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B COOTBeTCTBHH C rOCT 380-71*' pa3J1H'ta1OT yrJlepo-
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rpynna A - nOCTaBJifleMafl DO MeX8I-IMlIeCKHM CBOHCTBaM (CTO, CTI.
C72. Cr3, C74. GT5. C76):
rpyrrn8 B - nOCTaBJJfleMafl no XHMHlleCKOMY COCTaBY (BCTO, BCTl,
I3CT2, I3CT3. I3CT4. I3CT5, I3CT6);
rpynna B - nOCTaBJJfleMafl no MexaHHlIeCKHt,1 cBoilcTBaM H xnMHqe
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KaqeCTBa rpynn A" n (no rOCT 380-71*)
BpellleHHoe con \ npeA," TeKyqec_1 OTHOCI1TenbHOe
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(no rOCT 1050-74**)
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294
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353
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422
883
932
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412
431
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33
31
27
25
23
21
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14
13
12
10
9
7
6
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11
9
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CraJlb no rOCT 4543-71"
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20XfCA -- cBapuble IWIICTPYKI.J;HH;
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HMf! nOnepe'lliOrO Ce1feHlU! npn H3rli6e.
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npo.v;OJIbHOM l'f3f1I6e, 3aBH£HliJ;HH OT fH6ROCTH CTepJKHH 'A II M,311epnaJI3
(Ta6 . 10).
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0,010; O,OJI; 0,012; o,m:l; 0,014; 0,015; 0,016; 0,017;
0,0 I H; 0,0 I !I; 0,020; 0,021; 0,022; 0,024; 0,025; 0,026;
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O,IJO; 0,115; 0,120; 0,130; O,14IJ; 0,150; 0,160;
0,170; 0,180; 0,190; 0,200; 0,210; 0,220; 0,240;
0,250; 0,260; IJ,281J; 0,300; 0,320; 0,340; 0,360; IJ,380;
0,400; 0,420; 0,450; 0,480; 0,500; 0,530; 0,560; 0,600;
O,G30; 0,670; 0,710; 0,750; 0,800; IJ,850; 0,900; 0,950;
J; 1,05; 1,1; 1,15; 1,2; 1,3; 1,4; 1,5; 1,6; 1,7;
1,8; 1,9; 2; 2,1; 2,2; 2.4; 2,5; 2,6; 2,8; 3; 3.2;
3,4; 3,6; 3,8; 4; 4,2; 4,5; 4,8; 5; 5,3; 5,6; 6; 6,3;
6,7; 7,1; 7,5; 8; 8,5; 9; 9,5; 10; 10,5; 11; 11,5;
12' 13' 14' 15' 16' 17' 18' 19' 20' 21' 22' 24'
25: 26" 28' 30' 32' 34' 36' 38' 40' 42' 45' 48:
50: 53: 56: 60: 63: 67: 71: 75: 8IJ: 85: 90: 95:
100; 105; ilO; '120;'125; 130; 140; i50; '160;'170;
180; 190; 200; 210; 220; 24IJ; 250; 260; 280; 300;
320' 340' 360' 380' 400' 420. 450' 480' 500'530'
560; 600; 630; 67& 71 0; 750; SOO; 850; 900; 950;
1000; 1060; 1120; IIS0; 1250; 1320; 1400; 1500;
1600; 17IJO; 1800; 1900; 2000; 2120; 2240; 2360;
2500.
0 1 1 1 1
10 0,99 0,97 0,97 0,99
20 0,96 0,95 0,91 0,97
30 0,94 0,91 0,81 0,93
40 0,92 0,87 0,69 0,87
50 0,89 0,83 0,57 0,8
6(1 0,86 0,79 0,44 0,71
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BO 0,75 0,65 0,26 0,48
90 0,69 0,55 0,20 0,38
100 0,6 0,43 0,16 0,31
110 0,52 0,35 - 0,26
120 0,45 0,3 - 0,22
130 0,4 0,26 - 0,18
140 0,36 0,23 - 0,16
150 0,32 0,21 - 0,14
160 0,29 0,19 - 0,12
170 0,26 0,17 - 0,11
180 0,23 0,15 - 0,1
190 0,21 0,14 - I 0,09
200 0,19 0,13 - 0,08
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coc; nOTpeOHTeJ1ell SHepnll! - rH)(pO)(BHraTeJIH; HanpaB'
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Hacoce, rrpHBO):L,HMOM B .n;eHCTBHe .lI.BHraTeJIeM BHYTpeHHero
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npeo6pa3yeTC!! B SHeprHIO nOTOKa >KH)(KOCTH, KOTOpa!! )(a-
J1ee nOCTynaeT B CHJIOBOll nHJIHH,l(p HJ1H rH,l(pOMOTOp, r,l(e
npOHCXO)(HT npeo6pa30BaHHe SHepnm nOTOKB }KH)(I;QCTH B
MeXaHH'lecK}'1O SHeprHIO. npHHnHnHaJ1bHa!! CXCMa rH)(paB-
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ca }KH,l(KOCTb nocTynaeT K pacnpe)(eJIHTeJIIO 5. B 3aBHCH-
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20
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21
II
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nD no (DR - Dno)
llB 1000 bn'1 0 6,
(10)
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KaHaJ1, HaXO,lJ,HII1Hi\cH B paCllpe,lJ,eJ1HTeJlbHOM ,lJ,HCKe I.
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Il H = n
4
rpe Duo - ,lI.,H8M-eTp ,lI.,eJ1HTeJlbHOH oKpymHocTu meCTepHil, eM; DI! - AHa.
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11061
(12)
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12...13°); z-qrrCJlO D;HJIHH)J,POB (z=5...9); n-qaCTOTa BpameBuR
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(11)
60
r}J;e fl H - nO,li,81f8 Hacoca, JI!MHH; pn - .n..aBJIeHue-, C03paBaeMoe I-i8COCOM,
MTIa; 11M - Knn, naCOC8.
A K C H a Jl b H 0-11 0 P IIJ H C B bI C Hac 0 C LI (pHC. 3,6)
BbmYCKalOTCH c nOCTOHHHOH H nepeMeIIHOH IIojJ,aqei'I H3 .naB-
J1eHHC pa6o'lci'I JKHJ\KOCTH ,lJ,0 35 MDa (Ta6Jl. 12). DO,lJ,a'ia
12. TeXlllIlleCK3S!. xapaKTcpHcTHK8 aKl'nR,:1bHo-nopumenblx
Hacoc n H BHraTe C"
10. rH,lJ,pOI\HJ1HHI\Pbl
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J\BHJKCHH>I IIpHMeH>lIOT CHJlOBble I\HJlHHJ\PbI (rH,lJ,pOI\HJ1HHi\-
pbI) O,lJ,HOCTOpOHHero HJlH ,lJ,BYCTopOHHero J\ei\cTBH>I (Ta6J1.
13). B I\HJlHH,lJ,pe O,lJ,HOCTOpOHHero ,lJ,Ci\CTBHH BbI,lJ,BHJKCHHe
lJ1TOKa npOHCXO)J;HT nop; p;ei'IcTBHeM .n3BJIeHH5I }KH)J;KOCTH, a
o6paTHoe era JI.BH}KeHHe - nop; .n.eHcTBHeM MaCCbI HcnOJI-
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l.lHJIHH.IT.pe JJ;BYCTopOHI-IerO .n.eiicTBHH ABH>KeJ-IHe llITOK3 B
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Pery JIMpyeMbJC Hepery JnJpyeMble
IIoKflsaTeJ1b M -0' I M 'r1!j =
'0 d. , :i:.-; :i:-: ::i: :i:&J
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t:,c t:,c t:": t: t: t:ci t: t:ci
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)],aBJleHHe, l\.1I1a:
HOMUH8J1bHOe 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
MaKCllMaJIbI-lOe 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
11 :cToTa Bp-a eHIUl
Balla, MIIH- 1 :
HOMIIH8.JIbH351 1800 1400 1120 2800 2240 1800 1400 1120
M8RCUM,3Jlbtl8H 3200 2500 2000 5000 4000 3150 2500 2000
MOlll,HOCTb HQMHH8JIL- 26 39 66 8,5 16,4 25,6 39 66
11351. KBT
KTIJJ::
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Macea, Kr 37 67 130 5,5 12,5 23 44 88
A+S
i
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YCHJ1I1>1, pa3BHBaeMbIC rH,lJ,pOl(HJlHHJ\pOM, IIPH n<JJ\a'le
paGo'Ieii JKII.l\KOCTLI B nOpWHeBYIO HJlH IIJTOKOBYIO 1I0,"OCTm
Pn=PM /4; (13) Pm=p"(ti - )/4. (14)
CIWpOCTb I\BHJKCHHH 1I0pIIJH>I 3aBHCHT OT pacxo.l\a pa60'
Ill.if }KHAKOCTH Q:
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(15)
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P 3Mepb!. MM (CM. pnc. 4)
d L I A I I, I I.
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B I
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25 25 IBO B5 40 25 45 24
40 25 BB 45 2B 50 30
50 30 2B 32 190
9B 50 40 57 36
60 35 36 40 210
225 100 55 43 62 40
70 40 40 40 45
BO 45 45 50 260 120 60 45 6B
50 50 266 112 65 45 72 50
90 50 112 BO 55 BB 50
100 55 55 60 272
B5 60 95 55
110 65 65 70 300 130
75 BO 340 140 95 70 lOB 60
125 75 375 150 105 70 113 70
140 BO BO BO 75
160 90 90 100 410 167 102 BO 130
125 90 135 B5
IBO 100 100 110 420 1167
465 IB5 145 100 15B 90
200 110 I 110 125
500 195 160 105 172 100
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HX. <I>HJfbTpbI QaCTO BbIIlOJ1UHiOT B c60pe C nepenycKubIMH
I{JIanaHaMH.
AKKYMYJfHTOpbI CllY>KaT ,lJ.J1H UaKOnJIeUUH 3ueprHH B
I1epHO,lJ.bI, KOr,lJ.a nOTpe6HTeJIU ee ue pa60TalOT HJ1H nOTpe6-
JIHIOT 3HeprHIO B MeHblIleM KOJIHqeCTB€, '-IeM nepep;alOT ee
II cHcTeMY uacoca. DpHMeueuHe aKKYMYJ1>ITOpOB n03B0J1>I-
('1' HCnOJIb30BaTb HaCOCbI MeHbrneH MOmHOCTM, a TalOKe
uOeCneqHBaTb 9.fleprHeH CHCTeMbl C 3Il1l30JJ;UfleCKHM .AeHcT-
"'.eM nOTpe6uTeJIeH B cJ1YQa>Ix nepepbIBOB B pa60Te uaco-
l'OB.
Ha pHC. 8, Ole u306pa:;Keu BapHauT YCTaUOBKU r\!,lJ.p O I1 H -
"'"H,[(pa O,lJ.UOCTOpouuero ,lJ.eiicTBH>I H rH,lJ.poaKKYMYJl>ITOpa.
.D:J1>I q,HKCaI1HH 3anepTOro nOJfO}!{eUHH rHJJ:pOI1HJ1HU,lJ.pOB
II I'HJJ:pocxeMbI BKJ1IOQaIOT rHJ\po3aMKH (pHC. 8, 3). ODpaT-
liMe KJIanaHbI 3aMKOB He n03BOJIfllOT pa60'leH >KH,D;KOCTM
31
,
II,
I,
I
I'
I
I
I
,
,
I' l l
I"I.!
11\
,
'l!J1
no HafIpaBJ1eHH
npoxo,[(HT _6 4-5. )J.BH>KC-
>IM 1-3, no HaHpaBJIC-
HHC JK 3 H,[(K l oc _1 H .';-4 B03-
HH5IM - t >KHA-
MO>KHO. )J.JI>I npoHYCI(a 1-3
KOCTH no Hallp aBJ1eHIUO no
CJIC,[( Y CT no,[(aTb ,[(aMeHHe
2 D n y cK >KH,[(KO-
KaHaJIY . po. 1-6
CTH no HanpaBJIeHH>IM x
4-5 B03MO>KCH B CJIyqa5l
H 'no Kana-
nOAR4H ,naBJIeHH5I
JIaM 5 HJIH 6'1 or:pc,[(eJIHTb
fipHMep. II1TO-
pa3BHBaeMblc yCHJIHH B H CKO-
ax rH,[(pOQHJIHH,[(pOB
K HX ABfuKeHH5I no CJ1e-
pOCTb HCXO,[(HbIM ,[(aHHbIM:
,[(yIOII1H 6 C M II1eCTepCHHO-
P a60qml 0 u _
67 CM" HOMHHaJIb
rO Hacoca , HCTe-
Hoe Jl,aBJ1eHHe B rHApOC e-
1 0 MDa' qaCTOTa Bpam
Me ' Hacoca 1700
HHH BaJIa rH'[(PO " 1(D)].
-I. 06'beMHbIH
MHI O 94 OnHcaTb pa60TY
'1]06-" 6 Y JIb,[(03epa
rH,[(pOCHCTCMbI "CXeMC
no rH,[(paBJIHqeCKOH
(pHc.9). d =100 MM.
d"1 = 140 MM, "10
)].HaMeTpbI QHJIHH'[( O MM d rn'O =60 MM., -67X
')J.HaMeTpbl II1TOKOB d rnl - 3a O..[HH 060pOT Q =q 'l] Q 6:63X
PeIIleHHe. DO D ,[(aqa 3a O,[(HY MHHYTY QM- n
, 094=63 CM'. o,[(aqa
X , 106000 cM'-106 JI.
'X 1700= -;ii rH,[(POQHJIHH,[(pOB:
DJIoma,[(H nopliH
,, 3,14.14' 147 CM';
FI{=4i FI{I 4
3,14.10 2 - 78,5 eM'.
Fmo= 4
9 rl!.D.paBJlH'IeCKSfI cxeMa 6yJtb-
PI'IC. . p,03epa
JtHH,[I,P Donepe'lBOro ne
I - I'H]JJJ0U,I! epTIlKaJlbHOn fiJlO-
peKoca ()fBnna B B MOK" 8 _ I'HAPO-
CKOCTU; 2 - rHJlPO paBneHlul THJlPO-
pacflpeAenH.enb Ma H onycK8HHR
nwulHApaMH n ;:cnpeAeJltJ1:eJlb yn
DTB8Jia; 4-rfiA M nepeKoca: 5-
paBnemJ.n I{I1J1HfI.llPOopacnpe.neJlHTeJIb;
pe3cpDHbifi rllJl,P Hbln KJlSnaH He-
6 - npeJlo}tpaHlI'J"en 7 _ f}JIIJlbT)) C
npllMoro .I1efiCTBIUI aIJOM; 8 _ rtJJI,pQoo
nepenycKlIbiM KJl8 acoc . 10 _ rHAPO.
()aK; 9 - rIlAPOIl . H onycKaHHIl
I1.HJIIIHJJ;pb1 nO a
DJIoma,[(H liTOKOB: 3,14.6' _ 56,5 CM'.
3,14. 82 - 100 CM\!.; Fmio 2
Fmi- 2
F- F -Fm:
Pa60'lBH nJIOma,[(b II1TOKOBO OC 16 5 - 22 CM 2 .
F 1 =147-100=47 CM'; F IO -, ,
"32
,j
ra mnn:ll'MOe YCHJIHC npH BbIJ1.BIDKeHI1H llITOKa P=Fv.PJ
1',- -117.10-<.10.10 6 = 147. !O'H 147 KH;
I'", 7H,!;.10 <.1O.106=78,5.lO'H=78,5KH.
Yell,llIlI', pil.IIIIIBaeMoe npH BTJJTHBaHHH IlITOKa F'=Fp:
I', -17.10 <.1O.J0 6 =47.lO'H=47 KH;
I',,, :'2. 10- 4 . 10. 10 6 =22. lO'H=22 KH.
(,hOPIH'1'I! BhI)J;BHJKeHHH IlITOKOB:
{JM 106. 10 3 7 0
{IJ ::. _ I :' _ = 147 = 720 CMiMHH = = 12 CM/C.
IU I 60 '
Q" 106. 10 3 675
Vtn = = = 675 cMiMHII = - = 11,2 CM/C.
F"lO 2.78,5 60
H CXOaHbLe aafUible 1( npuMt::py 1
ro rl1)J:.pOJI COC
,, JJ:lJa feTpbI rHAPOl.l(jJIMH,ApOIJ lJ uno
0"
>" ." I KORH_
0" :E IIWJWJlI, 'lee-IDa
"g
1 9 HlII-46Y 1 I d,n 1l0. d ulI =70; d 1l2 =-110,
d Illz =70 d un =80; dl.l 2 =125,
2 10 HW-46Y 1 dm 125,
d u19 =80
3 11 HlII-98 3 d'u =140, d uI1 =80; d Il2 =lOO,
d W2 =60; dl.l 3 =140.- d 1U3 =80
4 12 HlII-46Y 3 d Lw =125, d Illo =80; d'l7=IOO,
=60; dv.s=125, d WA =80
5 13 HW-46Y 2 dU.12=120, d UI12 =55; dlli3, I
d W13 =55; dU.14=80, d lllU =55
KOB. MM
d w ?=
20.
OnHcaHue pa60Tbi rH,[(pOCUCTeMbl 6YJlb,[(03epa. Pa60qa5l
)!(H,lJ;KOCTb npH pa60TC Hacoca HanpaBJIHCTC5I K TpeM LJCTbI-
IJl'Xn03HIJ.HOHHbIM 30JIOTHHKOBbIM rHApopaCnpeJ1.CJ1HTCJIHM.
nee 30J10THHKH 3aKpbITbI H lKH)J;KOCTb Qepe3 )J;pOCCeJIb no
IIIWXO,lJ;HOMY KaHa.ny Ka>K)J;oro 30JIOTHHKa, no CJIHEHOH Ma-
'"CTpaJIU qepe3 q,HJlbTp nocTynaeT B 6aK. TaKoB nYTb
HHPKYJIHUHH lKH.lJ;KOCTH. EC.nH nepeMecTHTb 30JIOTHHK pac-
IIpC,[(€JIHTCJl5l 3 Tal{, qT06bI yqaCTOK IV 6bIJI coe,[(llHCH C
11I)\POJIHHU5!MU. TO pa60qaH "'U,[(KOCTb 6Y,[(CT HaHpaBJleHa
II "'TOKOBblC HOJIOCTU I1HJlHH,[(pOB 10. DpH 3TOM )KH,[(KOCTb
II.: nopllIHeBblx nOJIOCTeH IJ.HJIHH,lJ,pOB llepe3 30JIOTHHK 3 no
(IIHEHOH rHJ1.pOJ]HHHH nocTynaeT B cpHJIbTp 7 H ,lJ;a 'Jee B
,'II)\p06aK 8. Ec.nH CMCC1HTb 30JIOTHHK 3 ,[(JIH nO,[(KJIIOQeHH5!
IC,)JIaJ10B Y1:JaCTKa II I{ rHJ1.poJ]HHHJIM, TO H3MeI-IHTCH Ha
IIp:'lI3J1eHHe ,lJ,BH>KeHHH lllTOKOB, ORYl 6YJ1.YT BbJ)J,BHraTb-
C'J!. ECJIH YllaCTOK I coe.n;HHHTb C fH.n;pOJIHHHHMH, TO
J-449
33
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6o'lcro opr8Ha pOTOpHOro 'fJHml1lefl
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IlaU HcnpHMOT() .l];CflCTBHS!; 4 - rHA-
pOR8COC: 5- - nJJJ.tJOOaK; 6 - 4JHJ\bTP
c nepcnyCKllblM KJl8I1aIJOM; 7 If 8-
rfi]JJJopacnpe]J,CJlHTenH
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CKpenepa
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aaCJlOHKOH II IWDWOM; 4 - 4JlUlbTP c
nepenycl\HbIM I{JlanaHOM; 5 - npcAo-
xpaHHTeJlblIb!fI KJlanaH HenpSJ.Moro
JlefiCTBlUI c nepenycKI1blM SOJlOTHH-
KOM; 6 _ nJ,u,po6fm; 7 - niJIpOH8COC;
8, 9 11 10 - THAPopacIIpe.nCJHITCJlfI
ynpaBJICHHH nOJIO:W:CH1iHMH KOIJ[ll8.
.saCJlomm Ii aaJl,Hefi CTeHKll
nOpU1HH rH,[(pOI1HJIHH.l\pOB 10 6Y,[(YT HaXO,[(HTbC>I B IIJIanaIO-
III,eM n0J10>KeHHH. AHaJIOfHqHO ocymeCTBJ1fIeTC5I ynpaBJ1€HlJe
II rH,[(pOI1HJIHH,[(pOM 1, HO rHJ\p03aMOK He n03BOJ1>IeT nopw-
HIO HaXO}(HThCH B nJIaBalOmeM n0J10>KeHHH. 06a 06paTHhlx
KJIanaHa 6Y,[(YT 3aKpwTw. DpH nepeBO.l\e 30JIOTHHKa 4 ,B
nOJIO>KeHHH II HJIH IV nOTOK >K11JJ;KOCTH, nona.n;mI B fH.n;p0'.
3aMOK, CMeCTHT nopIlleHh co IllTOKaMH H OTO}KMeT O.l(HH HS
06paTHbIx KJIanaHOB, qTO OTKpoeT fIyTh 1KHJJ;..KOCTIT 113 IXH-
JI HH,[(pa B CJIHBHYIO rH,[(pOJIHHHIO_ Do .l\pyrOH rH,[(pOJIHHHH
OT 30JIOTHHKa 4 >KH,[(KOCTb HenpepbIBHbIM nOTOKOM 6y,[(eT
fIocTynaTh B fHJJ.pOUHJ1HH.n;p. ..
rH,[(paBJII1'IeCK}'1O cxe y, no,[(06 ylO" H305pa>KeHHOH Ha
pHC. 10, HMeeT pOTOpHbIll TpaHIlleHHbIH 9KCKaBaTOp_ Pa-
60qa>l >KH,[(KOCTb H3 6aKa 9 HaCOCOM 11 nepeKaqHBaeT >I no
K3HanaM B fH.n;popaCnpeJ1.eJIHTeJ15:IX 4 H 5 H no CJIHBHOH Ma-
fHCTpaJIH qCpe3 4>HJIbTp B rH,[(p06aK. rH,[(popacnpe,[(CJIHTc-
34
1-
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fj
7
11
L
8
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PI1C. 12.. fHJJ;pafl.'UJ'WC,fmfl cxer.m cflpellepa
1 - npc.n.oxpaHlfTe.lbHbJli KRarUlH nIHlllmro Jl.etlcT1
EHfI: 2, 8 11 4 - pacnpeJJ;eJ]llTe. H ynpaD;leHHfI n01
JlO}KeHfHIJIHI 83JJ;IWtl CTcmUI KOBIIJ8 If 38CJlOHKH; 5-
rHD.P033MoK; 6, 7 H 8 - nIJipOl\flJI_HrJ.!I.j:Jb! Komua 3a1
u sa.n.Heij CTCliKU; 9 - MaHOMcTp; 10 - c])HJJb'JP: 11 _ nlJI.Po(jal .
12 - rH,I1J)OIII'tCOCbl; 13 11 14 - o(Spanlble KJW.naHhl .
CJ!OIIKIi
JIll 06CCne'lHBa1OT pa60TY rH,[(pOI1HJIHH,[(pOB 1 H 2, npe,!\-
na3HaQeHHbIX AJ151 rrO.l('beMa IT onYCKaHM5I 3a.l(HeH H fIepeA
Hcii 'lacTeii pa60qcro opraHa.
OCHOBHhIMH 3J1eMeHTaMH rHJJ;paBJIHqeCKOH CHCTeMhI
CI<pencpa (pHC. 11) >lBJI>lIOTC>I TPH rH,[(pOHacoca Hill-98
TPH 6JIOKa IH,[(popaCHpe,[(eJIHTeJIeii, TPH napbI rH,[(p O I1 H JIl1H:
IlpOB, rH,[(p06aK 4>HJIbTp C HcpcnYCKHbIM KJIanaHOM H npe-
.l\OXpaHHTeJIbHWH KJIanaH Henp>lMOro ,[(eiiCTBH>I C nepenvc-
!(lIbIM 30JI0THHKOM. YnpaHJIeHHe rH,[(popacnpe,[(eJIHTeJI>lMH
ocymeCTBJJ5IeTC5I C nOMOmblO 30J10THHKOB, HMeIOIUHX 3JI€K4
rpOManUITHYIO CHCTeMY BKJIlOlleIIH5I, rrpHBo.n;I1MYIO B .l(eHCT'"
BHe C nYJIbT8. OJJ;HOBpeM€HHO C BKJIIO£IeHHeM OJJ;HOrO H3
1'II.l\pOpacnpe'[(eJIHTeJIeii nepeKJIIOqaeTC>I nepenYCKHoii 30-
J10THHK. rH,[(pOI1HJIHH,[(pbI ynpaBJIeHH>I KOBWaMH TeJIeCKO-
IUlQeCKHe.
rH,[(paBJIH'leCKa5I CXeMa CKpenepa (pHC. 12) BKJIIO'laeT
rII,[(p06aK, 4>HJIbTp, TPH weCTepeHHbIX rH,[(pOHacoca Hill-
46Y, 06paTHble KJIanaHbI, Hpe,[(OXpaHHTeJIbHblii I<JIaHaH, TPH
rII,[(popacnpe,[(eJIHTeJIH H TPH napbI rH.l\pOI1HJIHH,[(pOB_ CH-
l TeM8 ynpaBJ1eHHH nOJIO>KeHl1eM KOBilla HMeeT f' H 1J.pOSaMOK.
rHJJ;paBJIHl,ecKaH CHCTeMa ynpaBJIeHHH MexaHH3M8MH
rpeH,[(ep-9JIeHaTOpa (pHC. 13) HMeeT 'IeTblpe IH,[(popac-
npe.l(eJ1HTeJI5I, npHBo.n;HMhle B .l(ei-icTBHe 9JIeKTporv.rafHHTaMM
C' KHonKaMH nepeKJ1l011eHHH Ha nYJIhTe B Ka6r-me BOJJ;HTe '1H
J'
35
11
PJlC. 13. rH.lI.PRDJlJI'Ie-cKaI'l CXCM.8. rpcfi-
Jl,Cp-aJICB3TOpa
1 - rHJI,p06aK: 2 - rIl.;I..pOHaCOc; 3-
qm.:lbTp; 4-npe)lOXpaHHTeJlbHblfi KJla"
IHIH npJlMOrO .n.ei'lCTBH5!; 5 - BC1JTlIJlb:
6 _ M8HOMCTP: 7, B. 9 IJ 10 - I'lJJl.PO-
pacnpell,eJ1HTCJUl; 11 - rlJ)l]JOl\HJIEI:I.nP
My$Tbl cu.eflJ!emu'l .lI.BlIraTe.J15I; 12, 13
If 14 - TnJlJ)Ol.{lIJIlIH,V;pLI 1I3MeHCmUI
TIO.'IO}J{CHlIfI ncpxHef! 'IaCTH KOHBe:fte.
pa, s.aOOpJlo!i: "l8CTI1 KOHBenepa II
ll:tymHo!i: 6aJlKH; 15, 16 H 17 - ]lpOC
CCJiH C o(5paTHblMI1 Iwanan.8.Ml!; 18,
19 II 20-rlJ]JJJo38MKH
10
O,[(HH H3 rH,[(pOpaCnpe,[(eJIH-
TeJIeH npep;fra3I-Ia'-Ien AJIH
ynpaBJ!eHHH MY<PTOH Cu.eIWe-
HH5I, BbIKJIIO'-IaTeJIeM npH
BCTpeqe pa60qHX OpraHOB
T "'-.. rpeMJJ;epa-3.neBaTopa c ne-
npeOJJ;OJIHMbIM npen51TCTBH-
eM. BTOpOH H TpeTHH rHi\pOpacnpe,[(eJIHTeJIH 06eCneQHBalOT
H3MeHeHHe nOJIO}KCHMH sepXHeH H HH}KHefi rraCTH KOHBeite-
pa, a q€TBepTblH CJ!Y>KHT ,[(.'51 nO,[(HHTHH H onycKaHlIH nJIY>K-
HOM 6aJIRM.
fHi\POJIHHHH. H,[(YllLHe OT rH,[(popaCIIpe,[(eJ!HTeJIeii. CHa6-
:>KeI-IbI fHJJ;p03aMKaMH H 06paTHblMH KJIanaHaMH c .n;pocce-
JIHMH. fH,[(p03aMKH <PHKCHpYIOT nOJ!O>KeHHe nO,[(HHTbIX pa-
60'IHX opraHOB. a ,[(pOCCeJIH o6eCneQHBalOT perYJIHpOBaHHe
CKOpOCTH onYCKaHH!!.
rJlABA 3. MEXAHHlJECKME npl1BOJ],bl MAllil1H
13. OmoBHble napaMeTpbl MeXaHHQeCKHX
nepe)J;a1-}
Depe.rr. allH CJ1Y>KaT )J;J1H H3MeHeHHH CKOpOCTH, KpY1HTlJ,erO
MOMeHTa, TpaeKTopHH HJIH xapaKTepa ,lI.BH}KeHHH, nanpaB-
J!eHH!! ,[(BH)KeHHH (peBepcHpoBaHHe). nJIOCKOCT" ,[(BlDKeHHH
H ,[(PYrHX napaMeTpOB. MeXaHHqeCKHe nepe,[(aqH. o6€Cne'!H-
BaIOlIl.He pa60TY HeCKOJIhKHX MexaHH3MOB OT OJJ;Horo )J,BH
raTeJI!! (O,[(HOMOTOpHblH npHBOi\). HMelOT HeCKOJIbKO peBep-
CHBHbIX YCTPOHCTB, COC)J,HHHTeJIbHbIX MY T H TOpM030B
(pHc.14).
l.!epe3 Kopo6KY nepe,[(aq H Kopo6KY QT60pa MOIl\HOCTU
OT ..QBHraTe.nH aBTOM06HJU:! BpamelIHc nepe.n.aeTcH BepTn-
KaJIbIIo"y BaJIY 1, ,[(aJIee qepe3 KOHHQeCKHe 3yOqaTble KO-
36
Puc. 14. KHHeMI'ITli'i€CKBlI cxer.11'! KPBHB
I e npl!BOJJ;OM OT OJJ;uoro ADUHlTeJI5I
- MeXI'IlIlf3M nOBOIJOTB' 2 ae
CLI CTpe.IJOBOU, rpY30lJotJ JJe OI(n e H n MeXal!.H M 3. 4 If 8 - PCHCp.
7 _ rpY30Bafl 1:1 cTpe.'wBBfl ;::2g ::. OJ - rHJ1.pOH8cOC; 6 If
a)
6)
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r
B)
Puc. 113. K lHeMaT",iecIUHI CX€Ma
aIlT :JJr.1l0ro IIpalia C MHorOMOTopllblM .!PUR
a -- nplJDO,ll reHepaTOpa" (j _ MexanH
IIICX8HlJ311i HSMCH€.IUSJ Bh1J1CTB cTpen 3 ynpaIJ.TTCHIISJ <1CJlJQCTSJMH rpcHIj,epa' {j-
(,1, e-MCX8HH3M nO)lvCMa rpe11cPepa: {j
McxallH3M nODopOTa .
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xaHH3Ma 2 r p Y30BOH 6 B JI j Y V pacnpe,[(eJIHTeJIbUOro ';c-
. JIe e,[(Ke ,JIe6e,[(Ke II j nO,[('beMa
orrycKaHHH CTpeJJhl H )J,P y rHM MexaHH3 MaM H
Ha 15 ,.
)\;OB aBi 6HJ1 aHbI KHHeM8TH1IeCKHe cxeMbl MeX8J-IH3-
DO;:r;OM no Kpana C .n;H3eJIb-3JIeKTp Hl lecKHM npH-
raTeJI'" J1Y QalO mHx Bpan eHHe OT HU.n;HBH.n;yaJJbHblX '1.BII
Bec eH (HH'[(H H,[(yaJIbHbIH H.nH MHOroMOTOpUblii npH,{o,[()
MOTpH Ha OJ1bllIOe qHCJIO .IJ;BHraTeJIeH H peJJ;YKTopOB:
37
TaKHC npHBO,[(bI HMCIOT BbICOKYIO CTeneHb pCMOHTOBpHrO)!-
HOCTH H 60JIec npOCTbI B '''' Y :=;I HI3J1HIOTCH K09q,<!HI-
OCHOBHblMR napa eTp ( KnlJ ) nCpC,[(aBaeMaH MOlI!-
UHeHT nOJ1eSHorO .n.eHCTBHH ,
HOCTb H nepep;aT01.JHOe '-IHCJ10. "'51 OTHOllIeHHeM nOJIeSHOH
KnlJ ncpc,[(a'JIJ ':.TIpe.I(C.1HC': a60Tc At ,[(BH>KY-
pa6oTbI. BbIIIOJIHHeMOH MalllHHOH A2' K P
lI!HX CRJI:
(20)
'l=A,/Ai'
B 06lI!CM cJIyqae pa60Ta
A=PScosCG.
. . S - n Th, npoxoJ[llMb111 TeJIOM TIO}J. J1e J
fJ1.e P - .n.enCTBY.1O!lHHI CMJI y. BnC1-meM .n.BH)KeHH51 T€Jla H Hi1
CTBJ.leM cnRhI; a - Y!,<)J] MC.iK,lly Hanpa ,
npaDJleImeM ,lJ;CHCTBHH CHJIbl.
npH a=O II cos a= 1
A=PS.
(21)
(22)
KnlJ MO>KHO onpc,[(CJIHTb KaK oTHorncHHc. MOlI!HO TH N 2
Ha BC,[(OMOM BaJIY H MOllU!OCTH N [ Ha BC,[(Yll\CM BaJIY.
'l=N,/Ni. (23)
npH 9TOM MOll\HOCTb, KBT
N = Pv/lOOO,
r.n.e v - CKOpOCTb, M/c; P - ,lJ;eiJcTBYlom85J ClIJI3, H
npH BpalI!aTCJIbHOM ,[(BH>KCHHII
v = :nDn/60,
/ ' D - J{H3MCTp OJ{py:mHOCTH. no K3caTerbHOii K
rp:e f) - CKO"POCTb, M c'. _ qaCTOTa BpamemuI B8Jl3, MIIH-.
KOTOpOH .n.eHCTByeT cnJIa, n
H U Ra3bIBaeTCH OTl:IO
nCpc,[(aTOq bIM qHCJIOM nCt; y ,[( :ro BaJIa K yrJIOBOll CKO-
m€nHC yrJ10BOII CKOpOCTH 6)1 B
pOCTH "'. BC,[(OMoro BaJIa: (26)
U=(i)1!OJ-2"
eTCH TaK>KC no q,OPMYJIC
nCpc,[(aTOqHOC qHCJIO onpe,[(CJIH (27)
U = ,,]]n2 = M,/(M,'l) ,
I-IHSI BeJ1.YllterO If Be)J;OMorQ EalTOB COOTneT
r,lJ;e nt II n2 - '13CTOT8 Bparn.e Ha De)JOM(JM H ne,lJ;YI1I.eM Ballax;
CTBel-IRO; M 2 H l1h - KpynnUHe MOMenTbl n l1
'1']- KTI)'J; nepe}{atUl OT ne,lJ;yIlI.ero K BCJ.I..CMOMY . y.
KpYT5!1lmii MOMCHT, H'M,
M = PD/2 = 9550N/n,
l\p BT- n-'tiac-
r,lJ;e P -, OKPY>E,UDe YCHJIHe. H; N - MO HOCTh Ra Ba.ny. K
TOTa cpaliLClUu-I B8JI8. mH-l.
38
(24)
(25)
(28)
t
I
I
\
fIepe.n;aTOIlHbIM £IHCJIOM KHH€MaTHqeCKOI1 napbI H33bIBB-
CTCH TaK>Ke OTHornCHHC ,[(lIaMCTpa (pa,[(Hyca) BC,[(OMoro KO-
JICca K ,[(HaMCTpy (pa,[(IIYcy) BC,[(YII1Cro; ,[(JIH 3y6qaTOll H
ueIIHOH rrepe.n;alllI - OTHOllI€HH€ £IHClI3 3y6heB 22 Ha Be;:r;o-
MOM IUecTepHe MJIH 3B€3)J;OqKC K qHCJ1Y 3y6beB 21 H8 Be.z:r.y-
ll eH; .n;JIfI qepBfIqnOH nepe;:r;aqH -llHCJIa 3y6b€B 22 qepBfI£I-
Horo KOJIeCa K qHCJIY 3axo.n;OB 21 qepBfIKa:
U = D,/Di R 2 /Ri'= z,/Zi. (29)
Oepe.n;aTO'-IHOe £IHCJIO CHCT€.MbI nepe.n;a£I paBlIO npOH3Be 4
eHHlO nepejJ,aToqHbIX [LHCeJI OT.n;eJ1bHbIX ee nap;.
U U,U,U, ... (30)
06ll\Hll K09q,q,HI1HCHT TIOJIC3HOro MllCTBHII paBeH TIpO-
H3BC,[(CHHIO KnlJ 9JICMeHTOB TIcpc,[(a'l:
'1 'l['l2'l3 ... (31)
3.uaqcllHJJ KnLJ;
nOluuHnHHKII TpeUH>I K3[ emHJ
» »CKOJlb}!(CHH5I
Bapa6aHbI
3y6QaTMe rrepe aqH:
OTKpblTble
pa6oTarollJ;He B M&C.1HHOH namle
U,euoTlHblC nepe,lJ;aTlH
PeMeHHbre »
<I>pHKliHOHHblC »
0.98.. .0,995
0,95. ..0.97
0.98.. .0.99
0.96.. .0,98
0.99...0.995
0,95.. .0.97
0.99...0,995
0,92...0.94
II 14. l'eMeHHble nepe,[(aqM
L nepe,[(aqH nJIOCKHM peMHeM. CKOPOCTb ,[(BH>KCHlJ>I Bbl-
6npalOT B ,[(Hana30HC 1...30 -M/c C Y'lCTOM TICpC,[(3BacMoll
MOllUlOCTH:
v, M/C 1,5-5 5-6 r 6-10 10-15 15-25
N, KET 0,2-2 2-7 I 7-15 15-30 30
.QllaMCTp Be,[(Yll\Cro llIKHBa MO>KHO OTIpC,[(CJIHTb no BbI6.
paHHOll CKOpOCTH H oKpyrJIHB ero ,[(0 6JIHMallrncro 60JIbllIC.
ro CTaH,[(apTHOro 3HaqCHHH no rOCT 17383-73*. npH H3.
BeCTHbIX 3HaQeHHfIx nepe.n;aTO'lHOrO £IHCJIa U H ;:r;HaMeTpa
BC,[(Yll\ero rnKHBa onpc,[(eJIHlOT ,[(HaMcTp Be,[(OMoro D.=D[U.
HafI,[(eHHOC 3HaqCHHe oKpyrJIHIOT ,[(0 cTaH,[(apTHoro: D=50,
39
[I
I '
II'
II
'I
I
II
Iii
1"1'
{
63, 80, 90, 100, 112, 125, 140, 160, 180, 200, 225, 250, 280,
320, 360, 400, 450, 500, 560, 630, 710, 800, 900, 1000, 1I20,
1250, 1400, 1600, 1800, 2000, 2250, 2500, 2800, 3200, 3600
II 4000 MM.
MIIIIIIMaJJblIOe Me>KIJ.eIITpOBOe paCCTO!!lIlIe Onpe,D.eJJ!!eT-
cn nO q,opMYJJe
AM'''' = 2 (D, + D,) + 200 MM.
(32)
YCIIJJI1!! B lIa6eraJOll1et! II c6eraI0ll1et! BeTB!!X peMII!!
paBlIbI:
SHa6 Pe""I(e"" - I); (33)
Sc6 PI(e""-I), (34)
rAe P - nepe,lJ;8nacMOe (oKPY.Hmoe) YCH.1UIe; e=2,71B - aCROBaHHe Ha-
1'ypaJIbHl>JX JIOrapH MoB (Ta6JI. 16); J.1- K034>4>UIJ.li€HT TpeHliH Me>KJ!Y
nonep.xHocTS1MH IUKHBOB II peMlm; CG - yrOJI o6xBaTa IIIKHEa (M€HblllerO
.lI.Hf!M€Tpa) peMH€M.
16. 3Ha'leHJ.fe e U (/"
a
"
0.'5 I 0.2 I 0,25 I 0,3 I 0,35 I 0.4 I 0,45 I 0.5
0,6,,: J08' 1,32 1,45 1,60 1,76 1,93 2,13 2,34 2,57
O,Bn; li4° 1,46 1,65 1,87 2,18 2,41 2,73 3,1 3,51
I,On; 180 0 1,6 1,87 2,19 2,57 3 3,51 4,11 4,81
1,2,,; 216 0 ],74 2,]3 2,57 3,] 3,74 4,52 5,45 6,59
1,4,,; 252" 1,93 2,4] 3 3,74 4,66 5,81 7,24 9,02
l,5n; 270 Q 2 2,57 3,25 4,11 5,12 6,60 8,15 10,5
1,6n; 2881:1 2,13 2,75 3,51 4,52 5,81 7,47 9,6 12,35
t 7,,' 306' 2,24 2,92 3,81 4,95 6,50 8,5 II 14,7
J:8n; 324 Q 2,33 3,1 4,11 5,45 7,24 9,6 12,8 16,9
1,9n; 342 Q 2,46 3,3 4,46 6,02 8,14 10,7 14,6 20
2:n; 360<> 2,57 3,51 4,81 6,59 9,02 12,35 16,9 23,2
3:rt; 540 0 4,11 6,59 10,55 16,9 27,1 43,4 69,5 111.3
,D,JI!! OTKpbITOt! (np!!Mot!) nepeAaqll
" = 180' - 60" (D, - DiJI A,
(35)
r.n.e A - npHHS1Toe M€>K1.teHTpoBoe paCCTOmm€.
npH a<150° CJIe.nY€T npHHTIMaTb HaUI)KHOH pOJ1l'lK,
TaR RaE HHaqe npH)J;eTCH YB€JIHIIHTb M€>KIJ.eHTpOBoe paCCTO-
!!lIlIe. .IJ:llaMeTp lIaT!!>KlIoro pOJJIlKa D H = (0,8...1) 0 1 . Ko-
9q,q,IIIJ.lleHT TpelIlI!! [1= 0,22 + 0,012 v - AJI!! KO}Ka IIbIX,
[1=0,30+0,012 v -llJI!! xJIon'IaT06YMa>KlIbIX, [1=0,35+,
+0,0 J 2 v - ,D.JI!! npope311HeHHblx peMlIet!.
40
I
I
,
nepeAaBaeMoe YCIIJllle
P=2M 1 ID"
f)I,e M r - KPYTJlli{ v
I1H MOM€UT Ha Be.a.Yli{€M Bany. I--:l-M:
M 1 = 95EON In
r I'
3JJ:eCb NI - MOll{HOCTJ:, Ha B€..lIYllIeM B B
B€,nYUI.ero B8JIa. MJUr1. any. K T; nr - 43cTOTa BpaU..{eHHH
Pa3MepbI npIlBO,D.lIbIX peMHet! nOA511paJOT no'
rOCT 6982-75* (xJIonQaTo6 r'
pe!\IHH b=30...250 MM 6=45 8 5 )Ma ) JIble u.eJIbl-IOTKBI-IbJ€ rrpOITHTaHHbI€
rOCT 23831 ' , .n, MM,
=6...11 MM): -79 (pe3HHOTKBH€BbI€ peMHn b=50...250 MM, t'i=
rOCT 18697-73 (KO>1{aHbl€ nnOCKHe
=3...6 MM-ollJlJIapJlblC 6=75 10' pe .fHH b=IO...560 MM, l)=
. .... MM - ,D,BOIJHble)
OJIOI.IJ;aJJ;b nonCpC 1 -1HOrO CC'-ICHHH peMHH .
F={jb= SnllO
fa,,]
r)J;e {) - TOJIl HHa peMHH" b - IlII:IJ)lIIlI (' . [ ]
Mae HBrrpHJR€I-Ili€ 1!.JIH M TC J ma I . P MJUI. .U p =aJ>,JI J -)wnVCKae4
(k -8 12 ) ' . £.Ja pCMUJI, J.lR'Cl, I :J -3anae n p o.
3- ".. . O'n-npelt€.11 np04l!n('</n pCMIUI lvlO ( . 'oIUOCTIi
ro - 35...38, pe3HHoTK8ncnoro _ 3 0 3 1': . a XJIOnQaTo6YMa}J(HO_
... ;J, J{Q]f{3HOro-20...25).
Me l;i' T :: g l p e r ;: CJICAyeT. rrpOBepHTb COOTIIOlIlelIHe
J... I H .lUlaMCTpOM MeHblilerO IlIKHBa:
< '..-
D, 25 :J5
I I
-<-....-
D{ 30 40
6 1 J
D{ < 25 -.. 30
illH P lllIY U!I<HBOB B
npHHHMalOT B aaBHcHMOCTH OT W II -
plllIbI peMH!! b:
b /30 /40 /50 /60 /75/80!ig5,!100 /125/150 /175/ ZOO 1225/
B /40 /50 J 60 /70 /85/ 100 1125/150/175/200/225/250 /3UO
PaCqeTlIa!! ,D.JJIlHa peMH!! OTKpbITOt! nepe,D.aqll
Lp=2A+-"'-(DI+D) + (D.-D])'
2 2 4A (37)
. 2. l\JIHI-IOpeMeHHbre nepe,D.aqll. Oepe,D.aqH KJJIJHOBbI
::: H pe)J,nOllTHTeJIbHbI npH MaJIbIX MeX{QceBbIX pacc
, K3K "paBHJIO, rrpll nepe,D.aTOqHOM qllCJIe AO U = 10.
(36)
- ]\JIH KmIWHoro pCMHH;
- .AJBl pe311HoTKaHenoro;
- ,lXJIH x.'lOrlI18To6YMa}I{HOro pe fH5I.
41
I
I
!'I
I'!
,
p !c. 16. Ce"{eHile Kn}mOBQrO PCMHH
a
KJIHHOBble peMHH (pHC. 16)
H3fOTOBJIHlOT KopAoTKaHeBblMH H
ot.;: I<OPAOillHYPOBbIMII. PaCQeTH3s:r
AJIHHa peMH.H L p - )J}UIHa H2..
ypoBHe paC1.J:eTHOii lllHpHHb1 a p :fIB
JIf{eTCH OJ],HHM H3 CTaH,lJ,apTHblx
napaMeTpoB (fOCT 1284-68**).
BbI6HpalOT CeqeHHe peMlur B
3aBHCHMOCTH OT nepeJ],RBaeMoH
MOIl1HOCm (Ta6JI. 17). Ha Bb160p
CeqeHHH peMHH OK33blBaeT B}mH
(-Hre 11 CI{OPOCTb ,UmUKeHIIH peM-
HH V.
17. Pa3Mepbl KJIHHOBblX peMHeH (no r OCT 1284-68 **)
:
00-
PB3MepbI, MM " ".
5 .
;; .., .
. P:>CqeTJla51 I :;: :i nepeJJ: lBaeMaa
A F, CM 2 ]J.JUiHa peMHH '" 1':I:)'1 MOIltHOCTb,
. Lp' NM " iB «3" KBT
=
= a p a 20 " II
.
. :;;; :I:g.!a
0 8,5 10 2,1 6 0,47 400.. .2500 25 £3 1.. .4
A 11 13 2,8 8 0,81 400.. .4000 33 90 I. ..7,5
B 14 17 4,1 10,5 1,38 800. .. 6300 40 125 2.. .15
B 19 22 4,8 13,5 2,3 1800.. .10600 59 200 4...60
l' 27 32 6,9 19 4,76 3150.. .15000 76 315 15.. .200
Jl. 32 38 8,3 23,5 6,92 4500.. .18000 95 500 30.. .200
E 42 50 11 30 11,7 6300.. .18000 120 800 120.. .200
PaCqemaR PJIHHa pe IHeH, MM: 400; (425); 450; (475);
500; (530); 560; (600); 630; (670); 710; (750); 800; (850);
900; (950); 1000; (1060); 1120; (1180); 1250; (1320);
1400; (1500); 1600; (1700); 1800; (1900)"; 2000; (2120);
2240; (2360); 2500; (2650); 2800; (3000); 3150; (3350);
3550; (3750); 4000; (4250); 4500; (4750); 5000; (5300);
5600; (6000); 6300; (6700); 7100; (7500); 8000; (8500);
9000; (9500); 10 000; (10 600) ; (17 000); 18 000 (peMHI1,
42
I
,I
I
I
[
i
I
I
,
)VlHHbI I{OTOPbIX YI<33aHbI 6e3 CKo6oK, .HBJI.HIOTC.H 60JIee
npepnOqTHTeJJbHb]MH) .
1111"'Bbl I{J!HHOpeMeHHbIX nepepaq CTaHPapTH30BaHbl "(CM
faCT c 20889-80 po 20898-80). PaCqeTBb]e PHaMeT b;
II!I{HBOB, MM: 63, 71, 80, 90, 100, 112, 125, 140 160 180 2bo
224, 250, 280, 315, 355 400 450 500 560 '630' 710' 800'
900, 1000, 1120, 1250, i400, '1600: 1800, 2000, 2'240, '2500:
MmnUvraJIb!lbIe H rvraKcHMaJlbHbIe rvre>KOceBhle P aCCTO.H.
IIH.H:
A MUH =O,55 W, +D,) +h; A MaRc =2(D, +D,),
r,ne h - BbICOT8: ce1Jemm peMHSI.
He06xopHMaR P aCqenlaR "JJ
A mora peMH.H IIPH npmUITOM
Me'>I{OCeBOM paCCTOHHHH
"
Lp = 2A + ""2 (D, + D,) + (D, - D,)'/4A.
HaHpeHHble 3HaqeHHR paCqeTHOH )JJIHHbI peMHR Ol{pyr-
J]RIOT po CTaHpapTHoro no faCT 1284 - 68**. OI{OHqaTeJJb_
Hoe M€>KOCeBoe paCCTO.HHIIe
I
A = B {2Lp - "(D, +D,) +
+ VI2L p -" (D, + D,)]' - 8 (D, - D,J').
1.JHCJIO KJIHHOBhIX peMH€li
(38)
z=N/(Nok1k,),
(39)
.D.e N -MOl1{lIOCTb Ha ne,nYl!\eM Bany; N o - MOll1.HOCTb, nepe.n..aBaeMa
y,nHHM ECMH€M /TabJi. 18); hi - K03qJQUUU1eHT. YQHTbmalOll1.HH BHa'1CHne
p lI:a 'fo I::J T( "n.l J . k l - K03qJ HlI.HeHT, y[mTbIBaIOI ii B.!IHJ1lJne
OPOq,HJIH }KeJJ060B B II!KHBax (pHC. 17) npH>IHMa!OT B
38nHCHMOCTH OT Cell€HHH peM-
HR (Ta6JJ. 21, 22). s t
OCHOBHb]e paCqeTHblc pa3-
MephI o6o.n.a IlII{HBa onpeJ],eJ1HIOT 0:.:, ','
no <PoPMYJ!BM: HapY}j{HbIH pHa-
MeTp lliKHBa DH=D+2c; pHa-
M€TP lUKHBa no BnaJ],HH8M K3Ha-
BOI{ D BH =D H -2b; UIHpHHa o6opa '"
8= (z-1)1+2s, TJ],€ Z-I:IHCJIO Pnc.17. rTpm]JliJJb JKCJl060B
peMHeR. fiJKIJBa HmmopeMCflHOii nepe.
,l.l;a'Jlf
43
!
I
!
18. 3uatJcHlt.R No .JI,JIII KJlI1HOBbiX pCMHeu, KBT
19. 3Ha1JeHUH K031}:J4nu.tlJ:eHT3 k l
I
I'
PaC'leTHbli'J CKOpOCTb ,n:BlI>Kemm pelllHSJ, M/c
CeqeHfie }];1!.aMe"fp I 5 I I I I
peMHH IIICHbmero 2 10 16 20 25
llIKllBa. MM
0 63 0,15 0,36 0,69 1,03 1,26 1,18
71 0,17 0,39 0,78 1,15 1,38 1,26
80 0,2 0,45 0,85 1,21 1,51 1,47
90 0,21 0,49 0,93 1,33 1,67 1,62
I
A 90 0,37 0,74 1,33 1,69 1,84 1,69
100 0,37 0,81 1,4 1,87 1,99 1,91
112 0,37 0,81 1,47 2,03 2,41 2,29
125 0,44 0,96 1,69 2,29 2,65 2,65
B 125 0,59 1,11 2,06 2,88 2,94 2,5
140 0,66 1,25 2,23 3,16 3,60 3,24
160 0,74 1,4 2,5 3,6 4,35 4,35
180 0,81 1,55 2,72 3,82 4,71 4,94
B 200 1,03 2,14 3,68 5,28 6,25 5,9
224 1,1 2,42 4,27 5,97 7,15 6.7
250 1,25 2,65 4,64 6,:M 7,5 7,73
280 1,33 2,88 5 7,-07 7,8 8,1
P 315 - 4,71 8,45 11,02 1l,9 10,08
355 - 5,15 9,2 12,08 13,72 13,32
400 - 5,59 1O,()8 13,52 15,72 15,8
450 - 6,1 10,98 14,56 17 17,25
J1. 500 - 7,35 I4 18,4 20,46 20,46
560 - 8,45 15,25 20 23,6 24,3
630 - 9,43 16 22,3 26,5 27,5
710 - 9,8 18 24,1 29 31,2
E 800 - 1l,75 21,8 31 36,8 39,7
900 - 13,1 25,2 34 40,6 44,9
1000 - 14,35 27,2 38,2 44,9 49,3
c 2,5 3,3 4,2 5,7 8,1 9,6 12,5
s 8 10 12 17 24 29 38
t 12 15 19 25,5 37 44,5 58
b 9,5 11 15 20 28 33 43
d 10 13,1 17 22,9 32,5 38,5 50,6
YrOJI
oOXB8TB, 180 170 160 150 140 130
rpa.n; -
kf
0,98
0,95
0,92
0,89
0,86
npOaO.ll eflUe Ta6Jl. 19
YrOJI
o6xnBT8, 120 110 100 90 80 70
rpa,n
kf
0,83
0,79
0,74
0,68
0,62
0,56
20. 3tla....clUln liO.:)(]U:)lIflU1CIIT3 !{o, "IJH O,QHocMcnliofl pa60Te
9JICI{ I'IJOJ,mn'a'rCJlH
DepeMeHlIbrll TOK C
BbICORHM I1YCKOBhiM
MOMCHTOM IJJUJ noc-
TOHHHhiii TOR_ROM.
naYH.D;HI::,!e &JJCKTpO_
J].BHrBTeJIH
nepf'MeHHblt1 TOK KO-
pOTK03fllllKHYTbJH H.rm
nOCToHHHblt:i TOK-ce_
pHCCHbl€ 3JleKTpOJJ;BU-
raTe.rIH
YCJIOIliU1 PilCi01:LI
DOCT05JIm311 pa60Qag Ha- 0,92 0,84
rpy.:ma
HC.3HflQH'reJIbHbIe Ko.JIeOafIH.H 0,84 0,78
pn60 l lcii HarpY3KH
3lJaQU1'eJIbHbre KOJIe6aHHH 0,97 0.71
pa60Q H HarpysKH
Y.ll.apH3H HarpY3Ka 0,71 0.61
n p H M e q 11 H li e. npu ,Ir,BYXCMenIiofi pa60Te 3Haqenll51 k z YMBO>K8IOT Bel O,87 a
npH TpeXCMeHHoA - Ha 0,72.
21. Pa3McpbI lKeJIo6oB llIKlIsa KJUfHOpCMCHlibIX nepcAal.J:, MM
I 0
CeqeHHe pC\llm
Pa3:\:!ep
l1. I
E
A
E
B r
1111
I!
In
44
45
22. 3H8qeHHJI yrJIa cp B 38nHCltMOCTH OT paCGeTHblX .u,naMe-rpoB liIlU:inOH
CC<Jelme pCMH51
YrOJI qJ
o
E
E
A
PHC1/CTHbIe ,/:\m\MeTpb! lIm(JBOIJ, MII1
34 '
36 0
313 0
40 0
63.. .70
80...100
1l2o- .160
;>180
200. . .315
355.. .630
;>710
90.. .112
125. ..160
180__.400
450
125.__160
180.. .224
250.. .500
;>560
IJpoBOJ/ lCeHue Ta6fl. 22
CeqCHIW per.1HfI
}'rOJI qJ
r
JJ.
E
PaC'1CTHb!e ,/J;naMeTpbl l!JKUBOB, Ml'vl
34 0
36 0
38 0
40 0
315.. .450
500.. .900
;> 1000
500. . .560
630.. .1l20
;> 1250
800...1400
;> 1600
15. 3y6qaTble nepe)J.aqu
OTKpblTble sy6qaTble nepe)J.aqu. PaCqeT OTKpbITOii sYOqa-
TOM nepe)J;3QH BbmQ.,'IHHIOT B CJIe.D.YIOllJ,eM nOpH)J;Ke:
onpe)J;e.,'IeHHe nepe)J;3TOQHOrO 1fHC.,'I3:
UI_1=ro I Iroi=n I Ini'
r,ne (Ufo nr - yrJIOBaH CKOpOCTb H qaCT?Ta BpameHHH I Ba.'I!a; roi. ni---
yrJIOBas:r CKOpOCTb H qaCTOTa Bpall{eHmr I-fO BaJIa;
pasOUBKa OOll1eFO nepe)J.aTOqHOrO qHCna Ha nepe)J.aTOq-
HbIe llHCJI3 oTJ],eJIbHbIX nap
U I - i = UoGw: = U 1 U 2 U g eo.,
paCqeT nepBOH napbI sYOqaTbIX KO.,ec c nepeJJ.aTOqUbIM
1:lHCJIOM
U 1 =OOI Iron;
BbIOOp MaTepua.,a 3YOqaTbIX Ko,lec;
BbIOOp qHCeJI 3YObeB 3YOqaTbIX ROJIeC
2 2 = Z l U1.;
onpe)J.eMHue MO)J.ynH 3al(enJIeUHH U3 pacqera 3YObeB Ha
H3fH6;
46
J
IJ
I
onpe)J.CJIeHHe OCHOBHbIX pa3MepOB 3YOqaTbIX Ronec nep-
Boil napbl;
paCqeT nocJIe)J.YIOll1HX 3YOqaTbIX nap nepe)J.aqu.
B 3aBHcUMOCTH OT nepe)J.aBaeMoro RpYTHll1ero MOMeHTa
H MOll1HOCTH MO)J.ynb sal(en.,eHHH MOJKHO onpe)J.eJIHTb no
q,opMYJIaM:
H.,'IH
3/
m > 10 l' Mp k,,/(1j>yz [a,,])
(40)
3 /
m;> 12601" N p kn/(I'fyzOJ [an]) . (40.
r,ne Mj)=M 1 kJI.k l1 -pae-qeTHblll MOMeuT; Np=flhkJI.kR-paCqeTHaIl MOI..L{-
noeTb, 3,neeb MI - MOMenT, nepe,naBaeMHH Be.AYll{HM 3ytJQaTbrM KOJIe.
COM; IVI - MOll{HOCTb Ha Be,nYllWM BaJfY; k1J. - ,nHH3MII'leCKHH K03(jJ4JH-
u.neHT; 1 1i - KO.9cp(jJEuneHT KOHIJ;eInpam1H HarpY3KH (npHHIlMalOT kiJ,k n =
-1,2...1,3 IIPH p \CnOJlml\CIIHH 3ytJIJ3TbJX KOJJee clIMMeTpUlJIlO OTHOCiI.
H'JJTJIIO onop; I(nll!! -1,4....1,0 - npE I-IeCHMMCTpH'lHOM HJiH I{QHCOJJbHOllI
1',1('IIOJl(»I{CI-lHll .ly(j'I'lr..Tx IWJICC); !?" - I\O)(P1HUUICIIT, YlJHTbJBalOll{HH H3-
110(' .lyfiLt'n (1,25..1,8 IlJln On;pl,[TbTX 11('IW1-\:I'I, 1- ,nJln a81<pbrTbIX nep{'-
J(II'I): II' I\I)JIIIIIIIIIUII'II... 111111>111('1111.1 ItJII'II!I.1 ,IYOH IC MO,nYJlIO 3auenJIenmJ
(II' H. .I:n; II 1\0 .tlJ{JlIlIllIl'lIl. )"IIIIIoIII,UOII(IIii IIOIIC(lCIIIILIC' p83l\fepbI 3Y-
(i,1 II {" tJ 1IIIII'II1Y (",I(i.1I 2:1;; -. '1II('.fIO ,!y(jr,rlJ BC1-\YIQC":1 UlccTepHH; ro .__
)'1 '11)11:111 (1,III'tlnl, 11I'/lvlIll'rUII,IJI,I; 100.d-Jl.oIlyel<aeMoc I-1aUpmKenHe npu
111..11(11' 1'I1,II('I"III,fl,1 lyC'iI,I'Jl. -
23, Jnn'H'1I1II1 JW':Jl}lc liItlH'nla y ,lJ;JUI 9BOJIbBCHTHoro HapYH<HOrO
3. UJ,CIIJJenHR npu a=20"
z 12 114 , 16 /18 I 20 I 22 I 24 I 26
Y 1°,304/0.324/°, 339 1°.354/°.372/°.383/°,3951 0.404
flpoooflJ/CeJ-lUe Ta6A. 23
z 1 IWI I@I%IWIMIOO
y /0.4111°.4161°,431°,4421°,4511°,4571°.4721°,478
II pOBOAOICellUe Ta6fl. 23
z 1100 1150 I 300 I PouRa
y 1°.481/0.49°1°,4961°.523
ECJIH MaTepHaJI sy6QaTbIX KOJleC OJ],HHaKOBbIH, TO paC1feT'
npOBO)J.HT no Be)J.Yll1eMY 9JIeMeHTY. OpH pa3.'HqHOM MaTe-
pH3JIe paCqeT npOBO)J.HT no TOMY sYOqaTOMY KOJIecy. ./(JIH
47
KOToporo Y[Ula HMCCT MCHbIIlCe 3HaQeHHe. HaH.lI.eHHble 3Ha-
',eHHH -MOti,Y.OH Qj'pyr,oHIOT ti,0 CTaHti,apTHoro. CTaHti,apT CT
CaB 310-76 npeti,ycMaTpHBaeT ti,Ba pHti,a 3Ha'leHH>J:
l-ll pHti,-I; 1,25; 1,5; 2; 2,5; 3; 4; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 16;
20; 25; 32; 40;
2-ll pHti, - 1,125; 1,375; 1.75; 2,25; 2,75; 3,5: 4,5; 5,5; 7; 9;
11; 14; 18; 22; 28; 36.
ITepBbIM pHti, MOti,y.oei1 oonee npeti,no'ITHTeneH.
Pe.lI.YKTOpHbIC 3y61laTbIc nepeAallH. OllYl paccLIHTbIBmoT-
CH li3 YC.TJOBHH BbIHOC.TIHBOCTH pa601fHX nOBcpxHOCTCfI 3y6h-
en no KOHTaK'fHbIM HanpH>KCHHHM. Pa36HBKY o6llJ,ero nepe
.u.aTOQHOrO 1fHCJIa pCJI.YKTopa Ha nepcJ],aTO'LJ:HbIC QHC.,'Ia OT-
.n.C.TJbHbIX nap MOlKIID rrpoH3BoJJ.HTb c yqCTOM aaBHCHMOCTH
V2 (1,2...1,3) VI. B COOCHbIX peti,YKTopax nepeti,aTO'lHOe
'lHC.OO V 2 ""V V,, ::!:: (0,01...0,05) V p .
MC}1{U.CHTpoBoe paCCTOHH HC pacc1fHTbIB acMoll napb!
3 / x N p
A (V+l) V - - (42)
- ['IV n u 1J1A'
rne U - ncpC1J.3T01JI-IOe GHCJJO paccIiHTblBaeMoH napbI (:::!: - 3HaIm ,v..'m
paC'leT3 nepe.natJll c napY}j{HblM II BIIYTpeHl-lllM S3IlenJICHHe)<1); X-I{3-
9411mIJ;neHT, Y'HiTb!BaJOIIlli[! MaTepnaJ1 sy6 1 IaTblX Konee H 1JOPMY 3yoben
(npH x= 100 000 ooa npmvl03y6bIX KO.rr€Ca CT3JIbHhIC; x=80 000 - c6a
HOC03y6b1X KOJleca CTa.rlbI-lb!e; x=77000-0P:HO 113 npRMD3yobIX KO.'1eC
qyryHHoe, p:pyroe - CTaJIb}lOC; x = 62 000 - Op:HO 113 KOCD3YObTX KOJICC
q.yrYHHoe, 1J.pyroe - CNJJIbHoe); [T] - .ZJ.onYCf;aeMoe J{OHT8KTHoe HanpH
LKeIIHe cp:!3Era B nOBcpXHOCTHOM C.nDe H3nOOJJCe CJJa6oro M3TepH3JI3
(f-rl O,6{i-i - ,ZJ.Jn:! npflM03y6LTX l(()lleC; ['t] 0,48a-1 - ,ZJ.JIR IWC03y6b1X
I(()JJeC, 31J.eCb U__1-- npc,neJl BblHOCJJHBOCn:l MCiTepMaJla SYOben IIP" CJlM-
MeTpl11fHOM UHI{JJC 113rH6a: (T_I 0,43GB - ;UIR yrl1epOP:HCTCH CTaJII1;
(J_1=O,35u n + (70_..120) MDa - ,lJ,JUI JJerl1pOBaHUoH CTanH. rp:e U n -
npeJJ;e.n np01fHOCTl-J); nII - lli1CTOT3 BpameHHH ne,nmwro B8.'Ia 3a 1 MIIH;
'l1 A =b/A - K0'9(jJq:mIUJCHT OTHorneHHH ,nJ1HHbl 3y63 K Me.iKOCCnOMY pac-
CTOf!HHIO ('tJ'A =0,l...O,3-,ZJ.JIH JJ€nmx peLlYKTOpOB. 'tJ'A "'0,4...0,6 ,nJI51
cpemIHX pe.ZJ.YKTopOB. 'tJ'A =0,7...1,2 JIm( 'Ii)>K€JINX pep:YKTopOB. l'v'leHbIllTie
3Haqemu! npHHHMaroT npli npHMo3y6blX KOJ]ecax)_
OpH BbIOOpe MaTepHa.oa 3YO'IaTbIX Konec peKOMeUti,y-
IOTCH CJIeAYiOllJ,He C01f€TaHHH CTan€H:
Bcp,Yll\.ero;
BeJlm.mro:
45, 50. . . . 35, 40, CT5, 35J1, 45J1
55, 55f. . . 45, CT6, 55J1
35X, 40X . . 50, 55, 40f J1
30XrC, 40XH . 35X, 40X, 40f J1
35Cr, 50f2. . CT!J
MOti,y.% 3YO'laTOrO 3al1enneHHH m (npH KOC03YObIX KO-
necax - m,) onpeti,e.oHIOT no q)OpMy.oe
m=2A/(zi+ Z ,).
48
I'
:1
3113lJCHHH m H ml:! oKpyrJIHIOTCH JJ..o cTaHJ],apTHbIx 3Ha
IJl'lIuii.
llopMa,1bHbIll MOti,ynb
m n = tnscosB,
rJ1.C B - yrOJI H81{J]OH3 3y6bCB Koc03y6oll nepe1J.3 I m; (3=8°W34" no fOCT
2IR!i--n()*.
4HC,OO 3YObeB Beti,ywero 3yO'iaTOro Koneca (II1eCTepIUI)
OfihPIHO npm-mMaIOT 20...30 npH pacIIeTe nepBOtr napbI; 17...
21 "IJH paC'leTe nOCneti,YIOWHX nap.
3Ha'leHHH MOti,ynell 3al1enJIeHHH peti,YKTopHbIX 3Y0'laTbIX
JJl'[1cti,a'], MM: 1; 1,25; 1,5; 1,75; 2: 2,25; 2,5; 3; 3,5; 4; 4,5;
;,; 5,5; 6; (6,5); 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; (13); 14; (5); 16; 18;
20; 22; 24; 26; 28; 30.
H3 YC.,1J:OBHH rrp01fHOCTH Ha H3rH6 MOJ],y.,1J:b 32I.len.TJeHHH
HI'0BCpHIOT no q,opMynaM:
.I\nH npHM03yobIX nepeti,a'l
1000. 45,5Nk
iflpzkekr; m 3 n
Un =
c rUn];
(43)
]{JI>I IWC03YObIX nepeti,a'l
1000.45,5Nk cos 8
{ili = -::[01:1]'
'/ "zh ok m 3 n
'Y E V n
(44)
,:II(" N - MOIUIIOc-Th IW ne1J.yulervr BaJJy; k - K091J{JmHl:IeHT, YQHTbIBaIOllUifr
X,III.II\ n'j1 IwrJ1y mil (1.:...-: 1 -npl:! paBHOi\ICPHOH J-JarpY3Ke, HanpHMep JIeH-
'In'IIII,1(' 1\!Jlllu'liep"1, U(,IITIIJI5!TOpb1, ueuTpo6e)!WbIe uaCOCbI; k= 1,1._.1,15-
111'11 lII'IJ.I!IIIIIM('llIIllIi 11.11 PY '11..(' (' lI('.tlln'I1ITC'JlhHhIMlI TOJJ'!l{ar,H1. HanpH\1:ep
JIt'l'{')l!<II, [lO)lM'MIII,1(' 1<iI,IIII.!. Iml'.l!lI)('( 1..'(1)1,1; Il= 1,2 - npn Y.lH:lPHOi'I fla.
I pv 11\1'. 1I.IIIPIlM('P. )1(10611,111\11, !UnIHIIIIII,1 JlJUI 1}C'uUI MCTaJI.rra, KOBOQHblC
MIII11I11IU): 1/- IW)lllClmlllU'lir Ilmp\1bl .tYOH (J1.JJJI niHIMoayuh1x KOJICC Y:"'--=
n,Ih1 n,(JI UJ'I: )t.11S! l(tlmlyo'dx I_OJICC y=0,151J.-O,912jzInP. rJxe
IIPI1l'('Jl('UUII(' InU'JIt) .lyuhC'n "1I1\I-z';cos 3 13, 3)J,CCI, ZI-IJHC. T TO 3YOhJ2.B
IIt"Jlyn (,I'o .Iy(jllil 1'01 0 IWJICC<J); '1.1' - l{03l (jmLlECITT OTI-IOlliCIIHfI }J)IHlTbI.
.Iy(ja II.. MOJlYJllO oWllCnJIClUm:
1.lJ = hIm = 1.lJA A/ln- p:JIR npHM03y6bIx rrepep:aq,
1.lJ= blm n = 1.lJA Alm n - ,lJJI5r KOC03yGhIx nepeJl.all;
1?g - IW:91JqmuneHT, y>;n!THB8J-OIlllIH cteneHb nepeKpb!THH 3y61_CB B sa.
uenJIeHIm:
1J.JJH npflMo3YObIX nepe,naq hE (O,8...0,9)e, rp:e B 1,878-3,!8(1I7f+
+I/z,);
)
JWHI I{OC03y6blX nepeJJ;aTI k (0,8...0,9) (e+ - f.in r:n (QaCTO npu'
e n
HHMalOT I B 1...1,4);
4-449
49
k1J=a/(a+t') - K03CV$HUlIfHT. YtJIITbIBaJOIlUIH BJIHflHHC CKOPOCTH. rp:e a-
1HICJJOBOll I<03CP(jJJ1UHeI-IT, npHHHMaeMbJH:
24. )J,onyclw.eMMe lIanJJJUKeHlUI Ha 113rJ!6 [all] p:nH UHJIHHAPH"leCKHX
npSolMo3y6blx KOJICC. Mfla
AnSI I1IHIM03y6bIX KOJIeC
AJIH KOC03y6b1X KOJIeC
M,ITCplt.IJ! I TCpMnqe (ag o6pa6oTKa I nprr "epeRep'l nprr peRep'
CllFlHoi1 pa60Te CH BHOH pa60Tc
ell 12-2H OrJJlfI3K3 42. ..55 35
e'l J5-: 2 » 48. ..60 40
Clf Iii-,ll) » 54.. .65 45
Cli 21-10 OTJIUElm C OTli01rOM 60...70 50
35/£ Or..:mEt,-a C HOpMaJIH38uuefr 105 70
11pU /=900 "C " OTnycKoM
15/1 "PH t 600-7DO ce
OTJIHBKa C HOp.\18JIH3aUlleii lIO 80
npn t=900 "C H oTnycKD:.1
Cr5 npH t -60D-650"e
HOpM8J1H3aUIHI np" t= 110...125 80.. .95
=860 "C
CrG HopMaJIH38uHfl npH t 125. ..140 90. ..100
cl40ce
C'T{) If 50 3aKa.iIKa np" t-830 "C H 01'- 165.. .195 105
3D nycR npn t=500 "C
HOpM8l1H3aUIH:1 npn t 105.. .120 70.. .80
900 ce
40 HOpM8JIll38UHfI npH t 125.. .140 80.. .80
860 "e
so HOPM8JIH3C!UHH npH t 130. ..1055 90. ..100
830 "e
40X 3aKaJlKa npH t 850 "e B 190.. .230 lIS.. .120
MaCJIC, OTnycK npll t 580 "e
a 3
a=6
a=9
a 12
np'll v<2 M/C
rrp" v 2 .'. 6 M/C
np" v 6...10 M/C
npH v> 10 Mfc
np" v<3 Mfc
npH v ::--- 3...8 Mfc
np" v 8... 18 M/C
npu v> 18 Mfc
v - OKp)')J(H3f.1 CKOpOCTb Ha 1J.eJIHTeJIbI-IOH OKPY>I{H()CTH 3y6"IflTbIX Honec
(1J.llaMCTp ,neJIHTE'JIbH()U ()H.PYHUJUCTH I:I€KOPpHflip()BaHHbIX Sy61J3TbIX K0-
JlCC d=mz); [ l!]-p:onycKaeMoe uonpmKHme Ha 113rH6 MaTCpHaJI3
3y6ven;
npM HepeB( pCHDI-lOfi pa60Te np}IM03y6bIx KOJIeC
[on] = 1,4o_,/(k. k u ),
npn penepCJ1BHOil pa60Te np.SJM03yobIX KOJleC
[0,,] = o_i(k, k u ),
rp:e ks - 3anae np01-JHOCTI1 .!\,.'JSi 3Y01JaTbIX KOJICC (ka=2 - )VUI rlyryn
l-lbIX 11 C'raJlbHhlX OTJmBOK C OT}KHrOM, HopMalIH3aUHeH HJIn y 1yfJllleHHeM,
JJ.JISI CTaJlbHbIX OTJIMBOK UJlH nOKOBOK C ueMeHTaIlHefi, .IJ"JIfI CTaJIbHblX no-
I{QBOK C HOpMaJIH3an..fI€fi HJII1 YJIY1JIil-eHIIeM; ks=2,5 - Jj.JI5I CTalIbHbTx HJIll
Qyrym:lhlx I-:leo6pa60TaHHblx OT 1I:1BOK II P:JISI CTaJIbHNX nOKOBOK c nonepx-
IIOCTHOH SaKaJmofJ); li'rJ - K09cp(j:JHllI:leHT KOHueHTp81ll1U nanpmKemJ:fi y
OCI-JOBaHI:I5:I 3yoa ("0 = 1,5 -- Jj,JIH CTaJiH C HOpMaJIl:I3aunefJ, YJIY1JllJeHHeM
II 3aK31I1wli; ho = 1.2 - p:Jl5I CTaJIH C UCMCHTau;nefi H JJ.JITI 1JyrYHa).
HeKOTOpbIe cpeJJJiHe 3HaqeHHH .n.onYCKaeMbIX HanpH}Ke-
luri1 Ha H3rH6, npHHHMaeMble B CTpOHTe.rlbHOM MaI11HHOCTpO.
enlllJ, nplJBelJ,elJbI B Ta6". 24.
DpH paCqeTe pelJ,YKTopHOH KOHlJ'leCKOH 3y6qaTOH nepe-
lJ,aqlJ onpelJ,e,'H!OT lJ,llCTaJ-II.(IJ OHHOe (KOHYCHoe) paCCT OHHlJe:
'-j N [ 10' ] 2
L 1j'" V U'+ 1 V ......!'.... , (45)
nn (1joH-O,5)U[ ].
3mJ1Il'IIIIP Inri (}J{pyr.,THlIOT JJ;O CTaI-!JJ.apTHOrO.
CpClJ,llllii MOlJ,y.llh
r)If' 'I'" - OTHOUlel-IllC B€JlwnilIbl p:HCTaHI1J1OHHoro paCCTOTlHIUI K )VIUHe
sy6a (OOWlHO 'tJ1K 2...4); U - nepep:aT01JHOe 1JHCJIO pacc1JuTbWael\WH
napbI; Illp - paCqeTHaH MOWJ:lOCTb; nn=nI/U - QaCTOT3 BpamcHHfI Be-
Jj,()MOrO BMa, MI1H- t ; nr -- qaCTOTa npaIIlemm BCP:YJ1..{ero Eao;'Ja, n1H-I;
f.'t]- p:onycKaeMoe KOHTaKTHoe nanpfI)KeHUe cp:BlIra B nOBE'pXHOCTHOM
enoe nanooJIee CJl36oro MaTepI:laJIa.
3HaqeHHH N p H ['t] onpe.ne.IlH!OT TaK me, KaK npH paCqeTe
lI..HJIHHJI.pWleCKHx 3y6qaTb!X KOJlec.
HalJ60J1bIlllJii MOlJ,Y,% no Hapy mHOMY lJ,HaMcTpy
mij = 2LIV . + , (46)
rp:e L - p:HCTaHUlIOllHoe (KoHycHoe) paccTmIHne; ZI - 11lfCJIO By6bCB
ll1CCTepHli (ZI= 18...24); Z2=Z.U -- "1JHCJIO Byoben 3y61-l3TOro KOJIeC3.
b
tn cp = II'/fj -- sin Vi.
"
(47)
rp:c 'VI - yro.'I Mel!:{JJ,y OCbIO H oopa3YlOll.{eM lIa1JaJIbHOrO KOHyca illeCTe
I}CU, onpep:CJIHCMblH 113 COOTHOllieHHH tgVl=ljU; b=Lhh,-P:JIHHa 3y6a.
MolJ,Y,% 3al\en"eHIJH KOHlJqeCKOH
qeTOM Ha H3rIJ6 no q,opMYJ1e
napbI npOBepH!OT pac-
an = Pkl(ny,bm cp ) <: [a"J,
(48)
r..u;e P --:- K Y)imO ynrJUle; J k - K03(jJcpHllHeHT, Y1JUTbIBaIO!1!.HH xapaKTeD
narpY3I\H, 1h=O,I...,4-0,912/21 np - KO.9cp(jJI:IlJ..UeHT (jJOpl\'ibI sy6a r.zte
Zlrrp=Z,/Cos VI. .
4*
51
50
i)
z; z,
b
I
x
k=J
R 0
pq R
R y t=J
6 r
2 J,
tC
J
J
PHC. 19. UOCTpccHHe nJW.Ha CKOpOCTCA ,me
IILeE n.naHcTapHoH nepe.na'ul npH ()CTaHOB-
.neHflOM BefJ[ e
1 - COJlHe"lH8fJ lllecTepHH; 2 - CB.TeJI./IIJT; 8-
BeHe : 4 - HOAlina
PI1C. lB. C:xeMI>1 peAYKTQpa
a - 06ll1.8H cxeMa; 6 - BapIJaflT1,1 C60P1U1
pe,llJ'KTopOB; E - 6UCTPOxoJJ.Hble B 11IbJ; T-
'CHXOXOAHble
B CTpOHTeJIbHbIX MaIllHHax IllHpOKOe paCnpOCTpaHeHlIe
nO'lY'IH,"lI 3y6'IaTbIe nepeJ\a'IH B Kopnycax, 3a."HTbIX Mac-
JIOM, - peJ\YKTOpbI. faCT 20373 - 74 npeJ\ycMaTpHBaeT
113roTOBJIeHIIe peJ\YKTopOB no pa3JIH'IHbIM KOHCTPYKTIIBHbIM
cxeMaM: QIIJIIIHJ\plI'IeCKlIX (36 BapHaHToB C60pKII), KOHlI-
'!ecKo-QII3I1HJ\plI'IeCKHX (6 BapllaHToB) II 'IepBH'IHbIX (10
Ba plIaHTOB) .
UII,"IIHJ\pll'IeCKHe peJ\YKTopbI Tllna U2 H3roTOBJIHIOT J\e-
CHTH THIIopa3MepoB C Me:aaxellTpOBbIMH paCCTOflHH5fMH OT
200 J\O 1000 MM (Ta6JI. 25, 26, 27) H nHTHaJ\QaTII IICnO,"He-
25. Mo.ny.nn sauen.neHUH pe.n.y.KTOpOB Tuna I..l2
M,p"" peAYKTopa I
m,
m,
2b,
b,
'-(2-200 1,5 46 2,5 63
IJ.2-250 2 60 3 75
IJ.2-350 3 90 4 100
'-(2.500 4 120 6 I 150
nI1H ITO C60pKe B 3aBHCHMOCTH 01' 1fHCJIa BbIXOJJ.HbIX KOHIJ.OB
Ba,"a (2,3 HJIII 4) II OT I1X KOHCTPYKQIIII: KOHII'IeCKIIe, QII-
."IIIIJ\pIl'IeCKHe, C BeHnOM nOJ\ 3y6'IaTY10 MyqJTY II J\p. bbl-
CTpoxoJ\HaH napa peJ\YKTopOB TIIna U2 BbmOJIHeHa J\BO;;-
HOH (pIlC. 18).
52
F
\,
",3' I 9,8 12.41 I 1S.3 I Ig.... I 24.9 I 31.42 1 41,34 I 50,94 ""
ci
MOllUJOe'rb H1I B€'):(y ll!.eM B1'JJIY. I(BT r:::
2(t MOiltHOCTb Ha ne.nYl.11eM naJJY peJIJ'I\TOpOB Tlma U2
.tl ,I!
,II;.
tk l .
IJ' Iff
nepe,i:\81"01JHOe 'JHCJJO U l})a:HT
PeAYK'rop U,2-200
'I
fion 7,7 6,8 6,1 5,8 5,4 4,4 3 2,4 2 25
5.9 5,2 4,2 3,9 3,6 2,5 1,6 1,6 1,1 40
4,6 3,8 3,3 2,1 1,7 1,3 0 0,7 0,5 100
l/)fJ 9,3 8 6,7 6,2 5,5 5,4 3,8 3,2 2,7 :<5
7,2 6,1 4,8 4,2 3,7 2,7 1,8 1,8 1,3 40
5,7 4,8 3,8 2,6 2,1 1,7 1,3 0,8 0,7 100
lOOU II 5/10 8 7,9 I 6,6 I 5,4 4,1 4,1 3,7 25
8'S 7,8 6,1 5,9 I 4,2 3,2 2,1 2,1 1,6 40
7:65 6,3 5,1 3,4 2,8 2,2 1,7 1,1 0,9 100
J ,IJO 13 11,5 10,8 10,8 8,7 6,6 4,8 4,7 3,9 "5
11,8 10,4 8,4 6,8 6,4 4,6 2,9 2,9 2,1 40
11,3 9,6 7,5 5,2 4,2 3,3 2,6 1,7 1,4 100
I:
I
PeAYKTOp I..l2-250
fillO III"J
1,1.')
'I,ll
I nlll 2:1
IIi,"
!II
1 111m) 7 ,I
17,1'1
I"
IfiOO :14
.25, I
18,1
I
I
17,1 15,2 11,3 9,4 7 5,2 4,3 3,9 25
12,5 9,9 7,2 6,4 5,5 3,6 3 2,6 40
(i,7 5,3 3,6 2,9 2,3 1,8 1,2 2 100
-
I!I,I (h,1) !.I,fI 11,1 9,4 7,6 5,6 4,2 25
H,li I'''.J 8,,1 7 ,, (i,9 4,5 3,5 3 40
1'\,.1 fi,li 1,:1 ' .7 2,9 2,2 1,5 1,2 100
- - - -
J,I,I'i ')II,h 11,,\ 14, I 11,7 B,2 7,d 6 25
1:I,fi 1,1,1 10,2 tI,H 7,0 5 4,2 3,5 40
lO 8 G 1,9 3,9 3 2 1,6 100
«1,2 25,4 23,8 19 16,5 11,9 9,8 8,5 25
>1,.:1 18,3 13,7 12 10,1 7,1 5,5 4,7 40
5,3 12,1 8,1 7,4 5,8 4,5 3 2,3 100
PeJJ.YKTOp Il2-350
GOO 45,7 39,6 34 26,8 22,3 16,6 12 10,2 9,4 25
34 29,4 25,7 17,2 15,2 13 11 7,2 6,3 40
17,1 16 12,5 8,5 7 5,5 4,3 4,9 2,3 100
53
n poi)oAJfCeliUe Ta6/l, 26
.:.;:.,e- nCpCA8TO'lIlOe 'JlICJlO U waRT
""
OW"
rooro
1- III...... 8,32 1 9,8 I ]2,4] 1 16,3 1 19,88 I 24,9 132,4214] ,34150,94 '"
ol
(.JJl::t., :<: '"
:Tgg !i MOIJJ;HOCTb 1J8 BCAYIll.eM 138ny, KBT "
750 61 52 43,5 32 26,5 22,4 16,6 13,4 II, 1 25
35,8 31,6 29,2 19,5 17,7 16,6 12,9 8,4 7,3 40
21,4 18 14,3 10,7 8,7 6,9 5,4 3,6 2,9 100
1000 71,9 61,2 50,8 37,1 33,5 21,7 21,8 17,3 14,5 25
42,8 39 33 24,1 21,1 18,1 15,6 10,2 9 40
28,7 23,9 19,2 19,9 II,7 9,2 7,1 4,9 3,9 100
1500 79,5 84,7 70 51,4 43,7 39,5 30,2 24,4 20,4 25
59 50 43,3 28,6 25,6 24,1 20,2 13,3 II,4 40
43 36,2 28,7 19,4 15,9 12,6 10,7 7,3 5,9 100
PeAYKTOp I..l2-.5UO
600 137 120 II3 82,5 75,2 63,3 42,7 34,5 31,8 25
102 90,6 77 53,6 51 44,1 28,7 24,1 20,4 40
57,8 49 38,7 ,3 23,6 19 14,3 10 8 100
750 163 140 II2 103 89,2 75,6 52,7 42,2 37 25
121 106 84,7 61 58,7 51,5 32,8 28,4 23,3 40
72,5 61,2 48,4 32,9 29,6 23,6 18,2 12,4 10 100
1000 197 178 143 122 104 91,7 68,6 58,5 49 25
145 132 103,2 74,2 65,4 52,8 40,2 37 28,5 40
100 82 64 44 36 31,4 24 16,5 13,5 100
1500 248 217 189 174 147 116 83 82,2 68,5 25
194 169 145 98,7 87,7 74 53,5 44,5 38,3 40
- - - 66 54 43 36,4 25 20,2 100
nJIaHeTapHble II BOJIHOBble 3y6'1aTble nepel\a'lll. OJIalle-
'fapHble nepel\a'lH n03BOJIHIO'f nOJIY'Ia'fb 60JIbIllHe nepel\a-
T04TlbIE' 1fMc.na ITPH He60,,'IbliiOM KOlIULIeCTse 3y61faTbIX KO,,'I€C
11 He60JIbIllHX ra6apHTHbIx pa3Mepax, JIerKO pa3BeTBJIHTb H
CKnaJ],bIBaTb nOTOKH MOIlJ,HOCTM. OI1M 06eCne1fHBaIOT nepe-
J],a1fY BpaIlJ,eHH.H Ha BeJ],OMbIH BaJI OT HeCKOJIbKHX HCT01fHH-
KOB 3HeprHH H OT OJ],Horo BeJ],yIlJ,ero Ba,,'Ia Ha HeCKOJIbKO Be-
lJ,OMbIX. B nJIaHeTapHbIX nepelJ,a'Iax 3y6'IaTble KO.oeca Bpa-
54
27. IIHCJIO 3y6beB 3y6qaTbiX KOJIeC l(MJUIHApHqeCKJfX
pe.nYKTopOB Tlma U2
I(II\'JIII
1)'(11,.'"
nepeA8 T 0'1Hble 'UlCJIa UnoM/U<J>RRT
12,5 1 16 1 '" 1 25 1 31,5 1 40 1 50
12.41 l6.3 19]8 24.9 32:42 41:34 fiO,94
A 1 10 I
8.:1'2 9F
"
28 25 21 21 18 15 12 12 10
iJ9 62 66 66 69 72 75 75 77
20 20 20 16 16 16 16 13 13
"19 79 79 83 83 83 83 86 86
I,
"
1I1,11I1I('n 11(' IIJJlhl{O OTIIO<'II1'(',lIhIlO CBOHX Deeif, HO H OTHOCH-
1",111,1111 HI..'III'IHI,III,lIoii 11('11 lIl'I)('J atJlJ" K(>.11E'ca, COBeprnmOIlJ,l1e
1,!I\tH' (',IlDil\llIH' J nllil\l'IIIJ(', lIaJLm IIOTCf! caTCJ1JIHTaMH.
11,1'111 P,lllloIlIH' 1i1l,IIl'l'U, lI!IIi»Y" l\crropol'O BIHlIIUllOTC51 CaTeJI
111111.1, 11.1 ((.]II.!I'II'U ('II,IIIII"IIIIoI I. ,I IW,IU'l'O, Bllyr(J1l KOTopOrO
"1',1111. HIIH't! 1';1)(',/1,111111,1. IU'IIIIOJl,I, 11,1111 :>IIUI HI{JJ()M" OCH ca-
(1'11,/11111111 1,IIqll'IIIlnlIJI III I)J IIClM ,IHl'JI(.'. Ul:I3bIBaeMOM B04
IUI,'IIII\!.
1 '111 1I1,11I1I.lII'lllln ('()()'J'IHHlH.'HHi-i Me}KJl.Y CKOpOCT5IMH
111'11101"11 IIJI,IIIt'I,IPIIOii lIl'IK .I.ta'lH CTpmn [WaH CKopOCTef!
11'111' 1'1) Ilo(:TIHJ('IIHlO IIJI8Ha CKopOCTefI npeJ],IllecTByeT
111111 'Jll',lIt'IIIII' OlqJYJI\JIOi=! CKOpOC'TH KaKorO-.!11160 OCHOBHoro
,1111'11.1 1111 .I.IJ .1II110U LI3CTOTe ero SpaIlJ,eJ-IH5f.
(h'IIIIHIII,IMU n33bIBaIOTC5f 3BeHb5f, OCH KOTOpbIX cosnaJ],a-
10 I t. 11('11 rpaJII.llorI OCbIO, K .9THM 3BeHb5fM Mor)'T 6bITb npH-
/(11/1(1'1111 IHI{'IIIIIHC MOMeHTbI. lLJI5f cxeMbI. H306paLKeHIIofr Ha
1'"1'. I!'. OC'UOBlIhIMH 3BeHbHMH 5fBlIHIOTC.H COJIHe1fHa.H llIec
II'I"IU, IIOJUI./lO H BeHelI,.
(h\pVil{lI HI CKOpOCTb, Mfc, COJIHe1fHOH I11eCTepnH
Vi = :rrDlnl/60; vi = W1Dl/2,
IIII' /)1 )UI - .n1lfJ.1'\1eTp CO 'lHe(mot'! rneCTepHH. M; fl.1 - qaCTOTa BpaIl.le.
111111 11I,IIII,"III0ii lllCCTepHH. MIlH- J ; WI - yrJIOBa51 CIWpOCTb COmleQHOIl
111'1'1'111111 t' '.
'I'.IIIIII,UI CKOpOCTb CDJIHeQHDH I11eCTepHH
Wi = 2Vl/Di = vi/Ri = tga..
Jl,ID! IIIICTpOeHH5f nlIaHa eKopoc-reH OTJIO>KHM OT T01fKM
(J II IJllpc.'Jll'.!lCHHOM MaCI11Ta6e no ropH30HTa.!lH CKOpOCTb
t', II 1I(J('TaIJHM TO'lKY C (CM, pHC. 19). OKpY>KHaH CKOpOCTb
55
1,1
BeHua V3=O, TaR K3K SCHeu HenOJ],BlUKeH. Ha TI.,'I3He CKOpO
CTCH 113 OKPY>KHOCTH BelU1,3 CT3BI1M T01fKY B Ha BepTHK3.,1J:b-
HOM papHyce. CoepHHHB TO'lKH B H e, nOJIY'lHM .'HIuno
Be -pacnpepeJIeHHe JIHHeHHblx CKopocTeH no pHaMeTpy
C3TeJ1JII1T3. OKpY>KHaH CKOpOCTb lI,elITpa C3TeJI.,'II1Ta 0'2 B-
mIeTCH OKPY>KHOfI CKOpOCTb!O BOPH.,a 04. J1HHHH Ole npe)1-
CT3BJIHeT pacrrpe.u.eJIelIH€ OKPY>KHbIX CKOPOCT€fi COJIHetIHOM
ll1eCTepHH no paPHYCY R,.
YrJIOBRH CKOpOCTb BOJJ.11JI3
{()4 = V4/ R 4 = tg,\,.
TIepellaT01fHOe tIMC.TIO npH OCT3HOBJIeHHOM BCHlI,e
Vi-' = w;lw, = tgaltgv =v,R,/(v,R,).
8TO }Ke nepepaTO'lHOe 'lHCJIO MO>KHO onpepeJIHTb rpaqm-
'leCKH. OpOBepeM 3a papHYCOM O,B OT JI!060H TO'lKH A rO-
pH30HTaJIbHY!O npHMY!O H npOpOJI>KHM JIHHHH a, e HalF po
nepeCe'leHHH C HeH. OOJI}"IHM TO'lKH D H E. OpH aTOM nepe-
J],3TotJHoe 1fHCJIO
npH aTOM nepepaTO'lHOe 'lHC.'IO nJIaH€TapHOH nepepa'lH
Ui-il = w;lw, = (1 + V') (jJ,lw, = 1 + V' = I + z,lz;.
06bl'lHO VI "",1,5...5.
EC.,'IH Be,rr.yllJ,HM SBeHOM HBJIH TCH BOJI.HJIO, a BeHCIJ, He.
1I0JJ.BH>KeH, TO
U,_; = w,!(jJi = w 1[(1 + V') w,] = 1/(1 + V') =
= 1/(1 + z,lz,) = z,i(z; + z,).
IlpH HenOpBH>KHOM COJIHe'lHOM Ko.,eCe (0)1=0) H BepVIl\eM
1Il'lJue
(1 + V') (jJ,= V'(jJ,; V,_. = (1 +lJl) /V' = 1/V'+ 1.
06bI'lHO V'_4 1,2...1,7.
ECJIH BePYIl\HM 3BeHOM HB.'HeTCH BOPHJIO npH Henop-
IIIUKIIOM COJIHe4HOM KOJIeCe, TO
V,_, = (jJ,/ro, = V'/(1 + lJl).
()Ohl'lHO V 4-' 0,6...0,85.
OpH HenOpBH>KHOM BopH.,e (0)4=0) H BepYIl\eM CO,1He'l-
110M KOJIeCe
Ui-4= (ih!UJ 4 = AEIAD.
[paq,H'leCKHH MeTOp onpepeJIeHHH nepepaTO'lHoro 'lHC-
JIa XOTH II .u.aeT HarJIH1I.Hoe rrpe.aCTaB '1erIHe, HO He o6ecnelfu-
Ba€T H€o6x01I.HMOH TUlfHOCTH rrpH paCqeTax.
ECJIH rrpeJ],cTaBHTb, 1fTO BOJ],HJIO OCTaHOBJIeHO, TO yrJlO
BRR CKOpOCTb COJIHe1flWrO KO.,'1€ca H B€lIu;.a 6y,n,YT TOJIbKO OT-
HOCHT€.,'1bHbIMH:
<Oi=-U 1 <03;
Ul-3 = <0 1 /<03 = - VI = - ZllJZi.
OepepaTO'lHOe 'lHC.,O MHOroPHPHblX n.,aHeTapHblX pepYK-
TCipOB onpe)J,e '1SI€TCf! COBMeCTHbIM pemeHH€M OCHOBHbIX
YP:I BU€rIHH KHH€MaTHKH, COCTaB.,'1eHHbIX J],.,'1H .9JIeMeHTOB
1I,I)lIllOrO pHpa.
IlcpepaTO'lHoe 'lHCJIO pBofmOH n.,aHeTapHOH nepep3'lH
(pile. 20) xapallTepH3yeTcH CJIePYIOIl\HMH OCHOBHbIMH ypaB-
IIl'lIJlHMH KHU€MaTHKU:
0\ = (I +UD(041-U <03J.;
0)1 2 = (I +U ) ro4 -U W3.2'
I"J1P u . U - nepe,naT01:.JIIhle 1111C,1Ja nepBoH Ii BTOpoii rrepe,naq B OTHOCH-
I t'JlhllllM JtDH:Mi:eHlUI
(l)10TI-l!(OgOTI-l = - Zg/Zi'
3uaK «MHHYC» 03HaqaeT, 'LITO 3B€HbH 1 H 3 Bpam.aIOTcH
B pa3Hblx HanpaBJI€HHHX.
OpH BpaIlleHHH BOPHJIa
(<OJ -ffi 4 ){(<.o3- (04) = -Z31Z1 =_Ul.
T1J,e lJi - nepcnaTOtJIIOe 1:.JHC.'10 B OTHOCMTC,nbl!OM nmDKeHI1H.
OocJIe npe06pa30BaHHH nOJIY'lHM OCHOBHoe YP3BHeHHe
KI1H€MaTHKH
U = z3 IZ 1 ; U = Z , IZ I .
1 J. J!.2
Ilpll 9TOM
w; = (1 + lJl) w,.- V'(jJ., (49)
OpIl IlenOpBH>KHOM BeHIJ,e (0),=0) H BeJJ,yIl\eM COJIHe'l-
HOM KO.,'1€C€
00 4 ] = w 12 H 00 3 , =ro3 =0.
r lJ{ l{aI{ n€HIl,bI 31 H 3 2 HenOD,BIDKHbI, TO
WI, = (I + ut) <0 41 H (1)1.2 = (1 +U ) (o4j!'
,t,l1IIl'1I11B {I)'1 t lIa ml , TIO.,'1Y1fHM
w,, (1 +vD (1 +V ) (')4,'
57
ffi 1 =(I+Ul)<04'
56
1 111
II
I
I
,
,
I
.1
J, ""- k
I 1-----2, V-
2 1 I v" "
l l n-4$lV,: - v"
I: "
DepcJJ.aToqHoe tJHC 10 II.BOihIOH n '1aHeTapHoH rrepCJ],aI1:rf
V='",,I'"4, (I + V:) (I +V ) =
= (I + z.,Izl,) (I + Z.,1ZI,}.
OJIaHeTaplIble nepeJ(a'IlI MOMIIO pa3J(eJIHTb Ha TplJ rpyn-
DbI: npoCTble - COJIHClllIOC KO '1eCO m:IH BCHeu HeIIOJ],BIUKHbI;
3aMKHYTbIC - ABa n3 Tpex OCHOBHbIX 3BCHbCB CBH3aI-:.bl .MC}l{-
.n.y C060H lI.OnO.,'1HHTC.,'1bHOH 38MbIKalOllJ,CH nepcJJ.aqcn; .n.H -
epeHu.Ha.,'1bHbIe - nOJ],BH>KHbI Bee Tyn OCHOBHbIX :BCHa.
Oepe aTOqHOe 'IIJC O 3aMKHYTOIJ nJIaHeTaplIOIJ nepeJ(a-
'IIJ (plJc. 21, a) MOJKIJO onpe e,'IJTb, perna!! OCHOBHble ypaB-
HCHHH KHHCMaTHKH ,U,JUI 060HX pHAGE:
CJ)le( = (1 +uD (04 1 -U UJ31;
0)1 2 = (1 +U )(04j! -U (J)3z.
1'111 J BYX B;l.,'10B MorYT H3-
ftlt'llU II.("H, ABTOM06HJlbHbIC
JIIIIIHIIl'peiliUlaJIhI o6ecne1fll-
11.1101' pa3JIHIIHbIC yrJIOBbIC
I l\IIpOl'l'1i BCJI.YllJ,HX KO.,'1CC
II P 11 IIODOpOTC aBTOM06HJHI H
,IlIIIDI{('UIIII erG no HCpOBHO-
1.lnM ) OporH.
(klioBIlOe ypaBHeHHe KH-
IU'M,Irlll(l1 }J;.,'IH J],H epelIlI.HaJlbHOH nepeJ],a411
('"" - "'.)/("'" - "'.) -lJ1;
(!)I t - OO 4 =-OOI2Vl+OO4Vl.
II.. aTOro ypaBlJeHIJH HaxoJ(IJM:
"'. = ('"" + "", V')/(l + V');
00 11 = 00 4 (1 -I- VI) - 00 12 VI;
"". ['"4 (l + U') -- '"I,IiU'.
BOJIIIOEble 3y6qaTLle nepeJ],alIH HB.,'IHIOTCH pa3HOBHJ],-
"'w,.."n 'IJIaI'eTaplJbIx. Oepe.l\a'Ia (plJc.22) COCTOIlT 1J3 BO.'-
11111111)'0 rCHepaTopa 1 (BoJ],HJIa C J],BYM.H pOJIHKaMH), fH6KO-
10 liIlJ)('("3 2 C HapY>KHbIMH 3y6bHMH H 2KeCTKOro HenOJ],BH}l{-
1"'I'f) I';:OJI€Ca 3 C BHYTpeHHHMI1 3y6bHMH. BpamaTeJIbHOe
)IIIIUIU'IIIIC B BOJlHOBOH 3y6QaTOH nepeJ],aqe oCymeCTBJIHeT-
1"11 IIYTCM BOJIHOBOH J],€ OpMaII.HH rH6Koro 3y6qaTOrO KOJIe-
1':1, "IoIlIO.,'IHelUWro B lpOpMe II.H.,'IHHJl.pHqeCKOrO CTaKaHa.
1\ 1I1'1"'} 8'le C BYM" pO.'IIKaMII 06pa3Y!OTC!! Be 6erYLI1lJe
110,'1111,', C TpeMH - TpH.
P,UIIOCTb qnceJI 3y6b€B >KeCTKoro H rH6Koro 3y6 LaTbIX
hi I,/lt'(' IIpHHHMaeTCH paBI-WH qHCJIY BOJIH:
k=zm-zp.
I "'pCJ\aTO'IHOe 'IIJCJIO BomIOBOH nepeJ(a'IlJ
V -""/",,=Zr/(z,,,-Z,). (51)
Bo.rlllOnble nepe.u.aqH n03BOJIHIOT nepe.u.3BaTb BpameHHe
"1'11 1I('(U')(aTOIlHbIX 4HCJI3X IlO 350, a B OT.u.eJIbIlbIX CJIyqaHX
1111 II('{'I{OJILKHX TbICHq. EOJIbIllOe qHCJIO 3y6beB, OIlHoBpe-
1\11'11110 lIil"{0lJ.HmHXCH B 3au:enJIeIUm, o6eCneqHBaeT nepeJ],aqy
fllI,rll,lIlIIX YCHJII1H npH He3HaQHTeJIbHbIX ra6apHTHbIX pa3Me-
I'H \: JJI('Ml'IlTOB nepe.u.aqH. 1\1aJIbI€ CKOpOCTH CKO.,'IbJKeHHH B
., (1'1.1 ruM . aJ ClJJIeHHH 06eCneqHBalOT BbICOKHH KOn: H He-
IUII'III n'.III,IIIJJi1 ,13HOC 3y6beB. BOJIHOBble nepe.n.aQH n03BOJIH-
1111' 1'(II)I,.IB:lI'1o IIpHBOJ],bl C 60JIbWHMH nepe,naTOQHbIMH qHC-
'(H M II, III 0 ('Ylltl CTD(,I:IHO ynpOllJ,aeT fiX KOHCTPYI{II.HIO.
al
3, III / '
l, ---I Vi .--.1>--
4i,1ft ttf 'i rW i ,
11M \ lb,
2 m
-2
1 . 3
I
Poco 22. BOJlIIOBan nepe.u;3'la
PI1C. 20. AJ!oiimlS!. nJlalle1.'apmuJ fie.
pC.!1.a'la
PIIC. 21. nJIaneTaplUlSI nepep;a'ia
2 - SaMl(IJYTa ; 6-}J,lJ(1)q)epcHl!.HaJlb
HaSi
BI!
(50)
HMeeT
OplI aTOM
'" 4 =0; (,'I.-. =(0 . ; (01 =(01'
1 -61 2, 1 2
nOJ],CT3BJIHH B OCHOBHoe yp'aBHeHHe KHHCMaTHKH JI.JIH
nepBoro pH.n.a 3HaQeHHH yr.,'IOBbIX CKopOCTeiI 3BeHb€B BTOpO-
ro p" a, nO.'Y'lIJM
. V .
0)1 1 = 0-V 1 (O3 =- 1 00 32 '
Yl3 OCHOBHoro ypaBHeHHH KIlHeMaTHKH .,,, BToporo pH'
.u.a H3XOJ],HM
'"1, ='"1, = (I +V ) '"4, -V (-'",,1v:),
Tur.n.a
V='"'/"'4,= (I +V ) vV(v]+v ).
,!J,mpq,epeHl1IlaJIbHble nepe a'IIl (plJc. 21, 6) npIJMeHH.oT
J],.,'IH KHH€MaTHqeCKOH CBH3H Me1K.n.y BaJIaMH, npHqeM CKOpO-
58
59
III
II
I \
., ['0
16. qepB" Hb'e Hepel\a'",
t...111C310 aaXOJl.OB 1fepmIKa 21 H IJI1CJIO 3y6hen 1fCpSH1fHOrO
KOJIeCa 22 3aSI1CflT OT nepe.rr.aTOlIHOrO (meJIa. PeKOMeHlJ.yeT
CH npHHaMaTb C.rr€,n,YIOliJ,I1e 3Ha l I€HIHI LII1CeJI 3axOAOB QepB5i-
Ka:
1I,Iorl,I, MIW- I ; [rl - JI.OnYCKaeMoe KOHHiI(THOe l-iarrpH>KeHl1e Ha
IJ IIII1' (11:'1=45 MTIa -JVIfI Ep.O<I>IO-l - OTJII1BKa B neCOK;
III fi5Mlla-,nJUI 5p.O<I>10-1-oT lHBKa B KOKHJJb; ['t']=72..MTIa-
lUll! B!).OI-I<I> - u;eHTpo6e>KH3f1 OTJll1BKa: ['1:] =60 Mna - ,l{JIH
Iop,MK'I4JI),
itJIH lIyrYHHblx qepBH"1l1IbIX KOJIeC 3Hc!1IeHI1H KOHTaKTHoro
1I.1II11>I",ellH" cl\BHra [1;] (CM, Ta6.,. 28) npHHHMaIOTc" B 3a-
IIIU"IIMOCTI1 01' CKOpOCTH CKOJIb>KeHHH, M/C:
v nd 1 n, /(60 cos a),
I Ill' tit -- ,lIJ1aMeTp p:emne.'IblIoi1 OKPY>I<HCCTH llepB5IKa, M; nr - qaCTOTa
IIIJ.llIli'IIIHI Bcn..Yll{ero B3JJa, MHIrl; a - yroJI nO,Q"beMa BHHTOBOH JIllHHIl
'U'IIIIIII{.l.
28. 3HatJeHHH KOHT8KTHbrx HanpsHKeHliii c.n;BHra [-r], MOa
Zj 3.._4 2.. ,3 1".2
U 8..,13 14" ,27 28...40 40
PactleTHbJH mar tlepB5m3 H3MepfleTCH B1J,OJIb OCH qepBfl-
Ka p=nm, MOI\Y.% m=pl:o no CT C3B 267.76, MM: 2;
2.5; (3); 3,15; (3,5); 4; 5; (6); 6.3; (7); 8; 10; (12); 12,5;
16; 20; 25.
CTaH1J,apTI-WH xapaKTepHcTHKOH QepBHK2 5iBJI5ieTCH T3K-
>Ke OTHowelwe 1J,eJIHTe.,1J:bHOrO ,!1,HaMeTpa qepBHKa d, K ero
paC'IeTHoMY MOl\ymo
q = di/m, oTKy,na di = qm.
CTaHAapT CT C3B 267-76 YCTaHaBJIHBaeT I\Ba p>IlJ,a ero
3Ha eHHM: I-M p"I\-6,3; 8; 10; 12.5; 16; 20: 25H 2-M P"I\--
7,1; 9; 11.2; 14; 18; 22,4.
War BHI!TOBOM .'HHHH 'IepBHKa s=pz,. Me"'J1Y IllarOM
BHHTOBOH .!lHHHH H 1J,.,1J:HImfi )J.('JIHTeJIbI-IOH OKPY:lliHOCTH HMe-
eTCH 3aBIiCHMOCTb:
s = mi, Iw\'; Igy pz,!(mi,) z,!q.
YrOJI n01J,'b€M3 BHHTOBOi-j JIHBHH 'V HMeeT CTaH1J,apTHble
3Ha'IeHIUJ: 3°34'35"; 4°05'08"; 4°45'49"; 5°42'38"; 6°20'25";
7°07'30"; 11°18'36"; 12°31'44"; 14°02'10"; 14°55'53";
15°56'43"; 18°25'06"; 21°48'05"; 23°57'45"; 26°33'54";
28°04'21".
3a1J,aBlllHCb 3Hat.JeHHeM IlHCJI3 M01J,YJIeti B 1J,BaMeTpe .n.e-
.,1J:HTeJIbHOH OKpY)KHOCTH lIepBHK3 (q), onpe1J,e.,1J:HIOT MC>K-
ll.eflTpOBOe paccToHHHe H3 pacIleTa Ha IWH'f31{THYlO npo 1 I-
HOCTb CJ],BHra
( z, ) 3 r NlJp ( 50000 ) '
A= 1+- 1/ --
q pi nlJ z; ('t]
MaTepl1aJl CI<OpOCTb CKO '1b1KeH}!H. M/c
'ICp n .HK3 I 1J€pB.H'lHOrO KOJU"ca 0 I 0. 25 1 0.6 I 1 I 2
( I,IJII, 20 ueMeHTH- OJ 15-32 liJIn 75 70 65 60 50
IIIIII.IIIII.HI C1J 18-36
f I,IJII. 11.5 HJIH CTa C1J 12-28 IiJIli 65 55 45 40 30
OJ 15-32
I\[[K 'IepB"'IHOM nepel\a'IH
11 = 111'f12'lJg,
I ".. 111 -'{g a![tg(a+p)] - KIll.(, YGMTbmalOllu-m TIOTepn: n BIIHTOBOll nJ.-
1'1; 1/ ('\'h a - yroJl nO,Q'be1t.1a BBHTOBOil JJHHMH IJepBJlKa; p - yrOJI Tpe-
III/II I Jm M8TepM3JIa Qe-pB5IKa II 3yubeB tJepB5IGHoro KOJleCa b =tg fJ
f)..f)-L.O,05 - npM HellIJIH(jJosaHHoM CTaJILHOM GepB5JK€, 6pOH30BOM Ben-
11.1' II Xupolllcn CMaSKe; 1-1 0,02...0,035 - npM IlIJmcposaIIHD:\1 CT3.'IbHOM
III'IIIUII\<', 6pOH30BOM BeHue II xopomefi cMa3Ke); 'J']2-KD.n;, yIIHTbIBRIO-
IIlIIil IImqm B S3uerrJIeIUm (-f) = 0,98); '1:18- KnLJ... ytJMTbmalOIl.lI1H nOTe-
pn IIIIIJ/ II1HIIHHEax (113 0.99).
M01\YJIb 3aI1en.,e"H>I m=2A/(z2+q) oKpyrJI"IOT 1\0
l'r.II') a(JTHOrO 3Ua1fCHHH.
I(JlCJIO Mo,n:YJIeH B J],HaMcTpe J],CJIHTe.rlbHoH OKPY1KHOCTH
q=d.!m,
JllI"MeTp l\eJIHTeJIbHOM OKPY}!{HOCTH 'IepB"Ka
df = mZi/tga.
111'0BC!JKa HanpmKeHH>I Ha H3rn6 3y6heB 'IepB"'IHOrO
I' I,II('{'il IIpOH3BOJ].HTCH no Q:>opMy.,1J:e
IOOO.45,5N" k
(52)
r1J.e Z2 - QI1CJJO 3y6beB qepB IGHOrO KOJIeCa; q - npm-rs1Toe IJI1CJIO MO.llY.
JIe B ,Qn3Merpe H31.J3JlbHOfJ OKPY>KHOCTll 11epBsma; ."'hI p=Ntfjk- pac-
IJCTH3fi MOlIll-1CCTb n3 BaJIY QepBfJllHOrO KOJleca, s.neCb Nr - MOlllHOCTb
na eCAYlll('M BHJIY; 11 - KD)J qepSfJGHOH nepeJla<1H; k - K03cpcpm1J1CHT
xapalacpa HarpY3KH (k 1...1,3); nIl - QaCTOT3 Bpall{emm sc,nOMoro
0'11= <[un].
Y1}.1m Z2 k£ kv m 3 nIl
'If Nil -- MOUUHJ{1'h na Be,QOMOM B3JJy; k - K03cpqmUJ1NIT xap3KTcpa
II .. PV !lill; IJ - KU3CP(jmUMCIlT qJOpMbI 3y6a; '\frn - K0.3(jJcpHlJ:ueI-IT OTHOlU€-
(53)
60
61
l ;l
III
III
HUH JI.JU!Hhl sy6a K MOJI.ymO 33ueUJleHHH (1Pm=O.75Q+I,5 npH zl=1...3;
-q)m=O,67q+l,34 npM 2.=4); ke -Ko3q>qm:fJ,H€HT, YGHTblBalOIli,HH CTC-
neI-Ib nepel{phITlUl (k e =1,6); kv-Ko94>4nIllHeHT. YGHTbIBaJOIli,HH BJIlHI
Hile CKOpOCTH:
3HaqellH5! )(OI1YCKaeMoro ual1p5!JKeUU5! [6 H ] 3aBHC5!T OT
xapaKTepa pa60TbI l1epeJ\aqH, Mna:
filar u.enn CJI€,lI,yeT npHHHMaTb, MM, He 6oJIee:
.l\JJ5! BTYJJOqfIOH H pOJJHKOBOH l\el1H
t..;;; 47601;;- n ZI ;
.l\JJ5! 3y6qaTOH l\el1H
t < 5800IV n Zl '
CKOpOCTb l\el1H onpe)leJJ5!eTC5! 110 q,opMYJJe
tiLt = iZ I nl/GO < vnpe,n;. (56)
IItC t -lliar HeliU; ZI - 'tlHCJIO 3y6b€B Be,n;YUI,eiJ: 3De3)J,OGKH; nl - I-JaCTO
1.1 npalI{CHIUI Ben;YUler'o BaJIa, MliH- l .
npe.l\eJJbHa5! CKOpOCTb l\el1H
I () M/C, 3y6QaTOH - 25 M/C.
OI1THMaJJbHOe MeJKOCeBOe paCCTOHlIHe A = (30...50) t
1I:11160JJbllJee MeJKOCeBOe paCCT05!HHe MeHbllJe 80 t r)(e t
111.11' uerrn. HaHMel-IblIIee paccTOHHHe Me.lli.n;y QeHTp'aMH 3Be3-
JlflllE'K 3aBHCHT OT rrepe,u,aTOtlI-IOfO qnCJIa If HapY1KHbIX ,lJ;l-13-
Ml'T'p0B 3Be3)(OQeK, MM: npH U<3 A= (D I +D 2 )/2+
I (.10...50); npH U=3...4 A=O,6 (DI+D.); npH U=4...5
II O,65(DI+D,); npH U=5...6 A=O,7 (DI+D2)'
](m,ma 3aMKI-IYTOH n.enn B ruarax paBHa:
L1; 2A/t + (2 2 +2,)/2+ [(" - .,)/2nj't/A.
(54)
liv = (v, + 2)/[2 (v, + I)];
3}J,CCb V2 - OKpY)KHafi CKOpOCTL Ha o6o)J,e llepsfillHoro KOJICca, Mfc;
flU - qaCT01'a BpaIn.eHI15i Bep;oMoro BaJ!3, MHIC I ; m - M0.11YJIb 3allen..
JIeHHH; [an] - )J,onycKacMoe lIanpfl1KCHHC B MaTepHaJIe 3y6ben 'lepBRtI-
HOro KOJlcca, MUa.
(55)
Man pua,Tt
PCBepCMBHa5i
pa60Ta
HepesepcHB'"
Imn pa6o..
TO
III
5p.O<D 1 (OTJmBKa B fie..
CO;() . . . . . . . . 29 40
IJp.Ow-lO-l (OTJIllBK3 B
KOiU1JIh). . . . . . _ 42 58
Ep.OH<D (uemp06e)KHan
OT.'HiBK3) 46 65
C4 12-28 21 34
C4 15-32 24 38
C4 18-36 27 43
C4 21-40 30 48
J],H8MeTp )(e."HTeJJbHOfI OKPYJKHOCTH QepB>{J{a dl=mq,
)(HaMeTp OKPY}KHOCTH BbIcTynoB (HapY}KHOH OKPYJKHOCTH)
QepB5!Ka dol =d l +2m, )(HaMeTp OKPYJKHOCTH Bna)(HU (BUYT.
peIlHeH OKPYJKHOCTH) QepB5!Ka d/l =d l -2,4 m.
.QJ1Hna Hape3aeMOH QaCTH QepB5!Ka: lH= (11+0,06z 2 )m+
+k npH zl=1...2; In=(12,5+0,09z 2 )m+k npH zl=3...4;
k=25 MM npH m< 10 MM; k=30...40 MM npH m= 10...
...16 MM; k=50 MM npH m>16 MM.
D,HaMeTp Jl.eJIHTeJIbHOii OKPV1KHOCTH qepBHQHorO KOJIeCa
do = mZ2.
BTYJIOqHOH H pOJIHKOBOH
(57)
!i 17. Ll.enHbIe nepeJ!:a'lll
4HCJJO 3y6beB Be)(Yll\eH 3Be3.l\O'lKH npHllHMalOT B 3aBH.
CHMOCTH OT nepe)(aTOQHoro QHCJJa H OT BH)(a l\enH (T86JJ. 29).
29. OnpeJl.eJleHl1e QHCJla 3y6beB neP;Yll{eii 3Be3p,otJKU
311311eHHe LIt oKpyrJI.HIOT ,[[.0 qeTHOrO tIHCJIa BO H36e>Ka-
IIIH' l)('peXO,[[.Horo COe,[[.HHI-IT€JIbHoro 3BeI-I3.
Jl('flcTBI-ITeJIbHOe Me1Kn€I- ITpOBOe paccromuie, MM:
1" _ + rLTj Z2 'i + l/(L1; 2, z, r -8( Z2;';Zi r].
(58)
I II 1'1 - ,llJlHl-13 nenH, BbIp,HKeIIll3H B rnar3X; ZI H Z2 - 1JTJCJ18 3yobeB
1111 1/111'11'1{; i-war u.enl1, MM (npeJlB3pHTeJ!bHo uenb non6npaI01' no
"II"IIIIIIIMY lIIary)_
II r"oJl. 30, 31 npHBC)(eHbl OCHOBHble )(aHHble 110 neKO-
It'lIl,IM IHMHI{OBbIM H 3y6tIaTblM ltCITHM (pAC. 23).
()IIII (,(, naTH1KeHHe nenH .
Po P+PTj+Pnp, (59)
. II I' NIl' - p.llIollce 1I3nDl{eI-me B nenH, 3JleCb N - MOl I-IOCTb Ha
11111\'1111'1'11 II,IJJY, 1<131'; v - CKOpOC1'b JlBII>KeHH5I nenM, M/C' P =m v 2 _
111111 1"'11111' II IlC'lm 01' u:eHTpooeLlUlofr CHJJbI; FTi"[>=k,mrr.A'- ::a1'51)K IUIC
.', njllllllU'lIll1U1 Itl'UH, 3JlCCl> k f - KO.9q>q>IIW1eHT, yqIf1'bIBaIOllI,HH rOJI Ha-
. 1111111 1111111111 IH'wrpol1 (npJ.! a=O k,=4' n p n a "0 40<> k = 2 Y 2 5 .
.. III fir' /, I r: 9 ' ro, f... , , npH
, ,', ,,); JlpH a= 0<> kf=l}; mJJ.-Macca 1 M nenH" A--
". 11"" '11111'1' U't'lO:lIlll\', M. '
ITepeA8TOtlHOe 'lHCJlO
Uenb ZMIUI
1...2 2...3 3...4 4...5 5...6
BTYJIOq- 31.. .27 27...25 25.. .23 23. ..21 21.. .17 13(9)
lJID! Ii po.
JIlIKOB3R
3YOtI'3TafI 40...35 35...31 31. ..27 27...23 23...19 17(13)
62
63
'I
0
[
ft "
" ' ftTl .! W
PilC. 23. npHBO,D,J:lLle I enll
{j, - nJlB.C'fHiT<IaTaH VOJlHKOBaSI; 6 - ay6'I8TaS
30. flpHBoJJ,Hble pOJ!HKoBble u,enH '(no rOCT 13568-75 *)
PaCCTOfl AHaMeTp I
Pa3pyma- I]l\e J\.rC>K.AY IIhu'pfl UlllpHllll Macca 1M
lIIar u.en(.j BHYTpcn-
t. MM 1Oll\.8flHar- HI1MH nJIac- pO"HKa d" ,l).OBLterm. nJ1aCTHHbl L{emr,KF
PYSK8, HI-I 1l!H8Ml1 C, MM MM b. MM
!\1M
n P - npHBO.llHble PORHKOBwe O.llHOp Anwe licnM HO))MaJIbHOH cepHH
8 4,6 3 5 7,5 0,2
9,525 9,1 5,72 6,35 8,5 0,45
12,7 9 3,3 7,75 10 0,35
12,7 18 7,75 8,51 11,8 0,75
15,875 23 9,65 10,16 14,8 1
11,11 19,05 31 12,7 11,91 18,2 1,9
25,4 56,7 15,88 15,88 24,2 2,6
31,75 88,5 19,05 19,05 30,2 3,8
38,1 127 25,4 22,23 36,2 5,5
44,45 172 5.4 25,7 42,4 7,5
50,8 227 31,75 28,58 48.3 9,7
63,5 354 38,1 39,68 60,4 16
2np - npUBOJI..Hble pOJlI1KOBble .llByxpH.llHWe uenH HOpMRJILHOH CCPU"
12,7 32 7,75 8,51 13,92 11,8 1,4
15,875 45 9,65 10,16 16,59 14,8 1,9
19,05 72 12,7 11,91 25,5 18,2 3,5
25,4 113 15,88 15,88 29,29 24,2 5
31,75 177 19,05 19,05 35,76 30,2 7,3
38,1 254 25,4 22,23 45,44 36,2 II
44,45 345 25,4 25,4 48,87 42,4 14,4
50,8 454 31,75 28,58 58,55 48,3 19,1
64
3 t. OCHoBHbfe napaMeTpbl npl'lBoJJ;HblX 3y6 laTblx u.eneA
(no rOCT 13552-68)
, , ,"
:i '". 0.>
. . al>i
m:a- ,; >.0 ,. td2:':
lIJar IJ,.COIi 00 3 :I:
llInpllfia u.enrr. MM .. ro_ O" -- "
l. MM .. U ""
0" "" 00 JJ<':I.....:<i ;>.>.:::I:::
og o 00 gg i
." b
00 _0 SA
....c "c >..A:t:....t:t
12,7 22,S ... 52,5 (c "H- I,S 13,4 7 0,058 I
TepBa.rlOM 6 MM)
15,875 30 ... 70 Qepe3 8 MM 2 16,7 8,7 0,072 1,25
19,05 45 ... 93 IIepe3 8 MY 3 20,1 10,5 0,086 1,5
25,4 57 ... 105 l.Jepe3 3 26,7 14 0,114 2
12 MM
:H,75 60... 117 llepe3 3 33,4 17,5 0,145 2,5
12 MM
32. 3HaIJemUI .llOnyuufl1Oro y.u,eJlLuoro na8JIeHHR BTY.l10l\lHLIX
If pOJlHKOBb!X l.\eI1eH, Mila
M..lKCHM3l1bHMI 'H\CTOTa
"p"ll.leHHS! BeAYll.\.e/1: 8Be3.
,!I.O'lKU. MHH- 1
llIar LleIJl1. MM
12. . . 15,87119,05. . .25,4130. . .38,1/40. . .50,6
50 35 35 35 35
200 31,5 30 28,7 26,2
400 28,7 26,2 24,2 21
600 26,2 23,4 21 17,5
800 24,2 21 18,5 15
1000 22,4 19 16.6 -
1200 21 17,5 15 -
1600 18,5 15 - -
2800 13,7 - - -
YAeJlbHOe AaMeHHe B mapH>IpaX I1CI1H (Ta6J1. 32)
p = Po "IF,", [p], (60)
IJ (' 1,=h 1 h 2 k 3 -paCQeTHbIfI h.mq.qJHlJ,nCHT HarpY3KH, 3J]:-e>:b f;:1-K03 .
IIIIIIUICUT, YQHTblBaJOlI{ufl xapaKTep HalpY3KH (k 1 = 1- I1PH cnOKoiiHOM
11.11 py.H(e; kt= 1,2...1,5 - npH yJ]:apHofl HarpY3I{e); k 2 - K03tpqJHI1;HCHT,
Y'lIIll.IlIaJOU.Ui BJInflIlIie clloco6a CMa3KH (k 2 = I - I!pn HcnpepbIIHloH
1'1\'1,1 mc, h'2= 1,5 - npn nepnoJ]:III.JCCKOH cMa3Ke); kg -KO.9tp HI1;lieHT. YQH-
1I.ILI,IIClUmfJ BJIHHI-H1e npoJI.oJUKHTeJIbHoC'JI1 pa60TbI (!?g= 1 - rrpH OWro.
I Ml'IIIIOii pa6oTe, k g = 1,25 - npn .II:Byxc!I1eHfwH pa6oTe, k.3= 1,5 - npu
1II'IIP 'pb!BIIOll TpexcMeHHoH pa6oTe); F - npOeKUH5I onopHoH nOBeI)xJ-!n4
1111 iJI.lpm!pa: JI,.rm BTYJIOflHOH Ii pOJIl1KOBOH uenCH F=d(c+2b}; J]:mr
l r>'IIIILIX ueneii F O,76db.
JlOJIrOBe[lHOCTb" l{errH 38BHCHT OT tlI-IClIa YiI8POB, orrpe-
J\l"I>"'MLIX q,OPMYJlOH
"' 4z,n,/(60L )<W], (61)
I JlC' I" - JI,Jllil{8 3aMKHYTofl ueOH D marax; [k'] - .1lonycKaeMoe fJ:nCJIO
)'J'''IItJil (raGJI. 33).
n II!J
65
1'1"1
a)
oj
. B,
c,
B)
t
,\',,-,
B
Puc. 24. 8neMeHTbI QenHb1X Sne3I10'leR
£1 - nVClJmnb sy6beB; (j - 0(0)1.[,1 0)1,60. n B - ,JJ;BYXVSlJI.HO!i SBeS.D.O'leK
33. ).J,onycKaeMoe 'UICJlO YJI.3pOB u,enu, c- t
llr.ar enlJ. MM
8. . .12.7115... 15.87119.05. _ . 20 I 25...25,4 \ 30. . .31.151 38,1...40 144,45. . .50,8
BTYJIOlfH3H " pO HKORa9
60 50 35 30 25 20
3y6 aTaH
80 65 50 30 25
15
1-
KO!'cjJcjJHl\H€HT 3arraca rrpOI1HOCTH )J,JlH l\€rr€H
kg = Q/F o <; Ik g ],
r.ne Q - pa3pyrnarolU3H HarpY3Ka; [k3] - JI.OnycTMMbIH K094>4>nulfeHT sa..
naca npoIIHocTH (T36J1. 34).
34. 3H3lfeHUH Koat1J4nulueHToB 3anaea UpOIfHOCTH If.JIH Qcnen:
tlacToTa lilaI' sy6tta-rblx Iumei!. !>1M llrar IJTYJlO'lHhlX 11 pOJlI1KOIJbJX u:enen. !VIM
BpallJ,eHWI
BCAYllJ,eii: 12,1. . '119.. . 120. .. 12. . '1 19 ,05.. .1 20 . . .140. . ,
SBeSAaqKH, 15,87 25,4 31,75 15,87 25,4 38,1 5O,8
Mllll- 1
50 20 20 20 7 7 7 7
200 22 23 26 7,8 8,2 8,5 9,3
400 24 26 32 8,5 9,3 10,2 11,7
600 26 30 36 9,3 10,3 13,2 14
800 29 33 41 10,2 11,7 14,8 16,3
1000 31 36 46 11 12,9 1Eo,3 -
1200 33 40 51 11,7 14 19,5 -
1600 37 46 - 13,2 16,3 -- -
2800 51 - - 18 - - -
66
HCXO)J,HblMH )J,aHHbIMH )J,JlH rrpOcjJHJlHpOBaHHH 3YOb€B
3Bea,lI.OQeH HBJUHOTC.fI: mar QenH t. lllHpHHa nJIaCTHH QelIH b.
)J,HaMeTp pOJlHKa l\errH d, pacCTOHIIH€ MeJK)J,Y BHYTP€HHHMH
nJIaCTHHaMH C, paCCTOflHHe M€}I{lI,Y OCHMH p J}J,OB QelIH Cl H
4HCJlO 3YObeB ime3)J,04KH 2.
.IJ:HaMeTp )J,eJlHTeJlbHOH OKPYJKHOCTH (pHC. 24, a)
d A = t/(sin 180 0 /z). (62)
.IJ:HaMeTp O!CpY}KHOCTH BblcTyrroB (HaPYJKHbIH )J,HaM€Tp)
De = t (0,6 +c1g 180°/z).
.IJ:HaMeTp O!CpYJKHOCTH Brra)J,HH
Dt =d n -2r.
Pa)J,HYC Brra)J,HHbI syoa r=O,5025d+0,005 MM (r)J,e d-
JI}IaMeTp pOJ!lma UerrH).
Pa)J,HYC rOJlOBKH syoa
11 = d [1 ,24cos (17°_64°/z) + O,8cos (18° - 56°/z)_
-1,3025] - 0,05 MM.
YroJl Brra)J,HHbI 3yoa '1'=34 °+232 °/2. IllHpHHa 3ytJa
lBeS)J,04KH: rrpH O)J,HOpH)J,HOH l\errH (pHC. 24, 6) b , =0,93
(" -0,15 MM; npH lLBYXp>l)J,HOH uerrH b 2 =0,9c-0,15 MM.
IlInpHHa ooo)J,a SBeS)J,OqKH rrpH )J,BYXp>l)J,HOH l\errH B=c,+
-1-b 2 . HaHM€HbIIlHH pa)J,HYC 3aKpyrJl€HHH syoa R 2 = 1,7 d.
P.JCCTOHHHe OT BeplUHHbl syoa)J,o JlHHHH ueHTpa )J,yr sa-
',!'yr.1€HH>I k=0,8 d. HaHOOJlblUHH )J,HaMeTp rrpOTOqKH
/).= 1 ctg 180°/2-1,3 b. PalLHYC 3aKpyrJIeIIHH: )J,JlH 3Bes-
JlO([eK C llIarOM 11.0 40 MM (0= 1,5 MM, .IliIH 3Bea.D.OtleK C llIa
10M OO,lee 40 MM ro 2,5 MM. TOJlIl\HHa ooo)J,a H )J,HCKa
I "",(0,5...0,7)1. DOJlee nOlLpOOHble YKasanHH no rrpo<jJHJlIl-
pOBaHHIO 3Be3.)J,OqeK rrpHBelLeHbl B fOCT 591-69*.
Ii 18. BaJlbl M OCM
OCM MorYT 6blTb BpamaIOIILHMHCH H HerrO.D.BH}KHblMH. I1x
p.'CCQHTbIBa!OT Ha HsrHO. .IJ:HaMeTp OCH
3
d V l\1 o /(O.II"il])' (63)
BaJ[bI CJlY}KaT He TOJlbKO )J"lH rro)J,)J,epJKaHH>I )J,€TaJlet!
IIp.ILu,aTellbHoro )I.BH1KeHHH. HO H .IliIH rrepeJI,aQH Kpynuu;e-
lei MOMeHTa.
UalfbI paCCllHTb1BaIOT Ha O.D.HOBpeMeI-IHOe .rr.eHCTBHe !Cpy.
I UlllCITO H H3fH6alOIIl,erO MOMeHTOB 110 cpOPMYJI€
Sr
dB V 1\1 0 /(0,11".]), (64)
I It' Mo - OOW;Mt% MOMCHT, JI.ej;jcn YlOlI{HH na 88m
I,"
67
III
II
III
III
;1111
V 2 2
MO= M H +M Hp ,
S,lI.€n MIl - M<lKCnJ\H!JlbI-IbJH H3ftl6mOlllliii MOMeHl'j }l{',i1CTBYJOJJJ.l:IJ1 Jill ElI..-!.
npE JJ;'CHCTBlIM I-Ja BaJI Cl1Jl, paCnO.10>K<:HUbIX B p :Wi1'mbIX aJJOCKOCT IX.
H€06xO.fiHMO OnpeA JUJ:Tb H3IlI6alOlll.H(, MOM€HTLJ B rOpli30HU:!JJbIIOii: !ifr
H BepT-llKaJlbI-lofi MJ\ TTJWCJ{QCT5IX. a no HHM Onpe.il.€i15lTb M3KClIM8JIbHbl"H
113rH6alOll.l;Iiil MOMCHT:
M = V M 2 +M'.
H r B>
Mnp-KpynmJ;I:lH MOMeH1: liB pacctllWblBaeMOM B8JJY; [O'1J]-.n(mYCKl'J€
Moe mmpmKelIlf€ H8 llsrn6.
.IJ:onycKaeMoe Hal1pHJKeHHe I1PH OpHeHTHpOBOqHblX pac-
qeTaX BaJlOB MOJKHO npHHHMaTb no Ta6J1. 35.
35. JJ,onycKaeMblc HanpsnKenllSl
BpeMeHlJoe ConpOTHB- \
JJeHHe, MIIa
AonYCKBeMbIe ml11pH:ml'IIHH H8 11srn6 D8JJOB H ocefi. rot ITa
nOCTORHlWfI I nYJJbCupylO11J,afl 3H3RonepeMeHlwH
HBTPYSK8 HarpYSK3 HarpYSK3
400
500
600
YrnepOJJ.HCTaSl CTanh
130 75
170 75
200 95
JlerHponaHHaJl CT3J1b
230 100
270 130
330 150
65
75
90
41
45
55
700
800
1000
TIpe.D.BapHTeJIbHble 3HaQeHIUI .n.HaMeTpOB BaJIOB
OnpepCJIHTb paCqeTOM Ha KpyqeHHe 110 q,OpMYJle
3,
dB ,: M"p/(0,2 [ "p]) ,
MOMellT lIB EB.l1Y; ['fliP] - ]l,OIJYCRaeMOe
M01RHO
(65)
HanpSUKC-
r]l,e M IIP - KpYUlIIo,n1
HUC HB KPYlJClme.
.IJ:JlH BaJlOB H3 CTaJlH MapOK CT5, CT6, 35, 40 MOJKHO
I1pHHHMaTb [ "p],"",30...40 MDa.
3aMeH51H BeJIHtlHHY KpYTHIlI.erO MOMeHTCI ero 3Ha:qeHH€1I.1
tlepe3 rrepe.n.3BaeMYlo MOIll.HOCTb N H qaCTOTY BpaIll.eHHH Ba-
lfa n H npHHHMaH ["tHP]=26 MDa, 110JlY'IrlM:
3 3.--
dB r 9,55N/(O,2-26n) 121' Nln. (661
HaH.n.€HHbl€ 3Ha:qeHHH .n.HaMeTpOB clle.nY€T OKpyrJI51Tb
po 6."HJKai\liJHX cTaHPapTHbIx 110 rOCT 6636-69 (CM.
CTp. 19).
68
' \.
,. _ 0 -::
'"
PHC. 25. YCT:!.lIOIHill npl13MaTtI'leCKoij mllOHim
4aCTO peTaJlH l1epepaq Ha BaJlaX H OCHX 3aJ[pel1J1HIOT
rli'rl3MaTHQeCKHMH (pHC. 25 n6J1. 36) H 3aTHJKHbIMH (KJlH'
IIOBbIMH) TlWOHKaMIL
36. IlInouKIl npli3MaTwiecKHe (no CT CaB 189-75)
JI,,'MOTP Bon", MM I
rnyiJtma 1183013, MM
Ce'J:eHlm: UJr10HOK
bXh, MM
t,
6. ..8
8.. .10
10.. .12
12.. .17
17.. .22
22...30
30...38
:18...44
44...50
50...58
58.. .65
65. ..75
75...85
85...95
95...110
110.. .130
2X2
3> 3
4X4
5X5
6X6
8X7
IOx8
12X8
14X9
16XIO
!8XIl
20XI2
22>:14
25XI4
28X16
32>; 18
1,2
1,8
2,5
3
3,5
4
5
5
5.5
6
7
7,5
9
9
10
II
I
1,4
1,8
2,3
2,8
3,3
3,3
3,3
3,8
4,3
4.4
4,9
5.4
5,4
6,4
7,4
Pa3MepbI rrpH3MaTHQeCKHX IllrrOHOK rrpOBepHIOT paCQeTOM:
ria cpe3 nO q,opMy.,e
cp = PI(/b) <'; [ cp], (67)
I'D,C P.=2M IIP /d - OICpY}KllOe YClJJIH€, JI"eHCTBYIOm.ee lIB ruflOHKY, 3]l,eCb
M I1I1 - KpynIJJJ,Hll MOMenT lIa B8.JIY; d - ]l,HaMeTp BaJIB; I ,lJ,JlllHa ll1ITOH-
,1m; b -ll1Hpm-m runoHKH; [TCl)] - .llOnycKaellwe HanpH}KeI-IHE' Ha cpe3.
Mlla (JJ.J1H cTanefi 45 II CT6 ['fl1p]=90...120 Mlla);
na CMHTHe 110 q,opMYJle
GCM = P/(/k) < [Gc,d, (68)
.)'JlC l? - Be.rmIJHHB, Ha KOTOPYiO IIIITOHK3 BblcrynaeT HaJJ. nOBepXHOCTLJO
u,lJIa; [ucM]=IOO...120 MDa-.lwH HenO,D.,SH}I(HbIX cO€JJ.MHeHllu, [UC!I1]=.
10...20 Mlla - ,lJ,JlR I-Iarrpas.'a:uOII{HX rrInOHOK.
69
I I
II
II
II
:1
'I
PaSMepbI KJ1HI-IOllbJX nmOHOK orrpe.n.eJImOTC5i Ha CM51THe
p e4eTOM no q,OPMYJI ,
. ITeM = 2Nf(lb).
KPYTHIUHH MOMeHT, nepe.n.aBaeMbIH KJIHHOBOH IllIIOHKOH:
M up = 1. 14fNd,
{')le f - IW94>4>nu;n€HT TpeHHf! M€>K)lY; WIIOHKOH n lllnOHDtlHLTM naSOM
(f=0,15); N=M..r!(1.14fd} -ycHJIHe OT aaTS!}KKH lliTIOHKH; d-JJ.ua.
M€Tp E8J18.
HanpH1KeHHe CMHTHH
"eM = 2N I(lb) = 2Mur/(0, 14fdlb) < r"eM]'
r,ne 1 O.8LCT -- palSo1.j8f[ lUlHlla lliIIOHKH; L CT - ,l(lIIUla cTynHUJ>I 3.mpCll-
JJflCl'vloi1 LJ;CT3JJll; b - Il!HpHHa lllTIOHKH; [UCM] - .nonycKaeMoe l-lanp5J:iHC-
IIIW 1-18 (MHTHC llu'Ifi 60Jlee MHrKOro MaTepna.rIa (Ta6Jl_ 37).
37. 3HaqeHHJI JJ.onycKaeMblx HanpR)I{elll1H Ha CMOTHC, Mna
HarpY3K<I
.Ma7epua 11
CIJOKOf!JJ8f1 []YJ1bClJPYlOilIJIfI YAapml.li
CT3Jib 100. ..150 70.. 100 35. ..50
IJyrYH 70. ..90 45. ..55 20.. .25
3YO'laTble (UJJlHl\eBble) cOel\HHeHH51 OblBaIOT C np51MO-
60Ll:HblM, .9BOJIbBCHTHblM H TpeyrOJIhI-IbIM npoqm.rreM 3y6beB.
OCHOBHbIM KpHTepHeM paOOTOcnOCOOHOCTH 3y6'laTblX 3al\en-
JIeI-IHH JIBJIJieTCH COITpOTHBJIeHHe pa6011HX ITOBepXI-IOCTeM
CM51THIO (noJl. 38) H H3HaUIHBaHHlO. UeHTpHpoBaHHe coe-
sa. llcnycKaeMbJe HanpSUKeHUlI Ha CMSlU,C H3 60KOBbJX rpaflAX
sy6beB, Mna
I!0ABH>lUIoe coeAHHe HenO,gBHJ'KJI0e coen:nH€HHe
HliP 6c3 CJ\BI{!'8
X.apaK'fPp HarpysKFI
6<37O P MO-1 C TepMC. 6e3 TepMO I O7'PMOO6p.-
o6pa60TKH o6pa6oTJmti o6pa6oTKH 6oTROfi
3u3KonepeMeHHafl 15.. .20 20. ..35 35.. .50 40.. .70
c YJ1.apaMH " OOOlIX
n8npaBJleHHflX
EOJJee cnoKoHH8H " 20. ..30 30. ..60 60.. .100 100.. .140
oOJIee paBHoMepn8H
XopouIHe yCJTOBRfI .3KC- 25.. .40 40. ..70 80.. .120 120.. .200
IJJJyaT811.H H I
J1.HHeHHH 1.fOmeT 6blTh BblITOJIHeHO IIO 60KOBbIM CTOpOH3M,
a np51MOOOqHblX H 9BOJlbBeHTHblX - TaKJKe no HapYJKHOMY H
Bll YTpeHHeMY l\HaMeTpaM.
70
a)
5}
('He.. 26. 3y6'laToe (rnnlIlteBoe) coe
A UteHJle
II - npsrMo6o l IHoe; 6 - 3B0J1bDCHTHoe
Cpel\HHii ,l\HaMeTp np51MOOO'IHbIX llI."Hl\ (CT C3B 188-75),
1(l'IITpHpOBaHHblx no BHYTpellneMY l\HaMeTpy,
d m = (D +d)f2.
OJlOlllal\b CM>!TH51 (pHC. 26, a) COCTaBJI>!eT
F= (D-d) 111/2,
I/W 1- J1.JUlHa sy6beB; k - IJ:HCJIO sy6beB, O)lHOBpeMeHHo nepe_1l8Iow,HX
YCIfJIHe (k O.75z); Z - o6IJJ;ee qHCJIO syGbeB.
Oepel\aBaeMOe YCHJlHe
P = 2M Hp ld m ,
I'IlC 1I-1 hp - KpynUUI1H MOMeHT Ha B8JJY.
U C 1'\i = PIP «: [UCM.]'
Ii 19. nOl\IIl1mnllI<lI KaqeHIIH
OOl\llIHI1HHKH 110l\OHpa!OT no l\HaMeTpy lliHl1a (llIeMKH),
113 IWTOPblt] YCTaH3BJIlmalOT ITO.nJIIHITHHK. npH IIo.n.6ope
1l0,lJJIIHnHHKOB ytlHTbIBalOT: BeJIHtlHHY H HanpaBJIeHl-Ie Ha
J'PY3KH (pal\HaJlbHa51, oceBa51), ee xapaKTep (nocT051HHa51,
uepcMeHHa51, Yl\apHa51), JKeJIaeMblii CPOl[ CJlYJKObI B qacax
HJIH B MHJIJIHOHaX 060POTOB, qaCTOTY BpameHHH IWJIblW
nO.lUUHnHHKa, xapaKTep YCJIOBHll OKpy>«.:alomen cpeJ1.bI, KOH.-
CTPYKTHBHble oco6eHHocTH YCTpoHcTBa, B KOTopoe YCTaH3B-
JlIlBaIOT IIo.n:mnITHHKH.
nO.lIJIIHITHHKH Ka1.1eHH51 HMelOT QHCJIOBble 0603HaQeHI15I.
nIWIO'la!OllIHe l\0 ceMH l\Hq,p. J],Be 110CJIel\HHe l\Hq,pbl 060-
3I-I31.13IOT BHYTpeHHllH .D.H3MeTp ITO,lJJIlHnHHKa: 00-10 MM,
01-12 MM; 02-15 MM; 03-17 MM. J],JIH 0l1pel\CJIeHlI51 BHyr-
peHHero J],H8MeTpa OT 20 Jl.O 495 MM Heo6xoJ1.I1MO '(lHCJIO,
06pa30BaHHoe l\BYM51 I1paBblMIJ l\Hq,paMH YMHmKHTb Ha
11 "Tb. J],Jl51 110l\IliHI1HHKa 2007106 BHYTpeHHHll l\HaMeTp
d=06.5=30 MM. TpeTb51 l\Hq,pa Cl1paBa 0003Ha'laeT cepn;o
nO.lUlmm-IHKa: 1 - oco60 JIenca51; 2 - JIencas:I; 3 - cpeZl.
115151; 4 - T51JKeJla51; 5 - Jlema51 lliHpOlW51; 6 - Cpel\H5151
IJmpOlw51. '-leTBepTa51 l\Hq,pa cnpaBa 0603Ha'laeT THn 11011.-
llII!l1HHKa: 1 - pal\HaJlbHblii llIapHKoBblii l\BYXP51l\Hblii cq,e-
71
1:1
I
III
II
11 1!l1
pnqeCKllH; 2 - pa,lU1aJIhHbiM C ImpoTKHMH UHJIIUIJJ.pJ.rqeCKII-
Mil pOJ1HlCaMH; 3 - pa,l\HaJlbHbJH pOJlHICOBbIH )l,BYXPH)I,HbIi'r
ccpepwlecImfr; 4 - HrOJIhtJ8TbIH B.nn pOJIHKOBbJH C .D.JIHHHb1MH
IJ.HJIHHJI.plFleCKHMM pOJIHICaMU; 5 - pOJUUCOBbIH C BHTbIMH
pOJlHlCaMH; 7 - pOJlHICOBbIH pa,l\HaJlbHo-ynopHbIH (ICOHHqCC-
ICHH); 8 - ynopHbIH ll1apHICOBbIll; 9 - ynopHbIll pOJlHKOBbIU;
o - pa)l,HaJlbHbIll ll1apHICOBbIll O)l,HOPH)I,HbIH. TIpH OTCy-rCT-
BHH 3HaqaIUHX I1H<PP B HH)I,CICCe HYJlH He CTaB5!T, HaI1pHMCp
308 - pa)l,HaJlbHbIll ll1apHICOBbIll O)l,HOpH,l\HbIll I10)l,ll1HI1HHIC
Cpe)l,Hell cepHH C BHYTpeHHHM )l,HaMeTpoM 40 MM
OCHOBIIbIM KpHTepHeM )l,JlH Bbl60pa nO,l\ll1HI1HHlCa CJIY-
:>KHT )l,HHaMHQCCKaH rpY30nO)l,'beMIIocTb: C<[C].
Tpe6yeMaH )l,HHaMH'IeCKaH rpY30I10)l,'beMHOCn
C = QLIlalmH C Q (60nLhI106)lla, (69)
T.lle Q nprlBe.neHHEH HarpYSKa; L - )K(',rr3(>M3H "JUT TpeoyeMa.s:r .ll.OJlro-
Ee'lH()CTb, MJIH. 06. (npJ.JHHMaIOT L=O,5.._30 000 MJIH. cf).); LI! - }KeJIac-
Mall IfJIH Tpe6YCM3fl }.tOJirOB-ellHOCT1:>, II; n - qaCTOTa spmI{eI-IHfI KO.1JL'1.i'I
no.n..umnHMI{a; Ija=O,33 }.tJlR mapHKoBblX no}.tUJMnHHKOB. Ila=O,3- .n,..1H
pOJJ}JJ{OBbIX nOfUUJJnHMKOB.
3HaQeHHH Via I1pHBe)l,eHa B Ta6J1. 39.
TIpHBe)l,eHHaH HarpY3lCa:
)l,JlH pa)l,HaJlbHbIX H pa)l,HaJlbHO-YI10pHbIX
Q (xk"R+ yA) kok T ,
nO.D.Il1UITHHIWB
(70)
,l!;JIf{ ynopl-IbIX rrOlllllHTIMHKOB
Q = Ako k T , (71)
T.n,e R= V R;+R; - pa.n..Ha 'IbHaJI HarpY3Ka; A - oceB351 H3rpY3K:1;
kf'o - K03£pq>HUHf'HT, Y 1 nlTblB3I-Oll.lHH 33BHCHMOCTh JJ.OJlrOBet!HOCTH err TOro,
mmoe 113 RO.'J€U npalI{aCTCII (k,,= I - npalIJ,aCTCH I3JIYTpcHHce KOJlbHO,
klj=I.2-npauweTcII H8PY}j\HOe KOJIbUO); kr;-K034>4>HUHeIIT, y'U1TbI-
mliOlIJ,HH xapa1<Tep HarpY3Kn H YCJIOBHR pa60TbI (T36JJ. 40); k 1 - T€M-
nepaTypHhlH K034><pHllncHT YYBTblBae'fC5J npn i> 100°C, upn t ""0 125°C
k T =I,05, npn t .ll.0 150<JC kT=l,I, npn t JJ.O 200<JC k l ,=1.25: x. Y-KC-
s4>q>HUHeHTbI pa)1HaJIbl-lofi H OCCBOR HarpY30K (7£16.11.41).
!I.olIfOBeqHOCTh rrO,D,llIHTIHHn:a:
B MJlH. 060pOTOB
L ( r
(72)
B qacax
L h _ ( .£ ) " 10'
, - Q (iOn'
3Ha1-]eHIUI ,D,HHaMH11eCICOH H CTaTH1:IeCKOH rpY30TIO,D,'beM-
HOCTI-I ,D,JI51 rrO,D,llII-ITII-IHKOB KaqeHIUi npHBejJ;eHbl B Ta6JI. 42.
(73)
72
39. 3H3ljeHHfI Lila
)],onrOEe'J-
JIOCTb L.MJlH.
OGOPDTOE
Dqn.'lnUlJIfiKJI
mflpUKOBble I pu.1J:nKOBbI
0,5 0,793 O,B12 500 7,94 6,45
5 1,71 1,62 600 8,43 6,81
10 2,15 2 1000 10 7,94
20 2,71 2,46 2000 12,6 9,78
30 3,11 2,77 5000 17,1 12,9
80 4,31 3,72 10000 21,5 15,B
100 4,64 3,98 20000 27,1 19,5
200 5,85 4,9 30000 31,1 22
I
,Il,OJlrOBe'l- I
ROCTb l., MJlIl.
OGOpOTOD I
ITOP;WUflHHKH ' I
Umpl-lKOIJbie I POJJI1IWl)bJe!
'0
40. 3UaljeHHe K094>c1mllUetH'a kG
XflpaKTep HarpYSi{Jj
OOJJaCTb npnMeHelHISl
I
CnOKot'm8f1 HarpY3K8 fje:
TO 1tllmB
I.. .1,2
J1erKJ1C TOJJQKH. Kp8TKO-
UpCMCHH3f1 neperpY3K3
)].0 ]25 %
'McpeHHbIe TO,IIIlKH, KpaT-
ROBpeMcHHafi neperpY3K8
040150 %
1,3. ..1,5
1,5,..1,8
Bn6paUWOHH2H H8rpysK8
I,B...2
Harpysl<a co 3H8IIflTeJ1b-
PbJMH TOJ1l1KaMII H BH6pa-
l1.I-Icfi
2...2,5
HarpY3R8 c neperpY3KoH
JI..O 200 %
2,5. ..3
ClIJIbilbIC YJI..apbI, ncpe-
rpY3Ka }.to 300 %. nOBbI-
meHI-IaH Te:r.mcparypa,
nJIOXHe YCJIOBHfI pa60Tbl
PCMCHl135J Ii q>PHKl1.JfOHIWH
nepe""8tlH, JJeHTOQHbJe KOB-
BeiiepbI, rpY30Bble 6JJOKH
MeT8JIJIOpe.mYlIJ,He CT8mH-f,
BeHTHJI5J:TOpbI
Pe;:rYKTopbI, KOMnpeccopbI,
3J1eKTp0JI..BnraTeJ1l-I, TpaKTO
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paHl-lfJ. rpOXOTLI, BaJIKOBble II
MOJIOTKOBb ""po6n Kn
/VleJIIUie lI{eKOBLle }.tpo6HJIJm,
llIapOBbIC H CTCp)ImeBbI€
MeJIhlJlfl];bI, rm6paTopbI }J,JI5J
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Konpbl, JECJIC3HOil..opo}J{HLre
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Qo<[C o ],
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o npH o pe)!eJIeHHH nOJIHOM )!JIHHbl 6apa6alla YQHTbIBaJOT
T l11.HHY OpTOB, MeCTO JJ,JIH 3aI<penJIeHHH KaHaTa a Ha 6a
pa aHax C JI.BYCTopOlmefI HaBHBKOH KaHaTOB (pMC' 29) -
H HP!JHY pa3JI.eJIHTeJIbHOM nOJIOCbl II. AHaMeTp 6 PTOB e
fa aHa )J.OJDKeH 6bITb TaKHM, IIT06bI 60pT BbIJJ,aBalIcH Ha){
( IOCJIeJI.HHM c.ooeM KaHaTa Ha BeJIHQHHY He MeHee s 2 d
pHc.30). - K
TOJIIl(HHa C"feHOK 6apa6aHa
6 = P.J(If<1cml), (76)
rJJ.e [acml- L\OnYCKaeMoe Hanp.HR<HiHe lIa C)}IaT
pa6aHa (,qJrR qyrYHa Cq 15-32 [ ] _ He JJ:JUI M8TepHaJI8 (><:\-
2511 [a c »:j=106 AID u(JCIH -80 Mf1a, JJ.JlfJ. CTaJIbl-IOrO JII11bil
6apa6aHa [acrJiJ=l1 M't } TBJIeH CT3 11 CT5 np" cnapIIoM KOHCTPYKUHH
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pa6aHe HDBUBKOA Kana.Ta
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TOJJWHHa CTCHOK '1yryHHOro JJIJTOrO 6apa6aHa MOJKeT
()npeJ\eJlHTbC!] 3aBHcHMOCTbIO: 1\;;;.0,02 Do+ (0,6...1) CM.
aHa J\OJJ>KHa 6bITb He MeHee 10...12 MM.
npHMep 4. OnpeJ\eJlHTb OCHOBHbJe pa3MepbJ 6apa6aHa
JJe6eJ\K,L Bapa6aH '1yrYIIHbIii C KaHaBKaMH. YCHJlHe H Ra-
HaTe 40 KH. Pe>KHM pa60TbI CpelIHHii, DB,,=25 %. KaHaTo-
eMKOCTb 6apa6aHa 200 M.
PemeHne. llo)l6HpaeM RaHaT no pa3phlBHOMV YCHJIHlO:
Sp 40.5,5=220"B. Do rOCT 3071-74 Sp=229 KH; Map-
KHPOBOQH3H rovnna no RpeMeHHOMY conpOTHBJIeHlllO
pa30bJ Y 1600 MDa; J\HaMeTp "aHaTa 22,5 MM.
Do Ta6JJ. 44 HaXOJ\HM, '1TO D 6 ;;;.18d,,=18.22,5=360 MM.
DpHHHMaeM D6=360 MM.
Pa60'la!] J\JJHHa 6apa6aHa npH '1eTbIpeXcJloiiHOH HaHHH-
KC "aHan no <jJopMYJJe (75)
200.0,026
3,14.4 (0,36 +0,0225.4)
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0,916 M.
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TOJJWHHa CTCHOK 6apa6aHa no <jJopMYJJe (76)
40000
0,025.80.106 0,02 M.
DpHHHMaeM 1\ 20 MM.
HaPY>KHbJH J\HaMeTp no 60pnM 6apa6aHa DH=D6
+2(nt+2)d,,=360+2(4+2)22,5=630 MM.
YTO'llleHHe TOJJWHllbI CTeHKH 6apa6aHa 1\;;;.0,02Dr,+
+ (0,6...1,0) =0,02.36+(0,6...1,0) =13,2...17.2 MM, npHHH-
MaeM 1\=20 MM.
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HOMCP
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3al\penJJeHlle I\OHItOB IIBHaToB. KOHltbJ KaHaToB 3aKpell-
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lWymeii (pHC. 31).
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Mll coeA:H : f[: .1Hb!MtI nJl;J,HlWMH npH YCTaHoBJ(e3aK H:o ; 6 -1(J1UHOBbIM aa
J!CCKOnnaBKHM CnJJ B a JJ:;;Ko 3 KaHaTa C YCTalloBJ'ofi a. :O JI 3 JIHHOBbJ-
7 ,HH, - Imyw" 4 cKo6" . 3aJUmKa
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. 3a, 0 )KaTaH lIa 1(8H8TC .
DOKOBOe AaBneHHe Ha CTeHKH
BTYJJKH (pHC. 32) KOHH'IeCKOii l<aHaTHOM
P = Q/(2sina),
r,n.e Q -- YCHJIl1e, JJ.eHcTBYlOlUce B,n.OlIb KRHRTa.
Y){enbHOe )J.aBneHHe Ha CTeHKY BTynKH
p 2P/F 4P/["1 (d, + d,)] =
= 8P sina![" (<if - d )] = 4Q![ " (di - d )].
DpH d2 d"
r
d[ = 1/ 4Q/("p) + d .
npH 3anHBKe I{OHWieCKOll BTynIHi CBHH
YJ\eJJbHOC .l{aBJJeHHe P = 11 5 M f1 1t0M J\onYCKaeMoe
B ' a.
ICOTa BTYJJKH onpeAe.nReTCH H3 paC!ICT3 Ha C p e3 CBH H -
QOBOM 3anHBKH:
h Q/(nd" ( cpj).
Ll.JJH CBHHI10BOii 3aJJHBI<H [1;cp]=12,5 MDa.
TOnlI1.HHa CTeHOK BTYJJKH, P aCCQHThIBa e ' \OH "
BH Y T p eH .. KaK COCYA C
HHM YJ\eJJbHbIM J\aBJJeHIICM p:
0,5 (d" - d.,,);
dB = d Bn l r ([a p ] + 0,4p)/([,,0] -I ,3p) .
Ll.JJH CTaJJbHoro JJHTbH [(Jp] 50...7() MDa.
I<:aHaTHbIe 3a>KHMbI C IJJJaHKaMH H KOYUIH ( HC 33 3
IJO.l{6HpaIOT B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT J\HaMeTpa KaHaTa: . . 4)
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J{H8MeTp CTep>KHR CKo6bI; [O'p] O,8u-rlk a - AOnYCKaeMOe nanpmKCIII1C
Ha pacTSl.meane MaTepHaJI3 C!W6b1, 3AeCb 0'']' - npe.aeJI TeKY'leCTH MaTC
pHaJla CR:06bJi ka- 3anac npO'1HOCTH CK06b1 (npHHHMae-rCH paBUlUM 1,'-)
JI..nH CROO JI.HaMeTpOM oOJIee 14 MM H 2,5 -lJ;JUI CROO MeHbIllero J{HU 4
MeTpa); f-K03$$HlllI€HT TpeHHH KaH8Ta no KaIIary ([!::::O,15...0,2.
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COrJJaCHO npaBI!JIaM focropTeXHa.l{30pa Ha KpenJIeHl!m
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MOB.
KaHaTbJ na 6apa6aHax 3aKpenJiHIOT C nOMOll1bIO Hapy}!(-
HbIX liaKJIa.l{OK, KJII!HbeB I! Ha}!(I!MHbIX 60JITOB (plTc. 35, 36).
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MaillHH HBJIHIOTCH O.l{HO- IT j\Byp0rlIe rpY30Bble KpIOKI! 11
rpY30BbJe cKo6bI.
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'JeCTBY IJX H3roTOBJICHIIH nplTBOll,HTCH B fOCT 6627-74.
6628--73 I! 6619-75.
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IJOCTh.
HanpHllieHH€ B cTep:R{He KproK8
"p = Q/F" <: ["p],
r,n.e Q= mg - cmIa, ll.encTBYIOl1{aH fIa ]{pJOK, 3.n.eCb m _ rl)Y30n01l.'beM-
I-IOCTh KproKa; g - YClmpel-me CliJIbI THJI\:eCTlJ:; FO=1Td H/4 _ TIJIDl1{3,lJ:b
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HH 1<plOl'-<1 liS CTaJIH 20 ([uvJ =55 MI1a).
MHHHMaJIbHaH BbICOTa raHKH KpIOKa
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B CJIY'Iae
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(76a)
rJJ;e t - mar pe3b6bI cTep2RHH I<pIOKa; do - HapY.>KHbIH lmaMeTp pe3b6bI;
p - JJ;OnycK<:JC1\1OC y,n.eJIbHOe ,n.aEJIenne (JJ.JIH CTaJIH no CT8JUJ
p lL25 MIla).
Harrp>DKeHHH B TeJIe KpIOKa B CeqeHHHx onpe)Ie.ijHIOTCH
no ']JOpMY.ijaM:
"p = [Q/(kF)][e,/(r-_e,)] .c ["p] Ii "C", = [Qj(kF)][e 2 /(r + e 2 )],
J'1l.e F -- IIJIOIl(<'I!I.b nOnepeqHoro Ce'leHHI!; el _ paccTOHHHe OT n e I-1Tpa
TJDKeCTI! CeqeIIHfI IJ.O HaHtJo.1Jee pacTfIHYTl>lX BOJIOKOH; e2 _ paccToHHHe OT
UCHTpa TH)KecTII C'{.qeHHH O (JoJ1ee C1KaThIX BWIOKon; r=O.5D+el _ pa-
iiYC KpHHH'mbl HejhpaJJbIIofr OCll KpJOKa.
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(pHC. 37, 6)
1
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b-b' h 1 I
F2 -.-; e,F=-hF,+2-hF 2 ;
2 2 2 3
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h b' -+- 2b
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0,08.,.0,12.
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pa1K):\aIOIlJ.HX . HCTOB 1 C cCphra !H 6, 6JIOKOB 2, YCTaHOB-
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poii C nOMOIlJ.bIO raiiKH 4 3aKpenJIeH KpIOK. HarpY3Ka OT
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pell.aeTCH Ha TpaBepcy.
Pa3MepbI nonepe'IHOro Ce'leHIUI TpaBepCbJ (pIlC, 39, a)
onpell.eJlHIOT paC'IeTOM Ha H3rIJ6:
0' 11 = MJdw lI < [O'n],
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4
GaCTH Tp8BepcbI. 3JJ:eCb Q =mg - narpyaKa, nefrcTBYfOl1{8.JJ Ha rpY30BoH
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TO cetJ.eHIiH TpaBepcbI.
LLonycKae JOe nanpH:>KeHHe na H3rH6 npH paC'IeTe Tpa-
BepCbI [u.! =80...120 MDa.
LLHaMeTp llIHna TpaBepcbI
d m = V M /(0, I [a.l) ,
rll.e H3rn6alOIIIHM MOMeHT, lI.eikTBYlOlilHii Ha llIHn:
M' _ !L . .., + Si
u- 2 2'
DpOBepKa pa3MepOB llIHnOB H3 paC'IeTa Ha VlI.eJlbHOe
lI.HBJI€HHe:
p = Q/[2d m (s + s,)].
LLonYCKaeMoe Yll.eJlbHoe lI.aBJleHHe p 80...150 MDa.
HarPY3Ka OT llIIlnOB TpaBepCbJ BocnpHHHMaeTCH cepbra.
MH, nOnepellHbIe pa3MepbI KOTOpbIX YTOIJHHIOTCH paCIIeTOM
lJa paCTHm:eHHC.
LLJlH CC'IeHHH A - A (pHC. 39, 6):
a p = Q/(2b, s).
r.n.e Q - YCfJJIl1e. JJ:eikTBYIOl1{Ce Ha TpaBCpcy; b 1 - IlJHpUH2 CepbrI1; s-
ro.rIl1{HHa cepbHI.
LLJlH Ce'leHIlH E - E:
a p = Q/[2 (hi - dm) sJ <c rap].
GCb 6JIOKa npOBepHIOT Ha H3rH6:
lU n = Qlp/4,
rIle lp - pac 1 1eTHaJJ JJ:JIlHIa OCIL
IlpHMep 5. Onpell.e.ijHTb OCHOBHble napaMeTpbI rpY30BoH
l<proKOBOIi 060UMbI aBTOMo6H.,'IbHoro KpaHa rpY30no,n:'heM-
IIOCTbIO 6,3 T. LLIJ8MeTp KaHaTa 17,5 MM. PeJKHM pa60TbI
<'pClI.HHM DB=25 %.
93
1111
'II'
II
jl
I!
I
IL!
1
1
'I
Pcwclmc. nO Ta6JI. 46 nO.l\6l1pacM KplOK No 14. 8 .lJJIH
D-85 MM b=54 MM h=82 MM, d o =4 MM.
!noro KplOKa - , M48 ' d -415 MM n"'0-
BHYTPCIIHIIH .l\lIaMCTp PC3b6b] ,UB=:-, ., Illar
II.(al\b nOnepeqHOrO CeqCHH>1 CTeplliHH Fo-13,25 CM,
pe3L6bI 1=5 MM.
HanlJ>DKeHHe B CTeplliHe KplOKa
B.3.104 4.10' DB = 40 MIla --; [apl = 55 1I\f1a.
"p 13,25.10-'
MHtlHMaJIbHaH Bb!COTa rarUm KplOKa no <popMYJIe (76):
4.6,3.10 4 .5.10-' a 035 M 35 MM.
H 314 [( 48.10-')2-(41,5.10 ')2].20.10' '
, b- ( 2 25)b'
Pa3MepbI CeqeHlIH: b=54 MM=O,054 M, - ..., ,
npmlHMaeM b = 2b',)
b 54
b'--=-=27 MM=O,027M.
- 2 2
f1.QOIl.\al\b Ce'lellIlH
F = b b' h= 5,4-;2,7 .8,2 33 CM 2 ,=O,0033 M'.
CeqeHH o HaH60nee
PaCCTOHHHe OT J1.eHTpa THJKeCTH
pacTHHyrbIx BO.QOKOH:
h 2b' + b 8,2 (2.2,7 + 5,4) = 3,7 eM 0,037 M.
e,="3 b'+b 3(2.7+5,4)
H ceqeHH O Hau60nee
PaccToHHHe OT l.leHTpa TH}KeCT
ClliaTblX BOJIOI{QH:
h - 82 - 3 7=45eM 0.045M.
e 2 =-e1-' . ,
Pal\HYC KpllBII3HbI lIeHTpaJIbHOH OCII KplOKa:
r O,5D+ei=O,5.8,5+3,7 7,95 eM=0,0795 M.
npHHHMaeM K09<p<PII!.\HeHT, Y'IIiTbIBalOII.(HH Tpane!.\eHl\aJIb-
HYIO <pOp MY Ce'leHHH, k=O,12.
Hall60JILWee HanpH}!(eHlle B Ce'leHIIII:
)J}IR paCnmYTbIX BOJIOIWH
Q ei 6,3.1()4 3,7
"p= kF ' r-ei O,12.33.1O-' 7,95-3,7
)J.JIH ClliaTbIX BOJIOKOH
Q e. 6,3.10 4 4,5 _ 57,5 MDa
"o," kT ' ,+e. 0,12.33.10 4 7,95+4,5
" 6 OI\HMO cpaB'
HaHl\eHHbIe 311a'leHIIH HanpHllieHlI1I Heo X 6 0
HIITb C 1\0nYCKaeMbIMIi. ECJIII OHH OKaMYTCH o.%We 1\ -
= 138 lima;
94
nyCJ{aeMb!X, TO He06xo.l\HMO npHHHTb "1'101{ CJ!enYIOII.(ero 110-
Mepa B Ta6JI. 48-
MIIHHMaJIbHbIH I\HaMeTp 6.Qol{a D 6 .;;;"d 8d. = 18.. 17,5=
=315 MM. npHlIlIMaeM 6JIOK .l\HaMeTpoM D 6 .=324 MM
II HcnO""HeHHH I\JI>! KaHaToB I\lIaMeTpoM 14...18 MM. Ha-
PYlliHbIH I\HaMeTp D, = 380 MM. BHYTpellHHH I\HaMeTp CTY-
nll!.\bI d= 100 MM. lllllpHHa 060l\a BJ =50 MM. .lJJIIiHa cry-
nlll\b! lJ=50 MM. .lJllaMeTp CrynHl\bI d,=150 MM. Macca
23 I{r. .lJJIHHY OCH 6J!oKa II TpaBepChI npmIIIMalOT B 3aBII-
CIIMOCTII OT pa3MepoB 6JIol{a, KplOKa H ynoplloro nonWHn-
HHR3.
Ha CTepllieHL KplOKa I\HaMeTpoM d I = 50 MM MOllieT 6hJTb
YCTaHOBJIeH OI\HOP>J.l\HbJH ynopHbIH nO. WHnHHK JIerKOH ce-
PIIII 8210, lIaPYlliHbIH .l\lIaMeTp KOTOporo 78 MM. .lJllaMeTp
OTBepCTHH B TpaBepce (pIiC. 39, a) d 2 =52 MM.
.lJHaMeTp yrJIy6JIeHIIH nJI>J YCTaHOBKH nO.l\IllllnHIIKa
d 3 =80 MM. PaCCTOHllHe Mellil\Y orpaMl\alOIl(HMH JIIiCTaMIi
npel\BapHTeJIbHO npllHHMaeM 120 MM, a paC'IeTHYIO .l\JIIIHY
TpaBepCb! 1=140 MM.
MaKCHMBJJblIbIH H3fH6aIOI..IJ;HM MOMeHT:
Q 63.10'
M.=-{l-O,5d,c) -' (14.10--'-0,5.5.10--')=1810 H'M.
4 4
f1pHH>!B .l\OnYCKaeMoe HanpH>KeHlle Ha H3m6 "paBepCb!
[0,,) =80 Mna, onpel\eJIHM MOMeHT conpOTHBJIeHIIH none-
pe'llioro Ce'leHHH Ha H3m6:
1810
W" = 80.10 6 22,5.10-' M' = 22,5 eM'.
npllHHMaH WIIPHHY TpaBepCb] b 2d2=2'52=104 MM,
MOlliHO onpeneJIIITb BbICOTY nOnepe'lHOrO CeqCHHH TpaBepCb!:
h=./ 61!7"
V b-d,
V r 6.22,5
=5,1
10,4-5,2
CM = 51 MM.
OKOHqaTeJIhHO npHHHMaeM WIIPHHY TpaBepCbI b =
=110 MM, Bb!COTY h=50 MM.
.lJHaMeTp WHnOB TpaBepCbI d m =0,8h=0,8.50=40 MM,
TOJIIUHHa orpa}K){aIOIIJ;IIX JUICTOB Sl = 4 MM, TOJIIUHHa cepbrH
s= 12 MM, WHpHHa cepbrll b,= 100 MM.
113rH6aIOIl(HH MOMeHT, .l\eHCTBYIOII.(lIii Ha WHn TpaBep.
CbI:
M
6,3.10'
2
252 H'M.
4.10-' + 12.10-'
2
95
i
II!:
1111
1II 1
I
'II I
II
II
II
II
11II
l,1
MOMenT conpOTHBJIeHIUI nonepe'lHoro Ce'lenBH
nd 3 ,-
W ' = = 0 Id' O I ( 40.10--2)3 =6,4.10-".1'.
1I 32 . m ,
WHna:
HanpH1KeBHe B3rB6a y OCBOBaHHH liIHna
252
U ll = 6,4.10- 1 ;
Y n,eJIbHOe .l{aBJIeHI-Ie [la limn TpaBepcw
p - 6.3.10' = 50.10' n. = 50 Mn. < [p1.
- 2.4-10-,'1. (4+ 12).10- 3
HanpH1KeHHe paCTH1KeHHH B OC,ija6JIeHHOM nOnepe'lHOM
C'ClleHHH cepbrn
6.3.10' 43,7.10' na 43.7 Mn..
op 2 (10 -4).10-3.1,2.10-'
B cTynHI1Y 6JIOKa MorYT 6bITb BCTaBJIeHbl I\Ba pal\Ha,ijb'
BblX O.l{HOpH,l\HbIX wapHKOnOI\WHnHBKa Cpe,l\neB cepHIl
309 C HapY1KHbIM .l{HaMeTpoM, paBHbIM .l{HaMeTpY paCTO'l-
KH B cTynllI1e 6JIOKa d = 100 MM C BnYTpeHHHM l\HaMeTpOM
45 MM. B 9TOM CJIY'Iae .l{llaMeTp OCIl 6JIOKa d o =45 MM.
H3rH6alOII1HH MOMenT, .l{eHCTBYIOII1HH H8 OCb 6JIOKa:
" _!R _ 6,3.10'.14.10-' = 1102 H'M.
M H - 2 . 4 - 2.4
39,4.10' fIa = 39 Mna.
MOMenT conpOTHBJIeBBH npH 1l3rH6e nOnepe'lHOrO ceqe.
HUH OCll 6JlOI{a
3,14.(4,5.10- 2 )3
w 32
HanpH1KefIlle 1l3rli6a D OCB 6JIOKa:
1102 122.10" nB = I 22MJl.< [on].
Ow = 9.10-
9.1O- 6 M .
Hcxochtbl8 aaHHbte 1\, npuMepy 5
HOMf'p 3a,lWHIDl
DB, %
Q.T
a R . MM
I
2
3
4
5
II
15,5
20
17,5
14
I
2,5
6,3
4
1,6
15
25
25
25
15
96
aj
./' 20;'
Ql
0)
DJ h
o
PIIC. 40 CTP0r10BHa rp}'30B
{] - .iJ.ByxBeTBeBbIM c1'pOnO:M; (j - '1CTbTpeXECTBcBJ,jM CTpOIIOlVl; 6 - CXCUa. paC'1Cra
1\ npliMepy 6
CneI1l1aJIH3llpOBaHHble rpY303aXBaTnb!e YCTpoikTB8 (38-
XB3TbI). I(aK npaBHJIO, HX H8BeIUrIBaIOT Ha KpIOK fIlIH CKO-
6y rpY30nO.l{'heMHOrO KpaHa. 38KpenMHBe rpY3a B 3aXBa-
Te MO.llieT OCYll1.eCTBJIHTbCH raKeJIa>KHHKOM C nOMOll1.bIO
CTpOn, KpaHOBII1BKOM 38 C'IeT I\HCT8HI1HOHHOrO ynp8BJIeHHH
S3XB8TOM, a T3K}J{e aBTOM8THII€CKH npH onYCKaHHH 38-
XBBTHOro YCTpOHCTBa Ha rpY3. B03HHKaIOIl!He B CTponBX
YCI1.mm 3aBHCHT OT B€Ca nO,D,HHMaeMoro rpY3a Q H OT yr.rIa
HaKlloH8 CTpon.
Y CHJIHe B BeTBH .D,BYXB€TB€BOrO CTporr3
S= mg/(2cosa),
(pBC. 40, a):
(77)
rne m - Macca rrO,llHHMaeMOro rpysa; g - YCKopeJ-IFIe CHJIbI TH}KeCTH;
a - yroo'1 01l{JIOHCI-JH5J BeTBH CTpona OT BepTHlWJIH
'B€JIHqeHHe yrJIa a npHBO.D,HT K B03pacTaHHIO YCHJIHH B
BeTBHX cTpona II K YB€JIH£feHlUO C>KaTHR nOJI,HHMaeMoro
rpY3a. YCIJJIHe, C1KHMaIOUJ.CC rpY3: S' =O,5Qtga.
'CHJIHe B BeTBH MHorOBeTB€BOrO cTpona
S-Q = , m
r,lle Z - I,JHCJIO BeTHeH CTpona.
npHMep 6 OO.l{06p8Tb qeTblpexBeTBeBoM cTpon I\JIH
nOl\'heM8 nJIHT nepeKpblTHH MaccoM .l{O 5,7 T. Heo6xo.l{H-
Mble .l{JIH p8C'IeTa pa3Mepbl (pHC. 40, 6): a=2,6 M; b =
=5,6 M; h-!,5 M.
PemeHHe, P8 CcToHH Be M e}".l{Y TO'IK 8MH AB
d=Va'+b' =V2,6'+5,6' =6,2 M.
.1J.JIllna CTpo na AGB
1=2V(O,5d)'+Ii' =2V (0,5.6,2)'+1,5' =7 M.
7-449
97
I,
I
;1
II
,
I
1 11
I
II
II'
,I
I,
t I
,
II
.",.
YrOJI Me)"l\Y CTpOnaMH H BepnmaJIblO a
Iga = 2hld = 2 0 1,5/6,2 = 0,48; a ,=26 Q .
Y CHJIHe B BeTBH CTpona
5,7.10'
S = = 15800 H.
4.cos 26 Q
Pa3pbIBHoe YCHJIHe B CTpone npIl K03.p.pIII.\IIeHTe 3ana-
ca k,=6
Sp = kg S = 6.15800 = 94800 H = 94,8 KE.
no fOCT 3070-74 nOl\6HpaeM KaHaT TI( 6X19+ lo.c.
MapKIIpoBO'IHOii rpynnbI no BpeMeHHoMY conpOTHBJIeHHIO
pa3pbIBY 1600 Mna C pa3pbIBHbIM YCHJIHeM 99 KH l\HaMeT-
pOM d K =14,5 MM.
lfCXOOHbte iJaN1ible 1C IlPUJWPY 6
nOrrepe'IHOe Ce'leHHe Tpa.
BepchI, COCTOHlU,efi li3 llIBeJIJIe
pOB HJIII npoKaTHoii yrJIoBoii
CTaJIH onpeL\eJIHIOT H3 ypaBHe-
HIIH
u=M,,/1V n +NIF «; [ul,
rII.e WE « F - COOTnCTCTBeHHO MO
MeHT COrrpOTIiBJIeHHSl H ITJIOllm1I.b no.
nepC!,JHoro ce...ellIUl TpaBepCbJ
KJIeUl.eohle 3RXBaTbi BbI-
nOJIHHIOT B BHJ.le pbIl:la>KHbIX
CHCT€M c SarHYTbIMH CBo6on.-
HbIMII KOHI(aMII (pIIC. 42, a).
JJ:JIH YJ1ep>J<HBaHIIH KJIelI(eBO-
ro saXBaTa B paCI{phITOM nOJIO>KeHHH CJIYlK3T S3IueJIKH.
Y cTpoiIcTBa, o6eCrreQHBaIOllI..He saXBaT rpYSOB H HX OCBO-
60>K)J.eHH€ 6ea YIJ:aCnHI TaK€JIa:>KHHKa, HBJIHIQTCH aBTOMaTJ1-
!.1eCIUIMH. B nOJIyaBToMaTHllecKHx 3aXBaTax TOJ1bKO OAHa lI3
onepaum'j (3aKpenJIeHHe rpY3a B 3aXBaTe HJIH ero oCB060>K-
.neHHe) BbInOJJHHeTCH 3BTOMaTHQeCKH.
PbI'Ia>KIIbJe <!JPHKI(IIOHHble aaXBaTbI Yl\ep>KIIBaIOT rpY3
CIIJIaMH TpeHHS! Me:>K.IJ.Y 60KOBbIMH nOBepxHocTHMII rpY30B
Ii npH1KHMHbIMH KOJJO.D,KaMH, 1lI3pHHpHO npHcoe)J.HHeHHbIMIi
K CB060J1HbIM KOHI(aM pbI'IarOB (pHC. 42, 6).
He06xol\HMaS! CHJIa npmKaTHH Ka>K.IJ.oii KOJIOl\KH
HOMep ,a,aHHal
Q. KH
b, M
l1., M
a, M
I 20 2 - 4,2 2
2 36 4 2,4 3,8 1,5
3 42 4 3,2 6,6 2,2
4 24 4 4,6 5,4 2 , 5
5 15 2 - 8,2 4
MHOrOBeTBeBble CTponbl Ha TpaBepce '1aCTO BbITIOJIHHIOT
C '1eTblpbMS! HJIH I\BYMH cTponaMH (pHC. 41). CTporrbI nOlI'
6HpalOT no pacTHrHBalOlI(HM YCHJIHS!M. a rrOnepe'lHbIe paa.
MepbI TpaBepcbI onpel\eJIHIOT paC'IeTOM Ha HarH6 (pHe.
41,a), HJIH Ha H3rH6 II Ol\HOBpeMeHIIoe C:>KaTHe (pHc.4I,6).
YCHJJHe B HaKJJOHHOH HIre
S= (Q + G)I(2 cos e),
rJ[.e Q - Bee rpY3a; G - Bee TpanepCbI.
YCIIJIHe, C>KIIMalOlI(ee TpaBepcy
N = (Q +G)/(2Ig ).
113rH6alOII(IIe MOMeHTbJ B ce'IeHHHX TpaBepCbJ y MeCT
3aKpenJJeHHH THr
M I-a + I-a I-a [ Q+£ ( I_ )] I- a.
n 22 124 _ 2 14
,1J.JIH TpaBepCbI 6e3 THr
Mn=(Q+ ) +.
98
OJ ! 0) 1a,C
l
!\ 1\ fJ
t?
<!'-
-..../
"a-fC
Pnc. 41. Tpancpca co CTpO[JaMn
a - co clw60li J1,JU! HaBeU!liBatHIfl fia
KpIOK l{pafJa; 6 - C 1-IaI\J!OHHbIMH
TSJraMII
{)
0)
Q
f,
!.
Q
Pnc. 42. 3a:HmMHbIe 3aXB8Tbi
0..... KJJeID.eBof!; 6 - pblQa>KIIblti QlPIIKL\HOHHbItI.; 8 - SlKCD;eHTpHKOBbIfi q,PHK HOHHE>lf:i
7"
99
"I
III
Ii 22. OCTaHoBbl " TOpMo3Hble YCTpoifcTBa
OCTaHoBbI CJ1Y1KaT )J.JIH y.n,ep2KamU[ nO.IJ;HRTOrO rpY33,
npe!LOTBpaII.J.eHHH era caMonpoH3Bo.,'IbHoro onycK3HHH, a
TaJ{llie )J,JIH cTonopeHHH MexaHH3MOB H 9JIeMeHTOB MaIlnIH
HaH60JIee pacnpocTpaHeHbI xpanoBble H pO."HKOBble OCTa-
HOShI.
X pan 0 B bI e 0 eTa HOB hi COCTOHT li3 xpanOBoro K04
JICca (pHC. 43, a). HapY>KHoro HJIH BHYTpeHHero 3al1eIlJIe-
HHH H co6aIIKu, HHOrJ.la YCT3HaB.m'maIOT HeCKOJJbKO C06aqeK
I1CXO)J.HbIMH )J.aHHbIMH HBJJHIOTCH yroJI nOBopoTa xpano-
Boro KOJJeCa Ha O)J,HH 3y6 aO H llepe.naBaeMbIH KpynUIJ;HH
MOMeHT.
f1pePBapHTeJIbHOe '1HCJIO 3y6LeB xpanoBoro KOJIeCa
2"p=360 °la 0. f1pHHHMalOT z=8...48.
<PaKTH'IeCKHH yro." nOBopOTa aO=360 °lz.
Mopy JIb xpanoBoro KOJIeCa H3 paC'IeTa 3y6beB Ha 113-
rn6:
}J.JIH HapY}KHOrO 33l.len.TIeHIHI
3 -
m= 1,75}' M RP /(z1jJ[u n l)
,D,JJH BHYTpeHHerO 33uerVIeHHH
3 -
m = 1,11/ M"p/(Zlj' [aun
r,n.e 1}\=blm; b -IIIHpHiia 3y6a.
JIHHeHHoe ype"'bHOe J\BBJIeHHe npOBepHlOT no q,opMy."e
q 2M RP /(mzb) [q].
[q] B [an] npHBepeHbl B Ta6JI. 49. Xpa.
co6a t IKH nO.D,BepraIOT u;eMeHTaltHH H 3a...
N= k 3 Q
21' '
r)lC !?''J-K03c}J( HI.l.HeH'f 3anaca (ka= 1,1...1,25); f.l-K03c}Jc}JUUHCHT Tpe.
HUH Me>KJI:y nOBepXHOCTHMH KOJIO,lJ.QK H rpY3a (IA=O,12...0.15 rJJa)lKaa
MeraJlJIH':IeCK8H I{QJIO,llK8 no MeT8JJJIH':IeCKOH IJOBCpXHOCTH rpY38 M =
O.3...0,4 TO ?Ke, no ,n.epeBY. M =- 0.4...0.5 pHc}JneH8H MeT8JIJIlfQeCI\8H IJD
BepXI-IOCTb KOJIOJl.KH no MeT8JJJIY. IA O.6...0,7 TO JKe. no 6eTOI-IY).
YpaBHeHIIe paBHOBeCHH O)J,HOrO H3 pbIIIarOB OTHOCHTeJIb-
HO WBpHHpa 0 HMeeT BHj\:
c
Sb-RNa=N 2=O; RN=N,
Tor){a
s = !i. ( a_ I'..!'.. ) =..&!L ( .!':... _..!'.. )
b 2 2b I' 2'
YCIIJJH€ B nO}..l'b€MHOM KaHaT€ C yqeTOM Beca aaXBaT3
P,, Q+G, P,,=2Scosf). oTRypa S=(Q+G)/(2cosf).
3KCl1eHTpl1KOBble IjJPI1I{[(HOHHble 3aXBaTbl npHMeHHlOT
npeHM)IIl1eCTBeHHO j\JIH neperY3KH H TpaHCnOpTHpOBKH B
BepTHKaJIbHOM nOJIO>KeHHH JIHCTOBblx MaTepHaJIOB (pHC.
42,8). YCHJIHe pacilopa N II paBHaH eMy peaKTHBHaH CHJIa
RN C03palOT CIIJIbI TpeHHH, peHCTBYlOlI(He Me>KJ1Y 3a>KHMa-
eMbiM JJHCTOM II .9KCIJ.eHTpmWM f.tt, a TaK1H:e Me>K,ny JIHCTOM
II 33AHefi CTeHKOH 3aXBaTa f.t2.
CHJIa, ypep>KHRalOlI(aH rpY3,
P =N(l'l +1'2) Q(l'l + ",,)/lga.
J!JIJ1 CTaJIbHbIX JIHCTOB I-' 0, 15, I-' 0,1. TOJIII(HBa JIHC-
TOB 6 '" 6...36 MM.
YpaBHeHHe MOMeHTOB )J.eiiCTBYIOI..IJ;IIX CHJI OTHOCHTeJIbHO
OCR .9KCU;CHTpmm:
Nlsina.-NlAllcosa NJl2 (I + 6) cosa = 0,
3Ha'leHHH 'Y,
IIOBbIe Koneca II
KaJIKe.
HanpH>KeHHe
(79)
(80)
B nOnepeQHOM ceqeHHH C06aQKII
an=Mn/W+P/F < [an].
r.lle M n =Pl-H3rHOaIOI.QHH MOMCHT. )lefiCTBYIOI.Qrrif 118 c06atlKY; P=-cz.
=2M}{p/(mz) - ycllJIHC, )leikTBYIOIlI.ee Ha co68 t my: l- paCCTOHHHe MC:m;"
oTRypa
OJ 8,
Sea
sinCG-lAlCOsa-Jl2 (I +f) cosa=O
HJIH
tga- 1'1-1'.(1++)=0. t a<l'j+1'2(I+f).
Pue. 48. OCTaIIOBb(
tl - xpaT!olJof:1; 6-
j)(MHliQUblii
'1TO n03BOJIHeT OnpepeJIHTb OCBOBHble napaMBTpbI 3axBaTa.
100
2
'I
II
I
,
TOpM03Hble YCTpoiicTBa B
aaBHCHMOCTH OT KOHCTPYKTHB-
HbIX CXeM pa3.l\eJIHIOT Ha JIeH-
3'OQHble, KOHUlIeCKHe, JJ.HCKO"
BbJe H KOJIO.l\O'lHbJe. B OTJIH-
'liMe OT OCTaHOBOB TOpM03Hbie
YCTpoiicTBa 06eCne'lHBa1OT
38Mel(JIeHHe JJ:SHLKeHIUI H OC-
T3HOBKY MeXaHl:I3MOB. no X3 4
paKTepy pa60Tbl TOpM03Hbre
YCTpoiicTBa J\eJIHTCH Ha pa-
aOMKHYTbIe H aaMKHYTble. D.JJH
3aTopMalKHBaHHH pa30MKHY-
Toro TOpM03a He06xo.l\BMO
IJpHJIO>KeHHe BHelllHHX ClUJ K
pbl'laraM BJJB ne.l\aJJHM. 3a-
MKBYTbJii TOpM03 nOCTOHHHO
3aTOpMO>K(,H IlOA JleHCTBHeM
npY1KHH BJIB rpY30B. D.JJ H
paCTOpMa1KHBaHfIH aaMKHYTO-
ro TopM03a Heo6xOJ\BMO npH-
JI01KeHHe BHelllHHX CRJI.
TOpM03Hoii MOMeHT, no KO-
TOPOMY paCC'IHTbIBalO'r TOp-
M03Boe YCTpoiicTBO:
MT=ksM, (82)
r.ne M-I{PYTsnIUI"H MOMenT n8 Ban y.
Ha KOTOpOM YCTaHOBJleH TOpM03;
Il9 - K03!fJc}>IU{HeHT 3anaca TOpMO-
1KCHlUI.
.finS! rpY30nOl('beMHbTX Ma- p", . 44. neHTO'lUbdt TOpM03
IIJHH no Ho p MaM rOcro p Tex.. o-npocToD: 6-Jl,Hlf!lfIepelJL\.fUIJII:..
"bIll:. 6 - CYMMHVYIOlludt
H"J\30pa: ks=I,5-npB JJer-
KOM pelImMe pa60Tbl; ks=I,75-npn CpeJ\HeM; k3=2-
npB TH1KeJJOM; k,=2,5- npH BeCbMa TH1KeJJOM pe1KBMe pa-
GOTbI.
J1eHTO'lHblii TOpMOa (pBc.44) COCTOBT B3 II1KB-
na I, CTaJJbHOii JJeHTbl 2 C TOpM03HOii 06KJIa.l\KOii 3 B TOP'
M03I10rO pbI'Iara 4. TOpM01KeHBe npOHCXOJ\BT nOJ\ J\eiiCTBH-
CM TOpM03Boro rpY3a 5 HJJH npH npHJJ01KeHHH K pbl'lary
nllCllIIIHX CHJL
n 3aBHCHMOCTH OT cxeMbI 3aKpenneHHH i:WHU,OB JIeHTbl
II:! 1'OpM03HOM pbIQare JIeHTOl1HbIe TopM03a pa3AeJISHOT 1It-J
IIP{I(ThW, lJ,H{PQ)CpeHIJ.IH:UIbIIbIe H CYMMI1pylOIIJ.He.
49. 3nRIJeHHSI 'tJ', [q] H [u.1
M<nepua.'J xp.arrOBoro KOJ1€Ca >I> Cq), (Un)'
KH/CM MD3
I-lyrYHHoe JJHTbe C418-36. 1,5...6 1,5 30
ClJ15-32
CT8JJbHOe J!HTbe 35J1 II 45J1 1,5...4 2 80
DOKoBKa 1I3 CTaJIH CT3 I.. .2 3,5 100
DOImsKa li3 CTCJJIH 45 I.. .2 4 120
II
ny OCbJO coGaGKH II HanpaBJI€HI1CM ncikTBlm CHJ!bI; U:7=blh /6 - :M{}o
MCHT COnpOTlfEJIeHlUJ nOnepe'lHOrO ceIJCHHH co6a 1 1KH, 3,LleCb b h hI - pa3
MepbI IIonepeTlHoro CClJCHHH C06aIJKII; F=b 1 h l - TIJJOll18lJ..b nOnCpCllHOrO
Ce1:leHHH coGa l lim.
D.HaMeTp OCH C06a'lKH OlJpeJ\eJJHIOT paC'IeTOM OCII Ha
H3rH6:
,f(M
an = MJilIW <: [O"JilJ,
lnC W=O,ld 3 -- MOMeHT COrrpOTliBJreHHR nonepe l JHoro Ce'leHlHI OCM.
D.JIH CTaJJH CT5 HJJB 45 [UM] "" 50 MOa_
POJJHKOBble OCTaHOBbI (pHC. 43,6) 06eCne'lIlBa-
101' CTonopeHHe spaIIJ.aIOIQefOCH 9JIeMeHTa I1PH aaTHfHS3HHH
pOJJHKOB 3 B cy"{aIOII\HeCH 3a30pbl Me1I(J\Y BpalI\alOlI\HMCII
xpanOBblM .l\HCKOM 1 H HeIJO.l\BH1KHbIM Ha PY1KHbIM KOJJbUOM
2_ XpalJOBOH J\HCK M01KeT BpalI\aTbCH TOJIbKO no HanpaB-
JJeHHIO CTpeJJKH, pOJJHKH IJpH 3TOM C1KHMalOT IJPY1KIIHbl H
CMelI\alOTCH B lliBPOI{YIO '1aCTb KJIHHOBOm 3a30pa. Xpano-
BOH l(HCK 11 HapYlI{HOe KOJIbIJ.O 06bl1:IHO H3fOTOBJIHIOT 113-
CTaJJH 15X HJJH 20X, a pomIKIl H3 CTaJJH 40X. D.eTaJJH OCTa-
HOBa I1oJ1.sepraIOT IJ.eMeHT811I1H H 3aKaJIKe.
K:oHTaKTHble HanpHlI{eHHH Me1Kj(Y 9JJeMeHTaMH OCTa-
Hosa
u=0,418VNE/(lpd p ) <fuI, (81)
I'}l€ N=P/(zf1) - HOpMaJlhHOe JWBJIeHne Ha OJlliH pOJlHK; P=2M 1fp !D-
OKpY>KHOe ynIJIlfe; Mil}) - Kpynmwi1 MOMeHT lIa BaJIY; Z - Tlnc.no po.
JIHKOI:I; E - MO.n;yJIb ynpyrocTI:I M8TepllaJJ8 .n;eTa.nefi OCTaHOEa; lp, d p
JJ D - pa3MepbJ pOJrHKOB 11 xpanoBoro J{I1CKa; [a] - J{onycKaeMoe 1:Ia.
npH1KeHH€ Ha KOHTaHTHYlo npollHocTb ([a]= 140...150 Mf1a).
CTOIJOpeHlle 3JIeMeHTOB J\OCTHraeTCH IJpll C06JJIO.l\emlH
YCJJOBHH
I,
KM
t"
G,p
«<p,
rne CG - yroJ! KJIHHOBOro sasopa:
cosa; H/(D-2dp);
p - yroJI 1'peHlIf[ Me2KJ{Y nOE( pXHOCTmm neT.'i .p;:i OC'! <11I0na.
102
103
n pH H3BeCTHOM TOpM03HOM MOMeHTe paC'leTHOe ORPY}K-
1I0e YCHJUle Ha o60.lle ropM03Horo lllRHBa
P p = 2M./D.,
r.n,e D'J: - ,lUI3MCTp 'l'OpM03Horo UIKIiBB.
MeJRAY YCHJIHHMH U Ha6era!Ollleii H c6era!Ollleii BeTBHX
TOpM03HOH JI€HTbI HM€e-rCSI 38BHCHMOCTb:
Ia(j = Sc6 ella,
fIle e=2,718 - OCHOB8fIHC nBTypaJIbHblX JIorapml}MoB; I'" - K03cjJqmH,ll-
('liT TpeHHH MC:iKJlY pa60tlIIMll nOBepXHOCTSIMll TOpM03HOH .nenTbI II I1j](H
Ba (Ta6JI. 50); a-yrOJI OXB8Ta TOpM03Horo lliRHB3 JICHTOH (a
180...270").
CHJIa TpeHHH JIeHTbT 0 lllRHB paBHa paC'leTHOMV ORPVJR-
HOMY YCHJIH!O:
CYMMHPY!Oll(Hii TOpM03
Orp (SHa6 + Sc6) a/l rp ; K" = 0rp Irp/1M;
XOA flROpfl 3JIeRTpOMarHHTa
h = &t.[l\I/2a.
H3M€HeHH€ H8npaBJ1eHHSI Spaw.eHIUI TOpM03Horo lllKHBa
rrpOCToro ropM03a npHBOAHT R CYll\eCTBeHIIOMY H3MeHeHHIO
'fOpM03HOro YCHJIHfl, n03TOMY TaRHe TopM03a 06bl'lHO npH-
MeHJIIOT B HepesepcnpyeMbIx M€XaHH3Max.
JJ.JIfl npaBHJIbHOii pa60TbT AH<jJ<jJepeHl(HaJTbHOrO TopM03a
He06xo.llHMO C06JI!OAeHHe YCJIOBIUJ ala1>e a. npH a=e a
TOpM03 npeBpaIIJ.aeTCJI B OCTaHOB, KOTOpbIM H€B03MO}KHO
perYJIHpOBaTb CROpOCTb onYCRaHHfl rpY3a. JJ.H<jJ<jJepeH'
l(HaJIbHblii TOpM03 npH npaBHJIbHOM Bbl60pe nJIe'l pbl'larOB
n03BOJIfleT 3aTOpMaJRHBaTb 60JIblllHe RpYTflll(He MOMeHTbl
M3JIbIMH YCHJIHffMH, M3JIbiM seCOM TOpM03Horo rpY3a.
B CYMMHpY!Oll(eM TopM03e BeC ropM03HOro rpY3a He 3a-
BHCHT 01' HanpaSJ1€HHSI Bparn.€HH5I TOpM03Horo IllKHsa. Ta-
KHe TOpM03bT npHMeHHIOT B MexaHH3Max nOBopOT3 H nepe-
D.BIDKeHIUI KpaHOB.
JIeHTOYlHble TOpM03bI npOBepHIOT Ha M3KCHM3JIbHOe
YAeJIbHOe AaBJIeHHe:
q"aHc 2S aa 6/(D T b) < [q],
r,lte b - UIlIpmm TOpMC>3HOfi JJeHTbl.
3Ha'leHHe AonYCRaeMblX YAeJIbHblX AaBJIeHHii npHIIHMa-
eTCfl no Ta6JI. 51.
IllHplfH3 TOpM03HOH JIeHTbl ,lLOJI}KHa 6hITb He MeHee
100 MM npH D T < 1000 MM H He MeHee 150 MM npH D T >
> 1000 MM.
TOpM03Hbie JIeHTbT H3 <jJeppaAO (ac6eCTOMe.1UIoii TKaHH)
HMe!OT CJIeAY!Oll(He pa3MepbT (no rOCT 1198-78), MM:
P-p = Sua6 Sc6 = Sc6 (eJ-tCt. - I),
OTl<yn3
Sna6 =
ppeJ.la
eJ.la_I
H Sc5=
P p
el-lCG_l
Bec TOpM03Horo rpY3a H BeJIH'lHHY paCTOpMaJRHBa!Oll\e-
fO YCHJIHfI onpe,lLeJUHOT no CJIe,lLYIOIIJ.HM 33BHCHMOCTHM:
npoCToii TOpM03
Orp = Sc;fj a/lrp KM = G rp lrp/lM:
XO.ll HROpfl pacropMaJRHBalOll(ero 3JIeKTpOMarHHTa
h={,al-r,t!a,
rl1.C {j=1...2 MM-palJ..l.JaJ!bllhlH UTXUl1. JJeHTJ.,I (IT lUKUBa:
AH<jJ<jJepeHl(HaJIbHbTii TOpM03
G rp = Scu (a - ell- ft , at)lt; KM = Gr-p lrp/lM;
XO,lL JIKOpH 9JIeI<TpOManUlT3
h={jaIM/(a-o t ):
50. 3H8"1CHHSI KoscjJejmuHcHTOB TpCHJ1SI I'"
51. J1.onycKacMblc YACJIbHblC naEJlCHHSI q, Mna
MaTCpltaJI 7pyllUiXCII nOI3€pXHOC"Ieti
CMa3K OlCY ICT-
ByeT
CTOnOpHi>1H CnYClmofi
TOpM03 'IOpM03
2 1,5
0,8 0,6
0,6 0,5
1,2 0,9
B MaCJi5Uloi!
cpe)w
Ma"IepHn "IpylllllxCE nOBepxHocTefl
CTaJ1b flU C18JJll H no qyryny
llepeno no CTa 'IH n no tJyrYHY
TOpM03H8fl ac6ecToB8H JIeHTa (cjJep-
palLo) no qyrYHY 11 CT8JIH
JIel-lTa, BaJIbIJ;OBBHl-Iafl 110 tIyrYl-Jy H
CTaJIil
0,06.. .0,1
0,2.. .0,25
0,16., .0,25
0,12.. .0,2
C1'aJlbH3f1 JIeHT8 no trYI'YHHOMY H.rm CT3JIL-
HOMY LUKl.J:BY
}JepeHo no ..yryny
TKaneBafi JIeHTa (cpeppal1.o) no tIyryHy
HJIH CT8JIH
B£!JIb!1.0EaHHaSI leHTa liD 'lyrYHY "JIM
CTaJIH
0,15...0,2
0,25.. .0,3
0,35.. .0,37
0,4.. .0,42
104
105
..
111
IllIf IfHa b=20, 25, 30, 35, 38, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 64, 70,
75 P80 85 90 95 101 105 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 140,
150, 160, 170: 180, 190, 200', 215, 240, 250, 260, 270; TOJI-
ll\HHa 6=4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12.
BaJIbf(oBaHHbTe TOpM03Hble JIeHTbl (ac6ecT C JKeJIe3HbTM
CYPHKOM H pe3HHOBbTM KJIeeM) HMelOT IllHPHHY 40...100 MM
npH TOJIIllHHe 4...8 MM.
nOrrepeIIHOe CeLIeHUe CT8JIbHOH JIeHTbl TOpM038 I1pOBe
pHeTC paCqeTOM Ha pa3pbIB B OCJIa6JIeHHOM ceqeHHH
SHaO = (b - 2d) 6 [o-p],
r}J,e b _ IlIHpHH3 JIEJITbI; d - ,ltHaMeTp aaKJIenKH; IS - TOJIlI.(IIHa JIeHTbI;
[a I ,] - fjO...80 .MIla JI}Ifl CTa 'J.11 MapOK CT3 II CT4.
KpCnJIeHHe JICHTbT 06bTqHO oCYilleCTBJI eTC 3aKJIenKaMIf
JlIfaMeTpoM 8, 10 H 13 MM.
3aKJIenKH HpOBepHIOT paCqeTOM Ha CM TIfe
GeM = SHa6/(zdo) < [UCM]'
OK ( 06bIlJ:HO 2=4 ) " d-,ltH3MeTp amwemm; cS-
rIle Z - 4HCJIO a3KJ1en .
TOJIlluma neHTbI.
Pa3Mepbl BaJIbf(OBaHHbTX JIeHT, MM: IllHpHHa b=40, 50,
60,70,80, 100; TOJIillHHa 6=2, 3, 4.
ILonycKacMoe HanpmKeHHe 3aKJIenOK
[GeM] =2[Tep). ILonYCKaeMoe Hanp JKeHHe
cpe3 [Tep] =30...40 MTIa JlJI CTaJIH MapKIJ
HaHpmKenHe 3aKJIenOK Ha cpe3
't cp = 4S H8 (i!(Zf z :rtd 2 ).
r}J,e Zt - QRCJ1Q TIJIOCKocTetf cpe38 o,ltHofl 3aKJIenKfI.
K 0 H H q ec K H i\ TO P M 0 3 (pHC. 45, a) o6eCneqHBaeT
TOpMOJKeHH€ 33 CII€T CHJI TpeHlUI, B03HHKaroIIJ.H.X lIB KOHH-
qeCKHX nOBepXHOCTHX. OKPYJKHOe YCHJIHe lIa KOHyce TOp-
Mosa
P p = 2M T ID T ;
CHJIa Tpem'UI
F TP :;:;" P p = NfJ,.
f,lle N - CUJIa HOpM3JIbHOrO ,naBJIemUI; f-t - IW9cjJcjmQlIeIlT TpCHHSI MaTe
pH3JJ3 KDHHT1€CKHX HOBepxHDcTefi; D'l' - cpe.LUIHH }J,HaJl.ieTp TOpM038.
OceBoe YCHJIHe S =N sin (0, yroJI (0 = 15...25°.
lllHpHHa pa6oqei\ J(OHHQeCKOii noncpxHoCTH b =
= (D 2 -D,)/(2 sin (0) HpoBep cTcH Ha JlOnycKaeMoe YJleJlb-
Hoe .naBJIeHHe
d= Nf(nDb) <; [q].
IL H C KO B bI i\ TO P M 0 3 (pIfC. 45,6) M01KeT IIMeTb OJlHH
H.nH HeCKOJIbKO BpaillalOillHxc JlHCKOB. OKPYJKIIOC YCIfJIHe
Ha .llHCKe TOpM03B
P p = 2MT/DT;
lIB CMHTHe
saKJIenOK Ha
CT2.
CHJIa TpeHH
F TP ;;, P p Nzl',
r,n€ z - IInCJIO nap nOBepxHocTefr TpCHH.fI; f-t - K03ipCPH1:(HeJiT TpeHHH
Me}KJl.Y pa6mlHMH nOBepXHOCTHMH ,ltHCKOB.
Pa3MepbT TOpM03HbIX JlHCKOB onpe.l\eJI IOT paCqCTOM Ija
JlOHYCKaeMoe YJleJIbllOe JlaBJICHHe
0)
0)
q=4Nfln(D -ni)] <; [q]. (83)
KOJIO.l\OqHbIi\ TOpM03 (pHC. 46) COCTOHT H3 qy-
rYIIHoro HJIH CTaJIbHOrO IlIKHS8, TOpM03HbIX KOJIOl(OK H pbT-
qarOB, nepeJlalOillHX YCHJIH , KOTopble npmKHMaloT pa6o-
qHe nOBepxHoCTH KOJIOJlOK K TOpM03HOMY IllKHBY. <PpHKI1H-
OHBble HaKJIa,lLKH qyrYHHbIX KOJIOl(o.K BbTnOJIHJIIOT H3 ac6ec
TOMeAHOH TKaHH, BaJIbIl,OSaHHOii JIeHTbl HJIH }iJeTHHaKca.
<PpHKf(HOHHbIe HaKJIaJlKH npHKJIeHBalOT K KOJIOJlKaM TepMO-
CTOMKHMH KJIeHMH HJIH npHKJIenbIBaIOT naTYHHblMH HJIH
aJIIOMHHHeBbTMII 3aKJIenKaMH.
Bce ropM03bT, cxeMbI KOTOpblX H306paJKeHbI Ha pHC. 46,
HSJIHIOTCH a3MKHYTbTMH: ,l(JIHHHOXO,lLosoii - 33 CIIeT seca
TOpM03Horo rpysa, a .l\Ba OCTaJIbHbTX - 3a CqeT YCHJIHi\
C1K3Tb!X npYJKHH.
::::
<!'1
s
<!'1
N
>
PHC. 45. 41puKu.uoHHl>le 'J'OpMo3Hble YCTpoiic7Ba.
a _ KOHlI..eCKoe. 6 - AHcKoBoe
106
101
a)
P,
P, r:e
N'
I
".
t M
t/.p
n '-!
C 2p
K03.p.pm.\HeHT TpeHHIJ I-' 3aBHeHT OT MaTepHaJIa TPY-
IIlllXCH IlOBepXHOCTeM H 01' B03MO}J{HOCTH nonal(aHIUI CM3g-
KH Ha TpYlI\HeCIJ nOBepXHOCTH.
DpH pae'leTe J\JIHHHOXOJ\OBoro J\BYXKOJIOJ\O'lHOrO TOpMO-
sa (pHe. 46, a) HaXOJ\HT yeHJIHe B TIJre
T = N' aclbe;
Bee TOpM03Horo rpysa
G rp = Tllll rp .
OObI'IHO npHHHMaJOT I,=e H Irp=kl.. fJ\e k=2...8.
PaeTOpMa1IUlBaJOlI\ee YCHJIHe K" BbI'/HCJI>1JOT HS ypaB-
HCHH5I
'"
p' p'
"
" ."
PRC. 46. CxeMbl JI.Byx
ROnOllO'lHhIX TOpMO'lOB
a -- ,!!,JIl1HHOX01l0DOrO
rpy30Boro; 6 - ICOpOT-
KOXO,llOBoro npY}!{HH"
Horo; B - I1PY}KlIInJO
ro c .'t.'1eKTpOrHJll)O
TOmWTeJlCM
G rp [I'D = KM 1 M .
3JIeKTpOMarHHT nOJ\OHpaJOT no paCTOpMa>KHDaIvll.\eMY
YCHJIHIO. PaCCTOHHHe 1 M H3MeHHIOT JI.O 3HaQeHlli'I, Il03BOJUIIO-
lll.lIX 60JIee nOJIHO HCnOJIb30SaTb CHJIY 3J1eKTpOMarHHT8.
DpH KpaTHoeTH CHeTeMbT pbl'laroB i= (a/b) (e/e) (1,/1,,) H
pa1\HaJIbHOM sasope Me>K1\Y TOpMOSHOll KOJIOJ\KOll H IllKH-
BOM 1>=0,8...2 MM nYTb TIJrH 3JIeKTpOMarHHTa h=2,21>/i.
DOJ\ooP 3JIeKTpOMarHHTa M01ImO npOHSB01\HTb no ero pa-
oOTe A=K"h.
D pOBepKY paSMepOB TPYlI\HXCH nOBepXHocTefT KOJIOJ.\OK
Bb1I10JIHHIOT no ,lLOnycKaeMblM y eJIbHbIM )J.aB.neHluIM
q=360N'/(nD,bct), (81)
r,lle a-- yroJI o6xB3Ta lllKHBa KOJIOAKOH (a=60...90o; qaCTO a=7lf).
OCHoBHble napaMeTpbl TOpM03HbTX ManlHTOB H 3JICM€H-
TOB KOJIOJ\O'lHblX TOpM030B npHBe1\eHbT B nOJI. 52 IT 53.
52. XapaKTepHcTHKa TOpM03HblX MarHH'rOB nma I(MT
j
" ,
:,.; ..:.;; ,
t
to
llITaMeTp TOpMOSIIOro IllKHBa D, npe1\BapHTeJIbHO BbI-
6i1p JfOT B 3asHcHMOCTH OT TOpM03Horo MOMeHT3;
D,.. M" 1100 I 200 I 300 1 400 1 500 1 600 I 700 I 800
M T . 1;.../ 20 170...1601250...50011000/20001400016500110000
KOJIO,ll,?lIHbIH TOpM03 1I3CTO YCTaHaSJIHS3IOT H3 COe.lUI
HHTeJlbHOH My.pTe Me}KJ\Y J\BlTraTeJIeM H peJ.\YKTopOM.
Pae'leTHoe OKpY1ImOe YCHJIHe Ha 0001\e TOpM03HOro
lllKlma
Ma]JKa
T.rOBoeleM""e.\ Maeea "MP". Kr \
MaKCItMflJlblJblf.i
xop;, MM
P p = 2M 'l,fD T o
CHJIa npH>KaTITH TOpMOSHbIX KOJIOi\OK
N' F,p/(2f').
HO TaK KaK F,p=P p , TO N'=P p /(2,,).
108
KMT.100 80 2 20
KMT-101 100 2.8 40
KMT-102 200 4.5 50
KMT.103 350 9.7 50
KMT-I04 700 19.8 50
Dpn pae'leTe J.\BYXKOJI01\O'lHOrO TopMosa C KOPOTKOxo.
J\OBblM 3JIeKTpOMarnHTOM (pHe. 47,6) BHa'Ia.ne onpeJ\eJI -
JOT CHJIY C>KaTHIJ npY>KHHbl:
Q=N'alb.
PaCTOpMa>KHBaJOlI\lTll MOMelTT
K",I=Qli.
109
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00 OJ
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a '" '" '"
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 "' "' "' 0 0 0
:": :": 0 0 '" '" '" "' "' "'
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"
0
0
"
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
" 0
" "- "- SO SO '" '" '" 0 0 0
'" '" '" '" '" '" '"
'" '" <0 <0 <D '" '" :": 0 0 0
0 <0 '" '" 0 <0 <0 "- 10 "-
'" '" <0 <0 '" '" '" '" "' '" "'
0 '" 0 0 C> as 0 0 0 0 0 '"
<0 ;;: "- "- <0 <D <D <D "" "" ""
0 <0 '" '" "' "' <D <D <D "- "- "-
"
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0
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0
0
0 0 0 0
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:or '" '" '" '" <0 <0 <0 <0 <0 '" "" '"
0
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PRC. 49. 6J10R-CXCMa paC1;If;Ta I'PY30nO 'beMIJCFO MexaHIISMa
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120
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C BbICOKHMll CKOpOCHIMH npH HenpepbIBHofl TpexcMeHHoH paGOTe.
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XpOBHbIM CKOpOCTHM BpaIIteHHH 500 H 1000 MHH-'.
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,[(JIH npHBO,l\a MexaHH3MOB C nOCToHHHoi\ HarpysKoi\
npH pa60Te H SHaqHTeJIbHoi\ neperpY3Koi\ B nepHO,l\ nYCKa
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122
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lOT l!BHraTeJIH THna AC H AOC.
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MT cOOmeTCTByeT 3JIeKTpo,l\BHraTeJIHM C cjJa3HbIM pOTOpOM
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,
A02-52-2 13 2900 0,045 110
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A02-62-2 22 2900 0,110 144
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IT IJ If Me <J 1) P. II e ,D.'Hi EIre': 3J1eI\TpO.D.BHra'J"eJIeii M 1 M =22
MaRC HOM ,.
123
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III
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MTI\ 211-6 7,5 6 880 910 0,11 110
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MTKB 312-6 16 13 900 925 0:3 195
MTKB 411-6 22 17 935 950 0,47 255
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MTKB 311-8 7,5 6 670 690 0,3 155
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III
I
n p H Melt a H II e. JJ:.JlSl Bcex ,lI,BuraTe.nefi M l\faHcIMHoM =2,5.
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,
I
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Al\ 71-4 I 20 I 1420 0,28 235 2,5
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AK81-4 40 1440 0,63 400 2,6
AK 82-4 55 1440 0,75 440 2,8
AK 91-4 75 1460 1 55 640 2,8
AK 92-4 100 1460 (90 710 3
III
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A1\52-6 2,8 920 0,065 103 2
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I 10 490 0,28 160 2
I A1\62-b
111 11
I ,'I
n pOaOJlJICeHUe Ta6A. 59
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/I "O"<'pIW OeU8aTeAR Ita nepe2pysOQltyw cnOC061toCTb
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II 061I1eM cJIY'Jae pa60Ta A =Ps COs a, rl(e P=ma-
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II P,III,IICf-1I1M J1,eMCTBHH CHJIbI H J1,BH:>KeHHH TeJI3 a = 0 11
"1)''''=\, TOrl(a A=Ps.
IIIHI HeYCT8HOBHBllleMCH llBH2KeUHH YCImpeHHe a=
(v -v') It, CpeJ1HHH C!(OPOCTh Vc = (v+v') 12.
PlI6oT8
v-v'v+v' mv 2 m(v')2
A=mas=m---i=- __.
t 2 2 2
I J .a6oT8 paBHa pa3HOCTH KHHeTHQeCKHX 9HeprHH A =
f:" -E'. .
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m,J,
E='!:-.
D 2'
(90)
IIPH Bpml{aTeJIbHOM J1,BI12KeHI1H
mv 2 mm 2 R2 Ii wi
EBP=2= =:E
(91)
125
II
II
npH nJIOCKOnapaJIJI€JIbHOM }IBH>KeHHH
midi J j OO7
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KHI-l€TlIIJecKYIO Emeprmo CHCTCMbI MO>T{HO BbIpa>T{aTb qe-
pe3 0606II1eHHb1H rrOKa3aTeJlb, HarrpHMep qepe3 Maccy (mo)
HJlH MOMeHT HHepl1HH (/0), rrpHBet(eHHbIH K JII060MY H3
j1,BH2KYIIJ.HXCH 9JIeM€HTOB CHCTeMbI:
E = mo v /2 liJIn E = 10 CiJ /2.
(92)
III'
TOf)1,a
mo mi0 lt
-=1:-+1:-
222
H
2 2 2
[iJroo m i Vi Ji(f)i
-=1:-+1:-
222
oTKyt(a
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mo=1:m, 2+1:/,-;[;
Vo 0
r1 ro
lo= mi2+ li2.
00 0 <00
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)J,JlH CHCTeMbI, BKJIIOQalOII1eH t(BHraTeJlb, pe.l(YKTOP H 6a-
pa6aH, paCCMOTpHM rrpHBet(eHHe MOMeHTa HHepl1HH OT Ba-
Jla 6a pa6aHa K BaJlY t(BHraTeJlH;
2 2
V rp (06
lJJ;H = mI'p + /6 ';
Ul AB ro B
(93)
(94)
II'
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UAB_6= ;
2
Rfj 1
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U An-6 L l\B-6
vf\=w6Rfj-
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Vl'p = -:- ;
'n
B rrepHOt( HeYCTaHOBHBlllerocH t(BH>KeHHH rrpH pa3roHe
npOHcxOJ],HT HaKOTIJIeHHe 9Hepnm 3a Cq€T H36bITOQHOrO MO'.
MeRTa j1,BHraTeJUI:
M =M +MP.
JJ:B C'l' lfH
(95)
126
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CfI TOpM03HbIM MOMCIITUM H MOM€HTOM CTaTHqeCKHX conpo.
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TIYCIWHofr MOMenT HR BaJIY )1,BHraTeJIH
M =M +M +M'
n CT A'
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MOM('I[T. YIIH'IbIB3IOIUUH BJIlUnme HHepIJ.HOI-IHbIX CHn OT rrocTyn3TeJIbHO
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CTaTHQeCKldt MOMeHT He:! BaJIY JJ:.BHraTeJIH nOJ('beMHOro
MeXaHH3Ma
(96)
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npH BpalllaTCJlbHOM )J.BH>KeHHH
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"'0
(98)
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2
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HHepl1HH, rrpHBC)J.eHHbiH K BaJlY )J.BHraTeJlSl.
2 1
10 = 1:/ 1 -;-- ; 2 = 1:1, - u. 2 .
@o rot O-l
)J,JlH cm orrpe,l\eJlCHHH Heo6xo)J.HMO yqeCTb MaCCbi BCex
BpaII1alOII1HXCH 9J1eMeHTOB rrpHBOt(a (BaJlOB, ay6QaTbIX KO-
JICC), HX reOMCTpnqeCKHe pa3Mcpbi n rrepet(aTOQHbIe QHCJIa
nepe,l\aq OT BaJla .n.BnraTCJlSI t(0 Ka>Kt(orO 9J1CMe!fTa. OCHon,
127.
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II
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Hoe BnHHHHe Ha HarpY3KY ABHraTenH B nepHOA nYCKa OKa-
3bIBalOT MOMeHTbJ HI-lepUHH 3JIeMeHTOB seJ1.ymero saJIa;
BJIHHHHe nOCJIeJ1.YIOIIJ.HX 3JIeMeHTOB CHlDKaeTCH B U l paa.
lJnH Y'IeTa HHepl\HOHBbIX CIW, ACi\CTBylOll\HX Ha BeCb
npHBon:, lI:lIHaMllt:leCKliH MOMeHT Ha BaJIY JJ:.BHraTeJIH
I t> roR 0) wI
M.=P R=maR=m-R=m-R=mR2_=II- t
... HE I t t
YBenH'IHBalOT Ba 15...25 %.
. n", _ 0,105 +
M A =(1,15. ..1,25)1, 30t = (1,15. ..1,20) fl n (lHR +IM
+In+1w).
(ne lng, 1 M , IE. 1m - MOMeHTbJ i1He u.JJII mmp51 ,llBH:raTeml, COe.llHHl1TeJIo4
HOM My$TbI, BaJ!3 H weCTepHH, Kr'M .
TIpI1 H3B€CTHbIX Ta6JIHQHbIX 3HaQeHHHX MO:MeHT3 HHep
l\HH ABHraTeJIH (CM. Ta6n. 57-59) MO>KHO []pml"Tb
. 0.125 99
M'=i"Anl'B' ( )
Jle6eAKB. J1e6eAKH cnY>KaT AJIH nOATHrIIBaHHH H lInH
nO, 'beMa rpY30B. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BHAa CHnoBoro 060PY'
LlOB8HlHI JIe6e,n,KH MorYT HMeTb npHBO.ll OT J1,BHraTeJIeH
BHYTpC:lII1erO cropaHlHI, OT 9JJeKTpHQeCKHX JJ:.BHraTeJIeii, OT
rIIlIpOllEHraTenei\ HAp. J1e6eAKH MOrYT 6bITb caMOCTOH-
TC.rlbHlIIMH nepeHOCHbIMH MallIllH3Mll, a TaIOKe MorYT BXO-
,lUITb B cacTas 60JIee CJJO>!{HbIX Mallum H YCTaHOBOK: 9KCK3-
BaTopOB, KpaHOB, nOll'beMIIIIKOB HAp. fpY30nOA'beMHOCTb
nepeHocHbIx ne6eAoK 0,5...10 T.
J1c6clIKa C py'IHblM npHBoAoM (pHC. 50, a, 6) COCTOHT
H3 6apa6aHa 4, YCTaHOBneHHoro Ha OCII, 3aKpcnneHHoi\ B
ABYX orpa>]{lIaIoll\HX nIICTaX-ll\eKaX 5. Bpall\eHHe Ha 6apa-
6au nepe.n.aeTC5J OJJ:.HOH HJUl HeCKOJIbKHMH napaMH sy6qa-
TbJX KOJIec 8, YCTaHOI3JIeJ-lHbIX JIB BBJI3X. BeJ1,YIIJ.HH BaJI npH-
EOllHT EO Bpall\eHHe OllHOi\ HJIH ABYMH PYKOHTK3MH 1. AE-
TO!\H'ITHI.J:ecKl-lii rpY30ynopHhTH TOpM03 2 o6ecne 1 IHBaeT YLlep-
>Kal-JHe nOJ],IHITOrO rpY3B, l:.I TalOKe nOCTeneHHoe ero onYCKa
HMe_ I1nofJ1,a .Tle6eLlKH 113fOTaBJIHBaIOT C ynpaBJIHeMbIMH
J1CHTOI.J:HbIMH TOpM033MIL
Ha EeAYll\eM B3ny 6 Ha IllnOHKe nOca>I{CH TOpM03HOii
ABCI< 7; TOpM03HOi\ AliCE 9, 06'beAliHeHlmi\ C npHEoIllloi\
rnecTepHefi, MO>KeT nepeMelll.aTbCH BJ1,OJIb I.J:aCTH DaJIa. HMe-
lOll\ei\ EHHTOBYIO Hape3KY. Me>KAY TOpM03HbIMII IlHCKaMH
Ha Bany cB060AHO Haca}]{eHO xpanoBoe KOJleCO 8. HanpaB-
JleHHe pe3b6b1 TaKOBO, 'ITO npH nOA'beMe rpY3a KPYTHll\Hii
128
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54
PMC. 50. CXCMbI JIe6CAOK
a Jlc6c)J;l\a c p}"un,IM npMIJoJJ;OM; 6 - rpY30ynopHLlfi TOpM03; B - P ,lIy!(TOiJHan
Jlc6cJJ;IW. 2 8YU'l<lTO-<PPHKLUlOliHaB ne6C)J;Ka; iJ _ SJICKTpOTanb ....
MOMeHT 06eCneQHBaeT C6J1H}T{eHHe TOpM03HbIX J1,nCIWB.
Me>K.1I..Y KOTOpbIMH 3a>KHMaeTCH XparrOBOe KOJIeCO. C06a[lIcB
10 He npenHTCTByeT BpallJ.eHHIO XpanOBoro IW.TleC3 [3 CTO-
POHY, COOTBeTCTBYIOll\YIO nO.l('bCMY rpY3a. ITpli npeKpall\e-
HHH nOJ],oeMa HJIH npn CJIyqaMHOM oCB060 LleHHH PYROHT-
KII C06aQKa, ynlIpaHcb B 3y6hH xpanoBoro ]wnCca, OCTa-
HBB.TmnaeT BaJI.
lJnH onYCKalIHH rpY3a Bpall\alOT PYKOHTKY B CTOPOHY,
06paTHYIO []O.l('beMY. J1c6el!I{!! C Hc60nbllllIMI! THrOBbIMH
YCHJIHHMH HMelOT TOpM03, 06oeA,I1HeHHbIH C PYROHTROH, TaR
H33hIBaeMbIe 6e30naCHbIe PYKOHTI{H.
Me>KAY KpYTHll\HMH MOMCHTaMH Ha []PBEOAHOM EaJIY
Mup H Bany 6apa6aHa M6 CYll\CCTByeT 3aBIICHMOCTb:
U=M 6 /(M Hp '1),
r.n.e U - nepe aToIlHoe 'lllCJIO; 1) - KIl)J. nepe.llallll.
I1p IIBe l\eHHaH 1jJ0pMyna n03EonHeT Onpe.l(enHTb OCHOB-
HbIe napaMeTpbI ne6e.l(0K.
nplfMep 9. OnpeAenHTb THroBoe YCHnlIe ne6eAKII xa-
paKTeplI3yeMoi\ cnellYIOll\HMH .l(aHHbIMII: AHaMeTp 6apa6a.
Ha D 6 =280 MM, Anima []ne'Ia npHBoAHoi\ PYKOHTKH lp=
-350 MM, 'Illcno pa60'IHx 2, Qllcno 3y6ben 3y6'IaTbIX KO-
nec nepeAa'IH: zl=16, z2=80, z3=14, z.=1I2.
9-449 129
1 1 I 1I
Ii
"I
PemeHHe. Oepe}IaTOQHOe '-mCJlO TICpeJ],3 l !]'l OT npHBO.l1JIO-
ro BaJIa /1,0 6apa6aHa
Z2 24 BO 112
U = Vi U 2 :;= --. - = - . - = 40.
2'i 2'3 16 14
KpYT>I1I1HH MOMeHT Ha npHBo/1,HOM Ba.rry npH yCHJI!UI 0JJ;-
HOro pa60qero Pp=200 H:
Mp = 2P p 11' = 2.200.0,35 = 140 I-I'M.
KpYTHll1HH MOMeHT Ha 6apa6alle npH KIT.D; JIe6e/1,K
'1=0,7...0,8:
M 6 = MpU = l40.40.0,75 =4200 H'M.
THrOBoe YCHmle .Qe6ei\KH
<;lA' 9.4200
P ---=--::Q.-"--=30000 H=?O ..I-I.
H -. D6 - 0,28
J1cxoaubte aam/hie Ii, npu.J.cpg 9
JI5HOT C O,Z:(HHM HJIH HeCKOJIbKHMH 6a pa6aH3MH. B 3THX JIe-
6e,lI_KaX nepe.l\aqa Bpall1eHHH OT 9JIeKTpO,lIBHraTeJIH 6apa6a-
HY npOHCXO,lIHT 'Jepe3 3y6qaTYlO napy H .ppHKl1HOHHOe YCT-
poiicTBO, rr03BOJIHIOlll.ee npM Heo6xoJ],HMOCTI1 OTKJIIOqaTb
6apa6aH OT Bpall1alOll1erocH BaJIa 9JIeKTpO,lIBHraTeJIH. OT
9JIeKTpO,lIBllraTeJIH 1 peMeHHoH nepe,lIaqeH 11 Bpall1eHH
nepe.l\aeTcH BaJIY 8. Ha BaJIY 3aKpenJIeHa Be,lIYll1aH llIeCTep-
Hf! 10. B nOCTOHHHOM 3aIJ.ermeHHH C HeR HaXoj1,I1TCH BCJ1,O-
Moe 3y6QaTOe Koneco, CBo6oJ1.HO YCT3HOBJIeHHOe H3 OCM 3.
Ha ::noH }T{e OCM cBo601mo Bpalll.aeTCH H MO>T{eT HMeTb IIe
3Ila'IHTCJIbHOe oceBoe nepeMell1eHHe 6apa6aH 4.
Ha TOpl1eBOH nOBepxHoCTH Be,lIOMOrO KOJIeCa eCTb .pPHK-
Il.MOH B BHJ],e KORnqeCKOrO npHJIHBa 2 HJIH TpaneUeII.ll3JIb-
HblX B CeqeHHH IWJIblJ"eBbIX KOJIO)1,OK, rrpHKpermeHHbI.x 6oJI-
TaMH K ,lIHCKY KOJIeca. B TOpl1eBOH qacm 6apa6aHa HMeeT-
CH KOJIbu;eBaH BbIT01JKa, cooTBeTcTBYIOllJ,aH no opMe H
pa3MepaM .ppllKl1ll0HY.
.D;JIH nepe,lIaqH Bpall1eHHH 6apa6aHY ero He06xo,lII1MO
npH6JIH3HTb K Be.l(OMOMY 3y6'!aToMY KOJIecy C TeM, qT06bI
nOBepxHocTb .ppHKl1HOHa conpHKaCaJIaCb C nOBepxHocTblO
KOJIbueBoi'I BbIT01JKH. 3TO J1,OCTHraeTCH CMer.qeHHeM 6apa6a-
Ha BJ(OJIb OCH C nOMOll.tblO Ha}T{HMHOH raHKH 5, cHa6}T{eHHOH
PYKOHTKOH 6. J]e6ei\Ka HMeeT xpanoBoM OCTaHOB 7 H JIeH-
TOIllIbIIi ropM03 9, ynpaBJIHIOT KOTOpbIM c nOMOII.lbIO pbII:Ia-
rOB H neJ1,aJIH.
Y 3y6'JaTo-.ppHKl1HOHHblX JIe6eJJ;01{ onycKaHHe rpY3a
npOHCXO.l(HT 3" C'leT ero Beca (cB060lIJIbJH cnYCK) He3aBH-
CHMO 01' pafiOl'hT ) BlfraTeJIfI.
3JlC'I\rplllH.'CI\IIC 'NWII (pIIC. 50,8) npnMC'IIHIoT K3K ca
MOCTOHTC.1ILlIhle MaJlIIlIlhI J1,JIH n(,pCMl'IJ enHH rpY30B, a T3K-
}KC R K l'rl'l'TBC rpy.wnoJI,hCMI1hT}( McxaIIH3MOB HeKoTopbIX
KpaHoB. 110 KOIICTPYKl1HH 9JIeKTpOTaJIlI - pa3HOBII,lIHOCTb
peBepcHBHblX npHBOl\HbIX JIe6e,lIOK. 3JIeKTpOTaJIll MorYT
6bITb HCnOJIb30BaHbI KaK cTalJ;HoH3pHble McxaHH3MbI 11 KBI(
nepeiJ;BH}T{Hble npH nOJ],BeIlIHBaHM11 HX K TeJIe>KK3M, nepcMe-
II.l31OII.lHMCSI no MOHOpCJlbCY, npHKpenJIeHHoMY K nepeI{phI-
TI1IO 3J1,311HH HJIM K CneUHaJIbHbIM KOHCTpYKllHHM (K03lfbI,
KpoHllITeHHbI H T. n.).
.l-J,sH}T{eHHe OT .9JIeKTpoJ],BHr3T€JIH 1 c nOMOII.lbIO B3J1a 2,
npoxOi\ H ll1 e ro BHYTPH 6apa6aHa qepe3 pe,lIYKTop 3, nepe,lIa-
eTCH Ha 6apa6aH 6. Ha KOIll1e BaJIa YCTaHOBJIeHbI TOpM03-
HbIe J1,HCKH .9JIeKTpOMarHHTHoro J1,HCKOBoro TOpM033 4. OJ1,HH
KOHel1 KaHaTa 3aKpenJIHIOT Ha 6apa6aHe, a i\PYrHM - OXBa.
TblBalOT 6JIOK rpY30BoH 060HMbI 5 H 3aKpenJIHIOT Ha Kopny-
ce .9JIeKTpOTaJIH.
.l- "!IlMeTp I AnURB "
411c:rJO 8y6beB Sy6'J8ThlX [{Oncc ;
0
"
HOMep
Oap20m," I PYRO"'KH I I , 0
saA2HlIH D6' MM lp' "1M I I "
"
I z, z, Z, z, 0
'"
I 380 400 18 80 14 \ 80 2
2 320 350 Hi 71 16 85 2
3 200 300 20 79 18 83 I
4 250 350 I 83 18 I 81 1
5 400 400 77 14 I 85 2
J1e6e}I.KH 06II.lero Ha3HaI:IeHHH C MeXaIUlqeCKHM npHBO-
l\OM MO>KHO I{JIaCCIl.pm(HpOB Tb no qHCJIY 6apa6a!.1OB--
OJJ;HO- II MHor06a pa6aUUhTe, no BI1J],Y KOHCTPYKTHBHOH CBH
3M Me>K,D;Y J1,BHTaTeJI€M H 6apa6aHOM - Ha peBepCI1BI-:!ble
(pei\YKToplIble) 11 3y6qaTO-.ppHKl1ll0HHble.
Y peBcpCHBHOH JIC6e,lIKH (pHC. 50, B) BaJI 9JICKTPOi\BH-
raTeJ1H 4 t:lepe3 COeJl.MHHTeJIbuylO MY TY 3 nOCTOHHHO co-
Ci\HHeH C pei\YKTOpOM 1. BblXOJJ;HOi, BaJI pe,lIYKTopa noCTO-
HHHO COeJJ;HHCH C 6apa6aHoM 5. HapY'KllaH nonepxHocTb
coeJJ.I1HJ1TeJIbIlOiJ MY TbI 2 HCnOJIb3yeTcH B l{aQeCTBe TOp
M03Horo IIIKIIBa J1,BYXKOJIoJ],OQHOrO 3JIeKTpOM arHHTHoro. TOp-
M03a. H3McHcHHe HanpanJICHHH Bpall1CHHH 6apa6aHa (ony-
CI<aHlle HJIH nO,lI'bCM rpY3a) ,WCTllraeTC5I pCBcpCllponaHHeM
Ha.npaBJIeHHH Bp3II.leHHH BtJ..1Ia 3JIeKTpoJJ.BHraTeJIH npM no..
MOll1H nYCKoBoH 9JICKTpOannapaTypbl.
3y6qaTo-.ppHKl1HOHHhle JIC6C,lIKH (pnc. 50,2) H3roTOB-
130
9*
131
1,1
!'
1,1;,
III
IIII
1111,
II I:
I1OTpe6HaH Mall1HaCTb
N, KBT, ::MIeKTpoJ],BuraT(;JIH
.Tle6cJ(KH C M€XaHHIJeCKHM
npHBOJ1,OM 33BHCHT OT TfjrO
BOl'O YCIWHH H CKOpOCTH
KaHaTa:
tv PHvR!(1000 ),
r.lle PH - TJII'OEoe YCI1JIHC, H;
VI; - CKOpOCTI"J IWlIaT3, M/C;
'i'J. - KTI.ll nepc,n;31lH 0'1 JI.BHI'me-
nH K 6apa6aHY ne6e.llKll.
nplfMep 10. Pacc'IH-
TaTb 3.TleKTpH"lfecKYIO pe-
BepclIBHYIO peJ\YKTapHYIO
JIe6e KY, np Ha3HaqeH-
HYIO J\JIH rraA'beMa rpy3a
M accoir 5000 Kr cO' cKapa-
CTbIO 0,12 M/C Ha BbIcaTY
36 M. Pe}1{HM pa6aTbI Mexa-
"J!3Ma cpeJ\HHHI1B=25 %.
CxeMa 3arraCOBKJ! KaHaTa rrpHBeJ\eHa Ha pHC. 51, lo 10 M.
Pemerme. IT 0 Jl. 6 0 P K a HaT a. Y CHJIHe B KaI-IaTe
arrpeAeJ1HIOT nO' .popMYJIe (88) C yqeTaM YCJIaBl!H 3aA 'IH:
Macca rpY3a m,p=5000 Kr, Macca KpIaKaBoH OOOHMbI
m"p 0,02 11''1,=0,02.5000= 100 Kr, KpaJ'JlaCTb nOJInCrraCTa
in 4, '1IICJIa 6JIOKaB OT rpY3a J\a 6apa6aHa n=5, KI1J], aA-
lIam 6JlaKa '1]6n 0,97.
(5000 + 100)9.81
P" - 4.0 97' = 14270 H.
Pa3pbIBHoe YCHJIHe S; " P R k 3 =14270.5,5=78500 H.
110' faCT 3071 74 rraJ\6npaeM KaHaT TK 6X37, d R =
=13,5 MM, O'n=1600 Ml1a, Sp.Ta6,,=82 KH. Macca I M Ka-
HaTa m' O 61 Kr. J],lIaMeTp 6apa6aHa D6 18 d K =
" '
= 18.13 234 MM, npHnHMaeM D 6 =250 MM.
J],JIHHa KanaTa LK (in+I)H+lo+2 nD6= (4+ l)X
X36+1O+2.3,14.0,25 192 M.
Pa6aqaH J\mma 6apa6aHa npH qeTbJpeXCJIaHHaM HaBHB-
Ke KaBaTa nO' .papMYJIe (75)
192.0,013 _ ° 65 8
L(j - -, M.
- 3,14.4 (0,25 +0, 13.4)
I1pHHHMaeM naJIe3HYIO J\J1HHY 6apa6aHa L6=700 MM. TaJI-
1l1J!lIa CTeHaK 6apa6aHa
6 P" 14270 0014M 14MM.
- dd"c,nl 0,013.80.10 6 '
11 a J\ 6 a P J\ B If I' aTe JJ H. CrwpaCTb HaBHBKIf IWHaTa
Ha 6apa6aH v K =v,pi n =0,12.4=0,48 M/C. Mall1HaCTb Ha
BaJIY 6apa6aHa
PI! [II{ 14270-0,48
N6 = 1000 = 1000" 6,8 "BT.
MOlll.I-IOCTb na BaJIY JJ:.BHraTeJI.SI
N6 6,8
NTJ,D=- =-=8 KBT.
'1 0,85
l1aJ\6HpaeM 3JIeKTpaJ\BHraT€JIb cepHH MTB 311.6 Mall1-
HOCThl0 N}1,B= II KBT. 1.IacToTa npall.l,eHHH BaJIa nJf.n=
=950 MHH- r rrpH I1B=25 %. MaMeHT Hlrep!um BaJIa J\BHra-
TeJI I B=0,225 Kr'M 2 . OTHallleHHe MMa"c/MHoM=2,5.
11 a J\ 6 a p p e J\ Y K Tap a. '-IacTaTa Bpall1eHHH 6apa-
6aHa
",7.7/ .:J ""
t.
PH
R
n6=
60"" 60.0,48
n[D6+ d R(2m- I)J 3,14 [0,25 +0,013(2.4- I)J
= 27 mrn- 1 .
PHC. 151.
CxeMa S8naCOlJFm
K81laTa
l1epeJ\aTOqHae qlfCJIa nepeJ\aqI! aT J\BHraTeJIH K 6apa-
6aHY
n]J;B 950
U -=- 35,2.
n6 27
110' Ta6JI. 26 naJ\6HpaeM peJ\)'KTop MapK!! I.L2-250 C rrepeJ\a.
TaqHhlM qHCJIaM U p =32,42 J\JIH n B=1000 MHH- 1 . Mall1-
BaCTIo na B€J1.Yll.I,€M BaJIY 9,2 KBT, QTO o6ecneIIHBaeT Heo6-
XOJ\HMYIa MOJl(ItOCTI, rrpnBaJ\a 8 KBT. '-IHCJ1a 3y6beB 3y6qa-
TblX KOJJCC: 2,= 12; 22=75; 23= 16; 24=83 (nO' Ta6JI. 27).
MOJ1.YJIb 3aU;CnJleIlIHI nepnoii naphJ 1111 =2 MM, BTOpOH na-
pbI - m2=3 MM. J],JIHHa 3y6heB llICCTepHJ! nepBaH rrapbI
2 b, =60 MM H llTopaH rrapbl - b 2 =75 MM (nO' Ta6.". 25).
'-IacTOTa Bpall1eHHH 6apa6aHa
nJf.B 950
nv -=- 29 3.
Up 32,42 '
CKapaCTb HaBHBaHHH KaHaTa Ha 6apa6aH
,,(D 6 +d,,) no 3,14 (0,25 +0,013).29,3
VII = 60 60 = 0,4 M!C.
npH qeTBepTaM CJ1ae HaBBBKH
"[D6+dR(2m- I)] n6
60
3,14 [0,25+ 0,013 (2.4 - I)J 29,3
60
V R =
0,52 M!e.
132
133
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II
III
i
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I11I
CKOpOCTb nO,1\'beMa rpY3a
t'R 0,4 0,52 .
Vl'p=--=- ...-=0,1...0,13 M/C.
in 4 4
11 P 0 B e p K a 9 JI e K T P 0 ,1\ B H raT e JI H Ha neperpY30Q.
HYIO cnOC06HOCTh B nepHO,1\ nYCKa.
CTaTHQeCKH:H MOMeHT Ha BaJIY )1,BHraT€JIH
D6 I . 0,25 I I
MC. PH-.-=14270---=65 H.M.
2 Up 11 2 32,42 0,85
,D,HH2:MHQeCKII:H MOMenT Ha BaJIy J1,BHraTeJIH OT I1Hepli.llH
nO.l(HHMaeMoro rpY3a npH t = 2 C
PH VH D6 l 14270 0,48 0,25
l A=----=-----X
g t 2 Up 11 9,81 2 2
1
x 1,6 H.M.
32,42-0,85
LJ)IHaMHQeCKHH MOM€HT Ha BaJIY ,lXBluaTeJIH OT HHepIJ.HH
Bpalll.aIOl.QHXCH Mace 3JIeM€HTOB npIIBOJ1,a
0,105 0,105
MA 1,25-nAE1'E= 1,25-950'O,225 14 H.M.
t 2
l1ycKOBOM MOMeHT Mn McT+M,,+M; =65+ 1,6+
(+14=80,6 H.M.
IIOMHlIaJIbHbIH MOMCHT na na.TIY J],BHraT€JIH:
NAP. 11
Mn 9555- 9550-=1l1 H.M.
n]J;B 950
M n 80,6
-=- 073<25.
.M H 111 . .
;J:BHraTeJIb nO,1\06paH C 60JIbllIHM 3anacoM.
fT 0 ,1\ 6 0 P TOp M 0 3 a. fTO,1\o6paTb 9J!eKTpOManIHT-
HUH j],ByXKOJIOJ1,OQHbIM TOPM03. YCTaH3BJIHBaeMbIti He 6bICT-
pOXO,1\HOM BaJIY pe,1\YKTopa, Y KOTOpOro M r =65 H.M. CHJIb!
TpeHHH B nepe,ZI,aqe nOMOfalOT 3aTOpMa>KHBaHHlo, n03TOMY
MOMeHT, nO,1\JIe>!{allIHM 3aTopMa>KHBaHHIO, M T =M,'I]2=65X
XO,85 2 =47 H'M. PaC'JeTHbIM TOpM03HOM'MOMenT M.=
=k 3 M.;, =1,75.47=82 H'M.
.l!.HaMeTp TOpM03IlOro llIKHBa npHHHMalOT no pa3MepaM
coe,1\HHHTeJIblIOJi MyljJTbI, y KOTOpOM O,1\IIa H3 nOJIYMyljJT HB-
JIHeTCH TOpM03HbIM llIKHBOM, HJIH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TOp-
M03Horo MOMeHTa D.=200 MM. 110 Ta6JI. 54 HaXO,1\HT oc-
HOBHbIe napaMeTpb! KOJIO,1\OQHOro ropM03a TKT -200.
PaCQeTHOe OKpYJKHOe YCHJIHe Ha 060,1\e TOpM03Horo
IlIKHBa
2M. 2,82
Pp=- - 820 H.
D. 0.2
CHJIa npH'KaTHI! TOpM03HbIX KOJIO.l(OK npH ",=0,45.
N' ,-, P p - 820 _ 911
- 21-' - 2.0',45 - H.
CHJIa C>T{aTHH npY>T{HHbI
, a 0,17
Q N - 91l-=508 H
b 0,305 .
He06xoJ\HMbIM pacropMa}KHlJaIOIllHM MOMeHT M =Ql, =
=508,O,04=20,3H.M<40 [-['M, me 40 H'M-MoMeHT.
C03)1,aBaeMbIH .9JICKrpOM:lrllHToM.
BC'JIII'lHlJa OTX{)J (I I{OJIOJ\I{H ()=o 15 cM=1 5 MM.
Pa601Illj{ XOJJ. "PY),I\III1J.1 . ,
11 ? , !: O,.JO!i
I _IJ 2.1 5 -- 5,4 MM.
a . O,I?
no l'IIJIC C)IG.lI'IIH IIPY>lillllhI II Jl.JIIII H' pafio(l(.. ('() xOJ],a onpe-
)1,CJISHOT OCIIOBllh[(. napaM(") 1'1,1 IIPY>!U.{IIU: "lfHCJIO BHTKOB,
AH3MCTp "PY>lWIII,I, J lIaMCl'p UpOUOJIOKH.
HPOlH'IH\:l'I I'OPMU:HUJIX KOJIOJ],OK Ha 1I.OnYCTllMOe YJ1.eJIb
Hoe J1.8H./ICIIHe:
N'
911
60
3,14.0,2.0,09-
360
< 0,5 !viDa.
q
= 96600 Da '" 0,1 MDa <
r:t.
1tDTBH
360
J1cxoBHble BmiT-lbte K nplwepy 10
HOl\lep m rp ' T v rp ' !\lIe lJ,l'If I". fir I in I TU11 TOpM038.
Bn,n;aHlJn
I 4 0,2 60 10 4 DpY1KHI-IHwfl
2 2 0,3 50 12 2 »
3 2,5 0,4 20 15 3 C I'HJ1,pOTOJIKa-
TCJ]CM
4 3 0,3 30 12 3 To lKe
5 4 0.15 40 10 4 fpY30EOfl
24. ,.,lexaHl.3M Bpall\elllll!
OCHOBHbIe CXCMbI nOBopOTHbIX MexaHH3MOB. MexaH1l3MbI
Bpal.QeHHfI, 06eCneQHBalOlll.J1e nOBopOT llOBOpOTHOH I:I3CTH
KpaHa, MO>T{HO KJIaCcHqHlI.J.HpoBaTb no cxeMaM pa3MellJ.eHllH
OllOp OllopHo-noBopoTHbIX YCTPOHCTB. TaK, B Mat:1TOBo-cTpe-
134
135
, ,
I
III'!
'I
I.
1'111
I
III
I ,
I
" +
A-A
123
oj
l)
6-6
lj
'/":/
, +
.....,... .:...-
D
'/.'.
,/
/
F
c
p}
PliC. 132. Ulapmwnoe onoplJo-nOSOpOTllOe YCl'poficTBO
'"
1
x I--
z
" 0 x " of'
J
" " x " "
" "
" " x " "
" " " "
" "
4
t)
I -t::;:J1-<-
2
.
FlIc. 54. CXeMb! on{)l)Ho nonopOTHb!X yC'rpoj:!cTD C OnOp<l.Mlt, pa3Me CHHblM" D Bep-
TLlKaJlLHoi!: IIliOCKOCTH C lIPamaWlQHMCH SJleMeUTOll1
a - BUYTpeIlHHM; 6 BIIClliHHM
HMeeT 3y6'JaTbIH BeHeL\ 4 BHYTpeHHero 3aL\errJIeHHH. Me}K.1\Y
KOJIhL\aMH pa3Mell1eHhI J(Ba pH.1\a llIapHKOB 2 II cerrapaTOp-
HbIX BT}TJIOK 5, pacnOJI02KeHHLIX Me>T{J],Y IlI<:l.pnKaMI1.
I10BopoTHhIe yCTpOHC'rBa KpaHOB (pHC. 53) BO MHorHX
CJIyqaHX HMelOT lIHl(HBHJlyaJIbHbIe rHJ],paB TJ:HqeCKHe llJIH
3JIeKTpHQeCKi1:e J1,BHraTeJIl1 2, peJ1,YKTOp 3, llIeCTepmo 4, Ha.
XOJ],Hlll.YIOCH B 38uenJIem.m: C 3y6qaTbIM BeHum,i, H TOpM03 1.
B pHJ1,e KOlICTPYKlJ"HM 6amCIIIIJJIX KpanOB nOBopOTHaH
lIaCTb KpaHa (orOJIOBOK) HMceT II.eBOI:IIIbIH B€neII.. npI1BOJ],H-
MbIH EO BpaI1J.eHHe MeXaHH3MOM, YCTaHOB 1eHHbIM Ha H€-
nOJ],BH}T{HO:i1 6alllHe.
B HeKOTOpbIX KpanaX nOBOpOTHaH lWCTb >KeCTKO COC}IH-
HeHa C }T{eJI06 I IaTbIM UlKHBOM 60JIbliiOrO J1,H3MeTpa; Bpallte-
HIle nOBOpOTHOIl qaCTH 06eCneqHBaeTCH JIe6eJ1,KaMH, rrepe-
MaTbIB31OllJ,HMH KaHaT, 3aKpenJIeHHbIfi B }KeJI06e lIlKHBa.
PaC'IeT nOBOpOTHOrO MeXallll3Ma C llll,l1l1Bll.1\yaJIhllhIM
npHBO,lJ,OM. PaCQeT MeXaHH3Ma nOBOpOTa BKJIIOlIaCT: onpe-
.D:eJIeHHe COnpOTHBJIeHllH nOBOpOTY KpaHa C yqeTOM npeo.1\O-
JIeHHH CHJI TpeHHH H BeTpOBOH H3rpY3KH; onpeJ],eneHHe no-
Tpe6HOH MOllJ,HOCTH J1,BHraTeJIH; no.n:.60p J1,BMraTeJIH H npo-
BepKa era Ha neperpY30QHYIO crroc06HOCTh; onpe.1\e.QeHlle
nepe,ZI,aTOQHOrO QHCJIa nepeJ1,aQH; COCTaBJI€HH€ cxeMbI nepe-
J1,aQ nOBopOTHoro M€XaHH3Ma; paCQeT 9JIeM€HTOB nepeJ1,aQ
nOBopOTHoro MexaHH3Ma (3y6 I :laTbIX 3aII.€nJI€I-IHH, Da..10B),
Puc. 53. KIIHei\ta-:'JI'leclme
cxeMbl MexaHH3MOD IloDopoTa
a - c I1JIallCTapnbIM ]J€.t\YETO-
POll!; 6 - C TpexcT}'neH"wTblM
pelIYKTopOM
JIOBbIX Kp3HaX H B 6allJeHHbIX KpaHaX C HenOBOpOTHbIMH
6alllHHMI! OnOpbI pa3Mell1aIOTCH B pa3JIHQHbIX ypOBHHX
no BbICOTe KpaHa. CaMOXOJ],HbIe CTpeJIOBbIe KpaHbI H 6a1l1eH
HbIe KpaHbI C nOBopOTIIhTMH 6aIlIHHMH 06bI1:lHO HYleIOT onop-
Ho-nOBopOTHbIe YCTpOHCTBa, pacnOJIaraeMbI€ B ropH30HTaJIb-
HOll nJIOCKOCTR. HarPY3Ka OT nOBopOTHOM IraCTH H8 Heno-
BOPOTHYIO nepeJ1,aeTCH onopHbIMH K8TKaMll, a Tal{}Ke pO..1H-
KaMH HJIH IlIapHKaMH. p8CnOJIaraeMbIMH B OJ1,llH llJIH J1,Ba
pH.1\a. PaCCMaTpHBaeMoe onopHo-nOBopOTHoe YCTPOHCTBO
(pHC. 52) COCTOHT H3 HerrO.1\BH}KHOrO 3 II Bpall(aIOll1 e raCH
KOJleL\. HapY}KHOe Bpall(aIOll1eeCH KOJIhL\O COCTaBJIeHO H3
BepxHero 1 H HH>KHero 6 9JIeM€HTOB, npl1KpenJIHeMhTx K no-
BOpOTlIOH qaCTH KpaHa. BHYTpeI-IHee Hepa3'beMHOe KOJIbLJ;O
136
137
II,
Pc
Jr/ P' ;" (t+ft o) , (101)
r}l€ P'=A/{2cos(3) -HarpYSK8 lia OJlH I K3TOK; D,,-JlH8MeTp K8TKaj
f - KOacprpnunewr 1 PCHlUI K3Qc;HllH KaTKa; Jl- Koa4J4JHuH'eHT TpenB51 B
uampe KaTlw; do - /.U1aMeTp l(3n4JhI KaTKa.
06Il\IIi1 MOMelIT CIIJI conpOTl1BJIelllIII nplI KOHCTPYKlJ,1I1I
onopLI A C KaTKaMH B ropH30HTa 'TbHOH TIJIOCKOCTH H BCpX-
HeM onope, BoCnpHlIHMaEOll1.cfi: BepTIIK3JIhHbIe B H rop1l30H-
TEl.TIbHbIe C HarpY3KH,
I A d A ( do )
MTP 2-{B}"BdB+C!ICde)+ cosp D" t+!'T. (102)
OnopHo-nOBOpOTIlbIe YCTpoi1cTB3 KpaHa c pa3Melll.el-:IHeM
onop B ropH30HTa. T lbHoH UJIOCKOCTH Ha1l6oJIee IJaCTO BbITIOJI-
IHI10T B BHJ1,€ mapHKoBbIX HJIH pOJIHKOBbIX KpyroB.
Bee J1,eHcTBYIOIJJ.l1e Ha onopHo-noBopoTIIoe YC'fpOHCTBO
CHJIhT MO}T{HO CBeCTH K BepTl.:IKaJ1bHOn P B , npHJ10>KeHHOH B
u.eHTpe Bpaw.eHl'lH, ropH30HTaJIbHOH Pro npHJIO}T{€HHOH !{
QeHTpaM TeJI KaqeHHII, II MOMeHTY (pIIC. 56):
Mo PnR+PrH. (103)
IllapHKoBbIe, pOJIHKOBble H lXpyrHe MHorOK3TKOBble YCT-
POi:J:cTB8 npe}J,CTaBJUHOT C060H CTaTHIleCKH HeonpeJ1,eJIHMble
CI1CTeMbI. I1poBe}J,eHHblC HCCJIe,L(OBaHIUl [10 pacnpeJJ,eJ1em-lIO
narpY30K B T8KHX onopHo-nOBopOTHbIX YCTpOHCTBax [l03BO-
JIJ'J.1I1I YCTaHOBllTb 3aBl1CllMOCTH Me>KJ],Y J1,d1cTByrorn;.HMI1 Ha-
I'pY3K8MH. PeCCMaTp'IBaH KPYI' KaK JIByxonopHYIO 6aJIKY
Ii
npOJIl'I'OM /) ('Wi-' I (eM. (JHC. 50). onpc/J,(.. .TIHIOT onopHble pe-
am.LUll R. l H Rn:
A
R
'"
Puc. 55. CxeMa onopHo-noBopOTHoro
YCTpoil:CTBa c nepe.n;a-'leil 1'01'0308.
TaJlbHblX lIarpY30K OnOpHblMH KaT-
KaM"
Pnc. fiR. CxeMfi onoptlo.noBopOTHOI'O
YCTlmikTnCl. C 0110paMII, pa3Mell\ell-
II&1MO B l'opU30nnlJILIIOii IInOCKOCTH
JJcas..g.
coe)1HHHTeJlbIIblX MyqJT, n0)160p H rrpOBepKa rr0)1111llrrHllKOB;
Bbl60p H paCqeT TOpM03a.
Onpe8e/leflUe COnpOTUB/lefluti nOBOpOTY nOBOpOTftOti Qa-
CTU Kpafla OT CUA TpeftWI. J],JIH CXeM C pa3MeIl\elIIIeM orrop
B HeCKOJIbKHX rOplI30HTaJIbHblX rrJIOCKOCTIIX (pIIC. 54) orrop-
Hble peaKQlI1I A, E, C Onpe)1eJIlllOT 113 ypaBHeHIIi\:
.!:Mo=O; PBR+PrH-Cho=O;
.!:x=O; Prl-A-C O;
.!:Y O; B-PB=O,
r.llC PI' II Pn - rOpH30I-ITaJIbI1bIe n BCpTJrK3JIbHbre I-IarpY3KII. BKJIlOtIa5I
BeTpOBl>1C, .n.eHCTEYIOl.lJ;lIe Ha nOBOpOTUYlO lJ:aCTb Kpana.
NloMeHT OT CIIJI TpelJlIH B onopax
MTP 0,5{AdA!'A+BdB!'B+ Cdd'e), (100)
f.n.C !-LA, '18, tc - K03cp4JHI.{I1CHTbI TpeHlUI B onopax A, B, C, IIMCIOlIIHX
COOTBeTCTBCHHO .n.HaMeTpbI d_ , dB, de.
,II,JIH cxeM KpaHa C KaTKaMH B rOpH30HTaJIbHOH nJIOCKO
CTII (pHC. 54,6) corrpOTIIBJIeHHe rrepeKaTbIBalIlliO O)1HOI'O
IWTKa (plIc.55)
I!.._ /U/.'.F.!.!.
R A
2 /J C() . (\11 '
PI! PJll l-p../1
R B =2 -/- DcosP/4
TIpH 06lll.€M QHCJIe OnOpHbIX 9JIeMeHTOn I1l O) IlOpHJ1.HOrO
KpYl'a no )1yre C YI'JIOM 13 HX 6Y)1eT m' ml3l(211).
Cpe)1HHH HarpY3Ka Ha O)1IIH 3JIeMeHT T=Rulm'.
lJacTo 13 120 D, TOI')18
, I ( 3.45M o )
1 1 :!oo = -;;; -D + 1,5P n .
fOplI30HTaJIbHble II BepTIIKaJIbHble HarpY31{H, )1ef!CTBYIO-
litHe Ita 3JIeM€HTbI nOBopOTHOH I:IaCTH KpaH(l.J aaBHCHT OT Tn..
na KpaHa, KOHq:mrypaUHH ero OTJ],eJIbHbIX QaCTeM H pe:JKllMa
pa60Tbl. Y.l(eJIbH8H BeTpOBaH Hal'pY3K8 nplI paC'ieT€ Mexa-
139
138
II B) 2)
C) "'I'm II II
II p: ! m 1 !
m 0m
I
L I ,I, r , r
II r
J-!!!. r'Z J= J rP. J m '2. J
-2 :J=mr z ="3(r , +rofr2. +r 2
1
I:
Pm . 57. MOMCRTbl JIHCPLltJlf CTCp}KHe OTHOUITC,JJbIfO OCM BpmU:CHJUI
Cl - BCpTHKaJlbHhlH CTCp}KeHb no OCll npal.J.{eHHH; 6 BepTHI(3.i!bHbIit CTep1KCHb.
CMt'I1.\CHHbIfi OTIIOCHTC.'1bHO OCll npaJJJ,eHlu:r; B - HaI{l!OHHLlt1 cTep}jwHb. npUMbmalO.
U H.t1 I{ oell Bpal1 eHHH; e - H8K.TJOIlHbll!: CTel)}l,CHb, cMeurcHHhIfi OTHOCHTeJlblrO OCM
npaur;eHHH
HH3MOB npl1HHMaeTCH paBHoii 250 H/M 2 t(JIH rropTOBblX H
I1JlaBYQHX KpaHOB H 150 H/M 2 .l(JlH OCTaJlbHbIX BH.l(OB Kpa-
HOB.
BeTpOBaH HarpY3Ka, J1.eHCTBYIOIJ.J.aH Ha 9JIeMeHTbI I<paHa,
orrpel(eJlHeTCH no <jJopMYJle
PEeT}) = PH Fka k p .
r,ne pI', - y,ne,TIbHOC BeTpOBOe JJ;3BJIeHHe; F - TIO.ll!3eTpeHHaH TIJJOIl.{a.llb;
k n - K094JcpuuneHT mpOJI.HHaMH'teCKoro cOnpOTJ.rsnemUI (ka = 1,4 JI:JJS{
4JepM, C'rpc,II, 6amcH. !'I10CT0I3; !?a= 1,2 JI.JUI BaHT, I{aIJaTOB, nponmOBeCOB,
I\a6IfII); h p - K034JqnHJ,HCIlT pCmC-ClIaTOCTH (.n.JIH cnJIOIllHbIX KOHCTPYK-
I.{HH I. .n.Jm pClilCT'laTbiX KOllCTPYK Hi1- 0,3...0,4).
Onpe8eJIeflUe AWA!eliTa ConpOTUBJlCflUfl BpaUjCflUIO OT
Cll. UHeptfuu. MOMeHT OTHOCHTeJIbHO OCH Bpalll.eHHH:
1; :nn/30t = 0 105n'l.
. t ,"
o ,105n
M 1fH =-1:.I i .
I
r.n.e S - YCKopeHfIe nprr Bpam:aTeJibHOM lIBHLKCHHH; Ii - MOMenT HHCPUHH
OT.lleJII>IIblX 9JIeMCI-ITOn KpaHa (pHC. 57); w - YrJIOn8H CKOpOCTb; n - 'iaC4
TOTa npameHHH nOBopoTIIOH I18CTH KpaHa; t - Bpe!\iUI neycT8HoBHBllIero4
CH LlBH>KeHHH (06bI I IHO t=1...3 c).
IvloMelIT COnpOTHBJIeI-IHH BpaIII.eHHIO OT CHJI HHeplUIH,
npHBe,lJ,eHHuu: K Ba.TIY )1,BHraTeJIH. B nepHolX nYCKa
M tl = O,105n
JIB t U2.'fj
MOMeHT B nepl!ol( TopMO>I{eHlIH
M T = O,105n 'fj
AB t U2'
MHH=£ /i;
140
Oflpc8CJlCflUC nOTpc6flOii A!OU(flOCTU npuBo8a. MOIIJ.HOCTb
H3 BaJIY J:J,BHraTeJIH, KET,
l
Mn
Nrr,p, = 9550'lrvr
r.lle 1\1. - Bparn:moll.\.Hi1 MOJlleHT 01' CHn conpOTMBJieHIHI CTHOCHTeJIbI-I0 oeM
npam:eHHfI nOBopOTHOIJ: ltaCTH KpaHa, H. M; n - 'laCTOTa Bpall.\.€HHH nOBO-
pOTIIOH I.1aCTlf, MMH- 1 ; '11M - Kf1,lJ. nepe.n.aI.1H MexanlI3Ma nonopOT8.
M = M TP + M ne ;l p -!-- M IIH .
r.lle M'J'p - MO\feHT 01' CRn rpeHHfI D 3JIeMCI-!TaX onopHo-nOBOpOTlIOro
YCT'POHCTBa; .MJ>F'l'P -- MOMCHT 01' BeTpoBoli narpysKH; MUll - MOMCHT OT
mI pqMoHHbIx CllJI Macc nOBoponwi-l IlaCTIj KpaHa.
l7086op 8BUeaTCJlfl U npOBepKa ceo fla nepeepyso4flYIO
CnoC06fWCTb. 3HaH NAB. nOJ:J,6Hpa1OT )1,BHraTe.Tlb no COOTBeT-
CTBYIOlll.HM Ta6JIHlJ,aM, BbInHCbIBalOT 3HaqeHHH ero napa-
MeTpOB, B TOM qHCJIe H TaKHX, KaK HOMHHaJIhH3H MOlll.HOCTh
NlJ.B, KBT; IIaCTOTa Bpalll.eHl1H nAB, MllH- 1 ; neperpY3011HaH
MMaI-;C
cnOC06HOCTb- M -; MOMeHT HHeplJ,HH Bpalll.alOliJ,HXCH Mace
HOM
)1,BHraTeJ1H I!1H.
Onpet(eJlHIOT BpaU(aIOU(Hii MOMeHT B []epHOt( nYCKa
M =M +M +M:,
II CT 11. .....
rne il,1 M =M orp + Hn£,.p - CTaTHIleCKHH MOMenT lIa BaJIY .llDHraTCJIfI nOEoM
pomoro 1IIeXaHH3Ma; hIli. hI - .n.I1HaMllI.1eCKlie BpalllaIOIllHe MOMeHTbf,
Y'JliTbmmOIUlfC ilei-icTBlfe HilepIHIOHHblX CH."J CQOTBeTCTBCHHO OT Bpammo-
Ll(HXCSr Macc nOBopOTHOH 'lJaCTR I<pana H OT lUIepUI-IOIUlbIX CIUI 3.lIe;\1eHTOn
IIpUfJO.ll<l II()IWpOfliOro MCxm!E3Ma:
. r: u,w
M n = 1,2<:1--/)(11)
" 101
3nCCb 11J1['1 - T;j('jJ1JI 1 IITOC 311<J'J(,IHlC 'lfIC'rOTh! HP,UI(('1II1Sl naJIa LlBHHITeJIfi.
HOMHH3.TlbHbIn MOMC'IlT JJ.BUraTeJIH, H. M,
N nn
M nOM = 9550-
n""
ITpH rrpOBepKe l(BHraTe.ITH Ha []eperpYSO'IHYIO cnocoo-
M
HOCTb cpaBHHBalOT .HaHJ:J,el-:IHOe 8Haqel-:IHe --L C )1,onYCTH-
M HOM
MblM MaJ{CHMaJIbHbIM 3HalleHHeM MM8t,C
MHO).!: .
nAn
I1epelXaTO'IJHOe 'IJHC.TIO U = -, r)1,e nnoB - "llaCTOTa Bpa
n m : m
lll.eHHH nOBopoTImiI qaCTH U:paHa.
Hpl'i1\!ep 11. Orrpel(eJlI'iTb MOIIJ.HOCTh rrpHBOt(a rrOBopOTa
KpaHa, cxeMa KOTOporo npel(CTaBJleHa Ha pHC. 54, a. Ha-
141
II
rpY3KH, J\eJ[CTBYIOIIJ;HC Ha KpaH: P, 8 KH, P B =60 KH; pac-
CTOHHHH: H=20 M, ho=8 M, R=12 M; pa3MCpbI d c =300 MM,
dA 400 MM, d B =500 MM; ,[=0,15 M; '2=16 M; ,.=16 M;
:qaCTOTa Bpar.u:eHluI IIOBOpOTHOH: :qaCTH I{paRa n=O.6 :M:I1H- 1 ;
Macca: CTo.LUG1 fnl=2 T, cTpe.nbI m2=] T, rpY3a m3=3 T.
PCWCHIIC. OnpcJ\CJICHHC conpOTHBJICHHH nOBopoTY OT
CHJI TpeIuIR.
Mo=O; PBR+P"H-Cho O.
OnopHaH pCaKl(HR
C = PBR +P,H _ 60.12+ 8.20 = 110 KH.
ho 8
X O; P,+A-C=O; A=C-P,=1I0-8=102KH.
Y=O; B-PB O; B=P D =60 KH.
MOMCIIT OT CHJI TpCHl15I B onopax npH I'A=I'B=I'C=
,=0,96
I
M Tp = "2" {AdA I-'A+ Bd B I'B + Cdcl'c) =
I
="2" (102.0,4 +60.0,5 + 110.0,3).0,96 = 49,8 KH.M.
OnpCJJ;eJIeHHe MOMeI-ITa conpOTHBJIeHIUI. Bpan.r.eHMIO OT
CliJI HI-IepUliH.
0, 105n
MJ.tII=- li'
t
rne n=O,6 MIIH- t ; t=3 c;
" mi 2 m 2 2 2
:U i I, +1 2 + 1' 2-r, +3 r 2 +m. r.=
2.10' I.IO'
=-0,15 2 + -12 2 + 3-10 3 .12 2 =480.10' K'.M2.
2 3 '
0,105.0,6
M"H 3 480 100,8 KH'M.
MOMel:lT OT ClI)] TpeHIUI 11 OT HHepIJ.MOHHbIX CliJI OTIIOCH-
TeJIbHO DCII BpaI.I.J.eHHH
M, M TP + M"H 49,8+ 100,8 150,6 KH.M.
OnpCACJICHHC MOIIJ;HOCTH npHBOJ\a npn l(D.D. ncpcJ\I'l'1H
'IIM=O,85
, M i ni 150,6-0,6
!v"n=- - = 11.13 KBT.
9, 55'rJJ\1 9,55.0,85
DOJ\60p J\BnraTCJIH H npOBcpKa cro Ha ncpcrpY30QHYIO
cnoc06nOCTb.
142
)
Do Ta6JI. 58 nOA6HpacM KpanoBbIH 9JICKTpoJ\BnraTCJIb
ncpeMcHHoro TOKa c ljJa311bIM pompOM MTl(B 311-6: N",,=
=11 KBT, n,!:J;H=950 MHH- 1 . MOMeHT HHepu.HH ITJ,B=
=0,225 H.M2, Macca 170 Kr. MMaKc/M'-'OI'II=2.5.
1I.HHalVIIFIecKHH MOMeHT, yqUTblBmOJJJ,HH JJ;eHcTBHe HHep
IJ.IfOHHbIX CHJl OT BpalIJ.aIOlIJ.IIXClI M.lCC 9.IICMCIITOB flpHBoJJ;a
, r r: Il/l,ll !if)O
M/ = ,2\J -- Inu = 1,25- 0,225 = fUJ II'M.
lOt 1().3
TIcpeJJ;aTotII-lOe tIIIC.nO UpIIUOJ{:J U= " nll = lSRO.
n O.t;
TIYCKOBOH MOMeHT (6e3 yqeTa BerpOB Jfi IInrpy::mlI)
M M +M +M' = M, +M' 1506.10" I +
11 CT n Il. U'1I\1 11. ' 158()'(),135
+ 8,9 = 121 H.M.
DpoBepKa J\BHraTeJIR Ha neperpY30QnylO cnoc06nOCTb:
M !V'ltB 11
HOM=9550-=9550-=11O 6 H.w
n:QB 950 ' ,
M n 121
-;-- j = 110 6 1,09 < 2,5.
Jt HOM ,
HCXOaHble aaHflbte f\, npwlepy 11
HarpYSK<J. KH
PaS,\lepbT. MM
PaCCTOHHl1e, M
HOMCp
StlJJ,i'll1ljH
P b d A
""
P,
dB
H
R
I
2
3
4
5
1,2
1,8
3,1
4,2
2,4
60
80
72
64
90
300 400 500
300 400 500
240 320 400
400 320 400
320 460 360
32
24
20
36
30
10
12
16
10
16
8
6
10
6
14
n pOaOJl cef/lie
PaCC'l'ooone. M
Macca. T
HOil1ep Sa,Il8nWI
7
"
"
"
"
m, I m, I m,
" I " I "
1 0,2 16 16 0,6 2 1,5 3
2 0,3 16 16 0,4 10 1,2 5
3 0,3 20 20 0,7 8 1,6 4
4 0,3 15 15 0,6 6 1,2 I 3
5 0,2 20 20 0,8 12 2 4
143
Ii 25. MexaHH3M nCpC)I,BH1KCHH5I
OCHOBHbIe cxeMLI MexaHH3MOB nepeJ],BluKeHIUI H XOJ].O-
BbIX YC'fpoifcTB. CaMOXO.lI.HbIe Ii rrepeJJ,BlDKHbIe cTpOHTeJIb-
HbIe MallUII-IbI MorYT 6bITb CMOHTHpoBaHbI H8 aBTOM06H.11RX,
TpaKTopax l1JIH i'Ke HMeTb co6cTBeHHbIe XOjI,OBbIe YCTpoHcr-
Ba: KOJIeCHOe, ryceHHIIHoe, rnar3l0I.I.J.ee.
KOJICCHbIII XOlI, MU}I(eT 6bITb peJIbCOBbIM (6aIIleHHble,
K03JIOBbIe, MOCTOBbIe KpaHhI) H 6e3peJIbCOBbIM. nOCJIe)I.I--IHM
BbIflOJIHHeTCH Ha MeTaJIJIHlJeCKHX (o6pe3HHeHHbIx) If Ha
nlIenMaTIFleCKHX KOJIeCax. nHeBMOKOJI€CaMH OCHaI1J.8IOTCH
MHorHe norpYSIlHKH, CTpeJIOBbIe KpalibI 11 YHI.mepCaJIbHbIe
sKcKaBaTOpbl. DPH STOM YBeJIH'lHBaeTC5I CpOK HX CJIy1K6bl H
nOBbIUlaeTCR cl\enJIeHI,e KOJIeC C )l,Oporolr. DpOXO.lI,HMOCTb
TaKHX MalllllH B YCJIOBIUIX 6e3JJ;OpO>KbH 06ecneIIIIBaeTcH
ppHMeHeHHCM IllER cnepXHH3Koro )];aBJIeIIlIH 0,05...
...0,08 MDa. PeJIbCoBbrlr XO.lI, 06ecne'lHBaeT xopoUlylO pa-
60TY MexaHH3Ma rrepeJJ;BIlllieHIUI. Ero HeJJ;OCTaTKH - Heo6-
XOJJ;HMOCTb YCTpoikTBa rroJJ;KpaHoBbIx rrYTe.fi H lIeB03M01K-
HOCTb 1I3MeHHTb HanpaBJIeHHe J],BH1KeHlIH KpaHa 6e3 HX rre-
peKJIa.lI,KH.
fyceIlI,qHOe XO)(OBOe 060pY.lI,oBaHHe HMeeT 6OJJbUlYlO
nJIOIl\a.lI,b conpHKocHOBeHH5I C rpYHTOM, He6OJJbUloe y.lI,eJIb-
Hoe J].aBJIeHl1e Ha rpYHT H BCJIeJJ;CTBHe Enoro 06ecneIIHBaeT
MalllllHe xupomylO npOXOJJ.HMOCTh. ryceHlIIJ;aMH OCHaI.I.J.aIOT-
CH caMOXOJ].HbIe KpaHbI, norpy3IIHKlI, 3KCKaBaTopbI. J1.JIH
pa60Tbi M311IlIH Ha CJ136bIX 1I CHJIbHO rrepeYBJI81KHeHHbIX
rpYHTax rrpHMeH5IIOTC5I YUlHpeHHbIe ryceIIHl\bI.
EJJJ,e 60JIee HH3KOe yJJ;eJIbHOe JJ;aBJIeHHe MallIHHbI Ha
rpYHT 06ecrreqrmaeT rnararOIl\ee 060pY)(OBaHHe, KOTOpblM
OCHarn:8IOTCH KpyrrHbIe .9KCKaB8TOpbI.
DpH O.lI,IIOMOTOpHOM rrpHHO.lI,e (pHC. 58, a, 6) BpaIl\eHHe
OT .lI,BHraTeJI5I 1 qepe3 pe.lI,YKTop oT60pa MOIl\HOCTH 2, rH.lI,-
pOTpaHcq,opMaTop 4, Kop06K)' nepe.l(a'I 5 H Kap.lI,aHHbIe BaJIb!
3 rrepe.lI,aeTC5I nepe.lI,HeMy 6 H 3ai\HeMy 11 Be.lI,YIl\HM MOCTaM.
fJIaBHbIe rrepe.lI,aqH H .lI,Hq,q,epeHl\HaJIbI 7 H 10 06eCneqHBa-
lOT rrepe.lI,aqy KPYT5!ll"HX MOMeHTOB qepe3 cTynHqHbIe pe-
I\YKTOPbl 8 H 9 Ha He.lI,YUlHe KOJIeCa T5IraQa.
OT rop1l30HTaJIbHOrO BaJIa OJJ;HOKOBllIOBoro 3KCKaBaTO-
pa BpaIl\eHHe KOHHQeCKOIr napolr 11 nepe.lI,aeTC5! BepTHKaJIb-
HOMY BaJIY 12, npoXO.lI,5IIl\eMy no OCH BpaIl\eHH5I nOBOpOTIlOIr
nJI8npOpMbL OT BepTHKaJIbHOrO BaJIa MexaH1I3Ma nepeJJ.BH-
>KeHHH KOHHIIecKoH napoH 13, rrpoJJ;OJIbHbIM BaJIOM 14 H
KOIIHQeCKOIr napolr 15 BpaIl\eHHe rrepe.lI,aeTCR Ha cpei\HlO1O
QaCTb nOrrepeQHoro BaJIa. BbIKJIIOQeHHeM O.lI,HOIr H3 3y6-
144
a) @
,' rn/,' :
\' iit" ' I'u'- .
I" ,' '<iT:,
!I!G rL!1
& " ..L::>-!1f r-"ft -
10 I1'L.J
9
\
0) 0)
23 .:::::TIi]04
,/---
't8 ][ N
. . '
'/7 22 ,
"
'9 POCo 58. KllHeMR'I'II'IeCIUle cxe.
II'IhI XO.b.OObiX YCTpolkTI'I
a - nHCBMOKoneCHoro; 6 -
ryceHlfIUloro; B - KOJICCHO'
peJIbCOBOro
!
I
-raT"lX MycjJT 16 H 17 06ecneQrmaeTCR pa3BopOT ryceHH'IHOrO
XO)(II. Ilpl1 1H{.nIO'Il'I1HbfX Myqn3x 3y6IIaTbIMH nepeJJ;3IIaMH
18 "1'.11I\('IIIIl' lI('IH'J\:It'TCH IH'JLYJl(IIM 3R(,3J]:OQ«8M 19 ryce-
IIII'IIIIWO }\(J)(;1. JLJUI lal'0I'M.I>IUlU:JIIIJ.n XO!(OIlOl"O MeX3nH3Ma
(")IY>I\III JIt'III'Ollllhll( I ()PM03, yel':1II0IlJIt'lIlIhlit Ha B3JIY 20.
B Mt'X.IIII1IM(' IIPIlUO)(:1 XO) OBoii rC.II('}KKII U8111eHHoro
I\p,Hla IIp.IIIU'IIIU.' () I' '";))ll'l":: rpo}(nur<.l rCJIff 24 IIepe3 IIepB5PI-
IIhlli fJl')\YIUOP 2.1 II 3yG l l<.lrYIO llcpCJJ;a"llY 21 rrepe.l-(aeTCR Ha
}\O)\()III,!P 1"::<.11'10122.
1I111j>o({OC pacrrpOCTpaHeHHe nOJIYQHJIH MOTOp-KOJIeCa C
11(' rpOl'IIIILfMH E'lI1!.pan.nHIIeCKHMII H.11H 9JIeKTpHIIeCKHMH .l1.BH-
ra rl'./lSlMH, ;'1 TaKllie XOJJ;OBbIe yCTPOHCTB3 C lIHJ]:HBH,lJ;yaJIbHbI-
Mil rHJJ;po- lIJIJ{ 3JIeKTpOJ]:BHraTeJIH1\1H, npHBO,lJ;HJJJ,HMlI B .ll.BH-
}"eHHe Qepe3 nJIaHeTapHbIe pe.il.YKTOpbI Be.il.YIl\He KOJIeCa
IIJII1 3Be3JJ;OQKH.
PaCqeT MexaHH3Ma nepeJ].BHJKeHHH. PaCQeT XOJ]:OBOrO
yerpoHcTBa BKJIIOIlaeT orrpeJJ;eJIeHHe ConpOTHBJIef-i1:IH rrepe-
J],BlI}[{cHHIO KpaHa C YQeTOM npeOJJ;OJIeHHff CHJI TpeHHH, YKJIO-
lIa H BCTpOBOH H3rpy3KH; onpeJJ;eJIeHHe rroTpe6HOH MOJJJ,HO-
CTH npHBO.lI,a; nO.lI,60p H npOBepKa .lI,BHraTeJI5I Ha rreperpy-
10-449
145
60. Y J,(e.rlbHoe COnpOTJfBJleUHe ABJHKetUnO
I ITHeBMOKOJIeC- 1
HI:d! XOA
KOJICCIWJ1
npnL1.enmm
MC\llilJ1l;l
ConpOTBHJIenBe nCpepBHJKCHHlO OT BeTpOBOH HarpY3KB
paCC'lHTbIDaIOT no <POPMYJIC
W. = FPJreTP lia lip, (108)
r,ne P"CTP - Y.!H?JIhU35I BeTpOI3aH HarpysKa npHIIHMaeTC5I paBiIOH 150 Ila;
F - nO)lBC'TpCIIITlUI IIJIOllIa}.:{b; ka - K034JqmW1eHT 39pOJ,(HH3MHQeCIwro co-
IIpOTUBJI{'IIII}I, npHHHM3eTcH p3BHbIM 1...1,4; k p - K03cp$HlIJleHT pemeT'la.
1'OC1'II, IllnmHMaeTC5I paBHbIM 0,4...1.
ConpOTHBJIeHlIe npeOJJ;OJIeHHIO lIHCPUHOHHbIX ClUJ
w, = Gv/(gt), (109)
f'J,(€ v - CKOpOCTb rrepe.n;BHllieHHH MalllIIIIH. M!C; t - DpeMH pa3rDU3
(I"" 1...3 cJ.
Manuma HaxopBTcH B pBHJKeIIBB 6C3 np06YKCOBbIBaHHH
lIpH YCJIOBHH, "llTO cueIIHaH CMJIa THrll 60JIbJII€ OKpY2ICHorO
ycrmrUl Ha 060pc BcpYII1Cro KOJICCa (3BC3PO'lKH) B 60JIblilC
oomero conpOTHBJIeHHH nepe)];BIUK€HHIO, T. e.
Tcn GcnfjJ>Po"p> If', (110)
f/I,C Gc - cuenHOH Bee; «p- K09 qmlI.HeHT CUeDJIeHHR c nOBepXHOCTbB
nYT" (Ta(5Ji. 61); p()lIJ) - ORpY>KHoe ynlJIlle HE! oooJ,(e BC)J.yllW:X KOJICC
(3se3t1:0Q-eK).
Cu.eITI-IOM BeC Onpe)];eJIHeTCH KaK CYMMa )];aBJIemd::i I-Ia Be-
;(Yl1\He KOJICCa HJIB ryceHBU;bI. Cu;cnHOH BCC aBTOM06BJICH
rpY30nOp'beMHOCTblO pO 3 T G'n= (0,55...0,68) (Ga+Q),
I')\C G a - Bec aBTOM06HJI5I; Q - Bec rpy3a. Cu;emIoH Bec
IIIITOM06HJIeH rpY301l0p'bCMHOCTblO 60JJee 3 T G cn = (0,68...
...0,75) (G.+Q). Cu;enHoH Bec 6YJlbp03Cpa IIpmmMacTcH
panUhlM IWCY UYJlbJL03cpa.
)J,OPO)iUlbJC YCJJOBi1SI
TycemJ'llLbnf
xo.
CBe}KCHaCblIIaHHblfl rpYHT
TI.TJOTIIbIi'i »
JIe,u;5JH3SI )J,opora
Che)KH351 »)
I.1.Lc6cHollI1oe nOKpb!THe
[iCTOHHOC »
0,3
0,2
0,03
0,15
0,04
0,02
0,1
0,1
O,Q3
0,1
0,05
0,02
0,15
0,12
0,05
0,14
0,05
0,05
30 l lHym cnoc06HOCTh; onpe)];CJIeHne rrepe)];aTOqi-IOfO qUCJla
nepcJ]:aqH; COCTaBJleHHe npHHI1.HIUIaJlhHOH cxeMhI rrepc)];a-
TOQHoro MexaHH3Ma HJIH rro 6op CTaHJ]:apTHoro pe)];YKTopa;
Bbl60p MeCTa H3 cxeMe nepe)];a qll )];JIH YCTaHOBKH TopM03a.
Orrpe eJIeHHe TOpM03Horo MOMeHTa; BbI60p HIlla TopMoaa
H paCTopMa.HWBalOI.IJ.ero YCTpoiicTBa.
Onpeoe./leHUe ccnpOTU6/leH1l5l nepeOBUDlCeHWO. 06w.ee
corrpOTHBJleHHe rrepe)1.BHJKeHHIO KpaHa npe)];CTaBnffeT C060M
CYMMY corrpoTHB,nel'lllH
W \'1 1 + W, + IF. + W., (104)
rJ,(e WI, 117 2 , W. . W 4 - cOIIpOnmJIeHrlH, I303HHK3IOIUlIe COOTBeTCTBeHHO OT
CHJI -rpelJlHl, Yli,fmua, )3CTl){)Uoi'r !-wrpY3HH. i1HCPU;HOHUbIX CfIJI.
COH}JOTH13JJCIIHC n pe}l,BIDI{CIiHIO OT CllJI TpeHHH )];JIH KO-
JICCI-lbIX H rycell1l4HbIX MalllHH
IVi "0 G, (!O5)
rAe 0)0 - YJ,(eRbHoe conpOTHBJJeI-IHe JIBIDKenHIo. T. e. OTHOIliCHHC THfO-
BOro YCliJIlIH K Cline 1'mK.:'CTH (1'a6J1 60); G-cll.1m TSUI{eCTH.
CorrpOTllBJIeHHe nepe)];BrDKeHlUO OT CliJI TpeHl:m )];JIH
KpaHoB C pByxpc60pPHbIM KOJICCHO-peJIbCOBbIM XOPOM BbI-
'lHCJIHIOT no <POPMYJIC
WI G"O' (106)
rJ,(e () - Koacp$HlJ;:IICHT, ytIHTbIBmoIUnii conpOTHBJIeHI-re TpeHHlo pc6opJ,( 0
peJIbCbJ «()= 1,25...1,4 npn nO,D,IlIHTIHHKaX CKOJ1b>KCIIHH, 13=2,5,..5,2 npn
nOJIIUHIIHHKax Ka t leHU5I); 0)(1= (ltd+2f)/D - y).{eJlbI-IOe COnpOTHB.TJeHHe
ABHiKeHI1l0, 3JICCb !-t - !<09cp<}JlluneIIT TpenU5J B no.zUlI!fnHUKaX KOJJeC
(1-1,=0,1...0,12 npn nOJIlliUnHHKax CKOJIb>KeHHH, f.t=O,0l...O,0l5 npu I!<?J,(
llilIm-UlI<8X HaqeHHH); f-Ko3cpcpnWleHT TpeHHH KaqeHHH (f 0,0000);
D JIHa1feTp XOJ,(OBOro KOJleCa; d - J,(H3MCTp rneHKH OCH.
COnpOTI1BJICrmC IIpCOPOJICHHlO YKJIOHa onpepCJIHIOT 110
<POPMYJIC
fiL l(o"lln1JJII{IU'UT CI{('IIJlCII"" cp C lI()ncpXIIOCTblO "YTH
fJ,(e (Oi - YJ,(e.IJbHOe
paBIIbIM YKJJOHY.
W 2 =GCDf.
COnpOTI1BR€Hne. npeOJIOJIeHHID
(107)
,
rycemr'1:rl1ll'i: x0,l{
iI(NI{"mO. lluC'nMo-
Ji.uIIIUil('puC'nmn IIYIU Jttll)())!(IIi>IU KOJlCCliblI! 6o, ",nop I
xOJ( XOA co nmo_
paMI{
Pl'JIJ,CI,I:
l'YXII(J 0,15...0,2 - - .-
ilJlaJRlIl>Te 0,\...0,12 - - -
11J10TIILIlr rpYHT: 0,6 0,9 I
cyxoii -
I1J!P..}J<ub1iI I - 0,3 0,8 0,9
fi('TGIiIlOe nOKpIHHe:
cyxoe - 0,6 0,4 0,7
oGne....cHeEU1ee - 0,18 0,3 0,6
aaM€p.::lIllee - 0,21 0,4 0.8
onafiBIllee - 0,15 0,2 0,4
I
YK.J:JOna, rrpHHH!lIaeTCfI
146
10'
147
il
II
III
II
.,
f
UnpeiJelleHue nOTpeOHOU AWII{NOeTU npueoiJu. Mow:-
HOCTb )];BHfaTeJIH t KET.
N B = n7"!lOOO , (Ill)
rJ,(e tV - conpOTHBJICHHe nepe..11.BlDKemUo, H; 1'j - KHrJ. nepena:m 01'
JIBI'JT8TCJIH I{ XOJIOBOMY KOJI€CY. 3Be3J.(OG:Ke rYC€HHIIImro XO,lJ.a.
floiJoop iJeu2UTellfl u npOBepICu eeo HU nepe2pY30 HY'{)
cnoco6flOCTb. B rrepHO)I. HeycTaHoBHBllIerocH JJ:BlI}l{eHH5I
(llYCKa, TOpMO>KeHIUI) B03IIHKalOT MOMeHTbI, OTJIIFlaIOI.I.J.He-
CR OT CTaTwlecKoro. DYCKOBOfI MoMCHT Ha BaJIY )J.BB:raTeJIH
Mn=McT+Mn+M , (112)
I
rne AlcT=D «Wt+ W:;d- W 3 ) - -CHITUqeCKHH MOM€HT H8 B8JIY AEH-
2UTj
raT€JIS1; M)J;= W 4 D H /(2U1j) - JIHU3MH 1 1€CKI:iH !'vIOM€IlT lIa BaJIY nEHrarellH
01' nocTyrIaTeJIbHO JIBID-KYll.lHXCR Mace; M;= I ,25n'l,J Ani (10/) - .aUHaMH..
qeCEllH MOMeH'I, YIlUTb1BaroUJ.HH !(eHCTBHe ITI-repUJIOHHbIX CHJI :IJle\ieHTOB
npHBOJW. 3neCb D H - J,(H8M€TP XOJIOBOro KOJJ€Ca (3Be3AOItlm); 1'j - KfI):1
nepe.n;atIH; U =n Elnli - nepe1(8TOllHoe (lHCao: nSO;[J, nl{ - qaCTOTbI BpaUJ,e
HUH B3JIOB J,(BHraTCv'UI IT KO 'IeCa (3B€3JIOllKB); 1/1B-Ta6JIHGHOe 3H3qefIHe
I1IOMeHTa HHepll)UI JIBHraTeJUL
oj )
fl)
.
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zJ P","" .'.
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28
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PRC, 59, CxeMLI K onpeJl,eJleFlflJO Jl,aBJlelUJiI:
Ha O[]OpbJ
la
npH HepaBHOMepHOM paCnpe.l\eJIem1H rpY3a, npH CMe-
li\eHHH paBHO.l\eikTBYIOW.eil BepTHKaJIbHbIX HarpY30K .l\aB-
JJelme Ha lIaH60JIee HarpY2KeHH)'1O onopy onpe.l\eJI5IeTC5I no
CpopMYJIaM:
npH pa60Te Ha HepOBHoil MeCTHOCTU (Ha KaMeHUCTbIX
rpy","x)
P MaHc (G + Q) l/a: (lI5)
npH pa60Te Ha BblpOBHeIlIloii nJIOw.a.l\Ke (pHC. 59, R)
G+Q ( V l'+b' )
P MaRc =- O,5+e .
2 lb
HOMHHaJIbllblH MOMeHT Ha BaJIy .n;BHraTeJIH, H. M,
M 1IOM = 9550NT1.n!n11.n.
npn npoBl'pKe IIDlIraTeJI5I ITa lTeperpY30qHYlO cnoc06-
HOCTh CjJallllll1H1l0T lJaiiJJ,eIlIIOe 31J J.fICIlHe Mil/MHo'},! c .n;onyc-
THMhlM MaI(CHMallbIIbIM raO,T1HQI-IbTM 3HaQeHHeM MM2.Kc/MnoM.
nO.l\06paB .l\BHraTeJIb H npOBepr{B ero Ha neperpy30QHYlO
cnoc06nOCTb B nepuo.l\ nycKa no nepe.l\aTOQHoMY Qucny n
nepe.n;aBaeMOIi MOIIJ:HOCTli ITO Ta6JIlII.l3l\1, nO.lI.6Hp3IOT CTaH-
.l\apTHbJir pe.l\YKTOP UJIU ITpoeKTupYIOT BHOBb CHCTeMY ne-
pe.l\aQ.
.QaJlbHet'milifi pacIIeT BCJJ;eTcH ITO MeTOJJ;HKe, aHaJIorHII
I-IOM IVleTO;:UIKe pacIIeT2 rpy30nO.lI.'beMHOrO MeXaJ-IlI3Ma.
OnpeiJelleHue iJaBlleHufl HU O/71)pb!. .D:JI5I QeTblpeXKOJIeC-
Horo xOJJ;oBoro YCTpot'rCTBa npll CliMMeTpllIIHOM nOJJ;BellIrma-
HUH rpY3a II paBHOMepHOM pacnpe.l\eJIeHUU HarpY3KH .l\aB-
.nem,e Ha KalK.l\Oe KOneCO (puc. 59, a) COCTaBJI5IeT
P M ' HC (G + Q)}4, (113)
(JIG)
it.IUI Millllllll, J{OTOpJ.H MorYT onpoKlIHyTbcH npH pa60Te,
M.lh('IIM.I.rll,II.lH 1I.lrpy.ll(a n,J OJlllY onopy
I\ullm-(j I Q. (117)
Jl.lI)1 rYt'('IIII'IIIfU'O XOJl.1 lip II IIPOX()}I{)ll'llilH pClmrOJJ,ei1cT:
nyl(JIIlt'ii lIl'pllIl\.IJII.II("X II.II'I'Y HlI( Ill'pl'.I IlCIIT)J onopHoH
lI.rJolIl.IJUI YJll"JI('1I0\" J( HlJ«'IIIIt' 11.1 rpYII r p IIIIIOMCpI(oe
q IN(,,"!) Iqf, (llB)
I'}[I' N 1I,IIIIIIIJ[('ikrnYloII .uI 1I('!}Tm;,UII.I(h!X U.II"PY.lOI(; n - 'IIICJIO onop
IIId'\ I VI ('IIIIU;" IIIIIJIII[I.I l'yn'IIIII[1.I; 1- I[.rllll'" ollupnoii lIonepXIIOCTlI
I Y('l'III'JlIoI; 1,,1 J[(IIIY('Ii:.I('MO(' ,1II.IIIClille Y/ll'JlhnOl'U 1 ,lnJI('mUi I18 rpYHT.
Ilpll CMPllll'lI[ll1 p.IBlloJl('iil:I'IIYI()(I eii ue)1I'1IK3JlbUb[X Ha-
rpy.wl< (1-1 ,WIIIU'IIMOCTil 0'1' Bt'JIII'IIIII!>1 l'MCJJJ,clmH) YJJ;eJIbHOe
Jl;HU!('((HC IHI rpYIiT ollj1<'}{('.IIHCTCH II{) { OPMYJI3M:
npH n03MO}KIIOCI'H 0I1IJOIWJ(hIUaIII-lH MclUlHHbI
(IM II'-: = f?/(bM, (1l9J
rJIC b -IIIHpmIa rYCCHIIUb1i I -llmpHIla OJ,(Horo 3BCHa rYCCHHI$I;
me G - Bec 'fe:rre}KKlI; Q - Bec rpy3a.
npu HecHMMeTpHQHOM nOIJ.BerllHBaHuH rpY3a (pHC.
59,6) .l\aBJIeHUe Ha Ka2KIJ.Oe KOJIeco:
G Qb, G Qb;
P M ' HC = 4: + 2b; P MllR = 4 + 2b ' (114)
14B
149
I'll
III
III
.D,JIH MallUIH, HMelOlIJ;HX WapHHpHO YKpenJIeHHbIe ryce-
HIFlHbIe TeJIe2KKlI:
QMaHc = R/(mbl) , (12V)
r,lJ.c b - IllIJpHIIa OJ,(Hoi'r rycemlUbJ; 1- .n;JIlllIa OnOpI-IOH IfaCTH OlIIIGH ry.
C€HHUbI; m -llHCJIO rYC€HlUI, OAHOll Te 'Ie.lliIUf.
L(aBJIeHHe ITO 3JIJIHnTIFleCKoMy cJIeJJ;Y 6aJIJIona IIHeBMO-
KOJIeCHoro xo.n.a pacnpe)];eJIHeTCH npaKTlFleCKH paBHOl\lepno.
HarpY3Ka Ha 6a.'JIOH (pHC. 59, e)
P MaHc = alp.
r,lJ.c CG - K034J4JnUH€IIT. YQHTbJB3JOll{Hfl pa60TY IIOKpbIlllI{}j (0:= 1- npn
IIOBbIrn€HI-IOM .n;3BJlemm; cx= 1,05 - npn HOpJ\1aJIbHm1 AaBJI€I-IHH; C(,=
=1.3-npH nCmUKelIl-IOM J1,ftD.!l€mm}j j=1tab-nJIOm3,lJ.b ::w.TU1llca, CM L ;
p - J,(aBJICl-me B I{aMepe.
Dpom6 WHHbI
y [P'rar'c/(,"aDp)]Y D/B <[yj, (121)
rAe B - DOmUtH llUIpmm lllHHbl; D - HapYJKHb!!I ,lJ,113M€TP IllHHbI; [y]=
= (O,03...0.04)D - .nonycnr:MbIH nporn6.
npHMep 12. Onpe.D,eJIHTb MOlIJ;HOCTb npHBO.D,a MexaHH3-
Ma rrepej'I,BIDKeHHH KpaI-Ia Ha KOJIeCHO-peJlbCOBO 1 XO Y.
.D:uaMeTp XOJ(OBoro KOJIeCa 400 MM. PacrrpepeJleHHe Ha-
rpY3KU ua qeTbIpe KOJIeCa paBHOMepHOe. 06lIJ;aH HarpY3Ka
200 KI-I. CKOpOCTb nepepBH2KeHUH 18 M/MUH. YK,"OH nYTu
1,5 c. rI0I1BPTpenlIa51 IIJIOII(al1b KpaHa 20 M 2 . qHCJIO Be.D,Y-
lLJ,n'{ KOJIl'<." 2.
PemcIIHc. Orrpe,u;e,lIenue conpOTHBJIeHUH nepe)];BHiJIeHIUO
W, =w; +W ,
r/l,C W - COilpOTMEJIeHIIe OT CHJI TpeHIm CKOJ1b>K€HHf! B DOJIWHDHHKax
KOJI€Ca; W;- conponmJ1€IUJe OT nm TpeHl1H KaqeHlUI KQ.:lI'CCa no
pe.'1bcy.
vb paBeHCTBa MOMeHTOB
rpY3KU Ha KO,1eco G' (pHC. 60)
, D , d
W'2 Gf12H
oTKypa
CHn conpOTHBneHHH
rrOJIYIIHM:
"D ,
\1", - = G t,
2
, , d w: ' , 2
W, = G I' - H , = G t-.
D D
QJOPMYJIbI (105) Y.D,eJIbHOe conpOTHBJIeHHe
113
HHIO
(Uo=W1/G',
Tor.D,a 6e3 yqCTa BJIHHHUH pe6op.D,
<Do = (f1d + 2f)/D.
150
oJ
0)
c'
II
£6
,'"
:-; . '\,\.'\'\'\'\""
. r;'
f
PHC. 60. CXeMbI: II: pac'Ie-ry MexalIH3Ma nCpC,lJ;DH1KCmm
a - cxeM8 I{ onpeJI.CJIeIllna cOnpOTHBJIeHHit OT CHJI TpeHIHI; 6 - cxeMa npuDoAa
H Ha
rIpepBapUTeJIbHO rrpUHHMaeM .D,HaMeTp wrWa BaJIa (OCH)
KOJIeCa d = 100 MM.
flpH .D,Byxpe6op.D,HbIX KOJIeCaX C rrOPlllHrrHHKaMU Kaqe-
HHI! no QJopMYJIe (106) W I =[200.4(0,01.0,I+2.0,0005)]1
10,4=4 KH.
CorrpOTHBJleHHe npeo.D,OJIeHIUO YKJIOna no QJopMYJIe
(107) W2 200.0,026=5,2 KH.
CorrpOTHBJIeHHe rrpeO.D,OJIeHHIO BeTpOBOM Harpy3KH rro
cpopMYJIe (108) W3 20.0,I5.1,2.0,4=I,44 KH.
CorrpOTHBJICHHe IIpeOJ!.OJIeHHIO HHepII.HOHHbIX CHn npH
t=3c rro QJopMYJIe (109) W,=200.0,3/(9,8I.3)=
=2,04KH.
06u1ee conpOnmJIeHHe 6e3 yqeTa .D,eMCTnHH uHepl\HoH.
HbIX CHJI W=4+5,2+1,44=I2,0 KH.
DOTpe6HaH MOlIJ;HOCTb npHBo.D,a
N Wv 12,0.0,3 = 3,6 KBT.
MOIlU-IOCTb na BaJIY )];BB:raTCJIH
N 3,6
NI=- - 38KBT.
't]1'\I 0.85 .
DO.D,6HpaeM 3JIeKTpO.D,BHraTeJIb rrepeMeHHoro TOKa C
QJ33HbiM pOTOpOM THna MT 112-6 MOlIJ;UOCTblO N"n "5 KET,
n](n=920 MHH- 1 , MOMeHT rmepII.rm 1;1.B=O,07 Kr'M 2 , Macca
m nu =88 Kr, MM8KcIMHmt=2,5.
OrrpeJXeneHHe IIaCTOTbI BparneHHH Ben.YI.IJ.HX K0J'1ec:
6Vv H 60.V,3
n H = - = - 14.3 MIIH- 1 .
nD 3,14.0,4
151
ABllllie
1:1:
I
,I
"
,Iii
1111
III
1;11
I r
I
III
II
,II
Depe)\8TO'lHOe 'lHCJIO nepe)\8'l!{ OT )\BHraTe.IT5! K Be)\y-
ll\HM KOJIeC8M U=920: 14,3=64,3.
CTaTIFI€CKHH MOM€HT Ha BaJIY JJ:BHraTeJIR
12 0.10'.0 4
M CT = ' . =43t9 H.M.
2.64,3.0,85
J],HIIaMlIIleCKHH MOMeHT H3 B3JIy ,UBHraT€JIH OT nocTyrra-
TeJIbHO .lI.BH>KYllUIXCH Mace
2,04. ]03.0,4
M = =7,46 H.M.
2.64.3.0.85
LLHI1a:MJFI€CKrrH MOME:HT Ha BaJIY .n.BHraTe n51 OT Mace
9JIeM€HTOB nprmo.ua
, 920
M =I,25 ]o. 30.,07 2,7 H.M.
DYCKOBOi'I MOMeHT H8 B8JIY )\BHr8TeJIH no .pOp MYJIe
(112) M rr =43,9+7,46:+2,7=54. H'M.
HOMHH3JIbHbIM MOMeHT Ha BaJIY JI,BHraT€JIH
5
M HOM = 9550 920 ' 51,9 H'M.
= 64. YTOIIHHTh CI<OpOCTh flepCJJ:llIUI<eUHH HeT Heo6xoJU{MO
CTI1, Tal< K3K u6w.t'l' IIl'pl'lUI J'OlIHOe III1C.!IO H3MeHHJIOCb He-
3Hal.l1ITeJlbHO.
Onpe)\eJlelllIC Ol'IIOUllbiX pa3MepoB 3y6'l8TbIX KOJIeC OT-
KpbITOi'I IICPC)\'I'II1. MO)\YJIb 3y6'l8TOrO 3aI\enJIeHI1H onpe-
)\eJIHeTCH 110 '(lopMYJIe (41), B KOTOpOi'I: Np N,k k", r)\e
N r =4,5 Id l', IIPH CI1MMCTprPIHoM paCIIOJI02KeHl-lfi sy6qa-
TbiX KOJICC OfJIQCIITeJIbHO onop k kK I, 2, k rr = 1,5, 110= 10,
fin nnu 920
. ll=O , aS3 , 2 5 =22 , (U= 30 ' n=-=-=22 Mlm-;L (i)=
, Up 41,34 '
3,14.22
30 -2,3c-"[u H ]=115MDa ()lJlH'CTaJIH40X).
Do .popMYJIe (41)
V 4,5.1,2.1,5
m3 = 1260 3 = 8,9 MM.
10.0,383.22.2,3.115
Do CT CaB 310-76 npHHHMaeM MOi\yJIb m3=9 MM.
JI.HaMeTpbI )];eJIHTeJIbHbIX OKPY}KHOCTeii 3y6qaTbIX ROJIee
d5=m3z5=9.22 198 MM, d6=m326=9.34=306 MM.
KpYTHll\Hi'I MOMeHT Ha Be)\Yll\HX KOJIeCaX
WD 12,7.10'.0,4
M = - _ 2 54.10' H'M
2 2 . .
DpOBepKa )\BHraTeJIH Ha rreperpy30'lHYIO crroc06HOCTb
M rr 5.1
-=- 104<25
M noM 51,9 . , .
COCTaI3JICIIHC npllIl1l.IHIn3JIbI-lOH cxeMbI rrpHBO)I.a 11 nOJl;-
601' PC)\YKTopa. DplHIHMacM cxeMY npHBo)\a, rrO)\06HYIO
H306pa>KeHl!Oi'I Ha pHC. 60,6, ri\!' KpoMe pe)\YKTopa HMe-
10TCH 3y6'laTble rrapbl (25-2.).
npe.lI.BapllTeJIbHO CIIHTaeM, IlTO rrepe)];aTOqHbIe IIHCJIa
pei\YKTopa II OTKpbITOi'I 3y6'l8TOi'I rrepe)\a'lIl COCTaBJI5IIOT;
U np = UpU5_6=42.1,5 63.
Do Ta6JI. 26 nO)l6I1paeM pe)\YKTop MapKII U2-250: rre-
peJIaTO'lHOe'II1CJIo U p =41,34; zl=12, z2=75, z3=13, 2.=
=86; MOll\I10CTb Ha BCi\YIIIeM BaJIY N 1 =7,3 KBT rrpH 'lac-
TOTe Bpall\eHIIH 17,= 1000 Mlm- I ; MO)\YJIb 3aIIenJIeHI1H
6bJCTpOXO.lI.HOM rrapbl ml =2 MM, TIIXOXO.lI.HOM - m2=
=3 MM; IIIIIplma 3y6'laTbIX KOJIeC 2 b, =60 MM, b 2 =
=75 MM. Depe)\aTO'lHOe 'lIlCJIO OTKpblTOi1 rrepe)\a'lH
U 64,3
U 5 _ 6 = U =4 134 = 1,56.
p ,
z5=22, Tor)\a 26=Z5U5 6=22.1,56=34.,3.
U z, 34
z6=34. B 3TOM cJIY'lae 5-6=-=-=155
Z5 22 J'
06II1ee rrepei\aTO'lHOe 'lHC."O U = U p U 5 _ 6 =4I,34,l,55=
.D.HaMeTp BaJIa npH ['hp ]=40 MDa
V M V 254.103
dB=to to'
0,2 [<upl 0,2.40
npHHIIMaeM no faCT 6636-69 d n =71 MM. .D.HaMeTpbl
II1HnOB dm (0,7...0,8) d B = (0,7...0,8)71 =55 MM. Do i\Ha-
MeTpaM IIIHrrOB no faCT 5721-75 nO)\6HpaeM pa)lHaJIb-
HbiC C<jJCpH'lCCKHe )\ByxpH)\HbIe nO)lIIIBrrHHKH Cpe)\Hei'I ce-
pHH 3611 C BIIYTpeHHHM i\HaMeTpoM 55 MM H Cpe)lHei'I )\H-
HaMH'leCKoi'I rpY30nO)\'beMHOCTbIO [C]= 113.10 3 H.
npHBeJJ;eHHaR I-IarpY3Ka )];JIH pa,LIJIaJIbHLIX nOJJ;llIHIIHHKOB
= 68 MM,
Q (xk" R + yA) ko k T ,
pa)\HaJIbHaH HarpY3Ka Ha O)\HH rrO)\IIIHnHHK npH YCJIOBHH
paBHOME'pHOrO pacnpe.rr.eJIeHIIH HarpY3KH Ha qeTbIpe KOJIe-
ca c Y4eToM yCTaHoBKH Y Kai'KJIoro KOJIeCa no )];Ba IIO)J.IIIHII-
HliKa
DpHHHMaeM
DpHHHMaeM
1
R = - 200.10' = 25.10' H.
152
153
II
I
'1
:1 1
I
I
I i
I
III
I
II!
1 III
I
OCeBa51 HarpY3Ka OTCYTCTByeT A=O; 3Ha'lelUm K03q,qJH-
lJ,HeHTOB: x=l; kK=I; ku=I,2; k T =1.
Q=I.I.25.10 3 .I,2-1=30.1O" H.
C, 113.10"
OTHOIlleHHe 3,77 no Ta6JL 39 COOTBeT.
Q 30-10"
cTByeT J\OJIrOBe'lHOCTH L =83 MJIH. 06., 'lTO 3Ha'lHTeJIbHO
BbHne rrpe)];€JIbHOro 3Ha:qeHIUI.
DpH 'laCTOTe BpaIIJ;eHH5I BaJIa 14,3 MHH- 1 J\OJIrOBe'l-
HOCTb rro.A06paUHbIx IIOlI,llIHIIlIHKOB COCTaBHT:
HOMCp
.9<Jl\mmfl
I1cxovlible OafUtble K npUAwpy 12
ZR
I DR,'ff< I G. EH I v, M{MEH I I, rp'" I
F, M 2
1 500 100 20 I 10 2
2 300 80 30 1,5 16 2
3 400 200 15 ] 20 2
4 300 160 30 1,5 12 2
5 500 120 18 1 15 2
10 6 .83
= 97.10" q.
60.14,3
rJlAlIA 5. flO)J.'bEM.HO-TPAHCnOPTlibJE
M.AIDI-! libl
10 6 L
Lh=-
60n
26. ,l],oMl{paTl>I
,l],oMKpaTbI CJIY2KaT J\JI5I IIO.l\"beMa rpY30B Ha HenOJ!"-
rnYlo EbICOTY, )];JIH nepe)];B.lDK€HlIH H BbIBepKH KOHcTpym.I,HH
H o60PY.l\OBaHH5I IIPH YCTaHoBKe. Pa3JIH'lalOT BHHTOBbIe,
peeIIHbI€ H flllI,paBJIIFleCKHe JJ;oMKpaTbI.
lIHHToBble .l\OMKpaTbl (pHC. 61) H3roTOBJI5IIOT rpY30-
nOJJ;'b€MHOCTbIO AD 50 T C BbI
COTOH IIO.l\'beMa .l\0 0,4 M. BHH-
TOBOR .lI.OMKpaT HM€eT RHTOH
HJIH cBapHOH Koprryc 1, B Bepx-
Hell qaCTH KOToporo 33Kpenne-
Ha 6pOH30BaH, pe2Ke qyrYHuaH,
raMRa 6, CT8JIbHOM BERT 2 c
Tparrel ell.lI.aJIbHOM HJIH rrpHMo-
yroJIbHOIJ 0.l\H03aXO.l\HOH pe3b-
60H H OrOJIOBOK 3, cB060J\HO
CHJJ;HJJJ,UH Ha BHHTe; ymlpa-
nCb IIPH pa60Te B IIepeMe1I1aC-
MbIii rpY3, OroJIOBOK IIpli Bpa-
UJ.€IIHH BHHTa oeraeTCH Herro-
.l\BH2KIIbIM. Bpa1I1alOT BHHT
PYK05ITKOH 5 C TpeIIJ;OTKOfI 4.
B pYKonTKe Ha OCII 9 YCTa-
(-IOBJIeHa )];BYCTOpOHI-IHH co-
6a'lKa 10, IIpHBO.l\5IIIJ;a51 BO
Dpalll.eHl1e xpanoBoe KOJIeCO
11, SaKpeIlJIeHHOe Ha rpY30-
130M BHHTe. DOJIO}KeHI1e co6aQ-
1{1i, CJIY.lKar.u:eH ,lUI51 peBepcH-'
l'oBaHIUI BIiHTa, (jJHKcHpyeTcfI
cTonopoM 8 II npY2KlmOH 7.
CJIe.l\yeT BbI6paTb IIO.l\IllHIIHIIKII C MeHbIllHM 3HaKOM
.l\o.nrOBe'lHOCTH, HaIlpHMep pa.l\HaJIbHbIe cq,eplI'leCKlie .l\BYX-
p5l.l\HbIe IllapIiKonO.l\II1HnIIIiKH THna 1611, .l\JI>I KOTOpbIX
cpeAHHH AHHaMHIIeCKaH rpY30rroJJ; eMHocTb COCTaBJIHeT
[C] =58,6.10' H. OTHoIlleliHe
C Taun = 58,6.10' = I 95
Q 30.10' .'
Do Ta6JI. 39 naXO.l\HM 3Ha'leHHe .l\OJIroBe'lHOCTH L=
=7,7 MJIII. 06., HlIH
10 6 10 6 .7 7
L,,=-= . =B.97-103q.
60" 60.14,3
llOJIrOBeIIHOCTb COCTaBJIHeT ro./ 9 TbIC. II.
B MeX8HH3Max rrepe)];BlDKeHHH npllMeHHIOT JJ;BYXKOJIO
JJ;OIIHbIe 3JIeKTpOMarHHTHbIe TOpM03bI 11 TOpM03bI C 3JleKT-
pOfHJ\pOTOJIKaTeJl5!MH. TOpM03HbIM IllKHBOM 06WlHO CJIY-
}KHT COe):J;I1HHTeJIbHaR Myq:lTa. rro,u.611paeMaH no .lI.lIaMeTpaM
BaJIOB 3JIeKTpO)lBliraTeJI>I H pe.l\YKTopa.
MOMeliT Ha 6bICTPOXO.l\HOM BaJIY pe.l\YKTopa M,=
=46,5 H'M. MOMeHT, IIo, .l1e}KalU.HM 3aTOpMa2KJ.IBaHIuo,
M;_=MJ'1'J =46,5.0,852=39,5 H'M. PaC'leTHbIH TOpM03-
HOH MOMCHT IIPE Cpe.l\HeM pe2KHMe pa60TbI
M =k M T ' = 1,75.39,5=69,1 H'M.
T 8
DpHH5IB DT 200 MM H3 Ta6JI. 53 55, BbIIIHCbIBalOT OC-
HOBHbIe rrapaMeTpbI BbI6HpaeMoro TopM03a If BbIIIOJIHHIOT
Heo6xo.lUIMbIe paCIIeTbI.
154
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I£"::L:-lliiE :j1 ! -- -?' .;{,'f.'
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2 -m
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1('(' i.O:';7> 5
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l,, -':
r?f. 'j,
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11 " '"
fen
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Pnc. 61. BUH'f(}Jwii lJ,Orlm!JTr
155
II1I
III
III
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11111
IIIh
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IJIHlMCI' 13. Onl'cJ\eJIHTb OCHOBHblC nal'aMcTpbI BHHTO.
110["0 JJ;oMKpaTa xapaKTepl13yefllOro CJIeJJ;YIOI.I.J.HMH .naHHbI
MH; YCHJIHC Ha PYK05lTKC P p =150 H, J\JIHHa PYK05lTKH lp
=600 MM, <:<=4°, CpCJ\HHii J\HaMcTp pC3b6bl Br{HTa d=
=40 MM, BblCOTa nOJ\'bCMa H=250 MM, cpeJ\Hee BpeM5I
O)J.I-IOfO j],BoHHoro XO,lI.a PYKOHTKH C TpeI.IJ;.OTKOM fo=2 c,
XOJ\ PYK05lTKH a=400 MM.
PerneHlIe. OpH K03<jJrjJlIl1l1eHTe TpeHI15I MeJKJ\Y BlIlITOM
H railKOii f=0,08 yroJI TpCHH5I 1'=4°30'. Bec nOJ\HHMaeMO-
fO rpY3a 6e3 Y1IeTa TpeIIHH B onopHoM rOJIOBKe
2P p Ip 2.150.600
Q = dtg (a+ p) 40 tg(40+ 4030') 30000 H= 30 K}I.
illar BHHTa
s=m!tga=3,14.40.tg4° 8,8 MM.
HCJIO 060pOTOB BHHTa J\JI5I nOJ\'beMa rpY3a Ha 3aAaH-
HYIO BbICOTy
H 250
n-- ---28
- s - 8.8 - .
HCJIO XOJ\OB PYK05lTKH C Tl'ell10TKOii J\JI5I OCYll1eCTBJIe-
III'" OJ\HOrO 060pOTa BHHTa
m = ,!Ip. 2.3,14.600 = 9 5.
a 400 .
BpcMR I101\"bcMa rpY3a npH HcnpepblBHoil pa60re t=
= lol1lll=2. 9,5. 28=530 c"",,9 MHH.
flplilHIMaeM 3HaqeHHR j],HaMeTpoB BHHTa c rrpHMO-
yroJlbHOii pe3b6oii (np5lMoyrOJIbHbIe pe3b6bI He CTaHJ\ap-
TH30BaHbI) d,,=45 MM, d BH =35 MM.
OprmeJ\eHHoe Hanp5l2Kerme npll npOBepKe BHHTa Ha'
COBMeCTHoe .n.eMCTBHe C>KaTHH H KpyqeHHH
a f ( 4 ) 2 +4 ( MHP ) 2 .,;; [uul.
V :rrd 2 WHO
H" .
.lLJI5I CTaJIH 35 II CT5 [au] =50...70 MOa.
d
Q 30.!D3 H; M"p=Qt g (ao+ r ,o)2"'=
004
=30.!D8.tgW+4°30'). 90H'M.
WI-IP = O .2a mr = 0,2-0,035 3 = 8,6.10- 6 M 3 .
( ( 4.30.10" ) 2 ( ---go- ) 2
(J= 1 3.14.0,0352 +4 8,6.!D-' -
= 37,6.!D' na 37,6 MOa.
156
OpOBepKa MaKCHMaJIbHOii J\JIHHbI BIIHTa paCqeTOM Ha
npo.n.OJlblIblH H3fn6. DpHHHMaeM )];JIHHY BHHTa C YIIeToM
BbICOTbl OrrOpl-lOH rOJIOBKH l=300 MM; paCLJ:eTHaH )];Juma
BHHTa 11'=21=2.0,3=0,6 M.
PaJ\"Yc IIHepl1HII KpyrJIoro CeqeHII5I BHHTa
_ ( I _ I n<r.H.4
r- 1 F -1 641td H
dEB
= 0,03514 0,009 M.
4
fll6KOCTb CTep2KH5I
_ Ip _ _
), --.- -67.
r 0,009
I\03rjJ<jJHI1HeHT CHiI}f{eHHH J\onycKaeMoro HanpRJKenH5I
npH npOJ\OJIbHOM 113m6e <p=0,74 (Ta6JI. 10).
n.110I.I.J.ap.b OCJIa6JIeHHOro ceIIeHlIH BHHTa
1td H 3,14.0,035 2 _ 6 10 -4 2
F = --. _ 9, . M .
4 4
.lLonYCKaeMoe lIanpH2KeIlHe Ha C2KaTlle: J\JI5I CTaJIII 35
H CT5 npIT d<30 MM [a cm ] =40...60 MOa IT npH d>
>30 MM [acm] =60...80 MDa.
HarrpH}I{eHHe, B03HHKarorn:ee B TeJIe BHHTa,
Q 30.10'
u c ," Pcp 9,6.10- 4 .0,74
OnpeAeJleHHe HapY2KHOrO J\HaMeTpa railK" 113 paCqeTa
Ha paCTJI>KeHH€. llorrYCKaeMoe HanpS-DKeJ-IlIe Ha paCTHiKe-
rme: AJI5I 6POU3bI lap] =40...50 MOa; J\JI5I qyryua [ap]=
=25...30 MOa. [ap] =44 MOa - I JI51 6POU3b1 A)I\-9-4.
-. ( 4Q + d2 4.30.IO: i + 0,01-52 = 0,054 M.
D= V ,,[up] n = 3,14.44.10'
Onpe.ueJIeHHe IIHCJIa BlITI<OB pe3b6bI raiiKu [13 paCtIeTa
Ha y.u..eJIbHOe )];aBJIeJ.me. JI.onYCKaeMbIe y.nCJJbIlbIe JJ,aBJIe
H"51: J\JI5I CTaJIH no qyrYHy q=50...60 MOa; J\JI5I CTaJIH no
aHTII<jJpHKIlHOHHOMy qyrYHY q=IO...13 MOa; J\JI51 CTaJIII
no 6poll3e q=7...13 MOa.
HCJIO BHTKOB pe3b6bI
40 4.30.10"
z= - 4.
(d 2 " ) 12.10'.3,14(0,0452-0,035')
qJt H-a H
OnpeJ\eJIeHHe qHCJIa BHTKOB pC3b6b1 railKH H3 paCqeTa
Ha H3nI6. llorrYCKaeMbIe HanpH:i'KeHHH lIa 1I3rH6, )];JIH 6pOH-
3b1 [au] =48 MOa, J\JI5I qyrYHa [a.,]=32 MOa.
42.10' na 42 MDa < [uc",].
157
'I
I
II
I
11111
1 1 111
i
1"
3Q (d n - d) 3.30.10' (0,045 - 0,04)
z=
mt. b; ["n l 3,14.0,045.0,0044 2 .48.10'
Tomn:HHa npOljJHJIH pe3b6bI
s 0,0088
b,=-= -=0 0044 M
1 2 2 . .
l{I1CJIO BHTKOB pC3b6bI ['aUKH rrpHHHMaeTCH HaH6oJIb.
llIHM, HO He 60JIee 10 BHTKOB, B rrpoTHBHOM cJIylIae cJIeJJ;Y-
eT YBE'.J1HIIHTb ,lI,lIaMeTp BEHTa H npoH3BecTli rrepepacIIeT.
DpHHHToe 'meJIO BHTKOB pe3b6br raMKH npoBepmOT pacqe-
TOM Ha cpe3 pe3b6bI. DprmHMaeM 2=6.
Q 30.10"
'I cp = =8.10 6 Da=B MI1a
1!dHbiZ 3,14.0,045.0,0044.6 .
Pa3MepbI orropHOH rrOBepxHOCTH )\OMKpaTa orrpe)\eJIHWT
li3 YCJIOBHff CMHTHH COCHOBbIx ,LlUCOK, rrpMMeHHeMbIX B K3.
qeCTBe rrO)\KJIa)\OK rro)\ )\OMKpaT. .1JorrYCKaeMoe HarrpHJKe-
HHe Ha CMHTHe COCHbI (eJIH) [aCM] =2...2,5 MDa.
4Q
G CM = ( 2 " ) -:; [G CM ].
11; DH-D BJJ
DpHlIHMaeM DBH>D, D - HapYJKHbIM )\HaMeTp raiiKH,
D=54 MM; D",,=70 MM - BHYTpeHHHM )\HaMeTp orropHoii
rrOBCpXIJOeTH. Orrpc)\cJIe!IHe uaPYJKHOrO )\HaMeTpa orropHoii
rrOBcpxHuc nI J].oMKpaTa
D - - V +D 2 - - 11 4.30.10"
" +0.07' =0,12 M.
fi[o-CM] DR 3,14.2.10(;
Dp!mHMaeM D,,=120 MM.
.1JaJIbuel'mIHM paCqeTOM MorYT 6blTb orrpe)\eJIeHbI pa3-
MepbI 3arrJIeIIHK3 raHKM, TOJIllI.Hua Kopnyca Ii YTOIlHeHbI
pa3Mcpbl 3JIeMeUTOB rrpHBOi\HOrO YCTpoiicTBa: PYKOHTKH,
C06aqKH, xparrOBHKa H )\p.
3,4.
HCXOOHble oafiHbte Ii, npwrepy 13
HOM'P I
:;a,I(amm P p' H
IIp. MM I
I d. MM I H. 'I t,. c I
"
a. MM
1 15
2 20
3 15
4 20
5 15
5 500 4° 40 300 2 400
0 600 3 Q 5O' 36 400 1,5 320
0 400 4° 28 250 2,5 360
0 500 3° 30' 36 300 2 320
0 600 4° 40 400 2,5 400
I
158
n)
0)
J15
12
f2
-7
"
15
\tv
5
<i>
LJn I II
,t
Pee. 62. Pee'lllblii }l.OMKpaT
Q - 06lU,lJfi BlJ.lI.; 6 - 6esonacHaJl JJYKOflTKa
PeeqUble )\OMKpaTbl (pHC. 62) 06bIqHO HMeWT rpY30-
rrO)\'beMHOCTb )\0 6 T, a BblCOry rrO)\'beMa rpY3a )\0 600 MM.
E Kopnyce 11 rro HanpaB.'HWIl\HM 3 rrepeMell\aeTCH peMKa
10, B BepxHeH IIaCTli KOTOpOH: HaXO.lI.HTCH rpY30BoH orOJIO
BOK 1. HHJKHHH qaCTb peiiKH, H30rRy-faH no)\ npHMbIM yr-
JIOM, o6pa3yeT «JIany» 4, KOTopaH MOlKeT 6bITb lICrrOJIb30-
BaHa )\m, nOIJ.'beMa HH3KO pacnoJIoJKemwro fpY3a. Depe-
Mell\eHHe peM!'" oCYll\eCTBJIHeTCH llIecTepHeii 2, HaXO)\H-
I.I.J.ei:J:cR B nOCTO.HHHOM 3aII.errJIeHHH c peHKoiI. lllecTepHf! 2
(3Be3)\OqKa), HMelOll\aH qeTblpC -llieCTL 3y6LCB, rrpHBo-
)\HTCH BO Bpall\eHHC PYKOHTKOii 5 H 3y6qaTblMH KOJIecaMH
8 H 9. .1J.'H y)\epJKaUHH nO)\HHTOrO rpY3a ua BaJIY PYKOHT-
IUI YCTaJIOBJIeH XpanOB!;K 6 C C06aqKOM 7.
PeeIIHbIe .lI.OMKpaTbI cHa62KeHbI 6e30rracHbIMH PYKOHT-
Ka:M:H C aBTOI\1aTHIIeCKH )];eMcTBYIOllJ.HMH rpY30yrropHbIMli
TopMo3aMH. Ha rrpHBO)\HOM BaJIy 14 llInoHKoH 3aKpemlella
BryJIKa 15 C Hape3KoH, Ha KOTOPYIO HaBHHqHBaeTCH pyKO-
HTKa 16. MeJK)\y PYKOHTKOii H BTyJIKofI, Ha YCTyrre rrOCJIel\-
neM, CBo6o)\HO HaeaJKCHO xparroBoe KOJIeCO 12, Bpall\CHHlO
KOToporo npH orrYCKaHHH peMKH nperrHTcTByeT C06aqKa
13. DPH BpaIl"emm PYKoHTKa HaBHHqHBaCTCH Ha BTy."KY H
npHJKHMaeT xparrOBoe KOJIeCO K 3arrJIeQHKY (ycTyrry) BryJI-
I-m, rrepe.n.aB3H KPYTHlU.HH MOMeHT H:a BaJI 14.
\ ')9
f1pH nOj\'beMe peHKH C rpY30M C06a'lKa CB060i!H0 rrpo-
CK81Ib3bIBaeT no 3y6b5IM xparrOBoro KOJI€Ca, a npn rrpeKpa-
II1eHliH rrOJ\'beMa yrrHpaeTC5I B 3y6 xparrOBHKa, .lL. 5I onYCKa-
HHH peRKH C rpY30M He06xOj\HMO BpaII1aTb PYK05lTKY B 06-
paTIlYIO CTOpOHy. f1PH "TOM PYK05lTKa CMeCTHTC5I rro pe3b6e
nrrpano, a M€>KAY BTYJlKOH H xparrOBbIM KOJI€COM o6pa-
3yeTc5I 3a30p H BTYJIKa 15 BMeCTe C BaJIOM rroj\ J\eikTBHeM
Kpynuu.ero MOM€HTa OT Beca rpY3a HaIIHHa€T nparu.aTbcfL
I<aK TO.ITbKO CKOpOCTL BpaII1eru1H BaJIa 14 rrpeBbIcHT CKO-
pacTb npameHHH PYKOS-ITKH, nOC 'IeJJ;HHH CHona CTaH€T Ha-
BlIH':lHBaTbCR Ha BTYJIKY 15 11 38}f{M€T xpanoBHK. n03TOMY
j\JI5I orrycKaHH5I peuKH C rpY30M He06xoj\HMO paBHoMepHo
BpaII1an PYKOHTKY B CTOPOHY orrycKaHH5I rpY3a,
f1epej\aTO'IHOe 'IHCJIO 3y6'1aTOH rrepej\a'lH
Z2 Zj
U=U 1 U 2 =---..:......
Zi Za
MOM€HT Ha BaJIY C llIecTepHeM, HaXO.lU-llU.eikH B 3au.enJIe-
HHH C 3y6'1aTOH peHKoH (pHC. 63)
M nr = Qd.f2,
r.llc Q - Bee nOl1:HI1M:aeMoro l'pY3a; ds - .llHaMeTp JJ.eJIMTenbfIOn OKPY}KM
IIO('TI1 UlCCTCPHM. IJaXOJIHlUCHcn E 38uenJI€'HMH C 3y61laTOH pC.HKoii, d s =
=m:J z 6; 1'1- KflJJ: 3y61,1<1.TOU ncp-eJU\QU (1l 0,8,..0,82).
0/
0)
Q
l.
l!l
,
l!
-
I
BuiJA
.
T WI;'
P'
PHC. 63. CxeMbl K pa,c'lery pee'lHoro
n.OMKpaTa
a - ay6'laTasr nepeAaqa; 6 _ 3y6qa
TaB penKa
160
MOMenT Ha rrpnBOj\HOM BaJIY
MI=Pplp'
Y CI1JIHe Ha npHBOJ\HOH PYK05lTKe
P p = Qd,/(2Ul p '1),
r.n;e L p - A.1Ima npHBOJIHOH PYKOflTKH (lp=200...250 11M).
f1pH J\.ijHTeJIbHoi'I pa60Te P p = 120...150 H, rrpII KpaT-
KOBpeMeHlIoi'I pa60Te P p =200...250 H.
CKOpOCTb rrepeMell!eHH5I peHKH
1
v= 1td a n U-'
r.n;e n-'WCTOTa BpamCHrIfl PYIWf[TKH (n 20h.30 MIm- I ).
f1orrepe'lHble pa3MepbI 3y6'1aTOi'I pei'IKH onpeJ\eJI>I!OTC5I
paCIIeTOM Ha C2K3TIfe If H3fH6.
Harrp5l2KeIJHe
u U CH , +u.=Q/(bh) + 6M./(bh') ,
rJIe b - IllHpuHa peHIm; h - TOJIUJ..HHa peHKll; Mu - MaKCHManbHbli'( pe.
aynbTHpYIOIllllH MOMeI:IT.
3JIeMenTbI 3y6'1aToH rrepej\aQH paCC'IHTblBaIOTC5I IIO 06-
ll!HM paC'IeTHbIM q,opMYJIaM, rrpH'IeM rrpH paC'IeTe sy6'1a-
Tbrx KOJlec H peMKlI JJ;orrYCKaeJ\.1Oe I-IarrpH2KelUre H3 H3fIf6
[a.] = 20...25 Mf1a j\JI5I I1eMeHTHpoBaHHblx H 3aK3JIeHHbIX
rneCTepeH, H3rOTOBJIeHHblx H3 CTaJIH MapoK CT5, 45.
fHJI.paBJlHqeClme )I.OMI{paTbl rrpHMeHHIOT Ha MOHTa>KHbIX
pa60Tax 06bI'IHO B npOMbIIIIJlenHOM cTpOHTeJIbCTBe. rpY30-
rrO.lI.'beMHOCTb HX J].OCTH-
raeT 750 T, a BblCOTa
nOJ\'beMa rpY3a -0,4 M.
f1pH He06xoJ\HMOCTH
rHJ\paBJIH'IeCKHe J\OM-
KpaTbI Moryr 6bITb 06'b-
ej\HHeHbl B 6aTapeH C
06ll!eH rpY30rroJ\'beMHO-
CTblO B HeCKOJIbKO Tbr
C5I'I TOHH (MOI-lTa2K npo-
JIeTOB MOCTOB, JJ;OMeH
HblX rre'leH H T. n.).
Ha pHC. 64 nOKa3aHa
cxeMa pa60TbI rH.n;paB
Jll11leCKOro JJ;oMKpaTa. C nOMOUJ.bIO nopllulH 5 IIJIYIuKepHoro
lJacoca 4 2KH.lI.KOCTb H3 HaCOCHoro OTJJ.eJIeIIHH 7 nepeKaIIH-
HaeTC5I 'Iepe3 KJIanaHHble YCTpOHCTBa 8 H 9 B I111JIHHj\p J\OM-
"paTa 1 H j\aBHT Ha rroprnenb 2, HecyuIHH rpY3. f1epeMe-
lI(eHHe nOprnH5I rrJIYH2KepHoro Hacoca oCYll!eCTBJI5IeTC5! Py.
I
B
I
1 / /
2 J '-11 ". ...
, , .
I
"", ;' .
i'iMIf . . _
" R
"7
PIIC. 54. rIlAP.WJIH'ICCKIIM AOMKpaT
11-449
161
!II
K05ITKOit 6. CKOpOCTb onycK8HH5I rpY33 3aBHCHT OT CTeneHH
DTI<pbTB3Hi151 oTBepc1THI 3, Qepe3 KOTopoe BbITeI{C!eT >KH}I.-
KOCTb H3 IJ.HJIHHJJpa.
HacocHoe OTJI.eJIeHHe JI.oMI<paTa MO>KeT 6bTTb BbIDOJIHe-
HU B O)1.HOM 6JIOKe c I1.HJIHHJJ,pOM HJIH OTJJ.eJIbHO, H TOfJ],a
>K1JJ\KOCTb nOi\aeTC5I B !\HJIIJHi\p i\OMKpaTa no TPy60npoBo-
i\Y. ,lJ,JI5I 06CJIY>KHBaHlI5I 6aTapelI i\OMKpaToB HaCOCbI 060-
PY)l,YIOT rrpHBoJJ;oM, o6eCneQ!IBaIoI.llI1M OJI.HH3I<OBoe .n.aB.ne-
Hue BO Bcex JJ.OMKpaTax.
LLaBJleIIHe pa60Qefi >KHl\I{OCTH, C03.Qanaet>,we H3COCOM,
p,,=4 P/(nd 2 ). ,lJ,aBJIClIHC nOi\ nOJJ:'beMHbIM nopmHeM p"=
4 Q/(nD2),
II
I
f1l.e P - yclU!l1e rm mrymK€:pe H3coca; Q - Bec rrOJ1.HI1MaeMOro rpysa.
YCH.QlIe Ha npHBOi\HOH PYI<OHTKC C yqeTOM nOTepb Ha
TpelIHe
P p Qd' hl(D' 1 1 1),
r,lle 1}::::=0,7 ... 0,8; Jl}1l1II8 PYKOIiT.KH k::500 ...800 MM: 1I.JHm8 n.'letIa pt,r-
l:J.ara, nepe...QalOJJJ;ero YCHJlHe Ha nOprn€Hb 1 1 =1/(15...20).
BpeMR nOi\'beMa rpysa Ha BbICOTY H COCTaB."5ICT
I=H/v,
d,
r1l.e v=sln IJ2 h - CKOpOC'fb IIQlI'bCM8 rpY33. 3lleCL Sl - xop; nOpIIIHf.I;
n-LjIJCJIO 1I.BOHlIHX XOJlOB 33 1 MHH (n=25...30); k--Im94J4Jm.J,HeuT
YTe'il\H )KH1I.ImCTII tlcpm ynJIOTUeI-lI1SI ("=0,9...0,95).
HapY'KIIb!H i\HaMCT p qyrYHHoro 1IIJJIH Hi\pa i\OMKpaTa
Dn= DV([apJ+p")/([up]-P"J,
([up] =45...60 MIla).
flpHMCp 14. Onpei\eJIHTb OCHOBHbIe napaMeTpbl flJJ\pRB-
JIHIleCKOro JI.OMKpaTa rpY30rroJJ;'beMHOCTbIO 2tJ T. BblcoTa
nOi\'beMa rpY3a 160 MM. ,lJ,lJaMeTp nOpmH5I Hacoca 28 MM.
YCHJIHe Ha npHBOi\\lOH pYKOf]T!{e 250 H, i\JIHHa PYK05ITKII
700 MM.
PcmCHlle.
Y CIJJIHe Ha nJIYH>Kepe Hacoca
0,7
P Pl/l,=250- =5000 H.
0,0.35
npH 1\=1/20
LLaBJIeHHe, C03JI.aBaeMoe HaCOCOM
4P
Pn= 1td 2
4.5000
=8,1 MDa.
3,14.0,028 2
I '
, I
III
L(aBJIeElJe nOi\ nOi\'beMHbIM nopmHcM
p"=PH =8,1.0,75=6,08 Jlma.
162
L(HaMeTp nOi\'beMHOro nopmHR
,I 4Q 4.200. !O"
D= V "p" 3,14.6,08.106
npHHHMa5I pa3M8X rrpHBOJXHOH PYKOHTI\:H a=400 MM,
IIOJIytIIIM XOJI. nOpllIlI5I Hacoca
0,2 M, D = 200 MM.
ai, 400.35
si=-=-=20MM
I 700 .
HapYJI<HbIH J( HaMeTp !\ H'1HHi\pa i\OMKpaTa
Dn D ' I- lap] + Pn _ 0,2' 1' 45+6:"68 0,229 M,
V (u p ]- Pn V 45-6,08
I1(JHHHMaeM D H =240 MM.
CKOpOCTb nOi\'bCMa rpY3a
d' 0,028'
U=S,H D' =0.02.30 0,2' .0,92=0.01 M/MHH.
BpCM5I nOi\'beMa rpY3a Ha BbICOTY H = 160 MM
H 0,16
t=-=-= 16 MUH.
v O,OL
11 CxooHble oaHHble K nplufepy 14
Ho",p ""'""HR I m. p ' T I I-I, MM I Pp' H I. MM d. MM
I 20 180 150 500 28
2 15 160 250 600 22
3 10 220 300 700 32
4 20 160 I 150 500 28
5 16 200 300 700 32
27. YCTOH'IIIBOCTb rpY30nOI\"beMHbIX KpaHoB
HOpMaM!! rocropTcXHai\30pa npeJJ:ycMaTpHBaeTC5I npo-
BepKa rpY30BoH YCTOHqHBOCTIJ KpaHa npoTI-1E OnpoKIIi\bIBa-
HH5I B CTOPOHY rpY3a H co6cTBelIHoH YCTOt'PUiBOCTH - B
CTOPOHY npoTHBoBcca (pHC. 65).
K09.p.p!i!\HCHT rpY30BoH YCTOH'lI-IBOCTII
11*
k j (Alj - Z;M )/M. p ::> 1,15;
163
(122)
II
III
I
"
II
u
M - MOMenT 01' JlCHTpo6e)KH0I1 CHJIbI rpY33 npH BpaIJ..t€IUUI KpaI-Ja:
,D; Qn 2 n 2 ah Qn 2 ah .
M 2 = g(900-Hn') 900-Hn 2 '
M - BCTpOBOii OnpOKH1I.bmaIOI.JJ.HM MOMCHT 01' CHJIbI BCTpa, PCliCTSYIO-
I.JJ.cfr Ha KpaH: Mg =PrJlPI; M4 - BeTpOEOii npO H1I.bIBHlO Hi'J MOMenT
01' ClfJIH B€Tpa, 1I.CfrCTBYIOI.JJ.cii: Ha rpY3: M:=P B1 PI 3peCh PBI = h.
!(poMe IIepeqliCJIeHHbIX MOMeHTOB B Hco6xo):(HMbIX CJIY-
qanx Y'llHTbIBaIOT }I.OITOJIHHTeJIbHble MOMeuTbI. B03HHKaIQ-
IIJ;He IIPH npoBepKc YCTofllIHBOCTH KpaHa, nepeMelQalOrn.ero
C rpY30M; B cJIyqae 1i3MeHeHIi51 BbIJIeTa KplOKa; IIPH npo-
BepKe rpY30BoH YCTOHIJHBOCTH KpaHa CO CTpCJIOH HOJJ. yr-
JIOM 45 0 K pe6py OilpOKH):(blBaIIHH.
B BbIllle paccMOTpeHHbIx q,opMYJIax:
o - Bee KpaHa. H;
c - paCCT05lHHe OT eHTpa TJUK€CTII KpaJ-Ia po OCll ero Bpallle-
HH.H. M;
h o , hi. - pacCToflHHC 01' eHTpa T5!>KeCTH KpaHa AD nJIOCIWCTH, npo-
XOJUIlllCU QCPC3 TO'lKH anopHore KOHTypa, M;
a - yroJI HaKJIOH3 nYTH (a=3° npH pa60TC KpaHOB I-Ia aDTO-
lIw6HJIbHOM X0lI.Y 6e3 onopHbIx JJ;OMKpaTOB H a= 1°30' npH
pa6me KpaHoB C orropHbIMH JJ;OMKpaTaMH) ;
b - paCCTOfIHne OT OCH BpaIll.eHHH KpaHa JJ;O pe6pa onpOImJJ;bI-
BaHHH, M;
Q - npeJJ;eJIbHbIH Bec rpY3a, H;
{) - CKOpOCTb nOJJ;'beMa rpY3a, Mfc;
t - BpeMS! nYCK3 H TOpM01KemUI, c;
g - yCKopeHHe CHJIbI THJKCL'7H, Mfc 2 ;
a - paCCTOHIme m .ocn BpaIll.eHHH KpaHa JJ;O l eI-fTpa T5I>KeCTH
nOJJ;BCllICHHoro rrpe,!J;e.%HOrO pa6o l Iero rpY38 JJ;JIH KpaHa.
yCTaI-IOBJICHHOrO n3 ropH30HTaJILHOH IIJIOCKOCTH, 1,1;
P BI - CHJIa BeTpa, JJ;CMCTBYIOliWH lla nO,/1,BeTpCHI-IYIO nJlOIll.a,!J;h
KpaHa, napaJlJleJIbI-Ia nJlOCKOCTH, lIa KOTOpoil YCTaHOBJIerr
KpaH. H;
Pl' P2' p - paCCTOHlIMe OT JIHHliH JI,CitCTBHH ClLnbY BeTpa JJ;0 pc6pa on.
pOImAbIBaHHSI, M;
P l - CHJIa BeTpa, ,!J;eitcTByrOIll.aSI Ha n01I.BeTpeHIlYIO TIJIOIll.8)J,b 110JJ;
TIernel-II-Ioro paGO'Iero rpY38. H;
h - paCCTORHHe OT rOJlOBKH CTpCJIbi 1I.0 rUIOCKOCTII, npOX01I.RIU.eit
'Iepe3 TOl1KH OllopHorQ KUI-rrypa, .!,I;
H - paCCTOHHHe OT rOJIOBKH CTpe,J1J:>I po QeHTpa TmKeCTH noJ1..
BelliClII-IOrO rpY3a B ero HaIII-!lI3IU€M H3,!J; ypOBHeM 3eMJIU
nOJIO>Kemm;
n - [WCTOT3 BpaIll.€I-IHH TIOBOpOTI-rOH qaCTH Kpar-w, MHH-';
Pm -- CIIJI3 B€Tpa, 1I.CHCTBYIOIlI.aH Ha TIO,/1,BeTpCHHYlO TIJIOIll.a.n.b Kpa.
Ha nplt ero nepa60YlCM COCTORHIIH.
De3 yqeTa ):(OnOJII!IITeJIbHbIX Harpy30K Ii BJIIIHHII>I YKJIO-
na IIYTH (OnOpI1Oll nOBepXHocm) K03<p<PlIl\lIeHT rpY30BOll
YCTOll'I1IBOCTII k, =M,fMrp 1,4.
165
P;t
-.
"
:.: . <:. . . oy..
,{,:roo. ....>: \> ' '..
u-D
'; .-;" ;:-. ;7,< '"
Q
D
. ,..:
oj
c
4
P02. W
""
[
<I;
J
..../.-',
A- ,'.: /."
",...,.,."
'.> /. ...,/S.. ' ;.:;>/...... ..' 'd :.
B
Puc. ti5. CXClfla K nponepKe YCToii'n1DOCTH Kpafla
a - rpY30Boil; 6 - co6cTBeHlwii
K03<P<P H l\lIeHT C06CTBeHHOll YCTOllqlIBOCTII
k, M,/M",>1,15, (123)
Tpe M 1 - MOMeHT, Y1I.ep}KHB8IDIlI.HH Kpan OT OnpOKHl{bIA8HH5:I: B CTOP04
BY rpY3a; M1=O[(b+c)cos a-hI sin a]; I:M - CYl1Ma Beex onpOI01.
pbIB31OIlI.I1X MOMeHTOB OT JJOnOJIHHTeJIbHbIX HarpY30K (nel'fJOBbIX. l-UrCp4
HOHHbIX); M rp - rpY30Bofi OnpOKH)J.hlB81OIlUiH MOMeHT: .U rp = Q (a--b) ;
M2, - MOMeHT, ypep}KI1B8IDIlI.IiM KpaH OT OnpOKH.D.bIBaI-mH B CTopmIY npo-
THBOBeca: M 2 =O[(b-c)cosa--h l sin-a]; M n2 -BeTpoBoil, OnpOKH1I.b1-
BalOllwii MOMeHT npM Hepa6o'1eM COCTOHHHH KpaI-Ia; M DZ =P lJ2 P2.
OrrpOI{M}I.bIBaIOIl{He MOMeHTbI OT }I.orrOJIHMTeJIbHbIX Ha
rpY30K
=Mf +M +M +M ,
rJI,e Mf- MOMeHT OT eepTHK8JIbHOH HHep HoHHOfi CEJIbI npli nOJ1.'beMe
rpyaa: Mf = Qv(a-b)/(gt);
164
':ill
11:1
Be1'pOBbJe HarpY3KH, .l\ei\c1'BYJO!I(He H3 KpaH, Onpe.l\e-
JIHJ01' no faCT 1451-77 B 3aBHCHMOCTH 01' cpe.l\Heii CKO-
POC1'H Be1'pa. TeppH1'opHH CCCP pa36H1'a Ha ceMb paiio-
HOB c pa3JIWlHbIMH rrpe,lLeJIbHbTMH ClmpOCTHMH B03JI.yxa Ha
BbIC01'e 10 M Ha.l\ ypOBIICM seMJIH:
Pai10I-I I I 2 I 3 4 5 6 7
CKOpOCTb, M/e I 21 I 24 I 27 30 33 37 40
1 280 I 350 I I 560 I 700 I I
BeTpoBoi1 mmop. TIa 450 I 850 11000
I
Be1'pOBafl HarpY3Ka
PB=pF.kakl)F.
f1l.e Pn - 1I.3BJIeHllC Berpa, Da; ka - K03CPCPHI.WCHT a3p01l.HH3MWfCCi\OrO
conpOnmJICHHff (k a =1,4-)]}ul cpepM, cype.I" GarncE, Mocroe; l a=1.2-
AJIH BaETOB, KaH8TOB, npOTl1BOBCCOB, Ea6HH); kp-I{o9 cpnUHeI T pe
lllCTIWTOCTH (lt p = 1-- JJ;.'l5I CIIJIOIIIHbIX IIoBepxHocTeH, k v =O.3...0,4-
JI;o'UI pemCTQaTbIX I{OHCTPYKUHf..; F - nO.!J;BcTpCl-IHall IT.'!OIlWJl.b, M 2 .
DpH npOBepKe rpY30Boj! YCToiiqHBOC1'H C1'pOH1'eJIbH],fX
"paHOB npHHHMaJ01' Po! =250 Da. DpH npOBcpKe COOCT'
nennofr YCTOM1lIfBOCTH Y1IHTbIBaJOT BeTpOBOH Harrop ypanl H
Horo neTpa B 3.1m1CHMOCTII OT MeCTa YCT3HOBI-:H KpaH3.
.a.1m r.r.cnrpnJIrlllhlX paMonOB M0l1{JI0 npHHHM3Tb PE2=
=700 Ila .l\JIH "penou BLICOroii .1\0 20 M. Ha Ka}!(j(oii no-
CJJP.!lYIOIII.nH MeTp BblCOTbI Kp3Ha zr.aBJJeHHe Be'rpa YBeJJJ1IIH-
BaJOl' na 10 Da.
Dpn HeCEOJIbKHX rrOJI.BeTpcHHbIX rroBepxHocTHX (6alll-
HH "panoB, .pepMbI MOC1'OBbIX KpaHoB) nO.l\Be1'peHHaH II"O-
maJI,b rrpMHMMaeTcn KaK CYMM3 paCIJeTHbIX rrO,lLBeTpeHlIblx
nJIoIll.a,lI;eli, rrpMIJeM rrJIOlQa,lLb nepBoM «pepMbI rrpMHIIMaeTcH
rrOJIHOCTbIO, a KaJK,II.OU noc.JIeJI.YIOmeu -- TOJIbKO 50 %, ec-
JIll paCC1'O>lHHC MC)".I\Y .pepMaMII He npeBbnBaer HX BbIC01'bI
(IImpllHbI). DpH 60JIbIlIeM paCCTOmmH Me)K.I\Y .pepMaMH
nO,!:J;BeTpeHH3H rrJIOma,lLb rrpm-IHMae'I'CH KaK CYMMa nO,lLBeT-
peHHblX rr.,']ollJ;aJI.eii Bcex na paJIJIeJIbHO pacnO rrO>KeHnbIX
.pepM.
DpoBepEa YCTOUIJHBOCTM 6arneHHbIx EpaHoB BE.iHO'llaeT
pactJeT rPY30BoH YCTOUIJUBOCTM EaE JI.JIH MaKCHM3JIbIlOrO,
TaK M }I..,Tf.H MMHMMaJIbHOrO BbIJle'fOB:
kLM,.p + M B1 +M,,< 0.95M" (124)
r1l.e k 1 - K09q;clml.(lIeHT neperpY3KlI, YIfliTbIE31OIlU1H pe:mHM pa6oTbI,
rpY30no De UIOCTb H 06JIaCTb npHMeHeHlJRj M rp - rpY3{)B{)H onpoKH4
166
,!J;blBaIOI.J.J.HH MOMCI-IT; M E1 - MOMeHT OTI-IOCHTe.rIbHO pe6pa onpOKH,!J;bIEa.
HER OT HopMaTHBHOM Be'fpOBOfI HarpY3KH pa6ottero COCTO HH , 1I.eHCTM
BYlOlJ.{efl H3 KpaH H rpY3; MJ\ - MmleHT OTHOCIITeJ1bIIO pe6pa onpoKH-
blBaHlIH 01' JJ;HH3MI-!4eCKIIX HarpY30K; MI - MOMeHT, Y1l.epiKHBaIOI.IJ;HH
KpaH 01' OnpOKH1I.bIBaI-1I'U-I B CTOPORY rpY33.
fPY30BYJO YCTOi\qHUOC1'b "paHa npOBepmOT HC 1'OJIbKO
paCIJeTOM, MO M MCnbITaHMeM KpaHa rrpH ero TeXHMIJeCKOM
OCBMJI.eTeJIbCTBOB3HMH.
C06c1'BeHnyJO YCTOi\qHBOC1'b 6ameHIIOro KpaHa npOBe-
p>lJ01' .l\JIH pa60qero H nepa60qcro COC1'051HHH. DpIJ pa60-
1-IEM COCT05JHHM Epan CTOMT Ha YEJIOHe a C MaKCHMaJIbHO
nO,1\II5lToi\ C1'pCJIOi\ 6C3 rpy3a. Ha KP aH .l\cik1'BYJ01' Be1'po-
Bble H3rpY3EH pa60'llerO COCTOHHM5J. cTpeMHllJ;MecH onpoKM-
HYTb Kpall [IOJI. YKJIOH B CTOpOHy npoTHBoBeca, a TaK}Ke
,lLMUaMMIJeCKHe HarpY3EM OT BHe3arrHoro CHHTMH rpY3a C
KpJOKa. DPH 31'OM CQH1'alO1', '11'0 Ha C1'peJIY "paHa .l\eiiC1'BY-
eT HarpY3Ea, narrpaBJIeHHaH BBepx rro OCM nO,lI;'b€MHOrO Ka-
H8Ta, H BeTep pa601-lero COCTOHHMH crroc06cTByeT orrpOKH-
AbIBaHHIO KpaHa:
M IIi +M;p;<O.95M 2 ; M A =O, 3M l'p'
DpM rrpOBepKe c06CTBeHHOH YCTOUIJMBOCTH: Hepa60IJero
COC1'051HHH (BC'rep H HaKJIOH i\eilc1'By!01' B onaCHYJO CTOpO-
HY):
MII2+MA2 <0,95M 2 ,
r1l.e M s2 - MOMeHT OTHOCHTeJIbHO pe6pa OnpOKHJ1.bmaHHH OT BeTpOBOH
HarpY3KH Hepa60Qero COCTOHRIIH; M Jl2 - JJ;HHa dHQeCKaR HarpY3Ka OT
nYJ1bC8l.(HH BeTpa.
YCTOI{1-IMBOCTb 6ameHHoro Epana raK}Ke npOBepSIIOT Ha
OTJI.eJIbHbIX 9Tarrax MOHT3}Ka. UpH rrO,lI;'beMe 6aIllHM H3 ee
IIM>KHero nOJI02KeHH.H B MOMenT OTpbIB8 OT 3eMJIM:
kM n < O,95M;.
rJJ;e k - KO:9q;cpfll lleHT, JJ;OnycKaIOll.{llH neperpY3lm; kIn -- OnpOKHJ1.bIBa-
fOIJ.{Ut'r MOMeHT OT nOJJ;HHMaeMbIX 4aCTeH KpaHa; M; - Y1l.ep>KrIBaWIltHU
MOMeHT OT I-ll"n01l.BIDKHbIX qaCTeR Kpmm.
Upn nOJI.H.HTOH 6amHe II HenOJIHOCTbIO CMOHTMponaHHOM
KpaHe:
M B1 +M A <.0,95111;.
I1pHMcp 15. Onpe.l\e,ijH1'b K03I .pllu.HeH1'bI rpY30BoiI II
c06CTBeHHOI':'I yCTothnmOCTn 6arn€HHOrO l<pa}lR rrpI1 .rr.eUCT-
BITM Ha KpaH JI.OrrOJII-IHTeJIbHbIX narpY30K M B '1HflHM.fj YKJIO-
Ha nY1'H.
167
Bee OCHOBH X a eMeHTOB KpaHa
I OPJ.llUlaTa. , PaCCTOfIlll1e
Bec, KH M OT OCH KpaHCJ.,
M
3Ha'!eHHH C H hI HaXOi\HT IIO q,opMYJIaMI
c = X = ZXi Gi/ Gi;
hi = Y = "£y; G,/"£G;.
DpH ropH30HTaJIbHOH CTpeJIe:
-18.10'.3.5 -12,5.10'.5,2 + 1O.IO'.!1 +
= 2W.l -
+ 4.10'.11 - 92,5.10'.0,1
...... =0,06 M;
297 -10'
18.10'.21,2 + 12,5.10'.20,5 + 10.10'.21 + 4.10' X
h 1r = 297.10'
X 22 + 10.10'.22 + 92,5.10'.6 + 150.10'.1
- 297.10 8 =6,2 M;
1 2 £1 = 1,75-0,06- 6,2sin2° = 1,69 -6,2.0,035 = 1,47 M;
1,, a"-b=20-I,75= 18,25 M;
IIpH HaKJIOHHOH CTpeJle:
-18.10'.3,5-12,5.10'.5,2 + 10.10'.6 +4.10'.6 -- _
c n 297. 103
- 92 5-10'.0 I
-+ ' ...?-.- =-0 13 M'
297.10:{ "
18.10'.21,2 + 12,5.10>.20,5 + 10.10'.30 + 4.10' X
hiH = 297.10'
_. 30+ 10.10'.22 +92,5.10'.6 + 150.10'.1
2 97.1O:! .6,7 M;
I' H = 1,75 +0,13-6,7 81112 9 = 1,88-6,7.0,035 = 1,64 M:
1m =a u - b= 10-1,75= 8,25 M.
MOMelIT, Y.l\ep>KHBaID!I(HH Kpall OT OIlpOI<Ili\bIBaIlHf1 OT-
HOCHTeJIbHD pe6pa A
M l = G[(b+cd coset -h 11 ,slOal;
IIpH ropH30HTaJIbHOH CTpeJIe:
M" = 297.10' [(1,75 -O,06) cos2 Q -6,2s1112 Q ]
= 297.10' [(I,69,O,99) -6,2.0,035] = 440.10'H'M;
IIpH HaK,ijOHHOH CTpeJIe:
M lB 297.10' {(I,75 + O,13) 0,99-6,7.0,035] 490.10' H'M.
8JIeM€HT
n pOTlIBOBec C JI€6€1I.1\aMH . 18 21,2 3,5
EBJIJI8CT Ha npOTHBOB€C . . 12,5 20,5 5,2
CTpCJI8 . . . . . . . 10 21/30 11/6
CTpeJIOBOH IIOJlHCnaCT 4 22/30 11/6
DOBOpOTIiafl G:aCTb 6alUHH . 10 22 0
E8IllHH C Kv6HUo:fI. nopTaJ"lOM Ii xo- 6 0,1
JJ;oBofi TeJr€iilliOfr. . . . . . . 92,5
I3aJIJIaCT H3 TeJIe»me . . 150 1 °
06!I(HH Bec Kpalla G,,=297 KH; rpY30IlOi\'beMHOCTb I1pH
ropH30HTaJIbHOH H HaKJIOHHOM CTpeJIe Q= 1 H 2 T; Bec KplO-
KOBOH IIO.l\BeCKH q=700 [-I; BblCOTa IIOi\'beMa rpY3a IIpH
ropH30HTaJIbIlOH cTpcJIe 21 M H IIpH HaKJIOHHoi'1 35 M, Bbl-
JICTbl COOTBeTCTBeHHO 20 H [Q M, KOJIeH KpaHa 3,5 M. YroJI
HaKJIOHa 2°. CKOpOCTb IIO.l\'bCMa rpY3a v O,5 M/c. l.JacToTa
Bpa!I(CHHfI IIOBOpOTHOH '!aCTH KpaHa n=O,6 MOlr l .
PemeHHe. PaCCTOSIHMe 01' r.r.eI-ITpa TSI}l{eCTM KpaHa Jl..O
pc6pa OIlpoKHi\bIBaHHH (pHC. 66) /2 = b+c--h l sin DO, b =
=0,5.3,5=1,75 M.
1\
I
,I
0)
c .
""
I
{J"
c;
-
"'"
<t;
6 A
b
tl ,.... ,.,
I,
Q
OrrpOKH.QbIBaIOIlI.MH MOMeHT 01' Jl..eikTBM.H fIHepu.MoHHbIX
CRJI B nepMOJl.. HeycTaHoBHBIllerOC.H Jl..BM}KeHM.H ITPM BpeMeuH
nycKa t= 1 c
p)
?,t
.;
"">
.
>. . '':'''' ,
.-.,,, "1'.
,. ,.
b
PJlC, 66. llpOBepKa YCToiiqJIBOCTH 6allleuHoro HpaHa
a - rpysOBofi; 6 - co6cTBeHHofi
Q+q V
Mf=-. --,-(a-b};
g ,
168
169
,I
I
I
IIJ
npH ropH30HTaJIbHOH CTpeJIe
10.10' + 0,7.10' 0,5
M ,- [825 = [02.10' H.M'
lr 9.81 l' , .
rpY30BOH OnpmmlIbIBa!Oll\HH MD:\,eHT
Mrp Q(a-b).
OpH rOpH30HTaJIbHOH CTpeJIe M rP1 '= (10.10 3 +0,7.10') X
X20 214.10'j-!'M;
nplJ HaKJIOIJHOH CTpeJIe M rp ,,= (20.10'+0,7.10') .10=
=214.10' H.M.
K03<p<PHlHleHT rpY30BoH YCTOHQHBOCTH npH ropH30HTaJIh-
HOH CTpe.Oe
440. ;0'_ (10,2.[0' + 1,83.IO + 8,05. Ie' -I- 37,8.[0')
214.10'
= 1,78::.- 1,15;
ITpM HaKJIOHlIOH CTpeJIe
MA _ 20.10' + 0,7,10 3
IH - 9,81
0.5
.-825=88.10' H'M'
l' > .
onpOKHAbIBaIOI.llHtt MOMeHT 01'
Spall\eHHH KpaHa
M = Q+q . n 2 n 2 ah
g 900-Bn'
I1eHTp06e}j{HOH CHJIbr nplJ
(Q+q) n'ah
900-Bn' .
ku -
CIJHTaCM, GTO rpY3 H8 1 M rrpHITO}I.H.HT H8}I. rOJIOBROR peJIbca.
OPH ropH30HTaJIbHOH CTpeJIe
(10.10' -I- 0,7.10') 0,6'.20.21
M " = 1830 H-M;
900 -- 20.0,6'
IIPH HaKJIOHHOH CTpCJIC
490.10' - (8,8.10'+ 2,56.10" -I- 15,4.[0' -I- 63.[03)
214.[0'
= 1,96> 1,15.
kIn =
npM HaKlIOHHOM CTpeJIe
(20.10' + 0,7.10') 0,6'.10.35
900 - 34.0,6'
M i
2560 H.M.
K03<P<PIJI1HeHT c06CTseHIIoi', YCTOij'IHBOCTIJ k2 M2/MB2
;;?c 1,15. MOMeHT, y)(ep>KHBa!Oll\HH KpaH 01' OnpOKH!l.bIBaHH!I
B CTOPOHY npOTHBOBeca, M2 G[(b-c)cosa--h,sina]=
=297.10' [(1,75-0,13)0,99-6,7.0,035] =416.10'H.".
BeTpOBOH OnpOKH!l.hIBa!Oll\Hi'1 MOMeHT npH Hepa60QeM co-
CT0HHHH KpaH3
OnpOKH!l.hIBa!Oll\IJH MOMeHT 01' BeTpa, !I.eHCTBY!Oll\ero Ha
[{pan,
M = P nl'\ = P ul Ila kpFP I .
rile F - nOi\BeTpeHHafI nJIOll\a)(b KpaHa.
OpH ropH30lITaJlhHOH CTpeJIe F = 2,6.21=5,46 M';
1',=0,5 h=0,5.21=10,5 M.
npH HaKJIOHHOH CTpeJIe, BbICTYITaIOrn.ei'I HaJJ: KpaHOM Ha
35-21=14 M H IIlHpHHe CTpeJIhl 0,7 M F=2,6-21-1-14.0,7=
6,44 M 2 ; 1'1=0,5.35=17 M; M 250.1,4.0,4.5,46.1O,5=
=8,05.10' H.M; M =250.1,4.0,4.6,44.17= 15,4.10 3 fI'M.
OnpoKMJXbIB8IOlli,UH Mo.MeHT QT BeTpa, JI.eikTBYIOI.llerO Ha
rpY3 (HarpY3KY, )(e'ICTBYIOll\YIO Ha rpY3, CqlJTa!OT npHJIO-
2KeHHoH K rOJIOBKe CTpeJ1bI)
]1._ . .'_ '
M4 - P B } PI - PEl ha hpFl'p Pl.
OOi\BeTpeIIH3H nJIOIII3i\b rpY3a F,p=2.3 6 M 2 .
OpH roplI30HTaJIbHOH CTpeJIe 1';=21 M; M: r =250.1,2X
X1.6.21=37,8.10'j-!'M;
npH H3K"OIIIIOH CTpeJIe 1", =35 M; M:" =250.1,2.1X
X6,35=63.10 3 H'M.
MI!2 = PIJ2r2 = PD21?akp Fp2_
OnpOKHJI.bIBaIOIlI.Hi1 MOMcnT, JI.Ci'ICTBYIOIlf,Hfr Ha qaCTb
KpaHa, BhICOTOll!l.O 20 M M =700.1,4.0,4.2,6.21.10=
215 KH'M. '
BeTpoBoe i\aBJIeHHe Ha rOJIOBKe CTpeJlbr PB2=700+ 14X
X 10=840 Oa. Cpe!l.Hee 3Ha'IeHHe !I.aBJIeHHH H3 BhIC01'e
700-1-840 "
28 M COCTaBJIfIeT -.- =770 Oa. )..\onOJIHHTeJILHhIII
2
orrpOKHJJ..bIB31OIlJ.HH MOM€HT, .n.CHCTBYlOI.l(HH H3 CTpeJIY, M: ----:
=770.1,4.0,4.0,7.14.28= 118 KH.M. 06ll\HH BeTpoBoH 'on-
pOKIJ!l.brBa!Oll\HH MOMeHT MB2 215-1- 118=333 KH'M.
K03<p<pIU.\IIeIIT YCTOH'IHBOCTH k 2 = 4]6 = 1,25> ],15.
333
KpaH YCTOI,qIJB.
113MeH51.H Macey 6aJIJIaCTa na TeJIe}KKe Ii 06rn.yIO fll!accy
KpaHa, MO}KHO nOJIY'llHTb 3HaqeHH51 K034JqmIJ.Ii€HTOB YCTOf'I-
qlIBOCTH B npei\e,oax 1,15...1,25. Bec OT)(eJIpHhIX 9JIeMelITOB
17l
170
I
H KOOpAMHaTbI U.eHTpOB T.mKeCTI'1 npHHHMaIOT ITO }I.aHHblM
paCCMOTpeHHoro IIpHMepa.
HCXOOHblIJ oaHHbte K npulfwPY 15
. CMeHH2fl 9KCITJIyaTau.HoHHaH npoH3BOAHTeJIbHOCTb MO-
JKeT 6bITb IIO):(C'lHTaHa IIO QJOpMy.ne
fl B 8,2Qnk r k n , (125)
r,!J;e Q - rpysonoJJ.'beIVIHOCTb I{paHa npn jlaHHOM BblJIeTe KpIoKa, T; n=
=60/tJJ, - LJHCJlO LlHl{JIOB sa 1 II pa60Tb1; tl1, - np01l.0JllliHTeJIbHOCTh OA-
HOro IJJIKJla, MRR; k r -I<03 <l)JuUIeHT HCnOJIb30n3HIIR KpaH3 no rpY30-
no.!t'heMHOCTU; k B - IC03QJQJHI.(H€HT nCll0J1b30BalIli.H Kpana no BpeMel-IH
sa cMeRy. Y'lHTbIBalOll1.Hi'i TeXHOJIornqeCKHe H opraHHSaI.(HOHHble nepe.
pblBbI B pa6on (OOl.,}tJUO k l1 =O,86...0,BB).
rrpOAO 1DKHTeJ1bllOCTb II.MK 'Ia CK 'Ia.u.bIBaeTC.H H3 ,MaIllHl-I-
Horo BpeMeHH H BpeMeHH BblIJOm,eHHfI PY'lHbIX OIlepa!(HH.
BpCMH PYIJHbIX OrrepaIl,HM BK 'IIQtlaeT BpeM.H, 3aTpaIJHBaeMOe
Ha CTPOIlOBKY rpY3a (t c ), ero YCTaHOBKY B pa6o'lee IIO.nO-
}l{eHHe H oTcoe,n:MHeHMe rpY303axBaTHblx ITpMCIToc06JIeHHH
(t,).
TIpOJXOJI>KHTeJIbHOCTb u,HKJIa
tn tM+tp,
r1l.e t M - npOAOJUKMTeJIbHOeTb Beex onepauHH, BbmOJIH51€MblX Mallim-lOH
(II'IaUIJII-II-IOe Epe:o.I5l), II'1Hn; t IJ - EpeMH, 33Tpa I :lHBaeMOC 113 BbInOJIHCHHe
PYI;JHblX onepar.(J1H, MHH: tp=tc+t y .
MaIIlHHHOe BpeMH
t M =t B +t noB + tn,
Tile fa - BpeM51 Bel)THK3JII,HOro nepeMelJ.{eHHH ({pIOKa, MIIH: tTj=H'!v\ +
+[J"!V2, 3peCb H' - pJIHI-Ia nYTH KplOK3 TIPH n01l.'bCMC, M; HH - ,!VIJI-
Ha nYTH KproKa npH onYCK3I-IHH, M; VI - CKOpOCTb n01l.'beMa, M/MHH;
[.'2 - CKOpOtTh onYCKaHHH, :M!MHH; t llCB - Bpel'\'lH Ha rrOEopOT CTpenbI,
MHII: t non =2a/(360n) , rJJ;e a-yrOJI IIOBopOTa B 01l.Ry CTapOIlY, rpaJJ;;
n - 'l3CTOT3 BpalJ.{emm nOEOpOTI-IOll 113CTH KpaHa, lI'IHII- 1 ; t n - BpefH
nepeJJ;BH)KeHHH KP3H8, MHU: tn=S/v u , 311.CCI, S - nYTb nepe1l.BH1KCIUIfi.
M; Vu - CKOpOCTb nepe1l.IHUKeHMH I{paBa, 4)fIHIL
3 ;:' H I Q. T
d, H
2b, M I a, 'pan I v. M/C I n. MHH- 1
1 I; 2 700 3,6 2 0,3 0,6
2 1.5; 3 800 4 1,5 0,4 0,8
3 1,2; 2,4 500 3,5 3 0,5 0,6
4 1,5; 3 BOO 4 1,5 0,4 0,7
5 1; 2 700 3,6 2 0,3 0,6
Ii 28. npOH3BOD.IITe.nhHOCTh KpaHOB
TIpoM3BO,lJ.HTeJIbHOCTb KpaHOB 3aBHCHT KaK 01' OCHOBHbIX
IIapaMeTpOB KpaHOB H HX KOHCTPYKTHBHbIX oco6eHHOCTeH
(noCT051HHble BeJIHIIMHbI) t TaK M OT p51}I.a ITepeMeHHbIX Be
JIHIIHH: BH}I.a rpY3a (lIlTYIJHbli"I, ITaKeTHpoBaHHbIH, ,lJ.JIHHHO..
MepHbIH), COOTHOIIleHHfI MaCChI IIO):(HHMaeMoro rpY3a H rpy'
30nOA'beMHOCTH KpaHa, [{BaJIHqmKau,MH MaIIIHHHCTa, TaKe-
JIa>KHHKa, MOHTalKHHKOB, xapaKTepa BbIITOJIH51eMbIX KpaHOM
OIlepa!(HH (IIO):('beMHO-TpaHCIIopTHbIe, MOHTa)KHbIe, norpy-
30'lHO-pa3rpY30'lHbIe), KOHCTPYK!(HH H KOHqJHrypallHH B03-
BOJl.HMOrO 3AaHH.H, pa3MCI.lleHHfl CKJIa}I.OB H T. IT.
OT BCCX 3THX nOKa3aTeJIeH, a TaK>Ke OT Bper.1eHH ITOJIe3 4
HOH pa60TbI H IIepepbIBOB 3aBHCHT peJKHM pa60TbI KpaHa IIO
BpeMeHH B CMeHY. IlepepblBbI 6bIBa!OT TeXHo.norH'leCKlJe H
opraHH3au,HOHHble. K T e x H 0 JI 0 r II IJ e C K H M OTHOC51TCSl
nepcpbIBbI, CBH3aHHbIe co CMeHOH rpY303aXBaTHbIX YCT-
pOHCTB, H3MeHeHMe.M BbIJIeTa KpIOKa, BbIABM}KeHHeM TelieCKO-
nII1.IeCKOH 6aIIIHH M T. IT. Bpe.MH. 3aTpaQHBaeMOe Ha 3TH
ITepepbIBbI, B 3HaIJHTeJIbHOH Mepe 33BHCHT OT opraHH3aIJ.HM
pa60T H KBa.nHQJHKa!(HH pa60'lHX, 06c.nYJKHBa!O HX KpaH.
K 0 p r a H H 3 a!( H 0 H H bl M IIepepblBaM B pa60Te OTHOCHT-
Cfl BpeMH, 3aTpaIJHBaeMOe Ha TeKYI.llMH YXO}I. 3a KpaHOM,
Tpe6Y!O Hii ero OCTaHOBKH Ha IIpHeM H c):(a'lY KpaHa 13 Ha-
IJa.ne M KOIU1.e CMeHbI, npOCTOH M3-3a OTCYTCTBHH ITO,lJ.JIe>Ka..
lllHX IIO):('beMY rpY30B, 9.neKTp09HeprHH H ):(pyrne IIpOCTOH,
5lBJI51IOllJ;HeCfl CJIe}I.CTBHeM nJIOXOH opraHM3au,HM pa60T.
IlpoH3Bo):(HTe.nbHocTb KpaHa, ):(OCTHrHYTafI B KOHKpeT-
HbIX npOII3BO,lJ.CTBeHHbIX YCJIOBHHX npH pe>KHMe KpaHa,
BK.,THQIJaIOI.lleM TOJIbKO TeXllOJIOrHQeCKHe M opraHII3au,HOHHble
nepepbIBbI B pa60Te, Ha3bIBaeTCH 3KCITJlyaT&II.HOHHOH np04
H3DOAMTCJIbHOCTbIO.
K09ljJQJHlweHT HCIlo.nb30BaHHH KpaHa IIO rpy30IlO):('beM-
HOCTH
k r = Qrp.cn/QaoM,
Qimi
r,!{e Qrp cn - cpe.lU:leB3iK'llIeHHi:UI HarpY3Ra: Qfp,CB= , 311eCb
Qi - cpe.n:HHH HarpY3Ka npH K3m:,ROM UHKJIe; mi - npoueHTHoe cOJJ.cp.
JKaHHC 0pHuaKoBbIX cpepHlIx 3HaqellliH HarpY3KH B TeqeHUe cMeRbl, 118-
ca; QJlfJM - IIOMllI-I8.'IbHan rpY30n01l.'beMHOCTb KpaH8 C onpC1l.eJIeI-IHbIfvIH
napaMeTpaI\m: pJJURa CTpeJIbI. HbIJICT H T. n.
rO):(OBafI 13bIpa6oTKa Kpana
II = IIfJ T,
rJJ;e fl a "1 - 1;J8COBaH 3KCnJIyaTallHoHHan npOII3Bo,ZUiTeJIbHOcTb: n n=
=II,,/8,2; T - paooYJee npCMR KpaRa B TeqeHHe rOjla, 'l; T=
=!CM!<CM[365-(Tl+T2+Ts+T4)]' 3JJ;ecb to\ll- npOJJ;omKlITeJIbHOCTb
CMeHbl, '1; k C1X1 ...... cpeJJ;Hce I:lllCJIO CMeR paoOTbl B CYTKH II Te'leHMe r01l.a;
172
17'1
T 1 - BbIX01l.HbIe H npa31tHlltlHbIe pmr; T 2 -qncJIO .!tHen npOCToes no
MCTeOpOJIOrU'leCKHM npu'tJ:Huarvl: CIIJlbHbrif BeTep. MOP03. p01K1I.b. TYM8H;
T8 - EpeMH nepe6a3HpOBKH Kp8Ha; T4 - 38Tp8Ta BpeMeHH Ha pe!;IOI!T
HhIC pa6OTbI.
npllMCp 16. OnpeJ1eJIHTb CMeHHYlo npOH3BO):(HTeJIbHOCTb
6arneHHom KpaHa rpY30nO):("beMHOCTblO 5 T Ha BCCX BbIJIC-
Tax npH CPC):(HCi\ BbICOTC nO):("beMa rpY3a 16 M, cpc):(Hei\
):(aJIbHOCTH nepe):(BIUKeHHfI KpaHa 24 M H yrJIe nOBopOTa
120°. CKOpOCTb nO):("beMa rpY3a 26 M/MHH, nepe):(BIDKeHlIfI
KpaHa 31 M/MHH. LJaCTOTa nOBopOTa 0.7 MHH- I . DpOI1CHTHOe
cO}I.ep}KaHHe OJXHHaKOBbIX Cpe,lJ.HHX 3HaqeHHff narpy3KH n
TetIeHMe CMeHbI:
K03IjJ<jJHI1l1eHT HcnOJ[b30BaHHfI Kpalla no rpY30no):("beMII0-
CTlI
3,12
kr -S=0.62.
I T
2 T
37
4 T
5 T
CMeHHaH 3KcrrlIyaT3u,HOHHa.H npoH3BOAHTCJIbHOCTb Kpa
na 110 1jJ0PMYJIC (125)
II. = 8.2.5.5,5.0,62,0,B6 120 Tic:.!.
DpOI1eHTHOe co):(epJKaHHe O):(HHaKOBbIX cpe):(HHX 3l1aqe-
HHH HarpY3KM B TeqeHHe CMeHbI:
j],OJIfi rpY30rrOJlDeM- 1 0.2Q I 0.4Q
flOCTH
B I 18
0,6Q
O,BQ
Q
%
36
28
12
8%
22%
32%
26%
12%
Cpe):(Hee BpeMH cTponoBKH rpY3a 1 MHH, cpe):(Hee BpCMfI YC-
TaHOBKH rpY3a B pa60qee nOJIO>KeHHe H OTcoe):(HHeHHH rpy-
303aXBaTHbiX rrpHcrroco6JIeHHH 6 MHH.
PerneHlIe. BpCMH BbIITOJIHeHHH pyqHbIX OnepaI1HH
1p=10+1y=I+6=7 MHH.
BpeMH nO):("beMa rpY3a Ha BbIC01'y H H onYCKaHlfH KplOKa
H 16
/n=2-;-=2 26 =1,25 MHH.
BpeMH nOBopOTa KpaHa C rpY30M H B03BpaTa em 13 HC'
HCXO}I.Hoe rrOJIOlKeHMe
R CXOaNfJie affHHble K npu,ucPY j 6
HmJep I I 0, on' n, '0' 'y,
SB)J;ili-ll1H Q, T H. M J S. IV{ MjMHIl MHH-J.
M/m-IH MIJH MllH
1 5 21 32 20 31 0,7 1,2 8
2 4 24 24 26 30 06 I 7
3 5 30 IB 2B IB 0:5 O.B 6
4 4 22 23 26 30 0,7 1.2 B
5 5 31 32 20 31 0.6 I 6
29. l3arneliHble KpaHhI
a 120
Inon 2 360 2 360.0,7 - 0,95 ,mHo
BpeMfI nepe):(BH>KCHHfI KpaHa C rpY30M H B03BpaT em 13
MCXDAHoe nOJIO>KeHHe
S 24
'rr= 2 - =2- = 1,55 MHH.
V n 31
ManmHHoe BpeMH t.,=tE+tnon+trr= 1.25+0,95+1,55=
=3,85 MHH. DP0):(OJDKHTe.1bHocTb I1HKJIa t =tp+t,,=7 +
+3,85= 10,85 MHH.
LJHCJIO I1IJKJIOB 3a 1 q pa60Tbi
60
IO,B5
Cpe):(HeB3BernelJHaH rpY30no):("beMIJOCTb
Q _....!.: 8+2.2 2 +3.32+4.26+5.12
.rp.CB - 100
174
3,12 T.
Onpe.ne.ner-me YCHJIHH, }],CHC"i'i YIOIU,HX Ha 3JleMeHTbI 6a-
meHllOro "paHa. OnopHbIe peaKI1HIJ 13 lllaplJHpC KpeIIJICHIISI
C-rpeJIbi X, j1 (pHC. 67, a) H YCHJIl!e B CTpCJI0130M paCQa.1c SC
MO)!{HO orrpe):(eJIHTb H3 ypaBHeHHi\:
M o; M = (Q+q) 1+0,500/+ P nl h; + P n2 h;-
-Sccos'Yhi+Scsin'Yl 0;
X = 0; -Secas", + PBi+' PB2 -1- X = 0;
Y=O; -Q-q-Oo-S<:sin'Y+Y O.
r,n;e F D1 I! P U2 - BeTpGBbIe HarpY3Im H8 rpY3 H CTpe,,'IY; G c - E€C
CTpe.'ILI.
YCHJIHe B OTT.H}J{Kax rrpofMBoBeca Snp II COCTaBJI.HIOUXHe
orropHoi\ peaIGJ:H1! B mapliHpe "penJIeHHfI npoTHBoBeca XI IJ
Y I onpe):(eJIfI!OT H3 ypaBHeHHi\:
" < , 1 , ,
,,' =0' S sinul -0 I' --0 I O'
1'UJ) up 20P
11
5,5.
175
0) Sc CDS;! I
S, '
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, c
I' ,
II
II " '" '
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t' t I
0)
s,
',
- - p / /'
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'P. .
K 0
- '
+
,
,
Or
s,
'P KC
PliC. 67. CXC!'.I1>1 K onpe.nenemllo ycnnnlt B
anCMCHTax 6alUc1I110('O KpaHa
a - c mmopouloti rOJIOBKOfi; 6 ..- c nOBO
pOTHofi oalliHcit
:EXi=O; SnpCOS6+Xi=0;
:EY I =0; SnPSin6-Gnp -G p+ Y I =0,
rpe Gnp Ii G p- Bee npOTllBOBeca Ii nJ10m;a1l.Kfi IlponmOBeca.
Ha 9JIeMeUTbI KpaHa TaKiKe OK83bIBalOT .n.CHCTBHe M YCH-
JIIUI B rpy30BOM KaHaTe PI<. CTpeJIOBOH pacqaJI MO)KeT 6bITb
BbmOJIHeHHbIM B BRAe nOJIHCnaCTa, HJlH K paCIJaJIY, H3rOTQB-
JIeHHOMY U3 O.l\Horo-.l\BYX KaHaTOB, I1pUKpenJISI!OT CTpeJIOBOH
I10JIHCIIaCT (pHC. 7, 6), HeIlO.l\BH>KHbIe 6JIOKH KOToporo sa-
KpeIlJISlIOT IJa I10BOpOTHOH lIJIaT<jJopMe KpaHa.
176
;)
il
'.
, 4
DpH onpC.l\eJIeHHH ua-
rpY30K, .l\eHcTBY!OII\HX
H3 3 'IeMeHTbI KpaHa,
MOJKHO CllHTaTb HaTH}Ke
HHH KaH8TOB HeH3MeH
HbIMH. DpH oIlpe.l\eJIe-
HHH YCHJIMH B KaHaTax.
I-iaBI1BaeMbIX Ha 6apa6a-
HbI JIe6eJI.OK. CJlCJI.yeT
Y'lleCTb conpOTMBJIeHHH,
BbI3bmaCMble IJeperM6a
MI-I KaHaTOB H B no,n:-
J.UHIIHHKax 6310KOB- TaK,
YCl131IIe B KaHaTe cTpe
310BO['O n031IICrraCTa, HaBMBaeMoro
(;J
v)
C 8
-
A
i
Pe- t'flu »;:
i "
Il
/' t'.
\ / '" \ t t1:-f
,>( JJ- ]] 'k-;;;;;
"I Ii 1 fmJt-"'fIh!
.q--- .-
"-I'
PiIC. 68. Cxelllbl K onpe.
AeJlefmlO ,ll,RIJ.Ileuufi Ha
I(aT.Ki1
a - CXCMa .v.eiicTBllH BHC-
liII-IHX CHJI; 6 - CXCMa
nono:Hcclmfi CTpCJJb!
I,'
IfI/+flz.
Ha 6apa63I-1.
P - s 1( ' " )
1m - c In'ilfSn '
r1l.C ill - Kpm'lIocTb cTj)rJI08f>rO l!oJIHcnac'f<:l; 11 - (Jl(CJJO UJlOI\OB, OfH-
uacMblx Iwnal'OM; '11(;.'1- Kn;: O/UlOro UJIOKa.
Pemn{l1H B mapl-lllpC RIX'[IJleIlM51 CTpCJIbI X II }' II YCI-l-
JIII B, CTpCJIOBOM paClJa31C Sc HaXOJI.HT pellI€HIIeM ypaBHe
HHH M=O; X O; Y=O. AHaJIOrHQHO Onpe.l\eJIfllOT pe-
aKI1HH B BepXHeM nO.l\llfITHHKe 6amHH (B, C) H B OnOpHb!X
rOpHSOHTaJIbHO paCIIOJIO>KeHIIbIX IWTKax (CM. 21).
.lJ.aBJleHIIe Ha XO,lJ.OBble KOJIeca onpe,n:e3151IOT}I.JI51 JI.BYX
nOJIO>KeHUH CTpeJIbI KpaHa (pUC. 68).
I1pH I1epBOM I10JIO>KeHUU CTpeJIbI:
:!:M,, O; CH -A (H -h) +P,,0,5H -O,5.1,4aR, O.
BepTHKaJIbHa!I HarpY3Ka lIa nOpTaJI Kpaua CKJIai\bIBaeT-
C.H H3 nepTHIW31bHOH CHJlbI B H Beca 6aWIIH 06. OrrOpIlble
peaKIjIIH:
8+G6
2
Dpu BTOpOM I10JIO>KeHHH CTpeJIbI:
R I = ;a [CH+P R : -A (If-h)] ;
R 2 = 0,5 (8 + G6) + R I ; R3 = 0,5 (8 + G D ) - O,5Ri.
Ll31n .u.a31bHefilUHX paCqeTOB npMHHMaIOT HaII60.fIbllIHe 3Ha-
IJeHM51.
06II\HH paCqeT 6ameHHoro "paua. OCHOBHblMH HCXO.l\HbI-
MH i\aHHbIMH .l\JISI paCqeTa MorYT 6blTb rPY30IlO.l\DeMHOCTb
KpaHa, ero BbI31eT M BbICOTa nO,lJ.'beMa rpyaa. 06rn.HiJ paCqeT
KpaHa BKJIIOqaeT oIlpelI.eJIeIlHe OCHOBHblX napaMeTpoB, MOIl\-
R,=1?,
O, 5R l'
12-449
177
IlOCTlI npl1l:10.u.cl MCX:lIIIUMOB, }'('UJlllli, nt'iil'IUYJOIIIIIX 11.1
3JIeMCHTbI KpaHa, rrpOBepKy yefuij'IlIDOCTH ({palla.
B03MOJKHaH rrOCJIe,n:OBaTeJIbHOCTb BblIIOJIIIClIllfi OOllt('l'O
paCl!eTa:
EbI60p rrpHHI1.HIIH8JIbI-Ioif cxeMbI KpaHa Ha OCHCh3C 03Ha
KOMJIeHHH C OCHOEHbIMH 'l'eXHIJIleCKHMH peIlleHHHMH Ii na
TeHTHbIMH MaTepHa.fIaMH;
YCTaHOBlieHMe npe;:f,BapHTeJIbHbIX 3HaIJeHHH (:E:OpOC'i'I--Il:lX
H zr;pyrHx rrapaMeTpOB Kp8lIa Ha OCHOBe aHaJIH3a .....eXHHtICC4
{{HX xapaKTepHCTHK nOJI.06HbIX MaIIIHH;
paeIJer rpY30rrO,l.l'beMHOrO MexaHH3Ma:
BbI60p cxeibI Mcx3nH3M3 H 3anacmmu rpY30Boro J\a!13T3;
orrpCJJ;€JICHifC yeU.HU B KaIIaTe, Ha13HB8eMOM H8 6ara"hrH; no.n6op
Kana'fa II onpeJl.eo'IeI-me OCHOBHbIX pa3MepOB 6apaU8Ha;
onpe,!J,eJIeIme nOTpe6Hoii MOIU.HOCTH rrpUBOJJ;a. rro1l.6op 1I.BIIraT€o'15J Ii
npOBcpl<8 ero lIa rreperpY3C'1HYIO cnOCOOHOCTb B nepuo.!! He:,'CTanOBHg..
lllerC H 1I.BU;!-..CHHH, YTOllFiCHHe pa6011nx nap3M€TpOB rpY30rrO!.i'T.of'J\flJnro
MeX8HHSMa;
pae'lleT MeX8HH3Ma H3MeHeHH.H RhIJIe-fa:
Bbl60p CXC)'ibI MCXaHH31\1a U 38naCOBKH KanaTOB; onpe1l.e .erme YCH!'lUJ:
B CTpCJICEOM paCitan€, B C'fpe./IOBOM 110.iJHCnaC're H3MeHcmUI yrJI3 Ha
KJ10H8 CTpeJILI, B EailaTC nlror oH JIeGCJJ;Im, ecm:l H3M€II5IeTGl BbW'er 3<1
C'J€T rpY30Boft TeJrelff.lm, IIcpCMem8IOiUefrOI B,lI.OJIb 6aJIOIlI-!OM C'rpeJlhl;
nc 6op K8HaTOB II onpCJJ;enCHHC ocnOBHblX pa3M€pOB 6apa6anOB;
OTIpe,n:€JICHlIe nOTpe6HoH MOIUHOCTII npHB01l.a, IIOPUOP ,[(I3nran:Jul 11
nponepKa ero Ha n€lwrpYSOlllIYIO CilOCOOUOCTI, n ncpl-lo,l{ lll'YCTa'IOl3I1E1I1! -
ronI 1I.EH}I{CHHIl, YTO'IIICInrc pa60 t IHx n8paMC"I'pOn MCX81111 JMa IIJMCiIClIlIH
BbIJIeTa;
paCIJer MeX8HH3Ma Bparn.cHH.H:
BbI60p cxeIlU>1 I\IeXaHH3Ma; onpC1I.eJIeIIl:lC conponIB '!eI::llfi lIOBOP01Y
nOBOpOTJ-IOH l1aCTH KpaIra C Y'iCTOM npeoJJ;OJI€HHH CHJI TpeHHH, ECTpmjml
narpY3Ku " HJ-!ep4fIoHHbIX CHJ1;
onpe,lJJ".1IeI-!J1e nOTpc6HOH IIWlllHOCTH npHBo,lI.8, rrol!,oop JUmraTCJ1fI H
npoBepK8 -em Ha neperpY30T1HYlO crrocooHocTb B nepH01l. llC)'CTVHOEIIU-
lI1erOC5I ,lumXCCI-IlUI, YTO'iHeHIfe paOC'iHX napaMeTpoB Mexam13M3 Bpa-
lllellIur;
paCIJeT MexaHH3Ma rrepeJXBH}KeHH5I:-
Bbl60p CXeMbJ M€..'i:.aHH3Ma; onpC1l.C.'1eUHe conpOTHBJ1eHHii nepemm,hl-
I-IHlO J<paHa c Y'-ICTOM npeOJJ;OJI-eJ-IH5I CHJI 'rpeL-UUI, YKJIOHa II BCTpOEOi:i: WI-
rpY3KH;
onpep;e.'IeHHe l1orpe6nof1 MOIU.HOC1'H nprrB01l.a, nop6op JJ;BMraTClISl II
npOBepIW era Ha rreperpY30'iUYJO cnoco6HOCTb B nepH01l. H€YCHmOIiIliI
rnerocSI pBmI<eI-1HH, YTOllUClmc pa60'iHX mJpaIlI€TpOB MeX3H113)'IW 1It'(lL'
1I.BlDKE:HHH;
IIpOBepKa YCTO[lqHBOCTH KpaHa:
COCT8BJIefme CXe.J"UiI Kp8n8 H T3GJIHUbI C YK333HueM KOUIJ1I.1II1dr J ('III
pOB TmKeCTH OCHOBHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB KpaHa;
onpe1l.CJ1CHIi€ KOOP1l.HH3T 4eI-lTpa THJK"CCTH Kpaua;
178
,\
( I;
, I
f:
,I
"I
:\
onpe.ll.eJJ:eHHe MOMeHT3 CU.'I, Y11,cpm:HE8IOIIJ;ero Epan: 0'1' onpOKHJJ;bIBa-
I-U1H B CTOPOHY rpY3a;
orrpeJJ;c.IJCHHe rpy30Boro MOMeHTa, onpc e...-1CHp.-e 1I.OnO.7IHHTC,1lbHbrx 1\10-
MeIlTOD Cll.'l, OnpOKH1I.blB8IOilJ,lJX KpaI-l B CTOpOH)' rpy3a;
onp e .lJ.CJ1CHHe Km£jJqJH4lfcHTa rpYSOBot'I YCToilT1uBOCTH;
onpc eJJCI-HIe r,WMCHT CfiJI, y1l.Cp}KfiB210mCrO l{paH OT onpOKH.Qbma-
HUH H CTOPOUY lIpOn!BOBCCa;
onpl'}l(',IU'IIHC J3C'rpOBoro OnpOlm1l.bIBaIOllI.crO ....fOMer-lTa np" Hcpa6o-
llCM coc'J Om-IIUI I<palla;
onpe]1,C'J!CliIIC 1\O::Hj1f})l!JJ,nCHTa C06CTB€HHOH YCTotrIJljBOCTU:
orrpC,l.lC'JICIIIIC npOH3130,lJ,HTeJILHOCTH KpaHa;
onpCJt(',lIl'.!mC yc..:lfJllli-i, ,lJ.€HCTBYIOIl{HX Ha 3JIe1IeHThI KpaH8.
KpOMC ouw.ero IWC l ICTC1 BbUJOJIH5II-OT TaIO-Ke paCIJeTbI 3JIe-
MenTOn MCTaJIJIO({(JIlt'rpYI\IJ,HH., npHBO,lJ.a, pa60IJHX opraHOB
Ii zr;pyrllx COCT;IIHII.I,\ IJ:JCTci'J hp8lIa.
HpHMCp 17. OlljJl'Jt('.IIII I'h Cl'WpOCTII OCH013HhIX pa6ol1Hx
D,BlnI\:('UlIii ualIlt'lIl1oro hjJml l, I\IIIICM8TIIIleCI<HC cxeMbI Me4
xaHH3MOB IWTOIH)I'O 1I,U>OP,lili('III.1 lIa pHC. G9. J1.HaMeTphI
6apao,lIIoI1, MM: /), -500; [)2=400. t(IWMl'TP XO.l\OBbIX KO-
JIee Du=GOO .MM. LlclcTOJt1 npaH{(,IIHfl na.fI8 JJ,BHraTeJIH,
MHII- 1 : tl !lJl=970, li Jlrl 2=710, fl J \1I3=900, ll,nn4=910. KpaT.
HOCTb rpY30noro 1I0JIHCnaCT8 i n =2. 4HCJIO ay6beB KOJIeCa
215= 13, LlqH3H'llHOrO 3y6QaTOrO I<OJIeca ZI8=59, H€nOJI.BH}K-
HOro 3YOqaTOro BeHiLa z16=90.
PerneHlle. Ilepe.l\aToqHoe qHCJIO pe.l\YKTopa rpY30Boli
JIe6e.l\KH
t
2'2 24 84 B6
U pj =- .-=--=344.
zf Zg 15 L4 '
lJ:acTOT8 Bpa!I(em!f1 6apa6aHa
n.r:UH 970
11(j =- =-=28 3 MI:Il-I- l .
n U Pl 34,4 '
CKOPOC1'b lIaBHnamI5I rpY30Doro IWIIaTa IIa 6apa6aH
31D u1 nUl 3,14.0,5.28,3
VHj = -;;0- = 60 = 0,74 MIa,
CKOpOCTb nO.l\'beMa H oIlycKaHI1H rpY3a
Vm 0.74
vrp=--:--=-=O,37 M/c=22,2 III/hum.
'n 2
Ilepe.l\aTOqHoe qHC,10 pe.l\YKTOpa CTpeJIOBOIi JIe6e.l\KH
20 Zs 86 86
U p ,=- .-=---=40,7.
2r. Z,; 13 14
LJacToTa Bpa!I(eHHH 6apa6aIIa
12):(B2 710
tl62 = - = - = 17,4 MI1H- 1 .
Up, 40,7
179
12*
,
,
1.
b)
Z5- 13 J jl_I-\V-111
Z,"88-1 L 1
Z7"1'I I
Zora
06rn.ee rrepe.u.aTO'[IlIOe IJHCJIO ITOBOpOTI-lOrO MeXHllU3Ma
U DM = U p3 U = 226.6,9 = 1560.
llacToTli BparueIlHH ITOBOpOTHOIi qaCTH KpaH8
n]:tTI3 900 .
n= =- =06 MIm-1.
U"" 1560 '
a)
,
Depe,lJ,aTOqnOe IJIIC.rIO MexaHH3Ma nepe,lI,BH}KeHH.H
ZI8 Z20 59 53 _
U Mll = -. =- - =74,b.
Zl'i' Z!fI 2 21
8) B)
ZIO rl31 1
I17=2 1 18
Zl/rl3 lJ ,
,
l.JacroTa BpaIl\eHHfl XO.l\OBbIX KOJIec
n AB4 910 -1
n 11 =-=-=12.2MHH .
U MD 74,5
CKOpOCTb rrepe.l\BH>KeHHfl KpaHa
nD H n R 3.14.0,5.J2,2
60 60
V n =
0,32 Mfc = 19,2 IVI/MIm.
, , x
LJ:RC'IOTa Bpflll\.eHH5I Balla JJ;BlIra-
TeJ1H. MHI-!-l D" D" DE'
. I I I MM MM MM Z15 Z" zm
.
a l1n;ni n AB2 n.ll: D3 nDB<
'"
I 970 710 9110 910 400 400 400 13 90 37
2 !)5() ()B5 Hila 930 "00 400 [)()() II 7H 59
J !1(iO 700 tI!iO t)!)!i ;,no !iOO fiOO Tn )() :17
4 !J()5 700 915 !H!) !iOO 400 !iOO I.I 90 59
5 970 GBS 900 !J30 400 400 400 II 7G :17
l!cxOOHbte aWUible K npwflepy 17
Z20" 53 ZI9=lI Zzo=53
-/, / . /",..
PIIC. 69 KnHCMa'I'M'ICCRlfC cxe,Mbl MCXamJ3MOB 6:UUCllfiOI"O lipmm.
Cl - rpyaoB8fl. nc6cJJ,Ka; 6 - CTpeJlOIm Jlc6elIKa; B - lIfeX81I113M nOBopOTa: 2-
Mex8HH3M nepCJJ,BHHWfllHI
CKOpOCTb HaBHBaHHfl
nD62tl{j2
tlRc = --00-
CTpeJIOBoro !(8HaTa Ha 6apa6an
3,14.0,4.17,4
= 0,36 M/e.
60
ISO
30. CaMOXO.l\HbIe CTpeJIOBble KpaHbI
Orrpe.l\eJJeHile OCHOBHblX napaMeTpOB_ OOIl\Hi'r paC']eT
CaMOXO.l\Horo CTpeJIOBoro KpaHa BKJI!OqaeT; BbI60p rrpHHI\H-
nMa 'IbHOii cxeMbI KpaHa, B TOM qHCJIe XO}J.OBOrO YCTpOHCTBa,
CTpeJIOnOrO 060pY}J.OBaHHH, CHCTeMbI npHBO,n:a H }J.p.; YCTa-
HOBJIeHHe npe,lJ.BapMTeJIbHbIX 3HaIJeHHH OCHOBHbIX napaMeT
pOB; paCIJeT MexaHH3MOB KpaHa: rpY30rrO,lJ.'beMHOrO, H3Me-
HeHHfl BbIJIeTa, nOBopOTa, rrepe}J.BMJKeHHH, onpe}J.eJIeHHe
pa60'JHx ClwpocTei'r; rrpoBepKa YCroi'rqHBOCTH KpaHa; onpe)\e-
JIeHHe npOH3BO,l!.HTe.fIbHocTH; onpe}J.eJIeI-IHe HarpY30K, .n.eHcT-
BYlOIII.HX Ha 3JIeMeHTbI KpaHa; pact.reT meMeHTOB npMBo}J.a,
ISI
Oepe.l\aTOqHOe qHCJIO pe.l\YKropa rrOBOpOTHoro Mexa.
HH3Ma
v _ Zio Zi2 Zi.f, = 53 =226.
p3 - Z9 Zli Z13 L7 13 13
Oepe.l\aroqHOe qHCJIO OTKpbITOi'r rrepe.l\aqH
ZI6 90
U=-=-=6,B.
2'15 13
nili'll\, lid 1'11('("1'(' paOOT,
111111"'IIYt'I' .1J(.lllIIlt'JLb-
1111111 IIpl'l\1l'llI[ 11.1 IIO;U'O-
IIIIII\\, 1\1',111,1 I\: m:CIIJIya-
I ,!lUll! MOil\lIO II pflJI.e
(',!lV"I,II'1I IIpll 1!lB.',IIC ceK-
11111'1 IJ..,:J IqIlIIlHI'L T€JIe-
('I\.IIIIIII{'('I\YIO CTpeJIY
(I'"'" /I).
P .11.. 1 11.... {'CKLI,Hll TeJiC-
I"Unllll'I('("IWii CTpeoilbI.
1111 ,III,I.rIO)"HH C CYID.eCT-
lIyrollllll\1l1 KOHCTPYKTHB-
111,111.111 pl'IIIeHH5IMH Kpa-
1l1I1I1o! \ C'I'P€ TI MOmHO
"!'"IIU I"h HCXO,D,lIbIe 31Ia-
IU'IIIIU IIOnepeLJHbIX ceIIe-
IIlIli ('TpeJIbI: TOJIllJ;HHY
Mt'l,W,HIfLJeCKHX JIHCTOB.
III IWTOPbIX CBapeHbI
{'('I\lUHI, H MapKY CTaJIH.
1I,II'IHIMep IOXCHLL, /.I,JU'
he Il'opm'i 11.0nYCKaeMOe
1I,IJlIHUI{eHHe Ha H3rH6
1",,/=260 MrIa.
Ill' p X ff,!! >I C e K l\ II >I: pa3MepbI ITOnepe'JfIoro Ce'!eHII!!
b l . IIi. I'OJIID.HHa JIHCTOB <'h.
11.11I60JIbIl1IIi;'r M3rH6alOID.Hfr MOMeHT, .llefrCTBYlOID.HtI B ce-
"'"'"'" (pnc. 72),
!Q
I
v)
I
I
i
x--L
--- -I
I -:::::=:'I
.
.1
'j
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PHC. 70. CxcMa K onpcJI,c.'1C4
HHIO rpY30nOJl,'bCl'tmOCTH D 3n.
BHC1!MOCTH flT BblJlCTa liP10l{3
PItC. 71. I«()HCTPYKTHDfI3H CXCMa CTpe.'1LI
II II co6palilim, llH,!:!,C; 6 -- C IIb1,lI,BlmYTblllfU
CCKQHHMH
OT.lle 'lbHbIX MeXaHH3MOBII MeTaJI TIOKOHCTPYKlI,Hii Kp3I-Ia,
nO/.l,60p n npOBCpKa TOpM03HhIX YCTpoiicTB, COe/.l,HHIITeJJbIlhIX
MyqJT, Ba 'lOB. nOJJ.lUHm-UUWB, OTKpbITbIX nepe.lla"lJ CHCTCM
r"/.l,paB.""qeCIWrO npnBO/.l,a, rpY303aXBaTHhIX YCTpOHCTB, pe-
WeT"lJ8TbIX Ii TeJIeCKOlJIiQeCKIIX CTpeJI, 6arneH npH 6alileHHO
C1'peJlOBOM 060pY/.I,OBaHnH, BblHOClibIX onop H /.1,1'.
PaCqeTOM Onpe/.l,eJJHIOTC5I n YTOqH!!IOTC!! pa o 3MepbI AeTa.
JIeH H C60P0"lJHbIX €.llMHBH 3JIeMeHTOB M qaCTeH KpaHa.
BhI6paB npnnl\IIIIIIaJJbHYIO CXeMY CaMOXO/.l,HOrO CTpeJJO-
BOrO KP3H8, MO}KHO Onpe.llCJIIITb npeABapHTeJIbHOe 3H3"lJe-
HHe ero MaCCbI G B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT rpY30nO].l,DeMHOCTH Q
npn Q)]O 10 l' G"", (1,7...1,8) Q, ITpn Q>1O l' G"",(1,8...2)Q.
ECJIH npHIIflTb, "lJ1'O lI,eI-ITp T5ILKeCTH KpaHa COBrra].l,aeT C
OCblO Bpamemm nOBopoTHoi'I "aCTn (pnc. 70) n IlIHpHH
onopll0I1 nOBcpxHocTn AB=2a, TO MOl\leHT, Y/.I,e A<HBaIOmhH
Kpall 01' onpO](!1/.1,bIBaIIH5I B CTOpOHY rpY3a, M .Ga, a"",(0,7...
...1,I)B, r/.l,e B - IlIIIpIlHa ](pana. HaHl\leHbIIlIlH BbIJJeT "1'10-
Ka C yqeTOl\1 K03rjJrjJIIl\HenTa 3anaca YCTOI1qIlBOCTn k = 1,4
x MI(kQ).
A-A
o
I;
I
PRC, 72. PaC'leTHaR CXCMa CTpCJlbl
M, QCOSGtll'
11.lJIuOJlblilaR C}l{HM810ID.8fl CHJIa
T= Qsina.,
1lllPlIla,lXb rrOrrepe"lJHOrO Ce"lJ€HH.H
F, = 2 (h 1 6 I +b I 6 I ) =26, (hI +b,).
MIIM 'III' ConpOTHBJIeHHfl H3rlI6y
117, b, hit6 -- (b I - 26,) (h, - 26}i6.
1I,II100,III,IIIce CYMMapHOC Hanp5I}KeHHe B C€"lJeHHH
"o=M,/U 7 I +TIFJ <; ["u1.
t 11{')l1111 H CeKlI,Hfl: pa3MepbI nOnepe"lJHOrO CeIICHHH
b, "" IIJIIIIUllia JIHCTOB 6 2 . .llHaMeTp OTBepCTHH B 60KOBbIX
,JIJU'I'.IX }VISI OOJICl'lIeHHfl CTpeJIbI d 2 .
I13Me"'''' 3Haqelln!! rpY30nO/.l,"beMHOCTn Q, Hanpnl\1ep ',e-
pe3 1...2 T B CTOpOIlY YMeliblIleHII!!, onpe/.l,eJU!IOT /.I,JU! Ka}!{/.I,Oro
3a.lla1IHOrO 3Ha"lJeHHfl Q B€JIH"lJIlHY X H COCTaBJIfllOT Ta6JIHUY
3aBHCHMOCTH Q H x. AHaJIH3HpYfl nOJIY"lJeHHbIC COOTHOllleHHfl,
npIllinMalOT /.I,JJnHY CTpeJJbI KpaHa, 06ecneQn!'alOmylO rpY30-
nO/.l,"beMHOCTb 60JJee 1 l' npn HeCJJQ}!{HOH KOHCTpYKl1nn
CTpeJJbJ.
J[JJIInHa51 CTpeJJa 3aTpY/.I,H!!CT TpalicnopTnpOBaHIIe Kpa-
Ha. CTpeJIa n3 OT/.I,eJIbHbIX cer<l\nll, c06npaeMbIX B e/.l,nnylO
182
II
J83
M. Qcosa(/l + 1 2 ),
MOMeHT COnpOTHBJIeJ-nm IIOnepeI.lImfO Ce"lJeHIHl
M 2 = 11"; - 11"; ,
RaHaT nOJ\6lipalOT no pa3pbIBHOI\1Y YCliJJHIO
8 1 ) = Pn k 3'
r c ks - K03qJqmUHeuT sanae£! npO'lHOCTll [{aHaTa.
Hali60JJblllliH li3rH6alOmliH MOMeHT. J\eHCTBYlOmliij " ("c-
qeHIUI
r e W; - MOMCHT noncpc':Il1oro CC 1 ICIIIH1 np" ClIJIOlUHbIX 60KOBbIX JIll-
CTax:
IIonepeqHoe CeqeHlie IlITOKa rH.l\POUHJIIiH.l\pa npOBep5i-
lOT Ha C>KaTHe C Y"lJeTOM npOJlOJIbHOrO H3fn5a:
a=PI(Frp) <; [a].
11"; = b 2 h /6 - (b 2 - 26 2 ) (". - 26i 16;
W; - MOMeHT nonepc'lnoro CCtJCHHH BbIpC33HIIbIX HCJ{OB:
r c (j) - K03qJQJHUlICHT CHHJKeHHH 1l4:mYCKaeMOro HanpmJ<cHHH np" rrpo-
,l10JlloIIOM H3H!6e, 3aBIlCf/llUIH OT MaTCpnaJIa lliTOKa If erQ rH6KOCTH.
fH6KOCTb iIlTOKa
1o.=lplr,.
" '1
11"2 = 6lOj/6.
IIJJomaJ<b nOnepeqIIOrO ceqeIIH5i
f 2 26 2 (". + b 2 -- d.).
Han60JIblllee cYMMapHOe Hanpfl}J:{eIIHe B Ce"lJeHHH
ao M2 fW' 2 + TfF. <; [au]'
H II}K II 5i II C e K U H II: pa3Mepbl nOnepeqIIOrO CeqeIIIIII
b s, hs. TOJUIJ:,IIHa JIHCTOB <"3. JlHaMeTp OTBepCTIIH B 60KOBbIX
JJHCTaX d,.
Han60JIblllHH H3fn6alOll.{I1H MOMelIT B Ce"lJeHHH
M3 = Qcosa(l, +/2 + I,).
M01l.1eHT COrrpOTHB TIClIIUl nOnepC"lJHOrO Ce"lJelIlIH
117, = II" - w,;.
HaH60JIbllIee CYM,MapHOe lIanpfl>KelIHe B Ce"lJelIlIH
a o = M,I!I7 3 +Tlf's < [aJ
PaCqeT MeXaHH3MB H3MeHeHMR )J,JIHHbl CTpeJIbl. HcxoJJ,-
HbJll.W ].I,aHIIhIMH HBJIfllOTCH rpY30nOll'beMHOCTb Q H MaCChI
BhI)J,BIDKHbIX CeKll.HH 0 1 H O 2 .
CYMMapIIal! C>KliMalOmal! Cli"a. J\eiiCTBYlOmall Ha IlITOK
rHJ\POUHJIHIIJ\pa:
rIlC If! - paeQeTH3f1 ,l1,JIHHa lliTOKa.
I1pII 060HX 3a.l\e.,aIIHbIX KOIIUaX iIlTOKa I p =O,5/.. I1pH
0.l\IIOI\1 3a.l\eJJaIIHOI\1 II .l\PyroM iIlapIIHpIIO-orrepTOM KOHue
1" O,7 lA' I1pII 060HX iIlapIIHpIIO-OnepTbIX KOHuaX Ip=I",
MliJII1MaJIbIIbIM pa.l\HYC liJIepUiUi CeqeIIIII! r,= J,r III" . r.l\e
I=:rcd'/64 - MOMeIIT liHepqliJI CeqeHII5i, CM'; F=:rcd'/4-
nJIO aJXb nonepe"lJI-IOfO Ce"lJeHHfl, CM 2 .
PaCIJeT MexaHH3Ma H3MeHeHHH BblJleTa. 113MeHeHHe BbI-
.neTa 06eCne"lJHBaeTCH O)J,lIlI1I.1 HJUI )J,SYMfl flI].I,POIJ.IVIHH)J,paMH.
He06xo.l\HMOe YCHJJHe p (CM. pIIc.72) onpe)J,eJI5ieTCI! ypaB-
H€lIHeM:
MO, = 0; P =G3/ +G2/;+Gl/; +Ql/l .
3Hal! !(aBJJeIIHe B rII!(pOl<HJIHHJ\pe p, naXO.l\5iT BilYTpeH-
nnii )JJlaMcTp IrI1JIUIIJ\pa d,,= 1,13 V r p,/ p.
PCKOMCIJI YlorcSi CJIl\lI,yrouJ,ue JlJalJCIII151 dJ , M1I.1: 20,25,
30, 40, 50, GO, 80, roo, 120. 150, 180, 210, 260 Ii 300.
TOJImmra CTC!1KiI fHJIpOl(I1JIUII.l\pa
6 = pd u /(2 [Op]) ,
P = (Q+Gi+G2) sina.
YCHJJne, )J.€HcTBYlOiIlee B KaHaTe, BblJ\BliralOllleM Bepx-
IUOlO C€KlJ,HlO:
rIle rap] -1l0nYCKaeIlwe Hanpfl}KCHUe Ha paCTfI>KeHHC (JJ:.T1f1 CTaJlIi
[a,J 40w60 MDB. 11Jm ,yrYHa [a,J 15...20 MDa.
I1onepeQIIOe CeQelIlIe lIITOKa fli.l\pOUliJJliHJ\pa npOBep5i-
lOT na C}KaTIIe C YQeTOM npO.l\OJIbHOrO li3rH6a. LLliaMeTpbl
oeeM Kpen TIeHHH lilTOKa H IJ.HJIHlI].I,pa, a TaKJKe OClI KpCnJIe-
lIHfl CTpeJIbI nOJIyqaWT paC"lJeTOM H8 H3f1I6:
8 M = (Q+ G,) sin af(21]) ,
an = MnfW n <;: [an],
rIle MH=ql /8-Hmi6oJJblliHti IIsnr6al0I.l.U1ll MOMeHT. B03HHKaJOllUIH B
ceqemm oen; t D - ,1J.,JlHHa oen; q=Pll- paJ3HOMepHO pacnpeIleJleHUaH
fIle 11- Kn.n:. Y'IHTblEaIO.ID;nll nOTepn Ha TpeHHe B pOJJHKax. II1IlI IlOJI"
synax BepXlIeii ceKu,IIH Ii lIa nepern6bI KaHaTa ('i)!::::: OJ85...OJ9).
184
185
oJ
1,"11
1,"88
: Z3"14
Z."85
z)
:
I
J lill
I I1II
jl;!
I
1111
I
1I1I
I1 11
II
II
, I
HarpYSKa no )l)JHHe OCH; P-HarpY3K2. Ha OCb; W=31d3/32 O,Ids _
MOMeHT conpOTHBJIf:'HiUI nOnepelJHOrO CeqeHHH DCH.
,LLlial\1eTp OCII
3
d=l/,U H /(O.1 [uu]).
TIpOqlIOCTb OCli npOBep.nOT paCqeTOM IIa Cpe3
T P/nF< [T cp ],
r.ne n - lInCJIO TIJIOCKOCTeH cpe3a (06WHIO 12=2); F - TIJIOrn::8JJ;b no-
nepelJHOrO CeqeHHH OCM
npHMep 18. OlIpeJ\eJIHTb CKOpOCTli OCIIOBHbIX pa60qliX
,D,BH}KeIIHH CaMOXO,D,HOrO CTpeJIOBOrO KpaHa, KHHelI,1aTH"lJeC4
KaH cxeMa KOToporO !i306paJKelIa IIa pHC. 73.
PelIIeHHe. TIepeJ\aTOqlIble qHCJIa IIepeJ\aq
rpY30BoM JIe6eJ\Kli
Z2 Z4 88 86
U r =-.-=-.- 49'
p Zi 2'3 11 14 '
CTpeJIOBOH JIe6eJ\KII
2'0 Z/3 2'10
U CTP =-.- .-
Z5 2'7 Z!J
83 85 77
---=152'
16 14 16 '
nOBopOTHoro MeX8IIH311,1a
Zi22'i4 Z 10 Z 18 = . 85 . 30 . = 600.
Uno. 13 14 14 12 '
ZU Z lZZ1r.Zl"i
)
,./, ,'/ T /.f,. /// .
.--.
N II «Br
n,B o 718MUH- t
P:I('-. 73. KIlHer.UlTIl1U'C!mc CXI'nll" Me4
X1H1H3MOB CaMOXO,ll,f\CJo t"l'IJI'J1UnOrO
K,eJlCSHOAOpml!.llOnJ J(j).III:I
a - rPY3()BB,SI lIeCicmw; n -- {'l peJl0
Ba Jle(jejJ;Ka; B - MI':>;,11I11 1M UtJIIlJIJO'
'fa; e _. MC2i:alnl3M 111.l'l.llllllib:l 1Il1l1
186
MI'\.IIIIIIM,I HrpCllBIOKelII-IH
I I _ Zl!J . Z22
,,-
2 20 2 21
8
- i8
88
12 33,6.
1(1t"I'ora npaI.I.J;€HHH, MInI-I:
11,11' l(idJla rpY30BOH 'l€6e.n;IaI
n:.r)J 725
11 -- - i48'
I'p V 49 . .
rp
1.1 P lOclHa CTpeJ10Eoi:i JIe6eJ,l,KM
nJ\E 715
Ilc'l'P= =- =4 7.
U e - TP 152 . ,
JlClBOpOTHOH TIJlanpOpMbl
nJ],Jj 928
n -- -- 155'
TIOB V ITOB 600 "
XO,lJ,OBhIX KOJIee
n, B 715
11 = =-=212
[( Un 33,6 . ,
I Jl(' fl ,lu - lWCTOT8 Bparn::cHmI Ba.lIa .nrmraTCJIH, MliU-t.
Cr«)pOCTb HaBHBaIIHH KaHaTOB Ha 6apa6aHbI JIeOeXWK;
:nDI'pnI'P 3,14.0,75.14,8 = 0.57 .vi!e;
fli'll nl) 60
11 1 '11 1 ...!!.!..}I'III_ll rJ '. 7.4,7 0,17 M/e;
(in {iO
(,1'WP0(,TL IH.'IH.'J llni-I';:l'IIJIH h:palia
v[[ ---=
nD"nrf
60
= 1 M/C,
3,14.0,9.21,2
60
r.nf' D1,p, D CTP , D" - .nn8.MeTphI 6apa6aHoB rpY30BoH II CTpeJIOEOJi: .'I€-
6e.noK H XO.nOBbiX KOJIec coarneTcTBeHHo, M.
H cxoaflbte aUHflble If npu.'Hepy 18
HOMep sa.nar-HUI 2 3 4 5
. Pnc. 73 74 75 ,6 77
187
Zr fB ,,/'
Z7""2"-
Z8 27
1 2J Z,"/7
, ,
, "
, M
N 98 KET
niJr13 MlJH- t
z.==JO
:1: )2¥
ZS"79_
\11
ill) I 1\ 1'1 1'1 - . t t----
1.,..1 " I" 'I'
- [11:1: :,,"4
I"
"
Z;5- 1 1 16 -2//
Z/;"{j
"
""., . .;.. ..' x.',
"
II l5"J7
1 3 "25
lz"5'f
1,=33
PlfC. 74. J(mJeMftTJI'lCCK8.SI cxeMa McxaHH31\10n ftnTOM06uJlbHoro
Kpalia c npttBOAOM OT ABHl'ftTCJm aBTOM06HJlH "lCpea KopofiKY OT-
60pa MOll{HOCnl
,
Z"'M
/u
I
, / "
. .
Z,i"Z4 / ......" ."','.,' ,,',
1 15 =10 II
Z'9- 23 ,
/16=77
.,".,.;;".'.,,'
Zlo"l'l
'Z23"'9
12l!5/
'Z21=12
0)
Puc. 76. KUHCMftTII<lCCKan cxeMa MCXftllJl31UOB nnCDJl.iOKOJleCHOI'O
"palm C OJJ:.f!OMOTOpHl>IM npmw]I;o!\1
I
III
Z/y-fJ7-
v
1 " :}
1, ..! f I
1,'1Jq 'r'
Z3" J5 i- ' I
Zz 51i
, 7-
I 0 Iz {i;1
, M
l'::'J
N=f!t.CKBr
'1,tf=fOOO'ofI1/('
Nl l1KBr
na9t7t5/.fIlH-t
"
z)
Z,'/8
8)
1'2=12
Ns"7,fiKBr _I
fliJB3=705M/fH
,./' ....'./, 1':'-":'"
Pne 75. K(JHCManl<lCCKaSl CXCMa MCXatiH3MOB aDTOM061I.'lbIlOrO
HpaHR C MHoroMoTcpHblM IIpIlBOn;OM
a -- CTpeJlOnafl nc6ellKa; 6 - wronaB JlC6eJIJ<a; 8 - rtJY30lJaR JlC.
6ellKa; ? _ MCXBHH3M 1I()1\OpOT8
?N"M
II Zfl 1J
,-l';!5', .. , " .. .'.'
.. ..
,
tH- "0r=O Ziti!!
'
= :: 1 15 "=18
!l =(J.J
,
Z{5"[1
PIIC, 77 K(JIjCl'tianJ.'1eo:aH CXeMa MCXRHH3M<m nJ1Mia lIa ryceJiH'lHOIll
xo y
iB9
188
1IIIi
IJili
111111
II
I !' I
'
II
III,
II!
,
'II
:11
,
I
31. MallJHHbJ HenpepbIBHoro TpaHcnopTa
62. Xapal<TepHCHlKa TpaHcHopnipyeMblx MaTepHaJIOS
EYIIKepa, HaKJIOHHble JIOTKH, 3aTBOpbi. K lI.1aIllllHall.1 He4
npepbIBHOrO TpaHCrrOpT3 B CTpOHTeJIbCTBe OTHOC5ITCfl .neH
TGLJHble KOHnc:fiepbI, KOBlllOBbIe .9JIeBaTOpbI, BHHTOBble KOH-
BcJ1epbI, a3pO>KeJIo6a, YCTpoJ1cTBa IIIIeBMaTi1',ecKOro TpaH'
CrrOpTa II Call.10Te"llHbIe YCTaHOBKH.
OCHOBHbIMH cBoifcTBaMH cbrnyqnX II lI.1eJIK03epHHCTbIX
MaTepHaJIOB, IWTOpbJe Ha.l\O yqliTbIBaTb npli TpaliCOOpTlipO'
BaHHH, HBJHUOTCSI: rpaHY JIOMCTpULJeCKHH COCTaB, yrOJI eCTe-
eTBel-IHorQ OTKoca B nOKoe II B ,D,BH}J:{eHHH, nJIOTHOCTb, K03cp
epffl\<!eHT TpelIli!! Me}!{.l\y MaTepliaJIOM li IIOBepXHOCTblO, co.
CT05IHnC MaTepfJaJIa.
fpaHYJIOMeTpHQeCKIIJ1 COCTaB MaTepHaJIa OlIpe.l\e."!!IOT
Ha CHT3X. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CO,lJ,ep}J:{aHHfl LJaCTHl( TOM H TIH
MEOfi KPYIIHOCTH pa3JIHTlalOT pfl,lJ,Ollble MaTepnaJIbI, f].l,e OT.
HOlliCHHe pa3MepOB H3n6oJIblllHX H HaHMeHblllHX K)!CKOB
npeBbIlliaer 2,5, H COpTlipoBaHHble, r,D,e OHO MeHbllle.
CH060.l\liO HaCbIlIalIHbIJ1 IIa ropll30lITaJIblIYlO nOBepx-
HOCTb MaTepliaJI 06pa3YCT KOHYC, yroJI HaKJIOlia 06pa3YIO-
weii KOToporo K rOpI130HTaJIbHO:H: nOBepxHocTH flBJHleTCR
yrJIOM eCTeCTBeHHoro OTKoca MaTepHaJIa B nOKoe Pt. ECJIH
MaTepHa TI nOll.1eCTHTb Ha ,D,BIDKYWYlOC5I nOBepxHocTb
(JIeHTY [(OIIBeJ1epa), TO B pe3YJIbTaTe TOJIQKOB II BCTP!!Xli-
BaHHH yrOJI eCTeCTBel-IHOrO OTl<oca YMeHbllIaeTC5I. TaKo:H:
yrOJI Ha3bIB3IOT yrJIOM eCTeCTBCHlIOro OTKOca MaTepna.na B
.D.BH}KeHHII:
P. 0,7PI. (126)
nJIOTHOCTh Macca e,D,HHHQbI 06"beMa M8TepHaJIa npH
HaCbHIKe ero 6e3 yrrJIOTHeHHH, 06blLJnO H3Mep5Ie'fCfl B KHJIO-
rpaMMax lIa [(y6I1QeCKHn MeTp.
l(03epepllI1lieHT TpeHli!! MaTeplI8JIa 0 1I0BepXIIoCTb 06y-
CJIOBJIHBaeT yrJIbI HaKJIOHa CTeHOK 6YHKepOB, JIOTKOB, KOH
HenepOB. l(03<p<pliI1l1eIlT TpelIli!! f=tg 'P, r.l\e 'P - yroJI Tpe.
H>'!!, rpa.l\.
TpalIClIopTlipyeMbIn M8TepllaJI l\10}!{eT 6bITb XPYIIKIIM,
.nHnKHM, a6p83HBHbIM H rIbIJUlIltHM. XapaKTepHCTHKa
CBOJ1CTB MaTeplla."OB, YQliTblBael\1bIX IIpli BbI60pe TpaHCIIOp-
TlipYlOmero 060pY.l\OBaIIIIH, IIpliBe.l\eHa B Ta6JI. 62.
I3YHKepa CJIy}!{aT .l\JII! xpaHeHH!! li neperpY3Kli CbIlIYQHX
II MeJIKoKycKOBhIX MaTepHaJIOB. HaH60JIee qaCTO npHMeHH4
IQTCfl nHpaMH,D,a TIbHble, nHpaMIIJI.aJIbHO-npH3MaTULJeCKHe H
ILH.J1l-!HJl,pOKoJ-mQeCKHe 6YHKepa.
lVIHHHll,1aJIbHbIe pa3MepbI BbIrIYCKHbIX oTBepcTHH 6YHKe-
pOH B 3IIaQllTeJIbHOii Mepe 3aBIIC!!T OT eplI3IIQeCKHX CBOJ1CTB
190
YrOJI eCTeC:T_ ' K034:JqmD,H€_HT
EeHHoro 01" TpemUI M3TeR
KOca, rpa]\ pH3JI5 0 enu]!::.
1IIIIIII1CII()H.ume MaTeplJaJJOB
TIJJOTHOCl'b, Kr/M3
B [jOKoe/a ,!J;13(u!-::eHl-lH
I II limO 1700...1900 45/30 1/0,58
'1 1'lll'llb 1800,. .2.000 45/35 1/0,7
,11"'ll\. 1400...1700 45/30 1/0,58
I'P}'III' cyxoi-I 1200...1300 45/30 1/0,58
1",11111.1 cyxan 1100.. .1500 50/35 1,2/0,"1
IkmuT !lOO.. .1300 43/38 0,93/0,78
M,"'CIJH3JIa II COCT3BJI5IIOT, MM: .l\JI5! cyxoro IIeCKa 150X 150,
1Il',,"a cbIporo 4.50X 4.50, I1el\1eIITa 225X225, rpaBmI II I!IJIa.
1<,' "PYIIHOCTblO .l\0 35 Ml\1 300X300, rpaBli5! KPYIIHOCTblO )].0
100 Ml\1 500X500, II\e6H5! KpynHocTbIO)J.O 150 Ml\1 650X
XWiO
Pa3MepbI HaHMeHblllHX KB8J.1.paTE-IbIx H KpyrJIbIX BbIrIYCK-
""'X UTBepcTHJ1 6YlIKepoB l\1O>KHO OlIpe.l\e,IIHTb IIO <pOpl\1YJIB
a k (d».,," -I- 80) tg PI. (127)
I'/Il' k=2,6 [(JUI COpTHpoBaHHoro M8TepU8.'J3; k=2.4 ]I,JI5I p1=J1l0Boro Ma.
11'IIlHI.1Ja; d ll 'l<1lW -- pa3liIep MaKCM l JIbHblX hYCKOB, MM; Pt _. yrOJf eCTC-
I" nLl'IIIIOro OTKoca MaTepHa 'Ia B nORoe, rpa1l.
npOIIYCKHa!! CIIoc06HOCTb 6YH!{epa npOBep!!eTC5! aaBII-
l'IIMOCTblO:
n = 3600Fv,
(128)
nrc F - nJIOIl{f\]I,b ubmycKllOf'O OTDCpClIUJ, M 2 ; V - CIWpOCTb HCTCQeHl1H
J\l,tTCpU8JJa, M/C (v O,5___2 Mfc).
MeHbIllHc 3HaQeJum - J.liI5I P JI.013bIX n TIa}lUlbIX MaTepn-
aJIOH; 60JIbI!Ilie - )J,JI!! cyxllx COpTlipOBaIIHbIX.
YrJlbI HaKJIOlIa CTelIOK 6YlIKepa K rO[Jli3o}ITY
a= PI + (5 ...10").
YrJIb! HaKJIOlIa pe6ep 6YIIJ(epa K rOpH301IT'j
a'=<jJ-I-(5...100).
I'JIC qJ - yro, 'I'pCHH5J M8TCpH8Jia 0 CTeRKH 6yrmepa. rpaJI..
Ha[(JIOHHbIe JIOTKli li }!{eJI06a CJIy}!{aT .l\JI5! lIepeMeme-
IIIIH lIaCbIllHbIX MaTepHaJIOB no,D, ,D,ellcTBHcM CHJIbI T5I2KeCTH.
JlJUI IIepeMeIl\eIIH!! IIO.l\ YKJIOII IIbIJI!!Il\IIX MaTepliaJ!OB IIpU-
Ml'IJSIlOT cnYCKHble rrpy6bI. Pa3MepbI CelleHH5I e TI06a 3aBH..
I'U I' OT 3a,naHHoH npOH3BO,lXH'reJ1bHOCTH II OT KpyrrHocTH Kye-
1\1JL3 MaTCpnaJIa. TaK, ,D,JI5I nepeME'IIJ.€HHH KYCKOBbIX MaTe..
191
dl\ 1 E.l.HeHV HQt1Aweau ,
II
'I
III
II
Iii
I
'ill
I III
,
'f
1'1101,11011 (' 'I,J('TIIU,IMII loipYIIIIIH'II.IO J O 100 MM UpHlI.1eHHIOT
(J nqJl.l rLle II . LlI\p"II'b[l' >Iu""of)a n''1l'IIIIl'M. MM:
I(PYIIHOCTb 'J<lcnn.(
3iJ.KIJbITblf! )J{CJIOO
fllKl'hlT),J!I )1{CJlO()
ce-qeHiUI DblnYCI<Horo OTBepCTlUI, M:i"I; S - nepHMeTp BbmYCKUOrO OTt3Cp
CTfm. M 2 ; tg pr - K03QJ$HllHeHT TpeHHH MaTeprraJI3 0 MarepHaJl;
o
P 1- yrOJI eCTeCTBeHHoro OTRoca MaTepH8na B rIaROe; k - K03$<1JrU.(H-
eHT nO BIUKHOCTH M3TepH8JIa:
k=(I-Sinpy)/(1 +Slnp?),
YCH JUfe P1-V 3aTpallUBaeMOe Ha OTKpbIBaHHe 3aTBO.pa,
onpeJ\eJI5!eTC5! 113 paBeIICTBa:
d
PH lp = PRaf', + (P + OJ 2" f'j, (130)
y I'O 'l HaKJIOHa JIOTKOB YCTaHaB 'lHBalOT B 3aBHCHlI.10CTH OT
yrJIa TpeIIII!! MaTepIIaJIa 0 BIIYTpeIIIIWIO rrOBepxIIOCTb
JIOTKa.
l'AHlIHll,1aJIbHblM yrOJ1 HaKJIOHa TIOTKa, rpa)J"
">Dm=<jJ+(5...10").
3aTBopbI CJIY'KaT WI!! perYJIlipOBaIIII!! CKOpOCTli IICTC'
qeHIUI MaTepUaJIOB H3 6YHKepOB, a TaK>Ke JlJHI rrepeKpbIBa-
HII!! IIX BbmYCKIIbIx OTBepcTlIfr. Hali60JIee pacnpocTpallellbI
]{J1anaHIILIe, ceKTopHbIe, na TIbUeBble H lllH6epHble 3aTBopbI
(pIlC. 78).
.l1.aBJIeHHe MaTepHaJIa, na, neHcTBYlOIlterO Ha ropH30H-
TaJIhHbIH 33TBOp:
25
40
65
100
250
400
200 X 150
300 A 200
400 X 250
500 X 300
800X 450
1000;.; 600
200'dOO
300 X 150
400 X 200
500 X 200
800 X 300
1000 X 400
6)
[' e lp- JIHHa PYKOHTKH. M (puc. 78,6); P=pa z -HOpMaJlbH8H Ha
l'pY3Ka Ha 3aTBop, H; Ra - pa rryc ceKTopa aaTBopa, M; J.t2 -1{03<P$U..
L(IfCHT TpeHHH MaTepHaJIa ceKTopa
no MaTepna.TIY B 6YHKepe; G - Dec
3a'f80pa; d - HaMeTp ocn KpenJle
ImH ceKTopa. M; IJI - K03$$lIIJ;IieHT
TpeHMH B OCM KpenneRHH ceKTopa
(1',=0,1...0,2).
npuMep 19. OrrpeJ\eJIIITb
OCHOBIIbJe rrapaMeTpbJ I!lipa-
MM,lI.aJIbHO - npH3MaTHQeCKOrO
uYHKepa, npeJ\IIa3l1aqeUlloro
I\JJH xpaHellII5! 20 T cop-
'l"lfl'OBaHHoro rpaBliH Kpyrr-
I10CTblO 11.0 50 MM. Pa3Mep
6YHl(epa B nJIaHe bXb=
2,5X2,5 M (plfC. 79).
I»CIIICIIHC. OrrpeJleJIeHHe
p,I.IM\'(HIU UI.IIIYl'KHOI'O 01'-
lIl'IU"'.'IIU ()YIII<l'P : a =
/,(dM"ml !JU) 19p:'=2,6(50+!JO)-1=340 MM, fJ\e k=
- 2,G; d MiU u:-=50 MlI.1; p? =45°.
a)
W ' A-A
t (£2" u;
< a
_ b '
, "
c
0)
ctJ3
\.)2)'"1
.\.
Y
p = IOI'RIf'I?, (129)
r c V - OU'bCMllan Macea Man pm]JIa, Kr/M 3 ; R.=FIS - rn paBJIH-qeeKHH
P<l}UIYC I3hIllyel{lIoro 01'lR'I'C IlH!, M; 3 ceb F - nJlO a b noneperlHoro
a)
b)
PIIC. 79. CxeMLI KOM611Hl1pOOaUHLlx
6YHKepon
a - nHpaMlI)J.anbHO-npH3Ma1:1I'lCCKuAJj
6 - u;ullmIAPo.KoHHqeCKH -
Pff
npHlIHMael\1 pa3MepbI pa3rpY30QHOrO OTBepCTfIH aXa=
=350X350 MM. B TeQeHIIe qaca Qepe3 OTBepC'nre 6YUKepa
MomeT 6b!Tb BhlrpymeHO: V r =3600Fv=3600a 2 v=3600X
)(0,35 2 .1,5=660 Ma/q.
06"l>eM MaTepHaJIa B 6YHKepe
Q 20
V o =- =- = 12.5 M a .
l' 16
Ha pa3fpY KY 6YHKepa 3aTpaQliBaeTC!!
V. 12,5
1 = 3600 - = 3600- = 68 C.
VI 660
Ili3
lp
e)
PJIC. 78. 3a1:sopw 6YIIKctmB
a - KJI8n8HHbltl; 6 - JlOTlWBblfi; B - CeKT01JHbltl; i? - na.nbu;eBbIl!:; {J - lilH6epHbll!:
ropH30HT8J1LHblfii e - lliu6cPHbifi BepnmaJlbHblii
192
13-449
HOMep I Q, -I XpmmMbJi1 bXb npHMe'l lHlJe
3a)I.alJH5I MBTepHaJI HJJH D. M
22 DecoR 2X2 BYHKep nHpaMlI1l3JJb"
Ho.npn3MawllecKHll
2 25 UeMeH1I 3 EYHKep l.(IIJIHHllPO
KOHHlleCKHii
3 20 rp.aBJIit 2,5 X 2,5 DYHKep nHp.aMJJllaJ]b
(d BO MM) llo-npH3M8TH1leCKJJH
4 1B IIJ;coeHb 2,2X2,2 To JKe
5 (d-IOO MM) J,BxtB
15 fpaEHH »
(d 40 MM)
194
;11
I
I I I I
III
I
III!
()1I1)()1 ('.'H'JlJW O('IIOBJlhlX IW3M('POII 0YIII.t;l'p3. Yr.nbI Ha"
KJIOll8 CTCHOK (rp8IlCI1) 6YllI<Cp8!{ ropIl.loll1Y aO=p? +
+loo 45°+100=55°.
BbIcOTa IIHpaMH,D,a.nbHOH IJaCTH 6yuKepa
b-a 2,5-0,35 °
h, = tga tg55 = 1,53 M.
2 2
oJ
J
PHC. BO. CxeMbf K pac
',Ie-ry nOTKa
a - O,DJlHapHOI'O: 6 -
cocraBHoro
IX, _
'll";'. 'z '7
BbJCOT8 npli3M8Tli'leCKoi'r 'IaCTli 6YHKepa
Hai'rJ\eHa H3 <pOPMYJIbI 06"beMa 6YHKepa:
h
v h,b'-I--L (b'-I-ab-l-a');
3
hi
V=- (b'-I-ab-l-a')
3
L
MO)j{eT 6bITb
h 2 =
"pliMep 20. Onpe.!!eJIliTb OCHOBHbIe pa3MepbI cnYCKIloro
JIOTKa, nOAalOIl\erO rne6eHb Ha BTOpli'lliOe AP06JIemre.
KpynHocTb Il\e6II!! 50...70 MI\1. 06DeMHal! Macca '1'=
=1600 Kr/M 3 . npOIT'jCKHal! ClJOc06HOCTb JIOTKa 17=16 T/'!.
BblCOTa cnYCKa h 4 M. Ha'la.%!IaI! CKOpOCTb vo=0,2 M/c.
Kmle'IHaS! CKOpOCTb v 2 M/c.
PelUeHHe. BbI6Hpael\1 OAHOCeKl1liOHHbli'r OTl(pbITbIH CI1YCI(-
HOH JIOTOK (pliC. 80, a). K03<jrIJJHI1HeHT TpeHlil! rne6HI! 110
CTaJIli fl 0,58; '1'=30°. YroJI HaKJIOlia }!(eJI06a a=<p+
,+ (5...10°) =30°+5°=35°.
.. KO!Ie'lHal! CKOpOCTb
v= ]l2g(t-- -}-I- v =
]I ( 0,58 )
= 2.9,81 1-- 4+0,2'=3,8 M!C.
tg35°
CKOpOCTb v = 3,8 I\1/c, OKa3aJIaCb BbllUe AOI1YCTHMOM
v 2 M/c. llpliXOAliTCI! nepexoAHTb Ha cocTaBHoi'r CI1YCKliOM
nOTO!( (pHC. 80, 6).
LLJIHIIa COCTaBHoro cnycl(Horo JIOTKa npli vo=0,2 M/c li
(/=2 M/c:
2gh+v _v'1.
L
2g" 2.9,B1.0,5B
BbIcoTa hI lia'laJIbliOro yqaCTKa cnycl(a npli vo=0,2 M/c
li v=2 M/c:
(v' - a ) tga
h i =
2g(tga-1') 2.9,B1.(tg35°-0,5B)
BLicoTa h. KOlIe'lHOro Y'lacTKa cnycKa h 2 =h-h I =4-
-1,16=2,84 M.
YroJI IIaKJIOHa 1(0lIe'lHOro TOpM031!Il\erO yqaCTKa
h, 2,B4
-
h, 1,16
L-- 67--
tga;jj , 0,1
b'
1 53
]2.5 - --'-- (2,5' -I- 0,35.2,5 + 0,35')
3
1,42 M.
2,5 2
lloJlHal! BbICOTa 6YHI(epa H =h, +h 2 = (1,53+ 1,42) =
=2,95 M 2950 MM.
llpOBepKa yrJIa liaKJlOHa pe6pa 6YHKepa K ropli30liTY.
LLliarOHaJIH OCHOBaJmM mrpaMli)J,aJIbIIOM 'IaCTli 6YHKepa
D b ,/2=2,5.1,4=3,5 M; d=a y'2 0,35.1,4=0,49 M.
YroJI HaKJIOHa pe6ep 6y!m€pa
2h 1 2.1,53 °
a l = arctg - = <'fctg = arctg 1.02 = 45 .
D-d 3,5-0.49
llpli yrJI€ TP€HliH rpaBlil! no CTaJIli '1'=40 ° nOJIY'lliM
(tJ cp+5°=40o+5°=45°, T.e. MaTepnaJI BO BHYTpeHHHx
yrJIax 6YHI(epa OCTaBaTbCI! lIe 6Y,li,€T.
HCXOOHble OallHble K npuMepy 19
2.9, B1.4 -1-0,2' - 2'
=6.7 M.
(2'-0.2').tg35°
1,16 M.
tga;.z
0.558; a j = 2go.
13'
195-
I',
1 1 ,1 1
I'll
m
1III
I
II,
ql,
II::
I'll
"'_IJ',.
I(OIlt"ln;-UI ('I<OpHt'J'h 11.1 "IOpMo.IUJlH'M Y111II'IIW, ,lI,JIfI KO.
'J'nJ)()I'O vo=2 M/C; h 1 = 2,H1l1.1l1 U2- 1!J u:
. = " 1 2g ( I - ---1':.- ) II. + o -
V tga 2
11 ( 0,58 )
= 2.9,81 1- .2,84 + 2" = 1,3 M/c,
tg29'
'ITO He npeBbIlllaeT J\onYCTIIMYIO KOUe'lHYIO CKOpOCTb,
illHpHIIa }!{eJlo6a b=500 MM, BbICOTa 60pTOB JKeJio6a
c=200 MM. DJlOIl\a.l\b nOnepe'lHOrO Ce'leHHH JKeJlo6a F=
=bc=O,5.0,2 O,1 M 2 .
H CXOOHbte oaHHble 1C npuM,epy 20
. " c .
" v C" " 0
m v 0" "" 0""
" .
"" " " ." "
. c
" . v . . . . npI1Me>JBHHe
. 0 "8 0°
" ;8 "" . ,
'" .. g
- -- 3. 0- --
,- & I>" go "0
." . . &
>:"" E::3"i:" :d,
"" "'..
I 30 2 40 6 0,6 2,5 IIJ.e6eHb
2 50 1,9 30 5 0,5 2,5 rpaBHit
3 80 1,8 20 4 0,4 2 rpaBui'I
4 t40 1,8 15 3 0,3 2 IlJ,e6eHb
5 22() 1,7 10 2 0,2 1,5 EYTOBbIii KBMCHb
npUMep 21. PaCC'IHTaTb ceKTopHbIH 3aTBop, nepeKpbI-
BaIOIl\UH 6}'HKep neCKa. PaJ\HYc 3aTBopa R.=O,4 M, J\JII!-
ua PYKOIiTKU 1.=0,7 M, pa3Mep BbrnycKHoro OTBepCTIIII 6YH'
I<epa aXa=O,35)<O,35 M (puc. 78, B).
PerueHue. DJlOIl\aJ\b nonepe'liioro Ce'lelIUIi BbrnYCKHOto
OTBCpCTIIIi F=a 2 =O,35 2 =O,123 M 2 .
DepUMCTp BbrnYCI<UOro OTBepCTUH S=4a=4'0,35=
=1,4 M.
rUJ\paBJlU'IeCKUH paJ\uyc BbInYCI<HOrO OTBepCTUIi
F 0,123
R=-
S
0,09 M.
1,4
YrOJI ecTecTBeHHoro OTKoca neCKa B nOKoe p =45 0.
I(09.p.pUI1UeIIT nOJ\BUJKHOCTU MaTepHaJla
1 . 0
. -smPl 1-sin45()
k - =0,176.
1 +sinp 1 +sin45 Q
196
I(03cjJcjJUUHelIT TpeHHH neCI<a 0 MaTepHaJl 3aTBopa J!= I."
J],aBJleHHe M8TepHaJla, J\eHC1'BYIOII\ee Ha ropH30HTaJlblIbIH
saTBOp, no cjJopMYJle (129)
1800.0,09
p= 10 = 9100 n..
1.0,176
HOpMaJibH8H HarpY3Ka H8 3aTBop P=pa 2 =9100X
XO,3S2= 1120 Da.
Bec 3aTBopa npHHHMaeM paBHbIM: 0= 100 H, J\uaMeTp
OCH d=15 MM=O,OI5 M. YCHJlUe, 3aTpa'lHBaeMOe IIa OT.
KpbIBaHHe 38TBopa;
P II =
d
PR.1l2 + (P +0)"2 ft,
Ip
=
0,015
1120.0,4.1 + (1120 + 100) 2 0,2
0,7
HCxooHble oaHHble " npuMepy 21
650 H.
HOMep I I I
"a","'." Ii.." II>'"
aXa. M
XP3HHMbJA N3.TepHflJI
1 0,35 0,5 O,25XO,25 DecoK
2 0,4 0,6 O,3XO,3 lJ.eMeHT
3 0,45 0,7 O,35XO,35 lIlmm
4 0,5 0,75 0,4 XO,4 fp3BUH (d N I\f{c=30 MM)
5 0,6 O,B O,45xO,45 Il1.e6euh (d U3I1C -=60 MM)
npOU3BOl!.MTeJlbMOCTb MaruMn nenpepblBMoro Tpallcnop-
Ta. M8IllHHbI, TpalIcnopTMPYIOII\He MaTepHaJl IIenpepbIBlIbIM
nOTOKoM, HMelOT npOHSBO,D,IlTeJIbHOCTb, onpe,D,eJHleMYIO KO
JIH'IeCTBOM MaTepHaJla, npoKoJ\J!II\ero 'Iepes J\aHHoe ce'le-
lIue B eJ\HUHI1Y BpeMeHH, M 3 /'1,
n = 3600Fo
(131)
JI TIH, TIT:J.,
n = 3600FvT,
(132)
I Jl,C F - CeGCHHe nOTOK3 M3Tepn3J1a, M 2 ; V - CKOPOCTb B":meHI.u1 M3
WIH13JICI, M{C; Y - OG"bCMH3H Macca TpaJicIIopTHpyeMoro MaTepmwa
r{M;i.
mz
III
1111
'11 11 1;
111111
I;
'II
1 1 ,1:11
1IIIi
Ilill llll
: illl
IIIII
111'11 IIcnpt.'IHJDUOM TIHlIICIIOI>TUpOnallllll M8TepHaJIa OT"
J CJlbI1uIMH paBHLIMH IIOpLl.HHlI.1lJ, a TaK}f(C LUTyqHblX rpY30B
npOH3110)XHTeJIbHOCTb MalllHHhI, Till, COCTaBJIHCT:
(.I 1 ()
F/=3600-0 0 - "=36 -0 0 " ( 133 )
f 1000 J . t I'
r e v - CKOpOCTb nepeMcmeHHH HITOBoro opraH3. AIle; t -war pa3Me-
lI{,eHHH cKpeuKoB (oTJ eJIbHblX rpY30B). M; Go - Macca OPHOH nopUHil
WIll e.n.HI-IHUbI TpaHcnopTHpyeMoro rpY3a. KI'.
npn TpancIIopTnpoBannn MaTCpnaJla B OTJ\e.%nbIX KOB-
lUax (9J1eBaTOpbI, KOBlliOBbIC KonBci\cpbI) rrpoIl3BoJ\nTCJIb-
HQCTb 3aBHCHT OT 06'beMa OT,lJ,e TIbHbIX KOBlllell qn, lJ , cpelJ;"
Hero K03(pqmUHeHTa HaIIOJIHeHHH k H . CKOpOCTH HX ,lJ,BH1Ke..
HUH v, Mfc, H llI8ra t, 11.1:
qEr qlI
fl=3,60- k. Will fl=3.6v- k.y.
t t
HarpY3Ka OT MaTepnaJIB na I M J\JlHHbI KonBci\epa,
H/M, eooTBeTcTBcnno COCTBBJlHCT: npn nerrpepblBnOM I10TQ-
Ke MBTepnaJIB q= 1000Fy; npn nepeMemeHnn lliTyqHbIX
rpY30B q= Go/I; npH TpaHcnopTHpOBanHH MaTepnBJIB B
KOBlliBX q q.k.y/I.
n pon3BOJ\nTeJlbIlOCTb MBllinH HerrpepblBHoro TpBIIcnop-
Ta, TIll,
fl = 3.6vfJ,
(134)
r.ne v - ClmpOCTh pa60 1 lero opraHa. M/c; q - HarpY3Ka OT M3TepH8J1a
H8 I M JIlIHbI KOHBcHepa, HIM.
JI..TI51 JI e H T ° II H bI X KOHBefiepoB BeJIHllHH3 F M 2 3a
BIICHT OT KOIlCTPYKUHH pOJlnKOOnOp pB6oqei\ Be;'Bn:' upn
>KeJI06'JaToi\ JleuTe (pIlC. 81, a) F"", 0,11B2, rJ\e B -wnpH-
na KOHBetiepHOH JIeHTW; npH nJIOCKO:H JIeHTe F ::::=- O,05B2.
lllnpmIB TKBIIeBoi\ rrpope3nHeHHoi\ KOHBeJiepHoi\ JIeHTbI
no fOCT 20-76*,l\1M: 300, 400, 500, 650, 700, 800, 900,
1000, 1100, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800, 2000. JICIITB COCTOHT
oJ '0/ B
. Q
.
PIIC. 81. nonepeqlloe CCIiCUHe MaTe-
pl1aJTa Ha neHTe
PIIC. 82. CXeMall: paCqeTY BIIHTOBOrQ
I(OHBeii:epa
" - >KeJl06'UI.Toit;
(j - nJIocKoA
198
H3 TK8HeBbIX npOKJIBJlOK TOJIIU.HHOH 1; 1,25; 1,5; 1,75; 2 MM
II pe3nIlOBbIX 06KJIaJ\OK. TOJlmHHB 06KJIBJ\OK Hepa6oqei\
CTOpOHbJ 0,15 ... 1,15 MM, pB6oQei\ - 1,5 ... 6 Ml\1.
'IncJlo rrpOKJlB)\OK B JleIlTe 3BBHcnT OT ee lliIlpHHbI:
IlJlIpnHa 300 400 500. .. 600 700 800., ,1000 EOJ1ee
nNITbI B, 1000
'1M
llnCJIO 3...5 3.. .8 3...9 3...10 3. ..11 3...12
IJpOKJIa-
()K i
IlIHpHIla KOIIBeHepHOll .neHTbl, onpe.ne.neHH8fl H3 YC.nO-
BHfl 3a,lJ,aHHOH npOH3BO,lJ,HTeJIbHOCTH, ].I,OJIJJUIa 6bITb npOBe-
peHB no KpyrrHocTH TpBHCIJOpTflpyeMoro MBTepnBJIa: B
2dMa.c+0,2 M Mil pHJ\OBoro MBTepnBJIB; B 3,3dMaR'+
+0,2 M J\JIII copTnpOBaHHoro MBTepnBJla; B dMaK,+O,1 M
UpH TpBHcnopTnpOBaHnn lliTYQHbIX rpY30B, rile d MaR ,--
MHKCHM3JIbH3H KpynHocTb nepeMelilaeMoro MaTepH3JIa, M.
B 3BBncnMOCTn OT BHJ\a TpBHcnopTnpyeMbIx MBTepnBJIOB
pCKoMeHJ\YlOTcII cJleJ\YlOmIle CKOpOCTH, M/C, KOHBei\epIloi\
JICHTbI: 30JI3, OnHJIKH v O,5 '" I, llJ,e6eHb, rpaBHH v l ...
..] ,5, neCOK, 3eMJIH v 1,5 ... 2,5.
npOH3BOJlHTeJIbHOCTb JleHTOllHOrO KOHBefiepa, T/q, CHH-
}!(BeTCH C YBeJlnQeHHeM yrJlB nBKJlOHa K ropn30nTY (06bI'!-
IIO yroJl nBKJlOHB KOJIBei\epB He upeBbIwBeT 18... 22°):
n = 3,6vqk,
(135)
r c k - K03c}JqmUHeHT Clm.»{eHHH npm13HO HTeJlbHOCTH 1:IaKnOHHoro ROB-
8cuepa (k=0.95 npn o 1O...15°: k=O,9 np" (1 16...200j k=O,86 np"
It 20...22°).
.D:JlH B II H TO B bI X KOHBci\epoB IIJlOmBM rronepeQnoro
CeqeHHH nOTOKa MaTepHaJIa. M 2 J
F=nD 2 k./4,
(136)
me D - JlHaMeT(J EHHTa, M (no rOCT 2037":"75 D= 150; 200; 250;
300; 400; 500; 600 MM); kH-Ko3clJc}JliuHeHT HaIIOJIHe !HSI JKeno6a Ma""
'J'cpHanoM (k u =0.25...0,4; npllQeM MeHblliHe 3HaqeHmI iIpIUI_!!- .mIOTc51 Jln
()oJJee a6pasHBHblx MBTepllanoB); v=Sn/60 - CKOpOCTb .nBIUKeHHH Ma-
'J'cpna.na B OJIb }lleJJo6a, Mfc; S - llIar EHHTa. M (pIlC. 82) [S =
_(O,8...1)D. M]; n-QaC'l'OT3 npaIlteHHH BIUITa sa ] MHH (n=
-40...12:) MiliCi; 60JIbIIIlIe SHa'leHHSJ npl:!HHMaJOTCH JlH XOpOlliO CbIllY-
-lUX MaTepnaJJOB; np" "fpaHCnOprnpO!3aHHH M3TepnaJIOB B KpYTOHaKJIOn-
'10M HanpaBJIeHHU J T. e. np" ex. 65...75°. n c::: 250...300 MUH- I ).
199
I'
I III
"'I
II
II
I
:111
1111
"', I
a)
f»
8)
6 ,_ 6 '" f
( ) I I ,;"
Sf?) t::lItiJE3 lh
PHC. 83. I{oolin 9neBaTopOB
a.-rny6oK(d\ (D;JlH cyXllx, JIerKO DbICl>lfia£OIu,HXCit .-pyaoB): a-MeJ1KHlI: (Jl:JISI
BH3KItK 3a[m:Cli(Q HX rpyaoa); 6-ocTpoyrO,JlLHbIA 'lemyfiqaTblli (JI;ilH KPYUHO-
KYCKOBblX rpyaoB)
npOH3BO,lJ,HTeJIbHOCTb HaKJIOHHOrO BHHTOBOfO KOHBefi...
epa, TN., CIIl!>KaeTCII C YBeJIU eUUeM yrna UaKJIOua. I(03<!>"
«pMl.(ReHT CHHJKeHHfl npoH3BO,lJ,HTeJIbHOCTH H3KJIOHlIOfO lilHe...
Ka k=llIpu «=0; k=0,9I1pu «=5°; k=0,8 IIpU a=IOo;
k=O,ll1pu 11= 15 0; k=O,65 IIpU 11=20°.
LLUaMeTp BUHTa npOBeplleTCII 110 KpynHocTH TpaHCHop-
TUPYCMoro MaTepUaJIa: D-;;;. (4... 6)d MaHc J(JI!! pllJ(oBoro
MaTCpUaJIa; D-;;;. (8 ...lO)d MaHc Mil COpTHpOBaIIHOrO Ma-
T{ pH3JIa.
JI.II" I< 0 nInO B hI X 9JIeBaTOpOB CKOpOCTh pa60qcro op-
nllta (.11('111'1.1 11.1111 U:('III-1 C RonwaMH) npMHHMaeTCH: v O.4...
...1 Mf(' JVHI TIfX(JXOJUIh[X .9JICBaTopOB. v --- I ,25...2 Mfc-
Jl,IIU 6I,lt'I'!)()'I(O)lllhIX ::UWU3TOpOB. IUar KOBIlleH 06bIQHO COol
1"''''',11''(''': t (2; 2,;'; :I)h (AJI!! qcwynqaTbIX KOBwen t=h),
h - ",,"'OT,' I<OuUJa (puc. 83). Pa3MephI KOBwen 9JIeBaTO-
ItOiI 1IIHIIIPJ el-Ibl B Ta6JI. 63. 64.
63. Pa3MepLi KOBwei'i C l\H.lJHH/I,pUqeCKHM ]J."HmeM, MM
TMn KOBUJa
I BMeCTe- 1 m ea l I I P""eyo
MOCTb qn' KO: b BbTJIeT I BI>ICOT8 It ()OKOBOf!:
n C'fE'IIKM
fJlYOOKHit 0,8 135 94 101 31,S
1 160 105 110 35
2,4 200 125 135 50
3,2 250 140 150 45
7,2 350 180 200 60
14 450 220 240 70
30 600 280 310 00
MeJlKIU'% 0,6 160 75 100 35
2 200 86 118 39
2,4 250 120 160 55
6,5 350 165 220 80
14,1 450 215 285 100
33,S 600 285 375 135
_ oo
64. Pa3MepLi ocrpoyroJlbHblx KOBlUeu c 60pr08b1t1lH HanpaOJlRlOl1ttIMlt, MM
IM ;::.I H ':E I" I BMneT' I BUCOT" h I ':, a
nm KonWa
4CllIYM<j8Tbrli 1,3 160 110 155 20
3,3 250 145 195 25
7,6 350 175 245 30
16 450 225 310 40
34 600 280 390 50
67,2 750 350 490 60
130 900 450 620 70
I(09<!:><!>lil\UeHT lIallOJIliCHlill KOBwcn 9JIeBaTopoB:
kl'l.=O.75-nWICBH,lJ.HbIC MBTepH8JIbI (U.CMCHT. nme, MeJI) H CYXHe
MCJIK03epHHcTbIe M8TepH8JlbI (necoK);
k n O,7 - MeJlKOKYCKOBbIe M8TepHDJIbI (WJIaK. MenKHH urc6ellb I!
I'p8mdi:) ;
k n z 0,6 - BnallH-rbIe MeJlK03epHHCTbIe M8repHaJIll;
kif. 0,5 - KpynHoKycKOBW M8TepHlwbI (ure6eHl., I'p8BRH).
1(09<!><!>lil\UeliT COOTBeTCTBli!! BhIJIeTa KOBwa t KpynIIO-
CTM TpaHcnopTHpyeMoro MaTepfJaJIa d M8HC :
k=2...2,5 .lWH pRD:OBOrO MaTepHana;
k=4...4.5 l1JIn COpTHpoB8HHoro M8TepHaJIa.
He06xoJ(HMO C06JIIOJ(CHlie YCJIOBlin l-;;;.kd MaHc .
MOll{lIOCTb npHBo,na TpaliCllopTHPYlOll{HX MaWMH. aHep-
nIlI BO BpeMII pa60ThI TpaucnopTHpYlOll\liX MaillHH 3aTpa-
qliBaCTCII IIa nOJ('beM TpaIIcIIopTlipyeMoro MaTepliaJIa B Ha-
KJIOHHOll.1 H BepTHKaJIbHOM HanpaBJIeH4fflx. Ha rrpeo,ll,OJIeHHe
COllpOTIIBJICIIUn lIepeMcll{cHli1O MaTepHaJIa, Ha npeo,nOJIe-
HHe conpO'I'fIBJIeHHH B npHBO.D.HbJX lI.1eXaIln3Max H .D.P.
MOiliHOCTh npHBOl\a
NUB = NITJM
nle N - MOurHOCTJ> H3 rrpHBOJUIOM callY; 11M - Knll. nepeJl.aqu OT BaJI8
]J.BHraTeJIH ]1,0 npHBO,lJ.HOrO sana.
MOIl\IIOCTh Ha npliBoJ(IIOM DaJIY JI e li TO q II 0 r 0 I<OH-
Bcnepa, KBT
N= (O,OOOI5llL"+ O,003llH + 0,03L"Bv)k, k,+ k 3 ll, (137)
r]J.e fl - npOH3BOH-HTeJlbHOCTh KOHBeAepa. Tjq; H - ElblCOT3 nO]J.'beMa
MaTepH3JIa KOI-IBenepOM, M; v - CKOpOCTb /l,BIUKeHHJI JIeHTbI. M/c; k l -
K03 <l>Iiu"eHT, Y4HTbIBaJOlU.HH BJIHflHHe OTHOCHTeJIbHOA ,lJ.JIHHbI KOHBeA4
epa (I; 1,05: 1,15; 1,25 ]1,JIH ,nJTHHbI KOHBeiIepa COOTBeTCTBeHHO Gonee
50, 30..,50, 15...30, MeHee 15 M): k, - H03JjJi/>"UReRT, paBHbIH 1, eCRR
pa3rpY30QH3R TeJIeJKK8 OTCYTcTByer. H 1,25, eCJIU HcrrOJIb3YlO1' pa3 4
rpyaOtJHYIO TeJIe:Hmy; ka - K03 4>HUHeHT, Y4HTblBalOUJ;UH pacxoA 3Hep.
1../2{)1
I'll
II
II
II II
11111 1 11'
1111
II: '"
TIm H3 paarpY3KY KOHBei1epa (0; 0,008; 0,005 np" paarpyalte COOTBeT
CTnCHHO I1CpC3 KOHlleBofi 6apauaH. C I10MOIl{bIO DJIY}J{KOBOro c6pacbfBa
"IeJlfl H C nQMOllI.b1O pa3rpyaoIJ:HoH TeJIe.lli:KH).
OKPY)!{HOe YCHJIHe Ha OOO.l\e npHBO.l\HOro oapa6aHa
P = IODDN Iv.
YCMJIH5J B HaOerBIOIl\en M COeralOIl\en BeTB5JX JIeHTbJ:
SHaG = Pe "/(e a_I); SoG = PI(e a -I).
4HCJIO npOKJIa.l\OK TKaHeBOn npOpe3HHeHHOn JIeHTH
i= 1,1 SHaGI(B[" ]),
r e B - IIIlIplm3 JIeHTbI, CM; [0';1- Ylle.nbHoe .Q,onYCKaeMoe HanpmKe"
UHe fl8 paCTfI}J:{eHHe 1 CM O HOH npOKJla,n:KH ([(1 ]=45...60 H/CM)
.L\HaMe1'p npHBO,l\HOrO oapaoaHa KOHBenepa DG= (120...
150)i; .l\JIHlla 6apaoaHa LG=B+IOO MM. r.l\e i-qHCJIO
npOKJIa,l\OK B J1eHTe; B - llIHpHHa JleHTH, MM. .L\HaMerp
IJaTH}KHOro oapaoaHa Dn= 100i. .L\HaMeTp OTKJIOIJ5JIOIl\erO
oapaoaHa HaTH}]{lJoro YCTpOnCTBa. pa3MeIl\eIJIJOrO Ha XO-
JIOCTOn BeTBH KOHBenepa, Do""'" (40...50)i.
BOJlee TOqHO 3HaqeHHe nOTpeoHon .l\J1H npHBO,l\a KOH-
Benepa MOIl\HOCTH HaXO,ll,HT paCqeTOM, npe.nycMaTpHBalO-
Il\HM onpe.l\eJIeHHe nO'repb SHepnm Ha Bcex yqaCTKaX imIJ-
Benepa (pHc.84).
THroBoe YCHJIHe B JIeHTe
W = p = SHa6-ScG + li7 np ,
r,lJ.e W up -conpOTIiBJJellne fia npnBOllHOM (5apa6aHe
W np = (0'.0'1.. .0',0'2) (SHa6 + S06).
aneCb Sualj=Ss-YCRJIHe B Ha6eraI01l.l.eH BeTB" JIeHTht; Sc6=SI-YC:H
JIne B c6eraJOllJ.ei1 BeTBH JIeHTbI.
MHIIHMaJlbHOe IJaT5J)!{eIJHe B paOoqen BeTBH JIeHTbJ on-
pe.l\eJ1HeTCH H3 YCJlOBHH .l\OnycKaeMoro npoBeca JleHTbl
Me)!{)J,Y pOJ1HKOOnopaMH. .L\onYCKaeMbIn npOBec JIeHTbJ
(q+gn) I
J=O',O'251 p ,,", BS n '
20'2
PRC. 84. Cxem3 It pac-
'1CTy ,}IenTO'mora JWH
n jjepa
r e 'p - p3CCTO IHne Me}K Y pommOOnOpaMD rPY1KeHOii BeTBn. M
(lp !:::::l,l...l,5 M; R XOJIOtTOH BeTBn l:E!:::::2,5...3 M; B MeCTe sarpY3KH
1, O'.4...O',5 M); q=fl/(3,6v) -HarpY'Ka OT Ma7epHaJIa Ha I M lInnn'"
KOHOeiiepa; glI - BeC I M KORBCHCpHOH neHTbI. HIM;
gJI = 1.IB(is+sl-J-S").
s eCb B -lIlHpHHa neHTbI, M; 1- IIHCJIO npOKJIa,n:OK 8 neIlTe; S - TOJI-
[[{HIla O HOi1 npOKJIa K". MM; S - TOJI1l.I.HHa 06KJT3 KM, MM; S" - TOn
[[(HUa BliYTpeHHeH 06KJI8n;KH, MM; SO - naTJUKeHHe neHTbI. 06eCneYH-
OaI01l.l.ee OnYCKaeMDlH npOBeC:
SH = S. = (q + gn) i /Bf: S. = S. + W 6-6'
COnpOTHBJleHHe Ha yqaCTKe 5-6
W6-6=(q+g.) (L,ro+H),
r e gr=gn+gp-Bec 1 M XO OBOH gaCTH-JIeHTb1 H BpaU!aWr.I-!HXCH
9J1eMCHTOB pOJ1HKOOnOp; m - K034>4muncHT conpOTHlWeI-IHH nepe.n;BH>Ke_
muD XO,lJ.OBOH: 1JaCTH (0)=0,03...0,04 npli nO.lUllHIIHHKax KaqeHHH); Lr-
ropIl30HT3JIbHaSl npOeKQHH yqaCTKa; H - BbJCOTa nO,lJ.'beMa M3TepnaJl8.
Bec 1 M BpaIl\alOIl\HXCH SJleMeHTOB pOJ1HKOOnop rpy.
1KeHOH H X0J10C'fOH BerEM
gp = Gp/l p n g. = Gp/l x ,
r e Op - Bec BpaUI3IOUIHXC51 3JIeMCHTOB pOJIHKOonop.
IIlHpHHa neHTb1, MM
150'0 1650' 1700 I BOO 1 10 0'0' 1 1200
I
Macea Bpa1l.l.aI01l.l.HXC51 3JIeMeH
TOB pOJJHKOonop. Kr:
rpYH eHoi1 BeTDlf 18
XOJIOCTOH BeTBH 11
21
13
24 i5l
16 2B
41
33
51
41
npH lllHpHIJe JIeHTH 500... 800 MM MO!KIIO I1pHHHMaTI'o
gr 3 00 ... 500 HIM.
COIlpOTHBJ1eHHe npH ornoaHHH KpHBOJ1HHenHOro yqaCT.
Ka:
W a - 7 = SIla6 <011; SRafj=Sa; S7=Sa+WO-'1; S8=S7+WY-8.
rn;e 0>=0,03...0,04 np" nOJl.lllUIIHHKax RalleHHH: I} - yroJl MeJKL\Y npH'
MOJIHnefIHl:.IMH YQaCTK3MH KOHBefIepa B pa,lJ.H8Hax.
COnpOTHBJ1eHMe Ha npHMOJlHHenHOM yqaCTKe
W,_, = (q + gn + gp) L.O).
HaT5J)!{eHHe JleHTH B TOqKaX 5 H 4:
S. = (1,04.. .1,1) S..
HaTH)!{eHHe JIeHTbI B TOqKe 3
S. = s. + W.... = (gn + gr,) L,O).
20'3
, !II
HaT>1JKeUUe JIeHTbl B To'me 2
S.=S.-W,_,; W2-'=S'ro .
HaT>1JKenUe JIeHTbI B To'me 1
Sj=S2- W f-2_
COnpOTlIBJIeHUe Ha rOpn30HTaJIbHOM Y'JacTKe
w,_. = (gn + gp) L p ro.
CIIJIa HaT>1JKenUH KOUlteBoro oapaoana 5 H =5,+5,.
XOA HaTHJKeHUH lo 0,01 L-AJIH rOpH30HTaJIbHoro
KOIlBeiiepa, 10 O,0I5L - AJIH HaKJIOHHOrO, rAe L - ,/\JIUHa
KOHBeiiepa.
MOIl(HOCTb ua npuBO,/\1I0M BaJIY, KBT
N = Wv/IOOO,
J'JlC W - TIIrOBoe YCHJ!He HB npHBOD.HOM 6apa6aHe. H:i
W=S.-S,+ WB-I;
W 8 -f (0,01...0,02) (S8 + s,).
MOIl(UOCTb lIa npuBo,/\1I0M Bany K 0 B W 0 B 0 r 0 SJIeBa-
Topa, KBT
N =0,003flH[1 +OJo1ga+ q-;: (7,2o>ctga+A)+ ";;]. (138)
J')J,e n - npOH3BOAHTeJIbHOCTb 9JIeBBTOp8, T/q; H - EhtCOT3 nOA'beM8
MBrepH3JI3. Mi 0) -- KO.9$tl>HllHeHT COnpOTHBJIeHlUI (JJ.JIft JIeHTOiIHbIX .9JIe-
...-_ SHropOB 0)!::::O,07. WJB u.enHhtX-O) O.I1); a-
m yroJl HaMOHa meBaTOp8 K ropH30HTY. rpan;;
((I qT - Macca I M JI,JIHllht THrOElOra oprall8 C KOB-
4. -+ I 1IJ3MI!. qT MomHQ npHHHMBTb H S8BHCIIMOCTll OT
IJP01:l3BOAHTeJIhHOCTH n. Bhtpa:m:eHHoH B T/"1:
. , " q._kfl,
I I a,ll,eCb k O,45; 0,6; 0,9 AJIB SJleB8TOpoB COOTEleT-
. . CTBeHHO neHT01fHblX, O.Q,Hou.em-lbIX H .lJ.Byxu.enHblx;
I ' I A - K031fJcl>nll.HeHT. a8BHCHI4HH OT TRna 3JIeBa.
I Topa (A 1,5 MH JIeHTQllHbIX 3JIeB8TOpoB H A
1.1; 0.85 AJIfi u.enHblX 9JIeB3TOpOB C Koom3MII
, . 1 COOTBeTCTBeHIiQ saKpyrJIeHHblMH H OCTpOyroJIb-
" I " HblMH); c- K09t}> Hu.HeHT. x3paKTepH3YIOJ.l.ud':l
t aaTpaT:bI M01l.l.UOCTll UB 3aQepnlllB3HHe MaTepna-
. . JIOE (AJISI nblJleBHJI;HbIX " MeJlK03epHHCTbJX Ma-
r! ' I "lepllaJJOB c O,25. llJ1f1 KYCKOBblX c!:::< 0,65)1:
Ld I, v - C((OPOCTh JlB((>Ke((HR TRroBoro opraHa, M/c.
'] , I EOJIee TO'JHoe 3Ha'JeHue nOTpeoHOii
(.j ,/\JIH npHBo,/\a SJIeBaTOpa MOIl(HOCTU no-
JIY'JaeTCH onpe,/\eJIeHUeM HaTHJKellHii B
J '-+ THroBOM oprane SJIeB3TOpa B pa3JIU'JUblX
TO'JKax (pUC. 85). nepBOllatlaJIbIlOe Ha-
THJKenUe B THroBOM opraHe OT lIaTHJKHO-
ro yCHJIHSJ MOll{HO npHHHMaTb.
lil
1111
II
Iii
Puc. 85. CxeMB 1\ pa(:
r.leTY J{f)BWOBOI"O 8ne.
nfiTopa
20,"
s,,= (1500...2000) H; Si = O,5S" + W r -.: S,=O,58 0 '
rAe W I _ 2 - U3T'UKeHl1e OT Beca THrOBoro opr lH3 C KOBlli3Mll:
W'-2=grH.
SlleCb g'l - Bec 1 M TflrOBora opraH3 C KOBllIaMU;
83=82+ W 2 _ S ,
W 2-8 ...... conpOnn!JIeHHe Ha naTSJ»moA OCM, YQHTblBaeT aaTpaT}' YCllJlHH
lIB npeOllOJIeHHe TpeHHH B rrOllIIInmnmax. liB neperH6 ttenefI UliD J]eH
TN. HB npeOJl;OJIeJ-lHe conpOTHBJIeHtrH na 6ap36aHe HJIH ay6Mlx SBeSJI;OtlKH,
a T3k}Ke Ha npeOJl;OJIeHHe COnpOTliBJIeHHfi aallepnblB3HHIO M3TepHIIJ1a,
W 2 _ a = W;_3+ W;--3.
npu ltennOM SJIeBaTOpe
. . 6 d
W2-3=2,IS 2D '.+(2,IS 2 +G")- D ,.,
S8 13:13
npu JIeUTO'JnOM SJIeBaTOpe
W 3 = (2,0582 + G 6 ) '3 + kBi,
D6
I'JI;e () - Jl;lfB.MeTp ltant}>hI rnapHHpa u.enHoro SBeHa; Dan - Jl;H3MeTp
BElea)J,OQeK; f2-Ko.9t}>(j)mmeHT TpemiH B ruapHHp3X u.eneu (f2!:::<0.4);
0 38 - Bec 8Be3J1;OtIKH; d - lJ;H3M€TP u.ant}>bI BM3 SB€3J1;O'lKU; fa _ 1\0-
slfJt}>HIJ.HeHT TpeHIut B ttBrr<}>-ax (13 0.1...0.15 "PH nOL\IllHnHHK3X CKOJJb-
:meHHH, fa !::::'.0.02 npH nOJl;llIHnHHKax KaqeHHR); Ofj- Bee (japa6alJa;
Do -llHaMeTp 6apa6aHa; k - KOSt}>(j)HltHeHT, YTJHTbIBBIOUIHU nepem6
JIellTbI (k=I,5 npn D6>O,6 M H k=2 "PH D6<O,6 M); B-IllHPJIH3
JJeHTb/; I- - tlUCJIO npOKJI3J{OK B neHTe.
W;_3 = cq;
l'llC C-YJI;€JlbHaJi pa60T3 a31JepnblB3nHH MaTepH3JIa (Ta6Jf. 65); q_
liee M3TepliaJla. npHXO.lJ.Hll[erOCR H3 I M llJ1HHbI pa601Jero oprana.
65. Stla'lcHuD Kosi})i})uu.ncHT3 C
v. M/c U,eMeHT. necOK rparmfi. e6eJlb
0,5 0.6...1,B 1,2...3
0,75 0.9...2,4 1,8...3,2
1 I.. .2,6 2,2. .3,3
1,25 1.3...3,2 2,8...4,4
1,5 2,1.. .4,4 5,4...6
1,75 2,5...5,6 6,5...9,4
s, =S.+ W 3 -,; W 3 -, = (q+g.) H.
,THroBoe YCHJIHe na HpUBO,/\fJOM oapaoaHe, H:
W=S.-St+W 4 -f; W.- r = (0,01...0,02) (S.+S().
MOll\HOCTb Ha npUBo,/\nOM BaJIY, RBT,
N = Wv/IOOO.
205
,
, "
!\i\IJl1lIICI{"n., 1I0TpC6I-IaH lJ;JUI
luullIl'l'It'p,I,I{Hr,
n)JHBOAa BHHTOBoro
nLC' W s nH
N=367+ 367 .
(139)
II
r,lJ.C n - npOH3BO,lJ.HTeJIbHOCTb BHHTOBOI'O I<OIIBci1:cpa, TN.; LI' - .ARUHa
ropH30HTaJIbHOH npoeKWIli 8m-ITa, M; ro 8 - K03(j)(j)m.-lHeHT conpOTHBJIe.
mur; H - BbICOT3 TpaHCllopnipOBaHHH MaTepn8JIa, M.
3HaqeHHH Koaq,qJHltHeHTa COnpOTHBJ1eHHH "'_ All>! MaTe-
pHaJIa:
Hea6pa3HBHoro:
cyxoro (necoK. n3BecTb). . . . . . 1,2
BJ!a}KRQro. . . . . . . . . . . 1,5
nOJJyaopa3HBHoro (Men. nerOK) . . . . . . " 2 5
a6pa3HBHoro (KoTe.TIbHbIe IUJIaKH, u.eMeHT) . . .. 3:2
CHJIbHO a6pa3HBI-Ioro H J1HflKOro (30na. 6eTOHHbJe
cMecHj........._......4
3Ha51 nOTpe6HYIO AJIH npHBoAa MOru.HOCTb, MO>KHO on.
pe,rr,eJ1HTb Bpar..qaIOI..QHH MOMeH'f I-Ia BaJ1Y. H'M, .lW np =
9550Nln H OKpY}!{HOe YCHJ1He, H, P=1000Nlv.
rIo Bparu.alOru.eMY MOMeHTY MO}!{HO OnpeAeJ1HTb oceBYIO
CHJlY, ):(eHcTBYlOI..Qy1O BLlOJ1b BHI-rra KOHBeHepa,
P, = 2M Bp ![D cp tg (a + p)],
r)::(e Dcp -Cpe,ll,HHII .lJ.HaMeTp BHHTa; (t-yrOJI nOJl;'beMa BHHTOQOH JIM'"
HIm; p - yro.1 TpeHH5:I M3TepH3JIa 0 BHliT KOHBCHepa.
fipHMep 22. OnpeAelIHTh OCHOBHhlC pa3Meph! JIeHTh!
JleHT04Horo KOHBeHepa, nepeMeIl1alOIU..ero COp'fHpOBaHHbIH
rpaBuii 06"heMHOii Maccoii '1'= 1,8, T/M3, KpynHocThlO AO
d MaRc =50 MM. BhlCo-ra nOA"heMa MaTepHaJla H = 10 M.
YroJ1 lIaKlIOHa KOHBeiiepa II = 18 0 . rIpoH3BOAHTeJIhHOCTh
KOHBeiiepa 11=160 T/q. ,lJ,JIHHa ropH30HTaJIhHoro yqaCTKa
L",=2fJ M.
PemeHHe.
OnpeiJeAeHue UlUpUllbt IWHBeaepHOa AeHTbl. rIJIOlI1anb
nonepelIHoro ceqeHHH MaTepHaJ1a npM >KeJ106IIaTOH ..1eUTe
F::=O,l1 B2, npOI!3BOAHTeJIhHOCTh, T/q, no q,opMYJ1e (132)
n = 3600.0, I IB' t!1'.
CKOpOCTh J1eHThl AJ1H TpaHcnopTHpoBaHHH rpaBHH v=
= 1.2 M/c. llIHpHHa JIeH Thl
B - V 3600. .l1VY = V 3600.0'llt6. , .1 .,
0.43 M.
20(-)
113 YCJIOBHH KpynHocTH nepeMeru.aeMoro MaTepHaJIa \IIH-
pHHa JIeHTh! B;;'3,3d MaRc +O,2=3,3.0,05+0,2=0,365<
<0,43 M. rIo rOCT 20-76* npHHHMaeM lllHpHHY JIeIIThl
B=500 MM.
OnpeaeAeHue nOTpe6HOa .MOUjHOCTU iJBu2aTeAJJ. ,lJ,JIHHa
ropH30HTaJ1hHOii npOeKltHH KOHBeiiepa
H 10
L =Lr -I -Lr =- + L r =-+20=50,8 M.
, , , tg ' tg 18 Q
,l],JIHHa KOHBeiiepa
H 10
L=-+L r =-+20=32,4+20=52,4 M.
sinB J! sin ISO
3HaqeHH51 Koaq,q,IIltHeHTOB: k,=1 npH L>50 M; k.=
= 1- HeT pa3rpY30qHOii TeJIe}!{KH; k 3 =0- pa3rpY3Ka c
KOHlteBoro 6apa6aHa.
MOru.HOCTb Ha BaJ1Y npHBOAHoro 6apa6aHa nO q,OPMY_
J1e (137) N = (0,00015.160.50,8+0,003. 160. 1O+0,03X
X50,8.0,5.1,2) 1.1+0.160=6,9 KBT.
MOru.HOCTb Ha BaJIY ABHraTeJ151 npH 1]M=0,8
N 6,9
N .=- =-=8,6 HBT.
'lM 0,8
OnpeAeJ1eHHe qHCJ1a npOKJIaAOK B JIeHTC. OKpY}!{HOe
ynlJIHe Ha npHBOnHOM 6apa6aHe
P = 1000N 1000.6,9 ._ 5 800 H.
v 1,2
YCHJ1He B JIa6eralOIl1eii BeTBH JIeHTbI
a('i
Pella
eIlG_I
5800.3
=-=8700 H.
3-\
rIpH 1-'=0,35 H a=180" e a =3.
4HCJIO npOKJ1aAOK B JIellTe npH [u;J =50 H/cM
1,IS HaO 1,1.8700
50.50
I
3.8.
B [,, ]
rIo rOCT 20-76* npHHBMaeM qHCJIO npOKJIaAOK B
J1eHTe i=4.
OnpeiJeAeHue OCHOBHblX paS.MepOB 6apa6aHlJB. ,lJ,HaMcTp
npHBoAHoro 6apa6aHa D=(I2fJ... 150) i=125.4=500 MM.
,lJ,HaMeTp HaTH}!{HOro 6apa6aHa D."",IOO i=100.4=400 MM,
,l],JIHHa 6apa6aHa Lo=Bj)00=500.:t;100=600 MM.
207
I'
If CXOOHble OaHHbfB f<; npUlrlCpy 22
HOMep I I Lr 1 . I L e ,., B. I II. I Tp8ncnopnfpycMblH MaTepnaJI
S .lI;m"m H, M M M ['pap; Tfq
12 15 80 fpaBHH: KpynnocTblO )10
50 MM, '1'=1,8 TIM'
2 15 20 17 200 fpaBH" KpynnocTblO )10
50 MM, v= 1,8 TIM'
3 25 20 18 220 I1..le6eub KpynnocTbIo )10
80 MM, v= 1,6 TIM'
4 20 30 17 160 To 1Ke
5 10 30 \5 120 »
npUMep 23. Onpe,l\eJIHTb AHaMeTp BHma H MOmHOCTb
ABHraTeJIH BHHTOBOro KOHBeiiepa ,l\JIHHOii L=24 M, npeJ(-
Ha3HaQeHHoro AJI>! nepeMemeHHH 40 T l(eMeHTa B qac C
nO,l\'beMOM Ha BbICOTY ,l\0 H =6 M. liaCTOTa BpameHHH BHHTa
n=80 MHH- 1 .
PemeHHe.
Onpeae.lleHUe auaMeTpa BUHTa.
npOH3BOAHTeJIbHOCTb, T/q,
nD2 Sn
[J = 3600Fvvk = 3600 k H 60 Vk.
OpHHHMaeM S=O,8D, k,,=O,3, '1'= 1,1 riM'.
YroJi HaKJIOHa II:
H 6
sin =L=24 =o,25 ; =10030'; k= O,7.
V [J or 40
D- V =0,39 M.
- 37.7k H nvk 37,7.0,3.80'1.1.0,7
no faCT 2037-75 npHHHMaeM ,l\HaMeTp BHHTa D=
=400 MM.
Onpeae.lleHUe nOTpe6HOa MOU{HOCTU aBUeaTe.llfl. fopu-
30HTaJIbHaH npoeKl(HH BHHTOBOro KOHBeiiepa Lr=L COS 11=
-24.cos 10°30'=23,2 M. K03cjJcjJlIl(HeHT conpOTHBJIeHHH
npH nepeMemeHHH l(eMeHTa ill, = 3,2.
no cjJopMYJIe (139)
40.23,2.3,2 40.6 9 2 B
N + -- K T
367 367-"
MomHOCTb Ha Ba31Y ,l\BHraTeJIH npH 11M = 0,85
NnB= = = 10,8 KBT.
'1M 0.85
208
III ,
HCXOaHble (JWtHbte npuAwPY 23
HeM'p I I
saJJ;f!HI1H II, T/q
L, M I H,M I MH::-.I
TpaHcnopTHpyeMblti Ma.TepllaJI
\ 24 12 - 80 UeMeHT. v= 1,1 T/M 8
2 36 \6 3 60 necoK, v= 1,6 T/M 3
3 60 24 4 100 UeMel-rT. y= 1,2 T/M 3
4 40 18 3 80 necoK, v = 1,8 T/M a
5 20 15 - 60 IJ,CMCHT, v= 1,3 T/M 8
npUMep 24. OnpeAeJIHTb npoH3BOAHTeJIblIOCTb H MOm-
HOC'fb ,D,BHraTeJ1H KOBlllOBoro 9JlenaTopa. npeJX.Ha3Haq IJHo'"
ro ,l\JIH TpaHcnopTHponaHlfH neCKa Ha BbICOTY AO H = 10 M.
BMecTHMocTb KOBIIIen 3JleBaTOpa qn=2,4 JI. CKOpOCTb
J:t.BH.llieHIUI KOBmen v= 1,5 Mfc. 8JIeBaTOp BepTHI{aJ1bHbTH"
JIeHT04HbIH c rJIy60KHMH KOBllIaMIL
PClilleHHe.
Onpeae.lleHtle npou3BOaUTe.llbHOcTU. lll(ar KOB1UCii t
=3h=3.135=405 MM=0,4 M.
npOH3BO.lf. HT eJIbHOCTb
v 1,5
[J 3,6- qnk"V= 3,6(j42,4.0,75.1,6 = 39 T/..
I ,
Onpeae.lleHUe MOU{1l0CTtl npuBOaa. HarPY3Ka OT MaT'"
pHalla Ha 1 M J1eHTbI 9JIeBaTOpa
[J 39. 10
q=- =72 HIM.
3,6v 3,6.1,5
noroHHaH HarpY3Ka THrOBoro opraI-Ia c. KOBllIaMH
q. "" k[J = 0,45.39.10 = 174 II/M.
npHHHMaeM nepBOnaQaJ1bHOC IHlTH}I{CIII{C THrOBOI'O op"
raHa S,,=1500 H.
HaTH>KeHHe OT Beca THrOBoro oprau8 C I{()BIII3MH:
Wi--. gTH 174.10 = 1740 H;
8. = 0,58" + W i -, = 0,5. 1500 + 1740 = 2490 1-[;
8. = O,58 H = 0,5.1500 = 750 H;
," d
W 2 _ 3 = W 2 _ 3 + W 2 _ 3 = (2,0582+ Go) D 1,+kBi+cq.
o d 1
npe,l\BapHTeJIbHO npHHHMaeM 0 0 =400 H; Do = "6;
/,=0,02; k=2; B=b+50=200+50=250 MM=0,25 M;
i=4; c=3. Tor,l\a:
I
W._, = (2,05.750+400)'6 0,02+2.0,25.4 +3.72=225 H;
83=8.+ W'-3= 750+ 225 = 975 H;
14--449 209
"I
1V 3 - 4 = (q +15') H = {72 + 174)..10 = 2460 H;
8, 83+ W,_, = 975 +2460= 3435 H;
W'-I {)..{)2 (8, +8,) = 0,02(3435+ 750) = 84 H.
T1IroBoe YCHJIHe na npHBoAHOM Uapa68He
1V=8,-S:i+ W,_, =3435 -750 +84 =2770 H.
DOTpe6HaR MOIIUIOCTb Ha BeAYII\eM BaJIY
N_ _ 277{).1,5
- 1000 - 1000
MOIl\HDCTb Ha BaJIY ABHraTeJI!! npH 1JM=O;8
N 4,2
N nR =-=-=5,3 KET.
1]M{).8
Do Ta6JI. 57 nOA6HpaeM aJIeKTpOABHraTeJIb A02-41-2
MOIl\HOCTbIO N nB =5,5 KBT npn 'laCTOTe BpaIl\eHHH n=
=2900 MIIH-'.
OnpeaeJleHlle nOnepe"HblX paSAwpOB JleHTbl. llhlpHHa
JIeHTbl (onpeAeJIeHa no llIHpHHe KOBllIeli) B=25D'MM.
YCHJIH€ B Ha6eralOIU..eH Be'fBH JIeHTbI:
Pe WX
Sl-m6=
4,2 KET.
p= W=2770 H; npn rz = 180'
I
I ,
I I 1II
eJ.tct_l
H 11=0,35 e a=3;
2770.3
SfIa£i= - = 4.200 H.
3-1
'-lHCJIO npOI{JIaAOK
. 1,ISH3Ci
t=
B [,, ]
DpHHHMaeM i=4. D:HaMeTp 6apa6aHOB Do= 120 i=
= 120.4=480 MM. D:JIHHa 6apa6anOB Lo B+100=250+'
,+ 100=350 MM.
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217
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=0,7...0,8); k 2 -K03Q:J HI.r.H€HT, YI1HTb1B31OlI..UIll YMeHbllIellH€ T0J111umbI
I?aspbIXJIHeMOrO CJIOH rpYHTa (k 2 =O,6...0,8, np':,l1eM MeHbillHe aHarlemUI
COOTBeTCTBYfOT rpYHTaM, oopasYIOH\lIM RpynHbIH CKOJI, fJIbIObI); ks-
llHCJIO npOXOD;OB no OD;HOMY pesy; k i - ImCJIO CJIOeB PbIXJI€HlUI B no.
nepe 1 lHbIX HanpaBJI€HHHX D;JIH nOllroToBRH rpYHT8 K TpaHcnopTnpo-
BaHHJO.
fiplfMep 25. Onpe.l(eJ1HTb npOH3BO.l(HTeJ1bHOCTb 6y<Ob-
.l(03epa npH pa3pa60TKe rpYHTa. !1cXO.l(HbIe .l(aHHbre: TpaK-
Tap T -130, .l(J1I!Ha Q'rBaJ1a b 3,2 M, BbIcaTa aTBaJ1a h =
= 1,3 M. Macca TpaKTapa C HaBecHbIM 060PY.l(OBaHHeM
m=17280 Kr. Pa3pa6aTbIBaeMbIii rpYHT-nJ1OTHbIii cy-
rJ1HHOK '1'= 1700 Kr/M 3 . MecTa pa6afbI - ropH30HTaJ1hHaH
nJ10rna.l(Ka. OTBaJ1 ncpneH.l(IU<YJ1HpeH aCH TpaKTapa 0:=90°.
PellleHue. THfoBoe YCIIJIHe, pa3BHBaeMoe TpaKTapaM
npH N",, 118 KRr (160 J1. c.), 'lJM 0,8 H cKapocTH .l(BH:>Ke-
HHH v = 3.7 I{M!" 1.03 M/C
TN'" 0.9P 0,9 WOON AR 1JM
v
o 9 1000.118.0.8 = 82 GOO H=
, 1,03
= 82,6 KH.
1000
fl=-vbsina.lli,
k,
(146)
CHJ1E 'fRnI no Cl.lenJIeHHlO TCJJ,=GclJ,€p. npH J:t.BIDKeHHH
0YJIb.l(03epa no nJ10THaMY rpYHTY '1'=0.9. Tc" = 17 280X
X9,81. 0,9= 153 000 H= 153 KH. YCJ10BHe .l(BH:>KeHHH oe3
6YKcoBaHHH Tc">TN>W.
CanpOTlIBJ1eHHe B0J10'leHHIO npH3MbI rpYH'fa Bnepe.l(H
OTBaJra Ha ropH3aHTaJ1bHaii nJ10rna.l(Ke npH '1'=40°, 0:=90°
H 1'=0,4 nO' q,apMYJ1e (143)
1,3
If'. =0.5.1.3- 3.2.1700.9,81(0,4 ole 0) =21300 H 2L3KH.
tg40°
CanpaTHBJreHHe OT TpeHHH rpyHTa no OTBaJ1Y nO' q,op-
MYJ1e (144) W 3 =O,5.3,2.1,3'.1700.9,81.cas 55 °.0,6=
=9300 H=9,3 KH.
CanpOTHBJIeHHe JjBH>KeHHIO oYJ1b.l(03epa nO' q,apMy.ne
(145) W.=17280.9,81 (0,12::1::0)=20300 H=20,3 KH.
CB06a.l(IIBH CH.na THrH (3anac THrOBoro YCHJ1HH) no
CI\enHaMY BCCY T=Tc -(W,+W3+W.)=153-(21,3+
+9,3+20,3) 153-50,9= 102,1 KH. I1a MarnHOCTH T=
=T N - (W,+W 3 +W.)=82,6-50,9=31,7 KH. D:J1H .l(aJ1b-
HeHllIHX paCqe'fOB CJIe,rr,yeT npHHHMaTb MeHbIIlee 3Ha'lIeHHe.
PaCqeTHaH rJ1y6HHa pe3aHHH (TOJ1rnHHa CTPY:>KKH rpYlITa)
H3 q,apMYJIbI (142) c= W./(b sino:k).
D:JIH pa3paoaTbIBaeMora rpYHTa-nJ10THaro cyrJ1HIII<a
k=0,14 MI1a (no Ta6J1. 66).
W,=G(rooo!=i),
(145)
3D,CCb G - nec UYllb.lJ.03epa C Tp..1I\TOpOM; (01) - YllCJIl.>IIoe COnpOTHB.'Ie-
HHC .I1JU-{}KCHHIU (CM. mOJI. GO).
MaIlIHllbI I-IaXO.l(R'fCH B ,D,BH>KeHHH 6e3 npo6YKCOBbIBa-
liEf!: I1PH YCJIOBHH, Yl'fO Cu,enHaH CHlIa THrH 60J1bllIe OKPY>K-
lIara YCHJ1HH Ha aoa.l(e Be.l(yrnera KOJ1eCa (3Be3.l(OQKH) II
OOJrhUle 06rnero COllpOTHBJ1eHHH nepe.l(BH:>KeHHIO.
I1paH3Ba.l(I1TCJIbIJaCTb 6YJrb.l(a3epOB npn nJ1aHHpaBOQllbIX
pa60Tax, M 2 /lJ.,
rile v - CIWpOCTb .lJ.BH:meHHfl OYJIbD;03cpa. KMjq; b - .lJ..11HH3 OTBaJI . M;
(i - yroJI YCTanoBKH OTB3JI3 B IIJI3II€ no OTHOIlICHHlO K npO.lJ.OJIbHOH OCR
TpaETopa; hi - K09<lJQmu.HeUT, ytJHTbIBalOmUH nepeKpbITHe CJIe.n.oB
(k 1 =O,8...0,85); k2-TiHCJIO CJIOeB IIJIaHHpOBaHHSI.
I1paH3Ba.l(HTeJ1bHaCTb PbIXJ1HTCJIeii no OO'beMY rpYHTa,
nO.l-t.fOTaBlIHBaeMoro J:t.JI.H TpancnopTHpOBaHHH, M 3 /TI,
[J = 1000vh p b p zk , k,t (k, k,), (147)
rllC v - CKOpOCTh llBIUKeHHfI pbIXJIl1TeJUI, KMj11; h p - r.rry6IIHa pblx.;1e
JIIlf!, M; hI' -llIHprlHa rrOJIOCbI pbIxneHHH OJ].HHM 3YOOM (bp ...4hp, npH4
'11'''' GOJlblIlHe 3l-IaqeHHH cooTseTcToYlOT M3TepHaJIaM CJIOHCTOH CTPYKTY
plol C ropH.JOI-lT3JIbHbIM pacnOJIO:>KeHHeM CJIOeB); Z-qHCJIO 3yobeB;
218
219
I
B KO'HUC Ha6O'pa rpYHTa
3170'0' = 0',0'7 M.
c= 3,2sin90o.0.14.106
BCC THrO'BO'e YCHJIHe paCXO'AyeT-
B Ha'lIaJIe KOnaHHH, KOr.u.a ne eMemeI-lHe 6yJIbA03epa,
CH TO'JIhKO' Ha pC3aHHe r T P!:H T Ta W 1: 82 6-20,3=62,3 KH.
6 0TfHaH CflJ18 'fHfH - N 4' 6
CBO' A CT 6hITh O'IIYII\eU Ha rJIY UUY
OTBaJI 6YJlhAO'3epa MO'>K
4230'0' = 0',095 M.
c= 3,2 sin 900.0.14. lOti
CpeAHHH TO'JI!lIHHa Cpe3aeMO'ro CJIO'H
0',0'7 + 0',0'95 a 082 M'
c= 2 .'
npO'U3BO'.l(UTCJIhHO'CTh 6YJIhAO'3Cpa nO' .pO'PMYJIe (140}
h I 1,3
fl 0',5 - bh1jJn - 0,5 - 3,2.1 ,3.0,8X
Ig <jJ kp Ig4a O
I
X 29,8 1,22 = 62,5 M"!q.
npHMep 26. OnpeAeJIHTh CMCHHYIO npO'H3BO'AHTeJIhHO'CTh
PbIXJ1HTeJIH, nO):(fOTaBJIHBaIoru..ero rpYH'f ,D,JIH ,lI.aJIbHeihllefi
crO' pa3pa6o-rKH 6YJIh.l(O'3CPO'M, H BpCMH pa6O'TbI 6YJIhA03e.
pa. P33pa6aTIoIBacMblH rpYHT - rJIHHHCThle CJIaHUhl. qHC'
JIO' CJIO'CB phIXJIeHHH k,=3, qHCJIO' npO'XO'AO'B nO' O'AHO'My pc-
3Y k 3 = I. Ba3O'BaH MaUlHHa - TpaKTO'p T -100M, qHCJIO' phIX-
JIHTeJIhHblX 3y6heB z=3 rJIy6HHa phIXJIeHHH h p =300 MM.
TO'JIII\HHa pa3pa6aThIBaCMDrD CJIDH h= 1 M. <1>O'pMa yqaCT-
Ka - lrna.l(paT. D:aJIhHDCTh TpaHCIIDpTHPO'BaHHH rpYHTa
6YJIhAO'3epDM L - .l(JIHHa CTOpDHbI yqaC'CKa. D:JIHHa nYTH
Ha6Dpa rpYHTa 6YJIhAO'3epO'M I, = 12 M. Pa3MephI O'TBaJIa
b=3,97 M, h=] M.
PerneHHe. CKO'pO'CTh TpaKTDpa v = 2,36 KM/q. lllHpHHa
nO'JIO'CbI pblXJICHHH b p =(2...4) h p , AJIH CJIaHUCB b p =4-0,3=
=1,2 M.
npO'H3BO'.l(HTeJIhHDCTh phlXJIeHHH nO' .pDpMYJIe (147)
100'0'.2,36.0',3.1,2.3.0,8.0',6
1.3
CKO'pOCTh 6YJIhAO'3epa v=2,36 KMjq=O,66 MjC.
BpeMH Ha6O'pa rpYHTa 6YJIh.l(D3epO'M
12
Ii = It/VI = - = IS rc.
0',60
D6"bCM rpyHTa B npH3Me BDJIDqeHHH
V =0' 5h.l'-b=l,bC;
lip . tglp
AJIHHa yqaCTKa Ha6O'pa rpyHTa
a,5h' _ 0',5.1,3' =12M.
Ii Ig <pc - Ig4a o .a,a82
a Y QaCTKax: Ha60pa
B',16HpaeM Cl<OpDCTH ABH>KCHHH H H v -44 KMjq
3 7 Mjq TpaHcnDpTHpDBaHH T - , ,
rpY"Ta v,,= , K" -496 KMjq. npO'AO'JI>KHTeJIh-
,lI.BIUKeUHlI 3aAHHM xo.rr.OM V3.X- ,
HDCTh 3JIeMeHTDB UHKJIa t= l<lv"
.lJ.BH}KeHlUI ManIHHtiI.
f,lJ.e li Jl.JIllHa y[mCTKa; Vi - CKOpOCTr.
3,6.12 = 11,7 c;
Ha6O'p a r py HTa t, = 3,7
npDADJI>KHTeJIhHDCTh
3,6.40
t 32 8 c; .rr.BH}Ke
TpallcIIDpTHpDBaHHH rpYHTa ,= = ,
t = 3,6.56 =40,5 c; .l(O'nO'JIHHTeJlhHO'e
HHH 3a,D,HHM XO.lf.OM 3 4 96
e CK p O'C'reH, pa3rpY3KY H pacllpe-
BpeMH Ha nepeKJ1IOQeHH
.l(eJleHHe rpYHTa t,=30 c.
npO'AD,">Kl1'rCJIhHDCTh
+40,5+30=121 c.
qHCJIO' I\HKJIDB 3a DAHH qac pa6DThI
fl
38,6 M"!q.
l.lHI{J1a
t='Lti= 11,7+32,8+,
CMeHHal! npDH3BO'.l(HTeJIhHDCTh phIXJIHTeJll! IIpH KO'a.p-
«pHli,HeHTe HcnOJIb30BaHIUI M3111HHbI B TeqeHHe CMeHbI k B =
=0,8
fl. = 8,2flk ll 8,2.38,6.0,8 254 M"!CM.
npH TO'JIII\HHe pa3pa6aThIBaeMDrD CJIO'I! rpYHTa H = I M
fl. 254
nJIO'II\aAh pa3pa6aThIBaeMDrD yqaCTKa S = - = - =
H I
254 M'. D:JIHHa CTDpDHhl yqaCTKa L=,'S = Ji 254 "" ]6 M.
BpeMI! nepeMeII\eHHI! rpYHTa Ha ETDpDil CKDpOCTH TpaK-
TDpa
I, 16.3,6
t.= - 3 8 = 15,3 C.
V2 ,7
BpeM5J BD3BpaII\€HHI! 6YJIhAD3€pa 3aAHlJM XDAO'M
(I, + I.) 3,6 (12 + 16) 3,6
t 8 = = - 284c.
VB 3,42'
221
360'0' 3600'
n=-=-=
t" 121
=29,8. " no-re p H rpyHTa 1\1=1-
!\03<p<pHUHeHT, yqHThlBalOII\HlJ
-0,005L= 1-0,005.40=0,8.
220'
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)J,orro. HHTe.%HbIe 3aTpaTbI
n pO,IJ;OlI>KHTellbHOCTb U;HKlla
+30=92 c.
LIHCJIO l1.HKJIOB 38 QAllB lIaC pa60TbI
3600 3600
n--- -39
-'11- 92 --'
BpeMeHH t, = 3C C.
t.=");t,= 18,2+ 15,3+28.4+:
K09(p(pHl\HeIlT, Y'IHTbIBaIOIl(HH rroTepH rpYHTa rrpH TpaHc.
IIOpTllpOBaIUIH, 'IjJ= 1-0,005 L= 1-0,005.16=0,92.
OpOH3BOJ(HT€JlbHOCTb 6y.%J(03e)Ja
h 2 k [2 08
D =05 - b"m-.!L O 5- 397.092.39-'-=52 6M'/q.
B . tg a 'j kp . tg 40 Q ' I 1,3 .
)J,. H lIepeMell(eHHH pa3pbIx. eHHOrO rpYHTa rroTpe6yeTCJl
254
i=-=4.H q,
52,6
Ii 34. CKpenepbJ
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a - C"I t'j .q.. I.!)
0""
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CKpenepbI - caMoxOJ(HbIe Hml npHI.\err. JleMbJe K ryce-
HH'IHbIM TpaKTopaM (Ko. ecHbIM TJlra'laM) MaIllHHbI, rrpeJ('
HaSHaqeHHbIe ,lI,JIH nOCJIOHHOH cpe3KH, TpaHCIIopTHpoBaHHH
H BbIrpY3KH rpYHTa. I1MH MO)KHO BbmOJIHHTb BeCb KOMnJleKC
SCMJIHHbIX pa60T - pe3aHHe rpYHTa, nepeMelll..eHHe ero K
MecTY YKJIa)],KH, pa3paBI-IHBaI-IHe H qaCTHllI-IOe YIIlloTHeIlHe.
Pa601l11H opraH CKpenepa - KOHIll Ha nHeHMaTl111eCKHX KO-
JIecax, cHa61KeI-II-IbIH MexaHH3MOM onYCKaHHH, nO,ll,'beMa H
pa3rpY3KH, rrpHBOJ(HMbIM B J(eikTBHe Jle6eJ(KOH ,mH rHJ(pn-
npHBOJ(OM, pa60TalOll(HMH OT J(BHraTeJIH TpaKTopa (mra.
"a). Ha rrepeJ(HeH KpOMKe J(HHIl\a KOBllIa na BCIO era llIII'
pHIl} nOMeuLeH HOlK, C nOM01I1.bIO KOToporo npOHCXO,ll,HT
cpf3aHHe CJIOH rpYHTa.
Pa60'lHH rrpou.ecc - pe3aHHe H Ha60p rpYHTa, Tpmrc-
[lOpTHpOBaHHe !{ MeCTY YKJIaJ(KH, BbIrpY3Ka H B03BpaIl\eH!le
!{ MeCTY Ha60pa - npeJ(CTaBJIHeT co6oii pH;!. noc. eJ(OBa.
Te. bHO rrOBTOpHIOIl\HXCJI orrepaI"HH (pHC. 87). 1< omu onyc.
IPlerCH H3 rpYHT, Bpe3aeTcH B Hero no)], .n.eHcrBlleM Cl1lIb1
'paKTopa (THra'la) [WII co6CTBeHHoro J(BHraTe. H H CHHMa.
cr c. oii rpYHTa (1). HarromreHHbIH KOBill rrOJ(HHMaeTCJI Ha
xOJ(Y B TpaHCrrOpTllOe rrO. O}KeHHe (II) H nepeMell(aeTCH
K MeCTY BbIrpY3KH, KOTopaH ocy'uecTB. H€TCJI TaK)!{e Ha xo-
){y nYTeM BbITalIKHBaUHH rpYHTa nO,ll,BHlKHOH Sa,ll,HeH CTeI-I
ROM KOBliia HlIH nyT€M HaKJIOHa ero ,lI,HH1I1.a, a B HeKoropbTx
MOJ(eJUIX - orrpOKHJ(bIBaimeM KOBllIa (III).
223
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W, ybh'yg(f' ot iI,
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KG BIlle (y=O,5...0,7, npH<1eM 60JIbilIHe 31Ia..eHIIH AJHI cbInyqHX rPYHToBh
h - BbICOT8 C.'10H rpYHTa B KOBllIC. M:
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HDCTb UHKJI8. C:
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Ta, nepeKlIIO'lCHUH nepe.n;aq CKopocTeff If ,lI,pyme 3aTpaTbI BpeMeIIH.
np0,lJ,OJI}KHTeJIbHOCTb KaJK,IJ,OrO 9lIeMeHTa ILHKlIa ti=
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nHH cl<pcnCIH\ lIa :iTOM YfHlCTKC, M/c.
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rp;e q reOMeTpUqeCKaH BMCCTH\1OCTb KOBnIa CKpeTICpa. M 3 ; kJI. - KO-
a4J4mIJ;HCHT nanO,IIHCHIIfl KOBilla rpYHToM (k Il =O,8...1,2); k p - Koa4J4m.
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JIOCbr, M; C - TOJTIIJ;Hl-13 cpe3aeMoro CJIOH rpYHTa, M.
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no rpYH1'Y (l!=O,3...0,5, npn'leM 60JIblllHC 3HaQCHlIH ,dJ1J:r 'ffeC'laHbIX
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Morc CJlOH, ABII>KyU(crocST B KOBIUe
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IV" bh' y<g.
3p;ceb x - K03CP4mIJ;HCHT, Y1JHTblBalOI.JJ;UH BJIHRHHe pOA,3 rpYHTa (x=
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W 5 - conpOTMBJIeHHe p;BM}{<eHHIO cI<penepa:
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3AeCb G c - Bee CKpenepa; G rp - Bee rpYHTH B KOBlUC; roo - YACJIbHOe
conpOTHBJICHHe KOlIee eKpenepa Ka1J:CHll!Q (wo=O,15...0,2, )1,JIH nJIOTHbI1!:
rpYHTOB. roo = 0,25...0,3 - ,/I,JT}1 cbmYQHX neCKOB).
npHMep 27. Onpe)(e. HTb npOH3BO)(HTeJ1bHOCTb CKpenepa
npHQemIOro K TpaKTOpy T-130. reOMeTpH'IeCKHH o6DeM
KOBrna q=7 M:\ BMeCTHMOCTb KOBllla c «rnanKOH» V=9 M 3 .
J],a.%HOCTb TpaHcnopTHpOBaIHIH L=400 M. lllHpHHa KOB-
wa b=2,65 M, rpYHT pa3pa6aTbmaeTCH no)( YKJ10H i=O,03.
Pa3pa6aTbmaeMblH rpYHT - cyrmIHOI<, 'V= 1400 !<r/M"
k=O,06 MI1a. Macca CKpenepa mc 7 T.
PemeHHe. CHlIa THfll no CILenJleHHIO npH ,lJ,BHJKeHHH no
nJloTHoMY rpYHTY Tc" G,,,<r=1400.9,81.0,8 1I0 OOOH=
110 KH.
ConpoHm.,eHHc rpYHTa pC3aHHIO npH TOJ1IT(HHC cpe3ae-
MOra C. OH 0,1 M W,=2,65.0,1.0,06.10 6 =15800 H=15,8KH.
ConpoTHBlleHHe ,lI,BHJKeHHIO npH3MbI BOJIO'leHHSl W 2 =
=0,5.2,65.1,4 2 .1400-9,81 (0,3-0,03) =9600 H=9,6 KH.
ConpoTHBlleI-IH€ nepe,ll,BHJKeHHIO ClIOH rpYHTa B I<OBlue
W J =2,65.0,1.1,4-1400.9,81=5 100 H 5,1 KI-I.
ConpOTHBJ1CHHe OT BHYTpeHHero TpeHHH rpYHTa 13 KOB-
"'e W,=2,65.1,42.1400.9,81.0,38=27200 H=27,2 KI-I.
II
,\1
Ha60p rpYHTa CKpenepOM npOH3nO)\HTCH Ha y"acTKax
)(JIHHOH 12...30 M. Pa3rpY>KaIOTCH cKpenepbl Ha Y'IaCTI<ax
)(J1llHOH 5...15 M. C!<OpOCTb )(BH>KeHHH CKpenepa 3aBHCHT OT
B03HIIKaIOIT(HX conpoTHB. eHHH rpYHTOB H MOIT(HOCTH TpaK<
Topa.
HaH60.%wee YCH. HC, nOTpe6Hoe )(JIH ncpcMClT(eHHS1
CKpenepa, B03HHKaeT BO BpeMH Ha60pa rpYHTa. 3TO YCHJ1Ue
onpei!CJlHeTCH no <jJopMy. e W=W 1 +W 2 +W 3 +W.+W.,
['AC W - conpOTHBJIeHHe rpYHTa pe3aHHIO
Wi = bc1 .
3.l1"('CIo b -llUlpHH3 cpc3ae torO elloH, M; C - '1'O"lI11I1Ha cpesaeMoro ellCH
(r.=O,04...0,2 M); k - yp;C.JIbHOe conpOTHBJIellMe rpYHTa pe33HMlO (npH-
!UIMaTh 3IHIf.lCHHH k CBbUliC 0.1...0,12 MITa He peKOMCHlI.yeTcH, 60JIce
224
225
Hi 149
Bee eRperrepa G c =lI1eg=7000.9,81 =69000 H=69.KH.
=G9KH.
Bec rpYHTa B KOBille eKpcrrepa G rp = Vl'g=9.1400X
X9,81 = 124 000 H 124 KH.
CorrpoTHB. eHHe I(BH>KeHHIO eKperrepa W 5 = (69 000+'
+124000) (0,1-0,03) = 13510 H= 13,5 KH.
CYMMapHoe eorrpOTHBJICHHC rrpH Ha60pe rpYHTa W =
=2:W,= 15,8+9,6+5,1+27,2+ 13,5=71,2 RH.
THI"OBOe yeH. Hc TpaIITOpa T-130 rrpH eKopocTH v=
=3,7 KM!q= 1,05 M/C
T _ _0 n p _ _0 n NAB>]M Il8.0,82
N " " =0,9 = 82,6 RH.
. 0 . v 1,05
YCJlOBHe I(BmKeHHH 6C3 6YKCOBaHHH THraqa Tc =
=110 KH>Po=92 KH>W=71,2 KH.
I1pM ueBbITIOJIH€HHH Tpe6oBaI-mi1 yeJTOBHH ,lJ,BH}l{CHHH He-
06XO)J,HMO H3MeHeHHe TOlIIIJ.HHbI cpe3aeMoro CJIOH rpYHTa H
CKOpOCTH ,lI,BHJKeHHH HJIH npHMeHeHlle TOJIKaqa npM Ha60pe
rpYIITa.
YTo'lHCHHe CKopOCTeii I(BH>KCHHH CKperrepa Ha OTl(e.%-
HblX yqaCTKaX, KM/q: Ha60p rpYHTa Vi =3,7; rpy>KeHbIif XO)J,
v,=7,44; pa3rpY3Ka KOBilia v3=4,4; xo. ocTOii XOI( v.=
=8,87.
B lIa'[a."C [[aGopa rpY[ITa TOmI\HHa cpc3aeMoro cnOH
MO}KeT )1,OCTHraTb 300 MM, \:ITO rr03BOJIHeT npHHHTb cpe,lJ,Hee
3Jla'lJeI-IM€ TOJIIJJ.HHbI cpe3aeMoro CJIOH rpYHT3 c=200 MM.
.L\. HHa yqaCTKa na60pa rpYHTa
7.1,28
1 , = =15 M.
1,2.2,56.0,2
.L\. HHa yqaCTKa pa3rpY3KH KOBilia
7.1,28
13 = 1.2.2.56.0,25 = 12 M.
BpeMH Ha60pa rpYHTa
15.3,6
1,=--=15c.
3,7
BpCM>! rpY>KeHOrO xOl(a
400.3,6 3
t 2 = 19 c.
7,44
BpCMH pa3rpY3KH KOBilia
12.3,6
t3=-=1O c.
4,4
226
"
BIJCMH xonOCToro XOl(a
1 _ {15+400+12)3,6
.- 8,87 = 174 c.
.L\ono HHTenbHoe BpeMH, 3aTpaqHBaeMOe Ha pa3BopOTM
H Ha rrepCKJlIOqeHHe CKopOCTeii 15=60 C.
DpOI(OJl:H{HTenbHOcTb I1.l!KJla Iq=2:I,= 15+ 193+ 10+
+174+60=452 c. '
I.JHCJlO I1.l!KJlOB 3a I q pa60Tb[
3600 3600
n-----8
-l q -452-'
npOH3BO,l\l!Te.%HOCTb cKperrepa
I 1
n = Qn'i H - 7.8.1,28- = 60 M'{..
kp 1,2
11 cxoamw aalUtble 1\. npu)tepy 27
HOMep
38)1;aHfiH
v, '"
L,N
b, N
C M3RC ' M
q, M S
1 7 9 400 2,65 0,3
2 3 3,5 300 2,1 0,2
3 4,5 5,5 300 2,43 0,25
4 10 12 400 3,04 0,3
5 15 18 500 3,04 0,35
JJ pOdO,l;)I(;eHUe
HOMep
3:J)I;aHlifi
I me' r I
Pa3p36aThmaeMbifi rpYHT
Ea30Jl<'lH M:J-
lillI/Hi
I 0,04 7 T-130 CyrmHloK paspl>lXJ1eUHblH
2 0,03 2,8 LLT-75 DecoR Dna>Ii:HbIH
3 0,05 4,8 T-4A Cynech
4 0,03 II T-220 CyrmmoK
5 0,04 17 T-330 TInoTHLIn cyrlIllHoK
II 35. OIl.HOKOBiliOBble 9KCKaBaTOpb[
n pOH3BO}J.HTellbHoCTb .9KCKaBaTopa 3anHCHT OT KOHCT-
PYKTHBHbIX KaqeCTB Mall1HHbl, ypOBIIH OpraHI-13aU;HH rrpoH3-
llO,lJ,CTBa 3eMJ1HHbIX paGoT, COCTOHHHH H KaqeCTBa rpYIHa H
.W60H, KBaJIH£pHKaU;HH MaIliHI-IHCTa. KaqeCTBa CHCTeMH yn-
p3BlleHHH 9KcKaBaTopa H ,lJ,p.
TeXHJ'ItIeCKaH npOH3BO,lJ,HTeJIbI-IOCTb 9KcKaB3Topa - 3'[0
ero MaI{CHMa TIbHO B03MO}KHaH npOH3BO,lJ,HTeJlbHOCTb I1plL He-
npepblBHoii pa60Te B orrpe.n:eJleHHbIX YCJlOBl!HX, KOTopbIe
15*
227
[I
I
I
II
II
I
II
I
Y'IHTbIBaIOTCf! I<03<jJ<jJMl\MeHTaMM: HanOJlHeMMf! I<OBlila, B11M-
IJHMf! pa3pbIX. eMMf! rpYHTa H BJlMf!HMf! npO.lJ,OJlmMTeJlbHOeTH
l\lIKJla.
.D.mI Onpe.lJ,eJleHMf!
HOCTH O,ll,HOKOBlllOBOfO
"i.
1>,
'0, ,
!j! 'K
!ij
,
TIa{-IMH HH If MaI{CHMaJIbHOH
BbleOTe BblrpY3I<M H B npM ony-
ll\eHfIOii PYI<OIlTH. Mem.lJ,Y
HI<: H Hn cy mecTBye T 3aBHCH-
MOCTb HB V HKbk p ,
rAe b - umpHlr8 KDEma; h p - K034J-
<1.JHll.n€HT pa3pblXJIeIlrUl rpYI1T8.
(155)
-:
'"
T e x H H II e c K 0 ii npOH3BO,l1.H f('lIh-
3I<eI<aBaTOpa nOJlb3yJOTCf! <jJopMy. ofl
I
nT=qnk Hk .
p
.;!!
.D.JIMII a CTp e.%1
HI( -+ Hn
2 sin r1.c/2
r.n.e Il T - TeXHH'IeCK8fl npoHSBO,ll.l1TeJlbHocTb. M 3 fq; n=3000jt lt - "IJnCJIO
nJH JlOB 33 1 q pa6OThI; iJJ, - npo)J.OJHKHTeJIbHOCTb 11,llKJIa no .xpoHoMeT-
pa>KHblM Ha6mo)J.cHHflM, Cj k E - K03(jJ(jJ:HI.tHeHT 1I3110JU:leHIUI KOBIlla rpyH-
TOM (k H =O,6...1,2); kI! -Ko34J4mUlieIIT pa3pbIXJICHHH rpYllT3 (kv=
I,I..J,3).
Ie
r,L{e a c - )trOll nOBopoTa CTpeJIbI.
YBelII1tIeHHe yr TIa Uc n03DO-
J1fieT COKpaTHTb )J,lIHH)! CTpeJlbI
Ii YMeHbllIMTb Maccy pa604e-
ro 060pY.lJ,OBaHMII. PeI<OMeM-
.lJ,yeMble yr.%1 nOBOpOTa cTpe-
.%1 ae=90...95°.
P aCCTOHHHe Y OT OCM no-
BOpOTa cTpe.%I.lJ,O ypOBHII pac-
nOlIOllieHHH MallIHHbI npH a c =90 0 H
3 I< C n JI y a T a l\ M 0 H H Y 10 npOM3BO.lJ,MTeJlbMOCTb
)]{e 3I<CI<aBaTOpa onpe.lJ,eJlf!IOT no <jJopMy. e
lla=JJTk E ,
. ".
. .". . .
\.} : »: ,J..:.::.:-;:.::.:",:,
Toro
(156)
TJJ.e n 9 - .9KCTIJIyaT3UHoHH3H npOM3BO,ll.HTeJlbHOCTb, M 3 f-q; k B - K03 (jJH-
11,'HCHT HCTIUJ!b30BaHlIH MallinHbl no BpeMeRH (k B =O,8...0,85).
OpneHTHpOBOllHbIe 3HaqeHHH I1pO,[l,OlDKlneJIbHOCTH LlHK-
JIa O.lJ,HOI<OBIllOBOrO 3I<eI<aBaTOpa nOI<a3aHbI B Ta6. . 68.
Pwc. 88. CxeMa K orrpe.n;enCIUIiO na
paMcTpoB wapHlipHo-co'uleHcHHoro
o60PY,ll;OBalliiSI o6paTHoii JIOnaTbl
. "e
a - rrOllYllHM
e 2
1,=0,71 (HK+H B ), T. e. Y=R+l p -0,5 (HK-H.).
LLlIH YMeI-Ibll1eHHH MOMeHTOB HHepLlHH nOBopoTHOH nllaT-
<jJOpMbI M OnpOI<II,l\blBalOll\ero MOMelITa, .lJ,eiicTBYIOll\erO lIa
3KCI<aBaTOp npM TopMomeHHH pa604ero 060pY.lJ,OBaHMII, cJle-
.lJ,yeT C'rpeMMTbclI I< YMeHbllIeIlMIO pa.lJ,Myea KonalIMII R" npM
neH3MeHIlOir r TIy6mIe KonaHHH [-fl{.
I1oC TIe)J,Hee B03MOJKHO npH CM€rn.eIlHH OCM ({pen TIeHIUI
eTpe.%1 OTIIOCHTe.%HO OCII nOBopOTHOii n. aT<jJopMbI. I1pH
nOM KpaiiHIOIO I< 3I<eI<aBaTopy T04I<y 3a6011 lIe.%311 pa3Me-
maTb 6 TIH}Ke DCll nepe)J,Heli 3Be3lI.O I :lKH rycem'rllHOrO XO,lJ,a.
PaCCTOIIIlHe X HaXO.lJ,5IT no <jJopMy. e X E+R+lp-
-0,711" r.lJ,e E - nO. OBMMa 6a3bl MaIllMHbI.
l\1aKCHMaJlbHOe YCHJIHe KOl1aHHSl nOBopoTOM KOBwa
PM",=AqjR, r.lJ,e A - 3a.lJ,aHHaS1 3IIeproeMI<OCTb npOl\ecca
I<OnaHHII B pac4e-rHoM rpYHTe, OTHeeeIIHall I< o6DeMY KOB-
IlIa; q - 06'beM I<OBIlla.
Pa.lJ,HYC npM. omemIf! eM. Ha I<pOMI<e I<OBIlla R HaXO.lJ,IIT
113 COOTHOllleHHH, CBH3bIBaIOmerO 06'beM KOBwa q Hero
IIIHPHl'Y b: R=I,5J-r qjb, me b= 1,7rq-O,5.
.D.JIII 3I<CI<aBaTOpOB II-V pa3MepHbIX rpynn pe3YJlbTa-
"LI paC4eTOB npHBe.lJ,eHbl B Ta6. . 69.
nOlIHbIH yro 1J rroBopoTa KOBllla OTHOCHTe 1JbHO PYI<OHTH
ubI6IIpalOT TaI<MM, 4T06bl yroJl 3a6poca I<OBIlla 3a oeb py-
229
68. OpneH'CHpOBOIJH3J1 npO,ll.oJUKHTeJlbHOCTb llHKJl3 pa60Thl
0J IIOKOBmOBoro 9KcK3naTop3, c
B OTB1JJI B Tp lHcnopT
0(j'ht'1\1 H0I1W1J npnMOR non,. I
9KC:K:mn'copa, M npHMan nona-I AparnaiJH APaJ'JIatlH
Ta TO
0,15 13,6...15 17...18 14...16 18...20
0,3 11...15 15...18 1l,5.. .16 17.. .21
0,65 12. ..15 14...21 12,5...18 26.. 25
1 20.. .22 23.. .25 21. ..23 24...26
1,25 14.. .20 17...27 15...21 18.. .28
2 22. ..24 25.. .27 24.. .26 27...29
2,5 22.. .23 32...34 23.. .25 34.. .36
Onpe)J,e. elIlle OCMOBlIbIX napaMeTpOB 9I<CKaBaTOpOB C
rMilpaBJlM4eeI<I1M npIlBO)J,OM. I1pM paC4eTe pa604ero 060py-
.lJ,OBaHMII 3I<CI<aBaTOpOB HaXO.lJ,S1T .lJ,JIMHY CTpe.%I Ie M PYI<O-
S1TH I p , paJlMYC I<OBIlla R, KOOp.lJ,HIIaTbI nllTbl eTpe.%1 X M Y
(pHe. 88).
Pa3MepbI 3J1eMeHTOB pa604ero 06opY.lJ,OBaHMII no .lJ,JlMIIe
llQ.1J}TUIbI COOTBeTCTBOBaTb 3al1.aUHbIM npel1.e 1JbHbIM pa60tIH!\iI
napaMeTpaM 3I{CKaBaTopa MaKCHMa 1JbHOH r 1Jy6HHe KO.
228
69. l-IeKoTopbIe napaMeTpbl sKcK38aTopcB C rJJJlpaBJJHl:leCKIiM npHBO.IXOM
Pa3MCpHbJC r-pynDbJ
napaMeTpbJ
II II III IV V
II 06'beM KOBIlla, M S 0,25 0,40 0,65 I
Pa60T3 lIB KOnamIe. Kll}K 70 112 182 280
PaJUiyc KOBllI3, M 0,95 1,1 1,3 1,5'
3KcHManbHoe YCHnne Kona. 71 97 133 [78
mu!, KH
MaRcnMa 1bHblH MOMeHT np" 67 107 173 268
IwnauHH. KH'M
II
KOHTH 6bIJI 15...20 ° H npH nOBopoTe PYKOHTiI Ha BblrpY3Ky
H3 KOBll1a He BbICbITIalICH rpYHT. nOJIHbIH yr{)Jl nOBopOTa
KOBllJa npilHilMalOT B npel\e. ax 140...)(;0 o. MOLKHo C'IilTaTb,
'1TO Ha pe)KYII\YIO KPOMKY KOBllJa 9KCKaBaTopa C rHl\paB-
lIWleCKHM npHBO,ll,OM npn KOnaI-IHH nOBopOTOM PYKOHTH JI,tiI-
CTBYIOT Te me conpOTHBJleHllH, qTO 11 npM pa60Te 3I{CRaBa-
TOpOB C KaH3THbIM npHBOllOM.
nYTb HanO TJHeHHH KOBllIa 06paTHoii TJOnaTbI
_4r-
Lf{ I,55J1 In":), rJ e m':j - Macca 9KCKaBaTopa, T. 3HaH pa
60TY, BaTpallHBaeMYlO Ha KOnaI-IHe Afu MOJKHO sanMcaTb
cpe}J.Hee paCIICTflOe 3Ha t Iem'Ie YCHJIHH KonaHHH B BH,IJ,e P cp =
=A1rll-l(. 3a pactJeTHblfI npm-lHM3IOT pe>KHM pa60Tbl B KOI-I-
ILe KonaHHSl, T. e. npB COBna,lJ,eI-IHH MaKCHMaJIbHOro MOMeHT3
p03aHHH C MOMeHTOM OT Beca pa60'lero 060PyJ\OBailHH.
,lJ,JIl!HY PYKOHTiI C KOBllJOM L CJIeJ\yeT C'IilTaTb paBHOH
nYTH HanO TJHeHHH KOBllIa L K . MOMeHT Ha PYKOHTH AI f l OT
yomilH KOnalII1>I C Y'JeTOM Macc pa60'lero 060pYI\OBaHHH H
rpYHTa HaXOJ\HT no 4>opMy. e
Mr. = P cp (O,5+ 'P/'P'WRC)( Ip+ R) + M"..
, ,
TaK KaK PCP=AR/L K H LK=lp+R,
III
II
I
I
( 'Pi )
M p . =AR 0,5+ + M".,
l (jJl'ouU\c l
r.n.e lp - .n.JIHH3 PYKmlT1 : M (p. - cY Ia MOMCHTOB OT seca pa6o'lero
,
oOOPY,l(OS3I-IHH n rpYHTa npn aanOJIHeHHH KOBIlla. npOnOpl.UiOHaJIbHaH
yrJIY nOBopoTa PYKOHTll (jJi.
II
I
PaC'IeT pa6o'lero 060PYI\OBaHilH. Pa60'lee 060PYJ\OBaHHe
9KCKaBaTOpa BKJIIO'IaOT CTpeJIY, PYKOHTb II KOBllJ C fIIJ\PO-
l\HJIHHJ\paMiI. rHJ\pOl\HJIIIHI\P PYKOHTiI (pilC. 89) llJapHHpHO
Q30
npHKpeIIJIeH K CTpeJIe B TO'lKe
O. IlIWK fIIJ\pOl\ilJIHill\pa
npilcoeJ\HHeH K PYKOHTH B
TO'lKe e. PYKOHTb COel\ilileHa
co CTpeJIOH B TO'lKe D. B KOB-
IJ,e PYKOHTII, B TO'lKe A npII-
JIO>KeHa BHell1HHH HarpY3I{a
Q. Bec PYKOHTH G p npIIJIOJKeH
" IJ,eHTpy THJKecTII PYKOHTH B
TO'lKe B. Bec fIIJ\pOIJ,iI. HHJ\pa
co lIlT OK OM e" npH. O)KeH B
TO'lKe E.
PYKOHTb MOJKHO paCCMaT-
pilBaTb K3K 6a. KY J\JIHHOI! lA,
OIIilpalOII\YIOCH B TO'lKaX D H
C. Bec fIIJ\p0IJ,HmIIIJ\pa co
!!ITOKOM B CJIY'Iae npeBpaIl\e-
IlFIJI ero B OJ\HO 3BeBO pac[JpeJ\e. HTcH
e, TOrlla:
If
,
I,
[)
PIIC. B . I(nHeManll,leCKan CXCMa rlln
paS,JII1'IeCKoro MeXRHH3Ma PYKOJITU
aKCKRBa'COlJa
MeJKJ\y TO'lKaMH 0 iI
I
a".o = G n (1 5 -I.) z:; a".c = a" 1.115'
aT Beca PYKOHTH G p iI OT BHellJHeH CilJIbl Q B TO'lKaX
D H C B03HIIKHYT peaKTHBHble CilJIb!;
I
Rc=(apl.+QI;j-;
13
I
RD=rap( 1 2 -1.)+Q( 1 1 -1.)]-.
I.
3HaH J\eiicTBYIOII\He HarpY3KH iI yr.%! pacno. OJKeilHJI
OTJ{eJIbHbIX 3JleMeHTOB pa6otIero o60PYJJ.OBaI-IHH. MOJKHO OI1
pe.neJIHTb CHJIbI, B03HHKaIOIII.Me B .9TMX 3 TJeMeHTax, B npo
J OJlbI-IOM H nOnepellHOM HanpaB TJeHHHX.
I1pH paC'IeTe llITOKa rilJ\pOUIWilHJ\pa PYKOHTH (CM. pHC.
1\9) He06xoJ\HMO 31IaTb yCHm!e, C)!{IIMalOII\ee llJTOK. B J\aH-
110M C TJyqae
P m - Qlj + G p lE _ cos B.
I.
I1pH paC'IeTe 9. eMeHTOB Kpen. eHilH fIIJ\pOI1i1. lI!jl\pa p y-
I\IISITH K CTpe.ne B TO"y]<e 0 HYJKHO 3HaTb YCHJ1ER, n<:>pella M
"oI,'Mhle OT PYKOHTH H Beca rHJ\pOI1HJIHHJ\pa. 06I1\ee YCiI. He,
J l'lieTBYlOIII.ee B TOqRe 0 no HanpaBJIeHMlO OCH rJ..I,IJ,POUH.
.IIIIII}(pa: P,=Pm+G"cos (3.
()IIpe,!(e. eHHe He06xoJ\HMOrO J\BHJKYII\erO YCiI. ilH npH-
IIUI,a (0 paCCMaTpHBaeMOM CJIY'Iae, OTJIiI'I3IOII\eMCH OT il30-
231
III
I II1
II
II
I,
II:
, Iii!
OpS>KeHHoro HS pHC. 88), HS3bIBSJOT IIpHMOH 3sASqeii. B
()OpaTHOH 38)J,a 1 Je no H3BecTHoH ,lJ,BH2KYll.{e;r CHlle, HanpMMep
IIO pS"BHBseMOJ' rHApOl\H. HHApOM CHJle, HSXOAIIT AOIlY-
CTHMO(' 311 PI('IIHe IIOlIe3IIoro conpoTHBlleHHH - BHelllHeH
CIi.JI." Q.
l(unafillC (jca nOBOpOTQ IWBw'U. CTpeJIa MaKCHMaJIbHO
OUYH.leIHt BIIH3, I<onalOT 6e3 nOBopoTa KOBllla I1pM ,lI,BH)T\e M
111m pYKOHTH CHH3Y BBepx, "TOT yqSCTO!{ TpseKTopHH HB-
JIHeTCSl HaH6o TIee HarpYJKeHHbIM. PaClleTHbIe n0J10}!\CHHSl
pa6o':lero o6opYAOBaHHH .D.JIH noro CJIYLJmI nOKa3aHbI 1-'18
pHC. 90.
113 CYMMbI MOMeI-ITOB, )J.efICTBYIOIU,HX OTHOCHTellbHO TOq-
KH B (WSpHHpS pYKOHTb-CTpeJlS), H no YCH. HJO B rHApo-
l\HJIHHApe pYKOHTH HSXOAHT ynwHH HS pe>KYll\eii KpOMKe
KDBlila. I1pM 3TOM CLJHTalOT, LITO OTTIOp rpYHTa
1
P2 O,2Pl; PI = -(P:rt.p ru..p- OIl.I'P rH.rp- GpT}).
p
r.ue PI - J{8CaT€o']bHOe YCHJIl1t', nefiCTBYIO ee Ha KpOMRe KOBli1a npH KO.
nmIEn nOBopOTOM PYKOHTH; P - pa,l(HYC npHJIO)K€HH5J yCHJIHfI Ha KPOM-
KC I{OBllla [(PH KonaIlIlH TIOBOpOTorl'l PYK05lTIi, M; PJJ,.P - YCIIJlIlC, n.erf
CTSYi:orn.ce B TH.a:pOI.lHJ:lllH,Upe PYK05lTH; r.u..p - mIe'-IO npHJIO:>KeHlUl YCH
JIH5I B rHn.pOI.lH lm-IJJ:pC PYK05lTH, 111; Op H G K . rp - Bec PYK05lTH C TlI.il.PO-
UllJIMHJJ:POM KOBllla H KOBllla C rpYHT01\.1; rp H rn.rp - IT.TJ£llH ClUJ nnKC-
e7H PYI{()517H H KOB1ll3 C rpYHTOM, M.
TIo HsiiAeHHoMy YCHJIHJO PI, AeiicTBYJOll\eMY na 3YObH
1«11""" (pe>KYIl\YJO KpOMK)' KOEWS), H CYMMe MOMeHToB
232
lp
---rf.
DTHOCHTeo%HO TOqKH A (ilIITbI CTpeJlbI) onpeAeJlIlJOT peaK'
THBHoe YCHJlHe E rHApOl\HJlHHAPSX CTpe.%I AJIH BCeX ee
pSCqeTHblX nOJlO)KeHHii no cjJopMy. e 0
1
pn;.c = T n . c (Pi li+Pc1c+ P p lp+ OJ!.rp lH.I' - P 2 1 2 ),
r,ll;e t .(}, 11, 12. Ie, lp, lK.rp - IJJIe'lH Bcex CI1JI, )J.Ci1:c7BYJOll.J.HX OTHOCH-
7eJIbHO 70 1 JKH A (CM. pHC. 90), M; Pu,.c - YCllJUle B TH)J.POIWJJIUIn.pax
CTpeJJbI; Oc - Bee CTpe.'IbI e THLlpOllHJIHH)J.paMH CTpeJIbJ H W"K05lTll.
Pe3YllbT3TbI paClleTa aKTHBHbIX H peaKTHBHbIX yCHlmii
.l(J1H Bcex paccMaTpHBaeMbIX nOJI01KeHHH CBO,ll,HTCH B Ta6-
lUlIlY ,[I,JIH Toro, YlTo6bI MOJKHO 6blJIO HaihH HaH6o TIee ne-
6JIarOnpHHTHoe paCqeTHOe nO TIO}KeHHe.
3HSH Bce YCHJlHH, AeiicTB"JOIl\He HS pY KO H T b P P
PP GG J )'P,_yc,
It 2, c, pJ G H ol'P, a TaKJKe HX Hal1paB TIeI-UIe ,lI, TIH Bcex
paC4eTHbIX 110JIOmeHHH H TOlleK I1pH TIO}KeHHH, onpe,[l,e.mlIOT
peSKl\HH B WSpHHpSX A H B.
. /(onanue nOBOp01"OM IWBUla. Ha ps60qee oOOpYAoEsHHe
A€HCTBYJOT HSHoo.%WHe HsrpY3KH B nepHo)J. I{OnBIUlH rHA-
POl\HJlHHAPOM KOBWS HS MSKCHMS.%HOii rJlyoHHe. ECJlH
HSHOOJlbWee YCH. He HS pe>KYll\eii KpoMKe I{OBWS He MO>KeT
6bITb ,lI,OCTHrHYTO H3-3a orpaHHlleHHOH YCTOHllHBOCTH 9KCKa..
BSTOpS HJlH OrpSHHqeHHII peSKTHBHoro YCHJlHII B rHApOl\H-
TIHH,lI,pe PYKOHTH, TO 3a paClleTHOe I1pHHHMaIOT nO TIO}KeHHe,
npH KOTOpOM pYKOHTb IIOEepHYTs HS yrOJl, AonYCKSJOIl\Hii
pS3BHTHe MSKCHMS.%HOro YCH. HH HS pe>KYll\eii KpOMKe
K()BlIla, YlTO COOTBeTcTByeT paCqeTHOMY nO TIOJKeHIUO PYKOH-
TH 2. (CM. pHC. 90) H KOBWS 3. (pHc.91).
MSKCHMSJlb,HOe peSKTHBHoe YCIWHe B l\HJlHHApe pYKOH-
TH Pu..p=PMaHCrU..p,
r,l(e PMfJKC - MaKCm, aJ:lbnOe )J.aB.TJeHHe B lJ,HJ:lIIII,Upe PYIW.SJTH; F.u. IJ-
nJIorn.a)J.b nopnIHeBOH nOJJOC7ll UHJIllH)J.pa PYKOHTH.
B .9T M CJlYllae npH KOnaI-IHH nOBopoTOM KOBlIla na ero
pe>KYll\eH KpoMKe pS3BHBseTcH YCHJlHe
1
PJ{ = - (PI1:P TYIJ - On.!'p rI-I.!'p - Op T p ),
P
r)J.C p - nJJeqo CHJJbJ PR, ,l(eHeTBYIO eH OTHoelITe,llbilO TO'lKH E, M.
HOpMSJlbHSH COCTSB. HJOIl\SH P.=Oo2 Pl-
y CH. He HS pe>KYll\eii KpOMKe KOBWS PH = 11 pi + pi .
PeaKTHBHOe ynwHe B rJ;lWHH)J,pax CTpe TIbl
1
P' C = -;- (Pi II + G c Ie +Op Ip +Of\.rp II-I.rp -P 2 / 2 ).
c
PIIC. !H. CxeMR K onpe)l.eJlenlUO YCH-
Jlun B TSlre JWDllla
PIIC. 90. CxeMR K onpeAeJleliHIO YCH-
.IlM", Jl.eiicTBYIOD.lHX Da pa6o'lee o6o
PYAOBaHHe OJl,1I0KODlllOBoro 9KCluma-
Topa
233
I
I
II
il
DpH !}TOM ycmme, J\eJlC'i'BYIOU\ee B THre KOBma (OTHocn.
TeJ[bHO IiIBP<UHpB KpenJleIUIH KOBliIa H PYKOHm),
1
T= ( Pl{r p -0l>.['prl ) '
r TI 1\
YCHJlHe B QJWHH.l(pe KOBma
PIJ.H = Tr T2 !r 2 .
rn.e r2 - n.leqO CliJIbl PU..H OTHOCHTeJ1bHO TOIJ:KH D; TI - TIJIe[1O CHJIbI THM
>KeCTJI KOBLUa c rpYHToM OTHOCHTeJIbHO TDIlKH C t ; rT2 - TIJIeqo YCHJ1HSI
B Tf(rC T OTHOCHTeJIbHO TOllKlf D.
B paCCMaTpHBaeMoii KOHCTPYKQHH 060pYJ\OBaIIHH 3KC-
KaBaTop,a CTpe TIa COCTOHT li3 BepXHeH H HHJKHeH qacTefI,
coe)J,HHeHHblx THrOll.
MaKCHMaJlbHOe YCJWHe B THre CTpeJlbI p. (CM. pHC. 90)
HaXO,B,HT li3 CYMMbI MOMeHTOB OTHOCHTellbHQ TOqI{H C
OT YCHJIHH B rHJ\pOQHJIIIHApe PYKOHTH P .., peaKQHH RB B
TOQKe KpenneHHH PYKOHTH K BepxHeH ceKQHH cT en H Be-
ca BepxHeH 'q aCTH CTpeJIbI.
PaCqeT OJJ,HOKOBlllOBO-rO 3KcKaBaTopa BKJIlOQaer TaK}f{e
npoBepKY YCToiiqHBOCTH, onpeAeJleHHe nOTpe6Hoii MOll\HO-
CTH npHBoJ\a, paCqeT rMJ\pOU."JlHH.l(pOB pa6oqero o6opYJ\o-
BaHHH, MexaH1l3MOB nepeABMJKeHHH H nOBopoTa.
Onpe,lJ,e.rreHHe OCHOBHblX napaMeTpoB 3KCKaBaTopOB C
rH6Koft CHCTeMoii nO)J,BelUHBaHHII pa6oqero o6oPY)J,oBaHiIll.
Conp.oTHBJleHHe rpYHTa KorraHHIO, KaCaTeJlbHOe K TpaeKTo-
pHH ABH>KeHHH KOBma, MO>KeT 6bITb onpeJ\eJleHO no rjwp-
MYJIe PI =Fk.
Ulc F = be - nJIOllJ.a,lJ.b CeqemUl CHHMaeMOH CTPY>KKH rpYHTa; k -
Y.llem,HOC COnpOTI!B.>"IeHHe rpYHTa KonaI-Uno.; b -llIHpIIHa pe>Kym.eH
3
I(POMIUI KOBma, M (.llJIH npHMOH JIOnaTbJ b=::(O,95...1,05}-i'f';i; pJIH
AparJlafura b (1,15...1,2}-trq) : q - OG'bCM K06IIIa, 1\'1 8 ; C -T011Il\HHa
cpcsaCMoro CJIOH rpYHT8, M.
)J,. H npHMoii JIOnaTbI
C MaRc = qkR/(HBbk p ) , (157}
me HfJ - BbICOTa OCll Hanopnoro BaJIa; k p - K0.9cV<PHI-LHCUT pa3pblx-
JICHHH.
PHC. 92. Cxcr.w. K vnpe.u;cnc-
'aIUO YCHnHIi. .ll;Cj1CTBYIOIIJ.HX
Ha peHi,Yrn:yro I1:pOMI<Y I<OBWa
70. 3H3IJeHHR t(Os4t4tuUHeHToB 1p H k n
Ka7-CropJUl rpyu- H
T3 III IV
" 0,4 0,3 0,25 0,2
k" 3 3,5 4 5,5
)J,. H )J,parJIaiiHa
c=q(1 +1jJ)!(k"IRbkp)' (158)
3
fJJ;e II< - AlTHRa KOBlIIa, M; l, (1,35...1,5}V; ; 'tj)- KoscV4Jm.weHT COOT-
HomCHHH flle>K.llY 06'bCMOM npH3MbI BOJIOqeHlUI IT BMeCTHMOCTblO KOBlllaj
k n - K03cVq,HllMCHT OTHOlIIeHHH nYTH KorraHHH K .llJIHHC KOBllJa.
3Haqem!H 1jJ H k" 3aBHCHT 0'1' KaTerOpHH rpyma (Ta6JI.
70).
KpoMe conpOTHBJlemIii rpYHTa pe3aHHIO B03I!HKaeT
TaK>Ke conpOTHBJleHHe, npeIDITcTBYIOll\ee BHe)J,peHHIO KOB-
ma B rpYHT, nepneHJ\HKYJ!HpHOe
TpaeKTopHH .lI.BIUKeIIMSl KOBllJa, Be-
JlHqHHa KOToporo npHMepHO COCTaB-
. HeT: P 2 = (O,15...0,4) PI - )J,. H
J\par. aiiHa; P 2 =(O,l...0,3)P I -
JtJ1Sl npSlMoH JIOnaTbl, npwlcM MCHb-
lime 3HaQeHHSl cooTBeTcTBYlOT OA-
HOpO)J,HbIM rpYHTaM, 60.%mHe -
rpYHTaM, HMelOIIJ.HM K3M€HHCTbIe
BKlIlOLIeHHSl.
OnpeaeJLeH.ue YCttAttf.i 6 8AeMeH.-
Tax pa60Qe20 o6opyao6aH.UR.
"pUMa.. Jlonan (pHc.92). COC-
TaBmJIOll\He YCH. H>! Ha 3y6bRX
KOBma P, H P, onpeAe. HIOT J\. R J\BYX nOJIO)](eHH>i MBlia:
npH OCHOBHOM paCYleTHOM nOlIOJKeHHH: 3y6MI I{OBll1a I-Ia
XO,[l,SlTCSl Ha ypOBHe H:;ll10pHOrO Ba TIa, nO)J,"beMHbIH KaHaT
BepTHKaJIeH, yrolI HaKJIOHa CTpeJIbI 45°;
npH nO. HOM BbweTe PYKORTH ay6bR KOBma HaXO)J,HTCH
Ha ypoBHe HanOrHoro BaJla, yro. HaKJlOHa cTpe.%I 35".
,,303 P aClleTI-Ib[H rpYHT npHHHM aIOT: AJISl lIefKHX Mone-
. eH :- Cpe.llHIOIO r. HHY (k=0,16 MI1a); J\. R cpe)J,HHx MO-
)J,eJleH - TH)](eJlYIO r. mIY (k=O,25 MI1a); J\. H MOJle. eii,
npeJlHa3Haq€HHbIX K pa60Te B oc060 T!DKeJ1bIX rpyHTax _
KaMeHHCTbIii rpYHT (k=0,35 MDa).
B nepBOM paC'IeTHOM nO. O>KeHHII pacqeT De)J,YT npH YC-
JlOBHH 100 % 3anomIeHHH KOBIlia, k,,= 1. DpH BTOpOM no-
JIO>KeHHH K03tjJqmD;neHT HanOlIHelum npHHHMaIOT klJ =
=0,85...0,9.
YC TIHe B rrO,[l,"beMHOM nOJIHcnaCTe HaXO,lJ,SlT liJISl llBYX
paCqeTHblX nOlIOJK€HHH H3 paB€HCTBa
:EM, = 0; 0. Ip +OR I R +O,p I,p + Pi Ii-SDID-P,I, 0,
r.llc. Ii - paCCTOHHf1f1 OT TOQKIJ 0 )10 ()ceii Aci1:cTBlfSI COOTBeTCTByroIllHX
rUl!, 00<: - Bee KOBIlfa, H: 011 (1.3...I.7)qg; G rp - Bee rpYUTa B KOB4
111(', H: OI'p=qykflg.
,
PII
I,;
III1
234
235
II1I11
I
III
II
III
OpH Onpel\e. eHHH HanOpHOre YCfWHII paCCMaTpHBalQT
TPH paCqeTHbIX n0J10>KeHIlII: I - PYKOIITb BepTHKaJ1bHa,
yro. HaKJIOHa cTpe.%! 50...60°; II - PYKOIITb ropH30HTaJ1b-
Ha, 110lIHOCTblO BbI)J,Blu,rYTa, yroJI HaKJIOHa cTpellbI 45°;
III - PYKOIITb nO. HOCTbIO BbIl\BHHYTa, KOBIII nOI\HIIT B HaH-
Bbicmee nOlIOJKeHHe H BbIllielI H3 3a6oH, yrolI HaKJIOHa cTpe-
.%1 55...60°.
0pH paCqeTe o6opYI\OBaHHH npHMoH . onaTbl Heo6xol\H-
MO Ol1pe,lJ,elIHTb aI{THBHoe H naCCHBHoe HarrOpI-IbIe YCHJIH5I.
AKTMBHoe HanopIIoe YCHlIHe 5MB! 38TpallHBaeMOe I-Ia
npeOl\o. eHI[e OTnopa rpYHTa P 2 H cocTaB. HIOIl\eH nOI\"beM-
HorO YCHJIHH SII.[J, onpe)J,eJIHeTCH JJ.lIH Tpex nOlIOJKeHUll pa-
6oqero o6opYI\OBamm:
1. I10JIO>KeHHe Haqa TIa KonaHHH. YrOJI H8KJIOHa CTpeJlbI
50...60°. Ha CHCTeMY l\eHcTByeT Bec PYKOHTH G p , Bec KOB-
llia G K , YCHmle nOI\"beMa - Sn, onpeJleJIeHHOe paHee, H pe-
aKUJm rpYlna Pl' B HaqaJIe Konamm P2 = (0,1...0,3) Pl.
M3 ypaBHeHHH MOMenTOB OTHOCHTeJIbHO OCM HanopHoro
Balla onpe)J,eJISUOT 3HaqeHHe peaKII.HH rpYUTa:
Mo =0; Pil-Sn InIGp Ip IG" 1,,=0.
110 H3BeCTHbIM BeJII-IqHHaM P p , Sn, G 1 ( M G p CTpOHT MHO-
royroJIbHHK CHJI H HaXOI\HT paBHOl\eikTBYIOIl\YIO R. CH. y
R paCKJ13.D.bIBaIOT Ha ,lI,Be COCTaBJIHlOlllHe, npW:IeM CHJla,
,lJ,CfICTUYIOll1.aH B)J,UJlb PYKOHTH, HBJ1HeTCH aKTHBHbIM HanOp-
Hb[M YCI1JIHeM Sn.a, a eM nepneH,IJ,HKYJIHpHaH - peam.LHeH
Ce,lJ,.noBOro nO,B,llll1nHHKa RI-/.;
2. nOJIOJK€UHe OK0H11aI-IHSl I<orraHHH; 3y6bfl KOBllla Haxo-
I\HTCH Ha ypoBHe HanopHoro Ba. a P;= (O,I...0.2)P;;
3. nOJIOJK€HHe MaKCHMa 1JbHOrO BbI,IJ,BHJK€HHH rpy.>KeHoro
KOBllIa rrpH MaKCHMa 1JbHOM nO,ll,'b€M€.
n 1JH Ka>K,iJ.OrO paCtIeTHOrO nO 1JO:H{eHHH onp€,IJ,e 1JHIOT SH
H npHHHMalOT HaH60JIblIlee 113 3HalleHHIL YCHJIHH Sn H Sft
CJly.>KaT ,IJ, 1JH onpe,lJ,e 1JeHI1H MOIll,I-IOCTH I1pHBO.l(a nO,ll,'beMHOrO
H I-IanOpHOro MexaHH3MOB:
8n v n SHVH (160)
N n = (159) N H =
IOOO " 1000 ,,
CKOpOCTb HanopHoro I\BJ!)KeHHH PYKOHTH v H =(0,8...0,9) v n .
CKOpOCTb nOI\"beMa I<OBllia 3aBHCHT OT ero 06"beMa:
V n . M/C 0,5 0,6 0,8 1...1,25
q, M3 0,65 M 3 1...1,6 2,5...4 4 M 3
OpI1 OI\HOMOTOpHOM npHBOl\e o6Il\af! MOIl\HOCTb N=N n +,
+N n .
Apar JIaiiH. Y CHJIHe Ha 3y6bllX KOBllia 9KCKaBaTopa C03-
j\a€TCfI 3a Cll€T HaTHJKeHUH THrOBoro KaHaTa H Beca I<OB-
llia.
PellienHeM OCHOBHbIX ypaBHenHH CTaTHKH Mo=O;
X=O; Y=O MO>KHO onpel\eJIHTb YCH. He B TllrOBOM Ka-
J A Hn
s
16L
2 a
If.
bf
I
-l'
x
PRC. 98. CJ!cMa II. cnpe,n,cncu"1O YCH- PHC. 94. Cxcr.ta II. pac'ileTy rpeiif)Jcpa
nH E S eMe"TaJ! parnanHa
HaTe, Heo6xol\HMblH Bec KOBllia I\parJ1aHHa H 0pI\HHaTY npH-
Kpen 1JeHHH THrOBbIX Llen€H K 60KOBbIM CTeHKaM KOBllla
(pHC. 93):
Mo = STY- on_r}) b sin a-Oft I'}) acosa = 0;
X = ST - PI - Oft.I'P sin a - Ol1.r}) COS ul-l = 0;
1.:Y = P 2 -G H . rp cosu =0,
r,ne ST - YCJ.JJII1C B TIlr<JEOM RaHaTC; Pi - conp01HBJIClme rpYHTa ROM
nallHlO; P 2 - YCHJIne Ufllopa rpYJJTa; O!(.l'p - Bce J{OBliia c rpYUTOM;
a Ii b - KooplUlHaTbI ueHTpa TH.>f{eCTI1 KOEUJa; y - <JpJ1Jmanl ]{penJJe-
HH5J T5JroBbIX 11,eneH; IJ - K0.9cp4mI.lH€HT TpeHH5I KOEllJ8 0 rpYHT; a-
yroJI OTKoca rpYHT8.
236
Opel\e.%HbIe yrJ1bl OTKOCa 3aBHCHT OT n. OTHOCTH rpYH-
Ta: I\. H TH)KeJIbIX rpYHTOB a=20...25 0, I\JIH Cpel\HHX rpyn-
TOB a=30...35°; )(. H JIerKHX rpYHTOB a=40...45°.
fpeHq,ep. Y CHmIH, lIeiicTBYIOIl\He Ha pe>KYlliYIO KPOMKY
KOBllla H ycrwHH, .QeHCTBYIOIlI,He B nO,lJ,"b€MHOM H 3aMbIKmo
1ll< M nO 1JHCnaCTax, Onpe,lJ,€..1JHIOTCH H3 OCHOBHbIX ypaBI-JeHHH
CTaTHKH (pHC. 94):
Vb Gb I
Mo =0; Mo = 2 a-Ta-Hbh-""2 (G,pk" + Gd c-
-Pb=O; X=O; -Hb+Pcoso;+Ha=O;
237
r [n
1III
f
1I11I
I
Ii
1 1I I
11111 11
ill
III
III
1 1 ' 1 ,'"
I II
III
"'. . Y a G a Y b Db I . 0
",Y=O' -+---+---(Grpk,,+Gc}-psmoo= ,
'2 2 2 2 2
I:,l(e P - YCHJIHC lIa PCJKYWIiX KpoMKax KOBllIa; Oc - Bee CTBOpK
rpeDcpepa; Oc -Bee HHJKHei'I TpaBcpCbI C OJIOK8MH; G u -Bee BepXI-te l1
Tp3BepCbI c 6JIOKaMH Ii 'HlraMH; Yb - CHJl3 H3TSHKeHHH rIOJIIiCnaCT8.
,l(CHCTBYIOllJ.BH HB I1HLlUlIOIO Tp8Bepcy; Y t,; - nJla H3TSl1KeHHH nOJIHC.
rr3CT3, ,l(ei'IcrnYlOIl13H HB B pXHlOlO TpaBepcy; lI a -ropH30HT3JIbH3H CO
CTaBJIHIOllJ.8H 01' C)I{8THH TflrH rpei1cpepa; lib - ropH30HTBJIbH8H CEJIa,
,l(eii:CTBYlO aSl nB wapHHp CTBOpKH.
Ha OCHOBaHl1H OnbITHblX J\aHHbIX pe!<OMeHJ\yeTclI npH-
HHMaTb:
Oc 0,50; Ob 0,20; Oa 0.30,
r,l(e O=Oa+Ov+Oc: 0=(O,8q+O,5)g-,lI.JIH JJCTKHX rpeiicpepoB; 0=
(I,5q+O,5)g-AnH cpeAHHx rpeJ!<jJepoB; G (2,3q+O,5}g-AnH TH-
}KCJII)IX rpeiicpepoB, 3,1J;eCh q - BMeCTHMOCTh ROBUla, M S ; g - YClwpeHHe
CIIJIbl TH>KeCTH.
YCHJIHe B 3aMbIKaIOIlI,eM KaHare
S=Yh-Ya; Yb=Sirr'tln: Ya=S(in-I)'tln,
r,II.e in KpaTHOCTb nOJIIiCnaCTa; 11[[ - KTIJI. nOJIHCnaCT8.
rHiJ,p0IJ,H. HHJ\P, YCTaHaBJlHBaeMblH BMeCTO 3aMblKalOIIJ,e-
ro nOJIHCnaCTa. nO,lJ,6HpalOT no YCHJIHIO Y b .
rOpH30HTaJlbHbIe CH. bI onpeiJ,eJlHIOT no <jJopMYJlaM;
Hb=Ha+Pcosa; Ha Ya-;G a tg .
qk H 0,5.1
c= H bk 347. 0 9 . 1 1 -0,15 M.
II P . . .
n. OIIJ,aJ\b Ce'leHHII cHHMaeMoH CTpY)K!{H F=bc=O 9.015=
=0,13 M'. ConpoTHB. eIlHe rpYHTa KonaHHIO P,=Fk=
=0,13.0,16.10 6 =20800 H=20,8 Id-I.
fIpH pacnOJlO)l(eIUlH IIIapHHpa PYKOIITH B cpeiJ,I1ei! 'laCTH
cTpe.%I (CM. pHC. 92) H J\HaMerpe ro. OBflOro 6. 0I<a Do =
=IM:
paccToHHHe OT TOtIKH 0 .no OCM nOJIHCnaCTa 110 ropH30H-
Ta 5 M; In=0,5 L c cos 45" +0,5 D o =0,5.5,5.0,707 +0,5. 1 =
paccToHHHe OT IIIapHHpa PY!<OHTH Ha CTpe. e no ropH30H-
TaJlH J\O pe)l(}'lIJ,ei! KpOMKH KOBIIIa 1,,=1n'.+L,,=2,5+1,1=
=3,6 M; 1".,p=1,,-0,5 L K =3,6-0,5.1,1=3 05 M' lp=ln-
0,5 L p =2,5-0,5.4,6=0,2 M. "
Y CHJIHe B nOl{'beMHOM rrOJIHCnaCTe
Sn = PH lR+Op,.rp lll.rp +Op lp
In
20800.3,6 + (9060 + 7800) 3,05+ 13250.0,2
= 2,5 -52000 H=52 KH.
BTopoe paC'IeTHOe nO. Q)KeHHe - no. HbIH BbweT PYKO-
HTH, 3y6bH KOBll1a Haxo.nHTCH Ha ypOBHe HanoplIoro Ba TIal
P; (0,6 ... 0,65) PI = 0,65.20 800 = 13500 H = 13,5 KH.
B pe3y.%TaTe rpa<jJH'IeCK>IX nOCTpoeHHi! (PYKOHTb Bbl-
J\BHraeTCH He no. HOCTblO):
1 =3.1M; 1 =5.4M 1 .rp=4,85M; 1 =2M.
Bec rpYIITa B KOBIIIe O;p =q'yk H g=0,5. 1600.0,85X
X9,81=6800 H=6,8 KH. Bec KOBIIIa OE=m K g=906X
X9,81=9000 H.
YCH TIHe B nOA'beMHOM 110 TIHCIIaCTe
S' = P l -I- O .rp (rp + Op 1;
n l'n
13500.5,4 + (9000+ 6800}.4,85 + 13000.2
3,1
= 56 500 H = 56,5 KH.
BbICOTa 3a6oH COCTaBJ1HeT; HH=llc+0,5 Lcsin =1 52 -r-:
+0,5.5,5 sin 45°=3,47 M. '
TOJlIl\HHa cpe3aeMoro CJlOH rpYHTa npH npHHHTOH BbiCOTe
3a6oH
II
P
(G+G rp k H - S),
2sina
!III
III!
Jlli
r,II.e (3 - yrOJI HaKJIOHa T5IrH K sepTHKaJIII.
CKOpOCTb nOiJ,"beMa !<OBIIIa v n =0,9 M/C, CKOpOCTb iJ,BH-
)l(eHHII 3aMbIKalOIIJ,ero KaHaTa v, - 0,7...0,9 M/c.
npHMep 28. OnpeiJ,eJlHTb MOIIJ,HOCTb, nOTpe6HYlO iJ,JlII
nO,lJ,'beMHOrO H HanopHoro MexaHH3MOB npHMoH nonaT@ no
cJIeJI,Y I0 1I1. HM HCXOJI,HbIM .naHJlbIM: 06'beM KOBll1a 9KCI<aBaTO-
pa q=0,5 M'; IIIHpHHa KOBIIIa b=O,9 M; iJ,mma PYKOHTH
Lr=4,6 M; I\JlHHa KOBIIIa BiJ,OJlb OCH PYKOHTH L,,=I,1 M;
J\. HHa CTpeJlbI Lc=5,5 M; Macca PYKOIITH mp= 1325 Kr;
M3cca KOBW3 m K =906 Kr; BblCOTa pacnO TIO.JKeHHH nHTbI
cTpe.ITbI llc=I,52 M; Hanop He3aBHCHMbIH.
PellleHMe. OCHoBHoe paClleTHOe nO TIO}KeHHe PYKOHTH-
3y6bH KOBll1a H3 ypoBHe HanopHoro BaJIa; nO,lJ,'beMHbIH Ka-
HaT BepTl.maJIeH, yrO TI H3KJIOHa CTpe 'IbI 0=45°. Bee rpYHTa
B KOBIIIe npH 06'beMHoII Maece pa3pbIXJIeHI.lOfo rpYHTa v=
=1600 Kr/M'
G rp =qyk"g=0,5.1600.1.9,81 =7800 H.
238
239
=
1111
1'1111
I III
11111
III,II
",II
Bee PYKOHTH Op=mpg=1325.9,81=13000 H=13 KH.
f1poBepI<3 YCHlIHH B nO.l('"beMHOM rrOlIHcnaCTe Ha B03MOJK-
HOCTb nO.l('"beMa KOBllla B HaHBbIcmee nOlIOJKeHl1e. B pe3Y TIb-
TaTe rpaq,H'leCKHX 110CTpoeHHH I .rp =3,6 M; 1;= 1,3 M;
I =2 M. Bec rpYHTa B IWBwe O;'p =0,5.1600.1,2.9,81 =
=9500 H=9,5 KH.
Y CHlIHe B nO.l('beMHOM nOJIHCnaCTe
, O;.rp i .rp + Op 1;
8' =
n
SU_MaI\C In - G1!-I'P t H . rp - Up Ip
Pi
I
87.2-18,5.3,6- 13.1,3
17 KH.
5.4
B pe3y.%TaTe 110eTpOeHHH MHoroyrOJlbHHKa CHJI naeCHB-
Hoe HanopHoe YCH. He I1O. Y'lHJlOCb paBHbIM: SH.rr = 78 KH.
CKOpOCTb nOJ1'bCMa KOBWa v rr =0,5 Mfc. CKOpOCTb Hanopa
v H =0,6 V rr ; v H =0,6.0,5=O,3 Mfc.
MOII1HOCTb, He06xoJ1HMYIO J1. H nOJ1'beMa KOBwa, onpeJ1e-
JIHeM no I-IaH6oJIbllleMY YCHlIHIO B nO.l('beMIIOM nOlIHcnaCTe.
npHHHMaeM '1,,=0,85. no q,opMy. e (159)
56500.0,5
N u = 1000.0 85 = 33,4 KBT.
l\10U{HOCTb )J}IH HanopHoro ,lJ,BlUKeHHH onpe,lJ,eJIHf'M ITO
HaH60JlbweMY aKTHBHOMY HanopHOMY YCHJlHIO no JOPMYJJC
(160)
I:
II
(9000 -/- 9500) .3,6 -/- 13000.1,3
2 =41200 H=41,2 KH.
HaH60.%wee paC'IeTHOe 3Ha'leHHe yeH. HH nOJ1'beMa S =
:= 56,5 KH. AIITHBHOe HanopHoe YCH. He SH.. onpeJ1eJlHeTCH
.1I}IH Tpex paCYleTHbIX nOlIOJKeIlHH.
)J,. H ol1peJ1e. eHHH peaKI\HH rpYlITa B Ha'laJle KonanHH
rpaq,H'IeCKHMH nocTpoeHHHMH HaXO.l\HT 1=4,8 M; Irr=l,4 M;
lp=O,1 M H 1,,=0,2 M;
Pl= Sn1n+Oplp+Ogln =
I
56500.1,4 -/- 13000.0,1 -/- 9 000.0,2
4,B
B PC3YJlbTaTe nOCTpoeHHH MHoroyrOJlbHHKa CHlI H pa3-
JImKCHHH paBHo.n;eHCTBYIOIII.€fI R Ha COCTaBlIHlOIIJ.Me HaxO,[l,HM
aKTHBHoe HanopHoe YCHJ1I1e SH.a =47 KH.
LLlIH BToporo paCqeTifOrO nOlIOJKeHHH HaXO.l(HM P; =
=0,2 P; =0,2.13500=2700 H=2,7 KH.
E pe3YllbTaTe nocTpoeHHH MHoroyrollbHHKa eHJI S .a =
=46 KH.
)J,. H TpeTbero paC'IeTHOrO nOJlQ)KenHH B pe3y.%TaTe 110-
cTpoeIlHH MHoroyro.%HHKa eHJI S .a=43 KH. HaH60.%IIIee
aKTHBHoe Hal10pHOe YCIIJIHe S".. =47 KH.
]XJlH onpeJ1eJleHHH naCCHBHoro HanopHoro YCHJlHH He06-
XOJ1HMO HaiiTH peaKI\HIO rpYHTa H3 ypaBHeHHH MOMenTOB
OTHOCHTeJIbHO OCM HanopHoro BaJIa:
:£M o =0; Pi i+ 01\I'P iF. I'p+ G p ip - SIT.MaRc in = O.
BeJIWIHHbI I1JIeq [[[=2 M; lp=I,3 M; IF..['p=3,6 M,
I=L p -O,3 M-/-L K =4,6-0,3-/-1,1=5,4 M.
Sn 56,5
So MaRC =- =-=87 KH.
. 0,65 0,65
npHMep 29. I1poH3BecTH paC'IeT ITO onpeJ1eJleHHIO no-
Tpe6Hblx MOlll.HOCTefI ,lJ,lIH nO,lJ,THnmaHllH M 110,lJ,'beMa KOBllIa
J1parJlaiiHa no CJleJ1YIOII1HM J1aHHbIM. 06'beM KOBwa 3KCKa-
BaTopa q 0,5 M 3 , Macca KOBilia 3KcKaBaTopa m K =70l Kr,
pa3pa6aTbIBaeMbIii rpYHT - rpaBHH II KaTeropHH, k p = 1,1,
K03q,q,HI{HeHT TpeHHH KOBwa 0 rpYHT "'= 0,58; yroJl pa3pa-
oaTbIBaeMoro OTKoca 0:.=45°, llIHpm.J:a I{OBlila B K =O,9 M;
AJIHHa KOBllla L K = 1.4 M; BbICOT3 KOBrn3 H K =O,59 M.
PeIlleHHe. TO. II1HHa cpe3aeMoro C. OH rpYHTa npH 1jJ .
=0,3 H k l =3,5:
q(I-/-1jJ) 0,5{1-/-0,3)
c = -, 0 13 M
knL"B"kp 3,5.1,4.0,9.1,1 ' .
ConpOTHBJIeHHe rpYHTa KonaHHIO P,=kB K c=O,17.IO'X
XO,9.0,13 -,-- 20 000 H=20 KH.
47000.0,3
N -
H - 1000.0,B5
16,6 ({BT.
HCXOaflble aW-lHl>le f(, npll.hlepy 28
HOMep
S3,D;3Hl!51
Q, M
LV' M
L", M Imp, Kr I m K , Kr I Le' M I b."
17200 H 17,2 KH.
1 0,5 4,6 1,1 1325 906 5,5 0,9
2 0,75 4,56 1,2 1300 1320 6,9 1
3 1 4,9 1,5 13B5 15B3 6,7 1,15
4 2 6,1 2 3000 , 4400 i B,6 1,5
5 3 7,2 2.7 5500 I 6700 I 10,5 I,B
240
It; -149
211
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III
I
1':11 1 .:
,
Pili
'W'
IIpllHllMaeM H"OP.l\IIH8Tbi l\€IITpa TJI)I{€CTII:
1 .
a=-H.=0.5.0,59'" 0,3 M; b=O,5L,.=0.5.I,4=O,7 y.
2
G.=m.g=701.9,81=6900 H.
Grp=Q.k,',\,g=O,5.1.1800.9,81 =8800 H=8,8 KH.
G.. rp = G. + Grp = 6900 + 8800 = 15700 H = 15,7 KH.
113 ypaBHcHIIH CTaTHKH:
:EMf) = 0; S'J' Y - G 1np b sin a - Of\.rp a cos (J. = O
:EX = 0; S'f' - Pi - Ofl.rp sin ex. - OHol'P CDS CQ1 = O.
HaXO.ll.HM HaTHlKeHHe THrOBOro KanaTa
ST = Pf+O .rp sina+ GH.rpcosap, = 20+ 15,7X
Xsin 45° + 15,7 cas 45°.0,58 37,4 KH
H op.n..mIaTY H:perrJIeHHH T5]TOBbIX l1.erreH
Y= T (GH.£,pbsina+OH.rpacosa) =
= 15,7 (O,7.s111450+ 0,3 cos 45°) '" 0,3 M.
37,4
OpH CKOpOCTH THrIJ !{OBma v.=O,8 M/C H '1=0,8 ITa-
Tpc6naH .lI.JIH rrepCM€mCI-IHH KOBIIla MOll(HOCTb
STVT
N--
. - 1000'lj
37 400.0,8 37 4 KET.
1000.0,8 '
Opll ITol!'beMHOM YCHJIHH 5 11 ,,",,1,25 5.=1,25.37,4=
=46,6 KH, cImpocTH ITOI!'beMa I{OBma Vn""" (1,3...1,6) v T =
=1,3.0,8=1,05 M/c H '1=0,8, ITOTpe6HaH MOIl(HOCTb I!JIH
rrOJJ.'beMa KOBma COCTaBHT:
46600.1,05
N - 6IKET.
a = 1000.0,8
l1cxodlible donH.l!le K npuMepy 29
HOMep I
3Mij- Q.M 3
"""
1m", KC I B", MIL., M I flU' M I rp > I
Paap.aGilTblBaeMblA
rpyHT
I 0,4 500 0,6 1,1 0,58 45 necoK pblxnblH
2 1,6 1680 1,2 1,6 0,78 22 CyrJlHf!OK
3 I 1290 1,1 1,5 0,66 30 Cynecb
4 2 2320 1,4 1,8 1,04 25 Tmum JlerKafl
5 0,65 1040 0,9 1,4 0,59 40 TIecoK BJIaJKHbJH
242
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MeJIb'y.eHHH KaM€HIIhIX MaTepnaJIOB npHMeHHIOT KaMHe.ll.po-
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Yl!apHbIe), 6erYHbI cyxoro H MOKpOro nOMOJIa, mapoBbIe H
CTep1KHeBbI€ MeJJbHHIJ;bI, a TaKJK€ BH6pOMeJIbHHlLbI TOHKoro
rrOMOJIa. H3MeJIhqeI-fH€ KaM€HHbIX MaTepnaJIOB B .lI.p06HJIKaX
.lI.OCTnraeTC.H pa3,lJ.aBJIHBaHHeM, paCI<:aJIbIBaHHeM, H3rn6oM.
HCTHpaHHeM,Yl!apoM.
B ll(eKOBbIX I!P06HJII<aX (pHC. 95, a) I!P06JICHHe KaMHH
rrpOH3BO,lJ,HTC5I pa3,n:,aBJIHBaHHeM, a B HeI<OTopbIX KOHCTPYK-
llHHX qaCTHqHO H HCTHpaHH€M M€1K,lJ,Y .u.P06SUl.(HMH rrJInT3MH
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ru6y Me.m:JI.Y Herr0JJ..BH}J{HbIM H rrOJJ..BHJKHbIM .n..P06HUJ:HMI1 RO-
HycaMH. OOI!BH>ICHbIH KOHYC 4, o6"aTbIBaHcb 6e3 npHHYI!If-
TeJIbHOrO BpaIlJ;eHH5l no BHYTpeHHej;i .lI.p06nluei1: rroBepxHocTH
HenOJJ.BHJKHOrO 3, H3MeJIbqaeT KaMeHb. B B3JIKOBbIX lI,po6IIJI-
J{3X {pIfC. 95,8) I<aMeHb pa3.n:aBJIHHaeTC5l H qaCTWlHO HC-
THpaeTC5l B npocTpaHcTBe Me.IKJJ.,y BpaIlJ;aIoI..QHMHC5l HaBcTpe
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cTeplKHeBblx MeJIbHHI..laX 113MeJIbqeHHe MaTepHaJIa )].OCTHra-
eTCfI HCTHpaHH€M, pa3J].,aBJIHBaHHeM
It qaCTH'lHO YJl.apaMH MemOll1.HX
TeJI 11 (MeTaJIJIH eeRHx lliapoB H
CTep.>ImeH), 3arpYJKaeMbIX BM€CTe c
H3M€JIbtfaeMbIM M3TepHaJIOM BHYTPb
BpalljaJOlijerOeH 6apa6aHa 12. BI1-
6pOM€JIbHHILbI TOHKoro nOMOJla
(pHe. 75, 3) H3MeJIb aJOT MaTepHa,1,
rrOna,lJ.alOll(HH B npOMe}£{YTI<:H Me2l{-
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YCTaHOBJI€HHOrO H3 rrpy:mHH3X.
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cpcJJ,lIeii H UOJlhli10H TBep.n.ocTH, HMelOl' npHeMHble
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71. XapaKTepHcTHKa ropHblX nopOA
fIopop;a ". Kr'/M 0", MfIa E.Mna
H3BCCTIUlK MHrKIiH 1400 40...60 35000...50000
neC'l8HHK 2000 50...80 34 000. .. 50 000
CnaHeq rJJHHHCTbIH 1200 25. ..40 1l000...19000
113BecTHHK npO'lHbIH 2700 100.. .120 35 000. .. 50 000
fp8HriT MeJ1IW3epHHcTbIH 3300 180.. .200 60000...70000
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N = [a' nb (D' - d")/(O , ,23E)] (163)
rIle 0' - npelJ,eJI npO'lHOCTH .np06HMoro M8TepH8JIa. Mna n - qaCTOTa
8paU{eHHfI 3KcueHT[JHKoBoro 88JJ8, MHH-1; b - .nJlHHa aarpY30tlHoro 01'.
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HOro M8TepH8JI8: d cp = 2 ; d = d cp = 2
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(164)
MOlljIIOeTb
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JJ.JIf£ CTaJlIl MapKU CT3 [T cp ]= 120...160 Mna.
n Oat3U3fCHaJl UfeKa (pliC. 98):
T 1 =Tcos,\-,; T 2 =Tsinl';
T =,,-900+ .
HanpH}KeHile B nO.l\mnKHO!I II1eKe ):\JlH CTaJlIl 35 [0]=
= 120 Mna:
Fc=
P p
z[ o r
TlJ,e z - tJIJCJIO 60JITOB.
JJ.Jlf£ CTaJlU MapKH CT5 [0']=60...70 Mna C }"JeToM He-
p .
paBlmMepHocTH paCIlpe):\eJIeHHf£ HarpY3KH II HanpH}!{eHIIH 01'
33TSDKI<:H 60JITOB.
PacnOpHOte nJlU1'b1. YCHJlHe B pacnopHoii nJlIlTe (pHc.97)
T=p/(2cosB),
M n T 2
o=W:I:p<[a]; M n =Tl12i
H
W.=lx!(h-Y).
r,ll,e Ix -MOMeHT flHepllHH nonepetJHoro Ce11eHI1H, CM'.
KoopJJ..HHaT3 I..{eHTpa T5DKeCTH rrOLII3H}J{I-IOH ll(CKH
(pHC. 99):
rpc B 78...82".
Hanpfl}!{eHile B
MbI
pacnopHoii nJlHTe KpIlBOJlHHeiiHOii op-
b I hi
Ix =3 +3blhi(Yf- Y)'T
3FiYl+F2Y2
3Ff+F,
bh
+ -+bh' ( Y-I' ) "
12 VB .
Pf = hI hi: F 2 = bh2'
0= O'cm + all; a=TIF+Mn/tYl n .
,QJIH npHMOJIHHeHHOM pacrropHOH nJIHTbI
0= Tp!Fo-
Y=
P3CJTOpnmI llJlHTa fIBJIHeTCH npe.ll.OXpaHHTeJIbHbIM YCT
poik'l'BOM H JI.0JDKIIa BblXO)..(HTb H3 CTpO.H rrpH rreperpY3Kax
pal-ICC JJ.pyrHx )..(eTaJIeH, n03ToMY paCCqHTbIBalOT ee npn
MeHbllIeM 3anace npO'lHOCTH Tp= (1,3...1,4) T.
4acTo pacrropHble nJIHTbI H3rOTaBJIHBalOT H3 qyrYHa
MapKH C415-32, ):\Jlf£ I{QTOpOrO 0,",=65...75 Mna. B He06-
XO.lI..HMbIX CJIytl8f1X pacnopHYIO ITJIHTY paCCQUTbIB810T H8 C:iKa M
Tile C yqeTOM rrpO):\OJlbHOro I13rn6a. JJ.Jlf£ KJlerraHOii pacnop-
OCb nOa611;J/CHOU UfeKll. OrropHaH peaKl!I1f£ B OCII rrO):\BH}!{-
HOll II1eKH (CM. pHC. 98):
R VR}, +R ;
R T . T 2 ; RQ QI/(l, + 1 2 ),
113rH68I01lIH>, MOMeHT (pliC. 100): 01' ):\ciicmYIoIUHX CHJI
M",=Ra/2, OT Beca rro):\BII}!{HOii II1eKH M H2 =Gai2.
0611J.HH MOMeHT, .QeHcTBYIOll(Hii Ha OCb rro.QBJDKHOH rueKI:I;
I Jle G -------"",Dce Ma{C08HK08. H; D -lJ)I3M Tp M3XOEi!1Ka, M;. N - MOI..It
IInCTb, paCXOD.YCMaH n3 D.p06.1IeHl1e, RBi; n - tlaCTOTa BpameHH.H 9KC-
Ill'lITpHKoBoro sana, Mllll- 1 .; b- K03$$Hl.lrrCHT HepaBHm.repHOCTll (6=
,OL..0,03).
1 / ., . M.
Mo= . Mil +MJ{ . G u =-<[G I1 J.
1 2 W u
,
> P
! 1
;
.fi
MaXOBUK. YpaBHeHHe MaXOBoro MOMeI-lTa:
GD2 88.10' N /(n' ).
12
PIIC. 97. CxeMR II: pac 'leT)' pacnop PIIC. 9B. Cxe:Ma K pac'leTY n(lJl.BH
H(lA DJJIIThi IloA m;elllf
147
246
)\H<\MCTP MaXOmma D=60v/(nn).
./I""('i,"ylO CKOpOCTb npHHllMalOT 15...20 M/C.
H.\ ypaBHcHliH MaXOBoro MOMeHTa onpe1\eJIfllOT Maccy
()(\()J(1\ MaXOBHKOB m G/g.
lIJIoll(a1\b nonepe-lBoro Ce'leHHlI 0601\a MaXOBliKa F =
=m/(2nDy), r1\e '1'- nJIOTHOCTb MeTaJIJIa, Kr/M 3 .
3a1\aBlllllCb umpliHoH 0601\a B, oope1\eJIHIOT TOJIll(llHY
h'=F/B.
3KCl{eflTpWWBblU BaA paCCQHTbIBalOT Ha OJ]..HOBpeMeHHoe
)].€HCTBMe H3fU6aIOIIJ.HX H Bpall(alOIIJ.erO MOMeHTOB, nO.9TOMY
o=Mnp/W, <;;[OR), 1\JIH CTaJIH 35X [OR] 160 Mna.
CTanUflG. nOrrepe'lHbJe CTeHI<H l{eJIbHOJIHTOH HJIH cBap-
HOM CTaHHIlbI pa6oTalOT Ha H3fH6, npoJJ..OJlbHbIe H3 O.ll.HO-
BpeMeHHoe )l.eHCTBHe pacTHfHBa-
IOll1..HX YCHJIHH It H3fH6alOll1.HX
MOMCHTOB.
np01\OJIbHble CTeHKll COOpHOH
CTaHHHbI pacc-quTbIBaIOT Ha pac-
T.HJKeHUe, a nonepe-qHbIe Ha B3-
rn6.
OnpeOeAe1iUe KpynHocTu Ufe-
'6HR. rpaUYJIOMeTpll'leCKHH COC-
TaB J\p06JIeHoro Op01\YKTa oope-
1\eJUleTCH 00 rpaq,IU<Y, 11306pa-
>KemIOMY Ha pliC. 101. B npollec-
cc J!pOOJICHHH Opll IllHpliHe pa3-
rpY30 l IlIoro OTBepCTHH d Mauc =
=e+s=60+20=80 MM 06pa-
sye'fCH Ma'fepllaJI KpymlocTblO
l
I!:III
h
1'11111
I
11111
y
111I
""
Pf!C. 99. CC'JI"IjJJC nO,D:BtJJKlloii
l11.Cl{lj
1111I
.
*I A ; : 'I;
.c 1 ,;iF
o
100
90
8D
- 70 l:;; So
"c:-;;;
SD f1:
. 50
4
30
2,
II 10
o 1
If
..
125
2, 50 75 100
,lJ,t/llMemp omOepcmuii t/Jm, MM
PIIC. 100. CxeMR K pac'Iery PIIC. 101. rpal}um 1I.JlH ()npe,neJlCHHiJ rpm!y-
(lCIl DO.D.BIUKHOA lQelm OMeTpH'leCKOTO C()CTRB!l 1I.p()6JJeuoro Mlne-
pl!aJla
I I"
248
11...5 MM 5% (TO'lKa I); 5...25 MM' (22-5)=17% (TO'I-
118 II); 25...50 MM (50-22) =28 % (TO'lKa III); 50...80 MM
(H5-50) =35 % (TO'lKa IV) H 60JIee 80 MM 15.%.
3BaH 'IaCOBYIO OpOll3BOJ\HTeJIbBOCTb J\p06UJIKH npH YC-
'raHOBJIeHBOM 3Ba'leBHH (e+s) H nOJIb3Y"Cb rpaqJllKOM rpa-
nYJIOMeTpHtJeCKoro COCTaBa t orrpeLl.eJUIIOT KOJIHtJeCTBO ll1..e6-
"" Ka>KJ\OH q,paKIlBH.
npHMep 30. OopeJ\eJIHTb OCHOBHble napaMeTpbl ll(eKOBoii
J\P0611JIKH C OpOCTblM Ka'laHlieM OOJ!Bll>KHOH ll(eKH. .L\POOH-
MblH MaTepllaJl- H3BeCTHHK: '1'=2000 Kr/M3; 0= 100 Mna,
E=45.\o' Mna. 9KCI1eHTpllCH'fe'f BaJIa r=25 MM; MllIIH-
MaJIbHblH 3a30p Me>KJ\Y ll(eKaMH e=60 MM; OTXOJ\ nOJ\BH>K-
BOH ll(eKU s=30 MM; pa3Mep 3arpY30'lHOro OTBepCTH" aX
Xb=500X800 MM; yrOJI 3aXBaTa a=20 0.
PemeHMe. '-lacToTa Bpall1.. eHHH .:m:CI..l eHTpHKOBoro B3JIa 110
q,opMYJIe (161) n=66,5vtg 20%.03=230 MHlr I . npu-
HHMaeM n=240 MHH- 1 .
06'"beM rrpH3MbI MarepHaJIa, BbIua)]..3JOI.1l,cro 113 30lIbI JJ.po-
6JIeHH.H 3a O)]..HH xo)].. no.u.BJUKHOH llI,eKH:
2e + s s 2.0,06 + 0,03 0,03
V=--b= OB=5.10-::I M :.:I.
2 IRa 2 Ig200'
np01l3BOJ\llTeJIbHOCTb J\P0611JlI{Ii OpH [.l=O,4 no q,opMYJIe
(162)
n = 60Vnft = 60.5.10- 3 .240.0,4 = 28,8 M'/q;
n = 28,8.2 57,6 T/-I.
KpynHocTb ll(e6H"
2e + s 2.0,06 + 0,03
d= = 2 O,075 M.
KpYOHOC'rb 3arpY>KeHllblX KaMHeH D=O,9a; D=O,9X
X500=450 MM.
MOll(1I0CTb opHBoJ\a no q,opMYJIe (163)
N = 100'.240.0,8 (0,45'- 0,075')
0,23.45.10"
III aTYH. MaKCliMaJIbHOe YCHJIHe, J\eHcTBYlOll(ee BJ\OJIb
m8TyHa,
37 I<BT.
6.10' N 6.10'.37
P 370000 H=370 ill.
rn 0,025.240
PaC'IeTHOe YCUJIlie P p =2 P=2.370=740 KH.
npllHIIMaeM p83Mepbl oOnepe'lHOrO Ce'leHll" rnaTYlia
"IXb,=IOOX600 MM; OJIOIl(a):(b F 1 =a,b,=O.IXO,6=
<=0,06 M 2 .
249
II
I
II
Ii
I
I
!I
II
1111
III1I
I
Hanp>UKeHue OT pacTHruBalOlI!U" cun
740.10"
ap=Pp!Ft= - 12,3 Mn.<[apl = 110...120 Mn..
0,06.10"
DJIOll1a):lb 60JITOB KpenJIeHHH roJIOBKU lUaTYIIa
P 740000
F =---E- = O,0014M't=14CM'J.
2 [a p ] 8.64.10"
DpUHHMaeM z=8.
MaTepuaJl 60JITOB CT5. [ap]=64 MDa.
BHYTpeHHui1 ):IHaMeTp 60JITa
d'= V 4: t = V:::: =4,2 CM=42 MM.
B COOTBeTCTBHU CO CTaH):IapTOM CT CaB 180-75 npHHHMa-
eM d=48 MM.
PaClWpHble nAUTbl. YCHJIUe, ):Iei1cTByroll1ee Ha pacnopHYIO
nJIHTY npH (:3=80°:
P 370 370
T =- = 1060 RH.
2cos 2 cos 80° 2.0 175
PaC'leTHOe YCHJIHe T p = 1,3 T= 1,3.1060= 1380 KH.
DpH pacnopHblx nJIHTax H3 ceporo 'IyrYHa CLl 15-32
[0,.,]=70 MDa nJIOll1a):lb nOnepe'lHoro Ce'leHHH nJIUTbi
Tp 1380000
F, - =0,0197 M'.
[OemJ 70.10 6
TOJllI1UIIa IIJIUTbl IIpH lUUpHHe b 2 =560 MM
F, 197
a=-- =-=3 5 eM,
b, 56 '
OKOHqaT€JIbHaH TOJIIIJ.HHa TIJIHTbI YTOqH.HeTC.H paCqeTOM,
YQI1TbmaIOll(IIM B03MO}KHbIll ee npO.QOJIbHbIH II3rH6.
HanpHMep nOCJIe YCTaHOBJIeHH.H BCeX OCHOBHbIX pa3Me-
pOB .n..P06HJIKH J]..JIJIH3 pacrropHOH TIJIHTbI OKa3aJIaCb paBHoli:
IH,, 420 MM, TOr):la paC'le'THaH ):IJIUHa Ip=lun=420 MM.
MOMeHT l1HepIUUf
b 56.3 5 a
12= = . = 193 CMs.
6 6
PaJJ..HYC HHepQHH nOnepeqHOrO ceqeHHH
V I; V 193
T= -= =O.98 CM.
F, 197
I 42
DpH ru6KOCTH 1.,=-.1'. =-=43 ):IJIH 'lyrYHa K03q,!jJH-
, 0,98
UHeHT <p=0.65 (CM. Ta6J1. 10).
250
HanpHlKeHHe 1J pacnopHoi1 DJlUte
Tp 1380000
-ocm=-= =1-06 MDa,
'I'F, 0,6.0,0197 .10"
'ITO 8Ha'lUTeJIbHO npeBblluaeT ):IorrycKaeMYIO BeJIH'IHHY
[O"cmJ =70 MDa. Tpe60BaHHHM npO'lHOCTU Y):IOBJIemOpHeT
TOJIll(MHa IIJIHTbI
F,
a , =-. F ,
b, '
Tp
«P [G cm ]
b=560 MM=56 CM.
1380 000
- 0 03 M 2 = 300 CM 2 .
0,65.70-10"' .
300
a =-=54 CM.
2 56 .
IlpH KRerraHOH pacrropHOH nnHTe rrno a b nOrrepeqHOrO
CeqeHHH 3aKJlenOK F,=Tp/["tcp]; K031j>qmUHeHT 3anaca
npo-qHOCTH fIa cpe3 3aKnerrOK npHHHMalOT nOHHJKeHHhIM
ks= 1,5. TaR I{aK 3aI{nenKH - npe oxpaHHTenbHbIe YCTpOit-
cma. ):LonYCKaeMoe HarrpHlKeHHe ["tcpJ ="tnp'A/k., ):IJIH 3a-
KJIerrOl< H3 eTaJIH CT3 ["tcp] =0.8 O"n=O,8.400=320 MDa;
320
["tcpJ= - =214 MDa.
1,5
1380 000
Fa = 214.10 6 0,0064 M'.>. = 64 CM 2 .
npHHHMa.H tJHcno 38I{JIerrOI{ z=8, no.rryI1HM HaMcTp o.ll.
HOM 3aKJIenKH
r 4F. V 4.64
d.= V -= -=3,18cM,
23' 8.3,14
npHHHMaeM d.=32 MM.
ll00611{)fCHafl /./.Ie/w. ):LJI>lHa
a-e 500-60
1=
sin a
nO,lJ,BH>KHOH ru,eI<H
440
- = 1300 MM.
0.34
sin 20°
PaCCTOHHHe OT MeCTa rrpHJlOlKeHHH HarpY3KH (puc. 98)
1,=0,33/=0,33.1300=430 MM. YroJi '1'=(:3+00-90°=
=80°+20°_90"=10°. YCHJIUH, ):Iei1cmylOlI1He Ha nO):lBHlK-
nylO lI1eKY:
T, = TcosV = 1060 co, 10° = 1060.0,98 = 1040 RH;
T, = T sin V = 1060 sin 10° = 1060.0,173 = 184 RH;
I 1,3
Q=T,- =1040-=3160 RH.
I, 0,43
MHKCHMaJlbHblH H3m6a101I1Hi1 MOMeHT M u =T,12=T,(/-1J) =
-1040 (1,3-0,43) =910 KHM.
251
II
II
I
II!
11111
ili
\",11' ..
OpHHHMaeM pa3Mepbl nonepe'moro Ce'leHHH ll\eKH (p'HC.
99): b=800 MM=80 CM; b,=120 MM=12 CM; h.=,
.=240 MM=24 CM; h 2 =120 MM=12 CM; h=h,+h2=,240-t:'
ct-120=360 MM=36 CM. '
OJIOll\a):\b nOnepC'IHoro CCqeHHn ll\CKH F=F 2 +3F 1 : Ft=
=b,h,=12.24=288 CM 2 ; F 2 =bh 2 =80.12=960 CM 2 ; F=
=960+3.288=1824 CM 2 =O,1824 M 2 .
PaccToHHHH OT U.eHTpOB n!:meCTH CeqeHHH .110 OCM X-X:
Yi 0.5hl+h2=O,5.24+12 24 eM; y,=O,5h,,=O,5.12=6eM.
PaCCTOHHHe OT Kpan CCqeHHH ):\0 OCH X-X
Y F 2 y,+3F,Yi 960.6+3.288.24 _
F Ig -M
MOM€HT HHepI..lHH IIJIOll(a.ll.H nOnepCqHOrO ceqeHH.H OTHO.
CHTeJlbHO OCB X-X
a 3
hi hi bh....
Ix 3 +3fi{y,-Y)2+ 12" +F,{Y -Y2)'=
12.24' 80.12'
3 +3.288{24-14,5)'+ +800{14,5-6)2=
= 41600 + 78 000 + II 540 + 58 000 189 140 eM'.
MOMCIIT ConpOTHBJI€HH.H rrOrrepeqHOrO CeqeI-IH.H H3rH6y
.. Ix 189140
W x =-= 8800 cM'=O,0088 M'.
. h-Y 36-14,5
II;'llIpH}KCHU€ B ru,eI<:e
M fl T 2 910000
ao= ::f::-= ::I:::
W x F 0,0088.10'
184 000
0,1824.10'
OCb nOaBU HOU UleKU. HarpY3Ka, ):\cikmYIOll\aH Ha OCb
not/.BluKHOH lUeKIt B npou.ecc J.lp06JIeHHH:
Q (I -1]) 3160 (130 - 43)
RQ 1 130
OpHHHMaeM ):\JlHHY UleeK OCH Im=200 MM, paCqeTHan
):\JIHH3 OCH (pHC. 100) I p =O,5/ lli :t: b +O,5/ lli =O,5.200+
+800+0,5.200 = 1 000 MM.
LLJIHHa ll\eKH C rOJloBlwiJ I"!",,, 1,2/=1,2.1,3=1,56 M.
06'bCM ll\CKH Vllj=FIllj=O,1824.I,56=O,29 M 3 . Macca
ll\CKH mllj=V,,,y=O,29.7800=2300 Kr. Bcc ll\CKH C yqe-
TOM BCCa ):\p06nll\eil nJIHTbI Ollj = 1,25 mlljg=I,25.2300X
X9,8=28 000 H=28 KH.
"=
105 MITa <[un] = 120 MITa " R CTa"H 35.
2120 RH.
252
C He60JIblIlJlM 3anaCOM npOtJHOCTM C'lMTaeM, 'lTO HanpaB"
JI€HMH lI.e:H:CTBlUI CHJ1 R Q H Om, B3aHMHO nepneI-IJJ..HKYJIHpHbI,
TOrJJ.B 06I.IJ.aH clt JIa, .n..eHCT BYIO I.IJ.a.H Ha OC b UO,lJ.BMJKHOH I.IJ.eI<:ltl
R = 1/ R + G V212()2+28' 2122 KH.
HarpY3I<:a Ha OCb rrepe,lJ.aeTC.H qepea nO,lJ,IllHnHMKH, H8X0lI..H"
ll\HCCH OT OIlOp Ha paCCTOHHHH a=O,25 I p =O,25.1000=
=250 MM=O,25 M_ I-T3rn6aJOll\Hll MOMeHT, ):\ellCTBYJO[]jHll B
1IJ10CKOCTH paBHo):\ellCTBYIOll\ell: M n =O,5 R.a=O,5.2122X,
XO,25=265 "H'M. .
LLHaMeTp OCH
3r
d, V
M n
0,1 [unl
):\JIH CTaJIU 45X C TepM006pa60TI{Qll ):\OIlYCKaeMOe HanpmKe<
Bite na M3rMO
(Jupe;JJ; 1030
IUn] = 344 MDa,
3r 265000
d V 0,19 M.
0= 0,1.344.10 0
IIpl1HHMaeM d o =200 MM.
MaXOBUKU. Yp8BHeHHe MaXOBoro MOMeHTa
88.10' N
GD'=
n'
OpmIHMaH OKpY>KHYJO CKOpOCTb l1a 060):\c MaXOBHI<3
0=15 M/C, 1I0JIY'IHM
60v 60.15
D=-= - I,2M.
nn 3 14.240
3CC8 M8XOBHKOB
G 88.IO'N 88.10'.37
m- - = 1630 Kr.
---g - gD'n"6 9,81.1,2 2 .240 3 .0,01
nJIOI.IJ.3.n..b CeqeHH.H o6o.n..a o.n..Horo MaXOBHKa
m 1630
F = -= =0,028 M'=280 CM'.
2nDr 2.3,14.1,2.7800
OpH lllHpHHe 060)(a 8=200 MM=20 CM ero TOJlll\HHa
COCTaBHT:
F 280
h'=-=-= 14 CM=140 MM.
B 20
aKCljeHTpUKOBbtU BaA. Ha 3KCl!CHTpUKOBblll BaJl .1lellCT-
"YIOT: YCIIJlHe B l!JaTYHe P=370 KH, BeC MaXOBUKOB OM=
253
,
III
I II
II
!
11111 1
I
r
I
I
II,
'J,I
I
I
", 6}
"N "N "N
t, jp
R. J p
1 2
t s
PHC. 1fJ2 CXCMLI R onpCJJ;CJ1CHUfO pa31\fCpOB aJI Melll'OB 9KCU;CUTIJlIKOI'JOrO BaJIa
a - JJ.l1aMeTpa Bana; 6 - .l1UaMeTpa rnCfiKI1 no,!!; nO.D.liIHnHHI<
=1,2.0,5.mg=I,2.0,5.1630.9,81=9650 H=9,65 RH, YCH-
Jme n peMeHHoil rrepeJ\aqe Sp (pHC. 102). l1ocJIeJ\Hee MOlli-
HO CqHTaTh B CTOPOHY YBeJIHqeHHfI H3m6alOIl{erO MOMeHTa.
!\p}'TflIl{Hii MOMCHT Ha BaJIy
N 37
M p = 9550-= 9550- = 1470 H."
u n 240 .
flepcJ\aBacMoc pCMeHHoil rrepeJ\aqeil YCHnHe
2M. p 2.1470
Po= =-=2460 H=2,46 RH.
D 1,2
YClinHC OT pCMeHHoii rrcpeJ\aqH Sp =SHao+Sco = 3P o =
=3.2460=7380 H=7,38 RH. .
PaCQCTHafl J\nHHa Bana Ip=l 000 MM, rrpHHHMaeM J\nH-
HY mcill<H 2[2=200 MM, paCCTOflHHfI 1 1 =[,-1 2 =200 MM,
1,=[1+[2=200+100=300 MM.
M6=0; -0,,(/ p +/ 1 )+ RAl p - P.O,5/ p - Sp I 1 -J.-
1
+OM I, = 0; R A = 1 [OM (lp+ If) +O,5Pl p +S p If-OM 1;]=
p
I
1 [9,65'(1 + 0,2) + 370.0,5.1 + 7,38.0,2 -9,65.0,2J
= 196,15 RH.
v13m6alOIl{Hii MOMCHT
111 M =- OM (11 +O,5/ p ) + R A .O,51p =-9,65 (0,2 +0,5.1) +
+ 196,15.0,5.1 = 89,3 I<!-:IM
KpYTflIl{Hii MOM€HT Ha Bany M Kp = 1,47 RHM.
IlpHBeJ\CHHbl ii MOMe HT Ha Bany
M np = V M +M;p=V89,3 +I,47'=8\i,-4 KHM.
25'1
,
JJ.uaMeTp BaJIa J\J!S[. CTaJ!U 35X
npu
0Dpen 0 9 450" 0,45.916
luHI =- k = - 3
3 .
= 136 MIla.
,'I M ,'I 89400
dB = V 0,1 ['::.,] V 0,1.136-10'
= 0,18 M.
flpHHHMaCM d B =200 MM.
JJ.HaMCTp mcillm Bana dill ",,(0.8...
...0,9) dB =0,9.200= 180 "MM. .
MOMeHT, u3ru6alOIl{HH ll1eHKY OT-
HOCHTeJIbHO TeJIa HaJIa, Mn=RE 1 2 --
-GMI,+Sp[,.
OrrOpHafl pCaRl!HfI
R6=2G,,+P-Sp- R A = 2. 9,65+
+370-7,38-196,15= 186 RH.
Mu = 186.0,1-9,66.0.3+7,38.0,3 =
= 17,9 RH.".
HanpSDKeHHe, B03HHKalOmee B Ma-
TepH3JI€ meHKH DaJIa:
M n 17900
au = 0 Id3 = 0,1.0,18 8 .10 6
, M
h
x
PHC. 108. CXCM8 noncpc"l.
Horo ccqeHDQ CTeHKH CTa-
HIIUb!
= 30,6 MIla <[un' = 136 MIla.
CTaflUfla. CqlnaeM, qTO CTaHHH8
c60pHafl H HMeeT cJIeJ\YIOIl{He pa3MC-
phi rrOrrCpCqHOrO CCqeHHfI CTCHKH (pHc.103) :
h 1 =16 CM; b 2 =126 CM; h 2 =12 CM. 3HaqUT;
F 1 =bihi = 10.16 = 160 CM 2 ;
F, = b, II" = 126.12 = 1512 CM';
F = 4F, + F, = 4.160 + 1512 = 2152 CM';
II=II,+II, 16+ 12=28 C".
b 1 = 10 CM;
!\oopJ\HHaTbI l!eHTpa 7f1lliCCTH
y, = II" + 0,511, = 12 + 0,5.16 = 20 CM;
Y2 = O,5h 2 = 0.5.12 = 6 CM;
4F f y, +F"y, 4.160.20+ 1512.6 = 10 eM.
Y - F - 2152
OMeHT HHepl!Hu rrOrrepeqHOrO CeqCHHH
55
1I,lilll
11111
,.
b h 3 b h 3
Ix=4-L! + 4F dYt- Y )'+ -.!2. +F.(Y -y,)'=
12 12
=4 10.15' + 4. [50 ( 20 -(0 ) 2 + 126.12'
12 [2 + 1512 (10 - 6)' =
= 115 100 CM'.
oMeHT corrpoTHBneHH nOrrepeQHOrO CeqeHHH
W _ _ 116100
H- h _ y - 28-10 - 6440 cM'=0.0064 M'.
J].onYCl{aeMOe HanpmKeHHe Ha U3fH6 J\JUI CTaJIH 35Jl
[ iY _ urrpe,lJ; 0,46.530
UH] - k, 2,4 = 102 MOa.
113ru6a101l1HH MOMeHT
Ql 0,8
M H =- =3160- =632 KHM=632000HM.
4 4
HanpHJKeHHe B MaTepHaJIe CT€HI<:H cTaHllHbr
M n 632 000
au = II'H 0,0064.10 6 98,4 lvffia < ["H] = 102 MOa.
I(OHYCHble J\P06UJIKH. OpOH3BOJ\HTeJIbHOCTb J\P06HJII{H,
M'/q
fl=6OVnll,
(165)
r.u..(' V - 061>CM M3TCpn3J1a, Dbma.u..a'OIl.(CfO "3 30RbI JJ:p06JIeHIUI 330.ll..HH
o61ljJ(fI' .;J1{t'U.CIITPHIW[lOfO CT3({8Ha, f1'13.
Ii CXOOflble OaflHble fC npu,Mepy 30
HOMCI)
8JJ;flUliS1
'.MM I a,rpM I
,lJ;p061!MbIfi MaTe-
pHaJI
r, MM
e, MM
I 20 35 20 20 I-hBecTHHS
2 25 60 15 18 DeCqaHHK
3 30 180 20 20 2 aHHT
4 25 120 25 18 eCItaHHK
5 20 40 15 22 HSBCCTHHK
Ilpo8oAfJlCeHue
HOMep v, KrIM u, Mna E, 1.10 3 Mna aXb, MM
sa,nmwsl
1 2000 60 35 250 X 400
2 2400 80 50 400 X500
3 2700 120 60 900 X 1200
4 2400 100 50 600 X 900
5 2000 70 45 250 X900
256
J].JIH J\P06UJIKII C KPYTblM J\P06HIl1I1M KOUYCOM
2r (e + r) "Dcp
v= .
tg , + tg ,
r,ne n - qaCTOTa ElpameHH.H .3KClieH TpHKQBOrO CT aK3Ha 3a O)IHY MHHYTY:
n 66,5 v tg i tgB, ; (166)
f..t - K09q)(pUIJ;HeHT. YQHTbIBaIOIl.(HH H81rH<IHC nycToT Me}l{D.y KaMHHMH
B 30Re ,lI.po{)JIeHHH (fl O,3...0.7); e-ycTanoBneHIIblfr sa30p Me>K.ny.npo-
6HlllJIMU KOHYC8MU, M; r - 8KCueI-ITpUCHTeT nOlJ,BlUKI-Ioro D.p06HlUero KO-
Hyca M. s=2r-OTKJIOHeHHe nOlJ,BH>KHOrO APo6HIl.(ero KOHyca 3a 0,5
060P T8' 8KCueI-ITpHKOBOro cT3K8Ha, M; Dcp - cpeP:HI'IU ,lI.UaMCTp pag-
rpy30QHOrO KOJIbIJ;eBoro OTBepCTl1H, 111; D cp =D J1 +O.5(2e+s); DH
HfUKHHH D.HaMeTp nO)J,BmKHoro D.po6H e.ro Konyca, M; f3t H fho - yrJlbi
HaKJIOH8 P:P06RIl.(HX nOBepxHocTeH nO,lI.BH>KIIOrO Ii Heno.u..BH>KHOrO KOHY-
COB K BepnlKa.IH.
J].,"H J\p06I1,"OK C nOJIOfIlM J\p06HIl1HM KOHYCOM
V nDcpdl,
rlJ,e d=e+O,5s - LlHaMeTp D.po6ne[{Oro KaMHH; l= (O,07...0,08)D u -
.u..JIHHa 30HbI napaJI.'1eJIbHOCTH; DJI."""" D cp .
qacTOTa Bpall1eHIIH nOJ\BH>KHOrO l{oHyca n=30 y ctgfjJ{l,
fJ\e fjJ - yrOJI HaKJIOHa J\po6Hll1eH nOBepXHOCTH BHYTpeHHe-
fO KOHyca K fOPH30HTY.
MOll1.HOCTb. I<:BT. SaTpaQHBaeMa.H Ha .n..po6lleHHe KaMH.H:
0 2 nDcp (D2 - d 2 )
0,073£
BaJII{OBbIe I\P06UJIKU. MaKCIIMaJIbHaH KpynHocTb J\po-
6uMoro MaTepHaJIa 3aBHCHT OT JJ.H3MeTpa .n..po6.Hll1.HX B3JI-
IWB, COCTO.HIIH5I HX rroBepxHocTH H 3asopa Me)K.n..y BaJII{aMH:
n p H I'JI8):umx BaJIKax d ( ... ) D + e"
20 25 .
n p n P HQJJIeHbIX BaJIKaX d ( .. ° .-!- ) D + eo
10 12 '
IIPH 3y6q8TbIX B8JIKaX d ":"' (+ 00 ° +) D + e.
N
(167)
llpOH3BOJJ.HTeJIbHOCTb BaJIKOBOH JJ.p06H '1I{H. MSjQ,
[J 3600 (e + 5) LVf', (168)
r.u..e e - paCCTOJIHHe MC>J{.n.y BaJIK8MlI; S - OTXOD. nOlJ,BIDKHOrO B8J!Ka
(.u..mI TBep.u..bIx MaTCpHaJ.iOB s O,25e, l(JIJI MJIrKHX 11 xpynKHx M8TepH8-
JIOB s O,002"..O,004M); L-l(JIHH3 BaJIK8; V-oKpY.>KHmi CKOpOCTb H3
o6o.u..e B8JIKa; D - lJ,HaMeTp BaJIKa; f.t - K09$$nIJ;HeHT, ytIHTbIB31OIl.(HU:
H3JIHQUC nycToT Me}KlJ,Y KaMHHMU (f.t O,2...005).
17-449
257
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III.
II
.IIIJHMep 31. Onpel!eJ!IITb npbIl3EoJJ,IITeJIbHOCTb BaJIKO-
noli )\j>o(),JJI[<H IJ lJe06xoJJ,IJMYIO JJ,JIJI ee pa60TbI M01l\HOCTb
HnOJJ,lIbIe JJ,aHHbIe:. JJ,lIaMeTp BaJIKOB D 600 MM; JJ,JIIIH;
naJIKOB L:=400 MM; paCCTOJlHlle Me>Kl!y BaJIKaMII e=20 MM;
JJ,p06HMbIlI MaTeplJaJI - rpaHHT, '1'=2700 Kr/M 3 . 0=
= 130 MOa; £=60.10 3 MOa. '
PemeHlle. JJ,lIaMeTp 3arpY>KaeMbIX KaMHeii
_ ( I ) ( 1 1 )
d- 20 ... 25 D+e 20 .., 25 600+20= 50 MM.
4aCTOTa Bpall(eI-IH.H BaJIKOB
I
1\
I
n 308 ' I f =308' I 0,4
JI yrR JI 2700.0,025.0,3 43 06/M"H,
e f=0,4 - K?3 qmu eI-IT TpeH H .n.po6HMoro M8Tepmm3 0 nOBepx"
IOCTb B8J1KOB, r=O,:Jd=O,S.O,OD=O,025 M; .R=05D=05.06=03 M
OpllHHMaeM 11=0,3, 8=3 MM=O,003 M. ' " , .
ORpY>KHaJl CKOpOCTb !la 060JJ,e BaJIKa
nDn 3,14.0,6.43
v W 60 -1,35 M/C.
TJpOH3BoJJ,HTem,noCTb BaJIROBOii JJ,p06HJIKIl no <jJopM Y JIe
(IG!»
1/ 3600 (0,02 + 0,003).0,4.1,35.0,3 = 13,5 M')q.
J1CXOOflbte OmUlble K npwtepy 81
" I I I _
I:
<>' > . nonepxHocTb Jlp06lJMbIi'i _ >:
o. . . I:
.- . . mJJJKOB MlJ.'repmIJI 9 >:
0" 1>
o: <5 ..; .; '" .; .-
"''''
1 480 500115 Pe6pJICT3H DeC'l3HHK 2100 50 35
2 500 600 25 r JJ3,W{8H I13sccTHHK 1600 60 40
3 600 750 20 Pe6pHcT3f1 rpaHHT 2600 120 60
4 800 710 30 To me TIeC'laHHK 2000 100 60
5 1000 800 20 » .M.paMop 2400 80 55
37. CopmpOBO'lHble MamMHb/
fPOXOTbI CJIY>KaT JJ,JIJI pa3JJ,eJIeHHJI KaMeHHblX MaTepMa-
JIOB no KpynHocTH. OHIJ pa3JJ,eJI>lIOTC>I Ha nJIOCRHe H UHJIIJHJJ,-
pH'IecKHe. OJIOCRHe rpOXOTbI oblBalOT: KOJIOCHHKOBbIe (He.
258
f . 104. CxcMa pachOJlO1KeHUS CUT
'I( pcmcT B rpoxOTilX
I
nOJl.BMJKHbIe II nO.nBH}KHbIe) t
nHepI..lHOHMble, 9KClI.eHTpHKO
Bble. OpOCeHBaIOII\lJe nOBepX-
HOCTH rpOXOTOB MOrYT 6bITb
06pa30BaHbI I{OJ10CHHK3MM,
perneTaMH H CHTaMH. OHn
MOryT 6bITb pacnOJIO>KeHbI
no ol!HofI H3 Tpex cxeM (pHC.
104).
npOH3BO.ll.HTe '1bHOCTb, M 3 /1J.,
TIJ10CI{OfO rpoxoTa MO}KHO
onpe.neJIHTb OT.n€JIbHO .lI.JIH
Ka>KJJ,oro CHTa no q,opMYJIe
[J = ABFqk, k"
2L _ ...:!!I!._
3--.--::It:'_--_::::I
1I J:.=--=-..='='::::I
IiO
m-=---=--=-"=:'=--=--=
rq;"j--=--====S
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1fI
(169)
r.n.e A - K09<!J<!JHI..!.HeI-IT, yqffTbIBalOI.U.HH B.T:!HHHlle <!JOpMbI 3epCH COPTH-
PycMoro MaTepHaJIa (1 - tJ;J1H rp8Bl1H, 0,8 H 0,65 - t{JIH cyxoro rpo
XOqeHllfI COOTBeTCTBeHHO rp8BliHHO-neC(WIIOii CMeCM II pa3tJ;po6JIenHOrO
M8TepM8na); B-K09<!J<!JHIJ.lIeHT, YQl1TblB81OlllHH BJIHHHHe yrJI8 H8KJIOH8
rpoxoT8 (1 II 0,625 COOTBeTCTBeHHO npM ropH30HH1JIbHOM If H8KJIOHHOM
rpoxOT8x); F - nJIOIll8lJ,b CHT8, M 2 ; q - y.n.eJIbH8n rrpoH3Bot{HTcJIbHOCTb
1 M 2 Cl1T8, M 3 Jq ('faun. 72); k i - K03$$mmeHT, YQHTblB81OI.U.HH: npo-
IJ.CHTHoe co.n.ep.>KaHHe MeJIKOii <!JP8KUHH B M8TepJi8JIe. nocTynaIOll.(cM
1I8 npOCeHBaIoI.U.YIO nOBepxHocTb (Taun. 73); k 2 - KO.9<j)$nIJ.neHT. ytm.
TblB8lO111HH npOIJ.eHTHOe COt{ep}K8HHe B MeJIKOH cfJp8Kl!HH 3epCH Kpyn-
HOCTblO HO nOJIOBHHHOro pa3Mep8 9TOH <!JpaKIJ.HH ('fa6n. 74).
o pH BJIa>KUOCTH MaTep'f!lJIa 3...5 % npoH3BoJJ,HTe.%-
HOCTb rpoxoTa Ha Cl'iTaX C M€J1KHMH oTBepcTHHMH (.no
25 MM) pe3Ko CHH>KaeTCJI. TJpH rpOXO'leHHH C oJJ,HoBpeMen-
HOM npoMbIBKOH MaTepHaJ1a npoH3BO.ll.HTeJIbHOCTb rpoxo-
TOB C MeJ1KHMH oTBepcTHHMH B03pacTaeT B 1,5 pa3a.
npltMep 32. OnpeJJ,eJIIJTb nOTpe6HbIe nJIOIl\aJJ,It CIJT rpo-
XOTa, paCnOJIOJKeHHbIx no cxeMe II (pHC. 104), HCnOJIb3YJl
<jJOpMYJIY (169). OpOH3BoJJ,HTeJIbHOCTb rpoxOTa 10 M 3 /'I.
CopTHpyeMbIii JJ,pOOIJMbIfI MaTepHaJI "pymJOcTblO: 11.0
2,5 MM-3 %; 2,5...5 MM-4 %; 5...10 MM -4 %; 10...
20 MM-15 %; 20...25 MM -14 %; 25...50 MM - 25 %; 60-
JIee 50 MM - 35 %. fPOXOT HaKJIOHHbIiL
PemeHMe. TJJIOIl\aJJ,b CHTa C H'IeiiKaMH 20 MM
F 20 = 10 = 0,9 JIl2,
0,65.0,625.42.0,7.0,94
rt{e hi =0,7, TaR KRK 3epeH I(pynuoCTbK1 tJ;o 20 MM: B Ma1'epm:iJIe, no-
cTynaKi:w:eM Ha CliTO, CO.u..ep>KHTCH 26 %, - 2,6 1vI3-; k 2 =0,94. TaK KaK
17'
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JIQBHHHOro pa3Mepa-,no 10 MM-l,l M'\ IlTO COCT3BJUIeT OT 2,6 M S _
42,4 %.
nJIOlI\a.l\b eUTa e "qeiiImMH 5 MM
2,6
F, - - 0.52 M'.
0,65.0,625.18.0,73.0,94
flJ,C k i =0,73- MaTepHana KpynHocTbIO .no 5 MM HMeeTCH 0,7 M". [{TO
OT 2,6 M 3 COCT3BJIHeT 27 %; k 2 =O,94-3epeH KpynHocTblO .no 2,5 MM
B HHH<HeH <!JpaKuHH. cooTBeTcTBYIOlueii 0,7 M S , COAep>KHTCH 0.3 M3
UJIll 43 %.
nJIOlI\a.l\b eHn e "qeHKaMH 50 MM
7,4
F = =033M 2
60 0,65.0,625.70.0,94-0,86 ' ,
flJ,€ hi = 0,94 - WlTepn3n3 KpyrrHocTbIO ]1,0 50 MM HB CHTO nOCTynaeT
3,9 M:!, "'ITO COCT3B.TUIeT OT 7,4 M S 52,7 %; k 2 = 0.86 - B HlUI\HeH <!JpaK.
URH (3,9 M 8 ) sepeH KpynHocTblO MeHee nOJIOBHHHOro pa3Mepa (MeRee
25 MM) CO ep}KHTCH 1.4 M 3 , QTO COCTaBJI.HCT 36 %.
n POU3BO.l\HTeJIbHOeTb !.\UJlHH.l\pHqeCKOrO rpOXOTa, T{q,
n = 3600Fv o ft'\',
(170)
r.u..e F - nnou{aDJ> nOnepeqHOrO CeqeHHH c;rIOH M8TepHana B rpoxOTe, M Z :
2 J-
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3
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B o.rlb ocn rpOXOT3. M/C:
vo v tg 2,, O,105 Rn tg 2a,
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pHan8. . '
261
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24 » II fOpH30HT3JIb" JIO '\aR . yeJIDER"
I Hoe npHMepa
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:q :0 70 rpo OTa. llcxol\Hb;e l\aHHble: I\HaMeTp 6apa6 :
MM, COpTHpyeMblH MaTepHaJi - rpaBlIH K rr
HOCTblO 1\0 50 MM, 06"beMHasI Macca "1'= 1700 Kr!M3. py -
H8KJIOHa OCM rpOKOTa a=80. t yrOJI
PemeHne. TOJllL\HHa CJlO!! MaTepUaJla B 6a p a6aHe h =
=2d 2.50= 100 MM=O,I M.
DJIoll1.a.lLb rrOrrepeQHOrO ceqeHHH CJIOH
MaTepBaJia COpTupyeMoro
F = 1,9 V Rh' = 1,9 V 0,5.0,87.0,1'=0,04 M'.
lJ.acTOTa BpalL\eHH!! 6apa6aHa
8 14
V 0,435 V 0,435
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12...21 M1IIr'.
DpnHnM8eM n= 18 MHH- 1 .
CKOpOCTb I\BlDKeHuli MaTepn8J1a BI\OJlb ocn rpoxOTa
v.= O,105.0,435.18.lg 16° = 0,235 M/c.
DpOn3BOl\nTeJlbnOCTh rpoxOTa
n = 3600Fv.I' = 3600.0,04.0,235.0,7 = 23,4 M'I..
ll=23,4.).7=40 T/..
262
11 CXOaUble iJaflftble " npu..Mepy 3.3
HOM-ep sa)t.8IIHH D.MM a. rpaJt. d,MM ". Kr/M
I 600 7 40 1800
2 700 8 50 1700
3 1000 10 60 1800
4 900 8 45 1900
5 800 7 35 1700
38. CMeCItTeJlbHl.e MamnH'.
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CMeClneJIbHhIX MallIHHax, KOTOpl:de B 33BHCHMOCTH OT xa-
paKTepa rrepeMellIHBaHBIi MaTepHaJia pa3l\eJllllOTC!! Ha CMe-
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paMa (ycTaHaBJlHBaeMali CTal(HOHapHo HJlB rrepeI\BH>KHall),
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3arpY3Ka CMeCHTeJlbHblX MallIBH MO>KeT !lpOH3BOI\HTbCH
H3 6YHKepoB, a T3K)Ke c rrOMOll1.bJO KOBIllOBbIX nO.lL'beMHH-
KOB. Pa3rpY}KaIDTCH CMeCfITeJIbHbIe MalliHHbI OrrpOKH.lLhIBa-
lHleM CMeCHTeJIbHOrO 6apa6aH3, HaKJIOHOM era, oTJ{phIBa
HlteM JlIOKa B CMeCHTeJlbHOM 6apa6aHe, BBOI\OM pa3rpY30Q-
HurD JIOTK3 B 6apa6aH liJIn H3MeHeHHeM HarrpaBJIeHHH
BpalI1eHHH CMeCHTeJlbHOrO 6apa68Ba.
DpOH3Bo.lLHTeJIbHOCTb CMeCHTeJIbHblX M311IHI-l, M 3 /'i, rre-
pHOI\HQeCKoro l\eHCTBHH onpel\eJlHeTCIi cjJOPMYJlOH
ll= Vnpnk/lOOO,
(171)
f,Ae V up - np0Ii3Bo.nCTBeHH3f1 HMeCTHMOCTb CMeCIITe:rlbHorQ oapa6aH8
(cY\IMa o61,eMoB ;;:-YXHX 1aTepHaJtoB. "TIOTpet'5I1b1X J];JIH npMrOTOBJIeHHfl
oARoro saMeca). M; k-Ko3l ij):HItMelIT _ BbIXO,A3 CMeCM (06bIQHO k=
=0.66...0,7,!1;JIB 6eToHoB. k=O,85...0,95 JlJISl pacTBopoB); n-QHCJIO 38-
MeCOB B 1 q:
n = 3600f(tf + I, + 1 3 ),
(172)
S,AeCI, if - BpeMS!:
lUl-!BaI-Hm CMeCli
(20...50 c).
sarpY3KH 6apa6aHa (15...30 c); t.z-BpeMH nepeMe-
(60...150 c); ts BpeMH paarpY3KH 6apa6aH3
2&3
Illill
III
°1
1'1
MOIIJ;HOCTb rrpHBO}1a C
cn lUll{ CYMMa M{)lnHOCTe eCHTeJIbHbIX MalllliH OnpeJI.eJiSleT
rpyaOQHOrO ROBllIa C MaTe' aaTpallHBaeMblX Ha n0.ll'beM 3a
THBJIeHH H onopHl.X EJJ!eE:I :OM, Ha npe0}10JIeHHe conpo-
THBJIeHHH nepeM€IllHBaHHI ax, Ha npeO.llo.rreHHe corrpo--
Mo 0 cMecn.
Ill.HOCTb, aaTpaqHBaeMaH Ha nOTI'be M
KOBIlla, KBT: A aarpyaOqHOrO
l'
!I
II
II
N, = 28v/1000,
r,ne S - YCHJJlle E lJO,A'beMHOM KaHaTe B , '
nOll'bCMHoro K H-IaTa. M/c. .
v - CKOpOCTb ,ABH:mCHlUi
(173)
MOl HOCTb, a3Tpalll.fBaeM8H
qeHHH Me>K}1Y pOJ!Ima H fIa rrpe0}10JIeHHe TpeHHH Ka-
M H orropUbIMH 6aH.llalKaMM, KBT:
N, = Mn/9550,
(]74)
r,ne M - MOMCHT ClIJI
B.M: COnpOTHBJICHHII BpmU.CHHIO on opll <> x 6 .
Di aHlI3>KCH,
M G6+G M k
- cos c r (R+r),
3,AeCb G6 - Bee CMCCHTeJIbHoro 6a a6 .
pH CMeCHTe.J1bHoro 6apa6aHa" IJ- P aHa, OM - Bee MaTepHaJIa HHYT-
COe,AHlUlIOUJ.cii l{eHTp 6apa6a yrOJ] HaKJJOHa K BepTl1KaJJH JIHHHlJ
k-KO.9tp$HLJ;lICHT TpeIUU! Ka H HueI 0°1l;HOrO 1-:13 onopHbIX KBTKUB;
,liCpJRHBamUJ.HX pOJJHKOB . I? (- ,02...0,07); r - pa1l;HYC n01l;-
BpaUJ.elIlUI 6apa6ana, MH1: _tM, - pa1l;HYc 6aH1I;aJRa, M; n -llaCTOTa
MOllJ,HOCTb, SaTpall BaeMaR
JI€HHii B nO,lLIllHrrHHKaX non TI Ha npeO.llOJIeHHe cOnpOTHB-
ep)KHB3IOII1HX KaTKOB KBT:
N s = M 1 n' /9550, ,
(]76)
(]75)
T1I;C M' - MOMeHT CUJI
KETKOB, H'M:
conpOTHBJJeHHfI
apall!.ClIHlO nO,li))(>p)1{HB8IOIllHX
M' _ G6+G M d
- cosr ic f 2 , (]77)
3,lieCL f - KO.9tp4>Hl1.MeI-IT TpellHH B OC.HX no
n01l;1IIl1nHHKax I<BYl('EHJI (f O 002 0003 ) .,li1l;ep>KI1E3IOIllHX pOJIHROB np"
n3TKoB. M. . ..., ,d - .lI.H8MeTp OCll onopHblx
MOll1.HOCTb, 33Tpa1lHBaeM
eHHii B nO}1IllHnHHKax OC aH fIa npe0}10JIeHHe conpOTHB-
onpOKH}1HI.X 6apa6aHOB) H cMeCHTeJIbHOro 6apa6aHa (}1JIH
M "
fit ----.!:.
2- 9550 '
r.ll.e M"
- MOMCHT CHJJ CEmpOniBJJeHHH
(]7B)
opaIllClU!1O 6apa6aHa:
M"=(Go+GM)f f ..E:....
2 '
(]79)
264
a.n.eCb 11 - Koa4>4>lUJ.HeHT Tpemm B OCll {i.,pa6aHB (It O.O8...0,12);
d - All3MeTp OCM 6apa63J13. M.
MOII1HOCTb, aaTpaqHBaeMaH Ha npe0}10JIeHHe COnpOTHB-
JIeHHH npH nepeMeIIIHB3HHH CMeCH JIOnaCTHbIM BaJIOM (.llJISI
CMeCHTeJIbHbIX MaIllHH rrpHHY}1HTeJIbHoro nepeMeUlHBaHHH)
zk(j) ( 4 4 )
N= 4000 rH-r. KET, (180)
T,lie Z-l;J.HCJJO CMCCllTCJJbHbIX JlonacTeii; k=<fJV/(2g) -K034>4>HlJ,HCIIT;
<p _ K03$$HQHCHT. Y(lMTb1BaIOlIJ.IlH 3BBHCHMOCTb Me>K.ny ,liJJHHOii J]unac-
']'ll " ce llmpHHoH (Ta6JI. 75); V-06'beMHaH M.aCC.a nepeMClliHI3.aeMoro
pacTBop.a. Kr/M 3 ; g _ YCKopeHIJe CHJIbI TJDKeCTH. M/C 2 ; I, b - JI.J1IJHa H
llJlJpHH8 JIOnaCT". M; ro=1tn/30 - yrJIOBaJ1 CKOpOCTb Bp.am.eIlHH JIOJlO3CTH;
rn-HBPYJKHbIH pa.n;HYc JJOHaCTH, M; rs-BUYTpeHHHll pa,nHYc J1on.acTY:!, M.
75. 3H3QemUI KosI)JI)UtU;l\eHT3 (fi
lob 2 4 10 I 18 EORee 1 8
'1' 1.1 1,15 1,2 ],3 I 1,4 2
,lJ,JIH onpe,D,eJIenHSI nOTpe6noff MOlllHOCTH )WHraTCJI 1 CMe.
CHTeJIbHOff MaIllHHbI CYMMHPYIOTCR COOTBeTcTByrollJ,He 3I1a-
lleI-lHR MOlllHOCTeff. BBO}J.RTCR rrOrrpaBOIlHbIe K03<pqmIJ.HeHTbI
H3 HeYIlTeHHbIe conpOTHBJIeBHR H yrIHTblBalOTCR nOTepJ1 Ha
rrpeO){OJIeHHe COrrpOTlfBJIeHHM B .3JIeMeHTax nepe,lL3"Lf.
npuMep 34. Onpe}1eJIHTb qaCOB)'lO H CMeHHYIO npOHaBO-
}1f1TeJIbIlOCTb paCTBopOCMeCHTeJIH C 6apa6aHOM npOH3BO}1-
CTBeHHbIM 06'beMOM V np = 150 JI.
PemeHue. )J,JIH pacqeTa npHHHMaeM rrp0}10JI>KHTeJIbHOCTb
.9JIeMeHTOB u.HJ<Jra: it =20 C - sarpY3Ka KOBllIOBbIlVI IIO,lL'b+
eMHHKOM; t 2 = 120 c- npHHY}1HTeJIbHOe nepeMeUlHBaHHe JlO-
rraCTHMH; t 3 = 30 C - paarpyaKa OTKpbIBaHHeM JIIOKa.
np0}10JI>KHTeJIbHOCTb l\HKJIa t,,=tCt-t2+t3=20+ 120+
+30= 170 c.
l.JHCJIO llHKJIOB aa 1 q pa60TbI
3600 3600
n----- 2 ]2
- t g - 170 - "
1\OscjJcjJHllHeHT BbJXO}1a paCTBopa k =0,95.
1.IacoBaR npOH3BO,lLHTeJIbHOCTb paCTBopOCM('rlll"( .nSl
cjJopMYJIe (171)
110
n
150.21,2.0,95
1000
265
3 M'J/ 1J .
Iii
:111
1' 1
II
1,1
III
,
'I
,
I,
CMeHHa>I
=19,7M 3 /cM
H,,,=8,2.3.0,8=
npOH3BO HTeRbHOCTb
11 CXOOHble iJaftHbte fC npu.Mepy 34
HOMCp
3811a1lHH
I Cno,o6 Barpya". 6apa6aR"
I Cnoco6 pa3rpY3KH (japa-
UlIH<J,
V np ' Jl
1 150 113 6YHKepa OnpOKH.AblBaHHeM
2 80 To }l{e "
3 150 KonwoBblM nOJI,"beMHHKOM Qepe3 JIlOK
4 325 To :m.e To >Ke
5 750 1-13 6YHKcpa >
nplIMep 35. OnpeJ\eJlIITb qaCoBYIO H cMeHHYIO npolI3Bo-
J\l1TeJlbHOCTb 6eTOHocMeCIITeJl5! C 6apa6aHoM npoII3Bo CT-
BeHHbI>! 06'beMOM v rrp =250 JI. 3arpY3Ka 6apa6aHa oCY-
lleCTBJI51eTCR KOBllIOBbIM nOJI.'beTvlHHKOM, pa3rpY3Ka - onpo-
KHJ\bIBaHHeM 6apa6aHa.
PerneHHe. n pHI-IHMaeM rrpO.lLOJUKHTe.nbHocTb .9JIeMeHTOB
I.\HKJIa: BpeM5! 3arpY3KH t, =30 c, BpeM5! nepeMeUlHBaHHS1
t 2 = 120 c, BpeM5! pa3rpY3KH t 3 =30 c. npO OJI}I{HTeJIbHOCTb
I.\HKJla t =30+ 120+30= 180 c. l./HCJIO I.\HKJIOB 3a 1 q pa-
60Tbl n=3600/t =3600: 180=20. K03q,q,HI.\HeHT Bblxo a
6eTOHa k=O,66.
4acoBaH rrpOH3BO.lLHTeJIbHOCTb 6eTOHOCMeCHTeJIH nO
q,opMYJle (171)
250.20.0 66
II = 1000 .
3,3 M 8 /q.
K03q,q,HI.\HeHT HCnOJIb30BaHH5! MaUlHHbJ no BpeMeHH B T€
qeIlHe CMeHbI k B =O,8...0,9.
CMeHHaH rrpOH3Bo,n,HTeJIbHOCTb 6eToHOCMecHTe 1H
llCM = 8,2-3,3-0,85 = 23,2 MS/CM.
HCXOOHble aaHflble 1C npuMepy 35
HOMep
saJJ:aHHfI
I Cno,06 ""pya"K 6ap.6BKB
J Cnoco6 pa3rpY.3KH 6apa-
GaHa
V np ' JI
1
2
3
4
5
100
250
425
1200
2400
OnpOKI1JlbJfJ3HHeM
BBO,AHblM JlOTKOM
l-IaKJlOHOM
>
1-13 6YHKcpa
I(OBlllOBblM nO,A'beMHIlKOM
113 6YHKcpa
To me
266
JlHTEPATYPA
AHYPbtB B. Ii. CnpSBOQHI1K KOHCTpYKTopa.M8111HHoCTPOI1TeJm.-
M.. MalIIIiHOCTPOCHHC, 1980.
6apcoB Ii. n. CTpOHTeJIbHbIC MalIIHHbl H o60PY1J.OB8HHC. - M.,
CTpoHmmaT. 1978.
BaYMRR B. A. II .lI;p. MexaI-!IIQccKoe o6opY,AOEaHHC npej1,TIplUITHil
CTpOHTCJlbHbIX MaTeplIaJIOB. H3,AeJIlIll H KOHCTPYI\:l1.M:H. - M., .lVlalIInl-IO
CTpOemJc. 198].
BalUTa T. M. MalIIl1HOCTpOIITCJJbHan nI.!!,paBJilma. - M., MaH1I-1IIO
cTpoeHHc. 1975.
BepKMaH n. JI. H JlP. YmmcpC8JlbHblC OJUIOI{OBlllODLIC CTpmlTCJlblIblC
sKcK3BaTOpbJ. - M., BblClllMI !JIKOJl3, 1981.
BRUHcotl A. A. nO,A'beMIIQ-TpanCnopnIblc MaIllHHbI. - M., MawnnO R
CTpOCHl'JC, 1975.
Jl.p03AoE H. E.. <)Jeitnm JI. A. KYPcoBoe II JlHII.TIOMliOC npOeKTl1pO
BaHlie no CnCIJ,li8JlbHOCTli «C-rpoHTe,HbHbIC M8UllJHbI H o6opy,noBaI-me». '-
M., CTpOHll3,A8T, 1980.
raJibnepHH M. u., Jl.oM6pOBCKHH H. r. CTpOllTeJIbHbIe M811111HbI.-
M., M8IllUHOCTpOCHHC, 1981.
3RJleHCKII" 8. C., nmUion A. n. CTIJOI1TeJlbHbIC M3UUiHbI 11 oGopy",
1J.OB3HE€. - M., CTpoiin.IJurr, 1979.
nJJeulKon ,Il,. II. H )'iJ. li)'JlbJ\1J 1{'1".1, CI(PCIICpbT. I'peH,AepbI. - M.,
BbIClll8R IDI{()Jlil, 19f40
Teoplul, KOIU'IPYKIlIUI II 1"1(.11('1' rTpOU.fCJlbnhTX H JlOpmKHbIX M8IllIIH)
JITo1J. PC,A. 11. 1\. I U(ll'pMIIIIU. - M., M 1JJllmOC"fpOeHHe. 1979.
I
,Il
II
,I
III:
OrJIABJIEHIlE
BBeJI,eHUe
3
rJl8na 1. MeX3UHQeCKHe xapaKTepHcTflKH OCHOBHblX M3Tepl13JIOD r
npUl't1eHSleMbix R MamuHocTpoelllfH
5
5
6
7
9
10
12
14
17
1. CT8.TJ.b yrJlepO.lU1CT8H oGbiKHoEeHHoro KaqeCTBa .
S. 2. CTBJIb yrnepO)J;HCT8H Ka-QeCTBeUH8H KOHCTPYKUHOHH8R
So 3. CTaJIb JIempOB8I-IH8H KOHCTPYKIJ.HOHH8H
4. 4yrYH . . .
S. 5. CrTJI8BbI MeAH H 6a615HTbI
6. AJIIOMHHHlI Hero CrIJI8BbI
7. L{<mycKaeMble HarrpmKemur
S. 8. Harrp.H}KeHHH B 9JleMeHT8X
rnaB8 2. CMCTeMbl 06'bCMHOrO flI.ApaBJ'!IfQeCKOrO npl'lBoAa
20
9. fIJJI,pOH8COCbI
10. fHllpom!JIHHJJ,pbI
II. rIlJI.POJ ImraTCJ(H
[2. f'HJW08unapaTypa U DcnmWraTeJIbHbIe YCTpoikTB8
20
23
24
29
rJI8na 3. Mex8HH1:ecKuc npliBO.Abl MaroHH
36
13. OCHoBHble rrapa1\IeTpbI MeXaHH'leClmX rrepe,A8'l 36
14. PeMeHHbre nepe,A8QU 39
15. 3Y()1J3TbIe nepe.n;allH 46
16. LlepmJQHbJe rrepeJJ,a1JH 50
17. UerrHbJe nepenaqJ{ 62
18. Ba l:b1 H OCM 67
19. nOllnIHIIHHKM KaqeHRH 71
r.n:aB3 4. OCHOBHbJe CHCTeMbl. YC1'pOHCTB3 " MexaHH3MbJ
cTpOHTeJlbHbJX Mauum 77
20. Kan3THO-6JJ()ljHbJe CHCTeMh[ 77
21. fpYS()SaXB8THbJe YCTP()HCTBl1 H npHCrIOCo6JJeHIrR 87
22. OCT8H()BbI H 'fOpM03Hbie YC'fp()HCTBa 101
23. fpysonOE-neMHblH MeXBHH3M 117
24. MeXaHI1S '1 npaUJ.eHHH 135
25. Mexauu3M nepellHlUJ{eHHH 144-
268
fn3B3 5. nO.ll.1>eMHO-TpanCnOpTJ-Jble M3RfHHbT
155
155
163
172
175
IBI
190
26. JJ:oMHpaTbI
27. YCTOH1JHBOCTb rpy30no,n'DeMHbTX KpaHoB
28. DpOH3BOAHTeJIbHOCTb KpaaoB
29. Ealliel-lHbJe RpaIJbI
30. CaMOXO,AHbI€ CTpeJIOBbJe npaIJbJ
31. MaWHIJbl Henpepwmoro TpcmcnopT3
rJlaBa ti. MawHHbI )l.JlH 3eMJUIHb!X paoOT
211
211
215
223
2'0
243
243
25B
203
267
32. B3am.W,AeikrBHe pa6o[lI-Ix oprcmoE MalliJJH C rpYHTOM
33. EYJIb)103epbl " pbIXnHTe,"
34. u<penepbl
35. O,AIJOJ<ODJIIOBLJe 3I\CJU1n:ITOpbJ
f.naB3 7. MalllHllbl It ()6(}PYJ ()n.IIIHc )I..JIn 6CTOIlllbJX pa60T
.16. llpoUIIJII,lIo-j1:I:IMOJlhIJOC o6opy,noDaime
.J? COJllllpOlln[IIII.1c ManUlllbJ
.Jti CMl'CII'I'l'JlhJlLIC M31J1HllbJ
J] 11 T C P ,I I' Y (J n
r I I " I !
.'" i::: '" '"
" :r:S t::t\I '" t::('3t::C;,I
" .... t:: oo ri
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i'1: "i':r::r: a>tII :3:;::3:;:
"
" :;:-:r: 00--:11:::1 00000...._
" :tSb- o)o o 0-:0--0')-0
"
" l u- U 111 1
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