTcH B 4aCTOTY HMnYJlbCOB aHaJlOrO-l.\mpPOBbIM npe06pa30IJa-
TeJleM All.f1. 9TH HMTlYJlbCbI COC4HTbiBalOTCH TlepeC4eTHbiM npH60pOM Ii BbIBO,/l,HTCH IIa
I.\HcpponeliaTalOllI,ee YCTpoiicTBO ll.f1Y. 4epe3 ! 5 C lIa BblXO,/l,e T cpopMllpyeTcH CHrI!aJI
«CTOll», oCTaHaBJlHBalOllI,Hii f1f1. YT nepeKJlI04aeTCH Ha T I , TlPH ,/I,OCTH)I{eHHH KOTOpOH
,/I,eTeKTOp li3BJIeKaeTCH H3 npH60pa H Ha411HaeTCH 1I0BblH l.{HKJI H3Mepe1lHl1: C ollepe,i\-
HbIM )],eTeKTopOM. B pe)l{HMe KOHTpOJlH lIYBCTBHTeJlbHOCTH 3epKaJlO 3 nOBopalillBaeT-
CH Ha 90° H l.{HKJI H3MepeHIIH npoBO,/l,HTCH IIa H3J1YlleIlHH HCT04HHKa 9 3TaJlOHHOH H£-
KOCTH 6e3 BBe)J,eIlHH )J,eTeKTopa. OCI!OBI!aH TlOrpeUlHOCTb npH60pa COCTaBJIHeT :I: 15
lI.JlH ,lI,03b1, npeBbIUlalOllI,eH 10 P, H B03paCTaeT,/I,0 :I: 25%:npH )],03e IP.
6.2.3. KOMnJIeKT TepMOJIJOMHHec eHTHbiX .n.03HMeTpOB K.lI.T-02
PerHCTpal.\HH )],03 XpOHH4CCKoro ou,'Y4eHHH H OXBaT ,/I,HaTla30lla )],03 B03MO)l{IIOrO
aBlpHHHoro 06J1ylleI!HH OCYlll,eCTBJlHeTCH KOMnJlCKTOM TepMOJlIOMIlHecu,CHTHhiX ,/I,03H-
MeTpoB K,[I,T-02. KOMnJleKT K,[I,T -02 npe,ll,na3Ha4cH )],JlH H3MepeHHH ,/I,03b1 X ,\,-H3J1Y4e-
IIHH 3HeprlleH: OT 0,06 ,ll0 1,25 M3B B )],Hana30l!C (0,03 - 1).10 3 P C OCHOBHOH no.
rpeUlHOCTblO, paBlioH :1:(10+31 X)%, 3aBHcHMoCTb lIYBCTBHTeJlbHOCTH ,/I,03HMeTpoB OT
SHeprHH '\'-H3J1Y4CHHH IIC npe8b1U1aeT :1:30% B YKa3aHHOM HHTepBaJle 311a t lellllH Eoy.
KOMnJleKT BKJlIO'IaeT )],03HMeTpbl ,[I,f1f-02, ,[I,flC-11 C )],eTeKTopaMIl Ha OCIlOBe cpTO-
pH,/I,a JlHTHH H ,[I,f1f-03 C ,lI,eTeKTopaMH Ha OCHOBe uopaTa MarHHH, lIaCTOJlbHhlH: nYJlbT
Yf1<1>-02 ,lI,JI!! perHCTpal.\HH nOKa3aHHH ,lI,eTeKTopoB, KOHTpOJlbI!blH HCT04HHK H Bcno-
MoraTeJlbHbIe YCTpoiicTBa.
Ka)l{)\bIH ,/I,03HMCTp HMeeT TPH JJ,eTeKTopa ,/I,JlH TlOJlY4eHIIH HaH60Jlee ,/I,OCTOBeplloH
H l!a,ll,e)l{I!OH I!HcpopMau,HH 0 3Ha4eHIIH X. Yl3MepeHHe cBeTocYMMbI TepMOJIIOMHlleC-
l.\ellTHblX ,/I,03HMeTp08 npoBO,/l,HTCH Ha nYJlbTe Yf1<1>-02, CTPYKTYPHaH cxeMa KOToporo
allaJlorllllHa CXeMe npH60pa Yf1<1>-OI C ,/I,06aBJlt'l!HeM Y3J1a KOMneliCal.\HH TeMHOBoro
TOKa <1>9Y H C06CTBel!HOrO cpoHa lI.eTCKTOpa,
KOMncilcal.\HH npoBo,'l,HTCH aBTOMaTH4eCKH nepe,/l, HallaJlOM Ka)l{,/I,Oro H3McpeHHH.
nYJlbT Yf1<1>-02 B 3aUHCIIMOCTil OT THna ,/I,eTeKTOpa MO)l{eT pa60TaTb B Tpex cTyncH4a-
TblX pe)l{HMax:
1) H3MepellHe cBeTocYMMbI ,/I,eTeKTOpa lIa OCIlOBe cpTopH)J,a JlHTHH;
2) H3MepeHHe cBeTocYMMbI AeTeKTopoB lIa OCl!OBe 60paTa MarrIHH;
3) H3MepeHHe cBeTocYMMbI JII060ro ,llpyroro Tep IOJlIOMnHeCl.\eIlTHOro )],eTeKTopa C
TCMncpaTypoH MaKCIIMYMa lIa KpH130H TepMOBbICBetlHBaHHH, He npeBblUlalOllI,eii 523 K.
B Ka)l{,lI,OM pe)l{IIMC YCTallailJlHilaeTCH onpe,/l,eJlCHl!aH TeMnepaTypa BepxHeii H HH)I{-
neM cTYlleliH.
PC3Y JlbTaTbl 113MepellllH ,/I,JlH Ka)l{JI,OrO ,/I,eTeKTOpa BblBO,ll,HTCH Ha nepec4cTHblii npll-
60p f1C02-4 H l!a I.\Hcppone4aTalOllI,ee )'cTpoiicTBO 53-15M.
138
6.2.4. KOMnJlCKT aBapHHHblx HH,lI.HBH,lI.yaJlbHblx CTCKJlHHHblX
,lI.03HMCTpOB It KC-A
).l,03HMeTpbl I1KC-A IICnOJlb3)'IOTCH ]I,lH H3 epe1lHH UOJIblIiHX ]103 '\'-H3Y4PIIHH
(0,5-8.103 P) C I10rpelliHOCTbIO :I: 15% B aBapHHHblx )'CJIOBHHX. .LI.03HMeTpbl ,lI,Ha-
MeTpoM 0,8 CM, 1'OJIIl.\HIIOH 0,1 CM H3rOTOB,leHhI H3 Tep"'OJIIO\1HHeCneHTHoro aJIIO IO-
cjJoccjJaTHoro CTeK.1a \lapKH YlC-7 (paBHble ,QOJIH A1 2 0 3 3P 2 0 5 H Mg P 2 0 5 C ,lI,06aBKOH
0, I % aKTHIJaTOpa Mn0 2 ), .LI.03HMeTpbl HMelOT cpHJlbTp ,ll. H CrJla)l{HBaHHH XOl\a C )l{eCT-
KOCTbIO ,ll0 :1:20% B ; Hana30Ile 50 K38 - 1,25 M3B, 3aKphlBa!01I HH 80% 1I0llepx-
1I0CTH H COCTOHII HH H3 CBHIIIWBOii nJlaCTlIHKH lIa aJIIOMHIlHeBoii nO,'J,JIO)l{Ke (TO' Il.\H-
8
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PHC G 4 Cxe'Ja 3al PY30 1 1ll0l 0 )'npoiiCTBa 113MepllTem,1I01 0 IIYJIhTa KOMII,Il'KTa ,'J,0311-
MeTpoB YlKC-A
1 - PYKoHTKa. 2 9 KallaJI!.1 J -- IICIIOj\BH>KII<:tH 113CTh KOPII)C...t. 4 - 11O,'1.DlDKHaH tlacTh KOPIlYCil,
5 - IIHAOlltrr ) HOp 6 Hal pt'BaTC' 'h. 7 - i1.('TPKTOp. 8 - lH'pxJlllii '!lOp. a Hal pf'B nC'pHuro ;J.C-
TCKTopa (j - (,\1(,Hd ,1eTt..'KTOI)f>B, n H.lI prA DTOpfllO .1I'TC'KTUpd
HOjj 0,35 II 0,5 M\I COOTBl'TCTBeIlIIO) IJOTl'pJl ,'J,OJII\Il'TpH'Il'CKUH HII(pOp\laUHH (<I'e:(IIIII)
He npellhlllla!OT 32"0 :Ja 11'0,1 Jl,lH onpl',lle, e!IHHI103hl OOJl)'ll'HllbIH aBapHHHhlii .llO,1H-
>,tCTP lIal pelldeTCH U lI:iMC'pHTeJIbHO\1 ny. bTe ,il.O 640 K B 113Mepl1H'JIbHblii nYJIbT IIXO-
,'tHT Tep\IOpPI ),lHCOp, <P3Y, HIITl'rpafOp TUKa, pe. e Bpe\leillf. IIpr06pa30BaTe,lh Ha-
npH)K(,III1H H lliil peBaTl'M>
3Jl(,KTpHlfecKlIii TOK, !'O'iIIHKiiIOUll1ii lIa BhIXO,'tP <P3Y IIOJ( :ll'iicTBlIl'\1 TPp IO. !O\tIl-
lIecuellllluro IB, )'Il'IIHH ; eleKTOfJa, 11111l'rpHpn'TcH Jii Bpe\IH T(,P\lH'I(,l'KUIO Bhll'IW-
'IHBallHH, 1I0CJIe If PI 0 ;\eT('Kfup IIOL'T)lIdl'T IJ JdrpYlolfHO(' l'TpOiiL'TBO (pHC 64),
EL',ll1 ,1l'TPKTUP 7 IIaxO.1HTCH IllIiirp(,ll<Jw,'lb!IOM 3.1l'\1('IIll' 6. TO IIXO..lIIOH 911 BhIXO.1-
Hoii 2 Kalla.1h! 3al p)30YHOrO YCTpoiiL'TBd nepeKpblThl If CI\l'T OT BlleWIICfO I1CTOllHlIl<iJ
He npOXO..llIT BHYTPh IIpl100pa (C\I pHC 64. 1f0.10)KPlllIe u) IJpH niJ)I{aTHH Ha PYI<OHT-
KY / OTlIl'pCTHH II nU;\BH;.KIIOii 4 H HenO,111II)KHOii 1 'liiCTSIX Kupll)'ca )cTpoHcma COB Il'-
malOTCH H KaHii.1bl 9 H 2 UTKphlllalOTcH (1I0JIO)l{l'lIlIl' 6) rIpH 3TIJM IIH)KHHii ynop 5
YXO,i\I1T 113 no,l.lf'T(,KTOpd 7, KOTOpbJii Bhllla,laPI B npHe\IIIHK, a Bl'pXHHii ynop 8 nep('-
Menl<!('TL'Sl K B('pXlleMY Kdllii,l\ If y.1PpiKIIBa(,1 O'll'p(':lIIoil :\('T('hTOP, nocTynHIHnHJI B
yCTpoiiCTBO flplf nep(,\Il'II!(,IIIIH p\'KO!ITKII / BBl'fJX (nu, Oif(elllie 'I) Bropoii .1l'T(,KfO[J
1I0na.'.ldeT B lfarpl'lIap-',lhllhlii o;;1l \lPllf fi II ).ll'pitiIlBaefC!! III!)I{IIH\I yllOpOM 5 f!oc.1e
31'010 MOA\HO IIJ\Il'pHTb lIOI<dJdIlH(' ,(('ll'l\ fOpd
6.2.5. YcoBepweHcTBoBaHHblH KOMnJlCKT HH,lI.HBH,lI.yaJlbHoro
(jJOTOKOHTpOJIH It «I> KY
YCOBPPlllrllCTBOBiJII HhJii KO lnJI(,f.1 IiH..lIIBlqYd.lbIlOIU ifJUToKOHTpO.'ISl !lpll Il'IIH-
eTCH .1.1H I)lIpP.ll',Il'IIHII 3KBIII3::weIlTllbIX :\UJ II ,1l1ana30lle 0.05- 2,0 03p IIplf pl'rHCTpa-
UHH Y-H:J.1y'lPlllflll' 311PprHeii Of 0,1 .D.O ,1.0 ,\\38. 1I:1.1y 'll'III1H- C 3H('prlll'ii UT O,02,ll0
3,0 ,\-138. ii TdK)Kl' T('n.101l1oIX Hl'iiTpOIlUB flul pl'IBIIOCfh perl1CTpaUIiH :\03h! - Ii '\'-
H3,lY'lelluii COCTaB,'ISlCf 1-20% <1>uTO. oll1\lelp I<PKY IIpe;\Clall.1H('f HU.1H3TH,leno-
HYIO KaCCeT) (pill' 65), CUCTOSlU!) 10113 IWIHlyCd /, C III1 TpeHilPii L'TOpOlll>l Koruporo
3anpeCl'UBallhi <l'11,lhTPbl. KphlWKIi 1 C lIap) )Kllbl\l 1I0\I(,pU\I. cpJlKCiiTOpO\l np\iKllllbl 5
1'9
M nHYTpeHIIHM rO<j>pMpOnaHHblM 3a)l{HMOM nJleHKH 6, npY)I{MHbI 3 Ha OCM 2 }l.JlH Kpen-
JlellllH KaCCeTb[ K cnel.\O}l.e)l{}l.e H <j>HKcHponaHHH KpblUlKH. )].JlH 3aLLl,HTbI OT BJlarH Kac-
ceTa nO ICLLI,ella n nOJlH3TMJleHOlJblH 'IexoJl DJlCHKa pa3MepoM 6X 2 CM, HCnOJlb3ye-
MaH }l.JlH 3apH}l.KH KaCCCThI, onYCKaeTCH B Kopnyc 1 nocJle}l.lIeii, KOTOpblii 3aKpblBaeT-
CH KphllllKOii 4 }l.0 ynopa.
Kopnyc KacceThl }l.eJIMTCH Ha 'ICTblpC Y'laCTKa (I-IV nO.'1H). Depnoe nOJle (TOJl-
U lIlIa CTeHKH KacceTbi 3, I MM) HCrrOJlb3yeTcH }l.JlH H3MepellHH }l.03b1 -H3J1Y4eIlHH,
a TaK)!{e <j>olIonoro ,\,-H3J1Y'leHHH. Ha nTopoM nOJle 3arrpecconaHbI aJiIOMHHHenhie <j>HJlbT-
pbl TOJlIlllIlIOii 1,5 MM, 4TO 06ecrre4HnaeT nOJlHOe norJlOU eHHe -H3J1Y4eHHH C 3HcprH-
eH }l.0 3,5 M3I3. D03TOMY n04epHcIIHe nJlellKH Ha 3TOM nOJle onpe}l.eJlHeTCH TO.'1bKO
}l.eiiCTnHe [ <jJoHO!lOrO ,\,-H3J1Y4eHHH. TpeTbc nOJle C paCII0.'10)l{eIlHI.[MH lJ lIe\1 KO\meH-
CHPYIOU HM <jJH.'lbTpOM H3 CTlHHUa (0,75 \1M) H aJlIOMHHHH (0,5 MM) C.'1Y)l{MT }l.JlH H3-
lepellHH }l.03b1 ,\,-1I3J1Y4eHHH. 4eTBepToc nOJle KpOMe <jJHJlbTpa, KOMnellcHpYIOII ero XO,ll,
C )l{eCTKOCTb[O, co,\ep)l{HT Ka,ll.MHcBYIO <jJOJlbry, TOJILLI,HHa KOTOpoii (0,027 MM) 06eclle l lH-
naeT o,'\I!HaKoBYIO OnTHlJecKYIO nJlOTHOCTb nO'leplleHHH rrJleHKH npH paBHblx 3KBHBa-
JlCHTHblX ,lI.03aX TCnJlOBbl x lleihpoHon H ,\,-H3JIY4eIIHH.
4l1c.lellHoe 3Ha4ellHe 3KlJH13aJleIlTHOii ,lI.03b1 0llpe,ll.c.1HeTcH npHuopoM I1<1>KY
(pHC. 6.6), COCTOHLLI,HM HJ H3MCpHTeJlbHOrO KaCKa}l.a, JlaMIIOBOro BOJlbT\leTpa, 6"IOKa
ncpeK.llO l lellHSI lllKa.l H ,7\nyx cTa6HJlH3HpOBalllIbix nblrIpH\1HTeJleH - allO,lll!oro H
IIH3 Kono.l bTHoro.
OT HCT0411HKa CBeTa CBeTOBOH rrOTOK, npOXO,llSlLLl,HH 'Iepe3 <jJOTO [eTpHpyem,JH
IlaCTOK <jJOTOnJlCHKH, nOna,llaeT lIa <jJOT03J1eMe[!T. TOK, npoxo,'\SlLLI,lIii 4cpe3 l.\enb <jJOTO-
3.1eMeHTa, H3MellHeT 3arrHpalou ee HanpH)I{eHHe, KOTopoe no,r aeTcSI lIa BXO,r )' CHJlHTeJlSl
1I0CTOSlIIIIoro TOKa, coupaHHoro no uaJlaHClloii cxeMe. CTencHb n03HHKalOLLI,erO pa3-
6a.'1aHCa IIpOIlOpI HOHaJlbHa CHJIe CBeTa, 3aBIICSlIlleii aT CTcneHH n04eplIellHSI nJlellKH,
H H3\lepHeTCSI CTpCJlOllHblM npH60pOM, lllKaJla KOToporo rpa,'\YHpOBaHa n u9pax. Doc.le
nO,ll,K.lI04eIJIIH npH60pa J1<1>KY K ceTH H 13KJlI04CHIIH TYMu.'1epa «CeTb» 3 4epc3 30 C
:i3ropaeTcSI CHflla.'1bHaSi Jla ma 4 H npono;J:IITcSI nporpeB 13 Te1leHHe 0,5 'I. .Lla.lee npll-
nop KiJ.1116pyeTcSI no KOHTpOJlbHbl\l nJleHKaM, 06JI)' IcellHblM ,'\03aMH Y-H3.1yrICHHR, pas-
HioIMI! 0,1 Ii 1,0 63p. .Ll.1S1 3TOii l.\e.1H KllonKoii «C\leHa 1I0.1S1» 8 060HMa 9 MCXallH3\1a
CMel!!,J nOJleii YCTaHas.1H!laeTCSI B I10.'10)l{eIlHC, IIPH KOTOPO\! Ha HH,'\HKaTope llIOMl'pa
nO.1H 3aropaeTCSI Jla\IIIO![Ka n031!uHH «y», KOHTpo.'1bHaSl nJlCHKa C }l.030ii 0,1 63P nO\le-
lI aCTCSI B 060HMY 9 H PY4KOH 7 IIOKa3aHHH CTpeJl04HOrO IIpH60pa YCTaHaBJlHBalOTcSI
lIa ,'\eJleIlHC 0,1. DpH Ka.'1HUpOBKe lIa BTOpoii KOHTpOJlbHOii nJleHKe nOKa3aHHSI CTpC-
.10'IHOfO npHuopa CTaH<J13JlIIBaJOTCSI PY'IKoii 6 Ha }l.CJleHlle 1,0.
,Zl.T\! ollpe.!(e.'1eHIISI 3K13HI!aJlellTlIOH }l.03b1 P'1I3.1)'4CHIISI KaJ1116pOBaIlIII.>IM npHUOpO\1
I1<1>J\Y lIeouxo.'(II !O 13CTa13HTh 1I.1eIlKY 13 060iiMY,'\0 Yllopa, YTonHTb 060ii\l)'}l.0 1I0SlIIJle-
111151 Ha IIH.!(HKaTope 1I0311UII H « -i I'll»
H IJpOH3necTH oTcller 311a4l'IlHH C)'\lMap-
HOH .!(031.>[ -llaCTHIl H <jJollosoro ,\,-H3J1Y4e-
HIIH, .Lla.lee 060H (a lIl'pe\lelll2rTCSI KIIOlI-
KOH «CMella nOJlH» 11 nO,10)l{eHHe, npH KO-
TOpOM lIa HH,:(HKaTope 3aropaeTcSI Jla 11I04-
Ka B n03HHIIH «I'H» H no cTpe.l041I0\lY
npHuoPY OTC411ThIllaeTCSI 3KBHBiiJlellTllaH
J\03a cpoHoIIoro ,\,-1I3J1Y4CHHH 3KTlHna-
.leHTII3H iW3a -H3.1)LJeIlHH Ollpr,ll.l'JlHCTCS!
pa31l0CThIO 9THX 3Ha4l'HHii. .IJ:033,\,-IU.1Y-
4l'HHSI Haxo,'\HTcH npll nepe\ICII(rHHH ouoii-
11 MI.l n 1I0.l0)l{e1lHe, COOTl!eTCTTlYIOLLl,ee n0311-
uHI! «)'» 113 HI!)\HKaTopl'.
3
2
1
140
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7
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If
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:If 01 '1 1I.1t'HKII. 7- KK.la.J.IollU (I '1M hI). 8-
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Ha,""Ha" .,aMlTa, oS - TYM6J1ep MHO)f{HTC.lH JUKaJlbl; 6 - PY'IKa Ka.1H6poBKH !la 1.0 U3P, 7 -- PY'IKa
Ka.1116poUK!I Ha 0,1 (jlp. 8 - KHOITKa <C:>IeHa nO,1>1» , 9 - o(joAMa JJ..1H nJiCHOK
CYM'.fapHaSi 3KTIIIIJaJlellTHaSi ;\03a ,\,-H3J1Y4eIlHSI H Tell.10Bb1X ueiiTpOIlOIJ onpe;\c-
JlSleTCSI npH no.l0iKeHlIH 060HMbI, rrpH KOTOpOM 3arOpaE'TCH .1aMnO'IKa IJ n0311IlIIl! «111'+
+ '\')} HII,1,HKaTOpa, 9KIJIIIJaJleHTllaSi ,n03a TenJlOlJblX ueiiTpollolJ onpe,ne.151eTCH pa3110'
CTblO 1l0Ka3alllll'\ B n03HUH5IX «n T + Y» II «'\'».
6.2.6. HH,lI.HBH,lI.yaJIbHblH ,lI.03HMeTp JI.KC-04 «CTpH.HO>
I1I1AIIBH,Z\yaJlbublH,n03HMeTp LLKC-04 «CTpH)I{» (pHC, 6.7) IIpe)llla3l1a4ell ,nJlH H3Me-
peHHSI MOll IIOCTII 3KClI03HHIIOII!loii ;\03bl ,\,-H3J1Y4eHIISI C 3HeprHer"1 OT 0.05 ,no 3,0 M3R
11 Jl,lIana:iOHe 0,03-40 MKP/C H 3Kcn03HuHoHHOH Jl,03hl B ,;J,llana30Hc 10- 3 - 1,0 P C
corpelilllnCTI,1O ::: 25%. 311epreTII4ecKaSi 3aI3HCII IOCTb 4YBCTBIlTe.1bIlOCTH ,Z\ewKTopa
!lOClalJ.1Her L25% IJ YKa3aHHO ( HIITepBaJle 311a4CI!I!H Ev'
1JercKTOpO\1 Y-H3J1YlJeIlIlSi CJlY)I{HT Ma,10ra6apHTllhlH ra30pa3pH,iJ.llblr"1 C'IE'HHK
C5M-21 C )lOno.lI1I1Te,'1bllbIM I.\H.1HH,Z\pIl4ecKIIM KaJl, lHeIJhlM qm:lbTpO\I, IJ CTel\Ke Koro-
poro IHI(,(, rCH I G npO,llOJlhHblX H 17 rroncpe4Hblx npopc3eii ,llJlSl y leHhwellll51 3Heprel H-
4ecKoii 3dBIICII\IOCTII IIY13CTI3HTeJlbllocTH (oc06eH1l0 IIPH Ev < 0,6 M3B), a TaK)I{e
allH30TponHII 4YIJCTBIlTe.1bHOCTII K y- H 8-H3,1y'!elllllO, npH\leHCHlle Ka,n IIIH Tl031J0.1H-
eT YBe.1H'IIITb 4YIJCTHHTeJlbllOCTb 1\eTeKTopa K Ten.10Bb1M IIE'HTpOHaM B 4 p;13a BC.1C,'J,-
CTIJHC perllcTpaIlHII 3aXIJaTHOrO y-1I3J1y'!eHHSI H Y\leHblllllTh 3aBHCII\IOCTh 4YBcTIJIITe.'1b-
IIUCTH C'IeT411Ka OT Ev 113Mepclllloc 311a4ellllC MOll.\1I0CTH ,ll03h1IIOCTOSlIIHO IJbI1l01\IITCSI
Ha 4eTblpeXpa3pSl,llHOe uH<ppolJoe TaOJlO lIa )l{1I.J.KHX KpllcTa.l,1ax, 311a4eulle 3KC1I0-
3HHHOHI\OH ,.,(U3bl nOSlIJJlSlCTCSI lIa Ta6J10 rrpH lla)l{aTHH Ha KHOIIKY KOIITpacTIIocTh
C(, lHc('rMeUTH!.>IX UII<PP lIa Ta6J10 lie 3aBHCIIT OT ypOBIISI I3l1eWlleii OCBellleIlIlOCTH, a
HX pa3Mcp nU3IJO.1S1CT C4HTblBaTb rrOKa3allHSI C paccToSlIIHSI HeCKO.1bKHX MCTpOIJ, CGpoc
nOKa3alll!H Ha Ta6.10 !lpOIICXO,nIlT npH BblKJllO'leHHH npH6opa,
I1pH60p LLKC-04 H\1eeT cBeToBYIO II 3BYKOBYIO CHrHaJllI3aIllIIO, pauoTalOllJ,YIO B
pe)l{HMaX «nOHCK» H «I1opor 3KCII03HUHOHIIOH ,n03h1». B nepBoM pe)l{H !C CllrIlaJlH3a-
I.\IISI cpa6aTblIJaeT OT Ka)l{,llOrO H\my.'1bca C4eT'IIIKa. Bo 13TOpOM pe)l{lIMe CllrHaJlH3aUHSI
IIMeeT 9 1I0poroIJ II BKJllOtJaCTCSI npII rrpcBblwellHH ,nllcKpeTllhlx 3Ha'IeHllii ,ll03hl, palJ-
HbIX 10- 3 p,
I1I1TaIlHe ,ll0311\IeTpa OCYlI eCTBJlSleTCSI C rrOMOlllblO ceMH aKKY\!YJlHTOpOB Tllna
LL-O I, pacno.'10)l{eHllbIX B OTJI,eJlbHOM OTceKe, H3 KOToporo Ha 60KOBbie 1I0BepXH OcrH
OCHOl3iJHHH IIpH60pa HblBc,neHbl ,llBa KO!1TaKTa )lJlSI 1I0,ncoe,nHlIeHIISI JilpSl,ll!10rO YCTPOH-
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141
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.lI.PC-OI H LL9C-04. I1pH60p ,I1.PC-0IHpe,AHa3I1a4eH ,AJlSI onpe,IJ.eJlfHtlSI ypOBIiSi MOlla
HOCTH 3KCn03Hl1HOIIIIOH ,A03h! no 4HCJlY IJK.1IOtJaIOIl1HXC5I noporoB CHrHaJlH3aIlHH, a
TaK)I{e ,A,1S1 ouellKH 1J.10TIIOCTH IIOTOKO!3 Y-KBaIlToR, -4acl HU If TC'IIJlOBbIX l!eHTpOI/O!L
LL03HMCTp JLKC'04 HMeeT Te )l{e pe)l{HMhl paooTbI, \110 Ii HI/,'\HKaT0P ,llj-JC-OI, II n01BO-
.1S1eT 113\lepHTh 3Ha4CHHSI 3Kcn0311UHoHHOii ,A03b1 B )l,Hana30HC 10- 4 - 1,0 P.
lIa oa3e npII60poTl «CTpH1I\» IJ03\!O)I{HO C03,1\a1lHe aBapHiillbiX ,lI,03101eTpoB, a TaK-
)l{C npH60pOB ,ll.1S1 pa60Tbi C uellTpa.1H30BallllblMH YCTpuiicT!3a\1H c60pa, oopaOUTKII II
xpanellHH HII<jJop\1aUHH.
LLJlSI HI/,iI,HHH,lyaJlhIlOfO KOIITpOJlSl IIPH IIpuBe,AeHHH pa60T OCOOOH pJ,llHaUHOlIlIoii
onaCI/OCTH HcnOJlb3YlOT lI03H\ICTp-CHrIlaJlH3afUp LL3l'-07, pCI HCTPHPYIOU Hii 3Kcno-
3HUHOHHblC ,lI,03b1 Y-H3.'1Y4eHHSI IJ )I,Hana30He 0,1 - 5,0 P C OCIIOBHOH nOl pewllucTblO
::!..:20% 3aBHcH !OCTb 'IYBcTTlIITe.lbl/ocTH .iJ:03H leTpi\ OT 3Ha4ellHii Ev II.' npel\blIlldCT
:f:25% TI .'wana30llC 0,1-1,25 J\hl3 flpH60p H I('eT 10 IIUpOfOI3 3IJYKOTloii Cllflla,1H"
3aUHH OTC'IeT .-!lIa4eHHii H3\lepelll/ojj ; O.-!bI npOH3B0.1HTCH nu cReTu,'\HrJ.1I1O\!Y 1!1I,,\HKa-
TOPY
6.2.7. HH.lI.HBH.lI.yaJ1bHbIH aBapHHHI>lH .lI.03HMeTp -, y-
H HeHTpoHHoro H3J1YQeHHH «fHeHC»
J.1H.'\IIIJH,'\ya.lhllblii aTlapHiillblH )J.03UMeTp «flleiic» npelllla3Ha4ell .'lJlH H3MepellHSI
.'lOJhi Y 113:IY'leI/HSI (5 -5 10 3 pall), nOBepXHUCTllOii (KO)l{IIOii) JI01bl B. H Y-H3,1)'-
4CIIHH (1-10 1 pa;d, .101b1 Tt'1I,10BbIX IleiiTpOIlOI\ (0,005-50 pa,l), : 03hl IIpO\!e1l\YTo'l-
IIblX 11 OhlCTpblX lIeiiTpUIIOlJ (5-5.10 1 pa..[)
":lo,y Y-W-I.l)'4eHHSI I11\IepHIOT n'p !O.lIOMHlleCII(,IITHhl\I ...lefl'h ropO\l 113 a,llO\!O-
q,ocq,aTHuro CTCKJla I1C.7. CTl'KJlHIlHaSi n,laCTHIIKa ,1HaMelpoM 8 \!\! H TO,lI1IHIIUii I I\I
1I0Mell ella TI a.lIOMHHHeTlb!H Kopnyc C KO\!lIellcHpYIOIIIH 1II <j1ll:lbTpa\!lt
LJ\ HCTTlII [(',lLII()CTL Y-;.lOIHMeTpa K IIpOMetK TOI!III"M H Ohler p hl\l lleiirpulla\f B
20 p.1,j \ll'HI,W(' 'IYIICTHIITl',lbIlUl'TII K Y-II !,IY'IPHIIIO, 11()Ka3a1l1lH Y"I'\efeKTopa Onpe).ll'JlH-
IOTCSI H3 IIJ:lIepHTe.lhHO\! 11\.lhTl' 1\0MII.1t'KTa 1IKC-,\ JLo1<i B H Y'H3,l 4eHHH Ha OT-
"PblTblX Y4acn,ax KOtKH pt'fllcTpHpyeTcSI n,1aCTI!HKOH 113 CTel{Jla l1C 7 TO,lW,HHUH 4 \1M,
KOTopaH 1aKpbITa nOKpOBHbiM CJlOe\l, H\lIITHPYIOII II\! pOI unOl1 C.l0II 311I1Tt':IIISI flOKa-
3aHliH ;J.eH'KTopa 0IIpe,i\e.1S1I0TCH lIa TOM )l{e 1I.-1\!l'pHTe,lbIlOM l/y.1bTe, H\lelOlI eM uepe-
K"!lO'!aTe,lh ;1,.1H nepexo;J.a K pe)f{\I\!Y 1i3 !epl'IIHH KO)l{II0H .iJ:OJl
.ll..1H pel HCTpallilIl Tell.10llblX HeiiTpOHOB !3 a,lIOMo<jJuc<jJaTiwe CTeK,10 1I1J0iJ,H f JlH-
Tllii TI KOJlH4eCTIJe, 06ecne4HBalOlileM npeTlbl!lleHHE' ,1\010BUii 'IYBCTTlfIleJlbIlUCfH K Ten-
.1Ullbl\! lIeiiTpOH.1\! lIa ,'\lIa lIOpfl..[Ki\ no cpallIlellHI() C Y-I13,l! qeHIIl'\I
142
I10Tepll ,A03HMerplttteCKOH HIlq,OpMa1I.IIH (q,e,AHllr) npn XpalleHIIH OUJlYlJeHHblX
TCpMO,lIOMlllleCUCHTHbIX ,lI.03HMeTpOB COCTaBJlSlIOT 5% 3a nepBble C)'TKH H 18% 33
2,5 !ec.
TKaHeBYIO ,lI.03Y npOMe)l{YTOtlHblX H 6b1CTpblX HeiiTpoHoB H3MepHIOT ,lI.eTeKTopoM
,lI.eJIelIHSI IIa OCHone aJIIOMHHHeBoro CIIJlaBa, cO,Aep)l{alII,ero 10-14% ,lI.eJlSllII,erOCH H30-
Tona 237N p. OCKOJIKH ,lI,eJleHHSI 06pa3YIOT TpeKH B IIJIaCTHHKe H3 CHJlHKaTHOro CTeKJla
HJlH CJlIO,lI,bI, KOTopaSi IIaXO,AHTCH B KOHTaKTe C ,lI.eTeKTOpoM ,lI.eJIeIIHH. YtlaCTKH C nOB-
pe)l{,AeHHOH KpHCTaJIJIH'IeCKOH CTPYKTypOH B,lI.OJlb TpeKa HMelOT nOlJblIIleHHYIO pacT-
BOplUfOCTb H npH TpanJlCIIHH nJlaBHKOBOH KHCJlOTOH npeBpalII,alOTCSI B BH,lI.lIMble cJle-
,lI,bI OCKOJIKOB ,Ae,leHHSI, 4HCJlO KOTOpblX OnpeAeJISleTCSI C nOMOll blO MHKpOCKOlia.
TpeKOBblH ,lI,03HMeTp OKpY)I{eII q,HJIbTpOM H3 lOB, lIe06xoAH lblM ,AJlSI KOMlIellca-
I.\H II IIo,ll,nOpOrOlloro ,lI.eJlellHH 237N p, KOTOpblH HeJIb3S1 HCnOJlb30naTb KaK noporOBbui
,lI,eTeKTOp, l'CJlH HCH311CCTen cneKTp IIeHTpOHOB.
Ba)l{Ho nO,ll,'ICpKIIYTb, 'ITO CO;\ep)l{aHHe 237Np B CIIJlaBe C aJIIOMHHHeM H TOJIIII,HHY
q,HJIbTpa H3 JOB Bbl611palOT TaKHM 06pa30M, tlT06b1 'IYBcTBHTeJIbHOCTb ,A03HMeTpa cJle-
AouaJla 3aBHCHMOCTH TKaHeBoH ,A03b1 aT !1HeprHH lIeHTpOIIOB. OlIpe,AeJIeHHe TKaHe-
nOH ,A03b1 CnO,AHTCSI K CtlCTY '1HCJla TpeKOB C nOMOlII,bIO MHKpOCKona H YMIIO)l{eHHIO IIO-
Jly'IeHHOrO 3HatlelIHSI Ha ,ll030BYIO ueHY TpeKa, KOTopaH ,lI.JlSI pa3J1114HblX IIeHTpOHHblX
ClleKTpOB Haxo,nHTCSI C IIOrpeIIlIIOCTbIO, He npenblIIlalOlII,eii :1:10%, H paBlia 2,3:1:0,2
Mpa,ll/(TpeK'Mr 237 Np) npH I1J10III,a,AH ,lI.eTeKTopa 1 CM 2 . .lI.OCTOHIICTBO TpeK0130rO ,lI.03H-
MCTpa - He4YUCTBHTCJlbHOCTb K I'-H3J1Y4eHHIO. O,nHaKo ,AJlHTeJIbHOCTb OlIpe,AeJleHHH
nOKa3aHHH ;\aIlHOrO ,n03HMeTpa BeCbMa neJIHKa (1,5.10 4 c) H IIpeBblIIIaeT aHaJlOrH4-
Hoe 3HatleHHe ,AJlH TepMOJlIOMHHeCueIITlIoro ,A03HMeTpa (10 c).
5b1CTpaSi nepBH4HaSi Ol.\eHKa TKalleBOH ,n03b1 lIeHTpOHOB npOBO,AHTCSI pO,AHe13b1M
,AeTeKTopOM, nOMelII,CIlIIblM BHYTPb 60pHoro q,HJlbTpa ,lI.JlSI YMCllbIIleHHSI aKTHBaUHH
IIpOMC)I{YT0411bJ\lH II TCn,'10BblMH HeHTpOHaMH. I1pH HeynpyroM pacceHHHH HeHTpOHOB
Ha H,!lpaX J03 Rh 06pa3yeTcSI H30MepHOC SI,npO 103mRh, KOTopoe nepexo,nHT B HOpMaJlb-
HOC COCTOSllllle C nepHO;\OM nOJlypaCIIa,Aa T 1 / 2 = 3,42.10 3 C, HcnycKaSi Y-KBaHTbI C
911eprHeH Ey 40 K3B. 9HepreTH4ecKaSi 3aBHCH\10CTb ce4eHHSI ,naHHoii peaKI.\HH aHa-
.'10rH4I1a COOTBCTCTBYlOlII,eH 3aBHCHMOCTH TKaHCBOH ,n03b1 ,llJlSl 6b1CTPblX HeHTpOHOB.
I1pH nor.'101I.\CHHH Y-H3J1Y'leHHH C 911eprHeH Ey = 40 K9B Ha K-060JlO'lKe aTOMa Rh
BCJle,J,CT13HC BblJleTa KOHBCpCIIOHllbiX 9,'1eKTpOHOB nOSlBJlSlIOTCSI BaKa HCHH. 3anOJlHe-
Hlle BaKaIlCHH 3J1eKTpOHa 1H C 60Jlee y,llaJlell!lbIX OT SI,Apa 060Jl04CK npHBO,AHT K 06-
pa30BallHIO xapaKTepHCTH'IeCKOrO peHTrellOIJCKOrO H3J1Y4eIlHSI (E v 0-- 20,2 K9B).
Bhlxo,A H30Mepllbix H,llep 103m Rh, onpe,AeJlSlIOIII,HH 3Ha4e!lHe TKaHenOH ,AO:!bl, HaxO-
AHTCSI no ,AalIllo\1Y peHTrclIOBCKO\lY H3J1Y4eIlHIO y-cneKTpoMeTpoM, KO!lCTPYKTHB!lO
aBapHHlIblH ;\03HMeTp «fHeHc» Oq,opMJlSleTCSI B BH,Ae nOJlH3TIIJle!lOBOii KacceTbl, 13 KOp-
lIyce KOTOpoIi H\IeIOTCSI 4 rHe3,Aa ,ll,1S1 ,ABYX ,ll03HMeTpou y-H3,'1Y4eHHSI H ,llnyx ,A03HMeT-
pOll Ten.l0llhlX lIeilTpoHOB. Ba TpeKonbix ,neTeKTopa, pO,AHellblH ,AeTeKTOp H ,lI,03HMeTp
KO)l{!loii ,J,03hl paCIIOJlO)l{CHhI B KpblIIlKe KaCCeTbI, KOTOpaSlIJ,lI,BHraeTcSI II Kopnyc II <jJHK-
cHpyeTcSI BIIIITOM C nJlOMuoH. Me)l{,Ay Kpblll!KOii II KOPIlYCO\1 HMeeTCSI 3aKpblTaSi l.\eJl-
Jly.'10IqO\l <jJoTorpa<jJHH pa60T!lHl\a C <jJaMHJlHCii, HIIHI HaJlaMIl H HO\1epO\l A0311MeTpa.
6.3. nEPEHOCHblE nPHEOPbl
,lI.JUI ,lI.03HMETPHlJECKOrO H PA,lI.HALl.HOHHOrO
TEXHOJIOrHlJECKOrO KOHTPOJISI
6.3.1. ,lI.o3HMeTp peHTreHOBCKoro H V-H3J1ytteHHR ,lI. pr -3-01 «ApaKc»
,lJ.0311MeTp npe,ll,Ha3I1a 1 le!l ,iJ,MI H3\lepelfllSi cpe,Alleii MOII.\IIOCTH 9Kcn 03!1UI!OHHOH
,!J.03b1 Henpept.llIlIoro H HMny.lbC!lOrO (,AJlIITeJIbHOCTh HMn)'.l b COB lie MelIb!llC 0,5 IKC.
!.JaCTOTa C.'1E']\OllaIlHH lie !ll!)I{e 1 fu, MaKCH (aJIb!laSi MOIII,!lOCTb 3KC!l0311!IHOlfllOH ,ll03b!
B H\lnYJll>Ce IIC uOJlE'e 20 pic) pl'HTrelfollcKoro H y-1!3J1\4eI!IISI C 3<f:q)(,KTI!BHOil 31f<'prH-
eH OT 15,],0 1250 K,13 13 ,llllan<J30He 0,1-100 MKP.'C OCllonllaH 1I0rpE'Wllucn H3 I('pe-
143
IiHS! He GOJlce ::I: 15%. J1.03H\teTp (plIC 6,8)
COCTOHT H3 UJlOKa ,AeTCKTlIpOBaHHH . H IIY-
Ta ynpaBneUHR.
B CTa.1bHOM llHJlHH,ApH'leCKOM KOp-
nyce 6J10Ka ,AeTeKTHpOBaHHSI pa3MelI eltbl
cpOTOYMHO)l{HTeJlb <1>3Y-93 II tarltllTHOll
3aUl,HTe (UHJlHH,llP H3 HCpMaJl.loH) co CBe-
TOBO,AOM H cxeMa YMHO)l{ellHH lIanpSl)l{e-
HHH ,AJlSI nHTaHHH <1>3Y. Y nepe,AHerO TOp-
l.\a Kopnyca lIaXO,AHTCH B03,AYX03KIJHBa-
JleHTUblH KOM6HHHpoBaHHblH CI.\HHTHJlJlSI-
TOp (BBepxy - ZnS (Ag), BHH3Y - nJla-
CTMacca Ha OCHOBe nOJlHCTHpOJla) CO CBC-
TOBblM 3aTBopOM. ncpeKpblBaIOUl,HM CBeTO-
BOH nOTOK OT CUHHTH.1J1HTOpa K <1>9Y.
B03,AYX03KBHBaJle HTHOC [b ,AOCTHraeTCJI
nO,ll,60pOM onpt',l\t'JleHUOH MaCCOBOH ,llOJlH
PHe. 6,8. ,IJ,03HMeTp ,IJ,pr3.01 «ApaKc:, ZnS (Ag) ,AJlSI YCTpaHellHSI 3HeprCTH<leC-
KOH 3aBHCHMOCTH 3cpcpeKTHBHoCTH perH-
CTpaUHH B npe,ACJlax norpclllHocTH ::1:20%
B ,llHana30He 3cpcpCKTHBllblX 3HeprHH 0,015-1,25 M3B.
B nYJlbTe pa3MeUl,eHbI 3KpalIHpoBaHHblH yCH.1HTCJlb nOCTOSinHoro TOKa, nepe.
MellHoe COllpOTHIJJleHHe «YCT. HYJlSl», nepeKJlI04aTCJlb nO)JJJ.Hana30HOB, rrCpCK.1IO t la-
Te.lb tlaCTOTbI, CTpeJl04HblH rrpHUOp, KOHTaKTbI ,AJlSI nO)l,K.'1lO t ICIIHSI lllHypa nHTallHSI OT
CCTII nepCMelIHoro TOKa, UJlOK cTa6HJlH3aUIIH nanpSl)l{eHHSI npH nHTaHHH OT ,llBella-
.n.uam OKHCIIO-PTYTHbIX 3.'1eMCHTOIJ THrra Pll.-85.
HMny.1bCbl OT <1>9Y-93, pemCTplIpYIOUI,cro BcnbllllKH CI.\HHTHJI HTOpa H paUOTalO-
Ul,ero B TOKOBOM pC)I{HMe, rro.n.alOTCSI Ha HHTerpHpylOUI,YIO cxeMY, CpC,AIIHH TOK lIa Bbl-
XO,AC KOTOpOH YCH.'1HBaCTCSI H H3MepSlCTCSI CTpe.'104Hbl\1 rrpHUOpO 1.
Doc.1e IJK.1104eHHSI rrpOBcpSleTCSI TOK cTa6HJlII3aUHH, YCTaHaBJlHIJaeTCH HYJlb npn
3aKpb1T0 1 CIJCTOBOM 3aTBOpc H npOBO,AHTCSI rrpOBepKa ,A03HMeTpa no KOIITpO.1hHOMY
HCTOt[ItHKY 9 0 SI' rrpH nOJlIIOCTblO OTKpblTOM 3aTBope (KOJlbl.\O 3aTBopa ,AOJl)l{1I0 ,AOXO-
)l,HTb ; O Yllopa).
CUHHTII.1J1HIl,HOHHhle ,ll03HMCTpbl aHaJlOrHqHOH KOHCTPYKI.\HH THnOB ,I1.PI'-3-02
H ,IT,PJ'-3-03 npc,lI,lIa3Ha4cHbI ,AJlSI H3MepeHHSI MOIll,IIOCTH 3KCn03HIJ,HOIIIIOH ,lI,03bl PCItT-
rCHOIJCKOrO H Y-H3J1YQeHHSI C 3<M>eKTHBHOH 3HeprHeH 20 K3B -3,0 J\\313 B ,AHalIa30HC
IO- a - 10l H 0,1 - 1()3 MKP!C COOTBeTCTBCHHO.
6.3.2. ClI.HHTHJlJlSllI.HOHHblH reOJlOrOpa3Be,ll.OtfHblH npJ.l6op
Cpn68-0t
Pa)l,HO\1eTp crD68-0 I rrpe,ll,Ha3Ha'leH )l,JlH H3MCpCHHH MOUl,IIOCTH 3KCn03I1IUWH-
HOH ,lI,03bl Y'H3.1Y4CIIIISI ,lI,0 3.10 3 MKP/c C OCIIOBHOH norpellluocTblO :i:: 10%. ,I1.Hana301l
H3MepcuHH pa36HT Ha 5 nOi1.i1.Harra30HOIJ. MaKCHMaJlbHOC 3HaQellHC H3MepSle IOH MOlJ -
J10CTH ,A01b1 3Ha4HTeJlbll0 UOJlbllle, 4CM .l\JlH .n.03HMcTpa .lI.Pf-3-01 «ApaKc».
Dpll60p COCTOHT 113 BblHOClIoro 6J10Ka .n.eTeKTHpOBanHH 5)].f4-01, nO,AKJlI04CUIlOro
K 1I0CH IO ty lIy.1bTY (pHC. 6,9). B 6J10KC ,ACTeKTHpoBaIlHH pa3 leUl,eHI.I lIeopraHHtlcc-
KHH CUIlIITIIJI.1S1TOp NaI (TI) H <1>3Y C YCTPOHCTBOM nHTaHHH. Dy.'lbT CO,Aep)l{HT
3J1CKTpII4CCKYIO CXC tY HIITCHCH\ICTpa, cTa6HJlH3aTOp nHTalOUI,crO Hanp5l)l{elIHSI II ua-
TapeHHbIH OTCCK, B KOTOpOM HaXOJ.\HTCSI 9 9.1e teHTOB THna 343.
YlMny.1bCbI C B!.IXO)l,a 6.10Ka )I,eTeKTHpoBaHIIH nocTynalOT Ha alIa.10r0I3)'IH H3Ml'pH-
Te.1h CKOpOCTH C4eTa C I3l'pXIIH f npe,;{cJlO\1 10 4 HMn Ie, 3Ha t leHHe TOKa, nponopUHO-
Ha.1hllOe CKOpOCTH C4eTa, H3\tCpHeTCSI eTpeJl04HblM HII,lI,HKaTopOM, A.I51 YMt'HbIlleIIHH
3aIJHCHMOCTH 'IYIJCTIJHTe.1bIIOCTH pa,AHOMCTpa OT 3HcprHH Y-H3J1Y4CHH5I noCT lIaK)Il Ue
H\llIy.1bCI,1 "HCKpHMHHHPYIOTCSI no a\1n.1HTY,Ae C noporOM, paBllbI\1 B 3HepreTHIleCKOH
IUKa,IC 30 _l: 15 K313.
DpOIJepKa IIpOBO"IITCSI 110 KOIITpO.1bHOMY HCTOQHHKY aoCo,
144
PIIC 69, Pa,ll,HOMeTp CPI168-01
6.3.3. nepeHocHblH YHHBepCaJIbHblH pa,ll.HOMeTp Pyn-l
Pa,'\!I0 leTp PYI1-1 (pHC. 6.10) COCTOHT H3 H3MepHTe. bHoro nyJlbTa 1 H weCTH
C ICIIllhIX ,'\eTeKTOpOIJ: aJlb<jJa-,neTeKTopa 2, uCTa-,neTeKTopa 3, raMMa-,neTeKTopa N'2 1 4,
raMMa-,neTeKTopa :\" 2, ,naT4HKa 6b1CTpblX HeHTpoHoB 5, ,naT4HKa TerrJIOBbiX HeHTpo-
HOB 6.
Pa,nlloMeTp npe,nIla3Ha'lCH: ,nJIH 06HapY)l{eHHH H H3MepeHHH CTeneHH ct-aKTHB-
HOCTH nouepxHocTeii OT 10 2 ,nO 3.10 6 BK!(C'M2) (npH ypoBHe y-<jJOHa ,AO 500 MKP/C)
H B-aKTHuHoCTH nOl3epXIIOCTeH OT loa,no 10 7 BK/(C'M 2 ); ,lI.JIR orrpe,neJleHIIH MOll.\HOCTH
,lI.03b1 y-H3J1Y4CHHH B npe,neJlax OT 0,2,n0 loa MKP/C ,lI.1IT4HKOM N'2 1 HOT 2 ,lI.O 10 4 MKP/C
,naT'IIIKOM N2 2; ,lI,JlH H3MepellllH nJIOTHOCTH nOTOKOB TerrJIOBbiX H 6blCTpblX HeiiTpoHoB
OT 2.10 6 .a0 10 9 HciiTp./(C'M 2 ) npH YPOBIIe y-<jJolla ,lI.O 500 MKP/C. OCHoBHaH rrorpew-
HOCTL H3MepeHHH HC npeBbll11aeT :1:20%.
LLeTeKTopaMH y-H3J1Y4eIlHH CJlY)I{aT raJlorenOI3b1e C4eT4HKH CI1-13r (,lI.aT4HK N'2 I)
H CI1-3I.)r (,llaT4HK N2 2), B-H3J1Y'leHHe perHcTpHpyeTcH raJlOreHOBblM TOPI.\OBbiM C'IeT-
4HKOM CB T-IO. Jl:JlH perHCTpal.\HH ct-'IaCTHI.\ npHMeHHIOT CI.\HHTIIJlJlHTOP ZnS (Ag),
,lI.JlH UblCTpblX HeHTpoIloB - ZnS (Ag) B oprCTeKJle, ,nJlH TenJlOTlblX lIeHTpoHoB-
ZnS (Ag) C coc.aIlHeHHHMH 60pa.
BJlOK-cxeMa npH60pa nOKa3aHa I1a pllC. 6.11.
B 3aIJHCHMOCTH OT BH,na H3J1Y'JeHHH K 113MepHTeJlbHoMY nyJlbTY no,nKJlIO'IaIOT O,AHH
H3 l11eCTlI CMellIlblX ,llaT4HKOB.
6
PIIC, 6,10, YIIHBepClIJIbHblH pa,nHoMeTp PYIJ-I
145
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-,
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Pile. 6,11. CTPYKTYPllaH cxeMa pa,AHOMeTpa PYIl-l
3J1eKTpIl4eCKHe HMIIyJlbCbI OT ,AaT411Ka no Ka6cJJIo nOCTynaloT IJ H:JMcpHTeJlbl!blH
nYJlbT, r,Ae HCKpHMHHHPYIOTCH II 3aTeM <jJOpMHPYIOTC5I no aMIIJlHTy.ae H ,A.1HTe,1bI!0-
CTH. C<jJOpMllpOBal!Hble HMnYJlbCbI nocTynalOT B H3MCpHTeJlb CKOpOCTH C4CTa. I1HTer-
pHpylOlI Hii KOHTYP H3MepHTeJl51 CKOpOCTH C'IeTa Bblpa6aTbIBaeT lIallpH)I{CHHe, IJCJlIl-
'IHHa KOToporo npOnOpl.\HOlla,1bHa CKOpOCTH nocTYIIJleHH5I HMnYJlbCOB Ha ero BXO,A.
'Cpe,llH5IH BeJlll'llllla 3Toro Hanp5l)l{eHHH H3Mep5leTC5I CTpeJl04HhiM npH60po 1. CTpeJlO'l-
IIblH npH60p CllaU)I{eH CMeHHblMH lliKaJlaMH H Orrpa,AYHpoBaH IJ e,AHlIHuaX MOlllHOCTIi
.a03LI H.1H 1!,10TIIOCTIl nOTOKa liOHll3HpYIOII ero 113J1yIJeI!H5I.
PerHCTpal.\HH MaJlblX 31!a4cHHii: a;-3arp5l3HeHHOcTeH npOH3BO,AHTCH OTC4eTOM OT-
,AeJlbHhiX HMnyJlbCOB KaCKa,Aa CBeTOIJOH HJlll 3BYKOBOii: HH,AllKaUIlH.
IlIlTallHc ra30pa3p5l,AllblX C4eT4HKOB H <t>3Y oCYllleCTBJl5IeTC5I OT npeoupa30BaTe-
,151 l!allp5l)l{ellHH. 5J10K nHTaHH5I oueCne411lJaeT 1!1l3KOBOJlbTHhiM l!anpH)I{ellHCM Bee
KaCKaj\LI, BhIno.'1HeHIILIC Ha TpaI!311CTopax.
IlIlTaHlle pa,llHOMeTpa OCYll eCTB.151eTCH Jlll60 OT ceTH ncpeMeHlIoro TOKa, JlH60 OT
HCT04HllKa IIOCTOHH Horo TOKa (aKKY IYJl5lTopa CIl,C-15 H,1H uaTapeH 1I,5IlMIl,r-
Y-I,3).
6.3.4. 6J10K ,lI.ereKTHpOBaHHSI 6.l1.3A2-0t «6pycHHKa»
DJlOK CTeKTHpOBaHH5I B,I1.3A2-01 «BpycHHKa» (pHC. 6.12) IIpe Ha3l1aqeH ;J:.151
KonTpo,1S1 3arp5l3HCHH5I PYK, TCJla Ii O,Ae)l{,lI,bI a;-aKTHBlIbiMIl BCllleCTBa IH, a TaK)I{e pe-
rHCTpaUHH a;-4aCTHU B npoH3Bo,'J,cTBeHHblx Ii Jla60paTOpl!blX yCJlOBflHX npH Ea. >
> 5,15 M313. ,I1.eTeKTopoM a;-'I3CTlllJ, CJlY)l{HT CJlOH CUllHTHJlJl5ITOpa ZnS (Ag) TOJlllllI-
HOH 15-20 MKM, lIaHeceHHhlli na oprCTeKJlO TOJllllHHOii I CM, ,AHaMCTpoM 16 CM H yna-
KOBaHllblH IJ cBcT03alllHTl!blii: KonTeiiHep. 3<jJct!CKTllBHOCTb pcrHCTpal.\HH a; 'laCTIlU ,AaH-
flbm ,AeTeKTOpOM He Menee 52% '
,I1.Jl5I lIpe.aoxpaIlCHH5I cBeT03a!l HTnOro 3KpaHa OT MeXa!lH4eCKllX nOBpC)I{,ACIIHH
HJlH 3arp5l3HellH5I pa.alloaKTHBHhl\1H BelllccTBaMH H11 6J10K ,llCTeKTHp()IJaIlIlSl MOMCT
YCTanaBJlHTlaTbc5I CMeHHa51 1I.1CHKa Il3T<t> TO.'1l1 HHOH 3-5 MKM, nO,'\)I{Il\!ae la51 K lie-
TCKTOpV MaJl)l{CTOH C ceTKoii. YKa3allllblii c!loc06 MexaHlllleCKOH 3aIIJ,I!TbI ;:<CTE'KTOpa
CHli)l{aeT 3cjxpeKTHTlHOCTb pcrHcTpal(llH ,'\0 12% H 4YBCTlJHTe.'1bllocTb pcrllcTpau,HH ;10
0,1 HM!I.lDK. ,n:CTeKTOp MO)l{!lO llCnOJlb30BaTb npH MaKCllMaJlbHO Jl.O!lYCTH !O'" 3!1a'IC-
HHH y-<jJOHa pal3liO 1 10 IKP/C, DJlOK ,lI,CTCKTHpOBaHH5I COCTOIlT 113 CI II!lTH,1J151UHOH-
Ham ,ACTeKTOpa, <jJOTOYMIlO)l{UTeJI5I <1>3Y-495, Y3.'Ia IJKJlI04CIIH5I <1>3Y, 6J10Ka I3b1XOA-
146
Horo KaCKa a, B COKOHOnbTHOrO npe06pa-
30UaTeJl5l, Y3J1a nO;.\KJlIO'IeI!HH H KO)l{YX a.
CBeTOII C IIC!lblWKII CUHHTH. . SlTopa ZnS
(Ag), 1303IIHKa!OlllHe JlpH nona allHH a-
4aCTHU, perHCTpHpYIOTC5I <l>9Y, r e npeo-
upa:JYIOTC5I IlIiMny.lbCbl nanpH)I{eHH5I On-
TH'IeCKHH KOJITaKT MP)I{;.\Y eTeKTopOM H
<l>3Y OCYU\E'CTIIJlSlE'TC5I C nO\IOII bJO Ha3('JlH-
I!a KB-3, l1\1n ,1bCbl C <l>3Y YCHJlHBalOTCH
H QJOPMHpYIOTCSI U nJlOKe BhIXO,llHOrO Kac-
Ka) a, II TlbIXO,!lC hOToporo B031111KaeT np5l-
loyrO.1bHhIH H IIIY,lhC OTpllllaTeJlb110ii 110-
JlHpllOCTH C aMn,'HTY OH 2,5:1:0,5 B,
IlHTallHe nJlOKa ,'\E'TeKTHpOBaHH5I ocy-
lIleCTBJlHeTC5I OT OJlOKa nHTal1ll51 THna
591-100 (<<.\JleKCaH,llpHT») H. H NIY no 06-
110ro C 11COOXO,Z\H\Ib1MH napa 1CTpa IH.
Bo I3ceM )J,Hana30HC H3MepellHH UJlOKa
,lleTCKTHpOnaHH5I OH MO)l{eT pa60TaTb C pe-
rHCTpHpylOlU.HM npH60poM THna P YIl-1 ,
6.3.5. H3MepHTeJlb CKOpOCTH CtfeTa YHM2-2 «AKTHHHH»
flpH60p YIIM2-2 «AKTlHIHSI» npe,Z\Ha3Ha4C11 ii.1H H3MepCHII5I cpe Heii CKOpOCTH
C4eTa H\lnYJlhCOU H CHr11aJlH3al HH 0 npeBblWeJlHH ec 33.l\allllbIX noporOllblX 311a'le-
JlHii (pHC 6 13). CKOpOCTb C4eTa H3MCp5leTC5I B ,llHana3011e 0,3-10 1 HMn./c C aIlTu laTH:
4eCKHM 11cpeK. IO'ICIIHE'\I H\leJOlJlIIXC5I 8 n0i1 Hana301l011 C norpewllocTblO, paBlioH
::1:20% 11pe,lCJlhIlOrO 31H14ellli51
WKa,1hl lIa nE'puo 1 nO;'\i(HaJla30-
IIC (0.3-3.0 It\Jn Ic) II :1:10%-
Ha OCTa':lbllbIX.
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PHC, 6,12. DJlOK eTeKTllpOl3aHlI5I
5.lI.3A201 «I3pycH11Ka»
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J.hJlI\ ,lbCbl nOCl \ nalOT OT J HHQJHIlHpOl3alllllJX rJlOKGB :It'TCKTllpOHaIll1l1 I'J.-, -,
y- H JleiiTpOlllluro 113':1) '1eJlHii, D,lUK j\CTt:'KTHpOBaHHSI a 4aCTHil THJla 5JL3A 2-0 I or,t:'c-
ne'lHII3t:'T IIPH 3(jJ<jJt:'KTHTllloCTH pt'IIICTpallHII, pauHuH 25%. CKopUCTi> C4f'Ta 0,8- OOO
HMn 1(' II ,JHaJl<l3UIlt:' n,'WTHOCTH 1I0TOKa a. 'laClllU 2. IOl-2 10" '!JCT I(\I!'C) OJlOKH
)(t' rl'K1II pOlla II HH Gg!)2-0 I H b,Llf>2-02 1t.1\tt'pSl KJT 1I,10TIIOCTio nOTU"UB -'I3C I HU II ,llHiI-
nalUllilX 2.10' - - 5,10 6 II H 10! - H 10. 'IaCl I( I!'C), 'ITO COU1BelCTlJ\t:'T CKO-
pOCTH C'Il'l<l B:lHilna30113x2,O-5.JO J H 2,5--2,4.10' liMn Ie. -
rIpll(jup 'IIM2-2 MO>Kt:'T paOOTaTb II KO\ln,1eKTe C UJlOKa\lH ;J,t'H'KlIlPOlIaHHH y-
1t3JI)'ICIJHH flillOB ;ll'-2, .JI'-I H JJ.f-3, B KU10p X ,!It:'Tt:'Kropa\IH HII.IHIOTCH riUOpaJ-
pH;lllbll" C4l'f'lHKH ClI-11" (5.10 -IO MKP,C), CJI-13f (0,3- 10! \I"P:d. CI1-3[;j' \3 -
loa \IKP/c). oGl'l'nE'4IlTlaIOll\Hl' CKOpOCTII C1leTa TI ;J.HalJa30l!aX I J-I,S.IO,j, :U'-
2,5 10&, 2,6--9,0 10 H\III /c l'COlBrTCTBeHHC.
6.3.6. A3p030JlbHO-ra30BblH pa,ll,HOMeTp PB-4 «)I.blMKa»
Pa,ll!O"leTp PB-4 «1l:bl\IKa» HI\. Hl'TC5I Jlt'peIiOCllhl\! npHoofJ()\1 ;l.1fT OOllap}>Kl'IIIiH
II Ill. 1I0;\11'1t:'l'''0I 0 1,3\1l'PC'HltfT OI)'bt:'\llIoii dKTI1HHIJCTl1 Ct.- II aETHI<HbIX a3p030JleA II
B-ilI<TLl\llbiX la301J IIPH Ea. > 4 :\\3B, r > 1,2 M3B 6e3 P,UjJ,l'.ll'IIIIH KUpOTKOfKHTlY-
ll.lll,'. It jJ,0,1J OfKlIlJ) ll\ItX cUCTan.IHIOlllIiX.
147
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X 1Q3 BK/M 3 (no 210PO), -aKTHBHblX a3p030JleH - B ,nHana30lle 37-3,7.10 4 DK/M 3
(no 32P), -aKTHBHblX ra30B - B ,nHana30He 3.7.10 4 -3,7.10 7 DK/M 3 (no 4JAr).
OCHoBHaH norpelliHocTb npH60pa COCTaBJlSleT :1:40%. BJIOK-CXCMa pa,nHoMcTpa PB-4
nOKa3aHa Ha pHC. 6.14.
A3p030JlbilaSi 4aCTb pa,nHoMeTpa PB-4 HCrrOJlb3yeT HaKOnJleHHC aKTHBHOCTH lIa
<pHJlbTpC npH IIpoKa4Ke 4epe3 Hero B03,nYXO,nYBKOH TIPB-1M onpe,J.eJlelllloro OU'beMa
3arpSl3HeHHoro B03,nyxa (06b14HO 0,2 M 3 ). 3Ha4eHHc 06'beMa aHa,1113HpycMoro u03Ayxa
onpe,neJlSleTCSI BpeMeHeM npoKa4KH no ceKYH,noMepy C-I-2a H CKOpOCThlO npOKa'lKH
no nOnJlaBKoBoMY pOTaMeTpy, KOTopaSi MO)l{eT perYJlHpOBaTbcSI nOTeIlI.\HOMCTpO 1
pacxo,na. TIpH YCTaHOBJleHHH norr,'laBKa pOTaMeTpa lIa ypoBHe pliCKH CKOpOCTb
npoKa4KH COCTaBJISIeT 20 .nIMHH.
AKTHBHOCTb HaKarrJlHBaeTCSI Ha JleHTe THna H9JI H3 <pHJlLTpYIOII ero MaTepHaJla
<1>TITI, <1>HJlbTp Haxo,nHTCSI B KacceTe C pa3MepOM OKHa 2,8X 1,4 CM, KOTopaSi YCTaHaB-
JlHBaeTCSI B B03,nyx03a60pHoM YCTpoHcTBe, COCTOSllll,eM 113 npH)I{H IHOH paMKH C lIa.
TS!)I{IIb1M 3aMKOM Ha Topne nJlaCTMaCCOBOH BOpOHKH. KacceTa C <pH'li>TpOM pa3Mew.a-
eTCSI Me)l{,ny paMKoii H UOpOHKOH H IIpH)I{HMaeTCSI K pe3HIIOTlbiM IIpOK,la;!KaM, Bopoll-
Ka lIaTlHII4HBaeTCSI Ha U03,nYX03auopllblH naTpy60K 1-I.1H COe,il,Hl!SleTCSI C IIH\[ W,laHrO\1.
TIocJle OKOH'JaIlHSI npOKat!KH KacceTa C <pHJlbTpOM BblHH laeTCSI 113 BOpUHKH H
BCTaBJlSleTCSI n rlle3,n0 6J10Ka ,neTCKTHpOBa!!HSI Ha nYJlbTC pa,nHoMeTpa, JIHJ e!3aH CTO-
pOHa <pHJlbTpYIO!ueH JIeHTW ,lloJl)l{lIa 6b1Tb 06pall eHa K OJlOKY AeTeKTHpollaHHSI (.(-
H3J1Y4eIlHSI, COCTOSlw.eMY 113 CnHHTIIJlJlHTOpa ZnS (Ag) TOJlIll,HlruH 15-20 MK [, ,llllaME'T-
pOM 3 eM lIa nO,ll,JlO)l{Ke H3 oprCTeKJla TOJlW.HHOH 2 MM II <1>3Y-35. CUHHTHJI,lS1TOP
ZnS (Ag) 3aKpbIT ,nBYMSI CJlOSlMH aJlIOMHIIHpOBalll!ofi cBeTo3all HTIlOH n.leIlKH. L!.eTcK-
TOpOM -H3J1Y4eJlHSI CJlY)I{HT ra30pa3pSl,nllblH C4eHI-IK CG T-II A, paCIIOJlO)l{eHH(,JH C
06paTHoH CTOpOHbI <PHJlbTpYlOlueH JleHTbI H 3aKpblTb!H nJleHKOH TO,lIl1,HIWH 5-10 MKM;
rrOCJle,nHSISI COBMeCTHO co CJlOeM TKaHH <pHJlbTpa 1I0r Jlow.aeT (.(-t!aCTH!lh!.
BblXO,nHb!M YCTPOHCTBOM H3MepHTeJlbHOH cxeMbl SlTI.'1S1eTCSI cTpe,10411b1H 3,leKTpo-
MexallH4ecKHH CIJeT'lHK M9C-54 , perHcTpHpYIOW.Ht"! ue3 IIpOCI!eTO!3 CKOpOCTH C4eTa
,ll0 20 HMn./c. AJISI pacwHpellHSI ,llHalla30Ha perHcTpHpyeMblx aKTHIIHocTeH npH\lC-
HS!IOTCSI K03<p<pHI.\HeIlTbI nepec4eTa I : 2, I : 10, I : 100 PauoTa 113 IepI!TeJlb!loii cxe-
Mbi KOHTpoJlHpyeTcSI peJlaKCaUHoIIHblM rellepaTOpO\1, .'Ia\1na KOToporo BldTll','1E'Ba Ha
na lleJlb ny JlbTa H cOnpOBO)l{,naeT BcnblwKoH Ka)l{,lI,oii l!Topofl I! \my .'!bC, 3a perH-
cTpHponaHHblH C4CT4HKOM.
.TIepexo,ll, OT aKTHBHOCTH <pHJlbTpa, rrpollopuHolla.lblloH CKOpOCTI! C'leTa 113\1epH-
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I!bl\l nYTe\( (CM. r,1. 5, Jla60paTopHaSi pa6oTa) 1I.1H C nmlOw.blO YKpen.le!lHoro lIa
KpblWKe nyJlbTa [eXaHH\)eCKOrO OTC'leTHoro )'cTpoiiCTBa.
4-
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/1 -- CK.ld,iJ,II..tH Ka \1C'p I
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9,35 JI. B OCIIO!3allIlH KOTOpOH HaXO,AHTCH C4CT4HK C5T-IO, a TaK)I{e Ma,1)'10 ra30BYIO
KaMepy o6'br IO ! 0.5 JI, IIO\!rll.\aeMYlo TI C!3HHUO!3)'1O :JalllHTY, K lIepxHeH KphllllKe KOTO-
pOH C I3HYTpeHileH CTOpOHhi IIpHKpCnJleH C4CT4HK C5T-10. Bb!!lOCHhie U.l0KH ,Z\eTCK-
THpOTlallHH -H3J1Y4eIlHH nO,J,COeiJ,HHHIOTCH K ny.'1bTY paJ\Ho leTpa, 113\1epllTeJlbHaH
cxeMa KOToporo HcnoJlb.-!yeTcH ,AJl5I onpe,neJlellHH CKOpOCTH C'ICTa, IIponopUHOlla.1I,-
IIOH OO'bC IIIOH aKTHTlIIOCTIi ra3a. TIpoKa4Ka ra3a '!rpC3 1la.lyIO KaMepy OCYll.\eCTTlJlH-
eTCH cxe\1oii npooooToopa pa,llHOMeTpa PB-4. 3aIlo.1I1ellHe CKJlaiJ,1I0H KaMepld -aK-
THTllIhl 1 ra30M npOTlOiJ,IITCH IlPH ee pacTHrHBallHH, Pa,Z\lIoaKTHBHblC a3p030.IH nor JlO-
ll.\aIOTC5I qm,'hTpO\1 lIa TlXO,le KaMcpb!.
I'pai\YHpoRKa pa,AIIO lcTpa npOH3BO,'\HTCH IlO 06pa3J\ORhiM a- H -HCTOqHHKaM
BToporo pa3pH,la (COOTIJCTCTBellllo 239PU H 9 0 Sr'j 9 0 Y), HMHTHPYIOll.\II ! HaKolI,1eHHYIO
aKTHTlHOCTb Q1H.1bTpa.
6.3.7. nOHCKOBblH pa.ll.HOMeTp ra30B PfE-3-01 «J10MOHOC»
Pa,AHOMCTp PfB-,1-01 «.10;'IOHOC» (pllC, 6.15) Ilpe;IHa lIa\lell i\.1H KOIlTpO.1H pa-
,!J.lIanllOlliiOH O(JcTaHOIlKII TI OUC.1Y)l{HTlacMblx IIOMell.\ellHHX A3C npH H3\1CpeIlHIl OO'bC\!-
lIoii aKTHllllOCTII pa,],1I0aKT!lI3HbIX ra30Tl IJ l303,lyxe II \101I HOCTH ,Z\03b1 Y-H3,lY'leHHH,
a TaK)I{l' l\.lH onepaTlllllloro 06I1aPY)l{eHIIH npoTelleK pa,l110aKfHl3I1J.IX ra30H TI TeXIIO-
,1onPleCKU\1 oOopy,],oBaIIlfll A3C
OU'bCMlla51 aKTHllllOCTb pa.:\HoaKTlIlJllhlX ra30!3 IlPH !aKCHMa,1hllOii ,IIeprHH 113-
JlY"E'IIHH. npellhllUaJOll.\rH 0,1 '\I3B, onpe,l\e,'151rTCH B ;\lIana30l!e 3,7,10:;-3,7 lOll
DK/\1 3 . OCIlO!3!!aH norpewllocTb H>MepeIlHH KOlIllE'liTpallHII OT;\e,1hllbIX paJ\HoHYK,IH-
,!lOll TI 1303)\yxe COCTa!3.1Her :!:30%, iJ,.IH CMeCH C !!eWmCCTilbiM OTilOCIITE',ll,lIbDI co,Z\ep-
)l{aIlHC\! IlYK,lH;\OIJ OCKOJlO'lHOrO lIpO!lCXO)l{)\eHHH H I!HepT!!bIX ra'iOI3 paTl!!a :1: 60%
TIpHIIUHII ,],ciicTlJIl51 pa;J,HO\leTpa OCI!OllaH Ha H.-!MepeIlHH TOKa IIpUTO'lHOH !lOIlH-
3alUtol!IIOII Ka"lE'pbl, KOTOphlf! uponopliHOlla.le!! KOIlUl'I1TpaU!!H ra300upa3Hhix "YK-
.'1H;lOTI TI KOIITpo.1Hpye\lO ! B03;lyxe MOll.\I10CTb 3KCII031!IlIIOIIHOI"I iJ,03hl ,\,'H3.1y'!ellIlH
H3 lrpHl'rcH II ,lHalfa30Ile 0.3-30 \!KP/C C OCIIOTlIIOH nOrpE'UlHOCTbIO ,!: 30 o BpE'\!5I
lIenpr»hlTlIl/)jl paooTbl pa,lHo leTpa PEf-,1-01 CUCTall,151er 8 \1, Iacca npHoopa 7 Kr.
6.3.8. Pa.ll.HOMeTp 2522-02M «51ceHb-1I1»
Pa;\1I0\Ie rp 2522-02,\1 «51ceHb- I I b> II pe'1I1a3Ha\leIl :\-151 onrpaTHIJ I1oro KOH rpo.l51
OO'heMIIOII aKTIIHilOCTI! nllTbeTlOH BOJlb! n OTKpbIThlX BO.10l'\lax. OOVc'101l.1E'1II10H ,J,o,'1ro
)l{ItH) II \11 WI npo,lYKTa IH ,i(e,lrlll!5I (90Sr + 90Y, HICe i HipI', 137C5, lUHRu 'j' 106Rh.
PHC. 615. Pa,llHOMeTp PfD,3 01 «.'10\IOII/)C»
149
lS1 I), !! Jj.Hana30lle 1,8.10 6 -1,8.10 8 DKIM 3 npH 3HeprHHX -'1aCTHI.\ OT 0,2,ll0 5,0 M3B.
OCllo!JllaH norpelUllOCTb H3MepeHHH COCTaBJIHeT :-l:35%.
LLaT'lHKOM -H3JIY4CHHH HIIJlHt'TC!I nJlaCTMaCCOBblH CI.\HHTH.1J1HTOP, COCTOHLL\HH
H3 10 nJlaCTHII nJIOII a,il,blO 10- M 2 H TOJlLL\HHOH 2,5 MM Ka)l{,llaH, pa60TalOLL\HX KaK CBe-
TOBO,llhl nOJIHOrO nllYTpellHero OTpa)l{eHHH CI.\HHTHJIJlHPYIOII Ht' nJlaCTHHbI HaXOJj.HT-
CH B lIenOCpe,llCTnellHOM onTH4eCKOM KOIiTaKTe C <poToKaToJj.oM ct>3Y-82.
B COCTan pa,llHOMeTpa, KpOMe CUHHTHJIJlHUHOHHoro 6J10Ka ,lleTeKTHpOBaHHH,
6.'10Ka ceTt'uoro nHTaHHH H 3J1eKTpOHHoro nyJlbTa, MorYT 6hITb nKJlI04eHbI 6J10K KOII-
l.\eHTpHponallHH BOJJ.HOH np06b1 H UJlOK ,lleTeKTHpOBaHHH Ha OCI!OBe rll30pa3p!l,llllblX
C4l'T4HKon CI1-8o.
I1oporoBaH 4YBCTBHTeJlbHOCTb pa.D.HOMeTpa (DK/ ) Ha HaJlH4HH cnHHuonoH 3a-
II\HTbI 6,10Ka ,lleTeKTHpOBaIlHH COCTan.'Hl'T 3.IOS (60CO, HICe --;- 144Pr, 106R II +
+ 106Rh), 4.IOJ (90Sr -1- 90Y), 7.loa (I37CS) , 1,7,10 (131J).
6.3.9. Pa,ll,HOMeTp 2323-01 «6HOTa»
PaJj.HOMCTP 2323-01 IIpe,llHd3Ha4eH ,llJlH rpa,llYllpOBKH H nOBt"pldl paJJ.HoMeTpO!!
-aKTllnllblX ra30H n npOH3BO.l\CTBeHHblx yC_JlOBHHX, a TaK)I{e JJ.JlH H3\1epellHH 06'beM-
1I0H aKTHBHOCTII -aKTHBHblX ra301J ( 1 Ar, 8 a Kr, 133Xe H HX cMcceH IJ B03:\yxe) B ,llHa-
naaol!e 1,8,10 -9.10H OK/M 3 . llaT'lHK pa,llHO\1t'Tpa - HOIIHaaUHOlillaH KaMepa-
3anOJlIIHeTCH H03.1)'XOM, CO,il,ep)l{aIUIiM ra30oupa311ble pa,llHOaKTHnllblC IIpH\leCH, C
nOMOLL\blO uCTpoellHoH U03,llYX0,llYBKH HJlH ilHeUIlleH n03,llyx03aoopHoii CHCTeMhI. B03-
IIHKalOLL\Hft HOIIH3auHollllblH TOK IIponopUHOllaJleli OC'bCMHCii aKTIII'HOCTH ra3a. Dc-
HOBllaH norp lill'O( Tb H3v.cpeHHH KOlll eHTraUHH pa)lHOaKl HI'HbIX (JI<TOpO,il,HblX ra-
30B ( I AI', " Kr, 133Xe) He IIpeHbllllaeT :i:: 10%, ,il,JlH OleCH UYKJlH,llOB lIeH3BeCTlioro
COCTaBa e' Ar H II)'K.llt,llbl ra3011 CCKO.lO'IHoro IIPOHCXO)l(,llfIlHH) - lie 60.1el' ::I:35 o.
6.4. CTALU10HAPHA5I A03HMETPHtJECKA5I
AnnAPATYPA
6.4.1. LlHIjJPOBOH H3MepHTeJlb MO HOCTH ,lI,03b1 H MALl-70
OrallltOllapubJii MHKpoprHHt'HOMeTp lfMllI -70 IIpel\HaJHalJt'1I ,llJlH HJMepeHHH
3KCJlO{HIlHUIIIIOii MOIlUiOC I'll ,10JhI Y-H3.1Y'IeIlHH C 3HeprHeii OT 0,15 M313 j O 1,3 M3B
II .lHaIla3UIlt' 0,1-1.10 1 'AKP/C C OCIIOBIIOH I10rpeUlHoCTblO ::1-10°0 lluno.lII l.fTe.lb-
!13H norpewllocTb, 06ycJloB.leHHaH 3aBlICitMOCTblO IIOKa.iaHHH or 311eprllH Y-K!\aHTO!!,
Hl' IIpeBblwaeT ::I:20 o B J KaJaHHml
H HTCpBaJll' 31la'IeHH H l:"
IlpH npeBblUiellHH' )'cTalloB,lell-
HOJi !OlUHOCTI! ,il,03bl BK.'1IO'laeTCH 3B)'-
KOBaH H cut'TOBaH CHrllaJlH3anH5I IIpl!-
uopa, a TaK)I{t' 33MblKalOTCH KOHTaK-
Thl IIlIr UllieH CHrIlam.f3aUIIII
MH KpoprllTrellO\IPTp I1M..'lll 70
COrTOIIT 113 Bbll!OCHOrO U,lOKa j(t'Tt'I(-
THpOlJaIlH5I lIa OCHoue TOKOIIUH HOI!H-
3aUHOliHOH Ka lephl OU'be IOM 5.<
X 1 C-J M 3 II pel HC rpaTOp" C UH<pPo-
ilOft IHIAHKaIlHc'H Pt'3Y,lhTaTUI! H3\It'pe-
HIIH Ila 3JIl'I<TpO.1KHIHII(CUt'HTIiOM CT-
pOHCTUt' O.10K ;J.l'Tt'KTllpOBaIlI!H MO)l{t'T
UblTb Yl\a,leH Ha paccTOHIIHe,110 100 M
100
PHC fj 16 oa30Hblii 6.10K !leT\'KlllpOBa-
III!H 5LlGC3-J e.\\ «BopH»
ot pel'lIctpaTOpa. tJlOK cilJ'ItaJl1l3aUHII COCTOIiT 113 CxeM TMHO!\: y taHoBKIl HyJBl,
3BYKOBOii H CBeTOBOii CHrUaJlH3al.\HH, a TaK)I{e ClfrllaJlH3al.\HH nepenOJlHeHHR no,ll-
,nHana30Ha, HallpH)I{tHHC Ha 6J10K IIHTaHHR nO;!<!CTCH OT ceTH nepeMeHHoro TOKa.
fIPH60p paCC'IHTaH lIa HenpepblB HYIO pa60TY iI Te'lellHe 24 'I.
6.4.2. 6a30BbIH 6J10K ,ll.eTeKTHpOBaHHH 6)J.6C3-1eM «BopH1)
Ba30Bblii UJIOK ,lleTeKTHpOBaHHR B.lI.BC3-lcM «BOpH» (pHC. 6.16) npe,D.lla3Ifa-
'leu ,lI,JlH perHCTpal.\HH H cneKTpoMeTpHH I'-KBaHToB B ,D.Hana30He 3ueprHii 0,03 -
3M3B, ct-'1acTHI.\-1 -10 M3B, -'1aCTHlI. - 0,05-3 M3B. .lI.JlH cneKTpo leTpHH
I'-H3J1Y'IeHHH npHMellSlIOT CI.\HHTHJlJlHTOpbl NaI(Tl). I<:pHCTaJlJlbl pa3MepoM 6,3 X
6,3 CM HMelOT IIPH E/-O,66 M3B 3HepreTH4ecKoe pa3pellleHHe H 3<jJ<jJeKTIIBIIOCTb pern-
CTpal.\HH COOTileTCTBeHHO 13 H 52%, pa3MepoM 4 X 4 CM - I I H 45%, fIpH CIICKTpO-
MeTp HH -'1aCTHI.\ HcnoJlb3YlOT OpraHH'IeCKHii CUHHTHJlJIHTOp (aHTpal.\eH) pa3MepoM
2,5 X 1,0 CM C 3HepreTH'IeCKHM pa3pellleHHeM H 3lj><jJeKTHBHoCTbIO perllCTpal.\HH IIPH
Ef> 0,62 M3B, COOTBeTCTBeliHO paBHblMH 17 H 20%.
CI.\HIITHJIJlHTOP CsI(TI) pa3McpoM 6,3 X 0,35 MM npHMeHHIOT ,llJlH cneKTpOMeT-
pHH a-'1aCTHII. C 3HepreTH'IeCKHM pa3pellleHHeM 15%, 3<1><1>eKTHBHOCTbIO perHCTpal.\HH
60% npH Ea = 5,3 M3B.
6.4.3. Pa,ll.HOMeTp PKC2-02 «KaJlHHa»
Pa,D.HOMCTp PI<:C2-02 cI<:aJlHHa:t npeAHa3Ha'ieu ,nJlH H3MepeHHH B B03,nyxe 06'b('M-
HOM KOHlI.eHTpal.\HH ,nOJlrO)l{HBYIl\HX -aKTHBHblX 33p030JleH, napOB pa,ll,HOHYKJlH,lla
1. 1 1 H -aKTHBllbiX ra30B (pHC. 6.17).
PHC. 6.17. Pa,llHoMCTp PI<:C2-02 «I<:aJlHHa:.>
151
OG'beMlIaSI aK'rIJ!JHOClh J\OJlrO)l{rIBYLL\IIX B-H3J1y t lalOLL\HX a3p030Jleii 113MepHeTCst
B ,llHana30HC 1_1,10 4 BK/M 3 , 3KTHnllOCTb 13 11 - B ,llHana30He 10 - 1.10 4 BK/M 3
C OCIiOBHOii norpelllllOCTblO lie 60Jlee :1:70%.
OU'be !I!aH 3KTHBIIOCTb pa,llHOaKTHBllbiX 6J1aropO,ll,HblX ra30H H3MepHcTcH B )J.Ha'
na30lle 3,7.10 5 -3,7.10 9 BK/ 13 ,ll. H 4lAr, 5,6.10 6 - 5,6.10 9 DK/ A,lH 6Kr II 1,7 X
X 10 6 -1,7.10 10 BK/M 3 ,llJlH 133Xc.
)].onYCTHMaH MOll\llOCTb ,l103bI Y-1I3J1Y'leIIHH B leCTax )'CTaIlOBKH 6J10KOB ,lleTeKTH-
pOBaHHH paBlIa 0,1 MKP/C. '
P2,llIlOMeTpbl PKB2-02 H PKC2-02 pa60TalOT no O,llHHaKODOMY IIPHHUIIIIY II co-
,lI,ep)l{aT O,ll,HHaKOBbie UJlOKH ,lleTeKTHpoBaIIHH ,lI,OJlrO)l{HHYLL\IIX -aKTHBHbIX a3p030JleH
(B)].AB2-01), -aKTlluHblX ra30U (B)].1'B2-01) C HOHH3al.\HOIlIlOii KaMcpoii 06'beMOM
3.10-' M 3 , a TaK)I{C H3MCp HTeJlbHOe YCTPOHCTBO YB K2-04.
B pa,llHO IeTpe PKC2-02 lI:IIeeTCH 6J10K ,lI,eTeKTHpoBaHHSI Tllna B)].Ar2-0 I, B KOTO-
pOM lIa <jJHJlbTPYIOLL\YIO JlCIiTY C<l>JI-2 OCa)l{,lI,aIOTCH napbl MOJleKYJlHplIUrO 1I0,lla H H3-
MepHeTCH HaKonJlellllaH aKTIIBlIOCTb pa,llHOHYKJlH,lI,a,
KpOMe Toro, U COCTa£! pa,ll,IIOMCTpa BXO,ll,HT UJlOK ;.\eTeKTllponaHHH THna B)].Il1'2-09
,llJlH H3MepeHHH YPOIJHH Y-1I3J1Y4eHIIH, 06yc,10BJleHHOrO I1aKOIIJleIlHhaIIlO,llO\1. )]..lH an-
TOMaTH'IeCKOH KOMneHCal.\HII y-<jJolia B KaHaJle H3:11epeIlHH aKTHIJHOCTH II 0)\ a 113 ,llBYX
nOCJle,llOBaTeJlbIlOCTeii CHrlIa.l0B OT 6J10KOn D)].Af2-0 I H B)J.I1f2-09 <jJopMHPyeTcH
pa3110CTHaH nOCJle.i\ODaTeJlbHOCTb HMnyJlbCOIJ.
6.4.4. YCTaHOBKa ,lI,JlSI ,lI,03HMeTpH'IeCKOrO H pa,ll,Hall.HOHHOro
TeXHOJlOrH'IeCKOrO KOHTpOJISI 8004-01 «CHCTeMa»
MliorOKaHaJlbliaH YCTalIOUKa nIlla 8004-01 «CHcTcMa» IIpe,,\Ha3I1a4CHa ,lI,JlH ,llH-
CTaHI.\HOIlIIOro H3MepeIlHH :IIOLL\HOCTII J\03hl y-1I3J1Y4CIIHH (5, 1O- -5.IOJ IKP/C),
n,10TIIOCTeii nOTOKOB TenJlOUbIX HciiTpOIiOU [10 4 -10 8 IIcihp./(C'M 2 )], npOMe)l{YTO'l-
HldX I1eihpOIiOB [10 5 _IO M lIeiiTp ,/(C 'M 2 )], 6hlCTpblX HciiTPOHOB [10 5 -I{}II lIeiiTp /
(C'M2)] 06'be lIiOii aKTHBIIOCTH t:I-aKTHBHbIX ra30B (1,8.10 4 -3,7.10 8 B0M 3 ), -aK-
THBHblX ra30H a3p030JlCH (3,7-3,7. 1Q3 B0:11 3 ), a;-aKTHHHLlX a3p030JleH (0,4-
3,7-10 2 BK/ 13). KpOMC Toro, oCYll.\eCTUJlHCTCSI aHTOMaTH'ICCKaH CBCTouaH H 3HYKoBaH
CHrHaJlH3al.\HH 0 npeHhllllcIIHH 3a,llaHHOrO YPOBHH no BceM nHJ\aM perHcTpHpYCMhlX
B Ka)l{)J.oii T04Ke HOHH3HPYIOLL\HX H3J1Y'IeHHH, anTOMaTH'leCKaSI 3anHCb lIa JleHTY ca-
MonHCl.\a YPoBHeii H3.1Y4CHHH JIIo60ro H3 KaHaJlOU, HII,llHKaUHH pa)J.HaUHOHHoii ou-
CTaHOBKIV o)J.HO£!peMeHHo U 50 KO!lTpOJlHpyeMLIx TotIKax Ha 3KpaHe 3J1CKTpOHII0-JlY-
'1eBOH TPy6KH, H3McpCIIHe pa3I10CTH nOKa3alIHii 6J10KOB )\eTeKTHpoBaIIHH - H y-
H3.1Y4CIIHH HJlH ,llBYX UJlOKOH )\eTeKTHpOBaIlHH y-H3J1YQeHHH. ITpe,ll,YC\10TpeHa nepe-
,lla4a pe'lenoii IIII<jJupMaUHH C nYJlbTa B MeCTa pacnOJlO)l{eHHSI 6J10KOB ,lleTeKTHpoBaIIIIH,
aBTOMaTH'IeCKaH H PY4I1aH npOIJepKa pa60ToCnoc061I0CTH ncex KaHaJlOB C IIpIlMeIlC-
IIHeM )J.HCTaHI.\HOHlIo-ynpa£!JlHeMbIX KOIITpOJIbIlbIX HCTOt!HHKOU HOHH3Hp)'10w:ero
H3J1jt!CIIHSI (6J1CIIKepou), I1h1UOpotllIOe H3MepCIIHe YPoBlIeH H3J1Y'ICHHH lIa nblXO,ll,e JlI<-
HHH CBH3H lllHpOKO)J.Hana30HIIblM HIITelICHMeTpOM C JlorapH<jJMHQeCKOii lllKaJlOH, B03-
MO)l{II0 H3:11elleHHe YKa3aHHbIX ,llHana30HOB H3MepeliHii CMellOH 6J10KOU ,lI,eTcKTHpona-
I1HS!, Cxe ra IJhlnOJlHCIIa IIOJlIlOCThlO lIa TpaH3HCTopaX C npllMellCHHNI nC4aTHoro MOII-
Ta)l{a. B KOMnJleKT HXO,llHT: lIa60p 6J10KOB ,lI,eTeKTHpOBaIlHH, AO 5 H3MepHTe,'1blIblX
H CHrIlaJlbHhlX CTOCK (Ka)l{Aa51 Ha 50 KaHaJlOB), yC'rpoHcTBa CHrllaJlH3aI.\HH, ilLlIIOC-
HOrl ny.lbT ynpailJleHHH UJlOKaMH ,lI,eTeKTHponallHH a3p030Jleli.
OUoULL\eHHaH THnOBaSI CTPYKTypHaH CXCMa UJlOKa ,llCTeKTllpouaIlHH YCTaHoBKII
8004-01 nOKa3aHa Ha pHC, 6.18.
3J1CKTpHIJeCKHH CHrllaJl, B03IIHKalOlI HH npH 06J1Y'lCHHH HOHH3a! HOII!lOrO H.1H
CI.\HHTHJlJI!lI.\HOIIIIOro ,lleTeKTOpa 1, nocTynaeT Ha peJi corJlaCoualIHH 2 BbiCOKoro
BblXO,lllIorO conpOTHnJleHHH ,lI,eTeKTOpa C BXO,ll,HblM conpOTHB.leHHeM YCIIJlHTeJlH 3,
KOTOphiH 06ecne4HnaeT npeBblllleHHe nopora cpa6aTbIBal!HH ,lI,IICKpH\rHHaTopa 4.
fIOCJleJ\HHH He IIponYCKaCT lll)'MOBblC HMny.lbCbI C a\m.1HTY.i\OH, \leIlbUreii YCTaHOnJll'l!-
Horo lIopora ,lI,HCKpH\lHHaUHH, lhmYJlbcbI C a:llIlJlHTY,llOH, npenOCXO,'J.HII l'i\ ::ITOT 110-
por,lIanpaB,lHIOTCH no KaO('JlIO ,lI,JlIIHoii ,ll0 200 \1 IJ H3MepHTc,lb1lY!O CTOHKY,
}l.lH ; IICTaftl IIOftftoii nponrpKII 6.'10Ka ;teTeKTHponaIlHSI I1pC,'J.)'CMOTpCH U.1CII'
Kep 5 - yc rpolic rno, cO,llep)l{all ee 3aKpbITblii KOIiTpOJlblll,lii IICTOlllllIK H3J1y IJCIII1SI,
IlpH no;!aIJe nanpH)I{elIHH lIa 6,lclIKep HCTOIJIIHK OTKph!BaerCH II OU:ly'laeT npO£!epHC-
Mblii ,lleTCKTop.
152
PHC. 6.18, Ou06Il.\ellllaH CTPYKTypHaSl
CXCMa 6J10Ka ,lI,eTeKTHpOBaIlIlH YCTaIlOIJ-
KH 8004-01 «ClicTeMa»:
1 - )!CTeKTOp 2 - Y3eJl cor JlaCOBallH>I co-
npOTHBJleHH>I )!eTCKTOpa H YCHJlHTeJlH; J -
YCHJlHTCJlb: 4 - D.HCKpIlMIIIIaTOp; 5 - 6,1011'
Kep: 6 - (j.'OK HHTaHH>I
T
:,;-
f Z J .
6
YCTpoiicTBO nHTaHHH 6 06ecnetJHnaCT Hc06xo,ll,IIMbI 1 lIanpH)I{ellHeM l\eTeKTOp H
3J\eKTpOHHYW CXCMY 6J10Ka )\eTeKTHpOBaHHH.
npHBe.'J;CHHaH Ha pHC. 6.18 0606LL\CHllaH CTPYKTypHaSI cxeMa cooTBeTcTnycT
UJlOKaM ,lI,eTCKTHpOllaHH!! TCnJlOlJblX, npOMC)I{YT04HblX H 6bICTpl X HE'HTpOHOB (IJ 3a-
lIHCHMOCTli OT IJli)\a CUHIITH,lJ1HTopa) THna 6841 H UJlOKaM l\eTeKTHponaHHSI TCIIJlOlJblX
HciiTpOHOIJ nma 6844, n KOTOpbIX npHMcHHWTCH 6opco; ep)l{aLL\HC C'leT'lJ!KH (CHM-32,
CHM-42). 1303\1o)l{Ha pcrHcTpanHSI HeiiTpoHoB B yc.l0nHHx 3HatJHTE'JlbHOrO y-cpOlla,
HMnYJlbCbl OT KOToporo nOl\anJ\HWTCSI ,llHCKpHMHHaTopoM.
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06CTaHOBKOH Ii KOHTpOJIe 3a co6J110.n:ermeM nepCOHaJIOM HOp'vt Ii rrpaBHJI
pa.n.IiaT HOHHOH oe30rraCHOCTH. n03TOMY 06ecrre4eHHe 6e30naCHOCTJ.t A:::X:
Tpe6yeT 3aTpaTbI onpe.n.eJIeHllbrX cpe;r,CTB n YCHJIlil1.
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JIOKaJIH3YIOw.He, o6ecrre4HBalOw.Hc H yrrpaBJJHIOw.He*;
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178
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l I1H 060py; oBaHl1H H 1'py60npoBo.n.oB;
4) HblCOKoe Ka4eCT!30 CTpOJlTeJIbIlO- ,lOHTa)/{IiLIX pa60T B COOTBeTCTBl1H
C npOCKTilOH )[OKYMeIlTaL1-l1eH;
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Hl1lJeCKliH KOI!TpO.lb COCT05lHI1H 06oPY)I.oBaHHH 11 ero pa60Tocnoc06HoCTII,
CI30eBpC elllla51 3aMella H3HOCHBlllcrOC51 06opy.n.oBaHHH.
K oprallH3aL1-HoHHbIM Mepa'vl 06ccne4eHH51 6e30naCHoCTH A3C O1'HO-
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TcxIIH4ecKoH ) oKYMeHT31 HeH Ii TeXHOJIOrHlJeCKHMH HIICTPYKL1-HHMH no
3KcluIyaTaL1-JlH;
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Tpe60BaHHH no paAHaIU!OHHOI1 6e30llacHocTH, cO)I.ep)/{aw.HXC5I B TeXHO-
JlOr114CCKHX HHCTPYKL1-l151X;
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)l.IIaL1-HOHHOH 6e30nacHocTII, ocyw.eCTBJIHCMOe OT)l.eJIOM oxpaHLI TpY)l.a 11
TeXHHKH 6c30llaCHOCTlI, oCYLLl.eCTI3JIHeMOe OT)l.eJlOM oxpaHLI TpY)l.a H Tex-
Hl1KH 6e30nacHocTH A3C, H KOHTpOJIb 3a C06JIIO.n.ermeM HOpM, npaBl1JI 11
Tpe60BaHHH no pa;I,HaUHOHHOI1 6e30naCIIOCTI1;
4) Tpe60BaHl15I K 3KCnJIya1'anHOHHOMY nepcona.7IY.
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ilHOHHOH 6C30naCHOCTl1 A3C, nocKo.lbKy OH 06eCne411BaeT nOJIY4eHl1e He-
06XO)l.II'v1oii IIHcpopMaI l1l1 0 COCT05lHl1H pa)l.Haill101I1IOH 06cTaHOBKl1 BHY-
Tpl1 A3C, BO BHcIlllIeH cpe:I.c, a TaK)/{C 0 )l.03e 06JIYQCHH5I I1CpCOHaJIa.
7.1. OEECnPIEHHE EE30nACHOCTH
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A3C, 51B.l51eTCH TeXHOJIOrlllJeCKHH perJIaMellT, cO.il.ep)Kau Hil npaBHJIa H
OCHOBIiLle IIpHeMbr 6e30naclloH 3KCIIJIY3Tal HH CTaHilHH, 06W.Hl1 nopH)l.oK
BLIIIOJIlleIlHSr 0llep3ilHH, CBH3aHHbIX C 6e30nacllocTbIO A3C, a TaK)/{e npe-
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,Z:Ll1peKilHeil A3C Ha OCIlOBaHHH YTBCp)/{.n.eHHoro TeXHOJIOrH4eCKoro
perJIaMeHTa pa3pa6aTbiBalOTcH TeXIIOJIOrl1lJCCKHe HHCTPYKilHH no 3KcnJIY-
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3KCnJIyaTailHI! A3C, B nepHo)l. npoBe)l.cHHH 1I.1aHoBO-IIpe.n.ynpe)l.HTeJIbHbIX
peMoHToB II neperpY30K 51)I.CpHOro TOnJIHBa, a TaKlKe ollpe.n.eJIH1'b )l.eIICT-
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179
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MeHTltpY10TCH YKa3aHHblMH TeXHOJIOrHqeCKHMH HHCTPYKll,HH.MH, a TaK)Ke
Cnell,HaJIbHblMlf HHCTPYKll,lfHMH Ha CJIyqal'l aBaplfH.
B TeXHOJIOmqeCKOH HHCTPYKll,HH no 3KCIIJIyaTall,lfIi 06opY,lI,OBanHH H
CHCTeM A3C ,lI,OJI)KHbl 6b!Tb YKa3aHbl:
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MhJ;
2) 1I0pH,lI,OK nO,ll,rOTOBKIf K nYCKY, IIOpH,lI,OK IIYCK3, OCTa/lOBKlf H 06-
CJIY)KHBaHHH 060py.n.oBaHHH (ycTaHoBKlf, cHCTeMb!) no npeMH I10pMaJIhilOH
3KCnJIyaTall,HIf H npH anapHHx;
3) nOpH,lI,OK ,lI,OnycKa K OCMOTPY, peMoHTY H HC/lhITaHHHM 06opy.J1.oBa-
HHH (ycTaHoBKlf, cIfcTeMbl);
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6e30lIacHocTH, B3pbIBO- If nO)Kap06e30lIacHocTH, clIcll,wlmqecKHe ,lI,JIH ,lI,ali-
HOro o60pY,lI,OBaHHH (ycTaHoBKll, cHcTeMbl).
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6blTb YKa3aHbl:
1) /lepeqeHb HHCTPYKll,HH no 06CJIY)KHBaIlH1O o60pY.lJ.OBaHHH (ycTaIloB-
KH HJIH cHcTeMbI); cxeM If YCTPOHCTB 060pY,lI,OB3I1 II 51, 3HaHHe KOTOpblX 0651-
3aTeJIbHO ,lI,JIH ,lI,aHHOH .lJ.OJI)KHOCTI1;
2) 06'heM 3HaHHH H nepeqeHb pa3,l1,eJIOB H3 «llpaBHJI pa,ll,Ha1UiOllHoH
6e30lIaCIIOCTH npH 3KCIIJIyaTall,HH A3C», a TaK)KC 06heM 3HaIIHH ITO TCX-
miKe 6e30lIacHocTH, H,lI,epHOH, B3pbIBO- H /lo)KapoGe30lIacHocTH;
3) IIpaBa, 06H3aIlHocTH H OTBeTCTBeHIIOCTb nepcoIla.1a;
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3aIlHbiM no pa60Te nepCOHaJIO.M.
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6e30IlaCHOCTH, BKJI10qaeMblX B 3KCIIJIyaTall.HoIlHbie HHCTPYKlI.IfH. 3HaHHe
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raHal\fH fOCCaHIIa,ll,30pa.
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1) 06eCIIeqHTb npOBe,ll,eHHe opraHH3a!IHOllIIblX H TeXH!lqCCKHX Mepo-
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Tam H 06YIJelme nepCOHaJIa 6e30naCHbIM MeTO,lI,aM pa60TbI, KO!ITpOJIb 33
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2) CJIe,lI,IfTb 3a pa,lI,HaIJ,HOHHOii o6cTaHoBKoii If ee COOTBeTCTBIfeM ,lI,ony-
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BHelllHero H BHYTpeHHero 06JIYIJeHIfH nepCOHaJI3 H YMeHbweHHIO pa,lI,HO-
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HbIX 3HaqeHHH;
3) BHocHTb nOCJIe COrJIaCOBaHHH C OTJ{eJIOM OT I-I TB H YTBepm,lI,eHI-I5l
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lJ,HOHIIOe B03,lI,eHcTBHc I1a nepcmlaJJ.
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Hble nOMellJ,ellH51, r; e pa3MellJ,aeTC51 TeXHOJIOrHIJeCKOe oVopY,lI,OBa!IHe H
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)l.JfOaKTHI3HOrO 3arpH3I1CHH51;
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pa60T, CB513aIlHhIX C BCKpbITHeM TeXHOJIOrHQecKOrO 06opY,lI,OBaIlHH; Y3JIbl
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caHHTapHbIe nponycKHIfKIf C 06H3aTeJIbHbiM nOJIHbIM nepeo,iJ,eBaHHeM nep-
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OT qHCTOH 30Hbr. B 30He B03MO}J{Horo 3arpR3HCHH51 pacnOJIaraIOTC5I rJIaB-
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MH. Ha BbIC3,n:e HJIH na BbIXO,lI,e H3 30HbI B03MO)l<HOrO 3arp5l3HeHHH npOBO-
,n:HTCfl ,n:03HMeTpHqeCKHH: KOHTpOJIb TpaHcrropTHblX cpe,lI,CTB H JIHqHOH
O,n:C}J{,n:bI nepCOHaJIa.
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HHH, npO}J{HBaIOIll,ero B paHOHe A3C, COrJIaCHO cn A3C-79 opraHl13YIOT-
C51 caHHTapHO-3aIll,HTHa51 30na (C33) H 30Ha Ha6JIIO,lI,eHH51. Pa3Mepbl 3THX
30H (C33 OOblqHO pa,'I,HycoM 2-3 KM) yCTaHaBJIHBaIOTCH ,n:JI5I Ka)l<,lI,oH A3C
HH,lI,HBH,lI,yaJIbHO C yqeTOM nOJIHOH MOIll,HOCTH Bcex 6JIOKOB A3C If rrpomo-
CTHqeCKHX OI eHOK pa,lI,IfaI HOHnoH oocTaHoBKH B paH:OHe pa3MeIll,eHH5I A3C
npH ee ,n:JIIlTeJIbHOH: 3KCnJIyaTauHH. B C33 3anpelll,aeTC5I pa3MeIll,eHHe }J{H-
JlbIX 3,lI,aHHH:, ,n:eTCKHX H HHblX yqpeR<,lI,eHIfH, He OTHOC5IIll,HXCH K A3C.
O,lI,HaKO B C33 pa3pcllIae-rcH BbIpaIll,HBaHHC CeJIbCKOX03HH:CTBeHHbIx KYJIb-
TYP, Bbmac CKOTa - npH YCJIOBIUf 065I3aTeJIbHOrO pa,lI,HaUHOHHoro KOIlT-
pOJI5I npOH3BO,lI,HMOH 3,lI,eCb CeJIbCKOX03HHcTBeHHoH np0,lI,YKUHJ1.
C 3TOH }J{e ueJILIO npOMnJIOIll,a,lI,Ka A3C 3JIeKTpHqeCKOH MOIll,nOCTbIO
440 MBT H OOJIbllle pacnOJIaraeTC51 He 6JIH}J{e 25 KM OT rOpO,lI,OB C Hace.'le-
IIHeM CBblIlie 300 TbIC. qeJIOBeK If He OJIH)I<e 40 KM OT ropo.n:oB C naCeJIeHHeM
60JIee 1 MJIH. qeJIOBeK. AToMHble CTaHUHH TenJIOCHa6)1<elIJ151 pacrrOJIaraIOT
He 6JIH}J{e 2 KM OT nepCneKTHI3HOH rpaHHlJ,LI 3acTpoHKH KPYIlIlLIX nace-
JIeHHbIX nYHKTOB, aTOMHbIe TenJI03JIeKTpOueHTpaJIlf He 6JIH)I<e 10-25 KM
OT rpaHJ1UbI ropoficKoH 3acTpoHKH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT qIfCJIeHIIOCTH Hace-
JICHH51 ropo,lI,a (OT 0,1 .n:o 2 MJIII. qCJIOBCK).
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npaBHJI pa.lI.HaUHoHHOH 6e30naCnOcTH H npHBe.n:IlIHe K 06JIyqeHHIO nepco-
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paHeHHIO pa.n:HoaKTHBHLIX 3arpH3lIeHHH CBbIllie .lI.KA, B II /L3 A . IIecYT .'Uf-
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18
HOCTblO lIa A3C BnO «COI03arOM3HeprO» OCYU1.eCTBJIfieT OT.lI.eJl ()e30na -
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6e30naCHOCTblO.
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CTaBKOH 060pY)(OBaHHH .lI.JIH JUfX.
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B nOMelll.eHH5IX 30HbI CTpororo pe)i{HMa 3anpelll.aeTC5I:
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3 Ha301J11TC npll'lIHlbl 3arp5J3HeHIIH p:L1I10aKTlIBlII 1I! r;13a 1II 11 a,p030.1H fll 110 IC-
1I1('l1l1il,,\3C
4 13 'Ie\! 1.11\,IIO'laeH's[ le\IIO,jorIl'leCKllii p,l.1ltallllollliblii K"IITpO.lh lIa A3C'
5 Ha30BIITe OCJlOBHblC MeTO.1h1 OCa)K.JeIiIiH pa.JlloaKTIIBllhlX a3p010,lC!J
6 CpaBliflTe MCTO.lbl 113 lepeHIIH hlJlIllell1 pallilii pa.1I10aK THBHLIX ra301J 11 BpO
30,leA
I KaI\II 1I1 CIIOCOO:I\III U'IIiUlIJIOT IIU3..1) \ OT P;1.l1103hTHIIIILI.\ ra301J II a,po30,lC "
20CJ
fn,6
Ilu I\;JKIIM np1l3HaK3M K.1aCClfcjJUlJ,IfPYIOTOI nplf60pbl, Ifpe"lIa3Ifa4CHlfbiC ,llJlH ,ll0-
3HMerplf'lCCKOrO 11 pa,allaUHOIlHOrO KOHTpO.1H J
2 KaKlle Ifplf60pbl nplfMeHHIOT ,ll.lH 11H,llIlBHAya.%IIOro KOHTpO.1H?
3, JJ.aiirc KJlaCCJI(jJHK;JUHIO nepe1l0CHblX cTaUllollapllbiX npH6opoB.
4. KaKIIMH MeTO,llaMII oCYlnecrB:JjTCTCH KOIITpO,lb BHYTpcHllero 06,lY'lellllH ncpco-
Ha,la A9C?
5, B 'leM 3aK;IIO'IaCTCSI nOCT05lllHhlH II nCpIl01J:II'1CCKIfH KOHTP0,'b repMeTII41I0CHI
060,10'leK TB3.10B pa60Ta101l Cro peaKTopa?
6, KaKIIMH MeTO,llaMH OCYII eCTJJ;liJeTCSI TCXI!O,10fH4CCKHii KOHTPO,1b yre'lCK paAHO-
IIYK.ll1,llOB H3 Tpy60npOBO,llOB nepBoro II BToporo KOIlTypon?
fn. 7
1. IIepe'IHc.1HTe TeXHO.10rll'leCKIIC II opraHH3aUHoHllbiC Mep"T 06ecne'leHH5I oe30nac-
1I0CTH A9C?
2 KaKoBbI 06H3allilocTH a,aMHIlIfCTpaTilBIlO-TexHH'lecKllx pa60TIII!I\OB no 06ccne4e-
IfIlIO pa;,Hanllulilloll 6C.-IOnaCIIOCTH A9C)
a LIaihc K.lacclI<IJlIf(aUIIiO aBapHlulIlllX cUTyalillii Ifa A3C II Ha30BlfTe np II ll!!lI "I IIX
IJU JIII!I(IIOBeIIIlH.
-1 l!aJUBIiTe MepullpHHTlfiJ If 0 oxpalfc 3,J.OpOlJbH Ifcpculfa,la .\3C.
cnHCOK PEKOMEH)l.YEMOA JlHTEPATYPbI
I. K03J10B B. . CnpaBOtIIlHK no pa Hal.\HOHHOIi 6e30naCHOCTH. M.: ATOMH3-
J1,aT, 1977.
2. rOJlyoeB 6. n. .l1.03HMeTpHH H 3all.\Hra OT HOIIH3HPYIOll.\HX H3.'IY'leHHH. M.:
AToMH3AaT, 1978.
3. HBaHoB B. H. Kypc ,ll03HMeTpHH. I13,ll. 3-e. M.: ATOMH3,llaT, 1978.
4. MamKoBH4 B. n. 3all.\HTa or HOHH3HPYIOll.\HX H3.'1Y'leHHii. CnpaBO'lHHK. 113.1(.
3-e. M.: 8HeproH3Aar, 1982.
5. WapoB 10. H" WYOHH H. B. .l1.o3HMeTpHSI H pa,ll,Hal.\HOnnaH 6e30naCHOCTb.
Y'IeOHHK .l\JlH TexHHKYMOB. M: 8HeprOH3,llar, 1982.
6. )J,03HMcrpH4ecKHH H pa,ll,HOMeTpH'IeCKHH KOHTpOJlb npH pa60Tc C paAHoaK-
rHBHblMH Bell).eCTBa\lH H HCTO'lnHKa H HOJlH3HPYI0ll.\IIX H3J1Y'IellIli{ ('>IerO.l\H'IeCKOe
PYKOBO,llCTBO). nO"OOll.\. pe,].. B. H, I'pHillMaJlOBCKoro. B 2-x rO\lax. M,: 8Hepro-
H3,l1,aT, 1980, 1981.
7. HOpMbI pa"Han:Honnoii uC30nacllocTH IIP13-76 H OCHoBIiLle callHTapHble
npaDH.'1a ocn - 72/80. M,: 8HCprOH3,l1,ar, 1981.
8. CaHHTapHble npaBHJIa npoeKTHpoBanHSI H 3KcnJlyaTal HH aTOMllblX 3J1eKTpO-
CTaJl[ HH cn A8C-79. M.: 8J1eprOH3 aT, 1981.
9. AJleKCaHApoB A. n., KO'IeHOB A. C., KYJlOB r.. B. H .l\p. 51.1(epHaSl 3HeprerH-
Ka B CCCP. - AToMllall 3HeprHH, 1983, r. 54, Bbm. 4, c. 243-251.
10. CHAopeHKo B. A., KOBaJleBH4 O. M., HcaeB A. H. HOpMHpoBaHHe 6e30nac-
HOrTli aTOMHblX CTanl.\HH U CCCP. - ATOMllaH 3HeprHH, 1983, r. 54, Bbln. 4, c. 273-
'277.
II. BopoobeB E. H., HJlbHH JI. A., TypoBcKHii B. )J,. H ,lI,p, PaAHal.\HOHHaH 6e3-
onaCIlOCTL 1\3C B CCCP. - ATO\lna51 311eprHH, 1983, T. 54, Bbm. 4, c. 277-285,
OrJIABJIEHHE
OpeAHc.l0Blle
r JI a B a I. BBO)l.HaSi
')
'J
Ij
1.1. DHo.'10rH4CCKoe ;1.eIICTBHe HOll1l3HPYJOIUHX JI:1,l)4l'Jlllil
1.2. OCHOIJIlble /lpI!I!UHJll>I II HOp \1 hi pa;J.l!aUHoJiHoji Ul' WII<Il:I!OCTIl
1.3, <fJolioBoe ou,lY4e/ilte Hace.leUHH . . " ,
1.4. K:OHTpO.'1b pa,],!lal HoHIIOii 6e30rraclloc1 H :\8C
Ii
(I
] I
12
r .1 a B a 2, E.D:HHHubl H3MepeHHII II npe)l.eJlbHO Jl,OnYCTIlMble ypoBHH IIOHH-
3HPYJOIJIHX H3J1Y4eHHii . . , l:
2,1, OCI!OIJHble BCJlH41!IIbI H C,J,HHHUbl JlJ\lepeHHH 13
2 1.1. E,lI,HHHUhl aKfUBHOCTII J.j
2,1 2, E,a,HIf HubI ;1.03101 H3.1Y4eHHH . . . , 17
2,1.;3, ra\I.\!a-nOCToHliliaH If pa;J.HeBblii ra\l\!a-3KBIIR<J,lC/IT 21
2,2, Hup\!hl H /lpaBH.la pa,J,HauHoIIHoii 6e30llacliocTI! . . 24
2,2. J, flpaulIJla pa,lJ.HaIUIOJlIIOii 6e3unaclloCTli . . , 24
22,2. ,iJ,orrYCTH\!hle nocTYII.le/ll!}! pa,l,HOaKTHullblX IJClI eCTU B opra-
IIH3\1 qe.'lOueKa , . 29
2 2.:3. ,JonycTIiMaH KOIIUeIiTpaUIf51 pa;\HOaKTI!B/lbIX a3pOJO,leii II
ra30B U BOJ,i\) xc . 2(1
22.4. .LI:O/lycTHMble ypOR11H cpoToHlloro I1J.1Y4eIlI!H , , . :3:3
r .'1 a B a 3. HCT04HHKH pa.D:HaullOHHoii onaCHOCTU Ha A3C H 3aiJIHTa OT
HOHH3HPYJOiJlHX H3J1Y'leHHii . . . . . , . . 34
3.1. 5I;\cpllbJii peaKTop A9C, H;\epliOe TOII.1HOO If Ten.lOIiOCHTe.lb KaK
HCTOtIHHKH HOHHJHPYIOll HX 1!3,1ytIeHHH 34
3.2, Bbl60p JalUHTllblX 13TcpHa.ll)u . , .. ,.", 39
3,3 MCTO,llbl pac4eTa 3aiJIHTbI OT 0;- H -H3.'lyqeHln1 . , . 45
3.4, .'>\eTO,i\bl paCqeTa Jall(I!Tbl OT <poTOIl/lOrO H3.1yqe1lHH 47
;3,5 MeTo,],bI paC4era 3all IITbI OT Hci1TpoliHoro H3.1YtIeHII5I 52
r ,1 a B a
4. Mero.D:bI perHcTpauHH H )l.03HMeTpHSI HOHH3HPYJOUIHX H3J1Y4eHHii
5:
4,1.
HOHII3aUHOIIHhdi MeTO,], ;l,031IMCTpHH . " . . . . ,
4.1.1, <fJ1!3I1qeCKI!C UCIiOUbi npll \lClieIlHH 1I0IIH3al.\HUJI lIuJ:\. ra3uUbiX
AeTeKropoB . , . .
4 1.2, Pe)l{HMbl pa60Thi HOIIHJaUIIOJlllblX KaMep
4. j .3. PerHcTpauH 51 Y-H3.'1Y4eHH5I 6el:CTe1l0411UH JlOJlH3a!U/uIIHoii
Ka \Iepuii . . . . , . . . , . . . , .
4 1.4. PerHcTpaUHH Y-H3.1) qCIIII}! cTeH04Hoii HOHHJauHOHHoH Ka-
\lCpOH . . . . . ,
4 1.5 3aBHCH\lOCTb TOKa lIaCblIuCIIH5I CTCII04110H Ka\1Cphl OT 3l1ep-
rliH pCrHCTpHpye\fOrO y H3.1yqeHIIH (xo;!. C .lheCTKocTblO) , , .
54
54
5G
58
59
GI
212
4 I.G, I a30pa3pH;J:llble C4CT'lHt{1I . . , , . . , . . . , . . . (;
4.1 7. Pa3BHTHe pa3pH)J:3 B !lpOnOpl IIOlraJlLIIO\1 C'leT'lHKe , (i4
4.1.8. MexallH3 1 pa3BHTliH pa3pH)J:a B C4CT4HKe feiirep:!- 1,110,1-
Jlcpa . . . , . . , . . . , . . . . . . . ., ..... 65
4,(,9 Me:l.aIl1l3\\ 06pblBa pa3pH)J:a B ra.l0reHOBUM C4eT'llihe Go
4,\ (0 (4emiHI xapaK1cplicTIIK3 . . lJ7
4.1.11. 2I<jJt!>CKTIIBHOCTb perHCTpal.\HII A'H3JlY4eIlHH CqeTqHKU l
feiirepa-MJOJI,lepa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.1.12. 3aBHcHMoCTb )l.030BOH QYBcTBIITeJlbHocTII C4eT'lHKa OT
3HeprHH y-1I3.'1yqeIlIlH (XO,ll C )l{eCTKucTbJO) . . . 09
4.I.IJ, KOIICTPYKl.\HH C4eHHKOll A.1H perHcTpalllI1I P,BJlIIIJllbl,(
BII)\UIJ 1I3.1Y4e1lHH . . . . . . , , , , , , , . , , 70
4.2. OOJlYIIPOUO,llHHKOUb.lC )J:eTcKTupbl IlUIIH3IIpYJOW,IIX 1I3J1) 4CllIIii 71
4.2.1, C06cTlIeliliaSl npoBo;J:HMOCTL no,lynpOBO,ll,HHKOB . 72
4,2.2. OpHMecnaSl npoBo,.'\HMOCTb no.'1ynpoBo)J:HHKOB . . . 73
4,2 3, p-n-ilepcxo;']. . ...",.... 75
4,2.4. TOKoBblii pe)l{H 1 nOJlynpOHO,llHHKOBbiX )l.eTeKTOpoB 76
4,2.5. yhmYJlbcHblH pe)l{lIM no.1YlipOBO;J.!lHKODhIX )J:CTCKTOpOB 77
4.3. <1>oTorpa<lm4ecKHH MeTO,'}; ,ll03HMeTpHH . . . . . , . . . . 78
4,3,1. XapaKTepHCTlIKH <j>oTorpa<jJH4ecKHx MaTepHa:loB . . 78
4.3.2. <1>oTorpa<lmqeCKOe )\ellCTBHe peHueHoBcKoro II ,\,-H3.1Y4eIlHH 79
4.4. J1JOMlilleCl.\eHTlibie MeTO,llbi ,lI,03H leTpIIH. . . ,. ..", 82
4.4.1. <1>1I3HQeCKHC OCIiOBbi npH \elleHHH .1JO\llIlIeClleIITllbIX ,lI,eTeK-
TOpOB . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . 8
4.4,2. Cl.\HIITHJlJlHl.\HOHHble )J:eTeKTopbl . . . . . . , . . 8G
4.4,3. CI HHTHJlJI!lTOpbl . . . ., ...,...., H9
4.4.4. PerllCTpall.IIH y-H3J1YQeJlHH CI HIITII,1.1HI HOJIllbIM ,lI,03H-
\!eTp 0 \f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4 5 IIeiiTpoHHaH ,ll03HMeTpHH . . . . , . . . . . , 93
4 5,1. MeTo,.'\bI pemCTpal.\HH JI ;J.03H\leTpHH lIeihpolJou . 93
4,5.2. MeTO,ll,bI ,ll03H leTpHH 6blCTpWX llellTpOlioli B C\ICrnaHHO\I
IIOTOKe y- H HellTpOlJlJOro H3J1Y4eHHii . . . . . . , , . ., 99
4,6 CneKTpO\lCTpHH HOIlH3HPYJOIlJ,HX H3:1Y4eHlIii . . . . . , , ,. 100
46.1. CUHHTH.'1.'1HlJ,HOllllhIH O,.'\lIoKpHcTa.lbHblii y-cncKTpu"leTp ., 102
46,2 no.lynpoBo;J.IIHKOllbIH y-clleKTpoMeTp . .. . , , . . ,. 105
r .1 a B a 5, MeTo)!.bI H3MepeHHSI pa)J:HoaKTHBHblX a3po30Jleii H ra30B lOG
5,(, Pa,J.IIOaKTIIBlible a3p030,lH . . . . . . . . . . .
52. I1cTo4HHKH 3arpH311eHHH pa)J:HoaKTIIBII!.1\1H a3pU30,lH\11I H ra3aMH
B03,llyxa nO\lew,eHHH A2IC II HCT0411IIKII pa,.'\lIoaKTllulIl>!X IIbl6poCOB
B oKpY)l{aJOw,yJO cpe)J:y . . . . . . . .
5,2.1. ilpH4HHb! 3arpSl3HeHHH pa)\HOahTIJBJlbl\11I a3p030.1H\1II H ra-
3a\IH B03,llyxa nOMew,ellHii . . . , . . . . . . . . , . . ,
5.2,2. Pa,llHOaKTHBlloe 3arpH3HeHHc B03J\yxa II nOBepxHocTCii rep-
MeTHQHbJX nO lellJ,eHHii 3a C4eT HeopraHH30BaJlHUii npoTe4KH Tell.l0-
HOC HTeJl H . . . . . . ,. ",.." ,
5,2,3. Pa)J:HoaKTHBHoe 3arpH3HeHHe B03.wxa B nepHO,J. npoBc,'\eHHH
n.'1alloBO-lIpe.'l.ynpe.'I,HTc.lbHbIX peMOHTOB H neperpY3KH TOIIJlHlIa
53, CallHTaplloe 3aKOlIo,.'\aTeJlhCTBO no o'(palle OT 3arpH3HeHHH pa)].Ho-
IIYKJlII,J.a 1II uKPY)I{alOll.\eH cpe;'].!.1 . . . .
53,1. Tpe60BaHHH K 3aw,HTe oKpYA<aJOIJ,eii cpe;!.hl
54 .\Ielu.'lbl OCa)l{)J.CIIIIH pa.'].HoaKTHBllbIX a3po30.'1eil H 113 lepeHHH IIX
KUIIUellTpal.\HH . . . . .
5.4,1. TOHKOBU,10KIIHCTLle 'Im,lbTpbl <1>1l .
5.4.2. Me 16paHHbJC <!m.lbTphl, 3.1eKTpo<lm.lbTpbl II Hllepl HoHllble
ocajJ.HTe.1H . . . . . .
5,5. .'v1eTo,J.bl H3MepellllH KOIII eIlTpal.\lIlI pa;rHoaKTlIllllhlX ra301l
5,6. MeTo.1U1 04IICTKH n03.1)'xa 01 I a10B II a3p030,leH
.']a60paTopllaH pa60Ta . . .
101;
107
107
110
114
115
115
118
118
\22
1 4
127
131
213
r .1 a B a 6. ,l\o3HMeTpH4ecKHH H pa,JI.HaIl.HOHHLlIi TeXHOJlOrH4tcKHH KOHTpoJlb
Ha A3C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6,1. KJIaCcHqJHKaUHSI, lIa311a'H!I!He H npHIII HnHa.'1bI10e YCTPOHCTBO
npHoopoB ,lI,.'1H ,lI,03HMeTpH4ccKoro II pa,ll,HaUIIOIiHoro TeXHOJlOrIl4e-
CKOro KOHTpOJISI . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . 133
6.2. fIpllOOpbl HII,lI,HBHAyaJlbHOrO ,lI,03HMe1'pll'leCKOrO KOH1'pO.'1R 13..0
(),2.1. KOMIIJleKT HH,I\HDH,lI,ya.lbHbIX ,llU3HMeTpOB KI1.L1.-2 130
6. 2.2. KO mJleKT Tep \fO.lIOMllllecneIITHbl x ,l\03IBleTpoB KJ1. T-I
«I1axpa» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . , . , 137
6.2.3. KOMnJlCKT Tep!oIUJlIOMHlleCI eHT!II X ,l\U3H\feTpOl! K,J,T-02 . . . 13
6.2.4. KOMnJIeK1' aBapHHllhlX HHJ\HBH}(yaJlbHblx CTeK.1HHllbIX ,l\03H-
MeTpuB I1KC-A . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . , l:1q
6.2 5. YcoBepillcHcTBoBaHllblH KOMnJIeKT IIH,J.HBH,a:yaJlbHuIU q)()TO-
KOHTpOJISI I1I1>KY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , " lJiJ
6.2,6. I1H,llHBH){yaJlbllbIH ,lI,03HMe1'p .l1:KC-04 «CTPH)!,.» . , " III
6.2,7. I111,l1,HBH,llya.'1 bll bill 3BapHiiHblH .l\03HMeTp -, y- II Heii rpOH
Horo HJJlY'leIlHH «l'lIeHC» . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 12
6,3 nepellocHble npHuopbl ;J.,1S1 ,lI,03HMeTpH'IeCKOrO H P:J,l,HallIlOliliuro
TeXHo.lorH4eCKoro KOBTpO.'1H . . . . . . . . , . I,t:\
6,3 I. ,il,03HMCTp peHuelloBcKoro H Y-H3J1Y4eHHH .Ll.Pl'-3-01 «..\paKc» 14:3
6.3.2. Cl.\HIlTHJIJlHl.\UOHHblH reoJlOrOpa3Be,n:04HblH lip HOOp CPII 68-01 141
6.3 3. nepeHocHblH YHHBcpca.lbHblii pa,a:HO\feTp PYIl-1 145
6.3.4. OJlOK ,lI,eTeKTHpOBaHHH 0J],3A2-01 «OPycHIIKa» , 14(;
6.3.5. I13MepHl'eJlb CKOpOCTH C'IC1'a YI1M2-2 «AKTHHHH» , 147
6.3.6. A3p030.'1bHO-ra30BbJH pa,llHOMeTp PB-4 «.LI.blMKa» 147
6.3,7. I10HCKoBhlH pa.lJ;Ho!oleTp ra30B P fo-3-01 «JIO\lOIIOC» 14'1
6.3.8. Pa.l\HOMeTp 2522-02M «51ceHb-Ill» . . . . . . . 11 1
6.3.9. Pa.lJ;HOMeTp 2323-01 «oHoTa» . . . . . . . . . . 150
6.4. C1'al.\HOliapHaSl ,ll03HMeTpH'IeCKaSl annapa1'ypa ..,... 1:10
6.4.1. l II<I>poBoii H3MepHTeJlb MOill,HOCTH ,lI,U3hI I1M.l1:IJ.-70 . . ISO
6.4.2. Ba30BblH O.10K ,lle1'eKTHpOBaHHH: B,:J,bC3-leM «BOPR» 1;)1
6.4.3. Pa,ll,HOMeTp P KC2-02 «KaJIlllla». ....".,. IS 1
6.4.4. YC1'aHOBKa ,lI,JlH ,lI,03HMe1'pH'IeCKOrO II pa,a:llaulloHlloro Tex-
HOJIOrH'IeCKOrO KOllTpOJlSl 8004-01 «CHcTcMa» . . . , . ., IS2
6.4.5. IJ.eHTpaJIH30BalillaSl CHCTeMa KOIITpU.1H pa,l\Hal.\HOIIIIOH oe3-
onaCHOCTH Ha A2\C . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . . . . , , IS4
6,5. KOH1'pOJlb pa,llHOaKTHBHoro 3arpSl3HellHH 1J0BepXHucTCH paou4ux
1I0Meill,eHHff, oOoPY,lI,OBaHHSI, Cllel.\O,ll,e/KAI H l/epCOHa,la. 156
6.6. KOHTpOJlb BHYTpeHllero OOJl)''1eIlHH lIepCOllaJla A9C , . . , , . 161
6.7. CHcTcMa pa,llHal.\HOHHOro TeXIIOJlOrH'IeCKOrO KOHTpOJI5I Ila A9C 165
6.7.1. nepHo,a:H'IeCKHH Kl'O TB3.lOU paOOTaIOII erO peaK1'opa . . . 16G
6.7.2. I1oCTOHHHblH Kl'O 1'B3J1UB pa601'alOIuero peaKTopa . . . . 168
6.7.3. 06l1ap)')I{eHHe KacceT C Herep leTH4HblMH TB3.'1aMH Ha OCTa-
HOBJIeHHOM peaK1'ope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 172
6.7.4. TeXIIOJlOrH4eCKHH KOH1'pOJlb YTe4eK pa,a:HOIlYKJlHJl:OR 113
TpyoonpOBO,ll,OB nepBuru H BTOporo KOHTypOB . I7:J
r JI a B a 7. OpraHH3aIl.HII ,JI.03HMeTpH4ecKoro
pa,JI.HaIl.HOHHOii oe30nacHocTH Ha A3C . .
KOHTponSi
H ooecne4eHHe
171\
7.1. OoeCne'leHHe 6e30nacHoc1'H npH 3Kcn.lya1'al.\HH A9C H KOIITpO.lb
3a c06JI10,ll,eHHeM npaBHJI pa,ll,HaI HOHHUii ue30nacHocTil . . . . . 17'J
7.2. Cpe,ll,CTBa HH.I\HBH,iI,ya.'1bHOH 3 a ill,H1'bl H npaBHJla JlU4HOii I'HrHelll.1
npH pa60Te B 30HC HOHH3HPYIOill,HX H3J1Y'IeIlHH . . . , , . \84
7.3. MeponpHHTHH no pa,ll,Hal.\HOHHOH oe30nacliocTil npH peMoHTHblX
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