ȀdzǺǻȉdz ǿȀǾǮǿȀǶ
SALAMANDRA P.V.V.

Ǩ ǰ
ǴǨǺȆȀǭǵǹDzǰDZ
ǷǶdzǶǪǶDZ
ǸȃǵǶDz
Ȑ ȗȖȓȖȊȣȍ
ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ
Salamandra P.V.V.

ǴȈȚȦȠȍȕșȒȐȑ Ǩ ǰ
ǷȖȓȖȊȖȑ ȘȣȕȖȒ Ȑ ȗȖȓȖȊȣȍ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ. — ǩ Ȕ: Sala-
mandra P.V.V., 2021. — 115 ș — (ǺȍȔȕȣȍ șȚȘȈșȚȐ).
Ǫ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȍ ȖȟȍȘȒȖȊ șȒȈȕȌȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȎțȘȕȈȓȐșȚȈ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȧ Ȑ Ȑȏ-
ȌȈȚȍȓȧ Ǩ ǰ ǴȈȚȦȠȍȕșȒȖȋȖ (1862-1931) ©ǷȖȓȖȊȖȑ ȘȣȕȖȒ Ȑ ȗȖ-
ȓȖȊȣȍ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧª ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȊȣȠȍȌȠȍȔ Ȋ șȊȍȚ Ȋ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ ǽǽ ȊȍȒȈ
ȈȊȚȖȘ ȏȈȌȈȓșȧ ȞȍȓȤȦ «ȕȈȔȍȚȐȚȤ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȐȓȐ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȣȑ
ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ȕȈ ȚȈȒ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔțȦ ȗȘȖȌȈȎȕțȦ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ Ȑ ȍȍ ȎȘȐȞ Ȑ ȎȘȍ-
ȞȖȊª Ȑ ȖȗȐșȈȚȤ ȞȈȘȧȡțȦ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍ ©ȗȘȧȕțȦ ȈȚȔȖșȜȍȘț ȘȈȏȋțȓȈ
Ȑ ȞȐȕȐȟȕȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȊȘȈȚȈª.
© Salamandra P.V.V., ȗȖȌȋ. ȚȍȒșȚȈ, ȖȜȖȘȔȓȍȕȐȍ, 2021

ǽǼǹǼǰǼǷ ǾȉǻǼǸ
Ȗ
ȝȜșȜȐȩȓ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȭ

7
ǼȠ ȎȐȠȜȞȎ
ǷȘȍȌȓȈȋȈȧ ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȧȔ ȕȈȠ ȚȘțȌ Ȕȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȖȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ-
șȧ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȚȍȕȌțȍȔ ȕȈ ȐșȟȍȘȗȣȊȈȦȡȍȍ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ șȌȍȓȈȕ-
ȕȣȝ ȕȈȔȐ ȐȏȣșȒȈȕȐȑ ǵȈȠȈ ȏȈȌȈȟȈ ȔȕȖȋȖ șȒȘȖȔȕȍȍ ǺȖȓȤ-
ȒȖ ȕȈȔȍȚȐȚȤ — Ȉ ȕȐȒȈȒ ȕȍ țșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤ — ȉȖȓȍȍ ȐȓȐ Ȕȍȕȍȍ
ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȣȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ȕȈ ȚȈȒ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔțȦ ȗȘȖȌȈȎȕțȦ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ
Ȑ ȍȍ ȎȘȐȞ Ȑ ȎȘȍȞȖȊ ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ, ȘȧȌ ȐȔȍȦȡȐȝșȧ Ȋ ȕȈ-
ȠȍȔ ȘȈșȗȖȘȧȎȍȕȐȐ ȜȈȒȚȖȊ ȌȈȍȚ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȣȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ Ȍȓȧ
ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȉȍȏȖȠȐȉȖȟȕȖ ȕȈȑȚȐ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȣ Ȑ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȐ ȗȘȖ-
ȌȈȎȕȖȑ ȓȦȉȊȐ ǵȈ ȗȍȘȊȖȔ ȔȍșȚȍ ȚțȚ ȕȍșȖȔȕȍȕȕȖ șȚȖȐȚ ș
ȖȌȕȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȋȖȓȖȌ ȕțȎȌȈ Ȑ ȕȍȊȍȎȍșȚȊȖ Ȉ ș ȌȘțȋȖȑ — ȗȘȍ-
șȣȡȍȕȐȍ ȉȍȏȌȍȓȤȍ Ȑ ȉȍșșȍȘȌȍȟȐȍ ǰ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȈ ȊȚȖȘȖȍ ȐȓȐ
ȕȈ ȚȘȍȚȤȍ ȔȍșȚȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȍ ȏȈȌȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȌ-
ȕȍȊȖȓȤȕȣȔ ȚȘțȌȖȔ Ȑ ȕțȎȌȖȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ
 ©ȗȖȎȐȚȤ
ȗȖȊȍșȍȓȍȍª ǵȖ Ȑ ȚțȚ Ȋ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȊȓȐȧȍȚ ȘȈȏȊȘȈ-
ȡȈȦȡȐȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȘ ©ȊȓȈșȚȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȎȐȏȕȐª ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȧȦ-
ȡȐȝ ©țȋȈȘ ȊȍșȍȓȤȧª ȕȈ șȖȗȘȐȒȈșȈȦȡȐȍșȧ ș ȕȐȔȐ șȓȖȐ ȚȘț-
ȌȧȡȍȋȖșȧ ȕȈșȍȓȍȕȐȧ
Ǫ șȜȍȘȍ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȧ ȥȚȖȋȖ țȋȈȘȈ șȖȏȌȈȍȚșȧ ȗȘȧȕȈȧ ȈȚȔȖș-
ȜȍȘȈ ȘȈȏȋțȓȈ Ȑ ȞȐȕȐȟȕȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȊȘȈȚȈ ȏȈȝȊȈȚȣȊȈȦȡȍȋȖ Ȋ ȊȖ-
ȌȖȊȖȘȖȚ ȖȚȘȐȞȈȕȐȧ ȒȈȒȐȝ ȉȣ ȚȖ ȕȐ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȖȊ Ȋ ȖșȖ-
ȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȚȍȔȕȣȍ ȔȈȓȖșȖȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȍȌȐȕȐȞȣ DzȈȒȖȔț-ȕȐ-
ȉțȌȤ ȗȖȓțȋȘȈȔȖȚȕȖȔț ȔȈșȚȍȘț ȚȘțȌȕȖ ȕȍ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȤ ȗȘȐȔȍȘț
ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȍȋȖ ȐȕȎȍȕȍȘȈ ȌȐȘȍȒȚȖȘȈ ȏȈȊȖȌȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ Ȋ ȋȓȈȏȈȝ
ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȔȈșȚȍȘȈ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȐȌȍȈȓȖȔ țȔȈ Ȑ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȕȖșȚȐ ǭȡȍ
ȓȍȋȟȍ ȚȖȔț Ȏȍ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȦ ȗȖȌȟȐȕȧȍȚșȧ ȌȍȘȍȊȍȕșȒȈȧ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ
ȗȖȗȈȊȠȈȧ Ȋ șȜȍȘț ȗȘȐȚȧȎȍȕȐȧ ©țȋȈȘȈª ǶȕȈ șȓȍȗȖ ȒȈȒ ȔȖ-
ȚȣȓȍȒ ȓȍȚȐȚ ȕȈ ȖȋȖȕȤ Ȑ ȋȐȉȕȍȚ ȉȍȏȊȖȏȊȘȈȚȕȖ Ȑ Ȋ țȎȈșȕȣȝ
șȚȘȈȌȈȕȐȧȝ
Ǫ ȒȖȘȕȍ Ȏȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȔȖȘȧ ȏȓȈ Ȑ șȚȘȈȌȈȕȐȑ șȚȖȐȚ ȕȍ-
șȖȔȕȍȕȕȖ șȈȔȣȑ șȚȘȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ șȐșȚȍȔȈ ȖȚ ȌȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȚȖ-
ȘȖȑ ȕȍ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȣ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈȉȣ ȕȖ Ȑ ȋȖșȗȖȌȈ ǰ ȍșȓȐ ȘȈȉȣ
ȋȐȉȕțȚ Ȋ ȔțȒȈȝ Ȑ șȚȘȈȌȈȕȐȧȝ Ȋ ȓȐȞȍ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȖșȖȉȍȑ ȚȖ
ȋȖșȗȖȌȈ ȒȈȒ ȕȈȔ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȐȌțȚ Ȓ ȉȍșșȓȈȊȕȖȔț ȒȖȕ-
Ȟț ȗȖȓȕȣȔ ȒȖȔȗȓȍȒȚȖȔ ȝȖȚȧ Ȑ ȉȍȏ ȔțȒ ǷȤȧȕȖȑ ȒȖȔȗȈ-
ȕȐȍȑ Ȋ ȈȚȔȖșȜȍȘȍ ȞȐȕȐȏȔȈ Ȑ ȘȈȏȊȘȈȚȈ ȖȕȐ ȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȖ ȕȖ

ȊȍȘȕȖ ȗȖȌȊȐȋȈȦȚșȧ Ȓ șȊȖȍȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȔȖȋȐȓȍ
ǷȖȊȚȖȘȧȍȔ Ȋ ȕȈȠȍȔ ȚȘțȌȍ ȕȍȚ ȟȍȋȖ-ȓȐȉȖ ȐșȟȍȘȗȣȊȈȦ-
ȡȍȋȖ Ȑ ȏȈȒȖȕȟȍȕȕȖȋȖ Ǵȣ ȌȈȍȔ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȧȌ ȜȈȒȚȖȊ Ȑ ȖȚȕȖ-
ȠȍȕȐȑ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȍȌȐȕȐȞ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȒȈȒ ȕȈȔ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ
șȈȔȐ ȗȖ șȍȉȍ ȕȈȔȍȟȈȦȚ ȗțȚȤ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ Ȕȣ Ȑ
ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȔ ȌȘțȋȐȔ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȦȡȐȔ ȓțȟȠȐȔȐ țșȓȖȊȐȧȔȐ
Ȍȓȧ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖȑ Ȑ ȖȉȠȐȘȕȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȟȍȔ Ȕȣ
ǨȊȚȖȘ

9
DzdzȀǶ
ǹ Țȍȝ ȗȖȘ ȗȘȖȠȓȖ ȚȘȐ ȋȖȌȈ Ȉ ȥȚȐ ȌȊȍ ȜȐȋțȘȣ Ȑ șȍȑȟȈș
șȚȖȧȚ ȗȘȍȌ ȔȖȐȔȐ ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ
ȇ Ȑȝ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȓ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ șȓțȟȈȑȕȖ ȐȓȐ ȊȍȘȕȍȍ ȕȍ ȊșȚȘȍ-
ȚȐȓ Ȉ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȕȈșȚțȗȐȓ ȕȈ ȕȐȝ Ȋ Ȑȝ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȟȍȔ șȚȘȈȕȕȖȔ ȎȐ-
ȓȐȡȍ
ȇ ȎȐȓ ȚȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȔ ȗȘȐȔȖȘșȒȖȔ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ
Ǵȕȍ ȕțȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȓȖȌȒț ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȘȖȒȈȚȐȚȤșȧ ȗȖ ȔȖȘȦ ǩȣ-
ȓȈ ȏȐȔȈ ȕȖ ȗȖȋȖȌȈ șȚȖȧȓȈ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȟțȌȕȈȧ ȓțȕȈ ȚȈȒ ȏȈȔȈȕȟȐ-
ȊȖ ȘȈșșȣȗȈȓȈ ȗȖ ȊȖȓȕȈȔ șȍȘȍȉȘȧȕȣȍ ȉȓȍșȚȒȐ ȟȚȖ ȧ ȒȈȒ-ȚȖ
ȕȍȊȖȓȤȕȖ ș ȕȈȉȍȘȍȎȕȖȑ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȐȓșȧ Ȓ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ ȗȘȐșȚȈȕȍȑ
ȋȌȍ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ șȚȖȧȓȐ ȓȖȌȖȟȕȐȒȐ-ȗȍȘșȣ ș șȊȖȐȔȐ ȓȖȌȒȈ-
ȔȐ dzȖȌȒȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȚțȚ ȕȖ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȓȖȌȖȟȕȐȒȈ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ
— dzȖȌȖȟȕȐȒ — ȒȘȐȒȕțȓ ȧ Ȑ șȚțȒȕțȓ Ȗ ȒȘȈȑ ȗȘȐșȚȈȕȐ
ȗȈȓȒȖȑ
ǷȈȓȒȈ ȊȣȘȊȈȓȈșȤ ț Ȕȍȕȧ Ȑȏ ȘțȒ Ȑ ȗȖȓȍȚȍȓȈ ȗȖȌ ȗȘȐș-
ȚȈȕȤ ȕȈ ȖȚȒȖș ȉȍȘȍȋȈ ǷȈȓȒț Ȕȕȍ ȕȍ ȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ ȚȍȘȧȚȤ Ȑ ȧ ȗȖ
ȉȍȘȍȋț șȚȈȓ șȗțșȒȈȚȤșȧ Ȓ ȊȖȌȍ ǷȖȌ ȗȘȐșȚȈȕȤȦ ȉȣȓȖ șȖȊȍȘ-
ȠȍȕȕȖ ȚȍȔȕȖ ȧ ȗȖȓȍȏ Ȋ ȒȈȘȔȈȕ ȏȈ șȗȐȟȒȈȔȐ Ȉ șȈȔ ȖșȚȖ-
ȘȖȎȕȖ ȗȖȌȊȐȋȈȓșȧ ȊȗȍȘȍȌ DzȈȒ ȊȌȘțȋ ȗȖȌ ȕȖȋȖȑ ȧ ȗȖȟțȊșȚ-
ȊȖȊȈȓ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȔȧȋȒȖȍ — ȎȐȊȖȍ — Ȑ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ țșȓȣȠȈȓ
ȔȖȓȖȌȖȑ ȍȡȍ șȖȊșȍȔ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȠȍșȒȐȑ ȋȖȓȖș
— ǿȚȖ Țȣ ȕȈ ȓȦȌȍȑ-ȚȖ ȓȍȏȍȠȤ
ȇ ȏȈȎȍȋ șȗȐȟȒț Ȑ ȖȚșȚțȗȐȓ ȕȈ ȠȈȋ
ǷȘȍȌȖ ȔȕȖȑ ȉȣȓȈ ȒțȟȈ ȚȘȧȗȤȧ ȋȘȧȏȕȖȋȖ ȏȈȒȖȗȟȍȕȕȖȋȖ
Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ șȊȍȘȒȈȓȐ ȟȍȚȣȘȍ ȋȓȈȏȈ
— DzȖȋȖ Țȍȉȍ" — ȗȘȖȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȖ ȚȘȧȗȤȍ
— DzȈȒ ȒȖȋȖ"
— ǵț ȍȍ ȐȓȐ Ȕȍȕȧ ȕțȎȕȖ"
ȇ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȓ ȕȖ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȗȖȕȧȓ — ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȐ Ȍȍ-
ȊȖȟȒȈ Ȑ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȍșȧ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȞȐȍȑ ǭȔț ȉȣȓȖ
ȚȘȐȕȈȌȞȈȚȤ ȍȑ ȌȊȍȕȈȌȞȈȚȤ ȓȍȚ ǯȌȍșȤ ȖȕȐ ȎȐȓȐ ȏȌȍșȤ Ȏȍ Ȑ
ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȓȐ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȖșȍȚȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȐȓȐ ȋȖșȚȍȑ ȒȈȒ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȓȐ
ȖȕȐ Ȑȝ
— Ǵȣ ȌțȔȈȓȐ, Țȣ Ȓ ȕȈȔ ȐȌȍȠȤ — ȘȈȏȖȟȈȘȖȊȈȕȕȖ ȗȘȖ-
ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒ ȗȖșȓȍ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȖȚȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȖ-

10
ȧșȕȍȕȐȑ
— ǵȖ ȒȈȒ Ȏȍ Ȋȣ ȚțȚ ȎȐȊȍȚȍ" ǪȍȌȤ ȝȖȓȖȌȕȖ
— Ǩ ȋȌȍ Ȏȍ ȕȈȔ ȎȐȚȤ" — ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒ ȊȖȗȘȖșȖȔ Ȏȍ
— ǸȈȏȊȍ ț ȊȈș ȕȍȚ ȕȐȒȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȕȣȝ"
— ǵȍȚ
— ǰ ȌȈȊȕȖ Ȋȣ ȚțȚ"
— ǪșȍȋȌȈ
— DzȈȒ ȊșȍȋȌȈ"
— ǺȈȒ Ȑ ȊșȍȋȌȈ — ș ȌȖșȈȌȖȑ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȐȓ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒ
ǬȍȊȖȟȒȈ Ȋșȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȔȖȓȟȈȓȈ ȝȖȚȧ ȕȍ șȗțșȒȈȓȈ ș Ȕȍȕȧ
ȋȓȈȏ
— ǺțȚ ȕȈȠȍ ȔȍșȚȖ — ȗȖȧșȕȐȓ ȔȐȕțȚț șȗțșȚȧ ȔȖȑ șȖȉȍ-
șȍȌȕȐȒ — ǷȖȌ ȌȘțȋȐȔȐ ȗȘȐșȚȈȕȧȔȐ ȌȘțȋȐȍ Ȉ ȚțȚ Ȕȣ ș ǬțȕȤ-
ȒȖȑ
— Ǩ ȖȕȈ Țȍȉȍ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ"
ǵȈ ȥȚȖ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒ ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓ ȋȘțȉȖȑ șȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ
ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȌȍȊȖȟȒȈ — ȍȋȖ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȐȞȈ ǰȏ ȌȈȓȤ-
ȕȍȑȠȐȝ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȖȊ ș ȕȐȔȐ ȧ țȏȕȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȎȐȓȐ ȕȈ Ȗȉ-
ȡȐȑ ȏȈȘȈȉȖȚȖȒ ȗȘȐȟȍȔ ȒȈșșȖȑ ȏȈȊȍȌȖȊȈȓ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒ Ȗȕ Ȏȍ
ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȓ Ȑ Ȋșȍ ȘȈșȝȖȌȣ
— ǰ ȔȕȖȋȖ Ȋȣ ȏȈȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȍȚȍ" — șȗȘȖșȐȓ ȧ
— ǹȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȐȌȍȚșȧ
— ǪȟȍȘȈ Ȕȕȍ ȖȌȐȕ ȉȈȘȐȕ ȗȖȓȚȐȕȕȐȒ ȌȈȓ — ȖȚȖȏȊȈȓȈșȤ
ȌȍȊȖȟȒȈ ǶȕȈ ȗȖ-ȊȐȌȐȔȖȔț ȋȖȘȌȐȓȈșȤ ȚȈȒȐȔ «ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ» ȏȈ-
ȘȈȉȖȚȒȖȔ
— Ǩ Ȓ ȊȈȔ Ȑ ȋȖșȗȖȌȈ ȝȖȌȧȚ"
— Ǩ ȚȖ ȕȍȚ — ȖȉȐȌȟȐȊȖ ȖȚȖȏȊȈȓȈșȤ ȌȍȊȖȟȒȈ
ȇ ȕȍ șȚȈȓ ȘȈșșȗȘȈȠȐȊȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȏȈ ȋȖșȗȖȌȈ ȗȖȓȤȏțȦȚșȧ ȥȚȐ-
ȔȐ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȕȣȔȐ Ȕȍȕȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȓȐ Ȑȝ ȊȏȈȐȔȕȣȍ
ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ Ȕȕȍ ȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ țȏȕȈȚȤ ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖȚ șȣȕ țȓȐȞȣ ȖȚȕȖ-
șȐȚșȧ Ȓ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȖȌȘțȋȍ ȒȈȒ Ȓ șțȗȘțȋȍ Ȑ ȒȈȒ Ȓ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡț ȗȖ
ȘȈȉȖȚȍ ȇ ȎȍȓȈȓ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț ȗȘȖȌȓȐȚȤ ȉȍșȍȌț Ȉ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ Ȕȕȍ
ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍ ȗȖ șȍȉȍ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȚȍȔȕȖȔ ȔȍșȚȍ ȗȖȌ ȕȈșȚȐȓȒȖȑ ȗȘȐșȚȈ-
ȕȐ ȋȌȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȍȡȍ ȏȈ ȟȈș ȌȖ ȥȚȖȋȖ șȖȊȍȘȠȈȓȖșȤ ȕȈȌ-
ȘțȋȈȕȐȍ ȕȈȌ ȌȍȚșȒȐȔ ȚȍȓȖȔ
«Ǩ ȊȍȌȤ ȖȕȐ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ ȋȖȓȖȌȕȣ"» — ȒșȚȈȚȐ ȗȘȐȠȓȈ Ȕȕȍ
Ȋ ȋȖȓȖȊț ȔȣșȓȤ Ȑ ȧ ȘȍȠȐȓ ȗȘȐȋȓȈșȐȚȤ Ȑȝ ȒțȌȈ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȗȖ-
țȎȐȕȈȚȤ

11
— Ǩ ȋȌȍ Ȋȣ țȎȐȕȈȍȚȍ" — șȗȘȖșȐȓ ȧ Ȑȝ
ǶȕȐ șȕȈȟȈȓȈ Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȍ ȗȖȕȧȓȐ ȗȖ-ȊȐȌȐȔȖȔț ȗȖȕȧȚȐȍ
«țȎȐȕ» ȒȈȒ ȕȍȟȚȖ ȖȉȧȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȖ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȧȦȡȍȍ-
șȧ ȐȔ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ǶȕȐ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȍȓȐ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȓ ȚȖȔț ȉȣȓȈ
ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȕȖ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȓȐ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ țș-
ȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ Ȍȓȧ ȍȌȣ ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ Ȋȕȍ țșȓȖȊȐȑ Ȑȝ ȎȐȏ-
ȕȐ ǨȗȗȍȚȐȚ ț ȕȐȝ ȉȣȓ ȊșȍȋȌȈ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ -ȝ ȟȈșȖȊ Ȋ șțȚȒȐ
Ȑ, ȍșȓȐ ȍșȚȤ ȍȌȈ ȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȍȓȐ ȊȖ ȊșȧȒȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ș țȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚ-
ȊȐȍȔ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ ȌȍșȧȚȤ ȘȈȏ Ȋ șțȚȒȐ ǵȖ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ
ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ Ȑȝ ȕȍ ȉȈȓȖȊȈȓȈ Ȑ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȕȍ șȖȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȓȈșȤ ș Ȑȝ
ȈȗȗȍȚȐȚȖȔ ȕȈșȣȡȈȚȤșȧ ȐȔ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȈșȤ ȟȈșȚȖ Ȋ ȌȊȖȍ Ȑ ȌȈ-
Ȏȍ Ȋ ȚȘȖȍ șțȚȖȒ ȘȈȏ ǯȈȚȖ ȉȣȊȈȓȐ ȌȕȐ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȐ ȍȓȐ ȗȖ Ƞȍ-
șȚȐ ȘȈȏ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ
ǪȖȚ ȗȖȟȍȔț ȔȖȑ ȊȖȗȘȖș Ȗȉ țȎȐȕȍ ȊȣȏȊȈȓ ȊȔȍșȚȍ Ȑ țȓȣȉ-
Ȓț Ȑ ȕȍȌȖțȔȍȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȓȐȞȈȝ ȔȖȐȝ șȖȉȍșȍȌȕȐȒȖȊ
— ǿȚȖ șȔȍȍȚȍșȤ" ȇ șȗȘȈȠȐȊȈȦ ȋȌȍ Ȋȣ ȍȌȐȚȍ"
— ǫȔ ȋȌȍ Ȕȣ ȍȌȐȔ ǬțȕȤȒȈ — ȕȈșȔȍȠȓȐȊȖ ȗȘȖȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ
ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒ Ȑ ȚȖȓȒȕțȓ șȊȖȦ ȗȖȌȘțȋț ȓȖȒȚȍȔ
ǬțȕȤȒȈ ȝȐȝȐȒȕțȓȈ Ȑ țȚȒȕțȓȈ șȊȖȑ ȕȖș Ȋ ȉȣȊȠȍȍ ȕȈ ȕȍȑ
ȚȘȧȗȤȍ
— ǵț ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ Ȋȣ șȍȑȟȈș ȏȈȝȖȚȍȓȐ ȍșȚȤ ȒțȌȈ ȉȣ Ȋȣ ȗȖ-
ȠȓȐ"
— ǯȈȝȖȚȍȓȐ — ȐȘȖȕȐȟȍșȒȐ ȗȘȖȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒ — Ǵȣ
țȎ ȌȈȊȕȖ ȝȖȚȐȔ ȌȈ ȊȖȚ ȚțȚ-ȚȖ ȗțșȚȖ
ǰ Ȗȕ ȝȓȖȗȕțȓ șȍȉȧ ȗȖ ȒȈȘȔȈȕț
— ǵț Ȉ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ ț ȊȈș ȉȣȓȐ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ"
— ǶȚȒțȌȈ ȐȔ ȉȣȚȤ"
— ǬȈ ȊȖȚ ȧ ȊȈȔ șȍȑȟȈș ȌȈȔ Ȍȍȕȍȋ — ȒțȌȈ Ȋȣ ȗȖȑȌȍȚȍ"
— ǹȔȖȚȘȧ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȌȈȠȤ ǭșȓȐ ȗȧȚȈȒ ȚȖ Ȋ ȓȈȊȖȟȒț ȒțȗȐȔ
ȝȓȍȉȈ Ȑ ȗȖȍȌȐȔ
— Ǩ ȍșȓȐ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȍșȓȐ ȘțȉȓȤ"
— ǵț ȘțȉȓȤ-ȚȖ Țȣ ȕȍ ȌȈȠȤ — șȒȍȗȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȗȘȖȚȧȕțȓ ȔȈ-
ȓȤȟȐȒ
ȇ Ȋȣȕțȓ ȘțȉȓȤ Ȑ ȉȘȖșȐȓ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒț Ȋ ȒȖȓȍȕȐ
— ǪȖȚ Țȍȉȍ ȘțȉȓȤ ȗȖȑȌȍȔȚȍ ȗȖȒȈȎȐȚȍ Ȕȕȍ ȋȌȍ Ȋȣ ȍȌȐ-
Țȍ
— Ǻȣ ȊȏȈȗȘȈȊȌț" — țȌȐȊȐȓșȧ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒ ȕȍ ȌȖȚȘȈȋȐȊȈȧșȤ
ȌȖ ȉȓȍșȚȍȊȠȍȋȖ Ȋ ȚȍȔȕȖȚȍ Șțȉȓȧ

12
— DzȖȕȍȟȕȖ
ǵȖ ȍȔț Ȋșȍ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȊȍȘȐȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒ ȕȐ ș ȚȖȋȖ ȕȐ ș șȍ-
ȋȖ ȍȔț ȌȈȦȚ ȘțȉȓȤ
ǬȍȊȖȟȒȈ ȚȖȓȒȕțȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȌ ȉȖȒ Ȑ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȠȍȗȕțȓȈ ȍȔț ȕȈ
țȝȖ Ƕȕ ȒȈȒ-ȚȖ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ Ȋȏȋȓȧȕțȓ ȕȈ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȋȏȧȓ ȘțȉȓȤ Ȑ
ȊșȚȈȊȈȧ ȕȈ ȕȖȋȐ ȗȘȖȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ
— ǵț ȗȖȑȌȍȔ
— Ǩ Ȕȕȍ ȐȌȚȐ" — ȘȖȉȒȖ șȗȘȖșȐȓȈ ȌȍȊȖȟȒȈ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȧșȤ ȒȖ
Ȕȕȍ
— DzȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȐȌȐ ȊȍȌȤ Țȣ ȚȖȎȍ ȝȖȟȍȠȤ ȍșȚȤ
— ǴȈȓȖ ȓȐ ȟȚȖ" ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ Țȣ ȕȍ ȝȖȟȍȠȤ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȧ ȉȣ-
ȓȈ ȚȈȔ — ȊșȧȒȐȍ ȊȍȌȤ ȉȣȊȈȦȚ
— ǵȍȚ-ȕȍȚ ȕȍȗȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȑȌȍȔ — ȗȖșȗȍȠȐȓ ȧ ȏȈȧȊȐȚȤ
ȐșȗțȋȈȊȠȐșȤ ȗȍȘșȗȍȒȚȐȊȣ ȧȊȐȚȤșȧ ȊȌȊȖȍȔ ș ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒȖȔ Ȋ
ȚȈȒȖȍ ȔȍșȚȖ ȋȌȍ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȧ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ ȊșȍȔ Ȑ ȒȈȎȌȖȔț
ȉȣȓȈ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȈ
— ǿȚȖ Ȏ ȗȖȑȌȍȔ ǬțȕȤȒȈ ȉȣȊȈȦȚ ȊȍȌȤ Ȑ ȚȈȒȐȍ ǷȖȔ-
ȕȐȠȤ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȋȖȌȕȍȋȖ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȕȈ"
Ǭȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ ȥȚȐ șȓȖȊȈ ȖșȚȈȓȐșȤ ȕȍȗȖȕȧȚȕȣȔȐ ȕȖ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȧ
ȗȖȕȧȓ Ȑȝ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ
Ǵȣ ȗȖȠȓȐ ȗȖ ȕȈȉȍȘȍȎȕȖȑ ȖȕȐ ȠȓȐ ȊȗȍȘȍȌ ȧ ȏȈ ȕȐȔȐ
ǿȍȘȍȏ ȌȍșȧȚȤ ȔȐȕțȚ ȖȕȐ ȗȘȐȊȍȓȐ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȋ ȋȘȧȏȕȣȑ ȚȘȈȒȚȐȘ Ȋ
ȗȖȓțȗȖȌȊȈȓȤȕȖȔ ȥȚȈȎȍ
Ǫ ȚȘȈȒȚȐȘȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȝ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȒȓȍȚț-
ȠȍȒ Ȋ ȖȌȕț Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȕȈș Ȑ ȗȘȖȊȍȓ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒ, ȗȘȐșȓțȎȐ-
ȊȈȊȠȐȑ ȋȖșȚȧȔ
Ǫ Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȏȈȓȍ ȚȘȈȒȚȐȘȈ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖșȍȚȐȚȍȓȍȑ Ȗȟȍ-
ȊȐȌȕȖ ȏȈȊșȍȋȌȈȚȈȍȊ; ȖȕȐ ȒȈȒ-ȚȖ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȗȖșȔȖȚȘȍȓȐ ȕȈ Ȕȍ-
ȕȧ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȧ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȓ șȖ șȊȖȐȔȐ șȗțȚȕȐȒȈȔȐ Ȋ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȑ
«ȒȈȉȐȕȍȚ» Ǩ ȖȌȐȕ ȌȈȎȍ ȒȐȊȕțȓ ȕȈ Ȕȍȕȧ ȋȖȓȖȊȖȑ Ȑ ȗȘȖȋȖ-
ȊȖȘȐȓ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȊȘȖȌȍ ©ǶȋȖ»
— ǵț ȟȚȖ Ȏȍ Ȋȣ ȉțȌȍȚȍ ȍșȚȤ" — șȗȘȖșȐȓ ȧ
— Ǫșȍ ȘȈȊȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȏȈȒȈȎȍȚȍ — ȖȚȖȏȊȈȓșȧ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒ
ȇ Ȋȍȓȍȓ ȗȖȌȈȚȤ ȌȊȍ ȗȖȘȞȐȐ ȠȈȠȓȣȒȈ
— ǬȈ Țȣ șȔȖȚȘȐ — ȗȖȘȞȐȐ-ȚȖ ȗȖȉȖȓȤȠȍ — ȒȘȐȒȕțȓ ȔȈȓȤ-
ȟȐȒ ȊșȓȍȌ țȝȖȌȐȊȠȍȔț ȗȘȐșȓțȎȕȐȒț
— Ǩ ȘȈȏȊȍ ȚțȚ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȍ Ȑ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȍ ȗȖȘȞȐȐ ȉȣȊȈȦȚ" —
șȗȘȖșȐȓ ȧ

13
— Ǩ ȚȖ ǰȔ șȔȖȚȘȐ Ȋ ȏțȉȣ-ȚȖ ȚȈȒ ȖȕȐ șȍȑȟȈș ȕȈȋȘȍȦȚ
— ǿȈșȚȖ Ȋȣ ȚțȚ ȍȌȐȚȍ"
— ǩȖȓȤȠȍ Ȋșȍ ș «ȋȖșȚȧȔȐ» Ȉ ȚȈȒ ȖȌȕȐ ȕȍ ȝȖȌȐȔ
— Ǩ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ ȘȈȏ ȍȓȐ"
— ǪȟȍȘȈ Ȋ ȗȖȓȌȍȕȤ
ǩȣȓȖ țȎȍ ȖȒȖȓȖ ȌȍșȧȚȐ ȟȈșȖȊ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ, ȌȍȚȐ ȕȍ ȍȓȐ
ȖȒȖȓȖ  ȟȈșȖȊ ǷȘȐȕȧȊ ȥȚȖ Ȋ șȖȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ȧ ȘȍȠȐȓ ȟȚȖ
ȌȊțȝ ȗȖȘȞȐȑ ȠȈȠȓȣȒȈ ȐȔ ȉțȌȍȚ ȔȈȓȖ Ȑ Ȋȍȓȍȓ șȊȈȘȐȚȤ ȍȡȍ
ȠȍșȚȤ ȧȐȞ Ȑ ȗȖȌȈȚȤ ȌȍșȧȚȖȒ ȘȈȒȖȊ
— ǰ ȗȐȊȈ ȗȖȌȈȑ — ȌȖȗȖȓȕȐȓ ȔȖȐ ȘȈșȗȖȘȧȎȍȕȐȧ ȔȈȓȤ-
ȟȐȒ
— ǷȐȊȈ ȕȍ ȕȈȌȖ — șȒȈȏȈȓ ȧ
— ǵț ȊȖȚ ȓțȟȠȍ ȘȈȒȖȊ ȕȍ ȕȈȌȖ — ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȕȐȝ
— ǵȖ ȘȈȏȊȍ Țȣ ȗȤȍȠȤ ȗȐȊȖ"
— Ǩ-ȚȖ
—ǨȖȕȈ"
— ǶȕȈ-ȚȖ" ǶȕȈ, ȕȍȉȖșȤ, Ȑ ȊȖȌȒț ȗȤȍȚ ǵȈȔ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȕȍ ȗȐȚȤ
ț ȕȈș ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ȚȈȒȈȧ ǵȍ șȚȈȕȍȠȤ ȗȐȚȤ ȚȈȒ Țȍȉȧ Ȑ ȕȍ ȊȖȏȤȔȍȚ
ȕȐȒȚȖ
— Ǩ ȌȈȊȕȖ Ȋȣ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȍȚȍșȤ ȥȚȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȖȑ"
— ǬțȕȤȒȈ ȕȍȌȈȊȕȖ ș ȗȘȖȠȓȖȋȖ ȋȖȌȈ Ȉ ȧ țȎȍ ȚȘȍȚȐȑ ȋȖȌ
ȇ șȔȖȚȘȍȓ ȕȈ ȕȐȝ Ȑ ȕȐȒȈȒ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȗȘȐȔȐȘȐȚȤșȧ ș ȌȍȑșȚ-
ȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤȦ ǶȕȈ Ȑ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȉȣȓȈ ȝțȌȍȕȤȒȈȧ șȓȈȉȍȕȤȒȈȧ
ȐȏȔȖȎȌȍȕȕȈȧ ȔȈȓȖȘȖșȓȈȧ — ȟȚȖ Ȏȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȋȖȌ ȕȈȏȈȌ" —
ȏȈȌȈȊȈȓ ȧ șȍȉȍ ȊȖȗȘȖș ǰ ȒȚȖ ȚȖȚ ȏȊȍȘȤ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȖșȧȋȕțȓ
ȕȈ ȕȍȍ"
ǵȖ «ȏȊȍȘȤ» ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ șȐȌȍȓ ȗȘȍȌȖ ȔȕȖȑ — ȥȚȖ Ȗȕ
ȍȍ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȐȑ șȖȎȐȚȍȓȤ Ȑ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡ ȗȖ ȘȍȔȍșȓț, șȖȊȘȈȚȐȓ ȍȍ
Ȑ Ȑȏ ȌȍȊȖȟȒȐ-ȕȐȡȍȑ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȚȐȓ Ȋ ȌȍȊȖȟȒț-ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȒț
ǷȍȘȊȣȑ ȘȈȏ ȖȕȐ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȓȐșȤ ȗȘȍȌȣȌțȡȍȑ ȏȐȔȖȑ ȗȖȌ ȚȖȑ
Ȏȍ ȗȘȐșȚȈȕȤȦ ȋȌȍ ȕȈȠȍȓ Ȑȝ ȧ Ƕȕ țȎȍ ȎȐȓ ȚȈȔ Ȑ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ Ȉ
ȖȕȈ ȗȘȐȠȓȈ ȚțȌȈ ȏȈ ȕȍȐȔȍȕȐȍȔ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ ȕȖȟȓȍȋȈ ǩȣȓȖ ȝȖ-
ȓȖȌȕȖ Ȑ ȕȈ ȕȐȝ ȉȣȓȐ ȓȖȝȔȖȚȤȧ ȓȍȚȕȍȋȖ ȗȓȈȚȤȧ Ȑ ȖȕȐ șȖ-
ȋȘȍȊȈȓȐșȤ ȌȘțȋ ȖȒȖȓȖ ȌȘțȋȈ ǵȖ ȕȍ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȖȑ ȗȈȌȍ-
ȕȐȧ ǬțȕȤȒȐ ȖȕȐ ȍȡȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȈșȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȖȓȖȌȣ ȟȚȖ șȖȊȔȍ-
șȚȕȣȑ ȕȖȟȓȍȋ ȕȍ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȈȓ Ȑȝ ȐȕșȚȐȕȒȚȖȊ ǬȈȎȍ Ȑ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ
ȋȖȌ șȗțșȚȧ ȖȕȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗ șȊȖȍȑ «ȘȈȉȖȚȍ» ȒȈȒ Ȗ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ
ȟțȊșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȔ ȔțȟȍȕȐȐ Ǩ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȈ ș țȎȈșȖȔ ȌțȔȈȓȈ Ȗȉ

14
ȥȚȖȔ ǵȖ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ȉȣȓȐ ȚȈȒȖȊȣ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ ȗȖ-
ȒȖȘȐȚȤșȧ DzȈȒ ȘȈȏ ȕȈșȚȈȓȐ ȝȖȓȖȌȕȣȍ ȌȕȐ ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ ȉȣȓȖ ȔȈ-
ȓȖ ȕȈ țȓȐȞȈȝ Ȑ ǬțȕȤȒȈ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȈȓȈșȤ ȗȖȌ ȗȘȐșȚȈȕȤ ș ȗțș-
ȚȣȔȐ ȘțȒȈȔȐ
— ǵȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȌȈȊȈȓ
ǻ ǭȋȖȘȒȐ — ȚȈȒ ȏȊȈȓȐ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒȈ — ȚȖȎȍ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȏȈȘȈ-
ȉȖȚȒȈ Ȑ ȌȍȚȐ ȋȖȓȖȌȈȓȐ ȗȖ ȚȘȐ Ȍȕȧ ȒȘȧȌț
— Ǩ ȚțȚ Ȓ ǬțȕȤȒȍ ȖȌȐȕ ȓȖȌȖȟȕȐȒ șȚȈȓ ȗȘȐșȚȈȊȈȚȤ — ȘȈș-
șȒȈȏȣȊȈȓ ǭȋȖȘ — ȚȘȐ Șțȉȓȧ șțȓȐȓ ȇ ȋȖȊȖȘȦ: ©ǹȖȋȓȈȠȈȑșȧ,
ȌțȘȈ», Ȉ ȖȕȈ ȉȖȐȚșȧ ȒȈȒ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ țȊȐȌȐȚ ȍȋȖ ȚȈȒ ȉȍȎȈȚȤ ǷȘȖ-
ȉȖȊȈȓ ȧ ȍȍ Ȑ ȉȐȚȤ — ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȔȖȋȈȍȚ ©dzțȟȠȍ — ȋȖȊȖ-
ȘȐȚ — țȉȍȑ»
ǿȚȖȉȣ țȔȍȕȤȠȐȚȤ ȥȚȖȚ ȉȍȏȖȚȟȍȚȕȣȑ șȚȘȈȝ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȕȍȐȏȊȍ-
șȚȕȣȔ ǭȋȖȘȒȈ ȗȘȐ ȗȍȘȊȖȔ Ȏȍ ȏȈȘȈȉȖȚȒȍ ȕȈȗȖȐȓ șȊȖȦ ȗȖȌ-
Șțȋț ȊȖȌȒȖȑ ǵȈ ȥȚȖ ȗȖȌȊȐȕțȓ ȍȋȖ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȖȗȣȚ
ǺȈȒȖȊȈ ȐșȚȖȘȐȧ ȗȈȌȍȕȐȧ ȥȚȐȝ ȌȊțȝ ȖȉȍȏȌȖȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȉȍș-
ȗȘȐȦȚȕȣȝ ȌȍȚȍȑ Ǫșȍ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȓȖ ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȗȘȖșȚȖ Ȑ
ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȚȍȔ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȓȖ țȎȈșȕȖȍ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ DzȚȖ-ȚȖ ȒȖ-
ȋȌȈ-ȚȖ Ȑȝ ȘȖȌȐȓ Ȑ ȟțȚȤ ȕȍ ȗȖșȓȍ ȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȊȣȉȘȖșȐȓ ȕȈ țȓȐ-
Ȟț
— ǴȖȧ ȔȈȚȤ Ȋ ȉȖȓȤȕȐȞȍ țȔȍȘȓȈ — ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ǬțȕȤȒȈ — Ȉ
ȚȍȚȒȈ Ȕȍȕȧ ȊȣȋȕȈȓȈ șȒȈȏȈȓȈ ©ǹȚțȗȈȑ Ȋ ȗȘȐȦȚ DzȖȘȔȐȚȤ
ȟȚȖ ȓȐ, ȧ Țȍȉȧ ȉțȌț?»
ǶȕȈ Ȑ ȗȖȠȓȈ ȕȖ ȗȘȐȦȚȈ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȕȍ ȕȈȠȓȈ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȍȑ
ȚȖȋȌȈ ȉȣȓȖ ȓȍȚ - ǻȓȐȞȈ ȗȘȐȕȧȓȈ ȍȍ Ȑ ȒȖȘȔȐȓȈ Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȑ
ȌȈȊȈȓȈ ȍȑ ȕȖȟȓȍȋ ȗȖȌ ȗȘȐșȚȈȕȤȦ ȗȖȌ ȉȘțșȤȧȔȐ ȕȈ ȓȍșȕȣȝ
ȗȘȐșȚȈȕȧȝ Ȑ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ ȊȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ ȚȍȔȕȖȔ ȏȈȡȐȡȍȕȕȖȔ ȖȚ ȊȍȚ-
ȘȈ țȋȓț
— ǷȖȌȈȊȈȓȐ șȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȌȍȕȤ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȋȘȐ-
ȊȍȕȕȐȒȈ ȕȈȉȐȘȈȓȖșȤ — ȊșȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚ ȖȕȈ
ǰ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ ȖȕȈ ȕȍ ȊȣȘȈșȚȈȓȈ Ȉ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȈșȤ ȠȍșȚȐ-
ȓȍȚȕȍȑ ȒȘȖȠȒȖȑ țȓȐȞȈ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓȈ ȉȣ ȖȚȗțșȒȈȚȤ
ȍȑ ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȖ ȗȖ ȋȘȐȊȍȕȕȐȒț ǵȖ ȖȕȈ ȗȖ ȕȍțȔȖȓȐȔȖȔț ȏȈ-
ȒȖȕț ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ ȘȖșȓȈ ȚțȋȖ ȕȖ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȘȖșȓȈ Ȑ ȥȚȖ-ȚȖ ȍȍ Ȑ ȗȖ-
ȋțȉȐȓȖ Ǫ  ȓȍȚ țȓȐȞȈ ȕȈȠȓȈ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ țȎȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȏȈȘȈȉȈ-
ȚȣȊȈȚȤ șȊȖȑ ȝȓȍȉ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȓȈ ȖȚȗțșȒȈȚȤ ȋȘȐȊȍȕȕȐȒȐ ǵȈ ȍȍ
șțȌȤȉȍ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȏȍȘȒȈȓȍ, ȖȚȘȈȏȐȓȖșȤ ȉțȘȎțȈȏȕȖȍ ȔȐȘȖșȖȏȍȘȞȈ-
ȕȐȍ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȌȍȚșȒȐȑ ȚȘțȌ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ Ȑȏ șȍȉȧ ȚȖ ȅȓȤȌȖ-

15
ȘȈȌȖ Ȓ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț șȚȘȍȔȐȚșȧ ȊșȧȒȐȑ ȊȓȈȌȍȓȍȞ ȖȘțȌȐȑ ȚȘțȌȈ
— ǬȍȚȐ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ Ȑȝ ȚȘțȌ șȈȔȣȑ ȊȣȋȖȌȕȣȑ Ȉ
ȕȍȘȈȉȖȚȈȦȡȈȧ -ȚȐ ȓȍȚȕȧȧ ȌȍȊȖȟȒȈ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȘȧȔȣȔ țȉȣȚ-
ȒȖȔ Ȍȓȧ «ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ».
ǪȖȚ ȟȚȖ ȔȖȓȟȈȓȐȊȖ ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓȈ ǬțȕȤȒȍ țȓȐȞȈ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȈ
ȗȘȖȚȧȋȐȊȈȓȈ ȘțȒț ȏȈ ȗȖȌȈȧȕȐȍȔ
ǰ ȊȖȚ ȖȕȈ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȍȚ ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȖȕȈ ȕȍ șȐȌȐȚ ȕȈ Ƞȍȍ Ȗȉȡȍ-
șȚȊȈ ȖȕȈ ȎȐȊȍȚ șȊȖȐȔ «ȚȘțȌȖȔ»!
ǰșȚȖȘȐȧ ǭȋȖȘȒȐ ȚȖȟȕȈȧ ȒȖȗȐȧ ș ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȌȘțȋȐ ș
ȚȖȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈȏȕȐȞȍȑ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ șȖȊșȍȔ ȕȍ ȗȖȔȕȐȚ șȊȖȐȝ ȘȖȌȐ-
Țȍȓȍȑ ǴȈȚȍȘȤȦ ȍȋȖ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȉȣȓȈ țȓȐȞȈ ȗȖșȚțȗȐȓȈ ȖȕȈ ș ȕȐȔ
ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ș ǬțȕȤȒȖȑ Ȑ Ȓ ȚȖȔț Ȑ ȌȘțȋȖȔț ȗȘȐȓȖȎȍȕȈ
ȉȣȓȈ ȖȌȕȈ Ȑ ȚȈ Ȏȍ ȔȍȘȒȈ ǬȖ ȖȌȐȕȕȈȌȞȈȚȐ ȓȍȚ ȒȖȍ-ȒȈȒ ȒȖȘ-
ȔȐȓșȧ ȗȖȌȈȧȕȐȍȔ Ȉ ȕȈ ȌȊȍȕȈȌȞȈȚȖȔ ȋȖȌț ȗȘȐȕțȎȌȍȕ ȉȣȓ
șȖȋȓȈșȐȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ «ȓȖȌȖȟȕȐȒȈ» ǸȈȏȕȐȞȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȍȡȍ
Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȍȋȖ «ȓȖȌȖȟȕȐȒ» ȏȈȗȓȈȚȐȓ ȍȔț ȕȍ ȚȘȐ Șțȉȓȧ Ȉ Ȋșȍ-
ȋȖ ȘțȉȓȤ ȝȖȚȧ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓ ȉȖȋȈȚȣȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȌȖȔȖȊȓȈȌȍȓȍȞ ȋȓȈș-
ȕȣȑ ȌțȔȣ ȅȚȖȚ ȋȖșȗȖȌȐȕ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ ȓțȟȠȍ ȏȕȈȓ ȘȣȕȖȟȕțȦ
Ȟȍȕț ȌȍȚșȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ ȟȍȔ ȓȖȌȖȟȕȐȒ Ȗ ȚȘȍȝ Șțȉȓȧȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ
ȌȍȚȐ șȈȔȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ ȒȈȒ Ȗ șțȔȔȍ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȗȘȍȊȣȠȈȦȡȍȑ Ȟȍȕ-
ȕȖșȚȤ ȖȒȈȏȈȕȕȖȑ țșȓțȋȐ
ǺȘȐ Șțȉȓȧ Ȍȓȧ ȕȐȝ ȞȍȓȖȍ ȉȖȋȈȚșȚȊȖ ȖȕȐ ȌȈȎȍ ȉȖȧȓȐșȤ
ȟȚȖ Ȑȝ ȖȋȘȈȉȧȚ, Ȑ ȗȘȧȚȈȓȐșȤ ȖȚ Ȋșȍȝ ǰȔ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȑ ȌțȔȈȦȚ Ȗȉ Ȑȝ «ȉȖȋȈȚșȚȊȍ».
ǭȋȖȘȒȐȕ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ «ȋȖșȚȤ» Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȗȘȐȊȣȟȕȖȋȖ ȞȍȕȐ-
Țȍȓȧ ȚȘțȌȈ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȏȕȈȓ ȥȚȖ Ȑ ȊȖȏȕȈȋȘȈȌȐȓ ȍȋȖ ȘțȉȓȍȔ ǵȖ
ǭȋȖȘȒȈ ȕȍ ȖȉȐȎȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ Ȗȕ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ Ȋ ȗȖ-
ȘȧȌȒȍ Ȋȍȡȍȑ
ǪȍȌȤ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȖȌȐȕ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȍȚșȧ ȥȚȖȑ «ȘȈȉȖȚȖȑ» Ȑ ȊșȍȔ ȚȈȒ
Ȏȍ ȗȓȈȚȧȚ ǭȋȖȘȒȈ ȉȖȓȍȕ ȍȋȖ ȏȈȘȈȏȐȓȐ ȕȖ Ȑ ȕȈ ȥȚȖ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȖȉȐ-
ȎȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȥȚȖ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚ Ȗȕ Ȋ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȍ Ȋȍȡȍȑ
ǭȋȖ țȌȐȊȓȧȍȚ șȒȖȘȍȍ ȖȉȘȈȚȕȖȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȍ ȖȚȕȖȠȍ-
ȕȐȍ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȗȖșȚȖȘȖȕȕȍȋȖ ȓȐȞȈ ȉȍșȒȖȘȣșȚȕȖȍ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȍ ȗȖ-
ȔȖȟȤ ȊȖȑȚȐ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȅȚȖ ȍȔț ȕȍȗȖȕȧȚȕȖ Ȓ ȥȚȖȔț
Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȊȣȒ Ȑ ȥȚȖ ȕȍ țȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȋȖȓȖȊȍ ǺȈȒ Ȗȕ
ȕȐȒȈȒ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȗȘȐȔȐȘȐȚȤșȧ ș ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȕȐ Ȗȕ ȕȐ ǬțȕȤȒȈ ȕȍ
ȕțȎȕȣ Ȕȕȍ Ȑ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȕȈȠȍ ȏȕȈȒȖȔșȚȊȖ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȐȚșȧ ȖȌȕȐȔ
țȎȐȕȖȔ

ǵȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ Ȗȕ ȌțȔȈȓ ȟȚȖ Ȕȕȍ ȕțȎȕȣ ȖȌȕȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ Ȑ
Ȗȕ, Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȌȘțȋȈ — ȐȕȈȟȍ ȏȈȟȍȔ ȧ Ȑȝ ȒȖȘȔȓȦ ȖȉȖȐȝ Ȉ ȕȍ
ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ.
ǰȔȍȕȕȖ ȥȚȖ Ȗȕ ȐȔȍȓ Ȋ ȊȐȌț ȚȈȔ, ȗȖȌ ȗȘȐșȚȈȕȤȦ ȒȖȋȌȈ
șȒȈȏȈȓ
«ǷȖȑȌȍȔ ǬțȕȤȒȈ ȉȣȊȈȦȚ ȊȍȌȤ Ȑ ȚȈȒȐȍ ǷȖȔȕȐȠȤ ȗȘȖ-
ȠȓȖȋȖȌȕȍȋȖ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȕȈ"»
©ǷȘȖȠȓȖȋȖȌȕȐȑ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȕ» ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȕȈȌȘțȋȈȓșȧ ȕȈȌ ȕȐȔȐ
ȖȉȖȐȔȐ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ȗȘȐ șȈȔȖȑ ȖȚȊȘȈȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȍ
ǰ ȒȈȒ ȧ ȕȐ țȊȍȘȧȓ Ȑȝ ȟȚȖ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȎȍȓȈȦ ȖȕȐ
ȕȍ ȊȍȘȐȓȐ ȥȚȖ ȊȐȌȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖ Ȑȝ ȋȓȈȏȈȔ ȗȖ Ȑȝ ȗȍȘȍȋȓȧȌȣ-
ȊȈȕȐȦ ȔȍȎȌț șȖȉȖȑ ǷȖȊȍȘȐȓȐ, Ȑ ȚȖ ș ȚȘțȌȖȔ, ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ
ȧ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȐȓșȧ ș ȕȐȔȐ ț ȌȊȍȘȍȑ ȗȘȐȚȖȕȈ
— Ǫȣ ȊȗȘȈȊȌț țȝȖȌȐȚȍ"
— DzȖȕȍȟȕȖ Ȉ Țȣ Ȋșȍ ȕȍ ȊȍȘȐȠȤ"
— ǵȍȚ ȏȈȟȍȔ ȕȍ ȊȍȘȐȚȤ ȗȖȑȌȍȔ ǬțȕȤȒȈ ȊșȧȒȐȍ ȋȖșȗȖ-
ȌȈ-ȚȖ ȉȣȊȈȦȚ
ǰ ȖȕȐ șȒȘȣȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȚȍȔȕȖȚȍ

17
DzdzȀǶ Ƕ ǼǯȇdzǿȀǰdzǻǻǮȍ ǿǼǰdzǿȀȊ
ǹ Țȍȝ ȗȖȘ ȗȘȖȠȓȖ ȚȘȐ ȋȖȌȈ Ȉ șȚȖȐȚ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȕȕȍ ȏȈȒȘȣȚȤ
ȋȓȈȏȈ ȒȈȒ Ȗȉȍ ȌȍȚșȒȐȍ ȜȐȋțȘȒȐ ȊȣȘȈșȚȈȦȚ ȗȘȍȌȖ ȔȕȖȑ Ȋ
ȚȖȑ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȍ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȧ ȗȘȖȊȍȓ ș ȕȐȔȐ ȖȒȖȓȖ ȌȊțȝ ȟȈșȖȊ
ǭȋȖȘȒȈ șȐȌȐȚ ȖȗȍȘȠȐșȤ ȓȖȒȚȧȔȐ ȕȈ șȚȖȓ Ȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ
— ǫȖșȚȐ Ȋșȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȗȖȌ ȗȘȐșȚȈȕȤȦ ț ȕȈș ȉȣȊȈȦȚ ȒȖȋȌȈ
Ȓ ȕȍȑ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȧȚ ȧ ȖȚȖȑȌț ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȎȌț Ȉ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ ȗȘȐ-
ȌȍȚ ȒȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȖȚȖȑȌȍȚ Ǩ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȐȌȍȔ Ȋ ȓȈȊȒț ȗȖȒțȗȈȚȤ ȝȓȍȉ
DzȈȒȖȑ ȋȖȘȤȒȐȑ ȝȓȍȉ ȌȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȐȔ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ
ǺȖȋȌȈ ȥȚȖȚ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒ Ȋ ȘȖȓȐ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȈ ȉȣȓ Ȍȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȋ
ȕȖȊȐȕȒț; ȧ, ȒȈȒ ȎȐȚȍȓȤ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȐȝ ȋțȉȍȘȕȐȑ ǸȖșșȐȐ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȌ-
ȗȖȓȈȋȈȓ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȗȖȘȈȏȐȓȈ Ȕȍȕȧ ȥȚȈ
ȏȓȖȗȖȓțȟȕȈȧ ȗȈȘȈ ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȧ ȏȕȈȦ ȟȚȖ ȌȍȚșȒȈȧ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȞȐȧ
Ȋ șȘȍȌȍ ȖȉȖȐȝ ȗȖȓȖȊ — ȖȉȣȟȕȖȍ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȕȍ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȔ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ
ȥȚȖȔ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ ǰ Ȓ șȚȣȌț ȔȖȍȔț ȌȖȓȎȍȕ șȖȏȕȈȚȤșȧ ȟȚȖ Ȕȍȕȧ
ȥȚȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȕȍ ȗȖȘȈȎȈȍȚ ȇ ȕȍȋȖȌȖȊȈȓ ȕȈ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȖ
ȘȈȊȕȖȌțȠȕȖ șȔȖȚȘȐȚ ȕȈ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȖȚȊȘȈȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȉ
ȚȍȗȍȘȤ șȈȔ șȓȐȓșȧ ș ȥȚȐȔ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖȔ Ȑ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȘȈȊȕȖȌțȠȕȖ
șȔȖȚȘȦ ȕȈ ȥȚț ȋȕțșȕȖșȚȤ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȖȕȖ ǺȈȒȖȊȖ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕ-
ȕȖ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȡȍȋȖșȧ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ ȜȈȒȚȈ — Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ Ȗȕ
ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚ ȗȘȈȊȖ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȋ ȋȓȈȏȈȝ Ȋșȍȝ ȕȍ ȐșȒȓȦȟȈȧ
Ȑ Țȍȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ șȚȖȧȚȤ ȕȈ șȚȘȈȎȍ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊ Ȗȉȡȍ-
șȚȊȈ.
ȇȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȥȚȖ Ȗȉȡȍȍ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ Ȍȓȧ ȊșȍȋȖ DzȈȊȒȈȏȈ ȖȌȕȈ-
ȒȖ Ȋ ȏȈȒȈȊȒȈȏșȒȖȑ ȗȘȍșșȍ Ȋȣ ȕȍ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȚȍ ȒȘȐȒȈ ȕȍȋȖȌȖȊȈ-
ȕȐȧ ȗȖ ȥȚȖȔț ȗȖȊȖȌț ȖȕȈ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȘȈȊȕȖȌțȠȕȖ ȖȚȔȍȟȈȍȚ
«ǺȈȒȖȋȖ-ȚȖ ȟȐșȓȈ ȚȈȒȖȑ-ȚȖ ȖȉȣȊȈȚȍȓȤ șȖȊȍȘȠȐȓ ȋȕțșȕȖȍ ȕȈ-
șȐȓȐȍ ȕȈȌ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒȖȔ șȚȖȓȤȒȐȝ-ȚȖ ȓȍȚ» ǰ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍ ȎȌȐȚȍ
șȚȈȚȤȐ ȐȓȐ ȜȍȓȤȍȚȖȕȈ ȗȖ ȗȖȊȖȌț ȥȚȖȋȖ ȋȕțșȕȖȋȖ ȕȈșȐȓȐȧ Ȑȝ
ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȐȉȖ ȥȚȖ «ȋȕțșȕȖȍ ȕȈșȐȓȐȍ» ȍșȚȤ ȖȉȣȟȕȖȍ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ
Ȋ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȓ ȕȍȔț Ȋșȍ ȗȘȐșȔȖȚȘȍȓȐșȤ ȊșȍȔ ȖȕȖ
ȕȈȌȖȍȓȖ Ȑ ȕȐȒȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșțȍȚ ȇ ȋȖȊȖȘȦ ȥȚȖ ȕȍ Ȋ țȗȘȍȒ
ȒȈȊȒȈȏșȒȖȑ ȗȘȍșșȍ — ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȕȍȋȖȌȖȊȈȚȤ ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȖ Ȑ ȉȍȏ
ȒȖȕȞȈ ȗȖ ȗȖȊȖȌț ȖȌȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȚȖȋȖ Ȏȍ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȖȕȖ ȊȖȏ-
ȔțȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ Ǫ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ ȐȓȐ ȕȍȋȖȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ țȓȧ-
ȎȍȚșȧ ȐȓȐ ȕȍȋȖȌțȦȡȐȑ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȐȔȍȚȤ șȓțȠȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȔȐȔȖ

18
ȕȍȋȖ ȉțȌțȚ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȚȤ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȘȈȊȕȖȌțȠȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȘȈȊȕȖȌțȠȕȖ
ȗȘȖȝȖȌȧȚ ȔȐȔȖ șȈȔȖȋȖ ȜȈȒȚȈ ȗȖ ȗȖȊȖȌț ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȊȣȘȈȎȈȍȚ-
șȧ ȕȍȋȖȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ ǶȚȔȍȟȈȧ ȘȈȊȕȖȌțȠȕȖȍ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ
Ȓ ȥȚȖȔț ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȖȔț ȜȈȒȚț ȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȝȖȟț ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȕȈșȒȖȓȤ-
ȒȖ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȖ Ȑ ȕȈșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ ȗțșȚȐȓȖ ȒȖȘȕȐ ȚȖ
ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȗ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȧ ȋȖȊȖȘȦ ǭȋȖ ȊȖȓȍȑ-ȕȍȊȖȓȍȑ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȦȚ
ȐȔȍȦȡȐȔ ȗȘȈȊȖ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȍȚ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȗȘȍȎ-
Ȍȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ Ȑ ș ȕȐȔ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȊȈȚȤ
Ȑ ȗȍȟȈȚȤ ȒȈȒ ȒȖșȚȤ ȖȚ ȒȖșȚȐ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȗȓȖȚȤ ȖȚ ȗȓȖȚȐ ȍȋȖ
ǩȖȘȤȉȈ șȖ ȏȓȖȔ ȗȘȐ ȚȈȒȖȔ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȐ Ȍȓȧ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ
ȓȐȞȈ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȟȍȔ ȚȘțȌȕȖȑ ȕȈ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȉȣ ȗȖȟȊȍ ȥȚȖ
ȓȐȞȖ ȕȐ ȗȖȊȍȓȖ șȊȖȦ ȉȖȘȤȉț ǶȉȡȍșȚȊȖ ȘȈȏ ȖȕȖ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȓȖ
ȏȈ ȟȍȔ-ȓȐȉȖ ȗȘȈȊȖ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȊșȍȋȌȈ țȔȍȍȚ ȌȈȚȤ ȖȚȗȖȘ
ȕȖȊȈȚȖȘț ǪșȧȒȖȍ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȏȈ ȕȍȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȗȖȘȖȒ
ȚȖȚȟȈș ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȍȚ ȖȉȊȐȕȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȧ Ȓ ȠȈȕȚȈȎȍ
— ȅȚȖ ȠȈȕȚȈȎ — ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȐșȒȘȍȕȕȍ ȒȘȐȟȐȚ ȖȉȊȐȕȧȍȔȣȑ
ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ șȟȐȚȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ, ȗȘȍșȓȍȌțȧ ȍȋȖ ȏȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȌȍȓȈȦȚ ȉȍȏȕȈ-
ȒȈȏȈȕȕȖ Ȋșȍ ȖȉȊȐȕȐȚȍȓȤ ȗȖșȚțȗȈȍȚ ș ȕȐȔ ȕȍșȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖ
ǰ ȍȋȖ ȒȘȐȒ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚ șȖȟțȊșȚȊȐȍ Ȑ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒț șȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ
ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ ȚȖȚȟȈș ȖȚȒȓȐȒȈȦȚșȧ Ȋșȍ Țȍ ȒȖȚȖ-
Șȣȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖ șȓțȟȈȑȕȖșȚȐ ȕȍ ȖȉȊȐȕȧȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȚȖȔ Ȏȍ
ǫȖȌȈ ȟȍȚȣȘȍ ȕȈȏȈȌ Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ ǩ șȓțȟȈȑȕȖ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȓȖ ȌȍȓȖ
Ȗ ȕȈșȐȓȐȐ ȕȈȌ ȖȌȕȐȔ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒȖȔ ȗȘȐȟȍȔ ȕȈ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ Ȗȕ
țȒȈȏȈȓ ȌȖ -ȚȐ ȓȐȞ ȐȔȍȊȠȐȝ ș ȕȐȔ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȣȍ șȕȖȠȍ-
ȕȐȧ Ǫ ȟȐșȓȍ țȒȈȏȈȕȕȣȝ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒȖȔ ȓȐȞ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȍ-
ȓȖȊȍȒ ȋȓȈșȕȣȝ ȌțȔȣ ǼȈȒȚ ȥȚȖȚ Ȋ ȗȍȟȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȗȖȗȈȓ ȕȖ ȟȈșȚ-
ȕȖ ȉȣȓ ȐȏȊȍșȚȍȕ ȊșȍȔ ȚȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ, ȕȐȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȕȍȋȖȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ
Ȋ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍ ȕȍ ȊȣȏȊȈȓ ǵȈȌ ȖȉȊȐȕȧȍȔȣȔȐ ȌȖȉȘȖȌțȠȕȖ ȗȖ-
șȔȍȐȊȈȓȐșȤ ȗȖȌȠțȟȐȊȈȓȐ ȕȖ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȐȔ șȖȟțȊșȚȊȖ-
ȊȈȓȐ ȐȔ șȚȈȘȈȓȐșȤ ȗȖȔȖȋȈȚȤ ȊȣȒȘțȚȐȚȤșȧ Ȑȏ ȕȍȗȘȐȧȚȕȖȋȖ Ȍȍ-
ȓȈ Ǫșȍ ȒȘȐȟȈȓȐ ©ȅȚȖ ȠȈȕȚȈȎ» — ȝȖȚȧ Ȋșȍ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖ ȏȕȈ-
ȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȖȉȊȐȕȧȍȔȣȍ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ șȟȐȚȈȦȚșȧ ȓȦȉȐȚȍ-
ȓȧȔȐ
ǺȈȒȖȍ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ Ȓ ȕȍȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔț ȗȖȘȖȒț ȕȍ
ȔȖȎȍȚ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȚȤșȧ ȉȍȏ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȧ Ȑ ȕȈ șȓȍȌșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕțȦ ȊȓȈșȚȤ Ǭȍȓ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ Ȋ ǩ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȈȍȚ ȔȈșșȈ ȕȖ ȗȖ-
ȟȚȐ Ȋșȍ ȖȕȐ ȏȈ șȈȔȣȔ ȕȍȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍȔ ȐȌțȚ
ȕȈ ȗȘȍȒȘȈȡȍȕȐȍ

ǴȈȓȤȟȐȒ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ șȖ ȊșȍȔȐ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖșȚȧȔȐ ȖȗȐșȣ-
ȊȈȍȚ ȋȕțșȕȣȑ ȈȒȚ țȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȔȍșȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ țȟȈșȚ-
ȊțȦȡȐȝ ȓȐȞ — ȕȖ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȕȐȟȍȔț ȕȍ ȗȖȔȖȋȈȍȚ ȉȍȏ șȖȟțȊ-
șȚȊȐȧ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ǶȉȡȍșȚȊȖ ȝȖȘȖȔ ȒȘȐȟȐȚ ©ȅȚȖ ȠȈȕȚȈȎ»
ǰ ȥȚȐȔ ȒȘȐȒȖȔ ȋȐȗȕȖȚȐȏȐȘțȍȚ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȧ ȊȕțȠȈȍȚ ȍȔț
ȕȍȗȘȍȖȌȖȓȐȔȖȍ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȒȈȎȌȖȔ șȓȖȊȍ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒȈ Ȑ ȕȈȗ-
ȘȖȚȐȊ ȌȖȊȍȘȐȍ Ȓ ȒȈȎȌȖȔț șȓȖȊț ȖȉȊȐȕȧȍȔȖȋȖ Ȑ ȍȋȖ șȊȐȌȍȚȍ-
ȓȍȑ — Ȑ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚșȧ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈ ȗȘȍȌ-
ȊȈȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ șțȌȍȉȕȖȋȖ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȧ ȟȚȖ ȌȍȓȖ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȒȘȈȚȐȚȤ
ȕȍȓȤȏȧ
ǰ ȖȕȖ ȗȘȍȒȘȈȡȈȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ șȈȔȖ șȖȉȖȑ ȕȈȉȘȈșȣȊȈȍȚ ȚȍȕȤ
ȕȈ ȖȉȊȐȕȐȚȍȓȧ ȒȈȒ ȕȈ ȠȈȕȚȈȎȐșȚȈ

20
ǯǶǾǴǮ ȀdzǹǮ Ƕ ǻdzdzǿȀdzǿȀǰdzǻǻǮȍ ǹȌǯǼǰȊ
Ǫ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȊȣȘȈșȚȈȍȚ țȎȍ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖȍ ȧȊ-
ȓȍȕȐȍ ǻȒȈȏȈȕȕȣȑ ȗȖȘȖȒ ȒȈȒ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȒȈȘȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖ ȘțșșȒȐȔ
ȏȈȒȖȕȈȔ ȊȍșȤȔȈ șȚȘȖȋȖ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ Ȑ ȉȣȓȖ șȖȋȓȈșȐȍ ȖȉȍȐȝ șȚȖ-
ȘȖȕ — șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ-ȓȐȉȖ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȥȚȖ-
ȋȖ ȗȖȘȖȒȈ ȉȣȚȤ ȕȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ Ȑ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȉȣ Ȑ ȉȣȚȤ ȕȍ ȔȖ-
ȎȍȚ ǶȌȕȈȒȖ Ȋ ǩ șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȊșȍȔ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȍ ȔȍșȚȖ ȕȈ
ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒȐ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȖ ȗȘȍȌȓȈȋȈȦȚ șȍȉȧ ȎȍȓȈȦȡȐȔ
ǴȍșȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚșȧ Ȋ ȞȍȕȚȘȍ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ Ȑ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ «ǷȈ-
ȘȈȗȍȚ» ǵȈ ȥȚȖȔ ǷȈȘȈȗȍȚȍ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȊȍȟȍȘ ȕȈ ȊȐȌț ț Ȋșȍȝ ȊșȚȘȍ-
ȟȈȦȚșȧ șȗȘȖș Ȑ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ǴȈȓȤȟȐȒȐ-ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȖȕȈȓȣ,
ȉȖȓȍȍ ȐȓȐ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȘȈșȜȘȈȕȟȍȕȕȣȍ Ȋ ȚțȏȍȔȕȣȝ ȒȖșȚȦȔȈȝ, ȎȌțȚ
șȊȖȐȝ ȒȓȐȍȕȚȖȊ ǰ Ȋșȍ ȕȍ ȐșȒȓȦȟȈȧ Ȑ ȊȓȈșȚȍȑ ȘȈȊȕȖȌțȠȕȖ
ȗȘȖȝȖȌȧȚ ȔȐȔȖ ȥȚȖȑ ȋȕțșȕȖȑ ȉȐȘȎȐ ȖȕȈ ȜțȕȒȞȐȖȕȐȘțȍȚ
ȉȍșȗȘȍȗȧȚșȚȊȍȕȕȖ
ǬȈȓȍȍ, Ȋ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȌțȝȈȕȈȝ ȗȘȐșȓțȎȐȊȈȦȚ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕ-
ȕȖ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒȐ ȓȍȚ ȗȧȚȕȈȌȞȈȚȐ-ȠȍșȚȕȈȌȞȈȚȐ; ȖȕȐ ȊșȍȋȌȈ Ȋȣ-
ȒȖȘȔȓȍȕȣ ș ȎȍȕȖȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȔȐ ȚȖȘșȈȔȐ ȅȚȖ «șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȞȣ»
ȝȖȏȧȍȊ ǺțȚ ȌȈȎȍ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȍȚșȧ ȕȍȟȚȖ ȊȘȖȌȍ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȑ șȚȘȈ-
șȚȐ ș ȐȏȔȍȕȈȔȐ ȔțȒȈȔȐ ȘȍȊȕȖșȚȐ ȉțȘȕȣȔȐ șȞȍȕȈȔȐ ȌȖ-
ȝȖȌȧȡȐȔȐ ȕȍȘȍȌȒȖ ȌȖ țȉȐȑșȚȊȈ ȐȓȐ șȖȗȍȘȕȐȒȈ, ȐȓȐ ȔȈȓȤ-
ȟȐȒȈ-ȐȏȔȍȕȕȐȒȈ
ǩȣȓȖ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȌȍȓȖ Ȋ șțȌȍȉȕȖȑ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒȍ ǴȈ-
ȓȤȟȐȒ șȓțȎȐȓ Ȋ ȓȈȊȖȟȒȍ Ȑ ȉȣȓ Ȋ șȊȧȏȐ ș ȝȖȏȧȐȕȖȔ ȒȖȚȖ-
Șȣȑ ȗȣȓȈȓ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ǵȖ ȏȈ ȥȚȐȔ Ȏȍ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒȖȔ țȝȈȎȐȊȈȓ, Ȑ
ȕȍȉȍȏțșȗȍȠȕȖ șȖșȍȌ ǽȖȏȧȐȕȈ — șȖȌȍȘȎȈȚȍȓȧ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒȈ —
ȔțȟȐȓȈ ȘȍȊȕȖșȚȤ Ȗȕ ȌȖȠȍȓ ȌȖ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ șȚȈȓ ȋȘȖȏȐȚȤ șȖșȍȌț
țȉȐȑșȚȊȖȔ ȕȖ ȚțȚ ȖȕȐ șȓțȟȈȑȕȖ țȏȕȈȦȚ ȟȚȖ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒ ȐȏȔȍ-
ȕȧȍȚ ȐȔ ȖȉȖȐȔ
ǪȘȈȋȐ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȦȚ șȖȦȏ Ȑ țȉȐȊȈȦȚ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒȈ
ǰ ȚȈȒȐȍ șȓțȟȈȐ ȕȍ ȘȍȌȒȖșȚȤ ǪȖȖȉȡȍ, ȗȘȐȕȧȚȖ ȔșȚȐȚȤ șȈ-
ȔȖȔț ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒț Ȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȘȍȌȒȐȝ șȓțȟȈȧȝ ȔȍșȚȤ ȖȉȘțȠȐ-
ȊȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ șȖȗȍȘȕȐȒȈ
Ǫ ȔȍșȚȕȣȝ ȋȈȏȍȚȈȝ ȟȈșȚȖ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȚȤ ȏȈȔȍȚȒȐ
ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ «ǺȈȒȖȋȖ-ȚȖ ȟȐșȓȈ Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȔ-ȚȖ ȗȍȘȍțȓȒȍ ȕȈȑȌȍȕ
ȚȘțȗ ȦȕȖȠȐ ȓȍȚ - ǵȈ ȚȘțȗȍ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ  ȒȖȓȖȚȣȝ ȘȈȕ».

21
ǸȈȕ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ Ȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ — ȥȚȖ ȘȈșșȊȐȘȍȗȍȊȠȐȑ ȘȍȊ-
ȕȐȊȍȞ ȊȣȔȍȡȈȓ ȕȈ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒȍ ȔțȒȐ ȘȍȊȕȖșȚȐ ǻȉȐȑȞȈ Ȋ ȚȈ-
ȒȐȝ șȓțȟȈȧȝ Ȋ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȍ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȉȍȏȕȈȒȈȏȈȕ-
ȕȣȔ Ȗȕ ȐȏȊȍșȚȍȕ ȊșȍȔ ȉȓȐȏȒȐȔ ȕȖ ȥȚȐ ȉȓȐȏȒȐȍ șȟȐȚȈȦȚ ȍȋȖ
ȔȍșȚȤ ȏȈȒȖȕȕȖȑ ǻȓȐȟȕȣȑ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒ ȉȘȖȠȍȕȕȣȑ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȘȖ-
ȌȐȚȍȓȧȔȐ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȓ șțȌȤȉȣ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȌȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍȔ țȓȐ-
Ȟȣ ȖȚȒțȌȈ ȍȋȖ ȊȖȓȍȕ ȉȘȈȚȤ ȊșȧȒȐȑ ȎȍȓȈȦȡȐȑ Ȑ ȉȍȘȍȚ ǹ
ȥȚȖȋȖ ȔȖȔȍȕȚȈ Ȗȕ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȐȚ șȊȖȍȔț ȊȓȈȌȍȓȤȞț ȏȈȚȘȈȟȐ-
ȊȈȦȡȍȔț ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕțȦ șțȔȔț Ȍȍȕȍȋ ǶȝȘȈȕȈ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȘȈȊ
Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ Ȑ ȔȍșȚȤ ȏȈ ȕȈȘțȠȍȕȐȍ ȥȚȐȝ ȗȘȈȊ șȟȐȚȈȦȚșȧ
ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔȐ Ȑ ȏȈȒȖȕȕȣȔȐ ǷȘȐ șȚȖȓȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȧȝ
ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒȈ ș ȍȋȖ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȚȍȓȍȔ ȕȍȋȖȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȖȉȘțȠȐȊȈȍȚ-
șȧ ȕȍ ȕȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȋȖ Ȉ ȕȈ ȗȍȘȊȖȋȖ:
«Ƕȕ Ȋȏȧȓ ș țȓȐȞȣ Ȗȉțȓ ȖȌȍȓ ȒȖȘȔȐȓ ȒȈȒ ȕȈ țȉȖȑ Ȉ Ȗȕ"»
ǪȏȋȓȧȌ ȒȈȒ ȊȐȌȐȚȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȘȖșȚȖȑ ȒȈȒ ȕȈ ȕȈȘțȠȍȕȐȍ
ȗȘȈȊȈ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ǯȈȒȖȕ ȕȍ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊțȍȚ ȥȚȖȔț ȗȘȈ-
Ȋț Ȉ ȌȈȎȍ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌțȍȚ ȍȋȖ ȕȖ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ ȕȍ ȝȖȟȍȚ ȗȘȐȔȐȘȐȚȤ-
șȧ ș ȥȚȐȔ ȏȈȒȖȕȖȔ Ȗȕ ȟțȎȌ ȍȔț ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȋȕțșȕȖȍ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ
ȊȣȘȖșȓȖ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȘțșșȒȐȝ ȏȈȒȖȕȖȊ ȖȕȖ șțȡȍșȚ-
ȊțȍȚ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȊȍȒȖȊ Ȑ ȌȈȊȕȣȔ-ȌȈȊȕȖ șȌȍȓȈȓȖșȤ «ȗȖȚȘȍȉȕȖșȚȤȦ»
ǪȖșȚȖȒȈ ȒȈȒ ȍȋȖ ȔȕȖȋȖȎȍȕșȚȊȖ ȌȖȔȈ ȚȍȘȗȐȔȖșȚȐ șȖȌȍȘ-
ȎȈȕȒȐ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟ
ǫȕțșȕȖ ȕȍȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȕȖ ȚȈȒȖȊ ǪȖșȚȖȒ ȚȈȒȖȊȈ ȍȋȖ ȒțȓȤ-
ȚțȘȈ șȗȖșȖȉșȚȊțȦȡȈȧ ȗȘȖȐȏȘȈșȚȈȕȐȦ ȌȈȎȍ Ȑ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȋȕțșȕȣȝ,
ȉȖȓȍȍ ȕȍȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȖȘȖȒȖȊ
Ǫ ȚȘȍȉȕȐȒȈȝ ȊȖșȚȖȟȕȖȑ ȞȍȘȒȊȐ Ȋ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȈȝ Ȗȉ ȐșȗȖȊȍȌȐ
ȐȔȍȦȚșȧ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȊȖȗȘȖșȣ ©ǵȍ ȗȈȓșȧ ȓȐ șȖ șȒȖȚȖȔ șȖ ȗȚȐȞȍȦ"»
ȅȚȐ șȓȖȊȈ ș ȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȝ ȚȘȍȉȕȐȒȖȊ ȞȍȓȐȒȖȔ ȗȍȘȍȕȍșȍȕȣ
Ȑ Ȋ ȕȈȠȐ ȘțșșȒȐȍ ȚȘȍȉȕȐȒȐ ȝȖȚȧ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ Ȑȏ ȌȊțȝ ȗȖȘȖ-
ȒȖȊ ȕȐȒȖȔț Ȑȏ ȘțșșȒȐȝ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȌȍȚ Ȑ Ȋ ȋȖȓȖȊț
ǵȖ ȕȈ ǪȖșȚȖȒȍ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ ȍșȓȐ ȕȍ șȍȑȟȈș ȚȖ Ȋ ȗȘȍȎȕȍȍ
ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȑ ȥȚȖȚ ȗȖȘȖȒ ȐȔȍȓ șȊȖȍ ȔȍșȚȖ ȐȕȈȟȍ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȉȣȓ ȉȣ
ȗȖȔȍȡȍȕ Ȋ ȟȐșȓȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȝ ȗȘȍȋȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ
ǩȖȓȤȠȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȘȖȒ ȥȚȖȚ ȉȣȓ șȐȓȤ-
ȕȖ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȜȐȋțȘȐȘțȍȚ Ȋ ȟȐșȓȍ ȋȘȍȝȖȊ Ȗȉȣȟ-
ȕȣȝ ȕȍ ȗȍȘȊȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȖȑ ȊȈȎȕȖșȚȐ șȟȐȚȈȍȚșȧ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȖ ȖȉȣȟȕȖȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȑ șȓȈȉȖșȚȤȦ ș ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȗȘȐȝȖ-

22
ȌȐȚșȧ ȔȐȘȐȚȤșȧ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ «ȋȘȍȠȍȕ ȍșȔȤ Ȑ ȊȖ ȋȘȍȝȈȝ ȘȖȌȐ Ȕȧ
ȔȈȚȐ ȔȖȧ».
ǪȖȚ ȥȚȖ-ȚȖ — «ȋȘȍȠȍȕ ȍșȔȤ Ȑ ȊȖ ȋȘȍșȍȝ ȘȖȌȐ Ȕȧ ȔȈȚȐ ȔȖȧ»,
ȒȈȒ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȒȈȒ țșȚțȗȒȈ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȔț ȚȍȔȗȍȘȈȔȍȕȚț, Ȑ
ȌȈȍȚ ȗȘȈȊȖ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȗȖȘȖȒț ȒȈȒ ȉȣ Ȗȕ ȗȖ ȕȈȠȍȔț
ȗȖȕȧȚȐȦ ȕȐ ȉȣȓ ȋȕțșȍȕ — Ȑ ȕȐȒȈȒȈȧ șȚȘȖȋȖșȚȤ ȏȈȒȖȕȈ ȚțȚ
ȕȍ ȗȖȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȖȒȈ șȈȔȖ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ ȕȍ ȖȚȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȖȚ șȊȖȐȝ șȚȈ-
Șȣȝ țȒȖȘȍȕȐȊȠȐȝșȧ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȖȊ Ȑ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ «ȔȈȓȤ-
ȟȐȒȐ» ȒȈȒ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȍȕȐȧ — ȋȕțșȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȕȍȍșȚȍșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕȈȧ ȋȕțșȕȖșȚȤ ǬȖ Țȍȝ ȗȖȘ ȊșȧȒȐȍ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȉȖȘȤȉȣ ș ȥȚȐȔ
ȏȓȖȔ ȉțȌțȚ ȘȈȏȉȐȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȗ ȗȈșșȐȊȕȖȍ șȖȗȘȖȚȐȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȗȉȡȍ-
șȚȊȈ; ȖȕȖ ȊșȍȋȌȈ șțȔȍȍȚ ȏȈȡȐȚȐȚȤ «ȒȖșȚȤ ȖȚ ȒȖșȚȐ șȊȖȍȑ
ȗȓȖȚȤ ȖȚ ȗȓȖȚȐ șȊȖȍȑ».
DzȈȒȈȧ-ȓȐȉȖ ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȈȧ ȉȖȘȤȉȈ ș ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȧȔȐ ȋȕț-
șȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȘȖȒȈ ȏȈȚȘțȌȕȧȍȚșȧ ȍȡȍ Ȑ ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȘȖȒț ȥȚȖȔț ȗȘȍ-
ȌȈȦȚșȧ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ șȖșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȉțȘȎțȈȏȕȣȍ
ȒȓȈșșȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȋ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȕȖșȐȚȍȓȧȔȐ Ȑ Ȋȣ-
ȘȈȏȐȚȍȓȧȔȐ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȔȕȍȕȐȧ ǷȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȋȖ-
ȓȖș ȥȚȖȋȖ ȒȓȈșșȈ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȘȈȏȌȈȍȚșȧ ȋȘȖȔȟȍ Ȋșȍȝ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȋȖȓȖ-
șȖȊ Ȑ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȚ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȍȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ DzȈȒ
ȕȈ ȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȔȖȎȕȖ țȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ Ȓ ȕȍȌȈȊ-
ȕȖ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȠȍȔț Ȋ ǩ. ©ǶȉȡȍșȚȊț ȏȈȡȐȚȣ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȕȣȝ Ȏȍȕ-
ȡȐȕ» (ȗȖ ȖȉȘȈȏȞț ȒȈȏȈȕșȒȖȋȖ

ǷȖȟȚȐ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȌȍȕȤ ȗȖșȓȍ țȟȘȍȌȐȚȍȓȤșȒȖȋȖ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȧ
Ȓ șȍȒȘȍȚȈȘȦ Ȑ țȟȘȍȌȐȚȍȓȦ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ȗȘȐȠȓȈ ȖȌȕȈ Ȍȍ-
ȊțȠȒȈ Ȑ șȖ șȓȍȏȈȔȐ țȔȖȓȧȓȈ ȗȖȔȖȟȤ ȍȑ
ǶȕȈ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȓȈ Ȋ ǩ ȐșȒȈȚȤ ȏȈȘȈȉȖȚȒȈ ȕȖ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȑ
ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȕȈȑȚȐ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȈ Ȑ ȌȖȠȓȈ ȌȖ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ șȚȈȓȈ ȋȖȓȖ-
ȌȈȚȤ ȅȚȐȔ ȊȖșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȓșȧ ȖȌȐȕ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓȐșȚ ȗȖȌ ȟțȎȐȔ ȐȔȍ-
ȕȍȔ ȗȖȏȕȈȒȖȔȐȓșȧ ș ȕȍȑ Ȑ ȘȈȏȕȣȔȐ ȏȈȔȈȕȟȐȊȣȔȐ ȖȉȍȡȈ-
ȕȐȧȔȐ șȒȓȖȕȐȓ Ȓ șȖȎȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊț ǷȘȐȎȈȚȈȧ ȕțȎȌȖȑ ȌȍȊțȠ-
ȒȈ șȖȋȓȈșȐȓȈșȤ Ȑ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȍȕȍȑ ȏȈȉȍȘȍȔȍȕȍȓȈ DzȈȒ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȖȎȐȚȍȓȤ țȏȕȈȓ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȚȈȒ ȉȘȖșȐȓ ȍȍ ȕȍ șȒȈȏȈȊ ȍȑ
șȊȖȍȋȖ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȋȖ ȐȔȍȕȐ ǶȕȈ ȖșȚȈȓȈșȤ ȉȍȏ ȒțșȒȈ ȝȓȍȉȈ Dz
ȌȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȐȦ ȊșȍȋȖ, ȉȍȘȍȔȍȕȕȖșȚȤ șȖȗȘȖȊȖȎȌȈȓȈșȤ ȗȘȐȗȈȌ-
ȒȈȔȐ ȚȖȠȕȖȚȣ Ȑ ȋȖȓȖȊȖȒȘțȎȍȕȐȧ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ ȕȐ ȏȈ ȒȈȒțȦ ȘȈ-
ȉȖȚț ȖȕȈ ȊȏȧȚȤșȧ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȈ Ǩ Ȋ ȉțȌțȡȍȔ ȗȘȍȌșȚȖȧȓȖ ȘȖȎȌȍ-
ȕȐȍ ȘȍȉȍȕȒȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȍȡȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ șȊȧȎȍȚ ȘțȒȐ

23
— ǭșȓȐ Ȋȣ ȕȍ ȗȖȔȖȎȍȚȍ ȚȖ Ȕȕȍ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȖȌȕȖ ȕȈȓȖ-
ȎȐȚȤ ȕȈ șȍȉȧ ȘțȒȐ — ȏȈȧȊȐȓȈ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȕȈȧ
ǵȈȟȈȓȐșȤ ȗȖȐșȒȐ șȖȎȐȚȍȓȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȓ șȟȈșȚȤȦ țȊȍȕ-
ȟȈȓȐșȤ țșȗȍȝȖȔ DzȈȒ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ «ȗșȍȊȌȖȕȐȔ» ȍȋȖ ȉȣȓ ȘȈșȒȘȣȚ
ȚȈȒ Ȗȕ ȚȖȚȟȈș șȖȋȓȈșȐȓșȧ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȚȤ ȉțȌțȡȍȋȖ ȘȍȉȍȕȒȈ ǴȍȎ-
Ȍț ȕȐȔ Ȑ ȌȍȊțȠȒȖȑ ȉȣȓȖ ȘȍȠȍȕȖ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȌȈșȚ ȍȑ  Ș
ȍȌȐȕȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ȖȕȈ țȍȌȍȚ Ȋ șȊȖȑ ȘȖȌȕȖȑ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȚȈȔ Ȋ ȗȘȐ-
ȋȖȘȖȌȕȖȔ șȍȓȍ ȒțȗȐȚ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȑ ȒȓȖȟȖȒ ȏȍȔȓȐ țșȚȘȖȐȚ ȕȍ-
ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȘȖȌȍ ȜȍȘȔȣ Ȑ ȉțȌȍȚ ȎȐȚȤ ȗȘȖȌȈȎȍȑ Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ ȔȖȓȖȒȈ
ȔȈșȓȈ ȧȐȞ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟ ǻșȓȖȊȐȍ ȥȚȖ ȚȖȚȟȈș Ȏȍ Ȑ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȍ-
ȕȖ ǶȕȈ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȈ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ Ȑ țȍȝȈȓȈ DzȈȎȍȚșȧ, ȓțȟȠȍȋȖ ȒȖȕȞȈ
Ȑ ȖȎȐȌȈȚȤ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȟȚȖ ȐȔȧ șȖȉȓȈȏȕȐȚȍȓȧ ȖșȚȈ-
ȓȖșȤ Ȋ ȚȈȑȕȍ ǰ ȚȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ, ȉțȘȎțȈȏȕȈȧ ȟȈșȚȤ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ
șȖȟȓȈ șȊȖȍȑ ȖȉȧȏȈȕȕȖșȚȤȦ ȏȈȉȐȚȤ Ȋ ȕȈȉȈȚ Ǫ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧȝ țȟ-
ȘȍȌȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȥȚȈ ȟȈșȚȤ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ țȊȐȌȍȓȈ ȋȘȖȏȧȡțȦ ȍȑ ȖȗȈș-
ȕȖșȚȤ
«ȅȚȖ ȠȈȕȚȈȎ — ȕȍ ȏȈȌțȔȣȊȈȧșȤ, ȘȍȠȐȓȐ șȚȍȗȍȕȕȣȍ ȉțȘ-
ȎțȈ — ǶȕȈ șȈȔȈ ȊȐȕȖȊȈȚȈ ȖȕȈ ȏȕȈȓȈ, ȕȈ ȟȚȖ ȠȓȈ ǺȈȒ Ȋșȍ
ȏȈȝȖȚȧȚ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚȤ ȒțȠ ș șȊȖȐȝ șȖȎȐȚȍȓȍȑ».
ǵȐ ȖȉȔȈȕ ȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȖȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ «șȖȎȐȚȍȓȤ» ȌȖȉȐȓșȧ
șȊȖȍȋȖ ȕȐ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȌȈȕȣ, șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖ, ȕȍ ȍȑ Ȉ ȍȍ
ȉțȌțȡȍȔț ȘȍȉȍȕȒț ȕȐ ȌȈȎȍ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖȚ ȋȖșȗȖȌȐȕ ȒȈȒ Ȋȣ-
ȧșȕȐȓȖșȤ ȝȖȌȐȚ ȗȖ ȋȖșȚȐȕȐȞȈȔ Ȑ ȓȖȊȐȚ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȘȐȍȏȎȐȝ —
ȕȐȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȕȈȊȓȐȊȈȓȖ ȕȍȋȖȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȊȖȏȔțȡȍȕȕȣȝ ȉțȘȎțȈ.
ǶȕȐ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȏȕȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȝȖȚȍȓȐ ȖȕȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȐȌȍȓȐ ȟȚȖ «Ȗȉ-
ȡȍșȚȊȖ» ȊȚȖȘȋȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ Ȑȝ Ȗȉȣȟȕȣȑ șȚȘȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȑ ȝȖȟȍȚ ȗȖ-
ȠȈȚȕțȚȤ țșȚȖȐ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȖȑ ȌȖșȍȓȍ ȒțȗȓȐ-ȗȘȖȌȈȎȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍ-
șȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ
DzȈȒȖȊȣ ȜȖȘȔȣ ȥȚȖȑ ȒțȗȓȐ-ȗȘȖȌȈȎȐ Ȕȣ ȗȖșȚȈȘȈȍȔșȧ
ȊȣȧșȕȐȚȤ Ȋ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȑȠȍȔ ȐȏȓȖȎȍȕȐȐ
ǷȖȒȈ Ȏȍ Ȓ șȒȈȏȈȕȕȖȔț ȕȈȔ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȌȖȉȈȊȐȚȤ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ
șȓȖȊ
ǯȌȍșȤ ȊȏȧȚ ȖȌȐȕ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȗȘȐȚȖȔ ȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȑ ȖȚ-
ȟȍȋȖ Ȑ șȈȔȐ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȚ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ
ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘ
ǵȈ șȈȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ, ȕȐ ȥȚȖȚ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȕȐ șȈȔ ǪȖșȚȖȒ ȕȍ șȖșȚȈȊ-
ȓȧȦȚ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧ ǿȚȖ ȒȈșȈȍȚșȧ ȌȍȚșȒȖȑ
ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȞȐȐ ȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȈ ȗȖ Ȋșȍȑ ǸȖșșȐȐ ǴȈȒ-

șȐȔ ǫȖȘȤȒȐȑ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȍȚ șȊȖȦ ȊșȚȘȍȟț ș ȌȍȊȖȟ-
ȒȖȑ-ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȒȖȑ Ȋ DzȈȏȈȕȐ DzȈȒ ȕȈ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȐȊȠȍȍșȧ țȎȍ
ȏȓȖ ȋȈȏȍȚȣ țȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ ȕȈ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ Ȋ DzȐȍȊȍ
Ȋ ǶȌȍșșȍ Ǵȕȍ ȓȐȟȕȖ ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȚȤ ȌȍȚșȒțȦ ȗȘȖșȚȐ-
ȚțȞȐȦ Ȋ ǹȈȘȈȚȖȊȍ Ȋ ǹȈȔȈȘȍ Ȋ DzȐȠȐȕȍȊȍ
ǪșȦȌț Ȋ ȥȚȐȝ ȔȍșȚȈȝ ȌȍȚșȒȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ ȚȍȘȏȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȥȒșȗȓțȈ-
ȚȐȘțȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȠȐȘȖȒȐȝ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉȈȝ
ǵȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȐȕȖȔ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȐ «ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒȐ» ǺȍȘȘȐȚȖ-
ȘȐȈȓȤȕȖ Ȑ ȥȚȖ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȖ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȠȐȘȖȒȖ
ǷȍȚȍȘȉțȘȋ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȕȍ șȊȖȉȖȌȍȕ ȖȚ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȏȓȈ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ǺȐȜȓȐș
ǵȖ Ȋ ǷȍȚȍȘȉțȘȋȍ ȥȚȖȚ ȗȖȘȖȒ șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȗȘȐȊȐȓȍȋȐȦ ȚȈȒ ȕȈ-
ȏȣȊȈȍȔȣȝ ȊȣșȠȐȝ ȒȓȈșșȖȊ
ǺțȚ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȕȍȚ ȉȐȘȎȐ ȕȈȗȖȌȖȉȐȍ ǩ-Ȗȑ Ȉ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț Ȑ
șȗȘȖș ȐȡȍȚ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȌȘțȋȐȔȐ ȗțȚȧȔȐ ǺțȚ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ
ȔȖȓȖȌȖȑ ȟȐȕȖȊȕȐȒ ȗȘȐșȓțȎȐȊȈȍȚșȧ șȊȖȍȑ ȔȖȓȖȌȖșȚȤȦ șȖ-
ȓȐȌȕȖȔț șȈȕȖȊȕȐȒț Ȑ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȒȈȘȤȍȘț
dzȦȉȐȚȍȓȐ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȝ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȍȕȐȑ ȚțȚ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣ
ȊșȍȔ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȕȈ ǪȖșȚȖȒȍ Ȑ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ Ȓ ȕȐȔ ȚȈȒȖ-
ȊȖ Ȏȍ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȚȈȔ ǰȔȍȍȚșȧ ȌȈȎȍ Ȑ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȒȘțȎȖȒ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȋȌȍ
țȒȈȏȈȕȕȣȑ ȕȍȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȗȖȘȖȒ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȍȋȖ ȜȖȘȔȣ șȟȐ-
ȚȈȦȚșȧ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȈȘȐșȚȖȒȘȈȚȐȏȔȖȔ ȌțȝȈ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȒȖȔ țȚȖȕ-
ȟȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȕȈȚțȘȣ

25
ǿǰǼDzǻǶȅdzǿȀǰǼ
ǵȍșȖȔȕȍȕȕȖ ȟȚȖ Ȋ Ȓțȗȓȍ-ȗȘȖȌȈȎȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ Ȗȋ-
ȘȖȔȕțȦ ȘȖȓȤ ȐȋȘȈȦȚ ȚȈȒ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔȣȍ șȊȖȌȕȐ DzȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȐ-
șȔȖȚȘȐȠȤșȧ Ȓ Ȑȝ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȍȍ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖșȚȧȝ ȚȖ
ȕȍȊȖȓȤȕȖ Ȋ ȌțȠț ȏȈȒȘȈȌȣȊȈȦȚșȧ Ȑ țȎȈș Ȑ țȌȐȊȓȍȕȐȍ
DzȈȒ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȏȓȈ ȔȖȎȍȚ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȖȌȐȕ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ
ǰ ȚțȚ Ȏȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȊȖȗȘȖș Ȉ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȏȓȈ ȗȘȐȕȖșȧȚ Ȋșȍ ȖȕȐ"
ǪȖȚ țȎȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȋȖȌ ȧ ȐȏțȟȈȦ ȥȚț șȚȖȘȖȕț ȘțșșȒȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ
Ȑ ș ȒȈȎȌȣȔ ȌȕȍȔ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȗȖȘȈȎȈȍȚ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȋșȍ ȕȖȊȣ-
ȔȐ Ȑ ȕȖȊȣȔȐ ȜȈȒȚȈȔȐ Ǫ ȘȖȓȐ șȊȖȌȕȍȑ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȦȚ ȔțȎȤȧ
ȉȘȈȚȤȧ șȍșȚȘȣ ȖȚȞȣ ȔȈȚȍȘȐ ȏȧȚȤȧ Ȑ ȗȖșȚȖȘȖȕȕȐȍ ȓȦȌȐ
ǷȖ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔț ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȦ șȊȖȍȔț șȊȖȌȕȐ șȚȖȧȚ ȉțȒȊȈȓȤ-
ȕȖ șȕȐȏț ȌȖȊȍȘȝț ǹȊȖȌȕȦ Ȋȣ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȚȍ, ș ȖȌȕȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ, Ȋ
ȓȐȞȍ ȟȓȍȕȈ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ șȚȈȘȠȐȕȣ ȒȓțȉȈ ș ȌȘțȋȖȑ — Ȋ ȓȐȞȍ ȓȈ-
Ȓȍȧ șȈȔȖȋȖ ȋȘȧȏȕȖȋȖ ȒȈȉȈȒȈ
ȇȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȥȚȖ șȈȔȖ șȖȉȖȑ ȘȈȏțȔȍȍȚșȧ șȚȖȐȚ Ȋ ȗȘȧȔȖȑ
ȏȈȊȐșȐȔȖșȚȐ ȖȚ ȊȣȋȖȌȣ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȘȍȔȍșȓȈ ȟȚȖ Ȋ șȊȖȦ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ
ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȍȚșȧ ȖȉȐȓȐȍȔ ȉȍȠȍȕȣȝ Ȍȍȕȍȋ Ȋ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȝ ȒȓȈșșȈȝ
Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȑ ȖȉȐȓȐȍȔ ȗȘȐȠȓȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ Ȋ ȗȘȖȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȞȍȕȚ-
ȘȈȝ DzȈȎȌțȦ Ȋȍșȕț șȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ ǸȖșșȐȐ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚșȧ ȗȘȐ-
ȓȐȊ ȘȈȉȖȟȍȋȖ ȓȦȌȈ Ȋ ȥȚȐ ȞȍȕȚȘȣ Ȋșȍ ȗȈȘȖȝȖȌȣ Ȑ ȗȖȍȏȌȈ Ȏȍ-
ȓȍȏȕȣȝ ȌȖȘȖȋ ȗȖȓȕȣ ȗȍșȚȘȖȑ ȔȈșșȖȑ; ȚțȚ Ȋȣ ȕȈȑȌȍȚȍ ȓȦȌȍȑ
Ȋșȍȝ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȑ — Ȑȝ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȈȍȚ șȓțȝ Ȗ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ ȏȈȘȈȉȖȚ-
ȒȈȝ Ǫ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȥȚȐ ȊȖȓȕȣ ȓȦȌȍȑ șȐȓȤȕȖ ȉȤȦȚ Ȓ ȚȈȒȐȔ
ȞȍȕȚȘȈȔ ȒȈȒ Ȓ ǩȈȒț ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ǯȈȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ ȚȈȔ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȖ ȓțȟȠȍ ȟȍȔ Ȋ ǸȖșșȐȐ ȎȍȕșȒȐȑ ȚȘțȌ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȞȍȕȐȚșȧ ȌȖ-
ȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȊȣșȖȒȖ — ȕȖ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȕȍ ȕȈșȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ ȌțȔȈȦȚ
ȐȡțȡȐȍ ȏȈȘȈȉȖȚȒȖȊ Ǩ Ȋ ȗȍȘȐȖȌȣ ȒȘȐȏȐșȈ Ȋ ǩȈȒț ȗȖȎȈȓțȑ
ȝțȎȍ ȟȍȔ ȋȌȍ ȉȣ ȚȖ ȕȐ ȉȣȓȖ, — ȎȐȏȕȤ ȌȖȘȖȋȈ Ȉ ȏȈȘȈȉȖȚȒȖȊ
ȕȐȒȈȒȐȝ ǵȖ șȍȘȈȧ ȔȈșșȈ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȧ Ȗ ȒȘȐȏȐșȈȝ ȕȍ
ȐȔȍȍȚ ȋȈȏȍȚ ȖȕȈ ȕȍ ȟȐȚȈȍȚ Ȑ ȊșȍȞȍȓȖ ȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȐȏțșȚ-
ȕȣȍ ȓȍȋȍȕȌȣ Ǩ ȥȚȐ ȓȍȋȍȕȌȣ ș ȜȈȒȚȈȔȐ ȕȍ șȚȍșȕȧȦȚșȧ DzȈȒ-
ȚȖ ȧ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȈȓșȧ ș ǪȖȓȋȐ Ȋ ǩȈȒț Ǫ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȘȐȏȐș ȉȣȓ Ȋ
ȗȖȓȕȖȔ ȘȈȏȋȈȘȍ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȝ ȏȈ șȟȍȚ ȒȈȏȕȣ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȓȧȓȐ ȕȈ ȘȖ-
ȌȐȕț Ȑ ȚȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ, Ȋșȍ ȗȈȘȖȝȖȌȣ ȐȌțȡȐȍ Ȋ ǩȈȒț ȉȣȓȐ
ȗȖȓȕȣ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȔ ȓȦȌȖȔ

26
— ǯȈȟȍȔ Ȋȣ ȍȌȍȚȍ" — șȗȘȈȠȐȊȈȓ ȧ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ — Ǫ ǩȈȒț ȕȍȚ
ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ
— ǫȖȊȖȘȧȚ, ȍșȚȤ — ȐȘȖȕȐȟȍșȒȐ ȖȚȊȍȟȈȓȐ Ȕȕȍ
Ǩ ȕȈ ȔȖȐ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȖȉȢȧșȕȐȚȤ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ Ȍȍȓ Ȋ ȕȍȜȚȧ-
ȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Ȕȕȍ ȖȚȊȍȟȈȓȐ: ©ǺȈȒ ȚȈȒª ȅȚȖ ȏȕȈ-
ȟȐȚ ȋȖȊȖȘȐ, ȟȚȖ ȝȖȟȍȠȤ Ȉ Ȕȣ ȏȕȈȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȏȕȈȍȔ
Ǵȍȕȧ țȌȐȊȓȧȓȖ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȔȖȐȔ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȈȔ ȘȈ-
ȏȢȧșȕȐȚȤ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ Ȋȍȡȍȑ Ǵȕȍ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ Ȍȓȧ Ȋșȍȝ ȔȖȐȝ
șȗțȚȕȐȒȖȊ ȥȚȖ șȈȔȣȑ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȣȑ ȊȖȗȘȖș ȊȍȌȤ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȐ Ȏȍ
ȖȕȐ ȕȍ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȊȖȗȘȖșȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȖȎȐȌȈȍȚ Ȑȝ ȊȗȍȘȍȌȐ"
ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȖȕȐ Ȑ șȓțȠȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȝȖȚȍȓȐ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȑ ȗȘȐ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȊȖȏȔȖȎ-
ȕȖșȚȐ ȐȓȐ ȏȈȊȖȌȐȓȐ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋțȦ ȚȍȔț ȐȓȐ Ȏȍ ȗȘȖ-
șȚȖ ȖȚȝȖȌȐȓȐ ȖȚ Ȕȍȕȧ ǵȍȌȖțȔȍȕȐȦ ȔȖȍȔț ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȒȖȕȞȈ
— ȕȖ ȧ ȖȟȍȕȤ șȒȖȘȖ ȗȖȕȧȓ, Ȋ ȟȍȔ ȌȍȓȖ
DzȈȒ-ȚȖ ȘȈȏ ȧ șȐȌȍȓ ȕȈ ȒȖȘȔȍ ȗȈȘȖȝȖȌȈ Ȑ ȖȚ ȕȍȟȍȋȖ Ȍȍ-
ȓȈȚȤ ȗȘȖȊȍȘȧȓ șȒȖȘȖșȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȝȖȌȈ ȀȈȋȈȝ Ȋ ȗȧȚȐ-ȠȍșȚȐ ȖȚ Ȕȍ-
ȕȧ ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȐȓȈșȤ ȒțȟȒȈ ȎȍȕȡȐȕ Ȑ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȝ ȌȍȊțȠȍȒ ǹț-
Ȍȧ ȗȖ ȒȖșȚȦȔț ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȐ ȋȖȘȕȐȟȕȣȍ ȒțȝȈȘȒȐ ȕȧȕȤȒȐ Ǫșȍ
ȖȕȐ șȋȘțȗȗȐȘȖȊȈȓȐșȤ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȖȌȕȖȑ țȎȍ ȗȖȎȐȓȖȑ ȎȍȕȡȐ-
ȕȣ ș ȜȐȖȓȍȚȖȊȣȔ ȕȖșȖȔ ǶȕȈ ȐȔ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȈ ȗȘȖ
ǩȈȒț
— ȇ Ȋ ȥȚȖȑ șȈȔȖȑ ǩȈȒȍ ȌȍșȧȚȤ ȓȍȚ ȗȘȖȎȐȓȈ Ȑ ȕȐ ȕȈ ȒȈ-
ȒȖȑ ǹȈȘȈȚȖȊ ȍȍ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȔȍȕȧȦ ǺȈȔ Țȍȉȍ ȗȍȘȊȣȔ ȌȖȓȋȖȔ Ȋșȧ-
ȟȍșȒȖȍ țȊȈȎȍȕȐȍ — ȕȍ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ Țȣ ȝȖȏȧȑȒȍ țȋȖȌȐȚȤ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ Ȉ
ȖȕȈ Țȍȉȍ Ȋ ȋȓȈȏȈ șȔȖȚȘȐȚ ǷȖȚȖȔț — ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȚȈȒ șȍȑȟȈș ȘȈș-
ȟȍȚ ȗȖȌȈȊȈȑȚȍ ǴȈȓȖ-ȔȈȓȤșȒȐ ȍșȓȐ Țȣ ȒțȝȈȘȒȈ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȦ-
ȡȈȧ ȐȓȐ ȋȖȘȕȐȟȕȈȧ — ȌȊȈȌȞȈȚȤ ȗȧȚȤ Șțȉȓȍȑ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȈȧ Țȍȉȍ
ȒȖȔȕȈȚȈ ȒȘȖȊȈȚȤ ș ȔȈȚȘȈșȖȔ ȒȖȔȖȌ Ȑ Ȋșȍ ȗȘȖȟȍȍ — ȒȈȒ ț
ȉȈȘȣȕȐ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ț Țȍȉȧ ǵȈ ȉȈȏȈȘ Țȣ ȗȖȠȓȈ ț Țȍȉȧ ȔȈȓȖ ȚȈȒ
ȘțȉȓȤ ȖșȚȈȕȍȚșȧ Ȉ ȍșȓȐ Țȣ ș țȔȖȔ, ȚȖ Ȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ǪȖȚ Ȑ ȗȖ-
șȟȐȚȈȑ, șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȕȖ ȉțȌȍȚ Ǩ Ȓ ȗȘȈȏȌȕȐȒȈȔ — ȉȈȘȣȕȧ Țȍȉȍ
ȕȈ ȠȍȘșȚȧȕȖȍ ȗȓȈȚȤȍ ȉȈȘȐȕ — ȏȖȓȖȚȖȑ Ȋ ȗȧȚȕȈȌȞȈȚȤ Șțȉȓȍȑ,
ȉȈȘȐȕȖȊ ȉȘȈȚ ȐȓȐ ȍȡȍ ȒȚȖ ȚȖȎȍ ȗȖȌȈȘȒȐ ȌȈȍȚ Ǩ ȏȈȝȖȚȍȓȈ
Țȣ ȗȘȖȋțȓȧȚȤșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȒȈȎȐ ©ǩȈȘȣȕȧ ȧ țȝȖȎț», — Ȑ șȓȖ-
ȊȈ ȕȍ ȗȖșȔȍȍȚ ȗȐȒȕțȚȤ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȚȈȔ ȐȓȐ ȍȡȍ ȟȚȖ ǪȖȚ ȖȕȈ ȒȈ-
ȒȈȧ, ǩȈȒȈ-ȚȖ
ǷȖȚȖȔ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȍ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣ ȧ șȓȣȠȈȓ ȕȍ ȘȈȏ; ȘȈșșȒȈȏȟȐ-
ȒȐ ȚȈȒ ȘȈșȗȐșȣȊȈȓȐ ǩȈȒț ȚȈȒȐȍ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ ȘȐșȖȊȈȓȐ șȊȖȐȔ

șȓțȠȈȚȍȓȧȔ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȐȔ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȔ ȊȗȍȘȍȌȐ ȘȐșȖȊȈȓșȧ ȒȈȒȖȑ-
ȚȖ ȘȈȑ Ȍȓȧ ȚȘțȌȧȡȍȋȖșȧ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ — ȕȍȟȍȋȖ ȉȣȓȖ Ȑ ȌțȔȈȚȤ
ȘȈȏțȊȍȘȐȚȤ Ȑȝ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ǩȈȒț ȕȍ Ȋșȍ ȚȈȒ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȘȈșȗȐ-
șȣȊȈȦȚ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȟȐȒȐ Ȑ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȟȐȞȣ
Ǫ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ ț șȓțȠȈȚȍȓȍȑ șȖȏȌȈȍȚșȧ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȍ ȕȈșȚ-
ȘȖȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȔȍȟȚȣ Ȑ ȘȈȌțȎȕȣȍ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȣ ȐȋȘȈȦȚ ȗȍȘ-
ȊȍȕșȚȊțȦȡțȦ ȘȖȓȤ ǪȗȍȘȍȌȐ ȐȔ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȕȍȊȍȘȖȧȚ-
ȕȖ ȊȣȋȖȌȕȣȍ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȒȈȒȐȝ ȕȐȋȌȍ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȔȍșȚȈȝ Ȑ
ȖȎȐȌȈȚȤ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȅȚȖ ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ ȒȈȒ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȕȈ ȘțȒț
șȊȖȌȕȧȔ ȖȕȖ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȈȍȚ ȕȍȌȖȊȍȘȐȍ Ȓ ȜȈȕȚȈșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȗȘȍȌ-
ȓȖȎȍȕȐȧȔ Ȓ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȗȘȐȉȍȋȈȚȤ șȊȖȌȕȧȔ ȟȚȖ-
ȉȣ șȖȉȓȈȏȕȐȚȤ ȕȈȔȍȟȍȕȕțȦ ȎȍȘȚȊț dzȖȊȓȧ ȎȍȘȚȊ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ-
șȧ ȚțȚ Ȏȍ ȕȈ ȗȘȐșȚȈȕȐ ȗȘȐ ȊȣșȈȌȒȍ ȗȘȐȍȏȎȐȝ Ȋ ǩȈȒț Dz ȔȖ-
ȓȖȌȖȑ ȌȍȊțȠȒȍ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȐȚ ȘȈȏȘȧȎȍȕȕȈȧ ȉȈȘȣȕȧ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌȓȈ-
ȋȈȍȚ ȍȑ ȌȖȓȎȕȖșȚȤ
— ǴȐȓȈȧ ȕȍ ȎȍȓȈȍȠȤ ȓȐ ȗȖșȚțȗȐȚȤ ȕȈ ȌȖȓȎȕȖșȚȤ" —
ȓȈșȒȖȊȖ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ ȉȈȘȣȕȧ — Țȣ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ șȒȘȖȔȕȈȧ ȧ ȌȈȊȕȖ
ȚȈȒțȦ ȐșȒȈȓȈ Ǻȣ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȉțȌȍȠȤ ȏȈ ȘȖȌȕțȦ ȌȖȟȤ ȧ Țȍȉȍ Ȋșȧ-
ȒȖȍ țȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȐȍ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȈȊȓȦ ȕȐ Ȋ ȟȍȔ șȚȍșȕȍȕȐȧ ȕȍ ȗȖȚȍȘ-
ȗȐȠȤ țȎ ȖșȚȈȕȍȠȤșȧ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȈ ǵȐȒȈȒȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ Țȍȉȍ ȕȍ ȉț-
ȌȍȚ ȒȈȒ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȐ Ȕȕȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚȤșȧ ȉțȌȍȠȤ Ȋ ȘȖȌȍ ȘȖȌȕȖȑ
ȌȖȟȍȘȐ Ǩ ȎȈȓȖȊȈȕȤȍ ȒȈȒȖȍ ȝȖȟȍȠȤ ȗȖȓȖȎț
DzȈȒ ȕȐ ȌȐȒȖ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȖȕȖ ȕȍ ȕȈȊȖȌȐȚ
ȌȍȊțȠȒț ȕȐ ȕȈ ȒȈȒȐȍ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȧ ǪȍȌȤ ȍȑ ȍȡȍ ȌȖȘóȋȖȑ ȋȖȊȖ-
ȘȐȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȉțȌȍȚ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ «ȉȖȋȈ-
ȚȖȑ ȉȈȘȣȕȐ» ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȘȧȔȣȔ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȍȕȐȍȔ Țȍȝ ȟțȌȖȌȍȑ-
șȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȖȊ ȒȈȒȐȔȐ ȏȈșȓțȠȐȊȈȓȈșȤ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ ȕȈ ȗȈȘȖ-
ȝȖȌȍ ǶȕȈ ȊȐȌȐȚ, ȟȚȖ ȔȍȟȚȣ ȕȈȊȍȧȕȕȣȍ ȥȚȐȔȐ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȈȔȐ
șȉȣȊȈȦȚșȧ — Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȉȈȘȣȕȐ ǬȈȓȤȠȍ
Ȋșȍ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȐȌȍȚ ȒȈȒ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȈ ȉȈȘȣȕȧ ǬȍȊțȠȒț ȗȘȐȊȖȌȧȚ Ȋ «ȉȖ-
ȋȈȚȣȑ ȌȖȔ» Ȑ ȗȖȔȍȡȈȦȚ Ȋ ȝȖȘȖȠȍȕȤȒȖȑ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȒȍ ș ȒȖȒȍȚ-
ȓȐȊȣȔ țȉȘȈȕșȚȊȖȔ
— ǺȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ Ȋ ȘȈȑ ȧ ȗȖȗȈȓȈ — ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȈ Ȕȕȍ
ȖȌȕȈ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȕȈȧ — DzȖȔȕȈȚȒȈ-ȐȋȘțȠȍȟȒȈ Ȋșȧ Ȋ ȒȘțȎȍȊȈȝ ȌȈ
ȈȚȓȈșȖȔ țȉȘȈȕȈ ȒȖȊȘȣ ȒȘȖȊȈȚȤ ș ȒȐșȍȑȕȣȔȐ ȏȈȕȈȊȍșȒȈȔȐ
ǰ ȊȖ șȕȍ ȧ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȈȓȈ

28
ȀdzȃǻǶǸǮ ǻǮǿǶǹǶȍ
Ǩ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȌȍȕȤ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȌȖȔȍ ȕȈȌ ȕȍȦ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȓȐ ȊȖȏ-
ȔțȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȕȈșȐȓȐȍ ǸȈșșȒȈȏ ȥȚȖȑ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȏȈȗȐ-
șȈȕ ȉȣȓ ȚȖȋȌȈ Ȏȍ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖșȚȧȝ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ, ȗȖ ȔȖȍȔț
ȔȕȍȕȐȦ, Ȗȕ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȉȖȓȤȠțȦ ȞȍȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȍȓȧ șțȌȍȉȕȖȋȖ
ȗȍȘșȖȕȈȓȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȚȤ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȒȐ Ȑȏ-
ȕȈșȐȓȖȊȈȕȐȧ ǬȍȓȖ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ șȘȍȌȐ ȦȘȐșȚȖȊ-ȒȘȐȔȐȕȈȓȐ-
șȚȖȊ șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ ȕȍȉȍȏȖșȕȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ țȉȍȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȟȚȖ ȐȏȕȈșȐ-
ȓȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ Ȍȓȧ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȔțȎȟȐȕȣ ȜȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȕȍȊȖȏ-
ȔȖȎȕȖ ȍșȓȐ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȊȍȌȍȕȈ Ȋ ȉȍșșȖȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ șȖ-
șȚȖȧȕȐȍ ȚȍȔ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȣȔ șȗȖșȖȉȖȔ ȐȓȐ Ȏȍ ȍșȓȐ ȖȕȈ ȕȍ ȗȖ-
ȠȓȈ ȕȈȊșȚȘȍȟț ȎȍȓȈȕȐȧȔ ȔțȎȟȐȕȣ ǬȈȓȍȍ țșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȖ ȒȈȒ
ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ ȥȚȐ ȒȘȐȔȐȕȈȓȐșȚȣ ȟȚȖ Ȍȓȧ ȐȏȕȈșȐȓȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȕȍȌȖ-
șȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȗȖșȖȉȕȐȒȈ Ȉ ȕțȎȕȖ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȌȊțȝ Ǫșȍ ȥȚȖ,
ȗȖȎȈȓțȑ, ȊȍȘȕȖ ȍșȓȐ șȟȐȚȈȚȤ ȐȏȕȈșȐȓȖȊȈȕȐȍȔ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȈȔ
ȔȖȔȍȕȚ ȘȈșȚȓȍȕȐȧ ǩȖȓȤȠȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȍșȓȐ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȊȍ-
ȌȍȕȈ Ȋ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȍȕȕȖȍ ȐȓȐ ȉȍșșȖȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍ Ȑ ȍșȓȐ
ȖȕȈ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȌȊȖȍȔ ș ȔțȎȟȐȕȖȑ ȚȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȕȈȊȍȘ-
ȕȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȖȚȌȈȓȈșȤ șȈȔȈ ȗȖșȓȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȑ, ȉȖȓȍȍ
ȐȓȐ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȌȖȓȋȖȑ ȉȖȘȤȉȣ ȕȖ ȖȚȌȈȓȈșȤ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ șȖ șȚȘȈșȚȤȦ
ǰ ȚȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ, ȧ ȕȈșȚȈȐȊȈȦ ȕȈ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ țȒȈȏȈȕȕȣȍ ȊȣȠȍ
ȒȘȐȔȐȕȈȓȐșȚȣ ȖȠȐȉȈȦȚșȧ ȖȌȐȕ ȔțȎȟȐȕȈ ȉȍȏ ȊșȧȒȐȝ ȗȖșȖȉ-
ȕȐȒȖȊ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȐȏȕȈșȐȓȖȊȈȚȤ ȎȍȕȡȐȕț ȐȓȐ ȌȍȊțȠȒț ȍșȓȐ ȖȕȈ
ȌȖșȚȐȋȓȈ ȗȖȓȕȖȑ ȏȘȍȓȖșȚȐ ǬȍȓȖ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȉȖȘȤȉȈ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ
ȔțȎȟȐȕȣ ș ȎȍȕȡȐȕȖȑ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ ȎȍȕȡȐȕț Ȉ
Ȋ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȌȍȊțȠȒț Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȍ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍ ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȍȑ ȌȈ-
ȓȐ ȒȈȒȖȍ-ȓȐȉȖ șȐȓȤȕȖȌȍȑșȚȊțȦȡȍȍ ȊȖȏȉțȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȇ ȕȈȏȊȈȓ
ȉȣ ȥȚȖ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍ ȗȖȓȖȊȣȔ ȈȜȜȍȒȚȖȔ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ ȗȘȐ
ȥȚȖȔ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍ ȊȓȈȌȍȍȚ șȖȉȖȑ Ȑ ȖȚȌȈȍȚșȧ, Ȋ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ,
ȉȍșșȖȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ǪȖȚ ȒȈȒ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȚȈ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ
Ȗ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȧ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ȊȣȠȍ:
— ǵȈ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȌȍȕȤ ȗȖ ȗȘȐȍȏȌȍ ț ȝȖȏȧȑȒȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȋȖșȚȐ Ȋșȍ
ȔȖȓȖȌȣȍ ȓȦȌȐ ȇ ȉȣȓȈ ȚțȚ Ȏȍ ș ȕȐȔȐ ȖȕȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȓȈ-
șȒȖȊȣȍ Ȋșȍ ȘȈșșȗȘȈȠȐȊȈȓȐ Ȕȍȕȧ ȗȘȖ ȔȖȦ ȘȖȌȐȕț ȗȘȖ ȘȖȌ-
ȕȣȝ ǷȐȓȐ ȒȖȜȍ ȖȌȐȕ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȊȓȐȓ Ȕȕȍ Ȋ ȟȈȠȒț
ȘȦȔȒț ȓȐȒȍȘț ǺȖȋȌȈ ȧ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓȈ, ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȗȖșȓȍ țȎȍ

29
țȏȕȈȓȈ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȓȐȒȍȘ ȇ ȊȣȗȐȓȈ Ȗȕ șȚȈȓ țȗȘȈȠȐȊȈȚȤ, ȟȚȖ-
ȉȣ ȧ ȍȡȍ ȊȣȗȐȓȈ ȕȖ Ȕȕȍ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȕȍȊȒțșȕȖ ș ȓȐȒȍȘȖȔ Ȑ
ȧ ȖȚȒȈȏȈȓȈșȤ ǯȈ țȎȐȕȖȔ Ȕȍȕȧ țȗȘȖșȐȓȐ ȊȣȗȐȚȤ ȌȊȈ șȚȈȒȈ-
ȕȈ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ-ȚȖ ȒȘȈșȕȖȋȖ ȊȐȕȈ ț Ȕȍȕȧ Ȋ ȋȖȓȖȊȍ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȏȈȚț-
ȔȈȕȐȓȖșȤ Ȑ ȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȕȍ șȚȈȓȈ ȗȐȚȤ ȒȈȒ Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȐ țȗȘȈȠȐ-
ȊȈȓȐ ǷȖșȓȍ țȎȐȕȈ ȝȖȏȧȑȒȈ șȒȈȏȈȓȈ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȧ ȠȓȈ șȗȈȚȤ. ȇ
țȠȓȈ șȍȑȟȈș Ȏȍ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȈșȤ Ȑ ȓȍȋȓȈ ǺțȚ Ȗȕ Ȑ ȗȘȐȠȍȓ — Ȑ
ȘȈȏȌȍȚȣȑ ȇ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȈȝȕțȓȈ Ȉ Ȗȕ ȗȘȧȔȖ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓ ȚȖȚ
șȈȔȣȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ țȗȘȖșȐȓ Ȕȍȕȧ ȊȣȗȐȚȤ ȒȖȜȍ ș ȓȐȒȍȘȖȔ ǯȈ
țȎȐȕȖȔ Ȗȕ Ȕȕȍ ȕȘȈȊȐȓșȧ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȓȦȉȍȏȕȣȑ Ȉ ȚțȚ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȚȈ-
ȒȈȧ ȏȓȖȉȈ ȗȖȌȕȧȓȈșȤ ȟȚȖ ȧ ȒȈȒ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȗȕ ȗȖȌȖȠȍȓ șȖ Ȋșȍ-
ȋȖ ȘȈȏȔȈȝȈ țȌȈȘȐȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȗȖ ȓȐȞț Ǩ Ȗȕ Ȗȉȕȧȓ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȑ ȗȘȐȎȈȓ
Ȓ șȍȉȍ ȇ ȍȋȖ ȉȤȦ ȏȈ ȊȖȓȖșȣ ȌȍȘȋȈȦ ȒțșȈȦ Ȋ ȗȓȍȟȖ Ȉ Ȗȕ Ȋșȍ
ȖȉȕȐȔȈȍȚ Ȕȍȕȧ ȌȈ ȞȍȓțȍȚ Ȑ ȊȍșȤ ȋȖȘȧȟȐȑ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȒȈȒ ȖȋȖȕȤ
ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȗȣȠȍȚ ȖȚ ȕȍȋȖ ǷȖȚȖȔ ȧ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦ ȟȚȖ șȖ ȔȕȖȑ șȓțȟȐ-
ȓȖșȤ ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȥȚȖȚ ȎȈȘ Ȑȏ ȕȍȋȖ Ȋ Ȕȍȕȧ ȊȖȠȍȓ ȧ ȚȖȎȍ șȚȈ-
ȓȈ ȋȖȘȧȟȈȧ Ȋșȧ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȗȈȓȐȚ ȖȚ Ȕȍȕȧ DzțșȈȦ ȍȋȖ ȖȚȉȐȊȈȦșȤ
ȞȈȘȈȗȈȦșȤ Ȉ șȈȔȖȑ ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȗȘȐȧȚȕȖ șȚȈȓȖ Ȑ ȎȈȓȒȖ ȍȋȖ
ǰ țȎ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦ, ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ șȓțȟȐȓȖșȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȒțșȈȓȈ, ȒțșȈȓȈ ȧ ȍȋȖ
ȌȈ Ȑ ȗȖȞȍȓȖȊȈȓȈ Ǩ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȖȉȕȧȓȈ Ȑ ȗȘȐȎȈȓȈ Ȓ șȍȉȍ
ǷȖȞȍȓȖȊȈȓȈ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȖȉȕȧȓȈ Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔ Ȑ ȖȚȌȈȓȈșȤ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ
șȖ șȚȘȈșȚȤȦ ȅȚȖȋȖ ȗȘȐ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȔ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȍ ȕȈ ȜȈȒȚ ȗȖȎȈ-
ȓțȑ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ șȟȐȚȈȚȤ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ «ȗȖ șț-
Ȍț» ȖȗȘȈȊȌȈȕȕȣȔ — ȕȖ ȘȈȏȊȍ ȥȚȖȚ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ȔȖȎȕȖ șȟȐȚȈȚȤ
ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȣȔ" ǸȈȏȊȍ ȚțȚ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȈșȐȓȐȧ" ǷȘȈȊȌȈ ȕȈșȐȓȐȍ
șȖȊȍȘȠȈȓȖșȤ ȕȍ Ȋ ȚȖȚ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ ȉȍȘȍȚ-
șȧ Ȍȓȧ țșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȜȈȒȚȈ ȗȘȍșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧ ȕȖ ȖȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ —
ȔȐȕțȚȖȑ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ǰ ȖȚ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȘȍșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ ȕȐ-
șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍ țȔȈȓȧȍȚșȧ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȚȍȘȗȍȊȠȈȧ ȗțȚȍȔ ȕȈșȐȓȤ-
șȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ Ȑ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȉȓȐȏȖșȚȐ ș ȔțȎȟȐȕȖȑ ȉȣȓȈ
ȗȘȐȊȍȌȍȕȈ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍ ȗȖȓȖȊȖȋȖ ȈȜȜȍȒȚȈ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȓȈ
ȊȓȈȌȍȚȤ șȖȉȖȑ ȟȍȔ Ȑ ȊȖșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȓșȧ ȕȈșȐȓȤȕȐȒ ǫȖșȗȖȌȈȔ
ȒȘȐȔȐȕȈȓȐșȚȈȔ ȕȈ ȥȚȖȚ șȗȖșȖȉ ȐȏȕȈșȐȓȖȊȈȕȐȧ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȖ ȉȣ
ȌȈȊȕȖ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȚȤ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ Ƕȕ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕ ǵȈ
ȥȚȖȚ șȟȍȚ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȋȖ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȧ ǯȈȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖ-
ȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȥȚȐȔ șȓțȟȈȍȔ ȧ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȐșȚȍȒȠȐȝ ș Țȍȝ ȗȖȘ  ȓȍȚ
ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȓ ȉȖȓȍȍ  ȖȗȘȖșȖȊ ȗȖȓȤȏțȧșȤ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȔȐ șȓț-
ȟȈȧȔȐ ǰ ȊȍȏȌȍ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ Ȋ ǩȈȚțȔȍ Ȋ ǶȔșȒȍ Ȋ ǹȈȘȈȚȖȊȍ Ȋ

30
ǹȈȔȈȘȍ Ȋ DzȐȍȊȍ Ȋ ǷȍȚȍȘȉțȘȋȍ ȖȗȘȖȠȍȕȕȣȍ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȖȌȐ-
ȕȈȒȖȊȖ ȏȈȧȊȓȧȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȉȖȘȤȉȈ ș ȔțȎȟȐȕȖȑ
Ȋ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȍșȓȐ Ȑ ȚȖȚ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȈȧ ȘȈȏȌȍȚȣ Ȑ șȖȗȘȐȒȈșȈȦȚ-
șȧ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȋȖȓȣȔ ȚȍȓȖȔ — ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ ȎȍȕȡȐȕț Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍ
ȗȖȓȖȊȖȋȖ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȘȍȖȌȖ-
ȓȍȚȤ
ǵȈșȐȓȤȕȐȒ ȒȈȒ ȊȐȌȐȚȍ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ țȎȍ ȕȍ ȖȌȐȕ Ǯȍȕ-
ȡȐȕȍ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȗȘȍȖȌȖȓȍȊȈȚȤ ȍȡȍ Ȑ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȊȣȏȊȈȕ-
ȕȖȍ ȕȈșȐȓȐȍȔ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȍȕȐȍ
Ǩ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ, ȗȘȐȔȍȕȧȦȡȐȍ ȥȚȖ ȕȈșȐȓȐȍ ȖșȚȈȦȚșȧ ȉȍȏȕȈ-
ȒȈȏȈȕȕȣȔȐ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ șȓȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȈȧ ȊȓȈșȚȤ Ȋ ȚȈȒȐȝ șȓțȟȈȧȝ ȖȉȣȒ-
ȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȕȈ șȚȖȘȖȕț ȖȉȊȐȕȧȍȔȖȋȖ Ȑ ȌȍȓȖ ȐȌȍȚ
ȕȈ ȗȘȍȒȘȈȡȍȕȐȍ ǰ ȥȚȖ ȗȖȕȧȚȕȖ ǹ ȖȌȕȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ, șțȡȍșȚ-
ȊțȍȚ țȉȍȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȟȚȖ ȖȌȐȕ ȔțȎȟȐȕȈ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȐȏȕȈșȐȓȖ-
ȊȈȚȤ — Ȉ ș ȌȘțȋȖȑ, ȒȈȒȈȧ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȌȍȘȍȊȍȕșȒȈȧ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ ȐȔȍȕ-
ȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒȖȑ-ȚȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ Ȑȏ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ȉțȌțȟȐ ș ȕȍȑ
ȊȌȊȖȍȔ ȐȏȕȈșȐȓȖȊȈȓ ȍȍ ǻ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȧ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ
ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȊȖȗȘȖș
— DzȈȒ ȥȚȖ șȓțȟȐȓȖșȤ"
— ǹȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȒțșȈȓȈșȤ ȞȈȘȈȗȈȓȈșȤ Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔ
— ǺȈȒ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ, Țȣ șȈȔȈ șȖȋȓȈșȐȓȈșȤ"
— ǵȍȚ ȧ ȒțșȈȓȈșȤ ȞȈȘȈȗȈȓȈșȤ Ȉ Ȗȕ Ȋșȍ ȖȉȕȐȔȈȓ
— ǵȖ ȗȖȚȖȔ Țȣ șȈȔȈ"
— ǬȈ
ǺȈȒȖȊ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚșȧ șțȝȖȑ șȓȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ Ȑ ȚȈȒȐȔ
ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ Ȗȕ Ȋ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȍ Ȑ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȚȤ ȚȈȒ
ȒȈȒ ȗȘȖșȚȈȧ ȌȍȘȍȊȍȕșȒȈȧ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ — Ȉ ȥȚȖ șȓțȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ Ȗȋ-
ȘȖȔȕȖȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȍ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ș ȗȘȖșȚȣȔȐ ȌȍȘȍȊȍȕșȒȐȔȐ
ȖȉȐȚȈȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȈȔȐ — ȚȈȒȈȧ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧ-
ȕȐȐ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȚȤ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȦ Ȋșȍȝ ȚȖȕȒȖșȚȍȑ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȗșȐȝȐȟȍș-
ȒȖȋȖ ȗȍȘȍȓȖȔȈ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȕȈșȐȓȐȧ ȕȖ Ȑ șȈȔȈ-ȚȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȕȐ-
ȔȈȍȚ: ȟȚȖ ș ȕȍȑ șȓțȟȐȓȖșȤ ȒȈȒ ȖȕȈ ȖȚ ȏȓȖȉȣ ȗȍȘȍȠȓȈ Ȓ șȚȘȈ-
șȚȕȖȔț țȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȦ?
ǹȓȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ ȌȈȕȕȣȑ șȈȔȖȑ ȗȖȚȍȘȗȍȊȠȍȑ
ȌȖȗȖȓȕȧȍȚșȧ ȍȡȍ ȖȉȊȐȕȧȍȔȣȔ
— DzȈȒ ȥȚȖ șȓțȟȐȓȖșȤ"
— ǻȎȐȕȈȓȐ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȗȐȓȐ ȓȐȒȍȘ — ȗȘȍȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ
ȖȉȊȐȕȧȍȔȣȑ — ȕț Ȑ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȗȖȠȓȐ Ȋ ȍȍ ȒȖȔȕȈȚț

— ǿȍȔ Ȏȍ Ȋȣ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȍȚȍ ȍȍ ȎȈȓȖȉț"
— ȀȈȕȚȈȎ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȟȚȖ Ȏȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ"
Ǫ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ, ț ȖȉȊȐȕȧȍȔȖȋȖ Ȋșȍ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȚ Ȑ ȓȖȋȐȟȕȖ
Ȑ șȖȋȓȈșȕȖ ș țȒȖȘȍȕȐȊȠȐȔșȧ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȖȔ ȕȈ ȕȈșȐȓȐȍ Ƕȕ ȉȣȓ
ȖȌȐȕ ș ȌȍȊțȠȒȖȑ, șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ, ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȐȏȕȈșȐ-
ȓȖȊȈȚȤ ǶȕȈ ȗȐȓȈ ș ȕȐȔ ȓȐȒȍȘ Ȑ șȈȔȈ Ȏȍ șȖȏȕȈȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ ȗȖ-
ȞȍȓȖȊȈȓȈ Ȑ ȖȉȕȧȓȈ ǫȌȍ Ȏȍ ȚțȚ ȕȈșȐȓȐȍ" ȇșȕȖȍ ȌȍȓȖ, ȠȈȕ-
ȚȈȎ ǰ ȌȍȓȖ ȐȌȍȚ ȕȈ ȗȘȍȒȘȈȡȍȕȐȍ
ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȟȍȕȈ Ȓ ȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȝȖȏȧȑȒȈ «ȏȈ
șȊȖȌȕȐȟȍșȚȊȖ» ȕȖ ȥȚȖ ȕȍȖȗȈșȕȖ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȕȈȒȈȏȈȕȐȍ ȚțȚ ȗțș-
ȚȧȟȕȖȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȌȖ șȚȈ Șțȉȓȍȑ ȠȚȘȈȜȈ Ǩ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȖȚȊȍȚȐȚȤ ȗȘȐ-
ȝȖȌȐȚșȧ Ȑȏ șȖȚȕȐ ȏȈ ȖȌȕț ȚȖ ȕȈȒȈȏȈȕȐȍ ȥȚȖ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ Țȍ-
ȘȧȍȚ șȊȖȍ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ ǯȈȒȖȕ ȖȟȍȕȤ șȚȘȖȋȖ ȖȝȘȈȕȧȦȡȐȑ ȞȍȓȖ-
ȔțȌȘȐȍ ȎȍȕȡȐȕ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒȍ ȉȍșșȐȓȤȕȣȔ ȗȖ-
ȟȚȐ ȔȍȘȚȊȣȔ ǵȈșȐȓȐȍ șȖȊȍȘȠȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȌȍȕȤ Ȉ
ȒȈȘț ȕȍșȍȚ ȍȌȊȈ ȓȐ Ȋ ȋȖȌ ȖȌȐȕ Ǫșȍ ȥȚȖ ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȉȓȈȋȖ-
ȗȘȐȧȚșȚȊțȍȚ ȘȍȔȍșȓț șȊȖȌȕȐ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȌȈȍȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ Ȍȍȑ-
șȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ șȔȍȓȖ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȖ ȕȈ ȠȐȘȖȒțȦ ȕȖȋț ǬȖȔ șȊȖȌ-
ȕȐ Ȑ ȍȍ ȘȍȔȍșȓȖ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣ ȊșȍȔ ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȧȔ ȖȕȈ țșȚȘȈȐȊȈȍȚ
ȈțȒȞȐȖȕ ȐȓȐ ȓȖȚȍȘȍȦ ȕȈ ȞȍȓȖȔțȌȘȐȍ ȖȕȈ ȗȘȖȌȈȍȚ ȌȍȊțȠȒț
ȖȚȒȘȣȚȖ, Ȋ ȠțȔȕȖȑ ȒȖȔȗȈȕȐȐ, ȏȈ ȠȈȔȗȈȕșȒȐȔ șȖ șȔȍȝȖȔ Ȑ
ȐȏȌȍȊȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȔ ȕȈȌ ȕȈȐȊȕȖșȚȤȦ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ ǶȕȈ Ȋ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖ-
șȚȐ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ șȓțȎȐȚ ȉȖȋȈȚȣȔ șȐȓȤȕȣȔ ȓȦȌȧȔ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȖȚȕȖ-
ȠȍȕȐȧȝ ȗȘȈȊȖșȗȖșȖȉȕȣȔ ȔȖȋțȡȐȔ ȗȖșȚȖȧȚȤ ȏȈ șȍȉȧ Ȉ Ȑȝ
ȖȉȊȐȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȈȔȐ ȔȖȋțȚ ȧȊȐȚȤșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȈȐȊȕȣȍ ȌȍȊțȠ-
ȒȐ DzȈȒȖȍ Ȏȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȟȤȍȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȍ ȖșȚȈ-
ȕȍȚșȧ ȗȖȉȍȌȈ" DzȈȒ ȉȣ Ȋ ȗȖȌȚȊȍȘȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȔȕȍȕȐȧ, Ȋ ȗȖ-
șȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȋ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȋȖȘȖȌȈȝ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȈșȤ ȕȖȊȐȕȒȈ șȍ-
Ȕȍȑȕȣȍ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ

32
ǿdzǺdzǷǻȉdz ǰdzȅdzǾǮ*
DzȈȒ-ȚȖ, ȋȖȌȈ ȟȍȚȣȘȍ ȕȈȏȈȌ, ȖȌȐȕ ȔȖȑ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȑ ȗȖȒȈ-
ȏȣȊȈȍȚ Ȕȕȍ ȒȈȘȚȖȟȒț Ȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ
— ǪȖȚ ȗȖșȔȖȚȘȐ
ȇ Ȋȏȧȓ
ǵȈ ȒȈȘȚȖȟȒȍ șȚȖȧȓȖ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȖȍ Ȕȕȍ ȐȔȧ ȉȣȊȠȍȋȖ ȒȖȕȚȖȘ-
ȡȐȒȈ ȗȖȓțȟȈȊȠȍȋȖ  Șțȉȓȍȑ Ȋ ȔȍșȧȞ Ƕȕ țȎȍ ȖȒȖȓȖ ȌȊțȝ
ȓȍȚ ȉȣȓ ȉȍȏ ȌȍȓȈ Ȑ ȉȍȏ șȘȍȌșȚȊ Ȓ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȦ ǰ ȊȖȚ
ȥȚȖȚ-ȚȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȖȚ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȐȔȍȕȐ Ȑ ȖȚ ȐȔȍȕȐ șȊȖȍȑ șțȗȘțȋȐ
ȗȘȐȋȓȈȠȈȍȚ ȔȖȍȋȖ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȖȋȖ ȕȈ «șȍȔȍȑȕȣȑ ȊȍȟȍȘ» ș ȒȈȘ-
ȚȈȔȐ ș ȚȈȕȞȈȔȐ ș ȠȈȔȗȈȕșȒȐȔ
— ǿȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ"
— Ǩ ȥȚȖ ȉȘȈȚ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȈȧ ȊȍȡȤ — ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓ Ȕȕȍ ȔȖȑ
ȗȘȐȧȚȍȓȤ — ǪȖȚ ȥȚȖȚ șȈȔȣȑ ȋȖșȗȖȌȐȕ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȓ șȦȌȈ ȕȍ ȚȖ
Ȑȏ ǫȘȍȞȐȐ ȕȍ ȚȖ Ȑȏ ǰȚȈȓȐȐ Ȉ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ, Ȑ ȗȖȉȓȐȎȍ ȖȚ-
ȒțȌȈ — ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȓ Ȗȕ ș ȕȍȗȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȔ Ȑ ȚȊȍȘȌȣȔ ȎȍȓȈ-
ȕȐȍȔ «ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȔ» șȌȍȓȈȚȤșȧ ǹȕȈȟȈȓȈ Ȗȕ ȗȖșȚțȗȐȓ ȒȖȕȚȖȘ-
ȡȐȒȖȔ ȘȈșșȟȐȚȣȊȈȧ ȗȘȐȔȈȏȈȚȤșȧ Ȓ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȗȖȒțȗȒȍ
ȐȓȐ ȗȘȖȌȈȎȍ — ȕȖ ȥȚȖ ȍȔț ȕȍ țȌȈȓȖșȤ ȖȟȍȕȤ țȎ ȔȕȖȋȖ Ȏȍ-
ȓȈȦȡȐȝ ț ȕȈș ȕȈ ȥȚȐ ȌȍȓȈ ǷȖȚȖȔ Ȗȕ ȗȘȖȉȖȊȈȓ ȏȈȕȧȚȤșȧ ȒȖ-
ȔȐșșȐȖȕȍȘșȚȊȖȔ ȕȖ Ȑ ȥȚȖ ȍȔț ȕȍ ȗȖȕȘȈȊȐȓȖșȤ DzȖȔȐșșȐȖ-
ȕȍȘșȚȊȖ ț ȕȈș ȏȈȕȧȚȐȍ ȊȣȋȖȌȕȖȍ ȕȖ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȊȣȌȍȘȎȒȐ Ȑ ȕȈ-
șȚȖȑȟȐȊȖșȚȐ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȚțȚ Ȋșȍ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȖ ȕȈ ȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȖȔ ȘȈș-
ȠȐȘȍȕȐȐ ȒȘțȋȈ ȒȓȐȍȕȚȖȊ ǬȈ Ȑ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȍȓȧ ȒȖȔȐșșȐȖȕȍȘșȚȊȈ
ȕȍȗȖȌȝȖȌȧȡȍȍ — ȒȘȐȏȐș ȊȍȏȌȍ ȔȍȘȚȊțȦ ȏȣȉȤ țșȚȈȕȖȊȐȓ ǪȖȚ
Ȗȕ Ȑ ȕȈȗȈȓ ȕȈ ȗȘȖșȚțȦ ȔȣșȓȤ Ǫ ȒȘțȗȕȣȝ ȞȍȕȚȘȈȝ ȔȕȖȋȖ
ȔȈȔȍȕȤȒȐȕȣȝ Ȑ ȗȈȗȍȕȤȒȐȕȣȝ șȣȕȒȖȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȟȤ
ȉȘȖșȐȚȤ șȖȚȕȦ Șțȉȓȍȑ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȘȖȊȍșȚȐ ȊȍȟȍȘ Ȋ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȖȔ
ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍ Ȑ Ȋ ȚȖȎȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȊșȧȟȍșȒȖȍ țȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȐȍ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚȤ,
ȕȐ Ȋ ȟȍȔ șȍȉȧ ȕȍ șȚȍșȕȧȚȤ ǹȓȖȊȖȔ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚșȧ șȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȍ ȥș-
ȚȍȚȐȒȐ ș ȗȖȓȕȖȑ ȘȈșȗțȡȍȕȕȖșȚȤȦ ǶȉȣȟȕȈȧ ȗȖȒțȗȒȈ ȓȦȉ-
ȊȐ — ȥȚȖ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȖȚȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȖ Ȑ ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȔȍșȚȈ
ȕȐȒȈȒȖȑ ȐȓȓȦȏȐȐ
* Ɋɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɨɛ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɸɝɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ Ⱥɜɬ

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«DzțȗȐȓ ȓȦȉȊȐ ȕȈ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ-ȚȖ Șțȉȓȍȑ ȊșȚțȗȐȓ ȊȖ ȊȓȈȌȍ-
ȕȐȍ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ ș ȏȓȖțȗȖȚȘȍȉȓȍȕȐȍȔ — ȟȚȖ ȚțȚ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖȋȖ Ȉ
ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȏȈȔȈȕȟȐȊȖȋȖ"»
ǬȘțȋȖȍ ȌȍȓȖ ȍșȓȐ Ȋȣ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȗȖȗȈȓȐ ȕȈ ȒȈȒȖȑ- ȕȐ-
ȉțȌȤ șȍȔȍȑȕȣȑ ȊȍȟȍȘ ȗȖȏȕȈȒȖȔȐȓȐșȤ ȚȈȔ ș ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖȑ ȌȈ-
ȔȖȟȒȖȑ ȐȓȐ ȌȍȊȐȞȍȑ ȗȘȖȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȐ ș ȕȍȑ Ȟȍȓȣȑ ȊȍȟȍȘ ȗȖȚȖȔ
ȗȖȍȝȈȓȐ ȍȍ ȗȘȖȊȖȎȈȚȤ Ȑ ȒȈȒ-ȚȖ șȈȔȖ șȖȉȖȑ ȏȈȍȝȈȓȐ Ȋ ȖȚȌȍȓȤ-
ȕȣȑ ȒȈȉȐȕȍȚ ȘȍșȚȖȘȈȕȈ ȗȖțȎȐȕȈȚȤ Ǫșȍ ȊȍȌȤ ȥȚȖ ȚȈȒ ȍșȚȍșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕȖ Ȑ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ ȗȘȖșȚȖȑ ȥȒșȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȖșȚȐ ȕȍ ȏȈȝȖȌȐȚ — ȥȒș-
ȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȖșȚȐ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȔȐȓȖȑ ȏȈȔȈȕȟȐȊȖȑ ȕȖ ȕȐ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȔ șȓț-
ȟȈȍ ȕȍ ȋȘțȉȖ-ȞȐȕȐȟȕȖȑ
Ǫ ȒȈȉȐȕȍȚȍ ȖȗȧȚȤ-ȚȈȒȐ ȒȈȒ-ȚȖ șȈȔȖ șȖȉȖȑ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ
ȟȚȖ Ȋȣ ȒȈȒ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȧȍȚȍ ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋȈ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȍȚȍ
ș ȗȖȓțșȓȖȊȈ Ȑ ȎȈȓȍȍȚȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȓȐșȤ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ
ǹȓȖȊȖȔ ȏȈȊȧȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȐȕȚȘȐȎȒȖȑ —
Ȗȉȍ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȟțȊșȚȊțȦȚ ȗȖȊȣȠȍȕȕȖȍ ȉȐȍȕȐȍ ȗțȓȤșȈ ȎȐȏȕȐ
ȖȉȖȦȌȕȖ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȈȦȚșȧ ȕȈȗȖȓȕȧȦȚ ȗțșȚȖȚț ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ Ȑ ȖȚ-
ȌȍȓȣȊȈȦȚșȧ ȖȚ șȒțȒȐ
DzȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȐȕȚȘȐȎȒȈ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȏȈȊȧȏȈȚȤșȧ Ȑ șȓțȟȈȑ-
ȕȖ ȕȖ șȓțȟȈȧ ȕțȎȕȖ ȎȌȈȚȤ — ȗȘȐ ȚȖȔ Ȏȍ, Ȗȕ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ Ȑ
ȕȍ ȉȣȚȤ
Ǩ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȤȚȍ șȍȉȍ ȟȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȔȍșȚȖ «șȍȔȍȑȕȣȑª ȌȖȔ
Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȕȈȑȚȐ ȌȍșȧȚȒȈ ȌȊȈ ȔȖȓȖȌȍȕȤȒȐȝ
ȌȈȔȖȟȍȒ ȒȈȒ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȓțȟȠȍ ȗȘȐșȗȖșȖȉȓȍȕȕȣȝ Ȓ ȐȕȚȘȐȎȒȍ
ȔȐȓȖȑ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȍȑ ȖșȚȘȖțȔȕȖȑ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȈȦȡȍȑ ȅȚȖ ȚȈȒ șȒȈ-
ȏȈȚȤ ȔȈȋȈȏȐȕ ȓȦȉȊȐ ȊșȍȋȌȈ Ȑ Ȍȓȧ Ȋșȍȝ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȣȑ ȉȓȍșȚȧ-
ȡȍ Ȑ ȗȘȐȓȐȟȕȖ ȖȉșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ Ȑ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ țȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖȘȧȦȡȐȑ
șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȔ ȊȒțșȈȔ ǵțȎȕȖ ȊȈȔ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȐȗȖȌȕȧȚȤ șȍ-
ȉȧ ȊșȚȘȧȝȕțȚȤșȧ ȖȚ șȣȚȖȑ ȕȐȟȍȔ ȕȍ ȕȈȗȖȓȕȍȕȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ
Ȋȣ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚȍ Ȋ «ȔȈȋȈȏȐȕ» Ȑ ȗȘȐșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȚȍșȤ ǺțȚ ȍșȚȤ Ȑ
ȐșȚȍȘȐȟȒȐ șȗȖșȖȉȕȣȍ ȘȈșȠȍȊȍȓȐȚȤ șȈȔȖȋȖ ȗȘȍșȣȡȍȕȕȖȋȖ
ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȍșȚȤ Ȑ ȔȖȓȖȌȍȕȤȒȐȍ ȕȈȐȊȕȣȍ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦ-
ȡȐȍ ȒȈȎȌȖȍ șȓȖȊȖ ȏȈ ȗȘȈȊȌț ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚ ȒȈȒ Ȗȕ ȍșȚȤ
ǿȚȖ ȊȈȔ ȕțȎȕȖ ȚȖ Ȑ ȊȣȉȐȘȈȑȚȍ — Ȋșȍ șȦȌȈ ȗȘȐȠȓȐ ȏȈ ȚȍȔ
Ȏȍ ȏȈ ȟȍȔ Ȑ Ȋȣ Ȋșȍ ȎȍȓȈȦȚ ȚȖȋȖ Ȏȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȊȣȉȐ-
ȘȈȍȚ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȔț ȊȒțșț ȅȚȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȒțȗȒȈ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȔțȎȟȐȕȖȑ
— ȕȍȚ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȚțȚ ȚȖȎȍ ȌȍȓȈȦȚ ȊȣȉȖȘ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȔț ȊȒțșț ǵȖ
ȊȍȌȤ ȥȚȖ-ȚȖ Ȑ ȕțȎȕȖ ȥȚȖ-ȚȖ Ȑ ȌȖȘȖȋȖ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ-ȚȖ Ȑ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚ-

34
șȧ ȘȈȏȕȐȞȈ ȔȍȎȌț «ȊȍșȍȓȣȔ ȌȖȔȖȔ» Ȑ «șȍȔȍȑȕȣȔ ȌȖȔȖȔ».
ǺȈȔ Ȋȣ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚȍ ȒțȗȓȍȕȕțȦ ȊȍȡȤ Ȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȉ ȚțȚ Ȋȣ ȏȕȈȍ-
Țȍ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋȣ ȊȣȉȘȈȓȐ ȕȖ Ȑ ȊȈș ȗȘȍȌȗȖȟȓȐ ǹȓȖȊȖȔ
ȚțȚ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȊȏȈȐȔȕȖȍ țȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȕȈ-
ȟȈȓȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȐȓȐ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ șȊȧȏȐ ș ȗȖȘȧȌȖȟ-
ȕȖȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȖȑ ȘȈȊȕȖȑ ȊȈȔ ȗȖ țȔț ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȦ Ȑ ȘȈȏȊȐ-
ȚȐȦ ȊȒțșȖȊ ǪȖȏȔȖȎȕȈ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ ǹ ȌȘțȋȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȎȍȕȡȐ-
ȕȈ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚ ȚțȚ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȔȕȖȋȖȍ ȟȍȋȖ ȖȕȈ ȕȍ ȕȈȑȌȍȚ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȖȔ
ȔȍșȚȍ ǪȖȏȤȔȐȚȍ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȎȍȕȡȐȕț ȔțȎ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȗȖȓț-
ȟȈȍȚ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȕȖȍ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ ǮȐȏȕȤ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ —
șȍȘȍȕȤȒȈȧ ȔȖȕȖȚȖȕȕȈȧ Ǩ ȖȕȈ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ ȟțȊșȚȊțȍȚ Ȑ șȖ-
ȏȕȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ Ȑ ȗȖ ȒȘȈșȖȚȍ Ȑ ȗȖ țȔț ȖȕȈ ȔȖȋȓȈ ȉȣ ȏȈȕȧȚȤ ȔȍșȚȖ
Ȋ ȗȍȘȊȣȝ ȘȧȌȈȝ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ǶȕȈ ȔȖȎȍȚ țȊȓȍȒȈȚȤ Ȑ șȗȖșȖȉȕȈ
șȈȔȈ țȊȓȍȒȈȚȤșȧ Ȉ Ȋ țȌȍȓ ȍȑ ȌȈȕȖ — țșȟȐȚȣȊȈȕȐȍ ȋȘȖȠȍȑ Ȑ
ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ șȍȘȍȕȤȒȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȒȈ ȍȍ ȔțȎȈ ǺȈȒȈȧ Ȏȍȕ-
ȡȐȕȈ Ȋ «șȍȔȍȑȕȖȔ ȌȖȔȍ» ȕȈȑȌȍȚ Ȋșȍ ȟȚȖ ȍȑ ȕțȎȕȖ
ǪȍȌȤ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȟȍȔ ȖȞȍȕȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ Ȕȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȊȐ-
ȌȍȚȤ ȥȚȖ «ȟȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ» ǯȕȈȟȐȚ, ȍȑ ȕțȎȕȖ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȔȍșȚȖ ȋȌȍ
ȉȣ ȍȍ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ «ȞȍȕȐȚȍȓȐ» ǺȈȒȐȔ ȔȍșȚȖȔ Ȑ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ
«șȍȔȍȑȕȣȑ ȌȖȔ» ǺȈȔ ȖȕȈ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ șȍȉȧ ȊșȍȔ ȎȍȓȈȦ-
ȡȐȔ Ȑ Ȋ șȊȖȦ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ ȕȈȑȚȐ Ȍȓȧ șȍȉȧ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȍȑ ȕțȎȕȖ ȚȖ
ȍșȚȤ ȊȏȧȚȤ ȕȍ ȗȍȘȊȖȋȖ ȊșȚȘȍȟȕȖȋȖ Ȉ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȧȡȍ-
ȋȖ ǺȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ șȈȔȣȍ ȘȈȏȕȖ-
ȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȍ ȟȚȖ Ȋ șȊȖȦ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȊȈȍȚ șȗȘȖș ȕȈ Ȋșȍȝ
ȗȖȟȚȐ ȔțȎȟȐȕ ǹȚȈȘȐȒ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȐȏȉȘȈȕ ȏȈ ȍȋȖ șȒȘȖȔ-
ȕȖșȚȤ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȑ — ȏȈ ȍȋȖ ȗȣȓ Ȑ șȊȍȎȍșȚȤ Ȑ Ț Ȍ
ǺȈȒȖȊ ȗȓȈȕ țȟȘȍȌȐȚȍȓȧ «șȍȔȍȑȕȖȋȖ ȌȖȔȈ» ǰ Ȗȕ ȘȈșșȟȐ-
ȚȈȓ ȊȍȘȕȖ ȉȍȏ ȖȠȐȉȒȐ ǬȍȓȈ ț ȕȍȋȖ șȘȈȏț ȗȖȠȓȐ ȉȖȑȒȖ ǵȈ
ȊȍȟȍȘȈ ȧȊȓȧȓȖșȤ șȈȔȖȍ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȖȍ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ ǰ ȕțȎȕȖ
ȖȚȌȈȚȤ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖșȚȤ țȟȘȍȌȐȚȍȓȦ Ȗȕ țȔȍȓȖ ȌȍȓȈȓ ȗȖȌȉȖȘ
șȊȖȐȔ ȋȖșȚȧȔ ǺțȚ ȉȣȓȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȈȑȕȖ ȊȖȎȌȍȓȍȦȡȐȍ ȕȖ ȕȍ
șȒȖȔȗȘȖȔȍȚȐȘȖȊȈȊȠȐȍ șȍȉȧ ȧȊȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȌȈȎȕȖȑ șȊȧȏȤȦ ǹȖ-
ȌȍȘȎȈȕȒȐ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȕȈ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ ȕȍ ȌȖȗțșȒȈȓȐșȤ ȕȖ ȌȖȗțșȒȈ-
ȓȐșȤ ȏȈȔțȎȕȐȍ ȌȈȔȣ ȐȔȍȦȡȐȍ ȉȖȋȈȚȖȋȖ ȌȘțȋȈ ȌȖȔȈ ǶȚ
ȔțȎȟȐȕ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȓȖșȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȕȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȖ ȊȕȍȠȕȖ-
șȚȐ ȗȘȐȓȐȟȕȣ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ Ȑȝ Ȋȕȍ șȚȍȕ «șȍȔȍȑȕȖȋȖ ȌȖȔȈ» ȕȍ
ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȓȖșȤ ȊȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ǵȈ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ, ȊȍȟȍȘȈ «șȍ-
ȔȍȑȕȖȋȖ ȌȖȔȈ» ȕȐȟȍȔ ȕȍ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȓȐșȤ ȖȚ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȣȝ Ȋȍ-

35
ȟȍȘȖȊ ȐȓȐ ȉȈȓȖȊ Ȋ ȉțȘȎțȈȏȕȣȝ ȌȖȔȈȝ Ȋ ȏȈȓȍ ȚȈȕȞȍȊȈȓȐ Ȋ
ȒȈȉȐȕȍȚȍ ȝȖȏȧȐȕȈ ȐȋȘȈȓȐ Ȋ ȒȈȘȚȣ Ȋ ȋȖșȚȐȕȖȑ Ȑ ȉțȌțȈȘȍ
ȝȖȏȧȑȒȐ șȐȌȍȓȐ ȗȈȘȖȟȒȐ Ȋ țȦȚȕȣȝ țȋȖȓȒȈȝ — Ȋșȍ ȊȍȓȐ șȍȉȧ
ȗȘȐȓȐȟȕȖ ȒȖȘȘȍȒȚȕȖ ǵȖ, ȊșȔȖȚȘȍȊȠȐșȤ ȝȖȘȖȠȍȕȤȒȖ Ȋȣ
ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚȍ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȋȘțȗȗȐȘȖȊȒȍ ȗȈȘȖȟȍȒ ȍșȚȤ ȒȈȒȈȧ-
ȚȖ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȤ Ǫȣ ȊȐȌȐȚȍ ȟȚȖ șȚȈȘȐȟȖȒ ȕȍȗȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ țșȈ-
ȎȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ș ȦȕȖȑ ȌȍȊȐȞȍȑ Ȋ țȟȍȕȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȜȖȘȔȍ ȗȍȘȍȏȘȍ-
ȓȈȧ ȌȈȔȈ șȖ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈȔȐ, Ȋ șȊȖȦ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ, șȐȌȐȚ Ȋ țȋȖȓȒȍ ș
ȦȕȞȖȔ ȓȍȚ -20-ȚȐ ǬȈȓȍȍ ȖȒȖȓȖ ȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȖȑ ȐșȚȍȘȐȟȍ-
șȒȖȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȓȍȚ -ȔȐ șȐȌȧȚ ȚȘȖȍ ȔțȎȟȐȕ ȓȍȚ ȏȈ șȖȘȖȒ
— ȕȖ ȊȖȚ ȖȕȈ ȊȏȧȓȈ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȌ ȘțȒț Ȑ țȠȓȈ Ȋ șȖșȍȌȕȦȦ ȒȖȔ-
ȕȈȚț ǿȍȘȍȏ ȗȖȓȟȈșȈ ȥȚȈ ȗȈȘȈ ȗȖȒȐȌȈȍȚ «ȊȍȟȍȘ» ȅȚȖ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ,
ȟȚȖ ȊȣȉȖȘ șȌȍȓȈȕ Ȉ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȍȕȐȍ ȉțȌȍȚ țȎȍ Ȋȕȍ șȚȍȕ «șȍ-
ȔȍȑȕȖȋȖ ȌȖȔȈ» ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ ȗȖȒȐȌȈȦȚ
ȌȖȔ ȌȖ ȌȍșȧȚȐ ȗȈȘ ȅȚȐ ȗȈȘȣ ȕȍ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȈȦȚșȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȐȓȐ
Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȌȖ Țȍȝ ȗȖȘ ȗȖȒȈ ȏȈ-
ȊȧȏȈȊȠȈȧșȧ «ȐȕȚȘȐȎȒȈ» ȕȍ ȗȘȍȘȊȍȚșȧ ȚȈȒ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȈȟȍ ǷȖ-
ȥȚȖȔț ȝȖȏȧȐȕ șȚȘȖȋȖ șȓȍȌȐȚ ȏȈ țȍȏȎȈȦȡȐȔȐ ȗȈȘȈȔȐ Ȑ Ȋ ȗȍ-
ȘȍȌȕȍȑ, ȗȘȖȡȈȧșȤ ș ȒȈȊȈȓȍȘȖȔ ȗȘȖșȐȚ «ȖȌȖȓȎȐȚȤ» ȍȔț Ȑȏ-
ȊȍșȚȕțȦ șțȔȔț șȔȖȚȘȧ ȗȖ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȦ ȒȓȐȍȕȚȈ ǹȟȈșȚȓȐȊȣȑ
șȊȖȍȑ ȗȖȉȍȌȖȑ ȒȓȐȍȕȚ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ ș țȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȐȍȔ ȐșȗȖȓ-
ȕȧȍȚ ȗȘȖșȤȉț ȝȖȏȧȐȕȈ ǵȖ Ȋ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ șȓțȟȈȧȝ ș ȚȈȒȐȔȐ
ȗȘȖșȤȉȈȔȐ ȝȖȏȧȐȕ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȍȚșȧ ȕȍ Ȓ ȒȈȊȈȓȍȘț Ȉ Ȓ ȌȈȔȍ ȅȚȖ
ȏȕȈȟȐȚ ȟȚȖ, șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȒȓȐȍȕȚȖȔ Ȗȕ șȟȐȚȈȍȚ ȌȈȔț Ȉ ȒȈȊȈ-
ȓȍȘ ȜȐȋțȘȐȘțȍȚ țȎȍ Ȋ ȘȖȓȐ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚȈ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȘȍȌȢȧȊ-
ȓȍȕ șȗȘȖș DzȈȒ ȥȚȖ ȕȐ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȖ Ȉ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ șȖȏȕȈȚȤșȧ ȟȚȖ
ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȗȍȘȍȏȘȍȓȣȍ ȌȈȔȣ țȊȖȏȧȚ ș șȖȉȖȑ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ «ȗȘȖȊȖ-
ȎȈȚȣȝ» țȟȈȡȐȝșȧ șȚȈȘȠȐȝ ȒȓȈșșȖȊ
Ǫ ȖȉȡȍȔ ȏȐȔȕȐȑ șȍȏȖȕ Ȍȓȧ «șȍȔȍȑȕȖȋȖ ȌȖȔȈ» ȏȈȒȖȕ-
ȟȐȓșȧ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȍ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȐȔȟȐȊȣȍ șțȗȘțȋȐ șȒȖȗȐȓȐ ȗȖȘȧȌȖȟ-
ȕȣȑ ȒțȠ Ȑ ȕȈ ȓȍȚȖ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȓȐ ȗȍȘȍȕȍșȚȐ ȗȖȓȍ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȖșȚȐ ȒțȌȈ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȕȈ ȊȖȌȣ
ǺȈȔ ȖȕȐ ȘȈșșȟȐȚȣȊȈȓȐ țșȚȘȈȐȊȈȚȤ ȗȘȖȋțȓȒȐ Ȋ ȋȖȘȣ ȗȐȒ-
ȕȐȒȐ ȚȈȕȞȣ ȕȈ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȖȔ ȊȖȏȌțȝȍ ǶȕȐ ȗȖȓȈȋȈȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȓȍȚ-
ȕȧȧ ȕȍȋȈ Ȑ ȗȘȈȏȌȕȖșȚȤ «ȊȖȌȧȕȣȝ» ȖȉȐȚȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ
ȘȈșȠȐȘȐȚ ȒȘțȋ Ȑȝ ȒȓȐȍȕȚțȘȣ ǯȐȔȕȐȍ Ȑȝ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ ȗȖșȍȡȈȓȐ
ȚȈȒ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ș ȏȈȘȈȕȍȍ ȖȉȌțȔȈȕȕȣȔ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȐȍȔ Ȉ ȕȈ ȊȖȌȈȝ
Ȋ ȒȘțȋ Ȑȝ ȒȓȐȍȕȚȖȊ ȔȖȋțȚ ȗȖȗȈȌȈȚȤ Ȑ ȉȍȏ țȔȣșȓȈ ȖȚ șȒțȒȐ

șȓțȟȈȑȕȖ ȐȓȐ ȗȖȌ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍȔ «ȓȐȒțȦȡȍȑ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ».
ǷȓȈȕ ȒȈȒ ȊȐȌȐȚȍ Ȑ ȕȈ ȓȍȚȖ șȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤ-
ȕȖ Ȑ ȕȐȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȔȍȠȈȍȚ ȍȋȖ țșȗȍȝț ǵȈ DzȈȊȒȈȏșȒȐȝ ȔȐȕȍ-
ȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȊȖȌȈȝ ȌȈ Ȑ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ ȕȈ ȒțȘȖȘȚȈȝ ȕȘȈȊȣ Ȑ ȉȍȏ ȚȖȋȖ
ȓȍȋȒȐȍ Ȉ ȍșȓȐ ȚțȌȈ ȊȕȍșȚȐ ȍȡȍ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȦ —
ȚȖ ȕȈȟȕȍȚșȧ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȈȧ ȊȈȒȝȈȕȈȓȐȧ «ȓȦȉȊȐ» ǺȈȒȖȊ «șȍȔȍȑ-
ȕȣȑ ȌȖȔ» DzȈȒȖȍ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍ Ȑ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ Ȗȕ ȐȔȍȍȚ Ȑ ȉțȌȍȚ ȐȔȍȚȤ
Ȋ ȉțȌțȡȍȔ ȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȔ ȐȏȓȐȠȕȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ ǹȒȈȎȍȔ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ
ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȘȈȏȘțȠȈȍȚ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕțȦ ȗȘȍȋȘȈȌț ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȍȡȍ șȗȖ-
șȖȉȕȈ țȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȚȤ ȗȘȈȏȌȕȖȍ ȉțȘȎțȈȏȕȖȍ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ ȕȈ ȗțȚȐ
ȕȘȈȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ǷȘȍȋȘȈȌȈ ȥȚȈ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ-
șȚȐ șȟȐȚȈȚȤșȧ ș ȗȘȐȓȐȟȐȧȔȐ Ȋ ȉȖȧȏȕȐ ȖȉȕȈȎȐȚȤ ȗȍȘȍȌ Ȗȉ-
ȡȍșȚȊȖȔ șȊȖȐ ȗȖȘȖȒȐ «ǹȍȔȍȑȕȣȑ ȌȖȔª ȒȈȒ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȓțȟȠȍ
ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚ ȕȈ ȗȖȔȖȡȤ «ȊȖȎȌȍȓȍȦȡȐȔ» ȕȖ ȕȍ ȌȍȘȏȈȦȡȐȔ
Ƕȕ ȌȈȍȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȊȣȉȖȘ ȕȍ ȗȖȗȈȌȈȧ Ȋ ȚȈȒȐȍ Ȕȍ-
șȚȈ ȖȌȕȖ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ șȟȐȚȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖȏȖȘȕȣȔ ǻȟȘȍ-
ȌȐȚȍȓȐ «șȍȔȍȑȕȖȋȖ ȌȖȔȈ» ȥȚȖ ȐȔȍȦȚ Ȋ ȊȐȌț Ȑ șȚȈȘȈȦȚșȧ
ȟȚȖȉȣ ț ȕȐȝ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȉȣȓȖ Ȋșȍ ȗȘȐȓȐȟȕȖ ǵȈ ȊȍȟȍȘȍ ȔȖȎ-
ȕȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȏȕȈȒȖȔȐȚȤșȧ ȕȖ ȕȐ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȕȍ ȌȖȝȖ-
ȌȐȚȤ ȌȖ ȜȈȔȐȓȤȧȘȕȖșȚȐ ȌȈȎȍ șȈȔȣȑ ȓȍȋȒȐȑ ȜȓȐȘȚ ȕȍ ȗȖ-
ȖȡȘȧȍȚșȧ ȝȖȚȧ Ȑ ȕȍ ȊȖȏȉȘȈȕȧȍȚșȧ ǺȈȒȈȧ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȈ «Ȍȍ-
ȓȈ», ș ȖȌȕȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ, ȗȖȖȡȘȧȍȚ ȌȈȎȍ șȈȔȣȝ ȘȖȉȒȐȝ ȒȓȐȍȕ-
ȚȖȊ Ȉ ș ȌȘțȋȖȑ, ȋȈȘȈȕȚȐȘțȍȚ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖȍ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ Ȑ
șȈȔȖȔț «șȍȔȍȑȕȖȔț ȌȖȔț» ȖȋȘȈȎȌȈȧ ȍȋȖ ȖȚ ȊȔȍȠȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ
ȊȘȈȟȍȉȕȖ ȗȖȓȐȞȍȑșȒȖȋȖ ȕȈȌȏȖȘȈ
ǷȖșȓȍ ȧ ȐȔȍȓ șȓțȟȈȑ țȉȍȌȐȚȤșȧ ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒȐȍ Ȑ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȍ
«șȍȔȍȑȕȣȍ ȌȖȔȈ» șțȡȍșȚȊțȦȚ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȒȘțȗȕȣȝ ȋȖȘȖ-
ȌȈȝ ǸȖșșȐȐ Ǭȓȧ șȣȚȖȑ Ȑ ȗȘȍșȣȡȍȕȕȖȑ ȉțȘȎțȈȏȐȐ ȥȚȖ țȟ-
ȘȍȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȗȖȊșȍȔȍșȚȕȖ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȔ.
DzȖȔȜȖȘȚ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȊȓȈȌȍȓȤȞȍȊ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓȈ ȉȣȓ ȉȣ ȕȍȗȖȓȖȕ ȉȍȏ
ȥȚȖȋȖ țȟȘȍȎȌȍȕȐȧ

37
ǺȁǴ ǰ ǾǼǹǶ ǿǰǼDzǻǶ
ǴțȎ Ȋ ȘȖȓȐ șȊȖȌȕȐ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȍȚ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȟȈșȚȖ Ȑ ȊȍȏȌȍ ȕȍ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖ Ȋșȍȑ ǸȖșșȐȐ ȕȖ Ȑ ȊȖ ȊșȍȔ ȔȐȘȍ ȗȘȐȟȍȔ ȗȘȖȌȈȎȈ
Ȏȍȕȣ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȚșȧ Ȋ șȈȔȣȝ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȝ ȜȖȘȔȈȝ ȗȘȖ-
șȚȖ ȏȈ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ ȏȈ «ȗȘȖȚȍȒȞȐȦ» ȏȈ ȗȖȊȣȠȍȕȐȍ ȗȖ șȓțȎȉȍ Ȑ
ȗȘ ǰȕȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ șȈȔȈ ȎȍȕȈ ȐȌȍȚ ȕȈȊșȚȘȍȟț ȎȍȓȈȕȐȦ Ȕț-
ȎȈ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ Ȏȍ ȍȍ Ȓ ȥȚȖȔț ȗȘȐȕțȎȌȈȦȚ ȝȖȚȧ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȉȣ-
ȊȈȍȚ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȋ ȕȐȏȠȐȝ, ȕȍȊȍȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ șȓȖȧȝ Ȗȉȡȍ-
șȚȊȈ
Ǫ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒȍ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ©ǶȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ȏȈȡȐȚȣ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȕȣȝ Ȏȍȕ-
ȡȐȕ» ȐȏȊȍșȚȍȕ ȖȌȐȕ șȓțȟȈȑ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȔțȎ Ȋ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȍȕȐȍ 
ȓȍȚ ȐșȚȧȏȈȕȐȧȔȐ ȊȣȕțȎȌȈȓ ț Ȏȍȕȣ șȖȋȓȈșȐȍ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȌȈȎț ȍȍ
ȎȍȓȈȦȡȐȔ Ƕȕ ȌȈȎȍ ȖȚȌȈȊȈȓ ȍȍ Ȋ ȈȘȍȕȌț ȖȌȕȖȔț ȚȈȚȈȘȐȕț
Ȑ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȓțȟȈȓ ș ȈȘȍȕȌȈȚȖȘȈ țșȓȖȊȕțȦ ȗȓȈȚț
ǮȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȖșȊȖȉȖȌȐȓȈșȤ ȖȚ ȥȚȖȑ țȎȈșȕȖȑ ȒȈȉȈȓȣ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ
ȕȈ ȌȍșȧȚȣȑ ȋȖȌ șȖȎȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ȖȕȈ ȗȖȌȈȓȈ ȗȘȖȠȍȕȐȍ ȕȈ Ǫȣ-
șȖȟȈȑȠȍȍ ȐȔȧ Ȗ ȊȣȌȈȟȍ ȍȑ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȊȐȌȈ ȕȈ ȎȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ
Ȉ șȈȔȈ ȗȖșȚțȗȐȓȈ Ȋ țȉȍȎȐȡȍ ©ǶȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ȏȈȡȐȚȣ ȕȍșȟȈșȚ-
ȕȣȝ ȎȍȕȡȐȕ» ǵȖ ȥȚȖ ȍȌȐȕȐȟȕȣȑ șȓțȟȈȑ țȗȖȘȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȍș-
ȚȈ șȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ Ȏȍȕȣ DzȈȒ Ȗȉȡȍȍ Ȏȍ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȖ — ȎȍȕȈ ȐȓȐ ȗȘȍ-
ȌțȗȘȍȎȌȈȍȚ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȍ ȔțȎȈ ȚȖȘȋȖȊȈȚȤ ȍȦ ȐȓȐ Ȏȍ ȗȖȒȖȘȕȖ
șȖȋȓȈȠȈȍȚșȧ ș ȔțȎȍȔ ǷȍȘȊȖȍ ȟȈȡȍ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ Ȋ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȖȑ
ȟȈșȚȐ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ȊȚȖȘȖȍ — Ȋ șȘȍȌȍ ȔȍȓȒȐȝ șȓțȎȈȡȐȝ Ȑ ȘȈ-
ȉȖȟȐȝ ǷȖ șțȡȍșȚȊț, ȔȖȚȐȊȣ șȊȖȌȕȐȟȍșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȚȈȔ Ȑ ȚțȚ ȖȌȐ-
ȕȈȒȖȊȣ — ȥȚȖ Ȋ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȍ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȍ ȊȣȌȊȐ-
ȕțȚȤșȧ ȗȖ șȓțȎȉȍ ǸȈȏȕȐȞȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ
ȐȓȐ Ȕȍȕȍȍ țȔȍȓȖ ȗȘȐȒȘȣȊȈȦȚ șȊȖȐ ȋȘȍȝȐ Ȉ ȊȚȖȘȣȍ ȌȍȑșȚ-
ȊțȦȚ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȖ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȌȈȎȍ șȖȊȍȚțȦȚșȧ ș ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȈȔȐ ȒȈȒ
ȐȔ ȗȖșȚțȗȐȚȤ Ǫ Dz-Ȋȍ ȉȣȓ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȚȈȒȖȑ șȓțȟȈȑ ǵȈ ȌȊȖ-
Șȍ ȏȈȊȖȌȈ ȒȘțȗȕȍȑȠȍȑ ȜȐȘȔȣ șȚȖȧȚ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȑ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȑ
Ȑ ȕȍȌȈȊȕȖ ȗȖșȚțȗȐȊȠȐȑ ȌȊȖȘȖȊȣȑ ȗȘȐȒȈȏȟȐȒ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȖȚ-
ȌȈȍȚ ȒȈȒȐȍ-ȚȖ ȗȘȐȒȈȏȈȕȐȧ ȊȚȖȘȖȔț Ǫ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȔȐȔȖ ȕȐȝ
ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȚ ȔȖȓȖȌȍȕȤȒȈȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ
— ǫȔ ȕȍȌțȘȕȈ — ȉȘȖșȐȓ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ Ȋ șȚȖȘȖȕț țȗȘȈȊȓȧȦ-
ȡȐȑ — ǶȚȒțȌȈ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȊȏȧȓȈșȤ"
— ȅȚȖ ȔȖȧ ȎȍȕȈ — ȘȈȌȖșȚȕȖ țȓȣȉȈȧșȤ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȗȘȐȒȈȏȟȐȒ.

38
— ǵȍȌțȘȕȈ ȕȍȌțȘȕȈ
ǹ ȥȚȐȔȐ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȑ țȠȍȓ ǷȘȐȒȈȏȟȐȒ ȘȈș-
șȒȈȏȈȓ Ȗ «șȓțȟȈȍ» șȊȖȐȔ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȈȔ Ȑ ȗȘȖșȐȓ șȖȊȍȚȈ ȒȈȒ
ȍȔț ȉȣȚȤ" ǶȚȊȍȚ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȍȑ ȉȣȓ ȒȈȒ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȘȍȠȐȚȍ-
ȓȍȕ
— ǹȟȈșȚȤȍ Țȍȉȍ Ȋ ȘȖȚ ȓȍȏȍȚ Ȉ Țȣ șȗȘȈȠȐȊȈȍȠȤ ǪȍȌȐ ǹȍ-
ȋȖȌȕȧ Ȏȍ ȗȖșȓȍ ȖȉȍȌȈ Ȑ ȊȍȌȐ ǴȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȐȚ
ǷȖȓțȟȐȚȤ ȔȍșȚȖ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȐȒȈȏȟȐȒȈ — ȔȍȟȚȈ Ȋșȧ-
ȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȓțȋȘȈȔȖȚȕȖȋȖ șȓțȎȈȡȍȋȖ ǺțȚ Ȗȕ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎ-
ȕȖșȚȤ ȕȈȎȐȚȤșȧ Ȋ șȈȔȣȝ ȠȐȘȖȒȐȝ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȈȝ ǹȓțȟȈȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ
ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȗȘȐȒȈȏȟȐȒȐ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȝ ȔȍșȧȞȍȊ
șȒȈȗȓȐȊȈȦȚ - Țȣșȧȟ Șțȉȓȍȑ ȗȘȐ ȎȈȓȖȊȈȕȐȐ Ȋ - Șțȉ
Ȋ ȔȍșȧȞ ǷȘȖȉȣȚȤ - ȋȖȌȈ ȕȈ ȌȖȓȎȕȖșȚȐ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȐ-
ȒȈȏȟȐȒȈ — ȏȕȈȟȐȚ ȕȈȎȐȚȤ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍ Ȋ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȍșȓȐ
ȜȐȘȔȈ ȒȘțȗȕȈȧ ǶȚșȦȌȈ ȗȖȕȧȚȕȖ ȒȈȒȖȑ șȖȉȓȈȏȕ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊ-
ȓȧȦȚ Ȑȏ șȍȉȧ șȓȖȊȈ ©ǴȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȐȚ» ǰ ȊȖȚ ȔțȎ
ȊȍȌȍȚ șȊȖȦ Ȏȍȕț Ȓ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȡȍȔț ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȖșȓȍȖȉȍȌȍȕ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȖȚȌȣȝȈ ǹțȗȘțȋȐ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȧȚ Ȑ ȘȖȉȒȖ ȖșȚȈȕȈȊȓȐȊȈȦȚșȧ Ȋ
ȗȍȘȍȌȕȍȑ ǻ ȖȉȖȐȝ ț ȕȐȝ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȏȈȔȐȘȈȍȚ ț ȖȉȖȐȝ ȖȌȐȕ ȊȖ-
ȗȘȖș ȕȈ țȔȍ ǻȌȈșȚșȧ ȐȓȐ ȕȍ țȌȈșȚșȧ" ǷȘȐȔȍȚ ȎȍȘȚȊț ȐȓȐ
ȖȚȊȍȘȋȕȍȚ"
— ǿȚȖ ȊȈȔ" — șȗȘȈȠȐȊȈȍȚ ȓȈȒȍȑ
— ǵțȎȕȖ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȡȍȋȖ ȗȖ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșțȦȡȍȔț ȍȋȖ
Ȍȍȓț — ȖȚȊȍȟȈȍȚ șțȗȘțȋ
dzȈȒȍȑ șȖȖȉȘȈȎȈȍȚ, Ȋ ȟȍȔ ȌȍȓȖ, Ȑ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȍȚ
ǿȍȘȍȏ ȔȐȕțȚț șțȗȘțȋ Ȋ șȗȈȓȤȕȍ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȡȍȋȖ.
— ǿȚȖ Țȍȉȍ"
— ǴȖȧ șțȗȘțȋȈ ȊȈș ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȎȍȓȈȍȚ
— ȅȚȖ ȚȈ șȈȔȈȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȌȈȊȍȟȈ ȗȖ ȌȊȖȘț ȠȓȈ?
— ǶȕȐ-ș șȈȔȣȍ
— ǵț, ȗȖȠȓȐ ȍȍ șȦȌȈ Ȉ șȈȔ ȚȈȔ ȗȖȌȖȎȌȐ ȐȓȐ ȐȌȐ ȌȖ-
ȔȖȑǹțȗȘțȋ ȐȌȍȚ Ȋ ȗȍȘȍȌȕȦȦ Ȑ țȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ Ȏȍȕȍ ȌȖȘȖȋț Ȉ șȈȔ
ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ șȖșȍȌȕȍȑ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ
ǬȊȍ-ȚȘȐ ȔȐȕțȚȣ ȖȎȐȌȈȕȐȧ ȒȈȒ ȊȌȘțȋ Ȑȏ șȗȈȓȤȕȐ ȘȈȏ-
ȌȈȍȚșȧ ȒȘȐȒ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȡȍȋȖ:
— ǪȖȕ ȖȚșȦȌȈ ȕȍȘȧȝȈ ǪȖȕ
ǪȍȟȍȘȖȔ ȐȕȞȐȌȍȕȚ ȖȉșțȎȌȈȓșȧ ȊșȍȔȐ șȓțȎȈȡȐȔȐ ȏȈȊȖ-

39
ȌȈ Ȑ Ȋșȍ ȘțȋȈȓȐ ȗȘȐȒȈȏȟȐȒȈ
— ǬțȘȈȒ Țȣ ȌțȘȈȒ Ǻȣ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȓ șȈȔ ȖșȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ ȟȚȖ-
ȉȣ ȉȣȓȖ Ȋșȍ Ȋ ȈȒȒțȘȈȚȍ ǵȍ Ȓ ȟȍȘȕȖȘȈȉȖȟȍȔț ȊȍȌȍȠȤ
ǷȘȐȒȈȏȟȐȒ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȚȍșȚȖȊȈȓ Ȑ ȕȍ ȊȖȏȘȈȎȈȓ; Ȗȕ Ȑ șȈȔ ȊȗȖȓ-
ȕȍ șȖȏȕȈȊȈȓ ȟȚȖ țȗțșȚȐȓ ȘȍȌȒȖșȚȕȣȑ șȓțȟȈȑ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ șȊȖȍ
șȟȈșȚȤȍ ǵȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȍȋȖ șȖȒȘțȠȈȓȈșȤ Ȑ șțȗȘțȋȈ ȕȖ ȍȍ ȗȖȓȖ-
ȎȍȕȐȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȍȡȍ ȝțȎȍ ȖȕȈ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȊȣȕȖșȐȚȤ țȗȘȍȒȐ
ȔțȎȈ Ȑ ȕȈșȔȍȠȒȐ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȖȌȘțȋ ǶșȔȍȐȊȈȓȈșȤ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖ
ȕȍ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȈ ȗȘȖȌȈȚȤ șȍȉȧ Ȉ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȈ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȈ ȕȍ țȌȈȓȈșȤ
— ǵȈȚȒȕțȓȈșȤ ǽȖȘȖȠȖ ȗȘȐȕȧȓ ǵȍȉȖșȤ ȓȉȖȔ Ȋșȍ ȌȊȍȘȐ
ȖȚȊȖȘȐȓȈ!
ǹȓțȟȈȑ ȥȚȖȚ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȍȕ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧȝ
Ǫ ȕȍȔ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȏȍȘȒȈȓȍ ȖȚȘȈȎȈȦȚșȧ ȕȘȈȊȣ ȏȈȊȖȌșȒȖȑ ȟȍȓȧ-
ȌȐ ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖ șȚȖȧȡȍȑ ȕȈȌ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȔ ǿȍȓȧȌȤ ȥȚȈ ȋȖ-
ȚȖȊȈ ȐșȗȖȓȕȐȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȧ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȡȍȋȖ Ȑ ȊșȧȒȖȍ ȚȘȍȉȖ-
ȊȈȕȐȍ ș ȍȋȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ șȟȐȚȈȍȚ ȏȈȒȖȕȕȣȔ ȒȈȒȖȊȖ ȉȣ ȖȕȖ ȕȐ
ȉȣȓȖ DzȈȒȖȊȖ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȔ ȖȚ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȝ ȗȘȐșȚȈȊȕȐ-
ȒȖȊ Ȕȣ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȔ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ țȊȍȓȖ ȉȣ ȕȈș Ȋ șȚȖ-
ȘȖȕț ȖȚ ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȕȈȔȐ ȞȍȓȐ
ǹȈȔȖ șȖȉȖȑ ȘȈȏțȔȍȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ Ȋșȍ ȔțȎȤȧ ȚȈȒ ȗȘȍȌțȗȘȍ-
ȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȣ Ȑ ȕȍ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍȕȣ ȚȈȒ ȗȖȌȈȚȓȐȊȣ DzȈȒ Ȑ ȊȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ
ȗȘȈȊȐȓȍ Ȑ ȚțȚ ȍșȚȤ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧ ȕȖ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȘȍȌȒȐȍ Ǵȕȍ
ȗȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȚȈȒȐȝ «ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȑ» ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȌȊȈ.
Ǫ ȖȌȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȗȘȐȒȈȏȟȐȒ ȕȍ șȖȋȓȈșȐȓșȧ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȐȚȤ șȊȖȐ șț-
ȗȘțȎȍșȒȐȍ ȗȘȈȊȈ ș ȉțȝȋȈȓȚȍȘȖȔ Ȉ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȖȔ ȎȍȕȈ ȚȖȒȈȘȧ țȠ-
ȓȈ ȖȚ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȔțȎȈ ȗȖșȓȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȒȈȒ Ȗȕ ȊȖȠȍȓ Ȋ șȌȍȓȒț ȖȚȕȖ-
șȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȍȍ ș țȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȔ ȜȈȉȘȐȒȖȑ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ Ȋ Ǻ-Ȑ
 Ǫ
ȗȍȘȊȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ — ȗȘȐȒȈȏȟȐȒ ȉȣȓ țȊȖȓȍȕ ȖȚ ȌȖȓȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȉ ȊȖ
ȊȚȖȘȖȔ ȗȘȖȉȖȊȈȓȐ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȚȐȚȤ Ȏȍȕț Ȓ șțȗȘțȎȍșȒȐȔ ȖȉȧȏȈȕ-
ȕȖșȚȧȔ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȦ — ȕȖ ȥȚȖ ȕȍ țȌȈȓȖșȤ
ǩȣȓ Ȑ ȍȡȍ ȖȌȐȕ șȓțȟȈȑ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȉȈ șțȗȘțȋȈ ȊȖȏȔțȚȐȓȐșȤ
«ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȍȔ» țȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȡȍȋȖ ȕȖ ȚțȚ șțȗȘțȋȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȓȦȌȐ
ȐȕȚȍȓȓȐȋȍȕȚȕȣȍ ǶȉȈ ȖȕȐ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȓȐ Ȑȏ ǷȍȚȍȘȉțȘȋȈ Ȗȕ ȗȖș-
ȚțȗȐȓ ȉțȝȋȈȓȚȍȘȖȔ ȕȈ ȏȈȊȖȌ Ȋ ǹ-Ȋȍ
 Ȉ ȖȕȈ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒȖȊȈȓȈ
ȒȈȒ ȜȍȓȤȌȠȍȘȐȞȈ ǻȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȑ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓșȧ ș șȊȖȐȔ ȗȘȍȌȓȖ-
ȎȍȕȐȍȔ Ȓ Ȏȍȕȍ ȕȖ ȉȍȏțșȗȍȠȕȖ ǺȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ șȚȈȓ ȌȍȑșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ
ȕȈ ȔțȎȈ ȚȖ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌțȧ ȍȋȖ ȘȈȏȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȐȌȐȘȒȈȔȐ ȚȖ Ȗȉȍ-
ȡȈȧ ȗȖȊȣȠȍȕȐȍ ȗȖ șȓțȎȉȍ ǹțȗȘțȋȐ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ ȚȈȒ ȉȣ-

ȓȐ ȖȉȍșȒțȘȈȎȍȕȣ ȟȚȖ ȉȘȖșȐȓȐ șȓțȎȉț Ȑ țȍȝȈȓȐ ȖȉȘȈȚȕȖ Ȋ
ǷȍȚȍȘȉțȘȋ
ǩȖȓȤȠȍ ȧ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ șȓțȟȈȧ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖȋȖ ȕȍȌȖȘȈ-
ȏțȔȍȕȐȧ ȅȚȖ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȝ ȕȍȌȖȘȈȏț-
ȔȍȕȐȑ ȕȍ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ǶȕȐ ȍșȚȤ ȕȖ ȘȍȎȍ șȓțȟȈȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȑ șȘȍ-
Ȍȍ ȒȈȒ ȜȈȉȘȐȟȕȈȧ Ȑ ȏȈȊȖȌșȒȈȧ ȈȌȔȐȕȐșȚȘȈȞȐȧ ȒțȌȈ, șȖȉ-
șȚȊȍȕȕȖ, Ȑ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȚ șȊȖȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȊȓȈȌȍȓȤȞȣ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓȈ
ǵȈ ȥȚȖȚ șȟȍȚ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȖȉȠȐȘȕȣȑ ȔȈ-
ȚȍȘȐȈȓ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȧ ȊȖșȗȖȓȤȏțȦșȤ ȚțȚ țȒȈȏȈȕȐȍȔ ȕȈ ȖȌȕȖ
ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ
Ǫ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȗȍȘȐȖȌȖȊ ȔȖȍȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȕȕȍ ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ ȘȈȉȖ-
ȚȈȚȤ Ȋ ȋȈȏȍȚȍ ȐȏȌȈȦȡȍȑșȧ Ȋ ȒȘțȗȕȖȔ ȗȘȖȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȖȔ ȞȍȕȚ-
Șȍ ǴȖȐȔ ȈȔȗȓțȈ ȉȣȓȖ — ȖȉȖȏȘȍȕȐȍ ȔȍșȚȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ-
ȋȌȈ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȐȍ ȗȐșȍȔ ȖȚ ȖȉȣȊȈȚȍȓȍȑ ǺȈȒȐȝ ȗȐșȍȔ Ȋ
ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ  ȓȍȚ ȧ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ . ǰ Ȋ ȟȐșȓȍ .000
șȖȖȉȡȍȕȐȑ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȘȐ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȖșȤ Ȗ ȕȍȌȖ-
ȘȈȏțȔȍȕȐȧȝ ȔȍȎȌț ȔțȎȍȔ Ȑ ȝȖȏȧȐȕȖȔ ȊȖȎȌȍȓȍȊȠȐȔ Ȓ Ȏȍ-
ȕȍ șȓțȎȈȡȍȋȖ ǴȖȎȕȖ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȗȖȌțȔȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȥȚȖ
ȊȖȖȉȡȍ ȘȍȌȒȖȍ Ȑ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ
ǵȖ ȧ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ Țȍ Ȏȍ ȗȐșȤȔȈ ȌȈȓȐ Ȕȕȍ ȊȖȏ-
ȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍșȚȐ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȖȌșȟȍȚ
ǺȈȒ, ȗȖ ȗȖȊȖȌț ȊȣȠȍȖȗȐșȈȕȕȖȋȖ șȓțȟȈȧ ș ȗȘȐȒȈȏȟȐȒȖȔ
ȧ ȕȈȗȐșȈȓ ȜȍȓȤȍȚȖȕ
ǵȈ ȌȘțȋȖȑ Ȏȍ ȌȍȕȤ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ șȚȈȓȐ ȗȖșȚțȗȈȚȤ ȗȐșȤȔȈ Ȋ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȣȝ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ ȕȍțȌȈȟȈ ȗȘȐȒȈȏȟȐȒȈ — ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȐșȒ-
ȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȟȚȖ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ ș ȎȍȕȈȔȐ
ȒȈȒ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȓțȟȠȍ țȌȈȦȚșȧ Ǫ ȗȖȌȚȊȍȘȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȔȕȍȕȐȧ
Ȋ ȒȈȎȌȖȔ ȗȐșȤȔȍ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȜȈȒȚȖȊ ȖȚ ȌȊțȝ
ȌȖ șȍȔȐ
Ǫ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ  Ȍȕȍȑ ȚȈȒȐȝ ȗȐșȍȔ ȔȕȖȦ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȖ  ȏȈȒ-
ȓȦȟȈȦȡȐȝ Ȋ șȍȉȍ  ȜȈȒȚȖȊ ȗȘȖȌȈȎȐ Ȏȍȕ
ǫȘțȗȗȐȘțȧ ȥȚȐ ȜȈȒȚȣ ȗȖ ȘȖȌț ȏȈȕȧȚȐȑ ȗȘȖȌȈȊȞȖȊ Ȑ ȗȖ-
ȒțȗȡȐȒȖȊ Ȕȣ ȗȖȓțȟȐȔ șȓȍȌțȦȡțȦ ȚȈȉȓȐȞț
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41
ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȗȘȖȌȈȊȞȖȊ ȗȍȘȊȖȍ ȔȍșȚȖ ȏȈ-
ȕȐȔȈȦȚ ȌȊȖȘȖȊȣȍ ȗȘȐȒȈȏȟȐȒȐ ȗȘȖȌȈȊȠȐȍ  Ȏȍȕ ȕȈ ȊȚȖ-
ȘȖȔ ȔȍșȚȍ șȚȖȧȚ ȔȈșȚȍȘȈ ș  ȎȍȕȈȔȐ ȕȈ -Ȕ ȔȍȝȈȕȐȒȐ —
 Ȏ ȕȈ -Ȕ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȍ,  Ȏ ȕȈ -Ȕ ȒȖȕȚȖȘȡȐȒȐ —  ȕȈ -Ȕ
ȗȖȔȖȡȕȐȒȐ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȝ —  ȕȈ -Ȕ — ȉțȝȋȈȓȚȍȘȣ —  Ȑ
ȕȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȔ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȍ — 1.
DzțȗȐȓȐ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȍ —  Ȑȝ ȗȖȔȖȡȕȐȒȐ —  ȉțȝ-
ȋȈȓȚȍȘȣ —  ȌȐȘȍȒȚȖȘȈ —  ȔȈșȚȍȘȈ — 4, ȝȖȏȧȍȊȈ  ȔȍȝȈ-
ȕȐȒȐ 
ȅȚȐ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȞȐȜȘȣ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ, ȟȚȖ ȕȈ ȟȐșȓȖ ȗȖȒț-
ȗȖȒ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ ȊȓȐȧȓȈ ȗȖȒțȗȕȈȧ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ ȚȖȑ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȖȑ
ȒȈȚȍȋȖȘȐȐ ȓȐȞ ȟȍȔ șȓțȎȍȉȕȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȒțȗȈȚȍȓȧ Ȑ ȏȈ-
ȊȐșȐȔȖșȚȤ ȖȚ ȕȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȌȈȊȞȈ
ǻȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȍ ȒȈȒ ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖ șȚȖȧȡȐȍ ț ȌȍȓȈ ȗȍȘ-
ȊȍȕșȚȊțȦȚ ȗȘȐ ȟȍȔ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȤȠȍȍ ȟȐșȓȖ ȗȖȒțȗȖȒ șȖȊȍȘȠȈȦȚ
ț ȌȊȖȘȖȊȣȝ ȗȘȐȒȈȏȟȐȒȖȊ ȒȈȒ ȓȦȌȍȑ, ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȎȈȎȌțȡȐȝ
ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȗȖ șȓțȎȉȍ
ǺȖȟȕȖ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ, ȘȈȉȖȟȐȍ ȗȘȖȌȈȦȚ ȗȖ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊț ȔȈș-
ȚȍȘȈȔ Ȑ ȔȍȝȈȕȐȒȈȔ, ȖȚ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȏȈȊȐșȐȚ, ȌȈȚȤ ȐȓȐ ȕȍ ȌȈȚȤ
ȊȣȋȖȌȕțȦ ȖȚȘȧȌȕțȦ ȘȈȉȖȚț
ǷȘȖȌȈȦȚ ȖȕȐ Ȑ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȔ, Ȑ Ȑȝ ȗȖȔȖȡȕȐȒȈȔ ȥȚȖ
țȎȍ Ȋ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȍ șȈȔȐȔ șȌȍȓȈȚȤșȧ ȔȈșȚȍȘȈȔȐ

ǹȓȖȊȖȔ ȕȈ șȌȍȓȒȐ ȊȓȐȧȦȚ ȗȖ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊț ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌ-
șȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȏȈȊȐșȐȔȖșȚȤ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȑ ȊșȚțȗȈȦȡȐȝ Ȋ șȌȍȓȒț
șȚȖȘȖȕ Ǵȣ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȉȣ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȌȈȚȤ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖȍ Ȑ Ȍȍ-
ȚȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȖȉȢȧșȕȍȕȐȍ Ȋșȍȝ ȞȐȜȘ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȊȠȐșȤ Ȓ ȗȍȘȊȖȐșȚȖȟ-
ȕȐȒț ȕȖ șȟȐȚȈȍȔ ȥȚȖ ȕȍțȌȖȉȕȣȔ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȖȊȍș-
ȚȐ Ȓ ȖȉȕȈȘțȎȍȕȐȦ ȓȐȞ Ȗ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȐȌȍȚ ȘȍȟȤ ȟȍȋȖ Ȕȣ ȖȚȕȦȌȤ
ȕȍ ȎȍȓȈȍȔ ǬȈ ȥȚȖ Ȑ ȓȐȠȕȍȍ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȉțȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȗȘȐ-
ȟȐȕȣ ȗȘȖȌȈȎȐ ȊȣșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȍ Ȋ ȗȐșȤȔȈȝ, Ȋ ȖȉȡȍȔ Țȍ Ȏȍ
ȒȈȒȐȍ ȗȖȓțȟȈȦȚșȧ ȗțȚȍȔ ȊȣȊȖȌȖȊ Ȑȏ ȒȖȔȉȐȕȈȞȐȐ ȞȐȜȘ
ǿȚȖ ȒȈșȈȍȚșȧ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȚȖ ȖȕȖ
Ȋ ȗȘȧȔȖȑ ȏȈȊȐșȐȔȖșȚȐ ȖȚ ȏȈȔȈȕȟȐȊȖșȚȐ Țȍȝ ȗȍȘșȗȍȒȚȐȊ
ȒȈȒȐȍ șțȓȐȚ șțȌȤȉȈ ȗȘȖȌȈȊȞț ȍșȓȐ Ȗȕ ȗȖșȚțȗȐȚșȧ ȕȈ ȊȘȍȔȧ
șȊȖȐȔȐ șțȗȘțȎȍșȒȐȔȐ ȗȘȈȊȈȔȐ ǹȗȖșȖȉșȚȊțȍȚ ȥȚȖȔț ȚȈȒȎȍ
Ȑ șȈȔ șȖșȚȈȊ ȕȈșȍȓȍȕȐȧ ȐȔȍȦȡȐȑ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȗȘȐȔȍșȤ
ȉȘȖȌȧȟȍȋȖ, ȕȐ Ȓ ȟȍȔț ȕȍ ȗȘȐșȗȖșȖȉȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȓȦȌȈ ȗȘȐȍȏȎȈȦ-
ȡȍȋȖ Ȋ ȗȘȖȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȞȍȕȚȘȣ ȐșȒȈȚȤ șȟȈșȚȤȧ

43
ǴǮǴDzȁȇǶdz ǿǹȁȅǮȍ
ǮȐȊȍȚ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȋȌȍ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ȔȍșȚȍ Ȑ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ șȍ-
ȉȧ ȗȘȐșȗȖșȖȉȐȚȤ ȕȐ Ȓ ȒȈȒȖȔț ȓȍȋȒȖȔț Ȍȍȓț
ǭȔț ȐȓȐ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȚ, ȐȓȐ Ȏȍ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȚ ȔȍșȚȖ
ȗȐșȞȈ ș ȎȈȓȖȊȈȕȤȍȔ Ȋ  Șțȉȓȍȑ Ȋ ȔȍșȧȞ ǨȗȗȍȚȐȚ Ȏȍ ț ȕȍȋȖ
ȘȈșșȟȐȚȈȕ ȕȈ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȍ ȒȖȘȔȈ — ȊȖȚ Ȗȕ Ȑ ȍȌȍȚ Ȋ ȉȓȐȎȈȑȠȐȑ
ȒȘțȗȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȞȍȕȚȘ ȉțȒȊȈȓȤȕȖ ȐșȒȈȚȤ șȟȈșȚȤȧ
ǻ ȕȍȋȖ ȕȍȚ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȗȓȈȕȈ ȕȐ ȕȈ ȟȚȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȍ Ȗȕ ȕȍ
ȘȈșșȟȐȚȣȊȈȍȚ Ȉ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȍȌȍȚ ș ȔȣșȓȤȦ
— ǨȊȖșȤ ȚȈȔ ȔȖȍ șȟȈșȚȤȍ!
Ǩ «șȟȈșȚȤȍ» ȚȈȒȖȔț ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒț ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȑ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȊȣȑȚȐ ȓȐȠȤ
Ȋ ȚȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȍșȓȐ ȉțȌȍȚ ȗȘȍȌȢȧȊȓȍȕ șȗȘȖș ȕȈ ȍȋȖ șȖȊȍșȚȤ Dz
ȥȚȖȔț Ȗȕ Ȋ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ ȉȍșșȖȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȑ ȋȖȚȖȊȐȚșȧ ȗȍȘȍ-
ȉȐȘȈȧ Ȋ țȔȍ Ȋșȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȍ șȓțȟȈȐ ȒȈȒȐȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈ-
ȊȐȚȤșȧ ȗȖ ȗȘȐȍȏȌȍ ȕȈ ȔȍșȚȖ ǺȈȒȖȑ ȚȐȗ ȘȖșșȐȑșȒȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖ-
ȊȍȒȈ ȔȍȎȌț ȗȘȖȟȐȔ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖ ȖȉȘȐșȖȊȈȕ ț ǫȓȍȉȈ ǻșȗȍȕ-
șȒȖȋȖ.)
— ǹȓțȟȈȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍ ȕțȎȕȖ țȗțșȒȈȚȤ — ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ Ȕȕȍ
ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȚȈȒȐȝ ȐșȒȈȚȍȓȍȑ șȟȈșȚȤȧ — Ǩ șȟȈșȚȤȍ Ȍȓȧ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ
ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȗȘȐȗȈșȍȕȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȘțȌȕȖ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȑȔȈȚȤ ǪȖȚ ȧ Ƞȍș-
ȚȖȑ ȋȖȌ ȉȤȦșȤ ȏȌȍșȤ ȕȈ ȖȌȕȖȔ Ȑȏ țȘȈȓȤșȒȐȝ ȏȈȊȖȌȖȊ
 Ȋșȍ
ȐșȗȘȖȉȖȊȈȓ Ȋșȍ ȔȣȠȐȕȣȍ ȕȖȘȒȐ ȐȏȘȣȓ — Ȋșȍ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ
ȊȣȝȖȌȐȚ Ǩ ȊȖȚ ȔȖȑ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡ — ȊȔȍșȚȍ Ȕȣ ș ȕȐȔ ȗȘȐȍȝȈ-
ȓȐ — Ȋ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ Ȏȍ ȋȖȌ șȊȖȍ șȟȈșȚȤȍ ȕȈȠȍȓ
ǺȈȒ ȊȖȚ ȖȕȖ șȈȔȖ Ȋ ȘțȒȐ ȊȓȍȏȓȖ Ȑ ȕȍ ȌțȔȈȓ Ȑ ȕȍ ȋȈȌȈȓ
ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ǬȊȖȘȖȊȣȔ ȗȘȐȒȈȏȟȐȒȖȔ ȗȖșȚțȗȐȓ șȖȉȈȒț ȝȖȏȧȑș-
ȒțȦ ȔȖȎȕȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȓ Ȑ țȎ ȝȖȚȍȓ ȉȘȖșȈȚȤ ȔȍșȚȖ Ȉ
șȓțȟȈȑ-ȚȖ ȚțȚ ȒȈȒ ȘȈȏ Ȑ ȗȖȌȖȠȍȓ Ǩ Ȑ ȌȍȓȖ-ȚȖ Ȋșȍ șȔȍȝț ȗȖ-
ȌȖȉȕȖ ǷȘȖȊȖȎȈȍȚ Ȗȕ ȒȈȒ-ȚȖ țȗȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȧ ȌȖ ȊȖȘȖȚ Ȑ ȗȘȖȝȖ-
ȌȧȚ ȖȕȐ ȔȐȔȖ ȖȒȖȕ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȣ ȥȚȖȋȖ șȈȔȖȋȖ ȔȖȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȧȚȍȓȧ
Ǩ ț ȖȒȕȈ-ȚȖ ȚȈȒ ȖȚ ȕȍȟȍȋȖ ȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȎȍȕȈ ȍȋȖ șȐȌȐȚ ȔȖȓȖ-
ȌȍȕȤȒȈȧ ȉȈȉȍȕȒȈ
ǻȗȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤ ȕȍȕȈȘȖȒȖȔ Ȋȏȋȓȧȕțȓ ȕȈ ȕȍȍ Ȉ ȖȕȈ, ȒȈȒ ȊȖ-
ȌȐȚșȧ Ȑ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȖȗțșȚȐȓȈ Ǩ țȗȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤ-ȚȖ ȕțȎȕȖ ȊȈȔ șȒȈ-
ȏȈȚȤ ȗȖȌ ȝȔȍȓȤȒȖȔ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȉȣȓ ȍȋȖ ȥȚȖ șȈȔȖȍ Ȑ ȏȈȌȍȓȖ ȏȈ
ȎȐȊȖȍ Ȗȕ Ȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȗȘȐȒȈȏȟȐȒț «ǬȊȈȌȞȈȚȤ ȗȧȚȤ Șțȉȓȍȑ Țȍ-

ȉȍ Ȋ ȏțȉȣ ȍșȓȐ Țȣ ȥȚț șȈȔțȦ Ȕȕȍ Ȋ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȑ ȔȖȑ ȗȘȐȍȏȌ
ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȠȤ».
— ǹȓțȠȈȦ ȉȈȘȐȕ — ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓ ȚȖȚ ȍȔț
— ǺȖȓȤȒȖ Țȣ șȔȖȚȘȐ ȘȈȏțȏȕȈȑ ȝȖȘȖȠȍȕȤȒȖ ȒȈȒ ȖȕȈ
ȟȚȖȉȣ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȟȍȋȖ
— ǵȍ șȖȔȕȍȊȈȑȚȍșȤ ȉȈȘȐȕ ȧ ȍȍ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȏȕȈȦ Ȋșȍ ȉțȌȍȚ
Ȋ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȍ
— DzȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȚȈȒȈȧ"
— ǴȖȧ ȏȈȒȖȕȕȈȧ ȎȍȕȈ
ǻȗȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤ șȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȗȖșȓȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ șȔțȚȐȓșȧ ȕț
Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȍȔț ȌȈȎȍ ȗȖȕȘȈȊȐȓȖșȤ ȥȚȖ
— ǴȖȓȖȌȍȞ — ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ. — ǺȈȒ Ȑ ȕȈȌȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȕȈȟȐșȚȖȚț
ȉȣȓȖ
Ǩ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȕȍȌȍȓȦ Ȗȕ țȎȍ ȉȣȓ ȔȈȚȍȘȤȧȓȤȕȣȔ ȗȘȐȒȈȏȟȐ-
ȒȖȔ — ȕȍ ȉȍȏ ȏȈȊȐșȚȐ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓ ȐșȒȈȚȍȓȤ șȟȈșȚȤȧ — Ǩ ȔȈ-
ȚȍȘȤȧȓȤȕȣȑ ȗȘȐȒȈȏȟȐȒ — ȊȈȔ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȅȚȖ
ȔȖȎȕȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȘȈȊȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȚȍȓȍȕȒȈ Ȓ ȔȖȓȖȒț ȗȘȐȗțș-
ȚȐȚȤ — șȖșȐ șȍȉȍ ȕȍ ȖȚȊȈȓȐȊȈȑșȧ DzȈȒȐȝ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȗȧȚȤ ȓȍȚ
ȗȘȖȠȓȖ — ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȐ ȋȘȖȠȈ ȕȍȚ Ȉ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓȍȞ Țȣșȧȟ Ȋ
ȌȊȈȌȞȈȚȤ ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ ǭȎȍȓȐ Ȗȕ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ș ȥȚȐȔ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓȤȞȍȔ ȌȈ
Ȋ șȊȖȍ ȔȍșȚȖ țȍȌȍȚ ȚȈȒ ȗȍȘȊȣȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȔ ȉțȌȍȚ ǺȈȒ ȖȕȖ,
șȟȈșȚȤȍ-ȚȖ ǭȋȖ ȕȈȑȌȍȠȤ ȚȈȔ ȋȌȍ ȕȍ ȐȡȍȠȤ
ǹȖȉȓȈȏȕ ȚȈȒȐȝ «țȌȈȟ» ȊȖ ȔȕȖȋȖȔ șȗȖșȖȉșȚȊțȍȚ ȘȈșȗȘȖ-
șȚȘȈȕȍȕȐȦ ȚȖȘȋȖȊȓȐ ȎȍȕȈȔȐ ǻ Ȋșȍȝ ȕȈ ȋȓȈȏȈȝ ȒȈȒȖȍ-ȕȐ-
ȉțȌȤ ȗȖȓȕȖȍ ȕȐȟȚȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȗȘȖȌȈȍȚ șȊȖȦ ȌȖșȚȖȑȕțȦ șțȗȘțȋț
Ȑ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȏȈȔȍȚȕȖȑ ȊȍȓȐȟȐȕȖȑ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȊȈȍȚ șȊȖȦ ȉț-
ȌțȡȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȚ Ȋ ȓȦȌȐ ǪșȧȒȖȍ ȌȘț-
ȋȖȍ ȕȐȟȚȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ș ȏȈȊȐșȚȤȦ șȔȖȚȘȐȚ ȕȈ șȒȈȟȖȒ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȈ Ȑ
ȎȈȌȕȖ ȐȡȍȚ șȓțȟȈȧ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȚȖ Ȏȍ șȈȔȖȍ ǰ șȓțȟȈȐ ȥȚȐ ȍșȓȐ
ȕȍ ȊșȍȔ ȚȖ ȔȕȖȋȐȔ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȒȈȎȌȖȔț Ȋ șȊȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ
ǷȖȓȈȋȈȍȔ ȕȍȚ ȕȈȌȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖȌȈȎȈ Ȏȍȕ
ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒțȍȚșȧ ȕȍ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȜȈȉȘȐȟȕȖ-ȏȈȊȖȌșȒȖȑ ȟȍȓȧȌȤȦ.
ǪșȧȒȈȧ ȟȍȓȧȌȤ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȔ ȉȣ ȘȈȕȋȍ ȖȕȈ ȕȐ șȖșȚȖȧȓȈ ȖȌȐȕȈ-
ȒȖȊȖ ȋȖȚȖȊȈ ȗȖȌșȓțȎȐȚȤșȧ șȊȖȐȔ ȋȖșȗȖȌȈȔ ȟȍȔ țȋȖȌȕȖ Ȉ
ȎȍȕȖȑ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ ȜȈȉȘȐȟȕȣȑ ȌȊȖȘ
ȕȐȟȍȔ ȕȍ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȍȚșȧ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ ȖȚ ȌȊȖȘȈ ȉȣȊȠȐȝ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏ-
șȒȐȝ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȑ

45
ǿǰǼDzǻǶ-ǾǼDzǿȀǰdzǻǻǶǸǶ
— ǰ ȖȚ ȝȖȏȧȐȕȈ Ȑ ȖȚ ȕȈș ȊȖȘțȍȚ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȌȍ-
ȓȈȍȠȤ ȐȏȔțȟȐȓ șȖȊșȍȔ ȟțȚȤ ȕȍ ȗȖȓȖȊȐȕț ȏȈȘȈȉȖȚȒȈ ȖȚȚȧ-
ȋȐȊȈȍȚ
— ǷȖȟȍȔț Ȏȍ Ȋȣ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȡȍȔț ȕȍ ȗȖȎȈȓțȍȚȍșȤ"
— ǮȈȓȖȊȈȓȐșȤ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȚ ȕȍ șȓțȠȈȍȚ
ȅȚȖȚ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȓ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ș ȔȈșȚȍȘȖȊȣȔȐ ȖȌ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȔȍȝȈȕȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȏȈȊȖȌȈ ȧȊȐȊȠȐȔȐșȧ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ ȒȈȒ Ȓ șȖ-
ȚȘțȌȕȐȒț ȋȈȏȍȚȣ, ș «ȎȈȓȖȉȖȑ» ȕȈ ȔȍȝȈȕȐȒȈ
ǴȍȝȈȕȐȒ ȥȚȖȚ ȖȉșȟȐȚȣȊȈȓ ȊșȧȟȍșȒȐ ȗȖȌȟȐȕȍȕȕȣȝ ȍȔț
ȔȈșȚȍȘȖȊȣȝ ȕȈ ȖȚȘȧȌȕȣȝ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȝ țȘȍȏȣȊȈȓ ȊșȧȟȍșȒȐ Ȑȝ ȏȈ-
ȘȈȉȖȚȖȒ Ȉ șȈȔ ȖȚ ȒȖȕȚȖȘȣ ȗȖȓțȟȈȓ Ȋșȍ ȗȖȓȕȖșȚȤȦ DzȘȖȔȍ
ȚȖȋȖ Ȗȕ ȉȍȏ șȚȍșȕȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȘȖȊȈȓ Ȑ ȕȈ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȍ ȖȉȒȘȈȌȣ-
ȊȈȧ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ Ȑ ȜȐȘȔț ǸȈȉȖȟȐȍ ȎȈȓȖȊȈȓȐșȤ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȦ-
ȡȍȔț ȕȖ ȚȖȚ ȖȉȍȡȈȓ «ȘȈșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȤ» Ȑ ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȓ Ȋșȍ ȗȖ-ȗȘȍ-
ȎȕȍȔț ǷȘȐȟȐȕȈ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȡȍȋȖ Ȓ ȜȈȒȚț
ȊȖȘȖȊșȚȊȈ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ «ȎȐȊȍȚ» ȒȈȒ ȏȈȧȊȐȓȐ
ȔȈșȚȍȘȖȊȣȍ ș șȍșȚȘȖȑ ȔȍȝȈȕȐȒȈ
— ǹ șȈȔȖȋȖ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȒȈȒ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȗȕ ȕȈ ȏȈȊȖȌ ȗȖșȚțȗȐȓ, ȗȖ-
ȠȓȖ ȥȚȖ Ǩ ȊșȍȔț ȗȘȐȟȐȕȈ — șȍșȚȘȈ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȦ-
ȡȐȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȕȍȍ șȓȖȊȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȚȈȒ ȖȕȈ ȍȋȖ Ȋ ȘțȒȈȝ ȌȍȘȎȐȚ
ǹȍșȚȘȈ ȥȚȈ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȊȣȠȓȈ ȏȈȔțȎ ȏȈ ȓȐȚȍȑȡȐȒȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ
ȚȖȚȟȈș șȌȍȓȈȕ ȉȣȓ ȔȈșȚȍȘȖȔ ȕȈ ȚȖȔ Ȏȍ ȏȈȊȖȌȍ ǹȈȔȖ șȖȉȖȑ
ȘȈȏțȔȍȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ șȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȡȍȋȖ ș ȕȍȑ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȒȘȈ-
ȚȐȓȐșȤ Ȑ ȕȈ ȏȈȊȖȌȍ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȊȔȍșȚȖ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȌȊȈ ȗȈțȒȈ
ȉȘȈȚ Ȑ ȔțȎ ȊȓȈȌȣȟȐȞȣ șȍȘȌȞȈ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȡȍȋȖ Ǭȓȧ ȘȧȌȖ-
Ȋȣȝ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȝ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȏȈȊȖȌȍ șțȡȍȍ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȤȍ
ǵȈ ȔȈșȚȍȘȈ ȐȓȐ ȔȍȝȈȕȐȒȈ șȖșȚȖȧȡȍȋȖ ȗȖȌ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚ-
ȊȖȔ șȍșȚȘȣ ȐȓȐ Ȏȍȕȣ ȕȍ ȕȈȑȌȍȠȤ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȑ țȗȘȈȊȣ Ȗȕ ȕȍ-
țȧȏȊȐȔ ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊțȦȚ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȍ ȎȈȓȖȉȣ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȍ ȌȖ-
ȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ȍȋȖ ȊȐȕȖȊȕȖșȚȐ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȔȐ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȗȍȘȍȌ
ȝȖȏȧȐȕȖȔ ǶȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ ȎȈȓȖȉȡȐȒȐ ȐȓȐ ȖșȚȈȦȚșȧ ȗȘȐ șȚȈ-
ȘȖȔ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȐ, ȐȓȐ ȌȈȎȍ țȊȖȓȤȕȧȦȚșȧ ș ȏȈȊȖȌȈ Ȑ ȏȈȔȍȕȧȦȚ-
șȧ ȌȘțȋȐȔȐ Ǫ ȒȖȕȞȍ Ȏȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ șȖȏȌȈȍȚșȧ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ
ǴȍȝȈȕȐȒ ȐȓȐ ȔȈșȚȍȘ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȐȏȉȈȊȐȚȤșȧ ȖȚ Ȋȍȟȕȣȝ ȎȈȓȖȉ
ȕȈȔȍȟȈȍȚ șȍȉȍ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȜȈȊȖȘȐȚȖȊ Ȑȏ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ Ȑ

46
ȖȚȌȈȍȚ Ȋșȍ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȊȣȋȖȌȕȣȍ ȖȚȘȧȌȕȣȍ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȕȈ ȖșȖȉȣȝ,
ȐȔ ȖȌȕȐȔ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȝ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ ǺȈȒȐȍ ȜȈȊȖȘȐȚȣ ȟȈșȚȖ ȏȈȘȈ-
ȉȈȚȣȊȈȦȚ ȌȖ  Șțȉȓȍȑ Ȋ ȌȍȕȤ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȈȒ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ Ȑȝ
ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȐ ȗȖȓțȟȈȦȚ ȌȊȈ Șțȉȓȧ —  Ș  ȒȖȗ Ȋ ȌȍȕȤ ǹȈȔȖ
șȖȉȖȑ ȘȈȏțȔȍȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ ȟȈșȚȤ ȏȈȘȈȉȖȚȒȈ ȜȈȊȖȘȐȚȖȊ ȐȌȍȚ ȗȈ-
ȚȘȖȕț ǶȕȐ Ȏȍ ȗȖȔȖȋȈȦȚ ȍȔț șȒȘȣȊȈȚȤ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȒȖ-
ȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈ țȗȖȚȘȍȉȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ Ȋ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌșȚȊȖ Ǩ ȐȕȖ-
ȋȌȈ ȥȚȐ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ ȖșȓȖȎȕȧȦȚșȧ ǿȍȘȗȈȧ șȊȖȦ șȐȓț Ȑȏ ȗȖȓȖ-
ȎȍȕȐȧ șȊȖȍȑ șȍșȚȘȣ ȐȓȐ Ȏȍȕȣ ȗȖ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȦ Ȓ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȦ-
ȡȍȔț ȔȈșȚȍȘ Ȋ șȊȖȦ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ ȗȖȓȤȏțȍȚșȧ ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍȔ șȍ-
șȚȘȣ ȐȓȐ Ȏȍȕȣ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ Ȑȏ șȊȖȐȝ ȜȈȊȖȘȐȚȖȊ ǹȓȖȊȖȔ ȗȖȓț-
ȟȈȍȚșȧ ȋȕțșȕȈȧ ȞȍȗȤ Ȑȏ ȗȈȚȘȖȕȖȊ Ȑ ȜȈȊȖȘȐȚȖȊ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȝ
șȚȍȗȍȕȍȑ ȞȍȗȤ șȊȧȏȈȕȕȈȧ ȞȍȔȍȕȚȖȔ ȖȚȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȊȘȈ-
ȚȈ ǸȈȉȖȟȐȑ ȗȘȖȌȈȍȚ șȊȖȦ Ȏȍȕț ȔȈșȚȍȘț ȔȈșȚȍȘ ȗȖȔȖȋȈȍȚ
șȉȓȐȎȍȕȐȦ șȊȖȍȑ șȍșȚȘȣ ș țȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȔ Ȉ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȑ
ȕȍ ȗȘȍȗȧȚșȚȊțȍȚ șȊȖȍȑ Ȏȍȕȍ ȌȈȘȐȚȤ ȓȈșȒȈȔȐ ȝȖȏȧȐȕȈ ǰ ȕȈ-
ȖȉȖȘȖȚ — ȝȖȏȧȐȕ ȗȖȒțȗȈȍȚ ȎȍȕȡȐȕț ț țȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȡȍȋȖ țȗ-
ȘȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȑ — ț ȔȈșȚȍȘȈ Ȉ ȔȈșȚȍȘ — ț ȘȈȉȖȟȍȋȖ ǷȖȓțȟȈȍȚ-
șȧ ȒȘȍȗȒȈȧ ȕȍȘȈȏȘțȠȐȔȈȧ ȞȍȗȤ șȕȐȏț ȌȖȊȍȘȝț Ȑ șȊȍȘȝț ȌȖ-
ȕȐȏț ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ ȓȐȞȈȔ ȕȍ ȊȝȖȌȧȡȐȔ Ȋ ȥȚț ȞȍȗȤ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ
țȎȍ ȗȖȌȟȐȕȧȚȤșȧ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȟțȊșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȔț ȌȈȊȓȍȕȐȦ ȐȓȐ Ȏȍ
țȝȖȌȐȚȤ ǶȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȥȚȐȝ «Ȟȍȗȍȑ» ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȖȉȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȉȍȏ
ȌȘȈȔ Ȋ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ȘȖȓȐ ȗȖșȘȍȌȕȐȒȈ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȍȚ
ȖȚȍȞ ș șȊȖȍȑ ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȤșȒȖȑ ȊȓȈșȚȤȦ ǿȈȡȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȍșȓȐ ȌȍȊț-
ȠȒȈ ȕȍ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȧȍȚ ȗȓȈȕȖȊ ȖȚȞȈ ȌȘȈȔȈ ȒȖȕȟȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖȉȍȋȖȔ
ǬȖȟȤ șȒȘȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȖȚ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȧ ș ȓȦȉȐȔȣȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȔ
ǵȖ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȘȍȌȒȖ ǷȘȧȕȈȧ ȈȚȔȖșȜȍȘȈ ȜȈȉȘȐȟȕȖȑ Ȑ ȏȈȊȖȌ-
șȒȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȚȈȒ ȕȈșȚȘȈȐȊȈȍȚ ȊȖȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȝ ȌȍȊț-
ȠȍȒ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȖȝȖȚȕȖ ȗȖȌȟȐȕȧȦȚșȧ ȊȖȓȍ ȖȚȞȈ ȗȖȗȘȖ-
șȚț ȕȍ ȗȘȐȌȈȊȈȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ ȜȈȒȚț ȗȈȌȍȕȐȧ
— ǵȍ țȉțȌȍȚ Țȍȉȧ ȖȚ ȥȚȖȋȖ — ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȖȚȍȞ
ǬȖȟȤ șȖȋȓȈȠȈȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ ȍȍ ȕȍ țȉțȌȍȚ Ȑ șȌȍȓȒȈ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚ-
șȧ Ȓ ȖȉȖȦȌȕȖȔț țȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȐȦ șȚȖȘȖȕ ǷȘȖȌȈȊȍȞ-ȖȚȍȞ țȗ-
ȘȖȟȐȊȈȍȚ ȥȚȐȔ șȊȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȕȈ șȓțȎȉȍ Ȉ ȗȖȒțȗȈȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȐȒ ȖșȊȖȉȖȎȌȈȍȚșȧ ȖȚ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ ȕȈ șȍ-
ȉȧ Ȑ ȕȍșȚȐ ȉȘȍȔȧ șțȗȘțȎȍșȒȐȝ ȖȉȧȏȈȕȕȖșȚȍȑ ǬȍȚȐ ȖȚ ȚȈȒȖ-
ȋȖ șȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȧ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȘȍȌȒȖ ȊȖșȗȐȚȣȊȈȦȚșȧ ȔȈȚȍȘȧȔȐ ȅȚȖ-
Ȕț ȗȘȍȗȧȚșȚȊțȦȚ, ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ, șȈȔȐ șȖȎȐȚȍȓȐ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ Ȋ

ȌȍȚȧȝ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȍȓȧ ȕȐȝ ȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȤ «ȐșȒȈ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȒȖȘȔȓȍ-
ȕȐȍ» Ȋ șȓțȟȈȍ ȘȈȏȘȣȊȈ șȊȧȏȐ ǷȖȥȚȖȔț șȖȎȐȚȍȓȤ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȕȈ-
șȚȈȐȊȈȍȚ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȘȖȌȐȊȠȐȑșȧ ȘȍȉȍȕȖȒ ȉȣȓ ȖȚȌȈȕ Ȋ ȗȘȐȦȚ
ȗȖȌȒȐȌȣȠȍȑ ǵȍȘȍȌȒȐ șȓțȟȈȐ ȊȣȚȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȗȓȖȌȈ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ
țȔȍȘȚȊȓȍȕȐȧ țȎȍ ȘȖȌȐȊȠȍȋȖșȧ ȔȓȈȌȍȕȞȈ
ǺțȚ ț ȔȍșȚȈ ȉțȌȍȚ ȖȚȔȍȚȐȚȤ ȖȌȕț ȟȍȘȚȖȟȒț ȉțȘȎțȈȏȕȖȋȖ
șȚȘȖȧ Ȑ ȉțȘȎțȈȏȕȖȑ ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȐ ǪȓȈȌȍȓȤȞȣ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓȖȊ șȖȏ-
ȌȈȊȈȧ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ șȚȖȓȤ ȉȓȈȋȖȗȘȐȧȚȕțȦ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒț Ȍȓȧ
țșȐȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȘȖșȚȈ ȊȕȍȉȘȈȟȕȣȝ ȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȑ ȗȘȐȦȚȣ ȗȖȌȒȐȌȣ-
Ƞȍȑ ȚȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȌȍȘȎȈȚ Ȋ șȈȔȣȝ ȖȚȊȘȈȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ țșȓȖ-
ȊȐȧȝ șȔȍȘȚȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȕȐȝ țȎȈșȕȈȧ ǵȈȔ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȐȏȊȍșȚȍȕ șȓț-
ȟȈȑ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ȗȘȐȦȚȍ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ȗȖȓȖȊȐȕȈ ȌȍȚȍȑ Ȗșȓȍȗ-
ȓȐ ǺȈȒȖȊȣ, Ȋ ȖȉȡȐȝ ȟȍȘȚȈȝ, ȜȖȘȔȣ «ȗȖșȘȍȌȕȐȟȍșȚȊȈ» ǵȖ
Ȕȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ șȖȏȕȈȚȤșȧ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȔȐ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȕȍ ȐșȟȍȘȗȈȕȈ ȥȚȈ șȚȖ-
ȘȖȕȈ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȔȘȈȟȕȍȍ Ȑ ȊȖȏȔțȚȐȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȍȍ ȒȈȒ ȗȖ șȐȓȍ țȒȖȘȍȕȐȊȠȍȋȖșȧ ȏȓȈ ȚȈȒ Ȑ, Ȋ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ,
ȗȖ ȖȚȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȗȖșȘȍȌȕȐȒȖȊ Ȋșȍȝ ȘȈȕȋȖȊ Ȑ ȗȖ-
ȓȖȎȍȕȐȑ ȅȚȈ ȧȏȊȈ ȏȈȗȖȓȕȐȓȈ Ȋșȍ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ǸȖșșȐȐ Ȑ ȊȍȏȌȍ ȗȘȖ-
ȞȊȍȚȈȍȚ ȖȌȐȕȈȒȖȊȖ ǹȍȊȍȘ Ȧȋ ȊȖșȚȖȒ Ȑ ȏȈȗȈȌ șȚȘȈȕȣ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ
ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ ȕȐȟȍȔ ȕȍ ȘȈȏȕȧȚșȧ

48
ǿǼDzdzǾǴǮǻǸǶ ǽǾǶ ǺȁǴdz
Ƕȕ — ȔȖȓȖȌȖȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȖȕȈ — ȊșȍȋȖ ȌȊȈ ȋȖȌȈ ȕȈȏȈȌ ȖȒȖȕ-
ȟȐȓȈ ȒțȘș Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȔ Ȑȏ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȚȖȊ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȋȖ ȒȘȈȧ ǶȕȐ ȗȘȐ-
ȍȝȈȓȐ Ȋ ȟțȎȖȑ Ȍȓȧ ȕȐȝ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȕȐ ș ȟȍȔ ȕȖ ș ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔȐ ȕȈ-
ȌȍȎȌȈȔȐ ǸȈȉȖȚț ȗȖ șȊȖȍȑ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ Ȗȕ ȕȈȠȍȓ ȚȖȚȟȈș
Ȏȍ ǹȒȘȖȔȕȖȍ ȎȈȓȖȊȈȕȤȍ Ȋ  Ș Ȋ ȔȍșȧȞ șȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȗȖȒȈȏȈ-
ȓȖșȤ ȐȔ ȞȍȓȣȔ ȉȖȋȈȚșȚȊȖȔ ǪȍȌȤ ț ȕȐȝ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ Ȑ
ȖȕȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȟȈȓȐ șȈȔȖșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ ǶȕȐ ȕȈȕȧ-
ȓȐ ȌȊȍ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȝ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȒȐ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȍȌȊȈ ȔȖȎȕȖ
ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖȔȍșȚȐȚȤșȧ ȌȈȎȍ ș Ȑȝ șȒȘȖȔȕȣȔ ȝȖȏȧȑșȚȊȖȔ ǵȖ ȥȚȐ
ȌȊȍ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȒȐ ȉȣȓȐ șȊȖȐ ȖȕȐ Ȋ ȕȐȝ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȖȓȕȣȔȐ ȝȖȏȧȍ-
ȊȈȔȐ Ȑ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȕȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȣ
ȗȖȟȚȐ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȣ ǻ ȕȐȝ ȉȣȓȈ ȕȍțȔȍȓȈȧ ȋȘȧȏȕȈȧ ȒțȝȈȘȒȈ
ȕȖ ȖȕȐ ȉȍșȒȖȕȚȘȖȓȤȕȖ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȍȦ ȘȈșȗȖȘȧȎȈȚȤșȧ Ȑ ȖȕȈ ȒȈ-
ȏȈȓȈșȤ ȐȔ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ țȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȗȘȐșȓțȋȖȑ ǶȕȈ ȝȖ-
ȌȐȓȈ Ȋ ȌȍȠȍȊȍȕȤȒȐȝ ȗȓȈȚȤȧȝ ȕȖ ȥȚȐ ȗȓȈȚȤȧ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȘȐȖȉ-
ȘȍȚȍȕȣ ȕȈ Ȑȝ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ — Ȑ ȖȕȐ ȒȈȏȈȓȐșȤ ȍȑ ȊȗȖȓ-
ȕȍ ȗȘȐȓȐȟȕȣȔȐ Dz ȒȖȕȞț ȔȍșȧȞȈ ȕȍ ȝȊȈȚȐȓȖ Ȍȍȕȍȋ ȕȖ Ȗȕ ȋȖ-
ȊȖȘȐȓ ȟȚȖ șȒȖȘȖ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚ șȊȖȑ ȏȈȘȈȉȖȚȖȒ — Ȑ ȥȚȖ Ȑȝ țȌȖ-
ȊȓȍȚȊȖȘȧȓȖ șȒȘȈȠȐȊȈȓȖ ȕțȎȌț ȌȍȓȈȓȖ ȍȍ ȕȍȟțȊșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ
ǰȔ ȉȣȓȖ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȖȕȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȣ ȊȍșȍȓȖ Ȑ ȉȖȌȘȖ
ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȓȐ țȚȘȖ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȖ ȖȚȝȖȌȐȓȐ ȒȖ șȕț Ȑ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ
ȕȍ ȎȍȓȈȓȐ
ǵȖ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȍȘȊȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȖȒȈ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȗȈȓȈ ȗȘȍ-
ȓȍșȚȤ ȕȖȊȐȏȕȣ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ Ǩ ȗȖȚȖȔ șȚȈȓȖ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ șȒțȟȕȖ
Ȋ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȍȑ ǶȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȕȖ ȒȘȈșȐȊȈ ȚȖȑ ȒȘȈșȖ-
ȚȖȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ șȘȈȏț ȉȘȖșȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȕȈ țȓȐȞȍ
ȖșȚȈȕȈȊȓȐȊȈȚȤșȧ ȗȘȖȝȖȎȐȝ ȔțȎȟȐȕ Ȑ ȊȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ ȓȦȌȕȖȔ Ȕȍ-
șȚȍ ȗȘȐȚȧȋȐȊȈȍȚ ȔȈșșț ȋȓȈȏ ǶȕȈ ȥȚȖ ȏȕȈȓȈ Ȑ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓȈ
ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȍȦ ȓȦȉțȦȚșȧ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȕȘȈȊȐȚșȧ ȊșȍȔ
«ǵȖ ȟȚȖ Ȏȍ Ȑȏ ȥȚȖȋȖ" — ȊȏȌȣȝȈȓȈ ȖȕȈ — ȇ ȖȚȌȍȓȍȕȈ ȖȚ
ȕȐȝ ȕȍȗȘȖȕȐȞȈȍȔȖȑ șȚȍȕȖȑ ȉȍȌȕȖșȚȐ ȧ ȕȍ ȔȖȋț ȉȣȚȤ ș ȕȐ-
ȔȐ ȚȈȔ ȋȌȍ Ȋșȍ ȉȓȍșȒ ȋȌȍ ȒȘȈșȖȚȈ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚ ȞȍȕȐȚȍȓȍȑ Ȑ ȌȖ-
șȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ șȊȖȐȔ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȈȔ ȕȍȗȘȍȘȣȊȕțȦ ȞȍȗȤ țȌȖȊȖȓȤ-
șȚȊȐȑ».

49
ǿȚȖ ȌțȔȈȓ Ȗȕ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȕȖ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȚȘȐ ȋȖȌȈ ȖȕȐ ȎȐȓȐ
Ȋ ȝȖȘȖȠȍȕȤȒȖȑ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȒȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȖȉȝȖȌȐȓȈșȤ ȐȔ ȌȖ Țȣ-
șȧȟȐ Șțȉȓȍȑ Ȋ ȋȖȌ ȖȕȐ ȉȣȊȈȓȐ «Ȋ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍ» ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȓȐ ț
șȍȉȧ Ȑ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȌȖȔȈ Ȑ țȚȘȖȔ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȈ Ȗș-
ȚȈȊȈȓȈșȤ ȖȌȕȈ ǿȈȡȍ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȖșȍȡȈȓ ȍȍ ȗȖ țȚȘȈȔ ȉȖȋȈȚȣȑ ȚȈ-
ȚȈȘȐȕ*, — «șȖȊșȍȔ ȕȍȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȕȖ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȔȐȓȣȑ ȟȍȓȖ-
ȊȍȒ — Ȑ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȖȉȧȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ» ǵȈ ȓȍȚȖ ȖȕȈ țȍȝȈȓȈ Ȋ DzȐș-
ȓȖȊȖȌșȒ ȋȌȍ «șȓțȟȈȑȕȖ» ȖȒȈȏȈȓșȧ Ȑ ȍȍ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȑ ȚȈȚȈȘȐȕ
ǶȕȐ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȔȐȓȖ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȓȐ ȊȘȍȔȧ țșȚȘȈȐȊȈȓȐ ȗȖȍȏȌȒȐ Ȋ
ȋȖȘȣ ȗȐȒȕȐȒȐ ȉȣȊȈȓȐ ȕȈ ȒȖȕȞȍȘȚȈȝ ȕȈ ȉȈȓȈȝ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ
ȋȖȘȧȟȖ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȐȓȈ ȔțȎȈ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȌȖșȚȈȊȐȓ ȍȑ șȓțȟȈȑ ȗȘȖ-
ȎȐȚȤ ȓȍȚȖ Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȔ ȖȟȈȘȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȔ ȔȍșȚȍ ǴțȎ ȗȖ-ȗȘȍȎ-
ȕȍȔț ȗȖȓțȟȈȓ  Ș Ȋ ȔȍșȧȞ ȕȖ ȖȕȈ ȚȈȒ «ȗȘȐȔȍȕȐȓȈșȤ Țȍ-
ȗȍȘȤ Ȓ ȔȍșȚȕȣȔ țșȓȖȊȐȧȔ ȎȐȏȕȐ» ȟȚȖ ȐȔ ȝȊȈȚȈȓȖ Ȍȍȕȍȋ ȕȈ
ȊȗȖȓȕȍ «ȗȖȘȧȌȖȟȕțȦ» ȎȐȏȕȤ ǻ ȕȐȝ ȉȣȓȈ ȝȖȘȖȠȈȧ ȒȊȈȘȚȐ-
ȘȈ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖ ȖȉșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȈȧ ȌȊȍ ȗȘȐșȓțȋȐ ȖȌȍȊȈȓȈșȤ ȖȕȈ ț
ȓțȟȠȍȑ ȗȖȘȚȕȐȝȐ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȌȍȕȤ ȉȣȊȈȓȈ Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ ȗȖȚȖȔ
țȎȐȕȈȓȈ Ȋ Ȓȓțȉȍ ǰ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȚȈȒ ȌȍȠȍȊȖ ȖȉȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ
ȌȈȎȍ ȌȍȓȈȓȐ șȉȍȘȍȎȍȕȐȧ ț ȕȐȝ ȓȍȎȈȓȖ Ȋ ȉȈȕȒȍ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ
Țȣșȧȟ Șțȉȓȍȑ ǷȘȈȊȌȈ Țȣșȧȟ ȗȖȒȈ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȕȖ ȖȕȈ
ȕȈȌȍȧȓȈșȤ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȉțȌțȡȍȔ Ȑȝ ȉțȌȍȚ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ǪȍȌȤ ȍșȓȐ ȖȕȈ Ȋ
ȚȘȐ ȋȖȌȈ ȚȈȒ ȕȈțȟȐȓȈșȤ ȥȒȖȕȖȔȐȚȤ ȚȖ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȍȡȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȕȈ-
țȟȐȚșȧ
ǺȈȒ ȖȕȖ Ȑ șȓțȟȐȓȖșȤ ǿȍȘȍȏ ȠȍșȚȤ ȓȍȚ ȖȕȐ țȎȍ ȊȣȋȓȧȌȍ-
ȓȐ șȖșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȓȦȌȤȔȐ ț ȕȐȝ țȎȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȔȕȖȋȖ Țȣșȧȟ
Ȑ ȥȚȐ ȚȣșȧȟȐ ȘȖșȓȐ șȈȔȐ șȖȉȖȑ ȖȚ ȗȘȖȞȍȕȚȖȊ
— ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȕȈȔ ȓȍȋȟȍ — ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȈ ȖȕȈ — ǵȈȔ țȎȍ ȕȍ ȕȈ-
ȌȖ țȘȍȏȣȊȈȚȤ ȖȚ ȎȈȓȖȊȈȕȤȧ Ȕȣ ȍȋȖ ȔȖȎȍȔ ȗȘȖȎȐȊȈȚȤ Ȋșȍ
ȞȍȓȐȒȖȔ DzȈȗȐȚȈȓ ȕȈȠ ȘȈșȚȍȚ șȈȔ șȖȉȖȑ ȖȚ ȗȘȖȞȍȕȚȖȊ
ǺȈȒ ȖȕȖ Ȑ ȐȌȍȚ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ țȎȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ -ȚȐ ȓȍȚ ȉȍȏ ȗȍ-
ȘȍȔȍȕȣ ǴȍȕȧȦȚșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȍ ©ȚȈȚȈȘȣª ǶȕȐ ȊȖȖȉ-
ȡȍ ȒȈȒ-ȚȖ șȖȠȓȐșȤ ș ȚȈȚȈȘȈȔȐ Ȋ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȖȕȈ
— ǷȘȈȊȖ ȖȕȐ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȔȐȓȣȍ ȓȦȌȐ — ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȈ ȖȕȈ —
ǬȖȉȘȖȌțȠȕȣȍ ȗȘȖșȚȣȍ țșȓțȎȓȐȊȣȍ ȊȍȎȓȐȊȣȍ ǹ ȕȐȔȐ ȒȈȒ-
ȚȖ ȓȍȋȟȍ ȟțȊșȚȊțȍȠȤ șȍȉȧ Ȋ ȕȐȝ ȍșȚȤ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȖȍ ȌȍȚșȒȖȍ
* Ɇɟɫɬɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ Ⱥɜɬɨɪ

ǺȈȚȈȘȣ, Ȋ șȊȖȦ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ, ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓȐ Ȋ ȕȍȑ ȔȈșșț ȌȖș-
ȚȖȐȕșȚȊ Ȑ ȖȌȐȕ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȌȘțȋȐȔ șȚȈȘȈȓȐșȤ ȍȑ țȋȖȌȐȚȤ țșȓț-
ȎȐȚȤ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ ȏȈȊȖȍȊȈȚȤ ȍȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ
ǴțȎ Ȗ ȚȈȚȈȘȈȝ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȕȖ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȧ Ȑȝ ț șȍȉȧ
Ȋ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȍ ȒȘȍȗȒȖ ȗȖȎȐȔȈȍȚ ȐȔ ȘțȒț
ǰȕȖȋȌȈ ȊȗȘȖȟȍȔ Ȗȕ șȗȘȈȠȐȊȈȍȚ
— Ǻȣ Ȋșȍ ȍȡȍ ș ǴȈȔȍȌ-ȉȍȒȖȔ ȍȏȌȐȠȤ Ȋ Ȓȓțȉ țȎȐȕȈȚȤ
ȐȓȐ ș ȒȍȔ ȌȘțȋȐȔ"
— Ǩȝ, ȕȍȚ ǴȈȔȍȌ-ȉȍȒ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȏȈȕȧȚ Ȑ ț ȕȈș ȕȍ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ —
ȧ ș ǨȉȌțȓ-DzȍȘȐȔȖȔ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ țȎȐȕȈȦ
ǰ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ DzȈȒȖȍ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ Ȗȕ ȗȘȐȌȈȍȚ ȥȚȐȔ țȎȐȕȈȔ Ȑ ȊȖ-
Ȗȉȡȍ ȊșȍȔț ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȦ Ȏȍȕȣ ȕȍȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ țȏȕȈȚȤ ȚȈȒ
ȒȈȒ Ȗȕ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ țȋȘȦȔȣȑ Ȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȔȈȓȖ ǴȖȎȍȚ
ȉȣȚȤ, Ȗȕ ȏȕȈȍȚ Ȋșȍ Ȑ șȖȟțȊșȚȊțȍȚ Ȉ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ, Ȑ ȏȕȈȍȚ ȕȖ
ȕȍ șȖȟțȊșȚȊțȍȚ Ȉ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȐȘȐȚșȧ ȗȖȕȍȊȖȓȍ
Ǫ ȗțȉȓȐȒȍ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȦȚ Ȑ ȚȖ, Ȑ ȌȘțȋȖȍ
Ǵȣ șȖ șȊȖȍȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȌțȔȈȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȔțȎ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ
ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȔțȟȍȕȐȒȖȔ ȉȖȓȤȕȖȑ ȓȦȉȊȐ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȒȖȕȍȟ-
ȕȖ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ șȚȘȈȕȕȖșȚȐ ȜȐȕȈȕșȖȊȣȝ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȑ Ȏȍȕȣ ȕȖ ș
ȖȌȕȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȝȊȈȚȈȍȚ șȐȓȣ ȉȖȘȖȚȤșȧ ș ȥȚȐȔ Ȉ ș
ȌȘțȋȖȑ — Ȗȕ ȌțȔȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ ȍȋȖ Ȏȍȕȍ ȌȈȦȚ ȗȖȌ ȊȐȌȖȔ
ȏȈȑȔȖȊ Ȑȏ ȗȘȖșȚȖȑ ȌȘțȎȉȣ
ǽȖȘȖȠȐȑ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȑ ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȍȘ ȊȐȌȐȚ ȟȚȖ Ȕȣ ȕțȎȌȈȍȔ-
șȧ — ȟȚȖ ȍȔț șȚȖȐȚ ȒȈȒȈȧ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȚȣșȧȟȈ Șțȉȓȍȑ DzȖȕȍȟȕȖ
ț ȕȍȋȖ Ȋ ȏȈȊȐșȐȔȖșȚȐ ȖȚ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊ ȌȖȓȎ-
ȕȣ ȧȊȓȧȚȤșȧ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȧ ȕȈ șȟȍȚ ȕȍȗȖȘȖȟȕȖșȚȐ ȍȋȖ Ȏȍȕȣ —
ȕȖ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ, Ȋ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ Ȗȕ ȉȍșșȐȓȍȕ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȚȤ ȚȖȚ
șȚȘȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȍȦ țșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕ ȚȖ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȧ Ȋ șȊȖȍ ȊȘȍ-
Ȕȧ ȏȈȚȐȝȈȦȚ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȊȕȖȊȤ ȘȈȏȋȖȘȈȦȚșȧ Ȑ ȖȗȧȚȤ ȏȈȚȐȝȈȦȚ
ǭȔț ȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ Ȋ ȊȐȕț ȚȖ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȔȐȘȐȚșȧ ș Ȋȍȟ-
ȕȣȔȐ ȏȈȑȔȈȔȐ Ȏȍȕȣ ț ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȝ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȍȑ ȐȏȊȓȍȒȈȚȤ
ȊȣȋȖȌț Ȑȏ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȏȕȈȒȖȔșȚȊȈ ș ȉȖȋȈȚȣȔȐ ȚȈȚȈȘȈȔȐ ǵȖ ș ȚȈ-
ȚȈȘȈȔȐ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ ȚȈȒ ȗȖșȚțȗȈȍȚ ȕȍ ȖȌȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȎȍȕȈ ȅȒș-
ȗȓțȈȚȈȞȐȧ Ȑȝ ȒȈȒ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȝ ȖȉȣȟȕȖȍ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ

51
ȀǮȀǮǾǶǻ DzǮǹ
ȅȔȈȕșȐȗȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȚȈȚȈȘȐȕ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ ȊȘȈȡȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ
ȚȈȒȖȑ șȘȍȌȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȕȍ țȗțșȒȈȍȚ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ șȓțȟȈȧ ȗȖȎȐ-
ȊȐȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȍȋȖ șȟȍȚ ǶȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ ȥȚȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȉȍȏ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈ-
ȕȐȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȍȘȍșȚțȗȐȊȠȐȑ ȗȖȘȖȋ ȗȘȍȌȘȈșșțȌȒȖȊ șȊȖȍȑ
ȕȈȞȐȐ Ȑ șȚȘȍȔȧȡȐȑșȧ șȓȐȚȤșȧ ș ȖȉȡȍȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȑ șȍȔȤȍȑ
ȉȣȚȤ «ȒȈȒ Ȋșȍ» ǵȖ ȒȘțȋ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȞȐȊȐȓȐȏȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ ȓȦ-
Ȍȍȑ ȍȔț ȕȍȌȖșȚțȗȍȕ Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȍȔț ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȊȘȈȡȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ
șȘȍȌȍ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȔȞȍȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȒȈȒ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ
ȕȈ ȘțȒț ȍȋȖ șȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȍ ȉȣȚȤ șȘȍȌȐ ȓȦȌȍȑ «Ȋ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍ» Ǭȓȧ
ȕȍȋȖ țșȚȘȈȐȊȈȦȚșȧ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ ȋȌȍ Ȗȕ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȈȍȚșȧ ȉȍșȍȌȖȑ ș
ȒȘȈșȐȊȣȔȐ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȖșȚȘȖțȔȕȣȔȐ ȎȍȕȈȔȐ ȈȊȈȕȚȦȘȐșȚȖȊ Ȑ
ȗȓȈȚȐȚșȧ ȏȈ ȥȚȖ ȗȘȖȐȋȘȣȠȍȔ Ȋ ȒȈȘȚȣ ǵȖ Ȑ ȥȚȖȚ ȗȘȖȐȋȘȣȠ
ȍȔț ȌȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ țȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȐȍ Ȗȕ ȌȈȍȚ ȍȔț șȓțȟȈȑ ȊȣȒȈȏȈȚȤ
șȊȖȍ ȗȘȍȏȘȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȌȍȕȤȋȈȔ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȍȋȖ țȊȓȍȒȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ șȖȉȍ-
șȍȌȕȐȞȈȔȐ
ǶȉȣȋȘȈȚȤ — ȥȚȖ șȈȔȣȑ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȕȣȑ șȗȖșȖȉ ȥȒș-
ȗȓțȈȚȈȞȐȐ ȗțșȚȐȊȠȍȋȖșȧ Ȋ șȊȍȚ ȚȈȚȈȘȐȕȈ ȕȖ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȍ șȗȖșȖ-
ȉȣ ȕȍ ȖȚȊȍȘȋȈȦȚșȧ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȦȚ ȉȍȏ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȐȧ țȗȓȈ-
ȚȐȚȤ ȍȔț ȌȈȦȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȌȈȘȐȚȤ Ȑ ȗȘ
ǭȡȍ ȕȍȌȈȊȕȖ Ȋ șȘȍȌȍ ȗȘȖȎȐȋȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ
ȊȘȈȡȈȓșȧ ȖȌȐȕ ȚȈȚȈȘȐȕ ȊȓȈȌȍȓȍȞ ȕȍȜȚȍȕȖșȕȣȝ ȏȍȔȍȓȤ ȖȞȍ-
ȕȐȊȈȍȔȣȝ Ȋ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȖȊ Șțȉȓȍȑ Ǫ ȒȈȒȐȝ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ
ȌȊȈ-ȚȘȐ ȋȖȌȈ Ȗȕ ȉțȒȊȈȓȤȕȖ ȘȈȏȌȈȘȐȓ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋșȍ ȏȍȔȓȐ
ȕȖ Ȑ ȏȍȔȓȐ ȉȘȈȚȈ ș ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȐȔȍȕȐȍ ț ȕȐȝ ȉȣȓȖ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍȔ
ȕȍȘȈȏȌȍȓȤȕȖȔ ȊȓȈȌȍȕȐȐ ǩȘȈȚ ȗȖȚȖȔ șțȌȖȔ ȖȚȖȉȘȈȓ șȊȖȦ
ȟȈșȚȤ ț ȌȈȘȖȗȘȐȍȔȕȐȒȖȊ ǵȈ șțȌȍ ȘȈșȒȘȣȓȈșȤ ȉȍȏȖȉȘȈȏȕȈȧ
ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈ ȖȉȐȘȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ǬȖȉȘȖȌțȠȕȖȋȖ ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȕȈȐȊ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȖȗțȚȈȓȐ șȍȚȤȦ ȓȍșȚȐ Ȑ ȌȍȓȈȓȐ ș ȕȐȔ Ȋșȍ ȟȚȖ
ȝȖȚȍȓȐ ǵȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ țȎȍ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȗȕ ȒȖȘȔȐȓ Ȑ
ȗȖȐȓ ȠȈȔȗȈȕșȒȐȔ ȞȍȓțȦ ȖȘȈȊț ȘȈȏȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȔȞȍȊ — ȕȍ
ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȓȖ ȍȡȍ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȗȐȘțȠȒȐ ȟȚȖȉȣ Ȗȕ ȕȍ șȌȍ-
ȓȈȓ ȒȖȔț ȓȐȉȖ ȞȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȌȈȘȒȈ ǹȍȋȖȌȕȧ Ȗȕ ȌȈȘȐȚ ȌȊȍ Ȍȍșȧ-
ȚȐȕȣ ȕȍȜȚȍȕȖșȕȖȑ ȏȍȔȓȐ șȚȖȐȔȖșȚȤȦ Țȣșȧȟ Ȋ ȠȍșȚȤȌȍșȧȚ
Șțȉȓȍȑ ȗȘȐșȚȈȊț țȌȖșȚȖȐȊȠȍȔț șȊȖȐȔ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȐȍȔ ȍȋȖ
ȒȖȔȗȈȕȐȦ ȏȈȊȚȘȈ ȝȖȏȧȑȒȈ ȌȖȔȈ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ Ȗȕ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚ-

52
ȊțȍȚ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȋȖșȚȧ șȈȔȖȓȐȟȕȖ șȊȈȘȐȓȈ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȋȖ ȒȖȜȍ Ȑ
ȔȐȓȖșȚȐȊȖ șȖȋȓȈȠȈȍȚșȧ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ ȖȚ ȕȍȋȖ ȌȍșȧȚȐȕț ȕȍȜȚȍ-
ȕȖșȕȖȑ ȏȍȔȓȐ ǵȈ ȚȘȍȚȐȑ ȌȍȕȤ ȗȐȘțȠȒȈ Ȋ ȋȖșȚȐȕȐȞȍ ȏȈȒȖȕ-
ȟȐȓȈșȤ șȒȈȕȌȈȓȖȔ țȟȈșȚȕȐȒȐ — Ȉ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȐșȓȍ Ȑ Ȗȕ —
ȗȘȐȋȓȈȠȍȕȣ Ȋ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȦ ȌȍȎțȘȕȣȑ ȖȒȖȓȖȌȖȟȕȣȑ ȗȘȐȕȐ-
ȔȈȍȚ ȕȈ șȍȉȧ ȗȖșȘȍȌȕȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ȗȖ țȔȐȘȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȦ șȚȖȘȖȕ Ȑ
ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚ ȏȈ ȥȚȖ ȌȍșȧȚȐȕț Ǫ ȋȖșȚȐȕȐȞȍ ȋȌȍ Ȗȕ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖ
ȐȋȘȈȍȚ ȕȈ ȉȐȓȤȧȘȌȍ ȔȈȘȒȍȘ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȍȚșȧ ș ȕȐȔ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȗȖ-
ȟȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȐșȗȖȓȕȧȍȚ ȊșȧȒȖȍ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȒȈȏȈȕȐȍ Ȑ ȏȈ ȥȚȖ ȗȖȓț-
ȟȈȍȚ ȌȊȍ ȌȍșȧȚȐȕȣ Ȑ Ț Ȍ Ȑ Ț ȗ
Ǫ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ, Ȋșȍ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȝȓȍȉȈȚȍȓȐ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȐșȤ ȊȓȈ-
ȌȍȓȤȞȈȔȐ ȕȍȜȚȧȕȣȝ ȏȍȔȍȓȤ Ȉ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȓȖșȤ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ Ȗȕ
ȖȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ȉțȒȊȈȓȤȕȖ ȕȐȡȐȔ
ȅȚȖ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȧȘȒȐȑ ȖȉȘȈȏȍȞ ȥȒșȗȓțȈȚȈȞȐȐ ȖȒȘțȎȈȦȡȐ-
ȔȐ «ȥȔȈȕșȐȗȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȋȖ» ȚȈȚȈȘȐȕȈ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȖȎȈȓțȑ
șȟȐȚȈȚȤ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍȔ — ȕȖ ȥȒșȗȓțȈȚȈȞȐȧ Ȋ ȉȖȓȍȍ șȒȘȖȔȕȣȝ
ȘȈȏȔȍȘȈȝ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȗȉȡȍȍ ǷȖȏȕȈȒȖȔȐȚȤșȧ ș ȉȖȋȈȚȣȔ ȚȈȚȈȘȐ-
ȕȖȔ — ȥȚȖ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ ȐȔȍȚȤ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȗȘȐȉȣȚȖȒ Ǫ ȔȍȓȒȖ-
ȉțȘȎțȈȏȕȖȑ șȘȍȌȍ șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ ȌȈȎȍ ȠțȚȖȟȕȖȍ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ
©ǺȈȚȈȘȐȕ ȌȈȓ».
DzȈȒȈȧ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȗȖȓțȋȘȈȔȖȚȕȈȧ «ȌȈȔȈ» ȕȈ ȊȖȗȘȖș ȗȘȐȧ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȣ — ȖȚȒțȌȈ ț ȕȍȍ ȚȈ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȈȧ ȕȖȊȈȧ ȊȍȡȤ — șȖ șȔȍ-
ȝȖȔ ȏȈȧȊȓȧȍȚ
— ǺȈȚȈȘȐȕ ȌȈȓ
ǺȈȚȈȘȐȕ ȌȈȓ — ȥȚȖ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ ȟȚȖ ȔȍȎȌț ȕȍȦ Ȑ ȚȈ-
ȚȈȘȐȕȖȔ ȉȣȓȖ ȟȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȗȘȍȌȖșțȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȐȉȖ ȚȈȚȈȘȣ ȚȈ-
ȒȖȑ ȕȈȘȖȌ ȟȚȖ ȔȖȋțȚ ȌȈȚȤ Ȑ ȚȈȒ ȕȐ ș ȚȖȋȖ ȕȐ ș șȍȋȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ
Ȋ șȐȓț ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖșȚȖȋȖ ȏȕȈȒȖȔșȚȊȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȍȔț
ȗȘȐȧȚȕȖ ȥȚȖ ȏȕȈȒȖȔșȚȊȖ Ƕȕ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȗȐȚȈȍȚ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȍ ȕȈ-
ȌȍȎȌȣ ȕȖ ȥȚȐ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȣ ȔȖȋțȚ Ȑ ȕȍ ȐșȗȖȓȕȐȚȤșȧ — Ȉ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ
ȊȘȍȔȧ ȚȈȚȈȘșȒȐȑ ȗȖȌȈȘȖȒ ȌȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȓțȟȐȊȠȈȧ ȍȋȖ
«ȗȘȐȧȚȕȈȧ ȌȈȔȈ» ǶȚșȦȌȈ șȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȍ «ȗȖȝȊȈȓȐȚȤșȧ» ȗȖȓț-
ȟȍȕȕȣȔ ȗȖȌȈȘȒȖȔ ȖȚșȦȌȈ Ȏȍ Ȑ ȠțȚȖȟȕȖȍ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ©ǺȈ-
ȚȈȘȐȕ ȌȈȓ» ȅȚȖ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ ȟȚȖ «Ȕȣ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȓȐ ȕȘȈ-
ȊȐȚȤșȧ», ȍȡȍ ȔȖȎȍȔ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȚȈȚȈȘȐȕȈ ȘȈșȒȖȠȍȓȐȚȤșȧ ǷȖ-
ȥȚȖȔț ȕȍȚ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ țȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȔțȎ ȏȕȈȍȚ Ȗ
ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȔȣȝ ȎȍȕȖȑ ȗȖȌȈȘȒȈȝ Ȑ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȍȚ
ȊȍȘȐȚȤ Ȋ ȍȍ ȕȍȗȖȘȖȟȕȖșȚȤ ȅȚȖ ȕȍ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȕȖ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ

53
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȌȖ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖșȚȖȘȖȕȕȍȋȖ Ȋșȍ-
ȋȌȈ ȧșȕȖ ȋȌȍ ȗȖȌȈȘȒȐ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚ ȗȘȖșȚȖȋȖ «ȜȓȐȘȚȈ» Ȉ ȋȌȍ
ȖȕȐ țȎȍ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȔ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȖȑ șȊȧȏȐ ǵȖ ȔțȎț
ȗȘȖșȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȚȤ ȥȚȖȑ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȣ ȐȓȐ ȐȋȕȖȘȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ
ȍȍ Ȋ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ, ȍșȓȐ Ȗȕ ȓȦȉȐȚ Ȏȍȕț ǪȍȌȤ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ Ȗȕ ȗȖ-
șȚȈȘȈȓșȧ țȉȍȌȐȚȤ șȍȉȧ ȟȚȖ ȎȍȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȘȖȟȕȈ Ȑ ȗȘȖȌȈȎȕȈ
ȚȖ ȍȔț ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ ȉȣ ȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȍȍ Ȉ ȕȈ ȥȚȖ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȕȍȚ șȐȓȣ
— ȚȈȒ țȎ ȓțȟȠȍ ȔȐȘȐȚȤșȧ ș ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȔ ȟȍȔ ȚȍȘȗȍȚȤ ȋȖȘȤ-
ȒȖȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȍ ȉȓȈȋȖ ȖȒȘțȎȈȦȡȐȍ țșȓȖȊȐȧ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȌȈȦȚ ȊȖȏ-
ȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȖȉȢȧșȕȐȚȤ ȗȖșȚțȗȒȐ Ȏȍȕȣ Ȋ «ȝȖȘȖȠțȦ» șȚȖȘȖȕț
ǩȣȓ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȚȈȒȖȑ șȓțȟȈȑ ǬȈȔȈ Ȑȏ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚ
ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖȍ, ȗȖ ȚȘȍȚȧȔ ȋȖȌȈ, șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ ȖȚ ȉȖȋȈȟȈ- ȚȈȚȈȘȐ-
ȕȈ ȕȖ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȐȏȔȍȕȧȍȚ ȍȔț ș ȌȘțȋȐȔ Ȗȕ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ țȉȍȎ-
ȌȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȘȍȠȈȍȚ ȕȈȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȍȍ.
Ǫ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȑ șȘȖȒ ȖȕȈ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȍȚșȧ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȏȈ «ȗȖȓțȟ-
ȒȖȑ» Ȗȕ ȉȍșȗȘȍȒȖșȓȖȊȕȖ ȗȐȠȍȚ ȍȑ ȟȍȒ ȕȈ ȟȍȚȣȘȍ ȚȣșȧȟȐ
ȕȖ ȚȖȚȟȈș ȐȌȍȚ Ȋ ȉȈȕȒ Ȑ ȏȈȧȊȓȧȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȐȔ ȗȖȚȍȘȧȕ ȟȍȒ
ǬȈȔȈ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȌȖȏȘȍȊȈȧ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ș ȟȍȒȖȔ Ȋ ȉȈȕȒ
ȕȖ ȍȑ ȏȈȧȊȓȧȦȚ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȊȣȌȈȚȤ Ȍȍȕȍȋ ȗȖ ȥȚȖȔț ȟȍȒț
— ǷȖȟȍȔț"
— ǵȈȔ ȏȈȧȊȓȍȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖȚ ȟȍȒ ȊȓȈȌȍȓȤȞȍȔ ȍȋȖ țȚȍȘȧȕ
— DzȚȖ ȊȈȔ ȏȈȧȊȐȓ"
— ǹȈȔ Ȗȕ
— ǵȖ Ȗȕ Ȕȕȍ șȈȔ ȓȐȟȕȖ ȊȟȍȘȈ ȊȣȌȈȓ ȍȋȖ
— ǵȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȔ
ǹȒȖȕȜțȎȍȕȕȈȧ ȌȈȔȈ țȠȓȈ Ȉ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȌȍȕȤ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȋȖ-
ȊȖȘȐȓ ȊȍșȤ ȋȖȘȖȌ ǶȋȓȈșȐȓ ȜȈȒȚ ȕȍ ȒȚȖ ȐȕȖȑ ȒȈȒ șȈȔ ȔțȎ
ȌȈȔȣ. Ƕȕ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȓ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȊșȍȔ șȊȖȐȔ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȔ Ȑ ȊȖȏ-
ȔțȡȈȓșȧ
— ǷȖȔȐȓțȑȚȍ ǷȖȌȈȘȐȓ ȟȍȒ ȕȈ ȟȍȚȣȘȍ ȚȣșȧȟȐ Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔ
ȏȈȊȐȓ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȚȍȘȧȓ Ǵȣ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȓȐ ȒȈȒ ȝȖȘȖȠȍȋȖ ȏȕȈ-
ȒȖȔȖȋȖ Ȉ Ȗȕ ȕȈȌ ȕȈȔȐ ȕȈșȔȍȧȓșȧ ǪȍȌȤ ȔȖȋțȚ ȗȖȌțȔȈȚȤ ǩȖȋ
ȏȕȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ
ǹȍȚȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȔțȎȈ ȒȈȒ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȣ Ȋ
ȕȐȝ ȖȚȘȈȎȈȍȚșȧ ȊȍșȤ șȚȘȖȑ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ șȕȖȠȍȕȐȑ ǴțȎ-
ȟȐȕȈ ȗȖȌȈȘȐȓ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȍ  ȚȣșȧȟȐ Șțȉȓȍȑ — Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ
ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȕȍȚ ȥȚȖ Ȋ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȍ Ȋȍȡȍȑ șȒȘȣȊȈȚȤ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț ȜȈȒȚ
ȌȈȘȍȕȐȧ ȕȍȚ ȕȈȌȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ǴțȎț Ȑ Ȋ ȋȖȓȖȊț ȕȍ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚ ȟȚȖ

54
«ȗȖȌȈȘȖȒ» ȔȖȎȍȚ ȊȣȚȍȒȈȚȤ Ȑȏ ȕȍȟȐșȚȣȝ șȕȖȠȍȕȐȑ ȍȋȖ Ȏȍ-
ȕȣ ș ȌȈȘȧȡȐȔ — Ȗȕ ȕȍȋȖȌțȍȚ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ ȌȈȘȐȚȍȓȤ șȣȋȘȈȓ
ș ȍȋȖ ȎȍȕȖȑ ȋȓțȗȣȑ ȜȈȘș ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȘȖșȐȚȤ ȕȈ Ȏȍȕț
ȚȍȕȤ ȗȖȌȖȏȘȍȕȐȧ ǭȔț Ȑ Ȋ ȋȖȓȖȊț ȕȍ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚ ȟȚȖ ȕțȎȕȖ
ȐȔȍȚȤ ȒȈȒȖȍ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȗȘȈȊȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȌȈȘȐȚȤ Ȗȕ ȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ
ȔȖȎȕȖ Ȑ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȌȈȘȐȚȤ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȍ ȗȖ  ȚȣșȧȟȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ
ȒȈȒ ȗȘȖșȚȖȑ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȖȑ
ǺȖȟȕȖ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȘȖȓȤ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȡȍȑ  ȚȣșȧȟȐ
Șțȉȓȍȑ ȖȚ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȖȋȖ ȍȔț ȕȐșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȗȘȍȌȖșțȌȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ǹȓȖȊȖȔ ȕȈ șȞȍȕț ȖȗȧȚȤ ȊȣȗȓȣȊȈȍȚ ȚȖ Ȏȍ «ȚȈȚȈȘȐȕ
ȌȈȓ», — ȊșȍȔ ȗȖȕȧȚȕȖȍ Ȑ ȕȐșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍ ȏȈȏȖȘȕȖȍ
ǶȚȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȎȐȊȐȚȤșȧ ȖȚ ȚȈȚȈȘȐȕȈ" ǿȚȖ ȚțȚ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ"
Ǫ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȝ șȓțȟȈȧȝ ȖȕȖ ȟȈșȚȖ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȌȈșȚ ȚȈ-
ȚȈȘȐȕ Ȑ ȕȈ ȥȚȖȔ ȌȍȓȖ Ȑ ȖȒȖȕȟȐȚșȧ ǵȖ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ Ȏȍȕ-
ȡȐȕ ȕȈ ȚȈȚȈȘ Ȋ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ț ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ
ȔȈȓȖ-ȔȈȓȤșȒȐ ȏȈȎȐȚȖȟȕȖȋȖ ȚȈȚȈȘȐȕȈ ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȐȞȈ
ȕȍ-ȚȈȚȈȘȒȈ — ȘțșșȒȈȧ ȗȖȓȤȒȈ ȍȊȘȍȑȒȈ ȕȍȔȒȈ, ȘȍȎȍ — ȋȘț-
ȏȐȕȒȈ ȍȡȍ ȘȍȎȍ — ȈȘȔȧȕȒȐ ǶȉȢȧșȕȧȍȚșȧ ȥȚȖ ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȋȘț-
ȏȐȕȣ Ȑ ȈȘȔȧȕȍ ȏȕȈȦȚ ȚȖȟȕȖȍ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ ȚȈȚȈȘșȒȐȝ ȗȖȌȈȘȒȖȊ
Ȑ ȊȖȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȚ ȔȍȘȣ — Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȒȈȒ ȓȦ-
ȌȐ ȗȘȐȠȓȣȍ ș ȖȉȣȟȈȧȔȐ ȚȈȚȈȘ Ȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȈȔȐ ȕȈ ȊȍȡȐ ȕȍ-
ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ șȔȍȓȖ «ȐȋȘȈȦȚ ș ȖȋȕȍȔ» Ȑ ȘȈȏțȔȍȍȚșȧ Ȋ
ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ ȖȉȎȐȋȈȦȚșȧ ǮȍȕȈ ȊȚȧȕțȚȈȧ ȗȖȌȈȘȒȈȔȐ Ȋ ȘȖș-
ȒȖȠȤ ȕȍ ȗȖ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈȔ ȗȘȐȕțȎȌȍȕȈ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ șȌȈȚȤșȧ Ȑ ȐȓȐ
ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȔțȎȈ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌȧ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȖ ȕȈ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ ȚȈȚȈȘȐ-
ȕȈ ȐȓȐ Ȏȍ șȚȈȊȐȚ ȔțȎȈ Ȋ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ șȖȊȓȈȌȍȓȤ-
ȞȈ ș ȚȈȚȈȘȐȕȖȔ ȌȖșȚȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȔ ȍȑ țșȐȓȍȕȕȣȍ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈ Ȓ ȎȐȏ-
ȕȐ Ǵȣ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȓȐșȤ ȕȈ șȕȖȠȍȕȐȧȝ ȏȈȔțȎȕȐȝ ȎȍȕȡȐȕ ș ȚȈ-
ȚȈȘȈȔȐ ȊȖ-ȗȍȘȊȣȝ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȥȚȖ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȘȈș-
ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȕȖȍ Ȉ ȊȖ-ȊȚȖȘȣȝ Ȑ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖȌȈȎȕȖșȚȤ Ȏȍȕ-
ȡȐȕȣ ȚțȚ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȧȊȕȈ Ȑ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȈ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ șȖȔȕȍ-
ȕȐȧ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ șȊȧȏȤ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȈ ȕȈ ȒȖȘȣșȚȕȣȝ ȘȈșȟȍȚȈȝ Ȏȍȕ-
ȡȐȕȣ Ȉ ȕȍ ȕȈ ȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȐ ȗȖ șȚȘȈșȚȐ
ǻȎȍ șȈȔȖ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȟȚȍȕȐȍ ȚȈȒȐȔȐ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈȔȐ ȚȈȚȈȘ ȔțȎ-
ȟȐȕȈȔ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖșȚȍȑ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȍȚșȧ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ
ȚȈȚȈȘȣ ȡȍȌȘȍȍ Ȑ ȓȍȋȟȍ ȗȖȌȌȈȦȚșȧ ȥȒșȗȓțȈȚȈȞȐȐ
ǵȖ ȥȚȖ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ ȟȚȖ ȚȈȚȈȘȣ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȐșȒ-

ȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȍȚȍȕȌȍȕȚȈȔȐ ȖȕȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȍȘȊȍȕșȚȊțȦȚ
șȘȍȌȐ ȘȈȊȕȣȝ Ȑ, Ȋ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ, ȕȍȌȈȓȍȒȖ țȠȓȐ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȖȚȕȖ-
ȠȍȕȐȐ ȖȚ ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕ ǸȈȏȕȐȞȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ț ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕ
ȚȈȒȐȍ șȊȧȏȐ șȒȘȣȊȈȦȚșȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȚȡȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȖ ȥȚȖ ȗȖȕȧȚȕȖ
ȗȖȟȍȔț ǺȈȚȈȘȐȕ șȖȎȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊțȧ ș ȎȍȕȡȐȕȖȑ Ȋ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ
ȕȍ șȖȊȍȘȠȈȍȚ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȍșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧ ȕȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȐ
ȕȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȖȉȣȟȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȈȊȈ — Ȑ ȏȈȒȖȕ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȣȑ Ȑ Ȗȉȣ-
ȟȈȑ ȍșȓȐ ȕȍ ȗȖȖȡȘȧȦȚ ȚȖ ȘȈȏȘȍȠȈȦȚ ȍȔț ȥȚȖ șȖȎȐȚȐȍ Ȑ ȔȈ-
ȓȖ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȦȚ ȍȋȖ ȖȚ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȉȘȈȟȕȖȋȖ șȖȎȐȚȐȧ ǷȖ-
ȥȚȖȔț Ȑ șȒȘȣȊȈȚȤ ȍȔț ȚȈȒȐȍ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ Ȓ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȍ ȕȍȚ ȕȈ-
ȌȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ȐȉȖ Ȗȕ ȊȗȘȈȊȍ ȊșȚțȗȐȚȤ Ȋ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ ȊȖ Ȋșȧ-
ȒȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȗȕ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȌȈȎȍ ȗȘȐȊȍșȚȐ ȥȚț ȎȍȕȡȐȕț Ȓ șȍȉȍ Ȋ
ȌȖȔ Ȑ ȥȚȖ ȉțȌȍȚ Ȋ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȍ Ȋȍȡȍȑ
ǽȘȐșȚȐȈȕȐȕ Ȏȍ șȖȊșȍȔ Ȋ ȐȕȖȔ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȐ — ȕȐ ȘȍȓȐ-
ȋȐȧ ȕȐ ȖȉȣȟȕȖȍ ȗȘȈȊȖ ȕȍ ȘȈȏȘȍȠȈȦȚ ȍȔț șȖȎȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ Ȋȕȍ
ȉȘȈȒȈ Ȉ ȕȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ șȚȘȖȋȖ ȊȖșȗȘȍȡȈȦȚ ǪșȚțȗȐȊ ȊȖ ȊȕȍȉȘȈȟ-
ȕțȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȗȕ ȕȈȘțȠȈȍȚ Ȑ ȖȉȣȟȈȐ, Ȑ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȣȍ ȗȖșȚȈ-
ȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȧ, Ȑ ȗȖȗȐȘȈȍȚ ȗȘȈȊȖ șȊȖȍȑ Ȏȍȕȣ șȓȖȊȖȔ, ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȕȍ-
ȌȖȏȊȖȓȍȕȕȖȍ Ȉ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț ȌȖȓȎȍȕ șȒȘȣȊȈȚȤ șȊȖȐ ȗȖșȚțȗȒȐ
DzȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȍȔț ȗȖȕȧȚȕȍȍ Ȑ ȚȈ ȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȤ ȒȈȒȈȧ ȋȘȖȏȐȚ ȍȋȖ
ȓȦȉȖȊȕȐȞȍ ȍșȓȐ Ȑȝ șȊȧȏȤ ȖȉȕȈȘțȎȐȚșȧ Ȗȕ ș ȔȖȓȖȒȖȔ ȔȈ-
ȚȍȘȐ ȊșȖșȈȓ ȖȉȡȍȗȘȐȕȧȚȣȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ȞȐȊȐȓȐȏȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ ȕȈȘȖ-
ȌȖȊ ȕȈȓȈȋȈȦȡȐȑ ȕȈ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȐȒȈ ȖȉȧȏȈȕȕȖșȚȤ ȝȘȈȕȐȚȤ ȚȈȑȕț
ȓȦȉȖȊȕȐȞȣ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ ȖȕȈ Ȑ ȉȘȈȓȈ ȏȈ șȊȖȦ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ
ǵȖ ȥȚȖ ȕȐșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍ ȊȓȐȧȍȚ ȕȈ ȟȐșȓȖ ȊȕȍȉȘȈȟȕȣȝ șȊȧ-
ȏȍȑ ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕ ȖȕȐ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȣ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ț ȚȈȚȈȘ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȡȈȚȍȓȤȕȍȍ șȒȘȣȊȈȦȚșȧ

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ǽdzǾǰdzǻǿȀǰǼ Ǵdzǻȉ
ǵȖ ȖșȚȈȊȐȔ ȥȚȖ Ȋ șȚȖȘȖȕȍ ǵȈȔ ȊȈȎȕȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȚȤ ȕȍ
ȥȚȖ Ȉ șȈȔȖ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ «șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȒȐ ȗȘȐ ȔțȎȍ» Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȑ
șȚȍȗȍȕȤ ȍȍ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȍȕȐȧ Ȓ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȞȐȐ
«ǹȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȒȐ ȗȘȐ ȔțȎȍ» — ȥȚȖ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȧȔȖ ȗȘȖȚȐ-
ȊȖȗȖȓȖȎȕȖȍ ȖȚȔȍȟȍȕȕȖȑ ȕȈȔȐ ȚȖȘȋȖȊȓȍ ȎȍȕȈȔȐ DzȈȒ ȚȈȔ
ȐȕȐȞȐȈȚȐȊȈ Ȉ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ, Ȑ ȊȐȕȈ ȗȈȌȈȍȚ ȕȈ ȔțȎȟȐȕț
ȔțȎȈ
 — ȚȈȒ ȚțȚ ȊȐȕȖȊȕȐȞȍȑ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ DzȈȒ ȚȈȔ
ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐ Ȑ ȕȘȈȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȔțȎ ȌȈȊȐȚ Ȏȍȕț ȚȈȒ ȚțȚ ȎȍȕȈ
ȍșȓȐ ȕȍ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐ ȚȖ ȕȘȈȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȚȍȘȏȈȍȚ ȔțȎȈ șȚȘȍȔȧșȤ
Ȓ ȞȍȓȧȔ ȕȈȎȐȊȣ ȐȓȐ ȟȍșȚȖȓȦȉȐȧ
ǪȖȚ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȔțȎ — ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȗȖȘȧȌȖȟȕȣȑ ȕȘȈȊ-
șȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȡȍȗȍȚȐȓȤȕȣȑ ȕȖ șȓȈȉȖȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȣȑ — ȓȦȉȖȊȤ Ȓ
Ȏȍȕȍ ȏȈȝȊȈȚȐȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȊșȍȋȖ Ǩ ȖȕȈ ȊșȍȔ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȈȧ ȗȘȖȎȐȋȈ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȈ ȎȐȏȕȐ șȟȍȚȈ ȍȍ ȗȖȘȚȕȐȝȐ ȗȖșȣȓȈȦȚșȧ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ Ȓ
ȖȌȕȖȔț ȏȈȊȚȘȈ Ȓ ȌȘțȋȖȔț ȟȍȘȍȏ ȕȍȌȍȓȦ Ȓ ȚȘȍȚȤȍȔț ȗȖȒȘȖ-
ȊȐȚȍȓȦ ǴțȎ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȥȚȖȋȖ Ȗȕ ȟțȊșȚȊțȍȚ ȟȚȖ Ȑ
Ȍȓȧ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȍȋȖ Ȏȍȕȣ ȕȍ ȚȈȑȕȈ ȕȖ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ șȐȓȣ
ȌȈȎȍ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȍȑ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ Ȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȚȈȘȈȍȚșȧ ȝȖȚȤ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ-
ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȊȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤ ȍȍ ȘȍȗțȚȈȞȐȦ Ȋ ȋȓȈȏȈȝ ȌȘțȋȐȝ
— ǶȕȈ ȓȍȋȒȖȔȣșȓȍȕȕȈ ȥȚȖ ȗȘȈȊȌȈ — ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗȕ șȊȖȐȔ
ȌȘțȏȤȧȔ Ȑ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȔ — ȕȖ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ Ȋȣ ȏȕȈȓȐ ȒȈȒȈȧ ț ȕȍȍ
ȌȖȉȘȈȧ ȌțȠȈ! ǰ ȒȈȒ ȖȕȈ ȓȦȉȐȚ Ȕȍȕȧ DzȖȋȌȈ ȧ ȉȖȓȍȦ ȖȕȈ Ȋșȧ
ȐȏȔțȟȈȍȚșȧ ȕȍ șȗȐȚ ȕȍ ȍșȚ ȕȍ ȗȤȍȚ
ǩȍȌȕȣȑ ȎȈȓȒȐȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ Ƕȕ șȚȈȘȈȍȚșȧ țȊȍȘȐȚȤ Ȋ ȕȍȗȖ-
ȘȖȟȕȖșȚȐ Ȏȍȕȣ ȟȈșȚȖ Țȍȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȖȒțȗȈȓȐ ȍȍ ȗȖȒțȗȈȓȐ
ȋȘțȉȖ, ș ȗȘȍȌȊȈȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ țșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ Ȟȍȕȣ ȏȈ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ-
ȚȖ ȅȚȈ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ Ȋ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȚȐȗȐȟȕȈ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȘȖȌȈȎȕȖ-
șȚȤȦ Ȉ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȍȍ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȖ ǶȕȈ ȊȘȈȡȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȓțȟȠȍȔ
ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍ Ȑ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȘȧȔȖ ȚȈȒșȐȘțȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȉȐȘȎȍ ȘȈȏ-
ȊȘȈȚȈ ȊșȧȒȐȑ ȏȕȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȍȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȒțȗȐȚȤ ȏȈ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ-ȚȖ Ǫșȍ
ȥȚȖ ȏȕȈȦȚ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȊȏȈșȖș ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋț
Ȗ ȍȍ ȗȖȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȧȝ — ȕȖ Ȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȕȈ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȈ ȊȍȏȌȍ ȗȘȖ-
ȌȈȎȕȖșȚȤȦ ȍȍ, Ȋ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ, ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȐ ȋȕțȠȈȍȚșȧ Ǫ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ,
ȌȈȎȍ Ȑ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȣ Ȗ ȕȍȑ ȕȍ ȒȈșȈȦȚșȧ ȍȍ ȗȘȖȌȈȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȉ ȖȚ-

ȔȍȟȈȍȚșȧ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȖȚȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȍȍ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ
ǪȣȠȓȈ Ȑȏ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ șȍȓȈ ș ȕȐȔ Ȋ ȒȖȓȧșȒț Ȑ ȗȖȍȝȈȓȈ Ȋ ȋȖș-
ȚȐȕȐȞț ǴȖȋȓȈ ȉȣ ȖȚȖȑȚȐ ȖȚ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ Ȑ ȚȈȔ ȋȌȍ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ șȖȑȚȐșȤ.
Ǩ ȚȖ ȗȘȐ Ȋșȍȝ
Ǫ ȗȘȍșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ ȍȑ șȚȈȊȐȚșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȍȌȍȚ ȕȈ
ȘȈȏȊȘȈȚ ȗȘȐ Ȋșȍȝ — Ȉ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȐȔȍȧ ȔțȎȈ Ȑ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ șȕȖ-
șȕȖȍ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȍȕȐȍ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȚȖȘȋțȍȚ șȖȉȖȑ — Ȋ ȊȐȕț ȕȍ șȚȈȊȐȚ-
șȧ ȅȚȖ Ȋ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȍ Ȋȍȡȍȑ ȒȘȈșȖȚȈ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ ȗȘȖ-
ȌȈȎȕȈ ȖȕȈ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚ ȘȣȕȒȈ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȊșȧȒȐȑ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȚȖȊȈȘ ǰ
ȥȚȖ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ ȉțȘȎțȈ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȋȖ șȖȘȚȈ ȕȍ
ȞȍȕȐȚ Ȋ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȍ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȟȐșȚȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȍ ȌȖșȚȖȐȕșȚȊȈ
ȍȍ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȦȚ șȗȘȖșȈ ș ȕȐȔȐ — «ȉȍȏ Ȍȍȓ» ȒȈȒ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ ȉȐȘ-
ȎȍȊȐȒȐ ǮȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȊȣȕțȎȌȍȕȈ ȐȓȐ ȖșȚȈȚȤ-
șȧ Ȋȕȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȔțȎȟȐȕ ȖȚșȚțȗȐȚȤ Ȑ ȌȈȚȤ ȌȖȘȖȋț ȌȘțȋȐȔ
ȐȓȐ Ȏȍ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȖȒȘțȎȈȦȡȐȝ șȊȖȍȑ ȒȘȈșȖȚȖȑ Ȑ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȒȘȈșȖȚȖȑ ǮȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ șȐȓȤȕȈȧ ȒȖȕȍȟ-
ȕȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȌȟȐȕȐȚșȧ ȥȚȖȔț ȘȍȎȐȔț Ȑ șȒȖȘȍȍ ȖșȚȈȕȍȚșȧ ȖȌȐȕȖ-
ȒȖȑ Ȋȕȍ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ȕȖ ȊȍȌȤ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ șȐȓȤȕȣȝ șȚȈȊȧ-
ȡȐȝ șȊȖȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȍ ȌȖșȚȖȐȕșȚȊȖ ȊȣȠȍ ȘȈȌȖșȚȍȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ
ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȖȕȐ ȘȍȌȒȖșȚȤ ǸȧȌȖȊȈȧ Ȏȍ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȗȖȕȍȊȖȓȍ ȐȌȍȚ
Ȋ țȘȖȊȍȕȤ șȖ ȊșȍȔȐ Ț ȍ ȗȖȔȖȡȤȦ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ ȌȖȉȐȊȈȍȚșȧ țșȗȍ-
ȝȈ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍ Ǩ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȒȘȈșȖȚȈ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȘȈȔȒȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȚȘȍ-
ȉțȍȚ Ȍȍȕȍȋ ȚȖ Ȑ ȒȖȕȟȈȍȚșȧ ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȒȘȈșȖȚȈ Ȑ ȍȍ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȐȞȈ ȌȍȓȈȦȚșȧ ȘȣȕȖȟȕȖȑ ȞȍȕȕȖșȚȤȦ
DzȚȖ ȚțȚ ȊȐȕȖȊȈȚ — ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȓȐ ȗȖȌȓȈȎȐȊȈȦȡȐȍșȧ ȒȖ
ȊȒțșȈȔ ȔțȎȟȐȕ ȐȓȐ ȔțȎȟȐȕȣ, ȘȈȏȘȧȎȍȕȕțȦ ȒȘȈșȐȊțȦ ȒțȒ-
ȓț ȗȘȍȌȗȖȟȐȚȈȦȡȐȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒț"

58
ǹȌǯǼǰȊ-ȀǼǰǮǾ
ǪȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ, Ȑ Țȍ, Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȍ Ȉ ȍȡȍ ȊȍȘȕȍȍ ȊȍșȤ șȚȘȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ,
ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȕȈ șȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȐ Ȓ ȕȈȎȐȊȍ Ȓ țșȗȍȝț ș ȗȖȔȖȡȤȦ
Ȍȍȕȍȋ ǬȍȕȤȋȐ — Ȑ șȐȓȈ Ȑ șȘȍȌșȚȊȖ ȗȘȐȖȉȘȍȚȍȕȐȧ ȊșȍȋȖ ȟȚȖ
ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ Ȍȓȧ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȕȍ ȐșȒȓȦȟȈȧ Ȑ ȗȖȚȘȍȉȕȖșȚȐ ȓȦ-
ȉȐȚȤ Ȑ ȉȣȚȤ ȓȦȉȐȔȣȔ ȅȚȖȚ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ȕȈ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ ȚȊȍȘȌȖ țșȚȈ-
ȕȖȊȐȓșȧ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚșȧ ȒȈȒ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȕȕȈȧ ȐșȚȐȕȈ Ǩ
ȗȖȥȚȖȔț ȟȈșȚȖ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȗȖȒȓȖȕȕȐȒ Ȍȍȕȍȋ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȚ ȐȕȖȑ
ȓȦȉȊȐ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȒțȗȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȐȕȈȟȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ ȜȈȓȤșȐȜȐȞȐȘȖȊȈȕ-
ȕȖȑ Ƕȕ ȗȖȒțȗȈȍȚ ȎȍȕȡȐȕț Ȑ ȌțȔȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ Ȑ ȍșȚȤ ȓȦ-
ȉȖȊȤ ȟȚȖ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ Ȑ ȕȍ șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ șȖȊșȍȔ ǬȈ-
Ȏȍ ȗȘȐ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȐ ȉȘȈȒȈ ȥȚȖȚ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ȕȍ ȚȍȘȗȐȚ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ
ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȑ ǴțȎȟȐȕȈ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȚȖȟȕȖ țșȟȐȚȣȊȈȍȚ ȊȣȋȖȌȣ ȉȘȈ-
ȒȈ
«ǹȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ Ȏȍȕȣ Ȕȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ șȚȖȐȚȤ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ-ȚȖ ȗȘȍȌ-
ȗȖȓȖȎȐȔ,  Ș
 ȌȈ ȗȘȐȌȈȕȖȍ ȍȍ ȌȈșȚ ȗȘȖȞȍȕȚȖȊ ȚȖȎȍ
 Șțȉ ǹȌȍȓȒȈ ȉȍȏ ȉȈȘȣȠȈ Ȑ țȉȣȚȒȈ— ȗȖȌȖȎȌȍȔ».
ǷȘȐȊȣȒȠȐȑ Ȓ ȗȘȖȌȈȎȕȖȑ ȓȦȉȊȐ Ȗȕ ȕȐ Ȗ ȟȍȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȕȍ
ȌțȔȈȍȚ ȎȍȕȈ ȍȔț ȕțȎȕȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȒȈȒ șȈȔȒȈ Ȑ Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȊȖȔ șȊȖȍȔ
ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȝ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȌȘțȋȐȔȐ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ
DzȘȈșȐȊȈȧ ȕȍȊȍșȚȈ Ȑ ȖȌȐȕȈȒȖȊȖ ȒȘȈșȐȊȈȧ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȒȈ șȘȈȊ-
ȕȐȊȈȦȚșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖ șțȔȔȍ, ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖȑ ȕȈ Ȑȝ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ
ǵȈ șȟȍȚ ȕȍȊȍșȚȣ șȚȈȊȐȚșȧ ȌȈȎȍ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ șȖȓȐȌȕȣȑ ȔȐȕțș
Ȋ ȊȐȌȍ ȔȖȋțȡȐȝ ȉȣȚȤ ȖȚ ȕȍȍ ȒȈȒ ȉțȌțȡȍȑ Ȏȍȕȣ ȌȍȚȍȑ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȣȝ ȕțȎȕȖ ȊȖșȗȐȚȣȊȈȚȤ ǹȓȖȊȖȔ ȉțȘȎțȈ ȚțȚ ȊȣșȒȈȏȣ-
ȊȈȍȚ șȊȖȦ ȖȉȣȟȕțȦ ȌȍȓȖȊȐȚȖșȚȤ țȔȍȕȤȍ «țȟȍșȚȤ» Ȋșȍ ȊȣȋȖ-
Ȍȣ Ȑ ȕȍȊȣȋȖȌȣ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȅȚȖ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȌȍȓȖȊȖȑ ȟȍ-
ȓȖȊȍȒ ȊȍȏȌȍ Ȑ ȊȖ ȊșȍȔ ȒȘȖȔȍ «Ȍȍȓ» Ȗȕ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȍȚ
ȕȈ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȖȍ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȕȍȚ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȐșȓȍ Ȑ ȕȈ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤ-
ȕȖȍ șȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ ș ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈȔȐ ǹȓțȟȈȑȕȖ Ȗȕ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȍȚșȧ ș Ȏȍȕ-
ȡȐȕȖȑ ȐȓȐ ȌȍȊțȠȒȖȑ ȊȐȌȐȚ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȍȔț ȕȘȈȊȐȚșȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ
ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȍȔț ș ȕȍȑ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȓțȟȠȍ ȟȍȔ ș ȌȘțȋȐȔȐ ȍșȚȤ ȟȚȖ-
ȚȖ Ȋ ȕȍȑ ȟȚȖ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȈȍȚ ȗȘȐȚȧȋȐȊȈȍȚ ǪșȧȒȐȑ ȌȘțȋȖȑ
ȕȍ șȚȖȓȤ ȊȍȘȕȣȑ ȗȖȒȓȖȕȕȐȒ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȋȖ șȚȘȖȧ Ȋ ȚȈȒȐȝ șȓț-
ȟȈȧȝ șȚȈȘȈȍȚșȧ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȚȤ ȏȕȈȒȖȔșȚȊȖ ȊȖȑȚȐ Ȋ ȌțȠȍȊȕȣȑ
ȔȐȘ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ Ȑ ȐȓȐ ȘȈȏȖȟȈȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȐȓȐ Ȏȍ țȉȍȌȐȚȤșȧ ȟȚȖ

59
ȓȦȉȐȚ Ȑ ȓȦȉȐȔ Ȑ ȒȖȕȟȐȚȤ ȉȘȈȒȖȔ ǵȖ ț ȌȍȓȤȞȈ ȕȈȠȍȋȖ
ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȕȍ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ Ȗȕ ȗȖșȔȖȚȘȐȚ ȕȈ ȚȈȒțȦ Ȍȍ-
ȊțȠȒț Ȑ ȖȚȖȑȌȍȚ
«ǵȍȒȖȋȌȈ ȊȖȏȐȚȤșȧ ǪȣȑȌȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȐȓȐ ȕȍ ȊȣȑȌȍȚ Ȉ ȊȘȍȔȧ
ȗȖȚȍȘȧȍȠȤ dzțȟȠȍ ȒțȗȐȚȤ».
ǬȈȎȍ Ȑ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȐȕȚȘȐȎȒȖȑ ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ ț
ȕȍȋȖ țȗȘȖȡȍȕȖ Ƕȕ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ șȊȖȐ țȝȈȎȐȊȈȕȐȧ ș ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍ-
ȕȐȧ ȗȖțȎȐȕȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȘȈȊȕȖșȐȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȦ
ȊșȚțȗȐȚȤ Ȋ ȓȦȉȖȊȕțȦ șȊȧȏȤ Ǫșȧ ȗȘȖȞȍȌțȘȈ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ, ȕȈȟȐ-
ȕȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȒȖȕȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȖȌȐȕ ȌȍȕȤ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȈșȖȊ Ǫ
șȓțȟȈȍ Ȏȍ ȖȚȒȈȏȈ țȎȐȕȈȚȤ «ȊȓȦȉȓȍȕȕȣȑ» ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȖȚȝȖȌȐȚ Ȑ
ȗȘȍȌȓȈȋȈȍȚ ȚȖ Ȏȍ șȈȔȖȍ ȌȘțȋȖȑ:
«ǯȈȗȓȈȚȐȚȤ ȧ ȋȖȚȖȊ Ȉ ȊȖȏȐȚȤșȧ ș ȚȖȉȖȑ — șȓțȋȈ ȗȖȒȖȘ-
ȕȣȑ»
ǰ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȍșȓȐ ȊșȚȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕțȦ ȚȖȟȒț ȏȘȍȕȐȧ
Ț ȍ ȞȍȕȐȚȤ Ȋ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȍȍ ȊȕȍȠȕȦȦ ȖȉȖȓȖȟȒț ȚȖ
ȕȍȚ șȔȣșȓȈ ȋȕȈȚȤșȧ ȏȈ ȕȍȌȖșȚțȗȕȖȑ Ȑ ȚȘȈȚȐȚȤ ȕȈ ȕȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ
ȒȖȋȌȈ ȔȖȎȕȖ șȒȖȘȍȍ țȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖȘȐȚȤ șȊȖȍ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȍ ș ȌȘțȋȖȑ
ȉȖȓȍȍ ȌȖșȚțȗȕȖȑ
ǪȍȌȤ ȖȉȖȓȖȟȒȈ ț Ȋșȍȝ ȗȖ șțȡȍșȚȊț ȖȌȐȕȈȒȖȊȈ ȘȈȏȕȐȞȈ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȜȖȘȔȍ Ȉ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȟȚȍȕȐȧ ȖȌ-
ȕȖȑ ȒȘȈșȐȊȖȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȗȘȍȌ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȒȘȈșȐȊȖȑ Ȏȍ ȎȍȕȡȐ-
ȕȖȑǺȈȒ ȖȕȖ Ȑ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȖȞȍȕȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȒȘȈșȖȚȈ
Ȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘ ȥȚȖȑ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ ȆȎȈȕȍ Țȍ Ȏȍ ȒȈȊȒȈȏȞȣ ȕȈȗȘȐ-
ȔȍȘ ȖȚȌȈȦȚ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȟȚȍȕȐȍ ȉȓȖȕȌȐȕȒȈȔ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȉȘȦȕȍȚȒȈȔȐ
Ȑ țȎȍ ȕȐȒȈȒȈȧ ȒȖȕȒțȘȍȕȞȐȧ ȔȍȎȌț ȉȓȖȕȌȐȕȒȖȑ Ȑ ȉȘȦȕȍȚ-
ȒȖȑ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȈ ǬȈȎȍ ȕȍȒȘȈșȐȊȈȧ ȉȓȖȕȌȐȕȒȈ ș țșȗȍȝȖȔ
ȒȖȕȒțȘȐȘțȍȚ ș ȒȘȈșȐȊȖȑ ȉȘȦȕȍȚȒȖȑ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȧȧ
ȒȘȖȔȍ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ, ȖȉȓȈȌȈȓȈ ȍȡȍ ȊșȍȔȐ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕșȚȊȈȔȐ țȔȈ Ȑ
șȍȘȌȞȈ
ǹȍȊȍȘȧȕȍ ȕȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȟȐȚȈȦȚ ȉȘȦȕȍȚȖȒ ȗȖȟȚȐ Ȋ ȚȖȑ
Ȏȍ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ
ǷȘȖșȚȖ ȌȖ ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖșȚȐ ǪȣȉȖȘ ȗȖ ȔȈșȚȐ ȒȈȒ ț șȍȓȤ-
șȒȐȝ ȝȖȏȧȍȊ — ȒȘȈșȕȣȑ ȉȣȒ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȞȍȕȐȚșȧ ȌȊțȔȧ-ȚȘȍȔȧ
ȘțȉȓȧȔȐ ȌȖȘȖȎȍ ȉȍȓȖȋȖ ȐȓȐ ȗȍșȚȘȖȋȖ ǷȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȖ «șȍ-
Șȣȝ Ȋ ȧȉȓȖȒȈȝ» ȚȖȎȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȕȈ ȖȌȕț ȌȖșȒț ș ȗȘȍ-
ȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȖȔ ȉȓȖȕȌȐȕȖȒ ȕȈ Ȧȋȍ Ȑ ȉȘȦȕȍȚȖȒ ȕȈ șȍȊȍȘȍ

ǪȣȍȏȌ — Ȑ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ ǰ ȚȖ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȖȍ ȗȖȌȉȐȘȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖ ȔȈșȚȐ
ȗȘȐȟȍȔ ȖȚ ȗȍȘȊȖȋȖ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚșȧ ȌȈȎȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȟȍȔ ȖȚ ȊȚȖȘȖȋȖ
ǪȣȍȏȌȕȣȍ «șȍȘȣȍ Ȋ ȧȉȓȖȒȈȝ» ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȚȤ ȍȡȍ Ȑ ȘȣșȐș-
ȚȣȔȐ Ȉ Ȍȓȧ ȓȦȉȊȐ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȉȓȖȕȌȐȕȒȈ ȐȓȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ
ȉȘȦȕȍȚȒȈ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ țȔșȚȊȍȕȕȖ Ȑ «ȕȍ ȘȣșȐșȚȈȧ».
ǹȒȖȚșȚȊȖ ȒȈȒȖȍ-ȚȖ, Ȉ ȕȍ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ

61
ǿǼDzdzǾǴǮǻǸǶ-DZǼǾǻǶȅǻȉdz
ǵȈ ȜȈȉȘȐȒȈȝ Ȑ ȏȈȊȖȌȈȝ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȍ Ȑȝ ȗȖȔȖȡȕȐȒȐ Ȑ
ȊȖȖȉȡȍ ȊȣșȠȐȍ șȓțȎȈȡȐȍ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȎȈȓȖȊȈȕȤȧ, ȗȖȓțȟȈȦȚ ȍȡȍ
ȖȚ ȝȖȏȧȐȕȈ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘț ș ȖȚȖȗȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȖșȊȍȡȍȕȐȍȔ Ȑ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊ-
ȒȖȑ Ȑ ȌȊȍ ȗȘȐșȓțȋȐ ǶȉȣȟȈȑ ȕȍșȖȔȕȍȕȕȖ ȝȖȘȖȠȐȑ Ȑ ȏȐȎ-
ȌȐȚșȧ ȕȈ ȌȖȉȘȣȝ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȐȧȝ șȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȝȖȏȧȍȊ — Ȗȉȍșȗȍ-
ȟȐȚȤ șȓțȎȈȡȐȔ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ țȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ:
ȉȍȏ ȕțȎȌȣ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȖ Ȑ țȌȖȉȕȖ ǵȖ ȊȍȌȍȚ ȥȚȖȚ ȖȉȣȟȈȑ ȌȈȓȍ-
ȒȖ ȕȍ Ȓ ȝȖȘȖȠȐȔ ȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȧȔ Ǭȓȧ șȍȔȍȑȕȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ
ȌȊȍ ȗȘȐșȓțȋȐ ȕȍ ȓȐȠȕȐȍ ȐȔ ȝȊȈȚȐȚ ȌȍȓȈ ȕȖ ȝȖȓȖșȚȖȑ ȊȗȖȓ-
ȕȍ ȖȉȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȉ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȌȈȍȚ ȖșȖȉȖȍ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ
ǶȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ ȕȈȕȐȔȈȍȚșȧ ȒțȝȈȘȒȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ Ȑ ȐșȗȖȓȕȧȍȚ
Ȋșȍ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ Ȑ ȗȖ Ȓțȝȕȍ Ȑ ȗȖ ȌȖȔț Ǩ ȊȔȍșȚȖ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȗȘȐșȓțȋȐ
ȉȍȘȍȚșȧ ȔȖȓȖȌȈȧ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȝ ȘȈȉȖȚ ȕȍ
ȓȍȎȐȚ ȖȕȈ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ Ȑ ȊȍȟȕȖ șȐȌȐȚ ȕȈ Ȧȋȍ
ȕȈ ȉȈȓȒȖȕȍ Ȉ ȕȈ șȍȊȍȘȍ ȕȈ ȒȘȣȓȍȟȒȍ Ȑ «ȋȘȣȏȍȚ» șȍȔȍȟȒȐ
ǯȈ ȥȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚ  Șțȉȓȍȑ Ȋ ȔȍșȧȞ Ȑ șȚȖȓ ǺȈȒȐȝ ȌȖȓȎ-
ȕȖșȚȍȑ ȗȖ ǸȖșșȐȐ șȖȚȕȐ Ȑ ȚȣșȧȟȐ Ȑ Ȋșȍ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȍ Ȑȝ Ȍȍ-
ȊțȠȒȐ ȒȖȕȟȈȦȚ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȖ ȥȚȖ ȘȍȏȍȘȊ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȞȐȐ
ǮȐȊȍȚ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ ȌȊȈ-ȚȘȐ ȋȖȌȈ ȕȈ ȝȖȘȖȠȐȝ ȝȓȍȉȈȝ
Ȋ ȗȖȓȕȍȑȠȍȑ ȗȘȈȏȌȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖȔ șȖȏȍȘȞȈȕȐȐ ȉȍșȗȍ-
ȟȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȎȐȚȐȧ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓȈ ȗȘȐȖȉȘȍȚȈȍȚ ȐȏȊȍ-
șȚȕȣȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ȕȈ ȚȘțȌ Ȑ ȚȘțȌȧȡȍȋȖșȧ ȗȖȓțȗȘȍȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ
ȗȖȓțșȕȐșȝȖȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ — Ȑ ȊȌȘțȋ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚ ȒȖȕȍȞ ȍȍ ȉȍșȗȍ-
ȟȈȓȤȕȖȔț șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȦ ȍȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ șȖȉȐȘȈȑ șȊȖȐ ȗȖȎȐȚ-
ȒȐ Ȑ țȝȖȌȐ
— DzțȌȈ"
— DzțȌȈ ȏȕȈȍȠȤ
ǵȖ ȍȑ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȕȍȒțȌȈ ȐȌȚȐ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȍ Ȋșȍ ȌȖȘȖȋȐ ȏȈȒ-
ȘȣȚȣ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȋȐȉȕȍȚ ȉȍȏȊȖȏȊȘȈȚȕȖ ȟȍȓȖ-
ȊȍȟȍșȒȈȧ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȤ
— DzțȌȈ ȧ ȗȖȑȌț" — ș ȖȚȟȈȧȕȐȍȔ șȗȘȈȠȐȊȈȓȈ Ȕȍȕȧ ȖȌȕȈ
Ȑȏ ȚȈȒȐȝ ȉȣȊȠȐȝ «ȋȖȘȕȐȟȕȣȝ». — ȇ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȗȖșȚțȗȐȓȈ -
ȚȐ ȓȍȚ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ țȔȍȓȈ ȌȍȓȈȚȤ Ȑ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȊȣțȟȐȓȈșȤ Ȗȕ ȕȍ
ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȓ Ȕȕȍ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ ȗȖ ȌȖȔț ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ «ȘțȒȐ ȋȘțȉȍȦȚ»,

62
— ȚȍȗȍȘȤ Ȕȕȍ  ȓȍȚ Ȑ ȧ ȕȐ șȠȐȚȤ ȕȐ șȊȈȘȐȚȤ ȕȍ țȔȍȦ ȌȈ
ȍȡȍ ȘȍȉȍȕȖȒ ȕȈ ȘțȒȈȝ
ǹȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖ, ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȘȍȉȍȕȒȈ Ȑ șȓțȎȐȚ
ȗȘȐȟȐȕȖȑ ȖȚȒȈȏȈ ȖȚ «ȔȍșȚȈ».
Ǫ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ șȈȔȖșȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ ȚȘțȌȧȡȍȋȖșȧ ȕȈșȍȓȍ-
ȕȐȧ șȐȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȌȕȧȓȖșȤ Ȉ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȚȍȔ țȊȍȓȐȟȐȓȖșȤ Ȑ ȟȐșȓȖ
șȓțȟȈȍȊ ȖȚșȚȈȐȊȈȕȐȧ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȘȈȊ Ȋ șțȌȍ ǸȈȕȤȠȍ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ
ȏȈ țȊȍȟȤȧ ȕȈ ȜȈȉȘȐȒȈȝ Ȑ ȏȈȊȖȌȈȝ ȝȖȏȧȍȊȈ ȗȓȈȚȐȓȐ Ȋ ȔȍȘț
șȊȖȍȑ ȌȖȉȘȖȚȣ Ț ȍ ȐȓȐ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȍșȓȐ ȝȖȏȧȐȕ ȕȍ ȌȖȉȘȣȑ
ȐȓȐ Ȏȍ ȒȈȒȐȍ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȗțșȚȧȒȐ șȚȖ-ȌȊȍșȚȐ Șțȉȓȍȑ ǺȍȗȍȘȤ
ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȏȕȈȍȚ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȚȖȟȕȖ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȗȕ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚ ȍșȓȐ ȖȉȘȈ-
ȚȐȚșȧ Ȋ șțȌ Ȉ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț «ȌȖȉȘȖȚȈ» ȒȈȒ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȈȧ ȔȍȘȒȈ
ȊȖȏȕȈȋȘȈȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒțȍȚșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȐ ȘȈșȗȓȈȚȍ ș ȚȍȔ-
ȕȣȔȐ ȟȍȘȕȖȘȈȉȖȟȐȔȐ ǶșȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ șȈȔȐ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȈȦȚ șțȔȔț
Ȑ ȍșȓȐ șȖȋȓȈȠȍȕȐȍ ȕȍ șȖșȚȖȐȚșȧ ȚȖ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȦȚșȧ Ȋ șțȌ ǺȖ
Ȏȍ șȈȔȖȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ Ȑ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȌȍȊțȠȍȒ Ȑ Ȏȍȕ-
ȡȐȕ ȗȘȐȎȐȊȠȐȝ Ȋȕȍ ȉȘȈȒȈ ȘȍȉȍȕȒȈ ǶȕȐ ȚȘȍȉțȦȚ «ȕȈ ȗȘȖ-
ȒȖȘȔȓȍȕȐȍ ȘȍȉȍȕȒȈ» Ȑ ȚȖȎȍ ȍșȓȐ șȖȋȓȈȠȍȕȐȍ ȕȍ șȖșȚȖȐȚ-
șȧ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȈȦȚ ȐșȒȐ
ǪȖȚ ȥȚȖ-ȚȖ ȖȗȈșȍȕȐȍ ȐșȒȈ șȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ «ȋȖȘȕȐȟȕȖȑ³ Ȑ ȏȈ-
șȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ Ȑȝ ȝȖȏȧȍȊ ȖȚȒȈȏȣȊȈȚȤ ȐȔ ȖȚ ȔȍșȚȈ ȒȈȒ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȧ-
ȊȧȚșȧ ȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȒȐ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȘȍȉȍȕȒȈ
ȆȘȐȌȐȟȍșȒȐ ȥȚȖ țȊȖȓȤȕȍȕȐȍ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ
ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȕȍ ȓȐȠȈȍȚ țȊȖȓȍȕȕțȦ ȗȘȈȊȈ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȚȤșȧ Ȋ șțȌ ǵȖ
ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȥȚȖ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖȍ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ ǬȍȓȖ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ
ȊȖȏȉțȌȐȚȤ ȐșȒ ȗȖ ȏȈȒȖȕț ȔȖȎȕȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖșȓȍ ȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ Șȍ-
ȉȍȕȒȈ — Ȉ țȊȖȓȤȕȧȍȚșȧ ȉțȌțȡȈȧ ȔȈȚȤ Ȑ ȐșȚȐȞȈ ȔȍșȧȞȍȊ ȏȈ
6- ȌȖ ȘȖȌȖȊ ȅȚȖȚ ȗȍȘȍȘȣȊ Ȋ - ȔȍșȧȞȍȊ țȎȍ șȈȔ ȗȖ șȍȉȍ
ȐȔȍȍȚ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȍ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȖȚȌȈȓȧȍȚ ȗȘȍșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ ȖȚ
ȕȈȟȈȓȈ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȧ ȟȚȖ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȊȣȋȖȌȕȖ ȗȘȍșȚțȗȕȐȒț ǯȈ ȥȚȖ
ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȖȚȍȘȗȍȊȠȈȧ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȖȚȍȘȧȚȤ Ȑȏ ȊȐȌț ȟȈșȚȤ șȊȐȌȍȚȍ-
ȓȍȑ șȖȎȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ȉȣȊȠȐȑ ȍȍ șȖȎȐȚȍȓȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȌȈȎȍ țȌȈ-
ȓȐȚȤ Ȑȝ țȊȖȓȐȊ ș ȏȈȊȖȌȈ ȐȓȐ ȜȈȉȘȐȒȐ Ȑ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ Ȋșȍ
ȔȍȘȣ Ȓ șȖȒȘȣȚȐȦ șȓȍȌȖȊ ȗȘȍșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧ ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ
ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ șȖȎȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ șȖȊșȍȔ Ȉ
Ȋ ȓțȟȠȍȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȐșȝȖȌ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȖȔȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ Ȉ șȓȍȌȖ-
ȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȘȐșȒȖȊȈȕȕȣȔ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȋȖșȗȖȌȈ șȖȎȐȚȍȓȐ Ȋ șȓțȟȈȧȝ
ȖȗȘȈȊȌȈȕȐȧ ȕȍ țȗțșȒȈȦȚ șȓțȟȈȧ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȊȖȏȉțȌȐȚȤ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ

63
ȐșȚȐȞȣ țȋȖȓȖȊȕȖȍ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȏȈ ȒȓȍȊȍȚț Ȑ ȠȈȕȚȈȎ
ǵȖ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȐșȝȖȌ «ȌȍȓȈ» șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȘȍȌȒȖ ȍȋȖ
ȔȖȎȕȖ șȟȐȚȈȚȤ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍȔ ǶȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ Ȏȍ țȊȖȓȍȕȕȈȧ
șȖȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȈ-ȋȖȘȕȐȟȕȈȧ ȕȍ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȈȍȚ ȐșȒȈ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ Ȑ
ȎȍȓȈȓȈ ȀȍșȚȐȔȍșȧȟȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȔȍȎțȚȖȒ ȔȍȎȌț țȊȖȓȤȕȍȕȐȍȔ
Ȑ ȔȖȔȍȕȚȖȔ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȐșȒȈ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȊȗȈ-
ȌȈȍȚ Ȋ ȕțȎȌț ȗȖȟȚȐ ȕȐȡȍȕșȚȊțȍȚ ȖȎȐȌȈȧ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ Șȍȉȍȕ-
ȒȈ Ǩ ȕȐȡȍȚȈ țȎȍ șȈȔȈ ȗȖ șȍȉȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȍ ȗȘȍȗȧȚșȚȊȐȍ Ȍȓȧ
ȏȈȡȐȚȣ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȘȈȊ — Ȉ ȚțȚ ȍȡȍ Ȋ ȗȍȘșȗȍȒȚȐȊȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊ-
ȓȧȍȚșȧ ȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȘȍȉȍȕȒȈ ȍȋȖ ȒȖȘȔȓȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȗȘ ǷȘȐȎȈȚȈȧ
ȐșȚȍȘȏȈȕȕȈȧ ȕțȎȌȖȑ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ ȕȍ ȊȣȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȍȚ Ȑ ȘȍȠȈȍȚșȧ
ȕȈ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȚȘȍȝ ȠȈȋȖȊ ȖȌȐȕȈȒȖȊȖ ȋȐȉȍȓȤȕȣȝ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȍ Ȑ ȒȈȒ
ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȊȣȋȖȌȕȣȝ Ȍȓȧ ȍȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ ǷȍȘȊȣȑ ȠȈȋ —
ȥȚȖ ȊȣȚȘȈȊȓȐȊȈȕȐȍ ȗȓȖȌȈ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ șȈȔȖȍ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕ-
ȕȖȍ Ȑ ȖȉȡȍȗȘȐȕȧȚȖȍ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȍ ȖȌȕȐȔȐ șȖȎȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊțȦȡȐ-
ȔȐ Ȋȕȍ ȉȘȈȒȈ ǶȋȘȖȔȕȖȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ ȗȘȐȉȍȋȈȦȚ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ Ȓ
ȥȚȖȔț ȟȍȔ Ȑ ȖșȊȖȉȖȎȌȈȦȚ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȉȣȊȠȍȋȖ șȖȎȐȚȍȓȧ ȖȚ ȒȈ-
ȒȐȝ ȉȣ ȚȖ ȕȐ ȉȣȓȖ ȖȉȧȏȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊ ȕȍȚ ȘȍȉȍȕȒȈ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ
Ȑ ȘȍȟȐ Ȗȉ ȐșȒȍ ǪȚȖȘȖȑ ȠȈȋ — ȥȚȖ ȗȖȌȒȐȌȣȊȈȕȐȍ ȘȍȉȍȕȒȈ
ȟȈșȚȖ ȖȚȞț ǺțȚ ȐȋȘȈȍȚ ȘȖȓȤ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕțȎȌȈ ȕȖ Ȑ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȍ
ȖȚȖȔșȚȐȚȤ ȝȖȚȧ ȟȍȔ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ǿȈșȚȖ ȗȘȐ ȔȓȈȌȍȕȞȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȚ ȏȈ-
ȗȐșȒȐ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȐȓȐ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȍȌȒȖȋȖ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȧ ȊȘȖȌȍ ©ǪȖȏȤȔȐ
șȊȖȍ ȗȖȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȈșȗȐȌ» Ȑ ȗȘ ǵȖ ȔȍșȚȤ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ ȕȍ
ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȍȚ ȞȍȓȐ. ǷȖȓțȟȐȊ ȘȍȉȍȕȒȈ ș ȗȖșȓȈȕȐȍȔ ȔȈȚȍȘȐ ȖȚȍȞ
ȏȈȗȐșȒț ȘȊȍȚ Ȉ ȘȍȉȍȕȒȈ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȓȧȍȚ Ȋ ȗȘȐȦȚ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȌȒȐȌȣ-
Ƞȍȑ ǵȈ ȥȚȖȔ Ȋșȍ Ȑ ȒȖȕȟȈȍȚșȧ ǪȔȍșȚȖ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȚȖȔ-
șȚȐȚȤ ȖșȒȖȘȉȐȚȍȓȦ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ ȗȖșȣȓȈȧ ȍȔț ȘȍȉȍȕȒȈ ȚȍȔ șȈ-
ȔȣȔ țȊȍȌȖȔȓȧȍȚ ȍȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȊșȧȒȈȧ ȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȤ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȋȖ ȔȐȕȖ-
ȊȈȓȈ
ǵțȎȕȖ ȗȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȟȈșȚȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ ȍȡȍ
ȕȍ ȕȈȌȖȍȓȈ șȊȖȍȔț ȖȉȓȈȌȈȚȍȓȦ Ȗȕ ȕȍ țȊȖȓȤȕȧȍȚ ȍȍ ȕȖ ȗȖȌ
țșȓȖȊȐȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ șȖȋȓȈșȐȚșȧ ȊȣȚȘȈȊȐȚȤ ȗȓȖȌ ȐȓȐ Ȏȍ ȖȚȌȈșȚ
ȘȖȌȐȊȠȍȋȖșȧ ȘȍȉȍȕȒȈ Ȋ ȗȘȐȦȚ ȗȖȌȒȐȌȣȠȍȑ ǰ, Ȓ șȖȎȈȓȍ-
ȕȐȦ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ șȖȏȕȈȚȤșȧ ȟȚȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ șȖȋȓȈȠȈȦȚșȧ
ȕȈ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȥȚȐȝ șȗȖșȖȉȖȊ ȖȚȌȍȓȈȚȤșȧ ȖȚ ȘȍȉȍȕȒȈ ǪȣȚȘȈȊ-
ȓȐȊȈȕȐȍ ȗȓȖȌȈ ȒȈȒ țȎȍ șȒȈȏȈȕȖ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒțȍȚșȧ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ Ȋ ȠȐ-
ȘȖȒȐȝ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȈȝ Ǭȓȧ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȦȚșȧ ȌȈȎȍ Ȓ șȗȍȞȐȈ-

64
ȓȐșȚȈȔ — «șȗȖșȖȉ» ȐȏȊȍșȚȍȕ ȊșȍȔ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈȔ ǨȒțȠȍȘȒȈ ȐȓȐ
ȊȘȈȟ ȗȘȐȏȣȊȈȦȚșȧ țȎȍ ȗȖșȓȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȒȈȒ ȊȣȒȐȌȣȠ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍ-
Ȍȍȕ ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȖȚȟȈșȚȐ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ ȥȚȖȔț ȘȖȎȌȈȍȔȖșȚȤ Ȋ
ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȋȖȘȖȌȈȝ ȕȐȎȍ șȔȍȘȚȕȖșȚȐ — ȝȖȚȧ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȋȓȈȊ-
ȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȥȚȖ ȏȈȊȐșȐȚ ȖȚ ȍȎȍȋȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȐȓȐȊȈ ȗȘȐȠȓȣȝ
ȉȍșșȍȔȍȑȕȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ǵȖ ȖȌȕȖ ȥȚȖ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȕȐȒȖȐȔ
ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȖ ȉȣ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍșȚȐ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȘȈȏȕȐȞȣ ȔȍȎȌț
ȟȐșȓȖȔ ȘȖȎȌȈȦȡȐȝșȧ Ȑ țȔȐȘȈȦȡȐȝ ǺȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ ȉȣ
ȌȖȗțșȚȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȉȍșșȍȔȍȑȕȣȍ ȐȓȐ ȗȖ ȔȍȕȤȠȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȉȖ-
ȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ ȊȍȌțȚ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȞȍȓȖȔțȌȘȍȕȕțȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȋ ȗȖȓȕȖȔ
ȖȚȟțȎȌȍȕȐȐ ȖȚ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ǵȖ ȕȈ ȚȈȒȖȔ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȐ ȕȐ-
ȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȕȐ ȕȈ ȔȐȕțȚț Ȕȣ șȚȘȈȌȈȍȔ ȒȈȒ ȘȈȏ Ȗȉ-
ȘȈȚȕȣȔ ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȣȔ șȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȍȔ Ȓ ȊȕȍȉȘȈȟȕȣȔ șȕȖȠȍ-
ȕȐȧȔ Ǩ ȍșȓȐ ȥȚȖ ȚȈȒ ȚȖ ȗȘȍȖȉȓȈȌȈȕȐȍ Ȋ ȕȈșȍȓȍȕȐȐ ȉȍș-
șȍȔȍȑȕȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȚȍȘȧȍȚ șȊȖȍ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ ǷȘȐȘȖȌȈ ȕȍ
ȏȕȈȍȚ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȐȧ ȔȍȎȌț șȕȖȠȍȕȐȧȔȐ ș «ȏȈȒȖȕȕȖȑ» ȎȍȕȖȑ Ȑ
șȕȖȠȍȕȐȧȔȐ ș ȋȖȘȕȐȟȕȖȑ ȉȖȕȕȖȑ ȠȊȍȍȑ Ȑ ȗȘ Ǫ ȘȍȏțȓȤ-
ȚȈȚȍ ȥȚȐȝ șȕȖȠȍȕȐȑ Ȑ Ȋ ȚȖȔ Ȑ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȚȤ
ȏȈȟȈȚȐȍ Ȉ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȑ ȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȕȖ ȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȑ ȕȍȚ
ȐȓȐ ȗȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȖȕȐ ȕȍ ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȦȚ ȚȖȑ ȕȖȘȔȣ ȒȈȒȖȑ
ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣ ȌȖșȚȐȋȕțȚȤ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȍșȚȤ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȕȐ-
ȎȈȍȚ ȥȚț ȕȖȘȔț ǰ Ȕȣ șȟȐȚȈȍȔ șȍȉȧ ȊȗȘȈȊȍ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ Ȋȣ-
ȚȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȓȖȌȈ Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌțȗȘȍȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȏȈȟȈȚȐȑ ȐȋȘȈȍȚ
ȚțȚ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȘȖȓȤ ǰ ȊȐȕȈ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȈȌȈȍȚ ȊșȍȞȍȓȖ ȕȈ
ȔțȎȟȐȕ ȖȕȐ ȖȌȕȐ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȕȣ țȉȐȑȞȈȔȐ ȏȈȘȖȎ-
ȌȈȦȡȍȑșȧ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǶȕȐ ȕȍ ȎȍȓȈȦȚ ȕȍșȚȐ ȉȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȖȚȞȖȊ șȊȖȐȝ
ȌȍȚȍȑ Ȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ șȊȖȐȔ șȖȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȈȔ
— ǰȓȐ țȉȍȑ ȐȓȐ ȐȌȐ Ȑ țȔȐȘȈȑ ș ȋȖȓȖȌț ȕȈ țȓȐȞȍ ȊȔȍș-
Țȍ ș ȚȊȖȐȔ ȖȚȗȘȣșȒȖȔ
ǰȔȍȕȕȖ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ ș ȚȊȖȐȔ, — Ȑ ȏȈȉȣȊȈȦȚ ȟȚȖ «ȖȚ-
ȗȘȣșȒȐ» Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȑ șȊȖȐ ǺȈȒȖȊȖ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ Ȓ șȖȉșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕȖȔț ȗȖȚȖȔșȚȊț ǶȕȖ ȕȐȟțȚȤ ȕȍ ȓțȟȠȍ țȉȐȑșȚȊȈ șȓȈȉȣȝ
ȌȍȚȍȑ ȌȘȍȊȕȐȔȐ ȕȈȘȖȌȈȔȐ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȝțȎȍ ǺȈȔ ȉȣȓȖ ȝȖȚȧ ȒȖȍ-
ȒȈȒȖȍ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȈȕȐȍ șțȘȖȊȣȍ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈ ȐșȒȓȦȟȈȓȐ ȊȖȏȔȖȎ-
ȕȖșȚȤ ȗȘȖȒȖȘȔȓȍȕȐȧ ȐȕȊȈȓȐȌȖȊ Ǩ ȚțȚ ǫȌȍ ȖȕȖ ȥȚȖ ȖȗȘȈȊ-
ȌȈȕȐȍ" ǶȌȐȕȖȒȐȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȟȈșȚȖ ȏȈȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȦȡȐȑ - Ȑ ȌȈ-
Ȏȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ Țȣșȧȟ Șțȉȓȍȑ Ȋ ȋȖȌ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ șȊȖȍȑ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȐȞȍ
— ǻȉȍȑ ȕȈȠȍȋȖ ȘȍȉȍȕȒȈ Ƕȕ ȕȈȔ ȕȍ ȕțȎȍȕ

65
DzȖȠȒȈ ȗȘȐȕȍșȓȈ ȠȍșȚȍȘȣȝ ȒȖȚȧȚ Ȑ ȝȖȏȧȐȕ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ
— ǶșȚȈȊȤȚȍ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ Ȉ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȗȧȚȤ țȚȖȗȐȚȍ
ǿȍȓȖȊȍȒ ș ȎȐȊȖȑ ȍȡȍ ȌțȠȖȑ Ȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȋȖ
ȊȖȏȔțȡȈȍȚșȧ Ȉ ȌȍȚȍȑ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȘȈșȗȖȘȧȎȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȐ-
ȊȖȌȐȚ Ȋ țȎȈș
Ǩ ȕȈ țȉȐȑșȚȊȖ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȟȈșȚȐ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȧ ȓȦȌȍȑ Ȕȣ
șȔȖȚȘȐȔ ȘȈȊȕȖȌțȠȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȚȤ ȒȈȒ
ȉțȌȚȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ Ȋ țȚȘȖȉȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐ ȕȍ ȚȈȒȖȑ Ȏȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȒȈȒ Ȋșȍ
ȗȘȖȟȐȍ.
— ȅȚȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ «ȗȓȖȌ».
ǽȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȖȍ șȓȖȊȍȟȒȖ ȊȣȝȊȈȟȍȕȕȖȍ Ȑȏ ȕȈțȟȕȖȋȖ ȓȍȒșȐ-
ȒȖȕȈ ȗȘȐȊȍȘȎȍȕȞȈȔȐ ȉțȘȎțȈȏȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȔȜȖȘȚȈ ǭșȓȐ ȕȈȏȊȈȚȤ
ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȔ ȐȓȐ ȔȓȈȌȍȕȞȍȔ ȚȖ ȗȘȐȌȍȚșȧ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗȉ
țȉȐȑșȚȊȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȔȓȈȌȍȕȞȈ Ǩ ȥȚȖ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȍ
ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȗ șȓȈȉȖȔ ȉȍșȗȖȔȖȡȕȖȔ șțȡȍșȚȊȍ ȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȖ,
Ȋ șȚȘȈȠȕȣȝ ȔțȟȍȕȐȧȝ țȔȐȘȈȦȡȍȔ ȖȚ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ «ȧȌȈ» Ȋ țȚ-
ȘȖȉȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐ DzȈȘȚȐȕȈ ȕȍ Ȑȏ ȗȘȐȧȚȕȣȝ Ȑ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȘȈșșȚȘȖȐȚȤ
ȕȍȘȊȣ ȕȍȎȕȣȔ ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȧȔ țȉȐȊȈȦȡȐȔ șȊȖȍ ȌȐȚȧ ȔȖȎȍȚ
ȐșȗȖȘȚȐȚȤ ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȌțȝȈ ȗȘȖȋȕȈȚȤ șȖȕ ȈȗȗȍȚȐȚ Ǩ ȥȚȖ
Ȋșȍ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȊȍȡȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖ Ȑ ȐșȟȍȘȗȣȊȈȍȚșȧ
ȊȍșȤ ȐȕȚȍȘȍș Ȓ ȎȐȏȕȐ șȣȚȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȉȍȏ ȕȐȝ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȗȖȕȐ-
ȔȈȍȚ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȑ ȏȈ ȕȐȝ ȋȕȍȚȍȚ Ȑ ȌȈȊȐȚ Ȋșȍ ȊȖȒȘțȋ șȍȉȧ
ǬȘțȋȖȍ ȌȍȓȖ — ȗȓȖȌ ǺțȚ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ șȚȘȈȠȕȖȋȖ ȕȍȚ
ǷȓȖȌ — ȥȚȖ ȋȘțȠȈ ȧȉȓȖȒȖ ȗȍȘșȐȒ «ȒȈȘȚȖȠȒȈ» ȈȘȉțȏ
Ȍȣȕȧ șȓȐȊȈ dzȍȎȐȚ «ȒȈȘȚȖȠȒȈ» Ȋ ȔȍȠȒȍ Ȑ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ ȋȕȐȚȤ,
ȍȍ ȉȍȘțȚ Ȑ ȊȣȉȘȈșȣȊȈȦȚ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȚ ȕȍȍ ȕȍ ȏȈȋȕȐȓȐ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȍ.
ǵȐȟȍȋȖ ȚȘȈȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȕȍȚ șȈȔȈȧ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȈȧ ȊȍȡȤ ȚȈȒ
Ȑ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȚȤ ǰȏ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȣȝ «ȒȈȘȚȖȠȍȒ» Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȊȣȑȌȍȚ
ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȊȒțșȕȖȍ ȗȦȘȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ șȢȍșȚȤ ȏȈȗȐȚȤ șȚȈȘȣȔ
ȊȐȕȖȔ Ȑ ȗȖȞȍȓȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ș șȖȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȍȑ ȟȚȖȉȣ șȖȏȌȈȚȤ
ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ ȕțȎȕȖȍ Ȍȓȧ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌșȚȊȈ ȕȖȊȣȝ, ȗȖȌȓȍȎȈȡȐȝ
țȕȐȟȚȖȎȍȕȐȦ «ȗȓȖȌȖȊ» ǵȍȌȈȘȖȔ ȈȗȖȓȖȋȍȚȣ ȉțȘȎțȈȏȕȖȋȖ
ȊȍȓȐȟȐȧ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖ ȚȊȍȘȌȧȚ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȐ
țȔȈ Ȑ ȏȕȈȕȐȑ ǻȔȕȣ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȖ Ȑ ȉȍșșȍȘȌȍȟȕȣ ȌȖ
ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖșȚȐ
ȇ ȐȏȊȐȕȧȦșȤ ȗȘȍȌ ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȍȔ ȏȈ ȥȚȖ ȖȚșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȔȈ-
ȓȍȕȤȒȖȍ țȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȍ Ǫ ȔȖȐ ȏȈȌȈȟȐ ȕȍ ȊȝȖȌȐȚ ȔȍȚȈȚȤ ȋȘȖȔȣ
ȗȖ ȟȤȍȔț ȉȣ ȚȖ ȕȐ ȉȣȓȖ ȈȌȘȍșț ȧ ȝȖȟț ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȤ

66
ȕȈ șțȌ ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ ȜȈȒȚȣ Ȑ ȗțșȚȤ ȒȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ
ȖȞȍȕȒț ȥȚȐȝ ȜȈȒȚȖȊ ǶȚ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȐȏȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȌȍȓȈȍȚșȧ șțȝȐȔ
ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȔȈȓȖȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȣȔ ȕȖ ȏȈȚȖ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ Ȕȕȍ
ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ țȌȈșȚșȧ ȐȏȉȍȋȕțȚȤ țȗȘȍȒȖȊ Ȋ ȗȘȍțȊȍȓȐȟȍȕȕȖȑ
ȖȞȍȕȒȍ ȜȈȒȚȖȊ
ǵȈȌȍȎȌȈ ȔȖȧ ȖșȕȖȊȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȧ ȋȖȊȖȘȦ ȗȖ ȊȖȏ-
ȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȗ ȜȈȒȚȈȝ ȖȉȡȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȝ Ȋ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈ-
ȕȐȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȍȌȊȈ ȓȐ ȍșȚȤ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ șȖȔȕȍȊȈȚȤșȧ
ǷȖȒȖȕȟȐȊ ȕȈ ȥȚȖȔ ș ȊȣȚȘȈȊȓȐȊȈȕȐȍȔ Ȑ ȗȖȌȒȐȌȣȊȈȕȐȍȔ,
Ȕȣ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȍȔșȧ Ȓ ȚȘȍȚȤȍȔț ȠȈȋț ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȘȐȕțȎȌȍȕȈ
ȘȍȠȐȚȤșȧ «ȋȖȘȕȐȟȕȈȧ», țȊȖȓȍȕȕȈȧ șȊȖȐȔ șȖȎȐȚȍȓȍȔ ȏȈ ȉȍ-
ȘȍȔȍȕȕȖșȚȤ
ȅȚȖȚ ȚȘȍȚȐȑ ȠȈȋ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȑ șȌȍȓȒȍ ǬȖȊȍ-
ȌȍȕȕȈȧ ȌȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȕțȎȌȣ Ȑ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȧ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȐșȝȖȌȈ ȖȕȈ
ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚ Ȓ șȊȖȍȔț ȉȣȊȠȍȔț șȖȎȐȚȍȓȦ Ȑ ȔȖȓȐȚ ȌȈȚȤ ȍȑ ȝȖȚȤ
ȟȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ:
— ǵȍ ȌȈȑȚȍ ȝȖȚȤ ș ȋȖȓȖȌț țȔȍȘȍȚȤ.
ǭȑ șȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȕȖȊțȦ «ȗȘȐșȓțȋț»
 ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȕȈ
ȗȘȐȠȓȈ «ȏȈȊȚȘȈ» Ȉ ȕȈȏȈȊȚȘȈ ȖȉȢȧȊȓȧȦȚ — ȌȖȔȈ ȕȍȚ ȗȖȚȖȔ
— ȏȈȕȧȚ ǰ ȚȈȒ ȌȖ Țȍȝ ȗȖȘ ȗȖȒȈ țȎȍ ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȋȖ
șȖȔȕȍȕȐȧ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȈ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ «ȏȈȕȖșȐȚȤșȧ» Ȑ ș ȉȓȈ-
ȋȖȌȈȘȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ șȔȐȘȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȐȔȍȚ ȊșȧȒȐȍ țșȓȖȊȐȧ ǷȖșȓȍ ȥȚȖ-
ȋȖ ȍȑ ȊȣȌȈȍȚșȧ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȗțșȚȧȒ Ȑ ȖȚȉȐȘȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖȌȗȐș-
ȒȈ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȏȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȧ:
«ȇ ȚȈȒȈȧ-ȚȖ șȓțȎȐȓȈ ț ȚȈȒȖȋȖ-ȚȖ Ȑ țȊȖȓȍȕȈ ȐȔ ȏȈ șȕȖ-
ȠȍȕȐȧ ș ȗȖșȚȖȘȖȕȕȐȔȐ ȔțȎȟȐȕȈȔȐ ȖȚȟȍȋȖ ȧ Ȑ ȏȈȉȍȘȍȔȍ-
ȕȍ-ȓȈ ǯȈ șȊȖȦ șȓțȎȉț ȖȚ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȚȖ ȧ Ȋșȍ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȈ șȗȖȓȕȈ Ȑ
ȕȐȒȈȒȐȝ ȗȘȍȚȍȕȏȐȑ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȕȍ ȐȔȍȦ Ȑ ȐȔȍȚȤ ȕȍ ȉțȌț».
ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ ȗȖȌȗȐșȣȊȈȍȚ ȒȓȍȊȍȚț ȕȈ șȍȉȧ
ǵȖ ȕȍ ȌțȔȈȑȚȍ ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȤ ȟȚȖ ȒȓȍȊȍȚȈ ȥȚȈ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȗȖȌ-
ȗȐșȒț ȘȈȌȐ ȐȏȌȍȊȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ǵȍȚ ȖȕȈ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȈ Ȍȓȧ Ȗȋ-
ȘȈȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȐȕȈȟȍ ȗȖȌȗȐșȒȈ
ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ ǯȈȒȖȕ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȍȚ ȗȘȈȊȖ ȕȈ ȟȈșȚȤ
șȘȍȌșȚȊ șȖȎȐȚȍȓȧ ȏȈ ȘȍȉȍȕȒȖȔ Ȉ ȕȍ ȏȈ ȍȋȖ ȔȈȚȍȘȤȦ ǰ ȍșȓȐ
ȉȣ Ȋ ȗȖȌȗȐșȒȍ ȉȣȓȖ șȒȈȏȈȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒȖȑ-ȚȖ țȗȓȈȚȐȓ șȊȖȍȑ
șȖȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȍ șȒȈȎȍȔ  Șțȉȓȍȑ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȒȖȘȔȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȐ-
ȎȐȚȖȋȖ ș ȕȐȔ ȘȍȉȍȕȒȈ ȗȘȐȟȍȔ ȖȕȈ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȝ ȗȘȍȚȍȕ-
ȏȐȑ ȐȔȍȚȤ ȕȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ — ȚȈȒȈȧ ȗȖȌȗȐșȒȈ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȓȈ ȉȣ ȏȕȈ-

ȟȍȕȐȧ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȕȍ ȐșȒȓȦȟȈȍȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȐșȒȈ șȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ
ȘȍȉȍȕȒȈ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȏȈȒȖȕȕȣȝ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȍȑ Ȑ ȖȗȍȒțȕȖȊ
ǷȖȥȚȖȔț ȕțȎȕȖ Ȋ ȗȖȌȗȐșȒț ȊȒȓȦȟȈȚȤ ȒȓȍȊȍȚț ȕȈ ȔȈȚȤ
ȟȚȖȉȣ ȐȏȉȈȊȐȚȤ șȍȉȧ ȖȚ ȗȘȍȚȍȕȏȐȑ ȌȐȚȧȚȐ ǰ ȥȚȈ ȒȓȍȊȍȚȈ ȗȖȌ-
ȗȐșȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȔȈȚȍȘȤȦ ȉȍșȗȘȍȒȖșȓȖȊȕȖ ǵțȎȌȈ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȍȍ
ȏȈȉȣȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȘȈȌȐ ȒȈȒȐȝ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ șȚȈ Șțȉȓȍȑ ȅȚȐ șȚȖ Șțȉȓȍȑ
ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣ ȍȑ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȏȈȊȚȘȈ ȕȍ țȔȍȘȍȚȤ ș ȋȖȓȖȌț
ǿȚȖ ȉțȌȍȚ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ — ȖȕȈ ȕȍ ȌțȔȈȍȚ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ Ȍț-
ȔȈȚȤ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȉȍȏȊȣȝȖȌȕȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȏȈșȓȖȕȧȍȚ
ȖȚ ȕȍȍ ȉțȌțȡȍȍ Ǩ ȉțȌțȡȍȍ ȘȈȏȕȖȍ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȕȖ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȗȍȟȈȓȤ-
ȕȖȍ Ȑ ȔȘȈȟȕȖȍ

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ǿǼDzdzǾǴǮǻǸǶ
ǴȍȎȌț șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȒȈȔȐ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖ Ȑ ȖȌȐȕȖȟȒȈȔȐ-ȗȘȖș-
ȚȐȚțȚȒȈȔȐ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȗȘȖȊȍșȚȐ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȐȓȐ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȑ
ȟȍȘȚȣ ȍșȓȐ ȕȍ ȉȘȈȚȤ ȚȈȒ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔȣȝ ȌȈȔ ȗȖȓțșȊȍȚȈ ȒȖȚȖ-
Șȣȝ Ȕȣ ȕȍ ȒȈșȈȍȔșȧ Ț Ȓ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȥȚȖȑ ȒȈȚȍȋȖȘȐȐ ȗȘȖȌȈȎ-
ȕȣȝ ȎȍȕȡȐȕ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȐșȟȍȘȗȈȕȈ Ȑ ȒȘțȗȕȣȔȐ Ȑ ȔȍȓȒȐ-
ȔȐ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȈȔȐ
Ǩ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȊ ȥȚț ȒȈȚȍȋȖȘȐȦ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȖȒ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ șȒȈ-
ȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȒȐ ȕȍ ȊȣȝȖȌȧȚ Ȑȏ ȟȍȘȕȖȋȖ Țȍ-
ȓȈ Ȋ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȍ ȖȕȐ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȍ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȖșȊȖ-
ȉȖȌȐȚȤșȧ ȖȚ ȊȘȈȟȍȉȕȖ-ȗȖȓȐȞȍȑșȒȖȋȖ ȕȈȌȏȖȘȈ Ȑ ȕȈȝȖȌȧșȤ ȕȈ
șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȐ ț ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȓȐȞȈ ȖȜȐȞȐȈȓȤȕȖ ȟȐșȓȧȚșȧ ȗȘȖșȚȐ-
ȚțȚȒȈȔȐ ǬȈ Ȑ Ȋ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȕȍ
ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȍȚ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȚȤșȧ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȞȐȍȑ «ȗȘȐȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȚȤ» Ȓ ȚȖȑ
șțȔȔȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚșȧ ȖȚ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȧ
ȇȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȥȚȖ ȗȖ ȕȈȠȍȔț ȔȕȍȕȐȦ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȍȚșȧ Ȋșȍ ȚȍȔ
Ȏȍ «țȗȘȖȡȍȕȕȣȔ» ȊȏȋȓȧȌȖȔ ȕȈ ȎȍȕȡȐȕț Ȗ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ Ȕȣ ȋȖ-
ȊȖȘȐȓȐ ȊȣȠȍ ǮȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȕțȎȕȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȒȈȒ șȈȔȒȈ ȒȈȒ șț-
ȉȢȍȒȚ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȗȖȓȖȎȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȈ ǵȈ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȍ șȊȖȍ-
ȋȖ ȧ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȕȍ șȚȖȐȚ ȘȈȏȖȘȧȚȤșȧ Ȍȓȧ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȋȖȌȐȚșȧ ȒȈȎ-
ȌȈȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȕȍ șȚȘȈȌȈȦȡȈȧ ȒȈȒȐȔ-ȓȐȉȖ țȘȖȌșȚȊȖȔ ȕȍȖȉ-
ȝȖȌȐȔȣȝ ȖȘȋȈȕȖȊ ǶȚșȦȌȈ Ȑ țșȚȈȕȖȊȐȓȐșȤ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȍ ȖȚȕȖ-
ȠȍȕȐȧ Ȓ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȒȈȔ ȕȍ ȒȈȒ Ȓ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȐȞȈȔ Ȉ ȒȈȒ Ȓ șȊȖȍȋȖ
ȘȖȌȈ «ȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȞȈȔ» ȐȓȐ ȗȘȐșȓțȋȍ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȊȖȏȓȖȎȍȕȣ
șȗȍȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȖȉȧȏȈȕȕȖșȚȐ Ǫ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ, șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȒȈ ȏȈȕȐ-
ȔȈȍȚ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȟȚȖ Ȑ ȋȖȘȕȐȟȕȈȧ-șȖȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȈ —
ȘȈȏȕȐȞȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȗȍȘȊȈȧ ȎȐȊȍȚ Ȋ ȌȖȔȍ șȊȖȍȋȖ «ȋȖș-
ȗȖȌȐȕȈ» Ȉ ȊȚȖȘȈȧ — ȕȈ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȍ ǵȖ ȥȚȈ ȘȈȏȕȐ-
ȞȈ Ȋ ȗȖȓȕȖȑ ȏȈȊȐșȐȔȖșȚȐ ȖȚ șȍȔȍȑȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȗȖȒȘȖ-
ȊȐȚȍȓȧ ǽȖȓȖșȚȖȑ Ȑ ȎȐȊțȡȐȑ ȕȈ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȍ —
șȖȌȍȘȎȐȚ ȋȖȘȕȐȟȕțȦ Ȉ ȎȍȕȈȚȣȑ ȐȓȐ ȎȐȊțȡȐȑ Ȋ șȍȔȤȍ —
ȐȔȍȍȚ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȒț
ǵȖ Ȑ Ȓ ȋȖȘȕȐȟȕȖȑ, Ȑ Ȓ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȒȍ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ ȖȌȐȕȈ-
ȒȖȊȣ — Ȑ Ȋ ȚȖȔ, Ȑ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȥȚȖ «ȘȈȉȖȟȈȧ șȐȓȈ» ȝȖȚȧ
Ȑ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȤȕȈȧ Ǩ ȗȘȐ ȗȖȒțȗȒȍ ȘȈȉȖȟȍȑ șȐȓȣ ȉțȘȎțȈ ȊșȍȋȌȈ
Ȑ ȊȍȏȌȍ ȕȍȐȏȔȍȕȍȕ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȋȖ ȥȚȖ ȚȖȊȈȘ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȕțȎȕȖ Ȓț-

69
ȗȐȚȤ ȒȈȒ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȌȍȠȍȊȓȍ Ǭȓȧ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȥȚȖȑ ȞȍȓȐ ȒȈȒ
ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ ȖȌȐȕ șȗȖșȖȉ — ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȕȖșȐȚȍȓȧ «ȘȈ-
ȉȖȟȍȑ șȐȓȣ» șȖȒȘȈȚȐȚȤ șȊȖȐ ȗȖȚȘȍȉȕȖșȚȐ ȌȖ ȔȐȕȐȔțȔȈ Ȉ
ȍșȓȐ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȚȖ ȘȈșȝȖȌȣ ȗȖ țȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȦ Ȑ ȥȚȐȝ șȖȒ-
ȘȈȡȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȖȚȘȍȉȕȖșȚȍȑ ȖȗȓȈȟȐȊȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ Ǭȓȧ ȥȚȖȋȖ
«șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȒȍ» ȕȈȕȐȔȈȍȚșȧ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȒȈ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȕȍ-
ȒȈȏȐșȚȈȧ Ȑ ȌȈȍȚșȧ Șțȉȓȍȑ ȌȍșȧȚȤ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȒȖȘȔȓȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȕȈ ȚțȈ-
ȓȍȚȣ ǵȈ ȥȚȐ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ, Ȋ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ, ȔȖȎȕȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍ țȔȍȘȍȚȤ
ș ȋȖȓȖȌț ȕȖ șȣȚȣȔ Ȑ ȖȌȍȚȣȔ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȉȣȚȤ Ǩ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț «șȖ-
ȌȍȘȎȈȕȒȍ» ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ «ȗȘȐȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȚȤ» ȕȈ șȚȖȘȖȕȍ — ȖȕȈ
ȚȈȑȕȖ ȖȚ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȧ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚ Ȓ șȍȉȍ ȔțȎȟȐȕ ȐȓȐ
Ȏȍ «ȋțȓȧȍȚ» ȗȖ ȗȈȕȍȓȐ ǹȓȖȊȖȔ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȊȘȖȌȍ Ȑȏ-
ȊȍșȚȕȖȑ «ȗȖȚȖȋȖȕȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ» ǿȍȓȖȊȍȒ, Ȋ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ, ȗȘȖ-
ȌȈȍȚ șȍȉȧ ȕȖ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȍȕȐȧ șȊȖȍȋȖ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȕȍ ȗȖȓț-
ȟȈȍȚ Ȑ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ ȥȚȖȔț ȗȖȗȈȌȈȍȚ Ȋ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȍ țșȓȖȊȐȧ
ǷȖȓțȟȈȍȔȣȝ ȖȚ «ȗȖȒȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȧ» șȘȍȌșȚȊ ȕȍ ȝȊȈȚȈȍȚ ȕȈ ȎȐȏȕȤ,
Ȉ ȗȘȐȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȚȤ ȕȈ șȚȖȘȖȕȍ — ȏȕȈȟȐȚ ȕȈȘțȠȈȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȈȊȈ
ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȊȓȈȌȍȓȤȞȈ ȏȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȗȕ ȌȍȘȎȐȚșȧ ȊȍșȤȔȈ
șȚȖȑȒȖ ȗȖ ȔȕȖȋȐȔ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȈȔ.
ǪȖ-ȗȍȘȊȣȝ «ȗȘȐȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȧ» șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȒȈ țȎȍ ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȧȍȚ
ȍȋȖ ȒȈȒ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȐȒȈ Ȓ ȟȍȔț ȉțȘȎțȈ Ȉ Ȋ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Ȕȍȓ-
ȒȐȍ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȟțȊșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣ ǪȖ-ȊȚȖȘȣȝ Ȗȕ ȖȝȘȈȕȧȍȚ șȊȖȍ
ȏȌȖȘȖȊȤȍ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȒȈ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȏȈȘȈȏȐȚȤșȧ Ȑ ȏȈȘȈȏȐȚȤ
ȗȖȚȖȔ ȍȋȖ șȈȔȖȋȖ
ǪȊȐȌț ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȈȌȏȖȘ ȏȈ ȕȍȑ ȖȟȍȕȤ șȚȘȖȋȐȑ Ȑ Ȋ șȓțȟȈȍ
«ȐȏȔȍȕȣ» ș ȍȍ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȘȈșȗȘȈȊȈ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȎȍșȚȖȒȈȧ: ȗȖȒȘȖ-
ȊȐȚȍȓȤ ȒțȓȈȒȈȔȐ șȚȈȘȈȍȚșȧ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ Ȑ ȊȉȐȚȤ Ȋ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȒț
șȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ ȕȍȕȈȘțȠȐȔȖșȚȐ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȈȊ
— Ǫ ȔȍșȧȞ ȘȈȏ ȌȍșȧȚȤ ȖȚȒȖȓȖȚȐȚ — ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȈ Ȕȕȍ
ȖȌȕȈ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ ȉȣȊȠȈȧ ȕȈ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȐ ȖȒȖȓȖ ȋȖȌȈ — ǵȐ-
ȒȈȒ ȕȍ țȝȖȘȖȕȐȠȤșȧ ȐȓȐ ȝȖȏȧȑȒȈ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȕȈȧ
 șȒȈȎȍȚ ȐȓȐ
ȋȖȘȖȌȖȊȖȑ Ȉ ȚȖ ȌȊȖȘȕȐȒ
ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ-șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȒȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȉȐȚȈ ȒȈȎ-
Ȍȣȍ ȚȘȐ Ȍȕȧ ȖȌȐȕ ȘȈȏ Ȉ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȋȖȌȈ ȖȒȖȓȖ șȚȈ ȌȊȈȌȞȈȚȐ
ȘȈȏ ǸȈșȝȖȌȖȊȈȓ ȕȈ ȕȍȍ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȤ  Șțȉȓȍȑ Ȋ ȔȍșȧȞ 
Șțȉȓȍȑ ȗȓȈȚȐȓ ȏȈ ȒȖȔȕȈȚț Ȑ  Șțȉȓȍȑ ȌȈȊȈȓ ȍȑ ǬȊȍșȚȐ șȖ-
ȘȖȒ Șțȉȓȍȑ Ȋ ȋȖȌ Ȑ șȚȖ ȌȊȈȌȞȈȚȤ ȗȖȉȖȍȊ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȟțȊ-

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șȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ǭșȓȐ șȟȐȚȈȚȤ ȗȖ  Șțȉȓȧ ȏȈ ȒȈȎȌȣȍ ȗȖȉȖȐ Ȑ
ȚȖȋȌȈ ȓȈșȒȐ ȍȍ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȐșȤ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȦ ȌȈȘȖȔ
— ǻȎ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȕȍ ȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ Ȋ «ȌȖȔ» ȐȌȚȐ ȗȖȚȖȔț Ȑ ȚȍȘȗȍ-
ȓȈ — ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȍȚ ȖȕȈ
ǵȖ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ, Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȕȍ ȊȣȚȍȘȗȍȓȈ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍșȍȓȐȓȈșȤ
Ȋ «ȌȖȔ».
— Ƕȕ ȉȤȍȚ Ȉ ȕȈ țȓȐȞȍ ȋȖȘȖȌȖȊȣȍ ȗȘȐșȚȈȦȚ ȎȍȓȚȣȑ ȉȐ-
ȓȍȚ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ ȊȖȏȤȔȐ Ȉ ȚȖ Ȋ țȟȈșȚȖȒ
Ǩ ȖȕȈ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȑ ȚȍȘȗȍȓȈ ȗȖȉȖȐ Ȑ
ȊșȧȒȐȍ ȐȏȌȍȊȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ șȖȎȐȚȍȓȧ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȝȖȚȍȓȈ ȉȘȈȚȤ șȚȘȈȠ-
ȕȣȑ Ȍȓȧ ȊșȧȒȖȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ «ȎȍȓȚȣȑ ȉȐȓȍȚ» ǪȏȧȚȤ ȥȚȖȚ ȉȐ-
ȓȍȚ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ ȗȖȚȍȘȧȚȤ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȚȈ Ȓ «ȝȖȘȖȠȍȑ» ȎȐȏ-
ȕȐ ǰ ȥȚȐȔ șȚȘȈȝȖȔ «ȗȖȒȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȐ» ȚȈȒȎȍ ȕȍ șȚȍșȕȧȦȚșȧ
ȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤșȧ DzȘȖȔȍ ȒțȓȈȟȕȖȋȖ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȖȕȐ ȍȡȍ ȋȘȖ-
ȏȧȚ ȌȖȕȍșȚȐ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȐ Ȑ «ȗȖȝȓȖȗȖȚȈȚȤ» ȟȚȖȉȣ «ȕȍȗȖȒȖȘȕȖȑ»
ȊȣȌȈȓȐ «ȉȐȓȍȚ».
ǰȏ șȚȘȈȝȈ ȗȘȍȌ ȥȚȐȔ ȉȐȓȍȚȖȔ ȖȌȕȈ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ
șȓțȟȈȑȕȖ ȗȖȗȈȊȠȈȧ ȕȈ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ ȊȣșȐȌȍȓȈ ȖȒȖȓȖ  Ȕȍ-
șȧȞȍȊ ȉțȒȊȈȓȤȕȖ Ȋ ȖȌȐȕȖȟȕȖȔ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȐ ǷȘȐȍȝȈȓȈ ȖȕȈ Ȋ
ȕȍȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȑ ȍȑ ȋȖȘȖȌ Ȋ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȍ ȗȖșȚțȗȐȚȤ Ȋ ȉȖȕȕȣ ȕȖ ȗȖ-
ȗȈȓȈ Ȋ ȕȍțȌȖȉȕȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȓȍȚȖȔ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȉțȘȎțȈ ȘȈȏȢȍȏȎȈȦȚ-
șȧ ȗȖ ȌȈȟȈȔ — Ȑ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȕȍ ȕȈȠȓȈ ȗȘȖȎȐȓȈ Ȋșȍ
ȟȚȖ ȐȔȍȓȈ Ȑ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȋȖȓȖȌȈȚȤ Ǫ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȖȌȊȍȘȕțȓșȧ
«ȌȖȉȘȣȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ» Ȑ Ȋȏȧȓ ȍȍ ȕȈ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ
ǷȍȘȊȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȋșȍ ȠȓȖ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȕȖ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȐșȗȖȘȚȐȓȖșȤ
ǬȊȖȘ ȋȌȍ ȖȕȈ ȎȐȓȈ ȉȣȓ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ș ȔȈșșȖȑ ȎȐȓȤȞȖȊ Ȋșȍ
ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȕȈȝȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊ ȖȌȐȕȖȒȐȝ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȝ ǪșȧȒȐȑ ȘȈȏ ȒȖ-
ȋȌȈ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȓȈ ȕȈ ȒȘȣȓȍȟȒȖ Ȑȏ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȒȐ ȖȚȖȊșȦȌț
șȣȗȈȓȐșȤ ȗȘȐȊȍȚșȚȊȐȧ ȠțȚȒȐ ȕȍșȒȘȖȔȕȖșȚȐ ǷȖȒȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȤ
ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓ ȥȚȖ Ȑ șȚȈȓ ȘȍȊȕȖȊȈȚȤ ȝȖȚȧ șȈȔȈ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȋȖ
ȗȖȊȖȌȈ Ȓ ȘȍȊȕȖșȚȐ ȕȍ ȗȖȌȈȊȈȓȈ
ǶȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ Ȑȏ ȉȍȌȕȖȑ ȟȐȕȖȊȕȐȟȤȍȑ șȍȔȤȐ Ȑ șȚȘȈȠȕȖ ȉȖȧ-
ȓȈșȤ șȒȈȕȌȈȓȈ ©DzȈȒ ȉȣ ȕȍ ȌȖȠȓȖ ȌȖ ȘȖȌȕȣȝ», — ȕȖ ȗȖȒ-
ȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȤ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȍ șȖȖȉȘȈȎȈȓ Ȑ șȚȈȘȈȓșȧ ȊșȧȟȍșȒȐ
ȖȋȘȈȌȐȚȤ ȖȚ ȗȖșȧȋȈȚȍȓȍȑ șȊȖȦ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ǺȈȒ Ȗȕ șȕȈȟȈ-
ȓȈ ȗȖȌȒțȗȐȓ ȝȖȏȧȑȒț Ȑ ȌȊȖȘȕȐȒȈ ȕȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȐ ȕȍȐȏȔȍȕȕȖ
ȏȈȧȊȓȧȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȉȈȘȣȠȕȧ ȊȖȌȣ ȕȍ ȏȈȔțȚȐȚ — ȕȍ ȊȍȘȐȓ ȗȖȌȖ-

71
ȏȘȍȊȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ Ȑȏ ȌȖȝȖȌȖȊ ȖȚ ȗȖșȚȖȘȖȕȕȐȝ ȖȉȖȎȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȗȖȌ-
ȒțȗȈȍȚ șȊȖȐȝ ȕȈȌȏȐȘȈȚȍȓȍȑ:
— ǶȕȈ ȊȈȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȌȈȍȚ Ȋȣ Ȑ ȗȖȒȘȣȊȈȍȚȍ ȍȍ
ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȉȣȚȤ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ țȊȍȘȍȕȕȣȔ Ȗȕ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖ țȚ-
ȘȖ țȝȖȌȧ ȕȈ șȓțȎȉț ȏȈȗȍȘ ȍȍ ȕȈ ȏȈȔȖȒ ǬȍȊțȠȒȈ ȊȖȏȔțȚȐ-
ȓȈșȤ ȗȘȖȚȍșȚȖȊȈȓȈ ȏȈȧȊȐȓȈ ȌȈȎȍ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȎȍȓȈȍȚ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ș
ȕȐȔ ȎȐȚȤ ȕȖ Ȗȕ ȗȘȐȋȘȖȏȐȓ ȍȑ ȟȚȖ șȍȑȟȈș Ȏȍ ȗȖȑȌȍȚ Ȋ ȗȖ-
ȓȐȞȐȦ Ȑ ȏȈȧȊȐȚ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȒȈ
ǻȋȘȖȏȈ ȥȚȈ ȚȈȒ ȗȖȌȍȑșȚȊȖȊȈȓȈ ȕȈ ȕȍȍ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ș ȥȚȐȝ ȗȖȘ
țȎȍ ȕȍ ȘȍȠȈȓȈșȤ ȗȘȖȚȍșȚȖȊȈȚȤ Ȑ ȗȖȌȟȐȕȧȓȈșȤ ȊșȍȔ ȍȋȖ ȘȈș-
ȗȖȘȧȎȍȕȐȧȔ Ǩ ȘȈșȗȖȘȧȎȍȕȐȧ ȉȣȓȐ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ǹ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ
Ȗȕ ȗȘȐȕȖșȐȚ ȍȑ ȗȘȖȊȐȏȐȦ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȖȕȈ ȕȈ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȑ
ȌȍȕȤ Ȑ ȋȖȚȖȊȐȚ șȍȉȍ ȕȈ ȒȍȘȖșȐȕȒȍ ȖȉȍȌ șȐȌȧ ȗȖȌ ȏȈȔȒȖȔ
ǬȊȍȘȤ ȕȍ ȏȈȗȐȘȈȓȈșȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȐȐ Ȋ ȥȚȖ ȚȖȓȤ-
ȒȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȍȑ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȓȖșȤ ȗȖȝȖȌȐȚȤ ȗȖ ȌȊȖȘț ȗȖșȚȖȧȚȤ ȕȈ
ȒȘȣȓȍȟȒȍ ǰȕȖȋȌȈ ȊȗȘȖȟȍȔ Ȗȕ ȊȖȌȐȓ ȍȍ Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌșȒȖȑ șȈȌ Ȋ
ȚȍȈȚȘ Ȋ ȞȐȘȒ — ȕȖ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȘȍȌȒȖ ȏȈ Ȋșȍ ȌȍȊȧȚȤ ȔȍșȧȞȍȊ 
ȐȓȐ  ȘȈȏ
ǶȒȖȕȟȐȓȖșȤ ȥȚȖ «ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍ» ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ șȖșȍȌȧȔ,
ȎȐȓȤȞȈȔ ȚȖȋȖ Ȏȍ ȌȊȖȘȈ ǶȕȐ șȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȗȖȚȍȠȈȓȐșȤ ȥȚȖȑ «Ȑș-
ȚȖȘȐȍȑ» ȐȏȌȍȊȈȓȐșȤ ȕȈȌ «ȚȦȘȍȔȡȐȒȖȔ» ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȒȘȐ-
ȒȖȔ țȝȈȕȤȍȔ ȕȈșȔȍȠȒȈȔȐ ȊșȧȒȐȔȐ ȔȐșȚȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧȔȐ ȊȘȖ-
Ȍȍ ȏȈȧȊȓȍȕȐȑ Ȗ ȗȖȉȍȋȍ «ȗȚȐȟȒȐ» Ȑ ȗȘ — Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔ șȚȈȓȐ ȊȖȏ-
ȔțȡȈȚȤșȧ Ȑ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȗȖȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȓȐ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȘȍȠȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȟȚȖ-
ȉȣ Ȗȕ ȗȘȍȒȘȈȚȐȓ «șȊȖȍ ȚȐȘȈȕșȚȊȖ».
ǬȍȊțȠȒȈ ȥȚȈ țȍȝȈȓȈ Ȑȏ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ȗȘȐ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ Ȏȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎ-
ȕȖșȚȐ
DzȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȥȚȖ ȍȌȐȕȐȟȕȣȑ șȓțȟȈȑ ȕȍ Ȋșȍ ȚȈȒ ȘȍȊȕȐȊȖ Ȗȝ-
ȘȈȕȧȦȚ șȊȖȦ «șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȤ» ǵȖ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ȕȈ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȒț ȒȈȒ
ȕȈ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȖȉȡȐȑ Ȋșȍ ȘȍȠȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȚ ȔȍȘȣ
Ȓ ȖȝȘȈȕȍ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȘȈȊ ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ
șȖȎȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊțȦȡȍȑ ș ȕȐȔ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ Ȑ ȕȍ șȚȈȘȈȍȚșȧ ȗȘȐȊȧ-
ȏȈȚȤ ȍȍ Ȓ șȍȉȍ ȥȚȖ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȕȍȗȘȖȟȕȖ Ȉ ȋȓȈȊȕȖȍ ȕȍ șȖȋȓȈș-
ȕȖ ș ȖȉȡȍȗȘȐȕȧȚȣȔ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȖȔ ȕȈ «ȘȈȉȖȟțȦ șȐȓț» ǮȐȊȈȧ
ȘȈȉȖȟȈȧ șȐȓȈ ȒȈȒȖȊȈ ȉȣ ȖȕȈ ȕȐ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȖ ȔȕȍȕȐȦ ȉțȘȎțȈ
ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȏȈ șȖȉȖȑ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȕȈȌȏȖȘȈ Ȑ ȕȈȌȏȖȘȈ ǰȔ Ȑ Ȋ
ȋȖȓȖȊț ȕȍ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚ ȟȚȖ ȋȓȈȊȕȈȧ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȈ «ȐȏȔȍȕ» ȓȍȎȐȚ
ȕȍ Ȋ ȓȍȋȒȖȔȣșȓȐȐ ȐȓȐ ȘȈȏȊȘȈȡȍȕȕȖșȚȐ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȖȒ Ȉ Ȋ ȕȍ-

ȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȗȖȗȖȓȕȐȚȤ șȊȖȑ ȉȦȌȎȍȚ ȗȖșȚȖȘȖȕȕȐȔ ȏȈȘȈȉȖȚ-
ȒȖȔ ǬȈ Ȑ șȈȔ ȘȍȎȐȔ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȕȍ șȗȖșȖȉșȚȊȖ-
ȊȈȓ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȦ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȧ «ȐȏȔȍȕȐȚȤ». «ǹȖȌȍȘȎȈȚȍȓȤ»
ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ șȐȌȍȓȈ ȌȖȔȈ Ȑ ȕȐȒȖȋȖ
Ȓ șȍȉȍ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȓȈ ǹȖȏȌȈȍȚșȧ ȕȍȟȚȖ ȊȘȖȌȍ ȚȦȘȍȔȕȖȑ ȎȐȏ-
ȕȐ ȕȈșȚȘȈȐȊȈȦȡȍȑ ȌȍȊțȠȒț ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȕȍ Ȋ ȗȖȓȤȏț șȊȖȍȋȖ ȗȖȒ-
ȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȧ ǪȍȟȕȖ ȗȘȈȏȌȕȈȧ Ȑ ȕȈȍȌȐȕȍ ș șȈȔȖȑ șȖȉȖȑ, ȖȕȈ ȕȍ
ȔȖȎȍȚ ȕȍ ȗȖȎȍȓȈȚȤ ȝȖȚȧ ȕȈ ȟȈș ȗȖȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȚȤ șȊȖȦ
ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȑ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȉȘȖșȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȗȍȘȊțȦ ȗȖȌȊȍȘȕțȊȠțȦșȧ ȐȕȚ-
ȘȐȎȒț ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ Ȑ ȕȍ ȕțȎȌȈȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȌȍȕȤȋȈȝ
ǵȖ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȐ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȦȚ ȖȕȐ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐ-
ȊȈȦȚ ȜȈȒȚȣ ș ȌȘțȋȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ Ȑ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȧȚ Ȓ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȗȖȓȖȎ-
ȕȣȔ ȊȣȊȖȌȈȔ ©Ǫșȍ ȘȈȊȕȖ ȔȈȓȖ ȌȈȍȠȤ — Ȑȏ-ȏȈ Ȍȍȕȍȋ “ȚȈș-
ȒȈȍȚșȧ” ȔȕȖȋȖ ȌȈȍȠȤ — ș ȎȐȘț ȉȍșȐȚșȧ».
Ǫ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚșȧ ȕȍȟȚȖ ȉȍȏȖȉȘȈȏȕȖȍ Ȑ ȕȍȍșȚȍșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕȖȍ dzȦȌȐ, Ȋ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ, ȕȐȟȍȔ ȕȍ șȊȧȏȈȕȣ șȖȎȐȚȍȓȤșȚ-
ȊțȦȚ ȗȖ ȌȖȉȘȖȊȖȓȤȕȖȔț șȖȋȓȈșȐȦ Ȉ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ ȉȍȏ șȒȈȕ-
ȌȈȓȈ ȕȍ ȖȉȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ Ȍȕȧ ȉȘȈȕȤ Ȑ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ
șȓȖȊȍșȕȣȍ ȗȍȘȍȗȈȓȒȐ ȖȉȧȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȣ ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȖ Ȉ ȌȘȈȒȐ ȖȌȐȕ-
ȌȊȈ ȘȈȏȈ Ȋ ȕȍȌȍȓȦ ǺȈȒȖȍ «șȖȎȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ» ȗȖȊȍȓȖ ȌȈȎȍ Ȓ
ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȖȝȖȏȧȍȊȈ ȕȍȖȝȖȚȕȖ ȗțșȒȈȦȚ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȖȒ Ȑ
ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȕȈȉȈȊȓȧȦȚ Ȟȍȕț ȕȈ ȒȖȔȕȈȚț ȊȗȍȘȍȌ ȏȕȈȧ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȌȍȚ-
șȧ șȟȐȚȈȚȤșȧ ș ȉȘȈȕȤȦ Ȑ ș ȗȖȚȈșȖȊȒȈȔȐ
ǺȖȓȤȒȖ șȘȈȊȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȐȍ țșȚȘȈȐȊȈȦȚ ȎȐȏȕȤ șȊȖȐȝ
șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȖȒ șȕȖșȕȖ
ǴȈșșȈ Ȏȍ Ȋ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȔȍȓȒȐȍ ȉțȘȎțȈ ȖȚȕȖșȧȚșȧ Ȓ
șȊȖȐȔ «ȌȈȔȈȔ șȍȘȌȞȈ» ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȖȗȐșȈȕȖ ȊȣȠȍ ǩȓȈ-
ȋȖȌȈȘȧ ȥȚȖȔț ȔȍȎȌț ȌȖȔȈȔȐ ȚȍȘȗȐȔȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȒȈȌȘȈȔȐ șȖȌȍȘ-
ȎȈȕȖȒ șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ ȎȐȊȈȧ șȊȧȏȤ ǪȣȑȌȍȚ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ Ȑȏ «ȌȖȔȈ»
ȕȈ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ ȗȖȎȐȊȍȚ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȖȗȧȚȤ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȈȍȚșȧ ǰȓȐ
Ȏȍ ȗȖȗȈȌȍȚ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ ȕȈ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ ȗȖȎȐȊȍȚ ȗȖȒȈ ȍșȚȤ ȚȍȘ-
ȗȍȕȐȍ Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔ șȔȖȚȘȐȠȤ ȖȕȈ ȐȓȐ Ȋ «ȖȌȐȕȖȟȒȐ» ȏȈȗȐșȈ-
ȓȈșȤ ȐȓȐ Ȏȍ ȗȖșȚțȗȐȓȈ Ȋ ȌȖȔ ǺȈȒ ȟȚȖ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ ȖȕȈ ȖȌȐȕȖȟ-
ȒȈ ȏȈȊȚȘȈ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȒȈ ȗȖșȓȍȏȈȊȚȘȈ — ȗȈȕșȐȖȕȍȘȒȈ «ȌȖȔȈ».

73
ǼDzǶǻǼȅǸǶ
ǮȐȏȕȤ ȖȌȐȕȖȟȒȐ ȗȖȎȈȓțȑ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ șȕȖșȕȍȍ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ
ȏȈȊȐșȐȔȖșȚȐ — ȕȖ ȏȈȚȖ Ȑ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȍȕȈ
Ǫ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȚȧȎȍȓȣȔ ȉȘȍȔȍȕȍȔ ȓȖȎȐȚșȧ ȕȈ ȖȌȐȕȖȟ-
Ȓț ȘȈșȝȖȌ ȕȈ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘț Ȑ ȗȓȈȚȈ ȌȖȒȚȖȘț ȏȈ ȖșȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ-
ȊȈȕȐȍ ǯȈ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘț ș ȝȓȍȉȈȔȐ ș ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȒȐ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ  Șțȉ-
ȓȍȑ ȕȍ ȊȖȏȤȔțȚ ȅȚț șțȔȔț ȕțȎȕȖ ȗȓȈȚȐȚȤ ȍȌȐȕȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ
Ȑ ȏȈ ȔȍșȧȞ ȊȗȍȘȍȌ ȟȚȖ țȎȍ ȖȌȕȖ ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȚȧȋȖșȚȕȖ ȚȈȒ
ȒȈȒ ȏȈȘȈȉȖȚȖȒ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖȌȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȊȐȏȐȚȕȖ
 ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ ȕȈ
ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘț ȕțȎȕȖ ȒȖȗȐȚȤ ǵȖ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȖșȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȊȈ-
ȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȚșȧ ȌȊȈ ȘȈȏȈ Ȋ ȕȍȌȍȓȦ Ȑ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȘȈȏ ȌȖȒȚȖȘț
ȕțȎȕȖ ȗȓȈȚȐȚȤ Ȋ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȋȖȘȖȌȈȝ ȌȖ  Ș ȏȈ ȒȈȎȌȖȍ Ȗș-
ȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȟȚȖ ȚȖȎȍ șȖșȚȈȊȐȚ ȒȘțȗȕȣȑ ȘȈșȝȖȌ ǷȘȐ-
ȉȈȊȤȚȍ Ȓ ȥȚȖȔț ȘȈșȝȖȌȣ ȕȈ ȚțȈȓȍȚ Ȑ ȕȈ «ȖșȖȉțȦ ȟȐșȚȖȚț» Ȑ
ȖȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ ȕțȎȕȖ ȏȈȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ ȟțȚȤ ȓȐ ȕȍ  Șțȉȓȍȑ Ȋ Ȕȍ-
șȧȞ ȐȓȐ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȚȘȍȝ Șțȉȓȍȑ Ȋ ȌȍȕȤ ǬțȘȕȈȧ ȗȖȋȖȌȈ ȓȍȚ-
ȕȐȑ ȘȈȏȢȍȏȌ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȕȖȊȐȕȒȈ — ȟȈșȚȖ ȗȘȍȘȣȊȈȦȚ ȏȈȘȈ-
ȉȖȚȖȒ ȕȈ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȍȕȍȑ Ȑ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȘȈșșȚȘȖȐȚȤ
Ȋșȍ ȘȈșȟȍȚȣ ȖȌȐȕȖȟȒȐ ǷȘȐȠȍȓ ȗȖȕȍȌȍȓȤȕȐȒ ȕțȎȕȖ ȐȌȚȐ
Ȓ ȌȖȒȚȖȘț Ȉ Ȍȍȕȍȋ ȕȍȚ ǵȈ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȕȈ ȚȘȍȚȐȑ ȌȍȕȤ ȖȕȈ țȎȍ Ȋ
țȟȈșȚȒȍ Ȉ ȖȚȚțȌȈ ȊȖȓȍȑ-ȕȍȊȖȓȍȑ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȗȖșȚțȗȈȚȤ Ȋ ȌȖȔ ȖȚ-
ȒțȌȈ ȖȕȈ țȎȍ ȕȍ șȒȖȘȖ ȊȣȘȊȍȚșȧ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȚȖȚȟȈș ȏȈȒȈȉȈȓȧȍȚ-
șȧ ȌȖȓȋȖȔ
Dz ȟȐșȓț ȖȌȐȕȖȟȍȒ ȕțȎȕȖ ȖȚȕȍșȚȐ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȑ ȚȈȒ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍ-
Ȕȣȍ ȚȈȑȕȣȍ ȗȘȐȚȖȕȣ șȈȔȖȍ ȊȘȍȌȕȖȍ țȟȘȍȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȑ
ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȅȚȐ ȗȘȐȚȖȕȣ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȚșȧ șȖȔȕȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȧȔȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȕȐȒȈȒ țȎȍ ȕȍ țȌȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖ-
ȓțȟȐȚȤ ȘȈȏȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȐȍ «ȌȖȔȈ» ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȉȖȑȚȐ ȏȈ-
ȒȖȕ ȖȕȐ șȕȐȔȈȦȚ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘț ș ȔȈșșȖȑ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȒȖȔȕȈȚ Ȑ
ȕȈȉȐȘȈȦȚ ȊȗȈȊȠȐȝ Ȋ ȕțȎȌț ȖȌȐȕȖȟȍȒ ȗȖȌ ȊȐȌȖȔ ȕȈȝȓȍȉȕȐȞ
ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȖȕȐ șȕȐȔȈȦȚ ș șȍȉȧ ȊșȧȒțȦ ȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȤ
ǰȝ ȗȈȕșȐȖȕȍȘȒȐ Ȋ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȐ ȟȐșȓȧȚșȧ ȒȈȒ ȖȌȐȕȖȟȒȐ Ȑ ȖȚ-
ȊȍȟȈȦȚ ȏȈ șȍȉȧ șȈȔȐ ǹȖȌȍȘȎȈȚȍȓȤ ȗȘȐȚȖȕȈ ȕȐ ȏȈ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȖȚȊȍ-
ȟȈȍȚ Ȗȕ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȖȝȖȏȧȐȕ ȕȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ
Ǫ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ ȍȋȖ Ȓ ȗȈȕșȐȖȕȍȘȒȈȔ ȕȐ-
ȟȍȔ ȕȍ ȘȈȏȕȧȚșȧ ȖȚ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȑ Ȋ «ȖȜȐȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ» ȌȖȔȈȝ Ƕȕ

ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ ș ȋȖșȚȍȑ ȗȘȖȌȈȍȚ ȐȔ ȕȈȗȐȚȒȐ șȓȍ-
ȌȐȚ ȏȈ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȖȔ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȈȍȚ Țț ȐȓȐ ȐȕțȦ ȌȍȊțȠȒț Ȓ «ȋȖș-
ȚȦ» Ȑ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ ȊȍȌȍȚ Ȋșȍ ȌȍȓȖ
ǶȉȘȈȡȍȕȐȍ ș ȌȍȊțȠȒȈȔȐ Ȋ ȥȚȐȝ ȗȘȐȚȖȕȈȝ șȈȔȖȍ ȊȖȏȔț-
ȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ Ȑȝ ȉȤȦȚ ȗȓȍȚȤȦ ȏȈ ȔȈȓȍȑȠțȦ ȗȘȖȊȐȕȕȖșȚȤ ȐȓȐ
ȌȈȎȍ șȖȊșȍȔ ȉȍȏ ȊȐȕȣ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȚȍȓȤ ȗȘȐ-
ȚȖȕȈ ȕȍ Ȋ Ȍțȝȍ ȐȓȐ «ș ȗȖȝȔȍȓȤȧ» Ǩ ȎȈȓȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȕȍȒȖȔț ȚȈȒ
ȒȈȒ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȝ ȘȍȋȓȈȔȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȑ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ Ȓ șȖ-
ȌȍȘȎȈȚȍȓȦ ȌȖȔȈ ȕȍȚ ȖȕȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȈȕȚȒȈ Ȑ, ȒȈȒ ȚȈȒȖ-
ȊȈȧ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȐșȒȈȚȤ șȊȖȦ ȖȉȐȌț Ȋ șțȌȍ ȟȍȋȖ, ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ, ȍȡȍ ȕȍ
ȉȣȊȈȓȖ ȏȈ Ȋșȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȞȐȐ

75
ǺǮǹǼǹdzȀǻǶdz ǰ ǽǾǶȀǼǻǮȃ
ǺȈȒȖȍ ȉȍȏȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȚȍȓȧ ȚȈȑȕȖ-
ȋȖ ȗȘȐȚȖȕȈ ȌȈȍȚ ȍȔț ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȕȍ șȖȉȓȦȌȈȚȤ ȏȈȒȖȕȖȊ Ȗ
ȔȈȓȖȓȍȚȕȐȝ Ȗȕ ȊȍȌȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȌȈȍȚ ȒȖȔȕȈȚț ȕȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ
ǰȏ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒȐ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ©ǶȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ȏȈȡȐȚȣ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȕȣȝ Ȏȍȕ-
ȡȐȕ» ȐȏȊȍșȚȍȕ ȚȈȒȖȑ șȓțȟȈȑ Dz ȖȉȡȍșȚȊț ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓȈșȤ ȏȈ ȗȖ-
ȒȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȔ Ȑȏ ȉȖȓȤȕȐȞȣ ȌȍȊȖȟȒȈ  ȓȍȚ Ǫ ȉȖȓȤȕȐȞȍ ȖȕȈ
ȟȐșȓȐȓȈșȤ ȒȈȒ ȗȖșȚțȗȐȊȠȈȧ Ȑȏ ȌȖȔȈ ȚȍȘȗȐȔȖșȚȐ ȋȌȍ ȖȕȈ
ȗȘȖȎȐȓȈ ȌȖ ȗȖșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȉȖȓȤȕȐȞț ȖȒȖȓȖ ȋȖȌȈ ǯȕȈȟȐȚ Ȋ
ȌȖȔ ȖȕȈ ȗȖșȚțȗȐȓȈ ȊșȍȋȖ  ȓȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȏȈȒȖȕȖȔ ȕȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ-
șȧ Ǫ «ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍ» ȊȖȏȕȐȒ ȊȖȗȘȖș Ȗ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȐ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȚȍ-
ȓȍȑ ȌȖȔȈ Ȓ țȋȖȓȖȊȕȖȑ ȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ǵȖ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȈȊȍȓȐ
șȗȘȈȊȒȐ Ȋ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȐ ȚȖ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ «ȖȌȐȕȖȟȒȈ» Ȑ ȎȐ-
ȓȈ ȕȍ Ȋ ȌȖȔȍ ȚȍȘȗȐȔȖșȚȐ Ȉ Ȋ «ȗȈȕșȐȖȕȍ» Ȍȓȧ ȖȌȐȕȖȟȍȒ ©ǷȈȕ-
șȐȖȕª Ȏȍ ȥȚȖȚ ȕȍ ȟȚȖ ȐȕȖȍ ȒȈȒ ȚȈȑȕȣȑ ȗȘȐȚȖȕ șȖȌȍȘȎȐ-
Ȕȣȑ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȚȍȔȕȖȑ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȤȦ ǴȈȓȖȓȍȚȕȐȍ Ȋ ȚȈȒȐȝ ȗȘȐȚȖ-
ȕȈȝ ȕȍ ȘȍȌȒȖșȚȤ ȕȖ Ȋșȍ ȖȕȐ ȟȐșȓȧȚșȧ ȖȌȐȕȖȟȒȈȔȐ Ȑ ȚȈȒȐȔ
ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȐȏȉȈȊȓȧȦȚ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȝȖȏȧȐȕȈ ȖȚ ȊșȧȒȖȑ ȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȖșȚȐ Ȗ ȟȍȔ șȈȔȐ Ȑ ȕȍ ȗȖȌȖȏȘȍȊȈȦȚ ǵȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ Ȋșȍ ȖȕȐ Ȍț-
ȔȈȦȚ ȟȚȖ ȔȍȎȌț ȕȐȔȐ Ȑ ȝȖȏȧȐȕȖȔ șțȡȍșȚȊțȦȚ ȖȉȧȏȈȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȣȍ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ «șȓțȠȈȚȤșȧ» ȍȋȖ ȊȖ ȊșȍȔ
— Ȑ, ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ șȓțȠȈȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ Ȑȝ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȧȚ
Ȓ ȗȖȊȐȕȖȊȍȕȐȦ ȗȓȍȚȤȦ Ǫ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȐ ȥȚȐȝ ȖȉȧȏȈȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȣȝ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȑ ȖȕȐ ȕȍ șȖȔȕȍȊȈȦȚșȧ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ
Ȑȝ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ țȊȍȘȧȍȚ șȈȔ «ȝȖȏȧȐȕ» ȕȖ Ȑ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȗȖ-
ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȚȖȕ ȗȖșȍȡȈȍȚșȧ ȈȋȍȕȚȈȔȐ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ
șȖ ȊșȍȔȐ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȧȔȐ Ȑ ȘȈșȗȖȘȧȎȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȦȚșȧ Ȓ
©ȝȖȏȧȐȕțª Ȉ ȕȍ Ȓ ȒȈȎȌȖȑ ȎȐȓȐȟȒȍ Ȋ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ
ǵȍ ȘȍȌȒȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȥȚȐȝ Ȏȍ ȗȘȐȚȖȕȈȝ Ȑ ȋȘȈȉȍȎȐ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ țȉȐȑ-
șȚȊȈ ȗȖșȍȚȐȚȍȓȍȑ ǮȍȘȚȊț ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ șȗȈȐȊȈȦȚ ȒȈȒȐȔ-ȓȐ-
ȉȖ șȕȖȚȊȖȘȕȣȔ ȖȉȐȘȈȦȚ ȌȖȟȐșȚȈ Ȉ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȊȣȕȖșȧȚ ȕȈ țȓȐ-
Ȟț ȒțȌȈ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ Ȋ ȗțșȚȖȑ ȗȍȘȍțȓȖȒ ǶȟȕțȊȠȐșȤ ȖȋȘȈȉȓȍȕ-
ȕȣȑ ȟȈșȚȖ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȘȐȗȖȔȕȐȚȤ ȋȌȍ Ȑ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȔ ȐȔȍȕ-
ȕȖ ȗȘȐȚȖȕȍ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ ȌȈȎȍ Ȑ țȒȈȏȈȓ ȚȈȒ Ȑ
ȚȖȋȌȈ Ȑȏ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȍȌȊȈ ȓȐ ȟȚȖ-ȓȐȉȖ ȊȣȠȓȖ ȉȣ ǵțȎȕȖ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ
ȜȈȒȚ ȋȘȈȉȍȎȈ Ȉ ȥȚȖ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȚȘțȌȕȖ Ȋ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȒȖȋȌȈ

șȖȟțȊșȚȊȐȍ ȈȋȍȕȚȖȊ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȐ ȕȍ ȕȈ șȚȖȘȖȕȍ ȗȖșȚȘȈȌȈȊȠȍȋȖ
ǪȖȖȉȡȍ, ȎȈȓȖȉ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ Ȋ ȗȖȓȐȞȍȑșȒȐȍ țȟȈșȚȒȐ ȗȘȐȕȖșȐȚ-
șȧ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȔȕȖȋȖ Ȉ ȌȖ șțȌȈ ȥȚȐ ȎȈȓȖȉȣ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȌȖ-
ȝȖȌȧȚ

77
ǻǼǺdzǾǮ Dzǹȍ ǽǾǶdzǵǴǮȌȇǶȃ
ǺȈȒțȦ Ȏȍ ȘȖȓȤ ȗȖ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȦ Ȓ ȖȌȐȕȖȟȒȈȔ ȐȋȘȈȦȚ ȔȕȖ-
ȋȐȍ «ȕȖȔȍȘȈ Ȍȓȧ ȗȘȐȍȏȎȈȦȡȐȝ» ǿȈșȚȤ ȥȚȐȝ «ȕȖȔȍȘȖȊ» ȉțȒ-
ȊȈȓȤȕȖ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȚ ȐȕȖȋȖȘȖȌȕȐȝ ȗȘȐȍȏȎȐȝ Ȑ ȎȐȊȍȚ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȖȚȌȈȟȍȑ ȒȖȔȕȈȚ ȖȌȐȕȖȟȒȈȔ ȕȈ ȖȌȕț ȕȖȟȤ ǸȈȏȕȐȞȈ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȗȘȐȚȖȕȍ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȚțȚ Ȏȍ ȎȐȊțȚ Ȉ «ȕȖ-
ȔȍȘȈ» ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȘȈȏ ȗȖșȣȓȈȦȚ ȏȈ ȕȐȔȐ ȍșȓȐ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ Ȏȍ-
ȓȈȦȡȐȑ ǵȖ ȘȈȏ ȖȌȐȕȖȟȒȈ Ȋ șȚȍȕȈȝ «ȕȖȔȍȘȖȊ» ȖȕȈ șȚȈȕȖ-
ȊȐȚșȧ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȒȈȒ Ȑ Ȋ ȗȘȐȚȖȕȍ ǿȈșȚȤ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕ--
ȕȖȑ ȗȓȈȚȣ ȗȖȓȖȊȐȕț
 ȖȕȈ ȖȚȌȈȍȚ ȝȖȏȧȐȕț ȕȈ ȕȍȍ ȊȖȏȓȈ-
ȋȈȍȚșȧ ȖȉȧȏȈȕȕȖșȚȤ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȚȤ ș «ȋȖșȚȧ» ȒȈȒ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ
ȕȈȗȐȚȒȖȊ Ȑ ȗȘ ǶȕȈ ȐȏȉȈȊȓȍȕȈ ȚțȚ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȚ ȌȐșȞȐȗȓȐ-
ȕȈȘȕȣȝ ȊȏȣșȒȈȕȐȑ șȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȝȖȏȧȐȕȈ ȕȖ ȏȈȚȖ Ȑ ȝȖȏȧȐȕ ȕȍ
ȕȍșȍȚ ȗȖ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȦ Ȓ ȕȍȑ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȝ ȖȉȧȏȈȕȕȖșȚȍȑ Ƕȕ ȌȈȍȚ
ȍȑ ȗȖȔȍȡȍȕȐȍ ȏȈ ȗȓȈȚț ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȊȏȣșȒȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ș «ȋȖșȚȧ»,
ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚ ȗȖȓȖȊȐȕț ȍȍ ȏȈȘȈȉȖȚȒȈ ȉȈȘȣȠȐ ș ȗȖȚȘȍȉȓȍȕȕȣȝ
ȕȈȗȐȚȒȖȊ Ȑ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȕȍ ȊȝȖȌȐȚ Ȋ ȍȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȕȐ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȖ ȎȐȓȐȡȈ ȗȐȡȐ ȖȌȍȎȌȣ ȕȐ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȍȍ ȖȉȧȏȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊ
ȗȍȘȍȌ ȊȘȈȟȍȉȕȖ-ȗȖȓȐȞȍȑșȒȐȔ ȕȈȌȏȖȘȖȔ Ǫ șȓțȟȈȍ ȕȈȌȖȉȕȖ-
șȚȐ Ȗȕ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȝȘȈȕȐȚ ȚȈȑȕț ȍȍ ȗȖșȍȡȍȕȐȑ «ȕȖȔȍȘȖȊ» ȅȚȖ
ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȖȒ Ȑ ȏȈȔțȎȕȐȝ ȎȍȕȡȐȕ ȍș-
ȓȐ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȗȖȗȈȓȐ Ȋ șȗȐșȒȐ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȖȒ ǵțȎȕȖ
șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒȐȝ ȎȍȕȡȐȕ Ȋ «ȕȖȔȍȘȈȝ» ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȕȍȔȈȓȖ; ȥȚȖ
ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ Ȏȍȕȣ ȔȍȓȒȐȝ șȓțȎȈȡȐȝ Ȑ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȝ ȟȈȡȍ ȗȘȈȒ-
ȚȐȒțȦȡȐȍ ȌȕȍȔ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȔțȎ ȕȈ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ Ǫ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ, ȥȚȖ ȕȈ-
ȟȐȕȈȦȡȐȍ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȒȐ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ ȖȕȐ ȖșȚȈȊ-
ȓȧȦȚ ȔțȎȈ Ȑ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȍȌȈȦȚșȧ ȗȖȏȖȘȕȖȔț ȘȍȔȍșȓț
ǰȝ șȖȉȓȈȏȕȧȍȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȓȍȋȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ Ȍȓȧ ȕȐȝ
ȏȈȘȈȉȖȚȒȈ ǹȖȉȓȈȏȕ țșȐȓȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȍȡȍ Ȑ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȚȤ
ȐȔ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȗȘȐ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȊȣȋȖȌȕȣȝ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ ǯȈȘȈȉȖ-
ȚȖȒ ȔțȎȈ ȌȈȍȚ ȐȔ Ȋșȍ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚȣ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ Ȉ ȏȈ-
ȘȈȉȖȚȖȒ Ȋ «ȕȖȔȍȘȈȝ» ȞȍȓȐȒȖȔ ȐȌȍȚ «ȕȈ ȉțȓȈȊȒȐ» Ȑ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ
ȕȈ ȗȖȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȍ ȝȖȏȧȑșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȉȦȌȎȍȚȈ Ǫ ȋȓȈȏȈȝ ȔțȎȈ ȥȚȖ
ȗȖȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȖȉȐȓȐȍ «ȉțȓȈȊȖȒ» ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȦȚșȧ ȥȒȖȕȖȔȐȍȑ Ȋ
ȝȖȏȧȑșȚȊȍ ǷȘȐȍȔ ȐȏȉȐȚȣȑ ȊșȍȔ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȑ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ Ȗȕ țȌȈȍȚ-
șȧ ȔțȎȤȧ ȊȍȘȧȚ ȍȔț Ȑ ȖșȚȈȦȚșȧ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȣ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȥȒȖ-

78
ȕȖȔȕȣȔȐ Ȑ ȝȖȏȧȑșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȎȍȕȈȔȐ ȗȖȒȈ ȒȈȒȈȧ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ
șȓțȟȈȑȕȖșȚȤ ȕȍ ȘȈșȒȘȣȊȈȍȚ ȐȔ ȋȓȈȏȈ
ǵȈ șȟȍȚ ȥȚȐȝ Ȏȍ ȕȖȔȍȘȖȊ ȕțȎȕȖ ȖȚȕȍșȚȐ Ȑ ȘȈȏȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȍ
ȌȍȊțȠȍȒ ȎȐȊțȡȐȝ Ȋ șȍȔȤȍ ȗȘȐ ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȧȝ ȅȚȖ ȗȖȎȈȓțȑ
șȈȔȈȧ ȊȘȍȌȕȈȧ șȚȖȘȖȕȈ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧ «ȕȖȔȍȘȖȊ» ǵȍȘȍȌȒȖ
ȚțȌȈ ȗȖȗȈȌȈȦȚ ȌȈȎȍ țȟȈȡȐȍșȧ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ, ȊȗȘȖȟȍȔ
ȕȍ ȉȍȏ ȊȐȕȣ Ȑ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ țȟȍȉȕȣȍ ȏȈȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȦ-
ȡȐȧ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ țȟȍȕȐȞȈȝ șȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȜȘȈȕȚȖȊșȚȊț Ȑ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ
Ȓ ȘȖșȒȖȠȐ ǩȍȌȕȈȧ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ ȟțȊșȚȊțȍȚ șȍȉȧ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȓȖȝȖ Ȋ
șȘȍȌȍ șȊȖȐȝ ȚȖȊȈȘȖȒ ȡȍȋȖȓȧȦȡȐȝ ȒȖșȚȦȔȈȔȐ; ȥȚȐ ȚȖȊȈȘȒȐ
ȗȘȧȔȖ ȜȣȘȒȈȦȚ ȕȈ ȗȖȕȖȠȍȕȕȣȑ ȒȖșȚȦȔ ȗȖȌȘțȋȐ Ȑȏ ȉȍȌ-
ȕȖȑ șȍȔȤȐ DzȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ ș ȚȊȍȘȌȣȔ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȖȔ Ȑ ȗȘȈ-
ȊȐȓȤȕȣȔ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȖȔ ȕȈ ȊȍȡȐ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȐȋȕȖȘȐȘțȍȚ ȥȚȖ ȜȣȘ-
ȒȈȕȤȍ — ȕȖ ȊȍȌȤ ȚȊȍȘȌȣȝ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȖȊ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ Ȉ «ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤ-
ȕȣȍ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȣ» ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȚȤșȧ țȟȍȉȕȣȔ ȗȍȘșȖȕȈ-
ȓȖȔ ȕȖ ȕȍ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȦȚșȧ ǷȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȚȤ ȕȍȘȍȌȒȖ șȖ-
ȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȖȉȘȈȚȕȖȍ ȖȌȕȈ ȊȖșȗȐȚȈȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȈ ȗȘȖȗȖȊȍȌțȍȚ Ȋȣ-
șȖȒȖȍ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ ȗȈȚȍȕȚȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ ȒȖȘșȍȚȖȊ ȚȖȕȒȐȝ ȚȈȓȐȑ Ȑ
ȋȘȈȞȐȖȏȕȣȝ ȗȖȏ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȊȖșȗȐȚȈȚȍȓȤ ȗȘȧȔȖ ȟȐȚȈȍȚ ȓȍȒȞȐȐ
Ȗ șȗȖșȖȉȈȝ ȗȖȒȖȘȍȕȐȧ ȔțȎșȒȐȝ șȍȘȌȍȞ «ǵȈțȒȈ» ȥȚȈ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ
ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȈȕȈ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖ Ȑ ȖșȕȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ǵȣ ȏȕȈȍȔ
ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȗȍȌȈȋȖȋȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȘȍȗȖȌȈȊȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ ș ȒȖȘȖȚ-
ȒȖȑ ȚȈȓȐȍȑ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȟȐȚȈȚȤ ȒȖȜȚȖȟȒȐ Ȑȏ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȐ ș
ȗȘȖȌȖȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȗȖȓȖșȈȔȐ Ȑ ȕȈȖȉȖȘȖȚ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ ș ȌȓȐȕȕȖȑ
ȚȈȓȐȍȑ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȠȐȚȤ ȒȖȜȚȖȟȒț Ȑȏ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȐ ș ȗȖȗȍȘȍȟȕȣȔȐ
ȗȖȓȖșȈȔȐ ǺȍȔȕȈȧ ȖȌȕȖȞȊȍȚȕȈȧ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȧ șȒȘȈȌȣȊȈȍȚ ȗȖȓȕȖ-
Țț ȚȈȓȐȐ Ȉ șȊȍȚȓȈȧ șȒȘȈȌȣȊȈȍȚ ȐȏȓȐȠȕȦȦ șțȝȖșȚȤ șȚȈȕȈ Ǯȍ-
ȓȈȦȡȈȧ țșȗȍȝȈ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍ ȊȣȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȍȚ șȊȖȐ ȗȘȐȍȔȣ ȗȍ-
ȘȍȌ ȏȍȘȒȈȓȖȔ ǷȘȍȌțșȔȖȚȘȍȕȣ ȌȈȎȍ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȔȍȓȖȟȐ ©DzȖȋȌȈ
ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ șȝȖȌȐȚ ș ȓȍșȚȕȐȞȣ ȖȕȈ ȕȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȗȖȌȉȐȘȈȚȤ Ȑ ȊȖ-
Ȗȉȡȍ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȚȤ ȦȉȒț Ȉ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȖ ȘȈșȗțșȚȐȚȤ
ȗȖ șȚțȗȍȕȧȔ: ȥȚȖ șȒȘȈȌȣȊȈȍȚ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ ȕȍȐȏȧȡȕȖȍ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ
ȕȖȋ ȗȘȐ ȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȐ ȗȖ ȓȍșȚȕȐȞȈȔ».
ȅȚȖȚ ȋȖșȗȖȌȐȕ ȕȈțȒț ȗȖȒȖȘȍȕȐȧ șȍȘȌȍȞ șȟȐȚȈȍȚ ȋȓȈȊȕȖȑ
Ȑ șȈȔȖȕțȎȕȍȑȠȍȑ Ȍȓȧ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ Ǩ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ Ȗȕ șȚȖȧȓ ȊȖ ȋȓȈ-
Ȋȍ țȟȍȉȕȖȋȖ ȏȈȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȚȖ ȗȖȕȧȚȕȖ ȒȈȒȖȑ Ȍțȝ ȞȈȘȐȓ șȘȍȌȐ
ȍȋȖ țȟȍȕȐȞ ǻșȗȍȝ șȘȍȌȐ ȔțȎȟȐȕ ȊȖȚ ȋȓȈȊȕȈȧ ȞȍȓȤ ǵȖ Ȍȓȧ
țșȗȍȝȈ ȔȈȓȖ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȕȈțȒȐ «ȗȖȒȖȘȍȕȐȧ șȍȘȌȍȞ» ȕțȎ-

ȕȣ ȍȡȍ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȐȔȍȚȤ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȧȡȐȍ ȚțȈȓȍȚȣ Ȉ ȊȔȍș-
Țȍ ș ȚȍȔ Ȑ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȉȣȊȈȚȤ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍ
ǪȖȚ ȥȚȖ-ȚȖ Ȑ ȚȖȓȒȈȍȚ țȟȍȕȐȞ Ȑȏ ȉȍȌȕȣȝ șȍȔȍȑ ȕȈ ȗȍȟȈȓȤ-
ȕȣȑ ȗțȚȤ ǮȈȎȌȈ țșȗȍȝȈ șȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȍ ȉȣȚȤ ȕȍ ȝțȎȍ ȌȘțȋȐȝ
șȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȍȚ Ȑȝ ȕȈ șȈȔțȦ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȦȦ șȚțȗȍȕȤȒț ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȑ
ȕȘȈȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ Ȑȝ ȚȖȘȋȖȊȈȚȤ șȖȉȖȑ ȍȡȍ ȕȈ ȠȒȖȓȤ-
ȕȖȑ șȒȈȔȤȍ ǻȟȍȉȕȖȍ ȕȈȟȈȓȤșȚȊȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣ ȊȍșȚȐ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȟ-
ȕțȦ ȉȖȘȤȉț ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȏȓȈ ȖȕȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣ ȕȍțșȚȈȕȕȖ ȗȘȐ
ȊșȧȒȖȔ țȌȖȉȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȚȖȓȒȖȊȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȌȖșȚȖȐȕșȚȊȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍ-
ȒȈ ȕȍ Ȋ ȚțȈȓȍȚȈȝ ȕȍ Ȋ ȔȈȕȍȘȈȝ ȕȍ Ȋ ȐȏȧȡȍșȚȊȍ ȜȐȋțȘȣ Ȉ Ȋ
ȟȐșȚȖȚȍ ȕȘȈȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ Ȋ ȚȖȑ șțȔȔȍ ȗȖȓȤȏȣ
ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ Ȗȕ ȗȘȐȕȖșȐȚ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊț Ȋ șȐȓȍ ȍȋȖ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȖȋȖ
ȔțȎȍșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȗȘ
ǺȖȋȌȈ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȣ ȗȖȕȖȠȍȕȕȣȝ «ȕȍȐȏȧȡȕȣȝ» ȒȖș-
ȚȦȔȖȊ ȕȍ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ ȉȣ șȍȉȧ ȗȘȍșȚțȗȕȐȞȈȔȐ Ȋ șȘȍȌȍ șȊȖȐȝ
ȉȖȋȈȚȣȝ ȘȈșȜȘȈȕȟȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȖȌȘțȋ Ȑ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȉȍȋȈȓȐ ȉȣ Ȓ ȚȈȒȐȔ
ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȣȔ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈȔ ȟȚȖȉȣ șȘȈȊȕȧȚȤșȧ «șȖ ȊșȍȔȐ» ǵȖ, Ȓ
șȖȎȈȓȍȕȐȦ, ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȍȚ Ȑ ș ȋȘțșȚȤȦ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȖȚȔȍȚȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ
ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȞȐȧ ȒȈȒ ȘȍȔȍșȓȖ ȗțșȚȐȓȈ șȊȖȐ ȧȌȖȊȐȚȣȍ ȘȖșȚȒȐ
ȌȈȎȍ ȚȈȔ ȋȌȍ ȍȑ ȕȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣ ȉȣȚȤ ȔȍșȚȈ

ǸǼǻDzǶȀdzǾǿǸǶdz
ǵȍȔȈȓȖȊȈȎȕțȦ ȘȖȓȤ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ ȐȋȘȈȦȚ ȕȍȒȖȚȖ-
Șȣȍ Ȑȏ ȒȖȕȌȐȚȍȘșȒȐȝ ǶȕȐ șȓțȎȈȚ ȔȍșȚȖȔ șȊȐȌȈȕȐȑ ȔȍȎȌț
țȟȈȡȐȔȐșȧ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈȔȐ Ȑ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȖȎȐȋȈȚȍȓȧȔȐ ȎȐȏ-
ȕȐ ȗȘȐȟȍȔ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȚȍȓȐ ȒȖȕȌȐȚȍȘșȒȐȝ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȘȍȊ-
ȕȖșȚȕȣȔȐ ȗȖșȖȉȕȐȒȈȔȐ Ȍȓȧ ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȍȑ șȊȍȎȍȑ ȦȕȖșȚȐ Ƕȉ-
șȚȈȕȖȊȒȈ Ȍȓȧ ȥȚȖȋȖ Ȋ ȒȖȕȌȐȚȍȘșȒȐȝ șȈȔȈȧ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȧȡȈȧ ǷȘȐ-
ȕȐȔȈȧ țȋȖȡȍȕȐȍ ȖȚ «ȒȈȊȈȓȍȘȈ» Ȋ ȊȐȌȍ ȒȖȜȍ ȐȓȐ ȠȖȒȖȓȈȌȈ
ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ șȖȏȌȈȍȚ țȎȍ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȉȓȐȏȖșȚȤ ȔȍȎȌț ȕȐȔ Ȑ șȖ-
ȉȖȑ Ȉ ȗȖȌȓȐȚȣȑ Ȋ ȒȖȜȍ ȓȐȒȍȘ ȌȖȒȈȕȟȐȊȈȍȚ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȖȍ țșȚ-
ȘȈȕȧȍȚ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȒȖȓȍȉȈȕȐȧ ȦȕȖȑ «ȗȖȒȖȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȣ șȍȘ-
ȌȍȞ» ǵȖ ȕȈ ȥȚȖȔ ȘȖȓȤ ȒȖȕȌȐȚȍȘșȒȐȝ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȒȖȕȟȈȍȚșȧ ǸȈȏ-
ȊȘȈȡȈȧ țȟȈȡȐȝșȧ ȌȍȊțȠȍȒ ȖȕȐ ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ Ȋ șȚȖȘȖȕȍ Ȑ
țȟȈȡțȦșȧ ȔȖȓȖȌȍȎȤ ȔțȎșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȈ dzȦȉȐȚȍȓȐ ȕȍȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȊȘȈȚȈ ȚțȚ Ȏȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȚ țȟȈȡȐȝșȧ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒȖȊ ȋȖȚȖȊȣȝ
țȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȑȝ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȧ Ǩ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȕȈȠȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȑ ȥȚȖȚ
ȗȖȘȖȒ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȘȈȏȊȐȚ ȚȖ ȗȘȖȌȈȦȡȐȝ șȍȉȧ țȟȈȡȐȝșȧ ȔȈȓȤȟȐ-
ȒȖȊ ȕȈȉȍȘȍȚșȧ ȕȍȔȈȓȖ Ǩ ȕȈ ȊȖșȚȖȒȍ ȖȕȐ ȒȖȕȒțȘȐȘțȦȚ ș Ȍȍ-
ȊȖȟȒȈȔȐ ǶȕȐ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒțȦȚ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȒȖȕȌȐȚȍȘșȒȐȝ ȕȖ Ȑ
Ȋ ȔȖȓȖȟȕȣȝ ȋȌȍ șȝȖȌȧȚșȧ ȗȖ ȊȍȟȍȘȈȔ ș șȊȖȐȔȐ ȒȓȐȍȕȚȈȔȐ
ǷȘȐȟȐȕȈ — Ȍțȝ ȞȈȘȧȡȐȑ Ȋ țȟȍȉȕȣȝ ȏȈȊȍȌȍȕȐȧȝ ǪȍȘȝȖ-
ȊȖȌȧȚ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ ȌȍȚȐ ȉȖȋȈȚȣȝ ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȧ-
ȡȐȍ ȒțȘș ș ȘȍȗȍȚȐȚȖȘȈȔȐ Ȑ ȗȖșȊȧȡȈȦȡȐȍ șȊȖȐ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ ȒțȚȍ-
ȎȈȔ Ȑ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȔ ȗȖȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȧȔ ǯȈ ȕȐȔȐ ȚȧȕțȚșȧ Ȕȍȕȍȍ
șȖșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ Ȑ șȖȊșȍȔ ȕȍșȖșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ — ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȔ-ȚȖ
Ȑ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȌȖȉȣȊȈȚȤ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ ȗȖȏȖȘȕȣȔ ȘȍȔȍșȓȖȔ ȝȖȚȧ Ȋ
ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȝ șȓțȟȈȧȝ ȗȖȗȈȌȈȦȚ ȕȈ ȥȚț ȌȖȘȖȋț Ȑ ȉȖȋȈȚȣȍ ǺȈȒ
ȖȌȕȖȔț ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒț șȣȕț ȖȟȍȕȤ șȖșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȍȑ
ȕȍ ȖȚȗțșȒȈȓȖșȤ ȒȈȘȔȈȕȕȣȝ Ȍȍȕȍȋ șȖȊșȍȔ DzțȚȧȡȐȍ ȚȖȊȈȘȐ-
ȡȐ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖ țȗȘȍȒȈȓȐ ȍȋȖ Ȋ șȒțȗȖșȚȐ
— ǺȈȒȖȑ ȉȖȋȈȟ Ȉ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ țȋȖșȚȐȠȤ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȕȈ ȟțȎȖȍ
șȚȈȘȈȍȠȤșȧ
ǰ Ȗȕ șȚȈȓ «țȋȖȡȈȚȤ» ȕȖ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȞȍȕȖȑ

81
DzǼǺǮ ȀdzǾǽǶǺǼǿȀǶ
Ǫ  ȋȖȌț ȔȍșȚȕȖȑ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȍȑ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ȉȣȓȈ șȌȍ-
ȓȈȕȈ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȈ ȘȍȋȐșȚȘȈȞȐȐ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȞȐȐ ǸȍȋȐșȚȘȈȞȐȧ ȥȚȈ
ȕȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȏȈȒȖȕȟȍȕȈ ȌȈ Ȑ ȊȍȓȈșȤ ȒȘȈȑȕȍ ȕȍțȔȍȓȖ ȕȖ ȚȍȔ ȕȍ
Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȌȖȉȣȚȣ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȞȐȜȘȣ ȕȍ ȓȐȠȍȕȕȣȍ Ȑȕ-
ȚȍȘȍșȈ ȅȚȐȔȐ ȞȐȜȘȈȔȐ Ȕȣ Ȑ ȊȖșȗȖȓȤȏțȍȔșȧ ȗȘȍȌțȗȘȍȌȐȊ
ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȧ ȟȚȖ ȞȐȜȘȣ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȚȌȈȓȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȈȦȚșȧ Ȓ Ȍȍȑ-
șȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȔț ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȦ Ȋȍȡȍȑ
ǺȈȒ Ȋ șȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȍȑ ȚȈȉȓȐȞȍ ȌȍȊțȠȍȒ ȔȖȓȖ-
Ȏȍ  ȓȍȚ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȟȐȚșȧ Ȉ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ, ȌȍȚșȒȈȧ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȞȐȧ
ȊȍȏȌȍ țȎȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȈ
ǺȖȟȕȖ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȑ șȈȔȖȍ ȟȐșȓȖ ȏȈȘȍȋȐșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ ȌȈȓȍ-
ȒȖ ȕȐȎȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ǶȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȘȍȋȐșȚȘȈȞȐȧ ȗȘȖ-
ȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȖȜȐȞȐȈȓȤȕȖ ȘȈȏȘȍȠȍȕȕȣȝ «ȌȖȔȈȝ» ȗȘȐ-
ȟȍȔ Ȑ ȚțȚ ȍȡȍ ȗȖ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȗȖȕȧȚȕȣȔ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȈȔ ȕȍ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȕȣ
Ȋșȍ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ ȔȖȓȖȎȍ  ȓȍȚ
ǪșȍȋȖ ȏȈȘȍȋȐșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȖ  ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ Ȑ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ ǷȖ
ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈȔ ȖȕȐ ȘȈșȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȦȚșȧ ȚȈȒ
dzȍȚȈ
1617181920212223
ȟȐșȓȖ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȖȒ 12 15 26 28 30 18 13 8
dzȍȚȈ
ȐȊȣȠȍ
ȟȐșȓȖȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȖȒ       
ǺțȚ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȗȖȘȈȎȈȍȚ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȞȐȜȘȈ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈȍȚ ȚȖ-
ȓȤȒȖ ȌȖ -ȓȍȚȕȍȋȖ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈ Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȗȈȌȈȍȚ Ȑ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȉȣșȚ-
ȘȖ ș  ȕȈ  Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȕȈ    ǶȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ ȟȚȖ ș -ȓȍȚ-
ȕȍȋȖ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈ țȎȍ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚșȧ țȉȣȓȤ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȖȒ Ȑȏ «ȌȖ-
ȔȖȊ», — ȐȕȈȟȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ ȌȖȎȐȊȈȍȚ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȌȖ -
ȓȍȚȕȍȋȖ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈ Ȉ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚșȧ țșȐȓȍȕȕȈȧ șȔȍȘȚȕȖșȚȤ
ǭșȓȐ ȘȈȏȖȉȘȈȚȤ ȞȐȜȘȣ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȍȍ ȚȖ Ȕȣ țȊȐȌȐȔ ȟȚȖ
60.3% ȎȍȕȡȐȕ Ȑ ȌȍȊțȠȍȒ Ȋ ȌȖȔȈȝ ȚȍȘȗȐȔȖșȚȐ ȐȔȍȦȚ ȖȚ
ȘȖȌț ȕȍ șȊȣȠȍ  ȓȍȚ Ȑ Ȟȍȓȣȝ  ȕȍ șȊȣȠȍ  ȓȍȚ. ȅȚȖ
ȏȕȈȟȐȚ ȟȚȖ ȏȈ -ȓȍȚȕȐȑ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚ ȗȍȘȍȠȈȋȐȊȈȦȚ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ
39.7% Ȉ ȏȈ ȟȍȘȚț -ȓȍȚȕȍȋȖ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌȧȚ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ 

82
Ǫ ȈȉșȖȓȦȚȕȣȝ ȞȐȜȘȈȝ ȥȚȖ ȊȣȘȈȏȐȚșȧ ȚȈȒ Ȑȏ  ȎȍȕȡȐȕ Ȑ
ȌȍȊțȠȍȒ -ȓȍȚȕȐȑ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚ ȗȍȘȍȎȐȊȈȍȚ  Ȑ -ȓȍȚȕȐȑ ȚȖ-
ȓȤȒȖ  ǵȖ Ȑȏ ȥȚȐȝ -ȚȐ ȕțȎȕȖ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȤ  ȏȕȈȟȈȡȐȝșȧ
Ȋ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȍ ȖȚ  ȓȍȚ Ȑ ȊȣȠȍ ǾȐȜȘȈ ȥȚȈ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ ȚțȚ șȓț-
ȟȈȑȕȈȧ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȘȍȟȐȚ ȊșȍȔ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȣȔ ǷȘȐșțȚșȚ-
ȊȐȍ ȚȈȒȖȑ «ȕȍȕȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȖȑ» ȞȐȜȘȣ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȍȚșȧ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȗȘȖ-
șȚȖ — ȏȈȘȍȋȐșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȣ ȜȐȒȚȐȊȕȣȍ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȒȐ ȅȚȖ ȐȓȐ
ȐȕȊȈȓȐȌȣ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȍȔȍșȓȈ șȓțȎȈȡȐȍ Ȋ ȌȖȔȈȝ ȗȘȐșȓțȋȈȔȐ
ȐȓȐ Ȏȍ ȘȖȌșȚȊȍȕȕȐȞȣ ȝȖȏȧȍȒ ȎȐȊțȡȐȍ Ȋ ȌȖȔȍ Ȋ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȈȝ
ȕȈȌȏȖȘȈ Ȑ ȏȈȗȐșȈȕȕȣȍ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȒȈȔȐ Ȋ șȐȓț ȏȈȒȖȕȈ ȗȖ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȖȔț ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ-ȕȍ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȒȐ ȕȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȎȐȚȤ Ȋ ȌȖȔȈȝ ȚȍȘ-
ȗȐȔȖșȚȐ ǪȍșȤȔȈ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȐȍ ȚȈȒȐȝ ȎȍȕȡȐȕ Ȋ
ȌȖȔȈȝ ȗȖȊȓȐȧȓȖ Ȑ ȕȈ ȟȐșȓȖ ȓȐȞ Ȋ - Ȑ -ȓȍȚȕȍȔ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȍ
ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȥȚȐ ȞȐȜȘȣ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȚșȧ Ȋ ȏȈȔȍȚȕȖȔ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȘȍ-
ȟȐȐ ș ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȣȔȐ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȧȊȕȖ ȗȘȍțȊȍȓȐȟȍȕȕȣ-
ȔȐ Ǫ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ -ȓȍȚȕȍȔ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȚȤ
ȕȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ  Ȉ Ȋ -ȓȍȚȕȍȔ ȕȖȓȤ ǯȈ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȐșȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ
ȚȈȉȓȐȞȈ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȑ ȊȐȌ
dzȍȚȈ
17181920212223
ȟȐșȓȖ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȖȒ 12 15 26 28 30 18 13 8
dzȍȚȈ
   ȐȊȣȠȍ
ȟȐșȓȖ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȖȒ 6 5 2 0
ȅȚȖ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ ȟȚȖ ȊȣșȠȐȑ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚ Ȍȓȧ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȒȐ ȌȈȕ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ  ȓȍȚ ȕȖ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈ ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȦȚ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ 
Ȑȏ 8 Ț ȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ  ǬȖ -ȓȍȚȕȍȋȖ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈ ȌȖȎȐȊȈȦȚ
4,2%ȌȖȓ%ȌȖȓ —ȌȖȓ —20,7%ȌȖ
ȋ % ǰȓȐ ȐȕȈȟȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ Ȋ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȍ ȕȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ  ȋȖȌȈ țȔȐ-
ȘȈȦȚ % Ȋ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȍ ȌȖ  ȓ %,  ȓ —   ȓ —
 Ȑ  ȓ — 95,8%.
ǾȐȜȘȣ ȥȚȐ ȕȍșȖȔȕȍȕȕȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȗȖȘȈȏȐȚȤ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȐș-
ȚȖȊ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȖȉȡȈȧ șȚȈȚȐșȚȐȒȈ ȕȍ ȌȈȍȚ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȊȣșȖȒȖȑ șȔȍȘȚ-
ȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ șȘȍȌȍ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȖȒ Ǵȣ ȓȐȟȕȖ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȍȔ șȍȉȍ ȚȈȒȖȍ
ȕȍșȖȋȓȈșȐȍ ȞȐȜȘ Ȗȉȡȍȑ șȚȈȚȐșȚȐȒȐ ș ȕȈȠȐȔȐ ȕȍșȖȊȍȘȠȍȕ-
șȚȊȈȔȐ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȕȍțȔȍȓȖșȚȤȦ ȘȍȋȐșȚȘȈȞȐȐ ȘȍȏțȓȤ-
ȚȈȚȈȔȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȕȈȔ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤșȧ Ǫ ȐȔȍȦȡȍȑ-

83
șȧ ț ȕȈș ȚȈȉȓȐȟȒȍ ȕȍȚ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȝ țȒȈȏȈȕȐȑ ȕȈ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȣ Șȍȏ-
ȒȖȑ țȉȣȓȐ ș -ȚȐ ȓȍȚȕȍȋȖ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈ ǴȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ, ȊșȦ țȉȣȓȤ
ȕȐȒȈȒ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȖȚȕȍșȚȐ ȕȈ ȖȌȕț șȔȍȘȚȤ ǵȍȚ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȧ ȟȚȖ
ȕȍ Ȋșȍ ȊȣȝȖȌȧȚ Ȑȏ ȌȖȔȖȊ ȚȍȘȗȐȔȖșȚȐ ȔȍȘȚȊȣȔȐ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ
ȊȣȝȖȌȧȚ Ȑ ȎȐȊȣȔȐ ǪȖȗȘȖș ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȒțȌȈ" ǵȖ ȥȚȖȚ ȊȖ-
ȗȘȖș ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȓȍȋȒȖ ȘȈȏȘȍȠȈȍȚșȧ ǪșȍȔ ȒȚȖ ȝȖȚȧ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ-ȕȐ-
ȉțȌȤ ȏȕȈȒȖȔ ș ȎȐȏȕȤȦ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȖȒ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚ-
ȒȈ ȘȈȏ ȖȕȈ ȗȖȗȈȓȈ ȕȈ ȥȚț ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕțȦ ȌȖȘȖȋț ȗȖȟȚȐ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ
ȕȍ șȝȖȌȐȚ ș ȕȍȍ ȌȖ șȈȔȖȑ șȔȍȘȚȐ ǪȖȏȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȍ Ȓ «ȟȍșȚȕȖȔț
ȚȘțȌț» Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȍ ȗȖȟȚȐ șȖȊșȍȔ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ Ȑ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȊȍșȤ-
ȔȈ ȘȍȌȒȐȔ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍȔ ǶȚșȦȌȈ ȒȈȒ Ȗȉȡȍȍ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȖ ȔȖȎ-
ȕȖ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ — ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȒȈ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȊșȍȋȌȈ țȔȐȘȈȍȚ ȗȘȖ-
șȚȐȚțȚȒȖȑ Ǩ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ș ȥȚȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȕȍȉȘȍȎȕȖșȚȤ
ȗȖȓȐȞȍȑșȒȖȑ ȘȍȋȐșȚȘȈȞȐȐ ȞȐȜȘȈȔȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ Ȕȣ ȗȖȓȤȏțȍȔ-
șȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ, ȗȖ șțȡȍșȚȊț, ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ
ǵȖ ȘȍȋȐșȚȘȈȞȐȧ ȥȚȈ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȌȖȔȈȝ ȚȍȘȗȐ-
ȔȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȥȚȖ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ țȗțșȒȈȚȤ Ȑȏ ȊȐȌț ȖȕȖ
ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȊȈȎȕȖ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ǯȈȘȍȋȐșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȈ țȉȣȓȤ Ȑȏ
ȌȖȔȖȊ ȚȍȘȗȐȔȖșȚȐ Ȉ țȉȣȓȤ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȊșȧȒȈȧ
ǭșȓȐ Ȕȣ ȗȘȖșȓȍȌȐȔ «ȒȈȘȤȍȘț» ȖȌȕȖȑ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȒȐ ȚȖ
țȊȐȌȐȔ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ ș ȊȣșȠȍȋȖ Ȑ ȒȖȕȟȈȍȚ ȕȐȏȠȐȔ ȕȈ-
ȟȐȕȈȍȚ ș șȈȔȖȋȖ «ȠȐȒȈȘȕȖȋȖ» ȌȖȔȈ Ȑ ȗȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȖ ȖȗțșȒȈȧșȤ
ȒȖȕȟȈȍȚ «ȌȖȔȖȔ» șȈȔȖȋȖ ȕȐȏȠȍȋȖ ȘȈȏȘȧȌȈ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ țȎȍ
ȊȣȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȐȓȐ Ȋ ȔȖȋȐȓț, ȐȓȐ Ȏȍ ȕȈ țȓȐȞț ȒȈȒ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ
ȗȖȚȍȘȧȊȠȈȧ ȞȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ǺȈȒȈȧ ȒȈȘȤȍȘȈ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȉȍȏ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ
ȗȖȊȚȖȘȧȍȚșȧ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȍ ȟȐșȓȖ ȘȈȏ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȊșȍȔȐ Ȍȓȧ Ȋșȍȝ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȌȊȈ ȊȣȝȖȌȈ — ȐȓȐ șȔȍȘȚȤ, ȐȓȐ ȐȕȊȈȓȐȌȕȖșȚȤ
Ǩ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȕȈȠȍȑ ȚȈȉȓȐȟȒȍ ȏȈȘȍȋȐșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȣ ȗȘȖșȚȐ-
ȚțȚȒȐ Ȋșȍȝ ȌȖȔȖȊ Ȑ ȊȣșȠȍȋȖ Ȑ ȕȐȏȠȍȋȖ ȘȈȏȘȧȌȖȊ ȚȖ Ȗȟȍ-
ȊȐȌȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȒȈȔȐ Ȋșȍȑ «ȓȍșȚȕȐȞȣ»
Ȑȝ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȒȈȘȤȍȘȣ ȕȈ ȞȐȜȘȈȝ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȖ ȖȚȘȈȏȐȚȤșȧ ǯȈ-
ȘȍȋȐșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȕ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȒȖȕȍȞ ȒȈȘȤȍȘȣ ȊȣȝȖȌ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ Ȑȏ ȌȖ-
ȔȈ ȚȍȘȗȐȔȖșȚȐ Ǩ ȊȣȝȖȌ ȥȚȖȚ Ȕȣ ȊȐȌȍȓȐ ȖȏȕȈȟȈȍȚ ȐȓȐ
șȔȍȘȚȤ, ȐȓȐ Ȏȍ ȗȖȓȕțȦ ȐȕȊȈȓȐȌȕȖșȚȤ ǺȈȒ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȗȘȍȌȣȌț-
ȡȐȍ ȕȈȠȐ ȊȣȊȖȌȣ ȗȘȐȌȍȚșȧ ȊȕȍșȚȐ ȖȌȕț ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șțȡȍșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕțȦ ȗȖȗȘȈȊȒț ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȕȈ ȘȧȌț ș șȔȍȘȚȕȖșȚȤȦ ȊȍȏȌȍ ȗȖ-
șȚȈȊȐȚȤ Ȑ ȐȕȊȈȓȐȌȕȖșȚȤ ǷȘȖȞȍȕȚ șȔȍȘȚȕȖșȚȐ ȖȚ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȒȖ-
ȕȍȟȕȖ șȐȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȕȐȏȐȚșȧ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȟȈșȚȤ ȗȈȌȍȚ

84
ȕȈ ȐȕȊȈȓȐȌȕȖșȚȤ
ǵȖ ȍșȓȐ ȉȘȈȚȤ ȊȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȒȐ ȒȈȒ
ȖȕȖ ȍșȚȤ ȚȖ Ȕȣ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȐȔ ȘȈȏȕȐȞȣ ȔȍȎȌț șȔȍȘȚȤȦ Ȑ Ȑȕ-
ȊȈȓȐȌȕȖșȚȤȦ — ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȚȖȋȖ Ȕȣ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȟȐȚȈȍȔ ȗȍȘȊțȦ ȊȚȖ-
ȘȖȑ ǷȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȒȈ-ȐȕȊȈȓȐȌ — ȥȚȖ ȚȖ ȉȍȏȖȉȘȈȏȕȖȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖ-
ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖȍ șțȡȍșȚȊȖ ȕȍșȗȖșȖȉȕȖȍ ȌȈȎȍ ȊȣȏȊȈȚȤ ȎȈȓȖșȚȐ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȖȍ Ȕȣ ȐȏȘȍȌȒȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȐȌȐȔ ȕȈ țȓȐȞȍ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȏȈ ȕȍȑ
șȚȘȖȋȖ șȓȍȌȧȚ Ȑ ȕȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȚ ȍȑ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȚȤșȧ Ȋ «ȟȐșȚȣȝ» ȒȊȈȘ-
ȚȈȓȈȝ ǶȕȈ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒțȍȚ șȘȍȌȐ ȕȐȡȐȝ Ȑ șȈȔȈ ȕȐȡȍȕșȚȊțȍȚ —
ȕȖ Ȑ ȚȖ, Ȑ ȌȘțȋȖȍ ȍȑ ȕȍ ȌȈȍȚ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȒȈ
ȖȕȈ ȗȖȚȍȘȧȓȈ ȞȍȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȉ ȒȈȒ ȕȐȡȈȧ — ȖȕȈ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȖȚ-
ȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȖȚȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȍȚ ȖȚ șȍȉȧ «ȌȖȉȘȖȝȖȚȕȣȝ ȌȈȚȍȓȍȑ».
ǭȍ șȢȍȌȈȦȚ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȐ ȖȕȈ țȔȐȘȈȍȚ ș ȋȖȓȖȌț ǵȍ ȓțȟȠȍ ȓȐ
șȔȍȘȚȤ ȟȍȔ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ"
ǿȚȖ ȒȈșȈȍȚșȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȔȣȍ ȕȈȔȐ ȞȐȜȘȣ șȔȍȘȚ-
ȕȖșȚȐ ȌȈȎȍ Ȑ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȐȕȊȈȓȐȌȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȊȣșȖȒȐ ȗȖ
șȘȈȊȕȍȕȐȦ ș ȚȈȒȐȔȐ Ȏȍ ȞȐȜȘȈȔȐ Ȍȓȧ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȔȍșȚȕȖșȚȍȑ—
ȚȖ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȍȚșȧ ȥȚȖ ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȚȧȎȍȓȣȔ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȗȘȖ-
șȚȐȚțȚȒȐ ȊȖ ȊȏȧȚȖȔ ȕȈȔȐ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ ȚȍȔ ȋȕȍȚȖȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȓȖ-
ȎȈȚșȧ ȕȈ ȕȍȍ ȔȍșȚȕȣȍ țșȓȖȊȐȧ ȎȐȏȕȐ
ǷȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȕȐȋȌȍ ȚȈȒ ȕȍ ȉȍȏȏȈȡȐȚȕȈ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȒȈ ȒȈȒ
ȚțȚ ȅȚȖȔț șȗȖșȖȉșȚȊțȦȚ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ țșȓȖȊȐȧ ȕȖ ȋȓȈȊȕȖȍ
— ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ ȕȐ șȚȘȈȕȕȖ — ȖȉȐȓȐȍ Ȍȍȕȍȋ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȈȔȍ-
ȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȔ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ Ȑ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȥȚȖȔț ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȗțȉ-
ȓȐȒȐ ȗȘȍȌȢȧȊȓȧȍȔȣȍ Ȓ ȌȖȔț ȚȍȘȗȐȔȖșȚȐ Ȋ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ Ȗȉ-
șȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ ȒȖșȚȦȔȖȊ Ȑ ȗȘ
ǵȈ ȥȚȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȧȚșȧ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȍ ȏȈȚȘȈȚȣ — Ȑ ȥȚȐ-ȚȖ ȏȈ-
ȚȘȈȚȣ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȚȈȒ ȉȣșȚȘȖ Ȑ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȈȦȚ ȌȍȊț-
ȠȍȒ Ȓ ȔȖȋȐȓȍ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȊȈȓȐȌȕȖșȚȐ ǷțȉȓȐȒȈ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȖȒț-
ȗȈȍȚ Ȋșȍ șȌȍȓȈȕȕȣȍ «ȌȖȔȖȔ» ȏȈȚȘȈȚȣ Ȑ ȖȒțȗȈȍȚ ș ȓȐȝȊȖȑ
ȕȖ Ȋșȍ ȊȣȋȖȌȣ ȗȈȌȈȦȚ ȕȈ ȌȖȓȦ ȝȖȏȧȑȒȐ Ȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȝȖȏȧȑȒȐ
Ǩ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȟȈșȚȤ ȏȈȚȘȈȚ ȗȈȌȈȍȚ ȕȈ ȌȖȓȦ Ȍȍ-
ȊțȠȍȒ Ȋșȍ ȒȖșȚȦȔȣ, ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȈȦȡȐȍ ȋȖșȚȍȑ Ȑ ȧȊȓȧȦȡȐȍșȧ
șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȖȘțȌȐȧȔȐ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌșȚȊȈ Ȍȍ-
ȓȈȦȚșȧ ȏȈ șȟȍȚ ȌȍȊțȠȍȒ ȗȘȐȟȍȔ ȞȍȕȈ ȏȈ ȕȐȝ șȚȈȊȐȚșȧ ȌȊȖȑ-
ȕȈȧ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȚȘȖȑȕȈȧ ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȏȈ ȌȍȊțȠȒȖȑ șȘȈȏț Ȏȍ
ȖȉȘȈȏțȍȚșȧ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȌȖȓȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ șȓțȎȐȚ Ȋ ȘțȒȈȝ ȝȖ-
ȏȧȑȒȐ ȊȍșȤȔȈ șȐȓȤȕȣȔ ȖȘțȌȐȍȔ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ ǵȈȗȖȔȐ-

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ȕȈȕȐȍȔ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȌȖȓȋȍ ȝȖȏȧȑȒȈ ȗȖȌȋȖȕȧȍȚ ȍȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȐȕȚȍȕ-
șȐȊȕȖ «ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ» Ț ȍ șȗȈȐȊȈȚȤ ȋȖșȚȍȑ ȐșȗȖȓȕȧȚȤ Ȋșȍ Ȑȝ ȗȘȐ-
ȝȖȚȐ ȟȈșȚȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ Ȑ ȗȘ ǹȗȈȐȊȈȧ ȋȖșȚȧ ȌȍȊț-
ȠȒȈ Ȑ șȈȔȈ ȕȈȗȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȒȈȒ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ țȕȐȟȚȖ-
ȎȐȚȤ ȕȈȗȐȚȒȖȊ ȟȚȖ ȖȗȧȚȤ-ȚȈȒȐ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚșȧ ȊȣȋȖȌȈȔȐ ȝȖȏȧȑ-
ȒȐ ǻȎȍ ȖȌȕȖ ȥȚȖ ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȖȍ ȐșȚȘȍȉȓȍȕȐȍ ȕȈȗȐȚȒȖȊ Ȋ țȎȈș-
ȕȣȝ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȈȝ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȕȍ ȘȈșȠȈȚȈȚȤ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȤȧ Ǩ Ȓ ȥȚȖ-
Ȕț ȗȘȧȔȖ ȗȘȐȕțȎȌȈȦȚ ȌȍȊțȠȍȒ ȊșȧȒȐȔȐ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈȔȐ ȕȍ Ȑș-
ȒȓȦȟȈȧ ȗȖȉȖȍȊ ȏȈȗȐȘȈȕȐȧ Ȋ ȝȖȓȖȌȕȣȑ șȣȘȖȑ ȗȖȌȊȈȓ Ȑ ȗȘ
ǷȘȐȉȈȊȤȚȍ Ȓ ȥȚȖȔț ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȐ Ȑ țȎȈșȕȈȧ
ȞȐȜȘȈ șȔȍȘȚȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȟȚȐ Ȋ ȋȖȌȣ ȦȕȖșȚȐ ȕȍ ȗȖȒȈȎȍȚșȧ Ȋȣ-
șȖȒȖȑ ǻȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȍȡȍ, ȒȈȒ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȊȣȌȍȘȎȈȚȤ Țȍ
4- ȓȍȚ ȖȚ  ȌȖ -25 ȓ
 ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȏȕȈȟȈȚșȧ ȗȖ ȕȈȠȍȑ ȚȈȉ-
ȓȐȟȒȍ ǭȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȖȍ ȖȚȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ șȐȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȌȖȏȈȔȐ ȈȓȒȖȋȖȓȧ
ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȐ ȗȖȘȖȒ ȒȈȒ ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȈȧ ȘȈȉȖ-
ȚȈ ȗȖȉȖȐ ȐșȚȧȏȈȕȐȧ — ȘȈȏȊȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȔȈȓȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ țȉȐȚȤ
ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȌȈȎȍ Ȋ ȖȌȐȕ ȋȖȌ"
ǷȖșȚȖȧȕȕȣȍ ȗȖșȍȚȐȚȍȓȐ ȌȖȔȖȊ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȐ ȕȈȔ ȊȖ ȊȘȍ-
Ȕȧ ȕȈȠȐȝ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȑ ȗȖ ȥȚȖȔț ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚț ȟȚȖ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ
ȗȘȧȔȖ țȔȐȘȈȓȐ ȕȈ Ȑȝ ȋȓȈȏȈȝ
— ǷȘȐ ȕȈș ȗȖșȚțȗȈȦȚ Ȑ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȋȖȌ-ȌȊȈ țȔȐȘȈȦȚ
ǻȎȈșȕȈȧ ȎȈȚȊȈ șȔȍȘȚȐ ǰ ȖȚ ȥȚȖȑ șȚȘȈȠȕȖȑ ȎȕȐȞȣ ȕȍȚ
ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȐȏȉȈȊȐȚȤșȧ ǩȖȓȤȠȐȍ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ Ȗȉ-
ȓȈȌȈȦȚ ȝȖȏȧȑȒȐ ȌȖȔȖȊ ȌȍȓȈȦȚ ȉȖȘȤȉț ȌȍȊțȠȍȒ ș ȝȖȏȧȑȒȖȑ
ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ ȖȕȈ Ȑ ȏȈȝȖȚȍȓȈ ȖșȊȖȉȖȌȐȚȤșȧ
ȖȚ ȒȈȉȈȓȣ ǹ ȚȈȒȐȔȐ ȗȘȖȚȍșȚȈȕȚȒȈȔȐ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ ȕȍ ȞȍȘȍ-
ȔȖȕȧȚșȧ ǵȈȔ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȐȏȊȍșȚȍȕ șȓțȟȈȑ ȒȖȋȌȈ «ȗȘȖȊȐȕȐȊ-
ȠțȦșȧ» ȌȍȊțȠȒț șȖȌȍȘȎȈȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȈ ȏȈȗȍȘȓȈ Ȋ ȚȍȔȕȣȑ ȗȖȌ-
ȊȈȓ Ȑ ȗȘȖȌȍȘȎȈȓȈ ȚȈȔ șȍȔȤ șțȚȖȒ ȕȈ ȝȓȍȉȍ Ȑ ȊȖȌȍ ǬȍȓȈȍȚșȧ
ȥȚȖ ȘȈȏțȔȍȍȚșȧ Ȍȓȧ ȖșȚȘȈșȚȒȐ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖȊȈȌȕȖ ȌȘț-
ȋȐȔ Ǫ ȥȚȐȝ Ȏȍ ȊȐȌȈȝ ȌȐșȞȐȗȓȐȕȈ Ȋ «ȌȖȔȈȝ» ȊȍșȤȔȈ șȚȘȖ-
ȋȈȧ Ȑ ȎȍșȚȖȒȈȧ ǶȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ ȔțȎ ȐȓȐ șȖȎȐȚȍȓȤ ȝȖȏȧȑȒȐ
ȐȔȍȍȚ ț șȍȉȧ ȗȓȍȚȤ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ Ȑ «ȕȈȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ» ȌȍȊțȠȍȒ ȏȈ ȔȈ-
ȓȍȑȠțȦ «ȗȘȖȊȐȕȕȖșȚȤ» ǵȈȒȈȏȈȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȚșȧ ȗȖ ȋȖȓȖ-
Ȕț Țȍȓț ȌȖ ȒȘȖȊȈȊȣȝ ȘțȉȞȖȊ DzȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ «ȕȖȊȍȕȤȒȈȧ» ȕȈȝȖ-
ȌȐȚșȧ ȗȖȌ șȚȘȖȋȐȔ ȕȈȌȏȖȘȖȔ ȍȍ ȕȐȒțȌȈ ȕȍ ȊȣȗțșȒȈȦȚ ȕȍ
ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȚ ȕȐ ȗȐșȈȚȤ ȕȐ ȗȖȓțȟȈȚȤ ȗȐșȍȔ ȌȈȎȍ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȣ
ȍȍ ș ȗȖșȚȖȘȖȕȕȐȔȐ șȚȘȖȋȖ ȒȖȕȚȘȖȓȐȘțȦȚșȧ ǷȖȌ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȕȈȌ-

86
ȏȖȘȖȔ «ȕȖȊȍȕȤȒȈȧ» șȖȌȍȘȎȐȚșȧ ȌȖ Țȍȝ ȗȖȘ ȗȖȒȈ ȖȒȖȕȟȈ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȔȐȘȐȚșȧ ș șȊȖȐȔ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍȔ Ȉ ȥȚȖ ȌȖșȚȐ-
ȋȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȣȔ Ȑ șȐșȚȍȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȖȌțȘȔȈȕȐȊȈȕȐȍȔ
șȗȐȘȚȕȣȔȐ ȕȈȗȐȚȒȈȔȐ Ȑ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȏȈȔȒȕțȚȖșȚȤȦ
ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊ șȚȘȖȋȖ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȕȣȝ ȖȒȘțȎȈȦȡȍȑ șȘȍȌȖȑ ǯȈ-
ȗȍȘȚȈȧ Ȋ șȚȍȕȈȝ ȌȖȔȈ ȖȒȘțȎȍȕȕȈȧ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȖȉȐȚȈȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȐȞȈȔȐ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȌȈȊȓȍȕȕȈȧ ȎȍșȚȖȒȖȑ ȌȐșȞȐȗȓȐȕȖȑ — ȌȍȊț-
ȠȒȈ ȗȖȕȍȊȖȓȍ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ ȊȝȖȌȐȚȤ Ȋ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȣ ȖȒȘțȎȈȦȡȍȑ
șȘȍȌȣ ȍȍ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȚȤ țșȗȍȝ ȐȓȐ ȕȍțșȗȍȝ ȚȖȊȈ-
ȘȖȒ ȜȈȊȖȘȐȏȔ ț ȝȖȏȧȑȒȐ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ ȕȈȌ ȒȖȕȒțȘȍȕȚȒȖȑ Ȑ ȗȘ
ǵȈ ȧȏȣȒȍ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȚȍȓȤȕȐȞ ȥȚȖ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ «ȊȖȠȓȈ ȊȖ ȊȒțș»,
Ȉ ȕȈ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖȔ ȧȏȣȒȍ ȥȚȖ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ ȟȚȖ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ ȕȘȈȊșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕȖ țȔȍȘȓȈ Ȋșȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȍ Ȋ ȕȍȑ ȗȖȋȐȉȓȖ ȖȕȈ șȗȍȞȐȈ-
ȓȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȖȉȐȚȈȚȍȓȤȕȐȞț «ȌȖȔȈ» ǹ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȔȖȔȍȕȚȈ ȕȈȌ-
ȏȖȘ ȏȈ ȕȍȑ ȖșȓȈȉȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȖ Ȗȕ țȎȍ Ȑ ȕȍ ȕțȎȍȕ ǶȕȈ Ȑ ȉȍȏ
ȕȈȌȏȖȘȈ țȎȍ ȕȍ ȗȖȑȌȍȚ ȕȐȒțȌȈ ȘȈȏȊȍ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȚȈȒȖȑ Ȏȍ ȌȖȔ
ǷȖȉȍȌȈ ȕȈȌ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȑ ȌțȠȖȑ ȌȈȍȚșȧ ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȓȍȋȒȖ
ȟȚȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ ȗȖȗȈȌȈȦȚ Ȋ ȥȚț țȎȈșȕțȦ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒț Ȋ
Ȧȕȣȝ ȓȍȚȈȝ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ș - ȓȍȚ Ȉ Ȋ -ȚȤ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȟȈșȚȖ Ț ȍ
ȒȈȒ ȘȈȏ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȍ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȜȖȘȔȐȘțȍȚșȧ
ȒȖȋȌȈ ț ȕȍȍ ȍȡȍ ȕȍȚ ȕȐ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȕȈȒȓȖȕȕȖșȚȍȑ ȕȐ
ȊȒțșȖȊ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȈ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ Ȑȏ șȍȉȧ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ
ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȓȍȋȒȖ ȊȚȐșȕțȚȤ Ȋ ȓȦȉțȦ ȜȖȘȔț Ǩ ȍșȓȐ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ ȊȖ
ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȟȚȖ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȚȍȓȧȔ Ȑ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȈȔ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ
ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ ȕȍ șȚȈȊȐȚșȧ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȝ ȗȘȍȗȧȚșȚȊȐȑ ȕȐȒȍȔ ȚȖ Ȑ
ȗȖȕȧȚȕȖ ȉțȌȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȊȣȘȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȑȏ ȗȘȐȚȖȕȈ ȕȍ ȚȈȒ-ȚȖ ȓȍȋȒȖ Ǩ
ȟȚȖ ȗȘȍȗȧȚșȚȊȐȑ ȕȍ șȚȈȊȐȚșȧ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ Ȓ șȖȎȈȓȍȕȐȦ ȕȍ ȗȘȐ-
ȝȖȌȐȚșȧ șȖȔȕȍȊȈȚȤșȧ ǻȎȍ ȖȌȕȖ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ Ȋ «ȌȖȔȈȝ» ȗȖȌȓȍ-
ȎȈȡȐȝ ȖȜȐȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȘȍȋȐșȚȘȈȞȐȐ ȋȖȌȈȔȐ ȎȐȊțȚ - Ȑ
17-ȚȐ ȓȍȚȕȐȍ ȌȍȊȐȞȣ Ț ȍ ȕȍșȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖȓȍȚȕȐȍ ȦȘȐȌȐȟȍ-
șȒȐ ȕȍȗȘȈȊȖșȗȖșȖȉȕȣȍ ȌȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ Țȍ ȒȖȔț ȊȍȌȈȚȤ ȕȈȌ-
ȓȍȎȐȚ Ȓ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȈȔ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȌȖȔȖȊ ȖȚȕȖșȧȚșȧ ȌȖȊȖȓȤ-
ȕȖ ȉȍȘȍȎȕȖ ǰȕȈȟȍ ȊȍȌȤ ȊȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ ȚȈȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȉȣ
ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȈȍȔȣ țȋȖȓȖȊȕȣȍ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȉ ȕȍșȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ-
ȓȍȚȕȐȍ ȌȍȊȐȞȣ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȓȧȓȐșȤ ȉȣ ȕȈ ȘȖȌȐȕț Ȓ ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȧȔ
ȐȓȐ ȖȗȍȒțȕȈȔ ȉȍȏ ȊȖȓȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ, ȗȖ ȏȈȒȖȕț, ȖȕȐ ȕȍ ȔȖȋțȚ
ȘȈșȗȖȘȧȌȐȚȤșȧ șȖȉȖȑ ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȚȈȒȐȝ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȑ ȕȍ ȊȖȏ-

87
ȉțȎȌȈȍȚșȧ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ, «ȕȈȌȏȖȘ» șȒȓȖȕȍȕ șȒȖȘȍȍ ȗȖȔȖȟȤ
șȖȌȍȘȎȈȚȍȓȦ ȟȍȔ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȤ ȍȋȖ
ȅȚȖȋȖ ȔȈȓȖ: «ȕȈȌȏȖȘ» ȟȈșȚȖ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȋȖȘȧȟȖ ȖȚșȚȈȐȊȈȍȚ Ȑȕ-
ȚȍȘȍșȣ ȝȖȏȧȐȕȈ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȍȋȖ «ȘȈȉȣȕȤ» ǹȖȌȍȘȎȈȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȈȔ
Ȑ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȚȍȓȧȔ ȟȐȕȣ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȐ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ ȖȟȍȕȤ șțȡȍșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕțȦ ȗȖȔȖȡȤ Ȋ ȗȖȘȈȉȖȡȍȕȐȐ ȌȍȊțȠȍȒ ǿȚȖȉȣ ȕȍ ȉȣȚȤ
ȋȖȓȖșȓȖȊȕȣȔȐ Ȕȣ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȔ ȏȌȍșȤ ȗȘȖȠȍȕȐȍ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȚȈȒȖȑ
ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ ȗȖȌȈȕȕȖȍ ȍȦ ȕȈ ȐȔȧ ȋȓȈȊȕȖȕȈȟȈȓȤșȚȊțȦȡȖȋȖ ȋȘȈȎ-
ȌȈȕșȒȖȑ ȟȈșȚȤȦ ȕȈ DzȈȊȒȈȏȍ
ǪȖȚ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȗȐȠȍȚ
ʔˆˑʠˋˢ˕ˈˎ˟˔˕˅˖
ʒˎ˃˅ːˑː˃˚˃ˎ˟˔˕˅˖ˡ˜ˈˏ˖ ʒ˓˃ˉˇ˃ː˔ˍˑˌ ʦ˃˔˕˟ˡ ː˃ ʙ˃˅ˍ˃-
ˊˈǤ
ʙ˓ˈ˔˕˟ˢːˍˋ ʤ˃˓˟ˍˑ˅˔ˍˑˌ
ˆ˖˄ˈ˓ːˋˋ ʣˈˍˎ˞ ʏ˄˓˃ˏˑ˅ː˞
ʕ˖ˍˑ˅ˑˌ
ʞ˓ˑ˛ˈːˋˈǤ
ʞ˓ˋˈ˘˃˅ ˅ ˆǤ ʐ˃ˍ˖ ͳͷ ˇˈˍ˃˄˓ˢ ˒˓ˑ˛ˎˑˆˑ ͳͻͲͲ ˆˑˇ˃ ˇˎˢ
˒˓ˋˋ˔ˍ˃ːˋˢ ˊ˃ːˢ˕ˋˌǡ ˢǡ ːˈ ˊː˃ˢ ˆˑ˓ˑˇ˃ǡ ˑ˔˕˃ːˑ˅ˋˎ˃˔˟ ˅˓ˈ-
ˏˈːːˑ ˅ ˆˑ˔˕ˋːˋ˙ˈ «ʛˈ˕˓ˑ˒ˑˎ˟»ǡ ˑ˄˝ˢ˅ˋ˅ ˅ ˏˈ˔˕ːˑˌ ˆ˃ˊˈ˕ˈ ˑ
˔˅ˑˈˏ ˉˈˎ˃ːˋˋ ȋˋˏˈ˕˟ ˓˃˄ˑ˕˖ȌǤ ʜ˃ ˔ˎˈˇ˖ˡ˜ˋˌ ˇˈː˟ ˢ˅ˋˎ˃˔˟
ˍˑ ˏːˈ ˉˈː˜ˋː˃ǡ ˑˍ˃ˊ˃˅˛˃ˢ˔ˢ ˅˒ˑ˔ˎˈˇ˔˕˅ˋˋ ˠˍˑːˑˏˍˑˌ ˇˑ-
ˏ˃ ˕ˈ˓˒ˋˏˑ˔˕ˋ ˆ-ˉˋ ʟ˃˘ˏ˃ːǡ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˃ˢ ˑ˄ˏ˃ːː˞ˏ ˑ˄˓˃ˊˑˏǡ
˒ˑˇ ˅ˋˇˑˏ ˄˖ˇ˕ˑ ˄˞ ˔ˑˇˈ˓ˉˋˏˑˌ ˏ˃˔˕ˈ˓˔ˍˑˌ ˇ˃ˏ˔ˍˋ˘ ˛ˎˢ˒ǡ
˒˓ˋ˅ˈˊˎ˃ ˏˈːˢ ˅ ˖˒ˑˏˢː˖˕˞ˌ «ˇˑˏ»Ǥ ʙˑˆˇ˃ ˢ ˖˅ˋˇˈˎ˃ǡ ˍ˖ˇ˃
ˢ ˒ˑ˒˃ˎ˃ǡ ˕ˑ ˑ˕˚˃ˢːˋˈ ˏˑˈ ˄˞ˎˑ ˄ˈ˔˒˓ˈˇˈˎ˟ːˑǡ ˢ ˖ˏˑˎˢˎ˃
ˑ˕˒˖˔˕ˋ˕˟ ˏˈːˢǡ ˑ˄˓˃˜˃ˎ˃˔˟ ˕˃ˍˉˈ ˍ ˃ˆˈː˕˃ˏ ˒ˑˎˋ˙ˋˋǡ ːˑ ː˃
ˏˑˋ ˅ˑ˒ˎˋ ˋ ˔˕ˑː˞ ˢ ˒ˑˎ˖˚˃ˎ˃ ˅ ˑ˕˅ˈ˕ ˎˋ˛˟ ˒ˑ˓˖ˆ˃ːˋˈǤ ʜ˃
˖ˎˋ˙˖ ˏˈːˢ ːˈ ˅˞˒˖˔ˍ˃ˎˋǡ ˒ˋ˔˃˕˟ ˒ˋ˔˟ˏ˃ǡ ˒ˑˎ˖˚˃˕˟ ˋˎˋ ˔ ˍˈˏ-
ˎˋ˄ˑ ˓˃ˊˆˑ˅˃˓ˋ˅˃˕˟ ːˈ ˒ˑˊ˅ˑˎˢˎˋǤ ʡ˃ˍˋˏ ˑ˄˓˃ˊˑˏ ˏˈːˢ ˒˓ˑ-
ˇˈ˓ˉ˃ˎˋ ˑˍˑˎˑ ˇ˅˖˘ ˏˈ˔ˢ˙ˈ˅ǡ ˒ˑ˔ˎˈ ˚ˈˆˑǡ ˅ˋˇˢ ːˈ ˖ːˋˏ˃˅-
˛ˈˈ˔ˢ ˏˑˈ ˑ˕˚˃ˢːˋˈ ˋ ˔ˈ˓˟ˈˊːˑˈ ːˈˇˑˏˑˆ˃ːˋˈǡ ˑ˕˒˖˔˕ˋˎˋǡ ːˑ
˄ˈˊ ˅˔ˢˍˋ˘ ˔˓ˈˇ˔˕˅Ǥ ʞ˓ˋ ˠ˕ˑˏ ːˈˏˈˇˎˈːːˑ ˢ˅ˋˎ˔ˢ ˑˍˑˎˑˇˑ˚-

88
ː˞ˌ ː˃ˇˊˋ˓˃˕ˈˎ˟ ʧ˃˘˕˃˘˕ˋː˔ˍˋˌ ˋǡ ˊ˃ˢ˅ˋ˅ǡ ˚˕ˑ ˇˈˌ˔˕˅˖ˈ˕
˒ˑ ˒˓ˋˍ˃ˊ˃ːˋˡǡ ˃˓ˈ˔˕ˑ˅˃ˎ ˏˈːˢ ˋǡ ˖ˎˑˉˋ˅ ˏˑˋ ˅ˈ˜ˋǡ ˑ˕-
˒˓˃˅ˋˎ ˏˈːˢ ː˃ ˅ˑˍˊ˃ˎ ˇˎˢ ˑ˕˒˓˃˅ˍˋ ː˃ ˓ˑˇˋː˖Ǥ ʜ˃ ˅ˑˍˊ˃ˎ
˒ˑˈ˘˃ˎ˃ ˔ ːˋˏ ˕˃ˍˉˈ ˋ ˅˞˛ˈ˖˒ˑˏˢː˖˕˃ˢ ˠˍˑːˑˏˍ˃Ǥ ʡ˃ˏǡ ˒ˑˇ-
˅ˈ˓ˆ˃ˢ˔˟ ˔˃ˏ˞ˏ ˆ˓˖˄˞ˏ ˑ˔ˍˑ˓˄ˎˈːˋˢˏ ˋ ː˃˔ˋˎˋˢˏǡ ˢ ˄˞ˎ˃
˅˕ˋ˔ː˖˕˃ ˅ ˅˃ˆˑː ˑ˕˘ˑˇˢ˜ˈˆˑ ˒ˑˈˊˇ˃ǡ ˒˓ˋ˚ˈˏ ˏːˈ ːˈ ˇ˃ˎˋ ːˋ
˄ˋˎˈ˕˃ǡ ːˋ ˇˈːˈˆǤ ʠ ˄ˑˎ˟˛ˋˏ ˕˓˖ˇˑˏ ˢ ˅˞˓˅˃ˎ˃˔˟ǡ ˒˓ˋ˄ˈˉ˃ˎ˃
˅ ˒ˑˎˋ˙ˈˌ˔ˍˑˈ ˖˒˓˃˅ˎˈːˋˈ ˋ ˒˓ˑ˔ˋˎ˃ ˊ˃˜ˋ˕˞ ˋ ˒˓ˈˍ˓˃˜ˈ-
ːˋˢ ː˃˔ˋˎˋˢǤ ʑ ˎˋ˙ˈ ˒ˑˏˑ˜ːˋˍ˃ ˒ˑˎˋ˙ˈˌˏˈˌ˔˕ˈ˓˃ ˓ˑ˕ˏˋ˔˕-
˓˃ ʗˊˏ˃ˋˎ˟˔ˍˑˆˑ ˢ ː˃˛ˎ˃ ˆ˖ˏ˃ːːˑˆˑ ˊ˃˜ˋ˕ːˋˍ˃ǡ ˑː ˓˃˔˒ˑ˓ˢ-
ˇˋˎ˔ˢ ˑ ˒˓ˈˍ˓˃˜ˈːˋˋ ˄ˈˊˊ˃ˍˑːˋˢǡ ˃ ˘ˑˊˢˌˍˈ «ˇˑˏ˃»ǤǤǤ ʟ˃˘ˏ˃ːǡ
˒ˑˎ˟ˊˑ˅˃˅˛ˈˌ˔ˢ ˏːˑˡ ˅ ˕ˈ˚ˈːˋˈ ˇ˅˖˘ ˏˈ˔ˢ˙ˈ˅ǡ ˒˓ˈˇˎˑˉˋˎ ˅˞-
ˇ˃˕˟ ˏːˈ ʹͲ ˓˖˄Ǥ ː˃ ˇˑ˓ˑˆ˖Ǥ ʤˑˊˢˌˍ˃ ˅ˊˢˎ˃ ˔ ˏˈːˢ ˒˓ˈˇ˅˃-
˓ˋ˕ˈˎ˟ːˑ ˓˃˔˒ˋ˔ˍ˖ ˑ ˒ˑˎːˑˏ ˖ˇˑ˅ˎˈ˕˅ˑ˓ˈːˋˋ ˈˡ ˏˈːˢǡ ˃ ˒ˑ-
˕ˑˏ ˅˞ˇ˃ˎ˃ ˏːˈ ͳͷ ˓˖˄Ǥ ʜˑ ˏːˈ ˒˓ˋ˛ˎˑ˔˟ ˑ˔˕˃˕˟˔ˢ ˅ ˆˑ˓ˑ-
ˇˈ ˈ˜ˈǡ ˕˃ˍ ˍ˃ˍ ˅ ˒ˑˎˋ˙ˈˌ˔ˍˑˏ ˖˒˓˃˅ˎˈːˋˋ ˒˓ˈˇˎˑˉˋˎˋ
ˏːˈ ˒˓ˋˌ˕ˋ ː˃ ˔ˎˈˇ˖ˡ˜ˋˌ ˇˈː˟ ˊ˃ ˒ˑˎ˖˚ˈːˋˈˏ ˒˓ˋ˛ˈˇ˛ˈˆˑ
˔ ˓ˑˇˋː˞ ˒˃˔˒ˑ˓˕˃Ǥ ʜ˃ ˔ˎˈˇ˖ˡ˜ˋˌ ˇˈː˟ ˖˕˓ˑˏ ˢ˅ˎˢˈ˕˔ˢ ˅
ːˑˏˈ˓ ˆˑ˔˕ˋːˋ˙˞ «ʚˑːˇˑː»ǡ ˆˇˈ ˢ ˑ˔˕˃ːˑ˅ˋˎ˃˔˟ǡ ˚˕ˑ˄˞ ˒ˈ˓ˈ-
ːˑ˚ˈ˅˃˕˟ǡ ˑˍˑˎˑˇˑ˚ː˞ˌ ː˃ˇˊˋ˓˃˕ˈˎ˟ ʣˈˇˋː ˋ ˔ ˆ˓˖˄ˑ˔˕ˢˏˋǡ
˒˓ˈ˅ˑ˔˘ˑˇˢ˜ˋˏˋ ˅˔ˢˍˋˈ ˒ˑːˢ˕ˋˢǡ ˒˓ˋˍ˃ˊ˞˅˃ˈ˕ ˔ˑ˄˓˃˕˟ ˒ˑˉˋ˕-
ˍˋǡ ˔ ˒ˑ˄ˑˢˏˋǡ ˑ˕ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞˘ ˢ ˒˃ˇ˃ˡǡ ˅˞˕˃ˎˍˋ˅˃ˈ˕ ˏˈːˢ ː˃
˖ˎˋ˙˖ ˋ ˇˑ˔˕˃˅ˎˢˈ˕ ˅ ͵-ˌ ˒ˑˎˋ˙ˈˌ˔ˍˋˌ ˖˚˃˔˕ˑˍǤ ʑ ˒ˑ˔ˎˈˇːˈˏǡ
˒ˑ ˒˓ˋˍ˃ˊ˃ːˋˡ ˄˞˅˛ˈˆˑ ˕˃ˏ ˇˈˉ˖˓ː˞ˏ ˅˞˛ˈ˖˒ˑˏˢː˖˕ˑˆˑ
ʧ˃˘˕˃˘˕ˋː˔ˍˑˆˑǡ ˏˈːˢ ˅˕˃ˎˍˋ˅˃ˡ˕ ˅ ˕ˈˏː˖ˡ ːˈ˕ˑ˒ˎˈː˖ˡ ˍ˃-
ˏˑ˓ˍ˖ǡ ˆˇˈ ˋ ˇˈ˓ˉ˃˕ ˇˑ ˒ˑˎ˖ˇːˢǤ ʖ˃˕ˈˏǡ ˅ˋˇˢǡ ˚˕ˑ ˢ ˒ˑ˔ˋːˈˎ˃
ˑ˕ ˘ˑˎˑˇ˃ ˋ ˔ˑ˅˔ˈˏ ˋˊːˈˏˑˆ˃ˡǡ ˒ˈ˓ˈ˅ˈˎˋ ˏˈːˢ ˅ ˍˑˏː˃˕˖ ˇˈ-
ˉ˖˓ːˑˆˑ ˑˍˑˎˑˇˑ˚ːˑˆˑǤ ʑˑ ˅˓ˈˏˢ ˃˓ˈ˔˕˃ ˅ ˍ˃ˏˑ˓ˍˈ ˃ˆˈː˕˞
˒ˑˎˋ˙ˋˋ — ˗˃ˏˋˎˋˋ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞˘ǡ ˍ˓ˑˏˈ ˄˓˃˕˃ ˖˒ˑˏˢː˖˕ˑˆˑ ˅˞-
˛ˈ ʧ˃˘˕˃˘˕ˋː˔ˍˑˆˑǡ ːˈ ˊː˃ˡǡ — ˊ˃˘ˑˇˋˎˋ ˍˑ ˏːˈǡ ˖˚ˋːˢˢ
˔˃ˏ˞ˈ ˆ˓˖˄˞ˈ ː˃˔ˋˎˋˢ ˅ ˖ˇˑ˅ˎˈ˕˅ˑ˓ˈːˋˈ ˔˅ˑˈˌ ˉˋ˅ˑ˕ːˑˌ
˔˕˓˃˔˕ˋǤ ʏ ʟ˃˘ˏ˃ː ˔ ˔˅ˑˈˌ ˠˍˑːˑˏˍˑˌ ˅ ˔ˑ˒˓ˑ˅ˑˉˇˈːˋˋ ˑˍˑ-
ˎˑˇˑ˚ːˑˆˑ ː˃ˇˊˋ˓˃˕ˈˎˢ ʧ˃˘˕˃˘˕ˋː˔ˍˑˆˑ ˊ˃˘ˑˇˋˎˋ ˇˎˢ ˋˊ-
ˇˈ˅˃˕ˈˎ˟˔˕˅˃ ˋ ˑ˔ˏˈˢːˋˢ ˏˑˈˆˑ ˒ˑˎˑˉˈːˋˢǡ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓ˑˈǡ ˒ˑ ˅˞-
˓˃ˉˈːˋˡ ˒ˑ˔ˎˈˇːˈˆˑǡ ˔ˑ˔˕ˑˢˎˑ˔˟ ˔˅ˑˋˏ ˔˖ˇˑˏǤ ʙ ˅ˈ˚ˈ˓˖ ˆˑ-
˓ˑˇˑ˅ˑˌ ʏˆ˃-ʛ˃ˏˈˇ ʓˉ˃˗˃˓ˑ˅ǡ ˖˅ˋˇˢ ˏˈːˢ ˅ ˖˚˃˔˕ˍˈ ˃˓ˈ˔-
˕ˑ˅˃ːːˑˌǡ ˇˑːˈ˔ ˑ˄ ˠ˕ˑˏ ˆǤ ˒ˑˏˑ˜ːˋˍ˖ ˒ˑˎˋ˙ˈˌˏˈˌ˔˕ˈ˓˃ǡ

89
ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞ˌ ˒ˑ˕˓ˈ˄ˑ˅˃ˎ ːˈˏˈˇˎˈːːˑˆˑ ˑ˔˅ˑ˄ˑˉˇˈːˋˢ ˏˈːˢ ˋ
ˢ˅ˍˋ ˅ ˖˒˓˃˅ˎˈːˋˈǡ ˆˇˈ ˒ˑˏˑ˜ːˋˍ ˒˓ˋ˔˕˃˅˃ ͵-ˌ ˚˃˔˕ˋǡ ˊ˃-
ˏˈːˢ˅˛ˋˌ ˅˓ˈˏˈːːˑ ˒˓ˋ˔˕˃˅˃ǡ ː˃ ˅˞ˆˑ˅ˑ˓ ˆǤ ˒ˑˏˑ˜ːˋˍ˃ ˒ˑ-
ˎˋ˙ˈˌˏˈˌ˔˕ˈ˓˃ ˊ˃ ˇˑ˒˖˜ˈːˋˈ ˒˓ˑˋˊ˅ˈˇˈːːˑˆˑ ː˃ˇˑ ˏːˑˡ
˄ˈˊˊ˃ˍˑːˋˢǡ ˊ˃ˢ˅ˋˎǡ ˚˕ˑ ˢ ˄˞ˎ˃ ˅ ˔ˑ˔˕ˑˢːˋˋ ːˈ˅ˏˈːˢˈˏˑ˔˕ˋ
ˋ ˒˓ˑˋˊ˅ˑˇˋˎ˃ ˄ˈ˔˚ˋː˔˕˅˃ǡ ˒ˑ˔ˎ˖ˉˋ˅˛ˋˈ ˒˓ˋ˚ˋːˑˌ ˃˓ˈ˔˕ˑ˅˃-
ːˋˢ ˏˈːˢǤ ʒǤ ˒ˑˏˑ˜ːˋˍ ˒˓ˋˍ˃ˊ˃ˎ ˒ˑ ˏˑˈˏ˖ ˊ˃ˢ˅ˎˈːˋˡ ˔ˑ˔˕˃-
˅ˋ˕˟ ˒˓ˑ˕ˑˍˑˎ ˒˓ˋ ˒ˑːˢ˕˞˘ǡ ˅ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓ˑˏ ˖˒ˑˏˋː˃ˎˑ˔˟ ˑ ˔ˍ˃ˊ˃ː-
ː˞˘ ˄ˈˊˊ˃ˍˑːˋˢ˘ǡ ˒˓ˑˋˊ˅ˈˇˈːː˞˘ ː˃ˇˑ ˏːˑˡ ˃ˆˈː˕˃ˏˋ ˒ˑˎˋ-
˙ˋˋǡ ˒ˑˇ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞ˏ ˢ ˒ˑ ˒˓ˈˇˎˑˉˈːˋˡ ˓˃˔˒ˋ˔˃ˎ˃˔˟ǡ ˋ ˊ˃˕ˈˏ
˅˔ˈ ˠ˕ˑ ˒˓ˑˋˊ˅ˑˇ˔˕˅ˑ ˔ ˒˃˔˒ˑ˓˕ˑˏ ː˃ ˔ˎˈˇ˖ˡ˜ˋˌ ˇˈː˟ ˆǤ ˒ˑ-
ˏˑ˜ːˋˍ ˒˓ˈˇ˔˕˃˅ˋˎ ˆǤ ˒ˑˎˋ˙ˈˌˏˈˌ˔˕ˈ˓˖Ǥ ʜ˃ ˔ˎˈˇ˖ˡ˜ˋˌ ˇˈː˟ ˢ
˔ːˑ˅˃ ˒˓ˋ˛ˎ˃ ˅ ˖˒˓˃˅ˎˈːˋˈ ˒˓ˑ˔ˋ˕˟ ˑ ˅˞ˇ˃˚ˈ ˑ˕ˑ˄˓˃ːːˑˆˑ
ˑ˕ ˏˈːˢ ˅ˋˇ˃ ː˃ ˉˋ˕ˈˎ˟˔˕˅ˑǡ ː˃ ˚˕ˑ ˆǤ ˒ˑˎˋ˙ˈˌˏˈˌ˔˕ˈ˓ ˓ˑ˕-
ˏˋ˔˕˓ ʝ˘ˋ˙ˋː˔ˍˋˌ ˊ˃ˢ˅ˋˎ ˏːˈǡ ˚˕ˑ˄˞ ˢ ˑ˄˓˃˕ˋˎ˃˔˟ ˅ ͵-ˌ ˖˚˃-
˔˕ˑˍǡ ˆˇˈ ː˃˘ˑˇˋ˕˔ˢ ˅˔ˈ ˏˑˈ ˇˈˎˑ ˋ ˄˖ˏ˃ˆˋǢ ːˑ ˢ ˖˄ˈˇˋ˕ˈˎ˟ːˑ
˒˓ˑ˔ˋˎ˃ ˇ˃˕˟ ˏːˈ ˅ˑˊˏˑˉːˑ˔˕˟ ˋˊ˄ˈˉ˃˕˟ ˒ˑ˔ˈ˜ˈːˋˢ ˠ˕ˑˆˑ
˖˚˃˔˕ˍ˃Ǥ ʡˑˆˇ˃ ˆǤ ˒ˑˎˋ˙ˈˌˏˈˌ˔˕ˈ˓ ˒˓ˈˇˎˑˉˋˎ ˏːˈ ˒˓ˋˌ˕ˋ ː˃
˔ˎˈˇ˖ˡ˜ˋˌ ˇˈː˟Ǥ ʜ˃ ˔ˎˈˇ˖ˡ˜ˋˌ ˇˈː˟ ˆǤ ˒ˑˎˋ˙ˈˌˏˈˌ˔˕ˈ˓ ː˃-
˒˓˃˅ˋˎ ˏˈːˢ ˅ ͷ-ˌ ˖˚˃˔˕ˑˍǡ ː˃˘ˑˇˢ˜ˋˌ˔ˢ ˅ «ʦˈ˓ːˑˏ ˆˑ˓ˑˇˈ»ǡ
˅ˈ˓˔˕ ˊ˃ ͷ ˑ˕ ˆˑ˓ˑˇ˃Ǥ ʑˋˇˢǡ ˚˕ˑ ˕˃ˍˑˌ ˕ˢˉ˄ˈ ːˈ˕ ˍˑː˙˃ǡ ˢ ː˃-
˔˕ˑˢ˕ˈˎ˟ːˑ ˖ˏˑˎˢˎ˃ ˅˞ˇ˃˕˟ ˏːˈ ˇˑˍ˖ˏˈː˕ ˋ ˑ˕˒˖˔˕ˋ˕˟ ˏˈːˢǡ
ː˃ ˚˕ˑ ˆǤ ˒ˑˎˋ˙ˈˌˏˈˌ˔˕ˈ˓ ˒˓ˈˇˎˑˉˋˎ ˏːˈ ˔˒ˈ˓˅˃ ˇ˃˕˟ ˔ˑˆˎ˃˔ˋˈ
ˑ ˒˓ˈˍ˓˃˜ˈːˋˋ ˅˔ˈˆˑ ˇˈˎ˃ǡ ˖ːˋ˚˕ˑˉˈːˋˢ ː˃˒ˋ˔˃ːːˑˆˑ ˒˓ˑ-
˕ˑˍˑˎ˃ǡ ˇ˃˕˟ ˒ˑˇ˒ˋ˔ˍ˖ ˑ ˇˑ˄˓ˑ˅ˑˎ˟ːˑˏ ˏˑˈˏ ˔ˑˆˎ˃˔ˋˋ ː˃
˒˓ˑ˔˕ˋ˕˖˙ˋˡǡ ˑ ˏˑˈˌ ˒ˑˎːˑˌ ˅ˋːˑ˅ːˑ˔˕ˋ ȋǫȌǡ ˒˓ˈˍ˓˃˜ˈːˋˋ
ˇˈˎ˃ ˋ ːˈˋˏˈːˋˋ ːˋˍ˃ˍˋ˘ ˒˓ˈ˕ˈːˊˋˌǡ ː˃ ˚˕ˑ ˢǡ ːˈ ˅ˋˇˢ ˇ˓˖-
ˆˑˆˑ ˅˞˘ˑˇ˃ǡ ˔ˑˆˎ˃˔ˋˎ˃˔˟ ˋ ˋ˔˒ˑˎːˋˎ˃ ˅˔ˈ ˕˓ˈ˄ˑ˅˃ːˋˢǡ ˒ˑ˔ˎˈ
˚ˈˆˑǡ ː˃ˍˑːˈ˙ǡ ˒ˑˎ˖˚ˋˎ˃ ˅ˋˇ ː˃ ˉˋ˕ˈˎ˟˔˕˅ˑǤ
ʓˑ˅ˈˇˈːː˃ˢ ˕˃ˍˋˏ ˑ˄˓˃ˊˑˏ ˖˒ˑˏˢː˖˕˞ˏˋ ˎˋ˙˃ˏˋǡ ˕˃ˍ-
ˉˈ ˋ ˒ˑˏˑ˜ːˋˍˑˏ ˒˓ˋ˔˕˃˅˃ǡ ː˃˘ˑˇˢ˜ˋˏ˔ˢ ˒˓ˋ ˖˒˓˃˅ˎˈːˋˋǡ
ˆǤ ʧ˃ː˛ˋˈ˅˞ˏǡ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞ˈǡ ˒ˑ˒˓˃˅ ˅˔ˢˍˋˈ ˚ˈˎˑ˅ˈ˚ˈ˔ˍˋˈ ˒˓˃˅˃ǡ
ː˃ˇ˓˖ˆ˃ˎˋ˔˟ǡ ˋˊˇˈ˅˃ˎˋ˔˟ ˋ ˋ˔˕ˢˊ˃ˎˋ ˏˈːˢǡ ˇˑ˅ˈˇˈːː˃ˢ ˇˑ ˔˃-
ˏˑˆˑ ˒ˎ˃˚ˈ˅ːˑˆˑ ˗ˋˊˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˑˆˑǡ ˏ˃˕ˈ˓ˋ˃ˎ˟ːˑˆˑ ˋ ː˓˃˅˔˕˅ˈː-
ːˑˆˑ ˔ˑ˔˕ˑˢːˋˢǡ ˑ˄˓˃˜˃ˡ˔˟ ˍ ˅˞˔ˑˍˑˆ˖ˏ˃ːːˑˏ˖ ˚˖˅˔˕˅˖ ʑ˃-
˛ˈˆˑ ʠˋˢ˕ˈˎ˟˔˕˅˃ǡ ˑˍ˃ˊ˃˕˟ ʑ˃˛ˈ ˒˓ˑ˔˅ˈ˜ˈːːˑˈ ˔ˑˇˈˌ˔˕˅ˋˈ ˅

90
ˊ˃˜ˋ˕˖ ˏˈːˢǡ ːˋ ˅ ˚ˈˏ ːˈ ˒ˑ˅ˋːːˑˌǡ ˑ˕ ˒˓ˈ˔ˎˈˇˑ˅˃ːˋˢ ˒ˑˎˋ-
˙ˈˌ˔ˍˋ˘ ˅ˎ˃˔˕ˈˌǤ
ʙ˓ˈ˔˕˟ˢːˍ˃ ʣˈˍˎ˃ ʏ˄˓˃ˏˑ˅ː˃ ʕ˖ˍˑ˅˃
ȅȚȖ «ȗȘȖȠȍȕȐȍ» ȒȈȒ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȖ ȖȕȖ ȊȗȖȓ-
ȕȍ ȖȉȘȐșȖȊȣȊȈȍȚ ȚȖ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȗȖȗȈȌȈȍȚ ȌȍȊțȠ-
ȒȈ ȗȖȎȍȓȈȊȠȈȧ ȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȘȍȔȍșȓȖ Ȕȣ ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȔ
Ȋ șȚȖȘȖȕȍ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ǮțȒȖȊȖȑ ȗȖȗȈȊȠȍȑ
Ȋ «ȌȖȔ» ȕȍ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȑ ȊȖȓȍ
 ǽȖȏȧȑȒȈ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȊȣȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȍȚ ȍȍ
ȏȈ ȌȊȍȘȤ ȉȍȏ ȗȈșȗȖȘȚȈ Ȑ ȉȍȏ ȋȘȖȠȈ Ȍȍȕȍȋ Ȉ ȈȋȍȕȚȣ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȐ
ȕȈșȐȓȤȕȖ ș ȐȏȌȍȊȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈȔȐ ȊȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȦȚ ȍȍ «Ȋ ȊȈȋȖȕ ȖȚ-
ȝȖȌȧȡȍȋȖ ȗȖȍȏȌȈ» ȕȍ șȕȈȉȎȈȧ ȗȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȉȐȓȍȚȖȔ Ț ȍ șȚȈ-
ȊȧȚ ȍȍ Ȋ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȖșȚȈȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ ȕȍ
șȔȍȑ Ȉ ȍȝȈȚȤ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ șȚȈȕȞȐȐ ȚȖȎȍ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȠȤ Ȋȣ-
șȈȌȧȚ ǹȓȖȊȖȔ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȚȈȒȖȍ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȍ ȏȈȒȖȕ ȕȍ șȚȈȊȐȚ ȌȈ-
Ȏȍ șȈȔȖȋȖ ȚȧȎȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȍșȚțȗȕȐȒȈ Ǩ ȚțȚ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ șȚȘȈȠȕȖ
ȗȖȚȍȘȗȍȊȠȈȧ ȖȚ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȣ ȌȖȔȈ Ȑ țȎ ȊȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓț-
ȟȈȍ ȕȐ Ȋ ȟȍȔ ȕȍ ȊȐȕȖȊȕȈȧ ȗȖȌȊȍȘȋȈȍȚșȧ ȒȈȒȖȔț-ȚȖ ȕȍȊȍ-
ȘȖȧȚȕȖȔț ȖșȚȘȈȒȐȏȔț ȍȍ ȝȖȚȧȚ ȊȣȉȘȖșȐȚȤ ȕȈ șȖșȍȌȕȦȦ ȗțș-
ȚȣȕȕțȦ șȚȈȕȞȐȦ ȋȌȍ ȖȕȈ ȕȍ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȉțȌȍȚ ȕȈȑȚȐ șȍȉȍ
ȌȈȎȍ ȕȖȟȓȍȋȈ ǯȈ ȟȚȖ Ȑ ȗȖ ȒȈȒȖȔț ȗȘȈȊț" Ǩ ȋȓȈȊȕȖȍ Ȍȓȧ
ȟȍȋȖ ȥȚȖ ȌȍȓȈȍȚșȧ" ǶȚȊȍȚ ȕȈ ȥȚȐ ȊȖȗȘȖșȣ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȚȖȓȤ-
ȒȖ ȖȌȐȕ ȟȚȖȉȣ «ȗȘȖțȟȐȚȤ» ȖȚȉȐȚȤ ȖȝȖȚț ȗȘȖȚȍșȚȖȊȈȚȤ ț
ȌȘțȋȐȝ ǰȕȈȟȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ ȌȍȓȈȍȚșȧ ȥȚȖ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȋ ȐȕȚȍ-
ȘȍșȈȝ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȣ ȌȖȔȈ Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ Ȏȍ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȐ ȐȌȍȚ
Ȑ Ȋșȍ ȗȖșȓȍȌțȦȡȍȍ «ȌȍȑșȚȊȖ» ǬȍȊțȠȒȈ ȊȣȘȣȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȉȍȎȐȚ
Ȓ ȗȖȔȖȡȕȐȒț ȗȖȓȐȞȍȑȔȍȑșȚȍȘȈ ǺȖȚ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȍȍ ȎȈȓȖȉț
ȖȚȕȖșȐȚșȧ Ȓ ȕȍȑ șȖȟțȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȊșȍȋȖ șȖșȚȈȊȈ ȗȖȓȐ-
ȞȐȐ
 ȗȘȐȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ șȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȗȘȖȚȖȒȖȓ Ț ȍ ȌȈȍȚ Ȍȍȓț ȏȈȒȖȕ-
ȕȣȑ ȝȖȌ ǹ ȥȚȖȑ ȔȐȕțȚȣ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȗȖȓȕȖȗȘȈȊ-
ȕȖȑ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕȒȖȑ ǺȈȒ ȖȕȈ ȌțȔȈȍȚ Ȑ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȕȖȔȍȘ Ȋ ȋȖșȚȐ-
ȕȐȞȍ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȍȘȍȕȖȟȍȊȈȚȤ ǵȖ ȥȚȖ ȕȍ Ȋ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȈȝ «ȝȖȏȧȑ-
ȒȐ» ǬȍȊțȠȒȈ ȊȖȏȔțȚȐȓȈșȤ Ȑ ȕȈȠȓȈ ȏȈȡȐȚț ȕȈȠȓȈ «țȗȘȈ-
Ȋț» ȕȈ ȝȖȏȧȑȒț — ȥȚȖ ȌțȘȕȖȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȌȘțȋȐȔ Ǫ ȚȈȒȖȔ ȗȖȓȖ-
ȎȍȕȐȐ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȚȤ ȌȍȓȖ ǰ ȖȕȖ ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ǸȈȕȖ
țȚȘȖȔ ȍȍ ș ȗȖȉȖȧȔȐ ȌȖ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȗȈȌȈȍȚ
 ȚȈȡȈȚ Ȋ țȟȈ-

91
șȚȖȒ Ȑ ȉȘȖșȈȦȚ Ȋ ȚȍȔȕȣȑ ȝȖȓȖȌȕȣȑ ȟțȓȈȕ ǰ ȚțȚ ȕȈȌ ȕȍȑ
ȖȗȧȚȤ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȦȚ «ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȚȤ ȗȘȐȔȍȘ».
— ǿȚȖ ȕȈȠȓȈ ȗȘȈȊȌț — ȐȏȌȍȊȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈȌ ȕȍȑ ȚȈ Ȏȍ ȝȖ-
ȏȧȑȒȈ. — ǵȍ ȝȖȚȍȓȈ ȎȐȚȤ Ȋ Țȍȗȓȍ ȌȈ Ȋ ȝȖȓȍ ȚȈȒ ȗȖșȐȌȐ-ȒȈ ȊȖȚ
ȚțȚ— DzȈȒ Ȏȍ ȗȘȈȊȈ ȖȚȣșȒȐȊȈȚȤ ȊȏȌțȔȈȓȈ — ȊȚȖȘȐȚ ȍȑ ȖȒȖ-
ȓȖȌȖȟȕȣȑ ȀȈȝȚȈȝȚȐȕșȒȐȑ — ǪȖȚ Țȍȉȍ Ȑ ȗȘȈȊȈ ȊȖȚ Țȍȉȍ Ȑ
șțȌ Ǵȣ șȊȖȐȔ șțȌȖȔ șȒȖȘȍȑ ȕȈȑȌȍȔ ȚȊȖȐ ȗȘȈȊȈ
ǰ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ țȉȍȌȐȚȤ ȍȍ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȊȖȊșȍ ȕȍ ȟȍ-
ȓȖȊȍȒ Ȉ ȗȖ-ȗȘȍȎȕȍȔț ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȒȈ Ȓ ȕȍȑ ȊȗțșȒȈȍȚșȧ
țȟȈșȚȒȖȊȈȧ ȟȍȓȧȌȤ ȊȖ ȋȓȈȊȍ ș ȉȘȈȚȖȔ ȖȒȖȓȖȌȖȟȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȕȈȌ
ȕȍȑ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȧȚșȧ ȊȖȏȔțȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȕȈșȐȓȐȧ
ǪȣȊȖȌȐȚșȧ ȖȕȈ Ȑȏ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȓțȟȈȑȕȖ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȚȖȚ Ȏȍ ȗȖȔȖȡȕȐȒ ȗȖȓȐȞȍȑȔȍȑșȚȍȘȈ ȟȍ-
Șȍȏ ȋȖȘȖȌȖȊȖȋȖ țȏȕȈȍȚ Ȗ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧȝ ȟȐȕȖȊ -ȋȖ țȟȈșȚȒȈ ǭȍ
ȖșȊȖȉȖȎȌȈȦȚ Ȑ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȧȚ Ȋ ȗȖȓȐȞȍȑșȒȖȍ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ǵȖ ȕȈ
ȥȚȖȔ ȍȍ ȔțȟȍȕȐȧ ȕȍ ȒȖȕȟȈȦȚșȧ ǭȍ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȖȚȗțșȚȐȚȤ ȖȕȈ
țȎȍ ȖȗȈșȕȈ Ȑ Ȍȓȧ ȟȐȕȖȊ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȐ, Ȑ Ȍȓȧ ȝȖȏȧȑȒȐ ǰ ȊȖȚ ȍȍ
ȕȈȟȐȕȈȦȚ «ȊȖȌȐȚȤ».
— ǰȌȐ Ȋ ȚȘȍȚȐȑ țȟȈșȚȖȒ—ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȍȑ ȗȖȓȐȞȍȑȔȍȑșȚȍȘ
ȅȚȖ Ȋ ȚȖȚ șȈȔȣȑ țȟȈșȚȖȒ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȖȕȈ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȊșȍȋȖ
ȕȈȚȍȘȗȍȓȈșȤ ȔțȟȍȕȐȑ
— ǸȈȌȐ ǩȖȋȈ ȕȍ ȗȖșȣȓȈȑȚȍ Ȕȍȕȧ ȚțȌȈ — ȔȖȓȐȚ ȖȕȈ
— ǵț ȚȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȐȌȐ ȏȈȊȚȘȈ
Ǩ ȕȈȏȈȊȚȘȈ ȍȍ ȗȖșȣȓȈȦȚ Ȋ  țȟȈșȚȖȒ ǷȖȟȍȔț Ȋ ȗȧȚȣȑ"
ǬȍȓȖ ȕȈȟȈȓȖșȤ Ȋ ȚȘȍȚȤȍȔ Ȑ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓȖșȤ ț ȗȖȓȐȞȍȑȔȍȑșȚȍ-
ȘȈ ȎȐȊȍȚ ȗȘȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȈ Ȋ -Ȕ țȟȈșȚȒȍ ȋȖșȚȐȕȐȞȈ «dzȖȕ-
ȌȖȕ»
 Ȉ ȍȍ ȗȖșȣȓȈȦȚ Ȋ -ȣȑ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖ, ȏȈ ȟȍȘȚț ȋȖȘȖȌȈ Ȋ
ȏȈȊȖȌșȒȖȑ ȘȈȑȖȕ ǯȈȟȍȔ ȗȖȟȍȔț"
ǿȚȖȉȣ ȌȖȊȍșȚȐ ȌȖ ȚȖȋȖ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȧ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ
ȔȈȠȍȚ ȕȈ Ȋșȍ ȘțȒȖȑ Ȑ ȗȖșȚțȗȈȍȚșȧ ȊșȍȔȐ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȗȘȈȊȈȔȐ
ǰ ȥȚȖ ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȍȚșȧ ǶȕȈ șȖȋȓȈȠȈȍȚșȧ ȊȏȧȚȤ șȊȖȦ ȎȈȓȖȉț ȕȈ-
ȏȈȌ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ șȈȔȈ ȗȖȎȍȓȈȓȈ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȒȖȑ
ȟȚȖ «ȝȖȏȧȑȒȈ» ȗȘȈȊȈ ȊȖ ȊșȍȔ Ȉ ȊȐȕȖȊȈȚȈ ȖȌȕȈ ȖȕȈ ǮțȒȖȊȈ
Ǫ ȟȍȔ ȊȐȕȖȊȈȚȈ" ȅȚȖȋȖ ȕȐ ȖȕȈ ȕȐ Țȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȖȚȉȐȘȈȓȐ ȖȚ
ȕȍȍ ȗȖȌȗȐșȒț ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦȚ ǼȘȈȏȈ Ȗ ȍȍ ȊȐȕȖȊȕȖșȚȐ ȊȕȍșȍȕȈ
ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȕȈ ȊșȧȒȐȑ șȓțȟȈȑ ǹȈȔȐ ȖȕȐ ȒȘțȋȖȔ ȏȈȗțȚȈȓȐșȤ șȗȈ-
șȈȧșȤ ȖȚ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȊȐȕȣ ȕȈȋȘȖȔȖȏȌȐȓȐ ȞȍȓțȦ Ȓțȟț ȗȘȍșȚțȗȓȍ-

92
ȕȐȑ Ȉ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț Ȑ șȚȈȘȈȦȚșȧ ȖȋȘȈȌȐȚȤ șȍȉȧ șȖ Ȋșȍȝ șȚȖȘȖȕ ȌȖ
ȊȐȕȖȊȕȖșȚȐ ȕȐ Ȋ ȟȍȔ ȕȍ ȗȖȊȐȕȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȞȣ ȊȒȓȦȟȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȖ ǶȚȉȐȘȈȧ ȗȖȌȗȐșȒț ȗȖȓȐȞȍȑȔȍȑșȚȍȘ ȏȈȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȌȈȎȍ
ȚȖ ȟȚȖ șȈȔȈȧ ȥȚȈ ȗȖȌȗȐșȒȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȡȈȧ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ǮțȒȖȊȈ
șȖȋȓȈșȕȈ ȕȈ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȚȖȒȖȓȈ ȖȉȓȐȟȈȍȚ ȍȋȖ ȊȐȕȖȊ-
ȕȖșȚȤ ȒȈȒ ȟȐȕȖȊȕȐȒȈ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȐ ȗȘȍȒȘȈȡȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȚȈȒȐȍ țȋȖ-
ȓȖȊȕȣȍ ȌȍȓȈ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȍșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧ ȗȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȌȊȍȌȖȔșȚ-
Ȋȍȕȕȣȝ ȍȔț ȟȐȕȖȊ ȕȍȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖȍ ȓȐȠȍȕȐȍ șȊȖȉȖȌȣ șȖ șȚȖ-
ȘȖȕȣ Țȍȝ Ȏȍ ȟȐȕȖȊ ȗȖȉȖȐ ȐȏȌȍȊȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȗȘ Ȑ ȖȉȔȈȕ-
ȕȖȍ ȏȈȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȍ ǮțȒȖȊȖȑ Ȋ ȌȖȔ ȚȍȘȗȐȔȖșȚȐ ȝȖȏȧȑȒȖȑ ȥȚȖȋȖ
ȌȖȔȈ ǸȈȝȔȈȕ — șȓȖȊȖȔ, ȗȘȍȒȘȈȡȈȦȡȍȋȖ Ȑ, șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ,
șȒȘȣȊȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȗȘȍșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȘȍȒȘȈȡȍȕȐȦ
ȕȍ ȗȖȌȓȍȎȈȚ ǺȈȒȖȊȈ ȦȘȐȌȐȟȍșȒȈȧ șȚȖȘȖȕȈ ȌȍȓȈ ǵȖ ȕȍ ȚȈ-
ȒȖȊȈ ȜȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ǹ ȜȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ǸȈȝȔȈȕ Ȑ ȟȐȕȣ
ȗȖȓȐȞȐȐ ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȦȚ ȕȈȔȍȟȍȕȕȖȑ ȞȍȓȐ ȖȕȐ ȕȈȋȓȧȌȕȖ ȗȖȒȈ-
ȏȣȊȈȦȚ Ȋșȍȑ ȒȖȘȗȖȘȈȞȐȐ ȚȈȒȐȝ Ȏȍ ȖȚȊȍȘȎȍȕȕȣȝ ȟȚȖ ȕȐȒȈ-
ȒȐȝ ȗȘȈȊ ț ȕȐȝ ȕȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖȚȍșȚȣ ș Ȑȝ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȕȐ Ȓ ȟȍȔț ȕȍ
ȊȍȌțȚ ȟȚȖ ȝȖȏȧȑȒȈ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȉțȌȍȚ ȗȘȈȊȈ Ȉ ȖȕȐ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȖșȚȈȕțȚ-
șȧ ȊȐȕȖȊȕȣȔȐ Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ țȉȍȎȌȍȕȈ ȌȈȎȍ șȈȔȈ ǸȈȝȔȈȕ ǯȈșȚțȗ-
ȕȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȐ ȚȈȒ ȗȖȌȍȑșȚȊȖȊȈȓȖ ȕȈ ȕȍȍ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ
ȌȊțȝ ȌȖȔȈȝ ȊȊȍȓȈ ȍȡȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ șȚȘȖȋțȦ ȌȐșȞȐȗȓȐȕț DzȈȒ ȘȈȏ Ȋ
ȘȈȏȋȈȘ ȉȖȘȤȉȣ ș ǮțȒȖȊȖȑ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȕȍȑ «ȗȘȖȊȐȕȐȓȈșȤ» ȟȍȔ-ȚȖ
ȍȡȍ ȌȘțȋȈȧ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ ȒȘȍșȚȤȧȕȒȈ ǽȈȘȤȒȖȊșȒȖȑ ȋțȉȍȘȕȐȐ ǴȈ-
ȘȤȧ ǫȘȐȋȖȘȤȍȊȕȈ ǺȒȈȟȍȕȒȖ ǰ ȊȖȚ ȝȖȏȧȑȒȈ ȏȈȗȐȘȈȍȚ ȌȍȊțȠ-
Ȓț Ȋ șȣȘȖȑ ȗȖȌȊȈȓ Ȑ ȌȍȘȎȐȚ ȍȍ ȚȈȔ ȖȒȖȓȖ  Ȍȕȍȑ ǼȈȒȚ ȥȚȖȚ
ȉȣȓ ȐȏȊȍșȚȍȕ ȟȐȕȈȔ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȐ ȚȖȋȖ Ȏȍ ȚȘȍȚȤȍȋȖ țȟȈșȚȒȈ ǷȘȐ-
ȊȍȌȍȕȕȣȍ ȕȈȔȐ ȜȈȒȚȣ ȕȈȔ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȗȖȌȚȊȍȘȎ-
ȌȈȦȚ ȊȣșȒȈȏȈȕȕțȦ ȊȣȠȍ ȔȣșȓȤ ȟȚȖ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ ȖșȚȈȦȚșȧ Ȋ
ȌȖȔȈȝ ȚȍȘȗȐȔȖșȚȐ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȕȍ ȌȖȉȘȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ǰȕȈȟȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ ȕȈ
ȋȓȈȏȈȝ ț ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ șțȡȍșȚȊțȦȚ ȚȈȒȐȍ țȟȘȍȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ
ȉțȌțȟȐ ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȣ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ Ȋȕȍ ȏȈȒȖȕȈ ȕȈ ȋȓȈȏȈȝ ț Ȋșȍȝ Ȋȣ-
ȘȣȊȈȦȚ Ȧȕȣȝ ȟȓȍȕȖȊ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȡȈȦȚ Ȑȝ Ȋ ȖȚȊȘȈ-
ȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȗȖȏȖȘȕȣȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȗȣȚȒȈȔȐ ȊȣȚȘȈȊȓȐ-
ȊȈȧ Ȋ ȕȐȝ Ȋșȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȍ ǰ ȕȍțȎȍȓȐ ȥȚȖ ȕȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȖ" ǵȍ-
țȎȍȓȐ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȕȣȍ ȕȍ ȕȈȑȌțȚ șȍȉȍ ȏȈȡȐȚȣ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ Ȋ ȚȖȑ Ȕȍ-
Șȍ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȖȕȐ ȐȔȍȦȚ ȗȘȈȊȖ ȕȈ ȥȚț ȏȈȡȐȚț ȗȖ ȏȈȒȖȕț" ȅȚȖ
ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ ȗȖȏȖȘȕȖ Ȍȓȧ ȓȦȌȍȑ ;; ȊȍȒȈ

93
ǵȖ ȗȖ-ȊȐȌȐȔȖȔț ȗȖȏȖȘ ȕȍ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȚȧȋȖȚȐȚ «ȓȦȌȍȑ ;;
ȊȍȒȈ» ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȖȕȐ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȖȝȖȚȕȖ ȔȐȘȧȚșȧ ș șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈ-
ȕȐȍȔ ȥȚȐȝ țȟȘȍȎȌȍȕȐȑ ǬȈȎȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȚȖȋȖ șȚȈȘȈȦȚșȧ ȏȈȒ-
ȘȣȚȤ ȋȓȈȏȈ Ȑ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ Ȑȝ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȖșȐȔȖȋȖ ȐȔȐ ȏȓȈ Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ
ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȈ ȒȘȈȚȒȈȧ ȐșȚȖȘȐȧ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ©Ƕȉ-
ȡȍșȚȊȈ ȏȈȡȐȚȣ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȕȣȝ ȎȍȕȡȐȕ» ǰȕȐȞȐȈȚȖȘȣ ȥȚȖȋȖ
ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ș șȈȔȖȋȖ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȗȖȊȍȓȐ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȟȕțȦ ȉȖȘȤȉț ș ȘȈȏ-
ȊȘȈȚȐȚȍȓȧȔȐ ȌȍȊțȠȍȒ Ȑ ș ȌȖȔȈȔȐ ȚȍȘȗȐȔȖșȚȐ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖ-
ȊȣȊȈȧ Ȋ ȔȍșȚȕȖȑ ȋȈȏȍȚȍ Ȋșȍ ȜȈȒȚȣ ș ȐȔȍȕȈȔȐ ȊȐȕȖȊȕȣȝ ǵȖ
ȔȍșȚȕȣȍ ȉțȘȎțȈ ȐșȗțȋȈȓȐșȤ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȖșȚȐ «ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ» Ȑ ȘȍȠȐȓȐ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ ȔȍȘȣ ǹȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȖȕȐ ȗȖ-
ȗȘȖȉȖȊȈȓȐ «țȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ» ȐȕȐȞȐȈȚȖȘȖȊ Ȉ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȥȚȖ ȕȍ țȌȈȓȖșȤ
ȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȓȐ Ȋ ȟȓȍȕȣ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ șȊȖȐȝ șȚȖȘȖȕȕȐȒȖȊ Ȑ
șȖșȚȈȊȐȊ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ ȖȚȚȍȘȓȐ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȖȊ ȏȈȉȈȓ-
ȓȖȚȐȘȖȊȈȊ Ȑȝ ȗȘȐ ȊȣȉȖȘȈȝ Ȋ ȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ǫ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ Ȍȍȧ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ «ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ» ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍȔ ȔȈșȚȍȘ-
șȒȖȑ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȍȚ - ȌȍȊțȠȍȒ ǩȖȘȤȉȈ Ȏȍ ș ȗȘȐȟȐ-
ȕȈȔȐ ȏȓȈ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȈ ǴȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ ȐȕȐȞȐȈȚȖȘȣ
ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ȕȈ ȥȚț-ȚȖ ȉȖȘȤȉț Ȑ ȊȖȏȓȈȋȈȓȐ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȍ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȣ
ǵȈșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ȐȕȐȞȐȈȚȖȘȖȊ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ,
ȔȖȎȕȖ șțȌȐȚȤ ȗȖ ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȗȍȘȐȖȌ Ȑȝ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ Ȍȍ-
ȊțȠȒȐ Ȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȗȘȧȔȖ ȖșȈȎȌȈȓȐ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ ȊșȍȊȖȏȔȖȎ-
ȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȖșȤȉȈȔȐ șȖȏȌȈȓȖșȤ ȞȍȓȖȍ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ șȘȍȌȐ ȎȍȕȡȐȕ
ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȐȊȠȍȍșȧ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȏȈ ȟȍȘȚț ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȞȐȐ ǭȎȍ-
ȌȕȍȊȕȖ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȐ Ȏȍȕȣ ș ȎȈȓȖȉȈȔȐ ȕȈ ȔțȎȍȑ
Ȑ ș ȗȘȖșȤȉȈȔȐ ȊȣȝȓȖȗȖȚȈȚȤ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȊȐȌ ȕȈ ȎȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ
ȧȊȓȧȓȐșȤ ȗȖ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒț Ȋ ȌȍȕȤ ȉȘȖȠȍȕȕȣȍ șȖȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȣ ș
ȔȓȈȌȍȕȞȈȔȐ ȕȈ ȘțȒȈȝ țȔȖȓȧȧ Ȗ ȦȘȐȌȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ Ȑ
ȗȘȖȟ Ǵȣ ȕȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȔ țȎȍ Ȗ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȒȈȝ ȎȍȓȈȦȡȐȝ ȉȘȖ-
șȐȚȤ șȊȖȍ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȘȍȔȍșȓȖ Ǩ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȏȈȋȓȖȝȓȖ
ȏȈȚȐȝȓȖ Ȓ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊț Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȕȖȊȖȔ șȖșȚȈȊȍ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ Ȗȉ-
ȘȈȡȈȍȚșȧ
ǵȖ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȚȐȔșȧ Ȓ ȕȈȠȐȔ ȞȐȜȘȈȔ
ǹȓȍȌțȦȡȈȧ ȋȘȈȜȈ ȚȈȉȓȐȞȣ ȘȈșȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȚ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȖȒ ȗȖ
ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȧȔ Ǫ ȥȚȖȑ ȋȘȈȜȍ Ȕȣ ȊȐȌȐȔ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȒȈȌȘȣ ȗȘȖșȚȐ-
ȚțȚȖȒ ȘȍȒȘțȚȐȘțȦȚșȧ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȚȘțȌȧȡȐȍșȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ
ȐȓȐ Ȏȍȕȣ ȚȘțȌȧȡȐȝșȧ ǯȈȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȝșȧ ȌȖȔȈȠȕȐȔ ȝȖȏȧȑșȚ-
ȊȖȔ ȗȖȗȈȓȖ Ȋ ȌȖȔȈ ȚȍȘȗȐȔȖșȚȐ  ȎȍȕȡȐȕ ȌȖȔȈȠȕȧȧ ȗȘȐ-

94
șȓțȋȈ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȈ -Ȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈȔȐ Ȑ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈȔȐ ȗȖȘȚ-
ȕȐȝȐ —  ȠȓȧȗȕȐȞȣ —  ȉȍȓȖȠȊȍȑȒȐ —  ȗȘȈȟȒȐ —  ȜȈȉ-
ȘȐȟȕȣȍ ȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȞȣ —  ȝȖȘȐșȚȒȐ —  ȉȖȕȕȣ —  Ȑ ȕȐȡȍȕ-
șȚȊțȦȡȐȍ — 1.
ȅȚȐ ȞȐȜȘȣ ȒȈȒ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȖȌȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȦȚ țȒȈȏȈȕȕȣȍ
ȕȈȔȐ Ȋ ȗȘȍȌȣȌțȡȐȝ ȋȓȈȊȈȝ ȕȈȠȍȑ ȒȕȐȎȒȐ ȗȘȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ
șȖȊȍȘȠȈȍȚșȧ ȘȈȏȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȍ ȎȍȕȡȐȕ Ǵȣ țȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȐ ȚȈȔ ȕȈ
ȘȈȏȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȍ ȌȖȔȈȠȕȍȑ ȗȘȐșȓțȋȐ Ȑ Ȏȍȕ ȔȍȓȒȐȝ șȓțȎȈȡȐȝ
Ȑ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȝ — Ȑ ȊȖȚ ȗȖȓȐȞȍȑșȒȈȧ ȚȈȉȓȐȞȈ ȌȈȍȚ ȕȈȔ  Ȏȍȕ-
ȡȐȕ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȊȠȐȝșȧ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ȌȖȔȈȠȕȐȔ ȝȖȏȧȑșȚȊȖȔ Ȑ 
ȗȘȐșȓțȋ Ȉ ȊșȍȋȖ  ȎȍȕȡȐȕ ȐȓȐ ȉȖȓȍȍ % ȊșȍȋȖ ȒȖȓȐȟȍ-
șȚȊȈ ȏȈȘȍȋȐșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȖȒ
ǺȖȟȕȖ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ Ȑ șȓȍȌțȦȡȈȧ ȋȘȈȜȈ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȗȖȌȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚ
ȕȈȠȐ ȗȘȍȌȣȌțȡȐȍ ȊȣȊȖȌȣ ȒȈșȈȦȡȐȍșȧ șȗȖșȖȉȖȊ ȘȈșȚȓȍȕȐȧ.
Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ Ȋșȍ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ «ȌȖȔȖȊ» ȘȈșȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȦȚșȧ
ȚȈȒǸȈșȚȓȍȕȣ ȔțȎȍȔ —  ȓȦȉȖȊȕȐȒȖȔ —  ȗȘȖȌȈȕȣ — 1,
Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȖȗȤȧȕȍȕȐȧ —  ȗțȚȍȔ ȘȈȏȕȣȝ ȖȉȍȡȈȕȐȑ —  ȗȘȖ-
ȌȈȊȠȐȝșȧ ȏȈ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ —  ȐȏȕȈșȐȓȖȊȈȕȣ — 15, «șȔȍȠȈȕȕȣȍ
ȗȘȐȟȐȕȣ» — 72.
Dz șȖȎȈȓȍȕȐȦ, ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȧȧ ȞȐȜȘȈ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȦȡȈȧ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȊȐȌ-
ȕȖȍ ȔȍșȚȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ Ȑȏ ȗȘȐȊȍȌȍȕȕȣȝ ȞȐȜȘ ȒȈ-
ȒȐȝ-ȓȐȉȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȐȓȐ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȚȖȟȕȣȝ ȊȣȊȖȌȖȊ ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ
ȌȈȎȍ ȕȍ ȊȝȖȌȧ Ȋ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕțȦ ȖȞȍȕȒț ȒȈȎȌȖȑ ȞȐȜȘȣ ȕȍȚȘțȌ-
ȕȖ țȊȐȌȍȚȤ Ȑ ȚțȚ ȖȚȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ȚȖȑ Ȏȍ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ ȕȘȈȊȖȊ ȒȖȚȖ-
ȘțȦ Ȕȣ ȗȣȚȈȓȐșȤ ȕȈȘȐșȖȊȈȚȤ Ȋ ȗȘȍȌȣȌțȡȐȝ ȋȓȈȊȈȝ ȕȈȠȍȑ
ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ǭșȓȐ Ȕȣ ȖȚȉȘȖșȐȔ ȞȐȜȘț «72» ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȒȖȚȖ-
ȘȖȑ ȕȈȔ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȖșȚȈȊȠȐȍșȧ  ȎȍȕȡȐȕ ȌȈȌțȚ
ȕȈȔ ȉȖȋȈȚȣȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ Ȍȓȧ ȘȈȏȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȑ ǬȊȈȌȞȈȚȤ ȌȍȊȧȚȤ
Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȊȣȠȓȐ ȏȈȔțȎ ȕȍȊȐȕȕȣȔȐ Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȊȍȘ-
Țȍȗȍ Ȑ ȗȘȐȚȖȔ Ȏȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ șȒȖȘȖ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ Ȑȏ ȗȘȍȌȣȌțȡȍȋȖ Ȕȣ
ȊȐȌȍȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȔ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȐȔȍȚȤ ȏȌȍșȤ ȌȍȓȖ ș ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ-
ȔȐ Ȋ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȍ ȕȍ șȊȣȠȍ  ȓȍȚ ȗȘȐȟȍȔ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈ ȌȖș-
ȚȐȋȈȦȚ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ .2% ǹȘȍȌȕȐȑ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȏȕȈȟȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȐȎȍ Ȑ țȎ ȕȐȒȈȒ ȕȍ ȊȣȠȍ - ȓȍȚ ǷȘȍȌȗȖȓȖȎȐȊ
ȟȚȖ Ȋ șȘȍȌȕȍȔ ȊȣȝȖȌȧȚ ȏȈȔțȎ Ȋ -ȓȍȚȕȍȔ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȍ Ȕȣ
ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȔșȧ ș ȗȖȘȈȏȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȜȈȒȚȖȔ ǵȍȊȐȕȕȈȧ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ
Ȋ  ȓȍȚ ȊȣȠȍȌȠȈȧ ȏȈȔțȎ Ȋ - ȋȖȌȈ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ țȎȍ Ȋ

95
ȌȖȔȍ ȚȍȘȗȐȔȖșȚȐ ǵȖ Ȑ ȥȚȖȚ șȘȖȒ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȖȚȊȍ-
ȟȈȍȚ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȏȈȘȍȋȐșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȕ ȕȍ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ
ȗȖșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȌȖȔ Ȉ ȗȘȖȎȐȊȈȕȐȍ Ȋ ȕȍȔ Ț ȍ ȏȈȘȍȋȐșȚȘȐ-
ȘȖȊȈȕ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȗȘȍȌȠȍșȚȊțȍȚ
ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȑ ȗȍȘȐȖȌ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ Ȍȓȧ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȑ Ȍȓȧ ȌȘț-
ȋȖȑ ȔȍȕȤȠȐȑ ǭșȓȐ Ȕȣ ȥȚȖȚ ȗȍȘȐȖȌ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȔ ȚȖ-
ȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȖȌȐȕ ȋȖȌ Ȑ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȖȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ ȕȍȊȐȕȕȈȧ ȕȖȊȖȉȘȈȟ-
ȕȈȧ ȗȖȗȈȌȈȓȈ Ȋ ȌȖȔ ȚȍȘȗȐȔȖșȚȐ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȚȘȐ-ȟȍȚȣȘȍ ȋȖȌȈ ǰ
ȚȈȒȐȝ «ȕȖȊȖȉȘȈȟȕȣȝ» Ȋ ȌȖȔȈȝ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ  Ȑȏ -ȚȐ ȐȓȐ
ȗȖȟȚȐ 26% ǿȚȖ Ȑȝ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȓȖ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȜȖȘșȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȔ ȔȈȘ-
ȠȍȔ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȏȐȚȤșȧ Ȓ ȚȈȒȖȔț ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȖȔț ȒȖȕȞț" ǻ ȒȈȎȌȖȑ
Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȉȣȓ ȔțȎ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȒȖȘȔȐȓȍȞ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ,
ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȖșȚȘȖȑ ȕțȎȌȣ ȖȕȐ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȐșȗȣȚȣȊȈȚȤ ǹȍȔȍȑ-
ȕȣȑ ȘȈȏȓȈȌ Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȒȖȘȖȚȒȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȈȒ ȚȘȐ-ȟȍȚȣȘȍ ȋȖȌȈ
ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȌȖȊȍșȚȐ ȎȍȕȡȐȕț ȌȖ ȌȖȔȈ ȚȍȘȗȐȔȖșȚȐ ǶȕȈ ȔȖȋȓȈ
țȑȚȐ ȖȚ ȔțȎȈ ȕȖ ȕȍ ȗȘȧȔȖ Ȏȍ Ȋ ȊȍȘȚȍȗ ȘȈȏȊȘȈȚȈ ȇȊȕȖ ȟȚȖ
Ȋșȍ ȖȕȐ ȗȖȋȐȉȓȐ ȗȖ ȒȈȒȐȔ-ȚȖ ȖșȖȉȣȔ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȈȔ ȅȚȐ ȗȘȐ-
ȟȐȕȣ Ȕȣ Ȑ țȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȐ ȊȣȠȍ ǶȕȐ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍȔ șȚȘȖȍ
ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȑ Ȓ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȍ ǶȕȈ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚ ȒțȗȓȐ-ȗȘȖȌȈȎȐ Ȉ ȗȖ-
ȥȚȖȔț ȒȈȒ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȈ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȍ ȗȖȧȊȐȚșȧ ȔȖȓȖȌȍȕȤȒȈȧ Ȏȍȕ-
ȡȐȕȈ ȚȈȒ ȕȈ ȕȍȍ ȗȘȍȌȢȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ «șȗȘȖș» ǷȘȍȚȍȕȌȍȕȚȈȔȐ ȧȊ-
ȓȧȦȚșȧ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȚȍȓȐ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȐȓȐ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȒȘțȗȕȣȝ ȌȖȝȖȌȖȊ Ǭȍȑ-
șȚȊțȦȚ Ȑ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȔțȎȈ, Ȑ ȗȖȔȐȔȖ ȍȋȖ șȔȖȚȘȧ ȗȖ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤ-
șȚȊȈȔ ȕȖ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȦȚ ȞȍȓȐ ǵȖȊȖȉȘȈȟȕȈȧ ȊȚȧ-
ȋȐȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȈȚȔȖșȜȍȘț ȘȈȏȊȘȈȚȈ Ȑ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȉȣșȚȘȖ șȒȈȚȣ-
ȊȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖ ȕȈȒȓȖȕȕȖȑ ȗȓȖșȒȖșȚȐ ȗȘȧȔȖ Ȋ ȌȖȔ ȚȍȘȗȐȔȖșȚȐ
ǪȍșȤ ȞȐȒȓ ȘȈȏȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȧ ȕȍȊȐȕȕȖȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȏȈȒȈȕ-
ȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ - ȓȍȚ
ǭȡȍ ȉȣșȚȘȍȍ ȒȈȘȤȍȘȈ Țȍȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȦȚ ȕȍ ș ȏȈȔț-
ȎȍșȚȊȈ Ȉ ș șȖȎȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ș ȓȦȉȖȊȕȐȒȖȔ ǺȈȒȐȝ Ȋ ȚȈȉȓȐȞȍ 
ȐȓȐ ȖȒȖȓȖ % Ǫ ȗȘȍȌȣȌțȡȐȝ ȋȓȈȊȈȝ Ȕȣ țȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȐ ȕȈ ȖȟȍȕȤ
ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȕȖȍ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ șȖȎȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ș ȋȖȘȕȐȟȕȣȔȐ
ǾȐȜȘȈ ȥȚȈ ȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȔ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȧșȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȒȈȒȖȊȣ ȗȖ-
șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȧ ȥȚȖȋȖ șȖȎȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ
ǯȈȚȍȔ ȐȌțȚ «ȗȘȖȌȈȕȕȣȍ», «ȗȤȧȕȣȍ», «ȖȉȔȈȕțȚȣȍ», «ȗȘȖ-
ȌȈȊȠȐȍșȧ» ȊșȍȋȖ  ȎȍȕȡȐȕ ȐȓȐ ȉȖȓȍȍ % Ǭȓȧ Ȋșȍȝ ȥȚȐȝ,
ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ ȖȌȕȈ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȈ — ȌȍȕȤȋȐ ǸȈȏȕȐȞȈ ȚȖ-
ȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȏȈ ȖȌȕȐȝ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ ȊȏȧȚȣ ȒȍȔ-ȚȖ ȌȘțȋȐȔ ȌȘț-

ȋȐȍ ȊȏȧȓȐ șȈȔȐ ȚȘȍȚȤȐ ș ȗȖȔȖȡȤȦ ȗȖȌȒțȗȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȖșȖȉ-
ȕȐȒȖȊ ȖȗȖȍȕȣ ȊȐȕȖȔ ȟȍȚȊȍȘȚȣȍ ȕȍ ȉȍȏ țȟȈșȚȐȧ ȚȈȒȐȝ Ȏȍ
ȗȘȖȌȈȎȕȣȝ ȗȖșȖȉȕȐȒȖȊ ȖȉȔȈȕțȚȣ ǵȖ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȔ ȘȣȟȈȋȖȔ ȉȣ-
ȓȐ ȊȍȏȌȍ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ ȖȉȐȓȐȍ Ȍȍȕȍȋ ț ȖȌȕȐȝ Ȑ ȗȖȓȕȖȍ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȍ
Ȑȝ ț ȌȘțȋȐȝ Ǭȓȧ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȘțȉȓȤ — ȖȋȘȖȔȕȈȧ șțȔȔȈ Ȉ ȌȘțȋȖȑ
ȐȔȍȍȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ șȖȘȐȚȤ ȘțȉȓȧȔȐ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȈȝȖȔ ȏȍȔȕȣȔ
ǷȖȥȚȖȔț ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ ȌȍȑșȚȊțȍȚ ȝȓȈȌȕȖȒȘȖȊȕȖ ș ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȔ
ȘȈșȟȍȚȖȔ Ȉ ț ȗȍȘȊȖȋȖ ș ȗȍȘȊȖȋȖ Ȏȍ ȔȖȔȍȕȚȈ ȒȘțȎȐȚșȧ ȋȖȓȖ-
ȊȈ ȖȚ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȌȖȎȌȧ Șțȉȓȍȑ ǹȓȖȊȖȔ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ Ȋ
ȎȐȏȕȐ ȕȈȘȖȌȖȊ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȔ ȏȓȖȔ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȍȘȈȊȍȕșȚȊȖ ȘȈș-
ȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓȖȊ ț ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕ Ȉ ț ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ ȕȖȓȤ
Ǩ ȖȚșȦȌȈ Ȑ șȖȗȘȖȚȐȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȊȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȗȖ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȦ Ȓ ȗȍȘȊȖ-
Ȕț ȘȈȊȕȖ ȕțȓȦ
ǷȖ șȖșȓȖȊȐȧȔ ȖȉȐȚȈȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȣ ȌȖȔȖȊ ȘȈșȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȦȚșȧ
ȚȈȒ ȒȘȍșȚȤȧȕȖȒ —  ȔȍȡȈȕȖȒ —  Ȑ ȌȊȖȘȧȕȖȒ — 1.
ȅȚȖ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȍ ȗȖȗȈȌȈȦȚ Ȋ
ȌȖȔȈ ȚȍȘȗȐȔȖșȚȐ ȗȘȐȍȏȎȐȍ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ Ȋ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȌȍȘȍ-
ȊȍȕșȒȐȍ ȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȣ, Ț ȍ ȒȘȍșȚȤȧȕȒȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ Ȋ ȚȈȉȓȐȞȍ
Ȑ ȖȚȔȍȟȍȕȖ  ȐȓȐ .4% ȊșȍȋȖ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȈ ǶȉȢȧșȕȧȍȚșȧ
ȥȚȖ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȕȈ ȕȐȝ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȊȓȐȧȍȚ ȒȈȎțȡȈȧ-
șȧ ȊȣȋȖȌȕȖșȚȤ ȘȍȔȍșȓȈ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȒȐ Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȑ Ȋșȧ ȖȉșȚȈ-
ȕȖȊȒȈ ȎȐȏȕȐ
Ǫ șȈȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ ȍșȓȐ șȖȗȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ șȍȘțȦ ȚȘțȌȖȊțȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ
ȒȘȍșȚȤȧȕșȒȖȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȏȈȌȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȕțȎȌȖȑ ȗȘȐȊȣȒȠȍȑ
ȕȈ ȒȈȎȌțȦ ȒȖȗȍȑȒț șȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ ș ȉȓȈȋȖȋȖȊȍȕȐȍȔ ș ȊȐȌȐȔȖȑ
ȘȖșȒȖȠȤȦ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȒȐ ȚȖ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ șȖȏȕȈȚȤ-
șȧ ȟȚȖ șȖȉȓȈȏȕ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȊȍȓȐȒ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȕȍȗȘȍȖȌȖȓȐȔ Ǭȓȧ
ȋȖȘȖȎȈȕȒȐ țȎȍ ȓȍȋȟȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖșȚȖȧȚȤ șȖȉȓȈȏȕț ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȍȑ
ȉȖȓȍȍ ȐȓȐ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȈ ȕȍ ȖȌȕȈ ȗȖȒȈȏȕȈȧ șȚȖȘȖȕȈ ȎȐȏ-
ȕȐ Ȉ Ȑ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȧȧ ȖȕȈ ȊȐȌȍȓȈ ȐȓȐ șȓȣȠȈȓȈ ȖȚ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȟȚȖ
Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȒȐ ȕȍ ȖȌȕȐ ȞȊȍȚȣ Ȉ ȍșȚȤ Ȑ ȚȍȘȕȐȐ ȅȚȖ Ȑ
ȗȖȌȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚșȧ ȚȈȉȓȐȞȍȑ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȡȍȑ ȊșȍȋȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ 
ȔȍȡȈȕȖȒ ȐȓȐ % ȊșȍȋȖ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȈ

97
ǻdzdzǿȀdzǿȀǰdzǻǻȉǷ ǽǼǾǼǸ
ǹȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ ș ȔȈȓȖȓȍȚȕȐȔȐ Ȑ ș ȖșȖȉȧȔȐ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȈ Ȗ
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ Ȕȣ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȐ ȊȣȠȍ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚșȧ țȎȍ Ȓ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ ȕȍ-
ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȘȖȒȈ ǺțȚ țȎȍ șȚȘȈșȚȤ ȊȣȓȐȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȉȖȓȍȏ-
ȕȍȕȕȣȍ ȜȖȘȔȣ ȊȣȝȖȌȧ ȏȈ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȣ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȖȋȖ Ȑ ȕȖȘȔȈȓȤ-
ȕȖȋȖ țȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȖȚȘȍȉȕȖșȚȐ
ǵȖ ȥȚȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȈȟȈȓȖ ȗȖȚțșȚȖȘȖȕȕȍȑ șȚȘȈșȚȐ ǩȖȓȍȏȕȤ
ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȧșȤ ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȕȈȊȓȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȥȚȖȔ ǰȏȊȘȈȡȍȕȕȈȧ ȜȈȕ-
ȚȈȏȐȧ ȗȘȍșȣȡȍȕȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȖȉȍșșȐȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȘȖȒȖȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȐȌȍȚ
ȌȈȓȤȠȍ ǶȕȈ șȚȘȍȔȐȚșȧ ȗȖȉȍȌȐȚȤ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȉȍșșȐȓȐȍ ȏȈ-
Ȕȍȕȧȧ ȖȌȕȐ ȖȘȋȈȕȣ ȌȘțȋȐȔȐ Ȑ șȖȏȌȈȊȈȧ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ
ȕȍȏȌȖȘȖȊțȦ ȈȚȔȖșȜȍȘț ȗȖȓȖȊȣȝ ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȑ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȟȍ-
ȓȖȊȍȒ Ȑ ȎȐȊȍȚ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȗȤȧȕȖȔ țȋȈȘȍ
ǹȦȌȈ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚșȧ ȚȈȒ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔȈȧ ȓȍșȉȖșșȒȈȧ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ Ȑȏ-
ȊȍșȚȕȈȧ ȍȡȍ Ȋ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖȑ ȌȘȍȊȕȖșȚȐ ǺțȚ țșȚȘȈȕȍȕȖ ȌȈȎȍ ȋȓȈȊ-
ȕȖȍ țșȓȖȊȐȍ ȗȖȓȖȊȖȋȖ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȍȕȐȧ — ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤ ȝȖȚȧ
ȉȣ ȉȓȐȏȖșȚȐ șțȉȢȍȒȚȈ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȗȖȓȖȎȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȈ ǴȍșȚȖ ȔțȎ-
ȟȐȕȣ Ȍȓȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ǶȉȢȧșȕȧȍȚșȧ ȥȚȖ
ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȈ ȜȖȘȔȈ ȗȖȘȖȒȈ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȓȈ
ȕȈ ǪȖșȚȖȒȍ ȋȌȍ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȈ Ȋ ȚȈȒȐȍ țșȓȖȊȐȧ
ȟȚȖ ȊȕȍȉȘȈȟȕȣȍ șȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ ș ȔțȎȟȐȕȖȑ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȖȟȚȐ
ȕȍȌȖșȚțȗȕȣ
ǪȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ, ȓȍșȉȖșșȒȈȧ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ — țȌȍȓ Ȗȉȍșȗȍȟȍȕ-
ȕȣȝ ȒȓȈșșȖȊ ȌȖ ȌȍȔȖȒȘȈȚȐȐ ȖȕȈ ȕȍ șȗțșȒȈȍȚșȧ Ǩ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț Ȑ
Ȓ ȕȈȠȍȑ ȚȍȔȍ ȥȚȖȚ ȗȖȘȖȒ ȔȈȓȖ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚșȧ ǺțȚ ȕȍȚ ȋȓȈȊȕȖȋȖ
țșȓȖȊȐȧ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȞȐȐ — ȥȚȖ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ
țșȓțȋ șȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȋȖȓȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ Ȍȓȧ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ Ȗȉȍșȗȍ-
ȟȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȍșȣȡȍȕȕȖȋȖ ǵȍȚ ȒțȗȓȐ-ȗȘȖȌȈȎȐ ǺțȚ ȌȊȍ Ȏȍȕ-
ȡȐȕȣ ȗȖȌȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȊȍȟȕȖȑ ȗȘȈȏȌȕȖșȚȤȦ ȊȐȚȈȦȚ Ȋ ȖȉȓȈ-
șȚȐ ȕȍȏȌȖȘȖȊȖȑ ȜȈȕȚȈȏȐȐ Ȑ șȖȏȌȈȦȚ șȍȉȍ ȒțȓȤȚ Ȑȏ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȖȊȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȌȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȧ ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋț țșȓțȋȐ
ǹȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȕȍȘȈȊȍȕșȚȊȖ ȒȓȈșșȖȊ ȧȊȓȧȦȡȍȍșȧ ȗȘȧȔȖȑ
ȗȘȐȟȐȕȖȑ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȞȐȐ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȋȖ-
ȊȖȘȐȚ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȈȔ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȕȍȔ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȔ ȕȍȘȈȊȍȕ-
șȚȊȍ ȏȈȓȖȎȍȕȈ ȋȐȉȍȓȤ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈȉȖȊ ȕȖ Ȑ ȋȖșȗȖȌ ǷȘȈȏȌ-
ȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȟȘȍȏȔȍȘȕȖȍ ȗȐȚȈȕȐȍ ȕȍ ȘȍȋțȓȐȘțȍȔȖȍ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȣȔ ȚȘț-

98
ȌȖȔ ȖȚȌȈȦȚ ȥȚȐȝ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ ȊȖ ȊȓȈșȚȤ ȚȈȒȐȝ ȗȖȘȖȒȖȊ ȒȖȚȖ-
Șȣȍ ȊȍȌțȚ ȕȐ Ȓ ȟȍȔț ȐȕȖȔț ȒȈȒ Ȓ șȈȔȖțȕȐȟȚȖȎȍȕȐȦ
DzȓȈșș ȌȖȠȍȌȠȐȑ ȌȖ ȐȏȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȧ țȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ ȗȖȓȖ-
Ȋȣȝ ȗȖȚȘȍȉȕȖșȚȍȑ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ Ȗȕ șȈȔ ȒȓȈȌȍȚ
ȗȘȍȌȍȓ șȊȖȍȔț șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȦ ǭȋȖ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȏȈȊȚȘȈ
ȖȚȔȍȟȈȍȚșȧ ȕȍ ȟȍȔ ȐȕȣȔ ȒȈȒ șȔȍȘȚȤȦ ǷȘȐȏȕȈȒȐ ȕȈșȚțȗ-
ȓȍȕȐȧ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȏȈȊȚȘȈ Ȕȣ ȊȐȌȐȔ Ȑ șȍȑȟȈș ǺȈȒ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔȣȍ
șȚȈȘȣȍ ȘȖȌȣ ȈȘȐșȚȖȒȘȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ Ȑ ȉțȘȎțȈȏȕȣȍ Ȋ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕ-
șȚȊȍ șȓțȟȈȍȊ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȧȚ ȗȖȚȖȔȒȖȊ ș ȧȊȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȒȈȔȐ
ȊȣȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ ǩȖȓȤȠȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȉȣȚȤ ȌȍȋȍȕȍȘȈȚȖȔ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȗȖ-
ȟȚȐ ȖȉȧȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ Ȍȓȧ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȈȘȐșȚȖȒȘȈȚȈ ǷȖȥȚȖȔț
Țȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ «ȗȖ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȤȦ» șȓțȟȈȑȕȖ ȘȖȌȐȓȐșȤ ȖȚ ȏȌȖȘȖ-
Ȋȣȝ ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȍȑ șȚȈȘȈȦȚșȧ șȐȔțȓȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȌȍȋȍȕȍȘȈȞȐȦ ȟȚȖ-
ȉȣ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȊȖȖȟȐȦ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȊșȍȔȐ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ Ȑ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ
șȊȖȍ ȈȘȐșȚȖȒȘȈȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȍ ǹȈȔ ȒȓȈșș ȏȕȈȟȐȚ,
ȗȘȐȏȕȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȚȖȔȒȈȔȐ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȌȍȋȍȕȍȘȈ-
Țȣ Ǩ ȍșȓȐ Ȋ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȔ șțȉȢȍȒȚȍ ȕȍȚ ȧșȕȣȝ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȒȖȊ Ȋȣ-
ȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȚȖ Ȑ ȈȘȐșȚȖȒȘȈȚȐȏȔ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ șȖȔȕȐ-
Țȍȓȍȕ Ȋ ȕȍȔ, ȏȕȈȟȐȚ ȍșȚȤ ȒȘȖȊȤ ȗȖșȚȖȘȖȕȕȍȋȖ ȒȓȈșșȈ ȒȘȖȊȤ
ȗȓȍȉȍȧ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȚșȦȌȈ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȍȡȍ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȚȤ ȏȌȖȘȖ-
ȊȖȍ ȗȖȚȖȔșȚȊȖ
ǰ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȠȦȚ ȒȖȘȟȐȚ ȜȐȏȐȖȕȖȔȐȦ ȗȖȓțȐȌȐȖȚȈ ȚȖ Ȗȕ
ȥȚȐȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȉȍșșȖȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ țșȐȓȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȊȖ-ȗȍȘ-
Ȋȣȝ ȟȚȖ ȖȚȍȞ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐ ȎȍȕȐȚȤȉȍ ȕȍ șȖȊȍȘȠȐȓ ȔȍȏȈȓȤȧȕșȈ Ȉ
ȊȖ-ȊȚȖȘȣȝ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ șȣȕ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȖȚȞȈ ȜȈȔȐȓȐȦ ȒȖȚȖ-
ȘȖȋȖ ȕȖșȐȚ Ȉ ȕȍ ȏȈȟȈȚ ȗȘȐ ȉȓȈȋȖșȒȓȖȕȕȖȔ șȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȐ ȔȈ-
ȔȍȕȤȒȐȕȈ ȒțȟȍȘȈ ȌȊȖȘȍȞȒȖȋȖ ȐȓȐ ȞȐȘȒȖȊȖȋȖ ȈȚȓȍȚȈ
ǵȖ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȗȠȦȚ Ȑ ȕȍ ȗȖȌȖȏȘȍȊȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ șȊȖȍȑ ȜȐȏȐȖ-
ȕȖȔȐȍȑ Ȑ ȔȐȔȐȒȖȑ ȌȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȍȡȍ Ȑ ȚȘȍȚȤȍ — ȥȚȖ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ
ȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȐ ȕȍșȗȖșȖȉȕȣ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȚȤ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȖȍ ȗȖȚȖȔșȚȊȖ
Ǩ ȥȚȖ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȋȘȖȏȕȖȍ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȍȘȍȎȍȕȐȍ Ȍȓȧ ȈȘȐșȚȖȒȘȈȚȐȐ
ȉțȘȎțȈȏȕȖȑ Ȑ ȘȖȌȖȊȖȑ, ȉȍȏȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȖ
 ȒȈȒ ȒȓȈșșȈ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ
țȎȍ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȔ ȥȚȖȔ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȉȣ ȗȖȟȍȘȗȕțȚȤ țȉȍȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȟȚȖ
«ȚȈȒ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȚȤșȧ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ» ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȒȈȒ ȕȐ ȟȈșȚȖ ȥȚȐ
șȓȖȊȈ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȧȦȚșȧ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȊȓȈȌȍȓȤȞȣ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓȖȊ ȊȏȧȊȠȐȍ
ȋȐȉȍȓȤȕțȦ Ȑ Ȍȓȧ șȍȉȧ ȗȘȐȊȐȓȍȋȐȦ ȗȘȈȏȌȕȖșȚȐ ȖșȚȈȦȚșȧ ȋȓț-
ȝȐȔȐ Ȑ șȓȍȗȣȔȐ ȕȐ ȕȈ ȔȐȕțȚț ȕȍ șȊȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȧ ș ȘȈȏ ȕȈȔȍ-
ȟȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗțȚȐ Ȓ ȗȘȖȗȈșȚȐ

99
ǬȍȔȖȒȘȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȒȓȈșșȣ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȖȚ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȗȣȚȈȦȚșȧ șȐ-
ȓȖȑ șȊȖȘȖȚȐȚȤ Ȑȝ ș ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗțȚȐ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȧȚ ȒȘȖȊȈȊȣȍ șȚȖȓȒ-
ȕȖȊȍȕȐȧ — ȕȖ ȊȓȈȌȣȒȐ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓȈ ȞȍȗȒȖ ȌȍȘȎȈȚșȧ ȏȈ șȊȖȍ
ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȣȝ ȖȚ ȚȘțȌȈ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȅȚȖȚ șȓȍȗȖȑ ȥȋȖȐȏȔ
ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȗȘȧȔȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊ ȗȖȚȖȔșȚȊȈ ȚȍȔ ȉȖ-
ȓȍȍ ȗȖȘȈȏȐȚȍȓȍȕ ȟȚȖ ȉțȘȎțȈ Ȑ ȈȘȐșȚȖȒȘȈȚȣ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȟȈȌȖ-
ȓȦȉȐȊȣ ǬȈȎȍ Ȑ șȈȔȖ ȥȒȖȕȖȔȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȋȖșȗȖȌșȚȊȖ Ȑ șȚȘȍȔ-
ȓȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȖȗȘȈȊȌȣȊȈȍȚșȧ, Ȋ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ, șȚȘȈșȚȕȣȔ ȎȍȓȈ-
ȕȐȍȔ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȚȤ ȉțȌțȡȕȖșȚȤ ȗȖȚȖȔȒȖȊ ǺțȚ ȏȈȉȣȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ
ȕȍ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚșȧ ȊȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȖȌȕȈ ȗȘȖșȚȈȧ ȊȍȡȤ — ȥȚȖ ȚȖ
ȟȚȖ ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȧ ȗȖȚȖȔșȚȊț ȋȖȚȖȊȣȍ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈ Ȓ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȓȦȌȐ
ȚȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȓȐȠȈȦȚ ȥȚȖ ȗȖȚȖȔșȚȊȖ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȚȘțȌȐȚȤ-
șȧ țșȚȘȈȕȧȧ ȥȚȐȔ ȖȌȕȖ Ȑȏ șȈȔȣȝ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȝ țșȓȖȊȐȑ ȎȐȏ-
ȕȐ ǿȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ Ȋ ȚȈȒȐȍ țșȓȖȊȐȧ ȗțȚȍȔ ȖȉȐȓȤ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȗȐȚȈȕȐȧ ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȖ ȗȘȐȖȉȘȍȚȈȍȚ Ȋșȍ ȕȖȊȣȍ Ȑ ȕȖȊȣȍ
ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐȍ șȐȓȣ Ȉ ȕȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȖȋȖ ȒȓȈȗȈȕȈ Ȍȓȧ
ȚȘȈȚȣ ȥȚȐȝ șȐȓ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ ǷȘȈȊȌȈ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȒȓȈȗȈȕ ȔȖȋ ȉȣ șȖȏ-
ȌȈȚȤ șȗȖȘȚ Ȋ ȖșȕȖȊț ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȣ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐȍ țȗȘȈȎ-
ȕȍȕȐȧ ǺȈȒȖȑ șȗȖȘȚ Ȑ ȗȘȖȗȈȋȈȕȌȐȘțȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȈȘȐșȚȖȒȘȈȚȐȟȍș-
ȒȐȝ Ȑ ȉțȘȎțȈȏȕȣȝ ȒȘțȋȈȝ ǵȖ Ȕȣ ȊȐȌȐȔ ȟȚȖ ȟȐșȓȖ șȗȖȘȚș-
ȔȍȕȖȊ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȕȍȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ǷȘȐȚȖȔ Ȏȍ, Ȑ ȥȚȖ
ȕȍȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ șȗȖȘȚșȔȍȕȖȊ ȗȈȌȈȍȚ ȊșȍȞȍȓȖ ȕȈ
ȊȖȏȘȈșȚ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȔȖȓȖȌȖșȚȐ Ǫ ȏȘȍȓȣȝ ȓȍȚȈȝ șȗȖȘȚ ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ-
șȧ ȅȚȖ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȖ ȗȘȐȓȖȎȐȔȖ ȌȈȎȍ Ȓ ǨȕȋȓȐȐ șȚȘȈȕȍ șȗȖȘȚȈ
Ǩ ȍșȓȐ ȥȚȖ ȚȈȒ ȚȖ Ȋ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȔ ȊȣȊȖȌȍ șȗȖȘȚ ȒȈȒ șțȘȘȖ-
ȋȈȚ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȖȋȖ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȚȘțȌȈ șȗȈșȈȍȚ ȖȚ ȊȣȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȍȌȐȕȐȞȣ DzȓȈșș Ȏȍ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ȞȍȓȖȔ șȚȘȈȌȈȍȚ ȖȚșțȚșȚ-
ȊȐȍȔ ȚȘȈȚȣ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐȝ șȐȓ ȟȚȖ ȕȍȔȐȕțȍȔȖ ȊȍȌȍȚ Ȓ ȗȖș-
ȚȖȧȕȕȖȔț Ȑ ȕȍȕȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȖȔț ȗȖȓȖȊȖȔț ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȍȕȐȦ
ǷȘȈȏȌȕȖșȚȤ — ȔȈȚȤ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȖȘȖȒȖȊ ȅȚȖ ȗȘȖȗȐșȕȈȧ ȐșȚȐ-
ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȕȈȔ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȐȚȤ ȘȈȏȊȍ ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȟȐ-
șȓȍ ȌȍȚȍȑ ȗȘȈȏȌȕȖșȚȐ ȗȍȘȊȍȕȞȍȔ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȖȓȖȊȖȍ ȐȏȊȘȈȡȍ-
ȕȐȍ ȗȖȘȖȒ șȈȔȣȑ șȒȊȍȘȕȣȑ Ȑ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ șȈȔȣȑ ȋȐȉȍȓȤ-
ȕȣȑ Ȍȓȧ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȑ șȍȔȤȐ
ǷȘȈȏȌȕȈȧ ȜȈȕȚȈȏȐȧ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖ ȗȖȌȖȋȘȍȊȈȍȔȈȧ ȐȏȉȣȚȒȖȔ
ȕȍȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐȝ șȐȓ ȐȡȍȚ Ȋșȍ ȕȖȊȣȝ Ȑ ȕȖ-
Ȋȣȝ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊ Ȋ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ ȗȖȓȖȊȖȋȖ ȊȖȎȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ ǰ ȍșȓȐ ǹȈ-
ȜȖ ȒțȓȤȚȐȊȐȘȖȊȈȓȈ ȓȍșȉȖșșȒțȦ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ ȚȖ ȔțȎȟȐȕȣ Ȋ șȊȖȦ

100
ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ ȌȖȌțȔȈȓȐșȤ ȌȖ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȖȉȝȖȌȐȚȤșȧ ȉȍȏ ȗȖȔȖ-
ȡȐ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ
ǵȖ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ Ȕȣ țȎȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȐ Ȋ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ ȕȈȠȍȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ Ȉ
ȗȖȥȚȖȔț Ȑ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȔ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȧȚȤșȧ Ȗ ȜȖȘȔȈȝ
ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȖȘȖȒȈ ǹȒȈȎȍȔ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ ȍșȓȐ ȕȈ Ȇȋȍ Ȑ ǪȖșȚȖȒȍ
ȥȚȖȚ ȗȖȘȖȒ ȏȈȝȊȈȚȣȊȈȍȚ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȠȐȘȖȒȐȍ ȒȘțȋȐ ȕȈșȍȓȍ-
ȕȐȧ ȖȚ ȔȈȋȕȈȚȈ-ȈȘȐșȚȖȒȘȈȚȈ ȌȖ șȈȔȖȋȖ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȖȋȖ ȉțȘȎțȈ
— ȚȖ Ȋ șȍȊȍȘȕȣȝ șȚȘȈȕȈȝ ȔțȎȍȓȖȎșȚȊȖ ȒțȓȤȚȐȊȐȘțȍȚșȧ ȐșȒ-
ȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȋ ȊȣșȠȐȝ ȒȘțȋȈȝ ȈȘȐșȚȖȒȘȈȚȖȊ ȐȓȐ ȗȘȍȚȍȕȌțȦ-
ȡȐȝ ȕȈ ȈȘȐșȚȖȒȘȈȚȐȏȔ ȅȚȖ ȗȘȐȊȐȓȍȋȐȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ ȉȈȘ Ȋ ȖșȖ-
ȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȝ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȊȣșȖȒȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ,
ȏȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ ȐȌțȚ Ȑ Ȑȝ ȘȍȗȚȐȓȐȐ ȊȘȖȌȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȋȖ Ȋ ǷȍȚȍȘ-
ȉțȘȋȍ Ȓȕȧȏȧ
ǵȖ ȥȚȖ Ȑȝ ȌȖȔȈȠȕȍȍ ȌȍȓȖ ȕȍ ȊȣȝȖȌȧȡȍȍ ȏȈ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȣ
ȌȈȕȕȖȑ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȋȘțȗȗȣ Ȑ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț Ȓ ȕȈȠȍȔț ȊȖȗȘȖșț
ȐȔȍȦȡȍȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȒȖșȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ
Dz șȖȎȈȓȍȕȐȦ, ȗȖȓȖȊȣȍ ȐȏȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȧ ȥȚȐȔ ȕȍ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȐ-
ȊȈȦȚșȧ Ǫ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȍ șȓțȟȈȍȊ ȗȘȍșȣȡȍȕȕȣȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ Ȗȉ-
ȘȈȡȈȍȚșȧ Ȓ țșȓțȋȈȔ ȉȍȌȕȣȝ ȋȖȓȖȌȕȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ
ǪȖȚ ȒȈȒțȦ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȒț Ȕȣ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȔ Ȋ ȋȈȏȍȚȍ «ǹȍȋȖȌȕȧ».
ʑ ͵-Ͷ ˚˃˔˃ ːˑ˚ˋ ˓˃ˊ˅˓˃˕ ˖ˉˈ ˇˑˆˑ˓˃ˈ˕ ː˃ ʜˈ˅˔ˍˑˏ ˒˓ˑ˔-
˒ˈˍ˕ˈǤ
ʝ˔˕˃ˡ˕˔ˢ ˕ˑˎ˟ˍˑ ˑˇːˋ «ˆˑˎˑ˅ˈ˛ˍˋ» — ˇˈ˔ˢ˕ˍ˃ ˇ˅˃ ˑ˄ˑ˓-
˅˃ːː˞˘ǡ ˋˊˊˢ˄˛ˋ˘ǡ ːˈ˔˚˃˔˕ː˞˘ «ˉ˓ˋ˙ ˎˡ˄˅ˋ»ǡ ˑ˕ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞˘
ˑ˕ˍ˃ˊ˃ˎ˔ˢ ˒ˑ˔ˎˈˇːˋˌ ˒˟ˢːˈː˟ˍˋˌ ˓ˢ˄˚ˋˍ — ˒˓ˋˍ˃ˊ˚ˋˍ ˋˎˋ
˒ˑˎˑ˅ˑˌ ˋˊ ˕˓˃ˍ˕ˋ˓˃Ǥ
ʝːˋ ˖ː˞ˎˑ ˄˓ˑˇˢ˕ ˒ˑ ˖ˎˋ˙ˈǡ ˒ˑ˒˞˘ˋ˅˃ˢ ˒˃˒ˋ˓ˑ˔ˍˑˌ ˋ ˔
ˊ˃ˏˋ˓˃ːˋˈˏ ˔ˈ˓ˇ˙˃ ˇ˖ˏ˃ˢ ˑ ˊ˃˅˕˓˃˛ːˈˏ ˇːˈǤ
ʖ˃˅˕˓˃—ˆˑˎˑˇǤ ʟ˖ˆ˃ː˟ «˘ˑˊˢˌˍˋ»Ǥ ʞˑ˄ˑˋǡ ˉˈ˔˕ˑˍˋˈ ˒ˑ˄ˑˋ
«ˍˑ˕˃»ǡ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞ˌ ˒˓ˋˇˈ˕ ˊ˃ ˅˞˓˖˚ˍˑˌ ˋ ːˋ˚ˈˆˑ ːˈ ˒ˑˎ˖˚ˋ˕Ǥ
ʑ ˠ˕ˑ ˅˓ˈˏˢ ˒ˑˢ˅ˎˢˡ˕˔ˢ ː˃ ʜˈ˅˔ˍˑˏ ˏ˃˓ˍˋˊ˞ ˇˈ ʠ˃ˇǤ
ʝ˄˞ˍːˑ˅ˈːːˑ ˠ˕ˑ ˑ˚ˈː˟ ˒˓ˋˎˋ˚ːˑ ˑˇˈ˕˞ˈ ˆˑ˔˒ˑˇ˃ǡ ˒ˑ ˄ˑ-
ˎ˟˛ˈˌ ˚˃˔˕ˋ ˅ ˙ˋˎˋːˇ˓˃˘ ˋ ˔ ˏˑːˑˍˎˢˏˋǤ
ʖ˃ˏˈ˕ˋ˅ ˑˇˋːˑˍˑ ˄˓ˑˇˢ˜˖ˡ ˇˈ˅˖˛ˍ˖ǡ ˗˓˃ː˕ ˒ˑˇ˘ˑˇˋ˕ ˍ
ːˈˌ ˋ ˒˓ˈˊ˓ˋ˕ˈˎ˟ːˑ ˙ˈˇˋ˕ ˔ˍ˅ˑˊ˟ ˊ˖˄˞ǣ
— ʬ-ˠǤǤǤ ˔ˍ˖˚ːˑǡ ˏˋˎ˃ˢǫ

101
ʓˈ˅˖˛ˍ˃ ˋˊˑ˄˓˃ˉ˃ˈ˕ ː˃ ˔˅ˑˈˏ ˋ˔˒ˋ˕ˑˏǡ ˊ˃˕˃˔ˍ˃ːːˑˏ ˎˋ-
˙ˈ ˑ˄˅ˑ˓ˑˉˋ˕ˈˎ˟ː˖ˡ ˖ˎ˞˄ˍ˖Ǥ
— ʙˑːˈ˚ːˑǡ ˔ˍ˖˚ːˑǡ — ˆˑ˅ˑ˓ˋ˕ ˑː˃ǡ — ˅ˇ˅ˑˈˏ ˊ˃˅˔ˈˆˇ˃ ˅ˈ-
˔ˈˎˈˈǤǤǤ
ʣ˓˃ː˕ ˈ˜ˈ ˒˓ˈˊ˓ˋ˕ˈˎ˟ːˈˈ ˒ˑˉˋˏ˃ˈ˕ ˒ˎˈ˚˃ˏˋ ˋ ˆˑ˅ˑ˓ˋ˕ǡ
ˏˑ˓˜˃˔˟ǣ
— ʜ˖ǡ ˍ˃ˍˑˈ ˔ ˕ˑ˄ˑˌ ˅ˈ˔ˈˎ˟ˈǤ ʓ˖˓ː˖˛ˍ˃ ˕˞ǡ ˒ˑ˚˕ˋ ˖˓ˑˇǤǤǤ
ʏ ˅ˑ˕ ˠ˕ˑǡ ˈ˔ˎˋ ˘ˑ˚ˈ˛˟ǤǤǤ
ʝː ˒ˑˍ˃ˊ˞˅˃ˈ˕ ˘ˎ˞˔˕ ˋ ːˈ˄˓ˈˉːˑ ˓ˑːˢˈ˕ǣ
— ͳͷ ˖ˇ˃˓ˑ˅ — ˇ˅˃ ˓˖˄ˎˢǨ
ʐˈˇː˃ˢ ˉ˓ˋ˙˃ ˎˡ˄˅ˋ ː˃˚ˋː˃ˈ˕ ˓˃˔ˍˋˇ˞˅˃˕˟ ˏˑˊˆ˃ˏˋǤ
ʔˌ ˅˔ˈ ˓˃˅ːˑ ˄˞˕˟ ˄ˋ˕ˑˌǤ ʔ˔ˎˋ ˑː˃ ˑ˕˅ˈ˓ˆːˈ˕ ˒˓ˈˇˎˑˉˈ-
ːˋˈ ˗˓˃ː˕˃ǡ ˈˈ ˊ˃˅˕˓˃ ˄˖ˇˈ˕ ˋ˔˕ˢˊ˃˕˟ ˈˈ ˒ˑˍ˓ˑ˅ˋ˕ˈˎ˟Ǥ ʐ˖ˇˈ˕
˕ˑ˒˕˃˕˟ ːˑˆ˃ˏˋǡ ˍˑˎˑ˕ˋ˕˟ ˚ˈˏ ˒ˑ˒˃ˎˑ ˋ ˒ˑ ˚ˈˏ ˒ˑ˒˃ˎˑǤ
ʢˉ ˎ˖˚˛ˈ ˄˞˕˟ ˋ˔ˍˑˎˑ˚ˈːːˑˌ ˘ˎ˞˔˕ˑˏ ˗˓˃ː˕˃ǤǤǤ ʞˑˎ˖˔ˑˆ-
ˎ˃˛˃ˢ˔˟ǡ ˑː˃ ˔˒˓˃˛ˋ˅˃ˈ˕ǣ
— ʏ ˅˞ ːˈ ˄ˑˎ˟ːˑǫ
— ʜˈ˕-˔ǡ ˄ˑˎ˟ːˑǤǤǤ ʝ˚ˈː˟ ˄ˑˎ˟ːˑǨ — ˆˑ˅ˑ˓ˋ˕ ˑːǤǤǤ
ʓˈ˅˖˛ˍ˃ ˅˔ˈ ˕˃ˍˋ ˔ˑˆˎ˃˛˃ˈ˕˔ˢǡ ˋ ː˃˚ˋː˃ˈ˕˔ˢ ˕ˑ˓ˆǤ
͵-Ͷ ˓˖˄ˎˢ ˑ˄˞ˍːˑ˅ˈːːˑ ˖ˇˑ˅ˎˈ˕˅ˑ˓ˢˡ˕ ˑ˄ˈ ˔˕ˑ˓ˑː˞ǡ ˋ ˊ˃
ˠ˕ˋ ˇˈː˟ˆˋ ˗˓˃ː˕ ˒ˑˍ˖˒˃ˈ˕ ˒˓˃˅ˑ ː˃ ˋ˔˕ˢˊ˃ːˋˈ ːˈ˔˚˃˔˕ːˑˌ
ˉˈ˓˕˅˞ ˆˑˎˑˇ˃Ǥ
ʜ˃˚ˋː˃ˈ˕˔ˢ ˋ˔˕ˢˊ˃ːˋˈǤ
ʛ˃˓ˍˋˊ ˇˈ ʠ˃ˇǡ ˒ˑːˢ˕ːˑǡ ˔ˈ˚ˈ˕ ˔˅ˑˡ ˉˈ˓˕˅˖ ːˈ ˒˓ˑ˔˕ˑǡ ˃
˔ˑ ˅˔ˢˍˋˏˋ ˗ˑˍ˖˔˃ˏˋǤ
ʗːˑˆˇ˃ ˑː ˅˘ˑˇˋ˕ ˅ ˄ˎˑˍ ˔ «˘ˑˊˢˌˍˑˌ»ǡ ˋ ˕ˑˆˇ˃ ː˃ˇ ˉˈ˓˕-
˅ˑˌ ː˃˚ˋː˃ˡ˕ ˋˊˇˈ˅˃˕˟˔ˢǤ
ʔˈ ˔ˈˍ˖˕ ː˃ ˒ˑˎ˖ǡ ː˃ ˍ˓ˑ˅˃˕ˋǡ ː˃ ˕˃˄˖˓ˈ˕ˈǤ ʠˈˍ˖˕ ˘ˎ˞˔˕ˑˏǡ
˓ˈˏːˈˏǡ ˓ˑˊˆ˃ˏˋǤ
ʓˈ˅˖˛ˍ˃ ˍ˓ˋ˚ˋ˕ — ˈˌ ˊ˃˅ˢˊ˞˅˃ˡ˕ ˓ˑ˕Ǥ ʑ ˒˓ˑˏˈˉ˖˕ˍ˃˘
ˈˈ ˔˒˃ˋ˅˃ˡ˕ ˍˑː˟ˢˍˑˏ ˋ ˒ˋ˅ˑˏǤ
ʓ˅ˑ˓ːˋˍ ˔ˎ˞˛ˋ˕ ˊ˃ˇ˖˛ˈːː˞ˌ ˍ˓ˋˍǡ ˔˅ˋ˔˕ ˓ˑˊˑˆǡ ːˑ ˓˖˄ˎ˟
ˊ˃ˍ˓˞˅˃ˈ˕ ˈˏ˖ ˆˎ˃ˊ˃ ˋ ˖˛ˋǤ
ʙ ˖˕˓˖ǡ ˔ˑ˅ˈ˓˛ˈːːˑ ˒˟ˢː˖ˡǡ ˅˔ˡ ˅ ˓˖˄˙˃˘ ˋ ˍ˓ˑ˅˃˅˞˘ ˒ˑˇ-
˕ˈˍ˃˘ǡ ˇˈ˅˖˛ˍ˖ǡ ˄˓ˑ˔˃ˡ˕ ː˃ ˍ˓ˑ˅˃˕˟Ǥ
ʝˇː˃ˍˑ ˍ ˅ˈ˚ˈ˓˖ ˑː˃ ˖ˉˈ ˑ˒ˢ˕˟ ˒˓ˋ˒˖ˇ˓ˈː˃ǡ ˒ˑˇ˓˖ˏˢːˈ-
ː˃ǡ ˑˇˈ˕˃ ˔ ˖˄ˑˆˋˏ ˛ˋˍˑˏǡ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞ˌ ˕˓ˈ˄˖ˈ˕˔ˢ ˇˎˢ ˖ˎˋ˙˞ǡ ˋ

102
ˆˑ˕ˑ˅˃ ˍ ːˑ˅˞ˏ ˎ˃˔ˍ˃ˏ ˋˎˋ ˋ˔˕ˢˊ˃ːˋˢˏǤ
ʛˈˉˇ˖ ˇ˃ˏ˃ˏˋ ʜˈ˅˔ˍˑˆˑ ˈ˔˕˟ ˖ˉˈ ˕˃ˍˋˈǡ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞ˈǡ ˒ˑˌˏ˃˅
˅˃˔ ˊ˃ ˓˖ˍ˃˅ǡ ˔˓˃ˊ˖ ˒˓ˈˇˎ˃ˆ˃ˡ˕ǣ
— ͵ ˓˖˄ˎˢ ˘ˎ˞˔˕ˑˏǡ ˃ ˈˉˈˎˋ ˓ˈˏːˈˏǡ ˕ˑ ˇ˅˃ǤǤǤ
ʔ˔˕˟ǡ ˆˑ˅ˑ˓ˢ˕ǡ ˕˃ˍˋˈ ˃˓˕ˋ˔˕ˍˋǡ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞ˈ ˕˃ˍ «˅˞ˇˈˎ˃ˎˋ ˍˑ-
ˉ˖»ǡ ˚˕ˑ ˔˅ˑ˄ˑˇːˑ ˒ˈ˓ˈːˑ˔ˢ˕ ʹͷ-͵Ͳ ˖ˇ˃˓ˑ˅ ˘ˎ˞˔˕ˑˏǤ
— ʑ˃ˏ ˔ ˍ˓ˋˍˑˏ ˋˎˋ ˄ˈˊ ˍ˓ˋˍ˃ǫ — ˔˒˓˃˛ˋ˅˃ˡ˕ ˑːˋ ˖
ː˃ːˋˏ˃˕ˈˎˢǤ
ʗ ˔ˑˑ˄˓˃ˊːˑ ˔ ˠ˕ˋˏ ˔˕˃˅ˢ˕ ˙ˈː˖Ǥ
ʝ˄˞ˍːˑ˅ˈːː˞ˈ ˒˓ˑ˔˕ˋ˕˖˕ˍˋǡ ˖ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞˘ ˍˑˉ˃ ˈ˜ˈ ˚˖˅˔˕-
˅ˋ˕ˈˎ˟ː˃ǡ ˊ˃˅ˋˇ˖ˡ˕ ˋˏ ˔˕˓˃˛ːˑ ȋǨȌǤ
— ʤˑ˕˟ ˑ˕ ˔ˍ˅ˈ˓ː˞˘ ˄ˑˎˈˊːˈˌ ˊ˃˔˕˓˃˘ˑ˅˃ː˞Ǩ — ˆˑ˅ˑ˓ˢ˕
ˑːˋǡ ˅ˊˇ˞˘˃ˢǤ — ʟ˖˄˙˞ ˊ˃ˉˋ˅˖˕Ǥ ʙˑˉ˃ ːˈ ˒ˎ˃˕˟ˈǡ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓ˑˈ ˊ˃-
˛ˋ˅˃˕˟ ː˖ˉːˑǡ ˈ˔ˎˋ ˒ˑ˓˅ˈ˕˔ˢǤ ʝː˃ ˔˃ˏ˃ ˊ˃ˉˋ˅˃ˈ˕ǤǤǤ
ʦˋ˔ˎˑ ˏ˃˓ˍˋˊˑ˅ ˇˈ ʠ˃ˇ ˊ˃ˏˈ˕ːˑ ˒˓ˑˆ˓ˈ˔˔ˋ˓˖ˈ˕ ˊ˃ ˒ˑ˔ˎˈˇ-
ːˈˈ ˅˓ˈˏˢǤ
ʑ ͵-Ͷ ˚˃˔˃ ˋ˘ ˏˑˉːˑ ˅ˋˇˈ˕˟ ˅ˈˊˇˈ ː˃ ʜˈ˅˔ˍˑˏǣ ˖ ˒˃˔˔˃ˉ˃ǡ
˖ ʜˋˍˑˎ˃ˈ˅˔ˍˑˆˑ ˅ˑˍˊ˃ˎ˃ǡ ˖ ʏːˋ˚ˍˋː˃ ˏˑ˔˕˃Ǥ
ʛˈˉˇ˖ ːˋˏˋ ˏˑˎˑˇ˞ˈ ˗˓˃ː˕˞ǡ ˔ˑˎˋˇː˞ˈ ˏ˖ˉ˚ˋː˞ ˔˓ˈˇ-
ːˋ˘ ˎˈ˕ ˔ ˄˓ˡ˛ˍ˃ˏˋǢ ˒ˑ˒˃ˇ˃ˡ˕˔ˢ ˇ˃ˉˈ ˔ˈˇˑ˅ˎ˃˔˞ˈ ˔˕˃˓ˋ˚ˍˋǤ
ʝːˋ ˛ː˞˓ˢˡ˕ ˒ˑ ˖ˎˋ˙ˈǡ ˊ˃ˆˎˢˇ˞˅˃ˢ ˒ˑˇ ˛ˎˢ˒ˍˋ ˋ ˒˓ˋ-
˔ˏ˃˕˓ˋ˅˃ˢ˔˟ ˍ ˎˋ˙˃ˏǡ ː˃ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞˘ ˊ˃ˏˈ˕ːˈˈ ˋ ˓ˈˎ˟ˈ˗ːˈˈ ˅ˋˇ-
ː˃ ˒ˈ˚˃˕˟ ˆˑˎˑˇ˃Ǥ
DzȈȘȚȐȕȈ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȈȧ Ȍȓȧ șțȡȍșȚȊțȦȡȐȝ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȖȚ-
ȕȖȠȍȕȐȑ ǷȖȓȕȖȍ ȗȘȍșȣȡȍȕȐȍ ȚțȚ ȐȡȍȚ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȈȕȚȐȗȖȌȈ —
ȉȍȏȕȈȌȍȎȕȖ ȋȖȓȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȕȈȌ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ Ȑ ȗȘȖȧȊȓȧȍȚ
ȊȓȈșȚȤ Ȍȍȕȍȋ — ȗȘȖȧȊȓȧȍȚ Ȋ ȗȖȓȕȖȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȕȍ șȚȍșȕȧȧșȤ ȕȐ-
ȒȈȒȐȔȐ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȈȔȐ
ǮȍșȚȖȒȖșȚȤ ǵȖ ȕȍ ȖȌȕȈ ȎȍșȚȖȒȖșȚȤ Ȉ ș ȗȘȐȔȍșȤȦ ȉȖȓȤ-
ȠȖȑ ȌȖȏȣ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȍȕȕȖȑ șȚȘȈșȚȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ Ȑ șȚȈȊȐȚșȧ ȞȍȓȤȦ
Ȋ ȌȐȒȖȑ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȍ ȐșȚȧȏȈȕȐȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ
ǽȓȣșȚ ȒȈȒ șȘȍȌșȚȊȖ Ȍȓȧ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȗȖȓȖȊȖȋȖ țȌȖȊȓȍȚ-
ȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ, ȕȍ șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȕȖȊȖșȚȐ ȅȚȖ ȊșȍȋȌȈȠȕȐȑ șȗțȚȕȐȒ
ȗȖȓȖȊȖȋȖ ȉȍșșȐȓȐȧ ȝȖȚȧ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȧȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȖ
ǺțȚ Ȕȣ ȊȐȌȐȔ ȐșȚȧȏȈȕȐȍ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ Ȑ ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȍȚ-
șȧ țȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȍ ȉȍșșȐȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȐșȚȧȏȈȚȍȓȧ ǵȖ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȈ Ȑ

ȌȘțȋȈȧ ȜȖȘȔȈ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȎȍȕȡȐȕț șȚȈȊȧȚ Ȋ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȐșȚȧȏȈ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȣ ȖȕȈ șȍȟȍȚ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȕȈȕȐȔȈȚȍȓȧ Ȑ ȚȍȔ ȌȖȊȖȌȐȚ ȍȋȖ
ȌȖ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȍȕȐȧ
ǺȈȒȖȊ țȌȍȓ ȗȘȍșȣȡȍȕȕȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ǰȔ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȝȓȣș-
ȚȖȔ ȊȣȉȐȊȈȚȤ Ȑȏ șȍȉȧ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ șȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ ș ȎȍȕȡȐȕȖȑ
ǵȖ ȥȚȖ șȘȍȌșȚȊȖ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȘȈȌȐȒȈȓȤȕȖȍ Ȑ ȕȍ ȊșȍȔ ȗȖ șȐ-
ȓȈȔ Ǩ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț ȉȖȓȍȏȕȍȕȕȈȧ ȜȈȕȚȈȏȐȧ Ȑ ȐȡȍȚ ȊȣȝȖȌȖȊ Ȋ
ȌȘțȋȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȍ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ Ȋ șȖȏȐȌȈȕȐȐ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȑ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ
Ȍȓȧ ȘȈȏȊȘȈȚȈ Ȑ Ȋ ȏȈȔȍȕȍ ȖȉȍșșȐȓȍȊȠȐȝ ȖȘȋȈȕȖȊ ȌȘțȋȐȔȐ
ȗȘȍȌȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȖȑ șȖȊșȍȔ Ȍȓȧ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȜțȕȒȞȐȑ

104
ǽǼǾǻǼDZǾǮȂǶȅdzǿǸǶǷ Ǹǹȁǯ
Ǵȣ ȏȈȐȔșȚȊțȍȔ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȒȓțȉȈ Ȑȏ ȋȈȏȍȚȣ «ǹȚȖ-
ȓȐȟȕȖȍ țȚȘȖ» ǾȍȓȤȦ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȒȓțȉȈ ȒȈȒ ȘȈȏ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ Ȑ șȓțȎȐȚ
șȖȏȌȈȕȐȍ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȈȦȡȍȑ ȈȚȔȖșȜȍȘȣ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ șȚȘȈȌȈȦȡȐȑ
ȗȖȓȖȊȣȔ ȉȍșșȐȓȐȍȔ șțȉȢȍȒȚ ȌȖȊȖȌȐȚ șȍȉȧ ȌȖ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ șȖșȚȖȧ-
ȕȐȧ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ țȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖȔȐȔȖ șȖȖȚȊȍȚ-
șȚȊțȦȡȐȝ ȖȘȋȈȕȖȊ
ǰȕȈȟȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ ȊȍșȤ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȡȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȖȌȐȕ șȗȓȖȠ-
ȕȖȑ ȗȖȓȖȊȖȑ ȖȘȋȈȕ
ǪȖȚ ȒȈȒȖȊȈ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȈ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȧ
I
ʏ˅˕ˑ˓ ˑ˒ˋ˔˞˅˃ˈ˕ ˍˎ˖˄ǡ ˍ˃ˍ ˑ˚ˈ˅ˋˇˈ˙Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ǤǤǤʛˑˌ ˊː˃ˍˑˏ˞ˌ ˒ˑ˅ˈˎ ˏˈːˢ ˅ ˍˑː˔˒ˋ˓˃˕ˋ˅ː˞ˌ «ʤ˓˃ˏ
ʬ˓ˑ˔˃»Ǥ
ʛ˞ ˅ˑ˛ˎˋ ˅ ˓ˑ˔ˍˑ˛ːˑ ˑ˄˔˕˃˅ˎˈːː˖ˡ ˒˓ˋˈˏː˖ˡǡ ˆˇˈ ˏˈ-
ːˢ ˔ː˃˄ˇˋˎˋ ˍ˃˓˕ˑ˚ˍˑˌǡ ˋˏˈːˑ˅˃˅˛ˈˌ ˏˈːˢ ˒ˑ˚ˈ˕ː˞ˏ ˆˑ˔˕ˈˏ
«ʬ˓ˑ˕ˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˑˆˑ ˍˎ˖˄˃ǽǤǤǤ
ʝ˄˜ˋˌ ˊ˃ˎǡ ˍ˖ˇ˃ ˏ˞ ˅˔˕˖˒ˋˎˋ ˋˊ ˒˓ˋˈˏːˑˌǡ ˒ˑ˓˃ˊˋˎ ˏˈ-
ːˢ ˔˅ˑˋˏ ˅ˈˎˋˍˑˎˈ˒ˋˈˏǤ ʠ˕ˈː˞ǡ ˒ˑ˕ˑˎˑˍǡ ˑˍː˃ ˋ ˇ˅ˈ˓ˋ ˄˞ˎˋ
˓ˑ˔ˍˑ˛ːˑ ˇˈˍˑ˓ˋ˓ˑ˅˃ː˞ ˓ˑˊˑ˅˞ˏ ˛ˈˎˍˑˏǡ ˋˊ-ˊ˃ ˔ˍˎ˃ˇˑˍ ˍˑ-
˕ˑ˓ˑˆˑ ˆˎˢˇˈˎˋ ˒˃˓ˋˉ˔ˍˋˈ ˆ˓˃˅ˡ˓˞ ˅ ˒ˎˑ˕ː˞˘ ˓˃ˏˍ˃˘ ˚ˈ˓ːˑ-
ˆˑ ˇˈ˓ˈ˅˃Ǥ
ʑ ˊ˃ˎˈ ˅ˑˎː˃ˏˋ ˒ˈ˓ˈˎˋ˅˃ˎ˔ˢ ˓ˑˊˑ˅˞ˌ ˒ˑˎ˖ˏ˓˃ˍǡ ˑ˕˚ˈˆˑ
ˑ˄ː˃ˉˈːː˞ˈ ˗ˋˆ˖˓˞ ː˃ ˆ˓˃˅ˡ˓˃˘ ˒˓ˋˑ˄˓ˈ˕˃ˎˋ ˉˋˊːˈːːˑ˔˕˟
ˋ ˔ˑˊˇ˃˅˃ˎˋ ˒˓ˋ˕ˑ˓ː˖ˡǡ ˎˋ˒ˍ˖ˡ ˃˕ˏˑ˔˗ˈ˓˖ ˔ˍ˓˞˕ˑˆˑ ˓˃ˊ˅˓˃-
˕˃ǤǤ ʑˑˊˏˑˉːˑǡ ˚˕ˑ ˅ ˇ˃ːːˑˏ ˔ˎ˖˚˃ˈ ːˈ ˑ˄ˑ˛ˎˑ˔˟ ˄ˈˊ ˒˔ˋ˘ˑ-
ˎˑˆˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˑˌ ˒ˑˇˍˎ˃ˇˍˋǡ ˒ˑ˕ˑˏ˖ ˚˕ˑ ˔ˑˇˈ˓ˉ˃ːˋˈ ˆ˓˃˅ˡ˓ ːˈ ˅˞-

105
˘ˑˇˋˎˑ ˒ˑˍ˃ ˊ˃ ˒˓ˈˇˈˎ˞ ˑ˄˞˚ː˞˘ ˋˊˑ˄˓˃ˉˈːˋˌ ˏ˖ˉ˔ˍˑˆˑ ˋ
ˉˈː˔ˍˑˆˑ ˕ˈˎ˃Ǥ
ʞˑ ˊ˃ˎ˖ ˅ˊ˃ˇ ˋ ˅˒ˈ˓ˈˇ ˒˓ˑˆ˖ˎˋ˅˃ˎˋ˔˟ ˇ˃ˏ˞ ˅ ˖ˏˑ˒ˑˏ˓˃-
˚ˋ˕ˈˎ˟ː˞˘ ˕˖˃ˎˈ˕˃˘ ˋ ˏ˖ˉ˚ˋː˞ ˅ ˑ˗ˋ˙ˋ˃ˎ˟ː˞˘ ˔ˏˑˍˋːˆ˃˘ ˋ
˔ˡ˓˕˖ˍ˃˘Ǥ
— ʛ˞ ˒˓ˋ˛ˎˋ ˓˃ːˑǡ — ˛ˈ˒ː˖ˎ ˏːˈ ˊː˃ˍˑˏ˞ˌǡ ˑˆˎˢˇ˞˅˃ˢ
ːˈˏːˑˆˑ˚ˋ˔ˎˈːː˖ˡ ˒˖˄ˎˋˍ˖ǡ ˆ˖ˎˢ˅˛˖ˡ ˒ˑ ˊ˃ˎ˖ ˔ˑ ˔ˍ˖˚ː˞ˏ ˋ
˄ˈˊ˖˚˃˔˕ː˞ˏ ˅ˋˇˑˏǤ
— ʬ˕ˑ ˑˇːˑ ˋˊ ˗ˑˌˈǡ — ˇˑ˄˃˅ˋˎ ˑːǡ — ˑ˚ˈ˅ˋˇːˑǡ ˅ ˊ˃ˎ˃˘
ˈ˜ˈ ːˈ ˅˔ˈ ˆˑ˕ˑ˅ˑǤ ʑˈˇ˟ ˊˇˈ˔˟ ˇˈˍˑ˓˃˙ˋˢ ˏˈːˢˈ˕˔ˢ ˇ˅˃ ˓˃ˊ˃ ˅
ːˈˇˈˎˡǡ ˔ ˒˓ˋ˄˞˕ˋˈˏ ˊ˃ˆ˓˃ːˋ˚ː˞˘ ˕˓˃ː˔˒ˑ˓˕ˑ˅Ǥ ʓˈˍˑ˓˃˙ˋˈˌ
ˊ˃˅ˈˇ˖ˈ˕ ˒˃˓ˋˉ˔ˍˋˌ ˘˖ˇˑˉːˋˍ ʐǤ ˋ «ːˈ˄ˈˊ˞ˊ˅ˈ˔˕ː˞ˌ ˅ ˒ˑ˔-
ˎˈˇːˈˈ ˅˓ˈˏˢ ˄ˈˎˎˈ˕˓ˋ˔˕-˒ˑˠ˕»ǡ ˗˃ˏˋˎˋˡ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓ˑˆˑ ˋˊˎˋ˛ːˈ
ː˃ˊ˞˅˃˕˟ ȋǨȌǤ
— ʡˑˎ˟ˍˑ ˅ ˠ˕ˑˏ ˔˃˓˃ˈ ˅˔ˈ ˒ˑ ˔˕˃˓ˑˏ˖ǡ — ˔ˍ˃ˊ˃ˎ ˑːǡ ˔
ːˈ˄˓ˈˉːˑˌ ˄˓ˈˊˆˎˋ˅ˑ˔˕˟ˡ ˑˆˎˢˇ˞˅˃ˢ ˓ˑ˔ˍˑ˛ː˖ˡ ˇˈˍˑ˓˃˙ˋˡ
˗ˑˌˈǤ
ʞ˖˄ˎˋˍ˃ ˅˔ˈ ˒˓ˋ˄˞˅˃ˎ˃Ǥ
ʞˑˢ˅ˋˎˋ˔˟ ˒˃˓˃ˎˋ˕ˋˍˋ-˔˕˃˓ˋ˚ˍˋǡ ˡːˑ˛ˋǡ ːˈ ˖˔˕˖˒˃˅˛ˋˈ
ˇ˓ˢ˘ˎˑ˔˕˟ˡ ˔˕˃˓ˋ˚ˍ˃ˏǡ ˍˑˈ-ˆˇˈ ˏˈˎ˟ˍː˖ˎˋ ˕˓ˋ-˚ˈ˕˞˓ˈ ˓ˑˊˑ-
˅˞˘ ˏ˃ˎ˟˚ˋ˛ˈ˔ˍˋ˘ ˗ˋˊˋˑːˑˏˋˋǤ
ʜˑ ˒˓ˈˑ˄ˎ˃ˇ˃ˎˋǡ ːˈ˔ˑˏːˈːːˑǡ ˉˈː˜ˋː˞Ǥ
ʝːˋ ˄˖ˍ˅˃ˎ˟ːˑ ˊ˃˕ˑ˒ˋˎˋ ˏˑ˓ˈˏ ˍ˓˖ˉˈ˅ ˋ ˛ˈˎˍ˃ ˅ˈ˔˟ ˊ˃ˎǡ
ˋ ˑ˕ˇˈˎ˟ː˞ˈ ˆ˓˖˒˒˞ ˏ˖ˉ˚ˋː ˓ˈˇˍˋˏˋ ˚ˈ˓ː˞ˏˋ ˑ˔˕˓ˑ˅ˍ˃ˏˋ
˅˞ˇˈˎˢˎˋ˔˟ ˔˓ˈˇˋ ˓˃ˊːˑ˙˅ˈ˕ː˞˘ ˒ˑˎ˖˕ˑːˑ˅ ˇ˃ˏ˔ˍˋ˘ ː˃˓ˢˇˑ˅Ǥ
ʛˋˏˑ ˏˈːˢ ˒˓ˑ˔ˍˑˎ˟ˊː˖ˎ ͳͶ-ˎˈ˕ːˋˌ ˕ˑˎ˔˕˞ˌ ˏ˃ˎ˟˚˖ˆ˃ːǡ
˔ ˍ˃ˍˋˏ-˕ˑ ˅ˋːˑ˅˃˕˞ˏ ˅ˋˇˑˏ ˔ˎˈˇˑ˅˃˅˛ˋˌ ˊ˃ ˋ˔˒ˋ˕˞ˏ ˚˃˘-
ˎ˞ˏ ˏ˖ˉ˚ˋːˑˌǤ
ʮ ˖ˇˋ˅ˎˈːːˑ ˒ˑ˔ˏˑ˕˓ˈˎ ː˃ ˏˑˈˆˑ ˔˒˖˕ːˋˍ˃Ǥ
«ʜˈ˖ˉˈˎˋǫ» — ˏˈˎ˟ˍː˖ˎ˃ ˅ ˆˑˎˑ˅ˈ ˑ˕˅˓˃˕ˋ˕ˈˎ˟ː˃ˢ ˏ˞˔ˎ˟Ǥ
— «ʙ˓˞ˎ˟ˢ»*ǡ — ˔˒ˑˍˑˌːˑ ˖ˎ˞˄ː˖ˎ˔ˢ ˏˑˌ ˊː˃ˍˑˏ˞ˌǤ
ʜ˃ˍˑːˈ˙ ˇ˅ˈ˓˟ ˅ ˇ˓˖ˆˑˌ ˍˑːˈ˙ ˗ˑˌˈ ˓˃˔˒˃˘ː˖ˎ˃˔˟ǡ ˋ ˔˕˓˖ˢ
˄ˎˈˇːˑ-˔ˋːˈˆˑ ˔˅ˈ˕˃ ˅ˑ˓˅˃ˎ˃˔˟ ˅ ˗ˑˌˈǤ
ʞ˖˄ˎˋˍ˃ ˘ˎ˞ː˖ˎ˃ ˅ ˑ˕ˍ˓˞˕˖ˡ ˇ˅ˈ˓˟Ǥ
* ɂɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɝɨɦɨɷɪɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɶ Ɇ Ʉɭɡɦɢɧɚ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɭɜɢ-
ɞɟɜɲɚɹ ɫɜɟɬ ɜ  ɝ ɉɪɢɦ ɪɟɞ.).

106
ʛ˞ ˅ˑ˛ˎˋ ˅˔ˎˈˇ ˊ˃ ˅˔ˈˏˋǤ
ʙ˓ˑ˅˟ ˖ˇ˃˓ˋˎ˃ ˏːˈ ˅ ˆˑˎˑ˅˖ǡ ˋ ˉˆ˖˚ˋˌ ˔˕˞ˇ ˄˖ˍ˅˃ˎ˟ːˑ
˒ˈ˓ˈ˒ˑˎːˋˎ ˅˔ˈ ˏˑˈ ˔˖˜ˈ˔˕˅ˑǤ
ʞ˓ˢˏˑ ˒˓ˈˇˑ ˏːˑˌ ˅ ˆˎ˖˄ˋːˈ ˍˑˏː˃˕˞ ˚˖˕˟ ˎˋ ːˈ ˒ˑˎ˔˕ˈ-
ː˞ ˊ˃ːˋˏ˃ˎ˃ ˊ˃ˇ˓˃˒ˋ˓ˑ˅˃ːː˃ˢ ˆˑˎ˖˄ˑˌ ˍˋ˔ˈˈˌ ˍ˃˓˕ˋː˃Ǥ
ʗˊˑ˄˓˃ˉ˃ˎ˃˔˟ ˆː˖˔ː˃ˢ ˔˙ˈː˃ ˖˕ˑː˚ˈːːˈˌ˛ˈˆˑ ˒˃˓ˋˉ˔ˍˑ-
ˆˑ ˓˃ˊ˅˓˃˕˃Ǥ ʟˈ˃ˎˋˊˏ ˄ˋˎ ˅ˑ˅˔ˡǤ ʓˈ˕˃ˎˋǡ ˅ˋˇˋˏˑǡ ˔ˎ˃ˇˑ˔˕˓˃-
˔˕ːˑ ˔ˏ˃ˍˑ˅˃ˎˋ˔˟ «ˑ˒˞˕ː˞ˏ» ˘˖ˇˑˉːˋˍˑˏǤ ʜ˃ˆˎ˞ˏ ˙ˋːˋˊˏˑˏ
ˇ˞˛˃ˎ ˍ˃ˉˇ˞ˌ ˏ˃ˊˑˍ ˍˋ˔˕ˋǤ
ʮ ˑ˕˅ˈ˓ː˖ˎ˔ˢ ˋ ˅ ˆˎ˃ˊ˃ ˏːˈ ˖ˇ˃˓ˋˎˑ ˈ˜ˈ ˄ˑˎˈˈ ˑ˕˅˓˃˕ˋ-
˕ˈˎ˟ːˑˈ ˊ˓ˈˎˋ˜ˈǤ
ʠˑ˕ːˋ ˓˃˔ˍ˓˃˔ːˈ˅˛ˋ˘˔ˢǡ ˒ˑ˕ː˞˘ ˎˋ˙ǡ ˇ˞˛˃˜ˋ˘ ˒ˑ˔ˎˈˇːˈˌ
˔˕ˈ˒ˈː˟ˡ ˔˕˓˃˔˕ˋǡ ː˃ˎˋ˕˞ˈ ˍ˓ˑ˅˟ˡ ˆˎ˃ˊ˃ǡ ˋ˔ˍ˓ˢ˜ˋˈ˔ˢ ˕˖˒˞ˏǡ
˄ˈˊ˖ˏː˞ˏ ˄ˎˈ˔ˍˑˏ ˅ˊˑ˓˞Ǥ ʙ˃ˉˇ˃ˢ ˉˋˎˍ˃ ˕˓ˈ˒ˈ˕˃ˎ˃ ˅ ˠ˕ˋ˘ ˉˋ-
˅ˑ˕ː˞˘ ˗ˋˊˋˑːˑˏˋˢ˘ǡ ˋ˔ˍ˃ˉˈːː˞˘ ˑ˕˅˓˃˕ˋ˕ˈˎ˟ː˞ˏ ˚˖˅˔˕˅ˑˏ
ˋˊ˅˓˃˜ˈːːˑˆˑ ˔ˎ˃ˇˑ˔˕˓˃˔˕ˋˢǤ
ʡ˓˖ˇːˑ ˔ˍ˃ˊ˃˕˟ǡ ˚˕ˑ ˒˓ˑˋˊ˅ˑˇˋˎˑ ˄ˑˎˈˈ ˆ˓ˢˊːˑˈ ˑ˜˖˜ˈ-
ːˋˈǣ ˍ˃˓˕ˋː˃ ˎˋǡ ˋˎˋ ˓˃ˊˆˑ˓ˢ˚ˈːː˃ˢ ˈˡ ˒˖˄ˎˋˍ˃ǫ
— ʑ˞ˌˇˈˏ ˑ˕˔ˡˇ˃Ǩ — ˛ˈ˒ː˖ˎ ˢ ˔˅ˑˈˏ˖ ˔˒˖˕ːˋˍ˖ǡ ˕˃ˍˉˈǡ
˅ˋˇˋˏˑǡ ˔ˎˈˆˍ˃ ˅ˑˊˏ˖˜ˈːːˑˏ˖ ˠ˕ˋˏ ˊ˓ˈˎˋ˜ˈˏǤ
— ʓ˃ǡ ˏ˃˓ˍ˃ ˚ˈ˓ˈ˔˚˖˓ ˅˞˔ˑˍ˃Ǩ — ˒˓ˑ˄ˑ˓ˏˑ˕˃ˎ ˑːǡ ˖˅ˎˈˍ˃ˢ
ˏˈːˢ ˔ˍ˅ˑˊ˟ ˕ˑˎ˒˖ ˅ ˄ˑˍˑ˅˖ˡ ˇ˅ˈ˓˟Ǥ
— ʞˑ˔ˋˇˋˏ ˅ ˄ˋ˄ˎˋˑ˕ˈˍˈǡ ˃ ˒ˑ˕ˑˏ ˒˓ˢˏˑ ˒˓ˑˌˇˈˏ ˅ ˍˑː-
˙ˈ˓˕ː˞ˌ ˊ˃ˎǤ
ʑ ˄ˋ˄ˎˋˑ˕ˈˍˈ ˏ˞ ˑ˚˖˕ˋˎˋ˔˟ ˑˇːˋǤǤǤ
«ʜˈ˖ˉˈˎˋ ˔ː˃˓˖ˉˋ ːˋ˚˕ˑ ːˈ ˑ˄ˎˋ˚˃ˈ˕ ˘˃˓˃ˍ˕ˈ˓˃ ˄ˋ˄ˎˋˑ-
˕ˈˍˋǫ» — ˒ˑˇ˖ˏ˃ˎ ˢ ˋ ˔˃ˏ ˖˔˕˞ˇˋˎ˔ˢ ˔˅ˑˈˌ ː˃ˋ˅ːˑ˔˕ˋ
ʑ ˖ˆˎ˖ǡ ˔ˎˈˆˍ˃ ˒˓ˋˍ˓˞˕˃ˢ ˕ˢˉˈˎˑˌ ˄˃˓˘˃˕ːˑˌ ˒ˑ˓˕˟ˈ˓ˑˌǡ
˄ˈˎˈˎ˃ ˆˋ˒˔ˑ˅˃ˢ ˗ˋˆ˖˓˃ ˑ˄ː˃ˉˈːːˑˆˑ ˏ˃ˎ˟˚ˋˍ˃ ˔ ˙ˋːˋ˚ːˑ ˔ˎˑ-
ˉˈːː˞ˏˋ ˓˖ˍ˃ˏˋǤ
— ʖˇˈ˔˟ ˋ˔ˍˎˡ˚ˋ˕ˈˎ˟ːˑ ˋːˑ˔˕˓˃ːː˃ˢ ˎˋ˕ˈ˓˃˕˖˓˃ǡ —˔ˍ˃-
ˊ˃ˎ ˏːˈ ˏˑˌ ˔˒˖˕ːˋˍǡ — ˋˊ ˓˖˔˔ˍˋ˘ ˕ˑˎ˟ˍˑ ʙ˖ˊ˟ˏˋː ˒˓ˋːˢ˕ ˅
˄ˋ˄ˎˋˑ˕ˈˍ˖ ˍˎ˖˄˃Ǥ «ʠ˃ːˋː» ʏ˓˙˞˄˃˛ˈ˅˃ ˒˓ˋˊː˃ˈ˕˔ˢ ˒˃ː˃˙ˈˈˌ
ˏˈ˜˃ː˔ˍˑˌ ː˓˃˅˔˕˅ˈːːˑ˔˕ˋǤ
— ʝˇː˃ˍˑǡ ˍ˃ˍ˃ˢ ˅˔ˈ-˕˃ˍˋ ˆ˃ˇˑ˔˕˟Ǩ — ːˈ ˖ˇˈ˓ˉ˃ˎ˔ˢ ˢǤ —
ʬ˕ˋ ˍ˃˓˕ˋː˞Ǩ ʬ˕ˑ ˅ˑˊ˄˖ˉˇˈːˋˈ ˒˓ˈ˔˞˜ˈːːˑˌ ˉˋ˅ˑ˕ːˑˌ ˕ˑˎ-
˒˞Ǩ

107
— ʜ˖ǡ ˠ˕ˑ ˅˞ ː˃˒˓˃˔ːˑǡ — ˘ˎ˃ˇːˑˍ˓ˑ˅ːˑ ˑ˕˅ˈ˕ˋˎ ˏˑˌ ˊː˃-
ˍˑˏ˞ˌǤ — ʮ ˅˃˔ ˒ˑːˋˏ˃ˡǤ ʜˈ˔ˑˏːˈːːˑǡ ː˃ ˒ˈ˓˅˞ˌ ˓˃ˊ ˕˃ˍ˃ˢ
˔˕ˈ˒ˈː˟ ˅˞˔ˑˍ˃Ǩ ʝː˃ ˏˑˉˈ˕ ˇ˃ˉˈ ˑ˕˕ˑˎˍː˖˕˟Ǥ ʖˇˈ˔˟ ːˈˑ˄˘ˑ-
ˇˋˏ˃ ˒ˑ˔˕ˈ˒ˈːːˑ˔˕˟Ǩ ʑ˞ ˒ˑ˔ˎˈˇˑ˅˃˕ˈˎ˟ːˑ ˇˑˎˉː˞ ˒˓ˋ˖˚ˋ˕˟-
˔ˢ ˒ˑ˔˕ˋˆ˃˕˟ ˍ˓˃˔ˑ˕˖ ˔ˎ˃ˇˑ˔˕˓˃˔˕ˋˢǤ ʏ ˅ˈˇ˟ ˑːˑ-˕ˑǡ ˔ˎ˃ˇˑ-
˔˕˓˃˔˕ˋˈǡ ˏˈːˈˈ ˅˔ˈˆˑ ˅ ˑ˄˜ˈ˒˓ˋːˢ˕˞˘ ˗ˑ˓ˏ˃˘ ˏˈ˜˃ː˔ˍˑˆˑ
ˉˈːˑˎˡ˄ˋˢǤ ʝːˑ ˋˏˈːːˑ ˅ ˕ˑˏǡ ˚˕ˑ ˅˞ ː˃ˊ˞˅˃ˈ˕ˈ ˋˊ˅˓˃˜ˈː-
ːˑ˔˕˟ˡ ˚˖˅˔˕˅˃Ǥ
ʛˑˌ ˔˒˖˕ːˋˍ ˒ˑˊ˅ˑːˋˎ ˒˓ˋ˔ˎ˖ˆ˖ ˋ ˒ˑ˕˓ˈ˄ˑ˅˃ˎ ˎˋˍˈ˓˃Ǥ
— ʓˎˢ ˒ˈ˓˅ˑˆˑ ˓˃ˊ˃ ˘ˑ˕˟ ˑˇ˖˓ˏ˃ː˟˕ˈ ˔ˈ˄ˢǡ — ˔ˍ˃ˊ˃ˎ ˑːǡ
— ˃ ˕ˑ ˅˞ ˓ˋ˔ˍ˖ˈ˕ˈ ːˈ ˄˞˕˟ ˅ ˔ˑ˔˕ˑˢːˋˋ ˒˓ˑ˄˞˕˟ ˊˇˈ˔˟ ˇˑ
ˍˑː˙˃ ˅ˈ˚ˈ˓˃Ǥ
II
ʛˈˎˑˇˋ˚ː˞ˌ ˔ˈ˓ˈ˄˓ˢː˞ˌ ˊ˅ˑːˑˍ ː˃˓˖˛ˋˎ ː˃˛˖ ˄ˈ˔ˈˇ˖Ǥ
— ʞˑˌˇˈˏ˕ˈǨ — ˔ˍ˃ˊ˃ˎ ˏˑˌ ˔˒˖˕ːˋˍǡ — ʠˈˌ˚˃˔ ˍˑː˙ˈ˓˕-
ːˑˈ ˑ˕ˇˈˎˈːˋˈǨ
ʛ˞ ˅ˑ˛ˎˋ ˅ ˑˆ˓ˑˏː˞ˌ ˒ˑˎ˖˕ˈˏː˞ˌ ˊ˃ˎǤ
ʒ˖˔˕ˑˌǡ ˒˓ˋ˕ˑ˓ː˞ˌ ˊ˃˒˃˘ ˔ˋ˓ˈːˋ ˕˃ˍ ˋ ˑ˄ˇ˃ˎ ː˃˔ǡ ˋ ˅ ˔ˋ˓ˈ-
ːˈ˅ˑˏ ˔˖ˏ˓˃ˍˈ ˕˓˖ˇːˑ ˄˞ˎˑ ˓˃ˊˎˋ˚ˋ˕˟ ˚˕ˑ-ˎˋ˄ˑǤ
ʖ˃ ˔˙ˈːˑˌ ˒ˑ˔ˎ˞˛˃ˎˋ˔˟ ˕ˋ˘ˋˈ ˃ˍˍˑ˓ˇ˞ ˃˓˗˞Ǥ ʏˍˍˑˏ˒˃-
ːˋ˓ˑ˅˃ˎ ˓ˑˢˎ˟Ǥ
ʮ ːˈ ˊː˃˕ˑˍ ˏ˖ˊ˞ˍˋǡ ːˑ ˋ ː˃ ˏˈːˢ ˒˃˘ː˖ˎˑ ˚ˈˏ-˕ˑ ːˈˉ-
ː˞ˏǡ ˊːˑˌː˞ˏǡ ˊ˃˅ˑˎ˃ˍˋ˅˃ˡ˜ˋˏ ˔ˑˊː˃ːˋˈǡ ˇˑ˅ˑˇˢ˜ˋˏ ˈˆˑ
ˇˑ ˑ˕˖˒ˈːˋˢǡ ˇˑ ˔˕˓˃˛ːˑˌ ˔˅ˈ˓˘˚˖˅˔˕˅ˈːːˑ˔˕ˋǤ
ʡˈˏ˒ ˖˔ˋˎˋ˅˃ˎ˔ˢǢ ːˑ ːˈ ˅ˈ˔ˈˎ˟ˈǡ ːˈ ˓˃ˊˆ˖ˎ ˚˖ˇˋˎ˔ˢ ˅ ˕ˢ-
ˆ˖˚ˈˌ ˒ˑ˅˞˛˃˅˛ˈˌ˔ˢ ˏˈˎˑˇˋˋǣ ˎˋ˒ˍ˖ˡ ˕ˋː˖ ˒˓ˢːˑˆˑ ˚˖˅˔˕-
˅˃ǡ ˅ˑ˔˕ˑ˚ːˑˈǡ ˑ˔˕˓ˑˈǡ ːˈ˒ˑːˢ˕ːˑˈ ˅ˑˊ˄˖ˉˇˈːˋˈ ː˃˅ˈ˅˃ˎ˃ ˠ˕˃
ːˑ˅˃ˢ ˇˎˢ ˏˈːˢ ˏ˖ˊ˞ˍ˃Ǥ
ʟˈˊˍˋˌ ˃ˍˍˑ˓ˇ ˒˓ˈ˓˅˃ˎ ˑ˚˃˓ˑ˅˃ːˋˈǤ
ʑˊ˅ˋˎ˔ˢ ˊ˃ː˃˅ˈ˔ǡ ˋ ˅ˑˎː˞ ˏˢˆˍˑˆˑ ˍ˓˃˔ːˑˆˑ ˔˅ˈ˕˃ ˘ˎ˞ː˖-
ˎˋ ˅ ˊ˃ˎ ˔ ˅ˑˎ˛ˈ˄ːˑ ˖˄˓˃ːːˑˌ ˉˋ˅˞ˏˋ ˙˅ˈ˕˃ˏˋ ˠ˔˕˓˃ˇ˞Ǥ
ʜ˃ ˔˙ˈː˖ ˅˞˒ˑ˓˘ː˖ˎˋ ˇ˅ˈ ˕˃ː˙ˑ˅˜ˋ˙˞ ˅ ˔ˑ˅ˈ˓˛ˈːːˑˏ ˒ˑ-
˚˕ˋ ˇˈˊ˃˄ˋˎ˟ˈǤ

ʜ˃˚˃ˎ˔ˢ ˕˃ːˈ˙Ǥ
ʒˋ˄ˍˋˈǡ ˋˊˢ˜ː˞ˈ ˕ˈˎˑˇ˅ˋˉˈːˋˢǡ ˕ˑˏː˃ˢ ˆ˓˃˙ˋˢ ˋ ˇ˖˓ˏ˃-
ːˢ˜˃ˢ ˒˓ˈˎˈ˔˕˟ ˔˕˓˃˔˕ː˞˘ ˒ˑ˓˞˅ˑ˅ ˅ˇ˓˖ˆ ˄ˈ˔˔˕˞ˇːˑ ː˃˓˖˛ˋ-
ˎˋ˔˟ ːˈ˒˓ˋˍ˓ˑ˅ˈːː˞ˏ ˙ˋːˋˊˏˑˏǡ ˆ˓ˢˊːˑˌ ˒ˑ˛ˎˑ˔˕˟ˡǡ ˑ˕˅˓˃-
˕ˋ˕ˈˎ˟ː˞ˏ ˇˑ ˕ˑ˛ːˑ˕˞ ˉˈ˔˕ˑˏǤ
ʡ˃ː˙ˑ˅˜ˋ˙˞ ˋˊˑˆː˖ˎˋ˔˟ ˅ ˇˋˍˑˏ ˍ˓ˋ˚˃˜ˈˏ ˋˊˆˋ˄ˈǡ ˋ ˅ˇ˓˖ˆ
ˋˊ-ˊ˃ ˔˙ˈː˞ ˔ ˎˈˆˍˑ˔˕˟ˡ ˔ˈ˓ː ˅˞˔ˍˑ˚ˋˎˋ ˚ˈ˕˅ˈ˓ˑ ˏ˃ˎ˟˚ˋ-
ˍˑ˅ǡ — ˅ˈ˔ˈːːˋˈǡ ˍ˓˃˔ˋ˅˞ˈǡ ˔˕˓ˑˌː˞ˈǡ — ˔ˑ˅ˈ˓˛ˈːːˑ ˑ˄ː˃ˉˈː-
ː˞ˈǤʗ ˍ˃ˍ ːˋ ˍ˓˃˔ˋ˅ˑ ˆ˃˓ˏˑːˋ˚ːˑˈ ˔ˑ˚ˈ˕˃ːˋˈ ˏˑˎˑˇ˞˘ǡ ˋˊˢ˜-
ː˞˘ǡ ˔˅ˈˉˋ˘ ˗ˋˆ˖˓ǡ — ˚ˈˏ-˕ˑ ˕˃ˌːˑ ˆː˖˔ː˞ˏǡ ˄ˈ˔˔˕˞ˇːˑ ˑ˕-
˅˓˃˕ˋ˕ˈˎ˟ː˞ˏ ˒ˑ˅ˈˢˎˑ ˑ˕ ˠ˕ˑˆˑ ˅ˑ˔˕ˑ˚ːˑˆˑ ˔ˎ˃ˇˑ˔˕˓˃˔˕ːˑ-
ˆˑ ˕˃ː˙˃ǡ ˅ˑˊ˄˖ˉˇ˃˅˛ˈˆˑ ˋ˔˕ˈ˓ˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˋˈ ˅˔ˍ˓ˋˍˋ˅˃ːˋˢ ˅ ˑ˄˝ˢ-
˕ˑˏ ˔˖ˏ˓˃ˍˑˏ ˊ˃ˎˈǤ
ʜˑ ˕˃ː˙˞ ˑˍˑː˚ˋˎˋ˔˟Ǥ
ʜ˃ ˔˙ˈː˖ ˅˞˛ˎ˃ ˍˑ˔˕ˎˢ˅˃ˢ ˋˊˏˑˉˇˈːː˃ˢ ˗ˋˆ˖˓˃ ˡːˑ˛ˋǤ
ʝː ˄˞ˎ ˔ˑ˅ˈ˓˛ˈːːˑ ˆˑˎǤ
— ʚˈˍ˕ˑ˓ ˠ˔˕ˈ˕ˋˍˋǡ — ˛ˈ˒ː˖ˎ ˏːˈ ˏˑˌ ˔˒˖˕ːˋˍǤ
ʝ˕˅˓˃˕ˋ˕ˈˎ˟ː˃ˢ ˗ˋˆ˖˓˃ ˔˖˘ˑ˒˃˓ˑˆˑ ˡːˑ˛ˋ ˄ˈ˔˔˕˞ˇːˑ ˔˕˃-
ˎ˃ ː˃ ˍ˓˃ˡ ˔˙ˈː˞Ǥ
ʮ ˑ˕˅ˈ˓ː˖ˎ˔ˢǤ ʠˎˋ˛ˍˑˏ ˙ˋːˋ˚ˈː ˄˞ˎ ˅ˋˇ ˏˑˎˑˇˑˆˑ ˒˓ˑ-
˗ˈ˔˔ˑ˓˃Ǥ
ʓˎˋːːˑǡ ˔ˍ˖˚ːˑ ˋ ˑ˕˅˓˃˕ˋ˕ˈˎ˟ːˑ ˒ˑ˅ˈ˔˕˅ˑ˅˃ˎ ˎˈˍ˕ˑ˓ ˑ˄
˃ːˑˏ˃ˎˋˢ˘ ˔˅ˑˈˆˑ ˒˓ˑ˕ˋ˅ːˑˆˑ ˕ˈˎ˃ǡ ˢ˅ˋ˅˛ˋ˘˔ˢ ˔ˎˈˇ˔˕˅ˋˈˏ
ːˈˈ˔˕ˈ˔˕˅ˈːː˞˘ ˒ˑˎˑ˅˞˘ ˉˈˎ˃ːˋˌǢ ˍ˓˖ˉˋˎ˃˔˟ ˆˑˎˑ˅˃ ˋ ˒ˑˇ˔˕˖-
˒˃ˎˑ ˚˕ˑ-˕ˑ ˍ ˆˑ˓ˎ˖ ˑ˕ ˙ˋːˋ˚ːˑ ˑ˕ˍ˓ˑ˅ˈːːˑˌ ˓ˈ˚ˋ ˄ˈ˔˔˕˞ˇ-
ːˑˆˑ ˡːˑ˛ˋǤ
ʜ˃ˍˑːˈ˙ ˑː ˑˍˑː˚ˋˎǤ
ʜ˃ ˔˙ˈːˈ ˒ˑˢ˅ˋˎ˔ˢ «ːˈ˄ˈˊ˞ˊ˅ˈ˔˕ː˞ˌ ˄ˈˎˎˈ˕˓ˋ˔˕-˒ˑˠ˕»Ǥ
ʡ˓˖ˇːˑ ˒ˈ˓ˈˇ˃˕˟ ˅˔ˡ ˕˖ ˏ˃˔˔˖ ˒ˑ˛ˎˑ˔˕ˋǡ ˙ˋːˋˊˏ˃ ˋ ˍ˃-
˓˃ˏ˃ˊˑ˅˜ˋː˞ǡ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˖ˡ ˓ˈˍˑˏˈːˇˑ˅˃ˎ ˒ˑˠ˕ǡ ˍ˃ˍ ːˑ˅˞ˌ ˒˖˕˟
˅ ˎˋ˕ˈ˓˃˕˖˓ˈǡ ˋ˔ˍ˖˔˔˕˅ˈ ˋ ˅ ˚˖˅˔˕˅ˑ˅˃ːˋˢ˘ ˔ˑ˅˓ˈˏˈːːˑˆˑ ˚ˈ-
ˎˑ˅ˈˍ˃Ǥ
ʜˈ˕Ǩ ʚ˖˚˛ˈ ˑ˄ˑˌ˕ˋ ˠ˕˖ ˒˓ˑ˒ˑ˅ˈˇ˟Ǩ
ʙˑː˙ˈ˓˕ːˑˈ ˑ˕ˇˈˎˈːˋˈ ˄˞ˎˑ ˊ˃ˍˑː˚ˈːˑǤ
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109
III
— ʑ˃˛˃ ˒˓ˑˆ˓˃ˏˏ˃ ˊ˃ˍˑː˚ˈː˃ǡ — ˑ˄˓˃˕ˋˎ˔ˢ ˍˑ ˏːˈ ˏˑˌ
˔˒˖˕ːˋˍǤ — ʒˑ˔˕ˢˏ ːˈˎ˟ˊˢ ˇˑˎˈˈ ˑ˔˕˃˅˃˕˟˔ˢ ˊˇˈ˔˟Ǥ ʜˑ ˈ˔ˎˋ ˅˞
˘ˑ˕ˋ˕ˈ ˖˅ˋˇˈ˕˟ ˇ˃ˎ˟ːˈˌ˛ˈˈǡ ˢ ˒ˑ˒˓ˑ˛˖ ˑ˄ ˠ˕ˑˏ ˒˓ˈˇ˔ˈˇ˃˕ˈˎ˟-
ːˋ˙˖ ˑ˄˜ˈ˔˕˅˃ ˋ ˘ˑˊˢˌˍ˖ ˇˑˏ˃ ˄˃˓ˑːˈ˔˔˖ ʧǤǤǤDz
ʮ ˏ˃˘ː˖ˎ ˓˖ˍˑˌǤ ʥˋːˋˊˏ ˃˕ˏˑ˔˗ˈ˓˞ ˇˑ ˕˃ˍˑˌ ˔˕ˈ˒ˈːˋ ˑ˄-
ˇ˃ˎ ˏˈːˢ ˔ˑ ˅˔ˈ˘ ˔˕ˑ˓ˑːǡ ˚˕ˑ ˢ ˚˖˅˔˕˅ˑ˅˃ˎ ˔ˈ˄ˢ ː˃˅ˈˍˋ ˒ˑˆ-
˓ˢˊ˛ˋˏ ˅ ˎˋ˒ˍˑˌ ˏ˃˔˔ˈ ˔ˍ˅ˈ˓ː˞Ǥ
— ʓˑ ˍˑː˙˃ǡ ˕˃ˍ ˇˑ ˍˑː˙˃Ǩ — ˔ˍ˃ˊ˃ˎ ˢǤ
ʠ˒˖˕ːˋˍ ˏˑˌ ˅ˈ˓ː˖ˎ˔ˢ ˑ˕ ˒˓ˈˇ˔ˈˇ˃˕ˈˎ˟ːˋ˙˞Ǥ
— ʞˑˊ˅ˑˎˋˎ˃Ǥ ʞˑˌˇˈˏ˕ˈ ˅ ˏˑˌ ˍ˃˄ˋːˈ˕ǡ — ˔ˍ˃ˊ˃ˎ ˑːǡ ˑ˄-
˓˃˜˃ˢ˔˟ ˍˑ ˏːˈ ˋ ˍ ˔ˋˇˈ˅˛ˈˌ ˓ˢˇˑˏ ˔ ːˋˏ ˍ˓˃˔ˋ˅ˑˌ ˉˈː˜ˋ-
ːˈ ˡˉːˑˆˑ ˕ˋ˒˃Ǥ
ʮ ːˈ ˒ˑˏːˡǡ ˚˕ˑ ˒˓ˑˋˊˑ˛ˎˑǤ ʜˈ˔ˑˏːˈːːˑǡ ː˃ ˏˈːˢ ˑ˒˟ˢ-
ːˢˡ˜ˈ ˒ˑˇˈˌ˔˕˅ˑ˅˃ˎ ːˈ ˔˕ˑˎ˟ˍˑ ˅˞˒ˋ˕˞ˌ ˎˋˍˈ˓ǡ ˔ˍˑˎ˟ˍˑ ˅˔ˈ
˅ˋˇˈːːˑˈǤ
ʜˑ ˅ ˍ˃˄ˋːˈ˕ˈ ˏˑˈˆˑ ˔˒˖˕ːˋˍ˃ ˢ ˒ˑˏːˡ ˕˃ˍ˖ˡ ˍ˃˓˕ˋː˖Ǥ
ʑ ˍ˖˒˃ˎ˟ːˑˏ ˍˑ˔˕ˡˏˈ ˒ˑˎ˖ˎˈˉˋ˕ ˅ ˍ˓ˈ˔ˎˈ ˏˑˌ ˊː˃ˍˑˏ˞ˌǤ
ʢ ːˈˆˑ ː˃ ˍˑˎˈːˢ˘ ˅ ˔˃ˏˑˏ ˑ˕ˍ˓ˑ˅ˈːːˑˏ ˅ˋˇˈ ˔ˋˇˋ˕ ˒˓ˋˆ-
ˎ˃˛ˈːː˃ˢ ˋˏ ˉˈː˜ˋː˃Ǥ ʏ ˒˓ˑ˕ˋ˅ ːˈˈ ˔ˎ˃ˇˑ˔˕˓˃˔˕ːˑ ˖ˎ˞-
˄˃ˈ˕˔ˢ ˠ˓ˑ˕ˋ˚ˈ˔ˍ˃ˢ ˔˕˃˓˚ˈ˔ˍ˃ˢ ˗ˋˊˋˑːˑˏˋˢǤ
ʗˊ ˚˖˅˔˕˅˃ ˠˎˈˏˈː˕˃˓ːˑˆˑ ˔˕˞ˇ˃ ˢ ˎˋ˛ˈː ˅ˑˊˏˑˉːˑ˔˕ˋ
˒ˑˎːˈˈ ˑ˒ˋ˔˃˕˟ ˠ˕˖ ˔˙ˈː˖Ǥ ʓˑ˔˕˃˕ˑ˚ːˑ ˕ˑˆˑǡ ˚˕ˑ ˆˎ˃˅ː˞ˏ ˇˈˌ-
˔˕˅˖ˡ˜ˋˏ ˎˋ˙ˑˏ ˢ˅ˎˢˎ˔ˢ ˔˕˃˓ˋ˚ˑˍ — vis-à-visǤ
ʢ ˏˈːˢ ˊ˃ˍ˓˖ˉˋˎ˃˔˟ ˆˑˎˑ˅˃ ˑ˕ ˑ˕˅˓˃˜ˈːˋˢǤ
ʮ ˅˞˔ˍˑ˚ˋˎ ˋˊ ˍ˃˄ˋːˈ˕˃ ˏˑˈˆˑ ˊː˃ˍˑˏˑˆˑ ˅ ˄ˋ˄ˎˋˑ˕ˈˍ˖Ǥ
ʒ˓ˢˊːˑˈ ˇˑ ˕ˑ˛ːˑ˕˞ ˑ˕˅˓˃˕ˋ˕ˈˎ˟ːˑˈ ˑ˜˖˜ˈːˋˈ ˑ˄˝ˢˎˑ
ˏˈːˢ ˑ˕ ˆˑˎˑ˅˞ ˇˑ ːˑˆǤ ʞ˓ˑ˕ˋ˅ːˑ ˄˞ˎˑ ˒˓ˋˍˑ˔ːˑ˅ˈːˋˈ ˔ˑ˄-
˔˕˅ˈːːˑˌ ˔˅ˑˈˌ ˓˖ˍˋǤ
Ǥ
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ʗ ˅ˇ˓˖ˆ Ǥ
Ǥ
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Ǥ ˑ˕ˍ˓˞ˎ˃˔˟ ˇ˅ˈ˓˟ǡ ˋ ˅ ˄ˋ˄ˎˋˑ-
˕ˈˍ˖ ˅˞˔ˍˑ˚ˋˎ ˆˑˎ˞ˌ ˋˊˏˢ˕˞ˌ ˏ˃ˎ˟˚ˋˍǤ ʗ˔˕ˈ˓ˊ˃ːː˞ˌ ˅ˋˇ ˈˆˑǡ
˒ˑˏ˖˕ːˈ˅˛ˋˈ ˆˎ˃ˊ˃ǡ ˇ˓ˑˉ˃˜ˋˈ ˓˖ˍˋ ˋ ˅˔ˢ ˒ˑ˛˃˕˞˅˃ˡ˜˃ˢ˔ˢǡ

ˋˊˏ˖˚ˈːː˃ˢ ˗ˋˆ˖˓˃ ˔ˎˋ˛ˍˑˏ ˢ˔ːˑ ˆˑ˅ˑ˓ˋˎˋǡ ˅ ˚˟ˈˌ ˅ˎ˃˔˕ˋ
ˑː˄˞ˎǤ
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ʮ ˔ˑ˄˓˃ˎ ˒ˑ˔ˎˈˇːˋˈ ˔ˋˎ˞ ˋ ˅˞˛ˈˎ ˋˊ ˠ˕ˑˆˑ ˆː˖˔ːˑˆˑ ˑˏ˖-
˕˃ ˓˃ˊ˅˓˃˕˃Ǥ
ʝ˕˙˞ǡ ˏ˃˕ˈ˓ˋǡ ˖˚ˋ˕ˈˎˢ ˋ ˅ˑ˔˒ˋ˕˃˕ˈˎˋǡ ˄ˈ˓ˈˆˋ˕ˈ˔˟Ǩ ʑ ˒˓ˑ-
ˆ˓˃ˏˏ˖ ˑ˄˜ˈ˔˕˅˃ ˅ˍˎˡ˚ˈːˑǣ ː˃˚˃˕˟ ˔ ˑ˔ˈːˋ ˒˓ˑ˒˃ˆ˃ːˇ˖ ˠ˓ˑ-
˕ˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˋ˘ ˋˇˈˌ ˔˓ˈˇˋ ˖˚˃˜ˋ˘˔ˢ ˑ˄ˑˈˆˑ ˒ˑˎ˃Ǥ
(«ʠ˕ˑˎǤ ʢ˕˓ˑǽǡ ͖ ͺͻ — ͷͿͶͽ ˆǤȌǤ

111
ǵǮǸǹȌȅdzǻǶdz
ǷȖ ȗȖȊȖȌț ȥȚȖȋȖ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȧ «ȗȖȘȕȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȒȓțȉȈ»
ȕȈȔ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ șȓȖȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȊȔȍ-
șȚȍ ȗȖșȓțȎȈȚ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ Ȍȓȧ Ȋșȍȑ ȕȈȠȍȑ
ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ǷȖȘȕȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐȑ Ȓȓțȉ Ȉ ȊȍȘȕȍȍ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȗȘȐȚȖȕ
ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȊȘȈȚȈ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȊȍȕȞȖȔ Țȍȝ ȖȚȕȖ-
ȠȍȕȐȑ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȌȍȘȎȐȚșȧ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ
șȚȘȖȑ ǷȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȖ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȐ ȥȚȖȚ șȚȘȖȑ ȖȌȕȐȝ ȗȖ-
ȘȈȉȖȡȈȓ Ȑ ȖȉȍșșȐȓȐȊȈȓ Ȉ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȊȖȏȊȖȌȐȓ ȗȖ ȓȍșȚȕȐȞȍ ȔȖ-
ȋțȡȍșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȊȓȈșȚȐ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȊ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ Ȑȝ Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍ-
ȕȐȍ ȟȚȖ Ȑ șȈȔȖ ȗȖȘȈȉȖȡȍȕȐȍ ȕȍ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȖȚ ȕȐȝ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȝ țșȐ-
ȓȐȑ ǻ ȕȐȝ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ Ȋșȍ ȍșȚȤ Ȑ Ȋșȍ ȌȈȍȚșȧ ȉȍȏ ȚȘțȌȈ
ȕȍ ȐșȒȓȦȟȈȧ Ȑ ȊȓȈșȚȐ
ǶȚșȦȌȈ ȖȕȐ ȗȖȚȍȘȧȓȐ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȌȈȎȍ Ȑ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍ-
șȚȊȍ ȊȓȈșȚȐȚȍȓȍȑ ǹȐșȚȍȔȈ șȚȘȖȧ ȌȍȑșȚȊțȍȚ șȈȔȈ ȉȍȏ Ȑȝ țȟȈ-
șȚȐȧ Ǩ ȖȕȐ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȐșȤ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍȕțȎȕȣȔȐ Ȋ Ȗȉȡȍȑ
ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȐșȤ «ȓȐȠȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȚȘțȌȈ»,
ȒȈȒ Ȑȝ ȈȕȚȐȗȖȌȣ ȓȐȠȍȕȣ ȗȘȈȊ Ǩ ȓȐȠȍȕȕȣȑ ȚȘțȌȈ ȕȍȔȐȕțȍ-
ȔȖ ȚȍȘȧȍȚ ȞȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȒȘȍȗȖșȚȤ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȔȈ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȍ ȍȋȖ
ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȔȈ ȐȌȍȚ Ȋ ȖȌȕț șȚȖȘȖȕț Ȑ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ Ȋ Țț ș ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ Ȓ
ȕȍȔț ȗȘȍȌȢȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȧ
Ǫ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ, ȥȚȐ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȦȚșȧ ȚȘȈȌȐ-
ȞȐȖȕȕȣȔ ©ǪȐȕȖ Ȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ» — ȟȚȖ Ȋ șȊȖȦ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ șȊȖ-
ȌȐȓȖșȤ Ȓ ȗȖȓȖȊȣȔ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȍȕȐȧȔ Ǫ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȍȕȐȍ ȊȍȒȖȊ ȥȚȐ
ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȉȣȓȐ ȖȉȣȟȕȣȔ ȘȍȎȐȔȖȔ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȟȚȖ ȍșȚȍșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕȖ Ȑ ȗȖȊȍȓȖ Ȓ ȗȍȘȍțȚȖȔȓȍȕȐȦ ȏȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȒȈȒ țȎȍ țȒȈ-
ȏȈȕȖ ȊȣȠȍ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȖ ȕȈȟȈȓȖ ȊȣȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȒȓȈșșȈ ǵȈ șȞȍ-
ȕț țȎȍ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȍȚ ȗȖȚȖȔșȚȊȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ șȕȖ-
ȠȍȕȐȧ ș ȎȍȕȡȐȕȖȑ ȕȍȌȖșȚțȗȕȣ ǺȘȍȉțȍȚșȧ ȗȖȘȕȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍ-
șȒȐȑ Ȓȓțȉ ȐȕȈȟȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚșȧ țȟȘȍȎȌȍȕȐȍ Ȍȓȧ șȈȔȖ-
țȉȐȑșȚȊȈ ǰ Ȋ ȥȚȖ țȟȘȍȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȐȌțȚ ȕȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȕȍ ȐȌȚȐ ȚȈȒ
ȒȈȒ ȐȕȖȋȖ șȔȣșȓȈ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȕȍȚ Ǭȓȧ ȕȐȝ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍ
ȕȍȚ ȐȕȖȋȖ ȌȍȓȈ Ȑ țȉȐȑșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ Ȓȓțȉ — ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȑ
Ȑ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȒȖȕȍȞ Ȋșȍȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȋȖșȗȖȌșȚȊȈ ȖȌȕȐȝ Ȑ ȘȈȉ-
șȚȊȈ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ǮȐȏȕȤ șȈȔȈ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȈ ȔșȚȐȚ ȋȖșȗȖȌȈȔ ȏȈ ȔțȒȐ

Ȑ șȚȘȈȌȈȕȐȧ ȘȈȉȖȊ Ȑ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȑȝ Ȋ ȗȖȘȕȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐȑ Ȓȓțȉ,
ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȔȖȋȐȓț Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȖȕȐ Ȑ ȕȈȑȌțȚ șȊȖȑ ȉȍș-
șȓȈȊȕȣȑ ȒȖȕȍȞ

ǼȑșȎȐșȓțȖȓ
ǶȚ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ
7
ǬȍȚȐ
9
ǬȍȚȐ Ȑ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȈȧ șȖȊȍșȚȤ
17
ǩȐȘȎȈ ȚȍȓȈ Ȑ ȕȍȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȈȧ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ
20
ǹȊȖȌȕȐȟȍșȚȊȖ
25
ǺȍȝȕȐȒȈ ȕȈșȐȓȐȧ
28
ǹȍȔȍȑȕȣȍ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ
32
ǴțȎ Ȋ ȘȖȓȐ șȊȖȌȕȐ
37
ǮȈȎȌțȡȐȍ șȓțȟȈȧ
43
ǹȊȖȌȕȐ-ȘȖȌșȚȊȍȕȕȐȒȐ
45
ǹȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȒȐ ȗȘȐ ȔțȎȍ
48
ǺȈȚȈȘȐȕ ȌȈȓ
51
ǷȍȘȊȍȕșȚȊȖ Ȏȍȕȣ
56
dzȦȉȖȊȤ-ȚȖȊȈȘ
58
ǹȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȒȐ-ȋȖȘȕȐȟȕȣȍ
61
ǹȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȒȐ
68
ǶȌȐȕȖȟȒȐ
73
ǴȈȓȖȓȍȚȕȐȍ Ȋ ȗȘȐȚȖȕȈȝ
75

ǵȖȔȍȘȈ Ȍȓȧ ȗȘȐȍȏȎȈȦȡȐȝ
77
DzȖȕȌȐȚȍȘșȒȐȍ
80
ǬȖȔȈ ȚȍȘȗȐȔȖșȚȐ
81
ǵȍȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȗȖȘȖȒ
97
ǷȖȘȕȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐȑ Ȓȓțȉ
104
ǯȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍ
111
ǺȍȒșȚ ȒȕȐȋȐ ȗțȉȓȐȒțȍȚșȧ ȗȖ ȗȍȘȊȖȐȏȌȈȕȐȦ ǹǷȉ ȚȐȗ ©ǹȍȊȍȘª
1908) ș ȐșȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȣȝ ȖȗȍȟȈȚȖȒ ǶȘȜȖȋȘȈȜȐȧ
Ȑ ȗțȕȒȚțȈȞȐȧ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȍȕȣ Ȓ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȔ ȕȖȘȔȈȔ
Ǫ ȖȜȖȘȔȓȍȕȐȐ ȖȉȓȖȎȒȐ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȈ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ
Ǯ-Ǩ ǫȘȦȕȈ

ȀdzǺǻȉdz ǿȀǾǮǿȀǶ
SALAMANDRA P.V.V.
ǵȈșȚȖȧȡȈȧ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌțȍȚ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ
ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȖ-ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȞȍȓȐ Ȑ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȌȕȈȏȕȈ-
ȟȍȕȈ Ȍȓȧ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ-ȓȐȉȖ ȒȖȔȔȍȘȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȊȖșȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍ-
ȕȐȧ Ȑ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȐȧ ȐȏȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȐȉȣȓȐ Ȑ Țȗ
SALAMANDRA P.V.V.