До новой зари. (Библиотека авангарда). Стихи, статьи, воспоминания, документы - Петровская О.Г., Силлов В.А.

$Стихотворения из сборника \$
[Рец. на книги Г. Устинова и Г. Горбачева]
И. Н. Кубиков. Рабочий класс в русской литературе
$Стихотворения из сборника \$
$Стихотворения из сборник \$
Воспоминания о Борисе Леонидовиче Пастернаке
$В правление \$
В Краснопресненскую районную контрольную комиссию ВКП øбù
$Директору московской фабрики \$
Н. Л. Степанов. Письма к В. А. Силлову и О. Г. Петровской
О. Г. Петровская. Письма к И. З. Белобровцевой øГазерù
Владимир Силлов и Ольга Петровская. Краткий биографический очерк
Вместо эпилога. А. Воллис. Моя родословная
$Стихотворения из сборника \$
$Стихотворения из сборника \$
$Стихотворения из сборник \$
$В правление \$ В Краснопресненскую районную контрольную комиссию ВКП øбù
$Директору московской фабрики \$
Автор: Петровская О.Г. Силлов В.А.
Теги: русская литература
Год: 2021
Похожие
Стихотворения. (Scriptorium)
Черные облака. (Scriptorium)
Angelus Dei. Избранное
Мозговой ражжиж. Поэзия и проза фуистов. Библиотека авангарда
Текст
                    ǯǶǯǹǶǼȀǳǸǮ ǮǰǮǻǱǮǾǲǮ
ȃLII
Salamandra P.V.V.

ǶȓȤȋȈ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ
ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ
ǬǶ ǵǶǪǶǱ
ǯǨǸǰ
ǹȚȐȝȐ șȚȈȚȤȐ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ
ȌȖȒțȔȍȕȚȣ
Salamandra P.V.V.

ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ Ƕ ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ Ǫ Ǩ
ǬȖ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȏȈȘȐ ǹȚȐȝȐ șȚȈȚȤȐ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ ȌȖȒțȔȍȕȚȣ. ǹȖșȚ ȗȖȌȋ ȚȍȒ-
șȚȖȊ ȉȐȖȋȘ ȖȟȍȘȒ Ȑ ȒȖȔȔȍȕȚ ǹ ȀȈȘȋȖȘȖȌșȒȖȋȖ — ǩ Ȕ Salamandra P.V.V.,
2021. — 3 ș, Ȑȓȓ — ǩȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒȈ ȈȊȈȕȋȈȘȌȈ Ǫȣȗ XLII).
Ǫ  ȋ ȗȖ șȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊț ǳ ǩȘȐȒ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤ ǶǫǷǻ ȏȈșȚȘȍȓȐȓ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ȒȈȉȐȕȍȚȍ
28-ȓȍȚȕȍȋȖ ȗȖȥȚȈ ȒȘȐȚȐȒȈ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌȈ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȈ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ
Ǫ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȑ ȒȕȐȋȍ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ șȖȉȘȈȕȖ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȍ ȕȈșȓȍȌȐȍ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ -1930)
Ȑ ȍȋȖ Ȏȍȕȣ ȗȖȥȚȍșșȣ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȟȐȞȣ Ȑ ȔȍȔțȈȘȐșȚȒȐ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ -1988) — ȏȈȔȍȚ-
ȕȣȝ țȟȈșȚȕȐȒȖȊ ȜțȚțȘȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȋȖ ǪȖșȚȖȒȈ ȟȍȑ ȗȖȏȌȕȍȑȠȐȑ ȔȖșȒȖȊ-
șȒȐȑ ȒȘțȋ ȖȉȡȍȕȐȧ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȓ ǩ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȈ Ǫ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ǹ ȅȑȏȍȕȠȚȍȑȕȈ ǵ ǨșȍȊȈ ǹ
ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ Ǫ ȀȒȓȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ǷȘȐȊȍȌȍȕȣ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ
Ȑ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ Ȑȏ ȘȍȌȟȈȑȠȐȝ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȑ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȋȖ ǪȖșȚȖȒȈ Ȑ ǲȐȚȈȧ ȐȏȉȘȈȕȕȣȍ șȚȈȚȤȐ Ǫ ǹȐȓ-
ȓȖȊȈ Ȑȏ ȎțȘȕȈȓȖȊ ©ǪȖșȚȖȒª ©ȆȕȤª ©ǳǭǼª Ȑ ©ǵȖȊȣȑ ǳǭǼª ȒȖȘȗțș ȔȍȔțȈȘȖȊ Ȑ ȕȍȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȖȏȌȕȐȍ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ ȗȐșȤȔȈ Ǭ ǩțȘȓȦȒȈ ǩ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȈ Ȑ ȓȐȚȍ-
ȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌȈ ǵ ǹȚȍȗȈȕȖȊȈ Ȓ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊț Ȑ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȣ Ȑ ȗȘ.
ǯȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȟȈșȚȤ ȊȖȠȍȌȠȐȝ Ȋ ȒȕȐȋț ȚȍȒșȚȖȊ Ȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȊ ȗțȉȓȐȒțȍȚșȧ ȐȓȐ ȘȍȗțȉȓȐ-
ȒțȍȚșȧ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ
© L. Cherneiko, authors’ estate, 2021
© S. Shargorodsky, șȖșȚȈȊ, ȗȖȌȋ. ȚȍȒșȚȈ, ȉȐȖȋȘ ȖȟȍȘȒ ȒȖȔȔȍȕȚ., 2021
© I. Belobrovtseva, cȚȈȚȤȧ, 2021
© Salamandra P.V.V., ȖȜȖȘȔȓȍȕȐȍ, 2021




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9
ǲǼ ǻǼǰǼǷ ǵǮǾǶ
ǬȕȐ
ǷȖ ȎțȚȒȖȑ ȕȍȝȖȎȍȕȖȑ ȓȍșȚȕȐȞȍ
ǯȈȠȈȋȈȦȚ ȉȣșȚȘȍȑ
ǬȍȘȍȊȤȧ șȒȖȘȖ ȘȈȏȓȐșȚȧȚșȧ
ǵȖ șȚȈȕȍȚ ȧșȕȍȑ
ǪȍșȕȈȔ
ǶȉȋȓȖȌȈȕȕȣȔ ȗȖȥȚȈȔȐ
ǷȘȐȠȍȓ ȒȖȕȍȞ
ǰ șȖȓȕȞț ș ȟȍȘȕȣȔȐ ȖȚȔȍȚȈȔȐ
ǲȖȕȍȞ — ȊȍȕȍȞ
ǰ Ȕȣ șȖȓȕȞȍ Ȑ Ȋȍșȕȣ
ǷȖȚȈȡȐȔ ȕȈ ȘȣȕȖȒ
ǷȖȚȈȡȐȔ ȟȘȍȏ ȋȊȈȓȚȣ Ȑ ȌȈȊȒț
ǰ ȉȘȖșȐȔ ȏȈ ȚțșȒȓȣȑ ȗȖȓȚȐȕȕȐȒ
ǲ ȈȕȚȐȒȊȈȘț Ȋ ȓȈȊȒț
Ǫ ȌțȠȈȝ ȖȗȓȍȊȈȕȕȣȝ
ǵȈȋȓȣȝ Ȑ șȐȓȤȕȣȝ,
ǭșȚȤ ȈȓȚȈȘȐ
ǰ ȕȈ ȕȐȝ Ȕȣ ȏȈȚȍȗȓȐȔ ȓȈȔȗȈȌȣ Ȓ ȊȍȟȍȘȕȍ
ǬȖ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȏȈȘȐ

11
Ǳǲǳ ǻǶǸǼǱǼ ǻǳ ǹȌǯȍȀ
Ǻ Ǵ
I
CȍȘȗȣ ȘȍșȕȐȞ —
ǹȊȧȚȈȧ șȊȐȚȈ ǪȈȠȐȝ ȋȓȈȏ
ǯȔȍȐȕȖȑ ȗȖșȚțȗȤȦ ȏȈȘȕȐȞ —
ǳȍș ȕȐȞ
II
ǲȈȒȐȔ ȒȖȔȒȖȔ Ȕȕȍ șȗȓȦȡȐȚȤ șȍȘȌȞȍ"
ǰ ȒȈȒ țȕȧȚȤ ȝȘțșȚ șȕȈ"
ǪȍȌȤ Ȋșȍ ȘȈȊȕȖ ǪȈȔ ȕȍ ȗȖȊȍȘȐȚșȧ
ǪȈȔ ȓȦȉȧȡȍȑ —
ǴțȏȣȒț ȔȖȐ ȗȖȞȍȓțȐ Ȑ ǽȘȐșȚȈ
 ȌȍȒȈȉȘȧ 

13
ǻ ǻ Ǯǿǳǳǰȁ
ǻ ȕȍȎȕȖșȚȐ ȊȣȘȖșȓȐ ȒȘȣȓȤȧ
ǲȓȦȊ Ȑ ȒȖȋȚȐ ȖȘȓȈ
ǻȠȍȌȠȍȋȖ ȖȚ Ȍȍ-ǳȐȓȧ
ǸȈșșȚȘȍȓȐȊȈȓȈ ȔȖȓȊȈ
ǪȏȖȘȊȈȊȠȍȔțșȧ ȟțȌț —
ǯȈȒȈȚȈ ȝȘțșȚȈȓȤ Ȑ ȘțȉȐȕ
ǯȈȒȈȚȈ ȗȖȓȧ — ȗȖȒȈȚȣ
Ǫ țșȚȤȧȝ ȔȖȘȖȏȕȣȝ șȍȌȐȕ
ǵȖ ȕȍȚ șȍȌȐȕȣ ȚȖȑ șȓȈȡȍ
ǿȍȔ ȋȘȐȊȣ ȔȖȘșȒȐȝ ȊȖȓȖȊ
ǻ șȍȘȌȞȈ ȏȈȐȕȍȕȕȣȝ Ȋ ȟȈȡȍ
ȀȈȗȒȐ ȒȖȓȖȒȖȓȖȊ
Ǩ ȍșȓȐ ȕȍȉȍșȕȖȍ șȍȍȊȖ
ǪȏȉțȋȘȐȚșȧ ȓȐȒ ȌțȠ ȖȏȈȘȧ
ȇ ȏȕȈȦ ȚȈȔ Ȋ ȏȈȔȒȍ ǨșȍȍȊȈ
ǲȖȓȖȒȖȓȈ ȏȊȍȕȧȚ

14
ǰȏ ȔȟȈȡȐȝ ȋȈȓȖȗȖȔ ȔȐȕțȚ
ǶșȚȈȊȓȦ ȧ ȚȘȐ șȍȉȍ
ȇ ȏȕȈȦ șȒȖȘȖ ȗȘȐȌțȚ
ǹȖȏȊȍȏȌȤȧ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȓȍȋȍȕȌ
ǵȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȚ Ȗ ȉȣȊȠȐȝ
ǵȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȗȖșȔȍȍȚ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ
©ȇ ȊȣȗȐȓ ȊȟȍȘȈ ȗȖȓȕȣȑ ȒȖȊȠ Ȑȝ
ǲȖȋȖ Ȕȕȍ ȓȦȉȐȚȤ ȖȗȧȚȤ"ª
ǷȘȐȌȍȚ Ȑ ȏȈȒȘțȚȐȚ ȌȍȕȤ ȕȈȠ
Ǫ șȗȐȘȈȓȐ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȣȝ ȓțȟȍȑ
ǿȤȍ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȕȈ ȒȖȓȤȧ ȕȈȌȍȕȍȠȤ
ǰ ȔȖȏȋ ȖȒȘȖȊȈȊȐȠȤ ȟȍȑ"
ȅȑ ǸȊȐȚȍ Ȏȍ ȘȊȐȚȍ șȚȘțȕȣ
ǹȖȏȊȍȏȌȐȑ ȟțȎȐȝ ȓȍȋȍȕȌ
ǰ șȔȍȓȖ ȗȖȒȘȖȊ ȟțȋțȕȕȣȑ
ǵȈ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȖȌȍȕȍȔ șȍȉȍ

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17
ǴȐȘ ȕȈ ȖȉȘȦȏȋȠȍȔ ȏȈȚȣȓȒȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ
Ǫ șȒȓȈȌȒȈȝ ȋȕȍȏȌȐȚșȧ ȋȕȍȊ ȊȍȒȖȊ
ǸȈȏȐȕțȓ ȋȓȈȏ ȏȈșȚȣȊȠȍȍ ȖȓȖȊȖ
ǰ ȚȍȔȕȣȍ ȎȍȘȓȈ ȏȘȈȟȒȖȊ
ǺȍȔȕȍȍȚ ȒȘȖȊȤȦ ȗȈșȚȉȐȡ ȏȍȓȍȕȤ
ǰ ȋȖȘȖȌ Ȋ ȏȈȒȈȚȕȖȔ ȗȖȚȖȗȍ Ȉȓ
Ǫ ȋȘȐȔȈșȈȝ ȌȣȔȈ ȒȍȋȓȐ ǲȍȓȤȕȈ —
ȇȌȘȈ ȎȘțȚ ȏȈ ȒȊȈȘȚȈȓȖȔ ȒȊȈȘȚȈȓ
ǯȍȔȓȧ ȒȈȒ ȍȎ țȋȘȖȏȕȖ ȖȡȍȘȐȓȈșȤ
ǰȋȓȣ-ȠȚȣȒȐ
ǰ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȡȍȓȧȝ ȏȓȖȉȕȖ ȍȎȐȓșȧ
ǻȦȚ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘ
Ǩ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȈȌȖ ȊșȍȔ ȖȉȘțȠȐȓșȧ
ǺȖȗȖȚ ȉȍșȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȕȖȋ —
ǵȈȌ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȦ ȘȈȚțȠȍȦ
ǪșȗțȝȠȍȦ ȚțȠȍȦ
ǵȖȊȖȋȖ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐ ȊȏȊȐȓșȧ ȒȓȖȒ
ǸȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ ȓȤȦȚșȧ ȊȖȓȕȣ
ǲȚȖ ȉȍȘȍȋȈ șȉȍȘȍȎȍȚ ȖȚ ȕȐȝ"
ǲȚȖ Ȋ ȋȘȈȕȐȚȣ ȖȌȍȕȍȚ Ȋȍșȕȣ
ǹȖȓȕȞȈ ȏȈȊȍșȐȊ ȎȍȓȚȍȦȡȐȑ ȓȐȒ.
1920

18
ǫȖȘȖȌ ȘȈȏȓȍȋșȧ ȒȈȒ țșȚȈȓȖȍ șȚȈȌȖ
ǪȣșȊȍȘȓȐȊ Ȋ ȕȍȉȍ ȚțȕȕȍȓȐ ȚȘțȉ
ǻȓȐȞȣ ȊȘȖȊȍȕȤ — ȓȐȕȍȑȒȐ ȚȍȚȘȈȌȖȒ
ǹ șȊȍȚȧȡȐȔȐ ȞȐȜȘȈȔȐ ț șȖȔȒȕțȚȣȝ ȋțȉ
ǻȓȐȞȣ ȊȘȖȊȍȕȤ Ȉ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȏȐȋȏȈȋȖȔ
ǩȤȍȚșȧ ȟȐȚȈȧ ȘȈșȗțȝȠȐȍ ȒȕȐȋȐ
ȁȍȒȐ ȖȔȣȚȣ șȖȓȍȕȖȦ ȊȓȈȋȖȑ
ǹȓȍȏȣ — ȚȧȎȍȓȣȍ ȋȐȘȐ-ȊȍȘȐȋȐ
ǹȍȘȌȞȍ ȒȖȓȣȠȍȚșȧ Ȋ șȚȍȕȣ ȌȖȔȖȊ
ǵȈȌ ȒȈȔȍȕȕȣȔ ȉȘȖȕȏȖȊȣȔ — ȘȖȏȖȊȣȔ ȖȉȓȈȒȖȔ
ǵțȎȕȣ ȓȐ ȌȦȎȐȕȣ ȚȍȔȕȣȝ ȚȖȔȖȊ
ǲȖȋȌȈ ȔȍșȧȞ șȒȖȘȍȎȐȓ ȖȋȓȖȉȓȦ Ȋ ȒȖȔ
ǴȖȎȕȖ ȓȤ ȗȖ ȟȍȚȒȈȔ țȘȖȌȖȊ-ȉțȒȊ
ǬțȠț ȗȍȘȍȒȘȈȠȐȊȈȚȤ Ȑȏ ȞȊȍȚȈ Ȋ ȞȊȍȚ
ǲȖȋȌȈ ț ȗȖȥȚȈ ȘȖȌȣ ȏȊțȒȖȊ
ǲȘȖȊȈȊȧȚ ȗȘȖșȚȣȕȐ ȓȍȚ
ǰȏȖ Ȍȕȧ Ȋ ȌȍȕȤ
Ǫ ȕȈȠȍ ȖȒȖȕȞȍ
ǪȣȊȍșȒȈ șȖȓȕȞȈ
ȇȘȟȍ șȐȓȤȕȍȑ
ǵȈ ȚȖȕȒȐȝ șȗȐȟȒȈȝ ȝȘțȗȒȐȝ Șȍȑ
ǷȖȘȊț ȓȐșȚȒȐ ȒȈȓȍȕȌȈȘȍȑ"
Ǵȣ ȕȈȘțȔȧȕȐȓȐ ȡȍȒȐ ȋȖȘȖȌț
ǶȉȓȐȊ ȚȘȖȚțȈȘȣ ȒȘȖȊȤȦ
ǰ șȚȐșȕțȊ ȌȣȝȈȕȤȍ ȋȖȓȖȌț
ǹȔȍȕȐȓȐ ȗȖȌȊȈȓȣ ȕȈ ȒȘȖȊȓȐ
1920

19
ǬȈȊȐȌț ǬȈȊȐȌȖȊȐȟț ǩțȘȓȦȒț
ǿǶǺǰǼǹ ǰǳǾȉ ǰǹǮǲǶǺǶǾǮ ǿǶǹǹǼǰǮ
<I>
ǹ ȒȖșȚȧȔȐ ȎȘț ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȑ ȔȧșȖȔ
ǵȖ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȚȘȖȋȈȦ ȗȈȌȈȓȐ
ǶȘț ȋȓȖȚȒȖȑ ȘȈȏȖȌȘȈȕȕȖȑ ȧ șȈȔ
ǶȚ ȖȘȈ ȏȊȍȏȌȣ ȗȖȗȈȌȈȓȐ
ǶȉȘȣȊȒȐ ȌțȠ șȗȐȘȈȓȤȦ șȗȘȧȋ —
ǿȍȓȖȊȍȟȤȐȝ șȐȓ ȔȐȓȓȤȖȕ Ȋ ȒȓȈȌȖȊțȦ
Ǫȣ șȓȣȠȐȚȍ ȋȘȖȔȖȊȣȑ ȒȘȧȒ —
ȅȚȖ ȧ ȓȐȓȐȗțȚ ȊȍȓȐȒȈȕȈ ȞȍȓțȦ
ǳȍȚ ȗȘȖȔȍȓȤȒȖȔ ȏȐȔȕȐȔ ȓȨȚ
ǵȈȌ ȋȐȘȓȧȕȌȖȑ șȔȍȕȐȊȠȐȝ ȋȖȓȖȊ
ǹȖȓȕȞȍ șȗȐȘȈȓȤ ȘȈȏȖȊȤȍȚ
ǫȕȍȏȌȈ ȖȘȓȖȊ
ǷȖȌ ȕȖȘȈȔȐ ȧȡȍȘȐȞ
ǩȓȐȏȖȘțȒȐȑ ȡțȘȐȚșȧ
ǷȖȕȧȚȤ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ
ǹȊȍȚȓȣȑ ȗȍș ȔȐȘ ȋȓȖȎȍȚ
ǲȖȉȣȓȐȞȣ Ȋ ȒȖȓȍșȕȐȞȣ
ǳȐȎȍȚ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ ȕȈș — ȕȍ șȕȐȚșȧ
ǪȣȞȊȍȓȈ șȚȈȘȐȕȕȈȧ ȗȍȟȈȓȤ —
ȅȚȖ ȕȈ ȕȍȉȍ ȒȖȘȍȎȐȚșȧ șȗȐȘȈȓȤ
II
Ǩ ȗȖ șȐȚȞț șȖȓȕȞȍ ȓȍȏȓȖ Ȋșȍ ȊȣȠȍ
ǸȖȏȖȊȈȧ ȘȖșȒȘȈșȤ ȘȈșȗȓȍșȒȈȓȈșȤ ȕȈȌ ȒȘȣȠȍȑ
ǰ ȓȍȎȐȚ ȏȈȗȣȓȍȕȕȣȑ Ȋ ȈȘȝȐȊȍ ȊȍȟȕȖșȚȐ
ǪȟȍȘȈȠȕȐȑ ȌȍȕȤ ȗȘȖȟȚȍȕȕȣȑ ȒȈȒ ȉȍșȗȍȟȕȣȑ șȚȐȝ

20
ǩǭǯ ǽǸǰǹǺǨ
ǻȌȈȘȦ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȐȍȔ Ȋ ȉțȉȕȣ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ
ǵȈ ȥȓȍȒȚȘȐȟȍșȒȖȔ ȗȖȌȕȧȚȣȑ șȚȘȍȔȍȕȐ
Ǩ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȏȈȉȍȘțșȤ ȊȖȕ ȚțȌȈ ȕȈ ȒȘȣȠț
Ǩ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ Ȑ ȍȡȍ ȊȣȠȍ
1919

21
ǺȘțȉȐȔ Ȋ ȏȖȓȖȚȣȍ ȋȖȘȕȣ
ǸȈȌȖșȚȤ ȏȍȔȓȧȕȣȝ ȊȣșȖȚ
ǹȉȍȋȈȍȔ ș ȊȣșȖȒȐȝ ȋȖȘ Ȕȣ
ǰ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȕȍșȍȚ
Ǫ ȠȍȘȠȈȊȣȝ ȕȖ ȞȍȗȒȐȝ ȓȈȗȈȝ
ǬȍȘȎț Ȑ ȋȘȍȦ ȏȈȘȦ
ǫȓȖȚȈȦ ȏȖȘȍȊȣȑ ȏȈȗȈȝ
ǰ Ȋ ȘȖȏȖȊȖȔ ȔȖȘȍ ȋȖȘȦ
ǹȒȊȖȏȤ ȏȕȖȑ ȊȖșȝȖȌȖȊ Ȑ ȗȍșȍȕ
ǸȈȏȖȌȘȈȕȕȖȑ ȋȓȖȚȒȖȑ ȖȘț
ǯȈȗȈȝ ȎȈșȔȐȕȈ — ȗȘȍșȍȕ
ǯȈȗȈȝ ȕȈȊȖȏȈ — ȒȘțȚ
1920

22
ǹȍȘȋȍȦ ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȐȟț ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊț
ǰǵǾȉǰ Ƕ ǰǵǹǳȀ
ǪȍȚȍȘ țȓȐȞȣ ȊȣȓȐȏȈȓ ȌȖȟȐșȚȈ
ǹțȝȖȑ ȗȣȓȤȦ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȏȈȕȍș
ǯȍȔȓȧ ȖȚ ȉȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȎȈȎȌȍȚ ȗȘȖȘȖȟȐȚȤșȧ —
ǺȧȎȍȒ ȚȧȎȍȒ ȕȖȊȣȑ ǽȘȐșȚȖș
ǫȖȘȍȟȤ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȧȧ ȚȈȧȓȈ
ǹȚȈȧȓȈ...
ǰ șȚȈȓȖ
ǻȠȈȔ ȘȈșȒȘȣȓȍȕȕȣȔ
ǴȍȓȖȌȐȑ ȔȈȓȖ
ǰ Ȋ ȌțȠȈȝ ȊȏȔȣȓȍȕȕȣȝ
ǩȍȏȘȈȌȖșȚȤ — Ȋ ȈȓȖșȚȤ
ǫȌȍ-ȚȖ ș ȗȖȓȍȑ — ȚȘȍșȒ ȉȈȘȈȉȈȕȖȊ
ǺȖȗȖȚ ȉȈȘȈȕȖȊ
ǬȖȎȌȤ ȒȘȖȊȧȕȖȑ ȓȍȑ
Ǫ ȗȖȓȧȝ — ȋȓțȝȖȍ ȔȖȓȟȈȕȤȍ
ǵȈ ȗȘȖșȗȍȒȚȈȝ — ȏȓȖȊȍȡȍ ȔȣȟȈȕȤȍ
ǸȧȌȈȔȐ șȍȘȣȔȐ ȗȖȒȖȘȕȣȔȐ
ǰȌțȚ
ǬȖȘȖȋ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦȚ ȕȍȗȘȖȚȖȘȍȕȕȣȝ
ǰ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȎȌțȚ
Ǫ Ȑȝ Ȕȋȓț ȏȓȖȊȍȡțȦ
Ǫ Ȑȝ șȚȘȖȑȕȖșȚȤ ȉȓȍȌȕțȦ
ȇ ȉȘȖȠț ȧȌȘȈ șȓȖȊ
ǹȓȖȊ ȘȈȏȘțȠȈȦȡȐȝ
ǰșȗȍȗȍȓȧȦȡȐȝ
ǹȓȖȊ ȗȘȍȚȊȖȘȧȦȡȐȝ
ǵȖȊȤ Ȑȏ ȖȒȖȊ
ǷȈțȏȈ...
_____________
ǬȏȐȕȤ-ȉȖ-ȖȔ
ǸȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ
ǸȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ
ǸȈșȗȐȊȖȟȕȖ Ȑ ȕȈ ȊȣȕȖș,

23
Ǵȣ ȕȈ ȊȈș ȊȍȚȘȖȔ
Ǩ Ȋȣ ȕȈș"
ǵȈ ȕȍȉȍ ȚȍȔȤ
ǲȐȟȓȐȊȣȝ ȕȈ ȏȍȔȤ
ǮȐȏȕȤ Ȋ ȖșȒȖȓȒȐ
ǹȚȘțȕȣ ȏȊȖȕȒȐ
ȇ ȕȈ ȉȍȋț șȔȖȚȘȦ șȚȍȘȍȋț
ȀȈȋ ǭȡȍ
ǪȍȘșȚȈ ǰ ȌȍșȧȚȤ
ǸȈȌȖșȚȤ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȕȐ ȐȏȔȍȘȐȚȤ ȕȐ ȊȏȊȍșȐȚȤ
ǹȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȟțȌȍș
ǪȣȘȖșȓȐ ȒȘȣȓȤȧ
ǯȊȖȕȖȔ ȗȖ ȒȘȣȠȍ
ǪȏȔȈȝ — Ȑ ȊȣȠȍ
Ǫ șȐȕȤȒȍ ȕȍȉȍș
ǰșȟȍȏ
_____________
Ǩ ȊȕȐȏț șȚȖȚȣșȧȟȕȣȑ ȘȖȚ
ǵȈ ȗȓȈȝȍ ȈȝȈȓ
ǩȖȓȤȠȍȋȖȓȖȊȣȑ țȘȖȌ
ǩȍșșȓȍȏȕȖ ȗȓȈȒȈȓ
1920

24
ǺȈȒțȦ ȊȈȔ ȔțȏȣȒț ȔȐȘȈ ȋȘȧȕȍȔ
ǿȚȖ ȊȣȏȊȍȌȐȚ șȘȈȏț ȏȘȈȟȒȐ ȕȈ ȓȖȉ
ǵ ǨșȍȍȊ
ǲȈȎȌȖȌȕȍȊȤȧ șȐȧȓȤ ȖȌȐȕȖȟȐȚ
ǹȒțȒȖȉțȌȕȐ Ȋ ȒȓȖȟȒȐ ȐȏȖȘȊț —
Ǩ ȗȘȍȌ ȊȍȍȔ ȏȈȘȍȦȡȍȑ ȕȖȟȐ
ǴȐȘȖȊȣȍ ȈȒȒȖȘȌȣ ȊȖ ȘȊț
ǶȝȘțșȚȈȓȤ ȋȓțȝȖȚț ȉȈȘȈȉȈȕȖȊ
ǶȕȍȕțȎȤ ȔȍȓȒȖșȟȈșȚȐȧ ȌȘȖȎȤ
ǰ ȕȈȌ șȚțȌȕȍȔ ȚȊȖȐȝ Ȏȍ ȚțȔȈȕȖȊ
ȇȘȒȖșȖȓȕȞ ȏȈȒȖȓȖșȐȚșȧ ȘȖȎȤ
1920

25
ǮǾǿǳǻǶȌ ǻǳǿǺǳǹǼǰȁ
Ǫȣ ȝȐȚȘȖșȚȤȦ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȈ ȕȍ ȏȈȒȘȣȓȐ
ǨȘșȍȕȈȓȣ ȔȈșȖȒ — ȊȖȕ
ǰȋȘȈȦȡȐȑ șȚȐȝȖȔ ȕȍ Ȋȣ ȓȐ
ǹȍȉȍ ȊȖȏȌȊȐȋȓȐ ȝȈȔȍȓȤȖȕȕȣȑ ȚȘȖȕ"
ǰ șȎȈȊ ȏȘȈȟȒȐ ȊȕȐȔȈȍȚȍ ȕȈșȔȍȠȕȖ
ǫȘȐȔȈșȈȔ ȘȈȌȖșȚȐ ȘȈșȒȘȣȚȣȝ ȘȚȖȊ
ǰ ȚȍȘȔȐȕ ȊȣȓțȡȐȊ țȌȖȑ ȕȍșȗȍȠȕȖȑ
ǪȍȌȤ Ȋșȍ ȘȈȊȕȖ ȗȘȐȌȍȚ țȓȖȊ
Ǫȣ ȠȈȘȐȚȍ ȗȖ ȌțȠȈȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȤȐȔ
(ǲ ȟȍȔț ȔȍȟȚȈȚȤ Ȗ ȧȘȖșȚȕȣȝ ȗȖȋȖȕȧȝ"
ǬȘțȋȐȔ ȚȍȕȧȔ Ȓ ȟȍȓț ȕȍ ȓȍȟȤ ȐȔ
Ǫȣ — ȟȍȘȚ Ȋ ȖȜȐȞȍȘșȒȐȝ ȗȖȋȖȕȈȝ.
1920

26
ǿǺǳȃȁ ǼǹȊǱǶ ǰǶǸȀǼǾǼǰǻȉ ǱǼǺǼǹǶȄǸǼǷ
I
ǹȔȍȝȈ ȋȖȘȖȠȐȕȒȐ
Ǫ ȒȓȍȒȖȚȍ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ
ǻȝȖȔ ȊȏȢȍȘȖȠȍȕȕȣȔ
ǮȈȌȕȖ ȓȖȊȓȦ
ǸȈȕȕȍȦ ȊȍșȍȕȤȦ
ǹ ȋȖȘ ȊȖȌȈ
ǳȤȍȚșȧ; ȏȖȊ ȍȍ ȏȊȖȕȖȒ Ȑ ȓȦȚ
II
ǹȖȚȕȐ ȏȈȒȈȚȖȊ ȖȚȒȈȚȧȚ
ǰ ȏȊțȟȕȖ-ȊșȚȘȍȟȕȣȝ staccato
ǵȈ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȕȈȊȤȦȟȍȕȕȖȔ
ǻȏȓȖȔ ȏȈȊȧȎț ȧ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȚȍșȤȔȣ
Ǫ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ ȔȖȦ ȗȘȍȌȗȖșȓȍȌȕȦȦ
ǺȖȋȌȈ ȘȈșșȔȍȍȚȍșȤ Ȑ Ȋȣ.
192Ȗ

27
op. 3.
ǪȖȚ ȚȈȒ ȌȖ ȉȍȏțȔȐȧ ȗȘȖșȚȖ
ǺȍȓȖ ȊȏȧȓȈ ȞȊȍșȚȐ
ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȌȖȚȧȕț ȌȖ șȚȈ
ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȏȈȊȚȘȈ Ƞȍȗȕț: ȗȘȖșȚȐ
ǵȖ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ ȕȈȌ ȗȈțȚȐȕȖȦ țȓȐȞ
ǵȈȌ ȖȋȖȘȖȌȖȔ ȒȈȗțșȚȕȣȝ ȋȖȓȖȊ —
Ǫ șȍȉȍ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȠțȔȧȡȍȔ țȓȤȍ
Ǫȣȕȍșț «ȇ» șȍȘȌȞȍ ȊȏȌȍȘȕțȊ Ȋ ȋȈȓȖȗ
ǺȖȒȖȔ ȚȖȔȐȔȣȍ ȔȍȟțȚșȧ ȚȘȈȔȊȈȐ...
Ǩ Ȋ țȓȤȍ șȐȓȤȕȍȍ ȏȊȖȕ ȟȍȑ"
ǻ Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȈ ȋțȉȈȝ ȌȍșȧȚȒȐ ȔȈȍȊ
ǶȌȐȕ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ ȏȊȖȕȟȍȑ
ǻ Ȕȍȕȧ țȧȏȊȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȔȍȕȚȖȘȈ
Ƕ ȗȘȍȎȕȍȑ ȉȖȓȐ ȚȖșȒȈ
ǰ șȕȖȊȈ ȉțȌț ȗȖ țȓȐȞȈȔ ȓȍȕȚȈȔ
ǹȍȉȧ ȚȈșȒȈȚȤ Ȑ ȚȈșȒȈȚȤ
1921

28
_________________
op. 5.
ǰ ȖȗȧȚȤ ȓțȟȈȔȐ ȋȓȈȏ ǺǪǶǰǽ ȊȣȘȊȈȕȈ ȚȤȔȈ ȔȖȍȑ ȕȖȟȐ
ǰ ȋțȉȣ ǺǪǶǰ ȐȌțȚ ȗȖ ȓȐȞț ȠȈȋȖȔ țȗȘțȋȐȔ Ȑ șȖȟȕȣȔ
ǸțȒȐ ȘȈșȒȐȕȤ
Ǻȃ ȓțȟȠȍ ȚȈȒ; ȚȖȟȕȖ ȋȘȍȠȕȐȞȈ ȒȍȔ-ȚȖ ȘȈșȗȧȚȈȧ
ǰȏ ȌȍȘȍȊȈ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȕȍ ȊȣȚȈȡț ȒȓȐȕ
ǹȚȐȝȖȊ ȕȖ ș Țȍȉȧ ȕȈȟȕț șȟȍȚ ȕȖȟȍȑ ȔȖȐȝ ȘȈȌȖșȚȕȣȝ
ǿȍȚȊȍȘȚȈȧ... ǷȧȚȈȧ...
ǵȈ ȗȖȟȒȐ ȓȦȉȊȐ ȔȖȍȑ ȊȍȚȖȒ
ǵȐȚȐ ȕȍȎȕȖșȚȐ ȒȐȕȤ
ǯȈȕȈȊȍș ȊȍȒ ȏȈȒȘȖȑ. Ǻȃ ȓțȟȠȍ ȚȈȒ
ǸțȒȐ ȘȈșȒȐȕȤ
1921

op. 7.
I
ǫȓȈȏȈ — ȖȈȏȐș ș ȗȈȓȤȔȈȔȐ ȘȍșȕȐȞ
ǴȖȍ ȓȐȞȖ ȒȈȒ ȒȈȔȍȕȤ ȉȘȖȠȍȕȕȣȑ ȒȘțȋȐ ȏȘȈȟȒȖȊ ȊȖȓȕțȍȚ
ǳȍȗȍȟȍȚ ȊȍȚȍȘ ș ȋțȉ, — țșȕȐ
ǰ ȋȖȕȐȚ ȗȈȔȧȚȤ ȗȘȖȟȤ ȊȖȓȕț ȓȍȚ
Ǩ ȊȍȚȍȘ șȔȍȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȗȓȈȟȍȚ ȕȈȌ ȔȐȘȖȔ
ȇ ȉțȌț ǸțșȓȈȕȖȔ ȏȈȝȖȟȍȠȤ — ǸȈȚȔȐȘȖȔ
ǰ Ȋ ȗȍȕȤȍ Ȋȍșȕȣ Ȑ Ȋ șȕȍȋȈ ȖȒȚȧȉȘȧ
ȇ ȊȣȏȊȖȕȦ șȍȘȌȞȍȔ ȖȌȕț ȓȐȠȤ Ǻǭǩȇ
II
ǹȍȋȖȌȕȧ Ȕȕȍ șȖȓȕȞȍ ȗȖșȓȈȓȖ ȗȖȌȈȘȖȒ
ǵȈ șȊȖȌȈȝ șȐȧȦȡȐȝ ȖȉȓȈȟȕȣȝ ȈȘȖȒ
ǫȌȍ ȊȤȍȚșȧ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ Țȣșȧȟ ȊȖȓȤ ȋȈȔ —
ǹȊȍȚȓȍȑȠȍȍ ȐȔȧ ȕȈȟȍȘȚȈȕȖ — ǶȓȤȋȈ

½³À¹½¹»°¸³Ê ³² ¼¬¹»¸³µ«
~¦
	¢³½«
 


32
ǽǮǿȊȍǻǿȉ ǿǹǼǰ
ǿȚȖȉ ȗȍȚȤ ȟȚȖȉ ȗȐȚȤ Ȋ ȏȘȈȟȒȈȝ — Ȉȓȓȍȧȝ.
ǿȚȖȉ ȏȕȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ Țȣ ȓȦȉȐȚȤ ȔȖȋȓȈ
Ǵȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȋțȉȣ ȖȓȍȓȍȧȚȤ
Ǫ ȖȏȍȘȈȝ ȋȓȈȏ
ǫȓțȉȖȒȐȝ ȟȚȖȉ ȚȈȧȓȈ ȓȤȌȐȕȈ
ǶȚ șȖȓȕȞȈ ȖȚ ȎȈȘȈ ȗȣȓȈȦȡȐȝ ȡȍȒ
ǹȒȖȘȍȍ ȖșȚȘȍȍ Ȑ ȠȐȘȍ ȋȓȧȌȐ ȕȈ
ǯȊțȒȖȊ ȐȋȘț Ȑ șȟȍȚ
ǫȓȧȌȐ ȏȊȍȕȐȚ ȖȚȚȖȟȍȕȕȣȝ
ǹȚȘȖȒ șȚȘțȎȍȒ șȚȘȖȑȕȣȑ ȘȧȌ
ǺȊȖȐ ȋȓȈȏȈ țȗȖȓȕȖȔȖȟȍȕȣ
Ǫ ȊȍȒȈȝ ȏȊȍȕȍȚȤ ȒȈȒ Ȕȕȍ ȏȊȍȕȧȚ
ǫȌȍ—ȓȤȐȋ—ȔȖȋȓȐȕȍȓȋȈȚȤ
ǹȚȘȈȕȈ ȟțȌȍș ȕȈȊȍȘȕȖȍ
Ƕ șțȔȈșȠȍȌȠȈȧ ȐȋȘȈ —
ǪȍȘȕȍȍ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȊȍȘ ȖȕȈ
ǫȌȍ—ȖȐȈ—ȟțȌȍșȖȈȏȐș
ǲȈȒ ȗȣȓȤ ȖȚ ȊȍȚȘȈ ȕȈș ȕȍșȓȖ
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ǵȖ ȒȈȒ ȗȍșȒȐ ȘȈșȒȖșȖȑ ǨȏȐȐ
ǸȈșșȣȗȈȓȐșȤ ȗȈșȤȧȕșȣ șȓȖȊ

ǸǼǱǲǮ Ȁȉ ȁǳȃǮǹǮ
ǹȍȘȌȞȍ ȚȘȍȊȖȋț ȗȓȍȡȍȚ
ǲ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ ȊȍȟȕȖȔț Ȋȍȟȍ
ǪȍȚȍȘ ȔȖȑ ȊȍȚȍȘ ȊȍȡȐȑ
ǪȏȊȍșȤ ȕȈ ȊȍșȈȝ ȥȚȖȚ ȊȍȟȍȘ
ǪȍȚȍȘ — Ȗȕ ȊȤȍȚ ȊȖȓȕȍȕȤȍ
Ƕȕ — Ȑ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȚ ȒȖȋȌȈ
Ǫ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȗȓȦȦȡȍȔ ȒȘȖȊȤȦ
ǪȣȋȕȍȚșȧ ȘȈȌȖșȚȐ ȘȈȌțȋȈ
ǸȈșȒȈȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȔȖȘȖȏ ȐȏȖȘȊȈȓ
ǰȏȕȐȟȚȖȎȐȓ ǰ ȋȓȣȉȖȦ ȊȐșȕȍȚ
Ǵȕȍ ȓȤ ȏȈȉȣȚȤ ȐȏȖ ȘȊȈ
ǶȚȖȠȍȌȠȐȝ Ȍȕȍȑ ȚȊȖȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ
ǯȊȍȕȧȡȐȑ ȒȈȒ ȊȣșȚȘȍȓ —
ǴȈȘȍȊȖ ȔȖȘȖȏȈ ȔȘȐ
ǹȚȈȧ șȚȣȓȣȝ șȚȖȕȖȊ șȚȈȑ
ǹȒȖȘȖ ȉțȌț ȗȖȔȕȐȚȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȒȘȐȒ
ǹȊȖȑ
Ǫ ȊȍȚȘȈ ȊȖȑ
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ǹȚȐȝȈȔȐ ȕȖȟȤ Ȑ ȚȖșȒȈ ȘȈșșȍȧȕȣ
ǲȈȒ ȊȍȚȘȖȔ șțȝȖȑ ȗȍșȖȒ
ǵȈ ȖȉȓȈȟȕȣȝ ȊȣȗțȒȓȣȝ ȋȘțȌȧȝ
ǹȖȓȕȞȈ ȋȖȘȧȡȐȑ șȖșȖȒ

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35
¨ª  ©
ǰ — ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȋȐȉȍȓȤ ȌȘȍȌȕȖțȚȈ
ȖȚ ȌțȠȈȡȐȝ șȗȈȏȔ
ȉȘȖșȈȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȘȈȏȐȕțȚȣȑ ȓȦȒ —
șȒȊȖȏȤ șȊȖȑ
ȌȖ ȒȘȐȒȈ ȘȈȏȖȌȘȈȕȕȣȑ ȋȓȈȏ
ȓȍȏ ȖȉȍȏțȔȍȊ ǩțȘȓȦȒ
Ǫȓ. ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ.
ǹȈȔȖȍ ȚȘȈȋȐȟȍșȒȖȍ Ȑ șȈȔȖȍ ȋȘȈȕȌȐȖȏȕȖȍ Ȋ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȍ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍ-
șȚȊȈ — șȔȍȕȈ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȧ ȌȘțȋȐȔ ǷȘȐȝȖȌȧȚ ȕȖȊȣȍ șȖ șȔȍȝȖȔ Ȓ ȚȖȔț
Ȑȏ ȟȍȋȖ ȖȕȐ ȊȣȠȓȐ ȘȈȏȘțȠȈȦȚ ȝȘȈȔȣ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ — ȝȓȍȊȣ ȖȚȞȖȊ Ȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ Ȑ
ȚȊȖȘȧȚ șȊȖȐ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ©ȉȍȏțȔȕȣȍª șȓȖȊȈ ǭȡȍ ǮțȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȗȐșȈȓ
ǹȣȕȣ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȤȧ —
Ǵȣ Ȋ ȕȖȊȖȔ — ȗȘȖȠȓȖȋȖȌȕȐȑ șȕȍȋ
ǮȐȊȣȝ ȕȈȔ ȟțȎȌȣ ȏȈȉȓțȎȌȍȕȤȧ
Ǩ ȕȈȠȐȔ Ȋ ȕȐȝ — șȖȟțȊșȚȊȐȑ ȕȍȚ
ǵȈȠ ȔȐȘ — ȐȔ ȝȘȈȔ ȖȗțșȚȖȠȍȕȕȣȑ
ǰȔ ȉȈșȕȖșȓȖȊȤȍ ȕȈȠȈ ȉȣȓȤ
ǰ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȍȗȍȓ ȕȈȔ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȣȑ —
Ǭȓȧ ȕȐȝ ȖȌȕȈ ȕȍȔȈȧ ȗȣȓȤ
ǲȈȎȌȖȍ ȖȚȎȐȊȈȦȡȍȍ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȐȚȤ ȥȚȐ șȓȖȊȈ Ȗ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȘȍ-
ȍȔȕȐȒȈȝ Ȉ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȍ ȕȈȠȍȋȖ ȊȟȍȘȈȠȕȍȋȖ Ȍȕȧ — Ȋ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ
ȘȈșșȚȖȧȕȐȍ ȔȍȎȌț ǿȈȞȒȐȔȐ Ȑ ǩȈȏȈȘȖȊȣȔȐ ȔȐȒȘȖșȒȖȗȐȟȕȖ ȗȖ șȘȈȊȕȍȕȐȦ ș
ȋȐȋȈȕȚșȒȐȔ ȗȘȣȎȒȖȔ ©șȍȋȖȌȕȧȠȕȍȋȖ Ȍȕȧ ȒȘȐȊȖȋțȉȖȋȖ ǯȈȘȈȚțșȚȘȣª
ǴȐȘ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ — ȥȚȖ ȖȉȘȈȏ ȕȍ ȒȖȓȖșșȈ Ȉ ©ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȗȘȖșȚȖª ș ȊȣȏȊȍȏ-
ȌȐȊȠȐȔȐșȧ ȏȘȈȟȒȈȔȐ ș ȗȍȘȍȒȖȠȍȕȕȣȔ ȉȓȍȌȕȣȔ ȓȐȞȖȔ ș șȎȈȚȣȔȐ ȌȖ Ȑȏ-
ȕȍȔȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȋțȉȈȔȐ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȊȖȚ-ȊȖȚ ȘȈȏȌȈșȚșȧ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȚȖ ȍȡȍ ȌȖșȍȓȍ ȕȍ-
ȉȣȊȈȓȣȑ ȒȘȐȒ ȖȚ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉțȌȍȚ ȐȓȐ țȔȍȘȍȚȤ ȐȓȐ ȗȖȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ
ȏȈ șȗȐȕȖȑ ȒȘȣȓȤȧ ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ șȍȑȟȈș Ȋ ǸȖșșȐȐ — ȌȍȑșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȚȖ-
ȘȐȐ ȔȐȘȈ — ȐȔȍȦȡȐȍ țȠȐ țȎȍ șȓȣȠȈȚ ȥȚȖȚ ȒȘȐȒ Ȑ ȉȓȐȎȈȑȠȐȝ ȗȘȍȌȊȍșȚ-
ȕȐȒȖȊ ȍȋȖ Ȕȣ ȉțȌȍȔ ȐșȒȈȚȤ Ȋ ȘțșșȒȖȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ șȍȑȟȈș țȎȍ ȕȍ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȘțșșȒȖȍ Ȉ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȍ — ȖȕȖ ȒȊȐȕȚȥșșȍȕȞȐȧ ȥȔȖȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ șȍȋȖȌ-
ȕȧȠȕȍȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ

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ǩțȌțȡȐȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȒ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȧ ȋȈȓȍȘȍȦ ȋȐȋȈȕȚȖȊ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȔȐ-
ȘȖȊȖȋȖ ȖȚȒȘȖȊȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ǸȖșșȐȐ ȉȍȏ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȧ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȕȈ ǩțȘȓȦȒȍ ȗȖȌ-
ȋȖȚȖȊȐȊȠȍȔ ȗȖȟȊț ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ǩțȘȓȦȒ «! ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒ ǩțȘȓȦȒ — ȗȖȥȚ Ȑ ǩțȘ-
ȓȦȒ — ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ — ȊȖȚ ȚȘȐ ȚȘȍȉțȦȡȐȍ ȖșȖȉȖȋȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ Ȓ ȒȈȎȌȖȑ Ȋ ȖȚȌȍȓȤ-
ȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ ȌȈȦȡȐȍ ȋȘȖȔȈȌȕțȦ ȜȐȋțȘț ©ȘțșșȒȖȋȖ ǯȈȘȈȚțșȚȘȣª șȓȖȊȈ
Ǫȧȟ ǰȊȈȕȖȊȈ ǵȈȠȈ ȏȈȌȈȟȈ șȈȔȈȧ șȒȘȖȔȕȈȧ Ȑȏ ȚȘȍȝ — ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȥ-
ȏȐȐ ǩțȘȓȦȒȈ
ǪȘȍȔȧ ȊȣșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧ ǩțȘȓȦȒȈ Ȋ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȖȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐȏȖȊȈȚȤ ȒȈȒ ȘȈȏ-
ȘțȠȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȐȊȣȟȕȣȝ ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȊȒțșȖȊ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ Ǫ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȋ șȚȘȖ-
ȒȈȝ ǩȓȖȒȈ
ȆȕȖșȚȤ ȔȖȧ ȒȈȒ Ȗșȍȕȕȧȧ ȕȖȟȤ
ǩȓȍȌȕȣȔ ȓțȟȖȔ țȗȈȌȈȓȈ ȕȈ ȗȓȐȚȣ
ǫȈșȓȈ ȗȓȍȓȈșȤ Ȑ ȠȈȘȈȝȈȓȈșȤ ȗȘȖȟȤ
șȓȖȊȍȟȒȖ ©ȠȈȘȈȝȈȓȈșȤª ȠȖȒȐȘȖȊȈȓȖ ȖȒȈȔȍȕȍȓȣȍ ȊȒțșȣ ȗȘȐșȧȎȕȣȝ ȒȘȐ-
ȚȐȒȖȊ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȘȖȏȈȐȟȕȖșȚȤȦ ȒȈȒ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈ ǷțȠȒȐȕȈ
ǴȖȘȖȏȕȖȑ ȗȣȓȤȦ șȍȘȍȉȘȐȚșȧ
ǭȋȖ ȉȖȉȘȖȊȣȑ ȊȖȘȖȚȕȐȒ
Ȋ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ șȗȓȖȠȕȖȑ ©ȗȖȡȍȟȐȕȖȑ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔț ȊȒțșțª ȔȖȋȓȐ ȏȊțȟȈȚȤ
ȚȈȒȐȍ șȚȘȖȒȐ
ǸțșȤ — ȖȌȐȕ șȗȓȖȠȕȖȑ ȒȓȖȗȖȊȕȐȒ
ǪȐȌȐȠȤ — ȊȠȍȑ ȗȖȓȏȍȚ ȖȉȖȏ
ǵȖșȐȚ ȏȖȓȖȚȖ șȈȕȖȊȕȐȒ
ǴțȎȐȟȖȒ ȟȚȖ ȊȍșȤ ȗȘȖȔȖȏȋ
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ǪșȦȌț ȓȐȗȒȖȦ ȚȘȧȗȐȞȍȑ
ǻ ȋȘțȌȕȖȋȖ ȏȈȚȒȕțȚ ȘȖȚ
ǭșȚȤ — ȊȖȗȐ ȌȍșȧȚȐȘȐȞȍȑ
ǺȖȠȕȖȚȣ ȔȖȘȧ Ȑ ȘȊȖȚ
ǸțșȤ — ȋȘȧȏȍȊȖȍ ȉȖȓȖȚȖ
ǺȧȕȍȚ ȗȤȧȕȣȑ ȋȘȧȏȕȣȑ șȔȘȈȌ
ǹȓȈȉȣ ȊȣȊȍșȚȤ ȕȍȟȐșȚȖȚȣ
ǷȖșȍȓȍȕȤȍ ȗȘȐșȚȈȕȤ ȋȘȈȌ

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ǰ Ȋșȍ ș țȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȐȍȔ ȡȍȒȖȟțȡȐȍ șȍȉȍ ȕȍȘȊȣ ȗȐȒȈȕȚȕȣȔ ȕȈȚțȘȈȓȐȏ-
ȔȖȔ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȘȖșșȐȑșȒȐȝ ǴȖȗȈșșȈȕȖȊ Ȑ ǯȖȓȧ — ǨȘȞȣȉȈȠȍȊȈ Ȑ ǲțȗȘȐȕȈ
țȒȈȏȣȊȈȧ ȕȈ ȥȚȖ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȍ ȋȘȖȔȐȓȐ ©ȋȘȧȏȕȣȑ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȔª ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȐșȒțș-
șȚȊȈ ȗȖȚȖȔț — ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖȚ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȔ ȕȍ ȡȍȒȖȚȈȓ Ȑȝ Ȉ ȉȐȓ ȗȖ ȓȐȞț Ȑ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ
ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȚȤ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȝ ȉȖȌȘȣȝ șȚȘȖȒ ȖȒȈȕȟȐȊȈȦȡȐȝ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖ-
ȘȍȕȐȍ
ǸȈȏȊȍ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȘțșșȒȐȑ ȉȣȚ"
ǷȖșȒȖȘȍȍ ȗȘȈȊȐȔ ȚȘȐȏȕț
ǷȘȈȏȌȕȍșȚȊȈȔ ȗȈȘȈȠ ȒȖȘȣȚ
ǴȖȍȔ ȔȖȡȕȖȑ ȉȖȌȘȖȑ ȠȊȈȉȘȖȑ
ǴȐȓȖȑ ȘȖȌȐȕȣ țȌȍȓ
Ǫșȍȝ ȒȚȖ ȌțȝȖȔ ȦȕȖ-ȝȘȈȉȘȣȔ
ǺȖȘȖȗȧșȤ ȕȍ ȖșȒțȌȍȓ
Ǫșȍȝ ȊȖȏȔțȡȈȓȈ ȕȍȥșȚȍȚȐȟȕȖșȚȤ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȣȝ Ȋ ȋȖșȚȐȕȖȑ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ ȊȣȘȈ-
ȎȍȕȐȑ ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȥȚȈ ȍșȚȤ ©ȗȘȐȓȐȟȕȣȍª Ȑ ©ȕȍȗȘȐȓȐȟȕȣȍª șȓȖȊȈ Ȑ
ȕȍ Ȋ șȚȖ ȊȖșȍȔȤȌȍșȧȚ ȓȐ ȘȈȏ ȕȍȗȘȐȓȐȟȕȍȍ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȥȚȈ ȗȘȐȓȐȟȕȣȍ șȓȖȊȈ Ȑ ȜȘȈ-
ȏȣ ȉțȘȎțȈȏȕȖȋȖ ȓȍȒșȐȒȖȕȈ"
ǵȍ Ȋ ȏȈȌȈȟȐ Ȑ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȥȚȈ ȊȝȖȌȐȚ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȚȍȕȐȍ ȐȓȐ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȍȕȐȍ
ȚȍȔ ȚȍȔȣ ȌȈȦȚșȧ ȎȐȏȕȤȦ ȕȖ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȐȕȖȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ Ȓ șȚȈȘȖȑ ȚȍȔȍ — ȊȖȚ
ȖȌȕȈ Ȑȏ ȏȈȌȈȟ ȗȖȥȚȈ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ
ǵȍȉȖ — ȚȘțȗ ȕȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ
ǯȊȍȏȌȣ — ȟȍȘȊȐ ȗȤȧȕȣȍ ȚțȔȈȕȖȔ
ǩțȘȓȦȒ Ȋ  ȋ
ǯȌȍșȤ ȕȈȘțȠȍȕȐȍ Ȋșȍȝ ©ȘȈȏ ȕȈȊșȍȋȌȈ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȣȝª ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȑ Ȗ ȊȍȡȈȝ
ǿțȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȞȐȚȐȘțȧ ȥȚȖ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȍ șȗȘȈȠȐȊȈȍȚ ©ǿȚȖ ȌȍȓȈȓ ȉȣ ǼȍȚ ȉȍȏ
ȏȊȍȏȌ"ª ǵȍȉȖ — ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚ ȊȍȒȖȊȖȋȖ ȗȖȒȓȖȕȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍ-
șȒȖȋȖ Ȉ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȥȚȈ ȖȕȖ ȓȐȠȤ șȐȔȊȖȓ ȉȍȏȌȍȑșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȈ țȎȍ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ
Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȥȚȈ ǽǽ ȊȍȒȈ ȚȖȋȖ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȖȕȈ ȐȔȍȓȈ Ȍȓȧ ȗȘȍȌȣȌțȡȐȝ ǭȍ
ȔȍșȚȖ ȏȈȕȧȓ ȋȖȘȖȌ — ȒȖȓȖșșȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȒȖȕȌȍȕșȈȚȖȘ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȑ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȐ ȚȖ-
ȓȤȒȖ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȕȈȔȍȒȈȍȚ ȗȖȥȚț Ȗ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȔ ȉțȌțȡȍȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊȈ ǫȖȘȖȌȈ ȘȈșȚțȚ
ȏȈ șȟȍȚ ȗȖȓȍȑ Ȑ ȌȍȘȍȊȍȕȤ Ȑ țȎȍ ȧșȕȍȍ ȊȣȘȐșȖȊȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȓȐȒ ȚȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ
ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȖ șȓȖȊț ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȤ ȏȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȠȈȘȈ ȉțȌȍȚ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȣȔȐ
ȘȧȌȈȔȐ țȓȐȞ
ǰ ȒȈȒ șȚȈȘȣȍ ȗȖȥȚȣ ȖȌțȝȖȚȊȖȘȧȓȐ ȗȘȐȘȖȌț ȚȈȒ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȐȒ ȖȌțȝȖȚȊȖ-
ȘȧȍȚ ȔȈȠȐȕț ȈȚȘȐȉțȚ-șȐȔȊȖȓ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȖșȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȗȖȥȚ
ȗȖȌȝȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȋȘȧȌțȡȍȔț

38
ǷȈȘȖȝȖȌ
ǵȈȌ ȒȘțȎȍȊȈȔȐ Ȧȕȣȝ ȊȖȌ
ǲȘȈșȕȍȍȠȤ ȚȊȍȘȌȣȔȐ ȉȖȒȈȔȐ
ǷȘȖȕȏȈȍȠȤ ȐșșȚțȗȓȍȕȕȖ șȊȖȌ
ǰ ȊȍȍȠȤ ȜȓȈȋ ȗȖȌ ȕȍȉȍșȈȔȐ
Ǩ țȝȖȌȧ ȘȖȕȧȍȠȤ șȚȖȕ
ǵȍțȎȚȖ ȘȈȕȍȕ Țȣ ȘȈȏȓțȒȖȑ"
Ǻȣ — ȗȖȌȣȔȈȚȍȓȤ șȚȖȓȤȒȐȝ ȚȖȕȕ
ǸȖȎȌȍȕȕȣȑ ȚȖȟȕȖȦ ȕȈțȒȖȑ
ǬȖȓȖȑ Ȋșȍ ȔțȏȍȑȕȖȍ ȒȓȈȌȉȐȡȍȕșȒȖȍ ȐȏȎȐȚȖȍ ǷțșȚȤ ȉțȌȍȚ ȝȖȘȖȠȈ ȚȖȓȤ-
ȒȖ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȉȍȘȍȔȍȕȕȈȧ șȖȉȣȚȐȧȔȐ ȐȌȍȧȔȐ Ȑ ȓȦȌȤȔȐ
Ǵȕȍ ȕȘȈȊȐȚșȧ ȉȍȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȑ ȔțȎȟȐȕȈ
ǳȐȠȤ Ȗȕ ȝȖȘȖȠ ȗȘȍȌ ȗȈȔȧȚȕȐȒȖȔ ǷțȠȒȐȕȈ
_______
ǸȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȧ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ ȐȔȍȊȠȐȝ ȊȓȐȧ-
ȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȗȖȥȏȐȦ Ǭ ǩțȘȓȦȒȈ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ Ȕȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȖȚȔȍȚȐȚȤ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍ
ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȐȝ șȐȔȊȖȓȐșȚȖȊ ǪȖșȗȘȐȕȧȊ Ȑ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȐȕȌȐȊȐȌțȈȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȍȓȖȔȐȊ
ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȋȖ șȐȔȊȖȓȐȏȔȈ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ ǩțȘȓȦȒ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȧȝ
ȧȊȕȖ ȗȖȌȟȐȕȧȍȚșȧ ȥȚȖȔț ȊȓȐȧȕȐȦ ǺȈȒ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ǩțȘȓȦȒ ȟȈșȚȖ ȖȒȈȕȟȐ-
ȊȈȍȚ șȊȖȐ șȖȕȍȚȣ ȘȧȌȖȔ șțȡȍșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ — ȖȉȣȟȕȈȧ ȔȈȕȍȘȈ Ǻ ǫȖȚȤȍ
ǩȘȍȋȖȒȍȈȕ ȒȘȈșȣ ȗȖȌțȠȍȒ
ǷȘȖșȚȍȘȚ ȊȓȍȒțȡȍ ȊȓȈșȚȕȣȑ ȗȓȧȎ
ǩȘȈșȓȍȚ ȠȍȓȒȖȊ ȒȈȔȕȍȑ ȐȋȘțȠȍȒ
ǵȈșȐȓȐȑ ȊȖȑȕ ȖȉȔȈȕȖȊ ȒȘȈȎ
ǰȓȐ
ǲȘȐȒȖșșȖȘȍ ȖȉȖșȚȘȐȓȐ ȒȘȐȒ
ǫȌȍ șȖȠȓȐșȤ ȚȖȓȒȖȊȈȚȤ ȔȍȎ șȖȉȖȑ
ǪȏȋȓȧȌ ȗȘȍȌȈȚȍȓȤ ȒȐȕȎȈȓ Ȑ ȚȖȗȖȘ
ǺȈȒȎȍ
ǫȌȍ ȏȐȔȕȐȑ ȊȍȚȍȘ ȗȖȐȚ Ȑȝ ȋȘȖȋȖȔ
ǫȈȍȘ ȚȈȕȞȖȊȡȐȒ ȓȐȝȖȌȍȑ

39
ǩțȘȓȦȒ ȕȍ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȖșȚȈȊȐȓ ȐȔȗȘȍșșȐȖȕȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȗȘȐȍȔȣ Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȖȥ-
ȏȐȐ
ǹȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȋȘȖȏȕȣȍ ȟțȌȖȊȐȡȈ
ǶȘȈȕȎȍȊȣȑ ȗȖȌȢȍȔȓȦȚ ȒȘȐȒ
ȅȚȐ ȗȘȐȊȕȍșȍȕȕȣȍ șȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȟȍȘȚȣ ȕȍȗȘȍȚȊȖȘȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȖȥȚȖȔ ȖșȓȈȉ-
ȓȧȦȚ șȈȔȖșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ ǩ<țȘȓȦȒȈ>.
ǰȏ șȌȍȓȈȕȕȣȝ ǩțȘȓȦȒȖȔ ȕȖȊȖȊȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ Ȋ șȚȐȝȍ șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȖȚȔȍȚȐȚȤ ȊȖ-ȗȍȘ-
Ȋȣȝ ȒȖȔȗȈȒȚ-șȓȖȊȈ Ț ȍ șȓȖȊȖșȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȖȌȕȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ș ǩțȘȓȦ-
ȒȖȔ șȚȈȓ țȗȖȚȘȍȉȓȧȚȤ ǰ ǹȍȊȍȘȧȕȐȕ ȊȔȍșȚȖ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ©ȘȍșȚȖȘȈȕ
ș ȏȍȘȒȈȓȈȔȐ ȏȈȓȐȚȣȑ ȥȓȍȒȚȘȐȟȍșȒȐȔ șȊȍȚȖȔª — ȥȓȍȒȚȘȖȏȍȘȒȈȓȖȘȍșȚȖȘȈȕ
ȊȔȍșȚȖ ©ȜȈȘȜȖȘȖȊȣȍ ȉȖȒȈª — ȜȈȘȜȖȘȉȖȒȈ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȍ
șȘȈȊȕȍȕȐȧ — ȊȔȍșȚȖ ©țȓȣȉȒȐ ȒȈȒ ȎȈȉȣª — țȓȣȉȒȖȎȈȉȣ Ȑ ȚȌ
ǩȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȏȈșȓțȋȖȑ ǩțȘȓȦȒȈ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȊȣȉȘȈșȣȊȈȕȐȍ Ȑȏ șȚȐȝȈ ȕȍȕțȎȕȣȝ
ȟȈșȚȐȞ ȐȔȍȦȡȍȍ ȞȍȓȤȦ ȌȐȕȈȔȐȟȕȖșȚȤ ȘȍȟȐ ǵȖ ȥȚȖȚ ȗȘȐȍȔ ǩțȘȓȦȒȈ ȔȖȎ-
ȕȖ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȚȤ țȌȈȊȠȐȔșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȋ ȊȣȉȘȈ-
șȣȊȈȍȔȣȑ ȔȍȝȈȕȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȗțȚȍȔ Ȋșȍ ȘȈȊȕȖ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ ț ȕȈș ȕȈ ȧȏȣȒȍ Ȑ ȒȖȋȌȈ
Ȕȣ ȟȐȚȈȍȔ
ǲȈȎȌȣȑ ȔȖȓȖȌ ȔȖȓȖȌ ȔȖȓȖȌ
ǮȐȊȖȚȍ ȟȍȘȚȖȊșȒȐȑ ȋȖȓȖȌ
Ȕȣ ȕȍȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȔ ȕȍ ©ȎȐȊȖȚȍª Ȉ ©Ȋ ȎȐȊȖȚȍª
ǵȖ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ țȎȍ ȘȈȏȊȐȓ ȥȚț ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȗȖșȣȓȒț ȚȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȌȖ-
ȒȈȏȈȊ ȍȍ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖșȚȤ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȣȉȘȈșȣȊȈȍȚ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȋ ȕȖ Ȑ ȐȏȔȍȕȧȍȚ
șȈȔț ȒȖȕșȚȘțȒȞȐȦ ȖȉȣȟȕȖȋȖ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ șȓȖȊȈ ȐȓȐ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ
ȚȈȒ ȕȈȗȘ ȊȔȍșȚȖ ©șȐȌȍȓȈ ȕȈ ȋȈȓȍȘȒȍª — șȐȌȍȓȈ ȋȈȓȍȘȒȖȦ ȊȔȍșȚȖ ©ȊȖ ȊȘȍ-
Ȕȧ ȋȐȉȍȓȐ ȌȘȍȌȕȖțȚȈª — Ȑ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȋȐȉȍȓȤ ȌȘȍȌȕȖțȚȈ Ȑ Ț Ȍ
ǪȖȖȉȡȍ ȜȐȓȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȏȈȌȈȟȐ ȕȈȔȍȟȍȕȕȣȍ ǩțȘȓȦȒȖȔ ȕȖ ȕȍ ȊȣȧȊȓȍȕ-
ȕȣȍ ȐȔ șȈȔȐȔ ȊȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ ȉȍșșȗȖȘȕȖ ȗȖșȓțȎȈȚ ȐșȝȖȌȕȖȑ ȚȖȟȒȖȑ Ȋ ȖȚȒȘȣ-
ȚȐȐ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȏȍȔȍȓȤ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ
ǩțȘȓȦȒ ȗȘȍȌȓȈȋȈȍȚ ȗȐșȈȚȤ șȚȐȝȐ ȐșȒȓȦȟȈȧ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȏȊțȒȐ ȕȈȗȘ ȉȍȏ
©Ȉª
ǲȖȕȐ ȚȖȗȖȚȖȔ
ȚȖȘȖȗȓȐȊȖ
ȠȍȗȖȚȖȔ ȐȋȘȐȊȖ
ȗȖȌ ȐȊȈȔȐ
ȕȍșțȚ
ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȍ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȒȈȒ ȘȧȌ ȒȖȔȉȐȕȈȞȐȑ Ȋ

 ȞȊȍȚȖȊ ȋȌȍ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȐȓȐ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȝ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȊ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ
ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȚȤ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȍ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȥȚȖȚ ȗȘȐȍȔ ȘȈșșȟȐȚȈȕ ȕȈ
ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȚȖȕȒȖȑ ȊȖșȗȘȐȐȔȟȐȊȖșȚȤȦ ȟȍȔ
șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȑ ȕȖ ȍșȓȐ ȗȖ ǴȈȘȐȕȍȚȚȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȉțȌțȡȍȋȖ ȉțȌȍȚ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȈȚȤ
ȌȖ  ȠțȔȖȊ ȚȖ
ǷȘȐȊȍȌȍȕȕȣȑ ȊȣȠȍ ȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȟȐșȚȖ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȚȖȘȕȣȔ Ȗȗȣ-
ȚȖȔ ȔȖȋțȡȐȔ șȓțȎȐȚȤ țȒȈȏȈȕȐȍȔ Ȍȓȧ ȉțȌțȡȍȋȖ ȗȖȥȚȈ.
ǻ ȋȘȖȚȈ ȗȓȍȡȍȚșȧ ǵȍȘȍȧ
Ƕ ȚȊȖȑ ȚțȔȈȕȕȣȑ ȊȏȓȍȚ ǨșȒȖȓȤȌ
Ǵȣ ȗȖȒȐȌȈȍȔ ȕȍ ȎȈȓȍȧ —
ǷȘȐȌȍȚșȧ ȓȐ Țȍȉȧ țȏȘȍȚȤ"
ǯȍȔȕȣȔȐ șȔȍȘȚȕȣȔȐ ȖȟȈȔȐ
ǷȖȊȍȘȝ ȏȣȉȍȑ ȏȍȓȍȕȣȝ șȍȚȤ
ǵȈ șȚȘȈȎȍ șȘȣȊȕȣȔȐ șȒȈȓȈȔȐ
ǺțȔȈȕȧșȤ ȗȍȕȧ Ȑ ȗȤȧȕȧ
ǵȖ ȖȟȍȘȒ ȔȐȓȖȋȖ ǨșȒȖȓȤȌȈ
ǵȍșȍȔ Ȋ ȔȖȘșȒțȦ șȊȍȎȍșȚȤ Ȍȕȧ
ǹ ǸȖșșȐȍȑ ȕȈș șȖȍȌȐȕȧȍȚ
ǷȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ ȊȏȔȈȝ ȍȍ ȋȍȘȖȓȤȌȈ
ǷȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ ȌȣȔ ȍȍ Ȗȋȕȧ
ȅȚȖ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȍ — ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȕȖȍ Ǭ<ȈȊȐȌȖȔ> ǬȈȊȐȌȖȊȐȟȍȔ! ȕȈ ȗțȚȐ
Ȋ ȇȗȖȕȐȦ — ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȣȔ Ȍȓȧ ȍȋȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ șȚȐȝȖȊ ȋȌȍ țȚȖȕȟȍȕ-
ȕȖșȚȤ ȜȘ<ȈȕȞțȏșȒȐȝ> șȐȔȊȖȓȐșȚȖȊ ȗȍȘȍȗȓȍȚȈȍȚșȧ ș ȕȍțȒȓȦȎȍșȚȤȦ

41

Ǫ ȠȒȖȓȍ șȐȔȊȖȓȐșȚȖȊ ȧȊȐȊȠȍȑșȧ ȏȈȊȍȘȠȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȍȑ ȗțȠȒȐȕșȒȖȋȖ ȗȍȘȐȖ-
ȌȈ ȘțșșȒȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȧȘȒȐȔ ȊȣȘȈȏȐȚȍȓȍȔ ȗșȐȝȐȒȐ Ȑ ȐȌȍȖȓȖȋȐȐ
ȘțșșȒȖȑ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȑ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȐȋȍȕȞȐȐ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȕȈȏȊȈȚȤ ȗȖȥȚȈ ȘȖȔȈȕȐșȚȈ ȒȘȐ-
ȚȐȒȈ ȗțȉȓȐȞȐșȚȈ Ȑ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȈ Ǭ ǹ ǴȍȘȍȎȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ
ǴȍȘȍȎȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ țȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȖȌȐȕȖȒȐȔ șȘȍȌȐ șȊȖȐȝ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕ-
ȕȐȒȖȊ Ǭȓȧ șȚȈȘȠȍȋȖ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȧ ȍȋȖ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȣ ȉȣȓȐ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȧȘȒȐ ȖȘȐȋȐ-
ȕȈȓȤȕȣ Ȑ ȕȖȊȣ Ȍȓȧ ȔȓȈȌȠȍȋȖ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ șțȘȖȊȣ Ȑ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȣ ǷȖȚȖȔț-ȚȖ ȚȈ-
ȒȐȔ țȏȒȖ-șȍȔȍȑȕȣȔ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȒȘțȎȖȒ ȍȋȖ ȐșȚȐȕȕȣȝ ȗȖȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȍȑ Ȑ ȞȍȕȐȚȍ-
ȓȍȑ ǻ ǴȍȘȍȎȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȒȓȖȕȕȐȒȖȊ ȗȖȘȈȎȈȦȡȐȝșȧ ȍȋȖ ȥȘțȌȐȞȐȍȑ
țȔȖȔ Ȑ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȖȔ ȕȖ ȕȍȚ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ țȟȍȕȐȒȖȊ Ȑ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȑ ǹȓȐȠ-
ȒȖȔ țȎ ȝȖȓȖȌȍȕ Ȑ șȗȖȒȖȍȕ ǴȍȘȍȎȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȌȈȎȍ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ șȊȧȚȈȧ șȊȧȚȣȝ — Ȋ
șȊȖȐȝ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȣȝ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈȝ Ȑ ȟȈȧȕȐȧȝ
ǸȈȕȤȠȍ șȘȍȌȐ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȐȋȍȕȞȐȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȘȖȘȖȒȐ șȋȖȘȈȊȠȐȍ ȕȈ ȒȖ-
șȚȘȈȝ șȊȖȐȝ țȉȍȎȌȍȕȐȑ ǬȖșȚȖȍȊșȒȐȑ ǷȐșȈȘȍȊ ǿȍȘȕȣȠȍȊșȒȐȑ ǬȖȉȘȖȓȦ-
ȉȖȊ ǺȖȓșȚȖȑ — Ȋșȍ ȖȕȐ ȔțȟȐȓȐșȤ Ȑ șȚȘȈȌȈȓȐ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ șȚȘȈȌȈȕȐȧȔȐ Ȑ Ȕțȟȍ-
ȕȐȧȔȐ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȏȈȎȐȋȈȓȐ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ǴȍȘȍȎȒȖȊșȒȐȑ Ȏȍ ȗȘȖȘȖȟȍșȚȊțȍȚ ȕȈ ȖșȕȖ-
ȊȈȕȐȐ ȏȈȒȖȕȈ ȌȐȈȓȍȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ.
©ǭȎȍȓȐ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȖȍ șȖȏȍȘȞȈȕȐȍ ȗȓȖȚȐ ț ǳ ǺȖȓșȚȖȋȖ — ȚȍȏȐș ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏ-
ȕȖȍ șȖȏȍȘȞȈȕȐȍ ȌțȝȈ ț ǬȖșȚȖȍȊșȒȖȋȖ — ȈȕȚȐȚȍȏȐș ȘțșșȒȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ ȚȖ ȕȍ
șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȓȐ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȐȚȤ ȗȖ ȏȈȒȖȕț ȌȐȈȓȍȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ, Ȗ ȕȍȐȏȉȍȎȕȖ-
șȚȐ Ȑ ȘțșșȒȖȋȖ șȐȕȚȍȏȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȔț ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȦ ȉțȌȍȚ ȊșȍȔȐȘȕȣȔ»
— ©ǵȍ șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȓȐ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȐȚȤª — Ȋ ȥȚȖȑ ȗȘȍȌȈȚȍȓȤșȒȖȑ ȜȘȈȏȍ ȊȍșȤ ǴȍȘȍȎ-
ȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ǰ ȖȚșȦȌȈ — ȍȋȖ ȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȌȖȝȖȌȧȡȐȍ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȌȖ ȗȈȜȖșȈ ȗȘȖ-
ȘȖȟȍșȚȊȈ Ȗ ȗȘȐȠȍșȚȊȐȐ ©ǫȘȧȌțȡȍȋȖ ǽȈȔȈª Ȗ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȐȐ ǽȘȐșȚȖȔ Ȗ
ȒȖȕȟȐȕȍ ȔȐȘȈ Ȗ șȓȐȧȕȐȐ ȌțȝȈ ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ș ȚȍȓȖȔ ȥȓȓȐȕșȒȐȔ ǷȖȕȧȚȕȖ
ȟȚȖ ȏȈ ȥȚȐȔȐ ȔȈȚȍȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ ȖȚȒȘȖȊȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȗȘȖȘȖȒȈ-ȔȍȚȈȜȐȏȐȒȈ Ȑ ȌȐȈ-
ȓȍȒȚȐȒȈ ȕȍ ȗȖȠȍȓ ȕȐȒȚȖ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȏȈ ȕȐȔȐ ȕȍȚ ȋȓȈȊȕȖȋȖ — ȉțȠțȦȡȍȋȖ
șȎȐȋȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȊȍȓȐȟȈȊȖ-ȒȖșȕȖȧȏȣȟȕȖȋȖ ȖȉȧȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȒȖșȕȖȧȏȣȟȕȖȋȖ — ȊșȗȖȔ-
ȕȐȚȍ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȔȍșȚȈ Ȋ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȍ ǬȖșȚȖȍȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ǴȈȧȒȖȊ-
șȒȖȋȖ ȌțȝȈ ȗȘȖȘȖȟȍșȒȖȋȖ.
Ǩ ȒȈȒȐȔȐ ȌȈȓȍȒȐȔȐ ȟțȎȌȣȔȐ Ȑ ȕȍȕțȎȕȣȔȐ ȒȈȎțȚșȧ ȕȈȔ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȐ ȖȚȊȓȍ-
ȟȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖ șȘȈȊȕȍȕȐȦ ș ȘȐȚȔȈȔȐ Ȑ ȘȐȜȈȔȐ ȉȣșȚȘȖȚȍȒțȡȍȑ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ-
șȚȐ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȕȈș ȖȚȌȍȓȧȦȚ ȖȚ ȕȐȝ ȒȈȒȐȍ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ 15-20 ȓȍȚ
ǹȚȘȈȕȕȈȧ șȊȧȏȤ ȔȍȎȌț ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȖșȚȤȦ ȌȈȎȍ șȈȔȖȑ ȓȐȉȍȘȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȕȍ ȞȍȘ-
ȒȖȊȕȖȑ Ȑ ȕȍ ȌȖȋȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ Ȑ ȘȍȈȒȞȐȖȕȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȋ ǴȍȘȍȎȒȖȊșȒȖȔ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȈ
ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ șȐȓȤȕȖ ©ǫȘȧȌțȡȐȑ ǽȈȔª — ȊȖȚ bien mot ǴȍȘȍȎȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ǫȘȧȌț-
ȡȐȔ ǽȈȔȖȔ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ Ȗȕ ǨȕȚȐȝȘȐșȚȈ Ț ȍ Ȋșȍ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȐȌȍȚ ȕȈ șȔȍȕț ȍȔț Ȑ

ȍȋȖ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȦ ǰ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȖȏȓȖȉȓȍȕȕȖȔ ȗȖȝȖȌȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȕȖȊȈȚȖȘȖȊ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ Ȗȉ-
ȓȈșȚȧȝ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȑ ȔȣșȓȐ ǴȍȘȍȎȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ țȎȍ ȕȍ ȊȣȘȈ-
ȏȐȚȍȓȍȔ ȌțȝȈ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȐȋȍȕȞȐȐ, Ȉ ȈȗȖȓȖȋȍȚȖȔ țȔȐȘȈȦȡȐȝ ȐȌȍȑ
ǴȍȘȍȎȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ șȖȏȕȈȊȈȓ ȕȍȘȊȕȖșȚȤ ;; ȊȍȒȈ Ȑ ȒȈȒ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȖȋ ȒȓȍȑȔȐȓ ǫȘȧȌțȡȍȍ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȧ ȓȐ Ȋ ȘȖȓȐ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȖ-ȜȐȓȖșȖȜ-
șȒȖȋȖ ȏȈȡȐȚȕȐȒȈ șȈȔȖȌȍȘȎȈȊȐȧ ȐȓȐ Ȋ ȘȖȓȐ ȋȖȕȐȚȍȓȧ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ
ǿȐȚȈȧ ȘȖȔȈȕȣ ǴȍȘȍȎȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȍȋȖ ǺȘȐȓȖȋȐȦ ȐșȗȣȚȣȊȈȍȠȤ
ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȟțȊșȚȊȖ ȕȍȌȖțȔȍȕȐȧ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȌȓȐȕȕȣȔȐ ȘȧȌȈȔȐ șȚȘȈȕȐȞ ș ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȍȔ
ȔȍȓȤȟȈȑȠȐȝ ȌȍȚȈȓȍȑ ȝȖȘȖȔ ǷȍȚȘȈ ǪȍȓȐȒȖȋȖ ȌȊȖȘȞȖȊ ǷȈȗȣ Ȑ ǾȍȏȈȘȧ ǩȖȘȌ-
ȎȐȈ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȍȔ ȔȍȓȤȟȈȑȠȐȝ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖșȚȍȑ ȖȌȍȎȌȣ ȆȓȐȈȕȈ-ǶȚșȚțȗȕȐȒȈ
ȗȍȘȍȌ ȞȍȓȣȔȐ șȚȘȈȕȐȞȈȔȐ ȞȐȚȈȚ Ȑȏ ȌȕȍȊȕȐȒȈ ǳȍȖȕȈȘȌȖ ȌȈ ǪȐȕȟȐ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȝ
ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȖȊ ǷȖȘȈȎȈȍȠȤșȧ ȥȘțȌȐȞȐȐ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ Ȑ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȓȐȊȖșȚȐ ȒȖȔȗȖȏȐȞȐȐ
ȗȖȊȍșȚȐ ȕȖ Ȑ ȕȍȊȖȓȤȕȖ șȗȘȈȠȐȊȈȍȠȤ șȍȉȧ — ȋȌȍ Ȏȍ ȏȌȍșȤ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȐȑ ȋȍȕȐȑ
ǴȍȘȍȎȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ" ǺȈȓȈȕȚȓȐȊȣȑ șȖȉȐȘȈȚȍȓȤ-ȈȘȝȍȖȓȖȋ Ȑ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜ-ȔȍȚȈȜȐȏȐȒ
ȗȍȘȍȌ ȕȈȔȐ ȕȈȓȐȞȖ ȕȖ ȗȖȥȚȈ ȕȍȚ
ǴȍȘȍȎȒȖȊșȒȐȑ — ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȗȍȌȈȕȚ ǭȔț ȕȘȈȊȐȚșȧ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ȒȈȉȐȕȍȚȈ ǭȊ-
ȋȍȕȐȧ ț ǷțȠȒȐȕȈ ȋȌȍ ©ȋȘȍȉȍȕȒȐ ȗȐȓȖȟȒȐ șȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ Ȑ ȡȍȚȒȐ ȚȘȐȌȞȈȚȐ ȘȖ-
ȌȖȊ Ȑ Ȍȓȧ ȕȖȋȚȍȑ Ȑ Ȍȓȧ ȏțȉȖȊª ȕȘȈȊȐȚșȧ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȚȖȟȕȖșȚȤ ȖȗȐșȈ-
ȕȐȧ ǰ șȈȔ Ȗȕ ȌȖȊȖȌȐȚ ȥȚț ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȌȖ ȊȍȓȐȟȈȑȠȐȝ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȖȊ ȊȣȘȐ-
șȖȊȣȊȈȧ ȌȍȚȈȓȐ ș ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖșȚȧȔȐ ȏȈșȓȖȕȧȦȡȐȔȐ ȖȘȕȈȔȍȕȚ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ
ǷȓȍȡȍȚ ȕȍȉȖ ȌȖȋȖȘȈȧ
ǲȈȒ ȊȖȓȠȍȉȕȈȧ ȏȍȔȓȧ,
ǲȈȒ ȗȖȚȍȘȧȕȕȖȋȖ ȘȈȧ,
ǵȍȌȖșȚțȗȕȣȍ ȗȖȓȧ
ǸȈȑ Ȍȓȧ ǴȍȘȍȎȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȚȍȘȧȕ — ȘȈȑ ȍȋȖ ȖȚȞȖȊ ȘȈȑ ǬȖșȚȖȍȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ
ǺȖȓșȚȖȋȖ — ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȚȈȔ ȉȣȓȈ ȊȍȘȈ Ȉ ȏȌȍșȤ ȘȈȏțȔ Ȑ ȥȘțȌȐȞȐȧ ǵȍȖȚȒȘȣ-
Țȣȍ ȍȡȍ șȚȘȈȕȣ ȉțȌțȡȍȋȖ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȍȌȖșȚțȗȕȣ Ȍȓȧ ǴȍȘȍȎȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȐȉȖ ȚȈȔ ȟțȊ-
șȚȊȖȊȈȓ Ȗȕ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȐȍ ǫȘȧȌțȡȍȋȖ ǽȈȔȈ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ Ȏȍ ȠȈȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȖ-
ȊȈȓ șȖȉȖȦ ȋȐȉȍȓȤ Ȍȓȧ ǴȍȘȍȎȒȖȊșȒȐȝ

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ǿȓȞȑȓȗ ǮșȩȚȜȐ ©ǸȖȜȟȘ țȓȔțȜȟȠȖª ǿȠȖȣȖ  ȃȎȞȏȖț ǶȕȒ ©ǼȘțȜª
ȅȘȖȚȐȒȈ ȒȈȒ ȖșȊȖȉȖȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȗȓȖȚȐ ȖȚ țȏ ǸȈȏțȔȈ Ȋ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȚȖȑ
șȒȖȓȤȏȒȖȑ ȜȖȘȔȖȑ ȕȍțȓȖȊȐȔȖȋȖ ȌțȝȈ Ȓ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȚȡȍȚȕȖ șȚȈȘȈȓșȧ ȗȖȌȖȑȚȐ
Ȟȍȓȣȑ ȘȧȌ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȕȍțȌȈȟȕȖșȚȢ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ ȖȉȢȧș-
ȕȧȍȚșȧ ȗȖȚȍȘȍȑ ț șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȗ ȗȓȖȚșȒȖȑ ȓȦȉȊȐ
ȒȈȒ Ȗ ȘȈȌȖșȚȕȖ-ȉȍȏȋȘȍȠȕȖȔ ȟțȊșȚȊȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȋȈȘȔȖȕȐȐ ǷȓȖȚȐ Ȑ Ǭț-
ȝȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȕȈșȣȡȍȕȣ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȌȘȍȊȕȐȝ ȕȈȗȘ ȊȍȓȐȟȈȑȠȈȧ ȥȘȖȚȐ-
ȟȍșȒȈȧ ȗȖȥȔȈ ©Ƿȍșȕȧ Ƿȍșȕȍȑª ǹȖȓȖȔȖȕȈ ǿȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊȖ ȗȘȖȑȌȧ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȒțȓȤ-
ȚțȘț ȒȈȚȖȓȐȞȐȏȔȈ Ȑ ȋȖȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȉȍșȗȓȖȚȕȖșȚȐ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȚȍȘȧȓȖ ȗȖȕȐ-
ȔȈȕȐȍ ȓȦȉȊȐ șȊȖȑșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ ȌȘȍȊȕȐȔ ȋȘȍȒȈȔ Ȍȓȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ
ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȍȍ ȗȘȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȧȝ ȉȣȓȈ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȌȖȉȘȖȌȍȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ Ȑ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȌȖșȚȖȑ-
ȕȣȔ țȊȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȔ
ǵȈȠȈ ȥȗȖȝȈ țȓȐȞȣ Ȑ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȕȈȠȐ ȌȕȐ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȧȡȐȍ ȗȖȌ ȏȕȈȒȖȔ Ȗȉ-
ȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ șȚȍȘȓȐ ș ȗȍȘȊȖȋȖ ȗȓȈȕȈ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȑ ȌțȠȐ Ȓȍȓȍȑ-
ȕȖșȚȤ ȟțȊșȚȊȈ ȓȦȉȊȐ
ǲȈȒ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ șȘȍȌȤ ȌȍȓȖȊȖȑ ȕȍȌȍȓȐ
ǻȑȚȐ ȌțȠȖȑ Ȋ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȣȑ ȓȈȉȐȘȐȕȚ
Ǩ ȇȘȖșȓȈȊșȒȐȑ
ǰ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȈȧ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈ Ȋ ȋȘȖȝȖȚȍ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ȗȖȘȖȎȌȈȍȚ ȖȌȕț Ȑȏ ȌȍșȧȚȒȈ ȒȈȎ-
ȌȖȌȕȍȊȕȣȝ ȥȔȖȞȐȑ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ
ǶȚșȦȌȈ ȗȈȌȍȕȐȍ ș ȗȤȍȌȍșȚȈȓȈ șȚȈȘȖȋȖ ȗȈȔȧȚȕȐȒȈ — ȎȍȕșȒȖȑ ȖȓțȕȍȕȕȖȑ
ȋȖȓȖȊȒȐ Ȑ ȕȍȎȕȖ-ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȘȣȞȈȘȧ — ǭȋȖ
ǰȏ ȌȊțȝ ȋȈȘȔȖȕȐȑ ȥȓȓȐȕșȒȖȋȖ ȔȐȘȖȖȡțȡȍȕȐȧ ǴȈȚȍȘȐȐ Ȑ ǬțȝȈ ȔȈȚȍ-
ȘȐȧ Ȋ ȕȈȠȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȊȣȘȈșȚȈȍȚ ȏȈ șȟȍȚ ǬțȝȈ ǰ ȖȗȧȚȤ ȌȊȈ ȘȈȏȊȍȚȓȍȕȐȧ ȖȌȕȖ —
țȋȘȦȔȖ-ȊȍȓȐȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ Ȓ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȍ
ǴȈȘȐȧ
ǷȖȥȚ șȖȕȍȚȣ ȗȖȍȚ ǺȐȈȕȍ
Ǩȧ—
ǪȍșȤ Ȑȏ ȔȧșȈ
ǿȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȊȍșȤ
ǺȍȓȖ ȚȊȖȍ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȗȘȖȠț
ǲȈȒ ȗȘȖșȧȚ ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕȍ

44
©ǽȓȍȉ ȕȈȠ ȕȈșțȡȕȣȑ
ǬȈȎȌȤ ȕȈȔ ȌȕȍșȤª
ǬȘțȋȖȍ — ȉȓțȌȓȐȊȖ-ȗȖȝȖȚȕȖȍ ȗȍȕȤȍ șȖȕȍȚȖȊ șȚȈȘȟȍșȒȈȧ ȦȉȖȟȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ Ȗȉ-
ȘȧȌȕȖșȚȤ ȥȘȖȚȐȒȐ
ǷșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȧ ȥȘȖȚȐȒȐ ǨȓȣȔȖȊȈ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȖȌȚȊȍȘȎȌȍȕȐȍȔ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ
ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȋȖ ȖȡțȡȍȕȐȧ ȓȦȉȊȐ
ǸȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤ ȗȖȥȏȐȦ ǨȓȣȔȖȊȈ ȒȈȒ ȕȍȒțȦ șȈȔȖșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȒțȓȤȚțȘț
— ȕȍ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ
Ǫșȧ ȖȕȈ — ȘȧȌ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȕȈșȓȖȍȕȐȑ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȚȊȖȘȍȕ-
ȕȣȝ ȗȖȥȚȖȔ
ǲȈȚȖȓȐȞȐȏȔ ȓȦȉȊȐ ǨȓȣȔȖȊȈ ȕȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȍȋȖ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȤȦ ȊȍșȤ Ȗȕ ȗȖ-
ȘȖȎȌȍȕ Ȑȏ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȋȖ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ Ǫ. ǩȘȦșȖȊȈ ©Ǫ ǬȈȔȈșȒª
ǫțȉȣ ȔȖȐ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȈȦȚșȧ
ǲ ȚȊȖȐȔ ȋțȉȈȔ
ǺȈȐȕșȚȊȖ ȊȕȖȊȤ șȖȊȍȘȠȈȍȚșȧ
ǰ ȔȐȘ ȒȈȒ ȝȘȈȔ
Ǵȣ ȒȈȒ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȖșȓțȎȐȚȍȓȐ
ǺȊȖȘȐȔ ȖȉȘȧȌ
ǹȚȘȖȋȖ Ȋ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȑ ȖȉȐȚȍȓȐ
ǹȓȖȊȈ ȏȊțȟȈȚ
Ǩȕȋȍȓȣ ȕȐȞ ȗȘȍȒȓȖȕȍȕȕȣȍ
ǷȖȦȚ ȚȘȖȗȈȘȤ
ǯȊȍȏȌȣ — ȓȈȔȗȈȌȣ ȏȈȎȎȍȕȕȣȍ
ǺȊȖȑ ȓȐȒ — ȈȓȚȈȘȤ
ǺȈȒ Ȏȍ ȗȐșȈȓ Ǵ ǲțȏȔȐȕ
ǲȚȖ țșȚȈȔ ȓȦȉȐȔȣȔ ȗȘȐȟȈȡȈȍȚșȧ
ǹȖ ȗȘȖȠȓȣȔ șȖ ȊșȍȔ ȘȖȌȕȐȚșȧ
ǹȘȈȊȕȐȚȍ ț ǨȓȣȔȖȊȈ
ǷȖȌȊȍșȒȐ Ȋ ȊȈȠȐȝ țȠȈȝ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȦȚ ȓȈȔȗȈȌȣ
ǪȍȟȕȖ ȋȖȘȧȡȐȍ ȕȈȌ ȐȒȖȕȖȑ ȓȐȞȈ
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ǪȈȠȈ ȦȉȒȈ ȕȈ ȉȍȌȘȈȝ " — ȗȖȒȘȖȊ țȗȈȊȠȐȑ ȕȈ ȟȈȠț
ǹ ȗȘȐȟȈșȚȐȍȔ ȔțȒ
ǰ ȍȡȍ Ȕȕȍ ȕȘȈȊȐȚșȧ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȈȧ ȚțȜȓȧ ȊȈȠȈ

45
ǰ ȌȓȐȕȕȣȑ ȒȈȒ ȚȘȈțȘȕȈȧ șȊȍȟȈ ȒȈȉȓțȒ
ǪȈȠȍ ȚȍȓȖ — ǭȊȈȕȋȍȓȐȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȕȖȍ ȕȈ ȈȕȈȓȖȑ
ǨȕȈȓȖȑ ȊȈȠȐȝ ȕȖȋ.
ǷȈȓȤȞȣ — ȟȍȚȒȐ ț ȒȖȒȖȚȖȒ — ©ȚȐȝȐȍ ȏȊȖȕȣ țȗȈȊȠȐȝ ȊȍȘȐȋª Ȑ Ț Ȍ
ǰȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖ ȖȗȧȚȤ șȖȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȥȘȖȚȐȒȐ ș ȌȘȍȊȕȍȑ Ȕȣ ȊȐȌȐȔ
ȟȚȖ ȏȌȍșȤ Ȋșȍ șȘȈȊȕȍȕȐȧ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȣ ȕȈ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚȈȝ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȖȋȖ ȒțȓȤȚȈ ȚȈȔ
ȕȈȖȉȖȘȖȚ — ȚȍȓȖ ȊȖȏȓȦȉȓȍȕȕȖȑ șȖȗȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ș șȈȔȣȔȐ ȖȉȣȟȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȍȌ-
ȔȍȚȈȔȐ ȋȘțȌȐ — ȋȘȖȏȌȤȧ ȊȐȕȖȋȘȈȌȈ ȐȓȐ ©ȥȔȈȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ ȡȐȚȣ ș ȒȖȕȞȈȔȐ
ȖȒȘȈȠȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȒȘȖȊȤȦ șȍȘȕȣª ȕȖȋȐ — șȓȖȕȖȊȣȍ ȒȓȣȒȐ ȎȐȊȖȚ — ȟȈȠȈ ȏțȉȣ
—șȚȈȌȖȖȊȍȞȐȚȗ
ǶȉȢȧșȕȧȍȚșȧ ȥȚȖ, ȗȖ ȕȈȠȍȔț ȔȕȍȕȐȦ, ȖȗȧȚȤ-ȚȈȒȐ ȉȍȏȋȘȍȠȕȖșȚȤȦ ȚȖȑ ȓȦȉ-
ȊȐ ȕȍ ȕțȎȌȈȦȡȍȑșȧ Ȋ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȊȖȏȊȍȓȐȟȐȊȈȕȐȧȝ
ǷȘȐȊȍȌȍȕȕȣȍ Ȏȍ ȊȣȠȍ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȖȥȚȣ ȟțȊșȚȊțȦȚ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤ
ȜȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȖșȊȧȡȍȕȐȧ șȊȖȍȑ șȚȘȈșȚȐ ȗȖȏȈȉȣȊȈȧ ȟȚȖ ȕȐȒȈȒȈȧ țșȓȖȊȕȈȧ
șȊȧȚȖșȚȤ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȎȐȊȖȑ Ȋ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ Ȑ ȕȍ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȓȐ ȟȐșȚȐȓȐ-
ȡȍ Ȋșȍȑ ȗȖȠȓȖșȚȐ ȎȐȏȕȐ — ȟȐșȚȖȍ țșȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȍ ǺȊȖȘȧȡȍȋȖ ǬțȝȈ
***
ǲțȉȖȒ ȕȍȉȈ ȗțșȚ ȗțșȚ
ǷȘȖșȚțȌȐȓȐșȤ ȗȈȘȖȊȖȏȣ
ǹȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȋȘțșȚȐ
ǯȈȉȣȚȣ ȌȈȎȍ ȥșȚȍȚȕȣȍ ȗȖȏȣ
șȚȘ 
ǵȖ Ȋ ȚȖȔ-ȚȖ Ȑ ȌȍȓȖ ȟȚȖ ©ȥșȚȍȚȕȣȍ ȗȖȏȣª ȏȈȔȍȚȤȚȍ, ȕȍ ©ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍª Ȉ
ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ©ȥșȚȍȚȕȣȍ» — ȏaȔȍȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȚȖȕȒȖ ȗȖȌȔȍȟȍȕȖ ȕȍ ȏȈȉȣȊȈȦȚșȧ Ǩȓȣ-
ȔȖȊȣȔ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ǶȚȒțȌȈ ȖȕȈ ȥȚȈ ȒȖȕȜȍȚȕȈȧ ȊțȓȤȋȈȘȕȈȧ ȗȖȏȈ ȗȘȖȊȐȕ-
ȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȌȍȕȌȐ" ǶȚȒțȌȈ ȥȚȖ ȕȈȐȋȘȈȕȕȖȍ ȋȘȈșșȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ Ȑ ȥșȚȍȚșȚȊȖ" ǬȈ ȒȖ-
ȕȍȟȕȖ, ȖȚ ȕȍȋȖ — ȊȍȓȐȒȖȓȍȗȕȖȋȖ ȕȍșȘȈȊȕȍȕȕȖȋȖ ǰȋȖȘȧ — ǹȍȊȍȘȧȕȐȕȈ ǵȖ
ȚțȚ ȒȘȖȍȚșȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȍ ȕȍȌȖȘȈȏțȔȍȕȐȍ ǹȍȊȍȘȧȕȐȕ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȐȕȌȐȊȐȌțȈȓȤȕȣȑ
ȗȖȥȚ ȒȈȒ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȕȍ șȖȏȌȈȓ ȠȒȖȓȣ ǪȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ Ȑȏ Ȋșȍȝ ȋȘțȗȗȐȘȖ-
ȊȈȊȠȐȝșȧ ȖȒȖȓȖ ȕȍȋȖ Ȋ ǷȍȚȍȘȉțȘȋȍ Ȑȏ Ȋșȍȝ șȚȈȘȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȌȘȈȎȈȦȡȐȝ ȍȔț
Ȋ ȗȘȖȊȐȕȞȐȐ Ȕȣ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȔ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ ȗȖȥȚȈ ǵȍ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ
ȓȐ ȥȚȖ" Ǵȣ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȍȔ ȥȚȖ ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ ǹȍȊȍȘȧȕȐȕ ȕȈșȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȐȕȌȐȊȐȌțȈȓȍȕ Ȑ
ȕȈșȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȖȕȒȈ ȚȈ ȕȐȚȤ ȗȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȉȈȓȈȕșȐȘțȍȚ Ȗȕ, ȕȐȚȤ — ȋȘȈȕȐȞȈ ȔȍȎ-
Ȍț ȐșȚȐȕȕȖȑ ȗȖȥȏȐȍȑ Ȑ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȞȐȍȑ ©ȠȈȕșȖȕȍȚȒȖȑ ȖȚ ȗȖȥȏȐȐª ȟȚȖ țȓȖ-
ȊȐȚȤ ȍȍ ȗȖȌȘȈȎȈȦȡȐȔ — ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ

46
ǰ Ȋ șȈȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ — ȒȖȋȌȈ ǰ ǹȍȊȍȘȧȕȐȕ ȗȐȠȍȚ
Ǫ ȉțȌțȈȘȍ ȚȖșȒțȦȡȍȑ ȕȈȘțȔȧȕȍȕȕȖȑ ǵȍȓȓȐ
ǫȌȍ ȗȖȌ ȗțȌȘȖȑ ȔȖȓȐȚȊȍȕȕȐȒ Ȉ ȕȈ ȕȍȑ — ǷȖȓȤ Ȍȍ ǲȖȒ
Ȋ ȥȚȐȝ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȉȣ ȗȈȘȜȦȔȍȘȕȣȝ ȉțȌțȈȘȕȖ-ȒțȠȍȚȕȣȝ șȚȘȖȒȈȝ ȐșȚȐȕ-
ȕȖ ȓȦȉȧȡȐȍ ȗȖȥȏȐȦ ȔȖȋțȚ șȒȖȘȍȍ țșȓȣȝȈȚȤ ȏȈȗȈȝ șȐȘȍȕȐ — ȓȦȉȐȔȖȋȖ ȞȊȍȚȒȈ
ǹȍȊȍȘȧȕȐȕȈ — ȟȍȔ ȚȖȚ ȗȖȠȓȣȑ ȏȈȗȈȝ ȌȍȠȍȊȣȝ ȌțȝȖȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȖȌȕȖșȧȚ
ȗȖȒȓȖȕȕȐȒȐ-ȗȖȥȚȣ ǹȍȊȍȘȧȕȐȕȈ ǹȈȔ ǹȍȊȍȘȧȕȐȕ ȌȈȍȚ ȕȈȔ ȒȓȦȟ Ȓ ȗȖȕȐȔȈ-
ȕȐȦ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ
Ǻȍȉȧ Ȋșȍ șȔțȡȈȍȚ
ǵȖ ȒȚȖ Ȏȍ Ȗȕ" ǲȚȖ Ȗȕ"
ǵȈȝȈȓ șțȔȈșȠȍȌȠȐȑ ȉȖȓȤȕȖȑ
ǵȖȊȈȚȖȘ Ȋ ȋȓȈȏȈȝ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȐȒȖȊ ȒȓȖțȕ
Ǫ ȋȓȈȏȈȝ Ȏȍ ȗȖȚȖȔȒȖȊ — șȊȧȚȖȑ
ȇ ȘȈȏȊȍ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȉȣ ȗȐșȈȚȤ ȗȘȐȔȐȚȐȊȕȖ
ǩȍȏ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȔȍȚȈȜȖȘ Ȑ șȓȖȊ
ȇ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȗȐȠț ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȕȖ ȕȈȐȊȕȖ
ǷȖȘȖȑ ȖȚ ȏȈȗȍȚȣȝ șȚȐȝȖȊ
ǰ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ
...ȟȚȖ ȧ ȕȍ ȕȖȊȈȚȖȘ
ǿȚȖ ȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȓȐȘȐȒ
ǬȐȚȧ ș ȔȍȓȖȌȐȟȕȖȑ ȌțȠȖȑ
Ǩ Ȋșȍ ȗȖȌȘȈȎȈȚȍȓȐ ȈȓȣȔȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȚȐȗȈ ȕȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȧ ȥȚȖȑ ȏȈȔȈșȒȐȘȖȊȈȕ-
ȕȖșȚȐ șȊȖȍȋȖ maitre’a, ȕȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȧ ȟȚȖ ǹȍȊȍȘȧȕȐȕ ȕȈȘȖȟȐȚȖ ȊțȓȤȋȈȘȍȕ ȗȘȐ-
ȕȐȔȈȦȚ ȍȋȖ ȔȈșȒȈȘȈȌ ȏȈ ȐșȚȐȕȕȖȍ ȊȣȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȍȋȖ ȌțȠȐ
ȇ ȒțȗȐȓ șȍȉȍ ȟȍȘȍȔțȝț ț ȒȐȚȈȑȞȈ ȕȈ ȗȈȕȍȓȐ
Ǻȣ ȉțȒȍȚȐȒ ȗȖȓȖȎȐȓȈ ȕȈ ȚȈȒȖȑ Ȏȍ ȉȍȓȣȑ șȚȖȓ
Ǵȣ Ȋ ȒȈȜȍ ȗȘȖȊȐȕȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȔ ȏȈ ȗȐȘȖȎȕȣȔȐ șȐȌȍȓȐ
ǴȐȔȖ ȧȘȒȖ ȗȘȖȌȍȓȤȜȐȕȐȓ ș ȖȜȐȞȍȘȈȔȐ ȈȊȚȖ
șȚȘ 
ǰ ȚȧȕȍȚșȧ ȌȓȐȕȕȈȧ ȉȍȏȊȒțșȕȈȧ ȔȕȖȋȖșȚȘȖȟȤ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȍȓȍ-ȍȓȍ ȊȣțȌȐȠȤ
ȚȘȐ-ȟȍȚȣȘȍ ȎȐȊȣȝ șȚȘȖȟȒȐ ȕȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ țȎȍ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ șȐȓȤȕȖȍ ȗȖȌȘȈȎȈ-
ȕȐȍ ȘȐȚȔȐȟȍșȒȐ șȍȊȍȘȧȕȐȕșȒȖȔț

47
ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȈ ȒȖȕȞȍȘȚȍ Ȋ ȔȍȌȐȞȐȕșȒȖȔ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȚȍ
Ǫȣ șȐȌȍȓȐ Ȋ ȊȍșȚȐȉȦȓȍ ȏȈ ȗȘȖȌȈȎȍȦ ȈȜȐȠ
ȇ ȗȖȌȢȍȝȈȓ Ȋ ȓȈȕȌȖȓȍȚȚȍ. . . . . .
ǶȒȘțȎȍȕȕȣȑ ȊȍȘȍȕȐȞȍȑ ȊȖșȚȖȘȋȈȦȡȐȝ ȌȍȊȐȞ
ǰ ȒȈȒ-ȚȖ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖ ȧȘȒȖ ȗȘȖȔȍȓȤȒȕȍȚ șȊȖȍ șȐȓȤȕȖȍ Ȑ ȝȖȘȖȠȍȍ
ǵȍȉȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȐȏȔȧȚȖ ȒȈȒ ȒȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȗȖșȓȍ ȖȘȋȐȑ
ǶȉȓȈȒȈ ȐȏȓȖȝȔȈȚȧșȤ ȘȈȏȖȘȊȈȓȐșȤ ȕȍȓȍȗȖ
șȚȘ. 77)
ǩȖȓȤȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȥȚ ȕȈȗȐșȈȊȠȐȑ ©ǲȈȔȍȕȕȖȌțȠȐȔª șȚȘ  ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȌȖ-
șȚȈȚȖȟȕȖȋȖ ȊȒțșȈ Ȑ ȟțȚȤȧ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȉȘȖșȐȚȤ șȊȖȑ ȕȈȌȖȍȊȠȐȑ ȏȈȐȋȘȈȕȕȣȑ ȔȖ-
ȚȐȊ — ȥȘȖȚȐȒȐ ǪȖȚ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȍ ȗȖ ȕȈȠȍȔț ȔȕȍȕȐȦ țȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȡȍȍ Ȑ ȕȈ
ȕȍșȖȔȕȍȕȕțȦ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȓȐȊȖșȚȤ ǨȓȣȔȖȊȈ Ȑ ȕȈ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȐȕȖȋȖ țșȚȘȍȔȓȍ-
ȕȐȧ ȍȋȖ ȌȈȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ
ǮȈȓȍȍȚȍ ǸȍȑȔșȒȐȑ șȖȉȖȘ
ǹȒȖȘȉȐȚȍ Ȗ ȗȖȘȟȍ ǳțȊȍȕȈ
Ǩ ȚȖ ȕȍ șȚȘȈȠȐȚ ȟȚȖ ȎȐȊȣȍ șȖȉȖȑ
ǷȓȈȚȐȓȐ ȏȈ ȔȍȘȚȊȣȍ șȚȍȕȣ"!
ǮȐȊȣȍ ȕțȎȕȣ șȖȉȖȘȣ ȗȖșȚȘȖȐȔ
ǰ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȒȕȐȋȐ ȌȈȌȐȔ.
ǰ ȉțȌțȚ șȖȉȖȘȣ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȍȍ ǺȘȖȐ
Ǩ ȒȕȐȋȐ șȊȍȎȍȍ ȊȖȌȣ..
ǪȈȔ ȎȈȓȤ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȣȓȤȕȣȝ ȒȈȒ Ȋȣ ȗȐȕȈȒȖȚȍȒ?!
ǩȍȏȌțȠȕȈȧ ȎȈȓȖșȚȤ ȘȈȉȖȊ!
ǮȐȊȖȑ ȅȚȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒ!
ǮȐȊȖȑ ȥȚȖ ȊȣȠȍ ȟȍȔ ǸȍȑȔșȒȐȑ șȖȉȖȘ
ǷȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȍ șȐȓȤȕȣȍ ȎȐȊȣȍ șȚȘȖȒȐ
Ǩ ȗȖȋȓȧȌȐȚȍ ȒȈȒȈȧ ȖȉȘȈȏȕȖșȚȤ ȒȈȒȖȍ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȖȍ ȊȋȓȧȌȣȊȈȕȐȍ ȐșȚȐȕȕȖ
ȕȍȎȕȖȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ț ǨȓȣȔȖȊȈ
ǰ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȈ Ȓ ȏȍȔȓȍ ȓȍȚȍȓȈ
ǯȈȟȍȘȗȕțȊȠȐ ȕȍȉȖ ȋȖȓȖȊȖȑ —
Ǫ ȓȐȜȚ Ȗȟȍȑ ȍȍ ȊșȒȖȟȐȚȤ țșȗȍȓȈ
Ǫșȧ ȓȈȏțȘȤ șȖ ȊșȍȦ șȐȕȍȊȖȑ
ǰ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȗȘȐȎȈȊ ȓȐȞȖȔ ȗȍșȟȐȕȒȐ
ǰ ȘȈșȒȘȈșȐȊ ȒȘȖȊȤȦ ȋȖȓȣȠȐ —

ǿțȚȤ ȌȣȠȈȓȈ. Ȑ ȍȍ ȉȖȚȐȕȒȐ
ǪȏȌȘȈȋȐȊȈȓȐ ȚȖȟȕȖ ȒȈȔȣȠȐ.
șȚȘ 
ǶșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȍȡȍ ȖȚȔȍȚȐȚȤ ȌȊȈ șȐȓȤȕȣȝ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ  Ȑ  șȚȘ ȗȖș-
ȊȧȡȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȥȚȈȔ ǹ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊț Ȑ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊț Ȋ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌ-
ȕȍȍ, ȏȈȔȍȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȚȖȕȒȖ Ȑ ȊȍȘȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȦȡȍȍ ȓȐȒ Ȑ ȌțȠț ȗȖȥȏȐȐ ǨșȍȍȊȈ
ȅȚȐ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ șȚȘȈȕȐȞ Ȑȏ Ȋșȍȑ ȒȕȐȋȐ ȌȈȦȚ ȕȈȌȍȎȌț ȟȚȖ ǨȓȣȔȖȊ ȖȚȌȈșȚ
ȊȏȧȚȖȍ ȕȈȗȘȖȒȈȚ ȗȓȈȚȤȍ șȊȖȍȑ ȚȍȗȍȘȍȠȕȍȑ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ Ȑ ȊȣȧȊȐȚ șȊȖȍ ȌȈȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ
Ȋ șȈȔȖșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȜȖȘȔȈȝ ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȟȚȖ ț ǨȓȣȔȖȊȈ ȍșȚȤ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȍ ȚȍȝȕȐ-
ȟȍșȒȐȍ ȌȈȕȕȣȍ ǰȚȈȒ ȉțȌȍȔ ȕȈȌȍȧȚȤșȧ ȟȚȖ ǨȓȣȔȖȊ Ȋ șȓȍȌțȦȡȍȑ șȊȖȍȑ ȒȕȐȋȍ
șȒȈȎȍȚ ȊȖ ȊȍșȤ ȕȍșȖȔȕȍȕȕȖ ȐȔȍȦȡȐȑșȧ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȋȖȓȖș.
ǬȍȒȈȉȘȤ  ȋ

49
©¡ª  
	³ÁÃ° ³ «Êµ¹¼µ³´

©ǲȈȒȐȍ ȕȈȋȓȍȞȣª șȒȈȎțȚ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ
©ǶȕȐ șȊȧȚȣȍª — ȊȖȏȘȈȏȧȚ ȌȘțȋȐȍ
Ǫ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊ
Ǫșȍ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ ǵȐȞȠȍ ȍșȚȤ ȗȘȍȌȟțȊșȚȊȐȍ Ȑ ȗȘȖȘȖȟȍșȚȊȖ Ȗ ȕȈșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȐ
ȕȖȊȖȑ ȥȘȣ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊȈ Ȗȉ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȕȐȐ Ȑ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ Țȍȝ ȥȗȖȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ
ȔȍȘȧȦȚșȧ ȚȣșȧȟȍȓȍȚȐȧȔȐ ǵȐȞȠȍ ȉȘȖșȐȓ șȊȖȐ ȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏȈȕȐȧ ș ȏȈȒȘȣȚȣȔȐ
ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ ȕȍ ȖȡțȡȈȧ ȍȡȍ ȧȊȕȖ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ ȌțȝȈ ȌȖȓȎȍȕșȚȊțȦȡȍȑ ȗȘȖȐȏȖȑ-
ȚȐ ȕȈ ȗȍȘȍȓȖȔȍ ǲȈȒ ȉȣ Ȋ ȗȖȌȚȊȍȘȎȌȍȕȐȍ ǵȐȞȠȍ Ȋ ǸȖșșȐȐ ȘȈȏȌȈȓȖșȤ ȋȘȖ-
ȔȖȊȖȍ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȍ Ȗ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȔ ȗȍȘȍȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊȈ ȅȚȐȔ ȕȈȗȖȔȐ-
ȕȈȕȐȍȔ ȧȊȐȓȖșȤ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ ȋȍȕȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȥȚȈ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ
ǵȐȞȠȍ țȒȈȏȈȓ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊț ȋȘȖȔȈȌȕȣȍ ȗțȚȐ ȖȎȐȌȈȦȡȐȍ ȍȋȖ ȕȖ șȈȔ Ȗȕ
ȕȍ ȊșȚțȗȐȓ ȕȈ ȥȚȐ ȗțȚȐ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ǵȐȞȠȍ ȕȍ ȉȣȓ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȍȔ Ȗȕ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ
ȔȖȘȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȕȍȔȍȞȒȐȑ ȉțȘȎțȈ ȗȘȖȗȖȊȍȌȖȊȈȓ ȈȔȖȘȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ
ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ — ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȗȖȊȍȌȐ ǵȐȞȠȍ Ȗȕ ȘȈȏȘțȠȈȍȚ ȕȘȈȊșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȖșȚȤ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȗȖȊȍȌȤȦ Ȉ șȈȔȐȔ șȖȉȖȑ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ șȈȔ
ǷȓȖȡȈȌȕȖȑ șțȚȍȕȍȘ
Ȑ ȒȈȘȚȖȟȕȣȑ ȠțȓȍȘ
ǵȐȞȠȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ Ȗ ©ȟȈșȍ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȏȘȍȕȐȧª ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȚȊȘȈȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ
ȗȖȒȈȎțȚșȧ ȕȈȔ ȕȈȠȍ șȟȈșȚȤȍ ȘȈȏțȔ Ȑ ȌȖȉȘȖȌȍȚȍȓȤ Ȑ Ȋ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȌȖȉȘȖ-
ȌȍȚȍȓȤ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȍȡȍ ©ȕȐȒȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȌȖȊȍȓȈ ȌȖ ȕȍȐșȚȖȊșȚȊȈª ǴȈȧȒȖȊ-
șȒȐȑ Ȑ ȍșȚȤ ȥȚȖȚ ©ȟȈș ȊȍȓȐȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȏȘȍȕȐȧ» ș ȕȍȋȖȌȖȊȈȕȐȍȔ ȖȚȉȘȈșȣȊȈȍȚ Ȗȕ
ȖȚ șȍȉȧ ȉțȚȈȜȖȘȐȦ șȚȈȘȖȋȖ ȔȐȘȈ ȟȍșȚȕȖșȚȤ ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕșȒȖȍ ȔȐȘȖȖȡțȡȍȕȐȍ
ȉȖȋȈ ȕȍȎȕȖșȚȤ
ǷȍȘȊȣȔ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȔ ȖșȊȖȉȖȎȌȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ șȊȖȍȑ ȕȍ-
ȖȉȣȟȈȑȕȖȑ ȞȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ǶȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȐȊȈȕȐȍ ȔȐȘȈ — ȕȈȏȊȈȓȐ ȉȣ Ȕȣ ȥȚȖ ȟțȊșȚȊȖ
ǵȐȞȠȍ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȊȍȓȐȟȈȑȠȈȧ ȞȍȕȕȖșȚȤ — ȖȞȍȕȒȈ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ șȈȔȐȔ șȖ-
ȉȖȑ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȘȈȏȘțȠȐȊ ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȦ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ șȚȈȘȖȋȖ ȔȐȘȈ ȉȣȊȠȍȋȖ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ©șȘȍȌȕȍȑ ȜȖȘȔȖȑª ȔȍȎȌț ȘȈșȚȍȕȐȍȔ Ȑ ȗȘȐȊȐȌȍȕȐȍȔ ȒȘȐȟȐȚ Ȗ ȕȖ-
ȊȖȔ ț ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȒȈȎȌȖȍ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ ©ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖȍ ȕȍȖȉȢȧșȕȐȔȖȍ ȟțȌȖª ǴȈȧȒȖȊ-
șȒȐȑ ȉȍȘȍȚ ȖȉȣȌȍȕȕȖȍ ȒȈȎȌȖȌȕȍȊȕȖ-ȗȘȐȊȣȟȕȖȍ, Ȑ ȊȖȓȠȍȉȕȣȔ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍȔ

50
©ȐȏțȔȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȔȒȈª — șȍȘȌȞȈ ȗȘȍȚȊȖȘȧȍȚ ȖȉȣȌȍȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȟțȌȖ Ȋ ȗȘȈȏȌȕȐȒ
ȎȐȊȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ț ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȒȈȎȌȈȧ ȒȓȍȚȒȈ ȒȘȐȟȐȚ Ȑ ȗȖȍȚ Ȗ șȊȖȍȔ șțȡȍșȚȊȖ-
ȊȈȕȐȐ ǰ ȟȍȔ Ȏȍ ȍȡȍ ȉȣȚȤ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒț ȒȈȒ ȕȍ șȗȓȖȠȕȖȑ ȗȍșȕȤȦ Ȑ ȕȈȚȧȕțȚȖȑ
șȚȘțȕȖȑ ȒȖȋȌȈ șȖȓȕȞȍ șȊȍȚȐȚ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȋȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ȌȍȕȤ ȍȋȖ ȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ Ȉ
ȕȍ ȉȖȎȤȍȋȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȏȈȋȖȘȍȚȤșȧ ȏȊȍȏȌȈ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ǪȐȜȓȍȍȔȈ
ǲȖȋȌȈ ǯȈȘȈȚțșȚȘȈ ȗȖȠȍȓ ȗȘȖȗȖȊȍȌȖȊȈȚȤ Ȗ șȊȍȘȝȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȍ Ȗȕ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȓ Ȋ
șȈȌț ȗțșȚȣȕȕȐȒȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ©șȔȍȝȖȔ ȗȍȕȐȍȔ ȗȓȈȟȍȔ Ȑ ȊȖȘȟȈȕȐȍȔª șȓȈȊȐȓ
ȉȖȋȈ ǯȈȘȈȚțșȚȘȈ șȒȈȏȈȓ ©ȅȚȖȚ șȊȧȚȖȑ șȚȈȘȍȞ ȍȡȍ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ șȓȣȝȈȓ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ
ȓȍșț Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȉȖȋȐ țȔȍȘȓȐ».
ǩȖȋȐ țȔȍȘȓȐ
ȅȚȖ ȜȖȘȔțȓȈ ȏȕȈȟȖȒ ȕȖ ȕȍ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȖȍ ȊȣșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȊȍȟȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖ-
ȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ — ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ǪȍȘȈ Ȋ ȉȖȋȈ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȈ ȕȈ ȟțȊșȚȊȍ Ȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ țȌȈȘȖȔ ȗȖ
ȟțȊșȚȊț Ȏȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȍȍ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȐȚȤ
ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ șȚȘȈȠȕȣȑ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȑ ȕȈȐȊȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȉȍșșȖȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ
ȗȖȌȓȖșȚȐ țȌȈȘȈ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ Ȓ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȐ Ȗȕ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȟȚȖ ©ȉȖȋȐ țȔȍȘ-
ȓȐª ȕȈȖȉȖȘȖȚ Ȗȕ ȖȎȐȊȓȧȍȚ ȉȖȋȈ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȐȘțȍȚ ȍȋȖ ȌȖ ȗȖȓȕȖȋȖ ȚȍȓȍșȕȖȋȖ ȊȖ-
ȗȓȖȡȍȕȐȧ
ǰ ǩȖȋ ȏȈȗȓȈȟȍȚ ȕȈȌ ȔȖȍȑ ȒȕȐȎȒȖȑ —
ǵȍ șȚȐȝȐ Ȉ șțȌȖȘȖȋȐ, șȓȐȗȠȐȍșȧ ȒȖȔȖȔ
ǰ ȗȖȉȍȎȐȚ ȗȖ ȕȍȉț ș ȕȍȦ ȗȖȌ ȔȣȠȒȖȑ
ǰ ȏȈȌȣȝȈȧșȤ, ȉțȌȍȚ ȟȐȚȈȚȤ șȊȖȐȔ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȔ
ȐȓȐ
ǬțȔȈȍȚ ǩȖȋ —
ǷȖȋȖȌȐ, ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘ
Ǫșȧ șȐȓȈ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȍȌȐȕȒȍ ș ǩȖȋȖȔ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ
șȚȖȐȚ ș ǩȖȋȖȔ ©ȉȖȒ Ȗ ȉȖȒª, ȘȈȊȕȣȑ ș ȘȈȊȕȣȔ.
Ǫȣȓȍȏț ȋȘȧȏȕȣȑ ȖȚ ȕȖȟȍȊȖȒ Ȋ ȒȈȕȈȊȈȝ
ǹȚȈȕț ȉȖȒ Ȗ ȉȖȒ
ǰ șȒȈȎț ȍȔț ȕȈ țȝȖ
©ǷȖșȓțȠȈȑȚȍ ȋȖșȗȖȌȐȕ ǩȖȋ
ǲȈȒ ȊȈȔ ȕȍ șȒțȟȕȖ
Ǫ ȖȉȓȈȟȕȣȑ ȒȐșȍȓȤ
ǭȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȖ ȖȉȔȈȒȐȊȈȚȤ ȘȈȏȌȖȉȘȍȊȠȐȍ ȋȓȈȏȈ
ǬȈȊȈȑȚȍ ȏȕȈȍȚȍ
ǻșȚȘȖȐȔ ȒȈȘțșȍȓȤ
ǵȈ ȌȍȘȍȊȍ ȐȏțȟȍȕȐȧ ȌȖȉȘȈ Ȑ ȏȓȈ
ǪȍȏȌȍșțȡȐȑ Ǻȣ ȉțȌȍȠȤ Ȋ ȒȈȎȌȖȔ ȠȒȈȗț

51
ǰ ȊȐȕȈ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȘȈșșȚȈȊȐȔ ȗȖ șȚȖȓț
ǿȚȖ ȏȈȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ ȗȘȖȑȚȐșȤ ȒȐ-ȒȈ-ȗț
ǽȔțȘȖȔț ǷȍȚȘț ǨȗȖșȚȖȓț
Ǩ Ȋ ȘȈȍ ȖȗȧȚȤ ȗȖșȍȓȐȔ ǭȊȖȟȍȒ
ǷȘȐȒȈȎȐ
ǹȍȋȖȌȕȧ ȕȖȟȤȦ Ȏȍ
ǹȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȉțȓȤȊȈȘȖȊ ȒȘȈșȐȊȍȑȠȐȝ ȌȍȊȖȟȍȒ
ȇ ȕȈȚȈȡț Țȍȉȍ
ǽȖȟȍȠȤ"
ǵȍ ȝȖȟȍȠȤ"
ǴȖȚȈȍȠȤ ȋȖȓȖȊȖȑ ȒțȌȓȈȚȖȑ"
ǹțȗȐȠȤ șȍȌțȦ ȉȘȖȊȤ
Ǻȣ ȌțȔȈȍȠȤ ȥȚȖȚ
ǯȈ ȚȖȉȖȦ ȒȘȣȓȈȚȣȑ
ǯȕȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ"
ȇ ȌțȔȈȓ Ǻȣ ȊșȍșȐȓȤȕȣȑ ǩȖȎȐȡȍ
Ǩ Ǻȣ ȕȍȌȖțȟȒȈ ȒȘȖȝȖȚȕȣȑ ȉȖȎȖȒ
ǪȐȌȐȠȤ ȧ ȕȈȋȐȉȈȦșȤ
Ȑȏ-ȏȈ ȋȖȓȍȕȐȡȈ
ȌȖșȚȈȦ șȈȗȖȎȕȣȑ ȕȖȎȐȒ
ǲȘȣȓȈȚȣȍ ȗȘȖȝȊȖșȚȣ
ȎȔȐȚȍșȤ Ȋ ȘȈȦ
ǭȘȖȠȤȚȍ ȊȖȓȖșȣ Ȋ ȐșȗțȋȈȕȕȖȑ ȚȘȧșȒȍ
ȇ Țȍȉȧ ȗȘȖȗȈȝȠȍȋȖ ȓȈȌȈȕȖȔ ȘȈșȒȘȖȦ
ǶȚșȦȌȈ ȌȖ ǨȓȧșȒȐ
ǷțșȚȐȚȍ Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȍ
ǪȘț ȧ ȊȗȘȈȊȍ ȓȐ
ǵȖ ȧ ȕȍ ȔȖȋț ȉȣȚȤ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȍȑ
ȅȚȖ — ȐȏțȔȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȑ ȚȖȕȒȖȑ ȐȘȖȕȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȒȖȡțȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ
șȔȍȓȖȑ șȚȘȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ ȔȖȕȖȓȖȋ ©ǺȘȐȕȈȌȞȈȚȖȋȖ ǨȗȖșȚȖȓȈª, ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȊȠȍȋȖșȧ ȕȈ
ȗțȚȐ Ȓ ȖȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȐȊȈȕȐȦ ȔȐȘȈ ș ȘțȝȓȧȌȤȦ șțȗȧȡȍȑ șȍȌțȦ ȉȘȖȊȤ ǪȖȚ ȖȕȐ
șȚȖȓȒȕțȓȐșȤ ǩȖȋ — ȊȍȚȝȐȑ ȗȘȖȗȈȝȠȐȑ ȓȈȌȈȕȖȔ Ȑȏ ȋȓȈȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ șȔȖȚȘȧȚ
ȚȣșȧȟȍȓȍȚȐȧ Ȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖ șȚȈȊȠȐȑ ǫțȓȓȐȊȍȘȖȔ Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȘȖȌȕȖȑ
șȚȘȈȕȍ Ǭȓȧ ȔȍȡȈȕȐȕȈ șȚȘȈȠȍȕ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȍ ȐșȝȖȌ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȖȍȌȐȕȒȈ Ȉ șȈȔȈ ȊȖȏ-
ȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ șȚȖȧȕȐȧ ©ȉȖȒ Ȗ ȉȖȒª ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȕȍ țȉȐȊȈȍȚ ǩȖȋȈ Ȉ ȖȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȐ-
ȊȈȍȚ ȍȋȖ ȗȓȍȊȒȈȔȐ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȌțȔȈȚȤ Ȗ ȔȍșȚȐ
©ǷȖȋȖȌȐ, ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘª
ȅȚȖ ȥȓȓȐȕșȒȖȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȉȖȎȍșȚȊȈ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȔȐ ȕȍȌȖ-
șȚȈȚȒȈȔȐ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖȋȖ ȉȖȘȖȚȤșȧ ș ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȔ ȌȈȍȚ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȔț ȊȖȏȔȖȎ-

ȕȖșȚȤ ȊȣșȚțȗȐȚȤ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ǩȖȋȈ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȕȍȋȖ ȒȈȒ șțȡȍșȚȊțȦȡȍȋȖ ȖȉȊȐȕȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ
Ȋ ȉȍșșȐȓȐȐ
ǪșȍȔȖȋțȡȐȑ Țȣ ȊȣȌțȔȈȓ ȗȈȘț ȘțȒ
ǹȌȍȓȈȓ ȟȚȖ ț ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ ȋȖȓȖȊȈ
ǺȈȒ ȖȚȟȍȋȖ Ȏ Țȣ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ
ǿȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȍȏ ȔțȒ ȞȍȓȖȊȈȚȤ ȞȍȓȖȊȈȚȤ
ǵȖ ȗțșȚȤ ȌȈȎȍ ǩȖȋ ȊȍȓȐȒ Ȑ ȔȖȋțȟ ȟȚȖ ȖȚ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȓȦȌȧȔ
Ǫ ©ǴȐșȚȍȘȐȐ-ȉțȜȜª ȘȈȉȖȟȐȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ
ǻ ǩȖȋȈ ȍșȚȤ ȧȉȓȖȒȐ ȈȗȍȓȤșȐȕȣ ȊȐȠȕȐ
ǴȖȎȍȚ Ȋȍșȕȣ șȚȓȈȚȤ șȍȔȤ ȘȈȏ ȕȈ ȌȕȦ
Ǩ Ȓ ȕȈȔ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȏȈȌȖȔ ȖȉȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ǪșȍȊȣȠȕȐȑ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ǽȘȐșȚȖȔ ȏȈȓȈȊȓȐȊȈȍȚ Ȋ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȦ
ǰ ȉȍșșȐȓȐȍ Ȑ ȖȚȟțȎȌȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ǩȖȋȈ ȖȚ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȗȖȘȖȎȌȈȍȚ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȍȕȐȍ
ǶȘȐȚȍ Ȋ ȘțȎȤȧ Ȋ ȗțȠȒȐ ȉȈșȐȚȍ
Ǵȣ șȈȔȐ șȍȉȍ ǽȘȐșȚȖș Ȑ ǹȗȈșȐȚȍȓȤ
Ǵȣ șȈȔȐ ǽȘȐșȚȖș
Ǵȣ șȈȔȐ ǹȗȈșȐȚȍȓȤ
ǵȍ ȕțȎȕȖ ȗȘȖȘȖȒȖȊ
Ǵȣ Ȋșȍ ǵȈȏȈȘȍȐ
ǽȊȈȚȈȑȚȍșȤ ȏȈ ȔȈȟȚȣ
ǹȒȖȓȤȏȐȚȍ ȕȈ ȘȍȐ
ǴȐșȚȍȘȐȧ-ȉțȜȜ
ȅȚȖȚ ȗțȚȤ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȐȧ ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȐ șȚȈȘȖȋȖ ȔȐȘȈ Ȑ ȕȈȔȍȟȐȊȈȕȐȍ ȕȖȊȖȑ
— ȗȘȖȑȌȍȕ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȔ Ȋ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȟȈșȚȐ șȊȖȍȑ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ
ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȥȚȖ ȊȚȖȘȖȑ Ȑ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ șȈȔȣȑ șȐȓȤȕȣȑ ȗȖșȓȍ ǵȐȞȠȍ
țȌȈȘ ȗȖ ȐȌȖȓȈȔ șȚȈȘȖȋȖ ȔȐȘȈ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȈȕȚȐȚȍȏȐș Ȋșȍȝ ȕȈȠȐȝ țșȚȖȍȊ Ȑ
ȗȖȥȚȖȔț Ȗȕ ȏȈȊȍȘȠȐȚȍȓȤ ȕȈȠȍȑ ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȐ ȏȈȊȍȘȠȐȚȍȓȤ, șȚȖȧȡȐȑ ȕȈ ȋȘȈ-
ȕȐ ȌȊțȝ ȥȗȖȝ Ǩ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ Ȋ ȒȈȒȐȝ-ȚȖ ȍȡȍ ȕȍȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȒȘȈșȒȈȝ ȘȐșțȍȚșȧ
ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȥȗȖȝ ȗȘȍȌȚȍȟȍȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȊȍȓȐȒȐȑ
ȗȖȥȚ Ȑ ȐșȚȣȑ ȉțȌȍȚȓȧȕȐȕ ǪȍȓȐȔȐȘ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊ

53
 ¢  
³½³¸® ³¼µ¾¼¼½«
ǷȍȘȊȖȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȖ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒ Ǫ ǵ ǷȈȓȤȔȖȊ șȌȍȓȈȓ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖȍ șȖȖȉȡȍȕȐȍ
Ȗ șȊȖȍȑ ȎȐȊȖȗȐșȐ Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȐ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȋȋ Ǫ ǵ! ǩȍȏȔȍ-
ȕȖȊ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒ țȟȍȕȐȒ ǴȈȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ǬȖȉȘȖȔȣșȓȖȊ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ
ȕȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȦȚ ȒȈȘȚȐȕ ǷȈȓȤȔȖȊȈ ȖȉȖȉȡȐȓȐ șȊȖȐ ȊȖșȗȘȐȧȚȐȧ Ȑ ȊȣșȒȈȏȈȓȐ șȖ-
ȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ȟȚȖ ȕȖȊȖȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȜțȚțȘȐșȚȖȊ ȔȈȓȖ ȒȚȖ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȍȚ Ȑ țȎ ȒȖ-
ȕȍȟȕȖ ȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȦȚ ȕȈȘȖȌȖȈȘȔȍȑȞȣ Ȑ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȍ
Ǫ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȑȠȍȔ ș ȋȖȘȧȟȍȑ Ȑ țȉȍȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȘȍȟȤȦ ȊȣșȚțȗȐȓ ȗȖȥȚ ǵ ǵ Ǩșȍ-
ȍȊ ǺȈȒ ȒȈȒ — ȗȖ ȍȋȖ șȓȖȊȈȔ — ȖșȕȖȊȕȖȍ șȊȖȑșȚȊȖ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȍșȚȤ
ȊȖȓȧ Ȓ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊț Ț ȍ șȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȗȘȍȖȌȖȓȍȕȐȦ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȐ ȘȈȌȐ ȖȘȋȈȕȐ-
ȏȈȞȐȐ ȜȖȘȔȣ ȚȖ ȥȚȈ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȧ ȜȖȘȔ Ȑ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȚ ȔȐȘȖșȖȏȍȘȞȈȕȐȍ Ȑȝ
ȚȊȖȘȞȈ ǿȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȌȍȓȈȦȡȐȑ Ȑȏ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȐ Ȑȏ șȣȘȤȧ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚ Ȑȏ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȈ
ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȖ ȕȍȊȖȓȤȕȖ șȉȓȐȎȈȍȚșȧ ș ȥȚȖȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȍȑ Ȑ ȊȍșȤ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȐȘ ȊȐȌȐȚ Ȋ
ȜȖȘȔȈȝ ȉȓȐȏȒȖȋȖ ȍȔț ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈ Ǫ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ — ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȐ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȦȡȐȍ
ȕȈȌ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȔ ȒȈȒ ȒȘȈșȒȈ ȐȓȐ ȗȖȥȚȣ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȦȡȐȍ ȕȈȌ șȓȖȊȍșȕȣȔ
ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȔ Ȑȏ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȍ ȊȐȌȧȚ ȔȐȘ ȗȖ-ȕȖȊȖȔț Ȑ ȕȍȚ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ
țȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ Ȑȝ ȗȍȘȊȖȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȖ ȕȍ țȌȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ ȠȐȘȖȒȐȔ ȔȈș-
șȈȔ ǪȍȌȤ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ șȖȊȍȚȖȊȓȈșȚȐȧ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȖȕȧȚȣ ȕȍ șȘȈȏț
ȅȚȖ — ȊȖ-ȗȍȘȊȣȝ Ȉ ȊȖ-ȊȚȖȘȣȝ — șȚȈȘȖȘȍȎȐȔȡȐȒȐ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȖȉȣȟȕȖ
ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȏȓȖțȗȖȚȘȍȉȓȧȦȚ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ șȗȖȘȈȝ ș ȕȖȊȈȚȖȘȈȔȐ ©ȌȖȊȖȌȖȔ ȖȚ ȕȍȗȖȕȧȚ-
ȕȖșȚȐª ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ șȘȍȌȐ ȔȈșș ȕȍ ȌȍȓȈȓ ȕȐ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȝ ȈȕȒȍȚ
ȕȐ ȖȗȘȖșȖȊ Ȑ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȐ ȏȈȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȍ șȓțȟȈȍȊ ȕȍ ȖȗȐȘȈȦȚșȧ ȕȈ
șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȐȍ ȔȈȕȌȈȚȣ
ǵȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȈ ȈȋȐȚȈȞȐȧ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȈ ȗȘȖȗȈȋȈȕȌȈ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ — Ȑ
ȍȋȖ ȖȚȓȐȟȕȖ ȗȖȑȔțȚ Ȑ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȍ Ȑ ȕȈȘȖȌȖȈȘȔȍȑȞȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȔȈșșȍ șȍȑ-
ȟȈș ȍȡȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȐȖȉȡȈȦȚșȧ ȐșȒțșșȚȊț ǵȍȌȈȓȍȒ ȚȖȚ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȐ ȗȖ-
ȟțȊșȚȊțȦȚ ȟȚȖ ȕȖȊȖȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȓȖ Ȑ șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ Ȋ ȚȖȑ Ȏȍ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȑ
ȚȍȔȗȍȘȈȚțȘȍ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȘȖȌȐȓȈșȤ Ȑ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ ǨȗȓȖȌȐșȔ
ǷȖșȓȍ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ȊȣșȚțȗȐȓ ȍȡȍ ȘȧȌ ȏȈȡȐȚȕȐȒȖȊ șȚȈȘȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȒȖȚȖ-
ȘȣȔ ȋȖȘȧȟțȦ ȖȚȗȖȊȍȌȤ ȌȈȓ ȒȖȔȔțȕȐșȚ ǹ ǲțȏȕȍȞȖȊ.

54
½¹»¹´ ·³½³¸® ³¼µ¾¼¼½« «·Ê½³ ¶°µ¼«¸¯»« ¶¹µ«
ǵȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȕȍȕȈșȚȕțȦ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȉțȘȕțȦ ȗȖȋȖȌț — ȏȈȓ ǻȟȘȍȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ
șȖȉȘȈȕȐȧ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȔ ȔȐȚȐȕȋȍ — ȗȍȘȍȗȖȓȕȍȕ ǲȘȖȔȍ ȖȉȣȟȕȖȑ ȔȈș-
șȣ ȗȖșȍȚȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȔȐȚȐȕȋȖȊ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȈª ȖȉȘȈȡȈȦȚ ȕȈ șȍȉȧ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȒȘȍș-
ȚȤȧȕȍ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȊȠȐȍ Ȋ ǿȐȚț ȕȈ șȢȍȏȌ ȒȖȓȝȖȏȖȊ ȉȖȘȖȌȈȚȣȍ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȣȍ ȊȌțȔ-
ȟȐȊȣȍ ǴȖȎȕȖ șȔȍȓȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȐȌȍȧ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȠȐȘȖȒȖȌȖșȚțȗȕȣȝ ȔȐ-
ȚȐȕȋȖȊ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȔȈȧ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȕȈ ȕȈȠȐȝ ȋȓȈȏȈȝ ȋȘțȗȗȖȑ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍ-
șȚȊȖª ȐȔȍȍȚ ȗȖȌ șȖȉȖȑ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕțȦ ȗȖȟȊț
ǪșȍȖȉȡȍȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȈȦȚ Ȓ șȍȉȍ ȌȊȈ ȕȍșȚȍȘȗȐȔȖ ȧȘȒȐȝ ȗȓȈȒȈȚȈ ȝț-
ȌȖȎȕȐȒȈ ǷȈȓȤȔȖȊȈ ȕȈ ȚȍȔȣ ©ǬȊȍȕȈȌȞȈȚȐª ǩȓȖȒȈ ȕȖ Ȋ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕ-
ȕȖȔ ȗȘȍȓȖȔȓȍȕȐȐ ȟȍȔ ț ȗȖȥȚȈ
ǷȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊțȍȚ ǵ Ǽ ǵȈșȐȔȖȊȐȟ-ǿțȎȈȒ
ǬȖȒȓȈȌ Ȗ ©ǴȍșȚȍ ǩȓȖȒȈ Ȋ ȘțșșȒȖȑ ȗȖȥȏȐȐª ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ǵ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊ
Ǵȣ șȟȐȚȈȓȐ ȉȣ ȕȍțȔȍșȚȕȣȔ — ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊ — ȕȈȟȈȚȤ șȊȖȍ ȖȉȘȈ-
ȡȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȊȈȔ ș ȖȉȡȐȝ ȔȍșȚ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ șȖȉȖȓȍȏȕȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȍȟȈȓȐ ȗȖ ȗȖȊȖȌț
șȔȍȘȚȐ ǩȓȖȒȈ Ǵȣ ȗȘȐȠȓȐ ȕȍ ȊȣȒȈȗȣȊȈȚȤ ǩȓȖȒȈ Ȑȏ ȔȖȋȐȓȣ Ȉ ȊȣȘȊȈȚȤ ȏȕȈ-
Ȕȧ Ȑȏ ȍȋȖ ȏȈȚȘȍȗȍȚȈȊȠȐȝ ȘțȒ Ȑ ȊȏȧȚȤ ȖȚ ǩȓȖȒȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȎȐȊȖ Ȑ ȉțȌȍȚ
ȎȐȚȤ — Ȑ ȚȍȔ ȏȈȗȖȓȕȐȚȤ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȊȠțȦșȧ ȗțșȚȖȚț Ȋ ȊȖȑșȒȍ ȗȍșȍȕ
Ǭȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȖȏȕȈȒȖȔȐȚȤ ș ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ Ȑȏ șȍȉȧ ǩȓȖȒ Ȋ ȌȈȕ-
ȕȣȑ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ ȊȖȚ Ȍȓȧ ȥȚȖȑ ȔȈșșȣ Ȕȣ ȝȖȚȍȓȐ ȉȣ ȌȈȚȤ ǩȓȖȒȈ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȕȈȟȐȕȍȕ-
ȕȖȑ ȗȍșȍȕȕȣȔ ȗȖȘȖȝȖȔ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ — ȗȘȖȉȐȘȈȦȡȍȋȖșȧ șȒȊȖȏȤ ȟȈȡț șȊȖȍȋȖ ȗȖ-
ȒȖȓȍȕȐȧ Ȓ ȐȕȣȔ ȉțȌțȡȐȔ ȉȍȘȍȋȈȔ
ǸȈȕȕȐȑ ǩȓȖȒ ȝȖȚȍȓ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȋ ȊȐȌȍ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȑ ȕȍȏȕȈȒȖȔȒȐ
ȖȒțȚȈȕȕȖȑ ȔȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȌȣȔȒȖȑ Ȗȕ ȘȊȈȓșȧ ȊșȍȔ șȊȖȐȔ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȔ șȍȘȌȞȍȔ
ȖȗȘȈȊȌȈȚȤ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȘȈșșȍȟȤ ȍȍ ȔȍȟȖȔ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȕȖȋȖ ȖȗȣȚȈ — Ȑ Ȗȕ șȘȈȏț Ȏȍ ȉȖ-
ȓȤȕȖ țȠȐȉșȧ Ƕȕ ȗȖȕȧȓ ȟȚȖ ȒțȘȍȕȐȍ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȜȐȔȐȈȔȈ ȕȍȔȣșȓȐȔȖ ȉȍȏ ȖȉȓȈ-
ȌȈȕȐȧ ȍȦ Ȑ ȊȖȚ Ȗȕ ȗȣȚȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖșȚȘȖȐȚȤ ȕȖȊȖȍ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȕȖȍ ȔȐȘȖșȖȏȍȘȞȈȕȐȍ
ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȕȍȐȏȉȍȎȕȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ șȚȖȓȒȕțȚȤșȧ ș ȔȐȘȖșȖȏȍȘȞȈȕȐȍȔ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ
ȐȌțȡȍȋȖ ȒȓȈșșȈ Ǫ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ — ȋȖȘȤȒȐȍ ȎȈȓȖȉȣ Ȑ ȕȈȓȐȟȐȍ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȔȐȘȖșȖ-
ȏȍȘȞȈȕȐȐ ȌȊțȝ ȗȘȈȊȌ ȖȌȕȖȑ șȚȘȍȔȧȡȍȑșȧ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȑ șȗȈȧȚȤ ȍȍ Ȋ ȕȍ-
ȟȚȖ ȋȈȘȔȖȕȐȟȕȖȍ Ȑ ȞȍȓȖȍ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȗȖȌȔȍȚȐȊȠȍȑ ȔȐȈȏȔȣ Ȑ ȧȏȊȣ ȍȍ ǶȚșȦ-
ȌȈ — șȔȍȠȕȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ǩȓȖȒ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȖșȚȘȖ ȗȖȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ Ȑ ȕȈș-
ȔȍȠȒȐ șȈȔȖȋȖ ȗȖȥȚȈ ȕȈȌ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ©șȖȋȓȈȠȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȔª
ǶșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȒȈȚȈșȚȘȖȜȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȘȈȏȉȐȊȠȐȔ ȍȋȖ ȔȐȘȖșȖȏȍȘȞȈȕȐȍ Ȋ ȒțșȒȐ
ȖȒȈȏȈȓșȧ Ȍȓȧ ǩȓȖȒȈ 1905 ȋȖȌ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȖȥȚț ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȖșȤ ȐȓȐ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȖȚȖȑ-
ȚȐ ȖȚ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȐȓȐ ȗȖȘȊȈȚȤ șȖ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȌȘțȏȤȧȔȐ-șȐȔȊȖȓȐșȚȈȔȐ ǰ ȝȖȚȧ ǩȓȖȒ
ȕȍ șȌȍȓȈȓ ȊȣȗȈȌȈ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȥȚȖȑ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ȕȖ Ȗȕ șțȔȍȓ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȊȣȗȈȌ
ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȚȖȋȖ ȒȓȈșșȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȥȚț ȋȘțȗȗț ȗȖȘȖȌȐȓ ǷȖȏȣȊ Ȓ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ ț
ǩȓȖȒȈ ȗȘȈȊȌȈ ȉȣȓ ȕȍȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȐȚȍȓȍȕ Ȑ ȕȍ ȌȈȓ ȖșȧȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȊ

55
ȕȖ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȚȈ Ȓ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȔț țȎȍ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ
ǪȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȑ ȉȖȑȕȐ ǩȓȖȒ șȎȈȓ șȊȖȐ ȋțȉȣ ȕȈșȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȓȖȚȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȖ-
ȟȚȐ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȗȐșȈȓ Ȑ — ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ — ȕȍ ȉȣȓ ȏȈȝȊȈȟȍȕ
ȊȖȓȕȖȑ ȠȖȊȐȕȐȏȔȈ Ǫ 1918 ȋ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȐșȤ ȍȋȖ «12» Ȑ ©ǹȒȐȜȣª ȕȖ Ȑ ȏȌȍșȤ Ȋșȍ
șȊȍȓȖșȤ Ȓ ȕȍȒȖȍȔț șȊȍȚȓȖȔț ȉȍȏȉțȘȕȖȔț ©ȈȕȋȍȓȤșȒȖȔțª ȒȖȕȞț Ȋ ȊȐȌȍ ȠȈȋȈȦ-
ȡȍȋȖ ȉțȚȈȜȖȘșȒȖȋȖ ǽȘȐșȚȈ
ǫȖȊȖȘȧ Ȗ ȔȍșȚȍ ǩȓȖȒȈ Ȋ ȘțșșȒȖȑ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ ǨșȍȍȊ șȟȐȚȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ ǩȓȖȒ ȗȖ Ȋȍșț
Ȑ ȗȖ ȒȖȓȖȘȐȚț șȊȖȍȑ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȊșȍȋȖ șȝȖȎ ș Ǫ Ǩ! ǮțȒȖȊșȒȐȔ ȚȖȎȍ
Ȋ șȊȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ șțȔȍȊȠȐȔ șȗȍȚȤ șȊȖȦ ǹȊȍȚȓȈȕț ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖ ȓȍȋȒȖ ȒȈȒ
Ȑ ǩȓȖȒ șȊȖȦ ǷȘȍȒȘȈșȕțȦ ǬȈȔț ǹ ǳȍȘȔȖȕȚȖȊȣȔ Ȏȍ ǩȓȖȒȈ ȘȖȌȕȐȚ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȈȧ
șȐȓȈ ȕȍȕȈȊȐșȚȐ Ȑ șȚȘțȧ ȗȍșșȐȔȐȏȔȈ
ǪȓȐȧȕȐȍ ǩȓȖȒȈ Ȋ șȔȣșȓȍ ȖȉțȟȍȕȐȧ ȗȖșȓȍȌțȦȡȐȝ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȑ ȔȈșȚȍȘșȚ-
Ȋț șȚȐȝȈ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖ ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȔȐȕȖȊȈȓ ȍȋȖ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȧ
ǷȖșȓȍ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȈ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ȕȈȟȈȓȐșȤ ȊȣșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ Ƕ ǷȍȚ-
ȘȖȊșȒȖȑ Ƿ ǵȍȏȕȈȔȖȊȈ ǵ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ȐȓȓȦșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȊȠȐȝ ȏȈȟȐȚȈȕȕȣȑ ȌȖȒ-
ȓȈȌ șȚȐȝȈȔȐ Ȑ ǹ Ǵ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ ș ȘȍȌȒȐȔ ȔȈșȚȍȘșȚȊȖȔ ȗȘȖȟȐȚȈȊȠȍȋȖ ȗȖȥ-
Ȕț ǩȓȖȒȈ ©ǬȊȍȕȈȌȞȈȚȤª
ǷȖșȓȍ ȗȍȘȍȘȣȊȈ ǹ Ǵ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ ȌȍȓȈȧ ȊșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȗȘȍȌșȔȍȘȚȕȖȑ șȚȈȚȤȍ
ǩȓȖȒȈ ©ǲȘȐȏȐș ȋțȔȈȕȐȏȔȈª ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȟȚȖ ǩȓȖȒ ȉȣȓ ȟȍșȚȍȕ ȊșȦ șȊȖȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ
Ȑ ȕȍ ȉȖȧȓșȧ șȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȌȈȎȍ Țȍȝ ȊȖȗȘȖșȖȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȋȘȖȏȐȓȐ ȘȈȏȘțȠȐȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȍȋȖ
ȔȐȘȖȊȖȏȏȘȍȕȐȍ ǷȘȈȊȌȈ ǩȓȖȒ ȕȍ șțȔȍȓ Ȋ ©-ȚȐª ȖȗȘȈȊȌȈȚȤ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ ȒȈȒ
ȖȕȈ ȍșȚȤ Ȉ ȗȘȐȊȕȍș Ȋ ȥȚȖ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȈȕȐȍ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȕȖȋȖ ǽȘȐșȚȈ ȕȖ ȥȚȖ ȊȣȚȍȒȈȓȖ Ȑȏ
Ȋșȍȝ Țȍȝ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȑ Ȑ ȕȈȊȣȒȖȊ ȖȚ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȞȍȓȐȒȖȔ ȗȖȥȚ ȕȍ șțȔȍȓ ȖșȊȖȉȖ-
ȌȐȚȤșȧ
ǬȈȓȍȍ ȏȈȟȐȚȣȊȈȍȚșȧ șȚȈȚȤȧ ǩȓȖȒȈ Ȗ ©ǲȘȐȏȐșȍ ȋțȔȈȕȐȏȔȈª Ȑ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚșȧ
ȌȐșȗțȚ.
ǺȖȊ ǫțȡȐȕ șȟȐȚȈȧ ȟȚȖ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ șȔȍȓȈ ǩȓȖȒȈ Ȑ ȟȚȖ ǩȓȖȒ ȍȑ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ
ȕȍ ȌȈȓ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚ ȟȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȍȋȖ ȏȌȍșȤ ȓȐȠȕȐȔ
ǺȖȊ ǼȈȑȉțȠȍȊȐȟ1 ȕȍ șȟȐȚȈȍȚ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȌȖȊȖȌ șȐȓȤȕȣȔ ǫȖȊȖȘȧ Ȗ ȒȘȐȏȐșȍ ȋț-
ȔȈȕȐȏȔȈ ȗȘȐȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȍ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȍ ȊȣȌȊȐȕțȓȖ Ȋ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖ-
Ȋȍș ȋțȔȈȕȐșȚȈȔ ȚȍȏȐș șȕȈȟȈȓȈ șȊȖȉȖȌȈ Ȋșȍȝ Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔ șȊȖȉȖȌȈ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ <...>
ǷȖșȓȍ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ Șȍȟȍȑ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȟȐȒȖȊ țȎȍ ȗȘȐ ȋȈșȕțȡȍȔ ȥȓȍȒȚȘȐ-
ȟȍșȚȊȍ ȖȘȐȋȐȕȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȌȐșȗțȚ ȏȈȒȘȣȊȈȍȚșȧ
1 Ⱦ Ɏɚɣɛɭɲɟɜɢɱ — ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɶ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɊɄɋɆ ɉɪɢɦ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ).

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°«½» ³ »°¹¶ÉÁ³Ê
Ǹ ǹ! ǩȈȘȉȍȚȚȐ ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘ ȝȖȘȖȕȧ șȚȈȘȣȑ ȚȍȈȚȘ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚ ȟȚȖ ȕȖȊȣȝ
ȜȖȘȔ Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȕȈȑȌȍȕȖ Ȉ ȐȌțȚ ȓȐȠȤ ȗȖȐșȒȐ ǺȍȈȚȘ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȚȤ ȋȍ-
ȘȖȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȈȦȡȐȔ Ȓ ȉȖȘȤȉȍ Ȑ ȗȖȌȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȔ ȕȈȌ ȉțȌȕȐȟȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȤȦ
ǬȖȉȘȖȔȣșȓȖȊ ȒȖȖȗȍȘȈȚȖȘ
 Ȑ ǫ ǲ! ǵȍȊșȒȐȑ ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘ ȧȊȓȧȧșȤ ȏȈȒȈ-
ȔȍȕȍȓȣȔȐ șȚȖȘȖȕȕȐȒȈȔȐ șȚȈȘȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ Ȗ ©ȚȍȈȚȘȍ-ȒȈȜȍȌȘȍª Ȓȓȧ-
ȕțȚșȧ ©ȉȍșșȔȍȘȚȕȣȔȐª ȐȔȍȕȈȔȐ ǫȘȐȉȖȍȌȖȊȈ Ȑ ǫȖȋȖȓȧ Ȑ ȗȖȌ ȖȌȖȉȘȍȕȐȍ șȊȖȐȝ
șȚȖȘȖȕȕȐȒȖȊ ș ȚȘȐȉțȕȣ ȕȍȌȖțȔȍȊȈȦȚ ȕȈȌ ȕȍțȔȍșȚȕȣȔȐ ȕȖȊȠȍșȚȊȈȔȐ
ǷȖȌ ȗȘȖȚȍșȚȣ ȒȘȐȒȐ Ȑ ȊȖȏȋȓȈșȣ ș ȔȍșȚ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȚ ȘȍȟȤ Ț ȀȈȚȖȊȈ ȔȐȕ-
ȚȘȈȕ ȗȘȐȟȍȔ țȎȍ ȖȌȕȖ țȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȍ Ȗ ©ȏȈȒțȓȐșȕȖȑª ȎȐȏȕȐ ȈȒȚȍȘȖȊ Ȑ ȏȈ-
ȗȘȖȌȈȎȍ ȐȔȐ șȍȉȧ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȚȍȓȧȔ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȗȘȖ-
ȚȍșȚ șȘȍȌȐ ȟȈșȚȐ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȧ ǵȖ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȒȘȐȒȐ Ȑ ȊȖȏȋȓȈșȣ Ț ȀȈȚȖȊ ȥȕȍȘ-
ȋȐȟȕȖ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȍȚ șȊȖȦ ȘȍȟȤ Ȑ ȌȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȑ ȚȍȈȚȘ ȍșȚȤ
ȗȘȖȌțȒȚ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ! ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȒȈȒ ȚȈȒȖȊȖȑ ȉȍȏȕȈȌȍȎȕȖ ȉȖ-
ȓȍȕ Ȑ ȕȍ ȕțȎȍȕ
ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȐȕșȒȐȑ ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘ țȒȈȏȈȊ ȟȚȖ șȊȖȧ ©ȏȈȒțȓȐșȕȈȧª ȎȐȏȕȤ ȍșȚȤ
ȊȍȏȌȍ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȥȒșȒțȘșȐȦ Ȋ ȖȉȓȈșȚȤ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ Ȑ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍȔ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚ Ȓ
ȊȣȊȖȌț ȒȈȒȖȊȖ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ ȚȈȒȖȊ Ȑ ȚȍȈȚȘ ǷȖȧȊȐȚșȧ ȕȖȊȣȑ ȉȣȚ ȗȖȧȊȐȚșȧ ȕȖ-
ȊȈȧ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȈ ȗȖȧȊȐȚșȧ Ȑ ȕȖȊȣȑ ȚȍȈȚȘ
ǫțȡȐȕ ȕȈȘȖȌȈȘȔȍȍȞ! ȗȖȌ ȌȈȔșȒȐȍ ȐȘȖȕȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȊȖȏȋȓȈșȣ ȊȕȍȠȕȍ ȕȍ-
țȒȓȦȎȍ Ȑ ȋȘțȉȖ ȐȌȧ ȊșȓȍȗțȦ ȏȈ șȊȖȐȔ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȣȔ ȗȈȜȖșȖȔ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚ Ȓ
ȊȍȘȕȖȔț ȊȣȊȖȌț ȟȚȖ șȚȈȘȣȑ ȚȍȈȚȘ ȕȍ ȕțȎȍȕ Ȉ ȕȈȌȖ ȕȈ șȞȍȕț ȗȍȘȍȚȈȡȐȚȤ
ȎȐȏȕȤ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȑ ȍȍ ȋȘȖȔȈȌȍ <...>
ǷȖșȓȍ ȊȣșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧ ǼȈȑȉțȠȍȊȐȟȈ ǫȓȧȚȚȍȘȈ ȈȒȚȍȘ Ȑ ǲțȏȕȍȞȖȊȈ ȌȖȒ-
ȓȈȌȟȐȒ ǹ Ǵ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ Ȋ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȔ șȓȖȊȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚ ȟȚȖ ȏȌȍșȤ șȍȋȖȌ-
ȕȧ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȓ șțȌ ȕȈȌ ȚȍȈȚȘȖȔ ȕȍ șțȌ ȕȈȌ ȈȒȚȍȘȖȔ Ȉ șțȌ ȕȈȌ ȎȐȏȕȤȦ ȗȖ-
ȘȖȌȐȊȠȍȑ ȥȚȖȚ ȚȍȈȚȘ
ǶȌȕȐ Ȑȏ ȖȗȗȖȕȍȕȚȖȊ ȊȣȌȊȐȋȈȓȐ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȟȚȖ ȕȖȊȣȑ ȚȍȈȚȘ ȉțȌȍȚ ȚȖ-
ȋȌȈ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȉțȌțȚ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȜȖȘȔȣ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȐ Ȗ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ ȒȈȒ ȚȈȒȖȊȖȔ ȏȈ-
ȉȣȊȈȧ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȐ șȈȔȣȍ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȜȖȘȔȣ Ȑ ȓȦȌȐ ȕȍ ȌȍȓȈȦȚșȧ șȈȔȐ șȖȉȖȑ Ȉ ȗȖȧȊ-
ȓȧȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȍ ȊȖȚ ȥȚȖȑ ȕȈȠȍȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȉțȌȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȥȚȐȝ ȚȖȓȟ-
ȒȖȊǩȓȐȏȒȖ Ȓ ȥȚȖȔț ȔȕȍȕȐȦ șȚȖȐȚ ȔȕȍȕȐȍ ȕȍ ȎȍȓȈȦȡȍȍ ȘȈșșȚȈȚȤșȧ ș ȈȒȚȍȘ-
șȒȖȑ ȒȈșȚȖȊȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ ȗȖșȣȓȈȦȡȍȍ ȈȒȚȍȘȈ Ȋ ȕȈȘȖȌ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ șȗȍȞȈ-țȟȐȚȍȓȧ
ǺȘȍȚȤȦ ȋȘțȗȗț ȊȖȏȔțȡȈȍȚ ȕȈȠȍ ȏȈȌȍȊȈȕȐȍ ©ȊȍȓȐȒȐȝ ȐȔȍȕª Ȑ ©ȊȍȓȐȒȐȝ
ȐșȚȐȕª ǵȖ Ȋșȍ ȊȍȓȐȒȐȍ ȓȦȌȐ Ȑ ȐșȚȐȕȣ — ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȣ Ȑ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ Ȍȓȧ șȓȍ-
ȌțȦȡȐȝ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȑ ȓȐȠȤ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȔ Ȍȓȧ ȕȖȊȖȑ șȚȘȖȑȒȐ ǷȖȏȐȞȐȧ ȥȚȐȝ Ȗȝ-
ȘȈȕȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȗȖ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȦ Ȓ ȕȖȊȈȚȖȘȈȔ ȘȍȏȒȖ-ȖȏȓȖȉȓȍȕȕȈȧ <...>
ǿȍȚȊȍȘȚȣȍ ȌțȔȈȦȚ ȟȚȖ ȕȖȊȣȑ ȚȍȈȚȘ ȗȘȐȌȍȚ ș ȕȖȊȣȔ ȉȣȚȖȔ ȏȈȉȣȊȈȧ ȟȚȖ

57
ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ ȊȣȗȐȘȈȍȚ Ȑȏ ȉȣȚȈ Ȑ ȍșȚȤ — ȖȚȘȐȞȈȕȐȍ ȉȣȚȈ
ǫȓȈȊȕȣȑ Ȏȍ ȋȘȍȝ șȚȈȘȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ — Ȋ ȘȈȏȘȣȊȍ ȌȊțȝ șȚȖȘȖȕ ȖșȕȖȊȕȖȋȖ ȚȍȈ-
ȚȘȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȌȍȑșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȐȕșȚȐȕȒȚȈ — ȐȔȍȕȕȖ șȖȏȍȘȞȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ Ȑ ȌȍȑșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȖȑ ǲ ȊȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȦ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȈ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȐȕșȚȐȕȒȚȈ Ȑ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȉȣȚȤ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍ-
ȕȈ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț ȕȍ șȚȘȈȠȕȣ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȍ ȖȗȣȚȣ Ȑ
țșȐȓȐȧ
ǴȐȚȐȕȋ ȏȈȒȖȕȟȐȓșȧ ȘȖȊȕȖ Ȋ 12 ȟȈșȖȊ

58
¢°½°»½Æ´ ·³½³¸® ³¼µ¾¼¼½« °Â°» ½¹»Â°¼½«
¶ «Êµ¹¼µ¹®¹
<...> ǪȍȟȍȘ-ȔȐȚȐȕȋ ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȕȣȑ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊț ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȌȓȐȚșȧ ȗȖȟ-
ȚȐ ȗȧȚȤ ȟȈșȖȊ Ȑ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȥȚȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȍȌȒȐȍ ȍȌȐȕȐȞȣ țȝȖȌȧȚ ș ȊȍȟȍȘȈ
ȕȍ ȌȖȎȌȈȊȠȐșȤ ȍȋȖ ȒȖȕȞȈ Ǫ șȈȔȖȔ ȏȈȓȍ ǻȟȘȍȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȧ — ȗȍȘȍ-
ȗȖȓȕȍȕȕȖȔ ȊȣȠȍ ȊșȧȒȖȑ ȔȍȘȣ ȗȍȘȍȗȖȓȕȍȕȕȖȔ ȌȖ ȖȚȒȈȏȈ — ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ șȊȖ-
ȉȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȔȍșȚȈ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȏȈȗȖȓȕȍȕȕȖȋȖ șȗȓȖȠȕȖȑ ȋȓȣȉȖȑ șȓțȠȈȚȍȓȍȑ
ȗȘȖȝȖȌȈ ȍȡȍ ȕȐ ȕȈ ȖȌȕȖȔ ȔȐȚȐȕȋȍ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȈ
ȕȈȘȖȌȈ <...>
ǫȖȘȧȟȐȍ șȗȖȘȣ Ȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȍ șȚȘȈșȚȐ ȗȘȖșȚțȗȈȦȡȐȍ ȕȈ ȊȍȟȍȘȍ ȒȈȒ ȗȈȘ ȕȈȌ
ȒȐȗȧȡȐȔ ȒȖȚȓȖȔ <...>. ȅȚȖȚ ȖȉȘȈȏ ȒȐȗȧȡȍȋȖ ȒȖȚȓȈ Ȑ ȍșȚȤ ȖȉȘȈȏ ȚȖȑ șȈȔȖȑ
ȘȈȏȉțȎȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȚ șȗȧȟȒȐ ȟȈșȚȖ ȊȘȈȎȌȍȉȕȖȑ Ȑ ȖȏȓȖȉȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȋȘțȗȗȣ
©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȈª ȕȖ ȖȎȐȊȠȍȑ Ȑ ȗȘȐȠȍȌȠȍȑ Ȋ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ ȈțȌȐȚȖȘȐȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ
ȏȈȗȖȓȕȧȍȚ ȍȎȍȕȍȌȍȓȤȕȖ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ ȥȚȖȑ ȘȍȏȒȖ-ȈȒȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȋȘțȗȗȣ
ǷȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊțȍȚ ǵ Ǽ ǵȈșȐȔȖȊȐȟ-ǿțȎȈȒ
ǷȖșȓȍ ȏȈȟȚȍȕȐȧ ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȐȑ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȔț ȗȖȥȚȣ ǨșȍȍȊ Ȑ ǵȍȏȕȈȔȖȊ
ȖȚ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȌȖȒȓȈȌ ȕȈ ȚȍȔț ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ»
ǹ Ǵ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ
ǵȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȔȐ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȟȕȣȔȐ Ȑ ȒȖȘȖȚȒȐȔȐ ȔȈȏȒȈȔȐ — ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȔȐ Ȗȉ-
ȘȈȏȞȈȔȐ ȖȘȈȚȖȘșȒȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ — ǹ Ǵ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ ȕȈȉȘȈșȣȊȈȍȚ ȖȚȟȍȚȓȐȊȖ-
ȧȘȒțȦ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐșȚȐȒț-ȗȓȈȒȈȚ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȐ șȈȔȖȋȖ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌȐȚ
ȗȖșȓȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ Ȓ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȔ ȔȖȔȍȕȚȈȔ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȈ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȋȖ ȘțșșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȥȚȈ ǰȝ
ȚȘȐ — ȥȚȐȝ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȝ ȔȖȔȍȕȚȈ
ǪȖ-ȗȍȘȊȣȝ ȋȍȘȖȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȗȈȜȖș ȕȍȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖȋȖ ȕȈȗȘȧȎȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ǴȈȧ-
ȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȓ Ȋ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȕȖȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ Ȑ Ȗ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ǲ ǿțȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȎȍȓȈȧ
ȍȋȖ ȗȘȍțȔȍȕȤȠȐȚȤ Ȑ ȖȒȈȘȐȒȈȚțȘȐȚȤ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ȒȈȒ Ȗ ©ȋȖȘȖȌșȒȖȑ ȐșȚȍȘȐȒȍª
ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȥȚ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ șȘȣȊȈȓ ȕȈ ȥȚȖȑ ©ȐșȚȍȘȐȒȍª șȊȖȍȋȖ ȋȖ-
ȓȖșȈ Ȑ ȉȘȖșȈȓ șȊȖȐ șȓȖȊȈ Ȑ ȖȉȘȈȏȣ ș ȐȏțȔȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ șȐȓȖȑ
ǪȖ-ȊȚȖȘȣȝ ȕȈȓȐȟȐȍ Ȋ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȍ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȕȍȒȖȍȋȖ șȗȓȖȠȕȖȋȖ ȔȐ-
ȚȐȕȋȈ Ȑ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȈ șȖ ȊșȍȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊȖȔ ȖȒȘȈȠȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȋȓțȉȖȟȈȑȠȍȑ Ȑ ȏȓȍȑ-
Ƞȍȑ șȈȚȐȘȖȑ Ȑ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȡȍȋȖ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ șȈȚȐȘȐȒȈ șȐȓȤȕȍȍ ȟȍȔ ǴȈȧ-
ȒȖȊșȒȐȑ Ȕȣ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȔ ȐȉȖ ȍȋȖ șȈȚȐȘȈ ȗȘȖȚȍȒȈȍȚ ȗȈȘȈȓȓȍȓȤȕȖ ș ȍȋȖ Ȗș-
ȕȖȊȕȣȔ ȗȈȜȖșȖȔ — ȋȍȘȖȐȟȍșȒȐȔ
Ǫ-ȚȘȍȚȤȐȝ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȑ ȏȈȗȈș ȕȍȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȎȐȊȖȔ ȝȖȌȧȟȍȔ șȒȈȕȌȈȓȍ
ǰ ȊȖȚ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȕȈȓȐȟȐȍ ȉȖȍȊȖȋȖ ȚȘȐȉțȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȧ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȚȈȓȈȕ-
ȚȈ ȉȣȓ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ Ȋ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȍ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ — ȔȖȔȍȕȚ ȗȘȍȌȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȉșȚȈ-
ȕȖȊȒȐ — ȒȖȋȌȈ ȍȋȖ șȈȘȒȈȏȔț ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ ȗȈȌȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȚȖ ȓȦȌșȒȖȑ ȒȐșȍȓȤ
Ȑ ȗȘȖȗȈȌȈȚȤ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȌȈȘȖȔ ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓ ȗȖȘȣȊ Ȋ ȕȐȒțȌȈ ȕȍ ȕȈ ȟȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȖȗȍȘȍȚȤ-

59
șȧ ǵȖ Ȋ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȝȓȣȕțȓȐ ȘȈșȒȈȚȣ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȘȈȏȉțȌȐȓȐ Ȋșȍȝ Ȑ șȚȘȈȠȕȖ ȉț-
ȌȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȕȈȗȐșȈȓ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȐȏțȔȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ©-ȋȖ ȈȗȖșȚȖȓȈª
ǪȖȑȕȈ șȔȍȕȐȊȠȈȧ Ȋ ǸȖșșȐȐ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȒȐșȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȏȈșȚȖȧ Ȑ ȗȣȓȤȕȖȑ șȍȘȖ-
șȚȐ ȌȈȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊț ȘȧȌ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȚȖȓȟȒȖȊ Ȑ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ Ȋ șȊȖȦ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ
ȚȈȒ ȉȍșșȚȘȈȠȕȖ ȗȖȌȖȠȍȓ Ȓ ȕȍȑ ȟȚȖ ȋȘȧȕțȊȠȈȧ ȏȈ ȊȖȑȕȖȑ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ ȋȘȧ-
ȕțȓȈ Ȋ țȕȐșȖȕ ș ȗȖȥȏȐȍȑ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ
ǸȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȧșȤ Ȑ țȋȓțȉȓȧȧșȤ ȕȈșȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȍȠȒȈȔȐ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȐșȤ
Ȋ ȕȍȑ ȌȍȔȖȒȘȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȋȍȘȖȑȟȐȒȐ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȓȈ ȗȍȘȍȌ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȔ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȋȍȘȖȧ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȤșȧ — ȕȈȘȖȌ ȒȓȈșș ȒȖȓȓȍȒ-
ȚȐȊ ȅȚȖȚ ȒȖȓȓȍȒȚȐȊ șȚȐȝȐȑȕȖ ȒȖȕșȚȘțȐȘțȧșȤ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ șȖȏȌȈȍȚșȧ Ȑȏ ȓȦȌȍȑ
șȐȓȤȕȣȝ ȟȍȚȒȐȝ ȗȖȘȖȑ ȎȍșȚȖȒȐȝ ȕȖ ȗȘȧȔȖȓȐȕȍȑȕȣȝ Ȑȏ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȒȖȕȚțȘȣ
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȏȈȌȖȓȋȖ ȌȖ Ȑȝ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȕȈȔȍȟȈȓ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ șȚȐȝȈȝ ǻȦȚ
Ȑ ȗȘȐȊȣȟȕȣȑ ȉȣȚ ȖȗȘȖȒȐȕțȚȣ Ȋ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȖȥȚȈ Ȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ț ȕȍȋȖ
ȊȣȝȖȌȐȚ ȕȈ ȋȖȓȖȍ ȔȍșȚȖ Ȑ șȊȖȐȔ ȕȍțșȚȈȕȕȣȔ șȚȘȖȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȔ ȍȡȍ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ
ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ șȊȖȍ ȗȘȈȊȖ ȕȈ ȌȍȑșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȉȣȚȐȍ ȅȚȐȔȐ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȔȐ ȚȘȍ-
ȉȖȊȈȕȐȧȔȐ Ȓ ȕȖȊȖȔț ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒț ȗȖȥȏȐȧ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ șȖȏȊțȟȕȈ ȎȐȏȕȐ.
ǬȈȓȍȍ șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȒȖȘȖȚȍȕȤȒȐȑ ȌȖȒȓȈȌ ©Ƕ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȔ Ȑ ȉȣȚȍª ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ
ȌȍȓȈȍȚ Ǫ Ǩ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȘȧȌȖȔ ȞȐȚȈȚ ȌȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȡȐȑ ȟȚȖ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȊȣȗȐ-
ȘȈȍȚ Ȑȏ ȉȣȚȈ Ȑ ȓȖȔȈȍȚ ȍȋȖ ȖȒȈȔȍȕȍȊȠȐȍ ȜȖȘȔȣ ǯȈȚȍȔ Ȋ ȈțȌȐȚȖȘȐȦ ȓȍȚȧȚ
ȗȣȓȈȦȡȐȍ șȚȘȖȒȐ șȈȔȖȋȖ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȥȚȖ Ǫ ǵ ǷȈȓȤȔȖȊ Ƿ Ǫ ǵȍȏȕȈȔȖȊ
Ƕ ǫ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ Ȑ ǵ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊ ȟȐȚȈȦȚ ȍȋȖ șȚȐȝȐ ȗȘȐȟȍȔ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ ȏȈȟȐ-
ȚȣȊȈȍȚ ȞȍȓȐȒȖȔ ȗȖȥȔț ©-ȑ ȈȗȖșȚȖȓª
ǷȖșȓȍ ȗȍȘȍȘȣȊȈ ǵ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȌȖȒȓȈȌ Ȗ ȧȏȣȒȍ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ©ǯȈȋȖ-
ȊȖȘȐȊȠȐȍ ȒȈȔȕȐª ȌȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȧ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖ ȧȏȣȒț ȕȈȘȖȌȈ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȋțȡȍ ȕȍș-
ȝȖȎȍȔț ș ȕȈȠȐȔ ȊȧȓȣȔ Ȑ ȒȕȐȎȕȣȔ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȐȋȍȕȚșȒȐȔ ȧȏȣȒȖȔ ȧȏȣȒ ǴȈȧ-
ȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȚȖȎȍ ȒȖȘȖȉȐȓ Ȑ ȒȖȘȖȉȐȚ ȘȈȏȎȐȎȍȕȕȣȑ șȓțȝ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȐȋȍȕȚȈ Ȑ ©ȊȏȘȣ-
ȊȈȍȚª ȗȍȌȈȕȚȐȟȕȖȍ ȔȍȡȈȕșȚȊȖ ǺȍȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȟȚȖ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ Ȋ ȥȚȖȑ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ
Ƞȍȓ ȕȍ ȗȖ ȗțȚȐ ȥȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ ȏȈȗȐșȣȊȈȕȐȍ ȗȖ ȒȘțȗȐȕȒȍ ȕȖȊȣȝ șȓȖȊȍȟȍȒ Ȉ ȗȖ
ȗțȚȐ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȍȋȖ țȋȈȌȣȊȈȕȐȧ ȘțșȓȈ ȕȈȘȖȌȕȖȑ ȘȍȟȐ
ǬȈȓȍȍ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȟȐȒ ȘȧȌȖȔ ȒȘȖȗȖȚȓȐȊȣȝ Ȑ ȟȐșȚȖ ȜȐȓȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȘȈșȒȖ-
ȗȖȒ ȖȉȕȈȘțȎȐȊȈȍȚ țȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȉȖȋȈȚșȚȊȈ ȧȏȣȒȈ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ȥȚȐȔ ȏȈ-
ȒȈȕȟȐȊȈȍȚ șȊȖȑ ȌȖȒȓȈȌ
ǺȘȐȉțȕț ȖȌȐȕ ȏȈ ȌȘțȋȐȔ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȦȚ Ǫ Ǩ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ Ȑ ǹ Ǵ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ ȏȈȟȐ-
ȟȐȚȣȊȈȦȡȐȍ șȚȐȝȐ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȖȚȕȖșȧȡȐȍșȧ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȒȖ ȊȚȖȘȖ-
Ȕț ȗȍȘȐȖȌț ȍȋȖ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȈ
ǯȈȚȍȔ ȋȘțȗȗȈ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª țȌȈȟȕȖ ȘȈȏȘȍȠȈȍȚ ȗȍȘȊțȦ ȗȖȗȣȚȒț ȔȕȖȋȖ-
ȋȖȓȖșȖȑ ȌȍȒȓȈȔȈȞȐȐ ȖȚȘȣȊȒȖȊ Ȑȏ ©ǴȐșȚȍȘȐȐ-ǩțȜȜª ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȦȡȍȑ ȉȖȓȤ-
ȠȖȍ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȗȖșȓȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ ȒȐȗȧȚȒȖȔ ȒȐȗȍȚȤ șȚȘȈșȚȕȣȑ Ȑ ȉț-
ȌȐȘțȦȡȐȑ șȈȔȖȍ ȓȍȕȐȊȖȍ șȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ ȌȐșȗțȚ.
ǪȣșȖȒȐȑ ȥȔȖȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȚȖȕ ȔȐȚȐȕȋȈ ȕȈșȣȡȈȍȚ Ȋșȍ ȊȣșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧ ȖȘȈ-
ȚȖȘȖȊ — ȒȈȒ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȖȊ ȚȈȒ Ȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȕȐȒȖȊ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ — ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ
șȚȘȈșȚȕȖșȚȤȦ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȥȓȍȒȚȘȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȚȖȒȖȔ ȗȘȖȉȍȋȈȍȚ ȗȖ ȔȈșșȈȔ șȓțȠȈȚȍ-

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ȓȍȑ Ȑ Ȋ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȈ ȘȍȟȤ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȚ ȉȍȏ ȊȖȏȋȓȈșȖȊ ș ȔȍșȚ
ȗȘȖȚȍșȚȖȊ ȗȖȖȡȘȍȕȐȑ Ȑ ȈȗȓȖȌȐșȔȍȕȚȖȊ
ǷȍȘȊȣȑ Ȑȏ ȖȘȈȚȖȘȖȊ ǨȘȠȖȕ ȏȈȊȍȌ ȈȋȐȚ-ȗȘȖȗ ȖȚȌ ǫțȉȒȖȔȈ ǸǲǷ ȏȈȧȊ-
ȓȧȍȚ șȍȉȧ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȖȔ ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ǷȖ ȍȋȖ ȔȕȍȕȐȦ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ
ȕȐȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȉțȌțȡȍȋȖ ȐȉȖ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘȐȈȚț ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ ȊșȚȈȕȍȚ ȕȈ ȕȖȋȐ ȗȖȕȈȌȖ-
ȉȐȚșȧ ȕȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ Ȉ ȕȈțȒȈ ǰșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȥȚȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȡȍȒȖȚȒȈ Ȑ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȎȈȓȤ
ȟȚȖ ȌȈȎȍ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘȐȐ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȊȣȒȓȐ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ ȉȍȏ ȥȚȖȑ ȡȍȒȖȚȒȐ
șȗȓȖȠȤ Ȑ ȘȧȌȖȔ șȖȗȘȖȊȖȎȌȈȧ șȊȖȦ ȘȈȉȖȚț ȗȍȕȐȍȔ ©ǰȕȚȍȘȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȈª Ȕț-
ȏȣȒȖȑ ȗȓȈȒȈȚȈȔȐ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟ ǵȖ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘȐȈȚ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ șȚȈȕȍȚ ȕȈ ȕȖȋȐ
Ȑ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȍȔț ȕȍ ȗȖȕȈȌȖȉȐȚșȧ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȡȍȒȖȚȒȐ
Ǭȓȧ ȗȖșȘȈȔȓȍȕȐȧ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȖȘȈȚȖȘ ȏȈȔȍȚȕȖ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȚ
ǨȘȠȖȕ ȘȐșțȍȚ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ ȗȖ ȍȋȖ ǨȘȠȖȕȈ ȔȕȍȕȐȦ ȉȖ-
ȓȍȍ șȐȓȤȕȣȝ ȟȍȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȣ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȥȚȐȝ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊ ȒȈȒ ȌȊȍ ȒȈȗȓȐ
ȊȖȌȣ ȗȖȝȖȎ ȔȍȎȌț ȗȘȖȟȐȔ ȕȈ ȖȉȘȈȏ ȋȖȓȖȌȕȖȋȖ Ȑȏ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ ȚȖȋȖ Ȏȍ
ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ©ǬȊȈ ȕȍ șȖȊșȍȔ Ȗȉȣȟȕȣȝ șȓțȟȈȧª Ȑ ȏȈȒȈȕȟȐȊȈȧ șȊȖȦ ȘȍȟȤ ȗȖȠ-
ȓȖȊȈȚȣȔ ȌȈȓȍȒȐȔ ȖȚ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȐȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ țȌȈȘȖȔ Ȋ șȚȖȘȖȕț țșȚȘȖȐȚȍȓȍȑ Ȋȍ-
ȟȍȘȈ — ȗȖȉȍȌȖȕȖșȕȖ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ Ȑȏ ȏȈȓȈ Ȋ ȜȖȑȍ
ǷȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȤ ǵ ǿțȎȈȒ ǲȖ Ȕȕȍ ȗȖșȚțȗȐȓȈ șȓȍȌțȦȡȈȧ ȏȈȗȐșȒȈ Ȑȏ ȗțȉ-
ȓȐȒȐ ©ǵȈȗȖȔȕȐȚȍ ǨȘȠȖȕț ȟȚȖ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȗȘȈȊȖ ȉȣȚȤ ȋȓțȗȣȔ ȕȖ ȕȍ
șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȥȚȐȔ ȗȘȈȊȖȔ ȏȓȖțȗȖȚȘȍȉȓȧȚȤª ǶȉȡȐȑ șȔȍȝ ǹȟȐȚȈȦ ȌȖȓȋȖȔ ȘȈȏȢȧș-
ȕȐȚȤ ȈȊȚȖȘț ȥȚȖȑ ȏȈȗȐșȒȐ ȟȚȖ ț ȕȈș — șȊȖȉȖȌȕȣȑ ȔȐȚȐȕȋ Ȑ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȚȤ ȐȔȍȦȚ
ȗȘȈȊȖ ȕȍ ȖȌȕȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ țȔȕȣȍ ȓȦȌȐ ǨȗȓȖȌȐșȔ
ǼȈȑȉțȠȍȊȐȟ ȒȖȔȔțȕȐșȚ ȖșȚȘȖțȔȕȖ ȘȈȏȖȉȓȈȟȈȍȚ ǨȘȠȖȕȈ ǻ Ȕȍȕȧ — ȋȖ-
ȊȖȘȐȚ ȖȘȈȚȖȘ — ȍșȚȤ ȌȘțȋ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȣȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȒ 18 ȋȖȌȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȕȈȗȐ-
șȈȓ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȍ șȚȐȝȐ ǬȈȓȍȍ ȖȘȈȚȖȘ ȏȈȟȐȚȣȊȈȍȚ ȗȓȖȝȖȕȤȒȐȍ șȚȐȝȐ ȅȚȖȚ
ȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȒ — ȔȖȑ ȌȘțȋ ǨȘȠȖȕ Ȗȉȡȍȍ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ ȈȗȓȖȌȐșȔȍȕȚȣ Ȑ șȔȍȝ
ǷȘȖȓȍȚȈȘȐȈȚț ȥȚȐ șȚȐȝȐ ȗȖ ǨȘȠȖȕț ȕȍ ȕțȎȕȣ Ȑ Ț ǨȘȠȖȕ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȟȐȚȈȍȚ
ȟȐȚȈȚȤ Ȑȝ șȊȖȐȔ ȌȖȔȈȠȕȐȔ
ǫțȡȐȕ ȕȈȘȖȌȖȈȘȔ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚ ȟȚȖ ȉȍȏ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘȐȈȚț ȕȍ ȖȉȖȑ-
ȚȐșȤ Ȑ ș ȖȋȖȊȖȘȒȈȔȐ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȖȌȕȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ
șȚȈȊȧ ȒȘȍșȚ ȕȈȌ șȚȈȘȣȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖȔ
ǬȘțȋȖȑ ȕȈȘȖȌȖȈȘȔȍȍȞ ȅȕȋȍȓȤȋȈȘȌ Ȋșȍ ȖȚȕȖșȧȡȍȍșȧ ț ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȓ
ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȦ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ șȟȐȚȈȍȚ ȝȖȘȖȠȐȔ
ǬȈȓȍȍ ȗȣȚȈȍȚșȧ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒ ǳȍȊȐȕ ȕȖ ȗȖșȓȍ ȊȣșȒȈȏȈȕȕȖȑ ȐȔ
ȜȘȈȏȣ ©ȕȍ șȍȒȘȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȏȈȊȖȍȊȈȕȐȧ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ ȐȌțȚ ȕȈ țȉȣȓȤª — Ȗȕ ȗȖȌ
ȗȘȖȚȍșȚȣ Ȑ ȊȖȏȋȓȈșȣ ©ǬȖȓȖȑª, ©Ǫȣ șȒȖȘȍȑ ȋȖȓȖȊț ȗȖȚȍȘȧȍȚȍ ȟȍȔ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈ-
ȘȐȈȚ șȊȖȐ ȏȈȊȖȍȊȈȕȐȧª — ȗȖȒȐȌȈȍȚ ȚȘȐȉțȕț
ǩȣȒȖȊ ȒȖȔȔțȕȐșȚ ȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȐȒ! ȋȖșȗȖȓȐȚȖȝȘȈȕȣ! ȉȍȏȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ
Ȑ ȉȍșȚȖȓȒȖȊȖ ȗȖȌ ȖȌȖȉȘȍȕȐȍ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ©ȌȈȕȚȐșȚȖȊª ȕȍ ȖȚ șȓȖȊȈ ȓȐ ©ǬȈȕȚª"
ȏȈȧȊȓȧȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȜțȚțȘȐșȚȣ ȌȈȓȍȒȐ ȖȚ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȉ ȔȍȚȖȌȣ Ȑȝ ȚȊȖȘȟȍ-
șȚȊȈ — ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ ȉțȘȎțȈȏȕȣ ǵȈșȚȖȧȡȈȧ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȉȖȘȤȉȈ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ Ȑș-
ȟȍȘȗȈȕȈ ȐșȚȍȘȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ ȊȖȏȋȓȈșȈȔȐ ȜțȚțȘȐșȚȖȊ Ȑ ȐșȚȐȕȕȖȍ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘșȒȖȍ

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ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȊȖȊșȍ ȕȍ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȒȈȒ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔ ǵȖȊȣȍ șȓȖȊȈ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȊȖȊșȍ ȕȍ
ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘșȒȐȍ ȊȖȚ ©ȟȍȘȚȖȊȈ ȔȈȚȤª — ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘșȒȖȍ șȓȖȊȖ
ǩȖȉȘȖȊ Ȋ ȔȍȚȒȖȑ Ȑ ȌȐȈȓȍȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ-ȖșȚȘȖȑ ȘȍȟȐ ȒȈȒ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ
ȗȘȐȏȣȊȈȍȚ Ȋșȍȝ Ȓ ȊȣșȖȒȖȑ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȐȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȊȣșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȑ Ȑ șȚȈȊȧ ȗȍȘȍȌ
șȖȉȖȑ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔț ȉțȌțȡȍȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ
ǩȖȉȘȖȊ ǿȚȖ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘȐȈȚ" ǿȚȖ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȑ ȒȓȈșș" ǪȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓț-
ȟȈȍ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘȐȈȚȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȘȐșțȍȚșȧ ǨȘȠȖȕț Ȑ ǩȣȒȖȊț ȕȍȚ ȒȈȒ ȕȍȚ
ȊȖȖȉȡȍ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȒȓȈșșȈ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȕȍȒȖȑ ȘȈȏ ȕȈȊșȍȋȌȈ ȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȒȈȚȍȋȖȘȐȐ
ǷȘȍȘȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȠțȚȖȊșȒȐȔ ȊȣȒȘȐȒȖȔ ȌȈȕȚȐșȚȈ ȇ! ǫțȘȈȓȤșȒȖȋȖ ș ȔȍșȚȈ —
ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȍȚ ǵȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ șȔȖȎȍȚ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȉțȌȍȚ ȓȐ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘȐȈȚ
ȕȈ 5 % țȔȕȍȍ ǫțȘȈȓȤșȒȖȋȖ ȐȓȐ Ȏȍ ȕȈ Ȟȍȓȣȝ 50% ȖȉȡȐȑ șȔȍȝ Ȑ ȈȗȓȖȌȐșȔȍȕ-
Țȣ ǯȕȈȟȐȚ Ȑ Ȗ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘșȒȖȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȚȈȒ ȒȈ-
ȚȍȋȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐ ȒȈȒ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ Ț ǩȣȒȖȊ ǰȉȖ ȊȌȘțȋ ȌȈ Ȋ ȕȍȋȖ ȊȖȑȌȍȚ ȟȚȖ-
ȕȐȉțȌȤ Ȑ ȖȚ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȈ <...>
ǭ! ǺȐȚȖȊ ȐȘȒțȚșȒȐȑ ȗȖȥȚ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȧ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖ
ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ©Ǩ ȊȖȚ ȍșȚȤ ȍȡȍ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȝȖȘȖȠȐȑ ȗȖȥȚ ǴȈȕȌȍȓȤ-
ȠȚȈȔ ȍșȚȤ ǨȝȔȈȚȖȊȈ ȍșȚȤ ǲțȏȔȐȕª — Ȑ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȍȚ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȘȖȌȍ ȉȍșȒȖșȚȕȖ
Ȑ ȕȍȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȒȈ ȕȍ ȕȈȌȖȍȊ ȈțȌȐȚȖȘȐȐ ȕȍ șȕȐȔȈȍȚșȧ ȗȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȍȔ
ǯȈ ȗȖȏȌȕȐȔ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȍ ȖȘȈȚȖȘȣ ȗȖȓțȟȈȦȚ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖ 2 ȔȐȕțȚȣ
ǲȖȘȕȐȞȒȐȑ ȒȖȔȔțȕȐșȚ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȟȚȖ ©ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȖȔª ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ Ȋșȍ ȕȖȊȖȍ
ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȖȉȓȈșȚȧȝ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ Ȑ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ șȚȘȖȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ǵȈȗȘȈșȕȖ ȜțȚțȘȐ-
șȚȣ ȖȚȕȖșȧȚ ȕȖȊȖȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ Ȓ ȖșȖȉȖȑ ȒȈȚȍȋȖȘȐȐ ȕȖȊȈȚȖȘșȚȊȈ ǼțȚțȘȐșȚȣ șȈ-
ȔȖȕȈȌȍȧȕȕȣ — ȌțȔȈȦȚ ȟȚȖ șȔȖȋțȚ ȗȍȘȍȊȍȘȕțȚȤ ȔȐȘ Ȉ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔ
ȔȕȖȋȖȍ Ȋȏȧȓ ț ǪȍȘȝȈȘȕȈ Ȑ ǻȐȚȔȍȕȈ Ȑ ȌȈȓ ȕȍ ȚȈȒ țȎ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ
ǪȚȖȘȐȟȕȖ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȍȚ ǨȘȠȖȕ ȏȈȧȊȓȧȧ ȟȚȖ ȗȐșȈȕȐȍ șȚȐȝȖȊ ȕȍ ȔȍȠȈȍȚ ȍȔț
ȖȚȘȐȞȈȚȤ ȊșȧȒȖȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ǯȈȒȈȕȟȐȊȈȧ șȊȖȍ ȊȣșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ ȘȧȌȖȔ ȌȍȔȈȋȖȋȐ-
ȟȍșȒȐȝ ȊȣȒȘȐȒȖȊ ȗȖ ȗȖȊȖȌț ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȈ Ȑ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª ȖȘȈȚȖȘ șȝȖ-
ȌȐȚ ș ȚȘȐȉțȕȣ ȗȖȌ șȊȐșȚȒȐ Ȑ ȝȖȝȖȚ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȟȈșȚȐ ȈțȌȐȚȖȘȐȐ Ȑ ȈȗȓȖȌȐșȔȍȕȚȣ
ȌȘțȋȖȑ
ȀȈȚȖȊ ȗȖ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȦ ȈțȌȐȚȖȘȐȐ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚ 5 ȔȐȕțȚ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȊȖș-
ȗȐȚȈȕ ȕȈ șȚȈȘȖȑ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ Ȑ ǵȈȌșȖȕ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȋȖ ȉȓȐȎȍ Ȑ ȗȖȕȧȚȕȍȍ ȟȍȔ ǴȈȧȒȖȊ-
șȒȐȑ ȕȖ ȧȊȓȧȧșȤ șȚȖȘȖȕȕȐȒȖȔ ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ ȉțȕȚȈ ȗȘȐȊȍȚșȚȊțȍȚ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔ Ȑ ǴȈȧ-
ȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȒȈȒ ȉțȕȚȈȘȧ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȏȈȗȓȍșȕȍȊȍȓȣȝ ȜȖȘȔ șȚȈȘȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ
ǯȈȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ șȓȖȊȖ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ǹǴ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊț ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȒȖȕ-
șȚȈȚȐȘțȍȚ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȊȠȐȍ Ȑȏ ȈțȌȐȚȖȘȐȐ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȐ Ȗ
ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȔ ȐȓȐ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌȐȓȐ ȕȈ ȖȉȡȐȍ ȘȈșȗȓȣȊȟȈȚȣȍ ȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȧ Ȗȉ Ȑș-
ȒțșșȚȊȍ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ ȐȓȐ ȌȍȓȈȓȐ ȊȣȗȈȌȣ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª <...> ǺȖȊ.
ǫțȡȐȕ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȉȐȓșȧ ȕȈȌ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȍȔ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ ©ǲȖȊȉȖȑª Ȑ
ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȕȧȓ Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȊȏȐȘȈȧ ȒȈȒ ȉȈȘȈȕ ȕȈ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȊȖȘȖȚȈ ȇ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦ ȟȚȖ
ȕțȎȕȍȍ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȊȖȘȖȚȈ ȉȣȓȐ șȚȈȘȣȍ ȐȓȐ Ȏȍ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȚȤ ȉȣȚȤ ȉȈȘȈȕȖȔ" Ƕȉ-

62
ȡȐȑ șȔȍȝ ǺȘțȌȕȖșȚȤ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ Ȍȓȧ ȊȖșȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȗȘȧȔȖȑ ȗȘȐ-
ȟȐȕȕȖȑ șȊȧȏȐ ș ȞȍȕȕȖșȚȤȦ ȌȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ
Ǫ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍ ǹ Ǵ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ ȖȚȔȍȟȈȍȚ ȕȍȗȖȕȧȚȕțȦ ȖȏȓȖȉȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȋȣș-
ȚțȗȈȊȠȐȝ ȖȗȗȖȕȍȕȚȖȊ Ȑȝ ȘȈȏȌȘȖȉȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȕȍșȖȋȓȈșȖȊȈȕȕȖșȚȤ ǵȍȒȖȚȖ-
Șȣȍ Ȑȏ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȊȠȐȝ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȐ ș ȈȗȓȖȔȉȖȔ ȖȚ ȐȔȍȕȐ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȚȖȋȖ Ȏȍ ȗȘȖ-
ȓȍȚȈȘȐȈȚȈ ȕȖ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȘȈșȝȖȌȐȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȖȞȍȕȒȍ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȈ ǲ șȖȎȈȓȍȕȐȦ
ȏȌȍșȤ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ șȐȓȤȕȖȑ ȝȖȚȤ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȖȑ ȖȗȗȖȏȐȞȐȐ ș ȕȈ-
ȓȐȟȐȍȔ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȓȈȚȜȖȘȔȣ ȗȖ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ǶȏȓȖȉȓȍȕȐȍ Ȏȍ
— ȕȍ ȈȘȋțȔȍȕȚ
Ǫ ȗȍȘȊȖȔ ȟȈșț ȕȖȟȐ ȗȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȤ ȖȉȢȧȊȐȓ ȔȐȚȐȕȋ ȏȈȒȘȣȚȣȔ

63
ǷÊ½Æ´ ·³½³¸® ³¼µ¾¼¼½«  ¿¾½¾»³²·°
ǷȍȘȊȣȑ ȌȖȒȓȈȌ — Ȗ ©ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȍ ȒȈȒ ȚȍȕȌȍȕȞȐȐª — ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ǹ Ǵ ǺȘȍȚȤȧ-
ȒȖȊ ǼțȚțȘȐȏȔ — ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ǹ Ǵ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ — ȊȣȌȊȐȕțȊȠȐȑ Ȋ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ ȗȘȖ-
ȉȓȍȔț ȐȏțȟȍȕȐȧ ȜȖȘȔȣ Ȑ ȍȍ ȗȘȖȗȖȘȞȐȑ ȊȖ ȋȓȈȊț țȋȓȈ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȊȠȐȑ ȌȐȕȈ-
ȔȐȒț ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȚȍȒțȟȍșȚȤ ȜȖȘȔ — ȕȍ ȗȖȌȌȈȍȚșȧ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖȔț Ȑȏ șțȡȍșȚȊțȦ-
ȡȐȝ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȑ ǬȈȎȍ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȍșȚȤ ȠȒȖȓȈ ȌȖȋȔȈȚ Ȋ ȐșȒțș-
șȚȊȍ — ȖȟȍȕȤ țȏȒȖ ǲțȉȖ-ȜțȚțȘȐșȚȖȊ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȠȐȝ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ Ȑ Ȋ șȊȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ
ȏȈȉȘȖșȈȊȠȐȝ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȊȠȍȋȖ ǴȈȘȐȕȍȚȚȐ ȚțȝȓȣȔȐ ȧȑȞȈȔȐ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȐȚȤ
ȠȒȖȓȖȑ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȝ ȗȐșȈȕȣȝ ȗȘȈȊȐȓ Ȋ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȍ ȕȍȚ Ǭȓȧ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȈ ȚȖȋȖ ȗȍ-
ȘȐȖȌȈ ȕȍ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȍȕ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ ȒțȌȈ ȐȌȚȐ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ ȖȚ ȟȍȋȖ
ȐȌȚȐ, ȖȚ ȟȍȋȖ ȖȚȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȚȤșȧ ǼțȚțȘȐșȚȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȍȕȣ ȕȍ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȈȊȐ-
ȓȈȔȐ ȠȒȖȓȣ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȖȉȡȐȔ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȍȕȐȍȔ ȟȚȖ ș ȈȊȚȖȔȈȚȐȟ-
ȕȖșȚȤȦ ȗȘȐȊȣȟȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ țȦȚȖȔ ȕȈȠȍȑ șȖȕȕȖȑ ȗșȐȝȐȒȐ ȕȈȌȖ ȗȖȒȖȕȟȐȚȤ
ǹȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔ ȉȣȓ ȚȍȕȌȍȕȞȐȍȑ ȖȉȡȐȔ țșȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȕȖ Ȑ
ȍȔț ȋȘȖȏȐȓȈ ȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȤ ȊȣȘȖȌȐȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȠȒȖȓț ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ ȕȍ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ ȖȚȒȘȣȊ-
ȠȈȧ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔț ȒȈȒ ȚȍȕȌȍȕȞȐȐ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȗțȚȐ
ǸȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ ȏȈȕȖȊȖ ȒȖȕșȚȘțȐȘțȦȡȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȑ ȕȈȗȖȓȕȧȦȡȈȧ ȍȍ ȚȊȖȘȟȍș-
ȒȐȔ ȠțȔȖȔ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȑ ȔȈșȚȍȘșȒȖȑ șȚȈȊȐȚ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȖȔ ȏȈȌȈȟț ȗȍȘȍ-
ȕȍșȚȐ ș șȈȔȖȞȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȕȈ ȊșȦ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒțȦ ȗșȐȝȐȒț ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȍ
ȖȊȓȈȌȍȚȤ ȊșȍȔȐ ȜȖȘȔȈȔȐ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȗțȚȍȔ ȖȉȡȍȋȖ ȚȘțȌȖȊȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈ ȗȘȍ-
ȖȌȖȓȍȕȐȧ ȈȔȖȘȜȕȖȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȐ Ȑ ȠȈȋȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȕȈȊȓȐȊȈȧșȤ ȕȍ șȖȏȌȈȊȈȧ Ȝȍ-
ȚȐȠȍȑ ǬȖșȚȐȋ — Ȑ ȠȈȋȈȑ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ ǰ ȗȖȒȖȕȟȐȊ ș ©ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȗȍȘȍȘȣ-
ȊȖȔª ȗȍȘȍȑȚȐ Ȓ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖȔț ȚȍȒțȟȍȔț ȗȍȘȔȈȕȍȕȚȕȖȔț ȐșȒȈȕȐȦ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ Ȗȉ-
ȓȈșȚȧȝ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȗȍȘȍȕȖșȧ ȉȖȘȤȉț ș ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȕȈ ȊȍșȤ ȉȣȚ ȋȌȍ ȕȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ Ȗș-
ȚȈȊȈȚȤșȧ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȈȔȖȘȜȕȖȑ ȜȖȘȔȣ ǲ ȥȚȖȑ ȉȖȘȤȉȍ Ȑ ȏȖȊțȚșȧ Ȋșȍ ȓȦȌȐ
ǪȚȖȘȖȑ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȟȐȒ — ǵ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗ ©ǳȖȏțȕȋȈȝ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȈª ǷȍȘ-
ȊȐȟȕȣȔȐ ȓȖȏțȕȋȈȔȐ — ȗȖ ȍȋȖ ȔȕȍȕȐȦ — ȉȣȓȐ 1) ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈ
ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ Ȋ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ șȓȖȊȖ Ȋ ȎȐȊȖȗȐșȐ ȒȘȈșȒȐ ȜȈȒȚțȘȈ ȓȐȕȐȧ Ȋ ȔțȏȣȒȍ
ȠțȔȣ 2) ȖȚȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȈ ȖȚ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊ ȘȣȕȒȈ Ȑ 3) țȚȊȍȘ-
ȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȋȓȣȉȣ șȓȖȊȈ ©Ȕȣª Ȋ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȊȍș ȗȍșȟȐȕȒȈȔ ȊșȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȝ ©ȧª
ǻȎȍ Ȋ 14 ȋȖȌț ȥȚȐ ȓȖȏțȕȋȐ ȗȖȎȈȓȐ ȉȖȋȈȚȍȑȠțȦ ȗȖȟȊț șȘȍȌȐ ȔȖȓȖȌȍȎȐ ȗȖ-
ȒȈ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȏȊțȟȈȓȐ șȓȖȊȈ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ©ǬȖȓȖȑ ȊȈȠ ȉȣȚ ǬȖȓȖȑ ȊȈ-
Ƞț ȓȦȉȖȊȤ ǬȖȓȖȑ ȊȈȠț ȘȍȓȐȋȐȦ ǬȖȓȖȑ ȊȈȠ șȚȘȖȑª («13 ȈȗȖșȚȖȓª Ȑ ȕȍ ȗȖ-
ȧȊȐȓȖșȤ ȊȖȏȏȊȈȕȐȍ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ©ǷȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ǯȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȀȈȘȈª
Ǫ ȕȈȠȐ ȌȕȐ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȖȔ ȏȈȧȊȓȍȕȈ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤ ȒȖȕșȚȘțȒȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȐȍ-
ȔȈ Ȍȓȧ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȅȚȐȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȖȉȢȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȘȈȊȍȕșȚȊȖ ȔȍȎȌț ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖȔ Ȑ
ȚȘțȌȖȔ Ȑ ȖȕȖ ȕȐȏȊȖȌȐȚșȧ șȖ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȒȈȔȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȤȍȌȍșȚȈȓȈ Ȑ ȊȊȖȌȐȚșȧ Ȋ ȓȈȉȖ-
ȘȈȚȖȘȐȦ Ȋ ȉȣȚ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȤ

64
ǷȖșȓȍ ȗȍȘȍȘȣȊȈ ȕȈȟȈȓȐșȤ ȗȘȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȗȘȐȕȧȓȐ țȟȈșȚȐȍ ȗȘȍȐȔț-
ȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȊȘȈȋȐ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȈ ©Ȋ ȘȈȏȕȖȋȖȓȖșȐȞȍª ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ — ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌ-
ȊȐȌȍȓ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȍ ǵ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊ — ©ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȓȈșȤ Ȑȝ șȓȈȉȖșȚȤª Ȋ ȘȈȏȕȖ-
ȋȖȓȖșȐȞȍ Ȉ ȋȓȈȊȕȖȍ — ȌȖȉȈȊȐȔ Ȕȣ — Ȋ ȉȍșȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȕȖșȚȐ ȊȣșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȑ

65
¾½¾»³²· ³ º»¹¶°½«»¼µ¹° ³¼µ¾¼¼½¹
	°µÁ³Ê·³½³¸® ®»¾ººÆ ~¹»Â°¼½¹

ǷȍȘȊȣȔ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȟȐȒȖȔ ȊȣșȚțȗȐȓ ǹ Ǵ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ
ǵȈ ȊȖȗȘȖș — ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȟȐȒ — ȒȈȒ șȔȍȍȚ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȚȤșȧ
ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘșȒȐȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖȔ" — ȕȈȠ ȖȚȊȍȚ ȚȈȒȖȊ Ǵȣ șȍȉȧ ȕȍ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔ ȗȘȖ-
ȓȍȚȈȘșȒȐȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖȔ ȗȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȋȘțȗȗȈ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª ȕȖ — ȉțȌț-
ȟȐ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȣȔȐ Ȋ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ șȖȏȌȈȊȈȧ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȜȖȘȔȣ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȘȈ-
ȉȖȚȈȧ ȕȈȌ ȕȈȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȍȔ ȐȌȍȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ șȊȧȏȐ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȑ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ
Ȕȣ ȔȖȎȍȔ șȚȈȚȤ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘșȒȐȔ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȈȠȐ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȣ Ȑ ȔȍȚȖȌȣ ȗȘȐ-
ȔȍȚ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘșȒȈȧ ȗșȐȝȐȒȈ ǵȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȉȖșȖȉȓȍȕȕȖ ȌȍȘȎȐȚșȧ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȖȚȕȖȠȍ-
ȕȐȐ ȕȈȠ șȖȟȓȍȕ Ț ǿțȎȈȒ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȌțȔȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ țșȓȖȊȐȍ țȎȍ ȕȈȓȐȞȖ
ǿȚȖ șȍȑȟȈș ȗȘȐȕȧȚȖ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȚȤ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘșȒȐȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖȔ" ǲȈȒȖȊȖ ȖȕȖ"
ǲȈȒȖȍ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȍ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȗȘȍȌȢȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ" ǰ ȗȘȐ ȉȓȐȎȈȑȠȍȔ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȐ
țȏȕȈȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȍȔț șȚȈȊȐȚșȧ țșȓȖȊȐȍ țȌȖȉȖȗȖȕȧȚȕȖșȚȐ ǵȖ ȘȈȏȊȍ ȚȈȒ țȎȍ Ȗȉȡȍ-
ȌȖșȚțȗȍȕ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ ©ǲȈȗȐȚȈȓª" ǸȈȏȊȍ șȈȔȖȍ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȍ Ȓ ȐșȒțșșȚȊț ȟȚȖȉ ȖȕȖ
ȉȣȓȖ ȓȍȋȒȖ țșȊȖȧȍȔȣȔ Ȑ ȉȣȓȖ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȖ ȕȍ ȕȈ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȖȔ ȗȘȍȖȌȖȓȍȕȐȐ Ȉ
ȕȈ ȗȖȌȘȈȎȈȕȐȐ Ȑ ȊȖșȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȐ ȕȍ ȍșȚȤ ȕȍȟȚȖ ȖȉșȓțȎȐȊȈȦȡȍȍ ȉțȘ-
ȎțȈȏȕȖ-ȔȍȡȈȕșȒȐȑ țȦȚ" ǰșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȌȍșȒȈȚȤ șȖȕ ȖȚȌȣȝ ȕȍȟȚȖ țȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖ-
ȘȧȦȡȍȍ ȕȈȠȐ ȗȘȐȊȣȟȕȣȍ șȚȐȔțȓȣ Ȉ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȚȊȖȘȧȦȡȍȍ Ȋ ȒȖȕșȚȘțȒȚȐȊȕȣȍ
ȜȖȘȔȣ
ǪȖ-ȊȚȖȘȣȝ șȈȔȣȑ ȊȖȗȘȖș Ȗ ȘȖȓȐ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ șȚȈȊȐȓșȧ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ
ȕȍșȍȘȤȍȏȕȖ ȍȔț ȖȚȊȖȌȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȓțȟȠȍȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȗȍȌȈȋȖȋȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȏȈȌȈȟȈ ȏȈ-
ȌȈȟȈ ©ȖȉȓȈȋȖȘȈȎȐȊȈȕȐȧª ȏȈȌȈȟȈ ȐȓȓȦșȚȘȈȞȐȐ ȅȚȖ ȕȍțȔȍȕȐȍ ȖȟȐșȚȐȚȤ Ȑș-
ȒțșșȚȊȖ ȖȚ ȟțȎȌȣȝ ȍȔț ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȊ ȕȈțȒȐ Ȑ ȌȘ — ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȖ Ȍȓȧ
ȗȘȖȓȍȚȒțȓȤȚȖȊșȒȐȝ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȍȑ
ǰ Ȋ-ȚȘȍȚȤȐȝ — ȒȈȒ ȉȣȚȤ ș ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȍȔ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȖȋȖ ȕȈșȓȍȌșȚȊȈ"
Ǭȓȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȈ ȐȌȍȖȓȖȋȖȊ ȗȘȖȓȍȚ. ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍ-
Șȍȕ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ ȉȓȈȋȖȋȖȊȍȕȐȧ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȥȚȐȔ ȕȈșȓȍȌșȚȊȖȔ Ǵȣ Ȏȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȔ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖ-
ȓȍȚȈȘȐȈȚ ȊȏȧȊ ȉțȘȎțȈȏȕȖȍ ȕȈșȓȍȌșȚȊȖ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȗȖȌȖȑȚȐ ȒȖ ȊșȍȔ ȍȋȖ ȞȍȕȕȖ-
șȚȧȔ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȗȍȘȍȚȘȧȝȕțȚȤ Ȑȝ ǵȐ ǸȈȜȈȥȓȧ ȕȐ ǬȈȕȚȍ ȕȐ ǺȖȓșȚȖȋȖ Ȗȕ
ȕȍ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȊȍȘț Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȚȤ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȋȖ ȓȐȠȤ
ȒȖȔȗȓȍȒș șȣȘȖȋȖ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈ ȔȍșȚȖ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȚȤ ȍȡȍ țș-
ȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȖ ȏȈȕȖȊȖ Ȑȏ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȖȊ ǪȍȌȤ ȕȍ ȏȈȉțȌȤȚȍ Ȑ șȈȔȖȍ ȖșȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ
ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘȐȈȚ ȗȖȓțȟȈȓ ȟțȎȐȔȐ ȘțȒȈȔȐ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȐȍ ȗȖȥȚȣ ȒȈȦȡȐȍșȧ ȘȈȏȕȖ-
ȟȐȕȞȣ șȖșȚȘȈȌȈȦȡȐȍ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȐ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟ Ȑ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț ȊȖȓȍȑ-ȕȍȊȖȓȍȑ Ȋȣȕȍș
ȕȈ șȊȖȍȑ ȗșȐȝȐȒȍ ȘȧȌ ȕȈșȓȖȍȕȐȑ ȚȐȗȐȟȕȖ-ȉțȘȎțȈȏȕȣȝ — Ȑ Ȋ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ
ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȈșȚȈȓ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ ȌȈȚȤ ȊșȍȔ ȐȌȍȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȞȍȕȕȖșȚȧȔ ȕȖȊȖȍ ȔȍșȚȖ ȕȈ
ȏȍȔȓȍ ȍȋȖ ȗșȐȝȐȒȈ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȗȓȍȕț ȗȘȐȊȣȟȕȖșȚȐ ȉȣȚȈ ǽȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȖ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ

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ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ șȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȓȍȚ. ȖȗȍȒțȕȖȊ ȊȣȔȈȘȣȊȈȚȤ ț ȗȘȖȓȍȚ. ȗȖȥȚȖȊ Ȋșȍ
ȖȘȐȋȐȕȈȓȤȕȖȍ ǰȉȖ ȒȈȒ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘȐȦ ȚȘțȌȐȚȤșȧ ȘȈȏȋȈȌȈȚȤ ȒȖȕșȚȘțȒ-
ȞȐȦ Ȑ ȔȈȋȐȦ șȓȖȊȈ — ȊȍȌȤ ȥȚȖ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȚ ȍȋȖ Ȋ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȌȍȓȈȚȤ
ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȗȘȍȖȌȖȓȍȊȈȚȤ!
ǰ ȊȖȚ ȚțȚ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȈȍȚ ȊȖȗȘȖș — ȔȖȎȍȔ ȓȐ Ȕȣ ȖșȚȈȊȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȚȖȟȒȍ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ
ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ șȈȔȖ șȖȉȖȑ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȚșȧ Ȑ Ȋșȍ Ȋ ȖȌȐȕ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȑ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ șȚȈȕțȚ ȕȖ-
șȐȚȍȓȧȔȐ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ ǲȖȕȍȟȕȖ — ȕȍȚ ǰ ȕȍ ȍșȚȤ ȓȐ șȈȔȈ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘșȒȈȧ
ȗșȐȝȐȒȈ — ȕȍȟȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȍȡȍ ȕțȎȕȖ șȖȏȌȈȊȈȚȤ Ȋ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȗșȐȝȐ-
ȟȍșȒȐȝ ȕȈȎȐȔȖȊ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȥȕȍȘȋȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȒȓȦȟȍȑ" ǰ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȗșȐȝȐȒȍ
ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȉȣȚȤ ȟțȎȌȈ ȚȍȖȘȐȧ Ȗȉ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ — ȖȚȌȣȝȍ ȖȚ ȚȘțȌȈ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ-șȕȍ
ǼțȚțȘȐșȚȣ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȠȐȍ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȏȈȒȖȕȖȔȍȘȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȊșȗȓȍșȒ ȗȖȌȏȍȔȕȣȝ ȋț-
ȓȖȊ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȏȈȧȊȐȓȐ ȉȖȑȚȍșȤ ȗȘȐȊȣȟȕȖȋȖ! ǵȈȌȖ șȖȏȌȈȊȈȚȤ Țț ȋȐȉȒțȦ ȗȖȘȖ--
Ȍț ȓȦȌȍȑ ș ȎȐȊȣȔ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȔ Ȓ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȉȣ ȕȍȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȖ ȖȡțȡȈȓȈ Ȋ
șȍȉȍ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȍ ȗȘȍȖȌȖȓȍȊȈȚȤ șȣȘȖȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ Ȑ ȎȍȘȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȗȘȐȊȣȟȕȣȔȐ ȜȖȘ-
ȔȈȔȐ ȘȈȌȐ ȕȖȊȣȝ ǷȘȐ ȚȈȒȐȝ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ ț ȕȈș ȉȣȓȐ ȉȣ ȕȍ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȣ-ȖȌȐȕȖȟ-
ȒȐ Ȉ ȗȍȊțȟȍȍ ȘȐșțȦȡȍȍ ȓȐȞȍȌȍȑșȚȊțȦȡȍȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊȖ ǰșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȍșȚȤ Ȍȍ-
ȓȈȕȐȍ Ȋȍȡȍȑ ȕȖ Ȍȓȧ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕțȎȍȕ ȏȈȕȖȊȖ ȗșȐȝȐȟȍșȒȐ-ȖȉȖȘțȌȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȟȍȓȖ-
ȊȍȒǰȚȈȒ ȒȖȘȖȚȒȖ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔ ȊȣȌȊȐȋȈȍȚ ȚȘȐ ȏȈȌȈȟȐ 1) ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ȕȈȌ șȖȏȌȈȕȐ-
ȍȔ ȒȖȕșȚȘțȒȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ ȐȕșȚȐȕȒȚȈ 2) ȗȍȘȍȕȖș ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ Ȑȏ ȘȈȔȖȒ ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖ-
ȋȖ ȊȖșȗȘȐȧȚȐȧ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȍȕȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșș Ȑ 3) ȉȖȘȤȉȈ ȏȈ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȚȧȋȖȚȣ
ȕȈ ȉȣȚ ȕȈ ȗȖȒȖȑ ȕȈ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȕȖșȚȤ ȕȈ șȖȕ ǸȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ țȌȍȘȎȐȚșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȖ-
ȋȌȈ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȉțȌȍȚ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȕȧȚȈ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ Ȗ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȍ ȗșȐȝȐȒȐ Ȋ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȣȚȕȖȍ
șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍ ȅȚȖ ȏȈȓȖȋ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖȑ șȊȍȎȍșȚȐ șȐȓ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ
ǪȚȖȘȣȔ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȟȐȒȖȔ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȍȚ ǵ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȏȈȟȐȚȣȊȈȍȚ ȘȧȌ
ȐȏȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȑ Ȑȏ șȚȈȚȍȑ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȗȖȥȚȖȊ Ȑ ȒȖȔȔȍȕȚȐȘțȧ Ȑȝ ȌȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ
ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȧ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȍȘȍȌȖȊȖȑ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ȥȚȐȝ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ ȉȓȐȏȒȐ
Ȓ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔț ǬȈȓȍȍ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȟȐȒ ȏȈȟȐȚȣȊȈȍȚ ȘȧȌ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȑ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȗȖȥ-
ȚȖȊ ȕȖ ȕȈȏȖȑȓȐȊȖ ȗȘȍȘȣȊȈȍȔȣȑ ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȝțȓȐȋȈȕȖȊ ȋ ǫțȘȈȓȤșȒȐȑ Ȗȉȣȟ-
ȕȖ ȊȣȌȊȐȋȈȍȔȣȔ ȖȗȗȖȏȐȞȐȍȑ ȒȈȒ ȓȐȌȍȘ — ȊȖȏȔțȡȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȍȘȣȊȈȍȚ șȊȖȑ ȌȖȒ-
ȓȈȌǵȈ ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȗȘȍȏȐȌȐțȔȖȔ ȊȖȗȘȖș Ȗ ȗȘȈȊȍ țȌȈȓȐȚȤ ș ȔȐȚȐȕȋȈ ȝț-
ȓȐȋȈȕȈ ȗȘȐ ȍȋȖ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȑȠȍȑ ȖȉșȚȘțȒȞȐȐ ȈțȌȐȚȖȘȐȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖȔ ȋȖȓȖșȖȊ
ȌȈȍȚ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȐȑ ȔȈȕȌȈȚ
Ǫ ȗȘȍȕȐȧȝ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȚ țȟȈșȚȐȍ ȚȚ ǳțȝȔȈȕȖȊ ǼȈȑȉțȠȍȊȐȟ ǩȖȉȘȖȊ ǲȖȊ-
ȘȐȋȐȕ ǼȍȓȤȌȔȈȕ ȀȈȚȖȊ Ȑ ȌȘ
Ǫ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȗȖ ȕȈșȚȖȧȕȐȦ ȟȈșȚȐ ȈțȌȐȚȖȘȐȐ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȍȚ ǵ Ǽ ǵȈșȐȔȖȊȐȟ-ǿț-
ȎȈȒ ǸȍȟȤ ȥȚȈ ȕȖșȐȚ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘ șȖȌȖȒȓȈȌȈ Ȑ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȈȍȚ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ
Ǫ ȊȖȗȘȖșȍ Ȗ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧȝ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȈ Ȑ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘșȒȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ
— ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ǵ Ǽ ǿțȎȈȒ — ȕȈȌȖ Ȗ ȔȕȖȋȖȔ ȌȖȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤșȧ Ȑ ȕȈȌȖ ȕȈțȟȐȚȤșȧ

ȖȚȓȐȟȈȚȤ șțȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȍ ȊȒțșȣ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘȐȍȊ ȖȚ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȝ Ȑȕ-
ȚȍȘȍșȖȊ ȘȈȉȖȟȍȋȖ ȒȓȈșșȈ ǷȘȖȓȍȚȈȘșȒȖȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ș ȕȍȉȈ ȕȍ șȊȈȓȐȚșȧ Ƿȓȍ-
ȝȈȕȖȊ ȒȖȋȌȈ-ȚȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ©ǭșȓȐ ȉțȘȎțȈȏȐȧ ȊȣȌȊȐȕȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȊȍȘȠȖȒ ȕȈȌȖ ȍȍ
ȊȣȚȧȕțȚȤ ȕȈ ȈȘȠȐȕª ǹ ȥȚȖȑ ȔȍȘȒȖȑ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȐȚȤ Ȑ Ȓ ȐșȒțșșȚȊț
ȗȖȒȈ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘȐȈȚ ȕȍ șȖȏȌȈȓ ǵȍȓȤȏȧ Ȓ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȔț ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȤ-
șȧ ȖȋțȓȤȕȖ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ-ȗȘȖȋȘȍșșȐȊȕȖȍ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȔ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐ-
ȓȖșȤ ș 1 ȊȍȘȠȒȈ ȊȣȚȧȋȐȊȈȚȤ ȕȈ Ȟȍȓȣȑ ȈȘȠȐȕ
ǪșȧȒȖȍ ȐșȚȐȕȕȖȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ-ȒȓȈșșȖȊȣȔ, ȕȖ ȖȕȖ Ȏȍ Ȑ ȗȘȖ-
ȘȣȊȈȓȖ ȗȓȍȕȒț ȒȓȈșșȖȊȖȋȖ — Ȓ ȖȉȡȍȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȔț Ȑ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȔȖȎȕȖ ȋȖȊȖ-
ȘȐȚȤ ȓȐȠȤ Ȗ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȐȐ ȚȖȋȖ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȖȋȖ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȋȖ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȧ ȚȖȔț ȐȓȐ
ȐȕȖȔț ȒȓȈșșț ǹ ȥȚȖȑ ȚȖȟȒȐ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȔ — ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȟțȎȌȖȍ ȘȈȉȖȟȍȔț
Ȑ ȕȍ ȐȔ ȘȖȎȌȍȕȕȖȍ — Ȓ ȔȖȔȍȕȚț ȒȖȋȌȈ țȎȍ ȕȈȔȍȚȐȓȖșȤ Ț ȕȈȏ ȘȈȉȖȟȍȍ șȖ-
șȓȖȊȐȍ ȗȐȚȈȊȠȍȍșȧ șțȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȖ ȍȡȍ ©ǴȐȓȖȘȌȖȔ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȐȔª — ȘȍȈȓȐȏȔ
ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȖ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȖȊȈȓ Ȑ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȈȦȡȐȔ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȈȔ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȟȍȚȊȍȘȚȖȋȖ șȖ-
șȓȖȊȐȧ ǬȈȎȍ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȎȈȓȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȔȍ ȉȣȓ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȖ
ȕțȎȍȕ Ȗȕ ȗȘȐȒȖȊȣȊȈȓ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ Ȓ ȕțȎȌȈȔ ȘȈȉȖȟȍȋȖ
ǺȖ Ȏȍ Ȑ ș ȐȔȗȘȍșșȐȖȕȐȏȔȖȔ — ȥȚȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȑ ȚȘȍȊȖȋȖȑ Ƕȕ ȉȣȓ șȖ-
ȏȌȈȕȐȍȔ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ Ȑ ȊȖȗȓȖȚȐȓ ȖȉȡțȦ ȚȘȍȊȖȋț ȖȝȊȈȚȣȊȈȊȠțȦ ȊșȦ ǸțșȤ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍ-
Ȕȧ ǰ ȖȗȧȚȤ-ȚȈȒȐ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȖ — ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȥȚȖ ȗȖȘȖȎȌȍȕȕȖȍ ȋȖȘȖȌȖȔ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤ-
ȒȖ ȕȍ ȘȈșȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ș ȎȐȏȕȍȖȡțȡȍȕȐȍȔ ȘȈȉȖȟȍȋȖ ȕȖ Ȑ șȈȔ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȑ ȍȋȖ șȊȖȍȑ
©ȟȈșȚțȠȒȖȑª ȌȖȗȖȓȕȧȓ ǺȖ Ȏȍ Ȑ ș ȕȍȌȖȘȈȏȊȐȊȠȐȔșȧ ȘțșșȒȐȔ șȐȔȊȖȓȐȏȔȖȔ
ȒȈȒ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖȔ șȚȘȖȍȕȐȧ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȊȖȖȉȘȈȎȈȍȔȖȋȖ ȉȣȚȈ ǸȈȉȖȟȐȑ ȒȓȈșș țȎȍ
ȊȖȏȕȐȒȠȐȑ Ȓ ȥȚȖȔț ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȉȣȓ ȒȘȖȊȕȖ ȏȈȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȕ Ȋ ȖȚȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȐ șȊȖȐȝ
ȌȈȓȍȒȐȝ ȗȍȘșȗȍȒȚȐȊ Ȋ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ ȕȖ ȍȡȍ șȓȈȉȣȑ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȉȍșșȐ-
ȓȍȕ ȏȈȘȈȏȐȚȤ șȊȖȐȔȐ țșȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȧȔȐ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȈ
ǿȚȖ ȒȈșȈȍȚșȧ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȈ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȠȍȋȖ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȉțȘȎțȈȏ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȖșȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȚȖ Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȈȚȤ ȚȘȐ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȝ ȥȚȈ-
ȗȈ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȚȖȘȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȡțȗȣȊȈȕȐȍ ȏȈȊȚȘȈȠȕȐȝ ȗțȚȍȑ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȏȈ-
ȒȈȔȍȕȍȓ Ȉ șȖȊȗȈȊȠȐ — ȊȖ ȊȚȖȘȖȔ șȊȖȍȔ ȥȚȈȗȍ — ș ȔȖȔȍȕȚȖȔ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ
ȗȘȖȡțȗȣȊȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘȐȈȚȖȔ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȌȖȘȖȋ — ȗȖȠȍȓ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ Ǭȓȧ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȔȖ-
ȔȍȕȚȈ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȍȕ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ©ȊȣȎȍȋȠȐȑ ȌțȠȐ ȋȌȍ ȕȍȎȕȖșȚȤ
ȘȈșȚȐȓȐª Ȋ 1914 ȋ țȎȍ ȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏȈȊȠȐȑ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȦ Ȑ ȊȣȒȖȊȈȊȠȐȑ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ
ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȍ ȕȍȒȐȑ ȗȘȖȖȉȘȈȏ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȊȣȧȊȐȓșȧ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȋ
ǶȒȚȧȉȘȍ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔ ȗȍȘȍȎȐȊȈȍȚ ȚȘȍȚȐȑ ȥȚȈȗ ȅȚȖȚ ȥȚȈȗ ©ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖ-
ȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈª — ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ țȎȍ ȕȍ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔ ȕȖ ȊȈȎȕȖ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ Ȝț-
ȚțȘȐȏȔ ȌȖ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȥȚȈȗȈ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȌȖȊȍȓ ǪȖȚ ȗȖȟȍȔț ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ
ȕȍ ȚȘȈȊȐȚȤ Ȉ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȈȚȤ ǯȈȌȈȟȈ ȒȖȔȔțȕȐșȚȖȊ ȒțȓȤȚȐȊȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȥȚȖ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ
Ȑ Ȓ ȥȚȖȔț ȗȍȘȊȖȔț ȒȈȔȕȦ ȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȤ ȍȡȍ ȘȧȌ ȒȈȔȕȍȑ ȌȈȉȣ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȊȣȘȖșȓȈ
ȉȈȠȕȧ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ
ǷȖșȓȍ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ Șȍȟȍȑ ȚȚ ǨșȍȍȊȈ Ȑ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ ȔȐȚȐȕȋ ȏȈȒȘȣ-
ȊȈȍȚșȧ.

69
ª  
	«·°½µ« ¹ º»¹¶°½«»¼µ¹´ º¹È²³³

ǹȈȔȣȑ ȚȍȘȔȐȕ ©ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘșȒȈȧ ȗȖȥȏȐȧª ȊȣȘȈȎȈȍȚ ȕȍ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ șțȡȕȖșȚȤ
ȌȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȦȡțȦșȧ Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȚȍȕȌȍȕȞȐȦ
Ȓ ȗȍȘȍȗȓȈȊȒȍ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘșȒȖȋȖ ȒȓȈșșȖȊȖȋȖ șȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ Ȋ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘșȒȖȍ ȒȓȈșșȖȊȖȍ
ȟțȊșȚȊȖ Ȑ Ȓ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȦ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȟțȊșȚȊȈ Ǫ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȍȕȐȐ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȚȍȕȌȍȕȞȐȐ Ȑ
ȓȍȎȐȚ ȉȓȐȎȈȑȠȈȧ Ȑ ȖșȕȖȊȕȈȧ ȏȈȌȈȟȈ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘșȒȖȑ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ
ǵȈȐȊȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȐȌȍȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ Ȑ ȜȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȣȍ
ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘșȒȖȑ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȋȣ-
ȘȈȉȖȚȈȕȣ Ȋ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȍ ȖșȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘȐȈȚȖȔ șȍȉȧ ȒȈȒ ȒȓȈșșȈ ȕȍșțȡȍȋȖ
ȕȖȊțȦ ȒțȓȤȚțȘț ǹȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘȐȈȚ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȡȐȑșȧ Ȋ ȉțȘȎțȈȏȕȖȔ ȒȈ-
ȗȐȚȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔ ȖȒȘțȎȍȕȐȐ ȊȖșȗȐȚȈȕȕȣȑ ȕȈ ȋȖșȗȖȌșȚȊțȦȡȍȑ Ț ȍ ȖȗȧȚȤ-
ȚȈȒȐ ȕȈ ȉțȘȎțȈȏȕȖȑ ȐȌȍȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȍ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȕȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚȤșȧ
ȗȖȌ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍȔ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȊ șȚȈȘȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ
Ǫșȍ ȌȍȓȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȘȍȏȒȖ țȟȐȚȣȊȈȚȤ ȥȚȐ ȔȖȔȍȕȚȣ ȗȘȖȕȐȒȕȖ-
ȊȍȕȐȧ șȚȈȘȖȋȖ Ȋ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘșȒțȦ ȗșȐȝȐȒț Ȑ ȗȖȔȕȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ șȚȈȘȖȍ ȕțȎȕȖ ȕȍ
ȒțȓȤȚȐȊȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ Ȉ ȗȘȍȖȌȖȓȍȊ ȊȣȒȖȘȟȍȊȣȊȈȚȤ Ȑȏ ȕȈȠȍȋȖ șȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȖȉȐȝȖȌȈ
ǺȍȔȈ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȑ ȏȈȔȍȚȒȐ — ȈȕȚȐȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘșȒȐȍ ȚȍȕȌȍȕȞȐȐ Ȋ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍ-
ȕȐȐ ȖȉȘȈȏȈ ț ȗȘȖȓȍȚȗȖȥȚȖȊ ȅȚȐȔ ȧ ȕȐ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȦ Ȋ ȊȐȌț
ȐșȟȍȘȗȈȚȤ ȊȖȗȘȖș Ȗ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȐ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȐ ȉțȘȎțȈȏȕȖȑ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ ȕȈ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȝ
ȗȘȖȓȍȚȗȖȥȚȖȊ ȏȌȍșȤ ȌȈȕȣ ȓȐȠȤ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȣ ȗȖ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȦ ȖȉȘȈȏȈ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ
ȘȍȏȒȖ ȉȘȖșȈȦȡȐȍșȧ Ȋ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȌȈȎȍ ȗȘȐ ȉȍȋȓȖȔ ȖșȔȖȚȘȍ șȚȐȝȖȊ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȗȖȥȚȖȊ
ȋȓȈȊȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȑ «ǲțȏȕȐȞȣ»).
ǹȚȈȘȈȧ ȚȍȖȘȐȧ ǷȖȚȍȉȕȐ ȌȈȓȈ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȟȍȚȒȖȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȈȘȕȖ-
ȋȖ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȧ ȖȉȘȈȏȈ ȒȈȒ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȏȐȚȤ ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȍȔȖȍ Ȓ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȦ
ȊȖșȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȗțȚȍȔ ȈșșȖȞȐȈȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȗȈȘȈȓȓȍȓȐ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȖȌȐȕ ȘȧȌ
ȗȖȕȧȚȐȑ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȦȡȐȑ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȚȤ ȉȓȐȎȍ ©ȗȖȕȧȚȕȍȍª ȟȍȔ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȖȉȢȧș-
ȕȧȍȔȣȑ
ǷȖȧșȕȐȔ ȥȚț ȚȍȖȘȐȦ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȖȔ
ǯȊȍȕȧȚ Ȑ ȉȘȣȏȋȈȦȚ ȓțȟȈȔȐ
Ǫ ȖȒȕȖ ȊȖȘȒțȦȡȐȍ ȌȕȐ
Ǩ Ȋ ȔȈșȚȍȘșȒȖȑ ȎțȘȟȈȚ ȘțȟȤȧȔȐ
ǷȍȘȍȒȓȐȒȈȦȚșȧ ȘȍȔȕȐ.
ǶȉȘȈȌȖȊȐȟ

70
Ǫ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ ȌȊțȝ șȚȘȖȒȈȝ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕ ȗȘȐȔȐȚȐȊȕȖ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȕȣȑ ȖȉȘȈȏ Ȋ
ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȍ ȘȍȔȕȧ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȍȔȖȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȚșȧ ȌȘțȋȐȔ, ȉȖȓȍȍ ȉȓȐȏ-
ȒȐȔ Ȍȓȧ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ — ȎțȘȟȈȕȐȍȔ ȘțȟȤȧ
ǷȖȚȍȉȕȧ ȗȐȠȍȚ ©ǺȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȞȍȓȤ ȖȉȘȈȏȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȍșȚȤ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȍȕȐȍ ȖȉȘȈȏȈ Ȓ
ȕȈȠȍȔț ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȦ ȚȖ ȖȉȘȈȏ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȚȤ ȕȈȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȍȕ ȟȍȔ ȖȉȢȧș-
ȕȧȍȔȖȍ ȐȔª.
ǰșȝȖȌȧ Ȑȏ ȥȚȖȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȍ Ȍȓȧ
ǶȉȘȈȌȖȊȐȟȈ ȎțȘȟȈȕȐȍ ȘțȟȤȧ ȉȓȐȎȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȍȍ ȟȍȔ ȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȍ ȘȍȔȕȧ
ǷȘȐ ȈȕȈȓȐȏȍ Ȑ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȐ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊ ȚȍȖȘȐȧ ǷȖȚȍȉȕȐ ȌȈȍȚ
ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ țșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤ Ȍȓȧ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ ȗȖȥȚȈ Ȟȍȓȣȍ ȒȈȚȍȋȖȘȐȐ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȑ ȍȔț
ȉȓȐȏȒȐȝ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȝ ȗȖȕȧȚȕȣȝ Ȑ ȒȈȚȍȋȖȘȐȐ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȑ ȕȍȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȝ ȟțȎȌȣȝ
ȗșȐȝȐȒȍ ȗȖȥȚȈ ȖȚșȦȌȈ — ȖȌȐȕ ȠȈȋ Ȓ țșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȦ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȒȈȚȍȋȖȘȐȐ
Ȓ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȐȚ șȈȔ ȗȖȥȚ ȐȓȐ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ Ȗȕ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȍȚ
ǷȘȖȓȍȚȈȘȐȈȚ ȕȍȘȈȏȘȣȊȕȖ șȊȧȏȈȕ ș ȒȘțȗȕȣȔȐ ȐȕȌțșȚȘȐȈȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȞȍȕȚȘȈ-
ȔȐ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔȐ ȋȖȘȖȌȈȔȐ ȖȚ ȖȚțȗȓȧȦȡȍȋȖ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȧ ȌȍȘȍȊȕȐ Ȓ ȋȖȘȖȌț — ȊȖȚ
ȗțȚȤ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘȐȈȚȈ ǰ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȑ ȋȖȘȖȌșȒȖȑ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘșȒȐȑ ȗȖȥȚ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ Ȗ
«ȗȘȐȘȖȌȍ» Ȗ ȌȍȘȍȊȕȍ, ȉțȌȍȚ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȚȤ Ȑȝ ȋȖȘȖȌșȒȐȔȐ ȖȉȘȈȏȈȔȐ Ȑ șȘȈȊȕȍ-
ȕȐȧȔȐ ǻ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ Ȏȍ ȌȍȘȍȊȕȐ ȊȖșȗȘȐȧȚȐȍ ȋȖȘȖȌșȒȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȕȍȐȏȉȍȎȕȖ ȉț-
ȌȍȚ ȈșșȖȞȐȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ș ȖȉȘȈȏȈȔȐ Ȑ șȘȈȊȕȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȌȍȘȍȊȍȕșȒȐȔȐ
ǲȈȒ ȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȋȖȘȖȌșȒȖȑ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ ȊȖȏȤȔȍȔ ȗȖȥȏȐȦ ǫȈșȚȍȊȈ
Ǵȣ ȘȈșȚȍȔ Ȑȏ ȎȍȓȍȏȈ...
ǵȖȊȈȧ ȊȍșȚȤ ȌȖșȚȖȊȍȘȕȈȧ ȒȈȒ ȎȍȓȍȏȖ...
ǩȖȌȘȈȧ ȒȈȒ ȏȊțȒȐ ȔȖȚȖȘȈ...
ǶȌȕȖ ȔȖȍ ȎȍȓȍȏȕȖȍ ȧ ȗȘȖȒȘȐȟț
ȅȗȐȚȍȚȣ ǫȈșȚȍȊȈ
ǲȘȖȊȤ — ȎȍȓȍȏȕȈȧ
ǷȓȍȟȐ — Ȏȍȓȍȏȕȣȍ
ǫȘȖȝȖȚ— ȟțȋțȕȕȣȑ
ǷȘȖșȚȖȘ — ȒȖȊȈȕȣȑ.
ǳȍȒșȐȒȈ ǫȈșȚȍȊȈ
ǹȚȈȕȒȐ ȔȖȓȖȚȣ ȐȋȘȍȒ-ȓțȟȐ, ȊȈȋȘȈȕȖȒ ȋȖȘȕ ȔȍȝȈȕȐȏȔ ȉȈȓȒȐ țȋȖȓȤ-
ȕȐȒȐ, șȚȘȖȗȐȓȈ ȋȍȖȔȍȚȘȐȧ Ȑ Ț Ȍ
ǪȍșȤ ȥȚȖȚ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ ȊȏȧȚ ȊșȍȋȖ Ȑȏ ȌȊțȝ șȚȈȘȣȝ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȑ ǫȈșȚȍȊȈ
«Ǵȣ ȘȈșȚȍȔ Ȑȏ ȎȍȓȍȏȈ» Ȑ «ǶȘȈȚȖȘț», ȕȖ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ țȉȍȌȐȚȤșȧ
Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ǫȈșȚȍȊ ȗȖȥȚ ȐȕȌțșȚȘȐȐ ȗȖȥȚ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ȏȈȊȖȌȈ ȜȈȉȘȐȒȐ Ȉ ȕȍ Șțȟȍȑ-
ȒȖȊ Ȑ ȓțȎȈȍȒ

71
ǪȖȏȤȔȍȔ ȗȘȖșȚȍȑȠȍȍ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ ȖȉȘȈȏȈ ț ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȋ 1914 ȋ
ǪȌȘțȋ —
ǰ ȚțȟȐ
ǰ ȖȉȓȈȟȕȖȍ ȗȘȖȟȍȍ
ǷȖȌȕȧȓȖ ȕȈ ȕȍȉȍ ȕȍȊȍȘȖȧȚȕțȦ ȒȈȟȒț
ǲȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȉȣ ȘȈșȝȖȌȧȚșȧ ȉȍȓȣȍ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȍ
ǵȍȉț ȖȉȢȧȊȐȊ ȖȏȓȖȉȓȍȕȕțȦ șȚȈȟȒț...
Ǫ ȕȍȉȍ ȒȘȈșȕȣȑ ȒȈȒ ȔȈȘșȍȓȤȍȏȈ,
ǪȏȌȘȈȋȐȊȈȧ ȖȒȖȓȍȊȈȓ ȏȈȒȈȚ
ǰ ț ǨșȍȍȊȈ
ǹȚȈȓȤȕȖȑ șȖȓȖȊȍȑ
ǫȘțȏȟȐȒ ȗȖȌȕȧȊȠȐȑ șȔȍȘȚȐ ȒțȓȤ
ǪȏȉȍȎȈȓ ȗȖ ȕȍȉȈ ȌȘȖȎȈȡȍȔț ȚȘȈȗț.
ǵȍȉȖ ȖȉȓȈȒȈ — ȗȖȕȧȚȐȧ, ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȟțȎȌȣȍ ȗșȐȝȐȒȍ ȋȖȘȖȎȈȕȐȕȈ —
ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȦȚșȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȉȓȐȏȒȐȔȐ Ȑ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȔȐ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȔȐ șȚȈȟȒȖȑ ȔȈȘșȍȓȤȍ-
ȏȖȑ ȚȘȈȗȖȔ
ǷȘȖȓȍȚȗȖȥȚȣ șȚȘȖȧȚ șȊȖȐ ȖȉȘȈȏȣ Ȋ ȖȉȘȈȚȕȖȔ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȧ ȋȖȘȖȌ-
șȒȖȍ ȐȕȌțșȚȘȐȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȌȍȘȍȊȍȕșȒȐȔ ȗȘȐ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȐ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȧ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊ
ȗȘȖȓȍȚȗȖȥȚȖȊ ȧ ȕȈȠȍȓ ȚȘȐ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȝ ȒȈȚȍȋȖȘȐȐ
A. ǶȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȋȖ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȈșșȖȞȐȈȞȐȐ ȞȍȘȒȖȊȕȖ-ȉȣȚȖȊȖȋȖ ȔȐș-
ȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȈ
B. ǶȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ Ȑ ȐȕȌțșȚȘȐȐ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȌȍȘȍȊȍȕșȒȐȍ ȖȉȘȈȏȣ Ȑ șȘȈȊ-
ȕȍȕȐȧ
C. ǶȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȋȖ ȗțȚȍȔ șȒȈȏȖȟȕȣȝ Ȑ ȔȐȜȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ șȘȈȊȕȍ-
ȕȐȑ
Ǩ
ǰ ȗȈȘ ȒȈȒ Ȉȕȋȍȓ ȉȍȓȖȗȍȕȕȣȑ
ǪȏȓȍȚȍȓ ȉȓȐșȚȈȦȡȍȑ șȚȘțȍȑ
ǫȍȘȈșȐȔȖȊ, «ǮȍȓȍȏȕȖȍ ȞȊȍȚȍȕȐȍ», șȚȘ 20).

72
ǰ ȌȣȔ ȒȈȒ Ȉȕȋȍȓ ȚȐȝȖȊȍȑȕȣȑ
ǲȓțȉȐȓ ȗȖ ȐȏȋȖȓȖȊȤȧȔ Ȋ șȐȕȐȑ ȉȖȘ
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ, șȚȘ 117).
ǳȐșȚȣ șȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȒȈȒ ȐȒȖȕȣ,
ǹȐȧȦȚ Ȋ ȏȖȓȖȚȣȝ Ȗȋȕȧȝ
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ, șȚȘ 67).
ǹȖȋȉȍȕȕȣȑ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȉȣȓ ȒțȘȋțȏȣȑ
Ǫ ȏȈȊȖȌșȒȖȔ șȒȓȍȗȍ ȗȖȋȘȍȉȍȕ
ǹȖȘȊȈȓ ȊȌȘțȋ șȈȊȈȕ șȐȕȍȑ ȉȓțȏȣ
ǪȖșȒȘȍș Ȑ Ȓ șȖȓȕȞț țșȚȘȍȔȓȍȕ
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ
ǲȘȍȡȍȕ Ȋ ȒțȗȍȓȐ ȟțȋțȕȈ
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ, șȚȘ 76).
ǻ ȋȖȘȕȖȊ ȖȋȕȍȕȕȈȧ ȗȍȕȈ,
ǩȖȓȊȈȕȖȒ ȒȘȈșȕȣȍ ȋȘȖȉȈ.
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ, șȚȘ 14).
ǰ ȌȍȕȤ ȒȘȖȊȈȊȖȋȖ ȊȖșșȚȈȕȐȧ
ǫȘȖȏț ȊȍȓȐȒȐȝ ȔȧȚȍȎȍȑ
ǲȈȒ ȌȍȊț Ȋ ȉȘȈȟȕȖȔ ȖȌȍȧȕȐȐ,
Ǵȣ ȎȌȈȓȐ Ȋ șțȔȍȘȒȐ ȕȖȟȍȑ
ǲȐȘȐȓȓȖȊ «ǶȚȗȓȣȚȐȍ» șȚȘ 25).
ȅȚȈ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȉțȌȍȚ ȝȘȈȔȖȔ Ȍȓȧ ȕȈș
ǺȘțȌ — ȊȍșȍȓȣȔ Ȑ șȖȓȕȍȟȕȣȔ ȉȖȋȖȔ.
ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊșȒȐȑ, «ǯȊȖȕ șȖȓȕȞȈ», șȚȘ. 117).
ǲȈȒ ȗȖȋȘȍȉȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȕȈȌ ȟȍȘȕȣȔ ȋȘȖȉȖȔ șȊȍȟȐ
ǵȈȌ ȋȖȘȖȌȖȔ ȖȋȕȐ ȏȈȊȖȌșȒȐȝ ȚȘțȉ
ǫȖȘȍȓȐ ȎȍȘȚȊȍȕȕȐȒȐ — ȌȖȔȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȍȟȐ
ǶȉȘȈȌȖȊȐȟ, «ǪȏȔȈȝ», șȚȘ 15).

73
ǰ ȕȍ Ȋ Țȍȉȍ ȓȤ ȘȖȎȌȍȕ ș ȊȍȓȐȒȖȑ ȒȘȍșȚȕȖȑ ȕȖȠȍȑ
ǸȈȉȖȟȐȑ ȐșȗȖȓȒȖȔ
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ, șȚȘ 25).
ǶșȊȖȉȖȎȌȍȕȕȣȑ Ȑ ȊȍȓȐȒȐȑ
ȇ ȊȐȎț ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘșȒȐȑ ȓȐȒ.
ǫȍȘȈșȐȔȖȊ, «Ǯ Ȟ.», șȚȘ 9)
ǴȖȧ ȌțȠȈ — ȕȖȟȕȈȧ ȐșȒȘȈ —
ǰȏ ȌȣȔȈ ȖȚȓȍȚȍȊ ȕȈ ȔȐȋ,
ǲȘțȎȐȚ ȒȘțȎȐȚ ȔȍȎ ȏȊȍȏȌ Ȑ ȉȣșȚȘȖ
ǻȋȈșȠȐȑ ȖȗțșȒȈȍȚ ȓȐȒ.
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ, șȚȘ 13).
ǳȦȉȓȦ ȊȖ ȚȤȔȍ ȓȖȊȐȚȤ ȔȍȘȞȈȕȤȍ —
ǳȐȒ ȖșȐȧȕȕȣȑ ȔȈȧȒȈ
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ, șȚȘ. 28).
Ǫ ȕȍȉȍ șȖȓȕȍȟȕȖȔ ȊȣșȖȒȖȔ
ǬȖȔȕȣ ȖȏȈȘȍȕȕȣȑ ȓȐȒ.
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ, șȚȘ 65).
ǸȖșșȐȐ ȖșȐȧȕȕȣȑ ȓȐȒ.
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ, șȚȘ 123).
ǯȕȈȑ, ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȟȐȊ ȓȐȒ șțȌȤȉȣ
ǲȐȘȐȓȓȖȊ, «ǶȚȗȓ», șȚȘ 32).
ǺȧȕȍȚșȧ Ȓ ȚțȟȈȔ ȋȖȘȧȡȐȑ ȒȖșȚȍȘ
ǹȓȖȊȕȖ ȈȘȝȈȕȋȍȓ ș ȉȓȐșȚȈȦȡȐȔ ȓȐȒȖȔ.
ǫȍȘȈșȐȔȖȊ, «Ǯ Ȟ.», șȚȘ 44).

74
ǳȐȠȤ șȒȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȕȈ ȌȓȐȕȕȖȔ ȚȘȖȕȍ,
ǲȘȖȊȈȊȣȑ Ȉȕȋȍȓ ȘȊȈȓșȧ Ȋ ȌȈȓȤ
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ, șȚȘ 14).
Ǫ ȈȓȖȔ ȌȣȔȍ Ȉȕȋȍȓ ȉȍȓȣȑ
ǷȘȍȌȖ ȔȕȖȦ șȓȖȊȕȖ șȖȕ
ǵȈ ȕȍȋȖ șȔȖȚȘȦ ȧ șȔȍȓȖ
ǹȓȣȠț ȒȘȣȓȤȍȊ ȕȍȎȕȣȑ ȏȊȖȕ
Ǩȕȋȍȓ ȕȍȎȕȣȑ ȚȐȝȖ șȒȈȎȍȚ
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ, șȚȘ 90).
ǴȖȧ ȌțȠȈ șȚȘȍȔȐȓȈșȤ ȌȖȓȋȖ
ǲ șȒȘȐȎȈȓȧȔ ȗȓȈȔȍȕȕȣȝ șȊȖȉȖȌ
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 9).
..ǶȌȐȕ ȘȈșȗȧȚȣȑ
ǳȍȎȈȓ ȕȈ ȏȖȓȖȚȖȔ ȓȐșȚȍ,
ǯȔȍȐȕȣȔ ȗȓȈȔȍȕȍȔ ȖȉȢȧȚȣȑ
ǫȖȘȍȓ ȕȈ ȖȋȕȍȕȕȖȔ ȒȘȍșȚȍ.
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 14).
ǩȓȐșȚȈȦȚ ȎȕȐȊȤȧ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȘȐȏȣ,
ǵȈ ȕȐȝ ȒȘȍșȚȣ ȚțȋȐȝ șȕȖȗȖȊ
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 
ǪȍȚȘȧȒ ȊȌȈȓȐ ȗȈșȚȣȘȤ Ȋȍȟȕȣȑ
ǹ ȉȓȈȋȖșȓȖȊȓȧȦȡȐȔ ȒȘȍșȚȖȔ.
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 
ȇ ȊȐȎț ȗȓȈȔȍȕȕȣȍ ȘȐȏȣ,
Ǫ ȕȐȝ ȌȣȔȕȣȑ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȖȉȓȈȟȍȕ.
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 

75
ǪȏȌȘȖȋȕțȊ ȊȍșȤ ȖȚ șȓȈȌȒȖȑ ȉȖȓȐ
...ǴȖȓȐȚȊț șȚȘȈȕȕțȦ ȠȍȗȟȈ
ǲȖȋȌȈ ȗȖȋȈșȕȍȚ Ȋ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȔ ȗȖȓȍ
ǯȈȘȐ ȊȍȕȟȈȓȤȕȈȧ șȊȍȟȈ.
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 51).
ǶȘȋȈȕ ȚȈȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖ Ȑ ȟțȚȒȖ
ǷȖȌ șȊȖȌȣ ȊȏȌȖȝȐ ȗȖșȣȓȈȓ
ǰ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍȗȖȕȧȚȕȖ ȎțȚȒȖ
ǲȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ șȈȔ ȋȖșȗȖȌȤ ȊȏȌȣȝȈȓ
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 56).
ǺȈȍȚ ȔȖȏȋ șȋȖȘȈȍȚ șȐȓȈ
ǲȈȒ ȊȖșȒ ȏȈȚȍȗȓȍȕȕȣȝ șȊȍȟȍȑ.
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 21).
ǷȖȔȖȓȖȌȍȓȐ Șȧșȣ ȗȐȕȐȑ
ǵȈȌ ȔȘȈȔȖȘȖȔ ȔȖȋȐȓȤȕȣȝ ȗȓȐȚ.
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 93).
ǾȊȍȚȈȔȐ ȘȖȏȖȊȈȚȣȑ ȒȓȍȊȍȘ
ǰȒȖȕȣ ȖȒȘȖȗȐȓ ȗȖȓȍȑ.
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 93).
ǰ ȧ șȒȓȖȕȧȦșȤ ȕȈ ȒȖȓȍȕȐ
ǻ ȗȓȈȡȈȕȐȞȣ ȟȍȘȕȣȝ ȘȖȏ
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ
ǪȌȈȓȐ ȏȈȊȖȌȈ ȏȈ șȚȍȕȈȔȐ
ǹȊȍȘȠȈȓȈ ȚȈȐȕșȚȊȈ ȊȍșȕȈ
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 16).
ǰȏ ȖȋȕȍȊȖȑ ȒțȗȍȓȐ
ǪȣȑȌȍȔ ȞȊȍȚțȡȐȔ ȔȈȍȔ
ǲȐȘȐȓȓȖȊ, «ǶȚȗȓȣȚȐȍ» șȚȘ 21).

76
...ǫȘțȏȖȔȖȚȖȘ
ǪȌȈȊȐȊ Ȋ ȉțȓȣȎȕȐȒ ȓȈȗȣ-ȠȐȕȣ
ǺȘȍȊȖȎȕȖ ȗȘȖȉȈșȐȚ Ȋ țȗȖȘ
ǰ ȖȒȈȌȐȚ ȚȖȓȗț ȉȍȕȏȐȕȖȔ.
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ
ǵȖ ȍșȓȐ ȌȍȕȤ ȕȍ ȕȈșȚȈȕȍȚ șțȌȕȣȑ
ǬȍȕȤ ȖȚȔȡȍȕȤȧ șȊȍȘȠȍȕȤȧ ȕȈȋȘȈȌ
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 47).
ǬȈȓȤȕȐȑ ȋȘȖȔ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊ ȓȐȚțȘȋȐȐ
ǫȖȓțȉȣȝ șȖȏȊȍȏȌȐȑ șȖȏȊȖȕ
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 55).
ǹȚȘțȐȓȐșȤ ȏȊțȒȐ ȏȊȍȏȌȕȖȋȖ ȝȖȘȈȓȈ
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 60).
ǲȖȋȌȈ ȕȍȉȖ ȉȍȏȏȊȍȏȌȕȖȍ ȔȕȐȚșȧ ȕȈȊȍȒȐ
Ǵȣ ȗȘȐȌȈȊȓȍȕȣ ȟȍȘȕȖȑ ȔȖȋȐȓȤȕȖȑ ȗȓȐȚȖȑ
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ .
ǹȓȖȊȕȖ Ȋ șȒȓȍȗȍ ȏȊȍȏȌȈȔȐ ȗȖȊȍȧȓ
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 
ǺȖȉȖȦ Ȕȣ ȘȈșȗȧȚȣ ȋȖȘȖȌ
ǵȈ șȖȓȕȍȟȕȖ-ȏȕȖȑȕȖȔ ȒȘȍșȚȍ.
ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊșȒȐȑ ©ǯȊȖȕ șȖȓȕȞȈª șȚȘ 
ǷȘȐȟȈșȚȐȍȔ ȒȘȖȊȐ ȟȍȘȕȖȑ
Ǫ ȌțȠȍ Ȋȣ ȊȏȌȣȉȐȓȐ ȔȘȈȒ
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 

77
ǯȈȏȊȍȕȍȓ ȗșȈȓȖȔ ȒȖȓȖȒȖȓȤȕȣȑ.
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 
ǫȓȈȏȈ ȓȦȉȐȔȖȑ ȗȣȓȈȦȚ ȎȈȎȌȖȑ
ǸȈșȗȧȚȤȧ ȕȈ șȚȈȓȤȕȖȔ ȒȘȍșȚȍ.
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 
Ǵȣ ȗȘȐȠȓȐ ȗȖ ȊȍȒȈȔ ȖȚșȓțȎȐȚȤ
ǹȊȖȍȑ ȒȘȖȊȤȦ ȋȖȘȧȟȍȑ ȖȉȍȌȕȐ.
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 
ȟȚȖ Ȋ Ȗȋȕȍ ȉȍșșȔȍȘȚȐȍ ȕȈȑȌȍȕȖ
ǩȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȍȑ ȉȍșșȔȍȘȚȤȧ ǽȘȐșȚȈ.
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 
ǵȈȠȈ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȓȈșȤ ȗȖȓȕȖȟȤȦ
ǷȖȌ ȉȓȍȌȕȣȔ ȓțȕȕȣȔ șȈȊȈȕȖȔ.
ǹȚȘ 
ǳȦȉȐȔȈȧ ǵȈ Ȋșȍȝ ȌȖȘȖȋȈȝ ȧ
ǩȣȓ ȘȈșȚȖȟȐȚȍȓȍȕ ȒȈȒ ȉȖȋ,
ǵȖ Ȋșȍ Ȏ ț ȎȍȘȚȊȍȕȕȐȒȈ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ
ǹȚȘ 
ǷȘȐȠȓȈ ș ȊȍȓȐȟȈȊȣȔ ȗȖȒȓȖȕȖȔ
ǵȖȟȤ — ȌȈȘȖȕȖșȐȞȈ.
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 117).
Ǻȣ șȗȈșȓȈ șȊȖȍ șȟȈșȚȤȍ ȗȖȎȈȘȖȔ
ǸțșȤ — ȗȈȓȖȔȕȐȞȈ ș ȜȖȕȈȘȍȔ
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 163).

78
ǹȊȍȘȠȐȓȖșȤ.. ǺȘțȉȈȔȐ ȜȈȉȘȐȟȕȣȔȐ ȘȈșȗȧȚȈ,
ǹȒȓȖȕȐȓȈșȤ ȕȈȌ ȖȒȘȈȐȕȖȑ ȏȈȘȧ
ǲȖȋȌȈ ȖȒȚȧȉȘȤșȒȖȦ șȚȘȈȕȐȞȍȑ ȌȊȈȌȞȈȚȤ ȗȧȚȖȑ
ǶȚȒȘȣȓȈșȤ ȒȕȐȋȈ ȉȣȚȐȧ.
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 25).
ǸȈșȟȓȍȕȐȔ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȑȏ ȥȚȐȝ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊ ȕȈ ȌȊȈ țșȓȖȊȕȣȝ ȘȧȌȈ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȝ
Ȑ ȕȍȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȝ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȑ
ǵȍȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȍ
ǯȕȈȒȖȔȣȍ
ȗȈȘ
Ȉȕȋȍȓ
ȌȣȔ
Ȉȕȋȍȓ
șȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȓȐșȚȣ
ȐȒȖȕȣ
ȏȈȊȖȌ
șȒȓȍȗ
șȐȕȧȧ ȉȓțȏȈ
șȈȊȈȕ
ȟțȋțȕ
ȒțȗȍȓȤ
ȉȖȓȊȈȕȒȐ
ȋȘȖȉȈ
ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ
ȌȍȊȈ Ȋ ȉȘȈȟȕȣȝ ȖȌȍȧȕȐȧȝ
ȎȐȏȕȤ
ȝȘȈȔ
Ǫ ȒȈȚȍȋȖȘȐȐ ȕȍȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȝ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȑ — ȗȖȕȧȚȐȧ ȋȖȘȖȌșȒȐȍ Ȑ ȐȕȌțșȚȘȐȈȓȤ-
ȕȣȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȦȚșȧ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚȈȔȐ Ȑ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȧȔȐ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȖȋȖ ȒțȓȤȚȈ
Ǫ.
ǺȘțȉȈ ș ȒȖȘȖȦ șȈȎȐ ȟȍȘȕȖȑ
ǫȍȘȈșȐȔȖȊ «Ǯ Ȟ.», șȚȘ. 67).
ǫȌȍ țȋȓȧ ȒȈȔȍȕȕȣȍ ȋȖȘȕȣ
ǾȊȍȚȒȖȔ ȒȘȖȊȈȊȣȔ ȘȈșȞȊȍȓȐ
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 
ǲȖȊȈȓ șȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȓȍȗȍșȚȒȐ,
ǺȘțȉț ȏȈȊȖȌȈ — ȟȍȘȕȖȑ ȘȖȏȖȑ
ǴȍȚȕțȓ ȕȈ ȓțȕȕȣȍ ȊȐșȒȐ
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ. 71).

79
ǴȖȑ ȋȖȘȕ ȋȖȘȧȟȐȔȐ ȋțȉȈȔȐ
ǷȖȞȍȓȖȊȈȓ ȚȊȖȐ țșȚȈ
ǶșȣȗȈȓ ȏȊȍȏȌȕȣȔȐ ȞȊȍȚȈȔȐ
ǶȚ ȐșȒȘȖȔȍȚȕȖȋȖ ȒțșȚȈ.
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 71).
ǳȦȉȓȦ ȒțșȒȐ șȚȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȉȖȓȊȈȕȖȒ
ǴȍȎ ȗȈȓȤȞȍȊ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȡȍȕȕȣȝ Ȋ ȏȔȍȑ.
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 73).
ǲȈȒ ȌȖȔȕȣ ȏȖȓȖȚȖȑ Șțȟȍȑ.
(ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ, șȚȘ 73).
ǵȖ ȚȘțȉȕȣȑ ȌȣȔ ȏȔȍȍȦ ȟȍȘȕȖȑ
ǷȘȖȡȈȓȤȕȖ ȖȚȒȓțȉȐȓ ȕȈȌ ȕȍȑ
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ
ǵȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȏȈȉțȌțȚ ȗȖȚȖȔȒȐ
ǩțȘȕȣȑ ǹȔȖȓȤȕȣȑ ș ȎțȎȎȈȕȤȍȔ țȓȤȧ.
ǲȐȘȐȓȓȖȊ, «ǶȚȗȓȣȚȐȍ», șȚȘ 9).
ǶȕȐ ȏȊțȟȈȚ ȒȈȒ ȒȘȍȗȕțȡȐȑ ȗȘȐȉȖȑ,
ǺȧȎȍȓȣȍ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȍ ȠȈȋȐ
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 11).
ǲȈȒ ȊȣȔȣșȓȣ ȗȘȐȟțȌȓȐȊȣȝ ȗȖȊȍȘȐȑ,
ǾȊȍȚȍȕȤȍ ȥȓȍȒȚȘȐȟȍșȒȐȝ Ȗȋȕȍȑ
ǲȐȘȐȓȓȖȊ, «ǶȚȗȓ»).
ǰȦȓȤșȒȐȑ ȊȍȟȍȘ — ȏȓȖȑ ȗȈșȚțȝ
ǹȦȌȈ șȖȋȕȈȓ ȓȦȌșȒȖȍ șȚȈȌȖ.
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 35).
ǰ ȕȈ țȋȓț ȋȘțȏȖȔȖȚȖȘ

80
ǪȌȈȊȐȊ Ȋ ȉțȓȣȎȕȐȒ ȓȈȗȣ-ȠȐȕȣ...
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ
ǬȖȓȋȖ ȋȖȓȖșȖȔ ȊȖȓȟȤȐȔ
ǹȖȕȕȣȍ ȊȣȓȐ ȋțȌȒȐ
ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊșȒȐȑ, «ǯȊ șȖȓȕȞȈ», șȚȘ 93).
ǵȈȌ ȋȖȘȕȖȔ — ȏȈȘȍȊȖ ȏȈȘȐ.
ǴȍȝȈ Ȓțȏȕȍȟȕȣȍ — ȋȘȖȏȈ.
ǶȉȘȈȌȖȊȐȟ, «ǪȏȔȈȝ», șȚȘ 5).
ǰ ȔȕȐȚșȧ Ȕȕȍ Ȋ ȔȈȠȐȕȕȖȔ ȏȊȖȕȍ
ǰ Ȋ șȕȍȎȕȖȔ ȠȍȓȍșȚȍ ȘȍȔȕȍȑ
Ǫșȍ Țe Ȏȍ ȒȖȊȈȕȣȍ ȒȖȕȐ,
Ǫșȍ ȚȖȚ Ȏȍ ȏȊȖȕ ȖșȍȕȕȐȝ Ȍȕȍȑ.
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 46).
Ǩ Ȋ ȔȈșȚȍȘșȒȖȑ ȎțȘȟȈȚ ȘțȟȤȧȔȐ
ǷȍȘȍȒȓȐȒȈȦȚșȧ ȘȍȔȕȐ
ǴȖȚȖȘ ȌȐȕȈȔȖ — ȗȕȍȔ ȋȖȘȉȈȚȣȔ...
ǲȈȒ ȒȘȣȓȤȧ ȘȈȏȕȖȞȊȍȚȕȣȍ
Ǫȍșȍȓȣȝ ȔȖȚȣȓȤȒȖȊ,
ǲȖȓȣȠȈȚșȧ ȕȍșȔȍȚȕȣȍ
ǯȕȈȔȍȕȈ ȉȈȚȘȈȒȖȊ
ǲȘȈȑșȒȐȑ, «ǻȓȣȉȒȐ șȖȓȕȞȈ», șȚȘ 7).
Ǫ șȈȌȣ ȎȍȓȍȏȈ Ȑ ȋȘȈȕȐȚȈ
Ǫ ȈȓȓȍȐ ȒȈȔȍȕȕȣȝ ȌȖȔȖȊ
ǫȍȘȈșȐȔȖȊ, «Ǯ Ȟ.», șȚȘ 10).
ǷȍȓȐ ȓȦȌȐ Ȑ ȓȍȚȍȓȐ
ǲȈȒ Țȣ Ȋȍșȍȕȕȧȧ ȋȘȖȏȈ.
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 15).
Ǩ șȖȚȕȐ ȚȘțȉ, ȒȈȒ ȉȖȘ șȖșȕȖȊȣȑ,

81
ǹȚȖȧȚ ȉȍȏ ȊȍȚȖȒ Ȑ ȉȍȏ ȝȊȖȑ.
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 15).
ǬȣȔ ȖȚ ȚȘțȉȣ ȏȈșȚȣȓ ȕȈȌ ȕȈȔȐ
ǲȈȒ ȟȍȘȕȖȉțȘȈȧ șȖșȕȈ.
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 16).
ǯȌȍșȤ ȏȖȓȖȚȖ ȉȈȕȒȐȘȖȊ
ǯȊȍȕȍȓȖ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȐȉȖȑ.
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 18).
ǵȈȌ ȕȐȔȐ ȈȥȘȖ ȒȘțȋȈȔȐ
ǯȈȘȍȦȚ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȧșȚȘȍȉȈ.
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 43).
ǸȎȈȕȐȍ ȔȍȌȕȖȍ ȧȘȖșȚȕȣȝ ȗțȠȍȒ
ǷțȠȒȐ ȒȈȒ ȒȖȕȐ ȊșȚȈȦȚ ȕȈ Ȍȣȉȣ
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 
ǫȖȘȕ ȒȈȒ șȚȖȋ ȋȖȘȧȡȐȑ șȍȕȈ.
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 
ǪȍȍȚ ȖȚ ȋȖȘȕȈ ȊȍȘȊȍȕȖȑ
ǩȍȓȣȑ ȗȓȈȔȍȕȤ — șȗȍȓȣȑ ȓȍȕ
ǯȕȈȒȖȔȣȍ
ǵȍȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȍ
ȘțȟȤȐ
ȌȖȔȕȣ
ȎțȘȟȈȕȐȍ ȘțȟȤȧ
ȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȍ ȘȍȔȕȧ
ȗȍȕȤ ȋȖȘȉȈȚȣȑ
ȔȖȚȖȘ ȌȐȕȈȔȖ
ȒȘȣȓȤȧ ȔȖȚȣȓȤȒȖȊ
ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȣȍ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȈ
ȉȖȘ șȖșȕȖȊȣȑ
ȏȈȊȖȌșȒȐȍ ȚȘțȉȣ
șȚȖȋȈ șȍȕȈ
ȋȖȘȕȣ
Ȑ ȚȌ

82
ǹ
ǯȖȊȍȚ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȍ ȓȈȟțȋȐ
ǯȖȊȍȚ șȍȘȌȞȈ Ȋ șȚȍȗȕțȦ ȠȐȘȤ
ǺțȌȈ ȋȌȍ Ȋ ȖȋȕȍȊȖȑ ȒȖȓȤȟțȋȍ
ȀȈȋȈȓ ȗȖ ȊȏȋȖȘȤȧȔ ȉȖȋȈȚȣȘȤ.
ǫȍȘȈșȐȔȖȊ, «Ǯ Ȟ.», șȚȘ 8).
ǴȖȘȍ — ȋȖȓțȉȈȧ ȞȈȘȍȊȕȈ —
ǵȍȘȊȕȖ ȌȣȠȐȚ ț Șțȓȧ
ǫȍȘȈșȐȔȖȊ, «Ǯ Ȟ.», șȚȘ 11).
ǪȍșȍȕȕȐȑ ȌȍȕȤ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȟțȌȍșȕȣȑ
ǵȈ ȏȍȔȓȦ ȊȐȚȧȏȤ — șȕȐȏȖȠȍȓ
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 67).
ǫȌȍ ȖȗȍȟȈȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȞȈȘȍȊȕȖȑ
ǬțȠȈ ȚȖȔȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȚȍȘȍȔț...
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ
ǵȈ ȉȘȈȕȕȖȔ ȗȖȓȍ Ȉȓȣȑ ȊȐȚȧȏȤ
ǰȏ ȗȍȗȓȈ Ȓ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȊȖșȒȘȍȠȍȕ
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 117).
ǰ Ȓ șȖșȕȈȔ — ȊȐȚȧȏȍȔ ț ȊȏȋȖȘȐȑ
ǬȍȊȐȟȐȑ ȗȘȐȔȈȋȕȐȟȍȕ ȊȏȖȘ
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 217).
ǯȊȍȕȍȓȐ ȍȓȐ ȒȈȒ ȒȖȓȤȟțȋȈ
ǪșȚȘȍȊȖȎȍȕȕȣȝ ȉȖȋȈȚȣȘȍȑ.
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 118).
Ƕȕ ȊȐȌȐȚ Ȋ ȏȈȘȍȊȍ ȒȖȓȤȟțȋȐ

83
ǲȈȒ ȊșȚȈȘȤ ȉȖȋȈȚȣȘȐ ȊșȚȈȦȚ
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ șȚȘ 119).
ǸȈșșȣȗȈȍȚșȧ șȔȍȝ ȌȖȎȌȍȔ șȍȘȍȉȘȈ
ǯȈȒȘțȎȐȓȈșȤ ȘțșȈȓȒȖȑ ȖȏȍȘȕȖȑ.
ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊșȒȐȑ, ©ǯ. ș.»).
ǳȍȠȐȑ Ȋȍșȍȓȣȑ ȕȈșȔȍȠȕȐȒ
ǯȈȒȘțȎȐȓ ȏȈȊȖȌȐȓ ȌȖ țșȚȈȓȖșȚȐ
ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊșȒȐȑ, «ǯȊ șȖȓȕ», șȚȘ 118).
Ƕ ǸțșȤ ȒȘȍșȚȤȧȕșȒȈȧ ȒȈȒ Ȋ șȒȈȏȒȍ ȌȘȍȊȕȍȑ
ǵȍ Țȣ ȓȤ ȞȈȘȍȊȕȖȑ ȗȓȍȕȍȕȕȖȑ șȗȐȠȤ
ǶȉȘȈȌȖȊȐȟ, «ǹȌȊȐȋ» șȚȘ 3).
ǹȐȧȓȐ ȦȕȖȠȐ ȒȈȒ ȉȖȋȐ
ǰ ȌȍȊȣ ȒȘȈȠȍ ǨȜȘȖȌȐȚ.
ǲȐȘȐȓȓȖȊ, «ǶȚȗȓ»).
Ƕ ȏȈȐȋȘȈȑ ȎȍȔȟțȎȕȖȑ ȕȈȋȖȚȖȑ
ǶȚȒȐȕțȊ ȗȘȖȟȤ șȚȣȌȓȐȊȣȍ ȏȈȗȧșȚȤȧ
ǲȈȒ ǨȜȘȖȌȐȚȈ ȗȍȕȖȑ ȏȖȓȖȚȖȑ
ǺȈȔ Ȏȍ
ǵȖ ȘȖȌȐȕț ȔȖȦ ȒȈȒ ȚȍȓȖ ǷȘȖȔȍȚȍȧ,
ǪȘȈȋȐ Ȑ ȝȐȡȕȐȒȐ ȕȈ ȟȈșȚȐ ȏȓȖȉȕȖ ȘȊțȚ.
ǲȘȈȑșȒȐȑ, «ǻȓȣȉȒȐ șȖȓȕȞȈ»).
ǶȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȥȚȣ ș ȋȖȘȌȣȔ ȥȗȐȚȍȚȖȔ «ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘșȒȐȍ» ȕȍ ȚȈȒ ȌȈȓȍ-
ȒȐ ȖȚ ȓȖȎȕȖ-ȒȓȈșșȐȞȐȏȔȈ Ǩ Ȕȣ ȌțȔȈȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȉȍȏȊȖȏȊȘȈȚȕȖ ȔȐȕțȓȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ
ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȗȐșȈȓȐ șȚȐȝȐ a «ȗȘȐȕȖșȐȓȐ ȎȍȘȚȊț ǨȗȖȓȓȖȕț» Ȑ ȕȍ ȗȘȖ-
șȚȖ ȕȈȗȐȊȈȓȐșȤ ȗȤȧȕȣȔ ȕȖ «ȖȚȌȈȊȈȓȐșȤ ȗȖȌ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ǩȈȝțșȈ».
ǶȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ Ȓ șȓȖȊț ȒȈȒ Ȓ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȖȔț ȜȍȚȐȠț ȐȔȍȦȡȍȔț ȏȈ «ȋȘțȉȖȑ ȖȉȖ-
ȓȖȟȒȖȑ» «ȊȍȟȕțȦ ȕȍȗȘȍȝȖȌȧȡțȦ șțȡȕȖșȚȤ» ȐȏȌȈȊȕȈ ȖȉȧȏȣȊȈȓȖ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ ȗȐ-
șȈȚȤ șȓȖȊȈ ș ȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ ȉțȒȊ ȈșșȖȘȚȐȔȍȕȚ ȚȈȒȐȝ șȓȖȊ ț ȗȘȖȓȍȚȗȖȥȚȖȊ ȊȍșȤȔȈ

84
ȖȉȠȐȘȍȕ ȇ ǳȍȋȐȖȕȕȣȑ ǷȍȘȊȣȑ ǫȘȧȌțȡȍȍ ǺȘțȌ ǲȘȍșȚȕ ǵȖȠȈ ǲȕȐȋȈ ǩȣ-
ȚȐȧ ǵȈȟȈȓȖ ǬȖȘȖȋȐ ǯȓȖ ǺȤȔȈ ǴȐȘȖȏȌȈȕȐȍ ǴȐȘ ǸȖȒ, ǪȓȈșȚȍȓȐȕ — Ȋșȍ
ȥȚȖ ȗȐȠȍȚșȧ ș ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȉțȒȊȣ Ȍȓȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȋȖ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȈ Ȑ ȘȈșȒȘȣȚȐȧ «șȖȒȘȖ-
ȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ» șȔȣșȓȈ șȓȖȊ
Ǩ ȕȈȘȧȌț șȖ ȊșȍȔȐ ȗȘȐȊȍȌȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȗȖȥȚȣ ȌȘțȎȕȖ țȊȍ-
ȘȧȦȚ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ — ȋȖȘȖȌșȒȐȍ ȓȦȌȐ ȐȕȌțșȚȘȐȈȓȐșȚȣ țȠȍȌȠȐȍ ȖȚ ȌȍȘȍȊȕȐ Ȑ
ȒțșȚȈȘȕȐȟȍșȚȊȈ
ǷȖȏȈȉȣȓȐ Ȕȣ ȏȈȗȈȝȐ ȚȘȈȊ Ȑ ȊȍșȍȕȕȐȝ ȞȊȍȚȖȊ,
ǷȖȓȦȉȐȓȐ Ȕȣ șȐȓț ȗȈȘȖȊ Ȑ ȔȖȡȤ ȌȐȕȈȔȐȚȈ
ǵȖ ȥȚȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȖȔȈȕȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȒȓȧȚȊȣ Ȋ ȘȍȌȒȐȍ ȔȐȕțȚȣ ȊȓȦȉȓȍȕȐȧ ȒȓȧȚ-
Ȋȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȕȍ ȊȍȘȧȚ șȈȔȣȍ ȕȈȐȊȕȣȍ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ ȗȖșȓȍ ȕȐȝ ț ǶȉȘȈȌȖȊȐȟȈ ȔȖ-
ȚȖȘȣ Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ «ȋȘțȉȖ ȘȈșșȍȐȊȈȦȚ ȔȐȘȈȎ» ȍȋȖ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȖȑ ȓȐȘȐȒȐ
ǷȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȣ Ȑ ȥȗȐȚȍȚȣ ȗȘȐȓȈȋȈȍȔȣȍ Ȓ ȋȖȘȖȌț Ȑ Ȓ ȌȍȘȍȊȕȍ
ȋȖȘȖȌȈ — ȌțȠȕȣȍ Ȑ Țȍșȕȣȍ,
ȋȖȘȖȌȈ — ȕȍȊȖȓȧ,
ȥȓȍȒȚȘȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȖȋȕȐ — ȝȖȓȖȌȕȣȍ,
ȒȈȔȕȐ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ — șȍȘȣȍ Ȑ șțȔȘȈȟȕȣȍ,
ȓțȋȈ Ȑ ȗȖȓȧ — ȊȖȓȤȕȖȍ ȘȈȏȌȖȓȤȍ.
ǵȈ Ȋșȍ șȚȐȝȐ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȊȏȧȚȣ ȗȘȐȊȍȌȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȣ ȧ ȕȈȠȍȓ ȊșȍȋȖ
ȌȊȈ ȋȖȘȖȌșȒȐȝ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȝ ȖȉȘȈȏȈ ȖȌȐȕ — ț ǫȍȘȈșȐȔȖȊȈ «Ǯ Ȟª șȚȘ 7):
ǩȓțȎȌȈȓȐ ȚțȟȐ ȒȈȒ ȔȐȕȍȘȣ,
ǷȖ ȠȈȝȚȈȔ ȋȘȐȜȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȊȣșȖȚ
Ȑ ȊȚȖȘȖȑ — ț ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ©ǯȊ șȖȓȕ», șȚȘ 50):
ǵȈș, ȌȍȘȏȒȐȝ ȒȈȒ ȗȓȈȔȧ ǶȒȚȧȉȘȧ
ǻȗȖȘȕȣȝ ȒȈȒ ȊȏȔȈȝȐ ȗȈȘȖȊȖȏȈ...
ǻȗȖȔȧȕȍȔ ȍȡȍ Ȗ ǲȈȏȐȕȍ ț ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ «ȔȈȑșȒȐȍ ȓțȎȐ» ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȦȚșȧ
«ȖȉȘȍȏȒȈȔȐ ȋȖȓțȉȖȋȖ ȞȐȕȒȈ» ǵȖ ȥȚȐ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȣ ȍȌȐȕȐȟȕȣ Ȑ Ȋ Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȔȈș-
șȍ ȖȉȘȈȚȕȣȝ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȑ ȖȕȐ ȕȍȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȣ Ȑ ȕȍ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȣ Ȍȓȧ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊ
ȗȘȖȓȍȚȗȖȥȚȖȊ
ǵȍșȖȔȕȍȕȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȊȍșȤ ȥȚȖȚ ȐȌȍȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȕȈȓȍȚ ȒȓȈșșȖȊȖ ȟțȎȌ ȗȘȖ-
ȓȍȚȗȖȥȚȈȔ Ȑ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȍȚșȧ Ȗȕ Ȋ ȗȍȘȊțȦ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ ȚȍȔ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȗȖȥȚȣ ȖȝȖȚ-
ȕȖ ȗȖȓȤȏțȦȚșȧ ȠȚȈȔȗȈȔȐ șȊȖȐȝ ȉțȘȎțȈȏȕȣȝ țȟȐȚȍȓȍȑ
ǻȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȔȐ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȧȔȐ ȏȈȊȓȍȒȓȖ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȗȖȥȚȖȊ Ȋ ȓȈȋȍȘȤ,
ȊȘȈȎȌȍȉȕȣȑ ȒȓȈșșț Ȓ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț ȖȕȐ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȈȚ ǷȘȖȓȍȚȗȖȥȚȣ ȊȖșȗȘȐ-

ȕȧȓȐ Ȋșȍ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ ȉțȘȎțȈȏȕȖȑ ȘȖȔȈȕȚȐȒȐ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȐȌȍȈȓȐȏȔ
ȔȐșȚȐȒț ȘȖȔȈȕȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ Ȓ «ȒȘȍșȚȤȧȕșȒȖȑ ǸțșȐ» Ȑ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȍȚșȧ
ȥȚȖ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȉțȘȎțȈȏȕȣȔ ȖȒȘțȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȕȖ Ȑ ȚȍȔ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȣȔ ȊȕȐ-
ȔȈȕȐȍȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ țȌȍȓȐȓȐ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȗȖȥȚȣ Ȋ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ șȊȖȍȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊț
șȐȔȊȖȓȐșȚȖȊ ǩȘȦșȖȊȈ ǩȓȖȒȈ Ȑ ǩȍȓȖȋȖ șȚȐȝȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȉȣȓȐ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȟțȎȌȣ
ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘșȒȖȔț șȖȏȕȈȕȐȦ ȒȈȒ ȋȍȒȏȈȔȍȚȘȣ ǶȌȐșșȍȐ ȔȈȘȠȈȔ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ
ǰȌȍȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ țȒȓȖȕ ȔȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȊȖșȗȘȐȧȚȐȍ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ Ȑ ȚȘțȌȈ ȕȐ
Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȕȍ șȗȖșȖȉșȚȊțȍȚ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȊȖȓȐ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘȐȈȚȈ; Ȑ ȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȍ
Ȓ ȌȍȘȍȊȍȕșȒȖȑ «ȔțȎȐȞȒȖȑ» ǸțșȐ ǸȈșȍȍ ǸȈșȍȦȠȒȍ șȚȖȓȤ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȖȍ Ȍȓȧ
ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȋȘțȗȗȐȘȖȊȖȒ Ȋ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȍ ȖȘȐȍȕȚȐȘțȦȡȐȝșȧ ȕȈ ȗȈȘȚȐȦ ȥș-ȥȘȖȊ
ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȔ ȖȘȋȈȕ Ǿǲ ȓȍȊȣȝ ȥș-ȥȘȖȊ ȎțȘȕȈȓ «ǵȈȠ ȗțȚȤ», ȊȣȝȖȌȐȊȠȐȑ Ȋ
1917-18 ȋȖȌȈȝ Ȋ ǷȍȚȍȘȉțȘȋȍ ș țȟȈșȚȐȍȔ ǰȊȈȕȖȊȈ-ǸȈȏțȔȕȐȒȈ ǩȓȖȒȈ ǩȍȓȖȋȖ
ǭșȍȕȐȕȈ ǲȓȦȍȊȈ Ȑ ȌȘ, ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ șȖȏȕȈȕȐȦ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȋȖȘȖȌ-
șȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘȐȧ șȚȘȖȧȡȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȓȈȗȖȚȕțȦ ǸȈșȍȦ Ȉ ȎȍȓȍȏȕțȦ ǸǹǼǹǸ

86
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 ½³»«±  Èµ²

ǯȈ șȍȔȤ ȓȍȚ ȗȘȖȠȍȌȠȐȝ șȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȊȣȝȖȌȈ Ț 9,, «Ǫ Ǻ Ȑ Ƿ Ǻ» ȕȖȊȣȍ
ȚȍȕȌȍȕȞȐȐ Ȋ ȔȍȚȖȌȍ ȐȏțȟȍȕȐȧ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ ȖȜȖȘȔȐȓȐșȤ Ȑ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȓȐ șȊȖȍ ȗȘȈ-
ȊȖ ȕȈ ȕȈțȟȕȖȍ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ ǰȔȍȕȕȖ țȒȘȍȗȓȍȕȐȍ ȚȈȒ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔȖȋȖ ȜȖȘȔȈȓȤ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȔȍȚȖȌȈ ȘȈȏȘțȠȐȓȖ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȞȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȗȖȏȐ-
ȞȐȐ ȖȘȋȈȕȈ ȗȖȚȍȉȕȕȈȕȞȍȊ
ǸȍȌȈȒȞȐȧ «Ǫ Ǻ Ȑ Ƿ Ǻ» ȖșȚȖȘȖȎȕȖ «ȗȘȐȊȍȚșȚȊțȍȚ» ȐȕȚȍȘȍș Ȓ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈȔ
ȜȖȘȔȣ ©Ǩ Ǩ ǷȖȚȍȉȕȧ ȕȍȖȌȕȖȒȘȈȚȕȖ țȒȈȏȣȊȈȓ ȕȈ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍ ȜȖȘȔȣ ȕȈ șȖ-
ȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ..», șȚȘ ,,, ș ȖȋȖȊȖȘȒȖȑ Ȋ șȚȖȘȖȕț ȜȖȘȔȣ, «ȖȘȋȈȕȐȟȍșȒȐ ȕȍȘȈȏ-
ȌȍȓȤȕȖ șȓȐȚȖȑ ș șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍȔ».
ǶȌȐȕ Ȑȏ țȟȈșȚȕȐȒȖȊ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȋȖ ȚȖȔȈ «ǪȖȗȘȖșȖȊ» — Ǵ ǫȍȘȠȍȕȏȖȕ —
ȉȖȓȍȍ ȌȍșȧȚȐ ȓȍȚ ȚȖȔț ȕȈȏȈȌ ȗȐșȈȓ ȕȍȗȓȖȝȖ ȗȐșȈȓ «...ȐșȚȖȘȐȧ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ
ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȊȣȌȍȓȐȓȈșȤ ț ȕȈș Ȋ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕțȦ ȖȚȘȈșȓȤ ȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȕȍ ȏȈȊȍȓȈ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȝȖ-
ȏȧȑșȚȊȈ» Ǵ ǫȍȘȠȍȕȏȖȕ, «ǪȐȌȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȥȚȈ», șȚȘ 22). ǶȉȘȈȏȞȖȔ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȉȍșȝȖ-
ȏȧȑșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȖȊȣȑ ȚȖȔ «ǪȖȗȘȖșȖȊ» ȕȍ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȍȕȕȣȑ ȖȉȡȐȔ
ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍȔ Ȓ ȜȈȒȚȈȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȦȡȐȑ ȍȌȐȕȖȋȖ ȔȍȚȖȌȈ
«ǼȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȖ-șȚȐȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȈȕȈȓȐȏ» ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕ ȘȈȉȖȚȖȑ Ǩ ǰ ǩȍȓȍȞ-
ȒȖȋȖ «Ǫ ȔȈșȚȍȘșȒȖȑ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȈ șȓȖȊȈ» ȏȈȕȐȔȈȦȡȍȑ ȌȊȍ ȚȘȍȚȐ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈ
(șȚȘ 87-277).
ǺȍȔȈ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȋȓȈȊȣ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ǩȍȓȍȞȒȖȋȖ — ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȐȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșș Ȋ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ
ǨȊȚȖȘ ȒȈȒ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȒȖȊ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȑ Ȑ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȘȈȏ-
ȓȐȟȈȍȚ Ȋ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȐ ȌȊȍ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȜȖȘȔȈȓȤȕțȦ Ȑ Ȋȕȍ-
ȜȖȘȔȈȓȤȕțȦ — șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ șȚȘ 106). ǲȈȎȍȚșȧ ș ȓȍȋȒȖȑ ȘțȒȐ ǺțȘȋȍȕȍȊȈ
ȊȖȗȘȖșȣ «ȜȖȘȔȣ» Ȑ «șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȧ» ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȐ țșȓȖȊȕȖȍ ȖȉȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ «ȒȈȒ»
Ȑ «ȟȚȖ» ǩȍȓȍȞȒȐȑ ȗȖȓȤȏțȍȚșȧ ȥȚȐȔȐ ȖȉȡȍțȗȖȚȘȍȉȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȜȖȘȔțȓȈȔȐ
ȕȖ țȗȖȚȘȍȉȓȧȍȚ Ȑȝ Ȋ șȖȊșȍȔ ȐȕȖȔ șȔȣșȓȍ ǷȖȌ «ȟȚȖ» ǩȍȓȍȞȒȐȑ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȍȚ
«ȕȍ ȐȌȍȦ ȕȍ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ Ȉ șȦȎȍȚ ȚȍȔț ȔȖȚȐȊ» șȚȘ 107). ȅȚȐ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ
ȈȊȚȖȘ șȟȐȚȈȍȚ ȗȍȘȊȐȟȕȣȔȐ ǪȚȖȘȐȟȕȣȔȐ Ȏȍ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȈȔȐ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȠȐȘȖȒȐȔȐ
ȗȖ ȖȝȊȈȚț ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ — ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈ ȗȓȈȕ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ Ȑ șȓȖȊȍș-
ȕȖȍ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ǶȚȔȍȚȐȔ ȍȡȍ ȟȚȖ șȦȎȍȚ ȈȊȚȖȘ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȒȈȒ ȒȖȔȗȓȍȒș Ȍȍȑ-
șȚȊȐȑ
ǷȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ, Ȕȣ ȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȘȈ ȉȣ ȐȏȋȕȈȚȤ Ȑȏ ȕȈȠȍȑ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȖ-
ȓȖȋȐȐ ȖȉȣȊȈȚȍȓȤșȒȖȍ șȓȖȊȍȟȒȖ «șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ» ȏȈȔȍȕȐȊ ȍȋȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȚȖȟȕȣȔ Ȑ

87
ȕȈțȟȕȣȔ — «ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ» ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, Ȑ «ȐȌȍȦ», Ȑ ȚȍȔț Ȑ ȔȖȚȐȊ Ȑ ȏȊțȒ
— Ȕȣ ȖȚȕȍșȍȔ Ȓ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȈȔ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȕȣ ȚȈȒȎȍ șȟȐȚȈȍȔ ȗȍȘȊȐȟ-
ȕȣȔȐ ȕȈȊȘȧȌ ȓȐ ȥȚȖ «ȗȍȘȊȍȕșȚȊȖ» ȐȔȍȍȚ ȒȈȒȖȍ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȏȕȈ-
ȟȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȔȍȚȖȌȍ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ǹȓȍȌțȦȡȐȑ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ ȒȖȔȗȖȏȐȞȐȖȕȕȖȋȖ ȖȜȖȘȔ-
ȓȍȕȐȧ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈ — șȦȎȍȚ ȒȈȒ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ Ȉ ȕȍ șȖȊȖȒțȗȕȖșȚȤ Ȍȍȑ-
șȚȊȐȑ ȘȐȚȔ ȏȊțȟȈȕȐȍ șȐȕȚȈȒșȐș
ǻ ǩȍȓȍȞȒȖȋȖ Ȏȍ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚșȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȈȧ ȕȍȧșȕȖșȚȤ ȕȈ șȚȘ 107 Ȗȕ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖ-
ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ șȦȎȍȚ — «șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȦª ȕȈ șȚȘ 128 — ȏȈȧȊȓȧȍȚ: ȗȖȕȧȚȐȍ șȦȎȍ-
ȋȈ ȞȍȓȐȒȖȔ ȊȝȖȌȐȚ Ȋ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȍ «șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȧ» ȅȚȖ ȕȍȊȍȘȕȖ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ șȦȎȍȚ —
ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ — ȕȍ ȌȈȕ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȖ ȌȈȎȍ Ȋ ȚȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȍșȓȐ ȥȚȖ «ȉȘȖȌȧ-
ȟȐȑ» ȐȓȐ «ȏȈȐȔșȚȊȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ» șȦȎȍȚ Ȉ ȌȈȕȈ ȚȍȔȈ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȕțȎȕȖ șȦȎȍȚȕȖ
șȒȖȔȗȖȕȖȊȈȚȤ Ȉ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ ȒȖȔȗȖȕȖȊȒȐ ȒȖȔȗȖȏȐȞȐȐ Ȑ ȍșȚȤ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ ȜȖȘȔȣ Ȉ
ȕȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈ
ǿȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȈ Ȑ ȈȒȚțȈȓȤȕȈ ȚȍȔȈ ȊȚȖȘȖȑ ȋȓȈȊȣ șȈȔȖȑ ȞȍȕȕȖȑ
ȗȖ ȕȈȠȍȔț ȔȕȍȕȐȦ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ǩȍȓȍȞȒȖȋȖ — «ǪȣȉȖȘ șȦȎȍȚȈ» ǺȖ ȟȚȖ ǩȍȓȍȞ-
ȒȐȑ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ șȦȎȍȚȖȔ Ȕȣ ȕȈȏȊȈȓȐ ȉȣ ȚȍȔȖȑ ȐȓȐ ȔȖȚȐȊȖȔ («ȗȘȖșȚȍȑȠȈȧ
ȗȖȊȍșȚȊȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȍȌȐȕȐȞȈ», ȗȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȦ Ǩ ǵ ǪȍșȍȓȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȖ-
ȗȓȈȏȔȈ șȦȎȍȚȈ ȕȍȟȚȖ șȘȍȌȕȍȍ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔȖȑ Ȑ șȦȎȍȚȖȔ Ȋ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȐ ǩȍȓȍȞ-
ȒȖȋȖ — ȗȘȐȟȍȔ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȔ ȟȚȖ ǩȍȓȍȞȒȐȑ ȕȐȋȌȍ ȕȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒȖȍ Țȍ-
ȔȈ Ȋ ȖȚȓȐȟȐȍ ȖȚ șȦȎȍȚȈ ȐȓȐ ȔȖȚȐȊȈ
ǩȍȓȍȞȒȐȑ ȒȓȈșșȐȜȐȞȐȘțȍȚ «șȦȎȍȚȣ» ȕȈ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȋȘțȗȗȣ
1) ȈȊȚȖȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐȍ «ǬȍȚșȚȊȖ ȖȚȘȖȟȍșȚȊȖ Ȑ ȦȕȖșȚȤ»),
2) «șȦȎȍȚȣ», ȊȏȧȚȣȍ Ȋȕȍ ȓȐȟȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ — Ȑȏ ȋȈȏȍȚȣ șțȌȍȉȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȞȍș-
șȈ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȓȍȋȍȕȌȈȘȕȣȍ ȉȣȚȖȊȖȋȖ ȈȕȍȒȌȖȚȈ «ǩȍșȣ»),
3) ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȍ
ǨȊȚȖȘ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ ȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȈ ǨȘȞȣȉȈȠȍȊȈ ȧȒȖȉȣ ȐȔȍȦȡȍȋȖ șȝȖȌ-
șȚȊȖ ș ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȖȊ ǪȐȓȤȍ Ȍȍ ǳȐȓȤ-ǨȌȈȕȈ
ǷȖșȓȍȌȕȧȧ ȋȘțȗȗȈ ȐȔȍȍȚ, ȗȖ ȕȈȠȍȔț ȔȕȍȕȐȦ, șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȖșȖȉȣȑ ȐȕȚȍ-
Șȍș ȒȈȒ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȤ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȊȈȎȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȔȈȓȖ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈ Ȗ ȓȐȚȍ-
ȘȈȚțȘȕȖȑ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȐ
ǲȖȋȌȈ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȤ ȉȍȘȍȚ țȎȍ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ Ȋ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ șȦȎȍȚ ȐȓȐ ȌȈ-
Ȏȍ ȚȍȔț, Ȗȕ ȗȖ ȔȍȚȒȖȔț ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȦ ǲȈȘȖȓȐȕȣ ǷȈȊȓȖȊȖȑ ȗȖȝȖȎ ȕȈ ȠȈȝ-
ȔȈȚȐșȚȈ Ȋ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ ȐȋȘȣ ȏȕȈȦȡȍȋȖ, ȕȈ ȒȈȒȖȔ ȝȖȌț Ȗȕ ȖȉȢȧȊȐȚ ȔȈȚ ǲȖȕȍȟȕȖ
ȏȌȍșȤ ȌȍȓȖ ȕȍ Ȋ «ȗȓȈȋȐȈȚȍ» Ȉ Ȋ șȖȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȗȍȘȍȘȈȉȖȚȒȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈ șȐ-
ȓȤȕȖ «ȊȏȧȚȣȑ» șȦȎȍȚ ȖȚȟȈșȚȐ ȔȖȎȕȖ șȟȐȚȈȚȤ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȔ ǺȍȔț Ȗ ǬȖȕ ǮțȈ-
ȕȍ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȓȐ ǩȈȑȘȖȕ ǴȖȓȤȍȘ ǷțȠȒȐȕ Ȑ ȗȈȘȖȌȐȑȕȖ, ǫțȔȐȓȍȊ ǳȖȉȈ-
ȕȖȊ ȗȐșȈȓ «ǩȖȘȐșȈ ǫȖȌțȕȖȊȈ» ȗȖȟȚȐ ȗȈȘȈȓȓȍȓȤȕȖ ș ǷțȠȒȐȕȣȔ ȥȗȐȏȖȌȣ
ȊȊȍȌȍȕȕȣȍ Ȋ «ǬȍȒȈȔȍȘȖȕȍ» ȊȏȧȚȣ ǩȖȒȒȈȟȟȖ Ȑȏ «ǯȖȓȖȚȖȋȖ ȖșȓȈ» Ǩȗțȓȍȧ ǺȈ-
ȒȐȝ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȖȊ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ Ȑ Ȓ ȕȐȔ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȤșȧ ȒȈȒ Ȓ «ȗȓȈ-
ȋȐȈȚȈȔ» ȐȓȐ Ȋ ȓțȟȠȍȔ șȓțȟȈȍ, «șȖȊȗȈȌȍȕȐȧȔ».
ǲ ȘȧȌț ȚȍȘȔȐȕȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȕȍȌȖȘȈȏțȔȍȕȐȑ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚșȧ țȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȔȈȧ ǩȍ-
ȓȍȞȒȐȔ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȋȖ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȧ G. Polti, ȊȣȠȍȌȠȈȧ Ȋ 1894 ȋ Ȋ ǷȈȘȐ-

88
Ȏȍ ȗȖȌ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȍȔ «Les 36 situations dramatiques», ȋȌȍ ȗțȉȓȐȒțȍȚșȧ 36 ȌȘȈ-
ȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȑ ȗȘȖȊȍȘȍȕȕȣȝ ȕȈ 1200 ȗȤȍșȈȝ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȋȖ ȘȍȗȍȘȚțȈȘȈ
Ƕ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ «șȦȎȍȚȣ» — ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȣ ȗȐșȈȓȐ ȈȒ Ǩ ǵ ǪȍșȍȓȖȊșȒȐȑ ǩȘȈȕȌȍș
ǫȖȞȞȐ Ȑ ȀȐȓȓȍȘ
ǷȘȐȊȍȌȍȔ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȥȚȐȝ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȑ ȗȘȖșȤȉȈ șȗȈșȍȕȐȍ ȔȍșȚȤ ȏȈ ȗȘȍ-
șȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ ȒȘȖȊȕȈȧ ȔȍșȚȤ ȌȖȉȣȟȈ ȗȘȍȓȦȉȖȌȍȑșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ țȉȐȑșȚȊȖ ȟȍșȚȖ-
ȓȦȉȐȍ ȉȖȘȤȉȈ ș ȉȖȋȖȔ ȘȈșȒȈȧȕȐȍ Ȑ Ț Ȍ Ȑ Ț Ȍ
ǵȍȚȘțȌȕȖ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȊȍȌȍȕȕȣȍ G. Polti «ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ» ȕȐ Ȋ ȒȖȍȔ șȓț-
ȟȈȍ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȕȈȏȊȈȚȤ șȦȎȍȚȈȔȐ ȖȕȐ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȖȉȡȐȍ Ȍȓȧ șȦȎȍȚȖȊ ǵȍșȖȔ-
ȕȍȕȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ Ȕȣ ȐȔȍȍȔ ȌȍȓȖ ș ȚȍȔȈȔȐ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ș ȔȖȚȐȊȈȔȐ ȉȖȘȤȉȈ ș
ȉȖȋȖȔ ȗȘȍȓȦȉȖȌȍȑșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ țȉȐȑșȚȊȖ ȕȖ ȕȐȋȌȍ ȕȍȚ «ȘȈȏȊȍȘȕțȚȖȋȖ șȦȎȍ-
ȚȈ» Ǩ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ, Ȑ ǩȍȓȍȞȒȐȑ Ȑ ȗȘȖȜ Ǫ ǵ ǷȍȘȍȚȞ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȧȚ ȥȚȐ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȣ
ȕȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ Ȑȝ șȦȎȍȚȈȔȐ ǷȍȘȍȚȞ ȔȍȎȌț ȗȘȖȟȐȔ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȚ ȗȖȕȧ-
ȚȐȍ șȦȎȍȚȈ
Ǵȣ ȒȖșȕțȓȐșȤ ȌȊțȝ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȣȝ ȗȖ ȚȍȔȈȔ ȋȓȈȊ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ǩȍȓȍȞ-
ȒȖȋȖ ǶșȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ — «șȖȏȌȈȕȐȍ ȓȐȞ», «ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ȊȕȍȠȕȖșȚȐ ȓȐȞ» ȋȓȈȊȈ ȕȈ-
ȗȐșȈȕȕȈȧ Ǵ Ƕ ǺȈȉȍȓȍȔ Ȑ ȗȘȖȘȍȌȈȒȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȈȧ ǩȍȓȍȞȒȐȔ «ȘȍȟȤ ȌȍȑșȚȊțȦ-
ȡȐȝ ȓȐȞ», «ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ȎȐȊȖȑ Ȑ ȔȍȘȚȊȖȑ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ» — ȕȍ ȐȔȍȦȚ Ȋ ȕȈșȚȖȧ-
ȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȈ ȌȈ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ Ȕȣ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȔ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȗș-
ȚȈȕȈȊȓȐȊȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȕȐȝ ȕȍ ȊȣȝȖȌȧ Ȑȏ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȖȊ ȎțȘȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȘȍȞȍȕȏȐȐ.
Ǫșȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ǩȍȓȍȞȒȖȋȖ șȌȍȓȈȕȈ ȗȖ ȚȐȗț ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȈ ȈȒȈȌȍȔȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȘȈ-
ȉȖȚ ȗȖ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȦ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ȜȈȒȚȖȊ ȒȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ Ȑȝ Ȑ ȖȚșțȚ-
șȚȊȐȍ ȊșȧȒȐȝ ȊȣȊȖȌȖȊ ȟȚȖ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȘȈȉȖȚț ȕȍȈȒȚțȈȓȤȕȖȑ
ǵȖ șȚȈȚȤȧ ǩȍȓȍȞȒȖȋȖ șȖȌȍȘȎȐȚ ȘȧȌ ȓȦȉȖȗȣȚȕȣȝ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȍȕȐȑ ȐȕȚȍȘȍș-
ȕȣȝ ȐșȚȖȘȐȒȖ-ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȝ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȕȐȑ Ȑ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖȑ ȓțȟȠȍȑ Ȋ șȉȖȘ-
ȕȐȒȍ ȕȈțȟȕȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȖȑ
ȅȚȖȋȖ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȗȘȖ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ
ǷȖ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍȗȖȕȧȚȕȣȔ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȈȔ ȗȖȔȍȡȍȕȈ Ȋ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȍ ȞȍȘȒȖȊȕȖ-
ȉȓȈȋȖȟȍșȚȐȊȈȧ șȚȈȚȤȧ ǨȗȖȓȓȐȕȈȘȐȧ ǪȈșȕȍȞȖȊȈ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȕȈȧ Ȋ 1915 ȋ, «ǷȘȖ-
ȐșȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ» șȚȘ 1-63).
ǬȈȊȕȣȔ-ȌȈȊȕȖ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȕȍ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȖ ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȕȣȍ țȟȍȕȣȍ ȗȘȐȠȓȐ Ȓ
ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȦ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȚȈȒ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔȣȍ ȗșȐȝȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȣ șțȚȤ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȣ
ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȍ ȕȍȚ ȌțȝȈ Ȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȐ Ȉ ȍșȚȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȌȕȖ ȕȈȟȈȓȖ —
ȔȈȚȍȘȐȧ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȓ ȐșȒțșșȚȊț șȔ ȒȕȐȋț ǫȐȘȕȈ «ǷȘȖȐșȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȍ Ȑș-
ȒțșșȚȊȈ» ǽȈȘȤȒȖȊ, 1923 ȋ Ȉ «Ǫ Ǻ Ȑ Ƿ. Ǻ» Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȚ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȖȏ-
ȔȖȎȕȣȔ ȕȖ ȗȖ-ȊȐȌȐȔȖȔț Ȑ ȞȍȓȍșȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȔ ȗȍȟȈȚȈȚȤ ȏȈȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȊȘȖȌȍ
șȓȍȌțȦȡȍȋȖ țȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȐȍ Ȑ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȍȕȐȍ «șȘȖȌȕȐ ȖȡțȡȍȕȐȧȔ ȜȐȏȐȖȓȖ-
ȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ șȊȖȑșȚȊȈ ȋȘțȉȣȔ Ȑ ȌȈȓȍȒȐȔ ȖȚ ȥșȚȍȚȐȒȐ ǷȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȍ Ȏȍ ȧȊ-
ȓȍȕȐȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ țȓȈȊȓȐȊȈȦȚșȧ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȐȔ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȔ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖȋȖ țȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖȘȍ-
ȕȐȧ» șȚȘ 2).
ǪȈșȕȍȞȖȊ ȗȘȍȌȓȈȋȈȍȚ ȋȘȈȌȈȞȐȐ șȚȍȗȍȕȍȑ ȟțȊșȚȊȈ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȋȖ ȉȍȏȘȈȏ-
ȓȐȟȕȣȑ ȒȘȈșȐȊȣȑ Ȑȏȧȡȕȣȑ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȑ ȊȖșȝȐȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȌȐȊȕȣȑ ȉȖ-

89
ȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ
ǷȖȟȍȔț «ȒȘȈșȐȊȣȑ» ȝțȎȍ «ȐȏȧȡȕȖȋȖ» Ȉ «ȊȖșȝȐȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ» ȊȣȠȍ «ȗȘȍ-
ȒȘȈșȕȖȋȖ»" ǿȚȖ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȖȏȕȈȟȈȦȚ ȥȚȐ șȓȖȊȈ" ǲȈȒȖȊ Ȑȝ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȑ șȔȣșȓ?
ǷȘȖ ȚȖ ȏȕȈȍȚ ȘȍȌȈȒȞȐȧ «ǪȖȗȘȖșȖȊ»!
Ǩ ȊȖȚ ȗȘȐȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ «șȚȍȗȍȕȍȑ» ȕȈ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒȍ
«ǹȒȈȏȈȚȤ, ȟȚȖ ȊȐȌ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȍȕ — ȔȈȓȖ ȗȘȖ ȆȕȋȜȘȈț, ȌȐȊȕȣȑ — ȚȖȎȍ
ȕȍ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȚ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘ ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȓȖȊȖ “ȉȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȣȑ” ȌȈȍȚ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȗ ȟȍȔ- ȚȖ Ȑȏ ȘȧȌȈ ȊȖȕ ȊȣȝȖȌȧȡȍȔ» șȚȘ 3).
«ǷȘȍȓȍșȚȕȈȧ Ȑ ȧȘȒȈȧ ȘȈșȒȘȈșȒȈ», «ȘȖșȒȖȠȕȖȍ ȖȗȍȘȍȕȐȍ», «ȊȍȓȐȒȖȓȍȗ-
ȕȣȍ ȘȈȒȖȊȐȕȣ» Ȑ Ț Ȍ
ǰ ȥȚȖ ȌȘȧȝȓȖȍ ȗțșȚȖșȓȖȊȐȍ ȌȖȔȖȘȖȡȍȕȕȖȑ ȔȍȚȈȜȐȏȐȒȐ ȗȣȚȈȍȚșȧ ȘȈȏ-
ȘȍȠȐȚȤ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ «ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ», «ȚȍȖȘȐȐ ȜȖȘȔȣ» șȚȘ 5) Ȑ Ț Ȍ
ǵȍ ȔȕȖȋȖ șȖȖȉȡȈȦȚ Ȑ «ǬȊȈ ȖȟȍȘȒȈ Ȗ ǷțȠȒȐȕȍ» Ǵ ǫȍȘȠȍȕȏȖȕȈ șȚȘ 65-
76).ǹȌȍȓȈȍȔ ȒȘȈȚȒȐȑ ȒȖȕșȗȍȒȚ șȍȕȚȍȕȞȐȑ ǫȍȘȠȍȕȏȖȕȈ
1. ǪșȧȒțȦ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȒȕȐȋț ȕȈȌȖ ȟȐȚȈȚȤ ȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȖ
2. ǶșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȖ ȕȈȌȖ ȟȐȚȈȚȤ ȒȕȐȋȐ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ
3. ǪșȍȋȖ ȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȍȍ ȕȈȌȖ ȟȐȚȈȚȤ ǷțȠȒȐȕȈ
4. ǹȚȘȖȒȐ ǷțȠȒȐȕȈ — șȈȔȖȍ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ Ȑȏ ȊșȍȋȖ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȖ-
ȘțșșȒȐ.
ǵȍȚȘțȌȕȖ ȊșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȗȖșȣȓȒț ȗȘȖȗțȡȍȕȕțȦ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ șȐȓȓȖȋȐȏȔȍ
ǺȈȒ ȓȐ ȗȐșȈȓ ǫȍȘȠȍȕȏȖȕ ȌȍșȧȚȤ ȓȍȚ ȚȖȔț ȕȈȏȈȌ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍșȓȖȊȐȐ Ȓ șȚȈȚȤȍ
ǳȈȕșȖȕȈ «ǴȍȚȖȌ Ȋ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ».
ǫȍȘȠȍȕȏȖȕ ȕȍȋȖȌțȍȚ ȕȈ ȉȣșȚȘȖȚț șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȋȖ «ȊȍȓȖșȐȗȍȌȕȖȋȖ» ȟȚȍȕȐȧ
ȗȖ 30-40 șȚȘ Ȋ ȟȈș Ȑ ȗȘȍȌȓȈȋȈȍȚ «ȟȐȚȈȚȤ ȗȍȠȒȖȔ».
ǪȖȚ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȣ ȗȘȖȋțȓȖȒ șȈȔȖȋȖ ǫȍȘȠȍȕȏȖȕȈ ȗȖ ǷțȠȒȐȕț
©ǰȓȐ Ȑȏ ȒȘȈșȖȚ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȈ — ȘȈȏȊȍ ȕȍ ȎȈȓȤ ȐȕȖȑ șȚȐȓȐșȚȐ-
ȟȍșȒȖȑ ȚȖȕȒȖșȚȐ ȉȍșșȓȍȌȕȖ ȚȖȕțȡȍȑ Ȋ ȕȍȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȐ ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȧ». ǪȚȖȘȈȧ
șȚȖȘȖȕȈ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ “ǷȖȥȚ” ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚșȧ ȚȈȒ
ǵȖ ȓȐȠȤ ȉȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȋȓȈȋȖȓ
ǬȖ șȓțȝȈ ȟțȚȒȖȋȖ ȒȖșȕȍȚșȧ
«ǭȌȊȈ ȓȐ Ȑ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȚȣșȧȟȐ ȟȐȚȈȊȠȐȝ “ǷȖȥȚȈ´ª, — ȗȐȠȍȚ ǫȍȘȠȍȕȏȖȕ,
— «ȗȖȕȧȓ ȟȚȖ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ ȥȚȐ ȌȊȈ șȚȐȝȈ». ǿȐȚȈȚȍȓȤ ȏȈȐȕȚȘȐȋȖȊȈȕ Ȑ șȔțȡȍȕ
«Ǩ ȕț ȒȈȒ, Ȋ șȈȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ șȚȖ ȘȈȏ șȓȣȠȈȓ ȟȐȚȈȓ Ȑ țȟȐȓ ȥȚȐ șȚȘȖȒȐ Ȑ ȕȍ ȗȖ-
ȕȧȓ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȏȕȈȟȈȚ» ǫȍȘȠȍȕȏȖȕ «ȖȚȒȘȣȊȈȍȚ» ȕȈȔ Ȑȝ șȔȣșȓ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ,
«ȉȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȋȓȈȋȖȓ» — ȥȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȏȖȊ ǨȗȖȓȓȖȕȈ Ȑ ȥȚȐ șȚȘȖȒȐ — ȗȘȖȌȖȓ-
ȎȍȕȐȍ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ
ǷȖȒȈ ȕȍ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȗȖȥȚȈ
ǲ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȖȑ ȎȍȘȚȊȍ ǨȗȖȓȓȖȕ

ǮȈȓȤ ȟȚȖ ǫȍȘȠȍȕȏȖȕ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȈ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȦȚ ȥȚȐ șȚȘȖȒȐ
«ȊȍȓȖșȐȗȍȌȐșȚȣ».
ǷȖȌȖȉȕȣȔȐ «ȖȚȒȘȣȚȐȧȔȐ» ȕȈȗȖȓȕȍȕȣ ȌȍșȧȚȤ șȚȘȈȕȐȞ ȔȈșȚȐȚȖȋȖ ȗțȠ-
ȒȐȕȐșȚȈ
ǺȈȒȎȍ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȕȈțȟȕȖȋȖ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȈ șȚȈȚȤȧ ǫȖȘȕȜȍȓȤȌȈ «Ǭ ǵ ǶȊ-
șȧȕȐȒȖ-ǲțȓȐȒȖȊșȒȐȑ Ȑ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȈȧ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȈȧ ȒȘȐȚȐȒȈ» șȚȘ 77-86),
ȓȐȠȍȕȕȈȧ ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ Ȓ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȔ ǶȊșȧȕȐȒȖ-ǲțȓȐȒȖȊ-
șȒȖȋȖ
ǵȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ ȟȍȚȣȘȍȝ șȚȘȈȕȐȞȈȝ ȗȖȔȍȡȍȕȣ ȕȍȒȖȔȔȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ ȖȚ-
ȘȣȊȒȐ Ȑȏ ȌȕȍȊȕȐȒȈ ǲȖȘȖȓȍȕȒȖ

91
ª  
	³½°»«½¾»¸Æ° ·«¸³¿°¼½Æ ). ¹¼¼³Ê ½ ¼³·¹¶³²·« ¯¹
~µ½Ê¬»Ê ²¯ ~¹«Ê ¹¼µ« ¹¼½«³¶³   »¹¯¼µ³´
³   ³¯¹»¹ ³»«±  Èµ² ½»  ¡°¸«  »  µ
 ®

ǰȔȧ șȖșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȧ ȒȕȐȋȐ — ȗȘȖȜ ǵ ǳ. ǩȘȖȌșȒȖȋȖ — ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣ
ȋȈȘȈȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȣȑ ȍșȓȐ ȕȍ ȕȈțȟȕȣȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ Ȓ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȦ ȔȈȕȐȜȍș-
ȚȖȊ Ȑ ȌȍȒȓȈȘȈȞȐȑ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȝ ȠȒȖȓ Ȑ ȋȘțȗȗ ȊȣșȚțȗȐȊȠȐȝ ȏȈ
ȔȐȕțȊȠȐȍ ȌȊȈȌȞȈȚȤ ȗȧȚȤ ȓȍȚ
ǾȍȓȤ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈ — ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ ©Ȍȓȧ șȚțȌȐȑ ȒȘțȎȒȖȊ șȚȘȍȔȧȡȐȝșȧ ȖȜȖȘ-
ȔȐȚȤ șȊȖȍ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȍ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȏȏȘȍȕȐȍ» — ȏȈșȓțȎȐȊȈȍȚ ȊșȧȟȍșȒȖȋȖ țȊȈȎȍ-
ȕȐȧ ȒȈȒ ȗȐȖȕȍȘșȒȈȧ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȈ ȌȈȚȤ ȗȍȘȊțȦ ȋȓȈȊț ȗȖ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȕȖȊȍȑȠȍȑ Șțș-
șȒȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ ȔȖȋțȡțȦ ȉȣȚȤ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ Ȋ ȗȓȈȕȍ țȟȍȉȕȖȔ Ȑ ȒțȓȤ-
ȚțȘȕȖ-ȗȘȖșȊȍȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȔ ȕȈ ȘȈȉȜȈȒȈȝ Ȋ ȊțȏȈȝ Ȑ ȘȈȉȒȓțȉȈȝ
ǵȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȐ ȌȈȕȕȣȍ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ șȖȉȖȦ ȉȍșșȐșȚȍȔȕȣȍ
ȗȍȘȍȗȍȟȈȚȒȐ Ȑȏ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȑ Ȓ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȦ Ȑ ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȦ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ
șȖșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȤ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȓȖȎȐȓ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȝ ȒȘȐȚȍȘȐȍȊ ǴȍȝȈȕȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȊȣȉȖȘȒȈ ȔȈ-
ȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȊ Ȑ ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ Ȑȝ Ȋ ȝȘȖȕȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȔ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȍ — ȊȖȚ Ȋ ȟȍȔ Ȋȣ-
ȘȈȏȐȓȈșȤ «ȘȈȉȖȚȈ» șȖșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȍȑ
Ǫ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ ȊȖȠȓȐ ȔȈȕȐȜȍșȚȣ Ȑ ȌȍȒȓȈȘȈȚȐȊȕȣȍ șȚȈȚȤȐ Ȑ șȚȐȝȐ șȓȍȌțȦ-
ȡȐȝ «ȠȒȖȓ»:
ǹȐȔȊȖȓȐȏȔ ȈȒȔȍȐȏȔ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔ ȥȋȖ ȒțȉȖ Ȑ ȓȍȜ ȐȔȈȎȐȕȐȏȔ ȥȒșȗȘȍș-
șȐȖȕȐȏȔ ǰȗ ǹȖȒȖȓȖȊ ȉȐȖȒȖșȔȐȏȔ ȓȦȔȐȕȐȏȔ (?); ȕȐȟȍȊȖȒȐ ȜȖȘȔ-ȓȐ-
ȉȘȐȏȔ (?); ȒȓȈșșȐȞȐȏȔ ȚȖȟȕȍȍ Ț ȕ «ȕȍȖ-ȒȓȈșșȐȞȐȏȔ»: Ǩ ȅȜȘȖș Ȑ ȗȘ ǹȍ-
ȘȈȗȐȖȕȖȊȣ ȉȘȈȚȤȧ ȥȔȖȞȐȖȕȈȓȐȏȔ (?); ȜțȐȏȔ (!); ȒȖȕșȚȘțȒȚȐȊȐȏȔ ǿȐȟȍ-
ȘȐȕ ǿȐȟȈȋȖȊȈ Ȑ ȗȘ Ȑ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȗȖȥȏȐȧ ©ǲțȏȕȐȞȈª ©ǶȒȚȧȉȘȤª Ȑ ©ǳȐȚȍȘȈ-
ȚțȘȕȣȑ ȜȘȖȕȚ»).
ǪșȍȔț ȥȚȖȔț ȊȐȕȍȋȘȍȚț ȗȘȍȌȠȍșȚȊțȦȚ ȕȈ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȖ «ȕȈțȟȕȖȔț» ȖȉȢȍȒ-
ȚȐȊȐȏȔț ȗȖ-ȊȐȌȐȔȖȔț ȌȊȍ șȚȈȚȤȐ Ǫ ǹȖȓȖȊȤȍȊȈ «ǶȉȡȐȑ șȔȣșȓ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ»
Ȑ ǫ Ǫ ǷȓȍȝȈȕȖȊȈ «ȅȒȖȕȖȔȐȒȈ Ȑ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ» ȐȌȍȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ Ȑ ȔȈȘȒșȐșȚ-
șȒȐȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ Ȓ ȐșȒțșșȚȊț
Ǫ ȗȘȍȌȐșȓȖȊȐȐ «ȖȚ șȖșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȍȑ» — ȦȔȖȘȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȖșȚȤ ǭ.
Ǽ ǵȐȒȐȚȐȕȖȑ Ȑ Ǫ ǳȤȊȖȊț-ǸȖȋȈȟȍȊșȒȖȔț «ȗȍȘȍȌȈȊȠȐȔ Ȋ ȕȈȠ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ Șț-
ȒȖȗȐșȕȣȑ ȔȈȕȐȜȍșȚ ȓȦȔȐȕȐșȚȖȊ».
ǸȐșȒțȧ ȉȣȚȤ ȖȉȊȐȕȍȕȕȣȔȐ Ȋ ȕȍȊȍȎȍșȚȊȍ Ȕȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ șȖȏȕȈȚȤșȧ ȟȚȖ ȊȗȍȘ-
Ȋȣȍ țșȓȣȠȈȓȐ Ȗ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȐ ȥȚȖȑ «ȠȒȖȓȣ» Ȑ «ȏȕȈȔȍȕȖșȞȍȊ ȓȦȔȐȕȐȏ-

ȔȈ» ȗȖȥȚȖȊ ǲȐșȐȕȈ ǴȈȑȏȍȓȤșȈ ǸȍȡȐȒȖȊȈ ǴȈȟȚȍȚȈ Ȑ ǲțȋțȠȍȊȖȑ
ǭșȓȐ ȉȣ Ȕȣ ȋȕȈȓȐșȤ ȏȈ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘșȒȖȑ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȕȣ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȉȣ țȌ-
ȊȖȐȚȤ țȟȍȚȊȍȘȐȚȤ țȌȍșȧȚȍȘȐȚȤ ȥȚț ȒȕȐȋț ȗȍȘȍȌȈȊ șȖșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȧȔ ȒȐȗȣ ȌȍȒ-
ȓȈȘȈȞȐȑ Ȑ ȔȈȕȐȜȍșȚȖȊ ȈȊȚȖȘȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȕȍ ȕȈȠȓȐ Ȍȓȧ șȍȉȧ ȚȐȗȖȋȘȈȜȐȑ Ȗȋ-
ȘȈȕȐȟȐȊȠȐșȤ ȟȚȍȕȐȍȔ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ ȘȖȌȕȣȔ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȔ Ȑ ǳȤȊȖȊț-
ǸȖȋȈȟȍȊșȒȖȔț
Ǫ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȌȍȒȓȈȘȈȞȐȐ ȓȦȔȐȕȐȏȔȈ ȜȖȘȔ-ȓȐȉȘȐȏȔȈ ȉȐȖȒȖșȔȐȏȔȈ
ȥȔȖȞȐȖȕȈȓȐȏȔȈ ȜțȐȏȔȈ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȝ șȍȔȍȑȕȣȝ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȣ Ȍȓȧ
ȚȍȕȌȍȕȞȐȑ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ"
ǵȍțȎȍȓȐ ȗȘȖȜ ǩȘȖȌșȒȐȑ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖ ȌțȔȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȐ ȌȍȒȓȈȘȈȞȐȐ ȔȖȋțȚ
ȗȘȐȋȖȌȐȚȤșȧ Ȍȓȧ șȚțȌȐȑ Ȑ ȒȘțȎȒȖȊ ȔȖȋțȚ ȗȖȔȖȟȤ «ȖȜȖȘȔȓȍȕȐȦ ȓȐȚȍȘȈ-
ȚțȘȕȖȋȖ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȏȏȘȍȕȐȧ» Ȉ ȕȍ ȊȒȖȕȍȞ ȏȈȗțȚȈȚȤ ȍȋȖ"
ǹȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍȗȘȐȋȖȌȕȖȑ Ȋ țȟȍȉȕȖȔ ȗȓȈȕȍ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȒȕȐȋț ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȍ Ȋșȧ-
ȒȐȝ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ șȈȔȣȝ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȈȘȕȣȝ ȗȘȐȔȍȟȈȕȐȑ Ȑ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȒȖȔȔȍȕȚȈ-
ȘȐȍȊ ǹȕȍșȐȚȍ ȥȚț ȒȕȐȋț Ȋ ȓȐȚȒȘțȎȖȒ ȓȦȉȖȋȖ ȘȈȉȒȓțȉȈ ȘȈȉȜȈȒȈ ȊțȏȈ — ȚȈȔ
ȕȍ șțȔȍȦȚ ȌȈȎȍ ȗȘȐșȚțȗȐȚȤșȧ Ȓ ȕȍȑ Ȉ ȕȍ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤ ȍȍ ǹȚȈȚȤȐ Ǫȓ
ǹȖȓȖȊȤȍȊȈ Ȑ ǷȓȍȝȈȕȖȊȈ ȕȍ șȗȈșțȚ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ Ȕȣ șȟȐȚȈȍȔ ȊȘȍȌȕȣȔ șȖȊȍȘ-
ȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍȌȖȗțșȚȐȔȣȔ ș ȚȖȟȒȐ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ ȗȖȓȐȚ-ȗȘȖșȊȍȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȗțș-
ȒȈȚȤ Ȋ ȒȘțȎȒȐ țȒȈȏȈȕȕȣȝ ȚȐȗȖȊ ȔȍȚȈȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐȍ șȚȈȚȤȐ Ǫȓ ǹȖȓȖȊȤȍȊȈ ǩȘȦ-
șȖȊȈ Ȑ Ǫȧȟ. ǰȊȈȕȖȊȈ ȉȍȏ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȐȝ ȘȈȏȢȧșȕȍȕȐȑ Ȗ Ȑȝ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐ Ȑ
ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐ-ȘȍȈȒȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ
ǴȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ ȗȘȐȊȍșȚȐ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȖȊ ȐȏțȔȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȕȍȘȧȠȓȐȊȖ-
șȚȐ șȖșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȍȑ ǺȈȒ, ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ Ȋ ȖȚȌȍȓȍ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȈ Ȑȏ 70 șȚȘȈȕȐȞ ȉȖȓȍȍ
ȗȖȓȖȊȐȕȣ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȍȚ ǹȍȊȍȘȧȕȐȕ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȥȋȖ-ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔ Ȉ ȏȈțȔȤ ȒțȉȖ-ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔ
Ȑ ǳȍȜ țȔȍȡȈȦȚșȧ ȕȈ 30 șȚȘ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȧ șȦȌȈ Ȑ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȕȣȍ «ȗȘȐȒȈȏȣ» ǴȈȧ-
ȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ
ǺȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȈȘȜȦȔȍȘȕȖ-ȒȖȕȌȐȚȍȘșȒȐȑ «ȥȋȐȏȔ» ǹȍȊȍȘȧȕȐȕȈ țȔȍȘ ȍȡȍ ȌȖ Șȍ-
ȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ Ȉ ȋȘțȗȗȈ ȒțȉȖ-ȜțȚțȘȐșȚȖȊ ȗȍȘȍȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȊȠȐȝșȧ Ȋ ǳȍȜ Ȑ Ȋ ȕȈ-
șȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȖȑ Ȑ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȦȡȍȑ ȐȕȚȍ-
Șȍș Ȋ ȗȍȘȍȌȖȊȣȝ ȒȘțȋȈȝ ȒȖȔȔțȕȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȔȖȓȖȌȕȧȒȈ — ȥȚȖ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤ-
șȚȊȖ ȕȐȔȈȓȖ ȕȍ țȟȐȚȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȔȈșȚȐȚȣȔȐ șȖșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȧȔȐ
ǶȉȐȓȐȍ ȗȘȖȋȘȈȔȔȕȣȝ șȚȐȝȖȊ ǩȍȓȖȋȖ ǩȘȦșȖȊȈ ǹȍȊȍȘȧȕȐȕȈ Ȑ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ
șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ ǩȍȏȣȔȍȕșȒȖȋȖ Ȋ ȖȚȌȍȓȍ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȗȖȥȏȐȐ
ǺȈȒ ȗȖȌ ȔȈȘȒȖȑ ȗșȍȊȌȖ-ȉȍșȗȘȐșȚȘȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȗșȍȊȌȖ-ȕȈțȟȕȖșȚȐ ȝȈȓȚțȘȧȚ
ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ ȊȣȗțșȒȈȧ ȒȕȐȋȐ ȗȖȌ șȊȖȐȔ ȐȔȍȕȍȔ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȌȍȓȈȊ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȑ ȘȈȉȖ-
Țȣ ȕȈȌ șȖȉȘȈȕȕȣȔ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȔ

93
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ǲȕȐȎȒȈ ǻșȚȐȕȖȊȈ ȗȖȝȖȎȈ ȕȈ ȒȕȐȎȒț ǲȖȋȈȕȈ «ǳȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȈ ȥȚȐȝ ȓȍȚ» ȕȍ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȦ. ǻșȚȐȕȖȊ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȒȈȒ ǲȖȋȈȕ ȗȣȚȈȍȚșȧ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȖȉȖ
ȊșȍȔ Ȗ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȍ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ Ȗ 50.000 Ș, ȗȖȓțȟȍȕ-
ȕȣȝ ǫȖȘȤȒȐȔ Ȋ 1917 ȋȖȌț ȕȈ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȍ «ǵȖȊȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ» ȕȖ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȣ ȗȖȓț-
ȟȈȦȚșȧ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȎȈȓȒȐȍ — ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈȏȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȝ ȊȖȗȘȖșȖȊ
— Ȉ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȟȍȚȒȖȑ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ Ȑȝ ȕȍ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȈȊȚȖȘ ȕȈ 100 șȚȘȈȕȐȞȈȝ șȊȖȐȝ
ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȖȊ ș ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȍȔ Ǭȓȧ ȟȍȋȖ-ȚȖ Ȋ 9 ȋȖȌț ȊȣȚȈșȒȐȊȈȦȚșȧ ȕȈ «ȖȉșțȎ-
ȌȍȕȐȍ» ȌȈȊȕȣȔ-ȌȈȊȕȖ ȘȍȠȍȕȕȣȍ ȌȈȎȍ Ȋ ȠȒȖȓȈȝ 2-ȑ șȚțȗȍȕȐ «ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ» Ȗ
ȒȓȈșșȖȊȖȔ ȐȓȐ ȉȍșȒȓȈșșȖȊȖȔ ȈȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȕȖȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ Ȍȓȧ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȐșȒțș-
șȚȊȍ ș ȞȍȓȍȊȖȑ țșȚȈȕȖȊȒȖȑ Ȑ ȉȍșȞȍȓȤȕȖȑ; ș ȊȈȎȕȖșȚȤȦ, ȌȖșȚȖȑȕȖȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ
Ȍȍȓ ȞȐȚȐȘțȦȚșȧ șȚȘȖȒȐ ǷȓȍȝȈȕȖȊȈ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ «ȊȖȖȉȡȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ ȜȖȘȔȈ Țȍș-
ȕȖ șȊȧȏȈȕȈ ș șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍȔ» (43 șȚȘ
ǴȈȓȖȋȘȈȔȖȚȕȣȍ ȔȕȍȕȐȧ ǨȘȞȣȉȈȠȍȊȈ ȒȖȔț ȖȕȐ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȣ șȍȑȟȈș Ȗ
șȖȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ Ȑ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȑ ȖȗȘȖȊȍȘȋȈȦȚ-
șȧ «ȐșȚȐȕȈȔȐ» ȊȘȖȌȍ «ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȈ ȏȍȘȒȈȓȖ ȎȐȏȕȐ» șȚȘ 7).
ǳȍȋȒȖșȚȤ Ȕȣșȓȍȑ ǻșȚȐȕȖȊȈ ȗȖȘȈȏȐȚȍȓȤȕȈ ǶȚ ȕȍȋȖ Ȕȣ țȏȕȈȍȔ ȚȈȒȐȍ,
ȕȈȗȘ Ȟȍȕȕȣȍ șȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȗȖ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȈ: «Ƕȕ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ — ȕȈȟȈȓ
ș ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȖȌȍȓ ȎȍȓȚțȦ ȒȖȜȚț ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȚȓȐȟȐȚȤ șȍȉȧ ȖȚ ȗȘȖȟȐȝ». «ǯȈȚȍȔ
Ȗȕ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȓ ȗțȉȓȐȟȕȖ ȟȐȚȈȓ șȊȖȐ șȚȐȝȐ» șȚȘ 42).
ǰ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍ «ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȕȍ ȗȖȥȚ ȅȚȖ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ ȋȖȘȧȟȐȑ Ȑ
ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ»
ǪșȍȋȖ ȚȘȐ șȚȘȖȟȒȐ Ȉ ȒȈȒ ȔȕȖȋȖ șȒȈȏȈȕȖ — Ȑ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȐȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȖȉȢȧș-
ȕȍȕ șȗȍȘȊȈ ȕȈȌȍȓ ȎȍȓȚțȦ ȒȖȜȚț ȏȈȚȍȔ șȚȈȓ ȟȐȚȈȚȤ șȚȐȝȐ Ȑ ȥȚȐȒȍȚȒȈ șȖȖȚ-
ȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȈȧ Ȍȓȧ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȕȈȑȌȍȕȈ — ȕȍ ȗȖȥȚ Ȑȏ ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ.
Ǩ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȚȘȐ șȚȘȈȕȐȞȣ — «ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ — ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȑ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȚȊȖ-
ȘȍȞ».
ǵȍ ȗȖȏȌȖȘȖȊȐȚșȧ ȖȚ ȥȚȈȒȐȝ ȗȖȝȊȈȓ
ǺȈȒ Ȏȍ ȚȖȟȕȖ Ȑ ȒȘȈȚȒȖ ȘȈșȠȐȜȘȖȊȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȗȖȏȐȞȐȧ ǩȘȐ-
ȒȈ ǶȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ «ǩȘȐȒ — șȚȖȘȖȕȕȐȒ ȕȍ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ» Ȋ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ" — Ǫ
ǹ
 ȕȍ ȌȐȒȚȈȚțȘȣ ȊȒțșȈ Ȉ ȖȚȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ ǻȏȕȈȓ ȥȚȖ ǻșȚȐȕȖȊ Ȑȏ șȓȍȌțȦȡȍȑ
ȞȐȚȈȚȣ Ȑȏ ǳȍȜȈ: «ǷȖȥȚ — ȔȈșȚȍȘ șȓȖȊȈ ȘȍȟȍȚȊȖȘȍȞ ȖȉșȓțȎȐȊȈȦȡȐȑ șȊȖȑ
ȒȓȈșș șȊȖȦ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕțȦ ȋȘțȗȗț Ƕ ȟȍȔ ȗȐșȈȚȤ, ȗȖȌșȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȍȔț ȗȖȚȘȍȉȐ-
ȚȍȓȤ» ǫȌȍ Ȏȍ ȏȌȍșȤ ȖȚȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ" ǳȍȋȒȖȔȣșȓȍȕȕȖ ȗȐȠȍȚ ǫ ǻșȚȐȕȖȊ

ǷȍȘȍȑȌȍȔ Ȓ ȉȖȓȍȍ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖȑ ȒȕȐȋȍ ǫȖȘȉȈȟȍȊȈ
ǵȖȊȣȑ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȑ ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȤ ȕțȎȌȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ șȐșȚȍȔȈȚȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȔ ȐȏȓȖȎȍ-
ȕȐȐ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ ȅȚț ȏȈȌȈȟț ȗȖ-ȊȐȌȐȔȖȔț
ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȓ șȍȉȍ ǫȖȘȉȈȟȍȊ ǴȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ Ȍȓȧ șȊȖȍȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ǫȖȘȉȈȟȍȊ Ȋȏȧȓ ȖȉȠȐȘ-
ȕȣȑ Ǫ ȒȘȈȚȒȖȔ ȊȊȍȌȍȕȐȐ Ȗȕ ȌȈȍȚ ȖȉȠȐȘȕȣȑ ȖȉȏȖȘ ȘțșșȒȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ ȖȚ
40-ȝ ȋȖȌȖȊ ȌȖ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȧ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȈ ǶȉȏȖȘ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ Ȋ
șȍȔȐ ȋȓȈȊȈȝ ©ǷȍȘȍȎȐȊȠȐȍ șȍȉȧ» șȐȔȊȖȓȐșȚȣ «ǹȔȍȕȖȊȍȝȖȊȡȐȕȈ Ȋ ȝțȌȖ-
ȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ» ȅȘȍȕȉțȘȋ Ǩ ǺȖȓșȚȖȑ «ǸȖȎȌȍȕȕȣȍ Ȋ ȋȘȖȏȍ Ȑ ȉț-
Șȍ» ǨȘȖșȍȊ ǩțȌȈȕȞȍȊ ǳȐȉȍȌȐȕșȒȐȑ ǺȈȘȈșȖȊ-ǸȖȌȐȖȕȖȊ ǹȍȑȜțȓȓȐȕȈ ǳȐ-
ȌȐȕ Ȑ ȌȘ ǶȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȋȓȈȊȣ ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȣ ǷȐȓȤȕȧȒț ǺȐȝȖȕȖȊț Ȑ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖ-
ȔțǫȖȘȉȈȟȍȊ ȗȖȓȤȏțȍȚșȧ ȜȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȖ-șȖȞȐȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȔ ȕȖ ȌȖȔȐȕȐ-
ȘțȍȚ ț ȕȍȋȖ șȖȞȐȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ ǶȉȢȧșȕȧȍȚșȧ ȥȚȖ ȔȈȓȖȑ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȈȕ-
ȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȋ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȑ ȒȘȐȚȐȒȍ ȜȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ șȍȋȖȌȕȧȠȕȍȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈ-
ȚțȘȣ Ǩ ȗȘȖȌȍȓȈȚȤ Ȋ ȗȖȗțȓȧȘȕȖȑ, ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȗȖ ȘȈȏȔȍȘț ȘȈȉȖȚȍ șȈȔȖșȚȖȧ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȈȕȈȓȐȏ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ ȗȘȐ ȖȉȠȐȘȕȖșȚȐ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈ Ȋȏȧ-
ȚȖȋȖ ǫȖȘȉȈȟȍȊȣȔ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ ȒȘȈȑȕȍ ȏȈȚȘțȌȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȅȚȐȔ Ȏȍ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȍȚșȧ Ȑ
ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȊțȓȤȋȈȘȕȖșȚȤ ȌȖȗțȡȍȕȕȈȧ ǫȖȘȉȈȟȍȊȣȔ Ȋ ȍȋȖ
ȘȈȉȖȚȍ; ȚȈȒ, ȕȈȗȘ ȊțȓȤȋȈȘȕȣȔ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȘȐȟȐșȓȍȕȐȍ ǫȖȋȖȓȧ Ȓ
ȠȒȖȓȍ «ȘȍȈȓȐșȚȖȊ» 40-ȝ ȋȖȌȖȊ șȚȘ. 4 ǰȓȐ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȕȐȍ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ «Ȗ ȜȖȘȔȍ
ȚȐȝȖȕȖȊșȒȖȑ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȕȍ șȒȈȎȍȠȤ» șȚȘ 89).
ǬȖ șȚȈȚȤȐ ȅȑȝȍȕȉȈțȔȈ Ȗ ǵȍȒȘȈșȖȊȍ, ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȉȣ ȟȚȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ șȒȈ-
ȏȈȚȤ Ȗ «ȜȖȘȔȍ» ǵȍȒȘȈșȖȊȈ" ǫȖȘȉȈȟȍȊ țȔȍȍȚ ȕȈȑȚȐ Ȑ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȚȤ șȖȞȐȈȓȤ-
ȕțȦ ȒȈȚȍȋȖȘȐȦ ȗȖȚȘȍȉȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȋȖ ȚȖȊȈȘȈ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȋȘțȗ-
ȗȣ ȊȣȌȊȐȕțȊȠȐȍ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȧ ȐȓȐ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕțȦ ȠȒȖȓț ǪȖȖȉȡȍ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖ-
ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏțȦȡȍȑ ȘȖȓȐ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ ǫȖȘȉȈȟȍȊ ȖȚȊȖȌȐȚ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ ȖȟȍȘȒȈȝ ȗȍȘȊȖȍ
ȔȍșȚȖ
ǪȕȐȔȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȑ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȈ ȉȖȓȤȠȈȧ ȋȓȈȊȈ Ȗ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȔ ȧȊȓȧȦ-
ȡȈȧșȧ ȊȍȘȕȍȍ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȖȟȍȘȒȖȔ ȥȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ ȘțșșȒȖȋȖ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȈ
ǯȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ ȒȕȐȋȐ ǫȖȘȉȈȟȍȊȈ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȐȔ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊ-
ȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȍȘȊȣȔ ȖȗȣȚȖȔ ȗȖȗțȓȧȘȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȈȚȐȏȈȞȐȐ șȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ Ȗ șȖȊȘȍ-
ȔȍȕȕȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ

95
 ¨ 
µ¹²Ç ¶³½°»«½¾»¾ ¬¹»¸³µ ¼½«½°´ 
  ®
 ½³»
 Èµ²
 ¼½» 
ǲȈȎȌȈȧ Ȑȏ ȒȕȐȋ ȅȑȝȍȕȉȈțȔȈ ȗȖȧȊȐȊȠȐȝșȧ ȏȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȋȖȌȣ ȉȣȓȈ ȏȕȈ-
ȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ Ȋ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȒȍ ȊȖȗȘȖșȖȊ ȗȖȥȚȐȒȐ Ȑ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȓȖȋȐȐ «Ǵȍ-
ȓȖȌȐȒȈ șȚȐȝȈ» 1922 ȋ, «ǨȕȕȈ ǨȝȔȈȚȖȊȈ» 1923 ȋ ȐȓȐ Ȋ ȐșȚȖȘȐȒȖ-ȓȐȚȍȘȈ-
ȚțȘȕȖȔ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ «ǴȖȓȖȌȖȑ ǺȖȓșȚȖȑ» 1922 ȋ ǲȈȎȌȈȧ Ȑȏ țȗȖȔȧȕțȚȣȝ
ȘȈȉȖȚ ȧȊȓȧȓȈșȤ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ «ȖȚȒȘȣȚȐȍȔ» Ȑ «ȕȖȊȈȚȖȘșȚȊȖȔ» Ȋ ȔȍȚȖȌȈȝ Ȑ ȚȘȈȒ-
ȚȖȊȒȍ ȚȍȔȣ
Ǫ «ȗȘȍȌȐșȓȖȊȐȐ» Ȓ șȉȖȘȕȐȒț «ǹȒȊȖȏȤ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘț» ȈȊȚȖȘ ȗȐȠȍȚ «ǹȈȔȈȧ
ȘȈȕȕȧȧ Ȑȏ ȊȝȖȌȧȡȐȝ Ȋ ȥȚȖȚ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ șȚȈȚȍȑ — “ǬȍȘȎȈȊȐȕ” — ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȈ Ȋ 1916
ȋȖȌț șȈȔȈȧ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȧȧ — “ǵȍȒȘȈșȖȊ” — Ȋ 1922 ȋ ȅȚȐ ȠȍșȚȤ ȓȍȚ ȖȡțȡȈȦȚșȧ
ȒȈȒ ȌȓȐȕȕȣȑ ȝȖȚȧ Ȑ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȕȍȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȗȘȖȑȌȍȕȕȣȑ ȗțȚȤ».
ǯȈ ȥȚȐ ȠȍșȚȤ ȓȍȚ ȅȑȝȍȕȉȈțȔ ȥȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȐȘȖȊȈȓ ȖȚ ȥșȚȍȚȐȒȐ ȋȕȖșȍȖȓȖȋȐ-
ȟȍșȒȖȑ Ȓ ȔȖȘȜȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȖȚ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȊ ȈȕȈȓȐȏȈ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȖȋȖ — Ȓ ȜȖȘȔȈȓȤ-
ȕȖȔț
ǰȔȍȕȕȖ ȥȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȐȘȖȊȈȓ Ȉ ȕȍ ȗȘȖșȚȖ «Ȕȍȕȧȓ» ȔȍȚȖȌȣ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ Ȋ
ȗȍȘȊȖȑ șȚȈȚȤȍ Ȗ ǬȍȘȎȈȊȐȕȍ Ȕȣ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȍȔ ȊȕȐȔȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȔȍȚȖ-
ȌȖȓȖȋȐȐ Ȑ Ȓ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈȔ ȕȈțȟȕȖȋȖ ȐȏțȟȍȕȐȧ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȕȈȘȧȌț ș
ȗȖȌȝȖȌȖȔ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȐȔ Ȋ ȗȍȘȊȣȝ șȚȈȚȤȧȝ ȅȑȝȍȕȉȈțȔȈ ȍșȚȤ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȍ ȝȖȚȧ
Ȑ ȕȍ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ Ȓ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓț Ȑ Ȓ ȒȖȔȗȖȏȐȞȐȐ ȖȉțșȓȖȊȓȍȕȕȖȍ ȐȔ-
ȔȈȕȍȕȚȕȣȔ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȖȔ Ȓ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȦ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȅȑȝȍȕȉȈțȔ ȊȣȌ-
ȊȐȋȈȓ Ȋ 1916 ȋ Ȋ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȊȍș ȗȖȌȝȖȌț ȋȍȕȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔț Ȑ ȗțȉȓȐȞȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔț
ǪȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ ȐȕȚȍȘȍș Ȓ ȜȖȘȔȍ șȚȈȓ ȘȍȠȈȦȡȐȔ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȖȔ Ȋ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈ-
ȕȐȧȝ ȅȑȝȍȕȉȈțȔȈ Ȑ ȕȈțȟȕȖȑ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ǶȗȖȧȏ Ȓ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ Ȗȕ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȈȓ ǰ
ȕȈ ȜȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȖ-ȋȍȕȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȈ șȈȔȈȧ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȈȧ Ȋ șȉȖȘ-
ȕȐȒȍ șȚȈȚȤȧ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ șȚȈȚȤȧ Ȗ ǵȍȒȘȈșȖȊȍ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȕȈȧ Ȋ ȎțȘȕȈȓȍ «ǵȈȟȈ-
ȓȈ» ȗȖ-ȕȖȊȖȔț ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȊȠȈȧ ȔȍșȚȖ ǵȍȒȘȈșȖȊȈ Ȋ șȔȍȕȍ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ șȚȐȓȍȑ
60-ȝ Ȑ -ȝ ȋȖȌȖȊ
ǹȚȈȚȤȐ Ȗ ǲȈȘȈȔȏȐȕȍ Ȗ ȗȐșȤȔȈȝ ǺȦȚȟȍȊȈ Ȗ ǳȤȊȍ ǺȖȓșȚȖȔ — ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȜȐ-
ȓȖșȖȜșȒȐȔȐ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖ ȔȍȚȖȌț ȕȖ Ȑ ȗȖ ȚȍȔȍ Ȋ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȌȊȍ ȗȍȘȊȣȝ
șȚȈȚȤȐ — ȕȍ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȦȡȐȔȐ Ȋ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȘȧȔȖȋȖ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȈ
ǩȖȓȍȍ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣ ȔȍșȚȈȔȐ șȚȈȚȤȐ 1919 ȋ «Ƕ ȚȘȈȋȍȌȐȐ Ȑ ȚȘȈȋȐȟȍșȒȖȔ» Ȑ
ȉȖȓȤȠȈȧ șȚȈȚȤȧ-ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ 1917 ȋ «Ƕ ȚȘȈȋȍȌȐȐ ȀȐȓȓȍȘȈ Ȋ șȊȍȚȍ ȍȋȖ ȚȍȖ-
ȘȐȐ ȚȘȈȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ».
Ǫ ȞȍȓȖȔ — ȖșȕȖȊȕȖȑ ȐȕȚȍȘȍș șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ șȈȔȐȝ șȚȈȚȤȧȝ ȟȈșȚȤȦ
ȠȐȘȖȒȖ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȝ ȟȐȚȈȦȡȍȑ ȗțȉȓȐȒȍ ȟȈșȚȤȦ țșȚȈȘȍȊȠȐȝ Ȓ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȔț

ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ — șȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȥȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȊ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȖȊ Ȑȏțȟȍ-
ȕȐȧ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ ț ȖȌȕȖȋȖ Ȑȏ ȊȐȌȕȍȑȠȐȝ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȝ ȕȈțȟȕȣȝ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈ-
Țȍȓȍȑ, ȥȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ ȚȈȒ ȧȘȒȖ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȕȖȑ Ȋ ȥȚȖȑ ȒȕȐȋȍ ǷțȚȤ ȅȑȝȍȕȉȈțȔȈ —
ȗțȚȤ ȕȍ ȐȕȌȐȊȐȌțȈȓȤȕȣȑ — Ȗȕ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȍȕ Ȍȓȧ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ Ȋșȍȑ ȕȈțȒȐ Ȗ ȓȐ-
ȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ ȏȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȌȍșȧȚȐȓȍȚȐȍ

97
   q «¬¹Â³´ µ¶«¼¼  »¾¼¼µ¹´ ¶³½°»«½¾»° ²¯
¼¸¹«
 ¼½»  ³»«±  Èµ² «¸¹¹¹²¸°¼°¸¼µ
 ®
ǽțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȈȧ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȈ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȓȖȝȐȔ ȕȍȕȈȌȍȎȕȣȔ ȔȈȚȍ-
ȘȐȈȓȖȔ Ȍȓȧ ȐșȚȖȘȐȒȈ. ǲȈȒ ȉȣ ȕȐ ȉȣȓȐ «ȘȍȈȓȐșȚȐȟȕȣ» ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘ-
ȕȣȍ ȚȍȕȌȍȕȞȐȐ ȈȊȚȖȘȖȊ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȈ ȌȈȚȤ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȐȓȐ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȚȖȟȕȣȑ ȐșȟȍȘȗȣ-
ȊȈȦȡȐȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ Ȗ șȊȖȍȑ ȥȗȖȝȍ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȒȖȕȟȈȍȚșȧ ȕȍțȌȈȟȍȑ ǰ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ
Ȍȓȧ ȐșȚȖȘȐȒȈ -ȝ ȋȖȌȖȊ ȗȖȓȐȞȍȑșȒȐȍ ȗȘȖȚȖȒȖȓȣ ȋȈȏȍȚȣ șțȌȍȉȕȣȍ ȖȚȟȍ-
Țȣ ȕȍȟȈȍȊșȒȐȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșș Ȑ Ț ȗ ȌȈȕȕȣȍ ȐȔȍȦȚ ȕȍșȘȈȊȕȍȕȕȖ ȉȖȓȤȠțȦ Ȟȍȕ-
ȕȖșȚȤ ȟȍȔ ȚȍȕȌȍȕȞȐȖȏȕȣȑ ȈȋȐȚȘȖȔȈȕ ǬȖșȚȖȍȊșȒȖȋȖ ©ǩȍșȣ».
ǲȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȉȣ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȕȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȗȖȌȊȍȘȋȈȚȤșȧ șȖ-
ȔȕȍȕȐȦ ǴȕȖȋȖȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȜȈȒȚȈȔȐ ȗȘȖȜ ǭȊȓȈȝȖȊ ǶȗȣȚ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐ Șțș-
șȒȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ
 Ȑ ȈȒ ǷȍȘȍȚȞ ǴȍȚȖȌȖȓȖȋȐȧ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȓȐ ȒȈȒ ȕȍȗȘȈȊȌȖȗȖ-
ȌȖȉȕȣ Ȋ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ ȉȣȚȖȊȖȔ ȥȚȕȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȖȔ «ǯȈȗȐșȒȐ ȖȝȖȚȕȐȒȈ», «ǴȍȘ-
ȚȊȣȍ ȌțȠȐ» ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȚȘȈȋȍȌȐȐ ȀȍȒșȗȐȘȈ ȕȖ — țȊȣ — ȐșȚȖȘȐȒȖ-ȓȐȚȍȘȈ-
ȚțȘȕȣȍ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȐ «ȗȘȖȠȓȣȝ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȑ ȒȖȠȔȈȘȖȔ ȚȧȋȖȚȍȦȚ ȕȈȌ țȔȈȔȐ ȎȐ-
Ȋȣȝ» Ȑ ȕȣȕȍ Ȕȣ ȔȖȎȍȔ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȚȤ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȖȉȢȍȔȐșȚȣȑ ȚȘțȌ ȊȖș-
ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȧȡȐȑ ȥȗȖȝț ȗȖ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȈȔ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ ǲȕȐȋȈ
ǲțȉȐȒȖȊȈ ȧȊȓȧȍȚ șȖȉȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚț ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȚȐȗȈ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȕțȦ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȗȖȓ-
ȕȣȔ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȍȔ șȈȔȣȝ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȈȘȕȣȝ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȗȘȍȌȗȖșȣȓȖȒ Ȑ Ȟȍ-
ȓȍȊȖȑ țșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ ǹȚȘȧȗȈȍȚșȧ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȗȖ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦ-
ȡȐȔ șȚȘȈȕȐȞȈȔ «ǸțșșȒȖȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ» ǷȖȒȘȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ «ǸțșșȒȖȑ ȜȈȉȘȐȒȐ» Ǻț-
ȋȈȕ-ǩȈȘȈȕȖȊșȒȖȋȖ șȊȍȘȧȍȚșȧ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ ǺțȘȋȍȕȍȊȈ ǫȖȕȟȈȘȖ-
ȊȈ ǫȘȐȋȖȘȖȊȐȟȈ Ȑ ȌȘ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȗȍȘȍșȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ șȊȖȐȔȐ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ Ȋșȍ ȐȔȍȦ-
ȡȍȍ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȦ Ȑ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȦ ȘȈȉȖȟȍȋȖ ȒȓȈșșȈ Ȑȏ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ
ȥȚȐȝ ȈȊȚȖȘȖȊ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȗȘȖșȓȈȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȞȐȚȈȚȈȔȐ Ȑȏ ǷȖȒȘȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ǺțȋȈȕ-ǩȈ-
ȘȈȕȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ȋȖȚȖȊȖ — Ȕȣ ȐȔȍȍȔ ȕȖȊțȦ ȉȍșȗȖȓȍȏȕțȦ ȒȕȐȎȒț
ǨȊȚȖȘ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȖȚ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ șȈȔ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȕȐȧ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȍ ȍȋȖ ȒȈ-
ȏȈȓȖșȤ ȉȣ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ ȕȍȗȘȖȌțȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȕȍȞȍȓȍșȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȖșȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ ȊȘȖ-
Ȍȍ «ǸțșșȒȈȧ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȈ șȖȘȖȒȖȊȣȝ ȋȖȌȖȊ ȧȊȓȧȧ șȖȉȖȑ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȖ ȘȍȈȓȐșȚȐ-
ȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȕȍ ȖȚȘȈȏȐȓȈ Ȋșȍȝ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȞȍș-
șȖȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȓȐ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ» ǰ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ «ǰșȚȖȘȐȧ ȚȘțȌȈ ȗȘȐ-
ȊȖȌȐȚ ȕȈȔ ȘȧȌ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȣȝ ȌȖȒțȔȍȕȚȖȊ ȘȐșțȦȡȐȝ ȉȣȚ Ȑ șȚȘȈȌȈȕȐȧ ȒȈȒ ȗȖ-
șȍșșȐȖȕȕȣȝ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȝ ȊȖȚȟȐȕȕȣȝ ȜȈȉȘȐȒ ȕȖ Ȋ ȘțșșȒȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ șȗȍ-
ȞȐȈȓȤȕȖ ȖȚȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȉȣȚȈ ȒȘȍȗȖșȚȕȣȝ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȝ ȕȍ ȌȈȕȖ».
ǺȖ ȍșȚȤ — ȌȘțȋȐȔȐ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ ȗȖȌȚȊȍȘȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȚȖȋȖ ș ȟȍȋȖ ȕȈȟȈȚȈ ȥȚȈ ȘȍȞȍȕ-
ȏȐȧ ȌȖȒțȔȍȕȚȣ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȗȖ ȌȈȕȕȖȔț ȊȖȗȘȖșț ȌȈȦȚ ȕȍ-
șȘȈȊȕȍȕȕȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȟȍȔ șȈȔȖȍ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȓȐȊȖȍ Ȑ ȔȈșȚȍȘșȒȖȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȚȘȈ-
ȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȕȖȍ ȚȖȔț Ȏȍ ȊȖȗȘȖșț

ǷȘȐȔȍȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȓ șȖȘȖȒȖȊȣȔ ȋȖȌȈȔ Ȋ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ țȔȍșȚȕȈ Ȑ ȕțȎȕȈ ȉȣ-
ȓȈ ȉȣ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȈ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈ ȒȈȒ ȌȊȖȘȧȕșȒȈȧ ȓȐȉȍȘȈȓȤȕȈȧ
ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȈ ȖșȊȍȡȈȓȈ Ȑ ȚȘȈȒȚȖȊȈȓȈ ȘȈȉȖȟȍȍ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ" ǷȘȐ ȊȕȐȔȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ
ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȒȍ ȥȚȖȑ ȚȍȔȣ Ȕȣ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȐ ȉȣ ȓȦȉȖȗȣȚȕȣȑ Ȑ ȊȍșȤȔȈ Ȟȍȕȕȣȑ ȔȈ-
ȚȍȘȐȈȓ Ȗ ȏȈȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȐ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȐ ȒȓȈșșȖȊȣȝ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȘȍȟȐȑ Ȋ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ
Ǫ ȗȖȏȌȕȍȑȠȐȑ ȗȍȘȐȖȌ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȐșȤ ȘȖȔȈȕȣ «ǶȚȞȣ Ȑ ȌȍȚȐ» ǺțȘȋȍȕȍȊȈ Ȑ
«ǿȚȖ ȌȍȓȈȚȤ» ǿȍȘȕȣȠȍȊșȒȖȋȖ — ȖȉȈ ȏȈȚȘȈȋȐȊȈȦȚ ȖȌȕȖ Ȑ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ ȚȈȒ
ȕȈȏ «ȕȐȋȐȓȐșȚȖȊ» ǰ — ȖȉȈ ȚȘȈȒȚțȦȚ ȍȋȖ ȌȐȈȔȍȚȘȈȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȗȖȓȖȎȕȖ
ǶȉȢȧșȕȧȍȚșȧ ȥȚȖ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȔȐ ȒȓȈșșȖȊȣȔȐ șȐȔȗȈȚȐȧȔȐ Ȑ Țȍȕ-
ȌȍȕȞȐȧȔȐ ȈȊȚȖȘȖȊ ǵȖ ȕȐ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȥȚȐȝ ȘȖȔȈȕȖȊ ȕȍ ȌȈȍȚ ȗȘȈȊȌȖȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȝ
ȚȐȗȖȊ Ȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐșȚȐȒȐ ȚȖȋȖ ȗȍȘȐȖȌȈ
ǺȖ Ȏȍ șȈȔȖȍ ȒȖȕșȚȈȚȐȘțȍȚ ȈȊȚȖȘ Ȑ Ȋ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ «ǵȍșȔȖȚ-
Șȧ ȕȈ ȕȈȓȐȟȐȍ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖ-ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘșȒȐȝ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȑ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȑ ȉȣȚ ȖșȚȈȓ-
șȧ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȕȍ ȖȚȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȕȣȔ Ǭȓȧ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȖȏȕȈȒȖȔȓȍȕȐȧ ș ȥȚȐȔ ȉȣ-
ȚȖȔ ȐșȚȖȘȐȒț ȗȖȔȐȔȖ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ șȚȈȚȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȊ ȗȘȐȌȍȚșȧ
ȖȉȘȈȚȐȚȤșȧ Ȓ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȔ ȔȍȔțȈȘȈȔ ȍșȓȐ ȚȈȒȖȊȣȍ ȗȖȧȊȧȚșȧ Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȑ ȘȈȉȖ-
ȟȐȔ ȒȖȘȘȍșȗȖȕȌȍȕȚȈȔ».
ǬȈ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȍ ȒȖȘȘȍșȗȖȕȌȍȕȞȐȐ Ȑ șȚȈȚȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȣ
ȚȖȟȕȍȍ ȜȐȒșȐȘțȦȚ ȉȣȚ ȟȍȔ ȓțȟȠȐȍ șȚȐȝȐ ǩȍȏȣȔȍȕșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ǲȈȏȐȕȈ ȟȍȔ ȗȘȖ-
ȏȈ ǺȈȘȈșȖȊȈ-ǸȖȌȐȖȕȖȊȈ ǳȐȉȍȌȐȕșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ǳȧȠȒȖ
ǹȖ ȊșȍȔ ȥȚȐȔ ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ șȖȋȓȈȠȈȍȚșȧ ǲțȉȐȒȖȊ Ȉ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȚȍȔ ȕȈ ȌȊțȝ-
șȚȈȝ șȚȘȈȕȐȞȈȝ șȚȘȍȔȐȚșȧ ȊȖșșȖȏȌȈȚȤ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȑ ȉȣȚ ȗȖ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȔ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈ-
ȓȈȔ
ǩȖȓȤȠȈȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ș ȕȐȟȚȖȎȕȣȔȐ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȈȔȐ

99
£¢¦  
ǳȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȈȧ șțȌȤȉȈ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȓȍȋȍȕȌȈȘȕȈ Ȑ ȜȈȕȚȈșȚȐȟȕȈ
ȟȍȔ ȍȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȈȧ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȧ
Ƕȕ ȗȘȐȠȍȓ Ȋ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘț țȎȍ șȓȖȎȐȊȠȐȔșȧ ȗȖȥȚȖȔ — ȗȘȐȠȍȓ ȒȈȒ Ȍȍ-
ȒȈȕȖȕȐȏȈȚȖȘ Ȑ ȘȈȏȘțȠȐȚȍȓȤ
ǪșȚȘȍȟȍȕȕȣȑ ȖȉȣȊȈȚȍȓȤșȒȐȔ ȉȓȈȋȖȎȍȓȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȔ ǿțȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ȘțȋȈȕȤȦ
Ȑ ȗȓȍȟȍȗȖȎȐȔȈȕȐȍȔ ȒȘȐȚȐȒȐ Ȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȑ ȕȈțȒȐ, Ȗȕ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȗȖȕȧȓ ȏȕȈ-
ȟȍȕȐȍ șȓȖȊȈ — «Ȕȣ».
«ǹȚȖȧȚȤ ȕȈ ȋȓȣȉȍ șȓȖȊȈ “Ȕȣ” șȘȍȌȐ ȔȖȘȧ șȊȐșȚȈ Ȑ ȕȍȋȖȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ».
ǩțȘȓȦȒ ǲȘțȟȍȕȣȝ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊ — «ǫȘȈȔȖȚȣ Ȑ ȌȍȒȓȈȘȈȞȐȐ
ȘțșșȒȐȝ ȜțȚțȘȐșȚȖȊ», 1914.)
ǵȍțȔȖȓȐȔȣȍ Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȏȈȋȖȘȍȓȖȑ ȎȍșȚȖȒȖșȚȐ
ǪșȚȈȊ ȕȈ ȋȓȣȉț ȏȈȝȊȈȚȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȈȊȈ
ǷȖȌȣȔȈȧ ȗȘȈȗȖȘ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ
Ǵȣ ȖȉȎȐȋȈȚȍȓȐ șȣȘȣȝ ȋȓȐȕ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊȈ
ǷȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȏȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȠȈȘȈ 1917.)
ǷȍȘȊȣȔȐ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȔȐ ȊȣșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧȔȐ Ȗȕ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȟȍșȒȐ șȊȧȏȈȓ șȍȉȧ ș
ȐșȚȖȘȐȍȑ ȘțșșȒȖȋȖ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȈ
ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊ ǫțȘȖ Ǭ ǩțȘȓȦȒ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ Ǫ ǲȈȔȍȕșȒȐȑ ǲȘțȟȍȕȣȝ —
ȕȍȘȈȏȘȣȊȕȈȧ ȞȍȗȤ ȐȔȍȕ șȚȈȘȠȍȋȖ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȧ ȜțȚțȘȐșȚȖȊ
ǪȖȐȕșȚȊțȦȡȐȑ ȕȖȊȈȚȖȘ ȕȍȗȘȐȔȐȘȐȔȍȑȠȐȑ șȘȍȌȐ ȕȍȗȘȐȔȐȘȐȔȣȝ ȕȍ Ȏȍ-
ȓȈȧ ȚȖȋȖ Ȗȕ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȓ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȊȈȚȤ șȍȉȧ ȓȦȌȍȑ Ȍȓȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ Ȋșȧ ȍȋȖ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ
ȉȣȓȈ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȖ șȗȓȖȠȕȣȔ ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȖȗȘȖȚȍșȚȖȊȣȊȈȕȐȍȔ ȗȘȐȊȣȟȕȣȝ
ȊȒțșȖȊȣȝ ȖȡțȡȍȕȐȑ Ȑ ȌȖȋȔȈȚȖȊ
Ƕȕ Ƞȍȓ ȗȖ ȏȍȓȍȕȖȑ țȓȐȞȍ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȑ ȒȘȐȚȐȒȐ ȏȈȊȖȍȊȣȊȈȧ ȗȘȐȏȕȈ-
ȕȐȧǽȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊț ȗȘȐȏȕȈȕȐȑ șȖȗțȚșȚȊȖȊȈȓȖ ȘȈȏȢȧșȕȍȕȐȍ
ȟȚȖ ȌȈȕȕȣȍ șȚȘȖȒȐ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ȌȈȕȕȈȧ ȊȍȡȤ ȐȓȐ șȈȔ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ
ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ Ȓ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔț ȕȍ ȐȔȍȦȚ
ǰȏȖȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȖȚ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȈ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊ ȉȣȓ ȗȘȐȍȔȓȍȔ Ȍȓȧ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘ-
ȕȣȝ ȔȍȡȈȕ Ȋșȍȝ ȘȈȕȋȖȊ
ǺȈȒ ȉȣȓȖ ȌȖ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ ȒȖȋȌȈ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊ ȊȖ ȔȕȖȋȖȔ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȓ șȖȉȖȦ
ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔ

100
ǶȒȚȧȉȘȤ ȌȍȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȓ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔ ȊȣȊȍȌȧ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȏȈ ȘȈȔȒȐ ȚȖ-
ȓȤȒȖ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȋȖ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȏȈ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȣ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ ǶȉȖȉȡȍȕȕȣȍ
ȋțȔȈȕȐȚȈȘȕȣȍ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȧ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȈ șȔȍȕȐȓȐșȤ ȟȍȚȒȖȑ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖ-ȖȒȖȕ-
ȒȘȍȚȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ ȞȍȓȍțșȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤȦ ȒȖȔȜțȚȣ «ǰșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȒȖȔȔțȕȣ»,
ȌȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȖȍ «ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ» ǴȈȜ ǳȍȜ
ǶșȚȈȊȈȧșȤ «ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȕȈȠȐȝ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ǩțȘȓȦȒȈ ǲȘțȟȍȕȣȝ ǲȈȔȍȕșȒȖȋȖ
ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȈ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ — Ǫ ǹ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ țȟȐȚȍȓȍȑ Ȑ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȓȍȗȕȍȑ-
ȠȐȔ Ȑ ȟȐșȚȍȑȠȐȔ ȘȣȞȈȘȍȔ Ȋ ȕȈȠȍȑ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȉȖȘȤȉȍ» Ǫ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ
©ǪȍȓȐȔȐȘ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊª ©ǲȘȈșȕȈȧ ȕȖȊȤª 1922 ȋ ,9 ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊ ȈȉșȚȘȈȒȚ-
ȕȖșȚȤȦ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȈ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐȏȖȊȈȚȤ șȖȉȖȦ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȦȡȐȑșȧ Ȝț-
ȚțȘȐȏȔ
ǹ ȌȘțȋȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȋȖȌȣ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȊȣȏȊȈȊȠȐȍ șȈȔȖȔȖȉȐȓȐ-
ȏȈȞȐȦ ȓȍȊȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ ȕȈ ȈȋȐȚȗȓȈȒȈȚȕțȦ ȘȈȉȖȚț ȕȍ șȗȖșȖȉșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ ȊȖȏ-
ȔȖȎȕȖșȚȧȔ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ȝȖȚȧ Ȑ ȏȈ ȥȚȐ
ȋȖȌȣ ȊȍȡȐ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȖȔȍȡȍȕȣ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȟȍȔ Ȋ ȗȧȚȐȌȍșȧȚȐ ȗȖȊȘȍ-
Ȕȍȕȕȣȝ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧȝ Ȑ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȟȍȔ Ȋ ȌȍșȧȚȐ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȒȕȐȋȈȝ șȔ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ
«ǩȐȉȓȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȧ ǪȍȓȐȔȐȘȈ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ 1908-1925», ǴȖșȒȊȈ 1926.) ǵȍȔȈȓȈȧ
ȌȖȓȧ ȥȚȐȝ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȑ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȍȕȈ ȗȖ ȐȕȐȞȐȈȚȐȊȍ ȗȘȐ ȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍ Ȑ țȟȈșȚȐȐ
ȍȋȖ ȗȖȌȓȐȕȕȣȝ ȌȘțȏȍȑ Ȑ ȍȌȐȕȖȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȐȒȖȊ ȜțȚțȘȐșȚȖȊ
ǲȖȕȍȟȕȖ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȐ ȔȖȔȍȕȚȣ șȗȖșȖȉșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ țșȐȓȍȕȐȦ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȐ ȓȦȌȍȑ
șȚȘȍȔȧȡȐȝșȧ ȊȖ ȟȚȖ ȉȣ ȚȖ ȕȐ șȚȈȓȖ ȖȚȌȍȓȐȚȤ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ȖȚ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȈ Ƕȉ-
ȘȍȔȍȕȍȕȕȣȍ Ȋ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȒȓȐȒțȠȍșȒȐȔ ȥȕȚțȏȐȈȏȔȖȔ ȟȍȔ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȈȘ-
ȕȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȑ ȋȘȈȔȖȚȕȖșȚȤȦ ȊȣșȚțȗȐȓȐ ȗȘȖȗȈȋȈȕȌȐșȚȣ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ Ȑ
ȏȈȡȐȚȕȐȒȐ ȍȋȖ ȕȈșȓȍȌșȚȊȈ
ǵȍ șȚȈȧ ȊȖȘȖȕȖȊ șȓȍȚȈȓȈșȤ
ǸȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȣ ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȌȓȐȓȐ șȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ ǷȖȧȊȐȓȐșȤ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȝȈȘȈȒ-
ȚȍȘȐșȚȐȒȐ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȊȠȐȍ ȊșȍȔȐ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȧȔȐ ȕȈȌȖȓȋȖ șȒȖȔȗȘȖȔȍȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ
ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ
«ǲȈȒ ǹȈȒȐȧ-ǴțȕȐ ȖȚȒȈȏȈȊȠȐșȤ ȖȚ ȏȍȔȕȣȝ ȗȖȟȍșȚȍȑ Ȍȓȧ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ Ȍț-
ȝȈ — Ƞȍȓ Ȗȕ ȗȖ ȏȍȔȓȍ».
«ǭșȓȐ ȉȣ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȔ Ȗȕ ȔȖȋ ȉȣ șȕȧȊ ș șȍȉȧ ȌȘȈȋȖȞȍȕȕțȦ ȒȖȘȖ-
ȕț ȕȈȌȍȚȤ ȍȍ ȕȈ ȋȖȓȖȊț ȘȍȉȍȕȒȈ».
«Ƕȕ ȔȖȋ ȉȘȖșȐȚȤ șȊȖȦ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊșȒțȦ ȔȈȕȚȐȦ Ȏȕțȡȍȑ ȘȖȎȤ ȒȘȈșȈȊȐȞȍ Ȑ
ȕȈȊșȍȋȌȈ ȗȘȖȑȚȐ ȔȐȔȖ».
«ǭȋȖ șțȌȤȍȑ ȉȣȓȈ ȒȘȈșȖȚȈ».
ǪȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ ǪȍȘȣ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȖȑ
ȅȚȖ ȗȘȖȊȐȕȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȌȈȔșȒȖȍ ȘțȒȖȌȍȓȐȍ ȔțșȖȓȧȡȍȍ ȐȔȧ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ

101
ȗȘȐȕȧȓȖ ȕȈ șȊȖȦ ȒȈȕȊț ȘȧȌ ȒȓȍȊȍȚȕȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȕȈȔȍȒȖȊ ȗȖ ȈȌȘȍșț ǩțȘȓȦȒȈ
ǲȘțȟȍȕȣȝ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȕȈȔȍȒȖȊ ȊȣȝȖȌȧȡȐȝ ȏȈ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȣ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȝ șȗȖ-
ȘȖȊ ȕȖ Ȋ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȑ șȊȖȍȑ ȟȈșȚȐ ȖȚȔȍȎȍȊȣȊȈȦȡȐȝ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ȖȚ ȜțȚț-
ȘȐȏȔȈ
ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ, Ȋ ȉȘȖȠȦȘȍ ȕȥȗȔȈȕșȒȐȝ ȕȍȌȖȘȖșȓȍȑ «ǹȖȉȈȟȐȑ ȧȡȐȒ» ȉȣȓȖ Ȗȗț-
ȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȖ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ǴȐȚțȘȐȟȈ Ȓ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȔț Ǫ ȕȍȔ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȖȉȊȐȕȧȓ-
șȧ Ȋ ȗȘȐșȊȖȍȕȐȐ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȍȑ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ȐȓȐ Ȋ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȟȍ Ȑȝ ǸȖȔȈȕț ȇȒȖȉ-
șȖȕț «ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ — ȗȐȠȍȚ ǴȐȚțȘȐȟ, șȓȍȌțȧ șȚȐȓȐșȚȐȒȍ ȋȐȔȕȈȏȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȘȖȔȈ-
ȕȖȊ — șȉȍȎȈȓ ș ȕȐȔȐ Ȋ ǷȘȈȋț».
ǵȈșȒȖȓȤȒȖ șțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȥȚȖ ȖȉȊȐȕȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȈȧ șȗȘȈȊȒȈ
Ȗ șțȌȤȉȍ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȍȑ ȗȍȘȍȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȝ Ȋ ȗȐșȤȔȍ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȔț ǸțȒȖȗȐșȐ ȉȣ-
ȓȐ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȕȣ ǸȖȔȈȕȖȔ ȇȒȖȉșȖȕȖȔ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ǳȐȕȋȊȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȒȘțȎȖȒ
ȋȌȍ ȖȕȐ ȝȘȈȕȐȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȕȍșȋȖȘȈȍȔȖȔ ȠȒȈȜț ȌȖ 1924 ȋ Ǫ 1924 ȋȖȌț ȖȕȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȍ-
ȘȍȌȈȕȣ ǫ Ƕ ǪȐȕȖȒțȘț Ȑ Ȕȕȍ
Ƕ ȒȈȒȐȝ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȧȝ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ǴȐȚțȘȐȟ"
1. «ǸȧȌ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȑ Ȑ ȌȊȍ ȗȖȥȔȣ Ȓ ȕȈșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȦ ȊȖȑȕȣ» ǶȌȕȈ ȗȖȥȔȈ
«ǲ ȕȈșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȦ ȊȖȑȕȣ» ȕȈȌȖ ȌțȔȈȚȤ «ǪȖȑȕȈ Ȋ ȔȣȠȍȓȖȊȒȍ» ȉȣȓȈ ȗȖȌ-
ȋȖȚȖȊȓȍȕȈ ȔȕȖȦ Ȓ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ Ȑ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȈ ș ȔȖȐȔ ȗȘȍȌȐșȓȖȊȐȍȔ Ȋ ȗȧȚȖȔ Ȋȣ-
ȗțșȒȍ șȍȘȐȐ ȉȘȖȠȦȘ «ǵȍȐȏȌȈȕȕȣȑ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊ» ǸțȒȖȗȐșȤ ȝȘȈȕȐȚșȧ ț Ȕȍȕȧ.
ǬȘțȋȈȧ ȗȖȥȔȈ Ȗ ȊȖȑȕȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ, «ǪȖȑȕȈ — șȔȍȘȚȤ» ȉȣȓȈ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȈ Ȋ
ǹȖȦȏȍ ȔȖȓȖȌȍȎȐ ȍȡȍ Ȋ 1913 ȋȖȌț ǿȚȖ Ȏȍ ȒȈșȈȍȚșȧ «ȘȧȌȈ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȑ»,
ȚȖ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȑ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȕȣ ȔȕȖȦ Ǩ ǲȘțȟȍȕȣȝ Ȑ ȕȈȗȍȟȈ-
ȚȈȕȣ Ȋ ȚȖȑ Ȏȍ șȍȘȐȐ Ȑ Ȋ «ǵȖȊȖȔ ǳȍȜȍ» ǵȍȘȈȏȖȉȘȈȕȕȣȍ șȚȐȝȐ Ȑ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȐ
ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ȝȘȈȕȧȚșȧ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ǵȍȌȈȊȕȖ ș ȕȐȔȐ ȖȏȕȈȒȖȔȐȓșȧ ȗȖ ȗȘȐȍȏȌȍ Ȋ ǴȖ-
șȒȊț ȓȍȕȐȕȋȘȈȌșȒȐȑ ȘȍȌȈȒȚȖȘ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ǵ ǳ ǹȚȍȗȈȕȖȊ
2. «ǷȈȔȧȚȕȐȒ ǷțȠȒȐȕȈ» — ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȈȧ Ȕȕȍ ȊȍȡȤ
3. ǷȖȊȍșȚȤ «ǭșȐȘ» ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȓȍȕȈ Ȓ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ ǫ Ƕ ǪȐȕȖȒțȘȖȔ Ȑ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȈ
Ȋ 1924 ȋȖȌț Ȋ «ǸțșșȒȖȔ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȐȒȍ» ǸțȒȖȗȐșȤ ȝȘȈȕȐȚșȧ ț ǫ Ƕ ǪȐȕȖȒț-
ȘȈ 4. «ǹȍȔȤ ȒȘȣȓȈȚȣȝ» — ȖȚȘȣȊȒȐ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȐ ț Ȕȍȕȧ
5. «ǺȘȐȕȈȌȞȈȚȤ Ȋ ȊȖȏȌțȝȍ» — ȚȖ Ȏȍ
6. «ǸȈșȗȧȚȐȍ» — ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ, ȚȈȒ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȖȌȕȖ Ȑȏ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȑ,
ȘțȒȖȗȐșȤ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ț Ȕȍȕȧ
7. «ǳȈȌȖȔȐȘ» — ȟȍȚȣȘȍȎȌȣ ȖȚȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȕȈȧ ȗȖȥȔȈ ȓȐȚȖȋȘȈȜȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȍ
ȐȏȌȈȕȐȍ Ȋ ǽȈȘȤȒȖȊȍ Ȋ 1920 ȋȖȌț Ȋ 1923 ȋȖȌț ȊȖ ȊȚȖȘȖȔ ȕȖȔȍȘȍ ǳȍȜȈ Ȋ 1928
ȋȖȌț Ȋ ȟȍȚȊȍȘȚȖȔ ȊȣȗțșȒȍ ȕȍȐȏȌȈȕȕȖȋȖ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ Ȑ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ Ȋ I ȚȖȔȍ șȖȉ-
ȘȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ
8. «ǸȈȏȐȕ» — ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȈ Ȋ , ȚȖȔȍ ȗȖ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȐ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȡȍȑșȧ Ȋ ȘȈșȗȖȘȧ-
ȎȍȕȐȐ Ȇ ǺȣȕȧȕȖȊȈ Ȑ ǵ ǹȚȍȗȈȕȖȊȈ
9. «ǾȈȘȈȗȐȕȈ ȗȖ ȕȍȉț» — ȚȈ Ȏȍ șțȌȤȉȈ ȟȚȖ Ȑ «ǸȈșȗȧȚȐȧ».
10. «ǷȍȘțȕ Ȑ ǰȏȈȕȈȋȐ» — ȕȍȗȖȓȕȈȧ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȤ ȝȘȈȕȐȚșȧ ț Ȕȍȕȧ
11. «ǲȈȔȍȕȕȈȧ ȉȈȉȈ» — ȚȖ Ȏȍ

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12. ǹȚȈȚȤȐ ȗȖ ȜȐȓȖȓȖȋȐȐ — ț ǫ Ƕ ǪȐȕȖȒțȘȈ
ǪȖȚ Ȑ ȊȍșȤ ȘȍȍșȚȘ ǴȐȚțȘȐȟȈ ǩȍșȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȖȉȊȐȕȍȕȐȑ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȈ
ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȒȈȒ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ șȚȈȊȠȍȍ țȎȍ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȍȑ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȐȍ ȥȚȐȔ ȗȐșȤȔȖȔ Ȋȣ-
ȘȊȈȚȤ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ Ȑȏ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȈ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȈ
Ǫ ȊȣȠȍȌȠȍȔ ȕȈ Ȍȕȧȝ ȗȍȘȊȖȔ ȚȖȔȍ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȧ «ǹȖȉȘȈȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ
ǪȍȓȍȔȐȘȈ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ» ȗȖȌ Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȘȍȌȈȒȞȐȍȑ Ȇ ǺȣȕȧȕȖȊȈ Ȑ ǵ ǹȚȍȗȈȕȖȊȈ
ȚȖȔ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ǷȖȥȔȣ ǸȍȌȈȒȞȐȧ ȚȍȒșȚȈ ǵ ǹȚȍȗȈȕȖȊȈ ǰȏȌȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȗȐșȈȚȍ-
ȓȍȑ Ȋ ǳȍȕȐȕȋȘȈȌȍ 325 șȚȘȈȕȐȞ ǾȍȕȈ 3 Ș  ȒȖȗ ǷȍȘȍȗȓ 45 ȒȖȗ ǺȐȘȈȎ 2
500 ȥȒȏȍȔȗȓȧȘȖȊ ǳȍȕȐȕȋȘȈȌ 1928) ǵ ǹȚȍȗȈȕȖȊ Ȋ șȚȈȚȤȍ «ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ Ǫȍȓȍ-
ȔȐȘȈ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ» ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ «ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ ȉȣȓ ȏȈșȓȖȕȍȕ ȓȍșȈȔȐ
ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȈ» (34). ǸȈȏȉȖȘȒȖȑ ȓȍșȖȊ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȈ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ȏȈȕȧȚȣ
ȖȉȈ ȘȍȌȈȒȚȖȘȈ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȚȧȎȍȕȐȐ 5 ȗȍȟȈȚȕȣȝ ȓȐșȚȖȊ ȘȍȌȈȒȞȐȖȕȕȣȝ șȚȈȚȍȑ
ǯȈȕȧȚȐȍ ȕȍ ȕȖȊȖȍ ȒȈȒ Ȕȣ ȏȕȈȍȔ Ȑȏ ȒȘȈȚȒȖȋȖ ȖȉȏȖȘȈ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȑ Ȓ ǽȓȍȉȕȐ-
ȒȖȊț ȕȖ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȦȡȍȍșȧ ȖȚ ȗȘȍȎȕȐȝ ȗȖȗȣȚȖȒ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔȐ ȐȓȓȦȏȐȧȔȐ ȕȈțȒȖ-
ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ǷȖ șțȡȍșȚȊț, Ȋșȍ ȓȍșȈ țȎȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȚȤ ȘȈȏȖȉȘȈȕȣ Ȑ Ǻȣȕȧ-
ȕȖȊ-ǹȚȍȗȈȕȖȊ ȗȘȐȠȓȐ ȔȖȎȕȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ Ȓ ȠȈȗȖȟȕȖȔț ȘȈȏȉȖȘț ȥȚȐȝ șȈȔȣȝ ȓȍ-
șȖȊ ǵȖ ȈȒȈȌȍȔȐȐ ȕȍ șȊȖȑșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȚȖȘȖȗȐȚȤșȧ ǵȍȊȈȎȕȖ ȟȤȧ ȉȣȓȈ ȏȈȊȧȏȒȈ
— ȊȈȎȕȖ ȗȖ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȓȕȍȍ Ȑ ȕȈțȟȕȍȍ ȒȈȕȖȕȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ȐȏȖ-
ȓȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȖȚ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȈ Ȑ ǳȍȜȈ Ȉ ȔȍȎȌț ȗȘȖȟȐȔ, ȏȈȖȌȕȖ Ȑ ȖȚ ȓȐȚȍȘȈ-
ȚțȘȕȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ Ȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȑ șȘȍȌȣ
ǵ ǳ ǹȚȍȗȈȕȖȊ ȗȘȐ Ȋșȍȑ ȊȕȍȠȕȍȑ țȉȍȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȑ ȕȈ
ȗȘȖȚȧȎȍȕȐȐ ȌȊțȝ șȚȘȈȕȐȞ ȚȡȍȚȕȖ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȐȊȈȍȚ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ȚȖ Ȓ șȐȔȊȖȓȐȏ-
Ȕț—
«ǷȖ șȊȖȍȔț ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȦ “ȌȍȓȈ ȗȖȥȚȈ” ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊ ȉȣȓ ȕȍșȖȔȕȍȕȕȖ ȉȓȐ-
ȏȖȒ ȗȖȥȚȈȔ ȥȗȖȝȐ șȐȔȊȖȓȐȏȔȈ Ȑ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ ȌȈȓȍȒ ȖȚ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȚȍȖȘȍ-
ȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȖȊ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȈ» (39),
ȚȖ Ȓ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔț —
«ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȧȓȈ ș ȜțȚțȘȐșȚȈȔȐ ȖȉȡȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ Ȓ ȐșȒțș-
șȚȊț ȒȈȒ Ȓ șȓȖȊȍșȕȖȔț ȔȈșȚȍȘșȚȊț “ȘȍȔȍșȓț”» (40).
ǲȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȉȣ ȟȚȖ «ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȌȍȓȈ ȗȖȥȚȈ» Ȑ «ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȐșȒțșșȚȊț» —
ȗȖȕȧȚȐȧ ȉȓȐȏȒȐȍ ȕȖ Ȋ ȗȍȘȊȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ șȐȔȊȖȓȐș-
ȚȖȔ ȊȖ ȊȚȖȘȖȔ ȜțȚțȘȐșȚȖȔ ǶȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȐșȒțșșȚȊț ȒȈȒ Ȓ ȔȈșȚȍȘșȚȊț Ȋ ȗȘȖ-
ȚȐȊȖȊȍș ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȖ-ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȖȔț «ȚȍțȘȋȐȟȍșȒȖȔț» ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȦ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ
Ȑ ȘȖȓȐ ȗȖȥȚȈ ț șȐȔȊȖȓȐșȚȖȊ șȚȘȈȝțȍȚ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ȖȚ ȕȈșȐȓȤșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȘȐ-
ȟȐșȓȍȕȐȑ Ȓ șȐȔȊȖȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔț ȓȐȒț
ǷȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȥȗȖȝȐ Ȑ ȠȒȖȓȣ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȦȚ ȊȖȌȖȘȈȏȌȍȓȈ ȏȌȍșȤ ȒȖȕȟȈȦȚșȧ
ȘțȉȍȎȐ șȐȔȊȖȓȐȏȔȈ ȏȌȍșȤ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚșȧ ȜțȚțȘȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȚȍȘȘȐȚȖȘȐȧ ǩȍșȗȓȖȌ-
ȕȖȍ Ȋ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȔ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ ȏȈȕȧȚȐȍ ȖȚȣșȒȐȊȈȚȤ ț ȗȖȥȚȈ ȟȍȘȚȣ ȟțȎ-
ȌȖȑ ȍȔț Ȋ ȖșȕȖȊȕȖȔ șȖșȍȌȕȍȑ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȚȍȕȌȍȕȞȐȐ
ȅȚȐ ȟȍȘȚȣ ȔȖȋțȚ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȖ ȕȍ ȖȕȐ șțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣ
ǪȖȗȘȖșȣ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȝ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȊȓȐȧȕȐȑ Ȑ ȏȈȊȐșȐȔȖșȚȍȑ ȔȈȓȖ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖ-
ȚȈȕȣ; ȚȍȔ ȖșȚȖȘȖȎȕȍȍ șȚȖȐȚ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȤșȧ Ȓ ȕȐȔ

104
ǷȍȘȊȈȧ ȒȕȐȎȒȈ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȈ «ǩȓȐȏȕȍȞ Ȋ ȚțȟȈȝ» ȕȖșȐȚ ȕȈ șȍȉȍ șȓȍȌȣ ȕȍ
ȗȖȓȕȖșȚȤȦ ȗȘȍȖȌȖȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȑ șȐȔȊȖȓȐȏȔȈ ǷȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ șȚȐȝȐ ǩȘȦșȖȊȈ
ȖȒȘȈȠȍȕȣ ȓȍȒșȐȒȖȑ Ȑ șȐȕȚȈȒșȐȟȍșȒȐȔ șȚȘȖȍȔ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȈ ǴȖȎȕȖ ȓȐ ȕȈ Ȗș-
ȕȖȊȈȕȐȐ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ șȐȔȊȖȓȐȏȔȍ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȈ Ȑ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȍ ǩȘȦșȖȊȈ"
ǨȕȌȘȍȑ ȀȍȔȠțȘȐȕ ȔȖȋ «ǼțȚțȘȐȏȔ Ȋ șȚȐȝȈȝ ǩȘȦșȖȊȈ» Ǵ 1913). ǵȖ ȊȍȌȤ
Ȑ ȒȕȐȋȈ ȍȋȖ ȖșȚȈȓȈșȤ ȕȈ ȗȖȓȒȍ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȝ ȒțȘȤȍȏȖȊ
ǵțȎȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ șȗȍȞȐȜȐȒȍ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȝ ȜȈȒȚȖȊ Ȉ ȕȍ Ȗ ȒȖȕȚȘȈșȚȐȘțȦ-
ȡȐȝ ȐȔ ȌȍȚȈȓȧȝ
«ǼțȚțȘȐȏȔ Ȑ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊ — ȗȖȕȧȚȐȧ ȕȍ ȗȖȒȘȣȊȈȦȡȐȍ ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋȈ» (36), —
ȗȐȠȍȚ ǵ ǳ ǹȚȍȗȈȕȖȊ
ǷȖȓțȟȈȍȚșȧ ȕȍșȍȘȤȍȏȕȣȑ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘ
ǷțșȚȤ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟ țȒȈȎȍȚ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȐȓȐ ȠȒȖȓȈ Ȑ ȗȐ-
șȈȚȍȓȤ «ȗȖȒȘȣȊȈȓȐ ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋȈ».
Ȇ ǺȣȕȧȕȖȊ Ȋ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ șȊȖȍȑ șȚȈȚȤȐ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ țȉȍȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗȉ
țșȓȖȊȕȖșȚȐ ȠȒȖȓ Ȑ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȑ ǲ ȥȚȖȔț ȕȈȌȖ ȗȘȐȉȈȊȐȚȤ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ ȚȈȒȚȐ-
ȟȍșȒȐȝ ȔȖȔȍȕȚȖȊ ȜȖȘȔȐȘțȦȡȐȝ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȍ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȘȈșȠȐȜȘȖȊȒț
șȈȔȖȋȖ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȧ «ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȑ ȠȒȖȓȣ» șȗȍȞȐȜȐȒȖȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ Ȕȣ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ
ȕȍ șȟȐȚȈȓȐ șțȔȔț ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȝ ȗȘȐȍȔȖȊ
ǰ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ, șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍțȉȍȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȏȈȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ǹȚȍȗȈȕȖȊȈ ȠțȔȐȝȈ Ȑ
ȊȕȍȠȕȐȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚ șȓȖȔȈ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȜțȚțȘȐșȚȈȔȐ Ȋ 1909-1913 ȋȖȌȈȝ șȈ-
ȔȈȧ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȈ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȋȖ șȒȈȕȌȈȓȈ ȖȚȗțȋȕțȓȐ ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȧ ȖȚ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖ-
ȊȈ ȐșȒȈȏȐȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȖȉȓȐȒ Ȋ ȗȘȐȏȔȍ ȘȈȕȕȍȋȖ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȈ șȚȘ 34).
ǸȈșȞȍȕȐȊȈȚȤ ȗȍȘȐȖȌ șȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȈ ȒȈȒ ȠțȔȐȝț Ȑ ȊȕȍȠȕȐȑ ȥȜ-
ȜȍȒȚ ȔȖȋțȚ ǷȖȓȖȕșȒȐȑ Ȑ ǶȓȤȠȍȊȍȞ ȕȖ ȕȍ ȐșȚȖȘȐȒ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ
ǷȖȓȍȔȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȚȍȕȌȍȕȞȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȗȘȖȕȐȒȕțȚȣ Ȗȉȍ șȚȈȚȤȐ ȘȍȌȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ
Ȑ Ȋ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ șȚȈȚȤȧ ǵ ǳ ǹȚȍȗȈȕȖȊȈ șȕȐȎȈȍȚ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȉȖȓȤ-
ȠȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȗȖ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȦ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ
ǯȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ ȊȣȗțșȒȈ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȚȖȔȈ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȗȍȟȈȚȈȍȚ-
șȧ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊ ȕȍ Ȋ șȣȘȣȝ Ȑ ȘȈȏȘȖȏȕȍȕȕȣȝ ȏȈȋȖȚȖȊȒȈȝ Ȉ Ȋ ȊȐȌȍ ȞȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȏȈ-
ȒȖȕȟȍȕȕȣȝ Ȋȍȡȍȑ
ǷȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖ ȖȚȔȍȟȈȍȚ ǵ ǳ ǹȚȍȗȈȕȖȊ
«ǸțȒȖȗȐșȐ șȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊțȦȚ Ȗ ȚȡȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ Ȑ ȕȍȖȌȕȖȒȘȈȚȕȖȑ ȠȓȐȜȖȊȒȍ
ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȣȔ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ Ȉ ȖȚȕȦȌȤ ȕȍ Ȗ ȉȍȏȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȖȔ ȐȓȐ ȕȍ-
ȉȘȍȎȕȖȔ Ȓ ȕȐȔ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ» (35).
ǻ Ȕȍȕȧ ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȕȣȑ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȣȔ ȗȓȈȕ ȗȖȌȉȖȘȈ Ȓ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȦ ȍȋȖ
șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȑ ȋȌȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȚȡȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȘȈȏȔȍȟȍȕȣ Ȋșȍ șȚȘȈȕȐȞȣ ȊȣȉȖȘȒȐ Ȑȏ
ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȕȣȝ țȎȍ Ȋȍȡȍȑ ȓȐșȚȖȒ ȟȈșȚȐȟȕȖ ȗȘȐȊȍȌȍȕ Ȋ 9, ȊȣȗțșȒȍ «ǵȍȐȏ-
ȌȈȕȕȖȋȖ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ»).
ǪȍȘșȐȐ Ȗȉ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȜȘȈȋȔȍȕȚȈȘȕȖșȚȐ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȈ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ Ȗ
ȕȍȉȘȍȎȕȖȔ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ Ȓ șȊȖȐȔ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȔ ȖȗȘȖȊȍȘȋȈȦȚșȧ ȔȈȚȍ-
ȘȐȈȓȖȔ ȚȖȔȈ

105
ǸȍȌȈȒȚȖȘȣ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȧ ȗȖșȚțȗȐȓȐ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖ ȐȏȌȈȊ Ȋ ȗȍȘȊțȦ Ȗȟȍ-
ȘȍȌȤ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȏȈȒȖȕȟȍȕȕȣȍ ȒȘțȗȕȣȍ ȊȍȡȐ
ǷȍȘȊȣȑ ȚȖȔ șȖȌȍȘȎȐȚ 21 ȗȖȥȔț ǰȏ ȕȐȝ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȗȍȟȈȚȈȦȚșȧ 9: «ǾȈȘ-
șȒȈȧ ȕȍȊȍșȚȈ» (1907-1908 ȋ
 «ǷȖȥȚ» (1919 ȋ
 «ǺȘȐ șȍșȚȘȣ» (1920 ȋ «ǳȍș-
ȕȈȧ ȚȖșȒȈ» (1920 ȋ
 «ǸȈȏȐȕ» (1920 ȋ
 «ǺȘțȉȈ ǫțȓȓȤȔțȓȓȣ» (1921 ȋ «ǵȖȟ-
ȕȖȑ ȖȉȣșȒ» (1921 ȋ
 «ǷȍȘȍȊȖȘȖȚ ȊȖ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȍ» (1921 ȋ «ǹȐȕȐȍ ȖȒȖȊȣ»
(1922 ȋ
Ǫ ȗȘȐȔȍȟȈȕȐȧȝ ȖȠȐȉȖȟȕȖ țȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ «ǵȖȟȤ ȗȍȘȍȌ ǹȖȊȍȚȈȔȐ» ȗȍ-
ȟȈȚȈȍȚșȧ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ ǩȖȓȤȠȈȧ ȟȈșȚȤ ȗȖȥȔȣ ȗȖȔȍȡȍȕȈ Ȋ ȎțȘȕȈȓȍ «ǵȖȊȈȧ Ȍȍ-
ȘȍȊȕȧ» ȹ -16 ȏȈ 1925 ȋ
ȀȍșȚȕȈȌȞȈȚȤ ȗȖȥȔ ȗȍȟȈȚȈȦȚșȧ ȗȖ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȧȔ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȌȈȍȚ ȚȖȟȕȣȑ ȝȈȘȈȒ-
ȚȍȘ ȊșȍȔț ȐȏȌȈȕȐȦ
«ǻșȚȘțȋ ǸȈȏȐȕȈ», «ǳȈȌȖȔȐȘ» Ȑ «ǵȖȟȤ ȗȍȘȍȌ ǹȖȊȍȚȈȔȐ» ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȑș-
ȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȣ Ȑ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȍȕȣ ȗȖ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȧȔ «ǴȈȘȐȧ ǪȍȟȖȘȈ», «ȀȈȔȈȕ Ȑ Ǫȍȕȍ-
ȘȈ», «ǫȐȉȍȓȤ ǨȚȓȈȕȚȐȌȣ» Ȑ «ǽȈȌȎȐ ǺȈȘȝȈȕ» ȗȘȖȊȍȘȍȕȣ ȗȖ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȧȔ
ǰ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȧȚȤ ȗȖȥȔ «ǮțȘȈȊȓȤ», «ǰ Ȑ ȅ», «ǪȐȓȓȈ Ȑ ȓȍȠȐȑ», «ǹȍȓȤșȒȈȧ
ȌȘțȎȉȈ» Ȑ «ǵȖȟȤ Ȋ ȖȒȖȗȍ» ȗȍȟȈȚȈȦȚșȧ ȉȍȏ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȐ ȗȖ ȘȈȕȍȍ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȕ-
ȕȖȔț ȚȍȒșȚț
ǰȏȌȈȕȐȍ, ȗȖȔȐȔȖ șȚȈȚȍȑ Ȇ ǺȣȕȧȕȖȊȈ Ȑ ǵ ǹȚȍȗȈȕȖȊȈ, șȕȈȉȎȍȕȖ ȒȘȈȚ-
ȒȖȑ ȕȖ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȖȑ șȊȖȌȒȖȑ Ȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȟȈȕȐȧȔȐ
ǻȒȈȎȍȔ ȏȈȔȍȟȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȘȐ ȗȍȘȊȖȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȖȔ ȗȘȖșȔȖȚȘȍ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧ ȕȍȚȖȟȕȖ-
șȚȐǪ 1918-19 ȋȋ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊ ȎȐȊȍȚ ȕȍ Ȋ ǽȈȘȤȒȖȊȍ Ȑ ǸȖșȚȖȊȍ ȒȈȒ șȖȖȉȡȈȦȚ
«ǩȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐȍ șȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ» Ȉ Ȋ ǲȘȈșȕȖȑ ǷȖȓȧȕȍ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȕȈȍȏȎȈȧ Ȑȏ ǽȈȘȤ-
ȒȖȊȈ
ǽțȌȖȎȕȐȞȈ ǴȈȘȐȧ ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȕȈ ǹȐȕȧȒȖȊȈ ȊȖ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȍ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȖ-
ȥȚȖȔț ȗȖȥȔȈ «ǹȐȕȐȍ ȖȒȖȊȣ» Ȑ «ǷȍȘȍȊȖȘȖȚ ȊȖ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȍ» ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȉȣȚȤ
ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȣ ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȐȐ ȍȍ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȖȊ Ƕ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȍ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊț ȔȖȋȓȐ
ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȚȤ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊ ș ȎȍȕȖȑ ǶȒșȈȕȖȑ ǹȐȕȧȒȖȊȖȑ ǨșȍȍȊ ȉȣȓ ȊȖ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖ-
șȚȖȒȍ ȕȍ Ȋ 1921 ȋ Ȉ Ȋ 1918-1919-1920 ȋȋ Ǫ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ 1921 ȋ ǨșȍȍȊ Ȑ Ƕ ǹȐȕȧȒȖȊȈ
țȍȝȈȓȐ Ȑȏ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȈ
ǷȍȘȊȣȑ ȚȖȔ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȍȚ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȕȍ Ȋșȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȍ ȗȖȥȔȣ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ǯȈ-
ȔȍȚȕȖ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȍ ȚȈȒȐȝ Ȋȍȡȍȑ ȒȈȒ «ǪȖȑȕȈ Ȋ ȔȣȠȍȓȖȊȒȍ», «ǪȖȑȕȈ — șȔȍȘȚȤ»,
«ǷȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȏȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȠȈȘȈ» Ȑ «ǯȔȍȐ ȗȖȍȏȌȈ», «ǪȕțȟȒȈ ǴȈȓȈȠȐ».
ǲȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȚȖȔ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȗȘȍȚȍȕȌȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȗȖȓȕȖșȚȤ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȧ ȌȈȎȍ
ȗȖȥȔ ȒȈȒ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖ ȖȚȔȍȟȈȍȚ ȗȘȍȌȐșȓȖȊȐȍ ǰȏȌȈȕȐȍ ȕȍ ȏȈȋȘțȎȍȕȖ ȐȏȓȐȠ-
ȕȐȔȐ ȒȖȔȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȧȔȐ ȖȉȣȟȕȣȔȐ șȗțȚȕȐȒȈȔȐ «ȈȒȈȌȍȔȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ» ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧ
Ǭȓȧ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȚȖȟȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȐ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȉȣ
ȐȏȓȐȠȕȍȑ ǵȖ ȊȖșȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȚȍȒșȚȈ ȊȍȏȌȍ șȌȍȓȈȕȖ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȚȖȟ-
ȕȖȍǪȣȏȊȈȊȠȍȍ ț ǵ. ǳ ǹȚȍȗȈȕȖȊȈ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȐȐ șȚȘȖȒ Ȋ ȗȖȥȔȍ
«ǪȐȓȈ Ȑ ȓȍȠȐȑ» ȊȖșȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȖ ȘȈȕȍȍ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȕȖȔț ȚȍȒșȚț Ȋ șȉ

106
«ǸȇǪ» ȗȖ ȗȘȖȊȍȘȒȍ ș ȈȊȚȖȘșȒȖȑ ȟȍȘȕȖȊȖȑ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȐ ȖȚȘȣȊȒȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȐȔȍȦȚ-
șȧ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȣȔ
ǷȘȐȊȍȌț ȕȍȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȕȣȍ ȖȚȘȣȊȒȐ Ȑ ȊȈȘȐȈȞȐȐ ȗȖȥȔȣ ȗȖ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȐ:
«ǳȍȎȐȚ ȒȈȒ șȕȖȗ ȚȘȈȊȣ ȗȘȖșȚȍȘȚ —
ǴȍȘȚȊȍȞ ȚȈȒ ȗȈȌȈȍȚ ȕȈ ȏȍȔȓȦ
ǭȋȖ ȔȖȋțȟȍȍ ȏȈȗȓȍȟȤȍ
ǭȋȖ ȘȖșȒȖȠȕȈȧ ȉȘȈȌȈ
Ǫșȍ țȒȈȏțȍȚ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȤȧ
ǷȘȐȘȖȌȈ șȗȧȡȍȔț ȟțȎȌȈ
ǻșȣ ȗțȟȒȖȔ șțȝȖȑ ȚȘȈȊȣ
ǯȈȒȘȣȓȐ ȒȓȦȊ ȒȘȐȊȍȑ șȖȊȣ
ǵȈ Țȍȓȍ ȔȖȘȡȐȕȖȒ ȘȍȏȤȉȈ
ǺȖ ȎȐȏȕȐ ș ȊȘȍȔȍȕȍȔ ȉȖȘȤȉȈ
Ƕȕ ȚȍȓȖȔ șȚȈȘ ȕȖ ȌțȝȖȔ ȗȣȓȖȒ
ǰșȍȌȐȎȍȓȚ
ǭȋȖ ȏȈȚȣȓȖȒ
ǬȈȊȕȖ ȌȈȊȕȖ ȓȐ șȚȈȓ Ȗȕ șȚȈȘ"
ǲȈȒȈȧ șȒȖȘȉȤ ȒȈȒȖȊ țȌȈȘ
ǳȍȋ ȗȖșȖȝ ȊȖȏȓȍ ȍȋȖ ȕȖȋ
ǶȕȈ ȌȐȒȈ ȒȘțȋȖȔ ȗȓȦȡȐ
............................
ǲȘțȋȖȔ ȚȍșȕȐȓȈșȤ ȔȍȓȦȏȋȈ
ǩȓȍșȚȧ ȔȍȘȞȈȕȐȍȔ ȌȊțȝ ȒȘȣȓ
Ǩ ȊȍȚȍȘ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ ȏȈȒȘȣȓ
ǬȖȓȐȕț ȏȖȘȐ Ȑ ȓțȋȈ
ǹȊȍȘȟȒȐ șȊȐșȚȍȓȐ Ȑ ȚȘȍȡȈȓȐ
ǰ ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȤ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȖȉȍȡȈȓȐ
............................
ǲțȌȈ țȠȍȓ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȒȖȕȍȞ
ǩȘȖșȈȓȈ ȌȍȊȈ-șȖȘȊȈȕȍȞ
ǽȊȖȦ ȏȍȓȍȕȖȑ ȓȐȗȣ ȊȍȚȒȐ
ǹȍȘȌȐȚȖ ȋȖȘȤȒȐȍ ȏȈȔȍȚȒȐ
ǵȍȔȕȖȋȖ Ȏȍȓȟȕȣȍ ȕȈȌșȔȍȠȒȐ
ǹțȝȐȍ ȓȐșȚȤȧ șȣȘȖȍȎȒȐ
ǩȍȓȖ-ȔȈȓȐȕȖȊȣȍ ȒȘȣȠȒȐ
ǹȍȔȤȐ ȐȏȧȡȕȖȑ ȔțȝȖȔȖȘȈ
ǲȓȖȒ ȔȍȝȈ ȉȍȓȖȋȖ ȏȈȑȟȐȠȒȐ

ǳȍȚȧȚ ȒȈȒ șȗȖșȖȉ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȈ
ǬȖ ȗȘȖȟȤ șȖȘȊȈȕȕȣȝ ȠȓȧȗȍȕȖȒ
ǹȍȔȍȑșȚȊȈ ȕȍȎȕȖȋȖ ȖȗȍȕȒȐ
Ǩ ș ȕȐȔȐ ȊȔȍșȚȍ șȖșȍȕ ȠȐȠȒȐ
ǯȈȓȖȋȐ ȊȍȘȕȣȍ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ
ǫȓțȝȖȕȍȔȖȑ ȘȈȏȋȈȘ ȉȍșȍȌȣ
Ƕ ȕȍțȊȈȎȍȕȐȐ Ȓ ȓȍȚȈȔ
ǶȕȈ ȏȈ ȕȐȔ ȠȓȈ ȗȖ ȗȧȚȈȔ
ǵȍțȚȖȔȐȔȈ ȒȈȒ ǹțȊȖȘȖȊ
ǫȖȘȧ ȖȋȕȍȔ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȣȝ ȊȏȖȘȖȊ
ǭȋȖ ȕȈșȚȖȑȟȐȊȖ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌțȧ
ǯȍȔȓȍȑ Ȑ ȊȍȚȒȈȔȐ ȉȍșȍȌțȧ».
ȅȚȐ ȖȚȘȣȊȒȐ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȦȚșȧ ȖȚ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȕȖȋȖ Ȋ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȍ «ǸȇǪ»,
ȕȖ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ șȚȘȖȒ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȍȚ ȘȍȌȈȒȞȐȐ ǵ ǹȚȍȗȈȕȖȊȈ
ǺȈȒ Ȏȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȘȈȏȔȍȡȍȕȣ șȚȘȖȒȐ Ȋ ȖȚȘȣȊȒȈȝ ȗȖȥȔȣ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȕȣȝ Ȋ
șȉȖȘȕȐȒȍ «ǴȐȘșȒȖȕȞȈ» (1912 ȋ Ȑ ȊȖ -Ȕ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȐ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈ «ǹȚȈȘȐȕȕȈȧ ȓȦ-
ȉȖȊȤ».
ǬȈȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȍȍ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȍȍ 1912, Ȉ ȕȍ 1913 ȋȖȌȖȔ
ǺȈȒȖȊȣ ȐȚȖȋȐ ȗȍȘȊȖȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖșȔȖȚȘȈ ȗȍȘȊȖȋȖ ȚȖȔȈ «ǹȖȉȘȈȕȐȧ».
ǷȖȓȍȔȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȏȈȖșȚȘȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȘȍȌȈȒȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȗȖȌȈȟȐ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈ ȗȖȔȐȔȖ
ȊȖȓȐ ȘȍȌȈȒȞȐȐ ȊȣȏȖȊȍȚ șȗȖȘȣ Ȑ ȖȉșțȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȘȖȓȐ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ǽȓȍȉ-
ȕȐȒȖȊȈ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍȔ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȍ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȈ.
Ǫ ȒȖȕȞȍ șȊȖȍȑ șȚȈȚȤȐ Ȇ ǺȣȕȧȕȖȊ ȗȐȠȍȚ
«ǵȐ Ȋ ȒȈȒȐȍ ȠȒȖȓȣ ȕȐ Ȋ ȒȈȒȐȍ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȧ ȕȍ ȕțȎȕȖ ȏȈȟȐșȓȧȚȤ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȟȍ-
ȓȖȊȍȒȈ ǷȖȥȏȐȧ ȍȋȖ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȕȍȗȖȊȚȖȘȐȔȈ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȥȏȐȧ ȓȦȉȖȋȖ ȗȖȥȚȈ».
ȅȚȖ ȊȍȘȕȖ ǵȖ ȐșȚȖȘȐȧ ȗȖșȔȍȘȚȕȖȑ ȒȈȕȖȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȗȖȥȚȈ ȕȈșȐȓȤșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ
ȖȚȔȍȎȍȊȣȊȈȕȐȍ ȍȋȖ ȖȚ ȥȗȖȝȐ, ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȑ șȘȍȌȣ — ȥȚȈ ȐșȚȖȘȐȧ ȚȘȈȌȐ-
ȞȐȖȕȕȈ
ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ȥȚȖ ȕȍ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȓȖșȤ «ȘȈȏȉȖȘȒȖȑ ȓȍșȖȊ».

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ª

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ǹǶǿȀȉ
ǼǿǳǻǻǶǳ

113
ǲȘȈșȕȣȍ ȎȍȓȚȣȍ ȉȓȍȒȓȣȍ..
ǷȈȌȈȦȚ ȓȐșȚȤȧ ȖșȍȕȕȐȍ
ǫȌȍ Țȣ ȔȍȟȚȈ ȔȖȧ șȊȍȚȓȈȧ
ǫȘȍȏȈ Ȑ șȒȈȏȒȈ Ȋȍșȍȕȕȧȧ"
ǹ ȓȍȋȒȖșȚȤȦ ȘȍȏȊȖȑ ȊȖȓȕȣ
ǴȧȋȒȖ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ ȗȘȐȉȍȋȈȓȈ
ǰ ȓȍȗȍșȚȒȈȔȐ ȞȈȘȍȊȕȣ-Ȋȍșȕȣ
ȀțȚȧ Țȣ Ȕȍȕȧ ȖșȣȗȈȓȈ
ǵȍȚ țȎȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ Ȋȍșȕȣ
ǫȌȍ Ȋȣ ȔȍȟȚȣ ȔȖȐ șȊȍȚȓȣȍ?..
ǶșȍȕȤ ȚȖȔȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ-ȉȓȍȒȓȈȧ
ǪȍȍȚ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȣȍ șȕȣ.

114
ǶȚȟȍȋȖ Ȋ ȔȖȍȔ șȈȌț ȚȈȒ ȋȘțșȚȕȖ Ȑ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȖ"
ǶȚȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȝȖȟȍȚșȧ Ȕȕȍ ȋȘȖȔȒȐȝ ȗȍșȍȕ ȗȍȚȤ"
ǰ Ȋ ȋȘțȌȐ ȔȍȟȚȣ ȚȘȍȊȖȎȕȣȍ Ȑ ȌȈȓȤȕȐȍ
ǶȚȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȌȈȚȤ ȖȚȊȍȚ"
ǷȘȖȕȍșȓȈșȤ ȊȍșȕȈ ȒȈȒ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ ȔȕȖȋȖȞȊȍȚȕȈȧ
ǵȈ ȒțșȚȈȝ șȓȍȌȣ ȖșȍȕȕȐȍ ȓȍȋȓȐ
ǴȖȐ ȌțȔȣ ȚȈȑȕȣȍ ȏȈȊȍȚȕȣȍ
ǬȈȓȍȒȖ țȠȓȐ
ǪșȗȖȔȐȕȈȦȚșȧ ȚȘȍȊȖȋȐ ȔȣșȓȐ ȋȖȘȌȣȍ,
Ǫșȍ ȟȍȔț ȕȍ șȉȣȚȤșȧ șțȎȌȍȕȖ
ǺȈȒ ȏȈȟȍȔ Ȏȍ ȔȣșȓȤ ȔȖȧ țȗȖȘȕȈȧ
Ǫșȍ ȚȊȍȘȌȐȚ Ȗ șȖȓȕȞȍ" ǫȌȍ ȖȕȖ"

115
ǽȖȓȖȌȕȖ. ǹȔțȚȕȖ șȒȊȖȏȤ șȚȍȕț ȌȖȕȖșȧȚșȧ
ǪȏȌȖȝȐ Ȑ ȘȈȌȖșȚȐ ȎȐȏȕȐ..
Ǫ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȏȈȉȣȚȈȧ șȒȈȏȖȟȒȈ ȗȘȖșȐȚșȧ
ǫȘțșȚȕȖ ȏȈȉȈȊȕȖ... ȒȈȗȘȐȏȕȖ

ǺȍȀǳǴ ǿǳǾǲȄǮ

117
ǰ ȚȈȒ ȚȍȔȕȖ ȚȍȔȕȖ ǰ ȝȖȟȍȚșȧ ȔȖȓȐȚȤșȧ
ǿȍȔț-ȚȖ șȊȍȚȓȖȔț ǵȍ ǩȖȋț ȕȍȚ
Ǩ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ Ȑ ǩȖȋț ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍ ǺȖȔț
ǲȖȚȖȘȖȔț ȕȈȘȖȌ ȐȌȍȚ ȔȖȓȐȚȤșȧ ȗȖ ȞȍȘȒȊȈȔ
ǹȔȐȘȍȕȕȖ ȊȖȏȋȓȈȠȈȧ «ȕȈș ȗȖȔȐȓțȑ»
ǰ ȓȈȌȈȕ ȎȋțȚ ǲȖȚȖȘȖȔț ȒȖȓȍȕȈ ȗȘȍȒȓȖȕȐȊ
ǫȕțșȓȐȊȖ ȚȧȕȍȚ ȌȤȧȒ șȓȖȊȈ ȏȈțȟȍȕȕȖȑ ȔȖȓȐȚȊȣ
ǺȍȔȕȖ Ȑ ȗȈșȔțȘȕȖ ǰ ȝȖȟȍȚșȧ ȏȈȉȣȚȤșȧ
ǰ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȒȓȧȚȣȍ ȊȖȗȘȖșȣ ȎȌȍȚ ȖȚȊȍȚ
ǰ ȔȣșȓȤ ȚȘȍȊȖȎȕȈȧ țȝȖȌȐȚ Ȋ ȚȍȔȕȖȚț
Ƕ ȔȖȑ ǫȖșȗȖȌȤ.. ǵȍ ȊȍȘȦ ȚȍȔ ȎȘȍȞȈȔ
ǲȖȚȖȘȣȍ ǪȍȓȐȒȐȍ șȓȖȊȈ ǻȟȐȚȍȓȧ ȏȈȉȣȓȐ
ǰ ȗȖȟȍȔț-ȚȖ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȓșȧ ȔȖȚȐȊ
ǿȚȖ ȗȘȖȊȖȎȈȍȚ ȗȈȊȠȐȝ Ȋ ȉȐȚȊȍ
ǹȊȖȑ ǩȖȋ ȍșȚȤ ț Ȕȍȕȧ Ƕȕ Ȑ ǳȦȉȖȊȤ Ȑ ǹȐȓȈ
Ƕȕ ǰșȚȐȕȈ Ȑ — ǫȍȕȐȑ ǲȘȈșȖȚȈ.
ǭȋȖ ȕȖȠț ȧ Ȋ șȍȘȌȞȍ ș ǵȐȔ Ȕȕȍ ȓȍȋȟȍ ȎȐȚȤ
ǵȍ ȕȈȌȖ Ȕȕȍ ȗȈȘȟȖȊȣȝ ȘȐȏ Ȑ ȗȍșȍȕ ȒȓȐȘȕȣȝ
ǵȐ ȚȖȕȒȐȝ ȊȖșȒȖȊȣȝ șȊȍȟȍȑ
ǯȈȟȍȔ ȚȖȚ ȝȘȈȔ ȋȌȍ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȚȈȒ Ȗȋȕȍȑ
ǯȍȓȍȕȣȝ ȒȘȈșȕȣȝ șȐȕȐȝ"
ǹȊȖȑ ȝȘȈȔ ȍșȚȤ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȍȋȖ Ȕȕȍ ȕȍ ȏȈȉȣȚȤ
ǰ Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȔȖȧ ǳȦȉȖȊȤ Ȑ Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȔȖȧ ǴȍȟȚȈ
— ǫȌȍ Ȏȍ ȚȖȚ ǫȖșȗȖȌȤ ǲȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȏȈȉȣȓȐ"

118
ǶȚȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȔȣșȓȐ Ȋ ȟȍȘȕȖȍ ȖȌȍȚȣ
ǶȚȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȔȘȈȒȍ ȧ ȕȍ ȊȐȎț șȊȍȚȈ
ǶȚȚȖȋȖ Ȕȕȍ ȉȖȓȤȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȎȌț ȗȘȖșȊȍȚȈ
ǿȚȖ ȕȐȋȌȍ ȕȍ șȓȣȠț ȕțȎȕȖȋȖ ȖȚȊȍȚȈ.

119
ǹȒȈȎȐȚȍ Ȕȕȍ,
ǸȈȏȊȍ ȗȖȌ șȖȓȕȍȟȕȣȔ ȏȖȓȖȚȖȔ
ǴȖȘȍ ȕȍ șȔȍȍȚ șȔȍȧȚȤșȧ ȓțȟț"
ǹȒȈȎȐȚȍ Ȕȕȍ
ǸȈȏȊȍ ȊȈȔ ȝȔțȘȣȔ ȖȚ ȝȖȓȖȌȈ,
ǴȖȎȕȖ ȏȈȗȍȚȤ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȧ ȝȖȟț"
ǯȕȈȍȚȍ ȓȤ Ȋȣ
ǿȚȖ ȖȚ ȘȈȌȖșȚȐ șȒȈȏȖȟȕȖȑ
ǴȖȎȍȚ ȕȍșȓȣȠȕȖ ȌțȠȈ ȝȖȝȖȚȈȚȤ"
ǮȌȍȚȍ ȓȐ Ȋȣ
ǶȚ Ȋȍșȕȣ ȔȕȖȋȖȒȘȈșȖȟȕȖȑ
ǹȊȍȚȓȣȝ țȓȣȉȖȒ ȟȚȖ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȕȈȔ ȌȈȚȤ"
ǯȕȈȦ ȧ
ǹȒȈȎȍȚȍ ȋȓțȗȖșȚȐ ȋȓțȗȖșȚȐ
ǩȘȍȌȕȐ ȌțȠȐ șțȔȈșȠȍȌȠȍȑ
ǷȖȓȕȖ ȊȈȔ
ǹ ȊȈȠȍȑ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȍȕȕȖȑ ȔțȌȘȖșȚȤȦ
ǰȌȍȑ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȖȚȖȠȍȌȠȐȝ
ǪȈȔ ȕȍ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ
ǴȖȍȑ ȋȓțȗȍȕȤȒȖȑ ȋȓțȗȖșȚȐ
ǵȐ ȋȖȓțȉȍȕȤȒȐȝ șȒȈȏȖȟȍȒ ȊȍȠȕȐȝ
ǹȓțȠȈȑȚȍ
ǩȘȖșȤȚȍ ȟȍȝȓȣ șȊȖȐ ȗȣȓȤȕȣȍ
ǬțȠț șȊȖȦ ȖȉȕȈȎȐȚȍ
ǰ șȒȖȘȍȑ
ǲȘȈșȖȚȍ ȔȕȖȋȖȞȊȍȚȕȖȑ Ȑ șȐȓȤȕȖȑ
ǫȓțȉȎȍ Ȋ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȏȈȋȓȧȕȐȚȍ

120
ǹȍȘȌȞȍ — șȓȖȔȈȕȕȈȧ ȈȘȜȈ
ǴȣșȓȤ ȓȍȚȧȡȈȧ șȚȘȍȓȈ
ǩȖȓȤȕȖ ȉȖȓȤȕȖ ȊȌȈȓȤ țȠȓȈ
ǺȈȔ ȊȌȈȓȐ ȔȖȐ ȗȍȟȈȓȐ
ǷȍșȕȐ șȒȈȏȒȐ ȏȈșȊȍȘȒȈȓȐ
ǲȈȒ Ȋ ȚțȔȈȕȍ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȌȣȔț
ǹȐȓȤȕȖ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȏȈșȚțȟȈȓȖ
ǹȚȘȈȕȕȖ șȚȘțȕȣ ȏȈȏȊțȟȈȓȐ
ǵȈ ȌțȠȍ Ȋ ȖȚȊȍȚ ȍȔț
ǷțșȚȤ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȏȈȊȧȕțȚ ȘȖȏȣ
ǮȐȏȕȐ ȉțȌȕȐȟȕȖȑ țȋȘȖȏȣ
ǵȍ șȔțȚȧȚ ȔȖȍȑ ȔȍȟȚȣ
Ǻȣ ȒȘȣȓȈȚȈȧ ȒȈȒ ȗȚȐȞȈ
ǫȖȘȌȍȓȐȊȈ ȒȈȒ ȖȘȓȐȞȈ
ǻȓȍȚȐ ȖȚ ȏȓȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ
ǵȍ ȗȖȑȔțȚ Țȍȉȧ ȖșțȌȧȚ
ǮȐȏȕȐ ȞȊȍȚ ȊȖ ȏȓȍ ȗȖȋțȉȧȚ
ǻȓȍȚȐ ȖȚ ȕȐȝ șȒȖȘȍȑ

121
ǪȟȍȘȈ ȊȖ șȕȍ
ǷȘȐȠȓȈ ǴȍȟȚȈ
ǹȒȈȏȈȓȈ Ȕȕȍ
«ǰȌȐ ȚțȌȈ
ǫȌȍ ȎȐȏȕȤ șȊȍȘȒȈȧ
ǲ șȍȉȍ ȏȖȊȍȚ
ǫȌȍ Țȣ șȗȓȍȚȈȧ
ǾȊȍȚȖȊ ȊȍȕȖȒ
ǻȏȕȈȍȠȤ ȧȘȒȐȑ
ǴȐȘ ǲȘȈșȖȚȣ
ǮȐȏȕȤ ȏȊțȒȖȊ ȕȖȊȣȝ
Ǫ ȏȓȈȚȖȔ ȈȒȒȖȘȌȍ
ǷȖșȚȐȋȕȍȠȤ Țȣ».
ǰ șȚȘțȕȣ ȚȐȝȖ
ǿțȚȤ-ȟțȚȤ ȏȊȍȕȍȓȐ
Ǩ Ȋ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȋȘȍȏȣ
ǵȈȌȍȎȌȣ ȗȍȓȐ
ǬțȠȈ Ȗ ȎȐȏȕȐ
ǴȖȓȐȚȤ țșȚȈȓȈ
Ǩ ȏȊțȒȐ ȚȐȝȖ
ǪȖ ȚȤȔȍ ȌȘȖȎȈȓȐ

122
Ǫȣ ȏȖȊȍȚȍ Ȕȍȕȧ ȋȖȓțȉȣȍ Ȑ ȧșȕȣȍ ȌȈȓȐ"
— ȇ ȔȍȟȚȈȦ Ȗ ȊȈș
ǷȖȌȖȎȌȐȚȍ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȚȖșȒȓȐȊȖȑ ȗȍȟȈȓȐ
ǵȈ ȌțȠȍ ȒȈȒ șȍȑȟȈș
ǰ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȒȖȋȌȈ șȖȓȕȞȍ Ȋ ȊȍșȍȓȤȐ ȉȍȏȋȘȈȕȕȖȔ
ǩțȌȍȚ Ȋ ȔȖȘȍ ȋȓȧȌȍȚȤ;
ǲȖȋȌȈ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȔȖȍ ȕȍ ȏȈȝȖȟȍȚ ȚțȔȈȕȈȔ
Ƕ ȚȖșȒȍ ȋȘțșȚȕȖ ȗȍȚȤ
ǲȖȋȌȈ ȋȘȍȏȈ ȔȖȧ ȟțȌȕȖȑ șȒȈȏȒȖȑ ȐȋȘȈȧ
ǩțȌȍȚ ȓȈșȒȖȊȣȔ ȞȊȍȚȖȔ ȞȊȍșȚȐ
ǰ țȚȐȝȕȍȚ ȋȓțȉȖȒȈȧ ȚȧȎȒȈȧ șȒȖȘȉȤ ȔȐȘȖȊȈȧ
Ǩ ȉȘȈȚ ȉȘȈȚț ȗȘȖȔȖȓȊȐȚ ǷȘȖșȚȐ
— Ƕ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȧ ȗȘȐȌț ȔȖȐ ȔȐȓȣȍ, ȕȍȎȕȣȍ ȌȈȓȐ
ȇ ȊȍȌȤ ȗțȚȤ șȊȖȑ ȕȈȠȓȈ
ȇ ȝȖȟț ȟȚȖȉȣ ȏȊȖȕȒȐȍ ȗȍșȕȐ ȊȖșȚȖȘȋȖȔ șȊȍȘȒȈȓȐ
ǰ ȊȍșȕȈ ȊȕȖȊȤ ȗȘȐȠȓȈ

123
Ǵȕȍ ȊȍȘȐȚȤ ȝȖȟȍȚșȧ Ȋ șȊȧȚțȦ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ ȎȐȏȕȐ
ǵȍ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ Ȋ ȔȐȘȍ șțȔȘȈȟȕȖȋȖ ȏȓȈ
ǵȍ ȚȖșȒȖȊȈȚȤ Ȗ ȘȈȕȍȕȖȑ ȖȚȟȐȏȕȍ
ǿȚȖȉ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȉȣȓȈ ȒȈȒ șȖȓȕȣȠȒȖ șȊȍȚȓȈ
Ǵȕȍ ȝȖȟȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖȉȣ Ȑȏ ȚȤȔȣ Ȑ ȔȘȈȒȈ
ǴȈȧȒ ȊȖȏȌȊȐȋȕțȓȐ șȍȘȌȞȈ ȓȦȌȍȑ
ǰ ȓțȟȍȏȈȘȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȉȣ Ȗȕ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȈȊȌȈ
ǰ șȊȍȚȍȓ ȒȈȒ ȔȍȟȚȈ Ȑ ȗȖȓȖȕ ȉȣȓ Ȗȋȕȍȑ
Ǵȕȍ ȝȖȟȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȌțȠȈ ȔȖȧ ȒȈȒ ȗȚȐȞȈ
ǳȍȚȍȚȤ ȔȖȋȓȈ Ȓ ǳȦȉȊȐ Ȑ ǲȘȈșȖȚȍ
ǿȚȖȉ ȗȍșȕȤ ȔȖȧ ȔȖȋȓȈ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȖ ȓȐȚȤșȧ
ǿȚȖȉ ȕȍ ȗȖȋȐȉȓȈ ȧ Ȋ ȌțȝȖȊȕȖȑ ȕȐȡȍȚȍ
ǷțșȚȤ ȚȧȎȍȓȖ ȕȈȔ ȎȐȚȤ ȊȖ ȔȘȈȒȍ
ǪȍȌȤ ȕȍ ȗȖȋȐȉȕțȚ ȉȖȌȘȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ
ǷțșȚȤ șȓȍȗȖȚȈ ȗȘȖȑȌȍȚ — Ȑ ȉȘȈȚ țȏȕȈȍȚ ȉȘȈȚȈ
ǰ ǷȘȈȊȌȈ ȧȘȒȖ ȏȈșȐȧȍȚ ȊȕȖȊȤ

ǹǶǾǶȅǳǿǸǼǳ
ANDANTE .

125
ǬȈȊȕȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ-ȚȖ ȕȍșȓȣȠȕȖ ȕȍȎȕȖ
ȊȖȠȍȓ Țȣ Ȋ ȌțȠț
ǰ șȔȍȓȣȔ ȊȏȖȘȖȔ ȌȖ ȌȕȈ ȊșȦ ȌțȠț
ȐȏȔȍȘȐȊ șȒȘȣȓșȧ
ǬȈȊȕȖ ȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȗȖȔȕȦ —
ȕȍ șȖȕ ȓȐ șȊȍȚȓȣȑ"
ǷțșȚȤ șȖȕ ȖȉȔȈȕȕȣȑ ȕȖ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ
șȕȖȊȈ Țȍȉȧ ȧ ȊșȚȘȍȟț
Ǻȍȉȧ Ȑȡț ȧ Țȍȉȧ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȧ ȕȍȘȖȊȕȖ
șȍȘȌȞȍ șȚțȟȐȚ ȚȘȍȊȖȋț
ǹȒȈȎȐ ȝȖȚȤ șȓȖȊȖ Ȑ ȗȍșȕȍȑ ȏȊȖȕȒȖȑ
Țȍȉȍ ȖȚȊȍȟț
ǴȖȑ șȔȍȓȣȑ șȐȓȤȕȣȑ Țȍȉȧ ș ȚȖșȒȖȦ
ȎȌȈȚȤ ȉțȌț ȌȖȓȋȖ
ǵȖ ȧșȕȖȑ ȋȘȍȏȣ ȖȉȔȈȕ ȕȍȧșȕȣȑ ȧ
ȕȍ ȕȈȘțȠț
ǺȊȖȑ ȖȉȘȈȏ ȧȘȒȐȑ Ȋ ȌȈȓȐ ȚțȔȈȕȕȖȑ
ș ȔȍȟȚȖȦ șȎȐȓșȧ
ǯȈȟȍȔ Ȏȍ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ Țȍȉȧ ȕȍ ȊȐȎț
ȔȖȑ ȟțȚȒȐȑ șȊȍȚȓȣȑ"

126
ǷȍșȕȐ șȚȘȈȌȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȏȊțȒȐ ȘȣȌȈȓȤȕȣȍ
ǲȚȖ-ȚȖ șȚțȟȐȚșȧ Ȋ ȒȈȓȐȚȖȟȒț șȍȘȌȞȈ
ǲȚȖ ȚȈȔ" ǹȒȈȎȐȚȍ ȕȍ ȋȘȍȏȈ ȓȐ ȌȈȓȤȕȧȧ
ǺȈ ț ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȋȘțșȚȕȖ-ȊȏȋȓȧȌȕȣȍ
ǺȈ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȓȦȉȐȚ șȖȏȊțȟȤȧ ȕȈȘȧȌȕȣȍ,
Ǫ ȗȍșȕȧȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȕȍ șȓȣȠȐȚșȧ șȒȍȘȞȖ"
ǸȍȟȤ ȠȈȓȖȊȓȐȊȈȧ ȕȍȎȕȖ-ȠțȚȓȐȊȈȧ
ǲȚȖ ȚȈȔ" ǶȚȒȘȖȑȚȍ ȏȌȍșȤ șȟȈșȚȤȍ ȓțȟȐșȚȖȍ
ǪȍșȍȓȖ ȠȓȍȚ șȊȖȐ ȗȍșȕȐ ȐȋȘȐȊȣȍ,
ǩȍȏ ȗȍȘȍȗȍȊȖȊ ȕȍȧșȕȖ-ȔțȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ
ǵȍȚ Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȖȉȔȈȕȖȊ ȔȍȟȚȣ țȗȖȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ
— ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȖșȚȖȘȋȐ ȘȈȌȖșȚȐ ȟȐșȚȖȑ
ǲȖȔț Ȏȍ ȖȚȒȘȖȦ" ǯȈȟȍȔ ȚȈȒ ȚȖȘȖȗȧȚșȧ
Ǫ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȉȖȓȤȕȖȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȟȐȊȖ-șȚȘȈȕȕȖȍ"
ǴȣșȓȤ ȔȖȧ ȓȍȋȒȈȧ Ȓ șȟȈșȚȤȦ țȕȖșȐȚșȧ
ǹȗȘȧȚȈȊ Ȋ ȋȘțȌȐ ȕȈȗȍȊ ȚȍȔȕȖȏȊțȟȕȣȑ
«Ǩȝ Ȋșȍ ȕȍ ȚȖ» șȚțȟȐȚ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȐȏȔțȟȍȕȕȖ
ǹțȎȌȍȕȖ ȍȔț ȎȌȈȚȤ — ȕȍ ȌȖȎȌȈȚȤ ȌȖȓȋȖȎȌȈȕȕȖȍ

127
ǬȈȓȍȒȖ ȖȚ Ȕȍȕȧ
ǫȌȍ ȗȓȍșȒȈȓȈșȤ ȊȖȓȕȈ
ǺȈȔ ȋȌȍ ȒȈȔȕȐ ȕȈȌ ȔȖȘȍȔ ȗȖȊȐșȓȐ
ǯȈȎȐȋȈȓȈșȤ ȏȊȍȏȌȈ
ǰ ȏȊȈȓȈ ȕȈș ȚțȌȈ
ǫȌȍ șȊȍȚȐȓșȧ ȔȈȧȒ ȧȘȒȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ
Ǩ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȊȌȈȓȍȒȍ
ǻȓȣȉȕțȊȠȐșȤ ȏȐȔȍ
ǰ ȕȈȝȓȣȕțȊȠȐȔ ȔȣșȓȧȔ Ȑȏ șȒȈȏȒȐ
ǯȈȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ ȚțȌȈ
ǫȌȍ ȊȖȓȕȈ Ȋ ȗȓȍȕț ȓȤȌȈ
ǮȌȍȚ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȑ ȊȍșȍȕȕȦȦ ȓȈșȒț

128
ǷȖȥȔȈ Ȑȏ șȕȍȋȈ
ǰșȒȘȐșȚȖȍ șȟȈșȚȤȍ ȗțȠȐșȚȣȝ ȊȍȚȊȍȑ
ǹȕȍȎȐȕȒȐ șȔȍȦȚșȧ Ȑ ȚȈȦȚ ȉȍșșȓȍȌȕȖ
Ǫ ȗȓȧșȒȍ șȊȖȍȑ
ǬțȠȈ ȚȊȖȧ ȚȈ Ȏȍ
Ǫșȍ ȚȈ Ȏȍ ȗȖȥȔȈ
Ǫ ȕȍȑ ȞȈȘșȚȊȖ Ȑȏ șȕȍȋȈ Ȑ ȓȤȌȈ
ǵȖ Țȣ ȊȍȌȤ ȒȖȘȖȓȤ ȕȈȌ ȌțȠȖȦ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȌ șȕȍȋȖȔ
ǪȍȓȐȠȤ — Ȑ ȖȚ șȕȍȋȈ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ șȓȍȌȈ

129
Ǵȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȧȎȍȓȖ ȚȖȋȌȈ..
Ǻȣ ȗȖȔȕȐȠȤ ȊȍȟȍȘ ȚȖȚ ȕȍȌȈȊȕȐȑ"
ǹȒȈȎȐ Ȕȕȍ ȌȈ
Ǫ ȉȖȘȤȉȍ ȕȍȘȈȊȕȖȑ
ǺȍȘȏȈȓȐ ȌțȠț ȋȕȍȊ Ȑ ȋȘțșȚȤ —
ǹ ȚȖȉȖȑ ȉȣȓȈ ȖȕȈ.
ǰ șȚȈȓȖ ȊȌȘțȋ ȚȖșȒȓȐȊȖ Ȑ ȚȘȍȊȖȎȕȖ
— ǪșȒȘȐȟȈȓȈ ȋȖȘȌȖșȚȤ Ȋ șȍȘȌȞȍ: ȗțșȚȤ
ǪȍȌȤ ȥȚȖ ȓȖȎȕȖ

130
ǻ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȋ ȋȘțȌȐ ȒȖȓȖȒȖȓȍȕȒȈ
Ǫ ȕȍȑ ȚȘȍȏȊȖȕ șȚȖȐȚ ȕȈ ȊȍșȍȕȕȐȑ ȓȈȌ
ǯȈȚȘȍȏȊȖȕȐȓȐ Ȋ ȕȍȑ ȌȕȐ ȘȈȌȖșȚȐ
ǯȖȓȖȚȣȍ ȌȕȐ Ȋȍșȕȣ șȖȓȕȍȟȕȖȑ
Ǫ ȌȕȐ ȚȧȎȍȓȣȍ Ȋ ȒȖȓȖȒȖȓȍȕȒȍ
ǩȣȓȖ șțȔȘȈȟȕȖ ȚȍȔȕȖ ȝȖȓȖȌȕȖ
ǰ ȋțȌȍȓ Ȋ ȕȈȉȈȚ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȒȖȓȖȒȖȓ
ǺȖȚ ȓȐ ȒȖȓȖȒȖȓ ȚȖșȒȈ ȓȦȚȈȧ
Ǩ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȊȍșȕȈ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ ȧȘȒȈȧ
ǷȘȐȕȍșȓȈ ș șȖȉȖȑ ȗȍșȕȐ ȊȖȓȤȕȣȍ;
ǰ ȗȖȦȚ ȏȊȍȕȧȚ ȒȖȓȖȒȖȓȤȟȐȒȐ
ǰ ȗȖȦȚ ȏȊȍȕȧȚ ȏȈȓȐȊȈȦȚșȧ
ǷȘȖ ȉȖȧȘȣȠȕȦ ȒȘȈșȕț ȌȍȊȐȞț
ǽȖȝȖȚțȕȤȦ Ȋȍșȕț ȉȍȏȏȈȉȖȚȕțȦ

131
ȇ ȗȖȔȕȦ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ ȏȐȔȖȑ ȖȕȐ ȠțȚȓȐȊȣ ȉȣȓȐ
Ǵȣ șȗȖȘȐȓȐ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȌȘțȋ ș ȌȘțȋȖȔ șȖȋȓȈșȐȚȤșȧ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȐ
Ǫȣ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȐ Ȗ ǸȍȔȉȘȈȕȌȚȍ ǵȐȞȠȍ Ȗ ǪȍȘȓȥȕȍ
Ǩ Ȋ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȒȚȖ-ȚȖ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȐȋȘȈȓ ȀȖȗȥȕȈ
ǰ ȋȘȍȏȣ ȓȈșȒȖȊȖ ȞȊȍȓȐ
Ǻȍ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ ȏȐȔȖȑ Ȋȣ ȕȍ ȏȈȉȣȓȐ"
ǶȗȧȚȤ ȊȍșȕȖȑ șȘȍȌȤ țȓȐȞȣ ȠțȔȓȐȊȖȑ
Ǵȣ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȓȐșȤ ȒȈȒ șȚȈȘȣȍ ȌȘțȏȤȧ
ǰ șȕȖȊȈ ȠțȚȖȟȒȈ ȌȈȊȕȖ ȏȈȉȣȚȈȧ ȗȘȖșȕțȓȈșȤ..
Ǫȣ ȗȖȔȕȐȚȍ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȒȈȒ ȧȘȒȖ șȖȓȕȞȍ țȓȣȉȕțȓȖșȤ
ǳțȟȖȔ ȗȖ ȓȐȞȈȔ ȟțȚȤ șȒȖȓȤȏȧ"
ǺȈȒ ȉȣȓȖ ȋȖȓțȉȖȑ ȊȍșȕȖȑ șȘȍȌȐ ȚȖȓȗȣ ȔȕȖȋȖȘȍȟȐȊȖȑ
ǵț Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȊȈȋȖȕ țȔȟȈȓ Ȕȍȕȧ ȖȚ ȊȈș
ǴȍȓȤȒȈȓȐ Ȋ ȗȈȔȧȚȐ ȔȐȕțȊȠȐȍ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ
ǰ ȘȍȟȐ ȌȖȓȋȐȍ Ȗ ǸȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈȝ ǲȘȈșȖȚȍ
ǰ șȊȍȚ ȌȈȓȍȒȐȝ ȏȊȍȏȌ șȐȧȊȠȐȝ Ȋ ȊȣșȖȚȍ
ǷȖȌ șȚțȒ ȒȖȓȍș șȓȍȌȧ ȉȍȋțȡȐȔ ȊȏȖȘȖȔ ȗȖ ȘȈȊȕȐȕȍ
ȇ șȕȖȊȈ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȓȈ ȠțȚȧ Ȗ ȊȈș

132
ǪȗȍȘȍȌ ȋȓȧȎț ȧ
ǹȓȈȋȈȧ ȗȍșȕȦ
ǷȘȖ șȖȕ ȟțȌȍșȕȣȑ
ǴȍȟȚȖȑ ȎȐȊț ȧ
Ǵȣ Ȋ ȔȖȘȍ șȊȍȚȈ
ǸȈșȒȘȣȚȣ ȖȒȕȈ
ǲȘțȋȖȔ ȗȖȓȖȚȕȈ
Ǻȣ ț ȔȖȓȤȉȍȘȚȈ
ǰ ȏȈȗȈȝ ȒȘȈșȒȐ
ȅȚȦȌȖȊ ȊȖȘȖȝ
ǫȓȈȏ șȍȘȣȝ ȓȈșȒȈ
Ǫ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȊȏȖȘȈȝ
ǹȔȍȍȚșȧ șȖȓȕȞȍ
ǵȈȔ ș ȕȍȉȈ șȟȈșȚȤȧ
ǽȖȟț țȒȘȈșȚȤ ȧ
ǪȖșȚȖȘȋȐ șȖȓȕȞȈ
ǺȊȖȑ ȊȏȖȘ șȔȍȍȚșȧ
Ǩ Ȋ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȚțȟȐ
ǯȈȟȍȔ ȚȈȒ ȉȤȍȚșȧ
ǴȍȟȚț ȐȏȔțȟȐȊ"
Ǩ ȊȌȘțȋ ȕȍȕȈșȚȤȍ
ǺȍȔȕȖ Ȑ șȣȘȖ
ǻȔȖȓȒȕȍȚ ȓȐȘȈ
ǺȖȋȌȈ ȕȍȚ șȟȈșȚȤȧ"
Ǩȝ ȔȣșȓȐ ȔȟȈȚșȧ
ǪȗȍȘȍȌ Ȑ ȊȣȠȍ
ǽȖȟț șȔȍȧȚȤșȧ
ǺȖȔț ȟȚȖ șȓȣȠț

133
ǽȖȟȍȚșȧ ȏȕȖȑȕȖȔț șȖȓȕȞț șȔȍȧȚȤșȧ
ǸȈȌȖșȚȕȖ ȓȤȦȡȍȔț șȊȍȚ șȒȊȖȏȤ ȓȐșȚȊț
Ǫ șȊȍȚȍ ȒțȗȈȚȤșȧ Ȓ ȓțȟȈȔ ȗȘȐȓȈșȒȈȚȤșȧ
ǫȘȖȔȒȖ ȊȖșȒȓȐȒȕțȚȤ Ȋ ȊȖșȚȖȘȋȍ «ǮȐȊț»

134
ǴȖȘȍ ȠȍȗȟȍȚ Ȑ ȒȈȟȈȍȚșȧ
ǪȖȓȕȣ ȠȍȓȒȖȔ ȠȍȓȍșȚȧȚ
ǲ ȊȖȓȕȈȔ ȏȊȍȏȌȣ ȕȈȒȓȖȕȧȦȚșȧ
ǻȋȓțȉȐȊ ȊȖ Ȕȋȓț șȊȖȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ
Ǻȣ șȒȈȏȈȓ Ȕȕȍ șȓȖȊȖ ȘȈȌȖșȚȐ —
Ǫ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȏȊȍȏȌȖȟȒȈ ȏȈȎȋȓȈșȤ
ǿȚȖ Ȕȕȍ ȌȍȓȈȚȤ ș șȓȖȊȖȔ ȘȈȌȖșȚȐ
ǿȚȖ ȗȖȍȚ Ȋ ȋȘțȌȐ șȍȑȟȈș"
ǽȖȟȍȠȤ ȉȘȖȠț Ȋ ȔȖȘȍ ȚȍȔȕȖȍ
ǷȍșȕȦ ȊȖȓȤȕțȦ șȊȖȦ
ǹȓȖȊȖ ȋȖȘȌȖșȚȤȦ ȏȈȎȎȍȕȕȖȍ
ǶȌȕȖȔț Țȍȉȍ șȗȖȦ"
ǽȖȟȍȠȤ ȔȣșȓȤ ȊȖȓȤȕȖȓȦȉȐȊȈȧ
ǲ Țȍȉȍ ș ȊȍȚȘȖȔ ȗȖȓȍȚȐȚ"..
ǽȖȟȍȠȤ ȉțȌț ȋȘțșȚȕȖ-ȔȐȓȣȍ,
ǺȐȝȐ ȘȍȟȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ?..
Ǫ ȔȖȘȍ ȏȊȍȏȌȖȟȒȐ ȒȈȟȈȦȚșȧ
ǪȖȓȕ ȟțȚȤ șȓȣȠȍȕ ȗȓȍșȒ Ȋ ȚȐȠȐ
ǹȓȖȊȖ ȘȈȌȖșȚȐ ȓȈșȒȈȍȚșȧ
ǿȚȖ Ȕȕȍ ȌȍȓȈȚȤ ș ȕȐȔ" ǹȒȈȎȐ!

135
ȇ ȖȗȧȚȤ șȓțȠȈȚȤ ȝȖȟț
ǵȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȣȍ ȈȒȒȖȘȌȣ ȚȊȖȍȑ ȊȌțȔȟȐȊȖȑ ȘȍȟȐ
ǲȈȒ ȌȐșșȖȕȈȕșȣ ț ǹȒȘȧȉȐȕȈ ȗȍȊțȟȐȍ Ȑ ȔțȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ.
ȇ ȌțȔȈȦ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ țȗȖȘȕȖ-ȔȍȌȓȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ
ǰ șȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȒȖȘȖȚȒȖȑ șȍȘțȦ ȓȍȕȚț ȖȎȐȌȈȕȐȧ ȕȈȠȍȑ ȊșȚȘȍȟȐ
Ǩ ȗȖȒȈ ȧ ȔȖȓȟț

136
ǫȌȍ Țȣ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȔȖȧ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ ȉȍȏȋȘȈȕȕȈȧ"
ǩțȌț ȠȍȗȚȈȚȤ Țȍȉȍ ȘȍȟȐ ȎȍȓȈȕȕȣȍ,
Ǫ ȚȍȔȕȣȍ ȖȟȐ ȋȓȧȌȍȚȤ ȕȍțșȚȈȕȕȖ
ǩțȌȍȚ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ ȔȖȧ ȔțȒȖȑ ȕȍȎȌȈȕȕȖȑ
ȇȘȒȖȑ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȑ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ Ȑ șȚȘȈȕȕȖȑ

ǲȈȒ șȚȘȈȕȕȖ Ǫȣ — Ȑ ȊȌȘțȋ ȈȗȈȠ
ǴȍȟȚȈ Ȑȏ ȋȖȓțȉȖȑ ȊȌȘțȋ șȚȈȓȈ ȒȘȈșȕȖȑ
Ǵȕȍ ȥȚȈ ȠțȚȒȈ ȕȘȈȊȐȚșȧ Ȑ ȖȉȘȈȏ ȊȈȠ
ȅșȚȍȚȕȣȑ ȊȌțȔȟȐȊȣȑ ȗȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈȔ ȉȍȏȋȓȈșȕȣȑ
ǶȌȍȓ ȒȖșȚȦȔ ȕȍȉȘȍȎȕȖȋȖ ȋȈȔȥȕȈ
ǷȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈȔ Ȋȣ ȒȈȎȍȚȍșȤ Ȕȕȍ ǬȖȘȐȈȕȖȔ
ǹ țȚȖȕȟȍȕȕȣȔ ȐȏȧȡȍșȚȊȖȔ ȌțȠȐ
ǺȖ ȒȈȒ șȦȎȍȚ Ȑȏ ȋȓțȗȖȋȖ ȘȖȔȈȕȈ
ǷȖȒȈȎȍȚȍșȤ șȔȍȠȕȣȔ Ȑ ȠȖȘȖȝȐ ȚȐȠȐ
ǪȌȘțȋ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȚ ȒȖȓȖȘȐȚ ȕȍȓȍȗȖ-ȋȘțȉȖȑ ȠțȚȒȐ
Ǫȣ ȉțȌȍȚȍ ȔȖȓȟȈȚȤ țȗȖȘȕȖ"
ǿȚȖ Ȏ ȖȚ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȋȣ ȚȖȎȍ ȕȍ țșȓȣȠȐȚȍ ȕȐ ȏȊțȒȈ
Ǩ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȕȣ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȉ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ
ȒȘȈșȐȊȣȝ șȓȖȊ Ȋȍșȍȓȣȝ ȊȏȌȖȘȕȣȝ
ǰ ȓȈșȒȖȊȣȝ Ȑ șȐȓȤȕȣȝ — Ȋșȍ ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋț
Ǫȣ ȗȖȔȕȐȚȍ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȋȣ ȉȣȓȐ șȕȍȎȕȣȔ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȔ
ǹȔȍȧȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȊȖȏȌțȝȍ ȗțȠȐșȚȣȍ șȕȍȎȐȕȒȐ"
ǰȓȤ ȥȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȓțȟȐșȚȣȔ șȕȖȔ
ǳȍȚȧȚ Ȋ ȔȖȏȋț ȔȖȍȔ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȒȐ
ǰȏȓȖȔȈȕȕȖȑ ȘȈșȚȘȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȔȍȟȚȣ"
ǰȊȣ—ȒȈȒȊșȍȐȊșȍ—ȒȈȒȊȣ
ǰ ȖȉȘȈȏ ȊȈȠ — ȔȖȐ ȥșȒȐȏȣ"
ǯȈȟȍȔ Ȏȍ șȒȈȏȒț Ȗ ȓȦȉȊȐ
ǷȖȦȚ ȌțȠȐ ȔȖȍȑ ȒȈȗȘȐȏȣ
ǸȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȌȈȘȧ ȊȈȔ ȐȔȍȕȈ"
¨¨¨

½³À¹½¹»°¸³Ê ³² ¼¬¹»¸³µ«
~¢ 
	¾¯²Ê¯²Ê¸
 


139
ǵȍ ȊȓȍȏȚȤ ȚȘȍȊȖȋȍ Ȋ ȏȘȈȟȒȐ Țȍ
ǫȌȍ ǯȈȊȚȘȈ ȓȍȓȍȦȚ ȘȍșȕȐȞȣ
ǿȚȖȉ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȊșȍȔ ȗȘȖȟȚȐȚȍ
ǹȐȧȕȕȣȑ ȠȈȋ ȕȈ șȚȘȈȕȐȞȈȝ
ǳȦȉȖȊȤ — ȒȘȈȦȝȈ ȕȈșțȡȕȖȋȖ ȝȓȍȉȈ
ǵȍ ȕȈȔ ȒȘȖȊȈȊȣȑ Ȕȍȟ ȕȍșȚȐ.
Ǩȝ ȊȣȝȊȈȚȐȚȤ șȟȈșȚȤȍ ȋȌȍ ȉȣ...
ǶșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ ȊȍȟȕȖșȚȐ.
ǵȍȎȕȣȔȐ ȗȍȘȊȣȔȐ șȒȘȐȗȒȈȔȐ
ǪȖȑȌȍȔ Ȋ ȉțȕȚ ȖȘȒȍșȚȘȈ ȔȐȘȈ
ǹȔȣȟȒȐ ȦȕȍȑȠȐȝ țȓȣȉȖȒ
— Ǫ ȉȖȘȤȉȍ ȕȈȠȐȝ ȗȍșȍȕ ȘȈȗȐȘȣ
ǰ șȒȖȘȖ șȒȖȘȖ șȒȈȎțȚ
ǵȍȔȣșȓȐȔȣȝ șȓȖȊ ȈȗȖșȚȖȓȣ
ǻȋȕȈȓȐ ȒȖșȔȈȚȖȋȖ șȕȈ ȎțȚȤ
ǳȦȉȐȚȤ ȓȍȋȒȖ Ȑ ȗȘȖșȚȖ Ȑȝ
1921

140
ǵȈș ȕȍ ȖȉȔȈȕȍȚ ȔȖȓȖȌȖșȚȤ
ǪȍȘȕȣȔ ȘțȒȈȔ ȔȖȓȖȚ ȌȈșȚ
ǪȍȘȦ Ȋ ȇșȕȖȍ Ȋ «ȕȈș» —
Ǫ ȔȖȚȖȘȣ șȍȘȌȍȞ Ȑ Ȋ ȚȣșȧȟȐ ȋȓȈȏ.
Ǫ ȗȣȓȤ ȊȟȍȘȈȠȕȐȍ ȉțȌȕȐ
ǬȖȓȋȖ ȓȐ ȒȘȐȒȕțȚȤ ȓȦȌȧȔ
«ȅȑ Ȋ ȗȖȓȍ ȏȕȖȑȕȖȋȖ ȓȍȚȈ
ǷȘȈȏȌȕȐȒ ȚȘțȌȖȊ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ».
ǹȚȐȝȖȊ țȘȖȎȈȑȕȣȍ ȒȖȓȖșȣ
Ǫ șȕȖȗȣ șȊȧȎȍȚ șȊȍȎȍșȚȤ ȋȖȓȖșȈ
ǵȈșțȡȕȖȋȖ ȝȓȍȉȈ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ
ǵȖȊȣȝ ȎȕȍȞȖȊ ȏȈȘȧ ȌȈșȚ
1921

141
ǻ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȋȓȈȏȖȑ
ǻȓȣȉȒȖȑ țȚȘȍȕȕȍȑ ȓȐȞȖ țȔȣȚȖ
ǵȈȔ ȕȖȊȣȑ Ȓ șȖȓȕȞț ȗțȚȤ țȒȈȏȈȕ
ȇ ȏȕȈȦ șȒȖȘȖ ȉțȌȍȔ Ȕȣ ȚȈȔ
Ǫ ȓȦȌșȒȐȝ ȔȐȓȓȤȖȕȈȝ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȋȖȘșȚȤ ȕȈș
Ǵȣ ȗȓȈȊȐȔ șȍȘȌȞȍ Ȋ ȒțȏȕȐȞȍ
ǺȈȒ ȔȖȓȖȌȖșȚȐ ȋȖȘȌȖșȚȤ
ǶșȊȖȉȖȎȌȈȍȚ țȏȕȐȒȖȊ
ȇȊȤ ȉțȕȚȈ ȆȕȐ ȓțȟȠȍ șȕȖȊ Ȑȝ
ǯȈȓȈșȒȈȕȕȣȝ ȊȍȒȖȊ ȒȖȋȚȧȔȐ
ȇ ȏȕȈȦ ǵȖȊȣȝ ȧ ȊȐȎț ǵȖȊȤ Ȑȝ
ǸțȒȈȔȐ ȊȖȎȎȐ ȔȐȘȈ ȚȧȕțȚ
Ǩ ȕȍȉȖ ȊȣȏȊȍȏȌȐȔ șȚȐȝȈȔȐ
ǸȈșșȣȗȍȔ șȔȍȝ ȖȋȕȧȔȐ ȚȖȟȍȒ
ǿȚȖȉ ȋȖȓȖșȈȔȐ ȘȈșșȍȒȈȓȐ
ǯȈșȚȣȊȠȐȑ ȒȈȔȍȕȤ ȟȍȘȕȖȑ ȕȖȟȐ.
1921.

142
ǹȐȕȍȍ ȕȍȉȖ ȊȍșȕȖȦ șȐȕȐȑ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȑ ȚȘȈȔȊȈȑȕȣȑ ȉȐȓȍȚ
ǷȈȌȈȍȚ Ȋ ȔțȚȕȣȍ ȓțȎȐȞȣ
ǸȈȌȖșȚȐ ȊȐȎț ȧșȕțȦ ȕȍȊȐȌȈȓȤ
ǷȘȣȋȕțȚȤ ȊȣșȖȒȖ Ǫ șȐȕȍȋȖ ȕȍȉȈ ȌȈȓȤ
Ǩ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȍ ȊȈȎȕȖ ȠȈȋȈȍȚ ȗȖ țȓȐȞȍ
Ǫ șȔȍȠȕȣȝ ȖșȚȖȘȖȎȕȣȝ ȒȈȓȖȠȈȝ
«ǫȓțȗȣȍª ȜȣȘȒȈȍȚ ȘȧȌȖȔ ȐȌțȡȈȧ ȓȖȠȈȌȤ
ǹȉȘȖșȐȚȤ ȕȍșȕȖșȕȣȍ ǹ șȖȓȕȞȍȔ Ȋ ȗȧȚȕȈȠȒȐ
ǯȐȔȕȍȑ ȗȍȟȈȓȐ șȕȍȋȈ ȗțșȚȤ ȚȈȦȚ
ǬțȠȈ ȖȚ ȒȘȐȒȈ ȌȈȊȕȖ ȗțșȚȈȧ...
ǵȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖșȚȐ Ȍȕȍȑ ȓȐșȚȒȐ șȓȖȎȍȕȣ Ȋ ȧȘȒȐȑ ȒȖȕȊȍȘȚ
ǪȣȠȤȦ ȗȖ șȐȕȍȋȖ ȕȍȉȈ ȒȈȕȊȍ
ǴȖȓȖȌȖșȚȤ — ȊȍȕȏȍȓȤ ȕȈȠ
1921

143
ǼǸǿǮǻǳ ǿǶǻȍǸǼǰǼǷ
ǫȓȧȎț
ǵȈ ȎȋțȚ
ǹȊȐȚȣȑ Ȋ ȊȐȕȚ
ǻȔȍȓȣȑ
ǪȖȓȖș-ȒȖȓȖșȤȍȊ
ǹȗȍȓȣȝ
ǯȐȔȖȦ ȟțȎȖȑ Ȑ ȕȍȌȖȓȋȖȑ
ǻ ȚȈȓȣȝ ȓȤȌȐȕ ǲȐȚȈȧ
Ǫȣ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓȐ Ȕȕȍ ȗȖȓȧ ȘȎȈȕȖȋȖ ȏȈȉȣȚȖȍ ȌțȠȕȖȍ ȗȓȈȔȧ
Ǫ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȒȖȓȦȟȐȍ ȓȤȌȐȕȒȐ ȚȈȦȚ
ǹȓȣȠț șȒȖȓȤȏȧȡȐȍ ȠȍȓȍșȚȣ ȊȍȚȘȈ Ȋ ȌȍȕȤ ȠȈȓȖșȚȕȣȑ; ȠȍȗȖȚȕȖȑ ȋȈȔȔȖȑ
ǯȔȍȐȕȖȑ ȚȖȓȗȖȑ ȏȖȓȖȚȖȦ ȗȓȣȊțȚ ȐȏȋȐȉȈȧșȤ Ȓ ȥȔȈȓȍȊȣȔ șȐȕȐȔ ȋȓȈȏȈȔ
ȅȔȈȓȤ ȉȐȘȦȏȖȊȈȧ
ǵȍȌȊȐȎȕȣȝ ȏȈșȚȣȊȠȐȝ ȖȏȍȘ —
ǲȖȠȒȐ ǹȐȈȔșȒȖȑ ȔȖȓȟȈȡȐȍ ȊȏȖȘȣ
ǺȧȕțȚ ȏȖȊțȚ. ǰȌț ȕȈ ȕȍȌȊȐȎȕȣȍ ȏȖȊȣ ȧ.
1921

144
ǸȈȏȊȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ
ǷȘȖșȚȣȔȐ ȒȈȒ ȌȍȕȤ ȊȟȍȘȈȠȕȐȑ
ǷȘȖ ȕȈȠȐ ȗȘȖȋțȓȒȐ ș ȊȈȔȐ
ǯȊȖȕȖȔ ȊȖșȒȘȍșȕȣȔ ȖȒȘȈȠȍȕȕȣȍ"
ǪȈȋȖȕ ȖȚȗȖȓȏȈȓ ȖȚ ȊȖȒȏȈȓȈ
ǾȍȗȓȧȓȐșȤ ȊȏȖȘȣ ȏȈ ȓȐȞȈ
ǺȐȝȖ șȍȉȍ șȒȈȏȈȓȈ
«ǵȖȊȖȍ ȖȗȧȚȤ ȗȘȐșȕȐȚșȧ».
ȇ ȕȍ ȊȍȘȕțșȤ Ȋ ȥȚȖȚ ȋȖȘȖȌ
ǹȖ ȔȕȖȦ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȕȍ Ȋȣ ȉȓȐȏȒȖ...
Ǫ șȐȕȍ-ȏȍȓȍȕȖȍ ȔȖȘȍ
ǰȏ ȋȓȈȏ ȚȖșȒȐ ȕȍ ȊȣȗȓȍșȒȈȚȤ
ǬȊȍ ȗȖȓȖșȒȐ ȎȍȓȍȏȕȖȑ ȊȖȓȐ
ǵȈ ȕȖȊȣȑ ȗțȚȤ ȏȖȊțȚ Ȕȍȕȧ
ǲȖȓȖȒȖȓȈ ȕȍ șȒȈȎțȚ Ȗ ȉȖȓȐ
ǻ șȊȍȚȓȖȑ ǳȦȉȊȐ ǯȈțȚȘȍȕȧ...
1921

145
ǹȍȘȌȞȍ ȐșȚȖȔȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ Ȋ ȔȖȕȈșȚȣȘȍ ȗȖșȓțȠȕȐȒȈ
ǲȕȐȋȈ ȏȈȗȣȓȍȕȕȈȧ ș ȏȈșȚȍȎȒȈȔȐ ȚȍȔȕȣȔȐ
Ƕȕ ȔȖȓȐȚșȧ Ȋ ȞȍȘȒȊȐ ș ȏȖȓȖȚȣȔȐ ȊȍȘȝțȠȒȈȔȐ
ǹȓȣȠț ȒȖȓȖȒȖȓȤȕȐ ȏȖȊȣ ȏȊȖȕȕȣȍ
Ǩ ȧ ȧȏȣȟȕȐȞȈ — ȋȘȍȠȕȐȞȈ șȊȍȚȓȈȧ
ǷȘȐȝȖȎț ȕȈ ȏȊȖȕȣ ȒȖȓȖȒȖȓȈ ȔȍȌȕȖȋȖ
ǩȍȘȍȎȕȖ ȔȖȓȐȚȊȣ șȊȧȚȣȍ Ȋ șȍȉȍ ȚȈȧ
ǪȝȖȎț Ȋ ȈȓȚȈȘȤ ȝȘȈȕȧ ȖȉȍȚ ȍȋȖ
1921

ǹȍȒțȕȌȣ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȋȖ ȟȈșȈ șȟȐȚȈȦ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȍȕȕȖ
ǫȘțșȚȤ ȏȈȊȍȘȕț Ȋ ȔȖȘșȒțȦ șȐȕȍ-ȏȍȓȍȕțȦ șȒȈȚȍȘȚȤ
Ǭȓȧ ȗȖȐșȒȖȊ ȎȍȔȟțȋȈ ȘȈȌȖșȚȐ șȔȍȓȣȝ ȐșȒȈȚȍȓȍȑ
ǫȓȈȏ ȔȖȐȝ ȔȈȧȒȐ ȏȈȎȋțȚșȧ ș ȌȈȓȍȒȖȋȖ ȉȍȘȍȋȈ
Ǫ ȉȍȏȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȖȑ ȌȈȓȐ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȈ
ǹȍȘȌȞȍ șȝȊȈȚȐȓȐ ȘțȒȐ ȚȖșȒȓȐȊȣȝ ȔȐȕțȚ...
ǩȣȊȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ șȕȐȚșȧ șȖȕ ȚȈȒ
Ǩ ȧȊȤ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȖȉȔȈȕțȚȤ
1921

½³À¹½¹»°¸³Ê ³² ¼¬¹»¸³µ«
~ ¨
	¢³½«
 


149
Ǫ ȗȈȓȤȞȈȝ ȒȈȒ ș ȒȘȣȓȣȠȍȒ ȔȖȓȐ
ǷȣȓȤ ȐșȚȍȘȚȖȑ ȖȉȐȌȣ
Ǫ ȒȓȈȊȐȠȈȝ ȘȍȉȍȘ ȒȈȒ ȓȐȠȕȐȑ ȉȍȔȖȓȤ
ǹȍȘȌȞȍ ȜȈȓȤȠȐȊȐȚ
— ǸȈȏȊȍ ȌȖȘȖȋ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȕȖ Ȑ ȕȍȚ
ǿȚȖȉ ȊȣșȒȖȟȐȚȤ ȊȍșȕȈȔ Ȋ țȗȖȘ?!
ǭșȓȐ ȥȚȈ ȊȍșȕȈ ȊȖȕ ȚȈȔ Ȋ ȖȒȕȍ
ǰ ȗȈȘ ș ȏȍȔȓȐ — ȚȘȖȗȈȘȤ
ǳȦȉȊȐ — Ȋ ȖȉȓȈȒȈȝ ȎȌȍȚ ȗȘȖȗȍȓȓȍȘ
ǮțȎȎȐȚ șȚȘȍȒȖȏȈ ǹȒȖȘȍȑ ȗȖȒȈ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȗȈȓȐ
Ǫșȍ ȕȈȠȐ ȈȗȘȍȓȐ ȗȖȒȈ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȗȍȓȐ
ǷȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ ȚȘȍȓȍȑ ȋȓȈȏȈ
ǶȚșȦȌȈ ȋȌȍ ȝȊȖȘȤȦ ȕȍȌțȎȕȖȦ ȉȖȘȖȏȌȣ ȌțȠ ȗȖȘȈșȚțȚ
ǹȒȖȘȍȑ Ȏȍ ȖȚșȦȌȈ ȋȌȍ Ȋșȍ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȒȓȍȚȒț
ǨȕȋȓȐȑșȒȐȑ șȒțȟȕȣȑ ȒȖșȚȦȔ
— ǸȈȏȊȍ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȠȤ ȟȚȖ ȉțȌȍȚ ȓȍȚȖ
Ǩ ȓȍȚȖȔ ȌțȠȈ ȕȍ ȉȖȐȚșȧ ȗȘȖșȚțȌ

150
ǷȖ ȒȘȈȦ ȗȖ ȒȘȈȦ ȉȍȏ șȚȘȈȝȈ ȊȣȒȘȈȐȊȈȧ
ǲȈȒ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȓțȕȈȚȐȒ ȗȖ ȒȘȣȠȍ șȊȖȑ ȠȈȋ
ǵȈȌ ȒȐȓȍȔ ȖȉȘȣȊȈ ȉțȋȘȣ ȊȏȘȣȊȈȧ
ǲȖȓȍșȈ ȓȍșȈȔȐ șȒȊȖȏȤ ȟȈȡț șȗȍȠȈȚ
ǹȒȖȓȤȒȖ șȚȍȒȓȧȕȕȣȝ ȖșȒȖȓȒȖȊ ȕȈ șȒȈȓȈȝ
ǸȈșșȣȗȈȕȖ Ȋ șȗȍȒȚȘȈȝ Ȑ ȊȒȘȈȗȓȍȕȖ Ȋ ȒȊȈȘȞ —
ǩȓȐȏȒȖ șȒȖȓȤȏȐȓȈ ȉȓȐȏȒȖ ȐșȒȈȓȈ. —
ǬȘȖȎȈ ȗȘȖȉȍȎȈȓȐ ȊȍȘșȚȣ ȒȖȊȈȘșȚȊ
ǸȈȏȓȐȚ țȠȈȚ
ǪȍȚȘȈ Ȋ țȠȈȝ
ǺȍȔȍȕȤ ȊȖ ȘȎȐ
ǯȈȊȖȘȖȎȐȚȤ
ǪȖ ȊșȦ ȉȖȘȖȏȌț
ǪȍȚȍȘ ȘȈȏȌțȚȤ
ǵȖȟȐ ȒȘȈșț
ǩȘȖșȐȚȤ Ȋ ȘȖșț
ǸȈȏȌȍȘȕțȚȤ ȖȉȖȘȒȐ țȓȣȉȒȐ
ǵȈ ȒȘȈșȕȖȑ ȕȐȚȒȍ ȋțȉ
ǸȈȏȌȍȚȤ ȓȐȞȖ ȌȖȕȈȋȈ —
— Ǻȣ ȔȖȎȍȠȤ Țȣ ȔȖȎȍȠȤ Ȕȍȕȧ ȌȖȋȕȈȚȤ!
ǵȍ ȏȕȈȦ ȖȗȍȟȈȓȦșȤ ȓȐ
ǰȓȤ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȗȘȖȔȖȓȟț
ǷȍȘȟȈȚȒȈ Țțȟ ȗȍȟȈȚȈȍȚ
ǵȈ ȟȍȘȍȗȍ ȓȈȟțȋ
ǰ Șȍȏȟȍ ȟȍȘȚȐȚ ȚȘȍȡȐȕȣ
ǷȖ ȕȈșȣȗȐ ȊȕȐȏț
ǳȍȚȧȡȐȔ ȓȍȋȒȐȔ ȒȘȍȟȍȚȖȔ
ȀȐȗȧ ȏȔȍȍȑ ȗȖȓȏțȚ
Ǫ ȒȖșȔȈȚȖȑ ȋȘȐȊȍ ȌȣȔȈ
ǻșȔȍȠȍȕ ȒȘȐȊȖ Țȣȕ
ǹȍȘȌȐȚȖ ȉȣșȚȘȣȑ ȊȣșȚȘȍȓ
ǸȈȏȉȘȣȏȋȈȓ ȋȍȑȏȍȘ ȐșȒȘ
ǵȍ șȚȈȕț țȋȖȊȈȘȐȊȈȚȤ
ǿȚȖ ȔȐȓȐ ȊȍȘșȚ ȔȐȓȍȑ

151
ǿȍȔ ȒȈȒ ț ȔȓȐȕȈ ȊȖȘȖȊȈȚȤ
ǴȈȓȐȕț ȋțȉ ǯȈȓȍȑ
ǪșȦ ȕȖȟȤ șȊȐȕȞȖȔ Ȑ ȌȈȑ ȏȈȔȓȍȚȤ
ǲȓȍȑȔȍȕȕȖȑ ȓȍȕȤȦ ȏȊȍȏȌ ȏȍȔȓȍ
¨¨¨

152
ǸǼǱǲǮ ǵǶǺǮ ǿȀǼȍǹǮ
ǫȖȘȓȖ ȘȈșȗȈȝȕțȚȖ ȝȖȝȖȚȖȔ
ǸțȒȖȗȓȍȡȈ ȗȍȘȍȓȍșȒȖȔ
Ǫ șȐȕȍȑ ȗȈȝȖȚȍ ȉțȝȚȣ
ǹȖȓȕȞȍ ȝȔȍȓȤȕȖ ȒțȘȖȓȍșȐȚ
ǰ ȡȍȉȍȚ ȡȍȉȕȧ
ȁȍȔȐȚ ȗȖȌȖȠȊȣ
ǳȍȋȒȐ ȒȈȒ ȡȍȗȒȐ
— ȀȈȋȐ ȕȈ ȗȓȖȡȈȌȤ
ǫȌȍ Ȋ ȓțȎȈȝ ȓțȟȠȍ
ǳȦȉȣȝ ȏȍȘȒȈȓ
ǮȈȘ șȖȓȕȞȈ ȊȣȓțȎȍȕ
ǰ șȐȕȤ ȘȍȏȒȈ
Ǩ ȋȖȓȖș ȚȘȍȗȓȍȚșȧ
— ǼȓȈȋ ȕȈ ȊȍȚȘț
Ǩ ȋțȉȣ — ȒȘȐȒ ȓȐȞȈ —
ǬȘțȋȐȔȐ ȊȣȚȘț

153
Ƕǲȁ ǰ ǼǯǶǾǮǹǼǰǸȁ
ǯȈȗțȚȈȓȐșȤ ȊȐșȕțȚ ȗȘȧȌȐ ȌȖȎȌȧ
Ǫ șȍȚȒȍ ȌȖȎȌȧ ǲțșȒȖȊȖ
ǵȈȊȐșȠȐȍ ȚțȟȐ șȚȖȓȗȐȓȐșȤ ȌȘȖȎȈ
— ǪȖȚ-ȊȖȚ țȗȈȌțȚ ǵȖ ȕȍ șȒȖȊȈȕ
ǴȖȑ ȠȈȋ ȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȤȍȔ ȋȘȖȏț ȗȍȘȍȎȌȈȚȤ —
ǷȖȌ ȊșȗȣȠȒȈȔȐ ȔȖȓȕȐȑ ȕȍ ȉȖȧȏȕȖ
ǷȖ ȠȗȈȓȈȔ ȗȖ ȕȈșȣȗȐ ȓȍȋȟȍ ȉȍȎȈȚȤ
ǲȖȓȤ șȒȖȘȖ ȗȣȝȚȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȍȏȌȈ
ǪȣșȖȒȈȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ Ȋ ȎȍȓȚȖȔ ȌȣȔț
ǸȍȠȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȓ ȘȍȓȤșȈȔ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȐȚ
ǯȈȟȍȔ ȖȕȈ ȏȌȍșȤ ȕȈ ȗțȚȧȝ — ȕȍ ȗȖȑȔț
Ǫ ȚȈȒțȦ ȋȘȖȏț Ȋ ȕȍȗȖȋȖȌț
ǬȖȎȌȤ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȏȈȕȈȊȍș ȔȘȈȒȖȔ ȕȈȊȐș
ǪȖȚ ȊșȚȈȓȈ ȖȕȈ ȕȈ ȒȖȓȍȕȐ
— ǶȗȖȔȕȐșȤ ǹȒȖȘȍȍ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐșȤ
ǹȗȈșȐȚȍ ǪȍȌȤ ȥȚȖ — ǲȈȘȍȕȐȕȈ
ǨȕȕȈ ȕȍ ȕȈȌȖ ǵȍ ȗȖȏȌȕȖ ȍȡȍ —
ǳȦȉȖȊȤ ȚȊȖȧ ȋȖȘȍȔ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȈȕȈ
ǰ ȋȘȍȝ ȚȊȖȑ — ȕȍ ȋȘȍȝ Ȑ șȟȍȚ ȊȍȌȤ ȕȍ Ȋ șȟȍȚ
— Ǻȍȉȍ ȗȖȕȈȗȘȈșȕț ȗȘȍȌȢȧȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ
ǩȣȓ ȒȘȈșȕȣȑ ȔȍȠȖȟȍȒ Ȋ ȘțȒȍ ț ȕȍȍ
ǴȍȓȤȒȕțȓȐ ȊȈȋȖȕȕȣȍ ȚȍȕȐ
.
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.
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.
.
.
.
ǷȓȈȚȜȖȘȔȈ ȗțșȚȈ ǰ ȕȍȚ ȕȐȒȖȋȖ
Ǫ ȌȖȎȌȍ ȘȈșȚȊȖȘȐȓȖșȤ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȍ

  
 

156
ǱǼǹǼǿȁ ǻǮǲǳǴǲȉ ǮǻǲǾǳǳǰǻȉ ǼǯȁȃǼǰǼǷ
ǩȍȘȧ ȕȈȟȈȓȖ Ȋ ȊȣȠȐȕȍ,
ș ȕȍȉȍșȕȣȝ ȒȘțȟ ȕȍȊȍșȚȤ ȖȚȒțȌȈ,
ȗȖȚȖȒ ȘțȓȈȌ șȓȍȚȍȓ ȐȏȊȕȍ
ȋȖȘȧȟȐȔ șȖȓȖȊȤȐȕȣȔ ȟțȌȖȔ
ǳȍșȕȣȔȐ ȚȈȑȕȈȔȐ ȗȖȓȕȈ
Ȑ ȗȈȗȖȘȖȚȕȐȒȖȊȣȔ ȞȊȍȚȖȔ —
ȚȈ ȗȍșȕȤ ȉȣȓȈ ȕȈȗȖȍȕȈ
ȌȣȝȈȕȤȍȔ ȚȘȈȊ Ȑ ȓțȕȕȣȔ șȊȍȚȖȔ
ǶȕȈ ȓȐȓȈșȤ ȖȕȈ ȓȐȓȈșȤ
ȘȍȒȖȦ ȉȍȏ ȒȖȕȞȈ ȉȍȏ ȒȘȈȧ...
ǲȈȒȈȧ ț ȗȍȊȐȞȣ ȊȓȈșȚȤ!
ǲȈȒȈȧ șȐȓȈ ȒȖȓȌȖȊșȒȈȧ
ǶȕȈ ȟȈȘțȍȚ Ȑ ȏȖȊȍȚ
ǻȊȖȌȐȚ Ȋ ȗȓȍȕ ȏȈȊȖȌȐȚ Ȋ ȟȈȡț, —
Ȑ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ, ȕȍȚ șȟȈșȚȤȧ șȓȈȡȍ,
ȒȖȋȌȈ ȊȖȓȠȍȉȕȐȞȈ ȗȖȍȚ...
ǰ ȖȉȍșșȐȓȍȊ ȖȕȍȔȍȊ
țșȚȈȓȖ ȖȗțșȒȈȍȚ ȘțȒȐ
ǰ ȗȈȔȧȚȐ ȌȈȘȐȚ ȕȈȗȍȊ
ȗȍȟȈȓȐ șȚȘȈșȚȐ Ȑ ȘȈȏȓțȒȐ.
5.I.61

157
ǱǼǾǯȁǻ
ǺȍȘȗȍȕȐȍȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ ȖȚȔȍȟȍȕ
ǭȋȖ ȕȍȗȘȐȝȖȚȓȐȊȣȑ ȉȣȚ
Ƕȕ ȖȚ ȘȖȎȌȍȕȤȧ ȐșȒȈȓȍȟȍȕ
ȕȍȗȘȐȔȐȘȐȔȖșȚȤȦ șțȌȤȉȣ
Ƕȉȓȍȏȓȣȑ ȘȣȎȐȑ
ǲȊȈȏȐȔȖȌȖ —
ǻȘȖȌȓȐȊȣȑ Ȗȕ ȥȚȐȔ ȋȖȘȌ
Ȗȕ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȒȘȐȒ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȑ ȔȖȌȣ
ȖȚȔȍȕȕȖ ȕȖșȐȚ ȎȐȘȕȣȑ ȋȖȘȉ
ǵȈ ȐȘȖȕȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȋțȉȍ
ǷȘȍȏȘȍȕȐȧ țȓȣȉȒȈ șȚȣȕȍȚ
Ƕȕ ȗȖȉȍȌȐȓ șȞȍȗȓȍȕȤȍ ȉȍȌ
Ȑȏ ȎȈȎȌȣ
ȏȕȖȧ
Ȑ ȗțșȚȣȕȐ
ǰ ȍșȓȐ ȉȖȓȤ Ȋ ȒȖȓȍȕȧȝ
ȊȌȘțȋ, — Ȗȕ Ȑȝ ȕȍ șȒȓȖȕȐȚ
Ȑ ȕȐȟțȚȤ,
ȕȍ șȖȉȓȈȏȕȐȚșȧ șȓȈȌȒȖȑ ȓȍȕȤȦ
— Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȐȋȘȈȍȚ ȐȋȘ
ȊȕȐȟȤȦ
ǲȖȋȌȈ Ȏ ȓȦȌșȒȖȑ ȖȉȐȌȣ ȘțȒȐ
șȖȔȒȕțȚșȧ Ȋ ȎȍșȚȒȖȍ ȒȖȓȤȞȖ —
ȗȓȍȊȖȒ ȏȓȖȊȖȕȕȖȑ ȚȈȑȕȖȑ ȔțȒȐ
ȠȊȣȘȕȍȚ
ȖȉȐȌȟȐȒț Ȋ ȓȐȞȖ
Ȑ ȗȖȊȍȘȕȍȚșȧ ȚȍȓȖȔ ȎȐȓȐșȚȣȔ
ǰ ȧ ȏȈ ȚȖ Țȍȉȧ ȓȦȉȓȦ
ȟȚȖ Țȣ
ȉȓȈȎȍȕȕȣȑ
Țȣ șȚȘȈȠȐȓȐȡȍ
ȚȈȒ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȏȕȈȍȠȤ —

158
Țȣ
ȊȍȘȉȓȦȌ
ǰ ț ȓȦȌȍȑ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȚȖ Ȏȍ
ȚȈȒȖȍ ȕȈ ȚȊȖȍ ȗȖȝȖȎȍȍ

159
ǺǼǶǺ ǲǾȁǵȊȍǺ
ǬȕȐ țȉȣȊȈȦȚ
ȒȘȖȊȤȦ Ȑȏ ȘȈȕȣ
ǹȐȓȣ țȝȖȌȧȚ
ȒȈȒ ȊȓȈȋȈ Ȋ ȗȍșȖȒ
ǵȖ ȘȖȡȈ ȠțȔȧȡȐȝ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȑ
șȊȍȎȐȔ ȌȣȝȈȕȤȍȔ
ȕȍȎȐȚ ȊȐșȖȒ
ǬȍȊȖȟȒȈ ȦȕȈȧ
ȘȖȉȒȖȑ ȗȖȝȖȌȒȖȑ
ȠȓȈ ȗȖ ȚȘȈȊȍ
țȓȣȉȈȓȈșȤ Ȋȍșȕȍ
ǴȕȐȓȖșȤ Ȗ șȟȈșȚȤȍ
ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȒȖȘȖȚȒȐȔ —
ȏȊȖȕȒȐȔ Ȑ șȐȓȤȕȣȔ
ȒȈȒ ȗȍșȕȧ ȊȖ șȕȍ
ǲ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒț-ȔțȎț ȗȘȐȓȤȕțȊȠȐ ȗȓȍȟȐȒȖȔ
ȎȌȈȓȈ ȖȚ ȔȐȘȈ
«ȟțȌȍș ȌȖ ȕȍȉȍș».
ǰ ȠȓȐ ȟțȌȍșȈ ȟȍȘȍȌȖȑ ȉȣșȚȘȖȚȍȟȕȖȑ
Ǩ șȟȈșȚȤȍ"
— Ǭȓȧ ȕȈș ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȊȐȓȖ ȔȍșȚ
ǶȚȋȘȖȝȖȚȈȓȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȑ ȋȘȖȔȣ.
ǹȔȍȘȚȕȣȝ ȖȉȊȈȓȖȊ ȕȍ ȗȍȘȍȟȍșȚȤ
ǹȚȖȦ
ț ȘȈȏȊȈȓȐȕ ȖȚȟȍȋȖ ȌȖȔȈ
ǹȖ ȔȕȖȦ
ȖȌȕȖ ȖȌȐȕȖȟȍșȚȊȖ ȍșȚȤ
ǹȒȈȎȍȚȍ
ȊȖȚ ȚȊȖȍ ȉȘȍȕȕȖȍ șȟȈșȚȤȍ —
ȝȖȓȖȌ
țșȚȈȓȖșȚȤ
ȎȐȏȕȐ ȚȡȍȚȈ
— ǵȍȚ
ȊȖȏȘȈȎț ȧ

160
Ȉ ȌȘțȋȈ țȟȈșȚȤȍ —
ȘȈȏȊȍ șȟȈșȚȤȦ
ȖȕȖ ȕȍ ȟȍȚȈ"
ǸȈȏȊȍ ȖȌȕȈ ȧ Ȋ ȐȏȔȍȕȟȐȊȖȔ ȔȐȘȍ"
ǬȊȍȘȐ ȌȍȘȎț ȧ ȕȍ ȕȈ ȏȈȔȒȍ
ǬȣȠȐȚșȧ ȋȓțȉȎȍ
ȔȣșȓȐȚșȧ ȠȐȘȍ
ȒȖȓȤ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȗȖșȚțȟȐȚșȧ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ.
ǿȈșȚȖț șȊȍȘșȚȕȐȒȖȊ ȌȍȓȈ ȗȖ ȋȖȘȓȖ
Ȑ ȕȍȗȖȋȖȌȈ
Ȑ ȒȓȖȕȐȚ ȒȖ șȕț
ǵȖ ȔȖȑ ȒȈȓȍȕȌȈȘȕȣȑ ȓȐșȚȖȒ ȕȍ ȖȉȖȘȊȈȕ
ȌȍȕȤ ȕȍ ȖȒȖȕȟȍȕ
ȧ șȚȈȘȠȐȝ ȏȖȊț
ǹȓȣȠț
ȕȈ ȓȍșȚȕȐȞȍ ȋȖȊȖȘ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȑ
șȔȍȝ
ȒȈȓȈȔȉțȘȣ
ȐȏȧȡȕȖșȚȤ ȔȈȕȍȘ —
ǷțȠȒȐȕ
ǩȈȑȘȖȕ
ǿȍȝȖȊ
ǩȍȚȝȖȊȍȕ
ǹȒȘȧȉȐȕ ș ǿȈȑȒȖȊșȒȐȔ
ȏȈȝȖȌȧȚ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ
ǰ ȖȎȐȓ ȊȍșȤ ȌȖȔ
ǰ ȘȈȏȌȊȐȕțȓȐșȤ șȚȍȕȣ
Ǫ șȖȏȊțȟȤȧȝ șȐȧȍȚ ȖȉȐȚȍȓȤ ȔȖȧ
ǹ ȌȍȚșȚȊȈ ȓȦȉȐȔȣȍ
ȌȖȉȘȣȍ ȋȍȕȐȐ
ȘȈȌțȦȚ ȊȍȟȍȘ ȔȖȍȋȖ ȉȣȚȐȧ
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
ǹȣȕ ȌȖȘȖȋȖȑ ȔȖȑ
ȌȘțȋ ȕȍȐȏȔȍȕȕȣȑ
ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ ȌȣȝȈȕȤȍ

161
ȊȖșȚȖȘȋ ȔȖȑ
Ȑ ȉȖȓȤ
— ǵȍȚ ȘȈșșȚȖȧȕȤȧ ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȍȘȗȍȕȤȍ
ǰ ȖȎȐȌȈȕȤȍ
ȊșȚȘȍȟȐ ș ȚȖȉȖȑ.

162
   ¡ ~¢ 
ǸǾȉǺǿǸǶǷ ǽǹǳǻǻǶǸ
©ǴȖȘȍ ȟțȌȍșȕȖȍ, șȐȕȍȍ Ȑ ȕȍȎȕȖȍ
ȒȈȒ ȊȖȓȖșȣ ȕȍȊȐȕȕȖȑ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ
ǵȈ ȉȍȘȍȋț ȍȋȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȎȐȚȤ 1000
ȓȍȚ Ȑ ȕȍ șȖșȒțȟȐȚȤșȧ».
Ǩ ǿȍȝȖȊ
(ǰȏ ȗȐșȤȔȈ Ȓ ǰ ǳ ǳȍȖȕȚȤȍȊț-
ȁȍȋȓȖȊț 16 ȐȦȓȧ I888 ȋ
ǼȍȖȌȖșȐȧ
ǶȉȘȣȊ ȉȣȓ ȒȘțȚ Ȑ ȒȈȔȍȕȐșȚ
ȊȕȐȏț ȖȉȋȓȖȌȈȕȕȣȑ ȊȖȓȕȖȦ.
Ǩ ȏȕȖȑ ȏȊȍȕȍȓ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȕȍȐșȚȖȊ
ȕȈȌ ȘȍȊȖȔ ȚȈȉțȕȖȊ ȗȘȐȉȖȧ
ǫȓȧȌȧ ȕȈ Ȑȝ ȗȖșȗȍȠȕȣȑ ȉȍȋ
Ȑ ȉȍȓȖȗȍȕȕȣȝ ȋȘȐȊ șȊȍȘȒȈȕȤȍ
șȚȖȧȓ ț ȔȖȘȧ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ
ȉȖșȖȑ ȕȈ ȖȉȖȔȠȍȓȖȔ ȒȈȔȕȍ
ǫȓȈȏȈ ȕȈȗȖȓȕȧșȤ șȐȕȍȊȖȑ
șȔȍȧȓȐșȤ șȖȓȕȍȟȕȖȔț șȊȍȚț.
Ǫ șȓȍȗȧȡȐȝ ȘȈȌțȋȈȝ ȗȘȐȉȖȑ
ȌȣȔȧșȤ ȓȍȚȍȓ ȕȈȊșȚȘȍȟț ȊȍȚȘț
ǷȘȐȒȖșȕȖȊȍȕȤȧ ȊȖȓȕ ȒȈȒ ȠȍȓȒ
ȕȍȎȕȍȑ ȊȖȓȖș ȕȍȊȐȕȕȖȑ ȌȍȊȣ
ǲȈȒ ȕȍșȚȍȘȗȐȔȖ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ
ȉȖȓȤȠȖȍ ȔȖȘȍ Ȋ ȗȍȕȍ ȉȍȓȖȑ
ȅȝ ȎȐȚȤ ȌȈ ȎȐȚȤ ȉȣ ȏȌȍșȤ șȚȖ ȓȍȚ
Ȑ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȏȈșȒțȟȈȓ ȉȣ
ǬȈ ȗȓȣȚȤ ȒȈȟȈȧșȤ ȕȈ Ȋȍșȓȍ —
ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓ ȉȣ ȕȐ ȚȖșȒȐ ȕȐ ȎȈȓȖȉȣ

163
ǪȣșȖȒȐȑ ȓȖȉ ȚȈȐȓ ȊȖșȚȖȘȋ
ȕȍȊȣșȒȈȏȈȕȕȣȝ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȑ
ǲȈȒ Ȋ ȥȚȖȚ ȌȍȕȤ șȐȧȓ ȗȘȖșȚȖȘ
Ƿȓȍȕȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȔȖȘȍȔ ©ǲȘȣȔșȒȐȑ ȗȓȍȕȕȐȒª
ǵȖ ȦȋȈ ȡȍȌȘȣȍ ȌȈȘȣ
ǹ ȋȖȌȈȔȐ șȚȈȓȐ ȚȧȎȒȖȑ ȋȐȘȍȑ
ǰ ȒȐȗȈȘȐșȕȣȑ ȔȧȋȒȐȑ ǲȘȣȔ
ǵȈȏȊȈȓ Ȗȕ ©ȚȍȗȓȖȦ ǹȐȉȐȘȤȦª
ǼȍȖȌȖșȐȧ ǹțȊȖȘȐȕșȒȐȍ ȒȈȔȕȐ
ǳȍȚȖ  ȋȖȌ

164
ǸȁǲǾǶǻǼ
ǷȖșȊȧȡȈȍȚșȧ ȖșȕȖȊȈȚȍȓȧȔ ǬȖȔȈ-Ǵțȏȍȧ
Ǩ ǷǿȍȝȖȊȈ Ȑ ȊșȍȔ ȌȘțȏȤȧȔ «ǴȐȓȖȑ ǿȍȝȐȐª.
1.
ǹȕȍȎȕȣȑ ȊȈȓȤș
ǲțȌȘȐȕȖ ǲțȌȘȐȕȖ
șȕȍȋȖȔ ȕȈȗțȌȘȍȕȖ
ǽȘțȗȒȐȍ ȊȍȚȖȟȒȐ —
ȝȘțșȚȒȐȍ ȗȈȓȤȟȐȒȐ
ȟȍȚȒȖȑ ȘȍȠȍȚȒȖȑ
ȗȍȘȍșȍȒȈȦȚșȧ
ȚțȠȤȦ țȏȖȘȈ
ȗȍȘȍȒȓȐȒȈȦȚșȧ
ș ȉȍȓȣȔ șțȋȘȖȉȖȔ
ș ȟȍȘȕȖȑ ȖȋȘȈȌȖȑ,
ș ȚȖȕȍȕȤȒȐȔ ȌȍȘȍȊȞȍȔ
ț ȗȈȓȐșȈȌȈ
ǹȕȍȋȖȔ ȏȈȋȘțȎȍȕȣ
ȒȘȣȠȐ Ȑ ȓȍșȍȕȒȐ
ǪȤȦȎȐȚșȧ ȒȘțȎȐȚșȧ
ȏȐȔȕȧȧ ȗȍșȍȕȒȈ
ǺȖȗȖȓȤ ȗȘȐȚȖȗȈȓ
Ȋ ȊȖȑȓȖȟȕȣȝ ȊȈȓȍȕȒȈȝ
ǹȚȍȎȒȐ-ȌȖȘȖȎȒȐ
ȊȈȚȖȑ ȏȈȊȈȓȍȕȣ.
ǺțȎȍ ȊșȨ ȚțȎȍ
ȝȖȓȖȌ Ȑ șȚțȎȈ
ǲȘțȎȐȚșȧ ȊȤȦȎȕȖȍ
șȕȍȎȕȖȍ ȒȘțȎȍȊȖ
ǲȖȓȒȐ ȐȋȖȓȒȐ —
ȓȖȔȒȐȍ ȓȤȌȐȕȒȐ

165
ǭȓȒȐ ȗȘȐȔȖȓȒȓȐ
Ȋ ȠȈȗȒȈȝ ȕȈȌȊȐȕțȚȣȝ
2.
ǵȖȊȖȋȖȌȕȧȧ ȕȖȟȤ
ǪȌȖȓȤ ȗȖ ǹȈȌȖȊȖȑ
ȚȘȖȑȒȐ ȓȍȚȧȚ
Ǫ Ȍțȋȍ ȒȖȘȍȕȕȖȋȖ
ȒȖȓȖȒȖȓȤȞȣ ȏȊȍȕȧȚ
ȀȈȓȣȍ ȒȖȕȐ
ȒȖȗȣȚ șȍȘȍȉȘȖ
ǷȍȠȐȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȐȚșȧ
ȚȖȘȖȗȐȚșȧ ȕȈȘȖȌ
ǵȈ țȋȓț ǹȈȌȖȊȖȑ
șȈȕȍȑ ȌȓȐȕȕȣȑ ȘȧȌ
Ǫ «ȌȖȔȍ-ȒȖȔȖȌȍ»
Ȋșȍ ȖȒȕȈ ȋȖȘȧȚ
Ǫ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȔ ȖȒȖȠȒȍ
ȒȚȖ ȚȈȔ șȚȖȐȚ"
ǪȖȚ-ȊȖȚ ȕȍȔȕȖȎȒȖ —
ȏȈȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ
ǬȖ ȟȍȋȖ Ȏ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȖ
ȥȚȖ ȓȐȞȖ
ǽȖȏȧȐȕ ȌȖȔȈ
ȐȌȍȚ ȕȈ ȒȘȣȓȤȞȖ
Ǩȝ ȉȣȓȖ ȊșȨ ȉȣȓȖ..
ǹȕȍȋȈ Ȑ ȉțȘȈȕ.
ǰ ȏȐȔț ȓȦȉȐȓ Ȗȕ
ȗȐșȈȚȤ ȒȈȒ ȘȖȔȈȕ.

166
ǬȖȔ ȒȈȒ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ
ȖȚȒȘȣȚ ȉȣȓ ȊșȍȋȌȈ
Ȋ ȒȈȕțȕ ȕȖȊȖȋȖȌȕȐȑ
ȕȈȊșȚȘȍȟț ȋȖșȚȧȔ
ǷȘȖșȚȣȝ Ȑ ȊȍȓȐȒȐȝ
ȦȕȞȖȊ Ȑ ȔțȎȍȑ
ȓȦȌȍȑ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȝ
Ȑ ȊșȧȒȐȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ
ȊȓȍȒȓȖ ȗȖȟȍȔț-ȚȖ
Ȓ ȌȖȔț șȍȔț
ȒȚȍȗȓțȐȒțȦȚț
— Ȋ ȥȚț șȍȔȤȦ
ǸȈȌțȠȤȍȔ ȐȏȊȍșȚȍȕ
Ȋ ǲțȌȘȐȕȍ ȌȖȔ —-
Ȍȓȧ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ ȔȍșȚȖ
ȏȈ ȖȉȡȐȔ șȚȖȓȖȔ
ǵȈ ȓȍșȚȕȐȞȍ ȊȍȚȝȖȑ
șțȔȉțȘ Ȑ ȋȈȓȌȍȎ —
ȊșȦ ȕȖȟȤ ȌȖ ȘȈșșȊȍȚȈ
ȒȐȗȐȚ ȔȖȓȖȌȍȎȤ
Ǩ Ȋ ȊȍȘȝȕȍȑ ȋȖșȚȐȕȖȑ
Ȋșȍ ȓȦșȚȘȣ — ȗȖȎȈȘ
ǻ ǳȐȒȐ ǴȐȏȐȕȖȊȖȑ
ȋțȉȣ ȌȘȖȎȈȚ
ǳȍȉȍȌȤ-ǾȈȘȍȊȕȈ
— șȈȔȈ ǲȘȈșȖȚȈ
Ǫ ȕȍȑ ȌȘțȎȉȈ Ȑ ȘȍȊȕȖșȚȤ
șȘȖșȓȐșȤ ȕȍșȗȘȖșȚȈ
ǳȍȚȐȚ ȗȖ ȗȈȘȒȍȚț
ȔȈȏțȘȒȈ Ȑ ȊȈȓȤș
ǩȖȓȤ ȔțȏȣȒȐ ȥȝȖȔ
ȖȚȖȏȊȈȓȈșȤ
ȟȚȖȉȣ ȚȈȒ ȉȍșȗȘȐȟȐȕȕȖ
ȘȈȏȔȐȕțȓȐșȤ ȗțȚȐ"

167
ǸȈȊȕȖȌțȠȕȖȑ Ȑ ȟȐȕȕȖȑ
ȔȈșȒȐȘțȧșȤ țȑȚȐ"
ǭșȚȤ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȖȍ șȓȖȊȖ
«ȕȈȊșȍȋȌȈ ȕȈȊșȍȋȌȈ»...
Ǩȝ ȕȍțȎȚȖ ȋȖȚȖȊȈ
ȖȚȖȑȚȐ ȕȈȊșȍȋȌȈ..
ǸȈȏȘȣȌȈȚȤșȧ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȍȑ
ǶȚ ȔȣșȓȐ ȚȈȒȖȑ
ǷțșȚȤ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȚ ȝȖȏȧȐȕ
ǻȓȣȉȈȑșȧ Ȑ ȗȖȑ
Ǩ ȏȈ ȖȒȕȈȔȐ ȊȤȦȋȈ
ȊșȨ ȔȍȚȍȚ Ȑ ȔȍȚȍȚ
ȕȍșȒȖȕȟȈȍȔȣȔ ȒȘțȋȖȔ
șȊȖȑ ȊȍȌȍȚ ȝȖȘȖȊȖȌ
ǴȈșȒȐ ȘȧȎȍȕȣȝ ȠțȚȒȐ
ǰ ȏȈȋȈȌȖȒ ȐȋȘȈ
Ǫ ȕȖȊȖȋȖȌȕȐȍ șțȚȒȐ
ȍȘȈȓȈȠ ȌȖ țȚȘȈ
_____
Ǩ ȊȕȐȏț Ȋ ȒȈȉȐȕȍȚȍ
ȊȌȈȓȍȒȍ ȖȚ ȋȖșȚȍȑ
ȗȖȌ ȠțȔȖȒ ȕȈ ȘȈșșȊȍȚȍ
șȖȏȐȌȈȍȚșȧ «ǹȚȍȗȤ».
<3.>
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ
ǯȌȍșȤ Ȋșȍ ȖșȚȈȓȖșȤ ȒȈȒ ȚȖȋȌȈ
ǯȌȍșȤ Ȋșȍ ȗȖȓȕȖ ȉȣȓȣȝ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȑ

168
ǯȈȉȖȚȈȔȐ ȌȘțȏȍȑ ȝȘȈȕȐȚșȧ
ȌȖȔ ȥȚȖȚ ȌȖȓȋȐȍ ȋȖȌȈ
Ǫșȍ ȟȚȖ ȓȦȉȐȓ Ȑ ȟȍȔ ȌȣȠȈȓ
ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȤ Ȋ ȗȘȈȏȌȕȐȒȐ Ȑ Ȋ ȉțȌȕȐ
Ȓ ȟȍȔț ȘȊȈȓȈșȤ ȍȋȖ ȌțȠȈ —
ȏȌȍșȤ ȊșȨ: Ȑ ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȑ ȚȘțȌ Ȑ ȓȦȌȐ
Ǫ Ȋȍșȍȓȣȑ ȐȓȐ Ȋ ȋȘțșȚȕȣȑ ȟȈș
ȗȘȐȌȍȚȍ Ȓ ȥȚȖȔț ȗȖȘȖȋț
Ȗȕ șȈȔ ȘȈȌțȠȕȖ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȚ ȊȈș
șȔȍȠȓȐȊȣȑ ȓȈșȒȖȊȣȑ Ȑ șȚȘȖȋȐȑ

169
ȅǳȃǼǰ ǿ ǻǮǺǶ
<ȂȞȎȑȚȓțȠ>
«ǭșȓȐ ȧ țȔȘț ȚȖ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȉțȌț
țȟȈșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐª
Ǩ ǿȍȝȖȊ
ǹȦȌȈ Ȋ ȕȍȔȍȞȒȐȑ ȗȈȕșȐȖȕ
Oȕ ȍȝȈȓ ȕȍ ȗȖ ȌȖȉȘȖȑ ȊȖȓȍ.
Ƕȕ ȏȕȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȉȍȏȕȈȌȍȎȕȖ ȉȖȓȍȕ
ǿȚȖ Ȓ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȕȍ ȊȍȘȕȍȚșȧ Ȗȕ.
ǹȖȊșȍȔ ȕȍȌȈȊȕȖ ȚȈȒ ȝȖȚȍȓ
ǪȘȈȟȖȔ Ȋ ǴȈȕȤȟȎțȘȐȦ țȍȝȈȚȤ,
ǵȖ ȕȈ ȊȖȑȕȍ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȤ ȗȖȔȍȝȈ —-
ǵȈ ȜȘȖȕȚ Ȗȕ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȕȍ țșȗȍȓ
ǹ ǴȖșȒȊȖȑ ȗȘȖșȚȐȓșȧ Ȗȕ ș Țȍȝ ȗȖȘ
ǲȈȒ ȉȣȓ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕ Ȋ ǩȈȌȍȕȊȍȑȓȍȘ
ǫȌȍ ȊȖȏȌțȝ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȓȍȋȒȐȑ ȊȍȍȘ
Ǫ ȌȖȓȐȕț ȓȤȍȚ ȗȘȖȝȓȈȌț ș ȋȖȘ
ǰ ȌȖȔȐȒȐ ȟțȎȐȍ Ȋ ȘȧȌ
ǲaȒ ȕȈȘȐșȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ Ȋ ȌȍȚșȚȊȍ
ǹȚȖȧȚ ȚȈȒ ȉȓȐȏȒȖ ȗȖ șȖșȍȌșȚȊț
ǰ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ.
ǷȘȖȠȓȐ ȚȖȔȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȌȕȐ —
ǿȍȚȣȘȍ șȒȖȘȉȕȣȍ ȕȍȌȍȓȐ.
ǶȕȐ ȒȈȒ ȗȚȐȞȣ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȍȓȐ
ǭȌȊȈ ȒȘȣȓȈȔȐ ȖșȍȕȐȊ
ǰ ȊȖȚ ȖșȚȈȓȖșȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȎȌȈȚȤ
ǬȖȔ ȒȈȒ ȉȖȓȤȕȐȟȕȈȧ ȗȈȓȈȚȈ
ǰ ȥȚȈ țȏȒȈȧ ȒȘȖȊȈȚȤ —
ǹȚȘȈȌȈȕȤȧ Ȋȍȟȕȣȑ șȖȋȓȧȌȈȚȈȑ
ǰ Ȗȕ ȗȘȐȠȍȓ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ ȌȍȕȤ.
ǹ țȚȘȈ ȗȘȐȕȍș ȚȘȍȊȖȋț ȊȍȚȍȘ.

170
ǲȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȟȍȘȕȣȔ ȊșȨ ȕȈ șȊȍȚȍ
ǵȈ șȖȓȕȞȍ ȕȈȗȖȓȏȈȓȈ ȚȍȕȤ
ǵȈ șȚȘȈȎȍ ȚȖȗȖȓȤ, ȒȈȒ ȔȖȕȈȝ
ǹȚȖȧȓ Ȋ ȕȖȟȐ ȒȖȠȔȈȘ ȏȓȖȊȍȡȐȑ...
ǻ Ȋșȍȝ ȚȖșȒȈ ȚȖșȒȈ ȖȌȕȈ, —
Ǫ șȔȧȚȍȕȤȍ șȈȌ Ȑ ȌȖȔ, Ȑ ȊȍȡȐ
ǵȈ ȏȍȔȓȦ ȗȈȌȈȓ ȕȍȉȖșȊȖȌ
ǵȈ ȒȓțȔȉȈȝ ȘȖȏȣ ȏȈȌȣȝȈȓȐșȤ.
Ǩ Ȗȕ ȠțȚȐȓ ȋȓȈȏȈ șȔȍȧȓȐșȤ
ǵȖ ȗȖȕȧȓ Ȗȕ ȗȘȐȠȍȓ ȟȍȘȍȌ.
ǰ ȊȌȘțȋ Ȗȕ ȏȈȋȘțșȚȐȓ ȏȈȟȈȝ
ǰ ȗȖȗȘȖșȐȓ șȒȖȘȍȑ ȊȘȈȟȈ
«Ich sterbe», — ȗȘȖȐȏȕȍș Ȗȕ ȘȍȏȒȖ
ǪȘȈȟ ȗȘȐȒȈȏȈȓ ȗȖȌȈȚȤ ȊȐȕȈ
ǮȍȕȈ ȗȖȕȐȒȓȈ ț ȖȒȕȈ
ǳȐȠȤ ȒȖȓȣȝȈȓȈșȤ ȏȈȕȈȊȍșȒȈ
ǭȋȖ șȒțȓȤȗȚțȘȕȈȧ ȘțȒȈ
ǩȖȒȈȓ ȠȈȔȗȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȌȍȘȎȈȓȈ
Ǩ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȚȖȟȕȖ ȚȖȟȕȖ ȏȕȈȓȖ
ǻȝȖȌȐȚ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȕȈȊȍȘȕȧȒȈ
ǶșȣȗȈȓșȧ ȊȐȠȕȍȊȣȑ șȈȌ
ǯȈȉȐȚȣ ȖȒȕȈ șȚȈȘȖȑ ȌȈȟȐ
ǿțȚȤ șȓȣȠȕȖ ȋȌȍ-ȚȖ șȒȘȐȗȒȐ ȗȓȈȟțȚ
ǰ ȟȈȑȒȐ ȕȈ ȔȖȘȍ ȒȘȐȟȈȚ
Ǩȝ ȥȚȐ ȘțȒȐ ȒȈȒ ȜȈȘȜȖȘ
Ǫ ȚȖȕȟȈȑȠȐȝ ȗȈȓȤȞȈȝ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȒ șȔȍȘȚȐ
ǲȚȖ ȊȐȌȍȓ Ȑȝ ȚȖȔț ȗȖȊȍȘȤȚȍ
ǵȍ ȗȖȏȈȉȣȚȤ Ȑȏ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘ
ǲȘȈșȕȖȘȍȟȐȊȈ Ȑȝ ȔȖȓȤȉȈ,
Ǫ Țȍȝ ȕȍȘȊȕȣȝ ȚȘȍȗȍȚȕȣȝ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȤȧȝ
Ƕ ȎȐȏȕȐ șȓȈȉȖȍ ȔȖȓȍȕȤȍ
ǰ ȉȍȏȕȈȌȍȎȕȈȧ ȉȖȘȤȉȈ

171
Ƕȕ țȓȣȉȕțȓșȧ Ȑ șȒȈȏȈȓ
«ȀȈȔȗȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȗȐȓ ȌȈȊȕȖ ȧ».
ǰ ȓȈșȒȖȑ ȟȍȝȖȊșȒȖȑ ȗȘȖșȚȖȦ
ǹȊȍȚȐȓȐșȤ țȔȕȣȍ ȋȓȈȏȈ
Ƕȕ ȊȣȗȐȓ ȊȍșȤ ȉȖȒȈȓ ȌȖ ȌȕȈ
ǰ ȚȐȝȖ ȓȍȋ ȒȈȒ șȗȈȚȤ ȉȣȊȈȓȖ
ǺȘȍȊȖȋȈ ȕȖȟȐ ȗȘȐȉȣȊȈȓȈ
ǰ ȕȈȘȈșȚȈȓȈ ȚȐȠȐȕȈ
ǪșȨ ȖȝȊȈȚȐȓȈ ȚȐȠȐȕȈ..
ǰ ȉȈȉȖȟȒȈ Ȋ ȖȒȕȖ ȊȓȍȚȍȓȈ,
ǲȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȉȣ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚȤșȧ ș ȚȍȓȖȔ
ǽȖȚȍȓȈ Ȋ ȥȚȖȚ ȟȈș ȖȕȈ.
ǴȍȚȈȓȈșȤ, ȉȐȓȈșȤ ȗȖ țȋȓȈȔ,
ǲȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȉȣ ȐșȒȈȓȈ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ
ǲȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȉȣ șȊȖȍȑ ȏȈȉȖȚȖȑ
ǶȕȈ ȊȍȘȕțȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȔȖȋȓȈ.

172
 
~    
©Ǫșȍȝ ȉȍȌ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȕȍ ȗȍȘȍȟȍșȚȤ
ȕȈȍȌȐȕȍ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȘȈșșȊȍȚȖȔª
ǷȘȖșȓȈȊȓȍȕ ȚȖȚ ȒȚȖ șȊȖȑ ȗȖȒȖȑ
ȖȉȘȍȓ ȕȈ șȒȖȘȉȕȖȔ ȗȖȓȍ ȉȖȧ
ǵȖ ȚȖȚ ȒȚȖ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȚȧșȤ ȌȖȔȖȑ
ȗȖȓțȟȐȚ ȗȖȟȍșȚȐ ȋȍȘȖȧ —
șȟȈșȚȓȐȊ ȟȚȖ ȋȖȓȖȊȈ șȊȍȎȈ
ȟȚȖ ȔȣșȓȤ Ȋșȍ ȍȡȍ ȒȘȣȓȈȚȈ
Ȑ ȚȧȎȒȐȝ ȘȈȕ șȊȖȐȝ ȕȍ ȎȈȓȤ
ȒȖȓȤ ȉțȌțȡȐȔ șȚȘȈȕȈ ȉȖȋȈȚȈ
ǷȘȖȑȌȍȚ ȒȐȗțȟȈȧ ȊȖȓȕȈ
ȕȈȘȖȌ ȊȍȘȕȍȚșȧ Ȓ ȔȐȘȕȣȔ ȗȈȠȕȧȔ
ȕȖ șȚȘȈȠȕȈȧ Ȍȓȧ Ȋșȍȝ ȊȖȑȕȈ
ȕȍ ȖȉȍȘȕȍȚșȧ șȕȖȔ ȊȟȍȘȈȠȕȐȔ
Ȑ ȕȍȕȈȊȐșȚȐ ȔȘȈȟȕȣȑ șȓȍȌ
Ȋ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȕȈȊȍȒȐ ȓȧȎȍȚ
Ƕȉ ȐșȗȣȚȈȕȤȧȝ ȥȚȐȝ ȓȍȚ
ȔȖȑ ȊȕțȒ ȊȏȊȖȓȕȖȊȈȕȕȖ ȘȈșșȒȈȎȍȚ

173
ǽǾǶǵǻǮǻǶǳ
ǲȈȒ ȋȖȘȍȒ ȚȖȚ ȞȊȍȚȖȒ ȊȏȘȈȡȍȕȕȣȑ ȕȈȔȐ
Ƕȕ ȚȍȔ ȔȐȓȍȍ ȟȚȖ ȍȋȖ șȖȘȊȈȚȤ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ
Ǫ ȕȍȔ ȚȈȑȕȖȍ ȚȘȍȗȍȡȍȚ șȚȘȈșȚȐ ȗȓȈȔȧ
ǰ ȕȍȎȕȖșȚȐ ȕȈ ȓȍȗȍșȚȒȍ ȌȘȖȎȐȚ șȓȍȏȈ
Ƕȕ ȏȕȖȍȔ ȖȗȈȓȍȕ ǶȊȍȧȕ ȔȖȘȍȔ
ǪȌȈȓȐ ȖȚ ȓȦȉȖȗȣȚȕȣȝ ȊȏȖȘȖȊ Ȗȕ ȊȖȏȕȐȒ
ǵȈ ȓȖȎȍ Ȑȏ ȒȈȔȕȍȑ ț ȒȖșȖȋȖȘȈ
șȖȌȘțȎȍșȚȊțȍȚ ș ȕȐȔ ȐȋȘȈȦȡȐȑ ȘȖȌȕȐȒ
Ƕȕ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȒȖȔ ȋȍȘȉȈȘȐȧȔ Ȑ ȒȕȐȋȈȔ
ǰ ȘȈȏțȔȖȔ ȍȋȖ ȕȐȒȈȒ ȕȍ ȘȈȏȋȈȌȈȚȤ
ǲȈȒȖȍ ȐȔȧ ȕȖșȐȚ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ ȔȐȋȈ
ȟȚȖ șȍȘȌȞȍ șȍȘȌȞț ȐșȚȖȔȐȊȠȐșȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȌȈȚȤ"
ǵȖ Ȕȣ ș ȚȖȉȖȑ ȗȖȏȕȈȓȐ ȥȚȖ șȓȖȊȖ
ǹ ȋȖȘȧȡȐȝ ȋțȉ ȖȕȖ șȓȍȚȍȚȤ ȋȖȚȖȊȖ
***
Ǻȣ ȌțȔȈȓ ȓȍȋȒȖ ȖȚȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ
ȖȚ ȘțȒ ȚȊȖȐȝ ȔȐȓȣȝ ȋțȉ"
Ǻȣ ȌțȔȈȓ ȟțȎȖȑ ȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ
ȓȍȋȒȖ" ǿȚȖ ȧ Ȋșȍ șȔȖȋț"
ǰ ȉȍȏ țșȐȓȐȑ ȊȖȓȐ
ȧ ȊȣȉȘȖȠț ȏȈ ȖȒȕȖ
ȗȘȐȏȕȈȕȤȧ ȚȊȖȐ
— ȉȍȏ ȉȖȓȐ"
ǰ ȗȐșȤȔȈ Ȑ șȚȘȈșȚȤ — ȏȈȖȌȕȖ"
ǻȏȕȈȑ Ȏȍ
ȚȈȒ ȕȍ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ
ǻ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ
ȋȖȘȌȖșȚȤ — ȡȐȚ

ǰ ȍșȓȐ Ȋ ȕȍȑ ȘȖȒȖȊȈȧ
Ȗșȍȕȕȧȧ ȗȍșȕȤ ȏȊțȟȐȚ
Ȑ ȗȍșȕȧ ȚȈ ȓȍȉȍȌȐȕȈȧ —
ȖȚȊȍȚ ȕȈ ȔȖȓȍȕȤȧ ȚȊȖȐ —
Țȣ șȓȣȠȐȠȤ"
ǶȕȈ — ȍȌȐȕȈȧ
ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȧȧ
— Ȗ ȓȦȉȊȐ

¦

176
ǫȐȓȉȍȘȚ ǲȐȚ ǿȍșȚȍȘȚȖȕ
ǽǳǿǻȊ ǽǼǾǮǴǳǻǶȍ
ǳȖȔȈȍȚșȧ ȜȘȖȕȚ Ȑ ȖȘțȎȐȧ ȕȍȚ
ǷȖȓȍ ȖșȚȈȓȖșȤ ț ȓȖȘȌȖȊ ș ȓȈȒȍȧȔȐ;
ȇ ȋȘțȌȤȦ ȊȌȣȝȈȦ ȋȘȖȔ Ȑ ȘȈșșȊȍȚ
ǰ Ȋșȍ Ȋ ȔȖȍȔ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȖȗȧȚȤ ȔȖȓȖȌȍȍȚ
©ǬȖȊȖȓȤȕȖª — șȒȈȏȈȓȐ ȊȖȎȌȐ ȕȖ ȧ ȌțȔȈȓ ȐȕȖȍ
©ǴȐȘª — ȊȖȏȋȓȈșȐȓȐ ȗȘȖȘȖȒȐ ȕȖ ȔȐȘț ȕȍ ȉȣȚȤ
ǷȖȒȈ ȕȍȚ șȊȖȉȖȌȣ — ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȗȖȒȖȧ
ǰ ȊȖȑȕȣ — Ȋșȍ ȝțȎȍ ȒȖȓȤ Ȑȝ ȕȍ ȐȏȎȐȚȤ
ǵȖ șȚȈȘȣȍ ȘȍȦȚ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȈ Ȑ șȚȈȘȣȍ ȉȤȦȚ ȉȈȘȈȉȈȕȣ
ǲȈȒ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȕȈ ȏȈȘȍ ȔȖȐȝ ȓȍȚ
ȇ ȕȈȠȍȓ șȊȖȍ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȕȈ ȗȖȓȍ ȉȘȈȕȐ
ȇ ȕȈȠȍȓ șȊȖȦ ȦȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȊȖȑȕȍ ȉȍȏ ȗȖȉȍȌ
Ǵȣ ș ȔȐȘȖȔ ȉȖȘȖȓȐșȤ ȏȈ ȌȍȓȖ șȊȖȉȖȌȣ
ǵȈȠȈ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȗȖȉȍȌȍ
ǷȖȏȕȈȊȈȧ ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋȈ ȕȈ ȗȖȗȘȐȡȍ ȚȘțȌȕȖȔ
ǹȖșȚȧȏȈȓȐșȤ Ȕȣ ȌȖȓȋȐȍ ȋȖȌȣ
ǰ ȧ ȋȘȍȎț Ȗ Ȍȕȧȝ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȚȘțȌ ȉȣȓ șȓțȟȈȍȕ
ǰ Ȋ ȒȈȘȔȈȕ ȗȖȗȈȌȈȓȖ ȕȍ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȔȖȕȍȚ
ǲȖȋȌȈ ȉȣȓȐ Ȕȣ ȏȓȣ Ȑ ȉȍȌȕȣ Ȑ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȕȣ
ǰ ȋȖȘȌȣ șȊȖȍ ȐȔȧ țȏȕȈȊ Ȑȏ ȋȈȏȍȚ
ǰ ȖȕȐ ȗȖȉȍȎȌȈȓȐ Ȉ Ȕȣ ȘȈșȗȣȓȧȓȐșȤ
ǲȖȋȌȈ ǬȤȧȊȖȓȈ ȗșȣ țșȚȘȍȔȐȓȐșȤ ȕȈ ȏȖȓȖȚȖ
ǻ ȕȈȘȖȌȈ ȉȍȏȊȐȕȕȖȋȖ ȔȐȘ ȖȚȕȐȔȈȓȐ
ǲȖȋȌȈ Ȋșȍ ȊȖ Ȕȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȈȒ ȔȖȓȖȌȖ
ǲȖȋȌȈ ȚȍȔȕȣȍ ȓȦȌȐ ȓȈȗȣ șȊȖȐ
ǵȈȓȖȎȐȓȐ ȕȈ Ȏȍȏȓ ǩȘȐȚȈȕȐȐ
ǲȖȋȌȈ șȚȐșȕțȊ șȊȖȑ Ȕȍȟ ȈȜȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȏȍȔȓȐ
ǷȖȋȐȉȈȓȈ ȘȍșȗțȉȓȐȒȈ ȘȈȕȕȧȧ
ǰȉȖ ȓȖȘȌȈȔ ȚȈȒȐȝ ȕȐ ȒțȗȐȚȤ ȕȐ ȗȘȖȌȈȚȤ
ǵȍȗȖȒȖȑȕȖ ȐȔ ȍșȓȐ ȐȌȍȚ Ȋșȍ ȕȈ ȓȈȌ
ǰȝ Șȍȟȍȑ ȕȍ ȏȈȉȣȚȤ Ȑȝ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȏȈȋȓțȠȐȚȤ
ǷȖȊșȚȘȍȟȈȓȐșȤ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȕȈȠȐ ȌțȠȐ Ȑ ȈȌ
ǰ ȗȖ-șȚȈȘȖȔț Ȋșȍ ȚȈȘȈȝȚȍȕȤȍ ȗțșȚȖȍ
ǵȈ șȈȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȚȘȈȕȐȞȈȝ ǵȐȟȚȖȎȍșȚȊȈ ȓȐȒ

177
ǰ ȚȖȘȋȈȠ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȕȍȋȖȌȖȊȈȕȤȍ șȊȧȚȖȍ
ǶȉȘȧȌȧșȤ ȐșȒȈȎȈȍȚ ȧȘȖșȚȐ ȒȘȐȒ
ǪȍȘȈ ȉȍȌȕȣȝ ȘȖȉȒȈ Ȑ șȔțȚȕȈ Ȑ ȕȍȧșȕȈ
ǰ ȗȘȖȌȈȎȕȈ ȉȖȋȈȚȖȋȖ ȋȖȘȌȈȧ ȟȍșȚȤ
ǰ ȔȈȘȠȈȓȖȊ ǨȕȋȓȐȐ ȐȏȉȘȈȕȕȐȒȐ ȊȓȈșȚȕȣȍ
ǰȏ ©ǬȍȑȓȐ Ǵȍȑȓª ȘȍȒȓȈȔȣ ȌȊțȕȖȋȈȧ ȊȍșȚȤ
ǹȒȘȧȋȈ ȚȖȚ ȒȚȖ ȕȍ șȔȍȍȚ ȌȈȊȈȚȤ ȒȚȖ ȗȘȍșȣȡȍȕ
ǵȖ ȒȚȖ șȓȈȉ Ȑ ȕȍ șȔȍȓ ȖȠȐȉȈȚȤșȧ — șȐȓȍȕ
ǰ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȒȈȒ ǹȚȖȓȐȞȈ ǺȘțȌȈ șȚȈȓȈ ȕȐȡȍȑ
ȇ Ȋ șȍȌȓȍ șȊȖȍȔ ȗȍșȕȐ ȉȘȍȕȟț ȗȍȘȍȏȊȖȕ
Ǵȣ ȉȖȘȖȓȐșȤ ȏȈ ȌȍȓȖ ȊșȍȔȐȘȕȖȑ șȊȖȉȖȌȣ
ǵȈȠȈ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȗȖȉȍȌȍ
ǰ ȒȈȒ ȉȘȈȚȈ ȏȕȈȓ ǲȈȐȕ ȕȍȘȈȏȋȈȌȈȕȕȣȝ ȚȈȑȕ
ǵȍȚ Ȍȓȧ ȕȐȝ Ȑ Ȍȓȧ ȕȈș — Ȍȓȧ ȕȈȘȖȌȈ

178
ǬȎȖȕ ǬȥȊȐȌșȖȕ
ǶǱǾǮǷ ȂǹǳǷȀǶǿȀ
ǷȖȔȍȘȒȠȐȍ ȚȖȗȒȐ șȚȣȕțȚ Ȋ ȞȍȝȈȝ
ǵȈȒȖȊȈȓȤȕȐ țșȚȈȓȣȍ șȗȧȚ
ǪȕȐȏ ȗȖ ȌȖȘȖȋȍ ȕȈ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȈȘȈȝ
ǺȖȗȖȟȍȚ ȟțȔȈȏȣȑ ȖȚȘȧȌ
ǼȓȍȑȚȐșȚ ȐȋȘȈȑ ǺȘțȉȐ ȠȈȉȈȠ
ǽȖȚȤ Ȕȣ ȐȏȔȈȧȓȐșȤ ș țȚȘȈ
ǺȘțȉȐ Ȋȍșȍȓȣȑ ȖȚȌȣȝ ȕȈȠ
Ǵȣ șȗȓȧȠȍȔ ȍȡȍ ȘȈȏ
ǹȔȐȘȕȖ șȚȈȕȒȐ șȚȖȧȚ Ȋ țȏȌȍ
ǲȖȓȍșȈȔ ȊȍȘȚȍȚȤșȧ ȕȍȚ ȔȖȟȐ
ǲȖȒȓȦȠȒȐ Ȑ ȠȗțȓȤȒȐ ȗȘȐȚȐȝȓȐ ȊȍȏȌȍ
ǲȖȕȟȐȓșȧ ȌȍȕȤ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȑ
ǼȓȍȑȚȐșȚ ȐȋȘȈȑ ǬȈ Ȋȍșȍȓȍȑ
ǵȈ ȖȚȌȣȝ ȌȈȑ șȐȋȕȈȓ
ǷȓȧȠȐȚȍ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ ȎȐȊȍȑ
ǽȖȚȤ ȊșȧȒ Ȑȏ ȕȈș țșȚȈȓ
ǬȣȔ ȌțȝȖȚț ȒȖȗȖȚȤ Ȑ ȋȘȧȏȤ
ǵȈȠ ȗȘȈȏȌȕȐȒ ȗȖȘȖȑ ȖșȊȍȎȈȍȚ —
ǬȈȎȍ ȚȍȟȍȕȤȧ Ȑ ȚțȟȐ ȕȍ ȘȈȏ
ǰ ȊȍȚȘȣ — Ȋ ȗțȚȐ ȖȚȌȣȝȈȦȚ
ǰȋȘȈȑ ȜȓȍȑȚȐșȚ ǯȖȊȐ ȗȖȒȖȑ
ǰ ȗȖȑ ȓțȕȣ șȐȧȕȤȍ
ǰ șȖȓȕȞȈ ȗȓȈȔȍȕȤ ȏȖȓȖȚȖȑ
ǸȈșȗȓȈȊȤ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ ȏȊțȟȈȕȤȧȝ
ǷțșȚȤ Ȕȣ țȕȐȎȍȕȣ Ȋșȍȝ șȐȓȤȕȍȑ —
ǳȐȒțȍȚ ȊȖșȚȖȘȋ ȗȖȓȕȖȒȘȖȊȕȣȑ
ǬȍȊțȠȍȒ ȦȕȖȠȍȑ Ȏȍȕ Ȑ ȔțȎȍȑ
ǶȚȞȖȊ ȔȈȚȍȘȍȑ Ȑ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȐȒȖȊ
ǺȐȠȍ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ǵȍȎȕȍȑ Ȑ ȟțȌȍșȕȍȑ
Ǵȧȋȟȍ ȐȋȘȈȑ ȜȓȍȑȚȐșȚ
ǷȖȑ ȗȘȖ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕțȦ ȗȍșȕȦ
ǺȈȒ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȟȚȖȉ ȌȖ șȓȍȏ
ǩȍȏȊȍșȚȕȣ ȒȈȒ ȏȊȍȏȌȣ șȖȕȔȐȡȈ ȔȓȍȟȕȖȋȖ
ǸȈȏȊȍȘȕțȚȣ Ȋ ȕȍȉȍ ȕȈȌ ȔȐȘȖȔ

179
Ǵȣ — șȐȓȖȑ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣ Ȑ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȣ —
ǪșȍȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȊȐȕȚȣ Ȑ ȠȈȘȕȐȘȣ
ǵȖȟȐ Ȑ ȌȕȐ ǬȕȐ Ȑ ȕȖȟȐ
ǷȍșȕȤ ȘȈȏȌȈȍȚșȧ ț ȕȈș
ǸȈȌȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȚȘțȌ ǯȕȈȍȚ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȑ
ǮȐȏȕȐ ȊȍȓȐȒȐȑ ȗȘȐȒȈȏ
ǷȖȔȍȘȒȠȐȍ ȚȖȗȒȐ șȚȣȕțȚ Ȋ ȞȍȝȈȝ
ǵȈȒȖȊȈȓȤȕȐ țșȚȈȓȣȍ șȗȧȚ
ǪȕȐȏ ȗȖ ȌȖȘȖȋȍ ȕȈ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȈȘȈȝ
ǺȖȗȖȟȍȚ Ȋȍșȍȓȣȑ ȖȚȘȧȌ
ǼȓȍȑȚȐșȚ ȚȘțȉȐ ȌȈ ȗȖȎȐȊȍȑ —
ǻșȚȈȓȖșȚȤ ȉțȌȍȚ ȠțȚȒȖȑ
ǵȈ ȖȚȌȣȝ ȕȈȠ ȊȍșȍȓȤȍ ȓȍȑ
Ǫ șȊȖȉȖȌȕțȦ ȔȐȕțȚȒț

180
ǴȥȚȤȦ ǨȘȕȖȓȤȌ
ǽǼǸǶǻȁȀȉǷ ǺǳǾǺǮǻ
ǴȐȓȣȍ ȌȍȚȐ ȌȈȊȈȑȚȍ țȑȌȍȔ
ǪȍȘȕȍȔșȧ ȊȕȐȏ Ȋ ȋȓțȉȐȕț
ǻȎ ȉȘȈȚȤȧ ș ȏȈȓȐȊȈ ȏȖȊțȚ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȋ ȌȖȔ
ǻȎ ȊȍȚȍȘ ȒȘȍȗȟȈȍȚ Ȑ ȋȖȕȐȚ ȊȖȓȕț
ǹȖȓȍȕȣȔ ȚȍȟȍȕȤȍȔ țȕȖșȐȚ ȒȖ Ȍȕț
ǪȖȚ ȒȖȕȐ șȍȌȣȍ ȊșȚȈȦȚ ȕȈ Ȍȣȉȣ
ǺȖȗȖȟțȚ Ȑ ȘȊțȚșȧ Ȑ ȘȎțȚ Ȑȏ ȊȖȌȣ
ǴȐȓȣȍ ȌȍȚȐ ȌȈȊȈȑȚȍ țȑȌȍȔ
ȅȚȐȔ ȥȚȐȔ ȗțȚȍȔ
ǻȝȖȌȧ ȍȡȍ ȘȈȏ ȍȍ ȗȖȏȖȊȐȚȍ
ǭȡȍ ȘȈȏ ȗȖȠȓȐȚȍ ȗȘȐȊȍȚ
ǲȘȐȒȖȔ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȔ ȍȑ ȗȈȔȧȚȤ ȊȍȘȕȐȚȍ
©ǴȈȘȋȈȘȍȚ ǴȈȘȋȈȘȍȚª
ǴȐȓ Ȑ ȌȖȘȖȋ ȋȖȓȖș ȌȍȚȍȑ
ǷȖȏȖȊȐȚȍ ȍȡȍ ȘȈȏ țȠȈȔ ȔȈȚȍȘȍȑ
ǫȖȓȖș ȌȍȚȍȑ ȕȍȐșȚȖȊ Ȑ ȏȊȖȕȖȒ
ǶȕȈ ȗȘȐȌȍȚ ȍșȓȐ ȗȓȈȟȍȚ ȘȍȉȍȕȖȒ
ǷȖȏȖȊȐȚȍ Ȑ țȝȖȌȐȚȍ ȗȖȚȖȔ
ȅȚȐȔ ȥȚȐȔ ȗțȚȍȔ
©ǴȈȔȈ ȖșȚȈȚȤșȧ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȕȈȔ Ȕȣ ȎȌȍȔ
ǳȖȠȈȌȐ ȉȤȦȚșȧ ȚȍȘȗȍȕȤȧ Ȋ ȕȐȝ ȕȍȚ
ǴȈȘȋȈȘȍȚ ǴȈȘȋȈȘȍȚª
ǻȑȌȍȔȚȍ ȖȚșȦȌȈ ȔȐȓȣȍ ȌȍȚȐ
ǯȊȈȚȤ ȍȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȕȍ ȕȈȌȖ
ǳȐȠȤ ȊȏȋȓȧȕȍȔ ȕȈ ȉȍȘȍȋ ȋȌȍ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȋȌȍ ȊȍȚȍȘ
ǫȌȍ șȍȘȈȧ ȞȍȘȒȖȊȤ Ȋ ȖȋȘȈȌȍ
ǽȖȚȧ ȉ Ȋȣ șȚȖȕȈȓȐ ȌȍȕȤ ȕȈȗȘȖȓȍȚ
ǩȖȓȤȠȍ ȖȕȈ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȌȍȚ
Ƕ ȌȍȚȐ ȔȖȐ ȊȟȍȘȈ ȓȐ ȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ
ǹȓȈȌȖșȚȕȣȑ ȏȊȖȕ ȗȘȖȗȓȣȊȈȓ ȕȈȌ ȏȈȓȐȊȖȔ
Ǵȣ Ȋ ȕȈȠȐȝ ȗȍȡȍȘȈȝ ȍȋȖ țȓȖȊȐȓȐ
ǹȍȘȍȉȘȧȕȣȑ ȏȊȖȕ ȕȈȌ ȊȖȓȕȖȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȓȐȊȖȑ
ǺȖ ȒȖȓȖȒȖȓ ȗȍȓ ȕȈȌ ȗȘȐȉȖȍȔ ȉțȘȓȐȊȣȔ
Ǫ ȗȍșȟȈȕȣȝ ȗȍȡȍȘȈȝ ȋȓțȉȖȒȐȝ Ȑ șȊȍȎȐȝ
Ǫșȍ ȊȍȚȘȣ ȏȈȚȐȝȓȐ Ȑ ȊșȗȣȝȕțȊ ȟțȚȤ ȉȘȍȏȎȐȚ

181
ǴȍȘȞȈȦȡȐȑ șȊȍȚ Ȑ ȚȖȕȍȚ Ȋ ȚȍȕȐ
ǰ ȚȘȈȊȣ ȒȖȓȍȉȓȍȚ ȚȍȟȍȕȤȍ șȚȘțȐ
ǺȈȔ ȐȓȐșȚȣȝ ȗȈșȚȉȐȡ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣ ȗȘȖșȚȖȘȣ
ǺȈȔ ȉȘȖȌȧȚ ȗȖ Ȍȕț ȖȉȐȚȈȚȍȓȐ ȔȖȘȧ
ǺȈȔ Ȋ ȒȖȓȤȞȈ ȚțȋȐȍ șȊȐȊȈȦȚșȧ ȏȔȍȐ
ǰ ȘȈȌțȧșȤ ȊȓȈȋȍ ȗȈȕȞȐȘȐ ȋȘȍȦȚ
ǺȈȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȍ ȒȐȚȣ ȗȓȣȊțȚ
ǫȓȈȏ ȕȍ șȔȣȒȈȧ ȗȓȣȊțȚ ǰ ȗȓȣȊțȚ
ǪȖȒȘțȋ șȊȍȚȈ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȧ ȗȘȐȟȈȓȈ
ǺȈ ȔțȏȣȒȈ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȏȈȏȊțȟȈȓȈ"
ǪȟȍȘȈ ȓȐ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȖȔț ȕȈȟȈȓȖ"
ǭȡȍ ȗȖȏȖȊȐȚȍ ǪȟȍȘȈ ȓȐ ȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ
ǿȚȖ ȌȍȚȧȔ șȊȖȐȔ ȖȕȈ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȓȈ"
Ǫ ȔȖȘșȒȖȑ ȋȓțȉȐȕȍ șȚȖȧȓ ȚȘȖȕ ȏȖȓȖȚȖȑ
ǫȌȍ Ȕȣ șȐȌȍȓȐ ȍȌȐȕȖȑ șȍȔȤȍȑ
ǰ ȋȘȍȉȕȍȔ ȗȖ șȊȍȚȓȣȔ ȒțȌȘȧȔ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȧ
ǳȍȓȍȧȓȈ ȔȈȚȤ ȔȍȕȤȠȖȍ ȌȐȚȧ
ǲȈȒ ȊȌȘțȋ țșȓȣȝȈȓȈ ȏȊȖȕ ȖȚȌȈȓȍȕȕȣȑ
ǰ ȊȏȖȘ ȗȖȌȕȧȓȈ ȕȈ ȏȍȓȍȕȣȍ ȊȖȓȕȣ
ǪȏȌȖȝȕțȓȈ Ȑ ȗȘȖȠȍȗȚȈȓȈ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȖ
«Ǵȕȍ ȕțȎȕȖ ȕȈ ȉȍȘȍȋ Ȓ șȊȖȐȔ ȚȖȘȖȗȐȚȤșȧ,
Ǫ șȍȘțȦ ȞȍȘȒȖȊȤ ȟȚȖȉ ș ȕȐȔȐ ȔȖȓȐȚȤșȧ
ǹȍȋȖȌȕȧ Ȋșȍ ȗȘȈȏȌȕțȦȚ ȊȍȟȍȘ ȗȈșȝȈȓȤȕȣȑ
Ǩ ȧ ș ȚȖȉȖȑ ȋțȉȓȦ șȊȖȦ ȌțȠț»
©ǳȦȉȐȔȈȧ ȊȣȑȌȐ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ ȕȈ șțȠț
ǴȖȓȐȚȊț șȒȈȎȐ ȒȈȒ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȊȍȘȈ —
ǰ șȕȖȊȈ ȊȍȘȕȐșȤ Ȓ ȕȈȠȐȔ ȌȖȉȘȣȔ ȗȍȡȍȘȈȔª
ǶȕȈ țȓȣȉȈȓȈșȤ Ȑ ȊȣȠȓȈ ș ȗȘȐȉȖȍȔ
Ƕ ȌȍȚȐ ȊȟȍȘȈ ȓȐ șȓțȟȐȓȖșȤ ȚȈȒȖȍ"
Ƕ ȌȍȚȐ Ȕȣ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȖȌȕȐ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȐșȤ"
ǴȓȈȌȠȐȍ ȗȓȈȒȈȓȐ ȊȖȓȕȣ ȊȏȌȣȔȈȓȐșȤ
©ǴȖȓȐȚȊȈ ȌȓȐȕȕȈ Ȋ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȔ ȔȐȘȍ —
ǹȒȈȏȈȓ ȧ — ǰȌȍȔª — Ȑ ȕȈș ȊȣȕȍșȓȖ ȔȖȘȍ
Ǵȣ ȉȍȘȍȋȖȔ ȠȓȐ ȗȍșȟȈȕȖȑ ȘȈȊȕȐȕȖȑ
ǴȍȎ ȉȍȓȣȝ ȌȖȔȖȊ ȞȊȍȚțȡȍȑ ȌȖȓȐȕȖȑ
ǻȓȐȞȍȑ țȏȒȖȑ ȌȖȘȖȋȖȑ ȔȖȡȍȕȖȑ
ǲ șȍȘȍȕȤȒȖȑ ȞȍȘȒȊȐ ȕȈ ȝȖȓȔ ȖȚȌȈȓȍȕȕȣȑ
ȀȍȗȖȚ ȔȖȓȧȡȐȝșȧ ȚȈȔ țșȓȣȝȈȓȐ
ǭȔț ȕȈ ȝȖȓȖȌȕȖȔ ȊȍȚȘț Ȕȣ ȊȕȐȔȈȓȐ
ǪȏȖȠȓȐ ȕȈ ȔȖȋȐȓȣ ȌȖȎȌȧȔȐ ȐȏȘȣȚȣȍ
ǷȘȐȓȤȕțȓȐ Ȓ ȖȒȖȕȞȈȔ ȝȘȈȔȈ ȏȈȒȘȣȚȖȋȖ
ǹȐȌȍȓȈ ȖȕȈ ț ȒȖȓȖȕȕȣ ȊȣșȖȒȖȑ

182
©ǳȦȉȐȔȈȧ ǺȐȠȍ Ǵȣ ȚȈȒ ȖȌȐȕȖȒȐ
Ǻȣ ȊȐȌȐȠȤ Ȕȣ ȏȌȍșȤ Ȗ ǴȈȘȋȈȘȍȚ
ǪȖȓȕțȍȚșȧ ȔȖȘȍ ȗȖȒȖȧ ȕȈȔ ȕȍȚª
ǵȖ ȖȕȈ ȕȈ Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȍ ȖȋȓȧȕțȓȈșȤ
Ǫ ȔȖȓȐȚȊȍȕȕȐȒ ȔȖȓȟȈ ȖȕȈ țȚȒȕțȓȈșȤ
ǪȖȏȋȓȈȠȈȍȚ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȐȒ Ȑ ȏȈȗȍȘȚȈ ȌȊȍȘȤ
ǬȍȚȐ ȗȖȑȌȍȔȚȍ ȕȐ ȏȊțȒȈ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ
ǷȘȖȟȤ țȝȖȌȐȚȍ ȕȐ ȏȊțȒȈ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ
ǪȕȐȏ ȊȕȐȏ ȊȕȐȏ
ǪȕȐȏ Ȋ ȋȓțȉȐȕț ȔȖȘșȒțȦ
Ǫ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ ȠțȔȕȖȔ ț ȗȘȧȓȒȐ ȖȕȈ
ǷȍșȕȦ ȗȖȍȚ Ȑ ȓȐȒțȍȚ
ǪȖȚ ȍȍ ȗȍșȕȧ ©Ƕ șȟȈșȚȤȍ Ƕ șȓȈȊȈ
ǻȓȐȞȍ ȠțȔȕȖȑ Ȑ ȌȍȚșȒȖȑ ȏȈȉȈȊȍ
ǹȊȧȚȖȔț ȌȖȉȘț Ȑ ȒȖȓȖȒȖȓȈȔ
ǩȓȈȋȖșȓȖȊȍȕȕȣȔ șȖȓȕȞȈ ȓțȟȈȔ
ǹȓțȎȐȚȍȓȦ ȝȘȈȔȈ Ȑ ȗȘȧȓȒȍ ȔȖȍȑ
ǷȖȦ ȧ Ȗ șȟȈșȚȤȍ ȓȦȌȍȑª
ǪȖșȚȖȘȋȖȔ ȊȍȓȐȒȐȔ ȕȈȗȖȍȕȈ
ǮȐȏȕȤ ȊȖșȝȊȈȓȧȧ ȗȖȍȚ ȖȕȈ
ǵȖ ȊȌȘțȋ ȏȈȚȐȝȓȖ ȍȍ ȒȖȓȍșȖ
ǰ ȊȣȗȈȓ Ȑȏ ȘțȒ șțȍȚȓȐȊȣȑ ȟȍȓȕȖȒ
ǰ ȗȘȐșȚȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ țȗȈȓ ȕȈ ȗȍșȖȒ
ǰ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ șȒȖȓȤȏȕțȓ ȕȈȌ ȔȖȘȍȔ
ǰ ȚȧȎȍȒ ȉȣȓ ȊȏȌȖȝ Ȑ ȋȓțȉȖȒ
ǰ ȉȣȓȐ Ȋ ȕȍȔ șȒȖȘȉȤ Ȑ ȋȖȘȍ
ǰ ȚțȔȈȕȐȚ ȗȍȟȈȓȤ ȋȓȈȏȈ
ǰ ȉȖȓȤȠȈȧ țȗȈȓȈ șȓȍȏȈ
ǰ șȕȖȊȈ ȕȍȚ ȍȑ ȖȚȘȈȌȣ
ǰ ȋȘțȌȤ ȕȈȌȘȣȊȈȍȚșȧ șȚȖȕȖȔ ȗȘȖȚȧȎȕȣȔ
Ƕ ȉȓȍșȒȍ ȊȖȓȖș ȔȈȓȦȚȒȐ-ȕȈȧȌȣ
Ƕ ȋȓȈȏȈȝ ȝȖȓȖȌȕȣȝ Ȑ ȊȓȈȎȕȣȝ
ǹȚțȗȈȑȚȍ șȚțȗȈȑȚȍ ȌȍȚȐ
ǹȚțȗȈȑȚȍ ȖȚșȦȌȈ ȗȘȖȟȤ
ǯȓȍȍ ȝȖȓȖȌȕȣȑ ȊȍȚȍȘ
ǶȋȕȐ ȏȈȎȐȋȈȍȚ ȕȖȟȤ
ǪȍȚȍȘ ȊȖȘȊȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȌȊȍȘȐ
ǶȟȕȍȚșȧ ȖȕȈ ȖȚ șȕȖȊ
ǻșȓȣȠȐȚ ȘȣȟȈȕȐȍ ȉțȘȐ
Ǫ ȋȘȖȝȖȚȍ ȋȘȖȏȕȣȝ ȊȈȓȖȊ
ǻȊȐȌȐȔ Ȑ Ȕȣ ȕȈȌ șȖȉȖȦ

ǸȍȊțȡȐȑ ȊȖȌȖȊȖȘȖȚ
ǮȍȔȟțȎȕȣȍ ȔȖșȚȖȊȣȍ
ǰ ȧȕȚȈȘȕȣȑ șȊȖȌ
ǰ ȗȍșȕȦ șȗȖȍȔ ©ǷȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȈ
ǹȔȍȘȚȕȈȧ Ȓ ȕȈȔ
ǵȖ ȖȕȈ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȓȈ
ǵȈȊșȍȋȌȈ ȔȖȘșȒȐȔ ȒȖȘȖȓȧȔª
Ǩ Ȋ ȗȖȓȕȖȟȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȈȌ ȏȈȓȐȊȖȔ
ǿțȚȤ șȓȣȠȕȖ șȒȖȓȤȏȐȚ ȊȍȚȍȘȖȒ
ǰ ȗȈȌȈȍȚ Ȋ ȚȐȝȐȍ ȊȖȌȣ
ǹȍȘȍȉȘȧȕȣȑ ȓțȕȕȣȑ ȗȖȚȖȒ
ǰ ȊȖȏȌțȝ șȚȘțȍȑ ȈȘȖȔȈȚȕȖȑ
ǷȓȣȊȍȚ ȖȚ ȗȘȐȉȘȍȎȕȣȝ ȘȈȒȐȚ
ǰ ȚȍȕȤ ȋȘȧȌȖȑ ȕȍȗȖȕȧȚȕȖȑ
ǶȚ șȒȈȓ ȕȈ ȗȍșȒȍ ȓȍȎȐȚ —
ǺȖȋȌȈ Ȕȣ ȕȍșȓȣȠȕȖȑ ȋțȘȤȉȖȦ
ǵȈ ȉȍȓțȦ ȖȚȔȍȓȤ șȗȍȠȐȔ
ǰ ȗȓȍȡȍȚșȧ ȔȖȘȍ Ȋ ȗȖȒȖȍ
ǰ ȉȍȘȍȋ șȊȍȘȒȈȍȚ Ȋ ȚȐȠȐ
ǰ șȔȖȚȘȐȔ ȊȏȖȉȘȈȊȠȐșȤ ȕȈ ȌȦȕȣ
ǵȈ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȕȈ ȞȍȘȒȖȊȤ ȕȈ Ȋșȍ
ǯȈșȕțȊȠȍȍ Ȋ ȔȐȘȍ ȗȖȌȓțȕȕȖȔ
ǰ ș ȗȍșȕȍȑ țȝȖȌȐȔ ȕȈ ȌȕȖ
©ǺȖșȒțȍȚ ȏȌȍșȤ ȊȍȘȕȣȑ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȐȒ —
ǷȖ ȎȍșȚȖȒȖȑ ȗȖȌȘțȋȍ șȊȖȍȑ
ǷȖȒȐȕțȊȠȍȑ ȊȍȘȖȓȖȔȕȖ
ǶȌȐȕȖȒȐȝ ȔȖȘșȒȐȝ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȑª

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ǷțȉȓȐȒȈȞȐȧ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌȐșȓ ǰ ǯ ǩȍȓȖȉȘȖȊȞȍȊȖȑ
ǯȈ ȌȈȊȕȖșȚȤȦ ȓȍȚ ȕȍ ȗȖȔȕȦ ȒȚȖ ȗȖȏȕȈȒȖȔȐȓ Ȕȍȕȧ ș ǶȓȤȋȖȑ ǫȍȖȘȋȐȍȊ-
ȕȖȑ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ — ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖȓȊȍȒȈ ȚȖȔț ȕȈȏȈȌ ǺȖȋȌȈ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȓȐ Ȋ ȔȖȍȑ
ȎȐȏȕȐ ȥȚȐ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȓȦȌȐ ǶȓȤȋȈ ǪȐȒȚȖȘȖȊȕȈ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ ǭȓȍȕȈ ǪȓȈ-
ȌȐȔȐȘȖȊȕȈ ǹȍȔȍȕȖȊȈ ǪȐȒȚȖȘ ǬȔȐȚȘȐȍȊȐȟ ǬțȊȈȒȐȕ« ǬțȔȈȦ ȕȈȠȍ ȏȕȈȒȖȔ-
șȚȊȖ ș ǶȓȤȋȖȑ ǫȍȖȘȋȐȍȊȕȖȑ șȖșȚȖȧȓȖșȤ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ ȒȖȔț-ȚȖ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȚȘȖȐȝ ȇ
țȟȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ ǺȈȘȚțșȒȖȔ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚȍ ȒȈȜȍȌȘȈ ȘțșșȒȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ
ȊȖȏȋȓȈȊȓȧȍȔȈȧ ȆȘȐȍȔ ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȐȟȍȔ ǳȖȚȔȈȕȖȔ țȎȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȈ Ȑ ȉȣ-
șȚȘȖ ȥȚț ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖșȚȤ ȕȈȘȈȡȐȊȈȓȈ ǹȚțȌȍȕȚȖȊ ȚȈȔ ȘȈȕȖ ȗȘȐțȟȈȓȐ Ȓ ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ
Ȋ Ȑȝ țȟȍȉȍ ȕȍȚ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȊȈȎȕȍȍ ȏȈȕȧȚȐȑ ȕȈțȒȖȑ — ȒțȘșȖȊȣȝ ȌȐȗȓȖȔȕȣȝ ȒȈȕ-
ȌȐȌȈȚșȒȐȝ ȘȈȉȖȚ ǷȘȍȗȖȌȈȊȈȚȍȓȐ ȕȍ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȐȓȐ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȔȐ — ȕȈș ȗȖ-
șȣȓȈȓȐ Ȋ șȖȓȐȌȕȣȍ ©ȕȈțȟȕȣȍ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȐȘȖȊȒȐª ȗȖ ȓȐȕȐȐ ǹǵǶ ǹȚțȌȍȕȟȍș-
ȒȖȋȖ ȕȈțȟȕȖȋȖ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ǺȈȒ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖșȚȐ Ȇ Ǵ ǳȖȚȔȈȕȈ Ȑ ǯȈȘȣ
ǫȘȐȋȖȘȤȍȊȕȣ ǴȐȕȞ ȍȋȖ Ȏȍȕȣ Ȑ ȔȖȍȑ ȕȈțȟȕȖȑ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȣ ȧ ȗȖȓț-
ȟȐȓȈ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȖȉșțȌȐȚȤ ȚȍȔț șȊȖȍȑ ȒțȘșȖȊȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ -ȋȖ ȒțȘșȈ ©ǷȘȖ-
ȉȓȍȔȈ șȔȍȘȚȐ Ȑ ȓȐȟȕȖȋȖ ȉȍșșȔȍȘȚȐȧ Ȋ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȈ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖª ș
ȓȦȌȤȔȐ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȍȋȖ ȏȕȈȊȠȐȔȐ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȊȠȐȔȐ ș ȕȐȔ Ȑ ȗȐșȈȊȠȐȔȐ Ȗ ȕȍȔ
ǶȕȐ șȚȈȓȐ ȔȖȐȔȐ ȌȘțȏȤȧȔȐ ȕȍȚ ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȟȍȔ ȌȘțȏȤȧȔȐ — ȜȈ-
ȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȖȕȐ Ȕȍȕȧ ȊȖșȗȐȚȈȓȐ ǶȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȚȈȒȐȝ ȊȖșȗȐȚȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȉȣȓȈ Ȑ ǶȓȤȋȈ
ǫȍȖȘȋȐȍȊȕȈ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȠȈȧ Ȋ ȔȖȍȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȟțȚȤ ȗȖȏȎȍ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȣȝ —
Ȋ  ȋȖȌț ǪȘȍȔȧ ȖȚȕȍșȓȖșȤ Ȓ ȕȍȑ ȉȓȈȋȖșȒȓȖȕȕȖ ȖȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȒȘȈșȐȊȈȧ șȚȈȚ-
ȕȈȧ ȊȣșȖȒȈȧ ȊȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȚȈȒ ȗȖȔȕȐȚșȧ ș ȉȖȋȈȚȣȔ ȖȉȍȘȚȖȕȈȔȐ ȋȖȓȖ-
șȖȔ ǲȈȒ Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȍȍ ȘȖȊȍșȕȐȒȐ ȗȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȗȘȖȒȈȚȐȓȖșȤ ȒȖȓȍșȖ șȖȊȍȚșȒȖȑ
ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ Ȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȐ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȗȘȈȊȖ ȋȖȓȖșȈ ȖȕȈ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȌȍȓȈȓȈ Ȍȓȧ
șȖȝȘȈȕȍȕȐȧ ȗȈȔȧȚȐ Ȗ Țȍȝ ȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȌȖȎȐȓ Ȑ ȊȣșȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ǰ — ȗȐșȈȓȈ
ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ
Ǫ ȋȖȌ ȕȈȠȍȋȖ ȏȕȈȒȖȔșȚȊȈ Ȋ ,; ȚȖȔȍ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚșȒȖȑ șȍȘȐȐ ©ǺȘțȌȖȊ ȗȖ
ȘțșșȒȖȑ Ȑ șȓȈȊȧȕșȒȖȑ ȜȐȓȖȓȖȋȐȐª ȉȣȓȐ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȣ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ ǭǪ
ǹȍȔȍȕȖȊȖȑ ©ǪǽǻǺǭǴǨǹ ǳǭǼ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑª ǪșȚțȗȐȚȍȓȤȕțȦ șȚȈȚȤȦ Ȓ ȗțȉ-
ȓȐȒȈȞȐȐ ȕȈȗȐșȈȓȈ ǯ ǫ ǴȐȕȞ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȐȊȠȈȧ Ȕȕȍ șȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ Ȓ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈ-
ȕȐȧȔ ȒȖȔȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȐ ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȔȖȧ ȗȍȘȊȈȧ ȕȈțȟȕȈȧ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȗȖ-
ȘȈȌȖȊȈȓȐșȤ Ȋșȍ ȔȖȐ ȔȖșȒȖȊșȒȐȍ ȌȘțȏȤȧ ǷȖșȖȊȍȚȖȊȈȊȠȐșȤ ș ǯ ǫ ǴȐȕȞ ȧ
ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȐȓȈ ȊȣșȚțȗȐȚȤ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ Ȏȍ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȐ ș ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧȔȐ Ȑ ǶȓȤȋȍ ǫȍȖȘ-
ȋȐȍȊȕȍ Ȑ ȖȕȈ ȗȖȌȝȊȈȚȐȓȈ ȥȚț ȔȣșȓȤ ǸȖȓȐ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈȚȖȘȖȊ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȓȐșȤ
Ȋșȍ Țȍ Ȏȍ ȔȖȧ ȕȈțȟȕȈȧ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȈ ȗȐȠȍȚ ȊșȚțȗȐȚȍȓȤȕțȦ șȚȈȚȤȦ Ȉ ȧ
— ȒȖȔȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȐ ǹ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȔȖȔȍȕȚȈ ȕȈȟȈȓȈșȤ ȕȈȠȈ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȈȧ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒȈ

ǹ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈȞȐȍȑ ȕȈ șȍȑ ȘȈȏ Ȋșȍ ȗȖȠȓȖ ȐȕȈȟȍ Ȑ ȒȈȒ ȖȉȣȟȕȖ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ț ȕȍ-
țȌȈȟȐ ȉȣȓȖ șȘȈȏț ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȐȟȐȕ șȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȖȗȈȏȌȣȊȈȓȈ ș ȗȘȐșȣȓȒȖȑ ȊȖș-
ȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȑ ǶȓȤȋȈ ǫȍȖȘȋȐȍȊȕȈ ȠțȚȓȐȊȖ ȒȈȧșȤ Ȋ ȗȐșȤȔȍ ȟȚȖ ©ȊȖȖȉȡȍ ȏȈȗȈȏ-
ȌȣȊȈȍȚ ș ȊȣȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȍȔ ȖȉȍȡȈȕȐȑ ǻȎ ȚȈȒȖȍ șȊȖȑșȚȊȖª ǷȖȚȖȔ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȓȈ ȕȍ-
ȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤ ȒțȗȦȘ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȖȌȐȕȈȒȖȊȖ ȖȡțȡȈȓȐ Ȑ ȈȊȚȖȘ
Ȑ ȉțȌțȡȐȑ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈȚȖȘ ǰșȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȕȈȧ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȤ ȗȘȖȎȌȈȓȈ șȊȖȍȑ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȐ ȌȊȈ
ȋȖȌȈ Ȑ ǶȓȤȋȈ ǫȍȖȘȋȐȍȊȕȈ șȖȋȓȈșȐȓȈșȤ ȕȈ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȒȐȍȊșȒȖȋȖ ȎțȘȕȈȓȈ
©ǸȈȌțȋȈª ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ șȗȘȈȊȐȓșȧ ș ȗțȉȓȐȒȈȞȐȍȑ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȕȖ șȌȍȓȈȓ ȗȖ
ȔȕȍȕȐȦ Ƕ ǫ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȔȕȖȋȖ cȖȒȘȈȡȍȕȐȑ ǲ ȚȖȔț Ȏȍ ȖȕȈ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖ ȌȖȗȖȓ-
ȕȧȓȈ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ Ȋșȍ ȕȖȊȣȔȐ ȋȓȈȊȈȔȐ ȕȖȊȣȔȐ ȓȐȞȈȔȐ Ȑ ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȓȈ
ȘȈȏȌȍȓȐȚȤ Ȑȝ ©ȗȖ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖșȚȐª ȔȍȎȌț ǺȈȘȚț Ȑ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȠȐȔ
ǰȘȒțȚșȒȖȔ
ǵȈ ȥȚȖȔ ȥȚȈȗȍ ȧ ©șȖȠȓȈ ș ȌȐșȚȈȕȞȐȐª — ȘȖȌȐȓȈșȤ ȌȖȟȤ ȕțȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȘȈ-
ȉȖȚȈȚȤ ȕȈȌ ȌȐșșȍȘȚȈȞȐȍȑ ȖșȍȕȤȦ  ȋȖȌȈ Ȕȍȕȧ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȓȐ țȑȚȐ ș ȘȈȉȖȚȣ Ȋ
ǺȈȓȓȐȕșȒȖȔ ȗȍȌȐȕșȚȐȚțȚȍ ȏȈ ©ȝȘȈȕȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȐȍ ȈȕȚȐșȖȊȍȚșȒȖȑ
ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣª« ǯȈȘȈ ǫȘȐȋȖȘȤȍȊȕȈ ȗȖȘțȟȐȓȈ șȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȔȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȍȊ ȌȊțȔ
șȚțȌȍȕȚȒȈȔ ȖȕȐ ȕȈȊȍșȚȐȓȐ ǶȓȤȋț ǫȍȖȘȋȐȍȊȕț ȗȖȕȘȈȊȐȓȐșȤ ȍȑ șȊȖȍȑ șȍȘȤȍȏ-
ȕȖșȚȤȦ șȖȖȉȡȐȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȒȖȔȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȐ ȉțȌțȚ Ȑȝ ȒțȘșȖȊȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȖȑ ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ
ȖȕȐ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȦȚ ȗȖ șȚȈȘȖȔț ȚȍȒșȚț Ȉ Ƕ ǫ ȖȉȍȡȈȍȚ ȕȖȊȣȑ ȚȍȒșȚ ș ȌȖȗȖȓȕȍ-
ȕȐȧȔȐ ȅȚȖ ȏȈȚȧȋȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȋȖȌȣ — Ȋ  ©ȌȍȊȖȟȒȐª ȒȈȒ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ Ȑȝ Ƕ ǫ
ȗȐȠțȚ ȍȑ ȟȚȖ ǯȈȘȈ ǫȘȐȋȖȘȤȍȊȕȈ ȝȖȟȍȚ ȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈȞȐȦ ȗȖ ©șȚȈȘȖȔțª ȊȈ-
ȘȐȈȕȚț ȥȚȖ Ȑ ȗȖȕȧȚȕȖ — ȊȊȐȌț țȎȍ șȓȖȎȐȊȠȍȋȖșȧ ȒȖȔȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȧ ȕȖ Ƕ ǫ
ȕȈșȚȈȐȊȈȍȚ ȕȈ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȧȝ
ǷțȉȓȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȕȍ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȈșȤ Ȉ ȗȍȘȊȖȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȚȍȒșȚ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȑ
ȖȉȕȈȘțȎȐȓ ȋȖȌȣ șȗțșȚȧ Ȋ ȈȘȝȐȊȍ Ȇ Ǵ ǳȖȚȔȈȕȈ Ȑ ǯ ǫ ǴȐȕȞ Ȑ ȈȚȘȐȉțȚȐȘȖ-
ȊȈȓ ǫȈȉȘȐȥȓȤ ǫȈȊȘȐȓȖȊȐȟ ǹțȗȍȘȜȐȕ ǨȚȘȐȉțȞȐȧ ȗȖȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȓȈșȤ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ
ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȊȈȓȖ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ șȚȘȈȕȐȞȣ ș ȐȔȍȕȍȔ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ Ȑ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȍȔ ȚȍȒșȚȈ Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ
ȍȡȍ ȌȊțȝ
ǲȈȒ ȉȣ Ȕȣ ȕȐ ȖȚȕȖșȐȓȐșȤ Ȓ ȘȈșȝȖȎȍȑ ȞȐȚȈȚȍ Ȑȏ ȉțȓȋȈȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ©ȏȈȒȈȚ-
ȕȖȋȖª ȘȖȔȈȕȈ ©ǸțȒȖȗȐșȐ ȕȍ ȋȖȘȧȚª ȕȈ ȥȚȖȚ ȘȈȏ ȍȍ ȗȘȈȊȖȚȈ ȕȍșȖȔȕȍȕȕȈ ǪȖȚ
ȖȕȐ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ ǶȓȤȋȐ ǫȍȖȘȋȐȍȊȕȣ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȗȍȘȊȖȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȖȔ
ȖȉȓȐȒȍ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȔ ȖȕȐ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȖȧȊȐȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȚȈȘȚțșȒȐȝ «ǻȟȍȕȣȝ ȏȈȗȐș-
ȒȈȝ».
ǰ ǩȍȓȖȉȘȖȊȞȍȊȈ

187
<«Ǫșȍ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣȓȖª ǲȈȒ ȎȈȓȤ ȟȚȖ ȧ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȏȈȗȐșȣȊȈȓȈ!..
ǹȐȓȖȑ ȗȈȔȧȚȐ șȚȘȈșȚȕȖșȚȤȦ ȔȣșȓȐ ȧ ȊȐȎț ȥȚȖ ȉȣȊȠȍȍ țȠȍȌȠȍȍ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȧȦ
ȍȋȖ Ȋ șȍȉȍ ȖȗȧȚȤ Ȑ șȕȖȊȈ Ȑ ȊșȗȖȔȐȕȈȦ Ȋșȍ
ǯȌȘȈȊșȚȊțȑ ȦȕȖșȚȤ ǩȍșȗȖȒȖȑȕȈȧ Ȑ ȧșȕȈȧ ȔȧȚțȡȈȧșȧ Ȑ ȋȖȘȧȟȈȧ ȆȕȖșȚȤ
ȗȖȊȚȖȘȍȕȕȈȧ ȗȈȔȧȚȤȦ ȟțȊșȚȊ Ȑ șȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȦȕȖșȚȤ ȗȍȘȍȎȐȊȈȍȔȈȧ ȊȕȖȊȤ ǹȗȈ-
șȐȉȖ Țȍȉȍ ȟȚȖ ȧ ȕȍ ȏȈȉȣȓȈ Țȍȉȧ ǰ Ȋșȍȝ Țȍȝ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȍȑȠȐȝ Ȑ țȔȕȍȑȠȐȝ!
șȒȘȖȔȕȣȝ Ȑ ȋȖȘȌȣȝ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȓȐȊȣȝ Ȑ ȌȖȉȘȣȝ — Ȋșȍȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȚȈȒ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȈȟȍ
ȗȘȖȠȍȌȠȐȝ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȔȖȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ Ǫșȍȝ ȗȖȔȕȦ Ȑ ȝȖȟț ȘȈșșȒȈȏȈȚȤ Ȗ ȕȐȝ ȌȘțȋȐȔ
ǷȖȗȘȖȉțȦ
ǿȐȚȈ — șȚȖȓȐȞȈ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȈȧ ȋȘțȗȗȈ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª ǨșȍȍȊ
ǬȘțȏȤȧ Ȑ șȖȘȈȚȕȐȒȐ ǰșȚȖȘȐȒȖ-ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȑ ȒȘțȎȖȒ ǫȈȏȍȚȣ
©ǵǭǹǷǶǲǶǱǵȃǱ ǫǶǸǶǬª
ǶșȣȗȈȕȣ șȕȍȋȈȔȐ
ȖȒțȚȈȕȣ ȕȖȟȈȔȐ
ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȓȐșȤ Ȕȣ ș ȊȘȈȋȈȔȐ
ȋȘȖȏȧȡȐȔȐ ȖȟȈȔȐ
ǵ ǨșȍȍȊ
ǿȐȚȈ - ȋȖȌȣ Ǫ ȚȖȚ ȗȍȘȍȓȖȔȕȣȑ ȗȍȘȐȖȌ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȋ șȚȘȈȕȍ ȗȘȖȐș-
ȝȖȌȐȓȐ ȊȍȓȐȒȐȍ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȣ ǿȐȚȈ șȚȈȓȈ ȎȐȊȣȔ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȣȔ ȞȍȕȚȘȖȔ ǬȈȓȤ-
ȕȍȋȖ ǪȖșȚȖȒȈ ǬȊȈȌȞȈȚȣȍ ȋȖȌȣ — ȊȘȍȔȧ ȖșȔȣșȓȍȕȐȧ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȐȌȍȑ ȊȘȍȔȧ Șȍ-
ȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȌȢȍȔȈ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍșȚȘȖȑȒȐ ȖșȕȖȊ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ Ȑ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ Ƕȉ ȥȚȖȔ
ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȕȖșȧȡȍȔ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȍ ©ȟȐȚȐȕșȒȖȋȖ ȗȍȘȐȖȌȈª Ȑ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȗȖșȓȍ ȕȍȋȖ
ȧ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȈȚȤ
ǿȐȚȈ ǹȚȈȘȣȑ șȐȉȐȘșȒȐȑ ©ȕȍșȗȖȒȖȑȕȣȑª ȋȖȘȖȌ Ǫ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȔ — ș ȌȍȒȈȉ-
ȘȐșȚȈȔȐ ș ǿȍȘȕȣȠȍȊșȒȐȔ ș ǩȈȉțȠȒȐȕȣȔ Ǫ 1920-22 ȋ ǿȐȚȈ — ȚȘȍȊȖȎȕȖ
ȉȤȦȡȍȍșȧ șȍȘȌȞȍ ǹȐȉȐȘȐ ȊșȍȋȖ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȋȖ ǪȖșȚȖȒȈ ǿȐȚȈ — șȚȖȓȐȞȈ ȕȖȊȖ-
ȘȖȎȌȍȕȕȖȑ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȖȑ ǸȍșȗțȉȓȐȒȐ ǬǪǸ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȓȐ ȥȚț ȘȍșȗțȉȓȐȒț-
ȉțȜȍȘ șȖȏȌȈȕȕțȦ ȗȖ ȐȌȍȍ Ȑ țȒȈȏȈȕȐȦ Ǫ ǰ ǳȍȕȐȕȈ ǶȚ șȍȌȖȋȖ ǩȈȑȒȈȓȈ ȌȖ
ȉȍȘȍȋȖȊ ǺȐȝȖȋȖ ȖȒȍȈȕȈ ȗȘȖșȚȐȘȈȓȈșȤ ȥȚȈ ȏȍȔȓȧ ȊȏȘȈșȚȐȊȠȈȧ ȕȍȔȈȓȖ ȝȖȘȖ-
ȠȐȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ
ǪȘȍȔȧ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȘțȌȕȖȍ ǸȧȌȖȔ ȉțȑșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ ȉȈȕȌȣ ǹȍȔȍȕȖȊȈ Ȑ ǻȕȋȍȘȕȈ ǴȖ-
ȓȖȌȈȧ ȘȍșȗțȉȓȐȒȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȕȈșȚȖȘȖȎȍ ǯȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȍ ǪȖȓȖȟȈȍȊșȒȐȍ ȌȕȐ ȊȖȠȓȐ Ȋ
ȐșȚȖȘȐȦ ȕȖ Ȋ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȖȕȐ ȗȈȔȧȚȕȣ ȚȍȔ ȒȚȖ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓșȧ Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ Ȋ Țț ȊȤȦ-
ȎȕțȦ ȏȐȔț ȗȖȓȕțȦ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȏȈȌȈȟ Ȑ șȊȍȚȓȣȝ șȊȍȘȠȍȕȐȑ

188
Ǫ ȚȘțȌȕȍȑȠȐȝ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ ȊȍȌȖȔȈȧ ǪȈșȐȓȐȍȔ ǲȖȕșȚȈȕȚȐȕȖȊȐȟȍȔ ǩȓȦȝȍ-
ȘȖȔ Ȋ ȜȍȊȘȈȓȍ -ȋȖ ȋȖȌȈ ǵȈȘȖȌȕȖ-ǸȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȈȧ ǨȘȔȐȧ ȗȖȠȓȈ Ȋ ȉȖȓȤ-
ȠȖȑ ȗȖȝȖȌ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȉȍȓȖȋȊȈȘȌȍȑȞȍȊ ǿȍȘȍȏ ȋȓțȉȖȒȐȍ șȕȍȋȈ Ȋ ȗțȘȋț Ȋ ȉțȘȈȕ
ȗȖȌ țȘȈȋȈȕȕȣȔ ȖȋȕȍȔ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ ȠȓȐ Ȋ ȈȚȈȒț ȕȈȠȐ ȉȖȑȞȣ Ȑ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȐȘȣ
ǺȘȐ Ȍȕȧ Ȑ ȚȘȐ ȕȖȟȐ ȌȘȈȓȐșȤ ȖȕȐ ȏȈ ǪȖȓȖȟȈȍȊȒț ȗțȕȒȚ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐ-
ȟȍșȒȖȑ ȊȈȎȕȖșȚȐ ǾȍȕȖȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ ȗȖȚȍȘȤ ǵǸǨ ȖȚȖȋȕȈȓȈ ȉȍȓȖȋȊȈȘȌȍȑȞȍȊ Ȑ
ȊȏȧȓȈ ǪȖȓȖȟȈȍȊȒț Ǫșȧ ǹȐȉȐȘȤ ȗȍȘȍȎȐȊȈȓȈ ǪȖȓȖȟȈȍȊșȒȐȍ ȌȕȐ Ǫșȍȝ ȟȐȚȐȕ-
ȞȍȊ Ȋ Țȍ ȌȕȐ ȕȍ ȗȖȒȐȌȈȓȐ ȔȣșȓȐ Ȗ ȗȖȌȊȐȋȍ ȊȖȓȖȟȈȍȊȞȍȊ Ǫ ȋȈȏȍȚȍ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȐșȤ
Ȑ ȔȖȐ șȚȐȝȐ
«ǪȏȖȘȊȈȕȖ ȉțȌȚȖ ȉțȌȐȓȤȕȐȒȖȔ Șȍȏȟȍ șȐȘȍȕ țȚȘȈ ȏȖȘȟȍ — ȐȏȔȖȘȖȏȤ ȏȖȘȤ
ȗȘȖșȚțȌȐȓȈ ȓȐ șȍȘȌȞȍ" ǴȖȋȓȖ ȓȐ ȒȖȘȖȟȍ ȊȌȘȍȉȍȏȋȐ ȒȘȐȒ ȐșȗțȓȤșȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ" —
ǶșȚȈȕȖȊȐșȤ ȕȈ șȚȘȍȔȍȕȐ — ǺȨȔȍȕ ȚțȔȈȕ șȣȘȖșȚȤȦ șȓȨȏ Ȋ ȉȖȧȝ ȘȈșșȚȘȍȓȧȕȕȣȝ...
ǷțȚȤ Ȋ ȎȍȓȖȉȈȝ ȎȐȓ ǩțȌȕȐ ȘȈȏȉȐȚȤ ȉȖȍȔ. ǹȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȑȝ ȚȈȔ ȓȍȎȐȚ șȒȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ
ȓȤȌȖȔ ȋȍȘȖȍȊ ǴȈȓȤȟȐȒȐ ȌȍȚȐ șȚȈȘȠȐȍ ȉȘȈȚȞȣ ȖȚȞȣ ȘȖȌȐȔȣȍ ȀȓȐ ȏȈ
ȗȖȉȍȌȖȑ șȚȘȈȠȕȖȦ șȔȍȘȚȕȣȔ ȖȋȕȍȔ ȗȈȓȐȔȣȍ Ǫșȍȝ ȐȔȍȕȈ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȔ Ȕȣ ȋȌȍ
ȚȈȔ — ȕȍ ȌȖșȟȐȚȈȍȠȤșȧ.. ǪȍȟȕȈȧ șȓȈȊȈ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐ ȌȖȉȓȍșȚȕȣȝ ȊȖȓȖȟȈȍȊȞȍȊ»
ǺǶǪǨǸǰȁǰ ǬǸǻǯȄȇ ǭǬǰǵǶǴȃȀǳǭǵǵǰǲǰ
ǵȈș ȊȍȚȍȘ ȉȐȓ ș ǨȔțȘȈ Ȑ ș ǨȔȋțȕȐ
ǺȘțȉȐȓ ȕȈȔ ȓȖșȤ Ȑ ȊȖȓȒ ȕȈȔ Ȋȣȓ ȊȖșȓȍȌ
ǵ ǯȈȉȖȓȖȞȒȐȑ
Ǫ ǿȐȚț șȢȍȝȈȓȐșȤ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȓȐȊȣȍ ȓȦȌȐ. ǷȐșȈȚȍȓȐ ȗȖȥȚȣ ȗȖȓȐȚȘȈȉȖȚȕȐ-
ȒȐ ȊȘȈȟȐ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ Ȑ țȟȍȕȣȍ — Ȋ șȖȌȘțȎȍșȚȊȍ ș ȒȖȘȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȟȐ-
ȚȐȕȞȈȔȐ șȚȘȍȔȐȓȐșȤ ȌȈȚȤ ȋȖȘȖȌț Ȋșȍ ȟȚȖ ȏȕȈȓȐ Ȋșȍ ȟȚȖ țȔȍȓȐ.
ǳȍȚȖȔ  ȋ Ȋ ǿȐȚț ȗȘȐȍȝȈȓ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǨșȍȍȊ Ƕȕ ȗȘȐȊȍȏ ȐȏȌȈȕȕțȦ ȊȖ
ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȍ «ǩȖȔȉț» — ȒȕȐȋț șȚȐȝȖȊ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȣȊȈȊȠțȦ șȊȖȍ ȕȈȏȊȈ-
ȕȐȍ ǶȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȒȈȒ ȔȖȓȕȐȧ ǶȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȒȈȒ ȊȏȘȣȊ ǶȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȈ. ǴȕȖ-
ȋȐȍ ȐșȚȖșȒȖȊȈȊȠȐȍșȧ ȗȖ ȝȖȘȖȠȐȔ șȚȐȝȈȔ ș ȘȈȌȖșȚȤȦ ȗȘȐȕȧȓȐ ȍȍ ǵȍȒȖȚȖ-
Șȣȍ — ș ȓȦȉȖȗȣȚșȚȊȖȔ Ǩ ȒȖȍ-ȒȚȖ ș ȕȍȌȖȊȍȘȐȍȔ
ǨșȍȍȊ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȟțȚȤ-ȟțȚȤ ȊȏȊȖȓȕȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȓȐȘȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȗȖȥȚ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȍȚ Ȋ ȟȐ-
ȚȐȕșȒȐȝ ȋȈȏȍȚȈȝ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȖȚȏȣȊȈȧșȤ ȕȈ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ șȖȉȣȚȐȧ ȖșȚȘȣȔ ȏȊȖȕ-
ȒȐȔ ȜȍȓȤȍȚȖȕȖȔ Ǫ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȗȕ ȏȈȔȍȡȈȍȚ ȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȐȒȈ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟ-
ȕȖȋȖ ǺȍȓȍȋȘȈȜȕȖȋȖ ǨȋȍȕȚșȚȊȈ (ǬǨǳȄǺǨ) ǵȈȟȈȓȤȕȐȒȖȔ ǬǨǳȄǺǨ ȉȣȓ ȚȖȊ
ǲȖȓȒȖ
ǪșȓȍȌ ȏȈ ǨșȍȍȊȣȔ Ȋ ǿȐȚț ȗȘȐȍȝȈȓ ǹȍȘȋȍȑ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ — ȊȣșȖȒȐȑ ȝțȌȖȡȈ-
Ȋȣȑ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȐȘȖȕȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȈșȔȍȠȓȐȊȣȑ ș ȗȣȚȓȐȊȣȔ ȗȘȐșȚȘȖȍȕȕȣȔ

189
ȋȓȈȏȖȔ (ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȋȓȈȏ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȐȚ ș ȌȍȚșȚȊȈ) ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ ȊșȍȋȌȈ șȖșȘȍȌȖȚȖȟȍȕ ȕȈ
ȒȈȒȐȝ-ȚȖ ȚȘțȌȕȣȝ țȔȖȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧȝ Ǫ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȗȖȋȓȖȡȍȕ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈ-
ȔȐ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ ǳȍȚȖȔ 1921 ȋȖȌȈ ȍȔț ȉȣȓ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕ ȗȖșȚ
ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȈ ȔȐȕȐșȚȘȈ ȗȘȖșȊȍȡȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ Ȗȕ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓ ȌȖ ȒȖȕȞȈ ȌȍȒȈȉȘȧ
ȚȖȋȖ Ȏȍ ȋȖȌȈ Ǫ ȧȕȊȈȘȍ  ȋ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ țȠȍȓ Ȑȏ ǴȐȕȗȘȖșȈ Ȑ ȉȣȓ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕ
ȏȈȊȍȌțȦȡȐȔ ǬȈȓȤǾȍȕȚȘȖȗȍȟȈȚȤȦ. Ǫ ȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ ȊȝȖȌȐȓȈ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ Ȓȓț-
ȉȖȊ ȕȈȘȖȌȕȣȝ ȌȖȔȖȊ ȋȖșȉȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒ ȈȘȝȐȊȈ ǲȕȐȎȕȖȑ ȗȈȓȈȚȣ — ȌȍȓȈ ȖȚȕȖ-
șȧȡȐȍșȧ Ȓ ȊȕȍȠȒȖȓȤȕȖȔț șȍȒȚȖȘț ǷȖȌȖȚȌȍȓ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȓ șȗȖșȖȉ-
șȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȕȈ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȔ ǪȖșȚȖȒȍ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȖ-ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ
ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȑ ǺȖȋȌȈ-ȚȖ Ȑ ȕȈȏȘȍȓȈ ȔȣșȓȤ Ȗ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȐ ȔȈșȚȍȘșȒȐȝ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ-
șȚȘȖȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȏȈȌȈȟț ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȖȑȚȐ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȍ Ȋșȍȝ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȣȝ
Ȋ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȊ
ǸȍȌȈȒȚȖȘ ȋȈȏȍȚȣ șȚȈȘȣȑ ȒȖȔȔțȕȐșȚ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǼȍȌȖȘȖȊȐȟ ǿțȎȈȒ (ǵȈșȐ-
ȔȖȊȐȟ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȐȓ ǨșȍȍȊț Ȑ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊț ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȈȚȤ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕțȦ ȋȘțȗ-
ȗț ǭȍ ȕȈȏȊȈȓȐ ȗȖ ȐȔȍȕȐ ȎțȘȕȈȓȈ «ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ», ȖȘȋȈȕȈ ǬȈȓȤǩȦȘȖ ǸǲǷ Șȍ-
ȌȈȒȚȐȘțȍȔȖȋȖ ǿțȎȈȒȖȔ ȊȖ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȍ Ȋ -20 ȋȋ ǴȕȖȋȐȍ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȐ ȊȖ-
ȠȍȌȠȐȍ Ȋ ȋȘțȗȗț «ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ» ȗȍȟȈȚȈȓȐșȤ Ȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȓȐ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȎțȘȕȈȓȍ
ǲȘȖȔȍ ǿțȎȈȒȈ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ Ȋ ȋȘțȗȗț «ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ» ȊȖȠȓȐ ȝțȌȖȎ-
ȕȐȒȐ ǷȈȓȤȔȖȊ Ȑ ǨȊȍȚȖȊ Ȑ șȖȚȘțȌȕȐȒȐ ȋȈȏȍȚ — ȗȖȥȚȣ: ǵȍȏȕȈȔȖȊ, ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ
Ȑ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ
Ǫșȍ ȟȓȍȕȣ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ȌȍȓȈȓȐ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȣ Ȗ ǷțȠȒȐȕȍ Ȑ ǩȓȖȒȍ Ȗ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȍ Ȑ
ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȔ Ȗ ǺȦȚȟȍȊȍ Ȑ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȍ, Ȗ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȧȝ — ȗȘȍȎȕȐȝ Ȑ
ȕȖȊȣȝ ǿȐȚȈȓȐ ȓȍȒȞȐȐ țșȚȘȈȐȊȈȓȐ ȌȐșȗțȚȣ Ȗȉ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ Ȗ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȍ Ȗ ȒțȓȤ-
ȚțȘȍ Ȗ ȉȣȚȍ ȖȉȖ ȊșȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȊȖȓȕȖȊȈȓȖ țȔȣ ǪȖ Ȋșȍȝ șȓțȟȈȧȝ ȋȘțȗȗȈ «ǺȊȖȘ-
ȟȍșȚȊȖ» ȗȘȖȗȈȋȈȕȌȐȘȖȊȈȓȈ ȊȖȗȘȖșȣ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ Ȑ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ Ȋ ȗȖȓȕȖȔ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚ-
ȊȐȐ ș ȌȐȘȍȒȚȐȊȈȔȐ ȗȈȘȚȐȐ șȚȈȘȈȧșȤ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȔ ȒȘȍșȚȤȧȕȈȔ ȉȖȑ-
ȞȈȔ șȓțȎȈȡȐȔ Ȑ țȟȈȡȐȔșȧ (ȊșȍȔ ȒȚȖ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓ ȕȈ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȣ ȋȘțȗȗȣ) Ȗȉ ȖȚ-
ȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȈ Ȗȉ țȟȈșȚȐȚ ȍȋȖ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘșȒȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ
ǲ șȊȍȌȍȕȐȦ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȝ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚȖȘȖȊ Ȑ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȌȘțȋȐȝ: ȉȖȓȤȠțȦ ȖȠȐȉ-
Ȓț ȌȍȓȈȦȚ Țȍ ȒȚȖ ȌțȔȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȋȘțȗȗȈ «ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȜțȚțȘȐșȚȐ-
ȟȍșȒȖȑ ȋȘțȗȗȖȑ ȅȚȖ ȕȍȊȍȘȕȖ ǷȖ ȕȍȏȕȈȕȐȦ șȊȖȍȔț ȖȕȐ ȏȈȉȓțȎȌȈȦȚșȧ ȅȚȖ-
Ȕț șȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȐ ȊȖȘȖȝȈ ȋȈȏȍȚ Ȑ ȎțȘȕȈȓȖȊ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȐȏȌȈȊȈȓȐșȤ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȕȈ ǬȈȓȤ-
ȕȍȔ ǪȖșȚȖȒȍ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȥȚȐ ȎțȘȕȈȓȣ Ȑ ȋȈȏȍȚȣ ȝȘȈȕȧȚșȧ Ȋ ȈȘȝȐȊȈȝ ǰȘȒțȚșȒȈ ǿȐȚȣ ǺȖȔ-
șȒȈ Ȑ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȈ ǳȐȚȍȘȈȚȖȘȣ Ȑ ȈșȗȐȘȈȕȚȣ ȐșșȓȍȌțȦȡȐȍ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘț 20-ȝ
ȋȖȌȖȊ ȍȌțȚ Ȋ ǹȐȉȐȘȤ ȏȈ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈȔȐ Ȍȓȧ șȊȖȐȝ ȌȐșșȍȘȚȈȞȐȑ Ȑ ȒȕȐȋ Ȑ ȚȈȔ Ȋ
ȈȘȝȐȊȈȝ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȚ țȑȔț ȕțȎȕȣȝ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖșȚȍȑ Ȗ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȋȘțȗȗȣ «ǺȊȖȘ-
ȟȍșȚȊȖ»1.
1 Ʌ Ⱥ Ⱥɡɶɦɭɤɨ ɂɪɤɭɬɫɤ
 ɂ Ɂ Ƚɚɡɟɪ Ɍɚɪɬɭ
 Ⱦ Ⱥ Ɋɚɱɤɨɜ ɘɠɧɨɫɚɯɚɥɢɧɫɤ Ʌ ɇ Ɍɚ-
ɝɚɧɨɜ ɂɜɚɧɨɜɨ
 Ⱥ Ɇ Ʉɪɸɤɨɜɚ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ
 Ɇ Ɇ Ʉɪɸɤɨɜɚ ɋɜɟɪɞɥɨɜɫɤ ɢ ɞɪ Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɢ ɞɚ-
ɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦ ɚɜɬ.).

190
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ǹȍȕȚȧȉȘȤ ȖȒȘțȎȐȓ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȘȖȏȖȊȣȔ ȉȈȋțȓȤȕȐȒȖȔ ǵȈ ȊșȍȔ ȧȘȒȖȍ șȖȊșȍȔ
ȦȎȕȖȍ șȖȓȕȞȍ Ǫ ȊȖȏȌțȝȍ ȏȈȗȈȝ ȗȣȓȐ Ȑ ȝȊȖȐ ǷȖȊșȦȌț ȘȣȎȐȍ șȖșȕȣ Ȑ ȚȍȔ-
ȕȖ-ȏȍȓȍȕȣȍ ȒȍȌȘȣ. Ǵȣ țȎȍ ȗȘȐȊȣȒȓȐ Ȓ ȕȐȔ Ȓ ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȎȐȊțȚ ȗȘȧȔȖ
ȕȈ țȓȐȞȈȝ ȕȍȔȖȡȍȕȣȝ Ȑ ȗȣȓȤȕȣȝ
ǵȈ ȋȓȈȊȕȖȑ țȓȐȞȍ ȗȖ ȉțȓȣȎȕȖȑ ȔȖșȚȖȊȖȑ ȗȘȖȕȖșȐȚșȧ ȋȘȖȔȣȝȈȦȡȍ ȚȘȈȕ-
șȗȖȘȚ ȋȘțȏȖȊȐȒȐ ȚȍȓȍȋȐ ǵȐ ȚȘȈȔȊȈȧ ȕȐ ȈȊȚȖȉțșȈ ǶșȍȕȤ ǫȖȘȖȌ ȖȎȐȊȓȧȍȚ-
șȧ ǯȌȍșȤ Ȑ ȚȈȔ ȏȈȔȍȓȤȒȈȓȐ ȉțȌȍȕȖȊȒȐ ȒȍȗȒȐ ȜțȘȈȎȒȐ Ȉȓȣȍ ȒȖșȣȕȒȐ ǴȕȖ-
ȋȖ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȝ ȓȐȞ ǵȈȟȈȓȈ șȊȖȦ ȘȈȉȖȚț Ȑ ȋȘțȗȗȈ «ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ».
B șȍȕȚȧȉȘȍ  ȋȖȌȈ ȕȈ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȕȖȔ ȔȐȚȐȕȋȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȈ Ȉ
ȏȈȚȍȔ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȈ ȌȍȒȓȈȘȈȞȐȧ ȐȕȐȞȐȈȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȋȘțȗȗȣ «ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª ǵ
ǨșȍȍȊ Ǫ. ǷȈȓȤȔȖȊ ǹ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ ǵ ǵȈșȐȔȖȊȐȟ-ǿțȎȈȒ) ȗȖ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ǴȈș-
ȚȍȘșȒȐȝ ǰșȒțșșȚȊȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȧ. Ǫ ȥȚȖȑ ȌȍȒȓȈȘȈȞȐȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȖșȤ
«ǶȉȡȐȑ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȣȑ șȌȊȐȋ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȤȧ ȌȐȒȚțȍȚ ȘȈșȠȐȘȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȕȈȗ-
ȘȧȎȍȕȐȍ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȠȐȘȖȒȐȝ ȔȈșș Ȋ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ǽțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȌȖȓȎȍȕ șȚȈȚȤ ȊșȍȖȉȡȐȔ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤ ȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȒȖȊ ȐșȒțșșȚȊ ȌȖȓ-
ȎȕȈ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȖȑ ȊȖșȗȘȐȐȔȟȐȊȖșȚȐ ȔȈșșȣ ǬȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȝȐ-
ȓȖȔț ȔȍȡȈȕșȚȊț ȗȘȖȊȐȕȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȗȓȍșȚȐșȤ Ȋ ȝȊȖșȚȍ șȚȖȓȐȟȕȣȝ
ȓȈȉȖȘȈȚȖȘȐȑ ǬǪǸ Ȑ ǿȐȚȈ Ȋ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȖȔ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈ-
ȊȈȧ ȉȣȚȤ ȋȓțȝȐȔȐ ȏȈȌȊȖȘȒȈȔȐ ǸȖșșȐȐ ȗȘȐȖȉȘȍȚȈȦȚ șȈȔȖșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȏȕȈ-
ȟȍȕȐȍ» ǯȈȒȈȕȟȐȊȈȓȈșȤ ȌȍȒȓȈȘȈȞȐȧ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ
©ǷȖșȚȖȧȕȕȈȧ ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȚȘȐȉțȕȈ ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȖȍ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȖȍ ȊȏȈȐȔȖșȖȗȘȐ-
ȒȖșȕȖȊȍȕȐȍ ȐȏțȟȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȊȣȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȐȝ ȗȘȐȍȔȖȊ Ȑ ȒȖȕșȚȘțȒȞȐȑ Ȋȕȍ-
ȌȘȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȔȈșșȣ Ȑ ȊȗȐȚȣȊȈȕȐȍ Ȋ șȍȉȧ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȣȝ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȊ — ȊȖȚ șȖȌȍȘȎȈ-
ȕȐȍ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȝ ȏȈȌȈȟ ȕȈȔȍȟȈȍȔȣȝ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȍȔ ȔȈșȚȍȘșȒȐȝ».
Ǫșȍ ȟȓȍȕȣ ȋȘțȗȗȣ «ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ» ȘȈȉȖȚȈȓȐ Ȋ țȟȘȍȎȌȍȕȐȧȝ ǵȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȑȏ
ȕȐȝ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȧ țȟȐȓȐșȤ Ȋ Ȋțȏȍ Ǫșȍ ȗȐșȈȓȐ șȚȈȚȤȐ șȚȐȝȐ ȓȖȏțȕȋȐ ȜȍȓȤȍȚȖ-
ȕȣ ȈȋȐȚȗȈȔȜȓȍȚȣ Ȑ ȘȍȞȍȕȏȐȐ
ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ țȟȍȕȐȍ ȐȓȐ ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȈȧ ȉțȌȕȐȟȕȈȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ — ȟȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ Ȍȓȧ
ȕȈș ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȊȈȎȕȣȔ ȌȍȓȖȔ — ȏȈȚȘțȌȕȧȦșȤ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ Ǫșȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍ-
ȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ Ȑ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȕțȎȕȖ
ǹǶǷǻǺǵǰǲǰ
ǹȕȍȋ ǹȕȍȋ. ǹȕȍȋ ǹȚțȌȍȕȈȧ ȓȍȌȧȕȈȧ șȐȉȐȘșȒȈȧ ȏȐȔȈ ǪȣșȖȒȐȍ Ȑȏȏȧȉ-
ȠȐȍ șȖșȕȣ ȉȍșȗȖȘȧȌȖȟȕȣȔȐ ȚȖȓȗȈȔȐ ȘȈȏȉȘȍȓȐșȤ ȗȖ țȓȐȞȈȔ ǵȍ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȌȖ-
ȔȈȝ ȚȖȗȧȚșȧ ȗȍȟȐ ǵȍ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȓȦȌȐ ȐȔȍȦȚ ȋȖȘȧȟțȦ ȗȐȡț ǸȈȉȖȚȈȦȚ ȔȕȖȋȖ.

191
ǶȚȌȣȝȈȦȚ ȔȈȓȖ. ǵȖ ȓȦȌȐ ȝȖȚȧȚ țȟȐȚȤșȧ ǵțȎȕȖ țȟȐȚȤșȧ.
ǰ ȊȖȚ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ «ǫȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ǰȕșȚȐȚțȚ ǵȈȘȖȌȕȖȋȖ ǶȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ
Ȋ ȋ. ǿȐȚȈ» — ȊȣșȠȍȍ țȟȍȉȕȖȍ ȏȈȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ șȖ ȊșȍȔȐ ȗȘȈȊȈȔȐ Ȑ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȈ-
ȔȐ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȋȖ ȊțȏȈ ǷȘȖȜȍșșțȘȈ ș ȌȖșȚȖȑȕȣȔȐ ȐȔȍȕȈȔȐ ǴȈȘȒ ǲȖȕșȚȈȕȚȐ-
ȕȖȊȐȟ ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȐȑ — ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌ ȜȖȓȤȒȓȖȘȐșȚ ȥȚȕȖȋȘȈȜ țȟȍȕȐȒ ȀȈȝ-
ȔȈȚȖȊȈ Ȑ ǪȍȕȋȍȘȖȊȈ ȊȊȖȌȐȓ ȕȈș șȚțȌȍȕȚȖȊ Ȋ ȚȈȑȕȣ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȓȖȋȐȐ Ȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈ-
ȚțȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ. ǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ǴȈșȓȖȊ ȟȐȚȈȓ ȓȍȒȞȐȐ ȗȖ ȥȒȖȕȖȔȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȌȐșȞȐȗ-
ȓȐȕȈȔ Ǫ. Ǩ. ǴȈȓȈȝȖȊșȒȐȑ ȗȘȍȗȖȌȈȊȈȓ ȧȏȣȒȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ Ƿ Ƿ ǬȘȧȋȐȕ — ȗȖȥ-
ȚȐȒț ǲțȒȓȧȘșȒȐȑ — ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȦ Ȑ Ț Ȍ
Ǫ ȧȕȊȈȘȍ 1920 ȋȖȌȈ ȗȘȐ ǰȕșȚȐȚțȚȍ ȉȣȓ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȈȕ ǰșȚȖȘȐȒȖ-ȓȐȚȍȘȈ-
ȚțȘȕȣȑ ǲȘțȎȖȒ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȐȊȠȐȑ 8 ȟȓȍȕȖȊ ǲȘțȎȒȈ șȚțȌȍȕȚȖȊ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȖȊ
ȎțȘȕȈȓȐșȚȖȊ Ȑ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȖȊ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ
Ǫ ȈȊȋțșȚȍ 1922 ȋ ȗȖȧȊȐȓșȧ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ ǲȘțȎȒȈ ©ǲȈȔȍȕȣ» Ȋ  șȚȘ Ȋ șȍȘȖȑ
ȖȉȓȖȎȒȍ Ȑȏ ȗȘȖșȚȖȑ ȖȉȍȘȚȖȟȕȖȑ ȉțȔȈȋȐ ȖȚȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȕȖȑ Ȋ ȚȐȗȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ ǪȖȍȕ-
ǷǻǸȈ. Ǫ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȍ ȘȧȌȖȔ ș ȚȘțȌȈȔȐ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȖȊ Ȑ șȚțȌȍȕȚȖȊ — ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȟȓȍ-
ȕȖȊ ȋȘțȗȗȣ «ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ», ș ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ț ǲȘțȎȒȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȚȍșȕȈȧ șȊȧȏȤ
Ǵ ǲ ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȐȑ
ǳȐȚȒȘțȎȒȖȔ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȐȓ ǴȈȘȒ ǲȖȕșȚȈȕȚȐȕȖȊȐȟ ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȐȑ ǭȋȖ «ǳȍȕ-
șȒȐȍ ȗȘȐȟȐȚȈȕȐȧª ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ Ȋ 1922 ȋ Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ ȊȖȠȓȐ Ȋ ȜȖȕȌ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ
ȘțșșȒȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ Ǫ ȗȍȘȊȖȔ ȚȖȔȍ ©ǳȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȑ ȥȕȞȐȒȓȖȗȍȌȐȐª (Ǵ.,
1962) ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚșȧ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖȚ ȚȘțȌ ȖȉȖȋȈȚȐȓ ȕȈțȒț ȕȖȊȣȔȐ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈȔȐ Ȑ ȕȈ-
ȉȓȦȌȍȕȐȧȔȐ ǺȖȋȌȈ Ȏȍ Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ ȊȣȠȓȐ ©ȅȗȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȧ Ȋ ǹȐȉȐȘȐª ©ǷȈ-
ȔȧȚȐ ǪȍȕȋȍȘȖȊȈª Ȑ ȌȘ șȚȈȚȤȐ
ǯȌȍșȤ ȧ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ șȓȖȊ Ȗ șȊȖȍȔ țȟȐȚȍȓȍ ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȟȚȖ
ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȐȑ ȐȔȍȓ ȗȘȧȔȖȍ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ Ȑ Ȓ ȋȘțȗȗȍ «ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ» Ȑ
ȒȖ ȊșȍȔ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚȖȘȈȔ Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ
ǸȈȉȖȚȈȧ Ȋ ǰȕșȚȐȚțȚȍ ǵȈȘȖȌȕȖȋȖ ǶȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȜ ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȐȑ șȖȏȌȈȓ
ȋȘțȗȗȣ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȑ Ȑ ȐȕșȚȘțȒȚȖȘȖȊ ȗȘȐ ǬȈȓȤǶȕȖ Ȑ ǲȘȈȍȊȖȔ Ȕțȏȍȍ ȋȌȍ
Ȋȍȓ ȉȍșȍȌȣ Ȗ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȐ ȗȈȔȧȚȕȐȒȖȊ țșȚȕȖȋȖ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȈ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȘțȒȖ-
ȊȖȌȐȓ ȖȚȣșȒȈȕȐȍȔ Ȑ ȐȏțȟȍȕȐȍȔ ȜȖȓȤȒȓȖȘȕȣȝ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȊ ǪȖșȚȖȟȕȖȑ ǹȐȉȐ-
ȘȐ Ƕ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȈȝ ȥȚȐȝ ȘȈȉȖȚ țȗȖȔȐȕȈȓȖșȤ ȕȈ  ǪȖșȚ ǹȐȉ ǲȘȈȍȊȍȌȟȍșȒȖȔ
șȢȍȏȌȍ
ǵȍȏȈȉȣȊȈȍȔȖ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ ȖȚ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȍȑ ȊșȚțȗȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȓȍȒȞȐȐ ȗȘȖȜȍș-
șȖȘȈ ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȋ ȒțȘș «ǪȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȓȖȋȐȦ» șȖȉȘȈȊȠȍȑ ȖșȍȕȤȦ
 ȋ Ȋ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȔ ȈȒȚȖȊȖȔ ȏȈȓȍ ȟȐȚȐȕșȒȖȋȖ ǰǵǶ Ȋșȍȝ șȚțȌȍȕȚȖȊ Ȋșȍȝ ȜȈ-
ȒțȓȤȚȍȚȖȊ ǰȕșȚȐȚțȚȈ ǲȈȒ șȍȑȟȈș șȓȣȠț ȟțȚȤ ȋȓțȝȖȊȈȚȣȑ ȋȖȓȖș ș ȍȌȊȈ ȏȈ-
ȔȍȚȕȣȔ ȗȘȐȌȣȝȈȕȐȍȔ țȎȍ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȊȣȌȈȊȈȊȠȐȔ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȊȠțȦșȧ șȍȘȌȍȟȕțȦ ȉȖ-
ȓȍȏȕȤ.. Ǫ ȗȖȓȕȖȑ ȚȐȠȐȕȍ șȓțȠȈȓȐ șȚțȌȍȕȚȣ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȓȍȗȕȖȍ Ȑ ȟȍȚȒȖȍ ȐȏȓȖ-

192
ȎȍȕȐȍ ȔȣșȓȐ ȖȘȈȚȖȘȈ ȕȈțȟȕȖ ȖȉȖșȕȖȊȈȕȕȖȍ Ȑ ȥȔȖȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖ țȉȍȎȌȈȦȡȍȍ.
Ǩ ȗȖȚȖȔ țșȚȘȖȐȓȐ ȓȍȒȚȖȘț ȖȊȈȞȐȐ.
ǲȈȒ șȚȘȖȋ Ȑ ȊȕȐȔȈȚȍȓȍȕ Ȓ țȟȍȕȐȒȈȔ ȉȣȓ ȥȚȖȚ țȔȕȣȑ Ȑ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌȕȣȑ ȟȍ-
ȓȖȊȍȒ ǶȡțȡȍȕȐȍ ȟȚȖ țȟȐȚȍȓȤ Ȑ ȕȈșȚȈȊȕȐȒ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ș ȕȈȔȐ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȈȗ-
ȘȈȊȓȧȓȖ ȕȈȠȐ ȏȈȕȧȚȐȧ Ȋ ǰȕșȚȐȚțȚȍ ȕȈ șȍȔȐȕȈȘȈȝ Ȋ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒȍ ȕȖ Ȑ șȖȋȘȍ-
ȊȈȓȖ ȕȈș Ȋ ȕȈȠȍȑ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȑ ȓȐȟȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǲȈȒ ȘȈȌȖȊȈȓșȧ ǴȈȘȒ ǲȖȕșȚȈȕȚȐ-
ȕȖȊȐȟ ȕȈȠȐȔ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȔ ȕȈȝȖȌȒȈȔ ǯȈȚȖ ȕȈ ȏȈȟȍȚȈȝ Ȑ ȥȒȏȈȔȍȕȈȝ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȖȟȍȕȤ
ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȕ ȗȖȘȖȑ ȉȍȏȎȈȓȖșȚȍȕ
Ǫ  ȋ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȧ ǩ ǰȘȒțȚșȒȍ Ȗȕ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȓ ȒȕȐȎȒț «ǩȍșȍȌȣ șȖȉȐȘȈ-
Țȍȓȧ» ș ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȐȍȔ: «ǴȖȐȔ țȟȍȕȐȒȈȔ — șȚțȌȍȕȚȈȔ ȉ ǰȕșȚȐȚțȚȈ ǵȈȘȖȌ-
ȕȖȋȖ ǶȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ - ȋȋ» Ǩ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȘȈȏȉȘȖșȈȓȈ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȖ
ȘȈȏȕȣȔ ȋȖȘȖȌȈȔ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȐȑ ȕȍ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȊȈȓ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈȔȐ
ȖȝȖȚȕȖ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȧ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒț Ȑ ȊșȚȘȍȟȐ.
ǴȕȖȋȖ ȓȍȚ șȗțșȚȧ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț ȎȐȊȧ Ȋ ǳȍȕȐȕȋȘȈȌȍ ȧ ȉȣȓȈ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȈ ȗȘȐ-
ȕȧȚȤ ȥȋȖ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ ț ȕȍȋȖ Ȋ ǼȖȓȤȒȓȖȘȕȖȑ șȍȒȞȐȐ ȗțȠȒȐȕșȒȖ-
ȋȖ ǬȖȔȈ Ǵȕȍ ȌȖșȚȈȓȖșȤ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȐȚȤ ȔȈȘȐȑșȒȐȍ Ȑ țȌȔțȘȚșȒȐȍ ȗȍșȕȐ Ȑ ȘȍȌȈȒ-
ȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ Ȑȝ șȒȈȏȒȐ ǶȟȍȕȤ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȈȧ șȒȘțȗțȓȍȏȕȈȧ Ȑ țȊȓȍȒȈȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȘȈ-
ȉȖȚȈ ǵȈȌȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȖșȓțȠȈȚȤ ȗȍșȕȦ ȏȈȗȐșȈȕȕțȦ ȕȈ ȊȈȓȐȒ Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔ ș ȕȖȚȕȣȔ
ȓȐșȚȖȔ ț ȘȖȧȓȧ ȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȘțșșȒȐȑ ȚȍȒșȚ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȥȊȜȖȕȐȐ ȔȍȓȖȌȐȐ Ȑ
ȘȐȚȔț
Ǵȣ ȟȈșȚȖ ȊȐȌȈȓȐșȤ ș ǴȈȘȒȖȔ ǲȖȕșȚȈȕȚȐȕȖȊȐȟȍȔ Ƕȕ ȉȣȓ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ
ȌȖȉȘ Ȑ țȟȈșȚȓȐȊ ǻ Ȕȍȕȧ ȉȣȓȈ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȚȧȎȍȓȈȧ ȗȖȘȈ ȎȐȏȕȐ. ǲȈȒ Ȟȍȕȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ
ȍȋȖ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȣȍ ȚȍȓȍȜȖȕȕȣȍ ȏȊȖȕȒȐ Ȑ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ Ȗ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȝ ȍȋȖ ȋȓț-
ȉȖȒȖȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ Ȑ ȏȈȉȖȚȈ ǷȍȘȍȌ ȥȚȐȔ ȧ ȌȍȓȈȓȈ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȣ Ȍȓȧ «ǨȕȚȖȓȖȋȐȐ
ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȖȑ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ» ǴȈȘȒ ǲȖȕșȚȈȕȚȐȕȖȊȐȟ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȓșȧ ȥȚȖȑ ȒȕȐ-
ȋȖȑǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ Ǵ ǲ ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȐȑ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȓ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖȑ șțȔȔȖȑ ȏȕȈ-
ȕȐȑ ǩȣȓ Ȗȕ Ȋ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖȔ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȐ Ȑ Ȋȕȍ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ Ƕǵ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȓȦȉȐȓ
ȎȐȊȖȗȐșȤ ǬȈȊȕȖ ȍȡȍ Ȋ  ȋ ȉȣȓȈ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȔȖȕȖȋȘȈȜȐȧ Ȗ ǼȍȌȖ-
ȚȖȊȍ — «ǬȕȍȊȕȐȒ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȈ» Ƕȕ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȓșȧ ȔțȏȣȒȖȑ ȚȍȈȚȘȖȔ ȌȘțȎȐȓ ș
ǹȖȉȐȕȖȊȣȔ Ȑ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ țȊȓȍȒȈȓșȧ ȒȐȕȖȐșȒțșșȚȊȖȔ
ǳȍȚȖ ǳȍȕȐȕȋȘȈȌ Ǵȣ șȐȌȐȔ șȘȍȌȐ ȒȕȐȋ Ȋ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖȑ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ ȕȈ țȓȐȞȍ
ǫȍȘȞȍȕȈ ǯȈ ȖȒȕȈȔȐ ȐȦȕȤșȒȖȍ ȏȍȓȍȕȖȊȈȚȖȍ ȕȍȉȖ ǴȈȘȒ ǲȖȕșȚȈȕȚȐȕȖȊȐȟ țȋȖ-
ȡȈȍȚ Ȕȍȕȧ ȒȈȒȐȔȐ-ȚȖ ȊȒțșȕȖșȚȧȔȐ ǷȖȌȠțȟȐȊȈȧ ȕȈȌ șȖȉȖȑ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ Ȗ
ȕȖȊȖȔ țȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȐ — ȒȐȕȖ Ȑ ȒȐȕȖȈȒȚȍȘȈȔȐ ȗȖȊȍȘȧȍȚ Ȕȕȍ ȘȈȏȕȣȍ ȦȔȖȘȐșȚȐ-
ȟȍșȒȐȍ Ȑ ȓȐȘȐȟȍșȒȐȍ șȓțȟȈȐ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȊȠȐȍ ș ȕȐȔ ȒȈȒ Ȗȕ ȊȣȘȈȎȈȍȚșȧ «ȗȖ
ȗȘȐȟȐȕȍ ȔȈȓȖȋȘȈȔȖȚȕȖșȚȐª Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ
— ǴȈȘȒ ǲȖȕșȚȈȕȚȐȕȖȊȐȟ Ȉ Ȋȣ ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȉȣ șȚȍșȕȧȍȚȍșȤ"
— ǵț ȊȖȚ Ȋȣ ȍȡȍ ȗȖȌțȔȈȍȚȍ ȟȚȖ ȧ țȚȘȈȚȐȓ ȊșȧȒțȦ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖșȚȤ"
— ǵȖ ȧ ȊȍȌȤ Ȋșȍ ȘȈȊȕȖ ȏȕȈȦ ȟȚȖ Ȋȣ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȣȑ Ȉ ȗȘȖșȚȖ-
ȕȈȗȘȖșȚȖ ȓȍȋȒȖȔȣșȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ǪȖȚ ȊȈȔ
Ǩȝ ȕȍȚ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȖȟȍȕȤ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȣȔ ǰ ȊȖȊșȍ ȕȍ ȓȍȋȒȖȔȣșȓȍȕȕȣȑ Ȉ ȎȐȏȕȍ-

193
ȘȈȌȖșȚȕȣȑ țȊȓȍȒȈȦȡȐȑșȧ Ȑ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȎȐȊȖȑ
ǹȖȊșȍȔ ȌȘțȋȐȔ șțȔȘȈȟȕȣȔ Ȑ șȖșȘȍȌȖȚȖȟȍȕȕȣȔ ȗȖȔȕȦ ȍȋȖ Ȋ șȈȕȈȚȖȘȐȐ
ȗȖȌ ǳȍȕȐȕȋȘȈȌȖȔ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț ȏȐȔȖȑ Ȋ ȏȈșȕȍȎȍȕȕȖȔ șȈȌț țȊȓȍȟȍȕȕȖ ȘȈș-
șȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȡȐȔ Ȗ șȊȖȍȑ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ ǸȈȉȖȚȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȊșȍȋȌȈ «ȕȖȊȣȍ Ȑ ȖȟȍȕȤ
ȕțȎȕȣȍ», ȉȍȏ ȕȐȝ Ȗȕ ȖȉȝȖȌȐȚȤșȧ ȕȐȒȈȒ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ
A ȊȖȚ Ȑ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȧȧ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈ Ȋ ǳȍȕȐȕȋȘȈȌȍ țȎȍ ȕȈ ǷȓȍȝȈȕȖȊșȒȖȑ Ǫ ȗȍȘȍȌ-
ȕȍȑ Ȕȍȕȧ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȦȚ ȒȕȐȋȐ ǷȖȓȒȐ ǸȧȌȣ ȒȕȐȋ ǰȝ șȚȈȓȖ ȍȡȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ǶȕȐ
ȗȖȊșȦȌț. ǪȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȈȝ
ǪȖȚ Ȑ ǴȈȘȒ ǲȖȕșȚȈȕȚȐȕȖȊȐȟ ǹȖȊșȍȔ ȕȍ ȚȖȚ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ. ǻȎȈșȕȖ ȖȋȖȘ-
ȟȈȦșȤ: țȟȐȚȍȓȤ ȔȖȑ — ȗȖȕȐȒȠȐȑ Ȑ țșȚȈȓȣȑ ǵȍȌȖȊȖȓȍȕ șȖȉȖȑ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȤȍȔ
ǵȖ ȒȈȒ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȊȕȐȔȈȚȍȓȍȕ ȘȈșșȗȘȈȠȐȊȈȍȚ ȖȉȖ ȊșȍȔ  șȍȉȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȕȍȖȝȖȚ-
ȕȖ Ȑ ȊȧȓȖ ǷȖ ȔȖȍȑ ȗȘȖșȤȉȍ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȒȈȒ ȟȍșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ ȍȋȖ Ȋ ȌȍȕȤ ȦȉȐ-
ȓȍȧ ǸȈȏȊȍșȍȓȐȓșȧ șȔȍȍȚșȧ «Ǩ ȌȘțȏȤȧ ȒȖȊȍȘ ȗȖȌȈȘȐȓȐ ȝȖȘȖȠȐȑ» ǰ ȖȗȧȚȤ
ȎȈȓțȍȚșȧ ȕȈ șȍȘȌȞȍ Ǫ ȒȖȔȕȈȚț ȊȉȍȋȈȍȚ ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȕȣȑ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒ ǴȈȘȒ ǲȖȕș-
ȚȈȕȚȐȕȖȊȐȟ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȍȋȖ «ǴȖȑ șȣȕ — ǲȖȚȐȒ». ȀțȚȐȔ ȐȋȘȈȍȔ ș ȔȈȓȤ-
ȟȐȒȖȔ ǵȖ ȒȈȒ ȋȖȘȤȒȖ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȗȓȖȝȖȍ șȈȔȖȟțȊșȚȊȐȍ ǴȈȘȒȈ ǲȖȕșȚȈȕȚȐȕȖȊȐ-
ȟȈ ǻȏȕȈȊ ȟȚȖ ȎȍȕȈ ȍȋȖ ǳȐȌȐȧ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȖȊȕȈ ȊȕȍȏȈȗȕȖ ȏȈȉȖȓȍȓȈ ȓȍȎȐȚ ș
ȚȍȔȗȍȘȈȚțȘȖȑ șȖȉȐȘȈȦșȤ țȝȖȌȐȚȤ
ǴȈȘȒ ǲȖȕșȚȈȕȚȐȕȖȊȐȟ ȖȋȖȘȟȍȕ ȕȖ ȧ ȗȘȖȡȈȦșȤ Ȑ țȉȍȋȈȦ ȗȖȖȉȍȡȈȊ ȍȡȍ
ȗȘȐȑȚȐ
ǵȖ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȌȍȕȤ Ȕȍȕȧ ȊȣȏȊȈȓȐ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț Ǩ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȗȖȠȓȐ ȌȓȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ
ȥȒȗȍȌȐȞȐȐ ș ȔțȎȍȔ ȕȈ Ȧȋ ǺȈȔ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȑ ȏȈșȚȈȓȖ ȚȧȎȍȓȖȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȐȍ ȟȚȖ ǴȈȘ-
ȒȈ ǲȖȕșȚȈȕȚȐȕȖȊȐȟȈ țȎȍ ȕȍȚ
ǪȘȍȔȍȕȈȔȐ ȧ ȉȍȘț ș ȗȖȓȒȐ ȍȋȖ ȚȘțȌȣ ȌȖȘȖȋȐȍ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȌȈȘȒȐ ȕȈȌȗȐșȈȕ-
ȕȣȍ ȓȍȋȒȐȔ ȐȏȧȡȕȣȔ ȗȖȟȍȘȒȖȔ ȟȐȚȈȦ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȟȐȚȣȊȈȦ ȍȋȖ ȗȐșȤȔȈ ȊȖȏȊȘȈ-
ȡȈȦȡȐȍ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȓ șȊȍȚȓȖȔț ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȕȈȠȍȑ ȌȘțȎȉȣ Ȑ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚ ȖȋȘȖȔ-
ȕȈȧ ȕȍțȚȐȝȈȦȡȈȧ ȗȍȟȈȓȤ Ȗ ȘȈȕȖ țȠȍȌȠȍȔ Ȑȏ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȍ
ȞȍȕȕȍȑȠȍȔ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌȍ ȌȖȉȘȖȔ ȌȘțȋȍ
ǵ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊ
ǨșȍȍȊ ȊșȍȔȐ ȒȖȘȕȧȔȐ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȈ șȘȖșȠȐȑșȧ ș ȜȖȓȤȒȓȖȘȖȔ ȕȍ
ȔȖȋ ȖșȚȈȊȈȚȤșȧ ȘȈȊȕȖȌțȠȕȣȔ Ȓ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȦ ǰșȚȖȘȐȒȖ-ǳȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȋȖ
ǲȘțȎȒȈ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȐȔȖȋȖ ȜȖȓȤȒȓȖȘȐșȚȖȔ ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȐȔ ǷȖȥȚ Ȑ țȟȍȕȣȑ ȗȖȏȕȈȒȖ-
ȔȐȓȐșȤ ȏȈȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȓȐșȤ ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋȖȔ șȚȈȓȐ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ
ǨșȍȍȊ ȏȈȗȘȖșȚȖ ȗȖ-ȌȖȔȈȠȕȍȔț ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓ Ȋ ǰȕșȚȐȚțȚ ǰȕȖȋȌȈ ȍȔț ȝȖȚȍ-
ȓȖșȤ ȗȖșȓțȠȈȚȤ ȓȍȒȞȐȐ Ȉ ȚȖ Ȑ ȏȈȋȓȧȕțȚȤ ȕȈ șȍȔȐȕȈȘ. ǫȖșȚȧ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȖȝȖȚȕȖ
ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȓȐ.
ǿȈșȚȖ ȔȍȎȌț ȗȘȖȟȐȔ Ȉ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ Ȑ ȊșȍȘȤȍȏ ǨșȍȍȊ ȌȍȓȐȓșȧ ș ȕȈȔȐ șȊȖȐȔȐ
ȔȣșȓȧȔȐ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȍȕȐȍȔ Ƕȕ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ Ȗ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȐ ȗȖȥȚȈ Ȗ ȏȈȌȈȟȈȝ

194
ȗȖȥȏȐȐ Ȗ șȓȖȊȖȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȍ
ǫȖȊȖȘȧ Ȗȉ ȖȉȘȈȏȍ Ȗȕ șȜȖȘȔțȓȐȘȖȊȈȓ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȍȋȖ ȚȈȒ «ǶȉȘȈȏ ȍșȚȤ
ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȍ ȐȔȍȕȐ Ȋ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȐ». ǺȖȋȌȈ Ȏȍ Ȋ  ȋ ȗȖȥȚ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ Ȗ ȔȍȚȈ-
ȜȖȘȐȟȕȖșȚȐ șȓȖȊ Ț ȍ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȏȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ șȍȑȟȈș ȚȈȒ țȉȍȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ
ȓȈȒȖȕȐȟȕȖ Ȑ ȧșȕȖ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ țȔȕȣȑ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȣȑ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȟȐȒ Ȑ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȏȕȈ-
ȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȗȖȥȚ ȕȈȠȍȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ — ǨȘșȍȕȐȑ ǺȈȘȒȖȊșȒȐȑ
Ǫ Țț ȏȐȔț Ȑ Ȋ ǰǵǶ Ȑ ȕȈ ǲȘțȎȒȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȖȊ Ȗ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȝ
ȗȖȥȚȈȝ Ȗ șȐȉȐȘșȒȐȝ ȗȖȥȚȈȝ Ȗ ȒȓȈșșȐȒȈȝ Ȗ ȜȖȘȔȍ Ȑ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȐ Ȑ ȚȌ
ǵȈ ȊȍȟȍȘȍ ȗȈȔȧȚȐ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȈ ǩȓȖȒȈ ș ȌȖȒȓȈȌȈȔȐ ȗȘȖȜ ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ
Ǫ Ǩ ǴȈȓȈȝȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȟȓȍȕȣ ȋȘțȗȗȣ «ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ» ȟȐȚȈȓȐ ȐȏȉȘȈȕȕȣȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍ-
ȌȍȕȐȧ ǩȓȖȒȈ
Ǫ ǲȘțȎȒȍ ȌȍȓȈȓȐșȤ șȖȖȉȡȍȕȐȧ Ȗ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȝ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈȝ ǶȉșțȎ-
ȌȈȓȈșȤ Ȑ «ǩȖȔȉȈ» ǨșȍȍȊȈ
ǹȓȖȊȖ
ǿȈșȚȖ Ȋ «ȕȍȘȈȉȖȟȍȑ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȍ» ǨșȍȍȊ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȓ ȕȈȔ șȒȈȏȒȐ Ȗ ǩȖȊȍ-
ǲȖȘȖȓȍȊȐȟȍ Ȗ ȕȍȊȍșȚȍ ǬȘțȎȍȊȕȍ Ȗ ǲȖȡȍȍ  ǩȈȉȍ-ȧȋȍ ǰȕȖȋȌȈ ȗȍȊȈȓ Ȗȕ ȗȍ-
șȕȐ Ȑ ȟȈșȚțȠȒȐ șȒȈȕȌȐȘȖȊȈȓ ȏȈȒȓȐȕȈȕȐȧ
ǲȈȒ-ȚȖ ȧ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȓȈ ȘȈȉȖȚț ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȈ ǩȓȖȒȈ «ǷȖȥȏȐȧ ȏȈȋȖȊȖȘȖȊ Ȑ ȏȈȒ-
ȓȐȕȈȕȐȑ» ǺȈȔ ȍșȚȤ ȖȚȘȣȊȖȒ «Ǭȓȧ ȖȚȋȖȕȍȕȐȧ ȘțșȈȓȖȒ» ș ȚȈȒȐȔȐ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ
Ǩț Ȉț ȠȐȝȈȘȌȈ ȒȈȊȌȈ
ȀȐȊȌȈ ȊȕȖȏȈ ȔȐȚȚȈ ȔȐȕȖȋȈȔ
ǲȈȓȈȕȌȐ ȐȕȌȐ ȧȒțȚȈȠȔȈ ȉȐȚȈȠ
ǶȒțȚȖȔȐ ȔȐ ȕțȜȜȈȕ ȏȐȌȐȔȈ
ǵȐȒȖȓȈȦ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȐȟț ȕȈȠȍ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȍ ȥȚȐȝ șȚȘȖȒ ȕȍ ȗȖȕȘȈȊȐȓȖșȤ Ƕȕ
Ȋȏȧȓșȧ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȒȈȒ ȕȈȌȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȕȖșȐȚȤ ȏȈȒȓȐȕȈȕȐȧ «ǫȐȗȕȖȚȐȟȍșȒȐ» ȋȓȧȌȧ
ȕȈ ȕȈș Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȔ-ȚȖ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖȔ șȐȕȒȖȗȐȟȍșȒȖȔ ȘȐȚȔȍ Ȗȕ ȚȖ ȕȈȗȍȊȈȓ ȚȖ ȕȈȠȍȗ-
ȚȣȊȈȓ ȥȚȐ ȏȈȋȈȌȖȟȕȣȍ ȓȍșȕȣȍ șȓȖȊȈ — Ȑ ȉȣȓ Ȗȕ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȒțȌȍșȕȐȒȖȔ Ȑ ȉȣȓ Ȗȕ
ȏȕȈȝȈȘȍȔ Ȑ ȔȈȋȖȔ Ȑ ȟȈȘȖȌȍȍȔ ȉȣȓ Ȗȕ ȚȖȋȌȈ Ȑ ǷȈȕȖȔ Ȑ ȏȈȒȓȐȕȈȚȍȓȍȔ...
ǨȘȚȐșȚȖȔ ǨșȍȍȊ ȉȣȓ Ȋȕȍ ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȧ
«ǩȍȑ ȌȏȊȖȕȍ ȉȍȑ
ȝȔȈȘț ȘȈȏȉȍȑ»
ǲȈȒ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȗȍȘȍȒȓȐȒȈȍȚșȧ ș ȗȍșȕȧȔȐ ȘțșȈȓȖȒ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ Ȑȏ ȍȋȖ ©ǵȖ-
ȟȐ Ȋ ǫȈȓȐȞȐȐ».
ǨșȍȍȊ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȓ ȕȈȔ Ȗ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȍ ǿȐȚȈȓ «ǳȈȌȖȔȐȘȈ», «ǹȔȍȝȈȟȍȑ»,

195
«ǪȐȓț Ȑ ȓȍȠȍȋȖ» Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȊȍȡȐ ǨșȍȍȊ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓ ȕȈȔ ȋȓțȉȐ-
ȕț ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȔȣșȓȐ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ǪșȦ ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȤ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȈ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ȘȈ-
ȏȢȧșȕȧȓ ȕȈȔ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȐȟ ǨșȍȍȊ ȚȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ Ȋ Țț șȚțȌȍȕțȦ ȏȐȔț
Ȑ Ȋșȍ Ȕȣ ȊȖșȝȐȡȍȕȕȣȍ Ȑ ȗȖȒȖȘȍȕȕȣȍ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȣȔ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȧȓȐ ȕȈ ȝȖȌț:
«ǹȊȖȉȖȌȈ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚ ȕȈȋȈȧ ȉȘȖșȈȧ ȕȈ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȞȊȍȚȣ Ȑ Ȕȣ ș ȕȍȦ Ȋ ȕȖȋț ȠȈȋȈȧ,
ȉȍșȍȌțȍȔ ș ȕȍȉȖȔ ȕȈ Țȣ».
ǰȓȐ
«ȅȚȖ ȠȍșȚȊțȦȚ ǺȊȖȘȧȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȕȐȊȠȐ Ǭ ȕȈ Ǻ ǳȈȌȖȔȐȘȈ șȖȉȖȘȧȕȍ ș ǺȘț-
ȌȖȔȐȘȖȔ ȕȈ ȠȍșȚȍ».
ǪȍȘȐȓ ǨșȍȍȊ Ȋ șȐȓț ȘțșșȒȖȋȖ șȓȖȊȈ ǰ ȘțșșȒțȦ șȒȈȏȒț Ȑ ȘțșșȒțȦ ȗȍșȕȦ
ȕȈȘȖȌȕțȦ ȓȦȉȐȓ Ȗȕ.
ǯȊțȟȐȚ ȖȏȖȘȕȖȑ ȏȊȖȕȒȐȑ ȋȖȓȖș ǨșȍȍȊȈ ǵȈȔ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȍȡȍ ȌȍȚȧȔ ȘȈșșȒȈ-
ȏȣȊȈȍȚ Ȗȕ ȗȘȖ «ǨȓȈȚȣȘȤ — ȉȍȓȣȑ ȋȖȘȦȟȐȑ ȟțȌȖȚȊȖȘȕȣȑ ȒȈȔȍȕȤ șȊȍȚȓȣȑ
șȐȕȐȑ șȍȘȍȉȘȧȕȣȑ ȟȚȖ șȊȍȚȐȚșȧ Ȋ șȚȘȈȕȍ ȊȍȟȕȖȋȖ ȓȍȚȈ ǳȍȎȐȚ Ȗȕ ȕȈ ȔȖȘȍ-
ǶȒȍȈȕȍ ȕȈ ȖșȚȘȖȊȍ-ǩțȧȕȍ»
Ǫ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ǨșȍȍȊ ȖȟȍȕȤ țȊȓȍȒȈȓșȧ «ǹȓȖȊȖȔ Ȗ ȗȖȓȒț ǰȋȖȘȍȊȍª.
ǵȍțȌȈȟȕȣȑ ȗȖȝȖȌ ǵȖȊȋȖȘȖȌ-ǹȍȊȍȘșȒȖȋȖ Ȓȕȧȏȧ ǰȋȖȘȧ ȕȈ ȗȖȓȖȊȞȍȊ ȗȖȌ-
ȘȖȉȕȖ ȖȗȐșȈȕȕȣȑ Ȋ ȓȍȚȖȗȐșȧȝ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȈȓ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ȒȘȈșȖȚȈȔȐ ȧȏȣȒȈ Ȑ ȝțȌȖ-
ȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȧȔȐ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ ǾȍȓȣȔȐ ȒțșȒȈȔȐ ȟȐȚȈȓ Ȗȕ ȕȈȔ «ǹȓȖ-
ȊȖ» ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȐȔ șȊȖȐȔ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȍȔ șȚȈȘȈȧșȤ ȗȖȌȟȍȘȒȕțȚȤ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ șȐȓȤ-
ȕȣȍ ȔȍșȚȈ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȔ ȗȈȔȧȚȕȐȒȍ ǽII ȊȍȒȈ ǨșȍȍȊ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȞȍȕȐȓ
ȊȣșȖȒțȦ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȕȖșȚȤ «ǹȓȖȊȈ Ȗ ȗȖȓȒț ǰȋȖȘȍȊȍ» ȖȉȘȈȡȈȓ ȕȈȠȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ
ȕȈ ȎȐȊȖșȚȤ ȧȏȣȒȈ ȖȘȐȋȐȕȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȕȈȘȖȌȕȖșȚȤ
Ǵȕȍ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȐȟ ȉȣȓ ȗȓȍȕȍȕ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ
ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȗȈȚȘȐȖȚȐȏȔȈ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ «ǹȓȖȊȈ» ȗȐșȈȊȠȍȋȖ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ
ȔȘȈȟȕȖȑ ȒȐșȚȤȦ — Ȋ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȐȐ ș ȕȍțȌȈȟȈȔȐ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȖȝȖȌȈ Ƕȕ ȐȏțȔȓȧȓșȧ
Ȑ ȧȏȣȒȖȔ Ȑ ȘȐȚȔȖȔ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ
«ǺȖȋȌȈ ȊȢșȚțȗȐ ǰȋȖȘȤ ȒȕȧȏȤ ȊȢ ȏȓȈȚȢ șȚȘȍȔȍȕȢ Ȑ ȗȖȍȝȈ ȗȖ ȟȐșȚȖȔț ȗȖȓȦ.
ǹȖȓȕȞȍ ȍȔț ȚȤȔȖȦ ȗțȚȢ ȏȈșȚțȗȈȠȍ ȕȖȡȤ șȚȖȕțȡȐ ȍȔț ȋȘȖȏȖȦ ȗȚȐȟȤ țȉț-
ȌȐ ǲȘȣȟȈȚȢ Țȍȓȍȋȣ ȗȖȓțȕȖȡȐ — ȘȞȐ: ȓȍȉȍȌȐ ȘȖșȗțȡȍȕȐ ǰȋȖȘȤ ȒȢ ǬȖ-
ȕț ȊȖȐ ȊȍȌȍȚȢ... ǻȎȍ ȉȖ ȉȍȌȣ ȍȋȖ ȗȈșȍȚ ȗȚȐȞȤ ȗȖȌȖȉȐȦ ȊȓȢȞȐ ȋȘȖȏț ȊȢșȘȖ-
ȎȈȚȤ ȗȖ ȧȘțȋȈȔ ȖȘȓȐ ȒȓȍȒȚȖȔȢ ȕȈ ȒȖșȚȐ ȏȊȍȘȐ ȏȖȊțȚȢ ǳȐșȐȞȣ ȉȘȍȡțȚȢ ȕȈ
ȟȘȤȓȍȕȣȧ ȡȐȚȣ Ƕ, ǸțșȒȈȧ ȏȍȔȓȍ, țȎȍ ȏȈ ȠȍȓȖȔȧȕȍȔȢ ȍșȐ»1
ǭȡȍ ȚȖȋȌȈ ǨșȍȍȊ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ Ȗ ȘȐȚȔȍ Ȗ ©ȌȣȝȈȕȐȐ» ȈȊȚȖȘȈ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȦȡȍȋȖ
țȗȘȈȊȓȧȚȤ ȘȐȚȔȖȔ Ȑ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȖȔ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ șȚȘȖȒȐ ǷȖȕȧȚȐȍ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȍȕȐȍ
Ȗȕ șȖȍȌȐȕȧȓ ș ȗȖȕȧȚȐȍȔ ȌȣȝȈȕȐȍ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȗȖ ȔȕȍȕȐȦ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖȍ Ȍȣ-
ȝȈȕȐȍ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ț ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȊȏȊȖȓȕȖȊȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȕȈșȣȡȍȕȕȖȋȖ șȐȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȗȍȘȍȎȐȊȈ-
ȕȐȧȔȐ ǨșȍȍȊ ȌțȔȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȚȖȓȒȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȍȕȐȧ ȐȌȍȚ ȖȚ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖȑ
șȚȈȘȐȕȣ Ǩ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȗȖșȔȖȚȘȐȔ ȖșȚȈȓșȧ ȓȐ ȊȍȘȍȕ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȤ Ȓ ȒȖȕȞț ȎȐȏȕȐ șȊȖȐȔ
țȚȊȍȘȎȌȍȕȐȧȔ ȚȖȋȖ ȌȈȓȍȒȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ǷȘȧȔȖȑ ȖȚȊȍȚ ȕȈ ȥȚȖȚ ȊȖȗȘȖș Ȕȣ ȕȈ-
1 ©ɋɥɨɜɨ ɨ ɉɨɥɤɭ ɂɝɨɪɟɜࣞª ɢɡɞ ©ɋɨɜ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶª Ɇ  ɫɬɪ  

196
ȝȖȌȐȔ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȒȕȐȋȍ «ǯȈȟȍȔ Ȑ ȒȖȔț ȕțȎȕȈ ȗȖȥȏȐȧ». Ǫ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȍ «ǵȈȠȈ ȗȘȖȜȍș-
șȐȧ» Ȗȕ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ
«ǻ ȒȖȋȖ Ȕȣ țȟȐȓȐșȤ" ǻ ȒȖȋȖ țȟȐȓșȧ Ȋ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ ȧ"
ǷȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ț ȗȖșȓȖȊȐȞ Ȑ ȗȖȋȖȊȖȘȖȒ ȗȘȐșȓȖȊȐȑ Ȑ ȗȘȐșȒȈȏȖȒ ȟȚȖ ȉȣ-
ȚțȦȚ Ȋ ȘȍȟȐ ȕȈȘȖȌȕȖȑ ǷȖȚȖȔ ț ȒȕȐȋ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȝ “ǴȣșȓȐ Ȑ ȧȏȣȒț” ǷȖȚȍȉȕȐ
— ȊȍȓȐȒȖȑ ȒȕȐȋȍ Ȗ ȧȏȣȒȍ Ȑ ȍȋȖ țșȚȘȖȑșȚȊȍ ǯȈȚȍȔ ț ȓȍȚȖȗȐșȍȑ Ȑ șȚȈȘȖȘțș-
șȒȐȝ șȒȈȏȈȕȐȑ ț “ǮȐȚȐȧ” ȗȘȖȚȖȗȖȗȈ ǨȊȊȈȒțȔȈ ǭȡȍ ț “ǹȓȖȊȈ 0 ǷȖȓȒț ǰȋȖ-
ȘȍȊȍ” ȗȘȍȓȤȡȈȦȡȍȋȖ șȊȖȍȑ șȐȓȖȑ ȘȍȟȍȊȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȔȈȝȈ ǰ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȗȍȘȍȟȐșȓȍȕ-
ȕȖȍ ȕȖ ȕȍ ȐșȟȍȘȗȈȕȕȖȍ Ȋ ȌȕȍȊȕȐȒȖȊȖȑ ȏȈȗȐșȐ ȗȖȔȖȋȈȓȖ ȓȦȉȐȚȤ cȓȖȊȖ Ǩ
ǲȐȘȠȈ ǬȈȕȐȓȖȊ ș ȍȋȖ țȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ țȘȖȒȈȔȐ ȧȏȣȒȈ ȗȖȒȈȏȖȔ șȐȓȣ Ȑ ȕȍ-
ȖȉȣȟȕȖșȚȐ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ șȓȖȊȈ»1
...«“ǹȓȖȊȖ Ȗ ǷȖȓȒț ǰȋȖȘȍȊȍ” — ȎȐȊȖȑ ȖȉȘȈȏȍȞ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȘȍȟȐ ȗȍȊ-
ȞȈ»2.
ǷȖȘȈȎȍȕȕȣȑ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȐȧȔȐ ǷțȠȒȐȕȈ Ȋ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘșȚȊȈ ǨșȍȍȊ ȋȖ-
ȊȖȘȐȚ: «ǪȣșȖȚȈ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȍȕȐȧ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȕȍȖȚȌȍȓȐȔȈ ȖȚ ȎȐȊȖȑ ȘȍȟȐ ȕȈȘȖ-
ȌȈ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȧȦȡȍȋȖ ȌȣȝȈȕȐȍ ș ȔȍȓȖȌȐȒȖȑ șȔȣșȓ șȖ ȏȊțȟȈȕȐȍȔ ȟțȊ-
șȚȊȖ ș ȔȣșȓȤȦ Ȑ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȖȚȌȍȓȧȦȡȍȋȖ ȖȌȕȖ ȖȚ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ ǪȖȗȘȖș ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ
ȚȖȔ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȔȍȘȍ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȔ șȖȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ șȚȖȧȚ ȥȚȐ șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȍ ȖȉȈȧȕȐȍ
ȎȐȊȖȑ ȘȍȟȐ ȒȖȔȗȖȕȍȕȚȣ»3.
ǰ ȒȈȒ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ Ȑ ȓȖȋȐȟȕȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȞȍȓȣȔ șȖȘȖȒȈȓȍȚȐȍȔ ȗȖȌȋȖ-
ȚȖȊȓȍȕȈ ȗȖȟȊȈ Ȍȓȧ ȌȘțȎȉȣ ǵ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ș ȊȍȓȐȒȖȓȍȗȕȣȔ șȓȈȊȐșȚȖȔ ȕȈȠȍȋȖ
ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȈȒȈȌȍȔȐȒȖȔ Ǭ ǹ ǳȐȝȈȟȍȊȣȔ ǶȕȐ ȗȖȏȕȈȒȖȔȐȓȐșȤ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț ȗȖ-
ȕȘȈȊȐȓȐșȤ ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋț ǮȐȊȧ Ȋ ȘȈȏȕȣȝ ȋȖȘȖȌȈȝ ȖȕȐ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȟȈșȚȖ ȊȐȌȍȚȤșȧ
ǵȖ ȖșȚȈȓȐșȤ ȗȐșȤȔȈ Ȑȝ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȍ ȌȖȒțȔȍȕȚȣ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȡȐȍ Ȗ ȔțȌȘȖșȚȐ Ȑ
ȖȘȐȋȐȕȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȥȚȐȝ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȍȑȠȐȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȕȈȠȍȋȖ ȊȍȒȈ
Ǫ ȕȍȌȈȓȍȒȖȔ ȉțȌțȡȍȔ ȗȖȧȊȐȚșȧ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒȐ ǵ. ǵ ǨșȍȍȊȈ Ȑ
Ǭ ǹ ǳȐȝȈȟȍȊȈ ȕȈȟȈȊȠȍȑșȧ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț ȒȖȋȌȈ ǨșȍȍȊ ȗȖșȓȈȓ ǳȐȝȈȟȍȊț șȊȖȦ
ȒȕȐȋț «ǯȈȟȍȔ Ȑ ȒȖȔț ȕțȎȕȈ ȗȖȥȏȐȧ».
ǹȍȑȟȈș ȧ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȦ șȍȉȍ ȗȘȐȊȍșȚȐ ȌȊȈ ȗȐșȤȔȈ Ȑȏ ȥȚȖȑ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒȐ
ǬȔȐȚȘȐȑ ǹȍȘȋȍȍȊȐȟ ǳȐȝȈȟȍȊ — ǵȐȒȖȓȈȦ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȐȟț ǨșȍȍȊț
(Ȑȏ ǳȍȕȐȕȋȘȈȌȈ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț)
ǬȖȘȖȋȖȑ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȐȟ!
ǹ țȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȍȔ ȟȐȚȈȦ ǪȈȠț ȒȕȐȋț ǶȕȈ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȈ ȗȖ ȔȣșȓȧȔ
ȕȖ Ȑ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȍ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȈ
1 ɇ Ⱥɫɟɟɜ ɋɨɛɪ ɫɨɱ ɜ  ɬɨɦɚɯ ©ɏɭɞ ɥɢɬª Ɇ  ɬ  ɫɬɪ 
2 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ ɫɬɪ 
3 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ ɫɬɪ 

197
Ƕ șȚȐȝȍ ǲȐȍȊșȒȖȑ ǸțșȐ — Ȗ ȗȘȖȊȍȘȒȍ ȍȋȖ ȕȈ ȌȣȝȈȕȐȍ ȕȈ ©ȊȖȏȋȓȈȠȍȕȐȍª
— Ǫȣ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȈȊȣ ȇ ȥȚȖ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓ ȕȈ ©ǹȓȖȊȍ Ȗ ȗ ǰȋȖȘȍȊȍª ǶȕȖ ȘȈș-
șȟȐȚȈȕȖ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȐȏȕȍșȍȕȐȍ Ȋșȓțȝ Ȉ ȕȍ ȕȈ ȟȚȍȕȐȍ ǵȖ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ țșȚȕȖȑ ȘȍȟȐ
șȓȣȠȕȣ Ȑ ȊȖ ȊșȧȒȖȑ ȐȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȏȍ ǲȐȍȊșȒȖȑ ǸțșȐ ǶșȖȉȍȕȕȖ șȓȣȠȍȕ ȥȚȖȚ țșȚ-
ȕȣȑ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚ Ȋ ȉȖȋȖșȓțȎȍȉȕȣȝ ȚȍȒșȚȈȝ ǶȚ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȚȍȒșȚȣ ȥȚȐ Ȑ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȈȦȚ-
șȧ Ȓ șȚȐȝȈȔ ǷȘȈȊȌȈ Ǫȣ ȖȠȐȉȈȍȚȍșȤ ȘȍȏȒȖ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȔ ȏȈ ȘȍȌȒȐȔ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍȔ
ȔȖȓȐȚȊȣ ȕȍ șȖȟȐȕȧȓȐșȤ ȕȈ ǸțșȐ Ȕȕȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȌȊȈ șȓțȟȈȧ — ț ǰȓȈ-
ȘȐȖȕȈ1 Ȑ ț ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȈ ǴȖȕȖȔȈȝȈ2 Ȉ ȗȘȐȠȓȐ Ȓ ȕȈȔ Ȑȏ ǩȖȓȋȈȘȐȐ
ǷȖșȓȈȓ ǪȈȔ șȊȖȦ ȒȕȐȎȒț ©ǿȍȓȖȊȍȒ Ȋ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ ȌȘȍȊȕȍȑ ǸțșȐª ǷȖȎȈ-
ȓțȑșȚȈ ȗȖȓȐșȚȈȑȚȍ ȍȍ
ǹ ȐșȒȘȍȕȕȐȔ țȊȈȎȍȕȐȍȔ Ȓ ǪȈȔ
Ǭ ǳȐȝȈȟȍȊ
ǪȈȠȐȔ țȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȍȔ ȕȈ șȚȘ 24 ȋȖȘȎțșȤ
15.7.61.
ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȐȟ ǨșȍȍȊ — ǬȔȐȚȘȐȦ ǹȍȘȋȍȍȊȐȟț ǳȐȝȈȟȍȊț
ǰȏ ǴȖșȒȊȣ Ȋ ǳȍȕȐȕȋȘȈȌ
19 ȖȒȚȧȉȘȧ 1961.
ǬȖȘȖȋȖȑ ǬȔȐȚȘȐȑ ǹȍȘȋȍȍȊȐȟ
ǬȖȒȈȕȟȐȊȈȦ ȊȟȍȘȈȠȕȍȍ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍ ȘȈȏȉȘȖșȈȕȕȖȍ Ȑ ȗȖșȗȍȠȕȖȍ ȚȈȒ
ȒȈȒ ȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ șȘȈȏț ȗȖ ȗȘȖȟȚȍȕȐȐ ǪȈȠȍȑ ȒȕȐȋȐ ȖȚȊȍȚȐȚȤ ǬȖȗȐșȣȊȈȦ ȕȍȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȖȎȈȓțȑ ȟȚȖ ȕȍȗȖȕȧȚȕȣȍ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȕȐȧ ǪȖ-ȗȍȘȊȣȝ Ȗ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȔ Ȑ
©ǹȓȖȊȍª ǲȖȋȌȈ ȧ ȟȐȚȈȓ ȊșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȗȖȥȔȍ ©ǿȍȓȖȊȍȒª — ȧ șȘȈȏț Ȏȍ ȗȖȟțȊșȚ-
ȊȖȊȈȓ ȘȖȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȒȈȒȖȔț-ȚȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȔț ȥȗȐȟȍșȒȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȓȐ
ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȦ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȚȤșȧ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȚȈȒ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ-ȊȖȏȋȓȈ-
șȕȖ ©ǹȊȧȡȍȕȕȖșȓțȎȐȚȍȓȧ ȔȐȘȈ ȖȚȗțșȚȐȚȍȓȧ Ȋcex ȋȘȍȝȖȊ — șȖȓȕȞȈ ȓȈȌȖȕȤ ȕȈ
ȋȖȓȖȊȍ ȔȖȍȑ ǩȓȈȋȖȟȍșȚȐȊȍȑȠȍȑ Ȑȏ ȔȖȕȈȠȍșȚȊțȦȡȐȝ — ȕȖȟȐ ȖȉȓȈȟȍȕȐȍ ȕȈ
ȗȓȍȟȈȝ ȔȖȐȝª ǰ ȚțȚ Ȏȍ Ȕȕȍ ȗȘȐȠȓȖ ȕȈ ȗȈȔȧȚȤ ȊșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ©ǹȓȖȊț Ȗ ȗȖȓȒț
ǰȋȖȘȍȊȍª ©ǵȍ ȓȍȗȖ ȓȐ ȕȣ ȉȧȠȍ ȉȘȈȚȐȍ ȕȈȟȈȚȐ șȚȈȘȣȔȐ șȓȖȊȍșȣ ȚȘțȌȕȣȍ
ȗȖȊȍșȚȐ Ȗ ȗȖȓȒț ǰȋȖȘȍȊȍ ǰȋȖȘȧ ǹȊȧȚȖșȓȈȊȐȟȈª ǬȈ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ Ȏȍ ȥȚȖ ȊȖȏ-
ȋȓȈȠȍȕȐȍ ȖȉȘȈȡȍȕȐȍ Ȓ șȓțȠȈȚȍȓȧȔ Ȓ șȓțȝț Ȉ ȕȍ Ȓ ȋȓȈȏȈȔ ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȧ Ȑ Ȋ ȚȖȔ Ȑ
Ȋ ȌȘțȋȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ǵȖ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ șȝȖȌșȚȊȖ ȖȉȘȈȡȍȕȐȑ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȓȖșȤ Ȋ Ȑȝ Ȋȣ-
1 ɂɥɚɪɢɨɧ — ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ ɪɭɫ ɰɟɪɤ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ;, ɜ
2 ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ Ɇɨɧɨɦɚɯ — ɜɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɤɧɹɡɶ ɤɢɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɣ ɝɨɫɭɞ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶ ɜɵɞɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ
ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɏII ɜ

198
ȏȣȊȈȦȡȍȑ ȗȖȓȍȔȐȟȕȖșȚȐ ǺȈȔ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ șȗȖșȖȉȖȊ ǩȖȧȕȈ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȘȈșȚȍ-
ȒȈȚȤșȧ ȉȍȓȒȖȑ ȗȖ ȌȘȍȊț Ț ȍ ȕȍ șȖșȘȍȌȖȚȖȟȐȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȖȌȕȖȔ ȗȖȊȍșȚȊȖȊȈȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȖȔ ȥȗȐȏȖȌȍ ǯȌȍșȤ Ȏȍ ȗȖȓȍȔȐȟȕȖșȚȤ ȖȚȘȣȊȒȈ țȎȍ Ȋ șȈȔȖȔ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȗȖ-
șȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȐ ȖȉȣȟȕȣȔ șȗȖșȖȉȈȔ ȓȐȘȐȒȖ-ȥȗȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȊȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȅȚȖ ȓȐȚțȘ-
ȋȐȟȈȕȐȍ Ȋ șȊȍȚșȒȖȔ șȓȖȊȍșȕȖȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ — țȎȍ șȈȔȖ ȗȖ șȍȉȍ ȗȖȓȍȔȐȟȕȖ ȉȘȖ-
ȠȍȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȊȣȏȖȊ ȗȘȍȎȕȐȔ ȖȉȣȟȕȣȔ șȗȖșȖȉȈȔ ȓȐȘȐȒȖ-ȥȗȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍ-
ȕȐȑ ǵȖ ȊȖȚ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȧ ȝȖȚȍȓ ȌȖȉȈȊȐȚȤ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȧșȕȧȍȚ ȓȐ ȌȖșȚȈ-
ȚȖȟȕȖ ȥȚȖ ȔȖȦ ȔȣșȓȤ Ȗ ȗȍȘȍȒȓȐȟȒȍ Ȋ ȊȍȒȈȝ ȌȊțȝ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ
ǭȡȍ ȕȈȌȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȕȈșȟȍȚ ǷțȠȒȐȕșȒȖȋȖ ȖȚȘȣȊȒȈ ©ǯȈȟȍȔ ȊȍȚȘ ȏȈȟȍȔ ȖȘȍȓ
ȏȈȟȍȔ ǬȍȏȌȍȔȖȕȈ"ª Ǩ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȌȚȊȍȘȌȐȚȤ ȥȚȐȔȐ ȗȘȐ-
ȔȍȘȈȔȐ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ©ȕȐ ȊȍȚȘț ȕȐ ȖȘȓț ȕȐ șȍȘȌȞț ȌȍȊȣ — ȕȍȚ ȏȈȒȖȕȈª ǺȈȒȖȊ
ȗȖȥȚ ǲȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȏȌȍșȤ ȘȍȟȤ ȕȐ Ȗ ȒȈȒȖȔ ȐȕȖȔ ȏȈȒȖȕȍ, ȒȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȘȐ-
ȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȦȚ Ȓ ȚȈȒ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔȖȔț ȘȐȚȔț șȚȐȝȈ, Ȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȍșȚȤ ȕȈ șȈȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ
ȌȣȝȈȕȐȍ șȚȐȝȈ ȕȍ ȗȖȌȌȈȦȡȍȍșȧ ȕȐ țȟȍȚț ȕȐ ȐȏȔȍȘȍȕȐȦ ȍșȓȐ ȥȚȖ ȎȐȊȖȍ
ȌȣȝȈȕȐȍ Ȉ ȕȍ ȕȈȐȋȘȈȕȕȖȍ ǷȖȕȧȚȕȖ ȓȐ ǪȈȔ ȌȖȘȖȋȖȑ ǬȔȐȚȘȐȑ ǹȍȘȋȍȍȊȐȟ
ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȧ ȗȣȚȈȓșȧ ȏȌȍșȤ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ" ǮȐȊȖȍ ȌȣȝȈȕȐȍ ȎȐȊȖȍ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ ȔȣșȓȐ Ȑ
ȟțȊșȚȊȈ ȕȍ ȗȖȌȊȓȈșȚȕȖ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȔț ȏȈȒȖȕț ȕȐ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȈ ȕȐ ȘȐȚȔȈ ǰ ȊȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ
șȓțȟȈȍ ȖȕȐ ȕȍ ȏȈȊȐșȧȚ ȖȚ ȊȖȓȐ ȌȈȎȍ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȘȈȏ șȈȔ ȕȈ-
ȊȍȘȕȖȍ țȌȐȊȓȍȕ ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȖșȤ
ǶȚȊȍȚȤȚȍ Ȕȕȍ ȗȘȖȠț ǪȈș
ǵȐȒ ǨșȍȍȊ
ǪȍȘȕȍȔșȧ Ȓ ȌȈȊȕȍȔț. ǲ ǨșȍȍȊț ȗȘȍȎȕȍȔț ǬȊȈȌȞȈȚȣȝ ȋȖȌȖȊ.
ǸȖȎȌȈȓȐșȤ șȚȐȝȐ ȗȍȓȐșȤ ȗȍșȕȐ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȊȠȐȍ Ȑȏ șȊȍȚȓȖȑ ȓȈȉȖȘȈȚȖȘȐȐ
ǨșȍȍȊȈ. ǵȐȒȚȖ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȊȗȍȘȍȌȐ ȉțȌțȚ Ȑ «ǹȐȕȐȍ ȋțșȈȘȣ» Ȑ «ǿȍȘ-
ȕȣȑ ȗȘȐȕȞª Ȑ «ǹȍȔȍȕ ǷȘȖșȒȈȒȖȊª Ȑ «ǸțșșȒȈȧ șȒȈȏȒȈ» Ȑ «ǳȐȘȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȖȚ-
șȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ», Ȑ «ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚșȧ» Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȖȍ ȔȕȖȋȖȍ ȌȘțȋȖȍ.
ǰ Ȋ - ȋȋ ǨșȍȍȊ ȒȘȍȗȒȖ Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȌțȔȈȓ Ȗ ȌȖȓȋȍ ȗȖȥȚȈ ȖȚȏȣȊȈȚȤșȧ
ȕȈ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȋȓțȉȐȕȖȑ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȧ ȚȊȖȘȐȔȣȝ Ȋȍȡȍȑ Ƕȕ ȉȍȘȍȚ ȘȍȊȖȓȦ-
ȞȐȖȕȕțȦ ȚȍȔț Ȋ ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȖȔ ȜȍȓȤȍȚȖȕȍ Ȗȕ ȖȚȚȈȟȐȊȈȍȚ ȜȖȘȔț ȍȋȖ Ƕȕ ȋȖȊȖ-
ȘȐȚ Ȗ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȏȕȈȚȤ ȐșȚȖȘȐȦ șȊȖȍȑ șȚȘȈȕȣ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȍȌȟțȊșȚȊȖ-
ȊȈȚȤ ȍȍ ȉțȌțȡȍȍ ȕȖ Ȑ ȊȋȓȧȌȣȊȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈȏȈȌ ȊȋȓțȉȤ ȊȍȒȖȊ ǵȍ ȗȘȍȕȍȉȘȍȋȈȚȤ Ȑș-
ȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȚȍȔȖȑ ǻȊȧȏȣȊȈȚȤ ȍȍ ș ȗȖȐșȒȖȔ ȚȍȔ Ȑ șȦȎȍȚȖȊ Ȋ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ-
șȚȐ ǶȉȖ ȊșȍȔ ȥȚȖȔ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ǨșȍȍȊ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȕȈȔ ȅȚȐ ȏȈȌȈȟȐ șȚȈȊȐȓ Ȗȕ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȌ
șȈȔȐȔ șȖȉȖȑ ǰ Ȗȕ ȘȈȏȘȍȠȐȓ Ȑȝ ȥȚȐ ȏȈȌȈȟȐ ȊșȍȔ șȊȖȐȔ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖȔ ǵȈ
ȋȓȈȏȈȝ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȐȒȖȊ ȖȕȖ ȘȖșȓȖ Ȑ ȒȘȍȗȓȖ. ȅȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ ȈșȍȍȊșȒȖȋȖ șȚȐȝȈ ȍȋȖ
ȚȍȔȈȚȐȒȐ Ȋșȍȑ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ ȉȣșȚȘȈ ȠȐȘȖȒȈ Ȑ ȕȍȗȘȍȒȓȖȕȕȈ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȦ
ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȘȖȒȐ
ǲȈȒ ȗȘȖȏȖȘȓȐȊ ȒȈȒ ȌȈȓȤȕȖȊȐȌȍȕ ȉȣȓ ǳțȕȈȟȈȘșȒȐȑ ȍȡȍ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț ȊșȒȖ-
Șȍ ȗȖșȓȍ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȈșȍȍȊșȒȖȋȖ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈ «ǹȚȈȓȤȕȖȑ șȖȓȖȊȍȑ» ȖȞȍȕȐȊ
ǨșȍȍȊȈ ȒȈȒ ȒȘțȗȕȍȑȠȍȋȖ ȗȖȥȚȈ ȕȈȠȍȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ:

199
«ȉȖȋ ș ȕȐȔȐ ș șȖȓȖȊȤȧȔȐ ȗȖȋȖȊȖȘȐȔ ȓțȟȠȍ Ȗ ȗȖȥȚȈȝ Ȑ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ Ȗ șȈ-
ȔȖȔ ȗȖ ȔȖȍȔț ȔȕȍȕȐȦ ȒȘțȗȕȖȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ Ȕȣ șȍȑȟȈș Ȋ ǸȖșșȐȐ ȐȔȍȍȔ Ȗ
ǪȈș ǪȈș ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȖȎȍȓȍȏȐȓȐ ȚȈȒ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ Ȑ Ȋ ȊȈș ȉȤȍȚșȧ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ șȍȘȌȞȍª 1.
ǷȘȍșșȈ
ǵȖ ȕȈȠȍȑ șȚȘȖȒȖȑ
ȌȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȋȖ ȊȏȌȖȝȈ
ȉȣȓȈ ȕȍșȗȖȒȖȑȕȈ
ȎȐȊȈȧ ȥȗȖȝȈ.
ǵ ǨșȍȍȊ
ǷȘȐȠȓȈ ȗȖȘȈ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȈȚȤ Ȗ ȓȦȌȧȝ ș ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ ǨșȍȍȊ ȉȣȓ șȊȧȏȈȕ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ
ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȖȑ ȕȖ Ȑ ȊșȍȔȐ ȗȖȔȣșȓȈȔȐ ȗȓȈȕȈȔȐ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȑ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȈ
ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȔȐ Ȋ ȘȍȌȈȒȞȐȐ Ȑ ȌȖȔȈ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȌȖșțȋȈ
Ǫ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ ȐȏȌȈȊȈȓȐșȤ ȌȊȍ ȋȈȏȍȚȣ: ȗȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȍȕȕȈȧ — «ǬȈȓȤ-
ȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȑ ȚȍȓȍȋȘȈȜ» Ȑ «ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȑ ȗțȚȤ» — ȖȘȋȈȕ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟ-
ȕȖȋȖ ǩȦȘȖ Ǿǲ ǸǲǷ Ǫșȍȑ ȋȈȏȍȚȕȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȖȑ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȐȓ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǼȍȌȖȘȖȊȐȟ
ǿțȎȈȒ ǵȈșȐȔȖȊȐȟ ȟȓȍȕ ȗȈȘȚȐȐ ș  ȋȖȌȈ ȟȓȍȕ ǾȍȕȚȘȈȓȤȕȖȑ ǲȖȔȐșșȐȐ
ǸǲǷ — ȉȍȏȏȈȊȍȚȕȖ ȗȘȍȌȈȕȕȣȑ ȗȈȘȚȐȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ.
H. Ǽ ǿțȎȈȒ
ǿțȎȈȒȈ țȗȘȍȒȈȓȐ Ȋ ȕȍȌȖȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȐ ȊȖȗȘȖșȖȊ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ Ȋ ȒȖȕșȍȘȊȈȚȐȊ-
ȕȖșȚȐ ǵȈȏȣȊȈȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȌȈȎȍ ȚȧȎȍȓȖȌțȔȖȔ ǶșȚȘȖȚȣ Ȑ ȋȐȉȒȖșȚȐ ȍȔț ȔȖȎȍȚ
ȉȣȚȤ Ȑ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȊȈȓȖ. Ƕȕ ȝȖȚȍȓ șȖȋȓȈșȖȊȈȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȕȖȊȖȍ Ȋ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ ș ȗȈȘȚȐȑ-
ȕȖȑ ȥȚȐȒȖȑ Ȑ ȕȈ ȥȚȖȑ ȗȖȟȊȍ ȌțȔȈȓ șȖȏȌȈȚȤ ȕȖȊțȦ ȥșȚȍȚȐȒț șȖȞȐȖȓȖȋȐȦ Ȑș-
ȒțșșȚȊȈ.
ǻȌȈȟȈ ȕȍ ȊșȍȋȌȈ șȖȗțȚșȚȊȖȊȈȓȈ ȍȔț ǵȍ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȟȍȚȒȖ ȊȣȘȈȎȈȓ Ȗȕ șȊȖȐ
ȊȏȋȓȧȌȣ ȕȈ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈȔȐ ȒȖȓȍȉȈȓșȧ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ ȜȖȘȔțȓȐȘȖȊȒȈȝ — Ȑ
ȥȚȖȋȖ ȍȔț ȕȍ ȗȘȖȡȈȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȖȗȗȖȕȍȕȚȣ ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȊȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ
țȎȍ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȓȐ ȘȈȏȕȖȋȓȈșȐȧ ș ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȈȔȐ ȗȖ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ
ǵȖ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖșȚȤ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ ț ȕȍȋȖ Ȋ ȋȈȏȍȚȍ ȉȣȓȖ Ȑȕ-
ȚȍȘȍșȕȖ. ǲ ȕȈȔ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȍȡȍ ȕȍȖȗȍȘȐȊȠȐȔșȧ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȦȡȐȔ ȎțȘȕȈȓȐșȚȈȔ Ȗȕ
ȉȣȓ ȟțȚȖȒ Ȑ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȕ ǭȋȖ ȘȈȉȖȚȖșȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ ȉȣȓȈ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȈ ǩȣȓȖ Ȋȗȍ-
ȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȎȐȓ Ȋ ȘȍȌȈȒȞȐȐ ǵȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓ ȒȖȋȌȈ ǿțȎȈȒ șȗȈȓ ǭșȓȐ
șȓțȟȈȓȖșȤ ȗȖȏȌȕȖ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ ȐȓȐ ȕȖȟȤȦ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȚȤ ȔȐȔȖ ȌȖȔȈ ȋȌȍ ȗȖȔȍȡȈ-
1 ɂɡ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ Ʌɭɧɚɱɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɤ Ⱥɫɟɟɜɭ ɐȽȺɅɂ ɮɨɧɞ 28 ɨɩɢɫɶ ʋ  ɟɞ ɯɪ 

200
ȓȈșȤ ȘȍȌȈȒȞȐȧ ȖșȊȍȡȍȕȕȖȍ ȖȒȕȖ ȒȈȉȐȕȍȚȈ ǿțȎȈȒȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȖ ȟȚȖ ȘȍȌȈȒȚȖȘ
ȕȍ șȗȐȚ
ǪȗȍȘȊȣȍ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȖȚ ȕȍȋȖ ȧ țșȓȣȠȈȓȈ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȈ ȌȖȓ-
ȎȕȈ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȈȘȚȐȑȕȖȑ. ȅȚȖ ȗȖȟȚȐ șȖȊȗȈȌȈȓȖ ș ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ Ȕȕȍ ș ȌȍȚșȚȊȈ ȗȘȐȝȖ-
ȌȐȓȖșȤ șȓȣȠȈȚȤ ȖȚ ȔȖȍȋȖ ȖȚȞȈ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȍȘȈ țȟȐȚȍȓȧ ȊȕțȠȈȊȠȍȋȖ șȊȖȐȔ
țȟȍȕȐȒȈȔ ȔȣșȓȤ Ȗ ȊȖșȗȐȚȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ-ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȘȖȓȐ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ
ȊȣșȖȒȖ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȈ ȖȕȈ ȕȐ ȉȣȓȈ
ǪȣȌȈȊȈȧ țȍȏȎȈȊȠȐȔ șȖȚȘțȌȕȐȒȈȔ țȌȖșȚȖȊȍȘȍȕȐȧ Ȗ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ ǿțȎȈȒ ȒȈȒ
ȗȘȈȊȐȓȖ țȒȈȏȣȊȈȓ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ șȖȚȘțȌȕȐȒȈ Ȓ ȗȈȘȚȐȐ ȌȈȎȍ ȍșȓȐ ȚȖȚ Ȑ ȉȣȓ ȉȍș-
ȗȈȘȚȐȑȕȣȔ
Ǵ ǲ ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȐȑ ȒȘȐȚȐȒțȧ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐȑ țȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤ «ǽțȌȖȎȍșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕȈȧ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȈ Ȋ ȘțșșȒȖȑ ȔȈȘȒșȐșȚșȒȖȑ ȒȘȐȚȐȒȍ» șȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ ǭ ǹ
ǴȈȕȌȍȓȤȠȚȈȔȖȔ ǹȈȘȈȚȖȊ  ȋ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ «ǹȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȖȚ-
șțȚșȚȊțȦȚ Ȋ “ǻȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȍ” ȐȔȍȕȈ ǭ. ǴȈȍȊșȒȖȋȖ, ǷȖȓȖȕșȒȖȋȖ ǵ ǪȈȓȍȕȚȐȕȖȊȈ Ȑ
ǵ ǿțȎȈȒȈ Ƕȉ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȐ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȋȖ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȗȖȎȈȓȍȚȤ ǹȘȍ-
ȌȐ ȔȈȘȒșȐșȚșȒȐȝ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚȖȘȖȊ Ȗȕ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȖșȖȉțȦ ȗȖȏȐȞȐȦ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȍșȚȣ
ȗȘȖȚȐȊ țȗȘȖȡȍȕȕȣȝ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȊ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȔȈȘȒșȐșȚșȒȖȑ ȒȘȐ-
ȚȐȒȐ ȏȈșȓțȎȐȊȈȦȚ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ǹȚȈȚȤȐ ǿțȎȈȒȈ ȘȈȏȉȘȖșȈȕȣ ȗȖ ȘȈȏ-
ȕȣȔ ȗȍȘȐȖȌȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧȔ ǹȐȉȐȘȐ Ǫ  ȋȖȌț Ȗȕ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȐȓ Ȑȝ Ȋ ȒȕȐ-
ȋț “ǲ ȌȐȈȓȍȒȚȐȒȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ” ǿȐȚȈ » 1.
ǵȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ Ȋșȍ țȊȈȎȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ǿțȎȈȒț ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȐȑ ȉȍșȗȘȐșȚȘȈșȚȕȖ Ȑ ȎȍșȚ-
ȒȖ ȒȘȐȚȐȒțȍȚ șȚȈȚȤȐ ǿțȎȈȒȈ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȘȍȞȍȕȏȐȐ «ǰȏ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ Ȗȉ ȖȉȓȈșȚ-
ȕȖȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ» ȘȈȏȉȐȘȈȧ ȒȕȐȋț «ǹȐȉȐȘșȒȐȑ ȔȖȚȐȊ Ȋ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ»2.
©ǰșȒțșșȚȊȈȘȤª
ǻ ȋȘțȗȗȣ «ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ» ȉȣȓ șȊȖȑ Ȓȓțȉ ǬȊȍ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȣ ȈșȒȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐ Ȗȉ-
șȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȍ șȚȖȓȣ șȚțȓȤȧ ȌȈ ȘȖȧȓȤ ǵȈ șȚȍȕȈȝ ȗȓȈȒȈȚȣ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ ǵȍȉȖȓȤ-
ȠȐȍ ȗȖȌȔȖșȚȒȐ ǯȌȍșȤ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȓȐ ȌȐșȗțȚȣ Ȑ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȣ ș ȟȚȍȕȐȍȔ șȚȐȝȖȊ
ǬȖȓȋȖ Ȕȣ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȗȘȐȌțȔȈȚȤ ȐȔȧ ȕȈȠȍȔț ȌȍȚȐȡț ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȕȈȏȊȈȓȐ
ȍȋȖ «ǰșȒțșșȚȊȈȘȤ» șȖȍȌȐȕȐȊ ȌȊȈ șȓȖȊȈ «ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ» Ȑ «ȚȊȖȘȐȚȤ». ǯȈȊȍȓȐ
ȉȓȈȕȒȐ ș ȏȈȒȖȊȣȘȐșȚȖȑ ȊȐȕȤȍȚȒȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ǷȈȓȤȔȖȊȈ ǵȈ ȠȚȈȔȗȍ — ȗȣȠȕȈȧ
ȕȈȌȗȐșȤ «ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȍ ǴȈșȚȍȘșȒȐȍ ǰșȒțșșȚȊȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȧ ǹȖȊȍȚ ǴȈșȚȍȘșȒȐȝ».
ǩȣȓ țȎȍ ǵȅǷ ȖȉȢȧȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ ; șȢȍȏȌȖȔ ǷȈȘȚȐȐ «ǰșȒțșșȚȊȈȘȤ» ȕȈȘȧȌț ș
ȌțȝȖȊȕȖȑ ȗȐȡȍȑ ©ȊȣȌȈȊȈȓª ȉțȚȍȘȉȘȖȌȣ Ȑ ȋȖȘȧȟȐȑ ȟȈȑ ș șȈȝȈȘȖȔ Ǫ Ȓȓțȉȍ
ȉȣȓȖ ȚȍȗȓȖ Ȑ șȊȍȚȓȖ Ƕȕ ȉȣȓ ȖȚȒȘȣȚ Ȍȓȧ Ȋșȍȝ.
1 ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɂɇɈ ɫɬɪ  ɑɢɬɚ 
2 ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɂɇɈ ɫɬɪ - ɑɢɬɚ 

202
ɍɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ©Ɍɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨª ɑɢɬɚ  ɋɢɞɹɬ ɫɥɟɜɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɨ
ɇ ɇ Ⱥɫɟɟɜ ɋ Ɇ Ɍɪɟɬɶɹɤɨɜ ȼ Ⱥ ɋɢɥɥɨɜ Ɉ Ƚ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ
ɪɹɞɭ ȼ ɇ ɉɚɥɶɦɨɜ ɇ Ɏ ɑɭɠɚɤ Ɇ ɇ Ⱥɜɟɬɨɜ ɉ ȼ ɇɟɡɧɚɦɨɜ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȐȏȊȍșȚȍȕ ȊșȍȔț ȔȐȘț, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȍȋȖ șȚȐȝȐ ȗȍȘȍ-
ȊȍȌȍȕȣ ȕȈ ȧȏȣȒȐ Ȋșȍȝ ȕȈȘȖȌȖȊ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ șȚȘȈȕȕȣȔ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ
Ȋ șȐȉȐȘșȒȖȑ ȋȓțȠȐ ȔȈȓȖ ȒȚȖ ȏȕȈȓ Ȗ ȍȋȖ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȐ
ǵȖ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȈȒ
ǲȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȓȐșȤ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȓȦȌȕȣȍ șȉȖȘȐȡȈ ȕȈȠȐ ȊȣșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧ ȗȍȘȍ-
ȕȖșȐȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȏȌȈȕȐȍ ǵȈȘȖȌȕȖȋȖ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȧ — Ȑ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȑ ȏȈȓ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȉȣȓ ȗȍ-
ȘȍȗȖȓȕȍȕ ǲȚȖ-ȚȖ ȗȘȐȌțȔȈȓ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȈȜȐȠ ȐȏȊȍȡȈȚȤ Ȗ ȕȈȠȐȝ ȊȍȟȍȘȈȝ ȗȖ-
ȌȖȉȕȖ ȚȖȔț ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ ȌȍȓȈȦȚ ȒȈȘȕȈȟȐ Ȋ ǻȏȉȍȒȐșȚȈȕȍ ȏȈȏȣȊȈȧ ȕȈ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȖȍ
ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȖȕȐ ȚȘțȉȧȚ Ȋ ȌȓȐȕȕȣȍ ȚȘțȉȣ ǵȍ ȗȖȔȕȦ ȚȖȟȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȒȈȒȐȔ
ȊȣșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȋȘțȗȗȣ «ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ» ȕȈ ȗȍȘȍȒȘȍșȚȒȈȝ ȋȓȈȊȕȖȑ țȓȐȞȣ Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ
ȒȘȈșȕȖȈȘȔȍȑȞȣ ȚȖȎȍ ȚȘțȉȐȓȐ Ȋ ȋȖȘȕȣ ȐȏȊȍȡȈȧ Ȗ ȗȘȍȌșȚȖȧȡȍȔ ȌȐșȗțȚȍ țșȚ-
ȘȈȐȊȈȍȔȖȔ Ȋ ǵȈȘȖȌȕȖȔ ǹȖȉȘȈȕȐȐ ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖ șȊȖȍȑ ȕȖȊȐȏȕȖȑ Ȑ
ȓȦȌȐ ȖȝȖȚȕȖ ȠȓȐ Ȓ ȕȈȔ

203
ǪȣșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧ ȉȣȊȈȓȐ Ȑ ȎȍȓȍȏȕȖȌȖȘȖȎȕȣȝ ȔȈșȚȍȘșȒȐȝ Ǫ șȖȘȖȒȈȋȘȈȌțș-
ȕȣȑ ȔȖȘȖȏ ȍȝȈȓȐ Ȕȣ ȚțȌȈ ȕȈ ȋȘțȏȖȊȣȝ ȔȈȠȐȕȈȝ ǷȘȐȍȝȈȊ — ș ȚȘțȌȖȔ ȗȘȖ-
ȉȐȘȈȓȐșȤ ȗȖ ȎȍȓȍȏȕȖȌȖȘȖȎȕȣȔ ȗțȚȧȔ Ȑ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ șȖȊșȍȔ ȏȈȔȍȘȏȠȐȍ — ȓȍ-
Ȍȧȕȣȍ șȖșțȓȤȒȐ — ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȓȐ ȞȍȓȐ Ǫ ȚȍȗȓȖȔ ȗȖȔȍȡȍȕȐȐ ȕȈș ȖȎȐȌȈȓȐ ȘȈ-
ȉȖȟȐȍ-ȎȍȓȍȏȕȖȌȖȘȖȎȕȐȒȐ ǩȣȓȐ ȖȕȐ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȋȖșȚȍȗȘȐȐȔȕȣ ǵȖ ȕȍ ȖȉȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ
Ȑ ȉȍȏ ȎȈȘȒȐȝ șȗȖȘȖȊ ǻȎ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ ȐȔ ȌȖȑȚȐ ȌȖ șȈȔȖȑ șțȚȐ ȌȖ ȗȘȈ-
ȊȐȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ǹȗȘȈȠȐȊȈȓȐ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȏȈ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ" ǬȈ ȒȈȒ
ȗȘȐȕȧȓ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȦ" ǲȈȒ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚșȧ Ȓ ȘȈȉȖȟȍȔț ȒȓȈșșț" ǷȖșȓȍ Ȋșȍȝ ȖȉȢȧșȕȍ-
ȕȐȑ Ȑ șȗȖȘȖȊ ȗȖșȓȍ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȍȋȖ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȧ ǨșȍȍȊȣȔ Ȑ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȣȔ șȚȐȝȖȊ
ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȍ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȓȐ șȚȐȝȐ ȗȖȥȚȈ
Ǵȣ ȟȐȚȈȓȐ Ȑ «ǶȉȓȈȒȖ» Ȑ «ǿȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ», Ȑ «ǼȓȍȑȚț-ȗȖȏȊȖȕȖȟȕȐȒ» Ȑ Ȓțș-
ȒȐ Ȑȏ © ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȖȊª Ȑ ȔȍȓȒȐȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ — ȌȈ ȗȖȟȚȐ Ȋșȍ, ǲ ȚȖȔț
ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȕȖȍ ȐȔ
ǨșȍȍȊ ȟȐȚȈȓ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȏȈȒȐȕțȊ ȋȖȓȖȊț Ȗȕ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȊșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȓșȧ ȊȖ ȟȚȖ-
ȚȖ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȊȠȍȍșȧ ȍ ȊȣȠȐȕȍ — Ȗȕ ȊȍșȤ ȓȍȚȍȓ ȊȊȍȘȝ ȟȐȚȈȧ șȚȐȝȐ ǫȓȈȏȈ ȍȋȖ
șȊȍȚȓȣȍ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȓȐșȤ ȍȡȍ șȊȍȚȓȍȍ Ȑ șȈȔ Ȗȕ ȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ȕȍȊȍșȖȔȣȔ ȊȍșȤ ȘȈșȚȊȖ-
ȘȧȧșȤ Ȋ șȚȐȝȈȝ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȉȣȓ Ȗȕ șȓȐȚ ȊȖȍȌȐȕȖ ș ȕȐȔȐ Ȑ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȖȚ ȕȐȝ ȖȚȖȘ-
ȊȈȚȤșȧ ǰ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȊȈȓ șȓțȠȈȚȍȓȧȔ ȥȚȖ ȖȟȈȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȊșȍȔ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȔ șȊȖȐȔ ȖșȖ-
ȉȍȕȕȖ ȗȖ-ȈșȍȍȊșȒȐ, ȏȈȓȍȚȈȧ ȊȊȍȘȝ ȊȣȌȍȓȧȧ șȐȓȤȕȣȍ ȔȍșȚȈ
ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȓ ȕȈ ȥșȚȘȈȌț țȊȍȘȍȕȕȣȔ ȠȐȘȖȒȐȔ ȠȈȋȖȔ Ȑ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȉȍȏ
ȗȈțȏȣ șȘȈȏț Ȑ ȘȍȏȒȖ ȉȘȖșȈȓ Ȋ ȏȈȓ ȋȘȖȔȖȊȖȍ șȓȖȊȖ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ǿȚȍȕȐȍ ǺȘȍ-
ȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȐȔ Ȑ ȖȚȚȖȟȍȕȕȣȔ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖ șȊȍȘȒȈȦȡȍȑ ȘȈȗȐȘȍ Ȋ Șț-
ȒȈȝ ȖȗȣȚȕȖȋȖ ȜȍȝȚȖȊȈȓȤȡȐȒȈ șȓȖȊȖ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȓȖșȤ ȖȘțȎȐȍȔ ȗȖȘȈȎȈȧ Ȑ ȗȖ-
ȉȍȎȌȈȧ șȓțȠȈȚȍȓȍȑ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ ȔȈșȚȍȘșȒȐ ȊȓȈȌȍȓ ȟȍȚȒȖȑ ȟȍȒȈȕȒȖȑ șȚȐȝȈ
ȇ ȗȘȖȊȈȓȐȊȈȦșȤ Ȑ ȊȣȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȦ ȐșȒțș
Ǫșȍ ȟȓȍȕȣ ȕȈȠȍȑ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȚȤ ȕȈȘȈȊȕȍ ș ©ȔȥȚȘȈȔȐª
Ȑ ȕȈ ȔȖȦ ȌȖȓȦ ȌȖșȚȈȓȖșȤ ȗȘȖȟȐȚȈȚȤ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȍ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ©ǷȖșȓț-
ȠȈȑȚȍ ȊȍȌȤ ȍșȓȐ ȏȊȍȏȌȣ ȏȈȎȐȋȈȦȚ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ ȥȚȖ ȒȖȔț-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȕțȎȕȖ"ª ǨșȍȍȊ ș
ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȣȔ ȗȖȟȍȔț-ȚȖ ȘȍȠȐȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȓȐȘȐȏȔ ȥȚȖȋȖ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ Ȕȕȍ șȖ-
ȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȍȚ Ȑ ȊȒȓȦȟȐȓȐ ȍȋȖ Ȋ ȗȘȖȋȘȈȔȔț ȊȍȟȍȘȈ Ȋ ȔȖȍȔ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȐ
ǵȍȏȈȌȖȓȋȖ ȌȖ ȥȚȖȋȖ ǨșȍȍȊ ȗȖȌȈȘȐȓ Ȕȕȍ șȊȖȦ ©ǩȖȔȉțª ș ȕȈȌȗȐșȤȦ ©ǵȍȎ-
ȕȍȑȠȍȔț ȋȖȓȖșț ǶȓȐ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖ ȗȈȌȈȦȡȍȑ Ȋȍșȍȕȕȍȑ ȒȈȗȍȓȐ Ȑ
Ȋșȍȑ ȍȑ — Ȋȍșȍȕȕȍȑ șȊȍȎȍșȚȐ Ȑ Ȋșȍȑ ȍȍ Ȋȍșȕȍª ǷȖșȓȍ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȌȈȘȒȈ Ȕȕȍ
țȎ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȏȈȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ ȗȘȖȟȍșȚȤ ȏȈȌȈȕȕȣȍ șȚȐȝȐ ȕȍ țȘȖȕȐȊ ȏȊȈȕȐȧ ȟȓȍȕȈ ȋȘțȗ-
ȗȣ — ȟȚȖ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ «ȖȗȘȈȊȌȈȚȤ ȌȖȊȍȘȐȍ» ǩȖȎȍ ȔȖȑ ǯȕȈȓȈ ȓȐ ȧ ȟȚȖ Ȕȍ-
ȕȧ ȖȎȐȌȈȓȖ
ǪȣțȟȐȊ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȍ ȧ ȗȘȐȠȓȈ ȕȈ ȘȍȗȍȚȐȞȐȦ ǵȈȌȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȧ ș
ȌȍȚșȚȊȈ ȕȍ ȊȣȋȖȊȈȘȐȊȈȓȈ ȉțȒȊț ©ȓª Ȑ ȏȈ ȊșȦ ȔȖȦ ȕȍȌȖȓȋțȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȕȐȒȚȖ Ȋ

204
șȍȔȤȍ Ȋ ȠȒȖȓȍ ȕȍ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȥȚȖȚ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȖȒ ǵȖ ȕȈ ȘȍȗȍȚȐȞȐȐ
Ȋ ȚȖȚ ȏȓȖșȟȈșȚȕȣȑ ȌȍȕȤ șȚȖȐȓȖ Ȕȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȤ ȘȖȚ Ȑ ȗȘȖȐȏȕȍșȚȐ ȗȍȘ-
ȊȖȍ șȓȖȊȖ — ©ǷȖșȓțȠȈȑȚȍ» ȒȈȒ ȖȉȈ ȗȖȥȚȈ ș țȎȈșȖȔ ȊȖȏȏȘȐȓȐșȤ ȕȈ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȑ
ȏȈȒȐȌȈȓȐ țȗȘȍȒȈȔȐ — ȒȈȒȖȍ ©ȕȍȔȣșȓȐȔȖȍ» ȗȘȖȐȏȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ ǵȐȒțȌȈ ȕȍ ȋȖ-
ȌȐȚșȧ ǩȍȏȖȉȘȈȏȐȍ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȐȟ ȒȈȚȍȋȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐ ȏȈȧȊȐȓ ȟȚȖ ȕȐ ȗȖȌ
ȒȈȒȐȔ ȊȐȌȖȔ ȕȍ ȘȈȏȘȍȠȐȚ Ȕȕȍ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȊȍȟȍȘȍ Ȉ ǹȍȘȋȍȑ ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȐȟ
Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ șȔȐȓȖșȚȐȊȐȓșȧ Ȑ ȏȈȝȖȚȍȓ Ȕȍȕȧ «ȗȖȌțȟȐȚȤª ǬȖȓȋȖ ȉȐȓșȧ Ȗȕ șȖ ȔȕȖȑ
— ȉȍȏȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȕȖ — «ȓª ȕȍ ȊȣȋȖȊȈȘȐȊȈȓȈșȤ. ǺȖȋȌȈ ȔȖȑ ȔȍȕȚȖȘ ȘȈșșȍȘ-
ȌȐȓșȧ Ȑ șȒȈȏȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȌȈȍȚ Ȕȕȍ ȌȊȈ Ȍȕȧ «ȕȈ ȊȣțȟȒț» Ȉ ȚȈȔ — «ȒȈȒ Țȍȉȍ țȋȖȌ-
ȕȖ — ȔȖȎȍȠȤ șȘȣȊȈȚȤ ȗȘȖȋȘȈȔȔț ȊȍȟȍȘȈ Ȑ șȊȖȍ ȊȣșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ —
ȊșȨ»
Ǫ ȗȖȓȕȖȔ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȐȐ ȘȈȏȖȟȈȘȖȊȈȊȠȐșȤ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȊȣȉȍȎȈȓȈ ȧ Ȑȏ ȒȓțȉȈ ȋȓȖ-
ȚȈȧ șȓȍȏȣ ȉȍȏȕȈȌȍȎȕȖ șȒȈȕȌȐȘțȧ «“ǹ ȓȖȌȒȐ șȒȖȓȤȏȕțȓȖ ȊȍșȓȖ ȓȈșȒȖȊȖ ȔȓȍȍȚ
ȗȘȖȝȓȈȌȈ ȔȐȓȣȑ ȔȖȑ ȔȐȓȣȑ șȊȍȚȓȖ șȓȈȌȒȖ ȖȚ ȉȍȋȓȖȋȖ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȈ” ǩȈȓȈ-
ȓȈȑȒȈ ǳȖȠȈȌȤ ǳȈȔȗȈ “ǹȒȊȖȏȤ ȊȖȓȕȐșȚȣȍ ȚțȔȈȕȣ ȗȘȖȉȐȘȈȍȚșȧ ȓțȕȈ´
ǷȖșȓțȠȈȑȚȍ ȗȖșȓțȠȈȑȚȍ» Ȑ ȊșȨ-ȊșȨ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȖ Ȋ ȋȖȓȖȊț ș ȉțȒȊȖȑ
«ȓ» ǬȖ ȗȖȏȌȕȍȑ ȕȖȟȐ ȉȓțȎȌȈȓȈ ȧ ȗȖ țȓȐȞȈȔ ȉȖȘȔȖȟȈ șȚȐȝȐ Ȑ ȕȍ șȚȐȝȐ
Ǩ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȍȕȍȑ ȊȒȖȕȍȞ ȐȏȔțȟȐȊȠȐșȤ șȊȖȐȔ șȚȣȌȖȔ Ȋșȍ-ȚȈȒȐ
ȊȣșȚțȗȈȓȈ ȕȈ ȊȍȟȍȘȍ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ș ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȖȚȟȍȚȓȐȊȣȔ «ȓ» ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ Ȉȗ-
ȓȖȌȐȘȖȊȈȓ Ȕȕȍ ȗȖȉȍȌȖȕȖșȕȖ ȗȖȉȓȍșȒȐȊȈȧ șȚȍȒȓȈȔȐ ȖȟȒȖȊ Ȉ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȗȖȘȣ-
ȊȐșȚȣȑ Ȑ ȓȍȋȒȐȑ ǨșȍȍȊ Ȋ ȗȍȘȍȘȣȊȍ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊțȦȡȍ șȒȈȏȈȓ Ȕȕȍ «ǰȠȤ ȟȍȘ-
ȚȖȊȒȈ ȊȣțȟȐȓȈșȤ Ȋșȍ-ȚȈȒȐ»
ǬȈ, ȌȖȘȖȋȖȑ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȐȟ ȊȣțȟȐȓȈșȤ ȚȖȋȌȈ Ȑ ȕȈ ȊșȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ
«ǷȖȥȚ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȒȖșȕȖȧȏȣȟȕȣȔ», șȒȈȏȈȓȐ Ȋȣ Ȕȕȍ ȕȈ ȚȖȑ ȗȈȔȧȚȕȖȑ Șȍ-
ȗȍȚȐȞȐȐ Ȑ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈȏ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȊșȗȖȔȐȕȈȓȐșȤ Ȕȕȍ ȥȚȐ șȓȖȊȈ
ǵȈȠȐ ȒȕȐȋȐ
ǷȘȐ ȋȘțȗȗȍ «ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ» ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȈȓȖșȤ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȖȍ ȐȏȌȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ș ȏȈ-
ȉȈȊȕȣȔ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȍȔ ©ǷǺǨǿ» ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȥȚȖ țȔȍȕȤȠȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȖȚ șȓȖȊȈ
«ȗȚȐȞȈ»" ǵȍȚ ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȗȘȖȡȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȊȏȧȚȣ ȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȉțȒȊȣ ȜȈȔȐȓȐȑ ǷȈȓȤ-
ȔȖȊȈ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ ǨșȍȍȊȈ Ȑ ǿțȎȈȒȈ
©ǷǺǨǿª ȐȏȌȈȓ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ șȚȐȝȖȊ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ «ȇșȕȣȠ» șȉȖȘȕȐȒ șȚȈȚȍȑ ȗȖ
ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ Ȑ ȐșȒțșșȚȊț «ǹȐȉȐȘșȒȐȑ ȔȖȚȐȊ Ȋ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ» (Ȋ ȕȍȋȖ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȟȍȚȣ-
Șȍȝ șȚȈȚȍȑ ǿțȎȈȒȈ, ȊȖȠȓȈ șȚȈȚȤȧ ǨșȍȍȊȈ «ǹȐȉȐȘșȒȈȧ ȉȈșȤ» — Ȗ ȗȖȥȔȍ ǺȘȍ-
ȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ ©ǷțȚȍȊȒȈ», ȏȈȚȍȔ ȥȚȈ ©ǷțȚȍȊȒȈ» Ȑ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȍ Ǭ ǩțȘȓȦȒȈ «ǹȐ-
ȉȐȘȤ» ǭȡȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȐȏȌȈȕȣ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȐ șȚȈȚȍȑ ǿțȎȈȒȈ «ǲ ȌȐȈȓȍȒȚȐȒȍ ȐșȒțș-
șȚȊȈ», «ǵȈ ȉȖȓȤȕȣȍ ȚȍȔȣ» ȏȈȔȍȚȒȐ Ȗ ȉȣȚȍ Ȗ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȍ Ȗ ȔȍȡȈȕșȚȊȍ
ǵȖ ȘȈȏȊȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȖȉȖȑȚȐșȤ ȉȍȏ șȈȚȐȘȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȎțȘȕȈȓȈ" ǹȚȈȓȐ Ȑȏ-
ȌȈȊȈȚȤ «ǬțȉȖȓȖȔ» ș ȐȓȓȦșȚȘȈȞȐȧȔȐ ǷȈȓȤȔȖȊȈ Ȑ ǨȊȍȚȖȊȈ ǪȣȠȓȖ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ

205
ȠȍșȚȤ ȐȓȐ șȍȔȤ ȕȖȔȍȘȖȊ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȎțȘȕȈȓȈ ǿȍșȚȕȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȎțȘȕȈȓ ȉȣȓ ȕȍ Ȑȏ
ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȐȝ ȊȍȌȤ ȗȘȐȘȖȎȌȍȕȕȣȝ șȈȚȐȘȐȒȖȊ Ȑ ȦȔȖȘȐșȚȖȊ șȘȍȌȐ ȕȈș ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ
ǷȘȐȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚșȧ ȖȚȚțȌȈ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȍȌȒȐȑ «ǹȖȕ ǴȈȓȣȠȍȊȈ» — ȗȘȖ ȗȖȗȖȊ ȒȖȚȖ-
Șȣȝ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡ ȔȐȕȐșȚȘȈ ȗȘȖșȊȍȡȍȕȐȧ ǴȈȓȣȠȍȊ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȕȍ ȚȍȘȗȍȓ ǽȖȚȧ Ȉȕ-
ȚȐȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȖȍ ȚȍșȚȖ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȜȍȓȤȍȚȖȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȋțșȚȖ ȏȈȔȍȠȈȕȖ Ȑ ȕȈ
ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȖșȚȘȣȝ ȌȘȖȎȎȈȝ ȕȖ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȗȖȓȤȏȈ ȖȚ ȕȍȋȖ ȉȣȓȈ — ȕȈȌȖ țȟȍșȚȤ,
Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȋȓțȠȐ ȥȚȖ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȓȖ ǰ ȒȈȒȖȊȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȈȠȐ ȏȈȌȈȟȐ1.
ǪșȗȓȣȊȈȦȚ șȚȘȖȒȐ Ȑȏ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ-ȚȖ ȜȍȓȤȍȚȖȕȈ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ ȗȘȖ ǿȐȚț «ǿȐ —
ȚȈ ȟȐ ȕȍ ȚȈ ȟȐ ȓȦȉȐȚ ȟȐ ȕȍ ȓȦȉȐȚ Ƕȑ ȕȍ ȝȖȟȍȚ ǿȐȚȈ Ȋ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ
ȋȓțȉȐ» ǰȏ ȜȍȓȤȍȚȖȕȈ Ȗ ȏȈȒȖșȕȍȓȖșȚȐ
ǰ ȍȡȍ:
«ǵȈ ȟȐȚȐȕșȒȐȝ țȓȐȞȈȝ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȈȚȤ ȈșȜȈȓȤȚȈ ȕȖ ȏȈȚȖ ǿȐȚȈ ȟȐȚȈȍȚ Țȍȓȍ-
ȋȘȈȔȔȣ ǬǨǳȄǺǨ».
ǼȍȓȤȍȚȖȕȣ ȠȓȐ ȗȖȌ ȗșȍȊȌȖȕȐȔȈȔȐ ǨșȍȍȊ «ǩțȓȤ-ǩțȓȤ» ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȥȚȖȚ
ȗșȍȊȌȖȕȐȔ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȧȓ ȘȈȉȖȚț ș ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȣȔ ț ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȉȣȓ Ȑ
șȊȖȑ ȗșȍȊȌȖȕȐȔ «ǮȍȕȤ-ȀȍȕȤ» ǿȈșȚȖ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȧȓșȧ Ȑ ș ǵȍȏȕȈȔȖ-
ȊȣȔ ǺȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȐ ȗȖȌȗȐșȣȊȈȓȐșȤ «ǬȘȍȊȖȖȉȌȍȓȖȟȕȐȒ». ǵȖ ȉȣȊȈȓȖ Ȑ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ
ȜȍȓȤȍȚȖȕȣ ȗȐșȈȓȐșȤ ȒȖȓȓȍȒȚȐȊȕȖ Ȋșȍȑ ȋȘțȗȗȖȑ ǵȈȔ ȉȣȓȖ Ȋșȍ ȘȈȊȕȖ ȟȤȍȑ
ȊȣȌțȔȒȐ ȚȈȔ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ Ȑ ȒȈȒ șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȜȍȓȤȍȚȖȕ ȗȖȌȗȐșȣȊȈȚȤ ǪȈȎȕȖ ȉȣ-
ȓȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ Ȗȕ ȗȖȧȊȐȓșȧ — Ȋ ȋȈȏȍȚȍ ȐȓȐ ȎțȘȕȈȓȍ ȟȚȖȉȣ șȚȖȓȒȕțȚȤ ȖȉȣȊȈȚȍȓȧ
ș «ȚȖȟȒȐ ȏȈȔȍȘȏȈȕȐȧ».
ǬȖȔȈ
ǬȖșțȋ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȓȐ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȑ ȟȈșȚȤȦ Ȋșȍ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ǵȈȠ «șȈȓȖȕ» ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓșȧ ț
ǷȈȓȤȔȖȊȈ ȎȐȊȠȍȋȖ Ȋ ȌȊțȝ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȈȝ ȗȘȐ ȠȒȖȓȍ ȋȌȍ Ȗȕ ȌȐȘȍȒȚȖȘșȚȊȖȊȈȓ Ȑ
ȗȘȍȗȖȌȈȊȈȓ ȘȐșȖȊȈȕȐȍ ǺȘȍȚȤȦ ȒȖȔȕȈȚț ȥȚȖȑ Ȏȍ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȣ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓȐ ǺȘȍȚȤȧ-
ȒȖȊȣ
ǴȍȎȌț ȠțȚȒȖȑ Ȑ ȒȈȓȈȔȉțȘȖȔ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȓȐșȤ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍ-
ȕȐȧ Ȗ ȕȖȊȖȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ ǿȐȚȈȓȐ Ȑ ȠȚțȌȐȘȖȊȈȓȐ ©ǶǷǶȇǯªȖȊȞȍȊ ǲȈȎȌȈȧ ȕȖ-
ȊȈȧ ȒȕȐȎȒȈ ǪȐȒȚȖȘȈ ȀȒȓȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ǶșȐȗȈ ǩȘȐȒȈ ȆȘȐȧ ǺȣȕȧȕȖȊȈ ǩȖȘȐșȈ
ȅȑȝȍȕȉȈțȔȈ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȗȘȖȋȓȈȚȣȊȈȓȈșȤ ș ȎȈȌȕȖșȚȤȦ ȌȈȊȈȧ ȕȖȊȣȑ ȏȈȘȧȌ ȕȈ
ȕȍșȒȖȕȟȈȍȔȣȍ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȣ Ȑ șȗȖȘȣ Ȗ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȧȏȣȒȈ
ǿȚȖ ȕȈș ȘȖȌȕȐȓȖ ș ©ǶǷǶȇǯȖȔª" ǶȉȢȧșȕȍȕȐȍ ȥȚȖȔț ȔȖȎȕȖ ȕȈȑȚȐ ț ȗȘȍ-
ȒȘȈșȕȖȋȖ ȔȈșȚȍȘȈ șȓȖȊȈ ǪȐȒȚȖȘȈ ǩȖȘȐșȖȊȐȟȈ ȀȒȓȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȟțȌȍșȕȖȑ ȒȕȐ-
1 ©ɋɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɧɵɟ ɮɟɥɶɟɬɨɧɵ ɢ ɚɝɢɬɤɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɜ ³Ɍɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ´ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɭɪɨɤɚɦɢ
ɩɨɥɢɬɝɪɚɦɨɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɫɫ Ɉɧɢ ɪɚɡɴɹɫɧɹɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɚɦ ɫɨɥɞɚɬɚɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɛɨɥɶ-
ɲɟɜɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ ɚɝɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɧɟɺ ɧɚ ɜɵɛɨɪɚɯ ɜ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɜ ȾȼɊª ɑɭɠɚɤ

206
ȋȍ «ǮȐȓȐ-ȉȣȓȐ» șȚȘ 
«Ǫ ǶȗȖȧȏȍ șȖȍȌȐȕȧȓȐșȤ ȓȦȌȐ șȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȍ ș ȗȖȥȏȐȍȑ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ǽȓȍȉ-
ȕȐȒȖȊȈ șȒȈȎȍȔ ȗȘȧȔȖ — ȜțȚțȘȐșȚȣ Ȑ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȍ ȜȐȓȖȓȖȋȐ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȏȕȈȦ-
ȡȐȍ ȚȖȋȌȈȠȕȦȦ ȗȖȥȏȐȦ»
Ǵȣ ȚȖȎȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȒȘȍȗȒȖ șȊȧȏȈȕȣ ș ȗȖȥȏȐȍȑ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ Ȕȣ
ȉȣȓȐ ȗȘȖȗȈȋȈȕȌȐșȚȈȔȐ Ȑȝ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ ǰ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȟȚȖ ǶǷǶȇǯ ȕȈș ȗȘȐȊȓȍ-
ȒȈȓ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȉȓȐȏȖȒ ȕȈȔ «ȈȕȈȓȐȏȖȔ șȓȖȊȈ Ȑ ȕȍȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȖșȚȣȖ ȔȣȠȓȍ-
ȕȐȧ» (ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ǩǩ ȀȒȓȖȊșȒȖȋȖ — ȕȈ ȚȖȑ Ȏȍ șȚȘ ).
ǪȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȟȓȍȕȣ ȋȘțȗȗȣ «ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª Ȑ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȐ Ȑȏ
ǶǷǶȇǯȈ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȐȓȐșȤ Ȋ «ǳȍȜȍ».
ǪșȍȋȌȈ ȗȖȔȕȦ ȟțȚȒȖȍ ȓȦȉȖȗȣȚșȚȊȖ Ǫ ǩ ȀȒȓȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȓ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȔ ȕȈȟȐ-
ȕȈȦȡȐȔ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚȖȘȈȔ Ȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌȈȔ ǬȖȔ ȍȋȖ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȉȣȓ ȖȚȒȘȣȚ Ȍȓȧ
ȕȐȝ ǪȐȒȚȖȘ ǩȖȘȐșȖȊȐȟ ȏȖȘȒȖ șȓȍȌȐȓ ȏȈ Ȑȝ ȗȍȘȊȣȔȐ ȠȈȋȈȔȐ ȕȈ ȗțȚȐ Ȋ ȓȐ-
ȚȍȘȈȚțȘț ȕȈșȚȘȈȐȊȈȓ ȕȈ ȕȈțȟȕțȦ ȘȈȉȖȚț
ǶșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȏȈȗȖȔȕȐȓȖșȤ Ȕȕȍ ȒȈȒ șȖȏȌȈȊȈȓȈșȤ ȒȕȐȋȈ «ǹȓȖȊȍșȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȒȖȔ-
ȔȍȘȞȐȧ» (Ȗ ȒȕȐȎȕȖȑ ȓȈȊȒȍ ǹȔȐȘȌȐȕȈ) Ǻ ǫȘȐȞȈ Ǫ ǺȘȍȕȐȕȈ Ȑ Ǵ ǵȐȒȐȚȐȕȈ
ȗȖȌ ȘȍȌȈȒȞȐȍȑ Ǫ ǩ ȀȒȓȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ǩ ȅȑȝȍȕȉȈțȔȈ
ǴȕȖȋȖ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȐ Ȕȕȍ Ȗ ȘȍȌȒȐȝ ȌțȠȍȊȕȣȝ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȈȝ Ǫ. ǩ ȀȒȓȖȊșȒȖȋȖ
Ȑ ǫȘȐȞ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȉȓȐȏȒȐȍ Ȕȕȍ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌȣ ǬȈ Ȑ ȧ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȗȖȔȕȦ ȒȈȒ
ǪȐȒȚȖȘ ǩȖȘȐșȖȊȐȟ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȧȓ ȔȖȦ ȘțȒț Ȋ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ ȕȈȌ ȗȘȖȏȖȑ
ǪȍșȕȖȑ ȏ ȋȖȌȈ ȕȈȌȖ ȉȣȓȖ șȘȖȟȕȖ ȕȈȗȐșȈȚȤ ȉȘȖȠȦȘț Ȋ ȌȊȈ ș ȗȖȓȖȊȐ-
ȕȖȑ ȓȐșȚȈ Ȍȓȧ «ǴȖȓȖȌȖȑ ȋȊȈȘȌȐȐ» ǬȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ șȒțȟȕȣȑ șȍȘȣȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ ȗȖ
șȉȖȘț țȚȐȓȤșȣȘȤȧ ȕȈȌȖ ȉȣȓȖ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȌȖșȚțȗȕȣȔ Ȍȓȧ ȟȚȍȕȐȧ ȇ ȘȈșȚȍȘȧȓȈșȤ,
ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓȈ ș ȟȍȋȖ Ȑ ȒȈȒ ȕȈȟȈȚȤ
— Ǩ Ȋȣ ȕȈȟȕȐȚȍ ș ȈȕȌȍȘșȍȕȖȊșȒȖȑ șȒȈȏȒȐ Ȗ ȊȖȘȖȚȕȐȟȒȍ ǬȈ-ȌȈ Ȗ ȊȖȘȖȚ-
ȕȐȟȒȍ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȚȐȊȠȍȔșȧ «Ȋ ȚȖȚ șȈȔȣȑ ȓȐșȚ ȉțȔȈȋȐ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȈ
ȍȋȖ ȐșȚȖȘȐȧ»1, — ȗȖșȖȊȍȚȖȊȈȓ ǪȐȒȚȖȘ ǩȖȘȐșȖȊȐȟ
ȇ ȗȖșȓțȠȈȓȈșȤ ǺȈȒ Ȑ șȌȍȓȈȓȈ ǬȈȓȤȠȍ Ȋșȍ ȖȉȖȠȓȖșȤ
ǻȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ǰ ȚȍȗȍȘȍȠȕȐȍ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȍ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȐ ȗȖȉȣȊȈȊ-
ȠȐȍ ț ȀȒȓȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȒȈȒ Ȑ Ȕȣ ȒȖȋȌȈ-ȚȖ țȕȖșȧȚ șȊȍȚȓȣȍ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȧ
0 ȕȍȔ Ȗ ȍȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȕȍȑȠȍȔ țȔȍ Ȑ ȌȖȉȘȖȑ ȖȘȐȋȐȕȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ
ǷȍȚȍȘȉțȘȋșȒȖȑ ȉȍȓȖȑ ȕȖȟȤȦ ȉȘȖȌȧ ș ǪȐȒȚȖȘȖȔ ǩȖȘȐșȖȊȐȟȍȔ Ȑȏ țȓȐȞȣ
Ȋ țȓȐȞț ȗȖȥȚ ǩȓȖȒ șȗȘȖșȐȓ
— ǷȖȟȍȔț Ȋȣ Ȋșȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȍȚȍ"
ǪȐȌȕȖ, ǩȓȖȒ ȔȈȓȖ ȏȕȈȓ ȀȒȓȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ǰȕȈȟȍ ȉȣ Ȗȕ ȥȚȖȚ ȊȖȗȘȖș ȕȍ ȏȈȌȈȓ
ǷȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȔțȌȘȖȍ Ȑ ȌȖȉȘȖȍ șȍȘȌȞȍ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ ȔȕȖȋȖȍ
ǲȖȋȌȈ ȟȐȚȈȍȠȤ «ǮȐȓȐ-ȉȣȓȐ» ȡȍȔȐȚ Ȋ ȋȘțȌȐ, ȒȈȒ ȖȚ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȑ Ȑ ȗȍ-
ȟȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȔțȏȣȒȐ ǴȈșȚȍȘ ȕȈȗȐșȈȊȠȐȑ ȒȕȐȋț ȊȓȈȌȍȍȚ șȍȒȘȍȚȖȔ ȕȍȐșșȧȒȈȍ-
ȔȖȋȖ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȍȕȐȧ
1 Ƚ ; Ⱥɧɞɟɪɫɟɧ ɋɤɚɡɤɢ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ Ɇ  ɫɬɪ 

©ǰ șȗȓȖȠȕȖȑ ȗȖȚȖȒ ȠȖȗȍȕȖȊșȒȐȝ ȥȚȦȌȖȊª
ǩ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ
ǨșȍȍȊ ȊșȦȌț ȗȖȧȊȓȧȓșȧ ș ǲșȍȕȐȍȑ ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȕȖȑ ǶȒșȈȕȖȑ ǶȒșȈȕȖȟȒȖȑ
— ȎȍȕȖȑ ȍȋȖ ȏȖȓȖȚȖȊȖȓȖșȖȑ ȔțȏȣȒȈȕȚȠȍȑ ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȍȑ ȠȈȝȔȈȚȕȖȑ Ȑȋ-
Șȣȇ șȘȈȏț ȊȓȦȉȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȥȚȐ ȥȔȈȓȍȊȣȍ șȐȕȐȍ ȋȓȈȏȈ Ȋ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒțȦ ȜȐȋțȘȒț Ȑ
ȊȣșȖȒȐȍ ȒȈȉȓțȒȐ ǶȒșȈȕȈ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓȈ ȥȚȖ șȚȈȓȈ Ȕȍȕȧ «ȖȗȍȒȈȚȤ» — țȟȐȓȈ Ȋȣ-
ȠȐȊȈȚȤ ȠȍȓȒȖȔ Ȑ ȊȈȘȐȚȤ șțȗ ȕȈ ȗȘȐȔțșȍ ș ȉȍșȠțȔȕȖȑ ȋȖȘȍȓȒȖȑ — ȏȌȍșȤ Ȏȍ
Ȋ ȕȖȔȍȘȍ ȋȖșȚȐȕȐȞȣ «ǾȍȕȚȘȈȓȤ» — ȖȉȡȍȎȐȚȐȐ ǴȐȕȐȕȌȍȓȈ ȋȌȍ Ȕȣ ȎȐȓȐ
ǵȈș ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȧȓȈ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ Ȓ ȔțȏȣȒȍ ȇ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȕȈȘȧȌț ș ȘȈȉȖȚȖȑ Ȋ ȋȈ-
ȏȍȚȍ Ȑ ȏȈȕȧȚȐȧȔȐ Ȋ ǰǵǶ țȟȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ «ȒȖȕșȍȘȊȈȚȖȘȐȐ» ȠȚțȌȐȘȖȊȈȓȈ
<…>
ȊȈș Ȑ ȟȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ Ȍȓȧ ȊȈș șȌȍȓȈȚȤ». ǺțȚ Ȏȍ ȗȖȋȐȉȈȧ ȖȚ șȔțȡȍȕȐȧ ȕȈȗȘȈȠȐ-
ȊȈȓșȧ «șȉȍȋȈȚȤ Ȋ ȈȗȚȍȒț».
ǲ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȔț Ȗȕ ȖȚȕȖșȐȓșȧ ȒȈȒ Ȓ ȉȖȎȍșȚȊț ȊșȍȋȌȈ țȔțȌȘȧȧșȤ ȖȚȣșȒȈȚȤ
ȋȌȍ-ȚȖ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȐȓȐ șȚȈȘȣȍ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧ șȚȐȝȖȊ ȓȦȉȐȔȖȋȖ ȗȖȥȚȈ ǷȘȍȌȈȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȓ
ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȔț ǵȍȏȕȈȔȖȊ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȓ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ Ȋșȍȑ șȊȖȍȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ǫ ǴȖșȒȊȍ Ȗȕ
ȉțȒȊȈȓȤȕȖ ȕȍ ȖȚȝȖȌȐȓ ȖȚ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȤȏțȧșȤ ȓȦȉȣȔ șȓțȟȈȍȔ ȗȖȔȖȟȤ
ȗȖȥȚț Ȑ Ȋ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ Ȑ Ȋ ȉȣȚț. ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȉȣȓ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȌȖȉȘ Ȓ ǵȍȏȕȈȔȖȊț Ȑ Ȋșȧ-
ȟȍșȒȐ șȚȈȘȈȓșȧ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚȤ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȋȖ ȘȈȉȖȚț ȗȘȐșȚȘȈȐȊȈȓ Ȋ ȘȍȌȈȒȞȐȐ ǷȍȚȐȕȣ
șȚȐȝȐ Ȑ ȜȍȓȤȍȚȖȕȣ Ǫ ǴȖșȒȊȍ ǵȍȏȕȈȔȖȊ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȓ Ȋ «ǲȘțȋȍ», Ȋ ©ǳȍȜȍ» Ȋ «ǲȐ-
ȕȖȋȈȏȍȚȍ».
ǵȈȌ ǵȍȏȕȈȔȖȊȣȔ ȟȈșȚȍȕȤȒȖ ȗȖȌȚȘțȕȐȊȈȓȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ — șȐȉȐȘșȒȐȑ
ǶȚȍȓȓȖ — ȋȌȍ-ȚȖ ȗȘȧȟȍȚ ȌȈȔț șȊȖȍȋȖ șȍȘȌȞȈ ǷȍȚȘțȠȈ ȚȍȘȧȓșȧ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȧ ȟȚȖ
ȖȚȊȍȚȐȚȤ ȕȈ ȚȈȒțȦ ȕȍșȒȘȖȔȕȖșȚȤ ǷȓȍȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ șȔțȡȈȓșȧ ȌȖșȚȈȊȓȧȧ ȊșȍȔ Ȗȋ-
ȘȖȔȕȖȍ țȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȐȍ — ȊȍȌȤ Ȕȣ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖ ȏȕȈȓȐ ȟȚȖ ǷȍȚȧ Ȋȍȓ ȈșȒȍȚȐȟȍ-
șȒȐȑ ȖȉȘȈȏ ȎȐȏȕȐ
ǹȖȉȐȘȈȧșȤ ȊȔȍșȚȍ Ȕȣ ȟȈșȚȖ ȐȋȘȈȓȐ Ȋ ȠȈȘȈȌȣ ȉȍȘȧ ȏȈ ȖșȕȖȊț șȚȘȖȟȒȐ
ȗȖȥȚȖȊ ǶȚȋȈȌȣȊȈȦȡȐȑ țȝȖȌȐȓ Ȑȏ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȣ Ȉ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȌȖȉȘȖșȖȊȍșȚȕȖ ©Ȑȋ-
ȘȈȓȐ» șȚȈȘȈȧșȤ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȕȖ «ȐȏȖȉȘȈȏȐȚȤ» șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ șȚȘȖȜȣ ǵȖ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȊșȒȖ-
Șȍ țȋȈȌȣȊȈȚȤ șȚȈȓȖ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȓȍȋȒȖ Ȕȣ ȐȏȖȡȘȧȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȖȚȒȈȗȣȊȈȕȐȐ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ
ȗȖȟȚȐ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȝ ȐȓȐ ȌȈȊȕȖ ȏȈȉȣȚȣȝ
ǯȈȉȈȊȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȚȤ șȖșȚȧȏȈȕȐȧ Ȋ ©ȉțȘȐȔȍ» ǨșȍȍȊȈ Ȑ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ
ȊȝȖȌȐȊȠȐȝ Ȋ ȠțȔȕȣȑ ȈȏȈȘȚ ȗȘȐ țȌȈȟȍ Ȑ ȊȗȈȌȈȊȠȐȝ Ȋ țȕȣȓȖȍ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȐȍ ȗȘȐ
ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȐȐ ǰȕȖȋȌȈ Ȑȝ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ȘȈȏȕȐȔȈȚȤ
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Ǫșȍȝ ȕȈș ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȧȓȈ ȖȉȡȈȧ ȈȋȐȚȈȞȐȖȕȕȈȧ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ — ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤ-
șȒȈȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ șȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȍ țȍȝȈȚȤ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț
ǶȌȕȐȔȐ Ȑȏ ȗȍȘȊȣȝ ȗȖ ȗȘȐȋȓȈȠȍȕȐȦ ǳțȕȈȟȈȘșȒȖȋȖ  ȧȕȊȈȘȧ  ȋȖȌȈ
Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț țȍȝȈȓȐ ǨșȍȍȊȣ Ȋ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȔ șȓțȎȍȉȕȖȔ ȊȈȋȖȕȍ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș șȖȚȘțȌȕȐȒȈ-
ȔȐ ǴȐȕȐȕȌȍȓȈ Ȑ ǬȈȓȤȉȦȘȖ — ȊșȍȋȖ ȠȍșȚȤ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ
ǷȐșȤȔȈ ǨșȍȍȊȈ Ȑȏ ǴȖșȒȊȣ ȉȣȓȐ șȊȍȚȓȣȔȐ ȏȖȊțȡȐȔȐ Ǫ ȔȈȍ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ
ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȐȟ ȗȘȐșȓȈȓ Ȕȕȍ șȊȖȍȋȖ «ǹȚȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ șȖȓȖȊȤȧ» Ȑ ȗȖȥȔț ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖ-
ȋȖ «ǳȦȉȓȦ» ǷȘȐȔȍȘȕȖ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȉȣȓ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕ Ȋ -ȍȔ ȕȖȔȍȘȍ
«ǲȘȈșȕȖȑ ȕȖȊȐ» «IV ǰȕȚȍȘȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓ» ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ǨșȍȍȊ ȗȐșȈȓ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ
ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȓȈșȤ «ǴȖșȒȖȊșȒȈȧ Ȋ ȉțȌțȡȍȔ ǴȍȎȌțȕȈȘȖȌȕȈȧ ǨșșȖȞȐȈȞȐȧ ȜțȚț-
ȘȐșȚȖȊª ȐȓȐ «ǴǨǼ» șȖȒȘȈȡȍȕȕȖ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ «ȐȔȈȋȐ» Ț ȍ ȐȔȈȎȐȕȐșȚȣ, ȏȈ-
ȋȓȖȝȓȐ ȟȚȖ ǳȍȕȐȕ ȖȚȖȏȊȈȓșȧ Ȗ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȔ ȒȈȒ Ȗ ȒȘțȗȕȍȑȠȍȔ ȗȖȥȚȍ Ȗ ȚȖȔ,
ȟȚȖ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ șȍȑȟȈș ȓȍȋȒȖ Ȑ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ǨșȍȍȊ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȍȚ Ȋ
ǫȓȈȊȗȖȓȐȚȗȘȖșȊȍȚȍ Ȑ ǸȍȊȊȖȍȕșȖȊȍȚȍ Ȑ ȟȚȖ ȊșȍȔ ȕȈȔ ȉțȌȍȚ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȍȕȈ șȖ-
ȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȈȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ; ȗȐșȈȓ Ȗȕ Ȑ Ȗ ȊȚȖȘȕȐȒȈȝ ț ǩȘȐȒȖȊ Ȑ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐ
ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒȍ ǳțȕȈȟȈȘșȒȖȋȖ ȏȈ ȋȘțȗȗȖȑ «ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ» ȉțȌȍȚ ȗȖșȓȈȕ ȍȡȍ ȊȈȋȖȕ
ǵȈș ȥȚȖ ȖȒȘȣȓȐȓȖ ǴȖșȒȊȈ ȏȊȈȓȈ
Ǫ ȕȖȟȤ ȕȈ  ȔȈȧ  ȋȖȌȈ Ȋ  ȒȐȓȖȔȍȚȘȈȝ ȖȚ ǿȐȚȣ ȕȈ ǪȐȚȐȔșȒȖȔ ȚȘȈ-
ȒȚȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȖȠȓȖ șȚȘȈȠȕȖȍ șȖȉȣȚȐȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȏȊȍȘșȒȐ țȉȐȚȣ ȌȊȈ ȟȓȍȕȈ ǬȈȓȤ-
ǩȦȘȖ Ǿǲ ǸǲǷ — ǨȕȖȝȐȕ Ȑ ǲȘȣȓȖȊ ǻ ǨȕȖȝȐȕȈ ȉȣȓȖ șȍȔȤ ȖȋȕȍșȚȘȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȘȈȕ
 ȔȈȧ Ȑȝ ȝȖȘȖȕȐȓȐ ǲ ȏȌȈȕȐȦ ǬȈȓȤǩȦȘȖ șȖȉȘȈȓȖșȤ ȉȖȓȍȍ  Țȣșȧȟ ȟȍ-
ȓȖȊȍȒ ǫȘȖȉȣ ȊȣȕȖșȐȓȐ Ǫ. ǲ ǩȓȦȝȍȘ1 ȇ Ǭ ȇȕșȖȕ 2 ǵ Ǽ ǿțȎȈȒ3 Ȑ ȌȘ
ǷȘȖȞȍșșȐȧ ȠȓȈ ȖȚ ǫțȉȒȖȔȈ ǬȈȓȤǩȦȘȖ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȗȖ ǹȖȜȐȑșȒȖȑ țȓȐȞȍ ȌȖ ȗȓȖ-
ȡȈȌȐ ǹȊȖȉȖȌȣ ȗȖ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊșȒȖȑ — ȌȖ ǵȈȘȖȌȕȖȋȖ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȧ ȗȖ ǰȘȒțȚ-
șȒȖȑ — ȌȖ ǬȖȔȈ ǷȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ — ȟȍȘȍȏ ȊȍșȤ ȋȖȘȖȌ Ȋ ȔȖȘȍ ȗȣȓȐ — ȕȈ ȒȓȈȌ-
ȉȐȡȍ ǺȈȔ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȓȐ  ȖȘȈȚȖȘȖȊ ǲȘȈșȕȣȍ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȈ ș ȟȍȘȕȣȔȐ ȓȍȕȚȈȔȐ Ƿț-
Ƞȍȟȕȣȍ Ȑ ȘțȎȍȑȕȣȍ șȈȓȦȚȣ ǽȖȘȖȠȐȍ ȘȍȟȐ ǩȓȦȝȍȘȈ ǷȍȚȘȖȊȈ4 Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȝ
ǷȖȝȖȘȖȕȣ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓȐșȤ ș  ½ ȟȈșȖȊ țȚȘȈ ȌȖ  ȟȈșȖȊ Ȍȕȧ ǷȖȚȖȔ ȗȖȠȍȓ
ȌȖȎȌȤ ǵȖ ȓȦȌȐ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȕȍ ȘȈșȝȖȌȐȓȐșȤ
ǵȍ ȉȣȓ ȓȐ ȥȚȖȚ ǨȕȖȝȐȕ ȚȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȒȖȔȐșșȈȘȖȔ ǨȕȖȝȐȕȣȔ ș ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ț
ȔȖȓȖȌȖȋȖ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȧ ǲ ǫ ǷȈțșȚȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȖȠȓȈ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈ Ȋ ȚȍȗȓțȠȒȍ ȕȈ
ǸȐȋȖ-ǶȘȓȖȊșȒȖȑ ȎȌ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț"5
1 ȼ Ʉ Ȼɥɸɯɟɪ — ɝɥɚɜɧɨɤɨɦɚɧɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɇɚɪ Ɋɟɜ Ⱥɪɦɢɟɣ
2 ə Ⱦ əɧɫɨɧ — ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪ ɢɧɨɫɬɪ ɞɟɥ
3 ɇ Ɏ ɑɭɠɚɤ — ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ ɝɚɡɟɬ
4 Ɏ ɇ ɉɟɬɪɨɜ — ɡɚɦɟɫɬɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɦɶɟɪ-ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚ
5 ɋɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ Ʉ Ƚ ɉɚɭɫɬɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɬ 3 ©ɉɨɜɟɫɬɶ ɨ ɠɢɡɧɢª ɫɬɪ -664.

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ǲȖȔȐșșȈȘ ȗȖȎȈȓȍȓ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȗȖȗȈȊȠȍȋȖ Ȋ ȏȈȚȘțȌȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȗȖ-
ȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȗțȚȐ Ƕȕ ȗȖȔȖȋ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȦȡȍȔț ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȦ țȑȚȐ ȖȚ ȖȗȈșȕȣȝ șȖșȍ-
Ȍȍȑ ȊȣȌȈȊ ȍȔț ȘȈȏȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȊȣȍȏȌ Ȓ ȘȖȌȕȣȔ
ǷȖȘȚȘȍȚ ȒȖȔȐșșȈȘȈ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȕȣȑ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȓȐȊȖȑ ȘțȒȖȑ ǲȖȕșȚȈȕȚȐȕȈ ǫȍȖȘ-
ȋȐȍȊȐȟȈ ǷȈțșȚȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȋ ȖȟȍȕȤ Țȍȗȓȣȝ Ȑ șȊȍȚȓȣȝ ȚȖȕȈȝ șȘȈȏț ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒ ȔȖȍ
ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȓ ȗȘȐȏȈȌțȔȈȚȤșȧ ǪȍȌȤ Ȑ Ȗȉ ǨȕȖȝȐȕȍ ȚȘȈȋȐȟȍșȒȐ ȗȖȋȐȉ-
ȠȍȔ ȗȖȌ ǿȐȚȖȑ ȚȖȎȍ Ȋșȍ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȖȚȏȣȊȈȓȐșȤ ǰ ȗȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚșȧ
ǯȈ  ȋȖȌȈ ȒȖȔȐșșȈȘ ȔȖȋ ȊȣȘȈșȚȐ Ȋ ȒȘțȗȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȒȈ ǲȖ-
ȔȐșșȈȘ ǨȕȖȝȐȕ ǷȈȊȍȓ ǯȈȝȈȘȖȊȐȟ Ȑ ǨȕȖȝȐȕ ȟȓȍȕ ǬȈȓȤǩȦȘȖ Ǿǲ ǸǲǷ ȔȖȎȍȚ
ȉȣȚȤ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑ ȚȖȚ Ȏȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ǲȈȒ ȏȕȈȚȤ"
ǯȈȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ Ȕȕȍ ȕȈȗȐșȈȚȤ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖ ǲȖȕșȚȈȕȚȐȕț ǫȍȖȘȋȐȍȊȐȟț ǷȐșȤȔȖ ȉȣ-
ȓȖ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȖ ǵȖ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȧ ȗȖȌțȔȈȓȈ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ șȚȖȐȚ ȚȘȍȊȖȎȐȚȤ ȓȦȉȐȔȖȋȖ ȗȐșȈ-
Țȍȓȧ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȣȔȐ șȖȖȉȡȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȗȖȉȖȧȓȈșȤ ȖȔȘȈȟȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȊȣȏȊȈȚȤ ȋȘțșȚȕȣȍ
ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ ǷȐșȤȔȖ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȖșȚȈȓȖșȤ ȕȍȖȚȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȔ
«Ǫ ǴǶǹǲǪǻ Ǫ ǴǶǹǲǪǻ»
ǵȈȠ ȖȚȢȍȏȌ șȖșȚȖȧȓșȧ ȓȐȠȤ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȈȊȋțșȚȈ ȚȖȋȖ Ȏȍ ȋȖȌȈ ǷȖȋȘțȏȐȓȐșȤ Ȋ
ȗȖȍȏȌ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ǵȍȏȕȈȔȖȊȣȔ ș ǷȈȓȤȔȖȊȣȔȐ ș ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȣȔ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȎȍȕȖȑ
ǶȓȤȋȖȑ ǪȐȒȚȖȘȖȊȕȖȑ ȕȍțȚȖȔȐȔȣȔ ȗȖȔȖȡȕȐȒȖȔ Ȑ ȊșȍȋȌȈȠȕȐȔ ȓȐȟȕȣȔ șȍ-
ȒȘȍȚȈȘȍȔ ǹȍȘȋȍȧ ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȐȟȈ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȔȐȓȖȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȖȑ ȚȘțȌȖȓȦȉȐȊȖȑ ȒȈȒ
ȗȟȍȓȒȈ ǶȕȈ Ȑ șȍȑȟȈș ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȍȚ șȊȖȦ ȘȈȉȖȚț șȚȈȘȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ șȖȉȐȘȈȍȚ ȚȘțȌȣ
ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȍȚșȧ ș ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȧȔȐ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȍȚ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒț ș ȔȕȖȋȐȔȐ
ȕȈȠȐȔȐ Ȑ ȏȈȘțȉȍȎȕȣȔȐ ȐȏȌȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈȔȐ ȏȕȈȊȠȐȔȐ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ
ǭȝȈȚȤ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȔ ȊȈȋȖȕȍ ș ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȣȔ ȉȣȓȖ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖ Ȗȕ ȔȕȖȋȖ
ȏȕȈȓ ȊșȍȋȖ Ȑ ȖȉȖ ȊșȍȔ șȚȘȍȔȐȓșȧ țȏȕȈȊȈȚȤ ȕȖȊȖȍ — ȍȎȍȟȈșȕȖ ȍȎȍȔȐȕțȚȕȖ
Ƕȕ ȉȣȓ ȗȖȓȖȕ șȈȔȣȝ ȕȍȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȍȒȚȖȊ ȜȈȕȚȈȏȐȑ ȔȍȟȚȈȕȐȑ
ǻȊȓȍȒȈȧșȤ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈȔȐ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȥșȚȍȚȐȒȐ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȊȣȌȊȐȋȈȓ
ȚȈȒȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȉțȌțȡȍȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȒȈȒ șȗȍȞȐȜȐȟȍșȒȐ ȈȊȚȖȕȖȔȕȈȧ Ȗȉ-
ȓȈșȚȤ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȕȍȚ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȊȊȐȌț ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȧ ȔȖȕȐȏȔȈ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȣȝ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȑ Ȑ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ǶȕȖ ȉțȌȍȚ ȓȐȠȤ ȖȒȘȈșȒȖȑ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ
ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ Ȑ Ȑȝ ȗȘȖȌțȒȚȖȊ ǰșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȕȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ «ȌȍșȍȘȚȖȔ» ȖȕȖ șȌȍ-
ȓȈȍȚșȧ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤȦ
ǰȓȓȦșȚȘȐȘțȦ ȍȋȖ ȔȣșȓȤ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȖȔ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȑ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȉȖȋȈȚ ȠțȔȈȔȐ
ȒȘȈșȒȈȔȐ ǵȖ ȥȚȐ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȕȍ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȈȕȣ ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐ
ȀțȔ ȔȈȠȐȕ ȋțȌȖȒ ȏȈȊȖȌȈ — Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȚȤ șȒȖȕșȚȘțȐȘȖȊȈȕȖ ȥșȚȍȚȐ-
ȟȍșȒȐ ȗȘȐȍȔȓȍȔȖ șȓȐȚȖ
ǵȈȌ ȥȚȖȑ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȖȑ ȊȍȘȕȍȍ ȕȈȌ ȍȍ ȖȉȖșȕȖȊȈȕȐȍȔ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ șȖȉȐȘȈȓșȧ
ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ ǻ ȕȈș ȘȈȏȋȖȘȍȓșȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ șȗȖȘ Ǵȣ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȓȐ ȘȧȌ șȖȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȑ
Ȗ ȕȍȞȍȓȍșȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȖșȚȐ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȏȈȚȘȈȚȣ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȐ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ș ȍȋȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ

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Ǫ șȈȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ Ȍȓȧ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ «ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ
ȋȖȘȖȌȈ» ȕțȎȕȣ ȓȦȌȐ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐ Ȍȓȧ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȥș-
ȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȊȖșȗȘȐȧȚȐȧ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȕțȎȕȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȓȖ
ȥȚȖȑ ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȍȑ Ȉ ȥȚȖ ȉțȌȍȚ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȎȍȓȈ-
ȕȐȧ ȐȕȌȐȊȐȌțțȔȖȊ ȉțȌțȚ ȚȖȎȌȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȈȔ ȒȖȓȓȍȒȚȐȊȈ ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȒȖȋ-
ȌȈ ȉțȌȍȚ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȍ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ ȐȔȍȦȡȍȍ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡțȦ ȌȐȈȓȍȒ-
ȚȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȥșȚȍȚȐȒț Ȉ ȕȍ «ǬȐȈȓȍȒȚȐȒț ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ» ǿțȎȈȒȈ
ǴȖȎȕȖ ȓȐ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȖȋȌȈ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȗȘȐȓȖȎȐ-
ȔȖșȚȐ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ"
ǹȗȖȘȐȓȐ șȗȖȘȐȓȐ ȚȈȒ ȕȐ ȌȖ ȟȍȋȖ Ȑ ȕȍ ȌȖșȗȖȘȐȓȐșȤ ǹȓȖȊȍșȕȣȝ ȌȘȈȒ ȉȣȓȖ
ȔȕȖȋȖ ǵȖ ȗȖȚȖȔ ǹȍȘȋȍȑ ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȐȟ ȖȚȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ȖȚ ȥȚȖȑ ȗȖșȣȓȒȐ
ǰȚȈȒ șȉȣȓȖșȤ ǷȖȍȏȌ ȓȍȚȍȓ ȕȈ ȏȈȗȈȌ ǶȋȐȉȈȓ ȗȘȖȏȘȈȟȕȣȑ ǩȈȑȒȈȓ Ƕȕ ȘȈȏ-
ȘȍȏȈȓ ȊȣșȖȟȍȕȕȣȍ șȒȈȓȣ ȊȣȘȣȊȈȓșȧ Ȋ ȒȘȖȔȍȠȕțȦ ȚȤȔț ȟȈȌȕȣȝ Țțȕȕȍȓȍȑ
Ȑ ȋȘȖȝȖȟȈ ȎȍȓȍȏȖȔ ȔȖșȚȖȊ ȕȈȌ ȔȕȖȋȖȊȖȌȕȣȔȐ șȐȉȐȘșȒȐȔȐ ȘȍȒȈȔȐ șȓȖȊȕȖ
ȘȈȌțȧșȤ ȘȈȏȓțȒȐ ș ȕȐȔȐ ȏȊȖȕȒȖ ȘȈȏȌȈȘȐȊȈȓ ȗȘȖȡȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȋțȌȒȐ țȡȍȓȤȧȔ
ȕȈ ȗȈȔȧȚȤ ǽȖȘȖȠȐȑ ȔȐȓȣȑ șȐȉȐȘșȒȐȑ ȗȖȍȏȌ — «ȟȐȚȐȕșȒȐȑ șȒȖȘȣȑ» —
Ȗȕ țȊȖȏȐȓ ȕȈș Ȋ șȚȘȈȕț ȖȉȍȚȖȊȈȕȕțȦ — Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț — ȌȈȓȍȒțȦ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȟȚȖ
șțȓȧȡțȦ ȕȈȔ ǴȖșȒȊț Ǵȕȍ ȕȘȈȊȐȓȖșȤ ȓȍȎȈ ȕȈ ȊȍȘȝȕȍȑ ȗȖȓȒȍ ȋȓȧȌȍȚȤ Ȋ ȖȒ-
ȕȖ ȕȈ ȏȍȓȍȕȣȍ ȔȈșșȣ ȓȍșȖȊ ȕȈ ȏțȉȟȈȚȣȍ ȖȚȊȍșȣ șȒȈȓ Ȑ ȉȖȘȔȖȚȈȚȤ
«ǷȖ ȒȘȈȦ ȗȖ ȒȘȈȦ ȉȍȏ șȚȘȈȝȈ ȊȣȒȘȈȐȊȈȧ ȒȈȒ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȓțȕȈȚȐȒ ȗȖ ȒȘȣȠȍ
șȊȖȑ ȠȈȋ ǵȈȌ ȒȐȓȍȔ ȖȉȘȣȊȈ ȉțȋȘȣ ȊȏȘȣȊȈȧ ȒȖȓȍșȈ ȓȍșȈȔȐ șȒȊȖȏȤ ȟȈȕț șȗȍ-
ȠȈȚ
ǹȒȖȓȤȒȖ șȚȍȒȓȧȕȕȣȝ ȖșȒȖȓȒȖȊ ȕȈ șȒȈȓȈȝ ȘȈșșȣȗȈȕȖ Ȋ șȗȍȒȚȘȈȝ Ȑ ȊȒȘȈȗ-
ȓȍȕȖ Ȋ ȒȊȈȘȞ ǩȓȐȏȒȖ șȒȖȓȤȏȐȓȈ ȉȓȐȏȒȖ ȐșȒȈȓȈ — ȌȘȖȎȈ ȗȘȖȉȍȎȈȓȐ ȊȍȘșȚȣ
ȒȖȊȈȘșȚȊ».
Ǩ ȊȕȐȏț ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ ȊȣȊȖȌȐȓ ȕȈȘȖȟȐȚȖ ȋțșȚȣȔ ȉȈșȖȔ
ǹȓȈȊȕȖȍ ȔȖȘȍ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȣȑ ǩȈȑȒȈȓ
ǹȓȈȊȕȣȑ ȒȖȘȈȉȓȤ — ȖȔțȓȍȊȈȧ ȉȖȟȒȈ
©ǵț ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ — ȌțȔȈȦ ȧ — șȍȑȟȈș ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȚ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȍȚȤ ȝȖȘȖȔ».
ǵȍ țșȗȍȊȈȦ ȌȖȌțȔȈȚȤ ȒȈȒ ȕȈ țȘȖȊȕȍ ȔȖȍȑ ȗȖȌțȠȒȐ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȋȖȓȖȊȈ
ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ ©ǶȗȧȚȤ șȚȐȝȐ șȚȘȖȟȐȠȤ" ǷȍȚȤ ȕȈȌȖ Ǩ ȕț-ȒȈ ȗȖȌȝȊȈȚȣȊȈȑ» ǿțȊ-
șȚȊȖ ȒȖȓȓȍȒȚȐȊȐȏȔȈ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȊȖ ȊșȍȔ
ǷȖȍȔ ȞȍȓȣȔ Ȓțȗȍ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȕȈȗȘȖșȐȊȠȐȔȐșȧ Ȋ ȋȖșȚȐ șȖșȍȌȧȔȐ șȗȘȈȊȈ Ȑ
șȓȍȊȈ ș ȗȘȖȊȖȌȕȐȒȖȔ ș ȗȈșșȈȎȐȘȈȔȐ Ȑȏ ȒȖȘȐȌȖȘȈ ȗȖȍȔ ȗȖȍȔ ȌȖ țșȚȈȓȐ
Ȋșȍ ȒȈȚȖȘȎȕȣȍ Ȑ șȐȉȐȘșȒȐȍ ȗȍșȕȐ Ȋ șȚȘȖȋȖȔ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȐȐ ș ȔȐȕțȍȔȣȔȐ Ȕȍ-
șȚȈȔȐ Ȑ ȠȐȘȖȚȈȔȐ
ǲȖȋȌȈ ȕȈȌȖȍȌȈȓȖ ȗȍȚȤ șȗȖȘȐȓȐ Ȗȉ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ Ȗ șȊȍȎȍȑ ȋȈȏȍȚȕȖȑ șȚȈȚȤȍ —
Ȗ ȟȍȔ ȗȖȗȈȓȖ ǲȖȋȌȈ țșȚȈȊȈȓȐ ȖȚ șȗȖȘȖȊ — ȗȍȓȐ ǵȈȌȖȍȌȈȓȖ ȗȍȚȤ — ȟȐȚȈȓȐ

211
șȚȐȝȐ Ȑ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȐ șȚȘȈȠȕȣȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȚȘȈȠȕȣȍ șȈȔȣȍ șȚȘȈȠȕȣȍ șȒȈȏ-
ȒȐǪ ȌȖȘȖȋȍ ȒȚȖ-ȚȖ ȗȘȐȕȍș ȐȏȊȍșȚȐȍ Ȗ șȔȍȘȚȐ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ǷȍȘȍȎȐȊȈȓȐ ȒȈȒ
Ȗȉȡȍȍ șȍȔȍȑȕȖȍ ȋȖȘȍ
ǺȈȒ Ȕȣ ȗȍȘȍȒȖȟȍȊȈȓȐ Ȑȏ ǹȐȉȐȘȐ Ȋ ǭȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒțȦ ǸȖșșȐȦ
ǪǶǺ ǶǵǨ — ǩǭǳǶǲǨǴǭǵǵǨȇ
ǵȈ ȇȘȖșȓȈȊșȒȖȔ ȊȖȒȏȈȓȍ ȕȈș ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȓȐ ǨșȍȍȊȣ Ȑ ǶșȐȗ ǴȈȒșȐȔȖȊȐȟ
ǩȘȐȒ ǬȍȕȤ ȉȣȓ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȕȍȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȣȑ ǶȌȐȕ Ȑȏ Țȍȝ ȗȍȘȓȈȔțȚȘȖȊȣȝ
Ȍȕȍȑ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȓȍȚȖ țȎȍ ȕȈ ȐșȝȖȌȍ ȕȖ ȗȘȖȡȈȚȤșȧ ȕȍ ȝȖȟȍȚ ȗȖȕȍȊȖȓȍ țșȚțȗȈȍȚ
ȕȍȐȏȉȍȎȕȖ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȈȦȡȍȑșȧ ȖșȍȕȐ
Ǫ ǴȖșȒȊț ȧ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȓȈ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ ǮȐȚȤ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍȋȌȍ ǨșȍȍȊȣ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȐȓȐ
Ȕȕȍ ș ȔțȎȍȔ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤșȧ ț ȕȐȝ
Ǫșȍ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȊȠȐȍ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȐȓȐșȤ ș ȊȍȡȈȔȐ ȕȈ ȐȏȊȖȏȟȐȒȈȝ ȗȖ ȌȖȔȈȔ Ȉ Ȕȕȍ
ȏȈȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ ȗȘȖȑȚȐșȤ ȗȍȠȒȖȔ ȗȖ ȔȖșȒȖȊșȒȐȔ țȓȐȞȈȔ ș ǶȒșȈȕȖȑ Ȑ ǩȘȐȒȖȔ
ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȒȈȒ ȊȣȧșȕȐȓȖșȤ ȐȌȚȐ ȉȣȓȖ — ȕȍȌȈȓȍȒȖ ǨșȍȍȊȣ ȎȐȓȐ ȕȈ ǴȧșȕȐȞ-
ȒȖȑ țȓȐȞȍ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ țȓ ǲȐȘȖȊȈ ȕȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ ǷȖȟȚȈȔȚȈ ǴȍșȚȖ ȥȚȖ ș Țȍȝ ȗȖȘ Ȑ
ȗȖșȍȑȟȈș Ȍȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ ȒȈȒȖȍ-ȚȖ ȖȟȍȕȤ șȊȖȍ, «ȌȖȔȈȠȕȍȍ» Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ țȦȚȕȖȍ
ǷȖȔȕȦ ȚȍȔȕȖȊȈȚȣȑ ȌȊȖȘ ǪȝțȚȍȔȈșȈ Ȑ ȎȍȓȍȏȕțȦ ȊȐȕȚȖȊțȦ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕțȦ
ȓȍșȚȕȐȞț ȗȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ Ȕȣ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȗȖȌȕȐȔȈȓȐșȤ Ȓ ǨșȍȍȊȣȔ ȕȈ -ȑ ȥȚȈȎ
«Ǻȣ ȏȈȠȍȓ ȏȈ ȊȍȠȕȐȑ ȗȖȌȖȒȖȕȕȐȒ
ǵȈ ȔȖȍȔ ȌȍȊȧȚȖȔ ȥȚȈȎȍ» —
ȏȌȍșȤ ȗȐșȈȓ Ȗȕ ȗȖȚȖȔ ǫȈșȚȍȊț
ǨșȍȍȊȣ ȎȐȓȐ Ȋ ȒȖȓȖșșȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ǪȍȘȖȟȒȖȑ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ șȍ-
șȚȍȘ ǹȐȕȧȒȖȊȣȝ ȊȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ șȚȈȊȠȍȑ ȎȍȕȖȑ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȧ ǫȍȝȚȈ Ǫșȍ ȕȈȏȣȊȈ-
ȓȐ ȍȍ «ǫȖȋȍȕ» ȏȈ ȓȐȞȖ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȖȝȖȎȍȍ ȕȈ ȓȐȞȈ ȚȈȐȚȧȕȖȒ ș ȗȖȓȖȚȍȕ ȋȍȕȐȈȓȤ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏȈ ȅȚȖ ȗȖȌȖȉȐȍ ȉȘȖșȈȓȖșȤ Ȋ ȋȓȈȏȈ ǭȡȍ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȧ Ȗ ȍȍ ȗȘȖȏȊȐȡȍ,
ȧ ȒȈȒ-ȚȖ șȗȘȖșȐȓȈ
— ǯȈ ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȤ ȉȘȖȕȏȖȊȣȝ ȒȖȓȍȕ Ȑ ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȕȈȐȚȐȑ ȊȍȌȤ ȥȚȖ
ȊȈș ȗȐșȈȓ ǫȖȋȍȕ Ȋ ȓȍșȈȝ ȕȈ ȖșȚȘȖȊȍ ǺȈȐȚȐ"
ǪȍȘȖȟȒȈ ȊȍșȍȓȖ ȘȈșșȔȍȧȓȈșȤ Ȑ șȒȈȏȈȓȈ Ȕȕȍ ȟȚȖ ȔȕȍȕȐȧ ȌȘțȏȍȑ Ȑ ȏȕȈȒȖ-
Ȕȣȝ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȕȍ ȘȈșȝȖȌȧȚșȧ
Ǫ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ ǨșȍȍȊȣȝ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖȑ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȗțșȚȖȑ ȉțȌȚȖ ȌȊȈ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȣȝ șȚȈȕȒȈ Ȋ ȔȈșȚȍȘșȒȖȑ șȚȖȧȓȐ ȘȖȧȓȤ Ȑ ȗȐșȤȔȍȕȕȣȑ șȚȖȓ ȏȈȊȈȓȍȕȕȣȑ
ȉțȔȈȋȈȔȐ Ȑ ȒȕȐȋȈȔȐ ǹȚȖȓ ȥȚȖȚ ȒȖșȖ ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȖȚȋȖȘȈȎȐȊȈȓ țȋȖȓ ȒȖȔ-
ȕȈȚȣ ȅȚȖ ȔȍșȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȖ Ȕȕȍ ș ȔțȎȍȔ ȋȌȍ Ȕȣ Ȑ ȗȘȖȎȐȓȐ ȕȍȏȈ-
ȉȣȊȈȍȔȣȍ ȚȘȐ ȕȍȌȍȓȐ ǻ ǨșȍȍȊȣȝ ȉȣȊȈȓȖ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȖȊ

212
ȔțȏȣȒȈȕȚȖȊ ǹ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȧ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȉȣȓȈ șȊȧȏȈȕȈ ȔȕȖȋȖȓȍȚȕȍȑ ȌȘțȎ-
ȉȖȑ 
ǹȊȍȚȓȖ ȊșȗȖȔȐȕȈȦȚșȧ ȊșȚȘȍȟȐ ș ǴȈȘȐȍȑ ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȕȖȑ ǹȐȕȧȒȖȊȖȑ ȝț-
ȌȖȎȕȐȞȍȑ șȍșȚȘȖȑ Ȏȍȕȣ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ȊșȍȔ șȊȖȐȔ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȔ ȗȘȍȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȎȐȊȖ-
ȗȐșȐ ǪȍșȤ ȌȍȕȤ ȕȍ ȊșȚȈȊȈȧ ȔȖȋȓȈ ȖȕȈ ȗȘȖșȐȌȍȚȤ ț ȔȖȓȤȉȍȘȚȈ ȏȈȉȣȊȈȧ Ȗȉ
ȖȚȌȣȝȍ Ȗ ȍȌȍ ȖȉȖ ȊșȍȔ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȗȐșȈȓȈ ǶȚ țșȚȈȓȖșȚȐ ȖȕȈ ȉȓȍȌ-
ȕȍȓȈ ȖȚȒȐȌȣȊȈȓȈ șȊȖȦ ȒȘȈșȐȊțȦ ȋȖȓȖȊț ȖȚȧȎȍȓȍȕȕțȦ țȏȓȖȔ ȔȍȌȕȣȝ ȊȖȓȖș,
Ȑ ȗȘȐȒȘȣȊȈȓȈ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȌȘȖȎȈȡȐȔȐ ȊȍȒȈȔȐ ǿȍȘȍȏ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȐȕțȚ ȕȍșȗȖȒȖȑ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȖȚȌȣȝȈ ȖȕȈ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȉȖȧșȤ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ țșȗȍȍȚ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȏȈȌțȔȈȕȕȖȍ ȕȈȉȘȈșȣ-
ȊȈȓȈșȤ ȕȈ ȘȈȉȖȚț
ǬȖ șȍȋȖȌȕȧȠȕȍȋȖ Ȍȕȧ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȓȈșȤ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȍȎȕȈȧ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȖșȚȤ Ȓ ǴȈ-
ȘȐȐ ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȕȍ ȏȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ «ȏȈȚȈșȒȐȊȈȓȈ» Ȕȍȕȧ ȚȖ Ȓ ȁțȒȐȕț ȚȖ ȕȈ ǪȖȓ-
ȝȖȕȒț ȐȓȐ ȕȈ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȊȍȘȕȐșȈȎ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ Ȕȕȍ ǪȈȕ-ǫȖȋȈ ǴȈȚȐș-
șȈ ǷȐȒȈșșȖ șȚȈȘȐȒȖȊ-ȐȚȈȓȤȧȕȞȍȊ ȋȖȓȓȈȕȌȞȍȊ ȕȈȠȐȝ ȘțșșȒȐȝ ȔȈșȚȍȘȖȊ Ȉ
ȚȖ Ȑ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȗȖȑȚȐ ȗȖȓȦȉȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȜȈȘȜȖȘȖȔ ǹȊȖȍ ȔȕȍȕȐȍ ǴȈȘȐȧ ǴȐȝȈȑ-
ȓȖȊȕȈ ȕȈ ȕȈȊȧȏȣȊȈȓȈ ǷȘȖșȚȖ ȗȖȌȊȖȌȐȓȈ Ȓ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȍ Ȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȈ «ǹȔȖȚȘȐ»,
Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȓȈșȤ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȖșȚȖȘȖȎȕȖ ȗȖȗȘȈȊȓȧȧ ȍșȓȐ ȧ ȌȍȓȈ-
ȓȈ ȖȠȐȉȒȐ
ǵȍțȎȍȓȐ ȥȚȖ Ȗȕ"
Ǫ ȌȍȕȤ ȕȈȠȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȍȏȌȈ ȍ ǴȖșȒȊț ǨșȍȍȊ ȗȘȐȋȓȈșȐȓ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȊȠȐȝ Ȋ ȒȐ-
ȕȖ șȒȈȏȈȊ ȟȚȖ ȕȈș ȚȈȔ ȖȎȐȌȈȍȚ șȦȘȗȘȐȏ Ǵȣ Ȑȏ ȊȍȎȓȐȊȖșȚȐ șȖȋȓȈșȐȓȐșȤ
ȝȖȚȧ ȐȌȚȐ Ȋ ȒȐȕȖ ȕȐȒȖȔț ȕȍ ȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ ǵȍ ȗȖȔȕȦ ȒȈȒȖȑ Ƞȍȓ ȜȐȓȤȔ ȕȈș ȥȚȖ
ȔȈȓȖ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȓȖ ȕȖ ȒȈȒȖȊȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȈȠȍ țȌȐȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ ț ȊȝȖ-
ȌȈ Ȋ ȒȐȕȖ Ȕȣ țȊȐȌȍȓȐ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓ Ȗȕ — ȎȐȊȖȑ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȐȑ ǺȈ-
ȒȖȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ Ȑ ȠȐȘȖȒȐȑ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȓȈșȒȖȊȣȑ șȖȊșȍȔ ȗȘȖșȚȖȑ Ƕȕ ȉȣȓ ȒȈȒ-ȚȖ
ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȕȍȎȕȖ-șȕȐȝȖȌȐȚȍȓȍȕ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ Ȑ ȔȖȍȔț ȔțȎț șȈȔȣȔ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȔ Ȑȏ
ȕȈȠȍȑ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ǫȓȈȏȈ ȍȋȖ șȖȋȘȍȊȈȓȐ Ȑ țșȗȖȒȈȐȊȈȓȐ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȐ «ǵȍ
ȕȈȌȖ Ȕȍȕȧ ȉȖȧȚȤșȧ ȧ ȌȖȉȘȣȑ».
Ǫșȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍȗȘȈȊȌȖȗȖȌȖȉȕȖ ǵȍ ȊȍȘȐȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ ȔȍȟȚȈ șȉȣȓȈșȤ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȏȌȍșȤ,
ȕȍ — ȕȍ ȗȘȐșȕȐȊȠȐȑșȧ — ș ȕȈȔȐ
ǷȍȘȍȌ ȕȈȟȈȓȖȔ șȍȈȕșȈ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȖȋȈșȐȓȐ șȊȍȚ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ Ȑ ǨșȍȍȊ șȐȌȍȊ-
ȠȐȍ ȗȖȖȌȈȓȤ ȌȘțȋ ȖȚ ȌȘțȋȈ Ȑȏ ȖȏȖȘșȚȊȈ șȚȈȓȐ ȋȘȖȔȒȖ ȗȍȘȍȉȘȈșȣȊȈȚȤșȧ ȠțȚ-
ȓȐȊȣȔȐ ȘȍȗȓȐȒȈȔȐ Ȑ ȖșȚȘȖȚȈȔȐ ǰ ȕȐȒȚȖ Ȑȏ ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ ȕȍ ȗȣȚȈȓșȧ Ȑȝ ȖșȚȈ-
ȕȖȊȐȚȤ ȕȍ șȍȘȌȐȓșȧ ȕȍ ȠȐȒȈȓ — ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ Ȑ ȚȍȔ ȟțȎȐȔ ȓȦȌȧȔ ȉȣȓȖ Ȑȕ-
ȚȍȘȍșȕȖ ȗȖșȓțȠȈȚȤ ȊȍșȍȓȧȡȐȝșȧ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ ǲȈȘȚȐȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȓȖȝȈȧ Ȕȣ ȍȍ ȕȍ ȌȖ-
ȔȖȚȘȍȓȐ Ȑ ȗȖ ȗȘȐȋȓȈȠȍȕȐȦ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȐȓȐșȤ ȕȈ ǪȖȌȖȗȤȧȕȣȑ Ȋ
ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘț ǩȘȐȒȖȊ ȋȌȍ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȉȣȊȈȓȐ ȍȎȍȊȍȟȍȘȕȍ
Ƕ ȊȍȟȍȘȈȝ ȕȈ ǪȖȌȖȗȤȧȕȖȔ ȗȐșȈȓȖșȤ Ȑ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȖșȤ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȗȖ-

213
ȥȚȖȔț ȕȍ ȉțȌț ȗȖȊȚȖȘȧȚȤșȧ
ǵȍțșȚȘȖȑșȚȊȖ
ǮȐȊȧ ț ǨȍȍȊȣȝ Ȕȣ șȚȈȓȐ ȐșȒȈȚȤ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘț. ǵȖ șȕȧȚȤ ȒȖȔȕȈȚț Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ Ȋ
ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ǵȍȌȍȓȐ ȕȈ  Ȕȣ ȗȍȘȍȍȝȈȓȐ Ȋ ǲțșȒȖȊȖ
ȕȈ ȌȈȟț Ȓ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȔ ȖșȚȈȊȐȊȠȐȔ ȍȍ ȕȈȔ ȌȖ ȐșȚȍȟȍȕȐȧ șȘȖȒȈ ȕȈȑȔȈ
Ǵȕȍ ȕȘȈȊȐȓȖșȤ Ȗșȍȕȕȍȍ ǲțșȒȖȊȖ Ȋșȍ Ȋ ȖȗȈȊȠȐȝ ȎȍȓȚȣȝ ȓȐșȚȤȧȝ.
Ǵȣ ȗȖșȍȓȐȓȐșȤ ț șȚȈȘȖȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ș ȖȟȍȕȤ ȌȓȐȕȕȣȔ ȕȖșȖȔ ȕȈ ȚȍȔȕȖȔ
ȓȐȞȍ ș ȈȉșȖȓȦȚȕȖ ȉȍȏȏțȉȣȔ ȘȚȖȔ ǷȖȕȧȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȈ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎ-
ȕȖ Ȕȣ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȓȐșȤ ȎȍșȚȈȔȐ ǹȚȈȘțȝȈ ȉȣȓȈ șȚȘȈȠȕȈ ǹȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȧ ȍȍ ȉȖȧȓȈșȤ
ǶȕȈ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȍȘȍȋȈȓȈ Ȕȍȕȧ ȖȚ ȊȖȘȖȕ ȧȒȖȉȣ țȚȈșȒȐȊȈȊȠȐȝ ȗȐȡț ș ȊȍȘȈȕȌȣ
ǷȖȚȖȔ ȧ ȗȖȕȧȓȈ ȟȚȖ șȚȈȘțȠȒȈ ȋȖȓȖȌȈȓȈ. Ǵȕȍ șȚȈȓȖ ȎȈȓȤ ȍȍ Ǵȣ ȗȖȌȘțȎȐ-
ȓȐșȤ
ǶȕȈ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓȈ Ȕȕȍ ȌȖȘȖȋț Ȓ ȌȊȖȘȞț Ȑ ȗȈȘȒț ȊȖșȝȐȚȐȊȠȐȔ Ȕȍȕȧ ȏȍȘȒȈ-
ȓȈȔȐ ȗȘțȌȈ Ȑ ȌȊȖȘȞȖȊȣȝ șȚȍȕ Ǫ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȖȍ ȖȚ ȗȖȐșȒȖȊ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȣ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȧ ȚȖ
ȉȘȖȌȐȓȈ ȗȖ ȗȈȘȒț ȚȖ ȐșȒȈȓȈ ȔȍșȚȖ ȕȈ ȎȍȓȍȏȕȖȌȖȘȖȎȕȣȝ ȗțȚȧȝ ȖȒȖȓȖ ǶȉȐ-
ȘȈȓȖȊȒȐ ȋȌȍ ǨȕȕȈ ǲȈȘȍȕȐȕȈ ȉȘȖșȐȓȈșȤ ȗȖȌ ȗȖȍȏȌ
ǺȖșȒȓȐȊȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȋțȌȒȐ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȧȡȐȝ ȗȖȍȏȌȖȊ ȇ ȊȍȘȐȓȈ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȈȒ
ȒȈȒ ȖȗȐșȈȓ ǺȖȓșȚȖȑ ȌȈ Ȑ șȍȑȟȈș ȧ ȕȍ ȔȖȋț ȖȚȌȍȓȈȚȤșȧ ȖȚ ȔȣșȓȐ ȟȚȖ ǨȕȕȈ —
ȓȐȞȖ ȕȍ ȊȣȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȖȍ ǵȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȔȘȈȟȕȖȍ
ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȖȊȐȟ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȉȣȓ țȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȖȚȏȣȊȟȐȊ ǻȏ-
ȕȈȊ Ȗ ȕȈȠȍȑ ȕȍțșȚȘȖȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Ȗ ȉȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȕȍȘȈȏȘȍȠȐȔȖșȚȐ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȕȖȋȖ
ȊȖȗȘȖșȈ Ȗȕ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȐȓ ȕȈȔ ȗȖșȍȓȐȚȤșȧ Ȋ ǪȖȌȖȗȤȧȕȖȔ «ȌȖ ȗȘȐȍȏȌȈ ǳȐȓȐȐ
ȆȘȤȍȊȕȣ» Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȊȠȍȑșȧ Ȋ ǩȍȘȓȐȕȍ ǷȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȏȈȔȈȕȟȐ-
ȊȖȍ ǸȈȏȊȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ ȍȋȖ" ȀȓȈ ȏȐȔȈ ǵȖȧȉȘȤ ǬȍȊȈȚȤșȧ ȉȣȓȖ
ȕȍȒțȌȈ ǷȍȘȍȍȝȈȓȐ Ȋ ǪȖȌȖȗȤȧȕȣȑ Ȋ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘț ǩȘȐȒȖȊ
ǪșȒȖȘȍ ȏȈ ȋȘȈȕȐȞț țȍȝȈȓ ǶșȐȗ ǴȈȒșȐȔȖȊȐȟ Ȉ ȕȍȌȍȓȐ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȌȊȍ Ȑ ǴȈȧ-
ȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ǷȘȖȡȈȧșȤ Ȗȕ șȒȈȏȈȓ ȟȚȖ Ȗ ȗȘȐȍȏȌȍ ǳȐȓȐȐ ȆȘȤȍȊȕȣ ȉțȌȍȚ ȐȏȊȍșȚ-
ȕȖ ȏȈ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȍȕȍȑ Ȑ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȕțȎȕȖ ȉțȌȍȚ ȒȖȔȕȈȚț ȖșȊȖȉȖȌȐȚȤ
ǵȍȌȍȓȐ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȌȊȍ ȗȖșȓȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȘȐȠȍȓ ǳȍȊ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȐȟ ǫȘȐȕȒȘțȋ1, șȒȈ-
ȏȈȓ Ȗ șȒȖȘȖȔ ȗȘȐȍȏȌȍ ǳȐȓȐȐ ȆȘȤȍȊȕȣ Ǵȕȍ ȕȍ ȚȍȘȗȍȓȖșȤ ȗȖșȒȖȘȍȍ țȊȐȌȍȚȤ
ȥȚț ȎȍȕȡȐȕț ǲȈȒȈȧ ȖȕȈ" ǵȈȊȍȘȕȖȍ ȕȍȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȈȧ ȕȍ ȗȖȝȖȎȈȧ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȐȝ
— ȊȍȌȤ ȖȕȈ — ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȈ ȗȖȥȚȈ ǵȖ ȖșȚȈȊȈȚȤșȧ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ǰ țȍ-
ȝȈȚȤ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍȒțȌȈ
1 Ⱦɪɭɝ Ȼɪɢɤɨɜ

214
ǰ ȊȌȘțȋ ǵȈ ȌȘțȋȖȑ Ȏȍ ȌȍȕȤ ȗȖȠȓȖ ȒȈȒ Ȋ șȒȈȏȒȍ ș ȜȈȕȚȈșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȉȣșȚ-
ȘȖȚȖȑ ǩțȒȊȈȓȤȕȖ ș ȕȍȉȈ șȊȈȓȐȓȈșȤ Ȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ Ȑ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȈ ȕȈ ǨȘȉȈȚȍ ȝȖȚȧ Ȑ ȉȍȏ
ȖȚȖȗȓȍȕȐȧ șȖȊșȍȔ ȗțșȚȈȧ ȖȒȕȈ ȏȈȉȐȚȣ ȜȈȕȍȘȖȑ ȕȖ ȏȈȚȖ Ȗ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ ǷȖșȘȍ-
Ȍȧȕȍ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȣ șȚȖȧȓ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȍȑȠȐȑ ȘȖȧȓȤ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȔȖȎȕȖ Ȗș-
ȚȈȊȐȚȤ ț șȍȉȧ «Ȍȓȧ ȓȐȟȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ».
Ǫ ȥȚț ȒȖȔȕȈȚț ȗȖȚȖȔ ȏȈȗȘȖșȚȖ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȐ Ȑ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ Ȑ ǨșȍȍȊ Ȑ ǷȈ-
șȚȍȘȕȈȒ Ȑ ȅȑȏȍȕȠȚȍȑȕ Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȓȦȌȐ
ǷǭǺǸǶǳȄ
Ǫ ȕȖȧȉȘȍ ǨșȍȍȊ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȐȓ Ȕȕȍ șȖȉȘȈȚȤ șȚȐȝȐ Ȍȓȧ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈ Ȋ
ȐȏȌȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȍ ȋȌȍ Ȗȕ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȓ ȇ șȖȉȘȈȓȈ șȚȐȝȐ ȌȈȊ șȉȖȘȕȐȒț ȐȔȧ «ǷȍȚ-
ȘȖȓȤ» ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ! ǶȓȤ<ȋȈ> ǪȖȖȉȡe-ȚȖ șȓȖȊȖ ǷȍȚȘȖȓȤ ȗȖȗȈȝȐȊȈȓȖ ȒȍȘȖ-
șȐȕȖȔ ǵȖ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ ȔȖȓȖȌȖșȚȐ ȔȕȖȋȖȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȍȕȖ Ȕȍȕȧ ȥȚȖ ȕȐȟțȚȤ ȕȍ șȔț-
ȡȈȓȖ. ǵȈȏȊȈȕȐȧ ȧ ȕȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȓȈ ǲȕȐȎȐȞț ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓȐ ǳțȕȈȟȈȘșȒȖȔț ǻ Ȕȍȕȧ
șȖȝȘȈȕȐȓȈșȤ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȤ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈ ș ȖȉȓȖȎȒȖȑ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ǳțȕȈȟȈȘșȒȐȑ ȕȈ-
ȗȐșȈȓ ȗȘȐȧȚȕȣȑ Ȕȕȍ ȖȚȏȣȊ ǯȌȍșȤ Ȏȍ Ȑ ǨșȍȍȊ ȖȚȖȏȊȈȓșȧ ȌȖȉȘȣȔȐ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ
ȇ ȉȣȓȈ ȕȈ ȌȍșȧȚȖȔ ȕȍȉȍ ȖȚ țȌȐȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȘȈȌȖșȚȐ ǨșȍȍȊ șȒȈȏȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȒȕȐȎȒț
șȒȖȘȖ șȌȈȌțȚ Ȋ ȕȈȉȖȘ
Ǩ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȍȕȍȑ ǨșȍȍȊ ȖȟȍȕȤ șȚȍșȕȧȧșȤ șȔțȡȍȕȕȖ șȒȈȏȈȓ Ȕȕȍ
ȟȚȖ ț ǷȍȚȐ ǵȍȏȕȈȔȖȊȈ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȓȖȝȐ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȌȍȓȈ ȟȚȖ ȍȔț ȕȈȌȖ ȗȖ-
ȔȖȟȤ ȊȖȚ Ȑ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȒȕȐȋȈ șȚȐȝȖȊ ȕȈ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȐ Ȉ ȌȊȈ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ ȋȘțȗȗȣ
«ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ» ȖȌȕȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ȐȏȌȈȚȤ ȚȘțȌȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȔȖȦ ȒȕȐȎȒț ȗȘȐȌȍȚșȧ ȖȚ-
ȓȖȎȐȚȤ ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȟȚȖ ȧ Ȋ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ țȎȍ ȐȔȍȓȈ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕțȦ ȘȈȉȖȚț Ȉ ǷȍȚȧ
ȉȍȌșȚȊȖȊȈȓ
ǲȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȧ ȉȣȓȈ ȘȈȌȈ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ ȒȖșȊȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȔȖȟȤ ǷȍȚȍ Ȑ șȖȋȓȈșȐȓȈșȤ ȗȖ-
ȌȖȎȌȈȚȤ Ǩ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȗȖȠȓȐ ȌȍȓȈ ȕȍȖȚȓȖȎȕȣȍ ȗȖșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ǩȘȦșȖȊșȒȐȑ Ȑȕ-
șȚȐȚțȚ ȚȧȎȍȓȈȧ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȤ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȘȍȉȍȕȒȈ Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȖȍ ȔȕȖȋȖȍ ȌȘțȋȖȍ ȒȖȋ-
ȌȈ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȕȍ ȌȖ șȍȉȧ ȕȍ ȌȖ ȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȤȧ șȚȐȝȖȊ
ACǭǭǪ — ǩǨǸǨǺȃǵǹǲǰǱ
ǰȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȓ ǨșȍȍȊ șȊȖȍ ȔȍșȚȖ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ
ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ ǹȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ șȓțȟȈȑȕȖ Ȗȕ ȊȣșȒȈȏȈȓșȧ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ șȐȌȧ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȏȈ ȟȈ-
ȠȒȖȑ ȟȈȧ ǩȣȓȖ ȥȚȖ ȊșȒȖȘȍ ȗȖșȓȍ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȐȧ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȔ «ȆȉȐȓȍȑȕȖ-
ȋȖ» — Ȋ  ȋȖȌț
Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȐ ȒȈȒ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȈȊȚȖȘ ȌȘțȎȍșȒȐ Ȑ ȏȈȗȘȖșȚȖ ȉȍșȍȌțȍȚ ș
ǷțȠȒȐȕȣȔ ǵȍȖȉȣȟȕȖȍ ȧȘȒȖȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȋȖȘȧȟȖ ȗȘȐ-

215
ȕȧȚȖ ȊșȍȔȐ Ȑ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȈȓȖ ȔȈșșț șȗȖȘȖȊ ǹȘȈȏț ȗȖȓȦȉȐȊ ȍȋȖ Ȕȣ țȎȍ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ-
ȓȐ ȖȉȝȖȌȐȚȤșȧ ȉȍȏ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȕȍ ȊȊȍȘȕțȚȤ «Ȓ șȓțȟȈȦ» ȞȐȚȈȚȣ Ȑȏ «ȆȉȐ-
ȓȍȑȕȖȋȖª
«Ǫ ȕȍȉȍ ȊȖȕ ȓțȕȈ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȔȖȓȖȌȈȧ ȟȚȖ ȍȍ ȉȍȏ șȗțȚȕȐȒȈ Ȑ ȊȣȗțșȒȈȚȤ ȘȐș-
ȒȖȊȈȕȕȖ».
«ǪȖȚ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȑ ȋȖȘȍȊȈȚȤ ȕȍ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ — ȥȚȖ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘ ǹȍȘȋȍȐȟ ȔȕȖȋȖ
ȚȧȎȍȓȍȑ».
«ǵȖ ȗȖȥȏȐȧ — ȗȘȍșȊȖȓȖȟȕȍȑȠȈȧ ȠȚțȒȖȊȐȕȈ șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ — Ȑ ȕȐ Ȋ ȏțȉ ȕȖ-
ȋȖȑ».
ǰȕȖȋȌȈ ȞȍȓȣȔȐ ȒțșȒȈȔȐ ȐȓȐ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ șȚȘȖȜȈȔȐ Ȋșȍ Ȕȣ Ȋ ȉȣȚț ȕȈ
ȝȖȌț ȕȈ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ ȞȐȚȐȘȖȊȈȓȐ «ȆȉȐȓȍȑȕȖȍ» ǵȖ ȊȖȚ ȖȉȘȈȡȍȕȐȍ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ
Ȓ ǷțȠȒȐȕț «ǷȖșȓȍ șȔȍȘȚȐ ȕȈȔ șȚȖȧȚȤ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȟȚȖ ȘȧȌȖȔ Ȋȣ ȕȈ Ƿȍ Ȉ ȧ ȕȈ
ȥǴ» — ȌȘȈȏȕȐȓȖ șȊȖȍȑ șȔȍȓȖșȚȤȦ ǵȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȌȍȘȏȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ
ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȕȍ ȝȖȚȍȓȐ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ ȥȚț șȚȘȖȒț
Ǫ ȚȖȚ ȊȍȟȍȘ ȒȖȋȌȈ ǨșȍȍȊ ȏȈȠȍȓ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ ț ȕȈș ȏȈȊȧȏȈȓșȧ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘ Ȑ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ
ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȐȟ șȒȈȏȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȗȖ ȗȘȧȔȖȑ ȈșșȖȞȐȈȞȐȐ ȍșȓȐ țȎ ȐȌȚȐ ȗȖ
ȗțȚȐ șȘȈȊȕȍȕȐȑ Ȑ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȑ ȔȍșȚȈ ȗȖȥȚȈ Ȋ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȚȖ ȓȐȟȕȖ Ȗȕ ǨșȍȍȊ
ȉȣȓ ȉȣ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ ȍȋȖ ȘȖȓȤ Ȋ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȓȈșȤ ȗȖ ȒȈ-
ȟȍșȚȊț ȗȖ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȦ Ȑ ȗȖ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȍȔȖȔț ȔȍșȚț — ȕȈȘȈȊȕȍ ș ȗȖȥȏȐȍȑ ǩȈȘȈ-
ȚȣȕșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ȍșȓȐ ȉ ȥȚȖ Ȋ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȚȖ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȉȣ
ȖȟȍȕȤ ȘȈȌ «Ǵȕȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȋȖ Ȑ ȕȍ ȕȈȌȖ», — ș țȓȣȉȒȖȑ ȌȖȉȈȊȐȓ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǵȐ-
ȒȖȓȈȍȊȐȟ șȔțȡȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȚȐȘȈȧ ȘțȒȐ ǶȟȍȕȤ ȏȈȗȖȔȕȐȓșȧ Ȗȕ Ȕȕȍ ȚȖȋȌȈ — ȊȏȊȖȓ-
ȕȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ Ȑ șȊȍȚȓȣȑ șȚȣȌȧȡȐȑșȧ șȊȖȍȑ ȖȚȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ
Ǫ șȈȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȒȈȎȍȚ ȐșȚȖȘȐȧ — ȉțȌțȚ ȓȐ ȍȋȖ șȓȖȊȈ ȗȘȖȘȖȟȍșȒȐ-
ȔȐ" ǪȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ȥȚȈ ȔȣșȓȤ ȗȖ-ȊȐȌȐȔȖȔț ȖȟȍȕȤ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓȈ ǶȕȈ
ȕȍ ȗȖȒȐȌȈȓȈ ȍȋȖ Ȑ ȗȖȚȖȔ Ǩ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȓȍȚ ȗȖșȓȍ ȕȈȠȍȋȖ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȈ
ȥȚȖ ȊȣșȒȈȏȣȊȈȕȐȍ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȖșȤ țȎȍ ȖȜȖȘȔȓȍȕȕȣȔ ȍȋȖ șȚȐȝȈȔȐ Ȋ șȉȖȘ-
ȕȐȒȍ «ǳȈȌ» 1 Ȋ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȐ ©ǷȖșȍȡȍȕȐȍ»:
ǺȈȓȈȕȚȓȐȊȣȍ ȌȖȉȘȣȍ ȘȍȉȧȚȈ
ȗȘȐȠȓȐ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ ȗȖ ȌȘțȎȍșȒȐȔ ȌȍȓȈȔ
ȚȘȐ — ȕȍ ȘȖȌȕȣȝ ȕȖ ȏȈȌțȠȍȊȕȣȝ ȉȘȈȚȈ
ȌȍȓȐȊȠȐȝ ȝȓȍȉ Ȑ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ ȗȖȗȖȓȈȔ.
ǶȉȘțȟȍȕȣ ȍȌȐȕȖȦ șțȌȤȉȖȦ
ȖȕȐ șȟȐȚȈȓȐ ȖȉȡȐȔ șȊȖȑ țșȗȍȝ
ȕȖ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȉȣȚȤ ȝȖȚȍȓ șȈȔȐȔ șȖȉȖȦ
ȟȚȖȉ ȏȈșȓțȎȐȚȤ ȗȘȐȏȊȈȕȐȍ Ȍȓȧ Ȋșȍȝ!
1 ©Ʌɚɞª Ɇ  ɫɬɪ  ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪ ©ɉɨɫɟɳɟɧɢɟª

216
ǶȕȐ ȘȈșșȍȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȒȘȍșȓȈȝ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȌȍȚȐ
ȐȋȘȈȊȠȐȍ ȊȖ ȊȏȘȖșȓțȦ ȐȋȘț
ȐȔ ȉȣȓȖ șȈȔȣȔ ȊȈȎȕȣȔ — șȚȈȚȤ ȕȈ șȊȍȚȍ
șȖȉȘȈȚȤȧȔȐ ȊȍȓȐȒȐȝ ȗȖ ȗȍȘț
ǬȣȝȈȕȤȍ Ȍțȝ ȌțȠȈ — ȖȌȕȖ ȓȐ ȥȚȖ"
ǰ ȟȚȖ Ȏȍ Ȑȝ ȘȖȌȕȐȚ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ"
ǷȍȘȍȌȖ ȔȕȖȑ șȐȌȍȓȐ ȚȘȐ ȗȖȥȚȈ
ȎȍȓȈȦȡȐȝ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȐȚȤ ȗțȚȤ ȖȚȞȖȊ
ǪȖȚ — ǫȘȐȉȖȍȌȖȊ ǺȦȚȟȍȊ ȊȖȚ — ǬȍȘȎȈȊȐȕ
Ǩ Ȕȕȍ" ǵȍȓȤȏȧ ȓȐ ǩȈȘȈȚȣȕșȒȐȔ șȚȈȚȤ"..
ǩȣȓ ȥȚȖȚ ȟȈș ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȍȕȍȕ Ȑ șȓȈȊȍȕ
ȖȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ Ȋ ȌȖșȚȖȐȕșȚȊȖ Ȑ șȚȈȚȤ
ǰ ȧ, ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȑ țȉȍȎȌȍȕȕȣȑ ȕȍșȓțȝ
ȗȖȊȍȘȐȓ ȟȚȖ ȖȚ ȥȚȐȝ — ȉțȌȍȚ ȚȖȓȒ
ǺȘȐ ȈȕȋȍȓȈ Ȋ ȔȖȐȝ șȐȌȍȓȐ ȒȘȍșȓȈȝ
ǶșȚȈȊȐȊȠȐ Ȋ ȗȘȐȝȖȎȍȑ ȒȘȣȓȤȍȊ ȠȍȓȒ1.
ǰ ȗȖȚȖȔ Ȗȕ ȊșȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚ Ȗ ǩȈȘȈȚȣȕșȒȖȔ Ǫ șȚȈȚȤȍ «ǶȗȣȚ Ȑ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȍȕȐȍ»
Ȗȕ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ
©ǵȖ ȊȍȌȤ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȍȕȐȍ ȕȍ ȌȖȒȈȏțȍȔȖ ȖȕȖ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȐȗȐșȈȕȖ Ȑ ȋȓțȗ-
Ȟț ǩȈȘȈȚȣȕșȒȐȑ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ șȒȈȏȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȘȈȏȕȐȞȈ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȊȍșȍȕȕȍȔ
ȉȓȈȋȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȤȍ ȚȈ ȟȚȖ ȋȓțȗȞȈ “ȒȈȗțșȚȖȦ ȘȈȏȌțȍȚ Ȉ ȓȈȊȘȖȔ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȘȈșȞȊȍ-
ȚȍȚ”»2.
Ǵȣ ȗȖșȍȓȐȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍȎȐȚȐȐ ǷȘȖȓȍȚȒțȓȤȚȈ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȔ ȒȖȘȐȌȖȘȍ ș ǺȘȍȚȤȧ-
ȒȖȊȣȔȐ
ǹȍȘȋȍȑ ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȐȟ țȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ țȔȍȓ șȖȉȘȈȚȤ ȊȖȒȘțȋ șȍȉȧ ȔȖȓȖȌȍȎȤ Ǫ
ȖȉȡȍȎȐȚȐȐ ȎȐȓȐ ȈȒȚȍȘȣ ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘȣ ȔțȏȣȒȈȕȚȣ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȊȠȐȍ Ȋ ǷȘȖȓȍȚ-
ȒțȓȤȚȍ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȑ ȈȒȚȍȘȣ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȚȍȈȚȘȖȊ ǹȘȍȌȐ ȕȐȝ ȉȣȓȐ ǽȈȕȖȊ ǷȣȘȤȍȊ
ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊ ǲȘȐȞȉȍȘȋ ǮȈȘȖȊ ǲȘȈȊȟțȕȖȊșȒȐȑ ǰȊȈȕȖȊȈ Ȑ ȌȘ
ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ ȝȖȚȍȓ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȔȖȓȖȌȍȎȤ Ȋșȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȉȣȓȈ Ȋ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȐ ȚȊȖȘȐ-
ȓȈ ȔȣșȓȐȓȈ țȟȐȓȈșȤ ǰ ȝȖȟȍȠȤ — ȕȍ ȝȖȟȍȠȤ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ șȓțȠȈȚȤșȧ ȐȕȖ-
ȋȌȈ ȊȖȗȘȍȒȐ șȊȖȍȔț ȎȍȓȈȕȐȦ ǷȘȐ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȝ ț ǹȍȘȋȍȧ ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȐȟȈ ȊșȍȋȌȈ
ȉȣȓ ȕȍȐȏȔȍȕȕȣȑ ȊȖȗȘȖș «ǿȚȖ ȕȈȗȐșȈȓȈ" Ǩ ȕț-ȒȈ ȗȘȖȟȚȐ» ǵȖ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȊȐȌȍ-
ȓȐșȤ Ȕȣ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȌȍȕȤ Ȑ ȉȍȏ ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȣȝ ȕȖȊȐȕȖȒ țȌȐȊȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍȟȍȔ
1 ɗɬɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ ɦɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɜɟɱɟɪɟ ©ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɟɜɢɱ Ⱥɫɟɟɜª ɫɨɫɬɨɹɜ-
ɲɟɦɫɹ ɜ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɟ-ɦɭɡɟɟ ȼ ȼ Ɇɚɹɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ  ɨɤɬɹɛɪɹ  ɝɨɞɚ
2 ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ Ⱥɫɟɟɜ ɋɨɛɪ ɫɨɱ ɉɪɨɡɚ ɬ  ɫɬɪ 

217
ȚȖ șȈȔȖȓȦȉȐȍ ȟȈșȚȍȕȤȒȖ șȚȘȈȌȈȓȖ ȖȚ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȌȐȘȖȒ Ȑ ȕȈșȔȍȠȍȒ ǬȈ ȗȘȖșȚȧȚ
Ȕȕȍ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚȖȘȣ ȖȚȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȕȐȍ ȕȖ ȧ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȓȈ ǹȍȘȍȎț «ȠȐȓȖ Ȋ ȉȖȒ»,
Ȑ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ȥȚȖ ȕȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȥȓȍȋȈȕȚȕȖ ȏȊțȟȈȡȍȍ, ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊț ȕȘȈȊȐȓȖșȤ
Ƕȕ ȉȣȓ ȕȍțȚȖȔȐȔ Ȋ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȚȍȕȐȐ ȗȍȌȈȋȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ Ȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȝ
ȗȘȐȍȔȖȊ Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȘȖȧȊȓȧȓșȧ ȍȋȖ ȚȈȓȈȕȚ; ȗȘȐȊȓȍȟȤ ȔȖȓȖȌȍȎȤ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȈȚȤ
ȍȍ Ȑ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ — ȉȣȓȖ ȍȋȖ ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȖȑ ȏȈȌȈȟȍȑ
ǩțȌțȟȐ șȚțȌȍȕȚȒȖȑ ǩȘȦșȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȚȈ Ǫǳǽǰ Ȑ ȓȐȚȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȒȖȔ ǷȘȖ-
ȓȍȚȒțȓȤȚȈ ȗȖȌ ȕȈȎȐȔȖȔ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ Ȕȕȍ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ȗȐșȈȚȤ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȕȣȍ
ȓȖȏțȕȋȐ ȗȤȍșȣ Ȑ ȖȉȖȏȘȍȕȐȧ Ȍȓȧ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȝ ȒȓțȉȖȊ ȗȈȘȈȓȓȍȓȤȕȖ ș ȖșȕȖȊȕȖȑ
ȘȈȉȖȚȖȑ
ǷȘȖȉȍȋȈȧ ȗȖ ȒȖȘȐȌȖȘț ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ ȏȈȋȓȧȌȣȊȈȓ ȗȖ Ȍȍȓț ȐȓȐ «ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȚȈȒ»,
Ȉ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȐșȈȎȐȊȈȓșȧ Ȓ ȘȖȧȓȦ șȖȟȐȕȧȓ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȟȈșȚțȠȒȐ Ȑ ȚțȚ Ȏȍ
ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȍ ȐșȗȖȓȕȧȓ Ȑȝ ȗȖȌ șȊȖȑ ȈȒȒȖȔȗȈȕȍȔȍȕȚ ǵȈ ȍȋȖ ȋȖȓȖș ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȐ șȖ-
șȍȌȐ ȗȘȐșȖȍȌȐȕȧȓȐșȤ Ȓ ȐȔȗȘȖȊȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȔț ȒȖȕȞȍȘȚț ȕȍȘȍȌȒȖ ȏȈȚȧȋȐȊȈȦ-
ȡȍȔțșȧ ȌȖȗȖȏȌȕȈ
ǹ Ǵ ȅǱǯǭǵȀǺǭǱǵ
Ǫ ȚȖȚ ȋȖȌ Ȕȕȍ ȌȖȊȍȓȖșȤ ȗȖȏȕȈȒȖȔȐȚȤșȧ ș ǹȍȘȋȍȍȔ ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȐȟȍȔ ȅȑȏȍȕ-
ȠȚȍȑȕȖȔ ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘȖȔ ǸȈȉȖȟȍȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ǷȘȖȓȍȚȒțȓȤȚȈ șȚȈȊȐȊȠȐȔ ȚȖȋȌȈ ©ǵȈ
ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ ȔțȌȘȍȞȈ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȖșȚȖȚȣª ǶșȚȘȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȋ ȗȍȘȍȌȍȓȒȍ ȚȍȒșȚȈ ǺȘȍ-
ȚȤȧȒȖȊȣȔ
ǶȋȘȖȔȕȣȔ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȍȕȐȍȔ ȉȣȓȖ ȝȖȌȐȚȤ ȕȈ ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȣȍ ȘȍȗȍȚȐȞȐȐ Ȉ ȗȖ-
ȚȖȔ — ȕȈ șȗȍȒȚȈȒȓȐ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȌȊțȝ ǹȍȘȋȍȍȊ ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȐȟȍȑ Ȑ ȊșȍȋȖ ȒȖȓȓȍȒȚȐ-
ȊȈ ȅȚȈ ȞȐȘȒȖȊȈȧ ȥȒșȞȍȕȚȘȐȈȌȈ ©ȔȖȕȚȈȎ ȈȚȚȘȈȒȞȐȖȕȖȊª ȗȖ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȦ
ȅȑȏȍȕȠȚȍȑȕȈ ȊșȒȖȓȣȝȕțȓȈ ȊșȦ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕțȦ ǴȖșȒȊț ǵȍ ȉȣȓȖ Ȍȕȧ ȟȚȖȉȣ
Ȋ ȥȚȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ ȕȍ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȕȖȊȖȍ Ȑ ȗȘȈȊȖ Ȏȍ ȚȘțȌȕȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ
ȟȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȍȍ — ȗȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȖȍ ȓȐ șȖȏȐȌȈȕȐȍ șȗȍȒȚȈȒȓȧ ȐȓȐ șȗȍȒȚȈȒȓȤ Ȋ
ȖȒȖȕȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȔ ȊȐȌȍ
ǹȍȘȋȍȑ ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȐȟ ȅȑȏȍȕȠȚȍȑȕ — ȊȍșȤ Ȋ ȕȍȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȖȔ ȗȖȐșȒȍ Ȋ ȋȖȘȍ-
ȕȐȐ ǪȌȖȝȕȖȊȍȕȕȣȑ Ȑ șȚȘȍȔȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ Ȋ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȐ ©ȕȈ ȕȖșȒȈȝª ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȚȖ
ȕȍȐșȚȖȡȐȔȣȑ ȒȈșȒȈȌ ȊȣȌțȔȒȐ ȉȓȍșȒȈ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȈ șȊȍȘȒȈȕȐȧ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȍȒȚȈ
ǪșȗȖȔȐȕȈȦȚșȧ ȍȋȖ ȘȍȗȓȐȒȐ ȖȉȢȧșȕȍȕȐȧ ȈȒȚȍȘȈȔ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȘȈȏȕȐȞȈ ȔȍȎ-
Ȍț ȗȖȏȖȑ ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȚȍȓȈ Ȋ ȋȈȘȔȖȕȐȟȍșȒȖȔ șȖȟȍȚȈȕȐȐ ȗȘȐȧȚȕȖȔ Ȍȓȧ
șȖȏȍȘȞȈȕȐȧ ȉȍȏ țȚȐȓȐȚȈȘȕȖȑ ȞȍȓȐ Ȑ ȘȈȒțȘșȖȔ ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȚȍȓȈ Ȍȓȧ ȔȈȒ-
șȐȔȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȊȣȘȈȏȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȖȉȖșȚȘȍȕȕȖȑ ȔȍȝȈȕȐȟȍșȒȐ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȌȊȐ-
ȎȍȕȐȧ Ȗȉ ȈȒȚȍȘșȒȖȑ ȊȖȏȉțȌȐȔȖșȚȐ Ȗ ȕȈȉȖȘȍ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȍȕȐȑ ȈȒȚȍȘȈ Ȗ ȔȐȏȈȕ-
șȞȍȕȍ Ȗ ȗȈȕȚȖȔȐȔȍ Ȗ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȕȐȐ ț ȏȘȐȚȍȓȧ ȥȔȖȞȐȐ ȘȈȊȕȖȏȕȈȟȈȡȍȑ ȥȔȖ-
ȞȐȐ ȈȒȚȍȘȈ — ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ Ȗȕ ȖȉȖȋȈȡȈȓ șȊȖȐȝ țȟȍȕȐȒȖȊ ǯȕȈȓ Ȗȕ ȕȍȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ
ȔȕȖȋȖ ǲȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȖ ȉȣȚȤ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȅȑȏȍȕȠȚȍȑȕ ȖșȚȈȊȐȓ ȉȣ

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ȉȍȏ ȖȚȊȍȚȈ
Ǫ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȘȍȌȈȕ ǴȍȑȍȘȝȖȓȤȌț Ȑ ȗȘȍȌȈȕȕȖșȚȤ ȥȚț Ȗȕ șȖ-
ȝȘȈȕȐȓ ȌȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ șȊȖȐȝ Ȍȕȍȑ
ǻȊȓȍȒȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ Ȋ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȐ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȓȐȊțȦ ȔȖȓȖȌȍȎȤ șȖȉȘȈȕ-
ȕțȦ ȅȑȏȍȕȠȚȍȑȕȖȔ Ȋ ǸȈȉȖȟȍȔ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ ȒȖȋȌȈ ț ȕȐȝ Ȋșȍ ȍȡȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȈȟȐȕȈ-
ȓȖșȤ ȀȚȘȈțȝ ǫȓȐȏȍȘ ȇȕțȒȖȊȈ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊ ǷȣȘȤȍȊ ǨȕȚȖȕȖȊ ǲȘȈȊȟțȕȖȊ-
șȒȐȑ ȀȈȘțȍȊ ǳȍȊȠȐȕ Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȗȖȟȚȐ Ȋșȍ ȗȖȚȖȔ șȚȈȊȠȐȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚ-
ȕȣȔȐ ȔȐȘț ȈȒȚȍȘȈȔȐ Ȑ ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘȈȔȐ — ȒȈȒ ȖȕȐ ȉȣȓ ȝȖȘȖȠȐ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȕȍȗȖș-
ȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȣ ǷȘȐȟȍȔ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȊȕȖșȐȓ Ȋ șȗȍȒȚȈȒȓȤ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ șȊȖȍ ȧȘȒȖȍ șȈȔȖ-
ȉȣȚȕȖȍ
ǵȍțȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȟȚȖ Ȕȣ ȎȐȊȧ ȘȧȌȖȔ ș ȚȍȈȚȘȖȔ Ȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȧ Ȋ ©ǷȘȖȓȨȚȍª
ȗȖșȍȡȈȓȐ Ȋșȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ©ǴțȌȘȍȞȈª Ȑ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȊȣȧșȕȐȓȖșȤ, ȟȚȖ Ȕȣ ȗȘȐ-
ȠȓȐ ȕȈ ȗȧȚȐȌȍșȧȚȣȑ șȗȍȒȚȈȒȓȤ ȗȖȌȘȧȌ ȊȍșȤ ȒȖȓȓȍȒȚȐȔ ȖȚȔȍȚȐȓ ȥȚȖ ȠțȔȕȖ
Ȑ ȊȍșȍȓȖ Ȉ ȅȑȏȍȕȠȚȍȑȕ Ȋ ȈȕȚȘȈȒȚȍ ȖȉȢȧȊȐȓ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȖȊȈȊȠȐȔ Ȋ ȏȈȓȍ Ȗ ȕȈ-
ȠȍȔ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕșȚȊȍ
Ǫșȍ Ȕȣ ȓȐȚȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȒȐ ȈȒȚȍȘȣ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟȐȍ ȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȒȐ ǷȘȖȓȍȚȒțȓȤȚȈ ȗȖȌ
ȥȋȐȌȖȑ ȌȊțȝ ǹȍȘȋȍȍȊ ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȐȟȍȑ ȖȟȍȕȤ șȌȘțȎȐȓȐșȤ șȘȈȉȖȚȈȓȐșȤ ǪȔȍșȚȍ
ȉȍȋȈȓȐ Ȋ ȔȈȕȍȎ ȕȈ ǫȘȈȕȈȚȕȣȑ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȚȤșȧ ȊȍȘȝȖȊȖȑ ȍȏȌȖȑ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȑ Ȋ ȚȈȕȞ-
ȒȓȈșș ȌȓȐȕȕȖȕȖȋȖȋȖ ǴȈȚșȖȕȈ — ©ȇȔȚȐ-ǬȤȧȔȚȐª ȒȈȒ Ȕȣ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȏȊȈȓȐ ȏȈ ȚȖ,
ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȚȈȒ ȗȘȐȋȖȊȈȘȐȊȈȓ Ȋ ȘȐȚȔ ȜȖȒșȚȘȖȚȈ ǹȘȍȌȐ ȖȉțȟȈȊȠȐȝșȧ ȕȍȘȍȌȒȖ
ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ Ȑ ©șȈȔȖȋȖª ȅȑȏȍȕȠȚȍȑȕȈ șȚȈȘȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȊȣȌȍȓȣȊȈȊȠȍȋȖ
ȕțȎȕȣȍ ȗȈ
ǪșȒȖȘȍ Ȗȕ șȚȈȓ ȕȈȠȐȔ ȟȈșȚȣȔ ȋȖșȚȍȔ ǹȚțȟȈșȤ Ȋ ȌȊȍȘȤ ȕȈ ȊȖȗȘȖș ©ȒȚȖ
ȚȈȔª Ȗȕ ȖȉȣȟȕȖ ȖȚȊȍȟȈȓ ©Our mutual friend»1 ȗȘȖșȖȊȣȊȈȧ Ȋ ȌȊȍȘȤ șȊȖȦ ȔȐ-
ȓțȦ ȓȖȝȔȈȚțȦ ȋȖȓȖȊț
ȇ ȖȟȍȕȤ țȌȐȊȐȓȈșȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȅȑȏȍȕȠȚȍȑȕ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȐȓ Ȕȕȍ șȕȧȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȥȗȐȏȖ-
Ȍȍ Ȍȓȧ ©ǹȚȈȟȒȐª
— ǵȖ ȊȍȌȤ ȧ — ȕȍ ȈȒȚȘȐșȈ ȕȍ șțȔȍȦ
— Ǩ țȔȍȚȤ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ Ȑ ȕȍ ȕȈȌȖ ǽȖȘȖȠȖ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȈȒȚȘȐșȈ ǹȒȈȎȍȔ, ȟȚȖ ȕțȎ-
ȕȖ ȉțȌȍȚ ȌȍȓȈȚȤ ǹȖȋȓȈȠȈȑȚȍșȤ
ǹȒȘȍȗȧ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȧ șȖȋȓȈșȐȓȈșȤ
ǷȘȐȠȍȓ ȌȍȕȤ șȢȍȔȒȐ ǲȐȕȖȜȈȉȘȐȒȈ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȗȖȔȍȡȈȓȈșȤ Ȋ ǯȈȔȖșȒȊȖȘȍȟȤȍ
ȕȈ ǮȐȚȕȖȑ țȓȐȞȍ ǷȘȐȍȝȈȓȈ ǺȈȔ Ȕȍȕȧ ȗȍȘȍȖȌȍȓȐ ǪȍȟȍȘȕȐȑ ȚțȈȓȍȚ ȟȍȘȕȣȍ
ȗȍȘȟȈȚȒȐ ȊȣȠȍ ȓȖȒȚȧ ȠȓȧȗȈ șȖ șȚȘȈțșȖȊȣȔȐ ȗȍȘȤȧȔȐ ǻșȈȌȐȓȐ Ȋ ȉȓȍșȚȧ-
ȡȐȑ ȈȊȚȖȔȖȉȐȓȤ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȖȟȍȕȤ ȚȖȓșȚȣȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȔ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȊȠȐȔ ȜȈȉȘȐ-
ȒȈȕȚȈ ȇ ȉȣȓȈ ȍȋȖ ©ȌȈȔȖȑª
ǷȖ șȞȍȕȈȘȐȦ ȥȗȐȏȖȌ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȚȤ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȋȘȖȏȣ ǨȊȚȖȔȖ-
ȉȐȓȤ ȐȌȍȚ ȗȖ țȓȐȞȍ ǭȋȖ ȖșȚȈȕȈȊȓȐȊȈȦȚ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȍ ȗȘȍȌȢȧȊȓȧȧ ȘȍȏȒȐȍ ȚȘȍȉȖ-
ȊȈȕȐȧ ȜȈȉȘȐȒȈȕȚț ȇ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȦ Ȑșȗțȋ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȍ Ȋ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȐ (Ǫ ȕȖ-
1 ɇɚɲ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɞɪɭɝ ɚɧɝɥ.).

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220
ȋȈȝ ț Ȕȍȕȧ șȚȖȐȚ ȔȖȡȕȣȑ ȖșȊȍȚȐȚȍȓȤ ȕȍȏȘȐȔȣȑ Ȍȓȧ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȣȝ ǷȖ șȓțȟȈȦ
ȋȘȖȏȣ ȕȈ ȕȈș ȓȤȦȚ ȗȖȚȖȒȐ ȊȖȌȣ Ȑȏ ȚȘȍȝ ȉȘȈȕȌșȗȖȑȚȖȊ ǹȚȘȈțșȖȊȣȍ ȗȍȘȤȧ
ȊȐșȕțȚ Ǫ șȢȍȔȒȍ ȗȈțȏȈ ǹȕȐȔȈȦ ȗȍȘȟȈȚȒȐ Ȑ ȗȍȘȤȧ ǹȢȍȔȒȈ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȍȚșȧ)
ǴȍȎȌț ȜȈȉȘȐȒȈȕȚȖȔ Ȑ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȔȐ ȘȈȏȋȖȘȈȍȚșȧ șșȖȘȈ ǪȖȚ Ȑ ȊȍșȤ ȥȗȐȏȖȌ
ǶȚȊȍȏȓȐ Ȕȍȕȧ ȌȖȔȖȑ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȎȈȘȒȐȑ ȐȦȓȤșȒȐȑ ȊȍȟȍȘ Ȋ ȔȍȝȖȊȖȑ
Ƞțȉȍ ȗȘȖȌȘȖȋȠțȦ ȐȏȏȧȉȠțȦ Ǫ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȚȘȍȝ Ȍȕȍȑ ȧ ȗȘȖȓȍȎȈȓȈ Ȋ ȚȍȔȕȖȑ
ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ ș ȗȘȐȔȖȟȒȈȔȐ Ȑȏ ȟȈȧ ȕȈ ȖȉȖȎȎȍȕȕȣȝ ȋȓȈȏȈȝ Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȔȍșȧȞ ȝȖȌȐ-
ȓȈ Ȋ ȋȓȈȏȕțȦ ȓȍȟȍȉȕȐȞț Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȋ ȒȐȕȖ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȉȣȓȐ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈ-
ȕȍȕȣ ȏȈȡȐȚȕȣȍ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈ Ȍȓȧ ȋȓȈȏ Ǫ ȖȉȡȍȔ ȗȖȚȖȔ Ȋșȍ ȖȉȖȠȓȖșȤ ȉȓȈȋȖȗȖ-
ȓțȟȕȖ ǹȍȘȋȍȑ ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȐȟ ȚȘȖȋȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȈȊȍȡȈȓ Ȕȍȕȧ ȠțȚȐȓ ȗȖȌȌȘȈȏȕȐ-
ȊȈȓ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȧ Ȕȍȕȧ ȚȖ ©ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȖȑ ȥȒȘȈȕȈª ȚȖ ©șȚȈȘª ȚȖ ©ȒȐȕȖȏȊȍȏȌȖȑª ǵȖ
ȧ ȕȍ ȖȉȐȎȈȓȈșȤ ǪȍȌȤ șȕȧȊȠȐșȤ Ȋ ȒȐȕȖ ȧ ȊȖȊșȍ ȕȍ șȖȉȐȘȈȓȈșȤ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȚȤ ȓȐ-
ȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ
ȅȑȏȍȕȠȚȍȑȕ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȌȍȘȎȈȓșȧ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȘȖșȚȖ Ȑ ȐȏȧȡȕȖ ǵȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȗȖȒȈ-
ȏȣȊȈȓ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌșȚȊȈ Ǩ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȍȑȠȐȝ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȍȕȐȑ șȒȖȓȤ-
ȒȖ ȏȕȈȕȐȑ ȊȔȍȡȈȓȖșȤ ȏȈ ȊȣșȖȒȐȔ ȒțȗȖȓȖȔ ȍȋȖ ȟȐșȚȖȋȖ ȓȉȈ Ǫșȍ ȒȖȔț ȗȘȐ-
ȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȚȤșȧ ș ǹȍȘȋȍȍȔ ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȐȟȍȔ ȗȖȘȈȎȈȓȐșȤ ȖșȚȘȖȚȍ ȍȋȖ Ȕȣ-
șȓȐ ǲȈȒȈȧ ȐȏȖȡȘȍȕȕȈȧ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȚȈȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȉȣȓȈ ț ȥȚȖȋȖ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȍȋȖ ȊȍȘȕȍȍ
șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȋȍȕȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ǰ ȗȘȐ ȊșȍȔ ȥȚȖȔ — ȐȏȣșȒȈȕȕȈȧ șȌȍȘȎȈȕ-
ȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ șȒȘȖȔȕȖșȚȤ
ǭșȓȐ ǹȍȘȋȍȦ ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȐȟț ȕȈȌȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȈȗȐșȈȚȤ șȚȈȚȤȦ Ȗ ȒȐȕȖ ȐȓȐ șȒȈ-
ȏȈȚȤ Ȗ ȒȐȕȖ ȒȈȒ Ȗ ȊȈȎȕȍȑȠȍȔ Ȑȏ ȐșȒțșșȚȊ Ȗȕ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȐȓ Ȓ ȥȚȖȔț ȜțȕȌȈ-
ȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȖ ȐȏȌȈȓȍȒȈ Ƕȕ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȈȓ ȊȣșȒȈȏȣȊȈȕȐȧ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȖȊ țȟȍȕȣȝ ȟȚȖ-
ȉȣ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ©ǵȈ ȌȖȓȦ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȒȐȕȖ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖ șȗȖșȖȉ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȚȤ ȌȐȈȓȍȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚ Ȋ șȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȐ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȧ ȊȣȗȈ-
ȌȈȍȚ ȏȈȌȈȟȈ ȕȍȘțȠȐȔȖȋȖ ȊȕȍȌȘȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȔȔțȕȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȐȌȍȖȓȖȋȐȐ Ȋ ȔȐȓȓȐȖ-
ȕȣª1.
ǫȖȊȖȘȧ Ȗȉ ȖȉȘȈȏȍ Ȗ ȜȖȘȔȍ Ȑ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȐ Ȗȕ șȚȈȘȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȐȡȍȚ ȗȖȌ-
ȚȊȍȘȎȌȍȕȐȧ șȊȖȐȝ ȊȣȊȖȌȖȊ Ȋ șȈȔȣȝ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȝ șȓȖȊȈȘȧȝ — ȐȕȖșȚȘȈȕ-
ȕȣȝ Ȑ ȘțșșȒȐȝ— ȌȖȝȖȌȧ ȌȈȎȍ ȌȖ ©ȅȚȐȔȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ șȓȖȊȈȘȧ ȘțșșȒȖȋȖ ȧȏȣ-
ȒȈª Ǩ ǷȘȍȖȉȘȈȎȍȕșȒȖȋȖ ©ǺȖȓȒȖȊȖȋȖ șȓȖȊȈȘȧª ǬȈȓȧ Ȑ ȌȘ ȐȏțȟȈȍȚ ȜȐȓȖ-
șȖȜȖȊ ȓȐȕȋȊȐșȚȖȊ ȒȓȈșșȐȒȖȊ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖȊȍȌȖȊ — ȍșȓȐ ȕȈȌȖ ȚȖ
Ȑ Ȋ ȗȖȌȓȐȕȕȐȒȈȝ ȕȈ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȐȝ ȧȏȣȒȈȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȗȕ ȏȕȈȓ Ȋ șȖȊȍȘ-
ȠȍȕșȚȊȍ Ƕȕ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ©ǹȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȧșȤ ș ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ-ȓȐȉȖ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȧ
Ȕȣ ȕȈȗȘȈșȕȖ ȗȘȍȕȍȉȘȍȋȈȍȔ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȔ ȟȐșȚȖ ȓȐȕȋȊȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȈȕȈȓȐȏȈ șȈȔȖȋȖ
ȖȉȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧª 2.
1 ɀɭɪɧɚɥ ©ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨª ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ Ʌɭɧɚɱɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬ ©ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵª ɋ Ɇ ɗɣɡɟɧɲɬɟɣɧɚ
ʋ - ɫɬɪ 
2 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ ɫɬɪ 

221
Ǫ ȇ ǩǸȆǹǶǪ
ǷȍȘȍȌ ȖȚȢȍȏȌȖȔ Ȑȏ ǿȐȚȣ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț Ȕȣ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȐ țȌȖșȚȖȊȍȘȍȕȐȧ Ȗ ȚȖȔ
ȟȚȖ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȧȍȔșȧ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȖȊșȒȐȑ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚ ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ Ȕȣ ȖȗȖȏȌȈ-
ȓȐ Ȓ ȕȈȟȈȓț țȟȍȉȕȖȋȖ ȋȖȌȈ ȕȈȔ ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ ȌțȔȈȚȤ Ȗ ȗȖșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȐ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȖȑ
Ȋțȏ ǹȚȈȓȐ șȖȊȍȡȈȚȤșȧ șȖ șȚȈȘȠȐȔȐ — ș ǨșȍȍȊȣȔ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȣȔ ȕȈȗȐșȈȓȐ
ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȖȔț ǴȈȘȒ ǲȖȕșȚȈȕȚȐȕȖȊȐȟ țșȐȓȍȕȕȖ ȏȊȈȓ ȕȈș Ȋ ǳȍȕȐȕȋȘȈȌșȒȐȑ
țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚ ǨșȍȍȊ șȖȊȍȚȖȊȈȓ Ȋ ǩȘȦșȖȊșȒȐȑ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȚ ǷȍȘȍȍȏȌ Ȋ ǳȍȕȐȕ-
ȋȘȈȌ ȖșȓȖȎȕȧȓșȧ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȍȔ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȣ — Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ Ȏȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȚȍȗȓȈȧ ȒȖȔ-
ȕȈȚȈ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ȌȘțȏȤȧ ǸȍȠȐȓȐ ȗȖșȚțȗȈȚȤ Ȋ ǪȣșȠȐȑ ǳȐȚ-ȝțȌ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȚ ȊȖȏ-
ȋȓȈȊȓȧȍȔȣȑ ǪȈȓȍȘȐȍȔ ȇȒȖȊȓȍȊȐȟȍȔ ǩȘȦșȖȊȣȔ
Ǫ ǩȘȦșȖȊșȒȐȔ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȚȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȌȊȈ ȖȚȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȖȍ Ȑ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈ-
ȚȍȓȤșȒȖȍ ȇ ȝȖȚȍȓȈ ȗȖșȚțȗȐȚȤ ȕȈ ȗȍȘȊȖȍ ǷȘȐ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȍ Ȑȏ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȚȈ
Ȋ ȌȘțȋȖȑ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ șȌȈȊȈȚȤ ȥȒȏȈȔȍȕȣ ȕȍ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȓȖșȤ ǵȖ ȕțȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȖȑ-
ȚȐ șȖȉȍșȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ ș șȈȔȐȔ ǩȘȦșȖȊȣȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ șȚțȌȍȕȚȣ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȉȖȧȓȐșȤ șȟȐ-
ȚȈȧ ȍȋȖ ȟȘȍȏȔȍȘȕȖ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ șțȋțȉȖ ȈȒȈȌȍȔȐȟȕȣȔ Ȑ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ șțȝȐȔ
ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȔ
ȇ ȒȈȒ Ȑ Ȋșȍ ȚȘȍȗȍȡȈ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȐȓȈșȤ ȕȈ ȥȚȖ ȐșȗȣȚȈȕȐȍ ǲ ȔȖȍȔț țȌȐȊȓȍ-
ȕȐȦ ǪȈȓȍȘȐȑ ȇȒȖȊȓȍȊȐȟ șȚȈȓ ȏȈȌȈȊȈȚȤ șȖȊșȍȔ ȕȍ ȚȘțȌȕȣȍ ȊȖȗȘȖșȣ ȗȖ Ȑș-
ȚȖȘȐȐ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ ȗȖȗȘȖșȐȓ țȒȈȏȈȚȤ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟȍșȚȤ ȖȚȘȣȊȒȐ Ȑȏ ȓȦȉȐȔȣȝ ȒȓȈș-
șȐȒȖȊ ȒȖșȕțȓșȧ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȓȖȋȐȐ ǹȖ ȊșȍȔ ȥȚȐȔ ȧ șȗȘȈȊȐȓȈșȤ ǪȌȘțȋ Ȗȕ
șȗȘȖșȐȓ
— Ǩ Ȑȏ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ ȒȖȋȖ Ȋȣ ȏȕȈȍȚȍ"
ȇ ȗȘȖȟȓȈ ©ǲțȔȈȟª ǨșȍȍȊȈ ©ǳȍȊȣȑ ȔȈȘȠª ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ǪȈȓȍȘȐȑ ȇȒȖȊ-
ȓȍȊȐȟ țȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖȘȍȕȕȖ ȒȐȊȈȓ șȓțȠȈȓ ȕȍ ȗȍȘȍȉȐȊȈȧ
— Ǩ Ȗ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȍ șȓȣȠȈȓȐ"
— ǬȈ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ. (ȇ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ țȎȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȈ ș ǩȖȘȐșȖȔ ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐ-
ȟȍȔ ȏȕȈȓȈ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȍȋȖ șȚȐȝȖȊ.)
— ǴȖȎȍȚȍ ȗȘȖȟȍșȚȤ ȟȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ" — ș ȖȚȚȍȕȒȖȔ ȕȍȌȖȊȍȘȐȧ șȗȘȖșȐȓ ǩȘȦ-
șȖȊȇ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȟȐȚȈȚȤ
ǹȍșȚȘȈ ȔȖȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȑ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ Ȋ ȘȈȏȓȐȊȍ
ǸȈșȠȐȉȓȈșȤ ȊȍșȍȕȕȐȔ ȌȖȎȌȍȔ ȖȉȖ Ȋșȍȝ
ǪȈȓȍȘȐȑ ȇȒȖȊȓȍȊȐȟ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȘțȒȐ ȖșȚȈȕȈȊȓȐȊȈȍȚ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȑ ȗȖȌȝȊȈȚȣ-
ȊȈȍȚ
ǵȖ ȓȦȌȐ Ȋ ȉȘȍȓȖȒȈȝ ȊȣșȖȒȖ ȉȘȦȏȋȓȐȊȣ
ǰ ȊȍȎȓȐȊȖ ȎȈȓȧȚ ȒȈȒ ȏȔȍȐ Ȋ ȖȊșȍ

ǯȈȚȍȔ ȕȍ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȊ ȚȖȟȒȐ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȗȈțȏț ȌȈȊȈȧ Ȕȕȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȗȘȖȌȖȓ-
ȎȈȚȤ ȇ ȗȖșȓțȠȕȖ ȟȐȚȈȦ
ǻ șȚȈȘȠȐȝ ȕȈ ȥȚȖ șȊȖȐ ȍșȚȤ ȘȍȏȖȕȣ
ǩȍșșȗȖȘȕȖ ȉȍșșȗȖȘȕȖ șȔȍȠȖȕ ȚȊȖȑ ȘȍȏȖȕ
ǪȈȓȍȘȐȑ ȇȒȖȊȓȍȊȐȟ Ȋ țȕȐșȖȕ
ǿȚȖ Ȋ ȋȘȖȏȣ ȓȐȓȖȊȣ ȋȓȈȏȈ Ȑ ȋȈȏȖȕȣ
ǰ ȗȈȝȕȍȚ șȣȘȖȑ ȘȍȏȍȌȖȑ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚ
ǰ ȊȣȎȐȌȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ șȔȖȚȘȐȚ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȧ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓȈ
ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȗȖȖȟȍȘȍȌȕȖ Ȕȣ ș ǪȈȓȍȘȐȍȔ ȇȒȖȊȓȍȊȐȟȍȔ ȟȐȚȈȍȔ Ȋșȍ șȚȐ-
ȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȍ ȌȖ ȒȖȕȞȈ ǷȖ ȍȋȖ ȋȓȈȏȈȔ Ȑ ȗȖ ȊșȍȔț ȍȋȖ ȊȐȌț ȧșȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖ-
Ȟȍșș ȚȈȒȖȋȖ șȖȊȔȍșȚȕȖȋȖ ȟȚȍȕȐȧ ȍȔț ȗȖȕȘȈȊȐȓșȧ ǺȈȒ ȧ țȉȍȌȐȓȈșȤ ȟȚȖ ȔȐȜ Ȗ
ȍȋȖ ȕȍȌȖșȚțȗȕȖșȚȐ șțȝȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȟȍȘșȚȊȖșȚȐ ȉȣȓ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍȖȉȖșȕȖȊȈȕ
ǶșȖȉȍȕȕȖ Ȕȍȕȧ ȖȉȘȈȌȖȊȈȓȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ǩȘȦșȖȊȈ Ȓ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȔ ȗȖȥȚȈȔ Ȋ ȚȖ
ȊȘȍȔȧ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȕȍ ȊșȍȔȐ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȕȕȣȔ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȈȧ ȗȈȔȧȚȤ Ȑ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ Ȓ
ȗȖȥȚȈȔ ȓțȟȠȐȔ — șȚȈȘȣȔ Ȑ ȕȖȊȣȔ
ǶȟȍȕȤ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȈȧ șȊȖȐȔ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȐȍȔ ȧ ȘȍȠȐȓȈ ȟȚȖ ȥȒȏȈȔȍȕ ȕȈ ȥȚȖȔ ȏȈ-
ȒȈȕȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȎȌȈȓȈ ȊȐȏȣ ȕȈ ȊȣȝȖȌ Ȑȏ ȒȈȉȐȕȍȚȈ ǵȖ ǪȈȓȍȘȐȑ ȇȒȖȊȓȍȊȐȟ
ȌțȔȈȓ ȐȕȈȟȍ Ƕȕ șȚȈȓ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȔȖȐȔȐ ȏȕȈȕȐȧȔȐ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ Ȑ ȗȖȗȘȖ-
șȐȓ ȖȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐȏȖȊȈȚȤ ǪȍȓȐȒȖȍ ȗȍȘȍșȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȕȈȘȖȌȖȊ țȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȘȐȟȐ-
ȕȣ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟȍȍ ǸȍȠȐȊ ȟȚȖ ȊȖȗȘȖș ȒȈȊȍȘȏȕȣȑ — ȊȍȌȤ ȊșȍȔ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȘȧȌ
ȗȍȘȍȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȑ ȊȈȘȊȈȘșȒȐȝ ȗȓȍȔȍȕ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȗȍȘȐȖȌ Ȑ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣ-
ȊȈȚȤ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȕȈȌȖ ȔȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȌȖȓȋȖ — ȧ ȊȌȘțȋ Ȋșȍ ȕȈȟȐșȚȖ ȏȈȉȣȓȈ Ȋ ȋȖȓȖȊȍ Ȋșȍ
ȗȍȘȍȔȍȠȈȓȖșȤ Ȑ ȧ ȉȘȧȒȕțȓȈ ©ǶȕȖ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓȖșȤ ȌȖȓȋȖ Ȑ ȘȈșȚȧȕțȓȖșȤ ȕȈ
ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ șȚȖȓȍȚȐȑª ǰ ȕȈȌȖȓȋȖ ȏȈȔȖȓȟȈȓȈ.
ǺȖȋȌȈ ǪȈȓȍȘȐȑ ȇȒȖȊȓȍȊȐȟ ș țȒȖȘȐȏȕȖȑ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȚȍȘȗȍȓȐȊȖ șȚȈȓ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖ
Ȑ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȚȤ Ȕȕȍ ȊșȦ șȗȍȞȐȜȐȒț ȥȗȖȝȐ ǯȈȚȍȔ ȖȚȗțșȚȐȓ Ȕȍȕȧ ȗȖ-
ȎȈȊ ȘțȒț șȖ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ ©ǵȈȌȖ ȕȈȌȖ ȗȖȌȟȐȚȈȚȤ ȐșȚȖȘȐȦ ǷȖȥȚ Ȋșȍ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ
ȏȕȈȚȤ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖ Ǩ ȏȈ ȟȚȍȕȐȍ șȚȐȝȖȊ — ȉȖȓȤȠȖȍ șȗȈșȐȉȖª.
ǷȖȚȖȔ ȗȘȐ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȝ ș ǩȘȦșȖȊȣȔ Ȕȕȍ Ȋșȍ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȗȘȐȗȖȔȐ-
ȕȈȍȚ ȔȖȦ ȕȍțȌȈȟț ș ©ǪȍȓȐȒȐȔ ȗȍȘȍșȍȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȕȈȘȖȌȖȊª ǵȖ ȗȖ ȍȋȖ ȌȖȉȘȖȑ
țșȔȍȠȒȍ ȧ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȓȈ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȗȘȖșȚȐȓ Ȕȕȍ ȍȍ
ǴȖșȒȊȈ ȇȕȊȈȘȤ 

223
¦ 
ǯȈșȕȍȎȍȕȕȣȑ ȋȖȘȖȌ ǪȣșȖȒȐȍ ȐȏȏȧȉȠȐȍ șȖșȕȣ ȉȍșȗȖȘȧȌȖȟȕȣȔȐ ȚȖȓ-
ȗȈȔȐ ȘȈȏȉȘȍȓȐșȤ ȗȖ țȓȐȞȈȔ ǵȍ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȌȖȔȈȝ ȚȖȗȧȚșȧ ȗȍȟȐ ǵȍ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȓȦ-
ȌȐ ȐȔȍȦȚ ȋȖȘȧȟțȦ ȗȐȡț ǸȈȉȖȚȈȦȚ ȔȕȖȋȖ ǶȚȌȣȝȈȦȚ ȔȈȓȖ ǵȖ ȓȦȌȐ ȝȖȚȧȚ
țȟȐȚȤșȧ ǰ ȊȖȚ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ǰȕșȚȐȚțȚ ȕȈȘȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ — Ȋȣș-
Ƞȍȍ țȟȍȉȕȖȍ ȏȈȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ șȖ ȊșȍȔȐ ȗȘȈȊȈȔȐ Ȑ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȈȔȐ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȐȝ Ȋț-
ȏȖȊ ǷȘȖȜȍșșțȘȈ ș ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔȐ ȐȔȍȕȈȔȐ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ǴȈȘȒ ǲȖȕșȚȈȕȚȐȕȖȊȐȟ
ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȐȑ — ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȑ ȜȖȓȤȒȓȖȘȐșȚ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȜȐȓ Ȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌ țȟȍȕȐȒ
ȀȈȝȔȈȚȖȊȈ Ȑ ǪȍȕȋȍȘȖȊȈ — ȊȊȖȌȐȓ ȕȈș șȚțȌȍȕȚȖȊ Ȋ ȚȈȑȕȣ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȓȖȋȐȐ Ȑ
ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ǴȈșȓȖȊ ȟȐȚȈȓ ȕȈȔ ȓȍȒȞȐȐ ȗȖ ȥȒȖȕȖȔȐȟȍ-
șȒȐȑ ȌȐșȞȐȗȓȐȕȈȔ Ǫ Ǩ ǴȈȓȈȝȖȊșȒȐȑ ȗȘȍȗȖȌȈȊȈȓ ȧȏȣȒȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ Ƿ Ƿ ǬȘȧ-
ȋȐȕ — ȗȖȥȚȐȒț Ȑ Ț Ȍ
Ǫ ȧȕȊȈȘȍ  ȋȖȌȈ ȗȘȐ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȚȍ ȉȣȓ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȈȕ ȐșȚȖȘȐȒȖ-ȓȐȚȍȘȈ-
ȚțȘȕȣȑ ȒȘțȎȖȒ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȐȊȠȐȑ  ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȖȊ șȚțȌȍȕȚȖȊ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ
ȎțȘȕȈȓȐșȚȖȊ Ȑ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȖȊ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ǾȍȓȤȦ ȒȘțȎȒȈ ȉȣȓȖ ȐȏțȟȍȕȐȍ ȐșȚȖȘȐ-
ȒȖ-ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȝ ȊȖȗȘȖșȖȊ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȒȈ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȊ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ șȖ-
ȉȐȘȈȕȐȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȊ Ȗ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȍ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȍȑ ȔȍșȚȕȖȋȖ ȒȘȈȧ
ǺȖȊȈȘȐȡ ȔȐȕȐșȚȘȈ ȗȘȖșȊȍȡȍȕȐȧ Ǵ Ƿ ǴȈȓȣȠȍȊ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȈȓ ȔȣșȓȤ Ȗ
șȖȏȌȈȕȐȐ ȒȘțȎȒȈ Ȑ Ȗȉ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȐ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈ ȒȘțȎȒȈ Ǫ ȈȊȋțșȚȍ  ȋȖȌȈ ȗȖ ȐȕȐ-
ȞȐȈȚȐȊȍ Ǵ ǲ ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȈșȤ ȒȕȐȎȒȈ Ȋ  șȚȘȈȕȐȞ ȗȖȌ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȍȔ
©ǲȈȔȍȕȣª Ȋ șȍȘȖȑ ȖȉȓȖȎȒȍ Ȑȏ ȗȘȖșȚȖȑ ȖȉȍȘȚȖȟȕȖȑ ȉțȔȈȋȐ Ǫ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ ȊȖ-
ȠȓȐ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȖȊ șȚțȌȍȕȚȖȊ Ȑ ȟȓȍȕȖȊ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª ș ȒȖȚȖ-
ȘȖȑ ț ȒȘțȎȒȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȚȍșȕȈȧ șȊȧȏȤ
ǸȈȉȖȚȖȑ ȒȘțȎȒȈ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȐȓ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȐȑ ǭȋȖ ©ǳȍȕșȒȐȍ ȗȘȐȟȐ-
ȚȈȕȐȧª ȐȏȌȈȕȕȣȍ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ Ȋ ©ǲȈȔȍȕȈȝª ȊȖȠȓȐ
Ȋ ȜȖȕȌ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȘțșșȒȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ Ǫ ȗȍȘȊȖȔ ȚȖȔȍ ©ǳȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȑ ȥȕȞȐ-
ȒȓȖȗȍȌȐȐª ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚșȧ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖȚ ȚȘțȌ Ǵ ǲ ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȖȉȖȋȈȚȐȓ ȕȈțȒț ȕȖ-
ȊȣȔȐ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈȔȐ Ȑ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȍȕȐȧȔȐ
Ǵ ǲ. ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȐȑ ȗȘȐȊȐȊȈȓ șȚțȌȍȕȚȈȔ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ Ȓ ȘȖȌȕȖȔț ȧȏȣ-
Ȓț Ȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ ȕȖ Ȑ Ȓ ȜȖȓȤȒȓȖȘț Ȓ ȜȖȓȤȒȓȖȘȐșȚȐȒȍ ȒȈȒ ȕȈțȒȍ
ǶȉȓȈȌȈȚȍȓȤ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȕȖȑ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒȐ Ȗȕ Ȑ ȕȈș ȏȈȘȈȎȈȓ șȚȘȈșȚȤȦ Ȓ șȖ-
ȉȐȘȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊț ȒȕȐȋ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȧ Ȑ țȚȖȕȟȈȧ ȕȈȠ ȕȍșȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȣȑ ȊȒțș ǩȓȈȋȖȌȈ-
Șȧ ȍȔț ȔȕȖȋȐȍ Ȑȏ ȕȈș ȚȖȎȍ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȓȐșȤ șȖȉȐȘȈȚȍȓȧȔȐ ȒȕȐȋ Ȑ șȖșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȧ-
ȔȐ șȊȖȐȝ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒ
Ǩ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț Ȋ ȚȘțȌȕțȦ Ȍȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ ȔȐȕțȚț ǴȈȘȒ ǲȖȕșȚȈȕȚȐȕȖȊȐȟ ș ȉȖ-
ȓȤȠȖȑ ȋȘțșȚȤȦ ȗȖȔȖȋ Ȕȕȍ ȘȈșșȚȈȚȤșȧ ș ȟȈșȚȤȦ ȔȖȍȑ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒȐ ȚȡȈȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȖ șȖȉȘȈȕȕȣȍ ȒȕȐȋȐ ȗȖ șȐȔȊȖȓȐȏȔț ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔț Ȑ ȗȖ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊț ǷțȠȒȐȕȈ
ȗȍȘȍȠȓȐ Ȋ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒț ǬȖȔȈ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚȖȘȖȊ ȐȔ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȋ ǳȍȕȐȕȋȘȈȌȍ

ǵȍȏȈȉȣȊȈȍȔȖ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ ȖȚ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȍȑ ȊșȚțȗȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȓȍȒȞȐȐ Ǵ ǲ
ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȋ ȒțȘș ©ǪȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȓȖȋȐȦª șȖȉȘȈȊȠȍȑ Ȋ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȔ ȈȒ-
ȚȖȊȖȔ ȏȈȓȍ șȚțȌȍȕȚȖȊ Ȋșȍȝ ȜȈȒțȓȤȚȍȚȖȊ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȚȈ ǲȈȒ șȍȑȟȈș ȗȖȔȕȦ ȍȋȖ ȟțȚȤ
ȋȓțȝȖȊȈȚȣȑ ȋȖȓȖș ș ȍȌȊȈ ȏȈȔȍȚȕȣȔ ȗȘȐȌȣȝȈȕȐȍȔ țȎȍ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȊȣȌȈȊȈȊȠȍȔ
ȍȋȖ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȊȠțȦșȧ șȍȘȤȍȏȕțȦ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȤ Ǫ ȗȖȓȕȖȑ ȚȐȠȐȕȍ șȓțȠȈȓȐ șȚțȌȍȕ-
Țȣ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȓȍȗȕȖȍ Ȑ ȚȖȟȕȖȍ ȐȏȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȔȣșȓȐ ȖȘȈȚȖȘȈ ȖȉȖșȕȖȊȈȕȕȖȍ Ȑ țȉȍȎ-
ȌȈȦȡȍȍ ǳȍȒȚȖȘ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȑ ǻȊȓȍȒȈȦȡȐȑșȧ Ȑ țȊȓȍȒȈȦȡȐȑ
ǪȕȐȔȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȗȖȌȟȈș ȌȖ șțȘȖȊȖșȚȐ șȚȘȖȋȐȑ Ȑ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȗȍȌȈȋȖȋ
țȔȕȣȑ Ȑ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌȕȣȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ǴȈȘȒ ǲȖȕșȚȈȕȚȐȕȖȊȐȟ ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȓ ȏȈȉȖȚȖȑ
șȊȖȐȝ țȟȍȕȐȒȖȊ ǹȘȍȌȐ ȕȐȝ Ȗȕ ȖȚȣșȒȐȊȈȓ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȓȐȊȣȝ Ȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȖșȗȖșȖȉȕȣȝ
șȈȔȖȓȦȉȐȊȣȝ Ȑ ȚȘțȌȖȓȦȉȐȊȣȝ ȕȍțȚȖȔȐȔȖ șȓȍȌȧ ȏȈ Ȑȝ ȘȖșȚȖȔ Ǫ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍ-
Ȕȧ ȕȍ ȏȈȉȣȊȈȓ Ȑ Ȗ șȘȍȌȕȐȝ Ȑ șȓȈȉȣȝ șȚțȌȍȕȚȈȝ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȧȧ Ȑȝ Ȑ ȊșȧȟȍșȒȐ ȗȖ-
ȔȖȋȈȧ ȐȔ ǰ ȌȈȎȍ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȘȈȏȉȘȖșȈȓȈ Ȋșȍȝ ȕȈș ȗȖ ȘȈȏȕȣȔ ȋȖȘȖ-
ȌȈȔ ǴȈȘȒ ǲȖȕșȚȈȕȚȐȕȖȊȐȟ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȓșȧ ȕȈȠȍȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȖȑ Ȑ ȕȈȠȍȑ ȎȐȏȕȤȦ
Ǫ  ȋȖȌț ȘȈȉȖȚȈȧ Ȋ ǰȘȒțȚșȒȍ ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȐȑ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȓ ȒȕȐȎȒț ©ǩȍșȍȌȣ
șȖȉȐȘȈȚȍȓȧª ș ȚȈȒȐȔ ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȐȍȔ ©ǴȖȐȔ țȟȍȕȐȒȈȔ — șȚțȌȍȕȚȈȔ ȉ ǰȕ-
șȚȐȚțȚȈ ǵȈȘȖȌȕȖȋȖ ǶȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ - ȋȋª
ǴȕȖȋȖ ȓȍȚ șȗțșȚȧ ȎȐȊȧ Ȋ ǳȍȕȐȕȋȘȈȌȍ Ȋ - ȋȖȌȈȝ ȧ ȉȣȓȈ șȟȈșȚ-
ȓȐȊȈ ȗȖȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ ȗȖȌ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȖȔ ǴȈȘȒȈ ǲȖȕșȚȈȕȚȐȕȖȊȐȟȈ Ȋ ȜȖȓȤȒȓȖȘ-
ȕȖȑ șȍȒȞȐȐ ǷțȠȒȐȕșȒȖȋȖ ȌȖȔȈ Ǵȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȖ ȘȍȌȈȒȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ Ȑ
ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌ ȔȈȘȐȑșȒȐȝ Ȑ țȌȔțȘȚșȒȐȝ șȒȈȏȖȒ Ȑ ȗȍșȍȕ
ǪȘȍȔȍȕȈȔȐ ȧ ȉȍȘț ș ȗȖȓȒȐ ȚȘțȌȣ ǴȈȘȒȈ ǲȖȕșȚȈȕȚȐȕȖȊȐȟȈ ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȖȋȖ
ȕȈȌȗȐșȈȕȕȣȍ ȍȋȖ ȓȍȋȒȐȔ ȐȏȧȡȕȣȔ ȗȖȟȍȘȒȖȔ ȟȐȚȈȦ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȟȐȚȣȊȈȦ ȍȋȖ ȗȐ-
șȤȔȈ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȓȍȗȕȣȍ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȌȈȘȒȐ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȈȦȡȐȍ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȓ șȊȍȚȓȖȔț ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ
ȕȈȠȍȑ ȌȘțȎȉȣ Ȑ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȈȧ ȕȍțȚȐȝȈȦȡȈȧ ȗȍȟȈȓȤ Ȗ ȚȈȒ ȘȈ-
ȕȖ țȠȍȌȠȍȔ Ȑȏ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȕȍȑȠȍȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȍ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȍȑȠȍȔ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚț-
ȘȖȊȍȌȍ ȌȖȉȘȖȔ ȌȘțȋȍ

225
 
ǵȍ ȊȍȘȦ ȕȐ ȚȓȍȕȤȦ ȕȐ șȚȈȘȖșȚȐ
ȕȐ ȊȖȗȓȦ ȕȐ șȚȖȕț ȕȐ ȗȓȍȕț
ȊȖȕ — ȊȍȚȍȘ ȏȈȗțȚȈȓșȧ Ȋ ȗȈȘțșȍ
ȊȖȕ — ȊȖȓȕȣ ȏȈȒțȚȈȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȗȍȕț
ǵ ǨșȍȍȊ
ǵȐȒȖȓȈȦ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȐȟț ǨșȍȍȊț ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ țȋȘȖȎȈȓȈ șȚȈȘȖșȚȤ Ƕȕ ȊșȍȋȌȈ
ȉȣȓ ȔȖȓȖȌ Ƕȕ ȝȖȚȍȓ ȉȣȚȤ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȔ ȊșȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȑ ȍȔț ȥȚȖ țȌȈȊȈȓȖșȤ ǬȈȎȍ
Ȋ șȍȔȤȌȍșȧȚ ȚȘȐ ȋȖȌȈ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȌȖȓȍȊȈȓȈ ȚȧȎȒȈȧ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ țȝȖȌȐȓȐ ȗȖ-
șȓȍȌȕȐȍ șȐȓȣ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȐȟ ȕȍ țȚȘȈȚȐȓ ȔȖȓȖȌȖșȚȐ ȌțȠȍȊȕȖȑ
ǹȚȐȝȐ ȕȍ ȗȖȒȐȌȈȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȖȟȤȦ ǻȎȍ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȟȈșȚȖ Ȗȕ ȗȖȓț-
șȖȕȕȣȑ ȗȘȖșȐȓ Ȏȍȕț ©ǶȒșȈȕȈ ȌȈȑ ȉțȔȈȋț Ȑ ȒȈȘȈȕȌȈȠ ǪȖ șȕȍ șȓȖȎȐȓȐșȤ
șȚȐȝȐ ǹȒȖȘȍȍ Ȉ ȚȖ ȧ Ȓ țȚȘț ȏȈȉțȌțª — ȕț ȒȈȒȈȧ Ȏȍ ȥȚȖ șȚȈȘȖșȚȤ ǺȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȊȖ
șȕȍ Ȋ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȐ ǵȍȚ ȥȚȖ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȈȓȈȕȚ ȕȖ Ȑ ȊȍȟȕȈȧ ȔȖȓȖȌȖșȚȤ ȕȍȐșșȧ-
ȒȈȍȔȈȧ
ǪȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȧ țȊȐȌȍȓȈ Ȑ țșȓȣȠȈȓȈ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȧ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ȊȖ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȍ ȘȈȕ-
ȕȍȑ ȊȍșȕȖȑ  ȋȖȌȈ Ȋ Ȓȓțȉȍ ǳȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖ-ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ǬȈȓȤ-
ȕȍȋȖ ǪȖșȚȖȒȈ ǲȓțȉ ȥȚȖȚ ȗȖȔȍȡȈȓșȧ ȕȈ ǹȊȍȚȓȈȕșȒȖȑ țȓȐȞȍ1 Ȋ ȗȖȌȊȈȓȍ ȗȖȌ
ȚȍȈȚȘȖȔ ©ǯȖȓȖȚȖȑ ȘȖȋª ȕȈȏȣȊȈȓșȧ Ȓȓțȉ ©ǩȈȓȈȋȈȕȟȐȒª ǺȈȔ ȕȈ ȎȍȓȚȖȔ ȗȖ-
ȓȍ șȐȚȞȍȊȣȝ șȚȍȕ ȊȍșȍȓȖ ȞȊȍȓȐ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȍ ȔȈȒȐ ǰ ȋȖȘȍȓȐ ȓȈȔȗȣ ȌȈȎȍ ȌȕȍȔ
ǨșȍȍȊ — ȖȚȍȞ Ȑ șȖȏȌȈȚȍȓȤ ȒȓțȉȈ ȅȚȖ Ȗȕ ȝȓȖȗȖȚȈȓ ȚȘțȌȐȓșȧ ȌȖȉȐȊȈȓșȧ
ȗȖȔȍȡȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȈȓ ȓȦȌȍȑ ǶȉȡȐȔȐ șȐȓȈȔȐ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȈȓȐ ©ǳȐȚ-ȝțȌ
Ȗ-ȊȖ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȋȖ ǪȖșȚȖȒȈª Ȑ ȗȘȐ ȕȍȔ Ȓȓțȉ Ǫ ©ǩȈȓȈȋȈȕȟȐȒȍª ȊȣȧȊȓȧȓȐșȤ ȚȈ-
ȓȈȕȚȣ Ȑ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȓȖșȤ ȕȖȊȖȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ Ȋ ȕȖȋț ȐȌțȡȍȍ ș ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘȐȈȚȖȔ
Ǫ ȚȖȚ ȕȈȊșȍȋȌȈ ȏȈȗȖȔȕȐȊȠȐȑșȧ Ȕȕȍ ȊȍȟȍȘ ǨșȍȍȊ ȗȖȖȉȍȡȈȓ ȗȖșȍȚȐȚȍȓȧȔ
©ǩȈȓȈȋȈȕȟȐȒȈª ȗȘȖȟȐȚȈȚȤ ȗȖȥȔț ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ©ǿȍȓȖȊȍȒª
ǰ ȊȖȚ ǨșȍȍȊ ȕȈ ȥșȚȘȈȌȍ ȇȊȕȖ ȊȏȊȖȓȕȖȊȈȕ ȗȘȐȗȖȌȕȧȚ ǫȓȈȏȈ țșȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȣ
ȊȊȍȘȝ ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȔȣșȓȧȔȐ Ȗȕ ș ȌȈȓȍȒȐȔ ȌȘțȋȖȔ ș ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȔ ȕȍȌȈȊȕȖ
ȗȘȐșȓȈȊȠȐȔ șȊȖȦ ȒȕȐȋț" ǨșȍȍȊ ȏȈȌțȔȟȐȊȖ ȗȖȚȐȘȈȍȚ ȘțȒȐ ǪȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ ȧ
ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓȈ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȔȐȕțȚȣ ȘȈȌȖșȚȕȣȝ ȗȍȘȍȎȐȊȈȕȐȑ ȐȓȐ ȋȓțȉȖȒȐȝ ȘȈȏȌțȔȐȑ
ȓȈȌȖȕȐ ȍȋȖ ȊșȍȋȌȈ șȔȣȒȈȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȓȍȋȒȖȔ ȗȖȋȓȈȎȐȊȈȕȐȐ
ǪȖȚ șȚȖȐȚ Ȗȕ ȝțȌȖȑ Ȑ ȉȓȍȌȕȣȑ Ȋ șȍȘȖȔ ȒȖșȚȦȔȍ ǹȖșȘȍȌȖȚȖȟȍȕ ǻȋȓțȉ-
ȓȍȕ Ȋ șȍȉȧ ǨșȍȍȊ ȟȐȚȈȍȚ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȓȍȗȕȖ
1 Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ — Ʌɟɧɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɭɥɢɰɚ

226
ǷȖȚȘȧșȍȕȕȈȧ țșȓȣȠȈȕȕȣȔ șȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȦ ȊȖȓȕȍȕȐȍ ǪȖșȝȐȡȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȥȔȖȑ
ȗȍȟȈȓȤ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȊȍȓȐȟȐȍȔ ȚȘȈȋȍȌȐȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ șȍȘȌȞȈ șȓȐȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȟțȊșȚȊȖ
ȉȖȓȐ ȘȈȌȖșȚȐ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ ȐȏțȔȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ șȖșȚȘȈȌȈȕȐȧ
Ǫ ȚȖȚ ȊȍȟȍȘ ǨșȍȍȊ ȗȘȐȊȍȓ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȓ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȔț ȇ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȈ ȏȈ ȥȚȖ
ǪșȒȖȘȍ ȗȖȏȕȈȒȖȔȐȓȐ Ȕȍȕȧ ș ǨșȍȍȊȣȔ ȍȋȖ ȎȍȕȖȑ ǶȒșȈȕȖȑ Ǩ ȗȖȚȖȔ Ȕȣ
ȘȍȠȐȓȐ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ȍȝȈȚȤ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț
ǵȖ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍ ȓȍȋȒȖ ǴȍȎȌț ȕȈȔȐ Ȑ ǴȖșȒȊȖȑ ȊșȚȈȓȐ ȚȘțȌȕȖșȚȐ
ȗȍȘȍȍȏȌȈ ȟȍȘȍȏ ǹȐȉȐȘȤ ȋȌȍ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȐșȤ ȍȡȍ ȉȍȓȖȋȊȈȘȌȍȑȞȣ ǵȈȔ ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ
ȏȈȌȍȘȎȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ ǺȈȔ Ȑ ȕȈȟȈȓȈșȤ ȗȖ șțȡȍșȚȊț ȖȉȡȈȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ș ǨșȍȍȊȣȔ
ȎȐȏȕȤ ȉȖȒ Ȗ ȉȖȒ ș ȕȐȔ ș ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȈȔȐ ȗȖ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȑ ȋȘțȗȗȍ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚ-
ȊȖªǴȣ ȎȐȓȐ Ȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȓȐ Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌȐȓȐ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȔȖșȚ — ȕȈȗ-
ȘȧȎȍȕȕȖ ȚȍȘȗȍȓȐȊȖ șȖșȘȍȌȖȚȖȟȍȕȕȖ— ȔȖșȚ șȖȍȌȐȕȧȦȡȐȑ ȕȈș ș ǴȖșȒȊȖȑ
ǺȈȒ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓȖșȤ ȋȖȌ
ǭșȓȐ ȔȐȘ ȍȡȍ ȕȈȔȐ ȕȍ ȏȈȕȧȚ
ȕȈș șțȌȤȉȈ ȕȍ șȓțȟȈȑȕȖ șȊȍȓȈ
ȊȍȌȤ ț șȈȔȣȝ șȍȘȌȍȞ ȗȈȘȚȐȏȈȕȧȚ
ȕȈȠȐ ȗȍșȕȐ Ȑ ȕȈȠȐ ȌȍȓȈ
ǵ ǨșȍȍȊ
ǿȐȚȈ ǹȚȈȘȣȑ șȐȉȐȘșȒȐȑ ©ȕȍșȗȖȒȖȑȕȣȑª ȋȖȘȖȌ Ǫ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȔ — ș ȌȍȒȈȉȘȐșȚȈ-
ȔȐ ș ǿȍȘȕȣȠȍȊșȒȐȔ ș ǩȈȉțȠȒȐȕȣȔ Ǫ - ȋȖȌȈȝ ǿȐȚȈ — ȚȘȍȊȖȎȕȖ
ȉȤȦȡȍȍșȧ șȍȘȌȞȍ ǹȐȉȐȘȐ ȊșȍȋȖ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȋȖ ǪȖșȚȖȒȈ ǿȐȚȈ — șȚȖȓȐȞȈ ȕȖȊȖ-
ȘȖȎȌȍȕȕȖȑ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȖȑ ȘȍșȗțȉȓȐȒȐ — ǬǪǸ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȓȐ ȥȚț ȘȍșȗțȉȓȐȒț-
ȉțȜȍȘ șȖȏȌȈȕȕțȦ ȗȖ ȐȌȍȍ Ȑ țȒȈȏȈȕȐȦ Ǫ ǰ ǳȍȕȐȕȈ
ǪȘȍȔȧ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȘțȌȕȖȍ ǸȧȌȖȔ ȉțȑșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ ȉȈȕȌȣ ǹȍȔȍȕȖȊȈ Ȑ ǻȕȋȍȘȕȈ ǴȖ-
ȓȖȌȈȧ ȘȍșȗțȉȓȐȒȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȕȈșȚȖȘȖȎȍ
ǳȍȚȖȔ  ȋȖȌȈ Ȋ ǿȐȚț ȗȘȐȍȝȈȓ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǨșȍȍȊ Ƕȕ ȗȘȐȊȍȏ ȐȏȌȈȕȕțȦ ȊȖ
ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȍ ©ǩȖȔȉțª — ȒȕȐȋț șȚȐȝȖȊ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȣȊȈȊȠțȦ șȊȖȍ ȕȈȏ-
ȊȈȕȐȍ ǶȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȈ ȒȈȒ ȔȖȓȕȐȧ ȒȈȒ ȊȏȘȣȊ
ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȗȖȓțȟȐȊ ȖȚ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ©ǩȖȔȉțª ȗȘȐșȓȈȓ Ȋ ȖȚȊȍȚ șȊȖȦ ȒȕȐȋț ș
ȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȕȈȌȗȐșȤȦ ©ǩȖȔȉȖȑ ȊȏȖȘȊȈȕ ș țȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȐȍȔ ǮȔț ȘțȒț — ȏȈª
ǴȕȖȋȐȍ ȐșȚȖșȒȖȊȈȊȠȐȍșȧ ȗȖ ȝȖȘȖȠȐȔ șȚȐȝȈȔ ș ȘȈȌȖșȚȤȦ ȗȘȐȕȧȓȐ ȈșȍȍȊ-
șȒțȦ ©ǩȖȔȉțª ǵȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ș ȓȦȉȖȗȣȚșȚȊȖȔ Ǩ ȒȖȍ-ȒȚȖ Ȑ ș ȕȍȌȖȊȍȘȐȍȔ
ǨșȍȍȊ ȗȖȌȈȘȐȓ Ȕȕȍ ©ǩȖȔȉțª ș ȚȈȒȖȑ ȕȈȌȗȐșȤȦ ©ǵȍȎȕȍȑȠȍȔț ȋȖȓȖșț ǶȓȐ
ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖȔț ȗȈȌȈȦȡȍȑ Ȋȍșȍȕȕȍȑ ȒȈȗȍȓȐ Ȑ Ȋșȍȑ ȍȑ Ȋȍșȍȕȕȍȑ
șȊȍȎȍșȚȐ Ȑ Ȋșȍȑ ȍȍ Ȋȍșȕȍª ȅȚȐ șȓȖȊȈ ȞȍȕȦ Ȑ ȗȖȔȕȦ ȒȈȒ ȏȈȊȍȚ șȚȈȘȠȍȋȖ ȚȖ-
ȊȈȘȐȡȈ ǲȕȐȋț ȧ șȉȍȘȍȋȓȈ ȒȈȒ ȌȘȈȋȖȞȍȕȕȖșȚȤ

227
ǨșȍȍȊ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȟțȚȤ-ȟțȚȤ ȊȏȊȖȓȕȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȍȚ Ȋ ȟȐȚȐȕșȒȐȝ ȋȈȏȍȚȈȝ
ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȖȚȏȣȊȈȧșȤ ȕȈ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ șȖȉȣȚȐȧ ȖșȚȘȣȔȐ ȜȍȓȤȍȚȖȕȈȔȐ Ǫ ȚȖ
Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȗȕ ȏȈȔȍȡȈȍȚ ȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȐȒȈ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȖȋȖ ȚȍȓȍȋȘȈȜȕȖȋȖ ȈȋȍȕȚ-
șȚȊȈ ǬǨǳȄǺǨ ǵȈȟȈȓȤȕȐȒȖȔ ǬǨǳȄǺǨ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȉȣȓ ȚȖȊ ǲȖȓȒȖ
ǪșȓȍȌ ȏȈ ǨșȍȍȊȣȔ Ȋ ǿȐȚț ȗȘȐȍȝȈȓ ǹȍȘȋȍȑ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ — ȊȣșȖȒȐȑ ȝțȌȖ-
ȡȈȊȣȑ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȐȘȖȕȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȈșȔȍȠȓȐȊȣȑ — ȖȟȍȕȤ ȖșȚȘȣȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ
șȖșȘȍȌȖȚȖȟȍȕȕȣȑ ȕȈ șȊȖȐȝ ȚȘțȌȕȣȝ țȔȖȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧȝ Ǫ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ
ȉȣȓ ȗȖȋȓȖȡȍȕ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈȔȐ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ ǳȍȚȖȔ  ȋȖȌȈ
ȍȔț ȉȣȓ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕ ȗȖșȚ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȈ ȔȐȕȐșȚȘȈ ȗȘȖșȊȍȡȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ Ȗȕ
ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓ ȌȖ ȒȖȕȞȈ ȌȍȒȈȉȘȧ ȚȖȋȖ Ȏȍ ȋȖȌȈ Ǫ ȧȕȊȈȘȍ  ȋȖȌȈ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ țȠȍȓ
Ȑȏ ǴȐȕȗȘȖșȈ Ȑ ȉȣȓ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕ ȏȈȊȍȌțȦȡȐȔ ǬȈȓȤȞȍȕȚȘȖȗȍȟȈȚȤȦ ȚȖȋȌȈ-ȚȖ Ȑ
șȖȏȘȍȓȈ ȔȣșȓȤ Ȗ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȐ ©ǴȈșȚȍȘșȒȐȝ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȧª
ǸȍȌȈȒȚȖȘ ȋȈȏȍȚȣ ©ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȑ ȗțȚȤª ȖȘȋȈȕ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȖȋȖ ǩȦ-
ȘȖ Ǿǲ ǸǲǷȉ)), șȚȈȘȣȑ ȟȓȍȕ ǸǲǷ ȒȖȔȔțȕȐșȚ ș  ȋȖȌȈ ǵ Ǽ ǿțȎȈȒ ȗȘȍȌ-
ȓȖȎȐȓ ǨșȍȍȊț Ȑ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊț ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȈȚȤ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕțȦ ȋȘțȗȗț ǭȍ ȕȈȏȊȈȓȐ
ȗȖ ȐȔȍȕȐ ȎțȘȕȈȓȈ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª ȖȘȋȈȕ ǬȈȓȤȉȦȘȖ Ǿǲ ǸǲǷȉ) ȘȍȌȈȒȚȐ-
ȘțȍȔȖȋȖ ǿțȎȈȒȖȔ ȊȖ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȍ Ȋ - ȋȖȌȈȝ ǵȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȚȖȊȈȘȐ-
ȡȐ ȊȖȠȍȌȠȐȍ Ȋ ȋȘțȗȗț ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª ȌȖ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ ȍȍ ȗȍȟȈȚȈȓȐșȤ Ȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ-
ȓȐ Ȋ ȎțȘȕȈȓȍ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª ǵȖ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȑ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍ-
șȚȊȖª ȗȘȖȐȏȖȠȓȖ ȕȍ ȊȖ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȍ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț Ȉ Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ Ȋ ȧȕȊȈȘȍ 
ȋȖȌȈ ǪȖȚ ȥȚȖ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȐȍ ȔȍȎȌț ȎțȘȕȈȓȖȔ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª Ȑ ȋȘțȗȗȖȑ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚ-
ȊȖª ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȍ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚȖȘȣ ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȦȚ Ȑ ȥȚȈ ȖȠȐȉȒȈ ȗȘȖȕȐȒ-
ȓȈ Ȋ ȘȧȌ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȑ Ȑ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈȞȐȑ ǺȈȒ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȦȚ ȟȚȖ Ǭ ǩțȘ-
ȓȦȒ ǹ ǨȓȣȔȖȊ ȉȣȓȐ ȟȓȍȕȈȔȐ ȕȈȠȍȑ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ȅȚȖ ȕȍȊȍȘȕȖ ȟȓȍȕȈȔȐ ȋȘțȗ-
ȗȣ ȖȕȐ ȕȍ șȖșȚȖȧȓȐ ȕȖ ȌȖ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȑ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª
ȖȕȐ ȗȍȟȈȚȈȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȎțȘȕȈȓȍ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª ȊȣȝȖȌȐȊȠȍȔ ȊȖ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȍ
ǷȐȠț Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȘȈȏȢȧșȕȐȚȤ ȕȍȌȖȘȈȏțȔȍȕȐȍ
ǵȈȠȈ ȋȘțȗȗȈ șȖșȚȖȧȓȈ Ȑȏ ȊȖșȤȔȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ — ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚȖȘȖȊ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȖȊ Ȑ
ȗȖȥȚȖȊ Ǫ șȖșȚȈȊ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ȊȖȠȓȈ Ȑ ȧ Ǫșȍȝ ȕȈș ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȧȓȈ ȖȉȡȕȖșȚȤ ȓȐȚȍ-
ȘȈȚțȘȕȣȝ ȊȒțșȖȊ Ȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȈȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ȗȖ ȗȘȖȗȈȋȈȕȌȍ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȈ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ
ǩȓȖȒȈ ǷțȠȒȐȕȈ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȈ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ — ȗȘȍȎȕȐȝ Ȑ
ȕȖȊȣȝ ǻșȚȘȈȐȊȈȓȐșȤ ȌȐșȗțȚȣ Ȗȉ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ Ȗ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȍ Ȗ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȍ — ȖȉȖ
ȊșȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȊȖȓȕȖȊȈȓȖ țȔȣ ǫȘțȗȗȈ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª șȚȈȘȈȓȈșȤ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȘȈȉȖ-
ȟȐȔ șȓțȎȈȡȐȔ Ȑ ȉȖȑȞȈȔ țȟȈȡȐȔșȧ ȊșȍȔ ȒȚȖ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓ ȕȈ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȣ ȋȘțȗ-
ȗȣ Ȗȉ ȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȈ Ȗȉ țȟȈșȚȐȐ ȍȋȖ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘșȒȖȔ
Ȍȍȓȍ ǷȖȥȚȖȔț ȕȍȊȍȘȕȖ ȌțȔȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȋȘțȗȗȈ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȖșȚȖ Ȝț-
ȚțȘȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȋȘțȗȗȖȑ ǺȖȔț șȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȐ ȊȖȘȖȝȈ ȋȈȏȍȚ Ȑ ȎțȘȕȈȓȖȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ
ȐȏȌȈȊȈȓȐșȤ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȕȈ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȔ ǪȖșȚȖȒȍ
ǹȍȕȚȧȉȘȤ ȖȒȘțȎȐȓ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȘȖȏȖȊȣȔ ȉȈȋțȓȤȕȐȒȖȔ ǵȈ ȊșȍȔ ȧȘȒȖȍ șȖȊșȍȔ
ȦȎȕȖȍ șȖȓȕȞȍ Ǫ ȊȖȏȌțȝȍ ȏȈȗȈȝ ȗȣȓȐ Ȑ ȝȊȖȐ ǷȖȊșȦȌț ȘȣȎȐȍ șȖșȕȣ Ȑ ȚȍȔ-

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ȕȖ-ȏȍȓȍȕȣȍ ȒȍȌȘȣ Ǵȣ țȎȍ ȗȘȐȊȣȒȓȐ Ȓ ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȎȐȊțȚ ȗȘȧȔȖ ȕȈ țȓȐ-
ȞȈȝ ȕȍȔȖȡȍȕȣȝ Ȑ ȗȣȓȤȕȣȝ
ǵȈ ȋȓȈȊȕȖȑ țȓȐȞȍ ȗȖ ȉțȓȣȎȕȖȑ ȔȖșȚȖȊȖȑ ȗȘȖȕȖșȐȚșȧ ȋȘȖȔȣȝȈȦȡȐȑ
ȚȘȈȕșȗȖȘȚ ȋȘțȏȖȊȐȒȐ ȚȍȓȍȋȐ ǵȐ ȚȘȈȔȊȈȧ ȕȐ ȈȊȚȖȉțșȈ
ǶșȍȕȤ ǫȖȘȖȌ ȖȎȐȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ǯȌȍșȤ Ȑ ȚȈȔ ȏȈȔȍȓȤȒȈȓȐ ȉțȌȍȕȖȊȒȐ ȒȍȗȒȐ Ȝț-
ȘȈȎȒȐ Ȉȓȣȍ ȒȖșȣȕȒȐ ǴȕȖȋȖ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȝ ȓȐȞ ǵȈȟȈȓȈ șȊȖȦ ȘȈȉȖȚț Ȑ ȋȘțȗȗȈ
©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª
Ǫ șȍȕȚȧȉȘȍ  ȋȖȌȈ ȕȈ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȕȖȔ ȔȐȚȐȕȋȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȈ Ȉ
ȏȈȚȍȔ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȈ ȌȍȒȓȈȘȈȞȐȧ ȐȕȐȞȐȈȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ȗȖ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ǴȈ-
șȚȍȘșȒȐȝ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȧ Ǫ ȥȚȖȑ ȌȍȒȓȈȘȈȞȐȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȖșȤ
©ǶȉȡȐȑ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȣȑ șȌȊȐȋ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȤȧ ȌȐȒȚțȍȚ ȘȈșȠȐȘȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȕȈȗ-
ȘȧȎȍȕȐȍ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȠȐȘȖȒȐȝ ȔȈșș Ȋ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ǽțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȌȖȓȎȍȕ șȚȈȚȤ ȊșȍȖȉȡȐȔ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤ ȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȒȖȊ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȌȖȓ-
ȎȕȈ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȖȑ ȊȖșȗȘȐȐȔȟȐȊȖșȚȐ ȔȈșșȣ ǬȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȝȐ-
ȓȖȔț ȔȍȡȈȕșȚȊț ȗȘȖȊȐȕȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȗȓȍșȚȐșȤ Ȋ ȝȊȖșȚȍ șȚȖȓȐȟȕȣȝ
ȓȈȉȖȘȈȚȖȘȐȑ ǬǪǸ Ȑ ǿȐȚȈ Ȋ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȖȔ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈ-
ȊȈȧ ȉȣȚȤ ȋȓțȝȐȔȐ ȏȈȌȊȖȘȒȈȔȐ ǸȖșșȐȐ ȗȘȐȖȉȘȍȚȈȦȚ șȈȔȖșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍª
ǯȈȒȈȕȟȐȊȈȓȈșȤ ȌȍȒȓȈȘȈȞȐȧ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ
©ǷȖșȚȖȧȕȕȈȧ ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȚȘȐȉțȕȈ ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȖȍ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȖȍ ȊȏȈȐȔȖșȖ-
ȗȘȐȒȖșȕȖȊȍȕȐȍ ȐȏțȟȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȊȣȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȐȝ ȗȘȐȍȔȖȊ Ȑ ȒȖȕșȚȘțȒȞȐȑ
ȊȕȍȌȘȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȔȈșșȣ Ȑ ȊȗȐȚȣȊȈȕȐȍ Ȋ șȍȉȧ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȣȝ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȊ — ȊȖȚ șȖȌȍȘ-
ȎȈȕȐȍ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȝ ȏȈȌȈȟ ȕȈȔȍȟȈȍȔȣȝ Ȓ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȦ ȔȈșȚȍȘșȒȐȝª 1.
Ǫșȍ ȟȓȍȕȣ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª ȘȈȉȖȚȈȓȐ Ȋ țȟȘȍȎȌȍȕȐȧȝ ǵȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ
Ȑȏ ȕȈș ȘȈȉȖȚȈȧ țȟȐȓȐșȤ Ȋ Ȋțȏȍ
ǷȖȌȖȠȓȈ ȏȐȔȈ ǹȚțȌȍȕȈȧ ȓȍȌȧȕȈȧ șȐȉȐȘșȒȈȧ ȏȐȔȈ ǵȍ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȌȖȔȈȝ ȚȖ-
ȗȧȚșȧ ȗȍȟȐ ǵȍ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȓȦȌȐ ȐȔȍȦȚ ȋȖȘȧȟțȦ ȗȐȡț ǸȈȉȖȚȈȦȚ ȔȕȖȋȖ ǶȚȌȣ-
ȝȈȦȚ ȔȈȓȖ ǵȖ ȓȦȌȐ ȝȖȚȧȚ țȟȐȚȤșȧ ǵțȎȕȖ țȟȐȚȤșȧ
ǰ ȊȖȚ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ǫȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȚ ȕȈȘȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȋ
ȋ ǿȐȚȍ — ȊȣșȠȍȍ țȟȍȉȕȖȍ ȏȈȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ șȖ ȊșȍȔȐ ȗȘȈȊȈȔȐ Ȑ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȈȔȐ ȕȈ-
șȚȖȧȡȍȋȖ ȊțȏȈ
ǪșȍȋȌȈ ȉțȌț ȗȖȔȕȐȚȤ ȌȖȘȖȋȖȋȖ țȟȐȚȍȓȧ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ ǴȈȘȒȈ ǲȖȕșȚȈȕ-
ȚȐȕȖȊȐȟȈ ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȖȋȖ — ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌȈ ȜȖȓȤȒȓȖȘȐșȚȈ ȥȚȕȖȋȘȈȜȈ ȊȊȖ-
ȌȐȊȠȍȋȖ ȕȈș șȚțȌȍȕȚȖȊ Ȋ ȚȈȑȕȣ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȓȖȋȐȐ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ǷȘȖȜȍș-
șȖȘ ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȐȑ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȓ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖȑ șțȔȔȖȑ ȏȕȈȕȐȑ ȅȚȖȚ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌȕȍȑȠȐȑ
ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȊȍșȤ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȈȓ ȕȈțȒȍ ȓȦȉȧ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȒȕȐȋȐ Ȑ ȓȦȌȍȑ
Ǫ ȧȕȊȈȘȍ  ȋȖȌȈ ȗȘȐ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȚȍ ȗȖ ȐȕȐȞȐȈȚȐȊȍ ǴȈȘȒȈ ǲȖȕșȚȈȕȚȐȕȖ-
ȊȐȟȈ ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȉȣȓ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȈȕ ǰșȚȖȘȐȒȖ-ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȑ ȒȘțȎȖȒ ȖȉȢȍ-
ȌȐȕȐȊȠȐȑ  ȟȓȍȕȖȊ ȒȘțȎȒȈ șȚțȌȍȕȚȖȊ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȖȊ ȎțȘȕȈȓȐșȚȖȊ Ȑ ȝț-
1 ȼɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢɡ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ

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ȌȖȎȕȐȒȖȊ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ Ǫ ȈȊȋțșȚȍ ȚȖȋȖ Ȏȍ ȋȖȌȈ ȗȖȧȊȐȓșȧ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ ȒȘțȎȒȈ ©ǲȈȔȍ-
ȕȣª Ȋ  șȚȘȈȕȐȞ Ȋ șȍȘȖȑ ȖȉȓȖȎȒȍ Ȑȏ ȖȉȍȘȚȖȟȕȖȑ ȉțȔȈȋȐ ȖȚȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȕȣȑ Ȋ
ȚȐȗȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ ǪȖȍȕǷǻǸȈ Ǫ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȍ ȘȧȌȖȔ ș ȚȘțȌȈȔȐ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȖȊ Ȑ șȚțȌȍȕ-
ȚȖȊ — ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȟȓȍȕȖȊ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª ș ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ț ȒȘțȎȒȈ ȉȣȓȈ Țȍș-
ȕȈȧ șȊȧȏȤ
ǨșȍȍȊ ȊșȍȔȐ ȒȖȘȕȧȔȐ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȈ șȘȖșȠȐȑșȧ ș ȜȖȓȤȒȓȖȘȖȔ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ
ȖșȚȈȊȈȚȤșȧ ȘȈȊȕȖȌțȠȕȣȔ Ȓ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȦ Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ ǰșȚȖȘȐȒȖ-ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖ-
ȋȖ ȒȘțȎȒȈ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȐȔȖȋȖ ȜȖȓȤȒȓȖȘȐșȚȖȔ ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȐȔ ǷȖȥȚ Ȑ țȟȍȕȣȑ ȗȖȏ-
ȕȈȒȖȔȐȓȐșȤ ȏȈȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȓȐșȤ ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋȖȔ șȚȈȓȐ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ
ǨșȍȍȊ ȏȈȗȘȖșȚȖ ȗȖ-ȌȖȔȈȠȕȍȔț ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓ Ȋ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȚ ǰȕȖȋȌȈ ȍȔț ȝȖȚȍ-
ȓȖșȤ ȗȖșȓțȠȈȚȤ ȓȍȒȞȐȐ Ȉ ȚȖ Ȑ ȏȈȋȓȧȕțȚȤ ȕȈ șȍȔȐȕȈȘ ǫȖșȚȧ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȖȝȖȚȕȖ
ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȓȐ
ǨșȍȍȊ ȟȈșȚȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ș ȕȈȔȐ Ȗ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȐ ȗȖȥȚȈ Ȗ ȏȈȌȈȟȈȝ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ Ȗ șȓȖ-
ȊȖȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȍ
ǫȖȊȖȘȧ Ȗȉ ȖȉȘȈȏȍ Ȗȕ șȜȖȘȔțȓȐȘȖȊȈȓ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȍȋȖ ȚȈȒ ©ǶȉȘȈȏ ȍșȚȤ
ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȍ ȐȔȍȕȐ Ȋ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȐª ǺȖȋȌȈ Ȏȍ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț Ȗȕ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ Ȗ Ȕȍ-
ȚȈȜȖȘȐȟȕȖșȚȐ șȓȖȊ
Ǫ Țț ȏȐȔț Ȑ Ȋ ǰǵǶ Ȑ ȕȈ ȒȘțȎȒȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȖȊ Ȗ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȖȥ-
ȚȈȝ Ȗ șȐȉȐȘșȒȐȝ ȗȖȥȚȈȝ Ȗ ȒȓȈșșȐȒȈȝ Ȗ ȜȖȘȔȍ Ȑ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȐ Ȑ Ț Ȍ
ǵȈ ȊȍȟȍȘȍ ȗȈȔȧȚȐ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȈ ǩȓȖȒȈ ș ȌȖȒȓȈȌȈȔȐ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ ǨȏȈȌȖȊ-
șȒȖȋȖ Ȑ Ǫ Ǩ ǴȈȓȈȝȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȟȓȍȕȣ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª ȟȐȚȈȓȐ ǩȓȖȒȈ
Ǫ ȒȘțȎȒȍ ȌȍȓȈȓȐșȤ șȖȖȉȡȍȕȐȧ Ȗ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȝ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈȝ ǵȈ ȖȌ-
ȕȖȔ Ȑȏ ȏȈșȍȌȈȕȐȑ ȒȘțȎȒȈ ȘȈȏȉȐȘȈȓȈșȤ Ȑ ©ǩȖȔȉȈª ǨșȍȍȊȈ
***
ǿȈșȚȖ Ȋ ȕȍȘȈȉȖȟȍȑ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȍ ǨșȍȍȊ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȓ ȕȈȔ șȒȈȏȒȐ Ȗ ǩȖȊȍ-
ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȐȟȍ Ȗ ȕȍȊȍșȚȍ ǬȘțȎȍȊȕȍ Ȗ ǲȖȡȍȍ Ȗ ǩȈȉȍ-ȧȋȍ ǰȕȖȋȌȈ ȗȍȊȈȓ Ȗȕ Ȑ
ȟȈșȚțȠȒȐ șȒȈȕȌȐȘȖȊȈȓ ȏȈȒȓȐȕȈȕȐȧ
ǲȈȒ ȘȈȏ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȧ ȠȚțȌȐȘȖȊȈȓȈ ȘȈȉȖȚț ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȈ ǩȓȖȒȈ ©ǷȖȥȏȐȧ ȏȈ-
ȋȖȊȖȘȖȊ Ȑ ȏȈȒȓȐȕȈȕȐȑª Ǫ ȕȍȑ ǩȓȖȒ țȋȓțȉȓȧȧșȤ Ȋ ȐșȚȖȘȐȦ ȧȏȣȒȈ șȚȈȘȐȕȣ
ȕȈȘȖȌȕȖȑ ȐȏțȟȐȊ ȔȈșșț ȘȈȉȖȚ ȕȈȠȐȝ ȒȘțȗȕȍȑȠȐȝ țȟȍȕȣȝ ȐșșȓȍȌțȍȚ ȧȏȣȒ
șȒȈȏȖȒ Ȑ ȓȍȋȍȕȌ ȗȖȊȍȘȐȑ Ȑ ȏȈȒȓȐȕȈȕȐȑ Ƕȕ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗ ȘȐȚȔȍ Ȗ ȗȖȥ-
ȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȜȖȘȔȍ ȚȍȒșȚȖȊ ȕȈȘȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȈ
ȇ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓȈ ǨșȍȍȊț ȥȚț șȚȈȚȤȦ ǨșȍȍȊ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȓȦȉȐȓ ǩȓȖȒȈ1 ȖȟȍȕȤ ȏȈȐȕȚȍ-
ȘȍșȖȊȈȓșȧ ȥȚȖȑ șȚȈȚȤȍȑ Ȑ ȖȚȘȣȊȒȖȔ Ȗ ȏȈȒȓȐȕȈȕȐȧȝ ©Ȍȓȧ ȖȚȖȋȕȈȕȐȧ ȘțșȈȓȖȒ»,
ȋȌȍ ȍșȚȤ ȏȈȗȖȊȍȌȕȣȍ ȕȍȗȖȕȧȚȕȣȍ șȓȖȊȈ
1 Ɉ Ȼɥɨɤɟ Ⱥɫɟɟɜɵɦ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ ©ɇɟɫɝɨɪɚɟɦɵɣ ɤɨɫɬɟɪª — ɜ  ɝɨɞɭ ɢ ©ɉɚ-
ɦɹɬɢ Ȼɥɨɤɚª — ɜ  ɝɨɞɭ

230
Ǩț Ȉț ȠȐȝȈȘȌȈ ȒȈȊȌȈ
ȀȐȊȌȈ ȊȕȖȏȈ ȔȐȚȚȈ ȔȐȕȖȋȈȔ
ǲȈȓȈȕȌȐ ȐȕȌȐ ȧȒțȚȈȔȈ ȉȐȚȈȠ
ǶȒțȚȖȔȐ ȔȐ ȕțȜȜȈȕ ȏȐȌȐȔȈ
ǵȐȒȖȓȈȦ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȐȟț ȕȈȠȍ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȍ ȥȚȐȝ șȚȘȖȒ ȕȍ ȗȖȕȘȈȊȐȓȖșȤ Ƕȕ
Ȋȏȧȓșȧ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȒȈȒ ȕȈȌȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȕȖșȐȚȤ ȏȈȒȓȐȕȈȕȐȍ ǫȐȗȕȖȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȋȓȧȌȧ ȕȈ
ȕȈș Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȔ-ȚȖ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖȔ șȐȕȒȖȗȐȟȍșȒȖȔ ȘȐȚȔȍ Ȗȕ ȚȖ ȕȈȗȍȊȈȓ ȚȖ ȕȈȠȍȗ-
ȚȣȊȈȓ ȥȚȐ ȏȈȋȈȌȖȟȕȣȍ ȓȍșȕȣȍ șȓȖȊȈ — Ȑ ȉȣȓ Ȗȕ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȒțȌȍșȕȐȒȖȔ Ȑ ȏȕȈ-
ȝȈȘȍȔ Ȑ ǷȈȕȖȔ Ȑ ȏȈȒȓȐȕȈȚȍȓȍȔ ǨȘȚȐșȚȖȔ ǨșȍȍȊ ȉȣȓ Ȋȕȍ ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ șȖȔȕȍ-
ȕȐȧ
ǩȍȑ ȌȏȊȖȕȍ ȉȍȑ
ȝȔȈȘț ȘȈȏȉȍȑ
ǲȈȒ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȗȍȘȍȒȓȐȒȈȍȚșȧ ș ȗȍșȕȧȔȐ ȘțșȈȓȖȒ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ Ȑȏ ȍȋȖ ©ǵȖȟȐ
Ȋ ǫȈȓȐȞȐȐª
©ǸțșȈȓȒȐ ȌȍȘȎȈȚ Ȋ ȘțȒȍ țȟȍȉȕȐȒ ǹȈȝȈȘȖȊȈ Ȑ ȗȖȦȚ ȗȖ ȕȍȔț
ǴȍȎȌț ȊȐȠȍȕ Ȑ ȟȍȘȍȠȍȕ
ǵȈȠ ȔȍȓȤȒȈȍȚ ȖȉȘȈȏ ȋȘȍȠȍȕ
ǰȕȖȋȌȈ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȗȘȖȒȖȓȍȚ
ǵȈȔ ȘȣȉȈȟȤȧ ȖșȚȘȖȋȈ
Ǩ Șțȟȍȑ ȕȍșȍȚ Ȑ ȝȖȓȐȚ
ǰ ȕȍșȍȚ șȒȊȖȏȤ ȉȍȘȍȋȈ
ǰȖ ȐȈ ȞȖȓȒ
ǰȖ ȐȈ ȞȖȓȒ
ǷȐȞ ȗȈȞ ȗȈȞț
ǰȖ ȐȈ ȞȖȓȒ ȐȖ ȐȈ ȞȖȓȒ
ǲȖȗȖȞȈȔȖ ȔȐȕȖȋȈȔȖ ȗȐȕȞȖ ȗȐȕȞȖ ȗȐȕȞȖª
ǨșȍȍȊ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȓ ȕȈȔ Ȗ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȍ ǿȐȚȈȓ ©ǳȈȌȖȔȐȘȈª ©ǹȔȍȝȈȟȍȑª
©ǪȐȓț Ȑ ȓȍȠȍȋȖª Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȊȍȡȐ ǨșȍȍȊ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓ ȕȈȔ ȋȓțȉȐ-
ȕț ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȔȣșȓȐ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ǰ Ȋșȍ Ȕȣ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȧȓȐ ȕȈ ȝȖȌț
©ǹȊȖȉȖȌȈ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚ ȕȈȋȈȧ ȉȘȖșȈȧ ȕȈ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȞȊȍȚȣ Ȑ Ȕȣ ș ȕȍȦ Ȋ ȕȖȋț
ȠȈȋȈȧ ȉȍșȍȌțȍȔ ș ȕȍȉȖȔ ȕȈ Țȣª
ǰ ȊȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ ǨșȍȍȊ ȌȖȓȋȖ Ȑ ȋȖȘȧȟȖ țȊȓȍȒȈȓșȧ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȣȔ ǰ ȖșȚȈȓ-
șȧ ȗȘȍȌȈȕ ȍȔț ȕȈ ȊșȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ ǵȖ Ȋșȍ-ȚȈȒȐ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȗȘȐșȚȘȈșȚȐȍ Ȓ ǽȓȍȉ-
ȕȐȒȖȊț Ȑ Ȓ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȔț ǨșȍȍȊ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ ȓȦȉȐȓ ǷțȠȒȐȕȈ Ȑ ǩȓȖ-
ȒȈ — ȥȚȖ șȚȈȓȖ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȧșȕȖ ǰȏ ȘțșșȒȐȝ ȗȘȖȏȈȐȒȖȊ ȌȖȘȖȎȍ Ȋșȍȝ Ȍȓȧ
ȕȍȋȖ ȉȣȓȐ ǬȖșȚȖȍȊșȒȐȑ Ȑ ǫȖȋȖȓȤ

231
ǪȍȘȐȓ ǨșȍȍȊ Ȋ șȐȓț ȘțșșȒȖȋȖ șȓȖȊȈ ǶȟȍȕȤ ȓȦȉȐȓ Ȗȕ ȘțșșȒțȦ șȒȈȏȒț ǰ
ȘțșșȒțȦ ȗȍșȕȦ ǰ ȗȖșȓȖȊȐȞȣ ȘțșșȒȐȍ
ǯȊțȟȐȚ ȖȏȖȘȕȖȑ ȏȊȖȕȒȐȑ ȋȖȓȖș ǨșȍȍȊȈ ǵȈȔ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȍȡȍ ȌȍȚȧȔ ȘȈșșȒȈ-
ȏȣȊȈȍȚ Ȗȕ ȗȘȖ ©ǨȓȈȚȣȘȤ — ȉȍȓȣȑ ȋȖȘȦȟȐȑ ȟțȌȖȚȊȖȘȕȣȑ ȒȈȔȍȕȤ șȊȍȚȓȣȑ
șȐȕȐȑ șȍȘȍȉȘȧȕȣȑ ȟȚȖ șȊȍȚȐȚșȧ Ȋ șȚȘȈȕȍ ȊȍȟȕȖȋȖ ȓȍȚȈ ǳȍȎȐȚ Ȗȕ ȕȈ ȔȖȘȍ-
ǶȒȐȧȕȍ ȕȈ ȖșȚȘȖȊȍ ǩțȧȕȍª
Ǫ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ǨșȍȍȊ ȖȟȍȕȤ țȊȓȍȒȈȓșȧ ©ǹȓȖȊȖȔ Ȗ ȗȖȓȒț ǰȋȖȘȍȊȍª ǵȍțȌȈȟ-
ȕȣȑ ȗȖȝȖȌ ǵȖȊȋȖȘȖȌ-ǹȍȊȍȘșȒȖȋȖ Ȓȕȧȏȧ ǰȋȖȘȧ ȕȈ ȗȖȓȖȊȞȍȊ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖ ȖȗȐ-
șȈȕȕȣȑ Ȋ ȓȍȚȖȗȐșȧȝ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȈȓ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ȒȘȈșȖȚȈȔȐ ȧȏȣȒȈ Ȑ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȣȔȐ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȧȔȐ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ ǾȍȓȣȔȐ ȒțșȒȈȔȐ ȟȐȚȈȓ Ȗȕ ȕȈȔ ©ǹȓȖȊȖª Ȋȣ-
Ȍȍȓȧȧ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ șȐȓȤȕȣȍ ȔȍșȚȈ ǨșȍȍȊ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȞȍȕȐȓ ȊȣșȖȒțȦ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȕȖșȚȤ
©ǹȓȖȊȈ Ȗ ȗȖȓȒț ǰȋȖȘȍȊȍª ȖȉȘȈȡȈȧ ȕȈȠȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȎȐȊȖșȚȤ ȧȏȣȒȈ ȖȘȐ-
ȋȐȕȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȕȈȘȖȌȕȖșȚȤ
Ǵȕȍ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȐȟ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȗȓȍȕȍȕ ȉȣȓ
ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȗȈȚȘȐȖȚȐȏȔȈ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ ©ǹȓȖȊȈª ȗȐșȈȊȠȍȋȖ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ
ȔȘȈȟȕȖȑ ȒȐșȚȤȦ — Ȋ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȐȐ ș ȕȍțȌȈȟȈȔȐ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȖȝȖȌȈ
ǭȡȍ ȚȖȋȌȈ ǨșȍȍȊ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ Ȗ ȘȐȚȔȍ Ȗ ©ȌȣȝȈȕȐȐª ȈȊȚȖȘȈ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȦȡȍȋȖ
țȗȘȈȊȓȧȚȤ ȘȐȚȔȖȔ Ȑ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȖȔ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ șȚȘȖȒȐ ǷȖȕȧȚȐȍ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȍȕȐȍ
Ȗȕ șȖȍȌȐȕȧȓ ș ȗȖȕȧȚȐȍȔ ȌȣȝȈȕȐȍ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȗȖ ȍȋȖ ȔȕȍȕȐȦ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖȍ ȌȣȝȈ-
ȕȐȍ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ț ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȊȏȊȖȓȕȖȊȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȖȝȊȈȟȍȕȕȖȋȖ șȐȓȤȕȣȔ ȗȍȘȍȎȐȊȈ-
ȕȐȍȔ ǲȖȕȍȟȕȖ Ȗȕ ȐȔȍȓ Ȋ ȊȐȌț ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȍȕȐȍ
ǿȍȘȍȏ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȓȍȚ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȋ ȒȕȐȋȍ ©ǯȈȟȍȔ Ȑ ȒȖȔț ȕțȎȕȈ ȗȖȥȏȐȧ"ª
ǨșȍȍȊ ȕȈȗȐȠȍȚ
©ǻ ȒȖȋȖ Ȕȣ țȟȐȓȐșȤ" ǻ ȒȖȋȖ țȟȐȓșȧ Ȋ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ ȧ"
ǷȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ț ȗȖșȓȖȊȐȞ Ȑ ȗȖȋȖȊȖȘȖȒ ț ȗȘȐșȓȖȊȐȑ Ȑ ȗȘȐșȒȈȏȖȒ ȟȚȖ ȉȣ-
ȚțȦȚ Ȋ ȘȍȟȐ ȕȈȘȖȌȕȖȑ ǷȖȚȖȔ ț ȒȕȐȋ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȝ “ǴȣșȓȐ Ȑ ȧȏȣȒț” ǷȖȚȍȉȕȐ
— ȊȍȓȐȒȖȑ ȒȕȐȋȍ Ȗ ȧȏȣȒȍ Ȑ ȍȋȖ țșȚȘȖȑșȚȊȍ ǯȈȚȍȔ ț ȓȍȚȖȗȐșȍȑ Ȑ șȚȈȘȖȘțș-
șȒȐȝ șȒȈȏȈȕȐȑ ț “ǮȐȚȐȧ” ȗȘȖȚȖȗȖȗȈ ǨȊȊȈȒțȔȈ ǭȡȍ ț “ǹȓȖȊȈ Ȗ ȗȖȓȒț ǰȋȖ-
ȘȍȊȍ” ȗȘȍȓȤȡȈȦȡȍȋȖ șȊȖȍȑ șȐȓȖȑ ȘȍȟȍȊȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȔȈȝȈ ǰ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȗȍȘȍȟȐșȓȍȕ-
ȕȖȍ ȕȖ ȕȍ ȐșȟȍȘȗȈȕȕȖȍ Ȋ ȌȕȍȊȕȐȒȖȊȖȑ ȏȈȗȐșȐ ȗȖȔȖȋȈȓȖ ȓȦȉȐȚȤ șȓȖȊȖ Ǩ
ǲȐȘȠȈ ǬȈȕȐȓȖȊ ș ȍȋȖ țȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ țȘȖȒȈȔȐ ȧȏȣȒȈ ȗȖȒȈȏȖȔ șȐȓȣ Ȑ ȕȍ-
ȖȉȣȟȕȖșȚȐ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ șȓȖȊȈª1 «...”ǹȓȖȊȖ Ȗ ȗȖȓȒț ǰȋȖȘȍȊȍ” — ȎȐȊȖȑ Ȗȉ-
ȘȈȏȍȞ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȘȍȟȐ ȗȍȊȞȈ ǬȈ Ȑ ȕȍ ȖȌȐȕ Ȗȕ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ șȚȈȘȐȕȕȣȝ
ȐȏȉȖȘȕȐȒȈȝ Ȑ ȗȖȊȍșȚȧȝ Ƕȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȖ Ȋ ȒȕȐȋȍ Ǭ ǳȐȝȈȟȍȊȈ
“ǸțșșȒȐȍ ȓȍȚȖȗȐșȐ”»2.
ǷȖȘȈȎȍȕȕȣȑ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȐȧȔȐ ǷțȠȒȐȕȈ Ȋ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘșȚȊȈ ǨșȍȍȊ ȋȖ-
ȊȖȘȐȚ
1 ɇ Ⱥɫɟɟɜ ɋɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɹɬɢ ɬɨɦɚɯ ɬ  Ɇ ©ɏɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭ-
ɪɚª  ɫɬɪ 
2 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ ɫɬɪ 

232
©ǪȣșȖȚȈ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȍȕȐȧ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȕȍȖȚȌȍȓȐȔȈ ȖȚ ȎȐȊȖȑ ȘȍȟȐ ȕȈȘȖȌȈ
ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȧȦȡȍȋȖ ȌȣȝȈȕȐȍ ș ȔȍȓȖȌȐȒȖȑ șȔȣșȓ șȖ ȏȊțȟȈȕȐȍȔ ȟțȊșȚȊȖ
ș ȔȣșȓȤȦ Ȑ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȖȚȌȍȓȧȦȡȍȋȖ ȖȌȕȖ ȖȚ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ ǪȖȗȘȖș ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȚȖȔ
Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȔȍȘȍ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȔ șȖȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ șȚȖȧȚ ȥȚȐ șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȍ ȖȉȈȧȕȐȍ ȎȐ-
ȊȖȑ ȘȍȟȐ ȒȖȔȗȖȕȍȕȚȣª1
ǲȈȒ ȗȘȖȏȖȘȓȐȊ ȒȈȒ ȌȈȓȤȕȖȊȐȌȍȕ ȉȣȓ Ǩ Ǫ ǳțȕȈȟȈȘșȒȐȑ ȍȡȍ Ȋ 
ȋȖȌț ȊșȒȖȘȍ ȗȖșȓȍ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȈșȍȍȊșȒȖȋȖ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈ ©ǹȖȊȍȚ ȊȍȚȘȖȊª ȖȞȍ-
ȕȐȊ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ȒȈȒ ȒȘțȗȕȍȑȠȍȋȖ ȗȖȥȚȈ ȕȈȠȍȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ Ȗȕ ȗȐȠȍȚ ȍȔț ȗȐșȤȔȖ
ǺȖȊ ǨșȍȍȊț
ǬȖȘȖȋȖȑ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡ
ȇ ș ȊȍȓȐȟȈȑȠȐȔ ȊȖșȝȐȡȍȕȐȍȔ ȗȘȖȟȍȓ ǪȈȠ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ ©ǹȖȊȍȚ ȊȍȚȘȖȊª ǷțșȚȤ
șȍȘȌȧȚșȧ ȕȈ Ȕȍȕȧ ©ȔȈȧȒȖȊȞȣª Ȑ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ Ȉ ȍșȓȐ țȋȖȌȕȖ ȚȖ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȍ
ȗȖȥȚȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȧ șȍȑȟȈș ȝȖȟț ȗȘȐȕȍșȚȐ ǪȈȔ Ȋ ȎȍȘȚȊț ȕȖ ȧ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖ
ȏȈȧȊȓȧȦ ȏȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȗȧȚȤ ȓȍȚ ȧ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖȋȖ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈ ȕȍ ȟȐȚȈȓ
ȇ ȉȣȓ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȕȕȍ țȌȈȊȈȓȖșȤ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȔ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȍ ȊȣȐșȒȈȚȤ
Ȍȓȧ șȍȉȧ ȌȊȈȌȞȈȚȤ ȗȘȖȞȍȕȚȖȊ ȗȘȐȍȔȓȍȔȣȝ ȐȓȐ ȝȖȘȖȠȐȝ șȚȐȝȖȊ ǻ ǪȈș Ȏȍ
ȊȖ ȊșȍȔ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȍ ȍșȚȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȘȐ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȕȕȍ ȕȍ ȕȘȈȊȧȚșȧ
Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȌȊȈ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȒȈȎțȚșȧ Ȕȕȍ ȕȍțȌȈȟȕȣȔȐ ȥȚȖ ©ǹȚȈȟȒȈª Ȑ ȊȚȖȘȈȧ ȟȈșȚȤ
șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ ©ǪȖȑȕȈª ȋȌȍ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȕȍ ȕȘȈȊȐȚșȧ Ȕȕȍ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȟȍȚȊȍȘȖ-
șȚȐȠȐȍ ǺȘȍȚȤȍ Ȏȍ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȍ ©ǹȚȈȓȤȕȖȑ șȖȓȖȊȍȑª ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȖ ȗȘȍȒȘȈș-
ȕȖ ȕȖ ȕȈ Ȕȍȕȧ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȚ ȚȧȋȖșȚȕȖȍ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ Ǫ ȕȍȔ ȗȘȈȊȌȈ ȗȖ șțȡȍ-
șȚȊț ȋȖȊȖȘȧ Ǫȣ ȕȈ ȟțȚȒȖȍ țȝȖ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȍȚȍșȤ Ȋ ȥȚȖȑ ȚȧȋȖșȚȐ ǪȈȔ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ
ȒȚȖ-ȚȖ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȋȍȓȍȓ ǪȈȔ ȊȖșȗȍȊȈȚȤ ©ȔȈȝȐȕȐȡȍª ȟȚȖ ǪȈȔ ȏȈȝȖȚȍ-
ȓȖșȤ ȕȈȌȍȚȤ ȕȈ șȍȉȧ ©ȧȘȔȖª ȟȚȖ ț ǪȈș ȒȈȒ-ȚȖ Ȑ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȍ Ȑ ȊȕȍȠȕȍ țȎ ȚȈ-
ȒȈȧ ȌȖȓȧ — șȚȈȚȤ șȚȈȓȤȕȣȔ șȖȓȖȊȤȍȔ ǴȐȌȈș Ȋșȍ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȡȈȓ Ȋ ȏȖȓȖȚȖ Ȑ ȖȚ ȥȚȖ-
ȋȖ țȔȍȘ ș ȋȖȓȖȌț Ȉ ȕȣȕȍȠȕȐȑ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓ Ȉ ȕȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊȖ
Ȋșȍ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȡȈȍȚ Ȋ șȚȈȓȤ Ȑ Ȋ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ ȧȘȒȖ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȈȊ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȒȈȒ ǪȈș
ȘȈșȗȐȓȐȓȐ ȗȖȗȖȓȈȔ ȊȖȕȏȐȓȐ Ȋ ǪȈș ȓȖȔ Ȑ ȗȘȐȊȍȓȐ Ȓ ǩȘȐȒȈȔ Ȑ Ț ȗ ȗȖȚȖȔ
șȚȈȘȈȍȚȍșȤ Ȑ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚȍ ȚȈȒ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȘțȋȈȚȤ ȕȈș ȉȍȌȕȣȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȋșȍ-ȚȈ-
ȒȐ șȟȐȚȈȦȚ ȊȍȚȒț ȗȖȥȚȐȟȕȍȍ ȗȘȖȊȖȓȖȒȐ ȏȈȧȊȓȧȍȚȍ ȟȚȖ Ǫȣ ȕȈș ȖȋȓțȠȐȚȍ ǪȈ-
Ƞȍȑ ȚȘȍȓȤȦ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȕȐȒȈȒ ȕȍ ȔȖȋț ȖȚȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ ȖȚ ȥȚȖȑ ȔȣșȓȐ Ȋșȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ
ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ Ȕȕȍ ȈȕȈȓȖȋȐȟȕȖȑ ȗȖȓȐȞȍȑșȒȖȔț șȊȐșȚȒț ȊȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȊȌȖȝȕȖ-
ȊȍȕȕȖ ȖȗȐșȈȕȕȖȔț ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȖȔ Ȋ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȔ ǪȈȔ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȐ
ȇ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȗȖ-ȈȕȌȍȘșȍȕȖȊșȒȐ ȌțȔȈȦ ȟȚȖ șȖȓȖȊȍȑ ȓțȟȠȍ
ǵȖ ȉȖȋ ș ȕȐȔȐ ș șȖȓȖȊȤȧȔȐ ȗȖȋȖȊȖȘȐȔ ȓțȟȠȍ Ȗ ȗȖȥȚȈȝ Ȑ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ Ȗ
șȈȔȖȔ ȗȖ ȔȖȍȔț ȔȕȍȕȐȦ ȒȘțȗȕȖȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ Ȕȣ șȍȑȟȈș Ȋ ǸȖșșȐȐ ȐȔȍȍȔ Ȗ
ǪȈș ǪȈș ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȖȎȍȓȍȏȐȓȐ ȚȈȒ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ Ȑ Ȋ ǪȈș ȉȤȍȚșȧ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ șȍȘȌȞȍ
ǵȖ ȘȈȌȐ ȊșȍȋȖ șȊȧȚȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȌȈȊȈȑȚȍ șȍȉȧ ȊȚȧȕțȚȤ ȕȐ Ȋ ȒȈȒțȦ ȋȈșȚȍȊȡȐȕț ȕȐ Ȋ
1 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ ɫɬɪ 

233
ȒȈȒțȦ ȉȘȐȒȖȊȡȐȕț ȕȐ ȌȈȎȍ Ȋ ȔȈȧȒȖȊȡȐȕț ǭșȓȐ ț ǪȈș ȍșȚȤ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ
ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȝȖȎȐȍ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȍ ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȕȖȍ ȘȈȌȐȖ,
ȚȖ ȥȚȖ Ȏȍ ȒȈȒ ȘȈȏ ȚȖ ȋȌȍ țȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ǳțȟȠȍ Ȏȍ Ȋșȍ-
ȋȖ Ǫȣ ȚȈȔ ȋȌȍ Ǫȣ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ Ȑ ȌȖ ȒȖȕȞȈ ǨșȍȍȊ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ Ȋ ©ǺȈȑȋȍª — șȚȐȝȖ-
ȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȧ șȟȐȚȈȦ ȖȉȘȈȏȞȖȊȣȔ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȚȘȧșȈȦȡȐȔ
ǴȍȎȌț ȗȘȖȟȐȔ ȧ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ǪȈȔ ȟȚȖ Ȕȕȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȖȕȘȈȊȐȓȐșȤ ȕȍ-
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șȚȐȝȐ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ ǹȍȑȟȈș ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ Ȕȕȍ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȝȖȚȧ ȗȖȌțȔȈȊ-
ȠȐ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ Ȑ ȐȏȔȍȕȦ șȊȖȍ ȔȕȍȕȐȍ ȟȚȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȖȚȔȍȚȐȚȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȌȊȈ șȚȐ-
ȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȧ ȗȘȖȟȍȓ ȏȈ Ȋșȍ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȥȚȖ ǪȈȠȈ ©ǺȈȑȋȈª Ȑ
©ǴȈȚȍȘȕȣȑ ȘȣȌª ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈȏȕȐȞȈ ȔȍȎȌț ȕȖȊȣȔ ǪȈȠȐȔ șȉȖȘ-
ȕȐȒȖȔ Ȑ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ț ȕȍȋȖ Ȋșȍ-ȚȈȒȐ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖȍ ȉȖȓȤ-
ȠȐȕșȚȊȖ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȑ ȏȈȠȚțȒȈȚțȘȍȕȖ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ ȊȣȉȘȈȚȤ ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ Ȑȏ Ȋșȍ-
ȋȖ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈ ȖȗȧȚȤ-ȚȈȒȐ ȗȘȖȞȍȕȚȖȊ ȌȊȈȌȞȈȚȤ Ȉ ț ǪȈș Ȋ ȕȖȊȖȔ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȍ Ȋ Ȗȋ-
ȘȖȔȕȖȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȍ ȗȘȍȖȉȓȈȌȈȕȐȍ ȈȉșȖȓȦȚȕȖ țȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖȘȧȊȠȐȝ Ȕȍȕȧ ȐȕȖ-
ȋȌȈ ȊȖșȝȐȡȈȦȡȐȝ Ȉ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȔ ȐȓȐ ȌȊțȝ șȓțȟȈȧȝ ȗȖȚȘȧșȠȐȝ șȚȐȝȖ-
ȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȑ
ȅȚȖȋȖ ȧ ȕȍ ȔȖȋț șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȗȘȖ ǪȈȠ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ ©ǹȚȈȓȤȕȖȑ șȖȓȖȊȍȑª ȇ ȕȈȠȍȓ
ȚȈȔ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȓȍȗȕȣȝ șȚȘȖȟȍȒ Ȑ șȚȘȖȜ ȕȖ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȖȍ țȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖȘȐȓȖ ȉȣ Ȕȍȕȧ ȞȍȓȐȒȖȔ ǺȈȒ ȟȚȖ ȒȈȒ ȊȐȌȐȚȍ ȧ ȚȖȎȍ șȚȖȦ ȕȈ
ȚȖȑ Ȏȍ ȚȖȟȒȍ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ ȟȚȖ ©ǹȖȊȍȚ ȊȍȚȘȖȊª ǪȈȠ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȐȑ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ
Ȑ ȖȚ Ȋșȍȑ ȌțȠȐ ȎȍȓȈȦ ȟȚȖȉ ȏȈ ȕȐȔ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȓ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȍșȓȐ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȍȡȍ
ȐșȒȘȍȕȕȍȍ ȎȐȊȍȍ ȍȡȍ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȍȍ Ȑ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȚȍȔ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȕȍȍ ȉȍȏ ȊșȧȒȖȑ
ȉȖȧȏȕȐ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ ȖȚ ȊșȧȒȖȑ ȔȍȝȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȕȐ ȘȈșȗȍȊȈ-
ȓȐ Ȗ ȕȍȑ Ȑ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȕȐ ȗȘȐȋȓȈȠȈȓȐ Ȓ ȕȍȑ ȓȦȌȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șȈȔȐ ȚȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȌȖȏ-
ȘȍȊȈȧ ȊȍȌțȚ ȋȕțșȕȍȑȠțȦ ȗȘȖȗȈȋȈȕȌț ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȔȍȘȚȊȍȟȐȕȣ ȗȘȖ-
ȚȐȊ ȔȐȘȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȝȖȟȍȚ ȊȖșȒȘȍșȕțȚȤ Ȑ șȚȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȘȈȉȖȔ ȔȈȠȐȕȣ
ǲȘȍȗȒȖ ȎȔț ǪȈȠț ȘțȒț1.
ǪȍȘȤ ǷȖȥȚȖȊȖ șȓȖȊȖ ȕȍ șȋȐȕȍȚ
Ƕȕ ș ȚȖȉȖȑ — ȚȖȚ Ȏȍ ȏȈȋȕȈȕȕȣȑ ȏȊȍȘȤ
ǺȖȑ Ȏȍ șȓțȎȐȚ ȍȌȐȕȖȑ ȉȖȋȐȕȍ
ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȣȝ ȗȖȉȍȌ Ȑ ȗȖȚȍȘȤ
ǸȈȉȖȚȈȧ Ȋ ǬǨǳȄǺǨ ǨșȍȍȊ ȉȣȓ ȚȍșȕȖ șȊȧȏȈȕ ș ȋȈȏȍȚȈȔȐ ǰȝ ȉȣȓȖ ȌȊȍ
ȗȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȍȕȕȈȧ — ©ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȑ ȚȍȓȍȋȘȈȜª Ȑ ©ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȑ
ȗțȚȤª — ȖȘȋȈȕ ǬȈȓȤȉȦȘȖ Ǿǲ ǸǲǷȉ. ǨșȍȍȊ ȟȈșȚȖ ȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȓ Ȋ ȕȐȝ șȊȖȐ Ȝȍ-
1 ɉɢɫɶɦɨ ɛɟɡ ɞɚɬɵ ɐȽȺɅɂ ɮɨɧɞ ʋ  ɨɩɢɫɶ ʋ  ɟɞ ɯɪ ʋ  ɉɟɱɚɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢ-
ɦɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ

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ȓȤȍȚȖȕȣ Ȑ șȚȐȝȐ ȘȍȎȍ — ȗȘȖȏț șȚȈȚȤȐ Ǫșȍ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª ȚȖȎȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȐ-
ȟȈșȚȕȖ Ȓ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ Ȋ ȋȈȏȍȚȈȝ ǵȈȠȐ ȊșȚȘȍȟȐ Ȋ ȘȍȌȈȒȞȐȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȖȎȐȊ-
ȓȍȕȕȣȔȐ șȊȍȚȓȣȔȐ ȌȘțȎȍșȒȐȔȐ
ǶȟȍȕȤ ȗȘȐȔȍȟȈȚȍȓȍȕ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ șȚȈȚȍȑ ©ǵȍȘȈȊȕȖȌțȠȕȣȍ șȚȘȖȟ-
ȒȐª ȋȌȍ șȖȉȘȈȕȕȣȍ ǿțȎȈȒȖȔ șȚȈȚȤȐ șȚȐȝȐ Ȑ ȏȈȔȍȚȒȐ ȍȋȖ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȚȖȊȈȘȐ-
ȡȍȑ ȋȕȍȊȕȖ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ Ȗ șȚȘȈȠȕȣȝ ȏȓȖȌȍȧȕȐȧȝ ȗȘȖȐșȠȍȌȠȐȝ ȊȖ ȊȘȍ-
Ȕȧ ȊșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧ ȧȗȖȕșȒȐȝ ȐȕȚȍȘȊȍȕȚȖȊ - ȈȗȘȍȓȧ 1920 ȋȖȌȈ Ȋ ǷȘȐȔȖȘȤȍ ǹȉȖȘ-
ȕȐȒ ȐȏȌȈȊȈȓșȧ ȌȊȈȎȌȣ Ȋ 1921 ȋȖȌț Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ Ȑ  ȋȖȌț Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ Ǫ ȕȍȔ ȘȈș-
șȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȗ ȋȐȉȍȓȐ ȋȍȘȖȍȊ-ȔțȟȍȕȐȒȖȊ Ȗ ǳȈȏȖ Ȗ ǹȐȉȐȘȞȍȊȍ ǳțȞȒȖȔ ǾȍȑȚ-
ȓȐȕȍ ǻȚȒȐȕȍ ǫȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȖȔ ǲȖȋȖȌȍ
ǸȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ ț ǿțȎȈȒȈ Ȋ ȋȈȏȍȚȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖ ǲ ȕȈȔ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȍȡȍ ȕȍȖȗȍȘȐȊ-
ȠȐȔșȧ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȦȡȐȔ ȎțȘȕȈȓȐșȚȈȔ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȟțȚȖȒ Ȑ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȕ ǭȋȖ ȚȘțȌȖ-
șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ ȉȣȓȈ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȈ ǩȣȓȖ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȎȐȓ Ȋ ȘȍȌȈȒȞȐȐ ǭș-
ȓȐ șȓțȟȈȓȖșȤ ȗȖȏȌȕȖ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ ȐȓȐ ȕȖȟȤȦ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȚȤ ȔȐȔȖ ȌȖȔȈ ȋȌȍ ȗȖȔȍ-
ȡȈȓȈșȤ ȘȍȌȈȒȞȐȧ ȖșȊȍȡȍȕȕȖȍ ȖȒȕȖ ȒȈȉȐȕȍȚȈ ǿțȎȈȒȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȖ ȟȚȖ ȘȍȌȈȒ-
ȚȖȘ ȕȍ șȗȐȚ
ǪȗȍȘȊȣȍ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȖȚ ȕȍȋȖ ȧ țșȓȣȠȈȓȈ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȈ
ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȈȘȚȐȑȕȖȑ ȅȚȖ ȗȖȟȚȐ șȖȊȗȈȌȈȓȖ ș ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ Ȕȕȍ ș ȌȍȚșȚȊȈ ȗȘȐ-
ȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ șȓȣȠȈȚȤ ȖȚ ȔȖȍȋȖ ȖȚȞȈ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȍȘȈ țȟȐȚȍȓȧ ȊȕțȠȈȊȠȍȋȖ
șȊȖȐȔ țȟȍȕȐȒȈȔ ȔȣșȓȤ Ȗ ȊȖșȗȐȚȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ-ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȘȖȓȐ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ
ǪȣȌȈȊȈȧ țȍȏȎȈȊȠȐȔ șȖȚȘțȌȕȐȒȈȔ țȌȖșȚȖȊȍȘȍȕȐȍ Ȗ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ ǿțȎȈȒ ȒȈȒ
ȗȘȈȊȐȓȖ țȒȈȏȣȊȈȓ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ șȖȚȘțȌȕȐȒȈ Ȓ ȗȈȘȚȐȐ ȌȈȎȍ ȍșȓȐ ȚȖȚ Ȑ ȉȣȓ
ȉȍșȗȈȘȚȐȑȕȣȑ ǺȈȒȖȍ țȌȖșȚȖȊȍȘȍȕȐȍ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȓȖșȤ Ȑ ț Ȕȍȕȧ
ǻ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª ȉȣȓ șȊȖȑ Ȓȓțȉ ǬȊȍ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȣ ȈșȒȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐ Ȗȉ-
șȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȍ șȚȖȓȣ șȚțȓȤȧ ȌȈ ȘȖȧȓȤ ǵȈ șȚȍȕȈȝ ȗȓȈȒȈȚȣ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ ǵȍȉȖȓȤ-
ȠȐȍ ȗȖȌȔȖșȚȒȐ
ǬȖȓȋȖ Ȕȣ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȗȘȐȌțȔȈȚȤ ȐȔȧ ȕȈȠȍȔț ȌȍȚȐȡț ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȕȈȏȊȈȓȐ
ȍȋȖ ©ǰșȒțșșȚȊȈȘȤª șȖȍȌȐȕȐȊ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖ ȌȊȈ șȓȖȊȈ ©ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖª Ȑ ©ȚȊȖȘȐȚȤª
ǯȈȊȍȓȐ ȉȓȈȕȒȐ ș ȊȐȕȤȍȚȒȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȈ ǷȈȓȤȔȖȊȈ ǵȈ ȠȚȈȔȗȍ —
ȗȣȠȕȈȧ ȕȈȌȗȐșȤ ©ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȍ ǴȈșȚȍȘșȒȐȍ ǰșȒțșșȚȊȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȧ ǹȖȊȍȚ
ǴȈșȚȍȘșȒȐȝª
ǩȣȓ țȎȍ ȕȥȗ ȖȉȢȧȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ ; șȢȍȏȌȖȔ ȗȈȘȚȐȐ ©ǰșȒțșșȚȊȈȘȤª ȕȈȘȧȌț ș
ȌțȝȖȊȕȖȑ ȗȐȡȍȑ ©ȊȣȌȈȊȈȓª ȉțȚȍȘȉȘȖȌȣ Ȑ ȋȖȘȧȟȐȑ ȟȈȑ ș șȈȝȈȘȖȔ Ǫ Ȓȓțȉȍ
ȉȣȓȖ ȚȍȗȓȖ Ȑ șȊȍȚȓȖ Ƕȕ ȉȣȓ ȖȚȒȘȣȚ Ȍȓȧ Ȋșȍȝ ǯȌȍșȤ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȓȐ ȌȐșȗțȚȣ
Ȑ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȣ ȟȚȍȕȐȍ șȚȐȝȖȊ
ǫȘțȗȗȈ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª ȌȘțȎȐȓȈ ș ǫȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȚȖȔ ȕȈȘȖȌ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ ǬȖȉȘȖșȖșȍȌșȚȊȖȊȈȓȈ ș ȔțȏȣȒȈȓȤȕȣȔ țȟȐȓȐȡȍȔ ȗȍȘȍȐ-
ȔȍȕȖȊȈȕȕȣȔ ȚȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ȒȖȕșȍȘȊȈȚȖȘȐȦ ǬȍȘȎȈȓȈ șȊȧȏȤ ș ȚȍȈȚȘȖȔ ǬȊȈ ȖȈȏȐșȈ
ȉȣȓȖ Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ ȋȘțȗȗȈ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª ș ȒȓțȉȖȔ ș ȋȈȏȍȚȈȔȐ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȘȈȉȖ-
ȚȈȓȐ Ȋșȍ ȟȓȍȕȣ ȋȘțȗȗȣ Ȑ ǰȕșȚȐȚțȚ ȕȈȘȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ ș ȓȐȚȒȘțȎȒȖȔ

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ȊȖȏȋȓȈȊȓȧȍȔȣȔ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȖȔ Ǵ ǲ ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȐȔ
ǨșȍȍȊ ȉȣȓ Ȋ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒȍ ș ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȔ ǷȖșȓȈȓ ȍȔț ȜȖȚȖȋȘȈȜȐȦ ȕȈȠȍȑ
ȋȘțȗȗȣ ǰ ȊȖȚ ȖȌȕȈȎȌȣ ȗȘȐȠȍȓ ȖȚȊȍȚ ȖȚ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȗ ȍȋȖ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȐ ȗȘȐ-
ȍȝȈȚȤ Ȋ ǿȐȚț Ǫșȍ Ȕȣ ȏȈȉțȠȍȊȈȓȐ ȖȚ ȘȈȌȖșȚȐ ȖȚ ȖȎȐȌȈȕȐȧ ȊșȚȘȍȟȐ ǵȖ Ȗȕ
ȕȍ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȓ ǰ Ȕȣ ȍȡȍ ȋȖȘȧȟȍȍ șȚȈȓȐ ȘȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț
ǲȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȓȐșȤ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȍ șȉȖȘȐȡȈ ȕȈȠȐ ȊȣșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧ ȗȍȘȍȕȖ-
șȐȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȏȌȈȕȐȍ ǵȈȘȖȌȕȖȋȖ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȑ ȏȈȓ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȉȣȓ ȗȍȘȍȗȖȓ-
ȕȍȕǷȖ ȗȘȖșȤȉȍ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȝ ȊȣȍȏȎȈȓȐ Ȕȣ Ȑ Ȋ ȎȍȓȍȏȕȖȌȖȘȖȎȕȣȍ ȔȈșȚȍȘșȒȐȍ Ǫ
șȖȘȖȒȈȋȘȈȌțșȕȣȑ ȔȖȘȖȏ ȍȝȈȓȐ ȚțȌȈ ȕȈ ȋȘțȏȖȊȣȝ ȔȈȠȐȕȈȝ Ǫ ȚȍȗȓȖȔ ȗȖȔȍ-
ȡȍȕȐȐ ȕȈș ȖȎȐȌȈȓȐ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȍ-ȎȍȓȍȏȕȖȌȖȘȖȎȕȐȒȐ ǩȣȓȐ ȖȕȐ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȋȖșȚȍ-
ȗȘȐȐȔȕȣ ǵȖ ȕȍ ȖȉȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ Ȑ ȉȍȏ ȎȈȘȒȐȝ șȗȖȘȖȊ ǻȎ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ ȐȔ
ȌȖȑȚȐ ȌȖ șȈȔȖȑ șțȚȐ ȌȖ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȏȈ ȟȍ-
ȓȖȊȍȒ" ǬȈ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȐȕȧȓ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȦ" ǲȈȒ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚșȧ Ȓ ȘȈȉȖȟȍȔț ȒȓȈșșț" ǷȖș-
ȓȍ Ȋșȍȝ ȖȉȢȧșȕȍȕȐȑ Ȑ șȗȖȘȖȊ ȗȖșȓȍ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȧ ȕȈȔȐ șȚȐȝȖȊ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ
ȘȈȉȖȟȐȍ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȓȐ Ȑ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȓȐ șȚȐȝȐ ȗȖȥȚȈ
Ǵȣ ȟȐȚȈȓȐ Ȑ ©ǶȉȓȈȒȖª Ȑ ©ǿȍȓȖȊȍȒȈª Ȑ ©ǼȓȍȑȚț-ȗȖȏȊȖȕȖȟȕȐȒª Ȑ Ȓțș-
ȒȐ Ȑȏ © ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȖȊª Ȑ ȔȍȓȒȐȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ — ȌȈ ȗȖȟȚȐ Ȋșȍ Ȓ ȚȖȔț ȊȘȍ-
ȔȍȕȐ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȕȖȍ ȐȔ
ǨșȍȍȊ ȟȐȚȈȓ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȏȈȒȐȕțȊ ȋȖȓȖȊț Ȗȕ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȊșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȓșȧ Ȋ ȊȣȠȐ-
ȕț — Ȗȕ ȊȍșȤ ȓȍȚȍȓ ȊȊȍȘȝ ȟȐȚȈȧ șȚȐȝȐ ǫȓȈȏȈ ȍȋȖ șȊȍȚȓȣȍ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȓȐșȤ ȍȡȍ
șȊȍȚȓȍȍ Ȑ șȈȔ Ȗȕ ȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ȕȍȊȍșȖȔȣȔ ȊȍșȤ ȘȈșȚȊȖȘȧȧșȤ Ȋ șȚȐȝȈȝ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȉȣȓ
Ȗȕ șȓȐȚ ȊȖȍȌȐȕȖ ș ȕȐȔȐ Ȑ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȖȚ ȕȐȝ ȖȚȖȘȊȈȚȤșȧ ǰ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȊȈȓ șȓțȠȈȚȍ-
ȓȧȔ ȥȚȖ ȖȟȈȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȊșȍȔ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȔ șȊȖȐȔ ȊșȍȔ șȊȖȐȔ ȋȖȓȖșȖȔ ȏȈȓȍȚȈȧ
ȊȊȍȘȝ ȊȣȌȍȓȧȧ șȐȓȤȕȣȍ ȔȍșȚȈ
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ǷȘȐ ȋȘțȗȗȍ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȈȓȖșȤ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȖȍ ȐȏȌȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ș ȏȈ-
ȉȈȊȕȣȔ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȍȔ ©ǷȚȈȟª ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȥȚȖ țȔȍȕȤȠȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȖȚ șȓȖȊȈ
©ȗȚȐȞȈª" ǵȍȚ ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȗȘȖȡȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȊȏȧȚȣ ȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȉțȒȊȣ ȜȈȔȐȓȐȑ ǷȈȓȤ-
ȔȖȊȈ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ ǨșȍȍȊȈ Ȑ ǿțȎȈȒȈ
©ǷȚȈȟª ȐȏȌȈȓ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ șȚȐȝȖȊ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ ©ȇșȕȣȠª șȉȖȘȕȐȒȐ șȚȈȚȍȑ
ȗȖ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ Ȑ ȐșȒțșșȚȊț ©ǹȐȉȐȘșȒȐȑ ȔȖȚȐȊ Ȋ ȗȖȥȏȐȐª Ȋ ȕȍȋȖ ȒȘȖȔȍ
ȟȍȚȣȘȍȝ șȚȈȚȍȑ ǿțȎȈȒȈ ȊȖȠȓȈ șȚȈȚȤȧ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ©ǹȐȉȐȘșȒȈȧ ȉȈșȤª — Ȗ ȗȖȥȔȍ
ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ ©ǷțȚȍȊȒȈª ǯȈȚȍȔ ȥȚȈ ©ǷțȚȍȊȒȈª Ȑ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȍ Ǭ ǩțȘȓȦȒȈ
©ǹȐȉȐȘȤª ǭȡȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȐȏȌȈȕȣ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȐ șȚȈȚȍȑ ǿțȎȈȒȈ ©ǲ ȌȐȈȓȍȒȚȐȒȍ Ȑș-
ȒțșșȚȊȈª ©ǵȈ ȉȖȓȤȕȣȍ ȚȍȔȣª ȏȈȔȍȚȒȐ Ȗ ȉȣȚȍ Ȗ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȍ Ȗ ȔȍȡȈȕșȚȊȍ
ǵȖ ȘȈȏȊȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȖȉȖȑȚȐșȤ ȉȍȏ șȈȚȐȘȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȎțȘȕȈȓȈ" ǹȚȈȓȐ Ȑȏ-
ȌȈȊȈȚȤ ©ǬțȉȖȓȖȔª ș ȐȓȓȦșȚȘȈȞȐȧȔȐ ǷȈȓȤȔȖȊȈ Ȑ ǨȊȍȚȖȊȈ ǪȣȠȓȖ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ

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ȠȍșȚȤ ȐȓȐ șȍȔȤ ȕȖȔȍȘȖȊ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȎțȘȕȈȓȈ ǿȍșȚȕȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȎțȘȕȈȓ ȉȣȓ ȕȍ Ȑȏ
ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȐȝ ȊȍȌȤ ȗȘȐȘȖȎȌȍȕȕȣȝ șȈȚȐȘȐȒȖȊ Ȑ ȦȔȖȘȐșȚȖȊ ț ȕȈș ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ
ǮțȘȕȈȓȤȟȐȒ ȉȣȓ șȓȈȉȖȊȈȚ ȕȖ ȗȖȓȤȏȈ ȖȚ ȕȍȋȖ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȉȣȓȈ — ȕȈȌȖ țȟȍșȚȤ
ȊșȦ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒț Ȑ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȕȈȠȍȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ Ȉ ȋȓȈȊȕȖȍ ȒȈȒȖȊȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȈȠȐ ȏȈ-
ȌȈȟȐ ©ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȕȣȍ ȜȍȓȤȍȚȖȕȣ Ȑ ȈȋȐȚȒȐ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ “ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȈ” ȉȣȓȐ șȊȖȍȋȖ
ȘȖȌȈ țȘȖȒȈȔȐ ȗȖȓȐȚȋȘȈȔȖȚȣ Ȍȓȧ ȔȈșș ǶȕȐ ȘȈȏȢȧșȕȧȓȐ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȔ ȒȘȍșȚȤȧ-
ȕȈȔ șȖȓȌȈȚȈȔ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒț ȉȖȓȤȠȍȊȐșȚșȒȖȑ ȗȈȘȚȐȐ ȈȋȐȚȐȘȖȊȈȓȐ ȏȈ ȕȍȍ ȕȈ Ȋȣ-
ȉȖȘȈȝ Ȋ ȕȈȘȖȌȕȖȍ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȍ Ȋ ǬǪǸª ǿțȎȈȒ
ǼȍȓȤȍȚȖȕȣ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ȠȓȐ ȗȖȌ ȗșȍȊȌȖȕȐȔȖȔ ©ǩȦȓȤ-ǩȦȓȤª ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȥȚȖȚ
ȗșȍȊȌȖȕȐȔ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȧȓ ȘȈȉȖȚț ș ǹ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȣȔ ț ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȉȣȓ Ȑ șȊȖȑ ȗșȍȊ-
ȌȖȕȐȔ ©ǮȍȕȤ-ȠȍȕȤª ǩȣȓ ȍȡȍ Ȑ ȗșȍȊȌȖȕȐȔ ©ǬȘȍȊȖȖȉȌȍȓȖȟȕȐȒª — ȗȖȌ ȥȚȐȔ
ȗșȍȊȌȖȕȐȔȖȔ ȗȐșȈȓȐ ȒȖȓȓȍȒȚȐȊȕȖ ǨșȍȍȊ ǵȍȏȕȈȔȖȊ Ȑ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ
ǬȖșțȋ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȓȐ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȑ ȟȈșȚȤȦ Ȋșȍ ȊȔȍșȚȍ — ȍȌȐȕȖȑ șȍȔȤȍȑ ǲȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ
ȉȣȓȖ ȊȣșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȑ Ȋșȍ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȓȧȓȐșȤ ©ȕȈ ȗȘȐȘȖȌțª Ȋ ȉȖȘ ȋȌȍ ȗȖȌ șȍȕȤȦ
ȊȣșȖȟȍȕȕȣȝ ȘȣȎȐȝ șȖșȍȕ Ȑ ȚȍȔȕȖ-ȏȍȓȍȕȣȝ ȒȍȌȘȖȊ țȔȖȓȒȈȓȐ Ȋșȍ ȕȈȠȐ ȓȐ-
ȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȍ șȗȖȘȣ ȗȘȍȒȘȈȡȈȓȐșȤ ȊșȧȒȐȍ ȖșȚȘȖȚȣ Ȑ ȗȖȌȠțȟȐȊȈȕȐȧ
ǰ ȊȖȚ ȏȌȍșȤ-ȚȖ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȒȈȒ ǨșȍȍȊ țșȓȣȝȈȊ ȡȍȉȍȚ
ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȗȚȈȝȐ ȕȈșȚȖȘȈȎȐȊȈȓșȧ ȗȘȐșȓțȠȐȊȈȓșȧ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȍȋȖ ȚȍȗȓȍȓȐ Ȑ
ȊȍșȤ Ȗȕ ȖȏȈȘȧȓșȧ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȖȑ ȏȈșȚȍȕȟȐȊȖȑ țȓȣȉȒȖȑ ǵȍȓȤȏȧ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ
ǨșȍȍȊ șȚȣȌȐȓșȧ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȕȍȎȕȖȋȖ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ Ȓ ȓȍșȕȣȔ ȗȍȊȞȈȔ ȕȍȚ ȕȖ ȒȈȒ
ȥȚȖ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ț ȓȦȌȍȑ ȖȝȊȈȟȍȕȕȣȝ șȖȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȔ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍ-
ȊȐȟ ȗȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ țȝȖȌȐȓ Ȋ șȍȉȧ ȖȚȒȓȦȟȈȓșȧ șȚȈȘȈȧșȤ șȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȚȤ șȊȖȑ ȊȖș-
ȚȖȘȋ ȕȐ ș ȒȍȔ ȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȧȧ
ǺȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ Ȕȕȍ șȚȈȓȖ ȗȖȕȧȚȕȖ ȗȖȟȍȔț ǨșȍȍȊ ȐȏȉȘȈȓ șȍȉȍ ȗșȍȊȌȖȕȐ-
Ȕȣ ©ǴȈȓȒȈ-ȐȊȖȓȋȈª Ȑ ©ǩȦȓȤ-ǩȦȓȤª — ȖȟȍȕȤ Ȗȕ ȓȦȉȐȓ ȗȚȐȞ ǵȈ șȚȘȈȕȐ-
ȞȈȝ Ȋșȍȝ ȍȋȖ ȒȕȐȋ ȗȍȘȕȈȚȣȍ ȍȋȖ ȌȘțȏȤȧ — ȟȈȑȒȐ șȒȊȖȘȞȣ șȐȕȐȞȣ ȌȘȖȏȌȣ
ȓȍȉȍȌȐ șȖȓȖȊȤȐ șȖȑȒȐ ȒȖȕȖȗȓȧȕȒȐ ȡȍȋȓȣ șȕȍȋȐȘȐ ȓȈșȚȖȟȒȐ — ȗȖȦȚ ȕȈ
Ȋșȍ ȋȖȓȖșȈ ǶȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ ȥȚȐ ȡȍȉȍȟțȡȐȍ ȗțȠȐșȚȣȍ ȒȖȔȖȟȒȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐ-
Ȕȣ ȗȖȥȚț — ȒȈȒ ȖȌțȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȕȣȍ șțȡȍșȚȊȈ ȒȈȒ șȖȉȘȈȚȤȧ ȒȈȒ țȟȈșȚȕȐȒȐ ȍȋȖ
ȘȈȏȌțȔȐȑ ǵȍȌȈȘȖȔ Ȗȕ ȗȘȐȏȣȊȈȓ ȗȚȐȞ Ȋ ȔȐȕțȚȣ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȖȘȣȊȖȊ ȒȖ-
ȋȌȈ șȓȈȋȈȓȐșȤ șȚȐȝȐ ǰ ȗȚȐȞȣ ȖȝȖȚȕȖ ȏȈȓȍȚȈȓȐ Ȋ șȚȘȖȟȒȐ ȍȋȖ șȚȐȝȖȊ ȟțȊșȚ-
Ȋțȧ șȍȉȧ ȚȈȔ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȕȈ ȔȍșȚȍ ǰ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȐșȤ ȚȈȔ ȕȈȊșȍȋȌȈ
ǿȍȘȍȏ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȓȍȚ Ȕȕȍ ȏȈȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ ȗȘȖȊȍȘȐȚȤ șȊȖȐ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȍȕȐȧ ȚȖȟȕȍȍ ǹ
ȒȈȘȈȕȌȈȠȖȔ Ȋ ȘțȒȍ ȧ ȗȘȖȠȓȈșȤ ȗȖ ȊșȍȔ ȚȖȔȈȔ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ǺȈȔ ȧ ȕȈȠȓȈ țȑȔț
ȗȘȐȔȍȘȖȊ ȗȖȌȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȦȡȐȝ ȊȣȠȍșȒȈȏȈȕȕȖȍ ǬȈȎȍ Ȋ ©ǳȈȌȍª Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȑ
ȒȕȐȋȍ ȗȖȥȚȈ șȖ șȚȘȈȕȐȞȣ ȕȈ șȚȘȈȕȐȞț ȗȍȘȍȗȈȘȝȐȊȈȦȚ ȗȚȐȞȣ ©ǰ ǸȖșșȐȧ ș
ǴȖșȒȊȣ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȓȈșȤ ȒȈȒ ȒȓȍȒȖȚ ȓȍȉȧȎȐȑ — ș ȗȚȍȕȞȈª ǰ ©ǪȖȚ ȖȗȧȚȤ șȖȓȖ-
Ȋȍȑ șȖ șȊȖȍȑ șȚȈȘȖȌȈȊȕȍȦ ȗȍșȕȍȦ ȐȕȊȈȓȐȌ ȗȍșȕȍ ȚȣșȧȟȈ ȓȍȚ ȕȖ ȕȖȊȈ
ȉțȌȚȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȓȕȖȟȤȦ șȓȖȎȍȕȈ ȖȚ ȕȍȍ Ȑ ȓțȕȈ Ȑ ȚȘȈȊȈ Ȑ ȌȍȘȍȊȤȧ șȚȖȧȚ
ȏȈȊȖȘȖȎȍȕȕȖ ǪȖȚ ȒȈȒȖȊ ȥȚȖȚ șȚȈȘȣȑ ȗȍȊȍȞ ȏȈȒȓȐȕȈȦȡȐȑ ȏȊȍȏȌȕȖȦ ȒȓȧȚ-
ȊȖȦª Ǩȝ ȒȈȒ șȖȟțȊșȚȊțȍȚ ȍȔț ȗȖȥȚ ǬȈ ȊȍȌȤ ȖȉȈ ȖȕȐ — ȖȌȕȖȑ ȗȖȘȖȌȣ ȗȍȊ-
ȟȍșȒȖȑ

237
ǻ ȒȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȌȘȖȋȕțȓȖ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȗȘȐ ȊȐȌȍ șȕȍȋȐȘȍȑ ș ǷȖȌȒȘȈȗȐȊȍȕșȒȖȑ țȓȐ-
Ȟȣ ©ȕȈ ȋȖȓȖȊȒȈȝ ȉȖȉȘȖȊȣȍ ȠȈȗȖȟȒȐª ǵȍ ȔȖȋ ǨșȍȍȊ ȉȍȏ ȗȚȐȞ ǰ ©ȗȚȐȟȐȑ
ȜȓȖȚª Ȑ ©ȓȍȚțȟȐȍ șȚȈȐª Ȑ ©șȖȌȘțȎȍșȚȊȖ ȓȈșȚȖȟȍȒª ȉȣȓȐ ȍȔț ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣ
Ǫ ǿȐȚȍ Ȕȣ șȖȉȐȘȈȓȐșȤ ț ǪȐȒȚȖȘȈ ǵȐȒȈȕȌȘȖȊȐȟȈ ǷȈȓȤȔȖȊȈ — ȝțȌȖȎ-
ȕȐȒȈ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª Ƕȕ ȎȐȓ ȗȘȐ ȠȒȖȓȍ ȋȌȍ ȌȐȘȍȒȚȖȘșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȗȘȍ-
ȗȖȌȈȊȈȧ ȘȐșȖȊȈȕȐȍ Ȑ ȎȐȊȖȗȐșȤ Ǫ ȥȚȖȑ Ȏȍ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȍ ȎȐȓȐ Ȑ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȣ
ǴȍȎȌț ȠțȚȒȖȑ Ȑ ȒȈȓȈȔȉțȘȖȔ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȓȐșȤ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍ-
ȕȐȧ Ȗ ȕȖȊȖȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ ǿȐȚȈȓȐșȤ Ȑ ȠȚțȌȐȘȖȊȈȓȐșȤ ȒȕȐȋȐ ©ȖȗȖȧȏȖȊȞȍȊª ǲȈȎ-
ȌȈȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ǪȐȒȚȖȘȈ ȀȒȓȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȆȘȐȧ ǺȣȕȧȕȖȊȈ ǩȖȘȐșȈ ȅȑȝȍȕȉȈțȔȈ Ȑ
ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȗȘȖȋȓȈȚȣȊȈȓȈșȤ ș ȎȈȌȕȖșȚȤȦ ȌȈȊȈȧ ȕȖȊȣȑ ȏȈȘȧȌ ȕȈ ȕȍșȒȖȕȟȈȍȔȣȍ
ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȣ Ȑ șȗȖȘȣ Ȗ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȧȏȣȒȈ
ǪȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȟȓȍȕȣ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª Ȑ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȐ Ȑȏ
©ǶȗȖȧȏȈª ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȐȓȐșȤ Ȋ ©ǳǭǼȍª ȎțȘȕȈȓȍ ȘȍȌȈȒȚȐȘțȍȔȖȔ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȔ
Ǫ ǩ ȀȒȓȖȊșȒȐȑ ȊȣșȖȒȖ ȞȍȕȐȓ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȌȈȘ ǵ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ȊșȍȋȌȈ Ȑ
ȊȍȏȌȍ ȖȚȔȍȟȈȧ ȥȚȖ
ǪȌȖȝȕȖȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȈ ȗȖȥȚȈ ȌȘțȋ Ȋșȍȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ — ǲșȍȕȐȧ ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȕȈ Ǩșȍȍ-
ȊȈ ǹȐȕȧȒȖȊȈ ȚȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ©ȊșȍȔț ȉȣȓȈ ȏȈȒȈȏȟȐȞȈ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȌțȠȍ ȖȚȖȏȊȈȓȖșȤª
ȚȖȋȌȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȦȕȈȧ ȏȖȓȖȚȖȊȖȓȖșȈȧ ȔțȏȣȒȈȕȚȠȈ ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȈ șȚȐȝȖȊ Ȑ ȊșȦ-
Ȍț ȗȖȧȊȓȧȓȈșȤ ș ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȔ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȐȟȍȔ ǨșȍȍȊȣȔ
Ǵȕȍ șȘȈȏț ȗȖȕȘȈȊȐȓȐșȤ ȍȍ ȥȔȈȓȍȊȣȍ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȚȖȕȍȕȤȒȈȧ ȜȐȋțȘȒȈ ȊȣșȖȒȐȍ
ȒȈȉȓțȒȐ ǲșȍȕȐȧ ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȕȈ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓȈ ȥȚȖ șȚȈȓȈ Ȕȍȕȧ ©ȖȗȍȒȈȚȤª țȟȐȓȈ
ȊȣȠȐȊȈȚȤ ȠȍȓȒȖȔ ȊȈȘȐȚȤ șțȗ ȕȈ ȉȍșȠțȔȕȖȔ ȗȘȐȔțșȍ ȏȌȍșȤ Ȏȍ Ȋ ȋȖșȚȐȕȐ-
Ȟȍ ©ǾȍȕȚȘȈȓȤª ȖȉȡȍȎȐȚȐȐ ǴȐȕȐȕȌȍȓȈ ȋȌȍ Ȕȣ ȎȐȓȐ ǵȈș ȖȟȍȕȤ șȉȓȐȏȐȓȈ
ȓȦȉȖȊȤ Ȓ ȔțȏȣȒȍ ȇ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȖȗțȚȕȖ ș ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȖȑ Ȑ ȏȈȕȧ-
ȚȐȧȔȐ Ȋ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȚȍ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȖȚȌȈȊȈȓȈ ȉȍȚȝȖȊȍȕșȒȐȔ șȖȕȈȚȈȔ ǶȒșȈȕȈ
ȟȈșȚȖ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȈ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ ȐȋȘȈȓȈ ȕȈ ȘȖȧȓȍ ȊȏȧȚȖȔ ȕȈȗȘȖȒȈȚ ǰȋȘȈȓȐ Ȕȣ ș ȕȍȑ
Ȑ Ȋ ȟȍȚȣȘȍ ȘțȒȐ
ǵȖȊȣȑ  ȋȖȌ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȓȐ ț ǷȈȓȤȔȖȊȈ ǰȋȘȈȓȐ Ȋ ȠȈȘȈȌȣ Ȋ ȉțȘȐȔȍ ǷȖ-
ȚȖȔ ȊȏȧȊȠȐșȤ ȏȈ ȘțȒȐ ȗȓȧșȈȓȐ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȍȓȒȐ Ȑ ȗȍȓȐ ©ǹȖȓȖȊȍȑ șȖȓȖȊȍȑ
ȗȚȈȠȍȟȒȈ ȒȈȕȈȘȍȍȟȒȈ ȎȈȓȖȉȕȖ ȗȖȍȚª ǪȍșȍȓȐȓȐșȤ ©ȌȖ țȗȈȌțª ȗȖȒȈ ǨșȍȍȊ
ȕȍ ȘȈȏȉȐȓ ȓȦȉȐȔȣȑ șȚȈȒȈȕ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ — ȗȖȌȈȘȖȒ ȗȖȌȘțȋȐ ȌȍȚșȚȊȈ ǩȍȓȓȣ
ǯȖȘȐȟ ȊȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ șȞȍȕȈȘȐșȚȒȐ ȒȐȕȖ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ ȗȖȔȘȈȟȕȍȓ Ȑ țȠȍȓ Ȓ
șȍȉȍ ȗȓȖȚȕȖ ȗȘȐȒȘȣȊ ȌȊȍȘȤ Ǫșȍ ȏȈȚȐȝȓȐ Ȑ ȗȘȐșȔȐȘȍȓȐ Ǩ ǺȈȕȦȠȈ ǺȘȍȚȤȧ-
ȒȖȊȈ ȊȕțȠȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ șȒȈȏȈȓȈ
ǻ ǹȍȘȍȎȐ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ
ȖȟȍȕȤ ȕȍȘȊȣ ȕȍȏȌȖȘȖȊȣ

238
Ǫșȍȝ ȕȈș ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȧȓȈ ȖȉȡȈȧ ȈȋȐȚȈȞȐȖȕȕȈȧ Ȉ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ — ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈ-
ȚȍȓȤșȒȈȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ
ǶȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȗȍȘȊȣȝ ȗȖ ȗȘȐȋȓȈȠȍȕȐȦ ǳțȕȈȟȈȘșȒȖȋȖ  ȧȕȊȈȘȧ  ȋȖȌȈ
țȍȝȈȓ ǨșȍȍȊ ș ȎȍȕȖȑ Ȋ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȔ șȓțȎȍȉȕȖȔ ȊȈȋȖȕȍ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș șȖȚȘțȌȕȐȒȈȔȐ
ǴȐȕȐȕȌȍȓȈ Ȑ ǬȈȓȤȉȦȘȖ — ȊșȍȋȖ ȠȍșȚȤ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ
ǷȐșȤȔȈ ǨșȍȍȊȈ Ȑȏ ǴȖșȒȊȣ ȉȣȓȐ șȊȍȚȓȣȔȐ ȏȖȊțȡȐȔȐ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǵȐȒȖ-
ȓȈȍȊȐȟ ȗȘȐșȓȈȓ Ȕȕȍ șȊȖȍȋȖ ©ǹȚȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ șȖȓȖȊȤȧª Ȑ ȗȖȥȔț ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ
©ǳȦȉȓȦª
ǶȌȕȖ Ȑȏ ȗȐșȍȔ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ȋȘțȗȗȍ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª Ȋ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȊȣȌȍȘȎȒȈȝ
ȉȣȓȖ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȖ Ȋ ©ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȖȔ ȚȍȓȍȋȘȈȜȍª ȹ   ȔȈȧ  ȋȖ-
ȌȈ
©Ǫșȍ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȧ ȖȚ ȊȕȍȠȕȍȋȖ ȊȐȌȈ ǴȖșȒȊȣ ȌȖ ȊȕȍȠȕȍȋȖ ȊȐȌȈ ǩȘȦșȖȊȈ
ȖȚȔȍȟȍȕȖ ȉȍȠȍȕȣȔ ȉȍȋȖȔ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ǰ ȗȘȐțȟȐȚȤ ȔȣșȓȤ Ȑ ȋȓȈȏ Ȓ ȥȚȖȔț șȌȊȐ-
ȋț Ȋșȍ ȘȈȊȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȍȘȍȉȖȓȍȚȤ ȚȐȜȖȔ ǰ ȗȘȈȊȌȈ ȚȍȔȗȍȘȈȚțȘȈ ț Ȕȍȕȧ Ȋșȍ ȊȘȍ-
Ȕȧ ȗȖȊȣȠȍȕȕȈȧ Ǩ ȋȓȈȊȕȖȍ ȚȖ ȊȐȌȐȔȖȍ Ȗȉȡȍȍ ȌȖȉȘȖȎȍȓȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ
ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȓ ȏȌȍșȤ ȊȔȍșȚȖ ȖȎȐȌȈȍȔȖȋȖ ȝȖȓȖȌȒȈ Ȑ “ȏȈȕȧȚȖȋȖ ȔȍșȚȈ”.
Ǫșȍ ȋȈȏȍȚȣ Ȑ ȎțȘȕȈȓȣ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȣ ȊȍȏȌȍ ȍșȚȤ ȌȘțȏȤȧ — Ȑ Ȋ “ǰȏȊȍșȚȐȧȝ” Ȑ Ȋ
“ǷȍȟȈȚȐ Ȑ ǸȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ” Ȑ Ȋ “ǲȘȈșȕȖȑ ǵȖȊȐ” ǳȐȚȖȊșȒȐȑ ǷȖȓȖȕșȒȐȑ ǪȖ-
ȘȖȕșȒȐȑ Ȑ ȕȍȔȈȓȖ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȊȐȌȕȣȝ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȍȑ ȔȖșȒȖȊșȒȖȑ ȗȘȍșșȣ șȈȔȣȔ ȘȈ-
ȌțȠȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȦȚ ȒȈȎȌțȦ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȕȍșȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕțȦ Ȑ ȕȈșȗȍȝ șȌȍ-
ȓȈȕȕțȦ șȚȘȖȒț Ǵȣ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȍȔ ș ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȔ Ȑ Ȋ ǫȓȈȊȗȖȓȐȚȗȘȖșȊȍȚȍ Ȑ Ȋ ǸȍȊ-
ȊȖȍȕșȖȊȍȚȍ șȖȊȔȍșȚȕȖ
ǭȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȎȐȊȣȔ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȔ ȔȍșȚȖȔ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȕȈȠȍ ȔȍșȚȖ
ǹȘȍȌȐ ȕȥȗȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȒșȚȈȚȐ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȕȈȟȈȓȐ țȎȍ ȕȍȔȕȖȎȒȖ ȊȣȌȈȊȓȐȊȈȚȤ
șȘȍȌȐ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȋȖ ȔțșȖȘȈ ȏȈșȖȘȐȊȠȍȋȖ ǴȖșȒȊț — ȜțȚțȘȐșȚȣ ȊȣȌȍȘȎȐ-
ȊȈȦȚ ȍȡȍ ȖȌȕȖ ȐșȗȣȚȈȕȐȍ — ȊșȍȖȉȡȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȖȓȕȖȑ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ
ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ ǰ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȦȚ ȔȕȖȋȖ
ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ ȊȣȗțșȒȈȍȚ “ǹȍșȚȘț ȔȖȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ” , 2-ȍ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȍ “ǩȓȐȏȕȍȞȈ Ȋ
ȚțȟȈȝ” Ȑ “ǷȖȊȍȘȝ ȉȈȘȤȍȘȖȊ” ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊ ȕȈȗȐșȈȓ țȑȔț ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ
ȒȘȖȔȍ “ǳȦȉȓȦ” — “,9 ǰȕȚȍȘȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓ” Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȔȍȓȒȐȝ ȕȖ ȖșȚȘȣȝ Ȋȍȡȍȑ
șȈȚȐȘȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȈ
ǰȏ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȝ șȖȉȣȚȐȑ șȍȕșȈȞȐȖȕȕȈ “ǰșȗȖȊȍȌȤ ǹȚȈȊȘȖȋȐȕȈ” ǬȖșȚȖȍȊ-
șȒȖȋȖ ȕȈȑȌȍȕȕȈȧ Ȋ ȈȘȝȐȊȍ Ǭ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȣ ȒȕȐȋȐ Ȗ ǩȓȖȒȍ
ǵȖ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȐ ȓȐȚșȖȉȣȚȐȧ ȗȖȒȘȣȊȈȍȚ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȗȖȝȊȈȓȈ ǳȍȕȐȕȈ ǴȈȧȒȖȊ-
șȒȖȔț ǳȍȕȐȕ ȕȈ șȢȍȏȌȍ ȔȍȚȈȓȓȐșȚȖȊ ȐȓȓȦșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȓ șȊȖȐ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȞȐ-
ȚȈȚȖȑ Ȑȏ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȊȣșȖȒȖ ȖȞȍȕȐȊ ȍȍ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȖ-ȈȋȐȚȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȍ ȌȖșȚȖȐȕ-
șȚȊȖ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȕȈȧ Ȑ ȊȈȔ țȎȍ ȕȈȊȍȘȕȖȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȈȧ
ǵț ȊȖȚ ȊȈȔ ȒȈȏȖȊȣȍ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȕȈȠȍȋȖ ȉȣȚȐȧ Ǩ șȍȘȖȊȈȚȣȍ — ȥȚȖ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ
ȕȈȌȍȎȌȣ ȔȖȐ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȗȖȥȚȖȊ ȓȖȗȕțȓȐ ȞȍȓȐȒȖȔ ȖȕȐ ȗȖȌȗȈȓȐ ȗȖȌ ȊȓȐȧ-
ȕȐȍ ǩȍȓȖȋȖ Ȑ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȦȚșȧ ȈȕȚȘȖȗȖșȖȜȐȍȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȌȖ ȎȈȓȖșȚȐ ǵȍ ȌȖȠȓȐ ȉȣ
ȚȈȒ ȌȖ ȗȘȖȚȍșȚȈ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȐȏȢȧȚȐȧ ȞȍȕȕȖșȚȍȑ ȟȍȋȖ ȌȖȉȘȖȋȖ ǰȏ ȕȐȝ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȓȐ-
ȊȍȑȠȐȑ — ǲȈȏȐȕ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȖ ȕȐ ȌȖ ȟȍȋȖ Ȕȣ ȕȍ ȌȖȋȖȊȈȘȐȊȈȍȔșȧ ȚȖȓȤ-

239
ȒȖ ȎȈȓȖȉȕȖ șȔȖȚȘȐȔ ȌȘțȋ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȈ
ȇ ȊȣȗțșȚȐȓ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ “ǹȚȈȓȤȕȖȑ șȖȓȖȊȍȑ” Ȋ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȐ ǴǨǼ — ǴȖșȒȖȊ-
șȒȖȑ ȈșșȖȞȐȈȞȐȐ ȜțȚțȘȐșȚȖȊ ǶșȔȖȚȘȍȊȠȐșȤ ȊȣȗțșȒȈȦ ȒȕȐȎȒț — șȖȍȌȐ-
ȕȐȊ “ǩȖȔȉț” Ȑ “ǹȚȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ șȖȓȖȊȤȧ” ǲȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȐȔȍȦ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ Ǩ Ǫ
ǳțȕȈȟȈȘșȒȖȋȖ ȊȣȗțșȚȐȚȤ ȒȕȐȋț ȌțȔȈȦ șȓȐȚȤ Ȋ ȖȌȐȕ ȚȖȔ Ȋșȍ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȧ ș “ǶȒ-
șȈȕȣ” ǷȍȟȈȚȈȦ Ȋ “ǰȏȊȍșȚȐȧȝ” ȌȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȍ ȖȟȍȘȒȐ ǷȘȖȏȈ ȏȌȍșȤ ȖȟȍȕȤ
ȕțȎȕȈ Ȑ ȍȍ ȚȘȍȉțȦȚ ȕȈȘȈșȝȊȈȚ ǴǨǼ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȘȈȏȘȈșȚȐșȤ Ȋ ȉȖ-
ȓȤȠȖȍ ȌȍȓȖ
ǩȣȊȈȍȔ Ȕȣ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȖ ț ǩȘȐȒȖȊ ǺȈȔ șȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȕȈȘȖȌț ȗȖ
ȊȚȖȘȕȐȒȈȔ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȍȚ ǰǵǽǻǲ ǰȕșȚȐȚțȚ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ ǭȡȍ ȝȖ-
ȘȖȠȍȍ ȔȍșȚȖ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ — “ǬȖȔ ǷȍȟȈȚȐ” ǺȈȔ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȍȚ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȔȈșȚȍȘ-
șȒȈȧ ǼȖȘȘȍȋȍȘȈ — șȈȔȣȑ ȔȓȈȌȠȐȑ Ȑ șȈȔȣȑ ȎȐȊȖȑ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȊțȕȌȍȘ-
ȒȐȕȌ ǴȖșȒȊȣ ǷȖșȓȍȏȈȊȚȘȈ ȐȌȍȔ ȗȖ ȗȘȐȋȓȈȠȍȕȐȦ Ȋ ǺȍȈȚȘ ǨȒȚȍȘȈ — ǴȍȑȍȘ-
ȝȖȓȤȌȈ
ǰȔȈȎȐȕȐșȚȣ Ȋ ȏȈȋȖȕȍ ǰȝ ȕȍ șȓȣȠȕȖ Ȑ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȕȖ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ șȐȓȤȕȣ ȉȣ-
ȓȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȌȚȘȈȊȓȐȊȈȕȐȍȔ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȈ
ǴȖșȒȊȈ ȕȐȟțȚȤ ȕȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȓȈșȤ — Țȍ Ȏȍ ȔȈȋȈȏȐȕȣ Țȍ Ȏȍ ȘȧȌȣ Țȍ Ȏȍ ȚȍȈȚ-
Șȣ ȟȚȖ Ȑ ȗȘȐ ȔȖȍȔ ȖȚȢȍȏȌȍ ǬȈȎȍ ȌȖșȈȌȕȖ ǵȖ ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐ — ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ
ȊșȚȘȧșȒȈ ȟțȊșȚȊțȍȚșȧ ȌȈȎȍ Ȋ șȈȔȖȔ ȏȈȝțȌȈȓȖȔ șȗȍȒțȓȧȕȚȍ
ǷȘȐȊȍȚ ǿțȎȈȒț ǪȐȌȍȓ Ȑ ȘȈȏȋȈȌȈȓ ȗȖ șȝȖȎȍșȚȊț Ȋ ǫȖșȐȏȌȈȚȍ ȍȋȖ ȉȘȈȚȈ
Ƕȕ ȏȈȊȍȌțȍȚ ȌȍȚșȒȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȑ ǷȖ-ȔȖȍȔț ȗȘȐȍȝȈȊ Ȗȕ ȉȣ ȏȌȍșȤ ȏȈȕȧȓ
ȖȟȍȕȤ Ȑ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȊȍșȖȔȖȍ ȔȍșȚȖ Ȋ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ ǭȋȖ ȏȌȍșȤ ȞȍȕȧȚ Ȑ ȗȖȉȈȐȊȈȦȚșȧ
ǭȡȍ ȟȚȖ" ǵȍ ȗȐȠț Ȍȓȧ ȟȐȚȐȕșȒȐȝ ȋȈȏȍȚ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȍȌȊȈ ȝȊȈȚȈȍȚ
ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ Ȍȓȧ ȔȖșȒȖȊșȒȐȝ
ǻȟȈșȚȊțȦ Ȋ “ǰȏȊȍșȚȐȧȝ”, “ǸȈȉȖȟȍȔ”, “ǫțȌȒȍ”, “ǷȖȓȐȚȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȒȍ”, “ǲȘȈșȕȖ-
ȈȘȔȍȑȞȍ” — ȥȚȖ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȎțȘȕȈȓȖȊ ǿȐȚȈȓ ȌȖȒȓȈȌ Ȋ “ǬȖȔȍ ǷȍȟȈȚȐ” Ȋ “ǹȖȦȏȍ
ǷȖȥȚȖȊ” ȊȣșȚțȗȈȓ Ȋ “ǾȍȒȐșȗȘȖșȍ”, “ǲțȏȕȐȞȍ” Ȑ ȕȍȊȍșȚȤ ȒȈȒȖȍ ȟȐșȓȖ ȘȈȏ
“ǴȈȑșȒȈȧ ȗȍșȕȧ” ǨșȍȍȊȈ Ȑ “ǴȈȑșȒȐȑ ǫȐȔȕ” ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȣ Ȋ
“ǲȘȈșȕȖȈȘȔȍȑȞȍ” Ȋ ȗȍȘȊȖȔ ȕȖȔȍȘȍ
ǪȟȍȘȈ ȉȣȓ ©ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑª ȗȘȐȍȔ ǵȈȘȒȖȔȈ ǩȣȓȐ ǸȖȡȐȕ ǽȓȍȉȕȐ-
ȒȖȊ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ ǲȘțȟȍȕȣȝ ǲȈȔȍȕșȒȐȑ ǸȐȚȈ ǸȈȑȚ ǲțȠȕȍȘ Ȑ ȊȍșȤ ǲȖȔȜțȚ ǵȈ-
ȗȈȌȈȓȐ ȕȈ ǳțȕȈȟȈȘșȒȖȋȖ Ȋșȍ Ȗȕ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȚȒțșȣȊȈȓșȧ ǹȗȖȘ Ƞȍȓ Ȋ ȗȓȖșȒȖșȚȐ
ȚȍȗȍȘȍȠȕȍȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȜțȚțȘȐșȚȖȊ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȍ ȌȍșȒȈȚȤ Ȋ ȕȐȝ ȏȈȉȐȊȈȍȚ “Ȋȍȟ-
ȕȖȍ” ȅȚȐȔ “ȊȍȟȕȣȔ” ȏȈȚȖȘȒȈȓȐ ǨȕȈȚȖȓȐȧ ǪȈșȐȓȤȍȊȐȟȈ Ȋșȍ Ǫ ȒȖȕȞȍ șȗȖȘȈ
ǳțȕȈȟȈȘșȒȐȑ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȓ ȟȚȖ Ȋ “ȥȚȖȑ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ șȍȑȟȈș șȖȉȘȈȕȖ Ȋșȍ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȧȘ-
ȒȖȍ Ȑ ȗȍȊțȟȍȍ ȕȈȠȍȋȖ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȧ”».
***
ǵȈȠ ȖȚȢȍȏȌ șȖșȚȖȧȓșȧ ȓȐȠȤ Ȋ ȈȊȋțșȚȍ ȚȖȋȖ Ȏȍ ȋȖȌȈ ǷȖȋȘțȏȐȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȊȈȋȖȕ
ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ǵȍȏȕȈȔȖȊȣȔ ǷȈȓȤȔȖȊȣȔȐ Ȑ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȣȔȐ

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ǰȚȈȒ șȉȣȓȖșȤ ǷȖȍȏȌ ȔȟȈȓșȧ ȕȈ ȏȈȗȈȌ ǶȋȐȉȈȓ ȗȘȖȏȘȈȟȕȣȑ ǩȈȑȒȈȓ Ƕȕ
ȘȈȏȘȍȏȈȓ ȊȣșȖȟȍȕȕȣȍ șȒȈȓȣ ȊȘȣȊȈȓșȧ Ȋ ȒȘȖȔȍȠȕțȦ ȚȤȔț ȟȈȌȕȣȝ Țțȕȕȍ-
ȓȍȑ Ȑ ȋȘȖȝȖȟȈ ȎȍȓȍȏȖȔ ȔȖșȚȖȊ ȕȈȌ ȔȕȖȋȖȊȖȌȕȣȔȐ șȐȉȐȘșȒȐȔȐ ȘȍȒȈȔȐ
șȓȖȊȕȖ ȘȈȌțȧșȤ ȘȈȏȓțȒȍ ș ȕȐȔȐ ȏȊȖȕȒȖ ȘȈȏȌȈȘȐȊȈȓ ȗȘȖȡȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȋțȌȒȐ țȡȍ-
ȓȤȧȔ ȕȈ ȗȈȔȧȚȤ ǽȖȘȖȠȐȑ ȔȐȓȣȑ șȐȉȐȘșȒȐȑ ȗȖȍȏȌ — ©ȟȐȚȐȕșȒȐȑ șȒȖȘȣȑª
— Ȗȕ țȊȖȏȐȓ ȕȈș Ȋ șȚȘȈȕț ȖȉȍȚȖȊȈȕȕțȦ — Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț ȌȈȓȍȒțȦ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ
ȟȚȖ șțȓȧȡțȦ ȕȈȔ ǴȖșȒȊț
ǺȈȒ ȊȖȚ ȖȕȈ — ǩȍȓȖȒȈȔȍȕȕȈȧ ǮȐȚȤ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍȋȌȍ ǨșȍȍȊȣ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȐȓȐ Ȕȕȍ ș
ȔțȎȍȔ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤșȧ ț ȕȐȝ
Ǫșȍ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȊȠȐȍ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȐȓȐșȤ ș ȊȍȡȈȔȐ ȕȈ ȐȏȊȖȏȟȐȒȈȝ ȗȖ ȌȖȔȈȔ Ȉ Ȕȕȍ
ȏȈȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ ȗȘȖȑȚȐșȤ ȗȍȠȒȖȔ ȗȖ ȔȖșȒȖȊșȒȐȔ țȓȐȞȈȔ ș ǶȒșȈȕȖȑ Ȑ ǩȘȐȒȖȔ
ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȒȈȒ ȊȣȧșȕȐȓȖșȤ ȐȌȚȐ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍȌȈȓȍȒȖ ǨșȍȍȊȣ ȎȐȓȐ ȕȈ Ǵȧș-
ȕȐȞȒȖȑ țȓȐȞȍ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ țȓ ǲȐȘȖȊȈ ȕȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ ǷȖȟȚȈȔȚȈ ǴȍșȚȖ ȥȚȖ ș Țȍȝ ȗȖȘ
Ȑ ȗȖșȍȑȟȈș Ȍȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ ȒȈȒȖȍ-ȚȖ ȖȟȍȕȤ șȊȖȍ ©ȌȖȔȈȠȕȍȍª Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ țȦȚȕȖȍ
ǷȖȔȕȦ ȚȍȔȕȖȊȈȚȣȑ ȌȊȖȘ ǪȝțȚȍȔȈșȈ Ȑ ȎȍȓȍȏȕțȦ ȊȐȕȚȖȊțȦ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕțȦ
ȓȍșȚȕȐȞț ȗȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ Ȕȣ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȗȖȌȕȐȔȈȓȐșȤ Ȓ ǨșȍȍȊȣȔ ȕȈ ȌȍȊȧȚȣȑ ȥȚȈȎ
Ǻȣ ȉ ȏȈȠȍȓ ȏȈ ȊȍȠȕȐȑ ȗȖȌȖȒȖȕȕȐȒ
ȕȈ ȔȖȍȔ ȌȍȊȧȚȖȔ ȥȚȈȎȍ —
ȏȌȍșȤ ȗȐșȈȓ ȗȖȥȚ ǫȈșȚȍȊț
ǨșȍȍȊȣ ȎȐȓȐ Ȋ ȒȖȓȖșșȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ǪȍȘȖȟȒȖȑ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ șȍ-
șȚȍȘ ǹȐȕȧȒȖȊȣȝ ȊȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ șȚȈȊȠȍȑ ȎȍȕȖȑ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȧ ǫȍȝȚȈ Ǫșȍ ȕȈȏȣȊȈ-
ȓȐ ȍȍ ©ǫȖȋȍȕª — ȏȈ ȓȐȞȖ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȖȝȖȎȍȍ ȕȈ ȓȐȞȈ ȚȈȐȚȧȕȖȒ ș ȗȖȓȖȚȍȕ ȝțȌȖȎ-
ȕȐȒȈ
Ǫ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ ǨșȍȍȊȣȝ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖȑ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȗțșȚȖȑ ȉțȌȚȖ ȌȊȈ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌșȚ-
Ȋȍȕȕȣȝ șȚȈȕȒȈ Ȋ ȔȈșȚȍȘșȒȖȑ șȚȖȧȓȐ ȘȖȧȓȤ Ȑ ȗȐșȤȔȍȕȕȣȑ șȚȖȓ ȏȈȊȈȓȍȕȕȣȑ
ȉțȔȈȋȈȔȐ Ȑ ȒȕȐȋȈȔȐ ǹȚȖȓ ȒȖșȖ ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȖȚȋȖȘȈȎȐȊȈȓ țȋȖȓ ȒȖȔȕȈ-
Țȣ ȋȌȍ Ȕȣ Ȑ ȗȘȖȎȐȓȐ ȕȍȏȈȉȣȊȈȍȔȣȍ ȚȘȐ ȕȍȌȍȓȐ ǻ ǨșȍȍȊȣȝ ȉȣȊȈȓȖ ȔȕȖȋȖ
ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȖȊ ȔțȏȣȒȈȕȚȖȊ ǹ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȧ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȉȣȓȈ
șȊȧȏȈȕȈ ȔȕȖȋȖȓȍȚȕȍȑ ȌȘțȎȉȖȑ
Ǫ ȌȍȕȤ ȕȈȠȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȍȏȌȈ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț ǨșȍȍȊ ȗȘȐȋȓȈșȐȓ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȊȠȐȝ Ȋ
ȒȐȕȖ șȒȈȏȈȊ ȟȚȖ ȕȈș ȚȈȔ ȖȎȐȌȈȍȚ șȦȘȗȘȐȏ Ǵȣ șȖȋȓȈșȐȓȐșȤ ȝȖȚȧ ȗȖșȓȍ ȌȖȓ-
ȋȖȋȖ ȗțȚȍȠȍșȚȊȐȧ Ȋșȍ țșȚȈȓȐ Ȑ ȐȌȚȐ Ȋ ȒȐȕȖ ȕȐȒȖȔț ȕȍ ȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ ǵȍ ȗȖȔȕȦ
ȒȈȒȖȑ Ƞȍȓ ȜȐȓȤȔ ȕȈș ȥȚȖ ȔȈȓȖ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȓȖ ȕȖ ȒȈȒȖȊȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȈȠȍ țȌȐȊ-
ȓȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ ț ȊȝȖȌȈ Ȋ ȒȐȕȖ Ȕȣ țȊȐȌȍȓȐ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓ Ȗȕ
— ȎȐȊȖȑ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȐȑ ǺȈȒȖȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ Ȑ ȠȐȘȖȒȐȑ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȓȈșȒȖȊȣȑ șȖȊșȍȔ
ȗȘȖșȚȖȑ Ƕȕ ȉȣȓ ȒȈȒ-ȚȖ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȕȍȎȕȖ-șȕȐșȝȖȌȐȚȍȓȍȕ ȖșȚȘȖțȔȍȕ ȏȕȈȒȖ-
ȔȧșȤ ș ȕȈȔȐ ǫȓȈȏȈ ȍȋȖ șȖȋȘȍȊȈȓȐ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȐ ©ǵȍ ȕȈȌȖ Ȕȍȕȧ ȉȖȧȚȤșȧ
ȧ ȌȖȉȘȣȑª

241
Ǫșȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍȗȘȈȊȌȖȗȖȌȖȉȕȖ ǵȍ ȊȍȘȐȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ ȔȍȟȚȈ șȉȣȓȈșȤ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȏȌȍșȤ
ȕȍȗȘȐșȕȐȊȠȐȑșȧ — ș ȕȈȔȐ
ǷȍȘȍȌ ȕȈȟȈȓȖȔ șȍȈȕșȈ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȖȋȈșȐȓȐ șȊȍȚ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ Ȑ ǨșȍȍȊ șȐȌȍȊ-
ȠȐȍ ȗȖȖȌȈȓȤ ȌȘțȋ ȖȚ ȌȘțȋȈ Ȑȏ ȖȏȖȘșȚȊȈ șȚȈȓȐ ȋȘȖȔȒȖ ȗȍȘȍȉȘȈșȣȊȈȚȤșȧ Șȍȗ-
ȓȐȒȈȔȐ Ȑ ȖșȚȘȖȚȈȔȐ ǰ ȕȐȒȚȖ Ȑȏ ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ ȕȍ ȗȣȚȈȓșȧ Ȑȝ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤ ȕȍ șȍȘ-
ȌȐȓșȧ ȕȍ ȠȐȒȈȓ — ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ Ȑ ȚȍȔ ȟțȎȐȔ ȓȦȌȧȔ ȉȣȓȖ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖ ȗȖșȓț-
ȠȈȚȤ ȊȍșȍȓȧȡȐȝșȧ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ ǲȈȘȚȐȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȓȖȝȈȧ Ȕȣ ȍȍ ȕȍ ȌȖșȔȖȚȘȍȓȐ Ȑ ȗȖ
ȗȘȐȋȓȈȠȍȕȐȦ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȐȓȐșȤ ȕȈ ǪȖȌȖȗȤȧȕȣȑ Ȋ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘț ǩȘȐ-
ȒȖȊ ȋȌȍ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȉȣȊȈȓȐ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȍȎȍȊȍȟȍȘȕȍ
ǮȐȊȧ ț ǨșȍȍȊȣȝ Ȕȣ șȚȈȓȐ ȐșȒȈȚȤ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘț ǵȖ șȕȧȚȤ ȒȖȔȕȈȚț Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ
Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ǵȍȌȍȓȐ ȕȈ ȚȘȐ Ȕȣ ȗȍȘȍȍȝȈȓȐ Ȋ ǲțșȒȖ-
ȊȖ ȕȈ ȌȈȟț Ȓ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȔ ȖșȚȈȊȐȊȠȐȔ ȍȍ ȕȈȔ ȌȖ ȐșȚȍȟȍȕȐȧ șȘȖȒȈ ȕȈȑȔȈ
Ǩ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȕȈ ȗȖȔȖȡȤ ȗȘȐȠȍȓ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȖȊȐȟ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ Ƕȕ
ȉȣȓ țȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȖȚȏȣȊȟȐȊ ǻȏȕȈȊ Ȗ ȕȈȠȍȑ ȕȍțșȚȘȖȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Ȗȕ ȖȟȍȕȤ Ȍȍ-
ȓȐȒȈȚȕȖ ȏȈȗȘȖșȚȖ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȐȓ ȕȈȔ ȗȖșȍȓȐȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ ȕȈ ǪȖȌȖȗȤȧȕȖȔ ©ȌȖ
ȗȘȐȍȏȌȈ ǳȐȓȐ ȆȘȤȍȊȕȣª Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȊȠȍȑșȧ Ȋ ǩȍȘȓȐȕȍ ǷȘȍȌȓȖȎȍ-
ȕȐȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȏȈȔȈȕȟȐȊȖȍ ǸȈȏȊȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȀȓȈ ȏȐȔȈ ǵȖȧȉȘȤ Ǭȍ-
ȊȈȚȤșȧ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍȒțȌȈ ǷȍȘȍȍȝȈȓȐ Ȋ ǪȖȌȖȗȤȧȕȣȑ
ǪșȒȖȘȍ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ țȍȝȈȓ ȏȈ ȋȘȈȕȐȞț ǷȘȖȡȈȧșȤ Ȗȕ șȒȈȏȈȓ ȟȚȖ Ȗ ȗȘȐȍȏ-
Ȍȍ ǳȐȓȐ ȆȘȤȍȊȕȣ ȉțȌȍȚ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȏȈ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȍȕȍȑ Ȑ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȕțȎȕȖ ȉțȌȍȚ
ȒȖȔȕȈȚț ȖșȊȖȉȖȌȐȚȤ
ǵȍȌȍȓȐ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȌȊȍ ȗȖșȓȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȘȐȠȍȓ ǳȍȊ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȐȟ ǫȘȐȕȒȘțȋ1 șȒȈ-
ȏȈȓ Ȗ șȒȖȘȖȔ ȗȘȐȍȏȌȍ ǳȐȓȐ ȆȘȤȍȊȕȣ
ǰ ȊȌȘțȋ ǵȈ ȌȘțȋȖȑ Ȏȍ ȌȍȕȤ ȗȖȠȓȖ ȒȈȒ Ȋ șȒȈȏȒȍ ș ȜȈȕȚȈșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȉȣșȚ-
ȘȖȚȖȑ ǩțȒȊȈȓȤȕȖ ș ȕȍȉȈ șȊȈȓȐȓȈșȤ Ȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ Ȑ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȈ ȕȈ ǨȘȉȈȚȍ ȝȖȚȧ Ȑ
ȉȍȏ ȖȚȖȗȓȍȕȐȧ șȖȊșȍȔ ȗțșȚȈȧ ȖȒȕȈ ȏȈȉȐȚȣ ȜȈȕȍȘȖȑ ȕȖ ȏȈȚȖ — Ȗ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ —
ȗȖșȘȍȌȐȕȍ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȣ șȚȖȧȓ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȍȑȠȐȑ ȘȖȧȓȤ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȔȖȎ-
ȕȖ ȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ț șȍȉȧ ©Ȍȓȧ ȓȐȟȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȧª
Ǫ ȥȚț ȒȖȔȕȈȚț ȗȖȚȖȔ ȏȈȗȘȖșȚȖ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȐ Ȑ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ Ȑ ǨșȍȍȊ Ȑ ǷȈș-
ȚȍȘȕȈȒ Ȑ ȅȑȏȍȕȠȚȍȑȕ Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȍ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȓȐȊȣȍ ȓȦȌȐ
Ǫ ȕȖȧȉȘȍ ǨșȍȍȊ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȐȓ Ȕȕȍ șȖȉȘȈȚȤ șȚȐȝȐ Ȍȓȧ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈ Ȋ
ȐȏȌȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȍ ȋȌȍ Ȗȕ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȓ ȇ șȖȉȘȈȓȈ șȚȐȝȐ ȌȈȊ șȉȖȘȕȐȒț ȐȔȧ ©ǷȍȚ-
ȘȖȓȤª — ǷȍȚȘ ȖȊșȒȈȧ
 ǶȓȤȋȈ ǪȖȖȉȡȍ-ȚȖ șȓȖȊȖ ǷȍȚȘȖȓȤ ȗȖȗȈȝȐȊȈȓȖ ȉȍȕȏȐ-
ȕȖȔ ǵȖ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ ȔȖȓȖȌȖșȚȐ ȔȕȖȋȖȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȍȕȖ Ȕȍȕȧ ȥȚȖ ȕȐȟțȚȤ ȕȍ șȔț-
ȡȈȓȖ ǵȈȏȊȈȕȐȍ ȧ ȕȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȓȈ ǲȕȐȎȐȞț ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓȐ ǳțȕȈȟȈȘșȒȖȔț ǻ Ȕȍȕȧ
șȖȝȘȈȕȐȓȈșȤ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȤ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈ ș ȖȉȓȖȎȒȖȑ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ǳțȕȈȟȈȘșȒȐȑ ȕȈȗȐ-
șȈȓ ȗȘȐȧȚȕȣȑ Ȕȕȍ ȖȚȏȣȊ ǯȌȍșȤ Ȏȍ Ȑ ǨșȍȍȊ ȖȚȖȏȊȈȓșȧ ȌȖȉȘȣȔȐ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ
ǨșȍȍȊ șȒȈȏȈȓ ȟȚȖ șȒȖȘȖ ȒȕȐȎȒț șȌȈȌțȚ Ȋ ȕȈȉȖȘ
Ǩ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȍȕȍȑ ǨșȍȍȊ ȖȟȍȕȤ șȚȍșȕȧȧșȤ șȔțȡȍȕȕȖ șȒȈȏȈȓ Ȕȕȍ
ȟȚȖ ț ǷȍȚȘȈ ǵȍȏȕȈȔȖȊȈ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȓȖȝȐ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȌȍȓȈ ȟȚȖ ȍȔț ȕȈȌȖ ȗȖ-
1 Ⱦɪɭɝ Ȼɪɢɤɨɜ

242
ȔȖȟȤ ȊȖȚ Ȑ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȒȕȐȋȈ șȚȐȝȖȊ ȕȈ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȐ Ȉ ȌȊȈ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ ȋȘțȗȗȣ
©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª ȖȌȕȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ȐȏȌȈȚȤ ȚȘțȌȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȔȖȦ ȒȕȐȎȒț ȗȘȐȌȍȚșȧ ȖȚ-
ȓȖȎȐȚȤ ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȟȚȖ ȧ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ țȎȍ ȐȔȍȓȈ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕțȦ ȘȈȉȖȚț Ȉ ǷȍȚȧ
ǵȍȏȕȈȔȖȊ ȉȍȌșȚȊȖȊȈȓ
ǲȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȧ ȉȣȓȈ ȘȈȌȈ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ ȒȖșȊȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȔȖȟȤ ǷȍȚȍ Ȑ șȖȋȓȈșȐȓȈșȤ ȗȖ-
ȌȖȎȌȈȚȤ Ǩ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȗȖȠȓȐ ȌȍȓȈ ȕȍȖȚȓȖȎȕȣȍ ȗȖșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ǩȘȦșȖȊșȒȐȑ Ȑȕ-
șȚȐȚțȚ ȚȧȎȍȓȈȧ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȤ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȘȍȉȍȕȒȈ Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȖȍ ȔȕȖȋȖȍ ȌȘțȋȖȍ ȒȖȋ-
ȌȈ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȕȍ ȌȖ șȍȉȧ ȕȍ ȌȖ ȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȐȧ șȚȐȝȖȊ
ǰȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȓ ǨșȍȍȊ șȊȖȍ ȔȍșȚȖ Ȑ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȓȐȚȍ-
ȘȈȚțȘȣ
Ǫ  ȋȖȌț ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȓ șȊȖȍ ©ȆȉȐȓȍȑȕȖȍª Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ șȚȐȝȖ-
ȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȐ ȒȈȒ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȈȊȚȖȘ ȌȘțȎȍșȒȐ ȉȍșȍȌțȍȚ ș ǷțȠȒȐȕȣȔ ǵȍȖȉȣȟȈȑ-
ȕȖȍ ȧȘȒȖȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȋȖȘȧȟȖ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȖ ȊșȍȔȐ Ȑ ȊȖȏ-
ȉțȎȌȈȓȖ ȔȈșșț șȗȖȘȖȊ ǹȘȈȏț ȗȖȓȦȉȐȊ ȍȋȖ Ȕȣ țȎȍ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȖȉȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȉȍȏ
ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȕȍ ȊȊȍȘȕțȚȤ ©Ȓ șȓțȟȈȦª ȞȐȚȈȚȣ Ȑȏ ©ȆȉȐȓȍȑȕȖȋȖª
©Ǫ ȕȍȉȍ ȊȖȕ ȓțȕȈ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȔȖȓȖȌȈȧ ȟȚȖ ȍȍ ȉȍȏ șȗțȚȕȐȒȈ Ȑ ȊȣȗțșȒȈȚȤ ȘȐș-
ȒȖȊȈȕȕȖª
ǪȖȚ
ȒȖȋȌȈ
Ȑ ȋȖȘȍȊȈȚȤ ȕȍ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ —
ȥȚȖǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘ ǹȍȘȋȍȍȊȐȟ
ȔȕȖȋȖ ȚȧȎȍȓȍȑ
ǵȖ ȗȖȥȏȐȧ —
ȗȘȍșȊȖȓȖȟȕȍȑȠȈȧ ȠȚțȒȖȊȐȕȈ
șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ —
Ȑ ȕȐ Ȋ ȏțȉ ȕȖȋȖȑ
ǰȕȖȋȌȈ ȞȍȓȣȔȐ ȒțșȒȈȔȐ ȐȓȐ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ șȚȘȖȜȈȔȐ Ȋșȍ Ȕȣ Ȋ ȉȣȚț ȕȈ
ȝȖȌț ȕȈ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ ȞȐȚȐȘȖȊȈȓȐ ©ȆȉȐȓȍȑȕȖȍª ǵȖ ȊȖȚ ȖȉȘȈȡȍȕȐȍ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ
Ȓ ǷțȠȒȐȕț ©ǷȖșȓȍ șȔȍȘȚȐ ȕȈȔ șȚȖȧȚȤ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȟȚȖ ȘȧȌȖȔ Ȋȣ ȕȈ Ƿȍ Ȉ ȧ ȕȈ
ȥǴª — ȌȘȈȏȕȐȓȖ șȊȖȍȑ șȔȍȓȖșȚȤȦ ǵȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȓȐ ȥȚȖ ȌȍȘȏȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ
ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȕȍ ȝȖȚȍȓȐ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ ȥȚț șȚȘȖȒț
ǶȌȕȈȎȌȣ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ ȒȖȋȌȈ ǨșȍȍȊ ȏȈȠȍȓ Ȓ ȕȈȔ ȏȈȊȧȏȈȓșȧ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘ Ȑ Ȗȉ
ȥȚȖȔ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȐȟ șȒȈȏȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȗȖ ȗȘȧȔȖȑ ȈșșȖȞȐȈȞȐȐ ȍșȓȐ țȎ ȐȌ-
ȚȐ ȗȖ ȗțȚȐ șȘȈȊȕȍȕȐȑ Ȑ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȑ ȔȍșȚȈ ȗȖȥȚȈ Ȋ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȚȖ ȓȐȟȕȖ Ȗȕ
ǨșȍȍȊ ȉȣȓ ȉȣ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ ȍȋȖ ȘȖȓȤ Ȋ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȐ-
ȓȈșȤ ȗȖ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊț ȗȖ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȦ Ȑ ȗȖ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȍȔȖȔț ȔȍșȚț — ȕȈȘȈȊȕȍ ș ȗȖȥ-
ȏȐȍȑ ǩȈȘȈȚȣȕșȒȖȋȖ ǰ ȍșȓȐ ȉ ȥȚȖ Ȋ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȚȖ Ȗȕ

243
ȉȣȓ ȉȣ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȘȈȌ ©Ǵȕȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȋȖ Ȑ ȕȍ ȕȈȌȖª— ș țȓȣȉȒȖȑ ȌȖȉȈȊȐȓ ǵȐ-
ȒȖȓȈȑ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȐȟ șȔțȡȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȚȐȘȈȧ ȘțȒȐ ǶȟȍȕȤ ȏȈȗȖȔȕȐȓșȧ Ȗȕ Ȕȕȍ ȚȖ-
ȋȌȈ — ȊȏȊȖȓȕȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ Ȑ șȊȍȚȓȣȑ șȚȣȌȧȡȐȑșȧ șȊȖȍȑ ȖȚȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ
ǪȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ȥȚȈ ȔȣșȓȤ ȗȖ-ȊȐȌȐȔȖȔț ȖȟȍȕȤ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓȈ ǶȕȈ
ȕȍ ȗȖȒȐȌȈȓȈ ȍȋȖ Ȑ ȗȖȚȖȔ Ǩ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȓȍȚ ȗȖșȓȍ ȕȈȠȍȋȖ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȈ
ȥȚȖ ȊȣșȒȈȏȣȊȈȕȐȍ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȖșȤ țȎȍ ȖȜȖȘȔȓȍȕȕȣȔ ȍȋȖ șȚȐȝȈȔȐ Ȋ șȉȖȘ-
ȕȐȒȍ ©ǳȈȌª Ȋ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȐ ©ǷȖșȍȡȍȕȐȍª
ǺȈȓȈȕȚȓȐȊȣȍ ȌȖȉȘȣȍ ȘȍȉȧȚȈ
ȗȘȐȠȓȐ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ ȗȖ ȌȘțȎȍșȒȐȔ ȌȍȓȈȔ
ȚȘȐ — ȕȍ ȘȖȌȕȣȝ ȕȖ ȏȈȌțȠȍȊȕȣȝ ȉȘȈȚȈ
ȌȍȓȐȊȠȐȝ ȝȓȍȉ Ȑ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ ȗȖȗȖȓȈȔ
ǶȉȘțȟȍȕȣ ȍȌȐȕȖȦ șțȌȤȉȖȦ
ȖȕȐ șȟȐȚȈȓȐ ȖȉȡȐȔ șȊȖȑ țșȗȍȝ
ȕȖ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȉȣȚȤ ȝȖȚȍȓ șȈȔȐȔ șȖȉȖȦ
ȟȚȖȉ ȏȈșȓțȎȐȚȤ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȕȐȍ Ȍȓȧ Ȋșȍȝ
ǶȕȐ ȘȈșșȍȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȒȘȍșȓȈȝ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȌȍȚȐ
ȐȋȘȈȊȠȐȍ ȊȖ ȊȏȘȖșȓțȦ ȐȋȘț
ȐȔ ȉȣȓȖ șȈȔȣȔ ȊȈȎȕȣȔ — șȚȈȚȤ ȕȈ șȊȍȚȍ
șȖȉȘȈȚȤȧȔȐ ȊȍȓȐȒȐȝ ȗȖ ȗȍȘț
ǬȣȝȈȕȤȍ Ȍțȝ ȌțȠȈ — ȖȌȕȖ ȓȐ ȥȚȖ"
ǰ ȟȚȖ Ȏȍ Ȑȝ ȘȖȌȕȐȚ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ"
ǷȍȘȍȌȖ ȔȕȖȑ șȐȌȍȓȐ ȚȘȐ ȗȖȥȚȈ
ȎȍȓȈȦȡȐȝ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȐȚȤ ȗțȚȤ ȖȚȞȖȊ
ǪȖȚ — ǫȘȐȉȖȍȌȖȊ ǺȦȚȟȍȊ ȊȖȚ — ǬȍȘȎȈȊȐȕ
Ǩ Ȕȕȍ" ǵȍȓȤȏȧ ȓȐ ǩȈȘȈȚȣȕșȒȐȔ șȚȈȚȤ"
ǩȣȓ ȥȚȖȚ ȟȈș ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȍȕȍȕ Ȑ șȓȈȊȍȕ
ȖȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ Ȋ ȌȖșȚȖȐȕșȚȊȖ Ȑ șȚȈȚȤ
ǰ ȧ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȑ țȉȍȎȌȍȕȕȣȑ ȕȍșȓțȝ
ȗȖȊȍȘȐȓ ȟȚȖ ȖȚ ȥȚȐȝ ȉțȌȍȚ ȚȖȓȒ
ǺȘȐ ȈȕȋȍȓȈ Ȋ ȔȖȐȝ șȐȌȍȓȐ ȒȘȍșȓȈȝ
ȖșȚȈȊȐȊȠȐ Ȋ ȗȘȐȝȖȎȍȑ ȒȘȣȓȤȍȊ ȠȍȓȒ
ǲȚȖ Ȏȍ ȥȚȐ ȚȘȐ ȈȕȋȍȓȈ" ǶȚȊȍȚ ȕȈ ȥȚȖȚ ȊȖȗȘȖș ȌȈȍȚ ǳȍȊ ǶȏȍȘȖȊ Ƕȕ ȊșȗȖ-
ȔȐȕȈȍȚ Ȋ ȗȐșȤȔȍ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ
©ǲ ǪȈȠȍȑ ȋȓȈȊȒȍ “ǨșȍȍȊ — ǩȈȘȈȚȣȕșȒȐȑ” ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȍșȚȤ ȌȖȉȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ-ȘȈȏȢȧș-
ȕȍȕȐȍ

244
ǷȖșȓȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȒȈȒ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȦ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȐȟț ȐșȗȖȓȕȐȓȖșȤ  Ȑȏ ǹȖȦȏȈ ȗȐșȈ-
Țȍȓȍȑ Ȋșȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȏȊȖȕȐȓȐ — ȗȘȖșȐȓȐ ȊȏȧȚȤ ȈȌȘȍș-ȗȘȐȊȍȚșȚȊȐȍ ȗȖȚȖȔ șȈȔȐ
ȊȣȏȊȈȓȐșȤ ȗȘȐȊȍȏȚȐ ȍȋȖ ǵȖ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȐȟ ȐȘȖȕȐȟȍșȒȐ ȖȚȕȖșȐȊ-
ȠȐȑșȧ Ȓ ȦȉȐȓȍȑȕȣȔ ȈȌȘȍșȈȔ ȖȚȒȈȏȣȊȈȓșȧ ȖȚ ȋȖșȚȍȑ Ȑ ȖȚ șȈȔȖȑ ȗȘȖȞȍȌțȘȣ
ȊȘțȟȍȕȐȧ
ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȉȣȓ ȕȈȑȌȍȕ ȊȣȝȖȌ ǳ ǴȈȘȚȣȕȖȊ ǩ ǹȓțȞȒȐȑ Ȑ ǳ ǶȏȍȘȖȊ ȊȏȧȊ
Ȋ ǹǷ ȈȌȘȍș șȖȉȘȈȓȐșȤ ț ǺȍȓȍȋȘȈȜȈ Ȑ ȗȖȏȊȖȕȐȊ ǵ ǵ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȘȈȏ-
ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ ȧȊȐȚȤșȧ ȕȍȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȖ ǪȖȚ Ȕȣ ȚȘȖȍ Ȑ ȧȊȐȓȐșȤ ǹȗȍȘȊȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȐ Ȗ
ȚȖȔ Ȗ șȍȔ ǷȘȐȚȐȝȠȐȑ ǴȈȘȚȣȕȖȊ ș ȈȌȘȍșȖȔ Ȋ ȘțȒȈȝ ȊȣȠȍȓ ȕȈ șȍȘȍȌȐȕț ȉȖ-
ȓȤȠȖȑ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȣ ȚȖȑ ȋȌȍ ȘȖȧȓȤ Ƕȕ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȕȍș Ȉ ǵ ǵ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȋȘȖȔȒȖ
Ȑ ȖȉȘȈȌȖȊȈȕȕȖ șȒȈȏȈȓ
— ǵț ȊȖȚ ǶȒșȈȕȈ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ț ȕȈș ȉțȌȍȚ țȌȖȉȕȈȧ ȗȈȗȒȈ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ
ȝȘȈȕȐȚȤ Ȋ ȕȍȑ ȎȐȘȖȊȒȐ Ȑ șȟȍȚȈ
ǹȓțȞȒȐȑ ȗȘȖȟȐȚȈȓ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȜȘȈȏ ȗȘȐȊȍȚșȚȊȐȧ
ǷȖȚȖȔ ȊȣȠȍȓ ȧ Ȑ ȗȖȕȧȓ ȟȚȖ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȕȖșȐȚȤ ȘȍȟȐ șȔȍȠȕȖ
ǩȖȓȧȡȐȑ Ȍțȝ ȊȘȈȟțȍȚ ȗȍșȕȖȗȍȕȤȍ
ȅȚț șȚȘȖȒț Ȑȏ ǩȈȘȈȚȣȕșȒȖȋȖ ȒȚȖ-ȚȖ Ȑȏ ȕȈș ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȓ Ȑ șȗȘȖșȐȓ
— ǺȈȒ ȒȚȖ ȒȖȋȖ ȊȘȈȟțȍȚ"
— Ǭțȝ — ȗȍșȕȖȗȍȕȤȍ ȗȍșȕȖȗȍȕȤȍ — Ȍțȝ" ȅȚȖ Ȑ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȟȚȖ ȕȍȧșȕȖ ȒȚȖ
ȒȖȋȖ ȊȘȈȟțȍȚ— ȖȚȊȍȟȈȓ ȌȘțȋȖȑ
Ǵȣ ȌȖȓȋȖ Ȋ ȥȚȖȚ ȊȍȟȍȘ ȉȍșȍȌȖȊȈȓȐ — ȗȖȖȟȍȘȍȌȕȖ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȚȘȍȝ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȈȝ
ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȣ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȐȟ ȉȣȓ ȕȍȖȉȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȊȖȖȌțȠȍȊȓȍȕ Ȑ ȖȉȘȈȌȖ-
ȊȈȕ ǲȖȕȍȟȕȖ Ȏȍ — ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȖȔ șȚȐȝȈȔȐ ȌȘțȎȍȓȦȉȐȍȔ ǩȣȓȖ ȗȘȖȟȐȚȈȕȖ Ȋșȍ-
ȔȐ ȔȕȖȋȖ șȚȐȝȖȊ
ǿȍȘȍȏ ȌȍȕȤ-ȌȊȈ ǵ ǵ ȗȖȏȊȖȕȐȓ Ȕȕȍ Ȑ ȗȘȖșȐȓ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȚȤ ȇ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȓ Ȑ țș-
ȓȣȠȈȓ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȍ “ǷȖșȍȡȍȕȐȍ”.
“ǺȘȐ ȈȕȋȍȓȈ” șȐȌȍȊȠȐȍ Ȋ ȈșȍȍȊșȒȐȝ ȒȘȍșȓȈȝ ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ ȕȐ șȚȘȈȕȕȖ Ȑ șȔȍȠ-
ȕȖ ȥȚȖ ȊȣȠȍȕȈȏȊȈȕȕȣȍ ȗȐȐȚȣª
ǻ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȧ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ șȔȍȓȖȋȖ ȈȏȈȘȚȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȘȖȑ ȒȖȓȦȟȍȋȖ ȐȘȖȕȐ-
ȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȌȍȚșȒȖȋȖ Ƕȕ ȒȈȒ ȘȍȉȍȕȖȒ ȔȖȋ ȊȍșȍȓȖ ȘȈȌȖȊȈȚȤ-
șȧ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖȔț ©ȗȖȌȈȘȒțª ȐȓȐ ȝȖȘȖȠȍȑ ȠțȚȒȍ ǳȦȉȐȓ ©ȘȖȏȣȋȘȣȠȐª ȕȖ
ȔȧȋȒȐȍ ȌȖȉȘȖȌțȠȕȣȍ ȉȍȏ ȐȏȌȍȊȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ
ǲȖȋȌȈ ǨșȍȍȊȣ ȗȖșȚȘȖȐȓȐ ȌȈȟț ȕȈ ǵȐȒȖȓȐȕȖȑ ȋȖȘȍ Ȑ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȍ-ȚȖ ȗȖȌ-
ȝȖȌȧȡȍȍ — Ȓ ȐȔȍȕȐ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȐȟ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȖȊȍșȍȓȍȓ șȚȈȓ ȓțȟȠȍ
ȊȣȋȓȧȌȍȚȤ ȉȖȌȘȐȓșȧ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȐȓ ǶȒșȈȕț— ȊȍȌȤ ȥȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȗȘȐȓȖȎȐȓȈ ȔȈșșț
ȚȘțȌȖȊ Ȓ ȗȖșȚȘȖȑȒȍ ȌȈȟȐ ȖȕȈ ȊȍȓȈ Ȋșȍ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȣ ș ȘȈȉȖȟȐȔȐ ȕȍ ȓȍȕȐȓȈșȤ
ȍȏȌȐȚȤ ȗȖ ȊșȧȒȐȔ ȈȌȘȍșȈȔ șȚȘȖȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȒȖȕȚȖȘ șȚȈȘȈȧșȤ ȐȏȉȈȊȐȚȤ ©ǲȖȓȧȌ-
Ȓțª ȖȚ ȘȈȏȕȣȝ țȚȖȔȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȝȓȖȗȖȚ ǰ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȤ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȖȚșȚțȗȐȓȈ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț

245
șȚȈȓȖ ȓȍȋȟȍ ǰ ȒȈȒȐȍ Ȋȍșȍȓȣȍ ȌȖȔȈȠȕȐȍ ȒțȗȓȍȚȣ șȖȟȐȕȐȓ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǵȐȒȖ-
ȓȈȍȊȐȟ
ǪȖȚ ȌȖȔȐȒ Ȕȣ ȗȖșȚȘȖȐȓȐ
ȗȘȍȊȣȠȍ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȈȓȈȚ
ǷȈȘȈȌȕȖȍ — ȕȈȘȧȌȕȖȍ —
Ȉ ȖȒȕȈ — ȗȘȧȔȖ Ȋ șȈȌ
ǰ ȚȈȔ ȋțȓȧȍȚ ǲțȚȍȟȒȈ1
ȒȈȒ ȓȐșȒȈ ȔȍȎ ȍȓȍȑ
ȉȍșȞȍȕȕȈȧ ȔȈȓȦȚȖȟȒȈ
Ȋșȍȝ ȉȈȉȖȟȍȒ ȔȐȓȍȑ
ǲțȌȈ ȖȕȈ ȕȐ ȋȓȧȕȍȚ
ȚȈȔ ȔȖȘȍ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ
ȒțȌȈ ȖȕȈ ȕȐ șȚțȗȐȚ
ȚȈȔ ȊȣȘȈșȚțȚ ȞȊȍȚȣ
ǪȖȚ ȖȕȈ ȒȈȒȈȧ
ǰ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȖ ȠțȚȧ Ȑ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȓȦȉȧ ș ȕȍ șȝȖȌȧȡȍȑ ș ȓȐȞȈ țȓȣȉȒȖȑ
ǮȐȊȣȔ ȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȣȔ ȕȍțȋȖȔȖȕȕȣȔ Ȑ ȊȍșȍȓȣȔ ȉțȕȚȈȘȍȔ Ȉ ȗȖȌȟȈș Ȑ ȖșȚȘȣȔ
ȏȈȌȐȘȖȑ ȏȈȗȖȔȕȐȓșȧ Ȕȕȍ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȐȟ ǿȈșȚȖ ȉȣȊȈȧ ȌȖȔȈ ț Ǩșȍȍ-
Ȋȣȝ ȧ ȕȍȘȍȌȒȖ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȖȊȈȓȈ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ Ȋ ©ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȖȑ ȔȈșȚȍȘșȒȖȑ ȗȖȥȚȈª
șȓȣȠȈȓȈ ȒȈȒ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȐȟ ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȧ ȕȈș ș ǶȒșȈȕȖȑ (țșȐȓȍȕȕȖ Ȑ
ȕȈȘȖȟȕȖ ȏȈȕȧȊȠȐȝșȧ ȟȚȍȕȐȍȔ ȐȓȐ ȠȐȚȤȍȔ ȗȘȖȐȏȕȖșȐȓ ȒȈȒȐȍ-ȚȖ șȓȖȊȈ ȒȈ-
ȒȐȍ-ȚȖ șȚȐȝȐ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ șȓȖȎȐȊȠȐȍșȧ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ țȓȍȋȠȐȍșȧ Ȋ șȚȘȖȒț ǰȕȖȋȌȈ
ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȐȟ ȝȖȌȐȓ ȗȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ Ȑȏ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȣ Ȋ ȒȖȔȕȈȚț ȋȖȓȖșȖȔ ȚȖ
ȚȐȝȖ ȚȖ ȋȘȖȔȒȖ ©Ȕȧȓª șȓȖȊȈ Ȑ șȓȖȊȈ ȥȚȐ ȊșȒȖȘȍ ȗȖșȓțȠȕȖ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȓȐ ȎȐ-
ȊțȦ țȒȈȏȈȕȕțȦ ȐȔ ȖșȧȏȈȍȔțȦ ȜȖȘȔț ȚțȚ Ȏȍ ȕȈ ȝȖȌț ȖȚȊȍȘȋȈȍȔțȦ șȈȔȐȔ
ȗȖȥȚȖȔ ȐȓȐ Ȏȍ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȔțȦ ©ǷȘȐȕȧȚȣȍª șȚȐȝȐ ǨșȍȍȊ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈȏ ȗȖ-
ȊȚȖȘȧȓ Ȑ ȗȍȓ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȉȖȧșȤ ȏȈȉȣȚȤ Ȑȝ ǪȌȘțȋ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȓ ȕȈȠȍ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȐȍ ȗȖȌ-
ȝȖȌȐȓ ȋȘȖȔȒȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȕȖșȐȓ ȕȖȊȖȘȖȎȌȍȕȕȣȍ șȚȐȝȐ Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔ
— ǵț ȒȈȒ"
ǶȟȍȕȤ ȘȈȌȖȊȈȓșȧ ȍșȓȐ ȝȊȈȓȐȓȐ șȔȍȧȓșȧ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȍ șȖȋȘȍȊȈȧșȤ ǵȈșȚȈȐ-
ȊȈȓ ȕȈ țȚȖȟȕȍȕȐȐ ȒȈȒȐȍ ȔȍșȚȈ ȓțȟȠȍ ȒȈȒȐȍ ȝțȎȍ
Ǫ ȘȍȌȒȐȝ șȓțȟȈȧȝ ȕȍțȌȈȟ ȚțșȒȕȍȓ ȉȘȖșȈȓ ȉȍȏȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȖ
— ǩțȌȍȔ ȗȐȚȤ ȟȈȑ ǶȒșȈȕȖȟȒȈ ȟȚȖ ț ȕȈș ȊȒțșȕȖȋȖ Ȓ ȟȈȦ"
ȀȒȖȓȈ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȈ ǶȕȈ ȕȍȏȈȉȣȊȈȍȔȈ.
1 Ⱦɟɬɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɡɜɢɳɟ Ʉɫɟɧɢɢ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɧɵ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ

ǴȖȧ ȌȘțȎȉȈ ș ǨșȍȍȊȣȔ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȠȈȧ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț ȗȘȖȚȧȕțȓȈșȤ ȕȈ ȌȖȓȋȐȍ
ȋȖȌȣ Ǩ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ șȚȈȓȖ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȧ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȐȟȈ ȖȕȈ ȗȘȐȏȊȈȓȈ ǲșȍȕȐȦ ǴȐ-
ȝȈȑȓȖȊȕț Ȑ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȓ Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ ȕȈȌ ȈȘȝȐȊȖȔ ȗȖȥȚȈ
ǨșȍȍȊ ȘȈȏȉȘȈșȣȊȈȓ șȊȖȐ ȏȈȔȍȚȒȐ ȗȖȊșȦȌț Ȋ șȈȔȣȝ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȣȝ Ȕȍș-
ȚȈȝ ǲȖȍ-ȟȚȖ Ȑȏ ȥȚȐȝ ȏȈȗȐșȍȑ ǲșȍȕȐȐ ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȕȍ țȌȈȊȈȓȖșȤ ȍȡȍ ȗȘȐ ȎȐȏ-
ȕȐ ȔțȎȈ ȗȘȧȚȈȚȤ Ȋ ȏȈȊȍȚȕȣȑ ȟȍȔȖȌȈȕ ȖȚȒțȌȈ ȗȖȚȖȔ Ȕȣ ș ȕȍȑ ȐȏȊȓȍȒȈȓȐ ȥȚȐ
ȏȈȗȐșȐ Ȍȓȧ ȘȈșȠȐȜȘȖȊȒȐ ȈșȍȍȊșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȟȍȘȒȈ ș ȊȐȌț ȧșȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȗȖȕȧȚȕȖȋȖ
ȕȖ ȗȖȘȖȑ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȕȍȘȈȏȉȖȘȟȐȊȖȋȖ ǰȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ șȐȌȍȚȤ ȕȈȌ ȈșȍȍȊșȒȐȔȐ șȚȐ-
ȝȖȚȊȖȘȕȣȔȐ ȘȍȉțșȈȔȐ șȚȘȈȌȈȧ Ȑ ȔțȟȈȧșȤ ȘȈȏȋȈȌȣȊȈȧ șȓȖȊȈ
Ǵȣ ȒȈȒ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȍ Ȋ ȠȈȝȚȍ ȗȘȖȉȐȊȈȓȐ ȚȖȓȡț ȈȘȝȐȊȈ ǷȓȈșȚ ȏȈ ȗȓȈșȚȖȔ ©ȖȚ-
ȉȐȊȈȓȐ ȗȖȘȖȌțª ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓȐ ȕȖȊȣȍ șȚȐȝȐ ȕȈȉȘȖșȒȐ ȕȍȘȈȏȘȍȠȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍ-
șȒȐȍ ȏȈȌȈȟȐ — Ȑ ȊȌȘțȋ — ȊȐȌȐȔ ȏȈȒȖȕȟȍȕȕțȦ șȚȘȖȑȕțȦ ȗȖȥȔț ȕȐȒȖȔț ȕȐ-
ȋȌȍ ȞȍȓȐȒȖȔ ȕȍ ȟȐȚȈȕȕțȦ ȕȐȒȍȔ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ șȓȣȠȈȕȕțȦ
ǹȓțȟȈȑȕȖșȚȐ ȉȣȊȈȓȐ ȘȈȏȕȣȍ ǺȈȒ Ȕȣ șȖȉȘȈȓȐ Ȍȓȧ ǫȖșȐȏȌȈȚȈ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȠȍșȚȖȑ ȚȖȔ Ȓ ȗȧȚȐȚȖȔȕȐȒț ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȧ
ǨșȍȍȊ ȍȡȍ ȗȖȓȕȖșȚȤȦ ȕȍ Ȑȏțȟȍȕ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȚȖ, ȟȚȖ ȐȏțȟȈȍȚșȧ ȊȍȏȌȍ
ǷȘȐȌțȚ ȕȖȊȣȍ șȐȓȣ ȉțȌțȚ ȈȕȈȓȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ ȘțșșȒȖȋȖ ȗȐ-
șȈȚȍȓȧ — ȗȖȥȚȈ ȗȘȖȏȈȐȒȈ ȒȘȐȚȐȒȈ — ǵȐȒȖȓȈȧ ǨșȍȍȊȈ

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	¹¼º¹·³¸«¸³Ê

ȇ ȊșȦ șȊȖȦ ȏȊȖȕȒțȦ șȐȓț ȗȖȥȚȈ
Ǻȍȉȍ ȖȚȌȈȦ ȈȚȈȒțȦȡȐȑ ȒȓȈșș
Ǫ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ
ǮȐȏȕȤ ȗȖȌȈȘȐȓȈ Ȕȕȍ ȊșȚȘȍȟț ș ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȖȔ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȖȊȐȟȍȔ ǴȈȧȒȖȊ-
șȒȐȔ ǹȟȐȚȈȦ ȟȚȖ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȏȕȈȊȠȐȑ ȍȋȖ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȈȚȤ Ȗ ȕȍȔ ȓȦȌȧȔ
ǸȈșșȒȈȎț Ȑ ȧ ǵȍ șȚȈȕț ȈȕȈȓȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȗȖȥȚȈ ȇ ȘȈșșȒȈȎț Ȗ ȟȍ-
ȓȖȊȍȒȍ Ȗ șȚȈȘȠȍȔ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȍ ȚȍȗȓȖ Ȑ ȌȖȉȘȖșȍȘȌȍȟȕȖ ȖȚȕȖșȐȊȠȍȔșȧ Ȓ ȕȈȔ
— ȕȈȟȐȕȈȦȡȐȔ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚȖȘȈȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȔ ȟȓȍȕȈȔ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȖȑ ȋȘțȗ-
ȗȣ «ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ».
_____
ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȉȣȓ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȘȍȌȒȖȑ ȐȕȌȐȊȐȌțȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȖȏȈ-
ȘȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȔ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȖȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȌțȠȍȊȕȖȑ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ țȔȕȣȑ
ȌȖȉȘȖșȍȘȌȍȟȕȣȑ ȖȉȈȧȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ.
 ȋȖȌ ǵȈ ȜȖȕȍ ȕȈȗȘȧȎȍȕȕȖȑ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȉȖȘȤȉȣ ȘȈșȚȍȚ ȕȖȊȣȑ
ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ — ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȉțȌțȡȐȑ ȗȖȥȚ — ȋȓȈȠȈȚȈȑ ǸȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ
Ǫ ȦȕȖȠȍșȒȐȍ ȋȖȌȣ șȚȈȊ ȗȘȖȗȈȋȈȕȌȐșȚȖȔ Ȗȕ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌțȍȔȣȑ ȞȈȘșȒȐȔȐ ©ȉȓȦ-
șȚȐȚȍȓȧȔȐ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȈª Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ -ȝ ȓȍȚ ș ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȐȔȐ ȗȍȘȍȘȣȊȈȔȐ — ȉȣȓ ȏȈ-
ȚȖȟȈȍȔ Ȋ ȚȦȘȍȔȕȣȍ ȒȈȏȍȔȈȚȣ ǺȈȔ Ȗȕ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȓșȧ ș ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȍȘȈȔȐ ȖȟȍȕȤ
ȔȕȖȋȖ ȟȐȚȈȓ ȒȖȘȐȜȍȍȊ ȘțșșȒȖȑ Ȑ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ — ȚȈȒ Ȗȕ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȓ-
șȧ ȚȈȒ șȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȓșȧ ȍȋȖ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘ ȍȋȖ ȔȐȘȖșȖȏȍȘȞȈȕȐȍ
Ǫ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȑȠȍȔ Ȗȕ ȊșȦ șȊȖȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ șȊȖȑ ȔȖȋțȟȐȑ ȚȈȓȈȕȚ ȖȚȌȈșȚ ǸȖȌȐȕȍ
șȚȘȈȕȍ ȗȖȉȍȌȐȊȠȍȍ țȋȕȍȚȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȕȈșȐȓȐȍ. ǹȊȖȍ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȗȖ-
șȊȧȚȐȚ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȐȒȈȔ Ȑ ȗȖȚȖȔȒȈȔ
ǩȣȓ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȟȐșȚ Ȑ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌȍȕ Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ șțȚȐ ǷȖȘȣȊȐșȚ
Ȑ ȋȖȘȧȟ ȉȣȓ ȥȚȖȚ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȕȍȑȠȐȑ, «ȕȍ Ȍȓȧ Ȍȍȕȍȋ ȘȖȌȐȊȠȐȑșȧ» 1 ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ
1 ɇɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɧɟɝ ɪɨɞɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ — ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɢɧɨ-ɪɨɦɚɧɚ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɚ Ɇɚɹɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɧɹɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ
ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɮɢɥɶɦɟ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ ɂɜɚɧɚ ɇɨɜɚ ɜ 1918 ɝɨɞɭ

248
ǷȓȈȔȍȕȍȔ ȕȍțȋȈșȐȔȣȔ ȋȖȘȍȓȈ Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȊȍȘȈ Ȋ ȋȘȧȌțȡȍȍ ȒȖȔȔțȕȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ
ǯȈȊȚȘȈ — ȖȕȈ ȊȍȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȗȖ ȎȐȏȕȐ șȔȣșȓ șȊȖȍȋȖ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȗȕ ȊȐȌȍȓ Ȋ
șȓțȎȍȕȐȐ ȥȚȖȑ ȐȌȍȍ ȖȚȌȈȊȈȧ ȍȑ ȔȕȖȋȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȖȍ șȊȖȍ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ
ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ-ȗȖȥȚ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȓ Ȑ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȖȔ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȈ
ǹ  ȗȖ 3 ȋ Ȗȕ ȔȕȖȋȖ șȐȓ ȖȚȌȈȊȈȓ ȗȐșȈȕȐȦ ȎȐȊȖȗȐșȕȣȝ ȗȓȈȒȈȚȖȊ ș
șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȐȔȐ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȕȣȔȐ ȕȈȌȗȐșȧȔȐ ȕȈ ȏȓȖȉț Ȍȕȧ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ
ȈȋȐȚȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȋȖ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȧ ǷȓȈȒȈȚȣ ȊȣșȚȈȊȓȧȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȊȐȚȘȐȕȈȝ ǸǶǹǺǨ1 ȕȈ
ǺȊȍȘșȒȖȑ țȓȐȞȍ2  ȐȔȍȓȐ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ țșȗȍȝ ǳȦȌȐ ȓȦȉȐȓȐ ȏȊȖȕȒȐȑ ȦȔȖȘ ȗȖȥȚȈ-
ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȈ
ǶȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ Ȓ șȖȉȣȚȐȧȔ ȓȐȟȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȟțȊșȚȊȈ Ȓ ȓȦȉȐȔȖȑ ȎȍȕȓȐȕȍ Ȓ
ȘȖȌȕȖȑ șȍȔȤȍ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ Ȓ ȓȦȌȧȔ ț ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȍȘȈȏȘȣȊȕȖ șȊȧȏȈȕȣ ș
ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍȔ Ȓ șȖȉȣȚȐȧȔ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȊȠȐȔ Ȋ ȘȖȌȕȖȑ șȚȘȈȕȍ Ȑ ȊȖ ȊșȍȔ ȔȐȘȍ
Ǫșȍ ȥȚȖ șȓȐȊȈȓȖșȤ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖ ȍȌȐȕȖȍ ȞȍȓȖȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ Ȑ ȉȣȓȖ ȍȋȖ ȌȣȝȈȕȐȍȔ șȖ-
ȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍȔ Ȑ șȔȣșȓȖȔ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȑ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȈ ǭȋȖ ȓȐȘȐȒȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȕȈȗȖȍȕȈ ȗȈȚȍ-
ȚȐȒȖȑ ȥȗȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȓȐȟȕȖȍ Ȑ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȍ ȒȈȒ Ȑ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȎȐȏ-
ȕȐ ȐȔȍȓȖ ȖȌȕȐ Ȑ Țȍ Ȏȍ ȒȖȘȕȐ
ǺȈȒȖȊ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ Ȑ ȕȍ ȝȖȚȍȓ ȉȣȚȤ ȌȘțȋȐȔ
ǻȟȈșȤ Ȋ șȘȍȌȕȍȑ ȠȒȖȓȍ ȧ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓȈ Ȗ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȔ ȕȈ țȘȖȒȈȝ ȓȐ-
ȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ ț ȕȈș ȍȋȖ «ȕȍ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȓȐª Ƕ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȍ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȉȣȓȖ șȓȈȉȖȍ ȗȖ-
ȕȧȚȐȍ ǸȖșȓȈ ȧ ȍșȓȐ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȚȈȒ ȊȣȘȈȏȐȚȤșȧ Ȋ șȍȔȤȍ «țȟȐȚȍȓȤșȒȖȑ» — Ȑ ȔȈȚȤ,
Ȑ ȖȚȍȞ ȉȣȓȐ țȟȐȚȍȓȧȔȐ ǶȚȍȞ șȔȖȓȖȌț ȍȡȍ șȚțȌȍȕȚȖȔ șȚȈȓ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȍ-
ȘȖȔ ȗȖȌȗȖȓȤȡȐȒȖȔ ȉȣȓ ȈȒȚȐȊȍȕ șȟȐȚȈȓșȧ «ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȕȍȉȓȈȋȖȕȈȌȍȎ-
ȕȣȔ». Ǫ  ȋȖȌț ȉȣȓ șȕȐȎȍȕ Ȋ ȌȖȓȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȗȖșȓȈȕ Ȋ ȏȈȝȖȓțșȚȤȍ Ǫ ȒȖȕȞȍ
ȒȖȕȞȖȊ ȋȖȕȐȔȣȑ Ȑ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌțȍȔȣȑ ȞȈȘșȒȐȔȐ ȟȐȕȖȊȕȐȒȈȔȐ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț Ȗȕ
ȖȟțȚȐȓșȧ ȕȈ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȔ ǪȖșȚȖȒȍ
ǪȣșȖȒȖȖȉȘȈȥȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ, Ȗȕ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȓȦȉȐȓ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕțȦ ȓȐȚȍȘȈ-
ȚțȘț Ȋ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ǷțȠȒȐȕȈ ǳȤȊȈ ǺȖȓșȚȖȋȖ ǹȈȓȚȣȒȖȊȈ-ȁȍȌ-
ȘȐȕȈ ǿȍȝȖȊȈ ǿȐȚȈȓ Ȑȝ ȊȍȟȍȘȈȔȐ ȕȈȔ ȌȍȚȧȔ șȕȈȉȎȈȧ ȖȚȓȐȟȕȣȔȐ ȒȖȔȔȍȕ-
ȚȈȘȐȧȔȐ
Ƕȕ Ȑ șȈȔ ȗȐșȈȓ șȚȐȝȐ Ȑ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣ ǬȊȈ ȍȋȖ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȈ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȐ ȖȌȖȉȘȍȕȐȍ
Ǫ ǫ ǲȖȘȖȓȍȕȒȖ ǵȖ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȍȔ ȖȚȍȞ ȕȍ șȚȈȓ — ȉȣȓ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȗȍȘȍȋȘțȎȍȕ
ȗȍȌȈȋȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȖȑ Ȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤȦ ǶȚ ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȍȑ Ȗ
ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȔ ȧ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ șȓȣȝȈȓȈ
ǴȖȍ ȗȍȘȊȖȍ ȏȕȈȒȖȔșȚȊȖ ș ȍȋȖ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖȔ șȖșȚȖȧȓȖșȤ ȊȍșȕȖȑ  ȋȖȌȈ
ȊȖ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȍ Ȋ Ȓȓțȉȍ ǳȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖ-ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ǲȓțȉ ȥȚȖȚ
ȉȣȓ Ȋ ȗȖȌȊȈȓȤȕȖȔ ȗȖȔȍȡȍȕȐȐ ȗȖȌ ȚȍȈȚȘȖȔ «ǯȖȓȖȚȖȑ ǸȖȋ» ǵȈȏȣȊȈȓșȧ Ȓȓțȉ
«ǩȈȓȈȋȈȕȟȐȒ» Ƕȕ ȉȣȓ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȓȦȉȐȔ ȖȝȖȚȕȖ ȗȖșȍȡȈȍȔ Ȋșȍ ȗȍȘȍȌȖȊȖȍ ȕȖȊȖȍ,
ȚȈȓȈȕȚȓȐȊȖȍ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖȍ ȗȖ ȊșȍȔ ȊȐȌȈȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȉȣȓȖ șȖșȘȍȌȖȚȖȟȍȕȖ Ȋ
«ǩȈȓȈȋȈȕȟȐȒȍ», — șȦȌȈ șȚȘȍȔȐȓȐșȤ Ȋșȍ
1 Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɟ Ɍɟɥɟɝɪɚɮɧɨɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨ
2 ɇɵɧɟ ɭɥ Ƚɨɪɶɤɨɝɨ

249
ǷȖȥȚ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǨșȍȍȊ ȌȈȊȠȐȑ ȐȌȍȦ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ «ǩȈȓȈȋȈȕȟȐȒȈ» ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȗȘȐ-
șțȚșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȕȈ ȊȍȟȍȘȈȝ Ȑ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȧȝ ȒȓțȉȈ
Ǫ ȚȖȚ ȕȈȊșȍȋȌȈ ȏȈȗȖȔȕȐȊȠȐȍșȧ Ȕȕȍ ȊȍȟȍȘ ǨșȍȍȊ ȗȖȖȉȍȡȈȓ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȖ-
ȊȈȊȠȐȔ ȗȘȖȟȐȚȈȚȤ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȌȘțȋȈ Ȑ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȈ ȗȖ ȗȍȘț — ȗȖȥȔț
ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ «ǿȍȓȖȊȍȒ».
ǷȘȐ ȗȍȘȊȣȝ Ȏȍ șȚȘȖȒȈȝ ȗȖȥȔȣ ȊȍȓȐȟȈȊȣȝ Ȑ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȒȈȒ ȔȕȖȋȖ-
ȋȖȓȖșȕȣȑ ȝȖȘȈȓ — ȏȈȚȘȍȗȍȚȈȓȖ ȔȖȍ șȍȘȌȞȍ
ǹȊȧȡȍȕȕȖșȓțȎȐȚȍȓȧ ȔȐȘȈ
ǶȚȗțșȚȐȚȍȓȧ Ȋșȍȝ ȋȘȍȝȖȊ șȖȓȕȞȈ ȓȈȌȖȕȤ
ǵȈ ȋȖȓȖȊȍ ȔȖȍȑ
ǩȓȈȋȖȟȍșȚȐȊȍȑȠȍȑ Ȑȏ ȔȖȕȈȠȍșȚȊțȦȡȐȝ —
ǵȖȟȐ ȖȉȓȈȟȍȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȗȓȍȟȈȝ ȔȖȐȝ.
Ǭȕȍȑ ȓȦȉȊȐ ȔȖȍȑ ȚȣșȧȟȍȓȍȚȕȍȍ
ǭȊȈȕȋȍȓȐȍ ȞȍȓțȦ
ǷȖȥȔȈ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȈȧ ȔȕȖȋȖȟȈșȚȊȈȧ.  șȚȘȈȕȐȞȣ ȗȖȥȔȣ ǨșȍȍȊ ȗȘȖȟȐȚȈȓ Ȋ
ȌȊȈ ȗȘȐȍȔȈ ș ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ ȗȍȘȍȘȣȊȖȔ ǿȐȚȈȓ Ȗȕ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȓȍȗȕȖ
ǷȖȥȔȈ ȖȠȍȓȖȔȐȓȈ Ȕȍȕȧ ǵȈ ȜȖȕȍ ȍȍ ȖȉȡȍȋȖ ȚȘȈȋȍȌȐȑȕȖȋȖ ȗȓȈȕȈ ȦȔȖȘ
ȟȍȘȍȌȖȊȈȓșȧ ș ȗȈȚȍȚȐȒȖȑ ȊȖȓȕțȧ Ȑ Ȋȍșȍȓȧ șȓțȠȈȚȍȓȧ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȣȔȐ ȗȍȘȍ-
ȝȖȌȈȔȐ ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȧ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ
Ǫșȍ ȉȣȓȖ Ȍȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȖȊȖ ȕȍȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ Ȑ ȧȘȒȖ ǹ ȎȈȌȕȣȔ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍȔ
ȦȕȖșȚȐ șȓțȠȈȓȈ ȧ ȥȚț ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȍȑȠțȦ ȊȍȌȤ ȌȖȚȖȓȍ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȋȖ Ȕȕȍ ȗȖȥȚȈ
ǪșȒȖȘȍ Ȕȍȕȧ ȗȖȏȕȈȒȖȔȐȓȐ ș ǨșȍȍȊȣȔ Ȑ ș ȍȋȖ ȎȍȕȖȑ ǶȒșȈȕȖȑ ǯȕȈȒȖȔ-
șȚȊȖ ȗȍȘȍȠȓȖ Ȋ ȌȘțȎȉț Ǵȣ ȘȍȠȐȓȐ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ȍȝȈȚȤ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț ǵȖ ȕȈȠȍ ȋȖȘȧ-
ȟȍȍ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȍ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȕȍȖșțȡȍșȚȊȐȔȣȔ Ȋ ǹȐȉȐȘȐ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȐșȤ ȍȡȍ ȉȈȕȌȣ
ȉȍȓȖȋȊȈȘȌȍȑȞȍȊ ǷȘȐȠȓȖșȤ ȕȈ ȋȖȌ ȏȈȌȍȘȎȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ
ȉȣȓȈ șȚȖȓȐȞȍȑ ȕȖȊȖȘȖȎȌȍȕȕȖȑ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȖȑ ǸȍșȗțȉȓȐȒȐ
ǷȖșȓȍ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȈ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȋȖ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ șȚȖȧȡȍȋȖ ț ȖȒȍȈȕȈ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ Ȗ
ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȑ ȕȖȘȊȍȎșȒȐȑ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤ ǼȘȐȚȤȖȜ ǵȈȕșȍȕ Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȒȕȐ-
ȋȍ «ǿȍȘȍȏ ǹȐȉȐȘȤ Ǫ șȚȘȈȕȍ ȉțȌțȡȍȋȖ)» ȊȣȘȈȎȈȓ șȊȖȍ ȊȖșȝȐȡȍȕȐȍ șȘȈȊȕȐ-
ȊȈȧ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒ ȗȖ ȒȘȈșȖȚȍ ȍȋȖ ș ǵȍȈȗȖȓȍȔ ȗȖșȓȍ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ — ȉȓȈȋȖ-
țșȚȘȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ș ȚȘȈȔȊȈȍȔ ș ȊȍȓȐȒȖȓȍȗȕȣȔȐ ȏȌȈȕȐȧȔȐ — ǿȐȚȈ ȕȈ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ
ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓȈșȤ ȕȈȔ ȕȍȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ș ȍȍ ȗȘȐȏȍȔȐșȚȣȔȐ ȌȖȔȈȔȐ ȕȍ-
ȔȖȡȍȕȣȔȐ țȓȐȞȈȔȐ ș ȋȘȖȔȣȝȈȦȡȐȔȐ ȚȍȓȍȋȈȔȐ Ȑ ȋȘțȏȖȊȐȒȈȔȐ
ǵȖ ȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȧ ȉȣȓȐ ȖȉȔȈȕȟȐȊȣ ǷȘȐ ȉȓȐȎȈȑȠȍȔ ȖȏȕȈȒȖȔȓȍ-
ȕȐȐ ș ȋȖȘȖȌȖȔ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ ȍȋȖ ȓȦȌȐ Ȑ Ȑȝ ȌȍȓȈ șȔȍȓȣ ȧȘȒȐ ȕȈȗȖȓȕȍȕȣ
ȋȓțȉȖȒȐȔ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȣȔ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍȔ ǮȐȏȕȤ ȏȌȍșȤ ȊȖșȝȐȡȈȓȈ ȉȖȓȤȠȐ-
ȔȐ ȌȍȓȈȔȐ ǿȐȚȈ șȚȈȓȈ ȎȐȊȣȔ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȣȔ ȞȍȕȚȘȖȔ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȋȖ ǪȖșȚȖȒȈ Ǫ
șȚȖȓȐȞȍ ǬǪǸ — Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ șȖșȘȍȌȖȚȖȟȐȓȐșȤ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȍ șȐȓȣ ȕȈțȒȐ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ
ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ — șȐȓȤȕȣȍ șȔȍȓȣȍ ȌȍȘȏȈȦȡȐȍ ȓȦȌȐ ȖȚȌȈȊȈȓȐ Ȋșȍ șȊȖȐ șȐȓȣ ȕȈ
ȌȍȓȖ șȚȘȖȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǵȖ ȘȧȌȖȔ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍșȗȖȒȖȑȕȖ Ȋ ǹȐȉȐȘȐ ȍȡȍ

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ȕȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȉȍȎȌȍȕȣ ȊȘȈȋȐ ǸȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ
ǸȍȌȈȒȚȖȘ ȟȐȚȐȕșȒȖȑ ȋȈȏȍȚȣ «ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȑ ȗțȚȤ» (ȖȘȋȈȕ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖș-
ȚȖȟȕȖȋȖ ǩȦȘȖ Ǿǲ ǸǲǷ ȉ) ȒȖȔȔțȕȐșȚ ș 9 ȋȖȌȈ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǼȍȌȖȘȖȊȐȟ ǿț-
ȎȈȒ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȐȓ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȊȠȐȔ Ȋ ǿȐȚț ȗȖȥȚȈȔ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȦ ǨșȍȍȊț Ȑ ǹȍȘȋȍȦ ǺȘȍ-
ȚȤȧȒȖȊț ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȈȚȤ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕțȦ ȋȘțȗȗț
ǨșȍȍȊ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ țȎȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȑ ȗȖȥȚ ȗȘȐȊȍȏ Ȋ ǿȐȚț ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȕțȦ
ȊȖ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȍ ȒȕȐȋț șȚȐȝȖȊ «ǩȖȔȉȈª ȊȗȖȓȕȍ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡțȦ șȊȖȍȔț ȕȈ-
ȏȊȈȕȐȦ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȖșȚȤȦ ȜȖȘȔȣ Ȑ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȧ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȓȍȗȕȣȝ șȚȐȝȖȊ
ɆȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȗȖȓțȟȐȊ Ȋ ȗȖȌȈȘȖȒ ȖȚ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ȥȚț ȒȕȐȋț ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȌȓȐȓ ȗȘȐ-
șȓȈȚȤ Ȋ ȖȚȊȍȚ șȊȖȦ — ș ȕȈȌȗȐșȤȦ «ǩȖȔȉȖȑ ȊȏȖȘȊȈȕ ș țȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȐȍȔ ǮȔț
ȘțȒț — ȏȈ»
ǨșȍȍȊ Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȓ Ȋ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȖȔ ǺȍȓȍȋȘȈȜȕȖȔ ǨȋȍȕȚșȚȊȍ (ǬǨǳȄ-
ǺǨ ȏȈȔȍșȚȐȚȍȓȍȔ ȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȐȒȈ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȉȣȓ ȏȈȊȍȌțȦȡȐȔ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȔ
ȖȚȌȍȓȖȔ ȋȈȏȍȚȣ «ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȑ ȚȍȓȍȋȘȈȜª.
ǹȍȘȋȍȑ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ — ȖȚȓȐȟȕȣȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȚȖȘ — ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ ȉȣȓ ȖȏȈȉȖȟȍȕ ȘȈȏ-
ȘȈȉȖȚȒȖȑ ȊȖȗȘȖșȖȊ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ Ȑ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ Ƕȕ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓ ȗȖșȚ ȏȈȔȍșȚȐȚȍȓȧ ȔȐ-
ȕȐșȚȘȈ ȗȘȖșȊȍȡȍȕȐȧ Ǫ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȗȐșȈȓ ȜȍȓȤȍȚȖȕȖȊ Ȑ ȗȈȔȜȓȍȚȖȊ
Ȍȓȧ ȋȈȏȍȚ Ȑ ȎțȘȕȈȓȖȊ Ƕȕ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȉȣȓ Ȋ ȗȖȐșȒȍ ȍȋȖ ȔȣșȓȤ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȉȣȓȈ Ȋ ȌȊȐ-
ȎȍȕȐȐ
ǷȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ǿțȎȈȒȈ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȗȖȌȝȊȈȟȍȕȖ — ȋȘțȗȗȈ ȉȣȓȈ șȜȖȘ-
ȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȈ ǲȘȖȔȍ ǿțȎȈȒȈ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ Ȋ ȕȍȍ ȊȖȠȓȐ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȐ ǪȐȒ-
ȚȖȘ ǷȈȓȤȔȖȊ Ȑ ǴȐȝȈȐȓ ǨȊȍȚȖȊ Ȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȒȐ ȋȈȏȍȚȣ, ȗȖȥȚȣ ǷȍȚȘ ǵȍȏȕȈȔȖȊ
ǶȓȤȋȈ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ Ȑ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ
ǫȘțȗȗț ȕȈȏȊȈȓȐ (ȗȖ ȐȔȍȕȐ ȎțȘȕȈȓȈ «ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ» ȘȍȌȈȒȚȐȘțȍȔȖȋȖ ǿțȎȈ-
ȒȖȔ ȊȖ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȍ ș 1919 ȗȖ  ȋȋ).
ǿțȎȈȒ ȊȣșȖȒȖ ȖȞȍȕȐȊȈȓ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȗȖȓȦȉȐȓ șȚȐȝȐ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ǯȈșȓțȋȈ ǿț-
ȎȈȒȈ ȉȣȓȈ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȏȈȌȈȓșȧ ȞȍȓȤȦ ȖȉȖȋȈȚȐȚȤ ȕȈșȍȓȍȕȐȍ ǿȐȚȣ ȗȘȖȐȏ-
ȊȍȌȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȗȖȥȚȈ
Ǫ ȓȐȞȍ ȋȘțȗȗȣ «ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ» Ȗȕ ȕȈȠȍȓ ȋȖȘȧȟȍȋȖ șȖȦȏȕȐȒȈ Ȋșȍ ȟȓȍȕȣ
ȋȘțȗȗȣ ȌȊȐȎȐȔȣȍ ȚȍȔȐ Ȏȍ ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȖȝȖȚȕȖ ȠȓȐ ȕȈȊșȚȘȍȟț ȎȍȓȈ-
ȕȐȧȔ ǿțȎȈȒȈ ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȟȚȖ ȗȖ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȖȑ șȓțȟȈȑȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ ȋȘțȗȗȍ ȖȒȈȏȈȓșȧ
ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǨșȍȍȊ ȌȘțȋ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȉ Ȋșȍ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȐ Ȋ ȋȘțȗȗȍ ȏȕȈȧ
șȚȐȝȐ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȉȣȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȊȍȘȎȍȕȞȈȔȐ ȋȖȘȍȓȐ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȍȔ ȕȍșȚȐ Ȋ ȔȈș-
șȣ ȋȖȓȖș ȗȖȥȚȈ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ș ȖșȕȖȊȕȖȑ ȏȈȌȈȟȍȑ ȋȘțȗȗȣ — ȖȏȕȈȒȖȔȐȚȤ
ȕȈșȍȓȍȕȐȍ ǿȐȚȣ ș ȒȘțȗȕȍȑȠȐȔȐ ȘțșșȒȐȔȐ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȧȔȐ — ȗȘȍȎȕȐȔȐ Ȑ ȕȖ-
ȊȣȔȐ
Ǫ șȍȕȚȧȉȘȍ  ȋȖȌȈ ȕȈ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȕȖȔ ȔȐȚȐȕȋȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȈ Ȉ ȏȈ-
ȚȍȔ Ȑ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȈ Ȋ ȋȈȏȍȚȍ ȌȍȒȓȈȘȈȞȐȧ ȐȕȐȞȐȈȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ȗȖ ȖȘȋȈȕȐ-
ȏȈȞȐȐ ǴȈșȚȍȘșȒȐȝ ǰșȒțșșȚȊȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȧ «ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȈ» ș țȒȈȏȈȕȐȍȔ ȗȖȓȕȖȋȖ ȓȐȟ-
ȕȖȋȖ șȖșȚȈȊȈ ȋȘțȗȗȣ
ǪșȒȖȘȍ ț ȕȈș ȗȖȧȊȐȓșȧ șȊȖȑ Ȓȓțȉ ǬȊȍ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȣ șȒȘȖȔȕȖ ȖȉșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȍ
ș ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȐȔȐ ȗȖȌȔȖșȚȒȈȔȐ Ȑ ȘȖȧȓȍȔ ǩȣȓȈ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȈȧ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒȈ ȠȈȝ-

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ȔȈȚȣ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȉțȜȍȚ ș ȟȈȍȔ Ȑ ȉțȚȍȘȉȘȖȌȈȔȐ
ǲȘȖȔȍ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȖȊ ȕȈ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȍ ȚȍȔȣ ȏȌȍșȤ ȟȐȚȈȓȐșȤ ȓȍȒȞȐȐ țșȚȘȈȐ-
ȊȈȓȐșȤ ȌȐșȗțȚȣ ȖȉȖ ȊșȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȓȖ Ȑ ȊȖȓȕȖȊȈȓȖ ȓȦȌȍȑ
ǪȖ Ȋșȍȝ șȓțȟȈȧȝ ȋȘțȗȗȈ «ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ» ȊȍȓȈ șȊȖȦ ȘȈȉȖȚț Ȋ ȗȖȓȕȖȔ șȖȖȚȊȍȚ-
șȚȊȐȐ ș ȌȐȘȍȒȚȐȊȈȔȐ ȗȈȘȚȐȐ șȚȈȘȈȧșȤ ȘȈșȒȘȣȊȈȚȤ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȈțȌȐȚȖȘȐȍȑ șȔȣșȓ
ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȧ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȈ ȓȍȒȚȖȘȈ ȗȖȓȐȚȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȒȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ Ȗ ȍȋȖ țȟȈșȚȐȐ
Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȕȈȠȍȑ șȚȘȈȕȣ
ǵȈȠ Ȓȓțȉ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȓșȧ «ǰșȒțșșȚȊȈȘȤª Ƕȕ șȚȈȓ ȗȖȗțȓȧȘȍȕ Ǫ ȕȍȋȖ ȠȓȐ ȖȝȖȚ-
ȕȖ ǯȌȍșȤ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȕȖ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȘȈ-
ȉȖȟȐȝ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȖȊ ȊȘȈȟȍȑ Ȑ țȟȈȡȐȝșȧ Ǫșȍȝ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȓȐ ȘȈȌțȠȕȖ
ǴȕȖȋȖ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȊ ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȕȣȝ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȔț ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȓȐ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ
ȕȈȠȍȔ Ȓȓțȉȍ; ȕȈș ȗȘȖșȐȓȐ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȚȤ Ȑ Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌșȒȐȝ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȝ ȒȓțȉȈȝ Ȑ Ȋ ȚȍȈ-
ȚȘȍ Ȑ Ȋ ȎȍȓȍȏȕȖȌȖȘȖȎȕȣȝ ȔȈșȚȍȘșȒȐȝ
Ǫ ȌȍȒȈȉȘȍ  ȋȖȌȈ Ȋ Ȓȓțȉȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȈ ȚȘȈȋȍȌȐȧ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ
«ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ» ǷȖșȚȈȕȖȊȡȐȒ — ǨșȍȍȊ ȌȍȒȖȘȈȞȐȐ ǷȈȓȤȔȖȊȈ
ȘȖȓȤ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȐșȗȖȓȕȧȓ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ
ǸȈȌȖșȚȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ șȖȏȕȈȊȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȠȐ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ Ȑ șȖȖȉȡȍȕȐȧ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȐ Ȏȍ-
ȓȈȍȔȖȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ ȕȈ ȟȐȚȐȕȞȍȊ șȚȐȝȐ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ șȚȈȓȐ ȌȖȝȖȌȐȚȤ ȌȖ ȕȐȝ ȗȖ-
ȥȚȖȊȖ șȓȖȊȖ țȎȍ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȓȖ ȕȘȈȊȐȚȤșȧ ǳȦȌȐ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȓȐșȤ Ȑ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȍȑ
ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍȔ ȒȖ ȊșȍȔț ȖȒȘțȎȈȦȡȍȔț Ȓ șȖȉȣȚȐȧȔ Ȋ șȚȘȈ-
ȕȍ Ȓ ȍȋȖ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȑ șțȌȤȉȍ ǵȈ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȐ ȊȖȗȘȖșȣ ȕȈȌȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȖȚȊȍȟȈȚȤ ȕȍ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ ȕȖ Ȑ ȌȍȓȖȔ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȐȏȊȍșȚȍȕ ȊșȍȔț ȔȐȘț ȒȖȋȌȈ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍ-
ȕȐȧ ȗȍȘȍȊȍȌȍȕȣ ȕȈ ȧȏȣȒȐ ȕȈȘȖȌȖȊ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ șȚȘȈȕ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ șȚȘȈȕ-
ȕȣȔ ȟȚȖ ȚȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ǹȐȉȐȘȐ Ȋ șȘȈȊȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȔ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ ȔȈȓȖ ȒȚȖ ȏȕȈȓ Ȗ
ȍȋȖ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȐ ǵȖ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȈȒ
ǰ ȏȈȌȈȟȈ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ȘȈșȠȐȘȧȓȈșȤ ȖȕȈ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȓȈ ȏȈ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȣ ǿȐȚȣ — ȕȈȔ
ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȊȣȍȏȌȣ Ȋ ȗȘȐȋȖȘȖȌȣ Ȋ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȍ ȗȖșȍȓȒȐ Ȋ ȎȍȓȍȏȕȖȌȖ-
ȘȖȎȕȣȍ ȔȈșȚȍȘșȒȐȍ
Ǫ ȕȈȠȍȔ Ȓȓțȉȍ — ©ǰșȒțșșȚȊȈȘȍ» — ȌȊȍ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȣ țȎȍ ȕȍ ȊȔȍȡȈȓȐ Ȋșȍȝ
ȗȖșȍȚȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ȗȍȘȍȕȖșȐȚȤ ȕȈȠȐ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ Ȋ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȑ ȏȈȓ ǵȈȘȖȌ-
ȕȖȋȖ ǹȖȉȘȈȕȐȧ
ǲȚȖ-ȚȖ ȗȘȐȌțȔȈȓ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȈȜȐȠ ȐȏȊȍȡȈȚȤ Ȗ ȕȈȠȐȝ ȊȍȟȍȘȈȝ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖ ȚȖȔț
ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ ȌȍȓȈȦȚ Ȋ ǻȏȉȍȒȐșȚȈȕȍ ȒȈȘȕȈȟȐ: ȖȕȐ ȕȈ țȓȐȞȍ, ț ȊȝȖȌȈ Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘ ȏȈȏȣ-
ȊȈȧ ȕȈ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȚȘțȉȧȚ Ȋ ȌȓȐȕȕȣȍ ȚȘțȉȣ — ȒȈȘȕȈȒ ǶȌȕȈȎȌȣ ȗȍȘȍȌ
ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ ȕȈȠȍȑ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȕȣȔ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘț ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȔț
ȕȈ ȗȍȘȍȒȘȍșȚȒȈȝ ȋȓȈȊȕȖȑ țȓȐȞȣ ǿȐȚȣ ȒȘȈșȕȖȈȘȔȍȑȞȣ ȚȖȎȍ ȚȘțȉȐȓȐ Ȋ ȋȖȘ-
ȕȣ ȐȏȊȍȡȈȧ Ȗ ȗȘȍȌșȚȖȧȡȍȔ ȊȍȟȍȘȍ «ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȈ» ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍȖȉȣȟȕȖ Ȑȕ-
ȚȍȘȍșȕȖ ȐȔȍȓȖ șȊȖȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ — ȕȈȘȖȌ ȖȝȖȚȕȖ Ƞȍȓ Ȓ ȕȈȔ.
Ǫșȍ ȉȍȏ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧ ȟȓȍȕȣ ȕȈȠȍȑ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȈ ȥȚȖȔ ȊȍȟȍȘȍ
ȊȣșȚțȗȈȚȤ ș ȟȚȍȕȐȍȔ șȚȐȝȖȊ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖșȓȍ ȊșȚțȗȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȈ ǿț-
ȎȈȒȈ Ȗ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȐ ȗȖȥȚȈ Ȋ ȖȚȍȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ

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Ǵȕȍ ȌȖșȚȈȓȖșȤ ȗȘȖȟȐȚȈȚȤ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȍ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ «ǷȖșȓțȠȈȑȚȍ ȊȍȌȤ
ȍșȓȐ ȏȊȍȏȌȣ ȏȈȎȐȋȈȦȚ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ ȥȚȖ ȒȖȔț-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȕțȎȕȖ».
ǪȣțȟȐȊ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȍ ȧ ȗȖȠȓȈ ȕȈ ȘȍȗȍȚȐȞȐȦ ǵȈȌȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȧ ș
ȌȍȚșȚȊȈ ȕȍ ȊȣȋȖȊȈȘȐȊȈȓȈ ȉțȒȊț «ȓ» Ȑ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ȕȐȒȚȖ Ȋ șȍȔȤȍ Ȋ ȠȒȖȓȍ ȕȈ ȥȚȖȚ
ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȖȒ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȕȍ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȓ
ǵȖ ȕȈ ȘȍȗȍȚȐȞȐȐ Ȋ ȚȖȚ ȏȓȖșȟȈșȚȕȣȑ ȌȍȕȤ, șȚȖȐȓȖ Ȕȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȤ ȘȖȚ Ȑ
ȗȘȖȐȏȕȍșȚȐ ȗȍȘȊȖȍ șȓȖȊȖ ©ǷȖșȓțȠȈȑȚȍ», ȒȈȒ ǨșȍȍȊ Ȑ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ ș țȎȈșȖȔ
ȊȖȏȏȘȐȓȐșȤ ȕȈ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȑ ȏȈȒȐȌȈȓȐ țȗȘȍȒȈȔȐ ©ǲȈȒȖȍ ȕȍȔȣșȓȐȔȖȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȕȖ-
ȠȍȕȐȍ», «ǵȐȒțȌȈ ȕȍ ȋȖȌȐȚșȧ».
ǨșȍȍȊ ȒȈȚȍȋȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐ ȏȈȧȊȐȓ ȟȚȖ ȕȐ ȗȖȌ ȒȈȒȐȔ ȊȐȌȖȔ ȕȍ ȘȈȏȘȍȠȐȚ Ȕȕȍ
ȊȣșȚțȗȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȊȍȟȍȘȍ Ȉ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ șȔȐȓȖșȚȐȊȐȓșȧ Ȑ ȏȈȝȖȚȍȓ Ȕȍȕȧ «ȗȖ-
ȌțȟȐȚȤ» ǵȖ ȒȈȒ Ȗȕ ȕȐ șȚȈȘȈȓșȧ — ȉȍȏȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȕȖ ȉțȒȊȈ «ȓ» ȕȍ ȊȣȋȖȊȈ-
ȘȐȊȈȓȈșȤ ǺȖȋȌȈ ȔȖȑ ȔȍȕȚȖȘ ȖȚȟȈȧȓșȧ Ȑ șȒȈȏȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȌȈȍȚ Ȕȕȍ ȌȊȈ Ȍȕȧ «ȕȈ
ȊȣțȟȒț» Ȉ ȚȈȔ — «ȒȈȒ Țȍȉȍ ȉțȌȍȚ țȋȖȌȕȖ — ȔȖȎȍȠȤ șȘȣȊȈȚȤ ȗȘȖȋȘȈȔȔț Ȋȍ-
ȟȍȘȈ Ȑ șȊȖȍ ȊȣșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ ȊșȨª
Ǫ ȗȖȓȕȖȔ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȐȧ ȘȈȏȖȟȈȘȖȊȈȊȠȐșȤ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ țȉȍȎȈȓȈ ȧ ș ȘȍȗȍȚȐȞȐȐ
ȋȓȖȚȈȧ șȓȍȏȣ ȉȍȏȕȈȌȍȎȕȖ șȒȈȕȌȐȘțȧ «“ǹ ȓȖȌȒȐ șȒȖȓȤȏȕțȓȖ ȊȍșȓȖ ȓȈșȒȖȊȖ
ȔȓȍȍȚ ȗȘȖȝȓȈȌȈ ȔȐȓȣȑ ȔȖȑ ȔȐȓȣȑ șȊȍȚȓȖ șȓȈȌȒȖ ȖȚ ȉȍȋȓȖȋȖ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȈ”...
ǩȈȓȈȓȈȑȒȈ ǳȖȠȈȌȤ ǳȈȔȗȈ ǳțȕȈ “ǷȖșȓțȠȈȑȚȍ”…» Ȑ Ȋșȍ — Ȋșȍ șȓȖȊȈ
ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȊȠȐȍ Ȋ ȋȖȓȖȊț ș ȉțȒȊȖȑ «ȓ»...
ǬȖ ȗȖȏȌȕȍȑ ȕȖȟȐ ȉȓțȎȌȈȓȈ ȧ ȗȖ țȓȐȞȈȔ ȉȖȘȔȖȟȈ șȚȐȝȐ Ȑ ȕȍ șȚȐȝȐ
Ǩ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȍȕȍȑ ȊȒȖȕȍȞ ȐȏȔțȟȐȊȠȐșȤ șȊȖȐȔ șȚȣȌȖȔ ȧ Ȋșȍ-ȚȈ-
ȒȐ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȓȈ ȕȈ ȊȍȟȍȘȍ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ (ș ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȖȚȟȍȚȓȐȊȣȔ «ȓ») ǺȘȍȚȤȧ-
ȒȖȊ ȈȗȓȖȌȐȘȖȊȈȓ Ȕȕȍ ȗȖȉȓȍșȒȐȊȈȧ șȚȍȒȓȈȔȐ ȖȟȒȖȊ Ȉ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȗȖȘȣȊȐșȚȣȑ Ȑ
ȓȍȋȒȐȑ ǨșȍȍȊ Ȋ ȗȍȘȍȘȣȊȍ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊțȦȡȍ Ƞȍȗȕțȓ Ȕȕȍ «ǰȠȤ ȟȍȘȚȖȊȒȈ Ȋȣ-
țȟȐȓȈșȤ Ȋșȍ-ȚȈȒȐ»
ǬȈ ȊȣțȟȐȓȈșȤ Ȑ ȕȈ ȊșȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ ǹ ȗȖȔȖȡȤȦ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ
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ǪȘȍȔȧ ȠȓȖ ǯȐȔȖȑ  ȋȖȌȈ ǨșȍȍȊ ȗȖșȓȈȓ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȔț ȜȖȚȖȋȘȈȜȐȦ ȕȈ-
Ƞȍȑ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ǹȒȖȘȖ ȗȘȐȠȍȓ ȖȚȊȍȚ ș șȖȖȉȡȍȕȐȍȔ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȈ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȖȊȐ-
ȟȈ Ȗ ȍȋȖ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȐ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȚȤ Ȋ ǿȐȚț Ǵȣ ș ȕȍȚȍȘȗȍȕȐȍȔ șȚȈȓȐ ȎȌȈȚȤ ǵȖ ȗȖ-
ȚȖȔ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ ȔȕȖȋȖȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȖȍȏȌȒȐ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖ șȚȘȈȕȍ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ
ȍȋȖ ȗȍȘȍȋȘțȏȐȓȐ — ȗȘȐȍȝȈȚȤ Ȗȕ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȕȍ șȔȖȋ
ǳțȕȈȟȈȘșȒȐȑ Ȑ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȏȊȈȓȐ ȋȘțȗȗț «ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ» Ȋ ȗȖȓȕȖȔ șȖș-
ȚȈȊȍ ȗȍȘȍȍȝȈȚȤ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț; ȥȚȖ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȌȒȘȍȗȓȧȓȖșȤ ȖȉȍȡȈȕȐȍȔ ȌȈȚȤ
ȊșȍȔ ȕȈȔ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕțȦ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕțȦ ȘȈȉȖȚț Ȗ ȟȍȔ Ȕȣ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȔȍȟȚȈȓȐ
ǰ ȊȖȚ ȔȍȟȚȈ șȉȣȓȈșȤ Ǫșȧ ȋȘțȗȗȈ «ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ» ȏȈ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍȔ ǿțȎȈ-

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ȒȈ ȏȈȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȊȠȍȋȖșȧ Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ ȍȡȍ ȕȈ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȖ ȕȍȖȚȓȖȎȕȣȔ Ȍȍ-
ȓȈȔ Ȑ ǨșȍȍȊȈ țȍȝȈȊȠȍȋȖ Ȋ ȔȈȘȚȍ), — ȊȣȍȝȈȓȈ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț Ȋ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ ȖȒȚȧȉȘȧ
 ȋȖȌȈ
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ǵa ȇȘȖșȓȈȊșȒȖȔ ȊȖȒȏȈȓȍ ȕȈș ȎȌȈȓȐ ǨșȍȍȊȣ Ȑ ǩȘȐȒ1 Ȋșȍ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȊȠȐȍ
ȖȚȗȘȈȊȐȓȐșȤ ȗȖ ȌȖȔȈȔ Ȓ ȘȖȌȕȣȔ ȐȓȐ Ȓ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȔ Ȉ Ȕȣ ș ȔțȎȍȔ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț
ȗȘȐȍȝȈȓȐ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ — ȎȐȚȤ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍȋȌȍ ǨșȍȍȊȣ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȐȓȐ ȕȈȔ ȖșȚȈȕȖ-
ȊȐȚȤșȧ ț ȕȐȝ ǷȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȉȣȓȖ ș ȘȈȌȖșȚȤȦ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȖ Ȑ Ȕȣ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȐȓȐșȤ ȕȈ
ǴȧșȕȐȞȒțȦ țȓȐȞț Ȋ ȌȖȔ ǪǽǻǺǭǴǨǹ¶Ȉ ȕȈ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘț ǨșȍȍȊȣȝ ȋȌȍ Ȑ ȗȘȖ-
ȎȐȓȐ ȕȍȏȈȉȣȊȈȍȔȣȍ ȚȘȐ ȕȍȌȍȓȐ
ǻ ǨșȍȍȊȣȝ ȉȣȊȈȓȖ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȍȑ, ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȖȊ ȔțȏȣȒȈȕȚȖȊ ǹ ȕȍȒȖȚȖ-
ȘȣȔȐ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ Ȕȣ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȉȣȓȐ șȊȧȏȈȕȣ ȔȕȖȋȖȓȍȚȕȍȑ ȌȘțȎȉȖȑ
Ǫ ȌȍȕȤ ȕȈȠȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȍȏȌȈ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț ǨșȍȍȊ ȗȘȐȋȓȈșȐȓ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȊȠȐȝ Ȋ
ȒȐȕȖ șȒȈȏȈȊ ȟȚȖ ȕȈș ȚȈȔ ȖȎȐȌȈȍȚ șȦȘȗȘȐȏ Ǵȣ șȖȋȓȈșȐȓȐșȤ ȝȖȚȧ ȗȖșȓȍ țȚȖ-
ȔȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȌȖȘȖȋȐ ȕȐȒȖȔț ȐȌȚȐ Ȋ ȒȐȕȖ ȕȍ ȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ
ǵȖ ȒȈȒȖȊȖ Ȏȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȈȠȍ țȌȐȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȋȌȈ ț ȊȝȖȌȈ Ȋ ȒȐȕȖ Ȕȣ țȊȐȌȍȓȐ
ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ǮȐȊȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȗȘȐșȕȐȊȠȍȋȖșȧ Ƕȕ șȚȖȧȓ ȖȗȍȘȠȐșȤ ȓȖȒȚȍȔ ȕȈ Ȗȋ-
ȘȈȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȊȐȚȘȐȕȣ ȖȚȘȍȠȍȕȕȣȑ ȖȚ ȚȖȓȗȣ ȊȍșȤ ȖȒțȚȈȕȕȣȑ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȚȖ Ȍț-
ȔȖȑ ǻȊȐȌȍȓ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȈȦȡȐȝșȧ ǨșȍȍȊȣȝ ȓȐȞȖ ȖȏȈȘȐȓȖșȤ țȓȣȉȒȖȑ ȋȓȈȏȈ
ȊȍșȍȓȖ ȏȈșȐȧȓȐ
ǹȖșȚȖȧȓȖșȤ ȏȕȈȒȖȔșȚȊȖ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ș ȋȘțȗȗȖȑ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ Ȑ ǷȈȓȤȔȖȊ ȘȈ-
ȕȤȠȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣ ș ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȔ. ǪȏȋȓȧȕțȊ ȕȈ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȑ ȕȈ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ ǪȓȈȌȐ-
ȔȐȘ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȖȊȐȟ ȌȖȉȘȖȌțȠȕȖ șȖșȚȘȐȓ șȒȈȏȈȊ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ Ȗ ȕȈȠȍȑ «șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕ-
ȕȖ ȕȍȔȣșȓȐȔȖȑ ȕȍȗȖȊȚȖȘȐȔȖȑ ȦȕȖșȚȐ».
ǷȘȖȏȊțȟȈȓ ȏȊȖȕȖȒ ȏȖȊțȡȐȑ Ȋ ȒȐȕȖ ǲȖȋȌȈ ȗȖȋȈșȐȓȐ șȊȍȚ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȕȈȟȈȓȖȔ
șȍȈȕșȈ ǨșȍȍȊ Ȑ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ șȐȌȍȊȠȐȍ ȗȖȖȌȈȓȤ ȌȘțȋ ȖȚ ȌȘțȋȈ șȚȈȓȐ ȋȘȖȔȒȖ
ȗȍȘȍȉȘȈșȣȊȈȚȤșȧ ȠțȚȓȐȊȣȔȐ ȖșȚȘȖȚȈȔȐ Ȑ ȘȍȗȓȐȒȈȔȐ — Ȑ ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȖșȚȈ-
ȕȖȊȐȓ ȘȈșȠȈȓȐȊȠȐȝșȧ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ ȗțȉȓȐȒȍ ȕȘȈȊȐȓȖșȤ ȥȚȖ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȘȈȏȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȍ
ǼȐȓȤȔ ȉȣȓ ȗȓȖȝȖȑ Ȕȣ țȠȓȐ ȕȍ ȌȖșȔȖȚȘȍȊ ȍȋȖ
ǪȍȟȍȘȖȔ Ȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȖ ȗȘȐȋȓȈȠȍȕȐȦ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȋ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȍ ț ǩȘȐȒȈ ȋȌȍ
ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȖ șȖȉȐȘȈȓȈșȤ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȈȧ ǴȖșȒȊȈ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȐ ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘȣ ȈȒȚȍ-
Șȣ ǳȐȓȧ ȆȘȤȍȊȕȈ2 ȉȣȓȈ Ȋ ȖȚȢȍȏȌȍ ȕȖ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ ȊșȚȘȍȟ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓȐșȤ ǰ ȔȈș-
ȚȐȚȣȍ Ȑ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȍ ȓȦȌȐ ș ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔȐ ȐȔȍȕȈȔȐ Ȑ ș ȔȈȓȣȔȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȣ
ȥȈȗȘȖșȚȖ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȋȖșȚȍȗȘȐȐȔȕȖȔ ȌȖȔȍ
1 Ɉ Ɇ Ȼɪɢɤ — ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɜɟɞ ɱɥɟɧ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ©ɈɉɈəɁª
2 Ʌɢɥɹ ɘɪɶɟɜɧɚ — ɠɟɧɚ Ȼɪɢɤɚ

254
ǮȐȊȧ ț ǨșȍȍȊȣȝ Ȕȣ Ȋșȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȐșȒȈȓȐ șȍȉȍ ȒȖȔȕȈȚț ȞȍȓȣȔȐ ȌȕȧȔȐ ȉȓț-
ȎȌȈȓȐ ȗȖ ǴȖșȒȊȍ Ȑ ȗȖ ǷȖȌȔȖșȒȖȊȤȦ ȕȖ ȗȖȐșȒȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȉȍșȗȓȖȌȕȣ ǵȍȌȍȓȐ
ȕȈ ȌȊȍ Ȕȣ ȗȍȘȍȍȝȈȓȐ Ȋ ǲțșȒȖȊȖ ȕȈ ȌȈȟț Ȓ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȔ ȖșȚȈȊȐȊȠȐȔ ȍȍ ȕȈȔ ȌȖ
ȐșȚȍȟȍȕȐȧ șȘȖȒȈ ȕȈȑȔȈ.
Ǵȕȍ ȕȘȈȊȐȓȖșȤ ǲțșȒȖȊȖ Ȋșȍ ȏȈșȣȗȈȕȕȖȍ ȘȈȏȕȖȞȊȍȚȕȣȔȐ ȖȗȈȊȠȐȔȐ ȓȐș-
ȚȤȧȔȐ ǬȖȘȖȋȈ Ȓ ȗȈȘȒț Ȑ ȌȊȖȘȞț ȊȖșȝȐȡȈȓȈ Ȕȍȕȧ ȏȍȘȒȈȓȈȔȐ ȗȘțȌȖȊ Ȑ ȌȊȖȘ-
ȞȖȊȣȝ șȚȍȕ Ǫ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȖȍ ȖȚ ȗȖȐșȒȖȊ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȣ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȧ ȚȖ ȉȘȖȌȐȓȈ ȗȖ ȗȈȘȒț
ȚȖ ȠȓȈ Ȓ ǶȉȐȘȈȓȖȊȒȍ ȐșȒȈȓȈ ȕȈ ȎȍȓȍȏȕȖȌȖȘȖȎȕȣȝ ȗțȚȧȝ ȔȍșȚȖ ȋȌȍ ǨȕȕȈ
ǲȈȘȍȕȐȕȈ ȉȘȖșȐȓȈșȤ ȗȖȌ ȗȖȍȏȌ
ǺȖșȒȓȐȊȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȋțȌȒȐ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȊȠȐȝ ȗȖȍȏȌȖȊ Ǵȕȍ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȉȣ-
ȓȖ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȖȗȐșȈȓ ǺȖȓșȚȖȑ ȌȈ Ȑ șȍȑȟȈș ȧ ȕȍ ȔȖȋț ȖȚȌȍȓȈȚȤșȧ ȖȚ ȔȣșȓȐ ȟȚȖ
ǨȕȕȈ — ȓȐȞȖ ȕȍȊȣȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȖȍ ǵȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȔȘȈȟȕȖȍ — ȗȖȘȖȌȐȊȠȍȍ
șȚȐȝȐ
ǰȌț Ȋ ǶȉȐȘȈȓȖȊȒț
ǯȈȗțȚȈȓȐșȤ ȊȐșȕțȚ ȗȘȧȌȐ ȌȖȎȌȧ
Ǫ șȍȚȒȍ ȌȖȎȌȧ ǲțșȒȖȊȖ
ǵȈȊȐșȠȐȍ ȚțȟȐ șȚȖȓȗȐȓȐșȤ ȌȘȖȎȈ
— ǪȖȚ-ȊȖȚ țȗȈȌțȚ ǵȖ ȕȍ șȒȖȊȈȕ
ǴȖȑ ȠȈȋ ȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȤȍȔ ȋȘȖȏț ȗȍȘȍȎȌȈȚȤ —
ǷȖȌ ȊșȗȣȠȒȈȔȐ ȔȖȓȕȐȑ ȕȍ ȉȖȧȏȕȖ
ǷȖ ȠȗȈȓȈȔ ȗȖ ȕȈșȣȗȐ ȓȍȋȟȍ ȉȍȎȈȚȤ
ǲȖȓȤ șȒȖȘȖ ȗȣȝȚȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȍȏȌȈ
ǪȣșȖȒȈȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ Ȋ ȎȍȓȚȖȔ ȌȣȔț
ǸȍȠȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȓ ȘȍȓȤșȈȔ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȐȚ
ǯȈȟȍȔ ȖȕȈ ȏȌȍșȤ ȕȈ ȗțȚȧȝ — ȕȍ ȗȖȑȔț
Ǫ ȚȈȒțȦ ȋȘȖȏț Ȋ ȕȍȗȖȋȖȌț
ǬȖȎȌȤ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȏȈȕȈȊȍș ȔȘȈȒȖȔ ȕȈȊȐș
ǪȖȚ ȊșȚȈȓȈ ȖȕȈ ȕȈ ȒȖȓȍȕȐ
— ǶȗȖȔȕȐșȤ ǹȒȖȘȍȍ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐșȤ
ǹȗȈșȐȚȍ ǪȍȌȤ ȥȚȖ — ǲȈȘȍȕȐȕȈ
ǨȕȕȈ ȕȍ ȕȈȌȖ ǵȍ ȗȖȏȌȕȖ ȍȡȍ —
ǳȦȉȖȊȤ ȚȊȖȧ ȋȖȘȍȔ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȈȕȈ
ǰ ȋȘȍȝ ȚȊȖȑ — ȕȍ ȋȘȍȝ Ȑ șȟȍȚ ȊȍȌȤ ȕȍ Ȋ șȟȍȚ
— Ǻȍȉȍ ȗȖȕȈȗȘȈșȕț ȗȘȍȌȢȧȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ
ǩȣȓ ȒȘȈșȕȣȑ ȔȍȠȖȟȍȒ Ȋ ȘțȒȍ ț ȕȍȍ

ǴȍȓȤȒȕțȓȐ ȊȈȋȖȕȕȣȍ ȚȍȕȐ
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ǷȓȈȚȜȖȘȔȈ ȗțșȚȈ ǰ ȕȍȚ ȕȐȒȖȋȖ
Ǫ ȌȖȎȌȍ ȘȈșȚȊȖȘȐȓȖșȤ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȍ
ȇ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓȈ șȚȐȝȐ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȔț Ƕȕ ȗȘȖȟȐȚȈȓ Ȑȝ ǷȖȝȊȈȓȐȓ ǰ ȊȌȘțȋ ȗȖ-
ȋȘțșȚȕȍȓ ǷȖȝȖȌȐȓ ȗȖ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ ȔȖȓȟȈ ǶșȚȈȕȖȊȐȓșȧ Ȑ ȠȐȘȖȒȖ țȓȣȉȕțȊ-
ȠȐșȤ șȒȈȏȈȓ «ǵț ȊȖȚ ȟȚȖ Ƕȓȧ ǿȍȘȍȏ ȌȊȈ Ȍȕȧ ȧ țȍȏȎȈȦ ȏȈ ȋȘȈȕȐȞț Ȉ ȏȈȚȍȔ
țȍȌȍȚ Ȑ ǩȘȐȒ Ǩ Ȋȣ ș ǪȖȓȖȌȍȑ ȗȍȘȍȍȏȎȈȑȚȍ-ȒȈ Ȋ ǪȖȌȖȗȤȧȕȣȑ Ȑ ȎȐȊȐȚȍ ȌȖ
ȗȘȐȍȏȌȈ ǳȐȓȐ ȆȘȤȍȊȕȣ Ǭȕȧ ȏȈ ȚȘȐ ȌȖ ȥȚȖȋȖ Ȋȣ ȉțȌȍȚȍ ȗȘȍȌțȗȘȍȎȌȍȕȣ ǹȖ-
ȋȓȈȠȈȑȚȍșȤ»
ǶȚȏȣȊȟȐȊȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȡȍȌȘȈȧ ȌȖȉȘȖȚȈ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȈ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȖȊȐȟȈ ȖȠȍȓȖȔȐ-
ȓȐ Ȕȍȕȧ ǺȈȒ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖ Ȑ ȗȘȖșȚȖ Ȗȕ ȕȈȠȍȓ ȊȣȝȖȌ Ȑȏ ȕȈȠȍȑ ȕȍțșȚȘȖȍȕ-
ȕȖșȚȐ ǵȈ ȔȖȐ șȓȖȊȈ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȖșȚȐ Ȗȕ șȒȈȏȈȓ «Ǩ ȒȈȒ Ȏȍ ȐȕȈȟȍ — ȊȍȌȤ ȒȊȈȘ-
ȚȐȘȈ ȉțȌȍȚ ȗțșȚȈ Ǫșȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȘȖșȚȖ..»
ǷȘȐȉȓȐȎȈȓȖșȤ ȕȍȕȈșȚȤȍ ǯȐȔȈ Ǵȣ ȗȍȘȍȍȝȈȓȐ Ȋ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘț ǭȘȐȒȖȊ ǪșȓȍȌ
ȏȈ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȔ ȊșȒȖȘȍ țȍȝȈȓ Ȑ ǩȘȐȒ — Ȕȣ ȖșȚȈȓȐșȤ ș ȌȖȔȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȞȍȑ Ǩȕ-
ȕțȠȒȖȑ ȗȖȎȐȓȖȑ ȌȖȉȘȖȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȖȑ
ǵȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȗȘȖȠȓȖ ȒȈȒ ș ȕȍȉȈ ȗȖșȣȗȈȓȐșȤ «ȌȈȘȣ ȊȖȓȝȊȖȊ» ǰȕ-
ȚȍȘȍșȕȈȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ Ȋ ǷȘȖȓȍȚȒțȓȤȚȍ ȕȈȔ ȖȉȖȐȔ ȘȧȌȖȔ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍȎȐȚȐȐ ȝȖȘȖȠȈȧ
ȒȖȔȕȈȚȈ ș ȊȍȓȐȒȖȓȍȗȕȣȔ «ȗȘȐȓȖȎȍȕȐȍȔ» — ȘȖȧȓȍȔ Ǭȓȧ ȓȐȟȕȖȋȖ ȕȈȠȍȋȖ
ȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ ǿțȌȍșȈ
ǪșȒȖȘȍ Ȕȣ ȖȉȈ ȗȖșȚțȗȐȓȐ Ȋ ǪȣșȠȐȑ ǳȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖ-ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȐȕșȚȐ-
ȚțȚ — ȌȍȚȐȡȍ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȖ ȊȣȗȍșȚȖȊȈȕȕȖȍ ǪȈȓȍȘȐȍȔ ȇȒȖȊȓȍȊȐȟȍȔ ǩȘȦșȖȊȣȔ
ǰȏȊȍșȚȕȣȍ țȟȍȕȣȍ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȟȍȕȣ ȐȔ Ȓ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ Ȋ ȐȕșȚȐ-
ȚțȚȍ
ǹȚțȌȍȕȚȣ șȓțȠȈȓȐ ȓȍȒȞȐȐ ȚȈȒȐȝ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌȖȊ ȒȈȒ Ƿ ǵ ǹȈȒțȓȐȕ
ǳ Ƿ ǫȘȖșșȔȈȕ Ǫ ǰ ǼȘȐȟȍ Ǵ Ǩ. ǾȧȊȓȖȊșȒȐȑ Ǩ Ǵ ǷȍȠȒȖȊșȒȐȑ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȝ
ȖȗȣȚȕȣȝ ȗȍȌȈȋȖȋȖȊ
ǪȈȓȍȘȐȑ ȇȒȖȊȓȍȊȐȟ ǩȘȦșȖȊ ȉȣȓ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȍȕȕȣȔ țȟȘȍȌȐȚȍȓȍȔ
Ȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȚȖȘȖȔ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȚȈ ǸțȒȖȊȖȌȧ Ȋșȍȑ ȕȈțȟȕȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȖȑ Ȗȕ Ȑ șȈȔ ȟȐ-
ȚȈȓ ȒțȘșȣ ȘțșșȒȖȑ Ȑ ȈȕȚȐȟȕȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ Ȑ ȥȕȞȐȒȓȖȗȍȌȐȦ șȚȐȝȈ Ǫ ȚȖ Ȏȍ
ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȗȕ șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȓ țȟȍȉȕȣȍ ȗȖșȖȉȐȧ Ȍȓȧ ȊȣșȠȐȝ țȟȍȉȕȣȝ ȏȈȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ ȗȖ
ȐȏțȟȍȕȐȦ șȚȐȝȖșȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ — ȚȈȒȐȍ ȒȕȐȋȐ ȒȈȒ «ǵȈțȒȈ Ȗ șȚȐȝȍ», «ǶșȕȖȊȣ șȚȐ-
ȝȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ», «ǶȗȣȚȣ» (ȐȏȌ - ȋȋ).
Ǫ ǰȕșȚȐȚțȚȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȌȊȈ ȖȚȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤșȒȖȍ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȗȖșȚț-
ȗȐȓ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ Ȑ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȖȍ — ȐȏȉȘȈȕȕȖȍ ȔȕȖȦ
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256
ȅȚȈ ȚȍȔȈ ȗȘȐȌȍȚ
ȊȖȊȍȒ ȕȍ ȐȏȕȖșȐȚșȧ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȒȈȎȍȚ
— ǶȚȕȣȕȍ ȋȓȧȌȐ ȕȈ Ȕȍȕȧ
— ǰ ȋȓȧȌȐȠȤ ȕȈ ȕȍȍ
Ȑ ȐȌȍȠȤ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȖșȞȍȔ
ȒȘȈșȕȖȠȍȓȒȐȑ ȖȋȖȕȤ ȕȈȌ ȏȍȔȓȍȑ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȧ
ȅȚȈ ȚȍȔȈ ȌȍȕȤ ȐșȚȍȔȕȐȓȈ Ȋ ȚȍȔȍȕȤ
ȒȖȓȖȚȐșȤ — ȊȍȓȍȓȈ — șȚȘȖȟȒȈȔȐ ȓȉȖȊ
ǰȔȧ
ȥȚȖȑȚȍȔȍ
.....!
Ǫ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ
ǷȖ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȐ Ȑȏ ȏȈȋȘȈȕȐȟȕȖȑ ȗȖȍȏȌȒȐ (ǩȍȘȓȐȕ ǷȈȘȐȎ) ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ
Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȌȍȒȈȉȘȧ  ȋ ȗȘȐșȚțȗȐȓ Ȓ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ ȕȈȌ ȗȖȥȔȖȑ «ǷȘȖ ȥȚȖ» ȗȘȐȟȍȔ
Ȍȓȧ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȐȧ ȗȖȥȔȣ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȐȓ șȍȉȍ șȚȘȖȋȐȑ șȘȖȒ — ȌȊȈ ȔȍșȧȞȈ ǰ ȟȚȖȉȣ
ȗȖȓȕȖșȚȤȦ șȖșȘȍȌȖȚȖȟȐȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȖȉȘȈȉȖȚȒȍ ȚȍȔȣ ȖȉȘȍȒ șȍȉȧ ȕȈ ȗȖȓȕȖȍ ȖȌȐ-
ȕȖȟȍșȚȊȖ Ȋ ǳțȉȧȕșȒȖȔ ȗȘȖȍȏȌȍ ȏȈȗȘȍȚȐȊ șȍȉȍ ȊșȧȒȐȍ ȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȊșȚȘȍȟȐ ȊȗȓȖȚȤ
ȌȖ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȍȎȍȊȍȟȍȘȕȐȝ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȧȝ Ȋ ǪȖȌȖȗȤȧȕȖȔ ȅȚȐ țșȓȖȊȐȧ ȐȔ
ȚȊȍȘȌȖ șȖȉȓȦȌȈȓȐșȤ ȝȖȚȧ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȌȘțȏȤȧ Ȑ ȊȐȌȍȓȐ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȘȖȑ
șȚȖȧȡȐȔ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȍ ǪȖȌȖȗȤȧȕȖȋȖ ȗȍȘȍțȓȒȈ ȕȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȣ șȖ
șȗțȡȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȏȍȓȍȕȣȔȐ ȏȈȕȈȊȍșȧȔȐ ȕȈ ȖȒȕȈȝ
Ƕ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ ȕȈȌ ȗȖȥȔȖȑ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȑ ȘȍȌȈȒȞȐȐ ȈȊȚȖȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ
«ȇ șȈȔ» (1928 ȋȖȌȈ) șȒȈȏȈȓ ©ǵȈȗȐșȈȓ “ǷȘȖ ȥȚȖ” ȗȖ ȓȐȟȕȣȔ ȔȖȚȐȊȈȔ Ȗȉ Ȗȉ-
ȡȍȔ ȉȣȚȍ»1.
ǷȖȥȔȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȏȈȒȖȕȟȍȕȈ 11 ȜȍȊȘȈȓȧ  ȋȖȌȈ ǰ Ȋ ȉȓȐȎȈȑȠȐȑ ȌȍȕȤ ǴȈȧ-
ȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȟȐȚȈȓ ȍȍ Ȋ ȚȍșȕȖȔ ȒȘțȋț ȌȘțȏȍȑ Ȑ ȉȓȐȏȒȐȝ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȝ Ȋ ǪȖȌȖȗȤȧȕȖȔ
ț ǩȘȐȒȖȊ
ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓȈ (ȒȈȒ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȖșȤ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȗ ȗȍȘȊȣȝ ȗȘȖȉȕȣȝ ȟȚȍȕȐȧȝ Ȋȍȡȍȑ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȕȣȝ ȈȊȚȖȘȈȔȐ) «ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȧ ȕȈ șȖȉȈȒȈȝ», — ȐȔȍȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȊȐ-
Ȍț ȘȖȌșȚȊȍȕȕȐȒȐ ȌȘțȏȤȧ
«ǹȖȉȈȒȐ» ȉȣȓȐ Ȋ ȊȖșȚȖȘȋȍ ǷȘȐȕȐȔȈȓȐ ȗȖȥȔț ș ȉțȘȕȖȑ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ ȖȌȖȉ-
ȘȍȕȐȍȔ
«ǽȐȘțȘȋ» țȓȣȉȈȓșȧ ǶȗȍȘȈȞȐȧ ȉȍȏțșȓȖȊȕȖ țȌȈȓȈșȤ
ǵȍȌȍȓȐ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȚȘȐ Ȋ ȔȈȘȚȍ șȖșȚȖȧȓȖșȤ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȕȖȍ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȖȍ ȟȚȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȥ-
Ȕȣ Ȍȓȧ ȋȖșȚȍȑ ȘȍȌȒȖ ȉȣȊȈȊȠȐȝ ȕȈ ȊȍȟȍȘȈȝ Ȋ ǪȖȌȖȗȤȧȕȖȔ ȗȘȐȠȍȌȠȐȝ ȗȖ
ȖșȖȉȖȔț ȗȘȐȋȓȈȠȍȕȐȦ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ǩȣȓȖ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȔȕȖȋȖȓȦȌȕȖ ǬȊȍ ȒȖȔȕȈ-
1 ȼ Ɇɚɹɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɉɨɥɧɨɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ ȽɂɁ  Ɍ ȱ ©ə ɫɚɦª ɫɬɪ 

257
Țȣ ș ȚȘțȌȖȔ ȊȔȍȡȈȓȐ Ȋșȍȝ ȋȖȘȧȡȐȝ ȕȍȚȍȘȗȍȕȐȍȔ țșȓȣȠȈȚȤ ȕȖȊțȦ ȊȍȡȤ ǴȈȧ-
ȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ǵȈ ȜȖȕȍ ȖȉȡȍȋȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȓȐȊȖȋȖ ȖȎȐȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȍȕ ȉȣȓ
ȥȓȍȋȈȕȚȕȣȑ ǨȕȈȚȖȓȐȑ ǪȈșȐȓȤȍȊȐȟ ǳțȕȈȟȈȘșȒȐȑ ȗȘȐȊȍȚȓȐȊȖ ȖȚȏȣȊȈȊȠȐȑ-
șȧ ȕȈ ȖȉȘȈȡȍȕȐȧ Ȓ ȕȍȔț — Ȗȕ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȖȝȖȚȕȖ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȓ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘ
ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȉȣȓ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȔ-ȚȖ șȊȍȘȝȗȘȐȗȖȌȕȧȚȖȔ ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȐ ǿȐȚȈȓ ȗȖȥ-
Ȕț ȊȍȓȐȒȖȓȍȗȕȖ Ȑ ȕȍ ȗȖ-ȟȚȍȞȒȐ Ȑ ȕȍ ȈȘȚȐșȚȐȟȕȖ Ȉ ȒȈȒ-ȚȖ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ — ȗȖ-
ȔȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖ ǫȖȓȖșȖȔ Ȗȕ ȚȊȖȘȐȓ ȟțȌȖ șȓțȠȈȊȠȐȍ ȍȋȖ ȊȖșȗȘȐȕȐ-
ȔȈȓȐ Ȋșȍ ȊȣȌȍȓȧȍȔȣȍ ȈȊȚȖȘȖȔ ȔȍșȚȈ Ȋ ȗȖȥȔȍ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȍȔț ȗȖȌșȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȖ
ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȌȊțȝ ȔȍșȧȞȍȊ ȗȐșȈȓ ȗȖȥȔț ȕȍ ȘȈȏȓțȟȈȧșȤ ș
ȕȍȦ
Ǫ ȚȖȚ ȊȍȟȍȘ ȖȉșțȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ǪȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ ȖșȚȈȓȖșȤ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖȍ Ǫșȍ
ȉȣȓȐ ȊȏȊȖȓȕȖȊȈȕȣ Ǩ ǳțȕȈȟȈȘșȒȐȑ ȋȖȘȧȟȖ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȐȓ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȏȈ țȌȈ-
ȟț ȏȈ ȖȟȍȕȤ șȊȖȍȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȌȈȘȍȕȕțȦ ȕțȎȕțȦ ȓȦȌȧȔ ȊȍȡȤ
ǳȍȚȖȔ  ȋȖȌȈ Ȕȣ ȉȣȊȈȓȐ ț ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȋ ǷțȠȒȐȕȖ ȋȌȍ Ȋ ȌȈȟȕȣȝ țș-
ȓȖȊȐȧȝ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓȐșȤ ȊșȚȘȍȟȐ ȌȘțȏȍȑ ȗȖșȍȡȈȊȠȐȝ ȍȋȖ Ȑ ȏȐȔȖȑ ȕȖ ȌȖȗȖȓ-
ȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȓ ȊșȍȋȌȈȠȕȐȔ ȉȍșȍȌȈȔ Ȑ șȗȖȘȈȔ ȕȈ Ȗȉȣȟȕȣȍ ȚȍȔȣ Ȗ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ
— Ȗȉ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ — ȔțȎȟȐȕȣ ș ȈȏȈȘȚȖȔ ȘȤȧȕȖ ȐȋȘȈȓȐ Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌȒȐ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ
ȖȚȘȣȊȈȓȐșȤ ȖȚ ȐȋȘȣ șȖȗȘȖȊȖȎȌȈȓȐ ȎȍȕȡȐȕ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȋțȓȒȐ Ȋ ȓȍș Ȑ ȕȈ ȘȍȟȒț
ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȉȣȓ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȋȖșȚȍȗȘȐȐȔȍȕ ȉȈȓȈȋțȘȐȓ ȠțȚȐȓ ȗȓȍȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȑ ȖșȚȘȖ
_______
ǰȕȖȋȌȈ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȖȊȐȟ ȕȈȊȍȡȈȓ ȕȈș ȌȖȔȈ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍȎȐȚȐȐ ǷȘȖȓȍȚ-
ȒțȓȤȚȈ ǶȌȕȈȎȌȣ ȏȈȑȌȧ Ȓ ȕȈȔ Ȗȕ țȊȐȌȍȓ ǪȖȓȖȌȦ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȏȈ
ȗȐșȤȔȍȕȕȣȔ șȚȖȓȖȔ ǷȖȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȊȠȐșȤ ȒȈȒȈȧ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ Ȑ țȏȕȈȊ
ȟȚȖ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȦ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ Ȑ țȊȐȌȍȊ ȕȈ
șȚȖȓȍ ȗȐșȤȔȈ ǵ. ǹȚȍȗȈȕȖȊȈ1 —
ǷȐșȤȔȖ ǵ ǳ ǹȚȍȗȈȕȖȊȈ Ȓ Ǫ Ǩ ǹȐȓȓȖȊț
2.X 28
ǲȖȗȐȧ
ǻȊȈȎȈȍȔȣȑ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȐȟ ȇ ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȍȕ ǪȈȔ
ȏȈ ȗȘȐșȣȓȒț ȘțȒȖȗȐșȍȑ Ȑ ȏȈ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ǵȈȌȍȦșȤ Ǫȣ ȐȏȊȐȕȐȚȍ ȔȖȦ ȕȈșȚȖȑȟȐ-
ȊȖșȚȤ Ț Ȓ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȈȊȓȐȊȈȧ 2-ȑ ȚȖȔ ȧ ȊȣȕțȎȌȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȕȈȗȖȔȕȐȚȤ ǪȈȔ Ȗ Șț-
ȒȖȗȐșȧȝ
1 ɇ ɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ ȼɟɥɟɦɢɪɚ ɏɥɟɛɧɢɤɨɜɚ ɉɪɢɜɨɠɭ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ
ɟɝɨ ɩɢɫɟɦ ɤ ɋɢɥɥɨɜɭ Ɉ ɉ

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ǪȈȠȐ țȒȈȏȈȕȐȧ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȟȍȕȤ Ȟȍȕȕȣ Ȍȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ ȓȐȟȕȖ ȕȖ Ȑ ȒȘȈȑȕȍ
ȊȈȎȕȣ Ȍȓȧ ȌȍȓȈ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț ȕȈȌȍȦșȤ ȟȚȖ Ǫȣ ȕȍ ȖȚȒȈȎȍȚȍ Ȋ ȕȐȝ Ȑ
ȊȗȘȍȌȤ (ǪȗȖȓȕȍ ȗȖȕȧȚȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȧ ȊșȦȌț Ȋ ȚȈȒȐȝ șȓțȟȈȧȝ ȗȖȔȍȡț șșȣȓȒȐ ȕȈ
ǪȈș) ǹȖȖȉȡȍȕȕȣȍ ȊȈȔȐ ȕȍȚȖȟȕȖșȚȐ Ȕȍȕȧ ȒȘȈȑȕȍ ȖȋȖȘȟȈȦȚ ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȟȚȖ
Ȑȝ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ Ǫ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȌȖșȈȌȕȣ ȖȗȍȟȈȚȒȐ (ȕȈ șȚȘ
 ȕȍ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ — Ȉ ǴȈȧȖȊșȒȐȑ ȕȈ șȚȘ  «ǬȍȊȈ ȎȍȕȕȈȧ» — ȕȈȌȖ «ǬȍȊȈ
ȕȍȎȕȈȧ» ȐȓȐ șȚȘ  «ȒȘȐȋȈ ȚȍȔȕȍȍȚ» <,> Ȉ ȕȈȌȖ «ǲȕȐȋȈ ȚȍȔȕȍȍȚ» <),> ȗȘȐ-
ȟȍȔ ȟȈșȚȐȟȕȖ ȊȐȕȈ ȓȍȎȐȚ ȕȈ ȚȐȗȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ Ț Ȓ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȑ ȒȖȘȘȍȒȚțȘȍ Ȋ
ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȍ șȓțȟȈȍȊ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȍȘȕȖ ǪȖ 2-Ȕ ȚȖȔȍ ȧ ȖȋȖȊȖȘȦ Ȋșȍ ȖȗȍȟȈȚȒȐ Ȑ
ȜȖȕȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȕȍȚȖȟȕȖșȚȐ
ǷȘȐșȓȈȕȕȣȍ ǪȈȔȐ ȊȈȘȐȈȕȚȣ «ǪȐȓȣ Ȑ ȓȍȠȍȋȖ» Ȕȕȍ ȗȖȒȈ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ-
șȧ ȓȐȠȤ 6 Ȉ — ȘȍȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȝȖȚȧ  Ȋ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȌ ȖȗȣȚȕȖȑ ȘțȒȖȑ ȚȈ-
ȓȈȕȚȓȐȊȖȋȖ ǲȘțȟȍȕȣȝ ȖȕȈ ȘȈȏȊȍȘȕțȓȈșȤ șȖȒȘȈȡȍȕȕȖ
ǶȟȍȕȤ Ȕȍȕȧ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșțȍȚ ȚȍȒșȚ «ǰȋȘȣ Ȋ ȈȌț» Ȑ «ǬȍȚȐ ǪȣȌȘȣ» ǩțȌț ȊȍșȤ-
ȔȈ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȍȕ ȍșȓȐ ȟȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ Ȗ ȕȐȝ Ǫȣ țȏȕȈȍȚȍ (ǲȘțȟȍȕȣȝ-ȚȖ ȏȕȈȍȚ ȕȖ
șȒȈȎȍȚ ȓȐ")
ǵȍ ȏȕȈȍȚȍ ȓȐ ȒȈȒ «ȐȌȍȚ» ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ" (ȊȈȎȕȖ Ȍȓȧ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȑȠȍȋȖ
ȗȓȈȕȈ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧ) ǲȈȒ Ǫȣ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍșȤ Ȓ șȈȔȖȔț ȗȓȈȕț — ȟȍȚȣȘȍȝȚȖȔȕȖȋȖ șȖ-
ȉȘȈȕȐȧ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ — 2-ȑ ȚȖȔ «ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ», «ǪȖȑȕȈ Ȋ Ȕȣ-
ȠȍȓȖȊȒȍ», ©ǵȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ», «ǾȈȘȈȗȐȕȈ ȗȖ ȕȍȉț» Ȑ Ț Ȍ Ȑ ©ǯȈȕȋȍȏȐ» Ȑ «ǬȍȚȐ
ǪȣȌȘȣ» Ȑ «ǷȤȍșȣ» («ǿȖȘȚȐȒ», «ǨșȗȈȘțȒ», «ǬȍȊȐȑ ȉȖȋª Ȑ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȖȍ). 3-ȑ
ȚȖȔ — ǳȐȘȐȒȈ Ȑ -ȑ ǷȘȖȏȈ Ȑ ǹȚȈȚȤȐ"
ǷȖȓțȟȐȓȐ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ȖȚ Ǹ ȇȒȖȉșȖȕȈ ȋȌȍ Ȗȕ ȗȐȠȍȚ ȟȚȖ «ǲȈȔȍȕȕȈȧ ȉȈȉȈ» Ȑ
«ǷȍȘțȕ» ȉȣȓȐ ȧȒȖȉȣ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈȝ" (ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȘȍȟȤ ȐȌȍȚ Ȗȉ ȖȚȘȣȊ-
ȒȈȝ")
ǹ ȕȍȚȍȘȗȍȕȐȍȔ ȎȌț ǪȈȠȍȑ șȚȈȚȤȐ Ȋ ©ǳȍȜȍ» (ȝȖȚȧ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ șȍȑ ȎțȘȕȈȓ
țȊȈȎȈȦ ȕȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ) ǲȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȗȖȏȐȞȐȐ ț ȕȈș ș ǪȈȔȐ ȕȍȗȘȐȔȐȘȐȔȣ ȕȖ ȧ Ȍț-
ȔȈȦ ȟȚȖ «ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐ» ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖ Ȑ ȊȈȎȕȖ «ȊȣȒȓȦȟȐȚȤ» ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ Ȑȏ
ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȈ ȟȚȖ Ȏȍ ȒȈșȈȍȚșȧ «ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȑ» ȚȈȒ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔ ȏȌȍșȤ șȖȊșȍȔ țȎ ȕȐ
ȗȘȐ ȟȍȔ ǿȚȖ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊ Ȑ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ șȐȓȣ ȧ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ țȉȍȎȌȍȕ
(ȒȈȒ ǷțȠȒȐȕ Ȑ ȘȖȔȈȕȚȐȏȔ) ǵȖ șȊȧȏȤ Ȏȍ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍ Ȑ ȖȉȡȕȖșȚȤ ȗȖȏȐȞȐȑ Ȑ
ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ț ȜțȚțȘȐșȚȖȊ Ȑ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȉȣȓȐ — ȕȖ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ
șȓȖȎȕȍȍ Ȑ ȌȐȜȜȍȘȍȕȞȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȍȍ ȟȍȔ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȖ șȟȐȚȈȚȤ ǰ ȗȖ ȘȈȏȔȍȘț Ȑ ȗȖ
«ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȦ» șȚȈȚȤȐ ȧ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȐșȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ Ȑ ȕȍ ȝȖȚȍȓ ǪȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȧ
ȌȈȎȍ țȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȋȐȉȈȦ ȗȈȓȒț ȕȖ ȌȍȓȈȓ ȥȚȖ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȓȍȔȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȏȈȖșȚ-
ȘȍȕȐȧ Ȑ «ȗȍȘȍȊȍȘȚȣȊȈȕȐȧ» ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȉȖȒ Ǫ șȚȈȚȤȍ Ȗ ȜțȚțȘȐȏ-
Ȕȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȈ ȕȈȗȖȓȖȊȐȕț ȧ ȋȖȊȖȘȦ ȖȉȖ ȊșȍȔ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȖȌȘȖȉ-
ȕȖ ǵȈȌȍȦșȤ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȧȊȐȚșȧ ȖȚȊȍȚȖȔ ȕȈ ǪȈȠț (ȝȖȚȧ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȕȕȍ țȌȈșȚ-
șȧ ȒȖȕȟȐȚȤ ȍȍ — ȖȟȍȕȤ ȏȈȕȧȚ).
ǭȡȍ ȘȈȏ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȦ ǪȈș Ȑ ȕȈȌȍȦșȤ țȊȐȌȈȚȤșȧ ș ǪȈȔȐ Ȋ ǳȍȕȐȕȋȘȈȌȍ ȗȖ-
ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȑ ȗȖȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȐȚȤ ǪȈș ȓȐȟȕȖ

259
ǲȘȍȗȒȖ ȎȔț ǪȈȠț ȘțȒț
ǵ ǹȚȍȗȈȕȖȊ
ǭșȓȐ ǪȈȔ ȕțȎȕȣ ȒȈȒȐȍ ȓȐȉȖ șȗȘȈȊȒȐ Ȋ ǳȍȕȐȕȋȘȈȌȍ — ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȘȈȌ ȉȣȚȤ
ǪȈȠȐȔ ȒȖȘȘȍșȗȖȕȌȍȕȚȖȔ
ǵǹȚȍȗ
ǳȕȋȘ  ȗȘ ǲǳȐȉȒȕȍȝȚȈ Ȍ ȹ  Ȓ 2.
Țȍȓ -62.
— ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȏȈȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȓșȧ ȍȡȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘ ȘȈȏȋȖȘȍȓșȧ ȗȘȖȌȖȓ-
ȎȈȓșȧ Ȑ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȖȊȐȟ ȗȖȗȘȖșȐȓ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ ȏȈ-
ȕȧȚȤșȧ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȍȑ ǹ ȥȚȖȋȖ Ȍȕȧ ț ȕȐȝ ȕȈȟȈȓȈșȤ ȉȖȓȤ-
ȠȈȧ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȈȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ
ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȖȊȐȟ șȚȈȓ ȟȈȡȍ ȉȣȊȈȚȤ ț ȕȈș ǵȍ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȍȋȖ ȗȖșȍȡȍ-
ȕȐȧ ȕȖșȐȓȐ șȚȘȖȋȖ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘ ȕȍ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȊȍȓȐșȤ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȍ
ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȣ Ȉ ȗȖȘȖȑ ȌȈȎȍ Ȑ șȗȖȘȣ ȕȈ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșțȦȡȐȍ șȖȉȍșȍȌȕȐȒȖȊ ȚȍȔȣ
ǰȕȖȋȌȈ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȊȍȘȕțȊȠȐșȤ Ȑȏ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȗȖȍȏȌȒȐ ȗȖ ǹȖȦȏț ȘȈșșȒȈ-
ȏȣȊȈȓ ȕȈȔ Ȗ șȊȖȐȝ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȈȝ Ȗ ȘȍȈȒȞȐȐ ȈțȌȐȚȖȘȐȐ — ȥȚȐ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ȗȍ-
ȘȍȌȈȊȈȓȐșȤ ȐȔ Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȧȘȒȖȑ ȜȖȘȔȍ ȚȈȒ ȖȉȘȈȏȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣ ȥȚȐ ȕȈȌȖȓȋȖ
ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȓȐ ȕȍȏȈȉȣȊȈȍȔȖȍ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ
ǻ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȈ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȖȊȐȟȈ «ȕȈ ȊșȧȒȐȑ șȓțȟȈȑ» Ȋ ȒȈȘȔȈȕȍ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȉȣ-
ȓȈ ȒȖȓȖȌȈ ȒȈȘȚ — Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ șȚȘȈșȚȕȣȑ ȐȋȘȖȒ — Ȑ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȉȣȓ ȋȖȚȖȊ «șȘȈ-
ȏȐȚȤșȧ» ș ȓȦȉȣȔ ȗȈȘȚȕȍȘȖȔ ǵȖ ȌȖ ȟȍȋȖ Ȏȍ ȉȣȓ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ Ȋȍșȍȓ Ȑ ȗȘȐ-
ȊȓȍȒȈȚȍȓȍȕ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȐȋȘȣ Ǫșȍ ȍȋȖ ȠțȚȒȐ ȘȍȗȓȐȒȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȍȖȉȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȖșȚ-
ȘȖțȔȕȣ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȒșȚȈȚȐ
ǰȕȖȋȌȈ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȌȖȉȘȖȌțȠȕȖ ȠțȚȧ Ȗȕ ȌȈȊȈȓ ȗȘȖȏȊȐȡȈ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊțȦȡȐȔ
ȕȖ ȗȘȖȏȊȐȡȈ ȥȚȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȚȈȒ ȔȍȚȒȐ Ȑ ȕȐȟțȚȤ ȕȍ ȖȉȐȌȕȣ — ȊȣȏȣȊȈȓȐ Ȋșȍ-
Ȗȉȡȍȍ ȊȍșȍȓȤȍ
ǰȋȘȈ Ȋ ȒȈȘȚȣ ȌȖșȚȈȊȓȧȓȈ ȍȔț ȉȖȓȤȠȖȍ țȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȐȍ Ǩ șȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ ȕȈ Ȑȋ-
ȘȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȗȖȥȚȈ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȧȔȖ-ȚȈȒȐ ȘȈȌȖșȚȕȖ
ǰ ȋȓȧȌȧ ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ ȚȘțȌȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖȊȍȘȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȊȍȓȐȒȐȑ ȗȖȥȚ-ȚȊȖȘȍȞ
ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȝ ȗȖȓȖȚȍȕ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖȋȖ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȖȋȖ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȧ — ȗȖȥȚ șȖȉȐȘȈȊ-
ȠȐȑ Ȋ ȗȍȘȍȗȖȓȕȍȕȕȖȔ ȏȈȓȍ ǷȖȓȐȚȍȝȕȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ Ȕțȏȍȧ ȖȋȘȖȔȕțȦ ȈțȌȐȚȖȘȐȦ
ȓȦȌȍȑ ȋȖȘȍȊȠȐȝ ȕȍȚȍȘȗȍȕȐȍȔ țșȓȣȠȈȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȋȘȖȔȖȊȣȍ șȚȐ-
ȝȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȗȕ ȡȍȌȘȖ ȉȘȖșȈȓ ȐȔ șȊȖȐȔ ȕȍȗȖȊȚȖȘȐȔȣȔ ȋȖȓȖșȖȔ ȅȚȖ Ȗȕ ȕȈ
ȉțȘȕȣȝ șȓȖȊȍșȕȣȝ ȘȐșȚȈȓȐȡȈȝ șȐȓȖȑ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȖșȚȘȖțȔȐȧ Ȑ ȕȍȐșșȧȒȈȍȔȖȑ ȕȈ-
ȝȖȌȟȐȊȖșȚȐ ȖȚȘȈȎȈȓ țȌȈȘȣ ȏȈȊȐșȚȕȐȒȖȊ Ȑ ȏȓȖȗȣȝȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȘȈȌțȧ ȥȚȐȔ ȕȈȝȖ-
ȌȧȡȐȝșȧ Ȋ ȏȈȓȍ șȚțȌȍȕȚȖȊ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȝ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ Ȑ Ȋșȍȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȘȈȌȖșȚȕȖ ȗȘȐ-
ȕȐȔȈȊȠȐȝ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ
ǶȌȕȈȎȌȣ ȗȖȏȌȕȐȔ ȏȐȔȕȐȔ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ (ȋȖșȚȐȊȠȈȧ ț ȕȈș ȔȖȧ șȍșȚȘȈ ǪȍȘȈ
ǫȍȖȘȋȐȍȊȕȈ țȎȍ șȖȉȐȘȈȓȈșȤ șȚȍȓȐȚȤ ȗȖșȚȍȓȤ ȒȖ șȕț) ȒȈȒ ȊȌȘțȋ ȏȈ ȌȊȍȘȤȦ ȘȈȏ-

260
ȌȈȓșȧ ȋȖȓȖș ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ «ǴȖȎȕȖ Ȓ ȊȈȔ"» Ǫșȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȖȉȘȈȌȖȊȈȓȐșȤ — Ȗȕ
ȊȖȠȍȓ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȊȍșȤ Ȋ șȕȍȋț ȘȈȏȘțȔȧȕȐȊȠȐȑșȧ ȖȚ ȔȖȘȖȏȈ Ȑ ȖȉȢȧ-
ȊȐȓ «ǩȘȖșȈȑȚȍ Ȋșȍ ǻ ȊȝȖȌȈ Ȋ ȓȖȔ Ȋșȍȝ ȕȈș ȎȌțȚ șȈȕȐ — ȍȌȍȔ ȒȈȚȈȚȤșȧ ǹȕȍȋț
ȕȈȊȈȓȐȓȖ — țȑȔȈ»
ǬȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ț ȊȝȖȌȈ șȚȖȧȓȐ șȈȕȐ ǴȖșȒȊȈ ȗȖȚȖȕțȓȈ Ȋ șțȋȘȖȉȈȝ șȕȍȋȈ:
Ȗȕ Ƞȍȓ ȊȍșȤ ȌȍȕȤ ȕȍ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȊȈȧ
ǸȍȏȊȣȍ ȓȖȠȈȌȐ ȗȖȔȟȈȓȐ ȕȈș ȊȌȖȓȤ țȓȐȞȣ ȉȣșȚȘȖ-ȉȣșȚȘȖ ǿțȌȍșȕȖ ǰ
ȊȌȘțȋ ǹȈȕȐ ȗȍȘȍȊȍȘȕțȓȐșȤ Ǵȣ ȒțȊȣȘȒȖȔ ȊȣȓȍȚȍȓȐ Ȑȏ șȈȕȍȑ — Ȋșȍ ȕȍ-
ȊȘȍȌȐȔȣ ȌȈȎȍ ȉȍȏ țȠȐȉȖȊ ǽȖȝȖȚ ȀțȚȒȐ. ǪȖșȒȓȐȞȈȕȐȧ ǶȉȘȈȌȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ
ȒțȟȍȘ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȣȑ ȉȓȈȋȖȗȖȓțȟȕȣȔ ȐșȝȖȌȖȔ «ȗȘȖȐșȠȍșȚȊȐȧ» ș ȗȘȐȉȈțȚȒȈ-
ȔȐ ȕȈȓȈȌȐȓ țȗȘȧȎȒȐ ȚȘȖȕțȓ ȓȖȠȈȌȍȑ: «ȅȝ Ȋȣ — ȏȈȓȍȚȕȣȍ» ǰ Ȕȣ șȕȖȊȈ
ȗȖȔȟȈȓȐșȤ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ ȗȖ ȏȈșȕȍȎȍȕȕȣȔ țȓȐȞȈȔ ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȓȍȗȕȖ ǬȖ șȐȝ
ȗȖȘ ȗȖȔȕȦ ȌȖ ȔȍȓȖȟȍȑ ȊȍșȤ ȥȚȖȚ ȊȍȟȍȘ
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Ǫ. Ǩ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ șȖșȚȈȊȐȓ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȦ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȕȈȟȐ-
ȕȈȧ ș ȗȍȘȊȖȋȖ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț ȒȕȐȋȐ ©ȇª șȚȐȝȐ ȓȐȚȖȋȘȈȜȐ-
ȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȍ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȍ Ǻ ǲțȏȤȔȐȕȈ Ȑ ǹ ǬȖȓȐȕșȒȖȋȖ) ǩȐȉȓȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȧ șȖșȚȈȊ-
ȓȍȕȕȈȧ Ǫ. Ǩ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȣȔ ȐȔȍȓȈ ȚȘȐ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȈ , — ȒȕȐȋȐ Ǫ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ,, —
ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ Ǫ. ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȔȍȡȍȕȕȣȍ Ȋ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈȝ Ȑ ȎțȘȕȈȓȈȝ III —
0 ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȔ — ȒȕȐȋȐ șȚȈȚȤȐ ȘȍȞȍȕȏȐȐ Ǫșȍ ȥȚȖ — ȗȖ  ȋȖȌ ȊȒȓȦȟȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȖ1.
ǷȖȥȚ Ƿ Ǫ. ǵȍȏȕȈȔȖȊ ȚȖȎȍ ȏȈȝȖȚȍȓ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ țȟȈșȚȐȍ Ȋ șȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȐ ȉȐȉ-
ȓȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ Ǫ. ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ƕȕ Ȑ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȐȓ ȍȍ ș  ȋȖȌȈ Ȑ
ȌȈȓȍȍ Ȋ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȔ ȚȍȒșȚȍ2.
ǯȌȍșȤ țȔȍșȚȕȖ țȗȖȔȧȕțȚȤ Ȗȉ ȖȌȕȖȔ ȜȈȒȚȍ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐȏțȦȡȍȔ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȖȚ-
ȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ ȗȖȥȚȈ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȈ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ Ǫ. Ǩ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ
ǶȉȘȈȚȐȔșȧ Ȓ ȔȖȕȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ Ǫ ǷȍȘȞȖȊȈ ©ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȋȖȌȣ
ǮȐȏȕȤ Ȑ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ»3 ȋȌȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȍȑȠȐȑ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤ ȘȈȉȖȚ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖ-
ȋȖ Ǫ Ƕ ǷȍȘȞȖȊ ȕȈ șȚȘȈȕȐȞȈȝ 166-167 ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ Ȗ ȓȦȉȊȐ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȓ
ȘțșșȒȖȔț ȧȏȣȒț Ȑ ȒȖ ȊșȍȔț ȘțșșȒȖȔț <Ȑ> țȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚ Ȗ ȏȈȔȍȚȒȍ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ
Ȋ «ǵȖȊȖȔ ǳȍȜȍ», ȹ  ȏȈ  ȋȖȌ ȗȖ ȗȖȊȖȌț șȗȖȘȈ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ș ǹȖȊȒȐȕȖ
ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȍȋȖ șȞȍȕȈȘȐȧ — ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȗȐșȈȓ: «ǹȞȍȕȈȘȐȑ “ǲȈȒ ȗȖȎȐ-
1 ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ Ɇɚɹɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɉɨɥɧɨɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɬ  ɫɬɪ  Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɩɨɥ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ
2 ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ Ɇɚɹɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɉɨɥɧɨɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɬ  ɫɬɪ  Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɩɨɥ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ
3 ȼ ɉɟɪɰɨɜ ©Ɇɚɹɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɀɢɡɧɶ ɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ -ª Ⱥɤɚɞɟ-
ɦɢɹ ɇɚɭɤ ɋɋɋɊ ɂɡɞ ©ɇɚɭɤɚª  ɫɬɪ - 168.

261
ȊȈȍȚȍ"” ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȉȣȚȤ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȕ ȧȏȣȒȖȔ ȒȐȕȖ ȇ ȝȖȟț ȟȚȖȉȣ ȥȚȖȚ
șȞȍȕȈȘȐȑ șȚȈȊȐȓȖ ǹȖȊȒȐȕȖ șȚȈȊȐȓȈ ǴȖșȒȊȈ («ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȋȖȘȌȖșȚȤ ȊȍȓȐ-
ȒȖȘȖșșȖȊ»)».
ǬȈȓȍȍ ȞȐȚȐȘțȦ Ǫ. ǷȍȘȞȖȊȈ (șȚȘ -168): «ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚ ȗȖș-
ȓȍȌȕȐȍ șȓȖȊȈ Ȋ ȒȈȊȣȟȒȐ ȅȚȖ ȞȐȚȈȚȈ Ȑȏ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȖȑ șȚȈȚȤȐ ǳȍȕȐȕȈ “Ƕ ȕȈ-
ȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȋȖȘȌȖșȚȐ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȘȖșșȖȊ”. ǶȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȝ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌȖȊ
Ǫ Ǩ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȔț ȒȈȒ ȘȈȏ Ȋ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ  ȋȖȌȈ ȚȖȔ șȖȟȐ-
ȕȍȕȐȑ ǳȍȕȐȕȈ ș ȥȚȖȑ șȚȈȚȤȍȑ1 Ǫ Ǩ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȗȖȔȖȋȈȊȠȐȑ ȗȖȥȚț Ȋ șȖșȚȈȊȓȍ-
ȕȐȐ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȓ Ȕȕȍ ȒȈȒ ȉȣȓ ǴȈȧȒȖȊ-
șȒȐȑ ȖȉȘȈȌȖȊȈȕ ȗȖȏȕȈȒȖȔȐȊȠȐșȤ ș ȥȚȖȑ ȓȍȕȐȕșȒȖȑ șȚȈȚȤȍȑ
ǳȍȕȐȕ ȗȐșȈȓ “ǰȕȚȍȘȍș (ȕȍ ȗȖ-ȝȖȓȖȗșȒȐ ȗȖȕȧȚȖȑ) ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȋȖȘȌȖ-
șȚȐ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȘȖșșȖȊ șȖȊȗȈȌȈȍȚ c cȖȞȐȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȔ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȘțșșȒȐȝ
(Ȑ Ȋșȍȝ Ȑȕȣȝ) ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘȐȍȊ”.
Ǫ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȐ “ǵȈȠȍȔț ȦȕȖȠȍșȚȊț” ȚȘȈȒȚȖȊȒȈ șȖȊȍȚșȒȖȑ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤ-
ȕȖȑ ȋȖȘȌȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȘȖȓȐ ȘțșșȒȖȋȖ ȧȏȣȒȈ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȊȣȘȈȎȈȍȚ ȔȣșȓȤ ǳȍȕȐȕȈ
ǷȍȘȍȌ ȕȈȔȐ ȚȖȚ șȓțȟȈȑ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȤ ȊȖșȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȐȌȍȦ ȊȖȎȌȧ Ȍȓȧ șȈȔȖ-
șȚȖȧȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȖșȔȣșȓȍȕȐȧ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ
ȒȈȒ ȖȏȈȘȍȕȐȍ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȎȐȏȕȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȖȗȣȚȈ «ȇ Ȋ ǳȍȕȐȕȍ ȔȐȘȈ ȊȍȘț șȓȈȊ-
ȓȦ Ȑ ȊȍȘț ȔȖȦ» ǷȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȖȉȘȈȏȣ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȖȚȓȐȊȈȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȚȖȟȕȣȍ ȈȜȖ-
ȘȐȏȔȣ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȜȖȘȔțȓȈ ȖȎȐȊȈȍȚ ȌȖ ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ Ȗșȧ-
ȏȈȍȔȖșȚȐ
ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȍ șȚȘȖȐȚșȧ ȒȈȒ ȖȉȖȉȡȍȕȐȍ ȜȈȒȚȖȊ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȍȕȐȑ ȕȈȌ ȎȐȏ-
ȕȤȦ — Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȖșȕȖȊȈ țȉȍȎȌȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȥȚȈ
ǪȍȓȐȒȖȌȍȘȎȈȊȕȣȑ ȠȖȊȐȕȐȏȔ ȕȍȕȈȊȐșȚȍȕ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȔț Ȗȕ șȒȓȖȕȧȍȚ ȋȖȓȖ-
Ȋț ȗȍȘȍȌ ȖȉȡȐȔȐ ȎȍȘȚȊȈȔȐ șȖȊȍȚșȒȐȝ ȕȈȘȖȌȖȊ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȐȊȠȐȝșȧ ȊȖȒȘțȋ Șțș-
șȒȖȋȖ ȕȈȘȖȌȈ Ȋ ȉȖȘȤȉȍ ȏȈ ȗȖȉȍȌț ǶȒȚȧȉȘȧ
ǷȖȉȍȌț
șȊȖȐȔȐ ȚȍȓȈȔȐ ȒȖȘȔȧ
ȕȈ ȗțȠȒȐ ȗțȠȒȐ ȘȈȏȐȕțȊ
ȉȖȒ Ȗ ȉȖȒ ȌȘȈȓȐșȤ
ȌȘțȎȐȕȣ ȈȘȔȧȕ
țȒȘȈȐȕȞȍȊ
ȘțșșȒȐȝ
ȋȘțȏȐȕȖȊ.
ǵȖȊȣȑ ǳȍȜ 7, ȹ 2)
...Ǩ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȔȍȘȒȓȐ ȕȖ Ȋșȍ ȋȓțȉȎȍ Ȑ ȧȘȟȍ ȘȈșȒȘȣȊȈȦȚșȧ
Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ȖȉȡȍȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȔ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȐ Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȎȐȊȖȑ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ șȐȓȍ
1 ȼ ɂ Ʌɟɧɢɧ ɋɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɬ  ɫɬɪ 

262
ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȜȖȘȔțȓȣ ȗȖȥȚȈ Ȗ ȘțșșȒȖȔ ȧȏȣȒȍ șȚȈȊȠȍȔ ȔȐȘȖȊȣȔ ȧȏȣ-
ȒȖȔ ȧȏȣȒȖȔ ȔȐȘȈ Ȑ ȌȘțȎȉȣ ȕȈȘȖȌȖȊ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ ǶȒȚȧȉȘȤșȒȖȑ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ
ǺȖȊȈȘȐȡȐ ȦȕȖȠȐ
ȊȏȋȓȧȌ — ȕȈ ǴȖșȒȊț
ȕȈ ȘțșșȒȐȑ ȊȖșȚȘȐȚȍ țȠȐ
ǬȈ ȉțȌȤ ȧ
Ȑ ȕȍȋȘȖȔ ȗȘȍȒȓȖȕȕȣȝ ȋȖȌȖȊ
ǰ ȚȖ ȉȍȏ țȕȣȕȤȧ Ȑ ȓȍȕȐ
ȧ ȘțșșȒȐȑ ȉȣ ȊȣțȟȐȓ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȏȈ ȚȖ
ȟȚȖ ȐȔȘȈȏȋȖȊȈȘȐȊȈȓ ǳȍȕȐȕ
ȅȚȖ șȈȔȣȑ șȐȓȤȕȣȑ ȌȖȊȖȌ Ȉ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖȍ ȦȔȖȘȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȕȐȍ
ȕȈșȟȍȚ «ȕȍȋȘȈ ȗȘȍȒȓȖȕȕȣȝ ȋȖȌȖȊ» ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȍȋȖ ȓȐȘȐȟȍșȒȐ ȕȍȖȚȘȈȏȐȔȣȔ ǻȟȍ-
ȕȐȍ ǳȍȕȐȕȈ ȌȍȓȖ ǳȍȕȐȕȈ — ȊȣșȠȍȍ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȍ ȘțșșȒȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ, ȐȔȍȦ-
ȡȍȍ ȊșȍȔȐȘȕȖ-ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ» 1.
ǻȉȍȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȧȘȒȐȑ ȘȍȏȖȕȈȕș ȊȣȠȍȗȘȐȊȍȌȍȕȕȣȝ șȚȘȈȕȐȞ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒ Ȕȍȕȧ
șȊȖȍȑ ȕȍȖȗȘȖȊȍȘȎȐȔȖȑ ȗȘȈȊȌȖȑ Ȑ șȐȓȖȑ ȓȦȉȊȐ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȓ ǳȍȕȐȕț
_______
ȇ ȓȦȉȓȦ ȏȊȍȘȤȍ
ǻȊȐȌȐȠȤ șȖȉȈȟȖȕȒț —
ȚțȚ ț ȉțȓȖȟȕȖȑ ȖȌȕȈ —
șȗȓȖȠȕȈȧ ȗȓȍȠȤ —
Ȑȏ șȍȉȧ
Ȑ ȚȖ ȋȖȚȖȊ ȌȖșȚȈȚȤ ȗȍȟȍȕȒț
Ǵȕȍ ȕȍ ȎȈȓȒȖ ȌȖȘȖȋȈȧ
ȍȠȤ
Ǫ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ©ǷȘȖșȚȖª
ǰ Ȋ «ǽȖȘȖȠȍȔ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ Ȓ ȓȖȠȈȌȧȔ» Ȑ ȊȖ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȌȘțȋȐȝ șȚȐȝȈȝ ț ǴȈȧ-
ȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȘȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȚȍȗȓȖȍ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȍȎȕȖȍ ȟțȊșȚȊȖ Ȓ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȔ
1 ȼ ɉɟɪɰɨɜ Ɇɚɹɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ - ɀɢɡɧɶ ɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɹ
ɇɚɭɤ ɋɋɋɊ ɢɡɞ ©ɇɚɭɤɚª  ɫɬɪ -168.

263
Ǫșȍ ȗȖȔȕȧȚ ȖȟȍȕȤ șȊȍȚȓȣȑ ȗȖȘȚȘȍȚ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ Ȗȕ ȓȈșȒȖȊȖ
țȓȣȉȈȧșȤ ȗȖȋȓȈȎȐȊȈȍȚ ȌȖȊȍȘȟȐȊȖ ȗȘȐȓȤȕțȊȠțȦ Ȓ ȍȋȖ ȗȓȍȟț ȟȍȘȕȍȕȤȒțȦ
șȖȉȈȟȒț ǷȖȘȚȘȍȚ țȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȒȘȈșȕȖȘȍȟȐȊ
ǶȌȕȈȎȌȣ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘț ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȖȊȐȟț ȏȈȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ «ȎȐȊȖȑ ȗȖȌȈ-
ȘȖȒ» ǳȐȓȍ ȆȘȤȍȊȕȍ ǷȘȐșȔȖȚȘȍȓ Ȗȕ ȋȌȍ-ȚȖ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ ȒțȌȓȈșȚȖȋȖ ș ȊȐȌț
ȖȟȍȕȤ ȕȍȒȘȈșȐȊȖȋȖ ȡȍȕȒȈ ȟȍȔ-ȚȖ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȠȍȋȖ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȈ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȖȊȐ-
ȟȈ ǵȖ ǳȐȓȍ ȆȘȤȍȊȕȍ ȗȍșȐȒ ȕȍ ȗȖȕȘȈȊȐȓșȧ — ȖȕȈ ȍȋȖ șȘȈȏț Ȏȍ ȖȚȊȍȘȋȓȈ Ǩ
ț ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȕȈ ǳțȉȧȕșȒȖȔ ȗȘȖȍȏȌȍ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȧȡȐȝ țșȓȖȊȐȑ ȌȍȘȎȈȚȤ
șȖȉȈȒț ț șȍȉȧ ȌȖȔȈ ǰ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȟȈșȚȣȍ ȗȖȍȏȌȒȐ ȗȖ ǹȖȦȏț ȕȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȓȐ ȍȔț
ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȈȚȤ ȝȖȘȖȠțȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ șȖȉȈȒȍ Ǫșȍ ȌȘțȏȤȧ ȗȘȐȏȈȌțȔȈȓȐșȤ ȎȍȓȈȧ ȗȖ-
ȔȖȟȤ ǺȈȕȦȠȈ — ȌȖȟȤ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȣȝ — șȚȈȓȈ ȗȘȖșȐȚȤ ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȊȏȧȚȤ șȖ-
ȉȈȒț. ǪȏȧȓȐ ǵȖ ȖȗȧȚȤ Ȏȍ ȕȍȕȈȌȖȓȋȖ Ǫ ȖȉȡȍȎȐȚȐȐ ǷȘȖȓȍȚȒțȓȤȚȈ ȋȌȍ ȎȐȓȐ
ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȣ șȖȉȈȟȒȈ șȚȈȓȈ ȕȖșȐȚȤșȧ ȗȖ ȌȓȐȕȕȖȔț ȒȖȘȐȌȖȘț ȏȈȉȍȋȈȧ ȊȖ Ȋșȍ
ȒȖȔȕȈȚȣ ȎȐȓȤȞȖȊ — ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȖȕȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȔȖȓȖȌȣ ȌȖȉȘȣ Ȑ ȊȍșȍȓȖ ȗȘȐ-
ȕȐȔȈȓȐ ȟȍȚȊȍȘȖȕȖȋȖȋȖ ȋȖșȚȧ Ȓ ȚȖȔț ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ țȎȍ ȐȔȍȊȠȍȋȖ șȊȖȍ ȐȔȧ ǺȘȍ-
ȚȤȧȒȖȊ ȏȈ ȧȊȕțȦ ȕȍȒȘȈșȐȊȖșȚȤ ȕȈȏȊȈȓ ȍȋȖ ©ǲȍȘȏȖȕ» (Ț ȍ ȐȔȍȕȍȔ ȕȍȌȖȉȘȖ-
ȎȍȓȈȚȍȓȧ) Ȉ ȗȍșȐȒ-ȚȖ ȊȍȌȤ ȉȣȓ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȌȖȉȘȣȑ ȓȈșȒȖȊȣȑ — Ȗȕ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȉȣșȚ-
ȘȖ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȚȐȓșȧ Ȋ «ǲéȘȏȐȒȈ, Ȋ ©ǲpȘȍȦ» Ȋ «ǲȖȘȏóȠț» țȚȘȈȚȐȊ ȗȍȘȊȖȕȈȟȈȓȤ-
ȕȣȑ șȔȣșȓ ȕȍȗȘȐȧȚȕȖȋȖ ȐȔȍȕȐ
ǪșȒȖȘȍ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊț ȗȖȌȖșȗȍȓȈ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȐȘȖȊȒȈ ȏȈ ȋȘȈȕȐȞț ȕȈ ȋȖȌ șȖ Ȋșȍȑ
șȍȔȤȍȑ ǺȖȋȌȈ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓȐșȤ Ȓ ȕȈȔ ȏȕȈȧ ȟȚȖ ȔȖȐ ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȐ ȎȐȓȐ ș ȔȖȍȑ șȍ-
șȚȘȖȑ Ȑ ȍȍ ȔțȎȍȔ Ȋ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖȑ -ȝ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȕȖȑ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȍ ǷȘȐ ȌȖȔȍ ȕȍȉȖȓȤ-
ȠȖȑ șȈȌ Ȑ ȌȊȖȘȐȒ ȋȌȍ Ȍȓȧ șȖȉȈȒȐ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖȓȕȖȍ ȘȈȏȌȖȓȤȍ
Ǫ ȚȘȍȚȐȑ ȘȈȏ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȘȍȕȕȈȧ șȖȉȈȒȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȈ ȕȈȠȍȑ șȍȔȤȍȑ Ǫșȍ ȗȖ-
ȓȦȉȐȓȐ ȊȍșȍȓȍȕȤȒȖȋȖ Ȑ țȔȕȖȋȖ ȡȍȕȒȈ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȏȈȉȈȊȓȧȊȠȍȋȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȊ-
ȠȐȝ Ȓ ȕȈȔ Ƕȕ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȕȈțȟȐȓșȧ ȗȘȣȋȈȚȤ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȖȉȘțȟ ȐȓȐ ȗȖȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕ-
ȕțȦ ȕȖȋț ȒțȊȣȘȒȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȒȖȊȘȍ — ȗȖ șȐȋȕȈȓț ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ Ȗȕ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȚȍȘȗȍȓȐ-
ȊȖ ȎȌȈȓ
ɆȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȗȕ țȏȕȈȊȈȓ ȐȏȌȈȓȐ ȗȖ ȋȖȓȖșț Ȑ ȘȈȌȖșȚȕȖ ȉȍȎȈȓ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȕȈ-
ȊșȚȘȍȟț ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȖȊȐȟ ȖȌȖȉȘȧȓ Ȋȍșȍȓȣȑ ȕȘȈȊ ǲȍȘȏȖȠȒȐ ȉȣȓ
ȌȖȊȖȓȍȕ ȟȚȖ ȗȍșȐȒ ȎȐȊȍȚ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȓȈșȒȈȓ ȍȋȖ
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ǫȖȊȖȘȧ Ȗ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȔ șȓȍȌțȍȚ țȌȍȓȐȚȤ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȗȖȥȚț ǷȍȚȘț ǪȈșȐȓȤȍ-
ȊȐȟț ǵȍȏȕȈȔȖȊț ȗȘȍȌȈȕȕȍȑȠȍȔț Ȑȏ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȖȒȘțȎȈȊȠȐȝ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȈ ǪȓȈ-
ȌȐȔȐȘȖȊȐȟȈ
ǮȐȊȧ Ȋ ȌȈȓȍȒȖȑ ǿȐȚȍ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȧ Ȋ ȔȍșȚȕȖȑ ȋȈȏȍȚȍ Ȑ ȊȖȑȌȧ Ȋ ȋȘțȗȗț «ǺȊȖȘ-
ȟȍșȚȊȖ» ǵȍȏȕȈȔȖȊ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȓȦȉȐȓ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȊȍȟȍȘȈȝ ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȕȣȝ ȚȊȖȘ-
ȟȍșȚȊț ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ș ȟȚȍȕȐȍȔ șȚȐȝȖȊ Ȑ Ȋ ȌȐșȗțȚȈȝ
Ǫ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǵȍȏȕȈȔȖȊ ȉȣȓ țȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȐȧȚȍȕ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȚȖ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖȑ ȔȈȓȤ-

264
ȟȐȠȍșȒȖȑ șȒȘȖȔȕȖșȚȤȦ ȝȖȚȧ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚ ȍȋȖ ȉȣȓ țȎȍ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ șȖȓȐȌȕȣȑ ȉȣ-
ȓȖ ȍȔț ȚȘȐȌȞȈȚȤ ȚȘȐ ȋȖȌȈ ǵȍȊȣșȖȒȖȋȖ ȘȖșȚȈ ȕȍȏȈȔȍȚȕȖȑ ȊȕȍȠȕȖșȚȐ — ǵȍ-
ȏȕȈȔȖȊ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȕȍ ȓȦȉȐȓ, ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȍ ș ȕȐȔ ȍȋȖ ȊȍȓȐȟȈȓȐ ȗȖ ȐȔȍȕȐ-
ȖȚȟȍșȚȊț — Ȕȣ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȓȐșȤ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ǷȍȚȧ ǷȍȚȘțȠȈ ǵȍȏȕȈȔȟȐȒ —
ȥȚȖ ȍȋȖ șȖȋȘȍȊȈȓȖ Ȑ ȊȍșȍȓȐȓȖ ǩȣȓ Ȗȕ ȖȌȐȕȖȒ ȕȖ Ȕȣ ȔȧȋȒȖ ȗȖȌȚȘțȕȐȊȈȓȐ
ȕȈȌ ȕȐȔ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ ȟȚȖ ǷȍȚȘțȠȈ — șȐȉȐȘșȒȐȑ ǶȚȍȓȓȖ — șȚȈȘȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȧȟȍȚ
ȖȚ ȔțȎșȒȖȋȖ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȌȈȔț șȊȖȍȋȖ șȍȘȌȞȈ
ǩȣȓ Ȗȕ ȕȍȏȈțȘȧȌȕȣȑ ȗȖȥȚ ǹȚȐȝȐ ȍȋȖ ȉȣȓȐ ȉȖȌȘȣ șȊȍȎȐ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȣ Ȋȕț-
ȚȘȍȕȕȐȔ ȦȔȖȘȒȖȔ ȕȍȕȈȊȧȏȟȐȊȣȔ Ȑ ȔȍȚȒȐȔ
ǷȘȐȍȝȈȊ ș ȋȘțȗȗȖȑ «ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ» Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț Ȋ 2 ȋȖȌț Ȑ ȗȖȏȕȈȒȖȔȐȊ-
ȠȐșȤ ș ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȔ ǵȍȏȕȈȔȖȊ ȋȖȘȧȟȖ ȗȖȓȦȉȐȓ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȈ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȖȊȐ-
ȟȈ Ȑ ȖșȚȈȓșȧ ȍȋȖ ȊȍȘȕȣȔ ȖȘțȎȍȕȖșȞȍȔ ȕȈȊșȍȋȌȈ ǪȣȗȖȓȕȐȚȤ ȓȦȉȖȍ ȎȍȓȈ-
ȕȐȍ ȓȦȉȖȍ ȗȖȘțȟȍȕȐȍ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȟȈșȚȤȦ ȍȋȖ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȑ ȘȈȌȖȊȈȓȖ ȍȋȖ
ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ ǵȍȏȕȈȔȖȊ ȉȣȓ ȐșȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȍȕ Ȑ ȚȖȟȍȕ ȉȍȏțȒȖȘȐȏȕȍȕȕȖ
ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȗȖ-ȝȖȘȖȠȍȔț ȖȞȍȕȐȓ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȈ ǵȍȏȕȈȔȖȊȈ șȚȈȘȈȓșȧ ȕȈȑȚȐ
Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȋȖ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȧȡțȦ ȘȈȉȖȚț ȗȘȐșȚȘȈȐȊȈȓ Ȋ ȘȍȌȈȒȞȐȧȝ ȍȋȖ șȚȐȝȐ Ȑ ȜȍȓȤȍ-
ȚȖȕȣ Ǫ ǴȖșȒȊȍ ȊȣȠȓȐ  ȒȕȐȋȐ șȚȐȝȖȊ Ƿ ǵȍȏȕȈȔȖȊȈ ©ǷȧȚȤ șȚȖȓȍȚȐȑª Ȋ
 ȋȖȌț Ȑ «ǽȖȘȖȠȖ ȕȈ țȓȐȞȍ» — Ȋ 
ǸȈȉȖȚȈȓ ǵȍȏȕȈȔȖȊ Ȋ ©ǳȍȜȍ» Ȋ «ǵȖȊȖȔ ǳȍȜȍ» Ȋ «ǸȍȜȍ» ǷȍȟȈȚȈȓ șȚȈȚȤȐ Ȑ
Ȋ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȎțȘȕȈȓȈȝ
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 ȈȗȘȍȓȧ 193 ȋȖȌȈ ǬȍȕȤ ȉȍȏ șȖȓȕȞȈ ǺțșȒȓȖȍ ȕȍȉȖ ǩȖȓȍȦ Ǫ ȜȍȊȘȈȓȍ
țȔȍȘ ȔȖȑ ȔțȎ ǸȈȉȖȚȈȦ ȕȈȌ ȉȘȖȠȦȘȖȑ Ȍȓȧ ȐȏȌ-ȊȈ «ǴȖȓȖȌȈȧ ȋȊȈȘȌȐȧ» ȗȖ
ȗȖȘțȟȍȕȐȦ ǪȐȒȚȖȘȈ ǩȖȘȐșȖȊȐȟȈ ȀȒȓȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ǹȐȓȖȑ ȊȖȓȐ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȦ șȍȉȧ
ȕȍ ȖȚȊȓȍȒȈȚȤșȧ ȖȚ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ǬȖȋȈȌȣȊȈȦșȤ ȟȚȖ țȔȕȣȑ ȌȖȉȘȣȑ ǪȐȒȚȖȘ ǩȖȘȐ-
șȖȊȐȟ ȌȈȓ Ȕȕȍ ȍȍ Ȑȏ șȈȔȣȝ ȉȓȈȋȐȝ ȗȖȉțȎȌȍȕȐȑ — șȒȈȏȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȏȈȌȈȕȐȍ ȕțȎ-
ȕȖ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȐȚȤ șȘȖȟȕȖ Ȑ șȘȖȒ ȌȈȓ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȕȐ Ȗ ȟȍȔ
ȌȘțȋȖȔ ȕȍ ȌțȔȈȓȈ
ǻȗȖȘȕȖ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȦșȤ ȉȘȖȠȦȘȖȑ ǺȍȓȍȜȖȕȕȣȑ ȏȊȖȕȖȒ ǲȈȒ ȕȍȒșȚȈȚȐ ǩȍ-
Șț ȚȘțȉȒț ǹȓȣȠț ȗȘȍȘȣȊȐșȚȣȑ ȋȖȓȖș ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȈ «Ƕȓȧ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ țȚȘȖȔ ȏȈ-
șȚȘȍȓȐȓșȧ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȇ ȎȌț ȊȈș ț ȊȖȘȖȚ ȌȖȔȈ Ȋ ǳțȉȧȕșȒȖȔ ȗȘȖȍȏȌȍ ǷȘȐȍȏ-
ȎȈȑȚȍ»
ǹȘȣȊȈȦșȤ ș ȔȍșȚȈ ǵȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȔȕȦ ǺȖȓȤȒȖ șȓȖȊȈ «ǹȍȋȖȌȕȧ țȚȘȖȔ ȏȈ-
șȚȘȍȓȐȓșȧ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ» ǹȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ ȗțȚȈȍȚșȧ Ǫ ȋȖȓȖȊȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȥȚȐ Ȋșȍ șȎȐȋȈȦ-
ȡȐȍ șȓȖȊȈ «ǹȍȋȖȌȕȧ țȚȘȖȔ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ ȏȈșȚȘȍȓȐȓșȧ» ǩȘȖșȈȦ Ȋșȍ ǳȍȟț ȚțȌȈ.
ǻ ȊȖȘȖȚ ȌȖȔȈ ȕȍțȏȕȈȊȈȍȔȣȑ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ ǺȍȔȕȣȑ ȊȍșȤ Ȋ șȓȍȏȈȝ ǩȍȎȐȔ Țț-
ȌȈ ǵȈș ȕȍ ȗțșȒȈȦȚ ǩȖȘȐș ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ Ȕȍȕȧ ©ǮȌȐȚȍ Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȈ ȓȍșȚȕȐȞȍ ȇ ȗȖȑ-
Ȍț ȕȈȊȍȘȝ țȏȕȈȦ ȋȌȍ Ȗȕ ȉțȌȍȚ».
ǹȚȖȦ ȕȈ ȓȍșȚȕȐȞȍ ǮȌț Ǫșȍ ȋȖȓȖșȈ șȔȖȓȒȓȐ ǹȓȣȠț șȊȍȘȝț ȐȌțȚ ǴȐ-

ȔȖ Ȕȍȕȧ ȗȘȖȕȖșȧȚ ȕȖșȐȓȒȐ ȕȈȋȓțȝȖ ȟȍȔ-ȚȖ ȏȈȒȘȣȚȣȍ ǵȍ ȊȣȔȖȓȊȐȚȤ ȕȐ
ȌțȔȈȚȤ ǪȍȌȤ ȥȚȖ — ȕȍșțȚ ǭǫǶ ǪǶǳǶǬȆ ǴǨȇǲǶǪǹǲǶǫǶ ǵȍ țȗȈȓȈ ǵȍ
șȊȈȓȐȓȈșȤ ǭȓȍ ȌȣȠț ǯȈ ȕȖșȐȓȒȈȔȐ ȐȌȍȚ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ «ǭȋȖ ȗȖȊȍȏȓȐ Ȋ ǫȍȕȌ-
ȘȐȒȖȊ», — ȉȘȖșȈȍȚ Ȕȕȍ ȕȈ ȝȖȌț — Ȑ Ȕȣ ȊȣȉȍȋȈȍȔ Ȑȏ ȌȖȔȈ ǵȈ ȐȏȊȖȏȟȐȒȍ ȗȖ-
ȕȍșȓȐșȤ Ȋ ǫȍȕȌȘȐȒȖȊ ȗȍȘȍțȓȖȒ ǪșȦ ȌȖȘȖȋț ȔȖȓȟȐȔ ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ șȓȖȊ
șȒȈȏȈȓ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ «Ǵȣ țșȗȍȍȔ ǵȖ Ȗȕ țȎȍ ȚȈȔ ǷȖȊȍȏȓȐ ȕȈ ȔȈȠȐȕȍ»
ǬȈ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȉȣȓ țȎȍ ȚȈȔ Ƕȕ ȓȍȎȈȓ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ȒȈȉȐȕȍȚȍ ȉțȌȚȖ șȗȈȓ
.ǹȗȈȓ Ȑ, ȖȚȚȘȍȗȍȚȈȊ ȉȣȓ ȚȐȝ —
ǲȘȈșȐȊȣȑ ȌȊȈȌȞȈȚȐȌȊțȝȓȍȚȕȐȑ,
ǲȈȒ ȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏȈȓ ȚȊȖȑ ȚȍȚȘȈȗȚȐȝ
Ǻȣ șȗȈȓ ȗȘȐȎȈȊ Ȓ ȗȖȌțȠȒȍ ȡȍȒț
ǹȗȈȓ — șȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȕȖȋ șȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȓȖȌȣȋ
ǪȘȍȥȈȧșȤ ȊȕȖȊȤ Ȑ ȊȕȖȊȤ ș ȕȈșȒȖȒț —
Ǫ ȘȈȏȘȧȌ ȗȘȍȌȈȕȐȑ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȝ1.
ǶȟȍȕȤ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȓȦȌȍȑ ǬȘțȏȍȑ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȝ Ȑ ȕȍȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȝ ȟțȎȐȝ Ȑ ȍȡȍ ȒȈ-
ȒȐȝ-ȚȖ Ǫșȍ ȖȕȐ șȒȖȘȉȧȡȐȍ Ȗȉ țȠȍȌȠȍȔ ȗȖȥȚȍ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȍȕȣ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȔȣșȓȤȦ
— ȏȈȟȍȔ"  ǷȖȟȍȔț" ǫȖȘȍ Ȗȉȡȍȍ — șȉȓȐȎȈȍȚ Ȑ ȘȖȌȕȐȚ ǵȖ ȖȚȊȍȚȈ ȕȍ ȌȈȍȚ
ǲȊȈȘȚȐȘȈ țȎȍ ȕȍ ȊȔȍȡȈȍȚ Ȋșȍȝ ǳȦȌȐ șȚȈȘȈȦȚșȧ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȚȐȝȖ ȕȖ șȚȖȐȚ ȒȈ-
ȒȖȑ-ȚȖ ȗȘȐȌțȠȍȕȕȣȑ ȋțȓ
ǰȏ ȗȍȘȍȌȕȍȑ ȌȖȕȖșȐȚșȧ ȘȣȌȈȕȐȍ — ȋȖȓȖș ǶȓȤȋȐ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȖȊȕȣ ǴȈȧȒȖȊ-
șȒȖȑ ©ǹȒȈȎȐȚȍ șȍșȚȘȈȔ ǳȦȌȍ Ȑ Ƕȓȍ — ȍȔț țȎȍ ȕȍȒțȌȈ ȌȍȚȤșȧª2 ǷȈȌȈȧ ȗȖȌ-
ȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȍȔȈȧ ȟȤȐȔȐ-ȚȖ ȘțȒȈȔȐ ȖȕȈ, ȠȈȚȈȧșȤ ȊȝȖȌȐȚ ǵȍȗȍȘȍȕȖșȐȔȖ ȉȖȓȤ-
ȕȖ.ǲȚȖ-ȚȖ ȘȧȌȖȔ ȗȘȖȐȏȕȍș ȠȍȗȖȚȖȔ «ǹȍȑȟȈș ȗȘȐȍȌȍȚ șȒțȓȤȗȚȖȘ șȕȐȔȈȚȤ ȔȈș-
Ȓț ș ȓȐȞȈ țȔȍȘȠȍȋȖ ǵȈȌȖ șȗȍȠȐȚȤ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȟȍȘȚȣ ȓȐȞȈ ȕȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȓȐșȤ..»
ǹȐȓ ȕȍȚ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ ȊȣȌȍȘȋȈȚȤ ǩȖȦșȤ ȏȈȒȘȐȟț ǷȘȖȠț ǩȖȘȐșȈ ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟȈ
țȊȍȏȚȐ Ȕȍȕȧ
_____
ǵȖ ȊȍȓȐȒȐȍ ȚȊȖȘȞȣ ȕȍ țȔȐȘȈȦȚ ǶȕȐ ȉȍșșȔȍȘȚȕȣ ǪȖȏȘȖȎȌȈȧșȤ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ
ȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧȝ ȖȕȐ ȌȈȦȚ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȚȘȍȗȍȚ ȗȖȏȕȈȊȈȕȐȧ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȓȦȌȧȔ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȋȖ
Ȑ ȉțȌțȡȍȋȖ — ȕȈ ȊȍȒȈ ȕȈȊșȍȋȌȈ
ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȖșȚȈȓșȧ ȎȐȚȤ ȊȍȟȕȖ
1984
1 ©ɋɦɟɪɬɶ ɩɨɷɬɚª Ȼɨɪɢɫ ɉɚɫɬɟɪɧɚɤ ɋɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɬɨɦɟ ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ Ʌɟ-
ɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɟ  ɫɬɪ ).
2 ɐɢɬɚɬɚ ɢɡ ɩɨɷɦɵ Ɇɚɹɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ©Ɉɛɥɚɤɨ ɜ ɲɬɚɧɚɯª

266
ª   ¢

ǶșȍȕȤ ǫȖȌ -ȑ ǲȖȔȕȈȚȈ ǨșȍȍȊȣȝ — ȕȈ -Ȕ ȥȚȈȎȍ ȌȖȔȈ ǪǽǻǺǭǴǨǹȈ
ȕȈ ǴȧșȕȐȞȒȖȑ țȓȐȞȍ ȕȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ ǷȖȟȚȈȔȚȈ
ǯȈ ȚțșȒȓȣȔ șȍȘȣȔ ȖȒȕȖȔ ȔȖȒȘȣȍ ȒȘȣȠȐ ǴȖșȒȊȣ ǻȗȘȧȔȣȑ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟ-
ȕȣȑ ȕȍșȔȖȓȒȈȍȔȣȑ ȠțȔ ȌȖȎȌȧ ǲȓȖȟȤȧ ȘȈȏȖȘȊȈȕȕȣȝ Țțȟ țȋȘȦȔȖ ȗȘȖȗȓȣ-
ȊȈȦȚ ȕȈ țȘȖȊȕȍ ȋȓȈȏ ǶȟȍȕȤ șȍȘȌȐȚȖȍ ȕȍȉȖ
ǵȖ Ȋ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ ȠțȔȕȖ ȕȍȗȘȐȕțȎȌȍȕȕȖ ȊȍșȍȓȖ ǯȊȍȕȧȚ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȍ ȋȖȓȖșȈ
ǹȖȊșȍȔ ȕȍȌȈȊȕȖ ȗȖ ȊȣȏȖȊț ǨȕȈȚȖȓȐȧ ǪȈșȐȓȤȍȊȐȟȈ ǳțȕȈȟȈȘșȒȖȋȖ Ȋ ǴȖș-
ȒȊț Ȑȏ ǿȐȚȣ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȓȈ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȈȧ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȈȧ ȋȘțȗȗȈ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª.
ǯȈ ȕȍȐȔȍȕȐȍȔ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȣȝ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘ ȟȓȍȕȣ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ȘȈȏȉȘȍȓȐșȤ ȗȖ ǴȖșȒȊȍ —
ȒȚȖ ȒțȌȈ Ȓ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȔ Ȓ ȘȖȌșȚȊȍȕȕȐȒȈȔ Ǵȣ ș ȔțȎȍȔ ȚȖȎȍ ȟȓȍȕȣ ȋȘțȗȗȣ
©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª ȗȘȐȕȧȓȐ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ǨșȍȍȊȣȝ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȊȠȐȝ Ȑȏ ǿȐȚȣ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤ-
ȒȐȔȐ ȔȍșȧȞȈȔȐ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ȗȖȎȐȚȤ ț ȕȐȝ ǮȐȊȍȔ țȎȍ ȕȍȌȍȓȦ
ǬȍȕȤ șȒȓȖȕȧȍȚșȧ Ȓ ȊȍȟȍȘț ǨșȍȍȊ ©Ȋ țȌȈȘȍª Ǫȍșȍȓ ǶșȚȘȖțȔȍȕ ǷȖȌȊȐ-
Ȏȍȕ ǽȖȝȖȟȍȚ Ȋșȍȝ ȊȖȊȓȍȒȈȧ Ȋ ȒȘțȋ ȠțȚȖȒ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ țȔȖȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȕȍ-
ȉȣȓȐȞȣ ǶȒșȈȕȈ ȡȍȉȍȟȍȚ Ȋ țȕȐșȖȕ ȔțȎț
Ǫ ȌȊȍȘȤ ȗȖșȚțȟȈȓȐ ǪȝȖȌȧȚ ȌȊȖȍ — Ȗȕ Ȑ ȖȕȈ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȍ țȓȣȉȈȦȚșȧ ȝȖȏȧȍ-
ȊȈȔ ȒȐȕțȊȠȐȔșȧ ȋȖșȚȧȔ ȕȈȊșȚȘȍȟț
ǲȈȒ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȐȠȍȌȠȐȑ ȗȘȖȐȏȕȍș ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ șȓȖȊ ȧ ȚȖȚȟȈș țȏȕȈȓȈ ȍȋȖ
ȝȖȚȧ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȍȓȈ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȜȖȚȖ ȍȋȖ Ȕȕȍ ȕȍ ȗȖȗȈȌȈȓȐșȤ ǷȖ ȚȍȔ-
ȕȖȔț ȉȓȍșȒț ȋȓȈȏ ȗȖ șȚȘȍȔȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧȔ ȗȖ ȊșȍȔț ȖȉȓȐȒț ȍȋȖ Ȉ Ȋ
ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖ ȍȋȖ ȋȖȓȖșț ȚȈȒ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȖ Ȑ ȈȘȚȐșȚȐȟȕȖ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȍȔȖȔț Ǩșȍȍ-
ȊȣȔ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȑ ȏȐȔȖȑ ȚȈȔ — Ȋ ȌȈȓȍȒȖȑ șȐȉȐȘșȒȖȑ ȋȓțȝȖȔȈȕȐ — șȘȈȏț ȊșȗȖȔ-
ȕȐȓȐșȤ Ȑ ȏȈȏȊțȟȈȓȐ Ȋ ȋȖȓȖȊȍ Țȍ șȚȐȝȐ ǨșȍȍȊȣȔ ȟȐȚȈȕȕȣȍ
ǷȘȐȝȖȌȐȓ ȗȖ ȕȖȟȈȔ
Ǫ șȐȕȍȊȍ ȓȍȌȕȐȒȈ ȖȚ ǺȈȔȈȘȣ
ǷȈȘȖȑ ȒȘȣȓ ȕȈȔȍȟȈȓ
ǫȌȍ ȋțȌȍȚȤ ȋȌȍ ȒȖȕȟȈȚȤșȧ ȒȖȠȔȈȘț
ǵȍ ȘȣȌȈȓ ȕȍ șȗȓȍȚȈȓ
ǶȋȖȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȐșȝȓȍșȚȈȕȕȣȝ Ȋ ȠȘȈȔȈȝ
ǻȞȍȓȍȓȈ ȗȓȐȚȈ
ǯȈ ȖȋȘȈȌȖȑ ȋȘțȏȐȕșȒȖȋȖ ȝȘȈȔȈ
ǬȈ ȌȈ ȥȚȖ ȖȕȐ Țȍ șȈȔȣȍ șȚȐȝȐ Ȑȏ ©ǷȈȔȧȚȐ ǬȍȔȖȕȈª ǰ ȊȖȚ ȗȘȐȠȍȓ șȈȔ
ȗȖȥȚ Ƕȕ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȕȈȏȊȈȓ șȍȉȧ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȧșȤ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ Ƕȕ ȏȌȍșȤ
ǲȈȒ ȕȍȗȖȝȖȎȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȥȚȐ ȌȊȈ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ǬȊȈ ȗȖȥȚȈ ǹȊȍȚȓȣȑ ȏȊȖȕȒȐȑ ȕȍ-

267
ȗȖșȍȌȓȐȊȣȑ ǨșȍȍȊ Ȑ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȧȘȒȐȑ ȗȘȐȠȍȓȍȞ ș ȒȈȒȐȝ-ȚȖ ȕȍȊȍȌȖ-
Ȕȣȝ ȦȎȕȣȝ ȋȖȘ — ȋȖȊȖȘȧȡȐȑ ȕȈ ȒȈȒȖȔ-ȚȖ șȊȖȍȔ ȖșȖȉȖȔ ȕȈȘȍȟȐȐ șȕȈȟȈȓȈ
ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ Ȑ ȚȘțȌȕȖȔ ȕȍ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȗȖȕȧȚȕȖȔ ȕȖ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȍ-ȚȖ ȕȍțȓȖȊȐȔȖȍ ȔȋȕȖ-
ȊȍȕȐȍ ȍȋȖ ȘȍȟȤ ȊȌȘțȋ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȌȐȊȕȖ Ȑ ȓȍȋȒȖ ȘȈȏȘȍȠȐȔȖȑ ȏȈȝȊȈȚȣȊȈȦȡȍ
ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖȑ ȕȈȗȖȓȕȍȕȕȖȑ ȧșȕȣȔ Ȑ ȋȓțȉȖȒȐȔ șȔȣșȓȖȔ
ǬȊȈ ȗȖȥȚȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȐ Ȗ ȗȘȖșȚȖȔ — ȕȍ ȗȘȖșȚȖ Ƕ ȌȍȓȖȊȖȔ — țȊȓȍȒȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ
ȧșȕȖ Ȑ ȖȉȘȈȏȕȖ ǺȖ șȔȍȧșȤ ȚȖ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖ ȚȖ ȠțȚȧ ǬȍȓȖ ȠȓȖ Ȗ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȐ ȕȖ-
ȊȖȋȖ ȐȏȌȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȐȚȍȓȍȔ ȍȋȖ ȉȣȓ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȊȖ ȟȚȖ ȉȣ ȚȖ ȕȐ șȚȈ-
ȓȖ ȝȖȚȍȊȠȐȑ ȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȕȖȊȖȍ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȍ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȓȐȊȖȍ
ǨșȍȍȊ Ȑ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ ȉȣȓȐ ȊȖȊȓȍȟȍȕȣ Ȋ ȥȚȖ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȕȐȍ ǰȌȍȧ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓȈ Ȑȝ
ȕȘȈȊȐȓȈșȤ ȐȔ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȐ Ȗ ȕȍȑ ȋȖȘȧȟȖ ș ȈȏȈȘȚȖȔ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȓȐșȤ Ȑ Ȓ ȕȈȔ șȚȈ-
ȘȈȧșȤ ȏȈȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȚȤ ȊȚȧȕțȚȤ Ȋ ȉȍșȍȌț șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘ ȖȉȡȐȔ
ǪȔȍșȚȍ ș ȎȍȕȖȑ ǭȊȋȍȕȐȍȑ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȖȊȕȖȑ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ ȏȈȑȌȧ Ȓ ǨșȍȍȊȣȔ
ȒțȌȈ-ȚȖ ȚȖȘȖȗȐȓșȧ ǶȗȘȈȊȌȣȊȈȧ șȊȖȦ ȗȖșȗȍȠȕȖșȚȤ ȕȍȖȚȓȖȎȕȣȔȐ ȌȍȓȈȔȐ
ȋȖșȚȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȍȌȖȓȋȖ Ȑ țȠȓȐ ȖșȚȈȊȐȊ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ șȊȍȘȒȈȦȡȍȑ ȕȍȖȉȣȟȈȑ-
ȕȖșȚȐ
Ǫ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȐȔȧ ȗȖȥȚȈ ǩȖȘȐșȈ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȈ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȈ țșȚȈȝ ț Ȋșȍȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ
ȉȓȐȏȒȐȝ Ȓ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ — ȔȖȓȖȌȣȝ Ȑ ȕȍȔȖȓȖȌȣȝ ȕȖȊȈȚȖȘȖȊ Ȑ ȗȘȐȊȍȘȎȍȕ-
ȞȍȊ ȒȓȈșșȐȒȐ ǭșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȕȖȊȖȍ ȏȕȈȒȖȔșȚȊȖ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȊȏȉțȌȖȘȈȎȐȓȖ ȕȈș
ȗȖȌȈȘȐȊ ȘȈȌȖșȚȕȖȍ țȌȐȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȋȘȈȕȐȟȐȊȠȍȍ ș ȊȖșȝȐȡȍȕȐȍȔ — țȎ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȕȍ-
ȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȥȚȈ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈ
ǷȖȥȚ țȠȍȓ Ȉ Ȋ țȠȈȝ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȍȡȍ ȏȊțȟȈȓ ȍȋȖ ȋȖȓȖș șȝȖȎȐȑ ș ȋțșȚȣȔ Ȕȍ-
ȓȖȌȐȟȕȣȔ ȋțȌȍȕȐȍȔ ȖȘȋȈȕȈ ǪșȗȖȔȐȕȈȓȖșȤ ȟȍȘȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȊȣșȒȈȏȈȕȕȣȝ ȐȔ
șȍȘȤȍȏȕȣȝ Ȕȣșȓȍȑ ș ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȠțȚȒȖȑ ȕȍȘȍȌȒȖ ȖȉȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȊȠȍȑșȧ ȒȈȓȈȔ-
ȉțȘȖȔ Ȉ ȚȖ Ȑ ȗȈȘȈȌȖȒșȖȔ ǩȖȘȐș ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟ Ȋ ȉȍșȍȌȍ ȉȣȓ ȊȕȐȔȈȚȍȓȍȕ șȈ-
ȔȖȒȘȐȚȐȟȍȕ Ȑ șȔȍȠȓȐȊ ǪȘȍȔȍȕȈȔȐ ȏȈȌțȔȟȐȊ țȝȖȌȐȓ Ȋ șȍȉȧ
ǷȖȚȖȔ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȊșȚȘȍȟȐ țȟȈșȚȐȓȐșȤ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȍȘȊȖȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ țȌȐȊ-
ȓȍȕȐȧ șȋȓȈȌȐȓȖșȤ țșȚțȗȐȊ ȔȍșȚȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȔț ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȦ ǶȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ șȚȈ-
ȓȐ ȊȏȈȐȔȕȖ ȌȖȉȘȖȎȍȓȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ
ǮȐȊȧ ț ǨșȍȍȊȣȝ Ȕȣ țșȐȓȍȕȕȖ ȏȈȕȧȓȐșȤ ȗȖȌȣșȒȐȊȈȕȐȍȔ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȣ ǵȖ Ȋ
ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ șȕȧȚȤ ȒȖȔȕȈȚț Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ǵȍȌȍȓȐ ȕȈ ȚȘȐ
Ȕȣ ȗȍȘȍȍȝȈȓȐ Ȋ ǲțșȒȖȊȖ ȕȈ ȌȈȟț Ȓ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȔ ȖșȚȈȊȐȊȠȐȔ ȍȍ ȕȈȔ ȌȖ ȐșȚȍȟȍ-
ȕȐȧ șȘȖȒȈ ȕȈȑȔȈ
Ǩ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȕȈ ȗȖȔȖȡȤ ȗȘȐȠȍȓ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȖȊȐȟ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ Ƕȕ
ȉȣȓ țȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȖȚȏȣȊȟȐȊ Ȑ ȌȖȉȘ ǻȏȕȈȊ Ȗ ȕȈȠȍȑ ȕȍțșȚȘȖȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Ȗȕ ȖȟȍȕȤ
ȌȍȓȐȒȈȚȕȖ ȏȈȗȘȖșȚȖ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȐȓ ȕȈȔ ȗȖșȍȓȐȚȤșȧ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ Ȋ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȍ ǩȘȐ-
ȒȖȊ ȕȈ ǪȖȌȖȗȤȧȕȖȔ ©ȌȖ ȗȘȐȍȏȌȈ ǳȐȓȐ ȆȘȤȍȊȕȣª ȕȈȝȖȌȐȊȠȍȑșȧ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ
Ȋ ǩȍȘȓȐȕȍ
ǷȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȉȣȓȖ ș ȘȈȌȖșȚȤȦ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȖ ǷȍȘȍȍȝȈȓȐ Ȋ ǪȖȌȖȗȤȧȕȣȑ ȋȌȍ Ȋ
ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȍȎȍȊȍȟȍȘȕȍ șȖȉȐȘȈȓȖșȤ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȍȑȠȐȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ǩȘȐȒ Ȑ ǴȈȧ-
ȒȖȊșȒȐȑ Ȋ ȘȖȓȐ ȝȖȏȧȍȊ ȉȣȓȐ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȋȖșȚȍȗȘȐȐȔȕȣ
ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȖȉȈȧȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȖșȚȘȖțȔȕȣȑ ȉȣȓ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȚȍ-

268
ȓȍȕ Ȍȓȧ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ ȕȈȝȖȌȧ ȠțȚȒț ȌȖȉȘȖȍ ȗȘȐȊȍȚșȚȊȐȍ ȈȏȈȘȚȕȖ ©ȘȍȏȈȓșȧª Ȋ
ȒȈȘȚȣ ș ǨșȍȍȊȣȔ ȐȓȐ ǲȘțȟȍȕȣȝ ȖȌȕȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȓ ȖȎȐȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȋ
ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȍ ș ȕȈȝȖȌȧȡȐȔȐșȧ ȗȖȉȓȐȏȖșȚȐ Ƕȕ ȉȣȓ ȕȍȐșȚȖȡȐȔ Ȋ ȖșȚȘȖȚȈȝ ȌȖȉȘȖ-
ȌțȠȕȣȝ ȕȍȏȓȣȝ
Ǫșȧ ȋȘțȗȗȈ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª ȉȣȓȈ ȗȖȌ ȖȗȍȒȖȑ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ șȚȈ-
ȘȈȓȈșȤ ȉȣȚȤ ș ȕȐȔ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȗțșȒȈȧ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ ǰȕȖȋȌȈ ȉȣȊȈȓȐ ȏȌȍșȤ
ǳțȕȈȟȈȘșȒȐȑ ȅȑȏȍȕȠȚȍȑȕ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȐ ȀȚȍȘȍȕȉȍȘȋ ǸȖȌȟȍȕȒȖ șȖȊșȍȔ ȔȖȓȖ-
ȌȖȑ ȆȚȒȍȊȐȟ ǨșȍȍȊȣ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ ǲȈȔȍȕșȒȐȑ Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȌȘțȋȐȝ țȎȍ
ȏȘȍȓȣȝ Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȦȡȐȝ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ Ȑ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȍȑ
ǪșȒȖȘȍ ǩȘȐȒȐ Ȉ ȏȈȚȍȔ Ȑ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ țȍȝȈȓȐ ȏȈ ȋȘȈȕȐȞț ǵȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȊȘȍ-
Ȕȧ Ȕȣ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȍ ȖȌȕȐ ș ȌȖȔȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȞȍȑ ǨȕȕțȠȒȖȑ ǲȖȔȕȈȚȈ Ȋ
ǴȖșȒȊȍ Ȍȓȧ ȕȈș țȗȖȘȕȖ ȕȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓȈșȤ ǲȈȒ ȊȌȘțȋ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȕȈȒȈȕțȕȍ ȊȖȏȊȘȈ-
ȡȍȕȐȧ ǩȘȐȒȖȊ Ȑ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȒȈȒ ș ȕȍȉȈ șȊȈȓȐȓȈșȤ Ȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ Ȑ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȈ ȕȈ
ǨȘȉȈȚȍ — ȗțșȚȈȧ ȉȍȏ ȖȚȖȗȓȍȕȐȧ ș ȖȒȕȈȔȐ ȏȈȉȐȚȣȔȐ ȜȈȕȍȘȖȑ ȕȖ ȗȖșȘȍ-
ȌȐȕȍ ȍȍ șȚȖȧȓ ȟțȌȍșȕȣȑ ȘȖȧȓȤ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ Ȍȓȧ ©ȓȐȟȕȖ-
ȋȖ ȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȕȍȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧª Ǫ ȥȚț ȒȖȔȕȈȚț ȗȖȚȖȔ ȟȈșȚȖ ȗȘȐ-
ȝȖȌȐȓȐ Ȓ ȕȈȔ ȓȦȌȐ ȉȣȊȈȊȠȐȍ ȕȈ ǪȖȌȖȗȤȧȕȖȔ ǵȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȊȗȖșȓȍȌ-
șȚȊȐȐ șȚȈȓȐ ȕȈȠȐȔȐ ȌȘțȏȤȧȔȐ
ǷȍȘȍȍȝȈȊ ȕȈ ǨȘȉȈȚșȒțȦ ȗȓȖȡȈȌȤ Ȕȣ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȐșȤ ȗȖȟȚȐ șȖșȍȌȧȔȐ ș ǷȈș-
ȚȍȘȕȈȒȈȔȐ ȎȐȊȠȐȔȐ ȕȈ ǪȖȓȝȖȕȒȍ ǿȈșȚȖ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȓȐșȤ ǶȌȕȈȎȌȣ ǭȊȋȍȕȐȧ
ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȖȊȕȈ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȓȈșȤ Ȕȕȍ ȟȚȖ ǩȖȘȐș ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟ șȒȈȏȈȓ ȍȑ ȚȈȒ ©ǯȕȈȍȠȤ
Ǯȍȕȧ Ȕȕȍ ȝȖȟȍȚșȧ ȌȘțȎȐȚȤ ș ȥȚȐȔȐ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȎȍȕȈȔȐ Ǵȕȍ ȕȘȈȊȐȚșȧ Ȑȝ ȦȕȖȍ
ȕȍȗȘȍȌȊȏȧȚȖȍ ȓȦȉȖȗȣȚșȚȊȖ Ȓ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȓ ȓȦȌȧȔ Ȓ ȐșȒțșșȚȊț — ȒȖ ȊșȍȔțª ǪșȒȖ-
Șȍ Ȕȣ ȗȖȌȘțȎȐȓȐșȤ șȍȔȤȧȔȐ ȕȈȠȐ ȊșȚȘȍȟȐ țȟȈșȚȐȓȐșȤ Ǵȣ ȕȈȊȍȡȈȓȐ ȌȘțȋ
ȌȘțȋȈ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ȝȖȌȐȓȐ Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘ Ȋ ȒȐȕȖ Ȋ ȒȖȕșȍȘȊȈȚȖȘȐȦ ȕȈ ȒȖȕȞȍȘȚȣ
ǪșȒȖȘȍ ț ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȖȊ ȘȖȌȐȓșȧ șȣȕ ǮȍȕȍȟȒȈ ǲȖȋȌȈ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȐ ȗȍȘȍȍ-
ȝȈȓȐ ȕȈ ȌȈȟț Ȕȣ ȟȈșȚȖ ȗȘȐȍȏȎȈȓȐ Ȓ ȕȐȔ Ȋ ǩȈȘȊȐȝț ǵȈȊșȚȘȍȟț ȕȈȔ ȊȔȍșȚȍ
ș ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȧȔȐ ȊȣȉȍȋȈȓ ȔȐȓȣȑ ȘȣȎȍȕȤȒȐȑ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒ Ȋ ȉȍȓȖȑ ȗȈȕȈȔȒȍ ȌȖ-
ȊȍȘȟȐȊȖ ȓȍȗȍȟȈ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȕȈ șȊȖȍȔ ȌȍȚșȒȖȔ ȧȏȣȒȍ ȐȕȚȖȕȈȞȐȍȑ Ȑ ȕȍȎȕȣȔ ȋțȌȍ-
ȕȐȍȔ ȗȖȘȈȏȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȧ ȋȖȓȖș șȊȖȍȋȖ ȖȚȞȈ ǩȖȘȐșȈ ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟȈ
ǳȍȚȖȔ  ȋȖȌȈ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ ȕȈȟȈȓ ȗȐșȈȚȤ ȗȖȥȔț ©ǬȍȊȧȚȤșȖȚ ȗȧȚȣȑ ȋȖȌª
Ǫ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȗȕ ȊȣȘȊȈȓșȧ Ȑȏ ȒȘțȚȈ ȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȚȍȔ ȓȍȋȒȖ Ȑ ȖȝȖȚȕȖ ȏȈȕȧȊȠȐșȤ ȘȈȏ-
ȘȈȉȖȚȒȖȑ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ șȦȎȍȚȈ țȊȓȍȒȠȍȋȖ ȍȋȖ ǩȖȘȐș ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟ țȋȓțȉȐȓ-
șȧ Ȋ ȘȈȏȣșȒȐȊȈȕȐȍ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȊ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȝ Ȍȓȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȖȟȍȕȤ
ȘȈȌȖȊȈȓșȧ ȍșȓȐ ȍȔț țȌȈȊȈȓȖșȤ ȕȈȑȚȐ ȕțȎȕȣȍ șȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ Ȋ șȚȈȘȣȝ ȎțȘȕȈȓȈȝ
Ȋ ȒȕȐȋȈȝ Ȋ ȌȖȒțȔȍȕȚȈȝ ǬȖȓȋȐȔȐ ȌȕȧȔȐ ȏȈșȐȎȐȊȈȓșȧ Ȗȕ Ȋ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒȈȝ
ȘȖȧșȤ Ȋ ȋȘțȌȍ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȖȊ ȏȈȉȣȊȈȧ Ȗ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ Ȗȉ țșȚȈȓȖșȚȐ ȖȉȖ ȊșȍȔ
Ƕȕ ȕȈȌȖȓȋȖ ȉȣȓ ȖȏȈȘȍȕ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȎȍȓȈȕȕȣȔ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȋȖ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȍȕȐȍȔ ȖȚȌȈ-
ȊȈȓșȧ ȍȔț șȈȔȖȏȈȉȊȍȕȕȖ ǭȔț ȕȘȈȊȐȓȖșȤ Ȋșȍ șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȊȠȍȍ ȒȈȕȊț Ȍȓȧ ȘȈȉȖ-
Țȣ ȥȗȖȝȈ ȊȘȍȔȧ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȐșȚȖȒȐ șȖȉȣȚȐȑ ȗȖșȓțȎȐȊȠȐȍ șȚȐȔțȓȖȔ Ȍȓȧ

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șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ
ǰȕȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȍ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ǩȖȘȐș ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟ ȏȈȟȐȚȣȊȈȓ ȕȈȔ ȒțșȒȐ ȗȖȥ-
Ȕȣ ȒȈȏȈȊȠȐȍșȧ ȍȔț țȌȈȟȕȣȔȐ ȐȓȐ Ȏȍ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȗȖ ȍȋȖ ȔȕȍȕȐȦ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟ-
ȕȖ ȊȣȘȈȏȐȊȠȐȍ ȍȋȖ ȏȈȔȣșȍȓ — șȗȖȘȕȣȍ ȕȍ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȍȋȖ țȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖȘȧȊȠȐȍ
Ƕȕ ȕȈșȚȈȐȊȈȓ ȕȈ ȖȚȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȊȣșȒȈȏȣȊȈȕȐȧȝ ȗȘȖșȐȓ ȖȚȔȍȟȈȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȖșȚȈȕȈȊ-
ȓȐȊȈȦȡȍȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ Ȋ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Ȗȕ ȝȖȚȍȓ Ȑ ȎȌȈȓ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȣȝ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖ-
ȘȖȊ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȔȖȋȓȖ ȉȣ ȕȍ ȗȖȕȘȈȊȐȚȤșȧ ȊȣȏȊȈȚȤ ȖșțȎȌȍȕȐȍ ț ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȍȑ
ǶșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȘȈȌțȠȕȖ ǩȖȘȐș ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟ ȗȘȐȊȍȟȈȓ ȔȖȍȋȖ ȔțȎȈ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐ-
ȘȈ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȐȟȈ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌȈ ȗȘȍȗȖȌȈȊȈȚȍȓȧ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ
ȗȖȥȚȈ
ǩȖȘȐșț ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟț ȕȘȈȊȐȓșȧ ǪȖȓȖȌȧ șȊȖȐȔ ȥȕȚțȏȐȈȏȔȖȔ ȖșȚȘȖȚȖȑ țȔȈ,
șȊȍȚȓȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȍȘȈȌȖșȚȕȖșȚȤȦ ǷȘȐȊȓȍȒȈȚȍȓȤȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ Ȋ șȖȊșȍȔ ȍȡȍ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȔ
ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȍ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȈȧ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȈȧ ȗȈ-
ȔȧȚȤ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ ȈȕȈȓȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ
ǸȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȣ Ȑȝ ȗȘȐ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȝ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȍșȒȖȕȟȈȍȔȣ
ǲ ȚȖȔț ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ț ȕȈș țȎȍ șȖșȚȈȊȐȓȈșȤ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȈȧ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒȈ Ȑ
ǩȖȘȐș ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟ ȕȍȘȍȌȒȖ ȏȈȝȖȌȐȓ Ȓ ȕȈȔ ȏȈ ȎțȘȕȈȓȈȔȐ ©ǩȣȓȖȍª Ȑ ȏȈ ȌȘț-
ȋȐȔȐ ȒȕȐȋȈȔȐ ȋȌȍ Ȗȕ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓ ȕțȎȕȣȍ ȍȔț ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐȍ șȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ Ȍȓȧ ȋȖȚȖ-
Ȋȧȡȍȑșȧ ȗȖȥȔȣ
Ǫ ǭȊȗȈȚȖȘȐȐ ȧ ȉȣȓȈ ȕȍȌȖȓȋȖ ǵȍȌȍȓȐ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȚȘȐ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȚȐȓȈșȤ ȌȖȔȖȑ Ȋ
ǴȖșȒȊț ȋȌȍ ȊșȚȘȍȟȐ ș ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȈȔȐ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓȐșȤ ǭșȓȐ Ȕȣ ș ǪȖȓȖȌȍȑ ȍȝȈ-
ȓȐ Ȓ ȕȐȔ ȕȈ ȌȈȟț ȚȖ ȏȈȘȈȕȍȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȊȍșȤ ȌȍȕȤ ȉțȌȍȚ ȗȘȖ-
ȊȍȌȍȕ ©Ȋ șȖșȕȈȝª
ǳȍș ȉȣȓ ȘȧȌȖȔ ǩȖȘȐș ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟ ȊȣȉȐȘȈȓ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȧȡȍȍ ȔȍșȚȖ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌȓȈ-
ȋȈȓ ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȚȘȈȊȍ ǹȒȖȓȤȒȖ șȚȐȝȖȊ ȉȣȓȖ ȟȐȚȈȕȖ ȚȖȋȌȈ — Ȑ ȗȈșȚȍȘ-
ȕȈȒȖȊșȒȐȝ Ȑ ȘȈȏȕȣȝ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ǹȚȐȝȐ ȟȍȘȍȌȖȊȈȓȐșȤ ș ȠțȚȒȈȔȐ ș ©ȘȖȏȣȋȘȣȠȈ-
ȔȐª ș ȖșȚȘȖȚȈȔȐ ǩ ǳ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȕȘȈȊȐȓȖșȤ ©țȋȖȡȈȚȤª ȒȘȈșȐȊȣȔȐ ȔȍșȚȈȔȐ
ȡȍȌȘȖ ȘȈȏȉȘȖșȈȕȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȖȑ Ȋ ȖȒȘȍșȚȕȖșȚȧȝ ǹȚȖȐȚ ȓȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ
Ȋșȍ Ȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȍțȚȖȔȐȔȣ Ȋ ȗȘȖȋțȓȒȈȝ ǩ ǳ ȕȍ ȚȍȘȗȍȓȖșȤ ȗȖȌȍȓȐȚȤșȧ ș ȋȖș-
ȚȧȔȐ ȒȘȈșȖȚȈȔȐ ȖȒȘțȎȈȦȡȐȝ ȔȍșȚ ǵȈȑȌȧ ȝȖȘȖȠȍȍ Ȗȕ ȘȈȌȖȊȈȓșȧ ȒȈȒ Șȍȉȍ-
ȕȖȒ ȒȖȕȜȍȚȍ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊțȦȡȍ ȗȖȋȓȧȌȣȊȈȧ ȕȈ ©ȋȖȘȖȎȈȕª ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ ©Ǩ ȕț-
ȒȈ ȗȖȗȘȖȉțȑȚȍ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȔȍșȚȖ ȗȓȖȝȖȍª
ǵȈ ȖȗțȠȒȍ ȓȍșȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȓȦȉȐȔȈȧ ȗȖȓȧȕȈ ȞȊȍȚțȡȈȧ ȌțȠȐșȚȈȧ ǩ ǳ
ȕȘȈȊȐȓȖșȤ ȓȍȎȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȕȍȑ ȏȈȗȘȖȒȐȕțȊ ȘțȒȐ ȏȈ ȋȖȓȖȊț Ȑ ȋȓȧȌȍȚȤ Ȋ ȊȣșȖȒțȦ
șȐȕȤ ǺȖȟȤ-Ȋ-ȚȖȟȤ ȒȈȒ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȓȍȚ ȗȖȚȖȔ Ȗȕ șȒȈȏȈȓ Ȋ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȐ
©ǹȖșȕȣª
Ǫ ȚȘȈȊȍ ȔȍȎ ȌȐȒȐȝ ȉȈȓȤȏȈȔȐȕȖȊ
ǸȖȔȈȠȍȒ Ȑ ȓȍșȕȣȝ ȒțȗȈȊ
ǳȍȎȐȔ Ȕȣ ȘțȒȐ ȏȈȗȘȖȒȐȕțȊ
ǰ Ȓ ȕȍȉț ȋȖȓȖȊȣ ȏȈȌȘȈȊ

270
ǷȍȘȍȌ ȖȚȢȍȏȌȖȔ Ȑȏ ǿȐȚȣ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț Ȕȣ ș ȔțȎȍȔ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȐ țȌȖșȚȖȊȍȘȍ-
ȕȐȧ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȧȍȔșȧ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȖȊșȒȐȑ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚ ǵȖ Ȕȣ ȖȗȖȏȌȈȓȐ Ȓ
ȕȈȟȈȓț țȟȍȉȕȖȋȖ ȋȖȌȈ ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ ȌțȔȈȚȤ Ȗ ȗȖșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȐ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȖȑ Ȋțȏ ǷȖșȖ-
ȊȍȡȈȓȐșȤ ș ȌȘțȏȤȧȔȐ ȕȈȗȐșȈȓȐ ȌȖȘȖȋȖȔț țȟȐȚȍȓȦ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘț ǴȈȘȒț ǲȖȕ-
șȚȈȕȚȐȕȖȊȐȟț ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȖȔț — Ȗȕ țșȐȓȍȕȕȖ ȘȍȒȖȔȍȕȌȖȊȈȓ ȐȏȉȘȈȚȤ ǳȍȕȐȕ-
ȋȘȈȌșȒȐȑ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚ ǨșȍȍȊ șȖȊȍȚȖȊȈȓ ȗȖșȚțȗȈȚȤ Ȋ ǩȘȦșȖȊșȒȐȑ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȚ
ǷȍȘȍȍȏȌ Ȋ ǳȍȕȐȕȋȘȈȌ ȖșȓȖȎȕȧȓșȧ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȍȔ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȣ — Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ Ȏȍ
ȉȣȓȈ ȚȍȗȓȈȧ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȈ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ǸȍȠȐȓȐ ȗȖșȚțȗȈȚȤ Ȋ ǪȣșȠȐȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖ-ȝț-
ȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȚ ȊȖȏȋȓȈȊȓȧȍȔȣȑ ǪȈȓȍȘȐȍȔ ȇȒȖȊȓȍȊȐȟȍȔ ǩȘȦșȖ-
ȊȣȔ
ǷȘȐ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȍ Ȑȏ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȚȈ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȖȑ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ șȌȈȊȈȚȤ ȥȒȏȈ-
Ȕȍȕȣ ȕȍ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȓȖșȤ ǵȖ ȕțȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȖȑȚȐ șȖȉȍșȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ ș ©șȈȔȐȔ ǩȘȦ-
șȖȊȣȔª ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ Ȋșȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȉȖȧȓȐșȤ șȟȐȚȈȧ ȍȋȖ ȟȘȍȏȔȍȘȕȖ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ
șțȋțȉȖ ȈȒȈȌȍȔȐȟȕȣȔ Ȑ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ șțȝȐȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȔ
ȇ ȒȈȒ Ȑ Ȋșȍ ȚȘȍȗȍȡȈ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȐȓȈșȤ ȕȈ ȥȚȖ ȐșȗȣȚȈȕȐȍ ǲ ȔȖȍȔț țȌȐȊȓȍ-
ȕȐȦ ǪȈȓȍȘȐȑ ȇȒȖȊȓȍȊȐȟ șȚȈȓ ȏȈȌȈȊȈȚȤ șȖȊșȍȔ ȕȍȚȘțȌȕȣȍ ȊȖȗȘȖșȣ ȗȖ Ȑș-
ȚȖȘȐȐ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ ȗȖȗȘȖșȐȓ țȒȈȏȈȚȤ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟȍșȚȤ ȖȚȘȣȊȒȐ Ȑȏ ȓȦȉȐȔȣȝ ȒȓȈș-
șȐȒȖȊ ȒȖșȕțȓșȧ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȓȖȋȐȐ ǹȖ ȊșȍȔ ȥȚȐȔ ȧ șȗȘȈȊȐȓȈșȤ ǪȌȘțȋ Ȗȕ
șȗȘȖșȐȓ
— Ǩ Ȑȏ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ ȒȖȋȖ Ȋȣ ȏȕȈȍȚȍ"
ȇ ȗȘȖȟȓȈ ©ǲțȔȈȟª ǨșȍȍȊȈ ©ǳȍȊȣȑ ȔȈȘȠª ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ǪȈȓȍȘȐȑ ȇȒȖȊ-
ȓȍȊȐȟ țȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖȘȍȕȕȖ ȒȐȊȈȧ șȓțȠȈȓ ȕȍ ȗȍȘȍȉȐȊȈȧ
— Ǩ Ȗ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȍ șȓȣȠȈȓȐ"
— ǬȈ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȇ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ țȎȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȈ ș ǩȖȘȐșȖȔ ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐ-
ȟȍȔ ȏȕȈȓȈ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȍȋȖ șȚȐȝȖȊ
— ǴȖȎȍȚȍ ȗȘȖȟȍșȚȤ ȟȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ" — ș ȖȚȚȍȕȒȖȔ ȕȍȌȖȊȍȘȐȧ șȗȘȖșȐȓ ǩȘȦ-
șȖȊȇ șȚȈȓȈ ȟȐȚȈȚȤ
ǹȍșȚȘȈ ȔȖȧ — ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȑ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ Ȋ ȘȈȏȓȐȊȍ
ǸȈșȠȐȉȓȈșȤ ȊȍșȍȕȕȐȔ ȌȖȎȌȍȔ ȖȉȖ Ȋșȍȝ
ǪȈȓȍȘȐȑ ȇȒȖȊȓȍȊȐȟ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȘțȒȐ ȖșȚȈȕȈȊȓȐȊȈȍȚ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȑ ȗȖȌȝȊȈȚȣ-
ȊȈȍȚ
ǵȖ ȓȦȌȐ Ȋ ȉȘȍȓȖȒȈȝ ȊȣșȖȒȖ ȉȘȦȏȋȓȐȊȣ
ǰ ȊȍȎȓȐȊȖ ȎȈȓȧȚ ȒȈȒ ȏȔȍȐ Ȋ ȖȊșȍ
ǯȈȚȍȔ ȕȍ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȊ ȚȖȟȒȐ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȗȈțȏț ȌȈȊȈȧ Ȕȕȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȗȘȖȌȖȓ-
ȎȈȚȤ
ȇ ȗȖșȓțȠȕȖ ȟȐȚȈȦ

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ǻ șȚȈȘȠȐȝ ȕȈ ȥȚȖ șȊȖȐ ȍșȚȤ ȘȍȏȖȕȣ
ǩȍșșȗȖȘȕȖ ȉȍșșȗȖȘȕȖ șȔȍȠȖȕ ȚȊȖȑ ȘȍȏȖȕ
ǪȈȓȍȘȐȑ ȇȒȖȊȓȍȊȐȟ Ȋ țȕȐșȖȕ
ǿȚȖ Ȋ ȋȘȖȏț ȓȐȓȖȊȣ ȋȓȈȏȈ Ȑ ȋȈȏȖȕȣ
ǰ ȗȈȝȕȍȚ șȣȘȖȑ ȘȍȏȍȌȖȑ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚ
ǰ ȊȣȎȐȌȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ șȔȖȚȘȐȚ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȧ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓȈ ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȗȖȖȟȍ-
ȘȍȌȕȖ Ȕȣ ș ǪȈȓȍȘȐȍȔ ȇȒȖȊȓȍȊȐȟȍȔ ȌȖȟȐȚȈȓȐ Ȋșȍ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȍ ȌȖ ȒȖȕȞȈ
ǷȖ ȍȋȖ ȋȓȈȏȈȔ Ȑ ȗȖ ȊșȍȔț ȍȋȖ ȊȐȌț ȧșȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȚȈȒȖȋȖ șȖȊȔȍ-
șȚȕȖȋȖ ȟȚȍȕȐȧ ȍȔț ȗȖȕȘȈȊȐȓșȧ ǺȈȒ ȧ țȉȍȌȐȓȈșȤ ȟȚȖ ȔȐȜ Ȗ ȕȍȌȖșȚțȗȕȖșȚȐ
șțȝȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȟȍȘșȚȊȖșȚȐ ȉȣȓ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍȖȉȖșȕȖȊȈȕ
ǶșȖȉȍȕȕȖ Ȕȍȕȧ ȖȉȘȈȌȖȊȈȓȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ǩȘȦșȖȊȈ Ȓ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȔ ȗȖȥȚȈȔ
Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȕȍ ȊșȍȔȐ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȕȕȣȔ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȈȧ ȗȈȔȧȚȤ Ȑ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ
Ȓ ȓțȟȠȐȔ ȗȖȥȚȈȔ — șȚȈȘȣȔ Ȑ ȕȖȊȣȔ
ǶȟȍȕȤ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȈȧ șȊȖȐȔ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȐȍȔ ȧ ȘȍȠȐȓȈ ȟȚȖ ȥȒȏȈȔȍȕ ȕȈ ȥȚȖȔ ȏȈ-
ȒȈȕȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȎȌȈȓȈ ȊȐȏȣ ȕȈ ȊȣȝȖȌ Ȑȏ ȒȈȉȐȕȍȚȈ ǵȖ ǪȈȓȍȘȐȑ ȇȒȖȊȓȍȊȐȟ
ȌțȔȈȓ ȐȕȈȟȍ Ƕȕ șȚȈȓ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȔȖȐȔȐ ȏȕȈȕȐȧȔȐ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ Ȑ ȗȖȗȘȖ-
șȐȓ ȖȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐȏȖȊȈȚȤ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȍ ȗȍȘȍșȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȕȈȘȖȌȖȊ țȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȘȐȟȐ-
ȕȣ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟȍȍ ǸȍȠȐȊ ȟȚȖ ȊȖȗȘȖș ȒȈȊȍȘȏȕȣȑ ȧ ȊȌȘțȋ Ȋșȍ ȕȈȟȐșȚȖ ȏȈȉȣȓȈ Ȋ
ȋȖȓȖȊȍ Ȋșȍ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȠȈȓȖșȤ Ȑ ȧ ȉȘȧȒȕțȓȈ ©ǶȕȖ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓȖșȤ ȌȖȓȋȖ Ȑ ȘȈșȚȧ-
ȕțȓȖșȤ ȕȈ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ șȚȖȓȍȚȐȑª ǰ ȏȈȔȖȓȟȈȓȈ
ǺȖȋȌȈ ǪȈȓȍȘȐȑ ȇȒȖȊȓȍȊȐȟ ș țȒȖȘȐȏȕȖȑ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȚȍȘȗȍȓȐȊȖ șȚȈȓ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖ
Ȑ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȚȤ Ȕȕȍ ȊșȦ șȗȍȞȐȜȐȒț ȥȗȖȝȐ ǯȈȚȍȔ ȖȚȗțșȚȐȓ Ȕȍȕȧ ȗȖ-
ȎȈȊ ȘțȒț șȖ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ ©ǵȈȌȖ ȕȈȌȖ ȗȖȌȟȐȚȈȚȤ ȐșȚȖȘȐȦ ǷȖȥȚ Ȋșȍ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ
ȏȕȈȚȤ Ȑ ȗȖȔȕȐȚȤ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖ Ǩ ȏȈ ȟȚȍȕȐȍ șȚȐȝȖȊ — ȉȖȓȤȠȖȍ șȗȈșȐȉȖª
ǷȖȚȖȔ ȗȘȐ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȝ ș ǩȘȦșȖȊȣȔ Ȕȕȍ Ȋșȍ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȗȘȐȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚ
ȔȖȦ ȕȍțȌȈȟț ș ©ȊȍȓȐȒȐȔ ȗȍȘȍșȍȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȕȈȘȖȌȖȊª ǵȖ ȗȖ ȍȋȖ ȌȖȉȘȖȑ țșȔȍȠ-
Ȓȍ ȧ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȓȈ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȗȘȖșȚȐȓ Ȕȕȍ ȍȍ
ǰȏ ȊȣȠȍțȗȖȔȧȕțȚȖȋȖ șȓțȟȈȧ șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȊȣȊȖȌ ǩȘȦșȖȊ ȏȕȈȓ Ȑ ȓȦȉȐȓ șȚȐ-
ȝȐ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȈ — ȐȕȈȟȍ ȏȈȟȍȔ Ȗȕ ȚȈȒ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖ ȖșȚȈȕȈȊȓȐȊȈȓșȧ ȕȈ ȕȐȝ Ȑ
ȉțȘȕȖ ȊȖșȝȐȡȈȧșȤ ȐȔȐ ȟȐȚȈȓ ȥȚȐ șȚȐȝȐ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȗȖșȚțȗȈȊȠȍȑ Ȋ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȚ
ȕȍȏȕȈȒȖȔȖȑ șȚțȌȍȕȚȒȖȑ"
ȇ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȈȓȈ ǩȖȘȐșț ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟț Ȗ șȊȖȍȔ ȥȒȏȈȔȍȕȍ ț ǩȘȦșȖȊȈ ǵț Ȑ ȝȖ-
ȝȖȚȈȓ Ȏȍ Ȗȕ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȇ ȌȈȎȍ ȗȣȚȈȓȈșȤ ȖȉȐȌȍȚȤșȧ ǵȍ țȌȈȓȖșȤ ǩȖȘȐș ǳȍȖȕȐ-
ȌȖȊȐȟ ȧȊȕȖ ȉȣȓ ȌȖȊȖȓȍȕ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍȔ ǪȈȓȍȘȐȧ ȇȒȖȊȓȍȊȐȟȈ Ȑ șȚȈȓ ȘȈșșȒȈ-
ȏȣȊȈȚȤ Ȗ ǩȘȦșȖȊȍ — ȉȖȓȤȠȖȔ ȗȖȥȚȍ țȟȍȕȖȔ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȟȐȒȍ ȗȖȟȚȐ Ȋșȍȝ ȒȖȘȐ-
ȜȍȍȊ ȐȕȖșȚȘȈȕȕȖȑ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ șȖȏȌȈȚȍȓȍ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖ-ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȐȕșȚȐȚț-
ȚȈ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ ǹ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȔ țȊȈȎȍȕȐȍȔ ǩȖȘȐș ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟ ȖȞȍȕȐȊȈȓ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ

272
ǩȘȦșȖȊȈ ȊȖșȝȊȈȓȧȓ ȥȘțȌȐȞȐȦ ǩȘȦșȖȊȈ ȍȋȖ ȉȖȋȈȚȍȑȠțȦ ȗȈȔȧȚȤ ȊȓȦȉȓȍȕ-
ȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȗȖȥȏȐȦ ȒȖȓȖșșȈȓȤȕțȦ ȘȈȉȖȚȖșȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ ȕȍȐșșȧȒȈȍȔțȦ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȦ
ǩȖȘȐșț ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟț ȕȘȈȊȐȓȖșȤ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȐȚȤ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕțȦ ȔȖȓȖȌȍȎȤ ș
ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȔȐ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȍ ȗȖȥȚȈȔȐ ǺȈȒ Ȗȕ ȖȚȒȘȣȓ Ȍȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ ǸȈȑȕȍȘȈ ǴȈȘȐȧ
ǸȐȓȤȒȍ
ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ țȊȓȍȒȈȓșȧ ȗȖȥȏȐȍȑ ǸȐȓȤȒȍ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȐȓ ȍȋȖ
Ȍȓȧ ȘțșșȒȖȋȖ ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȧ ǲȖȋȌȈ ǩȖȘȐș ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟ țȏȕȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȧ ȕȍȏȕȈȒȖȔȈ ș
ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖȔ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȖȥȚȈ ȟȚȖ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ șȓȣȠȈȓȈ ȍȋȖ șȚȐȝȖȊ ǩȖȘȐș ǳȍȖȕȐ-
ȌȖȊȐȟ ȚȈȒ ȐȏțȔȐȓșȧ ȌȈȎȍ ȖȉȘȈȌȖȊȈȓșȧ — șȚȈȓ ȞȍȓȣȔȐ ȖȝȈȗȒȈȔȐ ȏȈȉȘȈșȣ-
ȊȈȚȤ Ȕȍȕȧ șȚȐȝȈȔȐ ǸȐȓȤȒȍ ȐȏțȔȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȍȋȖ ȟȐȚȈȧ ȘȈȏȢȧșȕȧȧ Ȑ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȧ
ȓțȟȠȐȍ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȍȋȖ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȈ
ȇ ȕȈȊșȍȋȌȈ ȖșȚȈȓȈșȤ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȈ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒț ȏȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȗȖȌȈȘȐȓ Ȕȕȍ
ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȋȖ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȗȖȥȚȈ
ǲȖȋȌȈ ȧ țȏȕȈȓȈ ȖȚ ǩȖȘȐșȈ ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟȈ Ȗ ȍȋȖ ©ȔțȏȣȒȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȚȘȈȋȍȌȐȐª
ȔȖȑ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȐȕȚȍȘȍș Ȓ ȗȖȥȚț șȚȈȓ ȗȍȘȍȘȈșȚȈȚȤ Ȋ ȎȐȊȖȍ ȓȦȉȖȗȣȚ-
șȚȊȖ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȒȈȒ Ȓ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒț ȇ ș ȌȍȚșȚȊȈ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓȈșȤ ȔțȏȣȒȖȑ Ȋ ȘȈȕ-
ȕȍȑ ȦȕȖșȚȐ ȌȊȖȐȓȈșȤ ȔȍȎȌț ȔțȏȣȒȖȑ Ȑ ȗȖȥȏȐȍȑ Ȑ ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐ ȥȚȖ ȗȘȖ-
ȉțȌȐȓȖ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȐȕȚȍȘȍș Ȓ ǩȖȘȐșț ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟț ȇ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȈȓȈ ȍȔț Ȗ
ȕȍȗȘȐȧȚȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȗȘȐ ȊȣșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȐ ȕȈ ȒȖȕȞȍȘȚȍ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȕȍȕȧ ȗȖȌȊȍȓȈ Ȕț-
ȏȣȒȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȗȈȔȧȚȤ Ȑ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȖȚȒȈȏȈȓȈșȤ ȖȚ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȐ Ȕț-
ȏȣȒȈȕȚȈ ȞȍȓȐȒȖȔ ȖȚȌȈȊȠȐșȤ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ
ǩȖȘȐș ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟ ȏȈȌțȔȈȓșȧ ǷȖȚȖȔ șȒȈȏȈȓ
— Ǫșȍ ȥȚȖ ȚȈȒ ǵȖ ȒȈȒ Ȏȍ Ȋȣ ȖȉȖȑȌȍȚȍșȤ ȉȍȏ ȔțȏȣȒȐ"
— ȇ ȉțȌț ȕȍ ȉȍȏ ȔțȏȣȒȐ Ȉ ȉȍȏ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȐ ȔțȏȣȒȈȕȚȈ — ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓȈ ȧ
ǷȖșȓȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ șȚȈȓ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȚȤ Ȗ ȌȘțȎȉȍ ȍȋȖ șȍȔȤȐ șȖ ǹȒȘȧ-
ȉȐȕȣȔ Ȗ șȊȖȍȔ ȗȖȒȓȖȕȍȕȐȐ ȚȊȖȘȞț ©ǷȖȥȔȣ ȥȒșȚȈȏȈª ȇ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȓȦȉȐȓȈ ȗȘȖ-
ȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ǹȒȘȧȉȐȕȈ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț ȎȐȊȖȑ ȘȈșșȒȈȏ ǩȖȘȐșȈ ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟȈ Ȗ ȒȖȔȗȖ-
ȏȐȚȖȘȍ ȏȈȝȊȈȚȐȓ Ȕȍȕȧ ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ
ǩȣȊȈȧ ț ȕȈș ǩȖȘȐș ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ șȈȌȐȓșȧ ȏȈ ȘȖȧȓȤ Ȑ ȕȈȟȐȕȈ-
ȓȐșȤ ȍȋȖ ȐȏțȔȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȐȔȗȘȖȊȐȏȈȞȐȐ ǹȊȍȚȓȣȔȐ ȖȕȐ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȟȈȡȍ ȥȚȖ
ȉȣȓȖ ȚȘȈȋȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȚȍȔȗȍȘȈȔȍȕȚȕȖȍ ȘȈȏȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ ǵȍȉȖȓȤȠȐȍ ȈȘȈȉȍșȒȐ ȥȒș-
ȗȘȖȔȚȣ ȓȐȓȐșȤ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȉȍșȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȖ — ȚȘțȌȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȖȚȓȐȟȐȚȤ ȒȖȕȍȞ ȖȌȕȖȑ
ȊȍȡȐ ȖȚ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌțȦȡȍȑ
ǷȖȘȖȑ șȊȍȚȓȈȧ ȕȈȗȍȊȕȈȧ ȔȍȓȖȌȐȧ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖ ȊȓȐȊȠȈȧșȧ Ȋ ȚȘȍȊȖȎȕȖȍ
ȗȖȊȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ țșȗȖȒȈȐȊȈȓȈ ȉȖȓȤ ȗȘȍȌȣȌțȡȐȝ ȜȘȈȏ ǴȍȓȖȌȐȧ ȥȚȈ ȌȍȘȎȐȚ-
șȧ ȕȍȌȖȓȋȖ ȖȕȈ țșȒȖȓȤȏȈȍȚ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȗȘȐȠȓȈ ǰ ȖȗȧȚȤ ȚȘȍȊȖȋȈ ȊȖ-
ȗȘȖȠȈȦȡȈȧ ȕȈșȚȖȑȟȐȊȈȧ șȐȓȤȕȈȧ Ǫșȍ ȥȚȖ — ȒȈȒ șȈȔȖțȚȊȍȘȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȒȈȒ
ȔȐȘȖșȖȏȍȘȞȈȕȐȍ
ǵȍȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȊșȗȖȔȐȕȈȓȐșȤ șȚȐȝȐ
ȇ ȒȓȈȊȐȠȍȑ șȚȈȦ ȒȖȘȔȐȓ ș ȘțȒȐ
ǷȖȌ ȝȓȖȗȈȕȤȍ ȒȘȣȓȤȍȊ ȗȓȍșȒ Ȑ ȒȓȍȒȖȚ

273
ȇ ȊȣȚȧȕțȓ ȘțȒȐ ȧ ȊșȚȈȓ ȕȈ ȕȖșȒȐ
ǸțȒȈȊ ȏȈȊȍȘȕțȓșȧ ȕȖȟȤ ȚȍȘȓȈșȤ Ȗ ȓȖȒȖȚȤ
ǰ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȍȔȕȖ ǰ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓ ȗȘțȌ
ǰ ȊȖȓȕȣ — ǰ ȗȚȐȞ Ȑȏ ȗȖȘȖȌȣ ȓȦȉȓȦ ȊȈș
ǲȈȏȈȓȖșȤ șȒȖȘȍȑ țȔȍȘȚȊȧȚ ȟȍȔ țȔȘțȚ
ǲȘȐȒȓȐȊȣȍ ȟȍȘȕȣȍ ȒȘȍȗȒȐȍ ȒȓȦȊȣ
ǬȈ ȌȈ ȊȖȚ ȖȕȐ Țȍ șȈȔȣȍ șȚȐȝȐ ȟȐȚȈȕȕȣȍ ȕȈȔ ǨșȍȍȊȣȔ ȍȡȍ Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ ǪȖȚ
ȖȕȐ ȋȓțȉȖȒȐȔȐ ȒȖȘȕȧȔȐ ȗȘȖȘȖșȠȐȍ Ȋ ȗȈȔȧȚȐ ǶȕȐ ȖȗȧȚȤ ȏȈȏȊțȟȈȓȐ șȓȐȊ-
ȠȐșȤ ș ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ șȚȐȝȖȊ — ȗȖȥȚȈ ȔțȏȣȒȈȕȚȈ ȅȚȖ șȖȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȐ-
ȠȍȌȠȍȍ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȍȋȖ ȐȋȘȣ ȗȖȘȈȏȐȓȖ Ȕȍȕȧ șȊȖȍȑ ȕȍȖȉȣȟȕȖȑ ȖȉȘȈȏ-
ȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ ȗȘȈȊȌȖȑ
ȇ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȗȘȖșȐȓȈ ǩȖȘȐșȈ ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟȈ ȐȋȘȈȚȤ — ȌȖȎȐȌȈȓȈșȤ ȗȖȒȈ
Ȗȕ șȈȔ șȧȌȍȚ ȏȈ ȘȖȧȓȤ ǰ ȍșȓȐ ȥȚȖ șȓțȟȈȓȖșȤ ȐșȒȘȍȕȕȍ ȘȈȌȖȊȈȓȈșȤ ȚȈȒȖȔț
ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȔț ȗȖȌȈȘȒț ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȊȈȓȖ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȘȍȌȒȖ
ǴțȏȣȒȈ șȌȘțȎȐȓȈ ȕȈș ȍȡȍ Ȑ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȓȦȉȐȔȣȍ ȒȖȔȗȖȏȐȚȖȘȣ ȉȣȓȐ ț
ȕȈș — ȖȉȡȐȍ
ǹȓȍȌțȍȚ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȈȚȤ Ȗȉ ȖșȖȉȖȑ ȟȍȘȚȍ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȈ ǩȖȘȐșȈ ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟȈ ȐȔȍȕ-
ȕȖ Ȗ ȍȋȖ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȔ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ Ȓ ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ
ȔȖȓȖȌȣȝ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȦȡȐȝ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȍȑ ǵȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȋȓțȉȎȍ ȖȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐȏȖȊȈȚȤ ȥȚȖ
ȗȘȐȌȍȚșȧ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȖȍ ȖȚșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȘȖȌȍ — ȗȘȍȌȗȖșȣȓ-
Ȓț ǻȟȈșȤ Ȋ ǳȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖ-ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȚȍ ȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȓȈ Ȋ ǷȘȖȓȍȚȒțȓȤ-
Țȍ ȓȐȚȐȕșȚȘțȒȚȖȘȖȔ ȊȍȓȈ ȏȈȕȧȚȐȧ ȗȖ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ Ȋ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȝ ȒȓțȉȈȝ Ȑ ȒȘȖ-
Ȕȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȐȓȈ Ȑ ȘȍȞȍȕȏȐȘȖȊȈȓȈ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȐȍ ȗȤȍșȣ Ȑ șȒȍȚȟȐ Ȍȓȧ ȚȍȈȚ-
ȘȈ ȗȐșȈȓȈ ȗȖ ȏȈȒȈȏț ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ Ȑ ǷȓȍȚȕȍȊȈ ȗȤȍșȒȐ Ȍȓȧ ȒȓțȉȕȖȑ șȞȍȕȣ ǰ
ȘȐȜȔȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ ȓȖȏțȕȋȐ Ȓ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȣȔ ȗȘȈȏȌȕȐȒȈȔ
ǩȖȘȐș ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟ ȖȚȘȐȞȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȖȚȕȖșȐȓșȧ Ȓ ȔȖȍȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ Ȋ ǷȘȖȓȍȚȒțȓȤ-
Țȍ șȟȐȚȈȧ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȖȚȕȐȔȈȧ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ Ȑ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȖȑ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȐ ȔȍȠȈȍȚ
ȔȖȐȔ ȏȈȕȧȚȐȧȔ Ȋ ǳǽǰ — ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȌȘȖȉȐȚȤșȧ Ȑ ȘȈșȗȣȓȧȚȤșȧ ȊȔȍșȚȖ ȚȖȋȖ
ȟȚȖȉȣ ȞȍȓȐȒȖȔ ȖȚȌȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈțȒȍ ǹȒȍȗșȐș ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȈ Ȕȍȕȧ ȖȋȖȘȟȈȓ ȌȈȎȍ șȍȘ-
ȌȐȓ ǻȊȓȍȒȈȧșȤ ȘȈȉȖȚȖȑ Ȋ ȓȐȚȒȘțȎȒȍ ȒȓțȉȈ ȧ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȈ șȊȖȐȔ șȓțȠȈ-
ȚȍȓȧȔ Ȗ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȑ ȞȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȊȈȎȕȍȑȠȐȝ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ ȕȈȠȐȝ ȒȓȈșșȐȒȖȊ
ȇ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓȈ șȊȖȦ ȘȈȉȖȚț Ȋ ǷȘȖȓȍȚȒțȓȤȚȍ ȕȖ ȖȚȕȍșȧșȤ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖ Ȓ ȌȖȉ-
ȘȣȔ șȖȊȍȚȈȔ ǩȖȘȐșȈ ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟȈ ș ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ șȖȊȗȈȌȈȓȖ Ȑ ȔȕȍȕȐȍ ȔȖȍȋȖ
ȔțȎȈ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȈ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȐȟȈ ȧ ȖșȚȈȊȐȓȈ șȍȉȍ ȓȐȠȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȣ ș
ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ȏȈȕȧȚȐȧ ș ȘȈȉȖȟȐȔȐ Ȋ ȓȐȚȒȘțȎȒȍ Ȑ șȖȋȓȈșȐȓȈșȤ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ
ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ǹȍȘȋȍȧ ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȐȟȈ ȅȑȏȍȕȠȚȍȑȕȈ — șȕȧȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȗȍȘȊȖȔ
ȜȐȓȤȔȍ ©ǹȚȈȟȒȈª ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȟȍȋȖ ȖȉȈ ȔȖȐȝ șȗȖȘȡȐȒȈ ȌȖȉȘȖȌțȠȕȖ ȕȍ ȊȖȏȘȈ-

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ȎȈȓȐ ȝȖȚȧ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȍȘȍȋȈȓȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ©ȗȖȑȚȐ Ȋ ȈȒȚȘȐșȣª Ǩ ȧ
Ȑ ȕȍ șȖȉȐȘȈȓȈșȤ ǰ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȌțȔȈȓȈ ȐȏȔȍȕȧȚȤ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ
Ǫ ȕȖȧȉȘȍ  ȋȖȌȈ ț ȕȈș ȘȖȌȐȓșȧ șȣȕ Ǵȣ ȕȐȒȈȒ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȊȣȉȘȈȚȤ ȍȔț
ȐȔȧ ǭȊȋȍȕȐȧ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȖȊȕȈ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ ȗȖșȖȊȍȚȖȊȈȓȈ ©Ƕȓȧ ȗțșȚȤ Ȋ ȍȋȖ
ȐȔȍȕȐ ȉțȌțȚ ȐȔȍȕȈ ȔȈȚȍȘȐ Ȑ ȖȚȞȈ — Ƕȓȍȋ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȖȊȐȟ Ǵȣ ș ǩȖȘȍȑ ȚȈȒ
ȗȖșȚțȗȐȓȐ ȕȈȏȊȈȊ ȕȈȠȍȋȖ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒȈ ȔȖȐȔ ȐȔȍȕȍȔ — ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȖșȤ ǭȊȋȍȕȐȑ
ǩȖȘȐșȖȊȐȟª ǵȈȔ ș ȔțȎȍȔ ȥȚȈ ȐȌȍȧ ȗȖȕȘȈȊȐȓȈșȤ Ȑ Ȕȣ ȕȈȏȊȈȓȐ șȣȕȈ Ƕȓȍ-
ȋȖȔǪșȒȖȘȍ ȧ șȐȓȤȕȖ ȏȈȉȖȓȍȓȈ ȒȘțȗȖȏȕȣȔ ȊȖșȗȈȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȓȍȋȒȐȝ ǳȍȎȈȓȈ  ȕȍ-
ȌȍȓȤ ǲȖȋȌȈ Ȕȕȍ șȚȈȓȖ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȓțȟȠȍ ǩȖȘȐș ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟ ș ǭȊȋȍȕȐȍȑ ǪȓȈ-
ȌȐȔȐȘȖȊȕȖȑ ȕȈȊȍșȚȐȓȐ Ȕȍȕȧ ȍȡȍ ȕȈȒȘȍȗȒȖ ȓȍȎȈȊȠțȦ Ȋ ȗȖșȚȍȓȐ ǷȘȐȊȍȏ-
ȓȐ ȖȋȘȖȔȕțȦ ȉȓȈȋȖțȝȈȦȡțȦ ȒȖȘȏȐȕț ȞȊȍȚȖȊ ǻȎȍ ȉȣȓ ȒȖȕȍȞ ȜȍȊȘȈȓȧ ǾȊȍ-
Țȣ ȉȣȓȐ șȒȈȏȖȟȕȖ ȒȘȈșȐȊȣ ȕȈ ȜȖȕȍ ȖȒȕȈ ȏȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȉȣȓȖ ȧȘȒȖ-șȐȕȍȍ ȕȍ-
ȉȖ Ȑ ǹȗȈșșȒȈȧ ȉȈȠȕȧ ǲȘȍȔȓȧ ǨȘȖȔȈȚ ȞȊȍȚȖȊ ȊȓȐȊȈȓșȧ Ȋ ȋȘțȌȤ șȖȏȌȈȊȈȧ ȘȈ-
ȌȖșȚȕȖȍ ȊȖȓȕȍȕȐȍ
ȇ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȈȓȈșȤ Ȓ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȓ ȓȦȌȧȔ ǩȖȘȐș ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȠțȚȐȓ
șȔȍȧȓșȧ ǹȊȖȐȔȐ ȊȍșȍȓȣȔȐ ȖșȚȘȖȚȈȔȐ ȊȐȌȐȔȖ ȝȖȚȍȓ ȗȖȌȕȧȚȤ ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ
ȉȖȓȤȕȖȑ
ǵȈ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȌȍȕȤ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȐ ȗȘȐșȓȈȓȐ Ȍȓȧ ȕȈȠȍȋȖ ǶȓȍȎȍȒȈ ȒȖȓȧșȒț Ȑȏ
ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ Ȑȝ ǮȍȕȍȟȒȈ țȎȍ ȊȣȘȖș ǷȖȚȖȔ ȗȖ țȒȈȏȈȕȐȦ ȊȘȈȟȍȑ ȗȖȗȘȈȊȓȧȚȤșȧ
ȕțȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȍȝȈȚȤ Ȋ ǹȍșȚȘȖȘȍȞȒ — Ȓ șȖșȕȈȔ Ȓ ȔȖȘȦ ȒțȌȈ Ȕȣ ș ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȧȔȐ
ȗȖȍȝȈȓȐ ȕȈ Ȋșȍ ȓȍȚȖ
 ȈȗȘȍȓȧ  ȋȖȌȈ ǺțșȒȓȣȑ șȍȘȣȑ ȌȍȕȤ ǳȍȎț ȕȍȌȖȔȖȋȈȦ ǩȍȏȘȈȏ-
ȓȐȟȕȈȧ ȒȖ ȊșȍȔț ǶȚșțȚșȚȊȐȍ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȧ ȎȐȚȤ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ ǬȣȠȈȚȤ ǬȊȐȋȈȚȤșȧ
ǪȐȌȍȚȤ ȓȦȌȍȑ
Ǫ ȜȍȊȘȈȓȍ țȔȍȘ ȔȖȑ ȔțȎ ǮȐȊț ȕȍ ȌȖȔȈ ț ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȕȈ ǹȗȈșșȒȖȑ țȓȐ-
Ȟȍ ǬȍȕȤ ȉȍȏ șȖȓȕȞȈ ǹȍȘȖȍ ȖȒȕȖ ǺȍȓȍȜȖȕȕȣȑ ȏȊȖȕȖȒ ǹȍȑȟȈș șȒȈȎț ȟȚȖ ȉȖ-
ȓȐȚ ȋȖȓȖȊȈ Ȑ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȈȘȐȊȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȔȖȋț ǷȘȖȚȧȋȐȊȈȦ ȘțȒț Ȓ ȚȘțȉȒȍ ǻȏȕȈȦ ȋȖ-
ȓȖș ǩȖȘȐșȈ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȈ ǯȈȌȣȝȈȧșȤ Ȗȕ ȉȘȖșȈȍȚ Ȋ ȚȘțȉȒț ©Ƕȓȧ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ țȚ-
ȘȖȔ ȏȈșȚȘȍȓȐȓșȧ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȇ ȎȌț ȊȈș ț ȊȖȘȖȚ ȌȖȔȈ Ȋ ǳțȉȧȕșȒȖȔ ȗȘȖȍȏȌȍ.
ǷȘȐȍȏȎȈȑȚȍª
ȇ șȘȣȊȈȦșȤ ș ȔȍșȚȈ ǶȉȖ ȊșȍȔ ȏȈȉȣȊȈȦ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ țȎȈșȈ ǴȟțșȤ ȚțȌȈ
ȋȌȍ șȓțȟȐȓȖșȤ ȕȍȗȖȗȘȈȊȐȔȖȍ ǵȍ ȗȖȔȕȦ ȒȈȒ ȌȖȉȘȈȓȈșȤ ȌȖ țȒȈȏȈȕȕȖȋȖ Ȕȍș-
ȚȈ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ ț ȊȖȘȖȚ ǩȓȍȌȕȣȑ ǹșțȚțȓȐȊȠȐȑșȧ ǳȐȞȖ Ȋ șȓȍȏȈȝ șȒȈȏȈȓ
©ǮȌȐȚȍ Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȈ ȓȍșȚȕȐȞȍ ȇ ȗȖȑȌț ȕȈȊȍȘȝ țȏȕȈȦ ȋȌȍ Ȗȕ ȉțȌȍȚª
ȇ șȚȖȧȓȈ ȕȈ ȓȍșȚȕȐȞȍ ȊȌȈȊȐȊȠȐșȤ șȗȐȕȖȑ Ȋ șȚȍȕț ȒȖȋȌȈ ȔȐȔȖ Ȕȍȕȧ ȗȘȖ-
ȕȍșȓȐ ȕȖșȐȓȒȐ ȕȈȋȓțȝȖ ȏȈȒȘȣȚȣȍ ȒȈȒȐȔ-ȚȖ ȖȌȍȧȓȖȔ ǫȖșȗȖȌȐ ǪȍȌȤ ȥȚȖ ȗȘȖ-
ȕȍșȓȐ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȍȡȍ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ țȚȘȖȔ ȉȣȓȖ ǪȖȓȖȌȍȑ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȔ ǪșȓȍȌ ȏȈ ȕȖ-
șȐȓȒȈȔȐ Ƞȍȓ ȗȖȕțȘȣȑ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ ǷȖȌȝȊȈȚȐȓ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȑ Ȕȣ ȊȣȉȍȎȈȓȐ Ȑȏ ȌȖȔȈ.
ǵȈ ȐȏȊȖȏȟȐȒȍ ȗȖȕȍșȓȐșȤ Ȋ ǫȍȕȌȘȐȒȖȊ ȗȍȘȍțȓȖȒ ȒțȌȈ ȗȖ șȓȖȊȈȔ ǩȖȘȐșȈ

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țȊȍȏȓȐ ȚȍȓȖ
ǪșȦ ȌȖȘȖȋț Ȕȣ ȔȖȓȟȈȓȐ ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ șȓȖȊ șȒȈȏȈȓ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ ©Ǵȣ
țșȗȍȍȔ ǵȖ Ȗȕ țȎȍ ȚȈȔ ǷȖȊȍȏȓȐ ȕȈ ȔȈȠȐȕȍª
ǬȈ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȉȣȓ țȎȍ ȚȈȔ Ƕȕ ȓȍȎȈȓ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ȒȈȉȐȕȍȚȍ ȉțȌȚȖ șȗȈȓ
ǹȗȈȓ Ȑ ȖȚȚȘȍȗȍȚȈȊ ȉȣȓ ȚȐȝ —
ǲȘȈșȐȊȣȑ ȌȊȈȌȞȈȚȐȌȊțȝȓȍȚȕȐȑ
ǲȈȒ ȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏȈȓ ȚȊȖȑ ȚȍȚȘȈȗȚȐȝ
Ǻȣ șȗȈȓ ȗȘȐȎȈȊ Ȓ ȗȖȌțȠȒȍ ȡȍȒț
ǹȗȈȓ — șȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȕȖȋ șȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȓȖȌȣȋ
ǪȘȍȏȈȧșȤ ȊȕȖȊȤ Ȑ ȊȕȖȊȤ ș ȕȈșȒȖȒț
Ǫ ȘȈȏȘȧȌ ȗȘȍȌȈȕȐȑ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȝ
Ǫ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȍ ȒȈȒȐȍ-ȚȖ ȓȦȌȐ ǯȕȈȒȖȔȣȍ Ȑ ȕȍȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȍ ǴȕȖȋȐȝ ȧ ȏȌȍșȤ ȘȈ-
ȕȤȠȍ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȍȓȈ ǳȖȔȈȧ ȘțȒȐ ȊȝȖȌȐȚ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ǻȚȒȐȕ ǵȈ ȖȒȕȍ Ȋ șȚȖȓȖȊȖȑ
șȐȌȐȚ ǲȈȚȈȕȧȕ Ȑ ȉȍȏȖșȚȈȕȖȊȖȟȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ǰȏ ȗȍȘȍȌȕȍȑ
ȌȖȕȖșȐȓșȧ ȋȖȓȖș ǶȓȤȋȐ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȑ ǵȈ ȘȣȌȈȕȐȐ ȖȕȈ ȒȘȐȟȐȚ ©ǹȒȈȎȐȚȍ
șȍșȚȘȈȔ ǳȦȌȍ Ȑ Ƕȓȍ — ȍȔț țȎȍ ȕȍȒțȌȈ ȌȍȚȤșȧª ǷȈȌȈȧ țȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȍȔȈȧ ȟȤȐ-
ȔȐ-ȚȖ ȘțȒȈȔȐ ȖȕȈ ȠȈȚȈȧșȤ ȊȝȖȌȐȚ
ǲȚȖ-ȚȖ ȘȧȌȖȔ ȗȘȖȐȏȕȍș ȠȍȗȖȚȖȔ ©ǹȍȑȟȈș ȗȘȐȍȌȍȚ șȒțȓȤȗȚȖȘ șȕȐȔȈȚȤ ȔȈș-
Ȓț ș ȓȐȞȈ țȔȍȘȠȍȋȖ ǵȈȌȖ șȗȍȠȐȚȤ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȟȍȘȚȣ ȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȓȐșȤª
ȇ ȕȍ ȊȣȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȦ ǩȖȦșȤ șȈȔȖȑ șȍȉȧ — ȊȌȘțȋ ȏȈȒȘȐȟț ǷȘȖȠț ǩȖȘȦ țȊȍȏ-
ȚȐ Ȕȍȕȧ
ǵȍ ȏȈȉȣȚȤ ȕȍ ȏȈȉȣȚȤ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȥȚȖȚ țȎȈș Ƕȕ Ȑ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ șȕȐȚșȧ Ȕȕȍ
ȚȧȎȍȓȣȔȐ ȉȘȍȌȖȊȣȔȐ ȕȖȟȈȔȐ
ǩȖȘȐș ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ ȉȣȓ ȌȖȉȘ ǵȖ ȒȈȒ ȕȍȗȖȝȖȎȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȌȖȉ-
ȘȖȚȈ ȕȈ ȌȖȉȘȖȚț ȓȦȌȍȑ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȖ Ȑ ȠȐȘȖȒȖ ȌȈȘȧȡȐȝ ȌȘțȋȐȔ ȉȓȈȋȈ șȊȖȍȑ Ȍț-
ȠȐ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ ȉȣȓ ȏȈșȚȍȕȟȐȊ Ȗȕ șȚȈȘȈȓșȧ șȒȘȣȚȤ șȊȖȐ ȌȖȉȘȣȍ ȗȖȘȣȊȣ Ȗȕ
ȉȖȧȓșȧ Ȑȝ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȏȈȚțȠȍȊȣȊȈȧ Ȑȝ ȗȘȧȟȈ Ȑȝ ȖȚ ȗȖșȚȖȘȖȕȕȍȋȖ ȋȓȈȏȈ ǵȖ
ȍȋȖ ȗȖșȚțȗȒȐ ȗȖȘȖȑ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȣȍ ȊȕȍȏȈȗȕȣȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȐ șȈȔȐ ȏȈ șȍȉȧ
ǩȖȘȐș ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟ ȗȖ ȕȈȚțȘȍ șȊȖȍȑ ȋȖȘȌȣȑ ȕȖ șȒȘȖȔȕȣȑ ȗțșȒȈȓșȧ ȕȈ
ȊșȧȒȐȍ ȊȣȌțȔȒȐ ȟȚȖȉȣ șȒȘȣȚȤ șȊȖȦ ȌȖȉȘȖȚț ǷȖȔȕȦ Ȋ -ȝ ȋȖȌȈȝ țȏȕȈȊ Ȗ
ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȏȈȚȘțȌȕȍȕȐȧȝ ǨȝȔȈȚȖȊȖȑ Ȗȕ ȘȍȋțȓȧȘȕȖ șȚȈȓ ȗȖșȣȓȈȚȤ ȍȑ Ȍȍ-
ȕȤȋȐ ȕȖ ȕȍ ȖȚ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȐȔȍȕȐ — Ȗȕ țȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȥȚȐ ȗȍȘȍ-
ȊȖȌȣ ȧȒȖȉȣ ȖȚ șȍȉȧ
ǵȍ ȔȖȋ ǩȖȘȐș ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟ ȉȍȏțȟȈșȚȕȖ ȗȘȖȑȚȐ ȔȐȔȖ șȚȘȈȌȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȟȍȓȖ-
ȊȍȒȈ ȉțȌȤ ȥȚȖ ȔțȎȟȐȕȈ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȐȓȐ ȘȍȉȍȕȖȒ Ƕȕ șȚȈȘȈȓșȧ ȕȈȑȚȐ șȗȖșȖ-
ȉȣ ȕȍȏȈȔȍȚȕȖ ȖȉȓȍȋȟȐȚȤ ȟțȎȖȍ ȋȖȘȍ ȗȖȔȖȟȤ Ȋ ȉȍȌȍ ȖȚȊȓȍȟȤ ȖȚ ȚȧȎȍȓȣȝ ȗȍ-
ȘȍȎȐȊȈȕȐȑ Ȑ șȈȔ ȕȍȘȍȌȒȖ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȧȧ Ȑȝ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȉȘȈȓ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȏȈ ȘțȒț Ȑ țȊȖ-
ȌȐȓ ȍȋȖ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȔȐȘ — șȊȍȚȈ ȚȐȠȐȕȣ Ȑ șȗȖȒȖȑșȚȊȐȧ

Ǫ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȔȈȑșȒȐȝ Ȍȕȍȑ  ȋȖȌȈ ǩȖȘȐș ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȐȓ Ȕȕȍ
ȗȖȑȚȐ ȗȖșȓțȠȈȚȤ ȀȖȗȍȕȈ Ȋ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȐ ǫȍȕȘȐȝȈ ǫțșȚȈȊȖȊȐȟȈ ǵȍȑȋȈțȏȈ ȌȈ-
ȊȈȊȠȍȋȖ ȒȖȕȞȍȘȚ Ȋ ȒȖȕșȍȘȊȈȚȖȘȐȐ
Ǫ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȧ ȍȡȍ ȕȐȒțȌȈ ȕȍ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȓȈ ǹȒȖȊȈȕȕȈȧ ȋȖȘȍȔ Ȑ ȕȍȌȖȔȖȋȈ-
ȕȐȍȔ ȟțȎȌȈȓȈșȤ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ Ȉ ȔțȏȣȒȐ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȉȖȧȓȈșȤ Ǫ ȚȖȚ ȌȍȕȤ șȐ-
ȌȍȓȈ ȕȈȌ ȘȈȉȖȚȖȑ ȗȖȘțȟȍȕȕȖȑ Ȕȕȍ ǪȐȒȚȖȘȖȔ ǩȖȘȐșȖȊȐȟȍȔ ȀȒȓȖȊșȒȐȔ ȕȈ-
ȌȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȈȗȐșȈȚȤ ȉȘȖȠȦȘț Ȍȓȧ ȐȏȌȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ©ǴȖȓȖȌȈȧ ȋȊȈȘȌȐȧª ǪȘȍȔȧ
ȗȖ ȌȖȋȖȊȖȘț ȉȓȐȏȐȓȖșȤ Ȓ ȒȖȕȞț Ȑ ȧ țȋȓțȉȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȘȈȉȖȚț Ǩ ȚțȚ ǰȌȚȐ Ȋ ȒȖȕ-
șȍȘȊȈȚȖȘȐȦ șȓțȠȈȚȤ ȔțȏȣȒț ȚȈȔ ȋȌȍ ȕȍ ȚȈȒ ȌȈȊȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈȌȖșȚȐ
șȟȈșȚȤȧ ǵȍȚ ȅȚȖ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ
ȇ ȕȈȖȚȘȍȏ ȖȚȒȈȏȈȓȈșȤ
ǵȖ ǩȖȘȐș ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟ ȕȈșȚȈȐȊȈȓ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ
— Ƕȓȧ Ȋȣ ȕȍ ȗȘȈȊȣ ǰȌȍȔȚȍ ǴțȏȣȒȈ — ȓțȟȠȐȑ șȖșȍȌ ȊșȧȒȐȔ ȗȍȘȍȎȐ-
ȊȈȕȐȧȔ ǵȍ ȕȈȌȖ ȉȖȧȚȤșȧ ȔțȏȣȒȐ ǶȕȈ ȊȈȔ ȗȖȔȖȎȍȚ
ǰ șȚȈȓ țȉȍȎȌȈȚȤ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȋ ȗȘȈȊȖȚȍ șȊȖȐȝ ȕȈșȚȖȧȕȐȑ ǹȖȗȘȖȚȐȊȓȧȚȤșȧ șȚȈȓȖ
ȚȘțȌȕȖ ȇ șȖȋȓȈșȐȓȈșȤ ǲȈȒ ȖșȚȖȘȖȎȕȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȚȍȓȍȕ ȉȣȓ ǩȖȘȐș ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟ
Ȋ ȗȘȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȐ șȊȖȍȋȖ țȟȈșȚȐȧ Ƕȕ Ȋ ȚȖȚ ȌȍȕȤ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȊȖȊșȍ ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȓ Ȕȍȕȧ
ȞȍȓȐȒȖȔ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȈȊȐȊ ȔțȏȣȒȍ Ǫ ȈȕȚȘȈȒȚȍ Ȗȕ țȠȍȓ Ȓ ǵȍȑȋȈțȏț ȖșȚȈȊȐȊ Ȕȍȕȧ
Ȋ ȏȈȓȍ ȏȈ ȟȚȖ ȧ ȉȣȓȈ ȍȔț ȖȟȍȕȤ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȈ
ǲȈȒ ȕȍȕȈȊȧȏȟȐȊȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȍȋȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ Ƕȕ țȔȍȓ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȔȖȓȟȈȚȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ
ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȔț ȋȖȓȖșț ȏȊțȟȈȚȤ ȕȍ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȖ ǻȔȕȣȍ ȋȓȈȏȈ Ȑ ȊȍșȤ ȍȋȖ ȖȉȓȐȒ
ȉȣȓȐ ȒȘȈșȕȖȘȍȟȐȊȍȍ ȊșȧȒȐȝ șȓȖȊ
ǪșȒȖȘȍ ȧ ȗȖȒȐȕțȓȈ ǴȖșȒȊț Ǵȣ ș ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȧȔȐ Ȑ ȟȍȚȣȘȍȝȓȍȚȕȐȔ șȣȕȖȔ
ȗȍȘȍȍȝȈȓȐ Ȋ ǳȍȕȐȕȋȘȈȌ
ǩȖȘȐș ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟ ȌȈȓ Ȕȕȍ ȗȐșȤȔȈ Ȓ ȓȍȕȐȕȋȘȈȌșȒȐȔ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȧȔ Ǫ ȚȖ ȊȘȍ-
Ȕȧ Ȋ ǳȍȕȐȕȋȘȈȌȍ ȎȐȓ Ȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȓ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ǴȈȘȒ ǲȖȕșȚȈȕȚȐȕȖȊȐȟ ǨȏȈȌȖȊ-
șȒȐȑ — ȔȖȑ ȌȖȘȖȋȖȑ țȟȐȚȍȓȤ ȍȡȍ ȗȖ ȟȐȚȐȕșȒȖȔț ȐȕșȚȐȚțȚț ǻȏȕȈȊ Ȗ ȔȖȍȔ
ȗȘȐȍȏȌȍ Ȗȕ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȐȓ Ȕȕȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕțȦ ȘȈȉȖȚț Ȋ ȜȖȓȤȒȓȖȘȕȖȑ șȍȒ-
ȞȐȐ ǷțȠȒȐȕșȒȖȋȖ ǬȖȔȈ ȗȖ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌț ȔȈȘȐȑșȒȐȝ Ȑ țȌȔțȘȚșȒȐȝ ȗȍșȍȕ Ȑ șȒȈ-
ȏȖȒǪșȚȘȍȟȐ ș ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȖȔ șȚȈȓȐ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȘȍȌȒȐȔȐ Ǵȣ ȖȉȔȍȕȐȊȈȓȐșȤ ȗȐșȤ-
ȔȈȔȐ

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278
¦ 
 ǼȈȔȐȓȐȧ ȐȔȧ ȖȚȟȍșȚȊȖ
ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȐȟ
 ǷȖȓ
ǴțȎȍșȒȐȑ
 ǫȖȌ ȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ:
1901
 ǵȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ
ȘțșșȒȐȑ
 ǲȈȒȖȑ ȘȈȏ ȗȖȌȈȍȚȍ ȏȈȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȋ Ǫǻǯ 
ȊȚȖȘȖȑ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȘȈȏ Ȋ ǫȖș ǰȕșȚ ǵȈȘ ǶȉȘȈȏ Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ
 ǹȍȔȍȑȕȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ
ȎȍȕȈȚ
 ǷȘȖȜȍșșȐȧ Ȑ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ
ȋȈȏȍȚȕȈȧ Ȑ ȎțȘȕȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ șȖȊȘȈȉȖȚȈ ȒțȓȤȚȘȈȉȖȚȈ
 Ǫ ȒȈȒȖȔ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔ țȟȘȍȎȌȍȕȐȐ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȓȐ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȒȖȋȖ ȋȌȍ,
șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȓȍȚ ȔȍșȧȞȍȊ:
Ȉ ȌȖ ȊȖȑȕȣ țȟȐȓșȧ Ȋ ǷȍȚȘȖȋȘȈȌșȒȖȑ -Ȗȑ ȋȐȔȕȈȏȐȐ
ȉ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȚȖ-Ȏȍ
Ȋ Ȋ ȗȍȘȐȖȌ II-X  ȋ ȚȖ-Ȏȍ
ȋ ȗȖșȓȍ ȖȒȚ ȘȍȊȖȓ
 ȋȖȌ Ȋ ǴȐȕȐșȚȍȘșȚȊȍ ǰȕȖșȚȘȈȕȕȣȝ Ǭȍȓ ǬǪǸ Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ Ȑ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȍ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍ-
șȚȊȍ ǹȍȒȘȍȚȈȘȧ ǻȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȡȍȋȖ ǬȍȓȈȔȐ
 ȋȖȌ Ȋ ȋȈȏȍȚȍ ©ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȑ ǷțȚȤª ȖȘȋȈȕ ǬȈȓȤǩȦȘȖ Ǿǲ ǸǲǷ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ

279
ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖȋȖ șȖȚȘțȌȕȐȒȈ Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ
ȏȈ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȋ ȋȈȏȍȚȍ ©ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊ ǺȍȓȍȋȘȈȜª ȖȘȋȈȕ ȗȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ǬǪǸ Ȋ
ǿȐȚȍ
Ȑ Ȋ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȖȔ ǺȍȓȍȋȘȈȜȕȖȔ ǨȋȍȕȚ!șȚȊȍ ©ǬȈȓȤȚȈª Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȘȍȗȖȘ-
ȚȍȘȈ Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ
 ȋȖȌ Ȋ ȕȈșȚ ȊȘȍȔȧ ǯȈȔȍșȚȐȚȍȓȍȔ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȧ ǫȖșȐȏȌȈȚȈ ǬȈȓȤ ǪȖșȚȖȒȈ Ȋ
ǴȖșȒȊȍ
ȖȌȕȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ Ȋ ǫȖșțȌ ǰȏȌȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȍ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ǯȈȊȍȌțȦȡȍȋȖ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍ-
ȕȐȍȔ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȑ ©ǳȍȜª
Ȋ ǴȖșȗȘȖȓȍȚȒțȓȤȚȍ ȓȐȚȐȕșȚȘțȒȚȖȘȖȔ
 ǹȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȍȑ:
ȖȚȟȐȔ ȏțȉȕȖȑ ȊȘȈȟ
 ǫȌȍ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȓȐ Ȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȦȚ ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȐ:
ǶȚȟȐȔ ș  ȋ ȗȖ  ȋ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȓ ȕȈ ǷȍȚȘȖȋȘȈȌșȒ ǩȈȓȚȐȑșȒȖȔ ǹțȌȖșȚȘȖȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȖȔ ȏȈȊȖȌȍ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ Ȋ ȋ ǶșȚȈȠȒȖȊȍ ǺȊȍȘșȒ ȋțȉ ȕȈ ȎȍȓȍȏȕȖȑ ȌȖȘȖȋȍ
 Ǫ ȒȈȒȖȔ ȗȘȖȜșȖȦȏȍ șȖșȚȖȐȚȍ ȟȓȍȕȖȔ Ȑ ș ȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ:
ǹ ȧȕȊȈȘȧ  ȋ ǸȈȉȗȘȖș ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ș  ȋ Ȋ șȖȦȏȍ șȖȊȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȒȖȊ
 Ǫ ȒȈȒȖȔ ȗȘȖȜșȖȦȏȍ șȖșȚȖȧȚ ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȐ
ȔȍȌȐȒȖșȈȕȚȘțȌ
13 ǶȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȊȖȐȕșȒȖȑ ȗȖȊȐȕȕȖșȚȐ:
ȕȈ țȟȍȚȍ Ȋ  ȖȚȌ ǴȐȓȐȞȐȐ
 ǻȟȈșȚȐȍ Ȋ ȋȘȈȎȌ ȊȖȑȕȍ
ȕȍ țȟȈșȚȊȖȊȈȓ
 ǶȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ șȚȈȎ
șȔ  ȗțȕȒȚ
 ǶȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ
ǹȘȍȌȕȍȍ ȒȖȕȟȐȓ ȋȐȔȕȈȏȐȦ ȋȖȌ ȉȣȓ Ȋ Ǫǻǯȍ

280
 ǷȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖȍ ȔȍșȚȖȎȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ
ǴȖșȒȊȈ
 ǶȚȒțȌȈ ȗȘȐȉȣȓ
Ȑȏ ǿȐȚȣ
 ǲȍȔ ȌȍȓȍȋȐȘȖȊȈȕ
ȗȖȌȈȦ ȓȐȟȕȖ ȏȈȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ
 ǶșȊȖȉȖȎȌȍȕ ȓȐ ȖȚ ȘȈȉȖȚ Ȋ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌșȚȊȍ
" ȕȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȦ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈ
 Ǫ ȒȈȒȐȝ ȗȈȘȚȐȧȝ șȖșȚȖȧȓȐ
ȕȍ șȖșȚȖȧȓ
 ǷȈȘȚȐȑȕȖșȚȤ
ȕȍ ȗȈȘȚȐȑȕȣȑ
 ǴȈȚȍȘ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈ ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȍȑ
ǺȘțȌȏȈȘȈȉȖȚȖȒ
 ǵȈ ȒȈȒȐȍ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈ ȎȐȊȍȚȍ Ȑ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚȍ
ǵȈ ȚȘțȌȖȊȖȑ ȏȈȘȈȉȖȚȖȒ ǷȖȓțȟȈȦ  Țȣș<?> Șțȉȓ
 ǨȌȘȍș
ǴȖșȒȊȈ ǪȖȏȌȊȐȎȍȕȒȈ ǲȈȓȈȠȕȣȑ ȗȍȘ  ȒȊ - ǶȉȡȍȎȐȚȐȍ ǷȘȖȓȍȚ-
ȒțȓȤȚȈ ȒȖȔ 
Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ
ǹȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȌȈȕȕȣȍ ȚȖȊ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȣȔ Ȋ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȔ ȖȗȘȖșȕȖȔ ȓȐșȚȍ ȏȈȊȍȘȧȦ
ǻȗȘȈȊȌȍȓ ǴȖșȒ ǷȘ-ȚȈ ȗȖȌȗȐșȤ ȗȍȟȈȚȤ ©ǴȖșȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȒțȓȤȚª

282
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 ǼȈȔȐȓȐȧ ȐȔȧ ȖȚȟȍșȚȊȖ
ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȐȟ
 ǷȖȓ
ǴțȎ
 ǫȖȌ ȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ
1901
 ǵȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ
ǸțșșȒȐȑ
 ǹȍȔȍȑȕȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ
Ȉ ȝȖȓȖșȚ ȎȍȕȈȚ
ȉ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ȟȓȍȕȖȊ șȍȔȤȐ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȡȐȝșȧ ȕȈ ǪȈȠȍȔ ȐȎȌȐȊȍȕȐȐ
ȕȍȚ
 ǶșȕȖȊȕȈȧ ǪȈȠȈ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȧ Ȑ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ
ǷȖȒȈ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȦ Ȋ ȚȘȍȝ ȖȉȓȈșȚȧȝ ȒȕȐȎȕȖȍ ȌȍȓȖ ò ȋȖȌȈ
 ȒțȓȤȚȘȈȉȖȚȈ  ȋ
ȎțȘȕȈȓȐșȚȐȒȈ Ȑ ȋȈȏȍȚȕȈȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ò ȋȖȌȈ
Ȉ Ȋ ȒȈȒȐȝ țȟȘȍȎȌȍȕȐȧȝ ȏȈȊȍȌȍȕȐȧȝ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȧȚȐȧȝ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȓȐ Ǫȣ ȗȖ ȥȚȖȑ
șȗȍȞȐȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ
ǲȕȐȎȕȖȍ ȌȍȓȖ 1) ǫȖșțȌȈȘ ǰȏȌȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ǬȈȓȤȊȖșȚȈ ȊȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊ. ǨȒȞ Ƕ-ȊȖ
©ǲȕȐȎȕȖȍ ǬȍȓȖª
 ǫȖșȐȏȌȈȚ ǸǹǼǹǸ
ǲțȓȤȚȘȈȉȖȚȈ
 ǴȖșȗȘȖȓȍȚȒțȓȤȚ 
 ǸȈȉȜȈȒ ȐȔ ǷȖȒȘȖȊșȒȖȋȖ  ǸȈȉ

283
ǲȓțȉ ȐȔ ǲȈȓȧȍȊȈ ȎȍȓȍȏȕȖȌȖȘȖȎȕȣȑ ǲțȘșȒȖȑ ȎȌ
 ǶȉȡȍȖȉȘȈȏ ǲțȘșȣ ȐȔ V-Ȗȑ ȋȖȌȖȊȡȐȕȣ ǶȒȚȧȉ Ǹȍ-
ȊȖȓȦȞ  ǾȍȕȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȑ ǲȓțȉ ǷȍȟȈȚȕȐȒȖȊ ©ǲȘȈșȕȣȑ
ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘȐȑª 
 ǲȓțȉ ©ǲȘȈșȕȣȑ ǳțȟª ǴǶǫȅǹ
  Ǹȍ-
ȎȐșșȍȘșȒȐȍ ȔȈșȚȍȘșȒȐȍ -ȋȖ ǸȈȉȖȟȍȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ  -ȣȑ
ǸȈȉȖȟȐȑ ȚȍȈȚȘ  Ǫǳǽǰ Ȑ Ț Ȍ
ǮțȘȕȈȓȤȕȈȧ
 ȋȈȏ ©ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȖȍ ȖȉȖȏȘȍȕȐȍª ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒ
ȘȈȉȖȚȈ
 ȎțȘȕ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª ǪȓȈȌȐȊ<ȖșȚȖȒ> ȖȘȋȈȕ
ǷȘȐȔȖȘșȒȖȋȖ ȋțȉȒȖȔȈ ǸǲǷ Ȑ ǬȈȓȤǩȦȘȖ Ǿǲ ǸǲǷ
 ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȑ ȚȍȓȍȋȘȈȜ ǿȐȚȈ ȖȘȋȈȕ ȗȘȈȊȐȚ
ǬǪǸ
  ©ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȑ ȗțȚȤª ǿȐȚȈ ȖȘȋȈȕ ǬȈȓȤ-
ǩȦȘȖ Ǿǲ ǸǲǷ  ȋȈȏ ©ǺȘȐȉțȕȈª ǽȈȘȉȐȕ ȖȘȋȈȕ ǹȖ-
ȊȍȚȈ ǷȘȖȜșȖȦȏȖȊ 
 ǳȍȜ 
 ǫȖȘȕ  ǸȈȉȖȟȐȑ Ȓȓțȉ
 ǯȘȍȓȐȡȈ Ȑ ȚȌ
7) Ǫ ȒȈȒȖȔ ȗȘȖȜșȖȦȏȍ șȖșȚȖȐȚȍ Ǫȣ ȟȓȍȕȖȔ
ǸȈȉȗȘȖș
Ȉ ș ȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ
ș  ȋ șȗȍȘȊȈ Ȋ șȖȦȏȍ șȖȊȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȒȖȊ
ȉ ȹ ȟȓȍȕșȒȖȑ ȒȕȐȎȒȐ
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8) ǻȒȈȎȐȚȍ ȟȍȔ Ǫȣ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȒȖȋȖ ȋȌȍ Ȑ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ
Ȉ ȌȖ ȊȖȑȕȣ  ȋ
ȉ Ȋ ȗȍȘȐȖȌ ȜȍȊȘȈȓȤ-ȖȒȚȧȉȘȤ  ȋ
ǻȟȐȓșȧ Ȋ șȘȍȌȕȍȑ ȠȒȖȓȍ — Ȋ ǳȍȕȐȕȋȘȈȌȍ
Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍ ǶȒȚȧȉȘȤșȒȖȑ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ
ș - ȋ.ȋ
ǻȟȐȓșȧ Ȋ șȘȍȌȕȍȑ ȠȒȖȓȍ — Ȋ ǭȒȈȚȍȘȐȕȉțȘȋȍ ǩȣȓ ȊȣȉȘȈȕ ȖȚ țȟȈȡȐȝșȧ Ȋ Ƿȍ-
ȌȈȋȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ǹȖȊȍȚ Ȑ Ȋ ǲȖȔȐșșȐȦ ȗȖ ȗȍȘȍȊȣȉȖȘț ȗȍȌȈȋȖȋȖȊ ȗȘȐ ǶǵǶ

284
ș - ȋ.ȋ
ǶȒȈȕȟȐȊȈȓ șȘȍȌȕȦȦ ȠȒȖȓț ȊȖ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȍ Ȑ ȌȈȊȈȓ ȟȈșȚȕȣȍ țȘȖȒȐ
ș - ȋ.ȋ
ǶȒȖȕȟȐȓ șȘȍȌȕȦȦ ȠȒȖȓț Ȑ ȌȈȊȈȓ ȟȈșȚȕȣȍ țȘȖȒȐ
ș - ȋ
ǹȖȚȘțȌȕȐȟȈȓ Ȋ ȋȈȏȍȚȍ ©ǬȈȓȤȕȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȖȍ! ȖȉȖȏȘȍȕȐȍª Ȑ Ȋ ȌȘ ȋȈȏ Ȑ ȎțȘ.,
șȖșȚȖȧȓ ȚȖȊ ȗȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȧ Ǭ-Ǫ ǳȐȚ ǽțȌ Ƕ-ȊȈ ȉȣȓ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȐȘȖȊȈȕ ǶșȖȉȖ-
țȗȖȓȕȖȔȖȟȍȕȕȣȔ ǵȈȘȒȖȔȐȕȌȍȓȈ ǸǹǼǹǸ Ȋ ǿȐȚț
ș 1921- ȋ
Ǫ ǽȈȘȉȐȕȍ  Ȕȍș șȖȚȘțȌȕȐȟȈȓ Ȋ ȗȘȖȜ<cȖȦȏȕȖȑ> ȋȈȏ ©ǪȗȍȘȍȌª <.> Ǫ ǿȐ-
Țȍ șȓțȎȐȓ Ȋ ǴȐȕȐșȚ ǰȕȖșȚȘ Ǭȍȓ ǬǪǸ ȕȈ ȌȖȓȎȕȖșȚȐ ǹȍȒȘȍȚȈȘȧ ǨȌȔȐȕ ǶȚȌ Ȑ
ǹȍȒȘȍȚȈȘȧ ǻȗȘȈȊȓ ǬȍȓȈȔȐ ǹȖȚȘțȌȕȐȟȈȓ Ȋ ȋȈȏ ©Ǭ Ǫ ǷțȚȤª ©Ǭ Ǫ Ǻȍȓȍȋ-
ȘȈȜª ǹȓțȎȐȓ Ȋ Ǭ Ǫ ǺȍȓȍȋȘ ǨȋȍȕcȚ!Ȋȍ ǬȈȓȤȚȈ șȖșȚȖȧȓ șȍȒȘȍȚȈȘȍȔ Ǭ-Ǫ.
ǴȈșȚȍȘșȒȐȝ ǰșȒțșșȚȊȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȧ
ș - ȋȋ
Ǫ ǴȖșȒȊȍ — șȓțȎȐȓ Ȋ ǴȖșȒ ǷȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȍ! ǫȖșȐȏȌȈȚȈ ǬȈȓ ǪȖșȚȖȒȈ
ȕȈ ȌȖȓȎȕȖșȚȐ ǯȈȔȍșȚ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȧ ò ȋ Ȋ ǺȖȘȋȖȊȖȔ ǹȍȒȚȖȘȍ ǫȖșȐȏȌȈȚȈ
ȗȖ ȎțȘȕȈȓț ©ǳȍȜª ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȐȍ ȎțȘȕȈȓȈ șȖȚȘțȌȕȐȟȈȓ Ȋ ȎțȘȕȈȓȍ
©ǯȘȍȓȐȡȈª ȘȈȉȖȚȈȓ Ȋ ǴȖș ǷȘȖȓȍȚȒțȓȤȚȍ Ȑ Ȋ ǲȓțȉȍ ȐȔ ǲȈȓȧȍȊȈ ȗȖșȚțȗȐȓ
Ȋ Ǫǳǽǰ ǪȣșȚțȗȈȓ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȟȐȒȖȔ ȕȈ ǴȖș ǫțȉȍȘȕ ǲțȓȤȚȒȖȕȜȍȘȍȕȞȐȐ
1923- ȋȋ
ǿȐȚȈȓ ȓȍȒȞȐȐ Ȋ ȘȈȉȒȓțȉȈȝ Ȑ ȕȈ ȘȈȉȜȈȒȈȝ șȔ   ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓ șȓțȎȉț țȒȈȏȈȕ-
ȕțȦ ȊȣȠȍ ǹȖȚȘțȌȕȐȟȈȓ Ȋ Ȏ-ȓȈȝ ©ǳȍȜª ©ǫȖȘȕª <ȕȘȏȉ>
1 ȋ
ǰȏȉȘȈȕ ǿȓȍȕȖȔ ǸȍȌ ǲȖȓȓȍȋȐȐ Ȏ-ȓȈ ©ǸȈȉȖȟȐȑ ǲȓțȉªȐ ȈșșȐșȚȍȕȚȖȔ ȗȖ ȒȓȈș-
șț ȒȓțȉȕȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ Ȋ Ǫǳǽǰ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȐȓ ȓȐȚȒȘțȎȒȖȔ Ȋ Ȓȓțȉȍ ©ǲȘȈșȕȣȑ
ǳțȟª ǴǶǫȅǹ
 Ȑ  șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȍȑ

285
ǶȚȍȞ — ȐȕȎȍȕȍȘ țȔȍȘ ȖȚȟȐȔ — ȏțȉȕȖȑ ȊȘȈȟ ȌȖ ȖȒȚȧȉȘȧ  ȋ șȓțȎȐȓ ȕȈ
ǩȈȓȚȐȑșȒȖȔ ǹțȌȖșȚȘȖȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȔ Ȑ ǴȍȝȈȕȐȟȍșȒȖȔ ǯȈȊȖȌȍ Ȋ ǳȍȕȐȕȋȘȈȌȍ ș ȖȒ-
ȚȧȉȘȧ  ȋ ȗȖ  ȋ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓșȧ ȟȈșȚȕȖȑ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒȖȑ ș  ȋ șȓțȎȐȚ ȕȈ
ǶȒȚȧȉȘȤșȒȖȑ ǳȍȕȐȕșȒȖȑ ȎȌ șȗȍȘȊȈ Ȋ ȋ ǶșȚȈȠȒȖȊȍ ȏȈȚȍȔ Ȋ ǺȊȍȘȐ ǴȈȚȤ
ȏȈȕȐȔȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓȈșȤ ȌȖȔȈȠȕȐȔ ȝȖȏȧȑșȚȊȖȔ — ȕȍ șȓțȎȐȚ
 ǹȖșȚȖȧȓȐ ȓȐ ǪȈȠȐ ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȐ ȟȓȍȕȈȔȐ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȓȐȉȖ ȗȘȖȜșȖȦȏȈ ȌȈ ȕȍȚ
Ȉ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ
ǴȍȌȐȒȖșȈȕȚȘțȌ
ȉ ș ȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ
ș  ȋ
 ǻȟȈșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ ȓȐ Ǫȣ Ȋ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȍ - ȋȋ ȌȈ ȕȍȚ
 ǪȈȠȍ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ
șȘȍȌȕȍȍ
Ȉ ȒȈȒȖȍ țȟȍȉȕȖȍ ȏȈȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȖȒȖȕȟȐȓȐ Ǫȣ Ȑ ȒȖȋȌȈ
ǪȓȈȌȐȊ ȋȐȔȕȈȏȐȦ Ȋ  ȋ șȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȊȣȌȈȕȖ Ȋ  ȋ — ȏȈȌȍȘȎȈȕȖ ȏȈ
ȕȍțȗȓȈȚț Ȍȍȕȍȋ ȏȈ țȟȍȕȤȍ
 ǪȈȠȍ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖȍ ȔȍșȚȖȎȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ
ǴȖșȒȊȈ
 ǲȈȒȐȔ țȟȘȍȎȌȍȕȐȍȔ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȍȑ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȐȘȖȊȈȕȣ Ȋ Ǫǻǯ
ǷȘȐȕȧȚ ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȐȐ ȓȐȟȕȖȋȖ ȏȈȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȏȈȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ǷȘȖȓȍȚȒțȓȤȚȈ
16 ǵȈȝȖȌȐȚȍșȤ ȓȐ Ǫȣ ȕȈ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ Ȋ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌșȚȊȍ ȐȓȐ țȟȘȍȎȌȍȕȐȐ ȒȈȒȖȔ-ȕȐ-
ȉțȌȤ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȈșȖȊ ȖȚȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ Ȋ ȌȍȕȤ
ǯȐȔȖȦ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȓ ȖȚ  ȌȖ  ȟ Ȋ șțȚȒȐ ǫȖșȐȏȌȈȚ ǬǪ ȓȍȒȞȐȐ ȎțȘȕ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ
ș ȔȈȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȦ - ȟȈșȖȊ Ȋ șțȚȒȐ Ȋ ȊȐȌț ȗȍȘȍȘȣȊȈ ȏȈȕȧȚȐȑ Ȋ ȘȈȉȒȓțȉȈȝ ȕȈ
ȓȍȚȕȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ

286
 Ǫ ȒȈȒȐȝ ȗȖȓȐȚ ȗȈȘȚȐȧȝ șȖșȚȖȧȓȐ
ǵȐ Ȋ ȒȈȒȐȝ
 ǷȈȘȚȐȑȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȕȈșȚ ȊȘȍȔȧ
ǩȍșȗȈȘȚȐȑȕȣȑ
 ǻȒȈȎȐȚȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȤȕȣȍ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈ ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȍȑ
ǰșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȏȈȘȈȉȖȚȖȒ ȗȖ șȓțȎȉȍ - Șțȉ Ȋ ȔȍșȧȞ
 ǵȈ ȒȈȒȐȍ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈ ȎȐȊȍȚȍ
ǵȈ ȓȐȟȕȣȑ ȏȈȘȈȉȖȚȖȒ
Ȉ ȍșȓȐ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚȍ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ ȗȖ șȓțȎȉȍ țȒȈȎȐȚȍ ȘȈȏȔȍȘ ȍȋȖ
ǯȐȔȖȑ — 250- Ș
Ȋ ȕȈșȚ ȊȘȍȔȧ  Ș
 ǲȈȒȖȋȖ ȋȖȌȈ ȗȖșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȣȑ Ǫǻǯ
1923
 ǲȈȒȖȋȖ ȒțȘșȈ
1-ȋȖ
 ǯȈȕȐȔȈȓȐșȤ ȓȐ Ǫȣ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȖȔ Ǫǻǯ¶ȍ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȔ
Ǫ ǫȖșțȌ ǰȕșȚȐȚțȚȍ ǵȈȘȖȌȕȖȋȖ ǶȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ
 ǵȈ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȒțȘș ȉȣȓ ȗȍȘȍȊȍȌȍȕ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȣȑ Ǫǻǯ Ȑȏ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ
ǵȈ -Ȗȑ ȕȍ ȉȣȓ ȗȘȐȕȧȚ Ȋ ȊȐȌț ȕȍșȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚ<ȊȐȧ> ȐȔȍȦȡȐȝșȧ ȏȈȟȍȚȖȊ ș ȚȘȍ-
ȉțȍȔȣȔȐ
 ǲȈȒȐȍ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚȣ ǪȈȔ ȏȈȟȓȐ
ǷȖȒȈ ȕȍ ȏȈȟȚȍȕȖ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȚȒ Ȑȏ șȌȈȕȕȣȝ ȔȕȖȦ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚȖȊ ȗȖ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȓȖȋȐȐ
Ȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȕȘȏȉ!) ȕȐ ȖȌȐȕ ȕȍ ȊȝȖȌȐȚ Ȋ ȗȘȖȋȘȈȔȔț -ȋȖ ȒțȘșȈ

 ǲȈȒȐȍ ȏȈȟȍȚȣ șȌȈȕȣ ǪȈȔȐ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ Ǫǻǯ¶ȍ
ǴȐȕȐȔțȔ ȗȘȐȋȖȚȖȊȓȍȕ Ȓ șȌȈȟȍ Ȋ ȉȓȐȎȈȑȠțȦ ȥȒȏȈȔȍȕȈȞȐȖȕȕțȦ șȍșșȐȦ
 ǲȈȒȐȍ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ Ȑ țȗȘȈȎȕȍȕȐȧ ǪȈȔȐ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȍȕȣ ȉȍȏ șȌȈ-
ȟȐ ȗȖ ȕȐȔ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȏȈȟȍȚȖȊ
ǵȈ ȗȍȘȊȖȔ ȒțȘșȍ șȍȔȐȕȈȘȐȐ Ȑ ȒȓȈșșȣ ȕȍ șțȡȍșȚȊțȦȚ ȒȘȖȔȍ șȍȔ ȗȖ ȕȈȘȖȌ-
ȕȖȑ> șȓȖȊȍșȕȖșȚȐ Ǫȍȓ ȘȈȉȖȚț ȕȈ -ȖȔ ȒțȘșȍ ȗȖ ȒȓȈșșț ȒȓțȉȕȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ Ȋ ȒȈ-
ȟȍșȚȊȍ ȈșșȐșȚȍȕȚȈ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ
 ǩȣȓȐ ȓȐ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ȔȍȠȈȊȠȐȍ ǪȈȔ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȚȤșȧ Ȑ ȒȈȒȐȍ
ǩȣȓȐ  ǿȘȍȏȔȍȘȕȈȧ ȕȈȋȘțȏȒȈ ȕȈ șȓțȎȉȍ Ȑ ȗȖ ȒțȓȤȚȘȈȉȖȚȍ
 ǶȚșțȚșȚȊȐȍ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȣ Ȋ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ ȎȐȊȍȔ
ȊȚȘȖȍȔ<)>
 ǹȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȍȚ ȓȐ ȜȈȒțȓȤȚȍȚ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ Ǫȣ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚȍșȤ ǪȈȠȍȔț
ȎȍȓȈȕȐȦ
ǬȈ
 ǬȖȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ șȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ
____
Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ
201 ȔȈȧ  ȋ
1 ɇɟ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɪɚɡɛɨɪɱɢɜɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ 

288
[ª]
Ǫ Ǩ ǹǰǳǳǶǪ
ǸȖȌȐȓșȧ -ȋȖ ȕȖȧȉȘȧ șȚ șȚ  ȋ Ȋ ǷȍȚȍȘȉțȘȋȍ ȖȚȍȞ — ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȐȑ
ȐȕȎȍȕȍȘ Ǫ  ȋ ȗȖșȚțȗȐȓ Ȋ ǷȍȚȍȘȉțȘȋșȒțȦ -țȦ ȋȐȔȕȈȏȐȦ. Ǫ 1917 ȋ ȗȖ
ȎȍȓȈȕȐȦ ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȗȍȘȍȊȍȌȍȕ ȊȖ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒșȒțȦ ȊȖșȤȔȐȒȓȈșșȕțȦ ȋȐȔȕȈ-
ȏȐȦ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȖȒȖȕȟȐȓ Ȋ  ȋ
ǪȖ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȍ (1918-21 ȋ) ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓșȧ ȎțȘȕȈȓȐșȚȐȒȖȑ ȗȍȟȈȚȈȓșȧ (ȗȖ
ȊȖȗȘȖșȈȔ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ Ȑ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ) Ȋ ȋȈȏȍȚȈȝ ©ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȖȍ ȖȉȖȏȘȍȕȐȍ»
Ȑ ©ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȈȧ ȚȘȐȉțȕȈ» Ȋ ȎțȘȕȈȓȍ «ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ» (ȖȘȋȈȕ ǷȘȐȔȖȘșȒȖ-
ȋȖ ȋțȉȒȖȔȈ ǸǲǷ ȉ) ȘȍȌȈȒȚȐȘȖȊȈȓ ȌȊȈ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖ-ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȎțȘ-
ȕȈȓȈ: ©ǪȖșȚȖȒª Ȑ ©ȆȕȤª ȖȘȋȈȕ ǳȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖ-ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ Ƕ-ȊȈ ǬȈȓȤȕ
ǪȖșȚȖȒȈ șȖșȚȖȧȓ ǯȈȔ ȗȘȍȌșȍȌ ǳȐȚȍȘȈȚ-ȝțȌȖȎȍș Ƕ-ȊȈ
ǹȓțȎȐȓ Ȋ ȌȖȓȎȕȖșȚȐ șȍȒȘȍȚȈȘȧ Ȋ ǻȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȐ ǶșȖȉȖțȗȖȓȕȖȔȖȟȍȕȕȖȋȖ
ǵȈȘȒȖȔȐȕȌȍȓȈ ǸǹǼǹǸ ȕȈ ǬȈȓȤȊȖșȚȖȒȍ
ǷȘȐ ȥȊȈȒțȈȞȐȐ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȈ ȏȈ ȕȍȌȍȓȦ ȌȖ ȏȈȕȧȚȐȧ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ȉȍȓȣȔȐ Ȋȣȍ-
ȝȈȓ Ȋ ǿȐȚț Ȋ ȘȈșȗȖȘȧȎȍȕȐȍ ǴȐȕ ǰȕȖșȚȘ Ǭȍȓ ǬǪǸ
Ǫ ǿȐȚȍ (1921-1922) ȉȣȓ șȚțȌȍȕȚȖȔ șȓȖȊȍșȕȖȋȖ ȖȚȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ ȋțȔȈȕȐȚȈȘȕȖȋȖ
ȜȈȒțȓȤȚȍȚȈ ǫȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ǰȕșȚȐȚțȚȈ ǵȈȘȖȌȕ ǶȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ
ǹȓțȎȐȓ Ȋ ǴȐȕȐșȚ ǰȕȖșȚȘ Ǭȍȓ ǬǪǸ Ȋ ȌȖȓȎȕȖșȚȐ șȍȒȘȍȚȈȘȧ ǻȗȘȈȊȓȧȦ-
ȡȍȋȖ ǬȍȓȈȔȐ Ȑ șȍȒȘȍȚȈȘȧ ǨȌȔȐȕȐșȚȘȈȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ ǶȚȌȍȓȈ ȏȈȚȍȔ Ȋ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖș-
ȚȖȟȕȖȔ ǺȍȓȍȋȘȈȜȕȖȔ ǨȋȍȕȚșȚȊȍ «ǬȈȓȤȚȈª Ȋ ȌȖȓȎȕȖșȚȐ ȘȍȗȖȘȚȍȘȈ Ȑ ȊȗȖșȓȍȌ-
șȚȊȐȐ ȘȍȌȈȒȚȖȘȈ
ǹȖȚȘțȌȕȐȟȈȓ Ȋ ȎțȘȕȈȓȍ «ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ» (ȖȘȋȈȕ ǬȈȓȤȉȦȘȖ Ǿǲ ǸǲǷ ȉ) Ȋ
ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖȋȖ șȖȚȘțȌȕȐȒȈ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȓ Ȋ ȋȈȏȍȚȈȝ ©ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȑ Țȍȓȍ-
ȋȘȈȜª (ȖȘȋȈȕ ǷȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ǬǪǸ Ȑ ©ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȑ ȗțȚȤª ȖȘȋȈȕ ǬȈȓȤ-
ȉȦȘȖ Ǿǲ ǸǲǷ ȉ).
Ǫ  ȋȖȌț ȒȖȔȈȕȌȐȘȖȊȈȕ ǫȖș ǰȕșȚȐȚțȚȖȔ ǵȈȘȖȌȕȖȋȖ ǶȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȋ
ǴȖșȒȖȊșȒȐȑ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚ Ȋ ȊȐȌț ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȧ ȗȘȐ ǰȕșȚȐȚțȚȍ ȒȈȜȍȌȘȣ ȗȖ ȏȈ-
ȗȈȌȕȖ-ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȐȔ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȈȔ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚ ȗȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȚȖȋȌȈ
șȗȍȞȐȈȓȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ).
Ǫ ǴȖșȒȊȍ (1922-29) șȓțȎȐȓ Ȋ ǴȖșȒ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȍ ǬǪ ǨȒȞ Ƕ-ȊȈ
©ǲȕȐȎȕȖȍ ȌȍȓȖª Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȈȋȍȕȚȈ ȗȖ ȒȕȐȎȕȣȔ ȏȈȒțȗȒȈȔ Ȑ ȏȈȔȍșȚȐȚȍȓȍȔ
ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȧ - ȋ <,> Ȋ ǾȍȕȚȘ ǲȖȔȐȚȍȚȍ ǷȘȖȓȍȚȒțȓȤȚȈ ȓȐȚȐȕșȚȘțȒ-
ȚȖȘȖȔ ȟȓȍȕȖȔ ǸȍȌȒȖȓȓȍȋȐȐ Ȑ ȖȚȊȍȚ șȍȒȘȍȚȈȘȍȔ ȎțȘȕȈȓȈ ©ǸȈȉȖȟȐȑ Ȓȓțȉª
(1922- ȋ Ȋ ǴȖșȒ ǫȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ǲȖȕșȍȘȊȈȚȖȘȐȐ — ȏȈȔ ǬȍȒȈȕȈ Ƕȉȡȍ-
șȚȊȍȕȕȖ-ǵȈțȟȕȖȋȖ ǶȚȌȍȓȈ -1929) <,> Ȋ ȗȘȖȜșȖȦȏȕȖȑ ǲȖȔȐșșȐȐ ǶǫǷǻ

— Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȧ ȒȘțȎȒȖȊ — ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȋȖ șȚȍȕȋȈȏȍȚȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȌȘ
(1924-26), ȕȈ ȜȈȉȘȐȒȍ ©ǹȖȊȒȐȕȖª Ȋ ȌȖȓȎȕȖșȚȐ ȒȖȕșțȓȤȚȈȕȚȈ ǽțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȖȋȖ ǶȚȌȍȓȈ ǯȈȊȍȌ ǽțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ǶȚȌȍȓȖȔ ȒȖȕșțȓȤȚȈȕȚȈ ǷȘȖȐȏȊȖȌșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ǶȚȌȍȓȈ (ș  ȋ). ǩȣȓ ȗȘȍȗȖȌȈȊȈȚȍȓȍȔ ȗȖ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈȔ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ
ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ
1) ȕȈ ǸȈȉȜȈȒȍ ȐȔ ǷȖȒȘȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȐ 1-ȖȔ Ǵǫǻ
2) ȕȈ ȖȉȡȍȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȒțȘșȈȝ ȐȔ 5-Ȗȑ ȋȖȌ ǶȒȚȧȉȘȤșȒȖȑ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ
ȗȘȐ ǲțȘșȒȖȑ ȎȌ
3) Ȋ ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘșȒȐȝ ȔȈșȚȍȘșȒȐȝ ǴȖșȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ǷȘȖȓȍȚȒțȓȤȚȈ
4) Ȋ ǸȈȉȖȟȍȔ ǺȍȈȚȘȍ ǴȖșȒȖȊșȒ ǷȘȖȓȍȚȒțȓȤȚȈ
5) Ȋ ǸȈȉȖȟȍȔ Ȓȓțȉȍ ȐȔ ǲȈȓȧȍȊȈ
6) Ȋ ǾȍȕȚȘȈȓȣȦȔ Ȓȓțȉȍ ȗȍȟȈȚȕȐȒȖȊ
7) Ȋ ǲȓțȉȍ ȗȍȟȈȚȕȐȒȖȊ «ǲȘȈșȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘȐȑ».
8) Ȋ ȘȈȉȖȟȍȔ Ȓȓțȉȍ ǴǶǫȅǹ «ǲȘȈșȕȣȑ ȓțȋ».
 ȕȈ ȒțȘșȈȝ ǲǶ ȚȍȒșȚȐȓȤȡȐȒȖȊ ȗȖ ȗȍȘȍȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȒȍ ȒȓțȉȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȒȖȊ
10) Ȋ ǴȖșȒȖȊșȒȖȑ ǫȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ǲȖȕșȍȘȊȈȚȖȘȐȐ
Ȉ ȐșȚȖȘȐȧ ȘțșșȒȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ ;,ǽ Ȋ
ȉ) —"— șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȑ ȘțșșȒȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ
Ȋ) ȊȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ Ȋ șȖȞȐȖȓȖȋȐȦ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ
Ǫ  ȋ ȉȣȓ ȌȍȓȍȋȐȘȖȊȈȕ ǷȘȖȓȍȚȒțȓȤȚȖȔ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȟȐȒȈ ȗȖ ȊȖ-
ȗȘȖșț Ȗ ȔȍȚȖȌȐȒȍ ȗȘȍȗȖȌȈȊȈȕȐȧ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ ȕȈ ȋțȉȍȘȕșȒțȦ ȒțȓȤȚȒȖȕȜȍȘȍȕ-
ȞȐȦ șȖȏȊȈȕȕțȦ ǴǫǹǷǹ
Ǫ  ȋ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȍȕ ǫȖș ǻȟȍȕȣȔ ǹȖȊȍȚȖȔ ȌȖȞȍȕȚȖȔ șȖȞȐȖȓȖȋȐȐ ȐșȒțșșȚȊ Ȑ
ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ.
Ǫ 1925 ȋȖȌț ȉȣȓ ȗȘȐȋȓȈȠȍȕ ȘȍȞȍȕȏȍȕȚȖȔ ȊșȍșȖȦȏȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȕȒțȘșȈ Ȋ ǲȖȔȐș-
șȐȦ Ǿǰǲ ǹǹǹǸ ȗȖ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȦ ȌȊȈȌȞȈȚȐȓȍȚȐȧ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ  ȋ
Ǫ  ȋ. ȗȖ ȗȖȘțȟȍȕȐȦ ǨǸǸǲ’Ȉ ǴOǬǷǰǲ’Ȉ Ȑ ǬȘȈȔǹȖȦȏȈ ȉȣȓ ȌȖȒȓȈȌ-
ȟȐȒȖȔ ȕȈ ǪșȍȘȖșșȐȑșȒȖȔ ǹȞȍȕȈȘȕȖȔ șȖȊȍȡȈȕȐȐ. Ǫ 1 ȋ ȉȣȓ ȐȏȉȘȈȕ
ȗȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȍȔ ǹȞȍȕȈȘȕȖȑ șȍȒȞȐȐ ǨǸǸǲ’Ȉ
ǷȍȟȈȚȈȓșȧ Ȋ ȎțȘȕȈȓȈȝ ©ǫȖȘȕª, ©ǸȈȉȖȟȐȑ Ȓȓțȉ», ©ǮțȘȕȈȓȐșȚª, «ǳȍȜª,
©ǵȖȊȣȑ ǳȍȜª ©ǯȘȍȓȐȡȈ» Ȑ ȌȘ
ǻȟȈșȚȊȖȊȈȓ șȚȈȚȤȧȔȐ Ȋ ȘȧȌȍ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȖȊ «ǰșȒțșșȚȊȖ Ȋ ȘȈȉȖȟȍȔ Ȓȓțȉȍ»,
«ǸȈȉȒȖȘȖȊșȒȖȍ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ», «ǵȖȊȣȍ ȒȈȌȘȣ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȝ»Ȑ ȚȌ
ǹ 21 ȋȖȌȈ șȖșȚȖȧȓ ȟȓȍȕȖȔ șȓȍȌ. ȗȘȖȜșȖȦȏȖȊ șȖȊȚȖȘȋșȓțȎȈȡȐȝ (1921-
1923), ȘȈȉȗȘȖș (23-26) ȘȈȉȖȟȐȝ ȗȖȓȐȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌșȚȊȈ (26-28) Ȑ
ȘȈȉȐș (ș  ȋȖȌȈ)
(ǹȐȓȓȖȊ)
 ȕȖȧȉȘȧ 29 ȋ

290

ȇ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȓșȧ ș ǹȐȓȓȖȊȣȔ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȖȔ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȐȟȍȔ Ȋ -20 ȋ ȊȖ
ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȍ ȋȌȍ ȧ ȘȍȌȈȒȚȐȘȖȊȈȓ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȕȈȠț ȗȈȘȚȐȑȕțȦ ȋȈȏȍȚț ©ǲȘȈșȕȖȍ
ǯȕȈȔȧª Ȑ ȎțȘȕȈȓ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȉȣȓ ȉȓȐȏȖȒ Ȓ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊțª
Ǫ - ȋ ȧ ȘȍȌȈȒȚȐȘȖȊȈȓ Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ ȕȈȠ ȒȘȈȍȊȖȑ ȗȈȘȚȐȑȕȣȑ ȖȘȋȈȕ
©ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȑ ǷțȚȤª ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȊȠȐȑ Ȋ ȟȐșȓȍ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȚȚ Ȋ ǿȐȚț
ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȓ ȉȓȐȏȒȖȍ țȟȈșȚȐȍ Ȋ ȥȚȖȑ ȋȈȏȍȚȍ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȧȧ Ȋ ȕȍȑ ȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ
ȓȐȚȍȘ ȗȖȘțȟȍȕȐȧ
ǯȈ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȧ ȏȕȈȦ Ț ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ ȒȈȒ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ș ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖ șȖȊȍȚ-
șȒȖȑ ȖȘȐȍȕȚȈȞȐȍȑ — Ȉ ȊȍȌȤ Țȍ ȋȖȌȣ ȕȈ Ǭ ǪȖșȚȖȒȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍ-
șȒȐ-șȔțȚȕȣȍ ȋȖȚȖȊȖȋȖ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ ȗȖ ȌȐȘȍȒȚȐȊȈȔ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȔȣșȓȐȔȖȑ Ȋ ȕȈȓȐȟ-
ȕȖȑ ȗȖȓȐȚ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȍ ȒȖȔȔțȕȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȗȈȘȚȐȐ
Ǫ ǴȖșȒȊȍ ȧ ȏȕȈȦ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȋȖ ȘȍȌȈȒȚȖȘȈ ȎțȘȕȈȓȈ ©ǸȈȉȖ-
ȟȐȑ ǲȓțȉª ȕȍ ȌȖȗțșȚȐȊȠȍȋȖ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȖȠȐȉȒȐ ǯȕȈȦ ȒȈȒ
ȟȍȚȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȗȖȌȈȊȈȚȍȓȧ Ǵǫǻ ǰ șȓȣȠȈȓ Ȗ ȕȍȔ ȒȈȒ Ȗ ȝȖȘȖȠȍȔ ȒțȓȤȚ-ȘȈȉȖȚ-
ȕȐȒȍ ȗȘȐ ǶǫǷǻ
ǹȐȓȓȖȊ — ȝȖȘȖȠȐȑ șȖȊȍȚșȒȐȑ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȐȒ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ — ȖȚȟȍȚȓȐȊȣȑ ȗȖ-
ȟȚȐ ȌȖ ȗȍȌȈȕȚȐȏȔȈ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȤ ȗȈȘȚȐȑȕȣȝ ȌȐȘȍȒȚȐȊ ǵȖ — ț ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ ȍșȚȤ
ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȖȒ Ȗȕ — țȔȕȣȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ Ȑ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȒ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ
ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȒȊȈȓȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȐ ǵȍ ȥȚȐȔ ȓȐ Ȗȕ ȗȘȖȠȚȘȈȜȐȓșȧ ȗȍȘȍȌ șȊȖȐȔȐ
ȒȐȕȖ-ȒȖȕȒțȘȘȍȕȚȈȔȐ"
ǿȓȍȕ ǪǲǷ ȉ ș  ȋȖȌȈ ȗ ȉ 
ǵȐȒ ǼȍȌȖȘ ǿǻǮǨǲ
ȗȖȓȐȚȘȍȌȈȒȚȖȘ ǫȓȈȊȓȐȚȈ
ǴȖșȒȊȈ
ǿȐșȚȣȍ ǷȘțȌȣ
Ȍ ǵȈȘȒȖȔȗȘȖșȈ
ǫȓȈȊȓȐȚ
6/XII-29 ȋ
ǷȖȌȗȐșȤ Ȑ șȚȈȎ ȟȓȍȕȈ ǪǲǷ ȉ ȇȟȍȑȒȐ
ǵȈȘȒȖȔȗȘȖșȈ Ț ǿǻǮǨǲ țȌȖșȚȖȊȍȘȧȦ
ǹȍȒȘȍȚȈȘȤ ȇȟȍȑȒȐ — ǷȖȌȗȐșȤ
Ǵ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ
ǴȍșȚȒȖȔȈ ǵȈȘȒȖȔȗȘȖșȈ

292
   
Ǵȍȕȧ ȌȈȊȕȖ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȈȍȚ șȓȖȎȕȖȍ Ȑ ȚȘțȌȕȖȍ ȏȈȌȈȕȐȍ — ȕȈȗȐșȈȚȤ șȞȍȕȈ-
ȘȐȑ Ȍȓȧ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖ-ȈȕȚȐșȍȔȐȚșȒȖȑ ȜȐȓȤȔȣ
ǯȈȌȈȕȐȍ ȌȖ șȍȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȕȍ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȍȕȕȖȍ șȖȊȍȚșȒȖȑ ȒȐȕȍȔȈȚȖȋȘȈȜȐȍȑ
ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȈȒȚțȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ Ȍȓȧ șȍȋȖȌȕȧȠȕȍȋȖ Ȍȕȧ
ǬȍȓȈȊȠȐȍșȧ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȐ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ («ǭȊȘȍȑșȒȖȍ șȟȈșȚȤȍ», «ǭȋȖ
ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ», «ǲȈȐȕ Ȑ ǨȘȚȍȔ» Ȑ ȌȘ) ȉȣȓȐ ȧȊȕȖ ȕȍțȌȈȟȕȣ ȖȕȐ Ȑș-
ȒȈȓȐ ȘȈȏȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ ȗȖ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȗȘȐȔȐȚȐȊȕȖȑ Ȑ ȖȠȐȉȖȟȕȖȑ ȗȖ ȏȈȔȣșȓț ȓȐȕȐȐ
— șȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȧ ȊȣȏȊȈȚȤ ©șȐȔȗȈȚȐȦª Ȓ ȍȊȘȍȑșȚȊț ȗțȚȍȔ ©ȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖª
ȗȖȒȈȏȈ ȊȕȍȠȕȍȑ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ șȗȍȞȐȜȐȒȐ ȍȊȘȍȑșȒȖȋȖ ȉȣȚȈ ȅȚȈ ȚȍȕȌȍȕ-
ȞȐȧ ȓȍȋȒȖ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȡȈȓȈ ȕȈ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒȍ ȥȚȐ ȜȐȓȤȔȣ Ȋ ȖȘțȌȐȍ ȈȕȚȐșȍȔȐȚȐȏȔȈ
Ȍȓȧ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȧ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȍȑȚȘȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ țȎȍ Ȗ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȍ, ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ Ȋ ȓȍȋȒȖȑ
șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ȏȈȘȈȎȍȕȕȖȔ ȈȕȚȐșȍȔȐȚȐȏȔȖȔ
ǺȈȒ-Ȏȍ ȕȍȊȍȘȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ-ȉȣ șȚȘȖȐȚȤ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖ-ȈȕȚȐșȍȔȐȚșȒțȦ ȜȐȓȤȔț ȕȈ șȖ-
ȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȔ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȍ ȈȕȚȐșȍȔȐȚȐȏȔ Ȋ șȖȊȍȚșȒȐȝ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȒȘȈȑȕȍ
ȌȐȜȜȍȘȍȕȞȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȍ șȔ șȚȈȚȤȦ ǳȈȘȐȕȈ Ȋ ©ǸȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ Ȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȍª: ©ǰȕ-
ȚȍȓȓȐȋȍȕȚșȒȐȑ Ȑ ȉțȘȎțȈȏȕȣȑ ȈȕȚȐșȍȔȐȚȐȏȔ Ȋ ǹǹǹǸ» Ȑ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ șȔȣșȓȍ ȗȘȍȌ-
șȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ șȖȉȖȦ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȕȍȗȘȍȖȌȖȓȐȔȣȍ Ȍȓȧ ȒȐȕȖ-ȗȖȒȈȏȈ ȚȘțȌȕȖșȚȐ
ȇ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȦ șȚȘȖȐȚȤ șȞȍȕȈȘȐȑ ȕȈ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȍ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȖȋȖ ȒȐȍȊșȒȖȋȖ
ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈ 13-ȋȖ ȋȖȌȈ ȚȈȒ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔȖȋȖ «ǬȍȓȈ ǩȍȑȓȐșȈ».
ȅȚȖȚ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ ȌȈȍȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȈȚȤ șȞȍȕȈȘȐȑ ȕȈ ȒȘȍȗȒȖȑ ȏȈ-
ȕȐȔȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȜȈȉțȓȍ ȕȍȕȈȊȧȏȟȐȊȖ ȕȍȏȈȔȍȚȕȖ Ȍȓȧ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȧ ȘȈșȒȘȣȊȈȦȡȍȑ
ȖșȕȖȊȕțȦ ȐȌȍȦ ȊȍȡȐ ȊșȒȘȣȊȈȦȡȍȑ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕțȦ șțȡȕȖșȚȤ ȈȕȚȐșȍȔȐȚȐȏȔȈ
Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȜțȕȒȞȐȦ Ȍȓȧ ȞȈȘșȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȘțșșȒȖȋȖ ȌȊȖȘȧȕ-
șȚȊȈ Ȑ ȉțȘȎțȈȏȐȐ
ȇ ȝȖȟț ȊșȒȘȣȚȤ ȐȏȕȈȕȒț ȐȓȓȦȏȖȘȕȖȑ ȒțșȚȖȌȐȍȊșȒȖȑ «ǸțșȐ» Ȑ șȈȔȖȍ ȋȓȈȊ-
ȕȖȍ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ, ȋȌȍ ȒȖȘȕȐ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȈȕȚȐșȍȔȐȚȐȏȔȈ
ȇ țȉȍȎȌȍȕ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȈ ȜȐȓȤȔȈ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȔț ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȦ ȉțȌȍȚ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ șȖȊȘȍ-
ȔȍȕȕȖȑ Ȑ ȕȐ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȕȍ «ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȖȑ».
ǹȟȐȚȈȦ ȗȘȍȎȌȍȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȔ șȍȑȟȈș ȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȒȈȒȐȍ-ȓȐȉȖ ȜȈȉțȓȤȕȣȍ ȕȈȔȍȚ-
ȒȐ ȝȖȚȧ ȘȧȌ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȑ ȗȖ ȥȚȖȔț ȗȖȊȖȌț ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ.
ǼȈȉțȓȤȕȈȧ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȈ șȞȍȕȈȘȐȧ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȧȊȐȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȐȏțȟȍȕȐȧ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȊ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ Ȑ Ȋșȍȑ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ ȚȖ-
ȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ
Ǭȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ ȓȐȟȕȖ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ȗȖ ȥȚȖȑ ȊȍȡȐ ȉțȌȍȚ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȖȉȓȍȋȟȍȕȈ ȏȕȈȒȖȔ-
șȚȊȖȔ ș ȓȦȌȤȔȐ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȊȠȐȔȐ țȟȈșȚȐȍ Ȋ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȍ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȏȈȡȐȚȕȐ-
ȒȖȊ Ȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȚȖȘȖȊ ȗȍȚȍȘȉțȘȋșȒȖȋȖ ǲȖȔȐȚȍȚȈ «ǶȚȗȖȘ ȒȘȖȊȈȊȖȔț ȕȈȊȍȚț»,
ȘȈșȗȖȓȈȋȈȦȡȐȔȐ ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȞȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȔȐ Ȋ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ ȗȖȌȘȖȉ-

ȕȖșȚȧȔȐ ȗȖ ȘȧȌț ȊȖȗȘȖșȖȊ șȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȝ ș ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȔ
ȇ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕ Ȋ ȉȓȐȎȈȑȠȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȕȈȟȈȚȤ ȘȈȉȖȚț ȕȈȌ țȒȈȏȈȕȕȣȔ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈ-
ȓȖȔ șȊȧȏȈȊȠȐșȤ ș ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ ȒȐȕȖ-ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȑ
ǷȍȘȊȖȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȖ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȦșȤ Ȋ «ǹȖȊȒȐȕȖ» Ȑ ȗȘȖȠț ȌȈȚȤ Ȕȕȍ ȖȚȊȍȚ Ȗ ȗȘȐȍȔ-
ȓȍȔȖșȚȐ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ

  ~ ¢
Ǫ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȖȒȚȧȉȘȧ Ȋ ǬȖȔȍ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ șȖșȚȖȧȓșȧ ȌȐșȗțȚ ȗȖ ȌȖȒȓȈȌț ȚȖȊ ǲȐȘȠȖ-
ȕȈ ©Ȗ ȒȐȕȖ-ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ».
ȇ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȓ Ȋ ȗȘȍȕȐȧȝ ș ȒȘȐȚȐȒȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ǶǬǹǲ Ȑ ǨǸǸǲ¶Ȉ
ǴȖȍ ȊȣșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȖșțȎȌȍȕȖ ǷȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ ǨǸǸǲ¶Ȉ ȒȈȒ ȒȓȍȊȍȚȕȐȟȍ-
șȒȖȍ ȗȘȐ ȟȍȔ Ȕȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȖ Ȋ ȊȐȕț ȟȚȖ ȧ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȓ ș ȒȘȐȚȐȒȖȑ ǨǸǸǲ¶Ȉ
Ȋ ȈțȌȐȚȖȘȐȐ ǬȖȔȈ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȖȚȊȍȚ șȍȒȘȍȚȈȘȤ ǨǸǸǲ¶Ȉ ȚȖȊ ȆȒȖȊ Ȑ
ȟȓȍȕ ǷȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ț ǲȐȘȠȖȕ ȒȊȈȓȐȜȐȞȐȘȖȊȈȓȐ ȒȈȒ ȈțȌȐȚȖȘȐȦ ©ȕȍșȖȊȍȚș-
ȒțȦ», «ȟȈșȚȐȟȕȖ ȕȍșȖȊȍȚșȒțȦ» Ȑ Ț Ȍ
ǵȈ ȏȈșȍȌȈȕȐȐ ǷȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ǨǸǸǲ¶Ȉ Ȑ ȕȈ ȌȊțȝ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȧȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ
ȟȓȍȕȖȊ ǨǸǸǲ¶Ȉ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓȐșȤ Țȍ-Ȏȍ ȕȈȗȈȌȒȐ ȕȈ ǬȖȔ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ ȌȍȑșȚȊ ȟȓȍȕ
ǨǸǸǲ¶Ȉ ȚȖȊ ǷȈțȠȒȐȕ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐȏȖȊȈȓ ǬȖȔ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ ȒȈȒ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȦ ©ȈșȖȞȐ-
ȈȓȤȕțȦ» Ȑ «ȈȕȚȐșȖȞȐȈȓȤȕțȦ» (ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ șȚȍȕȖȋȘȈȔȔȈ).
ȇ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ  ȓȍȚ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȕȍȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȖ șȖșȚȖȦ ȟȓȍȕȖȔ ǬȖȔȈ ǷȍȟȈȚȐ, Ȋ ȕȈ-
șȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȧȊȓȧȦșȤ ȟȓȍȕȖȔ ǩȦȘȖ ȒȐȕȖ-șȍȒȞȐȐ ǬȖȔȈ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ Ȑ ȍșȚȍșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȧ șȟȐȚȈȓ șȍȉȧ ȖȉȧȏȈȕȕȣȔ ȊȣșȚțȗȐȚȤ ș ȗȘȖȚȍșȚȖȔ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ
ȕȍȖȉȖșȕȖȊȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȖȗȖȘȖȟȐȊȈȕȐȧ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȧȦȡȍȑ șȖȊȍȚșȒȐȝ ȎțȘ-
ȕȈȓȐșȚȖȊ
ǴȖȑ ȗȘȖȚȍșȚ ȕȍ ȉȣȓ ȕȐȒȍȔ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȈȕ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȕȈ ȥȚȐȝ șȖ-
ȉȘȈȕȐȧȝ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ ȗȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȤ ǩȦȘȖ ȒȐȕȖ-șȍȒȞȐȐ ǬȖȔȈ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ ȚȖȊ.
ǪȈȒș ȟȓȍȕȣ ǩȦȘȖ — ȚȚ ǩȈșșȈȓȣȋȖ ǴȐȓȤȒȐȕ ǸȈȏțȔȕȣȑ ǫȍȑȔȍȕ Ȑ ǺțȘȐȕ
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șȊȖȐȔ ȔȖȓȟȈȕȐȍȔ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȗȖȌȚȊȍȘȌȐȓȐ ȌȈȕȕțȦ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐșȚȐȒț ǬȖ-
ȔȈ ǷȍȟȈȚȐ
ǵȈȘȧȌț ș ȥȚȐȔ ȚȖȊ ǪȈȒș ȖȜȐȞȐȈȓȤȕȖ ȏȈȧȊȐȓ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȉțȌȍȚ Ȋ ǬȖȔȍ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ
șȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȊȖȗȘȖș Ȗ ȊȣȊȖȌȍ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȑȏ ǩȦȘȖ ǲȐȕȖ-șȍȒȞȐȐ
ǹȖȏȌȈȍȚșȧ ȕȍȓȍȗȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȍșȓȐ ȟȓȍȕȣ ǩȦȘȖ ǲȐȕȖ-șȍȒȞȐȐ ǬȖȔȈ ȗȍ-
ȟȈȚȐ Ȑ ȟȓȍȕȣ ǨǸǸǲ¶Ȉ șȟȐȚȈȦȚ ǬȖȔ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ ȕȍșȖȊȍȚșȒȖȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȍȑ ȕȍȗȖ-
ȕȧȚȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȖȕȐ ȘȈșȞȍȕȐȊȈȦȚ șȊȖȍ ȗȘȍȉȣȊȈȕȐȍ Ȋ ȥȚȖȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȟȍȔ Șț-
ȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊțȦȚșȧ ȐȌȧ Ȋ ǬȖȔ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ ș ȌȖȒȓȈȌȈȔȐ Ȑ Ț Ȍ
ǷȘȖȠț ǷȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȘȈșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȤ ȥȚȖȚ ȐȕȞȐȌȍȕȚ Ȑ ȊȣȕȍșȚȐ șȊȖȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ
ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȐ șȖȏȌȈȊȠȍȔșȧ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȐ ȧ șȟȐȚȈȦ ȟȚȖ ǩȦȘȖ ǲȐȕȖ-șȍȒȞȐȐ ȕȍ
ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȚȤ șȊȖȦ ȘȈȉȖȚț
(ǹȐȓȓȖȊ)
21 ȕȖȧȉȘȧ  ȋ

295
 © ©
§© ©  	¬

28-ȋȖ ȖȒȚȧȉȘȧ ș ȋ ȧ ȗȖȌȈȓ Ȋ Ǵǲǲ ȏȈȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȗȉ ȖȠȐȉȒȈȝ ȌȖȗțȡȍȕȕȣȝ
ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȖȔ ǨǸǸǲ’Ȉ ȗȘȐ ȗȍȘȍȊȣȉȖȘȈȝ ǷȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ
Ǫ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ ȌȍȒȈȉȘȧ ȧ ȉȣȓ ȊȣȏȊȈȕ Ȋ Ǵǲǲ Ȍȓȧ ȌȈȟȐ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȌȍȚȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȖȉȢȧș-
ȕȍȒȐȑ Ȑ ȚȈȔ țȏȕȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȏȈȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȗȍȘȍșȓȈȕȖ Ȋ ǲȘȈșȕȖȗȘȍșȕȍȕșȒțȦ
ǸȈȑȖȕȕțȦ ǲȖȕȚȘȖȓȤȕțȦ ȒȖȔȐșșȐȦ.
Ǫ șȊȧȏȐ ș ȗȍȘȍȋȖȊȖȘȈȔȐ ș Ǵǲǲ ȗȘȖȠț ȗȘȐșȖȍȌȐȕȐȚȤ Ȓ ȔȖȍȔț ȏȈȧȊȓȍȕȐȦ
șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȍ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȧ
Ǫ șȊȧȏȐ ș ȗȧȚȐȓȍȚȕȐȔ ȗȓȈȕȖȔ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ ȒȐȕȖ-ȗȘȖȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȒȐ-
ȕȖ-ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȧȔȐ ȊȖȏȕȐȒ ȘȧȌ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȣȝ Ȑ ȚȘțȌȕȍȑȠȐȝ
ȏȈȌȈȟ Ȍȓȧ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚșȧ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȈȧ ȟȍȚȒȖșȚȤ ȗȖ-
ȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȓȐȕȐȐ
ǪȔȍșȚȖ ȚȖȋȖ Ȋ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȝ ȒȐȕȖ-ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȑ ǨșșȖȞȐȈȞȐȐ
PȈȉȖȚȕȐȒȖȊ ǸȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ǲȐȕȍȔȈȚȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȍȚșȧ
ȘȧȌ ȕȍȏȌȖȘȖȊȣȝ ȚȍȕȌȍȕȞȐȑ ȧȊȓȧȦȡȐȝșȧ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ ȖȠȐȉȖȟȕȖȋȖ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌ-
șȚȊȈ
ǨșșȖȞȐȈȞȐȧ ǸȈȉȖȚȕȐȒȖȊ ǸȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ǲȐȕȍȔȈȚȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȉȣȚȤ
ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȍȔ ȗȍȘȍȌȖȊȣȝ ȒȐȕȍȔȈȚȖȋȘȈȜȐșȚȖȊ ȉȖȘȦȡȐȝșȧ ȏȈ ȒȐȕȍȔȈȚȖȋȘȈ-
ȜȐȦ ȒȈȒ ȖȘțȌȐȍ ȒȖȔȔțȕȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȗȘȖȗȈȋȈȕȌȣ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȍȔ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȟȍ-
șȒȐ șȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȔ ș ȗȈȘȚȐȑȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȖȜșȖȦȏȕȣȔȐ șȖȊȍȚșȒȐȔȐ Ȑ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣ-
ȔȐ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȧȔȐ.
ǵȈ Ȍȍȓȍ Ȏȍ ǨșșȖȞȐȈȞȐȧ ȗȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȡȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȖȉȣȊȈȚȍȓȤșȒȐȑ ȒȐ-
ȕȖ-Ȓȓțȉ Ȋ țȏȒȖ-ȌȍȓȖȊțȦ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȦ ȒȐȕȍȔȈȚȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȐȋȍȕȞȐȐ
Ǫ șȐȓț șȊȖȍȑ ȐȏȖȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖșȚȐ ȖȚ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ǨǸǸǲ șȚȈȓ ȈȘȍȕȖȑ Ȋșȍ-
ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȈȕșȚȊȈ ȒȈȘȤȍȘȐȏȔȈ șȒȓȖȟȕȐȟȍșȚȊȈ Ȍȓȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ «ȈȒȚȐȊ-
ȕȣȝ» Ȑ ȔȍșȚȖȔ ȘȈȏȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȧ Ȍȓȧ ȖșȕȖȊȕȖȑ ȔȈșșȣ ȟȓȍȕȖȊ ǨǸǸǲ’Ȉ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȔ
ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȈȒȚȍȘȖȊ ȟȈșȚȤ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐ Ȑ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȔȈȓȖ-ȒȊȈȓȐ-
ȜȐȞȐȘȖȊȈȕȈ Ȑ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ Ȋ șȐȓț ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ Ȓ ȘȈȉȖ-
Țȍ șȊȖȍȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ
ǯȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ ȋȖȌ Ȋ ǨǸǸǲ’ȍ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖȋȖ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȈ ȝȖȚȧ
ȉȣ Ȗȉ ȖșȕȖȊȈȝ ȔȈȘȒșȐșȚșȒȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ șȊȧȏȐ ȕȐ ș ȒȖȔ ǨȒȈ-
ȌȍȔȐȍȑ ȕȐ ș ǸȈȕȐȖȕȖȔ
Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ ǨǸǸǲ ȐȏȖȓȐȘȖȊȈȕ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȚ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȖȘȋȈ-
ȕȐȏȈȞȐȑ ȕȖ Ȑ ȖȚ ȔȈȘȒșȐșȚșȒȖȑ ȕȈțȟȕȖȑ ȔȣșȓȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ Ȋ ȒȐȕȍȔȈȚȖȋȘȈȜȍ
ȔȍȕȤȠȍ ȟȍȔ Ȋ ȓȦȉȖȑ șȖșȍȌȕȍȑ ș ȕȍȑ <sic> ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ
ǺȍȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȖșȤ ȔȍșȚȈ Ȍȓȧ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȖȚșȍȉȧȚȐȕȣ ȥȒȓȍȒȚȐȒȐ Ȑ
ȌȍȔȈȋȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȉȍșȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȈȕșȚȊȈ, ȗȘȐȒȘȣȚȖȋȖ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ Șȍ-

ȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȜȘȈȏȍȖȓȖȋȐȍȑ.
ǺȈȒȈȧ «ȓȐȕȐȧ» ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȕȈȠȓȈ șȍȉȍ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȋȘțȉȍȑȠȐȝ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȖȕ-
ȕȣȝ ȖȠȐȉȒȈȝ ȗȖȌȘȣȊȈȦȡȐȝ ȈȊȚȖȘȐȚȍȚ ȗȈȘȚȐȑȕȖȋȖ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȈ ȒȐȕȖ-Ȗȉȡȍ-
șȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ
Ƕȉ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ — ȗȍȘȍȊȣȉȖȘȈȝ ȧ țȎȍ ȗȐșȈȓ
ǬȘțȋȖȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȕȈ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȐ ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȕȖȔ ȊȖȗȘȖșț Ȗ ȔȖȍȔ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȐ
Ȑȏ ǨǸǸǲ’Ȉ, ȚȖȊ ǲȐȘȠȖȕ ȊȐȌȧ ȟȚȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȖȊȈȊȠȐȝ Ȑ Ȋȣș-
ȚțȗȈȊȠȐȝ ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ǨǸǸǲ’ȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȖȉȊȐȕȧȍȚ ȍȋȖ Ȋ ȏȈ-
ȎȐȔȍ șȈȔȖȒȘȐȚȐȒȐ ȘȍȠȐȓșȧ ȏȈȡȐȚȐȚȤ șȊȖȐ șȓȈȉȣȍ ȗȖȏȐȞȐȐ ȗȈȘȚȐȑȕȣȔ
ȈȊȚȖȘȐȚȍȚȖȔ ȏȈȧȊȐȊ ȟȚȖ ȍșȓȐ ȉțȌțȚ ȋȖȓȖșȖȊȈȚȤ ȏȈ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȋșȍ ȒȖȔȔțȕȐșȚȣ țȑ-
ȌțȚ Ȑȏ ǨǸǸǲ’Ȉ
ǲȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȝ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȐȑ Ȍȓȧ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȏȈȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ǲȐȘȠȖȕ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȓ
Ǫ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȟȈșȚȤ ȚȍȘȘȖȘȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȋȖ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȧ ȘȈȏȖȠȓȈșȤ ȗȍȘȍȌ șȈ-
ȔȣȔ ȋȖȓȖșȖȊȈȕȐȍȔ ȖșȚȈȊȠȐȍșȧ ȗȣȚȈȓȐșȤ ȗȘȖȚȍșȚȖȊȈȚȤ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȧȊȕȖȋȖ ȕȈȘț-
ȠȍȕȐȧ țșȚȈȊȈ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȕȖ ȗȖșȓȍ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȖȒȘȐȒȈ Ț ǲȐȘȠȖȕȈ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚ-
ȊȖ ȗȖȒȖȘȕȖ ȋȖȓȖșȖȊȈȓȖ ȏȈ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ǷȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ
ǹțȌȧ ȗȖ ȒțȓțȈȘȕȣȔ ȊȣșȒȈȏȣȊȈȕȐȧȔ ȗȖșȓȍ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȧ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȔȍȚȖȌ «ȘȈȉȖ-
Țȣ ș ȉȍșȗȈȘȚȐȑȕȣȔȐ» ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȌȐșȒȘȍȌȐȚȐȘȖȊȈȓ ȈȊȚȖȘȐȚȍȚ ȗȈȘȚȐȑȕȖȋȖ ȘțȒȖ-
ȊȖȌșȚȊȈ Ȋ ȒȐȕȖ-ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ
ǻ ǨǸǸǲ’Ȉ Ȋ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȔ ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ ȘȧȌ ȏȈșȓțȋ ȗȍȘȍȌ șȖȊȍȚșȒȖȑ ȒȐȕȍȔȈȚȖȋȘȈ-
ȜȐȍȑ (țȟȈșȚȐȍ Ȋ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȒȍ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȔȕȍȕȐȧ Ȓ ȗȈȘȚșȖȊȍȡȈȕȐȦ ȗȖ
ȊȖȗȘȖșȈȔ ȒȐȕȖ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȊșȍȘȖșșȐȑșȒȖȋȖ șȞȍȕȈȘȕȖȋȖ șȖȊȍȡȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȌȘ),
ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ Ȑ Ȋ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȖȍ ȧȌȘȖ ȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȒȖȊ
ǵȍșȖȔȕȍȕȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ǷȈȘȚȐȐ șȔȖȋȓȖ ȉȣ ȖȏȌȖȘȖȊȐȚȤ ȕțȎȕțȦ Ȍȓȧ
ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ șȖȊȍȚșȒȖȑ ȒȐȕȍȔȈȚȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȦ ȊȣȗȘȈȊȐȊ ȍȍ ȖȠȐȉȒȐ Ȑ
ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȚȤ ȍȑ ȈȊȚȖȘȐȚȍȚȕȖȍ ȗȖȌȓȐȕȕȖ-ȒȖȔȔțȕȐșȚȐȟȍșȒșȍ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȖ
(ǹȐȓȓȖȊ)
 ȌȍȒȈȉȘȧ 2 ȋ
ǮȐȚȕȈȧ 29.
Ǽ-ȒȈ «ǹȖȊȒȐȕȖª

297
 
15-ȋȖ ȕȖȧȉȘȧ ș ȋ ȧ ȗȖȌȈȓ Ȋ ǫȓȈȊȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȏȈȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȐȏȓȈȋȈȦȡȍȍ ȔȖȐ
ȘȈșȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ ș ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤȦ șȍȋȖȌȕȧȠȕȍȋȖ ǨǸǸǲ’Ȉ
Ǫ ȖȚȊȍȚ ȕȈ ȥȚȖ ȈȘȘȒȖȊșȒȖȍ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȖ ȏȈȒȖȕȟȐȓȖ «ȌȍȓȖ» ȖȉȖ Ȕȕȍ ȌȖȉȐȊ-
ȠȐșȤ ȔȖȍȋȖ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧ Ȑȏ ǨǸǸǲ’Ȉ Ȑ ȌȐșȒȘȍȌȐȚȐȘȖȊȈȊ Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȒȈȒ
ȒȐȕȖ-ȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȒȈ ȕȖ Ȑ ȒȈȒ șȖȊȍȚșȒȖȋȖ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȐȒȈ
ǷȘȐȍȔȣ ȗȘȐ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȧ ȉȣȓ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕ Ȑȏ ǨǸǸǲ’Ȉ ȕȈșȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȧȊ-
ȕȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȘȍȟȈȚ șȈȔȣȔ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȈȘȕȣȔ ȖșȕȖȊȈȔ șȖȊȍȚșȒȖȑ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ-
șȚȐ ȟȚȖ ȧ ȗȘȖȠț ǫǳǨǪǰǹǲǻǹǹǺǪǶ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ ȥȚȖ ȌȍȓȖ ȉȍȏțșȓȖȊȕȖ ȐȔȍȦ-
ȡȍȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȐȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ
ǪȐȌȧ ȟȚȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȗȖȓȖȊȐȕȣ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȦȡȐȝ Ȑ ȧȊȕȖȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ ȗȘȐșțȚ-
șȚȊțȦȡȐȝ ȕȍ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȧȦȚ ȗȖȏȐȞȐȑ ǷȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȦȚ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖ-
șȚȐ ȖȉȊȐȕȍȕȐȑ ȊȣȌȊȐȕțȚȣȝ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ Ȕȍȕȧ ȈȘȘȒȖȊșȒȖȍ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȖ Ȋ ȓȐȞȍ Ț
ǲȐȘȠȖȕȈ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȋȖȓȖșȖȊȈȕȐȍȔ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ ȗȘȐȉȍȋȓȖ Ȓ ȔȍȚȖȌț ȏȈ-
ȗțȋȐȊȈȕȐȧ ȈțȌȐȚȖȘȐȐ ǲȐȘȠȖȕ ȏȈȧȊȐȓ ȟȚȖ ȍșȓȐ Ȋ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȋȖȓȖșȖȊȈȕȐȧ
ȧ ȖșȚȈȕțșȤ Ȋ ǨǸǸǲ’ȍ ȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȒȖȔȔțȕȐșȚȣ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȈȕȕȖ țȑȌțȚ Ȑȏ ǨǸǸǲ¶Ȉ (Ȋ
șȚȍȕȖȋȘȈȔȔȍ șȒȈȏȈȕȖ «ȜȘȈȒȞȐȧ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȉțȌȍȚ ȏȈȧȊȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȞȍȓȐȒȖȔ
țȝȖȌȐȚ Ȑȏ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ»)
ǵȐȒȈȒȐȝ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȐȑ ȗȘȈȊ Ȑ ȗȖȓȕȖȔȖȟȐȑ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȥȚȖ ȏȈȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȒȈȒ ȧ țȏ-
ȕȈȓ ȊȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ ȖȚ ȟȓȍȕȖȊ ȜȘȈȒȞȐȐ Ț ǲȐȘȠȖȕ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȓ — ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȍȋȖ
șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȈȧ ȐȕȐȞȐȈȚȐȊȈ
ǷȖȕȧȚȕȖ ȟȚȖ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȍȘȘȖȘȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȕȖ ȚȈȒȐȔ șȗȖșȖȉȖȔ «țȉȍȎȌȍ-
ȕȐȍ» ȝȖȚȧ Ȍȓȧ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȉȣȓȖ ȧșȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖȍ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȗȈȘȚȐȑȕȖȋȖ
ȈȊȚȖȘȐȚȍȚȈ ȊȍȌȍȚ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȓ ȍȋȖ ȌȐșȒȘȍȌȐȚȈȞȐȐ
ǵȈ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȐ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȖȊȈȓȖ  ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȟȓȍȕȖȊ ǨǸǸǲ ǰȏ ȕȐȝ
 ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȌȍȔȖȕșȚȘȈȚȐȊȕȖ țȠȓȐ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȋȖȓȖșȖȊȈȕȐȍȔ (șȘȍȌȐ ȕȐȝ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤ-
ȒȖ ȟȓȍȕȖȊ ȗȈȘȚȐȐ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȊȠȐȝ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȋȖȓȖșȖȊȈȚȤ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊ-
ȓȍȕȐȑ ȜȘȈȒȞȐȐ Ȑ ȕȍ ȎȍȓȈȊȠȐȝ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȚȤ țȟȈșȚȐȍ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ «ȠȍȔȧȒȐȕȖȔ!
șțȌȍ» Ȑ «ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ ǩȍȑȓȐșȈ» — ȒȈȒ ȖȕȐ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐȏȖȊȈȓȐ ȥȚȖ
ȌȍȓȖ)... ǰȏ ȖșȚȈȊȠȐȝșȧ  — ȊȖȏȌȍȘȎȈȓȖșȤ ȉ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ 6 ȋȖȓȖșȖȊȈȓȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ
ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧ Ȑ  ȏȈ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍ
ǵȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȚȚ ȗȣȚȈȓȐșȤ țȒȈȏȈȚȤ ǷȘȍȏȐȌȐțȔț ȟȚȖ §  țșȚȈȊȈ ȗȘȍȌțș-
ȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȚ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȦ 2/3 ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȟȓȍ-
ȕȖȊ ǨǸǸǲ’Ȉ <(> ȗȖ șȗȐșȒȈȔ Ȓ ȌȕȦ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȧ Ȋ ǨǸǸǲ’ȍ ȕȈșȟȐȚȣȊȈȓȖșȤ ȉȖȓȍȍ
200 ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȟȓȍȕȖȊ) Ȑ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȋȖȓȖșȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ
ȉȣȚȤ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȖ ȜȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȐȧȔ
ǵȈ ȥȚȖ ǲȐȘȠȖȕ ȊȔȍșȚȖ ȘȈȏȢȧșȕȍȕȐȧ ȏȈȧȊȐȓ ȟȚȖ «ȍșȓȐ ȒȚȖ-ȓȐȉȖ ȗȘȍȌȗȖ-
ȓȈȋȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȍȔț țȌȈșȚșȧ șȖȘȊȈȚȤ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȣ ȋȖȓȖșȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȚȖȚ ȎȍșȚȖȒȖ ȖȠȐ-

ȉȈȍȚșȧª.
ǵȈ ȥȚȖȔ țȕȚȍȘ-ȖȜȐȞȍȘșȒȖȔ ȖȒȘȐȒȍ Ȑ ȏȈȒȘȣȓȖșȤ ȗȖȏȖȘȕȖȍ ȗȖ ȔȕȍȕȐȦ
ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȈȊȚȖȘȐȚȍȚȕȣȝ ȚȚ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȍ
ǹȈȔȖȍ ȊȖȏȔțȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȧ ȥȚȈ ȌȍȔȈȋȖȋȐȧ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȓȈșȤ ȗȖȌ ȗȘȐȒȘȣ-
ȚȐȍȔ ȗȈȘȚȐȑȕȖȋȖ ȈȊȚȖȘȐȚȍȚȈ Ȑ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȜȘȈȏȣ ȗțșȚȖȑ Ȑ ȘȍȈȒȞȐȖȕ-
ȕȖȑ ȗȖ șțȡȍșȚȊț
ǭșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȓȦȌȐ Ȑ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌșȚ-
Ȋȍ ȕȍȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȣȍ ȔȕȖȦ ȗȖ ȓȐȟȕȣȔ ȔȖȚȐȊȈȔ ȊȖșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȓȐșȤ șȓȖȎȐȊȠȐȔȐ-
șȧ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈȔȐ Ȑ șȖȏȌȈȓȐ ȊȖȒȘțȋ Ȕȍȕȧ ȈȚȔȖșȜȍȘț ȕȍșȒȘȣȊȈȍȔȖȑ ȚȘȈȊ-
ȓȐ Ȑ ȌȍȔȈȋȖȋȐȐ
ȇ șȖ ȠȒȖȓȤȕȖȑ șȒȈȔȤȐ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȦ Ȋ șȖȊȍȚșȒȖȑ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȍ Ȑ
șȟȐȚȈȦ ȟȚȖ ȐȔȍȦ ȗȘȈȊȖ ȗȘȖșȐȚȤ ǫȓȈȊȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȌȍȓȖ
ǪȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȟȚȖ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȕțȎȕȖ ȉțȌȍȚ ȊȣȧȊȐȚȤ ȗȖȓȕȍȍ ȔȖȍ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ-
ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȓȐȞȖ
Ǭȓȧ ȥȚȖȑ ȞȍȓȐ ȗȘȐȓȈȋȈȦ
1) ȒȘȈȚȒȖȍ ȎȐȏȕȍȖȗȐșȈȕȐȍ
2) șȗȘȈȊȒȈ Ț ǿțȎȈȒȈ
ǩȖȓȍȍ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȣȍ Ȑ ȌȖȒțȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ șȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȣ
ȔȕȖȦ ȗȖ ȗȍȘȊȖȔț ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȦ ǫȓȈȊȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ
ǴȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȣ ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȖȚȘȈȎȈȦȡȐȍ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȔȖȍȋȖ ȐșȒȓȦ-
ȟȍȕȐȧ Ȑȏ ǨǸǸǲ’Ȉ (șȚȍȕȖȋȘȈȔȔȣ ȗȘȖȚȖȒȖȓȣ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟ) ȕȈȝȖȌȧȚcȧ Ȋ șȍȒȘȍȚȈ-
ȘȐȈȚȍ APPK’a.
(ǹȐȓȓȖȊ)
 ȌȍȒȈȉȘȧ 1929 ȋ
ǵȐȒȐȚșȒȐȑ ȉțȓ 6, ȒȊ1
Țȍȓ -75-51.

299
   ~
©¤ 
ǷȘȖȠț Ȋ ȕȍȌȍȓȤȕȣȑ șȘȖȒ ȖșȊȖȉȖȌȐȚȤ Ȕȍȕȧ ȖȚ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȧȍȔȖȑ ȔȕȖȦ ȕȈ
ȜȈȉȘȐȒȍ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ
ǶșȕȖȊȈȕȐȍȔ Ȍȓȧ ȥȚȖȑ ȗȘȖșȤȉȣ ȗȖșȓțȎȐȓȐ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȍ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ
1. ǯȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȧ ȟțȊșȚȊțȦ șȍȉȧ ȕȈ ȜȈȉȘȐȒȍ Ȋ ȈȚȔȖșȜȍȘȍ ȚȘȈȊȓȐ
ǵȐȒȈȒȐȝ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȖȉȊȐȕȍȕȐȑ Ȕȕȍ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȌȢȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ǨȌȔȐȕȐșȚȘȈȚȐȊ-
ȕȖȍ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȖ ȜȈȉȘȐȒȖȑ ȥȚȖȑ ȚȘȈȊȓȍ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȗȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ
Ǫ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȍ — ȓȐȟȕȣȝ șȒȓȖȒ ȔȖȓȟȈȓȐȊȖȋȖ ȕȍȌȖȊȍȘȐȧ Ȑ ȕȍȌȖȉȘȖ-
ȎȍȓȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ — ȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȔȖȋț
 ǵȍȌȍȓȤȕȣȑ șȘȖȒ ȧ șȚȈȊȓȦ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ șȍȑȟȈș Ȕȕȍ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȊȖȏ-
ȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚȤ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșțȦȡțȦ Ȕȍȕȧ ȘȈȉȖȚț Ȋ ǨȋȐȚȗȘȖȗȍ ǺȘȈȒȚȖȘȖȞȍȕȚ-
ȘȈ
ǹȐȓȓȖȊ
 ȌȍȒȈȉȘȧ  ȋ

ª

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ǬȖȘȖȋȖȑ ǪȖȓȖȌȧ
ǷȈȘȖȝȖȌ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȕȈȔ ȘȈȏ Ȋ ȔȍșȧȞ Ȉ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ ȕȍȚ ȖȚ ȊȈș ȗȐșȤȔȍȞȈ ȔȍȎ-
Ȍț ȚȍȔ Ȕȣ ȊȍȌȤ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșțȍȔșȧ ȊȈȔȐ Ȑ ȊȈȠȍȑ ȎȐȏȕȤȦ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ Ȕȣ ȕȐȟȍ-
ȋȖ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȔ Ȗ ǸȖșșȐȐ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȋȈȏȍȚȣ ȕȈ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȐȝ ȧȏȣȒȈȝ ȕȍ ȌȖȝȖȌȧȚ
șȦȌȈ Ȉ ȗȖ ȧȗȖȕșȒȐ ȕȈțȟȐȚȤșȧ ȟȐȚȈȚȤ Ȑ ȗȐșȈȚȤ ȕȍȚ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȑ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ
ȘȈȏȋȖȊȈȘȐȊȈȚȤ Ȗ ȗȘȖșȚȍȑȠȐȝ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚȈȝ Ȕȣ ȕȈțȟȐȓȐșȤ ǼȐȈȓȓȈ ȎȐȊȍȚ ș ȕȈ-
ȔȐ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȕȈȠȈ ȚȍȟȍȚ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȗȖ ȌȍȘȍȊȍȕșȒȐ ȧ ȗȐȠț ȔȕȖȋȖ ȒȘȈșȒȈȔȐ Ȉ ȚȈȒ
Ȏȍ ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȖ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȦ Ȑ ȗȍȘȖȔ ȧ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȎȈȓȍȦ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȗțȚȍȠȍșȚȊȐȍ ȕȍ
țȌȈȓȖșȤ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ș ȊȈȔȐ ȏȌȍșȤ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖȑ șȈȔȖȉȣȚȕȖșȚȐ ȕȈȔ ȕȍ ȗȘȐ-
ȊȣȟȕȖȑ Ȑ Ȋ ȓȦȌȧȝ Ȑ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȍ ȘȈșȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȊȍȚȒȖȑ ȕȍ ȕȈȗȖȔȐ-
ȕȈȍȚ ȕȈȠȐȝ ȓȍșȖȊ șȒȓȖȕȣ ȋȖȘ țșȍȧȕȣ ȊȍȍȘȈȔȐ ȗȈȓȤȔ Ȑ ȖșȚȈȚȒȈȔȐ ȌȘȍȊȕȐȝ
șȚȊȖȓȖȊ ȒȘȈșȕȈȋȖ Ȑ ȟȍȘȕȈȋȖ ȌȍȘȍȊ ȖȉȖȎȎȍȕȕȣȝ ȔȖȓȕȐȍȑ ȗȘȈȊȌȈ ȧȗȖȕȞȣ
ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȒțȓȤȚȐȊȐȘțȦȚ ȥȚȐ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈ ǲțȒȈ șȈȔȖȉȣȚȕȣȧ ȌȐȒȐȧ ȔȍșȚȈ ȕȖ Ȑ
ȚȍȗȍȘȤ țȋȘȦȔȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȌȐȒȖșȚȤ ȖȒȍȈȕȈ ȓȐȓȖȊȣȧ Ȑ ȗțȘȗțȘȕȣȍ ȖȉȘȣȊȣ șȒȈȓ ȗȖ-
ȘȖșȠȐȍ ȗȈȗȖȘȖȚȕȐȒȈȔȐ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ șȈȎȍȕȍȑ ȊȣșȖȚȣ Ȑ ȗȈȓȤȔȈȔȐ ©ǺȈȒȖȕȖ-
ȒȐª ȓȐșȚȤȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȔȖȋțȚ ȓȍȋȒȖ ȖȚȘȍȏȈȚȤ ȗȈȓȤȞȣ ǮȐȚȤ ȏȌȍșȤ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ
ȒȖȔȗȈȕȐȍȑ ȒȈȒ ȎȐȊț ȧ Ȉ ȚȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȏȈșȒțȟȈȚȤ șȓȖȊȖ ȖȌȐȕȖȟȍșȚȊȖ ȏȌȍșȤ
ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ șȓȈȉȖ ȊȣȘȈȎȈȦȡȐȔ Țț șȚȍȗȍȕȤ ȏȈȉȘȖȠȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȖȚȘȍȏȈȕȕȖșȚȐ ȖȚ
ȔȐȘȈ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȎȐȚȤ ȏȌȍșȤ ǲȈȒ ȊȈȠȐ țșȗȍȝȐ Ȋ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ ȐȔȍȍ-
Țȍ ȓȐ ȒȈȒȐȧ ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȊȍșȚȐ Ȑȏ ǸȖșșȐȐ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȈȋȖ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȈ
ǷȘȐȊȍȚ ȊȈȔ ȖȚ Ȋșȍȝ ȕȈȠȐȝ
ǬȈȊȐȌ
ǩțȘȓȦȒ
 ȜȍȊ  ȋ
ǶȋȈ-șȖ-ȊȈȘȈ ȖșȚ ©ǿȐȟȐȌȎȐȔȈª
ȌȍȘȍȊȕȧ ©ǶȋțȘȈª

2
[ǵȈ ȉȓȈȕȒȍ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȖȋȖ ȗȐșȤȔȈ]
ǻȎȍ ȔȍșȧȞ ȕȈ ǶȋȈ-șȈ-ȊȈȘȈ ș ǼȐȈȓȖȑ ȕȈȗȐșȈȓȐ ȖȒȖȓȖ  ȒȈȘȚȐȕ! Ȑ ȥȚȦ-
ȌȖȊ ȇ ȗȖșȓȈȓ șȚȈȚȤȐ Ȋ Ǭ<ȈȓȤȕȍ> Ǫ<ȖșȚȖȟȕȖȍ> Ƕ<ȖȉȖȏȘȍȕȐȍ> Ȑ ǫȖȓ<Ȗș>
ǸȖȌȐȕȣ! ǵȈȊȍȌȐȚȍ șȗȘȈȊȒȐ Ȗȉ Ȑȝ șțȌȤȉȍ ǵȈȗȐȠȐȚȍ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖ Ȗ șȍȉȍ ȗȖ
ȈȌȘȍșț YȖȒȖȋȈȔȈ ȌȖ ȊȖșȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȟȚȖ ȗȐȠȐȚȍ ȋȌȍ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȚȍ ȗȘȖȊȖ-
ȌȐȚȤ ȓȍȚȖ țȍȏȎȈȍȚȍ ȓȐ Ȑȏ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȈ Ȑ ȒȖȋȌȈ ǹȖȖȉȡȐȚȍ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȊȈȠ ȊȍȘ-
ȕȣȑ ȈȌȘȍș
ǬǩțȘȓȦȒ
ǹ ȐșȒȘȍȕȕȐȔ ȌȘțȎȍșȒȐȔ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȔ

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ǻȊȈȎȈȍȔȣȑ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȐȟ ȇ ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȍȕ ǪȈȔ
ȏȈ ȗȘȐșȣȓȒț ȘțȒȖȗȐșȍȑ Ȑ ȏȈ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ǵȈȌȍȦșȤ Ǫȣ ȐȏȊȐȕȐȚȍ ȔȖȦ ȕȈșȚȖȑȟȐ-
ȊȖșȚȤ Ț Ȓ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȈȊȓȐȊȈȧ 2-ȑ ȚȖȔ ȧ ȊȣȕțȎȌȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȕȈȗȖȔȕȐȚȤ ǪȈȔ Ȗ ȘțȒȖ-
ȗȐșȧȝ
ǪȈȠȐ țȒȈȏȈȕȐȧ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȟȍȕȤ Ȟȍȕȕȣ Ȍȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ ȓȐȟȕȖ ȕȖ Ȑ ȒȘȈȑȕȍ
ȊȈȎȕȣ Ȍȓȧ ȌȍȓȈ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț ȕȈȌȍȦșȤ ȟȚȖ Ǫȣ ȕȍ ȖȚȒȈȎȍȚȍ Ȋ ȕȐȝ Ȑ
ȊȗȘȍȌȤ ǪȗȖȓȕȍ ȗȖȕȧȚȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȧ ȊșȦȌț Ȋ ȚȈȒȐȝ șȓțȟȈȧȝ ȗȖȔȍȡț șșȣȓȒȐ ȕȈ
ǪȈș) ǹȖȖȉȡȍȕȕȣȍ ȊȈȔȐ ȕȍȚȖȟȕȖșȚȐ Ȕȍȕȧ ȒȘȈȑȕȍ ȖȋȖȘȟȈȦȚ ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȟȚȖ
Ȑȝ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ Ǫ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȌȖșȈȌȕȣ ȖȗȍȟȈȚȒȐ (ȕȈ șȚȘ
 ȕȍ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ — Ȉ ǴȈȧȖȊșȒȐȑ ȕȈ șȚȘ  «ǬȍȊȈ ȎȍȕȕȈȧ» — ȕȈȌȖ «ǬȍȊȈ
ȕȍȎȕȈȧª ȐȓȐ șȚȘ  ©ȒȘȐȋȈ ȚȍȔȕȍȍȚª ! Ȉ ȕȈȌȖ ©ǲȕȐȋȈ ȚȍȔȕȍȍȚª ! ȗȘȐ-
ȟȍȔ ȟȈșȚȐȟȕȖ ȊȐȕȈ ȓȍȎȐȚ ȕȈ ȚȐȗȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ Ț Ȓ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȑ ȒȖȘȘȍȒȚțȘȍ Ȋ
ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȍ șȓțȟȈȍȊ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȍȘȕȖ ǪȖ -Ȕ ȚȖȔȍ ȧ ȖȋȖȊȖȘȦ Ȋșȍ ȖȗȍȟȈȚȒȐ Ȑ
ȜȖȕȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȕȍȚȖȟȕȖșȚȐ
ǷȘȐșȓȈȕȕȣȍ ǪȈȔȐ ȊȈȘȐȈȕȚȣ «ǪȐȓȣ Ȑ ȓȍȠȍȋȖ» Ȕȕȍ ȗȖȒȈ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ-
șȧ ȓȐȠȤ  Ȉ — ȘȍȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȝȖȚȧ  Ȋ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȌ ȖȗȣȚȕȖȑ ȘțȒȖȑ ȚȈ-
ȓȈȕȚȓȐȊȖȋȖ ǲȘțȟȍȕȣȝ ȖȕȈ ȘȈȏȊȍȘȕțȓȈșȤ șȖȒȘȈȡȍȕȕȖ
ǶȟȍȕȤ Ȕȍȕȧ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșțȍȚ ȚȍȒșȚ «ǰȋȘȣ Ȋ ȈȌț» Ȑ «ǬȍȚȐ ǪȣȌȘȣ» ǩțȌț ȊȍșȤ-
ȔȈ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȍȕ ȍșȓȐ ȟȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ Ȗ ȕȐȝ Ǫȣ țȏȕȈȍȚȍ ǲȘțȟȍȕȣȝ-ȚȖ ȏȕȈȍȚ ȕȖ
șȒȈȎȍȚ ȓȐ")
ǵȍ ȏȕȈȍȚȍ ȓȐ ȒȈȒ «ȐȌȍȚ» ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ" (ȊȈȎȕȖ Ȍȓȧ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȑȠȍȋȖ
ȗȓȈȕȈ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧ) ǲȈȒ Ǫȣ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍșȤ Ȓ șȈȔȖȔț ȗȓȈȕț — ȟȍȚȣȘȍȝȚȖȔȕȖȋȖ șȖ-
ȉȘȈȕȐȧ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ — 2-ȑ ȚȖȔ «ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ», «ǪȖȑȕȈ Ȋ Ȕȣ-
ȠȍȓȖȊȒȍ», ©ǵȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ», «ǾȈȘȈȗȐȕȈ ȗȖ ȕȍȉț» Ȑ ȚȌ Ȑ ©ǯȈȕȋȍȏȐ» Ȑ «ǬȍȚȐ
ǪȣȌȘȣª Ȑ ©ǷȤȍșȣª («ǿȖȘȚȐȒª ©ǨșȗȈȘțȒª ©ǬȍȊȐȑ ȉȖȋª Ȑ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȖȍ -ȑ
ȚȖȔ — ǳȐȘȐȒȈ Ȑ -ȑ ǷȘȖȏȈ Ȑ ǹȚȈȚȤȐ"
ǷȖȓțȟȐȓȐ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ȖȚ Ǹ ȇȒȖȉșȖȕȈ ȋȌȍ Ȗȕ ȗȐȠȍȚ ȟȚȖ «ǲȈȔȍȕȕȈȧ ȉȈȉȈ» Ȑ
«ǷȍȘțȕ» ȉȣȓȐ ȧȒȖȉȣ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈȝ" (ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȘȍȟȤ ȐȌȍȚ Ȗȉ ȖȚȘȣȊ-
ȒȈȝ")
ǹ ȕȍȚȍȘȗȍȕȐȍȔ ȎȌț ǪȈȠȍȑ șȚȈȚȤȐ Ȋ ©ǳȍȜȍª ȝȖȚȧ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ șȍȑ ȎțȘȕȈȓ
țȊȈȎȈȦ ȕȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ ǲȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȗȖȏȐȞȐȐ ț ȕȈș ș ǪȈȔȐ ȕȍȗȘȐȔȐȘȐȔȣ ȕȖ ȧ Ȍț-

310
ȔȈȦ ȟȚȖ «ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐ» ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖ Ȑ ȊȈȎȕȖ «ȊȣȒȓȦȟȐȚȤ» ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ Ȑȏ
ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȈ ȟȚȖ Ȏȍ ȒȈșȈȍȚșȧ ©ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȑª ȚȈȒ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔ ȏȌȍșȤ șȖȊșȍȔ țȎ ȕȐ
ȗȘȐ ȟȍȔ ǿȚȖ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊ Ȑ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ șȐȓȣ ȧ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ țȉȍȎȌȍȕ
(ȒȈȒ ǷțȠȒȐȕ Ȑ ȘȖȔȈȕȚȐȏȔ) ǵȖ șȊȧȏȤ Ȏȍ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍ Ȑ ȖȉȡȕȖșȚȤ ȗȖȏȐȞȐȑ Ȑ
ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ț ȜțȚțȘȐșȚȖȊ Ȑ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȉȣȓȐ — ȕȖ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ
șȓȖȎȕȍȍ Ȑ ȌȐȜȜȍȘȍȕȞȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȍȍ ȟȍȔ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȖ șȟȐȚȈȚȤ ǰ ȗȖ ȘȈȏȔȍȘț Ȑ ȗȖ
«ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȦ» șȚȈȚȤȐ ȧ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȐșȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ Ȑ ȕȍ ȝȖȚȍȓ ǪȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȧ
ȌȈȎȍ țȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȋȐȉȈȦ ȗȈȓȒț ȕȖ ȌȍȓȈȓ ȥȚȖ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȓȍȔȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȏȈȖșȚ-
ȘȍȕȐȧ Ȑ «ȗȍȘȍȊȍȘȚȣȊȈȕȐȧ» ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȉȖȒ Ǫ șȚȈȚȤȍ Ȗ ȜțȚțȘȐȏ-
Ȕȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȈ ȕȈȗȖȓȖȊȐȕț ȧ ȋȖȊȖȘȦ ȖȉȖ ȊșȍȔ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȖȌȘȖȉ-
ȕȖ ǵȈȌȍȦșȤ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȧȊȐȚșȧ ȖȚȊȍȚȖȔ ȕȈ ǪȈȠț ȝȖȚȧ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȕȕȍ țȌȈșȚ-
șȧ ȒȖȕȟȐȚȤ ȍȍ — ȖȟȍȕȤ ȏȈȕȧȚ).
ǭȡȍ ȘȈȏ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȦ ǪȈș Ȑ ȕȈȌȍȦșȤ țȊȐȌȈȚȤșȧ ș ǪȈȔȐ Ȋ ǳȍȕȐȕȋȘȈȌȍ ȗȖ-
ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȑ ȗȖȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȐȚȤ ǪȈș ȓȐȟȕȖ
ǲȘȍȗȒȖ ȎȔț ǪȈȠț ȘțȒț
ǵ ǹȚȍȗȈȕȖȊ
ǭșȓȐ ǪȈȔ ȕțȎȕȣ ȒȈȒȐȍ ȓȐȉȖ șȗȘȈȊȒȐ Ȋ ǳȍȕȐȕȋȘȈȌȍ — ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȘȈȌ ȉȣȚȤ
ǪȈȠȐȔ ȒȖȘȘȍșȗȖȕȌȍȕȚȖȔ
ǵǹȚȍȗ
ǳȕȋȘ  ȗȘ ǲǳȐȉȒȕȍȝȚȈ Ȍ ȹ  Ȓ 2.
Țȍȓ -62.
2.
21/III 30.
ǻȊȈȎȈȍȔȈȧ Ƕ ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ
ǹ ȐșȒȘȍȕȕȐȔ Ȑ ȋȓțȉȖȒȐȔ ȋȖȘȍȔ ȘȍȠȈȦșȤ ȗȐșȈȚȤ ǪȈȔ ȗȖȓțȟȐȊ șȚȖȓȤ ȕȍȖ-
ȎȐȌȈȕȕȖȍ Ȑ ȚȧȎȍȓȖȍ Ȍȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ ȗȐșȤȔȖ
Ǵȕȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȚȘțȌȕȖ ȗȐșȈȚȤ ȍȡȍ ȚȘțȌȕȍȍ Ȑ ȉȖȓȤȕȍȍ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȣȊȈȚȤșȧ ǷȖȚȍ-
Șȧ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȈ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȐȟȈ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖȍ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȤȍ ȟȚȖ ȘȧȌȖȔ ș
ȥȚȐȔ ȊșȨ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȉțȌȍȚ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȕȐȟȚȖȎȕȣȔ Ȑ ȎȈȓȒȐȔ ǵȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȥȚȖ
ȘȍȠȈȦșȤ țȒȈȏȈȚȤ ǪȈȔ ȟȚȖ Ǫȣ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ ȖȉȊȐȕȍȕȐȧȝ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȕȍșȗȘȈ-

311
ȊȍȌȓȐȊȣ ǯȕȈȒȖȔșȚȊȖ Ȑ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȔȖȡȤ țȒȈȏȈȕȐȧȔȐ Ȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈ-
ȔȐ ȔȖȍ ș ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȖȔ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȐȟȍȔ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚșȧ Ȓ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȗȖșȓȍ Ȋȣ-
ȝȖȌȈ I-ȋȖ ȚȖȔȈ Ȗ ȟȍȔ șȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊțȦȚ ȍȋȖ ȗȐșȤȔȈ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ ǻȒȈȏȈȕȐȧ șȌȍ-
ȓȈȕȕȣȍ ȗȖ ȗȖȊȖȌț I-ȋȖ ȚȖȔȈ ȉȣȓȐ ȐȔ șȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȣ Ȋ ȗȐșȤȔȍ ȖȚ  ȋȖ-
ȌȈ Ȉ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȣ ȐȔ Ȋ ©ǵȖȊȖȔ ǳȍȜȍª ȹ 
ǴȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȣ Ȑ țȒȈȏȈȕȐȧ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȕȕȣȍ Ȕȕȍ ȓȐȟȕȖ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍșȓȈȕȕȣȍ Ȋ ȗȐșȤ-
ȔȈȝ Ȋșȍ ȖȚȕȖșȧȚșȧ Ȓ ȍȡȍ ȕȍȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȕȖȔț -Ȕț ȚȖȔț ȏȈ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍȔ
ȘțȒȖȗȐșȐ ©ǪȖȑȕȈ Ȋ ȔȣȠȍȓȖȊȒȍª ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ ȗȍȘȊȖȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȖ șȈȔȐȔ
ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȖȔ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȐȟȍȔ Ȋ ©ǵȍȐȏȌȈȕȕȖȔ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȍª Ȋȣȗ V Ȑ ȗȖ-
șȓȍ țȎȍ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȕȕȖȑ Ȕȕȍ
Ǫ ȊȐȌț ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȕȕȣȍ Ȕȕȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȣ ȖȚȘȣȊȒȐ Ȑȏ ȗȖȥȔȣ ©ǹȍșȚ-
Șȣ ȔȖȓȕȐȐª —  șȚȘȈȕȐȞȣ Ȑ  șȚȘȈȕȐȞȈ Ȑȏ ©ǲȈȔȍȕȕȖȑ ȉȈȉȣª ȊȒȓȦȟȍȕȣ
ȉȣȓȐ ȔȕȖȦ Ȋ ȌȈȊȕȖ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ -ȑ ȚȖȔ ȚȖ Ȕȕȍ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȣȔ ȖȚȕȍșȚȐ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȖșȚȐ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘț ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȐȟț ȏȈ ȔȈ-
ȚȍȘȐȈȓȣ Ȑ șȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȍ ș ȕȐȔȐ țȒȈȏȈȕȐȧ Ȓ ȥȚȖȔț ȚȖȔț ǲ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȤȦ ȖȉșȚȖȧ-
ȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ șȓȖȎȐȓȐșȤ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ Ȕȕȍ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȌȍȚșȧ țȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖȘȐȚȤ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȈ
ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȐȟȈ ȓȐȟȕȖ ȗȖ-ȊȐȌȐȔȖȔț Ȓ ȔȖȍȔț ȒȘȈȑȕȍȔț ȗȘȐșȒȖȘȉȐȦ ȖȉȐ-
ȌȍȊȠȍȋȖșȧ ȕȈ Ȕȍȕȧ ǪȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȍȡȍ ȟȚȖ ȊȖ -ȑ ȚȖȔ ȥȚȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȍȑȟȈș Ȕȕȍ
ȗȘȐȠȍȌȠȍȍ Ȋ ȋȖȓȖȊț ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȗȈȓȐ Ȑ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȣ ǪȓȈ-
ȌȐȔȐȘȈ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȐȟȈ Ȑȏ ȊȣȗțșȒȖȊ ©ǵȍȐȏȌȈȕȕȖȋȖ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈª ǲȘțȟȍ-
ȕȣȝ ȕȖ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȧ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȏȕȈȚȤ Ȑ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦ ȗȖșȒȖȓȤȒț ǲȘțȟȍȕȣȝ ȕȐȋȌȍ ȕȍ
țȒȈȏȣȊȈȓ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȐ ȗȍȟȈȚȈȍȔȣȝ ȐȔ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȊ" ǷȍȘȍȗȍȟȈȚȣȊȈȧ țȎȍ Ȗȗț-
ȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȕȣȍ ȊȍȡȐ ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ Ȑ ș ©ǪȖȑȕȖȑ Ȋ ȔȣȠȍȓȖȊ-
Ȓȍ ȧ ȕȐȋȌȍ ȕȍ șșȣȓȈȓșȧ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ ȕȐ ȕȈ ȒȖȋȖ ȗȖșȒȖȓȤȒț ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ ȉȣȓ țȎȍ
ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȕ ȕȐ ȗȖ ȟȍȔț ȚȖȔț ȒȈȒ ȗȖ șȈȔȖȔț ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗț ȖȉȡȍȔț ȊșȍȔ ȐȏȌȈ-
ȕȐȧȔ ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ Ȑ ȉȣȓȈ ȔȖȧ ȊȐȕȈ ǵȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȚȤ Ȏȍ ȕȍȐȏ-
ȌȈȕȕȣȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ Ȕȕȍ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȖȔ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȐȟȍȔ
ȐȓȐ ȒȍȔ ȓȐȉȖ ȌȘțȋȐȔ ȐȓȐ ȍȋȖ țȒȈȏȈȕȐȧ ȕȍ ȊȣȘȈȏȐȊ ȍȔț ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȖșȚȐ ȧ
ȕȍ ȔȖȋ Ȑ ȕȍ ȌȍȓȈȓ ȥȚȖȋȖ ǶȚȕȍșȧ Ȏȍ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ țȒȈȏȈȕȐȧ ȕȈ -ȑ ȚȖȔ
ȊȒȓȦȟȈȦȡȐȑ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȕȕȣȑ Ȕȕȍ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȖȔ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȐȟȍȔ ȕȍȖȗțȉȓȐ-
ȒȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ ȟȚȖ Ȕȕȍ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ Ȑ ȞȍȓȍșȖȖȉ-
ȘȈȏȕȣȔ ȧ ȕȐȒȈȒ ȕȍ ȌțȔȈȓ ©ȏȈȔȈȓȟȐȊȈȚȤª ȐȓȐ ȝȖȚȤ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȖȉȐȎȈȚȤ
ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȈ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȐȟȈ ǶȟȍȕȤ ȎȈȓȍȦ ȟȚȖ ȔȖȍ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȒȈȎțȡȍȍșȧ
Ȕȕȍ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȚȈȒ ȕȍȊȍȘȕȖ ȐșȚȖȓȒȖȊȈȕȖ ǴȍȕȤȠȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȏȌȍșȤ
ȉȣȓȖ ©ȕȍȉȘȍȎȕȖșȚȐª Ȑ țȎ ȊȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ©ȕȍȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȧ șȓȖȊȈª
Ǫșȍ ȥȚȖ Ȕȍȕȧ ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȘȈșșȚȘȈȐȊȈȍȚ Ȑ țȌȐȊȓȧȍȚ ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȖșȒȖȓȤ-
Ȓț Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȔȖȍ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȉȣȓȖ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȖȔ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȐȟȍȔ ȚȈȒ ȊȖșȗȘȐ-
ȕȧȚȖ Ȑ ȐșȚȖȓȒȖȊȈȕȖ ȒȈȒȈȧ ȚȖ ȌȖȓȧ ȊȐȕȣ Ȑ ȍșȚȤ — ȐșȒȘȍȕȕȖ ȚȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ȕȍȑ ȒȈȦșȤ
Ȑ ȋȖȚȖȊ ȥȚȖ ȗȍȟȈȚȕȖ ȏȈșȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȝȖȚȧ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȧȦ ȕȐ ȕȍȐȏȌȈȕȕȖȋȖ
ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈ ȕȐ ȓȐȟȕȣȝ țȒȈȏȈȕȐȑ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȈ! ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȐȟȈ! ȧ ȕȍ
ȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȓ).

312
ǷȖȕȐȔȈȧ ǪȈȠȍ ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ ȍȔț șȖȟțȊșȚȊțȧ ȧ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȖșȔȍȓȐ-
ȊȈȦșȤ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȣȊȈȚȤșȧ ȗȍȘȍȌ ǪȈȔȐ Ȑ ȗȈȔȧȚȤȦ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȈ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȐȟȈ
ȉțȌțȟȐ ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȗȖȌȈȊȓȍȕ ǪȈȠȐȔȐ țȗȘȍȒȈȔȐ Ȑ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȍȕȕȖ Ȑȝ
ȊȖșȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȧ Ț Ȓ Ȕȕȍ ȖȕȐ ȒȈȎțȚșȧ ȕȍșȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȣȔȐ ǭșȓȐ Ȏȍ Ǫȣ șȟȐ-
ȚȈȍȚȍ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȋ ȟȍȔ ȓȐȉȖ ȒȖȕȒȘȍȚȕȖȔ ȊȐȕȖȊȕȣȔ ȚȖ ȗȖȎȈȓțȑșȚȈ țȒȈȎȐȚȍ Ȕ ȉ
ȧ ȟȚȖ ȓȐȉȖ țȗțșȚȐȓ Ȑȏ ȊȐȌț
Ǫșȍ ȥȚȖ ȔȍȓȖȟȐ ȗȍȘȍȌ ǪȈȠȐȔ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȤȍȔ Ȗ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ Ȕȕȍ șȖȊȍșȚȕȖ ȗȐ-
șȈȚȤ ǵȖ Ȕȕȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȉȖȓȤȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȧ ȕȍȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȖȋȖȘȟȐȓ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȈ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌ-
ȘȖȊȐȟȈ Ȑ ȥȚȖ țȎȍ ȕȍȗȖȗȘȈȊȐȔȖ ǲ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘț ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȐȟț ȧ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȖȚ-
ȕȖșȐȓșȧ ș șȈȔȣȔ ȐșȒȘȍȕȕȐȔ țȊȈȎȍȕȐȍȔ Ȑ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȖșȚȤȦ Ǫ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ
ȊȘȍȔȧ șȟȐȚȈȦ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ șȊȖȐȔ ȌȖȓȋȖȔ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȏȈȧȊȐȚȤ ȗȍȟȈȚȕȖ Ȗȉ ȖȒȈȏȈȕ-
ȕȖȑ Ȕȕȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈȔȐ Ȑ țȒȈȏȈȕȐȧȔȐ Ȓ ȕȐȔ ȖȚȕȖșȧȡȐȔȐșȧ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ ȕȖ Ȑ
Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȔ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȐ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȈ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȐȟȈ Ȋ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȐ
Ȑ Ȋ șȖȉȐȘȈȕȐȐ ȍȋȖ ȕȈșȓȍȌȐȧ Ȗ ȍȋȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ Ȋ ȥȚȖȑ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ
ȖȉȧȏȈȕȣ ȍȔț șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȐȒȐ ǭșȓȐ ǪȈȔ ȎȍȓȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȚȍȒșȚ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ șȖȖȉȡȍȕȐȧ
Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȊȐȌȍ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȔ ȖȕȖ ȉțȌȍȚ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȖ Ȋ -Ȕ ȚȖȔȍ ȌȖ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȐ-
ȠȓȦ ǪȈȔ ȕȈ ȊȈȠȍ ȖȌȖȉȘȍȕȐȍ
ǭșȓȐ Ȏȍ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ǪȈȠȍ ȗȘȍȌțȉȍȎȌȍȕȐȍ Ȑ șȚȖȓȤ ȕȍȗȖȌȝȖȌȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍ-
Ȕȧ Ȍȓȧ ȔȖȐȝ ȗȘȖșȤȉ Ǫȣ ȋȖȚȖȊȣ ȗȖȔȖȟȤ Ȕȕȍ ȚȖ ȧ ȉțȌț ǪȈȔ ȒȘȈȑȕȍ ȗȘȐȏȕȈ-
Țȍȓȍȕ ǭȡȍ Ȑ ȍȡȍ ȘȈȏ ȗȖȌȟȍȘȒȐȊȈȦ — ȟȚȖ ȌȍȓȖ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ȕȍ ȔȖȍ
ȓȐȟȕȖȍ ȌȍȓȖ Ȑ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȔ șȈȔȖȓȦȉȐȍȔ ȧ ȏȌȍșȤ ȕȍ ȚȍȠțșȤ ǭȡȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȌȍȓȈȦ
ȥȚȖ Ȑȏ ȒȖȔȔȍȘȟȍșȒȐȝ șȖȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȑ ȈȊȚȖȘșȒȐȍ — ȗȘȈȊȌȈ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȐȍ
— ȗȖȓțȟȈȦȚ ȘȖȌșȚȊȍȕȕȐȒȐ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ
ǪȍșȤ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ ȒȈȒ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȕȣȑ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȗȍȟȈȚȕȣȑ ȐȓȐ <ȕȘȏȉ> ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ
Ǫȣ șȔȖȋȓȐ ȉȣ Ȕȕȍ Ȑ ȆȘȐȦ! ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȐȟț! ǺȣȕȧȕȖȊț ȘȍȌȈȒȞȐȐ ȗȘȍ-
ȌȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȉțȌȍȚ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȍȕ ȗȖȓȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȋ țȒȈȏȈȕȕȣȑ ǪȈȔȐ șȘȖȒ
ȚȖȟȕȖ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȗȍȟȈȚȒȈ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍșȣȓȒȈ ȍȋȖ ȉțȌȍȚ ȔȕȖȦ ȖȗȓȈȟȍȕȈ ȕȍ-
ȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȖ ǵȈ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ Ȋ șȓțȟȈȍ ȕȈȌȖȉȕȖșȚȐ șȘȈȏț Ȏȍ
ȊȣȠȓȦ ȘȈșȗȐșȒț
ǪȊȐȌț ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ -ȑ ȚȖȔ ȔȕȖȦ țȎȍ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȓȍȕ Ȓ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ Ȑ ȏȈȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȍȚ-
șȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȑȏ-ȏȈ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȧ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȊ Ȋ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ ȧ ȒȈȒ ȘȈȏ
Ȋșȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȝȖȚȍȓ ȕȈȗȐșȈȚȤ ǪȓȈȌ<ȐȔȐȘț> ǨȓȍȒș<ȈȕȌȘȖȊȐȟț> ȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ
ȓțȟȠȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ Ǫȣ șȔȖȋȓȐ ȗȍȘȍșȓȈȚȤ ȏȈȒȈȏȕȣȔ ȗȈȒȍȚȖȔ ș ȖȉȖȏȕȈȟȍ-
ȕȐȍȔ ©ȘțȒȖȗȐșȐª ȥȚȖ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖ — Țȍ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȐ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ
ȒȖȗȐȐ ș ȕȐȝ Ȑ ȊȣȘȍȏȒȐ ȐȓȐ ȥȒȏȍȔȗȓȧȘȣ ȘȍȌȒȐȝ ȎțȘȕȈȓȖȊ ȐȓȐ ȒȖȗȐȑ ș
ȕȐȝ ȗȖȔȍȡȍȕȕȣȝ ȚȈȔ șȚȐȝȖȊ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ Ǫ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ ț ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȈ!
ǨȓȍȒș<ȈȕȌȘȖȊȐȟȈ> ȉȣȓ ȗȍȟȈȚȕȣȑ ȓȐșȚȖȒ ș ȖȚȘȣȊȒȖȔ Ȑȏ ȗȖȥȔȣ ©ǴȈȘȐȕȈ
ǴȕȐȠȍȒª
ǭșȓȐ ȉȣ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȘȈșșȟȐȚȣȊȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȐ ȌȈȎȍ Ȑ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȕȣȝ
Ȋȍȡȍȑ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȊȈȎȕȖ ǸȍȌȒȐȍ ȋȈȏȍȚȣ ȎțȘȕȈȓȣ Ȑ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȐ ȥȚȖ
ǺȐȜȓȐșșȒȐȍ ǩȈȒȐȕșȒȐȍ Ȑ ǷȍȘșȐȌșȒȐȍ Ȑ ©ǷțȚȐ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȈª ȹ - ȐȏȌȈȕ
ǽȈȘȤȒȖȊ Ȑ ©ǹȉȖȘȕȐȒ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈª ȐȏȌȈȕ<ȕȣȑ> Ȋ  ȋ Ȋ ǽȈȘȤȒȖȊȍ,

ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȖȍ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȍșȚȤ
ǭȡȍ ȘȈȏ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚȍ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȑ ȗȖȊȍȘȤȚȍ Ȋ ȔȖȦ ȋȓțȉȖȒțȦ șȒȖȘȉȤ ȗȖ ȗȖȊȖȌț
ȊșȍȋȖ șȓțȟȐȊȠȍȋȖșȧ Ȑ ȕȍ ȌțȔȈȑȚȍ ȟȚȖ ȔȖȐ ȐȏȊȐȕȍȕȐȧ <?> ȐȓȐ ȥȚȖ ȗȐșȤȔȖ
ȉȣȓȐ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȓȐȉȖ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȔ ȒȘȐȊȖȌțȠȐȧ Ȑ ȕȍȐșȒȘȍȕȕȖșȚȐ
ǻȊ<ȈȎȈȦȡȐȑ> Ǫ<Ȉș> ǵ ǹȚȍȗȈȕȖȊ

314
    
1.
Ǫ Ǩ ǹǰǳǳǶǪǻ
ǰȦȕȤ  ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊșȒȖȍ
ǬȖȘȖȋȖȑ ǪȖȓȖȌȧ
ǶȚȟȍȋȖ Ǫȣ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȓȐ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȊȖșȒȘȍșȍȕȤȍ" ǿțȒȖȊșȒȖȔț Ȗ ǪȍȘȍ ȐȓȐ
ȕȐȋȐȓȐșȚȈȝ ȕȈȗȐșȈȓ ȇ ȉȣȓ Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȑ ȕȍȌȍȓȍ ȕȖ ȊșȍȋȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ
ȖȌȐȕ ȌȍȕȤ Ȑ ȕȐȒȖȋȖ Ȑȏ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȝ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȈȓ ǺȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȧ Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȍȏȌȐȓ șȖ Ȋșȍ
țȔȍȕȤȠȈȦȡȐȔșȧ țșȗȍȝȖȔ ȚȖ Ȕȍȕȧ ȚțȌȈ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȒȈȦȚ Ȑ ȗȕȍȊȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȏȈȒȖ-
ȕȣ ȟȈșȚȖ țșȚȈȕȈȊȓȐȊȈȦȡȍȑșȧ ț ȕȈș ȗțșȚȖȚȣ ǭșȓȐ Ǫȣ ȕȈș ȕȍ ȏȈȉȣȓȐ ȚȖ ȕȈ
ȥȚȖȚ ȘȈȏ ȗȘȐȍȌȍȚȍ ǭșȓȐ ȗȘȐȍȌȍȚȍ ȚȖ ț Ȕȍȕȧ Ȓ ǪȈȔ ȗȘȖșȤȉȈ ǯȈȑȌȐȚȍ ȍșȓȐ ȕȍ
ȚȘțȌȕȖ ǪȈȔ Ȓ șȖșȍȌȧȔ ȕȈ ȕȈȠț ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘț șȖ ȌȊȖȘȈ ȒȊ ȹ  ȏȈ ȗȖȟȚȖȑ Ȑ Ȋȍ-
șȚȧȔȐ ǲȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȍșȓȐ ȥȚȖ ǪȈș ȕȍ ȖȉȘȍȔȍȕȐȚ ȗȘȐȊȍȏȐȚȍ -ȑ Ȑ -ȑ ȹȹ ©ǩȣ-
ȓȖȋȖª ț Ȕȍȕȧ ǪȈȠ -ȑ ǷȘȖșȚȐȚȍ ȏȈ ȕȈȊȧȏȟȐȊȖșȚȤ Ǩ ȟȚȖ ș ǹȐȕȧȒȖȊȣȔȐ Ȑ ǻȘȍ-
ȟȐȕȣȔȐ" ǮȐȊȣ ȓȐ Ȑ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȣ ȖȕȐ" ǶȉȍȡȈȓȐ ȉȣȚȤ Ȋ ȐșȚȍȒȠȍȍ ȊȖșȒȘȍșȍȕȤȍ
Ȑ ȕȈȌțȓȐ ǭșȓȐ ȖȕȐ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦȚ ȒȈȒ Ȕȣ ȐȔ ȉȣȊȈȍȔ ȘȈȌȣ ȚȖ ȒȈȒȖȊ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ Ȋ
ȚȈȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ Ȑȝ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ Ȟȍȕȏ"
ǬȖ șȒȖȘȖȋȖ șȊȐȌȈȕȤȧ ǪȈȠ ǩ. ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ
2.
Ǫ Ǩ ǹǰǳǳǶǪǻ
4.1.29
ǴȐȓȣȑ ǪȖȓȖȌȧ
ǻ ǪȈȠȍȋȖ ȚȍȓȍȜȖȕȈ ȚȈȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȚȍȝȕȐȟȍșȒȖȍ țșȚȘȖȑșȚȊȖ ǵȍ ȏȕȈȧ ȍȋȖ
ȧ ȉȍȏțșȗȍȠȕȖ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȓțȚȖȘȈ ȕȍȌȍȓȤ ȉȣȓ șȖȍȌȐȕȧȍȔ ș ǪȈȠȐȔ ȕȖȔȍȘȖȔ
— șȗȍȘȊȈ ȗȖ ȗȖȊȖȌț ǪȈȠȍȋȖ ȖȉȍȡȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȐȑȚȐ Ȓ ȕȈȔ ș ǶȓȍȋȖȔ Ȉ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌ-
ȕȐȍ ȌȕȐ Ȑ ȗȖ Ȍȍȓț ș ȓȐȟȕȖȦ ȗȘȖșȤȉȖȑ Ȓ ǪȈȔ

Ǵȕȍ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȗȖȘȈ Ȑ ȕȈȌȖ ȗȖșȚȈȘȈȚȤșȧ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ǴȈȘȐȍȟȒț Ǵ ǫȖȕȚț-
ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒțȦ ȕȈ ȕȖȋȐ ȇ ȝȖȚȍȓ ȗȘȖșȐȚȤ ǪȈș Ȗȉ țȟȈșȚȐȐ Ȑ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒȍ ǭșȓȐ șȞȍ-
ȕȈȘȐȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȖȕȈ ǪȈȔ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȐȚ ȧ ȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦ ȕȍ ȗȖȌȖȑȌȍȚ ȕȈȑȌȐȚȍ
șȗȖșȖȉ ȍșȓȐ ȥȚȖ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȖȌȕȐȔ ȥȚȐȔ șțȎȌȍȕȤȍȔ ȕȍ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȐȚȤșȧ Ȑ ȏȈȕȧȚȤ
ȍȍ ȟȍȔ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȌȘțȋȐȔ ǭȑ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȗȖȌȣșȒȈȚȤ ȏȈȘȈȉȖȚȖȒ ȇ ȍȍ ȏȕȈȦ Ȑ
ȊȏȊȍșȐȊ ȖȌȐȕȈȒȖȊȖ ȚȘȍȏȊȖ ȒȈȒ șȐȓȤȕȣȍ ȚȈȒ Ȑ șȓȈȉȣȍ ȍȍ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȏȕȈȦ —
ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȟȍȕȤȧ Ȓ Ȍȍȓț Ȑ Ȓ ȏȈȘȈȉȖȚȒț ȏȈșȓțȎȐȊȈȍȚ ȉȍȏ ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ șȗȖȘț
ǰȏ ȒȈȎțȡȐȝșȧ ȍȍ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȒȖȊ ȕȍȚ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȉȣ ȕȍ șȋȓȈȌȐȓȈ Șȍȋț-
ȓȧȘȕȈȧ ȗȓȈȚȕȈȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ȚȈ ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȈȧ ȠȒȖȓȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ ȜȖȘ-
ȔȐȘțȍȚ Ȋșȍȝ Ȑ ǪȈȔ Ȑ Ȕȕȍ ȌȈȓȈ Ȑ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȍȚ ȌȈȊȈȚȤ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȦȦ ȠȓȐȜȖȊȒț
ǰ ȗȖ șȖȊȍșȚȐ Ȋ ȍȍ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȍ Ȋ șȔȣșȓȍ ȗȘȈȊ Ȑ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȍȑ ȕȍ ȊȐȎț șțȡȍ-
șȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȖȚȓȐȟȐȑ ǭșȓȐ ȧ ș ȚȈȒȖȑ ȕȈșȚȖȑȟȐȊȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ ș ȋȖȚȖȊȣȔ ȕȈ șȓțȟȈȑ
ȕȍțȌȈȟȐ ȕȍȌȖțȔȍȕȐȍȔ Ȋ ȌțȠȍ ȕȍ ȊșȚțȗȈȓșȧ ȏȈ ȕȍȍ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ȕȍ ȗȍȘȍȌ ǪȈȔȐ
ȓȐȟȕȖ ȚȖ ȓȐȠȤ ȖȚȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȒțȘșȖȔ ȥȚȖȑ ȠȒȖȓȣ șȟȐȚȈȦ
ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ șȘȖȒ ȕȍȐȏȉȍȎȕȖȋȖ ȉȍȌȖȊȈȕȤȧ ȇ șȟȐȚȈȦ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȠȓȈ ǵȈ-
ȔȣȚȈȘȐȓȈșȤ ȖȕȈ Ȑ ȊșȧȒȐȝ șȚȖȓȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȑ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ș ȚȘțȌȕȖșȚȧȔȐ ȎȐȏȕȐ
ȕȖ Ȑ ș ȋȓțȗȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ ȉȍȏȌȈȘȕȣȔ ȉȍșșȍȘȌȍȟȐȍȔ ȕȈȚȍȘȗȍȓȈșȤ ș ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȐȔ Ȑ ȊȖ-
ȗȐȦȡȐȔ ȐȏȉȣȚȒȖȔ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ǪȖȓȖȌȧ Ǫȣ ȘȈȏȊȍȌȍȚȍ ȘțȒȈȔȐ Ȑ șȗȘȖșȐȚȍ Ȕȍȕȧ ȏȈȟȍȔ ș ȥȚȖȑ ȗȘȖ-
șȤȉȖȑ Ȑ ȒȈȒ ȘȈȏ Ȋ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ ȍȍ ȗȍȘȍȓȖȔȕȖȑ ȕȈșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȧ ȕȈȊȈȓȐȓșȧ ȕȈ ǪȈș?
ȇ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ș ǪȐȚȍȑ Ȑȏ ȍȋȖ șȓȖȊ ȗȖȕȧȓ ȟȚȖ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȍȍ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȍȕȤȧ ȕȍ
ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȈ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȖ Ȑ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȈ ȗȖȔȖȡȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȘȐȑȚȐ ȖȚ ǪȈș ǺȘțȌȕȖ șȒȈ-
ȏȈȚȤ ȒȈȒ Ǫȣ Ȕȍȕȧ ȖȉȘȈȌțȍȚȍ Ȑ ȖȉȧȎȍȚȍ
Ǵȣ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȈȓȐșȤ ȞȍȓțȦ ȊȍȟȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȧ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦ ȌȈȎȍ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ ȓȐ Ƕȓȧ" Ǫȍș-
ȕȖȑ Ȋ șȈȔțȦ ȕȍȌȍȓȦ ȔȖȍȋȖ ȖȚȢȍȏȌȈ ȉȣȓȖ ț ȕȈș țșȓȖȊȓȍȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȧ ȗȖȏȊȖȕȦ
ȍȑ — ȗȖȔȕȦ ȌȈȎȍ ȌȍȕȤ — ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȧȚȕȐȞȈ ȚȖȟȕȖ ȉȣȓ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕ Ȑ ȟȈș —
ȚȖȟȕȖșȚȤ ȉȣȓȈ ȊȣȏȊȈȕȈ ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȎȐȓȈ ȕȈ ȌȈȟȍ Ȑ ȘȍȌȒȖ ȉȣȊȈȓȈ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ
Ǫ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕȕȣȑ ȟȈș ȧ ȗȖȏȊȖȕȐȓ ȍȑ ȕȖ ȕȐȒȖȋȖ Ȋ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȍ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȇ ȊȐȕȖ-
ȊȈȚ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȕȍȑ ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȕȍ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȧȓ ȏȊȖȕȒȈ ȅȚȖ ȊȣȕțȎȌȍȕȕȖȍ ȌȐșȞȐ-
ȗȓȐȕȈȘȕȖȍ șȊȐȕșȚȊȖ ȓȍȎȈȓȖ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȕȈ Ȕȕȍ Ȑ ȕȈ ȊșȍȔ ȔȖȍȔ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȤȐ ȇ ȌȖȓ-
Ȏȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȊȣȍȝȈȚȤ Ȑ ȖȚȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȓ ȖȚȢȍȏȌ șȖ Ȍȕȧ ȕȈ ȌȍȕȤ ǷȍȘȍȌ ȖȚȢȍȏȌȖȔ ȕȈȌȖ
ȉȣȓȖ șȌȈȚȤ ȒȕȐȋț Ȋ ǫȐȏ Ȑ Ȕȍȕȧ ȏȈȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȓȈ ȍȍ șȗȍȠȕȈȧ ȌȖ ȗȖȌȓȖșȚȐ șȗȍȠ-
ȕȈȧ ȗȍȘȍȌȍȓȒȈ ǩȖȦșȤ ȖȕȈ ȖȉȐȌȍȓȈșȤ ȕȈ Ȕȍȕȧ ǺȈȒȖȍ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȤȍ ȊȣȊȍȓ ȧ Ȑȏ
ǪȈȠȐȝ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ șȓțȟȈȑȕȣȝ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȌȈȎȍ Ȑ ȗȘȐȋȘȍȏȐȊȠȐȝșȧ Ȕȕȍ
țȔȖȓȟȈȕȐȑ ǭșȓȐ ȖȕȈ ȚțȚ Ȑ ȥȚȖ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȌȖȑȚȐ ȌȖ ȕȍȍ șȍȘȌȍȟȕȣȑ — ȒȈȒ Ȗȕ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȑ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȖȚ Ȕȍȕȧ Ƕȓȍ — ȗȘȐȊȍȚ ȍȑ
ǪȈȠ ǩȖȘȧ
_______

316
3.
ǵ ǲ ǿǻǲǶǪǹǲǶǴǻ
17.III.30
<…>
Ǩ ȗȖȚȖȔ ș ȗȖȟȚȐ ȔȍșȧȟȕȣȔ ȏȈȗȖȏȌȈȕȤȍȔ ȗȖ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȈȔ ȔȖȍȋȖ ȖȉȐȝȖȌȈ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȧ Ȑ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȕȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȦ ȧ țȏȕȈȓ Ȗ ȘȈșșȚȘȍȓȍ Ǫ ǹȐȓȖȊȈ Ȗ ȘȈșȗȘȈȊȍ ȗȍ-
ȘȍȌ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȉȓȍȌȕȍȍȚ Ȑ ȔȍȘȒȕȍȚ Ȋșȍ ȉȣȊȠȍȍ ȌȖșȍȓȍ ȅȚȖ șȓțȟȐȓȖșȤ ȕȍ Șȧ-
ȌȖȔ Ȉ Ȋ ȔȖȍȑ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǹ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍȔ ȥȚȖȋȖ șȖȉȣȚȤȧ ȧ ȕȍ ȘȈșșȚȈȕțșȤ
ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ǰȏ ȓȍȜȖȊșȒȐȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ Ȋ Ȑȝ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȔ ȖȉȓȐȒȍ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓ ȍȌȐȕșȚ-
Ȋȍȕȕȣȑ ȟȍșȚȕȣȑ ȎȐȊȖȑ țȒȖȘȧȦȡȍ-ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌȕȣȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȚȖȑ ȕȘȈȊșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȖȑ ȕȖȊȐȏȕȣ ȏȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȧ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȋȕȈȓșȧ ȗȖ ȍȍ ȗȖȓȕȖȑ ȕȍȌȖșȚȐȎȐ-
ȔȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȟțȎȌȖșȚȐ ȔȖȍȔț șȒȓȈȌț ȕȖ ȊȖȗȓȖȡȍȕȐȦ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȉȍȏțșȗȍȠȕȖȔț Ȑ
ȓȐȠȤ șȓȖȊȍșȕȖȔț ȊȍșȤ ȓȍȜ șȓțȎȐȓ ȞȍȕȖȑ ȗȖȗȘȈȕȐȧ ȋȌȍ șȖȊȍșȚȐ ȋȌȍ — ȌȈȘȈ.
ǩȣȓ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȌȐȕ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȕȈ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȤȧ ȗȘȐȌȈȊȈȊȠȐȑ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖșȚȤ ȕȍȊȖȏ-
ȔȖȎȕȖȔț Ȑ ȗȘȐȕțȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȔț ȔȐȜț Ȑ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ! ǹȒȈȎț ȚȖȟȕȍȍ
Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ ȧ ȏȕȈȓ ȖȌȕȖ ȓȐȠȤ ȔȍșȚȖ ȗȖșȍȡȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȓȖ Ȕȍȕȧ șȖȔ-
ȕȍȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȗȘȈȊȖȚȍ ȔȖȐȝ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȑ ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȈ ǹȐȓȖȊȣȝ Ȋ ȗȘȖ-
ȓȍȚȒțȓȤȚȖȊșȒȖȔ ȖȉȡȍȎȐȚȤȐ ȕȈ ǪȖȏȌȊȐȎȍȕȒȍ ȇ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȍȓ ȍȋȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȋȖȌȈ
ȖȚȝȖȌ ȔȖȑ ȖȚ ȥȚȖȑ șȘȍȌȣ ȉȣȓ ȚȈȒ ȊȍȓȐȒ ȟȚȖ ȧ țȚȍȘȧȓ Ȑȏ ȊȐȌț ȌȈȎȍ Ȑ ȍȋȖ.
ǯȌȍșȤ ȧ ȗȘȍȘȣȊȈȦ ȘȈșșȒȈȏ Ȗ ȕȍȔ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ șȒȈȏȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ǭș-
ȓȐ Ȏȍ ȏȈȗȘȍȡȍȕȖ Ȑ ȥȚȖ Ț ȍ ȍșȓȐ ȗȖ țȚȘȈȚȍ ȉȓȐȏȒȐȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ Ȕȣ ȖȉȧȏȈȕȣ
ȗȘȐȚȊȖȘȧȚȤșȧ ȉțȌȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȎȐȊȣ Ȑ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȔ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȚȤ Ȑȝ Ȑ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ Ȑȝ
ȕȍȚ ȍșȓȐ ȔȖȍ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȕȈȊȓȍȟȤ ȕȈ ǪȈș ȕȍȗȘȐȧȚȕȖșȚȐ — țȔȖȓȧȦ ǪȈș
ȕȍ ȡȈȌȐȚȍ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȑ ȖȚșȣȓȈȑȚȍ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ ȒȈȒ ȊȐȕȖȊȕȐȒț ȅȚȖ Ȏȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȗȘȐȟȐ-
ȕȖȑ ȔȖȍȑ ȗȖȓȕȖȑ ȗȖȌȗȐșȐ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ ȧ ȗȖȌȗȐșȣȊȈȦșȤ ȕȍȘȈȏȉȖȘȟȐȊȖ ȐȓȐ
ȖȌȕȐȔȐ ȐȕȐȞȐȈȓȈȔȐ
<…>
4.
ǳ Ƕ ǷǨǹǺǭǸǵǨǲǻ
26.III.30
<..>
ǪȖȚ Țȍȉȍ ȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȚȖȋȖ ȒȈȒ ȧ ȎȐȊț ǯȕȈȓ ȧ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ș ȎȍȕȖȑ Ȑ Șȍ-
ȉȍȕȒȖȔ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȋȖ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȕȖȋȖ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖȋȖ Ȋ ȊȣșȠȍȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ Ȑ Ȋ ȓțȟ-

317
ȠȍȔ șȔȣșȓȍ șȓȖȊȈ ȗȍȘȍȌȖȊȖȋȖ ǪȖȏȘȈșȚȖȔ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȕȣ
ȟȈșȚȖ ș ȕȐȔȐ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȗȍȘȐȖȌȍ ȔȍȎȌț -Ȕ Ȑ -Ȕ ȋȖȌȈȔȐ Ȉ ȗȖ ȘȖȌț șȊȖȍȑ
ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȓȍȒȚȖȘȖȔ ȗȖ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ Ȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ Ȋ ȗȘȖȓȍȚ-
ȒțȓȤȚȍ Ȑ Ȋ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȝ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȝ ȒȓțȉȈȝ ȋȓȈȊȕȖȍ Ȏȍ ȗȖ ȟȐșȚȖȚȍ șȊȖȐȝ țȉȍȎ-
ȌȍȕȐȑ Ȑ ȗȖ șȊȖȐȔ ȕȘȈȊșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȈȔ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȗȖȎȈȓțȑ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȣȔ ȗȘȐ ȔȖȐȝ ȖȉȠȐȘȕȣȝ ȏȕȈȒȖȔșȚȊȈȝ ȒȚȖ ȊȖȗȓȖȡȈȓ Ȍȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ ȎȐȊȖȑ țȒȖȘ Ȋ
ȚȖȔȟȚȖȧȕȍȒȈȒȖȕ—ȕȍȔȈȘȒșȐșȚȐȚȌȐȚȌǪȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍȊȘȍȔȧȧȔȈȓȖș
ȒȍȔ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȦșȤ ǵȍȌȈȊȕȖ ȧ șȓțȟȈȑȕȖ Ȑ ș ȔȍșȧȟȕȣȔ ȏȈȗȖȏȌȈȕȤȍȔ țȏȕȈȓ Ȗ ȚȖȔ,
ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȗȖȋȐȉ ȖȚ ȚȖȑ Ȏȍ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȐ ȟȚȖ Ȑ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȔțȎ ȗȖȒȖȑȕȖȑ ǳȐȏȣ ǷȖșȓȍ
ȊșȍȋȖ ȐȏȓȖȎȍȕȕȖȋȖ Țȣ ȗȖȑȔȍȠȤ ȒȈȒ țȎȈșȍȕ ȥȚȖȚ șȓțȟȈȑ
ǭȔț ȉȣȓȖ  ȓȍȚ ǫȖȊȖȘȧȚ Ȗȕ Ȋȍȓ ȌȕȍȊȕȐȒ Ȑ ȌȕȍȊȕȐȒ ȕȍ ȖȉȣȊȈȚȍȓȧ Ȉ
ȗȘȐȊȍȘȎȍȕȞȈ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ Ȑ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȌțȔȈȓ ȟȚȖ Ȑ ȊȍȌȍȚ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ Ȓ Ȕȍ-
ȕȐȕȋȐȚț Ȋ ȥȚȖȑ ȜȖȘȔȍ ǲȖȋȌȈ țȏȕȈȊ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȧ ȗȖȠȍȓ Ȓ ȍȋȖ Ȏȍȕȍ ș ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ
ȉȣȓ ȖȌȕȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȋ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȌȘțȎȉȍ ț ȕȍȑ țȎȍ ȏȈȘțȉȞȍȊȈȓȈșȤ ȠȘȈȔȖȔ ȟȍȘȍȏ
ȊșȦ ȘțȒț ȍȍ ȗȍȘȊȈȧ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȈ ȊȣȉȘȖșȐȚȤșȧ Ȑȏ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȣ ȕȈ țȓȐȞț ȍȍ țȌȍȘȎȈ-
ȓȐ ȖȕȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ țșȗȍȓȈ ȘȈȏȉȐȚȤ șȚȍȒȓȖ Ȑ șȐȓȤȕȖ șȍȉȧ ȗȖȘȈȕȐȓȈ
5.
Ƕ ǫ ǷǭǺǸǶǪǹǲǶǱ
22.II.35
Ƕȓȧ ȌȖȘȖȋȈȧ ȒȈȒȈȧ Ǫȣ țȔȕȐȞȈ ȟȚȖ ȌȖȋȈȌȈȓȐșȤ ȕȈȗȐșȈȚȤ Ȕȕȍ ǫȖȘȧȟȖ
ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȦ ǪȈș ȇ șȘȈȏț ǪȈș țȊȐȌȍȓ Ȑ ǪȈȠȐ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȍ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȚȖȟȕȖ ȊȟȍȘȈ Ȕȣ
ȘȈșșȚȈȓȐșȤ ǰ țșȓȣȠȈȓ ǪȈȠ ȋȖȓȖș — ȗȘȐ șȝȖȌșȚȊȍ ș ǪȖȓȖȌȍȑ Ƕȓȍȋ ȕȈȊȍȘ-
ȕȖȍ ȒȈȒ Ǫȣ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȥȚȖ țȎȍ Ȑ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȉȣȓȖ
ǰ ȝȖȚȧ Ȋ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȕȐȟȍȔ ȕȍ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȣȝ șȓȖȊȈȝ — ȒȈȒ ȕȈȗȖȔȕȐȓȐ Ǫȣ
Ȕȕȍ ǪȖȓȖȌȦ ȒȈȒ ȘȈȏȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȕȍșȓȐ Ȋ ȌȕȐ ȕȍ ȖȚȌȍȓȐȔȣȍ ȖȚ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐșțȚ-
șȚȊȐȧ ǸȐșȒțȧ ȊȣȏȊȈȚȤ ț ǪȈș șȓȍȏȣ ȔȖȐȔȐ șȓțȟȈȑȕȣȔȐ ȕȍȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȔȐ
șȓȖȊȈȔȐ ȕȍ ȔȖȋț șȌȍȘȎȈȚȤșȧ ǷȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȌȕȐ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȧ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓ ǪȈȠȍ ȗȐ-
șȤȔȖ Ȑ ȊȖȚ ǪȈȔ ȖȚȊȍȟȈȦ — șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ Ȍȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ ǪȖȓȖȌȐȕȣ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ ȧ Ȋ
ȚȈȒȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȊșȍȋȖ ȟȈȡȍ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȓ ȍȋȖ ȅȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȍȔȖȑ ȋȖȘȖȌ-
șȒȖȑ Ȋȍșȕȣ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȍȕȧ ȗȘȐȉȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȈșȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȊȌȘțȋ ȖȉȕȈȘțȎȐ-
ȊȈȍȠȤ Ȑ ș ȏȐȔȕȍȑ ȖȚȊȣȟȒȐ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ ȗȖȘȈȎȈȚȤ ȗțșȚȖȍ șȊȍȚȓȖȍ ȕȍȉȖ ȗȖșȓȍ
ȖȉȍȌȈ ȒȖȋȌȈ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȍșȧȞȍȊ ȗȖȌȘȧȌ ȏȈȎȐȋȈȓȐ ȓȈȔȗȣ ǪȍșȤ ȌȍȕȤ ȕȍ ȏȈȒȘȣ-
ȊȈȍȠȤ ȜȖȘȚȖȟȒȐ șȖȠȍȌȠȐȑ șȕȍȋ ȕȍ ȏȈȋȓțȠȈȍȚ ȠțȔȈ ȖȡțȡȍȕȤȍ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȉțȌ-
ȚȖ ș ȌȖȔȖȊ șȕȧȓȐ ȒȘȣȠȐ Ȑ Ȑȝ ȔȍșȚȖ ȕȈ Ȋșȍȝ țȋȓȈȝ ȏȈȕȧȓȖ ȞȍȓȖȌȕȍȊȕȖȍ ȏȈ-
ȔȍȠȒȈȊȠȍȍșȧ ȕȍȉȖ ǵȈ ȚȈȒȐȝ țȓȐȞȈȝ ȊȌȖȓȤ ȟȍȘȕȣȝ ȉțȓȤȊȈȘȖȊ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ
ȉȣȊȈȓȖ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȚȤ ǪȖȓȖȌȦ ȗȖȌ ȚȍȓȍȎȕȖ-ȚȘȈȔȊȈȑȕȣȑ ȋȘȖȝȖȚ ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȊȠȐȑ

318
ȖȚ ȍȋȖ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȈ ȓȐȠȤ ȓȍȋȒȐȑ ȖȉȓȐȒ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖȑ ȟȐșȚȖȚȣ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȊȈȊȠȍȑ-
șȧ ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ țȓȣȉȒȖȑ Ȑ ȊșȍȦ ȜȐȋțȘȖȑ
ȇ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ șȒȈȏȈȓ ǶȓȍȟȒȈ ȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȝȖȚȍȓ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ — ǪȖȓȖȌȐȕȈ
ȗȖȋȖȌȈ ǵȍ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȋȖȕȧȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȗȐșȤȔȈȝ ȏȈ ȖȡțȡȍȕȤȧȔȐ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȌȘȈȋȖȞȍȕ-
ȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȑ ȕȍțȓȖȊȐȔȖșȚȐ ǪȔȍșȚȍ ș ȚȈȒȐȔȐ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȈȔȐ Ȋ ȕȐȝ ȊȘȣ-
ȊȈȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȖȚ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ Ȑ ȗȘȐȚȖȔ ȌțȘȕȖȑ Ǩ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȈ Ȋ ȗȐșȤȔȈȝ ȕȍ
țȌȈȍȚșȧ ǺțȚ Ȑ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȊȣȟȍȘȒȐȊȈȚȤ ǷȐșȤȔȈ ȕȈȌȖ ȗȐșȈȚȤ Ȋ ȋȘȈȌțșȈȝ șȘȍȌ-
ȕȍȑ țȔȍȘȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȇ ȕȍ ȘȈȏ ȍȡȍ ȥȚȖ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȖ ȕȈȘțȠț
ǬȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ȧȊȐȓȐșȤ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ȟȍȔ ȧ ȌțȔȈȓ ǹȔȖȚȘȐȚȍ ȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȕȈȔȈ-
ȘȈȓ ȧ ȗțșȚȐȊȠȐșȤ ȉȣȓȖ ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȚȤ ©șȊȖȦ ȎȐȏȕȤª ǺȈȒ ȒȖȋȌȈ-ȚȖ ȗȐșȈȓȐ ȉȣ-
ȊȈȓȖ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȍ ȉȈȘȣȠȕȐ
ǹȈȔȣȔ Ȍȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ șțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȏȈ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȟȚȖ Ȕȣ ș ǪȈȔȐ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȈȓȐșȤ ȉȣ-
ȓȖ ȔȖȍ ȏȕȈȒȖȔșȚȊȖ Ȉ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ Ȑ ȌȘțȎȉȈ ȔȖȧ ș ȌȊțȔȧ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȋȘțȏȐȕ-
șȒȐȔȐ ȗȖȥȚȈȔȐ ǺȐȞȐȈȕȖȔ ǺȈȉȐȌȏȍ Ȑ ǷȈȖȓȖ ȇȠȊȐȓȐ ȇ Ȑȝ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȓȦȉȓȦ ǽȖ-
Țȧ ȧ ș ȕȐȔȐ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȟȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȎȐȓ ȕȖ Ȕȕȍ ȖȚ Ȑȝ ȗȘȐȍȏȌȈ Ȓ ȗȘȐȍȏȌț Ȋșȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ
ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȒțșȖȒ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ-ȚȖ ȔȖȍȋȖ șȖȊȔȍșȚȕȖȋȖ ș ȕȐȔȐ ȉțȌțȡȍȋȖ ȗȖȒȈ
ȕȈȔ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȚȍșȕȖȚț Ȑ ȕȣȕȍȠȕȍȑ ȕȈȠȍȑ șȊȧȏȐ șț-
ȡȍșȚȊȖ ȍȍ ȊȗȍȘȍȌȐ
Ǵȕȍ ȕȈȌȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ ȍȡȍ ȗȘȖȎȐȚȤ ȓȍȚ - ȌȖ ǮȍȕȐȟȒȐȕȈ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖȓȍ-
ȚȤȧ ǪȖȚ ȖȚȟȍȋȖ ȝȖȚȧ Ȑ ȘȖȉȒȖ Ȑ ȗȖȗȓȍȊȣȊȈȧ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȕȍ șȋȓȈȏȐȚȤ ȧ ȗȘȖȉțȦ
ȏȈȋȓȧȌȣȊȈȚȤ ȊȗȍȘȍȌ
Ǵȕȍ ȝȖȟȍȚșȧ ȕȈȗȐșȈȚȤ ȘȖȔȈȕ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȐȑ ș șȦȎȍȚȖȔ Ȑ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ
Ȋ ȕȈȠȐ ȌȕȐ ȇ ȍȋȖ ȕȈȟȈȓ Ȑ ǶȓȍȟȒȈ ȒȈȒ ȚȘțȌȕȖ ȗȐșȈȚȤ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ Ȑ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ǵȍ
ȗȖȑȔȐȚȍ ȚȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȉ ȧ ȌțȔȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȒȖȋȌȈ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȊȣȑȌȍȚ Ƕ ȕȍȚ
ǵȖ Ȑ ȏȈȉȖȚȈ Ȗ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ țȚȖȔȓȧȍȚ ȌȖ ȗȖȓȖțȔȤȧ
ǹȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȊșȍȋȖ ȒȘțȋȖȔ Ȑ ȗȖȏȈȌȐ ȒȈȒ Ȋșȍ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȠȈȓȖșȤ ȇ ȗȐȠț ǪȈȔ Ȑ ȌȖȓ-
Ȏȍȕ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȚȤ șȍȉȍ ȟȚȖ ȔȍȎȌț ȕȈȔȐ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȍ-
ȕȈȔȐ ȓȖȊȓȦ șȍȉȧ ȕȈ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȗȐȠț ǪȈȔ ȒȈȒ ȗȐșȈȓ ȉȣ ș ȚȖȋȖ șȊȍȚȈ Ǯȍȕȍ ǯȐȕȍ
ȐȓȐ ȍȡȍ ȒȖȔț-ȕȐȉțȌȤ Ȑ șȍȉȍ șȈȔȖȔț ȚȈȔ ȗȖȏȈȌȐ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ƕ ȊȍȌȤ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ-
ȚȖ Ȑ ȌȍȓȖ Ƕȓȧ ȕȍ Ȋ ȎȍȕșȒȖȔ ȕȍ Ȋ ȘȖȔȈȕȐȟȍșȒȖȔ ȋȌȍ ȍȋȖ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȣ" Ȉ Ȋ ȚȖȔ,
ȟȚȖ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ Ȑȏ ȕȈș ȉȣȓ ȗȖ-șȊȖȍȔț ȊșȍȔȐ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȟȚȖ ȊșȨ ȗȘȖȎȐȚȖ Ȋșȍ-
ȔȐ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ȒȈȎȌȣȔ ȏȈȘȈȏ ǲȖȋȌȈ ȒȈȒ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȧ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȦ ǲ ǵ ǩțȋȈȍȊȖȑ
ǨȕȌȘȍȧ ǩȍȓȖȋȖ ȌȍȓȖ ȕȍ Ȋ ȕȍȑ Ȑ Ȋ ȕȍȔ Ȑ ȕȍ ȊȖ Ȕȕȍ — ȥȚȖ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȤ Ǩ Ȋ ȚȖȔ
ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ș ȕȈȔȐ șȖ ȊșȍȔȐ ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒȖȊȈ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȈȧ ȖȌȕȖșȍȔȍȑȕȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȟȍȓȖ-
ȊȍȟȍșȚȊȈ ȟȚȖ ȧ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȥȚȖ ȏȕȈȓ Ȑ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȎȐȓ ǰ Ǫȣ ȗȘȈȊȣ ȕȈșȟȍȚ ǶȓȍȋȈ ǺȖ
Ȏȍ Ȑ Ȋ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȖȔ Ǯȍȕȍ ǸȈșȚȍȚ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȌȘțȋ Ȕȕȍ ȍșȓȐ ȧ țșȗȍȦ ȍșȓȐ
ȌȖȎȐȊț
ǹȗȖșȖȉȕȣ ȓȐ Ǫȣ ȥȚȖ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ ȉȍȏ ȔȐșȚȐȒȐ șȖ șȚȘȈșȚȤȦ ȜȈȒȚȈ șȒȈȎȍȔ ȗȘȖ-
șȚȖ ȎȐȊȖ ȗȖ-șȖȊȍȚșȒȐ" ǷȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȕȈ ȥȚȖȔ ȧ ȝȖȟț ȗȖșȚȘȖȐȚȤ șȊȖȦ șȖȊȍȚ-
șȒțȦ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕțȦ ȊȍȡȤ ǪșȦ ȕȈ ȜȈȉțȓȍ ȉȍȏ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐ
ȇ ȖșȚȈȓșȧ ȚȈȒȐȔ Ȏȍ ȒȈȒ ȉȣȓ ǪȍșȤ ȧ ȒȈȒ ȍșȚȤ Ȋ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȍȕȤȧȝ ȗȘȍȌȣȌț-
ȡȍȑ șȚȘȈȕȐȞȣ ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȥȚȖ — ȧ Ȑ ȎȈȓȤ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȊȗȐșȈȚȤ Ȋ ȗȈșȗȖȘȚ

ȊȔȍșȚȖ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈ ȍȊȘȍȧ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟȍȋȖ — Ȋȍȡȍȑ ȜȈȕȚȈșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ șȗȖȘȕȣȝ ȋȖȘȤȒȖ-
ȕȍȗȖȕȧȚȕȣȝ
ȇ ȕȐ ȒȈȗȍȓȤȒȐ ȕȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȓșȧ ȕȖ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȤȍ ȔȖȍ ȔȖȘȈȓȤȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȐ-
ȓȖșȤ Ȓ ȝțȌȠȍȔț ǫȌȍ-ȚȖ ȌȖ șȢȍȏȌȈ ȐȓȐ ȕȈ șȢȍȏȌȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȈ ȊȏȈȔȍȕ ȚȖȋȖ
ȚȖȟȕȖȋȖ ȟȍȔ ȧ ȉȣȓ Ȑ ȖșȚȈȓșȧ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ Ȑȏ Ȕȍȕȧ ȜȐȋțȘț ȈȘȐȜȔȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐ Ȗȋ-
ȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȕțȦ Ȋ ȍȍ ȊȣȌțȔȈȕȕȖȑ Ȑ ȉȍȏȌȈȘȕȖȑ ȋȘȖȔȈȌȕȖșȚȐ ȒȐȓȖȔȍȚȘȐȟȍșȒȖȑ
Ȑ ȗțȌȖȊȖȑ ǻȎȍ Ȑ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȧ ȗȖȗȈȓ Ȋ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȤȍ ȕȍșȚȍȘȗȐȔȖ Ȍȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ ȓȖȎȕȖȍ
ǶȕȖ șȚȈȓȖ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȍȡȍ ȋȓțȗȍȍ ǲȈȕȌȐȌȈȚțȘȈ ȗȘȖȊȈȓȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȜȐȋțȘȈ ȕȍ șȖȉȐ-
ȘȈȍȚșȧ ȕȍ ȝȖȟȍȚ Ȑ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȜȐȋțȘȖȑ ǹȒȖȘȖ Ȋșȍ ȖȉȍȘȕȍȚșȧ Ȓ ȓțȟȠȍȔț
Ǵȍȕȧ șȖ șȒȈȕȌȈȓȖȔ ȘȈȏȖȉȓȈȟȈȚ Ȑ ȗȘȖȘȈȉȖȚȈȦȚ ȇ ȖȗȧȚȤ ȊȍȘȕțșȤ Ȓ ȘȈȊȍȕșȚȊț
ș șȖȉȖȦ Ȋ șȊȖȦ ȋȍȖȔȍȚȘȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȉȣ ȌȖȎȐȚȤ ȌȖ ǮȍȕȐȕȖȑ
ȏȘȍȓȖșȚȐ ȌȖȗȐșȈȚȤ ȉȣ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȍȡȤ
ǾȍȓțȦ ǪȈș Ȑ ǶȓȍȋȈ ǹȗȈșȐȉȖ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȗȐșȈȓȐ ǩțȌȍȚȍ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ ȖȉȧȏȈȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȖ ȏȈȝȖȌȐȚȍ ǰ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȉȣ ȏȈșȚȈȓȐ ǺȈȉȐȌȏȍ Ȑ ȇȠȊȐȓȐ ȇ ǪȈș ș ȕȐȔȐ ȗȖȏȕȈ-
ȒȖȔȓȦ
ǹ Ǯȍȕȍȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȐ Ȗ ǪȈș ȕȈȒȈȕțȕȍ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȤȧ ǪȈȠȍȋȖ ȗȐșȤȔȈ
ȇ ț ȕȍȑ ȟȈșȚȖ ȉȣȊȈȦ ǪȖȚ ȍȍ ȈȌȘȍș ǺȊȍȘșȒȖȑ ȉțȓȤȊȈȘ Ȍ  ȒȊ 
ǴȈȕȌȍȓȤȠȚȈȔȈȔ ȒȓȈȕȧȑȚȍșȤ ǶȕȐ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȓȦȌȐ Ƕȕ — ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒ
ȕȍșȖȐȏȔȍȘȐȔȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȑ ȟȍȔ ȧ ǵȖ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊ ȚȖȋȖ ȕȍȌȖșȚȐȎȐȔȖ ȖȚ-
ȊȓȍȟȍȕȕȖȋȖ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕșȚȊȈ Ȓ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț ȧ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ șȚȘȍȔȐȓșȧ ȇ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ
ȉȣȓ ȘȍȉȍȕȒȖȔ — Ȑ Ȋ ȌȍȚșȚȊȍ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ Ȕȕȍ Ǩ ȖȕȐ ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ ȧ ȕȍ-
șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊ
ǿȍȘȒȕȐȚȍ Ȕȕȍ Ƕȓȧ ǪȈȠ ǩ. Ƿ.

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ǴȐȓȈȧ ǰȘȈ
ǷȘȖșȚȐȚȍ ȟȚȖ ș ȚȈȒȐȔ ȏȈȗȖȏȌȈȕȐȍȔ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȧȦ șȊȖȍ ȖȉȍȡȈȕȐȍ ǵȖ ȗȖ-
ȊȍȘȤȚȍ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖȔț ȉȣȓȖ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȐȟȐȕ
ǩȖȓȤȠȖȍ țȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȐȍ ȌȖșȚȈȊȐȓȈ Ȕȕȍ ǪȈȠȈ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ǭȍ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȕȈ-
ȏȊȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȒțȘșȖȊȖȑ Ȉ ȒȈȕȌȐȌȈȚșȒȖȑ — ȕȈșȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȌȖȉȘȖșȖȊȍșȚȕȖ ȗȖȓȕȖ Ȑȕ-
ȚȍȘȍșȕȖ Ȑ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ ȗȘȖȈȕȈȓȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȕȖ ǪȈȔȐ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ
Ǫ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ ȧ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓȈ ȒȖȍ-ȒȈȒȐȍ ȖȠȐȉȒȐ ǹȒȈȎț Ȗ ȕȐȝ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ șȓȖȊ
ȕȈ șȚȘ 17
ǹ ǨȓȣȔȖȊ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȉȣȓ ȟȓȍȕȖȔ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª
ǶȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȚȖȘȖȔ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ȉȣȓ ǵ Ǽ ǿțȎȈȒ ǵȈșȐȔȖȊȐȟ ȒȖȚ ȍȡȍ ȌȖ ǿȐ-
Țȣ ȊȖ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȍ ȘȍȌȈȒȚȐȘȖȊȈȓ ȎțȘȕȈȓ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª ǶȚșȦȌȈ Ȑ ȕȈȏȊȈ-
ȕȐȍ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȈȊȠȍȑșȧ Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ ȏȐȔȖȑ  ȋ Ț Ȓ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȟȓȍȕȣ
ȋȘțȗȗȣ ȌȖ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȍȟȈȚȈȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȎțȘȕȈȓȍ ȕȖșȐȊȠȍȔ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȐȔȧ ǹ ǨȓȣȔȖȊ
ȗȍȟȈȚȈȓșȧ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȎțȘȕȈȓȍ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȗȖȌ ȗșȍȊȌȖȕȐȔȖȔ ©ǲțȏȤȔȈ ǮȈȝª Ǫ ǿȐȚȍ
Ȋ ȏȐȔț - ȋȋ ǨȓȣȔȖȊ ȕȍ ȉȣȓ
ȇ ȖșȔȍȓȐȓȈșȤ ȕȈ ȗȖȓȧȝ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȗȖȔȍȚȒȐ ȒȈȘȈȕȌȈȠȖȔ ȓȍȋȒȖ șȚȍȘȍȚȤ Șȍ-
ȏȐȕȒȖȑ Ȑ ȊȕȍșȚȐ ȗȖȗȘȈȊȒȐ Ȋ ȚȍȒșȚ
ǪȔȍșȚȖ ©ǹ ǨȓȣȔȖȊª ȕȈȌȖ ȕȈȗȐșȈȚȤ ©Ǵ ǨȊȍȚȖȊª — Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȟȓȍȕȖȔ ȋȘțȗ-
ȗȣ ©Ǻ-<ȊȖȘȟȍșȚ>ȊȖª ȅȚȖ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒ
șȚȘ  ȗȘȐȔȍȟȈȕȐȍ 
ǾȐȚȈȚȈ ǿțȎȈȒȈ ȊȏȧȚȈ Ȑȏ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȈ Ȉ ȕȍ Ȑȏ ©ǹȐȉȐȘșȒȖȋȖ ȔȖȚȐ-
ȊȈ Ȋ ȗȖȥȏȐȐª ȋȌȍ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª
Ǫ ©ǹȐȉȐȘșȒȖȔ! ȔȖȚȐȊȍ! Ȋ ȗȖȥȏȐȐª șȖȉȘȈȕȣ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȍ șȚȈȚȤȐ ǿț-
ȎȈȒȈ
 ǹȐȉȐȘșȒȐȑ ȔȖȚȐȊ ț ǼȍȌȖȘȖȊȈ-ǶȔțȓȍȊșȒȖȋȖ ǰȘȒțȚșȒ 
 ǷȖȌ ȕȍȉȖȔ ȧȒțȚșȒȖȋȖ ȒȘȈȧ ǰȘȒțȚșȒ 
 ǹȐȉȐȘșȒȐȍ ȔȖȚȐȊȣ Ȑ ȖȉȓȈșȚȕȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ǰȘȒ 
 ǶȚ ǩȈȓȤȌȈțȜȈ ȌȖ ȕȈȠȐȝ Ȍȕȍȑ Ǫȓ<Ȉ>Ȍ<Ȑ>Ȋ<Ȗ>șȚ<o>Ȓ 

321
ǻȒȈȏȈȕȕțȦ ǪȈȔȐ ȞȐȚȈȚț ȕȈȌȖ ȐșȒȈȚȤ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȖȑ șȚȈȚȤȍ Ȉ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȧ ȕȍ ȗȖȔ-
ȕȦǪ ȥȚȖȚ Ȏȍ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ ȊȖȠȓȐ
©ǹȐȉȐȘȤª șȚȐȝȖȚȊ Ǭ ǩțȘȓȦȒȈ
©ǹȐȉȐȘșȒȈȧ ȉȈșȤª ǵ ǨșȍȍȊȈ Ȗ ©ǷțȚȍȊȒȍª ǹ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ
©ǷțȚȍȊȒȈª ǹ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ ǹȚȐȝȐ
ǶȚșȦȌȈ —
șȚȘ  ȹ 
©ǷțȚȍȊȒȈª ȕȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȖȔ șȚȐȝȖȊ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ ǶȕȈ ȊȖȠȓȈ Ȋ șȉȖȘ-
ȕȐȒ ©ǹȐȉ ȔȖȚȐȊ Ȋ ȗȖȥȏȐȐª — șȖșȚȖȐȚ Ȑȏ -ȚȐ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȝ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȑ
 ǬǪǸ 
 ǩȈȑȒȈȓ 
 ǺȖȕȕȍȓȐ 
 ǨȕȋȈȘȈ 
 ǭȕȐșȍȑ 
 ǺȖȉȖȓ  ǻȘȈȓ
8
 ǪȧȚȒȈ 
 ǹȐȉȋȖȘȖȌ 
 ǩȍȏ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȧ
ǩțȌț ȘȈȌȈ ȍșȓȐ ȥȚȐ țȒȈȏȈȕȐȧ ȖȒȈȎțȚșȧ Ȍȓȧ ǪȈș ȗȖȓȍȏȕȣȔȐ
ǹ șȍȘȌȍȟȕȣȔ ȗȘȐȊȍȚȖȔ
Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ
2.
26.XII.66
ǴȐȓȈȧ ȌȖȘȖȋȈȧ ǰȘȐȕȈ
ǲ ȕȖȊȖȔț ȋȖȌț ȠȓȦ ȗȖȎȍȓȈȕȐȧ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȤȧ Ȑ șȟȈșȚȤȧ ǪȈȔ Ȑ ȊșȍȔ ȒȖȋȖ Ǫȣ
ȓȦȉȐȚȍ
ǶȉȈ ǪȈȠȐ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ Ȕȕȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȖȕȘȈȊȐȓȐșȤ ǰȕȚȍȓȓȍȒȚțȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȗȖȥ-
ȏȐȧ Ȕȕȍ ȗȖ ȌțȠȍ ȝȖȚȧ Ȑ ȥȔȖȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȉȍȏȌțȔȤȍ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȗȓȍȕȐȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȣȔ
Ǫ ȥȚȐȝ Ȏȍ ǪȈȠȐȝ șȚȐȝȈȝ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȞȍȕȕȈ ȔȣșȓȤ Ȗ ©ȕȍȗȖȊȚȖȘȐȔȖș-
ȚȐª ǶȕȈ — șȊȖȧ ǰ ȜȖȘȔȈ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ — șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȈȧ ȋȖȘȌȈȧ ȧșȕȈȧ
țȊȓȍȒȈȦȡȈȧ
ǷȖȌȌȈȊȈȧșȤ ȖȉȈȧȕȐȦ ȊȚȖȘȖȋȖ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ ȧ ȊșȨ Ȏȍ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȓȈ ǺȦȚȟȍ-
ȊȈ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȌȖȘȖȋȖȋȖ Ȕȕȍ țȟȐȚȍȓȧ ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ Ǫȣ ȍȡȍ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȔȖȓȖȌȣ
ȓȍȚiȔȐ ȓȍȚȈȔȐ ǷȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȗȘȖȏȘȍȕȐȍ ǪȈȠȍ — ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȏȘȍȓȖȍ Ȑ ȗȖȥ-
ȚȖȔț Ȑȏ-ȏȈ ȦȕȖșȚȐ șȊȖȍȑ Ǫȣ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȕ ȉȣȚȤ ȕȍ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȗȖȑȔȍȚȍ ȇ ȝȖȟț șȒȈ-
ȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ǺȦȚȟȍȊ țȔȍȕ Ȑ ȐȏȣșȒȈȕ ȅȚȖ ȍșȚȤ Ȑ ț ǪȈș ǻȗȈșȐ ȉȖȋ ȥȚȖ — ȕȍ ȏȈȐȔ-
șȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ ǹȗȈșȐȉȖ ǰȘȖȟȒȈ ȏȈ ȌȖȊȍȘȐȍ ȏȈ ȗȖȌȈȘȖȒ ȇ ȘȈȌȈ ȍȔț

ǶȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ǪȈȠȍȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ©ȖȉȢȍȔȈ ȘȈȏȉȖȘȈ Ȑ ȗȘª ȉȖȧȚȤșȧ ǪȈȔ ȕȍ-
ȟȍȋȖ ǺȖ ȟȚȖ Ǫȣ șȒȈȏȈȓȐ Ȗ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȍ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ șȒȈȏȈȓ ȕȐȒȚȖ — ȚȈȒ ȗȖȓȕȖ Ȑ
ȖȉȢȍȔȕȖ Ǫȣ ȍșȓȐ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȚȈȒ ȊȣȘȈȏȐȚȤșȧ șțȔȔȐȘȖȊȈȓȐ ȊșȨ ȍȋȖ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ
Ȉ ȖȚ ȥȚȖȋȖ Ȗȕ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȊȣȐȋȘȈȓ ȅȚȖȚ șȐȕȚȍȏ Ȑ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȋȖ Ȑ Ȍȓȧ ǪȈș țȌȈȟȍȕ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ©ȒȚȖ-ȚȖ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȖȉȍȡȈȓª Ȑ ȕȍ ȌȈȨȚ
ǹȒȈȎț ǪȈȔ ȟȚȖ ȒȚȖ-ȚȖ Ȓ șȖȎȈȓȍȕȐȦ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ ȏȈȗȈȏȌȣȊȈȍȚ ș ȊȣȗȖȓȕȍ-
ȕȐȍȔ ȖȉȍȡȈȕȐȑ ǻȎ ȚȈȒȖȍ șȊȖȑșȚȊȖ ǵȖ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȧȍȚ ȖȉȧȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ
ǬȍȓȖ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȌȖ ȚȖȘȖȗȐȚȤ ȒȕȐȋț ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȑ Ȗȉ ǨșȍȍȊȍ ǴȕȖȋȐȍ
ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȐ țȎȍ ȌȈȓȐ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ Ǩ ©ȒȚȖ-ȚȖª ȉȖȓȍȓ ȝȖȚȧ Ȑ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȖșȚȈȊȐȚȍ-
ȓȍȔ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈ ȕȖ șȊȖȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ ȏȈȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȍȚ Ǫ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧȝ Ȗȉ Ǩșȍȍ-
Ȋȍ ȍșȚȤ ȔȍșȚȈ ȋȌȍ Ǩ-șȍȍ!Ȋ Ȑ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖ!Ȋ ȐȌțȚ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ȕȖ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȉțȌȍȚ Ȑ ȖȚ-
ȌȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȒțșȖȒ Ȗ Ǻ-<ȘȍȚȤȧȒȖ>Ȋȍ ǪȖȚ ȕțȎȕȖ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ Ȍȓȧ ǪȈș Ȑ ǶȓȤȋȐ ǪȐȒȚȖ-
ȘȖȊȕȣ ȒȈȒțȦ-ȚȖ ȒȖȔȗȖȏȐȞȐȦ ǸȊȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȝȖȟȍȚșȧ ǲȈȒ-ȚȖ ȕțȎȕȖ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȐ ȒȐȘ-
ȗȐȟȐ ȘȈȏȖȉȘȈȚȤ Ȑ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȗȖșȚȘȖȐȚȤ ȗȖ-ȌȘțȋȖȔț ȇ ȖȉȧȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȊȣȠȓȦ ǪȈȔ
ȒȖȋȌȈ șȗȘȈȊȓȦșȤ ș ȘȈȉȖȚȖȑ
Ǩ ȗȖȒȈ ȗȖșȣȓȈȦ șȊȖȐ șȚȐȝȐ
ǹȍȘȌȍȟȕȣȑ ȗȘȐȊȍȚ
ǶȓȤȋȈ ǫȍȖȘȋȐȍȊȕȈ
27/XII
P. S.
ǵȍ ȌȖȗțȡȍȕȈ ȓȐ ȖȠȐȉȒȈ ȗȘȐ ȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȐȐ ȋȈȏȍȚȣ" Ǫ șȚȘȖȒȈȝ ©ȕȖ ȧ Ȑȡț ȌȘț-
ȋȐȝ ȕȈȟȈȓ — șȊȖȐȝ ȕȍȗȖȊȚȖȘȐȔȣȝª
ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȉȣȓȖ
©ȕȖ ȧ Ȑȡț ȕȈȟȈȓ ȌȘțȋȐȝ
— șȊȖȐȝ ȕȍȗȖȊȚȖȘȐȔȣȝª
ȧ ȐȔȍȦ Ȋ ȊȐȌț ȘȐȜȔț ©ȘțȒȐ — ȌȘțȋȐȝª
ǹȚȐȝȐ ȗȘȐȌȍȚșȧ ȗȖșȓȈȚȤ ȕȈ Ȍȕȧȝ Ț Ȓ Ȑȝ ȕȈȌȖ ȗȍȘȍȗȍȟȈȚȈȚȤ Ȉ ȗȐșȤȔȍȞȖ
ȏȈȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȚȤ Ȑȏ-ȏȈ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȝȖȟȍȚșȧ
Ƕ
_______

323
3.
19.II.67
ǬȖȘȖȋȈȧ ǰȘȖȟȒȈ
ǲȈȎȌȖȍ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ǪȈȠȍ — ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ Ȍȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ ǵȖ ȗȖȓțȟȐȊ șȍȋȖȌȕȧȠȕȍȍ
ȕȈ ȒȖȕȊȍȘȚȍ ȗȖȟȚȖȊȣȑ ȠȚȍȔȗȍȓȤ ȖȚ II Ǫȣ Ȏȍ ȕȍ ȌȈȚȐȘțȍȚȍ ȧ ȖȋȖȘȟȐȓȈșȤ.
Ǫȣ ȗȐȠȍȚȍ ©ǪȈȠȐȝ șȚȐȝȖȊ Ȑ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȑ ȕȍ țșȚȈȦ ȎȌȈȚȤª ǯȕȈȟȐȚ Ǫȣ
ȕȍ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȐ ȔȖȍȋȖ ȗȐșȤȔȈ șȖ șȚȐȝȈȔȐ" ǴȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ ȗȖȓțȟȐȊ ȖȚ ǪȈș ȗȐșȤȔȖ
ș ȋȈȏȍȚȖȑ Ȑ ǪȈȠȐȔ ȔȐȓȣȔ ȜȖȚȖ ȧ Ȋ ȗȘȍȌȣȌțȡȍȔ ȗȐșȤȔȍ ȗȖșȓȈȓȈ ǪȈȔ șȊȖȐ
ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȧ ȖȚ ǪȈȠȐȝ șȚȐȝȖȊ Ȑ ȚȖȎȍ șȚȐȝȐ
ǷȐșȤȔȖ ȔȖȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖșȓȈȕȖ Ȓ ȕȖȊȖȔț ȋȖȌț XII  ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȚȖ
ȟȚȖ ȗȐȠț șȍȑȟȈș ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȚȘȍȚȤȐȔ ȗȐșȤȔȖȔ Ȓ ǪȈȔ
ǪȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȟȚȖ Ǫȣ ȕȍ ȏȈȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȓȐ Ȑ ȚȖ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ȗȘȖȓȍȎȈȓȖ ȕȈ ȗȖȟȚȍ Ȗȗ-
ȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȑ șȘȖȒ Ȑ ȗȖȗȘȖșȚț ȉȣȓȖ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȍȕȖ ǷȖȎȈȓțȑșȚȈ ȕȍ ȌȖȎȐȌȈȧșȤ
ȕȈȠȍȑ ȊșȚȘȍȟȐ Ȋ ȔȈȘȚȍ ȕȈȗȐȠȐȚȍ Ȕȕȍ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȐ ȓȐ Ǫȣ ȚȖ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ȖȚ XII)
șȖ șȚȐȝȈȔȐ ȐȓȐ ȉȍȏ ȕȐȝ — Ȕȕȍ Ȗȟ<ȍȕȤ> ȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ ȉȣ ȥȚȖ ȏȕȈȚȤ
ǰȕȚȍȘȍșțȍȚ Ȕȍȕȧ șȊȖȍȑ ȕȍȖȉȣȟȈȑȕȖșȚȤȦ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ©ǳȖȔȖȕȖșȖȊ Ȑ ǴȈȧȒȖȊ-
șȒȐȑª ǪȖ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȐ ȚȖȋȖ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ ȕȈ șȊȖȐ ȥȗȖȝȐ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȍșȚȤ șȝȖȌșȚȊȖ ȝȖ-
Țȧ ȔȕȖȋȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȍ ǳȖȔȖȕȖșȖȊȈ Ȑ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȖ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣ ǵȖ ȒȖ-
ȕȍȟȕȖ Ǫȣ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȦȡȈȧ ȕȈȌ ȥȚȖȑ ȚȍȔȖȑ Ȑ ȖȉȖȋȈȚȐȊȠȐșȤ ȏȕȈȕȐȍȔ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈ-
ȓȈ șȔȖȎȍȚȍ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȕȈȔ Ȕȍȕȍȍ șȊȍȌțȡȐȔ ȚȖ ȞȍȕȕȖȍ ȟȍȋȖ Ȕȣ ȏȕȈȚȤ Ȑ ȕȍ ȔȖ-
ȎȍȔ
ǵȈȌȖȓȋȖ ȓȐ ȗȘȐȍȌȍȚȍ Ȋ ȔȈȘȚȍ" ǩțȌț ȘȈȌȈ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ǪȈș ȍșȓȐ ȕȈȑȌȍȚșȧ ȊȘȍ-
Ȕȧ ȗȖșȍȚȐȚȤ Ȕȍȕȧ ȇ Ȋșȍ ȍȡȍ ȕȍȌȖȔȖȋȈȦ
Ƕ ȗȘȍȉȣȊȈȕȐȐ ǪȈȠȍȔ Ȋ Ǵ-Ȋȍ ȏȕȈȓȈ ȖȚ Ƕ Ǫ
ǩțȌȤȚȍ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȣ ȉȓȈȋȖȗȖȓțȟȕȣ Ȑ Ȋȍșȍȓȣ ǵȍȎȕȣȑ ȗȘȐȊȍȚ
Ƕ<.>ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ
4.
9.VI.67
ǬȖȘȖȋȈȧ ǰȘȖȟȒȈ
ǵȍȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȖșȤ ȊȖȚ Ȑ ȧ ȋȘȍȠț ȗȘȖȚȐȊ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȘȈȊȐȓ ȕȍ șȘȈȏț ȖȚ-
ȊȍȟȈȦ ǪȈȔ ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȐȏȊȐȕȧȚȤșȧ ǷȖȋȖȊȖȘȐȔ ȖȉȖ ȊșȍȔ

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ǷȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȗȖȏȌȘȈȊȓȧȦ ǪȈș ș țșȗȍȝȖȔ ȕȈ ȒȖȕȜȍȘȍȕȞȐȐ ȅȚȖ ȗȘȍȒȘȈș-
ȕȖ ȇ țȊȍȘȍȕȈ ȟȚȖ Ȑ ș ©ǳȍȜªȖȔ Ǫȣ șȗȘȈȊȐȚȍșȤ ǬȖȓȎȕȣ ǲȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȕȈ-
ȌȍȦșȤ ȟȚȖ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȍ ȒȖȕșțȓȤȚȈȞȐȐ Ǫȣ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚȍ ț ǪȐȒȚȖȘȈ ǶșȐȗȖȊȐȟȈ
Ȑ ȌȘ ȍșȓȐ ȧ ȖȒȈȎțșȤ șȘȍȌȐ ©Ȑ ȌȘª ȚȖ ȗȖșȚȈȘȈȦșȤ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȖȓȍȏȕȖȑ ȍșȓȐ șȔȖ-
ȋț ǶȟȍȕȤ ȘȈȌȈ ȟȚȖ ȒțȘșȖȊȈȧ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȈ ȝȖȘȖȠțȦ ȖȞȍȕȒț — ȗȖȔȕȐȚȍ ȧ Ȋȣ-
șȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȈ șȊȖȍ ȔȕȍȕȐȍ ǪȖȚ Ȑ șȖȊȗȈȓȖ ș ȖȉȡȐȔ Ǩ Ǫȣ ȊșȨ șȖȔȕȍȊȈȍȚȍșȤ Ȋ șȍ-
ȉȍ ǰȘȖȟȒȈ Ǫȣ ȗȖȗȘȖșȚț țșȚȈȓȐ ǲȖȕȍȞ ȋȖȌȈ — ȊȖȚ ȖȚȒțȌȈ ȚȈȒȖȍ șȔȧȚȍȕȐȍ
ǭȡȍ ȟțȚȤ-ȟțȚȤ ȗȖȌȚȧȕȐȚȍșȤ ǪȖȚ șȚȖȓȍȟȒȖ ǪșȨ ȖȉȖȑȌȍȚșȧ ǶȟȍȕȤ ȊȍȘȦ Ȋ
ǪȈșǹȍȑȟȈș șȍșșȐȧ ǵȈȌȍȦșȤ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȌȍȕȤ ȥȒȏȈȔȍȕȈ Ǫȣ ȕȍ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȍȚȍșȤ" ǰȌȐȚȍ
ȏȈ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȋțȓȧȑȚȍ ȖȚȌȣȝȈȑȚȍ ȜȓȐȘȚțȑȚȍ ȕȖ ȊȖ-ȊȘȍȔȧ ȓȖȎȐȚȍșȤ șȗȈȚȤ ǸȈȏț-
ȔȍȍȚșȧ ȊșȨ ȥȚȖ Ǫȣ Ȑ șȈȔȐ ȏȕȈȍȚȍ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖ ȇ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȦ
ȇ ȗȖ-ȗȘȍȎȕȍȔț ȗȘȐȝȊȈȘȣȊȈȦ ǷȓȖȝȖ Ȑ ȔȈȓȖ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȦ ǴȈȦșȤ ȚȖ ș ȕȍȌȖ-
ȔȖȋȈȕȐȧȔȐ ȚȖ ș ȗȍȟȈȓȧȔȐ — ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔȐ Ȑ ȔȈȓȣȔȐ ǵȍȌȈȊȕȖ -ȋȖ ȔȈȧ ȕȍ
șȚȈȓȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȕȈȠȍȑ ȗȘȐȧȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȣ ș ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȏȕȈȒȖȔșȚȊȖ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓȖșȤ
 ȓȍȚ ǶȚ Ȕȍȕȧ  Ȍȕȧ șȒȘȣȊȈȓȐ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȈȊȓȐȊȈȓȐ ȗȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȖ
ǶȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȔȖȐȝ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȑ ȧ ȉȣȓȈ ȉȣ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȘȈȌȈ țȊȐȌȍȚȤ Ȑȝ Ȗȗț-
ȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȕȣȔȐ ȊȈȠȐȔ ǻ-<ȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍ>ȚȖȔ ȒȖȚ ȗȖȓȤȏțȍȚșȧ ȔȖȍȑ șȐȔȗȈȚȐȍȑ
Ȑ țȊȈȎȍȕȐȍȔ ǵȖ ǪȈș ȊȍȌȤ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșțȍȚ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ©ǳȍȜª Ȑ
ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ" ǻ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȏȍ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ Ȑ Ȗ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȓȦȌȧȝ ș ȒȍȔ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȓȈșȤ
ȐȓȐ ȌȘțȎȐȓȈ ǵȈȗȘ ȗȘȖȜ Ǵ ǲ ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȐȑ ǨșȍȍȊ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ ȅȑȏȍȕȠȚȍȑȕ
ǿțȎȈȒ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ǵȍȏȕȈȔȖȊ ǩȘȦșȖȊ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ ǳ ǸȍȑșȕȍȘ Ǫș ǪȐȠȕȍȊ-
șȒȐȑ
Ǫ ǴȖșȒȊȍ ȉțȌȍȔ ȐȏȌȈȊȈȚȤ ȒȕȐȋț ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȑ Ȗȉ ǨșȍȍȊȍ ǯȕȈȟȐȚ ȍȋȖ
ȕțȎȕȖ ȒȈȒ-ȚȖ ȊȣȌȍȓȐȚȤ ǰȓȐ ǪȈȔ ȍȋȖ ȚȖȎȍ ȌȈȚȤ" ǶșȚȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȖȚȓȖȎȐȚȤ ȕȈ ȕȍ-
ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ǷȖȥȚȖȔț ȧ ș țȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȐȍȔ ȗȘȐȕȧȓȈ ȉȣ ǪȈȠȍ ȗȘȍȌȓȖ-
ȎȍȕȐȍ ȗȍȟȈȚȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ǺȈȘȚț ǵȈȗȐȠȐȚȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȓȐ ȥȚȖ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ
ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȍȕȖ" ǰ ȍșȓȐ ȌȈ ȚȖ Ȓ ȒȈȒȖȔț șȘȖȒț ȕțȎȕȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȤ"
ǹȓȣȠȈȓȈ ȖȚ ǶȓȤȋȐ ǪȐȒȚȖȘȖȊȕȣ ȟȚȖ Ǫȣ Ȋ ȐȦȓȍ ȝȖȚȐȚȍ ȉȣȚȤ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ ǺȈȒ
ȓȐ ȥȚȖ" ǵȈȗȐȠȐȚȍ
ǷȓȈȟț ȌȖȓȋȐ ȗȖșȣȓȈȦ șȚȐȝȐ ǽȖȚȧ ȏȕȈȦ ȟȚȖ șȍȑȟȈș ǪȈȔ ȕȍ ȌȖ șȚȐȝȖȊ
ȕȍ ȌȖ ȗȐșȍȔ ǵȍ ȗȖȔȕȦ ȒȈȒȐȍ ȧ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȖȉȍȡȈȓȈ ǪȈȔ șȚȈȘȣȍ ȐȓȐ ȕȖȊȣȍ" ǷȖ-
șȣȓȈȦ ȘȈȏȕȣȍ
ǶȉȕȐȔȈȦ ǪȈș ǮȍȓȈȦ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ țȌȈȟ
ǪȈȠȈǶȓȤȋȈ ǫȍȖȘȋȐȍȊȕȈ
ǰȘȖȟȒȈ ǷȐșȤȔȖ ȏȈȌȍȘȎȈȓȖșȤ ǷȘȖșȚȐȚȍ ǯȈȊȚȘȈ -ȋȖ ȐȦȕȧ ȖȚȖȠȓȍȔ

325
5.
6.IX.67
ǬȖȘȖȋȈȧ ǰȘȖȟȒȈ,
ȏȈȌȍȘȎȈȓȈ ȖȚȊȍȚ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓȈ ȋȌȍ Ǫȣ ȎȌȈȓȈ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ țȟȍȉȕȖȋȖ ȋȖȌȈ Ȑ ǪȈȠȍ-
ȋȖ ȗȘȐȍȏȌȈ Ȋ ǺȈȘȚț ǩȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȦ ȏȈ șȚȈȚȤȦ Ǫȣ — ȌȖȉȘȣȑ ȋȍȕȐȑ ǹȍȘȋȍȧ ǺȘȍ-
ȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ ȠȓȐȜțȍȚȍ ȍȋȖ șȖ Ȋșȍȝ șȚȖȘȖȕ Ȑ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚȍ ȔȐȘț ș șȈȔȣȝ ȊȣȋȖȌ-
ȕȣȝ Ǫȣ — ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȒȓȈȌ ǬțȔȈȦ ȟȚȖ ǶȓȤȋȈ ǪȐȒȚȖȘȖȊȕȈ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȈ ǪȈȔ,
ȗȖȕȐȔȈȧ ȖȋȘȖȔȕțȦ Ȟȍȕț ǪȈȠȍȋȖ ȚȘțȌȈ — ȌȖȘȖȎȐȚ ǪȈȠȐȔ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȖȔ
<…>
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȖȚȊȍȚȣ Ȓ ǪȈȠȍȑ ©ȒȈȕȊȍª* <.>
1). ǷȍȘȊȖȍ ȏȈșȍȌȈȕȐȍ ©ǰșȚȖȘȐȒȖ-ȓȐȚȍȘ ǲȘțȎȒȈ ȗȘȐ ǫȖșǰǵǶ Ȋ ǿȐȚȍª șȖ-
șȚȖȧȓȖșȤ Ȋ ȊȖșȒȘȍșȍȕȤȍ -ȋȖ ȧȕȊȈȘȧ  ȋȖȌȈ Ȉ ȕȍ -ȋȖ ȧȕȊ — Ȋ ©ǲȈȔȍ-
ȕȈȝª ȖȗȍȟȈȚȒȈ ǷȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȊȈȓ Ǵ ǲ ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȐȑ șȍȒȘȍȚȈȘșȚȊȖȊȈȓ Ǫȓ
ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ǩȣȓ ȏȈșȓțȠȈȕ ȌȖȒȓȈȌ ©ǷȖȥȚ-ȔȣșȓȐȚȍȓȤª Ǽ ǰ ǺȦȚȟȍȊ Ǫ Ǩ ǴȈ-
ȓȈȝȖȊșȒȖȋȖ — ȗȘȍȗȖȌȈȊȈȚȍȓȧ ȧȏȣȒȈ Ȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȑ ȊȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȧȏȣ-
ȒȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ǶȗȗȖȕȍȕȚȣ ȐȘȒțȚșȒȐȑ ȗȖȥȚ ǺȐȚȖȊ ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȐȑ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ
ǹȍȘȋȍȑ ǴȐȝ ș ȌȖȒȓȈȌȈȔȐ Ȋ ǲȘțȎȒȍ ȕȍ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȓ ǰȕȖȋȌȈ ȏȈȝȈȎȐȊȈȓ ȕȈ
ȏȈșȍȌȈȕȐȧ ǲ-<ȘțȎ>ȒȈ țȟȈșȚȊȖȊȈȓ Ȋ ȗȘȍȕȐȧȝ ǵȈ ȊȍȟȍȘȍ ȗȈȔȧȚȐ ǩȓȖȒȈ ǺȘȍ-
ȚȤȧȒȖȊ ȟȐȚȈȓ ©ǬȊȍȕȈȌȞȈȚȤª
 ǷȍȘȍȍȏȌ Ȑȏ ǿȐȚȣ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț ȋȘțȗȗȣ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª ȏȈ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍȔ
ǨșȍȍȊȈ țȍȝȈȊȠȍȋȖ -ȋȖ ȧȕȊȈȘȧ  ȋȖȌȈ șȖșȚȖȧȓșȧ Ȋ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ șȍȕȚȧȉȘȧ 
ȋȖȌȈ ǭȝȈȓȐ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȖȒȖȓȖ ȕȍȌȍȓȐ ǿțȎȈȒ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȓ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȏ-
Ȏȍ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȖȒȚȧȉȘȧ  ȋ
 ǹ Ǵ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȊ Ȋ ǿȐȚț Ȋ  ȋȖȌț ȓȍȚȖȔ ȗȘȐșȚțȗȐȓ Ȓ Ȗȉȧ-
ȏȈȕȕȖșȚȧȔ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȈ ȔȐȕȐșȚȘȈ Ț ȍ ȏȈȔȔȐȕȐșȚȘȈ ȗȘȖșȊȍȡȍȕȐȧ Ǫ ȒȖȕȞȍ
ȌȍȒȈȉȘȧ  ȋȖȌȈ Ȗȕ țȠȍȓ Ȑȏ ǴȐȕǷȘȖșȈ ǷȖșȚ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȈ ȔȐȕȐșȚȘȈ ȗȘȖșȊȍȡ.
ȏȈȕȧȓ Ǵ Ƿ ǴȈȓȣȠȍȊ Ȉ ǹ Ǵ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ ȉȣȓ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕ Ȋ ȧȕȊȈȘȍ  ȋȖȌȈ
ȏȈȊ ǬȈȓȤǾȍȕȚȘȖǷȍȟȈȚȤȦ
ǷȖ ȗȘȐȍȏȌȍ Ȋ Ǵ-Ȋț ǺȘ-ȍȚȤȧȒȖ!Ȋ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȍȚ Ȋ ǫȖșǲȕȐȋȍ Ȋ ©ǷȘȖȓȍȚȒțȓȤȚȍª
Ȋ ©ǫȖșǲȐȕȖª Ȋ ©ǲȐȕȖ-ǫȈȏȍȚȍª Ȋ ©ǳȍȜȍª Ȑ Ȋ ȌȘ ȔȍșȚȈȝ ȚȖȟȕȖ ȕȍ ȔȖȋț șȒȈ-
ȏȈȚȤ Ȋ ȒȈȒȐȝ ȍȡȍ ȌȈȚȣ țșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤ ȚȘțȌȕȖ
Ǫ ȐȦȓȍ  ȋ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ǨșȍȍȊȣȔȐ șȖ ȔȕȖȑ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȣ ȖȚȌȣȝȈȓȐ Ȋ ǭȊ-
ȗȈȚȖȘȐȐ ǺȍȔ Ȏȍ ȓȍȚȖȔ ȖȚȍȞ ǹ Ǵ ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȕȣȑ ȌȖȉȘȣȑ Ȑ ȔȐȓȣȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ
ǴȐȝȈȐȓ ǲȖȕșȚȈȕȚȐȕȖȊȐȟ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȓ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒȈȘȍȔ Ȋ șȈȕȈȚȖȘȐȐ
©ǫȍȓȐȖșª Ȋ ǭȊȗȈȚȖȘȐȐ
ǯȐȔț - ȋ ǹ Ǵ ȗȘȍȗȖȌȈȍȚ ȘțșșȒțȦ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘț Ȋ ǷȍȒȐȕșȒȖȔ ǻȕȐ-
* ȼɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɦɨɟɝɨ ɚɪɯɢɜɚ Ɉ ɉ

326
ȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚȍ
ǷȖ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȐ Ȋ Ǵ-Ȋț ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȍȚ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ Ȋ ȒȐȕȖ Ȋ ȓȐȚȍȘȈ-
ȚțȘȍ ș ǴȍȑȍȘȝȖȓȤȌȖȔ ș ȅȑȏȍȕȠȚȍȑȕȖȔ ș ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘȈȔȐ ǫȘțȏȐȐ Ȑ Ț Ȍ Ȑ
Ț ȗ — Ȗ ȟȍȔ ǪȈȔ ȉȍȏțșȓȖȊȕȖ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ
Ǫ  ȋ ȓȍȚȖȔ ȍȌȍȚ ș ȥȒșȗȍȌȐȞȐȍȑ ǫȖșȒȐȕȖ ȗȖ ȔȈȘȠȘțȚț ǳȍȕȐȕȋȘȈȌ —
ǶȌȍșșȈ — ǻȘȈȓ ǬȖ ǻȘȈȓȈ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȕȍ ȌȖȍȝȈȓȐ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȓȐ Ȋ ǶȌȍșșȍ ǪȖȏȊȘȈ-
ȚȐȓșȧ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț  șȍȕȚȧȉȘȧ
 ȐȦȕȧ  ȋ Ǻ-<ȘȍȚȤȧȒȖ>ȊȈ ȗȖșȍȚȐȓ ǷȐșȒȈȚȖȘ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȊȣȘȈȏȐȓ Ȏȍ-
ȓȈȕȐȍ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ț șȍȉȧ Ȋ ǩȍȘȓȐȕȍ ©ǽȖȟț ȘȍȉȍȕȒȈª
ǰȘȖȟȒȈ ȍșȓȐ ȥȚȐ ȌȈȕȕȣȍ ȖȒȈȎțȚșȧ ǪȈȔ ȕțȎȕȣ ȉțȌț ȖȟȍȕȤ ȘȈȌȈ ȉȣȚȤ
ǪȈȔ ȗȖȓȍȏȕȖȑ
_____
Ƕ ©ǪȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧȝª ȔȖȐȝ ǹȔȖȋț ȗȘȐșȓȈȚȤ Ȓ ȒȖȕȞț șȍȕȚȧȉȘȧ ǪȍȘȈ
ǫȍȖȘȋȐȍȊȕȈ ȖȉȍȡȈȓȈ Ȕȕȍ Ȑȝ ȗȍȘȍȗȍȟȈȚȈȚȤ ǵȖ ȖȕȈ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚșȧ Ȋ ǬȖȔȍ ǶȚȌȣ-
ȝȈ ȊȍȘȕȍȚșȧ ȟȐșȓȈ -ȋȖ ȇ ȒȖȍ-ȟȚȖ ȌȖȉȈȊȓȧȦ ȒȖȍ-ȟȚȖ ȊȣȉȘȈșȣȊȈȦ ǪȖȖȉ-
ȡȍ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ Ȕȕȍ ȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ ȉȣ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȔȖȐ ©ǪȖșȗ-ȖȔȐȕȈȕȐ!ȧª ȗȖȗȈȓȐ Ȋ
ȕȖȧȉȘȤșȒȐȑ ȹ ȊȍȌȤ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȊșȨ Ȗ -ȝ ȋȖȌȈȝ
ǭșȚȤ ȍȡȍ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȒȖȍ-ȟȚȖ ȕȍ Ȑȏ ȟȐȚȈȕȕȖȋȖ ǪȈȔ Ǵ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȌȈȌȐȔ ș
ȘȍȔȈȘȒȖȑ ©ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȍȕȐȍ șȓȍȌțȍȚª" ǲȈȒ Ǫȣ ȌțȔȈȍȚȍ" ǵȖ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘ
ȗȖȑȌȍȚ ȗȖȚȖȔ
ǹȗȈșȐȉȖ ȏȈ ȌȖȉȘȣȍ ȗȖȎȍȓȈȕȐȧ ǳȦȌȖȟȒȍ ǵȖ Ȓ șȖȎȈȓȍȕȐȦ ȖȕȈ ȕȍ ȗȘȖ-
ȠȓȈ ȗȖ ȒȖȕȒțȘșț — ȕȍ ȝȊȈȚȐȓȖ ȍȌȐȕȐȞȣ ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ț ȕȈș ȍșȚȤ ȖȌȕȖ ȒȖȔȗȘȖ-
ȔȐșșȕȖȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚ ȒȖȚ ȊȣȧșȕȐȚșȧ ȕȈ Ȍȕȧȝ
ǲȘȍȗȒȖ ȞȍȓțȦ ǪȈș ǮȌț ȗȐșȤȔȈ Ȑ ǪȈȠȐȝ ȕȖȊȣȝ șȚȐȝȖȊ ǪșȍȋȖ ȌȖȉȘȖȋȖ
Ƕ<.>ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ.
P. S. Ǩ ȗȐșȤȔȈ Ȋșȍ-ȚȈȒȐ ȕȈȌȖ ȌȈȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ
6.
28.IX.67
ǬȖȘȖȋȈȧ ǰȘȖȟȒȈ
ǽȖȚȍȓȖșȤ ȖȚȖșȓȈȚȤ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ȕȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȖșȤ ȎȌȈȓȈ ȟȚȖȉȣ Ǫȍ-

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ȘȈ ǫȍȖȘȋȐȍȊȕȈ ȗȍȘȍȗȍȟȈȚȈȓȈ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȤ ȕȖ ȖȕȈ ȏȈȌȍȘȎȈȓȈșȤ Ȋ ǬȖȔȍ ǶȚȌȣȝȈ
— ȖȚșȦȌȈ Ȑ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȏȈȌȍȘȎȒȐ ǲȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȟțȊșȚȊțȦ șȍȉȧ ȕȍȊȈȎȕȖ ȖȗȧȚȤ
ȕȍȘȊȕȐȟȈȦ ȌȈ Ȑ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ ȧ ș ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȝȖȓȖȌȖȊ șȔȍȕȣ ȗȖȋȖȌȣ ȌȈȊȓȍ-
ȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȘ șȊȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȦșȤ ȒȈȒ ȚȖȚ ȒȓȍȕȖȊȣȑ ȓȐșȚ ȗȖȌȋȖȕȧȍȔȣȑ ȊȍȚȘȖȔ ȕȍ-
șțȡȐȑșȧ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȒțȌȈ ǺȈȒ ȉȣȓȖ Ȑ șȔȖȓȖȌț Ȑ ȊșȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȉ șȍȑȟȈș — Ȑ
ȚȖȋȖ ȝțȎȍ Ƕșȍȕȕȧȧ șȓȧȒȖȚȤ ȕȍ șȗȖșȖȉșȚȊțȍȚ ȕȐ ȝȖȘȖȠȍȔț ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȦ ȕȐ
ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊț
ǹȚȐȝȐ ǪȈȠȐ ȌȖȘȖȋȈȧ ǰȘȖȟȒȈ Ȕȕȍ ȗȘȐȕȍșȓȐ ȉȖȓȤȠțȦ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ Ǵȕȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ
ȕȘȈȊȐȚșȧ șȓȍȌȐȚȤ ȏȈ ȝȖȌȖȔ ǪȈȠȍȑ ȔȣșȓȐ ȖȉȘȈȏțȦȡȍȑ ȒȘȈșȐȊȣȑ Ȑ șȓȖȎ-
ȕȣȑ țȏȖȘ Ȕȕȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȖȕȧȚȕȣȑ Ȑ ȉȓȐȏȒȐȑ ǲȈȒ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȗȘȐ șȊȐȌȈȕȐȐ ȗȖȋȖ-
ȊȖȘȐȔ Ȗ ȕȐȝ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȍȍ Ȗ ȌȘțȋȐȝ Ȑȝ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȈȝ ȟȐșȚȖ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȝ
Ǩ ȗȖȒȈ șȗȍȠț ȖȚȊȍȚȐȚȤ ȕȈ ǪȈȠȐ ȊȖȗȘȖșȣ
 ǹ Ǵ țȟȐȓ ȊȣȋȖȊȈȘȐȊȈȚȤ ©ȓª Ȋ șȊȧȏȐ ș ȔȖȐȔ ȊȣșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȕȈ ȊȍȟȍȘȍ
ȗȖșȊȧȡ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȔț ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȋșȍ ȟȓȍȕȣ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ țȟȈșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ
Ȋ ȟȚȍȕȐȐ șȚȐȝȖȊ Ǫȓ Ǫȓ ǬȈȎȍ ǷȈȓȤȔȖȊ ȟȐȚȈȓ ©ǵȈȠ ȉȖȋ — ȉȍȋª
 ǿȚȖ ǹȍȘȋ ǴȐȝ ȟȐȚȈȓ ȚȈȔ — ȕȍ ȗȖȔȕȦ ȕȖ ȟȐȚȈȓ ȉȍȏțșȓȖȊȕȖ ǴȖȎȍȚ
ȉȣȚȤ ȊșȗȖȔȕȦ
 Ǫșȍ ȹȹ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȈª ȉȣȓȐ șȌȈȕȣ ȔȕȖȦ Ȋ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒț ǬȖȔȈ ȓȐȚȍȘȈ-
ȚȖȘȈ ȐȔ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȋ ǳȍȕȐȕȋȘȈȌȍ ȒțȌȈ ȗȘȐ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ Ǵ ǲ ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȧ
ȗȘȖȌȈȓȈ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȉȖȓȤȠțȦ ȟȈșȚȤ șȊȖȍȑ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒȐ ȊȍșȤ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔ șȐȔȊȖȓȐȏȔ
Ȑ ǷțȠȒȐȕȐȈȕț Ȋ  ȋȖȌț Ȋ ȚȘțȌȕțȦ Ȍȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ ȗȖȓȖșț ȎȐȏȕȐ ǺȈȔ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȐ
ȒȕȐȋȐ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȚșȧ Ȑ ȗȖ șȐȦ ȗȖȘț ǺȈȒ șȒȈȏȈȓ Ȕȕȍ ǻȘȉȈȕ
 ǫȈȏȍȚ Ȑ ȎțȘȕȈȓȖȊ ȊȘȍȔȍȕ ©ȟȐȚȐȕșȒȖȋȖ ȗȍȘȐȖȌȈª ȕȍȚ ȕȖ ȍșȚȤ ȒȖȍ-ȟȚȖ
Ȑȏ ȈȘȝȐȊȈ ǬțȔȈȦ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȍșȚȤ Ȑ ț ǪȈș ȌȍȒȓȈȘȈȞȐȧ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȈª șȚȈȚȤȐ
ǨșȍȍȊȈ Ȗ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȍ Ȑ ȍȡȍ ȒȖȍ-ȒȈȒȐȍ ȔȍȓȖȟȐ ǭșȚȤ  ȊȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒșȒȐȝ ȎțȘ-
ȕȈȓȈ ©ȆȕȤª Ȑ ©ǪȖșȚȖȒª —  ȋȖȌȈ
 ǲȖȍ-ȟȚȖ ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȈȘȝȐȊȈȝ ǿȐȚȣ Ȑ ǪȓȈȌ<Ȑ>Ȋ<o>șȚ<Ȗ>ȒȈ ǵȈ Ȍȕȧȝ
ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȉȣȓ Ǭ Ǩ ǸȈȟȒȖȊ ȒȈȕȌ ȕȈțȒ Ȑȏ ȆȎȕȖșȈȝȈȓȐȕșȒȈ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȑșȧ
ǨșȍȍȊȣȔ Ƕȕ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȓ Ȕȕȍ șȚȈȚȤȐ ȒȖȚ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȍȚ Ȑ ȒȖȚ ȖȉȍȡȈȓ Ȕȕȍ ȌȈȚȤ
Ƕȕ Ȗȟ<ȍȕȤ> ȔȕȖȋȖ ©ȒȖȗȕțȓª ȚȈȔ
 ǵȈ ȏȈșȍȌȈȕȐȧȝ ǳȐȚǲȘțȎȒȈ ǹ Ǵ ȉȣȊȈȓ ȕȍ ȚȈȒ ȟȈșȚȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȟȐșȍȓ ȕȍ ȗȖȔ-
ȕȦ șȊȖȐȝ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȖȊ ȚȈȔ ȕȍ ȟȐȚȈȓ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ țȟȈșȚȊȖȊȈȓ Ȋ ȌȍȉȈȚȈȝ ǨșȍȍȊ ȉȣȊȈȓ
ȚȈȔ ȟȈȡȍ ǵȈ ȖȉșțȎȌȍȕȐȐ ©ǩȖȔȉȣª Ǻ-<ȘȍȚȤȧȒȖ>Ȋ ȉȣȓ  ȜȍȊȘ  ȋ ǵȈ ȌȖȒ-
ȓȈȌȍ Ȗȉ ȐȔȈȎȐȕȐȏȔȍ ȉȣȓȐ Ȋșȍ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȐșȓȍ Ȑ ǹ Ǵ  ȔȈȘȚȈ  ȋ ȕȈ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȍ
©ǷȖȥȏȐȧ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖª  ȔȈȘȚȈ ©ǼȖȘȔȈ Ȑ șȖȌȍȘȎ Ȋ ȓȐȚ-Șȍª  ȈȗȘȍȓȧ ȕȈ
ȊȍȟȍȘȍ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ șȚțȌȍȕȚȖȊ Ȑ ȗȘȍȗȖȌȈȊȈȚ ǰǵǶ  ȈȗȘȍȓȧ ©ǷȖȥȏȐȧ ǩ ǷȈș-
Ț-<ȍȘȕȈ>ȒȈª — ȕȈ ȥȚȐȝ ȊȍȟȍȘȈȝ ȉȣȊȈȓȐ Ȋșȍ ȟȓȍȕȣ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȖ Ȉ
ȕȈ ȊȍȟȍȘȍ ȗȈȔȧȚȐ ǩȓȖȒȈ ǹ Ǵ ȟȐȚȈȓ ©ǬȊȍȕȈȌȞȈȚȤª ȅȚȐ șȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȐȔȍȦȚșȧ Ȋ
©ǲȈȔȍȕȈȝª — ȗȖșȔȖȚȘȐȚȍ ȕȈ  șȚȘ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȕȐȋȐ
 Ǫ ȥȒșȗȍȌȐȞȐȐ ǫȖșȒȐȕȖ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓȐșȤ Ȋșȍ ȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȒȐ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ȅȑȏȍȕȠȚȍȑ-
ȕȈ ǹ ȕȐȔȐ Ȑ ȍȏȌȐȓ ǹ Ǵ ǶȚȚțȌȈ Ȗȕ ȊȍȘȕțȓșȧ IX  ȋȖȌȈ
9) <sic> C Ǵ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȓșȧ ȒȘȖȔȍ țȒȈȏȈȕȕȣȝ ǪȈȔȐ ȕȍȔȞȍȊ-ȈȕȚȐȜȈȠȐș-

328
ȚȖȊ ȍȡȍ ș ǷȐșȒȈȚȖȘȖȔ Ȗ ȒȖȚ ȧ ȗȖșȣȓȈȦ ǪȈȔ Ȍȓȧ ȖȏȕȈȒȖȔȓȍȕȐȧ ȊȣȌȍȘȎȒȐ
Ȑȏ șȚȈȚȍȑ ȗȖȔȍȡȍȕȕȣȝ Ȋ ȎțȘȕȈȓȍ ǰșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȏȈ  ȋȖȌ ȘȍȌȈȒȚȐȘȖȊ ǳțȕȈ-
ȟȈȘșȒȐȔ ǷȐșȒȈȚȖȘ ȉȣȓ Ȋ ȋȖșȚȧȝ ț ǹ Ǵ VI  ȋȖȌȈ ȚȖȋȌȈ Ȏȍ ȖȉșțȎȌȈȓ-
șȧ ȊȖȗȘȖș Ȗ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȍ Ȋ ǩȍȘȓȐȕȍ ț ǷȐșȒȈȚȖȘȈ ȗȤȍșȣ ǹ Ǵ ©ǽȖȟț ȘȍȉȍȕȒȈª
ǲȈȎȍȚșȧ ȖȕȈ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȕȍ ȗȖȠȓȈ — ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦ ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ Ƕ Ǫ ȟȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȗȖȔ-
ȕȐȚ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȍȡȍ ȝȖȚȧ ȊȘȧȌ ȓȐ
ǪȖȚ Ȑ Ȋșȍ ȟȚȖ ȔȖȋț șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȗȖ ǪȈȠȐȔ ȗțȕȒȚȈȔ
ǰȘȖȟȒȈ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ Ȏȍ ȎțȘȕȈȓȍ ȖȕȐ ȌȊȖȑȕȣȍ ȹ - ©ǰșȒțșșȚȊȈª ȏȈ  ȋ ȧ
ȕȈȚȒȕțȓȈșȤ ȕȈ șȚȈȚȤȦ ǷȐȒȍȓȧ — ȘȈȏȉȖȘ ȗȤȍșȣ ǩțȓȋȈȒȖȊȈ ©ǩȍȋª  ǹȖȌȍȘ-
ȎȈȕȐȍ ȗȤȍșȣ 
 ǽȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐșȚȐȒȐ ȌȍȑșȚȊ ȓȐȞ Ȑ  ǨȕȈȓȐȏ ȗȤȍșȣ — ȊȖȏȔȖȎ-
ȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ Ȍȓȧ ǪȈș ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȐȕȚȍȘȍș ǷȖșȔȖȚȘȐȚȍ Ȋ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒȍ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ Ȗ ȔȖȐȝ ȌȍȓȈȝ ǿȍȘȍȏ  Ȍȕȧ ȧ ȖȚșȣȓȈȦ ǪȈȔ șȊȖȐ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ Ȑ
ȜȖȚȖ ȒȖȚ Ǫȣ ȏȈȝȖȚȍȓȐ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȊȏȧȚȤ ǪȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȕțȎȕȖ ȉțȌȍȚ ȌȈȚȤ ȜȖȚȖ Ȋ
șȉȖȘȕȐȒ ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȊȖȌȐȚșȧ — ȌȈȑȚȍ ȚțȌȈ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ǷȖșȣȓȈȦ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍșȕȐȔ-
ȒȐ ȌȘțȋȐȍ — ȈȊȖșȤ ȗȘȐȋȖȌȧȚșȧ Ǻ Ȓ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ ȞȍȓȐȒȖȔ Ȗ -ȝ ȋȖȌȈȝ
ȌțȔȈȦ ȟȚȖ ȌȍȓȖ ș ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȐȍȔ ȕȍ ȏȈȌȍȘȎȐȚșȧ ǹȍȑȟȈș Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ
ȔȕȖȋȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚșȧ Ȋ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ
ǰȘȖȟȒȈ Ȕȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȘȐȧȚȕȖ ȗȘȖȟȍșȚȤ Ȋ -ȑ ȒȕȐȎȒȍ ©ǪȖȗȘȖșȖȊ ȓȐ-
ȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣª Ȗ ǪȈș Ȗ ǪȈȠȍȔ ȊȣșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȐ ȕȈ ȕȈțȟȕȖȑ șȚțȌȍȕȟȍșȒȖȑ ȒȖȕȜȍȘȍȕ-
ȞȐȐ ǹȚȈȚȤȧ ©ǽȖȘȖȠȈȧ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȧª șȚȘ  ǷȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȑȚȍ Ȋ ȚȖȔ Ȏȍ Ȍțȝȍ
ǵȍ ȏȕȈȦ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚșȧ ș ȊȖȗȘȖșȖȔ Ȗ ȔȖȍȔ ȓȍȟȍȕȐȐ ǹȣȕ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȥȚȐȔ
ȖȏȈȉȖȟȍȕ ǪȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȧ țȍȌț ȕȍȌȍȓȐ ȕȈ  ǪȈȔ ȕȈȗȐȠț ȒȈȒ Ȋșȍ șȓȖȎȐȚ-
șȧ ǲȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȖȉȖ ȊșȍȔ ȕȈȗȐșȈȓȈ — Ȗ ȌȍȓȈȝ Ǩ ȊȖȚ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ Ǫȣ — ȔȖȑ ȔȐ-
ȓȣȑ ȌȖȘȖȋȖȑ ȌȘțȋ Ȑ ȟȚȖ ȧ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȘȈȌȈ ǪȈș ȊȐȌȍȚȤ — Ǫȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȏȕȈȚȤ șȈȔȐ
ǾȍȓțȦǶȓȤȋȈ ǫȍȖȘȋȐȍȊȕȈ
P. S. ǵȈ ȥȚȖ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ȗȖȒȈ Ȕȕȍ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț ȕȍ ȖȚȊȍȟȈȑȚȍ ȇ șȖȖȉȡț șȊȖȑ ȈȌ-
Șȍș ȗȖ ȗȘȐȉȣȚȐȐ ȕȈ ȔȍșȚȖ ȖȚȌȣȝȈ Ȑ ȓȍȟȍȕȐȧ
7.
29.XI.67
ǬȖȘȖȋȈȧ ǰȘȖȟȒȈ
ǹ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȏȈȌȍȘȎȒȖȑ ȖȚȊȍȟȈȦ ǪȈȔ ǷȖȊȍȘȤȚȍ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖȔț ȉȣȓȖ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȔȕȖ-
ȋȖ țȊȈȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȗȘȐȟȐȕ — ȕȈȌȍȦșȤ ȟȚȖ Ǫȣ ȗȖȑȔȍȚȍ Ȑ ȐȏȊȐȕȐȚȍ Ȕȍȕȧ

329
ǹȚțȌȍȕȟȍșȒȐȑ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȈ ȘȈȌȖȊȈȓȈșȤ ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ șȚȈȚȤȧ ǪȈȠȈ ȗȖȧ-
ȊȐȓȈșȤ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȝȖȘȖȠȈȧ Ȉ ȍȡȍ Ȑ ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ Ǫȣ ȕȈȗȐșȈȓȐ Ȕȕȍ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȔȐȓȣȑ
ȈȊȚȖȋȘȈȜ ǹȗȈșȐȉȖ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȑ ȇ Ȑ șȈȔȈ ȝȖȟț șȌȍȓȈȚȤ Ȋ ȕȐȝ ȒȖȍ-
ȒȈȒȐȍ șȖȒȘȈȡȍȕȐȧ ǷȍȘȍȌ ȖȚȢȍȏȌȖȔ Ȋ ǲȘȣȔ ȧ ȗȖșȗȍȠȐȓȈ ȖȚȖșȓȈȚȤ ǪȈȔ Șț-
ȒȖȗȐșȤ ȕȍ ȌȈȊ ȍȑ ©ȊȣȓȍȎȈȚȤșȧª Ȉ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȓȈ — ȕȈȠȓȈ ȔȍșȚȈ ȗȖȌȓȍȎȈȡȐȍ
ȐȏȢȧȚȐȦ ǮȈȓȤ ȟȚȖ Ǫȣ ȕȍ ȕȈȗȐșȈȓȐ Ȕȕȍ ȒȈȒȐȍ ȒțȗȦȘȣ ȝȖȟȍȚ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ǯȈȘȈ
ǫȘȐȋȖȘȤȍȊȕȈ Ǩ Ȕȕȍ ȥȚȖ ȕȈȌȖ ȉȣ ȏȕȈȚȤ ǪȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȕȈȠȐ ȔȕȍȕȐȧ Ȑ șȖȊȗȈȌțȚ
ǬțȔȈȦ ȗȖșȓȈȚȤ ǪȈȔ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȥȒȏȍȔȗȓȧȘ ȒȈȒ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȌȍȓȈȦ șȊȖȐ șȖȒȘȈȡȍ-
ȕȐȧ Ȉ Ǫȣ ǰȘȖȟȒȈ ȗȖȎȈȓțȑșȚȈ ȖȚȊȍȚȤȚȍ Ȕȕȍ ȕȍ ȌȖȎȐȌȈȧșȤ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȐȧ
ȊȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȥȒȏȍȔȗȓȧȘȈ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȐ ȗȘȖȠț ǪȈș ǯȈȋȖȓȖȊȖȒ ȝȖȟț ȌȈȚȤ ȚȈȒȖȑ
©ǷȖȓȌȍȕȤª
ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ
Ǩ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȗȖ ȗȖȊȖȌț ȗȐșȍȔ Ȑ ȈȊȚȖȋȘȈȜȖȊ ǩ ǳ — Ȋ
ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȍ ȧ ȕȍ ȊȖȏȘȈȎȈȦ ǵȖ ȥȚȖ ȕȈȌȖ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȐȚȤ ȒȖȍ-ȟȚȖ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȚȤ Ȗȉ-
ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ ȌȈȚȤ ȜȖȘȔț ǯȕȈȟȐȚ ȗȖȑȌȍȚ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȏȎȍ
ǲȈȒ ȐȌțȚ ǪȈȠȐ ȏȈȕȧȚȐȧ Ȋ ȠȒȖȓȍ Ȑ Ȋ țȕ-Țȍ" ǲȖȋȌȈ Ǫȣ ȌțȔȈȍȚȍ ȉȣȚȤ Ȋ ǴȖș-
ȒȊȍ" ǰ ȉțȌȍȚȍ ȓȐ" ǻȎȍ ȝȖȟȍȚșȧ țșȓȣȠȈȚȤ ǪȈȠ ȋȖȓȖș Ǫȣ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ Ȋșȍ ȘȈșșȒȈ-
ȏȣȊȈȍȚȍ Ǩ ȟȚȖ ș ǩțȓȋȈȒȖȊȣȔ"
ǲȘȍȗȒȖ ȞȍȓțȦ
ǷȘȐȊȍȚ ǯȈȘȍ ǫȘȐȋȖȘȤȍȊȕȍ
ǪȈȠȈǶȓȤȋȈ ǫȍȖȘȋȐȍȊȕȈ
8.
24.XII.67
ǬȖȘȖȋȈȧ ǰȘȖȟȒȈ
ǶȟȍȕȤ ȖȉȘȈȌȖȊȈȓȈșȤ ǪȈȠȍȔț ȗȐșȤȔț Ǫȣ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȣ Ǫșȍ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ǵȍ ȕȈȌȖ
ȊȖȓȕȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȟȚȖ ǩțȓȋȈȒȖȊ ț ǪȈș ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ©ȗȘȖȧȊȐȓșȧª ǪȖȚ ȗȘȐȍȌȍȚȍ Ȋ ǴȖșȒ-
Ȋț ȏȈȑȌȍȚȍ Ȋ ǽțȌǺȍȈȚȘ — ȚȈȔ ȉțȌȍȚ Ȑ ȜȐȒșȈȎ ǪȈȠ ȉțȌȍȚ Ȑ ȊȐȘȈȎ
ȇ țȊȍȘȍȕȈ ȟȚȖ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȐȒȐ ș țȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȐȍȔ ȌȈȌțȚ ȔȕȖȋȖȍ ȕțȎȕȖȍ
ǪȈȔ ȒȖȋȌȈ țȏȕȈȦȚ ȏȈȟȍȔ Ǫȣ Ȓ ȕȐȔ ȗȘȐȠȓȐ ǷȖșȔȖȚȘȐȔ ©ǩȍȋª Ƕȕ ȐȌȍȚ
ǵȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȍȓȈ ǳȖȚȔȈȕȈ ȕȖ Ȗȕ Ȕȕȍ ȚȈȒ ȗȖȕȘȈȊȐȓșȧ ș ȍȋȖ ȏȈȌȈȕȐȍȔ
șȚțȌȍȕȚȈȔ — Ȗ ©ǪȐȍª ǮȈȓȤ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦ ȜȐȓȤȔȈ ȕȖ ȗȖșȓȍ ȘȍȞȍȕȏȐȐ Ǫ ǶȘȓȖȊȈ

330
Ȋ ©ǳȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȒȍª XII) Ȕȕȍ șȖȊșȍȔ ȕȍ ȏȈȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ ȍȋȖ șȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ ǻȎ ȓțȟȠȍ
ȟȚȍȕȐȍ ȖȚȘȣȊȒȖȊ Ȋ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȐ ǩȈȉȖȟȒȐȕȈ
Ƕ șȍȉȍ șȒȈȎț ȟȚȖ ȧ ȊȣȔȈȘȣȊȈȦ șȊȖȐ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ ǻȎȍ ȊȣȉȘȖșȐȓȈ ǽȓȍȉ-
ȕȐȒȖȊȈ Ȑ ȔȖȐ șȚȐȝȐ ǽ-<ȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊ>ț Ǩȕȕȍ ǲȈȘȍȕȐȕȖȑ șȖȒȘȈȚȐȓȈ ȗȖȍȏȌȒț
ȒȖȍ-ȟȚȖ Ȑȏ ǿțȎȈȒȈ Ȑ ȗȖșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȦ ȟȚȖ ȉȣ ȍȡȍ ȊȣȉȘȖșȐȚȤ Ǩȝ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȉȖȓ-
ȚȖȊȕȐ ǵȈ Ȍȕȧȝ ȊȣȠȓȦ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȤ Ȋ ȕȖȊȖȔ ȊȐȌȍ ǭȡȍ Ȋȕȍșț ȒȖȍ-ȒȈȒȐȍ ȗȖ-
ȗȘȈȊȒȐ ǭșȚȤ ȋȘțȉȈȧ ȖȠȐȉȒȈ ȔȈȠȐȕȐșȚȒȐ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȖ ©ǳȍȖȕȐȌȈ ǩȖȘȐșȖȊȐȟȈ»
— ȕȈȌȖ ©ǩȖȘȐșȈ ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟȈª ș  ǰ ȍȡȍ ©ǳȍȊ ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȐȟȈª ȕȈȌȖ
©ǳȍȊ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȐȟȈª șȚȘ 
ǰȘȖȟȒȈ Ǫȣ șȗȘȈȠȐȊȈȍȚȍ ȗȖȟȍȔț ©ǷȖȓȌȍȕȤª Ƕȓȍȋ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȉȣȓ ȏȌȍșȤ ȏȈ-
ȌȈȓ Ȕȕȍ ȥȚȖȚ Ȏȍ ȊȖȗȘȖș ȇ ȖȉȢȧșȕȐȓȈ ȟȚȖ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ ȗȖȚȖȔț! ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ —
ȗȖȓȌȍȕȤ ȔȖȍȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ƕȕ ȊȖȏȘȈȏȐȓ ȍșȓȐ ȗȖ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚț ȊȍȘȕȍȍ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ©ǻȚȘȖª
Ǩ ǳȦȌȖȟȒȈ ȗȘȖșȐȚ Ƕȓȧ ȕȈȏȖȊȐ ȗȖȎȈȓțȑșȚȈ ©ǵȈ ȘȈșșȊȍȚȍª ǪȖȚ Ȑ ȗȖșțȌȐ-
Țȍ șȈȔȐ ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȌȍȊȖȟȒȈ Ȑ ȗȘȈȊȈ ǪȍȌȤ ȚȈȔ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȔȖȍȑ ȦȕȖșȚȐ ȊȘȍ-
Ȕȧ șȖȊȗȈȓȖ ș ȘȈșșȊȍȚȖȔ ȕȈȠȍȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ ǪȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ Ȕȕȍ ȝȖȟȍȚșȧ
ȟȚȖȉȣ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȍ ȉȣȓȖ ǶȕȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȒȈȒ-ȚȖ ȕȈșȚȘȈȐȊȈȚȤ
ǰȘȈ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ǫȣ ȉȣȓȐ Ȋ Ǵ-Ȋȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȐ ȟȚȖ ǪȈȔ ȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ ȉȣ ȗȐșȈȚȤ ȒȖȔ-
ȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȑ — ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȍȚ ș ȥȚȐȔ" ǰȓȐ ȉȍȏ ȖȕȖȋȖ" ǶȚȌȈȦșȤ Ȋ ȘțȒȐ ȖȟȈȘȖȊȈȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȍȑȠȍȑ ǯȈȘȣ ǫȘȐȋȖȘȤȍȊȕȣ ȖȗȣȚȕȍȑȠȍȋȖ ȝȐȘțȘȋȈ ȕȖ țȔȖȓȧȦ ȌȈȑȚȍ ȏȕȈȚȤ,
ȟȚȖ Ȑ ȒȈȒ ȖȕȈ ȉțȌȍȚ ȘȍȏȈȚȤ
ǷȐșȤȔȈ ǨșȍȍȊȈ Ȑ ǳȐȝȈȟȍȊȈ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ ȊȣȑȌțȚ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒȈ ȌȖ-
ȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȖȉȠȐȘȕȈ
ǹȍȑȟȈș ȐȌȍȚ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȒȈ Ȓ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȐȦ ȔȍȔȖȘȐȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȌȖșȒȐ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ǩȖȓȤ-
ȠȖȑ ȉȈȘȍȓȤȍȜ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȌȖ ȒȖȓȍȕ -ȋȖ ȖȚȒȘȣȊȈȍȔ Ǵȕȍ ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ ȘȈȏȖșȓȈȚȤ
Ȑ ȗȘȐȋȖȚȖȊȐȚȤ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ țȑȔț ȗȘȐȋȓȈȠȍȕȐȑ ǷȍȘȞȖȊ ȉțȌȍȚ ȌȍȘȎȈȚȤ ȘȍȟȤ
ǽȖȚȤ ȉȣ ȔȖȘȖȏȣ ȗȖțȋȖȔȖȕȐȓȐșȤ ȊȖȚ țȎȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȌȍȕȤ Ȋ Ǵ-Ȋȍ —  Ƕȉȍ-
ȡȈȦȚ ȗȖȚȍȗȓȍȕȐȍ ǽȖȚȤ ȉȣ șȒȖȘȍȍ
ǷȘȐȍȏȎȈȑȚȍ ǰȘȖȟȒȈ ȧ ȗȖ ǪȈș șȖșȒțȟȐȓȈșȤ
ǲȈȒ ȗȘȖȠȓȈ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒȈ Ȋ ȠȒȖȓȍ"
ǾȍȓțȦ
ǶȓȤȋȈ ǫȍȖȘȋȐȍȊȕȈ
9.
22.I.68
ǬȖȘȖȋȈȧ ǰȘȖȟȒȈ ȕȈ Ȍȕȧȝ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȉȣȓȈ ǶȓȤȋȈ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȖȊȕȈ șȒȈȏȈȓȈ ȟȚȖ
Ǫȣ țȎȍ șȗȐșȈȓȐșȤ ș ǭȓȍȕȖȑ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȖȊȕȖȑ ȉțȌȍȚȍ ȎȐȚȤ ț ȕȍȍ — ȧ ȖȟȍȕȤ

331
ȘȈȌȈ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ șȒȖȘȖ țȊȐȌȐȔșȧ
ǷȐșȤȔȖ Ȋ ȒȖȚ Ǫȣ șȖȖȉȡȈȍȚȍ Ȕȕȍ Ȗ șȊȖȍȔ ȗȘȐȍȏȌȍ Ȋ Ǵ-Ȋț Ȋ ȜȍȊȘȈȓȍ ȧ
ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȈ ǽȖȚȧ Ǫȣ ȍȋȖ Ȑ ȕȈȟȈȓȐ ș ȖȉȘȈȡȍȕȐȧ Ȓ ǶȓȤȋȍ ǪȐȒȚȖȘȖȊȕȍ ȕȖ ȧ ȗȖ-
ȕȧȓȈ ȟȚȖ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ ȗȖ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȦ ȗȖ ȊșȍȔț Ǩ ȊȖȚ ȍȡȍ ȖȌȐȕ ȗȘȐ-
ȔȍȘ ȘȈșșȍȧȕȕȖșȚȐ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ țȎȍ ȔȖȍȑ
10-ȋȖ ȧȕȊȈȘȧ ȧ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȐȓȈ ǪȈȔ ȐșȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȕțȦ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȤ ǶȚȗȘȈȊȐȓȈ ȍȍ ȏȈ-
ȒȈȏȕȣȔ ȗȈȒȍȚȖȔ ©ș țȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȐȍȔ Ȗ ȊȘțȟȍȕȐȐª ǿȍȘȍȏ ȕȍșȒ Ȍȕȍȑ țȊȍȌȖȔ-
ȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȐȠȓȖ ȕȖ ȉȍȏ ǪȈȠȍȑ ȗȖȌȗȐșȐ ȗȖȌȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȦȡȍȑ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ
ȉȍȏ ȠȚȈȔȗȈ ȗȖȟȚȈȔȚȈ ȋ ǺȈȘȚț ǸȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȊ ȥȚȖ țȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȐȍ ȧ țȊȐȌȍȓȈ ȟȚȖ
ȈȌȘȍș ȕȈȗȐșȈȕ ȚȈȒ ©ȅǹǹǸ ȋ ǺȈȘȚț ȌȖ ȊȖșȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȧ ǰȘȐȕȍ ǯȈȝȈȘȖȊȕȍ ǫȈ-
ȏȍȘª Ț ȍ ȉȍȏ țȒȈȏȈȕȐȧ ©ȋȓȈȊȕȣȑ ȗȖȟȚȈȔȚª ȅȚȖ ȧ ȊȗȖȗȣȝȈȝ Ț Ȓ ȔȖȍ ȗo
ȏȈȒȘȣȊȈȓȖșȤ ȕȈ ȖȉȍȌ ȕȍ ȕȈȗȐșȈȓȈ șȓȖȊȈ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȑ ȗȖȟȚȈȔȚ
Ǫ ȗȖ ȒțȌȈ ȧ ȗȖȠȓȈ șȗȘȈȊȐȚȤșȧ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȐ ȓȐ Ǫȣ ȗȈȒȍȚ Ȕȕȍ șȒȈ-
ȏȈȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȗȖ Ȋșȍȑ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖșȚȐ ȌȈ ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȉțȌț ȎȌȈȚȤ ȖȚ ǪȈș ȗȖȌȚȊȍȘȎȌȍ-
ȕȐȧ
<…>
ǪȣȠȓȈ ȒȕȐȋȈ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ©ǩȖȓȤȠȈȧ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒȈª ș ȗȘȍȌȐșȓȖȊȐȍȔ ǻȘȉȈȕȈ
Ȗȕ Ȏȍ Ȑ șȖșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȤ ǶȟȍȕȤ ȝȖȘȖȠȈȧ ȒȕȐȋȈ Ǫ Ǵ-Ȋȍ ȉȣȓ ǶȘȓȖȊ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȘȈș-
ȝȊȈȓȐȊȈȓ ȍȍ Ǩ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ǻȘȉȈȕ ȗȘȐșȓȈȓ ȍȍ ǨșȍȍȊȖȑ ȊȟȍȘȈ ȖȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȈ-
șȓȈȎȌȈȓȐșȤ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȍȔ ǶȟȍȕȤ ȝȖȘȖȠȐȑ ȒȖȔȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȑ ǿȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȔȈȓȖ ȏȕȈȒȖ-
Ȕȣȑ ș ȗȖȥȚȖȔ ȊȏȧȊ ȥȚț ȒȕȐȋț ȗȖȓțȟȐȚ ȗȖȓȕȖȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȗȉ ǨșȍȍȊȍ Ȗ
ȍȋȖ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȍ
ǾȍȓțȦ ǪȈș ȔȐȓȈȧ ȌȍȊȖȟȒȈ ǩțȌȤȚȍ ȉȓȈȋȖȗȖȓțȟȕȣ
ǶȓȤȋȈ ǫȍȖȘȋȐȍȊȕȈ
<…>
10.
12.III.68
ǬȖȘȖȋȈȧ ǰȘȖȟȒȈ!
ǪȈȠȐ ȌȖȉȘȣȍ șȓȖȊȈ ȘȈșȞȊȍȚȠȐȍ ȕȈ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȒȍ ȗȘȐȉȣȓȐ Ȋ ǹȖȒȖȓȤȕȐȒȐ ȉȓȈ-
ȋȖȗȖȓțȟȕȖ — șȊȍȎȐȔȐ Ȑ ȈȘȖȔȈȚȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȧȔȖ Ȋ ȔȖȐ ȘțȒȐ ǰ ȊȖȚ ȧ ȋȓȈȎț Ȑȝ
șȔȖȚȘȦ ȕȈ ȕȐȝ Ȑ Ȋ ȕȐȝ ǪȈȠȐ ȔȐȓȣȍ ȋȓȈȏȈ ǲȈȒ ȎȈȓȤ ȟȚȖ Ǫȣ ȕȍ ȏȌȍșȤ ȌȖȘȖȋȈȧ
ȌȍȊȖȟȒȈ Ƕ ȔȕȖȋȖȔ ȗȖȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȐ ȉȣ Ȗ ȔȐȓȣȝ ȗțșȚȧȒȈȝ Ȑ Ȗ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖȔ
ǴȖȍ ȘȍȉȘȖ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȓȖ Ȕȍȕȧ ȚȍȘȏȈȚȤ ȇ șȚȈȓȈ ȗȖȕȍȔȕȖȋț ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ ǶȗȧȚȤ
ȊȏȧȓȈșȤ ȏȈ ȈșȍȍȊșȒȐȑ ȚȖȔ ȊȍȌȤ ȕȈȌȖ Ȏȍ ȗȘȖȌȈȚȤ ȍȋȖ Ȋ ǫȖșȐȏȌȈȚ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ǯȈ-
ȕȐȔȈȦșȤ șȖ șȊȖȐȔȐ țȟȍȕȐȒȈȔȐ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȐȔ ȖȕȐ ȓȍȕȧȚșȧ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȏȈșȚȈȊ-
ȓȧȚȤ ǹȚȈȓȈ ȊȐȌȍȚȤșȧ ș ȓȦȌȤȔȐ ©ȊȣȍȏȎȈȚȤ Ȋ șȊȍȚª

<…>
P. S. ǰȘȖȟȒȈ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȐșȤȔȍ ȗȖșȣȓȈȦ ǪȈȔ șȊȖȍ ȜȖȚȖ Ȑȏ ©ǹȚȈȟȒȐª Ȍȓȧ
ȋȓȈȊȣ Ȗȉ ȅȑȏȍȕȠȚȍȑȕȍ Ȋ ȔȖȐȝ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧȝ ǭșȓȐ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȕȈȑȌțȚ ȕțȎ-
ȕȣȔ ȗȖȔȍșȚȐȚȤ
ǵȈȠȓȐ ȟțȌȍșȕțȦ șȚȈȚȤȦ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ Ȗȉ ǨșȍȍȊȍ ǪȣȠȓȦ Ȋ șȓȍȌțȦȡȍȔ
ȗȐșȤȔȍ
11.
25.VI.68
©ǩȣȓȈ Țȣ Ȋșȍȝ ȧȘȟȍ ȊȍȘȕȍȑ Ȑ ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȕȍȑ
ǵȍ ȒȓȧȕȐ Ȏȍ Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȍ ȒȓȧȕȐª
ǲȖȕȍȟȕȖ Ȏȍ ǰȘȖȟȒȈ ȌȖȘȖȋȈȧ ȔȖȧ ȧ ȗȖȔȕȦ Ȗ ǪȈș Ȋșȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ țȎȍ ȗȖ ȖȌ-
ȕȖȔț ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȖȟȍȕȤ șȐȓȤȕȖ ȎȍȓȈȦ ǪȈȔ șȟȈșȚȤȧ ǰ ȍȡȍ ȘȈȏ șȟȈșȚȤȧ ǪȖ ȊșȨȔ
<…>
ǵȖ ȊȖȚ ȏȈȊȚȘȈ ț ǪȈș ȏȈȡȐȚȈ ȇ ȕȍ șȖȔȕȍȊȈȦșȤ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȗȘȖȑȌȍȚ ȖȚȓȐȟȕȖ
ȕȖ ȊșȨ Ȏȍ ȝȖȟț ȟȚȖȉȣ Ǫȣ ȏȕȈȓȐ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȥȚȖȚ ȌȍȕȤ ȧ ȉțȌț ș ǪȈȔȐ — ȕȈ ȖȌȕȖȑ
ȊȖȓȕȍ ȕȖ ȕȍ ȒȈȒ ȊșȍȋȌȈ Ȉ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ!
ǬȖȘȖȋȈȧ ȌȍȊȖȟȒȈ ǪȈȔ ȗȘȍȌșȚȖȧȚ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȍ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȣ ȗțșȚȤ ȖȕȐ ȉțȌțȚ ȏȈ-
ȓȖȋȖȔ șȊȍȚȓȖȋȖ ȉțȌțȡȍȋȖ
ǷȘȐȍȝȈȚȤ ȕȍ șȔȖȋț șȈȔȖȟțȊșȚȊȐȍ ȕȍ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȍȚ ǶȟȍȕȤ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȈ ȏȈ
ȗȘȐȋȓȈȠȍȕȐȍ ǲȖȋȌȈ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȗȘȐȍȌț Ǩ ȗȖȒȈ ȞȍȓțȦ ǪȈș ȖȟȍȕȤ ȕȍȎȕȖ ȎȍȓȈȦ
ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȧ Ȋșȍȝ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȑ
ǹȊȍȚȈ Ȑ ȌȖȉȘȈ — ǪȈȔ ȊșȍȔ ǪȈȠȐȔ ȘȖȌȕȣȔ Ȑ ȉȓȐȏȒȐȔ ȊșȍȔț ȌȖȔț ǪȈȠȍ-
Ȕț
Ƕ <.>ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ
Ǹ S. ǵȈȗȐȠȐȚȍ ȕȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȓȈșȤ ȓȐ ȌȈȚȈ șȊȈȌȤȉȣ ȇ ȗȘȐȠȓȦ ȚȍȓȍȋȘȈȔȔț
ǵȈȌȍȦșȤ Ȋ ǺȈȓȓȐȕ" ǵȈ ȒȈȒțȦ ȜȈȔȐȓȐȦ"
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12.
19.II.70
ǴȖșȒȊȈ
ǬȖȘȖȋȈȧ ǰȘȖȟȒȈ!
ǶȚȊȍȟȈȦ ș ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ ȏȈȗȖȏȌȈȕȐȍȔ ȗȖȗȈȓȈ Ȋ ȗȖȚȖȒ ȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȐȏȕțȘȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ Ȓ ȚȖȔț Ȏȍ
ǬȈȊȕȖ ȕțȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȖȚȊȍȚȐȚȤ ǪȈȔ ȕȈ ȔȐȓȖȍ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ȕȖ ȗȖȊȍȘȤȚȍ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ-
ȓȈ ȉȖȓȍȓȈ ȚȘțȌȕȖ
ǶȚȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ Ǫȣ Ȕȍȕȧ ȖȏȈȌȈȟȐȓȐ ȇ ȊȍȌȤ ȌțȔȈȓȈ ȟȚȖ Ǫȣ Ȑ ǯȈȘȈ
ǫȘȐȋȖȘȤȍȊȕȈ ȖșȚȈȊȐȓȐ ȔȣșȓȤ Ȗ ȔȖȐȝ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧȝ ǷȖȥȚȖȔț ȒȖȋȌȈ ȎțȘȕȈ-
ȓȐșȚȣ Ȑȏ ǲȐȍȊȈ ȏȈȝȖȚȍȓȐ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȚȤ ȧ ȕȍ șȚȈȓȈ ȊȖȏȘȈȎȈȚȤ ©ǻȚȘȖª ȗȖȧȊȐ-
ȓȖșȤ Ȋ 1-ȑ ȒȕȐȎȒȍ ©ǸȈȌțȋȐª ȏȈ -ȑ ȋȖȌ ȕȖ ȉȖȋ ȔȖȑ ș ȒȈȒȐȔȐ ȒțȗȦȘȈȔȐ
ǬȈȎȍ ȔȖȐ șȕȖșȒȐ Ȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȟȈȕȐȧ ȕȍ țȞȍȓȍȓȐ
ǰȕȚȍȘȍșȕȍȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȖȌȕȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ș ǪȈȠȐȔ ȗȐșȤȔȖȔ ȐȘȒțȚȧȕȍ șȚȈȓȐ
ȗȘȖșȐȚȤ Ȗ ȚȖȔ Ȏȍ ȝȖȚȧȚ ȗȍȟȈȚȈȚȤ ț șȍȉȧ ǷȖȓȈȋȈȦ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȖȉȘȈȉȖȚȒȍ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȋȖ
ȚȈȓȈȕȚȓȐȊȖȋȖ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌȈ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȑ ȕȈȔ ș ǪȈȔȐ ǰȘȐȕȣ ǫ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ
ȔȕȖȋȖ ȊȣȐȋȘȈȓ ȉȣ ǲ ȚȖȔț Ȏȍ ș ȜȖȚȖȋȘȈȜȐȧȔȐ
Ǩ ȟȚȖ — ȔȖȎȍȚ ȖȚȌȈȚȤ ȐȔ ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ǹȐȉȐȘȤ Ȉ ǪȈȔ ȌȖȉȈȊȐȚȤ ǳȈȘȐ-
șț ǸȍȑșȕȍȘ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ ȀȒȓȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ȌȘ
A propos Ȋ ȌȍȒȈȉȘȍ șȕȐȔȈȓȐ ȕȈș ǨșȍȍȊț ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊț Ȑ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȋ ȚȍȓȍȊȐ-
ȏȐȖȕȕȖȔ ȜȐȓȤȔȍ Ȗ ȋȘțȗȗȍ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª — Ȗȕ ȉțȌȍȚ ȋȖȚȖȊ Ȋ ȔȈȍ
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ǲȖȡțȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ șȓȖȊȈ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȧ ǪȈș ©ȕȍ ȘȈȏȓȦȉȓȧȓȈª Ǫȣ țȗȖȚȘȍ-
ȉȐȓȐ ȊȐȌȐȔȖ Ȋ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ țȗȈȌȒȈ Ǩȝ Ȉȝ — ȕț ȘȈȏȊȍ ȥȚȖ ȊȖȏȔȖȎ-
ȕȖ" ǵȍȚ ȌȖȘȖȋȈȧ țȎ ȍșȓȐ ȧ ȊȗțșȚȐȓȈ ǪȈș Ȋ șȊȖȍ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȚȖ ȗȘȐȌȍȚșȧ ǪȈȔ
ȗȘȍȉȣȊȈȚȤ Ȋ ȕȍȔ Ȑ ȊȗȘȍȌȤ
ȇ ȊșȨ ȗȖȔȕȦ ȎȍȓȈȦ ǪȈȔ șȟȈșȚȤȧ Ȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ țȌȈȟ — ȊȖ ȊșȨȔ ǾȍȓțȦ ǪȈș
ǷȘȐȊȍȚ ǯȈȘȍ ǫȘȐȋȖȘȤȍȊȕȍ
ǪȈȠȈ ǶȓȤȋȈ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ
ǩȈȕȌȍȘȖȓȤ ș ȎțȘȕȈȓȖȔ ȊȣȠȓȦ ȕȈ Ȍȕȧȝ
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334
13.
ǨȗȘȍȓȤ 
ǴȖșȒȊȈ
ǬȖȘȖȋȈȧ ǰȘȖȟȒȈ ǷȖȓțȟȐȓȈ ǪȈȠȍ ȔȐȓȖȍ-ȔȐȓȖȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȌȖȉȘȖȍ Ȑ țȔȕȖȍ
ȗȐșȤȔȖ ǹȗȈșȐȉȖ ȏȈ ȓȈșȒț ǻȋȖȊȈȘȐȊȈȚȤ Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȍ ȕȈȌȖ ȇ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȝȖȚȍȓȈ ȉȣ șȌȍ-
ȌȈȚȤ ȊșȨ Ȗ ȟȍȔ Ǫȣ ȗȐȠȍȚȍ. ǬȈȊȕȖ ȝȖȟț Ȑ ȒȖȍ-ȟȚȖ șȌȍȓȈȓȈ ǵȖ ǶȗȧȚȤ ȕȈ Ȕȍ-
ȕȧ ȗȖȊȈȓȐȓȐșȤ ©ȠȐȠȒȐª ǷȐȠț ǪȈȔ Ȑȏ ȋȐȗșȖȊȖȋȖ ȗȓȍȕȈ  ȜȍȊȘȈȓȧ țȗȈȓȈ
ȖȟȍȕȤ țȠȐȉȓȈ ȒȖȓȍȕȖ ǹȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȕȍ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȓȈșȤ Ȓ ȊȘȈȟț ȌțȔȈȓȈ ȟȚȖ ©ȚȈȒ ȏȈ-
ȎȐȊȍȚª ȕȖ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ ȗȖȑȚȐ Ȓ ȝȐȘțȘȋț ǸȍȕȚȋȍȕ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓ ȘȈȏȘȣȊ ȒȖ-
ȓȍȕȕȣȝ șȊȧȏȖȒ — ȊșȦ ȕȖȋț ȏȈȒȖȊȈȓȐ Ȋ ȋȐȗș ǭșȓȐ Ǫȣ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȚȍ ȟȚȖ ț Ȕȍȕȧ
ȗȍȘȍȌ ȥȚȐȔ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȍȓȈȌȣ ș șȍȘȌȞȍȔ Ȑ ȚȧȎȍȓȈȧ ȋȘȐȗȗȖȏȕȈȧ ȏȐȔȈ ȚȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈ-
ȊȐȚȍ șȍȉȍ ȊȖ ȟȚȖ ȧ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȚȐȓȈșȤ ǹȍȑȟȈș ȗȖȓțȟȈȦ ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȣȍ ȗȖȘȞȐȐ ǻǪǿ.
ǷȖȍȏȌȒȐ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȏȈȚȘțȌȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣ ȘȈȏȉȐȊȈȦȚ ȊȍșȤ ȌȍȕȤ Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȧ țȎȍ ȊȣȌȖȝ-
ȓȈșȤ.  ȕȍȌȍȓȐ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȎȐȓȈ ȌȊȖȦȘȖȌȕȈȧ șȍșȚȘȈ ǹȍȑȟȈș șȖ ȔȕȖȑ șȣȕ — ȗȘȐ-
ȍȝȈȓ ȕȈ ȕȍȌȍȓȦ Ȋ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȐȘȖȊȒț ȕȍȌȈȊȕȖ ȊȣȠȍȓ Ȑȏ ȋȖșȗȐȚȈȓȧ
28-ȋȖ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈ ș ȝȐȘțȘȋȖȔ Ǩȝ ȒȈȒ ȝȖȟȍȚșȧ ȖșȊȖȉȖȌȐȚȤșȧ ȖȚ ȋȐȗșȈ
ǲȈȒ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȟȚȖ Ǫȣ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȐȚȍ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȋ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȐ — ȏȘȍȓȐȡȍ ȕȍ Ȑȏ ȗȘȐȧȚȕȣȝ
ǰȘȖȟȒȈ ȗȖȊȍȘȤȚȍ ȟȚȖ ȧ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȝȖȚȍȓȈ ȉȣ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȐȚȤ șȊȖȐ ȖȉȍȡȈȕȐȧ ǵȖ
ȊȖȚ ȒȈȒȈȧ ȧ ȕȈ șȍȋȖȌȕȧȠȕȐȑ ȌȍȕȤ
ǾȍȓțȦ ǪȈș ǷțșȚȤ Ȋ ȌȖȔȍ ǪȈȠȍȔ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȖȉȐȚȈȦȚ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ Ȑ șȟȈșȚȤȍ ǽȖȘȖ-
Ƞȍȑ Ȋȍșȕȣ ǪȈȔ ǭȡȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ ȍȡȍ ȓțȟȠȐȝ țșȗȍȝȖȊ ȎȍȓȈȦ ǪȈȔ ǪȈȠȈ ǶȓȤȋȈ
ǫȍȖȘȋȐȍȊȕȈ
ǭȡȍ ȘȈȏ șȗȈșȐȉȖ ȏȈ ȟțȌȍșȕȖȍ ȗȐșȤȔȖ
14.
17.II.74
ǴȖșȒȊȈ
ǴȐȓȈȧ ȔȐȓȈȧ ȔȖȧ ȟțȌȍșȕȈȧ ǰȘȖȟȒȈ!
ǩȣȓȈ ȧ Ȋ ȖȚȢȍȏȌȍ ǷȖȓțȟȐȓȈ ǪȈȠȍ ȌȖȘȖȋȖȍ ȗȐșȤȔȖ Ȋ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ ȖȗȖȏȌȈȕȐȍȔ,
— ȊȖȚ ȗȐȠț șȍȑȟȈș Ȉ Ǫȣ ȕȍȌȖțȔȍȊȈȍȚȍ ȗȖȟȍȔț ȚȈȒȈȧ ȏȈȌȍȘȎȒȈ ǶȟȍȕȤ ȗȘȖ-
Ƞț ȕȍ șțȌȐȚȍ șȚȘȖȋȖ
ǩȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȘȈȌȈ ȟȚȖ Ǫȣ țȏȕȈȓȐ șȐȓț ȔȈȚȍȘȐȕșȒȖȋȖ ȟțȊșȚȊȈ țȏȕȈȓȐ Ȋ
ȟȍȔ ȍȋȖ șȔȣșȓ Ȑ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȚȘȍȗȍȚ Ȑ ȉȖȓȤ
ǹȟȈșȚȤȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ șȟȈșȚȤȧ ȔȖȍȑ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȖȑ ȚȍȏȒȍ ǲȈȒ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȤȍ ȒȘȖȠȒȐ

335
Ȑ ȔȈȔȣ" ǽȊȈȚȈȍȚ ȓȐ ȔȖȓȖȒȈ" ǲȈȒ șȗȘȈȊȓȧȍȚȍșȤ ș ȚȘțȌȕȖșȚȧȔȐ" ǪȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ șȖ-
ȋȓȈșȕȖ ȌȘȍȊȕȐȔ ȎȐȏȕȍȕȕȣȔ țșȚȖȧȔ ȕȈ ȗȖȔȖȡȤ ȗȘȐȠȓȈ Ȋșȧ șȍȔȤȧ Ȋșȍ ȕȈ
ȕȖȋȈȝ ȊșȨ Ȋ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȐ ǲȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȘȈȌȐ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȒȈ ȊșȨ Ȋ ȌȖȔȍ ȗȍ-
ȘȍȊȍȘȕțȓȖșȤ — Ȑ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȑ ȊȍȡȐ Ȑ ȟțȊșȚȊȈ ǵȍ ȗțȋȈȑȚȍșȤ ȟȚȖ șȚȈȓȖ ȚȘțȌȕȖ
ǪșȨ ȖȉȖȑȌȍȚșȧ
ǷȘȖȠț ȗȍȘȍȌȈȚȤ ȔȖȐ ȗȖȏȌȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ǶȓȍȕȤȒȐȕȖȔț ȗȈȗȍ Ȓ șȖȎȈȓȍȕȐȦ ȕȍ
ȏȕȈȦ ȒȈȒ ȍȋȖ ȐȔȧ ȖȚȟȍșȚȊȖ ǭȔț ȚȖȎȍ ȊȍȌȤ ȌȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ ǷȘȐȊȍȚșȚȊțȦ Ȋșȍȝ Ȋ
ȊȈȠȍȑ șȍȔȤȍ
Ǩȝ ǰȘȈ ǰȘȈ Ǫȣ ȊȍȘȕȣ șȍȉȍ ȍȓȍ țșȗȍȓȈ ȊȣȌȍȘȎȈȚȤ șȊȖȑ șȈȔȣȑ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȑ
ȥȒȏȈȔȍȕ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȒȈȒ țȎȍ ȖȌȖȓȍȊȈȦȚ ȔȣșȓȐ Ȗ ȌȐșșȍȘȚȈȞȐȐ Ȗ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧȝ
Ȑ ȍȡȍ Ȗ ȟȍȔ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȉȍȏțșȓȖȊȕȖȔ Ȑ ȖȉȧȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȔ Ǫȣ — șȈȔȣȑ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȐȑ
ȗȘȐȘȖȎȌȍȕȕȣȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌ — ȊȖȚ ȖȕȖ ȟȚȖ
ǵȍ ȚȈȒ ȌȈȊȕȖ ǪȈȠȍ ȐȔȧ ȗȘȖȔȍȓȤȒȕțȓȖ Ȋ ©ǳǫª ȕȍ ȗȖȔȕȦ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȧ șȚȈ-
ȚȤȐ ǸȈȏȋȖȊȖȘ Ƞȍȓ Ȗ ǩțȓȋȈȒȖȊȍ ǩȣȓȖ ȗȍȘȍȟȐșȓȍȕȐȍ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȏȈȕȐ-
ȔȈȦȡȐȝșȧ ȍȋȖ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖȔ ǰ ȥȚȖ ȕȈȗȖȓȕȐȓȖ ȔȖȍ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȋȖȘȌȖșȚȤȦ ȏȈ ǪȈș
19.II.74.
Ƕ șȍȉȍ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȕȍȟȍȋȖ ǬȍȊȖȟȒȐ Ȑȏ ǺȈȘȚț ȉȣȓȐ ț Ȕȍȕȧ Ȋ ȌȍȒȈȉȘȍ ǷȘȖȊȍȓȐ
ȊȔȍșȚȍ ȊȍșȤ ȌȍȕȤ ǶȕȐ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȓȐșȤ ȊșȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȔȖȋȓȖ ȉȣ ȗȖșȓțȎȐȚȤ
ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȔ Ȍȓȧ ȒȖȔȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȍȊ ǲȖȍ-ȟȚȖ ȧ ȐȔ ȌȈȓȈ ȒȖȍ-ȟȚȖ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓȈ ȖȕȐ
Ȋșȍ șȚȈȘȈȓȐșȤ ȏȈȗȐșȈȚȤ ȒȖȍ Ȗ ȟȍȔ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȈȓȈ Ȑ ȍȡȍ ȗȖȖȉȍȡȈȓȈ ȌȖșȓȈȚȤ ȖȚ-
ȊȍȚȐȚȤ ȕȈ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȐȔȐ ȊȖȗȘȖșȖȊ ǶȕȐ ȝȖȚȍȓȐ ȉȣȚȤ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȗȖ-
șȓȍ șȍșșȐȐ ȗȖ ȌȖȘȖȋȍ ȌȖȔȖȑ ȐȓȐ ȕȈ ȖȉȘȈȚȕȖȔ ȗțȚȐ ȕȖ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȔȐȓȖȋȖ ȗȖȏȌ-
ȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ș ȕȖȊȣȔ ȋȖȌȖȔ ȖȚ ȕȐȝ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ǪȖȖȉȡȍ ȖȕȐ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȓȐ ȝȖ-
ȘȖȠȍȍ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ ȊȐȌȕȈ ȏȈȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ ȇ ȗȘȖșȐȓȈ Ȑȝ șȒȈ-
ȏȈȚȤ ǯȈȘȍ ǫȘȐȋȖȘȤȍȊȕȍ ȟȚȖ ȚȈ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȤ ȟȚȖ ț ȕȍȍ ȕțȎȌȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȐșȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȐ
ǻ Ȕȍȕȧ ȍșȚȤ ȌȖȉȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȓ ȗȘȍȎȕȍȔț ȕȈȗȘ Ȋ ȋȓȈȊȒȍ Ȗȉ ȅȑȏȍȕȠȚȍȑȕȍ ȒțșȖȒ Ȗ
ǫȓȐȏȍȘ șȖ șȚȐȝȈȔȐ ȍȑ Ȏȍ ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȌȖȉȈȊȒȐ Ȗȉ ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȖȔ ǴȕȖȋȖȍ
ȕȈȌȖ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȤ ȊȖȊșȍ ȗȖȌȗȘȈȊȐȚȤ ǸȈȏțȔȍȍȚșȧ Ȕȕȍ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐ-
ȔȖ ȌȈȚȤ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȤ Ȋ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȔ ȍȍ Ț ȍ ȔȖȍȔ ȊȈȘȐȈȕȚȍ Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ
ȍȍ ȗȖșȓȍ ȘȍȌȈȒȚȖȘșȒȖȑ ȗȘȈȊȒȐ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ǰȘȖȟȒȈ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȋȖȚȖȊȐȚȤ Ȍȓȧ ǪȈș ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȔ ȊȐȌȍ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȉț-
ȌȍȚ — ȕȈȠ ș ǪȈȔȐ ȕȍșȒȖȕȟȈȍȔȣȑ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘ ǷȘȧȔȖ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦ ȟȚȖ ȌȍȓȈȚȤ ǲȈȒ
ȉȣȚȤ" ǵȈȝȖȎțșȤ Ȋ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȕȍȘȍȠȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ǶȗȧȚȤ ȖȌȖȓȍȊȈȦȚ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȧ
— șȊȖȍȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ȓȐ" ǰȓȐ ȕȈȌȖ ȍȡȍ ȗȖȌȖȎȌȈȚȤ" ǫȖȊȖȘȧȚ ȗȖ-ȘȈȏȕȖȔț
ǲȈȒ ȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ ȉȣ ȗȖȊȐȌȈȚȤșȧ ș ǪȈȔȐ ǷȖȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȖȉșțȌȐȚȤ ȕȍ ȕȈ ȉțȔȈȋȍ
Ȑ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȗ ȌȍȓȈȝ Ȉ șȐȌȧ ȕȈ ȐșȗȣȚȈȕȕȖȑ ©țȒțȠȍȚȒȍª — ȖȉȖ ȊșȨȔ ȖȉȖ ȊșȨȔ
ǯȊȖȕȐȓȐ Ȕȕȍ Ȑȏ ǹȐȉȐȘȐ ȗȘȖșȧȚ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ ȕȖ ȧ ȊȍȌȤ ȕȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȕȐȞȈ — ȘȈȏ-
ȌȍȓȦ ȍȋȖ ȗȖ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖșȚȐ ǾȍȓțȦ ǪȈș ǪșȍȋȌȈ ǪȈȠȈ Ƕ <.> ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ

336
15.
1974
ǬȖȘȖȋȈȧ ǰȘȖȟȒȈ
ǷȖȏȌȘȈȊȓȧȦ ǪȈș ș ȟțȌȍșȕȣȔȐ ȊȍșȍȕȕȐȔȐ ȗȘȈȏȌȕȐȒȈȔȐ ǴȐȘȈ ǹȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐ-
ȊȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȊșȍȖȉȡȍȑ ǳȦȉȊȐ
ȅȚȖȚ ȋȖȌ — Ȍȓȧ ǪȈș ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȣȑ ǽȖȟț ȗȖȎȍȓȈȚȤ ǪȈȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ ȘȈȌȖșȚȍȑ Ȉ
ǶȓȍȕȤȒȍ ȝȖȘȖȠȍȋȖ ȘȖșȚȈ ǪȍȌȤ ȖȕȈ — țȎȍ șȖȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍȒ șȖ ȊșȍȔȐ
șȊȖȐȔȐ ȖȡțȡȍȕȐȧȔȐ Ȑ ȔȣșȓȧȔȐ ǪȍȌȤ Ȕȣ ȍȡȍ ȚȈȒ ȔȈȓȖ ȏȕȈȍȔ ȒȈȒ ȊȖȏȕȐ-
ȒȈȦȚ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ țȔȖȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧ ǰȚȈȒ ȌȈ ȏȌȘȈȊșȚȊțȍȚ ǶȓȍȕȤȒȐȕȖ ȌȍȚ-
șȚȊȖ ȌȈ ȏȌȘȈȊșȚȊțȍȚ ȍȍ ȘȖșȚ
ǻ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȋșȍ ȗȖ-ȗȘȍȎȕȍȔț ȊȍȘȕȍȍ ©ȗȖ-șȚȈȘȖȔțª ǷȓȖȝȈȧ ȊȍȡȤ ©șȚȈȘȖșȚȤª
ǵȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖ ȖȉȕȈȘțȎȐȓȖșȤ ȕȈȟȈȓȖ ȒȈȚȈȘȈȒȚȣ ǰ ȕȈȟȈȓȐșȤ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȧ
ǷȘȈȊȌȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȈ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȤ ȋȓȈȏ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȖ ȕȖ ȊșȨ
Ȏȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍ ȚȈȒ țȎ ȗȘȐȧȚȕȖ țȏȕȈȚȤ Ȗ ȕȍȑ
Ǻ Ȓ ȧ ȗȖ ȕȈȚțȘȍ ȕȍ ȗȍșșȐȔȐșȚȒȈ ȓȦȉȓȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ — șȚȈȘȈȦșȤ ȕȍ țȕȣȊȈȚȤ Ȑ
ȖȉȘȈȏȈ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȕȍ ȔȍȕȧȦ ȟȐȚȈȦ Ȑ ȗȐȠț ǩȍȏ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȔȖȋț ȕȐȒȈȒ ǹȖ șȊȖȐȔȐ
ȌȍȊȖȟȒȈȔȐ Ȑȏ ǺȈȘȚț șȊȧȏȤ ȌȍȘȎț ǵȍȌȈȊȕȖ ȖȚȖșȓȈȓȈ ȐȔ ȖȚȊȍȚȣ ȕȈ Ȑȝ ȊȖȗȘȖ-
șȣ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȖȉȢȍȔȕȣȍ Ȉ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȍȕȍȑ ȗȖȠȓȦ Ȑ șȊȖȐ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȑȠȐȍ
ȌȖȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȧ Ǭȓȧ șȊȖȍȑ ȒțȘșȖȊȖȑ ȌȍȊȖȟȒȐ ȗȐȠțȚ ȒȖȔȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȑ Ȓ ȔȖȍȑ ȗȘȍȎ-
ȕȍȑ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȐ ș ȌȖȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȧȔȐ Ȉ Ȍȓȧ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ ȧ ȗȘȐȠȓȦ țȎȍ ȕȖȊȣȑ ȊȈȘȐȈȕȚ
©ǪȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȑª
ǶȟȍȕȤ ȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ ȉȣ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ǪȈș ȔȖȑ ȔȐȓȣȑ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȑ ȌȘțȋ ǲȖȋȌȈ Ǫȣ ȉțȌȍ-
Țȍ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ" <…>
ǷȐȠȐȚȍ ǰȘȖȟȒȈ Ȗ șȍȉȍ ȖȉȖ ȊșȍȔ ǾȍȓțȦ ǪȈș ǷȘȐȊȍȚ ǪȈȠȐȔ ȉȓȐȏȒȐȔ
ǪȈȠȈ ǶȓȤȋȈ ǫȍȖȘȋȐȍȊȕȈ
16.
20.VII.75
ǴȖșȒȊȈ
ǬȖȘȖȋȈȧ ǰȘȖȟȒȈ
ȔȖȐ ȟțȊșȚȊȈ Ȓ ǪȈȔ ȕȍȐȏȔȍȕȕȣ ǲȈȒ Ǫȣ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȗȖȌțȔȈȚȤ ȐȕȈȟȍ" ǸȈȏțȔȍȍȚ-

337
șȧ ȘȈȌȈ ȉțȌț ȖȟȍȕȤ ȘȈȌȈ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ǪȈș ȇ ȕȐȒțȌȈ ȕȍ țȍȌț Ȋ ȈȊȋțșȚȍ ȗȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ
ȔȍȘȍ șȍȑȟȈș ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȕȈȔȍȟȈȍȚșȧ
ǵȈȗȐȠȐȚȍ ȏȈȘȈȕȍȍ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȈȌțȔȈȍȚȍ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȚȤ ȊȌȘțȋ ȕȍ -ȋȖ Ȉ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȐȍ
ȟȐșȓȈ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȧ ȔȖȋȓȈ ȎȌȈȚȤ ǪȈȠȍȋȖ ȏȊȖȕȒȈ Ǩ ȚȖ șȍȑȟȈș ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȈ ȟȈșȚȖ ȉȣ-
ȊȈȍȚ ȗțșȚȈ Ȑ ȚȍȓȍȜȖȕȕȣȑ ȏȊȖȕȖȒ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȉȍȏ ȖȚȊȍȚȈ ȇ ȔȖȋț ȖȒȈ-
ȏȈȚȤșȧ ȕȍ ȌȖȔȈ — șȣȕ ȎȐȊȍȚ ȗȖȌ ǴȖșȒȊȖȑ ǺȈȔ ȚȍȓȍȜȖȕȈ ȕȍȚ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ Ȗȕ
șȒȖȘȖ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚ ȕȖȊțȦ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘț
<…>
ǿțȌȍșȕȖȍ ȓȍȚȖ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȚ ȔȐȔȖ Ȕȍȕȧ ǸȈȉȖȚȈȦ ȕȈȌ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȐșȈȕȐȕȖȑ țȘȣȊ-
ȒȈȔȐ — șȈȔȈ țȌȐȊȓȧȦșȤ ȒȈȒ ȍȡȍ ȕȈȝȖȎț ȊȘȍȔȧ
ǪșȚȘȍȟȐ ș ǪȈȔȐ ȎȌț ǲȘȍȗȒȖ ȞȍȓțȦ ǪȈș ǶȓȍȕȤȒț ǪșȍȔ ȘȖȌȐȟȈȔ — ȔȖȐ ȗȘȐ-
ȊȍȚȣ
ǮȌț ǪȈȠȍȋȖ ȗȐșȤȔȈ
ǪȈȠȈ
ǶȓȤȋȈ ǫȍȖȘȋȐȍȊȕȈ
17.
26.I.79.
ǬȖȘȖȋȈȧ ǰȘȖȟȒȈ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈȌȖșȚȐ ȌȖșȚȈȊȐȓȈ Ȕȕȍ ǪȈȠȈ ȕȖȊȖȋȖȌȕȧȧ ȖȚȒȘȣ-
ȚȖȟȒȈ ǸȈȌȖșȚȐ — Ȋ ȗȍȘȊțȦ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ ȏȈ ǪȈș ȏȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȊȖȚ ȝȊȈȓȦ ǪȈș ȏȈ ȥȚȖ
ȗȖȧȊȐȓșȧ ǬȐȔȖȟȒȈ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȟȚȖ Ǫȣ Ȋ ǺȈȓȓȐȕȍ — ȊȍȌȤ ȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȚșȧ ȍȡȍ ȒȈȎȍȚ-
șȧ ȔȍșȧȞȍȊ - ǪȈȔ ȕȍ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȚȈȒ ȓȐ"
ǪȚȖȘȈȧ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ — ȔȖȧ Ǫȣ Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȍ ȏȈȉȣȓȐ ȊșȨ ȍȡȍ ȝȘȈȕȐȚȍ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈ-
ȕȐȧ ǺȍȗȓȖ Ȕȕȍ șȚȈȓȖ ȖȚ ȥȚȖȋȖ Ǵȣ ȝȖȚȧ Ȑ ȘȍȌȒȖ ȊȐȌȍȓȐșȤ ȕȖ Ȋ Ȕȣșȓȧȝ Ȗȉ-
ȘȈȏ ǪȈȠ ȗȖșȍȡȈȍȚ Ȕȍȕȧ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȟȈșȚȖ
<…>
ȇ șȚȈȘȍȦ ǫȓȈȏȈ Ȕȍȕȧ ȖȋȖȘȟȈȦȚ ǪșȍȔ ȖȕȐ ȕțȎȕȣ — Ȑ Ȕțȝȍ Ȑ Șȣȉȍ Ȑ ȟȍ-
ȓȖȊȍȒț — Ȉ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚȖȘț ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ șȈȔȐ ȏȕȈȍȚȍ ǳȍȊȣȑ ȋȓȈȏ Ȕȍȕȧ ȗȖȌȊȖȌȐȚ Ȉ
ȗȘȈȊȣȑ — ȔȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȒ Ȑ ȌȘțȋ ȗȖȒȈ ȌȍȘȎțșȤ ȕȈ ȕȨȔ
ǹȍȑȟȈș ȜȖȘșȐȘțȍȚșȧ ȕȈȠ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ ȊȖșȗ-<ȖȔȐȕȈȕȐ>ȑ Ȗȉ ǨșȍȍȊȍ ǬȖȉȈȊȐ-
ȓȐșȤ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȣ ǰ ȧ ȗȘȐșȖȍȌȐȕȧȦ ȒȖȍ-ȟȚȖ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ Ȓ ȗȘȍȎ-
ȕȍȔț
ǲȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ǫȖșțȌ ȐȏȌ-ȊȖ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȐȓȖ ǲȖȔȐșșȐȐ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȏȈȧȊȒț ȕȈ -ȚȖȔ-
ȕȖȍ șȖȉȘ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȑ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ǪȍȌȤ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȋȖȌț ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȦ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ  ȓȍȚ ǯȈȧȊ-
Ȓț Ȕȣ ȗȖȌȗȐșȈȓȐ ǶȕȈ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȈ ȗȖȠȓȈ Ȋ ȌȍȓȖ

Ǫ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȔ ȋȖȌț ȔȖȐ ȌȍȊȖȟȒȐ ȕȈȗȐșȈȓȐ Ȕȕȍ Ȗ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȐ ǯ ǫ ȗȍȟȈȚȈȚȤ ȔȖȐ
ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ Ȋ ȐȔȍȦȡȍȔșȧ ț ȕȍȨ ȊȈȘȐȈȕȚȍ ȕȖ Ț Ȓ ȗȘȖȠȓȖ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ,
ȧ ȘȈȉȖȚț ȌȖȗȖȓȕȐȓȈ ȕȖȊȣȔȐ ȐȔȍȕȈȔȐ ȒȈȒ Ȕȣ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȓȐ ȧ ȕȈȗȐșȈȓȈ
ǯ ǫ ȗȐșȤȔȖ șȖȖȉȡȐȓȈ ȖȉȖ ȊșȨȔ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȘȐȓȖȎȐȊ Ȋ ȗȖȌȈȘȖȒ ȍȑ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȖȔț
ȉȓȖȒȖȊȍȌț  șȊȖȐȝ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȕȣȝ ǩȓȖȒț
ǲ șȖȎȈȓȍȕȐȦ ȧ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦ ȌȖȠȓȖ ȓȐ ȌȖ ȕȍȍ ȚȖ ȏȈȒȈȏȕȖȍ ȗȐșȤȔȖ
Ț Ȓ ȖȚȊȍȚȈ ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ ȧ ȕȍ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȈ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȘȈȏ șȗȘȈȊȓȧȓȈșȤ ȕȈ ȗȖȟȚȍ ȈȌȘȍș
șȊȖȑ ȖșȚȈȊȐȓȈ ǯ ǫ ©ȌȖ ȊȖșȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȧª ȗȖȚȖȔț! ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ȌȖȔȈ ȉȣ-
ȊȈȚȤ ȔȈȓȖ țȍȏȎȈȓȈ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈȔȐ Ȓ șȣȕț Ȋ ǷȖȌȔȖșȒȖȊȤȍ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦ ȒȈȒ Ȕȕȍ ȉȣȚȤ ș ȕȖȊȖȑ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȤȦ" ǷȖșȣȓȈȚȤ ȍȍ ǯ ǫ Ȋ
ǺȈȘȚț ȐȓȐ ȕȍȚ" ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ Ǫȣ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȍȚȍșȤ" ǹȗȘȖșȐȚȍ ȗȖȎȈȓțȑșȚȈ ȟȚȖ ǯ ǫ
Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȌțȔȈȍȚ" ǶȟȍȕȤ ȗȘȖȠț ǪȈș ȕȈȗȐȠȐȚȍ Ȕȕȍ
ǩțȌȤȚȍ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȣ ȉȓȈȋȖȗȖȓțȟȕȣ
ǾȍȓțȦ ǪȈș ǷȘȐȊȍȚ Ȑ ȓțȟȠȐȍ ȗȖȎȍȓȈȕȐȧ ȊșȍȔ ȟȈȌȈȔ Ȑ ȌȖȔȖȟȈȌȞȈȔ
ǪȈȠȈ
ǶȓȤȋȈ ǫȍȖȘȋȐȍȊȕȈ

339
   § ª
»«½µ³´ ¬³¹®»«¿³Â°¼µ³´ ¹Â°»µ
ǷȖȥȚ ȒȘȐȚȐȒ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȐȟ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ șȖȋȓȈșȕȖ
ȈȊȚȖȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ Ȑ șȍȔȍȑȕȣȔ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧȔ ȘȖȌȐȓșȧ  ȕȖȧȉȘȧ  ȋ Ȋ Ƿȍ-
ȚȍȘȉțȘȋȍ Ȋ șȍȔȤȍ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȐȕȎȍȕȍȘȈ Ȑȏ ȓȈȚȣȠȍȑ1 ȎȍȕȈȚȖȋȖ ȕȈ Ǫ Ǩ ǬȐ-
ȒȖȊȖȑ2. ǷȖșȓȍ șȔȍȘȚȐ ȖȚȞȈ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒȈ ȗȖȧȊȐȓșȧ ȖȚȟȐȔ — ȌȈȕȚȐșȚ
ȘȈȉȖȚȈȊȠȐȑ ȗȘȐ ǩȈȓȚȐȑșȒȖȔ șțȌȖșȚȘȖȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȔ ȏȈȊȖȌȍ Ȉ ș  ȋ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȊ-
ȠȐȑșȧ ȟȈșȚȕȖȑ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒȖȑ
1 ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɭɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɢ ɷɬɨ — ɠɢɜɲɢɣ ɧɚ -ɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜ-
ɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ ȽɚɧɫɨɜɢɱȺɧɬɨɧɨɜɢɱ ɋɢɥɨ ɱɶɟ ɢɦɹ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢ-
ɤɚɯ ȼɟɫɶ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ ɡɚ - ɝɝ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɧ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɣ ɧɚ ɠɟɥɟɡ-
ɧɨɣ ɞɨɪɨɝɟ ɋɟɞɶɦɚɹ ɝɢɦɧɚɡɢɹ ɝɞɟ ɭɱɢɥɫɹ ɋɢɥɥɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɚ ɭɝɥɭ Ȼɨɥɶ-
ɲɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɚ ɢ -ɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ
2 ȼ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɟ ɞɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɨɬ  ɹɧɜ  ɝ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɤɚɤ ©ȼɟɪɚ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɟɜɧɚ Ⱦɢɤɨɜɚ  ɥɟɬª
ɫɥɭɠɚɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɜ Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɟ ɐȺ ɎɋȻ Ⱦɟɥɨ Ɋ- Ʉɨɩɢɹ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɜɟ Ʌ Ɉ ɑɟɪ-
ɧɟɣɤɨ

340
Ǫ  ȋ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȗȖșȚțȗȐȓ Ȋ -Ȧ ȋȐȔȕȈȏȐȦ Ȋ  ȋ ©ȗȖ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȦ ȘȖȌȐȚȍ-
ȓȍȑª3 ȊȐȌȐȔȖ ȎȍȓȈȊȠȐȝ țȉȍȘȍȟȤ ȦȕȖȠț ȖȚ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȣȝ ȗȖȚȘȧșȍȕȐȑ
ȉȣȓ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȓȍȕ ȊȖ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒ ȒțȌȈ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȓ ȟȍȘȍȏ ǭȒȈȚȍȘȐȕȉțȘȋ Ǫ  ȋ
ȏȈȒȖȕȟȐȓ ȋȐȔȕȈȏȐȦ ȊȖ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȍ ȗȘȖȉȈȊȓȧȓșȧ ȘȍȗȍȚȐȚȖȘșȚȊȖȔ Ȑ ȉȣșȚ-
ȘȖ ȗȘȐȔȒȕțȓ Ȓ ȕȈȉȐȘȈȊȠȍȔț șȐȓț ȈȊȈȕȋȈȘȌȕȖȔț ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȦ ǷȘȐȔȖȘȤȧ
ǲȈȒ ȗȖȥȚ șȚȐȝȐ Ȗȕ ȕȈȟȈȓ ȗȐșȈȚȤ ȍȡȍ ȕȈ ȋȐȔȕȈȏȐȟȍșȒȖȑ șȒȈȔȤȍ ǹȐȓ-
ȓȖȊ ȚȧȋȖȚȍȓ Ȓ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔț ǲțȔȐȘȈȔȐ ȍȋȖ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȜțȚțȘȐșȚȖȊ
ǬȈȓȤȕȍȋȖ ǪȖșȚȖȒȈ șȚȈȓȐ Ǫ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ Ȑ Ǫ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊ; Ȋ ȍȋȖ șȚȐȝȈȝ ȔȖȎ-
ȕȖ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȐȚȤ Ȑ ȖȚȋȖȓȖșȒȐ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊȈ Ǭ ǩțȘȓȦȒȈ Ȑ ǹ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ ǩțȘȓȦȒ
șțȓȐȓ ǹȐȓȓȖȊț ȉȖȓȤȠȖȍ ȉțȌțȡȍȍ ©Ǫ ȕȍȔ ȕȈȔȍȚȐȓșȧ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȣȑ ȗȖȥȚ ȒȖȚȖ-
Șȣȑ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖ ǩȍȕȍȌȐȒȚț ǳȐȊȠȐȞț șțȔȍȍȚ Ȋ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȑȠȍȔ ȕȈȠț ȘțșșȒțȦ ȚȍȔ-
ȗȍȘȈȔȍȕȚȕȖșȚȤ ȊȓȐȚȤ Ȋ ȌȐșȞȐȗȓȐȕȣ ǯȈȗȈȌȈª4.
Ǫ  ȋ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȓ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȖȍ țȟȈșȚȐȍ Ȋ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȊȓȈȌȐȊȖș-
ȚȖȒșȒȖȋȖ ǳȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖ-ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȓ ș ȟȚȍȕȐȍȔ Ȝț-
ȚțȘȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ șȚȐȝȖȊ  ȖȒȚȧȉȘȧ  ȋ ȉȣȓ ȐȏȉȘȈȕ ȟȓȍȕȖȔ ȗȘȍȏȐȌȐțȔȈ
ǳǽǶ ȗȖȏȌȕȍȍ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓ ȗȖșȚ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȈ ȗȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȧ ǪȖȠȍȓ Ȋ șȚțȌȐȦ ȗȖȥ-
ȚȖȊ ȗȘȐ ǳǽǶ ǷțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȓșȧ Ȋ ȎțȘȕȈȓȍ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª șȚȈȚȤȧ Ȗ Ǭ ǴȍȘȍȎ-
ȒȖȊșȒȖȔ ©ǷȘȖȘȖȒ-ȔȍȚȈȜȐȏȐȒª ȋȈȏȍȚȍ ©ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȖȍ ȖȉȖȏȘȍȕȐȍª ȏȈȔȍȚ-
ȒȐ Ȗ ȊȍȟȍȘȈȝ ǳǽǶ șȚȈȚȤȧ ©ǷȖȥȏȐȧ Ǭ ǩțȘȓȦȒȈª ǹȍȒȘȍȚȈȘșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȕȍ ȚȖ Ȋ
ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȍ ȔȐȕȐșȚȍȘșȚȊȈ ȐȕȖșȚȘȈȕȕȣȝ Ȍȍȓ ǬǪǸ5 ȕȍ ȚȖ Ȋ «țȗȘȈȊȓȍ-
ȕȐȐ ȖșȖȉȖțȗȖȓȕȖȔȖȟȍȕȕȖȋȖ ǵȈȘȒȖȔȐȕȌȍȓȈ ǸǹǼǹǸ»6 ǿȈșȚȖ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȓ ș ȌȖȒ-
ȓȈȌȈȔȐ ȕȈ ȊȍȟȍȘȈȝ șȚțȌȍȕȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖ-ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȒȘțȎȒȈ  Ȍȍ-
ȒȈȉȘȧ  ȋ Ȗ ©ǴȐșȚȍȘȐȐ-ȉțȜȜª ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ  ȧȕȊȈȘȧ  ȕȈ ©ǪȍȟȍȘȍ
ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖª  ȧȕȊȈȘȧ  ȋ ȌȖȒȓȈȌ Ȗ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ Ǫ ǲȈȔȍȕșȒȖȋȖ ȕȈ ȗȖșȊȧ-
ȡȍȕȕȖȔ ȍȔț ȊȍȟȍȘȍ7.
ǵȖ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȔ șȖȉȣȚȐȍȔ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȋȖ ȗȖȥȚȈ șȚȈȓȖ Ȋ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȏȕȈȒȖȔ-
șȚȊȖ ș Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ.
ǷȖȥȚȍșșȈ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȟȐȞȈ Ȑ ȔȍȔțȈȘȐșȚȒȈ ǶȓȤȋȈ ǫȍȖȘȋȐȍȊȕȈ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ ȘȖ-
ȌȐȓȈșȤ  ȐȦȓȧ  ȋ Ȋ șȍȔȤȍ șȔȖȚȘȐȚȍȓȧ Ȑ ȗȘȍȗȖȌȈȊȈȚȍȓȧ ȝȈȘȉȐȕșȒȐȝ
ȒȖȔȔȍȘȟȍșȒȐȝ țȟȐȓȐȡ ǲǪǮǬ ǫ ǰ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ǭȍ ȌȍȌ ǰȊȈȕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȐȑ
ȗȖȓȧȒ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌȕȣȝ ȒȘȖȊȍȑ Ȑ țȟȈșȚȕȐȒ ȊȖșșȚȈȕȐȧ 63-64 ȋȋ., ȉȣȓ șȖșȓȈȕ
Ȋ ȖȉȓȈșȚȤ ǪȖȑșȒȈ ǬȖȕșȒȖȋȖ ȋȌȍ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓ șȚȈȚțș ȝȓȍȉȖȗȈȠȞȈ Ȑ ȎȍȕȐȓșȧ ȕȈ
ȔȍșȚȕȖȑ țȘȖȎȍȕȒȍ ǭȊȌȖȒȐȐ Ǫ șȍȔȤȍ ǫ ǰ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȒȘȖȔȍ ǶȓȤȋȐ ȉȣȓȈ
3 Ⱥɜɬɨɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ  ɝ ɚɪɯɢɜ Ʌ Ɉ ɑɟɪɧɟɣɤɨ ɫ ɧɚɫɬ. ɢɡɞ
4 Ȼɭɪɥɸɤ Ⱦ Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɋɢɛɢɪɢ ɢ ɧɚ Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɦ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɟ - ɝ Ɂɚ-
ɦɟɬɤɢ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɰɚ  ɇɨɜɚɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɤɧɢɝɚ  ʋ  ɋ 
5 Ɉɩɪɨɫɧɵɣ ɥɢɫɬ ȼɅɏɂ ɊȽȺɅɂ Ɏ  Ɉɩ  ȿɞ ɯɪ  ɫ  ɧɚɫɬ ɢɡɞ
6 Ⱥɜɬɨɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ  ɝ Ⱥɪɯɢɜ Ʌ Ɉ ɑɟɪɧɟɣɤɨ ɫ  ɧɚɫɬ ɢɡɞ ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢ-
ɞɭ ȼ Ⱦ ȼɢɥɟɧɫɤɢɣ-ɋɢɛɢɪɹɤɨɜ -1942).
7 Ʉɪɭɫɚɧɨɜ Ⱥ ȼ Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɚɜɚɧɝɚɪɞ - ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɛɡɨɪ Ɍ  Ʉɧ  Ɏɭɬɭɪɢɫɬɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ - Ɇ  ɋ 

341
ȌȖȟȤ ǪȍȘȈ8 Ȑ șȣȕ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ șȚȈȊȠȐȑ ȉȍȓȖȋȊȈȘȌȍȑșȒȐȔ ȖȜȐȞȍȘȖȔ ǻȟȐȓȈșȤ Ƕ
ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ Ȋ ǽȈȘȉȐȕȍ
ȅȚȐ șȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȉȣȓȐ șȖȖȉȡȍȕȣ ȕȈȔ ȊȕțȟȒȖȑ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ ǳ Ƕ ǿȍȘȕȍȑȒȖ,
ȕȣȕȍ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȖȔ Ǵǫǻ ǹȈȔȈ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ — ȐșȗȣȚȣȊȈȊȠȈȧ, ȗȖ șȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤ-
șȚȊț ǿȍȘȕȍȑȒȖ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȉȓȐȏȒȖ ȏȕȈȊȠȐȝ ȍȍ ȓȦȌȍȑ, ȕȍȐȏȉȣȊȕȣȑ Ȑ ȋȕȍȚțȡȐȑ
șȚȘȈȝ ȗȍȘȍȌ șȖȊȍȚșȒȖȑ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȔȈȠȐȕȖȑ — șȒȘȣȊȈȓȈ ȐȓȐ ȐșȒȈ-
ȒȈȎȈȓȈ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȌȍȚȈȓȐ șȊȖȍȑ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ ǲ ȟȐșȓț ȏȈȗȘȍȚȕȣȝ ȐȓȐ ȒȘȈȑ-
ȕȍ ȕȍȖȝȖȚȕȖ ȖȉșțȎȌȈȊȠȐȝșȧ ȌȈȎȍ Ȋ șȍȔȍȑȕȖȔ ȒȘțȋț ȚȍȔ ȖȚȕȖșȐȓȐșȤ ȎȐȏȕȤ
Ȋ ǽȈȘȉȐȕȍ șțȌȤȉȈ ǵ ǫ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ȋȐȉȍȓȤ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ9.
Ǫ ȌȍȚșȚȊȍ Ȑ ȦȕȖșȚȐ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓȈșȤ ȔțȏȣȒȖȑ Ȑ ȋȖ-
ȚȖȊȐȓȈșȤ Ȓ ȒȈȘȤȍȘȍ ȗȐȈȕȐșȚȒȐ ȖȌȕȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ȗȐșȈȓȈ șȚȐȝȐ Ǫ ȊȣȉȖȘȍ ȔȍȎȌț
ȔțȏȣȒȖȑ Ȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȑ ȗȖȉȍȌȐȓȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȧȧ. Ǫ  ȋ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ ȕȈȗȍȟȈ-
ȚȈȓȈ Ȋ ǽȈȘȉȐȕȍ ȒȕȐȎȍȟȒț ȊȖ ȔȕȖȋȖȔ ȕȈȐȊȕȣȝ șȚȐȝȖȊ ǲȘȣȓȤȧ ȊȏȔȈȝȕțȊȠȐȍ —
ȘȍȌȟȈȑȠȍȍ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȍ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊțȦȡȍȍ Ȋ ȒȘțȗȕȍȑȠȐȝ ȘȖșșȐȑșȒȐȝ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒȈȝ
Ǫ ȧȕȊȈȘȍ-ȜȍȊȘȈȓȍ 1921 ȋ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȖȌȐȕ ȏȈ ȌȘțȋȐȔ ȐȏȌȈȓ ȊȖ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȍ
ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȍ ȎțȘȕȈȓȣ ǪȖșȚȖȒ Ȑ ȆȕȤ, șȖȌȍȘȎȈȊȠȐȍ șȚȐȝȐ ȗȘȖȏț șȚȈȚȤȐ
ȘȍȞȍȕȏȐȐ Ȑ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕțȦ ȝȘȖȕȐȒț ǪȣȉȖȘ ȈȊȚȖȘȖȊ șȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȊȈȓ Ȗȉ
ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȔ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔȍ — ȏȌȍșȤ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȣ Ȑ ȜțȚțȘȐșȚȣ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖ-
șȚȖȒȈ Ȑ ǭȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȖȑ ǸȖșșȐȐ Ȑ ȉȓȐȏȒȐȍ Ȓ ȜțȚțȘȐșȚȈȔ ȗȖȥȚȣ Ȑ ȔȖȌȍȘȕȐșȚȣ
Ȓ ȗȘȐȔȍȘț ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘ Ȑ ȗȘȖȏȈȐȒ ǲ Ȍȍ ǷȖȓȤȕȍȘ Ȑ ȕȍȌȖȖȞȍȕȍȕȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȏȈȐȒ Ȑ
ȗȖȥȚ ǩ ǩȍȚȈ ǩțȚȒȍȊȐȟ10 Ȑ ȔȍșȚȕȣȍ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚȖȘȣ ©Ȋȕȍ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȑª ǷȖ-
ȔȐȔȖ șȚȐȝȖȊ Ȋ ȖȉȖȐȝ ȎțȘȕȈȓȈȝ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȗȖȔȍșȚȐȓ Ȋ ǪȖșȚȖȒȍ șȚȈȚȤȦ ©ǵȍȎȕȖ-
ȉȓțȌȐȍª Ȗ ǹ ǨȓȣȔȖȊȍ Ȑ ȍȋȖ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȍ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȑ  ȋ ǲȐȖșȒ ȕȍȎȕȖ-
șȚȐ
 Ȋ ȆȕȐ — șȚȈȚȤȦ «ǸȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ ȌțȝȈ ǵȐȞȠȍ Ȑ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ».
Ǫ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ ȔȈȧ  ȋ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ Ȑ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȕȍ ȌȖȎȐȌȈȧșȤ ȕȈȏȘȍȊȈȊȠȍȋȖ
ȉȍȓȖȋȊȈȘȌȍȑșȒȖȋȖ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȘȖȚȈ  ȔȈȧ  ȋ ȊȣȍȝȈȓȐ Ȋ ǽȈȘȉȐȕ ȒțȌȈ ȕȈȗ-
ȘȈȊȐȓșȧ Ȑ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊ.
ǷȘȍȉȣȊȈȕȐȍ Ȋ ǽȈȘȉȐȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍȌȖȓȋȐȔ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȓșȧ Ȋ ȋȈȏȍȚȈȝ
ǺȘȐȉțȕȈ Ȑ ǪȗȍȘȍȌ11 Ȑ șȖȊȔȍșȚȕȖ ș ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ ȊȣȗțșȚȐȓ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ ǯȘȈȟȒȐ
Ȋȍșȍȕ — ȍȡȍ ȖȌȕȖ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȍ șȚȈȊȠȍȍ ȖȉȡȍȗȘȐȏȕȈȕȕȖȑ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȘȍȌ-
ȒȖșȚȤȦ ǵȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȕȣȍ Ȋ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȍ șȚȐȝȐ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ ȘȍȏȒȖ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȓȐșȤ ȖȚ
ȗȘȍȎȕȐȝ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȥȒȏȍȘșȐșȖȊ ȗȖȌ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍȔ ȔțȎȈ ȦȕȈȧ ȗȖȥȚȍșșȈ ȊșȍȞȍȓȖ
ȗȍȘȍȠȓȈ ȕȈ ȜțȚțȘȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȘȍȓȤșȣ
8 ɋɬɚɪɲɚɹ ɫɟɫɬɪɚ Ɉ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɫɤɨɣ ȼ Ƚ ȼɢɥɶɦɨɧɬ ɩɨ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɦɭɠɚ ɫɵɧɚ ɮɪɚɧɰ
ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɚ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ Ʌ Ɉ ɑɟɪɧɟɣɤɨ ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɛɪɚɤɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɦɭɠɟɦ ɡɚ ɂ Ⱥ ɉɥɚɬɨɧɨ-
ɜɵɦ ɠɢɥɚ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ ɢ Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɟ. ɋɤɨɧɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ ɜ  ɝ
9 ɉɟɬɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɞɨɥɝɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɚ ɜɧɭɱɤɟ ɱɬɨ ɟɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɦɭɠ ©ɭɦɟɪª ɷɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɷɜɮɟɦɢɡɦ
ɨɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɡɚɞɨɥɝɨ ɞɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹɯ ɨ ȼ Ɇɚɹɤɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɢ
Ȼ ɉɚɫɬɟɪɧɚɤɟ ɫɦ ɫ 264,  ɧɚɫɬ ɢɡɞ
10 Ⱦɜɭɯɬɨɦɧɨɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ Ȼ Ȼɟɬɵ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɨ ɢɡɞ Salamandra P.V.V ɜ  ɝ.
ɢ ɜɵɲɥɨ ɜɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ  ɝ
11 Ⱥɧɤɟɬɚ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚ ȼɅɏɂ ɊȽȺɅɂ Ɏ  Ɉɩ  ȿɞ ɯɪ  ɫ - ɧɚɫɬ ɢɡɞ

342
Ǫ ȈȊȋțșȚȍ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ Ȑ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȉȣȓȐ țȎȍ Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ ȒțȌȈ ȗȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȖ șȢȍ-
ȝȈȓȐșȤ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȍ ȜțȚțȘȐșȚȣ șȖȏȌȈȊ ȋȘțȗȗț ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª — ©ȖȌȕȖ Ȑȏ
ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȑ Ȋ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖ-ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǬǪǸª 12.
ǹȐȓȓȖȊ Ȑ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ ȗȖșȚțȗȐȓȐ Ȋ ȖȚȒȘȣȊȠȐȑșȧ ȖșȍȕȤȦ ǫȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȣȑ ǰȕșȚȐȚțȚ ȕȈȘȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖ țȟȈșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ Ȋ ȔȍȘȖȗȘȐȧ-
ȚȐȧȝ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȈª — ȟȚȍȕȐȧȝ ȊȍȟȍȘȈȝ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȝ ȔȈ-
șȚȍȘșȒȐȝ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ©ǰșȒțșșȚȊȈȘȤª șȍȒȘȍȚȈȘȍȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ șȚȈȓ ǹȐȓ-
ȓȖȊ.ǸȈȉȖȚȈ Ȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȈȧ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȖȚȊȓȍȒȈȓȐ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ ȖȚ țȟȍȉȣ Ȑ ȕȈ
ȊȚȖȘȖȑ ȒțȘș Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȗȍȘȍȠȍȓ ȊȊȐȌț ©ȕȍșȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȐȧ! ȐȔȍȦȡȐȝșȧ ȏȈȟȍȚȖȊ ș
ȚȘȍȉțȍȔȣȔȐª13 ǷȘȖșȓțȎȐȊ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȕȈ șȍȒȘȍȚȈȘșȒȖȑ ȌȖȓȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ ȔȐ-
ȕȐșȚȍȘșȚȊȍ ȐȕȖșȚȘȈȕȕȣȝ Ȍȍȓ ǬǪǸ Ȗȕ șȚȈȓ ȘȍȗȖȘȚȍȘȖȔ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȖȋȖ
ȚȍȓȍȋȘȈȜȕȖȋȖ ȈȋȍȕȚșȚȊȈ ǬȈȓȤȚȈ șȖȚȘțȌȕȐȟȈȓ Ȋ ȋȈȏȍȚȈȝ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȑ
ȗțȚȤ Ȑ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȑ ȚȍȓȍȋȘȈȜ Ǫ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȖȔ ȚȍȓȍȋȘȈȜȍ Ȗȕ
ȗȖȌ ȗșȍȊȌȖȕȐȔȖȔ ©ǴȐȔª ȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȓ Ȋ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȣȍ ȖȚȟȍȚȣ Ȗ ȘȈȏ-
ȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȝ ȊȍȟȍȘȈȝ șȖșȚȈȊȐȊȠȐȍ ȞȍȕȕțȦ ȝȘȖȕȐȒț ȊȣșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȑ ȟȐ-
ȚȐȕșȒȐȝ ȜțȚțȘȐșȚȖȊ
Ǫ ȕȖȧȉȘȍ-ȌȍȒȈȉȘȍ  ȋ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ Ȑ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ țȟȈșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ Ȋ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ ȓȐ-
ȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȋȖ ȖȚȌȍȓȈ ǲȘțȎȒȈ ȌȘțȏȍȑ Ȕțȏȍȧ Ȑ ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȋȌȍ
ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȣȊȈȓȐ ȌȐșȗțȚȣ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȣ Ȑ ȟȚȍȕȐȧ șȚȐȝȖȊ  ȌȍȒȈȉȘȧ  ȋ ǹȐȓ-
ȓȖȊț ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȐșțȎȌȍȕȈ ȗȍȘȊȈȧ ȗȘȍȔȐȧ ȕȈ ȒȖȕȒțȘșȍ șȚȐȝȖȊ ©ǰȒțșșȚȊȈȘȧª 14.
ǹ ȧȕȊȈȘȧ  ȋ ȟȍȚȈ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚ țȟȈșȚȐȍ Ȋ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ ǰșȚȖȘȐȒȖ-ȓȐ-
ȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȋȖ ȒȘțȎȒȈ ȗȘȐ ǰǵǶ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓ ȗȖșȚ șȍȒȘȍ-
ȚȈȘȧ 5 ȔȈȘȚȈ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȊȣșȚțȗȐȓ Ȋ ȒȘțȎȒȍ ș ȌȖȒȓȈȌȖȔ ©ǷȖȥȏȐȧ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖ-
ȋȖª 15.  ȈȗȘȍȓȧ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ Ȑ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȊȣșȚțȗȐȓȐ Ȋ ȒȘțȎȒȍ ȕȈ ȊȍȟȍȘȍ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ
 ȔȈȧ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȟȐȚȈȓ șȚȐȝȐ ǩȓȖȒȈ ȕȈ ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȕȖȔ ȗȖȥȚț ȊȍȟȍȘȍ Ȗȕ ȚȈȒȎȍ
șȌȍȓȈȓ Ȋ ȒȘțȎȒȍ șȖȖȉȡȍȕȐȍ Ȗ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȍ Ǵ ǲțȏȔȐȕȈ ǵȍȏȌȍȠ-
ȕȐȍ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ16 ǹȚȐȝȐ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ Ȑ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȣ Ȋ ȐȏȌȈȕȕȣȝ
ȗȖȌ ȥȋȐȌȖȑ ȒȘțȎȒȈ ȒȖȓȓȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȝ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈȝ ǲȈȔȍȕȣ Ȑ ǳȐșȚȖȊȒȈ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ
ȖȉȈ — 1922).
ǭȡȍ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȧȕȊȈȘȧ  ȋ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț Ȑȏ ǿȐȚȣ țȍȝȈȓ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊ Ǫ ȕȈȟȈ-
ȓȍ șȍȕȚȧȉȘȧ ȏȈ ȕȐȔ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȐ ȖșȚȈȊȈȊȠȐȍșȧ Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ țȟȈșȚȕȐȒȐ ȋȘțȗȗȣ
©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª ȒȘȖȔȍ ǵ ǿțȎȈȒȈ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȊȠȍȋȖ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȏȌȕȍȍ
ǷȍȘȊȣȍ ȔȍșȧȞȣ ȔȖșȒȖȊșȒȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȗȖȐșȒȐ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȣ ȗȘȍȉȣȊȈȕȐȍ ț Ǩșȍȍ-
Ȋȣȝ ȕȈ ȌȈȟȍ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȝ Ȑ Ȋ ȗțșȚțȦȡȍȑ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȍ ǩȘȐȒȖȊ ȕȈ ǪȖȌȖȗȤȧȕȖȔ,
12 Ʉɪɭɫɚɧɨɜ Ⱥ ȼ Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ ɫ  Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚ ɩɨ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɢɸ ɜɥɚɞɢɜɨɫɬɨɤɫɤɨɝɨ ɠɭɪ-
ɧɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɑɢɬɟ
13 Ⱥɧɤɟɬɚ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚ ȼɅɏɂ ɊȽȺɅɂ Ɏ  Ɉɩ  ȿɞ ɯɪ  ɫ  ɧɚɫɬ ɢɡɞ
14 Ʉɪɭɫɚɧɨɜ Ⱥ ȼ Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ ɫ 
15 Ʉɚɦɟɧɵ ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ Ʉɪɭɠɤɚ ɩɪɢ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɟ ɇɚ-
ɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɝ ɑɢɬɟ I ɑɢɬɚ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɢɣ ɫɟɦɟɫɬɪ  ɝɨɞɚ ɋ 14.
16 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ ɫ -115.

343
ȗȖȧȊȐȊȠȈȧșȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ȗȖ ȓȐȕȐȐ ǷȘȖȓȍȚȒțȓȤȚȈ Ȑ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȈ Ȋ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȒțȓȤȚȖȊ-
șȒȖȔ ȖȉȡȍȎȐȚȐȐ Ȋ ǲȈȓȈȠȕȖȔ ȗȍȘȍțȓȒȍ) ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖ ȖȗȐșȈȕȣ Ȋ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧȝ
ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ
ǶșȍȕȤȦ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȐȓȈ Ȓ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȦ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ ǷȍȚ-
ȘȖȓȤ Ȗ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȐ ȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȖȚȖȏȊȈȓșȧ ȕȈȘȒȖȔ ȗȘȖșȊȍȡȍȕȐȧ Ǩ ǳțȕȈȟȈȘ-
șȒȐȑ17. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊ șȗȍȘȊȈ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȐȊȠȐȑ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈȞȐȦ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈ Ȋ
ǫȖșȐȏȌȈȚȍ ȊșȒȖȘȍ ȗȖȠȍȓ ȕȈ ȗȖȗȧȚȕȣȑ ȏȈȋȖȊȖȘȐȊ Ȗ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȐȏȌȈȚȤ
ȊȔȍșȚȖ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȒȕȐȋț ©ȕțȎȌȈȦȡȍȋȖșȧª ǵȍȏȕȈȔȖȊȈ18 ǿȚȖ Ȏȍ ȒȈșȈȍȚșȧ ǹȐȓ-
ȓȖȊȈ ȚȖ Ȗȕ ȗȖșȓȍ ȗȍȘȍȍȏȌȈ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț ȊȐȌȐȔȖ ȗȖȓȕȖșȚȤȦ ȖȚȖȠȍȓ ȖȚ ȗȖȥȚȐ-
ȟȍșȒȖȑ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȊȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȒȈȒȐȍ-ȓȐȉȖ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȕȣȍ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ
șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ ȌȖ ȕȈș ȕȍ ȌȖȠȓȐ
Ǫ ȈȊȚȖȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈȝ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ ȗȍȘȍȟȐșȓȍȕȣ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏ-
ȕȣȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȔȍșȚȈ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ Ȋ -ȍ ȋȋ Ƕȕ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȓ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ ȌȈȓȤ-
ȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȑ ǫȖșȐȏȌȈȚ Ȑ Ȋ ȔȖșȒȖȊșȒȖȔ ǫȖșȐȏȌȈȚȍ — ǳǭǼ ȉȣȓ ȐȕșȚȘțȒ-
ȚȖȘȖȔ ǷȘȖȓȍȚȒțȓȤȚȈ ȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ șȍȒȘȍȚȈȘȍȔ ȎțȘȕȈȓȈ ǸȈȉȖȟȐȑ ȗțȚȤ,
Ȋȍȓ ȏȈȕȧȚȐȧ Ȋ ȌȦȎȐȕȍ ȒȘțȎȒȖȊ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȐșȓȍ Ȋ ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘșȒȐȝ ȔȈșȚȍȘșȒȐȝ Ȑ
ǸȈȉȖȟȍȔ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ ǷȘȖȓȍȚȒțȓȤȚȈ Ȓȓțȉȍ ȗȍȟȈȚȕȐȒȖȊ Ȑ ȘȈȉȖȟȍȔ Ȓȓțȉȍ ǴǶǫȅǹ
ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȔ Ȑ șȚȍȕȋȈȏȍȚȕȖȔ ȒȘțȎȒȈȝ ǶǫǷǻ Ȑ Ț Ȍ ȟȐȚȈȓ ȓȍȒȞȐȐ ȗȖ Șțș-
șȒȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ Ȑ șȖȞȐȖȓȖȋȐȐ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȖȊșȒȖȑ ȒȖȕșȍȘȊȈȚȖȘȐȐ ȗȍȟȈ-
ȚȈȓ șȚȈȚȤȐ Ȑ ȘȍȞȍȕȏȐȐ Ȋ ȎțȘȕȈȓȈȝ ǳǭǼ, ǵȖȊȣȑ ǳǭǼ, ǫȖȘȕ, ǸȈȉȖȟȐȑ Ȓȓțȉ, ǯȘȍ-
ȓȐȡȈ Ȑ ȌȘ Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȒțȓȤȚȖȊșȒȐȝ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈȝ
ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȓȈ ©Ȋ ǷȘȖȓȍȚȒțȓȤȚȍ ȓȐȚȐȕșȚȘțȒȚȖȘȖȔ ȊȍȓȈ
ȏȈȕȧȚȐȧ ȗȖ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ Ȋ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȝ ȒȓțȉȈȝ Ȑ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȐȓȈ Ȑ Șȍ-
ȞȍȕȏȐȘȖȊȈȓȈ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȐȍ ȗȤȍșȣ Ȑ șȒȍȚȟȐ Ȍȓȧ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ȗȐșȈȓȈ «! ȗȤȍșȒȐ Ȍȓȧ
ȒȓțȉȕȖȑ șȞȍȕȣ ǰ ȘȐȜȔȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ ȓȖȏțȕȋȐ Ȓ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȣȔ ȗȘȈȏȌȕȐȒȈȔª19.
ǲȘțȋ ȖȉȡȍȕȐȧ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ Ȑ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȓȐ ǳǭǼȖȊȞȣ Ȋ ǳǭǼ ȊȓȐ-
ȓȐșȤ ȗȖȟȚȐ Ȋșȍ ȉȣȊȠȐȍ țȟȈșȚȕȐȒȐ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȈª ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȍ ȗȖ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȒțȓȤ-
ȚȖȊșȒȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ ȗȍșȚȘȈȧ ȚȖȓȗȈ ȖȉȐȚȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȖȉȡȍȎȐȚȐȧ ǷȘȖȓȍȚȒțȓȤȚȈ — ȈȒȚȍ-
Șȣ ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘȣ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚȖȘȣ ȔțȏȣȒȈȕȚȣ ǿȈșȚȖ ȏȈȝȈȎȐȊȈȓ ǹ ȅȑȏȍȕȠȚȍȑȕ —
Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ ȌȈȎȍ șȕȧȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȥȗȐȏȖȌȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȘȖȓȐ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȜȐȓȤȔȍ ǹȚȈȟȒȈ
 ǬȘțȋȖȔ ȌȖȔȈ șȚȈȓ ǩ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȖșȝȐȡȈȊȠȐȑșȧ ȞȍȓȤȕȖ-
șȚȤȦ Ȑ ȌțȠȍȊȕȖȑ ȟȐșȚȖȚȖȑ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ ȕȖ Ȑ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȎȐȊȈȊȠȐȑ ȘȖȔȈȕ-
ȚȐȟȍșȒțȦ țȊȓȍȟȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȒȘȈșȈȊȐȞȍȑ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ20.
17 ©ɋɬɢɯɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɟ ɂɯ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɧɚɩɟɱɚɬɚɬɶª Ɉɬɡɵɜ ɰɢɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɷɬ Ʌ
ȼɵɲɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢɣ ɜɨ ɜɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɡɚɦɟɬɤɟ ɤ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɜ ɤɢɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɟ
©Ɋɚɞɭɝɚª ɉɟɬɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ Ɉ ɂɡ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɢ ©Ⱥ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɬɢɯɨª  Ɋɚɞɭɝɚ  ʋ  ɮɟɜ-
ɪɚɥɶ ɋɦ ɫ 366-367 ɧɚɫɬ ɢɡɞ
18 ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɫɦ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ ɤ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹɦ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɫ 2 ɧɚɫɬ ɢɡɞ Ɇɟɫɬɨɧɚ-
ɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɭ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ
19 ɉɟɬɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ Ɉ ȼɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ Ȼɨɪɢɫɟ Ʌɟɨɧɢɞɨɜɢɱɟ ɉɚɫɬɟɪɧɚɤɟ ɋ 3 ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ
ɢɡɞ
20 ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ -ɯ ɝɝ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚ ɉɚɫɬɟɪɧɚɤɚ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɠɟɧɨɣ ȿ ȼ Ʌɭɪɶɟ-ɉɚ-

344
ǪȗȖȓȕȍ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȔȕȖȋȖȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȏȈȕȧȚȐȧ ȕȐȒȈȒ ȕȍ șȗȖșȖȉșȚ-
ȊȖȊȈȓȐ țșȐȌȟȐȊȖȑ țȟȍȉȍ Ȋ ǪȣșȠȍȔ ǳȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖ-ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȚȍ;
ȊȌȖȉȈȊȖȒ Ȋ ȕȖȧȉȘȍ  ȋ ț ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ Ȑ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ ȘȖȌȐȓșȧ șȣȕ Ƕȓȍȋ Ǫ ȐȚȖ-
ȋȍ șțȗȘțȋȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȖȚȟȐșȓȍȕȣ Ȑȏ Ǫǳǽǰ
Ǫ  ȋ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȓ ȗȍȘȊțȦ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȦ Ǫ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ21 Ǫ
ȗȖșȓȍȌțȦȡȐȍ ȋȖȌȣ Ȗȕ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȓ ș ȘțȒȖȗȐșȧȔȐ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ȗțȉȓȐȒțȧ ȚȍȒșȚȣ
Ȋ ȊȣȗțșȒȈȝ ǵȍȐȏȌȈȕȕȖȋȖ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ȗȍȟȈȚȈȊȠȐȝșȧ Ǩ ǲȘțȟȍȕȣȝ ȒȖȕșțȓȤ-
ȚȐȘȖȊȈȓ ȘȍȌȈȒȚȖȘȈ ȗȍȘȊȖȋȖ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ǵ ǹȚȍȗȈ-
ȕȖȊȈ Ȑ șȖșȚȈȊȐȓ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȦ Ǫ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȌȖȊȍȌȧ ȍȍ ȌȖ  ȋ
ǹ  ȋ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȍȚ ȕȈ ȜȈȉȘȐȒȍ ©ǹȖȊȒȐȕȖª ȒȈȒ ȒȖȕșțȓȤȚȈȕȚ Ȑ ȏȈȊȍ-
ȌțȦȡȐȑ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȖȚȌȍȓȖȔ ȗȖȏȌȕȍȍ ȒȖȕșțȓȤȚȈȕȚ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖ-
ȋȖ ȖȚȌȍȓȈ Ȋ  ȋ ȉȣȓ ȐȏȉȘȈȕ ȗȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȍȔ șȞȍȕȈȘȕȖȑ șȍȒȞȐȐ ǨșșȖȞȐȈ-
ȞȐȐ ȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȒȖȊ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȒȐȕȍȔȈȚȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ ǨǸǸǲ22.
ǲ ȖșȍȕȐ  ȋ ț ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ ȘȈȏȋȖȘȍȓșȧ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚ ș ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȖȔ ǨǸǸǲ Ȋ
ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ș ȖȌȐȖȏȕȣȔ ȌȘȈȔȈȚțȘȋȖȔ ȧȘȣȔ ǸǨǷǷȖȊȞȍȔ Ȑ ȕȈȗȖșȚȖȊȞȍȔ Ǫ
ǲȐȘȠȖȕȖȔ ȉȓȐȏȒȐȔ Ȓ ȋȓȈȊȍ ǸǨǷǷ ǳ ǨȊȍȘȉȈȝț Ȑ ȏȧȚȦ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȋȖ ȜȈȒȚȐ-
ȟȍșȒȖȔț ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȦ ǶǫǷǻ Ȑ ȉțȌțȡȍȔț ȕȈȘȒȖȔț ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȐȝ Ȍȍȓ ǫ ȇȋȖ-
Ȍȍ ǷȖȌ ȕȈȎȐȔȖȔ ǲȐȘȠȖȕȈ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȉȣȓ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕ Ȑȏ ǨǸǸǲ23.
Ǫ ȌȍȒȈȉȘȍ ȗȘȖȚȍșȚțȧ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȕȍȏȈȒȖȕȕȣȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ ǲȐȘȠȖȕȈ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ
ȗȖȌȈȓ ȎȈȓȖȉȣ Ȋ ȒȖȕȚȘȖȓȤȕțȦ ȒȖȔȐșșȐȦ ȗȈȘȚȐȐ Ȑ ǫȓȈȊȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ24 Ȉ  Ȍȍ-
ȒȈȉȘȧ  ȋ șȖșȚȈȊȐȓ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȕȖȍ ȏȈȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȗȉ țȊȖȓȤȕȍȕȐȐ ș ȜȈȉȘȐȒȐ ©ǹȖȊ-
ȒȐȕȖª ©ǯȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȧ ȟțȊșȚȊțȦ șȍȉȧ ȕȈ ȜȈȉȘȐȒȍ Ȋ ȈȚȔȖșȜȍȘȍ ȚȘȈȊ-
ȓȐ «! ǵȍȌȍȓȤȕȣȑ șȘȖȒ ȧ șȚȈȊȓȦ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ șȍȑȟȈș Ȕȕȍ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ
ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚȤ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșțȦȡțȦ Ȕȍȕȧ ȘȈȉȖȚț Ȋ ǨȋȐȚȗȘȖȗȍ ǺȘȈȒȚȖȘȖ-
ȞȍȕȚȘȈª25.
ǵȍ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚ ș ȉȓȐȏȒȐȔ Ȓ ǫ ȇȋȖȌȍ ǲȐȘȠȖȕȖȔ
ȕȈȘȧȌț ș ȚȘȖȞȒȐșȚșȒȐȔȐ șȊȧȏȧȔȐ ȗȖșȓțȎȐȓ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ ȗȘȐȟȐȕ ȈȘȍșȚȈ Ȑ ȋȐȉȍ-
ȓȐ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ.
ǶȘȌȍȘ ȕȈ ȈȘȍșȚ Ȑ ȖȉȣșȒ ȏȈ ȹ  ȉȣȓ ȗȖȌȗȐșȈȕ ȓȐȟȕȖ ǫ ȇȋȖȌȖȑ  ȧȕ-
ȊȈȘȧ  ȋ Ǫ ȚȖȚ Ȏȍ ȌȍȕȤ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȉȣȓ ȈȘȍșȚȖȊȈȕ ȗȘȐ ȖȉȣșȒȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȒȖȕȜȐ-
ɫɬɟɪɧɚɤ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɫɥɭɯɢ ɨ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɉɚɫɬɟɪɧɚɤ ɪɚɡɨɲɟɥɫɹ ɫ ɠɟɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢ
ɉɟɬɪɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɨ ɱɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɚ ɧɟ ɛɟɡ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɨɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɨ Ʌ Ɉ ɑɟɪ-
ɧɟɣɤɨ
21 ȼɟɥɟɦɢɪ ɏɥɟɛɧɢɤɨɜ ©ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟª ɉɨɷɦɚ Ⱥɥɶɜɷɤ ɋɬɢɯɢ ɋɢɥɥɨɜ Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ Ɇ .
ɋ -38.
22 Ⱥɜɬɨɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ  ɝ Ⱥɪɯɢɜ Ʌ Ɉ ɑɟɪɧɟɣɤɨ ɫ 9 ɧɚɫɬ ɢɡɞ
23 ɋɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɚ ɫ 90-299 ɧɚɫɬ ɢɡɞ
24 ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɋɢɥɥɨɜ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɥ ɤɚɤ ©ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ Ȼɟɣɥɢɫɚª ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɫɹ ɡɚɦɵɫɟɥ ɮɢɥɶɦɚ ɨ ɞɟɥɟ Ȼɟɣɥɢɫɚ ɫɦ ɫ 2-293
ɧɚɫɬ ɢɡɞ
25 Ⱥɪɯɢɜ Ʌ Ɉ ɑɟɪɧɟɣɤɨ ɫ 9 ɧɚɫɬ ɢɡɞ

345
șȒȖȊȈȕȈ ©ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȈȧ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒȈ Ȑ ȗȖȘȚȜȍȓȤª26  ȧȕȊȈȘȧ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȉȣȓ ȌȖȗ-
ȘȖȠȍȕ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȔ Ǩ Ǽ ǸțȚȒȖȊșȒȐȔ ȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȐȒȖȔ -ȋȖ ȖȚȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ ǹȍȒȘȍȚ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȖȚȌȍȓȈ ǶǫǷǻ ǪȖȏȋȓȈȊȓȧȊȠȍȍșȧ ǸțȚȒȖȊșȒȐȔ ȖȚȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓȖ ȖșȖ-
ȉȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ǹȍȒȘȍȚȕȖȔ ȖȚȌȍȓȍ Ȑ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓȖșȤ ȌȍȓȈȔȐ ȖȗȗȖȏȐȞȐȖȕȍȘȖȊ Ȋ
ȒȖȕȚȈȒȚȍ ș ǾȍȕȚȘȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȒȖȕȚȘȖȓȤȕȖȑ ȒȖȔȐșșȐȍȑ ȗȈȘȚȐȐ ȗȖȓțȟȈȧ ȖȚ ȕȍȍ Șȍ-
ȒȖȔȍȕȌȈȞȐȐ Ȑ țȒȈȏȈȕȐȧ27 ǵȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȐȒȖȔ ǸțȚȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȉȣȓ
ȇ ǨȋȘȈȕȖȊ (1893-1938) Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȋȓȈȊȈ ǹǶ ǶǫǷǻ
ǷȖ Ȍȍȓț ȹ  ȕȣȕȍȠȕȐȑ ȈȘȝȐȊȕȣȑ ȕȖȔȍȘ Ǹ-33570) ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȓȐ ȗȧȚȤ
ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȔȈȠȐȕȐșȚȒȈ Ǵ ȀȗȐȕȌȓȍȘ ȒȐȕȖȘȍȎȐșșȍȘ ǵ ǨȑȏȐȒȖȊȐȟ,
șȖșȚȖȧȊȠȐȑ ȕȈ țȟȍȚȍ ǶǫǷǻ ȉȣȊȠȐȑ ȟȍȒȐșȚ Ǩ ǰȖșȐȓȍȊȐȟ — ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȐȏȊȍșȚ-
ȕȣȑ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȦ ȒȈȒ ȚȘȖȞȒȐșȚ țȎȍ ȖȚȉȣȊȈȊȠȐȑ șșȣȓȒț — Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȎȍȕȈ ǵ Ǭȍ-
ȓȐȉȈȠ28.
ǵȈ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȕȍ ȖȚȘȐȞȈȓ șȐȔȗȈȚȐȑ Ȓ ȓȍȊȖȑ ȖȗȗȖȏȐȞȐȐ Ȑ șȊȧȏȍȑ
ș ǰȖșȐȓȍȊȐȟȍȔ ȚȘȖȞȒȐșȚȖȔ Ǵ ǩȓȦȔȍȕȜȍȓȤȌȖȔ - Ȑ ȘȈșșȚȘȍȓȧȕ-
ȕȣȔ  ȧȕȊȈȘȧ ȗȖ ȖȉȊȐȕȍȕȐȦ Ȋ ȚȍȘȘȖȘȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȟȍȒȐșȚȖȔ ǩ
ǸȈȉȐȕȖȊȐȟȍȔ (1904- ȘȍȈȉȐȓȐȚȐȘȖȊȈȕ  ȗȘȐȏȕȈȊȈȓ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȜȈȒȚ ȏȕȈ-
ȒȖȔșȚȊȈ Ȑ ©ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȖȊ Ȗȉ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍª ș ǲ ǸȈȌȍȒȖȔ Ȑ ǰ ǹȔȐȓȋȖȑ
 ȧȕȊȈȘȧ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤ ǸțȚȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȓ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ ȊȐȕȖȊȕȣȔ Ȋ ©ȒȖȕȚȘ-
ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȐȐ șȚȘȖȋȖ șȍȒȘȍȚȕȣȝ șȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ șȖșȚȈȊ-
ȓȧȦȡȐȝ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕțȦ ȚȈȑȕț Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȟț ȥȚȐȝ șȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȧȔ
ȊȘȈȎȌȍȉȕȖȑ ǹȖȊȓȈșȚȐ ȚȘȖȞȒȐșȚșȒȖȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐª 29 Ȑ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒ ȍȋȖ Ȓ Ȍȍȓț Ȋ
ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȖȉȊȐȕȧȍȔȖȋȖ
ǪȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ ǸțȚȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍ ȘȈȏȌȘȈȎȈȓȖ țȗȖȘșȚȊȖ ȖȉȊȐȕȧȍȔȣȝ ǹȐȓ-
ȓȖȊ ȕȈșȚȈȐȊȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȓ ȖȗȗȖȏȐȞȐȐ ©ȚȍȝȕȐȟȍșȒȖȍª Ȑ ©ȕȍȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍª
șȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ, ǰȖșȐȓȍȊȐȟ Ȑ ȊȖȊșȍ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȓ ȟȚȖ Ȋȍȓ ȓȍȋȈȓȤȕțȦ ©ȜȘȈȒȞȐȖȕȕțȦª
ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ
26 ɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɨɛɵɫɤɚ ɐȺ ɎɋȻ Ⱦɟɥɨ Ɋ- Ʉɨɩɢɹ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɜɟ Ʌ Ɉ ɑɟɪɧɟɣɤɨ
27 ɏɚɭɫɬɨɜ ȼ ɇ ɋɟɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɢ ɋɟɤɪɟɬɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɵ ɈȽɉɍ-ɇȼȾ ɋɋɋɊ ɢ ɢɧ-
ɬɟɥɥɢɝɟɧɰɢɹ  Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ -1950-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ,; ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ
ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ - ɨɤɬɹɛɪɹ  ɝ Ɇ  ɋ 
28 ɋɢɥɥɨɜ ɩɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɥɫɹ ɫ ɂɨɫɢɥɟɜɢɱɟɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɇ Ⱦɟɥɢɛɚɲ ɫ ɤɨɬ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ ɜ ɤɥɭɛɟ
ɈȽɉɍ Ⱥ ɋ ɂɨɫɢɥɟɜɢɱ - ɛɵɥ ɚɪɟɫɬɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɟ  ɝ ɩɨ ɨɛɜɢɧɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɤɥɟ-
ɜɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɈȽɉɍ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɜɨɪɟɧ ɜ ɹɧɜɚɪɟ  ɝ ɤ -ɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɫɫɵɥɤɟ ɜ ɋɢɛɢɪɶ ɛɵɥ ɞɨ-
ɫɪɨɱɧɨ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧ ɜ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɟ  ɝ ɉɨ ɞɟɥɭ ʋ  ɨɬɛɵɜɚɥ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ȼɟɬɥɚɝɟ ɜ
 ɝɛɵɥ ɚɪɟɫɬɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɥɚɝɟɪɟ ɢ ɜ ɦɚɟ  ɝ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɟɥɹɧ Ɋɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɞɟɥɚɦ ɜ
 ɝ ɇ Ɂ Ⱦɟɥɢɛɚɲ - ɨɬɛɵɜɚɥɚ ɩɨ ɞɟɥɭ  ɝ ɜɵɫɵɥɤɭ ɜ ɋɢɛɢɪɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɫ-
ɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɚ ɜ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɟ  ɝ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɚ ɜɨɥɶɧɨɧɚɟɦɧɨɣ ɜ ɥɚɝɟɪɟ ɝɞɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɦɭɠ.
ȼ  ɝ ɛɵɥɚ ɚɪɟɫɬɨɜɚɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɚ ɤ  ɝɨɞɚɦ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɨɤ ɨɬɛɵɜɚɥɚ ɜ ɋɨɥɨɜɟɰ-
ɤɨɣ ɬɸɪɶɦɟ ȼ  ɝ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɢɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɚ ɤ ȼɆɇ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɟɥɹɧɚ Ɋɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ -
 ɝɝ
29 ɉɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɢɢ ɦɟɪɵ ɩɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ  ɐȺ ɎɋȻ Ⱦɟɥɨ Ɋ- Ʉɨ-
ɩɢɹ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɜɟ Ʌ Ɉ ɑɟɪɧɟɣɤɨ

346
ǹȒȖȓȖȚȐȚȤ Ȑȏ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ȖȉȊȐȕȧȍȔȣȝ ȗȖ Ȍȍȓț ȹ  ȋȘȖȏȕțȦ ȠȗȐȖȕșȒȖ-
ȚȍȘȘȖȘȐșȚȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȧȟȍȑȒț ȕȐȒȈȒ ȕȍ țȌȈȊȈȓȖșȤ ȅȚȖ ȧȊșȚȊțȍȚ Ȑ Ȑȏ ȗȘȐȋȖȊȖȘȖȊ
Ǵ ȀȗȐȕȌȓȍȘ ȔȍȝȈȕȐȟȍșȒȐ ȗȍȘȍȗȍȟȈȚȣȊȈȊȠȈȧ ȒȈȒȐȍ-ȚȖ ȉțȔȈȋȐ ȉȣȓȈ Ȗș-
ȊȖȉȖȎȌȍȕȈ ǵ ǨȑȏȐȒȖȊȐȟ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȈȊȓȧȊȠȐȑ ǹȐȓȓȖȊț ȒȓȦȟ ȖȚ șȊȖȍȑ ȒȖȔȕȈ-
Țȣ — ȊȣșȓȈȕ ȕȈ ȚȘȐ ȋȖȌȈ Ȋ ǹȘȍȌȕȦȦ ǨȏȐȦ ǵ ǬȍȓȐȉȈȠ — ȊȣșȓȈȕȈ ȕȈ ȚȖȚ
Ȏȍ șȘȖȒ Ȋ ǹȐȉȐȘȤ ǰȖșȐȓȍȊȐȟ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ șȘȍȌȐ ȖȉȊȐȕȧȍȔȣȝ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȣȑ
Ȑ ȌȍȑșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȖȗȗȖȏȐȞȐȖȕȍȘ ȉȣȓ șȋȖȘȧȟȈ ȗȘȐȋȖȊȖȘȍȕ Ȓ ǪǴǵ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȗȖȏȌ-
ȕȍȍ ȗȘȐȋȖȊȖȘ ȉȣȓ ȏȈȔȍȕȍȕ  ȋȖȌȈȔȐ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧ
ǵȈ ȜȖȕȍ ȥȚȐȝ ȗȘȐȋȖȊȖȘȖȊ ȧȘȒȐȔ ȌȐșșȖȕȈȕșȖȔ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȓȈ ȘȈșȗȘȈȊȈ ș ǹȐȓ-
ȓȖȊȣȔ, ȟȤȧ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȔȈȘȋȐȕȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȘȖȓȤ Ȋ ȖȗȗȖȏȐȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ
ȊȐȌȕȈ ȕȍȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȔ ȋȓȈȏȖȔ ǹȖȋȓȈșȕȖ ȖȜȐȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȌȖȒțȔȍȕȚȈȔ  ȜȍȊ-
ȘȈȓȧ  ȋ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȗȘȐȋȖȊȖȘȍȕ ǲȖȓȓȍȋȐȍȑ ǶǫǷǻ Ȓ ȘȈșșȚȘȍȓț ȗȖ șȚȈȚȤȧȔ -
 Ȑ - Ȑ ȘȈșșȚȘȍȓȧȕ  ȜȍȊȘȈȓȧ ǻȟȐȚȣȊȈȧ ȔȍȘȣ Ȋ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ ȌȘțȋȐȝ Ȗȉ-
ȊȐȕȧȍȔȣȝ ȘȍȟȤ ȐȌȍȚ ȉȍȏțșȓȖȊȕȖ Ȗ ȕȍșȖȘȈȏȔȍȘȕȖ ȎȍșȚȖȒȖȔ ȕȈȒȈȏȈȕȐȐ
ȅȚȈ șȚȘȈȕȕȖșȚȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȖȉȢȧșȕȍȕȈ ȓȐȠȤ șȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȟȍȔ
ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖȑ ǳ ǩȘȐȒ — ȒȈȒ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȉȓȐȏȒȖȑ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȖȑ ȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȐȒȈ ǹǶ
ǶǫǷǻ ȇ ǨȋȘȈȕȖȊȈ ȟȈșȚȖȋȖ ȗȖșȍȚȐȚȍȓȧ ©șȈȓȖȕȈª ǩȘȐȒȖȊ ǲȈȒ șȖȖȉȡȐȓȈ ǩȘȐȒ
Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ ȘȈșșȚȘȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȗȘȐȋȖȊȖȘ ȗȖȧȊȐȓșȧ Ȋ Ȍȍȓȍ ȏȈȌȕȐȔ ȟȐșȓȖȔ —
ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȉȣȓ ȏȈșȚȘȍȓȍȕ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȔ ȕȈ ȌȖȗȘȖșȍ
ǴȕȖȋȖ ȓȍȚ șȗțșȚȧ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȈȓȈ ȊȕțȟȒȍ Ȗ ȋȐȉȍȓȐ Ȕț-
ȎȈ ©ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȍ ȘȈșșȚȘȍȓ Ȉ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȊȣșȚȘȍȓ Ȋ țȗȖȘ ȉȍȏ șțȌȈ Ȑ șȓȍȌșȚ-
ȊȐȧ Ȋ ȒȈȉȐȕȍȚȍ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȧ ȥȚȐ șȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȉȈȉțȠȒȈ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȈ ȖȚ ǳȐȓȐ ǩȘȐȒ
ȖȜȖȘȔȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȒȈȒ ȘȈșșȚȘȍȓª30.
ǰȏȊȍșȚȐȍ Ȗ șȔȍȘȚȐ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ șȘȈȊȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȌȖșȚȐȋȓȖ ȏȈȘțȉȍȎȕȣȝ
ȚȘȖȞȒȐșȚȖȊ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȧ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖșȚȍȑ ȖȕȐ ȗȘȐȕȧȓȐșȤ șȚȘȖȐȚȤ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȊȍȘ-
șȐȐ31. Ǫ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ ȚȖ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȍȘȊȣȍ Ȑ șȘȈȊȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȍȊȐȕȕȣȍ ȒȖȕșȗȐȘȖȓȖȋȐ-
ȟȍșȒȐȍ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȧ șȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȍ ș ȋȐȉȍȓȤȦ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ ǿȐșȓȖ Ȑȝ Ȓ șȖȎȈȓȍȕȐȦ
30 Ʌ Ɉ ɑɟɪɧɟɣɤɨ ɋɟɦɶɹ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɑ   Ɏɢɥɮɚɤ ɆȽɍ ɜ ɥɢɰɚɯ KWWSVYNFRP
@philface-FKHUQHLNR ɑɟɪɧɟɣɤɨ Ʌ Ɉ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɚ ɋɢɥɥɨɜɚ ɢ Ȼɨɪɢɫɚ ɉɚɫ-
ɬɟɪɧɚɤɚ ɂɡ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɜɨɜ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɋɢɥɥɨɜɵɯ ȼɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ Ⱦɨɦɟ-ɦɭɡɟɟ Ȼ Ʌ ɉɚ-
ɫɬɟɪɧɚɤɚ  ɦɚɪɬɚ  ɝ ɜɢɞɟɨɡɚɩɢɫɶ ɫɦ KWWSVZZZ\RXWXEHFRPZDWFK"Y \THXNNPFL
ɋ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɷɬɢɦ ɛɵɥ Ⱥ Ɏ Ɋɭɬɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ -1943),
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢ ɜɟɥ ɞɟɥɨ ʋ  ɇɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɵ Ɋɭɬɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɡɝɥɚɜɥɹɥ ɪɹɞ
ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɋɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ȼɑɄ-Ƚɉɍ-ɈȽɉɍ ɜ  ɝ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɪɲɟɝɨ ɦɚɣɨɪɚ ɝɨɫ-
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ȼ  ɝ ɛɵɥ ɚɪɟɫɬɨɜɚɧ ɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɥɚ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧ ɫ ɭɜɨɥɶɧɟɧɢɟɦ
ɢɡ ɈȽɉɍ ȼ  ɝ ɛɵɥ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɚɪɟɫɬɨɜɚɧ ɢ ɜ  ɝ ɩɪɢɝɨɜɨɪɟɧ ɤ ȼɆɇ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ-
ɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɧɚ  ɥɟɬ ɥɢɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɭɦɟɪ ɜ ɥɚɝɟɪɟ ȼ  ɝ ɛɵɥ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɫɟɦɶɟ ɛɵɥɚ
ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɟɧɫɢɹ ȽȺɊɎ Ɏ  Ɉɩ  Ⱦ 
31 Ȼ ɩ! Ɋɚɫɫɬɪɟɥɵ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ  Ȼɸɥɥɟɬɟɧɶ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɤɨɜ-ɥɟɧɢɧɰɟɜ
ɉɚɪɢɠ  ʋ  ɚɩɪɟɥɶ Ȼ ɩ! ɉɢɫɶɦɚ ɢɡ CCCɊ  ɬɚɦ ɠɟ ɋɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɢɚɬ >Ɍɪɨɰɤɢɣ
Ʌ@ ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ  ,QWHUQDWLRQDO %XOOHWLQ  ʋ 2. March 1st; Serge V.
Russia Twenty Years After. New Jersey  ɋ - ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɢɡɞ  ɢ ɬ ɞ

347
Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȋȖȌȣ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȕȖȎȐȚșȧ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ ȊȣșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ ȚȖ ȓȖȊȒȐȔ șȊȧȏȕȣȔ
ȏȓȖȊȍȡȍȋȖ ©ȚȘȖȞȒȐșȚșȒȖȋȖ ȞȍȕȚȘȈª ȚȖ ȏȈȒȖȕșȗȐȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȔ ȗȘȖȚȍȎȍ ȚȈȐȕșȚ-
Ȋȍȕȕȣȝ Ȑ ȊȣșȖȒȖȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȈȘȚȐȑȕȖ-ȟȍȒȐșȚșȒȐȝ ȒțȘȈȚȖȘȖȊ, ȚȖ șȖțȟȈșȚȕȐ-
ȒȖȔ Ȋ ȌȍȘȏȒȖȑ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȍ ȗȍȘȍȗȘȈȊȐȚȤ ȏȈ ȋȘȈȕȐȞț ȌȖșȤȍ ȈȋȍȕȚȈ ȞȈȘșȒȖȑ Ȗȝ-
ȘȈȕȒȐ ǰȖșȐȜȈ ǬȎțȋȈȠȊȐȓȐ ȚȖ ȘȈȏȔȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȍȠȒȖȑ Ȋ ȐȕȚȘȐȋȍ ȇ ǨȋȘȈȕȖȊȈ
ȐȔȍȊȠȍȑ ȞȍȓȤȦ ȏȈȗțȋȐȊȈȕȐȍ Ǫ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ — ȗȖȐșȚȐȕȍ ȒȈȒ ȗȐșȈȓ ȗȖ ȌȘț-
ȋȖȔț ȗȖȊȖȌț Ǫ ǽȖȌȈșȍȊȐȟ ©ȉțȘȕȣȑ ȗȖȚȖȒ ȝȐȚȘȖțȔȕȍȑȠȐȝ ȕȖ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ
ȜȈȕȚȈșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȕȈȚȧȎȍȒ Ȑ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȓȤȕȣȝ țȔȖȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȑ șȚȘȍȔȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ țȕȖ-
șȐȊȠȐȝ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȧ Ȋ ȟȍȘȕȣȑ ȖȔțȚ ȕȍȓȍȗȐȞȣ»32.
ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȖȉȡȐȑ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚ ȊȖȓȕȣ ȈȕȚȐȚȘȖȞȒȐșȚșȒȐȝ ȘȍȗȘȍșșȐȑ ȒȈȒ Ȑ Ȋ Ȟȍ-
ȓȖȔ țȎȍșȚȖȟȍȕȐȧ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ Ȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȖȑ ȈȚȔȖșȜȍȘȣ Ȋ ȗȍȘȐȖȌ ©ȊȍȓȐ-
ȒȖȋȖ ȗȍȘȍȓȖȔȈª Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȕȍȖșȗȖȘȐȔ ǹȖȘȈȚȕȐȒȐ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȒȈȏȈȓȐșȤ ȏȈȗțȋȈȕȕȣȔȐ Ȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ǩ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ — Ȓ ȚȖȔț ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȌȈȊ-
ȕȖ ȖȚȖȠȍȌȠȐȑ ȖȚ ȓȍȜȖȊșȒȖ-ȘȍȜȖȊșȒȐȝ ȒȘțȋȖȊ — ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐȓ șȍȉȍ ȐȏȓȐȚȤ șȊȖȦ
șȒȖȘȉȤ Ȋ ȗȐșȤȔȈȝ
ǩ ȇȕȋȜȍȓȤȌȚ ȟȤȍ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ȋȐȉȍȓȐ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ șȖȌȍȘȎȐȚ ȘȧȌ ȖȠȐȉȖȒ șȗȘȈ-
ȊȍȌȓȐȊȖ ȏȈȖșȚȘȧȍȚ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȥȚȖȔ ȒȘȈșȕȖȘȍȟȐȊȖȔ ȔȖȓȟȈȕȐȐ ©ǴȖȓȟȈȕȐȍ
ȖȒȘțȎȈȊȠȍȍ ȥȚț șȔȍȘȚȤ șȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊțȍȚ Ȗȉ ȈȚȔȖșȜȍȘȍ șȚȘȈȝȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ
ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȧȚȤșȧ Ȋ șȖȊȍȚșȒȖȔ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍ țȎȍ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȏȐȔȖȑ  ȋȖȌȈ ȏȈ ȠȍșȚȤ
ȓȍȚ ȌȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ ȚȍȘȘȖȘȈ țȕȍșȠȍȋȖ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȖȊ ȉȍȏȊȐȕȕȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ Ȑ Ȋ
Ȑȝ ȟȐșȓȍ șȖȚȍȕ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȍȑª33.
ǷȖșȓȍ ȋȐȉȍȓȐ ȔțȎȈ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ ȗȣȚȈȓȈșȤ ȊȣȉȘȖșȐȚȤșȧ Ȑȏ ȖȒȕȈ34 șȒȘȣ-
ȊȈȓȈșȤ ȖȚ ȔȐȘȈ Ȋ ȌȖȔȍ ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȍȑ (ȗȍȘȍȉȘȈȊȠȐȝșȧ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț ȊȐȌȐȔȖ Ȋ -ȝ
ȋȋ). ǷȖȓțȟȐȊ ȐȏȊȍșȚȐȍ Ȗ șȈȔȖțȉȐȑșȚȊȍ Ǫ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ǩ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ ȘȍȠȐȓ
ȗȘȐȉȍȋȕțȚȤ Ȓ ©ȠȖȒȖȊȖȑ ȚȍȘȈȗȐȐª Ȑ ȊȣȏȊȈȓ ȍȍ ȗȖ ȚȍȓȍȜȖȕț Ȋ ǳțȉȧȕșȒȐȑ ȗȘȖȍȏȌ
©ǻȏȕȈȊ Ȗ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȤȐ ȧ ȊȣȏȊȈȓ ȕȈ ȔȍșȚȖ ȗȘȖȐșȠȍșȚȊȐȧ ǶȓȤȋț ǹȐȓȓȖȊț ǿȚȖ-ȚȖ
ȗȖȌșȒȈȏȈȓȖ Ȕȕȍ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȗȖȚȘȧșȍȕȤȍ ȌȈșȚ ȊȣȝȖȌ ȍȍ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔț ȋȖȘȦª35.
ǵȍ ȗȖȏȌȕȍȍ  ȋ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ ȊȐȌȐȔȖ ȖșȖȏȕȈȓȈ ȟȚȖ ȖșȚȈȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ǴȖș-
ȒȊȍ ȖȗȈșȕȖ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍșȍȓȐȓȈșȤ ș ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȧȔȐ Ȋ ǳȍȕȐȕȋȘȈȌ36 Ǫ ȚȖȔ Ȏȍ ȋȖȌț
32 ɏɨɞɚɫɟɜɢɱ ȼ Ʉɭɪɶɟɡɵ ɩɫɢɯɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ  ȼɨɡɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɉɚɪɢɠ  ʋ   ɢɸɥɹ
33 əɧɝɮɟɥɶɞɬ Ȼ ɋɬɚɜɤɚ — ɠɢɡɧɶ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ Ɇɚɹɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɪɭɝ Ɇ  ɋ -537.
34 ɉɚɫɬɟɪɧɚɤ Ȼ ɉɢɫɶɦɨ ɤ Ʌ Ɉ ɉɚɫɬɟɪɧɚɤɭ ɨɬ  ɦɚɪɬɚ  ɫ  ɧɚɫɬ ɢɡɞ
35 ɉɚɫɬɟɪɧɚɤ Ȼ Ɉɯɪɚɧɧɚɹ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɚ  ɉɨɥɧɨɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ȼ ɨɞɢɧ-
ɧɚɞɰɚɬɢ ɬɨɦɚɯ Ɍ III ɉɪɨɡɚ Ɇ  ɋ 
36 ȼ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹɯ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɨ Ȼ ɉɚɫɬɟɪɧɚɤɟ ɩɟɪɟɟɡɞ ɫɭɞɹ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɭ ɫɵɧɚ ɞɚɬɢ-
ɪɨɜɚɧ  ɝ ɫ  ɧɚɫɬ ɢɡɞ ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɦɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ Ɍɚɤ ɪɟ-
ɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɢ ɉɚɫɬɟɪɧɚɤɚ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɶɛɚɦɢ ɤ ɥɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɦ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ
ɉɟɬɪɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɨɤɬɹɛɪɟɦ  ɝ ©Ɉɧɚ ɩɨɫɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ
Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɟ ɢ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɫɟɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɶɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢª ɫɦ ɫ  ɧɚɫɬ ɢɡɞ ɤɭɪɫɢɜ
ɧɚɲ ɜ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɚɯ ɢ ɩɢɫɶɦɚɯ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɨ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɟ ɜ  ɝ ©ɜ ɬɪɭɞɧɭɸ ɞɥɹ
ɦɟɧɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɭ ɠɢɡɧɢª ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɜ ɥɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɣ Ⱦɨɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚ-
ɬɨɪɚ ɢɦ Ɇɚɹɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɜ ɱɟɦ ɟɣ ɩɨɦɨɝ Ɇ Ⱥɡɚɞɨɜɫɤɢɣ

ȗȖ șȊȍȌȍȕȐȧȔ ǳ Ƕ ǿȍȘȕȍȑȒȖ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ ȗȖȉȣȊȈȓȈ Ȋ ǪȖȘȖȕȍȎȍ ȋȌȍ
ȊșȚȘȍ-ȟȈȓȈșȤ șȖ șșȣȓȤȕȣȔȐ Ƕ ȅ Ȑ ǵ ȇ ǴȈȕȌȍȓȤȠȚȈȔȈȔȐ Ȑ ȏȈȗȐșȈȓȈ
ȕȍșȒȖȓȤ-ȒȖ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȑ ǴȈȕȌȍȓȤȠȚȈȔȈ37.
Ǫ  ȋ ȌȈȊȍȠȕȐȑ ȕȈșȚȈȊȕȐȒ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ Ǵ ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȐȑ țșȚȘȖȐȓ ȍȍ ȕȈ
ȘȈȉȖȚț Ȋ ǼȖȓȤȒȓȖȘȕțȦ șȍȒȞȐȦ ǷțȠȒȐȕșȒȖȋȖ ǬȖȔȈ38 ©Ǵȕȍ ȌȖșȚȈȓȖșȤ ȗȍȘȍȊȖ-
ȌȐȚȤ ȔȈȘȐȑșȒȐȍ Ȑ țȌȔțȘȚșȒȐȍ ȗȍșȕȐ Ȑ ȘȍȌȈȒȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ Ȑȝ șȒȈȏȒȐ ǶȟȍȕȤ ȐȕȚȍ-
ȘȍșȕȈȧ șȒȘțȗțȓȍȏȕȈȧ Ȑ țȊȓȍȒȈȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ǵȈȌȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȖșȓțȠȈȚȤ ȗȍș-
ȕȦ ȏȈȗȐșȈȕȕțȦ ȕȈ ȊȈȓȐȒ Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔ ș ȕȖȚȕȣȔ ȓȐșȚȖȔ ț ȘȖȧȓȧ ȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȘțșșȒȐȑ
ȚȍȒșȚ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȥȊȜȖȕȐȐ ȔȍȓȖȌȐȐ Ȑ ȘȐȚȔțª ǵȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȍȍ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȣ
ș ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȖȋȖ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȣ Ȋ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȖȑ ǨȕȚȖȓȖȋȐȐ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȈȕȋȓȐȑ-
șȒȖȑ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ (1937).
ǪȖ ȊȚȖȘȖȑ ȗȖȓȖȊȐȕȍ -ȝ ȋȋ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ ȗȖȏȕȈȒȖȔȐȓȈșȤ ș ȐȕȎȍȕȍ-
ȘȖȔ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȚȈȚȍȓȍȔ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȔ ȒȖȕșȚȘțȒȚȖȘȖȔ ǫ ȇ ǬȐȓȓȖȕȖȔ "-1958);
ȌȖ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧ ȖȜȐȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȖȕȐ ȠȍșȚȤ ȓȍȚ ȗȘȖȎȐȓȐ Ȋ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȖȔ ȉȘȈȒȍ
Ǫ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȧȕȊȈȘȧ  ȋ ǬȐȓȓȖȕ Ȑ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ ș șȣȕȖȔ ȉȣȓȐ ȥȊȈȒțȐȘȖȊȈȕȣ
Ȑȏ ȖșȈȎȌȍȕȕȖȋȖ ǳȍȕȐȕȋȘȈȌȈ; ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȉȓȖȒȈȌȣ ȗȖȋȐȉȓȐ ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȐ ǷȍȚȘȖȊ-
șȒȖȑ.
ǫ ǬȐȓȓȖȕ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓșȧ Ȋ ǵǰǰ- ǴȐȕȈȊȐȈȗȘȖȔȈ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȒȖȑ ȚȖȘȗȍȌ Ȋ
 ȋ ș ȋȘțȗȗȖȑ șȖȚȘțȌȕȐȒȖȊ ȉȣȓ ȗȍȘȍȊȍȌȍȕ Ȋ ǵǰǰ- ǴȐȕȈȊȐȈȗȘȖȔȈ ȋȌȍ
ȊȖȏȋȓȈȊȐȓ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȗȖ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȦ ȘȍȈȒȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȈȊȐȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȚȖȘȗȍȌȣ ǸǨǺ-
 ǲȖȋȌȈ ȒȖȕșȚȘțȒȚȖȘ ȚȧȎȍȓȖ ȏȈȉȖȓȍȓ ȚțȉȍȘȒțȓȍȏȖȔ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ ȗȖȓȕȖșȚȤȦ
ȗȖșȊȧȚȐȓȈ șȍȉȧ ȏȈȉȖȚȈȔ Ȗ ȔțȎȍ Ȑ ȊȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ ȋȖȘȌȐȓȈșȤ ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ șȔȖȋȓȈ ©ȗȘȖ-
ȌȓȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȎȐȏȕȤª
ǷȖșȓȍ șȔȍȘȚȐ ǬȐȓȓȖȕȈ Ȋ  ȋ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ ȗȘȍȗȖȌȈȊȈȓȈ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȐȑ
ȧȏȣȒ, ș 1960-ȝ ȋȋ ȒȖȕșțȓȤȚȐȘȖȊȈȓȈ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌȖȊ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȊȠȐȝșȧ ȌȈȓȤ-
ȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȔ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȖȔ Ȑ ǳǭǼȖȊȞȈȔȐ, ȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȗȐșȈȚȤ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ ȟȈș-
ȚȐȟȕȖ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ Ȋ - ȋȋ ǩȓȐȏȒȖ ȌȘțȎȐȓȈ ș Ǻ ǺȣȠȓȍȘ ȗȍȘ-
ȊȖȑ ȎȍȕȖȑ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȈ Ǩ ǺȣȠȓȍȘȈ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȋȘȈȜȖȔ Ȑ ȗȖȥȚȍșșȖȑ ǳ ǸȈȌȒȍ-
ȊȐȟ ȒȐȍȊșȒȐȔ ȗȖȥȚȖȔ Ȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌȖȔ ǳ ǪȣȠȍșȓȈȊșȒȐȔ ǲ ǨșȍȍȊȖȑ șȖ-
ȊȔȍșȚȕȖ ș ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȘȈȏȉȐȘȈȓȈ ȈȘȝȐȊ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊȈ Ȑ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȐȓȈ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ ȊȖșȗȖ-
ȔȐȕȈȕȐȑ Ȗ ȗȖȥȚȍ  ǹȒȖȕȟȈȓȈșȤ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ Ȋ  ȋ Ǫ ȋȖȌ ȍȍ șȔȍȘȚȐ Ǫ
ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȉȣȓ ȘȍȈȉȐȓȐȚȐȘȖȊȈȕ
ǹ Ȁ
37 ɉɨ ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɟɡɞɤɚ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɦ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɠɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɩɢɫɶɦɟ ɉɚɫɬɟɪɧɚɤɚ ɤ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɬ  ɮɟɜɪ  ɝ ɫ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟɦ Ɇɚɧɞɟɥɶɲɬɚɦɨɜ
©Ɇɚɧɞɟɥɶɲɬɚɦɚɦ ɤɥɚɧɹɣɬɟɫɶª ɟɳɟ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɟɡɞɟ ɜ Ʌɟɧɢɧ-
ɝɪɚɞ ɚ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɢ ɉɚɫɬɟɪɧɚɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɢ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɨɤ-
ɬɹɛɪɟɦ.
38 ɋ   ɧɚɫɬ ɢɡɞ

·°¼½¹ Èº³¶¹®«
 
ª ª

350
ª ª
ǴȖȍȔț ȌȍȌț
ǹȐȓȓȖȊț ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘț ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊȐȟț
ǹțȌȤȉȍ ȧ ȌȖȊȍȘȧȦ ȌȈȎȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ
ȟȍȔ ȓȣȎȈȔ ȋȖȘȕȣȔ
ȖȚȊȍșȕȣȔ șȗțșȒȈȔ
ǶȕȈ Ȕȍȕȧ ȊȍȌȨȚ ȖȚ șȈȔȖȑ ǷȖȓȤȠȐ —
ȐȌț ȗȖȒȖȘȕȖ
ȌȖȘȖȋȖȑ țȏȒȖȑ
ǴȖȑ ȗȘȈȌȍȌ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖșȚȤȦ ȊȓȍȒȖȔȣȑ
șȊȖȍȑ ȖȚȟȐȏȕȍ
ȝȖȚȍȓ șȊȖȉȖȌȣ
ǰ ȐȏȋȕȈȕ ȉȣȓ Ȑȏ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȌȖȔȈ
ȗȘȐȊȣȟȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ —
Ȋ Ȗȋȕȍ ȕȍȚ ȉȘȖȌȈ
ǰȏ ȠȓȧȝȚȣ Ȗȕ ȗȖȗȈȓ Ȋ șȘȍȌț ȒȘȍșȚȤȧȕșȚȊȈ
ȕȈ ȘțșșȒȖȔ Ȧȋȍ
Ȋ șȚȍȗȧȝ ț ǬȖȕȈ
ǭȋȖ șȗȈșȈȓȖ ȊȍȘȣ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕșȚȊȖ
ȟȚȖ Ȑ ȗȘȐ ȗȓțȋȍ
șțȌȤȉȈ ȏȈȒȖȕȕȈ
ǫȓțȉȖȒȖ ȒȖȘȕȐ ȘȈȏȊȍȚȊȐȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȗȖȓȍ —
șȔȐȘȐȓșȧ ȗȈȝȈȘȤ
ȌȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ș ȊȐȌț
ǵȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȋȖȘȌȣȑ Ȍțȝ ȋȖȘȍȚȤ Ȋ ȕȍȊȖȓȍ
ǵȍȊȖȓȧ — ȗȓȈȝȈ
ǵȖ ȕȍ ȖȉȐȌț
ȚȈȐȓ Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȌțȠȍ ȔȖȑ ȋȖȘȌȣȑ ȗȘȍȌȖȒ
ǵȖșȐȓ ȒȖȚȖȔȒț
Ȑ ȊȍȘȐȓ șȊȧȚȖ —
șȊȖȉȖȌȣ ȐȌȍȈȓ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȗȘȍȌȈȕ
ȍȋȖ ȗȖȚȖȔȒȐ
ȗȘȐȌțȚ ȒȖȋȌȈ-ȚȖ

351
ǷȘȖȠȓȐ ȋȖȌȈ ǰ ȧ Ȑȏ Țȍȝ ȗȖȚȖȔȒȖȊ
ȍȋȖ ȗȖȘȖȌȣ
ǵȖ ȋȌȍ ȉțȕȚȈȘșȚȊȖ"
ǷțșȚȈ ȌțȠȈ ȔȖȧ ȒȈȒ ȚȈ ȒȖȚȖȔȒȈ
ǽȖȟț șȊȖȉȖȌȣ
Ȉ ȊșȨ — ȔȣȚȈȘșȚȊȖ
ǹȒȘȍșȚȐȓȐșȤ ȌȊȈ ȗțȚȐ — ȗȖȓȧȒȈ ȉȈȓȚȈ
ȊȖ Ȕȕȍ șȓțȟȈȑȕȖ
ǸȖȗȚȈȚȤ ȕȍȋȖȎȍ
ǹȓȍȌȣ ȚȐȘȈȕșȚȊȈ Ȋ ȗȍȘșȗȍȒȚȐȊȍ ȋȊȈȓȚȈ —
ȈȘȍșȚ ȊȕȈȟȈȓȍ
ȘȈșșȚȘȍȓ ȟțȚȤ ȗȖȏȎȍ
ǭȋȖ ȧ șȚȘȈȝȖȔ ȉȍșȗȘȍȌȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȉȐȚȈ —
ȕȍ ȊȐȎț ȞȍȓȐ
ȉȘȍȌț ȒȘȖȔȍȠȕȖ
ǪȖȒȘțȋ șȍȉȧ ȕȍ șȖȉȐȘȈȦ șȊȐȚȣ
ǼȈȓȤȠȐȊȖ șȗȍȓȐ —
ȗȘȖȡț ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ
Ƕȕ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȠȨȓ șȊȖȑ ȗțȚȤ șțȌȤȉȈ ȚȈȒȈȧ
ȌȈȎȍ Ȑ ȚȘȍȚȐ —
ǳțȉȧȕȒȈ șȔȣȓȈ
ǵȍ ȗȘȐȝȖȚȐ șȊȖȍȑ ȧ ȗȖȚȈȒȈȓȈ
Ȑ ȜȈȒȚȣ ȥȚȐ
Ȋșȍ ȐȏțȟȐȓȈ
ȒȖȋȌȈ ȧȕȊȈȘșȒȐȔ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ ȖȌȕȈȎȌȣ
Ȕȕȍ ǬȍȓȖ ȌȈȓȐ
ǺȘțȌȕȖ ȗȖȊȍȘȐȚȤ"
ǳțȉȧȕȒț ȗȖșȍȚȐȚȤ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȔȖȋ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ
ǺȖȔȈ ȟȐȚȈȓȐ
ȗȘȖșȐȓȐ ȒșȍȘȐȚȤ
ȇ ȚȍȔ ȧȕȊȈȘșȒȐȔ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ țȕȣȓȣȔ
Ȋ ȚȖȑ ȒȘțȋȖȊȍȘȚȐ
șȗȐșȈȓȈ ȕȖȔȍȘ
ǰȝ ȗȧȚȍȘȖ ȗȖ Ȍȍȓț ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȓȖ
ǹȊȖȍȦ șȔȍȘȚȤȦ
ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȔȍȘ

352
Ǭȓȧ ȟȍȚȊȍȘȣȝ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȗȖ ȌȍșȧȚȤ ȊȣȠȓȖ
ȉȍȏ ȗȐșȍȔ ȘȍȌȒȐȝ —
șȟȐȚȈȑ ȟȚȖ ȊȣȠȒȈ
Ǩ Ȓ ȌȍȌț ȔȖȍȔț — ȏȈȒȖȕ ȟȚȖ ȌȣȠȓȖ
șțȌȤȧ Ȑȏ ȔȍȚȒȐȝ
ǴȖȔȍȕȚ ȒȈȒ ȊșȗȣȠȒȈ
ǰ ȌȍȌ ȔȖȑ ȘțșșȒȐȑ ȉȈȓȚ ȊȖȠȨȓ Ȋ ©ȘȈșșȚȘȍȓȤȕȣȑª
ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȗȍȘȊȣȝ —
ȜȍȊȘȈȓȤ ȚȘȐȌȞȈȚȣȑ
ǲȈȒ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ ȉȣȓ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ Ȗȕ ȞȍȓȤȕȣȑ
ǰȏ șȓȈȉȖȕȍȘȊȕȣȝ"
ǵȍȚ ǪȐȕȖȊȈȚȣȑ
ȓȐȠȤ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȔȣșȓȐȓ șȈȔ Ȑ ȎȐȓ Ȋ șȊȖȉȖȌȍ,
ȕȍ ȒȈȒ ȊȍȓȍȓȐ —
ȕȖ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȊȣȏȖȊ
ȔȈȠȐȕȍ ȟȚȖ ȗȍȟȨȚșȧ Ȗ ȕȈȘȖȌȍ
Ȑ ©șȚȈȊȐȚ Ȓ ȞȍȓȐª
Ȋșȍȝ ȒȚȖ ȕȍ ©ȊȣȏȘȍȓª
ǫȖȘȚȈȕȤ șȊȖȌȐȓȖ șȗȈȏȔȈȔȐ Ȑ ȋțȓȒȖ
Ȋ ȊȐșȒȈȝ șȚțȟȈȓȖ
ǻȎȍ ȚȍȔȕȍȓȖ
ǵȈȘȖȌ Ȋ ȔȍȚȘȖ ȊȈȓȐȓ Ȑȏ ȗȍȘȍțȓȒȖȊ
ǷȘȐȠȨȓ ȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȐȒ —
șȌȈȓȈ ȧ ǬȍȓȖ
ǹȖȊȗȈȓȐ șȚȘȈȕȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȌȊȍ ȌȈȚȣ
ȌȊȈ ȝȘȖȕȖȚȖȗȈ —
ȧȕȊȈȘȤ ǳțȉȧȕȒȈ
ǬȊȍ ȍȌȐȕȐȞȣ ȘȧȌȖȔ ȒȈȒ șȖȓȌȈȚȣ
ǰȝ șȓȣȠȐȚ ȚȖȗȖȚ
șțȌȤȉȈ-ȉȍȋȓȧȕȒȈ.
ǵȈș ȘȈȏȌȍȓȧȓȖ ȠȍșȚȤ ȌȍșȧȚȐȓȍȚȐȑ
Ȗȕ — ȕȈ ȌȖȗȘȖșȍ
Ȕȕȍ — ȌȘȖȎȤ ȗȖ Țȍȓț
ǲȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȧ Ȋ ȚȖȔ șȈȔȖȔ ȓȐȝȖȓȍȚȤȍ
ȏȈȌȈȊ ȊȖȗȘȖșȣ
ȗȘȖȠȓȈ ȗȖ Ȍȍȓț

ǲȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȕȍ ȍȔț Ȉ Ȕȕȍ ȗȘȐȠȐȓȐ
șȚȈȚȤȦ Ȑ ȕȖȔȍȘ
ǰ ȜȖȚȖ Ȋ ǬȍȓȖ
ǰ ȊȣșȚȘȍȓȖȔ Ȋ țȗȖȘ — Ȕȍȕȧ ȗȘȖȠȐȓȐ
Ȑ ȔȖȏȋ ȔȖȑ ȖȉȔȍȘ
ǪȕțȚȘȐ ȋȖȘȍȓȖ
ǵȖ ȕȍȚ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȈ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȈȒȚȍ
ǪȌȘțȋ ȕȈȗȘȧȋȈȦșȤ
Ȑ ȊȐȎț ȌȍȕȤ ȧ
ȠȍșȚȕȈȌȞȈȚȤ Ȑ ȜȍȊȘȈȓȤ ǵȈ ȥȚȖȔ ȜȈȒȚȍ
ȧ șȗȖȚȣȒȈȦșȤ —
ȔȖȑ ȌȍȕȤ ȘȖȎȌȍȕȤȧ
ǭȋȖ ȒȖȕȍȞ — ȌȍȕȤ ȔȖȍȋȖ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ
ǲȘțȋ ȕȍ ȏȈȔȒȕțȓșȧ
Ȋ ȕȨȔ ȍșȚȤ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȤȍ
ǺȘȈȋȍȌȐȧ ȍȋȖ ȊȖ Ȕȕȍ ȔȖȓȟȈȓȈ
ǺȖȚ ȗȘȖȔȈȝȕțȓșȧ
ȇ — ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȍȕȤȍ

354
ɄɈɆɆȿɇɌȺɊɂɂ
Ǫ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȑ ȒȕȐȋȍ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ șȖȉȘȈȕȖ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȍ ȕȈșȓȍȌȐȍ ȗȖȥȚȈ ȒȘȐȚȐȒȈ ȓȐ-
ȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌȈ Ǫ Ǩ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ - Ȑ ȍȋȖ Ȏȍȕȣ ȗȖȥȚȍșșȣ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȟȐȞȣ Ȑ Ȕȍ-
ȔțȈȘȐșȚȒȐ Ƕ ǫ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ - ǯȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȟȈșȚȤ ȊȖȠȍȌȠȐȝ Ȋ șȖȉȘȈ-
ȕȐȍ ȚȍȒșȚȖȊ Ȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȊ ȗțȉȓȐȒțȍȚșȧ ȐȓȐ ȘȍȗțȉȓȐȒțȍȚșȧ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ
Ǫșȍ ȚȍȒșȚȣ ȗțȉȓȐȒțȦȚșȧ ȗȖ ȗȍȘȊȖȐȏȌȈȕȐȧȔ Ȋ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȖȘȜȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ Ǫ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍ-
ȕȐȧȝ șȖȝȘȈȕȍȕȈ ȈȊȚȖȘșȒȈȧ ȗțȕȒȚțȈȞȐȧ ǩȍȏȖȋȖȊȖȘȖȟȕȖ ȐșȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȣ ȧȊȕȣȍ ȖȗȍȟȈȚȒȐ.
Ǫ ȒȖȔȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȧȝ ȏȈ ȘȍȌȒȐȔȐ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȍ ȘȈșȒȘȣȊȈȓȐșȤ
țȒȈȏȈȕȕȣȍ ȈȊȚȖȘȈȔȐ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȐ ȞȐȚȈȚ ȓȐȉȖ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȞȐȚȈȚ ȝȘȍșȚȖȔȈȚȐȑȕȖ
ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȝ ǲȈȒ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȖ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȧȚșȧ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȌȍȚȈȓȐ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȗȉȡȍ-
ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȝ ȐȓȐ ȉȍȋȓȖ țȗȖȔȧȕțȚȣȝ ȐȔȍȕ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌȖȊ Ȑ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȍȑ ȐșȒțșșȚȊ.
ǹȖșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȤ ȗȘȐȕȖșȐȚ ȋȓțȉȖȟȈȑȠțȦ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȖșȚȤ ǳ Ƕ ǿȍȘȕȍȑȒȖ ǴȖșȒȊȈ Ȋȕțȟ-
Ȓȍ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ Ȑ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȈȊȐȊȠȍȑ Ȍȓȧ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȣ Ȑȏ șȍȔȍȑ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȈȘȝȐȊȈ ǵȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȏȈȕȧȚȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ ȒȈȜȍȌȘȣ ȘțșșȒȖȋȖ
ȧȏȣȒȈ ȜȐȓȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȜȈȒțȓȤȚȍȚȈ Ǵǫǻ ǳ Ƕ ǿȍȘȕȍȑȒȖ ș ȕȍȐȏȔȍȕȕȣȔ ȌȘțȎȍ-
șȒȐȔ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍȔ șȖȗȘȖȊȖȎȌȈȓȈ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȈȗȣ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȕȈȌ ȒȕȐȋȖȑ Ȑ ȚȍȘȗȍȓȐȊȖ ȖȚȊȍȟȈ-
ȓȈ ȕȈ ȊȖȗȘȖșȣ ȒȈșȈȦȡȐȍșȧ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȍȍ șȍȔȤȐ ǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ-ȥȔȍȘȐȚțș Ȑ șȚȈȘȠȐȑ
ȕȈțȟȕȣȑ șȖȚȘțȌȕȐȒ ǺȈȓȓȐȕȕșȒȖȋȖ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚȈ ǰ ǯ ǩȍȓȖȉȘȖȊȞȍȊȈ ȓȦȉȍȏȕȖ ȗȘȍ-
ȌȖșȚȈȊȐȓȈ Ȍȓȧ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧ ȔȍȔțȈȘȕȣȑ ȚȍȒșȚ Ȑ ȗȐșȤȔȈ Ƕ ǫ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ ǹȖșȚȈȊȐ-
ȚȍȓȤ Ȑ ȐȏȌȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȐșȒȘȍȕȕȍ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧȚ șȖȚȘțȌȕȐȒȖȊ ǰșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤșȒȖȋȖ
ȞȍȕȚȘȈ ǪȖșȚȖȟȕȖȑ ǭȊȘȖȗȣ ȗȘȐ ǩȘȍȔȍȕșȒȖȔ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚȍ Ȑ Ǩ Ǩ ǹȚȍȗȈȕȖȊȈ ǪȖȘȖ-
ȕȍȎ ȏȈ ȗȖȔȖȡȤ Ȋ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ
ǹ Ȁ
Ǫ ǹǰǳǳǶǪ
ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ Ȑȏ ȎțȘȕȈȓȖȊ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª «ǪȖșȚȖȒ» Ȑ ©ȆȕȤª
ǬȖ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȏȈȘȐ
ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ ǮțȘȕȈȓ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ Ȑ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ șȚȘȖȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ǪȓȈ-
ȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒ 0 ȹ 1, ȐȦȕȤ
Ǫ șȉ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ Ȑ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ ǯȘȈȟȒȐ Ȋȍșȍȕ ǼțȌȏȧȌȏȧȕ, 1921 ȉȣȓ ȕȈȗȍ-
ȟȈȚȈȕ șȖȒȘȈȡȍȕȕȣȑ ȊȈȘȐȈȕȚ șȚȐȝ ȌȈȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ  ȋ

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Ǵȣ ȏȊȍȏȌȣ Ȑ Ȋȍșȕȣ
ǷȖȚȈȡȐȔ ȕȈ ȘȣȕȖȒ
ǷȖȚȈȡȐȔ șȒȊȖȏȤ ȋȊȈȓȚȣ Ȑ ȌȈȊȒț
ǰ ȉȘȖșȐȔ ȏȈ ȚțșȒȓȣȑ ȗȖȓȚȐȕȕȐȒ
ǲ ȈȕȚȐȒȊȈȘț Ȋ ȓȈȊȒț
Ǫ ȌțȠȈȝ ȖȗȓȍȊȈȕȕȣȝ
ǵȈȋȓȣȝ Ȑ șȐȓȤȕȣȝ
ǭșȚȤ ȈȓȚȈȘȐ
ǰ ȕȈ ȕȐȝ ȏȈȚȍȗȓȐȔ ȓȈȔȗȈȌȣ Ȓ ȊȍȟȍȘȕȍ
ǬȖ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȏȈȘȐ
ǫȌȍ ȕȐȒȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȓȦȉȧȚ
ǪȖșȚȖȒ ǮțȘȕȈȓ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ Ȑ ȐșȒțșșȚȊ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒ  ȹ  >ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȣȑ] ȧȕȊȈȘȤ
ǵ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊț
ȆȕȤ ǳȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖ-ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȍȎȍȔȍșȧȟȕȐȒ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒ  ȹ 
[ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ], ȜȍȊȘȈȓȤ ǷȖȏȌȕȍȍ Ȋ șȉ ǯȘȈȟȒȐ Ȋȍșȍȕ ș ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȐȔȐ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȐȧ-
ȔȐ Ȋ ȗțȕȒȚțȈȞȐȐ ȘȈȏȉȐȊȒȖȑ ȕȈ ȟȍȚȣȘȍȝșȚȐȠȐȧ Ȑ ȌȈȚȐȘȖȊȒȖȑ «1920».
Ȍȍ-ǳȐȓȧ — Ǫ ȗȘȐȔȍȟȈȕȐȧȝ Ȓ ȈȕȚȖȓȖȋȐȐ ǷȖȥȏȐȧ ȘțșșȒȖȋȖ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȈ ǹǷȉ
 ǩ-ȒȈ ȗȖȥȚȈ ǹ Ǹ ǲȘȈșȐȞȒȐȑ ȊȣșȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȟȚȖ ȘȍȟȤ ȐȌȍȚ Ȗ
ȜȘ ȗȖȥȚȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȔ ȐȕȎȍȕȍȘȍ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȟȐȒȍ ǲ Ǯ ǸțȎȍ Ȍȍ ǳȐȓȍ - ȈȊȚȖȘȍ
șȓȖȊ Ȑ ȔțȏȣȒȐ ©ǴȈȘșȍȓȤȍȏȣª ȐȏȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȖ ©ǩȖȍȊȈȧ ȗȍșȕȧ ǸȍȑȕșȒȖȑ ȈȘȔȐȐª ǵȖ ȉȖ-
ȓȍȍ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖȑ ȕȈȔ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȒȈȕȌȐȌȈȚțȘȈ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȖȋȖ ȜȘ ȗȖȥȚȈ-ȗȈȘȕȈșȞȈ Ȁ Ǵ
Ǹ ǳȍȒȖȕȚȈ Ȍȍ ǳȐȓȧ - ȕȈ ȟȚȖ țȒȈȏȣȊȈȓ ȍȡȍ Ǹ ǺȐȔȍȕȟȐȒ ǺȐȔȍȕȟȐȒ Ǹ
ǲ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȒțȓȤȚȈ ǫțȔȐȓȍȊȈ   ǺȣȕȧȕȖȊșȒȐȑ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ Ǫȣȗ  XII-XIII-XIV Ǻȣ-
ȕȧȕȖȊșȒȐȍ ȟȚȍȕȐȧ ǰșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ǴȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȣ Ǵ  ǹ  ǲȈȒ șȟȐȚȈȍȚ Ȑș-
șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤ ȏȌȍșȤ ©ȐȔȧ ȗȖȥȚȈ-ȗȈȘȕȈșȞȈ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȍȚ ȒȈȒ ȔȍȚȖȕȐȔȐȧ ǫțȔȐȓȍȊȈª.
ǪȏȖȘȊȈȊȠȍȔțșȧ ȟțȌț — ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȣȑ ȕȈȔȍȒ ȕȈ ȋȖȚȖȊȐȊȠȐȑșȧ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȓ ȗȍȟȈ-
ȚȐ șȉ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ǩȖȔȉȈ (ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒ  ǹȘ ȕȐȎȍ Ȋ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧȝ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊș-
ȒȖȑ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȑ Ȓȕ ©ǶȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȒȈȒ ȔȖȓȕȐȧ ǶȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȒȈȒ ȊȏȘȣȊª ș  ȕȈșȚ ȐȏȌ
©ǰȏ ȔȟȈȡȐȝ ȋȈȓȖȗȖȔ ȔȐȕțȚª
ȆȕȤ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒ  ȹ  ȜȍȊȘȈȓȤ ǷȖȏȌȕȍȍ Ȋ șȉ ǯȘȈȟȒȐ Ȋȍșȍȕ ș ȘȈȏȕȖ-
ȟȚȍȕȐȍȔ Ȋ șȚ  ©ǶșȚȈȊȓȦ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ șȍȉȍª Ȑ ȌȈȚȐȘȖȊȒȖȑ ©ª

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ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ Ȑȏ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈ «ǯȘȈȟȒȐ Ȋȍșȍȕ»
ǰȏ ȗȖȌȉȖȘȒȐ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȣ șȚȐȝ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ ȘȈȕȍȍ Ȋ ȎțȘȕ ǪȖșȚȖȒ Ȑ ȆȕȤ.
ǹȖȊȔȍșȚȕȣȑ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ Ȑ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ ǯȘȈȟȒȐ Ȋȍșȍȕ ȊȣȠȍȓ ș ȕȍ-
ȖȉȣȟȕȣȔ ȖȉȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍȔ ȔȍșȚȈ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧ ǼțȌȏȧȌȏȧȕ ǼțȌȏȧȌȏȧȕȤ) — ȒȐȚȈȑșȒȈȧ ȟȈșȚȤ
ǽȈȘȉȐȕȈ ǪȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȈȊȚȖȘȣ Ȍȓȧ ȒȖȚ ȗȘȍȉȣȊȈȕȐȍ Ȋ ǽȈȘȉȐȕȍ Ȋ  ȋ ȉȣȓȖ ȓȐȠȤ Ȗș-
ȚȈȕȖȊȒȖȑ ȕȈ ȗțȚȐ Ȋ ǿȐȚț ȗȣȚȈȓȐșȤ ȚȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȌȐșȚȈȕȞȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȖȚ ȝȈȘȉȐȕșȒȖȑ ȊȍȚ-
ȊȐ ȥȔȐȋȘȈȞȐȐ ǹȉ. ȚȈȒȎȍ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȓșȧ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȖȑ ©ȒȐȚȈȑșȒȖ-ȧȗȖȕșȒȖȋȖª ȖȜȖȘȔȓȍȕȐȧ
ȕȖ ȊȖȗȘȍȒȐ ȖȎȐȌȈȕȐȧȔ ȌȘțȋȐȝ șȓȍȌȖȊ ȒȐȚȈȑșȒȐȝ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȑ Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȕȍ ȖȉȕȈȘțȎȐ-
ȊȈȍȚșȧ
ǹȐȔȊȖȓ ȊȍȘȣ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȈ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ
ǨȌȘȍșȈȚ ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȐȧ ©ȖȚȍȞ ȘțșșȒȖȋȖ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȈª Ǭ Ǭ ǩțȘȓȦȒ - ȎȐȓ
ȊȖ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȍ Ȋ - ȋȋ Ǫ ȎțȘȕ ȆȕȤ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȓ șȚȐȝ ǩțȘȓȦȒȈ ©ǻ
ȋȘȖȚȈ ȗȓȍȡȍȚșȧ ǵȍȘȍȧª ȘȈșșȒȈȏ ©Ǫ șȚȍȗȐª ȐȓȓȦșȚȘ ȈȊȚȖȘȖȔ șȒȈȏȒț ©ǲȈȒ ȔțȎȐȟȖȒ
ȏȊȍȘȍȑ Ȗȉțȓ Ȑ ȋȘȈȔȖȚȍ ȖȉțȟȐȓª Ȑ ȌȊȈ șȚȐȠȒȈ șȣȕȈ Ǭ ǩțȘȓȦȒȈ ǵȐȒȐȚȣ ǷȖșȓȍ
ȖȚȢȍȏȌȈ ǩțȘȓȦȒȈ Ȋ ȇȗȖȕȐȦ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȓ Ȋ ȋȈȏ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȖȍ ȖȉȖȏȘȍ-
ȕȐȍ șȚȈȚȤȦ ©ǷȖȥȏȐȧ ǬȈȊȐȌȈ ǩțȘȓȦȒȈª șȔ ȕȐȎȍ Ǫ șȊȖȦ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ Ǭ ǩțȘȓȦȒ ȗȐ-
șȈȓ ©ǲ ³ǲȖȋȖȘȚȍ´ ȜțȚțȘȐșȚȖȊ ȗȘȐȔȣȒȈȓ ȗȖȥȚ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ǲȈȒ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȔȕȖ-
ȋȐȍ Ȗȕ ȊȖșȗȐȚȈȓșȧ ȕȈ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȔ — ȚȖȚ Ȏȍ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȟȍșȒȐȑ șȚȐȝ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȔțȎȍșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȖȍ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȔȖȓȖȌȖșȚȤ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ — ȏȈȓȖȋ ȍȋȖ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ Ǫ ȕȍȔ ȕȈȔȍȚȐȓșȧ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȣȑ
ȗȖȥȚ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖ ǩȍȕȍȌȐȒȚț ǳȐȊȠȐȞț șțȔȍȍȚ Ȋ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȑȠȍȔ ȕȈȠț ȘțșșȒțȦ
ȚȍȔȗȍȘȈȔȍȕȚȕȖșȚȤ ȊȓȐȚȤ Ȋ ȌȐșȞȐȗȓȐȕȣ ǯȈȗȈȌȈª ǩțȘȓȦȒ Ǭ ǳȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȈ Ȑ ȝțȌȖȎȍ-
șȚȊȖ Ȋ ǹȐȉȐȘȐ Ȑ ȕȈ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȔ ǪȖșȚȖȒȍ - ȋ ǯȈȔȍȚȒȐ Ȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐșȚȐȒȐ Ȗȟȍ-
ȊȐȌȞȈ
  ǵȖȊȈȧ ȘțșșȒȈȧ ȒȕȐȋȈ  ȹ  ǹ  ǷȐșȤȔȈ ǩțȘȓȦȒȈ Ȓ ǹȐȓȓȖȊț șȔ
Ȋ ȗȘȐȓȖȎȍȕȐȧȝ Ǫ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ șȚȐȝ ȧȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȖȟȐȚȣȊȈȦȚșȧ ȖȚșȣȓȒȐ Ȓ ǩțȘȓȦȒț ©ǹ
ȒȖșȚȧȔȐ ȎȘț ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȑ ȔȧșȖȔª Ȑ ȚȌ
ǪȏȘȣȊ Ȑ ȊȏȓȍȚ
ǸțȒȖȗȐșȤ șȔ ǸǫǨǳǰ Ǽ. 2886 Ƕȗ  ǭȌ ȝȘ . ǨȌȘȍșȈȚ ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȐȧ ǹ Ǵ ǺȘȍ-
ȚȤȧȒȖȊ -1937) — ȊȐȌȕȣȑ ȗȖȥȚ-ȜțȚțȘȐșȚ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȤ ȌȘȈȔȈȚțȘȋ Ȑ șȞȍȕȈȘȐșȚ ȖȌȐȕ
Ȑȏ ȓȐȌȍȘȖȊ ǳǭǼȈ ȌȘțȋ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ Ȑ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ Ȑ Ȑȝ șȖȘȈȚȕȐȒ ȗȖ ȋȘțȗȗȍ ©ǺȊȖȘ-
ȟȍșȚȊȖª ǩȣȓ ȈȘȍșȚȖȊȈȕ Ȑ ȘȈșșȚȘȍȓȧȕ Ȋ  ȋ ǭȔț ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȣ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ șȚȘȈȕȐȞȣ ȊȖș-
ȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȑ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ
ǹȓȖȊ ȗȘȍȚȊȖȘȧȦȡȐȝ  ǵȖȊȤ Ȑȏ ȖȒȖȊ  ǷȈțȏȈ — ǵȈȔȍȒ ȕȈ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ
șȉ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ ǮȍȓȍȏȕȈȧ ȗȈțȏȈ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒ 

357
ǲȈȎȌȖȌȕȍȊȤȧ șȐȧȓȤ ȖȌȐȕȖȟȐȚ
ǺȈȒțȦ ȊȈȔ ȔțȏȣȒț ȔȐȘȈ ȋȘȧȕȍȔ — ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȐșȒȈȎ ȞȐȚ Ȑȏ șȚȐȝ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊȈ
©ǺȖșȚ ȉțȌțȡȍȔțª
ǨȘșȍȕȐȦ ǵȍșȔȍȓȖȊț
Ǩ Ǩ ǵȍșȔȍȓȖȊ ǴȐȚȘȖȗȖȓȤșȒȐȑ -1945) — ȗȖȥȚ ȗȘȖȏȈȐȒ ȎțȘȕȈȓȐșȚ țȟȈ-
șȚȕȐȒ ǷȍȘȊȖȑ ǴȐȘȖȊȖȑ Ȑ ǫȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȖȑ ȊȖȑȕ Ǫ - ȋȋ ȎȐȓ ȊȖ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȍ ȉȍ-
ȎȈȓ ȕȍȓȍȋȈȓȤȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȑȌȧ ȒȐȚȈȑșȒțȦ ȋȘȈȕȐȞț Ǫ ȥȔȐȋȘȈȞȐȐ ȊȍȌțȡȐȑ ȗȖȥȚ ©ȘțșșȒȖȋȖ
ǲȐȚȈȧª ǷȖȏȌȕȍȍ ȏȈȗȧȚȕȈȓ șȊȖȍ ȐȔȧ ȗȘȐȔȒȕțȊ Ȓ ȜȈȠȐșȚȊțȦȡȐȔ ȒȘțȋȈȔ ȥȔȐȋȘȈ-
ȞȐȐ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ǪȚȖȘȖȑ ǴȐȘȖȊȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ șȖȚȘțȌȕȐȟȈȓ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȖȗȈȋȈȕȌȐșȚ ș ȧȗȖȕșȒȐ-
ȔȐ ȊȓȈșȚȧȔȐ Ǫ  ȋ ȉȣȓ ȈȘȍșȚȖȊȈȕ Ȑ ȊȣȊȍȏȍȕ Ȋ ǹǹǹǸ țȔȍȘ Ȋ ȗȍȘȍșȣȓȤȕȖȑ ȚȦ-
ȘȤȔȍ Ǫ ȗȍȘȐȖȌ ȗȘȍȉȣȊȈȕȐȧ ȊȖ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȍ Ǩ ǵȍșȔȍȓȖȊ ȉȣȓ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȏȕȈȒȖȔ ș Ȝț-
ȚțȘȐșȚȈȔȐ Ȋ ȎțȘȕ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ ǪȖșȚȖȒ Ȑ ȆȕȤ ȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȓ șȚȐȝȐ Ȑ ȗȘȖȏț
ǹȔȍȝț ǶȓȤȋȐ ǪȐȒȚȖȘȖȊȕȣ ǫȖȔȖȓȐȞȒȖȑ
Ƕ Ǫ ǫȖȔȖȓȐȞȒȈȧ Ȋ ȏȈȔțȎ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ -1973) — ȎȍȕȈ Ȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȈȧ șȖ-
ȘȈȚȕȐȞȈ ǹ Ǵ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ șȔ ȊȣȠȍ ȓȐȚ șȍȒȘȍȚȈȘȤ ȎțȘȕ ǵȖȊȣȑ ǳǭǼ ǷȖșȓȍ ȘȈș-
șȚȘȍȓȈ ȔțȎȈ Ȋ  ȋ ȉȣȓȈ ȈȘȍșȚȖȊȈȕȈ Ȋ  ȋ ȗȘȐȋȖȊȖȘȍȕȈ Ȓ  ȋȖȌȈȔ ǰǺǳ Ȋ  ȋ
ȉȣȓȈ ȊȕȖȊȤ ȈȘȍșȚȖȊȈȕȈ ȗȖ ȖȉȊȐȕȍȕȐȦ Ȋ ȠȗȐȖȕȈȎȍ șȖșȓȈȕȈ ȕȈ ȗȖȎȐȏȕȍȕȕȖȍ ȗȖșȍ-
ȓȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ǲȈȏȈȝșȚȈȕ ǷȖșȓȍ ȖșȊȖȉȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ Ȋ  ȋ ȎȐȓȈ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ ȌȖȉȐȓȈșȤ ȘȍȈȉȐ-
ȓȐȚȈȞȐȐ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ  șȖȉȐȘȈȓȈ Ȑ ȗȖȗțȓȧȘȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȓȐȚ ȕȈșȓȍȌȐȍ
Op. 7
ȇ ȉțȌț ǸțșȓȈȕȖȔ ȏȈȝȖȟȍȠȤ — ǸȈȚȔȐȘȖȔ — ȖȚșȣȓȒȈ Ȓ ©ǸțșȓȈȕț Ȑ ǳȦȌȔȐȓȍª
Ǩ ǹ ǷțȠȒȐȕȈ ǸȈȚȔȐȘ — ȝȈȏȈȘșȒȐȑ ȝȈȕ șȖȗȍȘȕȐȒ ȉȖȋȈȚȣȘȧ ǸțșȓȈȕȈ
ǹȊȍȚȓȍȑȠȍȍ ȐȔȧ ȕȈȟȍȘȚȈȕȖ — ǶȓȤȋȈ — ǶȉȘȈȡȍȕȖ Ȓ Ȏȍȕȍ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ Ƕ ǫ ǷȍȚȘȖȊ-
șȒȖȑ
ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ Ȑȏ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈ «ǲȈȔȍȕȣ»
Ƿȍȟ ȗȖ ǲȈȔȍȕȣ ǹȉȖȘȕȐȒ ǰșȚȖȘȐȒȖ-ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȋȖ ǲȘțȎȒȈ ȗȘȐ ǫȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȖȔ ǰȕșȚȐȚțȚȍ ǵȈȘȖȌȕȖȋȖ ǶȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȋ ȋ ǿȐȚȍ I >ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ@ ǿȐȚȈ ȊȍșȍȕȕȐȑ

358
șȍȔȍșȚȘ  ȋȖȌȈ
ǺȈȒȎȍ Ȋ șȉ ǳȐșȚȖȊȒȈ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ ǿȐȚȈ ǰȏȌ ǰșȚȖȘȐȒȖ-ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȋȖ ǲȘțȎȒȈ ȗȘȐ
ǫȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔ ǰȕșȚȐȚțȚȍ ǵȈȘȖȌȕȖȋȖ ǶȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȋ ȋ ǿȐȚȍ [ȚȐȗ ǪȖȍȕȗțȘȈ], 1922.
ǷȈșȤȧȕșȣ șȓȖȊ
ǫȌȍ—ȓȤȐȋ—ȔȖȋȓȐȕȍȓȋȈȚȤǫȌȍ—ȖȐȈ—ȟțȌȍșȖȈȏȐș—ǨȕȈȋȘȈȔȔȈȐȔȍȕȐ
Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ ǶȓȤȋȈ
ǹȚȈȚȤȐ Ȑ ȘȍȞȍȕȏȐȐ
ǶȘȜȖȋȘȈȜȐȧ Ȑ ȗțȕȒȚțȈȞȐȧ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȊ ȌȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȈ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȍȕȣ Ȓ șȖȊȘȍ-
ȔȍȕȕȣȔ ȕȖȘȔȈȔ.
ǷȖȥȏȐȧ Ǭ ǩțȘȓȦȒȈ
ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȖȍ ȖȉȖȏȘȍȕȐȍ  ȖȒȚȧȉȘȤ
ǹȔ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȒȖȔȔȍȕȚ ȕȈ ș  Ȑ ȗȐșȤȔȈ Ǭ ǩțȘȓȦȒȈ Ȓ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊț Ȋ ȗȘȐȓȖȎȍȕȐȧȝ
ǰ — ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȋȐȉȍȓȤ ȌȘȍȌȕȖțȚȈ — ȅȗȐȋȘȈȜ ȊȏȧȚ Ȑȏ ȗȖȥȔȣ Ǫ Ǫ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ƕȉ-
ȓȈȒȖ Ȋ ȠȚȈȕȈȝ (1914- ȗȍȘȊȖȍ ȗȖȓȕȖȍ ȐȏȌ 
ǭȡȍ ǮțȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȗȐșȈȓ ǹȣȕȣ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȤȧ
— ǶȠȐȉȒȈ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ ȗȘȐȊȍ-
ȌȍȕȕȈȧ ș ȐșȒȈȎȍȕȐȧȔȐ
 ȞȐȚ ȊȏȧȚȈ Ȑȏ șȚȐȝ Ƿ Ǩ ǪȧȏȍȔșȒȖȋȖ - ©ǹȔȍȘȚȤ
ȎȈȚȊț ȎȐȏȕȐ ȒȖșȐȚ ȒȖșȐȚª 
ȒȘȐȊȖȋțȉȖȋȖ ǯȈȘȈȚțșȚȘȣ — ȚȈȒ Ȋ ȚȍȒșȚȍ ȊȔȍșȚȖ ©ȒȘȐȒȖȋțȉȖȋȖª Ȑȏ ǶȉȓȈȒȈ
Ȋ ȠȚȈȕȈȝ Ǫ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ǳȦȉȖȗȣȚȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȚȈ Ȏȍ ©ȊȍȘșȐȧª ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȑ
Ȑȏ șȚȈȚȍȑ ǵ Ǽ ǿțȎȈȒȈ-ǵȈșȐȔȖȊȐȟȈ
ǩțȘȓȦȒ «! ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒ — ȗȖȊȘȍȎȌȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȌȖșȚțȗȕȖȔ ȕȈȔ ȥȒȏ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧ
ȆȕȖșȚȤ ȔȖȧ ȒȈȒ Ȗșȍȕȕȧȧ ȕȖȟȤ — ȐșȒȈȎ Ȋ ȖȘȐȋ — ©ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȕȖȟȤª ȞȐȚ
Ȑȏ șȚȐȝ Ǩ Ǩ ǩȓȖȒȈ ©ǷȍȘșȚȍȕȤ-ǹȚȘȈȌȈȕȤȍª 
ǸțșȤ — ȖȌȐȕ șȗȓȖȠȕȖȑ ȒȓȖȗȖȊȕȐȒ — ǬȈȓȍȍ ș ȘȧȌȖȔ ȐșȒȈȎ ȞȐȚȐȘțȍȚșȧ șȚȐȝ
Ǭ ǩțȘȓȦȒȈ ©ǷȘȐȏȣȊª [1918].

359
ǵȍȉȖ — ȚȘțȗ ȕȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ — ǹ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ ȐșȒȈȎ ȞȐȚȐȘțȍȚșȧ șȚȐȝ Ǭ ǩțȘȓȦ-
ȒȈ ©ǴȍȘȚȊȖȍ ȕȍȉȖª Ȑȏ ȒȖȓȓȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ șȉ ǬȖȝȓȈȧ ȓțȕȈ (1913).
ǵȈȌ ȒȘțȎȍȊȈȔȐ Ȧȕȣȝ ȊȖȌ
— ǪȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȉȍȏ ȏȈȋȓ Ȋ șȉ ȜțȚțȘȐșȚȖȊ ǴȖȓȖȒȖ ȒȖ-
ȉȣȓȐȞ (1914 [1913]).
Ǵȕȍ ȕȘȈȊȐȚșȧ ȉȍȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȑ ȔțȎȟȐȕȈ
— Ȑȏ șȚȐȝ Ǭ ǩțȘȓȦȒȈ ©ǷȓȖȌȖȕȖșȧ-
ȡȐȍª [1915] Ȋ ȖȘȐȋȐȕȈȓȍ — ©ț ȗȈȔȧȚȕȐȒȈ ǷțȠȒȐȕȈª
ǩȘȍȋȖȒȍȈȕ ȒȘȈșȣ ȗȖȌțȠȍȒ — ǬȈȓȍȍ ș ȘȧȌȖȔ ȐșȒȈȎ ȞȐȚȐȘțȦȚșȧ șȚȐȝ Ǭ ǩțȘ-
ȓȦȒȈ ©ǨȕȚȐȟȕȈȧ ȌȘȈȔȈª ©ǸȍȌȦȐȚ șȘȈȔȕȐȒȖȊª Ȑȏ ȞȐȒȓȈ ©ǲȈȚȈȜȈȓȒȖȚȈȕȞª 
«Op. ȹ  ǹȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȋȘțȏȕȣȍ ȟțȌȖȊȐȡȈª 
ǲȈȎȌȣȑ ȔȖȓȖȌ ȔȖȓȖȌ ȔȖȓȖȌ — ǾȐȚȐȘțȍȚșȧ ©Ȑ Ǩ Ǹ Op. 75» — ȊȖȓȤȕȣȑ ȗȍȘ
șȚȐȝ Ǯ Ǩ ǸȍȔȉȖ Ȑȏ șȉ ǬȖȝȓȈȧ ȓțȕȈ  ǪȖȗȘȍȒȐ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȍȕȐȦ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ Ȋ ȌȈȕ-
ȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȋ ț ǩțȘȓȦȒȈ ȕȍ Ȗȗțȡȍȕ
ǲȖȕȐ ȚȖȗȖȚȖȔ — ȞȐȚ ș ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ ȐșȒȈȎ ©ǩȍȏ Ǩª Ȑȏ ȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȕȖȋȖ Ȋȣ-
Ƞȍ șȉ ǬȖȝȓȈȧ ȓțȕȈ.
ǻ ȋȘȖȚȈ ȗȓȍȡȍȚșȧ ǵȍȘȍȧ ȕȈ ȗțȚȐ Ȋ ȇȗȖȕȐȦ — ǹȚȐȝ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȖ Ȋ
ȎțȘȕ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ ȆȕȤ 
 Ǫ șȉ ǩțȘȓȦȒȈ ò ȊȍȒȈ  ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȖ ȗȖȌ ȏȈȋȓ
©ǶșȚȘȖȊ ǨșȒȖȓȤȌª ș ȗȘȈȊȒȈȔȐ ȗȘȖȗțȡȍȕȕȖȑ Ȋ ȗțȉȓ ȎțȘȕ ȆȕȤ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ șȚȘȖȒȖȑ
©ǮȐȊȍȚ ȚȈȧșȤ ȕȈ șȒȈȓȈȝ ȒȖȉȖȓȤȌª Ȑ ȌȈȚȖȑ ©ȏȖIX ȋ ǿȐȒțȏȍȕ-ǴȈȘțª ǨșȒȖȓȤȌ —
ȖșȚȘȖȊ Ȋ ȇȗȖȕșȒȖȔ ȔȖȘȍ Ȋ  ȒȔ Ȓ ȦȋȖ-ȊȖșȚȖȒț ȖȚ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȈ ©ǿȐȒțȏȍȕ-ǴȈȘțª
— ȧȗȖȕșȒȐȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȑ ȒȖȘȈȉȓȤ ȕȈ ȒȖȚ ǩțȘȓȦȒ  șȍȕȚ  ȋ ȖȚȗȓȣȓ Ȑȏ ǪȓȈȌȐ-
ȊȖșȚȖȒȈ Ȋ ȇȗȖȕȐȦ
ǷȘȖȘȖȒ-ȔȍȚȈȜȐȏȐȒ
ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒ  ȹ  ȖȒȚȧȉȘȤ
ǭȎȍȓȐ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȖȍ șȖȏȍȘȞȈȕȐȍ ȗȓȖȚȐ — ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȐșȒȈȎ ȞȐȚ Ȑȏ șȖȟȐȕȍ-
ȕȐȧ Ǭ ǹ ǴȍȘȍȎȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ -1941) ǳ ǺȖȓșȚȖȑ Ȑ ǬȖșȚȖȍȊșȒȐȑ ȗȍȘȊȈȧ ȗțȉȓ
1900-1902).
©ǫȘȧȌțȡȍȋȖ ǽȈȔȈª — ȖȚșȣȓȒȈ Ȓ ȖȌȕȖȐȔȍȕȕȖȑ șȚȈȚȤȍ ǴȍȘȍȎȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ 
Ȓȕ ȐȏȌ 
...bien mot — ȏȌȍșȤ țȌȈȟȕȖȍ ȖșȚȘȖȍ șȓȖȊȞȖ ȜȘ ȟȈȡȍ bon mot.
ǩȓȍȡȍȚ ȕȍȉȖ ȌȖȋȖȘȈȧ
— Ȑȏ șȚȐȝ Ǭ ǴȍȘȍȎȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ©ǵȖȧȉȘȤª  Ǫ Ȑș-
ȝȖȌȕȖȑ ȗțȉȓ ȘȧȌ ȧȊȕȣȝ ȖȗȍȟȈȚȖȒ ©ǷȓȍȡȍȚ ȕȍȉȖ ȌȖȘȖȋȈȧª

360
ǵȍȎȕȖȉȓțȌȐȍ
ǪȖșȚȖȒ (ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒ). 1921. ȹ  ȧȕȊȈȘȤ
ǹ ȇ ǨȓȣȔȖȊ -1948) — ȗȖȥȚ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȟȐȒ ȎțȘȕȈȓȐșȚ Ǫ  ȋ ȏȈ țȟȈșȚȐȍ Ȋ
ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȉȣȓ șȖșȓȈȕ Ȋ ǹȐȉȐȘȤ ȉȍȎȈȓ Ȑȏ șșȣȓȒȐ ȏȈ ȋȘȈȕȐȞț
ȎȐȓ Ȋ ȇȗȖȕȐȐ ǨȊșȚȘȈȓȐȐ Ȑ ǲȐȚȈȍ ȗȍȘȍȗȘȖȉȖȊȈȓ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȑ Ǫ ȕȈȟ
1920-ȝ ȋȋ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȣȑ țȟȈșȚȕȐȒ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȈ Ȑ ǽȈȘȉȐȕȈ ȟȘȍȏ-
ȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȗȖȗțȓȧȘȕȣȑ ȗȖȥȚ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȊȠȐȑșȧ ȗȖȌ ȏȈȔȍȚȕȣȔ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍȔ ȥȋȖȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȈ
șȍȊȍȘȧȕȐȕșȒȖȋȖ ȚȖȓȒȈ ȖșȕȖȊȈȚȍȓȤ ȓȐȚ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȑ Ȑ ȝȈȘȉȐȕșȒȐȝ ȒȈȉȈȘȍ Ǫ  ȋ ȊȍȘ-
ȕțȓșȧ Ȋ ǹǹǹǸ Ǫ  ȋ ȉȣȓ ȗȘȐȋȖȊȖȘȍȕ Ȓ  ȋȖȌȈȔ ǰǺǳ ǯȈ ȏȈșȓțȋȐ Ȋ Ȍȍȓȍ ȗȍȘȍ-
ȊȖșȗȐȚȈȕȐȧ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȕȣȝ ȉȣȓ ȌȖșȘȖȟȕȖ ȖșȊȖȉȖȎȌȍȕ ǪȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ — ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȑ
șȖȊȍȚșȒȐȑ ȗȖȥȚ-ȗȍșȍȕȕȐȒ țȟȈșȚȕȐȒ ǪȚȖȘȖȑ ǴȐȘȖȊȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ
Ǩ ȇȘȖșȓȈȊșȒȐȑ — Ǩ ǩ ȇȘȖșȓȈȊșȒȐȑ -1930) — ȗȖȥȚ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȤ-ȜȈȕȚȈșȚ
ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȖșȕȖȊȖȗȖȓȖȎȕȐȒȖȊ ȉȐȖȒȖșȔȐȏȔȈ ǪȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ǫȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȗȘȐȔȣ-
ȒȈȓ Ȓ ȈȕȈȘȝȐșȚȈȔ Ǫ -ȝ ȋȋ ȔȕȖȋȖ șȒȐȚȈȓșȧ ș ȎȍȕȖȑ ȗȖ ȋȖȘȖȌȈȔ ǹǹǹǸ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȓ
ș ȈȕȚȐȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȣȔȐ ȓȍȒȞȐȧȔȐ Ǫ  ȋ ȗȖȉȣȊȈȓ ȏȈ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȍȑ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ ȉȍȘȓȐȕșȒȐȝ
ȊȣșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧȝ ȒȘȐȚȐȒȖȊȈȓ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒț șȖȊȍȚșȒȐȝ ȊȓȈșȚȍȑ Ǫ  ȋ ȉȣȓ ȈȘȍșȚȖȊȈȕ
ȗȘȐȋȖȊȖȘȍȕ Ȓ 5 ȋȖȌȈȔ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧ ǹȘȖȒ ȖȚȉȣȊȈȓ ȕȈ ǹȖȓȖȊȒȈȝ ȋȌȍ ȉȣȓ ȘȈșșȚȘȍ-
ȓȧȕ ȏȈ ȗȖȗȣȚȒț ȗȖȉȍȋȈ ǰșȚȖȟȕȐȒ ȗȘȐȊȍȌȍȕȕȖȑ ȞȐȚ ȕȍ țșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕ — ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ ȖȕȈ
ȊȏȧȚȈ Ȑȏ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ Ȓȕ ȇȘȖșȓȈȊșȒȖȋȖ ǷȓȍȊȖȒ Ȋ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖșȚȤ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒ 
ǴȈȘȐȧ ǷȖȥȚ șȖȕȍȚȣ — ȞȐȚ Ȑȏ ǶȉȓȈȒȈ Ȋ ȠȚȈȕȈȝ Ǫ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ
ǩȘȦșȖȊȈ ©Ǫ ǬȈȔȈșȒª — ȞȐȚ ȗȘȐȊȍȌȍȕȈ ș ȐșȒȈȎ Ȋ ȖȘȐȋ ©ǺȈȐȕșȚȊȈ șȕȖȊȈ șȊȍȘ-
ȠȈȦȚșȧª ©ǰ ȕȖȟȤ — ȈȓȚȈȘȤª
ǲȚȖ țșȚȈȔ ȓȦȉȐȔȣȔ ȗȘȐȟȈȡȈȍȚșȧ... — ȐșȒȈȎ ȞȐȚ Ȑȏ șȚȐȝ Ǵ ǲțȏȔȐȕȈ ©Ǩȝ
țșȚȈ ȞȍȓȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ șȚȖȓȤȒȐȔȐª 
Ǫ ȉțȌțȈȘȍ ȚȖșȒțȦȡȍȑ ȕȈȘțȔȧȕȍȕȕȖȑ ǵȍȓȓȐ — ȞȐȚ Ȑȏ șȚȐȝ ǰ ǹȍȊȍȘȧȕȐȕȈ
©ǵȍȓȓȐª 
Ǻȍȉȧ Ȋșȍ șȔțȡȈȍȚ — ȌȈȓȍȍ ș ȕȍȏȕȈȟȐȚ ȐșȒȈȎ ȞȐȚȐȘțȍȚșȧ șȚȐȝ ǹȍȊȍȘȧȕȐȕȈ
©ǲȖȘȘȍȒȚȕȖȍ ȗȐșȤȔȖª  Ȑȏ șȉ Victoria regia (1915).
ǸȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ ȌțȝȈ
ȆȕȤ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒ  ȹ  ȜȍȊȘȈȓȤ.
ǰ ǩȖȋ ȏȈȗȓȈȟȍȚ ȕȈȌ ȔȖȍȑ ȒȕȐȎȒȖȑ — ȐșȒȈȎ ȞȐȚ Ȑȏ șȚȐȝ Ǫ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ
©Ǩ Ȋșȍ-ȚȈȒȐª 

361
Ǫȣȓȍȏț ȋȘȧȏȕȣȑ ȖȚ ȕȖȟȍȊȖȒ Ȋ ȒȈȕȈȊȈȝ — ǬȈȓȍȍ ȗȘȐȊȍȌȍȕ ȘȧȌ ȐșȒȈȎ ȞȐȚ Ȑȏ
ǶȉȓȈȒȈ Ȋ ȠȚȈȕȈȝ Ǫ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ
ǰȏ ȟȐȚȐȕșȒȖȑ ȝȘȖȕȐȒȐ
Ǫ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ ȗȖȌȘȈȏȌȍȓȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȣ ȐȏȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȧ Ȑȏ șȚȈȚȍȑ ȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȊȠȐȝșȧ
Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȣȔ Ȋ ȋȈȏ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȑ ȚȍȓȍȋȘȈȜ ǿȐȚȈ ȗȖȌ ȗșȍȊȌ ©ǴȐȔª ȊȔȍ-
șȚȍ ȖȕȐ șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ șȊȖȍȖȉȘȈȏȕțȦ ȝȘȖȕȐȒț ȊȣșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȑ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª Ȋ
ǿȐȚȍ Ǫșȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȣ ȗțȉȓȐȒțȦȚșȧ ȗȖ ǲȘțșȈȕȖȊ Ǩ Ǫ ǸțșșȒȐȑ ȈȊȈȕȋȈȘȌ -1932:
ǰșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȖȉȏȖȘ Ǻ  ǲȕ  ǼțȚțȘȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ - Ǵ ǵȖȊȖȍ
ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȍ ȖȉȖȏȘȍȕȐȍ, 2003.
ǴȐȚȐȕȋ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ  ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȑ ȚȍȓȍȋȘȈȜ  ȹ   șȍȕȚ
ǪȚȖȘȖȑ ȔȐȚȐȕȋ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ǷȈȔȧȚȐ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȈ ǩȓȖȒȈ  ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȑ Țȍ-
ȓȍȋȘȈȜ  ȹ   ȖȒȚ
ǺȍȈȚȘ Ȑ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ  ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȑ ȚȍȓȍȋȘȈȜ  ȹ   ȖȒȚ
ǿȍȚȊȍȘȚȣȑ ȔȐȚȐȕȋ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ǪȍȟȍȘ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȈ Ǫȓ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ  ǬȈȓȤȕȍ-
ȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȑ ȚȍȓȍȋȘȈȜ  ȹ   ȖȒȚ ȹ   ȖȒȚ ȹ   ȖȒȚ
ǷȧȚȣȑ ȔȐȚȐȕȋ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ Ƕ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȍ  ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȑ ȚȍȓȍȋȘȈȜ  ȹ
76.  ȕȖȧȉ
ǼțȚțȘȐȏȔ Ȑ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘșȒȖȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ǳȍȒȞȐȧ-ȔȐȚȐȕȋ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª 
ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȑ ȚȍȓȍȋȘȈȜ  ȹ   ȕȖȧȉ ȹ   ȕȖȧȉ ȏȌȍșȤ ȗȖȌ
ȏȈȋȓ ©ǼțȚțȘȐȏȔ Ȑ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘșȒȖȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ǴȐȚȐȕȋ Ȋ ³ǰșȒțșșȚȊȈȘȍ´ª
ǸȈșȍȧ ȐȓȐ ǸǹǼǹǸ
ǳǭǼ ǮțȘȕȈȓ ǳȍȊȖȋȖ ȜȘȖȕȚȈ ȐșȒțșșȚȊ 1923 ȹ 2, ȈȗȘȍȓȤ-ȔȈȑ
ǯȊȍȕȧȚ Ȑ ȉȘȣȏȋȈȦȚ ȓțȟȈȔȐ — ȞȐȚ Ȑȏ șȚȐȝ ǹ Ǩ ǶȉȘȈȌȖȊȐȟȈ -1956)
©ǺȖȒȈȘȤª 
ǪȖȗȘȖșȣ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ Ȑ ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȐ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȈ
ǳǭǼ 1923 ȹ 4, ȈȊȋțșȚ-ȌȍȒȈȉȘȤ

362
ǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘșȒȈȧ ȝȈȓȚțȘȈ
ǳǭǼ 1924 ȹ 1 (5).
[ǸȍȞȍȕȏȐȐ ȕȈ ȒȕȐȋȐ ǫ ǻșȚȐȕȖȊȈ ǫ ǫȖȘȉȈȟȍȊȈ Ȑ ǩ ȅȑȝȍȕȉȈțȔȈ]
ǳǭǼ 1924 ȹ 2 (6).
ǰ ǵ ǲțȉȐȒȖȊ. ǸȈȉȖȟȐȑ ȒȓȈșș Ȋ ȘțșșȒȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ [ȘȍȞȍȕȏȐȧ]
ǨȓȤȔȈȕȈȝ ǷȘȖȓȍȚȒțȓȤȚȈ Ǵ ǪșȍȘȖșșȐȑșȒȐȑ ǷȘȖȓȍȚȒțȓȤȚ 
«©ǸțșșȒȖȑ ȜȈȉȘȐȒȐª ǺțȋȈȕ-ǩȈȘȈȕȖȊșȒȖȋȖ — ǰȔȍȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȊȐȌț Ȓȕ Ǵ ǰ ǺțȋȈȕ-
ǩȈȘȈȕȖȊșȒȖȋȖ -1919) ǸțșșȒȈȧ ȜȈȉȘȐȒȈ Ȋ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȔ Ȑ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȔ ǰșȚȖȘȐ-
ȒȖ-ȥȒȖȕȖȔȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ Ǻ , ǰșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȍ ȘțșșȒȖȑ ȜȈȉȘȐ-
ȒȐ Ȋ ;,; ȊȍȒȍ ǹǷȉ 
©ȗȘȖȠȓȣȝ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȑ ȒȖȠȔȈȘȖȔ ȚȧȋȖȚȍȦȚ ȕȈȌ țȔȈȔȐ ȎȐȊȣȝª — ȞȐȚ Ȑȏ
ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ǲ ǴȈȘȒșȈ ǪȖșȍȔȕȈȌȞȈȚȖȍ ȉȘȦȔȍȘȈ ǳțȐ ǩȖȕȈȗȈȘȚȈ (1852).
ȀȈȗȖȟȕȣȑ ȘȈȏȉȖȘ ȓȍșȖȊ
ǵȖȊȣȑ ǳǭǼ  ȹ 
ǲȈȒ ǹȈȒȐȧ-ǴțȕȐ ȒȘȈșȖȚȈ — ǾȐȚ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ șȍșȚȘȣ Ǫ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ
ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȞȣ Ȑ Ȏȍȕȣ Ƿ Ǫ ǴȐȚțȘȐȟȈ șȔ ȕȐȎȍ Ǫ Ǫ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȖȑ -1941),
ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ Ȋ șȖșȚȈȊȍ ȗȖșȔȍȘȚȕȖȋȖ șȉ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ǹȚȐȝȐ Ǵ 
Ǫ ȉȘȖȠȦȘȍ ȕȥȗȔȈȕșȒȐȝ ȕȍȌȖȘȖșȓȍȑ ©ǹȖȉȈȟȐȑ ȧȡȐȒª ȉȣȓȖ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȖ ȗȐ-
șȤȔȖ ǴȐȚțȘȐȟȈ Ȓ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȔț — ǸȍȟȤ ȐȌȍȚ Ȗȉ ©ǶȚȒȘȣȚȖȔ ȗȐșȤȔȍ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖ-
Ȕțª ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȈ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȚȈȚȍȓȧ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȒȈ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȌțȠȍȗȘȐȒȈȏȟȐȒȈ Ǫ ǽȓȍȉ-
ȕȐȒȖȊȈ Ƿ Ǫ ǴȐȚțȘȐȟȈ -1956), ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȕȖȔ Ȋ ȓȐșȚȖȊȒȍ ǷȖȘțȋȈȕȐȍ ȔȖȡȍȑ
ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȥȚȈ ȓȐșȚȖȊȒȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȐȓȖȎȍȕȈ ȒȖ -Ȕț ȐȏȌ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈ ȕȐȟȍȊȖȒȖȊ ǹȖ-
ȉȈȟȐȑ ȧȡȐȒ Ȓȕ ȊȣȠȓȈ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȔȍșȧȞȣ  ȐȓȐ șȈȔȖȔ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ  ȋ ǼȈ-
ȒșȐȔȐȓȤȕȖȍ ȊȖșȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ șȔ Ȋ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȓȍȕȕȖȔ ȕȈȔȐ ȐȏȌ ǵȐȟȍȊȖȒȐ Ȑ ȖȒȘȍșȚ-
ȕȖșȚȐ ǹȖȉȘȈȕȐȍ ȚȍȒșȚȖȊ Ȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȊ Ǻ I. Salamandra P.V.V  ǹ -95;
ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȌȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȐșȤȔȈ Ȑ ȘȍȈȒȞȐȧ ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ Ȋ șȚȈȕȍ șȖȘȈȚȕȐȒȖȊ
ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȖșȊȍȡȍȕȣ Ȋ ȕȈȠȍȑ șȚȈȚȤȍ Ȋ Ț IV țȒȈȏȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȐȏȌ ș -143, 171-5.

363
ǷȘȐȟȐȕȣ ȗȖȉțȌȐȊȠȐȍ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȚȤ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȑ ȌȈȊȕȍȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ Ȑ țȌȍȓȐȚȤ
ȍȑ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȍșȚȈ Ȋ șȚȈȚȤȍ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȣ Ǫ  ȋ ȊȣȠȓȈ șȒȈȕȌȈȓȤȕȈȧ
ȉȘȖȠȦȘȈ ȉȣȊȠȍȋȖ șȖțȟȍȕȐȒȈ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ Ȑ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ ȗȖ Ǫǳǽǰ ȗȖȥȚȈ ǨȓȤȊȥȒȈ
ǰ ǹ ǰȏȘȈȐȓȍȊȐȟȈ -1943?) ǵȈȝȓȍȉȕȐȒȐ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ǨșȍȍȊ,
ȋȌȍ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȓȐșȤ ȘȍȏȒȐȍ ȕȈȗȈȌȒȐ ȕȈ șȖȘȈȚȕȐȒȖȊ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ Ȑ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȍȘȍȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȖ ȗȐ-
șȤȔȖ Ƿ ǴȐȚțȘȐȟȈ ȗȖșȓȍ ȊȣȝȖȌȈ Ȓȕ ǨȓȤȊȥȒ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȓ șȖ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȖȉȊȐȕȍȕȐȧȔȐ
ȕȈ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȝ ȊȍȟȍȘȈȝ Ǫ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ1 ǻȔȍșȚȕȖ ȕȈȗȖȔȕȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȐȔȍȓ
ȕȍȖșȚȖȘȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȚȤ șȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕțȦ ȐȔ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȦ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ Ȋ ȐȏȌȈȕ-
ȕȖȑ Ǫ Ǫ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȖȑ ȒȕȐȎȒȍ ǪȍȓȍȔȐȘ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊ ©ǵȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍª ǷȖȥȔȈ ǨȓȤȊȥȒ
ǹȚȐȝȐ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ǩȐȉȓȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȧ Ǵ  ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȖȚȒȘȣȊȈȓȈșȤ ȐȕȊȍȒȚȐ-
ȊȖȑ ǨȓȤȊȥȒȈ ȗȖ ȈȌȘȍșț ȝȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊșȒȐȝ ©ȕȈȝȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊª ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȊȣȝȖȌ ȗȍȘȊȖ-
ȋȖ ȚȖȔȈ ǹȖȉȘȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ȗȖșȓțȎȐȓ Ȍȓȧ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ țȌȖȉȕȣȔ ȗȘȍȌ-
ȓȖȋȖȔ Ȑ Ȗȕ șȔȖȋ ȖȚȔȍȎȍȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ șȚȈȚȤȍ Ȑ ȖȚ Ǫ Ǫ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȖȑ Ȑ Ƿ ǴȐȚțȘȐȟȈ Ȑ
ȖȚ ȕȍ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȖ ȐȔȍȕȐ ǨȓȤȊȥȒȈ
ǹȚȍȗȈȕȖȊ — ǵ ǳ ǹȚȍȗȈȕȖȊ - ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌ șȖȚȘțȌȕȐȒ ǰǴǳǰ Ȋ
1947- ȋȋ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ǴǫǷǰ ǸȍȌȈȒȚȖȘ ȗȧȚȐȚȖȔȕȖȋȖ ǹȖȉȘȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ
(1928- Ȑ ȌȘ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȑ Ǫ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ȈȊȚȖȘ ȗȖșȔȍȘȚȕȖ ȐȏȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȔȖȕȖȋȘȈ-
ȜȐȐ ǪȍȓȐȔȐȘ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊ ǮȐȏȕȤ Ȑ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ Ǵ  ǭȋȖ ȗȐșȤȔȈ Ȓ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊț
Ȑ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ șȔ Ȋ ȗȘȐȓȖȎȍȕȐȧȝ
ǴȈȘȐȧ ǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȕȈ ǹȐȕȧȒȖȊȈ ǶȒșȈȕȖȑ ǹȐȕȧȒȖȊȖȑ — Ǵ Ǵ ǹȐȕȧȒȖȊȈ-ǻȘȍ-
ȟȐȕȈ -1984) — ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȞȈ ȒȕȐȎȕȣȑ ȋȘȈȜȐȒ ȖȌȕȈ Ȑȏ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȝ Ȑ ȊȖȠȍȌȠȐȝ
Ȋ ȐșȚȖȘȐȦ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ șȍșȚȍȘ ǹȐȕȧȒȖȊȣȝ ǭȍ șȍșȚȘȈ ǶȒșȈȕȈ — ǲ Ǵ ǨșȍȍȊȈ -
 ș  ȋ ȎȍȕȈ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ  ȓȍȚ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȗȘȖȎȐȓȈ Ȋ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȖȔ ȉȘȈ-
Ȓȍ ș ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȖȔ Ǩ Ǻ ǯȊȍȘȍȊȣȔ 1931-1986).
Ƕ. ǷǭǺǸǶǪǹǲǨȇ
ǲȘȣȓȤȧ ȊȏȔȈȝȕțȊȠȐȍ
ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ Ƕ ǲȘȣȓȤȧ ȊȏȔȈȝȕțȊȠȐȍ ǽȈȘȉȐȕ ǲȕ-ȊȖ ©ǸțșșȒȖȍ ȌȍȓȖª 
ǷȘȐȊȖȌȐȔ ȕȍȗȖȌȗȐșȈȕȕțȦ ȘȍȞ ȕȈ Ȓȕ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȕțȦ Ȋ ȗȍȘȊȖȔ Ȑ ȍȌȐȕșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕȖȔ ȕȖȔȍȘȍ ȎțȘȕ ǪȖșȚȖȒ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒ ȧȕȊȈȘȤ  ǺȍȒșȚ ȥȚȖȚ ȉȍȏ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȧ,
ȉȣȓ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕ ȐȓȐ ȗȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȐȕșȗȐȘȐȘȖȊȈȕ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȣȔ
Ǽʚˋ˔˕˞ ˑ˔ˈːˋǽǡ Ǽʛˢ˕ˈˉ ˔ˈ˓ˇ˙˃ǽǡ Ǽʚˋ˓ˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˑˈ andanteǽǡ — ˅ˑ˕ ː˃ˊ˅˃ːˋˢ
˙ˋˍˎˑ˅ ːˈ˄ˑˎ˟˛ˑˌǡ ˋˊˢ˜ːˑ ˋˊˇ˃ːːˑˌ ˍːˋˉˍˋ ˔˕ˋ˘ˑ˅ ˏˑˎˑˇˑˌ ˒ˑˠ˕ˈ˔˔˞Ǥ ʜˈˉ-
ː˃ˢǡ ˆˎ˖˄ˑˍˑ-ˋ˔ˍ˓ˈːːˢˢ ˎˋ˓ˋˍ˃ — ˗˖ːˇ˃ˏˈː˕ ˒ˑˠˊˋˋ ʞˈ˕˓ˑ˅˔ˍˑˌǤ ʜ˃˒˓˃˔ːˑ
1 ɋɦ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɤɧ Ȼ ɦ Salamandra P.V.V., 2020.

364
˔˕˃ˎˋ ˄˞ ˏ˞ ˋ˔ˍ˃˕˟ ˑ˕ˑ˄˓˃ˉˈːˋˢ ˄˞˔˕˓ˑ˕ˈˍ˖˜ˈˌ ˔ˑ˅˓ˈˏˈːːˑ˔˕ˋ ˅ ː˃ˋ˅ː˞˘
˔˕˓ˑ˚ˍ˃˘ ˈˈ ˒ˑˠˊˋˋǤ ʑ˔ˢ ˑː˃ — ˎˡ˄ˑ˅ːˑˈ ˅ˆˎˢˇ˞˅˃ːˋˈ ˅ ˔ˈ˄ˢǢ ˠ˕ˑ ːˈ ˆˎ˖˄ˑˍˋˌ
˃ː˃ˎˋˊ ˇˈˍ˃ˇˈː˕˃ǡ ˃ ˒˓ˑ˔˕˃ˢǡ ˒ˑˇˍ˖˒˃ˡ˜˃ˢ ˔˅ˑˈˌ ˋ˔ˍ˓ˈːːˑ˔˕˟ˡǡ ˒ˈ˓ˈˇ˃˚˃ ː˃-
˔˕˓ˑˈːˋˌǤ ʏ ˈ˔ˎˋ ˋ ˇˑ˘ˑˇˢ˕ ˊ˅˖ˍˋ ˋ ˍ˓ˋˍˋ ˖ˎˋ˙˞ ˅ ˇ˖˛˖ ˒ˑˠ˕ˈ˔˔˞ǡ ˕ˑ ː˃˔˕ˑˎ˟ˍˑ
˒ˈ˓ˈˎˑˏˎˈːː˞ˈ ˘˓˖˔˕˃ˎˢˏˋ ˔˕ˈː ˔˅ˑˈˆˑ ˊ˃ˏˍ˃ ȋˏˑˉˈ˕ ˄˞˕˟ǡ ˘˓˖˔˕˃ˎˢˏˋ ˔˅ˑˋ˘ ˉˈ
˔ˑ˄˔˕˅ˈːː˞˘ ˆˎ˃ˊȌǡ ˚˕ˑ ˒ˈ˓˅ˑˋ˔˕ˑ˚ːˋˍ ˠˏˑ˙ˋˌ ˑ˔˕˃ˈ˕˔ˢ ˆˇˈ-˕ˑ ˅ ˔˕ˑ˓ˑːˈǡ ːˈˑ˕-
ˏˈ˚ˈːː˞ˌ ˋ ːˈˊ˃ˏˈ˚ˈːː˞ˌǤ ʗ˔ˍ˓ˈːːˑ˔˕˟ǡ ˍˑːˈ˚ːˑǡ ːˈ ˔˃ˏˑˇˑ˅ˎˈˡ˜˃ˢ ˙ˈːːˑ˔˕˟
˅ ˋ˔ˍ˖˔˔˕˅ˈǡ ˋ˄ˑ ˘˖ˇˑˉˈ˔˕˅ˈːːˑ˔˕˟ ˅˔ˈˆˇ˃ ˑ˔˕˃ˈ˕˔ˢ ː˃ ˒ˈ˓˅ˑˏ ˒ˎ˃ːˈǡ ːˑ ˖ ʞˈ˕-
˓ˑ˅˔ˍˑˌ ˈ˔˕˟ ˛˃ː˔˞ ˑ˔˕˃˅ˋ˕˟ ˇˋˎˈ˕˃ː˕ˋˊˏǣ
ʛˑ˓ˈ ˛ˈ˒˚ˈ˕ ˋ ˍ˃˚˃ˈ˕˔ˢǡ
ʑˑˎː˞ ˛ˈˎˍˑˏ ˛ˈˎˈ˔˕ˢ˕ǡ
ʙ ˅ˑˎː˃ˏ ˊ˅ˈˊˇ˞ ː˃ˍˎˑːˢˡ˕˔ˢǡ
ʢˆˎ˖˄ˋ˅ ˅ˑ ˏˆˎ˖ ˔˅ˑˌ ˅ˊˆˎˢˇǤ
ȋ˔˕˓Ǥ ͵ʹȌǤ
ʏ˅˕ˑ˓˖ ˔ˎˈˇˑ˅˃ˎˑ ˄˞ ˑ˄˓˃˕ˋ˕˟ ˄ˑˎ˟˛ˈ ˅ːˋˏ˃ːˋˢ ː˃ ˑ˔ːˑ˅ː˞ˈ ˠˎˈˏˈː˕˞
˒ˑˠˊˋˋǣ ˑ˄˓˃ˊːˑ˔˕˟ǡ ˓˃ˊ˓˃˄ˑ˕ˍ˖ ˊ˅˖˚˃ːˋˌ ˔˕ˋ˘˃ ˋ ˓ˋ˕ˏˋ˚ːˑ˔˕˟Ǥ ʞˑ˕ˑˏ˖ ˚˕ˑ ˄ˈˊ
˕˃ˍˑˌ ˓˃˄ˑ˕˞ ː˃ˇ ˔˅ˑˋˏ ˇ˃˓ˑ˅˃ːˋˈˏǡ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓ˑˈ ˖ ʞˈ˕˓ˑ˅˔ˍˑˌ ːˈ˔ˑˏːˈːːˑ ˋˏˈˈ˕-
ˈˢǡ ˈˈ ˔˕ˋ˘ˋ ˑ˔˕˃ː˖˕˔ˢǡ ˘ˑ˕ˢ ˋ ˏˋˎ˞ˏǡ ˋ ˎˋ˓ˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˋˏǡ ːˑ ˅˔ˈ ˉˈ ˇˋˎˈ˕˃ː˕˔˕-
˅ˑˏǤ ʝ˔ˑ˄˞˘ ˅ˎˋˢːˋˌ ˋ ˒ˑˇ˓˃ˉ˃ːˋˌ ˅ ˍːˋˆˈ ːˈ ˊ˃ˏˈ˕ːˑǡ ˕˃ˍ ˉˈ ˍ˃ˍ ˋ ˄ˑˎ˟˛ˑˌ
ˑ˓ˋˆˋː˃ˎ˟ːˑ˔˕ˋǤ ʠˎˈˇ˖ˈ˕ ˑ˕ˏˈ˕ˋ˕˟ ˕ˑˎ˟ˍˑ ˒ˑˇ˓˃ˉ˃ːˋˈ Ǽʐˑ˓ˋ˔˖ ʒˑˇ˖ːˑ˅˖ǽ
ʞ˖˛ˍˋː˃ ȋ˅ ˔˕ˋ˘˃˘ ː˃ ˔˕˓˃ːˋ˙ˈ ͻȌǤ
ʙ˓˞ˎ˟ˢ ˅ˊˏ˃˘ː˖˅˛ˋˈǤǤǤ ˒ˑˉ˃ˎ˖ˌǡ ːˈ ˅ˊˏ˃˘ː˖˅˛ˋˈǡ ˃ ˕ˑˎ˟ˍˑ ˔ˑ˄ˋ˓˃ˡ˜ˋˈ˔ˢ
˅ˊˏ˃˘ː˖˕˟˔ˢ <sic>Ǥ
ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ Ȑȏ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈ «ǯȘȈȟȒȐ Ȋȍșȍȕª
ǶȒșȈȕȍ ǹȐȕȧȒȖȊȖȑ
Ƕȉ ǶȒșȈȕȍ ǹȐȕȧȒȖȊȖȑ ǲ Ǵ ǨșȍȍȊȖȑ șȔ ȊȣȠȍ Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȋ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧȝ Ƕ
ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ ©ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǨșȍȍȊª
ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ Ȑȏ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈ «ǳȐșȚȖȊȒȈ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ»
Ƿȍȟ ȗȖ ǳȐșȚȖȊȒȈ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ ǿȐȚȈ ǰȏȌ ǰșȚȖȘȐȒȖ-ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȋȖ ǲȘțȎȒȈ ȗȘȐ ǫȖșț-

365
ȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔ ǰȕșȚȐȚțȚȍ ǵȈȘȖȌȕȖȋȖ ǶȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȋ ȋ ǿȐȚȍ, [ȚȐȗ ǪȖȍȕȗțȘȈ], 1922.
ǺȖ Ȏȍ Ȋ șȉ ǲȈȔȍȕȣ ǹȉȖȘȕȐȒ ǰșȚȖȘȐȒȖ-ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȋȖ ǲȘțȎȒȈ ȗȘȐ ǫȖșțȌȈȘșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕȖȔ ǰȕșȚȐȚțȚȍ ǵȈȘȖȌȕȖȋȖ ǶȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȋ ȋ ǿȐȚȍ I >ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ@ ǿȐȚȈ Ȋȍșȍȕ-
ȕȐȑ șȍȔȍșȚȘ  ȋȖȌȈ
ǲȖȋȌȈ ȏȐȔȈ șȚȖȧȓȈ
ǪȗȍȘȊȣȍ Ȋ ȋȈȏ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȑ ȚȍȓȍȋȘȈȜ Ƿțȉȓ ȗȖ ǺțȔȈȕȕȖȍ ȏȍȘȒȈȓȖ ȊȘȍ-
ȔȍȕȐ ǼțȚțȘȐșȚȣ ȕȈ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȔ ǪȖșȚȖȒȍ ǽȈȉȈȘȖȊșȒ 002.
ǰȌț Ȋ ǶȉȐȘȈȓȖȊȒț
ǹȚȐȝ ȗȘȐȊȍȌȍȕȖ Ȋ ȔȍȔțȈȘȕȖȔ ȚȍȒșȚȍ ©Ƕ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȔ ǪȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧª ȈȘ-
ȝȐȊ ǳ Ƕ ǿȍȘȕȍȑȒȖ
 ǶȉȐȘȈȓȖȊȒȈ ș  ȋ ǮȍȓȍȏȕȖȌȖȘȖȎȕȈȧ — șȚȈȕȞȐȧ Ȋ ȋ
ǩȈȓȈȠȐȝȍ ǴȖșȒȖȊșȒȖȑ Ȗȉȓ ȋȌȍ șȖȋȓȈșȕȖ ȘȖȔȈȕț ǳ ǺȖȓșȚȖȋȖ ȉȘȖșȐȓȈșȤ ȗȖȌ ȗȖȍȏȌ
ǨȕȕȈ ǲȈȘȍȕȐȕȈ
ǰȏ ȗȖȏȌȕȐȝ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȑ
ǫȖȓȖșț ǵȈȌȍȎȌȣ ǨȕȌȘȍȍȊȕȣ ǶȉțȝȖȊȖȑ
ǨȘȝȐȊ ǳ Ƕ ǿȍȘȕȍȑȒȖ ǨȊȚȖȘșȒȈȧ ȔȈȠȐȕȖȗȐșȤ ș ȘțȒȖȗȐșȕȣȔ ȐȕșȒȘȐȗȚȖȔ ȈȌ-
ȘȍșȖȊȈȕȕȣȔ ȊȕțȟȒȍ: ©ǬȖȘȖȋȖȑ ȔȖȍȑ ǳȦȌȖȟȒȍ ȖȚ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ VI-62 ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȈ ǶȓȤ-
ȋȈ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈª ǺȖ Ȏȍ ȗȖȌ ȏȈȋȓ ©ǷȍȊȐȞȍª Ȋ șȖșȚȈȊȍ ȈȊȚȖȘșȒȖȑ ȔȈȠȐȕȖ-
ȗȐșȕȖȑ ȒȕȐȎȒȐ ǺȘȐ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ (FSO 01- %HOREURYFHYD ǨȘȝȐȊ ǰșșȓȍȌȖȊȈ-
ȚȍȓȤșȒȖȋȖ ȞȍȕȚȘȈ ǪȖșȚȖȟȕȖȑ ǭȊȘȖȗȣ ȗȘȐ ǩȘȍȔȍȕșȒȖȔ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚȍ).
Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ ȉȣȓȈ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȈ ș ȖȗȍȘȕȖȑ ȗȍȊȐȞȍȑ ǵ Ǩ ǶȉțȝȖȊȖȑ 886-
 Ȑ ȖșȚȈȊȐȓȈ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ Ȗ ȕȍȑ ȈȘȝȐȊ ǳ Ƕ ǿȍȘȕȍȑȒȖ ǭȍ ȗȐșȤȔȈ Ȓ ǶȉțȝȖ-
ȊȖȑ ȝȘȈȕȧȚșȧ Ȋ ǫǾǺǴ
ǫȖȘȉțȕ
ǨȊȚȖȘșȒȈȧ ȔȈȠȐȕȖȗȐșȕȈȧ ȒȕȐȎȒȈ ǺȘȐ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ ș ȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȕȈȌȗȐ-
șȤȦ  ȋ ȈȌȘȍșȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ ǰ ǯ ǩȍȓȖȉȘȖȊȞȍȊȖȑ )62 - %HOREURYFHYD ǨȘȝȐȊ ǰș-
șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤșȒȖȋȖ ȞȍȕȚȘȈ ǪȖșȚȖȟȕȖȑ ǭȊȘȖȗȣ ȗȘȐ ǩȘȍȔȍȕșȒȖȔ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚȍ).

366
ǴȖȐȔ ȌȘțȏȤȧȔ
ǨȊȚȖȘșȒȈȧ ȔȈȠȐȕȖȗȐșȕȈȧ ȒȕȐȎȒȈ ǺȘȐ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ ș ȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȕȈȌȗȐ-
șȤȦ  ȋ ȈȌȘȍșȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ ǰ ǯ ǩȍȓȖȉȘȖȊȞȍȊȖȑ )62 - %HOREURYFHYD ǨȘȝȐȊ ǰș-
șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤșȒȖȋȖ ȞȍȕȚȘȈ ǪȖșȚȖȟȕȖȑ ǭȊȘȖȗȣ ȗȘȐ ǩȘȍȔȍȕșȒȖȔ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚȍ).
ǹȚȐȝȐ Ȑȏ ȞȐȒȓȈ ©ǿȍȝȖȊª
ǨȊȚȖȘșȒȈȧ ȔȈȠȐȕȖȗȐșȕȈȧ ȒȕȐȎȒȈ ȗȖȌȈȘȍȕȕȈȧ ǰ ǯ ǩȍȓȖȉȘȖȊȞȍȊȖȑ )62 -145
%HOREURYFHYD ǨȘȝȐȊ ǰșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤșȒȖȋȖ ȞȍȕȚȘȈ ǪȖșȚȖȟȕȖȑ ǭȊȘȖȗȣ ȗȘȐ ǩȘȍȔȍȕ-
șȒȖȔ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚȍ). ǹȚȐȝ ©ǿȍȝȖȊ ș ȕȈȔȐª — ȈȊȚȖȘșȒȈȧ ȔȈȠȐȕȖȗȐșȤ ș ȐȕșȒȘȐȗȚȖȔ
©ǬȖȘȖȋȖȑ ȔȖȍȑ ȌȍȊȖȟȒȍ ǳȦȌȖȟȒȍ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȖȑ ȖȚ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ ǶȓȤȋȈ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ
ǴȖșȒȊȈ VII  ȋª Ȑ ȗȖȔȍȚȒȖȑ ©ǺȘȍȚȐȑ ȊȈȘȐȈȕȚª ȈȘȝȐȊ ǳ Ƕ ǿȍȘȕȍȑȒȖ ǵȈȔȐ
ȕȍ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚșȧ ȊȚȖȘȈȧ ȟȈșȚȤ șȚȐȝ ȧȊȕȖ ©ȈȋȐȚȈȞȐȖȕȕȈȧª Ȑ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȕȈȧ ș ȖȋȓȧȌȒȖȑ
ȕȈ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕțȦ ȗțȉȓ
ǭșȓȐ ȧ țȔȘț — ǵȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȐșȒȈȎ ȘȍȗȓȐȒȈ ǺțȏȍȕȉȈȝȈ Ȑȏ ȗȤȍșȣ Ǩ Ƿ ǿȍȝȖȊȈ
ǺȘȐ șȍșȚȘȣ  ȗȍȘȊȈȧ ȗțȉȓ  Ȋ ȖȘȐȋ ©ǺȈȒ Ȕȕȍ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȍșȓȐ ȧ Ȑ țȔȘț ȚȖ
Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȉțȌț țȟȈșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȚȈȒ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȈȟȍ».
«Ich sterbe» — ©ȇ țȔȐȘȈȦª ȕȍȔ ǷȘȍȌșȔȍȘȚȕȣȍ șȓȖȊȈ ǿȍȝȖȊȈ
ǰȏ ȚȍȚȘȈȌȐ ©Ǩ ȗȖȚȖȔ șȚȈȓȖ ȚȐȝȖª
ǸȈȌțȋȈ ǭȎȍȔȍșȧȟȕȣȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖ-ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ Ȑ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ-ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍ-
șȒȐȑ ȎțȘȕȈȓ ǲȐȍȊ  ȹ  ȜȍȊȘȈȓȤ
ǷțȉȓȐȒȈȞȐȐ ȗȘȍȌȗȖșȓȈȕȖ șȓȍȌțȦȡȍȍ ȗȘȍȌȐșȓȖȊȐȍ ȏȈ ȗȖȌȗȐșȤȦ ǳ ǪȣȠȍșȓȈȊ-
șȒȖȋȖ
ʑ ˑˇːˑˏ ˋˊ ˒˓ˈˇ˞ˇ˖˜ˋ˘ ːˑˏˈ˓ˑ˅ «ʟ˃ˇ˖ˆˋǽ ˄˞ˎˋ ˑ˒˖˄ˎˋˍˑ˅˃ː˞ ˅ˑ˔˒ˑˏˋː˃ːˋˢ
ʝˎ˟ˆˋ ʒˈˑ˓ˆˋˈ˅ː˞ ʞˈ˕˓ˑ˅˔ˍˑˌǡ ˑ˕ːˑ˔ˢ˜ˋˈ˔ˢ ˍ ˋː˕ˈ˓ˈ˔ːˈˌ˛ˈˏ˖ ˒ˈ˓ˋˑˇ˖ ˓˃ˊ˅ˋ˕ˋˢ
˔ˑ˅ˈ˕˔ˍˑˌ ˒ˑˠˊˋˋǤ ʝː˃ ː˃˚ˋː˃ˎ˃ ˔˅ˑˌ ˕˅ˑ˓˚ˈ˔ˍˋˌ ˒˖˕˟ ː˃ ʓ˃ˎ˟ːˈˏ ʑˑ˔˕ˑˍˈ ˅ˏˈ˔˕ˈ ˔
ʜˋˍˑˎ˃ˈˏ ʏ˔ˈˈ˅˞ˏǤ ʞˑ˕ˑˏ ˓˃˄ˑ˕˃ˎ˃ ˅ ʛˑ˔ˍ˅ˈ ˓ˢˇˑˏ ˔ ʛ˃ˢˍˑ˅˔ˍˋˏǡ ʐ˓ˡ˔ˑ˅˞ˏǡ ʞ˃˔-
˕ˈ˓ː˃ˍˑˏǤ ʜ˃ ˓˖ˍˑ˒ˋ˔ˋ ˈˈ ˒ˈ˓˅ˑˌ ˍːˋˆˋ ʏǤ ʑǤ ʚ˖ː˃˚˃˓˔ˍˋˌ ː˃˒ˋ˔˃ˎǣ «ʠ˕ˋ˘ˋ ˋː˕ˈ-
˓ˈ˔ː˞ˈǤ ʗ˘ ˔˕ˑˋ˕ ː˃˒ˈ˚˃˕˃˕˟ǽǤ
<…>
ʠ˕ˋ˘ˋǡ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞ˈ ˏ˞ ˕ˈ˒ˈ˓˟ ˒˓ˈˇˎ˃ˆ˃ˈˏ ˚ˋ˕˃˕ˈˎˡǡ ː˃˒ˋ˔˃ː˞ ˅ ˓˃ˊːˑˈ ˅˓ˈˏˢǡ ːˑ ˋ˘
ˑ˄˝ˈˇˋːˢˈ˕ ˑˇːˑ ˏˋ˓ˑˑ˜˖˜ˈːˋˈ ˋ ˑˇː˃ǡ ˒˓ˋ˔˖˜˃ˢ ˕ˑˎ˟ˍˑ ʝˎ˟ˆˈ ʞˈ˕˓ˑ˅˔ˍˑˌǡ ˒ˑˠ-
˕ˋ˚ˈ˔ˍ˃ˢ ˏ˃ːˈ˓˃Ǥ

367
ǷȍȘȍȊȖȌȣ
Ǫșȍ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȣ ȗțȉȓ ȗȖ ǨȕȚȖȓȖȋȐȧ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȖȑ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ ǳ 
Ǵ ǨȘȕȖȓȤȌ ǷȖȒȐȕțȚȣȑ ǴȍȘȔȈȕ
ǴȍȘȔȈȕ — ȖȚ Ȉȕȋȓ. merman ȚȘȐȚȖȕ ȊȖȌȧȕȖȑ
ǪȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ
ǻȚȘȖ
ǨȊȚȖȘșȒȈȧ ȔȈȠȐȕȖȗȐșȤ ǳȖȚȔȈȕȖȊșȒȐȑ ȈȘȝȐȊ ǺȈȓȓȐȕȕșȒȖȋȖ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚȈ.
ǻȚȘȈȟȍȕȣ ȓȐșȚȣ ȹȹ  - ǴȍȔțȈȘ ȖȏȈȋȓȈȊȓȍȕ ȕȈȔȐ ©ǻȚȘȖª ȗȖ șȐȓȤȕȖ șȖȒ-
ȘȈȡȍȕȕȖȑ ȗțȉȓ ǸȈȌțȋȈ ǲȐȍȊ  ȹ  ȧȕȊȈȘȤ ǷȖ ȥȚȖȑ Ȏȍ ȗțȉȓ ȟȈșȚȐȟȕȖ ȊȖș-
șȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȈ ȗȍȘȊȈȧ ȓȈȒțȕȈ ǻȕȐȜȐȞȐȘȖȊȈȕȖ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ȏȈȋȓȈȊȐȑ ȖȚȌ ȋȓȈȊȖȒ
ǵȍ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ Ȋ ȗȖȓȕȖȔ ȖȉȢȍȔȍ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ  ȋ ȊȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ ȠȐ-
ȘȖȒȖ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȓȐșȤ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ ȗȘȐ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȐȐ ȌȘ ȔȍȔțȈȘȕȣȝ ȚȍȒșȚȖȊ
ǶșȣȗȈȕȣ șȕȍȋȈȔȐ — ȞȐȚ Ȑȏ șȚȐȝ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ©ǷȍȘȊȖȔȈȑșȒȐȑ ȋȐȔȕª 
ș ǩȈȉțȠȒȐȕȣȔ — ǰ Ǫ ǩȈȉțȠȒȐȕ -1906) — ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȍȘ-ȉȖȓȤȠȍȊȐȒ Ȋ
 ȋ ȟȓȍȕ ǿȐȚȐȕșȒȖȋȖ ȒȖȔȐȚȍȚȈ ǸǹǬǸǷ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȖȋȖ
ȊȖșșȚȈȕȐȧ Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ Ȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȚȖȘȖȊ șȈȔȖȗȘȖȊȖȏȋȓȈȠȍȕȕȖȑ ©ǿȐȚȐȕșȒȖȑ ȘȍșȗțȉȓȐ-
ȒȐª ǸȈșșȚȘȍȓȧȕ Ȋ  ȋ
ǵȈș ȊȍȚȍȘ ȉȐȓ ș ǨȔțȘȈ Ȑ ș ǨȔȋțȕȐ — ȅȗȐȋȘȈȜ ȊȏȧȚ Ȑȏ șȚȐȝ ǵ ǯȈȉȖȓȖȞȒȖȋȖ
©ǺȊȖȘȞȣ ȌȖȘȖȋª -1947).
ǿțȎȈȒ — ǵ Ǽ ǿțȎȈȒ ȕȈșȚ ȜȈȔ ǵȈșȐȔȖȊȐȟ - ȗȈȘȚȐȑȕȣȑ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤ
ȓȐȚ ȒȘȐȚȐȒ ȎțȘȕȈȓȐșȚ ȗțȉȓȐȞȐșȚ ȔȍȔțȈȘȐșȚ ǸȍȌȈȒȚȖȘ ȘȧȌȈ ȗȍȘȐȖȌȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȐȏȌ.
ǬȈȓȤȕȍȋȖ ǪȖșȚȖȒȈ Ȑ ǹȐȉȐȘȐ ȈȊȚȖȘ Ȓȕ ǲ ȌȐȈȓȍȒȚȐȒȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ (1921), ǹȐȉȐȘșȒȐȑ
ȔȖȚȐȊ Ȋ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ (1922), ǼȍȚȐȠȐȏȔ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ (1925 Ȑ ȌȘ ǷȖșȓȍ ȗȍȘȍȍȏȌȈ Ȋ ǴȖșȒ-
Ȋț ȊȝȖȌȐȓ Ȋ ǳǭǼ Ȋ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ ȘȍȌȈȒȚȐȘȖȊȈȓ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȑ șȉ ǳȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȈ ȜȈȒ-
ȚȈ  ȉȣȓ ȘȍȌ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȑ ǪșȍȘȖșș Ȗȉ-ȊȈ ȉȣȊ ȗȖȓȐȚȒȈȚȖȘȎȈȕ ǹ  ȋ ȎȐȓ Ȋ ǳȍ-
ȕȐȕȋȘȈȌȍ

368
©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª Ȋ - ȋ — ǶȠȐȉȒȈ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȕȖȔȍȘ ȎțȘȕ ǺȊȖȘȟȍ-
șȚȊȖ ȊȣȠȍȓ Ȋ ȐȦȕȍ  ȋ
ǷȈȓȤȔȖȊ Ȑ ǨȊȍȚȖȊ ǵȍȏȕȈȔȖȊ — Ǫ ǵ ǷȈȓȤȔȖȊ (1888-1929) — ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒ-ȈȊȈȕ-
ȋȈȘȌȐșȚ ǻȟȐȓșȧ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȖȊșȒȖȔ țȟȐȓȐȡȍ ȎȐȊȖȗȐșȐ ȊȈȧȕȐȧ Ȑ ȏȖȌȟȍșȚȊȈ ǪȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ
ǫȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș Ǭ ǩțȘȓȦȒȖȔ ȗȍȘȍȉȘȈȓșȧ Ȑȏ ǹȈȔȈȘȣ ȕȈ ǬȈȓȤȕȐȑ ǪȖș-
ȚȖȒ Ȑ șȖȊȍȘȠȐȓ ȗȖȍȏȌȒț Ȋ ȇȗȖȕȐȦ - Ǫ ǿȐȚȍ ȖȒȖȓȖ ȋȖȌȈ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȐȓ ǽțȌȖ-
ȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ-ȗȘȖȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȠȒȖȓȖȑ - ǷȖșȓȍ ȗȍȘȍȍȏȌȈ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț ȗȘȐȔȣ-
ȒȈȓ Ȓ ǳǭǼț ǹ  ȋ Ȋ ǲȐȍȊȍ ȗȘȍȗȖȌȈȊȈȓ Ȋ ǲȐȍȊșȒȖȔ ǽțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔ ǰȕșȚȐȚțȚȍ
ȉȣȓ ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ șȖȏȌȈȚȍȓȍȑ ǻȒȘȈȐȕșȒȖȋȖ șȖȦȏȈ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȖȊ ǻȔȍȘ Ȋ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȕȍț-
ȌȈȟȕȖȑ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ Ǵ ǵ ǨȊȍȚȖȊ (1895- țȟȐȓșȧ Ȋ ȠȒȖȓȍ ǶȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ȗȖȖȡȘȍȕȐȧ
ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊ Ȑ ǨȒȈȌȍȔȐȐ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊ ǵȈ ǬȈȓȤȕȐȑ ǪȖșȚȖȒ ȗȖȗȈȓ Ȑȏ ǺțȘȒȍșȚȈȕȈ Ǫ -
30-ȝ ȋȋ ȗȘȍȗȖȌȈȊȈȓ Ȋ ǲȖȔȔțȕȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚȍ ȚȘțȌȧȡȐȝșȧ ǪȖșȚȖȒȈ Ȋ ǴȖș-
ȒȊȍ ȊȝȖȌȐȓ Ȋ ȘȧȌ ȝțȌȖȎ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȑ ©ǩȣȚȐȍª ǶǴǽ ǴǶǹǽ Ǫ ȗȖȏȌȕȐȝ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȝ
ȗȍȘȍȠȍȓ ȕȈ șȖȞȘȍȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȘȍȓȤșȣ Ƿ Ǫ ǵȍȏȕȈȔȖȊ ȕȈșȚ ȜȈȔȐȓȐȧ ǳȍȎȈȕ-
ȒȐȕ -1941) — ȗȖȥȚ-ȜțȚțȘȐșȚ ȓȐȚ ȒȘȐȚȐȒ ǨȒȚȐȊȕȣȑ țȟȈșȚȕȐȒ ǳǭǼȈ Ȑ ȎțȘȕ
ǳǭǼ Ȑ ǵȖȊȣȑ ǳǭǼ ȈȊȚȖȘ ȗȖȥȚȐȟ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȖȊ ǷȧȚȤ șȚȖȓȍȚȐȑ (1923), ǽȖȘȖȠȖ ȕȈ
țȓȐȞȍ  ǹȖȊȔȍșȚȕȖ ș Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȣȔ șȖșȚȈȊȐȓ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȦ Ǫ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ
ǻȟȈșȚȊȖȊȈȓ Ȋ ǷȍȘȊȖȑ Ȑ ǪȚȖȘȖȑ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȈȝ ȗȖȋȐȉ ȕȈ ȜȘȖȕȚȍ
ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȈ Ȉ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȈ ȌȍȒȓȈȘȈȞȐȧ — ǬȍȒȓȈȘȈȞȐȧ ȐȕȐȞȐȈ-
ȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ȗȖ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȝ ǴȈșȚȍȘșȒȐȝ ǰșȒțșșȚȊȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȧ
— ©ǰșȒțșșȚȊȈȘȤª  ǬȈȓȤȕȍȊȖșȚȖȟȕȣȑ ȚȍȓȍȋȘȈȜ ǿȐȚȈ  ȹ Ü șȍȕȚ1
ǫȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ǰȕșȚȐȚțȚ ǵȈȘȖȌȕȖȋȖ ǶȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȋ ȋ ǿȐȚȈ — ȗȍȘȊȖȍ
ȊȣșȠȍȍ țȟȍȉȕȖȍ ȏȈȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ǯȈȉȈȑȒȈȓȤȍ ǶȚȒȘȣȓșȧ  ȖȒȚȧȉȘȧ  ȋ Ǫ ȕȈȟ 
țȟȍȉȕȖȋȖ ȋȖȌȈ ȟȐșȓȖ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȖȊ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȣȝ Ȑ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȘȍȗȖȌȈȊȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȌȖș-
ȚȐȋȈȓȖ  șȚțȌȍȕȚȖȊ Ȑ ȊȖȓȤȕȖșȓțȠȈȚȍȓȍȑ —  ȕȖ ȏȈ ȋȖȌ țȗȈȓȖ ȌȖ  Ǫ șȍȕȚȧȉȘȍ
 ȋ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȚ ȉȣȓ ȗȍȘȍȊȍȌȍȕ ȊȖ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒ
ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȐȑ ǴȈșȓȖȊ ǴȈȓȈȝȖȊșȒȐȑ ǬȘȧȋȐȕ ǲțȒȓȧȘșȒȐȑ — Ǵ ǲ ǨȏȈȌȖȊ-
șȒȐȑ (1888-1954) — ȊȐȌȕȍȑȠȐȑ ȜȖȓȤȒȓȖȘȐșȚ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȋȘȈȜ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌ ȥȚȕȖ-
ȋȘȈȜ ȈȊȚȖȘ ȖȒ  ȗȍȟȈȚȕȣȝ ȘȈȉȖȚ ǷȘȍȗȖȌȈȊȈȓ Ȋ ǺȖȔșȒȍ ǿȐȚȍ ǰȘȒțȚșȒȍ ǳȍȕȐȕ-
ȋȘȈȌȍ ǹȣȋȘȈȓ ȕȍȔȈȓțȦ ȘȖȓȤ Ȋ șțȌȤȉȍ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ Ȗ ȟȍȔ șȔ ȕȐȎȍ Ȋ ȔȍȔțȈȘȈȝ
Ƿ Ƿ ǴȈșȓȖȊ (1867-1946) — ȥȒȖȕȖȔȐșȚ ȈȊȚȖȘ ȚȘțȌȖȊ ȗȖ ȈȋȘȈȘȕȖȔț ȊȖȗȘȖșț ȕȈȘ
ȝȖȏȧȑșȚȊț ȈȒȈȌȍȔȐȒ Ǩǵ ǹǹǹǸ  Ǫ Ǩ ǴȈȓȈȝȖȊșȒȐȑ (1890-1966) — ȧȏȣȒȖȊȍȌ
ȌȐȈȓȍȒȚȖȓȖȋ ȏȈșȓ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤ ȕȈțȒȐ ǸǹǼǹǸ  ǹ  ȋ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȤ ȒȈȜȍȌȘȣ
ȘțșșȒȖȋȖ ȧȏ ǹȈȔȈȘșȒȖȋȖ ǲțȑȉȣȠȍȊșȒȖȋȖ ȗȍȌ Ȑȕ-ȚȈ Ƿ Ƿ ǬȘȧȋȐȕ (1890-1922) —
ȗȖȥȚ ȋȈȏȍȚȕȣȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȒ ȗȍȟȈȚȈȓșȧ Ȋ ȟȐȚȐȕșȒȐȝ ȈȓȤȔȈȕȈȝȈȝ Ȑ șȉ Ǽ Ǽ ǲțȒȓȧȘ-
șȒȐȑ (1888-1923) — ȜȐȓȖșȖȜ ȗțȉȓȐȞȐșȚ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚȖȘ Ǫ -ȝ ȋȋ șȖȚȘțȌȕȐȒ Ȑ Șȍ-
ȌȈȒȚȖȘ ȘȧȌȈ ȗȍȚȍȘȉțȘȋșȒȐȝ ȎțȘȕ ǨȊȚȖȘ Ȓȕ ǼȐȓȖșȖȜȐȧ ȐȕȌȐȊȐȌțȈȓȐȏȔȈ (1910),
ǶșțȎȌȍȕȕȣȑ ȔȐȘ ǼȐȓȖșȖȜȐȧ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȑ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ
  Ȑ ȌȘ
1 Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɤɧ Ⱥ ȼ Ʉɪɭɫɚɧɨɜɚ Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɚɜɚɧɝɚɪɞ - ɂɫɬɨ-
ɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɛɡɨɪ Ɍ 2. Ʉɧ  Ɏɭɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ -1921 Ɇ  ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ȻȾ
ɗɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɹ Ɂɚɛɚɣɤɚɥɶɹ.

369
ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȟȓȍȕȖȊ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª — Ǫ șȉ ǲȈȔȍȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȣ
șȚȐȝȐ Ƿ ǵȍȏȕȈȔȖȊȈ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ Ȑ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ Ȑ șȚȈȚȤȧ ǹ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ ©ǴȖȓȐȚ-
Ȋȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȍșȕȐ ȘțșșȒȐȝ ȌțȝȖȉȖȘȖȊ ȕȈ ǫȈȊȈȑșȒȐȝ ȖșȚȘȖȊȈȝª
©ǳȍȕșȒȐȍ ȗȘȐȟȐȚȈȕȐȧª — ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȐȑ Ǵ ǳȍȕșȒȐȍ ȗȘȐȟȐȚȈȕȐȧ ǿȐȚȈ 
©ȅȗȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȧ Ȋ ǹȐȉȐȘȐ» — ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȐȑ Ǵ ȅȗȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȧ Ȋ ǹȐ-
ȉȐȘȐ ǿȐȚȈ 
©ǷȈȔȧȚȐ ǪȍȕȋȍȘȖȊȈª — ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȐȑ Ǵ ǷȈȔȧȚȐ ǹ Ǩ ǪȍȕȋȍȘȖȊȈ ǪȍȕȋȍȘȖȊ-
ȉȐȉȓȐȖȋȘȈȜ ǿȐȚȈ 
...ȕȈ  ǪȖșȚ ǹȐȉ ǲȘȈȍȊȍȌȟȍșȒȖȔ șȢȍȏȌȍ — 1-ȑ ǪȖșȚȖȟȕȖ-ǹȐȉȐȘșȒȐȑ ȒȘȈȍȊȍȌȟȍ-
șȒȐȑ șȢȍȏȌ ȜȖȓȤȒȓȖȘȐșȚȖȊ Ȑ ȥȚȕȖȋȘȈȜȖȊ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȓ Ȋ ǰȘȒțȚșȒȍ - ȧȕȊ  ȋ
©ǩȍșȍȌȣ șȖȉȐȘȈȚȍȓȧª — ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȊȐȌț Ȓȕ Ǵ ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ǩȍșȍȌȣ șȖȉȐȘȈȚȍ-
ȓȧ Ƕ șȖȉȐȘȈȕȐȐ Ȑ ȏȈȗȐșȣȊȈȕȐȐ ȗȈȔȧȚȕȐȒȖȊ țșȚȕȖȋȖ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȈ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȐȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȖ Ȓ ǹȐȉȐȘȐ, ȊȣȠȍȌȠȈȧ ȌȊțȔȧ ȐȏȌ Ȋ ǰȘȒțȚșȒȍ Ȋ  Ȑ  ȋ
©ǬȕȍȊȕȐȒ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȈª — ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȐȑ Ǵ ǬȕȍȊȕȐȒ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȈ ǵȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȑ
ȈȓȤȉȖȔ ǼȍȌȖȚȖȊȈ Ƿȋ 16.
©ǴȖȑ șȣȕ — ǲȖȚȐȒª — ȉțȌțȡȐȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌ ȋȍȘȔȈȕȐșȚ ȘțșȐșȚ ǲ Ǵ ǨȏȈ-
ȌȖȊșȒȐȑ Ș 
ȌȓȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȥȒșȗȍȌȐȞȐȐ ș ȔțȎȍȔ ȕȈ Ȧȋ — ȘȍȟȤ ȐȌȍȚ Ȗ ȊȚȖȘȖȔ ȔțȎȍ Ƕ ǷȍȚ-
ȘȖȊșȒȖȑ ȐȕȎȍȕȍȘȍ-ȒȖȕșȚȘțȒȚȖȘȍ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȟȐȒȍ ȈȊȐȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȝ ȚȖȘȗȍȌ ǫ ȇ ǬȐȓȓȖ-
ȕȍ 08? – 1958) ǰșȗȣȚȈȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȉȈȏȈ ȚȖȘȗȍȌ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ ǼȍȖȌȖșȐȐ
ǵȈ ȊȍȟȍȘȍ ȗȈȔȧȚȐ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȈ ǩȓȖȒȈ — ǪȍȟȍȘ șȖșȚȖȧȓșȧ  ȔȈȧ  ȋ
©ǷȖȥȏȐȧ ȏȈȋȖȊȖȘȖȊ Ȑ ȏȈȒȓȐȕȈȕȐȑª — cȚȈȚȤȧ Ǩ Ǩ ǩȓȖȒȈ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ Ȋ Ț  ©ǵȈȘȖȌ-
ȕȈȧ șȓȖȊȍșȕȖșȚȤª ǰșȚȖȘȐȐ ȘțșșȒȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ ȗȖȌ ȘȍȌ ǭ ǨȕȐȟȒȖȊȈ Ȑ Ǭ ǶȊșȧ-
ȕȐȒȖ-ǲțȓȐȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ 
ǩȍȑ ȌȏȊȖȕȍ ȉȍȑ — ȞȐȚȐȘțȍȔȣȑ Ȋ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ ǩȓȖȒȈ ȏȈȋȖȊȖȘ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȋȘȖȏȣ
ȗȍșȕȧȔȐ ȘțșȈȓȖȒ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ Ȑȏ ȍȋȖ ©ǵȖȟȐ Ȋ ǫȈȓȐȞȐȐª — Ǫ ȗȖȥȔȍ Ǫ ǽȓȍȉ-
ȕȐȒȖȊȈ ©ǵȖȟȤ Ȋ ǫȈȓȐȞȐȐª ȗȍȘȊȈȧ ȗțȉȓ  ȞȐȚȐȘțȦȚșȧ ©ȗȍșȕȐ ȊȍȌȤȔª Ȑ ©ȟȈȘȖ-
ȌȍȑȕȈȧ ȗȍșȕȤ ȘțșȈȓȖȒª Ȑȏ Ȓȕ ǰ Ƿ ǹȈȝȈȘȖȊȈ ǹȒȈȏȈȕȐȧ ȘțșșȒȖȋȖ ȕȈȘȖȌȈ (1848-1849).
©ǹȔȍȝȈȟȍȑª — Ț ȍ șȚȐȝ Ǫ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ©ǯȈȒȓȧȚȐȍ șȔȍȝȖȔª ©Ƕ ȘȈșșȔȍȑȚȍșȤ
șȔȍȝȈȟȐª ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ Ȗȗțȉȓ Ȋ  ȋ
ǹȊȖȉȖȌȈ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚ ȕȈȋȈȧ — ȞȐȚ Ȑȏ șȚȐȝ Ǫ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ©ǹȊȖȉȖȌȈ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚ
ȕȈȋȈȧª ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ Ȗȗțȉȓ Ȋ  ȋ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȓȖșȤ ȈȊȚȖȘȖȔ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȋ ©șȊȍȘȝȗȖȥȔțª ©ǪȖȑ-

370
ȕȈ Ȋ ȔȣȠȍȓȖȊȒȍª
ȅȚȖ ȠȍșȚȊțȦȚ ǺȊȖȘȧȕȍ — ȞȐȚ Ȑȏ ȗȖȥȔȣ Ǫ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ©ǳȈȌȖȔȐȘª 
Ǫ ȕȍȌȈȓȍȒȖȔ ȉțȌțȡȍȔ ȗȖȧȊȐȚșȧ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒȐ ǵ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊȈ Ȑ Ǭ ǹ ǳȐ-
ȝȈȟȍȊȈ — ǷȍȘȍȗȐșȒȈ ȜȐȓȖȓȖȋȈ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȖȓȖȋȈ ȐșȚȖȘȐȒȈ ȓȐȚ-Șȣ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖȊȍȌȈ
ȈȒȈȌ Ǭ ǹ ǳȐȝȈȟȍȊȈ - Ȑ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȈ Ȋ șȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȑ Ƕ ǷȍȚ-
ȘȖȊșȒȖȑ Ȑ ǲ ǨșȍȍȊȖȑ Ȓȕ ǪȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ Ȗ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍ ǨșȍȍȊȍ Ǵ  ș - Ȋ
șȖșȚȈȊȍ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȑ Ǭ ǳȐȝȈȟȍȊȈ ǹȔ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȐȏȌ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǨșȍȍȊ ǸȖȌȖșȓȖȊȕȈȧ
ȗȖȥȏȐȐ ǹȚȈȚȤȐ ǪȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ ǷȐșȤȔȈ Ǵ  ș -491).
ǵȖ ȕȈȠȍȑ șȚȘȖȒȖȑ — ȞȐȚȐȘțȍȚșȧ șȚȐȝ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ©ǬȣȝȈȕȤȍ ȥȗȖȝȐª 
Ȋșȍ-ȚȈȒȐ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȓȈ ȕȈ ȊȍȟȍȘȍ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ — ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȊȐȌț ȗȖș-
Ȋȧȡȍȕȕȣȑ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ Ǫ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȊȍȟȍȘ-ȔȐȚȐȕȋ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª  ȖȒȚ  ȋ
©ǷǺǨǿª ȐȏȌȈȓ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ șȚȐȝȖȊ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ ©ȇșȕȣȠª șȉȖȘȕȐȒ șȚȈȚȍȑ ȗȖ ȓȐ-
ȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ Ȑ ȐșȒțșșȚȊț ©ǹȐȉȐȘșȒȐȑ ȔȖȚȐȊ Ȋ ȗȖȥȏȐȐª șȉȖȘȕȐȒȐ șȚȈȚȍȑ ǿț-
ȎȈȒȈ ©ǲ ȌȐȈȓȍȒȚȐȒȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈª — Ǫ ȟȐșȓȍ ȒȕȐȋ ȐȏȌ-ȊȈ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȉȘȖȠȦȘȈ ǹ ǺȘȍ-
ȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ Ȑ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ǽțȌȖȎȕȐȒ ǪȐȒȚȖȘ ǷȈȓȤȔȖȊ ǿȐȚȈ  ǲȕ ǹȐȉȐȘșȒȐȑ ȔȖ-
ȚȐȊ Ȋ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ Ȑ ǲ ȌȐȈȓȍȒȚȐȒȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȐ Ȋȣȗțȡȍȕȣ ȗȖȌ ȔȈȘȒȖȑ ©ǷȚȈȟª
ǹȚȈȓȐ ȐȏȌȈȊȈȚȤ ©ǬțȉȖȓȖȔª ș ȐȓȓȦșȚȘȈȞȐȧȔȐ ǷȈȓȤȔȖȊȈ Ȑ ǨȊȍȚȖȊȈ ǪȣȠȓȖ
ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȠȍșȚȤ ȐȓȐ șȍȔȤ ȕȖȔȍȘȖȊ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȎțȘȕȈȓȈ — ǮțȘȕ ǬțȉȖȓȖȔ ș ȗȖȌȏȈȋ
©ǮțȘȕȈȓ ȒȘȐȊȖȑ țȓȣȉȒȐ Ȑ ȌȤȧȊȖȓȤșȒȖȋȖ ȝȖȝȖȚȈª ȊȣȝȖȌȐȓ ș ȌȍȒȈȉȘȧ  ȗȖ ȔȈȘȚ
 ȋ ȊșȍȋȖ ȊȣȠȓȖ  ȕȖȔȍȘȖȊ ǹȘ Ȋ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧȝ ǹ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ ©ǮțȘȕȈȓ ȥȚȖȚ
șȚȘȧȗȈȓȐ ǷȈȓȤȔȖȊ ǨșȍȍȊ Ȑ ȧ  ǷȘȍȌ ȍȋȖ ȊȣȗțșȒȖȔ Ȕȣ ȘȈșȒȓȍȐȓȐ ȖȗȖȊȍșȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ
ȓȍȕȚȣ ș ȕȈȌȗȐșȤȦ ȕȈ ȘțșșȒȖȔ ³ǬțȉȖȓȖȔ´ Ȑ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȖȔ ³'RRERORPH´ ǲȈȒȖȑ-ȚȖ ȗȍ-
ȘȍțșȍȘȌșȚȊȖȊȈȊȠȐȑ țȔȕȐȒ ȊșȗȖȓȖȠȐȓ ȟȐȚȐȕșȒȐȍ ȊȓȈșȚȐ ȟȚȖ ³ǬțȉȖȓȖȔ´ ȍșȚȤ ȕȍ ȟȚȖ
ȐȕȖȍ ȒȈȒ ȏȈȠȐȜȘȖȊȈȕȕȈȧ ȜȘȈȏȈ — ³Ǭțȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȊȐȒȖȊ ǶșȚȈȓșȧ ȔȍșȧȞ´ / ȅȚȖȚ ȥȗȐ-
ȏȖȌ ȉȣȓ ȕȍȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȖ ȐȏȓȖȎȍȕ Ȋ ȗȍȘȍȌȖȊȐȞȍ ȗȍȘȊȖȋȖ ȕȖȔȍȘȈ ³ǬțȉȖȓȖȔȈ´ª ǺȘȍȚȤȧ-
ȒȖȊ ǹ ȀȚȣȒ șȚȘȖȒ  ǵȖȊȣȑ ǳǭǼ  ȹ - ș 
©ǮȐȓȐ-ȉȣȓȐª — ȀȒȓȖȊșȒȐȑ Ǫ ǮȐȓȐ-ȉȣȓȐ ǪȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ ǴȍȔțȈȘȕȣȍ ȏȈ-
ȗȐșȐ ǷȖȊȍșȚȐ Ȗ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ș ȒȖȕȞȈ XIX ȊȍȒȈ ȗȖ  ȋ Ǵ 
©ǹȓȖȊȍșȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȒȖȔȔȍȘȞȐȧª — ǫȘȐȞ Ǻ ǺȘȍȕȐȕ Ǫ ǵȐȒȐȚȐȕ Ǵ ǹȓȖȊȍșȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ
ȒȖȔȔȍȘȞȐȧ ǲȕȐȎȕȈȧ ȓȈȊȒȈ Ǩ ǹȔȐȘȌȐȕȈ ǷȖȌ ȘȍȌ Ǫ ǩ ȀȒȓȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ǩ Ǵ ȅȑ-
ȝȍȕȉȈțȔȈ Ǵ 
ǫȘȐȞ — Ǻ ǹ ǫȘȐȞ -1959) — ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌ ȌȍȚșȒȐȑ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȤ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȟȐȒ
ȈȊȚȖȘ șȚȈȚȍȑ Ȗ Ǫ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȍ Ǫ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȔ Ȑ ȌȘ ǻȟȈșȚȕȐȒ ǪȚȖȘȖȑ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ
©ǹȚȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ șȖȓȖȊȤȧª — ȘȍȟȤ ȐȌȍȚ Ȗȉ ȐȏȌȈȕȕȖȔ ȗȖȌ ȥȋȐȌȖȑ ǴǨǼ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔ
șȉ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ǹȚȈȓȤȕȖȑ șȖȓȖȊȍȑ Ǵ ȐȏȌ ǪȝțȚȍȔȈș 

371
ǰ șȗȓȖȠȕȖȑ ȗȖȚȖȒ ȠȖȗȍȕȖȊșȒȐȝ ȥȚȦȌȖȊ — ȞȐȚ Ȑȏ șȚȐȝ ǩ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȈ ©ǲȘțȗ-
ȕȣȑ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘ ǭȡȍ ȕȍ ȏȈȗȐȘȈȓȐª  ȊȖȠȍȌȠȍȋȖ Ȋ ȞȐȒȓ ©ǹȖȕ Ȋ ȓȍȚȕȦȦ ȕȖȟȤª
ǲȖȔȐșșȈȘ ǨȕȖȝȐȕ ǷȈȊȍȓ ǯȈȝȈȘȖȊȐȟ Ȑ ǨȕȖȝȐȕ ȟȓȍȕ ǬȈȓȤǩȦȘȖ Ǿǲ ǸǲǷ ȔȖȎȍȚ
ȉȣȚȤ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑ ȚȖȚ Ȏȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ — ǭȌȊȈ ȓȐ țȉȐȚȣȑ ȗȖȌ ǿȐȚȖȑ ȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ șȍȒȘȍ-
ȚȈȘȤ ǬȈȓȤȉȦȘȖ ǷȈȊȍȓ ǼȍȌȖȘȖȊȐȟ ǨȕȖȝȐȕ - Ȋ  ȋ ȉȣȓ ȗȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȍȔ Ȑș-
ȗȖȓȒȖȔȈ ǶȓȖȕȍȞȒȖȋȖ ȋțȉȍȘȕșȒȖȋȖ șȖȊȍȚȈ ȗȖȌȊȐȏȈȓșȧ Ȋ ǶȓȖȕȍȞȒȖȑ ȋțȉȍȘȕȐȐ Ȑ ȕȍ
ȧȊȓȧȓșȧ ©ȘȈȉȖȟȐȔ ș ǶȉțȝȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȏȈȊȖȌȈ ȗȍȚȘȖȋȘȈȌșȒȐȔª ȒȈȒ ȒȖȔȐșșȈȘ ț ǲ ǷȈțșȚȖȊ-
șȒȖȋȖ
ȓȐȠȤ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȈȊȋțșȚȈ — ǯȌȍșȤ Ȑ ȕȐȎȍ Ȋ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧȝ Ȗȉ ǨșȍȍȊȍ ș  ȧȊ-
ȕȈȧ ȖȠȐȉȒȈ ȖșȚȈȊȈȊȠȐȍșȧ Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ ȟȓȍȕȣ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ©ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª ȒȘȖȔȍ ǵ ǿțȎȈȒȈ
ȊȣȍȝȈȓȐ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț ȔȍȎȌț  Ȑ  șȍȕȚȧȉȘȧ  ȋ Ȋ ȗȐșȤȔȍ Ȓ ǰ ǩȍȓȖȉȘȖȊȞȍȊȖȑ ǫȈ-
ȏȍȘ
 țȒȈȏȈȕȖ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖ ©Ȋ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ șȍȕȚȧȉȘȧª ș 
ǷȖ ȒȘȈȦ ȗȖ ȒȘȈȦ — Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ ȞȐȚȐȘțȍȚ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ șȚȐȝ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕ-
ȕȖȍ Ȋ  ȋ Ȋ ȟȐȚȐȕșȒȐȝ ȒȖȓȓȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȝ șȉ ǲȈȔȍȕȣ Ȑ ǳȐșȚȖȊȒȈ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ șȔ ȊȣȠȍ
ǪȍȘȖȟȒȖȑ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ șȍșȚȍȘ ǹȐȕȧȒȖȊȣȝ ȊȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ șȚȈȊȠȍȑ ȎȍȕȖȑ ȗȐșȈȚȍ-
ȓȧ ǫȍȝȚȈ — Ǫ Ǵ ǹȐȕȧȒȖȊȈ - Ȋ -ȝ – ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȗȖȓ -ȝ ȋȋ ȉȣȓȈ Ȏȍ-
ȕȖȑ ȗȖȥȚȈ-ȈȊȈȕȋȈȘȌȐșȚȈ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȟȐȒȈ ǫ ǵ ǷȍȚȕȐȒȖȊȈ - ȍȦ țȊȓȍȒȈȓȐșȤ
Ǫ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊ Ǭ ǩțȘȓȦȒ Ȑ Ǫ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ǹ șȍȘ -ȝ ȋȋ ȎȍȕȈ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȧ ȗȖȥȚȈ Ȑ
ȎțȘȕȈȓȐșȚȈ ǹ ǫ ǫȍȝȚȈ -1963).
Ǻȣ ȏȈȠȍȓ ȏȈ ȊȍȠȕȐȑ ȗȖȌȖȒȖȕȕȐȒ... — ȐșȒȈȎ ȞȐȚ Ȋ ȖȘȐȋȐȕȈȓȍ ©Ǻȣ ȏȈșȚȐȋ ȉȣ
ȊȍȠȕȐȑ ȗȖȌȖȒȖȕȕȐȒ  ȅȚȖ ȕȈ ȌȍȊȧȚȖȔ ȥȚȈȎȍ
ª
 Ȑȏ șȚȐȝ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ©ǫȈșȚȍȊª 
Ǩ Ǩ ǫȈșȚȍȊ -1939) — ȗȖȥȚ ȗȘȖșȓȈȊȐȊȠȐȑșȧ Ȓȕ ǷȖȥȏȐȧ ȘȈȉȖȟȍȋȖ țȌȈȘȈ (1918),
ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȤ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȒ ȕȈțȟȕȖȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȚȘțȌȈ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȤ ǾȍȕȚȘȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȐȕșȚȐ-
ȚțȚȈ ȚȘțȌȈ ǸȍȗȘȍșșȐȘȖȊȈȕ ȘȈșșȚȘȍȓȧȕ
ǫȘȐȕȒȘțȋ — ǳ Ǩ ǫȘȐȕȒȘțȋ -1987) — ȊȣȝȖȌȍȞ Ȑȏ ȉȈȕȒȐȘșȒȖȑ șȍȔȤȐ
ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤ ȒȐȕȍȔȈȚȖȋȘȈȜȈ ȜȐȕȈȕșȐșȚ Ȋ - ȋȋ ȜȐȕȈȕșȖȊȣȑ ȌȐȘȍȒȚȖȘ ǸǶǹǺǨ
ǷȖșȓȍ ȘȖȔȈȕȈ ș ǳ Ȇ ǩȘȐȒ ȖșȚȈȓșȧ ȉȓȐȏȒȐȔ ȌȘțȋȖȔ șȍȔȤȐ ǩȘȐȒ Ȑ Ǫ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ
ǻ Ȕȍȕȧ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȓȈșȤ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȤ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈ ș ȖȉȓȖȎȒȖȑ — ǴȍșȚȖȕȈȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȥȚȖȑ
ȘțȒȖȗȐșȐ ȕȍ țșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȖ
Ǩ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȍȕȍȑ ǨșȍȍȊ ǷȍȚȧ ȉȍȌșȚȊȖȊȈȓ — ǪȐȌȐȔȖ ǨșȍȍȊ ȓțȒȈȊȐȓ ȉț-
ȌțȟȐ ȕȍȊȣșȖȒȖȋȖ ȔȕȍȕȐȧ Ȗ șȚȐȝȈȝ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ ǹȖȝȘȈȕȐȓșȧ Ȋ ȐȏȓȖȎȍȕȐȐ ȍȋȖ ȋȖș-
ȐȏȌȈȚȖȊșȒȐȑ ȖȚȏȣȊ ȕȈ ȍȍ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ ©ǹȚȐȝȐ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȣ ȊșȍȞȍȓȖ ȗȖȌ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍȔ ǩȖȘȐșȈ
ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȈ ǨȊȚȖȘ ȕȍȖȗȣȚȕȣȑ ǭșȓȐ ȐȏȌȈȊȈȚȤ ȚȖ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȕȣȔ ȚȐȘȈȎȖȔ ǪȗȘȖ-
ȟȍȔ ȐȔȍȦȡȍȍșȧ țȎȍ ȕȈ ȒȕȐȋȍ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȈ Ǩ Ǫ ǳțȕȈȟȈȘșȒȖȋȖ ȖȚȊȖȌȐȚ ȖȗȈ-
șȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȕȍȗȖȗțȓȧȘȕȖșȚȐ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧ Ȋ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȖȉȠȐȘȕȖȔ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉȍª ǫǨǸǼ Ǽ 
Ƕȗ  Ǭ  ǳ 
Ȋ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȐ ©ǷȖșȍȡȍȕȐȍª — ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȍȑ șȔ ȕȐȎȍ Ȋ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧȝ Ȗ ǵ

372
ǨșȍȍȊȍ
©ǵȈ ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ ȔțȌȘȍȞȈ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȖșȚȖȚȣª ǶșȚȘȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȋ ȗȍȘȍȌȍȓȒȍ ȚȍȒșȚȈ
ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȣȔ — ǷȘȍȔȤȍȘȈ șȗȍȒȚȈȒȓȧ ©ǴțȌȘȍȞª șȖșȚȖȧȓȈșȤ  ȔȈȧ  ȋ Ȋ ǷȍȘȊȖȔ
ȘȈȉȖȟȍȔ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ ǷȘȖȓȍȚȒțȓȤȚȈ
©ǹȚȈȟȒȐª — ©ǹȚȈȟȒȈª ©ǰșȚȖȘȐȧ șȚȈȟȒȐª — ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȗȖȓȕȖȔȍȚȘȈȎȕȣȑ ȜȐȓȤȔ
ǹ Ǵ ȅȑȏȍȕȠȚȍȑȕȈ - ȗȘȍȔȤȍȘȈ șȖșȚȖȧȓȈșȤ  ȈȗȘ  ȋ ǬȈȓȍȍ Ƕ ǷȍȚ-
ȘȖȊșȒȈȧ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȚȖȟȕȖ ȐȏȓȈȋȈȍȚ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȐȑ ȥȗȐȏȖȌ ȜȐȓȤȔȈ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ Ȗȗțș-
ȒȈȍȚ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȖȌȘțȋȈ ȉȈȕȒȐȘȈ ȊȣșȖȊȣȊȈȧșȤ Ȑȏ ȖȒȕȈ ȈȊȚȖȔȖȉȐȓȧ ȗȘȐȏȣȊȈȍȚ
Ȓ ȘȈșȗȘȈȊȍ ȕȈȌ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȔȐ
ǹȍșȚȘȈ ȔȖȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȑ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ Ȋ ȘȈȏȓȐȊȍ — ȞȐȚȐȘțȍȚșȧ șȚȐȝ ǩ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȈ
©ǹȍșȚȘȈ ȔȖȧ — ȎȐȏȕȤª 
ǬȖȉȘȣȑ ȌȘțȋ
ǷțȉȓȐȒțȍȚșȧ ȗȖ ǪȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ Ȗ Ǵ ǲ ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȖȔ ǹȖșȚ ȗȘȍȌȐșȓ ȗȘȐȔ ǰ ǯ.
ȇȘȕȍȊșȒȖȋȖ ǰȘȒțȚșȒ ǰȏȌ-ȊȖ ǰȘȒțȚșȒȖȋȖ țȕ-ȚȈ 
©ǳȍȕșȒȐȍ ȗȘȐȟȐȚȈȕȐȧª ȐȏȌȈȕȕȣȍ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ Ȋ ©ǲȈ-
ȔȍȕȈȝª — ©ǳȍȕșȒȐȍ ȗȘȐȟȐȚȈȕȐȧª Ǵ ǨȏȈȌȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȊȣȠȓȐ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖȑ Ȓȕ Ȑ Ȋ șȖșȚȈȊ
șȉ ǲȈȔȍȕȣ ȕȍ ȊȝȖȌȐȓȐ
ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǨșȍȍȊ
ǷțȉȓȐȒțȍȚșȧ ȗȖ ǪȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ Ȗ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍ ǨșȍȍȊȍ ǹȖșȚ ǲ Ǵ ǨșȍȍȊȈ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊ-
șȒȈȧ Ǵ ǹȖȊȍȚșȒȐȑ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȤ 
ǵȍ ȊȍȘȦ ȕȐ ȚȓȍȕȤȦ ȕȐ șȚȈȘȖșȚȐ — ȞȐȚȐȘțȍȚșȧ ȊȚȖȘȖȍ șȚȐȝ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊȈ Ȑȏ ȞȐȒ-
ȓȈ ©ǯȈȘȎȈȊȓȍȕȕȈȧ ȓȐȘȈª 0).
©ǩȈȓȈȋȈȕȟȐȒª — Ƕ Ȓȓțȉȍ șȔ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ©ǶȒȚȧȉȘȤ ȕȈ ǬȈȓȤȕȍȔª
ǵȖȊȣȑ ǳǭǼ  ȹ - ș -44).
ǭșȓȐ ȔȐȘ ȍȡȍ ȕȈȔȐ ȕȍ ȏȈȕȧȚ — ȞȐȚ șȚȐȝ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ©ǭșȓȐ ȔȐȘ ȍȡȍ ȕȈȔȐ ȕȍ
ȏȈȕȧȚª Ȑȏ ȞȐȒȓȈ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ©ǹȚȐȝȐ șȍȋȖȌȕȧȠȕȍȋȖ Ȍȕȧª 
©ǹȖȊȍȚ ȊȍȚȘȖȊª ȗȐșȤȔȖ — ǹȖȊȍȚ ȊȍȚȘȖȊ — ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ șȉ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊȈ Ǵ
 Ǫ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧȝ ©ǻȚȘȖª Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ ȖȠȐȉȖȟȕȖ șȊȧȏȣȊȈȓȈ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ǳțȕȈ-
ȟȈȘșȒȖȋȖ ș ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ șȉ ǨșșȍȊȈ ǹȚȈȓȤȕȖȑ șȖȓȖȊȍȑ (1922).

373
©ǴȈȚȍȘȕȣȑ ȘȣȌª ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ — ǺȖȟȕȍȍ ©ǸȣȌ ȔȈȚȍȘȕȣȑª ȗȖȥȔȈ ǹ ǺȘȍȚȤȧ-
ȒȖȊȈ -1921).
ǪȍȘȤ ǷȖȥȚȖȊȖ șȓȖȊȖ ȕȍ șȋȐȕȍȚ — ȞȐȚ țȒȈȏȈȕȕȖȍ ȊȣȠȍ șȚȐȝ ©ǭșȓȐ ȔȐȘ ȍȡȍ
ȕȈȔȐ ȕȍ ȏȈȕȧȚª
Ǵȕȍ șȚȈȓȖ ȗȖȕȧȚȕȖ ȗȖȟȍȔț ǨșȍȍȊ ȐȏȉȘȈȓ șȍȉȍ ȗșȍȊȌȖȕȐȔȣ ©ǴȈȓȒȈ-ȐȊȖȓȋȈª
Ȑ ©ǩȦȓȤ-ǩȦȓȤª — ȖȟȍȕȤ Ȗȕ ȓȦȉȐȓ ȗȚȐȞ — ǩȦȓȤȉȦȓȤ — ȒȖȘȖȚȒȖȗȈȓȣȑ ȌȘȖȏȌ ȖȌ-
ȕȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ȕȈ ȜȈȘșȐ Ȑ ȈȘȈȉșȒ ©ȉȦȓȤȉȦȓȤª — ȗȍȊȟȈȧ ȗȚȐȞȈ șȖȓȖȊȍȑ
ǩȍȓȓȣ ǯȖȘȐȟ — ǩȍȓȓȈ ǯȖȘȐȟ ǰ ǩ ǯȖȘȐȟ -1959) — ȌȘȈȔȈȚțȘȋ șȞȍȕȈȘȐșȚ-
ȒȈ
ǺȈȕȦȠȈ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ — Ǻ ǹ ǫȖȔȖȓȐȞȒȈȧ-ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ - ȌȖȟȤ Ƕ Ǫ
ǫȖȔȖȓȐȞȒȖȑ ȗȘȐȍȔȕȈȧ ȌȖȟȤ ǹ Ǵ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ ǨȊȚȖȘ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȑ Ȗ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȍ Ȑ
șȖșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȈ șȉ ȍȋȖ ȌȖȒțȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȏȣ ǹȚȘȈȕȈ-ȗȍȘȍȒȘȍșȚȖȒ Ǵ 
ǳȐȚȖȊșȒȐȑ ǷȖȓȖȕșȒȐȑ ǪȖȘȖȕșȒȐȑ — Ƕ ǹ ǳȐȚȖȊșȒȐȑ ǲȈȋȈȕ 1892-1971), Ǫ
Ƿ ǷȖȓȖȕșȒȐȑ ǫțșȐȕ 6-
 Ǩ ǲ ǪȖȘȖȕșȒȐȑ - ȘȈșșȚȘȍȓȧȕ — ȊȐȌ-
ȕȣȍ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȍ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȐ Ȑ ȒȘȐȚȐȒȐ ȥȗȖȝȐ
șȍȕșȈȞȐȖȕȕȈ ©ǰșȗȖȊȍȌȤ ǹȚȈȊȘȖȋȐȕȈª ǬȖșȚȖȍȊșȒȖȋȖ — ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȊȐȌț ȋȓȈȊȈ
©ǻ ǺȐȝȖȕȈª ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȕȈȧ Ȑȏ ȗȘȐȎȐȏȕȍȕȕȣȝ ȐȏȌ ȘȖȔȈȕȈ Ǽ Ǵ ǬȖșȚȖȍȊșȒȖȋȖ ǩȍșȣ.
...ǲȈȏȐȕ — Ǫ Ǫ ǲȈȏȐȕ -1981) — ȗȖȥȚ ȊȝȖȌȐȓ Ȋ ȟȐșȓȖ ȖșȕȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȋȘțȗȗȣ
©ǲțȏȕȐȞȈª Ȋ șȊȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ șȟȐȚȈȓșȧ ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȓțȟȠȐȝ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘșȒȐȝ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ
ȕȈȟȐȕȈȧ ș ©ǶȒșȈȕȣª — ǶȒșȈȕȈ — ȗȖȥȚȐȟ șȉ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊȈ 
Ȑ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȤ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȖȚșȚțȗȐȓȈ — ǵ ǨșȍȍȊ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȓȍȚ șȚȘȈȌȈȓ ȚțȉȍȘȒțȓȍȏȖȔ țȔȍȘ
ȖȚ ȓȍȋȖȟȕȖȋȖ ȒȘȖȊȖȚȍȟȍȕȐȧ
...ȌȖȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȠȍșȚȖȑ ȚȖȔ Ȓ ȗȧȚȐȚȖȔȕȐȒț ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȧ —
ǷȧȚȐȚȖȔȕȖȍ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȍ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȑ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊȈ ȊȣȠȓȖ Ȋ șȊȍȚ Ȋ - ȋȋ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȚȖȔ ȕȍ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȓ
Ƕ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȔ ǪȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ
ǨȊȚȖȘșȒȈȧ ȔȈȠȐȕȖȗȐșȤ ȈȘȝȐȊ ǳ Ƕ ǿȍȘȕȍȑȒȖ
ȇ ȊșȦ șȊȖȦ ȏȊȖȕȒțȦ șȐȓț ȗȖȥȚȈ — ȞȐȚ Ȑȏ ȗȖȥȔȣ Ǫ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ©ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘ
ǰȓȤȐȟ ǳȍȕȐȕª 
ǹȊȧȡȍȕȕȖșȓțȎȐȚȍȓȧ ȔȐȘȈ ȚȣșȧȟȍȓȍȚȕȍȍ  ǭȊȈȕȋȍȓȐȍ — Ȋ ȖȘȐȋ ȚȍȒșȚȍ ȗȖȥ-

374
Ȕȣ ©ȚȣșȧȟȍȓȐșȚȖȍª
ǿȍȘȍȏ ǹȐȉȐȘȤ Ǫ șȚȘȈȕȍ ȉțȌțȡȍȋȖ — ǺȖȟȕȖȍ ȏȈȋȓ ȘțșșȒȖȋȖ ȗȍȘ Ȓȕ ȕȖȘȊȍȎșȒȖ-
ȋȖ ȗȖȓȧȘȕȖȋȖ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȧ țȟȍȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȋțȔȈȕȐșȚȈ Ǽ ǵȈȕșȍȕȈ -1930) — Ǫ șȚȘȈ-
ȕț ȉțȌțȡȍȋȖ ǪȍȓȐȒȐȑ ǹȍȊȍȘȕȣȑ ȗțȚȤ Ȑȏ ǭȊȘȖȗȣ Ȋ ǹȐȉȐȘȤ ȟȍȘȍȏ ǲȈȘșȒȖȍ ȔȖȘȍ Ƿȋ
1915).
©ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȋȖȌȣ ǮȐȏȕȤ Ȑ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖª — Ǫ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧȝ
ȌȈȕȣ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȊȈȘȐȈȕȚȣ ȏȈȋȓ ȔȖȕȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ Ǫ ǷȍȘȞȖȊȈ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖȍ — ǴȈȧȒȖȊ-
șȒȐȑ ǮȐȏȕȤ Ȑ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȋȖȌȣ -1930.
Ǫ ȜȍȊȘȈȓȍ țȔȍȘ ȔȖȑ ȔțȎ — ȅȚȐȔ ȥȊȜȍȔȐȏȔȖȔ ȏȌȍșȤ ȒȈȒ Ȑ Ȋ ©ǪȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈ-
ȕȐȧȝ Ȗ ǩȖȘȐșȍ ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟȍ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȍª șȔ ȕȐȎȍ ȏȈȠȐȜȘȖȊȈȕȖ țȉȐȑșȚȊȖ Ǫ
ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ Ȋ ȏȈșȚȍȕȒȈȝ ǶǫǷǻ
ǹȓȣȠț ȗȘȍȘȣȊȐșȚȣȑ ȋȖȓȖș ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȈ ©Ƕȓȧ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ țȚȘȖȔ ȏȈșȚȘȍȓȐȓșȧ ǴȈȧ-
ȒȖȊșȒȐȑ — ǹȔ Ȋ ǶȝȘȈȕȕȖȑ ȋȘȈȔȖȚȍ ǩ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȈ - ©ǻȏȕȈȊ Ȗ ȕȍșȟȈ-
șȚȤȐ ȧ ȊȣȏȊȈȓ ȕȈ ȔȍșȚȖ ȗȘȖȐșȠȍșȚȊȐȧ ǶȓȤȋț ǹȐȓȓȖȊț ǿȚȖ-ȚȖ ȗȖȌșȒȈȏȈȓȖ Ȕȕȍ
ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȗȖȚȘȧșȍȕȤȍ ȌȈșȚ ȊȣȝȖȌ ȍȍ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔț ȋȖȘȦª ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ ǩ ǷȖȓȕȖȍ șȖȉ-
ȘȈȕȐȍ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȑ ș ȗȘȐȓȖȎȍȕȐȧȔȐ Ǫ ȖȌȐȕȕȈȌȞȈȚȐ ȚȖȔȈȝ Ǻ III ǷȘȖȏȈ Ǵ 
ǹ  Ǫ ȗȖȌȞȍȕȏțȘȕȣȝ ȗțȉȓ  ȋ ȊȔȍșȚȖ ȗȖȓȕȖȋȖ ȐȔȍȕȐ — ȐȕȐȞȐȈȓȣ Ƕ ǹ
ǹȗȈȓ Ȑ, ȖȚȚȘȍȗȍȚȈȊ ȉȣȓ ȚȐȝ — ȞȐȚ Ȑȏ șȚȐȝ ǩ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȈ ©ǹȔȍȘȚȤ ȗȖȥ-
ȚȈª 
ǪȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ Ȗ ǩȖȘȐșȍ ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟȍ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȍ
Ƿțȉȓ ȗȖ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ ǩ ǷȖȓȕȖȍ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȍ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȑ ș ȗȘȐȓȖȎȍȕȐȧȔȐ Ǫ ȖȌȐȕ-
ȕȈȌȞȈȚȐ ȚȖȔȈȝ Ǻ XI: ǩȖȘȐș ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ Ȋ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧȝ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȐȒȖȊ Ǵ ǹȓȖ-
ȊȖSlovo, 2005.
ǶșȍȕȤ ǫȖȌ -Ȗȑ — ȊȐȌȐȔȖ ȈȉȍȘȘȈȞȐȧ ȗȈȔȧȚȐ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ Ț Ȓ Ȋ țȒȈȏȈȕȕȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ
ǩ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ ș ȎȍȕȖȑ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓșȧ Ȋ ǫȍȘȔȈȕȐȐ
ǭȊȋȍȕȐȍȑ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȖȊȕȖȑ — ǭ Ǫ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ ȌȍȊȐȟȤȧ ȜȈȔ ǳțȘȤȍ -1965)
— ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȞȈ ȗȍȘȊȈȧ ȎȍȕȈ ǩ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȈ (1922-1931).
șȣȕ ǮȍȕȍȟȒȈ — ǭ ǩ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ - ȉțȌțȡȐȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȑ ȐȕȎȍȕȍȘ ȓȐ-
ȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌ ȐșȚȖȘȐȒ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ ȈȊȚȖȘ ȔȕȖȋȖȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȘȈȉȖȚ Ȗȉ ȖȚȞȍ ȘȍȌȈȒȚȖȘ
ȘȧȌȈ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȑ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȑ Ȑ ȌȘ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈȞȐȑ șȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȝ ș ǩ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȖȔ
ȇ ȒȓȈȊȐȠȍȑ șȚȈȦ ȒȖȘȔȐȓ ș ȘțȒȐ — ȞȐȚ Ȑȏ șȚȐȝ ǩ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȈ ©ǰȔȗȘȖȊȐȏȈ-
ȞȐȧª (1915).

375
ț ȕȈș ȘȖȌȐȓșȧ șȣȕ... — Ƕ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ -1990) — ȊȣȗțșȒȕȐȒ ȓȍȕȐȕȋȘȈȌșȒȖȑ
ǪȖȍȕȕȖ-ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȈȒȈȌȍȔȐȐ ǩȣȓ ȗȖȓȐȚȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȒȖȔ Ȋ ȘȈȏȕȣȝ ȔȍșȚȈȝ ǹǹǹǸ ǭȓȍȞ,
ǹȈȔȈȘȒȈȕȌ ǴȈȘȣ ȓȍȒȚȖȘȖȔ Ȗ-ȊȈ ©ǯȕȈȕȐȍª.
ǻȚȒȐȕ ǲȈȚȈȕȧȕ — ǰ Ƿ ǻȚȒȐȕ (1903-1944) — ȗȖȥȚ ȎțȘȕȈȓȐșȚ țȟȈșȚȕȐȒ
ǫȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȖȑ Ȑ ǪȚȖȘȖȑ ǴȐȘȖȊȖȑ ȊȖȑȕ ȗȖȋȐȉ Ȋ ȈȊȐȈȒȈȚȈșȚȘȖȜȍ Ǫ Ǩ ǲȈȚȈȕȧȕ (1902-
1980) — ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȤ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜ Ǫ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ș  ȋ Ȑ ȌȖ ȒȖȕȞȈ ȎȐȏ-
ȕȐ ǳ Ȇ ǩȘȐȒ ȍȍ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȐȑ Ȑ ȗȖȏȌȕȍȍ ȖȜȐȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȔțȎ
ǵȍȑȋȈțȏȈ — ǫ ǫ ǵȍȑȋȈțȏ -1964) — ȗȐȈȕȐșȚ ȗȘȍȗȖȌȈȊȈȚȍȓȤ ȕȈȘȖȌȕȣȑ
ȈȘȚȐșȚ ǸǹǼǹǸ  ȌȘțȎȐȓ șȍȔȤȧȔȐ ș ǩ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȖȔ ǷȖșȓȍ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȘȈȏ-
ȊȖȌȈ ȍȋȖ ȎȍȕȈ ǯ ǵ ǵȍȑȋȈțȏ Ȋ ȌȍȊȐȟȍșȚȊȍ ǭȘȍȔȍȍȊȈ - Ȋ  ȋ șȚȈȓȈ ȊȚȖȘȖȑ
ȎȍȕȖȑ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȈ
ǩȖȘȐș ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟ ȌȈȓ Ȕȕȍ ȗȐșȤȔȈ Ȓ ȓȍȕȐȕȋȘȈȌșȒȐȔ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȧȔ — ǹȖȝȘȈȕȐȓȈșȤ
©ȘȍȒȖȔȍȕȌȈȞȐȧ Ȋ ǫȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȐȏȌȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ǽțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣª ȈȌ-
ȘȍșȖȊȈȕȕȈȧ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌț Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȟȐȒț Ǭ ǰ ǪȣȋȖȌșȒȖȔț - ©ǴȐȓȣȑ
ǪȣȋȖȌșȒȐȑ ǷȖȌȣȡȐȚȍ ȗȖȎȈȓțȑșȚȈ ǶȓȤȋȍ ǫȍȖȘȋȐȍȊȕȍ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȕȖ
ȏȕȈȦȡȍȑ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȐȑ ȧȏȣȒ Ȑ Ȋ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕșȚȊȍ ȊȓȈȌȍȦȡȍȑ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖȔ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȈ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȧȡțȦ ȘȈȉȖȚț ǶȕȈ ȗȖșȍȓȧȍȚșȧ Ȋ ǳȍȕȐȕȋȘȈȌȍ Ȑ ȏȈșȓțȎȐȊȈȍȚ
ȊșȍȔȍȘȕȖȋȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȤȧ Ȑ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒȐ ǬȘțȎȍșȒȐ ȎȔț ȘțȒț ǪȈȠ ǩ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ 29. X.
 ǴȖșȒȊȈª ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȕȈȌȗȐșȈȓ ȥȒȏ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȐȏȌ ȗȍȘȍȊȍȌȍȕȕȖȑ ȐȔ ȗȖȥ-
Ȕȣ Ǫ ǷȠȈȊȍȓȣ ©ǯȔȍȍȍȌª (1934) ©ǬȖȘȖȋȖȑ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡ ȌȈȑȚȍ ǶȓȤȋȍ ǫȍȖȘȋȐȍȊȕȍ ǷȍȚ-
ȘȖȊșȒȖȑ ȌȖȉȘȖȑ ȔȖȍȑ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȖȑ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȕȖȔț ȏȕȈȚȖȒț ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȖȋȖ ȧȏȣȒȈ Ȑ ȗȘȍ-
ȒȘȈșȕȖȑ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȟȐȞȍ ȕȈ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȍȑȠȐȑ ȘțșșȒȐȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȖȕȈ ȊȓȈȌȍȍȚ ȔȈșȚȍȘ-
șȒȐ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȧȡțȦ ȘȈȉȖȚț Ȑ ȖșȚȈȊȤȚȍ ȥȚț ȘȍȒȖȔȍȕȌȈȞȐȦ ț șȍȉȧ Ȋ ȏȕȈȒ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȖ-
șȚȐ ȏȈ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȕțȦ ȗȘȖșȤȉț ǶȗȍȟȈȚȒȐ ȐșȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȣ ȕȈșȗȍȝ Ȑ ȕȈȊȍȘȕȖȍ ȕȍ Ȋșȍ ȕȖ
Ȑȝ ȕȍȚ Ȋ ³ǫȘțȏȐȕșȒȐȝ ȓȐȘȐȒȈȝ´ ȒțȌȈ ǯȔȍȍȍȌ ȊȝȖȌȐȚ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȟȈșȚȤȦ ǬȈȑȚȍ ǷȍȚ-
ȘȖȊșȒȖȑ ǿȖșȍȘȈ ȐȓȐ ǴȈȒȖȓȍȧ ȐȓȐ ȟȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȌȘțȋȖȍ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓȤȕȖȍ  ;  ǩ ǷȈș-
ȚȍȘȕȈȒ» (ȞȐȚ ȗȖ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ ǩ ǷȖȓȕȖȍ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȍ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȑ ș ȗȘȐȓȖȎȍȕȐȧȔȐ Ǫ
ȖȌȐȕȕȈȌȞȈȚȐ ȚȖȔȈȝ Ǻ IX ǷȐșȤȔȈ 1935- Ǵ  ǹ -16).
ǬǶǲǻǴǭǵǺȃ ǰ ǴǨǺǭǸǰǨǳȃ
ǶȗȘȖșȕȣȑ ȓȐșȚ Ǫǳǽǰ
ǸǫǨǳǰ Ǽ  Ƕȗ  ǭȌ ȝȘ  Ǫ șȖșȚȈȊȍ ȓȐȟȕȖȋȖ ȌȍȓȈ șȚțȌȍȕȚȈ Ǫǳǽǰ
ǨȕȒȍȚȈ Ȍȓȧ șȚțȌȍȕȚȖȊ ȗȖȌȊȍȘȋȈȦȡȐȝșȧ ȗȘȖȊȍȘȒȍ
ǸǫǨǳǰ Ǽ  Ƕȗ  ǭȌ ȝȘ  Ǫ șȖșȚȈȊȍ ȓȐȟȕȖȋȖ ȌȍȓȈ șȚțȌȍȕȚȈ Ǫǳǽǰ

376
[ǨȊȚȖȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȧ]
ǨȊȚȖȘșȒȈȧ ȔȈȠȐȕȖȗȐșȤ ǨȘȝȐȊ ǳ Ƕ ǿȍȘȕȍȑȒȖ
ǶȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ ȈȊȚȖȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȧ ȒȈȒ Ȑ șȓȍȌțȦȡȈȧ ȌȈȓȍȍ ©ǹȗȘȈȊȒȈª ǵ Ǽ ǿțȎȈȒȈ ȉȣ-
ȓȈ ȗȘȐȓȖȎȍȕȈ Ȓ ȏȈȧȊȓȍȕȐȦ Ȋ ǫȓȈȊȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȖȚ  ȌȍȒȈȉȘȧ  ȋ șȔ ȕȐȎȍ
Ȋ ȘȈȉȖȟȍȔ Ȓȓțȉȍ ǴǶǫȅǹ ©ǲȘȈșȕȣȑ ȓțȋª — ȚȈȒ Ȋ ȚȍȒșȚȍ Ȋ ȈȕȒȍȚȍ  ȋ ©ǲȘȈș-
ȕȣȑ ȓțȟª
Ȋ ǴȖșȒȖȊșȒȖȑ ǫȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ǲȖȕșȍȘȊȈȚȖȘȐȐ — ǹȖȊȔȍșȚȕȖ ș ȗȘȖȜ Ǵ Ǫ
ǰȊȈȕȖȊȣȔ-ǩȖȘȍȞȒȐȔ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȈȓ ȗȘȐ ȔțȏȣȒȈȓȤȕȖȔ ȖȚȌȍȓȍȕȐȐ
ǵȈțȟȕȖ-ȒȖȔȗȖȏȐȚȖȘșȒȖȋȖ ȜȈȒțȓȤȚȍȚȈ Ǵǫǲ ©ǹȍȔȐȕȈȘȐȑ ȗȖ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȓȖȋȐȐ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ-
ȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȒȘȐȚȐȒȐª ǩ ȗ> ǴȖșȒȖȊșȒȈȧ ǫȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȈȧ ǲȖȕșȍȘȊȈȚȖȘȐȧ ǹȍȔȐȕȈ-
ȘȐȑ ȗȖ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȓȖȋȐȐ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȒȘȐȚȐȒȐ  ǴțȏȣȒȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ 
ȹ -6).
ǹȗȘȈȊȒȈ ǵ Ǽ ǿțȎȈȒȈ
ǴȈȠȐȕȖȗȐșȕȈȧ ȒȖȗȐȧ ǨȘȝȐȊ ǳ Ƕ ǿȍȘȕȍȑȒȖ
Ǫ ǽțȌȖȚȌȍȓ ǹȖȊȒȐȕȖ
ǨȊȚȖȘșȒȈȧ ȔȈȠȐȕȖȗȐșȤ ǨȘȝȐȊ ǳ Ƕ ǿȍȘȕȍȑȒȖ ǩȍȏ ȌȈȚȣ ȕȍ ȘȈȕȍȍ  ǰșȗȘȈȊ-
ȓȍȕȣ ȧȊȕȣȍ ȖȗȍȟȈȚȒȐ Ȑ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȗțȕȒȚțȈȞȐȐ
©ǭȊȘȍȑșȒȖȍ șȟȈșȚȤȍª ©ǭȋȖ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖª ©ǲȈȐȕ Ȑ ǨȘȚȍȔª — ©ǭȊȘȍȑ-
șȒȖȍ șȟȈșȚȤȍª (1925) — ȜȐȓȤȔ Ǩ ǫȘȈȕȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖ ȔȖȚȐȊȈȔ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȖȊ ȀȖȓȖȔ-Ǩȓȍȑȝȍ-
ȔȈ șȖȉȘȈȊȠȐȑ șȖȏȊȍȏȌȐȍ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȖȊ Ȋ ȋȓ ȘȖȓȐ ǹ ǴȐȝȖȥȓș ȚȐȚȘȣ ǰ ǩȈȉȍȓȧ ȝțȌȖȎ-
ȕȐȒ ǵ ǨȓȤȚȔȈȕ ȖȗȍȘȈȚȖȘ ȅ ǺȐșșȥ ©ǭȋȖ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖª — ȜȐȓȤȔ ǫ ǸȖȠȈȓȧ
 ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȕȈ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ șȈȗȖȎȕȐȒȈ-ȍȊȘȍȧ ȗȖȒțȠȈȊȠȍȋȖșȧ ȕȈ ȎȐȏȕȤ
ȊȐȓȍȕșȒȖȋȖ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓ-ȋțȉȍȘȕȈȚȖȘȈ ©ǲȈȐȕ Ȑ ǨȘȚȍȔª — ȜȐȓȤȔ Ƿ ǷȍȚȘȖȊȈ-ǩȣȚȖȊȈ )
ȗȖ ȔȖȚȐȊȈȔ ȖȌȕȖȐȔȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȈ Ǵ ǫȖȘȤȒȖȋȖ
șȚȈȚȤȦ ǳȈȘȐȕȈ Ȋ ©ǸȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ Ȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȍª ©ǰȕȚȍȓȓȐȋȍȕȚșȒȐȑ Ȑ ȉțȘȎțȈȏ-
ȕȣȑ ȈȕȚȐșȍȔȐȚȐȏȔ Ȋ ǹǹǹǸª — ǹȚȈȚȤȧ ȉȣȓȈ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȈ Ȋ ȹ  ȎțȘȕ ǸȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ
Ȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȈ 
 Ȑ șȉ ǷȘȖȚȐȊ ȈȕȚȐșȍȔȐȚȐȏȔȈ  Ȇ ǳȈȘȐȕ ȕȈșȚ ȐȔȧ Ǵ Ǩ
ǳțȘȤȍ 82-1932) — ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȥȒȖȕȖȔȐșȚ ȗțȉȓȐȞȐșȚ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȖȘ-
ȋȈȕȐȏȈȚȖȘȖȊ ȒȈȔȗȈȕȐȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȈȕȚȐșȍȔȐȚȐȏȔȈ Ȋ ǹǹǹǸ Ȋ -ȝ ȋȋ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȗȘȍȌșȍ-
ȌȈȚȍȓȤ ǶǯǭǺȈ

377
Ǫ ȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ǬȖȔȈ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ
ǨȊȚȖȘșȒȈȧ ȔȈȠȐȕȖȗȐșȤ ǨȘȝȐȊ ǳ Ƕ ǿȍȘȕȍȑȒȖ
ȚȖȊ ǲȐȘȠȖȕȈ — Ǫ Ǵ ǲȐȘȠȖȕ -1938) — ȌȘȈȔȈȚțȘȋ ȗțȉȓȐȞȐșȚ șȞȍȕȈȘȐșȚ
ȒȘȐȚȐȒ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȣȑ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤ ǸǨǷǷȈ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȍȕȕȣȑ Ȓ ȋȍȕ șȍȒȘȍȚȈȘȦ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ǳ
ǨȊȍȘȉȈȝț -1937) Ȑ ȜȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔț ȋȓȈȊȍ ǶǫǷǻ ȗȖȏȌȕȍȍ ȕȈȘȒȖȔț ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȐȝ Ȍȍȓ
ǫ ȇȋȖȌȍ (1891-1938) ǶȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȖȌȐȖȏȕȣȝ șȖȊȍȚșȒȐȝ ȓȐȚ ȜțȕȒȞȐȖȕȍȘȖȊ ȖȚ-
ȓȐȟȈȊȠȐȑșȧ ȚȘȈȊȓȍȑ ȐȌȍȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȖȗȗȖȕȍȕȚȖȊ ǨȘȍșȚȖȊȈȕ Ȋ  Ȋ ȚȦȘȤȔȍ Ȑș-
ȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȓșȧ ȒȈȒ ©ȕȈșȍȌȒȈª Ȋ ȒȈȔȍȘȍ ȇȋȖȌȣ ǸȈșșȚȘȍȓȧȕ Ȋ  ȋ
Ǫ ǲȘȈșȕȖȗȘȍșȕȍȕșȒțȦ ȘȈȑȖȕȕțȦ ȒȖȕȚȘȖȓȤȕțȦ
ȒȖȔȐșșȐȦ ǪǲǷ ȉ
ǨȊȚȖȘșȒȈȧ ȔȈȠȐȕȖȗȐșȤ ǨȘȝȐȊ ǳ Ƕ ǿȍȘȕȍȑȒȖ
Ǫ ǫȓȈȊȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ
ǨȊȚȖȘșȒȈȧ ȔȈȠȐȕȖȗȐșȤ ǨȘȝȐȊ ǳ Ƕ ǿȍȘȕȍȑȒȖ
©ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ ǩȍȑȓȐșȈª — șȘ ș ȗȘȐȊȍȌȍȕȕȖȑ ȊȣȠȍ ȏȈȧȊȒȖȑ Ȋ ǽțȌȖȚ-
Ȍȍȓ ǹȖȊȒȐȕȖ
ǬȐȘȍȒȚȖȘț ǴȖșȒȖȊșȒȖȑ ȜȈȉȘȐȒȐ ©ǹȖȊȒȐȕȖª
ǨȊȚȖȘșȒȈȧ ȔȈȠȐȕȖȗȐșȤ ǨȘȝȐȊ ǳ Ƕ ǿȍȘȕȍȑȒȖ
ǷǸǰǳǶǮǭǵǰȇ
ǷȐșȤȔȈ Ǭ Ǭ ǩțȘȓȦȒȈ Ȓ Ǫ Ǩ ǹȐȓȓȖȊț
ǸǫǨǳǰ Ǽ  Ƕȗ  ǭȌ ȝȘ  ǷțȕȒȚțȈȞȐȧ Ȑ ȖȘȜȖȋȘȈȜȐȧ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ
ǼȐȈȓȓȈ ȎȐȊȍȚ ș ȕȈȔȐ — ȕȐȎȍ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖ ǼȐȈȓȈ ǪȈȞȓȈȊ ǼȐȈȓȈ -1980)
— ȊȐȌȕȣȑ ȟȍȠșȒȐȑ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒ ȋȘȈȜȐȒ ȐȓȓȦșȚȘȈȚȖȘ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȤ ǻȘȖȎȍȕȍȞ ǷȘȈȋȐ ǹ
ȌȍȚșȚȊȈ ȎȐȓ ș ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȧȔȐ Ȑ țȟȐȓșȧ Ȋ ǸȖșșȐȐ ǷȖȏȕȈȒȖȔȐȓșȧ ș Ǭ ǩțȘȓȦȒȖȔ ȊȖ ǪȓȈ-

378
ȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȍ ȎȐȓ Ȋ ȍȋȖ șȍȔȤȍ Ȑ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ǩțȘȓȦȒȖȔ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȕȣȔȐ ȗțȚȍȠȍșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȗȖ
ȇȗȖȕȐȐ Ǫ  ȋ ȖȉȊȍȕȟȈȓșȧ Ȋ ǺȖȒȐȖ ș șȍșȚȘȖȑ Ǭ ǩțȘȓȦȒȈ ǴȈȘȐȈȕȕȖȑ ș ȒȖȚ ȗȘȖ-
ȎȐȓ ȊșȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȋ  ȋ ȟȍȘȍȏ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȚȐȓșȧ Ȋ ǷȘȈȋț
ȗȈȓȤȔȈȔȐ ©ǺȈȒȖȕȖȒȐª — ȧȗȖȕșȒȐȑ ȊȐȌ ȗȈȕȌȈȕȈ ȗȈȕȌȈȕțșȈ
ǬȈȓȤȕȍ! ǪȖșȚȖȟȕȖȍ! ǶȖȉȖȏȘȍȕȐȍ! Ȑ ǫȖȓȖș! ǸȖȌȐȕȣ! — ȋȈȏȍȚȣ Ȋȣ-
ȝȖȌȐȊȠȐȍ ȊȖ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒȍ
ǵ ǳ ǹȚȍȗȈȕȖȊ ǷȐșȤȔȈ Ȓ Ǫ Ǩ ǹȐȓȓȖȊț Ȑ Ƕ Ǩ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ
ǰȏ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȊȠȐȝșȧ ȗȐșȍȔ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌȈ ǵ ǳ ǹȚȍȗȈȕȖȊț Ȓ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊț Ȑ Ƕ
ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ Ȋ ȕȈȠȍ ȐȏȌ ȊȖȠȓȐ ȌȊȈ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȏȕȈȟȐȔȣȝ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ Ȋ ȖșȕȖȊȕȖȔ ȗȘȍȌ-
șȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ șȖȉȖȑ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȒȐ ș ȖȉșțȎȌȍȕȐȍȔ ȚȍȝȕȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȊȖȗȘȖșȖȊ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȐȏ-
ȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ Ǫ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ǷȍȘȊȖȍ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȒȓȦȟȍȕȖ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ Ȋ șȖș-ȈȊ Ȗȗț-
ȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ ȊȣȠȍ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȑ Ȗ Ǫ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȔ ȊȚȖȘȖȍ ȌȈȕȖ ȗȖ ȈȘȝȐȊț ǳ Ƕ
ǿȍȘȕȍȑȒȖ ȖȘȜȖȋȘȈȜȐȧ Ȑ ȗțȕȒȚțȈȞȐȧ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ
ǲȈȒ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȔ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚȖȔ ȘȈșȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȑ ǵ ǹȚȍȗȈȕȖȊȈ Ȑ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ
ȉȣȓȈ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȈ ǹȚȍȗȈȕȖȊȈ ȗȘȖȊȍșȚȐ ȊȖȌȖȘȈȏȌȍȓ ȔȍȎȌț ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȣȔ Ȑ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȖȔ Ȗ
ȟȍȔ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȗȐșȈȓ Ȋ șȚȈȚȤȍ ©ȀȈȗȖȟȕȣȑ ȘȈȏȉȖȘ ȓȍșȖȊª șȔ ȊȣȠȍ ǲ ȚȈȒȐȔ Ȏȍ ȗȖ-
ȗȣȚȒȈȔ ©ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȤª ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ Ȑȏ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȈ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȖȚȕȖșȐȓ ȕȈȗȈȌȒȐ Ƿ ǴȐȚțȘȐ-
ȟȈ ȕȐȟȍȊȖȒȖȊ Ȑ ǨȓȤȊȥȒȈ ȕȈ Ǫ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ȍȋȖ șȖȘȈȚȕȐȒȖȊ
ǷȐșȤȔȖȔ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ Ȓ ǵ ǹȚȍȗȈȕȖȊț Ȕȣ ȕȍ ȘȈșȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȔ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȈ ȖȉȐ-
Ȍȣ ȍȍ Ȑ Ȓ ȚȖȔț ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ țȎȍ ȗȖȒȖȑȕȖȋȖ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ ȕȈ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌȈ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȗȖ-
ȕȧȚȕȈ Ȑȏ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȈ ǶȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ ȐȏȊȐȕȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȘȈȏȢȧșȕȍȕȐȧ ǹȚȍȗȈȕȖȊȈ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȣ
Ț Ȓ Ȋ șȓȍȌțȦȡȍȔ ȗȐșȤȔȍ Ȓ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ ȌȈȚȈ ȕȘȏȉ Ȗȕ ȗȐșȈȓ ©ȇ ȐșȒȘȍȕȕȍ ȘȈȌ
ȟȚȖ Ǫȣ ȗȖȊȍȘȐȓȐ ȐșȒȘȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȔȖȍȋȖ ȗȐșȤȔȈ Ȑ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȓȐ ǪȈȠȍ ȖȚȘȐȞȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ
ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍª Ȉ Ȋ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȖȔ ȗȐșȤȔȍ ȖȚ  ȈȗȘȍȓȧ  ȋ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȐȓ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒțȦ ȏȈ ȗȘȐ-
ȠȍȌȠȐȍ ȕȈȒȈȕțȕȍ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȐ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȖșȖȉȖ ȊȣȌȍȓȐȓ ©ǸȈșȗȧȚȐȍª ȏȈȔȍȚȐȊ ȗȘȈȊȌȈ
ȟȚȖ ©ȍȌȊȈ ȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉțȌȍȚ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȚȤª1.
Ǫ Ț III ǹȖȉȘȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ Ǫ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ ǳ  Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ȉȣȓ ȒȘȈȚȒȖ
țȗȖȔȧȕțȚ Ȋ ȟȐșȓȍ ȓȐȞ ȗȖȔȖȋȈȊȠȐȝ ȘȍȌȈȒȞȐȐ ©ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȕȣȝ ȔȈȚȍ-
ȘȐȈȓȖȊ ȐȓȐ țȒȈȏȈȕȐȧȔȐª ș 
ǩ ǳ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ ǰȏ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒȐ
Ǫșȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȣ ȗțȉȓ ȗȖ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ ǩ ǷȖȓȕȖȍ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȍ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȑ ș ȗȘȐȓȖȎȍ-
ȕȐȧȔȐ Ǫ ȖȌȐȕȕȈȌȞȈȚȐ ȚȖȔȈȝ Ǵ - ǺȚ VII-IX. ǵȈȔȐ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȣ ȕȍȒȖȚȖ-
Șȣȍ șȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ Ȑȏ ȗȘȐȔȍȟȈȕȐȑ Ȓ ȌȈȕȕȖȔț ȐȏȌ
1 ɋɦ ɏɥɟɛɧɢɤɨɜ ȼ ɋɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ Ɍɨɦ ɩɹɬɵɣ ɋɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɡɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɤɚɡɵ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ
ɨɱɟɪɤɢ ɋɜɟɪɯɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ - Ɇ  ɋ - ɢ ɩɪɢɦ

379
©ǹȐȓȓȖȊșȒȐȑ șȦȎȍȚª Ȋ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒȍ Ȑ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȍ ǩ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȈ ȗȘȐ-
ȊȓȍȒȈȓ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȍȡȍ ș  ȋ Ț ȍ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȧ ș ȌȖȒȓȈȌȈ Ȉ ȏȈȚȍȔ Ȑ șȚȈȚȤȐ Ǵ ǶȒț-
ȚȦȘȤȍ Aucouturier M Ƕȉ ȖȌȕȖȔ ȒȓȦȟȍ Ȓ ©ǶȝȘȈȕȕȖȑ ȋȘȈȔȖȚȍª  Boris Pasternak. 1890-
1960: Colloque de Cerisy-la-Salle (11-14 septembre 1975). Paris, 1979. C. 336-348). ǲ ȚȖȓ-
ȒȖȊȈȕȐȦ Ǵ ǶȒțȚȦȘȤȍ ȗȘȐșȖȍȌȐȕȐȓȐșȤ ǭ ǩ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ ǳ ǼȓȍȑȠȔȈȕ ǼȓȍȑȠȔȈȕ ǳ
ǩȖȘȐș ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ Ȋ ȌȊȈȌȞȈȚȣȍ ȋȖȌȣ München, [1@ ǹ - Ȑ ǲ ǷȖȓȐȊȈȕȖȊ ǷȖ-
ȓȐȊȈȕȖȊ ǲ Ǫ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ©ȒȓȦȟȈȔª ©ǶȝȘȈȕȕȖȑ ȋȘȈȔȖȚȣª  ǨȊȈȕȋȈȘȌ Ȑ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȖȍ
ǹȉ șȚȈȚȍȑ Ȓ -ȓȍȚȐȦ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȈ ǭȜȐȔȖȊȐȟȈ ǷȈȘȕȐșȈ Ǵ  ǹ 56-459 ǭșȓȐ ȊȖș-
ȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȜȖȘȔțȓȐȘȖȊȒȈȔȐ ǷȖȓȐȊȈȕȖȊȈ ȐȕȚȍȘȗȘȍȚȈȞȐȧ ȥȚȈ șȊȖȌȐȚșȧ Ȓ ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ
«“ǶȝȘȈȕȕȈȧ ȋȘȈȔȖȚȈ” Ȋ ȟȈșȚȐ ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȕȖȑ șȔȍȘȚȐ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ Ȑ ȏȈȠȐ-
ȜȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȔ ȕȍȒȘȖȓȖȋȖȔ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈª ȚȈȔ Ȏȍ ș  ©ȊȍȕȍȞȐȈȕșȒȐȍ ȋȓȈȊȒȐ ȚȘȈȒȚțȧ ȖȚ-
ȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ ȋȖșțȌȈȘcȚȊȈ Ȑ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȈ ȜȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȔȍȚȧȚ ȗȖ ȈȌȘȍșț șȖȊȍȚșȒȖȑ ȥȗȖȝȐ «!
CțȌȤȉȈ ȘȈșșȚȘȍȓȧȕȕȖȋȖ Ȋ  ȋ ȓȍȜȖȊȞȈ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȈ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ ȊȗȐșȈȕȈ Ȑ Ȋ ȊȍȕȍȞȐȈȕ-
șȒȐȍ ȋȓȈȊȒȐ -ȑ ȟȈșȚȐ Ȑ Ȋ ȋȓȈȊȒȐ ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȕȣȍ ȋȐȉȍȓȐ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖª ǷȖȓȐȊȈȕȖȊ ǲ
ǹȖȉȣȚȐȧ ©ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ Ȍȕȍȑ ȐȔȗȍȘȈȚȖȘșȒȖȑ ȊȓȈșȚȐª Ȋ ȚȍȒșȚȈȝ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȈ  From Me-
dieval Russian Culture to Modernism: Studies in Honor of Ronald Vroon. Frankfurt am
Main etc.: Peter Lang, 2012. C. 315).
1
ǷȐșȤȔȖ ȌȈȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȖ ȗȖ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧȔ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ
ǿțȒȖȊșȒȖȔț Ȗ ǪȍȘȍ Ȑ ȕȐȋȐȓȐșȚȈȝ ȕȈȗȐșȈȓ — ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓșȧ Ȓ ǲ ǰ ǿțȒȖȊ-
șȒȖȔț ș ȗȘȖșȤȉȖȑ ȕȈȑȚȐ ȐȏȌȈȚȍȓȧ ȗȤȍșȣ Ƕ. ǻȈȑȓȤȌȈ ©ǪȍȘȈ ȐȓȐ ǵȐȋȐȓȐșȚȣª ȕȈȌ
ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȖȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȓȈ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ
ȗȘȐȊȍȏȐȚȍ -ȑ Ȑ -ȑ ȹȹ ©ǩȣȓȖȋȖª ț Ȕȍȕȧ ǪȈȠ -ȑ — ǹȘ Ȋ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧȝ
ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ ©ǩȖȘȐș ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟ ȕȍȘȍȌȒȖ ȏȈȝȖȌȐȓ Ȓ ȕȈȔ ȏȈ ȎțȘȕȈȓȈȔȐ ³ǩȣȓȖȍ´ Ȑ
ȏȈ ȌȘțȋȐȔȐ ȒȕȐȋȈȔȐ ȋȌȍ Ȗȕ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓ ȕțȎȕȣȍ ȍȔț ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐȍ șȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ Ȍȓȧ ȋȖȚȖ-
Ȋȧȡȍȑșȧ ȗȖȥȔȣ ³ǬȍȊȧȚȤșȖȚ ȗȧȚȣȑ ȋȖȌ”>» ș  ȕȈșȚ ȐȏȌ
ǿȚȖ ș ǹȐȕȧȒȖȊȣȔȐ Ȑ ǻȘȍȟȐȕȣȔȐ" — ǰȔȍȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȊȐȌț Ǵ Ǵ ǹȐȕȧȒȖȊȈ-ǻȘȍȟȐȕȈ
șȔ ȊȣȠȍ Ȑ ȍȍ ȔțȎ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒ Ǩ Ǵ ǻȘȍȟȐȕ 1898-1942).
2
ș ǶȓȍȋȖȔ — șȣȕȖȔ ȈȌȘȍșȈȚȈ Ȑ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ șȔ ȊȣȠȍ
ǴȈȘȐȍȟȒț Ǵ ǫȖȕȚț-ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒțȦ — Ǵ Ƿ ǫȖȕȚȈ -1955) — ȎȍȕȈ ȗȖȥȚȈ
ȗȘȖȏȈȐȒȈ ȔȍȔțȈȘȐșȚȈ Ǭ Ǫ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȋȖ -1955).
ȇ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ș ǪȐȚȍȑ — ǪȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȘȍȟȤ ȐȌȍȚ Ȗ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚȖȘȍ ȒȘȐȚȐȒȍ Ǫ Ǫ ǫȖȓȤ-
ȞȍȊȍ -1955).
Ƕȓȧ — Ț ȍ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ

380
3.
ȧ țȏȕȈȓ Ȗ ȘȈșșȚȘȍȓȍ Ǫ ǹȐȓȖȊȈ — Ǫ ȚȍșȚȈȝ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȑ Ȑ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȖȊ ȕȍ-
ȘȍȌȒȖ șȖ șșȣȓȒȖȑ ȕȈ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ ȅ ǫȍȘȠȚȍȑȕ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ
țȏȕȈȓ Ȗ ȋȐȉȍȓȐ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ ȖȚ ǹ ǰ ǲȐȘșȈȕȖȊȈ ȕȈ ȗȘȍȔȤȍȘȍ ©ǩȈȕȐª Ǫ ǴȈȧȒȖȊ-
șȒȖȋȖ șȖșȚȖȧȊȠȍȑșȧ Ȋ ǺȍȈȚȘȍ ȐȔ ǴȍȑȍȘȝȖȓȤȌȈ  ȔȈȘȚȈ  ȋ ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ț ǫȍȘȠ-
Țȍȑȕ ș ȖȠȐȉȒȖȑ Ȋ ȌȈȚȍ) ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚșȧ ȟȚȖ ǲȐȘșȈȕȖȊ ȓȐȠȤ ȗȖȌȚȊȍȘȌȐȓ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȖȍ Ȑȏ-
ȊȍșȚȐȍ ȒȖȚ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ țșȓȣȠȈȓ ȖȚ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ ȓȐȞȈ ©Ǫ ȌȍȕȤ ȗȘȍȔȤȍȘȣ “ǩȈȕȐ” ǴȈȧ-
ȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț Ȗȕ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ țșȓȣȠȈȓ Ȗ ȘȈșșȚȘȍȓȍ șȚȈȘȖȋȖ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȖ-
ȋȖ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȉȣȊȠȍȋȖ ȥșȍȘȈ ǻ ȗȖȌȢȍȏȌȈ ǺȍȈȚȘȈ ǴȍȑȍȘȝȖȓȤȌȈ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȓ ǲȐȘșȈȕȖȊȈ
șȗȘȖșȐȓ ȍȋȖ “Ǻȣ ȏȕȈȓ ȟȚȖ 11 ȘȈșșȚȘȍȓȧȕ"” — “ǬȈȊȕȖ-Ȗ-Ȗ” — ȗȘȖȚȧȕțȓ ȚȖȚ ȒȈȒ
ȉțȌȚȖ ȘȍȟȤ ȠȓȈ Ȗ ȎȍȕȐȚȤȉȍ ȐȓȐ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȐȐ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȣª ǫȍȘȠȚȍȑȕ ȅ Ƕ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȍ
Ȑ Ȗȉ ǨȝȔȈȚȖȊȖȑ  ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ ǩ ǷȖȓȕȖȍ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȍ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȑ Ǻ XI ǩȖȘȐș ǷȈș-
ȚȍȘȕȈȒ Ȋ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧȝ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȐȒȖȊ Ǵ, 2005. ǹ 
4.
ȗȖȋȐȉ ȖȚ ȚȖȑ Ȏȍ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȐ ȟȚȖ Ȑ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȔțȎ ȗȖȒȖȑȕȖȑ ǳȐȏȣ — ǳ ȇ ǫȖȏȐȈ-
șȖȕ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȔțȎ șȒȖȕȟȈȊȠȍȑșȧ Ȋ  ȋ ȗȓȍȔȧȕȕȐȞȣ ǳ Ƕ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȈ ǭ ǳ ǫȖ-
ȏȐȈșȖȕ ȇȒȖȉșȖȕ ȉȣȓ ȘȈșșȚȘȍȓȧȕ Ȋ  ȋ
5.
ȥȚȖ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȖ ȕȈȘțȠț — ǬȈȓȍȍ ȋțșȚȖ ȏȈȟȍȘȒȕțȚȖ  șȚȘȖȒ
ȌȖ ǮȍȕȐȟȒȐȕȈ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖȓȍȚȤȧ — ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȊȐȌț ǭ ǩ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ șȚȈȘȠȐȑ
șȣȕ ǩ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȈ șȔ ȊȣȠȍ
Ǯȍȕȍ ǯȐȕȍ — ǹȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȗȍȘȊȈȧ ȎȍȕȈ ǩ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȈ ǭ Ǫ ǳțȘȤȍ- ǷȈșȚȍȘ-
ȕȈȒ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȊȚȖȘȈȧ ȎȍȕȈ ǯ ǵ ǭȘȍȔȍȍȊȈ Ȋ ȏȈȔțȎ ǵȍȑȋȈțȏ șȔ ȊȣȠȍ
ǲ ǵ ǩțȋȈȍȊȖȑ — ǲ ǵ ǩțȋȈȍȊȈ țȘȖȎȌ ǪȈșȐȓȤȍȊȈ -1970) — ȊȚȖȘȈȧ ȎȍȕȈ Ǩ
ǩȍȓȖȋȖ ȈȕȚȘȖȗȖșȖȜȒȈ ȔȍȔțȈȘȐșȚȒȈ
ǴȈȕȌȍȓȤȠȚȈȔȈȔ ȒȓȈȕȧȑȚȍșȤ — ǸȍȟȤ ȐȌȍȚ Ȗ ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȊȠȍȑșȧ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ
ȗȖȍȏȌȒȍ Ȋ ǪȖȘȖȕȍȎ ȋȌȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓȐșȤ Ȋ șșȣȓȒȍ Ƕ ȅ Ȑ ǵ ȇ ǴȈȕȌȍȓȤȠȚȈȔ ǷȖ șȊȍȌȍ-
ȕȐȧȔ ǳ Ƕ ǿȍȘȕȍȑȒȖ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȖȍȏȌȒȐ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȓȈșȤ ș ȕȐȔȐ Ȑ ȏȈȗȐșȈȓȈ
ȘȧȌ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȑ ǴȈȕȌȍȓȤȠȚȈȔȈ
Ƕ ǫ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ ǷȐșȤȔȈ Ȓ ǰ ǯ ǩȍȓȖȉȘȖȊȞȍȊȖȑ ǫȈȏȍȘ
FSO 01- %HOREURYFHYD ǨȘȝȐȊ ǰșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤșȒȖȋȖ ȞȍȕȚȘȈ ǪȖșȚȖȟȕȖȑ ǭȊȘȖȗȣ
ȗȘȐ ǩȘȍȔȍȕșȒȖȔ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚȍ Ǫ ȒȖȔȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȧȝ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȣ șȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕ-

381
ȕȣȍ ȖȚ ǰ ǯ ǩȍȓȖȉȘȖȊȞȍȊȖȑ ǵȈȔȐ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȣ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȜȘȈȋȔȍȕȚȣ ȗȐșȍȔ ȐȔȍȦ-
ȡȐȍ șțȋțȉȖ ȓȐȟȕȣȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘ
1.
ǪȈȠȈ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ — ǲțȘșȖȊȈȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ǰ ǯ ǫȈȏȍȘ ©ǹ Ǵ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ -1939)».
ǺȖȟȕȈȧ ȌȈȚȈ șȔȍȘȚȐ ǹ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȈ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȈ Ȑ ȕȍȊȍȘȕȈȧ ȌȈȚȈ ȉȣȓȈ
ȌȈȕȈ ȗȖ șȗȘȈȊȒȍ ȊȣȌȈȕȕȖȑ ǶǪ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȖȑ ȗȘȐ ȘȍȈȉȐȓȐȚȈȞȐȐ
©ǹȐȉȐȘșȒȖȋȖ ȔȖȚȐȊȈ Ȋ ȗȖȥȏȐȐª — ǲȕȐȋȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȐȏȌȈȕȈ Ȋ ǿȐȚȍ Ȋ  ȋ
2.
ȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȐȐ ȋȈȏȍȚȣ — ǶȉșțȎȌȈȍȔȣȍ șȚȐȝȐ ǰ ǫȈȏȍȘ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȣ Ȋ țȕȐ-
ȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚșȒȖȑ ȋȈȏ Tartu Riiklik Ülikool ȋȌȍ ȐȔȍȓȈșȤ șȚȘȈȕȐȞȈ ȕȈ ȘțșșȒȖȔ ȧȏȣȒȍ
3.
©ǳȖȔȖȕȖșȖȊ Ȑ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȐȑª — ǺȍȔȈ ©ǨȘȝȈȐșȚȣ Ȑ ȕȖȊȈȚȖȘȣ ǳȖȔȖȕȖșȖȊ Ȑ ǴȈȧ-
ȒȖȊșȒȐȑª ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȈ șȚțȌȍȕȚȈȔ Ȇ Ǵ ǳȖȚȔȈȕȖȔ - Ȍȓȧ șȍȔȐȕȈȘ-
șȒȐȝ ȏȈȕȧȚȐȑ
4.
țșȗȍȝȖȔ ȕȈ ȒȖȕȜȍȘȍȕȞȐȐ — ǺȍȏȐșȣ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȈ ǰ ǯ ǫȈȏȍȘ ©ǸțȒȖȗȐșȕȖȍ ȕȈșȓȍȌȐȍ
ǹ Ǵ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈª șȔ Ȋ șȉ ǴȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȣ ;;,, ȕȈțȟȕȖȑ șȚțȌȍȕȟȍșȒȖȑ ȒȖȕȜȍȘȍȕ-
ȞȐȐ. ǺȈȘȚț  ǹ -94.
.ǪȐȒȚȖȘȈ ǶșȐȗȖȊȐȟȈ — ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȊȐȌț ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȑ ȒȘȐȚȐȒ
Ǫ Ƕ ǷȍȘȞȖȊ -1980).
ǶȓȤȋȐ ǪȐȒȚȖȘȖȊȕȣ — Ț ȍ Ƕ Ǫ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȖȑ șȔ ȊȣȠȍ
5.
ǩȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȦ ȏȈ șȚȈȚȤȦ— ȘȍȟȤ ȐȌȍȚ Ȗȉ țȗȖȔȧȕțȚȖȔ ȊȣȠȍ șȉ  ȋ
ȐȘȒțȚșȒȐȑ ȗȖȥȚ ǺȐȚȖȊ — ǭ ǰ ǺȐȚȖȊ -1938) — ȗȖȥȚ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȤ ȥȚȕȖȋȘȈȜ
ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤ ȧȏȣȒȈ Ȑ ȜȖȓȤȒȓȖȘȈ ȚțȕȋțșȖȊ ǪȝȖȌȐȓ Ȋ ȐȘȒțȚșȒȖȍ ȓȐȚ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȍ
©ǩȈȘȒȈ ȗȖȥȚȖȊª ǹȖȚȘțȌȕȐȒ ȋȈȏ ǺȐȝȖȖȒȍȈȕșȒȈȧ ȏȊȍȏȌȈ ȘȍȌ ȎțȘȕ ǵȈ ȘțȉȍȎȍ Ǫ  ȋ.
ȉȣȓ ȈȘȍșȚȖȊȈȕ Ȑ Ȋ  ȋ ȘȈșșȚȘȍȓȧȕ ǶșȚȈȊȐȓ ȖȉȠȐȘȕȖȍ ȓȐȚ ȕȈșȓȍȌȐȍ
ǷȐșȒȈȚȖȘ ©ǽȖȟț ȘȍȉȍȕȒȈª — ȅ ǷȐșȒȈȚȖȘ (1893-1966) — ȊȣȌȈȦȡȐȑșȧ ȕȍȔȍȞ-
ȒȐȑ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘ-ȒȖȔȔțȕȐșȚ șȞȍȕȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȕȖȊȊȈȚȖȘ ȖȚșȚȈȐȊȈȊȠȐȑ ȐȌȍȐ
©ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖª ©ȥȗȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖª ȚȍȈȚȘȈ Ǫ - ȋȋ ȎȐȓ Ȋ ǹǹǹǸ ȗȖȏȌȕȍȍ ȊȖ ǼȘȈȕ-

382
ȞȐȐ Ȑ ș  ȋ Ȋ ǹȀǨ Ǫ  ȋ ȊȍȘȕțȓșȧ Ȋ ǭȊȘȖȗț ȎȐȓ Ȋ ǯȈȗ ǫȍȘȔȈȕȐȐ ©ǽȖȟț Șȍ-
ȉȍȕȒȈª — ȏȈȗȘȍȡȍȕȕȈȧ Ȓ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȍ ȗȤȍșȈ ǹ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ -1927).
ǪȍȘȈ ǫȍȖȘȋȐȍȊȕȈ — șȍșȚȘȈ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ șȔ ȗȘȐȔ ȕȈ ș  ȕȈșȚ ȐȏȌ
ǳȦȌȖȟȒȍ ȒȖȔȗȘȖȔȐșșȕȖȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ — ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȊȐȌț ȊȕțȟȒȈ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ ǳ Ƕ
ǿȍȘȕȍȑȒȖ ǷȖȌȘȖȉȕȍȍ Ȗ ȍȍ ȗȖșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȐ Ȋ Ǵǫǻ șȔ ǳ Ƕ ǿȍȘȕȍȑȒȖ ǹȍȔȤȧ ȕȈțȒȈ țȕȐ-
ȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚ ǿ   ǼȐȓȜȈȒ Ǵǫǻ Ȋ ȓȐȞȈȝ KWWSVYNFRP#SKLOIDFH-cherneiko1.
6.
ǹ Ǵ țȟȐȓ Ȕȍȕȧ ȊȣȋȖȊȈȘȐȊȈȚȤ ©ȓª — ȅȚȖȚ ȥȗȐȏȖȌ ș țȟȈșȚȐȍȔ ǹ Ǵ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ
ȖȗȐșȈȕ Ȋ ȔȍȔțȈȘȈȝ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ șȔ ȊȣȠȍ
ǻȘȉȈȕ — ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȑ ȒȘȐȚȐȒ Ǩ Ǩ ǻȘȉȈȕ -1989).
Ȋ ȥȒșȗȍȌȐȞȐȐ ǫȖșȒȐȕȖ — ȐȔȍȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȊȐȌț șȢȍȔȒȐ ȜȐȓȤȔȈ ǹ ȅȑȏȍȕȠȚȍȑȕȈ ǩȘȖ-
ȕȍȕȖșȍȞ ǷȖȚȍȔȒȐȕ  ǹ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȓ țȟȈșȚȐȍ Ȋ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȐȐ șȞȍȕȈȘȐȧ Ȑ
ȚȐȚȘȖȊ.
șȚȈȚȤȦ ǷȐȒȍȓȧ — ȘȈȏȉȖȘ ȗȤȍșȣ ǩțȓȋȈȒȖȊȈ ©ǩȍȋª — Ǹ Ǵ ǷȐȒȍȓȤ -1936)
— șȖȊȍȚșȒȐȑ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ Ȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȣȑ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤ ȓȐȚ Ȑ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȒȘȐȚȐȒ ȚȘȈ-
ȊȐȊȠȐȑ Ǵ ǩțȓȋȈȒȖȊȈ ǶȉȊȐȕȧȍȔȣȑ ȕȈ ǷȍȘȊȖȔ ȔȖșȒȖȊșȒȖȔ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȍ  ȘȈș-
șȚȘȍȓȧȕ ǷȖȌȘȈȏțȔȍȊȈȍȚșȧ ȍȋȖ șȚȈȚȤȧ ǵȖȊȈȧ ȗȤȍșȈ ǩțȓȋȈȒȖȊȈ ©ǩȍȋª  ǰșȒțșșȚȊȖ 
ȹ - ǹ -75.
7.
șȚțȌȍȕȟȍșȒȐȑ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ șȚȈȚȤȧ ǪȈȠȈ — ȘȍȟȤ ȐȌȍȚ Ȗ șȚȈȚȤȍ ǹȘȈȊȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ
ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐșȚȐȒȈ ȖȟȍȘȒȖȊ Ǫ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ©ǴȖȍ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȐȍ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐª Ȑ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȖ-
ȋȖ ȞȐȒȓȈ ©ǹȚȐȝȐ Ȗ ȏȈȋȘȈȕȐȞȍª  ǸțșșȒȈȧ ȜȐȓȖȓȖȋȐȧ ,, ǹȉȖȘȕȐȒ ȕȈțȟȕȣȝ șȚțȌȍȕ-
ȟȍșȒȐȝ ȘȈȉȖȚ ǺȈȘȚț  ǹ 141-169.
ǯȈȘȈ ǫȘȐȋȖȘȤȍȊȕȈ — ǯ ǫ ǴȐȕȞ -1990) — ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌ ȉȓȖȒȖȊȍȌ ȗȘȖ-
ȜȍșșȖȘ ǺȈȘȚțșȒȖȋȖ țȕ-ȚȈ ǹ  ȋ ȎȍȕȈ Ȇ Ǵ ǳȖȚȔȈȕȈ
8.
ǳȖȚȔȈȕȈ Ȗ ©ǪȐȍ» — ǶȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ ȏȈȌȈȕȐȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȒȈȒ-ȚȖ șȊȧȏȈȕȖ ș ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ
ȊȣȠȍȌȠȐȔ ȕȈ ȥȒȘȈȕȣ ȒȐȕȖȜȐȓȤȔȖȔ ǲ ǭȘȠȖȊȈ Ȑ ǫ ǲȘȖȗȈȟȍȊȈ ǪȐȑ  Ȑ ȏȈȔȣș-
ȓȖȔ șȚȈȚȤȐ ǳȖȚȔȈȕȈ ©ǷȘȖȉȓȍȔȈ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȈ Ȋ ȗȘȖȏȍ ǫȖȋȖȓȧª
(1968).
ǩȈȉȖȟȒȐȕȈ — ǩ Ǩ ǩȈȉȖȟȒȐȕ -1975) — ȈȒȚȍȘ ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ Ȑ ȒȐȕȖ ȗȍ-
ȌȈȋȖȋ ǵȈȘȖȌȕȣȑ ȈȘȚȐșȚ ǸǹǼǹǸ  ǷȘȖșȓȈȊȐȓșȧ Ȋ ȘȖȓȐ ǿȈȗȈȍȊȈ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȐȔȍȕȕȖȔ
ȜȐȓȤȔȍ ȉȘ ǪȈșȐȓȤȍȊȣȝ 

383
Ǩȕȕȍ ǲȈȘȍȕȐȕȖȑ — șȔ ș 153, 254 ȕȈșȚ ȐȏȌ
Ƕȓȍȋ — șȣȕ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ Ȑ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ șȔ ș 375).
ǷȐșȤȔȈ ǨșȍȍȊȈ Ȑ ǳȐȝȈȟȍȊȈ — șȔ ȒȖȔȔȍȕȚ ȕȈ ș 370.
ȔȍȔȖȘȐȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȌȖșȒȐ ǨșȍȍȊȈ — ǩȈȘȍȓȤȍȜ ȘȈȉ șȒțȓȤȗȚȖȘȈ ǫ ǫ ǹȖȘȖȒȐȕȈ ȉȣȓ
țșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕ Ȋ  ȋ ȕȈ ȌȖȔȍ ȋȌȍ ȎȐȓ Ȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȓ ǵ ǨșȍȍȊ Ȋ - ȋȋ ǲȈȔȍȘȋȍȘ-
șȒȐȑ ȗȍȘ 
9.
ǭȓȍȕȖȑ ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘȖȊȕȖȑ — ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȊȐȌț ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȞȈ-ȒȖȕșȚȘțȒȚȐȊȐșȚȒȈ ȈȘȝȐ-
ȚȍȒȚȖȘ ȌȐȏȈȑȕȍȘ ȖȜȖȘȔȐȚȍȓȤ ǭ Ǫ ǹȍȔȍȕȖȊȈ -1986).
ǪȣȠȓȈ ȒȕȐȋȈ ǨșȍȍȊȈ — Ț ȍ Ȓȕ ǨșȍȍȊ ǵ ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȖȥȔȣ ǪșȚțȗ șȚȈ-
ȚȤȧ Ȑ șȖșȚ Ǩ ǻȘȉȈȕȈ ǷȖȌȋ ȚȍȒșȚȈ Ȑ ȗȘȐȔ Ǩ ǻȘȉȈȕȈ Ȑ Ǹ ǪȈȓȤȉȍ ǳ  ǩ-ȒȈ ȗȖȥ-
ȚȈ
ǶȘȓȖȊ — Ǫ ǵ ǶȘȓȖȊ ȀȈȗȐȘȖ -1985) — ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌ ȘȍȌȈȒȚȖȘ ȈȊȚȖȘ
ȔȕȖȋȖȟȐșȓ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȑ Ȑ șȚȈȚȍȑ Ȋ ȗȍȘȐȖȌȐȒȍ Ǫ - ȋȋ ȉȣȓ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȔ ȘȍȌȈȒ-
ȚȖȘȖȔ Ȓȕ șȍȘȐȐ ©ǩȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒȈ ȗȖȥȚȈª
10.
ǵȈȠȓȐ ȟțȌȍșȕțȦ șȚȈȚȤȦ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ Ȗȉ ǨșȍȍȊȍ — ǪȐȌȐȔȖ ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȊȐȌț
șȚȈȚȤȧ ǹ ǺȘȍȚȤȧȒȖȊȈ ©ǹȚȈȓȤȕȖȑ șȖȓȖȊȍȑª 
11.
©ǩȣȓȈ Țȣ Ȋșȍȝ ȧȘȟȍª — ȞȐȚ Ȑȏ șȚȐȝ Ǩ ǩȓȖȒȈ ©ǩȣȓȈ Țȣ Ȋșȍȝ ȧȘȟȍ ȊȍȘȕȍȑ Ȑ
ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȕȍȑª 
14.
ǫȓȐȏȍȘ — Ȇ ǹ ǫȓȐȏȍȘ - ȈȒȚȘȐșȈ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ Ȑ ȒȐȕȖ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȈȧ Ƕ ǷȍȚ-
ȘȖȊșȒȖȑ ș -ȝ ȋȋ
17.
...ȜȖȘșȐȘțȍȚșȧ ȕȈȠ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ ȊȖșȗ-ȖȔȐȕȈȕȐ!ȑ Ȗȉ ǨșȍȍȊȍ -ȚȖȔȕȖȍ șȖȉȘ șȖ-
ȟȐȕȍȕȐȑ — ǲȕ ǪȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ Ȗ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍ ǨșȍȍȊȍ ȊȣȠȓȈ Ȋ ȐȏȌ ©ǹȖȊȍȚșȒȐȑ ȗȐșȈ-
ȚȍȓȤª Ȋ  ȋ ǯȈȔȣșȍȓ -ȚȖȔȕȖȋȖ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȧ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȑ ȖșȚȈȓșȧ ȕȍȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȍȕ-
ȕȣȔ

ǪȔȍșȚȖ ȥȗȐȓȖȋȈ Ǩ ǪȖȓȓȐș ǴȖȧ ȘȖȌȖșȓȖȊȕȈȧ
ǪȖȓȓȐș Ǩ ǹȖȏȍȘȞȈȕȐȍ ǹȉȖȘȕȐȒ șȚȐȝȖȊ Ǵ ǫȕȖȏȐș 
Ǩ ǪȖȓȓȐș ©ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈª Ȋ ȖȉȘȈȚȕȖȔ ȗȘȖȟȚȍȕȐȐ — ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȑ ȗșȍȊȌ ǳ Ƕ ǿȍȘ-
ȕȍȑȒȖ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȊȠȍȑ ȗȖȌ ȥȚȐȔ ȗșȍȊȌ șȉ șȚȐȝȖȊ ǰșȞȍȓȍȕȐȍ șȚȘȖȒȖȑ  Ȑ
ǹȖȏȍȘȞȈȕȐȍ  Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȘȧȌ ȗȖȌȉȖȘȖȒ șȚȐȝ Ȋ ȈȓȤȔȈȕȈȝȈȝ Ȑ ȗȍȘȐȖȌȐȒȍ

ɉɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɹɦ
ǹ  Ǫ. ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ǨȘȝȐȊ ǳ Ƕ ǿȍȘȕȍȑȒȖ
ǹ  ǶȉȓȖȎȒȈ ȎțȘȕȈȓȈ ǪȖșȚȖȒ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒ 
ǹ  ǶȉȓȖȎȒȈ ȎțȘȕȈȓȈ ȆȕȤ ǪȓȈȌȐȊȖșȚȖȒ 
ǹ  ǶȉȓȖȎȒȈ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈ ǯȘȈȟȒȐ Ȋȍșȍȕ ǼțȌȏȧȌȏȧȕ 
ǹ  ǶȉȓȖȎȒȈ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈ ǲȈȔȍȕȣ ǿȐȚȈ 
ǹ  Ǫ. ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ǼȖȚ Ǵ ǵȈȗȗȍȓȤȉȈțȔȈ  ǨȘȝȐȊ ǳ Ƕ ǿȍȘȕȍȑȒȖ
ǹ  ǶȉȓȖȎȒȈ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈ ǪȍȓȍȔȐȘ ǽȓȍȉȕȐȒȖȊ ©ǵȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍª ǷȖȥȔȈ ǨȓȤȊȥȒ
ǹȚȐȝȐ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ǩȐȉȓȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȧ (Ǵ ).
ǹ  Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ  ǨȘȝȐȊ ǳ Ƕ ǿȍȘȕȍȑȒȖ
ǹ  ǶȉȓȖȎȒȈ ȒȕȐȋȐ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ ǲȘȣȓȤȧ ȊȏȔȈȝȕțȊȠȐȍ ǽȈȘȉȐȕ 
ǹ  ǶȉȓȖȎȒȈ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈ ǳȐșȚȖȊȒȈ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ ǿȐȚȈ 
ǹ  Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ  ǼȖȚȖȋȘȈȜȐȧ Ȑȏ Ȓȕ ǵ ǫȘȖȔȖȊȖȑ ǻȏȍȓ ǷȖȥȚȣ ǬȘțȎ-
ȉȣ ǸȈȏȘȣȊȣ ǰȏ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȋȖ ȉȣȚȈ ȒȖȕȞȈ -ȝ–30̻ȝ ȋȖȌȖȊ Ǵ 
ǹ  Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ Ȋ ȜȐȓȤȔȍ ǹ ȅȑȏȍȕȠȚȍȑȕȈ ǹȚȈȟȒȈ (1925).
ǹ  ǯȈȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ Ȋ ȗȘȐȍȔȕțȦ ȒȖȔȐșșȐȦ Ǫǳǽǰ ǸǫǨǳǰ Ǽ  Ƕȗ
 ǭȌ ȝȘ 
ǹ  ǹȗȘȈȊȒȈ ǵ Ǽ ǿțȎȈȒȈ  ǲȖȗȐȧ Ȑȏ ȈȘȝȐȊȈ ǳ Ƕ ǿȍȘȕȍȑȒȖ
ǹ  ǶȘȌȍȘ ȕȈ ȖȉȣșȒ Ȑ ȈȘȍșȚ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ ȏȈ ȗȖȌȗȐșȤȦ ǫ ȇȋȖȌȣ ǾǨ Ǽǹǩ ǬȍȓȖ
Ǹ- ǲȖȗȐȧ Ȑȏ ȈȘȝȐȊȈ ǳ Ƕ. ǿȍȘȕȍȑȒȖ
ǹ  Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ ǼȖȚȖȋȘȈȜȐȧ Ȑȏ ȌȍȓȈ ȹ 95212. ǾǨ Ǽǹǩ ǬȍȓȖ Ǹ- ǲȖȗȐȧ
Ȑȏ ȈȘȝȐȊȈ ǳ Ƕ. ǿȍȘȕȍȑȒȖ
ǹ  ǷȘȖȚȖȒȖȓ ȌȖȗȘȖșȈ ǾǨ Ǽǹǩ ǬȍȓȖ Ǹ- ǲȖȗȐȧ Ȑȏ ȈȘȝȐȊȈ ǳ Ƕ. ǿȍȘ-
ȕȍȑȒȖ
ǹ  ǪȣȗȐșȒȈ Ȑȏ ȗȘȖȚȖȒȖȓȈ ǾǨ Ǽǹǩ ǬȍȓȖ Ǹ- ǲȖȗȐȧ Ȑȏ ȈȘȝȐȊȈ ǳ Ƕ

ǿȍȘȕȍȑȒȖ
ǹ  ǹȗȘȈȊȒȈ Ȗ ȘȍȈȉȐȓȐȚȈȞȐȐ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊȈ ǨȘȝȐȊ ǳ Ƕ ǿȍȘȕȍȑȒȖ
ǹ  ǹȚȘȈȕȐȞȈ Ȑȏ ȗȐșȤȔȈ Ǭ ǩțȘȓȦȒȈ Ȓ Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊț ȖȚ  ȜȍȊ  ȋ ǸǫǨǳǰ
Ǽ  Ƕȗ  ǭȌ ȝȘ 

387
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ǪǳǨǬǰǴǰǸ ǹǰǳǳǶǪ
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15
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41
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49
ǰȏ ȟȐȚȐȕșȒȖȑ ȝȘȖȕȐȒȐ
53
ǸȈșȍȧ ȐȓȐ ǸǹǼǹǸ ǯȈȔȍȚȒȈ Ȗ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘșȒȖȑ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ
69
©ǪȖȗȘȖșȣ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ Ȑ ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȐ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȈª
86
ǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘșȒȈȧ ȝȈȓȚțȘȈ
91
[Ƕ ȒȕȐȋȈȝ ǫ ǻșȚȐȕȖȊȈ Ȑ ǫ ǫȖȘȉȈȟȍȊȈ]
93
ǩ ȅȑȝȍȕȉȈțȔ ǹȒȊȖȏȤ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘț
95
ǰ ǵ ǲțȉȐȒȖȊ ǸȈȉȖȟȐȑ ȒȓȈșș Ȋ ȘțșșȒȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ
97
ȀȈȗȖȟȕȣȑ ȘȈȏȉȖȘ ȓȍșȖȊ
99
ǶǳȄǫǨ ǷǭǺǸǶǪǹǲǨȇ
ǲȘȣȓȤȧ ȊȏȔȈȝȕțȊȠȐȍ 
110
ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ Ȑȏ șȉ ©ǳȐșȚȖȊȒȈ ȗȖȥȚȖȊª 
147

ǲȖȋȌȈ ȏȐȔȈ șȚȖȧȓȈ
152
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153
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155
ǷȍȘȍȊȖȌȣ
175
ǪȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ
ǻȚȘȖ
185
ǬȖȉȘȣȑ ȌȘțȋ
223
ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ǨșȍȍȊ
225
Ƕ ǴȈȧȒȖȊșȒȖȔ ǪȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ
247
ǪȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ Ȗ ǩȖȘȐșȍ ǳȍȖȕȐȌȖȊȐȟȍ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒȍ
266
ǬǶǲǻǴǭǵǺȃ ǰ ǴǨǺǭǸǰǨǳȃ
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278
ǨȕȒȍȚȈ Ȍȓȧ șȚțȌȍȕȚȖȊ
282
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288
ǵ Ǽ ǿțȎȈȒ ǹȗȘȈȊȒȈ
290
Ǫ ǽțȌȖȚȌȍȓ ǹȖȊȒȐȕȖ
292
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294
Ǫ ǲȘȈșȕȖȗȘȍșȕȍȕșȒțȦ ȘȈȑȖȕȕțȦ ȒȖȕȚȘȖȓȤȕțȦ ȒȖȔȐșșȐȦ ǪǲǷ ȉ
295
Ǫ ǫȓȈȊȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ
297
ǬȐȘȍȒȚȖȘț ȔȖșȒȖȊșȒȖȑ ȜȈȉȘȐȒȐ ©ǹȖȊȒȐȕȖª
299
ǷǸǰǳǶǮǭǵǰȇ
ǷȐșȤȔȈ Ǭ Ǭ ǩțȘȓȦȒȈ Ȋ Ǫ Ǩ ǹȐȓȓȖȊț
306
ǵ ǳ ǹȚȍȗȈȕȖȊ ǷȐșȤȔȈ Ȓ Ǫ Ǩ ǹȐȓȓȖȊț Ȑ Ƕ ǫ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȖȑ
309

314
ǩ ǳ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ ǰȏ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒȐ
Ƕ ǫ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ ǷȐșȤȔȈ Ȓ ǰ ǯ ǩȍȓȖȉȘȖȊȞȍȊȖȑ ǫȈȏȍȘ
320
Ǫ ǹȐȓȓȖȊ Ȑ Ƕ ǷȍȚȘȖȊșȒȈȧ ǲȘȈȚȒȐȑ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȖȟȍȘȒ
339
ǪȔȍșȚȖ ȥȗȐȓȖȋȈ Ǩ ǪȖȓȓȐș ǴȖȧ ȘȖȌȖșȓȖȊȕȈȧ
34
ǲȖȔȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȐ
35

ǵȈșȚȖȧȡȈȧ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌțȍȚ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȖ-ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ
ȞȍȓȐ Ȑ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȌȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕȈ Ȍȓȧ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ-ȓȐȉȖ ȒȖȔȔȍȘȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȊȖșȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ Ȑ
ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȐȧ ȐȏȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȐȉȣȓȐ Ȑ Ț ȗ