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cKHX cY)I,e6HbJ'X Y'Ipe2KJI:eHlIM «He CJIeJI:yeT HHKOfJI:a 3a6bIBaTb,.
qTO rocrrOJI:CTByeT co6CTBeHHOCTb»; OTCIO)I,a - «TpeTlIpOBaHlIe
6eJ]JIHKOB H nOKpOBlITeJIbCTBO DoraIl'aM»... «MHpOBbIe CY)I,blI.,.
caMH 60raTbI, C8MH peKpYTHpYIOTC5I iI13 Cpe)I,HHX KJI8CCOB H no-
. 3TOMY rrpHCTpaCTHbJ K ce6e rrOJI:OOHbJ.M H npHp02KJI:eHHbIe BparH
6eJI:HbJM» 1.
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3HrJlHHOKOro npaBa npHHaJI:Jle2KHT nepy aKaJI:eMHKa A. 51. BbIIIIHH-
CKoro (TeOpH5I CY)I,e6HbIX )I,OKa3aTeJIbCTB B COBeTCKOM npa:Be,
1946, CM. r.naBY «A'HrJJiHHCKOe ,.lI.OKa3aTeJIbCTBeHlH npaBO»);
u:eHHbIe 3aMellaHHH .n:aHbI npoiP. H. H. DOJIHHCKHM B ero Ha3BaH-
HO'iJ, BbJIlle KHHre.
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HH5IM'I1 .D:JIH Toro, LlT06bI IIp8BHJIbHO nOHHTb JI:eHCTBiHT€.iIblHOe 3H8-
qeHHe «npou:eccyaJIbHbIX rapaHTHH» B anr.J1HHCKOM cY)I.OnpOH3-
BOJI:CTBe.
<<DOJI:06HO TOMY, KaK KOHCTlfTYU:'llOHHble rapaHTHH HY2KHbI
pa60IleM.y KJIaccy B KaqeC1'Be «JIeraJIbHbIX B03MO:>KRiOCTeM opra-
HH30BaTb CBOH CHJlbI .D:JlH 60pb6bI npoTHB 3KCnJIOaTaTopoB»
(lJ,H'MHTpOB), TaK cy.n:eOHl>le rapaHTHH HY2KHbI npe.D:cTa!BHTeJIHM
Toro 2Ke pa60'1ero KJlaCCa nOToMY, IlTO OHH .lI.aIOT HM, XOTH If
OrpaH'HlIeHHYIO, B03Mi02KHOCTb 3am.HTbI npoTHB o6RHHeHHll, B03BO-
,J:H:\IbIX TeMH, lITO B 02Ke(jT0'1eHHoiJ 60pb6e C paDOIlHM IKJIaCCOM
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Ra3B. COli., CTp. 4).
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B «60eBOM KJlIIlIe 6YP:>Kya3HII» - ,B q,opMaJlbHOM paBeHCTBe
r.epe;J: 3aKOHoM, rrpHKpbIBaIOm.eM 3l\OHOMHlIeCKoe H cOU:Ha.ITbHoe'
HE'paBE'HCTBO K3IIiH'TaJIHCTHqE'CKorO 06meCT.Ba» (aKa,IleMHK A. 5L BbJ-
IlIHHCKHH, H83B. CO'1. CTp. 103).
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c;.;oI'i CHCTeMbI cY.D:e6Hblx .l1.0K33aTeJIbCTB, oTKpbIBaIOm.uiI, Ka'K CKa-
33,1 3Hre.JlbC, «IfCK.11OQHTe.'JbHQ 60raToe nO.TIe KpIOIlKO'f.BOpHblMi
Y:JOBKa:\I-aJI:BOKaTOB» 2.
1 Map K C II 3 II r e .'I b C, COli.. T. II. CTP, 387- 388.
2 Map K C II 3 H r e ,'] b C, C01J., T. II. erp. 384.
10
11 i'le;1 H1':[0 I:I! ['.
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l\aHHbIH 'H !I .D.peM)"mii .rIec lfJeO,lJ,aJlbHblX ne.peMHTKOB B pa3,lJ,eJIe
o npaBe C06CrBeHHOCTH, nOB:H.D.HMOMY, He npUB.neKaeT arBTOpa,
J],MeHKC 06'bHBJIHeT C.e6H CTOpOHHHKO:\1 6ypMya3HoH CHCTeMbI
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K2TerOpHlJeCKHii 'HMnepa THB.
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.TJHCb eIJJ.e rrepe:tKHTKH .D.a;IJeKOrO npOll1J10rO, HO OHM KacalOTCH
npeHMYIJJ.eCTBeHHO BHeUIHeH IfJOPMbI BbIpaM€HHH aHrJIMikKOrO
rpaM.LI,aHCKOro npaBa: «... aHrJlHHCKOe npaBo, - rOBopHT 3H-
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nHTa.1HCTHlJeCKOrO 06IJJ.eCT'Ba' Ha BapB2pOKH"lfJeO,lJ,8.TJhHOM HapelJHH,
KOTopoe CTo.'lbKO Me COOTBe'flCTByeT .BbIpaMaeMOMY HiM npe,lJ,MeTY,
Col\O.1bKO aHrJlHHc.KaH op(pOrpalfJHH aHrJ1HHCKm:fY npOH3HOIlleHHlO:
'\ ous ecrivez Londres et vous prononcez Constantinople [BbI
n'l1llleTe J10H;I,OH, a rrpOH3HOCUTe KOHCT:iHTHHOllO lb], - CKa3a.1J
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TaKHe TepMHHbI HopMaHo-cppam.l.Y3CKoro ,lJ,HaJ1eKT1:f, KaK «chose in
action», «estate in tail», «corporeal hereditament» H MIHorHe
JJ:pyme.
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n:a.lfeKo }-:,e ,lJ,OCTHraeT Toro ypOBHH IOpHn;Wf€CIKOH TexHHKH,
K OTOPOMY npHllIJUI IIa KOHT1fH 1 eHTe (B oco6eHHOCTI1 B KO.D.eKCe
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OOMY npaBY. B oco6eHHOCTH, K23a.TIOCb 6bI, He 3aC,lYMHBaeT
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npocTo:\IY If HCIIOMY perYJ1HpOBaHHlO pH.D.a npaBooTHorueHI!1H: (no
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III'E; 1lI':IO!:lIE
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)J.eHe.IKHbIX 06H3aTe.1bCTB.
B iCBH311 co CTpeMJIeHl1e1\1 I1rHOpl1pOBaTb npaBOBbIe iIIOCJIe)!.-
CTBHH I1HOCTpaHHNX BaJIIOTHNX OrpaHl1l1eHI1H npoUCXO)J.I1T Kpl13l1C
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nOKa3NBaIOT, LJTO HapYllietm.e COOCTBeHIHNX HOpM xapaKTepHO
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.1113:\013, KOfJJ.a npaB5IllJ.Ue Kpyrl1, C'ITa,ca51 ('13011 I1HTepe'CbI, rOTOBbI
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113BecTHoro .lI.J1H Hac rro.TJO.IKemm, liTO HbIHeIIIHHH 6pHTaECKa51
IlpaBOBa.H CH'CTeMa HBJI5IeTC5I fIpKHM BNpaLKeHHeM roelllOn;CTBa
KpYtTIHOrO MOHono.rIHCTULJeCKOrO KaiINfTaJIa H BO I'IHiOrl1X OTHOllIe-
HUHX COXpaHHJIa elIJ.e q.epTbI apHCTOKpaTI1LJeCKof'I I1CKJI'IOLJHTeJIb-
IIOCTH; 6pHTaHcKoe CY.lI.eDHOe ycrpoikTBO C.'IY}KI1T iHa.lI.e}KHbIM
, JI e H 1\ H, CO'!.. r. XIV, CTp. 381.
1 C r a JI 11 CI. BonpocbI .lIeHI1HH3:11a, 113.'\. ll-e, CTp. 425.
12
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B QYIll.HOCTb .9TOrO npaBa, Ho TaKoe H3YQeEille 'Bi LJ:aHHbIH MOMeHT
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3aCeJIl1JIl1 ee, TIpl16bIBaH B YTJIbIX JIa.D:bHX C 3an8)1.HbIx OKpal1H
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nepeJ],B'I1JKeHHM, KO'TopbIe npO.D:omKaJII1Cb C nHToro BeKa H. 3.
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BJIHJfH ca6oIO, illOBI1.D:HMOMY, .lI.l1aJIeKTbI O.lI.HOro o61l1.eI'o KOpHH,
HO BeCbMa COMHI1TeJIbHO, MOI'JIl1 JII1 pa3HbFe I1X rpynnbI rrO'HUMaTb
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TaK lKaK o6JIa.naJIH OTBaLKHbIM .lI.YXOM TO'M Cllpi3lHbJ., r.n.e HI1KOI'.n.a
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no6y.nI1JIO KpenKO ocecTb Ha HOBbIX MeCTax.
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flO'HiBJIeHI1H rrepBbIX aHI' JII1HCKI1X rroce.TIlelH)lI.eB H .n.O'JII'Oe B'peMH
.cnYCTH HaCeJIeHa nJIeMeHeM, KOTopoe, KaK npe.nnOJIaraIO'I', npH6bIJIO
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14
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21
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23
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24
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26
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.lI.naTOrO 'BClKa (1285 r.), HeHSBeCTHbIe JIHI..{a HaqaJIH Sa[IH
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.lI.ax, TaK H 'B BeC'I1MiHHc'TepclKoM cly:.n.e, H pa,cn.pOO1 paHHTb CBOH
3anHCH Cpletu.H saiHHTepecoBaHiHbIX 'Bi HHX qJIeHO'B B03HHK-
were TO .D:1a COCJIIOBHSI npaBo6Ja'cTynHiHKOB. 51cHo, qTO.B Te Bpe:MeHao,
KOr.D:a KHHrOneqaTaHUe ObIJJO er.qe HeH3BeCTHO, oopar.qeHHe
3THX 3a,rruceH ObIJIO BeCbMa OrpaHHqeHO, HO cnpoc IlIa HHX 6bIJI
Bce )Ke TaK BeJJHK, qTO nOCTeneHHO BbI3BaJI K cyr.qecTBoBaHHIO
npo eccHIO penopTepoB, 3anHCH KOTOpbIX Ha nepraMeHTe, nepe-
nJIeTeHHbIe no ro.n.aM B oT.n.eJ1bHbIe TOMa H H3BeCTHbIe no.n. HlMe-
HeM «E)KerO.D:IHHKOB» (Year Books), CTaJIR iBai)i{HOM qaCTbIO
alHrJIllMCKOM npaBoBoM JJHTepaTypbI; OHR npe.n.oTaBJIHJIH .n.JIH
fOpUCTOB HJJH TH)Kyr.qHXCH I..{eJJbIM apCeHaJJ, H3 IKoToporo MO)KHO
ObIJIO 3aHMCTBOBaTh 0pY)KHe )I,JIH cYll(e6HbIX Cpa)KeHHH. npHl Bbl-
cTynJIeHHH nepe,ll. Cy.n.beM, npH3HaBaBllIHM npHHI..{Hn e.n.HHooopa3HR
npaBa, 6bIJIO OqeHb I..{eJIe.cooopa3Ho Cc.bIJIaTbCH .D:JJH no.n.lKpellJIeHH>I
CBOHX .n.OBO.n.OB Ha peweHHe, KOTopoe ObIJJO BbIHeceHO O.n.HHM
H3 ero 'KOJIJJer HJJH, er.qe JEYqwe, HM caMHM H ObIJIO oJIarOnpHHTHo'
.IPIH .n.RHHoro KJJHeHTa. npOTHBHHK Cc.blJIaJICH Ha .n.pyroe pellIeHHe,.
nbITaH'Cb 0600HOBaTb npo.THBOnOJIO)KHyIO 1'f'01JKY 3peHHH, H, TalKHM
00pa30M, B03HHKJJH CCbIJI'KH Ha aHaJJOrHqHbIe JI.eJIa, npHq,eM Kam-
)J.aH cTopoHa CTpeMHJJac.b .n.OKa3aTb, 'ITO ee B3rJJH.n. Ha npaiBoBYJO.
HOPMY OnHpaeT'CH Ha aBTopHTeT Cy.n.e6HOM npaKTHKH. noc e
H306peTeHHH K'HHrOne'qaTaHHH aHOHHMHbIe «E)KerojJ:HHlKH», co-
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npe,ll..cTaBHTeJJeH HJJH 6appHcTepoB, BbIcTynaBwHx B cy.n.e, U oOJJee
HJJH MeHee KpaT'KOe H3JIO)KeilIHe HX .n.OBO.n.OB COnpOlBO)K.n.aJJOCb
HMeHaMH cy.n.eH H no.n.J1HHHbIMH CJJOBaMU C}I1.n.bH HJJH cy:U. eM ,.
CJJywaBwHx .n.eJJo.
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:32
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11 OOrJIaCOBaHHSI OTqeTOB C lleJJbIO H30e2KaTb COBna.n:eHHi H
nOBTOpOO'Hii. CaMO c060n nomfmo, qTO B' HalliH .n:HH oOJIlbllloli
.aK'I'HBHOCTH 3a'KOHo.n:aTeJJbRbIX opra'HoB, CY:U.bU H a.n.BOKaTbI,
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'speMeHHbIMH cy.n.e6HbIMH OT'leTaMH, TO OR OO'HapY2KHT, 'lTO Ka.K
.cy.n:b'H, TaK H a.n:BOKa7ibI y.n:eJJSIIOT OOJIbllIOe BHHMaHHe paCCMO'I'pe-
'HHIO paiHee ony6JrHKOBaHHbIX Cy.n:e6HbIX OT'leTOB.
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.060CiHOBaHHSI pemeHHSI no saCJJYllIaHHOMY '.D:e.rry, He 06SI3bIBaIOT B
Ka'lecTBe npelle.D:eHTOB, XOTH Ha HHX H CCbIJIaIOTCH B iKa'leCTBC
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He HeceT B ce6e 3.rreMeHTOB npOH3BOJla, HO, HanpoTHB, npe-
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(03)1.aBaTb HeBoe. 0Ha npe].J,cTaiBJISIeT, KaK Y2Ke 6bIJIO CKa3aHO.
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OCHOBHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB KOHllenllHH npaBa.
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33
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npaBO He npe.n:YCMOTpeJJO :n:aHHoro CJJytlaSl. OH 06SI3aiR BbIHeCTH
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13 Tex CJIoYtJaSIX, Kor.n:a Ha.n:o npHcnoc06HTb .n:eMCTBYIO ee npaBO
,K HOBbfM YC.nOBHHM Ii KOrJ.I:a no oKa;KHM-JII100 npHtlHHa\I rrpH-
3 3a!:. 3 4S.. AUTJIllfieROe npano.
484
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napJIaMeHTCoKHM aKT.
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K01'OpaH COC1'aBJJHeT JIY'IIIIYIO ero ocOOeHHOCTb. Ho OHa HenpH-
rop;.Ha B Tex c.ny'IaHX, Kor.n;a TpeoyeTCSl oepbe3Hoe OTK<'IOH€Hl1e
01' npH3HaHHbIX npnHII;HnOB, .n;a}l{e eCJIH npJH\feHeHHe nOCJIe.n.HHX
COnpOBO:>K.n.aeTCH HBHOH HecnpaBe.n.JIIHBOOTbIO. Tailme np06JI6MbI
.n;OJI}f{HbI pa3peIllaTbCH napJIaMeHTOM.
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T. e. 'ITO HopMa 3T'OrO 06m.ero npaBa nOKpbIBaeT HOpMbI BCex
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He pa3 B03HHKa.T1H onopbI 0 TOM, KaK .lI,RJleKO pacnpocTpaHHIO'T'CH
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06bI'IaH iHMeIOT npeHMYI.qeCTBO nepe.n; 06I.qHM npaBOM B Bonpocax
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JIHeTCH HaHOO,1lee YCTyn'IHBbIM H B TO :>Ke BpeMH HaH60.rree Bce-
06'beMJJIOru;HM H3 Bcex CH>CTeM aHfJIHI1CKOrO npaBa.
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CMOTpf[ Ha nOHBJIeHHe Y Hero BnOCJIe.n.CTBHH conepHHKOB, B 'IaCT'.
HOCTH B BH,n:e 3aKOHo.n:aTe.'1bCTBa Be3.l1,ecyru;ero napJJRM.eIHTa, 06-
ru;ee npaBo Bce eIIle npo.n;OJI}f{aCT nOCTaBJISITb HOpMbI J1,JIf[ pa3pe-
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K" npeporaTHBaM crWP0I-IbI, npaBa rpa}f{Jl.aH B OTHOillemiH
K HCnOJIHHTe.1bHOH B.rraCTH H TO, qTO H3BeCTI-I0 noli, 06IIlHM HMe-
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B CBH3H C 06ru;HM npaBOM. OHO AaeT .n;06pbIe TPH qeTBepTH HOpM,
perYJJHpYIOll{HX TaKYIO Ba:>KHyIO npOOJIeMY, Ka.K COBepIlleHHe.
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6J1HIOru;ee l'paH<AaHCiKOe YAOB,TleTBOpeHIIe B CJIY'laHX TaKHX Hapy-
rJIABA lI. HCTO'IHHJ<II AHT:Jl1fiC1\OTO nPABA
35
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MOCTH HJJ.H .n:BH>KHMOClI'H, iKaK KJIeBeTa, npHCBoeHHe 'IY>Koro.
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3aBHCHT, nOAOOHO .n.orOBopHOMY npaBY, B 3Ha'lHTeJIbHOM OTeneHH
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nyTeM.
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paKTep aHrJEHMC'Koro npaBa, HeiKoTopbIe HHocTpaHHbIe npaBOBbJe
CHCTeMbI OKa3bI.BaJrH BJJHHHHe Ha 'ero ;pa3BHTHe. no KpaMHeM Mepe
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IWH. )J,a)Ke B Kyneqe<CtKOM npaBe, KOTopoe HHKor.n:a He ObIJIO HOnJJO-
ll\eHO B e.n:HHOM Ko.n:eKce, HMeIOll\eM CHJIY 3aKoHa, TeM He MeRee
HMeeTCH, KaK MbI y)Ke BH.D:eJJH, HeCKOJIbKO Ba)KHbIX aKTOB, MorYll\I1X
He oe3 OCHO'BaHHH ObITb O'THeCeHHbIMH K 3aKOHaM HJ]H op-
MaJJbHo. YCTaHOBJIeHHOMY npaBY. O.n:HaKO, CYll\eCTByeT OOll\enpH-
RHToe MHeHHe, 'lTO KaKaH-JIHOO 'IaCTb 3THX Tpex npaBOBbIX
CHCTeM MO>KeT C'IHTal'bCH BOIlIe.D:lIIeM B COCTaB aHr JIHllCIKOro
rrpaBa JIHIlIb B CHJIY CY.D:eOHorO peIlIeHHH HJIH napJIaMeHTCKora
aKTa. OCHOBaHHe TaKoro B3rJIH)l.a KpoeTCH, BepOHTHO, B TOM, 'ITO
B TeqeHHe nOCJle.D:HHX qeTbIpeX BeKOB KaiK. n£lopJIaM€'HT, TalK II cy.n.br
He CIKJI!OHHbI ObIJIH npH3HaBaTb 3a 3THMH HHOCTpaHHbIMH CHCTe-
MaMH KaKOH-.1H60 CHJlbI B AHrJlHR I1x TepnHT .1HIlIb B Y3KIiX
npe.D:eJlax, KOTopbIe onpe.n:'eJIHIOTCH napJIaMeHTOM HJIH CY.D:aMH,
.n.eikTBHTe IbHO, cor JIaCHO TeOpflil1, ,}WTOpaH 6bIJ1.3 pacrrpOCTpa-
HeHa ell\e nOJIBeKa TOMY Ha3a.n:, KaHOH>H'leCKOe npaBO 3ana.n:Hoa
u.epKBH He C'IHTaJJOCb .n:a:>Ke .D:O pe OpManH.H OOH3aTeJlbHbJ-M .D:JlH
;lHr JlHHCKHX UepKOBRbIX CYLl.OB H CBH3bIBaJJO HX TOJIbKO B Tex
npe.n:eJJax, B KOTOpbIX OHO 6UJlO «npHHHTO» HJlH npH3HaHO
aHr J1HMCKHMH cy.n:aMH. 3TO Y'leHHe, npaB.n:a, nO.D:BeprJIOCb TaKo.R
cepbe3ROH KpHTHKe, 'ITO Tenepb ero Ha.D:O C'IHTaTb ornaBlIIHM.
O,J,HatKO, CO BpeMeH pe4>opMau.HH nOJlO:>KeHHe CTaJlO BO BCHKOM
c.;lyqae COBeplIIeHHO HCHbIM. napJlaMeHTCKHH aKT, KOTOpbIH
'mpe)].b )].0. npe.rr.nO.'JaraBIlIerOCH, HO aKTHqeCKH He HMeBwero,
'IteCTa lIepeCMOTpa, coxpalHHJ1. .n.eMCTBHe KiaHOHHqecKOro IIpa-Ba
B TOM BH.D:e, B KaKOM OHO CYll\OCTBOBaJlo .n:o pe OpMl<!nHH 1,
OrpaHll'IUJI ero npHIIIeHeHHe MHOr03HaqHTeJlbHOH orOBopKOH..
L'IaCHBIlIeH, 'lTO KaHOHHqeCKOe npaBO coxpaHHeT CBOIO CHJlY
1 EAHHCTBeHHblH BH.n; KaHOHHlIecKoro npaBa, BBe.!leHHOrO nocJle peqJOp--
Jo!aUHH H HMelOlUero B AHr JlHH KaKYIO-Jlu60 38KOHHYlO owy, npeJ1CTaBJleff
3KTaMH KeHTep6epHltcKoro H l1opKcKoro C060POB. BBe.n.eHHbIMH B ..o.eIlCTBUC:
KOpOJleM no.n. H83B3UHeM .letters of Business".
.3*
36
'I.\C'I'b HEl'HAn. BllE;"'(gH H I':
nOCTOJlbKY, nOCKOJlbKY OHO «COBMeCl'HMO C 3aKOHaMH HJJH aKTaUH
KOpOJleBCTBa HJIH npeporaTHBaMU !I<opOHbI, He npOTHBOpeqHT HM
li He Ha,rpYIIIaeT HX». .HCHO, oIlTO .pa3penreHHe iIIpnMeHHTb KaHOHH-
'IeCKoe npaBO, .zr.aHHoe B TaKOM 06LQeM cpopMe, HY:>K:ll;aJIOCb
e cy.n;e6HOM rrOJJiKOBamUI JJ:JIH Toro, qT06bI' HM B03MO:>KHO 6bIJlO
BOCnOJlb30BaTbCH. TaK :>Ke HCHO, qTO OrpaHHqeHHOe 1fHCJIO HOpM
pHMCKoro npaBa, BOIIle.zr.IIIHX B COCTaB aHJ:'JIHMCKOro npana
B pe3YJIbT.aTe cy.zr.e6HbIX .zr.e.n 0 HaCJIe.zr.OBaiHHH no 3a-BeLQaHiIHO
H no 3aKOHY, MOrJlO 6bITb Bo06LQe 3aIIMCTBOB8'HO lI3 pHMCKoro
npaBa JlHIIIb 6JJaro.zr.apH npaBOTBOpqeCTBY aHrJLHikKHX ay.n.eiL
To :>Ke .oalMDe MO:>KHO CKa3aTb 0' iKyneqeCKOM npaBe, BocnpHHH-
TOM aHrJIH.MClKHM npaBOM B BoceMHa.zr.uaTOM II .zr.eBHrJ'iHa.zr.ua'fDM
HeKax. .Qa:>Ke 3H8'Moe'HilI'TbIM JIOp.zr. MaHccpIIJIb,II" rOpSr'IIIM nOKJIO.H-
HHK lKyne1feCKOrO npaBa, He DTBa:>KHJIC5! OTMeHHTb .n:aBHO
YCTatH-DB:reHHYIO, .n:OBOJIbHO Hey.n:06HYIO HOpiMY aHrJIHMCKOro npaBa,
no KOTOpOH TOBapbI C1fHTaIOTCH C06CTOOHHOCTbIO nDKynaTeJIH eU\t
)1,0 BOX nepe.n:.a1fH H .n:a:>Ke .n:o HX OnJIaTbI, XOT51 :na HopMa npo-
iUBOpe1fUT Kyne1feCIKOMY npaBY.
nO:nOMY MbI 'He TOJIbKO MO:>KeM, HD ,6 npaKTlI'IeCKHX ueJIHX
06H3aHbI OTHOCUTb KaHOHH1feCKOe npaBO, PHM'CKoe npaBO II
Kyne'IeCKOe npaBO, nOCIKO,,1bKY OHU COC'faBJIHIOT lfaCTU aHr.'1.f1H-
CKOI'O npaBa, K npaBY, C03.n;aBaeMOMY cy.n:e6HOlI npaKTliKOH.
XOTH a.n:BOKaT U MO:>KeT npu CJIYW8miH KaKoro-Hu6y.n;b )Ie,,1a
CCbIJIaTbCH .n;JIH IJo.n;.n:ep:>KaHUH CBoeM TO'lKU 3peHUH Ha lKaHOH
TIanbI rpuropUH HJIU .n;eKpeT UMnepaTopa A.n.pHaHa, HO OH BCTpe-
THT 'MaJIO 'CO'lYBCl'BHSI y Cy.n;bU, ,eCJIU l'O,,1bKO He .n:OKa:>KeT, qTO
npaBHiJIO, co.n.ep:>KaLQeeCH B npBBe)I.eHHOii UM UUTaTe, Y:>Ke npB-
1\IeHsr ocb aHrJlBHCKUMH cy.n.aMU; eCJJH :>Ke erO npOTUBHrUIK CYMeeT
npHBeCTB peIIleHHe K8rrmrO-JIH60 aHI' JIUHOKOro cy.n.a, HeCOBMe-
(,THI I'Oe C ero UUTaTOll, TO nOCJIe)1,HHSI HOTepHeT BC;,SIKYIO CHJIY.
3. npaBo cnpaBe.n.,,1liBoCTU (equity) - TpeTuM li3 HCT01fHHK08
cy.n.e6HOM npaKTHKu, Tpe6yeT HeOKO,,1bKO 60JIee no.n.p06Horo pac-
CMOTpeHUH, TalK :KaK ero nOJIO:>KeHUe cBoeo6pa3HO U UHTepeCHO,
KaK Y:>Ke YKa3bIBa.'10Cb paHee. BO,,1bWUHCTBO ero npUHIJ,HIIOB
UMeeT HeCOMHeHHO cy.n.e6Hoe npOUCXO:>K.n.eHHe; OHB _ HUKor.n.a
ne 6bIJJ-U BOn,,10LQeHbI B 3aKOHe, XOTH napJIaMeHTCKHe aKTiJI
npHMO H.7JH MOJIqaJJUBO npU3HaBaJ1U UX CYLQeCTBOBaHue; WHpOKoe
npHMeHeHBe ::ITUX npunIJ,HnOB He TOJIhKO BocnO,,1HHJIO, HO T3!OKC'
II C!\IHrQa.'10 'HOpMbI Cy.rr.e6HOM npaKTltKU. BOJIee Toro, OHU BocnO,'I-
HHJIH npaKTHKY cy.rr.eH, KOTopbI.e nOJJyqaJIH CBOU nO.'1HOMO'IUH 01'
1'oro :>Ke MOHapxra, KaK U caM cy.n: cnpase.n.,,1UBOCTH.
nOHHTb nO:D:06HOe nOJJD:>KeHUe MO)KHO TOJIbKO paCCMOTpef3
llC'TOpHIO ,norD npaBa. rOBOpH 1K0pOTKO, onHcaHHhIH npe)KJ.e
lIp o uecc OO'be.n.HHC'HHH CTapbIX MeCTHbIX 06bI'laeB B o6LQee npano
COBeplllaJICH C nOMOIl{blO .n.OKYMeHTa, KOTOphIM Ha3bIBaJICH npn-
J>\a30M (writ UJIH breve) HJ\H, J J\H 1'01'0, IJ:TOOhI OTJIH1fHTb ero OT
l'.:IAR" II. IW'fO'JJTlth:H AHJ\'IHii:Cl\iOrO IlPAB!I.
37
MIJOrHX PyrHx npHKa30B, nO,lI;JillHHbIM np11K<l30M (breve
o riginal e). lJ(or.n.a -CY bH npnxo.n.HJI'll !K BbIIBO y, 1T0 113 IM'HO)Ke-
CTBa OT e..l-bHbIX 06b 'IaeB MO)KHO ,BbIBeCTH O il.I,.YIO HOPMY 'np, a-Ba
OHM 06'"bHBHJlH, 'ITO KOpOJIeBCKaH KaHL{eJIHpHH aCT 3a onpe e
:!eIIllHYIO nJIary npHKa3, KOTOpbIM OOH)KeT JIHU,O, nO 03peBaeMoe
B HapYIlIeHHU ::nOM HOpMbI, HBHTbCH B BeeTl\f.HHCTep. B Te'IeHHe
.n.BeHa L{aTOro H TpHHa L{aTOrO BeKOB 6bIJJO BbmYIU,eHO Bec.bMa
3l1aQUTeJIbHOe 'IHCJIO nO OOHbIX npHKa30B; OHH npe CTaBJI'HIOT
CVOOM B CYIU,HOCTH KOCBeHHYIO, HO O'IeHb aBTopHTeTHYIO CBO KY
OOIU,ero npaBa. He60.'1bIlIoH TpaKTaT, npfIDHCbIBaeMbIM rJIeHBHJIIO
(Glanville), 3Ha'MeHHToMY lOCTHL{HapmO KOpOJIH reHpHxa II, H
npe CTaBJJHIOIU,HM COOOH -caMbIH paHHliH COOpHHiK 06IU,ero npaBa,
U.e.nHKOM nOCBHIU,eH KOMMeHTHpoBaHHIO 3THX npuKa30B. r JIeHBHJlh
)KHJI BO BTOpOH nO,,10BHHe BeHa L{aTOro BeKa. Tpy BpeKToHa,
nHcaBlIIero npHOJ1'H3HTeJIbHO B cepe HHe TpH!Ha L{aTOrO Bffi3"
TaK)Ke nOJJOH CBe eHHHMH 0 HHX; OH, B 'IaCTHOCTH, nOKa3bIBaeT,
KaK BpeMH OT BpeMeR'll BbmYCiKaJIH.Cb HOBbIe npHKa3bI JIH npH-
cnOCOOJJeHHH npaBa K H3MeHHBIlIHMCH 06CTOHTeJJbc.TBaM. Oll
COOOIU,aeT H,MeHa cy eM, KOTopbIe eHCTBHTeJIbHO H.TfH TOJIbKO'
npeJI,nOJIO)KifHeJIbHO COCT.aBHJIH iHOBble npWKa3bI. TaKHM oopa30M,
perHCTp npHKa30B (Registrum Brevium), XOTH H lIe nOJIYIlHJI
CHJIbI 3,aKOHa, HO npe CTaBJIHJI C060H c06paHHe HCKOBbIX <POPMYJI
nOCTOHHHO pa3paCTaBIlIHXCH. JIHI\O, nOTepneBlI1ee OT HapYIlIeHHH
OOIU,ero npaBa, MorJJO nOJJyquTb TaKOM npHKa3 Y KOpOJJH, HMeHeM
KOToporo OR aBaJICH. 3TOT «perHCTp» npe.n.CTaBJIHJI c060fi:
3HUHKJIOne HIO OOIU,ero npaBa.
R KOHL{Y TpHHa.n.L{aTOro BeKa H300peTaTeJIbHOCTb CYJI,eH
I'W'laJJa, O'le'BHJI,HO, HCCHKaTb. OT HHX HCXO HJIO Tenepb MaJJO
HOBbIX npHKa30B, H eCJIH JJop -KaHL{JIep, KaK rJIaBa KOpOJIeBCKOH
KaHueJIHpUH, peIlIaJiCH; BbmYCiKaTb Tailme npHiKa3bI no COOc,TBeH-
Hoil HHHUH8THBe, TO CY bH, nOJJYQaBIlIHe HX, TOT'laC «OtMeHHJJH>>-
fiX, T. e. OTKB3bIBBJIHCb HX npHMeHHTb. Bce BeJIHKHe HHCTHTYTbI
HMelOT CBOIO 3noxy paCUBeTa H :'moxy yna Ka; B03MO)KHO, 'lTO
lIOKO.Helme Be.rrHKHX cy eH, Ha'lHHaH C rJIeHBliJIH H KOHqaH
DpeKToRoM, OPMYJJHpOBaBIlIHx o6IU,ee npaBo B BeHa uaTOM II
TpHHa L{aTOM neKax, HMeJiO B 'leTbIpHa.n.uaToM H nHTHBJI,L{aTOM
IWKax OOJIee P06KHX npeeMHHKOB. Ho 60.lIee BepoHTHo, KaK y)!(e
)'j{a3bIBaJIOCb, liTO .pOCT npBBl1TeJIbCTBeHHOM MaIlIHHbI JIHIlIH;1
cy eM, nepBOHa'laJJbHO BXO HBIlIHX B COCTaB M'lHOM KOpOJIeBCKOH
CBHTbI 1, Henocpe CTBeHHoro 06IU,eHHH C KopO;Ie!\o1 H OTO,lI,BHHYJI
HX B OT aJleHHbIe KaHL{eJIHpHH, r e OHl.J Y)Ke He MOrJJ'H JIH'lHO
06palllaTbCH K KOpOJJIO JI,JJH COBelllaHHH nO B03HHK3SlliHM Bonpo-
1 "CK<1MbH", T. e. CYJI,bJ KOpOJ1eBCKOii H OOuleii CICallbJl nepn()H;'WI.1JbHO
lie JlJrleJlH O'IHOUleHHH J( KOpOJleBCJ{OMY C()lIeTY; nepHH' C)'Jl.HI, 33Ct;n.mmmc:
B Em', Bbl6J1paJlIICIo H3 "JlHIJHCrO liIT3T3 ROPO,1}!".
38
qAOTL IIEPB.UI. BBEJI:EHIH:
caM, HO OJDKHbI 6bIJIH C.aMH IieCTH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a MepbI,
npHHHTbIe HMH no C06CTBerH!10MY nO'l'HHY. B 06lImpHOH H CJIa60
a,n.MHH'li'CTpHpyeMoli Bli'3aH'l1HikIKOH HMinCipHH TaKoe mOJI01KeHHe
'lano BeJIO 'K lBTOp1KeHHIO ,,n:OJI1KHOC,THbIX JIHl{ B c<pepy 'BepXOBHOH
BJIa'CTH. B AHrJIHH, r,n:e 3TO 6bIJIO HeB03M01KHO BCJIe,n:CTBHe 60JJb-
weM CHJIbI KOpOJI€BCKOIJ: a,n:MHHHCTpal{HH, CJI01KHBWHeC'H YCJIOBHH
c,n:eJIaJFlI cy,n:efI HepeWHTeJIbHbIMH H KOHcepBanmHbI'MH. Bo BCHKOM
cJIyqae iHeCOMHeHHO, 'ITO K \KOHl{y TpHHa,n:l{aTOro BeKa HaqaJIII
pa3,n:aBaTbCH 1KaJIo6w, qTO MCTO'IHHKH KOpOJIeBCKOro npaBooy,n:HH
HCCH'K.:i:IOT. B03HHiKWHM ror,n:a nap.naMeHT yq,eJI 3TH 1KaJI'06bI BO
BTOpOM BeCT'MHHCTepCKoM cTaTYT.e 1285 r. DapJIaMeHT, O'leBH-
,n:HO, qYB.OTBOBaJI, qrO aneJIJIHpOBaTb K CY bfIM 6eCnOJIe3HO,
n03TOMY OH IJOBeJleJI JIop,lJ,Y-:KaHl{JICipy, KaK xpaHHTemo perHcTpa
npHKa30B, paowHpHTb Kpyr ,n:eMcTBHH 06 ero npaBa [lYTeM
BbIny,cKa B. aHaJIOrHqHbIX CJIyqaHX HOBbIX npHKa30B, no,n:06HbIX
npe1KRHM, ,lJ:JIH Toro, qT06bI HMeTb B03M01KHOCTb y,lJ,OBJIeTBOpHTb
IIOTpe6HocTH, B03HHKWHe 11f'3 iHOBblX y,CJIOBHM.
aTOT 3HaMeHHTbIH aKT He OCTaJICH 6e3pe3YJlbTaT'fbIM;
B IKOHeqHOM HTore BO 'HCnOJIHeHHe ero, C60PHHKH, CO,lJ,ep1KaBWHe
oy,n:e6HbIe peweHHH, '6bJ.J1H ,n:onO:mJ:eHbI l{eJIbI'M pH,n:OM HOBbIX
HCKOBbIX <POPMYJI, U3BeCTHbIX no,n: HMeHeM HOKOB no JJ.eJIY
(«actions on the case»). Ho pa3BHTHe npaBa CHOBa nepecTaJ10
MTTH B Hory c nOTpe6HOCTHMH BpeMeHH. MbI BH,n:HM, 'lTD
K KOHl{Y 'LeTblpHa,lJ,l{aTOro BeKa JIOpjJ,-KaHl{JIep Y1Ke He OBOJIb'
'CTBye'l1CH! TeMH B03M01KBOCTHMH, KOTopbIe co,n:ep1KaJJHCb B cTaryTe
1285 r., Ii HaqHHaeT OKa3bIBaTb Henoape,lJ,cTBeHHYIO nOJ1.J1.ep1KKY
HOTl{aM, KOTopbI'e 1KaJIOBaJIH,Cb Ha «,n:e<peKTHocTb IOCTHl{HiH»,
'T. e. Ha TO, qro HX 06H,lJ,bl He npe,n:YCMOTpeHbI 06 HM npaBOM.
Bro 05'bHCHHJIOCb He TOJIbiKO TeM, qTO 06 ee npaBO He npH3Ha-
BaJIO HX Boo6 e B KaqeCrBe 06H,n:bI, HO TaiK1Ke H reM, qTO Cy,n:bI,
npHMeHHBIllHe 06 ee rrpaBo (oc06eHHo CyJ1.bI pa3'be3,n:Hble),6bIJIIf
'TeppOpH3HpoBaHbl 6YMHOH 3HaTblO HJIH BBOJJ.HJIHOb B 3a6JIY1K eHHe
6eCqeCTHblMH XOJJ.aTafIMH no eJIaM; B icoHl{e qeTblpHa,n:l{aTOro
BeKa Mbl Y1Ke npH6JIH1KaeMCH K 6ecnOKoMHOII 3noxe BOMR EeJIofr
'H AJIOII i!>03. TeM He MeHee He::waCmqHOCTb 06 ero npaBa 6bIJIa
:Bce 1Ke npH3HaHa.
CHOBa He onHpaHCb oHH Ha KaKOM <popMaJIbHbIH: aKT, HcTlIhI
!3M€CrO Toro, qT06bl XOJ1.aT8HCTBOBaTb 0 HOBbIX npHKa3ax P.Ci
OCHOBaHHH CTaTYTa 1285 r., YCBOHJIH 05bIKHoBeHHe 06pa aTbcH
K JIOp,n:y-KaHl{JIepy C He<popMaJIbHhlMH rreTHl{HHMH HJIH «6HJIJI5I H»,
B KOTOp X npOCHJIH ero «pa H 60ra H H3 MH ocep HH» rrpH3BaTh
J{ ce6e J1Hl{O, 06BHHHeMoe rrpOCHTeJIeM B rrpHqHHeHHH eM}'
y ep6a, orrpOCHTb ero H MHJIOCTHBO HmITH cnoc06 ,llJIH B03Me-
;ru;eHHH rrpOCHTeJIIO ym;ep6a, KOToporo He aeT 06w.ee npaBo.
DOCJIe Toro, iKaK CMYTbl rrHTHa,n:l{aTOrO BeKa 6bIJIH rrpeKpa-
ll\eHbl CHJIbHOM PYKOM MOHapxHH TIOJIOpOB, HOB.a.sr IOpncJ1.HKIJ,UH
rJIABA II. IICTO IHHKH AHfJIHttOKOfO IIPABA
39
J'lOp.u.QB-KaHlJ,JIepQB OrpaHll'lHBaJIaCb TeM, lITO. QHa BQCnQJIHHJIa
npOOeJIbI B Q6llJ,eM npaBe. npaBQ «cnpaBe,lUF.HBQCTH», KaK erQ
CTaJIH Tenepb Ha3bIBaTb, npHHHJIQ xapaK.lfep .n.onOJIHeHHH
K 061l{eMY npaBY. OHO BOCnOJIHHJIO ero np06eJIbI, H8Ka3bIBaJIO
3JIoynoTpe6JIeHHH JIHIJ., onHpaBIIIHXCH Ha 06llJ,ee npaBO C MOIlleH-
HHQeCKHMH IJ.eJISIMH HJI!H .n.JIH npHTeCHeHHSI Koro-HH6y.n.b; <paK-
TH 1 leCKH, XOTH 11 C OCTOp01KHOCTbIO, OHO CTilHOBHJIOCb B n03Hl.{HIO
CQnepHli'Ka cy.n.OB, npl1lMeHHBIIIHX 06ru.ee npaBO, TaK KaK .n.30B8JIO
JIyqIIIHe Cpe.n.CTBa 3allJ,HTbI, rreM 06ru.ee npaBO, .n.a1Ke B Tex My-
qaHX, KorAa nOCJIe.n.Hee co.n.ep1KaJIO nOCTaHQBJlellH€, nanpaBJIeHHOe
Ha y.n.OBJIeTBOpeHHe nOTepneBIllero. B KarreCTBe npHMepa nepBOH
<PYHKIJ.HH YKa1KeM Ha TO, rrTO KaHIJ.JIepCKHM CY,D:, I\OTOpbIM paHO
npHCBOHJI ce6e HCKJII01JHTeJIbHYIO IOpHCAHKlJ,HIO B ,D:eJIax 0 .n.OBe-
pHTeJIbHOM c06cTBeHHocTH (<<uses» HJIH «trusts»), T. e. no TaKHM
CJJ.eJIKaM, B CHJIY KOTOpbIX O,D:HO JlHIJ.O 06SI3aJIOCb AeMcTBoBaTb
B KaqeCTBe C06CTBep.HHKa HMyru.eC'I1Ba C TeM, rrToobI A06po-
COBeCTHO HM ynpaBJIHTb B HHTepecax ID:pyroro JIHIJ.a HJIH JIHIJ..
BCH 3TI!. Ba1KtHaSI OTp,aCJIb npaB.a rrOp01K,D:eH3.1 npalBOrM CI1Ip8lBe,D:-
.J1HBOCTH, TaK IIffiK Cy.n.bI o6llJ,c>ro np8B8 OTKa3bI'B8JIHCb ,D:8B81Tb npn-
Hy.n.HTeJIbHYIO CHJIY iIIo.n.06HbIM C.l1.eJIKaM, CqHTafl HX (He 6e3
OCHOBamm) npOTHBoperraru.H'MH .n.yxy o6llJ,ero npaBa. B K8QeCTBe
npHMepa BTOpOM cpYHKIJ.HH OTMeTHM cOBoKymIocTb .n.OKTpHH,
C03.11.aHHbIX JIOp,D:aMH-KaHIJ.JIepaMH no Borrpoey 0 BbIKyne 3aJIO-
]i<:eHHOM tHe,D:Bli1KHMOCTH. 8TH .n.eJIa B03HHKJIH TOT'IaC 1Ke nOCJIe
TOro, KaK 3aKOH OTMeHHJI AOKTPHHY IJ.epKBH 0 npOIleHTax, B pe3YJIb-
TaTe rrero OT.n.arra ,lI,eHer nOA 38JIOr H nOJIyrreHHe npOl.{eHTOB
. CT.aJIa 3ail\OHHoM c.n.eJIKoiL Hal' JIH)I,HbIM npHMep TpeTbeM cpYHKIJ.HH
.n:aeT paHO pa3BHBIllaHcSI npaKTHKa npe,D:OCTaBJIeHHH JIOP,D:OM-
KaHIJ.JIepO'M .rrpaBa 1;pe60BaTb no BbI60py lIOrrOJlTH HMH B H8.-
Type (specific performance) BMeCTO B03Meru.eHHH y6bITKoB,
npe,D:OCT8BJIHeMOrO 06ru.HM npaBoM npH HapYIlleHHH HeKoTopbIX
BHJI,OB ,lI,OrOBopoB. HanpHMep, A 3aKJ1lOIJ:aeT C,lI,eJliKY Ha npO,lI,a1KY
D yqaCTKa 3eMJIH 38 TbIcHrry MapOK, 3aTeM, HaM,D:H .n.pyroe JIHIJ.9,
rOTOBoe ,lI,8Tb 3a 3T}' 3eMJIlO TbICHQy ,lI,BeCTH MapOK, A HapYIllaeT
CII.eJIKY C 6. ECJIH 6 npHBJIeQeT K cYAY o6llJ,ero npaBa, OH
nO.'1yy.I1T JlHIllb B03l\Ieru.'eHHe 3a iHapYIlleHlfe C:,D:€J1KH. Ho 6 1KeJIaeT
nOJIyrrHTb 3eMJIlO, a He B03Meru.eH!lle. n03TOMY OH npe,D:nOIJ:TeT
TIeTHIlHlO 0 CnpaBe,lJ:JIHBOCTH (bill of equity), H !<aHIJ.J1ep ,D:aCT
paCIIOpSI1KeHHe A nepe,lI,aTb 3eMJIIO 6 no,n: cTpaxO'M 3aKJIlOQeHflH
B TlOpbMy B ,cJIyrrae OTKa3a.
O.l1.HO H3 caMbIX cYllJ,eCTBeHHbIx pa3JIHQHM Me1KII.Y KaHIlJIep-
oCKHM CY,D:OM cnpas.eJJ..IJHBOCTH H cYJJ:aMH 06ru.ero npaBa 3aKJIIOIJ:a-
.TJ.OCb B Bonpocax cY,D:onpOH3Bo.n.cTBa. B COOTBeTCTBHH co CHOHM
CTporHM KOHcepBaTH3MOIM B Bonpoce «0 npHKa3ax» CY.lI..bI
o6ru.ero npaBa BbIpa60TaJIH a TPH HJIH 'leTblpe BeKa cBoeM HCTO-
pHil OqeHb MaJIO rH6KHM H CTporo cpopMaJJbHWM cnoc06 pa300pa
-4'.1
"'IACT}, JIEPBAH. BBE)J.}::HHl,
"
A€.'I. B cymHOCTH OR CBOJl,HJICH K nOJJb30BaHHIO npHCH1KHbIMH J(mr
perueHlHI BOnpOCOB cpaKTa. B CepeJl,HHe BeKa npHCH2KHbIe 6bIJIH He-
Be}KeerneHHbI H :He CJIHIJIDKOM coo6pa3WreJIbHbl; Jl,JUI TOro, "tJT06N
OHM MOrJJH xopomo BbIITOJIHHTb CBOIO 3a,D: a try, cnopHbIe BonpOChI
,D:O.TI}KHbI l 6bIJIH' 6bITb nOCTaBJIeHbI TaK Y3KO, 'lTOObI Ha HHX 'MO>KHO
ObIJIO ornenI'fb npOCTbIMH «,D:a» HJJH <meT». .1JH 3TOH neJIH
Me2KJI.Y OTOp01-:aMH rrpoHiCXO,lI,HJl ,lI,0 CJIyruaHHH ,lI,eJIa (trial) nO.TI-
HbIH cpopMaJIbHbIM 06MeH COCTH3aTeJIbHbIMH 6YMaraMH (pleadings).
liecnoco6HOCTb npHCH}KH X OTJIH'IHTb ,D:06pOCOBecTHbIx 'CBHJI,eTe-
JleM OT He'leCTHbIX IIOBeJIa npH perueHHH Jl,eJI Ha OCHOBaHHH
o6mero npaBa K IHCKJII01IeHHIO H3 'lHCJIa CBHJI,eTe.TIeM Bcex J'mn.
J<OTopble 6bIJIH 3aHHTepecoBaHbI [3 l1..aHHOM Jl,e.'Ie, T. e. MOrJIH B
3aBHCHMOCTH OT .pemeHHH cyJl,a 'lTO-!HH6YAb rrorepHTb HJIH IBhI-
Hrp.aT'b. 5IcHO, tJTo caMbl'l\IH 3aHHTepecoBaHHbIMH .'IHUa'MH 6bI.'IJi
CTOpOHbI B ,lI,e.rre; .fi03TOMY cymeCl1BOBaJIO }KecTKoe npaBHJIO, co-
r.'I3CHO KOTOPOMY CTOpOHbI B ,D:eJIe, no,nJIe}KaBIlleM pellleHHIO, Ha
OCHOBaHHH o6liJ..ero rrpaBa, He MOrJIH ,naBaTb CBH,D:eTeJIbCKHX no
Ka3aHHM. K HeC'laCTblO, 3TO npaBHJIO, KaKHe 6bI 6JIanle ne.rrH OHa
HH npeCJIe,nOBa.no, HepeJI.KO npHBOJI.HJIO K HCKJIIO'leHHro CBHJI.eTeJJb-
CKHX rrOKa3aHHH Bcex rex JIMn, KOTopble Bo06III;e tJTO-HH6Y,lI,h
:-maJIH 06 06CTOHTeJIbCTB8X JI.eJIa.
JIop:n; -KaHl{JIep npeHe6peraJII BC"eMH 3THMH Tma11eJJbHO P83-
pa60TaHHbIMH rrpaBHJIaMH H OmpaBJIHJI npaBOCYJJ.He 6e3 npHCH!)K-
HbIX. KOrJI.8 JIOpJJ.-KaHnJIep O'lHTaJI, 'ITO HCTeu 060CHOBaJI cBoH
HCK JI.OCTaTO'lHO JI.JIH Toro, QTo6bI nOJIYQHTb rrpHlcY}K.z:r.eHHe, eOJIH
.lI.pyraH CTopOHa He BbICTaBHT 060CHOBaHHbIX B03pa)KeHHH
(prima facie case), OH, BMeOTO Toro, 'lT06bI ,lI,aTbpaCrrOpH)KeHHe
o !IIpH06peTeHHH HCTUOM cooTBeTcTByrom;ero rrpHKa3a C p'H<c.KOM
.I].JIfl \Hero nOJIYi'UiTb OTKa3 no HCRY B CJIY'lae, e,CJ1H 6bI OH H36paJI
HeH8JI.JIe)KaliJ..Yro cpOPMY npmm38, BbI aB'8JI He <<nepnOHaQ8JIbHh/ff
npHKa3», HO l1pOCTOM BbI30B B cyJl, 06BIIH5!e.MOro. B 3TOiM BbI30Be
OH ,npe,nJIaraJI nOCJIeJI.HeMY HBHT1>CH B CYJI. JIOp.l{a-KaHnJIepa
R TaKOM-TO ,lI,eHb C06CTBe'HHOJI/HQHO, no,D: CTpaXOIM IlJTpaq,a
(sub poena) B oIIiPe eJleHHOM cYMIMe, jJ,Jl5! O'TBeT8 no
.l{e.ny «3.l{eCb cO.l{ep)Ka eMYCjI», T. e. 1l3JIO)KeHHoMY B neTHUHH
UJIH 6HJIJIe, Ha 060pOTHOM CTopOHe :KOlIHH 1K0Toporo 6bIJI iIIOMe-
l eR BbI30B B cYjJ, HJJH sub poena. Korna BO HcnO.1HeHHe TaKoro'
BbI30Ba o6BHHHe'MbIM npe,n:crraBa.'I nepcJl, CY.LJ,OM, TO KaHlwep,
06bI'IHO ,lI,YXOBHoe .1]11l1..0 BbICOK.orO caHa, XOpOUlO 3H3K01we c pe-
.1JHrH03HbIMH 06pH,ZJ;aMH, rrO.l{Bepra.lIO ero no.J npHCHrOH TIl!.aTeJIh-
HOMY Jl,orrpocy, 3aTeM, BMeCTO Toro, 'IT06bI npOCTO npOH3HeCTH
«BHHoaeH» H.TtH «He R'HHOBeH», KaK CJI,eJIaJIH 6bI npHCH}J{HbIe, OH
OT,n:aBaJI npHKa3 0 TOM, 'lTo6br COOTBeT,cTByrom;aH CTOpOH8 COBep-
lllHJ1a onpe.z:r.eJle'HHOe ,ZJ;eMCTBHe H.l!I B03,ZJ;ep)KaJIaCb OT K81K0rO-J1H6o'
.l{eHCTBfl.H (K<liK f H8!IIpHMep, npOBepKa OTtJeTHocrn, paccMOT.peHHe
.l{OKYMeHTOB, aHHYJJHpOBarme .lI.OrOflOpOB, OTKa3 OT o('yn eCTBJI HHSI
I'JlABA n. HCTO'IHI1.iI{H AlII'JlHileKOi'O HI' ABA
41 :
npoi\eccyaJIbHbIX npaB H T. n.) C lI.eJIblO gdccTaHOBJJeHHH chpa-
Be.n.JIIjBOCTH, 3TOT npOIxecc 6bIJI, KOHe'IHO, topa3.n.o 60JIee rHOOK
H 60J:iee Ol1Be1J3'I 06CTOHTeJJbCTBaiM .n.eJIa, 'IeM 'Toqt!O YCTaHoBneJI-.
Hoe y.n;OBJFeTBOpeHHe, .n..tI!Bae1ilOe cy.n;aMH 06 ero npaBa. nOcJIe.n.-
HHe B 3TO BpeMH <l>aKTH'leCKH OrpalHlH'IHBaJIH'Cb TeM, 'ITO npHKa-
3blBa-.rI1H lIICpH<l>y BBeCT'H BO BJIa.n.eiHHe HC.n;BlnKUMIOCTblO, BbDHlI'paB-
lUero .n.CJIO HCTua HJ'IH 06paTHTb 'IaCTb c06cTBeHHocTH npoHrpaB-
lUero OTBeT'IHKa B .n;eHbrH .n;JIH B03Me eHHH y epoa.
Hey..n.HBHTeJJbHO, 'ITO cy.n; JIOp.ll.a-IKaHlI.JIepa iIIpH06peJI 'B /l,0JI-
roe I{apCTBOBaHHe KOpOJIeBbI EJIH3aBeTbI OOJIbIIIYIO nonYJIHpHOCiTb,.
H 'ITO B I{apcTBOBaHlHe KOpOJHl 5IKoBa I, 1K0r.n;a cOnepHH'ICc'rBo
cy.n.oB 06ll1.ero C 3THM Cy.n;OM npaBa BbI3BaJIO OCTpYIO 60pb6y
Me>K.lI.Y HH'MH, KOpOJJb, CJIe.n;ySl npe.n;JJO>KeHHIO CBoero COBeTHHK8
no npaBoBbIM .n;eJIaM c3pa cppeHclHca BCKoHa, 6y y ero lKaHI{JIepa".
YCTaHOBHJI nocp cTBOM TOp>KecTBeHHoro YKa3a, 'ITO B Tex CJIY-
'laHX, KOr/l,a HOpMbI 06ll1.ero npaBa H npaBa cnpaBe.n.JU:lBOCTIi
OKa3bIBaIOTCSl B npOTIlBOpe'IHH .n;pyr c .n;pyroM, TO nOCIJDe/l,HHe-
HMelOT npeHMYlll.ecTBO. 3TOT npHHlI.Hn 6!>IJI <l>opMaJ'IbHO no.n.T,Bep-
>K.n.eH HOBeHlIIHM 3aKOHo.n;aTeJJbCTBOM, nOJIO>KHBlIIHM KOHeu He-
.lI.OnYCTHMOMY cOnepHH'IeOTBY Cy.n;OB nYTeM OJIHHHHH npe>K.n;e He-
3aBHCHMbIX cy.n;OB 06ll1.ero npaBa Co CY.lI.OM npaBa cnpaBe.n;JIHBOCTH
H C JI.pyrHMH IOpHC.lI.HIKI{HHMH, BHOCHBlIIHMH pa3H060M, H npeBpa-
THJJ HX B e.ll.JiiHYIO 06lIIHPHYlO H Bce06'beMJIIO:l.lI.YIO CY.ll.e6HYlO CH-
cTeMy. Ka>K.lI.bIM Cy.n.bSl MOl' no BbI60py iIpHMeHHTb 06ll1.ee npaBti,
npaBO CnpaBe/l,JIHBOCTH H .n;pyrHe CHCTe:MbI B COOTBeTiCTBHH C xa-
paKTepOM .n;eJIa. TeM He MeHee, lKaK MbI YBH,1I.'liM HH>Ke, conepHH-
'IaBlIIHe 'Me>K.n;y C060M IOpHC HKI{HH 06ll1.ero npa'Ba H npaBa cnpa-
Be.ll.J1HBOCTH OCTaBHJJH pa3iHopo.n;Hble H rJ'Iy60K:l1e CJIe/l,bI B aHrJIHH-
CKOM CYJI.e6HOM npouecce H B alHr JllHMCIKHX IKOHI{enl(FlHX npaBa.
3TY rJJaBY HeJIb3H 3atKOH'IHTb 6e3 KpaTKoro OTBeTa Ha Bon-
pOC, KO'f10pbIH, eCTeCTBeHHO, HanpainHBaeTcH y BCID<OrO npOHHua-
TeJlbHOrO 'I'liTaTCJrH. BbIJIH JIiH CMeHRBlIIHe /l,pyr .n;pyra KaJH'lI.JIepbI
IIPH ocy ec BJIeHHH HMH CBoeM <l>YHKlI.HH BeplIIWreJIeM npaBa
cnpaBe/l,JIHBOCTH npe.n.OCTaBJFeHW I{eJIHKOM c06CTBeHHOMY y6e>K.n.e-
HHIO B TOM, 'ITO Tpe6yeTcH 'cnpaBe.n;JIHBOCTblO B KajK.lI.OM .n.aHHOM
.ZI.eJIe, HJIH ORH OIDIpaJIHCb Ha KaKO!e-JIH60 Y'IeHUe HJIU npaKTHKY?
OTBeT, BepOHTHO, .lI.O.'l>KeH rJIaCHTb, 'ITO <l>aKTH'IeCKH HMeJIO MeCTa
){aK TO, TaK H .n;pyroc. Y>Ke TO OOCTOHTeJIbCTBO, 'ITOB palmeR
CTa.n;HM ropHC.n;HKlI.HH JJOp/l,a-Ka.HI{JI1epa K HeM 06paI.l(aJIHCb B no-.
HCKax «oJ'IarOCKJIOHHOCTH» HJIH «MHJIOCep.n;HH», T. e. OfmpaSlcb Ha
npHHlI.Hn, coxpaHHBlIIHH npatKTH'IeCKOe 3HatJeH"He .n;o HalIIHX .ZI.Heii"
Jl,OKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO lIIYTKa CeJIJI,eH<! (Selden) «CnpaBe.ll.JlHBOCTb--
:JKYJIHKOBaTaSl B€llI.b, Be.rr.b OHa MeHHeTCH KaK )J}IMHa HorH JIOp.n;OB-
Ka'HUJJepOB» - co.n.ep>Ka la HeKOTOpyro .ZI.OJJro HCTHHbI .n;a>Ke elll.e
B ceMHa.n;uaTOM BeRe. E.ZI.B8; JIB MO)KHO COMHeB8TbCH B TOM, \11'0-
JIOp.n;bI-KaHUJIepbI 33JnICTBOIW.'UI HeKO'i'Opb!e' TlO 1JO}!{eHHH H3 PHM-
4
'IAClTI> IIEPRMT. BBI lumIiE
oro npaBa H HeKOTOpWe nOn01KeHHfl H3 KaHOHHqeCKOrO npaB3.
TBep.n;o YC'faHOBHBlU1HMCfl npHHIJ;Hn, qTO cy.n; crrpaBe.n;nHBOCTH
"SIBJUleTCfl «OY OM COBeoTH» TaK 1Ke TO'liHO OKa3aJl OBoe .n;eMCTBHe.
'O.n;mI!1W, MOfl TO'l'Ka 3peHHfl, XOTfl ee H HeB03M01KHO TO'IHO .n;OKa-
3aTb, BO.lUilTCJjJ II{ TOMY, 'lTO nop.n;bI-IKaHIJ;JlepbI, YCTaHaBJl'HBaH He-
KOTOpwe H3 CBOHX HOpM (HanpHMep, TY, '11'0 3aJI01KeHHaSl He.n;BH-
,}KIHMOCTb BCer,lI,a M01KeT ObITb BbIKynneHa), onHpanHCb 'Ha HaBbIKH
-«.n;06poro rpa1K,lI;amlHa», T. e. HCTHHHO 'leCTHOro H .n;OopOCOBeCT-
'fIoro qenOBeKa. B TalKOM CJI.yqae OTaHOBHTCfl nOHHTHbIM YTBep-
.)j{.n;eHHe npaBa cnpaBe.n;JIHBOCTH, qTO OHO onHpaeTC5I' Ha «COBe-OTb».
T KOHIJ;Y XVII Be'Ka iHOpMbI, BwpaOOTaHHbIe nepBbIMH nop-
_AaMH-. aHIJ;JI'epaMH, oopa30BaJIH 3aKOH'leHHYro IllpaBOBYIO Cll-CTe-MY.
PerYJIHpHOe ny6JIHIKOBaHHe OTQeTOB cy.n;a JIOp.n;a-KaHJJ.nepa
rr06Y,lJ,HJIO CY,lI,bI cnpa'Be.)I.JlHBOCTH <paKTH'IeCKH npH3HaTb TeopIHO
CY,lJ,e6HOrO npeIJ;e,lI,eHTa, 3aHMCTBOBaHHYIO HMH y HX correpHHIKOB,
C.y.n;OB ooru;ero npaBa. Ho Cy.n;bI cnpaBe.n;JIHBOCTH HOBoro BpeMeHi1
nOC-TOHHHO Tpe60BaJIH npaBa rrpllMeImTb npHHIJ;HnbI cnpaBe.n;mlBo-
OTH K HOBbIM YCJIOBHHM, no.n;06Ho TOMy, KaK 06ru;ee npano HII-
Iwr.n;a He .n;onycKaJIO, 'I.TO B HeM MorYT ObITb lKaKHe-HH6y.n;b npo-
,f)eJIbI. OqeBHAHO, 'I'OO nOKa 06ru;ee npaBO H npaBO CnpaBe,lI,JIHBOCTII
npH'MeHflJIOCb pa3HWM'H. Cy.n;b5IMlI'. Bcer.n;a ObIJIa B03MO)j{IHOCTb co-
nepH'H'IeCTBa Me>IW.Y HHMH. Tenepb, IK C'IaCTblO, KaK MbI YBH,lJ,Hl\!
HH1Ke, KaJK.n;WM Cy.n;bH MOJKeT nonb30BaTbCH HopMaMH 06ru;ero
JJpaBa H npaBa cnpaBe.n;JIHBOCTH H npHMeH5IeT IIX COBMeCTIIO.
rJ/ABA III
HCT04HHKH AHrnMMCKOrO nPABA
(Opo.n;on1KeHHe)
2. 3aKOH (cTaTYTbI)
B OTJlH'lHe 01' cY,lI,e6HOrO pemeHHfl, 3aKOH (cTaTYT) eCTb <pop-
'MaJIbHOe nOCTaHOBJIeHHe OTHOCHTeJIbHO KaKoro-HH6y.n;b npaBHl,TIa
l1OBe.n;eHIIH, nO,lJ,JIe>Karu;ero B 6Y,lI,yru;eM C06.'1IO,lI,emIIO, co CTOPOHb[
"fex JIHIJ;, IK KOTOpbIM OHO ooparu;eHo, 3aKOH Tpe6yeT TOqHOH <pop-
MYJIlIpOBKH. B CpaBHH'fIeJIbHO pe.n;KHX CJ1yqaflX OH CTpeMHTCfl YCTa-
HOBRTb YJKe cyru;ecTBYIOru;ee npaBO, HO .n;a1Ke H TYT qaCTO BeCbMa
COMHHTeJIbHO, qTOOW TBOpIJ;bI 3aKOHOB caMli .n;YMaJlH, '11'0 OHM
YCTaHaBnllBalOT Y1Ke cyru;eCTBYIOru;ee npaBO. B no.n;aBnfllOru;eM
60JIblIIHHrOTBe 3aKOHOB He .n;e.TIaeTCH nonbITKH CKpbITb TO OOCTOf!-
TeJJbCTBO, qTO JIIIIJ;O HJIII yqpe>K,lI,eHlIe, BbmYCKalOIl\ee saKOH,
011KpOBeHHO npe.n;nHCbIBae1' HOBwe npaBliJIa nOBe,lI,eHHH. 3aKOH
(3a HCKJIlOqeHHeM: OqeHb pe,lJ,IKHX c.nyQaeB) He nbITaeTCH, nOJJ.06Ho
l'JL\BA III. HU'l'U'lBIUHr AHI'.llHfi01(OrO IlPABA
-13
CY.D:OOHOMY pell1eHl-JIO, pa3pell1HTb Y>Ke I303HHKll1HM cnop HJJH 803-
JI01KHTb HaKa3aHI1e 3a Y1Ke C08epll1eHHbIH npocTynOK. I<or.n;a 31'.0
c.nyqaeTCH, TO r080pHT, qTO 3aIKOH .n;eMcTByeT ex p.ost fact.o, 11
TaJKHe 33KOHbI 06bIlqHO CqHTalOTC5I HecnpaBe.n;JIHBbIMH. STOT
B3rJIH.n; npe.n;'CTaBJIHeT y6e.n;HTeJIbHOe .n;OKa3aTeJIbCTBO Toro 6ec-
C03HaTeJIbHOrO y6e1K.n;eHoH5I, qTO OCHOBROH lI,eJIbIO 3aiKOHa (CTa-
TYTa) HBJI5IeTCH He YCTaHOBJIeHffe cyr.u:eCT8YIOr.u:ero npaBa, HO H3-
MeHeHHe ero.
BBe.n.eHHe HOBbIX 3aKOHOB npe.n.CTaBJIHeT C060M,'KaiK IMbI CKa-
3aJlli", .B eor JIaCi-IH co iBceMH HCTOpHiKlaMIll npaBa, 60.1Jee conpe-
I1IeHHbIH npOll,ecc,. qeM C03,lJ,mme !IpaBa 06bIqaeM HJIH Cy.n.e6HOH
npaKTHKOH.
B AHr JIHH .n.eJIO 06CT05IJIO, iKOHeqHO, HMeHHO TaK. Er.u:e CTO-
.11eTHfI .n.o Toro, KaK CHJIbHble aHrJIO-HOpMaHJJ:CKHe KOpOJIH HaqaJIH
H3JJ:aBaTb CBOH «aOCH3bI» H.1JH op.n.OHaHCbI (q,aKTHqeCiKH ApeBHeM-
ruHH BHJJ: 3a,KOHa B AHrJIHH), B CYJJ:e6HbIX C06paHH5IX -My.n:pble
MY1KH HJIH CTapll,bI «BepruHJIH npHrOBopbI», KOTopble 6bIJJH npe.n;-
ruecTBeHHH.KaMH n03.n.HeMll1HX perueHHH Kopo.1JeBCKHX CYAei'I
B pa31>e3JJ:e. 110 yqpe1KJJ:eHHfI nap.1JaMeHTa B XIII BeKe H3JJ:aHHe
3aKOHOB npOHCJWJJ:H.1JO peJJ:KO, HO H nOCJIe ::noro napJIaMeHT
er.u:e B TeqeHHe pHJJ:a 8eKOB npHHHMaJI HeMHoro HOBbIX 3aKOH013.
lIa1Ke Te.nepb, HeCMOTpH Ha JIHXopa.n.OqHYIO JJ:eHTeJIbHOCTb napJIa-
M'eHTa, e1KerOJJ:HbIH HTor ero 3aiKOHOJJ:aTeJIbHOH JJ:eHTeJJbHOCTH
{:OCTaBJIfleT 06bI'lrHO no 061>eMY He 60JIee OJJ:HOH ruecToM cy.n.e6-
HbIX OT'leTOB, COAep1KaIll.'l!x peIlIeHH5I cYJJ:eH 3a TOT 1Ke nepHOJJ:.
npHqeM BeCl>Ma 8epOHTHO, qTO 3TH OT'IeTbI COAep1KaT He 60JIee
'O.n.HOM JJ:ecHToM Bcex peIlIeHHH, BbIHeceHHblX .n.a1Ke Cy.n;bSlMH
BbICIlIHX HHCTaHlI,HiL OJJ:HaKo HaJJ:O 3aMeTHTb, qTO ro.n;OBbIe
BbmYClKH i!1apnaMeHTCiKHX aKT08 cOJJ:ep1KaT' JIHilib ny6JIHlJBble
8.KTbI, T. e. TaKHe, KOTopbre OTHOCHTC5I K 06r.u:ecTBY B lI,eJIOM,
Tlor.n;a lKaK qaCTHbIe aKTbl, OTHOCHr.u:HeeH K MeCTHbIM HJllI 'IaCTHblM
JI:eJIaM, MorYT 6bITb nOJIY'IeHbI Ha KOpOJIeBCKOM neqaTHOM ABope
TOJIbiKO no Cnell,HaJIbHOM 3aHBKe. HeOMOlp5I Ha 3TH 06CTOHTeJIb-
CTBa H HeCMOTpH Ha paCT5IHYTOCTb H 3arrYTaHHOCTb MHorHX nap-
.TIaMeHTCKHX 8KTOB, M01KHO C AOCT8TOqHbIM OCHOBaHHeM YTBep-
1KAaTb, 'ITO npaBO, oCHqBaHHoe Ha 3aKOHe, MeHee 06mHpHO,
MeHbilie no 061>eMY, eCJ1H yqeCTb Ba1KHOCTb pa3pelliaeMblx HM
3aAaq, qeM npaBO, OCHOBaHHoe Ha Cy.n.e6HOM npaKTHKe.
C 3THM TeCHO CBH3aHO Kap.n;HHaJIbHOe pa3JIHTJJHe B TOJIKOBaHHH
cYAe6HbIX peIlIeHHM H 3aKOHOB. 4eJIOBeK, H3Y'la1or.u:HM a HrJIHM-
CKYIO CYJJ:e6HYIO npaKTHiKY, pe.n.Ko 06HapY1KHT' 8 cy.n;e6HbIX
peIlIeHHSIX, COCTaBJIHIOr.u:HX OCH08y npaBa, TBopHMoro cy.n;aMH.
KaKOM-JIH60 npHHIlHn, BbIpa1KeHHbIH B 5ICHbIX H npOCTbIX TepMH-
Hax. BnpOqeM, 3TO npe.n;CTaBJIHeT CKopee Hall,HOHaJIbHYIO oc06eH-
HOCTb, 'IeM qepTY, xapaKTepHYIO AJI5I BCHKOM cYAe6HOM npaiKTIi'KH.
.8 H6KOTOpbIX cTpaHax Cy.n;r.H nOCT05IHHO npe.n;noCbfJIalOT CBOHM
44
'I A C'I' h II :PBAn. BBE) I':HIlE
p.ellleHH5IM H3JliO)KeHMe Tex HOpM MJIll npIlHl{IlnOB, KOTopble OHH,.
no IlX MHeHHIO, npMMeHMJIH; Hepe.n;KO YKa3bI:BaJIOCb, 'ITO aHr.1FHii-
CKHe CY.iI.hH .n;OJDK'HbJ ObIJUi UbI .n;e.iiJlb 'TO )Ke c.aIMoe, HO (j>aKTW-
1.JeCKJ1. OHM 31'01'0 He .n.eJIaIOT. BCJIe.n;CTBHe 31'01'0 aJJ;BOKaT,
CCbIJIaroIqHMCH Ha oneT 0 lKaKoM-HH6y.zib peIIleHHOM .n;e.le
B BHJJ;e aprYMeHTa B iIlOJIb3Y CBoero IKJIHeHTa, .n;OJI)Ken HaMTH
npHHl{Hn, JIe}J{aIl{HH B OCHOBe BbIHeceHHoro peIlleHHH, HJIH, KaK
ero Ha3bIBalOT - ratio decidendi. Eho Tpe6yer CJIO)KHOrO npo-
l{eCca, KOTOpblM e.D:B8 JIM MO)KHO onnC3Tb BO Bcex nOJJ.p06HO-
CT5IX, HO KOTOpblH .D:0JI)KeH OXBaTbwaTb. KaK rOBOpHJIOCb paHblIle,
M HO)K€CTBO C006pa)KeHHM, 'Ha, npHMep OTHOC,HIqiHXOH K O;6CTO-
HTeJIbCTBaM .D:eJIa, K aprYMeHTaM, BbIJJ;BMHYTbIM npe.n.CTaBHTeJIHIIJH
06eMX CTOpoH, K C.oCTOfliIDHK> npaBa B TOT MOMe-HT, Kor.n.a 6bIJIO Bbl-
HeceHO peIlleHHe H T..n.. Ha.D:o B oc06eHHOCTH 3anOMHHTb, 'ITO ratio-
decidendi Ka)K.D:0rO .D:aHHOrO CJIY'IaH MO)KeT 6bITb Bblpa)KeHO
B peIlleHHHx .n;BYX, Tpex H 60.lee cy.n.eM, npH'IeM nO.D:1.Jac pacTH-
HYTbliX peIlleHHHx, KOTOpble.D:alOT pa3Hble 060CHOB<lHHH o.n;Horo-
H 1'01'0 )Ke BbIBO.D:a,
COBepIlleHllo .n.PyraH 3a.D:aQa, no KpaMHeM Mepe B TeopHH,
CTOlfi' nepe.n. HHTepnp'CTaTOpOM 3aKOHa. OH .n.OJI>KeH npHMeHHTb
He .ratio de0idendi, a litera legis, T. e. OH .n.OJI>KeH PYKOBOJJ.CTBO-
BaTbCH TO'IHbIMH Bblpa)KeHMHMH 3aKOHa. H ICCJJH TOJIbKO B 3aIK.oHe
HeT HOHblX YiKa3aHHH Ha TO, '11'.0 ynoTpe6JIeHHble B HeM TepMHHbI
HMelOT cnel{HaJJbHOe HJIM TeXHH'IeCKOe 3!Ha'IeHHe, TO Oll' .o6H3aH
TOJIiKOBaTb MX B MX 06bl'lHOM HJIH CJIOBapHOM 3Ha'leHHH. Do-
nQMY, B TO BpeM51, KaK IlHTepnpeTaIJ,MH cy.n;e6HOH npaKTHKH
cABa JIH MO>Ke'I' 6bITb np01i3Be.n.eHa lKeM-HH6Y.JI.b KpOMe onblTHbIX
ropHCTOB. npe.n.nOJIaraeTCH, 'ITO CMbICJ1' 3aKOHa MO)KeT 6blTb
nOHHT Ka>K.n.bIM 06pa30BaHHblM 'IeJIOBeKOM. Ha 3TOM npe.n;'lIOJIO-
MeHHH OCHOBblBaeTCH B 3Ha'1MTeJIbHOM CT€TIeHH Tpe60BaHHe
KO.L1.H<t>HKal{HH, T. e. nO.L1.Be.n.eHMH 06u ero HTora CYIl{eCTBYIOIl{erO
npaBa B <t>opMe 3aKOHa HJIM 3aKOHOB.
O.n.HaKO, Ta'KOe Tpe60BaHHe npaBMJIbHO TOJIbKO .n.o H3Bem-
HOH CTeneHH. OHO MO>Ker 6bITb npaBHJIbHO B OTHOIlleHMH - 3aKO-
HOB B <t>opMe Kopo.1JeBCKHX YKa30B (COBpeMeHHbIX npeeMHHKOB
npe)KHHX aCCH3, 0p.L1.0HaHCOB, nOBeJIeHHM M .L1.Pyrnx BH.L1.0B KOpO-
.JI'eaCKOro HJIH «BepXOBHoro» 3aKOHO.D:aTeJJbCTBa) If nOCTaHOBJIeI-IHH
MYHHIlHnaJIiInerrOB H iKOpnOpal{'HM, KOTopbIe 06bI'lHO COCTa-
B.'ISIIOTCH onblTHbIMH cnel{llaJIHOT3Mll, npHHHMalOTCH B cnoKoMHoli
06CTanOBKe H OTHOCHTCSI K OIJeRb OrpaHll'IeHHOMY Kpyry
npe.n.Me1'OB.
Ho TO :tKe Tpe60BaHlle pe.n;KO npHMeHHrMO K ca:-.!OH cyw(:-
CTBeHHOM qaCTll 3aKOHOB, T. e. K napJIaMeHT'CIKMIM aKT3:.:. KOTopbIe
K3calO11CH MHO}J{eCTBa CnOp.HbIX BonpOOOB M .L1.0JI>KHbI B Ka'1eCTB€'
«6HJIJUI» llJIll 3aKOHOnpOeKTa llcnblTaTb Ha ce6e noe.n.llHOK He-
CKOJl1biKHX COTeH 33iKOHO.D,aTeJJen, H3 ,xOTOPbIX Ka)J{.1 Lli\ CTpt'''l1ilCHi
l'JL\BA III. MOTO'lHMKH AHI'JJHiiOIWl'O IlPcUL\
45
)3HeCTH B 3a'KOH CBOe Y'COBeprneHCTBOB8'HHe HJJM KpHTH qeCKOe
3aMeQaHHe. 113 3THX aa,KOHOJI,aTe.n:eH >HeM:HOrHe 06JIaJI,a1OT
B KaKoti-TO Mepe cnoc06HOCTbi0 nOHHMaTb JIOl'HqeCKYIO CBH3b
'OJI,HOM q,aCTH MeponpHHTHH C JI,pyroM qaCTbIO H CKOJIbIW-HH6YlJ;b
;maKOMbI 0 TOM npaBOBo.M cHcTeMOM, cocTaBHoM qaCTblO 'KOTOpOR
JI,OJI)K'CB CTaTb 3TOT 6YJI,ymHM 3aKOB. HaJI,o JJH yJI,HJ3JJSlTbCSl
TOMY, qTO 3aKOHbI HepeJI,KO npHHHMalOTcH napJIaMeHTOM B TaKHX
YCJ10BHHX, qTO OHH TOTqaC )Ke C03JI,aIOT np06JJeMbJ, Tpe6YlOmHe
TO.1lKOBaH'HH, H BbI3bIBalOT cnopbI, OTHOCHlllHec'H K HX co,n:ep>K8.-
HHIO. nOJI,06Hb cnopbI MorYT 6bITb perneHbI (B nepB:YIO oqe-
pe,n:b no 'KpaMHeM Mepe) TOJIbKO Cy,n:bHMH B. cy,n:ax; iHMeHHO
-CYJI,bHM npHXOJI,HTCfI npHHHMaTb .Ha ce6H 3aJI,aQY TOJtKOBaHiJul
CMbJ.OJIa cTaTbH, KOTopaH:, lKaK OKa3bIBae110H y)Ke H3 caMoro
'4>a;J<Ta cnopa, MO)KeT HMeTb no MeHbrneH Mepe JI,Ba TOJ1KOBaHHfI.
TI03TOMY Hey,n:HBHTeJIbHO, qTO Cy,n:MI B CBoeM TOJIKOBaHH'H
3aKOHOB, 6bIBalOT HHOrJI,a npHHY)KJI,eHbI YKJIOHHrfbCH 01' CTpororo
npaBliJIa litera legis HJIH npH6eraTb K MeTOJI,aM, BbJXO,n:HmH 1
3a npeJI,eJlbI CJ10BapHoro 06'bSlCHeHHH TepMHHa JI,nfl Toro, qT06bJ
YOTa!llOBHTb, '11'0 )Ke B JI,eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTU 03HaQaeT 6yu<Ba
3a1KOHa. MHoro CTDJIeTHM TOMy Ha3aJI, BbIJI,alOmHHCH aBTopHTeT
'B 06JIaCTH npaBa Harne.'!, '11'0 KJIIO'l K TOJIKOBaHHIO 3aKOHOB
3aKJIIOqaeTCH B 11.3yqeHHH «'CTaporo npa'Ba, cyme>CTBOBaBrnero
'npH HeM 3JIa H cnoc06a ero YCTpaHeHHH)), T. e. B HCCJIe,n:OBaHHH
Toro, qTO JI,eJJaJIO npe)KHee npaBo Hey,n:oBJICTBOpHTeJIbHbIM,
H B pa360pe MeTOJI,a, KOTOpbIM HOBbIM 3a'KOH XOTeJI YCTpaHHTb
3TO HeCOBeprneHCTBO. IJ. HHoe PYKOBOJI,CTBO JI,JIfI ,BbIIlOJIHeHHfI
3THX 3a;.n:aq MO)KHO qaCTO HaMTH BD BCTynHTeJIbHbIX HJIIII 06'b-
'5IOHHTeJIbHbIX qaC'fHX 3aKOHOB, KOTopbIe npeJI,nOCbIJIaIOTCH HX
«onepa'f'HBHbIM» qaCTHM. Ho B HOBeHrneM 3aKOHOJI,a'I1eJIbCTBe
TaKHe 06'bflCHHTeJIbHbIC qaCTH BCTpeqalOTCH peJI,KO, a npn: 'lTe-
HHH H{ KOTOpbIX cTapbIx 3aiKOHOB C Tpy,n:OM MO)KHO OT,n:eJlaTbCH
.01' BneqaTJIeHHfI, qTO OHin HMelOT ueJIblO BBeCTH B 3a6JIY)K,n:e-
HIle. TaKHM 06pa30M, Cy,n:bHM npHxo,n:'HTCH otmpaTbcfl Ha
c06CTBeHHoe c,y)KIJ,eHHe 06 06111HX 3aJI,aqaX JI,aHHOrO 3aKOHa,
lJICXOJI,H H3 ero co,n:ep"KaHHfI B ueJIOM H nOJI,qHHflH qacTHble
)'TBep)KJI,eHHH 06W,HM 3aJI,aqaM, TaK qTO nO.llyqaeTCH clwpee
.10rHqeCKOe, qe:\I 6YKBa.'lbHOe TO.1KOBaHHe. O,n:HaiKo npH 3TOl\I
CY,lI;b5!M 3anpemaeT<;fI Ha OCHOBaHHH npaBH.:la, KOTopoe Ka>KeTC51
npOH3BOJIbHbJ.'\I, HO B CYl HOCTH OqeHb pa3YMHo, BXOJI,HTb B pac-
M-O'PpeHHe Tex OTHOCHIlJ,HX'CfI K 38iKOHY onopoB, K101'OpbIe H'MeJIH
'IeCTO B 3aIKOHOJI,aTe.:lbHOM yqpe)K,n:eHHH, a TaK>K.e yqHTblBaTb
KaIme-JIH60 ny6JIHtUlble lIJIH qaCTHbIe BblCKa3bIBaHHH ero C03,'l.a-
I c.leII OTHOCHTeJIbHO UeJIeH, KOTopbIe rrpeCJIeJI,yeT 3TO 3aKOHO-
.iJ,aTe.'lbHOe MeporrpH5tT'He. KpoMe Toro, B03HHiKJIH n ,n:pynIe,
'j3TOpOcTeneHHble rrpaBHJIa TOJIKOBaHHSI, HanpHMep, TaKoe
:'1paBl1JIO, qTO eC.TfH ,n:BC CTaTbH 3a,KOHa ,n:pyr ,n:pyry npoHlBope-
4'6
'{A(YJ'I, UJ;;PBAH. HBE)l:EHJU
GaT, TO npeHMyrn.ecIBO HMeeT nOCJIe.ll.HflH H3 .lI.BYX H qTO CMbICJJ
06rn.ero nOCTaHOBJIeHHH .lI.OJDKeH TOJIKOBaTbCH OrpaHHqHTeJIbHO
npHMeHHTeJIbHO KCMbICJJY CneI{HaJIbHOrO nOCTaHiOBJleHHH Toro :>Ke'
3aKOHa, O'I'P.OC.Hrn.erOCfl K 'I'OMY :>Ke po.n:y npe:lIiMeTOB.
TaKHM 06pa30M, eC.JH1 3aKOH, OTHOCHrn.'H'MCH K nepeB03Ke'
MOJI01J'HbiX npOJI.YKTOB B }f{apKYIO noro.ll.Y, 3anpeIUaeT nepeB03KY
HHI{ npH TeMnepa Type Bblwe 65 0 , MOJlOKa npH TeMnep-a-Type-
BbIID 70 0 H MaC.1Ja npH TeMnepaType Bbiwe 75°, a 3aTeM 3anpe-
Il{ae1' nepeB03KY KaKHX 6bI TO H'H 6bIJIO JI.PYrHX npOJI.}'KToB
B cJlyqae, eCJlH rpa.ll.ycHHK nOKa3bIBaeT OOJJbwe 80 0 , TO nOC.TIell-
'Ree 06rn.ee nOCTaHOBJI€HHe He npenflTcTByeT nepeB03Ke yrJlfl HJlH
XOTH ObI CKaKOBbiX JIOWaJI.eH np" TeMnepaType CBbiwe 80 0 . 9TO'
npaBHJIO TOJI!KOBaHHH H3BCCTHO noJI. Ha3BaHHeM npaBHJla ejusdem
generis H OTHOCHTCSI K TOJlKOBamno He O.ll.HHX TOJIbKO 3aKOHOB.
He TOJIbKO Cpe.ll.H WHpOKOH ny6JIHKH, HO H cpeJI.H IOpHCTOB
npHHHTo CqHTaTb «3a!KOH» (statute) H «napJIaMeHTCiKHM aKT"
paDH03Haqyrn.HMH TepMHHaMH. O.ll.H8KO, 3TO cOBepweHHo He-
npa8HJIbHO. Bce napJIaMeHTCKHe 8KTbI HB.1JfllOTCH 3aKOHaMH, HO
He Bce 3aKOHbI f1BJIHIOTCH napJIaMeHTCKHMH aKTaMH, XOTH"'
nOCJIe.ll.HHe npe.ll.CT8BJIHlOT C060M, KOHeqHO, HaH60.1Jee B8:>KHYIO
qacTb 38KOHOB.
CBepx Toro, B AHfJIHH n8p.laMeHTCKHe 3KTbi OTJIHqalOTCH
OT Bcex .lI.pynIx Bli.ll.OB 3aKOHOB O.ll.HOM B8}f{HOH oc06eHHOCTblO.
Hx 3aKOHHOC'Tb, B oTJ]H'me OT HX TOJIKOBaHHfI, He MO}f{eT .lI.a}Ke
oOCY}K.lI.aTbCH B CY.lI.e6HOM' 3aCe,D:aHHH. B nepB IM nepHO,n;
cyrn.eOTBOBaHIUI nap.1JaMeHTa .lI.eJIo 06CTOHJIO HHaqe H n03HI{HH
napJJaMeHTa no cpaBHeHHIO C n03HI{HSIMH .lI.PYfHX COBeTOB iKOpOHbI
He 6bIJIH TaK 6eceDOpHbI. Ho ern.e ,D:O KOHI{a wC<CTHa.ll.I{aTOrO HeKa
6bIJIO npH3HaHO, qTO napJIaMeHTCKHM aKT npe,D:CTaB.1JHeT C060R
caMoe aBTOpHTeTHOe BOn.TIOIUeHHe a Hr.nHllCKOf 0 npaBa, 'MMelOrn.ee
npeHMyrn.eCTBO nepe.ll. KOpO.TIeBCKHMH YKa3aMH H caMbIMH TOp}f{e-
CTBeHHbIMIH peIlleHH5IMH BbICIllHX CY,D:e6Hb!X HHCTaHl(HH. nOCJIe
Toro KaK AHf.TIH5Ii nepeCTaJIa 6bITb Oc,TpOBHhIM rOCY.ll.apCTBo t
H CTaJIa l(eHTpO I MHpOBOH I1MnepHH, ObI.10 npHHHTO CIIHraTb,
'-.ITO aKTbl napJ18 ieHTa B BecnnmCTep€ npe.ll.CTaB.1JflfOT c060ff
BbIClIIee npaBO .lI..1JfI Bcei1 HMnepmr. 11 XOTff He.ll.aBHHe COOhITI1H
I13MeHHJII1 "ny TOQKY 3peHH5f, nOCKo.'fhKY }I,e:ro. KacaeTCH 3 nlOp-
('}{HX .lI.OMI1HI10HOB, TeM He MeRee aHa OCT8eTCSI B CHJIe
B OTHOWeHI1H COe.ll.HHeHHOfO KOpO l:eBCTB8 BeJ'IHK06pI1TaHHl1
H CeBepHOH I1p.la, H.lI.I1H nOCKOJIbKY I1HOe He orOBopeHO B caMOM
napJIaMeHTC>KOM aKTe. cha ocooeHHocTb Bblpa}KeHa B npaBoBoH
{jJopMYJIe, rJlacHrn.eH, qTO I10CKO.1JbKY .lI.eJ10 KRCae1'Cff AHfJIHI1
napJJaMeHTCKHH aKT' He MO)KeT 6bITb npl'I3HaH ultra vires. '
Ho 310T npHHl.{l'In He OTHOCI1TCH K ,D:PYfHM BH,D:aM npaBa,
OCHOBaHHbIM Ha 3aKOHe, 11 0 HHX Mbl .lI.OJI}KHbI Tenepb CKa3aTb
HeoKO.TIhKO CJlOB.
T'JIABA III. llC'TO 1HHcrHI AHJ'JIll"AOKOfO nPABA
47"
113 HHX CaMbIMH oy eCTB!eJH;HbIMHHBJISUOTCH KopOJJeBCKHe'
YKa3bI, Order in Council, T, e. YKa3bI, KOTopble B npHHQHne-
;:r.OJJ)KHbI 6bITb ;:r.aHbI KOpOJIeM no COBe aHHH C TaMHbIM COBeTOM,
npe;:r.cTaBJIHIO ",M C060M l{e.TIoe yqpeJK;:r.eHHe, KOTopoe HMeeT
;:r.JlHHHYIO HCTOpHlO, HO ;:r.aBHO nepeOTaJIO c06HpaTbCSI )J.JI5I
06cYJK;:r.eiHHH )J.eJI. B .n;eMcTBHTeJIbHOcrr:H, KOpOJIeBamH YKa3:
C03.n;aeTCH KeM-HH6y;:r.b H3 KOpOJIeBCK X MHHHCTpOB RJIH no;:r. ero
PYKOBO;:r.CTBOM H .n;OKJIa;:r.bIBaeTCSI Ra COBe aHHH ;:r.BYX HJIH 'Tpex
TaMHbIX COBeTHHKOB, C03BaHHOM corJIaCIHO npHHHTbIM npaBHJIaM,.
06bIlIHP B npncYTcTBlU! :ROpOJISI, KOTOpbIM pa3pemaeT ero BneCTH
B npOTOKOJIbI COBeTa. Y:Ka3aHHaH npol{e;:r.ypa o1'paJKaer
rropa3HTeJJbHbIM pOCT BJIHSlHHSI MHHHCTpOB; BCSI Ta orpOMHaH
BJIaCTb, KOTOPYIO paHbme ocy eCTBJISlJI KOpOJIb no COBell1.aHHH
co CBOHMH caMbIMH 6JIH3KHMH COBeTHHKaMH, npe.n;OC(faBJIeHa'
Tenepb Ha BOJIIO o.n;Horo H3 ero no;:r.;:r.aHHbIX. 06'bSICHSleTCSI 3TO r
KOHelIHO, TeM, lITO MHHHCTP, OTBelIalO HM 3a yrKa3, SlBJISleTCSII He
TOJIbKO lJJIeHOM He60JJbIIlOM KOJIJIerHH, T. e. MHHHCTepCTBa,.
KOTOPOMY CTpaHa npH nocpe.n;CTBe ,H'36pa'HHbIX ero npe;:r.CTaBHTe-
.TIeM .n;OBepHJI'a ynpaBJIeHHe rocy;:r.apCTBOM, HO 'lTO, KpOMe Toro,
OH .n;oeM,cTByeT B no.n;aBJIfllO eM 60JIbIIIHHOTBe CJIYlIaeB no-
nOJIHOMO'lHIO, !KOTOpOe cnel{HaJIbHO npe;:r.OCTaBJJeHO eMY napJIa-
MeHTCKHM aKTOM. 3TO BblpaJKeHO, XOTSI H HeCKOJIbKO HeYKJIIOJKe,.
B Ha3BaHHH «I(opOJIeBCKHM YKa3 B cOBeTe, OCHOBaHHbIH Hit
3aiKOHe», KaK HMeHYIO(f'CSI no;:r.06Hble YKa3bJ npH HX ony6J1HKoBaHHH.
TaKoe JKe nOJIOJKeHMe 3aHHMalOT ;:r.pyrHe paCnOpmi{eHHH
HJIH npaBHJIa, H3;:r.aBaeMble MHHHCTpaMH B KalIeCTBe PYKOBo;:r.HTe-
JIeM Be;:r.OMCTB OT c06CTBeHHoro HMeHH HJIH Cy;:r.bHMH BbiCOKoro"
cy;:r.a. JIHIIlb OlIeHb pe;:r.KO YKa3bI ;:r.aIOTCSI caMHM KOpOJIeM Ha
OCHOBe TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX KOpOJJeaCKHX npeporaTHB, T. e. TOro,
'lTO COXpaHHJIOCb OT ero HeKor;:r.a nO'lTI1 HeOrpaHHlJeHHOfl;
B.'IaCTH nOC.JIe .orpaHUlJ.eHlflii, KOTOpbIM OHa no;:r.Bepr JIOCb B TelJe-
HHe .n;OJIrOM KOHCTHTyu.HOHHOM HCTOpHH AHrJIHH co CTOpOHbt.
nap.laMeHTa H 06 ero npaBa.
3TH pacnopH eHHfI H npaBHJIa co;:r.eHCTBYIOT Tenepb 60JIbIIle
q,eM napJIaMeHTCKHe aKTbI, BO BCSlKOM CJlyqae no 06'beMY, eJKe-
ro.n;HOMY paCIIIHpeHHIO cclJepbI 3aKOHo;:r.aTeJIbCTBa. OHH o1'paJKalOT'
3f-:a lIHTeJIbHOe YCHJIeHHe HCnOJIHHTeJIbHOH BJiaCTH B npOTHBOBec
B.laCTH napJIaMeHTa. J]pe;:r.oxpaHHre.TIbHa5I Mepa OT HHX 3aiKJIIO-
qaeTcSI B (fOM, lITO ;KaJK.n;bIM Cy;:r.bSl KaK BbfCIIIHX, TaK H HH3IIlHX'
HHCTaHl{HH, KOTOPOMY Ha;:r..TIeJKHT HX npHMeHSlTb, MOJKeT npH-
3HaTb HX ultra vires, T. e. ClIHTaTb, lITO OHH He C()(Yl'BeTCTBYIOT
na:pJ1aMoeHTCiKoMy aRTY, KOpOJIeB'CKOM npeporaTHBe HJIH KaKO y-
JIH60 ;:r.pyroMY nOJIHOMOqHIO, .n;alOll1.eMY npaBo Ha HX H3;:r.aHHe.
ECJIH OH ClJHTaeT 3TO iiyJKHbIM, TO MO>KeT, He Tpe6ySl OTMeHb!
paCnOpSlJKeHHSI HJIH npaBHJIa, npOCTO HrHopHpOBaTb .ero cy e.
cTBOBaHHe H OT'Ka3bIBaTbCH ero npHMeIlflTb K paCCMaTpHBae}fh1Mh
48
'IA01'Io IISPRASI. Bn )H;HMF:
'jiM .n.eJI3M. nOCfe 3TOrO 8Ce OCTaJlbHble CYJ];bH paBHOrO C HRM
JI HH3wero paRra 1 6y.n;YT npH.n;ep>KHBaTbCH Toro >Ke, COrJIaCHO
paHee OO'bHCHeH!HOMY YlleflHIO 0 cy.n.e6HOM npeue.n.ewre, H TaiKoe
paCnOpH>KeHHe HJIH. npaBHJIO ClfaHeT MepTBOM OYKBOM, eCJm
TOJIbKO H nOK3 OHO He 6y.n;eT BOCCTaHOBJJeiHO pellleHHeM cYAa
'BbOOmeM HHCTaHI.{HH, !KOTOpbIM MO>KeT OTMeHHTb pellleHHe CBoero
:npeAlIIecTBeHHH:Ka. H01J.06HRR cy.n.b6a nOCTiHfJIa .n.a>Ke O.n.HH
KOpOJJeBCKHH YoK83, AaHHbIH BO BpeMR BOMHbI Ha OCHOBaHHH
'IIIHpOKIIX nOJIHOMO'IHH, npe.n.ocTaBJJeHHblX Tor.n.a HCnOJIHHTeJIbHO.H
BJIaCTH 38KOH8MIi 06 ooopoHe KOpOJIea.cIfB8 (Defence of the
Realm Acts). I13JIHlllHe rOBopHTb, 'ITO CTaTYTbl, C03.n.aBaeMble
H'H13111HMH BJI8CTSlMH, K8K H8npnMep MYHHI1Hn8JIbHbIMH IKopnop8-
l.\HRMH Ii >KeJIe3Ho.n.opO>KHbIMH OOli\eCTBaMH (H Ha3blBaeMbIe
. by laws), T8K>Ke MorYT ObITb npH3HaHbI ultra vires. B CJJY-
''laRX, Kor.n.a .n.eJIO H.n.eT 00 3Tl1X H11311UlX BJIaCTRX, Cy.n.bl
He Orp8Hl1'HIBaIOT CBoero BMelIIaT€JIbCTB8 O.n;HHMH YK838HHSIMH
Ha TO, 'ITO nOCTaHOBJIeHHe BbIXO.n.HT 3a npe.n;eJIbI nOJIHOMO'lHI1,
- npeJ(OCT8BJJeHHbIX BbmYCTIlBllIeMY 'ero opraHY BJIaCHf. qroObI
-O'l'BeprHYTb TaKOll craTY1', Cy.n.bHM .n.OCTaTO'IHO npH3H8Tb ero
«HeI.{e.necooopa3HOCTb». TaK, KorAa MYH1fI.{HnaJIbHbIM COBeT
.0J(Horo ropoAa, oCYli\eCTB 1_HSI CBoe «npaBo 113AanaTb nOCTa-
HOBJI!eHHH, .KoTopbIe OH COqTeT HYlKHbIM JJ.JIH BBeAeHI1H .n.06poro
;nOpSI)J.Ka H xopolllero ynpaBJIellH ropoAoM», li3AaJI nOCTaHOBJIe-
HHe, no KOTOPOMY HHKTO, oKpoMe JIHI.{, BXO.n.Hli\I:!X B COCTaB
KOpOJIeBCKHX BOeHH'bIX 'CillJI I:! AeMCTBYIOli\HX no nOJIyqeHHoMY
HM npHKa3Y, He Mor .n;8B8Tb OHrHaJIbI I:!JIH Hrp8Tb' Ha KaKOM 6bl
TO HH 6blJIO MY3bIKaJIbHOM HHCTpYMeHTe Ha YJIHI1aX ropo.n.a
B BOCIKpeOHble AHI:!, BbICOKHM cy.n. OTKa3aJICSI npHMeHHTb 3TO
nOCTaHOBJIeHHe, KOTopoe BCJIe.n.CTBHe Toro npeKpaTHJIO .n.eMC:rBUe.
npaao, OCHOB8HHoe Ha 3aKOHe, HMeeT eli\e O.n.HY X8pa'KTep-
"YIO oc06eHHOCTb, 0 KOTOpOH Ha.n.o ynoMSIHYTb. Cy.n.eOHble
pellIeHHH C TeqeHHeM BpeMeHH H 0 H3MeHeHHeM 06CTOHTeJIbCTB
Moryr C'I'3FOBHTbCSI YCTapeBllIHMH. TorAa CYAbI nepeCTaIOT 01'-
HOCIHTbCH K HHM, KaK K npeI.{e.n.eHTaM, H OHH nepeCTaIOT COCTaB-
JIHTb llaCTb upaBa. He Bcer.n.a JIerKO TO'lHO YCTaHOBHTb, !Kor.n.a
T8Koe pellleHHe YCTapeJIO, HO caM npHHI.{Un HceH. OH Bblpa}KeH
B <l>opMYJIe: cessante ratione cessat et lex ipsa, XOTSI B AaHHOM
CJlyqae Henpa<B.HJIbHO yno1'pe6.lleH TepMH!H «lex», 03 aq8IOli\HH
nepBOHaqaJIbHO 3aKOH, a 3.n.eCb OTHOCHli\HllCSI K Cy.n.e6Hb1M pellIe.
HUHM.
5IcHO, 'ITO 31'3 <l>opMYJIa He npHJIO}KHMa K 3aKOHaM. OHIo{
HBJJHIOT.CH «BeIlUbIMH», T. e. no.n;JIe>Ka'I' npHMeHeHHIO -cy.n;aMH AO
HX <l>opMa JIbHOM OTMeHbl BJIH .n.o HCTelleHHH YCT8HOBJIeHHOrO
'1 O)l.H8KO, !iTO. OTHOCHTCR He KO DeeM HH3WHM CYAaM, HanpJ.lMep. 3TO He
OTHOCHTCJl (( CYltaM rpaljlcTB H K flerBepTblM ceCCHIIM, perneHHII IWTOPhlX He
.£03.11;.IOT npe eAeHTOB.
fJIABA III. HC'l'O IHH1nI AHI'JIHiiOROrO nPABA
49
'B HJ1X CpOKa ,lI,eHCTBHSI 3a HCKJUOqeHJ1eM CJ1YQaH, Kor,ll,a OHH
npH3HaIOTCH ultra vires. I1Hoii 06pa3 ,lI,eiiCTBHSI 03HaqaJ1 t5bI, qTO
.cy.n: K0J1e6J1eT aBTopHTeT 3aKoHo.n:aTeJ1bHOM BJ18CTJ1, npJ1HHBllieM
3TH 3aKOHbI, 1Jero B OTHOllIeHHH aKTOB nap.naMeHTa cy,n BO
SCSIKOM CJIyqae He BnpaBe lil,eJ1aTb. O,ll,HaiKO, 3TO ,lI,aeT He Bcer,na
n0J10}KHTeJ1bHbIH pe3YJ1bTaT. XOpOIliO H3BeCTHO, QTO J1J1ua, no,ll,-
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npHMHp'JiJIHCb t5bli C eroHapyrneHJ1eM, HO B CJ1YQae eCJ1J1 6bI 6bIJIO
BHeceHO npe,ll,JIO}KeHHe 06 ero oTMeHe, OHH 06'be,ll,HHHJ1HCb 6bI
n npHJIO}KHJJJ1 6bI 'Bce YCHJ1IUII JJ:JJH npe,ll,OTBpalueHHH T8KOii
OTMeHbI. BCJ1e,ll,CTBJ1e ,,>Toro npe,ll,nOqHTaIOT HTTJ1 H8 KOMnpoMHcc.
3aKOH He OTMeHSIeTCH, HO OH He npJ1MeHSIeTCSI J1J1J1 npHMeHHeTCSI
TOJ1bKO B pe,ll,KHX CJ1YQaHX. Ta'Koe n0J10}KeHHe Be eM HeY,ll,OBJ1e-
TBOpHTeJIbHO, TaK K8K OHO YMeHbllIaeT YB8}KeHHe K 3aKOHY
H OTKpbIB8eT B03MO}KHOCTb .K npOH3BOJIbHOMY C HHM 06pa eHHIO.
TalK KaK llIHpoKaSI ny6J1HKa !H:HOr,ll,a ,cTapaeTcSI 03HaKOMHTbCSI
e 3a,KOHaMH H B TO}Ke BpeMSJ: pe.lIJKo HJ1H ,lI,a}Ke HHKor,ll,a He
n0J1b3yeTcSI CY,ll,e6HbIMH pellIeHHHMH, TO HaM H8,l1,O CK83aTb
HeCKOJ1bKO CJIOB 0 H83BaHHSIX, npHCBaHBaeMbIX 3aKOHaM.
nap."1aMeHTCK'He aiRTbI Ha3bIB8.rrn:Cb nepBOHaQaJ1bHO no Me-
"CTaM, r,ll,e OHH 6bIJ1H npHHSITbL TaK Y Hac. HMeIOTC5I CTaTYTbI
MepToHa (1235 r.), MaJ1bOOpO (1267 r.), BHHqeCTepa (1285 r.)
H fJ10QeCTepa (1278 r.). Ho C Tex flOp, K8K napJ1aMeHT H36paJI
CBOJ1M nOCTOHHHbIM MecTonpe6bIB8HHeM BecTMHHcTep, .3TOT
MeTO,ll, CTaJI HeB03MO}KeH. B TeQeHHe He,ll,OJIrOro BpeMeHH nOJIb-
30BaJJHCb npHeMoM, 38HMCTBOBaHHbIM Y nanCKHX 6YJ1JI, 11 Ha3bI-
BaJIH cTaTYTbI no nepBbIiM ,lI,BYM CJIOBaM HX TeKCTa. TaK H83BaHbI
3HaMeHHTbIe aKT De Donis (KOTOpbIH BBeJI 3anOBe,ll,Hble
HMeHH5I - «entails») H 81KT Qui8 Emptores (pa3pellIHBllIHM OT-
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BBe,ll,eH HOBbIH cnoc06 0603HaqeHHSI aKTOB, COXP8H5IBllIHHGSI
B TeQeHHe nHTH BeKOB. K8}KAbIM aKT napJ1aMeHTa 0603HaQaJICSI
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B A8HHOM ceCCHH, a 3Ta nOCJIeAHSIH onpeAeJISIJIaCb ro.n:OM uap-
CTBOBaHH5I KOpOJ1SI, C03BaBllIero ,lI,aHHYIO ceCCHIO. O,ll,H8KO. He-
pe,ll,KO ceCCHSI nap.llaMeHTa p8cnpoCTpaHHJIaCb 'H H8 HaqaJIO
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rrpHHHMaJ10 CJIe,ll,YIOllUIM BH,lI,:
3-H H 4-M ro,ll, uapcTBOBaHH5I 3.n.yap.n;8 VII; rJ1aB8 8;
29-H H 30-M ro,ll, UapCTBOB8HHSI BHKTOpHH; rJJaBa 39 H T. cr.
B03MO}KHO, 1JTO B nSITHa,ll,uaTOM H llIeCTHa,ll,uaTOM BeKax
rO,ll,bI BOCllIeCTBH5I' Ha npeCTOJI KOpOJ1eM H OKOHllaHH5I HX U8P-
cTBoH8mr'H JIYQllIe 3anOMH<HaJJHCb HapO.ltoM, QeM K8JIeH,lI,apHble
J(aTbI, XOTSI, eCJIH CY,ll,HTb no ony6J1HKOBaHHorr nepenHCKe, TO
MO}KHO ,lI,YMaTb, QTO 06bIQHO C06bITHSl .lI.aTHpOBaJIHCb no CBSIT-
-4 3aE 3oS4S. Anr.,'11J.liCl\OC np..'lDtl.
50
'1ACTb nEPBA BBEJlEHl-1E.
,
1.{8M. Bo BCfIKOM CJJyqae nOCJJe pe<pOPMbI Jl0p.n;a "YeCTep<PHJJb.n;a
(Chesterfield) H BBe)J;eHHSI HOBoro iKaJ1eH.n;apH, Hapo.n; Bee 60JIee
npHBbIKaJ1 nOJIb30BaTbCH KaJIeH.n;apHblMH .n.aTaMH. B TO )Ke BpeMH
npo.n;OJI)KHTeJIbHOOTb 1.{apcrI'BOBaHHf! [eopra III iH B03paCTalOIl1.ee
KOAHqeCTBO napJIaMeHTCKHX aiKTOB .n;eJIaJIH 0603HaqeHHe no
ro.n;aM 1.{apCTBOBaHHH Bce 60JJee 3aTpy.n;IHHTeJIbHbIM. nO.K3'
IOpHCTbI Bce eme npo.n;OJJ)KaJJH 6liTbCf! co cpe.n;HeBeKOBOH <pOpMOR
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K nepBOMY ee .n;HIO. 6bIJJO B 1793 r. OTMeHeHO. B KOHQe KOHQOB,
Kor.n;a l{apCTBOBaHHeKOpOJIeBbI BHKTopHH CTaJIO cOnepHHqaTb no
npo.n;OJDKHTeJIbHOCTH C QapcTBoBaHHeM ee .n;e.n;a, 3aKOHO)J.aTeJIki
HaqaJIH BHOCHTb B CBOH aKTbI TaK Ha3bIBaeMble «KopOTKHe 3a-
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HanpHMep, 3arJI8BHe «AKT 0 npe.n;ynpe)j{)J.eHHH nO)J.KynoB
1854 r.». Eha np, a'Kl'lJ.'Ka pacnpocTpaHSlBllIaf!CH Bce llmpe B Teqe-
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CHJIY H HMeJIJH npaKTHqeCKOe 3Ha'J.eiHHe. "YeJIOBeKY 6e3 IOpH.n;H-
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HbIM ,H3yqeHHe cY)J.e6Hblx pellIeHHH B nx nepBOHaQ8JlbHOM <pOpM
BCJ1e.n;CTBHe 06H.TJHH B HHX TeXHH'lecKHX Bblpa)j{eHHp., HO OH H
BCTpeTHT 60.'1bllIHX 38TpY)J.HeHHH npH 03HaKOil1J1eHHH C K8KIL'H-
J1H60 HY)KHbIM eMY 38KOHOM B e)Kero.n;HO ny6J1IiKyeMbIx TOMax
napJ1aMeHTCKHX aKTOB, KOTopble MO)KHO HaMTH nOqTH BO Bcex
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KOHeQHO, Ha.n;o nOMHHTb, qTO 3a HCKJIIOQeHHeM HeKOTopbIX,
cpaBHHTeJ1bHO pe.n;KHx CJIY'laeB, KaK, HanpHMep, AKTbI 06 apflHm
H AKTbI 06 ynpaB.'1emiH HH.n;HeH, He.1b35.! pacc<rHTbIBaTb H8HTH Bce
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rro.la;aTbCf! H8 O.n;HH 3aKOH, He CqHTaSICb C cy.n;e6HOM npaKTIIKOH
B .n;aHHO!.I JI,e.'Ic.
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52
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COBepIlleHO.
.lI.JIH Toro, 'lT06bI npou,'C'Cc 'TaKOro pO.n.8 Mor 6bITb npOBe.n.eH
C H8yqHOll TO'lKll 3peHHH npa,BHJIbHO H TOqnO, Ha.n.o COBepIIIHTb qe-
Tblpe C8MOCTOHT,eJ1bHbIX .n.eMCTBllH. Bo-nepBbIX, .n.OJI)KHO 6bITb onpe-
.n.eJIeHHOe 06BHHeHHe co CoTOpOHbI JI1Hl{a, KOTopoe, no ero 3aHBJIeHHIO,
3HaeT 0 COBepIlleHHH npecTynJIeHH5I. 3aTeM AOJI}KHa 6bITb npo-
BeACHa npOBepKa c»aKTOB. DOCJ1e 3Toro AomKHO 6bITh aBTopHT,eT-
Hoe 3aHBJIeHHe 0 HopMe, npe)I.nOJIO:>KHTeJIbHO HapYIlleHHOM npe-
cTynHHKOM. HaKoHel{, eCJIH COBepIlleHHe npecTynHoro .n.eHHHH
LLOKa3aHO, LLomKHO nocJ1eLLOBaTb oCY:>K,!J,eHHe 'H iHaKa3aHHe.
B npHI\UlTHBHOM cy.n.e, OCHOBaHHO:\] Ha OTMIlleHHH, T8K}Ke npo-
BO.n.HTCH 3TH 'leTblpe MepbI, no OHH npOBo.n.HTCH Bce cpa3Y O.zWHM
l:! TeM }Ke JIHl{OM. MCTHTeJIb flBJIHeTCH 06BHHI1Te.'le'\1, CBI1,!J,eTe.'le:\J,
cy.n.beu H HcnO.TIHHTeJIeM npHfOBopa. CymHocTb l{HBI1JIH30BaHHOH
IOCTHl{HH 3aK.'lIO'laeTCH B 'TOM, 'lTO 3TH MepbI npOBO,!J,HTCH pa3-
LLe.%HO BO BpeMeHH H pa3HbIMH JIHl{8I\W; Ba:>KHa5I CTaAH5I B HCTO-
plIlI IJ.lIBHJU13aU;lH1 HaCTynaeT TorAa, Kor,!J,8 06meCTBO BbIAeJIHeT
HCKOTOpbIX JIHl{ II no.n.fOTaBJIHBaer lIX AJI5I BbIrrOJIHeHHH cepbe3-
HOM CPYHKIJ.HlI pememm crropHblX ,!J,eJI. B paHHHe 3rrOXlI TaKoif
BbI60p CY,!J,ei'I ocymeCTBJIH.'ICfl pa3HbIl\IH cnoco6aMH. TOJIbKO
B XII H XIII BeKax 3HeprH'lHble Mepbl TaKHX KOpOJIeH KaK reH-
plIX I II reHplIx II C03,!J,aJIH KOpOJIeBCKllM Cy.n.b5IM BbI.n.8IOmeeCH
Ii YCTOU'llIBOe rrOJ10:>KeHHe, KOTopoe B 'IWHl{e KOHl{OB BbIJIlI.10Cb
B MOHOnOJIbHOe npaBo KOpOHbI Ha ocymeCTBJIeHHe IOC'f:Hl{HH
Ha'lHHaSI C KOHl{a TpHHa.D:l{aTOfO BeKa, B AHrJIHH HIfKOr,LJ;a HII
OlJ,HH CYA He Y'lpe:>K,!J,8JICH rrmmMO KOpOJIeBCKOll BJlaCTI1. OOTIbITK3
('OBepUIllTb 3TO BepOHTHO paCCMaTpI1BaJ18Cb 6bI iKaK rOCY,!J,apCTBeH-
rllABA IV. AHrmMicKI1E CY.!J.bI
53
Hoe npeCTynJl€HHe. Ho TOJIbKO 'lITO npHBe,n:eHHbIH: O'IepK 0 npa-
HCXO.IK,n:eHlIH aHr JII1H:C1WM yrOJIOBHOM IOCTHUHH Hell36e.IKHO
B036Y.IK,n:aeT O,n:HH Ba.IKHbIH Bonpoc - He npllBeJIO JIll TaKoe opo-
HCXO.IK,n:eHHe IOCTHUHH K COBna,n:eHHIO B .TIHue KOpOHbI HeCOHMe-
CTH;\fbIX cpYHKUHH: 06BHHHTeJ1H H Cy,n:bH? O,n:HO 113 OCHOBHbIX
Ha<ra.TI cy,n:a rJIaCHT, <rTO HHKTO He M())KeT 6bITb cy.!tbeu B co6-
CTBeHHOM }J;eae.
HecoMHeHHo, <rTO aHrJIHH:eKafI yrOJIOBHafI IOCTHUHfI He CKOpO
oCBo60,n:HJIaCb OT nopOKa, Ha KOTOpblH YKa3bIBaeT 3TO KpHTH<re-
CKoe 38Me<rarme. BepOHTHO, nepBOHa<ra.TIbHO co06lUeHHe, Ha KOTO-
pO:\1 OCHOBbIBaJIOCb yrOJIOBHOe 06BHHeHI1e, nOJly<raJIOCb OT
CJIy<raUHbIX «OCBe,n:OMHT€JIeH:», KOTopble nepe}J;aBaJ1H ero mepHcpy,
3 TOT npe}J;'bHBJIfIJl ero Kopnopa:U;Mli npHCSI.lKHbIX 06BHHHTeJIeH
(indictors), iKOTOpbIX KOpOJlb feHpHx II B CBOHX KJIapeH,n:oHcKHX
op.n:oHaHcax H.1H «AccH3ax» 1166 r. c,n:eJIa.'1 06bl<rHb1MH 06BHHH-
reJ15IMH BO Bcex cepbe3Hblx yrOJIOBHblX ,n:eJIax. OHI1 6bIJIH Tell,
<rTO B HOBoe BpeMSI Ha3bIBaJIOCb «60JIbIllHM .lKlOpH». Ho c noc.TIe-
,n:OB3BIllHM BC'Kope COKpalUeHHeM <PYHKUHH mepH<pa, KOpOJlb no-
<rYBCTBOB3JI Heo6xo,lU:lMIOCTb B Ha3UaQemIH ,n:o.'1.IK!HOC'NIbIX .1HU,
cpopMaJlbHO 06JIe1J.eHHbIX 06H38HHOCTbIO npeCJIe}J;OB8Tb 38 npe-
cTyn.leHHH. T aKHM 06pa30M, KopOHa ,n:eikTBI1TeJlbHO CTa.'18
OCYlll,eCTBJIHTb cpYHl<UI1Il KaK 06BHHHTeJISI, TaK 11 Cy,n:bH. TaKOH
110p5I,n:OK HeCOMHeHHO B TeqeHHe ,n:JIHHHOrO pH,n:a BeKOB CKJIOHSlJI
BeCbI npaBOCYJJ.HSI npOTHB 06BHHSleMoro. BepOSlTHO caMbIM Jly<r-
IJlHM npOTI1Bo.n:ei1cTBHeM 3TOMY 3JIY CJ1Y.lKHJIO TO 06CTOSlTe.1bCTBO,
QTO 60JIbIllOe <rHCJIO yrOJIOBHbIX npeCJIe.n:OBaHHH Bcer,n:a B OCHOB-
HOM Be"lOCb 11 Tenepb Be,n:eTCfl CTOpOHOH, H€nOcpe,n:CTBeHIIO no-
TepneBIlleii ylll,ep6 OT npe,n:no.TIaraeMOro npecrynHoro ,n:eikTBI1S1,
XOTfl npoueoc 06fl3aTeJlbHO Be,n:eTCH OT HMeHH KOpOHbI. BO.1ee
1103,n:HHH H 60.lee cepbe3HaH rapaHTHH 33KJllO Ia.!1aCb B nOJIHOH
He38BHCHMOCTH no.l0.IKeHHSI aJlr JIHllCKHX cy.n:eii, rapaHTHpOBaHHbIX
IBI 3Ha:\feHHTOH: CT3"Tb€ii 3aKOHa 0 npeCToJloHaCJIe}J;HH 1700 r.
(Act of settlement 1700), KOTopaSl npe,n:mIcbIBaeT, IT06bl nOJIHO'
VlO<rUfl cy.n:eH cOXpaHHJIH CI1JIY quamdiu se bene gesserint H QT06bI
[IX 0K.1aJJ.bI ObI.111 «YCT3HOB.1eHbI 11 YTBep.IK}l,eHbI». 3TO npe.n:nH-
caHHe oCB06mK,J,aeT cy,n:ell OT cTp3xa nepe,n: YBOJlbHeHHe:\I f!.'"IH
COKpaIl\eHHe:VI OKJla.L\a B CJIYlJae, eC.l11 OHn He yro,n:flT KOpO.'11O HJIM
B.1HfITe.lbIIbDf :\fHHHCTp3M. MlmrOlJI1CJIeHHble ,n:pyme YCOBepIlIeH-
CTBOB3HI1H B OCYlll,eCTB,,1eHHH yrOJ10BHoi'I IOCTIIUHH, KOTOpbIC
OYJJ.YT OTMe IeHbI B COOTBeTCTBYIOIlJ,eM MeCTe, rrpHBeJIH B iKOHue
KOHUOB K TOMY, <rTO B yro,nOBHG:v1 cy,n:e 06mmeHHe CTaJIO no-
K33bIB8Tb 06p33eu TepneHHH H CHI1cxo.n:I1TeJIbHOCTH, KOTopbIe He
Ha6.1IO,n:aIOTCH y HCTua B rp3}K,n:aHOKOM )J,e.'1e.
fpa.IK}J;aHCKafI IOCTHUHH OT.1HIlaeTCH aT yrOJIOBHOH, H CYlll,-
HOCTb ee 33K.1IOIlaeTCfI B TOM, lITO, KaK pmlbIlle YKa3bIBa.10Cb,
<Tfl}K63» n.w CilopHoe .L\eJIO Be,n:eTCH He :\fe)K,n:y KOpOHOH H ee
54 QACTI, BTOPA51. CY.D:OYCTPOitCTBO II CV.n:OIIPOM3BO.n:CTBO
no,n:,lJ,aHHbI'\l, HO Me:m:,lJ,Y ,lJ,BYM51 nO,lJ,,lJ,aHHbDllI KOp<YHbI. B cyw.e-
CTBe csoeM rpa:m:,lJ,aHCKaSl JOCTllIJ,H51 rOpa3,n:0 ,lJ,peBHee yrOJIOBHOM.
ElIJ,e 3a,lJ,OJIrO .n;o Toro, iKaK rocY,lJ,apcTBo, B JIllIJ,e ,KOpOJISI HJIll
JlHOrO npaBHTeJISI', B3S1JIOCb 3a .n;eJIO JOCTllIJ,llll, B AHr JIHH, KaK
Ii B ,n:pynrx cTpaHax, 6bIJIll npH:H51TbJ nepBble Mepbl" K npeo.n;oJIe-
HHJO iIIepB06bITHOM JOCTMIJ,HH nOcpe,lJ,CTBOM MeCTH H B3aMeH
nOCJ1e.n;HeM sse,lJ,eHO 6bIJIO MHpHoe pa3pewemre cnopOB. BC5IKaH
nonbl1'Ka HapywHTb 06lIJ,eCTBeHHYIO :>KH3Hb BeJIa HeH36e:>KHO
K C03bIBY cy.n;e6Horo C06paHH5I (moot), Ha iKOTOpOM npOll3Hocn-
JIHCb pe'-lH M npHHHMaJIHCb pemeHHSI. «AHT JIO-CaKCOHOKaSl npaB,n:a»
nOKa3bIBaeT, lITO Ha 3TlfX c06paHHSlX yroBapHB8JIH JJJO.n;eii, Y KOTO-
pbIX B03HMKJIll cnopbI, npHOCTaHOBHTb Bpa:>KJI,y (stay the feud)
H pa3peWHTJb cnop npH nOMOlIJ,H YCTaHOBJJeHHbI"X MeTo e'B npH-
MHTllBHOM JOCTHIJ,MM, T. e. OlIHCTHTeJIbHOM KJISITBOM 11 OpJI,aJIHSlMH
HJIH :>Ke 'COrJIaCHeM H8 3aMeHY KpOBHOM Mecnr BbIIKynoM, Bbm.JIa-
'IHBaeMbIM CKOTOM. ROf,lJ,a aHfJIO-HOpMaH.n:cKHe KOpOJlll nOSlBHJIHCb
B AHf JIHH, TO 3TH MeTo.n:bI CYlIJ,eCTBOB8JIH Y:>Ke TaM, H KOpOJIH.
He HMeH B' BHA'Y HM npO li'Bo.n:eiicTBOBaTb H nepBOHaqaJIbRO
B03Aep:>KllBa51Cb OT BBe,lJ,eHHSI KaKHX-.ITlr60 KOHKypHPYIOIIJ,HX
C HHMH HHCTHTYTOB, npllHHMaJIH Mepbl JIHWb :K TOMY, qT06bI 3TH
no CYlIJ,eCTBY '-IaCTHble npOIJ,ec.CbI BeJJHCb TaR, KaK OHM BeJIHCb
p8HbllIe. Ho eCJIH HMeJOTCSII COOTBe1'CTBYJOIIJ,He MaTepHaJIbI, TO
JJ:8:m:e caMble npHMHTHBHble YMbI cnoc06HbI .c.n:eJIaTb cpaBHeHIle.
ITOBH.n:HIMOMY, alHfJIHqaHe .lI.BeHa,lJ,IJ,aTOfO H TpHHa,lJ,IJ,8TOI"O 'Be-
KOB, cpaBHIIBaSl Me,lJ,JIeHHO ,lJ,ei1cTBYJOllWe II OTCT8JIbIe nplleMbI
MeCTHbIX c06paHllM C ,lJ,eifCTBeHHbIMH MeTO,lJ,aMH KOpOJIeBCK0I1
npOIJ,e,lJ,ypbI C ee OnbITHbIMH CY,lJ,bHMH H C HOBOM CHCTeMOH npHCSI:>K-
HbIX, ,lJ,eJI8JIH He6JIarOnpHHTHble ,lJ,JIH nepBbIX BbIBO,lJ,bI. TaKHM 06P8-
30M, OHH nOCTeneHHO HaqaJIM npe.n;CTaBJIHTb CBOH .n;eJIa H8 paCCMO-
TpeHHe KOpOJIeBCKHX Cy.n:eM npH HX pa3'be3lI,aX H npOCH.JIH 0 p83pe-
rnemm 3THX ,lJ,eJI C nOMOIIJ,bJO :HOBOM npOIJ,e,lJ,ypbI. IlepBoHaq8JIbHO
KOpOJIeBCKlle CY,lJ,bH Mo:m:eT 6blTb OTHOCllJIHCb iK TaKHM o6pame-
Hll5IM He6JIafOnpHSlTHO, Ta'K KaK 31'0 YBeJIH'-IHBaJIO HX pa60TY. He
BCKope HX OTHomeHHe K HllM ll3MeHHJIOCb, BCJIe.n;CTBHe Tex npe-
HIMymeCTB, KOTopble OHH ,lJ,8BaJIH HX BJIaCTeJIllHY II HM 'CaMiHM He
TOJIbKO B Bll,lJ,e pOCTa BJIHSlHllH 'Ii OnbITa, HO II B 6o"lee np03allqe-
CKOM BH,lJ,e pa3HbIX B03Harpa:m:.n;eHHM M BblfO,lJ,. C KOHIJ,a ,lJ,BeH8,lJ,IJ,a-
Toro BeKa MbI BH)I.HM, KaK YKpenJISIeTCSI B C03Ha'HHH !KopOJIeBCKMX
"IMHOBHJi;KOB TBep,lJ,oe pemeHHe YCTpaH'HTb Bcex CBOHX conepHHKOB
B OCYlIJ,eCTBJIeHllH np8BOCY,lJ,HSI. TaKHM 06pa30M, HapH.n:y C «TH}K-
6aM'II KOpOHbI», Ba:m:HYJO lIaCTb KOpOJIeBCKOH npeporaTIfBbI H8
npaBO OCyIIJ,eCTBJIemUI' IOCTHIJ,HM COCTaBHJJ'H TH}K6bt nOJI,,lJ,aHHbTX
HJIH «06mlle TmK6bI». 3R( MeImToe nOCT3HOB,,"IeHIIC BeJ1IIKOH xap-
THM 0 TOM, "ITO «o6lIJ,He TSI>K6bI He ,lJ,OJI:>KHbI CJIe,lJ,OBaTb 3a narneii
KYPlleif, HO .n;OJI:m:HbI" pa36HpaTbCSI B I{aKOM-HH6YJJ.b onpeJJ.eJJeHHO 1
MeCTe», rrOKa3bIBaeT, QTO ee COCT3BHTeJ1I-I peIIlIWIf rrpeBp8TJi'Tb
rJIABA IY. AHr.;rHitCI HE CY,iIbI
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npeporaTHBY B ny6J1H'IHO-rrpaBOByIO a65J:3aHHaCTb. TaKHM 06pa30M,
BnepBbIe na5J:BHJIOCb pa3.rr.eJ1eHI1e cy.rr.aB Ha yrOJ1aBHble H rpmK.rr.8H-
eKHe, q>YH!KIJ:HH KOTOpbIX rropaH HeCOMHeHHO rrepeKpeIll.H13aJ1HCb,
Ha B OCHaBHaM pa3.rr.C-ilelme UK 6bDa .rr.OIWJ1bHa lJeTKIDL
PaCCMaTpHM rrpeJK,n:e Bcera Cy.rr.bI, OCYIlI.eCTB.:'15J:IOIlI.He yro.laB-
ffYIO IOCTHUHIO.
A. Yr0J10BHble CYJJ.bl
OAHa H3 caMbIX TBep.rr.bIX y6eJK;reHHM CTaparo a6IlI.era rrpaBa
3aKJJlOqaJ10Cb B TaM, qTa BC5J:KOe caBeprneHHoe npecTyrrJ1eHHe
OrpaHHqeHa rrpe.rr.eJ1aMH rpaq>CT13a. aTO 06'b5J:CH5J:eTC5J: TeM, qTa rrpH
rracpe.rr.CTBe CIiCTeMbI rpa<}JCTB KapaJ1eBCKae npaBrHTeJ1bCTBO, a c
HUM, KaK 'MbI BH,'J,eJ1H, II np.aBocy.rr.He carrpHK8C8J10Cb iHenocpe.rr.-
CTBeHHO C MaccaH aHr JIHqaH. He TOJIbKO cy.rr.e6Hoe pa36HpaTeJIb-
CTBa npeCTynJIeHIHI rrpoHcxa.rr.HJIa B TaM rpa<}JCTBe, B KaTopOM
OHa 6bIJJO COBeprneHa, HO H BC5J: npe)l,BapHTeJIbHa5J: npoue.n;ypa,
IIMeHHO, COCTaBJIeHHe 06BHHHTeJ1bHOrO aKTa, rrpe.rr.'b5J:BJ1eHHe a6BH-
HeHH5J: no.rr.cy.rr.HMaMY, 133HTHe era rra.rr. CTpa}KY HJJH oCBa6a>K.rr.eHIfe
Ha nopYKl1, HaKOHeu, npHBe.rr.eHlle B HCnaJIHeHHe rrpHr0130pa
B CJJyqae, Kar.rr.a no.rr.Cy.rr.HMbIH npH3HaeTC5J: 13I1HOBHbIM, Bce .3T0
nopyqaJIaCb .rr.aJ1}KHaCTHbIM J1HuaM rpacpCTBa. TaKHM 06pa30M, Te
«KOM'I1CCHH» H.'!H BJIaCTH, KaTapble yrraJ1HaMa'IHBaJIH KapaJ1eBCKHX
cy.rr.eH paCCMaTpeTb H pernHTb T5J:}K6bI KapOHbI HJ1H aCBa60.rr.HTb
TlOpbMbI OT 0613HH5J:eMbIX nYTeM perneHH5J: HX .rr.eJl, 6bIJ1H C caMora
naqaJIa 'KOMHCCH5J:MH rpaq>CTB H OCTaJIHCb TaKHMH .rr.a HaCT05J:IlI.erO
BpeMeHH. Prima fade, npecTYITJleHHe rro.rr.BepraeT 5J: cy.rr.e6HaMY
pa36Hpa'TeJ1bCTBY 13 TaM rpaq>CTBe, B KaTapaM aHa 6bIJ1a caBep-
lIIeHa, Ha «aCCH3ax» HJ111 3aCe;raHH5J:X mIU, ynOJ1HaMaqeHHbIX
pernaTb T5J:}K6b1 KapOHbI. TptDK.rr.bI B ra.rr. (13 a'IeHb Hace.neHHblX
nYHKTax qeTblpe pa3a) a6'b5J:BJI5J:eTC5J:, 'ITO B anpe.rr.eJ1eHHbIH .rr.eHb
ynOJ1HaMOqeHHbIH Kapa.'!H naceTI-IT r J1a13HbIH rapa.rr. rpaq>CTBa )l,J1H
cy.rr.e6Hara pa36HpaTeJlbCTBa a6BHHeHHH, npe.rr.'b5J:BJ1eHHbIX Ha
()CHOBe 06BHHHTeJJbHOrO aKTa (indictment), .TJHUaM, npe.rr.aH!HbI1\1
cy.rr.y MarHcTpaMH.
o npe;rBapHTe/IbHbIX 'I1epaX, npaBa.rr.HMblx npH npe':WHJm 0'61311-
HHeMblX cy.rr.y, KaK II 0 cai wH cYJ:e6HoH npoue.rr.ype, MbI no-
.rr.p06Hee 6y.rr.eM rOBoIHITh 'R OIT.H'OH H3 ,noCJJen:YlOrnHx rJIaB..
3;recb )].aCTaTalJI!a CKa33Tb, LITO nO' aHr.'mUCKa:VIY yraJ!OBHOMY
npaBY MeCTOM pa36HpaTeJIbCTBa .'!106ora cepbe3Hora npecTynJ1eHIU!
npOTHB c':)Toro npaBa .rr.omKeH 6bITh rJIaBHbIH rapo)]. rpa<pCTBa,
B KOTapaM ::ITa npecrynJ1eHHe 6b1JIO caBeprneHa. H pa36HpaTb ero
JIOJ1>KeH KOpaJ1eBCKHfi ynoJIHa'\lO'Iep.HbIH u.;m CY,1.bfl np!! IIOMOW.U
rrpHC5!}KHbIX rpa<pcTBa. .
Ha TaKa5J «3aMKHVTa5J Cl:ICTeMa», KaK ee :v!a}KHa Ha3BaTb.
13e)!.eT Ha npaKT!!Ke K' HeK()TapblM HeY1J.o6cTBaM. llpeCTynHHKH,
.KOTapble C03HaTeJ1bHO BbI611paIOT .rr.J15J: C;Baera fK11TC',:lbCTB3 .narpa-
56 'IACTb BTaPA51. CY,71,aYCTPafiCTBO H OY,71,0I1P0I13BO,u,CTBO
HHqRbIH nYHKT rpacpCTBa, MoryT npHq'l1HHTb BJIaCTHM MHOI'O
XJIOnaT; TaKOH npecTynHHK, caBepIllHB npecTynJIeHUe B O.n,HOM
rpacpCTBe H Y3HaB, 'ITa MarUCTpaT 3Tara rpacpCTBa .D;aJI npHKa3
,06 ero apeCTe (Bappam), nepexo.n,HT B .n,pyroe rpacpcTBo, r.D;e
npHKa3 He MO}KeT 6bITb ocyrl(eCTBJIeH, naTaMY 'ITa IOpHC.D;HKIl,HH
nO.D;flHcaBIllera ero MarHCTpaTa He pacnpocrrpaRHeTCH Ha 3TO
rpacpCTBa. LLJ1H Taro, qTa6bI TaKaH npHKa3 MOl' 6bITb acyme-.
CTBJIeR, ,oR .n,aJI}KeH 6bITb na.D;TBep}K.D;eH H"lH IWHTpaCHrHaBaH
O.D;HHM H3 MarHCTpaTaB Tora rpacpCTB3, Ky.n,a CKpbIJICH npecTyn-
liHK; HO npe}K.D;e qeM 3TO y.n,3eTCSII c.n,eJIaTb, naCJIe.n,HHH Ma}Ke"f
CHaBa nepeMeHHTb rpacpCTBO.
8TO 6bIJIO OJl,HaM H3 npHqHH, HO, KOHeqHO, He e.n,'UHCTBe'HHaM p
naqeMY JIaH.D;OH npeBpaTHJICH K KOHJ1.Y BaceMHa.D;Il,aTaf'O BeKa
B H3JII06JIeHHae MeCTO IIpe6bI'B3'HHH npeCT)'inHHKaB. JIaH.D;OH H3-
XO.n,HllCH Ha rpaHHIJ,e He,CKOJIbKHX rpacpCTB. Bap, arp36HBIllHa
JIaBKY IOBeJIHp3 B CTpeH.D;e, MOl' B HeCKOJIbKa MlmYT CKpbITbCH aT
IOpHC.n,HKIl,IIH :lIarHCTpaTOB Mu.n,J1bceKca, 6e}KaB qepe3 BecTMHH-
CTepCKMH MOCT B Ceppu. Ope}K.D;e qeM ero a6MaHYTbIM IIpe
CJIe.n,aBaTeJIHM y.n,aJIaCb 6bI naJIyqHTb na.D;TBep}K.n,eHHe Mu.n,JIbCeK-
CKara npHK33a 06 apecTe B CeppH, aH MOl' .n,acT'M% K'eHTa,.
a naKa pa3bICKHBaJ1U KeRTCKara Cy.n,bIO, aH CHOBa YKpbIBaJ1CH,
nepeH.D;H qepe3 JIaH.D;aHOKHH MOCT, B 8cceKce H T. .D;. KpaMe Tora,
JIaH.D;aH, KaK KpynHeihmIH B MHpe nOpT, 6bIJI eCTeCTBeHHO MeCTaM
npe6bIBaHHH 60U1bluara KO.rm:qe:CTBa iHHaCTpaHHbIX MOpHoKOB \H Tap-
rOBIJ,eB, MHarIle 113 KOTOpbIX p33bICKHBaJ1IICb H3-33 npecTynJ1eHHM p
cOBeprueHHblx B OTKpbITOl\I Mape. Ha al1KpbITae Mape He Bxa.n,HT
B carraB HH a.n,Haro rpacpCTBa. E.D;HHCTBeHHbIH cnaca6 npe.n,aTb
nOJl,06HbIX .'mIl, cY.D;y 3aKJIIOqaJICH B TOM, qrra6bI npu6erHYTb
K «nOJIe3HOH cp11KIJ,HH» :KaK, HanpHMep, K T3'KaH, 'ITa I1cn3HciIwe
Mape HaXa}1.IITCH B npHXa.D;e CB. MapHH Ha Kapa6eJ1bHOM Hacy
B "4IInc3H.n,e, B rpa<pcTBe Mu.n,JIbceKc.
8TO 6bWH aCHaBHbIe npHqHHbI Y'Ipe}K.D,enllH Ha OCHOB3HMH
3aKaHa 1834 r. HaBora IJ,eHTp3J1bHarO yr,oJ1a13Hal'a CY.D;3, naMe-
meHHoro B «OJI.D; EeH.TIeM» H.TIH B Il,HTa.D;,eJ1H HbIOreTcKoM
TIOpbMbI. B TeapHII, 3TOT cy.n, npe.n,cTaBJ1HeT c06aM J1I060IIbITHae
yqpe}K.n,eH'He; B COCTaBe era, KpaMe JIOp.n,a-K3HIl,JIepa 11 Bcex
cY.D;eM OT.D;eJleHHH KopaJIeBcKaH CKaMbH BbIcaKoro cy.n,a, BXa.D,HT
Il,epKOBHbIH CY.D;bH, HMeHye M bill dean of the arches, a T.aK)Ke
aJUlepMeHbI JI'OH.n,OHCKor,o CHTll, peKOpJ1ep, rOpOJ1CKOH CTaplllHHa
II Cy.n,bH cy.n,a .1ap.n,-M3pa .'1aH.n,aHCKora CHTH. TpH nOCJIeJ1HHX J1HIl,a p
xaTH H J1a.!l}KHaCTHble .'1'IIIl,a CHTH, Ha3HaqaIOTCH Kap,oH,oH .n,.lSJ
BbIllOJ1HeHIIH CBaHX cy.n,e6Hbix CPYHKIl,HH U Bcer a HBJIHIOTC5I
anbITHbiMU IopHCTaMH. OHH paCCMaTpHBaIOT aCHOBHYIO Maccy
MHarOqUCJIeHHbIX lleJl, nalJ,cy.n,HbIX 3TOMY CYJ1Y, B Ta BpeMH KaK
6aJ1ee cepbe3Hble .lI:eJ1a pa36HpaIOTCH CY,71,bHMH OT.n,eJIeHHfl
KapoJleBC'KoH CKa lbII noa'-Iepe.n,HO. Cecnm 3Toro cypa B '-IJICJIe
rJIABA IV. AHI'JII1flC I1E CY,l(hI
57
,l(Bey.a.n.u.aTII B ro.n. YCTaHaBJ1IIBaJOTCH 06mHMII npIIKa3aMH
(general orders), KOTopbIe OT.n;aJOTCH Cy.n.bSIMH BblcOiKoro cY,il,a.
IOPUC.n;II:KlJ,IISI IJ,eHTpaJ1bHoro yrUJlOBHOrO cy.n;a pacnpocTpaHSIeTcH
Ha npecTynJ1eHI1SI, cOBepIlleHHble Ha 60J1bllIOH 11 rYCTO HaCeJIeH-
HOM TeppHTopIIH, oXBaTbIHaJOmei1 'IaCTI1 'I'eTbI\pex rpa<l>cTB.
KpoMe Toro, B TelleHHe BOCbMI1 MeCSII.{eB e:m:ero.n;HO ero IOpIIC
.n.HKI.{IISI Mo:m:eT 6bITb p8'CnpOCTpam Ha no InpaBIITeJIbCTBeHHoMY
npI1Ka3Y (order in council) Ha OCTaJIbHbfe llaCTH Tex )Ke(rpa<l>cTB
II Ha coce.n;HIIe C HIIMII. B .n;onOJIHeHi1e K 3TOM IOpIIC.n;llKII:IIII no
MecTY cOBepllIeHllSI npecTynJ1eHIISI IJ,eHTpaJIbHbIH yrOJIOBHbIH
cy.n; Mo:m:eT Cy.n;IITb 3a npeoTynJ1eHIISI, cOBepIlleHHble B OTKpbI"
TOM_ Mope HJIII Bo06uJ,e r.n.e 6bI TO Hll 6bIJIO 3a rpaHMI.{eH; 3aTeM
3TOMY cy.n.y nepe.n.aHbI HeKOTopble HCKJ1IOIlIITeJIbHble ,lJ;eJIa
oc060ro 3Ha'IeHIIH IIJ1II 60JIbIllOH CJ10:m:HOCTM, KaK, HanpIIMep,
,il,eJ1a 0 HapYIlleHllII a'KTOB 0 rocy.n;apCTBeHHOM TaHHe (Official
Secrets Acts) II aKTOB 0 !10,il,Kynax (Corrupt Practices Acts),
a TaK:m:e cy.n; BaA .TIHI.{aMH, 06BIIHSIeMbIMH B y6llikTBe npM
ocymeCTBJI'eHllI1 BoeHHOH BJI8CTH. lloCJJe C:Ka38HHOro nOIlTI1
H3.JllIllHe npII6a BJ1HTb, 'ITO IOpllC.n;llKII:llfi .:noro cy.n.a He orpaHll-
'leHa no npII3HaKY TSI:m:eCTII npecTynJ1eHIISI; HeT TaKIIX ,lJ,eJ1,
KOTopble C lHTaJ1llCb 6bI CJIIIllIKOM TfI:m:eJ1bIMII, 'IT06bI I 6bITb eMY
nO,lJ,CY,lJ,HbIMH. .IJ:eMcTBllTeJIbHO, He.n;aBHO 6bIJIO peIlleRO, 'ITO .n;a:m:e
caMO OT,lJ,eJI,eHlle KOpOJIeBCKOH C'K8Mbll, K KOTOPOMY MbI CeH'lac
06paTllMCSI, He rrOJ1b3yeTcfI npaBOM ,lJ,HCIUillJIIIH8pHOro I1JIII 8neJI-
.1SII.{llOHHoro KOHTpoml Ha,lJ, IJ,'eHTpaJUiHbIM yrOJIOBHbI'M Cy.n.OM.
D0J102KeHIIe OT,lJ,eJIeHIIfI KOpOJIeBCKOM CKaMbII BbICOKoro
CY.lI.8 HeCKO.1bKO aHOpMaJIbHO B ccpepe yrOJIOBHOH lOpHC,lJ,IIKII:IIlL
Ilpe)K,lJ,e Bcero 3TOT cy.n; COCTaBJISIeT 'IaCTb 60JIbIllOrO cY,lJ,a
rpa:m:,lJ,aHCKOH JOpIIC.n.IIKUHiM; B KalleCTBe 1'aKOBOro ero COCTaB II
q>YHKILHII 6y.n;YT 06cy:m:,lJ,eHbI n03:m:e. Ho ero 'IJIeHbI Be.n;YT
yrOJIOBHWe ,lJ,eJIa B CCII3HWX cy.n.ax; B ,lJ,eBflTII CJIY'IaSIX II3 Ae-
CSITII OHll SIBJISnOTCSI KaK pa3 TeMII ynOJIHOMO'IeHHbIMII, KOTOpbIX
Ha3Ha'IaJOT ,lJ,JI.SI ocymeCTB.1eHIISI npaBocy.n;IISI B pa3'be3,lJ,aX no
oKpyra:Vl; KpOMe Toro, KaK MbI TOJIbKO 'ITO BH,lJ,e.'lII, OT.n;eJI€Hlle
KOpOJIeBOKOH CKalllbII BbI,lJ,eJISIeT II3 ce6H Toro IlJIeHa Ka)K.n;OH
ceCCIIII IJ,euTpa.1JbHOrO yro.TIOBHOrO cy.n;a, KOTOPOMY nopYllaeTC51
cY,lJ,Onp0I13Bo.n.CTBO nc Han60J1ee Ba)KHbIM .n;e.'laM.
Ho, KpO.\IC Toro, OT,lJ,eJIeHHe KopO:lenCKOH CK3MbH YHaCJ1C-
:1,OBaJ10 yrO.10BHYIO IOpIIC.n.IIKUllJO OT .n.peBHero Cy.n;a KOpOJIeB-
CKOM C'KaMbH, T. e. OT TOro cy.n.a, KOTOpbIH 6blJ1 CneI.{HaJ1bFlO
CBfl3aH C .1HIlHOCTbIO KOpO.'I5I, rrOCJle Toro, KaK BeJIlI'KaSi xapTHfi
YCTaHOBlwa, lITO 06mHe TSI:iK6bI 6y.n.YT pa36IIpaTbCH B BeCT-
.i\IHHCTepe. OH rrpHo6peJ1 IICKJ1JOIl11TeJIbHyIO BJIaCTb II npaBO iHa.n.-
30pa KaK Ha.n; BceMII cy.n;aMll, ocymeCTBJ1S1BIllHMH yrOJIOBHOe
npanocy.n.He IH!eHe.\1 IWpOJISI, TaK II Ha.n. cy.n.a m .n.pyrIIx JOpllC-
,lJ,HKUH'H, B Ka'ICCTBe Kopo.1eBcKoro COReTa, 6J1H3Koro KOpOJ1KL
58 qACTI, BTOPM!. CYJJ:OYCTPOt!:CTBO H 5'j{OIIPOIl3BO,'J:CTBO
TaK KaK BCHKoe cepI,e3Hoe npecTyn.TIeflHe C l lIITa.JJOCb fIapyrnaIOrnIf:\f
KOpOJ1eBCK1HH MHp. 06I,IlJHO OH He pa36HpaCT yrOJIOBHbIX J1.e.Tf,
.HIO no Tpe60Ba IHIO KOpOHI,I OR Be)J,€r TopiKeCTBeHHoe CY,lI.O-
npOH3BO,lI.CTBO no oc06eHHO THLKeJ1I,IM npecTynJIeHHHM, HMeIOIIJ.HM
iB8.:H{HOe 3HalJeHHe, IB HCKJIIO"lHTeJIbHOM COCTaBe Tpex cY,lI.ei1 H
npHCHLK,HI,IX. 3Ta 1II'P{)'ue.;:r:ypa, H3BeCTHaH no,lI. Ha3BaIHHeM1 «CYD:
y nepHJJ» (trail at bar) 6I,IJJa B JIOCJIeD:HHH pa3 npHMeHeHa, IlWf,lI.a
pa36HpaJIOCb ,lI.eJIO POD:LKepa K:e3MeHT8 (Rog'er Casement), 06Bl1-
HeHHoro B rocY,lI.apcTBeHp.oM H3MeHe BO BpeMH nepBoH MHpOBOH
BOHRI,I.
Or,lI..eJ1eHHIO KOpOJIeBCKOH CKaMI,H npHHa,lI.JIeLKHT no TeM LKe
npHlJHHaM npaBO H3D:8BaTb TaK Ha3bIBaeMble «I1peporaTHBHble
npnKa3bI» (Prerogative Writs), c nOMOIIJ.bIO ;IWTOpI,I"X oCYIIJ.e-
C'TBJIHe'TCf! Ha,lI.30p KOpOHbI HaD: HH3rnHMH cy,lI.aMH. TaK, eCJIU
6Y,lI.eT npH3HaHO LKeJIaTeJJI,HO B HHTepecax npclBOCY,lI.Uf! nepeHe-
eHHe npe,lI.CTOHIIJ.erO CY,lI.e6HOrO pa36upaTeJIbCTBa U3 aCCU3Horo
cY,lI.a rpaq>CTBa, r,lI.e npeD:nOJIOLKH'feJIbHO 6I,IJJO COBeprneHO npe-
crynJIeHHe, B n:pyrHe aCCH3I,I, TO TaKoe nepeHeeeHHe cOBepmaeTCSJ
npH nOMOIUH npHKia3a certiorari, OTD:aBaeMoro OTD:eJIeHHeM K:opo-
JIeBCKOH CKaMHH TOMY cY,lI.y, KOTOpbIll npn 06I,IlJHI,IX YCJJOBUSIX
Jl:OJJLKeH 6I,IJJ 6I,I BeCTH ,lI.eJIo. ECJIH cYD: HH3IlleiI HHCTaHUHH He
EbIITOJJHHT CBoeM 06H3aHHOCTH, TO OT,lI.eJJeHHe K:opOJIeBCKOH
C1<aMI,H (nOCJJe npe,lI.OCTaBJJeHHSI B03MOiKHOCTH D:aTI, 06'bHCHeHHSI)
nepeI1lJJeT eMY npHKa3 mandamus, npH3bIBalOIUHM 9TOT cY,lI.
K BbIIIOJIHeHHIO ero ,lI.OJIra.
ECJiM CYD: HH311IeM HHcTaHUHH BbIH,llCT 3a npc)JeJIbI cBoeH
IOpHCJl:HKUHH, TO OH 6YD:eT BBC,lI.eH B CBOH rpaHHUbI 3anpe1:HTeJIb-
HblM npHKa30M (Writ of Prohibition), OT,lI.aBaeMbIM OTn:CJIemIe'\I
Kopo.neBcKoH CKaMbH. I10 OC06bIM npn1fa'HaM caMbIM 3HaMeHHTbiH
H3 Beex «npepor:a!T'HBHbIX npHKa30B», HMeHHO npHKa3 Habeas
MOLKeT 6bITb OTD:aH JII06bIM cy.n:beu HJIH Cy)i,OM, BXO.n:SIIIl.Hl\I
B COCTaB BbIClIIero cy.n:a. Ho HOpMaJIbHO 9TOT npHKa3 BI,I.n:aeTC5I
OT,lI.eJIeHHeM KOpOJIeBCKOH CKaMbH.
HI1311II1E YfOJIOBHbIE CYL(bI .
TenepI, MI,I ,lI.OJ1LKHbI 06paTHTbcH K TeM cY,lI.aM yrOJIOBHOii
IOPHC,lI.'HKUHH, nOJJHOMOlJHf! KOTOpbIX OrpaHHlJeHbI. CaMI,IMH BaiK-
HI,IMH H3 HHX SIBJJf!IOTCf! CYD:I,I lJeTBepTHbIX ceccHM, HMeIOIUHeCH
BO Beex rpa cTBax }! B HeKoTopbIX Topon:ax. B rpa CTBax OHM
TeOpeTHlJeCKH COCTOHT H3 Bcex MHpOBbIX CY,lI.eH rpa CTBa.
a aKTHlJeCKII H3 Toro lJMCJIa cy.n:efI, IWTopble nOiKeJIalOT npll-
CY1'CTBOBaTb. MHpOBbIe CY,lI.bH (OOI,IQHO Ha3bIBaeMble «MarMCTpa-
TaMH»), MY:H<lJHHbI H LKeHIUHHI,I, Ha3HaQaIOTCH KOpOHOM «nOKOJI€
. eM yrO,lJ;HO» ,lI.JlH BbTllOJIHeHH51 MHO,OQHCJleHHI,IX cy J1.e6HbIX, an-
MHHHcTpaTHBHI,IX H HCnOJIHHTeJJI,HI,IX CPYHKI1.Hii, KOTOpbIMH OHM
r.rrABA IV. AIIl'';UHiCKHE GYJI.bI
59
HaJI.eJIeHbI PH.AOM nap':I8.MeHTCKIIX aKTOB. 3a HCKJIIOqeHi-Ie <mJWT-
HbIX» MarHCTpaTOS, Ha3Ha'iaeMbIX JI.mI .aOHLLOHa 11 Hey!HarHX
.J.pyrHX OOJIblliMX ropoJl.OS, OHn He nOJlyqaIOT 3a CBOM TPY.L1:
HHKaKOfO B03Harpa}KJl.eHHH, H Oa,]bUl!!HCTi3a 113 HI1X He H;VleeT
IOpUJI.HQeCKOfa a6pa30saHHH.
I1a3TOMY primafacie. CYJI. qeTBCpnIOH CeCCH'H rpa<pCTsa
flS"lSICTC5I XYJI.LUH 1 CY,J0 1 Jl.JJ5l pa36npaTe.lbCTsa cepbe3HbIX
yra.l0BHbIX npecTynJ1CHHH. Ha npaKTI1Ke era OCHOBHbIe HeJI.O-
CTaTKH YCTpaH5IIOTC5I, 6JIaroJl.ap5I H36pa!1HIO npeJl.CeJl.aTeJJSI, KO-
TOpbIH a6bIqHO HMeeT IOpHJI.HlIeCKOe 06pa30BaHHe H KOTO'pbIIf
q,aKTHqeCKH SbITIaJIHHeT 60JIbIllHHCTBO <PYHKUHM, .'lelliaW;HX Ha
CYJI.be B eJI.HHOJIHqHOM cYJI.e, T. e. KOIfTpOJIHPyeT nOBeJI.eHHC
aJl.BOKaTOB H CBE)J.eTeJIeM, JI.aeT HanpaBJICHHe npHCSDKHbIM' H
sbIHO'CHT peIlleHHe H npHrOBOp. Ho B BalliHblX Bonpocax, Ka:K
Hanpm\o!ep, pa3Mep HaKa3aHH5I, DH HBJIHeTCH TOJlbKa BLlpa3JfTe.ilelli
peIlleHllH 60JIbIllllHCTBa. BSll)J.y 3TJiX O'OCT05ITeJIbCTB HeYJl.llBll-
TeJIbHO, lITO' CYJI.eOHOe pa36HpaTeJJbCTBO HeKOTopbIX Ba}i{.HbIX
npecTynJJeHHH JI3bIMaeTCH H3 qeTBepTHbIX ceCCHH. Ha 3TO orpa-
HHqeHlle llX $)'!f{IrolI!llH Hese.rIHKo no lIHCJIY ,)J.eJJ H nOCTeneHHO
ew;e YMeHblilaeTC5l. B ropo.J.CiWX 'leTBepTHbIX ceccu.fIx CYJ. CO-
CTOHT He 113 rapOJI.'CKHX CYJI.eM, a npeJI.CTaBJJ1e!H npo$eCCllOHaJIb-
HbIM cY.J.beii, Ha3bIBaeMbIM «peKOpJI.ep» (recorder), HO IOPHCJI.HK-
I1.H5I rOpOJI.CKllX lIeTsepTHbIX cccndl IllHpe qeTBepTHbIX ceCCHH
fpa-<pCTiB. PeKJopJI.ep HB\ITHeTICH cYJI.beH TOJIbKO «no COBMeCTW
TeJJbCTBY». KorJI.a He 3aCeJI.aeT ero CYJI., TO OH MOllieT BbICTY-
naTb B IKaqeCTBe aJI.BOKaTa B JI.pyrHx CYJI.3X, qTO aH 06blqIlO II
}J,eJIaeT.
113 Toro, qTO CKa33HO, MO'lliHO 6Lma 33MeTllTb, qTD IOpHC-
Jl.HKUHH qeTBepTHblX ceCCllH B 3HatffiTeJIbHOH CTeneHH CaBOaJl.aeT
c IOpHCJI.llKU'HeH aCCH3. I103TOMY Bcmmn lIeJIOBeK, 06BllHHeMbTQ
B KaKOM-JJll60 aJI.HO!\I H3 JI."lHHHaro pH!l:a npecTynJIeHllM, MOllieT
6bITb CYJI.llM JII06bIM ll'3 3THX CYJI.aB. LI:e"lo D6cTOHT JiMeHHO TaK,
H $aKTJIQeCKll BbI60p cYJI.a B nOJI.06HOM CJIyqae 06bI'fHO onpe-
JI.eJIHeT.cH nOCJIe nOJI.fOTOBKiH JI.eJla K C.1JYIllaHllIO 'feM CJJyqaHHblM
{)6CTOHTeJIbCTBOM, KaROM Ji3 3THX CYJI.OB 6Y)J.eT 3aCeJI.aTh paHbIlle,
)J.JJH CYJI.e6HbIX 11 MamCTpaTCKllX <PYHKUHi\: KalliJI.Oe rpa$-
CIEO JI.eJIHTC5J Ha «aKpyra Ma,,'1b!X ceccni\:» (Petty Sessional
Divisions), M,e}KJl.Y KOTapbI:.1H pacrrpe,il.€JI5JeTCH MHOllieCTBO Jl.e.1J,
He HMeIOW;llX TaKoro OOJ1IoIllOT"D 3T13lIeHHH, KOTopoe TpeOOBa.l0
ObI yqaCTJiH Bcex cYJI.ei'! qeTBepTHblX ceCCHH. KalliJl.blH ro'poJI.,
HMeIOW;IIH c06CTseHHYIO «KOMiHCCHIO MHpOBaro CYJ],.a» (Com-
mission of the Peace), npTIpaBHeH K «aKpyry MaJlbIX ceCCHH».
Hx <PYHKUHll COCT05JT fJIaBlfibIM 06p'a3aM IJ pa360pe opecTYnJleHJiH,
nQJJ:JIe:H<aW;llX cYMMapHoM IOpllCJl.HKUHH, T. e, TaKiIX npeCTYUJle-
HH", a6BllHHeMbre no KOTOpbIM He IL\leIOT prima facie npaBa Ha
cY)J. npHC5JlliHbTX. KaK 3Ta 6bTBaeT B 60JIee cepbe3HLlx cJIyqa5Jx.
60 'lAC'l'b B'l'OPA2. CY).LOYCTPOfiCTBO II CYJJ.OllP01I3BO.II:OTBO
Pa3HlUJ;8 ;\IeLK.n:y npeCTyrrJIeHlUIMIf «lfH,il.lfInei:i6Jlb» (indictable)"
T. e. nO,lVleLK3IIJ;RX 06bI'IHO cy.n:y c npHCJILKHbIMH, If npecTYW1-e-
HlfHMIf «cYMMapHoH» IOpHCj],lfKIJ.lfH (Summarily punishable), 6YJJ:eT
no.n:p06Hee 06'bHCneHa B o,ZmoH 1f3 .n.aJIbH;eHllllfX rJI8B. CeH'I8C
.n:OCTaTOqHO OKa3aTb, '11'0 rrepBoH MHcTaHUlfeH .n:.1UI .n:e.1J «CYM-
MapHoH» IOpHC.n:llKUHIf HBJIHeTCH cy.n: M8JIOH CecClfH (Petty Ses-
sional Court), KOTOpbIH 3a IfCKJJlOqeHHeM Toro CJIYlJ.aH, Kor.n:a
B He,M npHcYTcTByeT n.1J3THbIH MarncTpaT, .n:OJILKeH COCTOHTb He
:\IeHbWe 'lel\I 1f3 j],BYX :\IllpOBbIX cy.n:ell (HO MO}l{eT COC10H1b II 113
60JIbillOrO HX 'lHCJIa), 06bl'lHO npOLKlfB3IOIIJ;HX B .n.3HHQ;\I oKpyre.
TaKoH cy.n: B ,il.elIcTBlfTe.1JbHOCTIf MaJIO 'le'M OTJIllqaeTCH 0'1' Heco-
6.1JIO.n.alOIIJ;ero HHKaKlfX <popJ\Ia.1JbHOCTeH KOMHTeTa 'leTBepTHblX cec-
CHH; .'II06aH CTopOHa MO:H<eT BO MHorlfX CJIyqaHX HaCTalfBaTb Ha BTO-
PlfqHOM CJIYlIlaHlfH .n:eJIa B 'leTBepTHOH ceCCHR. O.n:HaKO. B 3TUX
CJIyqaHX 'leTBepTHaH ceCcmI npOBo.n:HT npOIJ;e,il.YPY CYMMapHOH
lOpUc.n:HKIJ.HH, T. e. 6e3 nplf'cmKHbIX 33'Ce,il.aTeJIeH, H cy.n. :BeCbMa orpa-
Hjl'leH B OTHOlIleEH'H npHrOBopa, KOTOpbIH OH M02KeT BblHeCTH.
<PaKTH'leCKH Cy.n:bI Ma.1JOH ceCCHH npOBO,il.HT TaK2Ke npe.n:BapH-
Te.1JbHOe cy.n:e6Hoe paCCJle.n.OBamIe .n.eJl, Tpe6Y!OIIJ.IlX 06BHHHTe.1Jb-
HorO aKTa (indictable offenees), HO B 3THX CJIYlJ.aHX HX <PYHK-
II:HH HOCHT xapa'KTep pacnopH.n:HTe.1JbHbIH, a He cy.n:e6HbIH, H Bca
HX 06H3aHHOCTb CBOj],HTCH K TOMY, 'lT06bI peWlfTb, ,il.OJI)KeH JIB
06BHHHeMbIH 6blTb npe.n.aH cY,il.y (committed for trial) ACClf3,
'leTnepTHblx CeCn!H HJIH LLeHTpa.1JbHoMY yrO.1JOBHOMY cy.n:y Ha
TOM OCHOBaHHH, '11'0 npOTHB Hero HMeIOTCH no KpaHHeH Mepe
,il.OK838Te.1JbCTBa prima facie.
)],0 1908 r. He CYIIJ.eCTBOB3.1J0 B03MO)KHOCTH arreJ!JIHIJ.HH
B 06bI'lHOM CMbICJIe 3Toro CJ10Ba, Ha pelIleHlfe cy.n:a no yrOJ10B-
HOMy .n:e.1JY, 3a HCKJIIOqeHHeM TaK Ha3b1Bae1vlOH aneJIJJHIJ;HH Ha
pelIleHHe cy.n:a MaJIOH ceCCHH B cy.n. qeTBepTHOH Cec.CIIH, 0 qeM
Y2Ke yrrOMlfHa.1JOCb, npH'IeM npOIJ;e.n:ypa TaKOH ane.!1JIHIJ;!HH 6bI.1Ja
He.n:aBHO ynpOIIJ.eHa HOBbIM 3aKOHOM. C .n.8BHlfX BpeMeH I1a.1JaTa
JIOp.n:OB rrO.1Jb3yeTcH npaBOM OTMeHHTb pelIleHHH, BCJIe.n:C,TBHe
«OIlllf6K'II, O'Ies.H,IJ,HOH 1f3 npOTOKO.1Ja» (error apparent in the re-
cord). C 1848 r. cYIIJ.ecTBOBaJI HeKoTopoe Bpe:\IH T3Klli.e Pe3epB-
HbIH cy.n: JJ:.Tl5I ,IJ,e.1J KOPOHb! (Court for Crown Cases Reserved),
COCTOHBWHH ll3 cy.n:eH Tpex BbICWHX CYAOB o6IJJ,ero I1paBa. 310T
cy.n: .n:OJ1LKeH 6bIJI pelIlaTb BorrpOCbI npaBa, B03HHKaBWHe s npo-
IJ.eCce pacc:\wTpeHlf51 yrO.iIOBHOrO .n.eJla 11 J.06POBO,%HO rrepe.::r.a-
saBWHeCH B 3TOT cy.n:, .1JH60 Cy.n:bHMH, npe.n:ce,IJ,aTeJIbCTBYlOIIJ.lfMlI
B aCCH3ax H.1JH B LLeHTpa,;lbHo:\1 yrO.l0BHO:\I cY.J.e, .'11160 'leTBepT-
HbIMH CeCCl1H:\IH; rrpl1Be.n:eHHe rrplfroBopa B HcrrO:IHeHl1e Ha 3TO
Bpe:\IH rrpHocTaH3BJ1HBa.1JOcb. Ho TaKHe c.1JY'laH 6blBa.1JII pej],KO.
DOJIee Ba2KHO I1paBO cy.n:a 'leTBepTIJbIX ceCClfH, OCYIIJ.eCTBJ1He:\we
HMI no eBoeMY YOMOTpeHHlO llJIH Hal OCHOBaHHH TI.pHlKa'3a (manda-
mus) OT.n.eJleHl1H KopoJleBcKoH CKaMbH, «H3.10}l{HTh 1l0JIO}KeHHe
rJJ,ABA IV. AHrJIHt!:OKHE Cy.n:bI
51
;:J.eJI3» (state a case) ,n:JIH OT,n:eJIeHH5I KopO.leSCKOH CKa-
MbH C TeM, tIT06bl 1I0C.1Je,n:Hee pa3peWHJIO BOlIpOC npasa,
B03HHKWHH B yrOJIOBHOM npouecce; no,n:06HaH npoue.n:ypa
Ha3bIBael'C5I CeH"lJ.aC fia TeXHlltIeCKO'M 5I3bIKe «aneJIJI5IUlleH». Ho
Op aJIbHO npaBO Ha aneJIJI5IUllID B yrOJIOBH X ,n:eJIax ,n:a e no
npaBOBbIM Bonpoc:aM 6bIJIO npll3HaHO JliHWb nOC,,'Ie npOBe,n:eHllH
AKTa 06 aneJIJl5IUllll B yrOJlOBHbIX ,n:eJIax 1907 r. (Criminal Appeal
Act 1907). O,n:HaKo Bep,n:llKT npllcmKHbIx no Bonpocy 4>aKTa Hll-
KOHM 06pa30M He Mor 6bITb no.n:BeprHyT aneJIJI5IUllll. Ho 3aKOH
1907 r. npe,n:ocTaBJJHeT JIllUY, npll3HaHHoMY BllHOBHbIM no 06BllHll-
TeJlbHoMY aKTY (on indictment), 6e3YCJIOBHOe npaBO aneJJJIHU'llJi
no Bonpocy npaBa II YCJlOBHOe npaBo aneJIJI5IUllH no Bonpocy
cpaK1'a B YrOJIOBHblH aneJIJIHUllOHHblH cy,n:. 31'01' cy,n: B 060llX
C.1JY"lJ.aSIX COCTaBJI5Ie1'C5JJ He MeHee, tIeM 113 Tpex cy,n:eH O1'.n:eJJefrll51
KOpOJI'eBCKOM CKaMbll, HO MO:>KJeT COO1'OHTb ll3 .nID60ro 60JIbillerO,
lHO HetIe1'HOro '!fIX "lJ.llCJlla. Ocy ,,n:eHlHbI'H, ,IJ,a}Ke npH3HaBaH CBOID
BllHY, l\W:>KeT aneJIJlHpOBaTb, CCbI.1JaHCb Ha TO, "lJ.TO B03.1J0 eHHa5I
Ha Hero Kapa tIpe3MepHa. O,n:Ha'K(), III'PH T3'IWH aneJIJIHII:HH OH ll.n:eT
HaBCTpetIy cepbe3HOMY PHCKY, tI1'O Ha.1JO eHHOe Ha Hero HaKa3a-
Hlle f,fO:>KeT 6bITb YBeJIll"lJ.eHO TeM Cy,n:OM, K lWTOPOMY OH anen-
.nHPYeT. EC.1JlI OCY)K.n:eHHbIH )KeJIaeT no,n:aTb aneJIJI5I11.llID BCJIe,n:-
CTBlle tIpe3MepHOCTH HaKa3aHll5I, TO OH .n:OJI eH npe.n:BapH1'eJJbHO
no.rrytI'H1'b pa3peweHlle Ha 31'0 01' YrOJIOBHOrO aneJJJI5IUllOHHOro
cy,n:a; npll ,a!neJIJI5IUllll, CB5I3aHBOH C JIID6bIl\I ,lIPyrllM BOnpOCOl\I
<paKTa, 1'pe6yel'c5I pa3peweHlle JIll60 3Toro e cy,n:a, JJll60 Toro
CYJJ:8, K01'OpbIM BbIHec npllrOBop. AKT 06 aneJI.n5IUllll B yrOJIOBHbIX
JI,eJlax (Criminal Appeal Act) O1'MeHHJl npaBO aneJI.1JSIUlili BBll,n:y
«omn6Kll» Ha perneHllH Pe3epBHoro cYJJ:,a ,lI.1JH ,n:e.n KOpOHbI, II
IOpllC,n:HKI1.llID 31'oro cy.n:a, HO YCTmmBllJI, tITO B CJIytIaHX OC060H
B8)f{HOCTH nOJI,HH1'oro npaBOBoro Bonpoea renepa.n-aTTopHen MO)J{e1
BbI,48Tb y.n:OCTOBepeH e, KOTopoe ,n:aeT npaBO JIll60 06BllHeHHoMY,
JJll60 06BHHwreJIID ane.nJJllpOB81'b K na.1JaTe ,!Jop.n:OB. 31'0 nOJIo e-
Hue 6blJlO iHe,n:8BHO llCnOJlb30BaHO .D:JISI Toro, tIT06bI nOJlY"lJ.llTb
perneHHe BbICilleH llHCTaHUHll no CJIOIKHOMY II Ba HOMY Bonpocy
-0 TOM, Mo eT .1Jll Bo06llI,e .D:06pOBOJIbHOe onbHHeHlle, II eCJTH
MO}KeT, TO B KaKOR Mepe C.rry}KlITb 3allI,llTOR npll OOBllHeHllll
B y6llRcTBe, H.n:O Ka'KllX npe,n:eJIOB ,n:O.1J eH TOT, KTO B036y,n:llJI
npec.TJe,n:OBaHlle, )J,OKaqaTb HaJlHtIHe 3JlOrO YMblCJla npll HBHO npe,n:-
HaMepeHHOYI y6llMCTBe.
6. rpmI{.lI.3HCKHe CY.lI.bI
KaK y e 6bIJIO 06'bHCHeHO B npe.n:weCTBYIDllI,eR rJIaBe,
rpa}K,n:aHCKlle Cy.n:bI paCCMaTpllBaIDT cnopbI Me .n:y rpa}K,n:aHaMll
.n:.nH nO,J):{aHHbIMll, nepeAaBaeMbIe .D:JIH pa3perneH'I1SI B KOpOJIeBCKlle
62 <IACTb BTOPAa. O}'.zWYCTPOif'OTBO 11 cWAOnpOI:I3BO.D:C'fW
CYJJ:bI. B TOll LKe rJIaBC 6bJ.110 CKa3aHO, <jTO nOJIHa}! n06e,::w,
o)!.epLKaHHasI B 3TOH 06.'1aCTlf KopO.'1eBcKoti IOplfC)!.I:IKL.t:ieM Ha,J;
DC€Mlf ee ,conepHlfK3MH, 6bIJIa )!.OCTn:rHYTa B pe3YJIbTaTe Tl.OJJrOH'
60Pb6bI, B KOTOpOH n06e)!.HJIlf KopOJJeBCKue CYAbI BCJle).J.CTBHe
cBoeM JJY 1 ulleM npHcnoc06.'1eHHOCTH. MHOr03HaQHTe.1bHbIM UOKa-
3aTeJJeM ynopcTBa ,nOM 60pb6bI CJIYLKHT TO 06C1 mneJIbCTBO, '110
0)J.M1I Y1JeHbIE aBTOp, TIHCaBIIllfH B 1909 ro)!.y, Mor HaC'IH-
TaTb CBblIlle 160 )!.peBHlfx rpaLK)!.3HcKlfX CY)!.OB, o)!.HoBpeMeHHO
ocymeCTBJIHBIlllfX rpaLK)!.aHcKoe np3BocY)!.He Ii Bce eme, no
J;<paHHeH Mepe TeOpeTlf1leCKlf, cyw:eCTBYlOmHX, Ii, KpoMe Toro,
Mor YKa3aTb CBOIiM 1JlfTaTeJIHM Ha cpaBHlfTeJIbHO He)!.aBHlfH 3a-
KOH, €popMaJIbHO .'1HKBlf,lI:IfpOBaBIlllfM COpOK )!.B3 )!.pyrlfx TaKHX
LKe cy)!.a.
B HaCTOHmee BpeMH, KOHe1J:HO, BCH pe3JIbHaH lOpHC)I.l1KlI.HH
no cnopaM MeLK)!.y rpaLK)!.aHaMlf ocyw:eCTBJIfieTCH CY)!.bflMH, Ha-
3Ha1J:eHHbIMIl KOpOHOH. B o)I.Hoii H3 npe)!.IlleCTBYlOmlfX r JIaB MbI
Blf.neJIlf, 1J:TO HeKor.na 3TO 6blJIlf CY.l(blf pa3HbIX paHrOB, Ha3Ha-
1J:eHHble .n.'1H peIlleHlfH .l(e.'1 pa3Horo pO,L\a, qTD eCTeCTBeHHO Be.nQ.
1< COnepHH1J:eCTBY MeLKJI.Y 'HHMH H K QaCTli 1 IHOMY COBnaJI.emUo
lfX )!.eJI, a 3TO lfMe.'10 He6JIarOnplfHTHbie nOCJIe)!.CTBlfH - .l(.lm
lfCTU3. K C1J:aCTblO 3TH He)1.0CTaTKH B )1.e.1e rpalK.naHCKoro npa-
BOCY)!.lfH B 3H3QlfTe.'1bHOH CTeneHlf 6blJIlf YCTp3HeHbl HOBeHIllHM
3aKOHo)!.aTe.'1bCTBOM. Tenepb OqeHb HeTpY)!.HO pa3)1.e.rIHTb rpa-
LK)!.3HCKlfe CY)!.bI Ha «BbICllIHe», T. e. TaKlfe, KOTopbIe nOJIb-
3YIOTCH HeOrpaHlfqeHHblMH nO.'IHOM01J:lfHMlf KaK B OTHOllleHlfH
MeCTa B03HlfKHOBeHlfH npeTeH3lflf, TaK If B OTHOllIeHlflf cepbe3-
HOCTH HHTepeCOB, 3aTpOHYTbiX B ,n,eJIe, 1I H3 «Hlf3111He», T. e.
TaKHe, IOpHC)1.HKUHH KOTOpbIX OrpaHlI1J:eHa O)!.HlfM H.'1H )!.PyrlfllI
H3 3TH X YCJIOBHM. Cpe,n,lf Cy,n,OB HeOrpaHHQeHHOH IOpHC)1.lfKlI.lfH
Ha)!.o onHTb-TaKli pa3JIHQaTb CY)!.bl «nepBOH lfHCTaHUlfH», T. e.
TaKlfe, B KOTopble .l(e.'Ia nocTynmoT .naH nepBH1J:HOrO paCCMOT-
peHHH, H aneJIJ'IHUlIOHHbIe CYJJ:bl, B KOTopble nO,lI,aIOTCH 3ne.'1.'Ifl-
lI.lflf C ueJIblO OTMeHbI peIlleHlfJ1, BbIHeceHHbIX cy.rr.aMli nepBOM H
BTOpOll lIHCTaHlI.I1lf.
B pe3YJIbTaTe ynO'>ll1H3BlllerOCH p3HhllIe CTpe:-'IJ1eHHH, ocy-
llI,eCTB.'1eHHOrO B 1875 r., 06'be.rr.lfHHTb B O,l(lIH e,lI,lIHbIM TpH6y-
Ha,'I Bce pa3Hoo6p33HbIe «BbIClllHe» KopO 1eBCKHe CY,lI,b!, BbICO-
ImM cYJJ: (High Court of Justice) HB.'IHeTCH Tenepb e)!.HHCTBeH-
HbIM «BbIClllHM»» CY)!.OM nepBoH IIHcraHUlilf C HeOrp3HH1J:eHHOIt
IOpHC,l(HKlI.Hefr B rpaLKl!.aHCKlix ,!I.eJI3X Ha TeppHToplIII Bcero
KopOJIenCTBa. .TJ1060e rpa)K,!I.3ncKoe ,!I. e.'IO , KaKoro 6bI TO HH
6bIJIO pO,lI,a, .neHCTBHTeJIbHO lfMelOw:ee xapaKTep cnopa MeLK..'I.Y
rpa)K)!.aHaMH, MOlKeT 6bITb Ha1J:aTO B 3TO;\I cy)!.e nepe,lI, JI106bI;\1
H3 ero cY,lI,efi, KOTOpbIX ceiiQac HMeeTCH ,lI,Ba,lI,llaTb ,lI,eBHTb,
XOTH O,lI,HH H3 HHX, HMeHHO JIOp,lI,-KaHI.{.1ep, pe)!.Ko )!.eHcTByeT KaK
CY.l(bH 3Toro cy.n:a Bc.'Je,II.CTBHe MHoro06pa3lfH ..'lpyrHx CEOHX
I'JIABA IV. AHI'JIlHiOKnE OY.l1.bl
63
06S13aHHOCTeH. OCTaJIbHbIe .I1.Ba.n.uaTb BOCeMb CYAeH .n.eJI5lTCS:I'
.n.JIH JIY1Jrnero OTnpaBJIeHllS:l CBOllX 06H3aHHOCTeH Ha TPll HepaB-
Hble rpynnbI, llMeHHO OHll pacnpe.n.eJIeHbI Me:>K.n.Y KaHlJ,eJI5lpCKllM
OT.n.eJJeHlleM (Chancery Division), KY.n.a BXOJJ,HT meCTb cYJJ,el1,
OTJJ,eJIeHHeM K:opOJIeBCKOH CKaMbH (King's Bench Division), KO-
Topoe COCTOllT ll3 .I1.eBHTHa)J.uaTll cY)J.eM, II OTJJ,eJJeHlleM no )J.eJIaM
06 YTBep>K.n.eHllll 3aBerqaHllH, 0 pa3BoJJ,ax II aJJ,MHpaJITeMCTBe
(Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division), IKYJJ, BXO)J.HT Ttpoe
cYJJ,eH. Ho Ka>KJJ,bIll H3 3TllX cy.n.eM (BKJlI01JaH H JIJOpJl.-KaHIJ.Jlepa)
no 3aKoHY BnpaBe pa36llpaTb JIlo60e rpa>K)J.aHcKoe )J.eJIO, KOTO-
poe BHOCllTCH B KaKoe 6bl TO Hll 6blJIO OT.n.eJIeHlle 3Toro CY)J.8,
II ocyrqecTBJIHTb Bce nOJJHOM01JllH, npe:>KJl.e ocyrqecTBJJHBllmeCw
TeMll CYJJ,aMll, KOTopble HbIHe norJIorq,eHbI 3TllM BblCOKllM c'y-
)J.OM.
MeCTonpe6bIBaHlleM 3Toro cYJl.a HB.1JS:leTCH JIOHJl.OH; HO'
1J.1JeHbI OT)J.eJIeHHH KOpOJIeBCKOll CKaMbll 06bI1JHO HaXOJl.HTCH
B pa3'bea.n.8,x (circuits) rro cY)J.aM llJil! aCCH3alM, palHee onHC3.IH-
HbIM, 06bIKHoBeHHo no JJ,Boe, ll3 KOTOpblX OAHH paccMaTpHBaeT
yrOJIOBHbIe .l.I,eJIa, B03HllKI11lle B rpa<pcTBe, a .n.Pyroll- rpa>K.n.aH-
CKHe llJJll TaKlle (<<nisi prius»), KOTopbIe no KaKOll-JIH60 npll1JllHe
YJl.06Hee CJIyrnaTb Ha MeCTe, 8 He B JIoHJJ,OHe. Ha MeCTax
HMeIOTCS:I «OKPY)KHbIe perncTpaTypbI» (district registries), B KO-
TOpbIX MO:>KeT B nOJl.06HbIX CJIY1JaHX npoBo)J.HTbCH BCH npo-
IJ,e.n.ypa, npe.n.I11eCTBYIOrqaH cYJl.e6HoMY pa36HpaTeJIbCTBY Jl.JIH
Toro, 1JTo6bI H36e>KaTb 3aTpaT H TpY.l.l,a, CBH3aHHblX C npOBeJl.e-
HlleM .onoll npoIJ,eJJ,ypbJ B JIoH)J.oHe.
K:a:>K.l.I,bIll CY.l.I,bH BblcOKoro cYJl.a, KaK y)Ke 6bIJJO CKa3aHO,
MO:>KeT 6bITb npHBJIe1JeH K pa3peI11eHllIO JII060ro rpa>K.n.8HcKoro
Jl.eJJa, O.l.l,HaKO YJJ,06Hee 11 IJ,eJJeco06pmmee pacnpeJl.eJIHTb 3Tll Jl.eJJa
B COOTBeTCTBHH C llX xapaKTepoM H nepeJJ,?B8Tb HX Ha paccMO-
TpeHlle TeM CYJl.bHM, KOTopbIe HMeIOT CneUHaJIbHOe 3HaKOMCTBO'
C AaHHoll rpynnoll' .n.e.1J. D03TOMY Bce TPH OT.l.I,eJIeHHH
BbIcoKoro cY.l.l,a B OCHOBe BOCnpllHHJIH Tpa.n.1ll1.1111 Tex CY.l.I,OB.
I1MH KOTOpbIX OHH HOCHT, II pa36llpaIOT Jl.eJIa, KOTOpbIe.n.o
1875 r. c.rryrna.1JHCb 6bI cooTBeTcTBYIOrqllM CYJJ,OM. TaKllM 06--
pa30M, KaIK.n.OMY 113 3THX OTJl.e.neHHU rrpe.n.Ha3Ha1JeHbI onpe.n.e-
JIeH'HbIe rpynnbI ,lI:e.'I. Ec.'I11 06BHHHTeJIb Ha1JHeT ,.n.eJIO He B .l.I,OIJIIK-
HOM OT.n.eJIemm, TO OHO MOIKeT H BepOH1'HO 6YJl.eT nepe)J.aHO
B H8.n.JIe)Karqee OT.n.eJIeHlle. Tenepb YIKe He MOIKeT 6biTb KaK
B npe>KHee BpeMH, 1JTo6bI ,il.e.!10 6bI.1JO npllOCTaHOBJIeHO Bc.1JeJl.-
CTBlle OTCYTCTBHH npaBOM01Jllll Ha ero Be)J.eHlle. Ho 1JTO caMoe
Ba:>KHOe, HCTIJ,y He npH.l.I,eTCH Tenepb llCKaTb O.l.l,HY 1JaCTb Y.n.o-
BJIe-!BOpeHllH B O.n.HOM OT.n.e.1JeHllll, a .n.PyryIO 1JaCTb - B .n.py-
rOM. OCHOBHaH 3a.l.l,a1J8 Bcell 60J):bI110M pellJOpMbI 1875 r. co-
rJIaCHO AKTY 0 CY.l.I,OYCTpoMcTBe 3aKJII01JaJJaCb B TOM, «1JT06bI..
nOCKo.TJbKY 3TO B03MO>KHO, Bce cnopHbIe BonpOCbI Me>K.l.I,Y CTO-.
64 'lACTb BTOPML mr,lLOYCTPOitCTBO II Cy.z:r:OIIPOIl3BtI}J;CTBO
pOHaMH 6bWH nOJlHOCTbIO H OKOH'IaTeJIbHO pa3pemeHbI H lT06bl
6bwa YCTpaHeHa MHoroKpaTHocTb cYAe6HOM npo eAypbl, CBH-
3aHHoM C 3THM».
BblJIO 6bI He COBceM IJ1paBHJIbHO, eC J 1H. ObI MbI CK33a.1JH, 'ITO
BbICOKHH cy,n: fIB.1JHeTCH TO.1JbKO Cy,n:OM nepBOH IIHCTaH HH. OH
AeHCTBY€T B Ka'IeCTB€ ane.rrJIH HOHHoro cy,n:a AJIH pa3pemeHHfI
BonpOCOB npaBa, BHeceHHbIX Ha ero paCCMOTpeHHe 'IeTBepTHblMII
ceCCHHMH II ,n:pyrHMH HII3111HMH yrOJIOBHbIMH cy,n:aMH, 0 qeM
CKa3aHO Bblme. )].0 He,n:aBHero BpeMeHH OH TaK:>Ke ,n:eHCTBOBaJI
0# B Ka'IeCTBe OKPY:>KHbIX CYAOB (Divisional Court) no aneJIJIH lHIM
HB peweHHH CYAOB rpaq>cTB (County Courts), KOTopble HB.1JHIOTCH
06bI'IHbIMH cy,n:aMH nepBoM HHCTaHI:{HH AJIH pa36HpaTe.'IbCTBa
Me.1KHX rpa:>KJJ;aHcKHx ,n:eJI. OJJ;Ha'Ko, no 3aKoHy 1934 r. aneJI.1JH-
lUIM Ha peweHlfSI CYAOB rpaq>cTB no,n:aIOTCfI 3a pe,n:KHMH HCKJIIO-
1J:eHHHMH B AneJIJIH HOHHbIM (rpa:>KAaHcKHM) CYA (Court of
Appealj (CM. HH:>Ke). ITOCKOJIbKY Bonpocbl q>aKTa He CTaBHTC5I
nepe,n: TaKIIM CYAOM, TO OH ,n:€HCTByeT 6e3 ,n:onpoca CBH,n:eTe-
JJeH H 6e3 npHcmKHblx. 3'1'0'1' cy.n pewaeT ,n:eJIO no AOKJJ8.n:y
CYAbH cy,n:a rpaq>cTB8 H Ha OCHOBaHHH npoToKo.rra 0 ,n:OK83a-
TeJIbCTBaX, COCT8BJIeHHblX nOCJle,n:HIHMi, nOC.1Je 'BbIcTynJIeHHH
a,D:BOKaTOB, npe,n:cTaB.1JHIOill;HX CTOpOHbI.
«HH311II1E» fPA,>Kl:('AHCKHE CYLJ:bl
OCTaBHB B cTopoHe liCK.1JIO'IliTe.1JbHbIe «naJlaTHbIe» CYJ!.bl
J1aHKac'1'epa H )].IOpreMa, Be,n:aIOll1.He ,n:eJIaMH no npaBY cnpaBe,n:-
JJliBOCTH, KOTopble B03HHKaIOT li3 HeCKOJIbKO Heonpe,n:e.'leHHOtl
IOpHC,n:HK HH, H HeKOTopble ApyrHe Cy,n:bI, npe,n:CTaBJIHIOill;He
nepe.lfUITOK ,n:peBHOCTH, KaK CYA .1JOH,n:oHCKoro JIOpA-M3pa H
J1HBepnY.1JbCKHM «nponycKHoM» cy.z:r: (Liverpool Court of Pas-
sage), MO:>KHO CKa3aTb, qTO rpa:>K.lI.aHCKHMH CY.D,aMH OrpaHH1J:eH-
HOH H.1JH «HH3weM» IOpHC.lI.HKIIHH 5!B.'lHIOTCH yCTaHoB.1JeHHble 3a-
KOHaMH CY.D,bI rpacpcTB, yqpeIK,n:eHHbIe Ha OCHOBe o6ill;ero IwaHa
B 1846 r. H C Tex nop Heo,n:HoKpaTHo H8,n:eJJHBWHeCfI ,n:06aBOq-
HbIMH nO.1JHOMO'IHHMH. Hx Ha3BaHHe (CYAbI rpatPCTB) BBO)J)IT
B 3aoJ1Y:>KAeHHe, nOTOMY "ITO 3TH 3aKOHO;\l YCTaHOBJIeHHble
CYLl.bI He COCTaBJ1HIOT, no,n:06Ho l\!HpOBbIM cy,n:aM, qaCTH opra-
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tIe:\-I ,n:peBHlIX Cy,n:OB waHp HJIH rpacpcTB, Ha3BaHHe KOTOpbIX OHH
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65
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Ba:>KHOCTH.
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67
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pa3rp8HH1JeHHe MeJK)J.y aTHMlI )J.BYMH <l>YHKl1.HHMH HH.KOr.D.8 He
6bIJJO nOJJHOCTbIO npOBe)J.eHO TIaJJaTOM JJOp)J.OB. TeOpeTH1JeC.KlI
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JIOP.D.OB, OH 6bIJJ OTMeHeH HOBbIM 3aKOHOM, nplIHHTbIM 1Jepe3 .n.Ba
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npaBlITeJJbCTBO, rrplIIue)J.mee Ha nOMOIIJ.b naJIaTe JIOp)J.OB B'
caMbIM KpHTlI1JeCKlIM )J.JJH Hee MOMeHT, nOHHJIO, 'ITO He06xo.D.HMO
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MHHYToro nopOK8. TI03TOMY AKT 06 arreJJJJHIJ,HOHHOM IOpHC)J.HK-
l1.HH 1876 r. (Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1.876) YCTaHOBMJI, 1JTO
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TIoCJIe)J.HlIMlI HBJISIIOTCH JJlI60 lI3BeCTHbIe IOplICTbI, Cnell.H
aJIbHO Ha3H81IaeMble )J.JI51 3TOM lI.eJIH rrO}f{H3HeHHbIMH lIJIeH8MH
flaJJaTbI JJOp.n.OB, JIH60 JIHl1.a, 3aHlIMalOIIJ.lIe Tenepb HJJlI
3aHlIMaBllIlIe rrpe2K.n.e BLICOKHe cy.n.e6Hble nOCTbI II HaXO)J.HIIJ.lIecSI
B 1JHCJJe 1JJJeHOB aTOM rIa.1JaTbI. Ho Ha.n:o 3aMeTlITb, 'ITO no 3a-
KOHY He lIMeeTCSI HlIKaKlIX npenSITCTBHM K TOMY, lIT06bI caMbIA
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(Judicial Committee) TaHHoro COBeTa. 3TlI aneJJJJHIJ,HH He OT-
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69
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KOHOM nOBepeHlfOro. Eho onpe,!!,eJIeHIfe 3aBHCIfT 01' HeCKOJIbKO
npOH3BO.lbHbiX nOCTaHOBJIeHIfH, KOTopbIe HCXO,!!,5IT CKopee H3
cooopa}J{eHIfU npaKTIf'IeCKOrO Y'!!'OOCTBa, 'IeM l13 5ICHbIX npHHI.I.H-
ITOB. TaK, HanpIfMep, qe.IJOBeK, KOTOpbIH, He 6y,!!,yqH qJIeHOM CO-
CJIOBH5I npaB03aCTynHIfKoB, COCTaBIfJr XOT5I ObI 3a B03Harpa>K,!!,e-
HIfe, 3aBer.u:aHHe H.IM cor J1allIeHHe, KacalOr.u:eeCH HMymecTBeHHbIX
OTHOllIeHHH, He nOBHHeH HH B KaKOM HapywemiH 3aKOHa, eCJm
TOJ1bKO OH He BbI,!!,aeT ce05I 3a npocpeCCHOHaJ1bHOrO IOpHCTa.
C ,!!,pyroH CTOpOHbI, TaKOH }J{e QeJI0BeK, COCTaBJJ5IlOmHH opaq-
HbIM ,!!,orOHOp I1JIH 005I3aTeiJIbCiTBO, nO,!!,J1e}J{HT IlITpacpy B 50 clJ. CT.
B TeqeHHe, no KpaHHdi Mepe, urecTIf BeKOB npoclJeCCH5:!
npaB03aCTynHIiKa D.eJ1I1TC5I B AHr J1I1H Ha ABe OOOCOOJJeHHbIe
BeTBH, rrpIfQeM Ka}J{,!!,a5I H3 HHX BbUIOJIH5IeT OT.IJHqHbIe OT ,!!,pyroH
06H3aHHOCTIf, XOT5I y HHX HMeIOTC5I H HeKOTopbIe 06r.u:He <PYHK-
II.HM. K nepBOH BeTBH OTHOC5ITC5I oappHCTepbI I1J1H a,!!,BOKaTbI,
KO BTOpOH - COJIHClfTOpbI, rrpe}J{D.e H3BeCTHbIe no,!!, HMeHeM
«aTTopHeu». Tex H ,!!,pyrHx MbI 06HapY}J{IfBaeM nOqTH y}J{e
C MOMeHTa B03HHKHOBeHH5I 06mero rrpaBa, TaK qTO TPY,!!,HO
CKa3aTb, KTO H3 HIfX ,!!,peBHee; HO HX IfCTOpH5I COBepweHHO pa3-
J1H'IHa.
fiAPPMCTEPbI
<I>YHKII.HH 6appIfCTepa H.lIH aABOKaTa xapaKTepH3YIOTC5I,
npe}J{,!!,e Bcero, TeM, qTO OH BbIcTyrraeT B cy,!!,e, oopar.u:aeTC5I
K CY,!!,be HJ1H npHC5I}J{HbIM rrpH CJ1YIllaHHH ,!!,eJ1a B .cy,!!,e, ,!!,orrpa-
IUIlBaeT CBH,!!,eTe.rreH, B03pa}J{aeT npOTHB BC5IKOH rrorrbITKH CBoero
rrpOTHBHHKa HaHeCTH yr.u:ep6 CBoeMY KJ1HeHTY, Kor,!!,a CqHTaeT ee
HeJJ:06poCOBeCTHOM, H Bo06Ille npHHHMaeT B ,!!,eJ1e TaKoe yqa-
CTIfe, KOTopoe ITpHHHMa.rr 6bI caM KJ1HeHT, eCJm 6bI OH J1H'IHO
BeJI CBoe ,!!,e.'1o. nepBOIialia.TJbHO 6appHCTepbI 6bIJ1H, rrOBH,!!,H-
"'TOMY, CJ1Y'IaMHbIMH rroApyqHbIMH Tfl}J{yr.u:erOC5I, KOTopble no
CBoeM HHIiII.HaTHBe ,!!,aBaJIH nOCJIe,!!,HeMY COBeTbi Ii, npH06peT5I
BKYC K TaKoro pOD.a JJ:e.'1aM, nOCTerreHHQ ObI.'IH npH3HaHbI cy-
JJ:aMH B KalieCTBe .1H II. , KOTopbIe MorYT 6bITb «B COBeTe» (of
courrsel) C T5I}J{yr.u:IiMHC5I. Oco60e rrOJlO}J{eHHe 6apPHCTepa y,!!,H-
BHTeJ1bHbiM o6pa30M COXpaHIIJIOCb B BH,!!,e nepe}J{HTKa B COBpe-
feHHbIX HopMax npaBa, corJlaCHO KOTOpbIM 6aPPHCTep He MO}J{eT
3aK.rlIOQPl:Tb CB5I3YIOr.u:ero ,!!,orOBopa 0 BbIrr.'1aTe eMY rOHopapa HJ1H
rrpe,!!,'bHBHTb HCK 00 ero B3bICKaHHH B CYAeOHOM rrOp5IJJ:Ke, a
70 'IAC'l'I, BTorM!. Cyp:OYCTPOfiCTBO H Cyp:OIIPOH3BOP:CTBO
TaK}J{e 06H3aTb CBoero KJIHeHTa'IeM-JIH60 CKa3aHHbIM HM B cyp:e;
HO, C p:pyroH CTOpOHbI, COrJIaCHO 3THM HopMaM, ero HeJIb3S'1
npHBJIe'Ib K cyp:e6HoM OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a He6pe}J{HOCTb np"
Bep:eHHH p:eJIa KJIHeHTa.
XOTH MHoro 06CTOHTeJIbCTB cBHp:eTeJIbCTBYIOT B nOJIb3Y
Toro, 'ITO nepBOHaqaJIbHO 6appHCTep nOJIytlHJI B03MO}J{HOCTb
6bITb BbICJIYIllaHHbIM B cyp:e 6JIarop:apH npH3HaHHIO ero co CTO-
pOHbI cyp:a, HO Tenepb B TetleHUe y}J{e CTOJIeTUH npaBo «npu3bl-
BaTb K cyp:e6HOMY 6apbepy» (<<calling to the bar»), T. e. 06.rre-
KaTb KaHp:H)1.aTOB 3BaHHeM 6appHcTepa, ocyruecTBJIHeTCH 'Ie-
TblpbM51 BJIHHTeJIbHbIMH H MOIUHblMH KOpnopaLl.HHMH; KOTOpbJ(
H3BeCTHbI nOA HMeHeM «CY)1.e6HbIX HHHOB». CIO,lI,a OTHOCHTC
Lincoln's Inn (JIHHKOJIbHC-HHH), Middle Temple (Cpe,lI,HIdi
TeMnJIb), Inner Temple (BHYTpeHHHM TeM'llJJb) H Gray's Inn
(fpeHc-I1HH). 3TH KOpnOpaLl.UH nOJIb3YIOTCH npaBoM nOJIHOI'Q
caMoynpaBJIeHHH, OHH ynpaBJIHIOTC51 Bbl60pHblMH «6eH'IepaMHJI>
(benchefs) HJIH cTapeHUIImaMI1, KOTopbIe He ny6mmYIOT HHKaKUX
OT'IeTOB 0 CBoeH ,lI,eHTeJIbHOCTH, H 4JaKTH'IeCKH He CYIUecTByeT
TaKoro napJIaMeHTcKoro aK-:'a, KOTOpbIM nO,lI,BepraJI 6bl 3TH
I1HHbl KaKOMY-HH6Y,lI,b KOHTpOJIIO. MHoroe B HX npOHCXO}J{,lI,C-
HHH OCTaeTCH p:o CHX nop TeMHbIM. Ho CeM'IaC KaK 6Y,lI,TO
60JIbIlll'IHCTBO COrJIaCHO C TeM, 'ITO nepBOHatlaJIbHO 3TO 6bIJIM
,lI,06pOBOJIbHbIe KJIy6bI MJIH aCCOlmaLl.HH xop:aTaeB no ,lI,eJIaM
npH KOpOJIeBCKHX cY,lI,ax B BeCTMHHcTepe, KOTopble 6bIJIH Y'Ipe-
)K,AeHbI, KaK MbI BHp:eJJH, B XII H XIII BeKax p:JIH ocyruecTBJIe-
HHH KOpOJIeBCKOH IOpHC,lI,HKLI.:HH H, B oCOOeHHQlCTM, ,AJIH npHMe-
HeHHH HOBoro o6IUero npaBa. IJ,epKoBHoe Ha3BaHHe tlJIeHOB
TeMllJIH - TeMnJIHepaMH (Templars) 06"b5J'CH5IeTCH TeM, qTG
nOCJIe Toro, KaK B Ha'IaJIe 'IeTbIpHa,lI,Ll.aTOroBeKa 6bIJI pacny-
u eH KpecToHocHbIM op,lI,eH TeMnJIHepOB H"'IH pbILl.apCM xp.aMa, ,lI,Be
KOpnOpaLl.HH IOpHCTOB nepeCeJIMJIHCb H3 CBoero npeJKHerO nOMe-
LIJ.eHHH, HaXO,lI,HBIllerOCH r,lI,e-TO OKOJIO XaH-XoJI60pHa, B 60JIee
CTapoe 3D.aHHe pbILl.apei1 TeMITJIHepOB C ero p:peBHei1 Ll.epKOBblO
Ii nJIOIU3D.bIO p:JIH TypHHPOB Ha 6epery TeM3bI.
B Te'IeHHe HeCKOJIbKHX CTOJIeTHH llOCJIe B03HHKHOBeHHfl
CY,lI,eOHbIX I1HHOB, HX 'lJIeHbl JIH'IHO npHHHMaJIH KJIl'IeHTOB JIH60
B CBOHX ,lI,eJIOBbIX KaOHHeTax, JIH60 'B KaKHx-.rm60 onpep:eJIen-
HbIX 06IUeCTBeHHbIX MeCTax, KaK, HanpHMep, co60p CB. nanJIa,
H BeJIH 6e3 pa3JIH'IHH Bce I1X ,lI,eJIa B ueJIOM, He OrpaHH'lHBa5ICb
RblcTynJIeHHeM B cYD.e HJIH <popMaJIbHbIMH KOHcy.1bTaLl.HHMM.
O,AH2KO, BCKope nOCJIe peCTaBpaLl.HH, HX KopnOpaLl.HH CTaJI8
npHoopeTaTb Bce 60JIee 3aMKHYTbIM xapaKTep KaK B OTHOIlleHM"
CBOHX KJIHeHTOB, Henpo<peCCHOHaJIOB B IOpHcnpY,lI,eHLl.HH, TaK PI
B OTHOIIIeHHH aTTopHeeB, KOTopbIe y,LJ)1JIH.JIHCb H3 HX KOp-
nOpaLl.HM H H3 Tex 3,lI,aHHM, r.n:e OHH ,lI,0 TOro }J{HJII'I
ORMeCTHO.
1'.7IABA V. DPO<IJECOHH DPAB03AOTYIIUHIWB
71
3Ta apHCTOKpaTHqeCKafl nOnHTHKa 6appHCTepOB HMeR3
,, epbe3Hble nOCRe.ll,CTBIUI. HeCOMHeHHO, qTO OHa nOBbICHJla HX
U61l eCTBeHHbIM npeCTH)!{ H n03BORHRa liM 06ruaTbcfl C npH-
.l1.BOpHbIMli H C rOCY.lI,apCTBeHHbIMli caHOBHHKaMH Ha 60JIee HJIH
MeHee paBHoii Hore, qTO OTKpbIRO HM .lI,opory K 3aHflTl1l0
(:aMbIX 3HaqHTeRbHbIX rOCY.ll,apCTBeHHbIX nOCTOB. C .lI,pyrow
nopOHbI, Ta )!{e 3aMKHYTOCTb KOpnOpal.{HH 6aPPHCTepOB nOBeJIa
l\ TOMY, qTO ,aTTopHeii H IWHeHTbI OKa3aJ1HCb 3a npe.ll,eJ1aMH
3Toro 3aMKHYToro Kpyra, a caMH 6appHCTepbI CTaRH, BO BCfl-
ROM CJ1yqae nepEOHa'IaRbHO, 3aBHceTb OT aTTopHeii, KOTopbIe,
H3MeHllB cyrn.eCTBOBaBlllee paHbllle nORO)!{eHHe Belll.eH, npeBpa-
nWHCb H3 COTPY.ll,HHKOB 6appHCTepa B ero KJIHeHTa. Upe)!{.ne
i8ceI'O, HaqaJIbHafl CTa.ll,Hfl Be.neHH5I Bcex .nen (a l'v!HOrHe .neJIa
H IIonHOCTblO) nonanH B PYKH aTTopHei'I, 3HaqeHHe KOToporo
6bICTpO nOBbIliianOCb nOKa OH He CTan COBepllleHHO He3aBMCH-
MbIM lOpUCTOM He TOJIbKO B npOBHHl.{llanbHbiX ropo.nax (r.ne He
6bIRO 6appHCTepa, KOTOpbIH MOl' 6bl COnepHH'IaTb C HHM), HO
H B J1oH.nOHe. Ha CBoeM npaBe BeCTH 1J.eJIa C KJIHeHTaMH 6e
aMellialTeJIbCTBa aTTopHeH (HJIH «COJIHCHTopa», :K<lK era renepb
Ha3blBalOT) caMH 6appHCTepbl HaCTaHBaJIH O'IeHb pe.nKO.
B Cyrn.HOCTH, 6appHCTep He HMeeT .lI,pyrHx CY.ll,e6HblX .lI,eJI HJIH
KOHcynbTal.{HH, KpOMe Tex, KOTopble .lI,aeT eMY COJIHCHTOp, eCJIPJ
TOJIbKO ero He npHBJleKaeT K CBOHM .lI,eJIaM KopOHa HJIli KaI<aH-
HH6Y.ll,b 6o.iIbillaH KopnOpaUHfI.
He Ha.ll,O, O.ll,HaKO, .lI,YMaTb, 'ITO Ba)!{HaH MOHononHH «npH-
3bIBa K Cy.ne6HOMY 6apbepy» ocyrn.ecTBJIHeTCfl CY.ll,e6HbIMH
l1HHaMH cOBepIIIeHHo npOH3BOJIbHO. Bo06rue rOBopH, npHeM
cocnOBlle npaB03acTynHHKoB 3a Hecyrn.ecTBeHHbIMH HCKmO'Ie-
lillHilIll OTKpbIT Ka)!{.lI,OMY 6pHTaHcKoMY nO.ll,JJ,aHHoMY, KOTOpbli
BbITIOnHllT HeKoTopble npe.ll,nHCaHHble YCJIOBllB; B nOCJIe.ll,HHe
f'O.ll,bl 6bIJIH CJIyqaH, Kor,lW .lI,8)!{e l'mOCTpaHIJ:bl CTaHOBWIllCI.
iHrJIllHCKHMH 6appHcTepaMH. Eho n03MO)!{HO nOToMY, qTO
IS OTJIHqlle OT COJIHCHTOpa 6appHcTep, HBJIHeTCH JWJI)!{HOCTHbIM
J1HIJ:OM B KaKOM 6bl TO HH 6bIJIO CMblcne 3Toro CJ10Ba. OH npe.ll,-
{lTaB..meT C06010 npocTo llCnbITaJlHoe II KBaJIH<pllUllpoBaHHoe
.IIHUO, HMeIOllI.ee npano rOBopHTb OT HMeHH CBaHX KnHeHTOB
flepe.ll, n106bI;I,I cy.ne6HbIM npllcYTcTBHel\I H 1I,aBaTb llM COBeTbi BO
cex HX lOpH.lI,I:IqeCKllX .lI,enax. Ho CaI\1O co60ii .nOHfl'I1HO, 'ITO
CY.ll,e6HbIe ViHHbi He npHr.rrarnalOT D. CBOrI caCTas llHOCTpaHuen,
1I,a)!{e RblIIOJIHHBlllHX npe.nnHcaHHble yCJIOBHH, B TOM)!(e 06bIqHOM
iJOpH.nKe, KaK 6pHTaHCKHX nO.ll,.lI,aHHHbIX.
YnOM5IHYTbIe YCJIOBllH CBOlIHTCH KpaTKO K CJIelIYlOrn.eMY:
1) npoiJlI5I 06rn.ee llCnblTaHlle B OTHomeHHIH 06pa30BalH'HH 11
npe.TI:CTaBHB .lI,OKa3aTeJIbCTBa cBoeM .lI,06poii penYTaUHH, KaHlIlJ-
..aT .lI,O.TT)!{eH 6blTb .lI,onyrn.eH B KaqeCTBe Y'Iarn.erocSI B O.TI:JiK
'11"3 'TeTblpex Bblme nepeQHCJIeHHbIX CY.ll,e6HbrX I1HHOB.
72 TIACT}, l31'OPAH. CY,TI,OYC1'POiiCTBO H OY.D.OnpOH3B01 CTBO
2) 3aTeM 011 ,lI,OJDKeH OCT,aBaTbCH TaM )I.'B€!IIa,ll,ua'fb ces!e--
CTpOB (OXBaTbIBaIOllI.HX TPH rona), npHLIeM B Ka}J{.lI.0M ceMec-rpe
.lI.0J1}J{eH 06e.ll.aTb B Tparre3HOH IlIeCTb .lI.HeM, HO He 06H3aTe.TJbHO
nO)J:pH.lI. (HCKJ1IOLIeHHe ,lI,eJIaeTCH .lI.J1H LIJ1eHO)3 YHHBepCHTeTCKIiX
KopnopaUHM COe.ll.HHeHHOro KOpOJIeBCTBa, 06e.ll.aIOllI.HX TaM TPH
pa3a B ceMeCTp); .lI.JIH YLIaIII.HKCH, .lI.OCT;UrU1HX onpe.ll.eJleHHbIX aKa-
.lI.eMHLIeCKHX CTerreHeiJ, LIHC.rro ceMeCTpOB YMeHbIlIaeTCH lIa .lI.Ba.
3) KaH.lI.H)I.O.!l' )J:OJI}J{eH 3aT'CM npoihH orrpe,ll,eJI€HHble HNIb --
TaHHH no npaBoBbIM .lI.HCUHrrJ1HHaM, KOTopble rrpOBO.ll.HTCH opra-
HH3aUHeM:, Ha3bIBaeMoM «CoBeToM npaBoBoro 06pa30Ba1lHH»
(Council of Legal Education) H 06pa3yeMoH LIeTbI'pbMH CY.lI.e6-
HbIMH l1HHaMH. 31'01' COBeT HMeeT TaK}J{e IIlTaT JleKTOpOB, KOTO-
pble LIHTaIOT rry6J1HLIHble JleKUHH H HMeIOT Boo6IlIe noneLIeHHe
o Kall,ll,H.lI.aT X B 6appHCTepbI.
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6appHCTepOB, ObIJIH Y}J{e 6appHCTepaMH B .lI.OMHIlHOHax HJ1H
B CeBepHOM l1pJIaH.lI.HH, nO.ll.JIe}J{aT CrreUHaJIbHbIM rrpaBH.1aM.
DocJ1e BblrrOJ1HeHHH 3THX YCJ10BHM, Kall.ll.H.lI.aT, 6Y!!.b OIl
MY}J{LfHHOM HJlE. }J{eHllI.HHOH, ,lI,OCTHrllIH i B03paCTa B 21 ro,ll, H
3anJ1aTHBlllHM B3HOC, B3HMaeMbIM: ero l1HHoM (Bcero OKO.l0
180 q,. c.), HMeeT rrpaBo HBHTbCR B CBOM: I1HII B 6.1JH}J{aMIlIHlr
«BeLIep npH3bIBa» (Call Night) .lI.J1H BCTynJ1eIlHH B COCJ10BHe.
Co06rueHHe 0 ero Kall.ll.H.lI.aType BbIBeIlIHBaeTCH Ha BHlLHO>v1
MeCTe Ha .lI.OCKe .lI.J1H 06'bHBJIeHHM: H.1H Ha ,lI,OCKe .lI..;IH pa3H},Ix
3aIIHCeM He TOJIbKO B ero c06CTBeHHOM CY.ll.e6HOM I1I1He, HO H'
BO Bcex OCTaJIbHbIX, 3a HeKOTopoe BpeMH .lI.O CaMOM: uepeMOHHH.
Ka>K.lI.bIM:, KTO npOLIeJJ 31'0 06'bHBJ1eHHe 'Hi-1M YCJ1bIXaJJ 0 HeM,
MO}J{eT H3Becl'HTb 6eHLIepOB Toro I1HHa, K KOTOPOMY npHHan.rre-
}J{HT ,KaH.lI.H.lI.aT, 06 06CTOHTeJ1bCTBaX, .lI.HCKBaJ1HqmUHPYIOllI.HX
KaH.lI.H,lI,aTa, HanpHMep, 0 TOM, LITO 011 B rrepHo)J. rrO)J.rOTOBKH
6bIJJ CBH3aH C KaKHM-HH6Y)J.b ,lI,eJ1o:>!, KOTopoe CLIHTaeTCH Heco-
BMeCTHMbIM C npoq,eccHeiJ 6appHCTepa, HJJH LITO OH 06BHHHeTCH
B KaKOM-HH6Y.lI.b rrpecTyrrHoM HJ1H He)J.OCTOMHO>v1 rrocTyrrKe.
KaH.lI.p!.lI.aTY .lI.aeTCH, KOHeLIHO. B03MO}J{HOCTb orrpOBeprHYTb 06BH-
HeHHH. ECJJH 6eHLIepbI ero l1HHa He rrpHHHMaIOT ero onpOBep-
}J{eHHiJ, TO OH MO}J{eT 3rre. T I.i'1HpOBaTb K CY)J.bHM BbICOKoro cY.ll.a
KaK K KopnopaUHH. Ec.rm He BbI.lI.BJIHYTO HHKaKHX 06BHHeHHii
HJ1H OHH He )J.OKa3aHbI, TO Y) OBJleTBopHIOruHiI BceM YC.l0BHH';!
KaH.lI.H.lI.aT npOBO)J.HTCH B 6appHCTepbI no CTapHHHOMY uepe\10-
HHaJIY nOCJ1e 06e,ll,a B «BeLIep npH3b1Ba», H noc.rre 3Toro OH
HMeeT npaBO nOJlb30BaTbCH BceMH npHBHJJerHRMH H BbIITO.1HHTb
Bce q,YHKUHH 6appHCTepa.
JIHUO, npHHHToe B 6appHCTepbI, npO.ll.OJ1}J{aeT OCTaBaTbCH
LIJ1eHOIM 'CBoe,ro CY.lI.eOHOrO I1Hlla H rrO.ll.BepraeTCH ero IOPHC11.HK-
UHH. CYAe6HbIM l1HH 6appHCTepa OCTaeTCH xpaHHTeJ1eM'
I';TJABA V. DPOc:t>ECOIUI IIPAB03A('''l'y,nHHKOB
/3.
06meOTBeHHbIX 'HHTepeJcaB I1HHa BO Bcex Bonpocax, KacalO-
ll.\HXCH npa<l>eccHaHaJ1bHara nOBeAeHHH 6appHCTepa 'H HMeIoruHx
cepbe3Hae 3HaIJeHHe, H BO Bcex AeJ1ax, OTHaCHllI.IIXCH K ero
JIllIJHaM penyT3ll.HH. ECJ1H nOBe,ll,eHHe 6appHCTepa ,lI,HCKBaJ1H<l>H-
ll.HpyeT era KaK YllaCTHHKa naIJTeHHaH npa<l>eccHH, TO' OH Ma-
meT 6bITb HCKJ1IOlleH H3 IIHCJ1a 6appHcTepaB (disbarred) 6eHlle-
paMH CBaera CY,lI,e6Hara I1HHa If TeM caMbIM .TIHlIIeH CBaero
nOj}O)KeHHH, npHlleM OH OIIHTb-Ta,KM MaC)KeT a,nneJ11HipoBaTb-
y('" CyAbHM BbIcoKoro cYAa. B Bonpacax npO( eccHaHaJ1bHorO'
3THKeTa, B aTJ1lfllHe aT BanpacaB MapaJ1H, 3a era naBe,ll,eHHeM
HaA3HpaeT 11 KaHTpaJ1HpyeT ero, Ha B 6aJ1ee Y3KHX npe,ll,eJ1ax
feHepaJ1bHbIM COBeT COCJ10BHH 6a'LPpHcTepoB (General Council
af the Bar) - npe,ll,CTaBHTeJ1bHaH opraHH3all.HH, HeAaBHO C03AaH-
HaH nO' ,lI,a6paBa.'IbHaH HHHll.HaTHBe caMHX 6appHcTepoB.
3Ta opraHlf3all.HH He Ha,ll,eJ1eHa a<l>HIlHaJ1bHbIMH nOJ1HaMa-
IJHHMH, HO BJ1'HHHMe npa<l>ecCHaHaJIbHOrO 06ll1.eCTBeHH'oro MHe-
HHH TaK BeJ1HKa, l'Ta 6ap :mCTep, 'HapYIIIIIBIIIHH nOCTaHOBJ1eHHH
COBeTa, BCTpeTHJJ 6bI, Bep-OHTHO, TaKoe X0J10AHae aTHomeHHe'
Co' CTapaHbI CBaHX IKOJ1JIer, IJTa Ba36Y,ll,HJ1 6bI T<!.IK)Ke HeAOBepHe
y CBaHX nOCTOHHHbIX KJllleHTaB - CaJ1HCHTopOB. H B pe3YJJbTaTe
J1HIIIH.TJCH ObI BCKope Bcex ,lI,eJ1. HaKaHell., naBeAeHHe 6apPH-
CT€pa B cYAe AaJl)KHO 6bITb npeHCnaJIHeHa Be)K.TJHBaCTM M 3Ha-
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75
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77
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KOH ny6.nIIKII DO DHeC}'.D,e6HbIX .D,eJIax. Ha 3aCe.D,aHIIHX npa-
B.'1eHHH pa3HbIX aK.UHOHepHbIX 06111eCTB II CIIH.D,HKaTOB, Ha
KOTOpbIX pemaeTCH CTOJIbKO cepbe3Hblx <pHH3HCOBbIX, ToprOBbIX
H npOMbIIlIJIeHHbIX .D,eJl CTpaHbI, nOqTH Bcer.D,a npIICYTCTByeT.
CO.1HCHTOp .D,aHHOH opraHH3aUHH .ll.TJH 1'01'0, qT06bI .llaBaTb CO-
BeTbI no npaBOBbIM BonpocaM, B03HHKaIOUJ,HM BO BpeMH .D,HC-
i\YCCHH. K ero COBeTY nOqTH BCer.D,8 npII6er8IOT B .n:eJIHK3THbIX
Ce:\feHHbIX .D,e.nax, CBH33HHbIX C penYTaUHef! H HMYUJ,eCTBeHHbIM
nOJIO>KeHHeM ceMbH.
78 'iACTb BTOPMl. CY;rJ:OYCTPOHCTBO li OY;rJ:OIIPOli3BO;rJ:OTBO
,D,JIH nmpOKHX KpyroB cpeJI.HHX IKJlaCCOB 06I..U:.eCTBa OH npeD,-
CTaBJIHieT 60JJbllIe, 1JeM cy JI.blO, ooY}J{a JI.JIH HHX npeJI.CTaBHTeJleilil
H TOJIKOrBaTe.neM 3aIKOHa. B ,OTJIlPme OT JI.pyrHx OTrpaCJIell IOpH)i.H-
'lee-KOIM npo<1>eccHH, COJIHCHTOpbI He COCpeJI.OTpqH'BaIOTCH B J10H-
J[,OHe, RX !MIO}KIHO HaMTH B KaLK)I,OIM ropOJI.e, llOqTH B KalKJI.OM ce-
JWHH'H KOpOJIeBCl1Ba.
OnHTb-TaKH B OTJJHqHe OT 6appHCTepa, COJJHCHTOp BeAeT
AeJJa CBOHX KJIHeHTOB Ha CTporo JI.eJJOBOM nOqBe. Ero rOHop3p,
npaBJI.a, perYJJHpyeTcH napJJaMeHTCKHM aKTOM, HO OH HMeeT
npaBO BqHHHTb liCKM JI.JIH B3bICKaHMH Toro, qTO eMY JI.OJIlKHbI.
CBepx Toro, B OTJlHqHe OT 6appHCTepa, OH, B K3qeCTBe npeA-
CTaBHTeJJH CBoero KJIHeHTa, MOlKeT C03JI.aBaTb JI.JJH nOCJJeJI.Hero
06H3aTeJJbCTBa B npeJI.eJIax CBOHX HBHbIX nOJIHOMOqHll, HO C .APY-
rOM CTOpOHbI, OH OTBeqaeT no 3aKoHY 3a nOCJIeJI.CTBHH cBoei
He6pelKHOCTH npH BeJI.eHHH JI.eJI KJJHeHTa. OH BMeCTe C 6appJI-
CTepoM nOJIb3yeTcH nOJJHOM npaBOBoii HenpHKoCHoBeHHocTbIO
npH 3aKOHHOM BeJI.eHlIH npou;ecca CBoero KJIHeHTa; ero HeJIb3H
npHHYJI.HTb, H OH, KOHeqHO, He ynOJJHOMOqeH pa3rJIa1lI3Tb npH
CJIYllIaHHH npOL{ecca, npH ero nOJI.fOTOBKe HJJH JI.alKe B Ka'-.!e-
CTBe CBHJ(eTeJJH Ha cYJ(e, TaKHe CTaBllIHe eMY H3BeCTHbIMH 06CT05!-
TeJIbCTBa, KOTopble MorYT nOBpe}1.HTb HHTepecaM ero KJIHeHTa..
HaKoHeL{, nOJI.06HO 6apPHcTepy, COJlHCHTOp nOJI.JIeLKHT I:e
TOJIbKO HaKa3aHHIO no 3aKOHY 3a HenpaBOMepHoe BeJI.eHHe Ae ,
HO H HaJI.30py B OTHOllIeHHM ero nOBeJI.eHHH, KOTopoe He JI.OJI-
lKHO nOpOqHTb penYTaL{HIO ero npocpeCCHH. COJIHCHTOp Haxo-
.D:HTCH B C}'I..U:.HOCTH noJI. JI.BOMHbIM HaJI.30pOM npocpeCCHOHaJJbHbIX
BJIaCTeM. B KaqeCTBe oIj>HL{HaJJbHOrO JIHL{a nplI BbIcmeM cY,D,e
OH IMOlKeT 6bITb IBbI1JepKHYT 1I3 peeCTpa. COJlHCHTOpOB HaqaJJb-
HHKOM CYJI.e6HbIX apXHBOB 3a He6JJarOBHJI.Hble nocTynKH B c4>ep
npolj>eccHOHaJJbHOll J(eHTeJJbHOCTH, qTO paBH03Ha'lHO npolj>eccHO-
HaJlbHOM CMepTH. Ho B TO LKe BpeMH OH nOJ(JJelKHT JI.HCU;HnJJIf-
HapHOMY HaJI.30py COBeTa IOpHJI.HqeCKOrO 06I..U:.eCTBa, JI.HCL{HnJIH-
HapHaH KOMHCCHH KOToporo, Ha3HaqaeMaH HaqaJIbHI-IKOM cy.n.e6-
HbIX apXHBOB, HMeeT npaBO, no HeJI.aBHO npHHHTOMY 3aKOHY,
HaJlaraTb Ha Hero TY lKe cTporylO Mepy HaKa3aHHH, Ha qTO OH
MOlKeT aneJIJJHpOBaTb B CYJI., H, KpOMe Toro, npHMeHHTb MeHee
cepbe3Hble JI.HCL{HnJJiIfHa'pHbIe B3bloCIKaHlIH 3a np{)CTynKH MeHIo-
llIero 3HaqeHHH.
r JI A B A VI
OTDPABJ1EHHE DPABOCY,D,H
MbI npHcTynaeM Tenepb K H3JIOlKeHHIO Taro npOliecca, "-JIH
06'bHCHeHHH KOToporo npeJI.llIeCTBYIOI..U:.He r JJaBbI 0 cYJI.ax Ii
npa'B03aCT)'nHHlKax CJIYlKHJLH, JIHllIb nOJI.rOTOBKiOH, HMCHBO npo-
L{ecca lj>aKTH'IeCKOrO npJ-lMeHeHIIH npaBa K BonpocaM nOllce
l'JIABA VI. OTIlPABJIEHHE IlPABOCYJI,HH
1!'
Jl,HeBHOM JKH3HH Tex JIHU;, H3 KOTOpbIX CJJaraeTCH 06ru;eCTBO.
DOJI.06HOe npHMeHeHHe npaBa npeJI.CTaBJISleT C060H, KOHel.!Hn,
BbPCllIe-= npaKTHqecKoe HCnbITaHHe JI.06pOK31:liecTBeHHoCTH npa-
BOBOM CHCTeMbl. HJI.eaJIbHaH CHCTeMa npaBa XOTH H HMeeT CBae
3HaqeHHe B KaqeCTBe HCTOqHHKa TBOpqeCTBa H 06pa3u;a, HO JIH-
meHa 60JJbllIOrO npaKTHqeCKOrO 3HaqeHHH JI.O Tex nop, nOKa
OHa He npHMeHHeTCH 9<pq,eKTHBHO H npaBHJIbHO. MOJKHO JI.aJKe-
YTBepJKJI.aTb, '1.10 HeJJOrHqecKaH H HecoBepllIeHHaH B JI.pyrHx
OTHOllIeHHHX CHCTeMa npaBa npH CBoeM 9q,q,eKTHBHOM, 6ecnpH-
CTpacTHoM, JI.06pOCOBeCTHoM H rYMaHHoM npHMeHeHHH OKaJKeTCH
60JIee u;eHHOM KaK opYJI.He COU;HaJJbHOrO MHpa H 6JJarococToHHHH,
qeM nJJOXO npHMeHHeMaH HJI.eaJIbHaH CHCTeMa.
PeaJIbHO npaBoCYJI.He ocyru;ecTBJIHeTCH B AHr JJHH C nOMoru;bIO
npaBHJJ, KOTopble H3BeCTHbi noJI. HMeHeM npou;eccyaJJbHblX HOpM
(Rules of procedure), T. e, cOBoKynHocTH TaKHX npeJI.rIHCaHHH,
KOTopbIe OJI.HHaKOBO 06H3aTeJJbHbI KaK JI.JJH Bcex Tex, KTO npl'!-
6eraeT K cYJI.Y B nOHCKax YJI.OBJJeTBOpeHHH CBOHX 06HJ(, TaK 11
AJJH Tex, KTO npeJI.CeJI.aTeJJbCTByeT B 9TH X cYJI.ax HnM pa60TaeT
B HHX. YKa3aHHble npou;eccyaJJbHble HOpMbI, 0611IHpHble no
06'beMY H BeCbMa OpMaJIbHble no xapaKTepy, XOTH H OIIH-
paIDTcH B KOHeqHOM HTore Ha aBTopHTeT napJJaMeHTa, HO npeA-
CTaBJIHIOT C060M nJIoJI. TpYJI.a CYJ(eM, KOTOpblM nOMOraJJH KOMHC-
CHH, npeJ(cTaBJJHBllIHe 06e OTpaCJIH npo<peCC!HH npaB03acTynHH-
KOB, B JI.OnOJJHeHHe K 9THM <popMaJJbHO 06H3aTe.TIbHbIM HopMaM
cYlI(ecTByeT 60JJbllIOe KOJJHqeCTBO TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX «npaBHJI
9THKeTa», KOTopble B BeCbMa 3HaqHTeJJbHOfi CTeneHH perYJJHpYIOT
BeJI.eHHe CYJI.e6HOrO npou;ecca. Hx HapyrneHHe He BJJeqeT 33
C060M onpeJI.eJJeHHblX B3bICKafIHM, HO Kopnopal1HBHoe QYBCTB8
IOpHCTOB TaK CHJIbHO, qTO HapYU1HTeJIHM 9THX npaBHJI peAKo
npeJI.CTaBJIHeTCH B03MOJKHOCTb HapYllIHTb HX BTOPHqHO,
}lCHO, qTO B TaKoM pa60Te, KaK HacTOHru;aH, 6hlJIO 6bI He-
YMecTHO nbITaTbCH XOTH 6hI KpaTKO H3JIaraTb npou;eccyaJJbHbJe-
HOpMbI. OHH OTHOCHTCH K 06JJaCTH CneU;HaJIHCTOB, T. e. Bcex
Tex, KTO <f>aKTHqeCK!H 3aHHMaeTCH 'HJIH HaMepeH 3aHHMaTbCH
IOpHcnpYAeHU;HeH. B pa60Te, KOTopaH cTpeMHTCH nOKa3aTh He
CTOJIbKO npo<}eCCHOHaJIhHhIH, CKOJIhKO 06ru;erpaJKAaHCKHH acneKT
npaBa, 6hIJJO 6bI AaJKe Heu;eJIeco06pa::mo RocnpOH3BO,lIJ1Th P(1C!-
Ahle CTaJI.HH npou;eoca. Cyru;ecTBye'P MHOJKeCTBO npeKpaCHblX
pa60T, B KOTOpbIX 9.10 CAeJIaHO C 60.TIbllIOM nOAp06HOCThID,
B HacTOHru;eM rJIaBe Mhl HaMepeHbI nOJI.qepKHYTh JIHllIb Te 6po-
caIDru;HeCH B r JIa3a H xapaKTepHble oc06eHHOCTH aHr JJHMCKOH:
cYJI.e6HOM npou;eJI.ypbI, KOTophle C03J(aJIH 'aHrJIHHCKOMY npaBO-
CYAHIO ero oc060e H, MOJKHO CKa3aTb, eAHHCTBeHHoe nOJIO)Ke-
HHe B U;HBHJIH30BaHHOM MHpe 1, AHr JIHqaHe HMeIOT 3aKOHHOc'
t CM. npe.n;HCJIOBHe.
-: 0 'IAf'T!> BTOPA5I. CY}10YC'rl'OflCTBO H CY,'LOJIPOH3BO,'H'TBO
VCHOB3HHe ropAHTbCSI TeM, qTO B AHr JJHIO npHe3)K3IOT cne H3-
JIHCTbl co Bcex KOH OB MHP3 )].JISI Toro, '-!T06bl H3YTIHTb p360TY
.L].'Hr lHHCK'OH 'IOCTH HH. D03TOMY .aIHrJIHHCKHM rp3)K)].3Ha'M Ha)].o
03H3KOMHTbCSI C TeMH ee oc06eHHOCTSIMH, KO!Opble B036Y)K)].3IOT
lIHTepeC CBe)].YIIJ.HX KpHTHKOB )].pyrHx CTp3H.
Dpe.>K)].e Bcero, Mbl H3MepeHbi nOKa3aTb Te xapaKTepHble
(Jc06eHHOCTlI OTnp3BJleHHSI np3Bocy.n;HSI B AHr JIlIH, KOTopble
HB.'IHIOTCSI 06IIJ.HMH )].JIH Bcex ero OTp3CJIeH, 3 33TeM OCT3HO-
BlITbCSI Ha xapaKTepH X oco6eHHOCTHX npHMeHeHHSI yrOJIOBHOrO
H rpa)K)].aHCKoro npaBa. DOHHTHO, TITO B )].aJIbHeihneM 'M 6y)].eM
KacaTbCSI JIHilib 06blqHbIX CYJ1.0B, npHMeHSIIOU HX npaBO K 06bIQ-
HbllM 'r,pa .n.aHaM. BOeH!Hble CYJI.bl (nJIH «courts-martial»), yqpe-
)K)].eHHble Ha OCHOBaHHH AKTa 0 J1.HC HnJmHe BO <pJIOTe H AKTOB
06 apMHH H 0 BoeHHo-B03)].YIlIH X CHJIaX, KacaIOTcSI TOJIbKO
Ka)].poBbIX BoeHHblX HJIH BcnOMOraTeJIbHbIX BOHCK, B cJIyqae
Kor.n;a HX. npH3bIBaIOT Ha JI.eHcTBHTeJIbHYIO CJIY)K6y. OHH He
H:\leIOT HHKaKoro OTHOIlIeHHSI K rpa.>K.n;aHCKOMY 06IIJ.eCTBY. 3TH
BoeHH e CYJ1.bI, B03MO.>KHO, OTJIHTIaIOTCSI B HeKoTopbIX OTHOIlIe-
HHSIX no npHMeHSIeMOH HMH npo eJ1.ype OT OCTaJIbH X KOpOJIeB-
-CKHX 'Cy.n;OB, XOTSI He6e3HHTepeCHO onleTHTb, qTO HMH yCBoeHO
I\fHOrO J1YQll1HX oc06eHHOCTeH rpa)K.n;3HCKHX CyJ1.0B. O.lJ,HaKO HaIlI3
KHHr3 He HMeeT u.eJIbIO K3C3TbCH HH BoeHHblX, HH )].YXOBHbIX Cy.n;OB.
OEmHE DPHHUHDH AHrnHHCKoro TIPABOCY H
1. OAHa H3 caMblX x3paKTepHblx oc06eHHocTeH aHrJIHHCKOH
lOCTH HH 3aKJIIOQaeTCSI B TOM, QTO Bce cy.n;e6Hble npo eCCbI
CJIyrnaIOTcSI B OTKpbITbIX 3aCeJ1.aHHSIX, KYJ1.a ny6JIHKe OTKpbIT
CBo60J1.HbIH J1.0cTyn, H qTO CTOpOHbl MorYT 6bITb 3aMeHeHbI
CBOHMH npeACTaBHTeJIHMH, npHQeM HHTepeCbI 3THX CTOpOH 3aIIJ.H-
IIJ.8IOTCSI OJIbITHbIMH COBeTHHKaMH B JrH e 6appHCTepOB HJIH
COJ1HCHTOpOB, KOTOpbIM 6bIJIa nOCBSIIIJ.eHa npe)].IlIeCTBYIOIIJ.aSI
I' JIaBa.
3Ta oc06eHHOCTb aHrJIHHCKOro cy)].a CTaJIa TaKOH npHB Q-
HOH )].JISI COBpeMeHHoro aHrJIHQaHHHa, QTO OH e.lI.Ba Jill 3aMeq3eT
ee 3H8QeHHe. Ho eCJIH OH H3 MrHOBeHHe 3a)].YMaeTCSI H3)]. P33-
HI1IJ.eH, CYIIJ.eCTBYIOIIJ.ei:i Me)K.lI.Y am JIHHCKOH CHCTeMOH H CHCTe-
MOIf, COBepIlIeHHO 06bI t iHOH B ;:I.pymx CTp3H3X, r.lI.e npou.eCCbl
BeJl,YTCSI B ceKpeTHOM nOpHJI,Ke H r Jl,e npH CJIYIlI3HHH yrOJIOBHblX
.n;eJI 06BHHSIeMbIH He no.nb3yeTcSI HeOT"beMJleMbIM npaBOM 6bITb
npeJl,CT3B.'IeHHbIM OnbITHbIM COBeTHHKOM, TO OH Jl,OJI1KeH 6YAeT
YCBOHTb ee CYIIJ.HOCTb. KOpOTKO rOBopSI, 3Hr JIHHCK3SI CHCTeMa
o6eCneQHBaeT MOIIJ.HOMY 06m.eCTBeHHOMY MHeHHIO B03MO)KHOCTb
6bITb B 'Kypce Bcero npoHcxo.n;SIIIJ.erO B cYAe 'H npHHy)l{.n;3eT
CY,D,bIO BbICJIyrnHB3Tb 06e CTOpOHbI B AeJIe. [1epBoe YCJIOBHe
cymecTBoBa.TlO B AHrJIHH C He33n3MSITH X BpeMeH; aHrJIHikKOe
I'JLABA VI. O'l1UP AHJIEHHE IIP ABOCY,D;IfH
81
06l1.{eCTBeHHoe MHeHHe, BbIpaJKeHHOe KaK YCTHO, TaK H B ne-
aTH, 06513aHO B 3HaQHTeJIbHOM CTeneHH CBoeM 3 eKTHBHOCTbID
llMeHHO 3TOMY 06CTOHTeJJbCTBY. J1Hlllb B pe.n;KHX CJIyqa51x, ll3
KOTOpbIX caMbIM 3aMeTHbIM HBJISleTC5l Cy.n; 3Be3.n;HOM naJIaTbI.
3TO npaBHJIO HapYllIaJIOCb: HenonYJJHpHOCTb 9THX HCKJJlOQelillH
CJJYJKHT JIyqllIHM .n;OKa3aTeJJbCTBOM Toro 3HaqeHHH, KOTopoe Ha-
I.\HH npH.n;aeT YKa3aHHOMY 06ru;eMY npaBHJIY. BTopa51 oc06eH-
HOCTb (06H3aHHOCTb BbICJJYIlIHBaTb 06e CTOpOHbI B .n;eJJe) COCTa-
BJIHeT TaKoe xapaKTepHoe CBOMCTBO aHrJJHMCKOM IDCTHI.\HH, 'ITO
,ee pacnpOCTpaHHlOT Ha Te JJ,OMaIlIHHe Ii npo eCCHOHaJJbHbIe CYJJ,bI,
KOTopbIe B cyru;HOCTH 51BJI51lOTCH BOBce He cy.n;aMH, a JUIlllb
a.n;MHHHCTpaTHBHbIMH opraHH3aI.\HHMH, BbITIOJIHHIDru;HMH KBa3R-
,cyJJ,e6HbIe 06H3aHHOCTH.
TaK, HeJJ,aBHO npOH3011IeJJ IlIHpOKO R3BeCTHbIH CJIyqaM, Kor.n;a
Ha OCHOBaHHH ynOJJHQMO'IHBaIDIqHX ero Ha TO npaBHJJ, OMHTeT
o.n;Horo 06ru;ecTBeHHoro KJJy6a J:!CKJJID'IHJJ c.Boero 'IJIeH8 BCJJeJJ,-
CTBHe 06BHHeHHH era ..Rp)7lr.HM i1JJIeHOiM IB TOM, 'ITO OR ('SOHM
nOBe.n;eHHeM JJHllIHJI ce6H npa.Ba COCTOHTb 'IJJeHOM 9Toro KJIy6a,
npH'IeM HCKJJlO'IeHHoMy He ObIJIO npe.n;OCTaBJJeHO B03MOJKHOCTH
orrpOBeprHYTb 06BHHeHHe. CYJJ, rrpH3HaJI JJ,eHCTBHH KOMHTeTa
npHHI.\PInHaJJbHO HeCOBMeCTHMbIMH C OCHOBaMH npaBOCYJJ,HH H
npncy.n;liJI ero K B03Meru;eHHID yru;ep6a HCKJIID'IeHHOMY 'IJIeHY,
XOTH aKTbI, Ha KOTOpbIX 6bIJJO OCHOBaHO 06BHHeHHe npOTHB
Hero, He ocnapHBaJIHCb.
Ha.n;o npH3HaTb, 'ITO HopMa, pa3pellialOru;aH BCHKOMY 06BH-
HffeMoMY 6bITb npeJJ,cTaBJIeHHbIM onbITHbIM COBeTHll'KOM, ',naJJeKO
He TaKaff .n;peBHffff B aHrJJHMCKOM npaBe, KaK HopMa 06 OTnpa-
BJIeHHH npaBocy.n;Hff B OTKpbITbIX 3ace.n;aHHffX. BTIJJOTb.n;O KOHI.\a,
ceMHa,nI.\aTOrO BeKa HHKaKHM a.n;BOKaTaM He pa3pellIaJJOCb BbICTY-
naTb 01' HMeHH JJHI.\a, 06BHHffeMoro co CTOpOHbI KOpOHbI B TffJKe-
JIOM npecTynJJeHHH; HCKJIID'IeHHe JJ,eJJaJIOCb JJHlllb JJ,JJff Tex CJJY-.
'IaeB, Kor,na B03HHKaJI KaKoM-HH6y.n;b npaBOBOM Bonpoc. TaKoe
nOJIOJKeHHe 6bIJJO, KOHe'IHO, cepbe3HbIM KJIeMMOM Ha aHrJIMH-
CKOM IDCTHI.\HH, HO ,nJIff 06 ffCHeHHff npH'IHH ero B03HHKHOBeHH51
nOTpe6oBaJIOCb 6bI CJIHllIKOM MHoro BpeMeHH. 3.n;eCb .n;ocTaTO'IHO
cK83aTb, '11'0 rrepBoH rronbITKoH ero YCTpaHeHHff MbI o6H3aHbI
BeJI!lIKo.n;YllIHID KOpOJI6I BIf.TIbTeJIbM\1 III, 'KOTOpbIM, HOC-M011})H Ha
TO, 'ITO caM rrOJJ,BepraJICH rrpOHCKaM H3MeHHHKOB, cor JJaCHJIC51 Ha
AKT 0 rocy.n;apCTBeHHOH H3MeHe 1695, KOTOpbIH rr03BOJIHJI JJHI.\aM,
o6BHHffeMbIM B rocy,napcTBeHHoM H3MeHe, 3aru;Hru;aTbCff C rro-
!\!Oru;bID 8JJ.BOK8TOB. Ho.n;o 1836 r. 31'8 HOpM8 He HMeJIa Bce-
o6ru;ero npHMeHeHHff.
HCKJIIDqeHH5I H3 rrpaBHJIa 0 CJIYllIaHHH .n;eJI npH OTKpbITbIX
..IJ:BepffX OqeHb pe.n;!Iw H aKTHqeCKH CBO.n;ffTCff K qeTblpeM c.rry'IaffM:
1) Kor.n;a J(eTH, K HeCqaCTbID, BOj3JIeKaIDTCH B cy.n;e6HbIH rrpo-
ID;ecc .'m60 B KaqeCTBe cBH.n;eTeJIeii, JJH60 OOBHHffeMbIX; 2) Kor)J.a
,6 Gal<. 3848. AHrJIlIiicI;:oe IIuaoo.
82 qACTb BTOPMr. Cy.u.OYCTPOAOTBO H CY,lI,OIIPOH8BO,lI,OTBO
.D,eJJO KacaeTCH «ceKpeToB np0I13Bo.u.CTBa», T, e. npoH3Bo.u.cTBeH -
HblX ceKpeTOB, He 3a HlqeHHbIx naTeHTaMH; ny6JJH'IHOe 06cy-
}K.u.eHHe c.u.eJJaJJO ObI HX 00 eH3BecTHbIMH; 3) npHBJIe'IeHHe'
K cy.u.y Ha OCHOBaHHH AKTOB 0 rocy.u.apCTBeHHoH TaHHe, Kor.u.a
onYOJJHKOBaHHe .u.OKa3aTeJIbCTB ,"JIH nOKa3aHHH, c.u.eJJaHHbIX 00'.
BPeMSI pa36HpaTeJIbCTBa .u.eJIa, MOrJJO ObI npH'IHHHTb y epo
HaqHoHaJIbHbIM HHrepecaM H 4) .u.eJIa 0 npH3HaHllH 6paKoB
He.u.eMcTBHTeJIbHbIMH, r.u.e .u.OKa3aTeJIbCTBa, npHBO)l,HMble no
Bonpocy 0 ceKcyaJIbHOM HenOJIHoqeHHocTll, CJIymalOTcR npH 3a-
KpblTblX .u.BePHX, eCJJH TOJJbKO CY)l,bH He )l,aeT CneI.{.HaJIbHoro'
paCnOpH>KeHHH 0 CJJymaHHH npll OTKpbITblX )l,BepHX. DpaB.u.a,
npHHHTblM B 1908 r. 3aKOH 0 HaKa3aHllH 3a KpoBocMeCHTeJIbCTBo'
YCTaHOBHJJ, 'ITO Bce .u.eJJa, KOTopble 6Y)l,YT BeCTllCb Ha ero OCHO-
BaHHH, .u.OJI>KHbl CJIymaTbcSI in camera, T. e. npH 3aKpblTblX )l,Be-
pHX. lio BCJJe.D,CTBHe 3Heprll'IHbIX npe)l,CTaBJIeHHM cy.u.eH, cTaTbH
o CJJymaHHH npll 3aKpblTblX .u.BepHx 6blJJa OTMeHeHa B 1922 r.-
lia.no, KOHe'IHO, nOMHllTb, 'ITO npllHqHn ny6JIH'IHOCTH OTHO-
CHTCSI TOJIbKO K caMoMY cY)l,eOHoMY pa36HpaTeJJbCTBY .u.eJJa, HO
He ocer .u..a - IK npe.u.Ba pHTeJJb'H!bIM HJJll no.u.rorrOBHTeJJbHbll\(' era.
CTa.u.HHM, Kor.u.a, HanpH:Mep, npOH3Bo.u.HT npeJJ;BapHTeJIbHble .u.o-
npOCbI, npe>K)I,e 'IeM npe.D,aTb OOBHHHeMoro cy.u.y no 06BHHeHMIO'
B npaBoHapymeHHH, TpeOYIO eM npH CJIymaHHH Y'IaCTHSI npH-
CH>KHbIX.
liaKoHeq, OCHOBHOM npHHqHn aHrJIHMCKOro yrOJJOBHOrO npo-
uecc'a TpeoyeT, 'IT06bI, 3a HeMHorHMH HCKJIIO'IeHHSIMH, yrOJJOB-
Hoe )l,eJIO CJIYlllaJJOCb B npHCYTCTBHH o6BHHHeMoro.
2. EpeMSI )l,CKa3bIBaHHSI JIe>KHT nO'ITH BO Bcex CJJY'IaSIX H
C6BHHHTeJIe. 9TC 3Ha'IllT, 'ITC JJHqO, OOBHHHIO ee CBoero npo-
TI'IBHHKa B HapYllleHHH 3aK Ha, cOH3aHo KaK B yrOJJCBHCM, TaK
H B rpa>K)I,aHCKOM .u.eJIe npHBecTH .u.OKa3aTeJIbCTBa HJIH no KpaA-
HeM Mepe .u.ocTaTO'IHO cepbe3Ho OoocHoBaTb npe3YMnIUfiO Toro
'ITO cOBHHSIeMbIH .u.eMCTBHTeJIbHO BHHOBeH B npHnHCbIBaeMoM eMY
npaBoHapymeHllH. 0 CY HOCTH «.u.OKa3aTeJIbCTB» (evidence),
oy.u.eT CKa3aHO HH>Ke. 3)1,eCb )l,OCTaTO'IHO YKa3aTb, 'ITO n03M-
qHH aHrJIHMCKOrc cy.na 3aKJJIOQaeTCH He B TOM, QT06bl OOBHHHe-
MbIM npe)l,CTaBHJI .u.OKa3aTeJJbCTBa CBoeM HeBllHOBHOCTH, HO B TOM,
'ITOObI OOBHHHTeJIb YCTaHOBHJJ eCJIH He C HaY'IHOH nOJJHOTOH, TO.
no KpaHHeM Mepe C .u.OCTaTO'IHOM OCHOBaTeJIbHOCTblO BHHY OOBH-
HHeMoro, occ6eHHO B yrOJIOBHbIX .u.eJIax. ECJIH 3TC eMY He
Y)I,aCTCH, TO OOBHHHeMbIM MO>KeT, He .u.aBaH HHKaKHX 06'bHCHeHHW
no. nOBO.u.y CBoero nOBe.u.eHHH, npOCTO 3aHBHTb, 'ITO II'pOTHB
HerO HeT «HH:Kail<oro JI;eJIa» (no case), H: nOCJLe 3Torc OR 6y.u.eT
BnpaBe, KaK caMO COO OM pa3YMeeTcH, TpeooBaTb onpaB.D,aHHH.
OT Hero He >K.u.YT, KaK B HeKOTopbIX .u.pyrHx npaBOBblX cHcre-
Max, OT'IeTa B ero .u.eMCTBHHX H n06Y>K)I,eHHHX .u.JIH Tcro, 'ITOObl'
,DnpaB.u.aTh ero B BC3Be.u.eHHOM OOBHHeHHH. O.u.HH TOT 4>aKT, 'ITO,
l'JI.ABA VI, OTIIPABJIEHHE 111'ABOCY)1,HH
83
H npeACTaJI nepeA CYAOM, He C03AaeT no 3aKOHY HH MaJJeMIlleH
npeAnOCbIJIKH B nOJIb3Y ero BHHOBHOCTH; KaKOBO 6bI HH 6bIJJO
qaCTHOe MHeHHe HJIH Aa)Ke 3HaHHe CYAbH HJIH npHCH)KHbIX,
npeAnOJJaraeTCH, IJTO BCHKHM IJeJIOBeK HeBHHOBeH AO Tex nop,
nOKa He 6YAer AOKa3aHo npoTHBHoe.
I1cKJIIOIJeHHH H3 noro OCHOBHoro npaBHJJa aHrJJHMCKOH
IOCTHII.HH IJpe3BbIIJaMHO peAKH,
OAHO H3 caMbIX cYllI.eCTBeHHblx 3aKJIIOIJaeTCH B AOKTpHHe
06 «H3BeCTHblX CYAY cpaKTax» (<<judicial notice»), CYAbH - 3TO
JIIOAH C pa3YMoM H 3HaHHHMH BbIIlle cpeAHero, n03ToMY 6bIJIO
ObI CMeXOTBopHbIM npeAnOJJaraTb, IJTO HM HeH3BeCTHbI TaKHe
iPaKTbI, KOTopble 3HaKOMbI BCHKOMY HaHMeHee pa3BHTOMY IJJJeHY
06ll1.eCTBa. TaK, HanpHMep, eCJIH 06BHHeHHe npOTHB KaKoro-
HH6YAb IJeJJOBeKa OCHOBblBaeTCH Ha TOM, IJTO KTO-TO BHAeJI, KaK
OoH 6POJI.HJI B TeMIHOTe npn' nO)I,03pHTMbiHbIX 06CTOHTeJIbCTBaX,
TO HeJJenO 6bIJIO 6bI Tpe60BaTb OT 06BHHHTeJJH, IJT06bI OH AOKa-
3aJJ, IJTO B AeKa6pe Ha YJJHlI.e 6bIJIO TeMHO OT ABeHaAlI.aTH AO
ABYX IJa,CaB HiQlqH. HJJH. HanpnMep, IJTO 06ll1.aH CTaIJKa npOHCXO-
AHJJa B Mae 1926 r. HJIH IJTO Me)KAY aBrycToM 1914 r. H oceHblO
1918 r. npOHCXOAHJJa BOfIHa. c1>aKTbI, OTHOCHllI.HeCH ,K TOMY,-
KTO lI.apCTBOBaJI B eBponeMcKHx cTpaHax, KaKHe 3eMJJH BXOAHT
B COCTaB EpHTaHcKoM HMnepHH, IJTO COCTaBJIHeT eCTeCTBeHHble
$lBJJeHHH npHpOAbI, HanpHMep. TO 06CTOHTeJJbCTBO, IJTO )KeHllI.HH3
B B03paCTe CTapIlle IlleCTHAeCHTH JJeT BPHlI; JJH MO)KeT p0)KaTb
AeTeM H T, n., HBJIHIOTCH TaK)Ke «H3BeCTHbIMH CYAY cpaKTaMH» H
He HY)KAaIOTCH B AOKa3aTeJIbCTBax.
3aTeM H3 Toro npaBHJJa, IJTO BCHKHM nOJJO)KHTeJJbHbIM <}>aKT,
He06xOAHMbIH AJJH AOKa3aTeJJbCTBa BbIABMHYToro 06BHHeHHH.
AOJJ)KeH 6bITb AOKa3aH 06BHHHTeJJeM, nopoH AonYCKalOT HCKJJIO-
lJeHHH Ha OCHOBaHHH npHHII.Hna «npe3YMnIl.HH». B IOpHAH'IeCKOM
CMbICJIe CJIOBa npe3YMnI{HH npeACT8BJIHeT C060H npocTO BbIBO.a;,
KOTOpbIM BCHKHM cpeAHHM IJeJJOBeK AeJIaeT H3 HaJIHIJHH HeKOTO-
pbIX <}>aKTOB. ECJJH, HanpHMep, BHAHT KorO-HH6YAb B HCKJIIOIJH-.
TeJIbHO HeonpHTHOM HJJB H3HoIlleHHoM OAeLKAe, TO AeJ1alOT npeA-
nOJIO)KeHHe, 'ITO OH JJll60 OIJeHb He6pe)KeH, JJH60 OqeHb 6eAeH-
3TO 'IHCTaH npe3YMn1l.HH. KaK npaBHJJO, TaKaH IIpe3YMIIlI.HH MO)Ker
CJIYLKHTb TOJrbIW 3JIeMeHTOM B CYMMe AOKae8TeJJlbCTB, npOTI!BO-
IIOCTaBJIHeMbIX <l>aKTaM IIpOTI!BOIIOJIO)KHOrO IIopHAKa. Ho cyrn:e-
CTBYIOT neKOTopbIe «IIpaBOBble npe3YMn1l.HH» (presumptions of
law), KOTopble oCB060)KAaIOT 06BHHHTeJIH OT He06xoAHMOCTH"
AOK83bIBaTb Bce cYIII.ecTBeHHble <l>aKTbI. TaKoBa, HaIIpHMep, npe-
3YMnIl.HH, IJTO AOKYMeHT, COCTaBJIeHHbIH TpHAlI.aTb JJeT TOMY
Ha38A H B3HTbIM Y HaAJIe)Karn:ero xpaHHTeJIH, 6bIJI AeMCTBHTeJIbHo.
nOAnHcaH TeM JJHII.OM, IIOAnHCb KOToporo nolI. HHM CTOHT. I1JIH..
HaIIpHMep, BOIlleAIllaH TeIIepb B AKT 0 BOpoBcTBe 1916 r. npe-
3YMIIII.HH, 'ITO IJeJIOBeK, 06BHHHeMbIM B xpaHemm 3aBeAoMO Kpa--
6*
84 "<IACTJ, BTOPML CY,U,OY{)TPOfiOTBO H (W)1,OJIPOH3BO,nC1I'BO
,U,eHbiX Beru;eM, ,neMcTBHTeJJbHO 3HaJJ, '11'0 AaHHbIe Beru;H HBJIHIOTCH
Kpa.lleHbIMH, eCJJH OH He}1.aBHO 6blJI H306JTHqeH B TaKOM JKe npe-
crynJIeHlIH. H3JIHIIIHe ro, BOp.HTb qTO 06BHHHeMoMY npe}1.0CTa-
BJJHeTCSI B03MO)l{HOCTb B JJI060M cJJyqae onpOBeprHYTb npe3YMn-
WHO, eCJJH OH B COCTOHHHH 91'0 CAeJJaTb. Ho' B TaKOM CJJYIJae
«6peMSI AO'Ka3blBaHHSI» nepeHOCHTCSI Ha Hero.
Ha'KOHeIJ" npIIHIJ,IITI, onpe}1.eJI5H MbIH KaK «res ipsa loquitur»,
HMeeT nOqTH TO )I{'C 3HaqeHIIe, '11'0 H npHHIJ,Un npaBOBoii npe-
3YMnIJ,HH, OH ,naJKe, MOJKeT 6bITb, HBJISIeTCH qaCTHbIM CJIyqaeM
IlOCJIe,nHeii. Ero MOJKHO 06'bHCHHTb CJIe}1.YlOllI,HM 06pa30M. KOr,lr;a
Heo,nYlIIeBJIeHHbIH npe,nMeT, Haxo.zr;Hru;HHCH nOA Ha6JJIOJ],eHHeM
OTBeTqHKa no HCKY, npHqHHHeT yru;ep6 HCTIJ,Y TaKHM 06pa30M,
KOTOpblH npH 06bIqHOM xOJ],e Beru;eH He HMeJI 6bI MeCTa B CJIY-
'lae, eCJIll 6bI 91'01' npeAMeT HaXOJ(HJICH nOA AOJIJKHbIM Ha6JJlOJ],e-
HHeM, HCKJIIOqaIOru;HM B03MOJKHOCTb npHqHHeHHH yru;ep6a lliCTIJ,Y,
TO B03HHKaeT npe3YMnIJ,HH, '11'0 OTBeTIIHK He HMe.'I J(OJIJKHOrO
Ha6.'IIOJ],eHHH .zr;.rm npeJ(OTBparu;eHHH npOHClIIe.zr;lIIero yru;ep6a.
HanpHMep, eCJIH m:pOXOJKe.ro Ha YJJHIJ,e YJJiapHT no ;rOJJOBe IImp-
nHll, BbrnaBIIIHH H3 BarOHeTKH no.zr;pHJ],IlHKa B TO BpeMSI, KorJ],a
ce nO}1.blMaJIH Ha nOCTpOMKY, KOTopaH BbIXO.lLHT Ha YJIHIJ,Y,
TO 6peMH .zr;OKa3blBaHItfl 6YJ],eT JIeJKaTb Ha nOJ],pH)].qHKe,
KOTOPOMY npIIJ],eTCH J],OKa3blBaTb, IJTO B ero .zr;eHCTBHHX He 6blJIO
He6peJKHOCTH, a He Ha npOXOJKeM, BIJHHIIBllleM HCK, KoropOMY He
lla.n.o J],OKa3bIBaTb, '11'0 nOJ],pHJ],IJHK npOHBHJI He6peJKHOCTb. TaKHM
JKe 06pa30M, B CJIYllae CTOJIKHOBeHHSI noe3J],OB, npH KOTOpOM
nOCTpaJ],a.'III naCCaJKHpbI, npe3YMnIJ,H'H He6peJKHOCTH Bcer.n.a
.QbIBaeT HanpaBJIeHa npOTHB JKeJIe3Ho)].opOJKHOrO 06ru;ecTBa.
3. 113 nOCJIe.n.Hero npaBII.1Ia JIOrH'IeCKH BbITeKaeT, '11'0 npH
BbIHeceHHH pellleHHH no KaKoMY-HII6YJ],b .neJIY )"IHTblBalOTCSI
KaK J],OKa3aTeJIbCTBa JIHlllb TaKHe «l>aKTbI, KOTopble 6bl.1J.H YCTa-
HOBJIeHbI BO BpeMH npOIJ,eCca CBH}1.eTeJIHMII, onIIpaIOTCH HJIH Ha
npHHIJ,Hn «H3BeCTHbIX CYJ],y «l>aKToB» II Ha npe3YMnUHIO HJIH npH3-
HaHbI CTOpOHaMH:. 3TH .noKa3YlOru;IIe «l>aKTbl H3BeCTHbi no.lL Ha3Ba-
Hlfoe'MI «,noKa3aTe.1bCTB». «I1paBlwa 0 .noKa3laTeJI[,CT'Bax» TalK xa-
paKTepHbI J],JIfl aHfJIHIICKOH IOCTIIIJ,HH, 'ITO Tpe6YIOT oe06011 rJIaBbI.
3JJ.eCb J],oCTaTOIJ.'HO CiKa3aTb, 'IrO'KaK o6ru:ee IIIpaBHJIO, «l>aKTbI, :}{O'ro-
pble CJIYJKaT ,D,oK:(l'3aTe.1bCTBO'M II Ha KOTopble OImpaeT'CH pellleH'ne,
,D,omKHbI 6bITb no.nTBepJKJ],eHbl CBH}1.eTe.nH:\m B OTRpbITOM: 3ace-
,llaHIlH, npHlleM 9TII CBH.lLeTeJIll .nOJIJKHbI rOBopHTb 0 Henocpe.zr.-
CTBeHHO HM 113BeCTHOM H 6bITb oCBeJ],oMJIeHbI, '11'0 OHH nOJ],JIe-
)Ka1' yrOJIOBHoMY npeCJIeJ],oBaHHlO 3a .1J.JKeCBH.zr;eTeJIbCTBO, eC.lIH
OHH npe.nHaMepeHHo HJIH no onpOMeT'IHBOCTH 6YJ],YT rOBopH1'b
nenpaBJ],Y. 8THX CBH.zr;eTeJIeii a.nBoKaT .nPyroM CTOpOHbl no.zr;Bep-
raeT nepeKpeCTHOMY J],onpocy, T. e. npH6eraeT K paCC.'Ie.nOBd-
HHIO, 13 KOTOpOM CTporo HcnbITbIBaIOTCH nOKa3aHHfl CBH.zr;e1'e.:Ul
n6 «OCHOBHbIX ,'J,OK3331'e.TJbCTBax» - evidence in chief.
iI'.ITABA VI. CYDIIPABJIEHHE nPABOCY}J,HJI
F5
ECTeCTBeHHO, 'ITO B 60JIbllUlHCTBe CJIY'IaeB Ha6JIIO}J,aeTcH 60-
ee HJJH MeHee cepbe3Hoe npoTHBOpe'lHe B CBH}J,eTeJIbCKHX nOKa-
3aHHHX o6eHx CIfOpOH; 3a}J,a'Ia, HHor}J,a O'IeHb TpY}1.HaH, npHCHJK-
HbIX, a eCJJH HX HeT, TO Cy.n;bH, 3aKJIIO'laeTCH B conOCTaBJIeHHH
3Ha'IeHHH npOTHBOpe'IallJ,HX .lwyr }1.pyry CBH.n;eTeJIbCKHX nOKa3a-
HHM. HeT TaKoro q,opMaJIbHOrO npaBHJIa, KOTOPOMY Ha}J,O 6bIJIO
6bI CJJe.n;OBaTb npH BbIHeceHHH peWeHH5I. Ho B yrOJIOBHOM .n;eJJe
npeJK}J,e, 'leM npH3HaTb 06BHHHeMoro BHHOBHbIM, Ha}1.0, 'lT06bI
'IHCTbIM liTor }J,OKa3aT JJbCTB He OCTaBJIHJl HHKaKHX pa3YMHblX
COMHe'lfHH B em BHHOBHOCTH, B TO BpeMH KaK B rpaJK.n;8IHCKOM
.n;eJJe .n;OClfaTO'IeH nepeBec BepOHTHOCTeH.
KpOMe Toro, .n;JJH .n;OKa3aTeJJbCTBa BCHKoro 06BHHeHHH,
KpOMe O,l1,HOro HJIH ,l1,BYX CJIY'IaeB, KaK rOCY,l1,apCTBeHHaH H3M1eHa
H JIJKeCBH.n;eTeJIbCTBO, Tpe6yeTcH }J,Ba CBHJ{eTeJIH, npH'leM no-
Ka3aHHH COY'IaCTHHKOB B npecTynJIeHHH Bcer.n;a <BbI3bIBa1OT He-
,l1,OBepne, a HHor.n;a .n;JIH Toro, '1T06bI CY}J, Bo06me Mor HX npH-
HHTb, HYJK,l1,aIOTc.H B nO}1.TBep:>K,l1,eHHH B cYllJ,eCTBeHHblx nYHKTax
(T. e. nO}J,KpenJIeHHH HX .n;pyrH'MIH, IlIpHTOM Ca'MOcroHTeJIbHbliMH JI,O-
Ka3aTeJJbCTBaMH). HaKoHeI.J., HMeeTCH npaBHJIO, KOTopoe Tpe6yeT,
'IT06bI nOKa3aHHH HCTI.J.8 B .n;eJIe 0 HapyweHHH 06ellJ,aHHH BCTY-
nHTb B 6paK H nOKa3aHHH OTBeT'IHKa B ,l1,eJIe 06 YCbIHOBJIeHHH
6bIJIH nOJ{TBepJK.n;eHbI caMOCTOHTeJIbHbIMH ,l1,OKa3aTeJIbCTBaMH.
OnclO..l1.a 3Ha'IeHHe nepeUHOKH ,l1,JIH <lI0,l1,06HbIX CJJY'IaieB.
3TOT BaJKHbIM npHHI.J.Hn, KOTOpbIH MbI CeH'IaC paccMaTpH-
BaeM, BepOHTHO, 06H3aH CBOHM [lPOHCXO:>K}J,eHHeM rocnO,lJ,CTBY
CHCTeMbl npHCH:>KHbIX 3ace:naTeJIef1 B AHr JIHH, npe.n;MeT, 0 KOTO-
pOM 6Y,l1,eT eru;e CKa3aHO HlIJKe. 11 BOT CTpaHHO, 'ITO HCTOpH-
qeCKH HMeHHO npHCH:>KHbIe npe}J,CTaBJJHJIH npenHTCTBHe ,l1,JIH
BBe..l1.eHHH 3Toro npHHI.J.Hna. ,D,eJIO B TOM, 'ITO npHCH:>KHble, KaK
MbI nOCJJe YBH}J,HM, 6bIJJH nepBOHa'laJlbHO rpynnoM JJHU, npH-
CHrHYBWHX B TOM, 'ITO OHH OYAYT «npH3HaBaTb» TOJIbKO TaKHe
q,aKTbI HJJH CBH,neTeJJbCTBOBaTb TWIbKO 0 TaKHX q,aKTax, KOTO-
pble HM JIH'IHO H3BeCTHbI. Do KpallHef1 Mepe ,l1,0 KOHI.J.a ceM-
H3.n;UaToro BeKa .n:eikTBOBaJI .cy.n:e6HbIM npIfHI.J.Hn, no KOTOPOMY
npHCH:>KHbIe MOrJJH 06BlIHHTb HJlH OTKa3aTb B 06BHHeHHH, He
CMOTpH Ha npe)l"CTaBJleHHbIe }J,OK33aTeJlbCTBa. eCJIH HX C06CTBeH-
Hble 3HaHHH CJIY:>KIJ.IIH ,l1,JrH 3Toro oCHOBaHHeM. Ho B nepBOl'!
nOJJOBHHe BoceMHa.n:I.J.aTOro BeKa 3TOT npHHI.J.Hn Ha1JaJI 6bICTpO
MeHHTbcH, a iK cepe.n:UHe BOCeMHa}JJJ.aToro BeKa TBep,no YCTa-
HOBHJJCH COBpeMeHHbIH npHHUHn.
4. Bo Bcex cepbe3HbIx yro.'lOBHbIX ,lJ,eJIax 06BHHHeMbIH ,l1,o.n-
JKeH 6bITb CY}J,HM He O,l1,HHJIf TOJIbKO cY}J,beii, HO H npHCH:>KHbIMH;
B rpaJK}J,aHcKHx ,l1,eJIax, CBSl3aHHbIX C onOpO'IeHHeM penYTaI.J.IIH'
O.n:HOM H3 CTOpOH, 3Ta nOCJIe)J.HSUI MOJK€T, eCJJH C'IrHTaeT HYJKHbIM.,
Tpe60BaTb Bep}J,HKTa npHCH:>KHbIX. 3TOT npHHI.J.Hn Tpe6yeT KpaT-
6 'lAOTb BTOPAfl. CYJJ:OYOrp01tCTBO H OYJJ:0llPOH3BO.ll:CTBO
Koro OqepKa 0 3HaMeHHTOM HHCTHTYTe npHCHJKHWX 3ace.n:aTeJJeH
(jury) H 06 aHrJIHMCKHX Cy.n:bHX.
npHCHJKHblX MOJKHO onpe.n:eJJHTb KaK rpynny HelOpHcToB
(06blqHO B iWOJEHqeCTBe .n:BeHa.n:lI.aTH), npH3BaH:Hb1X KOpOJIeBCKHM
npHKa30M .n:JJH BblHeceHHH no.n: npHcHroH Bep.n:HKTa OTHOCHTeJIbHO
-<paKTOB Ha OCHOBaHHH npe.n:cTaBJIeHHblX HM .n:OKa3aTeJIbCTB npH
PYKOBO.n:HI.lI.HX YKa3aHHHx Co CTOpOHbI KopoHHoro Cy.n:bH. KaK
YJKe YKa3bIBaJJOCb paIibllIe, pa3BHTHe CHCTeMbI npHCHJKHblX
B .n:BeHa.n:lI.aTOM H TpHua.n:lI.aTOM BeKax npe.n:cTaBJIHJIO C060H
pe3YJIbTaT OqeHb y,lI,aqHblX Mep, npH'I-I51TbIX aHrJJO-HOpMaHcKHMH
MOHapxaMH B HX 6opb6e 3a MOHOnOJIbHOe OTnpaBJJeHHe 'npaBo-
,Cy.n:HH. HecMoTpH Ha iCBOIO nepBOHaqaJIbHYIO HenonYJIHpHOCTb,
'9Ta CHCTeMa 6blCTpO OTTeCHHJJa 60JJee cTapblH MeTO.n: cy.n:o-
npOH3BO,lI,CTBa C nOMOI.ll.blO KJIHTB, noe.n:HHKOB II Op.n:aJJHM. Kor,lI,a
n03JKe CTaJIO HCHO, qTO 3Ta HOBaH CHCTeMa npe.n:Oc.TaBJJHeT npe-
KpacHYIO 3aI.ll.HTY .n:JIH nOJlJ1.aHHblX OT npHTeCHeHHM 'co CTOpOHbI
.HCnOJIHHTeJJbHOM BJIaCTH B TaKHX .n:eJIax, KaK yqHHeHHe CMYTbl
{sedition), KJIeBeTa B nHcbMeHHoM cpopMe (libel) H HeKoTopble
nOJJHTHqeCKHe npecTyn.JJeHHH, TO OHa CTaJJa nOqTH TaK JKe, KaK
napJJaMeHT, O.n:HHM H3 .n:parOll.eHHblX .n:OCTOHHHM aHrJJHqaH.
nO.n:OOHO napJIaMeHTCKOM CHCTeMe, eM no.n:paJKaJIH B .n:py-
rHX cTpaHax, oc06eHHo B XIX BeKe, HO no.n:06HO TOM JKe
napJIaMeHTCKoM cHC1 1 eMe, 6es nOJIHOrO ycnexa. HaKOHell., HeCMO-
1'PH Ha HeCOMHeHHble yCJIyrH, OKa3aHHble elO II.HBHJJH3all.HH
{pa3HTeJIbHbIM npHMepoM qero .HBJJHeTCH cpaBHHTeJIbHaH pe.n:-
KOCTb Cy.n:e6Hb1X nblTOK B npaBOBOH HCTOpHH AHrJIHH), OHa
E nOCJJe,lI,HHe ro.n:bl nOTepHJIa 3HaqHTeJJbHYlO .n:OJJIO eBoeM nony-
HpHOCTH H BO BpeMH MHpOBOH BOMHW nOqTH nepeCTaJJa npHMe-
HHTbCH B rpaJK.n:aHCKHX .n:eJJax. TeM He MeHee, MOJKHO e YBepeH-
HOCTblO CKa3aTb, qTO eI.ll.e .n:aJJeK TOT .n:eHb, Kor.n:a OHa HC<Je3HeT
113 yrOJIOBHbIX .n:eJJ, KacaIOI.lI.HXe.H cepbe3HblX npecTynJIeHHM; OHa
He TOJJbKO OCB060JK.n:aeT BO MHorHX CJIyqaHX Cy.n:blO OT orpOM-
Horo 6peMeHH, HO, 6JIaro.n:apH CBoeMY CTporOMY Tpe60BaHHIO
e.n:HHOrJJaCHOrO pellIeHH.H npH BbIHeceHHH Bep.n:HKTa 0 BHH08.
HOCTH, OHa .n:aeT nOqTH nOJJHYIO YBepeHHOCTb B TOM, qTO He-
EHHHWM qeJJOBeK He 6Y,lI,eT 06BHHeH B cepbe3HOM npecTynJJ HHM.
.IJ.0 He,lI,aBHerO BpeMeHH npHC5DKHble, pellIaIOI.lI.He Bonpoc
'0 npe.n:aHHH cy.n:y, T. e. «60JTbllIOe JKlOpf!» (grand jury), ObIJJH
xapaKTepHoM oc06eHHocTblO 60JIbllIHHCTBa .n:eJI no npaBoHapy-
rueHHHM, Tpe6YIOI.lI.HM 06BHHHTeJIbHOrO aKTa npH npe.n:aHHH ey.n:y.
<1>YHKII.HH 3Toro JKIOpH 3aKJIIOqaJIaCb B TOM, qTO eMY Ha,lI,.TIeJKaJIO
pellIHTb, HBJIHIOT'CH JIH ,lI,OKa3aTeJJbCTBa, Bbl,lI,BHHYTble 06BHHe-
HHCM, .n:OCTaTOqHbIM OCHOBaHHeM .n:JI.H npe.n:aoHHH cy.n:y (a prima
facie case). DpH HaJIHqHH .n:OCTaTOqHbIX OCHOBaHHM «60JJbllIOe
JKlOpH» 06vHBJIHJIO, qTO 06BHHHTeJIbHOe 3aKJIIOqeHHe npaBHJJbHO
(a «true bill»). H .n:eJJO nepe.n:aBaJIOCb .n:JIH cJIyllIaHHflJ B oYA.
iI'JIABA VI. O'illIPABJIEHHE .J1PABOCYJJ:HSI
87
ECJIH OBO He HaXOJJ;HJIO JJ;OCTaTOqHbIX YJIHK, TO 06BHHHTeJIbHOe
-SaKJIIOqeHHe cqHTaJIOCb HeCYIll.eCTBYIOIll.HM HJIH JJHKBHJJ;HpOBa-
:JIOCb H .c 06BHHHeMoro CHH'MaJIOCb 06B1IHeRHe. Ho, 6JIarOJJ;apH
TO MY, '11'0 MHpOBble CYJJ;bH npHHHMaJJH Bce 60JIbllIee yqaCTHe
B npeJJ;BapHTeJIbHOM CJIeJJ;CTBHH, HaJJ;06HOCTb B «60JIbllIOM >KIOpH"
YMeHbllIHJIaCb, H nOCJIe 'foro, KaK ero JJ;eSlTeJIbHOCTb 6bIJIa npM-
OCTaHOBJJena BO BpeMH MHpOBOH BOMHbI, OHa 6bIJJa OKOHqa-
TeJIbHO JJHKBHJJ;HpOBaHa B 1933 r. 3a HCKJIlOqeHHeM rex peJJ;KHx
CJJyqaeB, KorJJ;a pellialOTCH Ba>KHble H CJJO>KHble JJ;eJIa.
C 'JJ;pyroii CTOpOHbI, npHCH>KHbIe, yqaCTBYIOIll.He B caMOM
cYJJ;onpoH3Bo,QcTBe, T. e. «MaJJOe }KlOpH» (petty jury), BblHOCHT
"fl0JJ; PY'KOBO;:r,CTBOM iay.nbH B cepbe3HbIX yronoBHbIx .l(eJIax Bep-
JJ;HKT «BHHOBeH» HJJH «He BHHOBeH», npHQeM 9TOT BepJJ;HKT
'HMeeT CHJIY, KaK MbI Y>Ke rOBOpHJIH, TOJJbKO eCJJH OR BblHeceH
e.nHHor JIaCHO. ECJJH 9TH npHCHJKHbIe He MorYT npHTTH K e.nHHO-
rJIaCHOMY peIIIeHHIO, TO HX pacnYCKalO1', H JJ;eJJO OOBHHHeMoro
"'MO}KeT 6bITb nepeJJ;aHO Ha HOBoe CY.l(e6HOe paCCMOTpeHHe.
,:«;06Ill.ee JKlOpH» (common jury) HCnOJJHHeT re JKe q,YHiKIJ.UH
13 rpaJKJJ;aHCKHX JJ;eJIax, a CIleIJ.HanbHOe JKIOpH» (special jury)
'51BJIHeTCH oc060 KBaJJHq,HIJ.HpOBaHHbIM COCTaBOM npUCH}KHbIX
J1.JIH Tex >Ke rp8JKJJ;aHcKHx .l(eJI; HX npuBneKalOT K .l(eny no Tpe-
60BaHuIO O.l(HOM H3 CTOpOH. CIIHCOK KaH.l(H;:r,aTOB B npHCHJKHbIe
-eOC'faBJIHeT'CH fl3 JlHIJ., OTBeqalOIll.HX OC06bIM Tpe6oBaHHHM,
MeCTHbIMH .l(OJJJKHOCTHbIMH perHcTpaTopaMH K HaqaJIY KaJKJJ;OM
ceCCHH cy;:r,a. nOCJJeJJ;HeMY npe;:r,cTaBJIHIOT B HaqaJIe KaJK.l(OM
<ceCCUH nepeqeHb HJJH cnHCOK (panel) TaKHX JJUIJ., yJJ;oBJIeTBO-
pHIOIll.HM ero Tpe60BaHHHM. DpHCHJKHbIe npHBJIeKalOTCH H3 MYJK-
qUH H JKeHIIJ.HH, COrJIaCHO TOMY nopH)J.KY, B KOTOpOM HX UMeRa
.a8HeceHbI B 91'01' cnUCOK, HO o6e CTOpOHbI UMelOT 6e3YCJIOBHOe
.npa130 «OTBOJJ;a» HJIH B03paJKeHHH, KOTopoe 6bIB8eT JJH60 «6e3-
"aneJJJIHIJ.HOHHbIM» - «peremptory» (T. e. 6e3 YKa3aHHH npUqUH),
, 1H60 no onpeJJ;eJJeHHbIM OCHOB8HHHM (for cause) H MO}KeT OTHO-
,-cUTb<.H KO BceMY cnH'CKY - «to the array» (HMeHHo no no.l(O-
3peHHIO B HenpaBHJIbHOCTH ero COCTaBJIeHHH HJIH npHcTpacT-
-HOCTH) 1HJlI1 K OT}1.eJIb!HbIM UMeHaM - to the polls (1'. e. II{ HH.l{H-
BHJJ;yaJJbHbIM KaHJJ;H.l(aTaM B npHCSIJKHble). I1cnoJIHeHHe q,YHKllHH
npHCH}KHOrO HBJIHeTCH 06H3aTe.TIbHbIM JJ;JISI JJHII. b60ero nOJIa, RO
CYIll.€CTByeT MHorQ 3aKOHHbIX HCKJIlOqeHHM, U CY.l(bH MO}KeT
JIH60 no npocb6e O}1.HOM H3 CTOpOH, JJH60 no c06cTBeHHoMY
n06YJK;:r,eHulO pacnopHJJ;HTbCSI, 'lT06bI B JJ;aHHOM }1.eJIe npHCH}K.
HbIMH 6bIJIH TOJJbKO MyqJiillHbI HJJH TOJJbKO >KeHIll.HiHbI. B rpa-
.JKJJ;aHCKHX .l(eJIax npaBo Ha yqaCTHe npHCSI>KHbIX He HBJISIeTCH
Tenepb 6e3YCJIOBHbIM. 31'01' Bonpoc npe}1.0cTaBJIHeTCH Ha YCMO-
'l'peHHe cYJJ;a, sa H!ClKJIlOtreHHeM Tex .CJIyqaeB, KorJJ;a npeJJ;'b-
BJIeHO 06BHHeHHe B MOllIeHHHlJecTBe, lKJIeBere, 3JIOHaMepeHHO!ll(
c: 88 'IA<JTb BTOPAH. Cy,nOYOTPO OTBO H OY,nOIIPOH3BO,nCTBO
cy,ne6HOM npeCJIe,noBaIrnH, He3aKOHHOM 3a,nepJKaHHH, 060JIhli.{e-
EHH HJIH HapYllIeHHH 06e aHHH JKeHHTbCH.
CaMO C060H pa3YMeeTcH, llTO 6eCnpHCTpaCTHe, onhIT H He-
saBHCHMOCTb Cy,nbH HMeIOT BO Bcex ,neJIax KilK yrOJIOBHbIX, TaK
Ii rpaJK.naHCKHX, He MeHblllee SHalleHHe, lleM He3aBHCHMOCTb
npHCIDKHhIX.
Bo Bcex rpa}l{)J,aHCKHX .neJIax Ii BO Bcex Ba>KHeMllIHX yro-
nOBHhIX ,neJIax cy,nbeH HBJIHeTCH KopOHHoe ,nOJJJKHOCTH e JIHllO,
npHToM 'coBepllIeHHo oc060ro xapaKTepa. XOTH Cy,nbH HaSHa-
llaeTCH no COBeTY Ka6HHeTa, HO OH pe,nKO npHHHMaeT aKTHBHoe
yqacrne B nOJrHTHKe (eCIJIH 1JIe YllHTbIBaTb Tpex " lleTbIpex:
BbICllIHX cy,neHcKHX nocToB). ECJIH JKe OH H npHHHM<W B HeM
yqaCTHe, TO 3aKOH 3anpe aeT eMY nOCJIe ero Ha3Ha qeHHH CO-
CTOHTb 'lJIeHOM naJIaTbI 06 HH. BCHKaH CKOJIbKO-HH6y,nb.
cepbe3HaH nOJIHTHlleCKaH aKTHBHOCTb llJIeHa npe eCCHOHaJJbHOH
cy,neHcKoH KaCThI 6bIJIa 6bI cTporo OCY>K,neHa 06 ecrrB\elFHbIM
H npo eCCHOHaJIbHbIM MHeHHeM.
3aTeM, CYAbH TOM rpynnbI, 0 KOTOpOM MbI ceiillac rOBc,pHM.
MOJKeT Bep60BaTbCH TOJIbKO H31lHCJIa 6appHCTepOB, KOTopbIe A.TUI
nOnOJIHeHHH pHAOB CYAeM AneJIJIHllHOHHoro cYAa AOJIJKIIbI HMeTb
B MOMeHT CBoero Ha3HaqeHHH. no KpaMHeH Mepe, TIHTHa,nI{aTH-
JJeTHHH CTa2K, . A,TIH CYAeM BbIcoKoro cYAa - AeCHTHoI'!eTHHtl
CTa2K H AJIJI llJIeHOB 'Cy,nOB rpaiPcTB - OeMHJJ1eTHHM CTa)K. B OT-
'HOllleHHH HX AeHCTBH'11eJIbHOrO npaKTHlJiecK<oro OIIbITa saKOH He
npeA'bHBJIHeT onpeAeJIeHHbIX Tpe60BaHIl'M, He" aKTH'1eCKH nOllUI
HeYKJIOHHO AeMcTByeT npaBHJIO, no KOTOPOMY BO Bce 9TH CYAhI
Ha3HaQaIOT ,TIHlllb JIHI{, HMeIOIlI,HX 3HallHTe,TIbHbIM aJJ;BOKaTCKHH
OnbIT.
KpOM:e Toro, 3TH CYJJ;bH 3aHHMaIOT He3aBHCHMoe nO,TIOJKeHHe
6JIarOAapH TOMY, llTO OHH nO,TIYllaIOT JKa,TIOBaHbe, XOTH H He AO-
cTHraIO ee YPOBHH AOXOAOB, ycnelllHo npaKTHKyroIll,HX 6appH-
cTepoB, HO Bce JKe 3HallHTeJIbHOe (II KOJJe6JJIOIlI,eeCH B 3aBHCII-
MOCTII 01' !IX paHra), H, llTO He MeHee BaJKHO, 3TO JKaJIOBaHHe
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HbIX ,,lI,OXOAOB KOpOHbI. BJJarO,ll,apH 3TOMY llCnOJIHHTeJJbHaH
BJIaCTb He IIMeeT B03MOJKHOCTH B03AeHCTBOBaTb Ha CYAeM yrpo-
3aMH H,TIII 06eIll,aHHHMH B OTHOllleHHII HX B03HarpaJKAl'2HIIH, KOTO-
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HIiCTepCTBOM.
Ho BaJKHee BC'ero TO, QTO CYAbli 3aHIIMaIOT CBOII AOJJJKHO-
CTH Ha CpOK, onpeJJ;eJIHeMbIM npHHllHnOM quam diu tenure, T. e.
nOKa AJIIiTCH llX A06poe nOBe,ll,eHHe, a He, KaK 06bI'lHble KOPOH-
HbIe 'lIiHOBHHKH, nOKa 3TO yroAHo KopOHe. B OTHOllleHIIH CYAeM
BbIcmero CYAa 3Ta nOCJIe,ll,HHH rapaHTIiH IIX He3aBliCliMOCTH
"6bIJIa YCTaHOB,TIeHa AKTOM 0 npeCTOJIOHaCJIeAlI1I 1700 r. nOCJIC
il'.J]ABA VI. O'l1llPABJIEHHE iIIPABOCy,rr;nU
89.'
Hey,rr;a1lHbIX OnbITOB CeMHa.nuaTOro BeKa; 3Ta He3aBHCHMOCTf>,
6blJIa 06eCUe1leH8 eme npHHHTOM n03.nHee MepOM npe.nOC1'OpO>K-
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Cy.nbH BbIClUerO cy.na, eCJIH 1'OJIbKO o6e naJIa1'bI napJIaMeH1'a H'e
no.n8.nYT 06 9TOM a.npec KOpOJIlO. B OTHOlUeHHH 1lJIeHOB cy.nOB
rpaq,cTB npaBo 'HX OMeIUe'HHH (iKaK H npaBo Ha3Ha1leooSl) npe-
.nOC1'aBJIeHO JIOp.nY-KaHU,TIepy, HO OHO c1'poro OrpaHH1le'HO CJJY-
'laHMH HX Hecnoc06HoC1'H HJIH np\e.nocy.nH1'eJIbHOrO nOBe.neHHH.
ITOJIO>KeHHe JIHU, npe.nce.na1'eJIbC1'BYIOIUHX npH cy.ne6HbIx
pa36Hpa1'eJIbC1'BaX yrOJIOBHbIX JI,eJI MeHblUero 3Ha1leHHH B TeopHH,
no KpaMHeM Mepe, 'BeCbMa OTJIH1laeTCH OT nOJIO>KeHHH cy.nefi
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onpaB.naHHe. 3a HCKJII01leHHeM peKop.nepOB H MarHCTpaToB, co-
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JJHKO) , OHH He 06H3aTeJIbHO 6bIBaI01' JJIO.nbMH, B npoq,eCCHOHaJJh-
HOM iH oopa30'BI3.Te.TIbHOM OTHOlUeHMIH KBaJJHq,HUllIP0BatHHbIMIH. OWH
B pe.nKMX CJIYllaHX nO,TIY1laI01' >KaJIOBaHMe H (3a HCKJII01leHHeM
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31'0 yro.nHO KopOHe, npMlIeM Ha3Ha1laeT HX KaOMHe1' MMHHC1'pOB,
Haxo.nHIUHMCH y BJIaC1'H. OObIlIHbIM COCTaB cy.na COCTOHT B 91'OM
CJIytIae, KaK MbI BH.neJIH, H3 MeHHIOIUerOCH tIHCJIa MHpOBbIX cy-
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Ha rpaq,CTBO H,TIH Ha ropo.n. B cy.nax ynpoIUeHHoro xapaK1'epa,
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HapyrneHHHMH, K01'opble no.nJIe>Ka1' ynpoIUeHHoiJ npoue.nype, HBi
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'lHCJIeHHOM COC1'aBe, PYKOBO.nH npHCH>KHbIMH B B03HHKaIOll1,HX
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llJ,ae1'CH co CBOHMH KO,TIJIeraMH. B rpaq,CTBax, r.lI.e MHoro CY.lI.e6-
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CTBeHHO, qTO eMY XOqeTCH coxpaHHTb .n:oopble OTHOllIeHI'IR
c npe.n:cTaBHTeJIHMH a.n:BOKaTypbI, K KOTOPOH OH, MO>KeT 6bITb,
eme He.n:aBHO npHHa.n:,TIe>Ka,TI, H 3aKpenHTb naMHTb 0 cleoe, KaK
o xopOllIeM cy.n:be. n09TOMY ero npHroBopbI CKopee 6YJJ:YT npa-
BHJ1bHbIMH B TOM CJ1yqae, KOfJJ:a OH 3aCTaBJ15IeT ceoSl 06II.YMaTb
H C<j>OPMYJIHpOBaTb l{eJIYIO I{enb paCCY>KJJ:eHHH', KOTopble 060CHO-
BblBaIOT ero BbIBO,II,bl, qeM B CJIyqae, KorJJ:a OH npOCTO BUHCCHT
peIIleHHe 6e3 BCHKHX 06'bHCHeHHM.
3aTeM, KaK MbI nblTaJIHCb nOKa3aTb paHbllIe, OCHOBaI-IHH,
llpHBOJJ:HMble CYJJ:bHMH B HX peIIleHHHX, C03JJ:aJ1H 06nr.ee npaBO
1M p;aJJH OCHOBY TOM CHCTeMe npel{e.n.eHToB, KOTopaH HBJISleT:H
fJIABA VI. 01 IlPABJIEHIIE lII'AIJOCY.IJ:IIH
91
OCTOBOM o6IlJ,ero npaBa. JJ.JI51 TOrO, 'ITOObl 06mee npaBO MOr.IlO
pa3BIIBaTbC51 no Mepe pOCTa TpeOOBaHIIM, np\ J];'bHBJI51eMblX K HeMY
OOIlJ,eCTBOM, OHO J];OJJ2KHO ObIJJO nOCTOSIHHO BOCnOJJHHTbC51 H(J-
BbIMH H aBTopHTeTHbIMH CYJ];eOHbIMH pemeHHSIMH, KOTopble pa3-
pemalOT BonpOCbI, CBSI3aHHble C HOBbIMH SIB,TJeHHHMH, H J];aJOT
npHHll,HnbI J];JIH HX pa3pemeHHSI, ECJIH 6bl CYJI,bH Jl,aBa,lJll OJ];HO
fOJIOe peme, Hlle TO aJl,BOKaType OCTaBaJIOCb 6bl TOJIbKO CTpOHTb
npeJ];nOJIO:>KeHHSI 0 npHHIumax, Ha KOTOpbIX OHO nOCTpoeHO H,
KpOMe Toro, OHO MOrJIO 6bI BbI3bIBaTb nO,lI03peHHe B npHCTpa-
CTHH cYJI:.a HJIH, \!IO KpaMHeM !Mepe, B npOH3BOJIbHOCTH ero pe-
meHHH.
iMOTIIBHpOBKa cYJI,a, COOOIlJ,aeMaH IB CYJ];e6HbIX OTt:[eTax,
C.:1Y:>KHT M£1TepHa,TJOM Jl,JI5J ,lJ,aJIbHeifmero pa3BIITHH npaBa.
6. IlleCToe I11paBllJIO, OTHOCHII{eeCSI nOIJ:Tll KO IBceM cYJ];e6-
HbIM J];eJIaM B AHrJJIIH, 3aKJIIOIJ:aeTCSI B TOM, IJ:TO, eCJIll He HOMH-
IW1JIbH!O, TO <j>aKTIIIJ:eOKH BCerJl,£1 IMOiKHO aneJIJIHpOBaTb \110 \KpaM-
HeM Mepe OJ];HH pa3 B cYJ]; BblcmeM IIHCTaHll,HH Ha pemeH 1e
'Ka:>KJ];oro CYJ];8 nepBDM IIHcTaHI{HH no npaBoBoMY Bonpocy, npH-
'leM H no Bonpocy <j>aKTa eCTb ,lJ,OBOJJbHO llIHpoKaSI B03:\10:>K-
ffOCTb TaKoM arreJIJI51ll,HH. TaKII:M oopa30M, JIHll,O, 06BHH.eHiHOe
B yrOJIOBHOM npecTyrrJJemIH, a B rpa:>KJ];aHcKHX ,lJ,eJIax - o6e
CTOpOHbI HMelOT npaBo npeJl,CTaBHTb CBoe ,lJ,eJIO Ha paCCMOTpe-
IIHe no \KpaMH'eM Mepe ,lJ,BYX CYJI,OB, J];eMU.BYIOIlJ,HX He3aBHCHMO
,lJ,pyr OT J];pyra.
B STOM OTHomeHHH B cpaBHHTeJIbHO HJeJ];aBHHe rOJl,bl ObIJJH
BBeJ];eHbI 60JIbmHe H3MeHeHH51, .no 1908 r, J];eMCTBOBaJIO o6IItee
npaBHJIO, 'ITO B yrOJIOBHbIX J];eJIax He MO:>KeT 6bITb aneJIJISIlJ,HH;
OJ];HaKO JII06aSI CTopOHa B J];eJJ'e, nOJ];JIe:>Kall{eM ynpomeHIIOM npo-
neJ];ype H pemeHHOM CYJ];OM MaJI<OH ceCCHH (eCJIH TOJIbKO OHa
He npH3HaJIa CBOID BHHOBHOCTb), MOrJIa TpeOOBaTb nepeCMOTpa
Ha 'IeTBepTHOM ceICCHH; KaK MibI BHJI:e.rIll, 'B 1848 If. ObM Y'Ipe-
:>KJ];eH Pe3epBHblM cYJ]; J];JISI ,lJ,eJI KOpOHbI, npeJ];Ha3Ha'IeHHbIM J];JIH
pemeHRSI npaBoBblx BonpOCOB, nepeJ];a'J3'aeMbIX eMY no COOCTBeH-
HOMY YCMoTpeHHIO CYJ];bSIMH, pemalOll{HMH B aCCH38X HJIH na
eTBepTHoH <CeCCHH Jl,eJIa, Tpeoyroll{He npH npeJl,aHIIH cYJ];y 06-
'BHHHTeJJbHOrO aKTa. AneJIJI51lJ,HSI (<<writ of error») Mor JJa 6bITb
rrO,lJ,aH8 TaK:>Ke B ITaJIaTY JIOpJJ:OB, BCJJeJl,CTBHe omHooK, oOHa-
pY:>KeHHblX B cYJ];e6HoM npOTOKOJIe. OJl,H8KO, B 1907 r. 6bIJJ
yqpe:>KJ];eH AneJJ,TJSIlJ,HOHHbIH yrO,TJOBHblH CYJ];, KOTOpblM Bc rJl,D
npHHHMaeT aneJJJJHlJ,H:H OT oCY2KJI,eHHOrO, no npaBoBbIM Bonpo-
-caM, B03HHKalOll{HM B cepbe3HbIX yrOJIOBHblX J];eJIax, a no Bonpo-
caM <j>aKTa npHMeHSIeT aneJIJISIII.HH JIHmb no cBoeMy YCMOTpeHHIO.
B rpa:>KJ];8HCKHX J];eJIax HMelOTCH ell{e 60JIee mupoKHe B03-
MmKHOCTH J];JISI aneJIJISIII.HH. KOHeqHO, <j>opMaJIbHO HleJIb3SI arre.'l-
JIHpOBaTb Ha BepJ];HKT npHCH:>KHblX no Borrpocy <j>aKTa; HO MO>KHO
flo.naTb npccb6y, 'ITO 'IaCTO H J];eJIaeTC51, B AneJIJI51ll,HOHHbIH cy.n
92 'IACTb BTOPAH. Cy,n:OYOTPO:liCTBO II Oy,n:OJIPOH3BO,n:CTBO
H ,na>Ke, npH CneUHaJIbHOM pa3pellleHHH, B naJIaTY JIOp,nOB 0 HO-
BOM paccMoTpemIH JI,eJIa Ha TOM OCHOBaHHH, 1JTO CYJI,bSI Henpa-
BHJIbHO HaCTaBJJSIJI rrpHCSI>KHbIX HJIH 1JTO BepJI,HKT 6bIJI TaKOB,
'1TO HHKaKHe JI,06pOCOBieCTHble II' .pa3YMHble npHCSI>KHble He Mor JUI
6bI ero BbIHeCTH npH Tex ,lJ,OKa33TeJIbCTB3X, KOTOpbIMH OIIn
paOnOJI3raJJH, ECTeCTBeHHO, 1JTO 3neJIJISIUHOHHble CyJI,bI He 01JeHh
CKJIOHHbI nepeCM3TpHB3Tb pellleHl1le CYJI,bH H,TIH npHCSI>KHbIX, KO-
Topble BHJI,eJIH CBHJI,eTeJ1eH H CJIbIlll l.TIH HX nOK333HHSI. TeM He
MeHee B rp3>KJI,3HCKHX }J.eJI3X HiepeJI,KO ObIB3IOT nepeCMOTpbl
H H33H31JeHHe HOBoro CJIYlllaHHSI JI,eJI3. no 06IUeMY MHeHHIO
B AKTe 06 arre,TIJJSIUHHX no yrOJJOBHbIM JI,eJIaM 1907 r. 6bIJI
JI,OrrYllJ,eH cepbe3HblM rrpo6eJI BCJIe}J.CTBHe Toro, 1JTO OH He npe-
JI,YOMlO'TpeJJ B03M'0.>KIHOCTb Ta.Koro HOBoro CJI}'!llIaHHSI 'B y,rOilloB-
HblX ,neJIax.
npaBO TSI>KYIUerocSI Ha arreJJ,TISIUHIO B rpa>K}J.aHCKHX }J.e,TIax
no npaBOBbIM ,Borrpoca.M 'HHo1JeM He CTeCH'e!HO H !He o:rpaHli'1JeHO
OJI,HOKpaTHOH aneJIJI51uH,eii, XOTSI, KaK MbI BHJI,eJIH, OW) 6bJJIO
He a,BlHO OGCTa,BJEeHO HeK0I1101p'bliMH YCJJOBHSIMH. l(eikTBIHTeJIbHO"
arreJIJISIUHSI Ha pellleHHe cy.n:a rpa<pCTBa He MO>KeT HTTH BbIllle
AneJIJI51UHOHHOro cYJI,a 6e3 pa3pellleHHSI nOCJJe}J.I-lero HJIH n3-
JIaTbI JIOpJI,OB, a arreJIJISIUH51 Ha peIlleHHe BbICOKoro cYJI,a He
MO>KeT llTTH .n:a,TIbme ArreJI,TISIUHOHHoro cYJI,a 6e3 TaKoro >Ke
pa3pemeHHSI. Ho HeT HHKaKHX OCHOBaHHH rrpeJI,rrO,TIaraTb, 'ITO
rro.n:OGHOe pa3pemeHHe He 6y,neT ,naHO, eC,TIH HMeeTCSI OCHOBa-
TeJIbHOe COMHeHHe B npaBHJJbHOCTH pellleHH51 cy.n:a HH3111eli HH-
CTaHUHH. Bo BCSIKOM C,TIY1Jae, Y>Ke rrpH paCCMOTpeHHH caMOH
npocb6bJ 0 rrepeCMOTpe, CTopOHa, He nOJIY1JHBIIlaSI yJI,OB.neTBOpe-
IffH51, [lOJIY1JaeT B03MO>KHOiCTb CHOBa l!3JIO>KHTb CBOR OCHOBaI-lHH..
TIPABI1J1A, OTHOC5IllJ,I1EC5I TOJ1b1\O 1\ Yf0J10BHbIM J],EJ1AM
06'b51CHHB caMble CYllleCTBeHHble npaBH.J1a, OTHOCSIIUHeCfl
KO BCSIKOH cy,neoHoii npoue.IJ.ype B AHrmiH, MbI oopaTHMcH l1e-
nepb K npaBHJIaM, OTHOCSIIUHMCSI TO.J1bKO K yrOJIOBHoMy npo-
ueccy. 113 HIfX MbI H3JIO)KHM cJIe)I.YloIUIfe:
7. nepe,n 'reM, KaK 06BHHSIeMbIlI 6Y.IJ.er npe,naH cy,ny no.
cepbe3HOMY yrOJIOBHoMY 06BIfH2HIflO, MarHCTpaT (MllpOBOii
CY)I.bSI) llJIH MarHCTpaTb! ,li.O.'IJKHbI rrpOBeCTII npe)I.BapHTeJIbHOe
CJIe)I.cTBHe )I.JISI Toro, '.!T06b! y6e,nllTbcSI, HMeIOTCSI JJH HaJIHUO
,nOCTaT01JHbIe y,TIHKH (a prima facie case) npoTHB oOBHHSIeMoro.
Ha,lJ,o YCBOHTb, 'lTO 9Ta npou.e,lJ,ypa OTHIO)J,b He cooTBeTcTByeT
npe.IJ.BapHT€.'II>HOMY ,nonpocy OOBHHSIE''IWrO, KOToporo apeCTOBaJIH
6bI Ha OCHOBaHIfH O.n:HHX TOJIbKO nOJI,03peHIIU:, 1JTO COBepIIIeHHO
OObI1JHO Ha KOHTHHeHTe. HanpoT'HB, B AHfJJHH 06BHHHeMoro
HeJIb35J ,lJ,a1Ke apeCTOBaTb 6e3 rrpe.n:nllcalll1SI MarHCTpaTa, KOTO-
'poe ,naeTCH TOJIbKO Ha OCHOBaHJlll MaTepHa,TIa, rro,nTBep>K,neHHoro'
iI'JIABA VI. OTIlPABJUmHE IIPABOC)','UHI
93
TIO.n. npHCSIrOM, npHqeM HCK.TIlOqeHHe .n.OnYCKaeTCSI TO,TIbKO npH
3aXBaTe 06BHHSIeMOrO C nOnHqHHM H B HeKOTOpWX .n.pyrHx cny-
qaSIX, YCTaHOBneHHblX 3aKOHOM. fionee TOrO, KOr.n.a 06BHHSIe-
MbIM npe.n.CTaeT nepe.n. MarHCTpaTOM, TO eMY HeJJb3SI .n.a1Ke 3a.n.a-
BaTb BonpocoB, B TO BpeMSI KaK OH, CO CBoeM CTOpOHbI, M01K.eT
6bITb npe.n.CTaB,TIeH a.n.BOKaTOM HnH conHCHTopOM, KOTOpbIH HMeeT
npaBO Ha nepeKpeCTHbIM .n:onpoc CBH.n:eTeneM 06BHHeHHSI; 0681-1-
HSIeMoMY 1Ke np,e.n:oCTaBmleTCSI nonHa cB060.n.a npoTHBonocTa-
B.ilSITb iKOH1'pymI'KH HJJH B03JJ:ep2IuFfbCSI OT cBoeM aall\HTbI .n.o
cy.n:a. I1cnonb30BaHHe npaBa BbI60pa, npe.n:ocTaB,TIeHHorO ero
YCMoTpeHHIO, qaCTO CBH3aHO C tlpe3BbI'laHHbIMH Tpy.n:HOCTSIMH,
lIO C IOpH.n:HQeCKOH TO\IKH 3peHHH 3TO rrpaBo 06BHlIHeMoro He
no.n:.TIe1KHT COMHelIHIO, Hero perneHHe B03.n:ep1KaTbCSI OT 3all\HTbI
He M01KeT 6bITb HCTO.TIKOBaHO B He6naronpHSITHoM .l1.mI Hero
CMblcne.
3aTeM, eC;TIH 'TO.lbKO YJ1HKH .n.nSI rrpHBneqeHHH K OTBeT-
CTBelIHOCTH He.n:OCTaTOQHLI .l1..rm Toro, QTo6bI .n.aTb OClIOBaHHe
ManICTpaTY npe.l1.rrOJJaraTb B03M01KHOCTb !ero OCY1K.l1.eHHH npH-
CSI1KHbIMH, TO OR .l1.0n1KeH 6bITb TOTqaC OCB0601K.n:eH, XOTSI
M01KHO, KOHeqHO, rrpH 06HapY1KeHHH HOBbIX y.TIHK, CHOBa rrpH-
B.rleqb ero 3a TO 1Ke caMoe npaBoHapyrneHHe.
C .n.pyroll CTOpOHLI, ecnH MarHCTpaT CqHTaeT Ha OCHOBaHHIl
npHCH1KHLIX nOKa3aHHH, qTO M01KHO C .l1.0CTaTO\IIIbIM OCHOBaHHeM
{)}KH.l1.3Tb ero OCY1K.n..eHHH, TO OH .l1.aeT paCrrOpSI1KeHHe, qT06bI
nOKa3aHHH CBH.l1.eTe.rlell 6bIJJH 3anHCaHbI. <PaKTbI, no KOTOpblM
)]JlHbl 3TH CBH.n.eTeJJbCKHe rrOKa3aHHSI, 91'0 He .n:OKa3aTenbCTBa,
Ha OCHOBaHHH KOTOpblX 60nbrnoe 1KlOpH paI'Iee, KaK Mbl Y1Ke
rOBopunH, orrpe.n.enH o, cne.n:yeT nH npe.l1.aTb o6BHHHeMoro cY.l1.y
aeCH3 HnH qeTBepTHoll ceCCHH. Ha caMOM cYJJ,e6HoM pa30Hpa-
TenbCTBe KaK yrroMSIHYTbJe CBHJJ,e1'e.iIH, TaK H .'I106bIe .n.pyrHe,
npHB,neqeHHbEe 06BHHHT-e.TIeM, CHOBa Bbl3bIBalOTCSI BCYJJ, H MO-
rYT 6bITb nOJJ,BeprHYTbI nepeKpeCTHOMY .n.orrpocy CO CTOpOHbl
06BHHSIeMoro HnH ero 3aIl\HTHHKa, KOTopbIe .l1.0 BbTHeCeHHSI
nep.l1.HKTa ManbIM 1KlOpH, KOHeqHO, HMelOT npaBO rrpHB.TIeqb c06-
CTB. HHbIX CBH.n:eTenell.
B cnYQae rrpeJJ,BapH1'e.TJbHOrO 3aK.'llOqeHHH B03HHKaeT Ba)l{-
HbIIT Bonpoc, 6YJJ,eT .T/H 06m!HHeJ\fbIlt Ha BpeMSI, HeH36e1KHO rrpo-
TeK3mru;ee Me1K.n.y apeCTOM H CYJJ,OM, OCBo601KLI/ H H.T/H OH 6y-
AeT cOJJ,ep1KaTbCH B TlOpbMe. JhnueHHH, B03naraeMbIe B rroc.rre;I.-
HeM cnyqae Ha qenOBeKa, KOTOpbIll I1I01KCT 6bITb HCBHHOBeH, TaK
OqeBH.l1.Hbl, '4.1'0 Bonpoc 06 oCB0601KIJ;eHIHI noJJ, 3a.T/C , T. e. 0
npe.l1.0cTaBneHHH 06BHHHeMbIM rapaHTHH B TOM, qTO OH SIBHTCSI
B cy.n., .n.onro COCT3B.'lH.l rrpeJ].MeT OCTpbIX cnopOB. 3JJ,eCb MbI He
umKeM BXOJJ,HTb B ero nOJJ,p06HOCTlL Ho, Bo06ru;:e rOBopH.
npaBO o6BHHHeMoro Ha «ocB060)l{JJ:eHHe no.l1. 3anOD>' 3aRliCliT
OT xapalZTepa npeC:1')'n.leHHH, B KOTOPO\I OE 06mIIHIeTC5!. [(':11[
94 'IAC'fb B'l'OPMI. CY,lI,OYCTPOfi(,"fBO Ii OY,lI,Onp0I13BO,lI,CTBO
p,eJlO H,lI,eT 0 }KH3HH, TO TOJIbKO CTaTc-ceKperapb no BHYTPCH-
HI1M ,lI,eJJaM HJIH Cy.n;bSI BbICOKoro cY,lJ,a MOiKieT pa3peIIlHTb OCBO-
OO,lI,HTb 06BHHSIeMoro rro,lI, 3aJIor. ECJlH 3TO eJlOHHSI HJlH HHoe
npccTynJJCHHC, Tpe6YIOIIJ;ee OOBHHHTeJIbHOrO aKTa npH npe,lI,aHHH
cY,lI,Y, TO Bonpoc 06 oCBOOmK,lI,eHHH no.n; 3aJIOr rrpC,lI,OCTaBJISICTCSI
Ha 6JI<lroycMoTpeHHe MarncTpaTa, HO OOBilUISICMbIH ,lI,OJI}KeH no-
JI.aTb 06 3TOM 3aSIBJJeHHe cY,lJ,be, npH1JCM cY,lJ,e6HbIe BJIaCTH 0651-
3aHbI HH OpMHpoBaTb ero .06 ero npaBe Ha TaKoe 3aSIBJIeHl'le.
E{;JIH 06BHHSIeMbIM npHB,TICKaeTCSI 3a KaKoc-HH6Y,lI,b ,lI,pyroe npe-
cTynJIeHHe, KpOMe nepe1JHCJIeHHWX, TO MarHCTpaT HOMHHaJIbHO
06SI3aH oCB060,lJ,HTb era no,lJ, 3aJJOr. Ho eC,TIH MamcTpaT ona-
caeTcSI, 1JTO 06BHHSIeMbIM CKpoeTCSI, TO OH MO}KeT nOTple60BaTb.
TaKoro 60JIbIIlOrO 06eCne'leHHSI, 'lT06bI OOBHHSIeMbIM He ObIJI.
B COCTOSIHHH era npe,lI,CTaBHTb, rrpH'leM e,lI,HHCTBeHHWM orpaHH-
qeHHeM B npOH3BOJIbHOM YCTaHOBJIeHHH 06eCrrC'leHHSI SIBJJSIeTCSI
AOBOJIbHO HeOnpe,lJ,eJIeHHOe npe,lI,nHCaHHe 5HJIJISI 0 npaBax
1689 r., rJIaCSIIIJ;ee, 1JTO He Ha,lI,O TpeOOBaTb 1Jpe3MepHbIX o6ec-
JIie'leHHM. B cJIY'lae, eCJIH 06BHHSIeMbIM cKpoeTcSI 01' cY,lJ,a, TO
OOSI3aTeJJbCTBa HJIM ooeCne'lCHiHe, BHeceHlHbIe B Ka3HY H CJJY-
)l{IHBlIIHe 3a.TlnrO'M, nop;BcpraIOTCSI 3K3eKyuHH, T. e. ooparnaIOTCSI
KO B3bICK<lHHIO Ha HMymec11Bo Tex JIHU, KoropbIe HXBbIp;aJIH.
HaKoHeIJ., ,lI,JISI Toro, 1JTOObl YCTpaHHTb B03MO}KHOCTb 3a,lI,ep-
}KaHHSI 06BHHSIeMoro noJi. CTpa}KeM oe3 nepeAa1JH Jl.eJIa B cyJI.
O,lI,HH pa3,lI,eJI 3HaMCHHToro Habeas Corpus Act 1679 r. npe)I-
nHCbIBaeT, 1JT06bI 3aKJJIO'1JeHHbIM. ,lJ,eJIO KOToporo He CJIyIIlaJIOCb
-caMoe n03,lI,Hee BO BTOpyIO nOCJJe ero apeCTa ceccHlo cyp;a,
OCB060}K,lI,aJICSI H3 3aKJIIO'leHHSI.
MeHee cepbe3HbIe npa[\OHapYIIIeHHSI He Tpe6YIOT p.JmTeJJb.
HOM npoue,lJ,ypbI rrpe,lJ,BapHTeJIbHOrO CJIe,lI,CTBHSI H OpMaJIbHOrO
cY,lJ,OnpOH3BOJl.CTBa C Y'laCTHeM npHCfDKHbIX. OHH c.nyruaIOTCSI
B nOpSI,lI,Ke ynpomeHHOM rrpOue,lI,ypbI nepeJi. }.1BYMSI MHpOBbIMH
CY,lI,bSIMH (HJIH O,lI,HHM COCTOSImHM Ha }KaJIOBaHHH MarHCTpaTOM),
rrpH'leM cY,lI, npOHcxo.nHT B OObI'lHOM nOMemeHPlH H SIBJISIeTCfI
CY,lI,OM MaJIoM ceCCHH, a no.n06HbIe npecTyrrJIeHHSI Ha3bIBaIOTCH
«npaBOHapYllleHHSIMH CYMMapHOM (HJIH yrrpOIIJ;eHHoij:) npoue-
.nypbI». npoue,lI,ypa HaqHHaeTCSI npOCTbI'M BbI30BOM npaoBoHapy-
IlIHTeJUI. IJ3 cy.n, H TOJIbKO B CJIY\Iac, eCJJH rrOCJIe,lI,HHM He SIBHTCH,
OH MO}KeT ObITb apCCTOBaH H npHHY.IJ:HTC,TIbHO rrpHBe,lI,eH B CYA.
3aTeM npouecc H,lI,eT B OObI1JHOM nOpH,lI,Ke, npHB,TIeKaIOTCH CBB-
CTeJIH 06eHx CTOpOH, H CTOpOHW HJIH HX npe,lI,CTaBHTCJIH nOJIb-
3YIOTCH npaBOM 06pamaTbC5I K cY,lI,y. CaHKUHH, KOTOpbIC Mory1'
6bITb npHMcHeHbI 3THM'H cY,lI,aMH, cCTecTBeHHo, rOpa3,lI,O 60JIee
OrpaHH'leHbI, 'leM caHKUHH, KOTOpbIC MorYT 6bITb npHMcHeHbI
cY,lI,aMH, paccMaTpHBaIOIIJ;HMH AeJJa Ha OCHOBaHHH o6BHHHTc,TIb-
Horo aKTa; 06bIt.IHO npHMoCH5IeMaSI HMH caHKUHSI HC npcBbllllaeT
o}:J:Horo ro.na TIOpcMHoro 3aKJII01JCHHH. Ho cymeCTBycT HHTe-
rJ1ABA VI. 01'UPABJIEHHE llPABOCY)J;HSI
95."
peCHaH rpynna npaBOHapYllleHHM, KOTopbIe TOJIbKO prima facie.
Tpe6YIOT 06BHHHTeJIbHOrO 3KTa npH npe,n:3HHH cy,n:y, HO nplI
OCOObIX 06CTOHTeJJbCTBaX, Ka.K HanpHMep, MOJIO\lI.OCTb OOBHHHe-
Moro, npHBJIeq,eHHe ero K cy,n:y B nepBbIM pa3, a TaK>Ke C co-
rJIaCHH caMoro 06BHHHeMoro, MorYT paCCMaTpHBaTbCH B ynpo-
Il\eHHOM nOp5I,n:Ke. B 3TOM CJIYIlae HaJIaraeMOe HaKa3aHHe MO.>KeT
6bITb 60JIee TH.>KeJIbIM, HO Bce >Ke OHO MeHbme, 1JeM HaKa3aHHe._
KOTopoe BnpaBe HaJIO.>KHTb cy,n:, CJIYIlIaIOIl\HH ,n:eJIa c npHC5I.>K-
HbIMH.
8. XOTH Bce yrOJIOBHble ,n:eJIa Be.n:YTCH HMeHeM KOpOHbI H"
no KpaHHeH Mepe, HOMHHaJIbHO no.n: PYKOBO.n:CTBOM reHepaJ1-
aTTopHeH, KOTOpbIM .n:eMcTByeT 1Jepe3 nocpe,n:cTBo ,D,HpeKTopa
yro,nOBHbIX npeCJJe.n:oBaHHM (Director of Public Prosecutions),
HO $aKTHIlecKH yrOJIOBHble 06BHHeHHH '.u:eJIHTCH Ha .n:Be 60JIb-
IlIHe rpynnbI - rocy.n:apCTBeHHble H IlaCTHble. nepBaH rpynna,
qaCTo iHa3bIBaeMaH rpynnoM «noJIHn;eikiKH npecJIe.n:yevbIx npe-.
cTynJIeHHM», OXBaTbIBa'eT npecTynJIeHHH pa3JIHIlHOM Ba>KHOCTH,
HaIlHHaH 01' npe.n:YMbHII,TIeHHbIX YOHMCTB H .n:a>Ke TaK Ha3bIBae-
MOM TPH3H H KOHIlaH HapYIlIeHHeM 1JHCTO a.n:MHHHCTpaTHBHbIX
npaBHJI 'HJIH MeCTHblX nOCT3HOBJIeHHit He06xo.n:HMOCTb cy.n:e6-
Horo npeCJIe.n:oBaHHH BbITeKaeT 83 co06pa>K.eHHM 06meCTBeHHoro-
nopH.n:Ka, B CJJYIlae >Ke Cepbe3HbIX npecrynJJeHiHM, Kor.n:a YJIIilKH',
HeCOMHeHHbI, Heo6xo.n:HMOCTb npeCJIe,n:OBaHHH no cy.n:y caMa CO-
60M nOHHTHa.
Ho B OqeHb MHOrOIlHCJIeHHbIX CJIY1JaHX npeCJIe.n:OBaHHe Me-
Hee cepbe3HbIX npaBoHapyrneHHM q,aKTHIleCKH OCYIl\eCTBJIHeTcro
llaCTHbIMH JJHl.{aMH, 3aHHTepeCOBaHHbIMH B npeCJJe.n:OBaHHH 33
- npe.n:nOJIaraeMOe . npaBoHapymeHHe JJH60 no JJH1JHbIM npHIlHHaM.
JJH60 no C006pa.>KeHHHM $HJIaHTpOllHIleCKHM H rpa.>K.n:aHCKHM,
npHIleM npeCJIe.n:oBaHHe Be.n:eTcH B 3TOM CJIY1Jae 3a HX CIleT.
KaKOBbI 6bI HH 6bIJIH CTapble B3rJIH.n:bI Ha Bpe.rr.. BbI eKaIOmHii'
H3 cynDKHH1JeCTBa H ll3 noOrn;peHHH C60POB, B AHrJJllH .n:aBH()"
.n:eMcTByeT npaBH,TIO, 'no KOTOPOMY BCHKHM IleJIOBeK MO>KeT npa
H3BeCTHbIX YCJIOBllHX BeCTH yrOJJOBHbIe .n:eJIa 01' HMeHH KOpOHbI.
nO.n:06HaH npaKTHKa He C03.rr.aeT 60JIblllOM onaCHOCTH, Kor.n:a
.n:eJIO ll.n:eT 0 npaBOHapyuIeHllHX, paCCMaTpfiBaeMbIX B ynporn;eH-
HOM nopH.n:Ke, TaK KaK Cy.n:bll MorYT BbIHeCTH nOCTaHOBJIeHHe.
o B03Mern;eHHll yrn;ep6a JIlmy, HeOCHOB3TeJIbHO npHBJJ'eIleHHOMY
K cy.n:y. KpoMe 1'01'0, caM xapaKTep npaBOHapYllleHHM. paCCMaT-
pllBaeMbIX B ynporn;eHHOM nopH.n:Ke, 06bIIlHO He TaKOB, 1JT06bI
HeOCHOBaTeJIbHOe 06BllHeHlle B ero COBepllleHHH MOrJIO lIaHeCTPI
cepbe3HbIM 'Bpe.n: 06BllHHeMOMY.
Ho B CJIYIlae cepbe3HbIX 06BllHeHllM, KOTopble Tpe6yroT
ny6JJllIlHOrO cy.n:a C npHCH.>KHbIMH, npaBO 6e30TBeTCTB-eHHoro
HJIB lIe.n:06poCOBeCTHoro 06BHHHTeJIH nOJIb30BaTbCH HMeHeM KO-
pORbI HeCOMHe'HHO MO}!{er nOCTaBllTb HeBHUOBlioro 1JeJlOBeKa>t
. 96 'IACTb J3TOPA.Il. CY,lI.OYoC'J.'PQfiCTOO Ii OY,lI.OfiPOM3BO,lI.CTBO
B ,OlJ:eHb nnKeJIOe nOJJ02KeHHe H ,lI;a2Ke B cJIylJ:ae ero OnpaB,lI;8-
HHH HaHeCTH eMY HenonpaBHMbIM Bpe,ll;. B 3THX CJJYlJ:aHX, B ,lI;O-
nOJIHeHHe K rpa2K,lI;aHCKoMY Y,lI;OBJIeTBOpeHHIO no HCKY 0 3,TIO-
HaMepeHHoM cY,lI;e6HOM npeCJIle,ll;O'BaHHH (malicious prosecution)
HMelOTCSI eIll,e ,lI;Be npe,ll;OXpaHHTeJIbHbIe MepbI.
OObIlJ:HO caMoii: cepbe3Hoii: rapaHTH>eM C ,lI;aBHIIX BpeMeH
C:IY2KHT OTKa3 Be,ll;YIlI,HX CJIe.zr:CTBHe cy.zr:eoHbIx BJIaCTell npe.zr:aTb
o6auHHeMofo cy.ny, eCJIH OHH C'l:HTaIOT 06BHHe:HHe HeOOOC'H!OBaIW
HbIM. Ho ,lI;a2Ke B 3TOM C,TIYlJ:ae 3HeprHlJ:HbIM OOBHHHTeJIb npe2K,lI;e
Mor HaCTaHBaTb Ha rrepe.zr:alJ:e o6BHHeHHH Ha paccMoTpeHHe60JIb-
moro )KlOpH B TY ceCCHlO, Ha KOTOpOM ,lI;e,TIO ,lI;O,TI2KHO 6bIJIO 6bI
CJIyrnaTbCH. O,ll;HaKO, no 3aKoHY 18"59 r. cY,ll;e6HbIe B,TIaCTH
:ll.OrJIH B ,lI;OBO,TIbHO MHorOlJ:HC,TIeHHbIX C,TIYlJ:aHX He pa3pelllaTb
1 aKOM nepe,ll;alJ:H ,lI;eJIa, eC,TIH TOJIbKO OOBHHHTeJIb 'He ,lI;aBaJI 06ec-
rrelJ:eHHH B TOM, lJ:TO OH ,lI;06y.zr:eT H npe.zr:CTaBHT Ha.zr:,TIe2KaIll,He
,J,oKa3aTeJIbCTBa. TIoC,TIe yrroMHHYTOM BbIllle «paKTHlJ:eCKOM JIHK-
BH.n;aI{HH 60,TIblllOrO 2KlOpH, 3TO 3,TIoyrroTpe6,TIeHHe CY,ll;e6HoiJ
npOI{e,ll;ypOM CTaJIO HeB03M02KHO, TaK lJ:TO «AKT 06 o6BHHeHHHx
B e,TIHX rrpHTecHeHHH» 6bIJI OTMeHeH.
BTopafI li3 ynoMfIHYTbIX npe,ll;OXpaHliTeJIbHbIX Mep ObIJIa
npHHfITa B 1867 r., Kor,ll;a AKT 06 ycoBepllleHcTBoBaHHH yro-
.:roBHoro rrpaBa npe,ll;rrHCaJI, lJ:T06bI npH OrrpaB,lI;aHHJ1 JIHI{a, 00-
BHHeHHoro B rrpaBoHapYIlIeHHH, KOTopoe TpeoyeT OOBHHHTeJIb-
Hal'O 8KT8, Ha OOBJfH.HTeJJH CY,ll;OM MOfJIH 6bITb B03JI02KeHbI cy-
)J.eOHbIe H3.zr:ep2KKH, eCJIH CY,ll; COlJ:TeT, lITO 06BHHeHHe 6bIJ]O He-
060CHOB8HHbIM. 3TO oJIaro.zr:eTe,TIbHOe HapyIlIeHHe rrp!H'H Hna,
rJIaCfIIlI,ero, lITO «KopOHa He nOJIYlIaeT H He BblIT,TIalIHBaeT H3-
.nep2KeK», ObIJIO nO,ll;TBep2K,lI;eHO II pacnpOCTpaH HO Ha, .npyrHe
C l:Y'la" AKTOM 0 cy.zr:e6HbIX H3,l1;ep2KKaX B yrOJIOBHbIX ,lI;,eJIax
1908 r. \
HaM K82KeTCfI QeJIeCOOOpa3HbIM ynoMHHYTb 3.n.eCb 06 O,ll;HOM
cneIlHa,TIbHOM 06CTOHTeJIbCTBe, CBH3aHHOM C yrOJIOBHbIM npo-
u.eCCOM. KTO ObI HH Be,TI 3TH npOI{eCCbI, OHH HHKor.n.a He MorYT
6bITb npeKpaIll,eHbI HJIH OKOHlI'eHbI MHpOM 6e3 cor JIaCHfI KOpOHbI.
3TO npaBHJIO JIOrHlIeCKH BbITeKaeT H3 Toro, lITO Bce yrOJIOBHbIe
.zr:eJIa «popMaJIbHO ClJ:HTaIOTCH «TH2K6aMH KOpOHbI»; XOTH Ha3BaH-
Hoe npaBH.lIO pe,ll;KO C03.n.aeT KaKHe Obi TO HH 6bIJIO 3aTpY,ll;HeHHH
,1,.lIH npHMHpeHlUI CTOpOH (oc06eHHO B .n.'eJIax yrrpOIll,eHHOM npo-
u.eJJ.ypbl, MHOfHe H3 KOTOpbIX «paKTH1JeCKH fIB.TI5nOTCH cnopaMII
\Ie}l{,lI;Y 06BHHHTeJIeM H 06BHHHeMbIM H He BbI3bIBalOTCfI CiTpe-
Ij"IeIHHeM n8Ka3aTb np8BOHapYllIHTeJIH, ,lI;eMCTBYIOIlI,ero B yIll,ep6
06Il1,eCTBY), HO ,lI;,TIfI npeKpaI.qeHHfI JJ:eJIa Bcer.zr:a TpeoyeTcH cor JIa-
CHe MarHCTpaTa. B 60,TIee Cepb'e3HbIX CJIY1JaHX BCHK8H nOnbITKa
K rrpHMHpeHHIO BbI3bIBaeT no.zr:03peHHe cY,ll;a; npeKpaIll,eHHe .neJIa
;:wnYCKaeTCH TO,TIbKO Tor.zr:a, Kor.zr:a cy.zr: ClJ:HTaeT, lITO 06Il1,eCTBO
'DT 3Toro He nOCTpa.zr:aeT. C' .zr:pyroll CTOpOHbI, reHepaJI-aTTOp-
I'JIABA VI. OT:IIPABJIEHIIE np "'BOCY,lJ:IUI
97
HeR BcerAa Mo*eT BwcTynllTb OT llMeHll KOpOHW C 3aHBJIeHHCM
«noJle prosequi» (T. e. 0 Hc*eJIaTCJIbHOCTH npccne.n;oBaHHB),
npHqeM 3TO npaBo npe.n;ocTaB,TIHCTCH eMY .n;a*c B TOM CJlyqac,
KOfJJ.a npCC,TIeAOBaHHe <j>aKTHqeCKH BCACTCH qaCTHbIM JIllIJ.OM.
HaKoHeIJ., Ha.n:o OTMeTHTb, qyO B CJIYIlae <j>eJJOHlln corJIa-
llleHllC, HanpaB,TICHHOC Ha np'eKpaI.IJ.eHHc .n;eJIa, llJIll, KaK rOBopHT
Ha TeXHllqCCKOM H3bIKC, «crOBOp», .n:a*c CCJIH OH HMCJI MeCTO
,lJ,0 HaqaJIa cy.n:e6Horo npCCJIc.n:OBaHllH, He TOJJbKO JIHlli'CH npH-
HYAllTeJIbHOM CHJIbI, HO COCTaBJIHCT yrO,TIOBHOe npaBoHapyme-
HHe. J],a*c 06'bHBJICHHe 0 B03Harpa*ACHllll B c.lIyqac B03BpaTa
:,'Kpa.n:CHHbIX B'eI.IJ.eM C OOCI.IJ.aHllCM «He 3a.n:aBaTb BonpOCOB») HJIll
rro.n:Kyrr, Bblpa*alOI.IJ.llHCH ,B TOM, qTO 3a nOMOUJ;b B 06Hapy*e-
HHll YKpa.n:eHHoro .n:aeTCH OOeI.IJ.aHllC He llCKaTb Bopa, CIlnTalOTCH
110 3aKOHY yrO,TIOBHbIM npecTynJICHllcM.
9. KaK 06I.IJ.ce npaBH,TIO, HllKaKaH .n:aBHOCTb He JIll1lI8CT
KOPOHY npaBa npec c.n:OBaTb npecTynJJeHHH, BO BCHKOM CJIyqae
cepbe3HbIe. ITpHHIJ.Hn rJIaCllT: tempus non occurrit regi. J],CH-
CTBHTe.1JbHO, c*e.n:HeBHbIe ra3eTbI nOCTOHHHO .n:alOT 3aMCTKll 0
38Acp*aHHHx H 0 npe.n:aHHH cy.n:y ,TIIO.n:CM, KOTOpbIM YAaB3JIOCb
YK(JbITbCH OT 611.lITeJIbHOCTR SRKOHR B TeqeHRe 11.eCHTn, flHTHR-
p.IJ.-aTll H .n:a*e oO,TIce JJeT.
E.n:HHcTBeHHoe cYI.IJ.eCTBeHHoe HCK,TIlOq,eHHC ll3 3Toro npa-
BHJIa .n:C,TI8CTCH .TOJIbKO .n:,TIH oOBllHeHHH B Tpll3H, KOTOpbIM He
MO*CT npecJIe.n:OBaTbCH .n:OJIbllIe, qeM B Teq,eHHC Tpex JIeT nOC,TIe
ero COBcpllIeHllH, eCJIH TOJIbKO OH He HOCHJI onpe.n:C,TIeHHOrO
xapaKTcpa nOCHraTeJJbCTB8 Ha JJllqHYIO qeCTb KOpOJIH H eCJIH He
VbIJI COBepllICH ,3a rpaHHIJ.eM, a 3aTeM .n:,TIH .n:CJI 0 60rOXYJIbCTBe
H .n:JIH HCKOTOpbIX cCKcyaJIbHbIX npccTynJJeHHM. Ho, KaK npa-
BHJIO, npaBoH8pYllIeHHH, no.n:JJe*aUJ;lle ynpOI.IJ.eHHOH npOI.{'e.n:ype,
MorYT npCCJIe.n:OBaTbCH JIllllIb B TeqeHHC llIeCTH MeCHIJ.eB nOCJIe
llX COBepllIeHHH.
MHoro He.n:op83YMeHHM BbI3bIBaeT T8K H83bIBaeMaH ceMH-
JleTHHH .n:aBHOCTb .n:,TIH npCCJIeAOBaHHH .n:Boeopat.IHH, T. e. npaBO-
HapyrneHllH, KOTopoe 3aKJIIOqaeTCH B TOM, qTO JIHIJ.O, COCTOR-
llJ.ee B 6paKe, COBepllIaeT OOpH.n: 3aKJIIOQ'CHllH opaKa C .n:pyrllM
.TIllIJ.OM. YKa3aHHaH AaBHOCTb OrpaHllqHBaeTCH Bcero HaBcero
TeMI, qTO B CJIyqae, eCJIH 06B i llHHeMbIH cyMeeT .n;OK3'3.aTb npn-
CH*HhIM, qTO OH llJIH OHa B TeqCHHle ceMoli JJeT He n:weJI H3BecTHH
06 HCQe3HYBllIeM cynpyre,. npHToM B T8KllX YCJIOB1-IHX, tITO
H3BeCTHH OT Hero .n:OJl*HbI ObIwlH ObI npHTTH, eCJIll ObI OR ObI,TI
)KHB, TO 06BllHHeMbIM oCB06o*.n:aeTCH OT KapbI, CJIe.n:yeMoM 3.a
.3,BOeop:aQHe. Ho, eCTeCTBeHHO, QTO BTOpOM TaiK Ha3bIBaeMbIM 6paI<
06'bHBJIHeTCH He.n;eMcTBHTeJJbHbIM.
B TO *c BpeMH Ha.n:o OTqeTJIHBO rrOHHTb, qTO rrpHHIJ.Hn
tempus non occurrit rcgi - HllKOfAa HC C,TIY*HT B AHrJIHH
npc'zI:JlorOM .n:,TIH 3aTHrHBaHHH npCCJIe.n;oBaHHH no yrOJIOBHbIM
7 3a,:. 3848. AHr.'I"fier<ac npaBO.
98 QACTf, BTOPA51. CY;r.J:OYcTrofibTBO II CnWTIrOII3BO)ICTBO
AeJ13I1I cBepx KaKorO-TO pa3Yl\1HOrO H He06xo.n,HMoro cpOKa.
flaMe npH caMbIX THMeJlblX npecTynJleHHHX BCH npo e,ll,ypa
pe,ll,KO ,lI,JlHTCH 60JlblIIe lIIeCTH MeCH eB, eCJlH C'lHTaTb C MO-
MeHTa npHBJle'leHHH 06BHHHeMoro K OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH, B CJIY'lae
Me npaBOHapYlIIeHHll, CY,lI,HMblX B ynpOIl.{eHHOM nopHJJ;Ke, Bee
,lI.eJlo 'laCTO 3aBeplIIaeTCH B Te'leHHe ,lI,BYX HJlH Tpex He,ll,eJIb,
eCJlH TOJlbKO He 6y.neT aneJIJlH I:!H B 'leTBepTHYIO ceCCllfO H
eCJIH ,lI.eJlo He 6Y,lI.e1' mepeAaHo B OKpYMHoH cY,lI., Ta'K KaK TOr,lI.a
ECH npo e,lI.ypa MOMeT HHOr,lI.a 3aTHHYTbCH ,lI,O 4-x MeCH eB.
ECJIH 06B:H'HHeMblll 6Y,lI,eT nbmaTbCH 3aTHHYTb ,lI.eJIO cBepx
3Toro cpOKa, TO OH CKOpO y6e,ll,HTCH, 'lTO, HeCMOTpH Ha He-
,lI.aBHO BBe.neHHwe H3MeHeHI:!H OTHOCHTeJlbHO aneJIJIH HH no yro-
JIOBHblM ,lI,eJlaM, Bce ero YCHJlHH HH K 'leMY He npHBO,ll,HT; C ,lI,PY-
rOll CTOpOHbl, eCJII:! 06BHHI:!TeJlb 06HapYMHT nO,lI.06Hble Me
CTpeMJleHHH, TO eMY 6Y,lI.eT npOTHBonOCTaBJleHO npaBO 06Blllme-
Moro, OCHOBaHHoe Ha npo e,lI.ype Habeas Corpus Tpe60BaTb
JIH60 CKoporo cY,lI.a, Jln60 oCB060M,lI,eHHH. B O,ll,HOM H3 TCX
HCMHorHX yr()JJOBHbIX JI;eJJ 1 KOTopble B nOCJle,lI.HHe rOAbl ,lI,OXO-
AHJIH ,lI.0 flaJiaTbl JIOp,ll,OB, BCH npo e.ll.ypa, BKJJIO'laH If pelIIeHHe,
BbIHeceHHoe n<1JIaTOll, 6blJla 3aBeprneHa B Te'leHHe BOCbl\UI
MeCH eB, C'lHT,a.H C MOMeHTa coneplIIeHHH npecTynJleHI:!H, XOTH
3a 3TO BpeMH HMeJIH MeCTO napJlaMeHTCKI:!e KaHI:!KYJIbI. MOMHO
co BceH crrpaBe.n.J1I:!BOCTbIO CKa3aTb npo aHrJlI:!iicKYIO yro"loBHYID
IOCTH I:!IO, 'lTO KaKOBbI 6b! HI:! 6bIJlI:! ee He.ll.OCTaTKI:! B npOIIIJlOM,
OHa He 3aTHrI:!BaeT rrpeCJIie,ll,.oBafII:!H ,lI.OJlbrne, 'leM 3TO a6COJJIOTHO
ffIeo6xo.ll.I:!MO .lI. lm 06ecrre'leHI1H Tr.u:aTeJI.bHoro I:! xopomero
CJI}'lIIaHHH ,lI,eJla B cY,ll,e. 9TOT 6eccnopHbIH pe3YJJbTaT ,lI,JJHHHOrO
pH,lI,a pecj:JopM Bce Me rJlaBHblM 06pa30M .n.OCTHrHYT 6J1arO.ll.apH
rrOCTenCHHOMY YCTpaHeHI:!IO cj:JopMaJJbHOCTeH, KOTOpb!C n Te'leHHE"
BeKOB .n.eJIa.rIH IOCTI:! HIO lIIaTIwA H HCBepHOH.
10. .DPyraH rropa3HTeJ1bHaH oc06eHHOCTb aHrJlHMcKoro yro-
JIOBHOro CY.lI.OrrpOI:!3BO.ll.CTBa 3aKJIIO'laeTCH B TOM, 'lTO 06Bl:IlfHe-
Moro HeJIb3H n06YM.naTb K I:!306J1HII,eHHIO caMoro ce65I. 9TO
rrpaBHJlO HaXO,ll,I:!TCH B pe3KoM npoTHBOpe'lI:!I:! C I:!HKBI:!3I:! I:!OHHOH
cHcTeMoM MHorHX cTpaH, KOTopaH CTaBI:!T ce6e rJIaBHOM 3a.n.a-
'leM BblpBaTb rrpI:!3HaHHe y 06BHHHeMoro. Ti3 OCHOBHoro rrpHH-
UHna aiHrJI'HMCKOI'O npaB8 JIOrU'leCKH CJJe.ll.yeT, 'lTO npI:! BCHKOM
06m1Hem1H KaKOrO-JIH60 JlI:! a B HenpaBO'\1epHo'\I rrocTynKe KaK
B 06J1aCTH yrOJlOBHOM, TaK I:! rpa:xmaHcKoll. HMeeTCH rrpe3YMrr-
HH ero HeBHHOBHOCTH, nOKa He 6y.n.eT .lI.OKa3aHO npOTI:!BHoe.
.DaMe .n.06pOBOJlbHble rrpH3HaHHH I:!JlI:! «YTBepM.lI.eHHH» 06BHHH -
Moro rrpHHHMaIOTCH C BeJlHqaMlIIeM OCTopmKHOCTbIO; BCHKaH nQ-
nWTKa co CTOPOHW peBHOCTHWX qHHOBHHKOB 3anyraTb rrO.ll.03pe-
BaeMoro .n.JlH Toro, qT06b! OH npH3HaJJCH B CBoeM BI:!He, BCTpe-
'IaeT cypOBoe rrpOTFIBO,ll,eMCTBne cy.neM, H .nOCTHrHYTble 3TH'"
nYTeM pe3YJJbTaTbI CqHTalOTCH HMH He.n.eMCTBHTeJlbHbIMI:!. Ko-
rJD.BA VI. OTnPAB.ITEHIIE nPABOCY):J)IH
99
HeqHO, ,lI,06pOB0J1bHOe rrpH3H3HHe 06BHHHeMbIM cBoeii BHHbI H3
cY,lI,e, OC06eHHO eCJ1H OHO C,lI,eJ13HO rro COBeTY 33llJ,HTbI, He 6y-
,lI,eT OTBeprH)'TO, HO B cepbe3HbIX CJ1yq3HX CY,lI, rrpHMeT era
C OCTOP0)KHOCTblO.
BOJ1ee Toro, COBCeM ,lI,O He,ll,3BHerO BpeMeHH 06Bl:IHHeMOMY
He p33pernaJ10Cb ,lI,a)Ke ,lI,aBaTb rrOKa3aHl:IH rrpH c.nyrnaHHH ero
,lI,eJ1a B cY,lI,e l:I3 orraceHHH, qT06b! rrpH rrepeKpeCTHOM ,lI,orrpoce
OH He YXY,ll,rnl:lJ1 CBOH rnaHCbI Ha 6J1arOrrpHHTHbIM HCXO,ll, ,lI,eJJa.
EMY pa3pernaJ10Cb rrOK33bIBaTb 6e3 rrpl:lCHrl:l, rrpl:lqeM 3TH rrOKa-
3aHl:ISI He MOrJ1H 6bITb rrpe,ll,MeTOM rrepeKpeCTHoro ,lI,orrpoca.
AKT 0 ,lI,OK33aTeJ1bCTBaX no yr0J10BHbIM ,l],teJ1aM 1898 r. He-
CMOTpSI Ha Muoro Bb!3B3HHb!X HM OrraCeHl:IM OTMeHHJ1 3TO rrpa-
BHJ10; 06Bl:IHSIeMbIM BrrepBbIe 6bIJ10 pa3perneHo ,lI,aBaTb ,lI,06po-
BOJIbHbIe rrOKa3aHHSI rro,ll, rrpl:lCSIrOM, eCJ1l:1 OHl:I )KeJ1aIOT. flpl:l
,lI,aqe TaKl:IX rroKa3aHHH OHH MorYT rrO,ll,BepraTbcSI rrepeKpecT-
UOMY ,lI,orrpocy, O,ll,HaKO (3a HCKJ1lOqeHl:IeM HeKoTopbIX OC06bIX
c.nyqaeB) nOCJ1e,ll,HHM He ,lI,OJ1)KeH CTaBHTb ce6e lJ,eJ1blO 06H3PY-
)KeHH,e ,lI,YPHOM perrYTalJ,HH 06BHHSIeMoro HJ1H ero yr0J10mIOrO
rrpornJ1oro. KpoMe Toro, 06BHHHTeJ11O He pa3pernaeTCSI ,lI,eJ1aTb
He6J1arOrrpHSITHbIe ,lI,J1SI 06Bl:IHSIeMOro BbIBO,ll,bI H3 Toro c)JaKTa,
qTO rrOCJ1e,ll,Hl:IM OTKa3bIBaeTCSI BOCrrOJIb30BaTbCSI HOBbIMl:I rrpa-
BaMH, rrpe,ll,OCTaBJ1eHHbIMH eMY 3aKOHOM, XOTSI CY,lI,bSI MO)K'eT,
eCJ1H COqTeT H}')KHbIM, 06paTHTb Ha 3TO BHHMaHHe rrpl:lCSI)KHbIX.
H3KOHelJ" )KeHe TOJ1bKO B cpaBHHTeJ1bHO pe,ll,Kl:IX C.nyq3SIX pa3-
pelIlaeTCSI ,lI,aBaTb rrOKa3aHHSI rrpOTHB MY)Ka. K CO)KaJ1eHHIO.
rrOKa Borrpoc, rrOBH,lI,HMOMY, OCTaeTCSI OTKpbITbIM - MO)KHO J1a
Bo06llJ"e l:I B KaKl:IX l:IMeHHO CJ1YQaHX rr06Y)K,lI,aTb ee K 3TOMY.
11. B HaQaJ1e HaCTOSIllJ,eM rJ1aBbI 6bIJ10 YKa3aHo, QTO BC5I-
KOMY T5I)KYllJ,eMYC5I ,lI,aeTC5I rrpaBO 6bITb rrpe,ll,CTaBJ1eHHb!M rrpH
cY,lI,orrpoH3BO,ll,CTBe orrbITHbIM COBeTHl:IKOM. rJ1aBHbIH He,ll,OCT3TOK
:onoro HeCOMHeHHO xopornero rrpaBHJ1a 3aKJ1IOQaeTC5I B T.OM, QTO
OHO [ljpHHOCl:IT n0J1b3y 60raTbIM, a He 6e;n:HbIM, rrOCKOJlbKY Te, y
KOTOpbIX eCTb cpe,ll,CTBa, J1erQe ,lI,06Y,lI,YT rrpaBOBble COBeTbI,
IIeM Te, Y KOTOpbIX l:IX HeT. .Do cpaBHHTeJ1bHO He,ll,aBHero Bpe-
MeHl:I 3TOT He,ll,OCTaTOK, XOT5I l:I He HrHOpl:lpOBaJ1C5I rrOJ1HOCTblO.
HO rrpl:lHl:IMaeMbIe npOTl:IB Hero MepbI 6bIJ1H He BrrOJ1He ,lI,OCTaT01I-
HbIMl:I; K 3THM MepaM OTHOCHJ1aCb, HarrpHMep, 065I3aTeJ1bHa5I 3a-
IUHTa (<<dock brief»), Ha KOTOpylO lWJ1)KeH 6bIJ1 COrJ1aCl:ITbCH
JIlO60M a,ll,BOKaT, rrpHcYTcTBYIOllJ,l:Ill rrpH c.nyrnauHH ,lI,eJIa C rrpil-
CH)KHbIMH, Ha YCJ10BHHX BeCbMa CKpO>MiHOrO rOHopapa B O,ll,UY
rl:lHelO. O,ll,Hal\OO B 1903 r. 6bIJJ rrpHHHT AKT 0 33llJ,l:ITe He,ll,O-
CTaTOQHbIX 3aKJIIOQeHHb!X, KOTOpbIH ynOJIHOMOQWI cY,lI,e6HbIe
BJ1aCTH, rrpe,ll,3BlIIl:Ie 06BHHHel\wfo cY,lI,Y, H CY,lI,blO, c.'1yrn31OllJ,erO
,lI,eoi'IO, Y,lI,OCTOBepHTb, QTO 06Bl:IHHe bIii B mlTepecax rrpaBocy-
,lI,HH HY}K,lI,aeTCSI B 3allJ,HTel:l lITO Y Hero lIeT ,lI,OCTaTOQHbIX ,lI,.'1SI
3Toro Cpe.nCTB Bc.le.llCTBl:Ie :onoro 06BHHSIeMbiM nO.lIYQa,eT 3a-
T-
100 ACTI> BTOPAH. CY,IJ:OYCTPOfiCTBO II OY,IJ:OnpOII3Bo,IJ:CTBO
rn;l:ITHHKa l:I CO.'IHCHTOpa, rrpl:lqeM HX YMepeHHbIe rOHopapbI rro-
Kpb!BaIOTCSI 3a CqeT cpe.zr.cTB rpac)JcTBa. MbI yrroMHHaJIH TaK)Ke
o rOpa3,lI,0 60JIee llIl:lpOKHX npaBl:IJIaX, He,lI,amIO YCTaHOBJIeHHbIX
AKTOM 06 H3,lI"ep)KKaX B yrOJIOBHbIX ,lI,eJI3X 1908 r. no .3TOMY
3aKoHY cy.zr., paccMaTpHBaIOrn;HH ,lI,e.TIO, KOTopoe Tpe6yeT 06Bl:IHH-
T'"eJIbHOrO aKTa rrpl:l rrpe,lI,aHl:Il:I cy,lI,Y, MO)KeT pacnopSI,lI,HTbCSI 0
nOKpWTHl:I H3,lI,ep)KeK 06BHHl:ITeJISI l:IJIH 06BHHfleMoro HJIl:I 060HX
sa cqeT Cpe,lI,CTB rpac)JCTBa. KpOMe Toro, cY,lI, MO)KeT rrOCTaHO-
BHTb, qTo6bI oCY)K,lI,'eHHbIM, a B HeKoTopbIX c.rryqaSIX H HeY,lI,aq-
JI!HBbIH 06BHHl:ITeJIb B03MeCTl:IJ]l:I rpac)JCTBY CYMMY, yrrJIaqeHHYIO
l:IM ,lI,JISI rrOKpWTl:ISI CY,lI,eOHWX H3,lI,ep)KeK 06Bl:IHl:ITeJISI l:IJIH orrpaB-
,lI,aHHOrO rrO,lI,cY,lI,HiMoro. O,lI,HnJKO rrpl:l aneJI.nnUHlH rro yrOJIOBHbIM
,lI,eJIaM He ,lI,OrrYCKaeTCSI B03Mern;eHHH H3,lI,ep)KeK. He,lI,aBHO rrpe.n.-
rrHCaHl:IH AKTa 1903 r. 6bIJIH TaK paCIIIl:lpeHbI, '11'0 Terrepb rrpa-
BOBaH rrOMOrn;b rrpe,lI,OCTaBJISIeTCSI 06BHHSIeM{)MY ,lI,a)Ke B rrepl:lo,lI,
rrpe,lI,Bapl:lTeJIbHoro C.,'Ie,lI,CTBl:ISI. rIpl:l 06BHHeHl:Il:I Koro-HH6Y,lI,b
B rrpe,lI,YMbUllJIeHHOM y6l:1MCTBe, BbI,lI,alJa «y,lI,OCTOBepeHl:ISI Ha 3a-
rn;l:ITY» 06H3a Te_'IbHa.
12. HaKoHeu. na,lI,O yrroMHHYTb ern;e 06 O,lI,HOM npaBl:IJIe
cY,lI,OrrpOl:l3BO,lI,CTBa. KOTopoe TaK)Ke crreUl:IaJIbHO OTHOCHTCfI
K yrOJIOBHbIM ,lI,eJIaM. OHO I"JIaCMT, lITO B Tex c.rryqaSIX, K{)r,lI,a
3aKOH He YCTaHaB l:IBaeT TOlJHOrO pa3Mepa HaKa3aHl:IH ,lI,JIH Ka -
,lI,oro npeCTYII.'Iemm 'B OT,il,e.1JbHOCTH. OH 06bl'J.H0 )'Ka3bIBaeT
MaKcl:IMaJibHYIO CaHKUl:IIO, a nopoH l:I MHHI1, MaJlblIYIO B rrpe,lI,eJIax
KOTOpbIX CY,lI,bSI Mo eT ,lI,eHCTBOBaTb rro c06cTBeHHoMY YCMor-
peHHIO.
MbI He 6Y,lI,eM 3.neCb KacaTbCH Borrpoca 0 UeJIH HaKa3aHHiJ
HJm BorrpOCa 0 pa3HbIX 'Bl:IJJ.ax Ha l Ka3mmM, B03JIaraeMbIX Ha Ha-
PYIIIHl'eJIeli yrOJIOBHOrO rrpaBa; 3TH TeMb! 6Y,lI,YT HeCKOJIbKO
60JIbille OCBern;eHbI B O,lI,HOH H3 CJIe.nYIOll.Ll:IX r JIaB. Celiqac MbI
HHTepecyeMCH TOJlbKO rrpoue,lI,ypOH orrpe,lI,eJJeHl:IH pa3Mepa HaKa-
SaHl:IH.
MbI y)J{e OTMeTHJIl:I .nBa nYHKTa, HMemlO, '11'0: 1) rrpHroBop
BbIHOCl:ITCSI l:I or "-Iallra.eTCSI Cy.nbeI':i: HJJH npe.n.ce)J.a TeJIbCTBYIOrn;l:IM
Marl:lCTpaTOM (a He rrpl:l('SI)KHbIMH) H '11'0 2) 3a HCKJTIOqeHl:IeM
HeMHorHX c.TIyqaeB, H3 KOTOpbTX caMbTe cyrn;ecTBeHHbIe .31'0-
Tpl:l3H l:I npe,lI,YMbIIIIJIeHHOe y6l:1MCTHO (KOr,lI,a ,lI,O.'I)J{eH 6bITb Bbl-
HeceH CMepTHbIM rrpHrOBOp), YCMOTpeHHe CY,lI,bI:I l:IJIl:I MarHCTpaTa
.neMcTByeT B orrpe,lI,eJIeHHbIX rrpe,lI,eJIax, KOTopbIe B 60JIbIlll:lHCTBe
CJIyqaeB orrpe,lI,eJISIIOTCfl YCTaHOBJIeHHbIM MaKCFlMYMOM HaKa3a-
Hl:ISI. npl:l l:ICrrO_'Ib30BaHl:IH 3Toro rrpaBa YCMOTpeHHSI CY,lI,bFl H
MarHCTpaTbI ,lI,OJI)KHbI FlCrrbITbIBaTb BeJIHlJaMWee qYBCTBO OTBeT-
CTBeHHOCTH. Y CJIOBHH rrpeCTyrrJleHFlH H caMH rrpecTyrrHl:IKl:I TaK
paSJIHlJHbI, '11'0 eCJIH C5b! saKOH ,lI,aBa.rr TBep,lI,YIO IllKa.TIY H3Ka3a-
HHH, TO 31'0 C03,lI,aBaJIO ObI orpOMUYIO uecrrpaBe,lI,JJHBOCTb. BbIJIO
6bI, H npHMep, rpy60ii HecnpaBe,lI,.rrHBOCTbIO H3JIO HTb O,lI,I:IHa-
r.JJ1ABA VI. OTIIPABJIEIIHE IIPABOC ',r.(lm
101
KOBoe HaKa3aHHe H3 CbITOrO 6e3L{eJIbHHKa, KOTOpbIII YKpaJI-
KYCOK MHCa H3 MSICHOH JIaBKH TOJIbKO H3-3a aJIqHOCTH H Ce6H-
JIl06HH, H Ha 6eL{HYIO )KeHII(HHY, KOTOpaH YKpaJJa, qT06b! Cna,CTH
CEoero pe6eHKa OT rOJIOL{HOM CMepTH. D03TOMY -3aKOH, OrpaHl:I-
'mBaH 06b!qHO YCMoTpeHl:Ie CYL{bl:l B TaKHX Bonpocax H3BeCT-
HbIMH npeL{e.1aMH, OCTaBJIHeT eMY L{OCTaTOqHO llIHpOKHM IIpO-
CTOp. HecoMHeHHo, qTO IIOL{06HaH npaKTl:IKa HMeeT CBOH olIac-
Hble CTOpOHbI, B ooo6eHHocTH nOToMY, qTO OHa CTaBHT TOqHbIM
pa3Mep HaKa3aHHH B 3aBHCl:IMOCTb OT paCIIOJIO)KeHl:IH, OlIbITa H
IIpOHHIJ:aTeJIbHOCTH Ka)KL{oro OTL{eJIbHOrO CYL{bH. He JIHilleHO
Onq'ClHOCTH H 110' np<J!BHJIO, Bce elI(e He OTiMeHeHIHoe, '11'0 CpOK
TlOpeMHoro 3aKJIlOqeHHH, Ha3HaqaeMOrO B Bl:IL{e HaKa3aHl:ISI 3a TaK
Ha3bIBaeMbIM Ml:ICL{l:IMHHOp, HanpaBJIeHHbIM npOTHB 06lI(ero npaBa,
OpMaJIbHO HH'leM He OrpaHHqeH; HO 3Ta onaCHOCTb aKTHqeCKH
YCTpaHHeTCH 6JIarOL{apH cYlI(eCTByrolI(eMY 06blqalO, KOTOpbIM
(KaK C0061I(l:IJIH aBTOpy) npl:lMeHHeTc IIOqTH nOBceMeCTHO Ii 3a-
KJIIO'laeTCH B orpaHH£IeHHH TlOpeMHoro 3aKJIIO'leHl:IH L{a)Ke no
cepbe3HbIM L{eJIaM Bcero L{BYMH rOL{aMH.
TIPABHJ1A, OTHOC5IIIlHEC5I TOJ1bKO K rPA/KAAHCKHM AEJ1AM
13. OL{Ha H3 caMblX cYlI(eCTBeHHblx pa3Hl:II.!, Me)KL{Y yro-
JIOBHbIM H rpa)KL{aHCKHM npOI.!,eCCOM 3aKJIlOqaeTCH B TOM, £ITO
rpa)KL{aHCKOe L{eJIO MO)KeT 6bITb HaqaTO 6e3 npeL{IlleCTBYlOlI(erO
HJIH IIpeL{BapHTeJIbHOrO L{03HaHl:IH 0 TOM, OCHOBaTeJIbHbI JIH _ 06-
BHHeHHH, Ha KOTOpbIX OHO 6a3HPyeTCH. fOBOpH B 061I(eM opMe,
BCHKHH qeJIOBeK MO)KeT HaqaTb rpa)KL{aHCKOe L{eJIO npOTl:IB
L{Pyroro JIl:I I.!, a, npH'leM HeT HHKaKOH HaL{06HOCTH YL{OCTOBe-
pHTbCH B TOM, qTO BbIL{BHHYTble HM OCHOBaHHH HCKa He HB-
JIHIOTCH B BbICilleM CTeneHH JIerKOMbICJIeHHbIMH H He06oCHOBaH-
HbIMH. 9Ta oco6eHHOCTb rpa)KL{aHCKoro npOI.!,eCca OTqaCTH 06'b-
HCHHeTCH TeM COBepIlleHHO O'leBl:IL{HbIM 06CTOHTeJlbCTBOM, qTO
B HeM 06BHHl:ITeJJb l:IJIl:I HCTeI.!, He nOJIb3yeTcH MOII(HbIM Mexa-
HH3MOM, KOTOpbI1\I paCIIOJJaraeT KopoHa, HO BblcTynaeT H .n;eH-
CTByeT OT c06CTBeHHoro l:IMeHl:I l:I Ha co6CTBeHHbIll pl:lCK. KpoMe
Toro, OH>a BbITeKaeT l:I3 Toro elI(e 60.ilee CYlI(eCTBeHHoro yc.'lO-
Bl:IH, qTO, KaK 6bI HH 6bIJIl:I CKaHL{aJIbHbI HeKOTOpble Bl:IL{bI rpa-
)KL{aHCKlli'X HClKOB,' O)I,l103HOCTb HX L{,;1H JIHI.!" KOTOpbE\I OHH
npeL{'bHBJIeHbI, He MO)KeT, 3<1. l:ICK.'lIO'lCHHeM peL{Kl:IX CJIY'laeB,
cpaBHHTbCH C 0L{H03HOCTblO npHBJIe'leHHH K CYJl.Y no cepbe3HOMY
yrOJIOBHOMY L{eJIY. C L{pyroH CTOpOHbI, qpe3BbIqallHO Ba)KHOe
3HaqeHHe TOiro Cl1K1'a, £ITO BCHKHll qeJIOEieiK, Cql:lTalOllJ:l:Ill ce6H
06l:1)KeHHbIM, HMeeT B03MO)KHOCTb HCKaTb YL{OBJIeTBOpeHHH cBoeH
06HL{bI 'B cY)I,e, a He npH6eraTb K HaCl:lJIhCTBeHHOll paCnp<l.Be,
3aCTaB.!JHeT npeOL{O.1JeBaTb Bce H3.'I02KeHHble C006pa)KeHHH.
102 QACTI, 'I3TOPA5L O'}1.0YCTPOitOTBO 1I m',il,onpOlJ3Bo;'J,CTBO
TeM He MeHee, B HeKOTopbIX HeMHOrOtIIiC.1eHHbIX CJIYtIa5IX
3aKOH YtIIiTbIBaeT, 'ITO npe,ll,n5IBJIeHIie Heo60CHOBaIIHbIX npIiT5I-
3aHHM B rpmK,lI,aHCKIiX ,lI,eJIax conpOBOm,ll,aeTC5I 60JIbIllHMl:I T5I-
rOTaMl:I ,lI,JIH OTBeTtIl:IKa. IT03TOMY, HanpHMep, KOrt.l,a Cpe,ll,CTBa
06ll.1,eCTBa C OrpaHHtIeHHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTblO ero tIlIeHOB IIe-
,lI,OCTaTOqHbI ,lI,JI5I B03Mell.l,eHl:IH OTBeTql:lKY CY,lI,e6HbIX l:I3,l1,epmeK,
B CJIyqae, eCJm 06ll.1"eCT'BO 6Y,lI,eT npl:lCY)l{,lI,eHO K IiX ynJIaTe, TO
HC OBoe 3a5IBJIeHl:Ie 3Toro 06ll.1,eCTBa npl:lOCTaHaBJIHBaeTC5I ,lI,O
Tex nop, nOKa OHO IIe BHeceT 06eCneqeHH5I B l:IX ynJIaTe; TOqHO
11aK )Ke HCTI.I,bI, OObIqHO npO)l{l:IBalOll.I,'l!:e 3a npe,ll,e.TJJaMl:! IOpHC,lI,HK-
l.I,UH cY,ll,a (T. e. BIIe AIIrJIlm), MorYT 6bITb npiIHY)l{.1.I,eIIbI K BHP-
CeIIl:IlO TaKoro 06eCneqeIIl:IH. CJIa60YMHbIe Ii IIecOBepIlleHlIOJIeT-
Hl:Ie 'MorYT npeJI.n5IBJI5IT'b l:ICKH B cY,lI,e TOJJhKO llMeHeM CBOHX one-
'KYHOB HJIH 3aCTYDtHIHKOB, npl:l 3TOM onCKYHbI H 3acTynHl:IIKIi 01'-
SetI:aIOT 3a ynJIary CY,lI,e6HbIX l:I3)J,ep)l{eK OTBeTqlllKa ,B c.nyqae,
eCJIl:I il:l'CTeu: 6Y,lI,eT npJ1CY)K,lI,eH K l:IX ynJIaTe. Tpe60BaHIie, [10 KO-
TOpOMI)' BbIiHeceHO peIlleHl:Ie B CJIY'Iae OCnOpe'fIHOro HCKa, He MO)l{eT
6bITb CHOBa 'B036Y:tK.1.I,eHO nOC,fI<e,ll,YlOll.I,liM liOROM Me)K,lI,y Te'Ml:I me
CTopOlHa'Ml:I. B 3TOM CJJY'Iaoe HaJIliU:O res judicata. HaKoHeu:, npl:l
HCKe l:I BCHKOM npou:e.1.l,ype, HBHO JIerKOMbICJIeHHOlI l:IJIH cYTHmHl:I-
tIeCKOH, CY,ll, MO:tKeT no cBoeMY YCMoTpeHlilO npeKpaTl:ITb 3TY
npou:c,lI,YPY, KaK Heo60cHoBaHHYIO.
14. 113 COBepIlleHHO qaCTHoro XapaKTepa rpa:tK,lI,aHCKl:IX
,lI,eJI CJIe,ll,yeT TaK:tKe, q1'O OHl:I MorYT 6hITb B JIlO60H MOMeHT
npeKpaU.I,eHbI CTopOHaMH HJIH 3aKOHqeHbI l:IX npHMl:IpeHl:IeM. JI.JIH
3Toro He Tpe6yeTC5I pa3peIlleHl:I5I cy.n.a, eCJIl1 TOJIbKO CTOpOHhI
He XOT5IT, qTo6bI CY,ll, YTBep,ll,HJI YCJIOBH5I cor JIaIlleHH5I, T. e.
npH.1.I,aJJ HM CIiJIY CY,lI,e6HOrO pemeHl:I5I. 1\ TaKl:IM npocb6aM CY.1.I,b5I
06bI'IHO OTHOCl:ITCH He TOJJbKO He 6e3pa3JIHIIHO, HO ,lI,a:tKe 6JIaI'\o-
:tKeJIaTeJIbHO; nopoH OH npIiHHMaeT ,lI,e5ITeJIbHOe yqaCTl:Ie B npl:l-
MHpeHHIi, yroBapl:lBa5I CTOpOIIbI pa3peml:lTb CBOIi pa3HOrJIaCIi5I
nYTeM COrJIameHIiH. E,lI,HHCTBeHHoe cepbe3Hoe l:ICKJIIOqeHIie l:I3
3Tvro npaBHJI3 COCTaBJJJJ.eT TOT CJIyqaH, KOr,ll,a CY,ll,bSI nO,ll,03pe-
BaeT, qTO rpam,ll,aHCKIiH npou:ecc CJIY:tKIiT JIHillb (KaK 31'0 l:IHOr,ll,a
6hIBaeT) npHKpbITHeM ,lI,lm III a HTa:tK a HJJH npeCJIe,ll,yeT ,lI,pyrHe
HenpaBOMepH e u:eJIH. B 3TOM CJIyqae OH He TOJIbKO He CO,ll,eM-
cTByeT npHMHpeHHIO, HO ,lI,aeT pacn:op5I:tKeHHe nepec.1JaTb ,lI,OKy-
MeHTbI KopOJl'eBCKOMY npOKTOpy, HJIll LI.l:IpeKTOpy yrOJIOBHhIX
npeCJIe,!I:OBaHHH ,lI,JI5I Toro, 'IT06bI 3TH ,lI,OJI:tKHOCTHble JIl:Iu:a y,ll,O-
CTOBepHlmCb B TOM, HeT JIIi B ,lI,aHlJiOM c.nyqae OCHOBaHIiH ,lI,JI5I
yrOJJOBHOrO npeCJJe,ll,OBaHH5I HJIH ,lI,lm ,lI,pyrHx Mep CO CTOpOHbI
KOpOHhI. 91'0 c.nyqaeTC5I oc06eHHo qaCTO npl:l 6paKOpa3BO,ll,HbIX
,lI,eJIax, KOTopbIe XOTH )OpMaJIhHO l:I npIiHa,ll,JIe}!{aT K rpa:tK,lI,aH-
CKliM ,lI,eJIaM, HO OTJIl:IqaIOTC5I HeKOTopbIMH oc06eHHOCT5IMH.
cBorfcTlBeHHbIMH yroJIloBHOMY !I1pop.eccy. 06 3110M 6Y,ll,eT CKaGa.uo
B cooTBeTcTBYlOll.I,eMl !MeCTe.
;PJL BA VI. OTilPABaEHIIE IIPABOCYL(HH
103
3AeCb, OAHaKO, Ha,lJ,Jle2KHT ynoMHHYTb 06 OAHOM Bonpoce,
liMeIOw.eM HeKoTopoe npaKTHqeCKOe H TeOpeTHqeCKOe 3HaqeHHe
B CBH3H C npOOJIeMOM pa3JIHqHH Me2K.D:Y yrOJIOBHbIM H rpa2K.D:aH-
CKHM npoueccaMH.
npeAno"102KHM, qTO KaKoe-HH6Y,ll,b ,lI,elrCTBHe B O,ll,HO H TO
.2Ke BpeMH npe,ll,CTaBJIHeT yrOJIOBHOe npaBOHapYllIeHHe H npH-
'IHHHeT rpa2K,lI,aHCKl:Ili Bpe,ll,. HanpHMep A BCTpeTHJI B TeMHOR
HO'IbIO Ha 6e3J1IO,ll,HOM ,lI,opore, HanaJI Ha Hero H nOnbITaJICH
orpa6HTb. 5ICHO, 'ITO A Bl:IHOBeH KaK B yrioJIOBHOM npaBoHapy-
meHHH, TaK H B npH'IHHeHl:IH rpa2K,lI,aHCKOro Bpe,ll,a. "M02KeT .'1l:1 B
npe,ll,'bHBHTb l:ICK no npHqHHeHHoMY eMY Bpe,ll,y, npe2K,lI,e 'IeM
KopoHa OCY.D:HT A 3a yrOJIOBHOe npecTynJIeHl:Ie, HMeHHO 3a c)Je-
JIOHHIO. JIerKO Il10HHTb, nO'IeMY B03HHK 3TOT Bonpoc. 06a 3TH
npouecca npe,ll,CTaBJIHIOT C060M KaK 6bI OTnpbICKH CTaporo
«npec.'1e,ll,OBaHl:IH 3a c)JeJIOHllIO» (appeal of felony), KaK 3TO
paHbllIe Ha3bIBaJIOCb; B Te'IeHHe CTOJIeTHM 06e 3TH npoue,ll,ypbl
cOBepllIaJIl:ICb D,lI,HOBpeMeHHO, npl:l'IeM Me2K,lI,y HHMH He 6bIJIO
npOBe,ll,eHO HHKaKl:IX onpe,ll,eJIeHHblX rpaHHU. CBepx Toro, Bonpoc
OCJI02KHl:IJJ'CH ew.e TpeMH 06CTOHTeJJbCTBa I MH, 'HMeHHO TeMI, 'ITO
1) ,lI,O 1870 r. cyw.ecTBoBa.'1 TaKoi1 nOpH.D:10K, qTO eC.'1H A 6bIJI
oOBHHeH B yrOJIOBHOM npeCTynJIeHl:Il:I (<<3acTHrHYT» - attained,
KaK TOr,ll,a rOBOpl:lJIH), TO ero ,lI,BH2KHMOCTb KOHc)JHCKOBaJJaCb
B no.!Jb3Y KOpOHbI, a BCH He,ll,Bl:I2KHMOCTb OTnHCbIBaJIaCb ero
.'10P,ll,y; 'ITO 2) 6bIJIO HeB03M02KHO n03BOJJl:ITb A OOOcHoBbIBaTb
CBOH B03pa2KeHl:IH npOTl:IlB rpa2K,lI,aHCKOro HCKa B CBOHCTBeH-
HblMH eMY A npeCTynHblMl:I 'HaKJIOH'H'OCT5I'MH H lITO 3) B aHrJl'HM-
CKOM yrOJIOBHOM npouecce HeT MeCTa npe,ll,CTaBHTeJIIO rpa2K,lI,aH-
CKoro HCKa, KaK B HeKOTopbIX KOHTIIHeHT8JIbHbIX CHCTeMa:x:
:Yf'OJJOBHOrO npaBa. fIo H3JOC)2KeHHbIM, a TaK2K:e H no ,lI,pyrHM
npHlJl:IHaM, Bonpoc OCTaBaJICH HeHCHbIM BnJIOTb )1,0 He,ll,aBHerO
BpeMeHH. Tenepb 3aKOH n03BOJIHeT CTopoHe, nOTepneBllIen Bpe,ll"
npe,ll,'bHBJJHTb rpa2K.D:aHCKHR HCK H 3anpew.aeT OTBeTlJl1I!Ky CCbI-
.1aTbCH Ha c£oe npecTynJIeHHe KaK Ha B03pa2KeHHe npOTHB
Hero; HO CY,ll,bH, CJIYllIaIOIl.Ll:IH rpa2K:,lI,aHCKOe .D:eJIO, Y3HaB 06
ero OOCTOHTeJIbCTBaX, 06H3aH OTJI02Kl:ITb 3TO ,lI,eJJO ,lI,O Tex nop,
TIOKa KopOHa He paCCMOTpl:lT ,lI,eJIO 06 YDOJIOBHOM npecTynJIeHl:IH.
3TOT npl:lHUHn He npl:lMeHHeTCH K MeJIKHM npaBOHapYllieHIUIM,
H3BeCTHbIM no,ll, Ha3BaHl:IeM MHC,lI,HMHHOp.
15. TO£IHO TaK)!{.e l:Il\feeTCH 60JIbllIOe pa3J1IfIme Me2Kl1.Y HOp-
aMH yrOJIOBHO O H rpa2K.D:aHCKOro npaBa B OTHOllIeHHl:I YTpaTbI
npaB BCJIe,ll,CTBHe HCTelJeHl:IH ,lI,aBHOCTH. Mbl BH,lI,eJ1H, qTO,
Boo6w.e rOBopH, cepbe3Hoe npecTynJIeHHe M02KeT (3a HeMHO-
nIMH HCKo'1IOqeHHH!\m) npeC.'1e,ll,OBaTbCH He3aBHCl:IMO OT TOr(1,
CKOJIbKO BpeMeHH HCTeKJIO C MOMeHTa ero COBepllIeHHH. B rpa-
)!{,lI,aHCKHX ,lI,eJIaX ,lI,eMCTByeT 'KaK pa3 06paTHbIR nopH.ZJ:OK. B OT-
HomeHHll HHX CYIJJ..eCTByeT npaBH.'10, 'ITO no HCTeqeHlUf cpaBHll-
104 TIACTb BTOPA5I. C '.lI.m'OTPOfiC'l'BO Ii OY.ll.OnpoH3BO.ll.C'l'BO
TeJIbHO He60JIbillOrO npOMe)KYTKa BpeMeHl:I l:ICTeU, He ocyrue-
CTBl:IBIllHM CBOHX npaB, JIl:IIllaeTCSI npaBa Ha npe,ll,nSlBJIeHl:Ie l:ICKa,
a B HeKOTopblX CJIyqaSlX - l:I caMoro MaTepl:laJIbHOrO npaBa.
TaK, Hanpl:lMep, eCJIl:I JIl:IUO, ynpaBOMOqeHHOe Tpe60BaTb
BJIa)(eH'l:ISI rHe,ll,Bl:I)Kl:IMOCTbIO, Jlli60 B Kaqe'Crrne C06C'l'B i e!HHl:IKa.
.'Il:I60 Kpe,ll,l:ITOpa no l:InOTeKe, nponYCKaeT .lI.BeHa,ll,uaTb JIeT, He
npe,ll,nSlBJISISI l:ICKa no CBOl:lM npeTeH3l:1S1M, TO OHO He TO.1bKO
:lllillaeTCSI npaB,a 'liCKaTb, HO .lI.a)Ke, eCJ1H no KaKl:IM-Hl:I6Y,ll,b 06-
CTOSlTeJIbCTBaM cnopHaSi He.ll.BH)KHM'ocTb nOna,ll,aeT B ero PY't<l:I,
TO ero nepBOHaqaJIbHble npaBa co6CTBeHHOCTH He 6Y,ll,YT 3Tl:IM
BOCCTaHOBJIeHM. BOJIee Toro, eCJIl:I OH npO,ll,aCT CBOH npaBa HJIH
eCJIH OH YMpeT H npaBa nepeM,lI,YT K paCnOpSl,ll,HTeJIIO ero Ha-
CJJe,ll,CTBOM, TO CPOK ,lI,aBHOCTH npO,ll,OJDKaeT Teqb. TIoKynaTe.rlb
HJIH paCnOpSl,ll,HTeJIb HaCJIe CTBOM He nOJIyqaeT ,lI,OnOJIHHTeJIbHMX
,lI,BeHa,ll,uaTl:I JJeT, HO pacnOJIaraeT TOJIbKO TaK'HM CpOKOM, KOTO-
pMM ,OCT3<JICSI OT nepBOHaqaJIbHblX ,lI,BeHa,ll, aTH JIeT.
B CJIyqaSlX npeTeH3l:1M Ha ,lI,BH)KHMOCTb CpOK ,lI,aBHOCTH .IT:O-
BOJIbHO pa3Ho06pa3eH. HopMaJIbHO OH paBeH IlleCTH rO,ll,aM,
cqHTaSi C Toro MOMeHTa, KOr,ll,a npeTeH3HSI Mor JIa 6bITb Bnep-
Bble npe.ll.nSIBJIe,Ha. Ho npeTeH3H'H H3 Bpe,ll,a, npHlIHHeHHODO Ha-
na,ll,eHHeM (assault) ,lI,OJI)KHbl 6bITb npe,ll,nSIBJIeHbl B TeqeHl:Ie Tle-
Tblpex JIeT, npeTeH3HH Ha HaCJIe,ll,OBaHl:Ie no 3aBeIlJ;aHl:IIO HJIH no
3aKOHY - B TeqeHHe ,lI,BeHa,ll,UaTH JIeT, npeTeH3l:1H H3 YCTHOH
KJIeBeTbl (slander), KOr,ll,a CKa3aHHble CllOBa npe,ll,CTaBJJSIIOT caMH
no ce6e .lI.0CTaTOqHOe OCHOBaHHe ,lI,JISI HCKa - B TeqeHl:Ie .lI.BYX
.'IeT, npeT:eH3HH, UB BpeJI.;aI, npHq:HiHeHHOTo bona fide npH HCnOJI-
HeHHH 06IlJ;eCTBeHHblx 06SI3aHHocTeiJ: - B TeqeHl:Ie IlleCTl:I M2CSI-
UeB. CTapoe cyeBepHoe 6JIaroroBeHl:Ie nepe,ll, neqaTbIO' Y.ll.JIl:I-
HSieT ,lI,aBHOCTb no npeTeH3HSlM H3 06SI3aTeJIbCTB (HO He no npe:
TeH3HSIM, HMeIOIlJ;HM CBOHM npe.ll.MeTOM npaBO c06CTBeHHOCTH),
eCJIH 3TH npeTeH3HH OCHOBaHbl Ha .lI.OKYMeHTe 3a neqaTbIO - .lI.O
,lI,Ba,ll,uaTH JIeT, npl:lqeM ,lI,aBHOCTb Haql:lHaeT KOHeqHO Teqb He OT
,lI,aTbl COCTaBJIeHl:ISI ,lI,OKYMeHTa, HO C MOMeHTa HacTyn.'IeHl:IH
cpOKa HCnOJIHeHl:ISI.
31'01' nOCJIe,ll,HHH MOMeHT OTleHb Ba)KeH l:I nopoM TPY,lI,HO'
YCTaHOBl:IM. OH, KaK Y)Ke YKa3blBaJIOCb, JlIO)KeT 6blTb cpOp!>IYJIH-
pOBaH CJIe,ll,YIOllJ.HM 06pa30M: B KaKoM MOMeHT y JIl:Iua, npe.ll.n-
SlBJISIIOIlJ;erO npeTeH3l:1IO, B03Hl:IKaeT BnepBble npaBo Ha npeJI.'b-
SlBJJeHl:Ie HCKa? TIpl:l .lI.OrOBOpax 31'01' MOMeHT HaCTynaeT Tor)].a.
KO r,ll, a OTBeTqHK BnepBble He l:ICnOJIHlW KaKorO-.JJiJ!f}o 06sI3a-
TeJIbCTBa no ,lI,OrOBopy. HanpHMep, eCJII:! SI 06H3aJICSI yn.1aTl:ITb
A 100 cp. CT. I SIHBapSI no HCTeTJeHHH IIBYX JIeT, TO A He
MO)KeT npe,ll,nSIBHTb l:ICKa Ha 3TY CYMMY )].0 HCTeqeHl:ISI YKa3all-
Horo cpOKa, H n03TOMY npOTHB Hero ,I(aBHOCTb He HaqHeT TeTJb
,lI,O 3Toro MOMeHTa. 3aTeM, eCJIl:I no H<lCTynJIeHl:IH 3Toro CpOK3'
A npHMeT OT MeHSI npoueHTbl B BH,lI,e KOMneHCaUHl:I 3a npo-
rJIABA VI. OTIIPABJIEHHE IIPABOC '.n:IHI
105.
CPOqKY nJIaTeMa HJIH eCJIH H nOCJIaJI eMY nO.n:nHCaHHOe MHOIO
nHCbMO, B KOTOpOM He.n:BYCMbICJIeHHO npl:l3HaBaJI CBOM ,lI,oJIr, HO
npOCHJI ,lI,aJIbHeHWeH OTCPOqKH nJJaTeM.£!" TO 6bIJIO 6b! HecnpaBek
Jrl:llBO B 01'HOWeHHH A HCnOJJb30BaTb ero CHl:ICXO,ll,HTeJIbHOCTb
npOTHB Hero Me; OH n03TOMY 6Y,lI,eT l:IMeTb npaBO HCKa B TeqeHHe
IIIeCTH JIeT, CqHTaH C MOMeHTa nOCJIe,ll,HerO nJIaTeMa l:IJIH npH-
3HaHHH ,lI,OJIra.
I10Ka 60JIbIIIHX 3aTpy,lI,HeHl:IM C HCqHCJJeHl:IeM ,lI,aBHOCTH HeT.
Ho eCJIH Mb! OCTaBl:IM rpaM,lI,aHCKl:Ie npeTeH3l:1H, BbITeKaIOIII;l:Ie H3
HapYIIIeHHH ,lI,OrOBOpOB, H 06paTHMCH K ,lI,pyroH rpynne rpaM-
,lI,aHCKl:IX ,lI,eJI, H3BeCTHbIX no,ll, Ha3BaHHeM rpaM,lI,aHCKHX npaBO-
HapyweHl:IH (torts), TO HaM npH1J,eTCH ,lI,JIH pa3peweHHH CTOH-
III;eM nepe;n; lHalMll:!' '3a,ll,aqH pa3[)I.eJIHTb nOCJIe,ll,HHe CHO'Ba Ha ,lI,Be.
rpynnbI. HeKOTopbIe ,lI,eMCTBl:IH HBJIHIOTCH npaBoHapYIIIeHl:IeM
per se, H B TOT caMbIM MOMeHT, KOr,ll,a OHH 6bIJIH COBepweHbI,
y JIHUa, npOTl:IB KOToporo OHH HanpaBJIeHW, B03HHKaeT OCHOBa-
HHe HCKa, TeqeHHe ,lI,aBHOCTH B 3THX CJIyqaHX HaqHHaeTCH C MO-
MeHTa COBepweHHH ,lI,eHHl:IH. TaK, Hanpl:lMep HapyweHl:Ie BJIa,ll,e-
HHH, HapYIIIeHHe naTeHTHbIX H aBTOpCKl:IX npaB, npenHTCTBOBa-
Hl:Ie npaBY npOe3,l1,<3., KJIeBeTa B BH.n:e nl:lCaHHbIX CJIOB HJIH 3Ha-
KOB, Bce 3TO' HBJIHeTCH npa'BoHapymeHHeM per se. .D:aBHocTb no.
3THM npaB'OiHapymeHHHM H!CqHCJIHeTCH, HaqHHaH C MOMeHTa IIX
COBepIIIeHl:IH; HO, KOHeqHO, B CJIyqae l:IX nOBTOpeHl:IH, KaM,lI,bIH
pa3 CHOBa COBepwaeTCH npaBOHapYIIIeHl:Ie l:I B03Hl:IKaeT OCHOBa-
HiHe HOBoro H'CKa-. O)J,JIaKO CYIII;eCT'BYIOT .n:pyrO(fO pO,ll,a .n:eM-
CTBHH, KOTopbIe HBJIHIOTCH npaBoHapyweHHHMH, eCJIl:I H KOr,ll,a
B03HHKaIOT peaJJbHbIe y6bITKH npH HX nOBTopeHHH. Hanpl:lMep,
eCJIH y MeHH eCTb PY,ll,IHHK tHa 3eMiJIe, KOTopaH npl:lHa,ll,JI1eMHT A,
TO H Mory pa3pa6aTbI.BaTb ero CKOJIbKO MHe yrO,ll,HO, ,lI,O Tex
nop, nOKa yqaCTOK A He HaqHeT OCe,ll,aTb. Ho B TOT MOMeHT,
KOr,ll,a 3eMJIH A HaqHeT BCJIe,ll,CTBHe pa3pa60TKH OCe,ll,aTb, H 6y,ll,y
06H3aH KOMneHcHpoBaTb ero; OCHOBaHHe ,lI,JIH npe,ll,nHBJIeHHH HM
MCKa B03Hl:IKaeT JIHWb B 3TOT MOMeHT, nOqeMY C Hero Be,ll,eTCH
H HCql:lCJIeHHe ,lI,aBHOCTl:I. TaK Me 06CTOHT ,lI,eJIO C 06bIKHOBeH-
HbIM CJI€H,lI,ep 'llJIIl J<JIeBeTOH B YCTHOH q>opMe. OHa He C03,l1,aeT
npaBoHapyrneHlIH per se, HO eCJIH OHa BJJeqeT y6hITOK ,lI,JIH no-
TepneBIllero, TO y nOCJIe,ll,HerO B03HIlKaeT npano Ha lICK C MO-
MeHTa B03HlIKHOBeHlIH y6bITKa.
B CBH3H C BonpocoM 06 l:ICTeqeHl:IlI CpOKOB ,lI,aBHOCTlI,
Ha,ll,O ynoMHHYTb eIII;e, qTO npaBO np1I3HaeT HeKoTopbIe CJIyqaH
TaK Ha3bIBaeMoH He,ll,eecnoc06HoCTH, KOTopbIe MellialOT BOC-
nOJIh30Ba'TbCH npaBoM Ha nCK II BCJIe,ll,CTBIle Toro nplIocTaHa-
BJIl:IBalOT TeqeHlIe ,lI,aBHOCTlI ,lI,O Tex nop, nOKa ,lI,eecnOco6HOCTb
He HamynlIT. Hanpl:lMep, eCJIlI Ka oe-Hl:I6Y,ll,b JIl:IUO OKaMeTCH
CYMa'ZIIIe,ll,IIIlIM lIJIH HBJIHeTCH HeCOBepWeHHOJIeTHlIM B TOT MO-
MeHT, KOr,ll,a y Hero B03Hl:IKaeT npaBO Ha l:ICK, TO ,lI,aBHOCTb.
106 QACTb J3TOr_.UL m7 0 'CTPOliCTBO H cY)J.onroH3Bo.n:CTBO
nponm nero HaqHeT Teqb .'1HllIb C Toro MOMeHTa, Kor)J.a Y Hero
BOCCT3HOBHTCH YMCTBeHHbIe cnOCOOHOCTH HJm Kor.n;a OHO .n;o-
CTHrHeT COBeprneHHO.TIeTI:lH; o.n;HaKO, eC.TIH .n;aBHOCTb Haqa.TIa Teqb
.D:O Toro, KaK 3TO .TIl:IIJ:O CTa.TIO .D:YllIeBH060.TIbHbIM, TO OHa He
6y.n;eT npO.D:.TIeH3 BC.TIe)J.CTBHe nOC.'1e)J.OB3Brnero 3aTe:VI CYMaCrne,ll,-
CTBl:IH. I1pe)K)J.e 33K.TIIO'IeHHe B TIOPbMY, npe6bIBaHHe 3a MOpHMlI
H H3XO:>K)J.eHHe :>KeHrn;HH no)J. B.TIaCTblO MY)Ka (T. e. npaBOBOH
CTaTYC 33MY:>KneH )Ke HU.Ll:I HbI) CqHTa.TIl:ICb OCHOBaHHeM )J..TIH npl:l-
.3HaHl:IH «He)J.eecnoco6HOCTH», HO Tenepb 3Tl:I OCHOBaHIHI OT-
na.TIH, XOTH B 3aKOHe 3TO H3MeHeHl:Ie npHMO He OTpa:>KeHO.
LI..TIH rpa:>K)J.aHCKHX npeTeH3HM KOpOHbI H )J..TIH rpa:>K)J.aHCKHX
npeTeH3HM, HanpaB.TIeHHbIX npOTHB KOpOHbI, YCTaHOB.TIeHbI OCO-
ObIe CpOKH )J.aBHOCTU.
16. Kor)J.a MbI npl:lCTynHM K Ba:>KHoMY Bonpocy 0 )J.OK33a-
-Te.TIbCTB3X, TO YBl:I)J.HM, qTO 06H3aHHOC1'b npe)J.CTaB.TIHTb )J.OK3-
3aTeJJbCTBa B rpa:>K)J.aHCKHX )J.e.TIax HOCHT ropa3)J.0 60JIee IlIl:lpO-
KHH xapaKTep, 'IeM B yrO.TIOBHbIX. KaK HCTe , TaK H OTBeT'Il:IK
CqHTalOTCH O)J.l:IHaKOBO cnoc06HbIMl:I H 06H3aHHbIMl:I )J.aBaTb no-
Ka3anl:lH; B 3THX )J.eJmx He )J.eHCTByeT 06U.LHH npmI l:In, KOTOpbIll
6bI onpaB)J.blBa.'1 OTKa3 :>KenbI CBH)J.eTe.TIbCTBOBaTb nanepeKOp
}Ke.TIanHIO MY:>Ka l:I.TIH COOCTBennOMY )KeJIanl:llO. TeM ne Mene
(B )J.06aB.TIenHe K 06rn;eMY npaBlI.'1Y, qTO nHKTO lIe MO:>KeT 6bITb
npHnY:>K)J.eH )J.aBaTb OTBeTbI na BonpOCbI, KOTOpbIe KJIOnHTCH
K YJIH'IenHIO ero B npeCTynJIenHH l:IJIH K 06napY:>KeHl:IlO CBH3H,
B KOTOpylO BCTynH.'I ero cynpyr BO BpeMH opaKa) cyrn;eCTBYIOT
ern;e npaBHJIa, 'ITO B npo eccax, B03nl:lKllIHX BC.'1e)J.CTBHe npe-
JI1060)J.eHnl:lH, CBl:I)J.eTeJIHM He.TIb3H 3a)J.aBaTb BonpOCbI, KOTopble
KJIOHl:I.TIHCb 6bI K H300JIHqeHHlO CBH)J.eTe.TIH H.TIH CBH)J.eTeJIbnl:l bI
B npemo60)J.eHHHH. Toqno TaK :>Ke B OpaqHbIX )J.eJIax CTOpOH3M
He pasp lliaeTC5!. )J.aBaTb nOKaSaHH5!., KOTopble KJIOHHJJ.HCb ObI
K YTBep:>K)J.eHUIO, 'ITO Me)K)J.Y CT0'P01laMl:I He cyrrr,eCTBOBa.TIO BO
BpeMH opaKa cynpY:>KeCKHX OTHOlUeHHH, eC.'1H e.'1bIO 3Tl:IX nOKa-
3aHHM HBJIHeTCH npl:l3HaHHe He3aKOIIHOpO)K)J.enHOCTl:I peoeHKa,
pO)J.HBlUerOC5!. BO BpeMH opaKa H.TIlI B npe)J.e.1Jax H3BeCTHoro
nepl:lo)J.a nOCJIe ero paCTOp:>KeHH5!..
17. HaKone , npaBl:IJIa OTHOCHTe.TIbHO npaBoBoM nOMOrn;H
HeCOCTOHTeJIbHbIM cTopoHaM l:I OTHOCHTeJIbHO cY)J.e6Hblx H3)J.ep-
:>KeK BeCbMa pa3JIl:I'IHbI B yro.'10BHbIX l:I rpa:>K)J.aHcKIIx )J.eJIax.
B rpa>K.D:ancKHX )J.e.rlax )J.aBHO )J.eikTByeT oou.Lee npaBHJIO, qTO
«OIJ.TIaTa cY)J.eonbIx H3)J.ep:>KeK 3aBHCIIT OT HCXO)J.a )J.eJm», T. e.
'ITO npoHrpaBIll35!. cTopoHa oOH3an3 OIJ.TIaTl:ITb cY)J.eoHbIe l:I3-
.)J.ep:>KKH Bbmrp3BIlleH CTOpOHbI (KaK, KOHeqHO, l:I CBOH coocTBeH-
HbIe); O)J.naKO npH neKoTopbIX OOCTOHTe.TIbCTBaX cY)J.y npe)J.o-
CT3B.TIHeTCH JJHlUaTb BbHIrpaBIllYIO cTopony npaBa Ha B03Mern;e-
!fHe ee cY)J.eonblx H3)J.ep:>KeK. KorD,a JJ,eJIO pelliaeTCH Bep)J.I1KTOM
npHCH>KHbIX, TO 06bIQHO npHMeH51IOT 06u.Lee npaBHJIO; 110 npH-
r. JABA VI. OTnp_\B IElnIE nPABOC '.IJJUI
107
CfDKHbIe MOrYT, KOHeqHO, peUIHTb HeKOTOpbIe BOnpOCbI B nOJIb3Y
nCTIJ,a, a HeKOTophIe B nOJIb3Y OTBeTqHKa; Tor)I.a 6peMH cY)I.e6-
HbIX H3)I.ep)KeK pacnpe)I.eJIHeTCH COOTBeTCTBYIOIlI;I:IM 06pa30M.
Ho H B 3TOM ,CJIyqae CY)I.bH MO)](eT no «OCHOBaTeJIbHbIM npHql:l-
HaM» JIl:IIllHTb BbIl:lrpaBillYIO CTOPOHY npaBa Ha B03MeIIJ;eHHe ee
CY)I.e6HhIX H3)I.ep)](eK. 9TO npaBHJIO 6bIJIO He)I.aBHO pacnpOCTpa-
HeHO B rpa)]()I.aHCKHX )I.eJIax )I.a)](e Ha KOPOHY.
EClll:! )I.eJIO CJIyrnaeTcH CY)I.beH l:IJIH CY)I.bHMl:I 6e3 npl:lCH)](-
HhIX, TO YCMOTpeHHIO cY)I.a npe)I.OCTaBJIHeTCH 60.1JhIllHM npoCTOp.
B TaKHX CJIyqaHX Hecephe3HOCTh HCKa, paCTOql:lTeJIhHOCTh l:I.TIJ.I
He6pe)KHOCTb npH Be)I.eHHl:I npOIJ,eCca, nOBe)I.eHHe CTOpOH
B )I.eJJe, KOTopoe BbI3BaJIO npOIJ,ecc, 3aTHrl:lBaIme HaqaJJa npo-
necca, cnoc06 Be)I.eHl:IH CqeTOB H pH)I. .n:PyrHx 06CTOHTeJIbCTB
MO)KeT n06Y)I.l:ITh CY)I. JIl:Illil:lTh )I.a)](e Bbll:!rpaBillero npOIJ,ecc
,OTBeTql:lKa (l:I TeM 60JIee BhmrpaBillero HCTIJ,a) npaBa Ha B03Me-
IIJ;eHHe Bcex ero CY)I.e6HbIX l:I3)I.ep)KeK HJIll qaCTll HX. B Bonpoce
() CY)I.e6HbIX H3)I.ep)](KaX nOJIO)](eHHe Jl.OBepHTeJIhHbIX COOCTBeH-
HllKOB, Kpe)I.l:ITOpOB no HnOTeKaM, a)I.MHHHCTpaTopOB HJIl:I )I.YIlle-
npHKa3qHKOB OKa3bIBaeTCH caMbIM 6JJarOnpHHTHbIM, TaK KaK npH
BbIl:lrpbIlUe HMH )I.eJIa llM 06bIqHO )I.alOT npaBO H3 B03MeIIJ;eHlle
CY)I.e6HhIX l:I3)I.ep)](eK 3a CqeT CTOpOHbI, np01lrpaBIllei'I )I.eJIo. Ho
,na)Ke eCJIH OHM npmrrpbIBalOT )I.eJJO, OHH HMelOT npaBO nOKpbITb
CBOll H3)I.ep)KKll 3a CqeT llMYIIJ;eCTBa CBOHX 6eHec)mIJ,l:IaHTOB,
JJ:0JI)](Hl:IKOB l:IJIl:! HaCJIe)I.CTBa. O,nHaKO H B 9TOM CJIyqae, eCJm
3T'll JIllIJ,a, 3aTeBaJI IIIpOIJ,eCC HJIl:I !B03pa)KaH npOTIiB npe)I.'bHBJIeH-
Horo llM l:ICKa, )I.eMCTBOBaJIH Hepa3YMHO, TO CY)I. MO)](eT JIl:IIlll:lTb
ilX TaKoro B03MeIIJ;eHHSI.
HllKafKl:Ie CY)I.e6HhIe U3)I.ep)](Kl:I no rpa)K)I.aiHCKHM )I.e:JIaM He
MorYT nOKpbIBaTbCH 3a ,CqeT rOCY)I.apCTBeHHhIX Cpe)I.CTB, 3a
HCKJIlOqeHHeM Tex CJIyqaeB, KOr)I.a )I.eJIO BeJIOCb )I.OJI)KHOCTHbIMH
HIJ,aMH H ny6JIHqHhIMH opraHH3aIJ,HHMl:I.
He)I.aBHO Bonpoc 0 npaBOBOH nOMOIIJ;H HeCOCTOHTeJIbHbIM
l:ICTIJ,aM no rpa)]()I.aHCKl:IM ,ne.1JaM OhIJI yperYJIHpOBaH B IJ,eJIOM.
BCHKHM qe.1JOBeK, l:IMYIIJ;eCTBO KOToporo He )I.OCTl:IraeT 50 c)J. CT.
(HCKJIlOqaH OTCIO,na 0pY)I.l:IH peMeNIa, HOCHJIhHbIe BeIIJ;H Ii T. n.)
l:IJIH 3apaoaTbIBalOIIJ;l:IH He 6o.1Jee 2 c)J. CT. B He)I.e.1JIO, )I.OJI)](eH
npe)I.CTaBHTh Y)I.OCTOBepeHlle 0 CBoeM HMYIIJ;eCTBeHHOM nOJIo)](e-
Hl:IH H .n:OKa3aTb, qTO Y Hero eCTb cephe3Hhle OCHOBaHllH HaqaTb
rpa)]()I.aHCKl:IH npOIJ,eCC l:IJIH B03pa)KaTb npOTHB npe)I.'bHBJIeIlHOrO
eMY HCKa, nOCJIe qero OH MO)](eT nOJIyqHTb OT IOpH)I.l:IqeCKoro
06IIJ;eCTBa HJIH. JIlO60ro npOBl:IHIJ,llaJIhHorO IOpH)I.Fi'IeCKOro 06-
II.{eCTBa cooTBeTcTBYIOIIJ;ee CBl:I)I.eTe.1JbCTBO, Ha OCHOBamIH KO-
Toporo eMY 6Y)I.eT )I.aH 3aU.{MTHHK l:I COJIl:ICl:ITOp, KOTOphIH H
MO)](eT B03JJaraTb Ha CBoero KJIHeHTa HHKaKHX paCXOJl.OB 3a
H'CKJIlOqeHHeM MeJIK,lfX «KapMaHHhIx» (out-pocket expenses), Ho
06H3MI necmr ,neJIO OT ero HMeH'H. nO,n3JBJJHIOIIJ;ee KO.'IHqeCTIBO
108 'IACTb BTOPA5I. Cy,n:OY'C'l'POfiCTBO H CW,n:OIlPOII3BO;(CTBO
Bcex npou,eccoB, npH KOTOpbI!X 6bIJIH HCnOJJb l 30BaHbI 3TH npaBHJJ,a
01'HOCHTCH K 6pa'IHbIM )l.oCJJaM; 3TH npalBHJIa ca)l.ep}K3T Ta {)Ke
Cneu,HaJJbHibIe npe.rr.m:lCaHHH 0 TOM, KalK nOMO'Ib )KCiHaiM, HIlJ,YIlJ,HM
CY)J.e6Horo Y)l.OBJIleTBOipe:HiH'H, npeO)l.aJIeTb Te TpY)l.HaCTH, KOTopbIe
B03'HHKaIOT )l.JJH Hl:IX l:I3 TaTO <paKTa, 'ITO OHM He HMelOT JJJ:I'IHbIX
3apa6aTKOB. O)l.HaRO B naCTOHIlJ,ee BpeMH Bee 3 H npaBHJIa npHMe-
HHIOTCH TOJIbKa npl:l npou,eccax B BbICllIHX CY)l.ax.
r ,;7 A B A VII
AHrnHHCKOE OKA3ATEnbCTBEHHOE TIPABO
(Law of Evidence)
B HallieH KHHrc Y}Ke H pa3 YKa3bIBaJIaCb, 'ITa O)l.Ha li3
xapaKTepHeHllIMX oc06eHHOCTeH aHrJJHHCKaro npaBa 3aKJJIO-
'IaeTCH B TOM, 'ITO npHHY)l.HTeJJbHOe npHMeHeHl:Ie era HOpM npo-
nCXa)l.l:IT TaJIbKO naCJJe CY)l.e6HOrO pa36HpaTeJIbCTBa, B KOTOpOM
3aKJJIO'IeHHC BblBO)l.l:ITCH Ha aCHOBaHHl:I paCCMOTpeHHH «)l.OKa3a-
TeJJbCTB» (<<evidence»); npH cJ1Y'Iae MbI Y}Ke He pa3 rOBopHJJH
o Tex npaBl:IJIaX, KOTopbIe perYJ1l:1pYIOT npl:lHHTl:Ie H )l.eHCTBMC
3T'l:IX )l.aKa3aTeJJbCTB. O)l.HaKO 31'01' Bonpoc l:IMeeT 'TaKae 3Ha-
'IeHHe H OTHOIlleHl:Ie K HeMY aHrJJHMCKOro npaBa TaK xapaK-
TepHO, 'ITO ObIJIO ObI u,eJIeC006pa3HO Y)l.eJIl:ITb HeOOJJblliYIO
rJ1aBY 60JJee CHCTeMaTH'IeCKOMY ero pa360PY.
Cpe)l.Hl:IH 'IeJJOBeK, naJJaralOIlJ,HHCH Ha CBoe cY}K)l.eHl:Ie, npll-
XO,n:HT K B Ba)l.aM, Ha OCHOBaHHl:I KaTap x OH )l.eHcTByeT, C3-
MbIMH pa3Ho06pa3HbIMH M TO)l.aMfI. CaMbIM pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIiI
H3 HHX 3aKJ1IOIIaeTCH B CJ1e)l.OBaHl:Il:I YCTaHaBl:IBllIeHCH Tpa)l.l:IlJ,lIu:
Hanpl:lMep, 'I,eJ10BeK C'Il:ITaeT, 'ITO TaK3'H-TO IJ:MilJ,a Bpe)l.Ha H J13-
6eraeT ce, nOTOMY 'ITO TaK l:I3)1.aBHa C'IH1'aJJOCb B ero ceMbe.
I10'ITl:I T8.K}Ke paonpOCTpaHeHbl CY}K)l.eHl:IH, OCHOBaHHbIe Ha JJl:I'!-
HbIX Cl:IMnaTl:IHX l:I aHTl:InaTl:ISIX; 'IeJIOBCK C'IHTaeT BCCX IOpl1CTOB
MallIeHHl:IKaMH, nOTOMY 'ITO OH nHTaCT JIH'IHae Hepacna.'10)KeHHC
K O)l.HOMy HJJH )l.BYM l:I3 Hl:IX, HJ1H OH C'Il:ITaeT Bcex BpaIIeii
HaCTOHIlJ,HMH JJIO)l.bMl:I l:I Y'IeHbIMH, nOTa MY 'ITO aH C:IyqaMHO
BaCXHIlJ,aeTCH TpeMH l:IJJl:I 'ICTbIpbMH Bpa'IaMil:!.
PacnpOCTpaHeHHbIe B 06IlJ,eCTBe C.TIYXl:I l:I.m Cn.'1eTHH ClJ.lblIO
B03,n:eiicTBYIOT Ha CY}K)l.eHHH MHorHX .'11O)l.eH. B Ka'IeCTBe npn-
Mepa MbI MO}KeM npl'lBeCTH O)l.HY )l.aMY, B CBH)l.eTeJJbCKIIX nOKCl-
3aHl:ISIX KOTOpOM 3aKJJIO'Ia.TIHCb TH}KeJJbIe 06Bl:IHeHl:IH npOTl:IB rac-
nHTaJICH, )l.eHCTBaBaBllIHX 130 BpeMH 6YPCKall BaMHbI. Kar,n:a ell
npe,n:JJO}KHJJH )I..aKa3aTb 3TH 06BHHeHHH, OHa C Tap}KeCTBaM 0.1'-
BeTH.TIa: «TaK rOBopHT Bce». I1aJIHeHrnafl nynlHHu,a B bJC,TJHX
r;;L\BA VII. AHrJIUfiOIWE ,n:0iI\A3ATEJTbCTBEHHOE IIPABO 109
TailOKe 6bIBaeT' np:H'I,uHoit "C'l'pi3JHHbIX 3aKJHO'IeHllll, KalKJ HanpH-
Mep, B cJJyqae C O,n:HHM nMCaTeJJeM, KOTOpbIM 3aHBMJJ, 'ITO pa3-
60HHMKOB Ha.zr:o Ka3HMTb 6e3 cY)l.a, TaK KaK OHM BparM 'IeJ10Be-
'IeCKOrO po.zr:a.
JJ.JJH aHrJJMlicKOII IOCTMlJ,MM 'Ipe3BbI'IaHHO xapaKTepHO, 'ITO
OHa OTBepraeT BJIMHHMe Bcex raKMX HBHO BpeJI.HbIX MeTo.zr:OB H
B CBoeM paCCJIe)l.OBaHMM <paKTOB BO BCHKOM CJIY'Iae nbITaeTCH
CJ1e)l.OBaTb no O)l.HOMY e)l.MHCTBeHHO npaBMJ1bHOMY nYTM, MMeHHO
.zr:eJIaTb pa3YMHble BbIBO.zr:bI, OCHOBaHHbIe Ha npM06peTeHHOM
cnbITe, M3 <paKTOB, 3aCBM)l.eTeJJbCTBOBaHHbIX nOKa3aHMHMM JJHn,
JI;OCTOBepHOCTb KOTOpbIX 06eCne'IMBaeTCH .zr:OCTaTO'IHO HaJI.e}KHO,
ill )l.OKYMeHTaMH, no.zr:JJMHHOCTb KOTOpbIX T aTeJJDHO ycraHo-
BJIeHa. 113JJHllIHe rOBopMTb, 'ITO MeTo.zr:bI ee .zr:aJ1eKll OT COBep-
meHCTBa H BbIB O)l.bI ee 6bIBalOT nopoM 0IlIM60'IHbIMH; MCTMH3
.n.aeTCH He .nerKO. Ho BbICOKMll, KlOTH, MO}KeT 6blTb, M He.zr:OCTM-
)KHMbIll M)l.eaJJ B HeKOTopbIX OTHOllIeHMHX .TJYtIllIe, 'IeM 60JIee
HM3KllM, XOTH M 60JJee OCYllI.eCTBHMbIII; BO BCHKOM CJJY'Iae OH
rOpa3JI;0 JJY'IllIe, 'IeM OTCYTCTBMe BCHKor\o M)l.eaJJa.
OTnpaBJ1eHHe npaBOCY)l.MH CBH3aHO C npMMeHeHHeM IOpH.zr:M-
-q:eCKMX npaBHJI K HeKOTopbIM cnoc06aM KOHCTaTMpOBaHMH <paK-
1'OB. ECJJM caMM 3TM <paKTbI npM3HaHbI BceMH 3aMHTepeCOBaH-
HbIMM CTopOHaMH, TO cy.zr:e6Hoe )l.eno CBO)l.MTCH K pa3pellIeHMJO
BonpOCOB npaBa, H )l.OKa3bIBaHMe <paKTOB B )l.eJJe He llrpaeT
HMKaKOM pOJJM. Ho B no.zr:aBJJHlOllI.eM 60JIbllIMHCTBe )l.eJJ, nepe.zr:a-
BaeMblX B CY)l.bI, nOCJJe)l.HMe )l.OJJ}KHbI )1.0 paccMoTpeHMH npaBlo-
BbIX HOpM YCTaHoBHTb cnopHbIe <paKTbI. HanpMMep, npM npecJJe-
.)I.OBaJHllM no cy.n:y 31a iIIo.zr:}KOr KopoHa YTBep}K)l.aeT, 'ITO 06BiH-
HHeMbIll no.zr:}Kor )l.OM C 3apaHee \06.zr:YMaHHbIM HaMepeHHeJI.I,
C HaMepeHMeM YHM'ITO}KMTb ero. 06BMHHeMbIH oTBepraeT 3TO
-o6BHHeHMe. BOT <paIKT, c>ocTaBJIHlOllI.llH npe)l.MeT pa36HpaTeJJb-
cTBa, npM'IeM pellIeHMe OTHOCHTeJJbHO Toro, MMeJI JJH MeCTO
nOJI.06HbIU: <paKT MJJM He MMeJJ, 3aBepllIaeT )l.eJJio, nOCKo.TJbKY OHO
KacaeTCH <paKTOB. ECJJM npMCH}KHbIe B CBoeM Bep.zr:MKTe, rJJaCH-
llI.eM «BMHOBeH», npMXO)l.HT K nOJJO}KMTeJJbHOMY pa3pellIeHMIO
BOIIpoca 0 <paKTe, TO CY)l.be OCTaeTCH TOJJbKO npMMeHMTb K 06-
BllHeHHoMY HOPMY npalBa, KaCalOllI.YlOcH IIo.zr:}KOr"a.
BnoJ1He B03Mo:rKHO, XOTH M MaJJO BepoHTHo, 'ITO B M3J10-
}KeHHOM c.rry'Iae KopoHa cYMeeT npMBJ1e'Ib )l.OCTOHHbIX JI.OBepMH
cBMJI.eTeJIell, KOTopbIe <paKTM'IeCKM BH.zr:eJIM, KaK 06BMHHeMbIli
npeJI.HoaMepeHHo nOJI.}KMfa.TJ JI.OM, M 'ITO npHCH}KHbIe nOBepHT MX
IIOKa3aHHHM. B. TaKOM CJJYIJae rOBopHT, 'ITO 06BMHHeMbIM 6bI.:'l
o6BMHeH Ha OCHOBaHMM «npHMbIX YJJMK»; HecoMHeHHo, 'ITO n'o-
JJ:06HbIe JI.OKa3aTeJJbCTDa HBJJHIOTCH M3 Bcex B03MO}KHbIX ca-
bIMH nOJJHOlJ,eHHbIMM. MO}KHO JI.YMaTb, 'ITO HenOPHMaHMe 3TOU:
lICTHHbI n06YJI.MJJ10 CYJI.bI cpe.zr:HeBeKoBbH. nOC,,'le Toro, KaK
lIC'Ie3.1a Bepa B op)!:aJJMM, T. e. npeKpaTM.TJOCb HenocpeJI.cTBeH-
110 'IACTb BTOPAH. CY/.I:OYCTPOiiCTBO II CY,'1.0IIPOHSBO,iJ,CTBO
Hoe 06paUJ,eHMe K He6eCHOMY cyjJ,Y, npMMeHHTb nbITKM B Kaqe-
CTBe cpejJ,CTBa, KOTopoe .n:OJUKHO 6bIJ10 3aCTaBIITb 06BIIHHeMOrG
npH3HaTbCH II TeM jJ,aTb npHMble YJ1MKM CBoell BlIHOBHOCTH.
KOHe'IHO, 01l1M6Ka 3TMX CYjJ,OB 3aKJJIO'IaJ1aCb B TOM, 'ITO OlIll
.n:YMaJJM nocpe.n:CTBOM npMMeHeHIIH <l>M3H'IeCKIIX MY'IeHHii
YCTaHOBHTb I1CTHHY. 06bI'JHO OHM .D:06UBaJIHCb TO.'lbKO TaK:HX
OTBeTOB, KOTopble, no MHeHIIIO MX )j{epTBbI, 6blJll! 11M
)j{eJ)aTeJ1bHbI.
K C'IaCTbIO, aHrJ1MllCKH CYjJ,bI, 3a HCKJ1IO'IeHlfeM OjJ,Horo
HJ1H ,iJ,BYX 6pocaIOUJ,MXCH B rJ1a3a CJ1Y'IaeB,M36erJ1M 3TOll CTpalll-
HOH OIl1M6KM M He npMMeHHJ1M nbITOK jJ,JJH Toro, 'IT06bI jJ,06H-
BaTbCH npH3HaHMH, BCJ1ejJ,cTBMe 'Iero 6eC'IHc.neHHoe MHO)j{ecTBO
aHr.'1M'IaH 6bIJJO cnaceHO lOT CTpa.lI.aHMH M OT HecnpaBejJ,J1MBO-
CTl!. ECJJM MbI cpaBHHM CY.lI.bI, HCTOpHH KOTOpbIX He 3anHTHaBa
nbITKaMM, C CYjJ,aMM, 3HaBlllIIMH ee, TO MbI BepOHTHO JJerKO
nOHMeM, B 'IeM npH'IHHa HX pa3JJM'IlIH. Cy.n:bI 06UJ,ero - npaBa
BeJ1M jJ,eJ10 C nOMOUJ,bIO npMCH)j{HbIX H He npMMeHHJ1M nbITOK.
CY.D: 3Be3.lI.HOM naJ}aTbI H KaHI1.JIepCKI1H cyjJ, He 3HaJ1l! npMCH)K-
HbIX, (H nbITKa CiHCTeMaTHqeCKH npMMeHHJIaCbi B nepBOM M npM
CJJY'Iae BO BTOpOM. BbIBO.n: HCel-i. OjJ,HO H3 BeJJMKMX 6J1ar, KO-
Topoe CHCTeMa npMCH)j{HbIX jJ,aJJa CTpaHe, HeCMOTpH Ha Bee
CBOM HeCOBepllleHCTBa, 3aKJ1IO'IaeTCH B TOM, 'ITO 6J1arOjJ,apH
ell J1eTonHCII aHr J1MllCKOH IOCTMI1.MM 3HaIOT MeHblile CJ1Y'Ia en
npMMeHeHMH nbITKM, 'IeM CY.lI.bI JJI060H .n:PyrlOH cTpaHbI cTapofo
CBeTa. 3a'IeM 6bIJJO 6bI CTaBMTb nepe.n: npMcH)j{HbIMM 'IeJJOBeKa,
Y KOToporo BblpBaJIM npM3HaHMe C nOMoUJ,bIO MHKBII3III1.MOH-
HbIX «canor» M KJJeUJ,eM? TIpMCH)j{Hble Bce paBHO He nOBepliJ'1H
6bI eMY.
Ho, KOHe'IHO, O'IeHb pe.n:K'O c.'lY'IaeTCH, oc06eHHo B yro-
J10BHbIX jJ,eJJax, 'ITO <l>aKT, nO.lI.J1e)j{aUJ,Mll YCTaHoB.'leHMIO, jJ,OK3-
3bIBaeTCH nocpe.lI.CTBOM npHMblx YJJMK.
TIpecTynHHIKiH, K8K npaBIIJ10, He 32.MHTepeCOBaHbI B TO!.I,
'IT06bI npM COBepllleHMM MMII npecTynJJeHMH npMCYTCTBOBan
He3aBMCIIMbIH CBM.n:eTeJJb. HanpoTMB, B cTpaHe, f.lI.e npaBo-
cy.n:Me OTnpaBJIHeTCH O'IeHb 3Heprll'IHO, OHM jJ,eJJaIOT Bce, 'IT06bI
KaK MO)j{HO 60JJee TUJ,aTeJ1bHO CKpbITb CBOM .lI.eMCTBHH H 3aMe-
CTM Bce CJJe.n:bI. B rpa)j{.D:aHCKHX .D:e.1IaX I1MeIOTCH .lI.PyrMe npI1-
'IMHbI .D:JIH CKpbITHOCTM, HO H B 'HHX He Bcer.lI.a 6bIBaeT B03-
MO)j{HO .n:OKa3aTb <l>aKTbI, nOjJ,J1e)j{aUJ,Me YCTaHOB.'leHHlO npH
nOMOUJ,H npHMbIX .n:OKa3aTeJJbCTB.
BCJIejJ,CTBHe 3Toro B nO.D:aBJIHIOUJ,eM 60J1blllMHCTBe JI.ejI
(oc06eHHO .n:eJJ HaH60JJee cepbe3HbIX), paCCMaTpMBae) bIX
aHrJIHMCKHMM cy.n:aMH, <l>aKTbI, no.n:JIe)j{aUJ,He YCTaHOB.1eHJUO,
.lI:'OJ1)j{HbI 6bITb YCTaHOBJJeHbI nocpejJ,CTBOM KOCBeHHbIX .n:OKa3a-
TeJIbCTB (indirect evidence), MJ1H, KaK MX Ha3bIBaIOT Ha T':'XHlI-
'leCKOM H3bIKe, ,n:OKa33Te.'lbCTB, BbITeKaIOUJ,MX l!3 COBOKYTIHOCTH
:r.JLABA YII. AUrmH\C£WE P:OKA3ATE;;II>OTBEl{HOE TIPABO 111
OOCTOHTeJIbCTB (circumstantial evidence), T. e. H3 JI:O'Ka3a-
TeJJbCTB cpaKTOB, He nO JIe2KallI.HX YCTaHOBJJeHHIO, 3aKJIIO'laIOT
o CYllI.eCTBOBaHHH cpaKTOB, nO JIe2KallI.HX YCTaHOBJJeHllIO.
IlepBoro po a cpaKTbJ, KOTopble (He HBJIHIOTCH Ca:MM no ceoe
cpaKTaMH, nO J1e}KallI.HMH YCTaHOBJ1eHHIO, C'lHT8IOTCH tPaKTaMH.
«OTHOCHllI.HMHCH K 3TOMY YCTaHOBJIeHMIO». BOKpyr Bonpoca
o HaJJH'IMM TaKoro OTHOll1eHHH MJJM 0 CTeneHM OTHOll1eHMH aH-
Horo tPaKT8, OKa3aTeJJbCTBO KOToporo aHO, K cp8KTY YCTa-
HaBJJHBaeM'oMY BpallI.8IOTCH caMble CJIO)KHble np06JJeMbl OKa-
3aTeJJbCTBeHHoro npaBa.
HeCOMHeHHO npaBMJJb'HO, 'ITO B K3'KOM-TO CMblCJJe Ka}K blif'
tPaKT M Ka)K Oe C06blTI1e HMeIOT OTHomeHHe K Ka}K OMY PY-
rOMY cpaKry II C06bITHIO. Bo .BCeJIeHHoi'I, KaK Mbl 3HaeM, Bee
B3aMMHO CBH3aHO 6JJarO apH BeJIHKoMY 3aKoHY npH'IHH II CJIeJ1.-
CTBMM, TaK 'lTO JJH .nOJJHOrO OT'IeTa 0 npO:J1.Cxo)K eHHM H 0 xapa-
KTepe KaKOrO-JJM60 cpaKTa Ha o 6bJ.TI0 6bl npOCJIe MTb XO
MHpOBOM .HCTOpMU 0 oaMblX pe>BIHHX BpeMeH o Hall1MX HeM.
COBepll1eHHO HCHO, 'lTO HH O HH cyJl. He Mor 6bl BbITIOJIHHTb
CBOMX 06H3aHHOCTeM, eCJJH 6bI OH OJI)KeH 6bIJI nOJJHOCTblO
CJleJl.OB81:b 3tioMY Me1:0.n.y. 38ROROJl.81:eJllO B 1:0 )Ke BpeMH He
JIerKO I)'CTaHOBTITb Ka'KOe-'HM6Y b 06llI.ee npaBHJIO 0 TOM CTe..
neHM OTHOll1eHMH OKa3bIBaeMoro cpaKTa K cpaKTY, nO JJe2Ka-
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nOllMeT, 'ITO 06paTHOe npaBHJJO CTpOHJ10Cb ObI Ha BeCbMa HeMH-
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CTOM npecTynJJeHHH, no KOTOPOMY npHBJJeKaeTCH 06BHHHeMbIM,
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lIaKJJOHHOCTell.
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IIHH npOTHB !06BHHHeMoro, KOTopoe npenHTCTBOBaJJO ObI 6ec-
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nepe'IHCJJeHHbIe <l>aKTbI npllBe.ll:YT K .lI:OCTOBepHbIM BbIBo,n:aM,
TaK MaJIa, 'ITO OHa He onpaB.lI:bIBaeT B03I-IHKalOIJJ;eM OTCIOJI.a
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"I'JrABA VII, AHf'JIHiiCKOE ,n0[\A3ATEJIl>CTBEHHOE IIP1\oBO 113
HaKOHe , B CBH3H C BonpocoM 0 B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTH t}JaK-
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,noro A paBeH rneCTiH t}JYTaM. 3TO, KOHe'IHO, npaBHJIbHO; 11
rI'OT t}JaKT, 'ITO 'Ie.JIOBeK npH.n;ep)KHBae'J1CH H3!BeCTHOro MHe.HHH,
MO)KeT OblTb npHBe.n;eH npH nOKa3aHHHX B .n;eJIax 0 nHCbMeH-
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OT KOTOpbIX 3aBHCHT perneHHe, .n;OJI)KHbI 6bITb YCTaHOBJIe 1 HbI
nOKaaaHHHMIlI, JI.aH'HbIIMlll YCTHO B OTKpbITOM CY.JI.eOHOM 3aceJI.la-
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MeHTaM'H, COCTaBJIeHHbIMH B HaJI.JIe)KameM nopH.n;Ke. 0 nepBon
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CHI'aTb IfJIIf npH3BaTb Ha ce6H OOJKeCKyIO Kapy, eCJIH OH Hapy-
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aJI.BOK8T npOTHBHIIKa MOJKeT 3aJJ,a,BaTb eMY JIIOOble, yrOJI.HbLe'
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I'JrABA VII. AHTJIH:fiCiKOE ,nOiKA3ATEJII>C'l1BEHHOE IIPABO 115
IKOTOpbIM eyJ1. J1.0JIlKCiH pa3pelUHTb, .n.alKe eCJlH CBH3b 0 3THM
BonpocoM npe,ncTaBJIHeTCH 01,naJIeHHoM. BOJJee Toro, a,nBOKaT
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'1TO OH He HBJIHeTCH CBH.D:eTeJIeM, 3aCJJY1KHBaIOll\HM TaKoro
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ero penYTaIJ;HIO HJIH OnOpO'IHTb ero 06pa3 lKH3HH, npH'IeM Ha
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cTynJIeHHH, npocpeCCHOHaJIbHbIe npHBHJJe1'HH, rocy,napCTBeHHbIe
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OTMeHHJI 3TH O1'paHH'IeHHH; CeH'Iac B 06meM npH3HaeTCH, 'ITO
BCHKHM 'IeJJOBeK, KOTOpbIM cnoc06eH Y'IeCTb nOCJIe.D:cTBHH JIlKe-
CDH.D:eTeJIbCTBa, He TOJJbKO MOlKeT 6bITb JI.onYll\eH B Ka'IeCTBe
CBH,neTeJIH, HO 06H3aH HBHTbCH no BbI30BY. E,nHHCTBeHHbIe'
cymecTBeHHbIe HCKJIIO'IeHHH 6bIJJH ynoMHHYTbI paHblIle; OHH
CBO.D:HTCH K TOMY, 'ITO HeJJb3H JIHIJ;O, 06BHHeHHoe B Y1'OJIOBHOM
npecrynne'HHH, npHHYlK,n.aTb K nOKa3aHHHM 1M 'ITO 'B yrOJIOBHOM
,neJIe HeJIb3H cynpY1'oB npHHYlK,naTb ,naBaTb nOKa3aHHH ,npyr
npO'I'HB ,npyra,' (a B 60JIblIlHHCTBe CJJY'Ia.oo, HM HeJJb3H JI.alKe
3'1'01'0 pa3pelIlaTb). P,a3pelIleHHe Bonpoca 0 TOM, KaKoe 3Ha'Ie-
HHe B ,naHHOM ,neJIe HMelOT CBH,neTeJJbCKHe nOKa3aHHH, npe,n-
CTa'BJIHeTCH B nO,naBJIHlOmeM 60JIblIlHHCTBe CJIY'Ia'eB aHirJJHii-
CKHM npaaOM, B OTJIH'IHe OT MH01'HX .D:pyrHx npaBOBbIX cHocTeM,
8":
116 'IACTb BTOPAH. CV,n:OYOTPOfiOTBO H Oy,n:OUPOH3BO,n:orBO
Ha YCMoTpeHHe npHCH>KHbIX, KOTOpbIMH PYKOBOJ{HT CY.lI. bH .
TOJIbKO no .lI:eJIaM 0 rOCY.lI.apCTBeHHoii H3MeHe H 0 JI>KeCBH.lI:e-
TeJJbCTBe ,n:eMcTByeT npaBIl.J10, no KOTOPOMY .lI:JISI YCTaHOBJIeHHSI
(paKTa Tpe6yeTcSI 60JIbUle O.ll:HorO CBH.lI:eTeJISI. Aa>Ke He no.ll:-
TBep>K.lI:eHHoe .lI:pyrHMH CBH.lI.eTeJJbCTBaMH nOKa3aHHe coY'IaCT-
HHKa MO>KeT C'IHTaTbCSI .lI.OCTaTO'IHbIM .lI:JISI .lI:OKa3aTeJJbCTBa
Toro, 'ITO npecTynJIeHHe COBepUleHO 06BHHSIeMbIM; O.ll:HaKO,
B nO.ll:06HOM CJIY'Iae CY.ll:bSI 06SI3aH npe.ll:ynpe.ll.HTb npHCSI>KHbIX
o TOM, 'ITO onaCHO 06BHHSITb Ha OCHOBaHHH JIHUlb O.ll:HOM TaKOH
'YJJHKH. B .u.eJIax 0 HapYUleHHH 06ern:aHHSI >KeHHTbCSI HJJH 06
YCbIIHOiBJIe:HHH HCTeu; He Mo eT IBbIHI1paTb .lI:eJLO, eCJIIH ero nOKa-
3aHHSI He 6Y.lI:YT nO.ll:TBep>K.lI:eHbI B HeKOTopbIX CneU;HaJIbHbIX
nyHKTax, HO TaKoe nO.ll:TBep>K.lI:eHHe He 06SI3aTeJIbHO .u.OJI>KHO
6bITb .lI:aHO B tpopMe nOKa3aHHii .u.pyroro CBH.lI:eTeJIH. CY.ll.
MO>KeT .u.a>Ke npHHSITb He nO.ll:TBep>K)leHHbDe npHCSIrOM nOKa3a-
'HiH,SI pe6eHKa, CJJHUlKOM IOHoro .lI.JJSI no.RHMaHHfII cyrn:HOCTH npH-
CSIrH, HO .lI:OCTaTO'IHO B3pOCJJOro .n;JJSI Toro, 'ITo6bI nOHHMaTb
Hen03BOJIHTeJIbHOCTb JI>KH; HO H B STOM CJJY'Iae HeJIb3E HHKoro
06BHHHTb Ha OCHOBaHHH TaKHX nOKa3aHHM .lI:O Tex nop, nOKa
OHH He no.n;TBep>K.n;eHbI .lI.pyrHMH cepbe3HbIMH .lI.OKa3aTeJIbCTBaMH
BHHbI nO.ll:CY.ll:HMoro.
TpeTbSI H o.ll:Ha H3 caMbIX Ba>KHbIX HOpM aHrJIHMCKOro npaBa
OTHOCHTeJIbHO .lI:OKa3aTeJJbCTB 3aKJIIO'IaeTCSI B TOM, 'ITO CBH.u.e-
TeJIH .n;OJJ>KHbI )J.aBaTb nOKa3aHHSI TOJIbKO 0 TaKHX cpaKTax,
KOTopbIe HM HenOcpe.ll:CTBeHHO H3BeCTHbI. 9Ta HopMa 'IaCTO
BbIpa>KaeTCSI B nonYJJSIpHOM BH.lI:e B CJIe.n;yIOrn:eM H3pe'IeHHH:
«MOJI.Ba He .n;OIKa3aTeJJbCTBO»; O)J.HaR!O B03H1Hf!meT Bonpoc, He
IIipHBeJIO JIH STO H3pe'I.eHlHe K 66JIiblIIIIlI'M H.e.ll:opaaYMeHiHSIM, 'IeM
nOJIb3e. KOHe'IHO, CBH,n:eTeJJb MO>KeT H 06bIQHO .lI:OJJ?f{eH nOBTO-
pSITb B cy.n;e TOJJbKO TO, 'ITO OH caM CJIbIUlaJI, HanpHMep,
B .lI.eJJe 0 Harra)J.eHHH, KOr)J;a !<}:>aRT Hana.ll.eHHSI OTpHu;aeTCSI,
'Ipe3BbI'IaMHO CYII.J;eCTBeHHO rrOKa3aHHe rrOCTopOHHero QeJIOBeKa,
CJIbIXaBUlero, KalK 06BH'HSIeMbIM CKa38JJ: «51 n06blO Te6SI».
CMbICJJ rrpHBe.u.eHHoro H3peQeHHH 3aKJIIO'IaeTCSI TOJIbKO
B TOM, 'ITO rrpOCToe rrOBTopeHHe 'Iy)KHX CJIOB JIHU;OM, KOTopoe
caMO HX He CJIbIXaJJO, He MO>KeT C'IHTaTbCSI .lI.OCTOBepHbIM.
HarrpHMep, eCJIH A rrOKa3bIBaeT B Ka'IeCTBe CBH.lI:eTeJISI, 'ITO on
CJIbIXaJI, fK1aK B ['OBOpH.TJ:, 'ITO OH, 13, BiH)J.eJI, Ka'K B yJ:(apHJI f,
TO TaKoe rrOKa3aHHe )J.OKa3blBaeT TOT cpa'KT, 'ITO B .u.eiiCTBH-
TeJIbHO 06 STOM rOBOpHJI, HO OHO HHCKOJIbKO He .u.OKa3blBaeT
Toro <l>aKTa, 'ITO B Y.ll:apHJI r. I1pII'IHHa SToro O'IeHb npOCTa.
Ao Tex rrop, rrOKa B He HBIITCH B Ka'IeCTBe CBH.lI:eTeJIH B CY.ll:
11 He .lI:aCT rrOKa3aHHH, Bce .lI:OKa3aTeJJbCTBO nOKOHTCH Haero
3aHBJIeHHH, He nO.ll:TBep>K.lI:eHHOM npliCHrOM H He 06CTaBJJeHHOM
TeMH TpeMH rapaHTHHMH, KOTopbIe 3aKJIIO'IalOTCH B ny6JIH'IHO-
CTH cy.u.eOHbIX rrOKa3aHHH, B Rape, HaJJaraeMOH Ha JI>KeCBH.lI:e-
1'JrABA VII. Am'JIH:fiOKOE ,n:OEABATEJThCTBEHHaE rrPABO 117
:feJJeM, H 'B [lepeKpeCTHOM ,n:oIlipoce. 0JI,H3KO H3 Tora npa-BHJIa,
'lTO CJIYX He MOJKeT CJIY)KMTh .lI:O K 33aTeJIbCTBOM, .lI:eJI3eTCH
HeCKaJIhKO cym;ecTBeHHbIX MCKJIIO"lJeHMll.
Bo-rrepBbIX, K HHM OTHOCHTCH TaK H33bIBaeMbIe «3aHBJ1e-
HMSI Ha CM1epTHOM JJO)Ke» (<<dying declaration»), T. e. 3aflBJIe-
HHSI 0 npHqHHaX CBoell cMepTH, .n.eJI3eMble qeJIOBeKOM, KOTO-
pbIM Haxo.n.HTCH rro.ll: yrp030M cKopoii CMepTM. B 9TOM CJIyqae
npe.ll:nOJJaraeTCSI H, BepoHTHo, rrpaBMJIbHO, qTO YCJJOBMH, B KO'"
TOpbIX .n.aIOTCSI 9TH nOKa3aHMH, B .lI:OCTaTOqHOM CTeneHM ooec'"
ne1lHBaIOT HX npaB.lI:HBOCTb, .lI:a)Ke 6e3 Tex rapaHTH;ll, KOTopble
06bI'lHO npHMeHHIOTCH. Ho TaKMe 3aHBJJeHHH .n.orrYCKaIOTCH
TOJIbKO B .n.eJIax 06 y6HMcTBe M rrpHqHHeHMM CMepTM. MO)KHO
C J1.aCTaTOqHbIM OCHOBaHHeM COMHeBaTbCH, .lI:eMcTBMTeJJbHO JJH
TaK xopallio 060CHOBaHO TO npe.ll:nOJIO)KeHMe, Ha OCHOBaHMH
KOToporo TaKHe 3aHBJIeHMH .lI:OnYCKaIOTCSI cy.n.aM, eCJJM TOJJbKO
OHH He OTHDCSITCH K CJIe.ll:YIOIII.eMy P0.ll:Y HCKJJIOqeHHM.
BO-BTOpbIX, K HMM OTHOCHTCH Te CJIyqaH, KOTopbIe xapaKTe-
PH3YIO'I'CSI HeCKOJJbKO .lI:BYCMbIC\J1eHHbI'M Bblpa)KeHtHeM «res gestae».
Eho 3Ha'lHT, 'lTO ec.rnf (H'3.l1:0 A'OIKa3aTb HaI1IH'lHe KaKoro-HH6Y.ll:b
.n:ellCTBHH, TO MO)KHO npMBO.ll:MTb BbICKa3bIBaHMH M C006III.eHHe
o .lI:eMCTBHSIX, KOTopble COnpOBO)K.lI:aJIH ero H CJIY)KaT .n.JIH
ero 06'bSIOOeHHSI H KOTopble ObIJ1H CJ:(eJJaHbI JI'lUlOM, calBeplIlHB-
llIMM OCHOBHoe .lI:eMCTBMe HJJM MMeJJM OTHOllIeHMe K 9TOMY JJHIJ;y,
eCJIl'I TOJIhKO TaKoro po.n.a .zr:OKa3aTeJIbCTBa TpeOYIOTCSI .lI:JIfI
06'bSICHeHHSI caMoro OCHOBHoro .n.eiicTBHH'. B TaKOM M3JIO)Ke-
HHH 9TO rrpaBHJIO Ka)KeTCH JIHllIb qaCTHbIM CJJyqaeM npMHIJ;Hn3
«cYIIleCTBeHHOCTM» .lI:OKa3aTeJIbCTB, HO rrpHMeHeHMe 9Toro
nOCJIe.ll:Hero rrpHHIJ;Hrra 060CHOB BaeTCH CTOJIb pa3JIH'lH M oopa-
30.1\1 :If npe.ll:eJ1bI I er.o .n.ellCTBHH HaCTOJlbKO He YCTaHOBJJeHbI, 'lTO
B TaKOM KHMre, KaK Halla, HaM npe.ll:CTaBJIHeTCH M3JJMllIHHM
06CY)K.n.aTb ero rrO.ll:pOOHee.
B-TpeTbHX, KaK nMCbMeHHble, TaK H YCTHble 3aHBJIeHHSI
.1HIJ;, Terrepb Y)Ke YMepllIHX, C.lI:eJIaHHble HMH B nopSI.n.Ke BbIITOJI-
HeHHSI CBOMX 00H3aHHOCTell H rrpoTP'IB c06CTBeHHbIX HHTepeCOB.
HanpHMep, npH3HaHHe KaKHM-HHoy.zr:b Tenepb nOKaMHbIM lKaCCH
pOM HJIH HHKaccaTopOM, 'lTO M3BeCTHaSI CYMMa 6bIJIa HM nOJIY-
'leHa, - MorYT ObITb ,n:orryrn:eHbI Cy.zr:OM KaK .n.OKa3aTeJIbCTBO
WaKT3, 6JUl['onpHH'JIHOTO .lI:JIH ,n:pyroro, JIlHIJ;a. To )Ke caM.oe
OTHOCHTCSI K 3aSIBJIeHHSIM, KOTopble ,n:eJIaIOT J1.a)Ke )KMBble eIII.e
..'IIO.lI:M B nopSIJI,Ke BbIIIOJIHeHMSI CBOHX ,n:OJI)KHOCTHbIX 06SI3aHHo-
cTeM. HaKoHeIJ;, B .n;eJIax 00 YCTaHOBJIeHHH pO.ll:OCJIOBHOM HJJH
o BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH ny6JIHQHbIX rrpaB, HarrpMMep, npaBa npoe3.n.ap
cy,n: MO)KeT [lpI'l3HaTb, QTO }J,a)Ke CJIYXH M.m1 06III.aSI MOJIBa
HMeTI)T CBoe 3Ha'leHHe. B no.n;o6HbIX J1.eJIax Hepe,n:Ko BCTpe-
QaeTCSI «cTapO)KMJJ» B KaqeCTBe CBH}J,eTeJJH.
118 'IACTb BTOPAH. Cy,nOYCTP.ofiCTBO H Oy,nOIIPOHBBO,nCTBO
nOCJJe,nHee npaBHJJO aHrJJHMCKOro npaBa OTHOCHTeJJbHO
,noKa3al'eJJbCTB, 0 KOTOpOM Heooxo,n:HMO ynoMHHYTb, BepoHTHO
BblTeKaeT H3 TOJJbKO qTO pacCMoTpeHHoro npaBHJJa, HO, no npH-
po,ne Tex ,neJJ, B KOTOpblX OHO npHMeHHeTCH, OHO M01KeT OTHO-
CHTbCH TOJJbKO K ,nOKYMeHTaM, H nOTOMY ero y,nOOHee pac-
CMOTpeTb OT,neJlbHO. OHO H3BeCTHO no,n Ha3BaHHeM npaBHJJa
«0 JJyqrneM ,n:OKa3aTeJJbCTBe» (<<best edivence» rule) H npHMe-
HHeTCH B ,nBYX Ba1KHbIX, HO cOBeprneHHo pa3JJHqHblX CJJyqaHx.
npe1K,ne BcefO, 9'1'0 npaBHJJO TpeoyeT, qTOObl B Tex CJJY-
qaHX, Kor,na ,nJJH OOOCHOBaHHH YTBep1K,neHHM TH1KYIIJ;erOCH npe,n-
CTaBJJHeTCH ,nOKYMeHT, OH OblJl npe,n'bHBJJeH B no,nJJHp.HHKe, a He
B KonHH H He B BH,ne YCTHoro H3J101KeHHH ero co,nep1KaHHH.
B03M01KHO, qTO 9'1'0 npaBHJJO B03HHKJlO B TOT nepHO,n HCTOpHH
RHrJJHMCKOro npaBa, Kor,na ,nOKYMeHTbl OblJJH pe,nKH H Ka3a-
JIHCb TaHHCTBeHHblMH BeIIJ;aMH, TaK qTO npH CCbIJJKe Ha HHX
Ha,no ObIJJO HX npe,n'bHBJJHTb HJJH peaJJbHO nOKa3bIBaTb cy,ny.
YKa3aHHaH npHqHHa B03HHKHOBeHHH 9Toro npaBHJJa AaBHO
nepeCTaJJa cyrueCTBoBaTb, HO OHO COXpaHHJJOCb nOTOMY, qTO
.ero nOAAep1KaJJH Apyme cooopa}KeHHH, HMelOIIJ;He OOJJee COBpe-
MeHHblM H npaKTHqeCKHM xapaKTep. O,n:HO H3 HHX Bbl3BaHOTeM
OOCTOHTeJJbCTBOM, qTO B OOJJbrnHHCTBe cJlytIaeB npaBOBble
RKTbl AOJJ1KHbl OblTb OnJJatIeHbl repOOBblM COOpOM npe1KAe, qeM
OHH OYAYT npeA'bHBJJeHbl B KaqeCTBe AOKa3aTeJJbCTBa; OTCYT-
CTBHe nOAJJHHHOro AOKYMeHTa (KOTOpbIM ,lI:OJJ1KeH OblTb onJJa-
qeH rep60BblM COOpOM) C<CTeCTBeHIHO Bbl3bIBaeT y CYAbH nOiAO-
speHHe, tITO repOOBblM coop He OnJJaqeH. 3aTeM pH,n: H3BeCTHblX
saKOHOB, 0 KOTOpblX Mbl ynoMHHeM B COOTBeTCTBYIOIIJ;eM MeCTe,
TpeoyeT B KatIeCTBe YCJJOBHH AJJH npH3HaHHH 3a HeKOTopbIMH
C,lI,eJJKaMH npaBOBOM CHJJbl, tITOObl ObIJJa COCTaBJJeHa 3anHCb HX
OCHOBHMX YCJlOBHH, «no,n:nHcaHHaH TOH CTOpOHOH, H8 KOTOPYro
B03JJaralOTCH 00H3aTeJJbCTBa, HJJH ee AOBepeHHbIM». OTCYTCTBHe
nOAJJHHHOM 38nHCH Bbl3bIBaeT COMHeHHe B TOM, ObIJJO JJH
BbIITOJlHeHO 9'1'0 YCJJOBHe.
LI:pyroe np eHeHHe 9Toro npaBHJJa BbITeKaeT H3 Toro
npeAnHcaHRH, KOTopoe rJJaCHT, qTO eCJlH CTOpOHbl, 3aKJJlOtIalO-
IIJ;Re CAeJJKY, Bblpa3HJJH CBOID BOJIIO B AOKYMeHTe, TO He Aony-
C!KaIOTCH HHKaKHe nOCTOpOH'HHe 9TOMY AOKYMC<HTY (ocooeHHO
YCTHble) AOKa3aTe:JIbCTBa, npHBOAHMble B nOJJb3Y H3MeHeHHH
HJJH HapyrneHliH YCJJOBHM 9Toro AOKYMeHTa HJJH C neJlbIO yoe-
AHTb, tITO OH He nOJJHOCTblD OTpa1KaeT HaMepeHHH CTOpOH.
Eho npaBHJJO HBJJHeTCH BeCbMa 3ApaBblM H pa3YMHbIM
BBHAY Toro, tITO nHCbMeHHbIe aKTbI, oc06eHHo TaKHe, KOTO-
pble OblJJH CAeJlaHbI OAHOBpeMeHHO C onHCbIBaeMblMH B HHX
COObITHHMH, ,n:aAYT B oy,nyIIJ;eM BO MHOrHX OTHorneHHSIX ropa-
SAO OOJJee AOCTI)BepHblM OTqeT 00 3THX COOblThHX, qeM naMHTb
CBHAeTeJJeM. Ho 9'1'0 npaBHJJO OKa3aJJOCb HeB03M01KHbIM npH-
.l'JtABA VII. AHTJIHfiCKOE 1I0KABATEJThCTBEHHOE llPABO 119
'MeHHTb 80 DCeM ero nOJJHOTe, H Tenepb OT HerO OCTaJJOCb
-()qeHb HeMHoro.
npe1K,Ae Bcero, B Tex c.rryqaHX, KOr,Aa 3aKOH He TpeoyeT
3anHCH C,AeJlKH, npe,ACTaBJJHeTCH HeB03M01KHbIM B03JJaraTb He-
BHrO,AHbIe nOCJJe,ACTBHH Ha CTOPOHY 3a TO, qTO OHa 3anHCaJJa
TOJJbKO qaCTb C,AeJJKH, TaK KaK npH CTporOM BbInOJJHemiH npa-
BHJla He Ha,AO ObIJJO ObI BOOOIll,e HHqero 3anHCbIBaTb. B COOT-
BeTCTBHH C 3THM ObIJJO npH3HaHO, qTO B nO,AOOHbIX CJJyqaHX
Jl.OnOJJHHTeJJbHbIe CTaTbH H YCJJOBHH, COBMeCTHMbIe C YCJlOBHHMH
Jl.OKYMe1-ITa, MorYT ObITb npe,AMeTOM YCTHbIX ,AOKa3aTeJJbCTB,
eCJJH TOJlbKO He HCHO, qTO CTOpOHbI HaMepeBaJJHCb BOnJJOTHTb
BCIO C,AeJiKy B 3TOT ,AOKYMeHT.
3aTeM, B Tex CJJyqaHX, Kor,Aa YTBep1K,AaIOT, qTO C,AeJJKa
.6bIJJa 3-aKJllOqeHa OOMaHHbIM nYTeM nOCpe,ACTBOM BBe,AeHHH
B 3aOJJY1K,AeHHe HJJH OJJarO,AapH He,AOOpOCOBeCTHOMY B03,AeM-
:CTBHIO O,AHOH H3 CTOpOH HJJH qTO OHa npeCJJe,AOBaJJa He3aKOH-
HbIe eJl8, TO He,AOnYIlI,eHHe YCTHbIX ,AOKa3aTeJIbCTB npH ee
ocnapHBaHHH HBHO npOTHBOpeqHJJO ObI nYOJJHqHOMY nopH,AKY.
B HeKOTopbIX 83 TaKHX CJJyqaeB ,Aa1Ke CY,AbI Oomero npaB8,
.a paHbllIe CY,AbI cnpa'Be,AJLHBOCTU, BCer,Aa ,AOnYCiKaJJH OTMteHY Ta-
KHX C,AeJIOK, XOTH ObI OHH ObIJJH BOnJJOIll,eHbI B ,AOKYMeHTax no
IJ3HAHMOCTH oe3ynpeqHbIX.
HaKOHen, B Tex CJlyqaHX, KOr,Aa no npocToH OIIIH6Ke npH
nepenHcKe HJLH OJlarO,AapH nponYCKY ,AOKYMeHT aKTHqeCKH
BBO,AHT B 3a6J1Y1K,AeHiHe OTHOCH1'e.nbHO HaiMepe:HHM CTOpOH, 110
npaBO cnpaBe,AJlHBOCTH, yqHTbIBaH ,AOJJ1KHbIM 00pa30M HHTe-
peCbI HH B qeM HenOBHHHbIX TpeTbHX mm, ,AOnYCKaeT TaKoe
.HcnpaBJJeHHe ,AOKYMeHTa, KOTopoe n03BOJJHJJO ObI eMY OTpa-
3HTb HCTHHHbIe HaM-epeHHH CTOpOH, a ,AJlH Toro, qTOObI CY,A
Mor .9TO C):{eJI8Tb, npaBO cnpaBe):{JJJJBOCTH ):{onYCK8eT YCTHbIe
CBH,AeTeJJbCTBa 00 9THX HaMepeHHHX, Ho TYT B03HHKaJJO
B npe1KHee BpeMH JJIOOOnbITHoe 3aTpy,AHeHHe. EcmJ. C,AeJJKa,
KOTOpYIO CTOpOHbI ,AeMCTBHTeJJbHO HaMepeBaJJHCb COBeprnHTb r
He TpeOOBaJJa CBoero BOnJJOIll,eHHH B ,AOKYMeHTe ,AJJH npH3Ha-
HHH 3a HeM npaBoBoM CHJJbI, TOr,Aa HCnpaBJleHHbIM ,AOKYMeHT
Mor nOJJyqHTb npHHY,AHTeJJbHYIO CH.rry. Ho eCJJH OHa TpeOOBa.na
BOnJJOIll,eHHH B ,AOKYMeHTe, a H3MeHeHI1H, HeOOXO,AHMbIe ,A.nH
ero HCnpaBJJeHHH, MOrJJH ObITb 3aCBI1J1.eTeJlbCTBOBaHbI TOJJbKO
YCTHbIMH J1.0Ka3aTeJJbCTBaMH, 1;0 HCnpaBJJeHHbIH ,AOKYMeHT He
Mor nOJJyqHTb npHHY,AHTeJJbHOM CHJlbI; OO'bHCHH-eTCH 3TO TeM,
qTO npH,AaHHe' eMY npHHY,AHTeJJbHOH CH:JIbI npe,ACTaBJlSIJIO Obi
HapyrneHHe Tex npe,AnHcaHHH 38KOHa, KOTopbIe TpeOYIOT, qTOObI
nO,AOOHbIe C,AeJJKH ObIJJH BOnJJOIll,eHbI B nHcaHHOM J1.0KYMeHTe
AJlH Toro, qTOObI npHoopeCTH npHHY,AHTeJJbHYIO CHJlY. 0,AH8KO,
B D.oCJJe,AHl1e rO)IbI CY)IH npOHBJJHIOT pernHTeJJbH)'IO TeH):{eHUHIO
tie CqHTaTbCH C 3THM HeCKOJlbKO OpM8JlbHbIM B03pa>KeHHeM.
120 'IACTb BTOPAH, cy,nOyarpOfiCTBO H Oy,nOOPOH3Bo,nCTRn'
r J1 A B A Vlll
JIHUA
npaBO, B nOHHMaHHH ropHcTa, SIBJJSISICb Mopa.%HOM CHJIOit
MO>KeT )J.eMcTBoBaTb TOJJbKO 'Iepe3 .rno.n:eM, cnocooHbIX oCYI.Ue-
CTBJISITb npaBa H HecTH oOSI3aHHocTH. Pa3JJH'IHe Me>K.n:y 3aKO-
HaMM B CMbICJJe npaBa H 3aKOHaMH npHpo.n:bI SIp'Ie Bcero BbIpa-
>KaeTCSI B TOM, 'ITO rrepBble He MorYT Henocpe.n:CTBeHHO B03.n:eH-
CTBOBaTb Ha Heo.n:yrneBJJeHHbIe npe.n:MeTbI. OHM He MorYT Heno-
cpe.n:'CTBeHHO B03.n:eM'CITHOBaTb .n:a>Ke HH Ha KaiKHe o.n:yrneBJre!H-
HbIe CYI.UeCTBa, KpOMe 'IeJJOBeKa; :>KHBOTHbIX MO:>KHO .n:o H3BeCT-
'!-IbIIX npe.n:eJIOB Ha')l"lMTb perYJIWpOBaTb OBoe nOBe.n:eHHe 'B COOT-
BeTCTBHM C >KeJJaHHSIMH HX X03SIHHa, HO OHM He cnOCOOHbI no-
HHMaTb npHTSI3aHHM OOI.UeCTBa Ha perYJJHpOBaHHe nOBe.n:eHMH
CBOHX 'IJIeHOB. BCJIe.n:CTBHe 9Toro npaBOBble 3aKOHbI .MOrYT
Henocpe.n:CTBeHHO B03.n:ei'IcTBoBaTb TOJJbKO Ha JIIo.n:eM; O.il:HaKO,
9TH 3aKOHbI MorYT B03.n:eMCTBOB3Tb II H3 Heo.n:yrneBJIeHHbJe
npe.n:MeTbI H H3 :>KHBOTHbIX Qepe3 nocpe.n:CTBO 'IeJJOBeKa, TaK,
HanpHMep, 3aKOH, TpeoyroI.UHi'I, 'ITOObI .n:oporH peMOHTHpOBa-
.rrItCb MJIII 'IT.OObI H3 COGaIK ObIJIII Ha.n:eTbI HaI\Wp.n:HHKll, He MO-
IKeT ObITb Henocpe.n:CTBeHHO npMMeHeH K caMoi'I .n:opore H.rm
1< cooalK.e H MO:>KeT ObITb BBe.n:eu B .n:eMCTBHe TOJJbKO Qepe3
nocpe)J.CTBO qeJJOBeKa.
JIIO)J.f!M, KOTopble C'IHTaroT,cSI HOCIITeJJSIMII npaB II OOSI3aH-
HOCTeM, C03.n::aHHbIX H.TJII B03JJO:iIWHHbIX Ha HfiX aHr JJHikKHM
npaBOM, nOCJIe)J.Hee )J.aeT Y)J.OOHoe, XOTSI, MO}KeT ObITb, H He
OIIeIfb Bpa3Y'MHTeJIbHOe, H3'lIMelH0J3aIHne «.rmu». B OOJIbmHHCTBe
CJIY'IaeB «JJHUOM», B np3BOBOM CMbICJJe, SIBJJSIeTCSI TOT 06b!'I-
HbIi-i cpe)J.HHM 'IeJIOBeqeCKHM HH)J.HBH)J.YYM, BCTpeqarorn.HMCH
B nOBce)J.HeBHOM :>KH3HU. Bc.ne.n:CTBHe )J.eMOKpa.TH'IeCKHX TeH-
.neHUHM Harnero BpeMeHH, ocooeHHO B AHr.TIHH, 3HrJJHikKOe
np3BO B 60JJbrnMHCTBe CJIyqaeB npe)J.n0J13raeT, lITO C ero TOqlUl'
3peilUISI Bee Hl ,HBH.l{YYMbF paBHbI MJJH, KaK qaCTO rOBopSIT,
«npaBO )J.eikTByeT HeB3HpaSI Ha JIMua». Ho, HeCMOTpf! Ha
TaKYIO TeH)J.eHuHIO, Ka:>K)J.oe UHBHJIH30BaHHoe oOlllecTBo, K3KHM
6bI 3ra,TJHTapHb1M OHO HH ObIJJO B Te, OpllI'I BbIHY:>K)J.eHO npH3Ha-
BaTb HeKOTopbIe eCTeCTBeHHbIe C.TJY'IaH, K3K rOBopSIT, «He.nee-
cnoco6HOCTH», T. e. BbIHY:>K)J.eHO C'IHTaTbCf! C cpaKTaMH, KOTO-
pble .n:eJIaIOT MOpaJIbHO HeB03MO:>KHbIM TpaKTOBaTb HeKOTopbTX
HH.l{HBH.l{YYMOB, KaK HOpM8JJbHbIX JJHQ. TaK, HanpHMep, HII
O)J.HO OOrn.eCTBO, KaKMM ObI )J.eMOKpaTH'IHbIM OHO Hn ObI.J10, He
MO:>KeT TpaKTOB3Tb )J.BYXJIeTHerO peoeHKa, npHpO:>K.l{eHHoro.
H)J.MOTa HJJH OCY:>K)J.eHHoro npecTynHEKa KaK HOpMaJIbHOrO
HH)J.illBUJ1.YYMa II qeJIOBeqeCKHe o(5IuecTBa npHoeraroT K pa3Hb!!\t>
fJIABA VIII. JIHIJ:A
12E>
cnoc06aM 06pam.eHlIH C nOAOOHblMII .rnHUaMII, OTKJJOHSIIOm.HMHCH'
OT HopMbI.
J],aJIee, BO BCIeX IJ:HBHJJII30BaHHbIX OOIl{eCTBax ObIJJO, no.
C006pa:>KeHHSIM YAOOCTBa, npH3HaHO He06xOAHMblM TpaKTOBaTb
B H3BeCTHblX ueJJSIX HeKOTopble «COBoKynHoCTH» HHAHBHAVY-
MOB iKa!K JIHII.. Ta!KHe «COBoKynHOCTH» HHAHBHAYYMOB iHiHor,Ua.
Ha3bIBalOTCSI «HCKYCCTBeHHbIMH JJHII.aMII» (artificial persons),
HO STO Bblpa:>KeHille HeYJJ::a,TIHo, nOTO'MY [ITa B iHeM KipoeT,cSI npe;I."
nOJJO:>KeHHe, 'ITO npaBoBaSI JIH'IHOCTb OObl'IHOrO HHAHBHAYYMa"
SIBJJHeTCSI «ecTecTBeHHoH», 'ITO BeCbMa .n:aJJeKO OT HCTHHH.
q>paHII.Y3cKoe Bblpa:>KeHHe «MopaJJbHO'e JJHUO» (personne morale),
eABa JIH YAa'IHee; HO -oHSITb-T::1IKH npeAnOJJaraeT, 'ITO OObl'l-
HblM HHAIIBHAYYM He HBJJSIeTCSI «MopaJJbHbIM» JIHII.OM. OObl'I-
HHM aHrJJHMCKHM TepMHHOM AJJSI TaKoro rpynnoBoro JJHII.a CJIY
:>KilT CJIOBO «KopnOpaII.HSI». HeC:MOTpSI Ha HeKOTopble B03pa:>Ke.,.
HIISI, KOTopbIe OHO Bbl3blBaeT, OHO BepOSITHO MeHee APyrlIx
OObl'IHblX TepMIIHOB cnOCOOHO BBO.n:HTb B 3aOJIY:>KAeHHe.
fIOCKOJJbKY npaBOBoe nOJIO:>KeHH€ «HopMaJJbHblX HHAIIBHAYYMOB»
GYAeT IIIHpOKO OCBeIl{eHO HH:>Ke, HaCTOHIl{aSI rJI8B8 orpaHHtJHTCfl
nOnbITKOM OO'bSICHPlTb ocooeHHOCTH nOJIO:>KeHHSI HHAHBHAYYMOB,
OTKJJOHSIIOIIJ;HXCSI OT HOpMbl, H nO.rrO:>KeHHH «COBoKynHoCTH»J
HHAIIBHAYYMOB, T. e. oy.n:eT nOCBSIIIJ;eHa TOMY, 'ITO Ha3bIBalOT
3aKOHaMII 0 «CTaTyce».
CaMO CJJOBO «CTaTYC» nepBOHa'IaJIbHO He 3aKJI10 T wmo HH-
tIero, KpOMe nOHSITIISI 0 npaBOBOM nOJIO:>KeHHH JJHII.a. n03TOMY
BCHKoe JIIIUO (311 'I1CiKJJIO'IeHlIeM pa60B, KOTopble c npaBOBOH'
TO'IKH 3peHIISI He CtIHTaJJHCb JIHuaMH) HMeJIO H3BeCTHblH CTa'TYC.
Ho B pe3YJJbTaTe COBpeMeHHOH TeHAeHI.{lHI K npaBOBOMY paBe'H-
CTBY, 0 KOTOpOM 'Y:>K'e )'InOMHHa.rroCl" pa3JIUtIliSI IB cTaryce C'MJJH
BCTpe'IaTbCSI Bce pe:>Ke, II 3HatIeHIIe SToro Bonpoca pe3KO
YMeHbIIIIIJJOCb, BBMAY tIero TepMHH «CTaTYC» nplIMeHHeTCSI
Tenepb, BO BCHKOM CJJY'Iae B aHr JIIiMCKOM npaBe, TOJIbKO
B OTHOIIIeHIIH Tex cpaBHHTeJIbHO HeMHOrOtIHCJIeHHbIX B oOIl{e-
CTBe rpynn JJIOAeM, KOTopble Tpe6YIOT oc06oro paCCMOTpeHIISI,
c npaBOBOH TO'IKM 3peHIISI, BCJIeACTBlie HX 6pOCaIOlJJ,erocSI
B rJJa3a OTJJHtJ:IHI OT OObl'IHbIX JIIIlJ, II Bc.'1eACTBHe HeB03MO:>K':
HOCTH AJJH HHX OCB060AHTbCH OT 3Toro OTJIH'IHH no c06CTBeH-
HOMY YCMOTpeHHlO.
npocpeCCIiOHaJJbHble H.rIll ,U3:>Ke nO.TJHTMtJeCKHe OT.nHtJ:nH He
npHBO,USIT K OC060MY cTaTYCY: TaK, Hanpmfep, n3pbl, Bpa[IIf
TIJIII CBSIIl{eHHHKH 'rocy,UapCTBeHHoM UepKBH H MHorHe ApyrlIe
rpynnbI .TJIOAeM He C'IHTalOTCSI no.n:.ne:>KaIIJ;HMH OCOOOMY TaTYCY,
nOTOMY 'ITO npaBOBble ocooeHHOCTII, OTJJH'IalOIl{He IIX OT .n:py-
rl:lx JIHII., XOTSI H CYIl{eCTBeHHbl, HO He HaCTOJIbKO, 'ITo6bl npH
3HaSaTf> HX npaBOBoe COCTOSIHne OTK.nOHSIIOIl{iRMCSI OT HOpMbf.
3eMeJIbHble c06CTBeHHHKII, KynUbl, npOMbIllweHHHKH H "110,UH
ri22 'lACTb BTOPAH. Cy.n;OYCTP01!:CTBO II OY.n;onPOIl300.n;CTBO
)I{HBYIIJ;He Ha 3apaOOTHYIO nJJaTY, TaK:>Ke He OTJJH'IaIOTCH
no CBoeMY npaBOBOMY CTaTYCY, XOTH nOCJIe}I.HHH 83 ila3BaH-
HbIX rpynn HMeeT B pe3YJIbTaTe HOBeMrnero 3aKOHOjJ.aTe.1bCTBa
TeH}I.eHUHIO npHOJJH3HTbCH K TaKOMY nOJJO:>KeHHlO. MbI BKpaTI.(e
KacaeMCH caMbIX xapaKTepHbIX npHMepOB cTaTyca B aHrJJIIM-
. CKOM npaBe.
1. H e COB e pIlle H H 0 JJ e T H H e. H30eraH CJJHIlIKOM TOH-
KHX OTTeHKOB B onpe}I.eJJeH8HX, OObI'IHbIX }I.JIH IOpHCTOB KJIaC-
,CH1JeCKOrO PHMa, aHrJJHikKOe npaBO YCTaHaBJJHBaeT, 'ITO OKOH-
. 'IaHHe HeCOBeprneHHoneTHH }I.JJH JJHU KaK My:>KCKOrO, TaK H :>KeH-
OKoro nOJJa HacTyna.eT B .n:eHb, ITpe.n:rneCTBYIOIIJ;HM 21-MY ro}I.Y
HX pO:>K}I.eHHH; C 9Toro MOMeHTa OHO C'IHTaeT HX BnOJIHe OTBeT-
CTBeHHbIMH H )J.eecnOCOOHbIMH rpa:>K.Ii.aHaMH. Ho He C!Jle.n:yeT
.n:YMaTb, 'ITO .n:o ,ZI:OCTH:>KeHHH YKa3aHHoro B03paCTa HH,ZI:HBH}I.YYM
,He OOJIa.n:aeT npaBaMH H He HeceT OOH3aHHOCTeM. HanpOTHB,
MO:>KHO CKa3aTb, 'ITO OH OOJJa.n:aeT BceMH npaBaMH. OH MO:>KeT
npHoopeTaTb H OT'IY:>K.n:aTb COOCTBeHHOCTb, BCTyna'f'b B .n:oro-
BopHbIe OTHorneHHH, Ha'IHHaTb H npOBo,nHTb cy.n:eOHbIe npoueCCbI
(npH nOCpe}I.CTBe «3acTynHHKa», KOTOpbIH HeceT OTBeTCTBeH-
iHOCTb 3a CY,ZI:eOHbIe H3.JI.epmKH npOTH!BIHHKa). O\l(HaKO OR He MI()-
:>KeT )J;eJJaTb 3aBeIIJ;aHHH, KOTopoe llMeJIO ObI 3aKOHHYIO CHJJY, 3a
HCKJJIO'IeHHeM HeKOTopbIX OCOObIX OOCTOHTeJJbCTB; OH JJHrneH
HeKOTopbIX Ba:>KHbIX nOJJHTH'IeCKHX npaB, KaK, HanpllMep, YTJa-
..CTllH B BbIoopax B napJJaMeiHT H B MYHHUHnaJJHTeTbI. OR .n:a:>Ke
nOJIb3}"eTCH B npe)J;CJIax HeKOToporo onpe.n:CJI HHOrO cpOKa no
)J.OCTH:>KeHHH HM COBeprneHHOJIeTHH HCKJJIO'IHTeJJbHbIM npaBOM
aHHYJJHpOBaHHH Bcex rpa:>K,ZI:aHCKHX C}I.eJIOK, 3aKJJIO'IeHHbIX HM
B nepHO.n: ero HeCOBeprneHHOJJeTHH, B TO BpeMH KaK ,ZI:pyraH
CTopOHa B C,ZI:eJIKe 9Toro npaBa JmmeHa. O,ZI:HaKO 9TO O'IeHh
l.(eHHOe npeHMYIIJ;eCTBO, npe,ZI:OCTaBJIeHHOe eMY, 3HaeT O.n:HO HJJH
.n:Ba Ba:>KHbIX HCKJJIO'IeHHH. TaK, HanpHMep, HeCOBeprnCHHOJJeTHHH
aOCOJJIOTHO CBH3aH OOH3a1'eJJbCTBaMH, BbITeKaIOIIJ;HMH H3 «Heoo-
XO,ZI:HMbIX pacxO,ZI:OB», T. e. H3 pacxo.n:oB, CBH3aHHbIX C nOKyn-
KaMH H YCJJyraMH, KOTopbIe TpeOYIOTCH ,ZI:JJH ero 3)J;OpOBbH,
oopa30BaHHH H y}I.OOCTB, cooTBeTCTBYIOIIJ;HX ero OOIIJ;eCTBeHHOMY
nOJJO:>KeHHIO; OH CBH3aH TaK:>Ke B HMYIIJ;eCTB HHOM OTHorneHHH
3aKJJIO'IeHHhIM HM Opa'IHhIM ,ZI:OrOBOpOM, eCJJH nOCne,ZI:HHM YTBep-
:>K,ZI:eH CY,ZI:OM.
C }I.pyroM CTOpOHhI, BeChMa 3Ha'lHTeJJbHhI OOH3aTeJJbCTBa,
B03JJaraeMhIe Ha HecoBepIIIeHHOJJeTHero yrOJJOBHhIM npaBoM H
HeKoTophIMH 'IaCTHMH rpa:>K,ZI:aHcKOro npaBa. XOTH C'IHTae-rcSI,
'1TO OH He HeceT yrOJJOBHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH ,ZI:O J1.0CTH:>KeHHSI
HM B03paCTa BOChMH neT, a B B03pacre Me:>K.n:y BOCbMbIO H qe-
TbIpHa.n:l.(aThIO ro.n:aMH OTBeTJaeT TOJJbKO B CJJY'lae, eCJJH .n:OKa-'
.saHO, 'ITO OH doli capax, T. e. qTO OH cnocooeH nOHHMaTh
j['.J:rABA VIII. JIHiI(A
123
npecTynHocTb COBepmaeMOrO HM ,AeMCTBHSI, HO nOCJJe tJ'eTbIp-
Ha,Al1aTH JJeT OH nO,AJle1KHT HaKa3amuo 3a OOJJbmHHCTBO Hapy-
meHHIf yrOJJOBHbIX 3aKOHOB. 3a Bce rpa1K,AaHCKHe npaBoHapyme-
HHB, T. e. 3a TaKHe HapymeHHSI rpa1K,AaHCKOro npaBa, KOTopble
He SIBJJSIIOTCSI HapymeHHSIMH ,AOrOBOpOB, OH, B TeopHH no KpaM-
HeM Mepe, OTBetJaeT C caMoro paHHero B03paCTa. XOTSI C meCT-
Ha,Al1aTH JIeT JJHl1a KaK MY1KCKOrO, TaK H 1KeHCKOro nOJJa MorYT
BCTynaTb B opatJHbIe ,AOrOBOpbI, HO B 9TOM OTHomeHHH OHM
nO,AJJe1KaT HeKoTopOMy Ha,A30py CO CTOpOHbI pO,AHTeJleM "JJH
oneKYHOB, 0 tJeM OY,AeT CKa3aHO B COOTBeTcTBylOllI.eM MeCTe.
B ,AOnOJJHeHHe K CBoeMY paHee ynOMSIHYTOMY npaBY aHHYJlHpO-
BaHHB ,AOrOBopOB HeCOBepmeHHOJJeTHHM JJHmeH npaBa OOSI3bI-
BaTbCSI ,AOrOBOpaMH 0 B03BpaTe no.nytJeHHbIX B3aMMbI ,AeHer HJlH
onJJaTe nOCTaBJJeHHbIX eMY TOBapOB (KpOMe «HeOOXO,AHMbIX
paCXO,AOB»); HHKaKoe nOCJJe,AYIOllI.ee npM3HaHHe ,AOrOBOpa, 3a-
KJJlOtJeHHoro HeCOBepmeHHOJJeTHHMH, H HHKaKoe ooeIUaHHe
<>nJlaTHTb ,AOJJr, C,AeJJaHHbIM B ,AeTCTBe, !He M01KeT HMeTb npaBO-
BOM CHJJbI. HHKTO He M01KeT ObITb ,AO BOCeMHa,Al1aTH JJeT npH-
1'0BOpeH K CMepTHOM Ka3HH H ,AO CeMHa,Al1aTH JJeT - K KaTOp1K-
HbIM paooTaM.
2. .D. Y m e B H 0 0 0 JI b H bI e. BbIJJO ObI, BepOSITHO, npa-
BHJJbHO, eCJI1H ObI MbI CKa3aJJH, tJTO aHr JIHMCKOe npaBO He 3HaeT
onpe,AeJJeHHOrO CTaTyca ,AJlSI ,AymeBHOOOJJbHbIX HJlH CJJaOOYMHbIX.
Ho KopOHa C ,AaBHHX BpeMeH OCYllI.eCTBJJSIJJa Ha,A30p Ha,A JJHtJ-
HOCTbIO H HMYllI.eCTBOM CJ1aOOYMHbIX OT p01K1!:eHMSI H JIHI1, KOTO-
pbIe no paCCJJe,AOBaHMIO npMCSI1KHbIX q,opMaJJbHO npH3HaHbI
CJIaOOYMHbIMH, tJ'IO q,aKTHtJeCKH BbIBO,AHT HX ,AaJJeKO 3a npe-
,AeJJbI ,AeMCTBHSI OObItJHbIX npaBOBbIX HOpM. B O,AHOM H3BeCTHOM
CY,AeOHOM pellleHHH 1904 rO,Aa AneJJJJSIUHOHHbIM CY,A YCTaHOBHJi,
qTO BCSIKaSI nonblTKa OTtJY1K.D:eHHSI CBoeM coocTBeHHocTH no,Aoo-
HbIM JJHI10M, cOBepmeHHaSI npH ero >KH3HH, SIBJJSIeTCSI IOpH,AHtJe-
CKR HHtJTO>KHOM; He M01KeT ObITb COMHeHHSI, tJTO BCSIKOMY OOBH-
HeHHlO TaKoro JIiHua B KaKOM-JJHOO npecrynJleHHH OY,AeT npo-
T'HBOnOCTaBJJeHO B03pa1KClHiHe, rJJaC IUee: unfit to plead, T. e.
HBJIHeTCH npOl1eccyaJlbHO He,AeeCnOCooHblM, BCJJeACTBHe tJero
oOBHHSIeMbIM 6y.n.eT cO,Aep1KaTbCSI nOA Ha,A30pOM ,AO CBoeM
cMepTH HJlH ,AO BOCCTaHOBJJeHHSI paccY,AKa. .
tho KacaeTCSI CJlaooYMHbIX, KOTopbIe «He YCTaHOBJJeHbI KaK
TaKOBbIe» (not SO found), TO nOJJ01KeHHe HX OOJIee CJI01KHO.
OOllI.HM npHH Hn B rpa)K,AaHCKHX ,AeJJax rJJaCHT, tJTO npaBa JJHI1,
.nOopOCOBeCTHO BcrynalOllI.HX C HHMH B ,AeJJOBbIe OTHomeHHSI 3a
BCTpetJHoe y,AOBneTBopeHHe (T. e. 3a npe,AOCTaBJleHHe HMVllle-
CTBeHHOM UeHHOCTH) nO,AJIe>K8T 3allI.HTe H liTO CJIa60YMHblH HJIH
ero npe,ACTaBHTeJlb ,AOJJ1KeH, ,AJJSI H30e1KaHHSI OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH
no cbr JIarneHHIO 00 oTtJY>K,AeHHH COOCTBeHHOCTH HJJH no ,Aoro-
.BOPY, .n.O Ka 3aTb He TOJJbKO TO, tJTO OH ObIJJ HecnocooeH nOHSITb
124 'IACTb BTOPAH. CY,ZJ;OY<JTPOilCTBO II CWjJ,OIIPOII3BO;rJ.CTBO
C)'II(HOCTb c.n;eJJKH, HO 'ITO .n;PyraH CTopoHa 9TO 3HaJJa. K CO:>K8-
JIeHHIO, cy.n;eoHbIe .n;eJIa He .n;alOT SICHoro OTBeTa Ha Bonpoc.
pacnpOCTpaHSIeTCSI JJH TaKaSI 3aIl{HTa .n;OopOCOBeCTHOM CTOpOHbL
TaK :>Ke Ha 'lie CJJY'IaH, Kor.n;a CJJaOOYMHbIM «YCTaHOBJJeH KaK
TaKOBOM» (so found); HO ynoMSIHYToe perneHHe cy.n;a B .n;eJJe
1904 r. 38CTaBJJHeT .n;YMaTb, 'ITO OTBeT ObIJJ ObI oTpHnareJIb
HblM; .n;eMCTBHTeJJbHO, Tpy.n;HO npe.n;CTaBHTb ceoe, 'ITOObI KTO-
HHOy.n;b .HMeJJ .n;eJJOBbIe QTHOrneHHSI co CJJaOOYMHbIM, KOTOpbIM
«YCTaHOBJJeH KaK TaKOBOM», H He 3aMeTHJJ ObI 9Toro. )J,apeHHSI,.
COBeprneHHble CJJaOOYMHbIM, KaK «YCTaHOBJJeHHbIM», TaK H «He
YCTaHOBJIeHHbIM», Bcer.n;a OTMeHSIIOTCSI, .n;a:>Ke npOTHB JJHU, KOTO
pble, OCH'OBbIBaSICb 'Ha 8KTe .n;apeHHIH, .n;06pOCOBeCTHO BCTynaJ]jH
!B C eJIKH III TIOTepneJJH ym.ep6. KipO!Me TOlro, Opra.K JIHli.a, KO'DO-
poe no YMCTBeHHOM HecnOCOOHOCTH ObIJJO He B COCTOHHHH no-
HSITb 3Ha'IeHHe TaKoro .n;eMCTBHSI, HBJJSIeTCH IOpH.n;H'IleCKH HH'ITOLK-
HbIM, .n;a:>Ke eCJJH .n;pyraH CTopOHa He 3HaJJa 06 ero YMcTBeHHofl
HenOJJHOUeHHOCTH. C .n;pyroM CTOpOHbI, 3aBeIIJ;aHHe , 'IeJJOBeKa,.
.;1HIf11eHHoro 3.n;paBoro paccy.n;Ka, .n;a:>Ke CJJaooYMHoro, «ycTaHo-
BJJeHHOfO K8K Ta KOBO it», HBJJHeTCH .l(eitcTBHTeJJbHbIM, eCJIH 3a-
BeIl{aTeJIb nOHHMaJJ TO, 'ITO OH .l(eJJaeT, H OT.n;aBaJJ ceoe OTQeT
B 1J10CJIe)l.CTBHSIX CBoero .l(eMCTBHH. HanpHMep, 38'BeIIJ;aHHe CJ1aOO-
YMHoro B ynOl\fSIHYTOM BbUlIe .n;eJIe 1904 r. XOTSI H ObIJJO COCTa-
BJJeHO B yoe:>KHIIJ;e .l(JISI CJIa60YMHbIX, HO ObIJIO YTBep:>K.n;eHo
noCJIe ero cMepTH.
nOJIO:>KeHHe CJIaOOY'MHbIX, «He yCTatHOBJJeHHbIX K2.K TaKO
Bble», B OTHorneHHH yrOJJOBHOrO npaBa OTJJH'IaeTCH 0'1' nOJJome-
HHH CJIaOOYMHbIX, «YCTaHOBJIeHHbIX, KaK TaKOBble». 3aJl{HTHHKR
nepBoro MorYT BbICTynHTb C B03pameHHeM: «HBJISIeTCH npOl{ec-
cyaJJbHO He.n;eecnOCOOHbIM», H B TaKOM CJJyqale OY.l(YT npH3BaHbi
npHCH:>KHbIe ,lVIH BbISICHeHHSI OCHOBaTeJIbHOCTH 9Toro B03pa:>Ke-
HHSI. ECJIH npHCH:>KHble npH3HaIoT ero npaBHJJbHbIM, TO nOCJJe.II:-
CTBHSI 6bIBaJOT TaKHe me, KaK B CJIY'Iae co CJJaOOYMHbIM,
«YCTaHOBJIeHHbIM, KaK TaKOBOH:», T. e. OOBHHHfeMbIH nepe.l(aeTCH
no.n; Ha.II:30p. Ho CJIaooYMHe MO:>KeT ObITb npocTo ,BbI)I:BHHYTO KIal"
aprYMeHT 3aIl{TI!'fbI, Tor.n:a npHCH:>KHbIe !\rorYT pemHTb, 'ITO OOBH-
HHeMbIM «BHHOBeH, HO CJIaooYMeH» ('I'. e. 6bIJI c.JIaooYMeH B TOT
MOMeHT, KOr.II:a COBepmaJI npecTyn.n1eHHe); nOCJIe 9Toro ero OT-
npaBHT B y6e:>KHlu;e )l.JIH CJI860YMHbIX npeCTynHHKoB. HaKoHeu;,
06BHHSIeMbIH: MO:>KeT BnaCTb B CJIaOOYMHe Y:>Ke nOCJIe BblHece-
HHSI pemeHHH 00 ero BHHOBHOCTH, Tor)Ja ero TO:>Ke OTnpaBJJSIlO1'
B TaKoe yoe:>KHIl{e. CMepTHbIe npHrOBopbI He npHBo.n;SITCH
B HcnO.JIHeHHe B OTHomeHHH cna60YMHbIX.
nOBH.n;HMlOMY, c.'Ia60)llMHble, no.n;06HO HeCOBeprneHHOJIeTHHM"
TeOpeTH'IeCKR Hecyr nOJJHYIO oTBeTCTBeH'HOCTb 3a nOCJJe.l(CTBHst
torts ('1'. e. rpa:>K.II:aHCKOro npaBoHapyrneHHH, He SIBJJHIOIl{eroc .
napyrnelmeM .II:OrOBOpOB). Ho, eCTeCfl'Be'HHO, 'ITO B Tex CJIY'
[,JIABA VIII. JIHIIA '
125
aHX, KOr.n;a rpa1K.n;aHCKOe npaBoHapyrneHHe npe.n;nOJJaraeT
YMblCeJI, HanpHMep, B ooyqae 3JJOHaMepeHHOrO cy.n;le6HOrO npe.
CJre.l(OBaHHSI HJ1II crOBopa, Ka!K rpa1K\naUCKHX ,lJ;emHKTOB, COCTOSI-
HHe paCCY.l(Ka OTBeTqHKa HMeeT 3HaqeHHe.
3. 0 C Y 1K .l( e H H bl e. CoocTBeHHocTb JJlIU, OCY1K.n;eHHbIX 3a
j'SI1KiIUle yrOJJOBHble npecTyTIJfeHHSI, nelpe.l(aeT'C:H B ynpaBJJelH1He
3.l(MHHHCTpaTopoB, Ha3HaqaeMblX KOpOHOM; OCY1K.n;eHHbIM He MO-
meT npe.l(1)HBJIHTb HCKOB, OTqY1K.n;aTb K'aKYID-JIliOO CBOID COO-
CTBeHHOCTb H 3aKJJIOqaTb .n;orOBopbl .n;o lICTeqeHHH cpOKa npH-
rOBopa HJIH .n;o nOMHJJOBaHl:IH. C .l(pyroM CTOpOHbl, npOTHB Hero
M01KHO BeCTH npoueCCbl H BBO.n;HTb B .n;eMCTBHe nOCTaHOBJIeHHSI
'II cy.n;eOHble perneHHH C ueJJblO B3blCKaHHSI .n;eHer 3a CqeT ero
'IIMyrn:eCTBa, KOTopoe Haxo.n;HTCH B pYKax a.n;MHHHCTpaTopOB. OH
""fepHeT npaBO Ha 3aHHTHe pa3HblX .n;O 1KHOCTeM H Ha nOJJb30Ba-
HHe pa3HblMH 3BaHHHMH H JJHrnaeTCH Tex, KOTopble OH HMeJJ
B MOMeHT CBoero OCY1K.n;eHHH, C .n;pyroM CTOpOHbl, 3aBern:aHHe,
COCTaBJJeHHOe OCY1K.II:eHHbIM, HMeeT 3aKOHHYID CHJIY, .n;a1K ' e eCJIU
DH YMpeT .n;o CBoero OCBOOO1K.n;eHHH; nOCJJe Toro KaK OH
OCBOOO1K.n;eH H3-no.n: CTpa1KH, ero HMyrn:eCTBO eMY B03-
aparn:a,eTcH.
4. H HOC T P a H UbI. B Ka1K.n;bIM .n:aHHbIM MOMeHT B AHrJIHH
2KHBeT HJJH npOe31KaeT qepe3 Hee MH01KeCTBO JJHU, He HBJlHIO-
I.I.J,HXCH no.n;.n:aHHbIMH KOpOHbl. 3TH JIHUa H3BeCTHbl no.n; HMeHeM
«HHOCTpaHueB»; XOTH OHH CBH3aHbl OOH3aTeJIbCTBOl\l JJOMHJIbHOCm
B OTHOrneHHl:I C06JJIO.n;eHHH H no.n:qHHeHHH aHrJJHMCKOMY 3aKOHY,
HO OHH He nOJJb3YlOTCH BceMH TeMH npaBaMH, KaKHMH nOJIb-
-SYIOTCH aHrJJHMCKHe no.n;.n;aHHble no 3TOMY 3aKOHY. TIpe1K.n:e
CYlU'eCTBOBaJJO MH01KeCTBO OrpaHHQeHHH HX npaB, HO 3aKOHO-
.n;aTeJJbHble aKTbl nOCJIe.n:Hero BpeMeHH nOQTH ypaBHHJIH HX
C Opl:lTaHCKHMH no.n;.n;aHHbIMH, nOCKOJJbKY .n;eJJO KacaeTCH qaCT-
Horo npaBa; CQHTaeTCH, QTO OHH .n;a1Ke HMelOT npaBO Ha Te
Gpe3BblQaMHO ueHHble r,apaHTHH CBOOO.n:bl, KCTopble npe.n;OCTa-
BJJHeT rpaMOTe HabClas Corpus. Ho OHH He MorYT 3aHIfMaTb
HHKaKHX oorn:eCTBeHHbIX nOCTOB, YQaCTBOBaTb B Bbloopax
B napJIaMeHT HJIH B MYHHUHnaJIHTeTbI H npHoopeTaTb B c06-
CTBeHHOCTb 6pl1TaHCKHe cy.n;a. ECTecTBeHHo, QTO nOJJ01KeHl1e
HHOCTpaHua TOTQaC 2Ke MeHHeTCH, KaK TOJIbKO ero rocy.n;apCTBO
BCTynaeT B BOMHY C EpHTaHcKoM I1MnepHeM. Tor.n;a TeOpeTHQe-
CKH o CTaHOBHTCH 6ecnpaBH M JIHUOM; o.n;HaKO Bce CJIe.n;cTBHH
aTOM TeopHH pe.n;Ko npHMeHHIOTcH K HeMY, eCJIH TO.fIbKO OH He
oOHapY1KHB&eT J!'I1QHOM Bpa1K.n;eoHocTH K AHrJIIfH, HecoBMecTHMOH
C .TIOMHJJbHbIM nOBe.n:eHHeM. TIocJIe .n;eCHTH .'JeT npeobIBaHHH
B AHrJJHH HHocTpaHl.{bl HMelO'r npaBo H oOH3aHbl HeCTH q,YHKUHH
llpHCH1KHOrO; HO OHH MorYT ObITb OTBeJ1.eHbI JJIOOOM H3
. £TOpOH.
TIpe1K.II:e 'lIHOCTpaHel.{ npH OOBI1HeHHH ero B yrOJJOBHOM
126 'IACTb BTOPASI. OY,D;OYCTPO:t!:CTBO n o ',1.I.onPOH3BO.n:CTBO
npecTynJJeHHH HMeJJ npaBo Ha TO, 'lTOObI nOJJOBHHa Cy.nHBllIHX ero
npHCSDKHbIX ObIJJa opHTaHCKHMH no.n.naHHbIMH, a .npyraSI nOJIO-
BHHa - HHOCTpaHl{aMH (de medietate linguae). Ho aTa npHBHJIe.-
rHH Tenepb OTMeHeHa.
5. H e C 0 C T 0 SI T e JI b H bI e .n 0 JJ m H H K H. ECJlH JIltIJ.O
001>SIBJJSIeT ceoSI HeCOCTOSITeJlbHbIM .nOJJmHHKOM HJJH Oy.neT npH-
SHaHO TaKOBbIM cy.nOM, TO OHO BO MHorHX OTHOllIeHHSIX CTaHO-
BHTCSI OrpaHH'leHHbIM B npaBax, BCJJe.nCTBHe 'Iero OHO BXO.nHT
B 'lHCJJO JJH , OTKJJOHSIIOIl{HXCSI OT HOpMbI. Ero HMYIl{eCTBO, KaK
npHOOpeTeHHOe .no, TaK H nocJle cy.neOHoro pellIeHHSI 0 Hec<r
CTOSITeJlbHOCTH, nopY'laeTCSI «.II:OBepHTeJJbHOMY COOCTBeHHHKY»
(trustee), KOTOpbIM ynpaBJISIeT HM B HHTepecax Kpe.nHTopOB; 08
He MomeT HH OT'lym)l.aTb aTO HMYLIJ;eCTBO, HH oopeMeHSITb ero
.no.nraMH. XOTSI OH He JJHllIeH npaBa 3aKJJIO'laTb .norOBOpbI, HO
.OH no.nJJemHT Kape, eCJJH CKpoeT npH aTOM CBoe nOJlOmeHHe;
nOCKOJJbKY npeTeH3HH ero HOBHX Kpe.nHTopOB K ero HMYIl{eCTBy.
He.neMCTBHTeJJbHbI, TO Y Hero MaJlO lliaHCOB HaM'I1H Koro-HH6y.nb,
KTO 3aXOTeJJ ObI BCTynHTb C HHM B .neJJOBbIe OTHOllIeHlm. OH Ha
nSITb JJeT TepSIeT npaBO OHTb IIJJeHOM napJJaMeHTa It MHorHX
.npyrHX oor.qeCTBeHHbIX Y'lpem.neHHM. C .nPyroM CTOpOHbI, OH..
KOHe'IHO, coxpaHSIeT nOJJHYIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb, nOCKOJJbKY .neJlo
KacaeTCSI ero JIH'lHOCTH, B OTHOllIeHHH Bcex TpeOOBaHHii rrpaB8
yrOJJOBHOrO H rpam.naHCKoro.
6. 3 aMY m H Hem e H LIJ; H H bI. HecMoTpSI Ha cyr.qecTBeR-
HbIe YJJY'lllIeHHSI B nOJJOmeHHH 3aMymHeM meHIl{HHbI, npOBe.neH-
HHe cy.naMH cnpaBe.nJIHBOCTH, ee nOJIOmeHHe npo.noJlmaJJo )1.0
cepe.nHHbI .neBSITHa.nl{aTOrO BeKa SIBJJSITb COOOM caMbIM SIpKHA
npHMep Toro, liTO 30BeTCSI «CTaTYCOM» B aHrJJHMCKOM npaBe; He
B3HpaSI Ha orpOMHbIe H3MeHeHHSI B ee nOJJOmeHHH, npOBe.neHHbIe
B He.naBHee BpeMSI 3aKOHo.naTeJJbHbIM nYTeM, HeKOTopbIe H3
npemHHX ee npHBHJJerHM H HeKOTopble BH.nbI CTapbIX ee orpaHH-
lIeHHM B npaBax npo.nOJJmaIOT CYIl{eCTBOBaTb. Ho Tenepb HX yme
TaK MaJJO, 'ITO OHH He .naIOT 3aMymHeM >KeHLIJ;HHe Toro HCKJJIO-
'lHTeJJbHOrO nOJJO>KeHHSI, KOTopoe xapaKTepHO .nJlSI cTaTyca; HX
y.nOOHee pa31>SICHHTb np" oOCY>K.neHHH Tex OTpaCJleM npaBa,
K KOTOpbIM OHH OTHOCHTCSI. BoooLIJ;e rOBOpSI, 3aMY>KHSIH >KeH-
r.qHHa MO>KeT TaK >Ke, KaK MY>K'lHHa HJlH He3aMY>KHSISI >KeHLIJ;HHa,
npHoopeTaTb H OT'lY>K.naTb HMYLIJ;eCTBO. BCTynaTb B .norOBopHble
OTHOIlleHHH, CJJymHTb -B 06meCTBeHHbIx yqpe>K.neHHSIX, Y'la'CTBO-
BaTb B BbIoopax 'lJJeHOB napJlaMeHTa H .npyrHX Y'lpe>K.n:eHHM H
npeTeH.n:OBaTb Ha Bce npaBa, npHHa.n:JJe>KaLIJ;He opHTaHCKOMY no.n-
.naHHOMY. C .n:pyroM CTOpOHbI, Ha Hee B03JJOmeHbI, eCJJH He Bce,
TO nO'lTH Bce OOSI3aHHOCTH, BbITeKaIOIl{He H3 HOpM yrOJJOBHOrO
H rpam.naHCKoro npaBa, KOTopble HeceT ee He3aMY>KHSISI ceCTpa
HJJH MY>K. OHa He MO>KeT OOJJee pacCMBTpHBaTbCSI C npaBoBoft
TO'lKH 3peHHSI KaK JJHI{O, «OTKJlOHSIIOLIJ;eeCSI OT HOpi,IbI».
rJIABA VIII. J.l'H A
127
T'enepib OCTaeTCSI paCCMOTpeTb TOJIbKO OAHH H M01KeT
ObITb caMbIM Ba1KHbIM npHMep cTaTyca, a HMeHHO CTaTYC KOP"
nOpaI\HM.
7. I( 0 p n 0 p a II. H H. l(aK 6bIJJO YKa3aHo B Ha'laJIe :noR
rJJaB , B OCHOBe Kopnopa HH no aHrJJHMCKoMY npaBY JJe1KHT Ta
H,n,eSI, 'lTO OHa npeJl.CTaBJJSIeT C060M cOBoKynHocTb HH,n,HBHAY-
YMOB, KOTopaSI no pSI,n,y C006pa1KeHHM TpaKTyeTcSI KaK eAHHoe
JIHI.{O 1:1 npH'f!OM Jlli.I.{O, COBepmeHHO OTJIH'lHOe OT rex HMBBH-
,n,YYMOB, KOTopbIe SIBJlSIIOTCSI ee 'lJleHaMH. '3TY H,n,elO He JJerKO'
nOHSITb H, ,n,eMCTBHTeJJbHO, aHrJlHiicKHM IOpHCTaM H eIIJ;e 60JJee
aHrJJHMCKOM nYOJJHKe' nOTpe60BaJJOCb HeCKOJJbKO CTOJJeTHM 60pb-
6bI H COMHeHHM nepeA TeM, KaK npHTTH K TeM TBepAbIM BbIBo,n,aM
o cym;HOCTH KOpnOpaI\HH, KOTopble CAeJJaHbI Tenepb. .D:B8 npH-
Mepa H3 HCTOpl1H 9TOM 60Pb6bI, npHTOM OAHH, OTHOCSIIIJ;HMCSI
K paHHeMY ee nepHO,n,y, a APyroM - K HeAaBHeMY BpeMeHH,
06H.aPY1KaT HCHee, 'leM II.eJThIe CTpaHHII.bI oO'bSIc:He'HHH:, Te TPYA-
HOCTB, KOTopbIe npHllIJJOCb npeO)J;OJJeTb Jl.JISI Toro, 'lTOObI npHTTH
K. COBpeMeHHOMY SICHOMY nOHHMaHHIO pa3J1H'lHSI Me1KJl.Y Kopno-
paII.HeM H ee 'lJJeHaMH.
B 1429 r. ObIJJ npeA'bSIBJJeH HCK K M9py, 6eMJJHcpcpaM H
06IIJ;HHe HnCBHqa H K HeKoeMY .D:1Keoy (BepoSITHo, 'lJJeHY «KOp-
nOpaII.HH», KaK MbI ObI Tenepb CKa3aJJH) 0 'HapYllIeHHH BJJaJl.eHHH
8CTII.8, BbIpa3HBllIeMCSI B 3aXBaTeero CKOTa BCJJeJl.CTBHe He-
ynJJaTbI HM COOpOB. nOBHJl.HMOMY, caM cpaKT He Mor ocnapH-
BaTbCH, TaK KaK 8ABOKaT OTBeT'lHKOB 3aSIBHJI B03pa1KeHHe, KO-
Topoe XOTH If HOCHJJO BeCbM8 cpOpM8JIbHbIM xapaKTep, HO TeM
He MeHee O'leHb HHTepeCHO. 'OH .llOKa3bIBaJJ, qTO nOCKOJIbKY
OTBeT'lHK .D:1Keo SIBJJSIeTCSI 'lJJeHOM «OOIIJ;HHbI» HnCBH'la, OH 6bIJI
Ha3BaH B CYJl.eOHOM npHKa3e, KOTOpbIM ObIJJO HaqaTO Jl.eJlO,
B Ka'leCTBe Jl.BYX JIHII., 'lTO SIBJlSIeTCSI .n.ecpeKTOM. ECJJH npe.n.no-
JJ01KHTb, qTO BMeCTO npHBJJe'leHliSI .D:1Keoa K CYAY BMeCTe C KOp-
nOpaII.HeM, ero npeCJJeAOBaJJa'o no CYAY caMa KOpnOpaII.HH 3a
Kpa1KY BeIIJ;H, npHHaAJJe1KaIIJ;eM 9TOMKOpnOpaII.HH, TO aABOKaT
3aSIBHJJ ObI B03pa1KeHHe, 'lTO, OYAyqH qJJeHOM KOpnOpaI\HH, .D:>Ke6
He M01KeT ObITb OOBHHeH B Kpa1Ke «COOCTBeHHOM» Bem;H. l(aK
HH Ka1KeTCSI HaM aOCYPAHbIM 9TOT AOBOA, OH SIBHO COHJJ C TOJJKY
CYA, KOTOpbIM HHKaK He Mor KOHqHTb AeJJo. OT'IeTbI 0 HeM
B E>KerO.llHHKe TSIHYJJHCb ,n:o Tex nop, nOKa OT'laSIBllIHMCSI pe-
nopTep, \ nOBHAHMOMY, nepeCTaJi COOOIIJ;aTb 0 HeM, Tenepb HHTe-
peCHO ObIJJO ObI conOCT BHTb 3aTpYAHeHHe, nepeA KOTOpbIM O'lY-
THJJCSI CYA B. 1429 r., C T:p)'.lI.HOCTSIiMH AeJla !MHCTepa ApOHa'
CeJJOMaHa B 1892 r.
B YK83aHHoM ro.n.y CeJJOMaH nepeAaJJ CBoe npeAnpHSITHe 3a
60JJbllIYlO CYMMY O.n.HOMY OOIIJ;eCTBY, CneI\HaJJbHO C03.D:aHHOMY
11M ,lJ,JJSI 3TOH .neJJH. Oom;eCTBO ObIJIO 3apemCTpHpOBaHO no)]:
Ha3BaHHeM «APOH Ce.noMaH H 1(0 JIHMHTe)]:». I<anHTa.T
128 'IACTb BTOPAiL CY.l!:OyC'.rP01iOTBO Ii OYJJ:OtIIPOIi3BO.l!:CTBO
u6llJ,eCTBa 6bIJI COCTaBJIeH HOMHHaJIbHO H3 40000 aKIJ,HM, HO BbI-
ilYllJ,eHO 6blJIO TOJIbKO 20007 aKIJ,HM, H3 KOTOpbIX 20001 8.KIJ,l1Sl
npHHa.n:JIe:H<:aJIa caMoMy CeJIOMaHY, a OCTaJIbHbie rneCTb - ero
JKeHe H .n:eTHM. .lJ.HpeKTopaMH 06llJ,eCTBa 6bIJI caM CeJIOMaH
'R .n:Ba ero CbIHa. n03TOMY MO:H<:HO C .n:OCTaTO'IHblM OCHOBaHHeM
npe.n:nOJIaraTb, 'ITO CeJIOMaH COXpaHHJI B 3Ha'IHTeJIbHOM CTeneHH
'}WHTPOJIb Ha.n: 06llJ,eCTBOM, KOTOPOMY OH npo.n:aJI CBoe .n:eJIo.
-1\poMe Toro, 'OH nOJIY'IHJI 0'1' 06llJ,eCTBa 100 06H3areJJbCTB no
100 «p- CT. Ka:H<:.n:oe B Ka'IeCTBe 'IaCTH'IHOM OnJIaTbi CTOHMOCTH
-ero npe.n:npHSlTHH, 'ITO npeBpa,'rnJIO eDO B npHHH erHpOBaHHoro
-Kpe.n:HTopa 3Toro 06ll1,eCTBa Ha CYMMY B 10000 «p. CT.
Ha CJIie.n:YlOllI,HM ro.n: 06ll1,eCTBO B YCTaHOBJIeHHOM nOpH,lJ;Ke
06'bHBHJIO 0 cBoeM HecoCTOHTeJIbHOCTH, H cy.n: .n:aJI paCnOpSl:H<:e-
HHe 06 ero JIHKBH.n:aIJ,HH. BCSl cYMMa aKTHBOB, peaJIH30BaHHblx
.nJISl O'llJIaTbi Kpe.n:HTOpOB, IHe .n:OCTHraJJa 10.000 «p. CT.; MHCTep
CeJIOMaH npeTeH.n:OBaJI Ha TO, 'ITo6bl BCH peaJIH30BaHHaH cYMMa
.t)bIJIa BbinJIa'IeHa eMY KaK npHBHJIerHpOBaHHoMY Kpe.n:HTopy.
C .n:PyroM CTOpOHbI, npocTbie Kpe.n:HTopbI YKa3bIBaJIH, 'ITO o6Ille
'CTJ30 3'1'0 eCTb caMi CeJIOMaH, 'I110 O'H B CYllI,HOCTH HX Jl;O.illKHHK
H 'ITO, eCJIH eMY n03BOJIHT YMTH co BceMH aKTHBaMH, TO 3'1'0
6y.n:eT 3Ha'IHTb, 'ITO OH «paKTH'IeCKH npHCBOHJI ce6e HX .n:eHbrH,
)J.nH HelOpHcm TaiKoM .n:OIBO.n:, e.n:fBa JIH IDOKaJKeTCH HeOCiHOB8.TeJIb-
HbIM, HO naJIaTa JIOp.n:OB pernHJIa nOCJIe ,lJ;JIHTeJIbHOM 60Pb6bI,
11.'1'0 ApoH CeJIOMaH H «ApoH CeJIOMaH H 1\0 JIHMHTe.n:»
5.lBJIHIOTCH pa3HblMH JIHIJ,aMH H 'ITO nepBbiM 6bIJI npHBHJIerHpOBaH
'HbiM Kpe.n:HTOpOM Bmporo ill no TO MY HMeJI npeHMYllI,eCTBeH-
Hoe npaBO Ha aKTHBbi no cpaBHeHHIO C npOCTbIMH Kpe-
)J,HTOpaMH.
E.n:Ba JIH HY:H<:HO .n:OKa3bIBa'1'b, tI'1'O pa3J1U'IHe Me)K.n:y JIH'!-
tlOCTbIO KOpnOpaIJ,HH H JIH'IHOCTHIMH ee 'IJJeHOB HlMeeT orpOMHoe
3Ha'IeHHe .n:JISl .u.eJIOBOrO MHpa, KOTOpblM B HaCTOHllI,ee BpeMH
e.n:Ba JJH Mor 6bI CYllI,eCTBOBaTb 6e3 npH3HaHHH TaKoro pa3JIH'IHH.
MHorHe H3 COBpeMeHHbiX 06rnHpHbIiX oM paCC'IHTaHHbiX Ha .n:JIH-
1l'eJ1bHbiM nepno.n: npe.n:npHHTIi'M SIBHO He MOrJIH 6bI 6bITb OCY-
llJ,eCTBJIeHbi YCHJIHHMH OT.n:eJIbHbiX JIIO.n:eM, 06'be.n:HHeHHbiX TOJIbKO
-O.n:HHM COrJIarneHHeM. Cpe.n:CTBa cpe.n:Hero 'IeJIOBeKa OrpaHH'IeHbI;
,IJ,a:H<:e MHJIJIHOHep e,IJ,Ba JIH Mor 6bI 6e3 nOCTopOHHeM nOMOlll,H
OCYllI,eCTBHTb TaKoe npe.n:npHHTHe, KaK 60JIbrnyIO :H<:eJIe3HO.n:0-
P0)KHYIO KOMnaHHIO. CTO JIeT COCTaBJIHIOT .n:a:H<:e Tenepb CJIHllIKOM
OOJIblllOM CpOK .n:JISl 'IeJJoBetIeCKOM )KR3HH; eCJIH 6bI npH CMep'1'H
J{8.)K.n:oro H3 COY'IaCTHHKOB Bce ,lJ;eJIO HapYllIaJIOCb 6JIaro.n:apH
H3'bHTHIO ero KanHTaJIOB, TO npe.n:npHH'1'He 6bICTpO npHllIJIO 6bI
i( KOHIJ,Y. nO,lJ; 3alll,HTOM TeopHH KopnopaIJ,HM TaKHe npe.n:npHSl-
THH lKaiK YHHBepCHTeTbI, IJ,epKBH, ro:proBbie KOiMnaHHH, MYHHIJ,1H-
naJIHTeTbi H T. n, MorYT npOIJ,BeTaTb H «paKTH'IeCKH npOIJ,BeTalOT
Te'IeHHe C'1'OJIeTHM, npH'IeM «nOCTOHHHaH npeeMCiBeHHOCTb» He
rJIABA YIII. JIIUI,A
129
HapymaeTcH CMepTblO HJIli BbIGbITHeM HX 'IJIeHOB. HaKOHe ,
npH3HaHHe npHH Hna «orpaHHQeHHOM OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH», XOTH H
,lJ,OCTHrHYToe cpaBHIITeJIbHO He.D:aBHO, nOMoraeT OT.D:eJIbHbIM JIH-
aM HaXOJJ.HTb KamnaJ1bl ;1,.151 TaKHX ToprOBbIX H npOMblllIJ1eH-
HbIX npe,Z:l,rrp'H1ITlill, Koropble CJIHlUKOMI pHCKOBa:HHbI .D:JJH TOro,
'lroObIo IKTO-H'H6Y.D:b IpemHJICH 'BJIO:>K,IITb B 'lIHX !Bce CBoe cocrrOH-
HHe; H XOTH 3TOT npHH Hn .D:OnYCKaeT 3JIoynoTpeGJleHHH, HO
OTKa3 OT HerO HeCOMHeHHO HaHec GbI TH)!{eJIbIli y.n.ap ToprOBOMY
I:i .npOMbIIIIJIeHHOMY illpeJIjnpH!HIIIMa!feJIbCTBY, MbI nepeqIICJlHJl'H
TOJIbKO HeMHorHe npeHMym.eCTBa CHCTeMbI Kopnopa Hll. B3rJIH-
HeM Tenepb Ha O.D:HY HJIH .D:Be H3 HX caMbIX xapaKTepHbIX OCO-
DeHHOCTell, OTpa)!{eHHbIX B aHr JIHMCKOM npaBe.
O.D:Ha H3 caMbIX nopa3liTeJIbHblX ocoGeHHocTell 3aKJIlO'IaeTCH
13 npaBHJIe, i}{QTO!poe ,r.na'CHT, 'lITO "HII' OJJ;Ha fKOpnQpa HH /He MO-
}Kef GbITb yqpe)!{.D:eHa Ge3 COrJIaCHH KOpOHbI. 3TO npaBHJIO, Ha
KOTOpOM aHrJIHllCKOe npaBO HeyKJIOHHO HaCTaHBaeT no KpaMHell
. Mepe B Te'IeHtle IlleCTH BeKOB, HeCOMHeHHO B03HliKJIO HCTOpH'Ie-
CKH BCJIe.L\CTBHe eCTeCTBeHHoro onaceHHH rOCY.D:apCTBa, 'ITO
oGm.eCTBa HBHTCH KOHKypeHTaMH rOCY.D:apCTBeHHOH BJIaCTH.
nepBOHa'IaJIbHO 3TO npaBHJIO Bblpa3HJIOCb B npaKTHKe npe.D:o-
CTaBJIeHHH KOpOHOll TaKHM yqpe)!{.D:eHHHM KaK rOpO.D:CKHe IJ,eXH,
YHHBepCHTeTbI H T. n. KOpOJ1eBCKHX rpaMOT, BCJIe.D:CTBHe 'Iero
OHH npHOOpeTaJIH CBOMCTBa JIH , KOTopble MOrJIH npe.D:'bHBJIHTb
HCKH H OTBeqaTb no HHM, npH06peTaTb HMym.eCTBO H pacnopH-
JKaTbCH HM, H3.n.aBaTb nOCTaHOBJIeHHH, nOJIb30BaTbCH npHBHJIe-
THHMH H T. .D:.
<l>aKTH'IeCKH HeKOTopbIe O'IeHb .D:peBHHe KOpnOppll,HH HH-
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HO .D:JIH HHX aHrJIHllCKOe npaBO C OGbI'IHbIM .D:JJH Hero 3.D:paBbIM-
CMbICJIOM HaIIIJIO JIa3eHKY B BH.D:e npHH Hna «Kopnopa HH no.
,n:aBHOCTH», HCXO.D:H H3 :HK HH YTpaTbI HMH rpaMOT. XOTH npe-
poranma KOpOHbI Ha yqpe)!{.D:eHlie Kopnopa HM C nOMom.blO
rpaMOT HHKOr.D:a He OTMeHH.lIaCb, HO n03)!{e )lJIH Toro, qTOGbl
«YCTpaHHTb COMHeHIIH» B MOHOnOJIbHOM IIX xapaKTepe, B orpa-.
HIIQeHHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH H B .n.pyrnx npaBax, pa3pemeHlie
co CTOpOHbI IWpOHbi npIi06peJIo tPOp:\IY napJIaMeHTCKoro
2KTa.
XapaKTepHbIH nplll\Iep HOBoro nopMKa npe.n.CTaBJIHeT
06bI'IHOe a HOHepHoe oprOBoe 06lQeCTBO, KOTopoe perHCTpH-
pyeTcH aBTOMaTHqeCKH (H nOJIyqaeT npH 3TOM KopnopaTHBHbIH
xapaKTep) npli yCJIOBHH coGJIIO.D:eHHH HM TpeGoBaHHH AKTa oG
oGlQeCTBax. HaKOHe , B03MO)!{Ha KOM6HHa HH CTaporo H HO-
Boro cnoc06a YTBep)!{.D:eHHH oGlQeCTBa, KaK, HanpliMep, B CJJY-
'lae C MYHH HnaJIbHbIMH Kopnopa HHMH. OHH nOJIyqalOT KOpO-
JIeBCKHe rpaMOTbI Ha OCHOBe AKTa 0 MYHH HnaJIbHblX Kopnopa-'
1.30 QACTb B'l'OPA.If CY.D:OYCTP01iCTBO II Oy,nOIlP01I3BO.D:CTBO
IUIX, KOTOpbIll no GOJIbllIeM qaCTH H perYJIHPyeT HX ].:(eHTeJIb-
HOCTb.
XOTH Kopnopa HH SIBJIHeTCSI C npaBOBOll TOqKH 3peHHH
JIHlJ,OM, HO BO MHorHX OTHOIlleHHSIX OHa BeCbMa OTJI'lIqHa OT
H3HqeCKOrO JIHua. KopnopaUHH, KaK TaKOBaSI, He MO)KeT )Ke-
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Hana].:(eHHe HJLH K8:K.oe- J1lI60 JLpyroe npei,lI.UOJIa['aIOllJ,ee YMbICeJJ
npecTynJIeHHe; HO qJIeHbI ee, KOHeqHO, MorYT KaK HH].:(HBH].:(YYMbJ
COBepmaTb Bce 3TH ].:(ellCTBHH. HeCOMHeHHO, qTO BCJIe].:(CTBHe
3Toro Kopnopa HH qaCTO Ha3bIBalOTCSI «HCKYCCTBeHHbIMH» HJIH
« HKTHBHbIMH» JIH aMH; 3TO )Ke oGcToHTeJIbCTBO Ba)KHO ].:(JIH Hac
nOTOMY, qTO OHO nOCJIY)KHJIO npHqHHOll B03HHKHOBeHHH TeopHli
ultra vires, KOTOpa51 HrpaeT GOJIbllIYIO pOJIb B KopnopaTHB-
HOM npaBe H '0 KOTOpOH HeoGxo].:(uMO C&a3aTb HeCKOJJbKO
CJJOB.
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H qero He MO)KeT c].:(eJIaTb Kopnopa HH no caMOM CBoeM np'H-
po].:(e, B03HHKaeT ].:(Pyroll GOJIee Ba)KHbIH Bonpoc: KaK ].:(aJIeKO
pacnpOCTpaHHeTCH npaBO Kopnopa HH Ha Be].:(eHHe ].:(eJI, pa3pe-
llIeHHbIX 'BooGllJ,e 3aKO!HOM. MO)KeT JIM, lffinpHMep, IMY!HH 'HnaJIb-
HaSI Kopnopa HSI HrpaTb Ha OH].:(OBOM 6Hp)Ke HJIH, GepH np'HMep
GOJIee npaKTHqeCK'HrM, 3KCnJIOaTHpOBaTb napoxo].:(bI HJIH 3aHli-
MaTbCH cHaG)KeHHeM ra30M H BO].:(OH? )I(eJIaTeJIbHO JIH, qToGbI
MYHH HnaJIbH e BJIaCTH TaKHM cnocoGoM HCnOJIb30BaJIH ].:(eHbrH
HaJIOrOnJIaTeJJbllJ,HKOB? HJIIH onHTb-TaKH - )KeJJaTeJIbHO JIll,
qT06bI oGllJ,eCTBO, c03].:(aHHoe ].:(JIH TOprOBJIH cTpOHTeJIbHbIMH
lrfaTepHaJIaMH, HCnOJIb30BaJIO CBOH KanHTaJIbI Ha CTpOHTeJIbCTBO
)KHJIbIX ].:(OMOB .n;JIH c..naqH liX nOTOM B HaeM? OO].:(oGHble
BonpOCbI HMelOT GOJIbmOe npaKT1HqeCKOe 3HaqeHHe; OTB€T,
.n;aBaeMbI'M Ha HEX aHrJIHMCKHM npaBOM, rJIaCHT BKpaTue'
CJIe].:(ylOllJ, ee:
OOCKOJIbKY ].:(eJIO KacaeTCH Kopnopa Hll, yqpe)K)J,eHHbIX Ba
OCHOBe rpaMOTbI HJIH CYllJ,eCTBYIOllJ,HX no .n.aBHOCTH (qaCTO liMe-
HyeMblx «Kopnopa HHMH oGllJ,ero npaBa»), TO npaBO OTHOCHTC51
K HHM JIH6epaJIbHO, T. e. pa3pemaeT HM BCTynaTb B JIIOGbIe.
c].:(eJIKH, JIHllIb GbI TOJIbKO nOCJIe].:(HHe He GbIJIH SIBHO HeCOBMe-
CTHMbI C TeMH eJISIMH, pa].:(H KOTOpbIX Kopnopa HH GbIJIa
C03].:(aHa HJIH pa.n.H KOTOpbIX npe.n.nOJIaraeTCH, qTO OHa GbIJIa
C03.n:aHa. TaK, HanpHMep, YHHBepCHTeT, B oco6eHHOCTli CTapHH-
HbIH yiH'liBepCHTeT, Mo*eT COBepmaTb MHOro )I,ellCTBlIM, KOTO-
pbIe, XOTH H He OTBeqaIOT, CTporo rOBopH, OCHOBHbIM ero 3a.n.a-
'laM, CBO)J,HllJ,HMCH K nOOllJ,peHHIO peJIHrI'm, oGpa30BaHHH H HCC.rre-
AOBaHHH, HO KOTopbIe Bce )Ke npH nmpOKOM TOJIKOBaHHH MO)KHO
paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK no.n.coGHbIe K .u;OCTH)KeHHIO 3THX eJI,en.
ECJIH TOJIbKO TaKon YHHBepC'HTeT He OrpaHHqeH CBOHM YCTaBOM,
TO OR MO)KeT cneKYJIHpOBaTb Ra 3eMe.1JbHbIX c.n:e.1JKaX, opraHH-
if'JrABA VIII. mm;A
131
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,AJlH JIH , BbIXO)J,HIlI,HX B OTCTaBKY, nOMeIll,aTb CBOH cpe)J,CTBa
B pa3Horo pO)J,a eHHbIe 6YMarn, npH06peTaTb npe)J,MeTbI HCKYC-
CTBa )J,JIH YKpallleHHH CBOHX 3)J,aHHH H T. n. C .n.pyroH CTOpOHbI,
il[optIIopa 'HH, yqpe:>KV.J:enHaH na:pJIa:MeHTCKHM .a'KTOM HJJH COOT-
lIIe1'C118'HH C npe)J,nHcaHHHMIH: 9Toro aIKT.a, .n:O.IDKHa TO'llHO OCTa-
BaTbCH B npe)J,eJIax nOJIHOMOqHH, npe.D,OCTaBJIHeMbIX eM 3THM
aKTOM HJIH .D,OKYMeHTaMH 06 ee YTBep:>K.D,eHHH, )J,aHHbIMH Ha
OCHOBe YKa3aHHoro aKTa. Bce )J,eHcTBHH Kopnopa HH, B XO.D,H-
lqHe 3a 3TH npe.D,eJJ , CqHTaIOTCH ultra vires H JIHllleHHbIMH
3aKOHHOH CHJI ; HX paCCMaTpHBaIOT He KaK )J,eMCTBHH Kopnopa-
HH, a TOJIbKO KaK )J,eMCTBHH Tex .D,HpeKTOpOB H .D,OJI:>KHOCTHbIX
JIH , KOTopbIe 4>aKTHqeCKH )J,aJJH Ha HHX pa3pellleHHe HJIH CO-
lIeplllHJIH HX. HanpH'Mep, eCJIH )J,Hpeff{TOp H ce peTapb ToprOBmo
06Il1,eCTBa, C03)J,aHHoro )J,JIH C)J,eJIOK C lllepCTbID, nO)J,nHllleT
;l.OrOBOp Ha nOCTpOHKY MOCTa, TO JIH a, C KOTOpbIMH OH 3aKJIIO-,
'lHT )J,orOBOp, )J,OJI:>KHbI npH B nOJIHeHHH )J,orOBopa 06paIll,aTbCH
TOJIbKO K HeMY, a He K 06Il1,eCTBY, npHqeM nOCJIe.n.Hee He OTBe-
'1.aeT CIBOHMH C!pe.D,CTB.aMH '3a Ka.lKHe-JIH60 HapYllleHHH )J,0J10Bopa.
npHMeHeHHe 3Toro yqeHHH B OTHOllleHHH He3aKOHHbIX B 6YKBaJIb-
HOM CMbICJIe CJIOBa ,n,eMCTBHM CJIY:>KaIll,HX H )J,OJI:>KHOCTHbIX JIH
Kopnopa HM C03)J,aJIO HeKOTop e TPY)J,HOCTft. OTBeTCTBeHHa JIH
3a 9TH )J,eMCTBHH KopIIopa HH, He nOTOM '11'0 OHa ynOJIHO'MO-
1JHJIa CBOHX CJIY:>KaIll,HX Ha HHX, a no 06Il1,eMY npHH Hny OTBeT-
CTBeHHOCTH X03HHHa 3a He3aKOHHbIe ,n,eMCTBHH CBOHX CJIY:>K a IlI,HX ,
COBeprneHHbIe HiMIH npH HCnOJIHeHHH CJIY:>Ke6H X OOH3aHHocTeM?
B npHHlJ.Hne OHa )J,OJI:>KHa 6 JIa 6bI HeCTH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb, HO
OKOJIO 30 JIeT TOMY Ha3a.D, AneJJJIH HOHHbIM CY)J, BbI)J,BHHYJI TOT
B3rJIH,lJ;, '11'0 eCJIH 06:>KaJIyeMoe )J,eHCTBne He MOrJIO 6bITb Ha
3aKOHHOM OCHOBaHHH COBepllleHO caMOH Kopnopa HeM, TO OHa
He OTBeqaeT 3a TaKHe )J,eMCTB'HH, eCJIH OHH COBepllleHbI ee CJIY-
JKaIll,HMft. Ho 31'01' B3rJJH)J" eCTeCTBeHHO, BbI3bIBaeT Bonpoc: MO-
JKeT JIH 6bITb ,n,eMCTB'He, npH3HaBaeMoe He3aKOHHbIM, COBepllleHO
Ha 3aKOHHOM OCHOBaHHH? MbI nOJIaraeM, '11'0 npHH Hnultra'
vires He npHMeHHM K nO)J,06HbIM CJIyqaHM.
CBoeo6pa3HaH npHpO.D,a Kopnopa HH, KaK cOBoKynHOCTH
HH)J,ftBH,n,YYMOB, B036Y:>K.n.aeT Ba:>KHbIH Bonpoc 0 TOM, KaKHM
06pa30M OHa MO:>KeT npOHBJIHTb CBOIO BOJIIO. OqeBH.D,HO, '11'0
HeJIb3H n03BOJIHTb Ka:>K)J,OMY 'IJIeHY 3TOH «COBoKynHoCTH», KOTO-
pbIX MO:>KeT 6bITb MHO O, CBH3bIBaTb BCIO cOBoKynHOCTb JIH
CBOHMH YCTHbIMH HJJH nHCbMeHHbIMH BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHHHMH. Bcm ,lJ;-
CTBHe 3Toro, nOqTH Bce Kopn6pa HH, COCTOHIlI,He H3 cOBoKyn-
HOCTH JJH -+ corporation aggregate (CM CJI 3Toro HaHMeHOBa-
JlIDI 6Y)J,eT Q6'bSiCHen II03:>Ke), opraHH3YIOTCH Ha OCHOBaHHH ,lJ.aH-
ft X HM rpaMoT HJIH )J,PyrHx yqpe)J,HTeJIbH X )J,oKYMeHTOB TaKHM
QOpa30M, 'iTO 01' HX HMeHH HMeeT npaBO rOBopHTb HJJH ,lJ;eMCTBO-
I) :
132 QACTb BTaPMl. ay,n:OYCTPOOOTBO H cw,n:oIIPaH3BO.lI.CTBO
BaTh HeOaJIblllaH rpynna, BXO].:(HIlI,aH B HX COCTaB, HJIH KaKoe-
HHOY].:(b onpe].:(eJIeHHOe JIH O.
TaK, HanpHMep, B Be.n.eHHH M3pa H COB'eTa ropOJI,CKOrO MY-
HH HnaJIHreTa, JI,HpeKTOpa OObIIJHOra aK HOHepHoro oo eCTBa
HJIH JI,HpeKTapa H 'IJIeHOB I{OJIJIeJI,)Ka HaXOJI,'HTCH OOIll,ee ynpa-
BJIeHHe. ].:(eJIaMH caOTBeTCTBeHHbIX Kopnopa HM. TpeTbH JIH a
MorYT, KaK npaBHJIO, oe30naCHO BeCTH C HHMH JI,eJJa, KaK C npe.n:-
CTaBHTeJIHMH KopnOpa 'HH. Ba)KHaH HopMa aHrJIHMCKoro npaBa
(3HaIOIll,aH, OJI,HaKa, MHoro HCKJIIOIJeHHM) TpeoyeT, KaK YCJIOBHH
].:(eMCTBHTeJIbHOCTH c,n:eJIKH, cpOpM3JIbHarO npHJIO)KeHHH neIJarrH
Ta<KOM lKJopnOp!a HIU KO 'BiceM COBlepllleHlHbIM ero ,lI.aKYMeHT;8:JM 0
'IIepe].:(aIJe He,n:,BH HMOCTH H ].:(orOiBopa,M. Ho JTIOM'Y npalBHJLY He
nOJI,JIe)KaT MeHee Ba)KHble aKTbI, ocooeHHO eCJIH aHH COBep-
llIeHbI B nOpHJI,Ke naBce,n:HeBHaM .n.eJIOBOM )KH3HH; eCJIH Kopna-
Ipa HH ObIJIH nOCTaBJJeHbI TOBa:pbI lIJIH 0iKia3aHbI KaKHe-JIHOO
YCJIyrH ilIa OCHOB:a'HlHH ].:(oroBopa, 'K KOTOPOMY He [IpHJJO)KeHO ne-
lIaTH, TO OHa He MO)KeT OTKa3aTbCH nJIaruTh 3a 'HHX, eCJJH
TOJIbKO KaKoM-JIH60 napJL<tMe'HTCKHM aKT TOIJHO He orOBapHBaeT,
lITO na].:(OOHble ].:(.orOBopbI .n.OJI)KHbI CHaO)KaTbCH neIJaTblO
Kopnopa HH.
KpoMe Toro, OObIIJHble aK HOHepHble OOIll,eCTBa, 3aperH-
CTpHpOBaHHble Ha OCHOBaHHH KOHcoJI JI,HpoBaHHoro aKTa 00
06Il1,eCTBaX 1929 r., npHpaBHeHbI B OTHorneHHH .lI.OrOBOpOB
K HH].:(HBHJI,yYMaM, 3a HCKJIlOIJeHHeM, KOHeIJHO, Taro, IJTO Kopno-
pa HH, OY].:(YIJH aOCTrPaKTHbIM eJI,HHCTBOM, MO)KeT JI,eMC'TBOBaTb
TOJIbKO IJepe3 nOCpeJI,CTBO CBoero npe,n:CTaBHTeJIH.
B IOpH,n:HIJeCIrnX PYKOBO].:(CTBax Kopnopa HH nOJI,pa3JI,'e-
JISIIOTCSI Ha rpynnbI MHorHMH cnoco6aMH, HO nOMHMO Ba)KHOrO
pa3JIHIJHH, KOTopae CYIll,eCTByeT Me)K].:(Y Kopnopa HHMH, ].:(eM-
CTB}'lOIlI,HMH Ha OCHaBaHHH OOIll,ero npaBa H Ha OCHOBaHRH 3a-
KOHa, IJTO ObIJIa OO"bSICHeHa paHbllle, CYIll,eCTByeT eIll,e TOJIbKO
O].:(HO HX no].:(pa3JI,€JIeHHe, TpeOYIOIlI,ee locoooro a3"bSICHeHHH,
HMeHHa pa3JI,e.'1eHHe HX Ha Kopnopa llH - cOBoKynHocTH JIll H
«e].:(HHOJIHIJHble» (carporation sole). Kopnopa HH - cOBoKyn-
HOCTb JIHII HBJIHeTCH THnH'IHOH, OHa B Ka1KJI,bIM ].:(aHHbIM Ma-
MeHT HOpMaJIbHO COCTOHT H3 HeKaTaporo 'IRCJIa HH.n.HBHJI,YYMOB.
BXaJI,HIlI,HX B Hee B KaIJeCTBe IJ.'1eHOB. QHCJla 31'0 Ma)Ke1' ObITb
BeJlllKO HJIH MaJIO, OHO MOJKeT KOJIe6aTbCH 01' caTeH TbICHIJ
rpa)K,n:aH OOJIblllOrO ropa].:(a ].:(0 JI,BYX IJJJeHaB IJaCTHOra aKIlHO-
HepHaro OOIll,eCTBa. rOBapHT JI,a1Ke, lITO cymeCTBoBaHHe Kapna-
pa HH-coBoKynHOCTH JIH He npeKparuaeTCH B CJIY'Iae CI\1epnl
Bcex 'ee IJJIeHaB H OTCYTC1'BllH npeeMHHKOB; TaKoif B3rJ1HD:, Be-
pOHTHO, npaBHJIeH. Ho aHrJIHMCKoe npaBo 3HaeT .n.pyroH BHJI,
KopnQIia HM, HMeHHO «Kopnapa HIo eJI,HHOJIHIJHYIO», KaTopaH
caCTOHT He H3 rpynnbI e.n.HHOBpeMeHHbIX IJJIeHaB, HO H3 naCJIe-
].:(OBaTe.'1bHa CMeHHIOIlI,HX JI,pyr JI,pyra e].:(HHaJJllIJHbIX IJJIeHOB, H3
;r,JIABA VIII. JIliIJ,A
133
KOTOpbIX B KaJK,n,ylO ,n,aHHYlO MHHYTY CYIl{eCTByeT TOJIbKO O,n,HH.
BH,n,HbIe lOpHCTbI OXapaKTepH30BaJIH B CBOHX Tpy,n,aX 3TOT BHJJ.
KOpnOpa HH KaK «npHXOTb», HO 3Ta npHXOTb HeCOMHeHHO HMeeT
npaBOBOe CYIl{eCTBOBaHHe. YKa3bIBaJIOCb, qTO KOpOHa npeJI.CTa-
BJIfileT e,n,HHCTBeHHYlO CBeTCKYlO eJI.HHOJIHqHYlO KOpnOpauHlO,
,n,eMCTBYlOIl{YlO Ha OCHOBe 06Il{ero npaBa; OJI.HaKO, JI.HpeKTOp
TpHHHTH KOJIJIe,n,JKa B KeM6pHJI.JKe npHBo,n,HJICH B KaqeCTBe JI.PY-
roro npHMepa.
llpI'IMepbI TaKHX KopnopauHM, JI.eMCTBYlOIl{HX Ha OCHOBaHHH
3aKOHa, 'KaK ny6JIIJi"lHbIM T.peCTlII! (Public trustee) H COJlliCHTOP
Ka3HaqeMcTBa (Treasury solicitor), XOpOIliO H3BeCTHbI. llpHMepbl
JKe eJI.HHOJIHqHbIX ,n,YXOBHbIX KopnopaUHM BeCbMa MHOrOqHC-
JIeHHbI. KaJK,n,bIM enapXHaJIbHbIM enHCKon H KaJKJI.bIM HaCTOHTeJIb
.npHXOJI.a npe,n,cTaBJIHeT eJI.HHOJIHqHYIO KopnopaUHIO H MOJKeT
-B HHTepecax OBOHX npeeMHH'KOB np'H06peTaTb H BJIa}.I.eTb lHe}.I.iBH-
JKHMlQiCTblO (a IHbIHe TaKJKe Ii ,lI,.BHJKHiMOCTblO') He3aBiHCHMO OT
. TorO, BaKaHTHa JIH 3Ta JI.0JIJKHOCTb HJIH 3aHHTa; OH MOJKeT, Ta-
KHM o6pa30M, CBH3bIBaTb CBoero npeeMHHKa nYTeM 3aKOHHbIX
aKTOB OTqYJK,n,eHHH H }.I.OrOBopOB. 5ICHO, qTO pa3HHUY Me'>K}.I.Y
enHCKonOM H CBHIl{eHHHKOM B ero KaqeCTBe 4>H3HqeCKOrO JIHua
H KopnopaUHH YJIOBHTb eIl{e TpYJI.Hee, qeM pa3HHUy M€JK}.I.Y qJIe-
HaMH KopnopaUHH-coBoKynHocTH JIHU H caMOM 3TOM Kopnopa-
UHeM. llpaBliJIa, OTHOCSlIl{HeCH K KopnopaUHH-coBoKynHocTH JIHU,
He 06H3aTeJIbHO OTHOCHTCH H K eJI.HHOJIHqHOM KopnopaUHH, Ha-
npHMep nOCJIeJI.HHH He 06H3ana HMeTb 06Il{eCTBeHHOM neqaTH.
XOTH TeopeTH"lIeCKH CBHIl{eHHI1K MOJKeT B KaqeCTBe npHXO}.I.-
CKoro HaCTOHTeJIH (<<parson» OT CJIOBa «persona») npHBJIeKaTb
caMoro ce6H B KaqeCTBe HH}.I.HBH}.I.YYMa K cYJI.Y, HarrpHM€p, a
paCXHru..eH'I-le 'H!MYIl{ecrea KQpnOpaUHH, !lIO Ha}.I.O ,n,YMa11b, "lITO 1'a--
KHe CJI aH pe,n,KH.
HaKOHen:, npH OTCYTCTBHH ynaHOBJIeHHblX 3aKOHOM H3DH-
THH, Bce Kopnopan:HH no,n,JJ€JKaT npaBHJIY 0 mortmain, KOTopoe
YCTaHaBJIHBaeT, qTO BCHKoe OTqYJKJI.emle He}.I.BHJKHMOCTH B
nOJIb3Y KopnopaUHH B KaqeCTBe TaKOBOM, COBepllIeHHoe 6e3
pa3pellIeHHSI KOpOHbI, KOTopaH MOJKeT JI.aTb npaBO Ha }.I.e'MCTBH-
TeJIbHYlO nepeJI.aqy KOpnOpaIJ,HH 3TOH He}.I.BHJKHMOCTH, HMeeT no-
CJIe}.I.CTBHeM KOH4>HCKan:HIO ee B nO.'lb3Y KOpOHbI. CqHTalOT, qTO
3TO npaBHJIO, B03HHKlUee B TpHHaJJ.IJ,aTOM Be'Ke, Bbl3BaHO HeJKe-
JIaHHeM KOpOJIH H JI.PyrHx 4>eOJI.aJIbHbIX 3eMeJIbHbIX c06CTBeHHH-
KOB, qT06bI «3eMJIH, o6H3aHHbIe BoeHHOM CJIYJK60M», nepexo-
AHJIH B pyKH n:epKBeH H )1,PyrHx HeBOeHHblX yqpeJK,n,eHHM: Ha-
3BaHHe «mortmain» (mortua manus), KaK rOBopHT, CBH3aHO
C «MepTBoll PYKOM» Toro CBHToro, KOTOPOMY 06blqHO nOCBHIl{a-
.TIHCb IJ,epKOBHble 3eMJlH. KaK 6bl TO HH 6bIJJO, 3TO npaBHJIO
. ()bIJIO TOpJKeCTBeHHo B030()HOBJteHO eIl{e OqeHb He}.I.aBHO, HMeHHO
B 1'888 '1'., H )1,0 cnx nop coxpaHHeT CIBOlO 'CHJJY, XOTH YCTaiHO-
134 'lACTb BTOPML OYlIOY<CTPOtiOTBO H OY1I.QIlPOH3BOlIC'rBO
BJIeHHbIe H3 Hero 3aKOHOM H3'bHTHH CHJIbHO YMeHbIlIHJIH ero
3Ha1JeHHe. C1JHTaeTCH, llTO iKOHCOJIHJI.HpOBaHHbIH aKT 06 o6me-
CTBax 1929 r. (XOTH CJIOBa COOTBeTCTBeHHoro pa3JI.eJIa 01JeHb
He HCHbI) OTMeHHJI 3TO npaBliJIO, nOCKOJIbKY JI.eJIO KacaeTCH 06-
mecTB, 3aperHCTpHpOBaHHbIX Ha OCHOBaHHH 3Toro aKTa, npH3-
HaB TOJIbKO B BHJI.e HCKJII01JeHHH, 1JTO 06meCTBa, He npeCJIeJI.YIO-
llI.He eJIH H3BJIe1JeHHSI npHObIJIH, He HMelOT npaBa HMeTb OOJJee
.nBYX aKpOB 3eMJIH oe3 pa3pellIeHHSI MHHHCTepCTBa TOprOBJIH.
OB'bE.lJ.HHEHH5I JIHlJ,. HE OBPA3YlOIIIHE
KOPTIOP AlJ,HI1
.lI.JIH Taro 1JTOObI 3a!KOH1J'HTb OocYi)Ki11.eH'He nOJJO:H<eH'HH Tex
JIH , KOTOpbIX Ha3bIBalOT group personality (<<rpynnoBbIMH JIH-
IJ:aMH»), HaJI.O CKa3aTb HeCKOJIbKO CJIOB 0 npaBOBOM nOJJO:H<eHHH
Y1Jpe)KJI.eHHH HJIH oomeCTB, He 00pa3YlOmHX Kopnopa HlO, TeM
60JIee, 1JTO 3TOT Bonpoc BbI3BaJI B nOCJIeJI.Hee Bpef,fH HHTepec
K ceoe H HMeeT peaJIbHOe 3Ha1JeHHe.
OJI.HH Y1JeHbIM CYJI.bH CKa3aJJ B Ha1JaJIe Halliero BeKa, BbI-
HOCH pellIeHHe no HallIYMeBllIeMY TOrJI.a JI.eJIY, 1JTO Kopnopa HH
II cpH3H1JeCKHe JIH a HBJIHlOTCH eJI.HHCTBeHHbIMH H3BeCTHbIMH 00-
meMY npaBY cYO'beKTaMH, KOTopbIe HMelOT npaBo HCKaTb H OT-
BelIaTb no HCKY, T. e. KOTopbIe HBJIffiOTCH CYO'beKTaMH npaBa.
C TOIIKH 3peHHH 3Toro npaBHJIa, BCHKoe OOmecTBo Booom'e, Ha-
npiHMep, oomecrneHHbIH K.nyO HJIH KJJYO aTJJ'eTOB, lIaCTHaSi
IIIKOJIa, YlIeHoe oomeCTBo, He YlIpe:H<.n:eHHoe Ha OCHOBe rpaMOTbI
IIJIH napJJaMeHTCKoro aKTa, npo<lJeccHOHaJIbHbIM COlO3 npeJI.CTa-
IBJIHeT COOOM mpoCTO coopaHHe HHJI.HBH.n:YYI?WB. Ec.mr 6bI 3TH
HHJI.HBHJI.YYMbI npeCJIeJI.OBaJIH He3aKOHHbIe eJIH, TO caMoe OOJIb-
ruee, 'ITO MO:H<HO CJI.e.rraTb, 3TO npe.n:aTb HX COBMeCTHO CYJI.Y 3a
3JIOYMbIIlIJIeHHe. ECJIH ObI ToprOBe nOCTaBHJI HM TOBapbI, TO
CTOHMOCTb HX MO)KHO ObIJIO ObI HCKaTb no CYJI.Y TOJIbKO C Tex
'HHJI.HBHJI.YYMOB, KOTopwe cpaKTH'IeCKH JI.aJIH 3aKa3 HJJH ynOJIHO-
MOIIHJIH Ha Hero. ECJIH ObI HM ObIJIO nepeJI.aHO HMymeCTBO, TO
OHa npHHa.n:JIe:H<aJIO ObI HM KaK HHJI.IIBHJI.YYMaM, H Ka)KJI.WM U3
HHX Mor ObI npeTeH,lWBaTb Ha CBOlO B HeM JI.OJIlO. ECJIH ObI IIJIeH
TaKoro OOmeCTBa HapYIlIHJI ero npaBIIJIa, HJIH eCJIH 6bI KOMHTeT
oro 06meCTBa HCKJIlO'IHJI no c06CTBeHHOMY npOH3BOJIY KaKOro-
HH6YJI.b 1JJ,eHa, TO 06meCTBO H 'IJIeH ero He MOrJIH ObI HCKaTb
YJI.OBJIeTBOpeHHSI B cYJI.e, eCJIH TOJIbKO He 3aTpOHYTbI HMyme-
CTBeHHbIe npaBa. ECJIH 6bI KaKoM-HH6YJI.b cJIY)KamHM YKpa.n:
JI.eHbrH TaKOro OOIlleCTBa, TO ero HeJIb3S1 ObIJIO ObI npHBJIe1Jb
K CYJI.Y, nOToMy lITO TeOpeTH1JeCKH' .n:eHbrH npHHaJI.JIe)KaT
CTOJIbKO )Ke eMy (eCJIR OH IIJIeH 06rn;eC Ba), CKOJIbKO C HKON:Y
JI.pyroMY'IJIeHY. . . .
l'JIABA VIlI. JHtIXA
13
Ho C orpOMHbIM pOCTOM 'lHCJIa HeKopnopaTHBHbIX oGrn:eCTB,
ttpoH3011Ie,n,llIHM B AHrJIHH nOCJIe OTMeHbI B 1824 r. 3aKOHOB 0
coe HHeHHHx, B03HHKJIa HeoGxo,n,HMOCTb, ocooeHHo B HHTepecax
MeHee COCTOHTeJIbHbIX rp a)K,n, an, npel{npHHHTb qTO-HHGy,n,b ,n,JJH
YMeHbllIeHHH THrOl, B03HHKaBllIHX BCJIe,n,CTBHe HrHopHpoBaHHH
(npaBoM Oqeml,n,HblX <!JaKToB. B pe3YJIbTaTe Bcero :)Toro BpeMH
OT BpeMeHH H3,n,aBaJIHCb 3aKOHbl, KOTopble 3arn:Hrn:aJIH B yro-
nOBHo-npaBoBoM nopH,n,Ke KanHTaJIbl TaKHX oOIllecTB. DpHHHMa-
T{HOb ,n,a)Ke 3aiKoQIHbl, OIKaSbIBalBllIHe 6\)JJee llmpoKYIO 38 HTY HMY-
. eCTBY Tex 06 ecTB, KOTopble cor JIallIaJIHCb perHcTpnpoBaTbcH
B O.n.HOM H3 MHHHcTepcTB Ii no.n.BeprHYTbcH Ha,n,30py npaBHTeJIb-
CTBeHHoro qHHOBHHKa, a HMeHHO perHcTpaTopa 06mecTB B3aHM-
Horo cTpaxoBalH'HH. Ho 3TO bl3Bano nepenoJIox, H 'lIneHbI o.n.Horro
HIS T8iKHX oomeCTB GbWH BeCbMa CMymeHbl, Kor.n.,8 IBblCIlIHH cy.n.
.c"ppalHbI pellIHJI B 1901 ro,n,y B 3HaMeHHTOM .n.cJIe T3<!J<!J Be.rra,
qTO 3aperHcTpHpoBaHHbIM rrpocpeccHOH8JIbHbIM COl03 MO)KeT GbITb
B KaqeCTBe TaKOBoro npHBJIeqeH K cy.n.y 3a ymepG, npHqHHeH-
HbIM ero CJIY)KamHMH H npe.n.cTaBHTeJIHMH, a KanHTaJIbI ero HC-
nOJIb30B8HbI .n.nH lBo31Mern:eHHH yru,e:p6a, npn'liHHeHHOro 3THMiH
JIHuaMH. C 10GblqHOH OCTOpO)KHOCTbIO, cBoMcTBeHHoM aHr.rmH-
CKHM cy,n,aM, DaJIaTa JIOp.n.OB pacnpOCTpaHHJla CBoe pemeHHe
TOJIbKO Ha npo4>eccHOHaJIbHbIe COI03bI, 3aperHcTpHpoBaHHble Ha
OCHOIBaH'IfH 3a (OHa 1871 r. Kor.n.a )Ke 3H8IqeHne pellle'HHH, BbI'He-
ceHHoro no .n.eJIY T3cp<!J BeJIa, ObIJIO npaKTHqeCKH CBe.n.eHO
K HYJIIO AKTOM 0 KOH<!JJIHKTaX B npOMbIIlIJIeHHOCTH 1906 1'., TO
npaBO OKa3aJIOCb B BeCbMa Hey,n,OBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHOM COCTOHHHH,
KOTopoe ern:e yxy.n.llIPIJIOCb 6JIaro,n,apH 3aKOHo.n.aTeJIbCTBY no-
CJIe.n.Hero BpeMeHH. DpHMeHHM JIH npHHUHn, JIe)KamHM B OCHOBe
pellIeHHH no ,n,eJIY T3<p<p BeJI8. KO BceM 06 CCTBaM, He 'Opra-
HH30BaHHbIM B KopnopaUHH? I1JIH )Ke OH npHMeHHM TOJIbKO
K TaKHM H3 3THX oomeCTB, KOTopble 3aperHCTpHpOBaHbI Ha
-OCHOBaHHH KaKOrO-JIHGo napJIaMeHl'CKOrO aKl'a, HanpHMep,
K' K.ny6aM, cHaG)KaIOrn:HM CBOHX qJJeHOB aJIKOrOJIbHbIMH HanHT-
K8MH? OTHOCHTCH .JJH OH K ,n,'OrOBopaM TaK )Ke, KaK K rp8)K):{aH-
CKHM np8BOHapYlllCHHHM? KaKHe nOJIHOMOqHH .n.eJIaIOT KanHTaJIbI
3TH X oorn:eCTB OTBeTCTBeHHbIMH 3a .n.eMCTBHH JIHU, BblcTynaIO-
rn:HX OT HX HMeHH?
DOKa 3TH BonpOCbI H .n.pyrHe no.n.OOHble HM He nOJIyqaT
npHHum;IHaJIbHOrO pa3perneHHH, .n.o Tex nop e,n,Ba JIH MO)KHO
CqHTaTb y.n.OBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHbIM COCTOHHHe npaBa, OTHOCHmerOCH
-K HHM.
.o.n.HaKO, He Ha:,n,o .n.YMaTb, '11'0 Cy.n.bI COBepllIeHH'O HI'HOpH-
pyroT cymecTBoBaHHe oorn:eCTB, He opraHH30BaHHbIX B BH.n.e
KopnopaUHH. KaK y)Ke GbIJIO CKa3aHO, npaBO He TpaKTyeT HX
KaK IOpH.n.HqeCKHX JIHU, H'O (3a HCKJIIOqeHHeM Tex CJIyqaeB, Kor.n.a
napJJaMeHTCKHH aKT 3TO onpe,n,eJIeHHO 3anpern:aeT HJIH
135 IAC'l'b B'I'Ol'AH. Cy;n:OYC'l'POiiCTBO H CY ;l.U1I1'OH3BO; CTBu
Kor.n;a eJIb, npecJIeJJ:yeM'a.5I OOll{eCTBOM, He3aKoHHa) CYJJ:bi
perYJIHpyIO'1' npaBa H 005I3aHHOC'1'H HX 'IJIeHOB B O'1'HOllIeHHH
JJ:pyr J.lpyra, eCJJiHi '1'OJIbKO MO:>KHO HaHTII JJ:JIH 3'1'01'0 npaBOBoe-
OCHOBaHHe.
ECJIH, HanpHMep, npaBH.'Ia 06l1J,eCTBa AalOT AOCTaTO'lHO
OCHOBaHHM JJ:JIH Toro, '"'ITOObI paCOM.a.'1'pHBa'1'b IIX KaK ,lJ.Of'OiBOp
Me:>KAY "'IJIeHaMH oOll{eCTBa, TO CY.D. npH3Ha T 3a IIH:-m npl1HY-
JJ:H'1'eJIbHYIO CHJIY KaK 3a BCSIKHM .n.pyrHM JJ:orOBopOM. HanpHMep.
CYJJ:bI Mory'1' npHHYJJ:H'1'b 'IJIeHa KaKoro-HHoYJJ:b oOlI ec'1'BeHHoro
KJIy6a BbmOJIHH'1'b CBOH 06H3a'1'eJIbCTBa no OnJIa'1'e B3Hoca,. npe-
. JJ:YCMO'1'peHHoro npa.BHJIaMH K.rryoa.
-
q ACTb TPETbH
yrOJIOBHOE TIP ABO
r J1 A B A IX
OEllI,l1E TIPl1H[(l1TIbI
Mbl Y>Ke paHbme BH.D:eJIH, "lITO npaBOBOe pa3JIHtIHe Me>KJJ.Y
cYJJ.onpOH3BOJJ.CTBOM no yrOJIOBHbIM H rpa2KJJ.aHCKHM JJ.eJIaM 3a-
KJIIO"lIaeTCH B TOM, 'ITO nepBble BcerJJ.a BeJJ.YTCH HMeHeM KOpOHbl.
3TO pa3JIHqHe HBHO HMeeT BeCbMa TeXHHqeCKOe 3Ha'IeHHe, TaK
KaK OHO CBH3aHO, rJIaBHblM 06pa30M, C BonpocaMH npou.eccy-
aJIbHbIMH. Ho Kor.n.a MbI nblT'aeMCH BblHCHHTb, B qeM 3aKJJIO"lIaeTCH-
OCHOBHoe pa3JIHqHe Me2K.n.y yrOJIOBHbIM H rpa2KJI.aHCKHM npa-
BOM, T. e. nO'IeMY JI.aHHoe npecTynHoe JI.eHHHe OTHOCHTCH K 06-
JIaCTH yrOJIOBHblX npecTynJIeHHM, a He paCCMaTpHBaeTCH KaK
npOCToe rpa2KJI.aHCKoe npaBoHapymeHHe, TO HaM 6bIBaeT TPYJJ.HO-'
JI.aTb Ha 3TOT Bonpoc YJI.oBJIeTBopHTeJIbHbIM OTBeT. MO>KeT 6bITb
caMbIM YJI.aQHbIM OTBeT CBOJI.HTCH K TOMY, QTO BCHKoe JJ.eHHHe,
KOTopoe no MHeHHIO 06Il1,eCTBa 3aCJIY2KHBaeT HaKa3aHHH, B OT-
JJH'IHe OT npOCToro B03MeIll,eHHH nOTepneBmeM CTopOHe, "J.!:OJI2KHO
paCCMaTpHBaTbCH KaK yrOJIOBHOe H OTHOCHTbCH K 06JIaCTH yro-
JIbBHOrO npaBa. Ho Kor.n.a Mbl 3aJI.aeM ce6e Bonpoc, 'ITO c06-
CTBeHHO TIOHHMaeTCH noJI. CJIOBOM <<HaKa3aHHe», TO Mbl CHOBa
06HapY2KHBaeM, KaK TPYJI.HO onpeJI.eJJHTb 3TO nOHHTHe, eCJIH
TOJIbKO He CKa3aTb, "lITO 3TO HeQTO HHoe,' QeM npOCToe B03Me-
IlI,eHHe y6bITK3, T. e. BOCCTaHOBJIeHHe nOTepneBmeM CTOpOHbl
(B Mepy B03M02KHOro) B TOM nOJI02KeHHH, KOTopoe OHa 3aHH-
MaJIa JI.O COBepmeHHH 06CY2KJI.aeMOrO JI.eHHHH.
OQeBHJI.HaH HeYJI.OBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHOCTb 3Toro BbIBOJI.a Bepa-
HTHO 06'bHCHHeTCH TeM 06CTOHTeJlbCTBOM, 'ITO B3r JIH.D:bl JIIOJI.eii
Ha u.eJIb HJIH Ha3HaQeHHe HaKa3aHHH nOCTOHHHO BHJI.OH3Me-
HHIOTC$I. TIepBOHa"IIaJIbHO, M02KeT 6bITb, OHO paCCMaTpHBaJIOCb,
Ka'K CpeJI.CTBO OTBpaIll,emiH HeOecHoro rHeBa OT 06Il1,HHbl,
OCKBepHeHHOM npecTynJIeHHeM, 3aTeM KaK cnocoo YJI.OBJIeTBO-
pHTb MCTHTeJIbHOCTb nOCTpa.D:aBmeM CTOpOHbl H ee pOJI.HH, eIll,e
n032Ke KaK pOJI. YJI.OBJIeTBOpeHHH OOIll,HHe 3a CTpaJI.aHHe H no-
138
'IAOTl> TPETl>H. YI'OJIOBHOE IIPASO
TpSIceHHe, BbI3BaHHbIe npeCTYIIJJeHlleM, 3aTeM KaK 'IMCTO yTllJIH-.
TapHbIll cnoc06 npe OTBpaTHTb nOBTOpeHHe npecTynJIeHllH nYTeM
YCTpaIlleHHSI B03MO>KHbIX nO pa>KaTeJIeii ll, HaKOHe , KaK cno-
c06 llcnpaBJIeHllH npecrynHHKa. Dpll 3TOM TaKaH, CJIO>KHBIIIaSICH
HCTOpH'leCKH, CllCTeMa npaBa, KaK aHrJIHllCKaH, HeCeT Ha ce6e
CJIe bI nO'I'I1H BCeX TeX CTa.n.Hll, KOTOpble nepe>KHBaJIO HaI3Ha'Ie-
HHe HaKa3aHliH.
06 3TOM HaM npll.n.eTCH norOBopHTb no.n.p06Hee, Kor.n.a MbI
)l.Oll.n.eM .n.o onHcaHHH HaKa3aHHll, HaJIaraeMbIX Tenepb aHrJIHll-
CKliM yrOJIOBHbIM npaBOM. 3.n.eCb HeOOXO llMO TOJIbKO .n.06aBHTb,
'ITO Tpy.n.HOCTb npll YCTaHOBJIeHHH OCHOBHoro HJIll cymecTBeH-
Horo pa3JIH'IHH Mem.n.y yrOJIOBHbIM H rpa>K.n.aHCKHM npaBOM ellie
B03lp CTa'eT OT Toro, 'ITO B anrJIHMCKOMI npaB,e nelKOTopbIe npo-
-THB03aKoHHbre eMCTBHH, KaK Hana.n.eHHe (assault), nHCbMeHHaSI
KJIeBeTa (libel), HO'IHOe BOpOBCTBO co B3JIOMOM (burglary), npo-
HHKHOBeHlle B .n.OM co B3JIOMOM (house-breaking), npllcBoeHlle
{embezzlement) H MHorHe .n.pyrHe npe.n.cTaBJIHlOT -eOOOM O.n.HO-
BpeMeHHo KaK yrOJIOBHOe, TaK H rpa>K.n.aHcKoe npaBoHapYIIIeHHe
H MorYT 6bITb OCHOBaHlleM yrOJIOBHOrO npecllIe.n.oBaHHH H rpa-
*.n.aHCKoro B03Mem;eHllH. O.n.llH BbI.n.alOm;HllcH aBTopHTeT YKa-
3aJI, 'ITO .n.eMcTBHTeJIbHOe pa3JIH'IHe Me>K.n.y yrOJIOBHbIM H rpa-
:)K aHCKHM npaBoHapYIlleHHeM 3aKJIlO'IaeTCH B TOM, 'ITO B nep-
BOM CJIY'Iae KopOHa MO>KeT CHHTb HaKa3aHlIe, B TO BpeMH KaK
.0Ra He B! npaBe OCBOOOJLllTh .OT B03Mem;eHHH YObI11KOB, DipH'IH-
TalOm;HXCH BO BTOpOM CJIY'Iae. B OCHOBe 3TO YTBep>K.n.eHHe CO-
JIaCHO C HopMaMH aHrJIlIMCKOro npaBa, HO OHO He MHoro HaM
aeT npH H3Y'IeHHH HCTllHHOM cym;HOCTH yrOJIOBHOrO npaBa.
O HaKO, eCJIH MbI 06paTHMCH K nOnbITKe EJIeKCTOHa B ero
3HaMeHHTbIX «KOMMeHTapHHX», HanllcaHHbIX OKOJIO .n.BYXCOT JIeT
TOMY Ha3a.n., onpe.n.eJIllTb OCHOBHYlO cym;HOCTb nOHHTHH npe-
crynJIeHllH, TO HaM MO>KeT OblTb y.n.aCTCH .n.OCTH'Ib HeKOToporo
ycnexa. EJIeKCTOH rOBopHT 0 cnoc06HOCTll COBepIIIHTb npeCTY-
.nJIeHHe; OH npnnHCbIBaeT Hecnoc06HOCTb K 3TOMY, npli3HaBae-
MYlO B HeKOTopbIX CJIY'IaHX aHr JIllMCKHM npaBOM, e.n.HHCTBeHHO
CJIe YlOmeMY 06CTOHTeJIbCTBY: «OTCYTCTBlle llJIM He.n.OCTaTOK
BOJIH». HeCKOJIbKHMH CTpOtIKaMH Hll>Ke OH YTBep>K.n.aeT, 'ITO
« JISI HaJIH'IHH npecTynJIeHHH npOTHB 'IeJIOBe'IeCKHX 3aKOHOB
.n.OJI>KHbI ObITb, Bo-nepBbIX, npecTynHaSI BOJIH 11, BO-BTOpbIX.
npOTHB03aKOHHOCTb .n.ellCTBHH, BbITeKarom;ero lI3 3TOll npecTyn-
HOM BOJIll».
O.n.HaIW DJIeKcToH He 06JIa ,aJI cnoCOOHOCTblO OT'IeTJIli-
Boro MbIIIIJIeHllH (OH, HanpHMep, rOBopHT B TOM *e MeCTe 0
HeHaMepeHHOM .n.ellCTBHH, 'ITO 3aKJIlO'IaeT B ceoe npoTHBOpe'IJ'l.e
TepMHHoB); HO OH O'IeHb TO'IHO oTpam:aeT rocno.n.cTBoBaBIIIlie
TO BpeMH npaBOBbIe MbICJIH. HeCOMHeHHO, 'ITO B Te'IeHHe OJI-
roro BpeMeHH aHrJIHllCKOe npaBO npHl{ep>KHBaJIOCb TOll TOlIKH
:r.T.fABA IX. OEllum nPHHIJ,HnbI
139
.3peHHH, r,ITO BCHKOe npeCTynJIeHHe npe}J.nOJIaraeT CYIlI,eCTBeHHYIO
UOpaJIbHYro BHHY. DepBOHa'IaJIbHO yrOJIOBHOe npaBO KaCaJIOCb
TOJIbKO npaBOHapYlIIeHHU, KOTopble npe}J.cTaBJIHJIH mala per se,
.'! He HBJIHJIHCb ToJIbKO mala quia prohibita. 3Ta TO'IKa 3peHHH
Bblpa>KeHa 18 H3BeCTHOM a4>0pH3Me: haud reus nisi mens sit
(ea. .D.oKTpHHa 0 mens rea OCTaBHJIa onpe}J.eJIeHHble, XOTH H He
OqeHb CYIlI,eCTBeHHble, CJIe}J.bI ,18 COBpe eHHOM yrOJIOBHOM npaBe.
B TO >Ke BpeMH orpOMHbIU pOCT COBpeMeHHoro 3aKOHO}J.aTeJIb-
CTBa 0 MeJIKHX nOJIHIJ:eUCKHX npaBOHapYlIIeHHHX, He npe}J.nOJIarmo-
IlI,HX MOMeHTa cepbe3HOM MOpaJIbHOU BHHbI, CHJIbHO H3MeHHJI
c4>epy }J.eUCTBHH }J.OKTpHHbI 0 mens rea H, eCTeCTBeHHO, }J.aJI eiJ
COBeplIIeHHO HOBoe 3Ha'IeHH.e. PaCCMOTpHM ceU'Iac, B KaKOll
CTeneHH Tpe6yeTcH }J.JIH nOCTpoeHHH nOHHTHH npecTynJIeHHH
8. aHrJIHMCKOM np.aBe HaJIH'IHe MOMeHTa C03HaTeJIbHOCTH.
DpeCTynJIeHHH 3aKJIIO'IalOTCH JIH60 B nOJIO>KHTeJIbHOM
JJ;eMCT'BHH, JIHGO B 6e3}J.eMCTBHIH. .D.oJLr'He BeKa 8HfJI-HUCKOe yro-
JIOBHOe npaBo, nO}J.06Ho BceM npHMHTHBHbIM cHCTeMaM, Kaca-
1I0Cb, rJI3,Bl:JbIM 06pa30M, eCJJH He HCKJJIO'IHn JIbHO, nepBOfO.
CaMbIe paHHHe H3 H3BeCTHbIX eMY npecTynJIeHHll npe}J.cTaBJIHJIH
060u Mep}J.3p (murder) npe}J.YMbIlIIJIeHHOe y6HMCTBO, nO}J.>KOf
(arson), HaCHJIHe Ha}J. >KeHI.l(HHOll (rape), pa360u (robbery), no-
XHIlI,eHHe }J.eTeu, HO'IHOe BOpOBCTBO co B3JIOMOM (burglary)
II T. n.
3TO 6bIJIH He n:pOCTO .ll,eMCTBiHH, HO 11atKHe }J.eMcTBH'H, KOTO-
pble e}J.Ba JIH MorYT 6bITb cOBeplII HbI HeC03HaTeJIbHO, T. e.
B IMOMeHT, tKor;}J.a 'leJIOBeK He C0i3HaeT '3Ha'IeHIIH 'CBOHX }J.eu-
CTBHM. GBepx TOfO, nO}J.OOHO IBCHKOMY }J.eU,CTBHIO, Oll''H npe.zr;nOJIa-
ralOT YMbICeJI, T. e. npe}J.BH}J.eHHe HeKOTopbIX nOCJIe}J.CTBHH H
Hepy HJIH >KeJIaHHe, 'IT06bI COOTBeTCTBYIOI.l(He }J.eHCTBHH BbI-
3BaJIH HJIH MOrJIH 6bI BbI3BaTb 3TH nOCJIe}J.CTBHH. TaK KaK 3TH
nOCJIe}J.CTBHH 6bIJIH Bce HBHO }J.ypHbIMH, TO CneIJ:HaJIbHbIM BH}J.
YMbICJIa, He06xo}J.HMOfO }J.JIH HX ocyrn;eCTBJIeHHH, CT3JI Ha3bI-
BaTbCH «3JIOYMbIlIIJI HHeM» (malice), ItJIH 3JIbIM YMbICJIOM; 06B'H-
BeHHe B «3JIOYMbIlIIJIeHHH» 06HapY>KHBaeTCH 180 BCHKOM npH-
BJIe'IeHHH K YfOJIOBHOll OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH.
B03MO>KiF!0, 'ITO T81Koe 06BHHeHHe }J.eJI8JIOCb CKopee ,IJ,J1H
npe}J.y6e>K)J,eHHH npHCH>KHbIX npOTHB 06BHHHeMOfO, 'IeM BCJIe}J.-
'CTBHe onpe}J.eJIeHHOrO npHHIJ:Hna OC060H npaBOBO:H }J.OKTpHHbI,
TeM He MeHee TaKaH npaKTHKa HeCOMHeHHO YKpenHJIa }J.OKT-
PHHY, cor naCHO KOTOpOM }J.JIH HeceHHH OTB TCTBeHHOCTH 3a npe-
cTynJIeHHe 06BHHHeMbIU }J.omKeH 6bITb nOBHHeH B OC060M YMO-
Hac:rpoeHuH, Ha3bIBaeMbIM «3JIbIM YMbICJIOM». 3Ta TO'IKa 3peHHH
ObIJIa onpe}J.eJIeHHO npHHHTa rJIaBHbIM CY}J.beM KeHboHoM
(Kenyon) B 1798 f., Kor}J.a OH OTKa3aJI 18 OTMeHe Bep}J.HKTa npH-
'CH>KHbIX 0 npHCY>K}J.eHHH. y6bITKOB C Kpe}J.HTopOBO,LLHOrO 6aH-
KpOTa, KOTopble OB.'Ia}J.eJIH ero c06CTBeHHOCTblO Ha TOM OCHOBa-
140
qACTL TPETbH. YI'OJIOlfHOE rrp ABO
HHlH, qTO HX e&l:Top COBepllIHJI aKT 6aHKpOTCTBa, 3aKpbII
CBOll OM 11 yexaB B JIOH OH. KOpOTKHll OTpbIBOK CJIe yeT
rrpO HTHpOBaTb rro MHorHM rrpHqllHaM. «BaHKpOTCTBO paCCMaT-
pHBaeTCSI KaK rrpecTyrrJIeHHe - CKa3aJI JIOp - H rro CTapbIM 3a-
KOHaM 6aHKpOT Ha3bIBaeTCSI rrpecTyrrHHKOM. Ho rrpHH Hrr eCTe-
CTBeHHOM crrpaBe JIHBOCTH H HallIero rrpaBa 3aKJIIOTIaeTCSI B TOM,
'ITO actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea». ECTeCTBeHHO, lITO-
6e HSIra OTrrpaBHJICH B3bICKHBaTb HeKOTopble AOJIrH, KOTOpbIe
no.n.JIe>KaJIH OIIJIaTe, C eJIblO y OBJIeTBOpeHHH CBOHX c06CTBeH-
HbIX Kpe HTopOB. OH He CKpbIBaJI CBoero HaMepeHHH OTrrpa-
BHTbCH B JIOH OH, HO OH He HaMepeBaJICH 3THM rrYTeM 06MaH)'Tb
CBOHX Kpe HTopOB. 3TOT CJIYlIall MO>KeT rrOCJIY>KHTb HaM .n.JIH
pa3pellIeHHH TPY AHora Borrpoca, o KaRHX rrpe e.ITOB He06xo HMa
rrpeAHaMepeHHoCTb JIH cOBepllIeHHSI npecTyrrJIeHHSI.
OTBeT Ha 3TOT Borrpoc HaXO,l{iHTCSI B OTIeHb llHT'epeCHoM
eJIe TOJICOHa (Tolson), pellIeHHOM B 1889 r. 60JIbllIHHCTBOM
eBSITH cy eM npoTHB llIeCTH. [->Ka TOJICOH 06pocoBecTHo H
Ha pa3YMHbIX OCHOBaHHHX CTIHTaJIa, TITO ee MY>K YTOHYJI BO
IBpeMH nYTellIeCTBHH' B AMepHIKY. llepe3 meCTb JIeT OHa CIfOBa
BbIlliJIa 3aMY>K. )J.BeHa.n.n.aTb MeC51n.eB cnYCT51 nocJIC 3Toro no-
SIEMCSI ee MY.>K, H OHa 6bIJIa rrpHBJIeTIeHa K OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a
Boe6paTIHe Ha OCHOBaHHH 3aKOHa, KOTOpbIM onpe eJIHJI Boe-
6paTIHe, KaK 3aKJIIOTIeHHe BToporo 6paKa rrpH )KH3HH rrpe>KHerO
MY.>Ka HJIH rrpe)KHen >KeHbI (KaK 6bIJIO B aHHOM CJJYTIae) H
onpe eJIeHHO HCKJIIOTIaJI H3-rro .n.eiiC'I'BHH 3Toro 38KOHa JIH ,"
KOTopble 3aKJIIOQHJIH 6paK rrOCJIe Toro, KaK HenpepbIBHO B TeTIe-
HHe ceMH JIeT He nOJIYTIaJIH HHKaKHX H3BecTHll 06 OTCYTCTBYIO"-
ll.{eM cyrrpyre HJIH 06 OTCYTCTBYIOrn:eii cyrrpyre. 3TO HCKJIIOTIe-
HHe C03.n.aJIO KaK pa3 BCIO TPy.n.HOCTb B eJIe, H60 OHO HMeJIO-
'I18IKOH BH,l(, KaK 6YATO 38iKOHio.n.aTeJlb: .D.OnycKaJT CCbI.11KY Ha
HeBe eHiHe JIHllIb IIO HCT,eTIeHHH 03HaTIeHHblX ceMH JIeT. TeM He
MeHee cy , HeCMOTpH Ha 6YKBaJIbHblii CMbICJI 3aKOHa, OTMeHH.'I
npHrOBOp, OCY)K aBlIIHll 06BImeHHYlO, Ha TOM OCHOB.aHHH, TITO y
Hee He 6b1JIO rrpecTyrrHblx HaMepeHHll. CY b51 ReB (Cave) CKa-
3aJI: «no 06rueMY npaBY Bcer a CTIHTaJIOCb OCTaTOTIHoi.j 3aruH-
TOM CCbIJIKa Ha TIeCTHOe H pa3YMHoe y6e>K.II.CHHe B HaJIHTIHH
06CTOHTeJIbCTB, KOTopbIe, eCJIH 6bI OHH onpaB.n:aillHCb, npeBpa c
'foUJI" UM efICTBHe, B iKOropO apeCTOB8'H'HbIM 05BHHHeTCH,
B .n.eMCTBHe 06pOCOBeCTHoe, T. e. MOpa,,'IbHO 6e3ynpeQHoe». 3nm
.lI:eJIO TOJICOH OTJIHQaeTCH OT pyroro eJIa, rro KOTOPOMY pe-
lIIeHHe 6bIJIO BblHeceHO Ha 14 JIeT paHee H B KOTOpOM rro a-
BJIHlOruee 60JIblIIHHCTBO cy eM TOM >Ke HHcTaH HH (npOTHB
BeCbMa 060CHoBaHHoro oc060ro MHeHHH O Horo H3 cy eM) ocr-
JI;HJIO TIeJIOBeKa 3a HapYlIIeHHe 3aKoHa, rrpe.n:ycMaTpHB8IOll.{ero
yrOJIOBHoe HaKa3aHHe 3a YBO OT OTua H 3aMY>KHeM OqepH,
He OCTHrrI1eii IlleCTHa aTH JIeT; npH 3TOM He 6!>IJIO npHHHTO
. i'JIABA IX. OEW'RE IIPHHIJ;RllLI
141
BO BHHMaHHe TO, 'ITO OOBHHHeMbIM HMeJI pa3YMHble OCHOBaHHH
<;'IHTaTb Ha3BaHHYlO .n.eBluJ:Y Y>Ke .n.OCTHrmeH meCTHa.n.u:aTH JIeT
('ITO YTBep>K.n.aJIa H OHa caMa). Bo BCHKOM CJIY'Iae oOBRHHeMbIM
3JiaJI, 'ITO OH cOBepmaeT He'ITO 6e3HpaBCTBeHHoe. 3TH .D;Ba .n.eJIa
pa3'bSICHHIOT 3Ha'IeHHe CJIOB mens rea H nOKa3bIBa1OT, 'ITO eCJIH
no oIlm6Ke HJIH no He.n.OCTaTKy pa3YMa OOBHHHeMbIM C1JHTaeT
OOCTOHTeJIbCTBa TaKOBbIMH, 'ITO ero .n.eMCTBHe He TOJIbKO He
lIBJIHeTCH He3aKOHHbIM, HO 6y.n.eT H MOpaJIbHO oe3ynpe'IHbIM,
TO OH HMeeT OCHOBaHHe 6bITb onpaB.n.aHHbIM.
CYIIJ:eCTBYIOT JIHilib .n.Ba He06xo.n.HMbIX HCKJII01JeHHH H3 3TOM
JI.OKTpHHbI: 1) 3aKOH MO}KeT, KOHe'IHO, nOCl1'aHOBHTb, 'ITO CJIe.n.o-
BaTb Ha.n.o ero oYKBe H 'ITO ero HapYIlIeHHe .n.a}Ke Henpe.n.Ha-
MepeHHoe H MOpaJIbHO oe3ynpe'IHOe Bce >Ke .n.OJI>KHO HMeTb
noc.'!e.n.CTBHeM oOBHHeHHe HapYIlIHTeJIH; 2) 3aKOH MO>KeT nOCTa-
HOBHTb, 'ITO oiliHoKa, npoHcme.n.IlIaSI no He3HaHHIO 3aKOHa, He
MO>KeT CJIY>KHTb onpaB.n.aHHeM. HanpHMep, MY>K, nOJIY'IHBIlIHM
pemeHHe nisi no .n.eJIY 0 pa3Bo.n.€ C >KeHOM, >KeHHJICH CHOBa .n.o
Toro, KaK 31'0 peIlIeHHe BOIlIJIO B CHJIY. OH ObIJI OOBHHeH
B )J,BOe>KeHCTBe, XOTH OH .n.OopOCOBeCTHO C'IHTaJI ceOH B npaB
3aKJIIO'IHTb HOBbIM opaK.
TIOJJO>KeHHe CTaHOBHTCH oOJIee CJIO>KHbIM, Kor.n.a MbI pac-
CM'aTpHBlaeIM Bonpoc '0 npecry.IJ)HOll: HeOpe>KiHOC1'H, T. e. KOT.n.a
JJ,€JJO H.D;eT /He 0 nOJIWKIHTeJIbHOiM .lI.eikl1BH'H, HO 0 lBo3,l(eplKaHHH
01' .n.eMcTBHH, COBepIlIeHH€ KOToporo Tpe6yeT yrOJIOBHOe npaBo.
nO.ll.06Hble CJIY'Ial:! pe.ll.KH; 60JIhIlIHHCTBO .lI.eJI 0 TaK Ha3bIBaeMOM
TIpecTynHoM Oe3.l1.eMCTBIH," npe.ll.CTaBJUIeT C060M .n.eJIa 0 .n.eii-
TBHSIX, B KOTOpbIX 06BHHSi'eMbIM B .lI.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH CCbIJIaJICH
Ha OTCYTcTBHe mens rea, HO 6bIJI oCY>K.n.eH Ha TOM OCHOBaHHH,
tJ:TO OH He npHHHJI pa3YMHbIX Mep npe.n.OCTOpO>KHOCTH }I.JIH H3-
6e>KaHHH Bpe.n.HbIX nOCJIe.n.CTBHM. 3.n.eCb CHOBa aprYMeHTHpOBa-
HHe 3THMH nOCJIe.n.CTBHHMH eCTeCTBeHHO BbI3bIBaeT MblCJIb, 'ITO
«HeOpe>KHOCTb» npe.n.CTaBJIHeT coodli: oe3HpaBcTBeHHoe YMOHa-
CTpoeHlIe. Ho eCJIH OOBHHeHHe 3aKJIIO'IaeTCH lICKJIIO'IHTeJIbHO H
npOCTO B HelICnOJIHeHHH CBoero .n.OJIra, TO MO>KHO JIll B 3aIIJ:HTY
OOBHHHeMoro CKa3aTb, 'ITO OH He HMe.'! npecTynHbIx HaMepe-
I-JIHM? BepOHTHo, .n.a, KpOMie Toro CJIY'IaH, Kor.n.a HeOpe>KHOCTb
paCCMaTplIBaeTcH KaK npecTynJIeHlIe COrJIaCHO 3aKoHY, H OYKBa
nQCJ .n.Hero TaK 6e3YCJIOBHa, 'ITO He .n.onYCKaeT HHKaKHX HHbIX
TOJIKOBaHlIM. TIpe.n.nOJIO)!{HM, HanplIl'.fep, 'ITO KaKaSI-HlIoy.n.b >KeH-
IIJ:HHa 06BlIHHeTCH B TOM, 'ITO BbI3BaJI3 CMepTb CBoero pe6eHKa,
npoHimB He6pe>KHOCTb B ero nHTaHlIH, H npn 3TOM oy.n.eT .n.o-
K<133HO, 'ITO .oHa nplIHHJIia, MepbI nOne1JeHJISI 01 tHeM, KaK OHal caMa
.n.OopOCOBeCTHO H C pa3YMHbIM OCHOBaHlIeM npe.n.no.naraJIa.
BpH.n. JIH 6bIJIO ObI B03MO>KHO OOBHHllTb ee B npe.n.yMbIIlIJIeHHOM
YOHMCTBe - Mep.n.3p - H TeM MeHee B y6HMcTBe no H€OCTOPO)!{-
HOCTH - l'v!3HCJ10np. 3Ta TO'IKa 3pemUI nO.lI,TBep)!{.n.aeTCH TeM
142
'IAOT}, TPb'TI,H. YI'OJIOBHOE IIPABO
06CTOHTeJII,CTBOM, 'ITO B CpaBHHTeJII,HO HeMHorO'IHCJIeHHI,IX 3a-
KOHax, rOBopHm;HX onpecTynHoM 6e3.n.eMCTBHH, OHO nO'ITM,
Bcer.n.a onHCI,IBaeTCH KaK «npe.n.HaMepeHHoe». B TO me BpeMS
npHrOBopI,I no 06BHHeHHHM, B036ym.n.eHHI,IM Ha OCHOBe 06m;ero
npaBa) XO'TH H He Bcer.n.a iIIO'CJJe.n.OBaTeJII>HI,Ie, lKaK 6y.n.TO 6br
nOKa3I,IBalOT, QTO ocym.n.eHHe npH 06BHHeHIUi B npecTynHoM
6e3.n.eHCTBHH 060CHOBaHO TOJII,KO B TOM CJIY'Iae, Kor.n.a 06BHHHe-
MI,IH 6I,IJI BHHOBeH no MeHI,IIIeH Mepe B rpy60M He6pe>KHOCTH.
TenepI, HaM Ha.n.JIemHT npl!MeHHTI, c.n.eJIaHHI,IM HaMI! BI,IBO,n
K cneD:HaJII,HI,IM CJIY'IaHM .n.OKa3aHHOH Hecnoc06HOCTI! COBep-
IIIHTI, npecTyn.'IeHHe, BCJIe.n.CTBHe OTCYTCTBHH mens rea. Mbl
Y>K'e paCCMOTpeJIH Bonpoc 0 .n.eTHX H 0 JJHD:ax, no.n.Bep>KeHH'bIX,
MO>KHO CKa3aTI" «nOJIHOMY» nOMeIIIaTeJII,CTBY. TenepI, Mbl
nepeM.n.eM K .n.eJIaM, KacalOm;HMCH CneD:HaJII,HI,IX YMCTBeHHblX
.n.e eKTOB, onI,HHeHHH H npHHY>K.n.eHl'1:5I H CneD:HaJII,HbIX CJIY'IaeB,
OTHOC5Im;HXCH K KOpnOpaD:H5IM, T. e. K IOpH.n.H'IeCKHM JIHD:aM.
1. Y MC T B e H H I,I e .n. e e K T bl. MO>KeT 6blTb, 'ITO Ka-
KOe-JIH60 JIHD:O XOT5I 11 He HBJIfleTCH HaCTOJIbKO YMC'TBeHHO .n.e-
eKTllBHbIM, 'ITo6bI 6bIJIO OCHOBaHHe OTHOCllTbCH K HeMY, KaK
K CYMaCIIIe.n.IIIeMY, HO CTpa.llaeT OT.n.eJII,HbIMft YMCTBeFtHbIMH .n.e-
eKTaMH, KOTopbIe .n.OJImHbI OTpa3HTbCH Ha OTHorneHHH K HeMY
yrOJIOBHOro npaBa. PYKOBo.n.Hm;ee Ha'IaJIO B 9TOM CJIY'Iae .n;aeT
.n;eJIO MaK-HerT,eEa (Mc Naghten), !KOTOpbIll B 1843 r. CTpeJIS1.'.
B ceKpeTapH npeMbep-MHHHcTpa J{PYMMoHa H y6HJI ero, npe.n.-
nOJIaraH, KaK YCTaHOBHJIH npHCHmHble, 'ITO nepe.n. HHM Haxo-
JJ;HTCH npeMbep-MHHHCT.p H 'ITO OH) lJViaK-Hel'TeH) 06JI eH 6O'JKe-
CTBel!HOM MHccHeM y6HTI, npeMbep-MHHHcTpa! B O.n.HOM H3 O'IeHb
pe.n.KHx CJIY'IaeB BblCKa3bIBaHHH Cy.n.bHMH CBoero MHeHHH BHe
cy.n.e6Horo 3ace.n.aHHH, 0 KOTOpOM coo6m;aeTcH B JIHTepaType,
cy.n.bH MaYJII, (Maule) H rJIaBHbIH Cy.n.bH THH.n.aJIb (Tindal), BbI-
cKa3aBIIIHM MHeHHe KaK CBoe c06cTBeHHoe, TaK IH OCTaJIbHblX
cy.n.eH, VTBep>K.L(aJIH B OTBeT Ha BonpOCbI, nOCTaBJIeHHble illll
naJJaTOH JJOp.n.oB, 'I'TO' JIHD:O, o6BHHeHHoe B npecTY-TIJIeHHH, He
MO>KeT 6bITI, onpaB.n.aHO BCJIe.n.CTBHe .n.yrneBHoii 6o.1e3HH, eCJIH
TOJliI>KO IRe Obl.TTO .n.oKa3'a'H0, 'ITO elro 6e3yMHe npenHTcTBO'BaJIO
eMY nOHHTb 3Ha'IeHHe cOBepIIIaeMoro HM .n.eMCTBHH HJIH 'ITO, eCJIB,
OH H nOHHMaJI 9TO 3Ha'IeHHe, TO He MOl' nOHHTb, 'ITO COBeprnae-
Moe HM .n.eMCTBHe np'eCTynHO. MO>KHO BeCbMa COMHeBaTbCH,
OnpaBl{aJIH JIH 6I,I B HaIIIH .n.HH 'IeJIOBeKa, KOTOpbIM BbI.n.BHHYJJ
6bI TaK!He )J:OBO.n.bI 3'am;HTbI, KaK MaK-HerTeH, HO npHHD:HII, JIe-
mam;IlH B OCHOBe MHeHHH cy.n.eH B npHBe.n.eHHOM CJIY'Iae, npe.n.-
CTaBJIHeTCH Bce em;e HMelOm;HM npaBOB)'IO CHJIY.
2. 0 n b H H e H H e. AHaJJOI'llm Me>K,ny COC'I10HHHeM1 onbHHe-
HHH H YMcTBeHHoro 3aTeMHeHHH HaCTOJII, O O'IeBH.n;Ha, 'I
eCTeCTBeHHO paccMaTpHBaTb HX O.n.HO 3a .n.pyrHM. Ho Me>K.n.y
060HMH 3THMil COCTOHHiHHMH HMeeTCH O,nHO cym;ecTBeHHoe pas-
if'.JrABA IX. OBIlJ;:IIE llPHHJJ;HnbI
143
nH'IHe, KOTqpoe HMeeT Cepbe3HOe 3Ha'IeHHe B BOnpOCe 0 BHHOB-
HOCTlh MeHHO - OHO 3<J.lKJIIO'IaeTCH B If OM , 'ITa OI1'MI'HeJHHe (B ,IJOio,
.n;aBnSnOI.l.\eM 60nbllIHHCTBe cnyqaeB) BbI3bIBaeTCH nOBe.n.eHHeM
caMoro 06BHHHeMoro, npHqeM ecnH 3TO nOBe.n.eHHe He HBnHeTCH
B npHMOM CMbIcne He3aKOHHbIM, TO OHO BO BCHKOM CJIyqae
6e3HpaBCTBeHHO. n03TOMY B TaKOM .n.eJIe HMeeT .n.OKa3aTeJIb-
CTBO prima facie .n;ypHoro nOBe.n;eHHH. HaM npe.n.cTaBJIHeTCH,
qTO npaBHJIeH TOT npHHlJ,Hn, no KOIfOPOMY He .n.03BOJIiHeTCH apry.
MeHTHIpOBaTb CBOHM .n.'ypHbIM' nOBe.n.eHHeM KaK Jl,OBO.n.OM 3a-
I.I.\HTbI, XOTH OHO MO>KeT CJIY>KHTb .n.JIH onpOBep>KeHHH HaJIHqHH
CnelJ,HaJIbHOrO HaMepeHHH, He06xo.n.HMoro .n.JIH COBepllIeHHH .n.aH-
Horo npeCT)'IIIJIeH'HiH. Ta'KHM 06pa30M, XOTH B 'CJIy'Iae iII,pHBJIe'Ie-
HHH K OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a Hana.n;eHHe (assault) C lJ,eJIblO rpa-
6e>Ka oCHOBaTeJIbHOll: 3aI.l.\HTOM npoTHB npecJIe.n.oBaHHH MO>KeT
CJIY>KHTb YTBep>K.n;eHHe 0 TaKOM onbHHeHHH 06BHHHeMoro, npH
KOTOpOM OH CqliTaJI, qTO HaHOCHT y.n;apbI TonopoM no oHap-
HOMY CTOJI6y, a He no qeJIOBe'IeCKoMY cYI.l.\eCTBY, o.n;HaKO,
B 3TOM cJIyqae Bce >Ke He 6Y.IJ;eT OCHOBaHflM onpaB.n.aTb 06BH-
H$l'f IMOTO DT 06BiWHe:HMH B H,3!JI8;D:eHHH HJJH y6HlicTl3e eCJIH ,n:JJ5J
ero >KepTBbI nOCJJe.n;yeT CMepTb. TeM He MeHee B 1909 r., ny-
6JIHKa C y.n;HBJIeHHeM Y3HaJIa 06 onpe.n.eJIeHHH yrOJIOBHOrO
Ane.n:JIHlJ,HOHHOPO cy.n.a, nol KOTOPOMY o6BHHHeMbIM 6bIJI onpaB-
,n:aH OT 06BHHeHHH B y6HMcTBe Ha TOM OCHOBaHHH, 'ITO OH 6WJI
C;JIHllIKOM nbHH .n;JIH Toro, '!T06bI nOHHMaTb onaCHOCTb, npe.n;-
CTaBJIHeMYIO ero .n.ellcTBHHMH .n.JIH 'IeJIOBeqeCKOH >KH3HH. O,/:J,HaKo..
3Ta .n.oKTpHHa 6bIJIa H3MeHeHa BepxoBHbIM cy.n.OM B 1920 r.:
ITaJIaTa JIOp,n:OB OrpaHHqHJIa ee npHMeHeHHe npH perneHHH .n.eJIa
Bep,n:a (Beard) TeMH CJIyqaHMH, Kor.n.a B .n.onOJIHeHHe K 3JIOHa-
MepeHHoMY COCTOHHHIO yMa Tpe6yeTcH eI.l.\e HaJIH'IHe CnelJ,HaJIb-
Horo YMbICJIa, a nOCJIe.n;Hee HeCOBMeCTHMO C COCTOHHHeM YMa
06BHHHeMoro.
3. n p H H Y;K.n. e H He (Duress) Mom:eT 6bITb ,n:BYX po-
.n;OB - H3HqeCKOe H MOpaJIbHoe. To 06CTOHTeJIbCTBO, qTO
JIHlJ,O, 06BHHeHHoe B npecTynJIeHH'H, 6b1JIO <pH3H'IeCKH npHHY-'
>KJ(eHO K era COBepllIeHHIO 6JIi8.'ro.n;apH npHMeHeHHIO CHJIbI, npe-
BOcxo.n.HI.I.\ell ero c06cTBeHHYlO, 5JBJIHeTCH, KOHe'IHO, nOJIHOll 3a-
H\HTOM npOTlIB 06BHHeHHH. Ec.rrn B, 06JIa.n;aH 60JIbllIeM CHJIOH,
qeM A, H3<CHJIbiHO BK.Jl.a.n;bIBaeT B .pYKY rrOCJle.n;Hero peBO,,'IbBep H
Ha>KHMaeT Ha ero naJIblJ,bI TaK, 'ITO nOJIyqaeTCH BbICTpeJI, KOTO-
pbIH YOHBaeT C, TO A HeB'lIH'OBeH B YOHllcTBe. J{eMcTBnTeJIbHo,..
BbICTP.eJI He HBJIHeTCH ero .n;eMCTBHeM. Ho CJIy'IaH MOpaJIb-
Horo . npHHY>K.n;eHHH 60JIee CJIO>KHbI. ECJTIf. ,lJ,Ba nOTepneB-
llIHX Kopa6JIeKpYllIeHHe qeJIOBeKa lJ,enJIHIOTCH 3a O,lJ,HO 6peBHO,
KOTOpoe HBHO Mom:eT cnaCTH JIHllIb o.n.Horo H3 HHX, TO B03-
MOJKHO JIH OnpaB,lJ,aTb no 06BHHeHHIO B y6HllcTBe Toro, KOTO-
rhIH CTO.TJKH€T ,lJ,pyroro B BO.ll,Y, r.ll,e TOT YTOHeT, II TaKHM
144
qACTL TPETbH. }TrOJIOBHOE IIPABO
06pa30M BbI30BeT. ero CMepTb? B 3TOM Bonpoce CYJl.e6Hbie pe-
.weHlUI pacxo.n;HTCH. C O HOH CropOHbI, Yl'Bep2K)J.aIOT, 'Ifro '1leJIO-
BeK BnpaBe COBepIIIaTb JII060e .n;eMCTBHe .n;JIH cnaceHHH CBoeH
2KH3HH, eCJIH TOJIbKO OHa He nO}].BeprJIaCb onaCHOCTH BCJIe.n;-
CTBHe ero c06CTBeHHoro He3aKOHHoro }].eHHHH. Ho 31'0 y'IeHHe
()naCHO, H OHO 6bIJIO OTBeprHYTO B He}].aBHee BpeMH e}].HHCTBeH-
HbIM H3BeCTHbIM peIIIeHHeM, KaCaIOll{HMCH !Onoro Bonpoca, HMeHHO
,peIlleHHeM no }].eJlY MHHboHeT (Mignonette), B KOTOpOM no-
TepneBIIIHe Kopa6JIeKpYIIIeHHe MOpHKH 06BHHHJIHCb B TOM, 'ITO
y6HJIH CBoero TOBapmu:a H C"beJIH ero MHCO .n;JIH CBoero cnace-
HIIH 01' rOJIO}].HOM CMepTH. Cy)]. B COCTaBe nHTH cy}].eM BbIHec
npHrOBOp 0 BHHOBHOCTU 06BHHHeMbIX B npe}].YMbIIIIJIeHHOM
y6HMCTBe. Pa3JIH'IHe Me2K}].y no}].06HbIM B03pa2KeHHeM H HaCTOH-
nr:eH caM03all{HTOH O'IeBH}].HO. B CJIY'Iae CaM03all{HTbI 2KepTBa
caMa HBJIRieTCfl Hana}].aIOll{CH CTOpoHOH, B nepBOM 2Ke c.ny'Iae
'OHa HeB-HHHa. C :.n:pyroM CTOpOHbI, B T€X CJIY'IaHX, Kor}].a npe-
cTynJIeHHe, K KOTOPOMY 06BHHHeMbIM 6bIJI npHHY2K}].eH, cpaBHH-
TeJIbHO He3Ha'InTeJIbHO 'H npe2KHee COCTOHHHe M02KeT 6blTb BOC-
CTaHOBJIeHO, TO TPY}].HO OTpmr;aTb, 'ITO 'IeJIOBeK BnpaBe cnaCTH
CBOIO 2KH3Hb nYTeM COBepIIIeHHH TaKoro }].eHHHH. Kor}].a y ro-
JIOBbI 'IeJIOBeKa }].ep2KaT peBOJIbBep H eMY rOBopHT, 'ITO eCJIH OH
He no}].}].eJIaeT HMHI A nOJr: 'IeKOM, TO eiro 3aC'I'peJlHl', npH-
''IeMi OH C }].OCTaTO'IiHbIM OOHOBaH'HeM BepnT IB ,HCnOJIHeHHe
ynpo3bf, TO e}].B<l JIH IM02KiHO }].YM.aTb, ''ITO ero CJIe,lI;yeT OCy.n;HTb
. sa nO}].JJor.
npaBO 6eccnopHO }].onycKaeT B Ka'IeCTBe 3all{HTbI CCbIJIKY
Ha onpe}].eJIeHHbIH BH}]. npHHY2K}].eHHH. ]1,0 He}].aBHero BpeMeHH
HeonpOBep2KHMO }].eMCTBOBaJIO TO nOJI02KeHHe, 'ITO eCJIH 2KeH-
ll{HHa COBepIIIH_'Ia O}].HO H3 HeKOTopbIX BH}].OB npecTynJIeHHH
B npHCYTCTBHH CBoero MY1K8, TO aHa }].eHCTBOBa.rra no}]. era npH-
'HY1K}].eHneM, H 31''0 }].aBa.rro eM npaBO:Ha onpaB}].aHHe. Ho AKT
o cy}].onpoH3Bo}].cTBe no yrOJIOBHbIM }].eJIaM 1925 r. OTMeHHJI
3TY npe3YMnII:HIO. O.n;HaKo, KpOMe CJIY'IaeB TPH3H H npe}].YMbIIII-
,.rreHHDro y6HM.cTBa, }].eHcTBiHTeJIbHOM 3all{WfOH .n;.rr5I 2KeHll{HHbI
CJIY2KHT .n;OKa3aTeJIbCTBO, 'ITO OHa <paKTH'IeCKH 6bIJIa npHHY2K-
.n;eHa K COBepIIIeHHIO npeCTynJIeHHH MY2KeM, B npHCYTCTBHH KO-
Toporo OHO H cOBepIIIHJIocb.
4. K 0 p n 0 p a II: H H. HaKoHeII:, MbI nO}].XO}].HM K O'IeHb
TPY)J,HOMy Bonpocy 06 yrOJIOBHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH IOpH}].H'Ie-
CKHX JIHII:. ECJJH npHnHcbIBaeMoe npecTynJIeHHe He npe}].nOJIa-
raeT onpe}].eJIeHHOrO YMOHaCTpoeHHH, nOMHMO npOCToro HaMepe-
HHH COBepIIIHTb 3anpell{eHHOe }].eHCTBue, TO He cynr:eCTByeT npH-
'IHH, no KOTOpbIM KOpnopaII:HH He Mor JIa 6bI 6blTb npH3HaHa
BHHOBIHOM B ero CO'Be!pmeHH'lI, IHantPHMep, Kor}].a OHO 3<lKJIIO-
qaeTCH B TOM, 'ITO KOpnOpaII:HH bICTaBHJIa }]..1JH r.po}].a)KH npo-
,.lI.YKTbI, He npHrO}].HbIe .n;JIH ynoTpe6JIeHHH 'HX 'IeJIOBeKDM. ]1,eMcT-
r:l.\BA IX. OBU..(UE IIPIIHHUn hI
145
Blf1'e.'lbHO, TaKl1e 06BlfHeUliH IHle.'m MeCTO. Ho B 1'eX C:lY'I£1HX,
KOI',lJ.a npeCI'yn:leHlIe npe11.no.larae1' meni' rea, 1'PY11.HO nOHHTb,
K3KlfM 06pa30M KopnOpalJ,lfH MO)!\.eT 6bITb 06BIIHeHa, XOT:I Bbl-
CKa3blBa 10Cb :VIH2Hlfe, '11'0 OHa .n:OJI)!\.Ha C'1lfTaTbCH yro.nOBHO
OTBeTCTBeIIHoii 3a11.eikTBlfH CBOIIX CJIY)!\.3ll.1.IIX 11 areHTOB, HO 11
31'0 nOC.1Ie.n:Hee YTBCp./K;J.eHIIe onHTb-T3KJ1 COBepweHHO HeCOB:Vle-
CTIIMO C .:m'1HbIM 11 KapaTe.HbHbI:\l xapaKTepO:\l CaIlKLl.lfii yrO.'IOB-
Horo npaB3. OnHTb-TaKH, KOpnOpalJ,HH :\1O./KeT, Bue cOMHeHH5I,
6blTb OilITpa(pOBaHa, 1I0 ee Bp5lj.J. J!I1 l\10)!\.H0 nOBeClfTb lfJIlf no-
ca.n:lfTb B TIOpbMY. C ;J.pyroH CTOpOHbI, KOpnOpalJ,H5I (BO BCHKOM
GlY'1ae KopnopalJ,lfH, npe.n:CTaB.'IHIOIlJ,aH C060H cOBoKynHoCTb
'mLl.) MO)!{eT .n:elICTBOBaTb TO.%KO '1epe3 nocpe.n:CTBO CBOHX
areHTOB, a "ITII areHTbI, 6Y11.YT .'m 31'0 ynpaB.'IHIOll.I.lfe eIO COBeT-
HIiKII II .n:lfpeKTopbI If.'m npOCTO c.'IY./Kall.l.IIe, eCTeCTBeHHO Hecy-r
yrOJIOBHYIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a COBepwaeMble lfMB 11.ellCTBlfH !1
MorYT 6bITb cpII3WleCKl1 HaKa3aHbi. )Ke:IaIOIIJ,He n03HaKOMIlTbCH
f.ly6./Ke C O'1eHb lfH"repeClibIMlf BonpocaMlI, CBH3alIHbIMlf C ,HOH
Te:\IOH, l\lorYT lf3Y'1lfTb XO.n: .n:e.1la ropo.n:CKoro COBeTa ropo.n:a Ilon-
.'Iep, peW'eliHoe B 1921 r., XOTH aHO Kaca.'IOCb npecTYIIJleHlfH, KOTO-
p02 6bI.'I0 yro.TJOBHbIM .1lfIIlb C CPOP:VIa.'IbIIO"-IOplf.n:II'1eCKOH CTO-
pOHbI.
CTEf1EHb TIPECTYTIHOCTI1
C Y4:eHlIe:VI 0 mens rea TeCHO CB5I3CIliO TO 06CTOHTeJlbCTBO.
'11'0 yrO:IOBHoe npaBO nplf3HaeT pa3Hble CTeneHlI npecTynlIoCTlf.
COY'1aCTHlfKlf npecTyn.leHlfH Mory1' 6blTh r .'IaBHbL\m 11 11.0no.'IHII-
Te:lbHbI:\IIJ (aKl..(eccopHbI\m), npH 31'OM r:IaBHble npeCTYIIHIIKH
MorYT .n:'e.llfTbCH Ha Y'lacnmKOB nepBoi:i If B'JOpoii C"reneHII, a
.n:onO.'IHIITe.%Hble MorYT 6bITb CBH3aHbl C npeC1'YIIJleHHe:Vl B ne-
plfO.n:, npe11.UleCTBYIOllJ,lfH ero COBepllH HlfIO II.Tllf CJle.n:YIOll.I.lfH 3CI
HlfM. Ho 3Tlf pa3.1II'1lfH HOCHT BeCbMa aKa.D.eMII4:eCKlII i xapaKTep.
r.'IaBHbIM Y'1aCTHHKO:VI nepBoi1 CTeneHII HB.'IHeTCH TO .'IlILl.O, KO-
Topoe cpaKTlf'1eCKlf COBepUIlI,'1O npeCTynHoe 11.eikTBlfe If,'IIJ OKa-
3a.l0Cb BlfHOBHbl\1 B nDecTynHoM 6e3.n:eik1'BIIlf, ;1I160 ca lO.Tm'1HO,
.-m60 npH nO:\IUIlJ,I1 HeBlfHOBlioro areHTa, Hanpmlep, pe6elIKa.
f:IaBHbIM Y4:aCTIlI1Kml BTOpoii CTeneHll HI3.1HeTCH :mlJ,o, KOTO-
poe, H"; npl1HIHla5I I1eIIUCpel1.CTBeliHoro Y'ICICT1I5I. npl1cYTcTBOB3.'1O
npH cD,BepmeHlflf npecrynaeHlf5I If noollJ,pH.l0 If cOJI.ei:icTBoBa:IO
ero no.n:rOTOI3Ke. H3npl1:\lep, QCcl0neK, C:\13HHB3IOll.l.HH c06aKY,
OCT<JB.lelIlIYIO JI.,'J5I oxpalibI .n:O:Vla, B TO Bpe'lH K3K ero TOB3pllUlH
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cTyn.leHIIe:\1 l1.0 ero CQBepmeHiHI, 31'0 TOT, KTO. He nplfCYTCTBY5I
npH ero COBepmeHlfII, nOMoraeT COBeT3:vm l1.llf ,J,eikTBlf5!:v1lf ero
conepmeHlfIO If He npen51TCTByeT e\IY. Bce TPII BHJL3 coY'1aCTHH-
KOB IIo.n:BepraIOTC5I nO:lHo\lY HaKa3aHlfIO 3a cOBepmelilioe npe.
10 3aK. 3818. Allr.1HfIclw npallo.
l.J6
qACTL Tl'ETbfl. yrOJIOBHOE IIPABO
cTyn.neHlle. .II.onOJIHllTeJIbHbIM Y'IaCTHHKOM. CBH3aHHbIM C npe-,
CTynJIeHlleM eJIOHHll (felony) nOCJIe ero cOBeprneHHH (B .n.eJIax
o Tpll3H - treason - II 0 MllC.n.llMllJIOp - misdemeanour, Bce
YIfacTHllKll CIfllTalOTCH rJIaBHbIMll) HBJIHeTC5I TOT, KTO nOMoraeT
npecTynHlliKY, 060.n.pHeT ero JIll60 YKpbIBaeT ero, TaKlle .n.o-
nOJIHllTeJIbHbIe Y'IaCTHllKll, CB5I3aHHble C npecTynJIeHlleM nOCJIe
ero cOBeprneHllH, no.n.JIeMaT, B CJIY'IaHX 3.'10YMblIlIJIeHHOrO
y6HilcTBa, nO)KH3HeHHbIM KaTOp)KHblM pa6oTaM, a B .n.pyrHx
c.rry'IaHX - .n.BYM ro.n.,3'lVI TlOpeMHoro 3aKJlIOTIeHllH, XOTH 6bI r JIaB-
HbIll npecTynHllK IJ He npe.n.CTaJI nepe.n. Cy.n.OM. OnHTb-TaKH,
MeHrn;IHHY lHeJIb3H 06BllHHTb B TOM, 'ITO OHa 6bIJIa .n.onOJIHllTeJIb-
HblM Y'IaCTH:llKOM nOCJIe COBeprneHllH npecTynJIeHllH Ha TOM
TO"lbKO OCHOBaHllll, 'ITO OHa YKpbFBaJIa CBoero MYMa llJIll co.n.eM-
CTBOBaJIa ero COKpbITlllO. Bce .n.onOJIHHTeJIbHbIe COY'IaCTHllKH,
CB5I3aHHbIe C npecrynJIeHlleM nOCJJe ero COBeprneHllH, BllHOBHbl
B eJIOHllH.
flOMllMO CTeneHeu Y'IaCTllH B npecTynJIeHllll, aHr JIllikKOe
yrOJIOBHOe npaBO 3HaeT ern;e rpa.n.aILlllO caMHX npeCTynJIeHllM.
o np.llpo.n.e nOJIHbIX npecTynJIeHllM, npH3HaBaeMbIX llM, 6y.n.er
CKa3aHO B .n.aJIbHeUIUHX rJIaBax. 3.n.eCb MbI KOCHeMCH Bonpoca
o Hll3rnllx CTeneH5IX, llMeHHO 0 nOKyrneHlll1, no.n.CTpeKaTeJIbCTBe'
II 3arOBope.
floKyrneHHe Ha COBeprneHHe npecTyn.'1eHll.51 npe.n.CTaBJIHeT
C060M Ha'I'al7IbHbIll MOMeHT pH.n.a eMCTBllM, KOTopbIe, B CJIY'Iae
llX .n.OBe.n.eHllH .n.o eCTeCTBeHHoro 3aBeprneHll5l, BbIpa3HTCH B CO-
BeprneHllll npecTynJIeHllH. 51cHo, 'ITO nOKyrneHHe npe.n.nOJIaraer
YMbICeJI, II ero MOMHO Ha3BaTb YMbICJIOM, BbIpa3llBrnllMCH B .n.eM-
CTBHll. n03TOMlY TeOpeTll'IeCKll HCBO, qTO BCHKoe HBHoe no.n.ro-
TOBHTeJIbHOe .n.eMCTBlle, COBeprneHHoe nOCJIe Toro, KaK CJIO>KHJIC.5I
y.MbIceJ1 CO:BeprnHTb nOJrHoe npecTynJJieHHe II HanpaBJ1eHHOe Ha
ero CO'BeprneHHe, npe.n.CTaBJIHeT c060ii nOKyrneHlle Ha ero CO-
BeprneHlle; BO BCHKOM CJ1Y'Iae 31'0 YTBepMJI.eHHe OTHOCHTCH
K TeM CJ1Y'IaHM, Kor.n.a CBH3b MeM.n.y 3THM .n.ellCTBlleM II COBel!-
rneHHeM npecTynJ1eHHH HCHa. To. 06CTOHTeJ1bCTBO, 'ITO nOKyrne-
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nOKyrneHHe, KOTopoe He Mor JIO yJl,aCTbC5I, He HBJIHeTCH npe-
cTynHblM nOKyrneHHeM. HanpHMep, o.n.mI pa3 6bIJ10 BblHeceHO
perneHHe, 'ITO HeJ1b3H 06BIIHHTb 'IeJ10BeKa B nOKyrneHIIH Ha
wpaMY H3 TI'YCTOro KapMI3Ha. O.n.HaIKO 3TOT npllfOBOp 6bI.'l 01'-
MeHeH. 3.n.paBblM npHHILHn .n.OJ1MeH r.'1aCliTb, 'ITO eCJ1H 06BHHHe-
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HlllO nOJ1HOrO npecTynJ1eHllH, HCXO.n.H ll3 <paKTOB, KaK OH ce6e
llX npe.n.CTaBJ1HJ1, TO onpaB.n.aHlleM eMY He MO>KeT CJ1YMllTb TO
06CTOHTeJ1bCTBO, 'ITO BCJ1e.n.CTBlle YCJ10BHM, Ha.n. KOTOpbIMH OH
6bI.'I He BJ1aCTeH, ero nOKyrneHHe OKa3a.TJOCb HeOCYIl(eCTBUMbIM.
l'JI'ABA IX. OBliUIE rrPHHIJ,HrrbJ
147
YTi3epM.n;aJIH .n;aMe, 'iTO n C.,1YIIae, KOr.n;a 06BlIHHeMbIM OTKa3bI-
BaeTCH OT nOKYlIIeHIIH B MOMeHT, KOr.n;a eIIle MOMHO rrpe.n;ynpe-
.n;IITb COBeplIIeHlIe nOJJHOrO rrpecTyrrJIemm, ero HeJIb3H 06BlIHlITb
B nOKyuIeHHH Ha ero COBeplIIeHIIe, HarrpliMep, Kor.n;a 06BIIHHe-
MbIH 3aMer crrlI'iKY C ILe:Ib1O no.n;Me'Ib CTor ceHa, HO aMeTIIB,
'ITO 3a HHM CJIe.n;HT, nOTYlliliJI ee paHbme, 'IeM rro.n;Hec K CTory.
HeCOMHeHHO, 'ITO rroKymeHHe MO)KeT rrpHHHTb OPMY KaK B03-
.n;ep)KaHIiH OT ,lJ,eMCTBUiH, TaK 11 nOJIO>KUTeJJbHOrO D.eMCTBIIH,
HarrpliMep, nOKymeHlIe Ha caMoy6lIMCTBO rrYTeM OTKa3a
OT nlIIIlIi.
MHome BII.n;bI nOKymeHIIM TpaKTYIOTCH KaK rrOJIHbIe rrpe-
cTyrrJIeHHH B TOM OTHomeHIIII, 'ITO yrOJIOBHOe rrpaBO rrpe.n;YCMaT-
pHBaeT ,lJ,JIH HIIX CrreILIIaJIbHbIe HaKa3aHHH. B CJJY'Iae, KOrD.a 3TO
He HMeeT MeCTa" TO rrOKYIlleHHe Ha npe'cTyrrJIeHlIe
CqHTaeTCH MUC.n.HMHHOp01\l, nO,lJ,JIe)KaIIlHM Be.n;eHHlO 06IIlero
rrpaBa.
BCHKoe nO,lJ,CTpeKaTe.lbCTBO K COBepmeHlllO rrpecTyrrJIeHIIH
eCTb TaK)Ke MllC.n.IIMMHOp 06IIlero rrpaBa. nO.n.CTpeKaTeJIbCTBO
MO>KeT, KOHe'lHO, rrpHHHMaTb, pa3Hble OpMb1, HO OHO OTJIII-
IIaeTCH OT .n.onOJIHIITeJIbHOrO yqaCTIiH B npecTynJIeHHII .n.o ero
COBepmeHIIH II OT nOKYIlleHHH TeM, 'ITO no.n.CTpeKaTeJIb He nplI-
HIiMaeT 1I3nqeCKOrO Y'IaCTliH B no.n.rOTOBKe npecTynJIeHIIH.
Ho B ,lJ,eMCTBHTeJIbHOCTH, EaK )'Ka3bIBIaiJIOCb pH.n.OM CY,lJ,eM,
B ,lJ,eJIax, CJIY)KaIIlIiX npeILe,lJ,eHTaMIi ,lJ,JIH 3Toro Bonpoca, no.n.-
CTpeKaTeJIbCTBO II.TIll n06Y)K,lJ,eHlIe npe,lJ,CTaBJIHeT C060M ,lJ,ei'I-
CTBlIe, II n03TOMY OHO Tpy.n;HO OTJIHqlIMO OT nOKymeHIIH. Pa3-
.lIH1J:He.3a.KJIlOq8leTCH, nOBII.n.IIMOMY, B TOM, 'lTO nOCKOJIbKY OHO
BCer,lJ,a npe.n.nOJIaraeT HaJIH'IHe ,lJ,pyroro JIIIILa, KOTopoe MO)KeT
npOTIiBOCTOHTb nO,lJ,CTpeKaTeJIbCTBY, TO OHO pe>Ke, qeM nOKY-
lIIeHlIe, B 06bIIIHOM CMbICJIe CJJOBa, 3aBeplIIaeTCH COBeplIIeHHeM
nOJIHOrO npecTynJIeHIIH.
3aroBop (Conspiracy) 0 cOBeplIIeHHH npecTynJIeHIIH npe.n.-
CTaBJIHeT caM no ce6e BII,lJ, npecTynJIeHIIH; OH HBJIHeTCH MIIC,lJ,II-
MIiHOpOM (eCJIIi TUJIbKO 3aKOH He orOBapliBaeT, qTO OH npeD:-
CTaBJIHeT eJIOHIIIO), He3aBHCliMO OT Toro, COBepIlleHO JIll 3a-
,lJ,YMaHHoe npecTynJIeHlIe IIJIIi HeT. YTBep)K,lJ,aIOT ,lJ,a>Ke, qTO CO-
r.'JameHlIe COBepmlITb ,lJ,eMCTBlIe, KOTopoe caMO no ce6e H He
npecTynHo, HO CqlITaeTCH 6e3HpaBCTBeHHb1M, npe.n:CTaBJlHeT C060R
yrOJIOBHO HaKa3yeMbIiJ 3arOBOp, HeCMOTpH Ha TO, 'ITO 06BIIHHe-
Mb'i1 He Mor 6b1 6bITb HaKa3aH 3a ,lJ,aHHOe YMbIllJ.1IHeMOe ,lJ,eH-
CTBHe. 06 'iHO B 9TOM cJIyqae npnBo.n.HT npliMep 3aroBopa 06
OOo..lbIIleHIIIi :>Ke HIIlIi HbI, II HeT COMHeHIIH, qTO 9TO - npaBIiJIb-
Bhllr npliMep.
, 3arOBOp He MO)KeT IIMeTb MeCTa npli HaJIII'IHII o.n;Horo
.1JIIIL3. OH npe.n.CTaBJJHeT cor JIarneHlIe Me>K.n.y ,lJ,BYMH ftJIH 60JIee
JIHI aMH 0 .n:OCTII>KeHIIIi o6IIlei1 ILeJIH COBMeCTHbIM ,lJ,eMCTBHeM.
10'"
148
'1-\(,TT, TPF.TMf. 'I'(nOBIl()E 111'.\ 130
KJ1A CCI1 <P I1KAlJ,I15I flPECn'TIJ1 EHI1H
HaKOHeu., yrO:IOBIWe npaBO 3HaeT HeCKO:lhKO BHJl:UB luac-
CH<pHKau.HIf rrpecTyrr:reHHi'r, KOTOpbre HMelOT HeK01 opoe npaIOI1-
'!eCKOe Ha'!eHl1e. MbI ynoMHHe"l Tpl1 113 HIE.
DpeCTyn.leHH5.I Jl:eJIHTC5I ria TPH3H (treason), <peaOHI1IO
(felony) H MHCJl:lnmHup (misdemeanour). 3Ta K:laccH<pHKi1UHH,
., ""'
C.:Jo)KHBlUaHCH HCTOpl1'IeCKH, W\le.1a pallbme 'lpe3Bb!qaHHO OO:lb-
IlIoe 3HJ'leHHe, HO Tenepb OHO cYIl(eCTBeHHo YMeHbllIH.10Cb.
OCTaBl1B B cTopoHe TPH3H 1, lI'1O)J{HO CKa3aTb, lITO cpe:IUIIlH!
sm:meTCH TaKH\1 npecTyn.'leHHe\I, no KOTOpO'\!)" ocyn-;:n:eHI1e
corrpOBO)J{Jl:a!IOCb lI.O 1870 r. KUH<pHC!(aUl1eH H:\I)TneCTBJ npe-
cTynHHKa H KOTopoe Jl:0 HaQa.1a XIX BeKa Kapa.10Cb C\lepTHo i
Ka3HblO, 33 HCrCIlO'leHIfe;\f TeX He'\fHOrIfX CJIyrI3eI3, f3 OTHOIIICHHH
KOTOpbIX 3aKOHbI CneUHaJlbHO npe;I.YCl\IaTplma.1H Jl:pyrHe Kapb!.
Bce OCra.'1bHbIe npecTyrDeHl!51 OTHOC5ITC5I K rpynne ,,1HCJl:W\!lJIIOp.
HeCMOTp51 Ha OTKa3 OT OCHOBHbIX ocu6eHHOCTefi, KOTopbIe
paHbllIe C.1Y)J{H.1H JI:.151 pa3rpaHHQeHll51 <pe.rrOJlHH OT 'I1HC';U'\H!-
Hopa, OCTalOTC5I eru.e H':'KOTopbre H3 HHX, HMelOru.Ife CYH eCTI3er[-
Hoe 3Haqemre. TaK, Han)mMep, OCY)J{Jl:eHHe 3a <peJrOHHlO Cunp(l-
BO)KJl:aeTC5I :mmeHHeM OCY}K;J.eHHoro npaBa 'Hcno.1H5ITb p5lIl. 06-
ru.eCTB'2HHbIX jJ,O:I}I\HOCTei'I II rro:IYQaTb HeK(JTOpbJe BllJl:bI ny6:111'I-
Hbrx BLrrOJl:. CYJl: MO)J{eT no HCKY :mua, nOCTpa}J,aB1lTerO OT
t.ve.rrOHHIf, rrpHcY,?UITb TaKolI)' JIIfU.Y B03;\feULeHHe ;1:0 100 qJ. CT.
"3a C'leT li'Vlyw.eCTf3a npecTynHHKa. CTaTbH AKTa 0 KOH<pl1l'!(a-
1LllH, KaCaIoru.HeC5I KOH<pHCKaUHH ll'VlyrnecTBa npecTymlllKa, OT-
HOC5ITC5I TO.1bKO K JlHua]\{, OCYrKII.eHHbn1 3a TPH3H H <p<2:IOHIiIO.
Pa3Hbre CTeneHH npecTynHocTH rrpH3HaIOTC5I, KaK Mbl BllJl:e:lH,
1'O.:[bKO B oTHoureHIfIi <pe:rOHl1l!. IJe.lUBeK. COBepUlllmrUCfr If.7H
nOIl.rOTaB.1HBaIOru.HH <pe.'IOlfHlO, "ymKeT 6h1Tb apeCTOBan no 3aH-
B.leHHlQ 'laCTHOrO .1Ima 6e3 CYJJ.e6Horo npllKa3a. BeJl:YlllnH
c.'leJl:CTBHe :\IarllCTpaT MOrKeT OTK33iJThC5I OT,I1.aTb Ha nopYlur,
.'IHUO, U6BI1H5Ie'\1OC' [J lpe.10HHH. EC.1H K KO:\tY-HH6YJl:h BQHH5IIQT
rpa)l(.n:aHcKHIf HCK 3a rpmK3,3HC[(llH 11.e:urKT, KOTOpbIif B:\fecTe
"c Tel HB:l5leTCSJ" H <pe.l0HlIeii, TO. . KalK '\Ibl 'BH3,e.111. Kopona \IOjKeT
npHOCTaHOBllTb paCC:\1OTpeHHe HCKa nOKa ne 6YJl:eT pa3peIlicH
Bonpoc 06 yro oBHofi OTBeTCTBenHOCTH.
D3PbI, 06BllHeHHbI" [3 <pe.lOHHH. ImelDT npaBo 6hITb CY:U1-
:lIbUrn c)'3,O\t rr3pOB. Ee3arre.'1J151UHOHHbni (T. e. He :\C()THPTWO-
B3HHblii) OTBOJI npllC5I)J{HblX f303'\10)J{en TO.1bKO B .1J,e:lax no 'JO-
BllHeHl-no B <pe:rOHHH. f1 pe,'!.TIllCJHH5I Habeas Corpus Act, IWTO-
pbIe rapanTHpYlOT o6BHH5Ie:vlOYIY CKOpblii CYIl., OTHOC5ITC5I TO.11,1{O
K .1Hua'\r, 06mHI5Ie:V!b1'\f B TPH3H It1H <pe:IOHl!ll.
1 CM, rrpeLI.1!c.'10Bne.
l'.L\BA X. 1l1'ECT Jl;IKlnIH TIPOTIJB aaI3HH II ,lJ.l'.
149
.QpyraH KnaCCI1qH:lKal1.l:IH npecTyn.iIeHl:Iii HOCH1' LfHCTO npo-
u.eccya.!1bHbIll XapaKTep, H MbI y)Ke 06'bHCHHJIlI ee. 3Ta KiWCCH-
qJIfKaU.HH ,lJ.emIT npecTynJIeHIIH Ha TaKHe, npHB.leLfeHH2 no KO-
TOpbIM Tpe6yeT 06Bl:IHHTeJIbHOrO aKTa (indictable offences), II
TaKHe, npHB:ieqeUHe no KOTOphI:l1 npOxO,lI.l:IT B cYMMapHoM HJIlI
ynpOlll,eHHG:\1 nOpH,lI.Ke (summary conviction). 3Ta KJIaCcHI}>HKa-
U.HH B 3HaLfHTeJIbHOll CTeneHl:I 3aMeHH.la cTapoe pa3,lI.e.leHHe H3
<pe:lOHlUo H MHC,lJ.HMHHOp, HO :lIbI y)Ke ,lI.OCTaTOLfHO 06CY,lJ.lIJIH
3T01' Bonpoc,
TpeTbH II noc.le,lI.HHH KJIaCCl:I<plIKal1.lIH n eCTyn.:JeHlIll, xo-
pOllIO H3BeCTHaH .1l1l1.aM, lI3YLfalOll1.HM aHr ,1l1HCKOe yroJl0BHoe
npaBo, l:ICXO,lI.lI1' lI3 HenoCpe,lI.cTBeHHoiJ u.eJIlI, KOTOPYIO npec.IJe-
,lI.yeT .J1l:1l1.0, conepUIHBlIIee npeCTynJIeHlIe. TaK, cyu ecTBYI01'
npecTynJIeHlIH, HanpaB,fleHHbIe npoTlIB <plI3l1'leCKOll HenpllKocHO-
BeHHOCTlI, npoTlIs c06cTBeHHocTlI, npoTHB pe,lHrllll H HpaBcTBeH-
HOCTH II npoTHB penYTal1.HH. Tenepb :libI oc060 pacC'\<lOTpllM
YKa3aHHbIe LfeTbIpe rpynnbI.
rJIABA X
DPECTYDnEHHH DPOTHB $H3HYECKOn
HEDPHKOCHOBEHHOCTH
Cpe,lI.I1 3TOi1 rpynnbI npeCTyn,'IemlH Hall60.lee Ba)KHbIM
HB,;meTCH y6HllCTBO lIJIH npWIlIHeHlI€ cMoepTlI 1JeJJlcmeKY,
KOHeLfHO, He BCHKoe npllLfHHeHlIe CMepTlI npeJl:CTaBJlHeT
C060ll He3aKOHHoe ,lI.eHHHe. OaJIaLf, npHBOJl:Hll1.lIiJ B lICnOJIHeHHe
cMepTHblll npl1rOBOp, BblHeceHHhIH 3aKOHHbIM 06pa30\1, xlIpypr,
KOTOpbllI TllI,aTe.irbHO 11 co 3HaHl1e:lI ,lI.eJIa, np0113BeJl:51 onacHyro,
HO He06xoJl:lI:vIyro onepal1.mo, npllLfllH5IeT cMepTb 063 OHH BbI-
nO,lHHIOT TO.lbKO CBOH 06H3aHHOCTH. MaIHHHlICT KypbepCKoro
noe3,lJ.a, Ha.e3)KaJOllJ:Hii Ha HeOCTOpO)KHorO IWH neCyaCTJIHBOrO
nelII'2XOJJ,a, KOTop ri'i nona.l HOYbIO Ha }J e.le3HOJl:opO)KHyro . Il:I-
HHlO, ;:W:DKeH C TOLfKH 3peHH5I K3K np3BOBOH, TaK II HpaBCTBeH-
Hoif CLfHTaTbC5I HeBlIHOnHbnI. C'\lejHb npelI,CTaB,fl5IeT C060ll B 31'l:IX
C:IyyaHX, ec:m He B HaY'/HO:li C\ibIc:re, TO B npOCTopeLfHH «He-
;:'13CTHbiii C:IYLfaii». Ec:m KOHC'Te6:Ib H,lIf LfaCTHO .111110, Bbmo:!-
H5IIOIuee CBOIO 6ecC'nopHYIo 065I3aHHOC1'b npe.J,ynpe)K.J,aTb cOBep-
meHlIe <pe.'JOHHH, H.ll! :mIlO. HaXC.J,Hll1.eeC5I B COCT05IHHH C81\-f0060-
pOHbI, y6beT Lfe.l0BeKa, TO OHH C'OBepUI8T y6HHCTBO, JOnYCKae:\lOe
3aKOHO:\f. LIe.l0BeK, KOTOpbIH BHe33nHO Bna.l B COCT05IHHe a<p-
<peKTa Bc:relI,CTBlHle yIlJ,ep6a, npHYHHeHHOro ero 'reCTH H, lIanaR
1I3 npHLfHHHTe.15I, y6H. I ero, CYTlTaeTCH .1.0CToiIHbnI «npollle-
.HHn», HO He onpaBJ.amf5I, a 3TO «npoU eHl:Ie» CBO,lI.lITC5I K TO:\1Y.
qTO ero upe:CTyn:IeHHe npH3HaeTC5I He npe: J.Y:\IhIlII:IeHII'bi"l' y6HH:-
150
'IAC1'.b TPETNI. Yl'OJIOBHOE IJPABO
CTB{)IM! - M6P.J..3.p (murder), a ,nplfllHHeHl1eM cMepTH, HMeHyeMbIM
MaHCJ1OT3p (manslaughter).
OJI,HaKO 'Bce 3TH BilJI,bI npH'lHHeHHH CMepTil, XOTH ObI n oe3
'BHHbI npH'lHHHTeJI5I., BbI3bIBa1OT Heooxo.n.HMOCTb paCCJIe.n.OBaHHH
H, .n.eMCTBHTeJIbHO, 51.BJIH1OTCH rIpe.n.MeTOM TaK Ha3bIBaeMoro KOpO-
HepCKoro CJIe.n.CTBHH, KOTopoe npe.n.CTaBJlHeT couoll O'leHb .n.peB-
!fHM HHCTHTYT, B03HHKIIIHM Cal>IOe n03)J.Hee B TpH)J.uaToM Bel{e.
Kor)J.a npoHcxo)J.HT HemKH)J.aHHaH IWH Tal1HCTBeHHaH CMep'l'b,
TO KopOHep ()J.OJI)!{HOCTHOe JIHUO rpa4>CKoro HJIH ropO)J.CKoro
caMoynpaBJIeHHH) 00H3aH npOH3BeCTH CJIe)J.CTBl1e 00 06CTOHTe:lb-
CTB8X C'MepTH, OObI'lHO C yqa'CTHeM )!{1OPH, COCTOHlI.{I1M MI1HH-
MaJIbHO H3 ceMH H MaKCHMaJIbHO H3 OJl:HHHa.n.uaTH «.n.OOpbIX» H
xopornero nOBe.n.eHlHI 'l,e'JIOBelK. CJIe.n.CTBHe MO)!{eT HHKoro He
OOBHHHTb, H HHKTO, KpOMe JIHU, BbI3BaHHbIX B KaqeCTBe CBI1,iJ,e-
'feJIeM HJIH yqaCTHHKOB )!{1OPH, He 00H3aH 51.BJIHTbCSl. eC.'111 TOJIbKO
caM Toro He rIO)!{eJIaeT. KopOHepCKoe CJIe.n.cTBHe BeCbMa qaCTO
3aBeprnaeTcH Bep.n.HKTOM 0 «CMepTI1 0'1' HeCqaCTHOro CJIY'IaH»,
«cMepTH, nOCJI€,n:oBaBIlieH no eCTeCTBeHHbIIVl npHqHHaM» H T. n.
Ho }K1OpH BnpaBe BbIHeCTH Bep,n:HKT' 0 BH!HOBHOC'TH B YOHficTBe
B OTHOrneHHI1 .'I1Oooro qe.TJOBeKa, H eC.1H TaKon Bep.n.HKT 6y,n:eT
HM BblHeceH, TO 3TOT qeJIOBeK 6epeTCH no.n. 'CTpa)F;y H TeOpeTI1-
'IeCKH MO)!{eT ObITb npe.n.aH CYAy Ha OCHOBaHHI1 o,n:Horo ::lToro
BepJI,HKT3. OJI,.Ha'KO 06bIKHoBeHHo OOBHH'HeMbT:n nepe)J..aeTcSI Te-
nepb MamcTpaTY B 06bI'IHOM nopH.n.Ke .n.JIH npe,n:BapHTeJIhHOrO
paCCJIeJl:oBRHHH 06BHHeHHH. ECJIH MarHcTpaT npmIHMaeT perne-
HHe B nOJIb3Y oOBHHHTeJIbHoro 3aKJI1O'IeHHH, TO OOBHHSIeMhIH
MO)!{eT Cy.n.HTbCH Ha OCHOBaHHH nOCTaHOBJIeHHH MarHCTpaTa_
ECJIH nOCJIe.n.HHn pernaeT, 'ITO HeT oCHoBaHHI'i .n.JIH nepe.n.aqH
.n.eJIa B cy.n., TO Bep.n.HKT KopOHepCKoro )!{1OPH 06bI'lHO He ocy-.
ll(eCTBJISleTCSl, a no He.n.aBHO H3Am-IHOMY 3aKOHY B c.TJY'lae,I{OrJl:d
MarHCTpaT Be.n.eT paCCJIe.n.OBaHHe no .n.eJIY 'leJIOBeKa, no.n.03pe-
Baell\Wro B y6HMcTBe B TO BpeMSl, Kor.n.a elI.{e He sa'KOR1JeHO
KopOHepCKoe c.TJe.n.CTBHe, TO nOC.lIe,n:Hee OTKJIaJl:bIBaeTCH.n.o OKOH
'IaHHSl nepBoro.
BHHOBHoe npHqHHeHHe CMepTH ObIBaeT .n.BYX pO.n.OB - VMbI-
IIIJIeHHoe y6HM.CTBO - MepJI,3p (murder) H y6HMCTBO no HeoCTo-
P0}KHOCTH - MaHCJIOT3p (manslaughter).
Me p J1. 3 p, SIB.TJHlOlI.{HikH Ca\fbHf cepbe3HbH! H3 npeCTyrr.71eHHii
(KpOMe «BbIcrneM H3MeHbI» - hight treason), H3BeCTHbIX aHr.1HH-
CKOMY npaBY, onpe.n.eJIHeTCH KaK «HaMepeHHoe H npeJl:YMbIllI.leH-
Hoe rrpH'IHHeHHe CMepTI1». Ho 'iTa onpe.n.eJIeHHe, XOTH H He
YCTaHOBJIeHHOe 3aKOHOM, HO nOJIe3HOe, Hy)!{p,aeTCH B HeKOTn-
pbIX OO'bSlCHeHHHX JI:,TJH Toro, qTOObI MO)!{HO ObI.TIO nOHHTb Hcnm-
HyIO npaBOBY1O CYW:HOCTb nOHHTHSl Mep.n.3p.
Ha.n.o npe,n:Bapl1TeJIbHO YKa3aTb, 'ITO Mep.n.3p MO)!(eT 6bITb
COBepmen oe3 BCHKoro Henocpe,n:CTBeHHoro COnpl1KOCHOBemU1
rJIABA X. IIPECTynJIEHH.II IIPOTHB :JKH3HH H ,ILP.
151
y6HihJ:bI C ero 2KepTBOH H ,n:a2Ke 6e3 npHMeHeHHH CHJIbI. YeJIO-
BeK, nOCbIJIaIOllI.HH no nO'ITe OTpaBJH HHbIH 1ll0KOJIa,n: C TeM
YMbICJIOM, 'IT06bI nOJIY1J.aTe,TIb ero CDeJI, HJIli 'IeJIOBeK, no,n:CTpe-
KaIOllI.liM ,n:pyroro B30llTH Ha JIeCTHHIW, 3HaH 'ITO OHa 3aBep-
rnaeTCH HeOrpa}K,n:eHHOll nJIOlll.a,n:KOll Ha,n: nponaCTbIO HJIH peKOll,
CqHTaeTCH BHHOBHbIM B Mep,n:9p, eCJIH ero 3aMbICeJI y,n:aeTCH.
B 9THX CJIY1J.aHX HMeeTCH, KOHe1J.HO, 06,n:YMaHHoe HaMepeHlie
npH1J.HHIliTb CMepTb >CI Oell 2Kep11Be. Ho rpy6aH HeOCTOp02K!lOCTb,
KOTOpyIO i!>aKTH1J.eCKli HeJIb3H OTJIHIJ.HTb OT YMbICJIa, TaK2Ke MO-
2KeT 6bITb OCHOBaHHeM ,n:JIH OCY2K,n:eHHH 3a Mep,n:9p, HanpHMep
.B CJIY1J.ae, Kor,n:a KTO-HH6y,n:b CTpeJIHeT B TOJITIY H3 nYJIeMeTa,
He 3a,n:YMbIBaHCb Hall. TeM, y6beT JIH OH Koro-HH6y,n:b HJIH HeT
H npH 9TOM y6l1BaeT. TOT 2Ke pe3YJIbTaT nOJIY1J.HTCH B cJIY1J.ae,
Kor,n:a llIoi!>ep, cTpeMHcb K 60JIbllIOll CKOpOCTH, BDe,n:eT Ha JIIOlI,-
HYIO YJIHIJ:Y, He 3a60THCb 0 6e30naCHOCTH nemexo,n:OB (pa3Be 3a
I1cKJIIOqeHHeM Tex ,n:e.TJ, B KOTOpbIX cy,n: npOHB.mIer He06bIQaII-
HYIO HepellIHTe,TJbHOCTb HJIH pacnO,TJ02KeHHe K aBTOMO-
6HJIHCTaM).
B-TperbHX, XOTH Y2Ke .Ji3 CKa3aHHoro HCHO, 1J.TO HaMepeHHe
-y6HTb HJIH npecTynHoe 6e3pa3JIHQHe K B03MO}j{HOll CMepTH 1J.e-
JIOBeKa HBJIHeTCH ,n:OCTaTOQHbIM ,n:OKa3aTeJIbCTBOM HaJIH1J.HH 3JIOre:
YMbICna,l!,JIH YCTa'HO!B:JleHHH Me.p,n:9rp, HO C T01J.KH 3peHHH 38:KOHa,
KOHeQHO, COBepllIeHHO Hecym:eCTBeHHO, 1J.TO i!>aKTH1J.eCKOll 2KepT-
BOM npecTynHoro ,n:eHHHH OKa3aJICH He TOT, Koro npecTynHliK
HaMeTliJI CBoeM 2KepTBOll. ECJIH A H B H,n:YT pH,n:OM, H B CTpe-
JIHeT B A C HaMepeHHeM ero y6HTb, HO B ,n:ellcTBHTe,TJbHOCTH
-y6HBaeT B, CBoero .TJY'llnero ,n:pyra, TO B HH'IYTb He MeHbrne
BHHOBeH B y6HllcTBe B. MbI M02KeM c,n:eJIaTb elll.e llIar ,n:aJIbllIe
H CKa3aTb, IJ.TO ,n:a}F;e B CJIyqaHX, Kor.na 06BHHHeMbIll He npe.n-
nOJIaraJI, 'ITO CJIe,n:CTBHeM ero ,n:eMCTBHll 6y,n:eT y6liMCTBO H He
npOHBll.'J HeOCTOp02KHOCTH, OH Bce 2Ke M02KeT 6bITb BHHOBeH
B Mep,n:9p, eCJIli nOC.1e.nOBaJIO y6HllCTBO. ECJIH 06BHHHeMbIM npo-
THBo,n:eikTByeT JIHIJ:Y, KOTopoe eMY H3BeCTHO B Ka'IeCTBe .n0.1}j{-
HOCTHoro JIlU!8 B2,n:OMCTBa lOCTHIJ:HH, Haxo,n:HllI.erocH npli HCnOJI-
HeHHH CBOHX 06H3aHHOCTell, HanpHMep, eeJm 06BHHHeMbIll nbI-
Ta.IICH OCB060,n:HTb apeCTOBaHHoro, KOToporo 9TO ,n:OJl2KHOCTHOe
,.TJHIJ:O npenpOB02K.naeT B TIOPbMY H B pe3y.'lbTaTe 9Toro nOC.le-
,n:yeT 1J.bH-.1H6o CiVIepTb, TO COBeprneHHoe npeCTyn.leHHe npe;!,-
CTaBJI eT C060ll Mep1I,9p. To 2Ke npaBHJIO npHMeHHeTcH KO BeeM
'C.lIY1J.aHM nOKYllIeHHH Ha cOBepmeBHe i!>eJIOHHH, npH KOTOpbIX
,n:eiJ:cTBHH 06BHHHeMoro BJIeKYT 3a e06011 y6HMCTBO, HanpHMep.
IJ.eJIOBeK, HaMepeBaBllIHiksr npH'IHHllTb ,n:pyrOMY .rmIJ:Y TH}j{e.1bH'
'iPH3H1J.eCKHe nOBpe2K,n:eHHH HJIli COBepllIl'ITb HaeHJIHe Han. }j{eH-
1.IJ:HHOll, BbI3bIBaeT ero HJIH ee cMepTb, noc.TJe,n:OBaBllIYIO BC:IeJl:-
CTBBe Hcnyra H.1H nOBpe}K,n:emm. XOTH B 3TOM c.1Y1J.ae He 6bl.10
HaHepeHrIH npH'IlIHHTb CMepTb, lID HMeeTCH .nOKa3aTe:IbCTB9
152
'L\("'fJ, 'l'PETLH. yrO;::rOBJIOE n P \BO
«3.101'0 Y:\olbIC.ila», KOTOpOrO ,n:OCTaTOlJHO ).VIH KBa:mcpHKaIUUl npe-
CTyn"leHH51, KaK Mep,n:9p.
Cy ecTByeT .11OQ.OnblTHOe npaBH.aO OlJeHb .J,peBHerO npOHC-
XO)J{,n:eI-IH51, no KOTOpOl'vlY He lO)KeT 6blTb 06m1HeHH51 B Mep,n:9p,
eCJIH lJ.e.10BeK, no,n:Beprumik51 Hana,n:eHHIO, npo)J{H.'I ro,n: H O,n:HH
,n:eHb noene npW-IHHeHHH eMY nOBpeJKII,eHHH. O,n:HO BpeM51II,eii.-
CTBOBaJla TpaII,HUH51, C01'JIaCHO KOTOpOH He:lb351 6bl:10 npeCJle,n:o-
BaTb 3a COBepmeHHe npeCTyn:reHH5I :llepII,3p, ee:Ill Te:1O y6HTo1'o
He HailJI:eHo. HecmuleHHo 6bl.l0 6bI o'reHb Hey,n:06Ho, eC.'lH 6bI
nOCJIe nOBewelfH51 13 3a y6HlkTBO A, noc:reJI:HHIl n05lBH:rC5I 6bl
ny6J1HlJHO )J{HBbIM H 3JI:OpOBbIM. Ho Tenepb KaK 6YJI:TO YCTaHO-
BJleHO HeJI:aBHH'\I peweHlle:\o1 Y1'o.1'OBHOrO ane.!W51UHOHHoro cy,n:a,
lJTO ecm ,'1,.151 06'b5lCHeHH51 OTCYTCTBH51 Te.la )J{epTBbI HMelOTCH
JI:OCTaTOlJHble JI:OKa3aTeJlbCTBa, TO 06m1H 51 e:\o'l bI Ii ':ImKeT 6bITb cy-
}I,H'\1 no 06BHHeHHIO B Mep,lJ,3p H oCY)J{,hI,eH.
OJI:Ha H3 HaH60.1ee cepbe3Hblx oc06eHHocTeH oommeHHH
B '\Iep,n:3p 3aK.11O'raeTC51 B TOM, lJTO OHO OObIIHlO COnpOBOJK,n:aeTCH
c'\!epTHbIM npH1'OBopO:\oI, TaK KaK y Cy,n:bH B 3TOlII c:rYlJae Her
CBo60JI:bI BbIoopa. Ho CMepTHbIH npH1'OBOp He ;\1O)J{eT OblTb BbI-
HeceH )J{eHIlJ,HHe, KOTOPYIO npHC51)J{Hble npH3HalOT 6epe'\IeHHOH,
H.1H .'IHUY MO:lmKe BOceMHaJI:uaTH .1eT. KOHe'lHO, npH ocyw.e-
CTBJleHHH Kopo.'leBcKoiJ npeporaTHBbI Ha npaBO nOl\olH:roBaHHH,
CMepTHa51 Ka3Hb MO)J{eT ObITb 3a:lleHeHa H Hepell,KO cpaKTHLleeKH
3aMeH51eTC51 ,n:pyrHM naKa3aHHeM, HO B HeKOTopbIX c.'rYQa5lx 06-
'll1,ecTBeHHoe l\1HeHHe 6bIBaeT 3all,eTO caMHlIoI npH1'oBopml K cMepT-
HOH Ka3HH. XapaKTepHblM npHMepoM :\OW)KeT C.'1Y)KHTb CJlY'JaI1,
Kor,n:a B npHCTyne pacCTpoi1CTBa ,iJ,yweBHo1'o paBHoBecH51 MaTb
YOHBaeT HOBopo)J{lI,eHHo1'O peoeHKa, HO npH 9TOM OHa He Ha-
CTO.lbKO lI,yweBHc OOJlbHa, lJTOObI Ha 3TOM OCHOBaHHH !\W)J{HO
ObIJro 6bI nOCTpOHTb OnpaBJI:aHHe. Iloc:re '1'01'0 KaK npeCTyn.le-
HHe 9T01'O po,n:a ObI.'J"O B Te'leHHe CTO.1eTH5I npe,I],MeTOM cy,n:e6-
HbIX npOTeCTOB II B03pa/KeHHli e pa3Hblx CTOpOH, ero CTa:m
Tenepb KBa.1HcpHuHpoBaTb KaK .n;eToyonHcTBO, He nOJI:.'re)Kamee
cMepTHoIi Ka3HH. 5:IH30K K He'\ly ropa3lI,0 OOJlee HOBblii BH,lI,
npeCTyn.leHH5I - YMepIIIB.leHHe n:lOlI,a (child destruction) H.1H
HaMepeHHoe H nponmonpaBllOe npHlJHHe1-IHe 01epTH peoeHKY,
KOTOpbIH eIue He pOIKD.eH, HO '\1101' Obi 6b1Tb P0)J{IIe-I-1 )J{HBbI'\l.
06a 3TH HOBblX BILla npecTyn:lelH1ii C'IHTalOTC5I cpe.'IOHHeI"r;
Y'\1epIIIB.leHIie n.l0lI,a H \IOIKeT OhlTb OTHeceHO K lJHCIY Man.
c,10np, KOTOpbIH npe,lI,no:ra1'an YOHikTBO Qe.l0BeKa, IJ\l'eIOllI:ero
caMOCT05lTeabHOe CYIll.eCTBOBaHH<:', 1-1, nOBH,lI,IIMO'\IY, ,n:eToy6HllCTBO
TaK)J{e He OTHOC5IT K 3Tofi KaTe1'opll1l npeCTynJJeHIIM.
M a H C .'r 0 'I' 3 P '\IO./KeT 6bITb onpe;:t:e:reH KaK npeCTynHoe
y6I1llCTBO, .1HweHHoe Bcex Tex oco6eHHocTeiJ, j<OTopble, KaK Mbl
BHJl:eJIH, CQWralOTC51 ,lI,OKa3aTe.1bCTBa\1H (ecreCTBeHHbr:\UI I1,1IH
;JJCKYCCTReHHbIMI1) HaJIHlJI1H «3.101'0 npe;:t:Y'\lbIUI.leHl-J5I». HallpH-
r.J \.BA X. In'I C'ITn.-mTIHH npOTHll :;T H3IlH n JJ:P.
153"
Mep, KOf,'J,a BC.1e..' CTBl1e 6e33<lKOHHOro (HO He HOCHUJ,ero xapaK-
Tep cpeJI10HHH) nOBeJl:eHHH A npwIHHHeT cMepTb B, He IIMeH Ta-
Koro Ha lepeHHH, TO A BHHOBeH B npecTyn.TIeHHH MaHCJIOT3p,
a He B lepJl:3p, KaK I1 a fortiori B CJlYl{ae, KOrJl:a onHTb-TaKJ1
6e3 BCHKoro H811lepeHIIH rrpII'wfIIITb cMepTb B 1iJIH KOMY-HH6Y.ll..b
APyroMY, A npH'IHHllT C\IepTb 6 Bc.'leJl:CTBHe HeocTopmKHoTo, HO
He He3aKOHHoro Jl:eikTBHH. MbI BHJl:e.'!H TaKMe, l{TO 06BIIHeHW:
B Mep,1J,3p :\IOMeT 6bITb CBe,iJ,eHO K 06BHHeHHlO B MaHCJIOT3p
npli ,lJ,OKa3aTe.'IbCTBe Toro, qTO 06BHHHeMbIH 6bIJI npOBOIJ,HpOBaJI
Ha y6lIHCTBO 'H.'llI n06Y)j{,iJ,eH K He MY oCKop6,;'IeHHe:\1I, rrpHqe-M 3Ta
npOBOKaI HH HJIH oCKop6.'IeHHe 6bIJIH paCC'flITaHbI Ha TO, l{T06bI
,;'IHllIllTb 06BHHHe fOro C!10C06HOCTH KOHTpOJIHpOB8Tb CBOll ,lJ,eiI-
CTBHH. EC.'IH oiepTb HacTynaeT 130 BpeMH crropnIBHblx 3aHHTHi't
H.'m cocTH33HHlI II He HMeeTCH Jl:OKa3aTe.'lbCTBa, qTO Hrpa Be-
.'laCb He'I'.:'CTHO H:m HenpaBHJlbHO, TO y6HHCTBO He Cl{HTaeTCH
CO:;H !Te.'IbHbIM H nOTO.'\lY He paCCMaTpHBaeTCH KaK npOTHBonp8B-
Hoe. Ho ec:m cnopTHBHoe COCTH3aHHe caMO no ce6e He3aKOHHO,
KaK HanpH lep 60KcepcKoe COCTH3aHH'.:' Ha npH3, Hm! ecml
HMeeTCH ..'l.OKa3aTe.'lbCTBO Hec06mo,iJ,eHHH npaBH.'I COCTH3aHHH
(XOTH 6bI H 6e3 HaMepeHHH npHl{HHHTb 01epTb), TO 13 CJIyq,ae Ha-
CTYll.'IeHHH C:\lepTH Jl:OJIMHO B03HHKHYTb 06BHHeHHe B :\1 aHCJIO-
T3p. nOBH,lJ,H WMY, HHKaKoe Jl:OKa3aTe.1:bCTBO HeOCTopmKHOCTH
co CTOpOlfbl aBTOM06lI.'lHCTa He WMeT CJIYMHTb OCHOBaHlIeM
,lJ,JI51 60.'lee cepbe3Horo 06BIIHeHlIH, l{el\1 06BlIHeHlIe B IaHCJIO-
T3p. BepOHTHO, He CYIlJ,eCTByeT HH OJl:HOro cepbe3Horo npeCTY-
n.'leHHH, rrpn KOTOp01\! HaKa3aHHe \rOrJIO 6bI Ko.1e6aTbCH B 60.!Tb-
llIeH CTeneHH, l{e:'.1 npH :\IaHC.1}OT3p, KorJl:a OHO Ko.'le6JIeTCH OT
nO)!{H3HeHHbIX KaTopMHbIX pa60T ,lJ,0 npOCToro HaJIO)!{eHIfH
IlITpaqm.
)1pyroe OT.TIHqIfe raHC.1}OT3p OT :\Ii;pJJ,3P 3aKJIIO'IaeTC51
B TmI, qTO O,iJ,HO y)!{e nOKymeHHe Ha COBepmeIme MepJl:3p
npE'.1J,CTaBJlHeT ca'\l0 no ce6e cpe.'lOHHIO, HaKa3ye'\IYIO nOMII3HeH-
HhnTH KaTOp)KHbI'\I'U pa60Tmm; B TO )Ke Bpe'\1H nOKyweHHe wi
cOBepmeIIlIe ,\lm;,c.loTI3p no06II e HE'B03MOMHO, TaK KaK MlatH-
CJ10T3p npe,lJ,no,'wraeT OTC)'TcTBl1e Toro «3.101'0 npeJl:Y'llbIWJIe-
HHH», KOTopoe npe,J.CTan:meT CYULeCTBE'HHbIJI '\1O:\leHT BC5uwro
DOI{yWCHHH.
CaMbni U6bly.Hbnl H3 BCE'X np2CTyn.'IE'HlIi1: npOTlIB cpH3Hl{C-
CKOM ijenpHKOCHOBeHHOCTH HB:IHeTCH npecTyn.'IeHHe «HanaJJ,eHHH»
(assault), KOTopoe OXBaTbIBaeT pHJI: npeCTynHhIx Jl:eiiCTBIIH, Ha-
qHHa5J C BeCbMa cepb'.:'3HbIX npeCTyn.leHHH H KOHl{aH nYCTHl{-
HbI'\1l1 II 'mCTO TeXHHqeCKIUm npocTynKaMH. C 06IlJ,eH TOqKH
3peHHH Hana,lJ,eHHe npe,lJ,nO.'IaraeT cpaKTHqeCKOe conpHKOCHOBeHHe
TeJIa .1HIJ,a nOCTpaJ{aBUIero .TJlIOO Henocpe,lJ,CTBE'HHO C Te.TJO\'l 06-
BHHS1e'lmrO .TJH60 C opY,lJ,He"I, npH:\leHeHHbI'\1 nOCJIeJ{HH:\f. Ho
3aKOH L1aCHT Imoe. CYIH-HOCTb «HmW}l.eHUH» - assault 33K:no.
154
QACT:D TPETb5I. yrOJIOBf1oE IIPAB0
IaeTCH B «npHqHHeHHH CTpaxa», a He cpH3HQeCKHX CTpa.n:mmif;
.B 6YKBaJIbHOM CMbICJIe, KaK YKa3bIBaeT caMO Ha3BaHHe, npeCTY-
nJIeHHe 3aKJIIDQaeTCH B TOM, '-ITO O.n:HH '-IeJIOBeK Ha6paCWBaeTCH
Ha )].pyroro (ad salire). TaKHM 06pa30M, BCHKoe .n:BH2KeHHe Te.1a
qeJIOBeKa, 06BHHHeMoro B Hana.n:eHHH, KOTopoe 3aCTaBHT '-Ie. IO.
J3eKa, B )].ocTaTO'-IHOU CTeneHH ypaBHOBell1eHHOrO, npe.n:nOJIaraTb
Hana.n:eHHe Ha ce6H, HBJIHeTCH assault. ECJIH Hana.n:eHHe .n:eu-
-c'1'BHTe.JIbHO COBepmwrC5\., TO OlIO nOJJ,OR,il.e1' .aK>Ke no)], 'nom\.-
THe «n060eB» (battery). PaCll1HpHTeJIbHOe TOJIKOBaHHe .3101'0 no.
JI02KeHHH npHBeJIO K TOMY, '-ITO He3aKOHHoe 3a.n:ep2KaHHe (false
imprisonment) paccMaTpHBaeTcH KaK «Hana.n:eHHe», eCJIH .n:a2Ke
2KaJI06ru:HK cpaKTH'-IeCKH He no.n:BeprCH cpH3HQeCKOMY HaCHJIlHO,
:HanpiH!Mep, B c.nyqae, Kor)].a OOBHHHeMlbIU B'cerO-Haocero nOBep-
HYJI KJIIO'-I B .n:BepH TOM KOMHaTbI, B KOTOpOM CH.n:eJI 2KaJI06ru:HK.
nOBce.n:HeBHble H,TIH, KaK nx Ha3bIBaIOT, «06bI'-IHbIe» HanJ-
.neHHH HaKa3yeMbI B nopH.n:Ke cYMMapHoH IOpHC.n:HKUHH nYTeM
npoue.n:ypw nepe.n: MarHcTpaToM H 06wKHoBeHHo KapaIOTCH
ll1TpacpOM HJIH KpaTKOCpO'-IHbIM TIOpeMHbIM 3aKJIIO'-IeHHeM WIll
TeM H .n:pyrHM BMeCTe, B 3aBHCHMOCTlJ 0'1.' 06CTOHTeJIbCTB .n:eJIa.
iKpOMe TOm, 06bI'-IHOe Hana.n:eHH€ r!MeeT cooeo6pa3HYIO npa-
BOBYro oc06eHHocTb: XOTH 06bIKHoBeHHo OHO cOnpOB02K.n:aeTcH
KaK rpa2K.n:aHcKHM HCKOM, TaK !H yrOJIOBHbIM npeCJIe.n:oBaHHcM,
HO !MaI'HICTpaTbI, nepe.n: KOTOpb MIH -pa30HpaeTCSI .n:eJIO, !MOrYT,
.eCJIH CO'-ITYT HY2KHbIM, OCy.n:HTb 06BMHHeMoro M HaJI02KHTb Ha
lIero ll1Tpacp HJIll HaKa3aTb TlOpeMHbIM 3aKJIIO'-IeHHeM, HO MorYT
B TO 2Ke BpeMH BbI.n:aTb eMY y.n:OCTOBepeHHe B TOM, '-ITO ClIH-
TaIOT Hana.n:eHHe onpaB.n:aHHbIM HJIH TaKHNI He3Ha'-IHTeJIbHbiM,
'''lro: OHO He 3aCJIY2KHBaeT .n:aJIbHeMWero HaKa3aHHH. nOCJIe
Toro KaK npHrOBOp npOH3HeceH, 9TO yn.OCTOBepeHHe CJIY2KHT
6e3y.CJIOBHbIM npemITCTBHeM .n:JIH BCHKoro .n:aJIbHeMll1erO npec.'Ie-
...n.OBaHHH KaK yrOJIOBHOrO, TaK Jl rpa2K.n:aHCKoro no 3TOMY .n:eJ1Y.
TOT 2Ke pe3YJIbTaT nOJIY'-IHTCH, eCJIlJ MarHCTpaTbI npH3HaIOT,
'''lTO Hana.n:eH'He He .n:OKa3aHO HJllJ '-ITO OHO HaCTO.J1bKO ne3Ha t IH-
-TeJJbHO, '-ITO He 3aCJIY2KHBaeT HaKa3aHHH, H Bbma.n:YT COOTBeT-
'CTBYIOru:ee y.n:OCTOBepeHHe.
Ho, KOHe'-IHO, cyru:eCTByeT MHoro BHn.OB H3na.n:eHHH ropa-
3.n:0 60JIee cepbe3Horo xapaKTepa JIH60 nOToMy, '-ITO OHI1 conpo-
B02K.n:aIDTCH T\5DKeJIbIMM nOBpe)H:.n:eHHHMH, .;ru60 nOTO:'lY, '-ITO OBi!
npe.n:'CTaBJIHIOT nOKymeHue Ha COBepweHHe 60JIee .cepbe3Horo
npeCTvnJIeHHH. HeB03M02KHO n.aTb HC'-IepnbIBaIOIUMii cnHcOK
TaKHX Hana.n:eHHH. OHH OXBaTWBaIOT 3JIOVMbIWJIeHHOe paHeHHc
H .n.pyrMe BM.n:b! Hanan.eHHM, cpaKTH'-IeCI{H cOnpOB02Kn.aIOru:Mec
TeJIeCBbIMH nOBpe2K.n:eHHHMH, Hana.n:eHl!Sl Ha .n:OJI2KHOCTHbIX JIHU
MHpoBoro cy.n:a, Haxo.n:Hru:HXCH npH HCnOJIHeHHH CBOHX cJIY2Ke6-
HbIX 06SI3aBHocTeH, Hanap,eHHe C oCKop6JlelUleM HpaBcTBennu-
..cUI, y.n:yweHHe C HaMepeHMeM cOBepllIHTb npeCTyn.leHHe, npe-
rJIABA X. IIPECTynJIEHIUI IIPOTHD ZHBHH H W.
155
-cJIe)J,OBaHlfe no KOTOPOMY Tpe6yeT 06BHHHTe.'lbHoro aKTa, n3na-
.n.eHHH C HaMepeHHeM HaHeCTH TH2KeJIble TeJIeCHble nOBpe)K1.e-
HHH H Boo6IIJ,e C HaMepeHHeM COBepUIHTb l}JeJIOHHIO. HeKOTopble
H3 9THX Hana.zr:eHHH npe.zr:CTaBJIHIOT caMH no ce6e cpe.10HHIO,
HeKOTopble HBJIHIOTCH TOJIbKO MHC.zr:HMHHOpOM. Ho nOllTH Bce
OHH HB.1HIOTCH npecTynHbIMH .zr:emlHHMH, Tpe6YIOIIJ,HMH .zr:JIH npe-
CJIe)J,OBaHHH 06BHHHTeJIbHOrO aKTa (indictable offence), H Ka-
paIOTcH TH2KeJIbIMH HaKa3aHHHMH, KOTopble KOJIe6JIIOTCH 0'1.'
)J,eCHTH JIeT KaTOp2KHbIX pa60T .zr:o o.zr:Horo rO)J,a TIOpeMHoro
3aKJIIOlleHHH C TH2KeJIbIMH pa60TaMH.
Oc06eHHo TH2KeJIbIU BH)J, Hana.zr:eHHH npe.zr:cTaBJIHeT HaCH.'me
{rape) H Cxo.zr:Hble npeCTynJIeHHH, HanpaBJIeHHbIe npoTJIB MeH-
ll\HH H .zr:eTeH. 3TH npecTynJIeHHH CllHTaIOTCH He TOJlbKO caMblMH
THMeJIblMH npeCTyn.1eHHHMH aHTHo6rn;eCTBeHHoro xapaKTepa, HO
npH CBoeM OCYIIJ,eCTBJIeHHH C npHMeHeHHeM CHJIbi nona.zr:aIOT
Henocpe.zr:CTBeHHO B iPH.zr: npeCTYlllHblX )J,eHHJfH, HanpaB.rH HHbIX
npOTHB cpH3HlleCKOH HenpHKOCHOBeHHocrn. Bo06me rOBopH,
COrJIaCHe 2KepTBbl CJIYMHT OCHOBaHHeM ,n:JIH nOJIHOrO npeKpame-
HJHH npeCJIe:.n:OBaH!HH no TaKOMiY npecTynJIeHHIO, TaK KaK C3'Ma
CYIIJ,HOCTb Bcex BHJl:OB Hana,n:eHlIH npe,n:nOJIaraeT, liTO OHH
-COBepIllaIOTCH npOTHB 2KeJIaHHH MepTB Hana,n:eHHH. Ho B ClY-
llae, Kor,n:a TaKHe npecTynHble ,n:eHHHH HanpaBJleHbl npOTHB
,n:eTeH CJIHIllKOM MaJIOJIeTHHX ,n:JIH Toro, llT06bl OHH Mor.1H
nOHHTb cymHocTb npHqHHHeilfOro BpeJl:a, TO npaBO Y2Ke ,n:aBHO
OTKa3aJIOCb 0'1.' npH3HaHHH ,n:OBO,n:OM 3amHTbl COrJIaCHe nOCTpa-
.,!(aBIllero. Tenepb Ha OCHOBaHHH AKTO'B 06 HcnpaB.'IeH'HH yro-
..:'10BHOrO npaBa (Criminal Law Amendment Acts) BCHKHe no.'1O-
Bble CHOllleHHH, KaK npH ocymeCTBJIeHHH HX, TaK H npH nOKY-
memm Ha HX ocymeCTBJIeHHe, Me2K)J,y MY2KllHHOH H ,n:eBollKoH
MOJI02Ke IlleCTHa)J,UaTH JIeT CllHTaIOTCH npeCTynJJeHHeM MHC,rU1-
MHHOp co CTOpOHbl MYMllHHbI, KOTopoe KapaeTcH ,n:BYMH rO)J,aMH
TIOpeMuoro 3aKJIIOlleHHH H THMeJIOll pa60ToiL B c,nYllae Me,
Kor,n:a ,n:eBOllKa MOJI02Ke TpHua,n:UaTH JIeT, TO COBepIlleHH(
TaKoro npeCTyqHoro )J,eHHHH KBaJIHcpMuHpyeTcH KaK HaCHJIn:e K
KapaeTCH COOTBeTCTB)'IOmHM 06pa30M, T. e. nOMH3HeHllhIMI1
I<aTopMHbnIH pa60TaMH. Bo neex TaKHX C,'1YllaHX cor.'IaeHe
,n:eBOllKI1 He IIMeeT 3Hall€HlIH, HO eCJIlI Jl:eBOllKa CTapme TpHH3.n:-
UaTIf JleT, HO l\W.'1O}Ke meCTHa,n:uaTI1, a 06BHHHeMblII caM He
CTapme ,n:Ba,n:uaTH Tpex ,neT, TO aprYMeHT 3amHTbI, '-ITO OR
C .n:OCTaTOllHbIM OCHOBaHHeM BepHJI, liTO ,n:eBymKa CTapme meeT-
Ha,n:uaTH .1eT, MOMeT B e.1Yllae, eeJm eMY 6y,n:eT OKa3aHO )J,OBe-
1me, CllYMHTb OCHOBaHHeM ,n:.1H onpaB.n:aHHH npH nepBHllROM
06BHHeHHH TaKoro po,n:a, ec.1H TO.'lbKO .zr:eBymKa eOf.'Iama.'Iacr.
na 9'1.'0'1.' aKT.
I1MeIOTCH C,'IOMHhle CJIYllaH, B KOTOpblX cor lmCHe B3pOC.'Toi
)KeHlIIHHhI 6hl,110 nO.'1Y'-IeHO nYTeM 06MaHa, H.'IH Kor,n:a nO,'IOBbH
1,)6
TfACT]", TPETbH, TO;IUBHOE DFABO
CIIOJIIeHHH 6bI.:JH oCymeCTBJIeHhI B TC BpeMH, KaK :iKeHmHIla He
ObI:ra B COCTOHHHH conpOTHB,TIHTbCH. XOTH npHrOBopLI no 60-
JIee paHHH:VI ,n:e.:JaM "noro po,n:a He BnO.:JHe coraaCYIOTCH Jl:pyr
C J.pyroM, HO Tenepb Ka'K 6YJl:TO 6bI' BnO.1He YCTaHOB.'IeHO, '-ITO
B CJJY1J:ae, KOr,'J,a l\IY)K'-IHHa W\leeT CHOllleHHH C :tKeHIlIHHOH, Haxo-
,n:HIHeikH 'B 6e3C03H3Te.lbHO:\I COCTOHHHH (Bc.leJJ,cTBHe 60-
.le3HH H:m onbHHeHHH) H.1H KorJl:a OR rrpflHH:\weT 06.11HK ee
My:iKa I,cm COBepmaeT 31'0 npecTyrr.lelme nOJl: np2J1:.10rO:\I COBep-
lIIeHl'IH KaImX-HH6Y}J,b JJ,pyrHx Jl:eikTBHH, TO OH BHHOBeH B Ha-
cn.1HH H COOTBeTCTB)'rOmH\1 06pa30:\1 KapaeTCH.
C TO.'IbKO '-ITO paCC:\1aTpHBaeMb1MH npecTyrr.'IeIIH5cvlH Tf:CHO
CBH3aHO nOXHmerme Jl:eTel'i, Haxo,n:51mHXCH noJJ, H3J1:30pOxI pOJl:H-
Te:Ieii H.1H 33KOHHhIX oneKYHOB. Boo6me rOBopH, 31'0 onpe-
Jl:eJleHHe OTHOCHTC5I KO BCe\1 c.1Y'-laHM, KaC3IOmIJ:\ICH Jl:eTeH
\I.la,lJ,IlIe '-IeTbIpHam.(aTH .'IeT, KaKOBa 6bI HH 6bI.'Ia KOHe'-lHa51
UeJlb TaKoro ,n:eikTBHfI. COBepllIer1HO Jl:OCTaTO'-lHO Toro, T.J.TO
06BHHHe:\Iblii CM.aHH.l pe6eHKa (H.-1M a fortiori YHec ero) OT
3aKOHIIbIX oxpaHHTe:IeH HJm YKphI.l ero, 3Ha5l, '-11'0 OH rrOXH-
meH, C Ha\IepeHHel\1 :mlllHTb pe6eHKa 3aKOHHblX oxpaHHTe.'Ieii.
Kor,1J,a He3a\ly:tKHHX JJ,eBYIlIeK \1O.10:iKe meCTHaJJ,uaTH .1eT KTO-
.TIH60 YBOJJ,HT H3-nOJl: Ha}J,30pa pO,1J,HTe.'Ieii film 3aKOHHbIX oneKY-
HOB H.'/l1 COJl:eUcfByeT T3KOMY YBOJJ,y, TO 3TO C'-IHTaeTC5I MHCJJ,H-
l\!HHOPO\I, rrpeJJ,YCl\IOTpeHHbI:\I 3aKOHO\1. Ho B 3TO:\I c.'/)''-Iae KaK
6y,n:TO 6bI Tpe6yeTcH Jl:OKa3aTb, '-ITO 06BHH5Ie:\1bJi-lJJ,eiICTBwre.lbHO
3Ha.l, [ITO JJ,eBYUIKa 6hI.'I3 nojJ, 3aKOHHoii OXpaHOl! H.1H orreKOI'i.
B C:lY'-lae nOXHmeHI1H JJ,eBYIlIKH MO.l0:iKe Boce:\lHaJJ,uaTH :IeT, H
eCIlI 31'0 CJJ,elraHO B ueJIHX rrpOCTHTYUHH, OHO C'-IHTaeTCH «'\UlC-
Jl:H:\UmOpOl\I», Kapae:\lb!\1 Jl:BY\IH rOJl:al\1H TIOpe\1HOrO 33ICIIO'-l2HHH
C TH:tKe.'IOl! pa60TOn; _1eiicTBeHHOCTb 3Toro 3aKOHa, o.n;HaKO,
HeCKO.1bKO oc.'Ia6.1HeTCH Toi1 orOBopKoii, '-11'0 B c.'IYlrae, eC.1H
06BHHHe\lhIii y6eJJ:HT np.HcmKHbIX, '-11'0 OH C'-IHT3.1 ,'J,CBYIlI1<Y y:tKe
,lJ,OCTHrllleH BOCe\!HaJJ:uaTH .'IeT, TO ':no CJ1\":tKHT ;!OCTaTO'-lHbDI
B03pa:tKeHHeM npOTHB 06m1HeHHH. -
MO:tKHO 6bI.'I0 33"\IeTIITb. '-11'0 BO Bcex c.'IY'-IaHX nOXHmCHIIH
cor:raCHe rrOXHlIleHlwii He mIeeT HIIKaKoro 3IIaQeHHH. Dpe-
cTynHo Jl:eHHHe <pop:VIa.'IbHO HanpaB:reHO He npOTlm Hee, no
npOTHB ee pO,lJ,IiTe.'Ieii H:1Ii orreKYHOB. Ho JJ,pyroe npen:nHcaHHE'
AKT3 06 I1Cnp3B.'IE'HHH yrcuommro np;:lBa 188:") r. (Criminal
La". Amendment Act 1885) npe,1H33Ha'-leHO .'I.1H oco6o TH:iK -
:!b!X C'.lYQaeB He3aKOHHoro 33.JE'p:tKaHH5I :tKeHUUUlbI, KOTOpY/t)
Y.iI.epfKHBaloT B ,J,O\le TepnmlocTH I1:m B ,n:pyroM MeCTe B ue-
.'1HX rrpocnnyumr .'1Ii6o nYTe\'l Henocpe,J,cTBeHHoro npH\lelIemUI
'CH:lbI, .lH6o KOCBE'HHbnI rrYTe\I, KaK, HanpH:\! p, nYTe:\f OTHHTHH
.y lIei'! o.n;e:tKJJ,bL TaKoe npeCTyn.leHHe KapaeTC5I ,1BY\fH ro,n:aMII
!"Iope\JHOro 3aK.1IO'-IeHHH C TH/K€.'Ion pa60TOH. DO,.'I,06Hoe :tKe
1!;:!{;133HHC Ha.rJ3rae'IC5f na BCHKoro, KTO npmTlI\!aeT Y1J:3CTHe
1':[-\11.\ X. IIPECT)'Il..n:lIJIH Jll'OTMB :.KM HIlI H .'IY.
1.5,
B OTnpaBKe pe6eHKa l1:m HeCOBepweHHO.leTHero 3(1 npe,1e:lbI
Coe,n:HHeHHoro KopO.TleOCTB3 ,n:,;'UJ Y'laCTHH B ny6.!IH'IIHbiX npe.n:-
CTaBJleHHHX C l(e:IbIO 113B.'Ie'leHI1H npH6bI.1l1, 3a I1CK.1IO'leHlIe I
leX C,J1YQaeB, KorJl:3 HMeeTCH pa3peweHHe nO:IHl(elicKOro Marl{-
CTpaTa. 3.n:eCb HeB03\IO)KHO nepe'lHc.1HTb Bce HaKa3ye !ble 3aKo-
HOM npeCTyn:reHHH, CUBepmae:\lbie B OTHOmelll111 Jl:eTeii (npH'
<rOM, YBbI, HepeJl:KO HX po,n:l1're:!Hl\m). Ho JI::IH BCHKoro, KTO
HHTepecye-rcH 3THiII BOnpOCO:vI, H3Y'leHHe AKTa 0 ,n:eTHX 1908 r.
(Children Act J 908) H AKTa 0 lI.eTHX H HecoBepmeHIw:reTHhx
1933 1'. (Children and Joung Persons Act 1933) 6Y;J,eT O'-leHb
nO.'Ie3Hu.
OlI.HaKO He HalI.O lI.Y:\laTb, '-ITO npecTynHble ,'I,eHHHH, Hanpa-
.B.1eHHble nponw <pH3WlecKoi!: HenpI1KOCHOBeHHOCTH, 06H3aTe:JbHO
npe,n:nO:laraIOT npHMeHeHHe CH.lh!. MorYT 6hITb npelI.aTeJlbClme
HanalI.eHHH 6e3 BCHKoro npllMeHeHHH CH.1hl, a B HeKOTopbIX C.1Y-
'laHX cOlJ,eikTBHe ca1\1Oi1 ./KepTBbl lI.e.laeT H3.ll1lI1HH:\1 npH:\leHe-
Ime CH lbIlJ,JI5I oCYlllecTB.1eHHH npecTyn.leHHH.
1-13 nepBbIx CJIY'laeB Ha)Jo ynOM5IHYTb O'leHh THJKe.l0e npe-
cTyn.rleH1Je, 33K.TIIO'lQJOmeeCH B nOKymemUl Ha )EH3Hb 1J:m 3;10-
pOBbe )Jpyroro JIHl(a nOCpe.il,CTBOM H,lJ,OBH'TbIX JiJ111 onaCHhIX .nJIH
./K1I31lH cHa;:r061IiL ECJIH nOCJle.nyeT c:\IepTh lKepTBhl, TO, KaK
:vIbl BI1.ne:m, 3TO npecTyn:leHl1e I<I3a:IH<plIl(lIPYe'I"CH He !lInKe, lIe:\!
:\rcp;:r3p. Ho eC:IH Jl:a)j{e OlepTb He HaCTynlIT, TO OHO C'-IHTaeTCH
<pe.l0HlIei!:, HaKa3ye:\IOH Jl:eCHTbIU rU,Lf.a:\IH KaTOp)KJIbrX pa60T,
ec:m )Ke COBepmaeTCH R OTHomellHlI )j{ellIl(I1HhI C ue:lbIO BhI-
3BaTh BblKlIJl:J;,lII1, TO OHO MO)j{eT K3paTbCH nmKH311ei1-IHOli KaTOp-
roi!:. B nOC:Je.D.He:\1 C:IYllae, ec:m )KeHIlJ,HHa cor:lamaeTCH fJa
npHeM .1eKapCTBa, 3Ha5J ero Ha3HalIeHHe, TO OHa TaK)j{e C1lH-
T3eTCH BI1HOBliOrI B npecTynHoM Jl:eHIU-IH. B TO )j{e Bpe:\I5I
COBep-meH le onepml.'lfH nYTe.\1l npJE\leHeHI1H HHCT\'PYMeHTOB H.'1ll
Jl:Pyrl1x rCpeJJ,CTB JI:,1H TOli )]{e ue.1H C'-II1TaeTCH npeCTyn.'IeHHe:\I,
3a COBepme:HHe KOToporo HaK33yeTCf! .1Hl(0. npOH3BOJl:Hlllee one-
p .l(HlO, H ,1,HUO no.nnepnueecH eli, TaK )Ke Kl1K H 3a npe,lJ,llleCT-
'BYlOIll.ee npeCT';'n.letIHe.
OCTafoUJ,I1eCH Jl:Ba npeCTyn:leHI15J npoTlm <p11311'leCKOii He-
npHKocHoBeHIIocTH, KOTOpbIX \IOjlmO KOCHYThCf! BKpaTue, 3L1K.'UO-
QmOTCH B TeCHO CBH3aHHhlX \IeJKlJ,Y COOOl' nlipaTcTBe (piracy)
H ToproB.1e HeBo:rbHHKa\II1 (slm'e trading). OHli lie TOJlhKO
'laCTO cOBepmaIOTcH (H.1H cOBepllla,IHcb) COB:\IeCTIIO, HO ) HliX
T.o CXOlJ,CTBO, 'ITO OHll npe; cTaB.1HloT C060H npecTynllble ,J,eff-
1I1Iff, HapYlllaIOlllHe He To:rbKO 3HLllI1kKOe, HO H Ie:iK;:rYHapo.1.-
Hoe npaBO. OC:T3B.1HH S CTopOHe nOC,leJ.Hee, nOCKO,'lhKY OHO
He OTHOCHTCH K HamerI Te:\le, IbI KpaTKO 06Cy, H:\I HX KaK
npecTyrrllble ,1J,eHI!HH, HapymaIOIII.He 3Hr:IHHCKoe npaBO H HaKa-
3ye:vr:h1e aHf:miicKl1:\llI CYJl:a IH.
n 1I paT C T B 0 3aJUIOQaeTCH R 3aXBaTe CY.J:Ha B OTKpb1'
158
'I.\.CTb TP} Tb5I. yrOJIOBHOE IIPABO
TO:'>I :\IOpe Y JJIU , B paCnOpH2KemUi KOTOpbIX OHO 3aKOHHO Haxo-
)J,HTCH, C HaMepeHHeM OTHHTb caMO CYJ1.HO HJJH ero rpY3 cnoco-
60M, KOTOpbIM KBaJIHcpHl HpOBaJJCH 6bI KaK pa360M (robbery),
ec.'1H 6bI 6bIJJ ocym;eCTBJJeH Ha cyrne. Ilo aHrJIHMCKoMY AKTY
<> !IlHpa'OCTBe 1837 r. (English Piracy Act 1837) BCfl'KOe JIHU.O
I\OTopoe C YKa3aHHbiM HaMepeHHeM HJIH Henocpe)J,cTBeHHo nOCJJe
ocym;eCTBJJeHHH TaKoro HaMepeHHH cOBeprnHT Hana)J,eHHe, npH-
'IHHHT paHeHHe HJJH rrpOH3BeJ1.eT JJI060e )J,pyroe J1.eMCTBHe, KOTO-
poe M02KeT nOJ1.BeprHYTb onaCHOCTH 2KH3Hb KaKOrO-JIH60 JIHI.{a
Ha CYJ1.He, C'IHTaeTCH BHHOBHbIM B cpeJJOHHH H, B CJIY'lae ocy-
2KJ1.eHHH, rrpHrOBapHBaeTCH K cMepTHoM Ka3HH. 3aKOHbI YCTaHa-
BJIHBaIOT MHOfO'lHCJIeHHbIe )J,pYfHe BH)J,bI nHpaTCTBa, HanpliMep,
Bpa2KJ1.e6Hble )J,eMcTBHH Ha Mope B BoeHHoe BpeMH no nopY'IeHHID
BparOB npOTHB 6pHTaHCKHX nO)J,)J,aHHbIX co CTOpOHbI JJHI.{,
p02KJ1.eHHbIX B nOJ1.)J,aHCTBe KOpOJJH AHfJIHH, HJJH co CTOpOHbI H8-
Typa,,'1H30BaBrnHXCH HH03etMneB, 'a60p)J,HpOBaHHe ToproBbIX CY)J,OB
H BbI6paCbIBaHHe HX rpY3a 3a 60PT, nepe)J,a'la CY)J,Ha nHpaTaM,
TOprOBJIH C HHMH HJJM CHapH2KeHHe )J,JIH HHX CY)J,OB. 3TH BHJ1.bI
nlipaTCTBa, YCTaHDBJIeHHbIe 3aKDHaMH, C'IHTaIOTCH cpeJ10Hliefi,
HaKa3yeMoM n02KH3HeHHbIMli KaTDp2KHbIMH pa6DT8MH. B TO 2Ke
BpeMH OTKa3 01' CDnpD liBJIeHHH Hana)J,eHnro nHpaTDB npH nepe-
BD3Ke PY2KeM HJIH BDopY2KeHHH C'IHTaeTCH MeHee TH2KeJIbIM npe-
cTynJJeHHeM, KBaJIHcpHI.{lipyeTcH KaK MHC)J,HMHHOp, eCJJH npo-
HCXDJ1.HT B ToprOBDM CY)J,OXO)J,CTBe H HaKa3yeTcH B CJIY'l8e
06BHHeHliH rneCTbIO MeCHI.{8MH TIOpeMHorD 3aKJIIO'IeHHH.
MHOrO'lHCJJeHHbIe BHJ1.bI )J"eHHliM, COCT8BJIHIOm;He npecTyn-
JIeHHe, Koropoe HMeHyeTcH TOprOBJJeM HeBDJIbHHKaMH, nepe1JHC-
JIeHbI!B AKT:e 0 ToprOBllIe HeB.OJIbHRK8:MH 1824 r. (Slave Trade
Act 1824) H OXBaTbIBaIOT MHDrD BII)J,DB KDCBeHHorD Y'laCTHH
B TOprDBJIe li Bee BH)J,bI rrpHMoro Y'laCTHH. TOprDBJIH HeBDJIb-
HHKaMH KapaeTCH 'IeTbIpH8)J,I.{aTbIO rO)J,8MH KaTDp2KHbIX pa6DT
HJJH nHTHJIeTHHM TIOpeMHblM 38KJJIO'IeHHeM C TH2KeJJOM pa60TOM.
OJ1.H8KiO He BnDJliHe HCHO, Mo eT .rm O'HO 6bITb naJI02KeHO
aHrJJHMCKHM CY)J,OM Ha He 6pHTaHCKoro nO)J,)J,aHHoro 3a npecTyn-
JJeHHe, COBeprneHHoe BHe KDpDJIeBCKHX )J,OMHHHOHOB. ECJIH 31'0
npeery,I1.'1eHiRe COBeprneHO c nplIMeH€lHHeM CHJIbI K HeBOJIbHHKY
HJIH C I.{eJJbIO D6paTHTb B HeBOJIIO, TO OHD KB8JJHcpHI.{npyeTcH
K8K nHp8TCK8H TDprDBJIH HeBOJJbHHKaMH H K8paeTCH rrD2KH3HeH-
HbIMH KaTOp2KHbIMH pa60TaMH.
IlOJIHbIM D63DP np8B8, DTHDC5Im;erOC5I K yrDJJDBHbIM J1.e5I-
HHHM B OTHDrneHHH cpH3H'IeCKDH HenpHKOCHDBeHHDCTH, )J,OJJ2KeH
)J,8Tb TaK2Ke HeKOTopDe npe}].CT8BJIeHHe 0' rrD'ITH 6eC'IHCJJeHHbIX
upeJ1.UHCaHHHX TaKHX 3aKOHOB, KaK AKTbI 0' HapD}].HOM 3}].paBHH
(public Health Acts) H AKTbI 0 cpa6pHKax H MaCTepCKliX (Fac-
tory and Workshops Act), }].eJIa 0' HapymeHHH KOTDpbIX CDCTa-
B.1HIOT 3Ha'lHTe.TIbHYID 'IaCTb }].eHTeJIbHOCTI<! Cy;:r:OB cYMMapHoH
l'JIABA XI. TIPE\,;TYIIJIBHHff TIPOTIIB OOBCTBEHHOCTH 159.
IOpHC.n.HKI.{HH. 3TH 6bICTpO paCTYlI1.He OT.n.eJJbl yr0J10BHOrO'
npaBa MorYT co BpeMeHeM nOTpe60BaTb nepeCMOTpa npHHHTOH'
ceu'Iac KJ]IaccHq)H'Ka UH a'HrJJllUCKOrO npa,Ba AJ1H Toro, 'IT06bI
BBeCTH HOBbIe OTpac.'IH, H3BeCTHble n0.n. Ha3BaHHeM a,n:MHHHCTpa-
THBHoro npaBa H npaBa 06 oxpaHe Tpy.n.a B npOMbIlI1J1eHHoCTH.
CeM'IaC OHH 06bl'IHO TpaKTYIOTcH KaK no.n.OT.n.eJJbI npHHHTbIX
Y)l{e pa3.n.eJJOB. nonbITKa ,n:aTb CK0J1bKO-HH6y.n.b CHCTeMaTH'Ie-
CKoe H no,n:p06Hoe HX H3J10)l{eHHe BbIlI1JJa 6bI 3a npe.n.eJ1bI 3a-
,n:a'I, nOCT8BJ1eHHblX nepe.n. HaCTOHlI1.eM pa60TOM. O.n.J-Ja!KO HaAo'
YKa3aTb, 'ITO MHorHe HX npe.n.nHcaHHH, oc06eHHO 3aKOHbl'
o a6pHKax H MacTepcKHx, .n.OJ1)1{H paCCMaTpHBaTbCH KaK
MepbI, npe.n.oxpaHHIOlI1.He OT COBeplI1eHHH npeCTynJ1eHHM 60JJee
TH)I{eJ1bIX, 'IeM Te MeHee cepbe3Hble npaBoHapYlleHHH, KOTopble'
3TH 3aKOHbI npHMO npe.n.YCMaTpHBaIOT. TaK, HanpHMep, BJJa.n.e-
.'JeI.{ a6pHKH, HapYllaIOlI1.HM O,n:HO H3 npe.n.nHcaHHM AKTOB
o a6pHKax, KaCaIOlI1.eeCH orpa)l{.n.eHHH MallHH, no.n.BepraeTCH,
eCJ1H He npOH30M.n.eT HeC'IaCTHH, Bcero TOJ1bKO lI1Tpa y. Ho
eCJ1H, BCJJe.n.CTBHe ero He6pe)l{HOC'I1H, nOCJJe,n:yeT CMep-Tb HJJH
TH)I{eJ1ble nOBpe)l{,n:eHHH, TO OH MO)l{eT 6bITb 06BHHeH B MaHCJ10-
T3P HJIH B rrpH'IHHeHHH TeJ1eCHbIX nOBpe)l{.n.eHHM.
rJI ABA XI
nPECTYnnEHH npOTHB C05CTBEHHOCTH
CJJe.n.YH cHcTeMe, npHHHTOM B npe.n.lI1eCTBYIOlI1.eM rJJaBe, Mbr
Ha'IHeM c 60JJee TH)I{eJJbIX npecTynJJeHHM, HanpaBJ1eHHbIX npo-
THB co6CTBeHHoCTH, a 3aTeM KOCHeMCH MeHee cepbe3Hblx.
n 0 .n. )I{ 0 r (arson) - :no O.n.HO H3 .n.peBHeMllHX npecTynJJe-
HIIll, H3BeCTHbIX aHrJJHMCKoMY npaBY; ero pacnpocTpaHeHHocTb
OT'IaiCTH 06'bHCiHHeTcH BepOH'I1HO J1!erKOM BOC'nJJaIMeHHeMocTbIO>
cTpOHTeJJbHblX MaTepHaJ10B, npHMeHHBlllHxCH B cTapHHY B AHrJJHH.
a OTQaCTH - pe6H'IeCKHM BocToproM nepe.n. nJJaMeHeM, xapaKTep-
HbIM )J,JJH Bcex, nepBo6bITHbIX Hapo.n.oB. OTCYTCTBlIe B TO BpeMS'
BCHKOU CHCTel\1bI CTpaXOBaHHH OT orHH .n.eJ1aJ10 3TO npecTynJJe-
HHe O'IeHb onaCHbIM. no 06lI1.eMY npaBY B H3J10)l{eHHH KOKa
(Coke) no.n.)I{OrOM HBJ1HeTCH C03HaTeJJbHOe H 3J10YMbIlllJ1eHHOe
no.n.)I{HraHHe 1JY)I{oro 3aMKa, ,n:OMa HJ1H .n.Bopa. Ho BCKope'
nOCJJe 3nOXH KOKa 6bI.rm npHHHTbI cTaTYTbl, KOTopble nOCTe-
neHHO pacnpoCTpaHHJJH no noml'rne Ha no.n.)I{or Bcex .n.pyrHx
cTpoeHlIM H ,n:a)l{e py.n.HHKOB H Kopa6J1eu. .IT.a.T1bHeMllee pacllH-
pelme, RMCBlllee Bai)KHoe 3HaQeHHe, COCT!OH.'10 B palCnpOCTpaHe-
HIm ero Ha no.n.)I{or C 06MaHHbIMH HaMepeHHHMH cTpoeHHH, npH-
Ha.n.JJe)l{aBlllerO caMoMY 06BHHHeMoMY. TaKoe paclllHpeHHe
nOHHT'HH llO\!I.)I{Ora npOH:30IILJ1O eCTeC11BeHHO nOCJ1e Taro, KalK
6bwa BBe,n:eHa CIICTeMa CTpaxoBaHHSI OT OrH5I, 'ITO npOH30lU,T]O,
160
'L\CTf, 'fJ'EThH. yrOZIOBHOE IIl'ABO
J3 BOCe'\ma.J,u,aTOM BeKe. Cei!'Iac OTHOCHllI.eeOI ClO}].a npaBO
Cl1CTeMaTIf3HpOBaHO B pamU1X pa3}].e;lax AKTa 0 3JlOHaMepeH-
HOM npH'IHHeHIfH YllI.ep6a 1861 r. (Malicious Damage Act 1861),
. C.lerKa H3MeHeHHOM noc.le;J,YlOIl HMH 3aKOHa'\1If, KOTopble XOHI
H H36eralOT ynoTpe6.1HTb C.10BO «nO,lJ,}Kor» (arson), HO TpaK-
rylOT KaK <pe:roHHlO, KapaeMYlO pa3HbIMH cpoKa'\IH KaToplKHbIX
pa60T H.1H TlOpeMHoro 3aK.'IlO'IeHHH, npoTHB03aKoHHoe H 3. !O-
VMbIllI.'1eHHOe nO}].}KHraHHe BCHKoro po}].a cTpoeHHll, B TO'\! 'IIfC:le
if nO}].lKor npeCTynHHKoM co6CTBeIIHoro }].O:\1a C IIaMepeHHe:\1
npW.IHHHTb KQ,\IY-HH6Y}].b Ylll.ep6 HJIH 06'\laHYTb Koro-.TlH60.
Ope,lJ,Ha:\lepeHHoe H 3.'10YMbIlII.'IeHHOe pa3pymeHHe nYTe:\f
nO,lJ,lKOra HJ1H HHblM nYTeM Kopa6.leH KOpOJleBCKOro <piloTa,
IWpOJIeBCKHX nopToB, apCeliaJIOB, Mara3HHOB, KaHaTHblX 3aBO-
,],013, npHcYTcTBeHHblx '\leCT, Be}].alOllI.HX cHa6lKeHHeM, H JJPY-
fHX cTpoeHHH MopcKoro Be}].O:\1CTBa H.1H HaXO.lI,5IIl HXCH B HI1X
:leCHbiX MaTepHa.'IOB H 3anaCOB, a TaKlKe .'J106bIX BoeHHblX H.'IH
:\iOpCKHX CK.la}].OB npo)],oBOJlbCTBIIH II.'1H BoopY./KeHHH HB.'IHeTC5I
npecryn.'1eHHeM,- KOTopoe B c.1Y'lae oCY}!(,lJ,eHHH 06BHHHeMoro
KapaeTcH no AKTY 06 oxpaHe nopTOB H !Jp. 1772 r. (Dock.
yards et c., Protection Act 1772) nlepTHoM Ka3HblO. AKT
o B3pbIBqaTbiX Ben eCTBax 1883 r. (Explosive Substances Act
1883) KacaeTCH pa3Horo pO.LJ:a Jl,e5IHHl-i, BbITeKalOllI.IIX II3 06pa-
llI.eHH5I co B3pblBqaTbI:\IH Belll.eCTBa:\.1If, H3 HX xpaHeHII5I, H npelI,-
CTaB.l5IlOllI.HX 06Iu,ecTBeHHYlo onaCHOCTb. 3aTpY)],HeHHe 3aK'IfO-
qaeTCH B TOM, qTO 3aKOH He onpe,lJ,e.'I5IeT, 'ITa R\l nOHHMaCn'5I
no)], «B3pbIBqaTbI:\1lJ BClu,eCTBa:\.m», H TOJ!bKO YKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO
no)], HI1MH nOHHMalOTC5I II MaTepHa.lbI, c.1Y./Kalll.He )],.'IH - npm13-
BO,lJ,CTBa B3pbIBqaTbIX Belu,eCTB, qTO He OqeHb nOMoraeT BbIHCHe-
HIfIO Bonpoca.
E e p r Jl e p H (burglary, ham-socn) - HOqHOe BOpOBCTDO
"Co B3.nOMO'\1 - HB.l5IeTC5I )],pyrHM O'leHb }].peBHIIM npeCTYlpeHHe\i
06ll1.ero npaBa, KOTopoe Tenepb npe)],ycMoTpeHo AKTOM 0 BO-
pOBcTBe-«.lHpCHII» 1916 r. (Larceny Act 1916). Ero onpe,lJ,c:lc-
BHe HOCHT BeCb:\.la TeXHWleCKHiI xapaKTep; OHO 3aK.IIOqaeTC5I
13 npoHIIKHOBeHllll co B3.'IO:\iOM B qYlKoIi }!m.loI\ ,lJ,OM H.'IH CTpoe-
HHe, Henocpe,lJ,cTBeHHo coe.LJ:HHemroe C nepBbIM, C Ha'\IepeHIIei\1
cOBepIlIIfTb Ta\l <pe.loHHlO, H.'m 130 B3.10\le npII BbIX01I.e nOC.le
COBeplileHI-I5I TaM <pe.IOHIIII B nepHO.'l. :\le)KlI,y 9 '13C. Beqepa I-I
6 'lac. YTpa no Cpe,l,He\IY fpHHBH'ICT<mry BpeueHH. Eepr.lepH
np e .LJ:cTaB.I5IeT C060ll, KOHelJHO, <pe.loIIHlO H HaKa3yeTC5I nO)KH3-
HeHHbI:\m KaToplKHbnm paooTa \111. XaY3-6peKHHr (house-brea-
king-) - npOHHKHOBeHHe 13 )1,0:\1 co B3.10MOM - HB.15leTCH :\leHee
cepbe3Hbnl npeCTyn.leHHeM M 3aK.1IOQaeTC5I B He3aKOHHO:\I npo-
HUK'HOBeHHM co B3.10'\fO}I' B 3,'1,aHIIe .RaK 06ll1.eCfBeHHoe, TaK Ii
qaCTlroe B JJl060e Bpe:vm II COBeprneHne Ta:\1 <pe.l0HHH I-I:m
E YXO,'I,e OTTY,lJ,a co B3.'IO:\.1OM noc.ne COBepUIeHH5I <jJe.l0mIH. 3TO
r,TL\B..\ XI. nPECTnlJEHHff rrpOTHB OOECTBEHHOCTH 161
TIpecTyrr.1eHMe npe}].cTaB.'IReT TaKR<e clJe.'IOHMIO, HO KapaeTCR He
<CB_bIIIle lJ.eTbIpHa}].u:aTM .'leT KaTOp)KHbIX pa60T. K:or}].a KTO-JIM60
JIpOCTO BXO}].IfT B R<M:IOli }].OM B HOlJ.HOe BpeM5I MJIIf npOHIfKaeT
B Hero HJIIf B JIIOOOe }].pyroe 3}].aHIfe co B3.'IOi\WM B JII060e
BpeMR C HaMepeHMel\I COBepIIlMTb (B OTJlIflJ.Ife OT COBepIIleHIfH)
e.'IOHMIO, TO OH BIfHOBeH B <peJIOHMM, HO HaKa3yeTcR He CBbIwe
.ceMH JJeT KaTOp)KHbIX pa60T.
P a 3 0 0 M - po66pII (robbery) - npe}].CTaR'IfleT C060H B Ta-
'Kon )Ke CTeneHIf npeCTynJIeHIfe npOT,MB <pIf3HlJ.eCKOn HenpIfKOC-
HOBeHHOCTIf KaK M npOTMB coocTBeHHocTM, HO OObIlIHO ero OTHO-
'CRT K lJ.IfCJJY npecTyrrJIeHIfH npOTMB co6CTBeHHOCTH. B AKTe
() BOpOBCTBe 1916 r. (Larceny Act 1916) HeT onpe}].eJIeHM5I
pa3605l, HO ero CYlIJ,HOCTb 3aKJIIOlIaeTCfl B nOXIflIJ,eHIfM }].eHer
TIJIIf I1Mym;ecTBa Y }].pyroro lIe.rrOBeKa IfJIIf B npIfcYTcTBMIf }].PY-
Toro lIeJIOBeKa, npOTIfB ero BOlm, nYTeM' HaCMJIM5I If JIM YCTpa-'
Il1eHI1'51 0 iHaMepeHIf€M JJMOO npIfCBOIfTb rrOXiHlIJ,eHHOe ceoe, . JIH60
)Ke no MeHbIIleM Mepe .rmIIlnTb lJ.eJJOBeKa, Y KOToporo nOXM-
rn;aIOT, BJIa}].eHIf51 nOXMm;aeMbIM. Cym;HOCTb pa30051 3aK.flIOlIaeTC5I
B rrpHMeHeHHH CH.JIbl, 8 H8K8S8HHe KO.ile6.7CTCR B S8BHCHMOCTH
'OT 06CTOflTeJIbCTB, npM KOTOpbIX ObIJIa npIfMeHeHa CIf.JIa. TaK,
€CJIIf rpaOHTeJIb ObIJI BoopY)KeH If JIM 6bIJI 13 COnpOBO)K}].eHI1If
JJ:PyrIfx JIIfU: If JIM npMlJ.MHMJI <pM3IflIeCKoe nOBpe)K}].eHIfe' TOMY,
Roro OrpaOIf.JI, TO OH no}]..fle)KMT, B CJIYlJ.ae OOBMHeHIf5l, nO)KM3-
1-IeHHbIM KaTOp)KHbIM pa60TaM. eCJIM )Ke TaKMX YCJJOBIfM He
6bIJiO, TO npe}].eJIbHOe HaKa3aHHe CBO}].MTCfl K 'leTbIpHa}].u:aTI1
ro}].aM. Hana}].eHMe (assault) C HaMepeHIfeM orpaoIfTb npe}].CTa-
BJIfleT caMO no ceoe <pe.'IOHHIO, KapaeMYIO n5lTbIO ro}].aMM
KaTOp)KHbIX paOOT.
J1fl pc H H (larceny), T. e. BO;pDBCTBO If.'IM Kpa)Ka (theft),
npe}].cTaBJI5IeT COOOIO TaK)Ke O.1J,HO M3 cTapeMIIlMK M pacrrpocTpa-
HeHHeMIIlIfx npecTynJJeHMH, If3BeCTHblX npaBY. AKT 0 BOPOB-
<:TBe 1916 r. (Larceny Act 1916) onpe}].eJJ5IeT ero KaK «OOMaH-
Hoe If 6e3 }].06pOCOBeCTHoro npaBOBoro npIfTR3aHM5I B3HTIfe M
YHOC Qero-JIIf60, lITO 1\IO)KeT 6bITb YKpa}].eHO, C HaMepeHHeM
B MOMeHT TaKoro B351TH5I JIHIlIHTb HaBcer}].a COOCTBeHHIfKa Toro,
qTO Y Hero B3RTO». B 3TOM onpe}].e. 1 IeHIfH CTOHT 06paTIfTb
BHIfMaHIfe Ha O)IHH HJIH ;ma nYHKTa. ITpIf3HaHO, lITO )Io6poco-
BeCTHoe rrpe,lJ,nOJIO)KeHIfe CO CTOpOHbI oepYll ero, lJ.TO B351TbIH
lI:\I npe,lJ,MeT ,lJ,eHCTBHTeJIbHO npHHa,lJ,JIe)KHT eMY HJIH lJ.TO OH
lIMeeT rrpaBO B351Tb ero, npe}].CTaB.'I5IeT aprYMeHT 3am;HTbI rrpIf
v6BHHeHHIf B Kpa)Ke. Ho Ha,lJ,O nOHHTb, lITO OIllHOKa, no,lJ, BJlH5I-
HMel\1 KOTOpOM npelIno.'1arae:VIbIH BOp rro ero YBepeHMIO }].enCTBO-
Ea.-I, .1J,OJDKHa ObITb OIIlH6KOM <pa'KTIf'leOKOll, a He InpaBoBoli.
TaK, eCJJH A OOBH3bIBaeT BepeBKoM IIleIO obIKa, HaXO}].Hm;erOCfl
B cToibe E, H YBO}].HT ero, rrpeTeHD.YH Ha TO, lITO OblK npH-
Ha)J;JIe)KIfT eMY, TO .3TO era yoe)K,lJ,eHHe OY,lJ,eT C.'1Y)KMTb ,lJ,eii-
11 &11(. 3848. Anr:mfin:oe npano.
162
']ACTb TI'ETMI. yrOJIOBHOE nPAHO
CTBI1TeJIbHOH 3alI I11'OH, eC.-II1 TOJIbKO A ,lJ,06pOCOBec1'Ho (xont
6bI 11 0IlIl1604I10) C4I1TaJJ, 41'0 I1MeHHO ::noro 6bIKa OH Kymw
Ha Hp'MiapKe Ha !npOllIJIOM He,lJ,eJ1e I1JIH '41'0 5 :pa3peIIllw eMY
YBec1'H 6bIKa. ECJIH 2Ke OH 3HaJI, 41'0 6bIK npHHa,lJ,JIe)lUfT 5,
HO ,lJ,YMaJI, 41'0 nOCKOJIbKy 5 ,lJ,OJI2KeH eMY ,lJ,eCH1'b . CT., TO
OH M02KeT B3H1'b y 5 6bIKa, nOKa TOT He 3anJIaTHT, TO 31'0 pac-
CY)I{,lJ,eHHe npe,lJ,CTaBHT npaBOBYIO 0llIH6KY H He nOM02KeT eMY.
3aTeM ,lJ,O,Tl)KeH 6bITb HaJIHl.{O MOM€HT B3HTHH II YHoca
(cepit et asportavit). Kpa2Ka HBJIHeTCH no 06m;eMY npaBY npe-
cTynHbIM 3aXBaTOM (trespass), a cym;HocTb 3aXBaTa 3aKJII04aeTCH
BO BMeIIlaTeJIbC1'Be B 4Y)l{oe BJIa,lJ,eHHe. TaK, no 06m;eMY npaBY.
fIl1II'fIO, OTHOCHm;eeCH K 3eMJIe, H a fortiori C8.Ma 3eMJI1H He NwrYT
6bITb npe,lJ,MeTOM Kp8)1{H; nOTpe60BaJICH ,lJ,JIHHHbIH pH,lJ, napJIa-
MeHTCKHX aKTOB ,lJ,JIH 1'01'0, 4T06bI TaKHe npe,lJ,MeTbI KaK OBOm;H,
IPPYKTbI, PY,lJ,bI H MHHepaJJbI 6bIJJH npH3HaHbI Kar, 06'beKTbI
Kpa)l{H. Ilpe)l{j],e TaK)I{e C4HTaJJOCb, 41'0 TOJIbKO «l.{eHHbIe»
npe,lJ,MeTbI MorYT 6bITb YKpa,lJ,eHbI, a no,lJ, l.{eHHOCTbID nOHHMa-
.JraCb ueHHOCTb Bem;II. CJJe,lJ,OBaTeJIbHO l.{eHHOC1'b TaKIIX npe,lJ,-
MeTOB KaK 6aHKH01'bI, na'lI, BeKceJUI, 06JIHral.{HH II T. n., C4H1'a-
JJaCb paBHOH C1'OHMOCTH HX nepraMeHTa HJIII 6YMarll; HX Kpa2Ka
C411TaJIaCb «ME'JJIUIM BOpOBCTBOM» (petty larceny) H He KBaJIII-
(Iml.{HpoBaJIacb KaK eJIOHI1H, nOKa 3aKOHbI He H3MeHHJIH no.rIO-
)l{eHHH.
CBepx 1'01'0, T04Ka 3peHHH 06w.ero npaBa Ha BOpOBCTBO
KaK Ha HapynreHHe BJIa,lJ,eHHH ,lJ,eJIaJJa HeB03M02KHbIM npH3HaHl'le
3a Kpa)l{Y TaKoro CJJY4aH KaK Kpa)l{Y npe,lJ,MeTa, HaXO,lJ,HBIIlerOCH
BO BJIa,lJ,eHHH YKpaBIIlero. BC,,'Ie,lJ,CTBHe 3TOro TaKHe JJHl.{a, KaK
3aBHCHMbIe ,lJ,ep)l{aTeJJH (bailee), areHTbI H 1'. n., cKpbIBaBIIlHecH
C JI,oBepeHHbIM HM TOBapOM, He MornH 6bl'Tb OCY2K,lJ,eHb{ 3a
BOpOBCTBO. Kor,lJ,a ,lJ,eJIO KacaJJOCb CJJyr, 31'0 3aTpY,lJ,HeHHe 6bIJJO
YCTpaHeHO npH nOMOllI,H ,lJ,OK1'pHHbI, 41'0 X03HHH npeAMeTa npo-
JI,OJJ)I{aeT BJJa,lJ,eTb HM ,lJ,a)l,e B CJJY4ae, Kor,lJ,a OR BpY4aeT ero
CJIyre.. 3Ta ,lJ,OKTpHHa OCHOBbIBaeTCH Ha TOM, 41'0, nOCKOJIbKY
JIyra 06H3aH HcnO.'IHHTb npHKa3aHHH X03HHHa, nOCJIe,lJ,HHM npo-
,lJ,OJJ2Kae1' BJIa,lJ,eTb CBOHM npe,lJ,MeTOM. BCJJe,lJ,C1'BHe 31'01'0 C41'/-
TaeTCH, QTO TaKOH npe,lJ,l\1eT HaXO,lJ,HTCS! BO BJIa.!J.emU1 X03S!HHa
noKa CJIyra He 06HapY)I{H1' HBHoro HaMepeHIIS! npHCBOII1'b ero;
6J1'arO,lJ,apH 3TO.UY npUCBO€HIIe B ,lJ,aHHoM CJIY4ae CBD,lJ,IITCH II< Hapy-
llleHHIO BJIa,lJ,eHHSI. TaK 2KJe 06CTOHT ,lJ,eJIo C TaKHM 3aBH.C'lIMbI!M ,lJ,ep-
)l{aTeJIeM, 'Ka,K nepeB034HK. M02KeT C4HTaTbCSI, 41'0 rpY300TnpaBH-
TeJIb Bce ellI,e HaXO,lJ,HTCH BO BJJa,lJ,eHHH rpY30M, nOKa nepeB03-
IIl1K He COBepIIlH1' C TOBapOM TaKoro ,lJ,eHCTB,lISI (break bulk), Ha
KOTopoe OH, KaK e\IY H3BeCTHO, He HMeeT npaBa. KorJI,a JI,eJIO
KaCaJJOCb areHTOB, nOJIY4HBIIlHX TOBap 01' Tpe1'bHX .r:ml.{ ,lJ,JISI
-CBOHX HaHHMaTe,,'IeH, TO -3,lJ,eCb He 6b1JIO B03MO}l{HOCTH npHMeHHTb,
:ny TeapHIO. Il03TOMY ,lJ, 'IH TaKHX c,IY4aeB npHlII.loCh H306pe-
- l'ClABA XI. m'&.i'TYnJIEJHIUI nPfYrHB OOBCTBEHHOCTR 163
CTM HOBYIO KaTeropHIO, Ha3bIBaeMYIO 3M6e3.fIMeHT - npHcBoeHlle
(embezzlement). Eme TpYJ1.Hee OOCT05IJIO J1.eJIO C oOMaHYBllIHM
)I.OBC'pne - TpecTH - J1.oBepMTeJJb'HibTIM co6cmeHHHIKoM (trustee),
TaK KaK OH He TOJIbKO xpaHHTeJIb, HO H 3aKOHHbIU BJIa.n.eJIeu:
OBepeHHOH eMY co6CTBeHHOCTH H nOTOMY e.n.Ba JIH MOl'
YKpaCTb TO, qeM caM BJIaJ1.e.JI. OJ1.HaKO, Bee )Ke TaKHe J1.e.JIa
nOJ1.naJ1.aIOT Tenepb noJ1. OJ1.llH B-3 pa3.n.eJIOB AKTa 0' BOpoBcTBe.
He Ha.n.o 3a6bIBaTb, qTO B OCHOBe nOH5ITH5I BOpOBCTBa JIe)KHT
HapYIIIeHMe BJIaJ1.'eHH5I, a He c06CTBeHHOCTH. qeJIOBeK Heco-
MHeRHO MO)KeT YKpaCTb c06CTBeHHYIO JJOIIIa.n.b, eCJIH OH .n.o
31'01'0 OT.n.aJI ee B HaeM coce.n.y Ha CpOK, KOTOpbIM eme He HCTeK.
TexHHqecKoe onpe.n.eJIeHHe BOpoBcTBa KaK «B35ITHe H YHOC»
HJJH HapYIIIeHHe BJIa.n.eHHH C03.n.aeT TaK)Ke .n.PyrHe TPy.n.HOCTH,
o.n.Ha HJIH .n.Be ll3 KOTOpbIX npe.n.cTaBJIHIOT HHTepec H HMeIOT
npaKTHqeCKOe 3HaqeHHe.
DpeJ1.nOJJO)KHM, HanpHMep, lITO KaKoM-HH6YJ1.b qeJIOBeK
HaH.n.eT npe.n.MeT, nOBH.n.HMOMY, 6poIIIeHHbIM, .If no.n.bIMeT ero
C HaMepeHHeM npHcBoHTb. BHHOBeH JIM OH B BOpOBCTBe?
KOHeqHO, HeT, eCJIH npe.n.MeT 6bIJI .n.eMCTBHTeJIbHO 6pOIIIeH, TaK
KaK OCTaBJIeHHe npe.n.MeTa 03HaqaeT HMea:HO OTKa3 01' BJIa.ll.e-
HHH, a r.n.e HeT BJIa.n.eHH5I, He MO)KeT 6bITb IJ BOpOBCTBa. Ho
npe.n.nOJIO)KHM, qTO TaKHM npe.n.MeToM OKa3bIBaeTCH KOIIIeJIeK,
co.n.ep)KalUHH 3HaqMTeJIbHYIO CYMMY .n.eHer, KOTOpbIH Ha C3MOM
,ZJ:e.ne 6bIJI CJIyqa.MiHO nOTepHH qeJrOBeKOM, ero iHeCIIIHMI. ECJIH.
HarueJ1.IIIHM nOJ1.IHHMeT e,ro C H J:MepeF!HeM Bi35ITb ce6e, TO COBep-
IIIHT JJH OH BOpOBCTBO? OTBeT 6y.n.eT nOJIO)KHTeJIbHbIM, eCJIH
TOJIbKO OH He ,CYMeeT y6e.n.HTb npHC5I)KHbIX B J1.06pOCOBeCTHO-
CHi CBoero y6e)K.lI.eHH5I, qTO KOIIIeJIeK 6bIJI 6pOIIIeH. AKT 0 BO-
pOBcTBe 1916 1'. I' JIaCHT: «B cJIyqae, Kor.n.a B MOMeHT Haxo-
)K,ZJ:eHM5I HaIIIe.n.IIIHM CqHTaeT, qTO c06cTBeHHHK MO)KeT 6bITb
06HapY)KeH, eCJIH 6y.n.YT I1pHH5ITbi pa3YMRble MepbI...» C I'paM-
MaTHqeCKOH CTOpOHbl 31'0 npe.n.nncaHHe He MO)KeT CQHTaTbC5!
COBepIIIeHlHbIM, HO ero co.n.ep)KaHHe He JJnIIIeHO 3.n.paBOro
CMbIC.lla. Haxo:m:.n.eHHe He eCTb y.n.ep)KaHHe, eCJI.H HaIIIe.n.IIIHH
HMeeT OCHOBaHHe CqHTaTb, qTO TOT, KTO YTepHJI npe.ZI.MeT,
COrJIaCHJIC5I 6bI Ha B03Harpa)KD,elme HaIIIe.ll.IIIero. TaKoe vac-
CY)KD,eHHe onpaB.n.bIBaeTCH nOJIO)KeHHeM: «BC5!KOe B.llaJJ.eHHe
3alUJHl aeTC5I npOTHR Bopa».
3aTeM, IMO)KeT 6bITb CJIyqaii BopOBCTBa noc;pe.ll.CTBOM MOllIeH-
HHqecTBa. ECJ1H BJIaJJ.eJIeu: npeJJ.MeTa JJ.06pOBOJIbHO OTKa3aJICSJ
01' BJIaJJ.eHHSJ HM, KaK npamwo He MO)KeT 6b1Tb BOpOBCTBa. Ho
eCJIH BJJaJJ.eJIbu:a n06y.n.HJIH nepeJJ.aTb npeD,MeT, YBepHB ero, qTO
31'01' npe.ll.MeT nOJ1.BeprHeTCSJ TO.TJbKO OCMOTPY, HcnpOOOBaHHIO
IWH nOqHHKe H 3aTeM 6y.n.eT B03BpameH, npHqeM qeJIOBeK,
KOTOPOMY OH OblJI nepe.n.8H, C caMoro H8qa.lla HaMepeBaJJCH Y.lI.ep-
)IWTb era, TO noc.TJ€1urnii He MO)KeT 3aTeM CCbIJIaTbC5I B CBOfO 3a-
iI*
164
qACTb TPETbH. Tb.'IOBHOE I1PABO
mHTY Ha CBOH 06Ma<HH'ble J1.eikTBHSI H T aKH:\1 nYTeMI130e>KaTb
06BHHeHHSI B 'Kpa2Ke. Ho KorAa Ha epeHHe YAep>KaTb npeAMer
B03HHKJJO JJHIlJb nOCJle no.1Y'leHH5I ,noro npeAMeTa, TO no
06meMY npaBY He MO>KeT 6bITb 06BHHeHH5I B BOpOBCTBe, ec.mI
TOJIbKO AeJIO He KaCaeTC5I 3aBHCHMoro Aep>KaTeJI5I, HapymaIO-
mero CBOH 06SI3aHHOCTH B OTHOIlJeHHH BemH. Ho 3TO 110JI02Ke-
HHe 6bIJIO H3MeHeHO 3aKOHOM 1857 r., H Tel1epb BOpOBCTBO co
CTOpOHbI 3aBHCHMoro Aep>KaTeJI5I H Aa>Ke co CTOpOHbI c06cTBeH-
HHKa SIBJISIeTC5J npecTynHI,IM AeikTBHeM, npeAycMoTpeHHbIM
3aKOHOM. OAHaKo 3TO He'lTO COBepIlJeHHO HHoe, '1eM BOpOBCTBO
nplf nOMlOmH MomeiHLHHtIeCTBa.
B Ka'leCTBe APyroro I1pHMepa TPYAHocTeH, C03A3Bae:\lbIX
onpeAe.TIe!RHe.M BopoBcTBa B 3aKOHe, MbI MO>KeM npHBecTH CJIY-
'1aH C OIlJH6KOH co CTOpOHbI HCTIJ.a. TIpeAnOJJO>KHM, '1TO A
npeA'b5JBJJ5JeT KaCCHpy 6aHKa '1eK Ha 5 . CT. AJJSI on.TIaTbI.
KaCCIIp, 6YAyqH 6JJH30PYKHM HJJH HeOCTOpO>KHbIM, KJJal1.eT
nepeA A .na npH.TIaBOK 50 . CT., A 6epeT HX II YXOl1.HT.
B 3TOM c.JJyqae BeT CO!MHeHJJ5I, 111'0 A 'l3HHOBeH B BopoBCTBe,
nOToMy '1TO: 1) OH He Mor He 3aMeTHTb OIlJH6KH, 2) OH HH Ha
MHHYTY He Mor npeAnOJIO)KHTb, '1TO OHa 6bIJIa COBepIlIeH3 Ha-
MepeHHo, 3) OH 0 caMoro !Ha'laJJa AOJI)KeH 6bIJII HMeTI, HaMepe-
HHe npHCBOHTb ce6e JIHIlJHHe 45 . CT. TIoCJleAHee 06CT05I-
TeJIbCTBO. CJIY)KHT K.mO'lOM K TOJIKOBaHHIO 3aKOHa. ECJIH '1eJJO-
HeK, KOTOp01IY '1TO-JIH60 6bIJIO nepe,n;aHO no OIlIH6Ke ('1TO eMY
l1.G.lI)KHO 6bITb H3BeCTHO), peIlJaeT y.n.ep)KaTb nepel1.aHHoe, TO
OH BOp. Ho OAHoro JIHIIIb waKTa y.n.ep)KaHH5J, Aa>Ke eCJIH OHO
npOH30IlJ.TIO nOCJJe Toro, KaK y)Xep)KaBIIIHH 06HapY)KH.u OIIIH6KY,
He.n.OCTaTO'lHO AJJ5J ero oCY)KAeHH5J, eC.TIH OH MO)KeT y6eAHTb
npHCSI2KHbIX, qTO OH HaMepeBa.'1CH BepHYTb YAep2KaHHOe nplf
COOTBeTCTBYIOmeM Tpe6oBaHHH. OH He 065J3aH pa3bICKHBaTI,
JlHIJ.O, COBepIlJHBIlJee OIlIH6KY. A fortiori, eC.fm OH HCTpaTHT
p:eHbrH, He 06HapY)KHB OIlIH6KH, TO OH He BOp. Eho .'1erKO
MO)K T C.'1yqHTbCH C pa3HOCqHKOM H.UH Kopo6eMHHKoM,
nOCTOHHHO nOKynaIOmHM H npol1.aIOlUlI:\I no Me.Jl0'laM.
TenepI, MbI nOAOIlJJIH K noc.ueAHeMY MOMeHTY B onpeAe.:1e-
HHH BOpoBcTBa, HMeHHO K no.'10>KeHHIO, rJJaCSImeMY: «c HaMe-
peHHerv!. .. HaBcer.n.a .J1HIIIlITb C06CT13CmUlKa BemH». B Te'le-
He nOCJJeAHerO CTOJJeTH5I 3TO onpeAeJJeHHe 110ABeprJIOCb pal1.ll-
KaJlI,HoMY, HO nOBII.n.llMorvIY He3a:\re'leHHoMY H3MeHeHllIO, npllTOM.
KaK C'IllTaeTCSI, He B CTOPOHY ero YJJyqmeHH5J.
Eha qaCTb onpeAeJIeHHSI BOpOBCTBa 6bIJJa HeCOMHeHHO
B Hero BHeceHa C ue.1bIO YCTpaHHTb TaKlle CJIyqall, Kor.n.a qe.l0-
BeK, PYKOBOAllMbIM CKopee 3.1bIM no6Y>KAeHHeM llllII He6pe2K-
HOCTI,IO, qeM KOPI,ICTOJII06lleM, JIHIIIaeT COOCTBeHHllKa BJIaAeHIIH
npe)XMeTa C ueJIbIO BpeMeHHoro ero llCnOJJb30BaHHSI. CJJyqau-
HI,Ii'i nocenne.TJb K.'1y6a, «3aHMCTBYH» C T10,iJ,CTaBKH 30HTIIK,
r;'JABA XI. IIPEOTynJIEHmr IIPOTHB conCTBEHH.()CTH 165
KOTOpblii, KaK OH 3HaeT, eMY He npHHa)l...'1e)KHT, IOHOlua, He cno-
C06HbIH npOTHBOCTOHTb HCKynrem1IO Ii COBCpnr<lIOmHM TaMKOM
YBcce.1tHTeJ1bHYIO rrpory.r]:KY Ha MOTOuHKJIeTe cBloero coce.n;a-
06a OHH BHHOBH B npe)l.OCY)l.HTeJIbHOM nOBe.n;eHHH, HO BPH.lI. H
HX MO)KHO 3aKJIeHMHTb KaK BOpOS. B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3THM,
60JIbillHHCTBO npaBOBbIX CHCTeM Y uHBH..'1H30BaHHbIX HapO,/1,OB
Tpe6YIOT ,/1,JIH TaKoro OCY)K,/1,eHHH HaJ1H'IHe Toro, 'ITO no pHM-
CKOMY npaBy Ha3bIBaeTCH animus lucrandi. CTapble aHrJIHM-
CKHe aBTopbI no 06meMY npaBY, KaK C3p M3TbIO Xeiw (Mat-
thew Hale) H C3p YHJlbHM 5.TJeKCTOH (William Blackstone)
HBHO HCnbITbIBaIOT 3ai\lenraTeJIbCTBO npH onpe,/1,eJIeHHH 3Toro I1I0-
:\leHTa H 06bI IHO 06XO)l.HT ero, ynoTpe6JJHH TaKHe Bblpa)KeHH5I,
KaK animus furandi HJIH «npeCTynHoe B3HTHe» (felonious taking).
Ho H3 MHOrO'IHCJJeHHbIX c.rry'IaeB, npHBO)l.HMbIX HMH, BH)l.HO,
'ITa CYTb 3TO[0 npecTynHoro ,/1,eHHHH 3aKJIIO'la-!IaCb,/1,0 He,/1,aBHerO
BpeMeHH B HaMepeHHH 6epymero B3Hrb npe,/1,MeT ,iJ,JI.H ce6H, T. e.
H3B.TJe'Ib lI.ene)KHYIO BblrOi,/1,y H3 TaiKoro B3HTHH (T'aK Ka:K HH'ITO,
He HMelOlIJ,ee IJ,eHHOCTlI, He MO)KeT 6blTb YKpa,/1,eHO). K CO)KaJIe-
HHIO, OKOJIO cepeJJ.HHbl npOIllJ1OrO CTOJleTHH B 3HaMeHHTOM cy-
JJ.e6HOM ,/1,ene no 06BHHeHHIO B BOpOBCTBe 'IeJIOBeKa, KOTOp H
nepeHec KO)KH H3 OJJ.HOM qaCTH CKnaJJ.a CBoero X03HHHa B )l.py-
,ryIO C IJ,eJIbIO HMeTb B03MO)KHOCTb YTBep)KpaTb, 'ITO OH Ha.n;
HHMH pa60TaJI, 06BHHHeMbIM 6blJI onpaBJJ.aH Cy)J,Oxl (Court of
Exchequer Chamber) Ha TOM OCHOBaHHH, 'ITO OH He HMe.TJ Ha-
MepeHHH JJHIllHTb c06CTBeHHHK<I HaBCer)l.a ero c06CTBeHHOCTH.
3TO penreHHe 6bWO KOHeqHO npaBHJJbHbIM, HO MOTHBHpOBK8
ero 6bIJIa HeY,iJ,a'IHa II eme 60JIee HeY,/1,aQHO TO, 'ITO OHa nOCTe-
- neHHO HaqaJIa npOHHKaTb B nOCJIe,/1,YIOIlJ,He CYJJ.e6Hble peIlleHHH,
nOim He CTa.rra 06rn.enpHHHTOH. HanpHMep, eCJIH KaKOU:-HH6Y,/1,b
'Ie,'!OBeK nO)l.BOJJ.HT 'IY)KOM aBTOM06HJIb K KpalO YTeca C C03Ha-
Te.%HbIM HaMepeHHeM C6POCHTb ero BHH3 H pa36HTb, H 3TO eMY
YIl,aeTCH, TO OH nOBH)J.HMOMy MO}l{eT 6bITb OCY)K,/1,eH 3a BOPOB-
CTBO no 3aKoHY 1916 r. OH neCOMHeHHQ BHHOBeH B npeCTynHoM
.ll.eHHHH, HMeH,Ho, B 3,'10HaMepeHHoM npH'IHHemIH yrn.ep6a c06-
CTBeHHOCTH, HO OH He BHHoseH B BOpOBCTBe B HCTOpH'IeCKO:\f
3HaqeHHH 3Toro CJIOBa. HCTHHH3H CYIllHOCTb BOpOBCTB3 3aK.'1IO-
'IaeTCH B Ha"-IepeHHH 06paTHTb B c06eTBeHHYIO nOJIb3Y npe;r:-
1feTbI. npHHaJJ..Tre}l{aIllHC ,/1,pyro'\I. y. EUl,e cpaBHHTe..lbHO He,Ll,3BIfO
B 1858 roJJ.Y CYJJ. orrpaBJJ.a..l 06m!HHe\roro 13 Kpa)Ke rocY;I.ap-
CTBeHHblX 6YMar Ha TO'\I OCHOBaHHH, 'ITO OH He HaMepeBaJICH
06paTHTb HX B CBOIO nO.:'Ib3}'.
J1.eHcTBHe. 3aK.rrlO'IaIOIlJ,eeCH B HCnOJlb30BaHHH 'IV}I{HX
. II€peB030'IHbIX cpeJJ.CTB, COBce:'.l He.il,aBHO 61:,vIO npH3HaHO. npe-
.CTynJleHHeM no 3aKOHY. B TaK01\1 nrare He 6bI.l0 6bl Ha.lJ:06HOCTH,
. eCJIH 6bl CTapoe onpe)l.e,,'!eHHe BOpOBCTBa He nO)J,BeprJJOCp Jf3Me-
HemHO. Ho 3TOT 33KOH OTHOCHTCH TO.'I1>KO K '\!eXaHH4eCKHM nepe-
166
'IAOTI> TPETbH. ;\TOJIOBHOE I1PABO
n030'IHbIl\I Cpe.n.CTBaM. T UKecTb BOpOBCTBa H BC.fle.n.CTBHe 3TaI'O
ero HaKa3aHHe 3aBHCHT 01' pa3HbIX 06CTOHTeJJbCTB. TaK, XOT5I
BCHKoe BOpOBCTBO HBJJHeTCH <peJIoHl1eii, HO npOCToe BOpOBCTBO
(1'. e, BOpOBCTBO, He conpOBo)K.n.alOlIJ,eeCH TaKHI\H1 06CTOHTeJIb-
CTBaMl!, KOTOpbliC 'C'IHTaIOTCH «aTSI[''IallQlIJ,I11MH») HaKa3yeTC5I Ka-
TOP)!{Hb!MH pa60TaMH Ha CpOK He CBbIIlle n5ITH JIeT, eCJHI TaJIbKO
npeCTynHHK He MY)!{CKOrO nO.fla H npHTOM MOJIO)!{e IlleCTHa.n. aTH
JIeT, B KaKOl\1 CJJY'Iae OH J\lO)!{eT 6bITb nOlI.BeprHYT TeJIeCHOMY
HaKa3aHHIO. Ho Kpa)!{a CKOTa, KapMaHHa5I Kpa)!{a, Kpa)!{a Ha CY-
.n.ax H B ,lI.OKax, Kpa)!{a, npOH3Be.n.eHHaH CJIyraMH y HaHHMaTeJIeii,
MO)!{eT 6blTb HaKa3yeMa 'IeTblpHa.n. aTblO rOlI.aMH KaTOp)!{HbIX
pa60T; Kpa)!{a 3aBelIJ,aTeJIbHbIX ,lI.OKYMeHTOB H Kpa)!{a npe.n.Me-
TOB, nepeCbIJJaeMbIX no nO'ITe, MorYT KapaTbCH nO)!{H3HeHHbIMH
KaTOp)!{HbIMH pa60TaMH. TIo 06lIJ,eMY npaBY, C06aKl'I, B KaqeCTBe
)!{HBOTHbIX ferae naturae, B OTHOIlleHHH KOTOpbIX He MO)!{eT
6bITb npaBa COOCTBeHHOCTH, He MorYT 6bITb 06'beKTOM Kpa)!{H.
TIo AKTY 0 BOpOBCTBe Kpa)!{a c06aKH He COCTaBJIHeT <peJIOHHH,
HO npH BTOpWlHOM OCY)!{,lI.eHHH OHa COCTaBJIHeT MHC,lI.RMHHOp,
HaKa3yeMblii TlOpeMHbIM 3aKJIlOQeHHeM fia BoceMHa.n. aTb MCC5I-
eB C TH)!{eJIbIMH pa60TaMH HJIH 6e3 HHX.
TIpeCTynJIeHHeM, KaTopae paCCMaTpHBaeTC5I KaK HeCKOJlbKO
MeHee T5I)!{eJIOe, 'IeM Kpa)!{a, HBJIHeTCH no JI Y q e H He .n. e Her
(a TaK)!{e II eHHbIX 6YMar) H.flH BelIJ,eM nOCpcjI,-
C l' B 0 1M M 0 UJ e H H H 'I e C l' B a (fa,lse pretences). OOHoBHoe pa3
.rm'IHe Me)!{.n.y 3THM npecTynJIeHHeM H BOpOBCTBOM 3aKJIIOQaeTC5I
B TOM, 'ITO B 3TOM CJIyqae nOCTpa.n.aBIllHii OTI{a3bIBaeTC5I .n.06po-
BOJIbHO 01' BJJa,lI.eHHH YKpa.n.eHHbIM, a CJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHO H 01' c06-
CTBeHHOCTH Ha Hero H, TaKHC\;[ 06pa30M, TYT HeT HapYIlleHHH
BJJa.n.eHI15I CO CTOpOHbI 06BHH5IeMOfO. )J.JI5I Toro, 'IT06bI B03MO)!{HO
6bIJJO ocy)!{.n.eHl1e no TaKOMY 06Bl1HeHI1IO, Ha,lI.O .n.OKa3aTb, 'ITO
06BHHHe:\lbIM C03HaTe.TJbHO .n.aJI JIO)!{Hble CBe.n.eHHH, KaK Gy.n.TO OHH
COOTBeTCTBOBaJII1 peaJlbHbIM <paKTaM, 3HaH, 'ITO 3TH CBe.n.eHH51
HenpaBHJJbHbI H, KpOMe Toro, Ha)lO )lOKa3aTb, 'ITO nOCTpa.n.aB-
umM pa<CCTaJIC5I CO CBOH'M HMYlIJ,eCTBOM B CHJJY ,lI.OBepHH K npa-
BI1JIbHOCTH 3THX CBe.n.eHHit TIpocToe BbICKa3bIBaHHe MHeHHH. HJUf
TaKoe npe.n.CKa3aHHe KaK TO, 'ITO aK HH BHe BC5IKOrO COMHeHHH
no.n.bIMYTC5I B QeHe, He.n.OCTaTa4HO }]}I5I OCy)!{.n.eHHH. He Ha)lO
CMeIlll'lBaTb 31'0 npecTynJIelme C BbIMoraTe.TJbCTBOM lI.eHer npH
nOMOlIJ,H Y'r.p03, 'ITO a6bI'IHO 30BeTCH BbIMOra'fieJIbCTBOM
(blackmail). XOTH AKT 0 BOpoBcTBe 'KaCaeTC5I TaK)!{e 'H 3TorO' npe-
cTynJJeHH5I, HO OHO c06CTBeHHO OTHOCHTC5I K .n.pyroii rpy-nne
npeCTyn.fleHHM H nOTa MY 6YlI.eT paCCMOTpeHO B ApyroM MeCTe "Hoil
KHHfH. Ho npHeM 3aBe.n.OMO KpaAeHbIX nem;eii KOHe'IHO COCTa-
BJI5IeT npecTynJIeHHe, pOACTBeHHoe Kpa)!{e. HaAo 3aMeTHTb, 'IT(}
91'0 rtpecTyn.TreHHe BKJJlO'IaeT TaK)!{e npl1eM BelIJ,eH, ,KO'TOpbl;e
B TO'IHOM CMbICJIe C.flDBa He 6bvm yKpa}1,eHbl, Ha Tell([ He MeP'lee
l"iIAB.\ XI. llPEUTYITJIElIJUI ITPOTHB COBCTBEHHOCTH 167
QbfJIH nOJJYlJ.eHbI npeCTynHbIM nYTeM, HanpHMep, nocpe}].CTBoM
MOIlIeHHHlJ.eCTBa HJIH 06MaHHoro npHcBoeHHH, npHlJ.eM xapaKTep
3Toro nepBOHalJ.aJIbHOrO npecTynJIeHHH CJIY2KHT OCHOBaHHeM }].JI
onpe}].eJJeHHfI BblTeK3IOru;ero 113 HerO npecTynJIeHHfI, KOTopoe
M02KeT 6bITb npH3H3HO JIH60 eJIOHl1eH, JIHaO MHC)I.HMHHOpOM.
HanpHMep, npHe:\1 3aBe,rr,oMo Kpa)I.eHbIx Beru;eM COCTaBJIfieT eJJo-
HHIO, nOToMY lJ.TO BOpOI3CTBO eCTb <jJe,,'JoHI1H, HO nO)I.06HbIH 2Ke
npHeM }].eHer I1JIH Bell eH, nO.1YlJ.eHHbIX nYTeM MOIlI€HHHtIeCTB3,
"COCTaBJIfieT MHC}].I1M!I1!l-IOp, Ka!K H CaiMO HX nOJIY'leHHe MOIlIeH-
HI1lJ.eCKI1M nYT'eM. CTpaHHO, 'lTO XOTH nOCJIe}].Hee npeCTynJIeHHe
caMO He M02KeT KapaTbCH KaTOp2KHbIMH pa60TaMH Ha CpOK
CBbIIlIe nfiTH JIeT, npHeM Beru;eH:, 3aBe}].OMO nOJIYlJ.eHHbIX MomeH-
HIIlJ.eCKHM nYTeM, M02KeT HaKa3bIBaTbCfI ceMbIO ro}].aMII.
He}].OCTaTOK MeCTa 3aCTaBJIfieT Hac OCTaBHTb Bce nOnblTKH
no}].po6HO 06CY}].HTb }].Ba cepbe3HbIX npecTynJIeHHH npOTI1B
c06cTBeHHocTH, i1'3BeCTHbIX no}]. Ha3BaIH'He\11 3JIOHaMepeHHoe
npHlJ.I1HeHIIe YIII;ep6a (malicious injury) II aJJIillFHBOMOH'eT-
fleCTBO (false coining). 06a OHI1 npe}].cT3B.TI5IIOT cKopee ue.nbH:'
rpynnbI npeCTyn.n:eHHM, lJ.eM OT}].eJIbHble npeCTynJJeHHfI, H TpaK-
-rYIOTCH npaBoM Ta'K }].eTalIbHO, lJ.TO 3TO IKpa.cHope'lHBO CBH-
JJ:eTeJlbcTByeT 0 3aTpY}].HeHI1f1x B onpe}].eJJeHHI1 HX nOHHTHM. rJIaB-
Hoe Me2K}].y HHMH pa3JIHllHe CBO}].HTCfI 13 OCl!t)BHOI\I K TOMY, lJ.TO
3JIOHaMepeHHoe npl1lJ.HHeHHe Y'III;ep6a Bbl3bDBaeTCfI lJ.YBCTBOC\1 Me-
'CTH, Tor}].3 KaK {paJJbIlIIiBOMOHeTlJ.eCTBO COBepiliaeTCH rJJaBHbIl\1
o6pa30M animo lucrandi II nOTOMY OlJ.eHb 6JI"H3KO 'K !Kpa>Ke.
HaPYIlIeHli'H MOHemoM pera.'JIIIf 6bIBaIOT pa3JI'IIlJ.HbI no
"CBoeM TH>KeCTH, H3'IHH3f1 C (paKTII'IeCKOH: no}].}].eJIKH ro{'y-
.n:.apcTBeHHoH MOHeTbI, npe}].cTaBJIflIOru;eH e.l0HI1IO II KapaeMoH
BnJIOTb }].O nO>K1I3HeHHbIX KaTOp>KHbIX pa60T, Ii KOH'Iafi
C6bITOM H BpY'IeUHeM HenOlmOueH'HOH MOHeTbI IIJIIi X!paHeHIieM
ee C HaMepeHHeM C6blTb, 'ITO cotTaB.HfleT TOJIbKO MIIC.D;HMHHOp
(BO BCfl!KOM {'JIY'Iae rrpH nepBI1'IHO\11 o6BHHeHHu), Kapae-
MbIU OD:HOrO}].IflfHbIM TIOpe)'IHbIM 3aKarO'IeHHeM C TH2KeJJOll
pa6oTOH.
3JIOHaMepeHHoe npHlJ.I1UeHHe YIII;ep6a OXBaTbIBaeT pH,lJ, npe-
'cTynJJeHHH, Ha'IHlIaH c nO.ll.>Kora cY.lI.oB, nopTon, apCeH3JIOB IIJJH
CKJIa.ll.OB BoeHHmwpCKoro <}.>.10Ta, '1TO, KaK YKa3bIBaJIOCb paHb-
me, npe)l.CT.a'B!IHeT npecTynJleHHe, KapaeMoe C'\i€PTHoii K33HbIO,
H KOHllaSI TaKHM MnC.D;Hl\UmOp, K3K 06e306pa2KHBaH!lH 06III;e-
CTBeHHbI iIIaMHTHIIKOB, MY3eeB II npe1l.MeTOB HCKYOCTB3, K3pae-
iJ\fblM rnCCTH'MieCHlJ.HbIM TIOpeMHbIl\I 3aK.1IO'IeHHeM C TH>Ke.lbIIMH
p360Ta'\1.H. 0611 ee YKa3aHHe AKT3 0 3JIOHaMepeHHD:\1 npII'IHHemUI
}'llJ,ep6a 1861 r. (Malicious Damage Act 1861) HaJIaraeT HaKa-
3aHHe B ABa r01l.3 TIOpeMHoro 3aK.'1IO'IeHHH C TH>KeJIbIMH pa60TaMF!
38 BCHKoe 3.'lOHaMepe!lfHOe nOBpe2K.D;eHl1e, He npelI.YCMOTpeHHO
.n:.pyrHMI1 CT3TbHMH 33KOH8, eCJ1H OHO npOH3Be-.lI.eHO B .lI.HeBKoe
168
'IACTI> TPETbJI. ¥!'OJIOlHIOE IIPABO
. Bpel\lH. EC.TlH )Ke OHO np01l3Be.n.eHO Me:>K.n.y 9 tWcaMH Beqepa?
.1-1 6 1Jaca"m YTpa, TO npe.J.eJIbHOe HaKa3aHHe COCTaBJrneT nHTb JIe..
KaTOp.>KHbIX pa60T.
Tenepb MbI nO.n.OllWIl K TO.MY npeCTyn.'IeHHIO npOTIlB c06-
CTB€HHOCTII, KOTOpOe MO.IKHO 06CYJ1.HTb nO]l,KOHel\, iHMeHHO K.
no .n..TJ 0 I' Y .n. 0 K Y l\f e H l' 0 13 (forgery), K01'OpOe npe.n.ycM'o-
TpeHo r.TJ,a,BHbIM 06.pa30 1 AKToMI 0 no.n..1Ore ]l,OKy leHTOB 1913 1'.
(Forgery Act 1913).
llo 3TOMY 3aKOHY nO]l,.TJor .n.OKYlVIeFITOB onpe.n.e.TJSIeTCH KaK
'H3rOTOBJIeHHe q,aJIblliliBOro .n.oKYlVIeHTa J1.J1H ero HcnO.TJb30BaHHH
B KaqeCTBe nO]l,JIHHHoro. ll03TOMY Ha.n.o 3a:\leTIITb, q1'O no.n.JIor
per se He BK.1IOqaeT npll3HaKa «c6blTa» (uttering) H.TJH IICnO;lb-
30BaHHH no.n.JIO.>KHOrO 1D.0KyiMeHTa. Ha caMOM ]l,eJIe, Cal\lOe R3ro-
TOB.TJeHHe C 06MaHHbIMH HaMepeHHHMH HeKoTUpbIX q,aJIbllIHBbIX
)],oKYMeHToB (KaK, HanpHMep, 3aBelll.aTeJIbHbIX paCnOpH.>KeHHH.
)],oKYMeHToB 3a neqaTbIO, o6.TJlIraII.HH, 6aHKHoT HJIH Ka3HaqeH-
CKIiX 6H.TJeTOB II.TJII .TJI06bIX )],pyrHx II.eHHbIX 6YMar, .n.oKYMeHToB,.
YCTan<lB.J1iIlBaIOllI.Hx np.aBoBoH THTY.J1 Ha 3eM.TJIO ili..T1H .n.BH.>KHMOCTb,
)],oBepeHHocTei1 Ha c.n.eJ1KH C II.eHHbIMIl 6YMaraMH H aKII.IIf1MH,
3anliceH B peeCTpax npaBoBbIx THTy.TJOB - Registers of Title,.
cTpaxoBbIx nOJ1HCOB, qapTepOB H HCKOTUpbIX oq,HII.lIaJIbHbIX J1.0-
KY H HTOB, B TOoM qiHCJIe pa3Horo po.n.a y.n.ocToBepeml'u) COCTa-
BJIfieT q,eJloHHIO, HaKa3yeMY1O qeTbIpHa.n.u.aTb1O ro.n.aMH KaTOp)K-
HbIX pa6oT. f1o.n.JIor (c H?MepeHHe'M 06MaHYTb 1I.1H npHqHHHTb.
Bpe.n.) .110601'0 .n.oKYM'eHTa, HMe1OllI.erO o.n.HY H3 npaBHTc.TJbCTBeH-
HbIX HJIH Kopo.'IeBCKHX neqaTell, MO:>KeT KapaTbcH nO.>KH3HeHHbIMlt
KaTOp.>KHbIMH pa60TaMH, B TO :>KCo BpeMfi no.n.JIor C TaKHMH )KC'
HaMepeHIIHMH MHorHX .n.pyrHx Oq,HU.HaJIbHbIX .n.OKYMeHTOB BJIeqeT
fIaKa3aHfIe BnJIOTb )],0 qeTbIpHa.n.u.aTIl .'IeT. B C.TJyqaSIX, Kor.lI.a
CneII.Ha.TJbHO He OI"OBOpeHO, qTO .n.aHHbIH no.n.,,10r CqHTaeTCH q,eJIO-
HHeH, OH paCCMaTpliBaeTCH KaK MHC.n.HMHHOp, KapaeMbIU .n.BYX-
.'IeTHHM 3aKJ11OtleHlleM.
Ho TOtlHO TaK .>Ke, KaK l\1O.>KeT 6bITb nO.II.Jl0r 6C3 c6bITa,.
B03'\1O.>KeH II C6bIT oe3 no.n.JlOra. ECJIli KTO-.lI160 nYCTHT B 06pa-
llI.eHlIe, C HaMepeHIle;\I 06MaHYTb H.TJH npHqHHIITb Bpe)l" KaKY1O-
HH6y.n.b ne4aTb. lUTal\IIT lI"lH .n.OKYMCHT, KOTOpbIll, KaK eMY H3-
BeCTlIO, no.n..10)KeH, TO CLJIITaeTCfI, 111'0 OH COBeplllIW TO .>Ke npe-
.CTyn.TJeHHe II .II.O.'1/KeH 6bITb no.n.EeprHYT TO MY me HaKa3aHH1O,.
qTO H :mu.o, q,aKTH11eCKIl COBepllIHBllIee' no.n.Jl0r. L!.ame O.II.HO
TO.TJbKO 06.TJa.n.aHHe no.n.JIO)j(HbIMH 6aHKHOTaMH, llITaMnaMH, opy-
',B,HHMII H MaTepHaJIa IH, He06xo.n.Hl\lbJ:\fH )],JISI no.n.JIora, 6e3 3aKOH-
. Horo OCHOBaHHH H.TJH 06'bHCHeHHfI (npHLJeM .n.OKa3aTe.TJbCTBa 0
HaJIHqHH nOC.1eJ1.HerO e)j(aT Ha 06BIIHH€MOM) COCTaBJIfieT eJ10-
'HH1O 1:1 no.n.JIe.>KflT HaKa3aHfl1O KaTOp.>KHbIMfI pa6OTal\fH Ha CpOKH
,OT ceMH .n.o qeTbIpHa.n.II.aTH .'IeT, B 3aBHCHMOCTH 01' xapaKTepaJ
. nO.II.JIQ)j(HbIX .n.OKYM€H1'OB H,TJM OPY)J,HH ,D,JISI no.n..'lOra.
I'.JIABA XII. IIPEUT}'n;;IEHH.H HPOTlIB !'KllIrlIII
169--
B 3aKOHe HeT onpe.n.eJleHIIH nOHHTHH «nO.n..n.e.TIKH», HO CTOHT
TO.TIbKO B3r.TI5lHYTb Ha Te pa3.n.e.TIbI, KOTOpble IIbITalOTCH onpe.n.e--
JIHTb, lITO TaKOe «nO.n.J10.>KHbIH .n.OKYMeHT», I(8K CTaHeT HCHO, lITO'
06w.epaCnpOC'fpaHeHHOe npe.n.CTaBJleHHe, 6y.n. T O nO.n.JIOr MO.>KeT
6bITb COBepmeH TO.TIbKO nYTel\I nO.n..n.eJ1KH lIYlKOH nO.n.nHCH, CO-
BepllIeJlHO HH Ha lIe 1 He OC!HOB8HO. fOBOpHT, H BepOHTHO-
3TO npaBHJlbHO, 'ITO MO:tKHO COBepllIHTb no.n.:IOr nYTeM no.n.nHca-
HHH c06CTBeHHoro HMeHH, HanpHMep, B C.1YlIae, Kor.n.a HeKHH
J]..>KeMC I3paYH nO)J,nHCbIBaeT lIeK H nOCbI.'IaeT ero lIe.TIOBeKy,
KOTOpbIM, KaJ{ eMY ll3BeCTHO, rro.n.Y:MaeT, 'ITO 'IeK nO;J.nHcaH .n.PY-
rHM J]..>KeMCOM I3paYHOM. COBepllIeHHO OlIeBH.n.HO, lITO MO.>KHO
COBepllIHTb no.n.JIor, no.n.nHcaB BbIMbIllIJIeHHOe HMH H.'IH HMH
YMepllIero lIeJIOBeKa, H lITO, C .n.PyroH CTOpOHbI, BOBce HeT Ha-
.n.06HOCTH no.n.naCbIBaTb c06CTBeHHoe HMH, lIT06bI 6bITb BHHOB-
HbrM B no.n..10re. J].eJIO B TOM, 'ITO BCHKoe cyw.eCTBeHIme H3Me-
HeHue, BHeceHHoe B HBHO 3aKOH'IeHHbIH .n.OKYMeHT, .n.e.TIaeT ero.
no.n.JIOlKHbIM, II lIeJIOBeK, BHOCHllJ,HH 3TO H3MeHeHHe C TOH u;eJIblO,
'IT06bI H3MeHeHHbIH .n.OKYMeHT 6bIJI npHHHT 3a no.n..TIIIHHbIM, BHHO-,
BeH B no.n..TIore. A no.n.JIO.>KHbIM .n.OKyMeHT01'[ C TOlIKH 3peHHH
3aKOHa HBJIHeTCH TaKOH .n.OKYMeHT, KOTOpbIH BeCb u;e.TIHKOM HJIH
CYllJ,eCTBeHHaH lIaCTb KOToporo HMeeT u;eJIblO nOKa3aTb, 'ITO OH
c.n.e.TIaH TaKHM .TIHU;OM H.'IH 0'1' rUleHH TaKoro JJ,Hl(a, H.TIH 3a C'IeT
TaKoro JIHu;a, KOTOpbIH Ha caMOM .n.eJIe He COCTaBJIH.TI ;:)Toro .n.o-
KYMeHTa II HIiKOfO He ynOJIHOMalIIIB<W ero COCTaBJIHTb. .D:.'IH'
.n.OKa3aTe.!1bCTBa no.n..TIora He HMeeT 3HalIeHHH, 'ITO no.n..TJO.>KHbIH
.n.OKYMeHT He 3aBepmeH mIll He 'C03.n.aJI 6bI 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, HJIH
He 6blJ1 6bI .n.eHCTBHTe.'IeH no 3aKOHY. HanpHMep, lIeK MOlKeT
6bITb npH3HaH no.n.JIU.>KHbIM H lIeKo.n.aTe.TIb OCY.>K.n.eH 3a no.n.JIor,
.n.a.>Ke eCJIH CBe.n.yw.,HM 'IeJIOBel<, B3rJIHHYB Ha 3TOT lIeK, cpa3Y
Mor 6bI YBH.n.eTb, 'ITO lIeK 3TOT, .n.alKe 6y.n.YlIli no.n..TJHHHbIM, He-
Mor 6bI OTBe'IaTb CBoeMY Ha3Ha'leHHlO.
[ .1 A B A Xll
TIPE£TYTInEHHH TIPOTHB PEflHfHH
H HPABCTBEHHOCTH
C Tex nop, KaK B 1689 r. 6bIJIa YCTaHOBJIeHa BepoTepmr-
MOCTb B OTHOllIeHHII .n.IIc.CH.n.eHTOB, a B KOHu;e BoceMHa.n.u;aToro
II B Ha'Ia.TIe .n.eBHTHa.n.u;aToro BeKa nOCTeneHHO OTMeHeHbI orpa-
lI11lI-eHHH npaB KaTOJIHKOB, oCKop6JIeHHe pe.TIHrH03HbIX BepoBa-
HIIll pC;'I.KO 6bIBa.rro npe.n.MeTo:\I yro:IOBHoro npec.rre.n.oBaHHH.
Telll He MeHee, nOCKo.lbKY BIT.l0Tb iro 1921 r. B03MO.>KHO 6bIJIO
npHBJle'Ib K OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a TaKoe npecTyn.leHHe, KaK KO-
HI.yncTBeHHbIH naM<!weT (blasphemous libel), H nOCKOJIbKY OTHO-
llIeHlle CY1I.OB K TOMY, 'ITO 06bIlIn.O H83bIBae-rCH «CexYJrnpH3MOM»,
no.n.p06HO o6cYlK;J,a,'IOCb eme B 1917 r. TIa.'1aTOH JTOp.n.OB, 3ace--
170
'{ACTb TPETI,rr. YPOJIOBHOE IlPAHO
)l,aBmeil B KaqeCTBe BepXOBHOI'O cy)].a, TO He06xo)].HMO CKa33Tb
HeCKOJIbKO CJIOB 0 Hana)].Kax Ha pe. T IHI'H03Hble BepOBaHlI.5I B OTJIIi-
qIie 01' )].eHCTBHH.
npecTynJIeHHe, qaw;e BceI'O ynoMHHae 1Oe B 3 Toi'i CBH3H,
H3BeCTHO no)]. Ha3BaHHe:\r K 0 Ill. Y H C l' B a, B CJlyqae .>Ke CBoeI'O
J30nJIOIll.eHHH 'B IUIcaHYlO HJIH 'neqaTHYlO q>OPMY - K0Ill.YHCTBeH-
Horo naMqJJIeTa. aHO 3aK.TIIOqae1'CH B npOH3HeceHHH HJIH ony6Jm-
KOBaHHlJ CJ1OB, 3a)].eBalOIll.lJX OCHOBHble llCTHHbI xpHCTHaHCKoro
BepoyqeHHH C paCqeTOM Ha OCKop6JIeHHe qYBC1'B 1'ex, KTO Hcno-
Be)].yeT 3TY pe.TmrHlO, a B c.'lyqae KOIll.YHCTBeHHoro naMcpJIeTa-
H8 TO, qTo6bI BbI3Ba1'b H8pymeHHe .'\l11p8. KaK YK83bIB8JI nOKOM-
HbIli CY)].bf! CTllcpeH (Stephen) B cBoeH ll.eHHOH KHHre «I1CTOpliH
yrOJJOBHOrO npaBa B AHrJJHH», TaKaf! TpaKToBKa KOIll.YHC1'B3
npe)].cTaBJJf!e1' HeCOMHeHHO cOBpeMeHHoe Bll)].OH3MeHeHHe nepBo-
RaqaJIbHOrO B3rJJ5I,lI.a Ha 31'0 npecTynJIeHHe, K01'opoe npOHHKJJO
B 06Ill.He CY)].bI noc.r:re PeCTaBpall.HH H npHBo)].H.'lOCb B )].eikTBHe
)].0 Haqa.TI3 )].eBH1'Ha)].1l.8ToI'O BeKa. B 31'01' nepHOJJ. CYIll.HOCTb
npec1'yn.TIeHHH 3aKJllOqaJIaCb B 1'0"1 cpaK1'e, qTO no)]. COMHeHHe
CT8BHJIOCb XpHCTHaHCKoe yqelme, a lIe B crroco6e ero KpHTHKH.
C Tex nop KaK HaqaJI npe06.TIa)].aTb JIH6epaJlbHbIH )].yx )].e-
B5I1'Ha)].ll.a1'oro BeKa, )].Jlf! CY)].OB C1'3JI0 HBIIO HeMbICJIHMO, npH
OTCYTC1'BHH coo1'BeTcTBYlOIll.erO 3aKOHa, Y1'BeplKJJ.aTb, '.lTO YMe-
.peHHaH H pa3YMHaH KpHTHKa xpHcTHaHcKHx )].orMaTOB COCTaB.'lHeT
npecTynHoe )].eHcTBHe. EC.TIH 6bl OHH rroc1'ynH.TIH TaK, TO nO,'10-
BHHa caMbIX BbI)].alOrn.HXCH aHrJIHikKHX MbIC:IHTe.'lei'i H nHcaTe-
.JIeH 6bIJJa 6bI B onaCHOCTH nO)].BeprHYTbCH llITpacpy H 1'lOpeM-
HOMY 3aKJIlOqeHHlO. n03TOMY CY)].bI nOCTeneHHO H3MeHH.TIH CBOIO
n03Hll.HlO. CeMqaC Cyrn.HOC1'b 31'01'0 npecTyn.'leHHH HeCOMHeHHO
:3aKJIlOqaeTC5I B cnoc06e ocyrn.eCTBJIeHHH H3ina)].OK Ha peJIl:Irmo,
a He B cyrn.eCTBe Hana)].OK.
B )].e"JIe rOTTa (Gott), pa3pemeHHOM B 19211'., C.'!OBa CY,lI.bH.
H8nYTcTBoBaBmero npHcSIlKHblX H qJ1eHOB Yro.l0BHoro ane, IJI5I-
Il.HO.fDHOrO cy)].a, 06HapYlKHBaroT 31'0 C nO.TIHOM OqeBHlI,HOCTbIO.
-CY.lI.b5I, CJ1YllIaBllIHM J1.eJJO, I"(:>BOpH 0 nHcaHHHX 06BlIHHeMoro,
nOCTaBHJI Bonpoc TaK: «ECTb JIH 31'0 HeqTO 60JIbmee, qeM ocy-
.>K.!I.eHHe, nOKa3 B CMelliHOM BH)].e HJIll HeYBa.>KeHHe K XplJCTHaH-
.CKOM peJIHrllH H K CBHIll.eHHOMY llJICaHHlO? ECTb Jlll 31'0 B KaKOM-
HH6Y.lI.b CMbIC.'!e ocnapllBaHHe lI,onr?» C )].pyroii CTOpOHbI, na-
JJ8Ta JIOP.lI.OB YCTaHOBlI,TIa B 1917 1'., qTO 06rn.ec1'Bo, 3aBe)].OMU
yqpe.>K)].eHHoe C ueJIblO rrponaI'aH)].bI npoTHB Bcex BepOBaHl!I'i
B BblCIlIHe CHJIbI, BnpaBe (KaK 06Ill.ecTBo C 3aKoHHoH UeJIblO) B.'1a-
.n.eTb KanliTaJIaMH, 3aBern.aHHbIMlI eMV )].nH 6JIarOTBOpHTeJJbHbIX
ueJIeH, KOIll.YHCTBO H KOllI,YHcTBeHHbli'i naMcp.'IeT npe)].cTaBJJHlOT
MHC.lI.HMHHOP, KapaeMbIM llITpacpoM H TlOpeMHbIM 3aK.TIlOqeHHeM.
HeKoTOpbIe CTapble nap.TIaMeHTcKJ!e aKTbI, cpopMaJThiHO He 01'-
:MeHeHHble, HO HHKor)].a He ocyrn.eCTR1HeMhle. Tp:1KTYIOT B Ka"H -
l'.1AR\ XII. llPEOTYIIJIEHI1H IIPO'L'lfB PK7IHI'HI1
171
CTBe MHC.n.IIMHHOpa OTKpbITbIe Hana.n.KII Ha HeKOTOpbIe TaHHCTBa,
06p H .n.bI IIJIH YCT8HOBJIClHlIH rocy.n.apCTBeHHOH l{'e'pKBH IIJIH IIX «H3-
Bpa eUlle»; HeKo.TopbIe 6a.rree COBpeMeHiHble 3a'KOHbI, 'HHor.n.a npli-
JlIeHHel\fbIe, HaJ1araIOT 3HaqHTeJJbHbIe WTpaq,bl Ha J11O.n.eH, KOTopbIe
EapywalOT nopH.n.aK sa 3a'KOHHbIX co6paHHHX BepYIOIlU:lX HJJIl Be.n.YT
ce6H Ha HHX ,HenpHCTOMHO. O.n.HHM li3 nOCJJe.n.HHX, ec..'1H He nOCJIe.n.-
HHM, HBJIHeTCH AKT a norpe6eHlIHx 1880 r. (Burial Act 1880),
KOTOpbIH cqHTaeT MHC.n.IIMHHOpOM BCHKo.e 6YMCTBO, HaCHJIHe H
Boa6IQe HenpHcToHHoe nOBe.n.eHHe npH norpe6eHIIH, npoHcxo.n.H-
IIJ;eM B cOOTBeTCTBHH C 3THM 3aKOHOM.
JI .>K e C B II .n. e T e JI b C T B a (perjury) HBJmeTCH npecTYIlJIe-
HHeM, TeCHO CBH3aHHbIM C peJJHrHeH, nOCKOJIbKY OTHorneHlle K HeMY
KaK K npecTYllJleHHIO KopeHHTcH B OTBpaIQeHIIH, KOTo.poe .TJIO.n.lI
J1CHbITblBa.'fH K TO MY, KTO npe.n.HaMepeHHQ HapYWaeT KJ1HTBY
naCJIe Top.>KeCTBeHHoro npll3bIBa K 60)f{eCTBY 6bITb CBll.n.eTeJJeM
cnpaBe.n.JIHBOCTlI ero CJIOB. B HaCTOHIQee BpeMH JJ.>KeCBII.n.e-
TeJJbCTBOM CqHTaeTCH jI,aqa B cy.n.e6HOM 3ace.n.aHHH JIO.>KHbIX no-
Ka3aHIIH, HMelOIQHX CYIQeCTBeHHoe 3HaqeHHe .n.JIH Hcxo.n.a .n.eJIa,
Kor.n.a JIOlKHOCTb HX JJlKeCBHfteTeJlIO H3BeCTHa HRH OH He BepHT
B HX npaB.n.HBOCTb, npHTOM nOCJle COBeprneHIIH 06pH.n.a npHHe-
ceHHH npllcHrH H.TJH TOp.>KeCTBeHHoro 06eIQaH}iH rOBopHTb npaB.n.y.
JI.>KeCBH.n.eTeJIbCTBO HHKor.n.a He npH3HaBaJIOCb q,eJIOHlIeM, Bepo-
5ITHa no. TOM npHqHlle, qTO OqeHb .n.OJ1ro 3Ta npecTynJIeHlle
paCCMaTpHBaJIOCb TOJIbKO .n.yxo.BHblMIl Cy.n.aMII, HO B TO .>Ke BpeMH
OHO KapaeTCH ceMblO ro.n.aMH KaTOp.>KHbIX pa60T MJIH .n.BYMH
ro.n.aMl:I TlOpeMHoro 3aKJIIOqeHHH C TH.>KeJIbIMIl pa60TaMH H UITpa-
.q,aM. Y:lKe paHbwe YKa3bIBa.TJOCb, qTO JI.>KeCBH.n.eTeJIbCTBa HB-
1JHeTCH O.n.HHM H3 OqeHb MHorliX npecTynJIeHIIM, OCY.>K.n.eHHe no
KOTo.pbIM He MO.>KeT 6bITb BbIHeceHO Ha OCHOBaHHH nOKa3aHilli
o.n.Horo TOJIbKO CBH.n.eTeJIH.
CYIQeCTByeT MHoro .n.pyrHx BH.n.OB KJIHTBOnpecTynJIeHHH M.1J1I
.TJO.>KHbIX nOKa3aHlI11 no. npaBOBbIM BonpocaM, Ko.TopbIe KapalOTCH
Ha OCHOBaHHH AKTa 0 .1J*eCBH.n.eTeJJbCTBe 1911 r. (Perjury
Act 1911), KaK HanpHMep .n.aqa .TJa.>KHbIX cBe.n.eHHM npH cOBeprne-
HIiH 6paKOCOqeTaHHH, npH perHCTpaLJ.HH pO.>K.n.eHHH H cMepTeH
HJIIi B HHbIX c..'yqaHX, Kor.n.a CBe.n.eHHH Tpe6YIOTcH no. 3aKoHY
HJIH HY.>KHbI .n..IIH 3aHeceHlIH B npoq,ecclIo.HaJIbHbIe peeCTpbI.
«CK.'IOHeHHe K .'l.>KeCBHJI.eTe.%CTBY» (Subornation of
perjury) npe.n.CTaB.1HeT nOnbITKY CKJlOHHTb qe.TJOBeKa K caBep-
weHHIO o.n.Horo H3 npecTynJIeHHH, HaKa3yeMbIx no AKTY a JImf'-
CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBe, H HBJIHeTCfI caMO no ce6e MIIC.n.HMHHOpOM, .n.jIfl
npHBJIeqeHHH K OTBeTCTBeHHOCTIl no KOTopo.MY Tpe6yeTcH 06BH-
'HHTeJIbHbIM aKT, H KOTOpbli'l KapaeTcH llITpaq,0 1 H TIOpeMHblM
3aKJIlOqeHlleM.
Tenepb nepeM.n.eM 01' npecTynJIeHIlM npo.THB peJIHrHH K np -
cTynJIeHHfllII npaTIlB npaBH.'l HpascTseHHora TlOse.n.eHMH.
172
qACTb TPETb5I. rrOJlOBHOE IlP_\BO
113 HI1X OJlHHM H3 caMbIX Ba:>KHbIX flBJIHeTCH 6 II I' a :\1 11 fI n:m:
BCTynJIeHne BO BTOPHqH li 6paK JIH a, COCTOfl ero B 3aKOHHO
6paKe. Mbl Y:iKe BHJI.eml, qTO 3HaHHe 0 cYIIJ;eCTBOBaHI1H npeJ(-
mecTBYlOIIJ;ero 6paKa He BXOJI.HT B qHC.YIO 3aKOHHblX npH3HaKOB
3Toro npeCTynJIeHHfI, HO pa3YMHoe H JI.06pOCOBeCTIWe y6e:iKJI.e-
HHe B cMepTH cynpyra H.'1I1 cynpyrH COCTaBflT JI.0CTaTOqHYlO 3£1-
IIJ;MTY npH 06BHHeHHH B JI.Boe6paqHI1; B COOTBeTCTBHH co cne-
l1aJIbHOH orOBopKOH 3aKOHa, OTCYTCTBl1e y 06BI1HHeMOro H.mr
06BHllfle:VIOH CBe,ll.eHlIH 0 cynpyre B TeqeHHe ce:\m :leT, npeJI.Ule-
CTBOBaBUlHx BTOpl1qHOMY 6paKY, 6YJI.eT C.rlY)IUITb OCHOBaHl1eM.
JI..TIH JI.eHCTBHTe.lbHOH 3aIIJ;HTbI. )JO.Tlroe BpeMH OJI.Ha 113 Kypbe3-
HblX oc06eHHOCTeH JI.OKa3aTe:lbCTBeHHoro npaBa 3aK,TJlOqa.laCb
B TOM, qTO 3aKOHHaH )KeHa H.JI11 MY:iI( 06BHlifieMoro B JI.Boe6pa-
qHH He CqHTaaHCb npaBOMO"lHbIMH JI.aB3Tb nOKa3aHHfI npOTHB.
06BHlifieMoro H He :\lOrJIH npHB.'IeKaTbCfI K 3TOMY. B TO BpeMH,.
KaK BTopaH «:>KeHa» HJII1 «MYM» :\lOr.1H. B COOTBeTCTBHH C He-
AaBHHM H3MeHeHHe:\1 B 3aKOHe, HaCTOHIIJ;aH MeHa I1.'m MV)K 06BH-
HHeMoro H.1H 06BHHHeMOH npaBOMOqHbl CeHqaC JI.amiTb TaKHe-
nOKa3aHHH, a MOMeT 6blTb H 06H3aHbI K 3TOMY. L!.Boe6paqlIe-
COCTaB.JIHeT cpe.10HHlO, KapaeMYlO ce:VlblO rOJI.aMH KaTOp:>KHbIX
pa60T; coyqaCTHlIK B npeCTYnJ1eHI1H, 3HaBillHH 0 TOM, qTO CO-
BepmaeTCfI 6HraMHH, CqHTaeTCH L1aBHblM yqaCTHHKo:II BTopo r
CTeneHH, XOTH 6bl B 3TO Bpe:\IH OH ca:\l He COCT051.'1 B 6paKe.
MOpa.JIbHO eIIJ;e OTBpaTHTe.TJbHee, qeM JI.Boe6paqlle, npeCTY--
TIJ1eHHe K po BO C Me ill e H H H (incest) HJ1H 6paqH e OTHOilleH!Hf
C KpOBHbI:Vl pOJl,CTBeHHHKOM AO BTOpOH CTeneHH BKJIIOqHTe.TJbHO
KaK 3aKOHHbll\I, TaK H He3aKOHH :\I, KOrJI.a 06BHHHeMo:\fY 3TO
pOJI.CTBO 113BeCTHO. ECTecTBeHHo, qTO ec:m JI.e.10 KacaeTCH :>KeH--
II HHbl, TO npHHYJI.HTe.TJbHOCTb CBfl3fI OCB060:>KJI.aeT ee OT 06BH-
HeH!IfI B KpOBOCMeCI1Te.JIbCTBe; TaK Me TOqHO :>KeHIIJ;HHa :\10-
,TIO}Ke illeCTHaJI. aTH JleT He MO:lKeT 6bITb npec.'leJI.yeMa 3£1 KpOBO-
CJ\IeCHTeJlbCTBO. 3TO npecTYlweHl1e CqHTaeTCfI :\H1CJI.I1:\fI1HOpO:\I,_
KapaeMbE\1 ceMblO rOJI.aMI1 KaTopMHblX pa60T.
HaJJ.o ynoMHHYTb, HO 113JIHIIlIIe nOJI.p06HO o6CY:>KJI.aTb TaKHe
lI03MYTHTe.JIbHble npecTyn.rleHHH npOTI1B HpaBcTBeHHocTH, K3K
npecTYITJleHHH, 113BeCTHble nOli: Ha3BaHlJe,\[ n pOT H B 0 e C T e-
C T Be H II 0 r 0 IT 0 JI 0 B 0 roc 0 MIlT e :1 b C T B a, KOTOpblC
cor .JIaCHO AKTY 0 npeCTyn.1cm1f1X npOTI1B .1I1qHOCTI1 1861 r.
(Offences against the Person Act), CqHT310TCfI q,e.JIOHHel'j,
HaKa3ye1\WH nO:ilUl3HeHHbDIH K3TOpMHbL\IH pa60Ta:vm. OJl,HO
.HHillb nOKYlIleHlIe Ha cOBepHleHlIc TaKoro npecTyn.'leHlIfI IWlI Ha-
na.I\eHHe C HaMepeHHe 1 ero cOBepilllITb npe.J,cTaB.lfleT C060H :\IlIC-
JlHMHHOp, KapaeMblH JI.eCHTblO rOJI.aMH KaTopMH X pa60T.
nOMHMO 3THX CITe Hq,J1lIeCKHX npeCTynJleHHH, caMa nO.lOBaH
6e3HpaBcTBeHHocTb per se He TpaKTyeTcH yro.10BHbl\l ITpaBO'\1
K3K npecTyn.JIeHHe. L!.3)Ke npe.TJ106oJJemme, XOTfI q,op\la.TJbHO
r. L\.B\ XII. nrECn"IIJIEHH5I TIrO'THB PE;UII'HH
173
HaKa3yeMoe Jl.YXOBHbl m cy.n.a m, paCCMaTpHBaeTC5I rpalK.n.aH-
CKUMH Cy.n.aMH TonbKO KaK OCHOBaHHe .n.nH paCTOplKeHH5I 6paK3
HJIH pa3Bo.n.a, a He KaK yro.1JOBHOe npecTynJJeHHe. nO.n.06HbI 1
)Ke 06pa30M TpaKTYIOTCH TaKHe .n.e5lHUH KaK nb5lHCTBO, HenpH-
CTOMHoe nOBe.n.eHlIe, Hrpa B a3apTHble HrpbI. OHH, KOHelIHO, pac-
CMaTpHBaIOTC5I aHrJJHMCKH:\1 npaBOllf KaK mala in se, HO caMH no
ce6e He HBJI51IOTC5I npe.n.MeTOM yro.1JOBHOrO npec.1Je.n.OBaHHH, 3a
l1CKJJIOlIeHHeM 1'01'0 C:IY'IaH, Kor.n.a mIll,O MYlKCKoro HJJH lKeH-
CKOro nOJIa, qaCTHbIM 'JJH o6pa30:'\;! WIH ny6.1JHlIHO, nOKymae1T5I
lIa cOBc<pllIeHHe .n.eikTBHH OO.7IblUOM HenpHCTOMHOCTH C !MJY:>K'lU.
HOH, 'ITO ClIHTaeTCH MHC,IJJIMHHOpOM, KapaeMbIM .n.BYMH ro.n.aMH
'TlOpeMHOro 3aKJIlO'leHH5I C T5IlKeJIbIMH pa6oTaMH. Bo MHorHX .n.py-
THX CJIY'Ia5lx TaKoe .n.eHCTBHe, KOTopoe caMO rro ce6e npe.n.CTa-
BJl51eT TOJIbKO 6e3HpaBCTBeHHbIH nOCTynoK, MOlKeT npeBpaTHTbCH
B npecTynJIeHHe, BCJIen:cTBHe HaJIH'lH5I HeKoTopbIX 06CTOHTeJIbCTB,
KaK ny6JIU'IHOCTb, H3BJlelIeHHe BbIro.n.bI, nOBTopHOCTb. HanpHMep,
XOTH pa3BpaT He COCTaBJIHeT caM no ce6e yrO:IOBHOrO npeCTY-
TIJIeHHH, H() npOCTHTYTKa, KOTOpa51 npHCTaeT K npOXOlKHM B ny-
()..lH'lHOM rvrecTe, 'leJIOBeK, KOTOpbIM co.n.eP*IIT .n.OM, TeXHH'IeCKH
'H'MeHyeMbIM «npH1'OHoM» (disorderly house), C u.eJIbIO CO,l(eMCTBHH
a3apTHbIM HrpaM, rrapH lIJIH npocTHTYU.HH, 'lIe.l0BeK, KOTOpbIM
BOB.1JeKaeT H.TIH nbITaeTCH BOBJIe'lb B pa3BpaTHYlO lKH3Hb lKeH--
'Ill.HHY MOJIOlKe .n.Ba.n.u.aTH o.n.Horo ro.n.a, eme He HBJIHlOIll.YlOC5I
npOCTHTYTKOH H He HMelOIll.YlO penYTau.HH 6e3HpaBCTBeHHOM lKeH-
lU.HHbI, C'lHTaeTC5I BHHOBHbIM B MHC.n.Hl\:IHHOpe, KOTOpbIH BJIe'IeT
pa3Hble CTeneHH HaKa3aHHH BnJIOTb .n.o .n.BYX JIeT TIOpeMHOrd
3aKJIlO'leHHH. TaK lKe TOlIHO 'leJIOBeK, KOTOpbIM 3aHHMaeTCsf
«6)'iKIMeKepCTBOM», JIo.n.JIe)KHT CYMiMapHOH lOpHC.n.HKIJ.HH H no.n.-
BepraeTC5I B nepBbIH H B1'OpoM pa3 lllTpaq,y, a B TpeTHM. H CJIe-
.n.YlOIll.He pa3bI npHBJIeKaeTCH C 06mIHHTeJlbHbIM aKTOM H no.n.JIe-
:>KHT llITpaq,y H.1JH TIOpeMHOMY 3aKJllOlIeHlI1O Ha meCTb MeCHIJ.eB
Ha OCHOBaHHH AKTa 06 YJIH'lHbIX napH 1906 r. (Street Betting
Act 1906).
no 11. K Y n' HaH I3 3 H TO 'l H H 'I e C T B 0 51BJI5IeTCH npeCTY-
TIJIeHHeM, llIHpOKO pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIlII B Te'leHI-Ie .D,OJlrHX CTOJle-
THM, HO Y:>Ke ,naBHO OHO C'lHTaeTC5I He3Ha'lHTeJIbHbIM, eCJJH He
t:OBceM 6e3Bpe.n.Hbnr. B rrOC..le,lJ,HHe ro.n.bI OHO npHBJJeKJJO K ce6e
<>,lJ,HaKO YCHJIeHHOe BHHl\IaHHe 3aKOHo,n:aTeJ1.bCTBa. Oc06eHHO Ha.n.o
VKa3aTb Ha AKT 0 npaKTIIKe no.n.Kyrra 1883 r. (Corrupt Practices
Act 1883), KaCalOIll.lIHCH nap,;laMeHTcKHx BbI60poB. AKT 00 IMYHHIJ.H-
na TJb'HbI'X BbI60pax 1884 r. (Municipal Elections Act 1884), Ka-
CalOIll.HHCH, KaK YKa3bIBaeT ero HaH IeHOBaHHe, ll36HpaTeJJbHOII
60pbObI Ha MYHHu.HnaJIbHbIX BbI6opax. AKT 0 npaKTHKe no.n.Kyrra
uy6JJH'lHO-npaBoBbI'X Y'lpelK,lJ,eufHM 1889 r. (Public Bodi s - Cor-
rupt Practices Act 1884), KaCalOIll.HMCH JIo.n.Kyna .n.0.1)KHOCTHbIX
JIHII., H AKT 0 npe1I.ynpe)K.n.eHIUI nOJI.Kyna 1906 r. (Prevention
17-/
'lAOT}' TPETbJI. yrOJIOBHO:g JlPABO
of Corruption Act 1906), K3CalOIlI.HHCH nOJ1.KynHocTH HJJH B3H-
T01IHH1IeCTBa 3reHTOB B BHJ1.e TaMHoro nOJIY'IeHMH KOMIICCHOHHoro
B03H3rpa:>KJI.eHHH. Cyrn.HOCTb Bcex 3THX npecTynJIeHHH 3aKJIIO-
qaeTCH 13 TOM, 'lTO npecTynHHK CKJIOHHeTCH 13 CHJIY KOp CTH X
C006pa:>KeHHH K TOMY, 'IT06bI oTCTynHTbcH 01' BbIllO.TIHeHHH
CBoero JI.OJIra.
H3KOHeu., HMeeTCH eIlI.e COBeprneHHO nOHflTI-loe npecTynJIe
HHe «3 JI 0 B P e J1. HOC l' H» (nuisance) HJIII sepHee «06rn.ecTBeH-
HOM 3JIOBpeJI.HOcTH» (public HJJH common nuisance). DoJI. 3TH}\f
Ha3BaHIIeM nOHHMalOT 60JIbrnylO rpynny MeHee cepbe3Hbix npe-
CTynJJeHHM npoTHB 06rn.ero 6JIara. Hx cyrn.HOCTb 33KJIlO'l3eTCH
B C03JI.aBaHHM npenHTcTBHM, npII'lHHeHHII HeYJI.06cTB HJIH BpeJI.a
06rn.eCTBY npH ocyrn.ecTBJJeHHII ero 'lJIeHaMII HX 06rn.HX npaB.
Depe'IHCJIeHHe caMbIX 06rn.eH3BeCTHbIX CJIY'IaeB 06'bHCHHeT cym:.
HOCTb 31'01'0 npecTynJJeHHH. OHO OXB8TblBaeT: 1) 3aTpYJI.HeHHe
nOJIb30BaHHH ny6JIH'lHbIMH JI.OpOraMH, B TOM 'lHCJIe CYJI.OXOJI.HbIMH
peK8MH, 2) npeHe6pe:>KeHHe 06H3aHHocTblO peMoHTHpoBaTb ny-
6JIHlIHbie J1.0pOrH co CTOpOHbI Tex, KTO 06H3aH 31'0 JI.eJIaTb,
3) 3arpH3He\HHe 06rn.ecTBeH:HbIX BOJI.OeMOB, 4) JI.OBeJI.eHHe 3JI.aHHR
JI.O TaKoro .COCTOHHHH, 'ITO OHH CTaHOBHTCH onaCHbI JI.JIH coce-
JI.eM, 5) pacnpOCTpaHeHHe rpOMKHX 3BYKOB HJIH rnYMOBIIJJH HJI.O-
BHTbIX ra30B, 6) xp8HeHHe B3pblB'laTbIX Bern.eCTB B nOMern.eHHHX
6e3 HaJI.JJe:>Karn.ero pa3perneHIIH, 7) C03JI.3HHe YCJIOBHM, npH KO-
TopbIX JllOJI.H npHXOJI.HT 13 cOnpH!KOCHOBeHiHe C JlHrII..arM1H, 381Be-
JI.OMO CTpaJl.!(!lOrn.HMM 3 lp83HbIMH 60.!Te3HHMH, 8) BbICTaBJJeHIIe Ha
npOJI.8:>KY IICnOplIeHHOM II.TIH BpeJI.HOM npoBH3HII, 9) cOJI.ep:>KaHHe
6e3 p83perneHHH XaplIeBHII HJJII JI.pyroro YBeCeJIIITeJIbHOrO 3aBe-
JI.eHHH, Tpe6YIOrn.ero no 3aKoHY pa3perneHHH.
OJI.IIH M3 H8H60JIee JJ1060nbITHbIX, HO M8JIO H3BeCTHbIX CJIY-
lIaeB 3JIOBpeJI.HOcTM 3aKJIlO1I8eTCH 13 TOM, 1}TO npeJI.npHHMlIHBbIH
cOJI.ep:>KaTeJIb YBeCeJIHTeJJbHOrO 3aBeJI.eHHH HJIH Mara3IIHa B 3 -
BaeT CKOnJIeHHe JJfOJI.eM Ha YJIHu.e npHBJIeKaTeJIIbHOCTblO CBOel'O
33BeJI.eHHH HJIH BHTpHHbI Mara3HHa, TaK 'lTO .!TlOJI.H, :>KeJ1aIOrn.He
nOJlb3'OBaTbCH TpoTya:pOM-, He MorYT 31'0 CJI.eJI<lTb, a JIolQJl.H, npo-
XOJI. K ;I,OM3M KOTOpbIX nperpa:>KJI.eH C'KOnJIeHIICtM TOJInbI, JIHrneHbI
B03MO:>KROCTH nOJI."OMTIH K HI1!II. B HeKOTopbIX qaoeHIX JIoHJ{OH'a
no.llllu.eHOKue BJIaCTH KalK 6y.ZI:ro npeHe6peralOT CBOHMH 06H33H-
HOCTHMH B OITHomeHHH 31'OrO BHJI.a 3.TIon,peJI.HOCTH.
BCHKaH 3JJOBpe)I.lHOCTb HBJIHeTCH MIIC)I.HMHHOpOM, KapaeMbIM
lIlTP8QJOM H TlOpeMHbIM 3aKJIIO'leHHeM. 06bI'lHO 3TO npecTyn.TIe-
HHe Tpe6yeT )I.JIH npHBJIe'leHIIH K OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 06BHHHTeJIb-
Horo 3KTa (indictable offence), HO HeKoTopble BHJI.bI 3Toro npe-
c'rynJIeHHH, -npeJI.ycMoTpeHHble 3aKOHOl\f, H3Ka3)'lOTcH B cYMMap-
HO>,I nOpHJI.Ke.
rJIABA XIII. npECT 'nJH,nHJI lIPOTHB 'lECTTI
175
r Jl A B A XIll
nPECTYnnEHH TIPOTHB 4ECTH
:::ha rpynna npecTynJIemIii HeBeJIHKa, HO IIMeeT 60JIbIIlOe
3HaqeHHe; OHa OXBaTbIBaeT JIHM6eJ1b - nHCbMeHHYIO KJJeBeTY
(Jibel), BbIMOraTeJIbCTBO nYTeM yrp03 (blackmail) H 3JIOHaMepeH-
Hoe cy)].e6Hoe npeCJIe)].OBaHHe (malicious prosecution).
JI 51 H 6 e JI b, T. e, OnOpOqHBaHlie qeJIOBeKa mlCbMeHHO IIJIH'
nYTeM H306pa.>KeHHM, npe)].cTaBJ1HeT C060M o)].HoBpeMeHHO yro-
JJOBHOe H rpa.>K)].aHcKoe npaBoHapYIlleHHe, HO Me.>K)].y HIiMH
HMeeTCH cy ecTBeHHoe pa3JJHqlie, qTO B cooTBeTcTBYIo eM MeCTC'
6y,n:eT nOKa3aHO. YCTHO npoM3HeceHHbIe CJIOBa, eCJIH OHM TOJJbK
He HOCHT xapaKTepa KO YHCTBeHHbIX HJIH npH3bIBalO Hx K 1151-
'l'e.>KY, He MorYT CJ1Y.>KHTb OCHOBaHHeM ,n:JI5:I yrOJIOBHOrO npeCJJe,n:o-
BaHllH, HO iMorYT COCTaSIITb rpa.>K)].aHCKoe npaBoHapymeHIIe,.
IiMeHHO YCTHoe OCKop6JJeHHe HJlII CJI3H)].ep (slander), B ::moxy,
npe)].IllecTBoBaBillYIO pacnpoCTpaHeHIIIO KHIIrOneqaTaHIIH, npecTY-
nJIeHHe JIHH6eJIb 6blJI'O cpaBHIITeJJbHO 'MaJIo p.acnpocTpaHeHo, HO.
noc'JIe BBe)].eHHH KHlirOneqaTaHHH OHO cpa3Y npe)].CTaBHJJO Ha-
CTOH YIO ona'CHOCTb, H 3a Hero 6blCTpO npH'HHJlt5I Cy,n: 3Be3)].HOM
naJIaTbI, OT KOToporo Be,n:eT CBoe HaqaJIO 60JIbillaH qaCTb COBpe-
MeHHoro npaBa, KacalO aHCH yrOJIOBHOrO .n.eSIHHH «JIHH6eJJb».
Ba.>KHO OTMeTIITb, '11'0 onOpOqeHHe 3aKJIIOqaeTCH B YHM.>Ke-
lIHIi qeCTH qeJJOBeKa He B ero c06CTBeHHbIx rJIa3aX, a B rJIa-
3ax OKpY.>KalO HX. TI03TOMY HIiKaKaH CTeneHb OCKop6J1eHHH, KaK
6bI pe3Ka OHa HH 6bIJJa, He COCTaBJIHeT .TIHM6eJ1b, eCJIH OHa He
co)].ep.>KHT Y1'Bep.>K)].eHHM, paCCq-JITaHHbIX Ha TO, qro6bI c.n.eJIaTb-
nOCTpa)].aBillero HeHaBHCTHbIM, CMeIllHblM HJIH npe3peHHbIM .n.JIH
.n.pyrHX. C .n.pyroM CTOpOHbI, ony6JIIIKOBaHIIe naCKBIIJIH HJIH ero
co06 eHHe TpeTbeMY JJIIU.Y He COCTaB.rlHeT 06H3aTeJIbHOrO npII-
3HaKa JIHMOeJISI. .IIocTaTOqHO, eCJIH OH coo6meH IICTU.Y H paCCqH-
TaH Ha HapyrneHtle MHpa.
CymecTBeHHblH npH3HaK ,'IHH6eJIb (KaK H BCHKOH K.'IeBeTbI)
3aKJIlOqaeTC51 B TOM, '11'0 B HeM ,lJ,OJI.>KeH 6blTb 3JIeMeHT
«innuendo», T. e. co)].ep.>KaTbCSI HJIH no)].pa3YMeBaTbcSI YTBep-
.>K,n:eHlie, paCCqIITaHHOe Ha TO, 'lT06bI CAe.'JaTb JIHU.O, nO)].Bepr-
IlleecSI KJIeBeTe, HeHaBIIcTHbI , c eIllHbIM HJIII npe3peHHbIM AJIH
)].pyrIIX. 9TOT MOMeHT MO.>KeT 6h1Tb OqeHb HCKYCHO 3aMaCKHpo-
BaH, H ycnex npeCJIe.n.OBaHIISI MO.>KeT 3aBliceTb OT Toro, y.n.aCTCst
.'III a)].BOKaTY, Be.n.y eMY TaKoe npeCJIe)].OBaHHe OT HMeHH no-
CTpa.n.aBIliero, y6e)].HTb npIICH.>KHbIX B cy ecTBoBaHHH innuendo.
JJ.o Toro nOKa <I>OKC He npOBeJI CBoero 3HaMeHHToro AKTa
JJJJH6eJJb ] 792 r. (Libel Act 1792), Bonpoc 0 HaJJ.HqHH innuendo,
,n:o.rr)KeH 6bl.'I pa3peruaTbcSI cy.n.OM, a npHCSI.>KHbIM npe.n.ocTaB.'IH-
176
"HCT.b TPETbfl. yrOJIOBHOE IIPABO
JIOCb JIHllIb YCTaHOBHTb q,aKT ony6.'1HKOBaUH5I. 3TOT 3aKOH ynOJ1-
1WMO'lHJI npHC5I>KHbIX 13bIIHOCHTb 06lll.HM B€p.n.H!KT «13HHOBeH» HJIU
«He BHHOBeH». Ho 11 CeM'IaC elll.e cy.n. BnpaBe nOCTaHOBJI5ITb,
'ITO nHcbMeHHoe YTBep>K.n.eHHe, nOCJIY>KHBlIIee OCHOBaHHe .n.JI5I
'HCKa, He MO>KeT C'IHTaTbCfl KJ1eBeTHH'IeCKH11.
B Bonpoce 0 mens rea H 0 .T:IHM6eJJb eCTb O.n.HH HHTepecHbIi-'i
MOMeHT. Do .n.aBHeH Tpa.n.HlI,lfH BC5IKHH 06BflHHTeJlbHbIH aKT
H Boo6lll.e npeCJIe.n.OBaHHe 3£1 JI5IH6eJIb npe.n.nOJIaraJIO, 'ITO 06BH-
'H5IeMbIM, 3JIOHaMepeHHO ony6JIHKOBaJJ CBe.n.eHH5I, KacalOlll.HeC5I
HCTll,a. Ho Y>Ke .n.aBHO pemeHO, 'ITO e.n.HHCTBeHHoe .n.OKa3aTeJIb-
CTBO-3JIOHaMepeHHOCTH, Heo6xo.n.HMOM .n.JI5I npH3HaHH5I npecTyn-
HOCTH .n.e5IHH5I, 3aiK.TIIO'lae'J1C5I B caMOM q,aKTe KJIeBeTbI. 4eJIOBeK,
ny6JIflKYIOlll.HH KJleBeTHfI'IeCKfle YTBep>K.n.eHH5I, Y>Ke 3TflM caMbIM
06HapY>KHBaeT CBOIO 3JIOHaMepeHHOCTb, eCJIH TOJIbKO OH He
MO>KeT npHBeCTfI B CBOIO 3alll.liTY O.n.HO fl3 npH3HaBaeMbIX 3aKO-
HOl\.I orrpaB.n.aHHH IUlH COCJIaTbCH Ha npHBHJlerHfI, C03.n.a-HHble
_3aKOHOM. Do HCKY 0 KJJeBeT€, no KOTOPOMY oOJI'ee eTa JIeT TOMY
Ha3a.n. 6bIJIO BbIHeceHO pemeHlle, nOJJY"IHBmee 3Ha'IeHHe npe-
lJ,e.n.eHTa, Cy.n. KOpOJIeBCKOM CKaMbH YCTaHOBflJI, "ITO 3JIOHa-
MepeHHOCTb «B npaBOBoM CMbICJIe 03Ha"IaeT npoTHBonpaBHoe
,B;eMCTBHe, cOBepllIeHHoe HaMepeHHO oe3 .n.OJI>KHbIX npH'IHH HJJH
onpaB.n.aHHH». B Ha'IaJIe Hamero CTOlIeTHH Da.'I3Ta JIOp.n.OB npH-
:3Ha.na B O.n.IHOM e e 60JJee H3BeCTHOM .n.eJIe, 'ITO cooCTBeHHHKH
ra3eTbI MorYT ObITb npH3HaHbI OTBeTCTBeHHblMM 3£1 KJIeBeTY Ha
"IeJIOBeK8, 0 CYlll.eCTBOBaHHH KOToporo OHM, no HX CJIOBaM, He
lIMeJIM HHKaKoro npe.n.CTaBJIeHH5I. fIx OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 060CHOBbl-
8£tJraCb TeM, qTO ra3eTHoe OnHCa:HHe MOrJIO ObITb OTHeceHO M
cpaKTH'IeCKM 6bIJIO OTHecefto K .n.aHHOMY JJHll,Y KaK 06'beKTY
K.'IeBeTbl. rOBOp5I HHa'll,e, 'IeJIOBeK, nYOJIHKYIOIll,HH KJIeBeTHfI"Ie-
OKHe 33!flBJJeHoH5I, HeceT BbITeK81OIll,IHH OTCl0.n.a pliCK.
B 'IeM 3aKJIIO'IaIOTC5I «.n.OJI>KHble npH'IflHbI HJIH onpaB.n.3HH5I».
'"KOTOpbIe OCBo60>K.n.aIOT BflHOBHoro B JIHM6eJJb OT 3aKOHHbIX no-
'CJle.n.CTBliH? MO>KHO npe.n.no.nO>KHTb, tITO KJIeBeTHfIIIeCKoe YTBep-
)K.n.eHHe onpaB.n.aHO, eCJIH OHO HCTliHHO. JJ:eMCTBflTe.'IbHO, TaK
c.TIe.n.yeT no 3aKOHY, nOCKo.nbKY .n.e.'10 KacaeTCS1 l'pa>K.n.aHCKoro
npOll,eCca, HO .n.a)Ke H B 3TflX CJlY'Ia5IX «flCTHHHOCTb» HeJ1b35I
nOHllMaTb oYKBaJJbHO: KJIeBe'J1HHQeCKHe 3a5IBJIeHH5I .n.OJJ>KHW OWTb
HCTliHHbI no CYlll.eCTBY Ii q,aiKTfI'I.eCKH. HanpHMep, eCJlH A Eanfl-
ca.'I 0 B: «MHe Ka>KeTC5I, 'ITO B Tenepb cOBepmeHHo Tpe3BbIH
treJIOBeK», TO 6YKBaJIbHO 3TO YTBep)K.n.eHHe M()>KeT ObITb
HCTHHHblM, HO TaK KaK 3.n.eCb no.n.pa3YMeBaeTCH, 1J:TO B 6bW
.().n.HO BpeM5I HeB03.n.ep>KaHHbI:VI, TO OHO Bce >Ke BnOJIHe l\IO>KeT
.6bITb npli3H8HO KJIeBeTHM'IeCKHl\L
Ho CCbIJIKa Ha HCTHHHOCTb He flBJ15IeTCfl 3am.HToii npH yro-
_DOBHOM npeCJle,n:OBaHMH 33 K,TJeBeTY, 33 HCK,llO'IeUHe"t Toro
I'JIAR\ XIII. IIPECT -mIFm,mI IIPOTHB qlOOTH
177
CJ1Y'laH, KOr.lI.a ony6JJHKOBaHMe CBe.ll,eHHH:, cO.ll,epX{allJ.HXCH B
MHKpHMHIHn:Pye'r>!:OH rry6JJHK<lUHH, npeCJJe.n.yeT ueJIH {)6llJ.eCTBeH-
HOrO 6JIara. YrOJIOBHOe npaBO He CTOJIbKO HHTepecyeTcH
pe.ll.OM, rrpHqHHeHHWM nOCTpa.ll.aBweMY, CKOJJbKO onaCHOCTbID
.lI,JIH 06llJ.eCTBa. OHO CqllTaeT, qTO npOH3BOJIbHOe H 6ecueJIbHOe
JiJIH npeCJJe.ll,YIOllJ.ee TO.TrbKO 3JJ06HYIO I.{e.TIb ony6JJliKOBaHHe
HerrpHHTHOM HCTllHbI He MO:>KeT 6blTb onpaB.lI,aHO, eCJIH OHa
HBRO Be.ll,eT K HapyweHHIO MHpa. J1mJ;o, B036Y.ll,HBWee yrOJIOB-
,flOe I1peCJIe.ll.OBaHHe, KpOMe TOTO, B<eJI.b He CTpeM'HTCH H3BJIeqb
JI.eHe:>KHYIO BbIrO.ll,y H3 CBoero npe:>KHerO YKJIOHeHHH C HpaB-
.cTBeHHoro nYTH.
BTOpOM aprYMeHT 3allJ.HTbJ rrpH npeCJIe.n.OBaHHH 3a JIHH6eJIb
.3aKJ1IOqaeTCH B TOM, qTO 06BHHHeMbIH OCYllJ.eCTBJIHJI npaBO
«cnpaBe.n:JIlfBOH KPHTHKH» (fair criticism). Ho 3Ta 3allJ.HTa npH-
.MeHHM8 TOJIbKO B Tex CJIyqaHX, Kor.ll,8 nOCTpa.ll,8BWHM HBJJHeTCH
JIHLJ.OM, KOTopoe no cBoeMY nOJIO:>KeHHID HJIH no CBOHM aaHHTHHM
TIo.ll,Bepr8eT CBOIO .n:esneJIbHOCTb 06IlI.eCTBeHHoH KpHTliKe, KaK,
HanpHMep, rrOJJHTHqeCKHH .lI,eHTeJIb, nHCaTeJIb, Xy.n:O:>KHHK,
BbI'Cr8BJJHIOllJ.HM CBOH pa60TbI, aRTep, PYKOBO:D.HTeJIb o6III.e-
CTBeHHoro .n.BH}KeHHH H T. n.
nOCKOJIbKY KpHTHKa 3aKJIIOqaeTCH B npocToM BbICK83bIB8-
aHM cY}K.lI,eHHH, OHa He MO}KeT CqHT8TbCfl RJIeBeTHHqeCKOM,
XOTH, HeCOMHeHHO, MO:>KeT cepbe3HO rrOBpe.n:HTb penYTaLJ.HH
lfCTLJ.a. HanpHMep, eCJJH H3BeCTHbIM H YBa)l{aeMbIH KPHTHK,
jJ.aBaH OTqeT 0 nbece, HarrHweT: «3Ta nbeca OT HaqaJIa .n:o
KOHLJ.a nJIoxa», TO OH HBHO BbICKa:>KeT TOJIbKO c06CTBeHHoe
CY}K)I,eHHe, H Ka'K 6bI OHO !UH 6bI.n0 TH}KeJIO .lI,JIH 8BTopa,
JfeJIb3H CqHT8Tb, qTO KPHTHK BbIWeJJ 3a npe.n.eJJbI CBOHX npaB.
Ho eCJJH KpMTHK8 CO.ll,ep}K8JJa HBHO BbIp8)1{eHHOe liJIM nO.ll,pa-
3YMeBaeMoe YTBep)l{.lI,eHHe 0 <l>aKTax o.n:HoBpeMeHHo Hen.paBHJJb-
Hoe II OIIOpaqllBaIOllJ.ee, TO npaBO Ha «cnpaBe.n:JIHBYIO KPHTHKY»
He MO}KeT COCTaBHTb 3allJ.HTbI. Dpe.n:no.Tro}KHM, HanpHMep, qTO
A, .n:aBaH OTqeT 0 KHHre E, HanHweT: «DHcaTeJIb, KOTOpbIM CMe-
WHBaeT O.IJ1;!Bepa KpOMBeJIH C TOMacoM KpOMBeJ1eM, BPM JIM
l\W}KeT 3aCJ1Y}KHBaTb .n:OBepHH B Bonpocax HCTOPHH», Me)K)J.Y
:reM KaK B KHHre I) HeT TaKHX MeCT, KOTopbIe MOrJJH ObI C03,n:aTb
no.n:06Hoe npe.n:CTaEJIeHHe. BepOHTHO, .n:OBO.n: 0 «crrpaBe.n:JIHBOH
J{pHTIfKe» He HMeJI 6bI CHJIbI B 3TOM CJIyqae.
TpeTHH HHTepeCHbIM ,n:OBO.n: 38llJ.HTbI npH npeCJIe OBaHHHX
3a .IJHI[6eJIb, H3BeCTeH nOA Ha3BaHHeM «npHBHJIerHH» (privilege).
Kor.n:a, HCnOJIHHH CBOM 3aKOHHbIM HJIH XOTH 6bI TOJIbKO MOpaJJb-
HbIH .lI,oJIr, qeJIOBeK rry6JIHKyer cBe,n:eHHH, OnOpaqHBalOllI.He .n:py-
roro, HO npH 3TOM 1JI.06pOCOBOCTHO BepHT B HX HCTHHHOCTb H
-CqHTaeT ony6JIHKOBaHHe HX CYllJ.eCTBeHHbIM C TOqKH 3peHHH
.cBoero ,n:o.TIra, TO ero HeJIb3H HH OCY.lI,HTb H HaKa38Tb, HH npH-
12 3at:. 3 . AUrJIHi\CI<Oe rrpaBO.
178
'I \("T(, '("J'EThH. T(J.IOBnOB JlPABO
CY.LI,HTh K B03:1ieUJ,CHlHO yw.ep6a no rpa)K.LI,aHCKO:\IY HCKY, ila)Ke'
eCJlH cpaKTJ1lieCKH OKa)KeTCH, qTO ero YTBep)K,lJ,eIHiH HeHCTHHHbI.
9Ta 3aw.I1Ta 06bIqnO npI1lVIeHHeTCH B CJ1yqaHX, KOr.LI,a Tenepem-
HI1I1 11.1111 npC)KHI1I1 naHI1MaTeJIb .n:aeT xapaKTepI1CTnKY CBoero.
C.J1Y)Kaw.ero. Hanpl11lep, eCJIn A .n:Y iaeT HanHTb B B KaqecTBe.
ceKpeTapg, nOJlb3YIOw.erocH .LI,OBepneM, n npOCI1T X, npe:ilmero
HaHI1MaTeJIH B, .LI,aTb xapaKTepI1CTI1KY 5, a X OTBeqaeT:
«5 O'ICHb npHJIl1 lHbIi'I MaJlbIll, HO OH ne YMeeT COXpaH5!.Tb ceKpe-
TOB», TO B .n:aHHbIX YCJIOBlfHX 3TOT OTBeT onOpa'II1BaeT 5. Ho'
HHKaKoH CY.LI, He .LI,OnYCTHT ocy)!{.n:eHI1H X H.;lH B3bICKaHI1H
C Hero ym,ep6a, 3a HCKJII01.J.eHHel\! Toro CJIY1.J.afl, Kor.n:a
HCTeL( CYMeCT .n:OKa3aTb, qTO He TO.%KO YTBep)!{.n:eHl1e X 6bIJJO'
JI0)!{HO, HO qTO X .'Ilf60 ca:\1 He BepHJI B ero HCTI1HHOCTb, JII160'
.LI,eHCTBOBaJI no.n: BJIHHHHeM He.n:06pocoBecTHbIx n06Y)!{,l(eHI1M.
MHOrI1e .LI,Pyrlfe BH.n:bI YTBep)!{.n:eHllH nO.;lb3YIOTCH nO,lJ,06nOH
)!{e 6e3YCJIOBHOH llJlH YCJIOBHOH nplfBHJIenreH. TaK, Hanpli!lfep,
HI1KaKOe npecJIe.n:oBaHlle 3a JIHH6eJIb He IvIO)!{eT HMeTb ycnexa,
eCJIll OHO HanpaBJleHO npOTllB qeJIOBeKa, KOTOpbIH B KalleCTBe
CY,l(bH, a,l(BOKaTa, CBH,l(eTeJJSI llJIH CTOpOHbI C006W.llT B npoL(ecce
nepe,l( CY.LI,OM COOTBeTCTBYIOIl eH IOpHC.n:HKL(llH OnOpa1.J.llBaIOw.llH
MaTepllaJI; liJIli npOTlfB Toro, KTO COBepilillT TO )Ke caMoe npH
HCIIOJIHeHlll1 BoeHHoro .n:OJJra, HJIli onyo.nllKyer OTlleTbI, CO,l(ep-
)!{aw.I1e onopa llHBaIOw.lle CBe.LI,eHllH no paCnopH)KeHllIO llJ1I-1 no.
nOJJHOl\WqllIO O.LI,HOH H3 IIaJJaT napJIaMeHTa; llJIH, B CJIyqae, Kor.n:a
,l(eJIo llAeT 0 ra3eTHbIX C006w.eHllflX, ony6JIllKyeT A06poCOBeCT-
Hbre li TOqHbIe OTqeTbI 0 COBpeMeHHbIX eMY Cy.n:e6HbIX npo-
L(eccax, KOTopbre CO,l(epLK3T OnOpaQHBaIOIL(lle YTBep)!{.n:eHliH,.
,l(a)!{e eCJlll OKa)KeTCH, qTO cpaKTHqeCKll 3Tll yTBep)!{,l(eHHH He
11 CTHH!HbI II He liCTHH:HbI 3aBe,l(OMO .n:JIH 06BllHHeMoro. B ,l(pyrHx
CJIyqaHX 3aw.HTa Ha OCHOBe TaKOH npHBliJIerllH OKa)!{eTCID
HeCOCTOHTeJIbHOH, eCJlH )!{a.'I06w.IIK ,l(OKa)KeT (I1JIll B HeKOTopbIX
c.TJYllaHX, eCJIH 06BHHHeMOMY He y.n:aCT:Cfl onpOBepfHYTb) cyw.e--
CTBOBaHlle «HBHO BbIpa)!{eHHOrO 3JJOHaMepeH1fH» (express malice),.
T. e. KaKHX-JIH60 n06Y)K.n:eHHH MeCTH liJlH 3Jl06bI, llJII1 )!{e.laHI1R
nOBpe,l(liTb )KaJI06w.I1'KY, - 'ITO He COBMeCTliMO C 6ecnpHCTpa-
CTHbIM BbInOJIHeHl1eM .n:oJlra. B TaKO:\;1 c.TIyqae npI1BI1.TIerIm.
C'IHTaeTCH «YCJIOBHOfi».
fIOJIO)!{eHlle npeccbI TeCHO CB5I3bIBaeT ee C AKTOIlf
o JJHH6eJIb, 11 XOTH 60JIbIlleM qaCTbIO c06CTBeHHI1KH ra3eTHbIX
H3,l1,aTCJlbCTB, peAaKTopbI H COTPY,ll,HHKH nO;I.Jle)!{aT ;r,eikTBl1lO
Tex )Ke caMbIX npe,lJ,nHCaHHM AKTa 0 .TIflM6eJIb, qTO H npOqHe
JJIIL(a, no cyw.eCTByeT O,l(HO HJJH ,l(Ba CYIIteCTBeHHbIX pa3.'IHqHH.
HaiH60JIee Ba)!{HO TO, qTO, B OTJlIlqHe 01' 06IItcro npaBu.la, npe-
JIe,l(OB2HHe 3a JI5Ili6eJIb ra3eTbI B J1HL(e ee c06CTBeHHl!Ka; H3.n:a-
PJIABA XIII. npI<XTYU;IEHIHI nr'OTUB qECTH
179
Tem!, pe.1.aI<Topa H;III ;no6opo 'Ie.'lOBeKa, OTBeTCTBeHlwro 3a ee
H3,l1,aHue, He Mo}!{eT npOll3oihH 6e3 npHKa3a CYJ],bH B paCIIOpSlJl,H.-
TeJIbHOM nOpH,lI,:Ke (judge in chamber). ::ha cOBeprneHHo
HCKJJIO mTe.%HaH rrpl1BI1JIenI5I Heco:\'meHHO 06H3aHa CBOIL\I
cYll{eCTBoBaIIHeM TOMY <PaKTY, lTO PYKOBOjJ}ITe.1Hl\I 60.1bIJIOlf
ra3eTbI nO'-ITIf HeB03MO}!{H0 JIH.'-IHO Y AocToBepHTbcH B HCTHHHO-
CTH HJIH 6e306HAHOCTH Ka}!{JJ:oro ny6JIHKye:>lOro UMH C006I.IJ:eHHH
eI.IJ:'e AO ero Harre'-IaTaHHH. C APyroiJ: CTOpOHbI, ra3eTa, OTKa3bI-
BaIOI.IJ:aHCfl orry6J1HKOBaTb pa3Y:\1HOe onpOBep)KeHHe lUlH pa31J}I(:-
HeHue orry6JIHKOBaHHoro elO OT'-IeTa HJIti Apyroro C006I.IJ:eHlIH, He
MQ)KeT BOCnOJIb30B J.TbCH B OTHorneHHlI OT'-IeTOB 06 oOI.IJ:eCTBeH-
H X c06paHHHx 3TOll YCJIOBHOll npllBlIJIerHeli, npeAOCTaBJIeHHOll
eM 3aKOIIOM. CBepx '1'01'0, XOTH B AHr.n.l!H He CYll{eCTByeT
eH3ypbI B OTHOIlleHHII ne'-IaTlI, HO 60.TJbIllaH '-IaCTb ne IaTHbIX
H3,l1,aHlIH AOJ1)KHa no,ll, yrp030ll KapbI COAep)KaTb YKa3aHHH Ha
HMH l! aApec nIIIorpa<pUH. THnorpa<p, ne'-IaTaIOIl{Ill'J: ra3eTY, B
CBOIO O'-IepeAb, AOJ1}!{eH xpaHHTb He MeHee OAHoro 3K3e:>m.n.flpa
Ka)K)1.0ro HOMepa C YKa3aHUe1\f UMeHH H 8/1peca '-Ie.'IOBeKa,
nopY'-Il!BllIerO el\IY ne'-IaTaHlIe ero, npH'-IeM 3'1'0 I!:IIH 11 a;r,pec )1.0.'1-
)KHbI ObITb pa360p'-Il!BO HamfCaHbJ lWl! IIaneqaT3HbI Ha HO?lIepe Jl.:m
'1'01'0, lJ.TOObI JII060ii Qe.'lOBeK, }!{eJIaIoI.IJ:l!ii "HaqaTb npeCJ1e,ll,OBaHHe
no 06BlIHeHlIIO B JIHii6eJIb 3a Hane'-IaTaHHe' KaKOll ObI TO. Hl1
6bI.TI0 CTaTbH, MOl' Y3HaTb, Koro npHBJIeKaTb K OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH,
<PopMa.1JbHO, KOHe'-IHO, KaJKAbIM 'IeJIOBeK npll BCCI1 CBoeH HeBIf-
HOBHOCTH 1\I0)KeT 6bITb npllBJIe'-IeH K yro.n.OBHOII 11 rpaiK;r,aHcKOIl
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH, eC.T]l! OH npl!HHMaJI KaKoe 6bI TO HH 6bIJ10
Y'-IaCTHe B pacnpOCTpaHeHHH IIHCbMeHHOH K.'1eBeTbI, no 06bl'-IHO
yrOJIOBHOe npeCJIeAOBaHHe He B036Y}!{)1.aeTCH rrpOTIIB Tex, KTO
TOJJbKO pacnpOCTpaHHeT KJICBCTY B nOpH)1.Ke OCYI.IJ:eCTBJJeHHSJ
CBOHX )1.eJIOBbIX 06H3aHHOCTeM, He 3HaH H He nO,ll,03peBaH
o CYI.IJ:eCTBOBaHHH TaKoii KJIeBeTW.
HaKOHeL(, CJIe.n.yeT ynmIHHYTb 0 He.n.aBHo H3,l1,aHHOM 33KOHe
1926 1'., }}OT5I OH II He CBH3aH Henocpe.n.CTBeHHO c AKTOM
o JJHH6eJIe; 3'1'0'1' 3aKOH CHJIbHO OrpaHH'-Il!BaeT paHee CYI.IJ:eCTBO-
B3.BllIee npaBO c06CTBeHHHKOB ra3eT ony6.'lHKOBbIBaTb CI3H.LI,eTe.ilb-
CKHe nOK33aHlIH HeapllCTOllHoro xap3KTepa, ,J,aBae:>lbIe B cY;1,e6-
HbIX 3aCe,ll,aHI15IX, H 3anpeI.IJ:aeT neqaTaTb BCe KaCalOll{eeCH 6paKO-
pa3Bo.n.HbIX Ae.i1, KpO:\fe ca:\lbIX 06I.IJ:HX ;I,aHHbIX. O:lH8KO, '1TOT
3aKOH MO)KeT ObITb HCI10.1b30BaH TO.1bKO B OTHOllleHHH c06CTBeH-
HHKOB ra3eT, HX pe,ll,aKTOpOB, B.1311e.lbueB THnorpa<pUll 11 H3.n.a-
TeJJeM; KpO:\1e '1'01'0, npeCJIe/'I:Ol3aHlIe Ha OCHOBaHHH Hero He MO-
iKeT 6bITb B030Y)K.n.eHO oe3 pa3perneHlI5I reHepaJI-aTTOpH€fl. Kapa
3a HapyrneHHe 3'1'01'0 3aKOHa COCTaa:meT TlOpe:\IHoe 3aKJIIO'-IeHHe
)1.0 '-IeTbIpex ?lIeCHL(eB H.JUI IllTpa<p ;1,0 500 <p. CT. HJIlI TO H .'IPY'
roe BMeCTe.
12":
ISO
'L\.CTb Tl'ETL I. }TOJIOBHOE I1PADO
J1HH6eJIb COCTaBJIHeT MHC)J.HMIIHOP no 06 eMY npaBY H
KapaeTCH lllTpacpOM 1I TlOpeMHbIM 3aKJIIO'IeHHeM, nplI'leM nOCJJe)J.-
Hee no AK'f1Y ° JJHH6eJJe 1843 r, (Libel Act 1843) orpaHH'lH-
BaeTCH )J.BYMH rO)J.aMlI B Tex CJIY'laHX, Kor)J.a 06BlIHfleMbIH 3HaJI,
'ITO ero CBe,Tl,eHlIfl He lICTlIHHbI, 11 O)J.HHM rO,Tl,OM B OCTaJIbHbIX
CJJY'laHX.
TmKeJIOe 11 HH3Koe npecTynJIeHHe, H3BeCTHoe ilO)J. Ha3BaHHeM
B bI 1\1 0 raT e JI b C l' B a (blacl<mailing) )J.eHer lIJIH L(eHHOCTen
nYTeM yrpo3, TpaKTycTcH neKOTopbIMli aBTopa:>m, KaK npecTynJIe-
HlIe npOTHB c06cTBeHHocTIL 9TO OlllH6Ka, TaR KaK nplI TaKon
TpaKTOBKe OTRJIOHHeTCH BHHMaHHe 01' HCTlIHHOH CY HOCTH 3Toro
npecTynJIeHlIH, Kor)J.a COOTBeTCTBYIO He yrp03bl HMelOT xapaKTep
4>H31ItIeCKOrO HaClIJIlIH, TO caMO npecTynJIeHHe OT.TIHqaeTCH 01'
pa360H (robbery) TeM, 'ITO nOJIytIaeMbIe npeCTynHlIKoM L(eHHOCTl1
He Bcer)J.a HaXO)J.HTCfl npH Cal\-IOM nOCTpa)J.aBIlIeM' HJIH B 6JIH-
JKaHlI1eM paCCTOHHHlI 01' Hero. Ho CY HOCTb BbIMOraTeJIbCTBa
3aKJIlOQaeTCH B TOM, QTO nYTeM CKopee MOpaJIbHOrO, tJeM
cpH3H'IeCKoro YCTpallleHHH OHO n06Y)j{,lI.aeT )j{epTBY, H3 CTpaxa
nOTepHTb CBoe nOJIO)j{eHHe B 06 eCTBe, HCnOJIHlITb caMble
HeYMepeHHbIe Tpe60BaHHH BbIMOraTeJIH. .lJ,a)j{e B Tex CJIytJaHX,
.Kor)J.a 06BHHeHlIH BbIMOraTeJIH XOpOlllO 060CHOBaHbI, ero npe-
..CTynJ1eHHe TH)j{€JIO; HO KOr,lI.a OHH COBepllleHHO HeOCHOBaTeJIbHbI,
KaK 6bIBaeT BO MHorliX CJ1YQaHX, TO 31'0 O)J.HO H3 caMbIX TH)j{e-
JIbIX npecTynJIeHHM, oc06eHHO nOToMy, 'lTO TOJIbKO qeJIOBeK
C lICK.11OQHTed1bHO ClIJIbHbIl\f xapaKTepoM nOH)J.eT Ha Te CTpa)J.a-
HlISI II TY OrJIaCKY, KOTopaSI CBH3aHa C B036YJK')J.eHlIe!M npe-
CJIe,lI.OBaHlfH 3a 31'0 npecTynJIeHHe. no 3TOH npH'IlIrHe C.y)1.bH
HMelOT 06 KHOBeHHe onycKaTb B 3THX CJIY'laHX HMeHa TeX,KTO
.B036Y)J.lfJI npeCJIe,lI.OBaHHe.
TOQHee rOBopH, 31'0 npeCTynJIeHlIe 3aKJIIO'IaeTCH B TOM, tJTO C
L(eJJblO DbIMOraTeJIbCTBa )J.eHer Qe.10BeKa 06BHHHlOT HJJlI
yrpO}!{aIOT 06BlIHHTb B O,lI.HOM H3 I1pecTynJIeHHH, KapaeMblX
Ka3HblO lIJIH KaTOp)KHbIMH pa60TaMH Ha ceMb .TleT, HJIli B Hana-
)l:eHlIli (assault) C nOKYllleHHeM Ha cOBepllleHHe HaCHJIHH Ha)J.
)j{eHllJ HHOM, HJIli B nonbITKe CKJIOHHTb !<oro-HH6Y)J.b K npo-
TlfBoeCTeCTB€HHbIM OTHOllleHIIHM JiJIH B KaKOM-JIH60 )J.pyroI\f
TH)j{eJ10M, XOTH 6bI cpop:\laJIbHO II He yrOJIOBHOM npoCTynKe.
Ha,lI.o OTMeTHTb, 'lTO 3TO npeCTynJIeHHe He 06H3aTeJIbHO 3aKJIIO-
qaeTCfl B yrp03e 06BlIHlITb TO JIlIL(O, KOTOPOMY yrpmKalOT, lIJIll
BOOOliJ,e KaKoro-HII6y.rr.b )j{IIBoro 'leJIOBeKa. Becbl\-1a 'laCTO 'leJIO-
BeK nO)J.)J.aeTCfl BbIMOraTeJIbCTBY He pa)J.lI cnaceHHH CBoeM
.<:o6CTBeHHoii penyTaL(Hll, HO )J.J1H cnaceHlIH elI1.e )j{liBYlI1. e ro IIJIH
nOKOMHoro pO)J.CTBeHHliKa. BbIMOraTeJJbCTBO TeM OTJIlI'IaeTCH 01'
irpeCTynJJeHHH JIH1l6eJIH, 'ITO nOCJJe)1.Hee (KaK KaJKeTCH) He
',if ::':CT 3:JK.'l1O'IaTbCfl B OnOpa'lHBaHHI1 YMepmero .1IU a.
1';lA6A XllI. I1I'EO'n-rr;J};J1I1H I1POTHB qE,- ,'II
18Y
Bbll\f01'aTeJ1bCTBO npeJJ.CTaBJ1HeT COOOM cpe'::IOHHIO, Kapae-
MYIO nOJKH3HeHHbIMH KaTOp)KHbIMH pa60Ta\MH, npH 1 1eMI, ec.TJII npe-
cTynHHK MYJKCKOrO nona H MO.TIO)Ke IlleCTHaJJ.L(aTH J1eT, 011 rroJJ.-
BepraeTCfl B KaqeCTBe JJ.onOJ1HHTeJ1bH01'O HaKa3alIHH OJJ.HOKpaT-
HOMy Heny6.;IlI'IHOMY TeJleCHOMY HaKa3aHHIO.
3J10HaMepeHuoe cYJJ.eonoe npeCJ1e OBaHHe
(malicious prosecution) ceiiqac nOqTII HeH3MeHHO TpaKTyeTcH KaK
tJHCTO rpaJKJJ.aHCKoe npaBOHapYIlleHlIe, ,rJ:aIOw:ee OCHOBaHlle IICKY
o B03Mew:emm ymep6a, XOTH cpopMa.TJbHO OHO ew:e C'UlTaeTCfl
Y1'0J10BHbIM ,rJ:eflHHeM, B Ka'IeCTBe KOToporo OHO BCTpeqaeTCH
B pa3HbIX cpopMax B HeKOTopbIX CTapbIX, HO ew:e HeOTMeHeHHbIX
3aKOHaX. CaMbIM CTapbIM BHJJ.OM noro pOJJ.a npecTynJ1eHHH
flBJJfleTCfl 3aroBop (conspiracy) JJ.J1fl no.rrY'IeHHH .,'1O)KHOrO 06BH-
HHTe.TJbH01'O aKTa (indictment) no 06BHHeHHIO B TPH3H HJ1H
cpeJJOHHH. 3JJOHaMepeHHoe cYJJ.e6Hoe npeCJ1eJJ.oBaHHe BCTpelJaeTCfl
B cTaTYTax 1300 II 1305 1'1', H B Te'IeHHe HeKoToporo BpCMeHH
OHO 6bIJ10 HaKa3yeMO. Cepbe3HbIM OCHOBaHHeM JJ.J1fl Toro, 'IT06bI
ocnapHBaTb npecTynHbIM xapaKTep )Toro JJ.eflHHH, CJly)KH.'10 TO
06CTOflTeJ1bCTBO, 'ITO iHe.TI'b3H 6bIJ10 06BHHHTb B era COBepweHHH
OJJ.HO J1HL(O, TaK KaK 3arOBOp no He06xoJJ.HMOCTH Tpe6yeT Y1Ja-
CTHfl lIO KpaMHeM Mepe JJ.BYX qeJ10BeK. 3:>.TeM OHO He MOrJ10
CJ1YJKHTb OCHOBaHHeM JJ.J1fl 06BHHIITeJ1bHOrO aKTa no MIICJJ.II-
MHHOp. n03TOMY C KOHna XV B. no JJ.eJ1aM 0 3J10HaMepeHHOM
CYJJ.e6HOM npeCJ1eJJ.oBamIH CTaJ1H npe06.'1aJJ.aTb rpa)KJJ.aHCKIIe
HCKH.
M eM H T e H a H C (maintenance) npeJJ.cTa13.'1HeT C060M .LI,PY-
rOll BHJJ. :moHaMepeHIIoro cYJJ.e6Ho1'o npeCJ1c.LI,oBaHIIfl, KOTOpbIH
BCTpeqaeTCfl B CTapblx cTaTYTax. 3,rJ:ecb peqb B.LI,eT 06 Y1JaCTHH
JJHL(a B Tfl)K6e, B KOTOpOll OHO lIe IIMeeT HIIKaKHX 3aIWHHbIX lUI-
TepecoB. CpeJJ.HeBeK013bIe CYJJ.bI, BepoHTHo ne 6e3 JJ.ocTaT01JHOrO
OCHOBaHHH, c 60J1bIllOM nO,rJ:03pHTeJ1LHOCTbIO OTHOCHJ1HCL K J1IO-
JJ;HM, KOTopLle BMeWI1BaJ1I1Cb' B qY)KHe TH)j{e6I!bIe JJ.eJJa, TeM
oonee, 11,\0 qe.TIOBeK, .LI,06pOB0J1LHO .n.aBaBwHll CBIIJJ.eTe.1bCKHe
nOKa3aHHH 6e3 npHrJ1aIlleHHH cy.n.a, nOJJ.BepraJ1Cfl cepbe3HoMY
PHCKY 6bTTb o6BHlIeHHbIM B KaqeCTBe 06LI'IHoro «cynlfH»
(barrator) I1J1H B026YJJ.HTeJ1H THJKO.
4 0 e M n e p T oH (champerty) 0 npeJl,CTaBJ1HeT c060it oc060 TH
)j{eJ1LIlI BH.n. ivreHIiTE'I1aHC C TOIl OC06e!-lHOCTbIO, qTO mIIWI3HbIli
B 3TOM JJ.eHHHH Bbl1'OBapIIBaeT B BIIJJ.e 0Jl.11aTbI 3a CBOIO nO WW:b',
.n.OJ1IO B O)!{HJJ.aeMOM Bblro,rJ:e B CJ1yqae BbmrpbIllia JJ.ena.
MeMHTeHaHc, qeMnepnr H 6epeTpH (barratry) - CYTH)!{HH-
qeCTBO - npeJJ.cTaBJ1flIOT C060ll MHCJJ.HMllHOp C TOqKII 3peHHH'
o6w:ero npaBa. Ho, nO)J.06Ho 3a1'oBopy, HX celi'Iac He paCCMa-
TpHBaIOT KaK npeCTynJ1eHHH; OHH COnpOBOJKJJ.aIOTCH rpaJKJJ.aH-
CKHM HCKOM 06 yw:epoe co CTOpOHbI J1HL(a, npoTHB KOToporr:
obI.rra HanpaB.TIeH3 TH)!{6a.
182
'1_HTT, Tl'F.TI, r. )TO,-IOBBOE TJl'_\D0
r ,7 A B A XIV
CAHKIJ.HI1 TO.rrOBHOrO DPABA
Ha npoT5DKcHlUI nOC.lej])fI1X IeTblpex I',aaB HaM npHXO;J:H-
.rrOCb HeO,IT,HOKpaTHO ynmH1HaTb 0 pa.3.1HQHbIX H3IGJ.3aHllHX, Ha-
'Jarae:\{bIX npH COBepmemUi pa3HI,IX npeCTynJ1eImH. TenepI"
3aK8WIHB8H 0630p YI'O.1DBHoro npaBa, He06xo,IT,HMO KpaTKO 06'b
S!CHI1Tb npHpo;:I.Y 3THX pa;5"lH<IHbIX naKa3aHI11H, a TaK}!{e II HeKOTO'
pbIX .n:pYI'Hx npoILe.n:yp, HeAaBHo TO.1bKO BBe.n:CHHI,IX He CTO:IbKO
.n:.151 }'CTpallleIUUI, CKO.1bKO C I e:IbIO nepeBOCllHTaHH51 IIJIH Hcnpa-
R1E'HH51 Qe.'10BeI<a, K KOTOPO;\IY OHH npH.\ICH51IOTC51. lv1bI IJa<IHe:\1
(' Toro, lITO IW3I,IBaeTC51 C06CTBC'HRO HaKa3aHlIeM.
1. C}\[ e p T H a 51 !K a 3 H b. C!I'ICpTHa51 Ka3HI" paHbllIe co-
CT3n.-i5IB1II351 06bIlIllOe HaKa3aIme 3a Bce npecTynJ1eHH51, OTHOCH-
i! HC'C51 K (j:!e.IlOHHH, TenepI" KaK Mbl Y}j{e B JJ.emI, npm.leH5!eTC5!
TOJ1bKO 3a <IeTbIpC npecTynJ1CHH5!, a lIMeHHO - rocy.n:apCTBeHHYlO
Jf3?11eHY (hig'lJ treason), npe}],YMbIlllJ1eHHOe y6nilcTBo - Mep.n:3p,
mipaTcTBo C npH:\<leHeWleM n.3CII,lH51 H no.n:)KOr MOpCIUfX CKJ1a-
](OB, 'Kopa6Jleii, rropToB II T. .n:. CMepTHaH iKa9Hb npHRo,IT,IlTC51
B HcnOJ1Herm:e Bcef)J,a noCpe;l,CTBOM nOBeruem15I, XOT51 {pOp',1a.TlbHO
RopoHe npe.n:oCTaBJIeHD npaBo Tpe6DBaTb npHMcHeHIIH cTaporo
n!OcoGa 06e3f"laBJICnu.H B CJi)'JlaHx IUI3HH 3a rocYJ(apcTBeHHYIo
H3MeHY. CMepTH3H K83Hb, I\OTOpnH B TClTel-me cTo.rreTlIH npe.n:-
CTaBv'15Wa C060ll ny6JIHlJHOe 3peJ1HIIl,e, CT3J18 C 1868 r. npo-
HO,!],HTbCH He ny6J1WIHO, nOCKo.1bKY .rr.e:no I\aCaeTC51 06BIIHeHH51
B ?liep.n:3p.
3TO npaBHJIO He OTHOCHTC5! \K )J,pyrHM 06BHHe'HH51M, HO
Ke3MeHT (Casement), 06BHHeUHbIH B rocy.n:apCTl3eI1HOM H3l\-IeHe
B 1916 r., 6blJ1 Ka3HeH BHYTPH TIOpe.MHbIx CTeH. 3a Ka3HbIO
H Te<ICHHe 24 lJaCOB )'I.OrmKHO nOCJIe.n:OBaTb KopoHepCJwe C,,'Ie,II.-
'CTBlIe B OTHOllleHIIII TeJla !Ka3HeHHoro (coroner's inquest); TeJlO
XOpOHlHC5I Ha TIOpe:\iHO'1>1 YlJaCTKe. HapoJI.Y C006IlI.3IOT 0 cOBep-
meHHH Ka3HH nYTcM BbIBelllHBaHH51 IHa HappKHOH CTeHe TIOpbMbI
l<OfiH:ii Bpa le6Horo y.rr.OCTOBepeHH51 0 C!I'Iepnl, 3a51BJIep.HH lllepHCpa
" TOM, QTO npnrOBOp JIO.'DKHbL\1 06P830:\1 npHBe.n.eH B HcnO.1HP-
lme, 'II Bep.rr.HKTa !KOpOHepCKoro )KIOpH.
2. KaT 0 p )K n bI e p a 6 0 T I,I (6Y'KB8J1bHO «yro.noBHoe pa6-
OTBO» - penal servitude) 33?11eHI1JIlIC 1853 r. CCbIJIKY 3a OKean,
TaR KaR 3aOKcaHCKHe BJia.rr.emm KOpOHbI DKOH IaTeJ1bHD DTK83a-
.'1IfCb npH'HHM8Tb npecryrriHHKOB. 3TO H3IK83aHHe nOv'lai"aeTC5! 3a Bce
RaH6oJ1ee T5DKeJII,Ie npecTymleHH51, KpoMe TeX QeTbIpex, KOTopbIe
KapsloTcfl nlepTHoH Ka3JIbIO. OHH !\fOrYT 6bITb npHcY)K1{eHbI
TOJThKO noc.'1e Bep,J,HKTa MaJiDI'O COCTaBa npnCfl>KHbIX npn npeJ(a-
HMII cy.rr.y C 06mmHTeJIbHbIM aKTO i - MamCTpaTa\UI H"l11 no
aepJU'IKTY KopoHepcKoro MIOpH. DocJ1e HeKoTopblX !w.1e6aHHH
6b1J!o )'CTaHOBJIeHO, lITO MHHHIIIa.'1bHbIH CpOK KaTOp)KHbIX pa60T
r:I\B.\ XIY. ("\III:i(1-111 TO.'hJ\lllt)n) 111'.\11-\
!f<3
-<:OCTaBJI5IeT TPH rOAa, HO qaCTO, KaK !lIbI BH.rr.e.1H, K HBM npBCY-
)f{AaIOT nmKH3HeHHO. B Tex C.1Y'laHX, IwrAa KaTOp1KHble pa60Tbr
npe)J,nHCbIBaIOTCH nap';Ia:\leHTCKHM aKTO:l1, CYA MO.>KeT no CBoe:VIY
YC'MOTp€HHIO 3aMeHHTb llX TlOpeMHbIM 3aKJJIOtJeHHeM )J,O Jl.BYX
-JIeT, C TH1KeJIbIMH pa60TaMH HJIH 6e3 HHX, eCJIH TOJIbKO B caMOM
-<lKTe He COAep1KHTC5I Cne HaJlbHOM orOBO'pKH 0 TO , tJTO 3a eHa
He pa3pernaeTCH.
KaTOp)IHlbIe pa60TbI Ha'lImalOTCH C .KopOTKoro nepH();r:a
'OJl.HHOtJHoro 3aKJIIO'lemIH, 3a KOTOpbIM CJ1e.n:YIOT T5J)KeJIbI€, HO
He B CypOBbIX yCJIOBHHX pa60TbI R CeJIbCKOI\1 x03HiicTBe, 13 Ka_ le-
HOJIOMHHX H )J,pyrHc nOA OT'KpbITbIM He60M HJIiH B TIOpeMHbIx
MaCl'epCKHx.
Do CHCT{ Me KaT()p1KHbIX pa60T, YCTaHOBJICIiHOH B 1853 r.,
CpOK HX M01KeT 6bITb cOKpaIlI,eH npH xoporneM nOBe.n:CHHlI
oCY)KAeHHOro, n OH ,MmKeT nOJJYtJHTb YCJIOBHOe oCBo6mK)J,eHHe
Ha OCHosaHHH Cne HaJIbHOrO pa3perneHHH HJIH oTnyoKHoro
VllJIeTa. 3TOT HHCTIiTYT 6bIJI 3aHMCTBOBa.H H3 cTapblx npaBHJI
o COCJIaHHbIX 3a OKeaH npecTynMH ax H C Tex nop HrpaeT' 60JIb-
rnylO pOJIb B CHCT€Me KaTOp1KHbIX paGoT. Y CJIOBlUI, npH KOTOpbIX
BbI)];aIOTCH pa3pemeHHH Ha YCJIOBHOe oCB060)j{.n:eHlle 11 npH KOTO-
pblX OHB OTMeHHIOTCH, H3JImKeHbI B AKTe 0 K3TOp1KHbIX pa60Tax
1864 r. (penal Servitude Act 1864); caMa <popMa 3THX 6HJIeTOB
TIIJ:aTeJlblIO onHcaHa B 3aKOHe. ECJIH KaTOp)KHHK, )J,OCpO'lHO
OCI30601KJ!.eHHbli:r, He I3bIDOJ1HHT OAHoro H3 Tex YCJIOBHH, Ha OCHO-
BaHHH KOTOpblX OH 6bW YC,TIOBHO oCB06mK.n:eH, TO OH npHrOBapH-
BaeTCH ;K 'IIOBOMY HaKa38'mHO B TPH MeCH a TIOpeMRoro 3aKJIlO-
tJeHHH. ECJIlI )!{C OH B nepHO)J, CBoeu cB06o)J,br COBeprnHT BOBoe
npe<CT'YllJIeHne, npe.n:yoIOTpeHHoe yrOJIOBHbIM npaBOM, TO oTny-
' KHOI I 6llJleT oT6HpaeTCH; B )J,onOJIHeHHC K HaKa3aHHIO 3a HOBoe
npeCTyn.1JeHHe, OH 3aTeM AOJ1J!{eH 6y.n:eT OT6bITb OCTaIOIIJ:nHCH
CpOK CEoero nepBOHa'laJIbHOro npnrOBopa. K KaTOp1KHbIM pa6o-
Ta:l1 He MorYT npHroBapnBaTbC5I JIH a MO.'IO)Ke CeMHa)]; aTH JJeT.
3. T IOp C MHO e 3 a JJ IO '1 e iH He, T. e. cO.ll.ep1Ka'RHe B 3)];a-
HHH orpaHHtJeHHoro pa3Mepa 6e3 3aHHTHH Ha OTKpbITOM B03J!.yxe.
Cei:rtJac C1JHTaeTCH, '-ITO, IIPH paBHoM cpOKe, TIOpeMHoe 38K.':IlOtJe-
1me npe.n:CTaB,ll5!eT C06011 60JIee cypoBoe :HaKa3aH'He, tJeM KaTOp1K-
HbIe pa6oTbI, oc06eHHo, eC.1H OHO Aei1cTBHTe.1JhHO cOnpOBO)K.n:aeTcH
T5I1KeJIbIMH pa60Ta 1H. 00310;\IY OHO pe)l.<Ko npHcY)K.lI.aeTCfl Ha
CpOK 60.rree )J,BYX JIeT 3a e.n:HIHn'lHOe npecTynJIeHHe. O)J,HaKo,
Kor.rr.a K TlOpeMHolllY 3aKJII01JeHHlO npHroBapHBaeTcfl 'leJJOBeK
oc06eHHo .lI.ypHoro nOBe.ll.eHHfl, TO OH M01KeT nOJIYtJHTb HecKOJIbK.
nOCJIe)J,OBaTeJIbHbrX CpOKOB B .n:Ba rO)J,a 3a pH)J, npecTynJJeHHH HJ1H
TlOpeMRoe 3aKJIIOtJeHHe MO.>KeT 6bITb .n:a1Ke 3aMeHeHO iKaTop)K--
HbIMU pa60TaMII. Pe6eHOK I\IO.nmKe 14 JIeT He M01KeT 6bITb
npHCY.>K.n:en K TIOpbMe, a no.n:pOCTOK B B03p8CTe Me)K)1.Y 14
11 17 rO)J,8MH MO)KeT 6b!Tb npHroBopcH K TIOpeMHoMY 38KJJIO-
]84
qACTT, Tl'EThH. >TO:IOBHUE Ii PARi)
qeHlUO TOJJbKO B TOM CJIyqae, eMH OH He npHrOJl,eH Jl,Jlfl
COJl,ep>KaHI1H B cneIJ;HaJJbHOM Jl,OMe 3aKJJIO'leHHH Jl,JIH HeCOBep-
llIeHHOJJeTHHX (<<remand home»).
TIOpeMHo SaKJIIOqeHHe C TH>KeJIbIMH pa60TaMH npeJl.<:Ta-
BJIHeT HaKa3aHHe, npeJl.ycMoTpeHHoe TOJJbKO saiKOHOM; T nepb,
B CBH3H C 113MeHeHHHMH B flpaBI1JIaX 0 TIOpbMax (Prison
Rules), OHO eJl.Ba OTJJli'laeTCH OT npOCToro TlOpeMiHoro 33KJJIO-
'leHHSI.
4. T e JI e C H bI e H a !K a 3 a H H H. 1I.JIH HeIOpHCTa MO>KeT
OKa3aTbCH HeO>KHJl.aHiHbIM, tJTO, HecMoTpH Ha orpoMHble ycnexB,
JJ,OCT1!:r:RYTbIe 3a nOCJJeJl.Hee CTOJIeTHe B CMHrqeHHH CypOBOCTH
jTOJIOBHOrO npaBa, iK TeJIeCHoMY HaKa3aHlHO MO>KHO Bce ew:e BO
MIHorHX CJIy11aHx npHroBapuBaTb Ha 3a!KOHHOM OCHOB8tHHH.
T eJIeCHOe HaKa3aHHe >KeHW:HH rocYJl.apCTBeHHbIMH Jl.omKHO-
CTHbIMH JJHIJ;aMH 6bIJJO OKOHqaTeJIblHO OTMeHeHO B 1820 r.; Bo06me
TO, tJTO lHa3bIBaeTCH «TeJI CHOe HalKa3aHH{' TIO 06w:eMY npaBY»,
T. e. TeJJeCHOe HaKa3aHHe, HaJJO>KeHHOe He no npfl:\10rvry npe)1.-
IllioaHHIO CneUHaJJ.bHoro 3aKOH8, OIfMetHeHO B 1914 r. l(poMe Toro,
B 'reX CJI'Y'laHX, 1K0rJl.a npHroBop 0 TeJJ€CHOM IHaK83amIH BbIHeceH
3a npecTynJIeH'He, cOBepllleHHDe C npHMeHeHH€'M CHJIbI, H3
OCHOBaHlIH AKTa 0 npecTynJJeHHfIX npOTIIB JIH'lHOCTlI 1861 r. HJIH
AKTa 0 BOpoBcTBe 1916 r., iKOJJH11eCTBO YJJ.apoB, KOTopble JJ.OJI>KHbl
6bITb H lHeceHbI, H opYJJ.He, KOTopoe HaJJ.JIeJKlIT yno e6JIHTb,
JJ.OJJ>KiHbI 6bITb TOqHO onpeJJ.eJJeHbI B npHroBope cY)1.a. llHC.iIO
y)1.apOB He rMO>KeT npeBbIllIaTb JJ.BaJJ.IJ;aTH I1HTH (HaHOCHMbIX 6epe-
30BbIMH p03raMH), KOrJl.a JJ.e.T!O KaCaeTCH iMaJIb'HrKDB MJJaJJ,me
llleCTHaJJ.IJ;aTH JJeT, a B OCTaJIbHbIX CJIY'laHX B OTHomeHHH .'nnt
MY>K:CKoro nOJIa He MO>KeT npeBbIlllaTb nflTHJJ.eCHTH.
I<:or)J;a K Te'JIeCHOMY BaKa3aHl1IO npHCY>K)1.aIOT MamCTpaTbI,
TO OHM TaK>K 06fl38HbI TOqHO onpe.n;eJIHTb qaCJJO YJJ.apOB H
opYJJ.He, HO B 3TOMCJIyqae 'llICJJO YJJ.apOB, HaHOClIMbIX M8JIbqHKY
I!\IJI.a,IT,me qeTblpHaJJ.IJ;aTH JJeT 6epe30BbIMlI p03raMH, He IMO}KeT
npeBbIlllaTb JJ.BeHaJJ.IJ;aTH. HH'!{TO He MO>KeT nOJJ.BepraTbCH TeJIeC-
HOMY HaKa3aHHIO CBbIllle O,IT,HOro pa3a 3a QJI;HO npecTynJIeHlJe;
HenpHCTOMHoe 3peJJlIw:e ny6JIHqHbIX TeJJeCHbIX HaKa3aHHM JJ.aBHO
Y>Ke OTMeHeHO.
5. ill T P a 4>. 1I.eHe)KHbIe HaKa3aHlIH flBJ1HIOTCH CTape:HlllHIIHf
CaHKIJ;H5IMH B yrOJIOBHOM npaBe; 06w:ee npaBO He OrpaHlI'llIBaeT
CYMMbI lllTpa4>a. BeJJILKaH xapTHH BOJJbHOCTeI1 H ,lIeKJJapaIJ;HH
npaB YCTaHOBHJIH iHe'KOTopbIe HX npeJJ.eJIbI B orpa>KJJ.eHHe OT
tJpe3MepHbIX IlITpa4>oB. Ho JJ.JlSl npeJJ.ynpe>KJJ.eH'HH 3JloynoTpe6JIe-
HI1M rop83JJ.O 60JJblllee 3Ha qeH'He HMeJIl1 Orpa'HHqeHHH, YCT8HO-
BJIeHHble B HeJJ.aBHHe rOJJ.bII 3aKOHaMH B OTHomeHHH OTJJ.eJJbBbIX
npeCTynJIeHHM. npH 'Ha.nO>KeHHH IlITpac}Ja 3a npecTynJIeHHSI.
npe<CJJeJJ.yeMble B 110pMKe 06B'RHHTe"JIbHOrO 3KTa, OCY>KJJ.eHHbIH
J'JIABA XIV. ('AHIl\.I\llll 'rOJIOBHOrO IIP,ABA
It&
B C.ilyqae HeYIJJIaTbI MO)KeT 6bITb no.rr.BeprHYT TlOpeMHOMY
3aKJ11O'leHHIO. Ho 3aKOHbl 1914 II I 35 1'1'. CHJlbHO OrpaHJ1QHJIH
npaBo ManlcTpaToB 3aKJIIOLJaTb B TIOpbMY 3a HeynJIary lllTpa43a.
HaJIO>KeHHOro Cy.rr.aMlI cYMMapBoM IOPHC)!;HiK llH, TaI< 1Ke KaK3a
HeBbInOJJHeHHe npHKa30B 06 ynJJ£lTe aJIHMeHTOB HJIH MeCTHbJX
HaJJOrOB. UeJIb BToporo 3aKOHa 3aKJJIO'laeTCH B npe.n;oTBpall.{eiHllH
TOfO, 'lTO M01KiHO 6bJJJO 6bI Ha3BaTb «aBTOMaTU'leOKHM 3aKJIIOQ('-
HHeM», T. e. B npe.n.oTBpall.{eHHH TIOpeMHOro 3aKJIIO'leHlIH, KaK
;pe3YJIbTaTa .n.oKa3aHHoM HeynJIaTbI. B Tex CJIY'laHX, KOr)!;a .rr.eJIO
H.rr.eT 0 iHaJJOmeHHH lI1Tpa43a, Ha.n.o paCCJJe.n;oBaTb HMyw:ecTBeHHoe
nOJIO>KeHHe npecTynHHKa, B ()CTaJIbHbIX )!;BYX CJIyqaHX HeooxoJJ.HMO
IIMeTb )!;aHHble 06 lIMyw:ecTBeHHoM nOJIOJKeHHII npe>K.n;e, 'leM BbJ-
HOCHTb npHroBop 0 TIopeMHoM 3aKJJIO'leHlIH.
6. PH K 0.1' H H 3 e H C (Ricognizances). Pv,;KorHH3eHC, T. e.
pY'lateJJbCTBO, npe.n;CTaBJIHeT C060M OqeHb .n;peBHlIM H 6JJarOTBOp-
HbJM HHCTHTYT, BeCbMa 6JIH3KHH K IllTpa<py, HO HMelOll.{HM xapaKTep
He CTOJIbKO KapaTeJJbHbIH, CKOJIbKO npeBeHTHBHbIM. OH 3aK.IlIO-
'laeTCH B npe.n;JJO>KeHHH OCY>K.n;eHHOMY npH3HaTb CBon .n;OJJf KopOHe
c .n;a<ielO liJIli 6e3 jJ,a<ili rropY<iliTeJIbCTBa. 3TOT pliKOfHli3eHC
IIMeeT xapalnep ()6H3aHHOCTH, KOTo.paH B03JIaraeTCH Ha
OCY)KjJ,eHHoro H 3aKJIIOLJaeTCH B HBRe B cy.n }:!.JIH cy.n:e6Horo
npo ecca, H B XOpOlI1eM nOBe.n:eHlIH Bo06w:e HJIll rOJIbKO B HeHapy-
meHlm MHpa. ECJIlI JIH O, .n:aBmee 06H3aTeJIbCTBO, He BbIIIo.JIHHT
KaKOrO-JJH60 1I3 3TllX YCJIOBlIH, TO plIKorH1I3eHC npHBOJJ.HTCH
B HCnOJIHeHHe, T. e. B3HMaeTCH CYMMa, Ha KOTOPYIO OCYR<.n;eHHbIH
HJIH nopY'llIBmlIeOI 3£1 Hero Jnl a npH3HaJITI ceOH OOH3aHHbIMH
B OTIWmemiH KOpo.HbJ. B nOJI:o.OHbIX CJIY'laHX He 06H3aTeJIbHO
TpeoyeTcH .n;OKa3aTeJIbCTBO, 'lTo. HMeJIOCh B BH.n;y <paKTHLJeCKO
HapymeHHe MHpa.
7. fl 0 JIll e MO K H M H a l1. 30 P npel1.CTaBJIHeT 60JJee co-
BpeMeHHYIO <l>OPMY npeBeHTllBHoro MeponplIHTlIH, 'leM pHKorHH-
3€HC. OH Be)!;eT CBo.e HaqaJJO C 1871 r. J1 MO)KeT 6bITb nplIMe'HeH
BO Bcex CJIyqaHX, Kor.n;a npH cy.rr.e6HoM pa30HpaT€JJbCTBe .rr.eJJ3,
no KOTo.pOMY OOBllHHeMbIH nplIBJIeKaeTCH Ha OCHo.BaHllH 06BJ1HH-
TeJlbHOro. aRTa, 6y.n;eT 06HapYR<eHo, 'lTo. 011 Y)Ke npe)K.n:e 6bIJJ
OCY)K.n;eH no yro.JIOBhOMY JJ.eJIY. B 3TOM CJIyqae ero MorYT npH-
fOBOpHTb, no lICTe'leHJ111 cpOKa HaKa3aHHH 3£1 BTopoe npecTynJJe-
Hlle, K COCTOHHlllO no..n; H3JJ.30pOM nOJ1HII:rm H3 CpOJ{ He CBblwe
ceMH JIeT. B TeqeHI1e 3To.ro nepI10)J.3 OH 06H3aiH C006ll.{3Tb MeCT-
HbJM nOJIH eM,aKHM BJJ3CTHM nyTeM JIll'lHo.M HBKH CBOM a.rr.pec II
H3Bew:aTb IIX 06 ero H3MeHeHlIlJ, HBJlHHCb pa3 B MeCH K cTapm6MY
nOJII1 eHcKoMY 'lI1HY CBoero OKpyr3. KpoMe TOro, eCJJH .n;3>Ke cyl1.
He BbJiHeC npHrOBopa 0 nOJIH eHCKOM H3.rr.30pe, TO C'lHTaeTCH, 'lTO
qeJIOBeK, OCY>K)!;eH'HbIM 3£1 npeCT)'nJJeHHe, no KOTOPOMY npecJIen:o-
BaHHe B030Y1K)J.3eTCH Ha OCHOBaHHII 06B'HHHTeJIbBOrO aKTa, nOCJJC
Toro, KaK paHee OH 1Ke 6bJ.Ti OCY>K.rr.eH 3£1 .n;pyroe npecTynJJeHHe,.
185
'I--\CTI, 'l'l'ETbH. ;\TO;:rOBIIOE 111'_\1)0
. '6e3pa3JIlI'lHO KaKUe, HapymaeT AKT 0 npe.ll.ynpe)K.n;eRHH npe
,cTyn.'leHI1H (Prevention of Crimes Ac) H nO,iJ,BepraeT ce6H onac-
HOCTII TlOpeMHoro 3aK.'I10QeRIIH H3 ro.ll. C TH2KeJJbIMII pa60TaMH
IiJUi 6e3 RIiX, B TO 1 caYlJac, CC.1II OH B KaKO I-JIIf60 OTHomeHHH
Be.n;eT ce6H nO,J,03pHTeJ1bHo.
8. n p e B e H T 11 B Hoe T 10 P e M ROC 3 a K J1 10 'I e II Ii e. AKT
o npe,n:ynpe)K,n:eRIIIl IlpcCTyn,rreHlIH 1908 r. (Prevention of Crimes
Act 1908) C03,n:aJI eI.IJ:C CIiJ1bHee .n;eHcTBYIOI.IJ:YIO <POPMY Ha6J1IO,n:e-
HH H. OH YCTaH3DJ1lmaeT, QTO 13 Tex CJ1y t laHx, Iwr,n:a K8KOll-JlH60
1.1€nOBeK oCY)K,n:eH 3a <pe:loHIIIO H.TlH 3a K8KOli-HIi6Y.lI.b II3 60JIee
cepbc3RbIX BH,iJ,OB MIIC;J.ll:\-IHHopa H no c06cTBeHHo:.!y npH3HaHH1O
liJ1n cor .rmCHO Bep,D;lIKTa npllCH)KHbIX HBJ1HeTCH «npJ1BbI'IRbIM npe-
CT)'nRIIKOM», T. e. 6bIJI paHbUIe no KpaHHeM Mepe TpH)K.n;b!
OCY.iK.lI.CH 3a no;:r:06Roe )Ke npecTynJIeHlle Ii eCJ1l1 OR nOCTOHRHO
BeJ! 6eC'IeCTHYIO IIJ1H npecTynRYIO )KH3Hb, TO cy,n:, KOTOpbIH BbI-
HOCIIT eMY rrOCJle;:r:HHH npl1rOBOp, OCy.n;I1B ero Ha KaTOp)KRble pa-
60TbI, MO)j(eT npIIrOBopHTb ero MII<HHMYM K DHTII H MaKCIIMYM K
.n;eCHTII ro;:r:aM npeBeHTIIBRoro TlOpeMHoro 3aKJ1IO'IeHHH, KOTopoe
H8 t HIH8CTC5I nOCJ1e OT6bITIIH K3TOP)KRbIX pa60T. npe13eHTIIBHoe
38KJ1IOlIeiHIle oT6bIBaeTCH B TIOpbM-e, II 3aK.TIIOQeRRbIll nO.ll.J1e)KIIT
TaKOMY 1KC pe)!{llMY, KaK npn KaTOp}KHbIX pa60T3X. B TO )Ke
BpeMH AKT 0 npe.n:ynpe)K;:r:eHHH npecTynJ1eHnH npe.n;I1HCbIBaeT
nOCTcneHHO Ci\I5IrQaTh 13 OTHomCRIIl1 ::noro npeCTYIIRHKa cypo-
BOCTL JUICIJ.HIl,1I1RbI H, npIIB.'leKa5I ero K lJaII60J1ee nO.ll.Xo;:r:5IIl HM
,n:.'I5I Hero pa60T8'\I, ;:r:aTb CMY B03'\IO)KHOCTb nocne oCB0(0)KJI.eHliH
QeCT1IO 3apa6aTbIBaTL ce6e cpe;:r:CTBa ,na CYIl\eCTBOBaHHe H no-
CTeneIHIO nOJI.rOTOBIITb ero B03Bp3I.IJ:eHHe K rpa)KJI.aHCKOH )KH3HII.
Ka)!UI.ble TPH rO/la JI.e.'!o ero nepeCMaTpHBaeTC5I MI1HHCTpOM
BHYTpemH1X ;:r:eJI ,lI,J15I pemeHIIH Bonpoca, M02KeT JIll OR 6bITb
OCBOOmKJI.CH no OTnYCKHOMY 6II.1J€TY HJII1 )!{e Ha HCnbITaHHe, C
nOC.leJl.YI0I.IJ:IUr COKpaI.IJ:eHIIeM CPOI<a.
HaiJWReIJ., HeJI.aBHO npII paCCMOTpeHlUI OJI.HOrO JI.eJIa ObIJIO
pemeJ-IO, lITO nOJIO)!{eHHe, r.'!aC5Ill ee: «TOT, KTO 6bI.rr HeKOrJI.a
npMBbI'I,HbIM npecTynHIfKmI, BCerJI.a HM OYJI.eT», He Bu;:r:ep)KHB3eT
. KPHTHKH, Ii XOTH oCY)!{JI.eHHbIH, KOHe'IHO, He l\IO)KeT OCB060JI.HTbCH
OT CnIICKa BbIHeceIIHbIX e ry npe)K.lI.e npI1rOBOpOB, HO O;:r:HU TOT
tPaKT, 'ITO OH 0,.'J,II8!KJ:bI 6bI.'! 3ah..1 lh1eH B Ka qeCTUe rrpHBbI'IIIOrO
npeCTynRIIKa, He JI.eJIaeT ero TaKOBbIM HaBCerJI.a. EC.1H npH B03-
EHKIll\'M nnOCJJe,lI,CT13III1 ;:r:ene 06BHHHT'eJlb 6Y.ll.eT Ha EITOr.! OCHO-
BaHlm Tpe60BaTb npeueHTHBIIoro TlOpe!l-IHorO 3aK.lI0qeHH5I, TO OR
.n;o.:l2KeH JI.OKa3aTb, 'ITO 06BHH5ICMbIH 5IBJ1}je1'CH B HaCTOHI.IJ:ee BpeM5I
npHBbr'IHbIM npecTynHHKoM.
9. Bop C T a J1 b C K H M P e )K H M. TOT )Ke 3aKOH, KOTOpbIM
YCTauOBlf:I CaHKll,HIO npeBe.J-lTHHHOrO TlOpeMHoro 3aK.TJIOQeHHij, BBeJI
B K)mry cTaTYToB HOBbIM: BH;:r: caHKI.(HH JI.JIH HecoBeprneHHOJ1eTHHX,
lf3EE'CT'PhTH nolI. H33BamICM «BopcTa.%cKaH CIICTeM<1» {Borstal
I'.:IAI3A XIV. CAIII,TJJIH ;H'o.;:rOBJIOro IIPABA
187
system). Ha3BaHlre 3TO CJIY'WUHoe: OHO npol1CXOJI.HT OT Ha313amUI
,n:epeBHlI, 13 KOTopor"r 3a HeCKO.lbKO JleT JI.O Toro ObIJIO OTKpblTO C
Dnb1THb1MH ll.e.iI5L\UI 60.ilbllloe HcnpaBI1TeJIbHOe 3aBe.n:eHHe .n:.i1H :'Horo
pOJI.8 npecTymlHKoB, JI.amnee I1fHoroo6ell.{aIOmHe pe3YJ1bTaTbI.
Ec.rm cy.rr. BbIHOCHT 06BHHHTe.TJbHbri'r npnr0130p HeC013eprneH-
HOJIeTH€:\lY 13 B03paCTe Me)K.n:y llleCTHa.n:ll.aTbIO Ii JI.BaJI.ll.aTbIO OJI.HHM
rOJI.OM 3a npecTym1eHHc, BJleKYI.JJ:ee KaTOp>KHb1e pa60Tb1 HJIH TIO-
pe:\lHoe 3aKJIIO"lJeHHe, H eCJIH npH 'PaCOMOTpeHHH JI.eJIa 06HapY>KHTCH,
'ITO BC,;leJI.CTBHe npecTynHb1x npH13bIqeK HJIH Ha.KJIOHHOCTeH HJIH
oCBH3eH C .mo.rr.bMH )lYPHOH penYTamiH >KeJIaT'eJIbHO npHEHTb )'Ka-
3aHHYro Mepy, AKT 1908 r. ynOJIHOMaqHBaeT cYJI. BMeCTO 06bIqHbiX
CaHKll.HU npHro13opHTb ero K nOMew:eHlUO B 60pCTaJIbCKOe yqpetK-
;:(CHHe Ha CpOoK He Menee, 'leM OJI.HH ro.n: H He 60JIee, qCM TPH rOJI.a.
3Ta )Ke I\!epa MO}!{eT 6blIb npHHHTa B OTHOIlleHHH HecoBeprneImo-
,TIeTHerO npecT)'nHI1Ka, 0613HHeHHoro 3a HapYllleHlre JI.HCll.HnJIH<Hb1
B «o.n:oGpeHHoi'l» lllKOJIe, a I1lHHHCTp 13HYTpeiHiHHX JI.eJI MO>KeT nepe-
BeCTH B 60pCTaJIbc.KHe yqpe)KJI.eHHH JII06oro npecTynHHKa «6op-
CTaJIbCKOrO B03pacTa», oT6bIBaIOlI1.erO B JI.aHHoe 13peMH KaTop}j{HbIe
pa60Tb1, TaiK 'ITO OCTaTOK C13oero cpoKa OH npoBeJJ..eT B 60pera.lb-
CKHX yqpe)K.n:eHHHX. 3aJI.aqa HX, COrJIaCHO 3aKoH)' 1908 1'., 3a-
K,;1IO'laeTCH B To:\l, 'lTOUb1 06Y'lHTb peMec..1JY, JI.a":"b JI.pyrHe 3Ha'HHSI
II OKa3aTb T3KO€ JI.HCll.Wll.1JHHHpYIOw:ee If HpaBcTBeHHoe B03JI.eH-
CT13He, KOTopoe npHBeJIO 6bI K HCnpa13JIeHHlO COJI.ep)K3nurXcH 13 HMX
mrll. H K npC,D,OTBp3I.JJ:€HIIIO npecTynJ1CHHH.
3aKJIIOqeHHb1e B 60pCTa.nbCKOM yqpe)K.n:eHlUJ MorYT Ob1Tb
YCJI013HO OCB0(0)K.n:eHb1 no.n:06HO ,TIHll.aM, oT6bIBaroW:HIvI CpOK
KaTOp)KHbIX pa60T, HO TO.nbKO He paHee KaK nOCJI>C OT6b1THH rn€CTg
:'\IeCHll.e13 JIHll.aI\IH MY}!{CKOro no:ra, II Tpex MeCHll.e13 - JIHll.aIlIH }j{eH-
CKoro nOJIa, npHTOI\I TOJIbKO 13 TO:\I CJ1YQae, ec:m Hal1.I!,€TCH. KTO-
Hlr6YJJ.b, KTO CorJI<tCHTCH B351Tb ilIa ce6H Ha.n:30p H onCKY HaJI. OC-
B06mKlI.eHHbIIII H.'111 oC13o(0)KfteHIWU. KpOI\1e Toro, noc.1Je HCTe'le-
HHH CpOK3. JIHll.O, COJI.ep)Ka13llieeCH 13 60pCTaJIbCKOM yqpe)K)J,eHlIH,
OCTaeTC5J. rroJI. Ha1I.3opOM nO.1Hll.HH B TeqeHHe meCTH MeCHll.eB. ECJI'l{
HHCneKTIIPYIOIl Hj'1 Ko:\1Hr-eT (Visiting Committee) HaM,n:eT, 'lTO
cOJJ.f'p)KaIl HikH TailI HeCOBeplll€HHo.'1e'DIIHH HencnpaBHM H OKa3bI-
BaeT .I!,)'pHoe R.;lHHHHe ;-fa JI.pyrnx, TO OIl MO>KCT ObITb rrepeBeJI.eH
B 06b1'lIHYIO TlOpb:\IY JVI5! oT6bIBaHHH Ta:\1 oCTaroIl erocH eMY cpOKa
3aiKJIIO'leHl151. .
10. Co.n: e P)I{ a H H e 13 y 6 e 1K H me JJ. JI 51 n b H H H ll.. AKT
o nbHHIIl ax 1898 r. (Inebriates Act 1898) YCTaHoBH.1 HCnpaBlITe.lb-
Hbri'l pen\H:\1 .I!,.;lH npecTynHHKo13 JI.pyroro pO,.'J,a. OH BBe.l npHHY-
JI.IITe.lbHoe COJJ:ep}!{aHHe 13 rocYJI.apcT13eHHO;\1 Hcnpa13HTeJIbHOM
3aBC;IeHHH JI.1H nbHHHll. (n.nn B aiHaJIOrH'l'I-lOM 3a13e.n:eHHH, pa3pe-.
meHHO:\I npaBHTeJIbCT13oM) Ira CpOK 'He CBb1Ille Tpex JIeT BCHKoro
Ge.l0Be.Ka, oc'y)K.I!,eHHOrO 3a npecTynJIeUHe, Kapae:\we TlOpeMHLi'vi
33KJlIO'leuf'lieM H.1M KaTOp1KHbJ:\IH pa60T8MH; 3Ta CaHKll.HH npH Ie-
\88
'J)\.<Jl'L TPEThfT. TO;'IOBHOE !IPABO
HSIeTCSI B CJJYlJ:ae, KOr)J,a cy,lJ. y6e)KJJ,eH, lJ:TO npecTynJJemle 6bJ.TIG
COBepJlIeHO noJJ, BJIIUlHlIeM onbHHeHIIH, II npecTynHIIK npH3HaeT
IIJJII npflCH)KHble CII:HT3IOT, lJ:TO OH npHBbIlJ:HbIM nbfIHIIIJ,a. KpOMe
Toro, !Ka)K,lJ.bIM lIeJIOBGK, oCY>KJJ,eHHbIM B H lIeHIre ,lJ.BeHaJJ,IJ,arn
lIfeCHIJ,eB lJ:eTblpe pa3a 33 OJJ,H 1I3 MHOrOlJ:UCJIeHHbIX npOCT 'nKOB,
OTHOCHlIJ,IIXCH K rpynne CJIYlJ:aeB T. H. «KB3JImplIlmpOB3HHoro'
onbSIHeHIIH», eCJIH OH npli TOM nplIBbllJ:HbIH nbSIHIIIJ,a, :MO)KeT 6blTb
npnCY)KJJ,eH K cOJJ,ep)KaHHIO B TelJ:eHlIe TaKoro )Ke CpOK3 B Hcnpa-
BHTeJIb!JIOM 3aBeJJ,eHIIH JJ,JISI nbHHflIJ" pa3peJlIeHHOM npam!TeJlbC1'BOM.
HaKOHeIJ" Kor,lJ.a KaKOM-JJII60 lJ:eJJOBeK OCY)KJJ,eH na OCHOBaHIiH
AKTa 0 JJ,eTSIX 1908 r. (Children Act 1908) 3a )KeCTOKOe o6pa-
lIJ,eHlIe co CBOIiM pe6eHKoM IIJiH C pe6eHKoM lJ:eJJOBeKa, C KOTOpbIM
OH (ocY)KJJ,eHHbIM) )KIIBeT, H CYJJ, y6e)KJJ,eH, lITO OH HBJlHeTOI npHBbllI-
HbIM nbHHUIJ,eM, TO cytIJ. MO)Kerr (O)J,\H,aKO, 1'OJIbKO C COrJIaCHSI OCY)K-
lJ,eH'HOrO H npH BbIDOJIHeHHH He!KOTOpbIX ,lJ.pyrHx YCJIOBHii) 3aMeHJ{T
npHrOBop IK TlOpeMHoMY 3aKJIIOlJ:eHlIIO pa'CJ10pH)KeHHeM 0 cOJJ,ep-
}I<aIHHII B IIcnpa'BHTeJJbHOM 3aBe:n.eHIIIi B TelJ:eHlIe He 60.TJblile, lJ:eM
lI.BYX JIeT.
11. l1 C n bI l' a Hue (Probation). BepoHTHo caMoe CMeJIOe
MeponpHHTHe aHrJI'lIMCKOrO yrOJIOBHOrO npaB3 B HaJlIeM CTOJIeTHH
npeJJ,cTaBJIHeT C060M Ta )J,IICKpeUIIOHHaH BJIaCTb, KOTopaSI 6blJla
BnepBble npeJJ,ocTaBJIeHa CYJJ,aM [I 1887 r., a 3aTeiM 6bl.'Ia no.ll.-
TBep)K.lI.eHa H CBSI3aHHble C eH np3Ba cHcTeMaTlI3HpoBaHbl B AKTe
06 HcrIblTaHlU1 npecTynHuKoB 1907 f. (Probation of offenders
Act 1907). 1(0r,lJ.a cy,lJ. npH3HaeT BHHOBHblM lJ:eJIOBeKa, 06BuHHeMoro
B npecTynJIeHHII, TpeoYIOlIJ,eM JJ,JIH CBoero npelCJJe.ll.OBaHIiH 06BllHH-
TeJJbHOrO aKTa U lKapaeMoM TlopeMHblM 33K.JIIOlJ:eHlIeM, TO OH MO)KeT
OCBOOOJJ,H'Tb ero Ha HCnblTaiHHe, BCJIe.n.C11B'lIe COCTOHHHSI ero 3)1,0-
pOBbH, B03paCT'a, npe)J,JlIeCTBYIorn.ero 06pa3a >KH3IUI, ypOBHSI-
YMCTBeHHoro pa3BHTHH, HIIlJ:TO)KIIOrO xapaKTepa npeCTYI1JIeHliH
HJIH 'CMSIrlJ:alOlIJ,'liX BH!JIY 06CTOSITeJIbCTB. O)J,HaKO, T,aKoe OCBO-'
6mK,lI,eHHe B03MmKlHO JIIIJlIb no)J, YCJ10BI1eM, lITO H OCBOOO}l{JJ,eHHbIM
Ha HCnbITaHlie npliMeT Ha ceoSI OOH3aTeJIbCTBO (c nopYlJ:IITe.TIb-
CTBOM ,lI,PYfHX J1'lIIJ, HJJH oe3 nero) B 1'OM, lITO OH 6Y.ll.CT ce6H xo-
pOJlIO BeCTIi 'l1 HBUTCH B 'cYJJ, B CJIYlJ:aeBbI30Ba B JII060H IOMeHT
B TelIeHHe nepHO)I,a, YKa33HHoro B paCrrOpH)KeHHU 06 IICnbITamIH,
HO He npeBblJlIaIOIIJ,erO TpeX JIeT, B JJ,eJIax cYMMapHoH IOpHC.lI.HKIum
CY.ll. MO)KeT HTTII eIlJ,e .lI.3JJbJlIe 11 npeKpaTIITb npeCJJe,lJ.OBaHlie HJIlI
CHSITb o6BHHeHHe, rrpHlJ:eM B 3THX CJ1YlIaHX OH .lI.OJ1)KeH pacnop51-
.l(UTbCSI, lIT06bl 06BuHHeMblH B03MeCTliJi ylIJ,cp6, npnlIHHeHHblH ero
npecTynHblM JJ,eMcTBHeM.
CY.lI. MO)KeT TaK)Ke pacnopSIJJ,nTbcH, lJ:To6bl 06fl3aTeJIbCTBO,
KOTopoe no ero npe,lJ.nHoalHHIO npIIHY)KJJ,8H 6bIJI nplII-IHTb Ha ce6Sl
oCY)K.lI.eHiRblll, cO.l(ep)KaJIo YCJIOBHe 0 TOM, lITO OR OYJJ,eT Haxo-
AHTbCHI !IIOA HaOJIlO.lI.eHHeM Ha3BaHHoro TaM JIIIIJ,a; 06bl1IHO 3TO
OCoObIH rronelJ:U'fIeJIb ,lI,JIH HCrrbITaHHSl (probation officer), KOTOpbIH-
l'.!lABA XIV. CAHI\.r nI1 yrOJIOBROrO I1PABA
189
51BJIfleI'CH .n.OJDKHOCTIIbIM JIlllJ,CM npll cY)I,e, HO .:nc He 06H3aTeJIbHC.
OR .n.OJI}KeH, no yKa3aHlllO cy.n.a, nOCeIIJ;aTb oCBc6mK)I,eHHOrO Ha
.tiCTIblTaIHlle, CJIe)l,ll'I'b 3a ero nOBC)I,eHlleM, C'c06IIJ;aTb 06 3TOM cYJ1.Y.
nCi\lOraTb eMY COBeTaMll, cc.11.eikTBlleM 11 .11.06PbIM CTHOIlIeHlleM,
BnJICTb .11.0' npllllcKaHllH paooTbl B cJ1YIJae 'Ha)l,OOHacTH.
EcJI'I1 oCBoOmK;lI,eHHblM Ha llcnbITaHHe He BbmOJJIHllT YCJICBllH,
CO)l,ep>KaIIJ;llXCH B ero COH3aTeJIbCTBe, TO' OH MO>KeT 6bITb apeOTO-
<BaH Ii npe)l,CTaBJJeH B cy)I, (no B03MO>KHOC'I'H B TOT, JWTOpbIH
nepBOHaIJaJIbHO paCCMaTpHBaJI erc .11.eJIO). DocJIe npCBepKll 4JaKTOD
cy.n: MO>KeT TOTIJaC }Ke paCnOpH)I,HTbCH 0' npllMeHeHHH HaKa3aHHH,
KOTOPCMY npecTynHHK no.n:JIe>KHT B CllJlY nepBOHaIJaJ1bHOrO npe-
-cTynHoro )l,eHHHH.
B 3aKJIIOIJeHHe Ha.11.C ynoMHHYTb 0 MHCrOIJHCJIeHHblX pe-
cpMax aHrJIHMCKOro yrOJIOBHOrO npaBa, HarrpaBJ1eHH X Ha
YCTpaHeHHe Bpe)l,HorO BJJHHHHH npecTynHoH cpe)l, H BOBJIeIJeHllH
'8 Hec M3JICJIeTHHX. BOJIbllIHHCTBO llX COilI,ep>KHTCH B COllIHpHOM
-saKCHe, KOHCOJIH)I,HpOBaBllIeM 3a1KOHO)l,aTeJIbCTBO II Ha3bIBaeMoM
AKT 0 )l,eTHX H HeCOBepllIeHHOJIeT'HllX 1933 r. (Children and
Young Persons Ad 1933). MbI nepeIJHCJIlllM 1'OJIbKO HeKoTopbIe H3
oCaMblX Ba>KHbIX Mep. HllKaKOM peoeHoK MOJIO>Ke IJeTblpHa}]:lJ,aTll
JIeT He MO>KeT ObITb 3aKJIIOIJeH B TIOPbMY. CY:.11.bll 'Ii MarlICTpaTbI
cnelJ,HaJIHHC yno HCMOIJeHbI )l,eMCTBCB8Tb CHllcxo.n.HTeJJbHO B OTHO-
meHllH .11.eTeM H HeCOBepllIeHtHOJIeTHlIX, XOTH Obr OHH 6blJIH y6e-
JK.11..eHbI B HX BllHOBHOCTll. LlJIH paC-OM01'peH'liH )l,eJI neCOBepllIeHHO-
.JIeTHHX C03.11.aHbI CnelJ,HaJIbHbre CY.11.bl, KOTopbre 3ace.n.alOT B cnelJ,ll-
.aJIbHbIX YCJIOBHHX, OTJIHIJaIOIIJ;HXCH 01' YCJ10BHH OOblIJHbIX yrOJJOB-
HbIX Cy)l,CB; 6e3 pa3pellIeHHH 0Y)l,a HlIKTO He )l,OnYCKaeTCH Ha era
,3ace.n.aHHH KpOMe 3aHlJ:TepeCOBaHHbIX OTOpOH H UX COBeTHlIKOB.
B O.n.HOM lI3 npe)l{HllX rJIaB ObIJIO YKa3aHO, IJTO 06blIJHbre CYJ1.hI,
KOTOpbIIM pe.11.KO npe.11.aCfl'aBJIHeTCH npaBO «3atKpblBaTb .n.BepH >J 0651-
3aHbl 31'0' .11.eJIaTb B Tex CJIYIJamc, KOr)l,a peoeHOK Bbl3bIBaeTCH
B KaIJeCTBe CBll.n.eTeJIH no .n.eJlY, HOCHIlleMY HenpHCTOMHbIM IIJIH
Oe3Hp:3BCTBeHHbIM xapaKTep. 3a HOKJIIOIJeHHeM MaJIOJJeTiHHOC OOBH-
'HHeMbIX II )l,eTeH, BbI3blBaeMblX B KaIJeCTBe CBll)l,eTeJJeii, )l,eTHM He
-pa3pelliaeTCH npllCYTcTBaBaTb npll pa30llpaTeJIbCTBe yrOJICBHOrO
.n:eJI3 (KpOMe MJIa)l,eHlJ,eB Ha pYKax y B3pOCJIbIX).
B llHTepecax 3.11.OpOBbH .11.eTCH H IlX BocnHTaHHH 3aKOH CTaBllT
()IJeHb CTporHC nperpa.11.bI HaMMY .11.eTeH. 3a pe.11.KlIMH HCKJJIOIJe-
HHHl\!H, 3aKOH BOOOIIJ;e 3anpeIIJ;aeT )l,JIH .11.eTeii, MOJ10>Ke 12 JJeT,
TPY.11., npe.11.Ha3HaIJeHHbIH .11.JIH H3BJIeIJeHH5I BblrO)l,bI; JIlllLa I1IOJIO>Ke
rneCTHa.n.lJ,aTH JJeT He MorYT 6blTb npHB:'IeKaeMbI B YJJHIJHOM TCp-
rCBJIe HJIll HCnOJIb30BaHbI B HeM H He MorYT nOCbIJIaTbCH .n.JIH
.c6opa MHJIOCTbIHH. I(poMe 1'0'1'0', MeCT(HbIM BJiaCTHMI (1'. e. COBe-
"Tal\! rpa4JcTB Ii ropoAoB) npe.11.ccTaBJleHbI 3HaIJllTeJJbHbIe nOJIHO-
MO'lHH .11.JIH HaOJIlo.11.eHHH 3a HaMMoM JIHlJ, .11.0 18-JIeTHerO B03-
raCT3 H .11.,'151 OrpaHHIJeHllH ero.
190
'lAC1'I:' 1'PETLH. :.'rO:IOBIIOE I1l'ABO
BepOHTHO, OJl,HOM 113 CaMbIX 3a:\IeQaTeJlbllbIX HOBbIX :\!ep B
06JIaCTH Jl,eTCKOH rrpecTynHocTH HBJlHeTCH Ta, KOTopaH ynOJIHOMa-
lII1BaeT BCHKoe JIHILO, oneKaIOIll.ee pe6eHKa l1JIH HeCOBepllleHHOJIeT-
Hero, B CiJIyqae HeB03:\!O)KHOCTH PYKOBOJl,CTBa HM BCJIeJl,CTBHe ero.
«HenOKopHoro» xapaKTepa, 06paTHTbCH K cyJi,y JI,"1H HeCOBepllleHHO-
JICTHHX C u:eJIbIO nOMeIll.eHI1H ,noro HeCOBeprneH'HOJIeTHerO
«0Ji,06peHHYro» rnKOJIY WIlf no)], HaJ],30p CY.J.e6Horo nOrreqHTeJIH.
DpaBO CYJl,OB ornycKaTb HecoBepllleHHOJ1eTHHX npeCTynHHKoB Ha
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JIeTHHX 1933 r.
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LJACTb LJETBEPTAfl
rPA)f{J].AHCKOE IlPABO
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npil cpaBHeHlIH yrO.1'OBHoro npaBa C rpa)j{,lJ,aHCKIII\1 MbI He '
pa3 OOp3IlJ,aJlH BHHMaHHe Ha HenCHOCTb pa3JlH"lHH Me)j{,lI,Y Blum
II B TO )j{e BpeMH Ha cyu ecTBeHHoe 3Ha4eHl1e :=noro pa3J1HLI.HH.
Llo CIIX nop MbI i\lOr JIll BpeMeHIIO ,lI,OBOJIbCTBOB3TbCH pa3JIH4HeM,
YC1'aHOBJleHHbIM Me>K,lI,Y KopoaeBCKHMIl 1'5nKoa:\llI II TH)j{6a:\iH
nO,lJ,,lJ,aHHbIX (IIJIH 06IlJ,IIMIl TH)j{oal\UI); 31'0 OTJlII4IIe, HeCO:V!HeHHO,.
IIMeeT KaK 60.!JbUlOe HCTopH4ecKoe II 06IlJ,eCTBeHHoe, TaK II
4IICTO IOplI,lJ,IIKO-TexHII4ecKoe 3Ha4eHlle. Ho BpH,lJ, JIll OHO TaK
cYIlJ,eC1'BeHHo, 4T06bI onpaB,lJ,aTb B rJIa3aX HelOpllCTa TO 60.1b-
llloe pa3JIlI4IIe B nplIHIJ,lInaX, KOTopoe 3aMe4aeTCH npil 01'-
,npaBJIeHIlIl yrOJIOBHOrO II rpa}K,lJ,aHCKOro npaBOCY,lJ,HH. 4eJIo-
BeK oe3 IOplI.n:1I4eCKHX n03HaHlIH 06bI4HO TIpHnHCbIBaeT 31'0 pa3-
JIH4lIe TOMY, 41'0 OH Ha3bIBaeT CKJIOHHOCTblO IOpHCTOB B.n:aBaTbCH
B 6ecn.n0,lI,Hble, Qpe3MepHO TOHKHe pa3JIHQIIH.
n031'OMY, eCJIH 31'0 B03:\!0)J<H0, TO HaM Ba>KHO nOKa3aTb,
'ITO c;pa)j{)J,aHCKoe npaBO OTJIl14aeTCH. 01' yrOJIOBHorO He TO.iIbKO
no q,opMe H npOIJ,e.n:ype, HO TaK}Ke no xapaKTepy II 3a)J,a4aM.
STY IJ,eJIb JIerQe Bcero ,lI,OCTIIrHYTb nYTeM npOTHBonOCTaK-IeHHH
CaHKQHHl\! yrO.10BHoro npaBa, 06'bHCHeHHbIM B npe,n:llleCTBYIOIlJ,eit
rJJaBe, CaHKIJ,HH rpa}K,lI,aHCKOro npaBa, npHHQHnbI KOTOpbIX 6Y,J,YT
pa3'bHCHeHbI B 3aK1I04UTe.JIbHbIX r JlaBaX H3meii KHlIrll. 11:\ieI1HO
H3 np01'HBOnOJIO)KHOCTU caHKlLl1iI 06eHX CHCTeM JJerqe Bcero
nOHHTb npOTliBOllO.l0)j{HOCTb IIX ;:ryxa II lLeJleH. CaHKlLHH
OlI.HOH CHCTeMbI (H' l'eHHO yro.l0BHoro npaBa) HOCHT, rOEopn
KOpOTKO, 'Kapa'I'eJIbHbIH IIJIII, no KpaiiHeH Mepe, ,lI,HCIJ,HTIJlIIHapHbIH
xapaKTep; caHKQHH ,n:pyroii CIlCTeMbI (rpa)j{,n:aHcKoro npasa)
HMelO1' xapaKTep BoccTaHOBHTeJIbHbIJI 1I.11I KOMneHCaQHOHHbIH.
nepBbIM Bcer.n:a nplIcyl11. B 60JlbllleU H.!IlI MeHbllleH CTeneHH .nyx
cypOBoro oCY)j{,n:eHHH Ii HaKa3aHHH, H B 60.'Iee cepbe3fIbIx ':',',y-
'192
"IACT:b "I.ETBEPTAR. I'Ro\JfC,ILAHCKOE IIPABO
"laHX 3TOT xapaKTep YI'OJIOBHblX CaHKIJ:IIM ObIBaeT Bblpa2KeH OtIeHb
HpKO, B 'IeM M02KeT yoe.ll.IITbCH BCHKIIM, KTO npIICYTCTByeT
B CY,[l,e, KOI'.ll.a CJIyrnaeTc51, HaIIpliMep, .lI.eJIO 00 YOIIMCTBe HJIH
rpaoe2K€. A TMocq,epa I'pa2K.lI.aHCKoro .lI.eJIa HanOMIiHaeT .lI.eJIOBYIO
BCTpeqy, npli KOTOpOM Bblpa2KeHlIe KaKHX-JIH60 qYBCTB IIJIH MO-
paJJbHOI'O B03Myru:eHH51 COBepllIeHHO He y MeCTa II KOTopaSi CTa-
BHT ceoe e.ll.IIHCTBeHHOM l.(eJIblO no B03M02KHOCTII CKopoe ypeI'Y-
JIHpOBmme .lI.eJI. npOCTeMllieu IIJIJIIOCTpal.(l1eii 3TOI'O pa3JIH'IHH
JIy2KHT XOpOlliO H3BeCTHoe npaBHJlO, 'ITO YCJIOBHe B .lI.OI'OBOpe,
IIMelOlL(ee l.(eJJblO HaJJ02KeHlIe llITpa<tJa HZ TY CTOPOHY, KOTopaSi
HapYllilIT .lI.OI'OBOp, He M02KeT (B OTJIHqHe OT npOCTOI'O OOSI3a-
eJlbCTBa ynJIaTIITb B03Meru:eHlIe) nony'Il1Tb npHHY.lI.IIT€JIbHOrO
HCnOJIHeHIIH. lllTpa<p HBJIHeTCH CaHKl.(HeM, CBOMCTBP.HHOH TOJIbKO
yrOJIOBHOMY npaBY.
CaHKl.(HH rpa2K.lI.aHCKOro npaBa BbiTeKalOT B OCHOBHOM lI3
Tpex I'JIaBHeMllIHx l1CTOQHHKOB, IIMeHHO: H3 o6ru:ero npaBa,
rrpaBa cnpaBe.ll.JJHBOCTlI II Kyne'IeCKOI'O npaBa, Cyru:HOCTb H IICTO-
pHSI KOTOpblX ObIJIH KpaTKo H3JIO}KeHbI B OAHOM H3 nepBbix rJIaB
HarneM KHl1I'H.
CAHKl.U1H OfillI.EfO TIP ABA
1. B 0 3 M e ru: e H H e B HaT Y p e H JI H P e C T 11 T Y Il II 51.
fiepBbie HCKH 06111ero npaBa 6bIJIl1 113BeCTHbI no)l, Ha3BaHHeM
«peaJIbHblX IICKOB» (real actions), T. e. TaKl1X, npli KOTOpbIX,
B cJIY'Iae ycnexa, HCTel.( <paKTII'IeCKl1 nOJJyqaJI oopaTHo YTpa-
qeHHbiM HM npe.ll.MeT. OHl1 MOrJIl1 OTHOCHTbCH TOJIbKO K He.ll.Bl1-
2KHMOCTH II TOJIbKO K TaKHM npaBaM Ha He.ll.BH2KHMOCTb, KOTO-
pble HOCHJIH xapaKTep CBOOO.ll.HOrO .lI.ep>KaHIISI (<<seisin») HJJII <peo-
,A8J1bHOro BJIa;.lJ.eHH51 3eMJJeM, aTO 06CTOHTeJIbCTBO CJJY2KHT KJIlOtIOM
R HCTOpl1H TaKHX HCROB. CBOOO.ll.HOe .lI.ep>KaHIIe He.ll.BII2Kl1MOCTll
npe.ll.IIOJIaraJIO .lI.eMCTBeHHoe oCYllleCTBJIeHlIe CBOl1X <PYHKl.(IIH
,KOpOJIeBCKHM npaBIITeJJbCTBOM, TaR KaK <peO,lI.aJIbHbIe ,lI.ep2KaTeJIIi
ObIJlII ODH3aHbl KOpOJIIO BoeHHOU 11 BCHKOM .lI.pyroM CJlY2K-
60M, KOTopaSi OblJIa CBH3aHa C nO.ll.06HbiM ,Aep2KaHIIeM. n03TOMY
.KOpOJIIO 6blJIO OTJ:eHb B82KHO 3HaTb, KaK «HcnOMeru:eH8 3eMJISI It
K8KHMH JJIO.ll.bMII 3aHHTa». BCJJeACTBHe ,,)Toro npn HaJIII'IIIl1 ,lI.BYX
COnepHII'IaBIIlHX Me2K.lI.Y COOOl! npeTeH,lI.eHTOB Ha BJla.ll.eHlIe
'l>be<poM He1136e2KHO .lI.OJl2KHbI 6blJl11 OblTb npII3BaHbl KOpOJIeBCKl1e
CY.ll.bII .lI.JIH peIIleHHH cnopa II npe,lI.OCTaBJIeHIIH ,lI.ep2K8HIIH TOMY
iJpeTeH.lI.eHT)', KOTOpblll HMeJI 60JIee CIIJIbHOe npaBO. TaK npHXO.ll.H-
JJOCb HM nocTynaTb B HHTepecax KOpOJI51, CBoeI'O I'OCnO,lI.l1Ha.
Ho TYT B03HHKaJIO cepbe3Hoe CTOJIKHOBeHIIe. KaK Mbi BI'I-
}1,eJIII paHbIIle, He Bce <peO.ll.aJIbHbIe 3eMJIeBJIa.ll.eJIbl.(bI .lI.ep>KaJIH
3eM.110 HenOCpe.ll.CT,BeHHO OT KOpOJIH, 8 TOJIbKO cpaBHHTeJIbHO
nt'{JO.:lhIIlaH I'pynna KpynHbIx BaCCaJIOB, HMeHHO «HenOCpe,lI.-
rJIABA xv, J'PA:lK}(AIlOIWE .lIPABO IT I,ro CAHIW,IIH 19 3
CTBeHHbIX p'ep>KaTeJIet!» (Tenants in chief). OHH npH3HaBaJ1H
IIpaBO KopomI, KaK CBoero HenOCpe)1:CTBeHHoro rOCnO)1:IIHa,
peruaTb cnopbI, B03HHKaBlillIe Me>K)1:Y HI1MI1,erO Henocpe.n:-
CTBeHHbIMI1 BaCCaJIaMH, B nplICYTCTBHH n3pOB (pares HJIH
peeres) KOpOHbI, T. e. )1:Pymx HenOCpe)1:CTBeH bIX .n.ep>KaTeJIeH OT
IWPOJIH. B 3TOM 3aKJJIO'laeTCH 3HaMeHHTbIH «cy.n. n3pOB», YCTa-
HOBJIeHHbIH BeJIlIKOH XapTHeM, KOTOpbIII TaK HenpaBlIJIbHO CMe-
illlIBaJIIi C CIiCTeMOI! npI1CH>KHbIX.
Ho Te TpeOOBaHIIH, KOTOpb!e Henocpe.n.CTBeHHbIe .n.ep>KaTeJIH
OT KOpOJI5I .n.onYCKaJIIi B OTHOllleHHII caMHX ce6H, OHIi nepe-
HOCHJIIi B Ka'leCTBe JIOrWIeCKoro BbIBo.n.a Ha CBOHX no.n.Bac-
CaJIOB, a 3TH nOCJIe,ll.HHe B CBOIO O'Iepe.n.b nepeHOCHJII1 3TH Tpe-
{)OBaHlHI Ha )1:ep)J{aTeJIeM CJIe.n.YIOIlJ.erO pHJJ.a H T. )1:. BnJIOTb )1:0
caMoro OCHOBaHIiH <}JeO.l(aJlbHOH mrpa.\ofI1,lI,bI. «K.OpOJIb IIMeeT
I1paBO cy.n.a Ha,lI, CBOIIMH BaCCaJIaMH, a 3TOT nOCJIe.n.HJ!H Ha.l(
BaCCaJIaMIi CJIe.n.YIOIlJ.erO pH,lI,a. Kopo.% He llMeeT npaBa BbI30Ba
B cy.n., MllHYH CBOHX lJeI10Cpe}J,CTBeHHbIX .n.ep>KaTeJIeH».
TaK r JIaCHJI npHHLLlIn KOHTHHeHTaJIbHOrO <}Jeo.n.aJIH3Ma. Ho
BHJIbreJIbM 11 ero CbIHOBbH TBep.n.o BbICTynHJIH npOTIm Hero
B AHr JII1II; nOCJIe, npHMepHO, CTOJIeTHH O>KeCTO'IeHHOH 60pbObI
OHH .n.OCTllrJII1 6JIeCTHIlJ.eH I100e,lI,bI, Ko','opaH YHII'lTO>KIIJIa
B KOHeLL cl>eo.n.aJII13M KaK CHCTeMY ynpaBJIeHI1H 11 6JIaro.n.apH
TOMY H3MeHlIJIa XO.l( aHrJII1HCKOH HCTOpHI1.
K. KOHLLY .l(BeHa,lI,LLaTOrO BeKa B AHr.rIlIH 6bUIO YCTaHOBJIeHO,
KaK npaBIIJIO, 'ITO HCK 0 BOCCTaHOBJIeHlI1i CBooo.n.Horo Aep)J{a-
HI1H 3>CMtJII1 He MO>KeT ObITb Ha'I8'T 6e3 KOpOJICBCKOro np.HKaaa,
1l0cJIe 3Toro nOTpe6oBaJIOCb JIHillb pa3YMHoe I1CI10JIb30BaHlle
<}JllKLLHM .n.JIH JIHKBll.n.aLLllll ropllC.n.HKLLHll cl>eo.n.aJIbHbIX J10p)J.OB
Ha.n. llX CBOOO.l(HbIMll ,lI.ep>KaTe.1HMH; HOMllHaJIbHO 3a HllMI1
OCTaJICH Ha)J,30P Ha)I, KpenocTHblMH )J.ep>K8TeJIHMll HJlll )J.ep>Ka,TC-
'JHMH no 06bIq HIM MaHopa AO Tex nop, il10Ka B 'IeTbIpHaJl,tLLa-
TO!\f' BeKe KpenOCTHaH 3aBHCllMOCTb He ObIJIa YHI1'ITO>KeHa nOCJle
3nH)J.eMHH 'IYMbI. llepBoHaqaJIblH'o KOpOJIeBCKHe Cy.n.bll MaJIO
HHTepeCOBaJIHCb KpenOCTHbI'Mll .n.ep>Ka JIHMH HJIH .n.ep>KaTeJIHMH
Ha CpOK, TaK KaK 3Tll nOc.TJe)J.Hlle He ObUIll Henocpe.n.CTBeHHO
OOH3aHbI KOpOJIIO CJIY>KOOI! Ii ApyrIiMIi <}Jeo.n.aJIbHbIMIi nOBllH-
HOCTHMH, II I<OpOJlb He IIMeJI npaBa Ha HX BbIMOpO'lHbIe .n.ep-
)J{alHllH. «OOeJIeHHOe nOMeCTlbe», T. e. C06CTiJ36HIHOCTb H8 HCABH-
JKIIMOCTb, He CBH3aHHaH C nOBllHHOCTHMll B nOJIb3Y KOpOJIeBCKOH
BJIa'Crn (freehold estate), paHO CTaJ10 OC:HOBHbIM H HalI60JIee
ooeCneqeHHblM BH.n.OM BJJap'eHIIH 3eMJJeH B AHrJIllH, TaK KaK ero
BJIa.n.eJleLL 3HaJI, 'ITO eCJIll OH 6e33aKoHHo oy.n.eT JJHIlleH CBoero
BJJa.n.eHHH, TO KOpOJIeBCKHH CYJI" onHpaJOIlJ.J1MC5I Ha aBTopHTeT
JWpOJIeBCKOM BJIaCTH, npHKa>KeT lliepH Y «CHOBa CXBaTHTb» 3TO
nJIs.n;eHIie, T. e. BOCCTaHOBHTb BJIa.n.eHlle >KaJJOOlI1.HKa 3TOH 3eMJIeM.
13 3aR. 3848. AHT"JluilcROe rrpaBO.
194
'IACTL 'IE'I'BEPTA.II. rPAj};JI,AHCIroE IIPABO
31'01' pOCT Kopo:reBcKoH BJIaCTH cOnpOBO)K.ZJ;aJICfl 1'aKHMIt
6JIIiCTaTeJIbHbIMH ycnexa:\l:H, 1JTO, eCTeCTBeHHO, HX nOnbITaJIIiCb
HCnOJIb30BaTb He 1'O.TrbKO B OTHOIileHHH He)LBH)KHMOCTH, HO .
B O1'Homemm Jl,BH)KHMOM c06CTBeHHOCTH. 3HaMeHHTbIH IOCTH-
II.HapHM feHpHxa II f JIeHBnJIJIb, KOTOpbIM, Ka'K npe.ZJ;nOJIa!faIO T ,
nHCaJI BO BTOpOU nO.IJ:OBHHe )LBeHa)Lu,aToro BeKa, o'IeBH}J,flO.
C1JHTa.lJ:, 'ITO 31'00 Bno.rIHe B03MO>KHO. fJIeHBHJIJIb nOHHMaeT pa3-
JIH1JHe Me)K)LY yrOJIOBHbIMH H' rpa)Kl}J,aHeKHMH TH)K6aMH, HO lIe
JMeHee 3IIaMeHHTOe pa3JIH'IHe, YCTaHOBHBIlleeCfl B GOJIee n03}J,Hee
BpeMH MiC)KJJ.Y «pea.'IbHblMH» H «nepCOHaJIbHhI\m» UCKaMH, eMY, no-
BIi)LHMOMY, H€H3BeCTHO. 113 ero He60JIbIllOM KEHrH HBC!f'ByeT, 1JT
MO)KHO BepHYTb ce6e .10Illa)Lb H.IJ:H 6bIKa, npe.ZJ;OiCTaB.T1eHHbIX .ZJ;JJH
nO.'I1b30BaEHH, H )La)Ke 1:eHbrM, }J,aHHbLe B38HMbI, TeM )Ke nYTe\!,
K3'K 3erlIWIO, KOTopaH OTHHTa, T. e. nOCpeJl,CTBOM npHK3'3a IllepH<py
o BBOJl,e BO Bna.ZJ;eHHe.
Ho B OTHOl11emIH HeKOTopbIX BH}J,OB }J,BH)KHMOCTH 3aTpy/r-
HeHHH, B03HHKalOIl\He npH TaKoro pO.ZJ;a npOIJ,e.ZJ;ype, COBepmeHllo
01JeBH}J,HbI. DpeJl,no.'IO)KHM, OTBeT1JHK CKa)KeT: «MHe O'leHb
)KaJIb, HO 6bI K Y :\leHH OKOIJIeJI. 51 He Mory ero BaM BepHYTb».
OTBeT1JHK MO)KeT .'IraTb H.'IH 6bITb BnO.flRe 1JeCTHbIM 1JeJIOBeKO I,
HO B 060HX C:1Y1JaHX, ec:m Iilepml> He MO)KeT 06HaPY)KHTb OblKa.
-DH He B COCTOHHHH H BepHYTb ero HCTU,Y. B OTJIH1JHe 01' 3eMJIH.
ObIK, oBu,a, JIOl11a.l(b HJIH MOHeTa MorYT HC1Je3HYTb HJIH norHo-
HYTb. JJ.a)Ke Y)Ke f.'IeHBH.IJ:JIb KaK 6YJl,TO nOHHMa.TI 31'0, KOrJl,a
rOBOpHJI, 1JTO ec.rm Bemb norH6JIa H.TIH YTpa1JeHa B TO BpeMH,
Kor u 2 ? HaXO)LHJIaCb BO BJIa)LeHHH nOJIb30BaTeJIH, TO nOCJIe}J,-
HHH 06H3aH BepHYTb '10:';:;, t(TO CCY.l(HJI ee, «pa3YMHYIO
CTOIiMOCTb». Ho OH He YKa3blBaeT, KaKHM C ;:'2.30M 9TY
CTOHMOCTb B3bICKaTb.
CTo.lJ:eTHe cnYCTH nOCJIe fJIeHBHJIJIH, MbI BH,lI.HM, KaK BpeK-
TOH, nepBbIM CHcTeMaTH1JeCKHH TOJIKOBaTeJIb 06mero npaBa.
CMeJIO 6epeTCH 3a pa3pel11eHHe 3TOH TPYJJ.HOCTH. COBeprneHHO
HCHO, - nHIlIeT OH, - '11'0 pea.'1bHbIM HCK He npHfO.ZJ;eH .ZJ;,7Tfl B03-
BpameHHH JJ.BH)KHMOCTH B HaType. HalJ,o npe)I.'bHBHTb nepco-
Ha.1bHbIM HCK (HCK 00 Y)Lep)KaHHIi - action of detinue) Jl,JIH
nO.1Y1JeHHH 06paTHo )J.BH)KHMOCTH, HO BbI )J.O.:I)KHbI onpe)J.e,71H"J b
CTOHMOCTb ee, H eC,'!H OTBeT1JHK npe}J,nO'-lTeT yn.lJ:anITb ':ny
CTOHMOCTb H Y}J,ep)lGJTb Jl,BII)KIIMOCTb, TO OB BnpaBe 3TO C'le-
.:JaTb, H pemeHHe no HCKY, npeJl,nlICbIBalOIl\ee .11I60 BepH)'Tb
)LBH)KHMOCTb. JlIHOO OJI.TJoa.THTb ee CTOH-MOCTb, )L0eT e:\I'Y npaBO II ;
call1YIO BeIIlb, eC.TIH OH 31'0 npe}J,n01JTeT.
3Ta nopa3HTeJIbHaH ()I.J1H Hac) )LOKTplIJIa :\IOr:I3 6blTb
HCnOJIb30BaHa B Te'leHHe meCTH CTOJIeTHH HeJl,06poCOBeCTHbIMH
01' BeT1JHKa.MII, npH1JeM OHa CMHr1JaJII1Cb TOJH>KO O)J.'HIIM, C 60JIb-
mOM OCTOpO)KHOCTblO )LOnycKaeMbIM, HCK.'1IO'IeHHeM. DotJle,'J:Hee
CBO}J,IIJIOCb K TO;\l/Y, 'ITO npaBo cnpaBeJI:JIHBOCTH Tpe6oRa.'ro 13 01'-
rJIABA xv. rPAJK,n:AHOKOE ITPABO H }l'0 CAJIIO..lIUI 195
HOIIleHHH pe,ll.KHx H ueHHbiX BellJ,eH, 1JT06bI He3aKOHHO Y,lI.epJKH-
BalOllJ,ee HX JIHUO B03BpaTHJIO I1X B HaType. 3aTeM, nOCJIe O,ll.HOH
H3 npoueccyaJIbHbIX pecl>opM B cepe,n:HHe XIX BeKa, CY,ll. 6bIJI
ynOJJHOMOqeH npH JII060M HCKe 06 y,ll.epJKaHHH ,lI.BHJKHMOCTH 3a-
CTaBHTb OTBeT1JHKa no Tpe60BaHHIo I1CTua BepHYTb ,lI.BHJKHMOCTb
BMeCTO ee Y.lI.epJKaHHH H ynJIaTbI CTOHMOCTH. Ho YJKe 3a,,\OJITO
:1;0 ::noro BpeMeHH pa3YMHoe npHMeHeHHe npaBoBblx cl>HKUI1H
II03BOJIHJIO BOCCTaHaBJIHBaTb in specie Cp01JHOe II apeH.n.Hoe BJIa-
AeHHe 3eMJIeH, KOTopble XOTH H He HBJIHIOTCH, KaK MbI BH}],eJIH,
06'beKTOM «peaJIbHoro», B 1JHCTOM CMbICJIe C:IOBa, HCKa, HO
MorYT ObITb BOCCTaHOBJIeHbI no HCKY 06 OTHHTHH no cY.lI.Y
(action of ejectment); <paKTHqeCKH 3aMeHHBlllHM YCTapeBIIIHII
Tenepb «peaJI'bHbIH HCK» .lI.aJKe B .n.eJIax 0 B03BpaTe 3eMe.TThHOH
c06cTBeHHocTH. TaKHM 06pa30M, B cepe.n.HHe XIX BeKa CTaJlO
B03MO>KHO npHMeHeHRe caHKUHll 06IIJ,ero npaBa 0 B03BpaTe
B HaType HJIH 0 pecTllTyuHH BO Bcex COOTBeTCTBeHHbIX CJIY1JaHx.
2. B 03 l\-i e llJ, e H Hey 6 bI T K a. l(or,lJ,a IOpHC,J.HKI.{HH KO-
pOJIeBCKHX Cy.n.OB paCIIIHpllJIaCb H HOBbIe npaBoHapyrneHHH
BOIIlJIll B Kpyr HX KOMneTeHUHH, CTa.'IO HeB03MOJKHO BO Bcex
CJJyqaHX ,lJ,aBaTb y,lJ,OBJIeTBOpeHHe B <popMe B03BpaTa B HaType
l1JIH peCTHTYUI1H. ECJIll, HanpHMep, 51 JKaJIYIOCb, qTO KTO-TO
Hana.1I Ha MeHH, TO H He Mory Tpe60BaTb, qTOObl cl>aKT Hana-
, eHHH cqHTaTb HeCYllJ,eCTBYIOllJ,HM. I1JIH eCJIH H JKaJIYIOCb Ha Ha-
pYIIleHHe Moero BJIa,lJ,eHllH 3eMJIeM, TO 51 He Mory TpeOOBaTb
npaBa HapYllIllTb BJIa.n.eHllH 06H.n.1JHKa. B CTapHHY JKaJI06IIl.HKY
n03BOJJ1FIJIH ObI, Bep05ITHO, npH1JllHHTb TaKOH )Ke yllJ,epo B Ha-
Type, HO B03paCTalOllJ,aH nOTpe6HOCTb B nopH.n.Ke 11 opraHH30-
naHHOCTH nepeCTaJIa }],onYCKaTb TaKHe npllMI1THBHbIe cnoc06bI
YAOBJIe'I'BOpeHHH. TaKHM 06pa30M, K KOHUY TpHHa.n.uaToro
neKa KOpOJIeBCKHe CY,lJ,bI CTa.'IH npHKa3bIBaTb OOIl,n:1JHKY ynJIa-
IHlBaTb nOTepneBllIeH yllJ,ep6 CTopOHe .n.eHe)KHOe B03MeIIJ,eHHe
3a npHqllHeHHbIM Bpe}],. nepBOHaqaJIbHO, BCJIe,n:CTBHe He.lI.OCTaTKa
B qeKaHHOM MOHere, B03MeIIl.eHHH npHHIIMaJIH, BepOHTHO, <t>OPMY
nepe.n.aqlI npllOJIll3HTeJIbHO 3KBllBa.TJeHTHOro Ko.rmqeCTBa H3 HMY-
u eCTBa OTBeT1JHKa.
CTapbIM nphKa3 Levari Facias npe,'{nHcbIBa.'I mepHfpy
B3HTb CTO.TJhKO 'HIMYllJ,eCTJ3a 11 .i1BH)KHMOeTH OTBerq:H'Ka, 1JT06bI
no cBoeH CTOllMOCTH OHO ;r.OCTlIfaJIO onpe.n.e.'IeHHOH CYMMbI, II
;-: ,eIlaTb ero HCTUY B Y.IlOB"leTBopeHlle ero npeTeH3HH. He-
CKOJIbKO nO"II ropa3.lI.0 oo.lee COBepIIleHHblll npHKa3 Fieri
Facias npe.n.nHcbIBaJI IlItj:; Y «BbIPY1JllTb npo.n.a)Kei'I» HMY-
I eCTBa II ABHJKHMOCTH OTBeT1JHKa onp::;:';<>.'1emIYIo CYMMY <PYH-
TOB crep.nHHroB H yn.naTHTb ee llCTUY B ynoB.1IeTb;:; eHlle ro
npeTeH3HH. 3TO caMaH OOIIJ,enpHHHTaH caHKUlIfI B cOBpeMeHHblx
rpa>K.n.aHcKHX cYAax H eIO 3aBepIIlaeTcH, npHMepHo; BoceMb .n.e:1
H3 ,lI.eCS!TII, BbmrpaHHbIx IICTUOM. OTBeT1JllK yrIJIatlImaeT B03Me-
1 $
196
'IAOTJ, 'IETBM'TA$I. l'PAJItJl,AIWKOB TIrABO
ll1.eHHe l:IJIH 2Ke lInelJ, «BBO.n.l1T 6pOKepOB >. LJ:8JIbHeifInee pacumpe-
IIHe Toro 2Ke npHHlJ,Hna npHBeJIO K TO MY , 'lTO Tenepb ,LVJ5I
nOKpbITI1H y6blTKa M02KHO npHBJIeqb KaK He.n.BH2KHMOCTb, TaK 11
(POH.n.bI, aKlJ,HH H .n.pyrHe lJ,eHHOCTH, npHHa.n.JIe2Kall1.He HeHcnpaB-
HOMY OTBeT'lmq; CTapaH, BapBapCKa5t npaI<THKa 3aKJIIOqeHHH
B TIOPbMY 3a HeynJIaTY 06bIKHOBeHHbIX .n.OJIrOB HJIH B03Mern:eHHH
y6blTKa 6bIJIa OTMeHeHa TOJIbKO B 1869 r.
UeJIeC006pa3Ho 6 JIO 6 OOCy.n.HTb nOJl,p06HO 3TY 'lpe3B -
'laHHO Ba2KHYIO caHKlJ,HIO rpa2K.n.aHcKoro npaBa H B oc06eHHOCTH
MeTO.n. TaK Ha3bIBaeMoro «onpe.n.eJIeHHH pa3Mepa» y6bITKa, T. e.
npHHlJ,HnbI, KOTOpblMH npH 3TOM nOJ1b3YIOTCH.
Bo06rn:e rOBopH, OHH CBOAHTCH K c:ITe.n.YIOrn:eMY: nOCKOJIbKY
3TO oC:yrn;ecTBHMo npH nOMorn:H iAeiHer, HCTelJ, .n.OJI2KeH 6blTb
I!OCTaBJIeH 13 TaKoe nOJI02KeHHe, KOTopoe OH 3aHHMaJI 6bl, eCJ1l1
ObI OTBeTIUlK He COBepUIliJI Toro npaBoHapymeHHH, 3a KOTopr
OH (OTBeT'lHK) npHCY2K.n.eH K B03Mern:eHJIlO yrn:ep6a. 3TO fljJa-
BoH:JJO 3ByqHT O'leHb npOCTO, HO, nOAYMIaiB, Mbl yBH,D.HM, qTO ero
He Bcer.n.a JIerKO npHMeHHTb.
ECJIH, anpHl\1ep, HapYllleHHe npaBa, nOCJIY2KHBlllee ocnOBa-
HHeM AJIH 2KaJIOObl, npe.n.CTaBJIHeT CODOM npOCToe HapymeHHe
Jl,OrOBOpa, TO ObIJJO 6bl HenpaBHJIbHO npHMeHHTb 3TOT npHHlJ,Hn
130 BceM ero HenpHKOCHOBeHHOCTH. B CJIyqae, HanpHMep, KOr,D.a
MYKoMOJIb-He nOCbI.T1alOT C B03''lHKOM saJI, oTnp.aBJIeHiHbIM C IJ:Y-
rYHOJIiHTeHHOro 3.aOO.n.a- nOCJIe peMOHlla., 11 B03q:H!K BHHOBeH 13 33-
.n.ep2KKe, TO ero npHCY2K.n.aIOT K B03Mern:eHJ!1O y6 TKOB B CYMMe,
paBHOH cpe.n.HeMY y6bITKY, KOTOpbIM nOHeCJIa ObI MYKOMOJIbHH npM
OObI'lHbIX OOCTOHTeJIbCTBaX, Bc.lle.n.CTBl.1e 3a.n.ep2KKH B .n.OCTaBKe
BaJJa; B03'lHK He OOH3aH B03Melll.aTb y6bITOK, KOTOpbIH c06CTBell-
HHKH MYKOMOJJbHH 4JaKTH'IeCKH nOHeCJIH, BCJIe.n.CTBHe HeB03M02K-
HOCTH BblTIOJIHHTb (3a OTCYTCTBHeM BaJIa) oc06eHHO lJ,eHHbIH
3aKa3, CAaHHbIH HM B 3TO BpeMH. DpHQHHa 3Toro 3aKJIlOQaeTCH
B TOM, '1TO CTOpOHbI CBOHM .n.orOBOpOM B03JI02KHJIH .n.pyr Ha
.n.pyra 06H3aHHOCTH H 'lTO 3TH OOH3aHHOCTH onpe.n.eJIHIOTCH
B COOTBeTCTBHH C TeMH nOCJIe.n.'CTBH5IMH, KOTopble no HX c06-
CTBeHHOMY pa3YMHOMY npeABHAeHHlO MorYT 6bITb pe3YJIbTaTOM
HX HapymeHHH. I1HbIMH 'CJJOBaMH, B03Mell1.eHHe 3a HapyrneHHe
.n.orOBopa HC'IHCJIHeTCH TOJIbKO Ha OCHOBaHHH «pa3YMHO Y'lHTbIBae-
MbiX H BepOHTHbIX» nOCJIe.n.CTBHM TaKoro HapymeHHH, T. e.
nOCJIe.n.CTB'H\H, KOTopbIe o6e C'OOpOHbI $aKTHIJ:ec.KI.1 :npe.n.BlfAe.llH
HJIM MOrJIH npe.n.BH.n.eTb. 3TO COCTaBJIHeT cyrn:eCTBeHHoe YCJIO-
BHe c.n.eJJKH. ECJJII KaKaH-JIH60 CTopOHa 2KeJIaeT 06eCne'lIlTb
ce6H OT KaKHX -JJHOO OC06bIX y6bITKOB TaKoro po.n.a, KOTOpbIM He
MO}{{eT 6bITb npeAYCMOTPeH .n.pyroM CTOpOHOH, aHa AO.TI}KHa 01'0-
BOpHTb B03Melll.eHHe 9THX OC06bIX YObITKOB, KOTopbIe MorYT
npOH30llTH OT HapYllIeHJ:IH JI.OrOBopa.
rJIABA xv. J'PA:IK.zr:AHOIWE nPABO II Ero CAHKlJ,HH 197
)],Pyroe 3HaqeHHe I1MeeT «tort», T. e. rpa}l{.n;aHCKoe npaBO-
HapYIIleHl1e, He HBJIHIOIII.eeCH HapymeHHeM ,lI,OrOBopa. B 3To:i1
c.!JYlJae npHBe,lI,eHHblH npHHlJ,Im nOJIY1JHT HeOrpaHH1JeHHOe ,lI,e!l-
CTBHe, Ka.K 6bll HH 6blJ111 Henpe}J,BI1.n;eHhI ero nOCJJe.n;CTBHH. 1160
8 3TOM CJIYlwe BI1HOBHOe JIHlJ,O napymaeT He npOCTO qaCTHbIii
;I,OfOBOP, HO npaBO CTpaHbl H .n;OJI}I{HO BeCTH Bce nOCJIe.n;CTBHH.
EC. T JI1, Hanp11Mep, CJIY}KaIII.He J1Ima, 3a<ppaXTOBaBIIlero CY,lI,HO,
c6pOCSIT ,lI,OCKY, KOTopaH JIe}KHT HaJ] TplOMOM, H OHa, ynaB
B TpIOM, HanOJIHeHHbIU napaMH 6eH3HHa, BbI30BeT nO}Kap, KOTO-
pbU'J: YHHlITO}KHT CYJI:HO, TO JII1 lJ,0 , 3aq,paXTOBa'BIllee ero, ClIII-
TaeTCH OTBeTCTBeHHbIM 3a BeCb npOl1cme}J,IIll1ii 01' 3Toro y6b!-
TOK, HeB3HpaH Ha HCKJII01JHTeJlbHbIU xapaKTep HeClIaCTbfl. DpH
BceH CBoeH HenpeJI:BHJI:eHHOCTM - C06bITl1e 31'0 Bce }Ke npe.rr.-
CTaB.'1HeT COOOH npHMoe CJIeJI:CTBHe He6pe}KHOCTI1 CJIY}K a III. 11 X
mUJ,a, 3a<ppaXTOBaBIllero CYJI:HO, 3a KOTOpbIX nOCJIe}J,Hee OTBe-
'weT. OJI:HaKO, JI:a}Ke B CJIY1Jae npaBoHapymeHHSI, OT;l,aJIeHHble
c e}J,CTBllfl HenpaBOMepHoro ,lI,eMCTBI1H He MorYT 6bITh npHHSITbI
80 BHIlMaHHe. HanpHMep, B TOJIbKO lITO npHBeJ]eHHOM CJIYlIae
TO 06CTOHTeJIbCTBO, 111'0 CYJI:HO nOfH6JIo KaK pa3 nepeJI: nOBbJ-
meIIl1eM <ppaXTa H 111'0 c06CTBeHHFlK ero He CYMeeT 3Tm1 IlOBbI-
meHHeM BOCnOJIb30BaTbCH JI:O nOCTpOHKH BOBoro CY}J,Ha, iHe
,LweT eMY OCHOBaImM npeTeHJI:OBaTb Ha B03MeIII.eHHe ymep6a
CBepx pbIHOlJHOH CTOHMOCTII CY}J,Ha B MOMeHT ero rI16e H.
CYIII.eCTByeT OJI:HO HJII1 .l(Ba BblpmKeHHSI, OTHOCHIII.HeCH
I{ y6bITKaM, KOTopble npOHHKJIH H3 H3bIKa cnelLHa.'1HCTOB B
06III.epa3fOBopHbIH SI3bIK H nOTOMY Tpe6YIOT IIeKOTopbIX
n05!CHeHHH.
o «HOMHHaJIbHbIX y6bITKax» rOBopHT B Tex CJIYlJaSIX, Kor,1J.a
npHCY}KJI:aeTCSI KaKaSI- JIFIOO HlIlJTO}KHaH CYMMa, Hanpl1Mep, IIlH.'1-
.TlHHr, C lJ,eJIbIO nOJ],lJepKHYTb TO 06CTOHTeJ1bCTDO 111'0, HeCMOTpH
H3 HeCOMHeHHoe HapymeHHe npaB HCTlJ,a. OH He 1l0TepneJ1 MaTe-
pHa'1bHOrO YIII.ep6a. Hanpl1Mep, A HapymaeT ,lI,OrOBOp C B
o nOCTaBKe yrJ1H, B oopaIII.aeTC5! K OTKpbITOMY PbIHKY H nOKY-
naeT VrOJIb no 60.'1ee HH3KOJl IIeHe, lIeM 1'3, KOTOPYro OH yc.IIO-
ImJIC51' 3an.rIaTIlTh A. 5 He TIGHC;:" '.WTepW:LT'hHoro y6h1TKa 01' Hapy-
meHIHI -,\orrmopa co CTOpOHbI A, HanpoTHB, OH BblfaJI:.aJI.
OJI:HaKO, OH H leeT npaBo na B03MeU CHHe, TaK KaK BCSIKoe Ha-
pymeHHe .l(OrOBopa J,aCT OCHOBaHv,e J].lR HCKa 0 B03MCIII.CHH11.
Hml }Ke, HanpHMep, A npOXOAI1T HHor J],3 no nYTH Ha }Ke.'le3HO-
.1.0po)JmyIO CTaHlJ,IIIO 'Jepe3 no.'lC D. B 06 31'0:\'1 He 3Ha.'I, nORa
IIH 3Toro He YBFI}J,eJ1 IIJIH nOKa e'vI)' 06 3TOM He CKa3aJIH.
OJI:HaKO, OH HMeeT npaBO Ha «HOMHHa.'lbHbIH y6bITOK». Pcme-
HHe CYJ],a, npHCY}K.l(arOLIJ,ee TaKoe B03MeIII.eHHe, nOCJ1Y}KHT CB11-
,U,eTe,ilbCTBOM 0 npOTeCTe B npOTHB HapymeHHfI ero BJ1aJ(CHIISJ
H MO)J{eT npC,lI,OTBpanlTb B JI:a.%HeHIIJeM npHTH3aHHe co CTO-
pOHbI A II<I npaBO npOXOA:1 Iepe3 3TO ITO.rre.
198
']AC1'j, 'lETIH:P'I'Afl. rPAjI,J1AHCIWE I1PABO
B03MeIlleHlle B Bll,ll.e HaKa3aHllfl (Vindictive damages) npe.u.-
CTaBJ1fleT COO OM OTKlIOHeHlle 0'1' npliHUlina Ha,ll.J1e2KaIllerO onpe-
,lI.e.TleHHfl YIllep6a; O,ll.HaKO, OHO Hepe,ll.KO npllcY2K,lJ,aeTCfl B CJ1Y-
'Iae rpa2K,lI.aHCKHX npaBoHapymeHIIH II ,lI.a2Ke B clIY'laflX Hapy-
meHHH ,lI.OrOBOpoB, HO nOC.TJe,lJ,Hee Y2Ke ropa3,lJ,0 pe2Ke. TaKoe
B03MeIlleHHe npe,lJ,lfaMepeHHo YCTaHaB.'111BaeTCfl BbIlue CYMMbI
'lliCTO MaTepHa.rrbHoro yObITKa, nOHeceHHoro llCTUOM, H npe/ -
Ha3Ha'laeTCH ,lI..rrfl Toro, '-ITOObl OTMeTIITb HeO,lJ,OOpeHlle CY,ll.m.!
H.TJll npllCH2KHbI.\IH rrone,lJ,eHllfl OTBeT'lliKa. TaK, HarrpliMep, oca60
HH3KaH If 6eCCOBeCTHafl K.rreBeTa, ocooeHHo HaCll.rrbCTBeHHoe
Ii OCKopoHTe.TJbHOe HapymeHlle 'ly2Koro B.TJa,ll.eHHfl M02KeT 3a-
KOHlJHTbCfl pemeHHeM 0 TaKOM B03MeIlleHHH He CTO.TlbKO ,lI..TJSI
KOMneHcaUHH HCTua, CKOlIbKO ,lI..rrSJ HaKa3aHHSJ OTBeT'lHKa. B c.TJY-
'lae ,lJ,OrOBOpoB f.TIaBHbIH npHMep npe,ll.CTaB.TIfleT 3HaMeHlITbIR
CJIY'lali «HapymeHHfl ooeIllaHHfl 2KeHHTbCfl», r,ll.e K HapymeHlllO
npaBa, cOBepmeHHoMY OTBeT'lllKOM, npHCoe,ll.HHfleTcfl eIlle 060.TJb-
IlleHlle H «OCTaB.TleHHe» HCTua ll.Tm ,lJ,pyme neo.rrarOBH,lI.HbIe
IIocTynKH.
DpHcY2K,lI.eHlle TaK Ha3bIBaeMblX «npe3peHHbIx y6bITKOB»
nO,ll.'lepKIIBaeT oCY2K,lI.eHHe CY,ll.OM 1l.TIH npHCfl2KHbIMH nOBe,ll.eHllfl
llCTua, BbmrpaBmero ,lI.e.TJo. DpHcY2K.n.eHlle TaKoro B03MeIlleHllfl
paBHocH.TJbHO 3aflB.TJeHHIO cY,ll.a: «Bbi npRBbI 4>opMa.TJbHO, H,O
Mopa.TIbHO BbI He npaBbI». HanpHMep, HCTeu npllB.TJeKaeT OTBeT-
'lHKa 3a TO, 'lTO OH ne'laTHO OOBIIHH.TJ ero (HCTUa) B Kpa2Ke
na.TIbTO H3 npHX02KeH rOCTIIHHUbI. Ec.rrH He OY,lJ,eT ,lI.OKa3aHO,
'lTO llCTeu ,lI.eHCTBHTe.TJbHO YKpa.TJ B ,lJ,aHHOM c.TJY'lae, HO OY,ll.eT
,lI.OKa3aHO, 'lTO OH HeO,ll.HOKpaTHO oCY2K,lI.a.rrCfl 3a Kpa2KY ,lI.pyrHx
BeIlleH 113 pa3HbiX MeCT, TO HCTUY (rrpll OTCYTCTBHH npHBll.JIe-
rIfH) OY,ll.eT npHCY2K,lI.eHO B03MeIlleHHe. OJIHaKo. npHCfl2KHble
'MOrYT OuemlTb YIllep6, HCl.HeCeHHbIH ero p,)nYTaHHH, B O,1:HH
<pRpnmf.
DO,ll.06HbIM Bep,ll.llKT IIMeeT oo.TJbwoe 3Ha'leHlle ,lI..rrfl pa3pe-
meHllfl Bonpoca 0 CYJIeOHblX 113,l1.ep2KKax. Pa3'bflCHeHHbIe paHbme
mHpoKHe B03M02KHOCTll, npe,lJ,OcTaB.rrHeMbIe o.rrarOYCMOTpeHHIO
cY,ll.a B OTHomeHHlI CY,ll.e6HbIX 113,l1.ep2KeK, ,lI.alOT cY,ll.y eIlle O,ll.HH
cnocoo I1pncnocoo.ruITb K Ka2K)J,oMY oT,lI.e.TIbHoMY C.TJV'laIO CTpO-
fllM npHHUlin onpe,ll.e.TIeHllfl pa3MepR YIllepoa. .
C.TIOBapb RHr.rmHcKoro npelER CBJ1)1:eTe.1bCTByeT a CBOen 6e)J,-
HOCTH, onpe,ll.e.TJflSI C.TJOBOM «damages» B03MeIlleHlle, KOTopoe
OHO npe,ll.CTaB.TJfleT B rpa2K)J,aHCKliX )J.e.TJax. BCJIe,ll.CTBHe 3Toro
npOllCXO,ll.lI'T CMellleHlle nOHflTHfl y6bl'T'Ka (damage), T. e. rroTepll,
C,TIy2Ka IlleM OCHOBaHlieM )J,.TJfl npHcY2K)J,eHllfl B03MeIlleHHH, H
caMoro B03MeIlleHlISI (no-aHr.TJIIHCKlI T02Ke damage), <ITO C03,il,aeT
oeCKOHetJHbIe 3aTpY,ll.HeHHSI ,lI..UH lmn:, H3YtJalOIllHX rpa2K)J,aHC'KOe
npaBO. Ho B HaCTOflIIlee BpeMSI nonbITKa H3MeHIITb Tep mHo.TIOrlilO
6b1.TJa ObI oe3ycnemn3.
l'JIABA xv. Lrl'A:rl;,TI,AHOIWE IIPABO H E1'O CAHIm,I1H 199
CAHKlJ}U1 DPABA CDPABED..'lHBOCTI1
MbI ynoMI1Ha.rlH Y)Ke 0 TOH H OObP.IaHBOH KOCHOCTI1, KOTO-
pafl K KOHlI,Y XIII HeRa 06HapY)KI1.'Ia.cb 'B )],eflTe.rrbHOCTfll Cy)],OB
06llJ,ero npaBa. fIoc.TIe Toro KaK 6neCTfllll,He Kopo.rleBCKlle
CY)],bH cepe)],HHbI XII Ii Ha'.Ia.J1a XIII BeKa, C03)],aBUlHe 06ll1,ee npaBOH
ero CMfKlI,llll, COllum co ClI,eHbI, HX npeeMHHKll KaK 6Y)],TO YTpa-
THJIlI TY H306peTaTeJJbHOCTb H opHrHHa.'IbHOCTb l\lbiCJlH, KOTOpbIC
.oTpa3li.TIHCb B perlloCTpe .cy)],e6HbIX rpaMOT, II C03)],a.JIH CaHKlI,lm BOC'
C'raHOBJieHlUl H B03MerueHlui YllI,ep6a. fIOMHMO ::Horo, uHH,
JlOBll)],HMOMy, .il,a;;\e )],onYCTH.JIll, '.ITO HeKOTopble H3 CaHKlI,llH,
f)XOTHO npH:l1eHHBllIHeCH HX npe)],llIeCTBeHHHKaMH, BbIllI.rm H3
ynoTpe6:IeHHH. E)],HHCTBeHHbIMH CaHKlI,HHMH rpalli)],aHCKoro
npaBa CTa.1H Tenepb BOCCTaHOB.JIeHHe B npe)KHee COCTOHHlre II
.I.eHelliHoe B03MellJ,eHHe. ECTeCTBeHHO, '.ITO TaKoe nOJIO}Kemre
loJellJ,elr OTKpbI.JIO nmpOKHe B03MOlliHOCTH )],.TIH HOBO 'O cy)],a KaHlI,-
.'Iepa, !1MeHHO )],.'IH cy)],a cnpaBe)],.JIHBOCTH, KOTOpbIM, KaK MbI
fI 'Ae.'IH, B03HHK B 'ieTblpHaAlI,aTOM BeKe C lI,e.TIbIO BocnO.TIHeHHfl
neCOBepllIeHCTB 06llJ,ero npaBa. L(eifcTBHTe.'IbHO, KaK MbI YBll-
.1I.HM, 60.JIblliaH 'iaCTb caHKlI,HH, npmvleHHeMbIX cefi'iac rpalli,n:aH-
CKHM npaBOM, KopeHHTCH B npaBe cnpaBe)],.TIHBOCTH, XOTH, KOHe'iHO,
PlOC.'Ie npOBe)],eHHH AKTa 0 cy)],oYCTpoikTBe 1873 1'. (Judicature
Act) OHH MorYT cB060)],HO npllMeHHTbcfl BceMH OT)],eJIaMH BbIC-
mero cy.n:a 11, B 3Ha1.J.HTeJ1bffOH CTeneHH, )],allie cy)],a'MH rpa4JcTB.
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CTBeHHllKa B llmpoKoM CMbICJIe !Onoro CJIOBa. B 3TOM KaqeCTBe
DB ynpaBJI5IJI c06CTBeHHOCTbIO, .n:aBaJI COfJIaCHe Ha 6paKli «He-
COBepllIeHHOJIeTHllX,oneKaeMbIX ,KaHl(JIepClmM CY,lI.OM» (T. e. JIHl(,
38ZHTepeCOBaHHbIX B KamnaJIax, KOTopbam ynpaB.TJ5IJI cY,lI.) l-WU
OTKa3bIBaJI B HHX, pewa51 Bonpoc 0 BocnHTaHUH 3a ClIeT «AeHeI',
Haxo)J,51lll,HXC5I B cy.n:e Ha CtJeTe YKa3aHHOH ,lI.OBepHTeJIbHOH COO-
cTBeHHOCTH», H BhInO.TIHHlI OeCqHCJIeHHbIe .n.pyrue <PYHKHHll.
KOf,T.(a B 1540 r. BnepBbIe OWlO pa3peweHo n:e.lllTb no 3aBe-
w;amHO llMeHII5I, HaXOD:llBIllHCC5I Ha npaBe nOJIHOH c06cTBeH-
HOCTH, TO 3aBem,aTeJIH HatJaJIH «BO'3JlaraTb» Ha 3aBellLaeMbIe
HMeHll51 005I3aTeJIbCTBO BbIO.'1aqIIBaTb n:OXOn:bI l\WalI,IlIIHI 11 .rr.py-
rHM ,rr,eT5IM; TaK KaK CY,lI.bI OOlll,ero npaBa He H:\reJIl1 annapaTa
Jj.JI5I -BbmOJIHeHH5I llJIli peaJIH3aHl1l1 TaKl1X 005l3aTeJIbCTB, TO eJIO
3TO nepfllIJlO K KaHl(JIepCKOMY CYD:Y, HOO OObItJHbIe Cyn:bI no
MaCJIen:CTBeHHbIM ,lJ,eJIa-M He 1ll\feJIH npaBa B KaqeCTBe l(epKOB-
Hb!X CY;\OB KaCaTbC5I 3eMeJIbHbIX .rr.e.'l.
204
'IACT& 'IE'fBEPTAH. rPA;K2IAHOIWE rrPABO
HaKOHel(, C yna,!J,KOM l(epKOBHbIX CY,!J,OB B XVI H XVII Be-
Kax, K KaHl(.TIepCKoMy cY,!J,y nepeUI.'Ia Bo06me IOpHC,!J,HKl(HH no
ynpaBJIeHHIO HaC.TIe.n:CTBOM YMepuIHx. 06UUIpHbIH a.n:MHHHcTpa-
THBHbIM annapaT .:noro cY,!J,a no.rIYIJ.H.TI H3BeCTHOCTb cBoeM Me-
.n:.'IHTe.TIbHOCTblO, BOJIOKHTOM H .n:pyrHMH ellJ,e Xy.n:IlIHMH He.n:OCTaT-
KaMH, KOTopbIe TaK y.n:aIJ.HO 6bIJIli BblCMeHHbI 4ap':ib30M .DlIK-
KeHcoM, pOMaHHcToM cepe,!J,HHbI XIX BeKa. K C'IaCTblO, er,o
KpHTHKa npHHeCJIa ll.'IO.n:bI, fI B TpeTbeH IJ.eTBepTH 3Toro BeKa
IIe.n:OCTaTKH 3Toro cy)],a 6bVIH YCTpaHeHbI, npHIJ.eM, o.n:HaK"O.
cy.n: cnpaBe,!J,JIHBOCTH He 6bVI .'!HllIeH B03MOlliHOCTH npe.n:OCTa-
BJIHTb CBon oc06bIe BH)],bI Y)],OB.'IeTBopeHHH, KOTOpbIMH OH pac-
no.'raraJI (Remedies).
5. 3 a n p e IlJ, e [I H e (Injunction). Injunction npe.n:cTaB.'IHeT
C'060H OC06bIH BlI)], cy.n:e6Horo npHKa3a, HOCHrn:ero B OCHOBe
3anpeTHTeJIbHbIH xapaKTep U 06bI'IHO HeCKOJIbKO OrpaHUqeHHblH
no npe.n:eJIaM .n:eMcTBHH. OH co.n:ep)KUT paCrrOpH)KeHHe OTBeTqUKy
npeKpaTHTb He3aKOHHoe ,!J,eikTBHe mIH B03,!J"ep*aTbcH 01' Hero.
Ha paHHUX CTa)],UHX OH, nOBu.n:HMOMY, 06bIqHO npHMeHH,lICH .n:JIH
roro, 'ITj06bI npe.n:ynpe}IUTb TaRoe nOJlb30BaHHe 0611IHM npa-
130M, KOTopoe C TOqKH 3peHHH npaBa cnpaBeJ],.'IHBOCTH CqHTa-
. OCb HenpaBlI.'lbHbIM. fIpe,lIno.TIO)KHM, JITO noc.lle TOro, KaK
npaBO cnpaBe.n:JIHBOCTH YCTaHOBHJIO npHHl(Hn, no KOTOpO I\'
I3CHKOe 3aJIo*eHHoe HMeHHe MO)KeT 6bITb B .'I1060e BpeMH OCBO-
60)K.n:eHO 01' 3aJIOra, 3a.TIOrOnOJIY1JaTe.1Ib Bce me OTKa3bIBaeTC5!
ero BepHYTb, HeCMOTpH H'a TO, qTO 3a.TIOro.n:aTe./Ib rOT08 ynJIa-
THTb CBOH )],OJIr. 3aJIOronO.'IyqaTeJIb nblTaeTCH .'IHIlIHTb 3aJIOrO-
)],aTe.'IH npaBa BJIa.n:eHHH nYTeM HCKa B cY,!J,e 06mero npaBa Ha
TOM OCHOBamm, 'ITO OH, 3aJIOrOn o.TIyqaTe.TIb, HB.'IHeTCH 33KOII-
IIblM co6CTBeHHHKOM HMeHHH; B 3TOM c.TIyqae 3a.'IOro)],aTeJIb
MO)KeT HaqaTb B KaHl(JIepCKOM cYJIe .n:eJIO 0 n,orallIeHUU 3aJIOr:!
H npOCHTb 0 33npeUJ,emm 3a.'IOrono.rryqaTeJIIO npO,!J,O.'I)KaTb )],eJ1()
06 OTHHTlHI UMeHlIH; TaKoe 3anpemeHHe (injunction) 6Y)J,e'V
6eCCIDGpHO npe.n:ocT3BJIeHo.
ECTecTBeHHo, qTO no.n:06HaH npaKTHKa npHBOLJJUIa K Tpe-
ImHM Melli.n:y K3Hu,JlepcKHM CY}IOM H Cy.n:aMH 06mero npaBa.
TaK KaK <paKTHqeCKH, eC.'1}I He <POpM3JlbHO, OHa .'!Hma.'Ia cy.n:bI
o6mero npaBa B03MOlliHOCTH pa36upaTb 11,\OXo.n:Hble .n:JI5I HUX
T5Im 6 bI. Mex(.n:y 3THMU }.lBYMH BH)],aMU IOPHC}IHKUHH B03HHK.T!a
]J.OBO.'IbHO nOCTbI.n:HaH 60pb6a, B KOTOpOH 6.'Iaro)J,apH My.n:POCTH
'1WpOJI5I 5IiKoBa I O.ll:epma.'I Bepx KaHlVlepcIUlH CYJI:. Ho npaK-
THKa BhULaqH 3anperneHut! 11.'IH npe.ll:OTBpamemm rrpOILecca
B cy.n:ax O.n:HOPO;lJ,HOH IOpnc.n:HKl(HH 6UJI3 COBepllIeHHO He:tonv-
CHIMa. AKThI'O cy.n:OYCTpOHCTBe c.n:e.'1a.rm ee COBepmeHiW H3-
.ilHIIIHeH, H aHa 6bIJIa OT!VIeHeHa. O.n:HaKO, KaJIII.nepCKHH cYJl.
cHcTeMaTHQeCKH npO,!J,OJIlliaJI BbI.n:aqy 3anp e m e HHH, HMelOlIIHX'
RcnOMOraTe.1IbHOe 3HaqeHHe .n:.'IH 0611Iero rrpaBa, H Tenepb 31'011
rJIABA xv. PPA:fK,lJ,AHOIWE IIPABa HEra CAHKIIHH 205
npaKTHKe npH,lJ,aIOT a'leHb 6DJIbllIOe 3Ha'leHHe. HanpflMep, eom
A YTBep:H<,lI.aeT, 'lTD DH HMeeT npaBD np Oxo,ll.a 'lepe3 nDJIe,
npHHa,ll..TIe:H<aIll.ee D, H npa,ll.DmKaeT nOJIb3DBaTbCH HM, 'I'D B CJIY-
'lae, ec.'m D OTBepraeT nO,ll.06HOe npHTH3aHHe, no 06Il1,eMY npaBY
DH MD:H<eT T>!O.'lbKO npeC.'Ie,ll.OBaTb A no. CY,ll.y 3a HapymeHHe
npaBa B.'Ia,ll.ClHllH Ka:H<,lI.bIH pa3, KaK A npOXO,ll.HT no ero nOJIIO.
BepoHTHo, 'lTa OH KaX(,lI.bIH pa3 nD.'IY'lllT JIllmb HDMHHaJIbHOe
BD3MeIll,eHHe, a H3,l1.ep:H<KH 6Y,ll.YT ,lI..rm Hero. pa30pllTe.TIbHbI. Ho
eCJIll D K ,nepBOMY CBoeMY HCKY npHcDBDKynHT XD,lI.aTaMCTBO
a 3anpeIll,eHHll, TO He TDJI;bKD 6YJl.eT pa3pemClH BDnpDc 06 era
npaBax, HO B cJIY'lae ycnexa, eCJIH TO.'IbKO A He OTKa:H<eTCH DT
BCHKHX ,lI.aJIbHeHmHX npHTH3aHHH, D nD.TIY'lHT npHKa3, 3anpe-
IlI,aIOIlI,HH A npD,lI.aJI:H<aTb CBOM He3aKDHHbIe ,lI.eHCTBHH no.)]; hpa-
XOM .3aKJIIO'leHHH B TIOPbMY B cJIy'lae HenOBHHOBeHH5L TaKHe
npHKa3bI HMelOT DrpDMHDe 3Ha'leHHe, TaK KaK OHH npenHT-
CTByIOT ynopHbIM npaBDHapymHTeJIflM, JIHmeHHbIM )];eHe:H<HbIX
Cpe,ll.CTB, BTflrHBaTb c06cTBeHHHK oB B 6eCKOHe'lHbIM Pfl)]; npo-
ll.eCCDB, KOTDpbIe Tpe6YIOT H3,l1.ep}KeK.
EIlI,e 6D.'Iee CYIll,eCTBeHHoe 3Ha'leHHe 3anpeIll,eHHfl 3aK.TIIO-
'laeTCH B TOM, 'lTD ero MO}KHO ,lI.aTb NUl npe)];OTBpaIll,eHHfl npa-
BDHapymeHHfl, KOTopoe TOJIbKD O}KH)];aeTcH. MOH coce,ll. Ha'la.'1,
HanpHMep, cTpoHTe.'1bCTBD, KOTopoe MO}KeT, KaK 51 onacaIOCb,
no. OKOH'laHHH 3arop0)];HTb MDM OKHa. B 'TaM c.'1Y'lae, KOr)];<l OH
;I,eHCTBHTeJIbHD 3a)];YMa.TI cDBepmHTb HeIJ.TO iHe3aKDHHoe, ,lJ,JIfl Hac
D60HX 6bIJIO 6bI MHDrD .TIY'lllIe, eCJIll 6bI Cl1pOHTe.'IbCT8'IO 6bI.lIO
cpa3Y TIpHOCTaHDBJIeHD, BMeC'I'O TorD, 'lT06bI n.rNlTHTb nor:O'f
6DJIbmDe BD3MeIll,eHHe HJIH pa3pymaTb )];OporyIO nOC'I'pOMKIY. L1:Jl
B'lHHeHHH HCKa 0. 3anpeIll,eHHH MHe He3aIJ.eM }K,lJ,aTb Toro Bpe
, MeHH, KDr,ll.a MOH OKHa 6Y)];YT cpaKTH'leCKH 3arOpD}KeHbI, XDT5!
fl, KOHe'lHO, He MDry Tpe6DBaTb B03MeIll,eHHH 3a yIll,ep6, KOT\O-
pbIM eIll,e He npHIJ.HHeH. Ec.TIll cy)];, BbICJIymaB ,lI.e.TIo, pemHT, 'lTO
npDeKT MDero Coce)];a HapymHT. B c.TIY'lae CBDero BbIIID.TIHeHH5!.
M\DH 3aKDHHbIe npaBa, TO OH BbI,lI.aCT 3anpeIll,eHHe, eC.TIH TOJIbKQ
MOM eoce)]; He car.'1aCHTCH ,lI.D6pDBDJIbHD Ha H3MeHeHHe npDeKTa
lJ,.TIH H36e}KaHH5J rp03flIll,eH MHe HenpHHTHOCTH.
BbIme 6bIJIO eKa3aHD, 'lTO injunction B OCHOBe CBDeii
HOCHT 3anpeTl'ITe.TlbHbIH xapaKTep. TeM He MeHee, CY)];bI Hepe,ll.KD
BbIHOCflT TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIM ynOJIHOMD'lllBalOIlI,HH npHKa3 (Man-
datory Order) C u.eJIblO BDeCTaHDB.TIeHl'Ifl status quo, HapymeH-
H oro OTBeTIJ.HKOM. HanpHMep, eCJIll B npHBe,ll.eHHOM BbIme CJIY-
lIae MOM coce,ll., y3HaB 0 MoeM HaMepeHHH Tpe60BaTb 3anpeme-
HHH, Ha'lHeT pa60TaTb )];HeM H HO'lbIO, B TOM 'lHe.TIe H no BOC-
KpeceHbflM, C u.e.rrlb1O 3aIKDH'liHTb B03Be,ll.'eHHe CTeHbI ,lI.O TOro,
KaK cy)]; BbICJIymaeT Moe npllTfl3aHHe Ha 3anpeIll,eHHe, TO 3T'IO
eMY He nDMO:H<eT. ECJII'I cy,lI. CTaHeT Ha TY TO'lKy 3peHHSI, 'lTO
MOfl npeTeH3Hfl npaBHJIbHa, TO. DH npllKa:H<eT MoeMY COce)];y
206
'nCTT, 'IETBEPTA.H. 1'1'.\,1,,1./\ TICK-OE HPABO
pa3pYllillTb CTeHY, BO BCHKOM CJIY'Iae )],0 TaKoro yp'.OBHH, KOTO-
pbIM n03BOJIliT MHe rIO.TIb30Bafl'bCH CBeTOM. B npeLl{Hne BpeMeHa
npH COCTaBJIeHHH no)],06HbIX npHKa30B cy)J. 06HapY)!{HBa.1I MHoro
H300peTaTe.I1bHOCTli C l(eJIbIO coxpaHeHHH 3anpeTI1TeJIbHOrO xapa-
KTepa 3a no)],ooHbIMil injunctions. MoeMY coce)],y ObIJI\O ObI
3anpeIl(eHO «npO)],OJI)!{aTb OCTaBJIHTb CTeHY Hepa3pYllIeHHOH».
Ho Tenepb y)!{e ,iJ,aBHO HCQe3.'la :na npHBep)!{eHHOCTb K <popMe,
He COOTBeTCTBYIOIl.J.eH CO,iJ,ep)!{aHliIO.
3ac.I1Y)!{HBaeT ynollH:lHaHlI5I )],pyra5I, BeCbMa lIHTep nja
oco6eHHocTb injunction. XapaKTepHbliM cBoiIcTBOM aHrJIIiHCK U
10CTlIUlili HBJIHeTCH, .KOHe'mo, Tpe60BaHHe, l!ToGbl HHKaKaH caHK-
I(lIH He npHMeHHJIaCb )],0 TIl.J.aTeJIbHOnO YCTaHOBJIeHlIH CaMI1X
<paKTOB H 3aKOHOB, npI1MeHlIMblX K )],aHHOMY CJIY'IaIO. Ho .3Ta
npou.e)],ypa TpeoyeT BpeMeHlI, a nOKa 'ITO YIl.J.epo, TpeOYIOIl(HH
Y)],OBJIeTBOpeHHH, MO)!{eT npll'IHHHTb orpOMHblH Bpe)],. B no)],o6-
HOM CJIY'Iae HCTeu MO)!{eT oGpaTHTbCH K cy)],y 3a «npeJI,BapI1-
TeJIbHblM 3anpeIl.J.eHHeM» (interlocutory injunction), T. e. 3a
3anpeIl.J.eHHeM, KOTopoe MO)!{eT OblTb 'npliMeHeH10 BpeMeHHo, nOKa
He GY)],YT YCTaHOB.'leHbl npaBa CTOpOH; nO)],OOHoe 3anpeIl.J.eHHe,
eCJIH OHO )],eHCTBHTeJIbHO TpeoyeTcH B CpO'IHOM nop Ke.M\O)!{e
6bITb )],aHO ex parte, T. e. oe3 1'01'0, ''ITOObI BbICJlYllIaTb OTBeT-
'IHKa. 5lCHO, 'ITO cy)]" Y,lJ,OB.'leTBOpHH TaKoe Tpe60BaHHe, OCO-
6eHHO B nOCJIe,lJ,HeM c.'lyqae, pHcKyeT HaHeCTH cepbe3HblH Bpe,n:
OTBeT'IllKY, eC.'lli B KOHe'IHOM HTore OKa)!{eTC5I, '-ITO OH He CO-
BepllIa.1I lI.IIH He 3aMblllI.I1H,,'1 HHKaKOI"O HenpaBOMepHoro )],eH-
CTBHH. 31'0 MO)!{eT,J HanpHMep, CJIY'-IHTbC5I, Kor)],a npHOCTaHa-
B.'lHBaeTCSl OOJIbllIOe CTpOHTeJIbCTBO CTOHMOCTbIO B TbICSl'IH <PYH-
TOB. JI.JIfi npeAOTBpaIl(eHHH Ta'KHX nOCJIe.rr.cTBHM CYJI, B K3lJe-
cme YCJIOBHfI Bbl,lJ,8.I'IH npe)],BapHTeJII>HOrO 3anpemeHHH B:::er}Ia
rpe6yeT, 'IT06bl npoclITe.'lb «npHHH.'l 06f13aTeJIbCTBO B03MeCTH'I h
YIl(epo» (enter into the usual undertalking in damages), T. e.
06H3a.'lCH, '-ITO B cJlyqae, eCJm OTBeT'IliK )],OKa)!{.eT CBOIO npa-
BOTY, OH (npocHIl.J.lIll o BbI,lJ,aqe 3anpeIl.J.eHHH) B03MeCTHT OTBeT-
I ! T{Y nOTepll, nOHeceHHble nOc.lIe)],Hl:IM BCJIe)],CTBlie ero no)],'In-
HeHl:IfI npl:lKa3Y y , TaKoe 005I3aTeJIbCTBO (no KOTOPOMY B03-
MO)!{HO B3blOKaHHe B ynpOIl.J.eIiiiC , !lOpsUI:Ke) B03J1araeT cepbe3-
HyIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb Ha "lHl(O, npl:lHHBllIee etG.
3anpeIl.J.eHHH )],aIOTCH OObl'IHO CY,lJ,OM ,lJ,J1H npeJI,OTBpaIl.J.eml ,[
noc.'le)],cTBliM rpa)!{,lJ,aHCKHx npaBoHapYllIeHlIH KaK <l>aKTlI'IecK:
COBepllIeHHblx, TaK II O)KlI)],aeMbIX; HO cY,lJ, 'IaCTO )],aeT HX TaKThe
;r.m npeJI,OTBpaIl.J.eHHH HapYllIeHlIH ,lJ,onoBopoB, HMeIOIl.J.HX CBOW!
npe)],MeTOM B03)],ep)!{aHlie 01' ,lJ,eHcTBliM (negative contract:: i.
ECJlll, HanpliMep, apeHlI,aTOp OOH3aJICH B apeH,lJ,HoM ,'lOrOBope
He npoH3BO,lJ,lITb iB nOCTpOllKax HMeHHfI aYKUHOHHbIX 1'oprOB, )[,.
HeCMOTpH Ha .31'0, 06'bHB.'lHeT 0 npe,lJ,CToHw.eM TaM aYKUl:IOHC.
TO 3anpem,eHHe CYJI,3 MO)!{eT OCT3HOBHTb ero JIeHCTBHH.
fJIARA xv. rl'Am,n:AHOROE nPABO II Era OAHTH:I.HH 207
6. 11 C n 0 JI flee 11 H e B HaT Y p e U -'0 Jl. 0 rOB 0 paN:
(Specific performance of contracts). MbJ BHJl.e.'IH, '11'0 oomee
npaBO 'npe,n:OCTaBJIfleT YJl.OBJIeTBOpeHHe 3a HapyrneHHe Jl.orOBO-
pOB B BHJl.e npHCY>KJl.eHHfl ,n:eHe>KHOrO B\03MemeHHfl. Ho cYIll,e-
C'I'BYIOT TaKHe ,n:orOBopbI, npH HapyrneHHH KOTOpbIX Jl.eHe>KHOe
B03MeIll,eHHe npeJl.CTaBHT C060H BeCbMa HeJl.OCTaT01JHOe YJl. OBJIe.
TBopeHHe. Dpe.n;nOJIO>KHM, '11'0 51 B TeqeHlle MHorHX JleT KOnHJI
cpe.n;CTBa .n;.TIfl nOKYUKH .n;OMa, KOTOpbIM 51 ueHIO 3a ero npHB.TIe-
KaTe.'lbHOCTb, YJl.OOCTBa HJIH KpaCOTY. COOCTBeHHHK .n;OMa COf.la-
rnaeTCfl npo.n;aTb ero MHe 3a 'onpe.n;eJIeHHYIO UJIaTY H C :::nOH
ue.TIbIO nOJI.nHCblBaeT .n;OfOBOp. 51 >KeJIaIO npn06peCTH .n;OM,
a He nOJIyqHTb B03MemeHfle. C06CTBeHHHK, C06JIa3HeHHbII J,
MO>KeT 6bITb, 60.TIee BbICOKOH mraToH. OTKa3bIBaeTCfl BbITIOJIHHTb
,L\orOB Op. Do 'npaBY cnpaBe.n;JIflBOCTfI MHe 6y.n;eT BbI.n;aH npH
OTCYTCTBHH OCOObIX 06cToHTe.rIbcTB cy.n;eoHbIlI npHKa3 00
«HcnOJIHeHHH B HaType», T. e. npHKa3 npoJl.aBuy noJl. cTpaxoM
TIOpeMHoro 3aKJJIO'leHHH nepeJl.aTb MHe Jl.OM npH ynJIaTe ueHbI,
06YCJIOB.TIeHHOM Me>KJl.Y HaMH; B CJIY'lae ynopcTBa npoJl.aBua cy.n.
1I0pyqHT cYJl.e6HoMY HCnOJIHl1Te.ruo nepe.n.aTb MHe Jl.OM 3a C'leT
npoJl.aBu a .
51cHo, 'lTO nOJl.06HOe YJl.OB.'IeTBopeHHe BO MHorHX CJIyqaHX
rOpa3Jl.O .3<pcpeKTHBHee npocToro B03MeIll,eHHH; H XOTH OHO
B OCHOBHOM OTHOCHTCfl TO.'IbKO K Jl.OrOBopaM 0 npH06peTeHHH
npaBa Ha HeJl.BH>KHMOCTb, OHO TaK>Ke M'O>KeT 6bITb npeJl.OCTa-
B.TIeHO no Jl.OrOBopaM 0 nOKynKe aKUHH, naeB H 'Jl.pyrHxueH-
HOCTeH, KOTopble HMeIOTCH B orpaHl1'leHHOM KOJIHqecTBe H KOTO-
pbIe nOKynaTe.'lb He MO>KeT BCJI'eJl.CTBHe .3TOrO npFI06peCTH Ha
OTKpbITOM 'pbIHKe. CyJl. BnpaBe npHMeHHTb ero TaK>Ke KO BceM
:: !'0BopaM, OTHOCHIlI,HMCH K nOKynKe TOBapOB, HO B nOJl.06HbIX
CJIY'laflX 31'0 YJl.OB", opeHHe npeJl.OCTaBJIfleTCH peJl.KO.
Ha.n.o 3a.MeTHTb, '11'0 XOTfl cy.n;eUHb;i;: [! HKa3 06 HCnOJIHe-
HHH B Ha'Type C IBHernHeH CTOpOHbI nOXO>K Ha ynOJIH{)MO'll1DoIO-
IU;HH npHKa'3 WIll 38'npemeHHe, HO B OCHOBe OH 01' HHX OTJIII-
1JaeTCfl, Ta'K 'KaK HMeeT nnTIO>KHTe.ThHbIH xapaKTep II npHMe-
HfleTCfl TOJII>KO K ,.'IOrOBOpaM, a He K rpa>K1I.aHCKOMY npaBOHa-
pymeHHIO
7. l II P a B :1 H 10 III. 1'1 i1 H:\I V III. e c T 13 0 :II (Receiver and
Manager). HeJIb3H YiIIYCK.aTb lI3 Bl1.:r.y 3TH OqeHb Ba2KHble eno-
C06bI YJl.OBJIeTBOpeHI1H, npe}WCTaB.'UIeMble npaBOM cnpaBe)J.JlIIBO-
CTH, XOTH OHH H HOCHT «npe.n;BapHTe.'lbHbIH» HJIH BpeMeHHblll
xapaKTep. 4aCTO, BBH.n.y 3aTH}KHbIX TH}K6, OblBaeT }KH3HeHHO
Ba}KHO npe}IOXpaHHTb cnopHYIO C06CTBeHHOCTb 01' pa30peHHH
H rH6e.TIH, BbITeKaIOIlI,eH H3 'He6pe}KeHHH elO H.'T'H H3 paCXHIlI,e-
HFIH.
nO.n.06HbIe C.TlY'laFI HMelOT MeCTO B oc06eHHOCTH npH HCKax
o paCTOpX(eHHH TOBapFImeCTB, npFI cnopHbIX npHTH3aHllHX lIa
.118
'IAGTI> 'IETBEPTAIT. rp,A 'R.z:(AHGIWE IIPABO
3cM31lO, npH HCKaX 0 pea31H3aIJ:HH 3a31O}KeHHoro HMYI.qeCT'Ba H T. n.
B 3TH X C31Y'IaHX cy.n; Ha3Ha'IaeT CBoe .n;OJDKHOCTHoe 31HIJ:O B Ka'Ie-
CTBe ynpaB31HIOI.qerO, KOTOpbIH .n;omKeH xpaHHTb HMyI.qeCTBO 11
OT'IHTbIBaTbCH B .n;oxo.n;ax C Hero; nOC31e.n;mle 31H60 BHOCHTCH B cy.n;,
.TIH60 B KOHe'IHOM HTore nepe.n;alOTCH BbIHrpaBIlleH ,lI.e310 CTO-
pOHe. Cy.n; Ha3Ha'IaeT TaK}K€ ynpaB31HlOIIJ;erO .n;31H peaJIH3aIJ:IIH
HMyIIJ;eCTBa ,lI.031)j{HHKa, KOTopoe no KaKHM-31H60 TeXHH'IeCKHM
npH'ImfaM OKa3bIBaeTCH He.n;OCT}j}KHMbIM .n;.TIH Kpe.n;,HTopa npB
06H'IHOM xo.n;e .n;e31a. '
Cy.n; HeOXOTHO npHHHMaeT Ha ce6H CBHi3aHHoe 0 pnCKOM
ynpaB31eHHe HMYIIJ;eCTBOM, HO eC31H TaKoe ynpaB31eHHe MO}KeT
npe.n;OCTaBHTb 06eCneQeHHe A31H Kpe.n;HTopa, TO cy.n; HAeT Ha
3TO. B 3TOM C31Y'Iae 06H3aHHOCTb ynpaB31HlOIIJ;€rO 3aK31lO'IaeTCH
B Be,ll.eHHH .n;e31 nOA pyKOBO.n;CTBOM cy.n;a B HHTepecax JIHIJ:, KO-
TopbIe B KOHe'IHOM H'I'ore 6y.n;YT npH3HaHbl npaBOMO'IHbIMH.
8. n po B € P K a .n; 0 K Y M e H T 0 B. 3'1'0 BeCbMa Ba}KHblll
Ii cpaBHHTe31bHO HOBbIH BPs..n; y.n;oB31eTBOpeHHH, npe.n;oCTaB31HeMbIH
npaBoM cnpaBe.n;31HBOcTH. CTapble Cy.n;bI oOIIJ;ero npaBa K031eOa-
.'1HCb Me}K.n;y npHMHTHBHbIM npeACTaB31eHHeM 0 .n;oKYMeHTe KaK
npoCToH .n;BU}KllMOCTH, no.n;06Ho 310llIa.n;u H31H 6bIKY, IJ:eHHoH
.'1HllIb no CBOHM <pH3UQeCKHM CBoHcTBaM, H npe,ll.CTaB31eHHeM,
11CKJIIO'IalOIIJ;HM nepBoe, HO nO'ITH CT031b }Ke npHMI1Tl1BBbIM,
a HMeHI-IO, 'ITO AOKyMeHT 0631a.n;aeT «Mar11QeCKOH» 1131H «B031-
llIe6HoH» CH310ll, K KOTOpOH C31e.n;yeT OT'HOCHTbOH 0 cyeBepHbIM
YBa}KeHHeM. npaBo cnpaBe.n;JIHBOCTH, T. e. lOpHC.n;HKIJ:HOHHaH
B.1aCTb Y'leHbIX KaHIJ:JIepOB, 6bI31a ropa3.n;0 CMe31ee 11 npH3Ha31a,
C O.n;HOH CTOpOHbI, 'ITO <p3:31bllIHBbIH H31H BBO.n;HIIJ;HH B 3a(31)'-
)K.n;eHHe .n;oKYMeHT MO}KeT npl1'IHHI1Tb MHoro Bpe.n;a, eC31H OCTa-
BllTb ero B 06paIIJ;eHHH, H C .n;pyroH CTOpOHbI, 'ITO .n;OKYMeHT
HB31HeTCH npocTo Bblpa}K€Hl1eM HaMepeHHH CTOpOH. 06IIJ;ee
rrpaBo, KOHe'IHO, OTKa3bIBaeTCH npH3HaBaTb npHHy.n;HTe.lbHYlO
CH31Y 3a no.n;310}KHbIM 06H3aTe31bCTBOM H31ll 3a nHCbMeHHbIM .n;oro-
BOpOM, .n;OObITbIM 06MaHHbIM nYTeM; o.n;HaKO, npaBo cnpaBe.n;JIU-
BOCTH H.n;eT ropa3.n;0 .n;a31bllIe H Tpe6yeT aHHYJIl1pOBaHHH mIll
YHI1'ITO}KeHHH MOllIeHHI1'IeCKllX ll31ll oOMaHHbIx .n;OKYMeHTOB II .n;o-
KYMeHToB, .n;OObITbIX IIYTeM HaC'llJIllH. EC31H HBHO .n;OKa3aHO, 'ITO
BC31e.n;CTBlle 01lIH6KH B, HanncaHllH ll31H no .n;PyrHM npll'IHHaM
.n;OKYMeHT He OTpa}KaeT .n;eHCTBllTe31bHOrO cor.'1allIeHHH -CTOPOH,
YCTaHOB31eHHOrO .n;pyrllMH .n;OKa3aTe31bCTBaMll, TO npaBO cnpa-
Be.n;JIHOOCTH «llcnpaBJIHeT» .n;OKYMeHT, T. e. npHK83bIBaeT 0 Ta-
KOM ero H3MeHeHllH, KOTopoe n03B031H310 ObI eMY OTp83llTb
llCTI1HHOe COr31allIeHHe CTOpOH. K CO}l{a31eHHlO, npaBO cnpaBe,nJIH-
BOCTI1 He MO}l{eT nocTynllTb TaKllM }l{e 06pa30M C 3aBeIIJ;aHl1eM
YMepllIero 'le310BeKa, HeCMOTpH Ha Ha31H'lHe O'leBll.n;HbIX JJ.OKa3a-
T€JIbCTB B nOJJb3y ero llCnpaBJJeHHH, H60 3TO npOTllBOpe'IHJIO 6
npe.n;nHcaHllHM O.!I.Horo nap31aMeHTCKoro aKTa, no KOTOPOMY JJ.ei1-
I'JIABA xv. :r:PAJr .n:AHaEOE ITPABO HErO OAHKI(HH 20!}
CTBHTeJIbHbIM npH3HaeTcH 3aBelll.aHHe, «no.n;nHcaHHoe 3aBelll.aTe-
JIeM».
9. Pew e H H eon p H 3 H a H H H (Declaratory order).
CYllI.eCTByeT HeKOTopoe pa3Hor JIaCHe no Bonpocy 0 TOM, RB-
.JIHeTCH JIH 3TOT BnOJIHe COBpeMeHHbIH BH.n; y.n;OBJIeTBOpeHHH
.c.aHKIJ:Hen o6ll1.ero npaBa HJIH npaBacnpaBe,lI)IHBOCTH. HCTOpH-
GeCKH ero npOHcxmK.n;eHHe HeCOMHeHHO CBH3aHO C npaBOM
.cnpaBe)J)lHBOCTH; c..10BeCHaH cpopMa Cy,n:e6Horo npaBlfJIa (Rule
-of Court), Ha OCHOBaHHH KOToporo OHO OCYIll.eCTBJIHeTCH, ,n:aeT
eMY KaK 6YATO 6bI H ceiiqac xapaKTep CaHKIJ:HH npaBa cnpa-
Be,n:JIHBOCTH. KOpOTKO rOBopH, «,n:eKJIapaIJ:HOHHbIH npHKa3» npe.n.-
CTaBJIHeT C060H cpopMaJIbHOe 3aHBJIeHHe cy.n;a, OCHOBaHHoe Ha
.n;OKa38Te.JIbCTBaX H npeHHHX CTOpOH H KacaIOlll.eeCH npaB no-
CJ1e.n;HHX, npH'IeM 3a HHM He C.'Ie.n;yeT «COOTBeTCTBYIOIll.erO y.n;o-
BJIeTBOpeHHH», T. e. Tpe60BaHHH, IH06bI o.n;Ha H3 CTOpOH ynJIa-
THJIa B03MeIll.eHHe HJIH COBepWHJJa KaKOe-JIH60 HHoe .n;enCTBlie.
«JJ.eKJIapaIJ:HOHHbIH npHKa3» MO}KeT 6blTb .n;a}Ke BbIHeceH B OTHO-
nreHIIH KaK npe.n;CTOHIll.HX eIll.e B 6y.n;YIll.eM nOCTynKoB, TaK
II COBepweHHbIX B npow..10M; HO, KOHe'IHO, K He MY HeJIb3H
npH6eraTb B OTHoweHHH 'IHCTO rHnOTeTH'IeCKHX CJIY'IaeB. TaK,
HanpHMep, eC,,'IH CTOpOHbI, npoeKTHpYIOIll.He eMeiiHoe H,,'JJI 6paQ-
Hoe COrJIarneHHe, CnpOCHJIH 6bI cy.n;, KaKOBO 6y.n;eT npaBOBoe
nOCJIe.n;'CTBHe corJIJ(JmeHHH, ocpopMJIeHHOrO B BH.n;e aKTa 3a ne-
'IaTbIO, TO cy.n; OTBeTHJI 6bI: «DO.n;O}K.n;HTe, nOKa B03HHKHeT
JJ,e,,'Io». Ho eCJIH nOCJIe 3aIWIO'IeHHH cor,,'IarneHHH CTOpOHbI
JJ,06pOCOBeCTHO COMHeBaJIHCb 6 OTHOCHTeJIbHO npe.n;eJIOB CBOHX
npaB H He }KeJIaJIH npH6eraTb K Bpa}K.n;e6HbIM cy.n;e6HbIM cnopaM,
'TO OHH MOrJIH_"6bI JIH60 B HCKOBOM nopH.n;Ke, JIH60 B HeKOTopbIX
CJIY'IaHX nYTeM HecpopMaJIbHOrO 06paIll.eHHH K cy.n;y 3anpocHTb
ero MHeHHe, 'IT06bI PYKOBO.n;CTBOBaTbcH HM B CBoeM Aa.IJbHeHmeM
nOBe.n;eHHH. HecoMHeHHo, 'ITO no.n;06Hoe y.n;OBJIeTBOpeHHe, eCJm
10,,%KO ero Bo06Ill.e MO}KHO OTHeCTH K 'IHCJIY CaHKIJ:HH, no.n;JIe-
}KHT cepbe3HoH KpHTHKe c TO'IKH 3peHHH KaK TeOpeTH'IeC'KOH,
TaK H npaKTH'IeC:KOH. aHO HBHO HeCOBMeCTHMO C 06Ill.HM npHHQH-
nOM aHrJIHHCKOro cYAe6Horo npaBa, r,,'Ia.cHIll.HM, 'ITO Ka}K.n;oe
cy.n;e6Hoe .n;e.1Jo .n;OJl)ImO 6 Tb c.lJe.n:cTBHeM Bpa}K.n:e6Horo H.TIH no
KpaMHei-i Mepe HerrpHH3HeHHoro .n;eilcTBHH o.n;Horo JIHIJ:a, Hanpa-
B.'1eHHOrO npoTHB .n:pyroro .'IHua. COBepmeHHO HCRbI npaKTH'Ie-
CKHe Hey.n;06cTBa, BbITeKaIOIll.He H3 cy.n:e6HOH .n;eiK.'IapaQHH no
TaKOMY Bonpocy, KOTOpbIH 'Iepe3 HeKoTopoe BpeMH MO}KeT CTa ib
npeAMeTOM .n;eHCTBHTe.'lbHO Bpa}!(J],e6Horo cnopa Me}K.n;y .'IHua IH,
He HBJIHIOIll.HMHCH CTopOHaMH B nepBOM AeJIe, Tel\! He MeHee,
perne>mre 0 npH3HaHIIH, npHMeHHeMoe C OCTOpO}KHOCThIO, npe.rr-
'CTaB.'IHeT C060H QeHHoe opY}KHe B apceHa.ne rpa}K.n;aHCKoro
npaBocy.n;HH. HO B )TO..10BHhIX .n;eJIax OHO, KOHe'IHO, COBepmeHI-IO
flenpHro.n;HO.
14 aaK. 364-8. AH:-'.rruHl"I ()(, J1JI.i1HO.
210
qACTL qETBEPTMI. PPA:tR.,n:AHCIWE JIPABO
CAHKUHH KYTIE4ECKorO TIPAllA
MbI MO:H<eMpaCOMOTpeTh 3,n:ecb TOJIbKO ,n:Be ll3 HllX, lllMeHHO
KOHKYPCHOe ,npOll3BO,n:CTBO If a,n:MllpaJITeHCKllH llCK in rem.
10. K 0 H K Y P C Hoe n pOll 3 B 0 ,n: C l' B O. CYIIJ;HOCTb TOH.
caHKQllll 3aKJIIO<JaeTCH B TOM, ''11'0 OHa 06H3bIBaeT K nponop-
L(HOHaJIbHOMY pacnpe,n:eJIeHlllO Bcero llMYIIJ;eCTBa HeCOCTOHTeJIb-
Horo ,n:OJI:H<HllKa Me:H<,n:y ero Kpe,n:HTopaMll, BMeCTO 1'01'0, <JT06b1
nOCTaBllTb ynJIaTy nOCJJe,n:HHM B 3aBHCHMOCTb OT CJI€noro CJIY-
<JaH, 01' OKa3bIBaeMoro HMll ,n:aBJI'eHlfH, 01' 'l1pOTeKQHII, y,n:a"llg
H T. n. (ha C8H'KQllH 6bIJIa BBe,n:eHa B XVI BeKe B 3HrJJHMeKOe
npaBo OC06bIM 3aKOHOM, HO B Te<JeHHe nepBblx Tpex BeKOB
CBoero cYlL(ecTBoB8HllH OHa npllMeHHJI8Cb TOJIbKO K KymWM,
)],JIH KOTOpbIX OHa npe.n:CTaBJIHeT, KOHeqHO, :>KII3HeHHyIO He06xo-
.n:HMOCTb. O IH'aKO c 1861 r. 3aKOHbI 0 KOHKypCHOM npoH3Bo,n:-
CTBe CTaJIII npllMeHHTbcH KO BceM cOBepllIeHHOJIeTHllM; Tenepb
.n:a:>Ke 3aMY»\Hlle :>KeHIIJ;HHbI MorYT 6bITb, 6JIaro,n:apH He,n:aBHO
BHeceHHbIM B 3aKOH ll3MeHeH'HHM, npll3HaHbI 'lIeCOCTOHTeJIbHbIMH.
HecoCTOHTeJIbHbIH ,n:OJI:>KHllK MO:>KeT 6bITb 06'bHBJIeH cy.n:OM
HeCOCTOHTeJJbHbIM no co6cTBeHHoM npocb6e llJIll no npocb6e ero
Kpe.n:llTopa; cYIIJ;eCTBYIOT TaKlle «nocTynKll, ,n:OK83bIB81OIIJ;IIe
6aHKpo11cTBO», cOBepllIeHlle 'KOTOpbIX .n:OJI:>K'lIHKOM npe,n:cTaBJIHeT
.n:OKa3aTeJIbCTBO prima facie npaBa Kpe,n:llTopa Ha cy,n:e6Hoe
npH3HaHHe HeCOCTOHTeJIblHOCTH. 06'bHBJI'eHH€ 'KaKOrO-JIH60 IIeJIO-
BeKa HeCOCTOHTeJIbHbIM .n:OJI:>KHllKOM He JIHllIaeT ero np8Bocno-
,C06HOCTH; HO Bce ero JfMYIIJ;eCTBO B L(eJJOM (B C8MOM llIllpOKOM
CMbICJIe CJIOBa), KOTopoe npllHa.n:JIe:>KaJIO eMY B MOMeHT npe.n:CT8-
B\lIeHllH neTllIJMIII 0 HeCOCTOHTeJIbiHOCTII llJIH B TeIIeHHe Tpex Me-
CHQeB .n:0 1'01'0, nepe.n:aeTCH o<pllQllaJIbHOMY ynpaBJIHIOIIJ;eMY
(Official Receiver) cy.n:a HJIH JI.OBepllTeJIbHoMY c06cTBeHHllKY
(trustee), Ha3HaIIeHHOMY !Kpe.n:HTopaMII, 11 pacnpe.n:eJJHeTCH 'K8K
«.n:llBll.n:eH.n:» Me:>K.n:y JIIIQ8MH, YCT8HOBHBllIIIMII llJIII «.n:OKa3aB-
llIHMll» CyMMY CBOHX 11pe60B81HllH, npH"lIeM paonpe.n:e'JIeHlle npo-
H3BO.n:llTCH CTporo nponOPQHOHaJIbHO pa3Mepy 3THX CYMM. CBepx
1'01'0, CHKoe llMYIIJ;eCTBO, BKJIIO<JaH II J!.OXO,ZJ: OT JI.OrOBopOB (3a
HeKOTopbIMll He60JIbllIHMII llCKJIIOIIeHHHMH), nOCTynHBllIee K He-
COCTOHTeJIbHoMy ,ZJ:OJI:>KHllKY HJIH nOJIYIIeHHoe I1M ,ZJ:O OKOHIIaHIIH
KOHKypCHoro npOII3BO,ZJ:CTBa, MO:>KeT 6bITb HCTpe60BaHo 0<pIIUH-
.aJIbHbIM ynpaBJIHIOIIJ;llM HJIll ,ZJ:OBepllTeJIbHbIM c06CTBeHHHKOM
B llHTepecax Kpe,ZJ:HTopOB,KOTopbIe Y:>Ke llMeJIllCb H8J1HUO K MO-
IleHTY OT/KpbI'fHH KOHKypca. npH 3TOM npIIHIIIMalOTcH BO BHIIMaHHe
npaBa Tex JIHQ, KOTopbIe ,ZJ:oopocoBecTHo BCTynaJIll B C,ZJ:eJIKA
C HecOCTOHTeJIbHbIM ,ZJ:OJI:>KHHKOM, ,ZJ:a:>Ke 3Hafl 06 ero HeCOCTOfl-
TeJIbHOCTH. Kpe,ZJ:llTopbI, Tpe60BaHllH KOTOpbIX B03HHKJIH nocJle
-DTKpbITllH KOHKypca, He MorYT npe.n:'bHBJIHTb npeTeH3llH )],0 oora-
rueHllH' .n:OJIrOB, B03HllKllIllX JI.O OTKpbITHH KOHKypC8, JlerKo nOHHTb
rJIAEA xv. I'PAJI';;:J)\.HCKOE nPABO II Ero CAHKlI,Hll 211
oco6eHHO npllHfIB BO BHHMaHlle, 'ITO npoI.(e.n;ypa 061>fIBJJeHHfI
KOHKypca HOCIIT ny6JIH"llHbIH ,xapaKTep, 'ITO «Hec'IaC'THoMY»
6a.HKPOTY, B oc06eHHocTll, eCJm OH '1JeeTHbIll 'IeJJOBeK, HeJIe!'J{,O
3apa60TaTb Ha :>K1l3Hb; .n;JIfI «He.n;o6pocoBecTHoro» 6aHKpoTa YCTa-
HoBJIeH lI,eJIbIH CnI1COK «npaBoHapYIIJeHIIH, CBfI3aHHbIX C 6aH-
KpOTCTBOM», KOTopble BJIeKYT 3a C060M yrOJJOBHOe HaKa3aHlle.
CBepx Toro, .n;eJIa Bcex HeCOCTOfITeJIbHbIX .n;OJJ:>KHI1KOB .n;OJDKHbI
no.n;BepraTbcfI «ny6JIH'IHoMy paccMoTpeHlllO»; BO BpeMfI TaKoro
pacCMoTpeHHfI Ka:>K,lJ,bIH Kpe,lJ,I1TOp MO:>KeT 3a,lJ,aBaTb HeCOCTOfI-
TeJIbHoMY ,lJ,OJI:>KHIIKY BonpocbI C I.(eJIblO o6HapY:>KHTb CJIe,lJ,bI
CKpbITOrO IIM HMYIIJ;eCTBa. HeKoTopbIe C,lJ,eJIKH, COBepIIJeHHble
HeCOCTOfITeJIbHbIM ,lJ,OJI:>KHHKOM B JII060e BpeMfI ,lJ,0 HatJaJIa KOH-
Kypca, MorYT 6bITb no.n;BeprHYTbI paCCJIe.n;oBaHlllO co CTOpOHbl
o4>HI.(llaJIbHOrO ynpaBJIfIlOIIJ;ero HJIll ,,lJ,OBepllTeJIbHOrO c06cTBeH-
HIIKa; eCJIll o6HaPY:>KHTCfI, '11'0 OHH 6bIJIH HaMepeHHo COBepIIJeHbI
BO Bpe.n; Kpe,lJ,HTOpaM, TO OllSITb-TaKH c yqeTOM npaB npll06pe-
TaTeJIeH bona fide, OHII 0Y,lJ,YT Oe3:>KaJIOCTHO OTMeHeHbI CY,lJ,OM,
H Bee HMYIIJ;eCTBO, 113BJIeIIeHHOe H3 HIIX, llCnOJIb3bBaHO B IIHTe-
pecax Kpe,lJ,llTOpOB.
HeCOCTOfITeJIbHbIM ,lJ,OJI:>KHHK CTaHOBHTCfI nOJIHe npaBocno-
C06HbIM He paHbIIJe, IIeM OH 6Y,lJ,eT 4>opMaJIbHO «OIIHIIJ;eH» OT
HeCOCTOfITeJIbHOCTH, HO II nOCJIe 3Toro OH B TeIIeHHe nfITH JIeT
He MO:>KeT 6bITb IIJIeHOM napJiaMeHTa, II MYHHI.(HnaJIIITeTOB.
C ,!!,pyroH CTOpOHbI, ,lJ,OJIrH, B03HHKIIJlle ,lJ,0 06'hfIBJIeHllfI ero
HeCOCTOfITeJIbHbIM ,/J,OJI:>KHI1KOM, C'IIITaIOTCH Tenepb JIIIKBH-
.lI.HpOBaHHbIMll II He MorYT CJJY:>KHTb OCHOBaHlleM ,lJ,JIfI npe-
TeH3HH.
11. «A C t ion in rem». aHO npe,lJ,CTaBJIHeT C060M BeCbMa
ueHHbIH Bll,lJ, y,lJ,OBJIeTBOpeHIIH, npHMeHHMoro TOJIbKO K. npeTeH-
3HHM, KOTopbIe KacalOTCH Cy.zWB H rpY3o'B, nO,lJ,JIe:>KaIIJ;llX IOpHC-
,lJ,HKUHll A,lJ,MHpaJITeHCTBa, T. e. Ha peKax II Y oeperoB B npe,lJ,e-
..iax .n;eikTBHH npllJIlIBa. fOBOpH TOIIHO, 31'0 y.n;OBJIeTBOpeHHe
fIBJIHeTCH He OKOHIIaTeJIbHbIM, a TO.7IbKO «npe.n;BapllTeJIbHbIM»,
TaK KaK npeTeH3Hll HCTI.(a OTHOCfITCH 4>opMaJIbHO He K CY,lJ,HY
H..ill rpY3Y, a K HX c06CTBeHIfllKaM; n03TOMY nOCJIe.n;HHe MorYT
cpa3Y .n;06HTbCH oCB06mK,lJ,eHI1H CBoero HMYIIJ;eCTBa, npe,lJ,OCTamm.
06eCne'leHlle B CYMMe, paBHOM npeTeH311H H CY,lJ,e6HbIM 113,lJ,ep:>K-
KaM. npaBO HaK.ia.n.bTBaTb 3arrpeIIJ;eHHe Ha CY.IJ.HO II rpY3 MO)j{er
HllOr.n.a 03HatJaTb nO.iHbIH ycnex llCTua, a HHor.n.a nOJIHYIO He-
y.n.aIIY ero npeTeH3HM, HanpllMep, B c,rrYIIae, Kor,lJ,a c06CTBeHHH-'
KaMH cy.n.Ha II rpY3a HB.rIHIOTCfI HHOCTpaHUbI, He IIMelOIIJ;He HHoro,
HMYIIJ;eCTBa B AHrmiH.
31'0 cy.n.e6Hoe np0I13BO,lJ,CTBO MOLKeT 6bITb npHMeHeHCf
TOJIbKO .n;JIfI oCYIIJ;ecTBJIeHHfI npeTeH311H, BbITeKaIOIIJ;llX 113 T8KHX
TpeOOBmmH, KOTOpbJe OTHoefITcH K CY.IJ.RY, rpy3Y HJIH Tp8HC-
14'
212
'IACT), 'H;TBEI'T'\H. I'P._\;T;,'(AU('l>OE TTPABO
nopTY, K 3apa6onIOU n.rIaTe MOp5lKOB, K 4>paXTY, R .Yrn. e p6y,
npll'lllHeHHOMY }K1I3HH lIJ1H HMyrn.eCTBY IIPH CTO.'1KHOBeHHH (HO
OrpaHH<IeHHOMY rrpe e.naMH, KOTopbIe orrpe e.neHbI AKTOM ,0 TOp-
rOB01\1 CY OXO CTBe), K rrplI06peTeHHbIM rrpe MeTaM, He06xo H-
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rrpaBa y ep)KaHHH B Ka<IeCTBe 06ecrre<IemI51 B OTHorneHHH CY H3
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peaJIH3yeMbIe B rropH Ke HCKa in rem He ,iJ,alOT OCHOBaHHH nH
MopCRoro npaBa y ep}KaHHH.
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Dcyrn.ecTBJ1HeTcH cy e6HbIM HCrrOJIHliTe.neM A MHpaJ1TeHcTBa.
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HUe IIpaBO.
O HaKO, CYUJ,eC'fByeT O)J,HO C006pa}KeHlIe, KOTopoe MeIlIaeT
1IaM cne OBaTb KOHTHHeHTa.:IbHoii npaKTHKe 11.111, 130 SCHKOM
r:IAI3A xv. rPAJI()J.AHUWE IlPc\BO nEro UABl;IJ,I1II 213
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HOCTH nOC.le nItp fIi co6CTBeHHJma.
214
'IACTIJ 'IETBEPTAH. rp.Am,n:AHCKOE IIPABO
r JI A B A XVI
CEMEYfHOE np ABO
1. OTHolileHMH Me)j{.n:y cynpyraMM
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KOTOpbIX C'lHTaeTCH, .'lTO ceMbH OrpaHH'lHBaeTCH TpeTbeH CTe-
neHbIO po,n:CTBa, 3TH KpliTepliH CBO,n:HTCH 1) K 06H3aHHocTH ,LLa-
BaTb Cpe.n:CTB<l ,LLJIH lCyru;ecTBOBaHHH, KOTopaH orpiallH'lHBaeTCH
BTOpOH CTeneHbIO, 2) K 3anperu;eHHIO 6paKoB Me:>K.n.y po.n.c1'BeH-
HliKaMIH, KO'Topoe pacnpocTpalHlHe1'lcH Ha TpeTbIO CTeneHb,
II 3) K npaBY IHaCJIeJJ:OBa1'b no 3a I KoHY. nOCJIe.n.Hee TaK:>Ke
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1{ npeAnOJIO:>KeHHIO, 'lTO 6paK HBJIHeTCH ,LLOrOBOpOM, K01'Opbli'r
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If 06blqH e .n.OrOBOpbI, a 31'0 rJIy60QaHrnaH ornH6Ka. 5paQHbIM
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1':u..I:1..\ XVI. CEME1!UOE np ABa
215
,JJ,apCTBO, 6) efO YCJIOBlUI H nOCJIe)I.CTBH5l He M01'YT 6bITb H3Me-
HeHbI COfJIallleHlleM CTOpOH, KaK 6bI HCHO nOCJIe)I.Hlle HH YCTa-
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AHH 6paK B03JIaraeT Ha CTOpOHbI H3BeCTHbIe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa
H npe)I.OCTaBJIHeT HM H3BeCTHbIe npaBa, npHTOM He TOJIbKO
13 OTHOlliemiH )I.Pyr K )I.Pyry, HO H Bo06me B OTHOllleHlIH 'lJl:e-
HOB 06meCTBa.
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npH'IeM OHH B nOJIHOH Mepe )I.OJI>KHbI nOHHMaTb COBeplllaeMoe
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ct>OPMA COBEPIlIEHI15I 3AKOHHOrO BPAKA
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'COCTOHJICH nOCJIe pe4>opMaullll, TaK 'ITO eI'O nOCTaHOBJIeHHH He
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Jf 6 'l. JI.HH. BpHJI. JIll MO>KeT ObITb COMHeHHe, 'ITO cOBepmeHlIe
216
qACTL qE'I'BEPTAH. r AJK.rLAHCKOE IIPABO
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BeJIH, K CO>KaJIeHHIO, K TOMY, liTO B npOrnJJOM 31'0 Ba>KHOe 06-
CTOHTeJIbCTBO nbITaJIHCb YTaHTb H nYTeM npHMeHeHHH ,I:LBYCMbI-
caeHHblX Bblp8JKeHHH .C,I:Le.rraTb npe,LUIHCaHlUI 3aKOHa HeHCHblMH,
HMeHHO B TaKOM Bonpoce, r,I:Le Tpe6yeTcH HCHOCTb.
.lI.0 3HKJIIO'IeHHH ,Tu060ro HeaHr JIilfKaHCKoro 6paKa H3;:W
nOJIY'lHTb y,I:LOCTOBepeHHe cynepHHTeH,I:LeHTa, perHcTpHpYlOIlI,erO
pmK,I:LeHHH, nrepTH H 6paKH, T. e. ,I:LOJI'>KHOCTHOro JIHua, 'Ba3Ha-
IJaeMOrO BO Bce perHcTpal.(HOHHble oKpyra COBeTa:vm rpa4>cTB
RTJII ropO,I:LOB. EC.TIM 3TO Y,I:LOCTOBepeHHe ,I:LOJl)KHO CJJY>KHTb e,I:LHH-
CTBeHHbIM nO,'IHOMO'lneM Ha 6paKOCOqeTaHHe, TO ero nO.lJYqaroT
IIOCJIe IIHcbMeHHoro YBe,I:LOMneHMfl 0 npe,I:Lrro araeMOM 6paK
rJIABA XVI. {'EMEttHOE np ABO
2lT
cynepHHTeH,lJ,eHTa-pemCTpaTopa Toro oKpyra, B KOTOpOM O,lJ,Ha
113 CTOpOH :>KHJIa He MeRee qeM ceMb .n;HeH; TaKoe YBe,lJ,OMJleHHe,
nocJIie ero BHeceHHH B KHHry YBe,lJ,OMJIeHHH 0 6paKax, ,lJ,OJIJKHO"
6bITb BbIBerneHO B KOHTope perHCTparopa B Te<leHHe .n;Ba.n.QaTH
O,lJ,Horo ,lJ,HH.
BpaKOCOtJ. TaHHe MO:>KeT 6blTb nOCJIe ::noro c:oBepmeHo B nOMe-
IlLeHHH, Haxo,lJ,HIlLeMcH B oKpyre pemcTpaTopa 11 3aperHcTpHpO-
BaHHOM B KaqeCTBe rroMeIlLeHHH ,lJ,JIH cOBeprneHHH 6paKOCOqeTa-
HHSI, «yrrOJIHOMOqeHHbIM JIHqOM» (T. e. JJHQOM, yrrOJIHOMOqeHHbl f
,lJ,OBepHTeJIbHbIM c05CTBeHHHKOM HJIH ,lJ,pyrHM o<pHQHaJIbHbIM .1H-
QOM, yrrpaBJISIIOIlLl1M nOMeIlLeHHeM, Ha cOBeprneHHe 6paKOCOQe-
TaHHii) HJIH B KOH'TOpe cynepHHTeH,lJ,eHTa-perHCTpaTopa 11M
caMHM. B rrepBOM CJlyqae rro,lJ, «3aperI1CTpHpOBaHHbIM nOMeI1Le-
HHeM» H «ynOJIHOMOqeHHbIM JIHQOM» nO,lJ,pa3yMeBalO'TCH MeCTa
IreaHr JIIH<KaIHC' oro 60rOCJJY:>KeHI1SI H HeaH;r JIWI(aHCKHe CBSII1LeHHO-
CJIY:>KHTeJIH; B 3THX CJIyqaSIX MO)j{HO H,CnOJIHSITb JIlO6ble, :>KeJIae.
MbIe CTopOHaMH QepKOBHble 06PSI,lJ,bl C TOll orOBopKOM, 'liTO
.D.OJI:>KHbI 6bITb npOH3HeceHbI Te OCHOBHble CJIOBa, KOTopbIe npeII.-
flnC8Hbl AKTOM 0 6paKax 1836 r. Bo BTOpOM c.nY'lae He .n.ony-
CKaeTCSI HHKaKOll QepKOBHOM QepeMOHHl1, XOTH, KOHeqHO, II TYT
CTOpOHbI CBo60,lJ,HbI COBepma'Tb Jl106bIe 06PSI)l:bl QepKOBHoro
6paKOCOqeTaHHSI KaK ,lJ,0 rpaJK,lJ,aHCKOro 6paKOCOqeTaHHH, TaK Id
nOCJIe Hero.
ECJIH CTOpOHbI ToponHTCSI 3aKJIIOqeHHeM 6paKa, TO npHMe-
HHeTCH 60JIee 6bIcTpaH npoQe)l:ypa. ECJIH YBe,lJ,OMJIeHHe 0 6paKe,
nO,lJ,aBaeMOe cynepHHTeH,lJ,eHTy-perHcTpaTopy, CO,lJ,ep>KHT YKa3a-
Hl1e, 'liTO 6paK npe,lJ,nOJIaraeTCH 3aKJIlOql1Tb Ha OCHOBaHMH pa3pe-
.. rneHHH, TO YBe,lJ,OMJIeHHe He BbIBernHBaeTCH B KOHTope perM-
CTpaTopa, HO TOJIbKO BHOCHTCH B KHHry YBe,lJ,OMJIeHHM 0 6paKax.
Do HCTeqemm nOJIHblX CYTOK rrOCJIe TaKoro BHeceHHH B KHHry
cynepHHTeH,lJ,eHT-perHcTpaTop ,lJ,OJI:>KeH no Tpe60BaHHIOcTopOHbI,
rrO,lJ,aBrneM YBe.n;oMJIeHHe, BbI,lJ,aTb He TOJIbKO y.n;OCTOBepeHHe,
HO H pa3perneHHe Ha COBeprneHHe 6paKOCOqeTaHHH B 3aperHCTpH-
pOBaHHOM nOMeI1LeHHH, KOTopoe YKa3aHO B 3TOM pa3perneHHH.
L{JJH )l:eMCTBHTeJIbHOCTH TaKOM npOue,lJ,ypbI yBe,lJ,OMJIeHHe ,lJ,OJI:>KHO
6b1Tb nO,IJ,3IIo cynepl1HTeH.n;eHTy-perl1cTpaTOpy Toro oKpyra.
B KOTOpOM O)l:Ha 113 CTOpOH HMeJIa 06bIqHOe MeCTonpe6bIBaHHe
l1JIH :>KHTeJIbCTBO,B TeqeHl1e nHTHa,lJ,qaTH .n.Heu, Henocpe.n.CTBeHHO
rrpe,lJ,meCTBOBaBrnHX YBe,lJ,OMJIeHHIO, O,lJ,HaKO, YBe,lJ,OMJIeHHH perH-
CTpaTopa Toro OKpyra, B KOTOpO!l1 :>KHBeT ,lJ,pyraH CTopOHa, no-
BPI'D:HMOMY, He Tpe6yeTCH.
KpoMe Toro, Bcm<oe YBe,lJ,OMJlleHHe 0 6paiKe, 3a KOTOpbI:\f
II.O:DKHO c.'1e,lJ,OB3Tb YJJ:OCTOBepemle perH'CTpaTopa, )l:O.lI:>KHO
conpOBO>J(JJ,aTbCH TOp:>KeCTBeHHbIM 3aHBJIeHHeM 06el1x CTOpOH
o TOM, 'ITa. "HacKO.?1bKa HMI H3BeCTHO, He lCyrn:eCTJ yeT 3:a>KOHHhIX
npenHTCTBm'i K HX 6paKY, a 'B CJIyqae He,lJ,OCTH:>KeH'HH DAHOl'! 113
:218
qACTL 'lETBEPTAS!. I'PAJE.D:ARCfCOE IIPABO
"CTOpOH COOTBeTCTBYIOrn.ero B03paCTa (npHqeM 3TO He OTHOCHTCH
K B}I.OBIJ:Y HJIH B}I.OBe) }I.OJILKHO 6bITb YKa3aHO HaJIHqHe COrJIaCHSI,
pe6yeMoro no 3aKoHY }I.JIH 6paKOCOqeTaHHH HecoBeprneHHOJIeT-
-lUlX. JIoLKHble 3aHBJIeHHH KapalOTcH TaK LKe, KaK KJIHTBOnpe-
cTynJIeHHe. I10}I.06HOe LKe npHcHLKHoe 3aHB.leHHe, npH O}I.HHaKO-
:BbIX CaHKIJ:HHX, Tpe6yeTcH OT JIHIJ:, npOC5IlIJ:HX IJ:epKOBHoro pa3-
perneHHH (KaK 06blqHOrO, TaK H CneIJ:HaJIbHoro) Ha 6paKOCOqe-
I
l'aHHe. . i
Ha}I.o ern.e CKa3aTb HeCKOJIbKO CJIOB no nOBo}I.Y cor JIaCHH
7peTbHx JIHIJ:, KOTopoe HHOr}I.a Tpe6yeTcH no 3aKoHY }I.JIH 6paKo-
-COqeTaHHH HecoBeprneHHOJIeTHHX, B cJIyqae, Kor}I.a 3TO He
'B}I.OBIJ:bI HJIH He B}I.OEbI. KOpOTKO rOBopH, eCJIH 6paK cOBep-
waeTCH H3 OCHOBaHHH pa3peIlleHHH HJIH y}I.OcTOBepeHHH cynep-
'HHTeH}I.eHTa-perHCTpaTopa, TO Tpe6yeTcH COrJIaCHe 060HX P0}I.H-
1'eJIeM HJIH OCTaBillerOCH B LKHBbIX pO}I.HTeJIH H oneKYHa, Ha3Ha-
-qeHHoro YMeprnHM pO}I.HTeJIeM. a B CJIyqae, KOr}I.a 06a pO}I.HTeJIfl
:YMepJIH, TO Tpe6ye11cH COrJJaCHe OneKYHa HJIH oneKYHOB, Ha-
-3HaqeHHbIX yMepIllHMH pO}I.HTeJIHMH HJIH CY}I.OM. JJ.JIH BHe6paqHbIX
}I.eTeM Tpe6yeTcH TOJIbKO COfJIaCHe MaTepH, a B CJIyqae ee
'CMepTH - Ha3HaqeHHOrO elO oneKYHa. Kor}I.a }I.eJIO H}I.eT 06paKe,
TO Ha3BaHHble JIHIJ:a MorYT nOCJIe OrJIarneHHH «HaJIOLKHTb 3anpeT»,
. e. OTKa3aTb B CBoeM COrJIaCHH Ha 6paK. Ho, npH OTKa3e 3THX
JJHIJ: }I.aTb COrJIaCHe Ha 6paK, cY}I. MOLKeT. eCJIH CqHTaeT, qTO
cor JIaCHe He }I.aeTCH 6e3 pa3YMHbIX K TOMY OCHOBaHHH, }I.aTb
.caM 3TO cor JIaCH.e. Bo BCHKOM cJJyqae, OTCYTcTBHe cor JIaCHH
"TpeTbeM CTOpOHbI He }I.eJIaeT 6paK He}I.eMCTBHTeJJbHbIM, XOTfl
-.MOLKeT nOBJI1eqb }I.P'YfHe .caHKIJ:HH.
B OTHOIlleHHH 6paKOB eBpeeB H, KBaKepOB CYW.eCTBYIOT
BaLKHbIe CneUHaJIbHble npe}I.nHCaHH}!, KOTopble MbI He MOLKeM
:3}I.eCb 06CYLK}I.aTb. B oTHOilleHIUi 6paKOB, 3aKJIJOqeHHbiX 3a rpa-
HHIJ:eM, 06rn.aH HopMa aHfJIHMCKOro npaBa rJIaCHT, qTO OHH CqH-
TalOTCH }I.eHCTBHTeJIbHbIMH, nOCKOJIbKY }I.eJIO KacaeTCH <POPMbI,
-_1HIllb B TOM CJIyqae, eCJIH 3aKJIIOqeHbI B COOTBeTCTBHH C <Pop-
"MaMH, npH3HaHHbIMH 3aKOHOM TOM cTpaHbI, r}I.e 3aKJIIOqeH 6paK.
"HMeIOTcH pa3J1HqHbIe npe}I.nHcaHHH OTHOCHTeJIbHO 6paKoB, 3a-
'KJIlOqeHHbIX 6pHTaHCKHMH nO}I.}I.aHHbIMH 3a rpaHHIJ:eH, O}I.HaKO Ha
"3THX }I.eTaJIHX MbI MOLKeM 3}I.eCb He OCTaHaBJIHBaTbCH.
TIPABOB E TIOCnE.D.CTBH EPAKA
KaK YLKe 6bIJIO YKa3aHO BbIllie. 3aKJIIOqeHHe 3aKoHHoro
't>paKa TOTqaC LKe H3MeH}!eT npaBoBoe nOJIo.meHHe CTOpOH He
TOJIbKO B OTHorneHHH .apyr }I.pyra, HO H B OTHorneHHH .apyrnx
'IJIeHOB oorn.eCTBa. 3TH H3MeHeHHH HeJIb3H npeAOTBpaTHTb HJIH,
't'OBOp» B 06rn.eii <popMe, Ha HHX HeJIb3H }I.aLKe B03JI.eHCTBOBaTb
c"aKHM ObI TO HH ObIJIO COrJIallIeHHeM, 3aKJJIOqeHHbIM CTopOHaMH
fJIA.BA XVI. CEMEfiHOE rrPABO
19
KaK .no, TaK 11 rrOC.1e 6paKOCOqeTaHlHL JJ.O He.naBHerO BpeMeHH
3TH H3MeHeHHSI, BO BCHKOM CJIyqae B rrOJIO>KeHHH LKeHbI, 6blJIH
TaK BeJIHKH, qTO CTaBHJI11 ee B TO HCKJIIOqHTeJIbHOe H HeH3MeH-
floe rrpaBOBoe nOJIOLKe'HHe, KOTopoe H3BeCTHO rrolI. Ha3BaHHeM
cTaTyca. I13MeHeHHH, HelI.aBHO BHeceHHble B npaBO, KacaIOIl.\HeCH
3aMY7KHHX LKeHIl.\HH, ClI.eJIaJIH rrpaBOBble rrOCJIelI.CTBHH 6paKa Ha-
CTOJIbKO MeHee CYll.\eCTBeHHbIMH, qeM npeLKlI.e, qTO Tenepb MbI
Y>Ke He cqHTaeM .3aMY>KHHX LKeHIl.\HH oc06oM npaBOBOll rpynnOH.
O,n:HaKO, npaBOBble nOCJlelI.CTBHH 6paKa Bce LKe OCTaIOTCSI Ha-
,CTOJlbKO CYll.\eCTBeHHbIMH, 'ITO 3aCJIYLKHBaIOT BHHMaHH5I.
Mbl' YLKe YKa3aJIH, 'rOBOp51 06 yrOJIOBHOM rrpaae, Ha oco-
oeHHocTH nOJIOLKeHHH 3aMYLKHeH LKeHIl.\HHbl H (B MeHbllieM CTe-
neHH) LKeHaToro MYLKqHHbI B Borrpoce 0 lI.aqe nOKa3aHHH, 06
VTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a _yKpbIBaTeJIbCTBO (harbouring) H T. lI.. 3lI.eCb
Mbl TOJIbKO KOpOTKO 06cy,n:HM a) o6H3aHHocTb TaK Ha3bIBaeMoH
cynpYLKecKoH 061l.\HOCTH LKH3HH (consortium) ,n:JIH CTOpOH, 33-
1<JIIO'IaIOIl.\HX 6paK, T. e. HX B3aHMHbli-'I ,n:OJlr BeCTH 061l.\YIO
LKH3Hb, 6) HMYll.\eCTBeHHble B3aHMOOTHOlIIeHHH MYLKa II LKeHbl
11 B) 06H3aTeJIbCTBa MYLKa B OTHOllIeHHH TpeThHX JI'iU{ rro lI.oro-
BopaM, 3aKJIIO'IeHHbIM ero LKeHOH, HJIII no COBeplIIeHHblM eIO
rpaLKlI.aHCKHM rrpaBOHapYlIIeHHSIM.
a) COBMeCTHoe LKIITeJIbCTBO cynpyroB, HeCOMH€HHO, HB-
ASIeTCSI HX 3aKOHHOH 06H3aHHOCTbIO; OHa npIl3HaeTCH B pacrropH-
JKeHHH 0 BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH cynpYLKeCKHX npaB, KOTopoe ,n:aeTCSI
cy,n:OM B TOM CJIyqae, Kor,n:a o,n:I1H H3 cyrrpyroB nOKIIlI.aeT lI.PY-
.roro 6e3 lI.OCTaTO'IHbIX OCHOBaH11H. Ho OqeBHlI.HO, qTO COBMeCT-
Hoe LKHTeJIbCTBO, YCTaHOBJIeHHOe CHJIOH HJIH nolI. yrp030H HaK3-
.. -3aHHSI, HenpHro,n:HO lI.JISI cepbe3HblX ueJleH H n03TOMY cy.nbl
aBHO npeKpaTIIJIH nonWTKH npHHy,n:HTeJIbHO npHMeHSITb rrolI.06-
'Hble paCrrOpSI>KeHHH lI.aLKe KOCBeHHblM rrYTeM, rrocpe CTBOM
i'IOpeMHOro 3aKJIIOqeHHH JIHU, KOTopble OTKa3bIBaIOTCSI HM nOlI.'IH-
J:lIITbCH. DpaKTHqeCKH pacrropHLKeHHe 0 BOCCTaHOBJIeHIIIi COLKH-
TeJIbCTBa lI.aeTCH Tenepb TOJIbKO B KaqeCTBe YJI.06HOH npeJI.BapH-
"TeJIbHOll MepbI B npoue,n:ypax, HMeIOIl.\HX CHoeH ueJIbIO CYlI.e6HOe
.pa3JIyqeHHe HJIH pa3BO,n:, T. e. 3HaqeHHe TaKoro pacnopSILKeHHSI
I10lI.BeprJIOCb Tenepb BeCbMa HHTepeCHOMY H3MeHeHHIO no cpa-
'BHeHIIIO C ero nepBOHa'Ia_1bHbIMH UeaSIMH.
Ho eCJIH HeJIb3SI 3aCTaBHTb cynpyroB LKHTb BMeCTe, TO I1X
MOLKHO 3aCTaBItTb MaTepHaJIbHO rrOMoraTb ,n:pyr ,n:pyry B CJIY-
-qae He06xo,n:HMOCTII. Ha MYLKa 3Ta 06SI3aHHOCTb B03aa'rae11CSI
C ycnexoM B npHHYlI.HTeJIbHOM rropSI,n:Ke. ECJIH ero LKeHa nOlI.na-
,n:aeT rro,n: lI.eMCTBHe 3aKOHa 0 6e,n:HbIX, TO ero MOLKHO npl-I-
BJIeqb K cy,n:y 3a rrpeHe6peLKeHIIe CBoeH 06SI3aHHOCTbIO cOlI.ep-
JKaTb ee Hero MO:>KHO rrpHHy,n:HTb K B03Mell.\eHHIO BJJaCTHM
.CTOHMOCTH ee ,COlI.ep:>KaHHH. AKT 06 yrrpOll.\eHHOH IOPHC,n:UKI{HU
1895 r. B OTHOlIIeHHH 3aMYLKHHx LKeHlUHII (Summary Jurisdic-
220
'IACTb (IKrI3EPTAH. I'PAil';,u,..UICl-':OB IIl'AI30
tion Act) YCTaHaB.llmaeT, 'ITO My)!{a, n.'IOXO o6paw;mow;eroc5I co
cBoei1 )!{eHOH HJIH C03HaTeJIbHO npeHe6permow;ero cBoeM 0651-
3aHHOCTbIO }I.aBaTb }I.oJI)!{lwe co,n:ep)!{aHHe eH HJIH ee MaJIOJIeTHH\1
,n:enIM, BKJIIO'IaH }I.eTeH, pO)!{,n:eHHblx elO JI.O 6paKa, H TeM no-
6Y)!{}I.alOw;ero ee )!{HTb pa3}I.eJIbHO C HHM, MO)!{HO npHH}"}I.HTh
ynJIa1J:HBaTb en HJIH B ee nOJIb3Y ,n:O..l)!{HOCTHOMY ..1JHlJ:Y cY}I.a H:!H
TpeTbeMY .1HUY CYMMY, He npeBocxo,n:5IW;YIO ,llBYX CPYHTOB
B He,n:eJllO; no HOBe'MllleMY 3aKOHO)J.aTeJIbCTBY )ReBa iRe .n0:1-
)KHa )J.a)!{e )!{HTb OT)J.eJIbHO OT My)!{a }I.JI5I Toro, 1J:To6bI xO}I.aTaii-
CTBOBaTb 0 TaKOM cy,n:e6HOM npHKa3e.
HaH60JIee 3cpcpeKTHBHoe Cpe}I.CTBO B OTHOllleHHH .-'IHU, Haxo-
.n.5IW;HXCH B XOpOlllMX MaTepHaJIbHbIX YC.TIOBHHX, 3aKJIIO'IaeTC5I,
:\1O)!{eT 6bITb, B npaBe )!{eHbI, nOKHHYTOH H OCTaBJIeHHOH 6e3
CpeJI.CTB K cyw;ecTBoBaHHIO, «HcnO..'lb30BaTb KpeJI.HT My)!{a }I.:m
npH06peTeHH5I He06xo}I.HMbIX npe)J.MeTOB», T. e. BXO}I.HTb B }I.OJII'H
no TOBapaM H YCJIyraM, He06xo,n:HMb1M ei'r caMoH H ee ,n:enL\I,
npH'IeM 3TH )J.OJlrlI MY)!{ 065I3aH no 3aKOHY ynJIa1J:HBaTb.
)KeHa MO)!{eT 6bITb 065I3aHa no cy,n:y OKa3bIBaTb MaTe-
pHaJIbHYIO no,n:)J.ep)!{KY ,MY)!{Y TOJlbKO B c.lIY1J:ae, eCJIH OH Haxo-
B,HTCH B TaKOM COCTOHHHH, 1J:TO Hy)!{,n:aeTC5I B 06w;ecTBeHIwH
nOMow;H, HO H Tor,n:a ee 065I3aTeJIbCTBa OrpaHH1J:HBaIOTCH ee pa3-
iJ,eJIbHOH c06CTBeHHOCTblO. I1HbIMH CJIOBaMH, My)!{a MO)!{HO 38-
CTaBHTb pa60TaTb )J.JIH co,n:epKaHHH )!{eHbI, )!{eHY )!{e HeJlb3H
npHHY}I.HTb pa60TaTb Ha MY)j{a. C ,n:PyroH CTOpOHbI, BCJIe}I.CTBHe
B03JIO)!{eHHbIX Ha Hero 60JIee 3Ha1J:HTeJIbHbIX 065I3aHHOCT'eH, MY)!{
nOJIb3yeTC5I npaBoM YCTaHa"BJIHBaTb MeCTO)!{HTe.1IbCTBO cynpyroB
H MaTepHaJIbHblM ypoBeHb HX cyw;ecTBoBaHHH, XOTH, KOHe1J:HO,
)!{eHa MO)!{eT TpaTHTb CBOH .1JH'IHble Cpe}I.cTBa no c06cTBeHHo:MY
YCMoTpeHHIO.
6) HMyw;ecTBeHHble B3aHMOOTHOmeHH5I cynpyroB nO}I.Bepr-
:mCb, BCJIe}I.C'TBHe 3aKOHO}I.aTeJIbCTBa nOC.TJe)J.Hero n5ITH}I.eCHTHJIe-
THH, fJIy60KoMY H3MeHeHHIO. CTapa5I «06u,J:HocTb», KOTopaH
npe}I.ocTaBJ15IJIa cTopoHaM MHorOIlHcneHHble B3aHMHbIe npaBa
B OTHomeHHH HX Iflvlyw;ecTBa, Tenepb COBepmeHIW HC1J:e3JIa; 3a
HCKJIIO'IeHHeM TOro 06CT05ITeJIbCTBa, 'ITO cynpyr, nepe)!{HBUIl1ii
,'{pyroro, 5IB..l5IeTC5I cpe,n:li npOIlliX HaC.;Ie.n.HliKOB COliCKaTeJIeM Ha
lJaCJIe,n:OBaHHe HMyw;eCTB3 cynpyra, Y:\lepmero 6e3 3aBew;aHHH
(npHIle:\1 ero O)!{H}I.aHH5I .1erKO MorYT 6bITb pa3pyweHbI 3aBe1lI.3-
Te.'IbHbIMH pacnOp5I)!{eHH5IMH nOKoHHoro), HH O)J.HH ,113 Hl-IX He
nOJlb3yeTC5I HIiKaKHMIi npaBaMli B OTHOllleHHli lIl\Iyw;ecTBa .J.UY-
1'01'0, KpOMe Toro CJIY'IaH, Kor J,a no,n:06Hble npaBa npe,n:OCT8-
B.leHbl IIM corJ1allleHlieM I{.'IH ,n:pyrmm ,J.06POBO.'IbHbIMH C;:I,e..'I-
KaMH. OHH ;r,a)!{e MorYT npeJ,'bHB.-'UlTb J,FF K iI.pyry HC'KH li3
HapymeHH5I }I.OrOBOpOB, a )j{eHa :\1O)!{eT npe.l,'b5IB.'I5ITb xl}')!{Y liCK
JI3 npaBoHapymeiU'IH (HanpH\lep, H3 Hapymemm B.TJa}I.eHlIH, npH-
'mHeHIiH ymep6a Ii T. ,n:.) 13 UTHome1li1lI ee pa3;r,e.'IbHOro liMy-
l'JL>\BA XVI. {'E:\1Efi.I10E IIPABO
221
meCTBa. Ho ,n:pyme I1CKI1 H3 I1paBoHapymeHI1H cynpyrH He MorYT
npe,n:'bHBJIHTb ,n:pyr K ,n:pyry, H 31'0 npaBIfJIO Ka>KeTCH HaM B03-
HHKllIHM CKopee If3 ceHTHMeHTaJIbHbIX C006pa>KeHIfii, qeM H3
C006pa>KeHHH cnpaBe,n:JIIf'BOCTIf. npe,n:nOJIO>KHM, qTO MY>K "JIM
>KeHa HaqHeT npe,n:HaMepeHHO nYCKaTb B 06pallI.eHHe npOTHB
,n:pyroM CTOpOHbl caMble oCKop6HTe,,'IbHbIe .C.ilYXIf. 113 KaKIfX CO-
06pa>KeHHH HeJIb3H n03BOJIHTb oCKop6.'1eHHOH CTopOHe HCKaTb
{)6bIqHOrO ,n:JIH rpafK.1J;aIHlIfHa y,n:OBJIeTBOpeHHH? HeY>KeJIIf CJre,n:yeT
onacaTbCH, qTO ceMeHHbIH MHp, npH KOTOpOM B03MOlKHbI TaKIfe
BellI.H, no,n:BepmeTCH ,n:aJIbHeHllIeMY HapymeHHIO npIf 06pallI.eHHH
K cy,n:y?
CaMoe cymecTBeHHoe If3MeHeHHe, BHOCHMoe Tenepb B HlvIY-
ru.eCTBeHHbIe ornOllieHIfH 6pa1J{OM, 3aKJIIOqaeTCH B TOM, 'ITO 6JJa-
rO)l.apH 6palJ{Y H 'TO.lbKO )1.0 Tex nop 'HOKa OH npo,n:OJIm:aeTCH
)KeHWIfHa nOJIyqaeT B03MO>KHOCTb BJla)J.eTb He TO.TlbKO pa3)J.eJIb-
HbIM HMYllI.eCTBOM, HO H IfMymecTBOM. «C'BH3aHHbIM B OTHomeHHIf
HTIflJ;HnalJ;IfH» (restrained from anticipation), T. e. CBH3aHHbIM
TaKHM 06pa30M, ITO OHa He MO>KeT O1'qY>K,n:aTb ero, KaK npHMO,
TaK H KOCBeHHO, H lH )J.a>Ke aHTIflJ;HIIIfpOBaTb ,n:OX Or..bI no HeMY.
3TO npaBo npe)J.CTaB.1HeT C060H He06bIqaHHYIO IIpHBH.lerIfIo If
npe,n:ocTaBJIeHIfe ero, B03M'0)/{HO, BHeC.il0 31HaQHTe.i1bHeHWee
B HOBeHllIee BpeMH H3MeHeHHe B aHrJIIfHCKOe npaBo, ,n:OCTHrHY-
Toe C nOMOmbIO O)J.Horo JIIfllIb CY)J.e6Horo pellIeHlIH. Kor)J.a MbI
6y,n:eM paCCM8'TpllBaTb npaBo co6CTBeHHOCTlI, TO YBIf,n:HM, 'ITO
no OCHOBHOMY IIpllHlJ;Ifny aHL1IIfHCKOro npaBa, 3a lICKJIIOQeHMeM
)Toro e,n:lIHCTBeHHoro C.ilY'IaH, HeOrpaHlI'IeHHaH c06CTBeHHOCTb
BCHKoro po,n:a Hepa3,n:e.lbHO CBH3aHa c npaBOM OTQY>K,n:eHIfH.
HeCMOTpH Ha TO, QTO 3TO 1I3C\IeHeHHe B npaBe c06CTBeHHOCTH
BHeceHO TOJIbKO He,n:aBHO, OHO HMeeT TaKoe cymecTBeHHoe
npakTHQeCKOe 3HaQeHHe, 1JTO He06xo;:IJIMO CKa3aTb 0 HeM He-
CKOJIbKO CJIOB. .
BbIpa>KeHIfe «pa3,n:e.'lbHOe I1MyweCTBO 3a IY)KHeH )/{eHmIfHbI»
XOpOllJO 1I3HeCTHO If BnO.loRe nOHHTHO IOpliCTy, KOTOpbIM 3HaeT,
1JTO B TeQeHlle BeI{OB TaKaH c06CTBeHHOCTb 1\lOr.'1a B03HHK8Tb
TO.lbKO B CHJIY npHMOH orOBopKIf B ,n:OKYMeHTax, Ha OCHOBaHI1If
KOTOpblX OHa nepe)J.an3.'IaCb 3aMY>KHeij IKeHlIume I1:m ee )J.OBe-
pl!Te.'lbHbIM co6CTBeHHIfKaM. Ho cenQac 3TO RbIp(jIKelIIfe npelJ,-
CT3B.1HeT HaCTOmUI1H ana:xpOHH3:'>1 H cnoc06Ho npIfBeCTIf J-!E'-
IOpIfCTa B 33MeIJIaTE':lb(,TBO. BCHKoe H:\IYII eCTBO 3aMY)/{HeH >KeH-
llI.HHbI, Kor)].a 6bI H K3K 6bI ORO HII 6b1.10 npIf06peTeHo, COCTa-
B.1HeT ee c06CTBeHHae Imym:eCTBa, fI HHKaK3H era llaCTb HE'
MOiKeT COCTaBJIHTb ee 60.:ree «pa3)].e.lbHoro» fI lymecTBa. QeM
.D.pyraH. TaKOBa 06llI.aH HopMa npaBa, YCTaHOB.leHHaH AKTo!\!
06 If !ytnecTBe 3aMYIKHflx IKeHIHHH 1882 r. (Married Women's
Property Act). Ho >KeHmHH3 ,n:o CBoero 6p8Ka flJIfI BO BpeMH
era. a T3KiKe aTE'II H.-m .'1IOOOrl IE'.I()B{'K. )KE','J310lIUfH npe,!IO(,Ta-
22
'IACTI> 'IETBEPTA5l. rPA:a:,n:AHC'ROE IIPABO
BHTb eiI npH.lI:aHOe, MOLKeT nepe.ll:aTb llMYIUeCTBO .lI:OBepHTeJIbHbIM
C06CTBeHHHKaM .lI:JIfl BJIa.ll:eHHfl HM B HHTepecax 3aMY)KHeli LKeH-
IUHHbI «6e3 npaBa aHTHll.Hnall.HH» (<<without power of anticipa-
tion»). 3TO peaJIbHO 3Ha'IHT He TOJIbKO TO, qTO TaKaH 3aMYLKHflfl
LKeHIUllHa 6Y.lI:eT JJHIUeHa npaBa npo,n:aBaTb, 3aKJIa.ll:bIBaTb HJIH
HenOcpe.ll:CTBeHHO 06peMeH5ITb )TY c06CTBeHHOCTb 06fl3aTeJIb-
CTBaMH, HO 'ITO OHa 6Y.lI:eT YIIOJIHOMO'IeHa TOJIbKO Ha nOJIb30Ba-
HHe .lI:Oxo,n:aMH, no Mepe HX nocTynJIeHHfl, H 'ITO JIl06ble .lI:OJIrH,
06eIll.aHHfl HJIH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, npHHflTble elO Ha ce6H .lI:O HaCTY-
I1JJeHHf! CpoK3 nOCTynJIeHHH .lI:oxo.ll:a, He MorYT 6bITb OCH{)BaHHeM
B3bICKaHH51 3a CqeT )Toro H JII060ro nOCJIe.ll:YIOIlI.ero nocTynJIeHH5t.
npe.ll:nOJIOLKHM, Hanpmv!!ep, qTO «CB51s,aIHH3H» (restrained)
YKa33HHbIM cnoc06oM.. 3aMYLKH51f! LKeHIlI.HHa, HCTpaTHB Bce CBOR
,n:OXo,n:W, O'IeHb XO'IeT Ii npHToM HeMe,n: eHHO npIi06pecTH Kpa-
CHBYIO MexoBYIO HaKH.lI:KY, 3aMe'IeHHYIO eIO B BHTpHHe Mara3HHa,
KOTOpbIH ee nOCT051HHO cHa6LKaeT. OHa JII06e3HO rOBopHT MeXOB-
]J HKY: «Y MeHf! He 6y,n:eT ,n:eHer ,n:o CJIe.ll:yroIll.ero MeC51ll.a, HO
eC.TIH BbI corJ1aCHbI, 'IT06bI 51 ynJIaTHJIa 'Iepe3 MeCHll., TO 51 KynJIro
3TY BeIll.b cei1'Iac». MexOBIUHK! COfJIarnaeTC51, HO npH lIocTyrrJIe-
HHH .lI:OXO,n:OB 3a O'Iepe,n:HOM KnapTaJI:. 3aMYLKH5151 LKeHIlI.HHa nJIa-
THTb OTKa3bIBaeTC51. Y MeXOBIlI.HKa HeT clIoc06a HCKaTb Y.ll:O-
B,,'IeTBopeHH51, nOCKO,,'IbKY ,n:eJIO KacaeTC51 HMYIll.eCTBa, «CB513aH-
Horo» B OTHomeIHlH aHTHll.Hnall.HH, H .lI:OXO,n:OB no HeMY.
nOJIOLKeHHe 6bIJIO 6bI COBepmeHIIO 'TaKOe LKe, eCJIH 6bJ
KJJHeHT 3aKa3aJI TOBap, He C.lI:eJIaB HHKaKoi1 Cnell.HaJIbHOH oro-
BOpKH. vOJJee T'Oro, eCJIH HOCJJe nOJIyqeHHH ,lJ,0XO.ll:OB MY>K )TOH
)KeHIlI.llHbI YMpeT H, TaiKHM o6pa30M, ee npalBo B.'1Ia,n:e\H:Mf! «6e3
8HTHll.Hnall.HH» npeKpaTHTC5I, TOprOBell. Bce-TaKH He MOLKeT lIpe-
TeH,n:OBaTb Ha .lI:OXO.ll:bI, 1I0CTymmuIHe .lI:O CMepTH MYLKa, HO
nOC.TIe nepe.ll:aqn eMY 3aKa3a, XOTH 6bI 3TH .lI:eHbrIi H JIeLKaJIH
B 6aHKe Ha HM51 B,n:OBbI. COBepmeHIIO 51CHO, 'ITO no.ll: npHKpbITHeM
3Toro HHCTHTYTa MO)KHO COBepmaTb MHOrO'IHCJIeHHbIe MomeHHH-
'IeCTBa B OTHomeHHH .n.06pOCOBeCTHbIX Kpe,n:HTopOB; HO OH
y.n.06eH TeM, lITO, Kor.n.a LKeHll{HHa BJIa.ll:eeT HMYIll.eCTBOM «6e3
npaBa aHTHll.Hnall.lUI», TO OHa He MO)KeT 06M3HYTb CBOHX HaJIH'l.
HbIX Kpe,n:HTopOB.
B) HaKoBell.. MbI nepexo,n:HM K Bonpocy 06 OTBeTCTBeHHOCTM
\fY)!{3 H )J{eHbI nepe.n. TpeTbH:\UI .'lHll.aMH 1I0 06H3aTe.TJbCTBaM,
C03;I,aHHbIM HX ;:J,oroBopaMH IWH npaBOHapymeHH5I.MH. MbI
..'J.O.'UKHbI oroBopllTbC51, 'ITO 3T3 <popMa nOCTaHOBKH Bonpoca
npHMeHeHa HaMH TOJIbKO H3 co06pa:>KeHH51 CHMMeTpHH, TaK KaK
)J{eHa no 3aKOHY He OTBeTCTBeHBa H HHKor.n:a He 6bI.TJa OTBeT-
CTBeHHa 1I0 .:wrOBopaM H.'1H npaBoHapymeHH5IM MY)Ka, KOHe'IHO,.
eC H TO bKO OHa He Y'IaCTBOBa a B HHX.
l.}TO K3caeTCH MY)Ka, TO .n.e.TJO 06CTOHT COBepmeHHO IIHaqe..
TIpH .n.eifcTBHII 06mero npaBa 3aMY)l{H5151 :>KeHIlUma He MOrJIa
rJIM3A XVI. CEMEttHOE nFABO
22
3aKJUOllaTb JI,OrOBOpOB H He HeCJIa OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH no HHM.
BCJIeJI,CTBHe 3Toro, ee «npeJI,Opa'lHble JI,OJJrH», KaK HX TorJI,a
Ha3bIBam, B03JI.araJIHCb Ha ee Myma', 'KOTOpbIIM .ffiillHO 3a HHX.
OTBe'laJI; nOCJIe CBoero BCTynJIeHHH B 6paK OHa MOrJIa 3aKJIIO-
lIaTb JI,OrOBOpbI TOJIbKO B KalleCTBe ero areHTa. Do aKTY 1882 r_
M'YLK He npHHHMaeT Ha ce6H OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH no npeJI,6pallHbIW
JI,OJIraM LKeHbI, 3a HCKJIIOqeHHeM Toro HX pa3Mepa, KOTOpbIM co-.
oTBeTcTByeT HMymeCTBY, nOJIyqeHHoMY HM OT LKeHbI HJIH lIepe3-
LKeHY BCJIeJI,CTBHe ero 6paKa. B TO LKe BpeM5I LKeHa OCTaeTC5I
OJI,Ha OTBeTCTBeHHOM no BceM JI,orOBopaM, 3aKJIIOqeHHbIM ero KaK
11.0, TaK H BO BpeMH 6paKa, npHqeM HCKJIIOqeHHe COCTaBJI5IIOT Te.
11.0rOBOpbI, KOTopbIe OHa 3aKJIIOqaeT B KaqeCTBe areHTa CBoero
Myma. O,n:HaKO, no 11.0JIraM, CJI,eJIaHHbIM ero BO BpeMH 6paKa, OHa
OTBeqaeT JIHllIb B npe,n:eJIax CBoero HMymecTBa, He CB5I3aHHOro'
B OTHOllIeHHH aHTHI1:HrraI1:HH.
BCJI.e,n:CTBHe TeCH OM 'CB5I3H, cymeCTBYIOrn:eM Mem,n:y M LKeK
If LKeHoH, qaCTO He JIerKO pa3pellIHTb Bonpoc, B KaKHX CJJyqa5IX
LKeHa .lI:eMCTBOBaJIa KaK areHT MYLKa. B CJIyqae,' KOrJI,a nOJIHO-
MO'lH51 LKeHbJ KaK areHTa «np5IMO BblpaLKeHbI (<<express
agency»), T. e. KOr.ll:a MYLK Henocpe,n:CTBeHHO ynOJIHOMOqHJI ee.
Ha COBepllIeHHbIe ero .lI:eikTBH5I, He B03HHKaeT cepbe3HbJX TPYJI,-
HOCTell, KpOMe He06xoJIHMOCTH JIOKa3aTb cpaKTbI. Ho ,n:eJIO'
06CTOHT HHaqe npH «no,n:pa3YMeBaeMoM nOJIHOMO'lHH» ,n:eucTBo-
BaTb B KaqeCTBe areHTa (<<implied agency»).
BC5IKa5I )KeHmHHa, mHBYlll.a5I C MYLK'lHHOM B KaqeCTBe.
X035IHKH ero .lI:OMa, eCTeCTBeHHO 3aKa3bIBaeT y 6JIHmaMllIHx
ToprOBLleB TO, qTO Ha3bIBaIOT pa3Horo BH,n:a cHa6meHHeM; 3TH"
.' ToprOBIJ,bI eCTeCTBeHHO npe,n:nOJIaraIOT, lITO MYLK OnJIaTHT CqeTa.
C 3TOll TOqKH 3peHH5I, eCJIH OHH ,n:eMCTBOBaJIH qeCTHO H pa-
3YMHO, TO HX npeTeH3HH 6Y.ll:YT npH3HaHbI prima facie, B oco-
6eHHocTH, eCJIH Mym paiHbllIe YLKe OITJIa1J:nml1.J't nOJI,06HbIe cqeTa..
Ho OHH pHcKYIOT, 'lTO Mym cYMeeT ,n:OKa3aTb, qTO OH JJH6o'
cHa6:maJI CBOIO LKeHY HJ1H meHmHHY, BeJIymyro ero X03HMCTBO..
JIOCT3TOqHbIM KOJIHqeCTBOM J(eHer ,n:JI5I X035IMCTBeHHbIx pacxo-
JIOB, JIH60 lITO OH B flCHbIX sbIpaLKeHH5IX 3anpeTllJI eM HCnOJIb-
30BaTb ero Kpe,n:HT. B no,n:06HoM CJIYllae HM, BepOHTHO,,,
He y,n:aCTC5I nOJIyqHTb CBOH JIeHbrH HH OT MYLKa, HH OT
LKeHbI.
B ,n:eJIax o' rpam,n:aHCKHX npaBOHapYllIeHH5IX JI,O He.ll:aBHero.
BpeMeHH JI,ellCTBoBa.1a HopMa, qTO Mym HapaBHe C )KeHOM .TJHqHO
OTBeqaeT 3a Bce npaBoHapYllIeHHfI, COBepllIeHHble LKeRoH BO'
BpeMfi 6paKa. OH Mor, OJIHaKO, H36eLKaTb OTBeTCTBeRHOCTH..
eC.1H JI,OCTHraJI cYJIe6HOrO pa3JIyqeHH5I HJIH, a fortiori, - pa3-'
Bo,n:a .D.O Toro, KaK CYJI, pacCMaTpHBaJI npeTeR3HIO K HeMY co"
CTOpOHbI mUJ,a, nOTepneBIIIero OT npaBoHapYllIeHHH, COBepllIeH-
Horo meHOM.
:224
'L\CTb qETBEPTA.H. fPA:JK.D:AHCKOE IIPABD
O.D:HaKO, IIOCJIe BBe.n.eHHH B .n.eHCTBHe AKTa 06 H3MeHeHliH
npaBa 1935 r. (Law Refo.rm Act), npaBO npHHSlJIO cOBepmeHHa
.lI.pyroH xapaKTep. HHKaKae HMYllI.eCTBeHHoe pacnopmKeHHe
B nOJIb3Y 3aMYX{HeM LKe HllI.HH bI «6e3 npaBa aHTHIJ:HnaIJ:HH» He
MOJKeT MMeTb CHJIbI; B TO LKe BpeMS! MYLK 60JIee He aTBeqaeT
no. npaBaHapYlIIeHH5IM, COBeplIIeHHblM >KeHOH, If no 3aKJIlOqeH-
:HbIM ero .lI.OrOBOpaM, Ha TOM JIIflIIb OCHOBaHIfH, 'ITO OH ee MY>K.
flPEKPAIIJ:EHI1E I1JII1 PACTOP)I(EHI1E BPAKA
JIHlJ.a, 3aKJIIOtJIfBlIIHe 6paK, Mo.rYT .n.06HTbCH:
a) npIf3HaHHH MX 6paKa HeCOCT05IBIlIHMC5I, T. e. He.n.eMc"'ml-
'TeJIbHbIM ab initio MJIIf 6) pa3Bo.n.a HJIH B) cy.n.e6Horo pa3JJyqeHIfH
no npIfQHHe cynpYLKecKIfx 06If.n., HaHeceHHbIX B nepIfo.n. .n.eM-
.CTBH5I 6palJ:HOrO COI03a.
a) «PellleHHe 0 He.n.eMCTBHTeJIbHOCTH 6paKa» MOLKeT 6bITb
BbIHeceHo, KOHeQHO, TOJIbKO B TOM CJJyqae, eCJIIf 31'01' 6paK
HIfKar.n.a He 6bIJI 3aK.llO'IeH KaK .n.eHCTBHTeJIbHbIH. OCTaBJJHH
B CTopOHe Banpoc 0 .n.OJI>KHOM <popMe 3aKJIlOtJeHH5I DpaKOB,
KOTOpbIH TOJIbKO 'ITO 6bIJI HaMIf .n.OCTaTOqHO na.n.paDHO 06cy-
x<.n.eH, Mbl YKaLKeM, 'ITO pellleHHe a He.n.eikTBHTeJIbHOCTH 6paKa
Mo.LKeT 6bITb BblHeceHO no. npH'IHHaM: 1) pO)J.cTBa CTOpOH, 2) He-
.n.UC1'If)KeHIf5I 6pa'IHOrO B03pacTa, 3) OTCYTCTBIf5I cor JJaCH5I Ha
6paK, 4) <pH3HQeCKOH IfMIIOTeHTHaCTH If 5) Ha.1H'IHH .n.OKa3aH-
'Horo 3aKOHHoro 6paKa o)J.Ho.H H3 CTOpOH, CYllI.eCTBOBaBlllero
B i\!OMeHT 3aKJIIO'IeHH5I HaCT05IllI.erO MHlnwro 6paKa. OOCy.n.HM
IIX no. nopH.n.KY.
1) P a .n. C T B o. BCHKoe P0.n.CTBO no np.HMOH .1I11HHH MeLK.n.y
. CTopoHaMIf, KaK KpaBHoe, TaK If no cBaHcTBy, CJIYLKIfT npen5IT-
CTBIfeM K 6paKY. 3HaKOMbie HaM .n.Olll.e'IKIf B ceJlbCKIfX UepK-
Bax r.TIaC5IT, 'ITO MY>K'IHHa He MOLKeT LKeHHTbCH He TOJIbKa Ha
<CBDel! 6aOKe, HO H Ha 6a6Ke cBoeil: nOKoHHoH )KeRbI.
BpaKI1 :''le)KJJ.Y p0.aCT£eHHIfKaMIf 60KOBbIMH,KaK 'KpOBlHbIMM, TtaK
H no. CBoikTB)' .ao TpeTbeM CTeneHIf BKJIIOQHTe.,TbHO, 6blJIH .n.OJI-
roe BpeM5I 3anpelll.eHbl; n03ToMY MYLKljHHa He Mor )KeHIfTbC5I Ha
cBoeil ceCTpe, TeTKe HnH nJleMHHHHue H.TIlt Ha ceCTpe, TeTKe
II nJ1eMHHHIfue cBoel1 >KeHbI Ii vice versa. Ho 6naron,apS! He.aaB-
HeMY H3MeHeHHIO 3aKOHa :\ly)KQHHa MO)KeT Tenepb LKeHHTbC5I
I1a eeCTpe eBoeH naKaHHoi't :>KeIlbI, a meHllI.liHa MOLKeT BbIHTIf
3aIlI)':>K 3a 6paTa CBOero nOKoHHoro MY>Ka; B TO >Ke Bpe!l'lH
MYLKl,jIfHa MOfKeT )KeHHTbC5I Ha CBoeH TeTKe "JIIf n.leM5IHHHue,
eC.TIM OHa CB5I3aHa C HHM TOJIbKO CBoikTBOM. C'IHTaeTCH, tJTO
pO.n:CTBO no. He3aKOHHbIM 6pa'IIIblM OTHOlIIeHHHM cnYLKHT TaKH l
)Ke npemlTCTBIfeM K 6paKY, KaK H PO.aCTBO no 3aKaHHbIM 6pa-
1<aM.
fJIABA XVI. CEME'fiHOE IIPABO
225c
2) H e l1.. 0 C T H >K e H If e 6 p a 'I H 0 rOB 0 3 pac T a. KaK
"MY>KqHHaM, TaK H >KeHrn:HHaM HeJlb3SI 3aKJlIOqaTb ,6paKH l1..0
-meCTHal1..u.aTHJleTHerO B03paCTa. Ho 3TO npaBIfJlO He OTHOCHTCfI
'i\ 6paKaM, 3aKJlIOqeHHbIM l1..0 10 MaSi 1929 r., KOTopbIe nO.lI.JIe-
>KaT l1..pyrOMY perYJlHpoBaHHIO.
3) 0 T C Y T C T B H e cor JI a C H SI H a 6 p a K. TaK KaK
upaK npel1..CTaBJlSIeT C060M .lI.06pOBOJlbHbIii aKT, TO H3 ;:noro
CJlel1..yeT, qTO BCHKoe 06CTOSITeJlbCTBO, l1..0Ka3bIBaIOrn:ee OTCYT-
CTBHe cor JlaCHSI Ol1..HOH H3 CTOpOH, )J;OCTaTOlJHO J],JlH npIf3HaHHSI
QpaKa Hecyrn:eCTBYIOrn:HM H Hell.eMCTBHTeJlbHblM. TaKHe CJJY'IaH
BCTpeqaI0'J1C51 H.e 'IaCTO, HO OHH MorYT B03HHKaTb no pa3HbIM
npHQIfHaM. TaK, HanpUMep, YMaJlUrneHHblii, 60Jle3Hb KOToporo
<>cfJIfU.IfaJlbHO npH3H8Ha, He MO>KeT 3aKJlIO'IIfTb l1..eMCTBIfTeJIbHOfO
'6paKa; l1..yrneBIw60JlbHOii, KOTOpbIii BCJlel1..CTBHe CBoeM 60Jle3HH
He B COCTOSIHUH nOHSITb Cyrn:HOCTb 6paKa Hero npaBOBbIX
.nOCJlel1..CTBIfH, TaK>Ke npIf3HaeTCSI HenpaBOMOqHbIM Ha 3aKJlIOqe-
RIfe 6paKa. B nOl1..06HbIX cJlYQaSIX He If MeeT HIfKaKoro 3HaQe-
HIfSI, 3HaJla JlH UJIU He 3HaJla .n.pyraSI CTopOHa 0 HajIHqHH YMO-
nOMernaTeJlbCTBa HJlH .n.yrneBHoii 60Jle3HIf; HO B nOCJle.n.HeM CJlY-
'lae l1..pyraSI CTopOHa MO>KeT, KaK H npe.n.CTaBHTeJlH .n.yrneBHo-
60JlbHOrO, npel1.. 51BIfTb UCK 0 npIf3HaHIfU 6paKa Hel1..eiicTBHTeJlb-
RbIM. Trn:aTeJlbHOCTb, C KOTOpOM C06J1IOl1..aIOTCSI Tenepb cpop-
MaJlbHOCTU, Tpe6yeMble 6paKOM, el1..Ba JlIf n03BOJlSIeT npe.n.noJla-
raTb, qTO KaKoii 6bI TO HH ObIJJO 3l1..paBOMbICJlSIrn:Ifii qeJlOBeK
MO>KeT 6bITb BBel1..eH B 3a6.rry>Kl1..eHIfe OTHOCIfTeJlbHO Taro, qTO
OH BCTynaeT B 6paK, HO 6bIBaJlH HeMHOrOQUCJleHHbIe CJlY'IaIf,
Kor,n:a MOJlOl1..bIX ,n:eByrneK 06MaHHO BOBJIeKaJIH B u.epeMOHHIO
-. 38KJ1IO'IeHIfSI 6paKa, y6el1..HB If X, 'lTO 3TO TOJJbKO nOMOJlBKa. no
'TeM >Ke npIfQUHaM, TaKIfe CJlY'IaIf, Kor,n:a KorO-J1H60 HaCH.Tlb-
CTBeHHO BOBJleKaIOT B u.epeMOHIfIO 3aKJlIO'IeHIf51 6paKa nOMUMO
ero If,,'IH ee BOJlIf, BCTpe'IaIOTC51 OQeHb pel1..KO, - HO nopOH OHH
Bce }!(e HMeIOT MeCTO. HanpUMep, CIOl1..a OTHOCUTCSI TaKoii cJlY-
lIaM, Kor,n:a cJlenoro no Oy,n:.H JlIf 6bI cOBeprnuTb u.epeMOHluIO
6paKOCO'Ie-raHH51 C A, y6e,IJ.IfB ero, qTO 3TO B. Bo Bcex TaKIfX
CJlYQa51X, IIPH Hami'IIIll l1..0eTaTO'IHbIX ,n:OKa3aTe.lIbeTB, cy,n: BbIHec
DbI, nepOHTIIO, no veKY nOTepneBmeH CTOpOHbI pemelme 0 He-
J:{e ICTBflTeJlbHocTfI 6P3K3 no npU'IUHe HMeBmeH MeCTO olliu6KH.
4) <P U 3 If 'I e C K a 51 H !\I II 0 T e H THO C T b. Hecnoe06-
HoeTb 38lJ8Tb IfJlIf BbIHoeIfTb nJIOl1.. He npe,n:eT8BJlSIeT C8Ma no
ce6e npenSITcTBuSI K 6paKY, HO Heenoeo6HocTb K cOBepmemiIo
aKT8, He06xoJJ.uMoro l1...'151 3apO>K,n:eHIf51 nJlOl1..a UJIU l1..JlSI era
BbIHaUIUB8mm, eJiY>KUT npenSITeTBHeM K 6p8KY. Bxo,n:H B oocy-
)!(l1..eIIIfe 3TOii cTpaHHou He.'JOfIf'IHOCTIf npaBa (YH3CJJeAOB8IHHOll,
HeCOl\IHeHlfO, fl3 KaHOHUqeCKOro nO!1Ba), MbI TOJlbKO YK8llieM,
'IT 0 eeJJn no UCTeqeHIfU pa3YMHuro npOMe)KYTKa Bpe 1eH"H,
;'leo6xo.lI,If IOro l1..,nf{ JJ..oKa aTe,lbcTBa, 6y,n:eT YCTaHoR.lelIo y6e-
I!) 3aI{, 3849. AnriiUiieI:oe nj,<lDo.
226
'IACTb 'IETBEPTA.H. fPA:IR)J.AHCKOE IIPABO
,lI,HTeJIbHbIM AJISI cY)J.a cnoco60M, qTO O.ll:Ha H3 CTOpOH B 6paK€'
OKa3aJIaCb nOCJIe ero 33KJJIO'leHHH HecnOCOOHOM OK nOJIo.BOMY
aKTY, TO CYA BbIHOCHT paCnOp5DKeHIfe 0 He)J.eM.CTBHTeJIbHOCTH
opaKa; aTKa3 OT ,noro aKTa HJIH Hecor JJaCIfe Ha HerO 06bltJHO
npH3HaeTCH )J.oKa3aTeJIbCTBOM HMnOTeHTHOCTH. Ho TaKoM 6paK
C'IHTaeTC5I AeiicTBHTeJIbHblM AO Tex nop, nOKa OH He 6YAeT
npH3HaH CY.lI:OM He.ll:eMCTBIfTeJIbHbIM; OH He MO>KeT ObITb npH3HaH
He)J.eiicTBHTeJIbHbIM nOCJIe CMepTH O)J.HOM H3 CTOpOH; pacnopH-
>KeHHe 0 HeAeiicTBHTeJIbHOCTH )J.aeTC5I JIHllIb B nOJIb3Y HCTI.{a,
KOTOpbIM HMeeT peaJIbHble npeTeH3IfH H HIII.eT HX Y)J.OBJIeTBape'-
HH5I 6e3 qpe3MepHbIX 3aT5I>KeK. Bep05ITHO, H3JIHllIHe rOBopHTb.
'ITO HMnOTeHTHOCTb, HacTynHBlIIa5I nOCJIe 3aKJIIOqeHH5I 6paKa,
He npIf3HaeTCH OCHOBaHHeM )J.JIH pacnOp5I>KeHH5I 0 HeAeMCTBH-'
TeJIbHOCTH 6paKa H Aa>Ke AJIH pa3BO.ll:a.
5) H a JI H 'l H e .lI: p Y r 0 roo p aKa. I13JIIflIIHe TaK)!{e
YKa3bIBaTb, qTO eCJIH O)J.Ha H3 CTapOH B 3aiKJlIO'leHHOM 6paKe
OKa3bIBaeTCH y)!{e CiB5I3aHHOM CYIII.eCTBYIOIII.IfM H IfMeIOIII.HM 3a-
KOHHYIO CHJIY 6paKOM, TO BTOpoii TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIM 6paK C'lH-
TaeTCH JJIfllIeHHbIM BC5IKOM CHJIbI, He3aBHCIfMO OT Toro, 3HaJIH
JJll CTOipOHbl 0 npe>KHeM opa'Ke HJIH lHeT. ,Z:La)!{e, KaK iMbl Y>Ke
BH.lI:eJIH, 3aKJlIO'leHHe BToporo opaKa caMO no ce6e COCTaBJIHeT
npecTynJIeHI1e .lI:Boe6pa'lHH CO CTOpOHbI JJHu:a, 3aKJIIO'laBlIIerO
opaK H 3HaBlIIero 06 3TOM 4>aKTe. Ho )J.JI5I Toro, 'IT06bI nOCJTe-
1J.YIOIII.HM 6,pa!K 6bIJI rrpH3HaH IHe)J.eM.cTBHTMbHblMi, IHa.ll:O, qTOO1:+
npeAll1eCTBYIOIII.Hii 6bIJI 6paKoM, 06JJaAaIOIII.HM nOJIlwii CliJIOM.
TalK, HanpHMep, eC.flIf MY>KqoIiHa cOBepmael1 u:epeMoHiHlO 6paKo-
COqeTaHHH co CBoeM KpOBHOM nJIeM5IHHHu:eM, a 3aTeM )!{eHHTCH
Ha nocTopaHHeii >KeHIII.HHe, TO BTopaM 6paK C'lHTaeTC5I 1J.eMCTBIf-
TeJIbHbIM, TaK KaK nepBbIM 6paK B006III.e He npIf3HaeTCH 6paKO:lf.
Ho, KaK 6bWO y)!{e YKa3aHo, 6paK, KOTOpbIM MO)!{eT 6bITb npH-
3HaH He1J.eMcTBIfTeJIbHbIM BCJIeAcTBHe 4>H3HqeCKOii IfMnOTeHTHO-
CTIf, HBJI5IeTCH CB5I3bIBaIOIII.HM 3aKOHHbIM 6paKOM, naKa He
oY.lI:eT BbIHeceHO pacnOp5I>KeHHe 06 ero nOJIHoii HeAeMCTBIfTeJIb-
HaCTH.
6) PelIIeHHe 0 pa3BoAe npeACTaBJIHeT c06aii cOBpeMeHHbIH
BH1J. YAOBJIeTBOpeHIfH, BBe1J.eHHblii AKTOM 0 T5I)!{6ax no 6pa'IHbIM
AeJIaM 1857 r. (Matrimonial Causes Act). PacnOp5I)!{eHH5I u:ep-
KOBHbIX cY1J.0B a pa3'BO.ll:e CB01J.HJTHCb TOJIbKO K pa3JIY'IeHHIO
«a mensa et thoro», a He K OCBo60JK..lI.eHIfIO «a vinculo matri-
monii»; OHH COOTBeTCTBOBaJIIf cOBpeMeHHbIM paCnOpH>KeHlH:lM
o «cY)J.e6HoM pa3JIyqeHHiH», KOTopoe 6Y1J.eT OO'bHCiHeHO HIf)!{e
Y CJIOBHH, KOTopble Tpe6YIOTC5I 1J.JI5I paCnOpH>KeHHH 0 pa3Bo.ll:e,
T. e. a paCTOp>KeHHH 6paKa, HMeIOIII.erO 3aKoHHYIO CHJIY, YCTa-
HOBJIeHbI 3aKOHa1J.aTeJJbHbIM nYTeM; C 1857 r. OHIf nO.ll:BeprJIHCb
3Ha'lHTeJIbHbIM H3MeHeHIf5IM, KOTopble OCTaBHJIH npaBO B .lI:O-
EOJIbHO HeYAoBJ1eTBOpIfTeJIbHOM COCTOHHIfIf.
rJl&BA XVI. CEMEfiHOE llPABO
227
fOBOpH B 06 eM OpMe, MYLK'IHHa MO>KeT Tpe60BaTb pa3-
BO)l,a C LKeHOM, eCJJ}i OHa BHHOBHa B rrpeJII0(0)].eHHHH, COBep-
meHHOM rrOCJIe 3aKJ1IOQeHIUI 6paKa; >KeHa MOLKeT Tpe60BaTb pa3-
BO)l,a C MYLKeM, eCJIH OH TaKLKe BHHOBeH B rrpeJJI06o)].eHHHH,
H3H8.CHJJ:OBaollHH HJIlII' «rrOJJOBIOM rrpecTyrrJIeHIIHf», COBepme,HHO"
BO BpeMH 6paKa. Ho npOCToe npeJII0(0)].eHHHe MYLKa 6bIJIO
rrpH3HaHO OCHOBaHIfeM )].JIH pa3Bo)].a TOJIbKO B 1923 r., II 3TOT
3aKOH He If MeeT 06paTHOM CIfJIbI. BCJIe)].CTBHe 3Toro, rrpeJII06o-
)].eHHHe MYLKa, COBepmeHHoe BO BpeMH 6paKa, HO )].0 18 IfIOJIH
1923 1'0' He npe)].CTaBJIHeT caMO rro ce6e OCHOBaHHH )].JIH pa3-
Bo)].a. C TOQKH 3peHHH rrpIflIlI.Ifrra, rro KOTOPOMY 3aKOH He HMeeT
06paTHOM CIfJIbI, 3TO KaLKeTCH HaM )].OBOJIbHO pa3YMHbIM.
XOTH )].0 1923 r. LKeHa He MOl' JIa rrOJIY'IHTb pa3Bo)].a rro
rrpHQHHe rrpOCToro rrpeJII060)].eHHHH, COBepllleHHoro ee MYLKeM,
Ha aHa: MarJIa no.JlY'I}i\Tb ero Ha o.CHOBalHHH Taro., 'ITa Ha3blBalOT
«KBaJIIf Hu.IfpOBaHHbIM rrpeJII0(0)].eHHIfeM», T. e. Ha OCHOBaHIfH
rrpemo(0)].eHHHH, coe)].HHeHHoro C KpOBOCMeCHTeJIbCTBOM, )].Boe-
LKeHCTBOM, LKeCTOKHM 06parn:eHHeM IfJIIf OCTaBJIeHIfeM LKeHbI 6e3
pa3YMHbIX npnQlIH Ha )].Ba ro)].a. Co)].epLK8HHe AKTa 1857 r.,
npe)].ocTaBIfBmero LKeHe 3TIf rrpaBa, 6bIJIO OTMeHeHO AKTOM
1923 r.; TeM He MeHee LKeHa, KOTopaH 06HapYLKHT Terrepb, 'ITa
)].0. 1923 r. ee MYLK BCTyrrIfJI BO BTOpOH 6paK C .n:PyroH LKeH-
rn:HHOM H >KHJI C HeM B rrpeJII0(0)].eHHIfIf, MOLKeT Ha 3TOM OCHO-
BaHlIH Tpe60BaTb pa3Bo)].a. ,UeJIo B TOM. 'ITO npaBa LKeHbI,
cy ecTBoBaBmIfe rrpH rrpIfHHTIfH AKTa 1923 1'., coxpaHeHbI rroc-
JIe)].HHM If MorYT 6bITb IfCrrOJIb30BaHbI )].JIH paCTopLKeHIffl opaKa
Ha OCHOBaHIfH rrpIf'IHH, cyrn:eCTBOBaBIIlIfX )].0 rrpIfHHTIfH AKTa
1923 r.
PemeHIfH () He)].eM,cTBHTeJJbHOCTH 6paKa H 0 pa3BOJIe
06Jl3J1.alOT aJl.HaH XapaK'TepHaH aea6eHHaC-TblO, Ko.1:0pa5\ 1:pe6ye1:
oc060ro 06'bHCHeHIfH. OHH MorYT 6bITb nOJIYQeHbI TO.'lbKO no
npomeCTBlIlI )].BYX cTa.n:HH npOu.e)].ypbI If CTaHOBHTCfl JIeiIcTBIf-
TeJIbHbHIU! He paHee HacTynJIeHHH BTOpOR CTa1JIIfH. KorJIa 3a-
HBJIeHIfe 0 pa3Bo)].e BbIc.lIymaHo, TO cy)]., eCJIIf Ooll npII3H'aeT npe-
T:eHi3IfIO OCHOBaTe.'1b:HOHt, BHHOCHT npHKa3 «nisi». KOTO-
pbIM B Cyrn:HOCTH npe)].cTaBJIHeT C060R npocTo npe.n:ynpC)KJ(e-
HUC, 'ITO npIf OTCYTCTBHH 'Iero-JJIf60 Henpe.n:ycM()TpeHHOro cy-
J(OM, cy)]. BbIHeceT n03LKe, 06bI'IHO 'Iepe3 weCTb MeCHu.eB, OKOH-
'IaTCJIbHae HJIIf «6e3YCJIOBHoe» (<<absolute») pacnopmKeIIIIe no
3aHBJICHIfIO rrpOCIfTeJIH. DOKa 'ITO CTOpOHbI OCTaIOTCH C rrpaBO-
BOM TO'IKH 3peHHH B 6paKe H, KaK MbI BHJ(eJIIf, C'IIfTaIOTCH BU-
HOBHbIMIf B JIBOeVpa'IHH, eCJIH nblTaIOTCH BCTynIfTb B HOBbIll
6paK. ECJIH B npoMeLKYTKe cYJ( o6HapYLKlIT cyrn:eCTBOBaHHC
KaKOR-JIlIVO «nOMexlt» (bar) JIJIH npou.e)].ypbI, Ko.TOpaH 6bIJia
cKpblTa 01: Hero BO BpeM5\ 'CJlymaHH5\ J1.eJ1a, TO. OH MQ)l\eT
«YHH'ITOLKHTb» (quash) HJIll OTMeHI1Tb npIIKa3 nisi H OTKa-
1.',*
223
'L\CTL 'mTBEI'TAff. rp.AjKJ AHCIWE nPABO
3aTb npOCHTeJIIO. O.n:H01\1Y BbICOKOMY KOPOHHOMY }J.OJUKHO-
CTHOMY .mil.!;Y, iHiM HHO iKopo.TJeHCKOMY npOiKTopy (king's proctor),
cnel1.Ha.lbHO nopYIIeHO paCC.le.n:OBaHHe Bonpoca 0 cymeCTBoBa-
HHR «nOMex» H H3BemeHHe cy.n:a 0 pe3YJIbTaTaX ero paCCJIe.n:o-
BaHHH C l1.eJIblO npe.n:ynpe}K.n:eHHH B03MO}KHOCTH npeBpameHliH
npHKa3a nisi B 6e3yc.l0I3HbIH. CJIO}KHbIH I30npOC 0 «nOMe-
xax» MbI OT.l0}KlIM .n:o Toro BpeMeHlI, Kor.n:a HaMH 6Y}J.eT 06cy-
}K}J.eH Tpel'IfH BH}J. paCTtOP}K€,UlIH 6paIIHblx Y3, a HMeHHO:
B) C Y .n: e 6 Hoe p a 3 JI Y II e H H e. npHKa3 0 cy.n:e6-
110M pa3.1YIIeHHH npe}J.OCTaB.1HeTCH MY}Ky H.1H }KeHe npH
}J.OKa3aHHOM npe.lI060}J.eHHlIH H.1H }KeCTOKOCTH B OTHOllleHHH
lICTl1.a, OCTaB.leHHlI ero HJIlI ee B TeIIeHHe }J.BYX JJeT, OTKa3e
nO}J.IIHHlITbCH CY}J.e6HOMY paCnOpH}KeHHIO 0 BocCTaHOB.leHHH cy-
npY}KeCKHX npaB, H.ll1 npH COBepllleHHH .n:pyroM CTOpOHOM nOJIO-
BbIX npecTyn.leHHH nOC.le 3aK.lIOIIeHHH 6paKa. npHKa3
o CY}J.e6HOM pa3.1YQeHlIH He aHlIY.1HpyeT 6paKa, HO CTaBHT }KeHY
B OTHOllleHlIH npH06peTeHHoro elO BnOCJle}J.CTBHH HMymecTBa
B nO.l0}KeHHe feme sole (BK.lIOIIaH .TlHIlIeHlIe npaBa npH06peTaTb
IIMymecTBO «nYTeM aHTlII1.HnaI1.IfH») 11 npe}J.ocTaB.1HeT eH TaKoe }Ke
IIO lmKeHHe B OTHOllIeHlIH }J.oroBopoB H npaBoHapYllleHHM (BKJlIO-
'JaH npaBo BIIlIHHTb HCKH H OTBe'laTb no HHIII) , HO B TO }Ke
BpeMH OHO OCB060}K.n:aeT MY}Ka OT Bcex 06H3aTe.lbCTB no 3a-
Ii:JlIOIIeHHbIM elO }J.orOBopaM If COBepIlIeHHbIM rrpaBOHapYIlIeHlIHM,
BKmO'laH npaEOHapYllIeHlIH, COBepmeHHbIe }J.O BbIHeceHlIH :')Toro
p3lCnOpH}KeHiilH. 3TOT noc.TJeJI.HlIii. nYHKT, Ka,;{ H }J.pyroj:j., r.lacw
mUH, IITO OHa OCTaeTC5I 3aMY}KHeII :>KeHmllHOM, H, 6y-
)J,Y'lH no CY}J.y pa3JlYQeHOH C MY}KeM, He MO}KeT npll06peTaTb
HMymecTBa nYTeMI aHTHI1.Hnal1.HlI }J.OXO)J,OB, K3}KeTCH !HaM HeCKOJlbKo
neJl0rH'lHbIM. O}J.HaKO, 3anpemeHHe aHTHl1.lInal1.HH, Ha.TJO}KeHHOe
EO BpeMH 6paKa, HO }J.O BbIHeceHHH pemeHH5I 0 pa3.1YIIeHHH,
coxpaHHeT CBOIO CIWY }J.O pa3BO}J.a lInH }J.O CMepTH MY}Ka. Ko-
HeIIHO, CTOpOHbI He 06H3aHbl }KlITb BMeCTe BO BpeMH )J,eilcTBH5I
npHKa3a 0 cY)J,e6HO;\1 pa3JlYIIeHHH; eC.ll1 }Ke CTOpOHbl npo-
)J,oJl}KaIOT }KETb InJeCTe, TO 3TOT npllKa3 TepHeT CBOIO
ClI.TJ\'.
. B }J.onOJlHeHHe K cpOpl\1:3.TJbHm1Y pacnopmKeHlIlO 0 CY}J.e6HOM
P::3.lYl.1emm, 3Ha'I HIIe IWTOpOI'O cn.'1bHO YMe!JbllIH.TJOCb (no-
CKO.lbKY )J,e.l0 KacaeTCH lIInepeCOB }!{eHlll,lIHbI) 6. i I3rO}J.apH 3aKO-
Ho.n.a1 eJIbcTBy noc.le}J.HeI'O I3p(, IeHH 06 lIMymeCTBe 3aMY}KlTeiT
}KeHllI,IIHbJ, npaBo 3HaeT elll,e }J.Ba MeHee cymecTBeHHbIx BH,lI,a
()c.lao.TJCHIIH '6pa'lHbIX Y3. O,'J,HH 113 HHX 3aKmOIIaeT'CH B nOJIHO-
MOIIlIlI MarlICTpaTa, ynOM5!HYTOM paHee, oCBo6mK)J,aTb Ha OCHO-
uamm AKTa 06 ynpOlll,eHlIOH IOpHC)J,HKI1.HlI (}J..1H 3aMY}KHHX }KeH-
II1.RH) 1895 I'. }KeHllI,HHY aT 06H3aHIIOCTH }KHTb BMeCTe C My-
}KeM, KOTOpbIH BHHOBeH B KBaJmcplll1.HpOBaHHOll yrp03e cpH3HIIe-
f:'KlIM lIaCH.'mel\! B OTHOme!l!H! lIee 1I.TJ1I B nocTom!Hoii }KeCTOKO-
DIABA XVI. CEMEiHIOE flI'AI30
2Lg
cnI, 1I.:1H OCTaBlI,,1 ee, lI.1H npeHe6pera,,1 06H3aHHOCTbIO aBaTb
}1.0JDKHOe CO ep2KaHlIe eii H ee }1.CnIM H,,1H BHH{)BeH B O}1.HOM 1I3
}1.pyrHX npaEoHapyweHHH. 3TO eCTb EH}1. CY}1.e6HOrO pa3nyqCHHH
.!lJ151 HeHMyullIx 2KelUl(HH. lvleHee nOnHOII.eHHoe y OB.:leTBOpEHlIe
aeT «3all(HTHbIll npHKa3» (<<protection order»), KOTO-
pbIH npe}1.0CTaB,,1HeTcH CY}1.0M ynpOll(eHHOH lOpHC}1.HKII.HH 2KeH-
ll(lIHe, MY2K KOTOpoii OCTaBH,,1 ee 6e3 OCHOBaTe,,1bHbIX npHqHH II
KOTOpa51 caMa ce6H cO}1.ep)KHT c06cTBeHHbIM TPY}1.0M 'HnH 33
CBOM CqeT. Ho Ha}1.0 3aMeTHTb, 'ITO TaKoM npHKa3 He oCB060-
:lK.D:aeT 2KellY aT 06H3aHHOCTH )KHTb BMeCTe C MY)KeM B C,,1YlJae,.
ecm1 OH BepHCTCH K Hen; co BpeMeHlI 1I3MeHeHHH HMyrn.eCTBCH-
HbIX npaB 3aMY)KHeii )KeHrn.HHbI OH Bo06ll(e nepecTa,,1 6bITb'
cyrn.ecTBeHHbIM cnoc060M Y.D:OB,,1eTBOpeHHH.
3aKaHlJlIBaH .:JTY r,,1aBY, Ha.D:O CKa3aTb HeCKO,,1bKO C,,10B 06
O.D:HOM Ba)KHOM npe.D:MeTe, HMeHHO 0 «nOMexax», npenHTcTBYlO-
IlI:HX oCB0602K.D:eHHlO OT 6paQHbIX Y3.
CYll(HOCTb 6palJHOM lOpHC.D:HKII.lIH 3aK,,11OlJaeTCH B TOM, QTO'
CY.D: .D:0,,1)KeH nO,,1HOCTbIO B,,1a.D:CTb BceMH MaTepHa,,1bHbIMH 41aK-
TaMH, CBH3aHHbJ.MH C .D:e,,10M, Q1'O COBecTb CTOpOH, lIll(yrn.lIX y}1.0-
B,,1eTBOpeHH5I, }1.0n2KHa 6bITb QHCTa, QTO .D:OMoraTenbCTBO y}1.0-
B,,1eTBopeHHH J1.0,,1)KHO 6bITb bona fide H npOHCXO.D:HTb 6e3 He-
060CHOBaHHoro npo:\fe.D:,,1eHHH. Bc,,1eJ1.CTBlIe :=noro cY.D: BnpaBe,
a B HeKoTopwX cnyqaHX OH 06513aH OTKa3WBaTb B Y.D:OBneTBo-
peHHH, KOr.D:a 06HapY)KlIBalOTCH 06cToHTe,,1bcTBa, HeCOBMeCTH-
MbIe C O.D:HHM H3 3TlIX YCJIOBlIk TaKlIM 06pa30M, HMelOTCH He-
KOTopbIe «6e3yc,,10BHble» H HeKoTopble «.D:lICKpel{HoHHbIe» no-
MeXH K npe ocTaB,,1cHlIlO YJ1.0B,,1eTBopeHH5I. npe)KJ1.e Bcero Mbl
paccMoTpHM 6e3yc,,10BHble nOMeXli.
1. npe,,11060}1.eHHHe C cor.1aCH5I n:pyroM CTOpOHW (Conni-
vance). CTopoHa B 6pa'lHOM C0103e, npe HaMepeHHo corna1Il31O-
rn.aHCH C J1.pyroH CTOpOHOH 0 cOBcpweHHH nOCJIeJ1.HeM npen1060-
.D:e5lHHH, He MO)KeT Ha 3TOM QCHOBaH1III no,,1YQHTb pa3BO.D:a lImf
CYJ1.e6HOrO pa3JIYQ6HIIH. ECTCCTBeHHO, QTo Bonpoe 0 npc.rJ106o-
J1.eHHHlI no cor ,,1aweHHlO He MO)KeT B03HHKaTb B e.TIaX 0 npH-
3HaHHlI 60aKa HCJ1.eikTBHTeJIbHbIM.
2. n porn. e H 11 e (Condonation) npe.TI1060 esm1l5l. C,TIY)1{;'!-
rn.ero OCHOBaHHe?vl )1)I51 HCRa. Ecm1 6bI oCI<op6JIeHHaH cTopoHa,
Y3HaB 0 npoCTynKc pyroM CTOpOHbI, Morna Ha OCHOBaHl1l1 ::noro
n: e p2KaTb nOC.'TeJ1.HJOlO n CTpaxe (in terrorem'. TO B03HIIK,0 6b1
HecrepnHMoe nO.10)KeHHe. OH (n.'lH OHa) .n:OJ1)KeH cpa3Y pemHTb.
npOCT!ITb .TIlI IWlI HeT 3TOT npocTynoK; npWle I 1I0nYCKae:C5I,
lJT06bl HCTeK ,,111Wb He06xomnibIM CpOR Bpe IeHlI, ee.-m V3H<JBI11a5I
o HeM CTopOHa COx.paHliT 6e3.!leiicTBlIe. TO 3TO nplIHln1:aeTC5I 33
npom.clIne. Ho TaKoe npomeHlIe 06YC.TJOB.lllBaeTc5I XOPOIITInf
nOBeJ1.eHHe:w B 6y.rr.YIl eM: nOBTopeHHe npocTynKiJ. f30CCT3H:JB.'1H-
BaeT npana oCI<op6",eHHoll CTOpOHhl. rTpom eHlJe OTHOCHTell K Da3-
230
qACT}', q1;.'1'BEPTAH. rpc't:t£t,ZJ:AHCIWE llPABO
BO}I,Y H K cy,ne6HOMY pa3JIY'IemHO. XOTH B TOQHOM CMbIC.1e
CJIOBa npOIILeHHe He OTHOCHTCH K }I,eJIaM 0 npH3HaHllH 6paKa
He}I,eMCTBllTeJIbHbIM, HO Bce 2Ke bona fides ,cynpyra, KOTOpbIH
Me,nJIllT B 3aIILHTe CBOHX npaB, nOKa2KeTCH ,n.1H cy,na COMHH-
TeJIbHOH.
3. C rOB 0 p (Collusion). BCHKoe TallHoe cor.1ameHHe
Me2K)1.Y HCTIl.OM II OTBeTlJHKOM .C Il.e.1bI006MaHYTb cy,n, T. e.
COrJIallIeHlle HX 0 TOM, QT06bI He OTBepraTb JI02KRbIX 06BHHe-
HHM, YCTaHOBJIeHlle KOTOpbIX Ba2KHO }I,JIH nOJIYlJeHllSI >KeJIaeMOrO
pellIeHHH, COCTaBHT 6e3YC.10BHYIO nOMexy ,n.1H BbIHeceHHH COOT-
BeTCTBYIOIILero paCnOpSI2KeHHH. B Tex C.1YlJaHX, Kor,na 06BHHe-
HHH He MorYT 6bITb npaB,nHBO OTBeprHYTbI, COrJIameHHe Me2KD.Y
CTOpOHalMM 0 TOM, 'ITO OTBeT'IHK He oy,neT 3aIILMIILaTbCSI, He
paCCMaTpHBaeTCH OOH3aTeJIbHO KaK crOBOp; HO CY}I, OTHOCHTCH
K TaKOMY oTKa3y OT 3aIILHTbI C no,n03peHHeM H nOTpe6yeT nO.1-
Horo paCCJIe,nOBaHHH Bcex <fJaKTOB, npe2K,ne 'IeM COrJIaCHTbCH
,naTb COOTBeTCTBYIOIILee paCnOpH2KeHHe.
Tenepb Ha,n:o paCCMOTpeTb ,nHCKpeIl.HOHHble nOMeXH K y,no-
BJIeTBOpeHMIO B 6pa'IHbIX ,ne.1ax, T. e. TaKMe nOMeXH, 'KOTopble
,n:aIOT npaBO CYJJ.Y OTKa3aTb B YJJ.OBJIeTBOpeHHH Ha OCHOBaHllH
ero ,nHCKpeIl.HOHHOH B.1aCTH, HO He 06H3bIBaIOT ero K .3TOMY.
4. IT.p e ,1'1 IO 6 0 D. e 51 H H e. Bo06ru:e rOBopH, cYD. OTKa2KeTCH
,naTb y,n:oBJIeTBOpcHHC npocHTe.1IO, eCJIH OH BHHOBeH B npe.1I060-
D.eHHHM. Ho eC.1H BHHa npocHTe.1H 6bIJIa nO.1HOCTbIO H ,n:06po-
BOJIbHO BCKpbITa nepeD. Cy,n:OM, TO CYJJ. M02KeT Y'IeCTb oco6ble
06CTOH'I'eJIbCTBa H JJ.aTb YD.OBJIeTBOpe'RHe npOCHTe.1IO, HeCMOTpH
Ha ero BHHY. HCnOJIb30BaHHe CYJJ.OM .3TOH ero D.HCKpeIl.HOHHOM
BJlaCTH COCTaB,TmeT O,nHY H3 caMbIX Tpy,n:HbIX 3a,n:a'I cYD.a; He-
E03M02KHO H3,fIO)KHTb B TO'IHOCTM Bce npamJ.fla KOTOpbIM OH
!3 .3THX CJIY'IaHX CJIeD.yeT. OJJ.HO BpeMH cy,n n.pH6era,1'I K D.HC-
KpeIl.HOHHOM BJIaCTH, r.1aBHbIM 06pa30M, B HHTepecax 2KeHru:HH,
KOTOJJbIX nOKHHY.1H H C KOTOpbIMH nJIOXO o6.paIILaJIHCb MY)KbH
II KOTopble YCTyna.1H D.OMOraTe.1bCTBaM CBOHX nOKpOBMTeJIeM
IlJIH '6bI.1H BbIHY2KD.eHbI, BC.1Te,nCTBHe 6eD.HOCTH, HCKaTb noD.-
JJ.ep)KKM MY2KlJHHbI. 3aTeM nOCTeneHHO II HeOXOTHO 3Ta Mepa
f)bwa pacnpOCTpaHeHa Ha MV2K'IMH, nOKHHVTbIX >KeHaMH KOTO-
pble OCTaBH.1H HX 6e3 ,n:OMa'llIHero O'Iara 'H HIlOr,n:a C eTbMH,
.1I1IIleHHbIMH ripHcMOTpa.
ITpuMeHHH CI30IO ,[J;IICKpeIl.UOHHYIO B,;'IaCTb, eyD. B 3H3'IHTeJIb-
'HOM CTeneHH PYKOBOD.C1'ByeTcH TeM co06pa)KelH'HeMI, 'ITO OCB'O-
OO)KD.eHHe 01' H!CTO npaBOBbIX Y3, D03MO>KHO, nOBelleT K C03n:a-
HHIO HOBbIX 3aKOHHbIX OTHomeHHM Me)KD.Y O,n:HOll H3 CTOpOH
Hero IWH ee COY'IaCTHHKOM B npeJII060D.eHHHH. 11 HTepeCHO,
'ITO B TO BpeMH ,KaK llHcKpeIl,HoHHaSI BJIaCTb cy,n:a 6eccnopHO
MO>KeT 6bITb HM npHMeHeHa B ,n:eJIax 0 pa3BoD.e H 0 npu3HaHHH
opaKa He}I,ellCTBHTe.1bHbIM, npe.1I06011eHHHe HCTII,a, nOBHD.HMOMY.,
1"JLABA XVI. CEMEfiHOE TIPABO
231
COCTaBJIHeT prima facie {5e3YCJIOBHYIO nOMexy I)].JIH cy)].e6Horo
pa3JIYlJeHllH. Ho n.pOmeHlle npe.1I060)].eHHHH OTBeT'lHKOM B 9TllX
CJIyqaHX KaK 6Y)].TO )].aeT npaBo cy)].y npHMeHHTb CBOIO )].llcKpe-
l.(IlOHHYIO B.1aCTb H ,n:aTb y)].oB.1eTBopeHHe llCTU.Y.
5. C K ,11 0 H e H II e (c 0 n d u C i n g) 0 T BeT lJ H K a K n p e-
JI 10 6 0)]. e 51 H.II 10. 3'1'0'1' CJlyqaM Ha)].o OT.1HlJaTb OT npeJlI060-
.lI.eHHHH C corJIa-cml ,n:pyroH CTOpOHbI H OT npOmeHHH, a TaK}f{e
OT croBopa, KOTopble, KaK MbI BH)].e.1H, COCTaBmlIOT 6e3YCJIOB-
RYIO nOMexy. ECJIH 1I0Be)].eHHe npocHTem:r, KaK MY>KlJllHbI, TaK
11 >KeHmllHbI, 6bWO T8.KOBO, lJTO TO.1KaJIO ero HJIH .ee cynpyra
Ha npe.1I060)].e51HHe IWH cnoc06CTBOBaJIO eMY, H 3a 9THM nOCJIe-
,n:OBaJIO npe.1I060.ll.e51Hlle, TO llCTU.Y MorYT OTKa3aTb B 'y)].OBJle-
'l'BOpeHim H, BepOHTHO, OTKa>KYT. TaR, HanpHMep, MY}I{, KOTO-
pblll nOCTOHHHO Hcno.1b3yeT CBOIO KpacHBYIO >KeHY KaK npll-
MaIHIKY Jl..JHI nplIBJ1elJeHHfI pacnYTHblx MY}f{lJllH B OBOH llrOp'HbIH
npHTOH, He nOJIYlJHT pa3Bo,n:a H.11I )].a>Ke cy)].e6Horo pa3.1YlJeHlIH
.C Hero, eCJIIi BCJIe)].CTBlie ero nOBe)].eHHH OHa YCTynHT )].OMora-
Te.1bCTBaM 3TlIX MY>KlJ'llH. CK.10HeHHe OTBeTlJHKa K npeJII060-
)].eHHHIO He MO>KeT, KOHelJHO, llrpaTb pO.1H B HCKe 0 npU3HaHHU
.opaKa He)].eMcTBlITeJJbHbIM.
6. IK. e C T 0 K 0 C T b H 7. 0 C TaB JI e H Hell JI H P a 3-
'l Y q e H II e. MY>KlJ'lma, nOCT051HHO np051B.1HIOmHM >KeCTOKOCTb
B OTHorneHlllI CBoell >KeHbl HJIH pa3JIYlJaIOmHikH .C Hell 6e3 pO-
CTaTOlJHbIX oCHoBaHHll, He HMeeT npaBa >Ka.10BaTbCH, eC.1H OHa
YKJIOHlITC5I C nYTH )].06po)].eTeJIH, XOTH 6bI ero nOBe.l1.eHHe op-
Ma.1bHO He 6bWO CK.10HeHlIeM K npe.1I060.l1.e51HHIO. BCJIe.l1.CTBlie
::fTOrO cy,n: He 06513aH BbIHOCHTb B no,n:06HbIX CJIYlJa51X perue-
'RHe 0 pa3BO.l1.e; ClJHTaeTCH, lJTO, XOTH 3TO npaBHJIO He
npHMeHHMO npli nOJIYlJeHlIH npHKa3a 0 CY.I1.e6HOM pa3JIY-
'leHlIli no npwIHHe npe.1I060n:eHHllH, HO npH HCKax 0 pa3JIYlJe-
HHlI no .I1.PyrHM OCHOBaHlIHM OHO MO>KeT 6bITb npHMeHeHo.
ECTeCTBeHHO, lJTO 3TH nOMeXH He OTHOC51TC5I K lICKY 0 npH3Ha-
HHlI 6paKa He.l1.eMCTBlITe.1bHbIM.
8. n po M e ,n: JI e H 1I e. HaKoHeu., XOT5I He cymecTByeT
,onpe.l1.eJIeHHOrO npO'Me>KYTKa BpeMeHlI, B TelJeHHe KOToporo
MO>KHO ,n:OMoraTbC5I OCB060}f{,n:eHHH OT 6palJHbIX Y3, o,n:HaKO,
.ey.l1. OTHOCHTCH C BeJHilJaHruliM no,n:03peHHeM K YCTapeBruHM Ii
3an03.11.aBIIlHM npeTeH31I5lM II nOTpe6yeT 06"bHCIIeHI1H no nOBO,n:y
npOMe,lI..leHH51 rrpelI(,lJ;e, <reM .I1.3CT y,n:OB.'IeTBOpeHI1e. Y6e,n:HTeJlb-
HbIMH 06"bHcHeHH5IMH HB.TI5IIOTC5I TPY.l1.HOCTb YCTaHOB.1eHH5I cpaK-
TOB, OTCYTCTBHe CBH.I1.eTe.1eii H ,n:a>Ke >Ke.1aHHe oCKop6.1eHHoit
CTOpOHbI ,n:OCTH Ib npHMHpeH1I5l. I1HbIMIi C.10BaMll, .I1.JIH Toro,
1T06bI npOMelweHlIe COCTaBlIJIO nOMexy .11.,1151 nO.1YQeHHH yn:OB.1e-
TBopeHlIH, OHO )].OJI>KHO BbIX0.l1.HTb 3a npe.l1.e.TJbI pa3YMHoro
£pOKa. 3TO npaBHJIO OTHOCHTC51 O.l1.HHaKOBo K perueHH5IM
0) npH3HaHHH 6paKa He,n:eMCTBlITe.1bHbIM, 0 pa3Bo,n:e H cy,n:e6HOM
232
TIACTn '1ETBEPTAfI. rPA;I,;U.HCl,OE IIl'ABO
p.a3JIY'leHHH, BKJJJO'laH II XOp:aTaUCTBa 0 TOM, 'lT06bI npHKa3 6bW,
npeBpameiH B 6e3YCJIOBHbIM.
KOHe'lHO, He1303MOmHO B TaKOM pa60Te, KaK HaCTOHllI,aH,
BXO}1.HTb B .n:aJIbHeMnme nO)J.p06HOCTll 6pa'lHOM JOpHC.n:HKl.{HH,
HanpHMep, B 06cymp:eHHe Mep, npHHHMaeMbIX cy.n:OM B BOnpO
o npe)J.OCTaBJIeHHH cO.n:epmaHHSI HJIH aJIHMeHTOB HeBHHOBHO,H'
meHe, palcnopHmeHHH, }1.eJIaeMbIX B nOJIb3Y HeBHHOBHOM CTO--
pOHbI, COrJIallIeHHU, 3aKJIIO'laeMbIX OTHOCllTe"lbHO oneKH Ha}1.
.n:eTbMH, H MHorHX )J.pyrHx BamHbIX BonpOCOB, Bo06n;e rOBOpSI,
cy.n: nO"lb3yeTcH B no.n:06Horo po.n:a .n:eJIax 60JIbllIOH )l:HCKpe-
nHOHHOH BJIaCTbJO, HO OHa OCYlll,eCTBJIHeTCH Ha OCHOBaHHll Tpa-
Jl,HnHOHHbI'X ffIpHHl.{HnOB, JIHlll<lIOlll,HX cy.n: B03MomHOCTll npo-
SIBJIHTb npOH3BOJJ. MbI MomeM ceii'lac KOCHYTbCSI TOJIbKO O)J.HOM'
BamHOM npOl.{eccyaJIbHOM HOpMbI, KOTOpOM PYKOBO)J,CTBYIOTCH
B 6pa'lHbIX npOl.{eCcax, OCHOBaHHbIX Ha npeJII060)J.eHHHH, H KO-
TopaH, KaKOBO 6bI HH 6bIJIO 'iCe npOHcxom)J,eHHe, npe.n:CTaBJIHeT
c060M npe06JIa.n:aIOmyIO oc06eHHocTb npoueccoB 0 pa3Bo.n:e H
pa3JIYQeHHH. . I
3Ta HopMa rJIaCHT, QTO BCHKHM 'leJIOBeK, xo.n:aTaMcTBYIO-
llI,llM 0 pa3Bo)J.e llJIll Cy.n:e6HOM pa3JIY'leHHll no npH'lHHe npe-
JII060.n:eHHHH, B 0 6 SI 3 aTe JI b H 0 M n 0 p 51 .n: K e npHHym.n:aeTCSI-
cy.n:OM, eCJIH 9TOT xo.n:aTaM Mym, HMO}K e T 6 bI T b npHHym.n:eH-
cy.n:OM, eCJJ,H xo.n:aTaM - }KeHa, 'K npHB"le'leHHIO B Ka'leCTBe COOT-
B€T'lHiKa no !HoCKY Toro Jml.{a, C KOTOpbIM OTBeT'lHK npe)J.nOJIO-
}KHTeJIbHO cOBepllIHJI npe"lI060)J.eHHlle, nOCJIymHBllIee OCHOBa-
HHeM K nponeccy. I1cTopH'lecKH 9TO nOCTaHOBJIeHlIe AKTa
1857 r. BOCnpll'HHJIO cTapoe npaBlIJIO 06 HCKe H3 «npecrynHoro,
06meHHH» (criminal conversation), KOTOpbIM npe)J.cTaB"lHJI C060ll-
06H3aTeJIbHYIO npe)J.BapHTe"lbHYIO Mepy nepe)J, nO"lY'leHHeM inap-
"laMeHTCKoro 6HJIJIH 0 pa3Bo.n:e B Te BpeMeHa, Kor.n:a eme He
cymecTBOBaJIO cy.n:e6Horo cnoc06a pacTopmeHHSI 3aKOHHoro
6paKa. TOT, KTO npe)J.no"lara"l B036y.n:lITb Bonpoc 0 TaKOM-
6H"lJIe, )J,o"lmeH 6bIJI npe}KJI.e npe)J.'bSIBHTb HCK 0 B03MemeHHH
y6bITKOB K npe;n;nOJIaraeMoMy npeJIIo60.n:eIO 3a «npecTynHoe-
06meHHe» C ero cynpyroM. EC"lH OH 'BbUJrpbIBaJI HCK, TO CY.D:e6-
Hoe pellIeHlIe B ero nOJlb3Y TpaKTOBa,,10Cb Inap.TJaMeHTOM KaK
HeocnopllMoe }1.0Ka3aTe,,1bCTBO tPaKTa npe"lI06o.lI.e5lHH5I. OCHoBa
3TOH npOl.{e)J.ypbI He TOJlbKO 6bwa BocrrpHHHTa HOBOH np0l.{.e)J.y-
pOM pa3BO)J.a, HO AKT 1857 r. 'B SICHbIX BblpameHll5lX npe.lI.nllCa"l,
'lT06bI Mym Tpe60BaJI B03MemeHH5I OT Ha3BaHHoro COOTBeT'lHKa.
npll'leM pa3Mep B03MemeHHfl onpe)J.e"l51eTcSI npllCSImHbIMH, KaK
9TO HMe,,10 MeCTO no cTapoMY HCKY 113 «npecTynHoro 06meHIm».
O.D: HaKO , B OT"ll1'lHe OT npe}KHerO BpeMeHH, COBpeMeHIwe npaBO
He npe)J,OCTaB.'J5IeT B03MemeHHH, B CJIY'Iae ero npHCY}K1J,eHHH,
B pacnopHlKelme XO.lI.aTaH, HO 1l03BOJI5IeT cY.lI.y pacnop5!,lJJITbCfl'
3THM B03\leIHe!me1\l, KDK C?'I cy.n: cOtITeT HY}KHbIM, HanpHMep,
I'JIABA XVII. CEMEfiHOE nPABO
233:,.
HCnOJIb30BaTb ero Ha ynJIaTY cy.n:e6HbIX ll3.n:ep>KeK HJIH Ha CO-
.n:ep>KaHHe BHHOBHOM >K'eHbI. I10CKOJIbKY (.n:o 1923 r. npeJIl060
.n:eHHHe MY>Ka He npe.n:CTaB.1H.l0 caMO no te6e OCHOBaHHH .n:Jm
pa3Bo.n:a, TO AKT 1857 r. He npe.n:YCMaTpHBaeT npeTeH3HM Ha
B03MemeHlIe co CTOpOHbI 'xo.n:aTaMCTBYlOmefi 0 pa3Bo.n:e >KeHbI.
O.n;HaKO H B HeM eCTb CJIa6bIM HaMeK, n03BOJIHIOmHM rOBopHTb,
o npaBe >KeHbI Ha B03MemeHHe npll HCKe ee K JII060BHHIJ.e MY>Ka
BCJIe.n:CTBHe yTpaTbI elO 'CynpY>KeCKOH 06mHOCTH >Kll3HH (consor-
tium).
HaKOHeu., Hal{O ynoMSIHYTb, 'ITO, BCJIe.n:CTBHe He.n:aBHO BHe-
cemIOro B 3aKOH H3MeHeHHH, OTMeHeHO npaBO 'CTOpOH B 6paKO-
pa3Bo.n;HOM npou.ecce, OCHOBaHHOM Ha npe.lI060.n;eHHHH, Tpe60-
BaTb, 'IT06bI .n;eJIO paCCMaTpllSaJIOCb npllCH>KHbIMlI. 3TOT Bonpoc.
pa3pernaeTCH ,llHCKpeIJ.llOHHOM BJIaCTblO Cy.n;bH.
r Jl A B A XVI!
CEMEI1HOE I1PABO (I1po.n;OJJ>KeHHe)
2. OTHOllieriH5I pO.D.HTeJIeif H .D.eTeif
AHrJIHHcKoe npaBO npll3HaeT TO.lbKO 3aKOHHoe pO.n:CTBO...
T. e. pO.n:CTBO, B03HllKrnee KaK C.le.n;CTBlie 3aKOHHoro !()paKa.
Kor.n;a aHrJIllMCKOe npaBO rOBopHT 0 «pe6eHKe» HJIli 0 «.n:eTHX»
B CBH3ll C HX po.n:llTe.1HMll, TO OHO npe.n:nO.laraeT TOJIbKO '3a-
KOHHOpO>K.n:eHHoro pe6eHKa HJm 3aKOHHOpO>K.n;eHHbIX .n;eTeM,
I1cKJJIO'IeHHH c.n:e.laHbI JIllIlIb B HeKOTopbIX npe.n:nllcaHIIHX 3aKO-
HOB 0 6e.n:HbIX, OTHOC5ImHXCH K I303l\1emeHlllO npe.n;nOJIaraeMbII\{:'
OTIJ.OM qaCTll CTOllMOCTH CO.llep)KaHll51 He3aKOHHOpO>K.n;eHHoro
pe6eHKa, B I10JIO>KeHHHX 0 KpOBOCMeCHTe.lbCTBe H po.n:CTBeH-
HbIX OTHOIlIeHHHX, npenHTCTBYlOmHX 6paKY, iKOTopbIe OXBaTbI-
BalOT P0.n:CTBO, B03HllKillee KaK H3 3aKOHHoro 6paKa, TaK H 113
He3aKOHHbIX 6pa'IHbIX OTHOllleHIIH, H B He.n;aBHO YCTaHOBJJeHHbIX'
npaBOBbIX OTHOllIeHllHX Me)K.n:y He3aKOHHOpO>K.n:eHHbIMH .n:eTbMH
II HX MaTepHMH. C'IliTaeTCH, 'ITO .n;a)Ke 'IaCTHbIe 1O.pH".n:ll'IeCKH
,n:OKyMeHTbI OTHOC5JT K «)J;eT5J.'II» TO.1JLKO 32KOHHOpO>K.l(eHHbIM,
eCJIH TO.lbKO llX COCTaBlITemI He orOBapllBalOT npOTllBHoro.
I109TOMY HaM Ba>KHO 3HaTb, KTO HB.15JeTCH no aHf.1mikKOMY
npaBY 3aKOHHOpO>K.n:eHHbIM pe6eHKOM.
.LI:0 COBceM Hel{aBHero BpeMeHlI Ha 91'01' Bonpoc 6bUG
JJerKO OTBeTliTb. B TeqeIme nO'ITlI ceMliCOT JIeT aHr nHMCK(1e
npaBO HeH3MeHHO npll,n:ep>KllBanOCb TOU TO'lKli 3peHllH, 'ITO 33-
KOHHopmK.n:eHHbIM pe6eHKOM 5JBJI5JeTCH pe6eHOK, po*.n:€HHUH
B 3aKoHHOM cynpy*eCTBe ll.l11 B Te'IeHMe TaKoro cpOl\a nOC'IE
paCTOp)KeHIIH ,,)Toro cynpY)KeCTBa, KOTopbni n03BO,'!W'T :'I'e,J.'
234
qACTI. qETBEPTA.II. rPAJR.D:AHCKOE IIPABO
nOJ1araTb, qTO OH npe.n:CTaBmleT C060M .n:eikTBlITeJIbHblM
OTnpblCK i 06elIX 'CTOpOH B YKa3aHHOM cynpY)KeCTBe; TOJJbKO
npn 3THX YCJIOBHHX pe6eHOK ClJ:lITa"lCH 3aKOHHOpO)K.n:eHHbIM.
DpaB.n:a, eCJIH MO)KHO 6bIJ10 .n:OKa3aTb MeTO.n:0M BHellIHHX .n:OKa-
3aTeJlbCTB, qTO pe6eHOK, KaK 6y.n:TO 6bI OTBeqaIOIILHH Ha3BaH-
HbIM YCJIOBHHM, He Mor B .n:ellCTBlITe.rrbHOCTli 6bITb 3aqaT npe.n:-
nOJW.raeMbIM OTll.OM, TO ero MOrJIll np1I3:H-aTb «n060qHbIM», T. e.
<>6'bHBHTb He3aKOHHop0)K.n:eHHbIM. Ho, KaK MbI BlI.n:emi, 0601IM
npe.n:nOJIaraeMbIM po.n:HTemIM 6bI.TIO npHMO 3anpeIILeHO npllHlI-
MaTb yqaCTlie B TaKOM npou.ecce; cy.n: lBeCl>Ma HelIOOIILPHTeJJbHO
OTHOCHJ1CH KO BCHKOli nOlIbITKe .n:OKa3aTe"lbCTBa, lICxo.n:Hlll.eH 1I3
Hecepbe3HbIX cpaKTOB 11J11I C.'1YXOB. TOJlbKO, Kor.n:a npe.n:no.rrarae-
MbIit oTeu. OKa3bIBa"lCH extra quattuor maria lIJ1H, BO BCHKO I
c.r:ryqae, He lIMe"l 'ooIILeHlIH 'co CBOeM: )KeHOlI B TeqeHlIe Bcero
B03MO)KHOrO nepllo.n:a 3aqaTlIH, TO CqHTaJIOCb .n:03BOJIeHHbIM
OTBeprHYTb npHHlllllI: Pater est quem nuptiae demonstrant.
Ho B KOHu.e KOHU.OB H3MeHeHHe B npaBe, pellIHTeJIbHO OT-
BepmYToeoapoHaMH B lIapJ1aMeHTe, 3ace.n:aBllleM B MepToHe
B 1235 r.,6bIJIO npHHHTo napJIaMeHTOM B BecTMlIHcTepe B 1926 r.
AKT 00 Y3aKoHeHHH (Legitimacy Act) YKa3aHHoro rOD.a pac-
nmpHeT Hallie nepBOH8.'la.JIbHOe onpeD.e.JIeHHe 3aKOHHOpO>K.rr.eHHOCTH
pe6eHKa C"le.n:YIOIILliM nYHKTOM: «IWlI Kor.n:a 'pO.n:lITeJIli BlIOC.JIe.n:-
CTBHH 'COqeTa"lHCb 6paKOM BO BpeMH ero )K1I3HlI». I1HbIMli CJIO-
BaMlI, yqeHlIe pliMCKOM U.epKBli 0 «lIOCJ1e.n:YIOlll.eM Y3aKoHeHHlI»
6bIJIO B KOHlle 'KOHU.OB lIpH3HaHo aHrJIllikKHM npaBoM, HO, YBbI,
TaKHM ClIoco60M, KOTOpbIH .n:e.11aeT onpe.n:e.l!eHHe 3a:KOiHHOpO>K..lI.eH-
HOCTli OqeHb TPY.ll.HbIM. LLe,,10 B TOM, qTO 6paK cpaKTlI'leCKliX
pO.lI.lITe.JIefI He3aKOHHOpO)K.lI.eHHOrO pe6eHKa He .lI.eJIaeT epo
3aKOHHop01K.lI.eHHbIM, eC"lH B MOl\WHT ero p0)KD.eHHH O.ll.HH H3 -
ero po.n:HTe.JIeM COCTOH.JI B 6paKe C .lI.pyrllM "llIU.OM. K:poMe Toro,
AKT 1926 r. lIpHMeHlIM TO"lbIKO K TaKIIM CJ1yqaHM, KOr.ll.a oTeu.
Y3aKoHHeMoro pe6eHKa liMe.'! BO 'BpeMH !SpaKa, Y3aKOHHIOIILero
pe6eHKa, CBoe MeCTO>KHTeJ1bCTBO B AHr "llIH Hml Y 3"lbce. 3a-
TeM, eCJJH Y3aKOHHIOll1.HH peoeHKa 6paK COBepUIllJICH 11.0 npllHH4
THH 3Toro AKTa (COcToHBUlerocH 15 .n:eKa6pH 1926 r.), TO Y3aKO-
eHHe C'lHTaeTCH lIpOHCllIe.n:IllllM TO.'1bKO B 3TOT .n:eHb. 11, HaKO-
eu:, lIpaBa HaC.JIe.n:OBaHHH HMYIILeCTBa, BbITeK310IILHe ll3
cpaKTa Y3aKOHeHUH, OrpaHH'UlBaIOTCH paClIOpH)KeHHHMH, 'C.lI.eJ1aH-
tIbIMli nOCJIe Y3aKOHeHI1H; HanpHMep, eC.'!H .lI.e.ll. Y3aKOHeHHoro
.'"Juua YMep .lI.O Y3aKOHeHlIH, TO Y3aKOHeHHbIM: He MO)KeT yqaCTBO-
83Th B Hac.'!e.n:OBaHllH HMYllleC'TB3, OTKa3aHHoro no '3aBeIll.aHHIO
.n:e.n:a «;J;eTHM» ero CblHa, T. e. oTl-la Y3aKOHeHHoro JmI-la, XOTfi
ecmi .n:eJJ. YMep lIOC.rre Y3aKOHeHHH, TO Y3aKOHeHHbIIT MO>KeT
yqaCTBOB3Tb B 'HaCJIeD.OBaHHH.
- C .lI.pyroi1 CTOpOHbI, O.ll.lIH cpaKT lIOCJ1 e .ll.YIOIllero 6p KOCO-
'IeTaHllH lIpe.n:lIOJ1araeMbIX pO.D:HTe.JIeM: Y3aKOHHeT He38KOHHOpO-
r;UBA XVII. CKMEttHOE rrPABO
:21.5
JKAeHHOro, 3a HCKJIlOlJeHneMI HeMHO'rOlJnCJIeHHbIX CJIyqaeB, B '1'0
BpeMSI KaK iJ3 60.1blIIHHCTBe CTpaH Y3aKOHeHHe 'npOHCXO}I.H'I'
TOJIbKO, eCJIH pO,n:HTe.1H TOrO 2KeJIalOT. Y 3aKOHeHHSI, COBeplIIeH-
TIble 3a rpa HiHIl'e rr, rrpH3H81OTiCSI 1)]0 3TOMy AKTY B AHr .mMff
B HeKOTopbIX, HO He iBo Bcex c.TJyqaSIX. O,n:HaKO, M02KHO Bee 2Ke
'c }I.OCTaTOlJ:HbIM OCHOBalIHeM CKa3aTb, '11'0 npe,n:rrHcaHHH AKTtI
06 Y3aKoHeHHH 1926 r. ,n:e.lalOT 60.1blIIe qeCTH qYBcTBaM, He-
2Ke.1H yMY ero cocTaBHTe.leH.
B 1926 r. rrpOH301IIJIO elll.e O,n:HO H3MeHeHHe B HCTOpHqe-
CKH pa3BHBaBlIIeikH nOJIHTHKe aHr.1HikKoro rrpai3a 'B OTHOlIIeHHI1
<:eMbH. ,[(0 Toro «YCbIHoB.leHHe» (adoption) ,IJ,eTeH, XOTSI 11
npe,n:cTaBJIHJIO pacrrpocTpaHeHHoe COIl.Ha.lbHoe HBJIeHHe, HO He
HMe.l0 HHKaKoro npaBOBoro co,n:ep2KaHHSI. TI02KHJlble 6e3,n:eTHble
.JIlO}I.H «YCbIHOB.1SIJIH» }I.eTeii, ,IJ,aBa.1H HM 06pa30BaHHe, KOpMHJIH
HX II 0,IJ,eBa.1H H, '11'0 BeCbMa BepOSITHO, BK.llOqaJIH HX B CBOH
3aBelll.aHHSI. Ho Bce 31'0 ,IJ,e.laJIOCb eOBeplIIeHHO ,n:06POBO.lbHO.
TIOCKOJIbKY .n.e.l0 KacaeT'CSI rrpaBa, TO JIHua, 'YCbIHOBHBlIIHe pe-
DeHKa, Mor JIH, rrpH rrpUM0HeHHH K IHHM 3aKOHOB 0 2KeCTOIKOM
OOpalll.eHHH C ,n:eTbMH HJIH 0 npeHe6pe2KeHHH IIMH, OTKa3aTbCH
01' CBOHX «YCbIHOB.leHHbIX» ,IJ,eTerr, BC.le,IJ,CTBHe lJ:ero Te B03Bpa-
lll.aJIHCb B CBoe rrepBOHaqaJIbHOe COCTOSIHHe.
31'0 rrO.l02KeHHe Belll.eM 6bWO COBeplIIeHHO H3MeHeHO AKTON
00 YCbIHOBJleHHH ,IJ,eTeM 1926 r. (Adoption of Children Act).
OqeBH,n:Ho, ITO TaK Ha3bIBaeMoe «YCbIHoB.leHHe de facto», T. e.
cTapoe ,IJ,06POBo.lbHoe YCbJHOBJIe'HlIe, orrHcaHHoe BbIlIIe, M02Ker
no 9TOMY AKTY 'CQiBepmaTbJCSI rrompe2K'HeMy; HO rrpH 06pallJ,e.HMK
B cy,n:, rroc.le,n:HHM M01KeT ,IJ,aTb «rrpHKa3 00 YCblIIoB.leHHH.
(adoption order), KOTOphIM yrrOJIHOMOqHBaeT rrpocHTe.1SI HJIH
npocHTe.leM (MY1Ka H )KeHY) YCbIHOBHTb JIHIl.O, He ,n:OCTHrlIIee
B03paCTa iB ,lI,Ba,n:u:aTb 0,n:HH ro,n:. TaKoe YCblHoB.leHHe npe,n:o-
CTaBJISIeT YCbIHoBHBIlIeMy pOD.HTeJllO HJIH pOJJ;HTe.1SIM 3aIKOHHble
npaBa H 00SI3aHHocTH KpOBHbIX H 3aKOHHbIX p0,lI,HTe.lei'I HJIH
oneKYHoB B OTHOlIIeHHH Ha,n:30pa 3a pe6eHKoM, ero cO,lI,ep2Ka-
HHH H o6pa30BaHHH, BK.llOqaH rrpaBo Ha3HaqaTb orreKYHa Htl
CJIyqai'I 'cMepTH YCbIHOBHBI11ero po,n:HTeJIH ,n:o ,n:OCTH1KeHHH YCbI-
HOB.leHHbIM B03pacTa B )JBanIl.aTb O,n:HH 'ro,n:, KaK H rrpaBa HJIH
B.laCTH ,lI,aBaTb cornaCHe H.'IH OTKa3b!BaTb B cor.TJaCHH Ha 6paK
YCbIHOBJIeHHOrO, He ,lI,OCTHnuero YK33aHHoro B03paCTa. C ,lI,PY-
rOM CTOpOHbI, TaKoe YCbIHOB.'IeHHe He ')JaeT YCbIHOBJIennOMY,
'KaK TaKOBOMY, np3B3 H3 HaC.TJe.nOBaHHe mV!YIIl.eCTBa YCbIHOBHB-
mere po,n:HTeJISI B c.TJY Iae 'CMepTI1 nOCJIeJl,HerO 6e3 33BeIU3HHSI
11 ,n:a2Ke B KaqeCTBe «pe6eHKa» TaKoro 'YChIHOm1BIllero pOnHTe.1H
11a yrr3cnle B RaCJIe,n:OBaHHH no 3aBeI!WHII1O rroc.rJeJl,HerO H.lli
no 33BeIl(aTeJlbHOMY paCrrOpH1KeHHIO KaKOrO-Jm60 Jl,Pyroro
. JIHIl.a; HO OHO He munaeT ero I 9THX npaB B OTHomemm ero
KpOBlIOM CeMbH. O.n.'H, 3JK'O YCh!HOBHBlIIIIM pOJl,IITeJJb Inl!eeT,
23G
'L\CTI> 'IETBEPTAfI. nU:;r,,Il.AHCIWE TIPAHO
fWHe'lHO, npaBO OCTaBHTb no 3aBeIIJ.aHHIO CBoe HMYIIJ.eCTBO YCbI-
HOBJleHHOMY npH TOM YC.10BHll, 'ITO ero \HaMepeHllSI 6YD.YT BbIpa--
:>KeHbI cOBeprueHHo HCRO.
ITpaBo cYD.a )J.aBaTb npHKa3bI 06 YCbIHoB.1eHllH 06CTaBJIeHO
J!.OBOJIbHO CTporHMll YCJIOBHHMll: reHepa.1bHbIH perllcTpaTop'
pO>K}J.eHHM, cMepTell H 6paKoB (Registrar General of Births,
Deaths and Marriages) )J.0.1:>KeH BeCTll perHcTp YCbIHOB.1eHHbIX
}J.eTeH (Adopted Children Register), B KOTOpbIll BHOCHTCH )J.eTH,
YCblHoB.1eHHbIe no npHKa3aM 06 YCblHOBJIeHl!H. Ha}J.o ynoMHHYTb,
'lTO cpopMa ::noro pemCTpa He npe}J.YCMaTpHBaeT BHeceHllfl
B 'Hero HMeH KpOBH X pO}J.llTeJIeM YCWHOBJIeHHoro.
TIPABOBblE TIOCJ1E.LJ:CTBI15I PO.LJ:CTBA
Onpe)J.e.1llB oTHorueHllH pO)J.l!TeJIeM H J!.eTeM C npaBOBOH
TO'IKH 3peHllSI, MbI }J.OJI:>KHbI Tenepb BKpaTlI.e paccMoTpeTb BbITe-
KalOIIJ.He H3 3THX oTHorueHll-t'I noc.1e}J.cTBllSI. 3TO paccMoTpeHHe
:Be}J.eTcH K KpaTKoMY YCTaHoB.1eHHIO 'B3allMHbIX 06SI3aHHocTell
pO)J.llTe.1eM H )J.eTeM B oTHorueHllll )J.Pyr )J.Pyra.
PO}J.HTe.1H H }J.eTH no 3aKoHY 06H3aHbI OKa3bIBaTb }J.PYl'
}J.Pyry B cJIY'Iae HY>K)J.bI' MaTepHa.1bHYIO nO}J.J!.ep>KKY; HO lITO
KacaeTCSI nO}J.}J.ep:>KKH co CTOpOllbI .neTeM, TO 3Ta llX 06SI3aH-
HOCTb orpaHJiIIeHa no 3aKOHY TeM npe)J.eJIOM, KOTOipbIM npe,n:y-
CMOTpeH 3a'KOIIOM 0 6e}J.HbIX (Poor Law). OHa MO:>KeT 6bITb lIa'
IIHX npllHY}J.HTe.1bHO B03JJO:>KeHa TO.1bKO )J.0.1:>KHOCTHbIMl! .1lluaMll,
OCYllI,eCTB.1HIOIIJ.J1MH YNaG3iHHbIM 3aKOH. OTeu >Ke pe6eHKa, He }J.O-
CTllfLuero B03paCTa B ruecTHa)J.uaTb JIeT, XOTSI II MO:>KeT 6bITb
npHHY>K}J.eH K HCnOJIHeHHIO 3TOH 06SI3allHOCTH TaK:>Ke Ha OCHO-
BaHHH 3aKOlla 0 6e}J.HbIX, HO eCJIH 3TOT OTeu HMeeT cpe}J.CTBa,
TO 06SI3aHHOCTll ero He TO.1bKO B 06IIJ.eCTBeIlHOM oTHorueHHll,
HO, BO BCSIKOM CJIY'Iae J!.O HeKOTopbIX npe)J.e.10B, H B npaBOBOM
oT1wrueHHH T'OJIKYIOTCSI rull'pe. TaK, H&rrpllMCp, KaoK MbI Y>Ke Bll-
}J.eJIll, MY:>K'IHHa, OCTaB.1SIIOllI,HM CBOID >KeHY H '}J.eTei1 B HY>K}J.e,
ilIW)!{eT 6bITb TpaKTOB-a:H Ka'K «6e3)J.eJIbHHK II 6pO)J.Hra». MarH-
CTpaT MO>KeT )J.aTb B oTHorueHHll ero npHKa3 06 06SI3aTe.1bHoM
nO}J.}J.ep:>KKe HM YKa3aHHbIx JIHU H Ha Hero MO>KHO KOCBeHHO
B03JJO:>KllTb OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a nOCTaBKY ero >KeHe «He06xo)J.ll-
MbIX npe)J.MeTOm) (necessaries), npOH3BO}J.HMYIO B COOTBeTCTBHII
C ero cpe}J.CTBaMH II ero nO.1OLKeHHCM, npllTOM He TO.1bKO }J..1H
Hee JIllqHO, HO H )J..1H l!X )J.eTeii. Ha}J.o 3aMeTllTb, lITO MY:>K'llma,
KOTOpbIl I >KeHHTCH R3 >KeHIUI1He, IF>feIOllI,eH )J.eTeM, HeceT OTBeT-
CTBeHHOCTb TaK>Ke 33 cO}J.ep:>KaHHe ee .n:CTeH OT npe)!{Ilero l\IpKa
H }J.a:>Ke ee He3aKOHHopO>KJ!.eHHbIX -'l;eTeiL CY}J. MO:>KeT KO-CBeHllbI:1l
nYTeM npllHYD.llTb OTua BbInO.'1H5!Tb CBOlO 06SI3aHHOCTb no COltep-
:>KaHHIO )J.eTei1, OTKa33B e:\iY B no.1YlICHHH CY:'!\IbI Ha cOJJ,ep:>KaHllC
pe6eHKa H3 )J.OXO}J.OB OT ,'lJ[llIIbIX <,pcrCTf> n:)('.I('.'l.i!0,O B C.1YQae,.
r.rL\.BA XYII. CE)<IEnHOE U,PABO
237
,Kor.n.a 3TOT pe6eHOK lIMeeT KanHTa.1bI, HaXO.n.HIl(lIeCH IB ynpaBJIe-
Hlill cy.n.a IWlI .n.OBeplITeJIbHOI'O c06CTBeHHlIKa; HO npM 3TOM cy.rr.
(5y.n.eT CTapaTbCH He nplI'IlIHlITb YIl(ep6a pe6eHKY B 6y.n.YIl(eM,
He CBH3bIBaTb .n.lICKpeIl.HOHHOM B.1aCTH ;lI.OBepHTe.1bHbIX C06C1'BeH-
HHKOB H He HapYlIIaTb BO.1H JIlIIl.a, Ha.ll.e.1HBlIIeI'O pe6eHKa cpe.n.-
CTBaMH.
EC.1H 01'eu pe6eHKa 'YMep, TO 06H3aHHOCTb CO.ll.ep}KaTb era
na.n.aeT Ha MaTb H, B KOHe'IHOM C'IeTe, Ha .n.e.ll.a H 6a6KY; HO
.n.a}Ke npH }K1I3HM MY}Ka 3aMY}KHHH }KeHIl(lIHa, HMeIOIl(aH «pa3-
.n.eJ1bHYIO co60CTBeHHOCTb», HeoeT OTBel1Cl'BelH!H>OC'fb 3<1 co.n.ep}Ka-
Ime cBoero pe6eHKa, BHYKa H pO.ll.lITe.1ell, O.ll.HaKO, .lI.BYX nepBbIX
TO.1bKO npH OTCYTCTBHH MY}Ka.
C .lI.pyrOH CTOpOHbI, npaBO He 'B03JraraeT Ha p0.ll.lITe.1ell OT-
BeTCTBeHHOCTli no .lI.OI'OBOpaM, 3aK.1IO'IeHHbIM HX .lI.eTbMH, H no
COBeplIIeHHbIM HMH I'pa)I{.lI.aHCKliM npaBOHapYlIIeHlIHM, eCJJH
TOJIbKO pO.ll.lITem1 He ynOJ1HOMO'IliJIll .lI.e1'eH Ha 3TH .lI.OI'OBOpbI
H 'He Y'IaCTBOBa.rIll B 3TlIX npaBoHapyweHHHX. TaK, HanpHMep,
Bonpe m a6 epaocllpocl1paHeHHOMY MHeHlIIO, OTeIl. no aa'KOHY H
OTBe'Iael' no .lI.O.TIraM, npHTOM .lI.a}Ke YMepeHHbI'M, c,n:eJ1alH:HbIM
ero CbIHOM WIll ,n:O'IepbIO BO BpeJVUI 06Y'IeHlIH B KOJIJIe,n:}Ke lIJIH
"B YHlIBepCHTeTe, 'eCJm TO.1bKO OH He ,n:aJI OCHOBaHHH TopI'OBIl.Y
.lI.YMaTb, 'ITO OH npHMeT Ha c-e6H OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb no HHM.
H3JIHWHe I'OBo.pHTb, 'ITO po,n:lITe.11I He 3aMeIlJ.aIOT .lI.eTeM B OT-
BeTCTBeHHOCTli no npecTynJIeHHHM, eCJIH TOJIbKO aKTH'IeCKH 'He
V'IaCTBOBaJ1H B HHX. Ho Ha.ll.O OTMeTHTb, 'ITO AKT 0 ,n:eTHX 1933 r.
(Children Act) ynOJIHOMa'IHBaeT CY.lI., a HHor,n:a Tpe6yeT OT cy,n:a,
lJ.T06bI B Tex c.IJ.)''IaHX, Kor,n:a B npoCTynKe, KapaeMOM lIITpa<fJOi\I.
06BHHeH pe6eHOI{ (He )I,OCTHrWlIll B03paCTa B 'IeTbIpHa)I,Il.aTb JIeT)
WIll no,n:pOCTOK (B B03paCTe Me}K.lI.Y 'IeTbIpHa)I,Il.aTbIO H ceM-
Ha}J;Il.aTblO I' OJJ, aJVm) , 3TOT UITpacp IB03.'Iara.1CH Ha pO)JHTemI HJIH
oneKYHa. HCKlnO'IeHHH B TaKHX C.1Y'IaHX )I,eJIaIOTCH TO.1bKO, KOI')I,a
)JoKa3aHO,' 'ITO 3'1'01' po,n:HTeJlb HJIH oneKYH He cnoc06CTBOBa.TJ
COBepweHHIO iJ1:pOcTy:nKa BCJIe,n:CTBHe npeHe6pe}KeHHH CBoell
06H3aHHOCTbIO UlIteTb )JD.JI}KHbIH Ha,n:30p 3a pe6eHKOM WIll no)];-
pOCTKO:\L
Po;une.T:Jb If.1II .'IIfIl.O, Hl\IeIOIl(ee Ha.ll.30p 3a pe6eHKOM B B03-
paCTe 0'1' 'I1HTH Jl,1J LJeTbTfHWJI,n3TH .'leT, nplICY}K.lI.aeTC5I, KaK MbI
BH)I,eJIM, K lIITpaiPY If TIOpeMHOllfY 3aKJrIOIJeH1UO B Tex CJIyqaHX,
Kor)Ja pe6eHOK He BbInO.TIHHeT Tpe50BaHlIll AKToB 06 06pa30-
BaHHH (Educational Acts). '
5ICHO, 'ITO, IHecMoTpH Ha HeKoTopbI,e CTapbIe 3aKOIlbI H Tpa-
JJ;llI(HH iPeo,n:a.TIbHOrO 3eMeJIbHOI'O npaBa, pOl1.HTe.'Ib, KaK TaKO-
BOM, He HMeeT 'HHKaKliX npaB B OTHOllIeHHH HMyrIl.eCTBa CBoeI'O
ve6eHKa 1I, KaK npaBlI.10, eMY ,n:a}Ke He pa3pelliaeTCH ynpaBJISITb
3THM lIMYU(eCTBOM. HMYIl(eCTBO Jl,eTeM nOLJTH 'BCer)I,a nepe)I,aeTCSI
,11oRepHTe.%BhT\1 ('ofiCTBeHHHK3 1. KOTOphIM npe,J:OCT8B!HJE'TCH
23B
'IACT}, <J.ETBEPTAH. I'PAm:.n:AHCKOE IIPABO
B OTHOllleHllH ,noro HMYJJJ.eCTBa ECH )J.llCKpell.HOHHaH' BJIaCTb,
Heo6xo)J.HMaH )J.JJH Toro, q-T06hl )J.eHCTBOBaTh B HHTepecax pe-
6eHKa. Ho, KOHeqHO, OTell., HJIH - pe2Ke - MaTh MorYT 6hITb
Ha3HaqeHhl )J.OBepHTeJIhHhIMH c06CTBeHHHKaMH no HMYJJJ.eCTBY ero
H.11H ee ;lI.eTeM. HeCMOTpH Ha' H3JI02KeHHOe BhlIlle npaBH:JIO,
J(OBepHTeJJbHhle c06CTBeHHllKH MorYT CBoeH )J.HCKpell.HOHHOH
BJIaCTblO pa3peIllaTb po.n:HTeJIIO nOJIyqaTb CYMMhl H3 )J.OXO)J.OB OT
HMYJJJ.eCTBa pe6eHKa )J.JIH H3.n:ep2KeK Ha co.n:ep2KaHHe H o6pa-
30BaHHe.
TIP ABO OTIEKI1
HaKOHell., Mhl nO)J.XO)J.HM K Bonpocy 06 oneKe Ha)J. pe6eH-
KOM, He )J.OCTHrIllHM B03paCTa B )J.Ba.lIJJ.aTb OAHH rOA, pO)J.HTe.'1H
KOToporo HJIH O)J.HH H3 HHX YMepJIH HJHI YMep, HJIH Haxo)J.HTcH
B pa3Bo)J.e HJIH CY)J.e6HOM pa3JIyqeHHH.
B He)J.aBHHe rOAhl npaBo, OTHocHJJJ.eecH K 3TOMY Bonpocy,
nO)J.BeprJIOCb 60JIbIllHM H3MeHeHHHM. ITepBOHaqaJIbHO onHpaHcb
B 3HaQHTeJIbHOH CTeneHH Ha naTpnapXaJIbHYIO H <!JeO)J.aJJbHYIO
TeopHIO ceMbH, OHO 6hlJIO npH OTMeHe <!JeOAaJJhHhIX npaB )J.ep-
2KaHHH B 1660 r. npHcnoc06.1eHo K HOBhlM YCJIOBHHM, a 3aTeM
H3MeHeHO I3 1886 r. H 1925 r., nOCJle Toro, KaK nOCTeneHHO 6hlJIO
npH3HaHO paBeHcTBo MY2Ka H 2KeHhl nep )J. 3aKOHOM. KJIlOq K no-
HHMaHHIO HOBoro npaBa 3aKJIlOqaeTCH, OAHaKO, He B TpaAHll.HOH-
HblX npaBax OTll.a HJIH B a6CTpaKTHhlX npaBax MaTepH, a B 6JIaro-
nOJJYQHH pe6eHKa; 310T npHHll.Hn HCHO Bhlpa2KeH B AKTe 1925 r..
KOTOpblH Tpe6yeT, qT06hl OH CJIY2KHJI «nepBblM H OCHOBHhlM
co06pa2KeHHeM» npH pa3peIlleHHH CYAo:\I Bcex BonpOCOB.
OTHOCHJJJ.HXCH K H<J)J.30py, K BocnHTaHHlD II K HMYJJJ.eCTBY
pe6eHKa.
ITo 3TOMY npHHll.Hny OTell. pe6eHKa CqHTaeTCH ero eAHH-
TBeHHhIM 3aKOHHhlM oneKYHoM B TeQeHHe cBoeH (T. e. OTll.a)
)KH3HH, HO 3TO 06cToRTe.%CTBO, KOHeqHO, npH6aBJIHeT MaJJO HJIH
He l1pH6aBJJHeT Bo06JJJ.e HHQerO K rJIaBeHcTBYIOJJJ.eMY nOJJ02Ke-
BHIO OTll.a KaK pO)J.HTeJIH. ITo cMepTH OTll.a MaTh pe6eHKa CTa-
HOBHTCH ero e.n:HHCTBeHHWM oneKYHOM HJIH oneKYHOM COBMeCTHO
.APyrHM JIHll.OM, Ha3HaqeHHhlM no aKTY 3£1 neqaThlO 'HJIH no
33BeJJJ.aHHIO OTll.a, HJIH, 3a OTCYTCTBHeM TaKOBhIX, CY)J.OM. H )J.a2Ke
J1pH JKH3HH OTll.a MaTh HMeeT o.n:HHaKOBoe C OTll.OM npaBO 06pa-
JJJ.a'I'hCH B CY)J. 110 JII06hlM )J.e.'1aM, KacalOJJJ.HMCH pe6eHKa, H TaKoe
>Ke, K tK OR, npaBO Ha3RaQaTh a/KTOM HJIH 3aBeJJJ.aJHHeM oneKYHa
Ha CJIYQaH cBoei'! CMepTH AJIH oneKH HaA pe6eHKOM COBMeCTHO
c' nepe2KHBIllHM ee MY2KeM HJIH, B CJJYtJae ero CMepTH, C Ha3Ha-
qeHHhlM HM oneKYHOM. B CJJyqaHX pa3HOrJIaCHM Me2K)J.Y OCTa-
BlllHMCH B 2KHBhIX pO.lI.HTeJIeM H oneKYHOM, Ha3HaQeHHhlM nOKOH-
HblM pO.lI.HTe.lJeM, cY)J. M02KeT npeAOCTaBJIHTb Ha.lI.30p 3a pe6eH-
_ fJIABA XVII. CEMEAHOE IlJ'ABO
23!/>
KOM lI,eJJHKOM TO MY H3 HHX, KOTOpOrO COqTeT 60JIee 2Ke.1aTeJJb-
HhlM B HHTepeCaX 6.1arOnOJIyqHH pe6eHKa.
ITpe,ll.nHCaHHeM AKTa 0 COJl,ep2KaHHH 1925 f. (Maintenance-
Act), MYJI,pOCTb KOToporo COMHHTeJIbHa, oxpaHa pe6eHKa M02KeT
6hlTb npeJl,OCTaBJIeHa MaTepH He TOJJbKO TOrJl,a, KOrJl,a CTOpOHhl
pa3JJyqeHbI (qTO 6bIJJO 6bI COBeprneHHO pa3YMHO B -rex C.1yqaHX,
KorJl,a pe6eHOK OQeHb MaJJ H.1H OTell, 3aCJJY2KHBaeT nOpHlI,aHHH),
HO H TorJl,a, KOrJl,a CTOpOHbl <paKTHQeCKH npOJl,OJJ2KaIOT 2KHTb-
BMeCTe. B 3TH X CJIYQaHX OTell, M02KeT 6bITb npHHY2KJI,eH K ynJIaTe-
MaTepH e2KeHeJl,eJJbHOM onpe,ll.eJIeHHOM CY.MMbl Ha COJl,ep2KaHHe-
HeCOBepmeHHOJJeTHero. Y cyry6JIeHHYlO r JJynocTb npeJl,CTaBJJHeT
C060M npaBlIJIO, QTO TaKOH npHKa3 cYJl,a He HMeeT npHHYJl,HTeJIb-
Hon CHJIbI, nOKa CTOpOiH'bl 2KHBYT BMecre, H TepHeT CBOIO CIIJIY,.
eCJJH CTOpOHbI npOJl,OJJ2KaIOT 2KHTb BMeCTe B TeQeHHe Tpex MeCH-
B nOCJJe -roro, IKaK OR 6bIJI Jl,aH. He yJl,HBHTeJJbHO, QTO CY,ll.
HeOXOTHO Jl,aeT npHKa3bI, TaK HBHO cnoc06cTBYlOIlI,He pa3pbIBY
Heyp:atIHblX cynpY2KeCTB.
l(aK Y2Ke 6bIJIO paHee OTMetIeHO, nOCJJe BbIHeceHHH perne-
HHH no 6paQHoMY Jl,eJJY, CYJl" BbIHecrnHH ero, M02KeT CJI,eJJaTb"
JJI060e nOCTaHOBJIeHHe, KOTopoe OH COQTeT HY2KHbIM, OTHOCH-
TeJJbHo Ha,ll.30pa 3a HeCOBeprneHHOJIeTHHMH Jl,eTbMH, HX COJl,ep2Ka-
HHH H 06pa30BaHHH. KorJl,a 6paK pacToprHYT HJJH BbIHeceHO
pemelHme 0 cyp:e6HoM pa3JJYtIeHIff.H, TO CY.JI. IM02KeT 06'bHBJiTb,_
QTO BHHOBHaH CTopOHa He npHrO,ll.Ha Jl,JJH HaJl,30pa 3a Jl,eTbMH,_
p02KJI,eHHbIMH B 6paKe, HJJH ,lI.JIH oneKH HaJl, HHMH.
OneKYHhl B OCHOBHOM CTaBHTCH B nOJI02KeHHe OTlI,a B OTHO-
rneHHH Ha.lI-30pa 3a CBOHMH oneKaeMblMH, HX CO,ll.ep2KaHHH, 06pa-
30BaHHH H BocnHTaHHH, BKJIIOtIaH npaBO Jl,aBaTb cor JJaCHe Ha I1X
6paK; HCKJIIOtIeHHe COCTaBJIHeT, eCTeCTBeHHO, TO 06CTOHTeJJb-
CTBO, QTO onCKYH, KaK TaKOBOH, He HeceT JIHtIHOH OTBeTCTBCH-
HOCTH 3a COJl,ep2KaHHe H MaTepHaJIbHOe 06eCnetIeHHe CBoera
one-Kae-Moro. OneKa npeKpaIll,aeTCH, KorJl,a oneiKaeMbIM Jl,OCTHrae-r
B03paCTa B Jl,BaJl,lI,aTb O,ll.HH f0Jl,. 06H3aHHOCTH oneKYHa CtIH-
TaIOTCH nOtIeTHbIMH H HHKTO, KpOMe pO.lI-HTeJIH, He M02KeT 6bITb
npHHY2K,lI.eH K npHHHTHIO HX.
- 06H3aHHOCTH pOJl,HTeJIH H oneKYHa, KOHetIHO, He MorYT 6bITb-
nepeYCTynJJeHbl KO'MY-JIH60, O,ll.HaKO, OCYIlI,ecTBJIeHHe HeKOTOpbIX'
HX npaB M02KeT 6bITb BBepeHO Jl,pyrHM .i1HlI,aM, HanpHMep, rnKOJJb-
HbIM YtIHTeJJHM. Ho eCJJH pOJl,HTeJIH ,lI.06pOBOJJbHO nepeJl,aIOT
3aOOTY ° pe6eHKe Ka'KOMY-JJH60 JIllll,y (JI,32Ke eCJI'H nOCJJeJl,Hee He
YCbIHOBHJJO HX pe6eHKa B npaBoBOM CMbICJJe 3Toro CJJOBa), TO
CYJI" ooooeHHO B Tex CJJYtIaHX, KOrJl,a 3TO JJHlI,O HBJJHeTCH po.n:-
C'I1BeHHHKOM, He 06H3aTeJIbHO BOCCTaHOBHT B npHHY.lI.HTeJJbHOl\1
nOpH.lI.Ke npaBa pO.ll.HTeJJeH no HaJl,30py 3a pooeHKOM, KOfJl,a OHM
TOro n02KeJJaIOT. CY,lI. 6Y.lI.eT PYKOBOJI,CTOOBaTbCH, fJlaBHbIM 06pa--
30M, COO6pa2KeHHeM 0 6JJarOnOJI)'1IHH pe6eHKa.
.:240
'IAOTD IJETBEPTAH. rPAm,1J:AHCKOE rrPABO
rJIABA XVJII
CEMEJ/fHOE nPABO (npO,n:OJI2KeHl'le)
3. Haclle;:J:OBaHl1e no 3aKoHY
Kor,n:a 'IeJIOBeK YMHpaeT, He OCTaBHB pacnopSUKeHHH OTHO-
. HTeJIbHO npaB Ha CBoe HMyrn.eCTBO, TO ero Hepacnpe.zr.eJIeHHOe
H.MYIll.eCTBO pacnpe,n:eJIHeTCH Me2KAY nepe2KHBUIHMH ero po.zr.-
'CTBeHHHKaMH, COrJIaCHO npaBY, perYJIHpYIOrn.eMY HaCJIe,n:OBaHHe
no 3aKOHY, KOTopoe celiqac OTpa2KeHO rJJaBHbIM o6pa30M B AKTe
06 a,n:MHHHCTpHpOBaHHH HMyrn.ecTB (Administration of Estates
Act), OTHOCHIll.eMCH K HMyrn.ecTBY Bcex JJHI , YMepUIHx nOCJJe
.31 ,n:eKa6pH 1925 r. B HaCTOHrn.ee BpeMH HMeeTCH 60JIbUIOe KO-
JlH'leCTBO HaCJIe,n:CTB, ynpaBJIHeMbIX Ha OCHOBaHHH cTaporo
npaBa, OTMeHeHHoro Ha3BaHHbIM AKToM; HO TaK KaK OHH BCKope
'6y,n:YT .pacnpe,n:eJJeHbI, TO B TaKOH pa60Te, :Ka:K HaCTOHrn.aH, HaM
K82KeTCH H3.TmUIHHM ,n:8BaTb 06'bHCHeHHe CTapOMY npaBY, XOTH
npH CJIyqae MU 0 HeM ynoMHHeM.
O,n:HaKO, ,n:o H3JI02KeHHH npaBUJI HaCJIeAOBaHlIH, YCTaHOBJIeH-
HbIX AKToM 1925 r., 6bIJIO 6bI HenJIOXO 06paTuTb BHlIMaHlIe
.qlITaTe.neii-HeCne lIaJIlICTOB Ha O,1J:HH HJIU ,n:Ba cyrn.eCTBeHHbIX
npeJ].BaplITeJIbHbIX MOMeHTa, KOTopble JIerKO ynYCTUTb 1I3 BlI.lI.Y.
npe2K,n:e Bcero, He Ha,n:o ,n:YMaTb, 'ITO npaBUJIa HaCJIe,n:OBa-
HHH no 3aKOHY OTHOCHTCH TOJIbKO K TeM CJIyqaHM, Kor,n:a IJeJIO-
.BeK YMlIpaeT, 'COBepUIeHHO He OCTaBHB HHK8K-oro 3aBeIll.aHlISI,
TaKue CJIYLIalI He pe,n:KM; MHorHe JJIO,1J:lI CJIYIJaHHO HJIH H3 cyeBe-
pHH OTK.J1a.ll.bIBaIOT COCTaBJIeHHe 3aBeIll.aHHH ,n:o Tex nop, nOKa
CTaHOBHTCH Y2Ke n03.l1.HO, H He02KH.lI.aHHaH CMepTb HaCTHraeT MX,
Kor.n:a OHH eIll.e He ycneJIH COCTaBHTb 3aBeruaHHH. XOTH BCHKoe
XOpOllIO COCTaB.Tlemroe 3aBeIll.aHHe co,n:ep2KHT nYHKT, CO.ll.ep2Ka-
rn.HH «pacnOpH2KeHHe 06 OCTaJIbHOM IJaCTlI lIMYIll.eCTBa» (resi-
'duary disposition clause), T. e. 0 T'OM qaCTlI HMyrn.eCTBa,
o cY.ll.b6e KOTOpOH neT TO'lHbIX YKa3mmH, HO JJHIJ.O lIJIH JIH a,
B I1HTepeCax J{oTOpUX c,n:eJJaHbI 3TH pacnOpH2KeHHH, MorYT YMepeTb
npH 2KH3HlI 3aBeru.aTeJIH M, TaKMM 06pa30M, OCTaeTCSI .lI.OJIH, JII1-
rneHHaSI 3aBeIll.aTeJIbHbIX pacnopSUKeHIIH Bc.i'JeJ].CTBl:le TaK Ha3bI-
J3ae"lOrO «lapse».
KpoMe Toro, KOHeIJ'HO, 3TOT nYHKT 06 «ocTaJIbHOll IJaCTH
l!Myru.ecTBa» Mo:i-KeT 6bITb CJ1Y'laHHO nponYIll.eH MJ1H ll.1IOXO
COCTaBJ1err HJIH M02KeT npe,n:HaMepeHHO He OXBaTbIBaTb onpe,n:e-
JleHHble qaCTH MMyru.C'CTsa. Bo Bcex 3THX CJIyqaflX OCTaCTCfl
HMyrn.eCTEO, IJaCTWIHO JIHUIeI-IHOe 3aBeIll.aTeJJbHbIX pacnopH-
)j{cIIlIH, K KOTOPOMY nplIMeHHIOTcH npaBHJ1a iHaCJ1eJ].OBaHliH
- no 331-:0HY.
TJIABA XVIII. CEME1I:BOE lIP ABO
241
3areM 'Ha,lI,O YCBOHTb, 'ITO 3m npaBHJIa OTHOCHTCSII TOJIbKO
\K TOM qaCTH HMym;ecTBa }'Mepmero JIHn:a, lKoTopaH (3a O,lI,HHM
'HHTepeIciHbIM HCKJIlO'IeiHlHeM) OiCTaHeTCH nOC\7Ie p'alcXa,lI,oB Ha 11,0-
XOpOHbI, a.nMHHHcTpHpoBaHHe HMym;ecTBa H ynJJaTbI c.neJ1aHHblX
111M npH >KH3IHH .naJ1rOB 3a C'qeT Toro, qTO H33bIB'aeTCH ero aKTH-
,BalM,". B npeJKHee BpeMH 9a'Bem;aTeJJb MOl' CBOHM 3aBem;alHHeM
,HaIReCTH Cepbe3HblH ym;ep6 CBOHIM Kpe,lI,HTOpaM B OTHomeHHH
CIBaHX aKTHBOB H, iKalK MbI YBH,lI,HM HHJKe" OH ,lI,a H3BeCT'HoA
OTeneHH MOJKeT c.neJ1aTb 9Ta H renepb. B CJIyqae nomaI'O
'OTCYTCTBHH 3aBeII.(arreJIbRbIX p.a.cnOpH>KeHHM 3TO, lKOHelI!HO, HeB03-
MO>KHa; HO KaK 9TO HH CTpaHHO, TO 06CTaHTeJIOOTBo, lITO lIeJ1aBeK
}'IMHpaeT, COBepmeB'Ha HJ1H 'tJaCTH'IHO He 'oCTaBHB 3aBelI(aTeJIbHblX
-paCnapH>KeHHH, MaJKeT J1HIllHTb ero KpelI.HTapaB HeKOTapbIX npaB
B .nBYX 'CJIY'I,aHX. O.nHH H3 HoHX HaCT)'IIaeT TOifJ(a, Kor.na YMepmHM
HMeJI co6C,TBeHHOCTb, OrpaHH'IeH1iYIO B OT.HOIlleHHH npaBa nepe-
xo.na no H8CJIe.nCTBY (<<entailed interest»), cym;HocTb KOTOpOH:
'6Y,lI,eT a6'bHCHeHa B o,lI,HaM H3 CJIe,lI,YIOm;HX rJIaB. Ec:.nH aH He
'OCTaBHT B OTHomeHHH Hee 3aBem;aTeJIbHbIX paCnOpH>KeHHH, T. e.
He 'Bb <l.3HT HCRa CBOHX IHaMeperH'HM OTHOCH11eJ1bHa Hee B COO€M
3aBeIl{.aHHH, Ta aHa nepexa.nHT He K era Kpe.nHTop'aM B OnJJ8T)'
-era J(OJIrOB, HOi K HaCJIe,lI,H:HIKY, YCTaiHaBJ1UBaeMOMY onpe.ZJ;eJIeHHbIM
'IlOpH,lI,lKOM HaCJICiJJ.OBaUHH (<<heir in tail»).
J1.PyroM CJIyqaM B03HHK8eT Tor.na, Kor,lI,8 YMepruee JIHn:O
06JIa.naJJo «06m;HM», T. e. HearpaHH'IeHHbIM npaBaM npe,lI,aCTa-
JIHTb IlIO CBOeM!Y 3a'Bem;aRHIO KanHTaJI, £}>aKTHtJeC,Kl{ er.ry 'He
npHiHa.nJJe>Kam;HM, a'KQM}'I CiMY yrQAHo JIHn:y. ECJJH TaKoe
JIHn:O ICOCT3IBHJIO '3aBeu.uume, 1K0Tapoe Ca,lI,ep>KHT ny'fIlKT,
,lI,oCTarotIHblH ,lI,JIH ocym;,ec11BJIeHHH YIDlea:HHOm np<l.'Ba (a TalKoit
ny'HKT MaJK:eT ObITb JIe'l'KO BKJlIO'qeH 'II :3,aBem;aHHe), TO STOT
'Ka'ITHTaJII npe i J3pam;,aC'11CH B «aIKTHB», lfIo.nJIe>Kam;HM HCijOJIb30-
BaHHIO B HHTepecax Kipe,ll,HTopOB. ECJlH, Q,lI;H<l.IKO, OR YJ¥peT,
dIe oCY:IIl,eC'I1BHIB CBoero /Ilpa'OO H S8'Bem;aH'HH, Ta 3TOT lKalUiTaJI
OIKa3blBaeTICH .HenpHKOCHOBeHHbIM ){JJH eoo 'Pe,lI,HTOP'oB, iMOJKeT
,6bITb 9TaT IIIpHHI.{H[( H ,CypOB B omomeHHH Kpe.nHTopOB', 'HO
"TaKOB 3aKOIH.
B-TpeTbHX, Ha.no YCBOHTb, 'ITO JIHn:a, npeTeH,lI,YIOm;He H8
'HaClIe,lI,OBa'HHe no 3aIKafHY, !He HMelOT B KaqeCTBe 3aKO!HHbIX
Ha'CJIe,lI,HHKOB HHKaKaro npaBa BMemHBaTbCH B .n:e.na nOKaHHaro.
Y npaBJIeHHe 9THMH ,lI,e.TJaMH Haxa.n:HTCH Bc'er.n;a B pyxax TaK
lla3bIBaeMoro ynpaBJIHIOm;erO iH2CJ1e,lI,CTBelH 1 HaM MaCCbl (<<perso.
nal representative»), 3a !KaTaphIM B cJIY'Iae Ha,lI,06Hoc-rn Ha.n:3H-
paeT cy.n. Kor,ll,a nOlKOllHbIM OCTaBHJl saBem;aHHe, TO a,lI,MHHH.-
CTpaTapaM MO>KeT 6bITb (HO He 06H3aTeJ1bHO 6hIBaeT) .nyme-
lIpHKa3'IH!K (executor), KaTopbIM ocym;eCTB.ruIeT 3aBelI(aTeJIbH'bIe
-pacnopH>KCHHH naKaMHoro, KOHeIIHO, C06JIIO,lI,aH npH 3TOM npaBa
IiKpe,lI,HTOpoB. Ho JJoHn:O, Ha3BaHHae B 3aBem;a'HHH i)fiMepmero
16 SaR. 8848. AHrmdtClwe lTpaBo.
242
'lAOTb 'lETBEPTASI. rPA:IR.D:AHClIWE llPABO
B KatIeCTBe .D:ymenpHKa3tIHKa, MO)KeT YMepeTb npH )KH3HH 3aBe-
ll.\aTeJJ5I HJJH MO>KeT OTiKa3a,TbC5I B3HTb Ha ce6H 06H3aHiHocni
ll{ymenpHK.a3tIHiKa, KOTopbIe 51BJI5IlOTCH ,n:06POBOJIbHbIMH. B T3KOM
CJI]'Iae, 'HecMOTpH tH'a HaJUl'IHe saBern.aHHH, 06JIa,n:arorn.ero S8IKOH-
HOM CIlfJIOH, H BO ocex CJIYtIa5lX nOZIHoro OTCY'I1CTB'HH SaBell.\aHHH
ey.zr. Ha3Ha 1 IaeT «av:I,MHHHCTpaTopa» (06bI'IHO H3 'IHCJIa po,n:C11BeH-
HHiKOB nOKOlliHoro) ,n:JJH JIHKBH.zr.aII.HH .zr.eJJ YMepmero, T. e. JJ.JIH
c06HpaHHH ero «aKTHBOB», ynJJaTbI .zr.OJ1rOB H pacnpe.zr.eJJeHHH
OCTalOrn.eMCH noc e 3Toro 'Ia,CTH HMyrn.eCTBa COrJJaCHO saBern.a-
H'HIO HJEH npaBHJ1aM HaC\J1e.zr.OBaHHH no 3aiKOHY. Bcmwe JJHII.O,.
6y.zr.b TO Kpe.zr.HTOp !HJJH HaCJ1e>lI.HHK, nbITalOrn.eeCH «.zr.eMCTBOBaTb
C8MOCTOHTeJIblHO», HeCOMHeHHO H.zr.eT Ha 60JIbllIOH pHCK. 5!CHO.
'ITO 3T0 npaBH(lIO npe.zr.>CTaBJ1HeT C060M pa3YMHYlO 'Mepy (flpe.zr.o-
CTOpO>KHOCTH B II.e'JI5IX npe.zr.OTBparn.eHHH nYTaHHII.bI, KOTopas
npO!lIeomJJa 6bI, CC'JIH 6bI npeTeHJll:eHTaM 6bIJ10 (flO3iBOJIJeHO 60-
pOTbCH sa nepBeH'C'l'Bo.
ilpH HaJIH"lHH 3aBern.aHHH oq,HnH8JIblHaH ero KOHMSI, CHaO-
>KeHHa51 ne'IlaTbIO cy.zr.a H COnpOBO>K)J.aeM'3H iKpal'KHM nOJIHO'MO-
IJHeM HJJH «.zr.03B0J1eHHeM» (grant), .zr.aBaeMbIM CYJJ,OM ,n:yure-
npHiKa3IJHKY H apMHHHCTpaTopy H H6geCTHbIM no.zr. 'HanMeHOBa-
HIHeM «YTBep>K.zr.eHHH» (probate) IiJIiH nOJJHOMOIJHSII Ha a)I.:MHHH.
Cl'pH:pOBaiHHe (letters of administration)}, CJJY)KHT OCH()IBI(lJIHeM
JJ,JJSI .zr.ymenpHKal3IJHKa HJJH' a.zr.MHH1Jl!cTpaTopa BCTynHTb B ynpaBJJe.
HHe HaICJIe)J.CTBOM. DpH OTiCYTCTBHH 3aBeUJ,aHHH, nOJIHOMOIJne
Ha a,n:MIiHlliCTpHpoBa1H1He Bbr.naeTC:H .po.ZJ:cTBeHHHlKY HJIH, B c.nyqae
Ha,n:06HOCTH, Kpe.zr.wropiY nOKomroro, Hs6paHHoMY Cy,n:OM JJ,JUJ
ynpaBJIeHHSI HiMyrn.eCiTBoM B COOTBeTCTBRH C onpe.zr.e elHHbl'Mr4
npaBHJIaM'H. ECJJH a.zr.MHHincTparop }'MHpaeT .zr.o BbIill'OOIHeHHSII
BOSJJO)KeHHOM Ha 'Hero 3'a.n:a'IH, TO .n:OOI>KeH 6bITb Ha3HaIJeH
a.zr.MHHHcrrparop de bonis non (administratis) JJ,J1SI saBepmeH!lUfi
sa.n:aIJH, HO no cMepTH .zr.ymenpm<asIJHiKa ero 06SI3aHHocTIH nepe<-
XO.zr.SIT K ero c06CTBeHH'OMY .n:ymenpHKa3Ilm{y, eCJIH OH HMeeT
!faKOBoro. EOJrH nepBOiHaIJaJIbHbIH .n:ymelIIpHKaSIJHK YMHpaeT, He
OCTaBHB CBoero )J.ymenpHKa3'lHIKa, TO a.zr.MHHHCTpaTOp OOT3Bme-
rocSI nOCJIe Hero IHMyrn.eCTBa He npHHHMaeT 'l-:a ce6SI 06SIsaH-
HOCTH .zr.ymenpHKaSQHIKa, a .zr.J1SI BhmOJIlHeHHSII 3aBern.aJlI:HSI nepBoro<
YMepmero Ha3Ha'IaeTCSI a.zr.MHHHcTpaTop de bonis non.
HaKOHeII., B-'IeTBepThIx, Ha.n:o 3anOMHHTb, 'ITO JJ.O BCTY-
nJJeHlm B CHJ1Y AiKTa 06 a.zr.MHHHcTpHpoBaHHH HMyrn.ecTB 1925 r.
B aHfJJHllCKOM npaBe cyrn.ecTBOBaJIa nopa3HTeJ1bHaSI oco6eHHooTb,
KOTopaSI 3aKJ1IO'IaJ1aCb B TOM, 'ITO YCTaHaBJ1HBaJ10Cb JJ.Ba nOpSItI-Ka
naCJJe.zr.OBaHHSI nO' 3a!KOHY, O.zr.HH JJ;JIH Toro HMYIII.eCTBa, iKOTopoe
na3bIBaJJOCb (H Ha3bIBaeTCSI Tenepb) peaJJbHbIM HaCJIe.zr.CTBOM
(real estate), T. e. JJ.JISI npaB c06CTBeHiHOCTH Ha :HaCJIe.zr.CTBeHHYIO'
JleJJ,BH)KHMOCTb, H JJ.pyroH ,n:J1H nepcOHaJI'bHOrO HaOJIe.n:OT'B3>
rJIABA XVIII. OEME:i!:HOE lIP ABO
243
(personal estate), T. e. ,nJJH Bcex OCTaJIbHbIX BH,nOB HMyw;ecTBa,
BKJJI01JaH apeH,n:Hble npaBa Ha He,nB'lDKHMOCTh H HC'KJII01JaH TaKHe
npaBa, KaK HeCB060)I.Hble AepJKaHHH (copyhold), KOTOlIble Ha-
CJJe,nOBaJIHCb B COOTBeTCTBHH C MeCTHbIMH 06bIlla MH. JIHua,
HaCJJeAYIOW;He no nepBoMY nopHAKY, Ha3bIBaJJHCb heirs (Hac.ne,n-
HHKaMH). TaK 'H83bIBaeMbIH 3aKOR 0 HaCJJe,nOBaHHH (Law of
Inheritance) perYJIHpYeT .n.o cero BpeMeHH nepexo.n. no HaCJIe,n-
CTBY c06CTBe'HHOCTH, orpaHulleHHoM B OTHOIIIeHHH npaBa nepexo.n.a
no HaCJ1e.n.CTBY (entailed interest), OTHOCHTeJJbHO iKOTOpOll iller
T01JHbIX paCnOpHJKetHHll B 3aBew;aHHH, TaK JKe KaK H YllacTHe
B HaCJJeJJ;OBaHHH HaCJIe.n.HHKOB, npe.nycMoTpeHHblx B 3aBeW;aHHH,
11, KOHetfRO, nepexo.n. no HaCJ1e.n.cTBY npaB c06cTBeHHoCTH na
He.n.BHJKHMOC'JIb, OCTa13JJeHHyro 6ea 3a'Bew;areJIbH'bIX paCIIOpHJKeHHll
JIHuaMH, YMepIIIHMH .no 1926 r. JIHua, HaCJ1e.nYIOW;He BO BTOpylO
o1Jepe.n.b, Ha3bIBaJ1HCb «next-of-kin» (6JJH:>KaMIIIHMH no pO.n.CTBY);
npaBHJJa, no KOTOpbIM OHH !H,aMe OBaJJH (H3BecTHbIe no)l, Ra3Ba-
HHeM «rules of distribution» - npaBHJJ pacnpeilleJIeiHHH), 6bIJIH
B 3HallHTeJIibHOll creneHH aaHMCTBOBaiHbl ,Ra pHMIC\KOrO npa'Ba.
B OH3MeHeHiHoro B CeMHa)l,UaTOM BeKe CTaTYTaMH 0 pacnpe)l,e-
JJe'HHH (Statutes of Distribution). 9m npaBHJra pacnpCiD.eJJeHHH
Tenepb COBepIIIeHHO He npHMeHHIOTCH, 3<:1 .HCKJJI01JeHHeM onHTb'
TaKH CJIY1JaH OCrraBJIeHHH JJHD.OM" YMepmHM )1,0 1926 r., CB O
HMyw;ecTBa 6e3 aaBew;aTeJJbHbIX paCnOpH:>KeHHM, H CJJYllaeB.
Kor,na pe1Jb 'H)I,eT 0 npaBaoc Ha HMyw;ecTBo, npe,nocrraBJ1e.HHoe
B ,nap JIiHuaM'H, «ynOJIHOM01JeHHbIMH !H1a TO CTaTYTOMI 0 'pacnpe.n.e-
.'IeHHH» H T. ,n., Ha OCHOBaHUH aKTOB, COBepIIIeHHbIX )1,0 1926 r.
O)l,HaKO, H3 6YKB3'JIbHbIX BbIpa:>KetH'lill AKTa 1925 r. MO:>KHO 3a-
!KJJIOIlHTb, 'ITO «6JJH:>K'aMIIIHll no pO,nCTBY» H HB.IDIeTCH c06CTBeHHO
reM JJHUOM, KOTopoe HMeeT npaBO Ha HaCJIe)l,OBallIHe no 3aKOHY
Ha OC'HOBaHHH 3Toro AKTa.
C,neJIaB 3TH npe,nBapHTeJ1bHbIe 3aMe1JaHHH, MbI MO:>KeM ne-
peM1IH K nOHCHeHHIO npaBHJ1 Ha'CJIe.n.OBaHHH no 3aKORY, OTHOCH-
W;HXCH KO BC<€.M BHAa HMyw;ecTBa, KOTopoe He COCTaBllHeT
npe,il(MeTa 3aBew;aTeJIbHOrO paICnOp5I:>KeHH5I, 3a iHOKJII01JeHHeM
c06CTBeHHOCTH, OrpaHH1JeHHOH B OTHOIIIeHHiH npaBa nepexo,na no
HaCJIe,nCTBY. flpH 3TOM MbI, o,nHaKO, OTMeTHM, 1JTO nOJ1HOe 061>-
e.nH'HeHHe B 011HOIIIeHHH npaBa HaCJ1e,n:OBaHH5I BCieX BH.n.OB HMyw;e-
CTBa nOKoHHoro 3HaeT O.nHO HCKJJI01JeHHe, 6J1aro.n. a p5I BBe.neHHlO
AKTOM 1925 r. ROBOM KaTeropHH «JIHqROM .n.BH:>KHMOCTH» (perso-
nal chattels), Ha KOTOpyIO, KaK MbI YBH.nH<M, HMeeT npeHMyw;e-
CTBeHHoe npaBo nepe:>KHBIIIaH MY:>Ka BAOBa.
Eha «JJiH1JHa5I .n.BH:>KHMOCTb», nOBHI.lI:HMoMY, OXBaTbIBaeT Bce
npe,il(MeTbI .n.OMalliHero (HO He KOHTopCiIwro) 06Hxo,na (furniture)
nOiK'oRHoro B mHpoKoM CMbICJJe CJJOBa, HMeHHO B BH.n.e )l,OMa,
ca.n.a, KOHlOlliHH H rapa:>Ka, YTBapH nOTpe6JIHeMOll H He nOTpe-
6JJHeMOM, Ha1JHHaH C K'apTHH H aBTOM06HJIell .H KOH1Ja5I nbIJJbHbIMH
244
'fACTI> qETBl PTAH. fp,Am,n:AHiO'KOE IIPABO
TpHITKaMH H MeTJJa:MH. E.n:Ba JIH 'MO)KRO YTBep)l{.n;aTb, 'ITO TepMHfI
«J1HqHaH .n;BH}IHiMOCTb» (personal chattels) y.n;aqe;H. ,lJ.eJIo ,B TOM,
'11'0 'repMIHH «(chattels personal» - .n:BH)I{HrMOe HMYIlI;eCTBO -
ObIJJ B TeqeHne CTO.TleTHH rr1HpOKO pacrrpoc1')JaHeH H HiMeJI
B anrJJHllCKOM npaBe ropa3.n:0 oOJJee TOq'HOe 3HaqeHHe; lI3 CXo.n;-
CTBa OOOHX 311MX -repMH:HOB nOqTH IHeH36e)l{HO .n:OJUKHbI BOBHHKaTb
He..n;opa3YMeHHH, TalK KaK HOBbIM TepMHH BepOHiTHO npOHUKHeT
B :.n:OMaIIIHHe 3aBeIll;aHHH 'M 3aBeru:aTeJIiH Oy.n;YT OTIKa3bIBaTb no 3a-
BeIll;aHHIO o.n:Hy BeIll;b, )I{eJIaH OTKa3aTh .n:pyr.ylO. Bo BCHKOM CJIY-
qae ::aM 'Ha.n:o npHBecTH rrpaBHJJa, OTHOCHIlI;,lfeCH iK rropH.n:KY oqe-
pe.n:HooTli ITpHTH3aHHM Ha HaCJIe.n;'CTBO.
1. fl e p e>K H BIll H ii C Y n PlY r. flpaBO nepBOOqepe.n;Horo
npHTH3:aHHH Ra HMYIll;eCTBO nOKOMJHOrO, He O'C.TaBMBIIIero 3aBe-
n aTeJIb'HbIX paCnOpfl>KeHHM, npHIH'a.n:JIe)l{HT nepe>KHBIIIeMY MY>KY
m1H )I{eHe. Harpa>K.n:eHMe B.n;OBbeM .n:OJIeM >MY>Ka HJJH )I{eHbI,
HOCM'BIIIee COOTBeTCTBeHHO Ha3BaHHe «curtesy» Ji «dower», npe.n;-
CTaBJJH.JtO C060E B TeqeHHe BeKOB npHH Hn aHrJIHiic wro npaBa,
HO OH OTHOCHJICH TombKO K He.n:BH)I{HMOMY HMyIlI;ecTBY. flpaBo
Ha TaKYIO .n:OJI.IO JIOJTHOCTblO OTMe'He'HO HOBbIM AKTOM .n:JIH Tex
-cJIyqaeB, K KOTOpbIM OH OTHOCHTCH; nepe>KHBUIHn cyrrpyr nOJJY-
"meT 1) JIHqHYIO .n:BH>KHMOCTb nOIwllHoro, KaK ObtJIO OO'bHCHelHO
Bb1IIIe, 2) onpeJI:eJIeH1HYIO CYMMY B TbIiOHqy CPYHTOB, cB06o.n:HYIO
()T Ha'CJIeACTBeHHbIX nOIIIJJHH H ,H3.n:ep>KeK H 3) nO)l{H3HelHHOe
rLpaBO BJIa.n:elJiHH BceM OCTaJIbHbIM HMYIlI;ecTBoM nOiKoMHoro, eCJJH
Y !Hero He OCTaJIOCb B >KlIBbIX rrpHMbIX HHCX0.n:HIlI;HX, H nO>KH3He'H-
1I0e npa'BO BJIa.n;eHH5I nOJIOBiBHOM 3Toro HMYIlI;ecrrBa, eCJJH TaKOM
HH'CXOJI:HIlI;Mll IUMeeTCH, rrpnqeM .n:o TeiX nop, rrO'Ka OIH >KHB. .113-
1JHIIIHe rOBopHTb, qTO HMYIlI;eCTBO nOiKOMHoro MO>KeT ObITh lIIe.n:o-
CTaTOIJJHO .n:JJH y.n:OBJJeTBOpeHHH XOTH Obi O.n:ROM iBiS 3THX npe-
TeH3HM, TaK KaK OHO MO>KeT 6bITb eJlHKO'M Inor'JroIll;eHO ynJIaTOM
)J.OJI,rOB H :paCXO,lI,aMU, 'CBH3aHHbIM'H 'C 'BBe)J.eHHe'M 'B .naCJJe.n:C11BO.
HaAo nonaraTb, qrro 'CJIOBa «CBOOO)J.HaH orr HaCJIe;lI,CTBeHHbIX
fiOIIIJIHH H H3.n:ep)l{eK», CTOHIlI;He B AKTe H OTHOCHIlI;HeCH K .n:OJJe
nepe>KHBIIIerO cyrrpyra, He .n:alOT nOC'JIe.n:HeMY npaBa JJHIIIaTb
KOPOHY HaCJIe)J.CTBeHHbIX nOIIIJJHH, a a.n:MHHHCTpaTopa Ha'CJIe.n:CTBa
.HJIH .n;YIIIerrpHiKa3qHKa - rrOKpbITHHi H3)1.ep>Ke'K.
2. fl pH M bI e H H C X 0 LI. HIlI; H e (Issue). flo.n: «issue» no.n:-
pa3YMeBalOTcfI TOJIbiKO npHMbIe HHCXO)J,HIlI;He TIOKOMHOro ad infini-
tum, npHToM 'Haxo.n:HIlI;llecSI B >KHBbIX B I]\WMeHT ero ciMepTH,-
T. e. .n:eTiB, BHyKH" npaBHYKH H T.)1.. KaK y)l{e O,?IJJO YKa3aH
B npe.n:IIIecTBYIOIlI;ell rJJaBe, OCHOBHoe npaBHJIO aHrJJHHC'KOrO npaBa
fJIaOHJJO C .n:peBHeHIIIHx BpeMeR, 'ITO npH iH8CJle.n:O BaH HH no p0.n:-
{'TBy"no)1.pa3YMeBae'I'CH TOJJb.KO 3a'KOHHOe pO.n:CTBO. Ho B 1926 r.
AKToM 00 Y3aKoHeHHH ObIJI CAe.rraIH IH3 coOOpa>KeHi1M rYMaHHocTH
peBOJIIO HOHHbIH IIIar; OH YCTaHaBoI'IHsaeT, qTO B c.lJyqae cMepTH
noe'.TIe 1926 r. >KeHll HHbI, )J.aBIIIefi >KH3Hb He3a'KOHHOpO>K.n:eHHoMY
rJIABA XVIII. CEMEfiHOE TIPABO
245
peoe[-j.KY, nOCIJ1e.lJ:"HHM HJ1H, B OJ1yqae ero ICMepTH npH )KH3HH
MaTepH, ero npHMhle HHCXO.ll.HII.I;He MorYT, eCJJH 3Ta )KeHII.I;HHa \He
OCTaBHJ1a nOCJ1e ceOH 3aIKOHHhlX HHCXO.rr.HII.I;HX, HaCJIeJl,OiBaTb ee
HIMYII.I;eCTBO, I}{aa< sa'KO'HHhle Hlf.CXOAHII.I;He. OJl,1H8j]\'o, Ha)I.O nOMHHTh,
qTO, eCJJH, HanpHMep, )KeHII.I;HHa HMeeT 3aKOHHOpO)KJI,eHHOrO
peoeHKa, II OH YMHpaeT npH )KH3HH MaTepH, OCTaBHB He3aKOHHO-
P0)K.lI.eHHOrO pe6eHKa, TO noc.ne,ll,HHH He HMeeT npaBa Ha'CJIeJl,OBaTb
HMYII.I;eCTBO eBoeM oaOKH.
C yqeTOM npaB nepe)KHBllIerO cynpyra, pa3'bHCHeHHhlX
BhlllIe, MO)KHO C,Ka331l'h, qTO Bce HMYII.I;eCTBO nOKOMHoro (3a
HCKJ1IOqeHHeM COOCTBeIHHOCTH, OrpaHHqeHHOH B OmHOllIeHHH
npaBa nepeXO,ll,a no HaCJJe.ll.CTBY) oe3YCJ10BHO nepeXOJl,HT K ero
np.SJIMhlM HHiCXOJl,HII.I;HM. CaM npHH H;n, TaKHM oopa30M, OqeiHb
npOCT, iRO AKT 00 aJI:MHHH'CTpHpOBaHHH HMYII.I;ecTB 1925 r. Jl,ae'P
nO:ll.pOOHhle npaBHJJa ero npHMelHeHHH H B HiHiX HaJl,O co BaeM
TII.I;-aTeJII:>HOCThlO pa300paThcH.
aTOT AKT He YCTaHaBJIHBaeT HHlKa!KJiX [JpeHMYII.I;eCTB B 0'1'-
HOlllIelHlHH B03paCTa ,"JIH nOJJa. C Jl,PyroM CTOpOHhl, OH BBO,ll,HT
npHH HJ1 JlaCJJE;AOBaHHH per sti!rpes, B nponm:on0J10)KIHOCTb
npHH Hny per capita. HanpHMep, eCJIiH Y A OhlJJO Tpoe Jl,eTeH,
OJl,iHH H3 KOTOphlX YMep npH erO' )KH3HH, OCTaBHB nHTephlX Jl,e-
TeM, TO HMYII.I;eCTBO A, B CJJyqae ero CMepTH OM 3aBeII.I;aHHH .
OYJI,eT pa3,l1,eJIeiHO Ha TPH paB1Hhle Jl,OJIH, H3 1K0TOphlX Ka)K,lI,hlH
H3 ero OCTaBllIHXCH B )KHBhIX ,lI,eTeM nOJIyqIIT OAHY, B TO BpeMH
KaK TpeThH Jl,OJIH OYJI,eT pa3J1,eJIeiHa nopOBII}' Me)K,lI,y nHThl()
,lI,eThMH YMepllIero HaCJIe,ll,HH'Ka A. TOT )Ke npHH Hn OhIJ1 6hI
TIpHMeHeH, eCJIH Ohl Bce .rr.eTH A YMepJIH npH ero )KH3HH, HHaqe
rOBopH, He3aBHCHMO OT Toro, OKOJIhKO ,lI,eTeH OCTaBIIT lKa)K.lI.hlff
1I3 yMepllIHx ,lI,eTeH A, OHH nOJIyqaT Bce BMeCTe JIHllIh ,lI,OJJIO CBO-
ero nOKOHHoro pO,ll,HTeJJH. ECJJH 6hl, O.ll.HaKO, KTO-JIH60 H3 .lI.e-
TeM A YMep npH ero )KH3HH, He OCTaBHB npHMhlX JIIICXOAHII.I;HX
KOTophle nepe)KHJIH OhI A (peoeHOiK, 3aqaThlM, HO He pO)K,lI,eHHhIM,
npHHHMaeTCH B 3'1'0M cJTyqae B C006pa)KeHHe KaK )KHBYII.I;HM), TO
Jl,OJIH TaKoro YMepllIero HaCJ1e.ll.HHKa Bhma.n:eT, H HMYII.I;eCTBO A
oY,lI,eT pa3AeJIeHO Mek,ll,Y ero nepe)KHBIllHMH ,lI,eThMH.
CBepx Toro, 3TOT ART TII.I;aTeJIbHO orOBapHBaeT TO YCJ10BHe.
1fI'00hl AOJIH HH o.ll.Horo H3 TaKHX HHCXO,lI.HII.I;HX He OhIJ1a 3a-
KpenJ1eHa 3a HHM OKOHqaTeJIhHO, nOKa 3'1'0'1' HHCXO,ll,HII.I;HH, OYAh
OH MY)KCKOrO HJJH )KeHCKOro nona, He ,lI,OCTHrHeT B03paCTa
B Jl,Ba aTb O,ll,HH rOA HJJH nOKa OH He BCTynHT B opaK. B cJJyqae
eCJ1H 9TOT JIHCXO,lI.HII.I;HM YMpeT ,lI,O ,lI,OCTH)KeHHH HM B03paCTll'
B Jl,Ba.rr. aTh OJl,HB roJl" He BCTynHB B opaK, TO' ero ,lI,OJJH CJIY)KHT
,lI.J1SI YBenHqeHHH Jl,OJJH ero OCTaBllIHX'CH B )KHBhIX opaTbes
H eeCTep, eCJJH )Ke TaKOBhlX HeT, TO ,lI,OJJH npSIMhlX HHCXO,ll,SI-
DJHX CJJe,lI.YIOTIJ:"eM CTeneHH, H ,lI,a}Ke, eCJJH OH OhIJ1 nOCJIeJl,HHM
HHCXOJl,HII.I;HM, - Jl,OJIH B,lI,OBhl HJIM BJI,OBua nOKOMHoro HaCJIeJl,O-
246
qACTJ> qETBEPTASI. J'J'lAm.n;AHOKOE IIPABO
.n;aTeJIH. Ho B CJIyqae, Kor,zI;a O.n;HH H3 TaKHX HHCXO.lUIlII;HX
.n;OCTHraeT B03paCTa .lI.Ba.n.uarn O.n.HOrO rO)J.a H'J1iH B'Cfl'ynaeT
B OpaK, ero .n.OJJH nepeXO.q;HT K HCMY «oe3YCJIOBHO», T. e. OH
)fO)/{eT paCnOpH.n.HTbCH elO H 3aBelII;aTb KOMY yrO.D.HO; .n.eTH ero
He Moryr HM€Tb 'lIHKaKHX npaBOBbIX npHTH3alHlHM Ha 9TY .n.OJIIO.
Ho .n.a)Ke B TOM c.rryqae, KOr.D.a .n.OJIH pe6eHKa 'liJIH .D.pyroro
npHMoro Hllcxo.n.HlII;ero He OKOHqaTeJIbHa, T. e. Kor.n.a eMY HeT
.n.Ba.n.uaTH O.D.HOrO rO.D.a HJrn OR !He COCTOH1' B 6palKe, .lI.OBepll-
TeJIbHbIe C06CTB€HHHKll, KOTOpbIM BpyqeHO HMYlII;eCTBO, MorYT
«aBaHCUpOB8Tb» eMY 3a CqeT ero J1.0JJH H.rm .n.oxo.n.a, no ero
JIOJIe, CYMIMbl, He06xo.D.HMbIe .n.JIH €ro cO/J1;ep)KaHHH H 06pa30Ba-
HHH; no .n.OCTH)KeH'llH HM .n.Ba.n.uaTH o.n.Horo ro.n.a HJJH BCTynJIe-
HHH B 6paK OH nOJIyqaeT Bce .D.OXO.l!-bI, HaKonHBIllHeCH no ero
.n.OJI€. 3'1'0 HeCKOJIbKO CJIO)KHaH cnCTeMa onHcaHa B AIKTe 06
8.n.MHHHCTpHpoBaHHH HMYlII;ecTB 1925 r. [I0.n. :Ha3Ba'HHeM «.n.D-
BepHTeJJbHOH c06cTBeHHocTH, YCTa,HOBJIeHHOM 3aKOiHOM» (<<sta-
tutory trusts»); Ka'K MbI YBH.n.HM, Ta )Ke CHCTeMa DpH'MeHHeTC5I
!K ..zr.pyrHM rpynnaM Ha'CJJe.n.HHKOB no 3aIKOHY C O.D.Hll:M cYlII;ecTBen-
HbIM OTJJH'IHeM.
OHO 3a KJIIO'IaeTCR B CJIeJI,yIOlII;€M. npll pa3JI,e.n:e iHMYlII;eCTB8
nOKOHHoro Me)K.n:y ero npHMbIMll HIliCXO.D.HlII;HMH nplliMeHH'e'I'CH
npHHuHn «CMeIllaHHoro llMYlII;eCTBa», Ha3bIBaeMbiM KOpOTKO
«hot,ch-potch»: (6YKBaJIbHO - pary). HMeHHO, eCJLH nOiKOMHbIH
npH )KH3HH aBaHCHpOBaJI KOMY-JIH60 H3 CBOHX JI;eTeM J1.eHe)/{H}'IC
CYM'MY Hm CYMMbI JJu60 )J,JlH e'ro YCTpOMCoTBa B >Kll3HH, JJ1H60
Ha.n.eJJHH ero npH BCTynJIeHHH B opaK, TO 9Ta C(YMMa HJIiR CYMMbI
Y'IHT BaIOTCH KalK qaCTb .n.OJIH YKa3aHHoro HaCJIe.zr.iHU'Ka HJIH €ro
npHMbIX H!HCXo.n.HlII;HX B c.rry'Iae, Kor.n.a caM HaCJIe.zr.HHK YMHpaeT
)J.O OMepTH OCHO'BHoro HaCJJe.zr.O!lI;aTeJIH. 3TOT nplfoHlI;Hn oCYlII;e-
cTBJI'HeTcH Ta'K!HM oopa30M, 'ITO aBaHCllpoBaHHbIe CYMMbI 'IIPH-
OaBJJRIOTCH K !fJaKTHqeCKOM CTOHMOCTH HMylII;ecTBa nOKoMHoro
Ii 3aTeM H3 JI,OM lKa)/{.l!-oro HaCJIe.zr.HHKa BbIqllTbIBalOTCH CYMMbI,
2BaHcHpoBaHHbIe eMY pOJI,HTeJIeM, YMepIllHM' oe3 3aBelII;aHllR.
PaHbIlle npnHUlln «hotch-potch», 'BeCbMa .D.peBHHM no cBoeMY
npOHCXO)KJI,eHHIO, npllM€HHJICHI TOJJbKO K cYMMaM, aBaHCHpoBaH-
IfbIM OTUOM; Tenepb, nOBH.n.HMOMY, OH npHMeHHeTcH TaK>Ke
'i{ oyMMaM, aBancllpoBaHHbIM MaTepblO. O.n.HaKo, OH He npHMe-
HHeTCH K CYMMaM, 1K0TOPbI€ ObIJIII aBa'HCHpOBaHbl yMepIllHM JIH-
OM ero BRyKaM HJIM OOJIee O.T;I.aJJeHHbIM npHMbIM HIICXO!J.H!l{HM.
3. P 0 .lI. H T e Jl H. ECJIH nOKOMHblH He OCTaBJIHeT npRMblX
HHCXO;I.HlII;HX HJIH eCJIH Bce TaKlIe HHCxo.n.HlII;He YMHpaIOT, He.
.nO)KHB .n.o nepe.n.a'IH HM npaBa Ha ero HMYlII;eOTBO, TO, 3a HCKJIIO-
qeHHeM .D.OJIH nepe)KHBIllerO cynpyra, HMyruecTBo nOKOMHoro
nepe.n.ae'PCH B paBHbIX .n.OiJHIX ero OTUY H MaTepll, a eCJJH TOJIbKO
O.D.lfoH ll3 po.n.llT€JIeH nepe)KllJl nOKOMHoro, TO - neJlll'KOM nepe-
>KHBIlleMY po.n.HTeJJIO, npHTOM B 060HX CJIyqaSlX nepe.n.aqa HOCHT
rJIABA XVIII. CEMEltHOE IIPABO
247
fJe3YCJIOBHbIM xapacr{Tep. ECJIH eJIO H.lI:eT 0 JJIUJ;e He3aKOHHO-
pO)!{.lI:eHHOM, TO eMY HaCJJe.n;ycT 110JIiM{0 MaTh.
4. IT po ':I Ii e p 0 .lI: C l' B e H iH H K H. BOJJee OT.lI:aJIeHHbIC
pO'J{cTBeHHHKH JIlITIJ:a, YMepmero 6e3 3aBe aHHH, .lI:eJIHTCSIJ Ha
llHTb rpynn, H HHIKTO H3 pOJI,CTBeHHHKOiB nOCJIeJI,YIOIll;eM rp}'IlInbl
He 'MO)!{eT nOJIY':IHTb HH':IerO, nOlKa He 6y.n;eT JJ;OKa3aHO, ':11'0 Bce
npe;)I.meCTBYIOIll;He rpynnbI pOJI,CTBeHHHKOB YMepJIH y)!{e K MO-
.MeHTY cMepru JJHIJ:a, He OCTaBHBIIIero 3aBleIll;aHHH. 3TK
rpynnbI MorYT npeJI,'bHBJIHTb CBOH npaBa B l10pMKe CJIeJI,YIO-
.lIJ:eH O':lepe.n;HOCTH (HO BCer.ll:a 'C Y':leTOM npaB nepe)!{HBIIIerO
.cynpyra:
1) BpaTbH H cecTpbI eJI,HHoKpoBHbIe H e.ll:HHO-
.Y T po 6 H bI e HaCJIe YIOT per stirpes H no.n;JJe)!{aT npaBHJIY 06
YCTaHOBJJeHHOH 3a'KOHO:M JI,OBepHTeJLbHOH 1C06c11BeHHOCTH (HO He
.nOJI,JIe)!{aT npHHIJ:HiIIY hotch-potch).
2) B paT b H H C ,e 0 T P bI T 0 JI b K 0 e.ll: H H 0 K rp 0 B 'H bI e
J1 JI H T 0 JI b .KO e J{ H H 0 Y 11 P 0: 6 H bI e HaCIJIeJI,yIOT Ha Tex )!{e
.ocHoBaHHHx, ':11'0 npe;ZJ;IIIecTBYIOIll;!lfe.
3) Ll e .lI: bI H U a 61K H iHaCJIe.n.YIOT B paBHbIx JJ;OJUIX H 6e3-
ycnoBHo.
4) Ll H.n b H H T e T IK HI, CO IC l' 0 HIll; H e C no K 0 M H bI M
'is pOJI,CTBe e.ll:/HHOIKpOBHO!M H e.ll:IHHOYTP06HOM,
'HaMeJI,YIOT per stirpes H nOJI,ne)!{aT npaBHnaM 0 .n.OBepHTeJIb-
iiOM C06CTBeHHOCTH, iyCTaHOBJJellIHOH 3aKOHOM (HO He no.n;Jle)!{3T
npHHIJ:Hny hotch-potch).
5) Ll H.n b H H T e T K H, C 0 C TO SIJ Ill; !Ii e c n 0 K 0 it H bl M
B P O!l1, -c T Be 'II 0 JI b K oQI e JI, H H 0 IK P 0 B H 0 M H n H TO JI b IK 0
<e.n. H H 0 Y T P 0 6 H 0 M, HaCJIeJI,YIOT Ha Tex )!{e OCIHOBaHHHX, ':ITO
'if npeJI,IIIecTBylOIll;He.
ECJJH He OKa3bIBaeTOH HH OJI,HOrO H3 Bcex 3THX B03MO)!{HbIX
TIpeTeHJI,eHTOB, TO Bee lfiMYIll;eCTBO, OCTaBIIIeeCH iHe3aBeIll;aHHbIM
(T. e. KaHHTaJI H JI,OXO,ll,bI), nepeXOJI,HT K nepe)!{HBIIIeMY cynpyry,
60' eCJlH 'He OCTanOCb TaK)!{e cynpyra!, TO OHO nepeXOJI,HT
K KopOHe, KaK bona vacantia (BbIMOpO':lHOe HMYIll;ecTBo).
MO)!{eT ObITb, 'H'a.ll:JIe1KHT npe.ll:y:npe,ll,HTb 1:IHTaTeJIeM-He-
'roPHCTOB, ':11'0 Ha H3bIKe npaBa, BO BCHKOM cJlY':lae B .neJIax
o lHaCJIeJI,OBaHllH, no.n CJJOBaMH «descendants» nOJJ;pa3YMeBa1OTcH
Bce HHCXO,ll,HIll;He KpoBHbIe pOJI,cTBeHHHKH, KaK 60KOBbIe, TaR:
H npHMbIe. C .n:pyroM CTOpOHbI, no,ll, «issue» iIlO.ll:pa3yMeBalOTcH
TOJIbKO npHMbIe, KaK Henocpe.nCTBeHHbIe, Ta,K H OT.lI:aJIeHHble
HHCX-OJI,HIll;Ue JlHIJ:a, 0 KOTOpbIX HAeT pe':lb.
3,l1,eCb Ha.n.o TalK)!{e ynoMHHYTb, ':ITO cor JJaCHO npHHIJ:Hny
ny6JlUQHOrO nopH.nKa ':IeJlOBeK, KOTOpblM Bbl3B3'JL CBOHM npecryn-
lIblM JI,eikTBHeM cMepTb KaKOrO-JFH60 JlHIJ:a, He MO)!{eT nplfiHH-
3UITb HHKaKoro yQaCTHSIJ B HaCJJe OBaIHHH ero HMy ecTBa KaK
248
'lAm!> 'lETBEPTAH. rPAjK OKOE IIPABO
no 3aKOHY, TaK 'If no 3aBe aHHIO, eCJIH TOJIbKO COBepWHBIIIHID
npecrynJJeHHe He 6bIJI YMaJIHIIICHiHbIM B MOMeH1' CO'BepllleHHg,
)].eH.CTBHH, KO'TO'poe BbI3Ba-JIO CMepTb.
rJIABA XIX
fIP ABO COBCTBEHHOCTH. OCHOBHbIE ErO fIPHHUl1nbl
no)]. «c06CTBeHHOCTblO» no.n;pa3YMCBaeTCH, lKalK YKa3bIBaeT
caMoe H83BaHHe, pe3yJIbTaT npHCBOeHRHHJJH OCBO'eHHH qeJIO-
BeKOM npe.n;MeTOB npHpo.n;bI, n03TOMY BCHKaH HH.nHBH.n;yaJIbHaa-
c06crrneHHOCTh npe.n;'CTaBJIHeT C060H BH.n; MOlIOnOJIHH; H3 3Toro,
,He 06H3aTeJIbHO CJJe.n;yeT, qTO c06CTBeHHOCTb eCTb HeqTO .n;ypHoe.
qacTo MOJKHO YCJIbIlllaTb H npOqeCTb BbIpaJKeHHe «eCTeCTBeH-
HbIe np8Ba c0'6CTBeHHOCTH»; 3Ta wpa3a HMeeT CBOH BHYTpeH lHitj
CMbICJI, XOTH ee qaCTO nOIrnMalOT HenpaBRJIbHO. EIO XOTHT YKa-
3aTb, qTO HHCTHHKTbI H Tpa.n;H HH pH.n;OBoro qeJIOBeKa onpaB.n;bI-
BaIOT ero B c06CTBeHHbIX rJIa3aX H, MOJKeT 6bITb, B rJJa3aX ero.
c06paTHM np* npuCBoeHHH HM B H3BeCTHbIX YCJIOBHHX HeKOTOpOK
qaCiTH npe.n;MeTOB npHpo.n;bI'. ECJJH 3Ta TOqKa 3peHHH pa3J].eJJHeTC5I
.n;pyrHMH q;reHaMH oQ6 eCTBa1iJJn HaH60Jlee BJIHHTeJlliHOH qaCTbIO
IIX, TO' oorn;eCTBo, BepOSITHO, OKaJKeT eMY CBoe co.n;eMcTBHe
B 3arn;HTe 3Toro InpHcBoeHHSI, 06bI1JHO nYTeM BBc.n;eHHH B .n;eM-
CTBHe 3aKOHOB HJJH npaBHJI, KOTopbIe HaJJafaIOT HaKa3aiHHH MR,
no KpaMHeM Mepe, oOH3aHHocTb B03Mern;eHHH Ha JJH , 'HapYlllaIO-
rn;HX 3TH npaBHJIa. B caMOM KpaMHeM CJJyqae 06rn;eCTBO CTaHeT
Ha CTOPOHY npeTeH.n;eHTa, npHMeHHIO ero .n;03BOJIeHHbIe 3aKOHOM
cpe.n;CTBa .lI:JJH 06eCnCqeHHH 3a CODOM 3TOM c06CTBeHHOCTH HJIH
.n;JISI npH06peTeHHH ee, H OKaJKeT eMY co.n;eMcTBHe. TaKHM 06pa-
30M, c06CTBeHHOCTb npCBparn;aeTCHi B npaBOBOH HHCTHryT, H
BonpOCbI Ct06CTBeHHOCTH COOT8BJISIIOT .cyrn;ecTBeHHYIO rJIaBY
B npaBOBbIX CHCTeMax Bcex HBHJJH30BaHHbIX Hapo.n;OB. MbI He
6y.n;eM iKacaTbCH 3.n;eCb Bonpoca 0 MOpaJJbHOM H HJJOC'o(pCKOM
OnpaB,lJ,aHHH aKTa cyrn;eCTBoBaHHH 3Toro HHCTHTYTa, KaK If'
Bonpoca 06 ero npOHCXOJK.n;eHHH, HeCMOTpH Ha TOT HHTepee,
KOTOpbIM OH npe.n;CTaBJIHeT. MbI CqHTaeM ero aKTOM, npH3HaH-
HbIM COBpeMeHHbIM npaBOM H, B qaCTHOCTH, aHfJJHMCKHM. KaK
MbI YJKe BH.n;eJIH, OH ,lJ,0 H3BeCTHbIX npe,lJ,eJIOB 3arn;Hrn;aeTCH yro-
JIOBHbIM npaBOM, T. e. HopMaMH, KOTopbIe OTHOCHTCSI iK BOPOB-
CTBy, npe,lJ,HaMepeHHoMY HaHeceHHIO yrn;ep6a, HaCHJJbCTBeHHOMY
HapYllleHHIO qyJKHX npaB Ha He,lJ,BHJKIIMOCTb !H T. n. 3.n;cCb MbI'
iKocaeMcH coocTBeHHocTH KaK HHcTHTyra rpaJK.ZI:aHCKOro npaBa
.D:aHIHbIM TOJ!bKO 1fT0 KpaTKHM OqepK 0 npHpo,lJ,e coocTBeH-
HOCTH 6bIJI HeODXo,lJ,HM ,lJ,JISI Toro, 'lTOObI nOMoqb q:HTaTeJIIO H36e-
;maTb He.n;opa3YMeHHH, KOTopoe Bpe,lJ,HJIO MHorHM yrreHbIM pa-
rJIABA XIX. II!PABO OOB<JTBEHHOOi1H. OOHOBHbIE EOO IIPHHJJ;HIIbI 249
60TaM H MHorHM napJJaMeHTCKHM aKTaM, He rOBopH YJKe 0 nap-
JIaMeHTCKHX ,ne6aTax H .n:pymx ,nHCKYCCHHX. 3TO He,nopa3YMeHHe
3aKJJIOqaeTCH B CMeIlleHHH npaBa c06CTBeHHOCTH Hero 06'beKTa.
06a Bonpoca BaJKHW, HO B HHTepecax HCHOCTH onaCHO HX CMe-
IIIHBan. naparpa I.I napJIaMeHTCKHX aKTOB, co,nepJKa He onpe-
,neJIeHHe nOHHTHM (<<defining sections»), BHHOBHI.I B 3TOM OTHO-
IlleHHH 60JIbIlle Bcero H OCTaBJIHIOT qHTaTeJIH B e e 60JII.IlleM
3a eIIIaTeJII.CTBe, qeM OH 6I.IJI npeJK,ne.
G C06CTBeHHocTI., HJIH npaBa c06cTBeHHocTH C03,na'HI.I, KaK
MW BH,neJ1H, npaBoM, Om'll He HMeIOT OCH3aeMoro cy ecTBoBaHHH,
HO npe.n;CTaBJI'1IIOT 1OO60B nOJIHOMOqHe, npe,nOCTaBJLeHHOe ,nepJKa-
TeJJIO, 06pa aTI.CH 3a JIOMO I.IO 06 eCTBa B JJHu;e cy,na npOTA .
BCHKoro HapYIIIHTeJIH npaB, 3a H aeMI.IX 'Cy,nOM. Ha 3THX Hapy-
IIIHTeJIeM B03JJaraJ01'CH 06H3aHHOCTH, COOTBeTCTBYIO Hie YKa3aH-
HI.IM npaBaM iHJIH npaBOMO'IHHM; TaKHM 06pa30M, npaBO ,c06CTBeH-
HOCTH BI.IpaJKaeTCH B IHeKHX C,BH3aHHI.IX ,npyr c ,npyroM npaBax II
06H3aHHOCTHX rpaJK,naH B OTHOIIIeHHH' npHC'BoeHHI.IX npe,nMeTOB
n Hpo,nI.II,
\ Ha){o saMeTHTb, qTO npaBa c06CTBeHHOCTH, !K8K 6I.IJIO CKa-
salllo, HMeIOT CHJJY H oC)'I.IJ;'e'CTBJIHIOTCH! npImy,nHTeJII.HO B OTHOIIIf'-'
HHH! «Bcex JI'HU;». 3Ta xapaKTepHaH 'lepTa OTJJHqa>eT HX OT OCTaJII.-
HI.IX BH,nOB npaB, KOTDpI.Ie 6y,nYT 06CYJK,naTI.CH B 'HailieM KHHre,
HMeHHO OT 06H3aTeJJbCTB HJJH npaB, npHHy,nHTeJII.HO ocy e-
CTBJJHeMI.IX TOJIbKO B OTHOIlleHHH onpe,neJJeHHI.IX JJHU;, B pe3YJJI.TaTe
BCTynJJeHHH HX B ,nOroBOpI.I HJJH COB'epIlleHHH iHMH rpaJK,naHCKHX
npaBOHapYIIIeHHH. 06I.IqHO qJIeH ()i6 eCTBa ,nOJ!JKeH COMIO.n:aTb.
HJJH YBaJKaTI. npaBa c06CTseHHOCTH tHe nOTOMY, qTO. OH 3TO o6e-
aJI, H He nOTOMY, qTO OH BHHOBeH B KaKoM-HH6y,nI. npocTynKe,
HO npOCTO nOTDMY, TO 3aKOH ,,)Toro 01' Hero Tpe6yeT B HHTepe-
cax Bcero .o6 eCTBa. (3TY OTJUlqHTeJJI.HYIO qepTY pHMCKHe IOpHCTI.I
BI.lpaJKaIOT B TOM oiipe,neJJeHHH, qTO npaBa co6CTBeHHOCTH npen.-
CTaBJJHIOT C060M jura in rem, B TO BpeMH KaK npaBa, B03HHI<aIO-
He H3 06H3aTeJJI.CTB, npe,nCTaBJIHlOT 00060" jura in personam.
I(oHTHHeHTaJII.Ha!! npaBOBaH TepMHHOJJOrHH MeHee y.n:oBJJeTBOpH-
TeJIbHbIM cnoc060M pa3JIHqaeT HX iKaK COOTBeTCTBeHHO «06'beK-
THBHI.Ie» H «cy6'beKTHBHI.Ie» npaBa.
Ho He Bce npaB.a in rem npe.n:cTaBJJHIOT C060M npaBa c06-
CTBeHHOCTH. HanpHMep, M!HOrl:le 1:13 ny6JIH'IHbIX npaB, npIfHa.n:JIe-
JKa HX rpaJK)J.aHaM, lKaK npaBO Ha CB06o.n:y CJJOBa H C06pa'HI:IM.
!If MI- OrHe qacTHI.I,e npaBa, KaK npaBo Ha .n;06poe HMH, Ha 6e30nac-
HOCTb OT <1>Ii3HqeCKOrO aIana.n:eHHH! Ii DT He3aKOHHoro 3a.n:epJKaHIiH
H T. n., C KOTOpbIMH MI.I 6y,neM IiMeTb .n;eJJo HHJKe, He OTHOCHTCH
iK npaBY c06CTBeHHOCTH, XOTH OHU OCYll eCTBJIHIOTCH npIfHy.n:HTeJIb-
HO B OTHOIIIeHHH Bcex qJIeHOB 06 eCTBa. HHOf.n;a nI.ITalOTCH .n;o-
IKasaTb, qTO 9TO TOJKe npaBa c06CTBeHHOCTH, IHa TOM OCHOBaHHH".
111'0 OHH 3a l:I aIOT «c06CTBeHHOCTb» qeJIOBeKa B BH){e ero JJH'!-'
:250
'IACTb 'IETBEPTMI. TMJR.l{AROROE IIPABO
.HQCTH, .n06poro HMeHH H CiB060.n;bf, HO 31'0 Hrpa CJIOBaMH'. npe.n-
MeT HaCTOH ero npaBa co6CTBeHHocrn Bcer.n;a MO>KeT 6bITb OT-
QY>K.neH H npH06peTaeTCH c06CTBeHHHKOM Ha HeKOTopbIX npH3HaH-
lIbIX npaBOBbIX «OC'HOBaHHRX» (tiUe), KaK nOKynKa, H80CJIe.nOBaHHe,
nepe.n;a'Ia no saBe aHHIO, 06MeH H T. .n;., a He Ha TOM 'I'OJIbKO
..oCHOBaHH'H, 'ITO 'IeJIOBeK - 'lJJeH 06 eCTBa. lleM.cTBHTe.lIbHO,
_q,aKTH'leCKH (H, MO>KeT 6bITb, B 3TOM HCTO'lHHK nYTaHHl.{bI) HeKO-
. "J1opbIe BH.nbl HaCTOH ero npaBa. c06CTBeHHOCTM :He HMelOT OCH3ae-
Moro npe.nMeI'a, T. e. «pH3H'leCKOrO cy6cTpaTa, Ha.n KOTOpbIM OHM
MorJIIH 6bl ocy eICTBJJHI'bCH, llIanpHMep, naTeHTHoe H aBTOpCKoe
npaBO H Bce Te npaBa, KOTopbIe B a'HrJIHMCiKOM npaBe Ha3bIBalOTCH
«things in action» H KOTopbIe He06xo.n;HMO 6y.neT 06CYJJ;HTb
13 .n;aJIbHeMmeM. Ho IB cBoeM 3Ha'lHTeJIbHOM 'laCTH npaBa coG-
,CT:BeHHOCTH OTHOCHTCH K T.aKHM npe.n;MeT8M, !KaK 3eMJIH, 3.n;aHHH,
PYAHHKH, o6cTaHoBKa, UJiaTbe, Kap'THHbl, 3KHTIa>KH H Bce 6ec-
'lHCJIeHHbIe .npeJ(MeI'bI ToproBoTo 060poTa. cpaKT1FlecRH, J(eJJeHHe
.npaBa C{)OCTBeHHocTH Ha pa3JJ;eJIbl inpeJI:CT8BJJHeT C060M B 3'Ha;QH-
TeJIbHOM creneHH npocro KJIaCcH<l>HKan:HIO npe.n;MeToB, 'K ROTO-
pbIlM OTHOCHTCH npaBo co6cTBeHHocI'H. HMeHHo 3TO 06CT05ITeJIh-
CTBO TIOBeJIO K TOMY nJJe'leBHoMY CMemeHHIO nOIHHTHH, 0 KOTOpOM
rOBOpHJIOCb IB H8tIaJIe 3TOM rJIalBhl.
TaK, HanpHMep, Kor.na npaBoBoM ,AOKYMeHT' rOBopHT 0 «3eMJIe,>.
-70 tia;cTO 6bIBaeT HeB03M01KlHO onpeJJ;eJIHTb, npe.n;no»araeT JIH OR
JTIO'IBY, T. e. Ty <l>H3H"leCKYIO cy6cTaHI.{HIO, H3 KOTOpOM COCTOHI'
.3eMJIH, HJIH Cneu;HaJJbHOe npaBO Ha 3eMJJIO, T. e. «3eMeJJbHOe HMY-
lIJ;eCTHO» (estate); TY >Ke HeHiCHOCTb IMbI Ha6JJIO,AaeMi TIpH ynoTpe-
6JJeHHH CJJOBa «3eMeJIbHoe HMy ecI'BO» (estate). HeCOMiHeHHO, 'lTO
HC'KOTOpOe IHi3BHHeHHe 3TOMY CMemeHHIO npelnCTaBJJHeT C060M TOT
«pafKT, 'ITO CY HOCTb npH3HaBaeMhIX 3aKOHOM npaB B 3Ha'IHTeJJb-
)"lOM CTeneUH onpe,AeJJHeTCH npHpOJJ;OM caMHX npe,AMeTOB npaBa,
Ho Bce 1Ke 9TO CMemeHHe CJ1Y1KHT HCTO'IIHHKOM MHOrO'lHCJleHHhIX
3a6JIY>KJJ;eHH'M; JJ;JJH HX yerpaHeHrm 'MhI pa3JJ;eJJH'M npaBo co6cTBeH-
1I0CTH no ero npe.n;MeTaM, a npaBa c06CI'BeHHOCTH Ha 3TH npeA-
MeThI H cnoc06hI npH06peTeHHH H YTpaTbI HX CJJ;eJJaeM OCHO-
BaHHeM BTOpH'lHOrO pa3.neJJeHHH HJJH nO,Apa3,AeJIeHHH.
nepBoe 60JIbmOe nOJJ;pa3.n;eJIeHHe npaBa C06CTBeH'HOCTH
CB'O,AHTCH K ero JJ;eJIeHHIO Ha I) npaBo cOocTBeHHocTH Ha Ben;BH-
1KHMOCTb (land or immovables) H 2) npaBo c06cTBeHHocTH Ha
.LI.BH>KHMOCTb (chattels or movables). COBepmeHHo b'leBHJJ;HO, 'lTO
BCJIe,ACTBHe <l>YH.naMeHTaJJbHOrO pa3JIH'lHH CBOMCTB 'He,ABH>KHMO-
CTH H JJ;BH>KHMOCTH CY HOCTb npH3HaBaeMhIx 3aKOHOM npaB p.:a
_ HHX H MeTOJJ;hI HX npH06peTeHHH H oTqyLKJJ;eHHH AOJI.>K:HbI 6hI'fh
'COBepmeHHO pa3JJH'lHhI. Y'laCTOK 3eMJIH He MOLKeT B'CTaTb H
y6eLKaTb, ero HeJlb3H YHecTH, QiH He MOLKeT HC'le3HYTb HJI'H YMe-
.peTb, B TO BpeMH KaK JIOmaJJ;b HJIH OBua cnOCOOHhI Ha Bce 3TO.
BCJJeJJ;CTBHe 9Toro Y'laCTKY 3eMJIH CBOMCTBeHHa TaKaH HeH3MeH-
I'JIABAJ XIX. llPAiBO COBCTBEHHOCTll. OCHOBIlME Ere llPllHD;HIIbI 251
'ROC'T'b, !KOTOpa5I n03BOJIHeT C03J{aBaTb lHa Hero J{JIHTeJIbHbIe npaBa
,(paoopocTpaHmo HecH no B03MOJKHOC'fIH Ha J{o rHM nepHOJ{
BpeMeHH) H coxpaHHTb HX; B TO :>Ke BpeMH 6bIJJa 6bI HeJJenO npe-
JJ.OCT,aB.JJ:HTh npaBO alpeHJJ.bI, HanpHMep, Ha OBUY Ha 99 JIeT HJUI
J{a:>Ke Ha 21 roJJ..
XOTH aHrJIHHC!KOe npaBO coocTBeHHocTH HCXOJ{HT 113 npo-
.CToro nepBOHaqaJJbHOrO )J.eJJeHHH Ha He)J.BH:>KHMOCTb H )J.BHJKll-
MOCTb (land and chattels), HO, K CO:>KaJJeHHIO, 9TO npocToe pa3-
HqHe 6wJJO 3aTeMHeHO TeM, qTO eo)J.aJJbHOe 3eMeJJbHOe npaBo
npH3HaBaJJO TOJJbKO OJ{HH CneUHaJJbHbIH BH)J. 3eMeJIbHbIX npaB
,3aCJJYJKHB81O HM Toro cepbe3Horo Y)J.oBJJeTBOpeHHH, KOTopoe
npeJ{ocTaBJJHeTCH «peaJJbHbIM HCKOM» (real action), onHcaHHbIM
paHbllIe. KaK ObI 3HaqHTeJJeH HH 6bIJJ CpOK apeHJJ.bI 3eMeJJbHOrO
MMy ecTBa, cpeOJJ.8JIbHbIe IOpHCTbI nOqTH B TeqeHHe TpeXCOT JJeT
OTKa3bIBaJJHCb npH3HaBaTb ero real property, T. e. npaBOM, BOC-
TaHaBJIHBaeMbIM nYTeM peaJJbHOrO MCKa. OHM HaCTaHBaJIM Ha
TOM, qT06bI OTHOCHTb apeH)J.Hoe npaBO K qHCJIY npaB, JJ.JIH 3a-
Jl.I;HTbI KOTOpbIX MO:>KeT 6bITb )J.aHO TOJJbKO Y)J.OBJJeTBOpeHHe
B BH)J.e B03Me eHHH no nepCOHaJJbHOMY HCKY (personal action).
TaKHM 06pa30M, apeH)J.a 6bma OTHeceHa !K )J.BH>KH'MODTH
(chattel HJJH personal property), XOTH ee OCHOBHbIe oc06eHHOCTH
>C)J.eJIaJIH ee H3BeCTHOM no)J. TaKHM CMellIaHHbIM Ha3BaHHeM, KaK
«peaJIbHaH )J.BHJKHMOCTb» {chattel real). KOf)J.3I cr3 !KOHeqHOM HTore,
flO)J. npHKpbITHeM T aTeJJbHO pa3paooTaHHwx CPHKUHM, CTaJIO
B03MO:>KHbIM BOCCT8'HaBJJHBaTb apeH)J.Hoe npaBo Ha He)J.BH>Kll'MOCTb
in spede no HC!KY 0 BOCCTaHOBJJJeEHH OTHHToro BJIa)J.eHHH
{actian of Ejectment), OHa Bce JKe BO MHorHX )J.Pyrnx OTHOllIe-
HHHX COXpa'HHJIO cBoH cTapbIM xapaKTep npaBa Ha )J.BHJKHMOCTb
{personal property): HanpHMep, no cMepTH BJJa)J.eJJbua TaKoe BJIa-
eHHe nepexo)J.HT K a)J.MHHHcTpaTopy )J.JJH pacnpe)J.eJIeHHH MeJK)J.Y
«6JIHJKaMII1HMH nO' pO)J.CTBY» next-of-kin HJJH Me>K)1,Y HaCJIe)1,-
.HHKaMH )1,BH>KHMOCTH no 3aBe aHHIO -leg'atee - BMeCTO nepe-
xO)1,a K HaCJIeJJ.HHKaM no 3aKoHY (heirs) HJJH K HaCJIeJI.HHKaM
He)J.BH>KHMOCTH no 3aBe aHHIO (devisee), 3TO 3HaMeHHToe pa3-
JI.eJJeHHe Ha Co.OCTBeHHOCTb «real» H «personal» npe)1,CTaBJJHeT
C060ll, iMO>KeT 6bITb, caMbIM xa.paKTeptHbIM npHMep CMiellIeHHH
MeJKJ{Y npaBOM c06CTBeHHOCTH Hero OO'beKTOM; OHO OCTaBHJIO
BOM CJIe)J. )J.a>Ke'B COBpeMeHHOM npaBOBOM H3bIKe AHrJIHH B TaKTIX
HeJIenbIX BbIpa>KeHHHX, COBepllIeHHO HCKa>KalO HX He)J.aBHHC
napJJaMeHTCKHe aKTW, KaK «freehold land», 03HaqalO ee «npaBo
coo6aJJ.Horo )1,ep>KaHHH 3eMJIH» (<<freehold interest in land»).
K CqaCTblO, He)1,aBHee H3MeHeHHe B npaBe coocTBeHHocTH.
npoH3BeJ{eHHoe TOJJbKO B 1926 r., npHBe.1To K TOMy CqaCTJIHBoMY
-pe3YJIbTaTY. qTO cpeo)1,aJJbHOe pa3;D;eJ1eHHe C06CTB-eHHOCTH Ha
«real» H «personal» oIta3aJJOCb B 3HaqHTeJIbHOfl crrenc,HH YCTpa-
JreHHbIM H qTO 6bIJIO BOCCT8HOBJIeHO cTapoe oOJJlee npocTae H
252
'IACT1:' 'IE'£BEPTMI. rPAJK,n:AHCKOE llPAW
JIOrHqHOe pa3,n:eJJeHlle COOCTBeHHOCTH Ha He,n:BHJKIIMOCTb Ii"
,n:BHJKHMOCTb (land and chattels). B HallieM HeH36eJKHO KpaTKoM
0630pe npaBa coocTBeHHocTll MbI npeJK,n:e 'KOOHeMCH npaBa,
OTHOCHrn;erOCH K He,n:BHJKHMOCTH, H onllllieM npaBa Ha lHe,ZJ;BHJKIl-
MOCTb, npH3HaBaeMbIe npaBoM coocTBeHHocTH, 3aTeM paccMoTpHM
B TOM JKe nopH,ZJ;Ke npaBO, OTHOCHrn;eeCH K ,ZJ;BIIJKHMOCTH, nOCJJe
3Toro 06paTHMCH K BaJKHO'MY Bonpocy 06 OTqYJK,ZJ;eHHH !OOocTBe'H-
HOC'fIH no c..n:eJ1KaM inter vivos II nO' 3aBern;aiHHIO H, HaKOHeIJ;.
CKaJKeM H€:OKOJIbKO CJJOB 0 TOM: BeCbMa cB{)e06pa3HOH H xapaK-
TepHiOM OCOOeHHOCTlI aHr JJHMCI!WrO npaBa COOCTBeHHOCTH, KOTopaH
BbIpaJK€Ha B HHCTHTYTe ,ZJ;OBepHTeJIbHOM COOCTBeHHOCTH IIJJU
B 4JH,ZJ;YIJ;HapHbIX npaBax.
HE,lJ,BH)KHMOCTb I<AI< TIPE.D.MET COBCTBEHHOCTH
MbI ,ZJ;OJJJKHbI BO BCTynJJeHHH npe,ZJ;ynpe,ZJ;HTb JIHIJ;, H3yqalOrn;HX
3eMeJJbHOe npaBO, 0 Ba)KHOM OOC,TOHTeJJbCTBe, HMeHHO 0 TOM,
qTO no aHrJJHMCKoMY npaBY 3eMJIH MO}KeT .n:eJJHTbCH He TOJJbKO'
B ropH30HTaJlbHOM HanpaBJJeHHH, HanpHMep, 'Ha yqaCTKH A H 5,
JJeJKarn;He pH.n:'OM, HO H B BepTlliKa.nbHoM HanpaBJJeHHH, ilIa nOBepx-
HOICTb H He.n:pa, H ,no H3BeCTHbIX npe,neJJOB BBepx. Ha CJJOH'
Bos.n;yxa.
TaRoe ;pa3,neJIeHHe B03MO}KHO 16e3 IToro, qToObI 6bIJJll C03rJ(aIHbI
KaKHe-JJHOO 4JH3HqeCKHe rpaHHIJ;bI ,nJJH 0003HaqeHHH 9Toro pa3-
.l!.eJIeHHH. MbI 3.n:eCb He rOBopllM 06 OOrn;€M: HJJll cOBMecT'HoM
COOCT1BeH'HOCTll HeCKOJIb HX JJHIJ; iHa O.l!.llH II TOT JKe yqaCTOK;
nOl)I;HHTbIM Bonpoc HMeeT ceijtIac MaJIO 3HaQeHIIH, HO npe.l!.cra-
BJJHeT OOJIblliOM HCTOpll'Iec m:M HHTepec. CIKa3aHHoe HaM" 0 pa3-
,ZJ;eJJeHHH 3eMJJH 03HatIaeT, tITO A MO}KeT ObITb e,nll!HCTlBeHHbIM
c06cTBeHHuIKoM nOBepxHocTll ytIaCTiKa, 5 - e,ZJ;HHC'fBeHHbIM
COOCTB€HHHKOM O,ZJ;Horo CJJOH HeJl,p, B - CJFe.n:YIOrn;ero oOJJee
rJIYOOlKOro CJIOH II T. ,ZJ;. .ad infinitum II 'qTO :r<,aJK,lI..aH H3 3THX
qaCTeM: npe.n:cTaBJJ,5JleT COIOOH pa3i.ll:eJIbHOe BiJIa.n:.eHue HJJll ,nepJKa-
HHe. P.aGfpalHHtIeHHe BC'TpetIaeTCH B ,ZJ;eMcTBHTeJJbHOCTH B TeX
cJIytIanXJ, Kor.n:a apeH,na npe.n:ocTam7IH€TCH TOJJblKO Ha ;IIoBepx-
HOCTb 3eMJJH, HanpHMep, npH OObItIHbIX 4JepMepcKHx apeH,ZJ;ax.
B 3TOM cJJYtIae CoocTB'eHHHK coxpaHHeT 3a 'COOOM He.n:pa, HO'
0'l1Ka3bIBaieTCH OT BJIa.n:e:HHH TIOBepX,HocTbIO HHor,ZJ;a H3 ,ZJ;OJlJI'He
rOJI.bI. TauWM JKe pe3YJJbTaT, HO oopaTHoro nopH,ZJ;Ka, nOJIyqaeTCH
npn c.n:atIe 18: ape'RJI.'Y ropHbIx ,pa3!paooToK. O.n:mum, npaBo HCXO-
.n:HT H3 Toro npe,ZJ;nOJJo:m:eHHH, tI'TO JJHU;O, oOJIa.n:alOrn;ee npaB{)M
Ha CBooo,ZJ;Hoe .n:ep:m:aHHe 3eMJJH (freehold), KOTopoe 6Y.l!.eT'
n03:m:e 06'bHCHeHO, BJJa.n:eeT 9THM npaBoM usque ad centrum
et usque ad coelum, T. €. Br.ny6b .n:o cepe,ZJ;HHbI 3eMJIH H BBepx_
,!J,O ne6a., BCJIe.JI.CTBH€ 9Toro qeJJOBieK, IBlb1BeCHBIl.IHM 4JJJar, KOTO--
pbIM pa3BeBiaeTC!H Ha r;pa,HHIJ;e'i1 MeJK Y ero 'BJIa;l\eHHHMH H co-
<l'JIABAi XIX. IIPABO OOBCTBEHHOOTH. OOHOBHbIE F£O ITPHHI(RIIbI 253
-.ce,ZJ;HHMHI, SliBiJIHeTCH prima facie BHHOBHbIM B HapymeHHH npaBa
'Bna,ZJ;eHHH Toro coce,ZJ;a, XOTfl OH H !He [1!pHKOC:HYJJCH [{ uOBepx-
HOCTH rCOC€,ZJ;CKOM 3eMJJH. KO'f',ZJ;a aB'HI8I(HH CTaJIa yCTa'HOBHB-
:illHMCH cpalKTO!M, npHIIIJJOCb nOCTaHQBrH'J1b 'nocpe.n:cTBOiM AKTa 0
'B03,ZJ;yxOnJIaBaHHH, qTO nOJreT Ha,ZJ; 3eMJIeM A «Ha TaKOM BbIcorre.
;KOTOP!lH onpecrr.eJJHeTC5J seTpOM, noro.n:oM H BoeMH 06CT05J1TeJIb-
'CT aMH, conpoBo}!{Jl;aIO[I(HMH ,ZJ;aHHbIM CJIyqaH», He IJjpe,ZJ;C'I1a-
;B-1IHeT caM no ce6e HapyrneJH!HH BJJa.a.eHHSl HJ1H nOMeXH eMY.
Ile:pnoe nO,ZJ;pa3)J.eJJI'e'HHe ttIlpaB H8: <He.n:BilDKHMOCTb, I11pH31Ha-
>BaeMOe aHrJJHHCiKHIM, IrrpaBoM, CBO,ZJ;HTCrfl K no:n;pa3)J.eJJeHHIO HX Ha
,.n:IB rpynnbI, H3'BieCI'PHbIe no,ZJ; Ha3lB8'HneM HaCJIe,ZJ;cTBleHHbIx npialB
Ilia MaTepHaJIbHbIe npe)J.MeTb1 (<<corporeal hereditaments») H
HaCJJe,ZJ;CTBeJHHbIX :npaB Hi8: HeMaTepH<lJIbHbIe Inpe,LIMeTbI (<<ipcor-
poreal . hereditaments»), TepMHH «hereditament», nepiBo-
Ha,qaJJbHO 03H3JIJaBmHH TO, It1TO MO}KeT VbI'Tb YHaCJle,ZJ;OB\3IHO,
)J.OJJro Y.IT0'qJe6JIHJJ'CH )J.JJH 0603Ha,qeHHH BIcex npaB Ha ne)J.BHJKH-
MOct1'b, KaK MorYlI(HX 6bITb YHI8'CJIe.n:OBaHHbIMH" T1aK H He MO[,Y-
iIJ;HX; MO}KHO .n:yMaTb, qTO, HeCMOTpH Ha He.n:aBHHe H3MeHeHHH,
BHeceHHbIe B IntpiaiBO, 3'TOT TepMIHH 6Y,ZJ;eT npnMelHHTbC'H nonpe}K-
H' y. «Corporeal hereditament» npe;lI;CTamJ:meT C060H npal8o,
KOTopoe ,na.eT eTO HOCHTeJIIO BiJIaJJJ:8HHH caMOM iHe,n'BHJKHMOCTbIO
. .HJrH, no 'KipaMHeii Mepe, nOJrHOMOIJHe Ha nOJIlyqeHHe a;peH,ZJ;HOM
mr.a,TbI C apeM\3'TOpa.
«Incorporea.l hereditament» He ,ZJ;.aeT HH Toro, HH ,npyfOfO.
TaK, HanpHMep, 06bIKHOBeHHbIM c06CTBeHHHK .n:OMa, C,ZJ;aaHoro
I.f'Mi ' apeH,ny 'Bfa Olnpe,neJIeHHbIH CipOiK, HiMeeT «co r,pore al heredi-
tament», H HOCHTeJI.eM TaKoro 'JRe npaBI8: no 'COBpeMeHIHOM 'CH-
oCTeMe HBJIfleT>C:H .apeH,ZJ;aTO!p (qTO COBielprneHHO neCOBMeCTH'MO
C TeopHeif <j)eO,ZJ;i8JIbiHOTO 'BpeM eHH). Ho JIHII,O, KOTopoe [I0J!b-
3}'1 TCH TOJIiblKO npaiBOM :npOXOl/l;a qepe3 'y;qaCTOK, HMeeT He
«corporeal», a, «incorporeal hereditament», TaK KaK oHo IRe
MOJKeT npeTeH)J.oBI£lTb H.a: BJI\a,n;.eHHe 3eMJIeM, Ha 3iPe HYIO nJIarry
-no HeM H Ha ,ZJ;OXO,nbI C Hee. Me}K.n:y ,nBYMH 9THMH rpyn-
naMH Haxo.n:HTCH «equitable interests» - npaBa cnpaBe,nJIH-
BOCTH HJIiH IDipaBa BToporo pa!Hra, 0 KOTOjpbIX MbI noroBo.pHM
n03}Ke H KOTopbIe, K{)HeIJHO, COBepIIleHHO He npH3HaBaJIHCb <j)eo-
,ZJ;iaJIbHbIM 3eM€lJ1!bHbIM npaBOM. COMHHTeJIbHO, MO}KHO JJ'H HM
flIaMTH !MeCTO B TOH KJIa,CCH<j)HiKaUHH :npa'Ba ca6CTBeHHOCTH, !KO-
TopaH B03HHKJIa !I10CJJe He,ZJ;aBHHX H3MelHeHHH B npaiBe co6CTBeH-
'HOCTII Ha are,nIB!H}KHMOCTh. B TO }Ke BipeMH 3HaqCiHHe pa3JlIftLHH
Me}K!l(Y «,cor/poreal hereditament» Ii «incor,poreaI hereditament»
CHJIbHO YMeHbilliHJIOCb BCJIeJl.OTBHe 9THX H3Me:aeHHH. O,nHaKo,
nOCiKOJJbKY HeKOTOpOe pa3JIHIJHe coxpaHHeTCH H nocKo bKY
flb paJKeHHH «,corporeal hereditament» H «incof'poreaI heredita-
ment» aCTO BCTpelIJaIOTCH B npaBoBoM JIHTepaTy.pe, MbI C'IH-
"'J1"'UpJ'lIR HbIiM 06"b5J<CHHTb HX.
254
'1AcTJ, '1ETBEPTA.H. I'PAm.D,AHiCKOE IIPABO
K:poMe TOrO, 3.D,eCb YMeCrnO ynoMHHY'Tb 0 .n:rpyroM H3!BeC:J'-
HOM pa3JmQHH, IKOTOpoe He YHHlITO>KeHO He)I.aBiIO iBHeceHHbIMli'
B npaBO H3IMeHOOHHMH H 1K0Topoe IIIpOXQ)J:HT 'IJ£1'Pe3 Bce npaBIO
C06CTBelHHOCTH. Mbl TOiEOpR.'\f 0 .pa3u1HqHIi Me}K)I.Y COOCTBeH-
HOC'TbIO H BJ1aJJ;eHiIH M; nOCJJe.n;iHiHH TepMllH y}Ke Y[]0'flI)e6JIHJJ'CH
B 3TOM r.naBe. I(aK rC06CTBeHHOCTb, TalK H B a)I.eJIHe npHMO IIIp'H-
3HaIOTCH aiHrJJHHCI1UIM npaBOM, 'KOTOpOe, K C'IaCTblO, B npOTlf:BO-
nOJJO}KHOCTb .D,pyrHM []lpaBOBbI'M CHCT'eMaM, ,Qaer Opa'BHHTeJJbHO
npOcryIO TeOp'HIO BJJ.a)I.eHHH. OHO CTaHOBHTCH Ha TalKYIO TOq]{oy
3peHHH, qTO eCJJH qeJIOBelK de facto pacnopH}Kae'I1CiH iKaKHM-JJH6o>
MraTe:pHa.JTbHbIM 06'beKTOM, npHToM 'TaK, qTO MO}KeT B HaCTOH ee
I3peM perymrpoBaTb cnoco6bI npl:IMOOeHHH 31'0['0 OO'beIKTa'" T(}
1'alKOM 'lJeJlOBeK :BiJIa.n:eeT HM. BJIa.n:eHHe npe.n:CTaBJIHe'II C060H,
TalKHM oqpaSOM, Bronpoc .aKTIa a He iIIpaBa; iROH3 3Toro He'
CJle:L{yeT, qTO HI nOHHTHH BJJatz1.eHllH HeT 3JJ€lMeHT.a yM03pHTeJIb-
Horo. O.n:HH H3'Be'CTHbIM CY.D,bH KOr.D,a-TO CIKa3aJI, 'ITO «COCTOHHHe
YMa 'IeJIOBeKa HBJJHeTCH TaKiHM }Ke a>KTOM, iKaK H COCTOHHHe
ero JIHUJ;eBalpeHHIH». nOCKOJIbKY yqeHHe 0 BJIa.n:emiH OTHOCHTCH
KoalK K BH}KHMOCTH, TralK H K He.l(HH'}KHMOCTH, Mbl MO}KeM OOHTb
CJJeIl.r;YIOID;HM npl:IMe.p: eCJJH npHHTeJJb nonrpOCHT iMeHH nOCMO'q>eTb
3a ero BeJIOCllne!l.I;OM iE r TeqeHHe HeCiKOJJbKHX MHHYT, nOiKa OH'
CXOilJ.HT B !Maira3HH, TO H He c.n:eJJaIDCb B\JIa)(,e.nJbil.I;eM 3TOro BeJJD-
CHrJIeilJ.,a, 11<1K KaK y rMeHH HeT HaMepeHHH HJJH }KeJIaHHH paCiIIopH-
}KaI'J1bCH H nOJJb30B8TbCH MM. TalK }Ke TOqHO, eCJ1H cJJ)'re nopy-
lIeHbI JIOIlI8)I.H x03HHHa, ero J{OrMaJIIIHHH 06CTaHoBiK8 HJJM J{OM,
TO ero He OqHTaIOT BJJ8)I.eJIbD;eM HX, H60 npe.n:nOJIaI'aeTCSI, 'IT!)
OH TOJ1bKO 38MeHHeT X03HHH:8I .B )I.eJJe OXjpalHbD erO! npaB8 Ha
BITI.atzJ.eHHe 3THMH B'eID;,aM'H.
C )I.pYI'oM CTOpOHbI, He Tpe6yeTcH H3H'IeCKOrO conpHKO-
CHOBeHHH Me:m:.n:y BJI8J{eJJbD;eM H 06'beKTOM, KOTOpb1M OH BJIa-
.n:eeT. TalK, H8npHMep, B npHBe)I.eHH'bIX c.nYQ8H'X BJI8)I.eJ1bl.I;eM
BeJIOCJmeJJ.r8 HJJH JJOlllalZJ.eM, 06cTaHoBIKH H )I.OM8 HBJlHeTCH MOI1
nlJolUlrreJIb llJ1H X03HHH c.nyrH, a He H HJIH CJJyra, nOTOMY qTO
nepBb1e aKTHqeCKH Be)I.8IOT KaI{ HM yrOJ{HO 3THMl:I 06'beKTaMH.
P8BHbIIM 06paSOM 'SI Mony :B1Jla(lI,eTb TOBa.paMH Ha CKJIa.n:e B nHTH-
.n:e'CHTH MHJlHX 01' MeHH, eCJlH HMeIO KJJIOq H MIOI'Y C8MOCTOH-
TeJJbHO npOHH!KHYTb B CK.TIa.n:. aTO HBWleHHe 'IJ<JCTO Ha3bIBI8101'
«a6CTpaKTHb1M BJJa.n:eHHeM» (constructive possession). Ho 31'0
IBieCbM8 HeYJ{aqHOe BbIpar)!{eHHe, TalK KaK OHO 3a1KJJIO'IaeT B cwe
npeI)I.ITIOJlo:m:eHHe" 'lJTO 'TaRoe B\J]a.n:eHHe qeM-TO OTJIH'IaeTCH OT
walKTHqeCKOI'O BJI8J{eHHH, qeI'O Bi :.n:eMCTBHTeJIbHOCTH HeT. Bblpa-
}KeHHe «BJIa)1.eHHe )I.o.nrOH PyKH» (longa manu) ropa3J{o Y.lI.aq-
Hee. 113 3rnx npHMe.pOB !Bill.n:HO, 'ITO nOHHTHe BJI8)I.eHHH cOAep
:>K:H'Ii He'KO'TOipbIe nCHXOJJOrHqeCKHe 3JIeMeHTbI, XOTH TPYIZI.HO HX
roqHO Oinpe.n:eJIHTIb. 3naHHH 0 CJyIIJ,eCTBiOB,aIHHH mpe.n:MeT8, KOTO-
pbIrM BJIa.n:eelllb, He Tpe6yeTcH, nOTO'M'y iJTO lIe.1JOBeK 1M02KeT
I'JIABAJ XIX. llPABO OOBCTBEHHOOTH. OCHOBHbIE Kr'O npH'HI(HI1bI 25;JJ,
BJI8i.Zl.eTb e;ZJ;'MeTOM. SapbITbIM 13 3eMITIe, KOTOpOM OH BJIa.n;eeT;
XOTH OH He HMeeTi HH MlaJIeMmerO npe,n'CTalB!JleHHH' 0 CyII.{!eCTBO-
B8HHH 3Toro n.pe;ZJ;MeT8. COBeprneHiHO HCHO, qTO qeJJOBeK MOJKeT
BJI eTb TaKHM fWe,nMeTOM, npHTH3aHHiH Ha 1K0TOpbIH C ero CTO-
pOHbI He HMeIOT HH MaJJeMIllerO mpaBOBOI'O OCHOBaHHH; lXOTH
B 3TOM CJIyqae B!Jla;ZJ;eHHe ero 3TliM npe,nMeTOM, KOHermo, He
npaaO'Me,pHO, limI, K8K roo!OpHT np8BO, HB!JlHeTCH «lHe,n03BOJreH-
HbIM» (tortious). Ho H3 Co06,p8i)KeUHM coxpaHeHHH IMHpa: H
nopH,llKa npaBo MOJKeT 3a H aTb BJIa,neHHe, ,naJKe Tor,na, Kor,na
,nonycK8eTcH, qTO OHO H!enp8BOMepHO. ECJIH JillI(O, HMelOll.{ee
3aiKOHHoe Djpa'BO Ha BJJa,ne IHe He;ZJ;BHJKliMOCTbIO, HaC.HJIbCTBeHHO
H3rOHHT HBHO HenpaBoMepHoro BJJ8;ZJ;eJJbI(a ee, TO, KaK MbI BH;ZJ;eJJH"
OHO COBepillIHT yrOJJOBHOe npalBoHapymeHHe. npaJBiO 13,cer;ZJ;a npeJl,-
nOJIaraeT, qTO BJIa,neJIeIJ, JII060ro npe,nMelTa HB eTCH ero c06-
cTBeHH8iKoM, nORJa :He 06HapYJK8TCH o6paTHoe. .D:eMcrI1BiHTeJJbHO,
B palHHHM nepHo,n alHI'JIHMCKOrO IIlp8B8 OHO TaK TID;a'TeJIbHO S8ll.{H-
IJ.J;:a.n0 BJIa,neJIlbIJ,a H npel2I.oCTalB \7IO eMy CTOJIbKO B03MOJKHOCTeM
yi.lJ;OB!Jl!eTBo:peHlHH, qTO c06cTBeHiHHiK (eCJIH OH He 6bI.JJ T8K»Ke
H BJI8J(e.nbiI(eM) 0.K83bIB8JICH B. 31H8<rHTeJIbHOH crreneHH OTCTpa-
He'HHbIM. 3TOT <j)8KT C03;ZJ;8JJ norOB0'PKY, qTO «BiJI8:.lI.eHHe ;ZJ;8eT
;ZJ;eBfI1Tb Ill8HCOS 83 ,lJ,eCiHTH 38KOHHbIX».
C06CTBOOHOCTh" C' ,lI.pyroM CTOpOObI, \II!Pe;ZJ;CT8BJIHeT C060M
B OCHOBiHOI t BOIIiPOO npaBa. T8K 1K8K Bce BH;ZJ;bI c06011BeHHocTH
3a1KJIIO-q8IOTCH Hi nOJJiHOMOtIHHX (H B COOTBeTCTB HX 8M' 06H-
38HHOCTHX), c03 aHHbIx [JpalB!OM!, TO H3 3Toro, eCTeOTBeHHO,
CJJ!e;ZJ;yeT, tIro [J:paBO 6y:.lI.eT C 60JI'bIllOM TIIJ,a'TeJIbHOCTbIO onpe-
;ZJ;e.rnITh, KOMY npH'Hiatl(JIe}Ka;T 9TH nOJrHOMOtIHH. npaIBHJI8, PyKOBO
;ZJ;iH:IJ.J:He 3THiMH orrpe;ZJ;eJJeHHSl'MH, Ha3bIB8IOTCH «OCiHOBaHHeM»
(title) npalBa c06c11BeHHocTH, H MbI IKOCHeMCH :ux n03JKe. no-
3TOIMY: IBbI'paJKeHHe <<HenpaBoMc:pHbIM eooc11BemI'Im» 3aIUIIOQaeT-
a ca'MOM ce6e BIHYTpeHHee «IpOTHBQpeqHe, a BibI'paJKeHH «np8-
BOM'epHbIM c06cTBeuH8K>>:, «HCTHHHbIM rC06cTBeHHHiK», HJIH «3aKOH-
HbIM C06CTBeiHHHiK», XOTH H 6e3068;ZJ;Hb caMH [JO ce6e, !Bce JKe
npe,ncrr8IBJJHIOT C060M ,"8CTOH He HC'fOtIHHKH 3aI6JI)'JKJI.eHHH,
i10TOMY q'fO OHH BiHYIll8IOT oIlllH<6ormyIO 'MbICJJb, qTO 'HeiKOTOpbIe
BH,lI.'bI co6cTBeHHocTH MorYT OblTb [IerrpaBOMepHbI. BbIB8eT CH.1Ib-
Hoe HCKYIlleHHe npHMeHHTb 3TH BbIpaJKeHHH B CJJYtIaHX, nO;ZJ;06-
HbIX cJIe,lI.yro eM)': YKpa..u.eHHbIe qaCbI 6bIJIH npo,naHbI H3 pblHKe
;ZJ;06;poCOBeC'l1HoIMY nOKyn8TeJIIO. B 3TOM CJrY'Iae, 1131 npoTHBono-
JIOJKHOCTb 06Iu.HM npaBHJJaMi, [JoKynaTeJJb CT8HOBHTCH C06CTBOO-
HHKOM; 06Bo,poBaHHblM (He iMOJKeT BepHYTb .ce6e qaCbI, nOKa !BOp
He 16Y;ZJ;eT [JOHMaH -H OCY)KI)J.eH. ,D,o Tex nop OH He HBJJHeTCR
co6cm:e!H'HHKOM, XOTSI MOJKeT 6bITb no C:lIpaae,lW1HBOCT8 Ha3B,alH
«nepBOHa tIaJJbHbIM co6cweHHHiKOM».
HaKoHeI(, MbI J(OJIJKlHbI TID;8TeJIbHO pa3JIHtIaTb TPH COBep-
IlleHIHO pa3.'lH'IHbIe, XOTH H CBH3aHlHbIe MeJK,ny C060H BbIpi3DKe -
:256
'lACT.b 'lETBEPTA.II. rI1AJR.LI:ABiOKOE IIPABO
HHH, IIMeHHO «BJIa.n;eHUe», <<lTIpaiBO Hal BJIa;;:I.eIlIHe» H «npaBa
BJIaAeJJbI{a» (HJIll BJIa.QeHHH). nepBOO BbIpa}!{aCT OTHOmeHHe,
cy eCTBYIO ee j\fe}!{.Qy KaKHM-JIH60 qeJIOBeKOM H <j)H3HtiecKHM
.OO'CKTOM, H onncaHo lB!bIllie. OHO, K:3K 6bIJIO yK11 1 3aHO, npe.QCTa-
BiJI eT Co.60M npocTo <paKTHqeCKOe nOJIO}KeHHe Be eH H MO}KeT
6i>ITb 'I<:a'K IIIpaBOMepHbIM, TalK If 'HenpaBOMepHbIM, BTopoe BbIpa-
}KeHMe 03H3QaeT ox:paHHeMoe npaBOM ITipaBOMO'tIHe no.rryq Tb
BJJa.QeHHe BceMH 3aKOHHbIMH cpe.n;CTBaMH; OHO HMeeT 60JIbIIIOe
rnpaIKTHqeOKOe 3HaqeHHe. nO.Q06HO B,ceM npaiB1aM, OHO - HiBJJe-
:HHe rI1paBOBo'e. TalKOBO }!{e 3Ha1J:eHHe TpeTberO Bblpa}!{eHHH, T. e.
«npaBa BJIa)J.eHHH», KOTopoe 03HaqaeT npaBOMOqHH, npe.QOCTa-
BiJlHeMbie IJjpaBOM BJJa!ZI.eJlbIJ;a TOJJblKO B a1J:eCTBe Ta'KOBbIX AJIH
3arn;HTbI HX BJJI1UJ:eiHH'H.
KaK MbI tyi}Ke rOBOpHJm, n;paiB!OMOqUH 3TH MHOrO'lHCJJeHHbI
n cy eOTBeIlIHbI, iIlOTOMty qTO nipaJBO lHe JII06HT HapyIIIelHHR BiJla-
. .n;'e'HHH.
r.nABA XX
np ABA HA HE.lI.BI1)KI1MOCTb,
OCHOBAHHbIE HA OBmEM np ABE 11 HA np ABE
CnPABE.D:JII1BOCTI1
Tenepb IMb1 npHc'rynaeM IK TOMY Bonpocy, OTOpbIM 'C }KHT
'8 llaCTOHrn;ee BpeMH OCHOBaHueM )J.JJH Ba}KHeiillll!eTO nO)J.pa3)J.e-
.JIeHHH npa'Bal c06CTBeHHOCTH Ha !He)J.IBIH}!{HMOCTb, T. e. K /pI1'3J1H-
<qHIO Me'}KI.u,y npa.BOM Ha iHe.n;BH}KHMOCTb Ha ,BbIro.n;bI OT IHe;J;OO-
}KHf>WCTH, OCHOBaHHbIM Ha 06rn;eM npaBe (leg'al estates and
interests), 0 O)J.l!OM CTOpOHbI, H np:aBaMH Ha He.n;BH}KHMOCTb,
OCHOBaHHbIMH Ha npaBe cnpaBe.n;JJHBOCTH, C )J.pyroM (equitable
. interests).
(ho pa3JIH1J:He lBeCbIM;a HHTepecHo: OHO B03HHKJIO 'Bi nepHo.n;,
KorJJ.a HeKoTopbIe TeH.n;eHIJ;nH, HaqaB:IlIHeOH He MeHee lKaK
BoceMbCOT JIeT TOMY Ha3a.n;, nOJIyqHJIH MaKCHMaJJbHOe pa3BHTHe;
npH BceM pa3JIHqHH Tor.n;aIlIHHX H COBpeMeHHbIX YCJIOBHM
. pesYJIb11arrbI Horo pa3BHTHH HblHe MOnyT 6bITb HOOOJJb30BalHbl
Bcnei.lJ;OTBHe H3YMHTeJJbHOM rH6IKOm1H aHrmj)MOKOrO npaBa.
MbI y}Ke YKa3bIBaJIH paHee,qTO 3eMJIH HHTepeCOB'aJIia KOpO-
JJeBCKHX IO:pHCTOIBI H CY):{bI B 3!!10XY, Ha3bIBaeMYIO <j)eo.n;aJIblHOH,
T. e. npo.n;OJJ}KaBllIyIOcH C HopMaH)J.CRoro 3aBoeBaHHH )J.O BOMR
BenoM H AJIOM P03bI., C TO"1KH 3peHHH He 3KOHOMHqeCKOrO,
a TOJIbKO nOJIllTH'qeCKoto ee 3Ha1J:eIlffiH. I(opOTKO rOBopH, <pOpMH-
pOBaHHe npo<j)eCCHOHaJJbHOrO BOMC'Ka H 06H3aHHoCTb cnY')I{Hrrb
,I<OpOJJIO Ha BOHHe H 'BI COB'e'flC' OCHOBbIBaJIHCb Ha BJJa.n;eHHH <j)eo-
rJIABA xx. nPABA HA HE.n:BHmMMOCTI>
257
aJlbiHbIX JIelHHHiKOiBi 3e'MJJeM HJIH, 'KaK [,OBOpHJIH, IRa «HcnOMe e-
HUH» (seisin) HX Ha 3eMJJe.
CocrraBJJJeHHe K.a.n:aC'I1pal, lHa3lBaHHOrO IKHHrOM C11pailIIHOl'O
CY,lI.a (Domesday Book)', M C03)I"lIHHe peaJIbHOrO HCRa (real
action) nepBOHatIaJJbHO npeCJIe.n:oBaJJH HMeHHO 3TY n;eJJb. He-
COMHeHHO, tITO cpeo.n:aJJbHbIe BaCCaJIbI He TOJJbKO CtIHTaJJH CBOH
tlJeo.n:bI He TOJIbKO cpe.n:CTBOM HeCTH BoeHHyIO H .n:pyrylO CJJYJK6y.
HO 6bIJIH 3aHHTepecoBaHbI B HHX KaK B HCTOtIHHKe .n:oxo.n:a, Ko-
TOpbIM ,lI.aBaJJ Cpe,lI.CTBa cy ecTBoBaHHH HM caMHM H HX ceMbHM.
Ho 'llOCJIe;JI.'Hee He HHTepeCOBaJJO KOpOJJeBlCIKHeCYiJI:bI o6 ero
I1ipaBa. I1x yitI1eHHe H HX lTIpaiKTHKa JmCa.JlHCb TOJIblKO pa3peIlleHHH
Bonpoca nepBocreneHiHdM BaJKrHOCTH 0 TOM, Krro «MlCnO:Me eH»
.n:OJDKIHrbIIM! o6pa301M ,Ha JJ.aH'HOM y;tIaCTKe .n:JIH Toro, tIT06bI Ka'3Ha-
"leikTBO MOrJIO ''I1peOOBlaTb C 3TMX JIHn; TOM CJI:}'JK6bIi Hi Tex noUI-
JlHH, .n:JJH lHeceHHH KOTOpblX 31eMJIH 6bIJIH iBlTIRCla'HbI Bi KHHry
CTIMIIJ1Horo C)'IlJ:a. Bee OC11aJIMIbIe BonpocbI 'HX H)e KaICa HC'b.
Ho 6bIJUI .n.pyme JJH[J..a, iKOTOpbIX ro.pa;3.n:0 i60JJ'l>iUIe HlHTeipe-
COBiaiJIa 61KOHOMH,tIeCKa'HI CTOpOH<a 3eMJIeBJ1aur.eHHSL, 'treM nOJJHTH-
"leCIKasr. K HHiM 011HOCHrI'CH H3B'eC'fIHble HH eHcTBYIO!IIJ;He
{ipaTbH», npHHa.l(JIeJKaBIUHe K n;epKoBHoMy op.n:eHY HH eHcTBYIO-
lIJ;HX (Mendicant Order), iKoropbIH nOHBImOO B AHrJIHH !B TfJH-
Ha.n:'n;a'TOMI BelKe H HYJKJ].'&7ICH ,B BeMJIe <JJ;JJH CTpOeH'l1H Ha ReM
l.I.'ejpKBeM, OOJillHHn; H IITKOJI. ORH CTaJJH HCTIbITbma\Tb pa3Horo
p'OlZI.,a 3<l11py.n:HeHHfl. npeJKlL{e Bcero ORH .l(aJIH oueT 6eJI.HOCTH,
a 6e.n:HOCTb e):lBla JIM COBMeCTHMa C 3e1MJJeBJJa.n: ' OOMeM. OHM He
6bIJIH IBOHHaMH, TeM 60JJee OH'HaMH w8IKoro-HMI6y.n:b 3eMlHOrO
f10JIK'OBO.n:,n;a" a 3eMJJeBVIa.n:lelHHe, IBiO BCiH!KOM CJI'Yq1a:e SeMJJeBJIa-
.n:e'HHe cpeo.n:aJIbHOe, npe;.n:1noJJ.aDaJJo BoeHHYIO rCJJyJKO:Y. KIpOMe
TOro, B KqpOJJeBCK()M COBeTe' HatIaJICH ,ponOT no nOBO.l(y [Iepe-
xOJ{a 3eMeJIb no.n: «MelyrBYIO :PYiKY» (<<mortmain»), T. e. B PyKH
n;epKoBiHbIX ytI.peJK.n:eHHM. n03TOMi)' MOHialxa'M npHllIJJOCbi .n:.eM-
CT.BiOBia'Tb c OCTo.pOJKiHOCTblO; B CBOllX pa3H006pai3HbIX nOnbIT'KaX
pa3peIUMTb 3TH Tpy.n:HOCTH OHiM HanaJIM Ha MbICJIb nepe.n:aBaTh
3eMJJM MJIH OT.n:aB!aTb HX 'B .n:e,pJKaHHe IMHpHHaIM, T. e. 3eMJJeBJIia-
eJIbu:aM 06bPlH'Oro THna., .n:)IH TIOJIib3bI HJIJH H.a.n:06HocTeM u:epKBH.
Eha MbICJIb 6bICTpO nOJIYtIHJJa pacnpooTpaHeHHe; B KOHu:e XII
BeKa !HOBbIM napJIaM€HT yTBep.n:HJJ 'cTaryT, KOTOpbIM nepetIUCJJHJI
MiHOrOtIH'CJIeHHbIe Hey.n:06cTBa, B03HHKlillIe H3 npaKTM H < n€!pe-
.n:atIH 3eiMJIH .n:JI5I ee HOn0JIb30BaIHHH». TaJm5J.o nepe,n:atIa npoH3Bo-
.n:HJJaCb 'BoeB03MOJKHbI:MH JIIO.n:bMH H npeCJJe.n:oBiaJJa iHe.n:06pOCO-
BeCTHbIe u.eJIM; C ee nOMo blO cT.peMHJI'HCb r.nalBHbIIM 06pa30M
1136erHYTb IJ1JJaTeJK.a TH2KeJJbIX cpeo.n:aJJbHbIX nOIllJUm H 00B060-
JJ;HTbCH 01' C03Ha'f1eJIbHO c.n:eJJaHjHbIX .n:OJJroB.
,D,eJIo 3aKJIIOtIaJLOCb B TOM, tITO B MOMeHrr npHHHTHH CTaTYTa
tIH O.n:HH CBeTCKHM cy.n: He npH3HaBaJJ npaB cy ecTBoBaHHH cestui
que use lfJJH 6eHe<pHn;HaHTa. KOTOpbIM HMeJI HHTepec B nOJJb30-
17 33&. 3848. AE".nJiIiic1t(;)e II'J)aBO.
258
'lAOTt. 'lETBEPTAfI: rPAJK)I;AflGKOE IIPABO
BaHHH 3eMJIeM HJJH BbIrOJI:8MH OT Hee. TaKHe HBneHHH Bo06me He
BXO.n.HJIH B IIOJIe 3peHHH cy.n.OB OOll{ero npaBa. KaK y*e rOBopH-
JIOCb, me: :KacaJiCH JIHllIb Bonpoc 0 TOM, KTO CH.n.nT Ha 3'eM e
(T. e. «HcnOMelI\eH» Ha HeM).
Ho 118'1<Oe IIOJIO:>KeHHe Be'lIJ.eH IHapY[ll8JJO H!HrepeCN Bcex
a-BlH\HTepec'OBaHlHbIX JIHII.. C QJI:HOH OTOpOHbI, OHO 'IlipenHTiClfBOBaJlO
Kpe.n.HTopaM cestui que use HJIH 6eHeclmI.{HBHTa 06palI\aTh 83bI-
CK8HHe H3 ero 3eMJUO, 8 ero .rOCIIO.n.HHY MellIaJIO IOObICKHbaTb
<peo.n.8JIMlbIe nOIllJIHHbI 'Bi CJJyqae C!M-ep'rH 6eHe'<PHII.HaHT8, TaG{ KaK
C TOIfKH apeHH.H C)m"OB 061II.ero np3:Ba 6eHe$HII.Ham iHe HMeJI
3eMJIn. C .n.pyroH CTOpOHb , erJI" <Peo.n.aJJbHbIH .n.ep:>K.3,TeJIb HJIIt
'leJIOBeiK, «HcnOMelI\elHHbIM» Ha 3eM.ne, OTKaoo,I!BaJICR\ BbIIflOJl.HHTb
CoBOH OOH38'lIHOOTH 1JI.0Bepwre. I Il:>Horo C06CTBeHHHK.a TO 6eHe<pH-
UHaHT .n.eikTBHTeJIbHO OK8SbIBaJICH 6e3 3eMJJ-H, T. e. He' MO.
H3BJJe1Jh BbIro.n. H3 '"-pe.n.MeTa OBeipHTeJIbHOH; c06C11BeHHocTH.
BepOH11HO, .n.a;BiJIeHHe, OKa3bIBaeMoe 'II.e!piKOBHbIMH 'c<yiAaMIt
B TalKHX C'K8'II.n.aJJbH!bI'X: .n.eJI.a , Ka!K H8 1 p)"IlleHHe ..n.OBepHTeJJbHOH
COOCTiBeHHO<:IfH (MO:>KeT 6bITb JI.a:>Ke fiapaHTHpOBiaiJIHOH npHCHrOM)
B! HHTepecaX uep'KOBHoro 3eMJJeBJJ3'.n.eiHHH, caMO [10 ce6e 6bIJJO
.n.OCTaTO'lHO AJIH IIpe.n.ynpe eHHH c pbe3HbIX Ha:pYllle'lIHH .n.OBe-
pHTeJIbHOM COOCTBeHHOCTH. Ho Kor.n.a IIpaKTHKa «npe.n.OCTaBJIeHHH
3eM1JIH .n.JIH IIOJIb30B8'IIHH» pa-cnpOCTpaIHHJI3'Cb H8 1JHCTO ceMeHHbIe
cor JI.£lrneHHH, TO, O'leBH\lI.HO, B03HlflKJIa \JIOl1peOHOCTb B npe)J,OCTa-
BJJeHHH JIY'1JllleH 3a[IJ:HTbI, TeM iOoJIee, 1JTO :KOpOJIeBCKHe cy)J,bI
06HaIPY!)l{HiB8JIH Bee 60JIbmee .He.n:oiBOJIbCTBO BMelll8TeJJbCTBOM
II.epiKoBHbI'X cy.n.oBi 18- 3eMeJIbHbIe i.U.eJIa. KaK 6bI' TO HH 6bIJIO, Mb!
BH.n.HlM1, 'lTO K KOHII.Y 'leTbIpiH8.n:'II.3'TOrO BeKa KaH1{JIe,p CTaJJ
.n.aBaTh B OBoeM cy.n.e cn:pa!Bie.n.JJHBOCTH nrpHHY.n:HTeJIbHYIO CHJIY
.n.OBepHTeJIbHOM C0601'BeHHOCTH II npalBaM IIOJIb30B8HHH B OTHO-
llIeHH'H He TOJIbKO 3eMJI-H1, HO H .D;HH:>KH'MOCTH, 6bICTpO C03.n.aB8a
HOBbIM BH.n. c06C11BeHHOCTH, 'H\Me IHO «cnpaBeJI..JLHBOH C06Cl'BeH--
HOCTH», KOTopaH XOTH HrHopHpOBaJIaCb Cy.n.aMH 06lI\ero npaBa.
HO 3HeprH'1HO 3alI\HlI\,8J]a b R:aH1wepciKHM CYJ(OM, C ero B03pa-
Cl1alIOlI\HM BUIHSIHHeM.
HOtB 1H f!.n.eH ObiJJi8, n,paBi.Z{a, n03LKe m.pHMeHeH3' He TOJIbKO
K oooe-4>HII.HaiHTaM - n0Jlb30BarreJISJ"'M 3eMJIelO, HO -f! K aaeMIIUH"-
RaM., KOTOipblM ObIJIO .n.aHO npaBO (OCiHo.B,aHHoe Ha cnrpaBe.n.JIHBO-
C1'H) «BbI1KynaTb» (red emptio) 3eMJIIO HJIn .n.BH:>KHMOCTb, nepe'-
Aa'HHyIO 3aJIOI'WI.ep.:>K.aTeJJlO HJi'H KpeAHTOpy; npH 3TOM npaBo
cIlipalBetzI.JIHBOCTH C1J.WfaJJO 1311)' 03e1M ' JJI01 c0l6cTBeHHOCTbto "gaeMlI\HKa,
rnpH Y>CJJOBHH )'IIIJIaTbI .D;oJllI"a, 06eOOe1J6HHOrO 3aUIOrOM lHe.n.BiH:>KH-
MOCTH; OHO 38ll{HUJ;<iJIO T8aOKe iIlp8Ba Ha 3eMJJIC nOKyn8TeJISJ",.
KOTO,pbIM ynJJi8 HJI nO'KynH'YIO cYMlMY, IHO IIWTOipOMY 3eMJIH e1II.e
He 6bIJIa <po.pMaJJbHO 'IIClpe.QaHa. I1HbIiMH CJIOB'aMH., Kor.n.a KaiHII;JIep
CQHT8JJ, tz'TO A peaJIbHO HBJIHeTCH co6crneHHHlKOMI He.D;BH:>KH<MO£TIf
JIJIf! .n.BH:>KHMOCTH H eMY npenHT-cTBiYIOT B OCYlI\eCTBJIe'HHll: erG
TJIABA xx. nPABA HA HE)J,BH:JRHMOCTI>
259
npaB TOJIbKO <}>opMaJIbHble HaqaJIa 06m.ero npaBa, TO OH ,D;eJJaJI
Bee OT Hero aaBHcsnnee, '1T06bl oxpaHSlTb npaBa c06cT1 eHHocTH
A, .l(tl1Ke iII'pO'fH'B 5, KOTOpbIH CIJHTaJICSI COOC,TBeHHH'kOM' -fla
OOHOBaHHH HOpM 06m.ero !fIJ)aBJa; tlI:JIa 3TOro KalI1\JIepy 11pe6oBa,-
JIOCb TOJ1bKO, IJT06bl HM'eJIOCbi JIHllIb 'KaKOe-Jl'H60 npaBoBoe yny-
InOO'He BI ,D;eMC11BHHX B, 1K0Topoe npenHifCTBOBaJIO 6bI B
JI.06pOCOeecTHo B\JIa.neib He1I,IBH:>KHMOCTblO HJIU .nBH:>KI-IIMOCThIO
npOTlfIBI A. Eho 6bIJIO, o.nHa:ko, cym.ecTBeHHbIM y;t:JIOImeM, H OHO
C il10JJHOM OQeBrH1I,HOCTblO nOJ{a3bIBaJIO, '1TO COOeTaeHHOCTb, OOHO-
BatHHalfl Ha npaBe QTIlpaBe.nJIH.BOCTH, 06£Cne'le.Ha: B MeHbllIefi CTe-
nelill, qeM lCo6cTBemHOCTb, OCHOBaHH<aH Ha 06ll(eM npaae: HOO
Bcefl.na cyrn.ecTBOBaJIa onaCHOCTb, qTO C06Cl1B'eHHOCTb, OCHoaaH-
Haft Ha o6m.eM npaBe, nepeH.neT Bi PYKH «.no6poCOBeC1'HOrO
nOK)'IIIaTeJIH aa OJIaTY 6ea n,pe1I.yiBeJJ.OMJIeHHH», T. e. nepeH.ZJ:eT
K -JtUII.Y, A06poCOBeCITHO npH06peTllIeMY ee 3a1 nJIaTY.
MHbItMH CJIOBaMH, npaBlal c06CTHeHHHiKOB, onHpalOm.HXCfl Ha
CTIlpaBCJ(JIHBOCTh, He 6bIJIH 181 CTporOM CMbICJIe CJIOBa in rem, T. e.
npoTHB Bcex JIJliQ. Ho, 0 :n:pyrOH CTOpOHbI, OHH npe.ZJ:cTaB\JIHJtH
C060H npa'B<l c06cTBeHHocTH HJlH ,BO BCHKOM cJJY'lae KBa3H-c06..
CTBeHHOCTU" nOToMY ''1TO OHH aaInHllI.aJIJlCb IIIpOT'HBi Bcex, KpOMe
.ZJ:06pOCOBeCTHbIX COOmlB!eHHHKOB, onHpaBllIHXCH Hai oOIIJ.jee npaBO.
H MOrJlH OTqY:>K.ZJ:aTbCH U ocyru,eCTBJJH'fbCH nO.ZJ:06HO OObIQHOMY
npaBY COOCTBeHHOCTH. I1epBOHa'laJIbHO, c06CTBeHHHKH, onH-
paBllIHeCH Ha npaBO cnpaBe.ZJ:JIHBOCTH, He HMeJIH Booom.e HHKaKHX
«3aKOHHbIX npaB» (legal rights), T. e. npaB, npH3HaBaeMbIx
cY.ZJ:aMH 06m.ero !IIpaBa; nocreneHHO OHH npH06peTaJIH Bee
«33KOH1Hble npaBa», 3a HC.KJIJO'IeHHeM O'leHb Ba:>KHOrO npaBa
BJJa.ZJ:eHHH npe.ZJ:MeTOM co6CTBeHHOCTH H npaB, npOTHBOCTOHm. HX
«npH06peTaTemo bona fide 3a nJIaTY oe3 npe.ZJ:YBe.ZJ:OMJIeHHH».
XOTH yCT.aHOBJIeHHaH TaKHIM nYTeM CHCTeMa «.ZJ:BOMCTcBeH-
HOM COOCTBelDHOCTH» 6bwa HeCOMHeHHO nonYJI£,pHa YIHeKOTopbIX
r,pynn HaceneHHH, HO e.ZJ:Ba JIH 'MO:>KIHO' COM'HeBaTbCH, 'lTO OHa
B'JIeKJIa 3a c060H nary6Hbie nOCJJe.n;CTBlUI. CTarrYT, 'HMeHyeMbui-
«Statute of uses», npHHHTbIM B 1535 r., nO.ZJ:'lepKHBaJI. OTpH-
II.aTeJJblHbIe CJIe.ZJ:'CTB'HH TaKO" CHCTlelMbI H,BHO C II.eJIblO ee OTMeHbI,
nOCKOJJbKY JJ:eJIO (({.8CaJJOCb HeL/.l,!BH:>KMMOCTH. Ho eCJIH OTMeH3I
CHCTeMbD .nBoMcTBeHHoH co6cTBeHHocTH ObI\11a .ZJ:eHcTBHTeJIbHO
II.€JIhIO C03".ZJ:ra'TeJIeM 3Toro 3aIKOHa, TO Ha.n;o CKa3aTb, qTO HM
COBepllIeHHO He Y.ZJ:aJIOCb ee .ZJ:OCTHrHYTb no npH'IHlliaM HaCTOJIbKO'
OpMaJJbHbIM, 'lr1'O 3.ZJ:eCb He MeCTO HX 06'bHCHHTb. OHH .ZJ:OCTHr JJM
J}HllJb Toro nary6Horo pe3YJlbTaTa, '11'0 BHeCJJH OpMaJIH3M
H CJIO:>KHOCTb COOCTBeHHOCTH, oCHOBaHHOM Ha enpaBe.ZJ:JlHBOCTH,
BI C1)(eJIKH C HM"YIIJ..eCTB;OM, onH.palOm.HMCH Ha oom.ee npaBo, H"
TaKHMI 06pa30M, paCtIHCTHJIH .ZJ:Oipory TOM CJIO)KHOM CHCTeMC'
ceMeMHbIx 8'KTOB 0 3eMJIe (family settlements), KOTopble CTaJIH
17*
260
qAOT:& qETBEPTA.fI. rPA:m,n:AHiCJ OE nPABO
n01JTH BCJeO HiMH Cpe.n:H aeMJIe.zr;eJ1b i QeClJmI'O Ji.BOpHHcrna B 31I0XY
rpa>K,n:aIHCKOM BOMHbI. rJIB,BHaH II.eJIb IIIO.n:OQ,HbIX alKrroB 3aKJIID1Ja-
JIBCb Bi TOM, '1JTo6bI ,paC'IJIOOHTb lII.paiB , CBlf!3aHHbIe C CeMeMJHOH
'COOCTBeHHOCTblO, Ha CTOJIbKO BpeMeHHO .n:eMCTBYlOmHX npaB
H 06peMffiIHTb ee T\3.KH'M 1K0JJB'YIeCTBOM 06H3aTeJIbCTB, 'IT06b ee
HHIKOHM oopa30M He MOrJIH II.eJIIf.KOM KOHcpHaKOBaTb IIJIH 3H<XBa-
THTb BCJJe.n:CTBtHe 1II0JIHTIf'IeCKOa'0 !IIpeCTyiIIJIeHHH, !nOTOIM)' iIlTO
BCmiliM TaKOH npeCTyIIHHK HMeJI 'ObI TOJIb'KO orlpaHH'IeHHbIe npaBa
Ha 3eMJJIO. T€lM Bip€MeHeM CTapoe cnpa:B10 C06C1'B,eHHOCTH iIa
aCHOBe cnpaBe.n:JIHBOCrrn :rrpo.n:OJDKaJIiO no.n: lIta3BammM OBepH-
TeJIbHOM 'cot'JCTBeHHOCTH oecnpepbIBHO pa3BHBraThCH, XO'T'H CPOlp-
MaiJrbHoe YHH''ITO>KeHHe npaB 'cpe aJIbHOrO .n:ep>KaHHH B IIIClpHO.n:
pecnyOJIHKH JJHllIHJIO ero Toro onpaBl.ll:aHH&, 1K0Topoe OHO ip,alHbIIlle
HMeJJO.
HOB!asI CH.CTeM<a: aIKTOBl, If.MeHYeMbIX settlements, BIMOOTO
oro, ''ITOt'JbI HC"Ie3HYTb nOCJIe mpeIKpameHHH rpa2K.n:aHCKoM
BOMHbI', .n:aBrneH TOJI''IOK K ee Ipa3BHTHIO, icpa:Kl'U'IeOKH KalK OyJI.TO
ObI C'TaJJa lPacnpOCTpalHf!TbCH eme HHTeHCHBH€e 51 XVIII H IBi
IH!I'IaJIe XIX BeKa, T. e. B nepHo.n: paCII.BeT,a: 3eMJI€BJIH)J,eJJb1Je'CKO-
1'0 iKJIaCca. KaIKoBbI ObI HH ObIJIH ee npeHMy:ru.e<IT.BiHi, COIIlpOBO-
>K.n:aBlllIHe ee narYOHbIe nOCJIe.n:CTB!HH ,6bIJIH BeCbMa 3H3NHTeJJbHbI.
DJIarO(lJ:lapf! aTOM CHCTeMe 3eMJJf! He TOJJbKO OblJIa COBepllIeHHO
HCKJIlO'IeHa H3 ToprOBoro ooopOTa (TaK KaK TpeOOBaJJOCb, 1JTO-
ObI Bce JJHiUHi, no.ruyrqaBlliHe IllpaB8 H8 OCHORaHHH settlement'a,
.n:aJJH cor JIaCHe Ha npo.n:a>KY), HO Kor.n:a npo.n:a>Ka Y>Ke ocyme-
CTBJIf!JI8Cb, TO nOKynaTeJIH .n:OJI>KHbI ObIJIH C'IHTaThCH, HeCMOTpf! Ha
CBOIO i.lI:OOpOCOBecrrHOCTb, C S03MO>KHOCThIO YTpani'I1b nOJIb30BaHHe
CBOHM npHoopeTeHHeM. 3TO MOl' JIO CJIY'IHTbCf!, eCJIH ObI BnOCJIe.n:-
CTBHH OOHapY>KHJIOCb, 'ITO HMymecTBo no oomeMY npaBY npe-
.n:ocTaBJIeHO OT.n:aJIeHHOMY .n:OBepHTeJIbHOMY COOCTBeHHHKY, KO-
TOpbIM YMep HJIH He ObIJI H3BeCTeH, HJIH eCJJH nOTOM oOHapy-
>KHJIHCb KaKHe-HHoy.n:b CKpbITHe npaBa, HaJIH'IHe KOTOpbIX
IOpHCKOHCYJIbTaM nOKynaTeJIf! He y.n:aJJOCb CBoeBpeMeHHO YCTa-
HOBHTb. OTHOllIeHHe K cnOM CHCTeMe OblJJO B cmoxy pecpopM
HaCTOJIbKO OTpHII.aTeJIbHbIM, 'ITO OTMeHa CHCTeMbI 3eMeJIbHOM
COOCTBeHHOCTH, OCHOBaHHOM Ha ooru;eM npaBe, H ypaBHeHHe
Bcex npaB COOCTBeHHOCTH Ha oa3e npaBa cnpaBe.n:JIHBOCTH
CTaJIO OTKpbITO npH3HaHHOM II.eJJblO BJIHf!TeJIbHOM IIlKOJIbI
pecpopMaTopOB. K C'IaCTbIO, CTpaHa He ,n:aJI\3. .9THM C1'peMJIeHHHM
YBJIe% ce6f!; nOCTeneiHHO JIIO.n:H, x.n:a.n:HOIKpoBHO Oo.n:YMbIBaBllIRe
.9TOT Bonpoc" Ha'IaJIH nOHHM'aTb, 'ITO pa3JIH'IHe, ilI:eJIaeMOe Me>K.n:y
e06cTBeHHocTblO, onHpaIOme,llCf! Ha oomee npalBO Hi Ha npaBO
.cnpaBe.n:JJHBOCTH, He OCHOBbIBaeTCH TO.1IbKO Ha npaBOBOM KOHcep-
'Ba'TH3Me, HO onpaB.n:bIBaeTCH peaJlliHbIMH oomeCTBeHHbIMH nIHTepe-
.caMH. nO.n:OOHO TOMY iKaiK IB 3:noxy 4>eo.rr:aJIH3Ma pa3JIH'I<He HHTepe-
.cOB rocy.rr:apCTBa .If 'ceMbH 'HJIH II.epKOBHbIX Y'Ipe>K.n:eHHM nopo.rr:HJJO
TJIABA xx. HPAiBA HA HE.n;BH:JKHMOCTl>
261
pa3JIHqHe Me .n;y C06CTBeHHOCTbIO, OnHpalO.I.qeMC5I Ha OOll.{ee npaBO
(HJIH nYOJlHIlHO-npaBOBOM), H COOCTBeHHOCTblO, OnHpalOll.{eMC5I Ha
npaBO CnpaBe.n;JJHBOCTH (HJIH llaCTHO-npaBOBOM), TaK B XIX BeKC
pa3JIUIlHe uHTepecoB KOMMepllecKoro ooopoTa C 3eMJJeH H Toro,
IlTO MO:>KHO Ha3BaTb ceMeMHbIM OOOpOTOM npHBeJIO K HOBOMY
.n;yaJJH3MY.
rOBOp5I BOOOll.{e, eCJJU lleJIOBeK nOKynaeT UJIH apeH.n;yeT
He.n;BH:>KHOCTb, OH XOlleT HCIIOJIb30BaTb ee KaK MecTO:>KHTeJIb:-
CTBO UJIlI KaK MeC'fO Be.n;eHU5I HM CapHX .n;eJJ, JIHOO :>Ke .£!.lli1
nOMell.{eHH5I CBOHX c6epe:>KeHHH, HJJH B .n;pyroM cJIYllae OH no-
KynaeT ee .n;JI5I ooecnelleHH5I cBoeM ceMbH B eJI5IX, KaK rOBO-
P5IT, yqpe:>K.n;eHHH ceMeMHoM He.n;BH:>KHMOCTH (settling). B nep-
BOM cJJyllae OH npe:>K.n;e Bcero cTpeMHTC5I K TaKoH n OqHOCTH "
npocToTe rrpaBoBbIx oCHoBaHHM, KOTopbIe ObI nOJIHOCTblO ooec-
nellHJJH ero OT B03MO:>KHOCTH n05IBJIeHH5I HeH3BeCTHbIX eMY npH-
T5I3aHHM H n03BOJJHJIH eMY H36e:>KaTb .n;oporo CTOIOll.{HX paCCJJe-
.n;OBaHHM. Bo ,BTOpOM CJJyqae OH rOpa3JI.0 OOJIbllle CTpeMHTC5I
K T,OMY, qTOObI HMeTb B03MO:>KHOCTb Tll.{aTeJIbHO yperYJIHpOBaTf)o
nepexo.n; H pacnpe.n;eJIeHHe .n;OXO.n;OB no COOCTBeHHOCTH B COOT-
BeTCTBHH C Y:>Ke CYll.{eCTBYIOll.{HMH HJIH npe.n;nOJIaraeMbIMH no-
Tpe6HOCT5IMH p.a3JIHIlHbIX qJJeHOB ero 'ceMbH (HHor.n;a .n;a)Ke
HeKOTopbIX ell.{e HCp,O.n;HBIlIHXC5I). JI.JI5I .n;OCTH:>KeHH5I .:nOM eJIH
eMY nOIlTH HeH30e:>KHO npH.n;eTC5I Ha3HallHTb .n;OBepHTeJIbHbIX
c06CTBeHHHKOB, T. e. JJH , KOTOpbIM B IlIHpOKHX npe.n;eJIax .n;o-
Bep5IeTC5I 3aOOTa 0 C06C'I\BeHHOCTH H ynpaBJIeHHe elO, npHlleM!
oeHe(I)H HaHTaM OCTaBJJ5IeTC5I JIHllib onpaBe.n;JIH'BOe '"paBO Tpe-
OOBaTb, IlTOObI .n;OBepHTeJJbHa5I COOCTBeHHOCTb ynpaBJI5IJIaCb-
.n;OJJ:>KHbIM oopa30M.
nO.n;OOHbIe COOOpa)KeHH5I no6y.n;HJIH napJJaMeHT npHH5ITbCSI'
C cepe.n;HHbI .n;eB5ITHa.n; aToro BeKa 3a H3.n;aHHe eJIoro p5I.n;a
3aKOHo.n;aTeJIbHbIX aKTOB, KOTopbIe .n;OJDKHbI ObIJIH OOJIerIlHTb-
npO.lI.a:>KY H apeH.n;y TaKoro" ceMeMfioro HMeHH5I (settled estaie)\.
KOpOTKO f'OBOp5I, eJIb 3THX 3aKOHOB 3aKJIIOIlaJIaCb B TOM,
IlTOObI .n;aTb B03MO:>KHOCTb .n;OBepHTeJIbHbIM COOCTBeHHHKaM Hmf
(no HeOKOJIbKO OOJJee n03JJ:HeM 'npaKTH'Ke) «nO)KH3HeHHbIM .n;ep-
:>KaTeJJ5IM» (tenants for life), JJH60 .n;pyrHM c-oOCTBeHHHKaM,
HMelOll.{HM OrpaHHqeHHbIe npa'Ba, cOBepllIaTb npo.lI.a:>KY H .n;pyrHe
aKTbI pacnOp5I:>KeHlI5I npaBaMH Ha ceMeHHYIO He.n;BH)KHMOCTb
B eJIOM (He3aBHCHMO OT Toro, BbIXO.n;5IT JJH 3TH nepeYCTynae-
MbIe npaBa 3a npe.n;eJIbI npaB CTOpOH, 3aKJIIOIlHBllIHX .n;orOBop
npo.n;a)KH). npH 3TOM «cnpaBe.n;JIHBble» npaBa .n;pyrHx JIHlI.,
3aHHTepeCOBaHHbIX B He.n;BH)KHMOCTH, HMeJIH CBOHM OO'beKTmr
He He.n;BH)KHMOCTb, a nOKynHYIO CYMMY HJIH apeH.n;HbIe nJIaTe:>K[.f,
KOTopbIe BHOCHJJHCb caOTBeTCTBeHHO .n;OBepHTeJIbH M COOCTBeH-
"HHKaM HJJH nO)KH3HeHHbIM .n;ep:>KaTeJI5IM. nOCJIe Toro KaK nOKy-
naTeJIb y)Ke 3anJIaTHJI .n;eHbrH .n;OBepHTeJIbHOMY COOCTBeHHHI{Y
262
qA0rL qETBEPTAH. rPAmAAHOKOE nPABO
HJUI nO:>KH3f1CHlIOMY J{ep:>KaTeJIlO, eMY He HaJ{O 60JIbme 3860-
THTbC5I '0 npCTeH3HJlX 6eHeqmQHaHTOB, KOTOpbIM HaJ{JIe:>KHT o6pa-
m;aTbC5I K J{OBepHTeJIbHbIM cooCTBeHHHKaM HJIH nO:>KH3HeHHbIM
J{ep:>Ka:reJ151M J{JJSJ sam;HTbI CBOHX npaB. C 1856 r. no 1890 r.
6bIJI H3J{aH J{JIHHHbIH p5lJ{ aKTOB 0 ceMeMHoH HeJ{BH:>KHMOCTH,
KOTopbIe co Bce OOJIbIIIHM ycnexoM CTpeMHJIHC ocyme-
CTBHTb YKa3aHHYlO npaKTHKY H HeCOMHeHHO J{aJJH xopOillHe
pe3YJJbTaTbI.
3aKoHoJ{aTeJIbCT'BO 1925 r. cJ{eJIaJIO em;e OJ{HH OOJIbillOM
mar BnepeJ{ no TOMY :>Ke nYTH, npHH5IB J{Be J{onOJJHHTeJIbHbIe
MepbI npeJ{oCTOpO:>KHOCTH. Bo-nepBbIx, OHO CTporo OrpaHH'IHJJO
Te 'BHJ{bI npaB Ha HeJ{BH:>KHMOCTb, KOTOpbIM MO:>Ker 6bITb J{aHa
G>opMa legal estates HJIH legal interests; BO-BTOpbIX, OHO TBepJ{O
()npeJ{eJIHJIO Te MepbI npeJ{OCTOpO:>KHOCTH, KOTopbIe C'IHTaroTcR
,zr:OCTaTO'IHbIMH ,zr:JJ5I YCTaHOBJJeHHR ,zr:OopOCOBeCTHOCTH nOKyna-
-reJJ5I. 06a 3TH HOBOBBeJ{eI:IHR HMelOT 60JJblliOe 3Ha<reHHe. IloKa
Ta sam;HTa, KOrOpa51 npeJ{OCTaBJI5IeTC5I legal estates, Mor JIa 6bITb
pacnpocTpaHeHa Ha 'nO:>KH3HeHHwe npaBa Ha 3anOBeJ{Hwe HMeHH5I
If Ha BbI:>KHJ{aTeJIbHbIe npaBa, KOTopbIe elUe He HaXOJ{5ITClI BO
BJJaJ{eHHH H J{a:>Ke em;e He npHHaJ{JJe:>KaT onpeJ{eJJeHHOMY JIHQY,
.zr:o rex nop nepe)I,aqa npaB 6bIJIa CJIO>KHa H COnpOBO:>KJ{aJIaCb
60JIbIIIHM pHCKOM. IloKa )I,eMCTBOBaJIO npe)I,nOJIO:>KeHHe, 'ITO
nOKynaTeJIb npeJ{YBeJ{oMJIeH 0 BC5IKOM npaBe, BbITeKarom;eM H3
«cnpaBeJ{JIHBOCTH», KOTopoe MOrJJO nOQyJ{HTbC5I onbITHoMY no-
cpeJ{HHKY C ero cnocOOHOCT5IMH K p03bICKHOMY J{eJJY, J{O Tex
nop nepeJ{a'Ia HeJ{BH:>KHMOCTH He MOr,Tla ObITb ooeCneqeHHOM H
,zr:emeBOM.
Tenepb CJ{eJIOOM KpaTKHM 063'Op YCJIOBH'H, B KOTOpbIX HO-
BeMillee 3aKOHOJ{aTeJIbCTBO nOCTaBHJIO OTHOJlleHHe Me:>KJ{Y npa-
BaMH Ha HeJ{BH:>KHMOCTb, onHpalOm;HMHC5I Ha ooru.ee npano
(legal estates or interests), H npaBaMH HB HeJ{BH:>KHMOCTb,onH-
paJOIIJ;HMHC5I Ha «cnpaBeJ{JIHOOCTb» (equitable interests).
TIP ABA HA HE.D.BH)I(HMOCTb, OTIHP AIOID:HEC HA
OEID:EE TIPABO
(LEGAL EST A TES AND INTERESTS IN LAND)
TepMHH «estate» (HMeHHe) Ii «interest» B 01'HOIIIQHHH He-
,zr:BH:>KHMOCTH He 5IBJI5IJOTC5I CHHOHHMaMH. BC5IKHM estate 5IBJJReTC5I
BHJ{OM interest, HO He BC5IKHM interest 5IBJJ5IeTC5I BHJ{OM estate.
TOJIbKO TaKHe npaBa (interests), KOTopbIe J{aJOT BJJaJ{eHlie
3eMJIeH HJIH XOT5I ObI npaBO Ha nOJJyqeHHe apeHJ{HOM nJJaTbI
y CpOqHOrO J{ep:>KaTeJI5I, npeJ{CTaBJI5IJOT C060M estates; OHH
cooTBeTcTBYJOT onHcaHHbIM BbIIIIe «corporeal hereditaments».
IlepBoHaqaJJbHo 3HaqeHHe liX OO'bSICH5IJIOCb TeM OOCTmlTeJIb-
CTBOM, 'ITO OHH onpeJ{eJI5IJJH OTHomeHHe JJHQa, J{ep:>KaBillerO HX,
rJIABA xx. nPABA HA UI<:.n:SH3EHMOCln
263
K evo . .HenOCpe,n:CTBeHHOMY rOCnQ)I.HHY H, B KOHeqHOM If TO re.
K KopOHe. OHM OJIpe)I.e,llHJIH CTaTYC nOl'O JJHII.a IfJIH ero estate -
OCTOaHHe. I10CJJe aKTHqeCKOH OTMeHW eO)I.anbHOrO npHHII.Ifna
JJ;epJKaHHfl estates YTpaTHJIM TO IfCKJIIOqHTeJIbHO Ba:>KHOe 3Haqe-
HloJe, KOTopoe OHM HMeJJH Cpe)I.M )I.PyrHx BM)I.OB 3eMeJIbHbIX npaB.
Teu: He J;l:eHee OHM Bce :>Ke HMeIOT TaKoe OOJJbIUOe 3HaqeHHe,
"ITO COBpeMeHHoe 3aKOHO)I.aTeJJbCTBO )I.aeT HM CneII.HaJIbHy'IO
KJIaCC1Iq>HKaII.HIO 11 CqHTaeT, qTO HMeeTCH JIHWb )I.Ba BIf.ll.a HMe-
IUiH, OnHpalOlII.HXCH Ha o6m;ee npaBo (legal estates), HMeHHO:
1) IIMeHMe C oe3YCJIOBHbIM npaBOM coocTBeHHocTM H BJJa)I.eHHH
'(estate in fee simple absolute in possession) H 2) CpOqHOe
()e3YCJIOBHOe npa'Bo BJJa)I.eHHH (a term of years absolute).
I. 111M e IH H e C 0 e 3 Y C JJ 0 B H W M n .p a B 0 M C 0 6-
oC T B e H HOC T H H B JI a )I. e H 11 H. HMeHHeM Ha npaBax npOCToro
4Jeo.u.a (fee simple) ObIJJO no 06lII.eMY npaBY If eHHe, nO:>KaJIO-
,EaHHoe rOCnO)I.HHOM cBoeMY BaCCaJJY )I.JJH cB0(0)I.HOro )I.ep:>KaHIfH,
I<OTopoe MOrJIO nepeXO)I.HTb K HaCJIe)I.HHKaM BaCCaJIa ad infini-
tum. Kor)I.a 3HaMeHIfTbIM cTaTYT Quia Emptores OKOHqaTeJJbHO
UpH3HaJI B 1290 r. npaBO cB060Jl,HOra OTqY:>K)I.eHHH TaKHX HMe-
IIlfM, TO HMeHHH, COCTOHBIIIHe Ha npaRe npOCToro cf>eO)I.a, npe-
I3paTMJIHCb cf>aKTHqeCKIf B nOJlHYIO c06CTBeHHOCTb H MOrJIH B03-
!3pam;aTbCH K rOcnO)I.IIHY, npe)I.OCTaBHBilleMY IIX, HJIH K ero Ha-
.cJJeJI.HIIKY TOJJbKO KaK BbIMOpOqHOe HMym;ecTBo (<<escheating»)
:npH OTCYTCTBHH npHMblx H OOKOBbIX HaCJJe)I.HHKOB Y ,n:ep:>KaTeJIH,
«IfcnOMeIII;eHHoro» (seised) Ha "nOM 3eMJIe. .lJ0 Tex nop, nOKa
3eMJIIO HeJIb3H 6bIJIO 3aBem;aTb, T.aKHe CJJyqaH 6bIJIH IHepe.n:KH.
Ho nOCJIe 1540 r. OHH CTaJIH BCTpeqaTbCH Bce pe:>Ke, nOToMY
'qTO )I.ep:>KaTeJJH npOCTora cf>eO)I.a, He HMeBillHe KpOBHbIX pO)I.-
"CTBeHHHKOB, BepOHTHO CbCTaBJIHJIIf 3aBem;aHHH H, TaKHM 00-
pa30'M, YCKOJJb3aJJH OT npeTeH)I.eHTOB Ha HX BbIMOpOqHOe
.I1Mym;ecTBO.
TaK KaK Tenepb HeB03MO:>KHO 06H3WBaTb HMeHIfSI B cf>opMe
npOCToro 4>eO)I.a HOBbIMl1 CJIY:>KOaMH H B03JIaraTb Ha HHX HOBbIe
TIJJaTe:>KH H TaK KaK yqeHHe 0 BbIMo.pOqHOM 'HMYll\eCTBe ynpa3.l1.-
HeHO AKTOM 00 a)I.MHHHCTpHpOBaHHH HMym;ecTB, TO npOCTble
..peO)I.bI nepeCTaJIH ObITb B KaKOM ObI TO HH OblJIO OTHOIlleHHH,
KpOMe Ha3BaHHH, )I.ep:>KaHHHMH H MorYT 6bITb onpe)I.eJJeHbI KaK
nOJIHaH H He.orpaHHqeHHaH CpOKOM 3eMeJIbHaH COOCTBeHHOCTb.
Ha)I.o OTMeTHTb, qTO npOCTOM 4>eo.ll. )I.OJI:>KeH ObITb «6e3YCJIOB-
HbIM» H HaXO)I.HTbCH «BO BJIa.n.eHIfH» )I.JJH Toro, qT06bI CqHTaTbCH
HMeHIfeM, onHpaIOIII;HMCH Ha 06III.ee npaM (legal estate). BCJIe)I.-
CTBHe OTCYTCTBHH, nOBH)I.IfMOMY, BCHKHX nOnbITOK onpe)I.eJIHTb
Bblpa:>KeHIfe «6e3YCJIOBHbIM» (absolute), HMelOIlI.ee HeCKOJIbKO
HeHCHblH xapaKTep B CBH3H C npoCTbIM 4>eo.n.OM, HaM He HCHO
SHaqeHHe, KOTopoe npH)I.aeT eMY AKT 0 npane c06cTBeHHocTIf
(Law of Property Act). Ho, eC.rHf qHTaTb Me:>K)I.Y CTpOK )I.p'yraro
64
qAOTb qETBEPTAH. rPAJR AHOROE ITPABO
pa3,Z1,eJ13, TO Mbl OOHaPY:>KHM, 'lTO Y'lpe)K,ZI, HHe npOCTOI'O q>eO,Zl,3
B npe,Zl,BH,ZI,eHHH KaKorO-TO CJIyqaH, KOTOpbIH MO:>KeT H He HaCTY-
nHTb, HJIH KaKon-HHOY,ZI,b B03MO)KHOCTH, He C03,Z1,aeT HMeHHH Ha
«npaBax 6e3YCJIOBHOrO npOCTOro eo,Zl,a»; nOTOMY TaKoe HMeHHe
He oY,ZI,eT HMeHHeM, OnHpalOll{HMCH Ha ooruee npaBo (legal
estate), 3a HCKJIlOqeHHeM O,Zl,HOrO HJJH ,ZI,BYX cneII.HaJIbHO orOBO-
peHHbIx CJIyqaeB. TpeooBaHHe HaJIHqHH npaBa «BJJa,Zl,eHHH»
HCKJJlOqaeT BbI)KH,ZI,aTeJJbHbIe npaBa, HO npe,Zl,nOJJaraeT nOJJyqeHHe
apeH,ZI,HOM nJJaTbl H ,ZI,OXO,Zl,OB OT CpOqHOI'O ,ZI,ep)KaTeJJSl. n03TOMY,
eCJIH X, coocTBeHHHK Ha npaBe npocToro eo,Zl,a, npe,Zl,OcTaBHT
3a peH.n;HYlO nJJ8T)' apeH;lJ.y H8 J('Ba.n:II.aTb O.n;HH ro.n; Y, KQTOpblH
<l>aKTHqeCKH 6y.n;eT .n;ep:>KaTeJJeM, TO Bce me 6y.n;eT CqHTaTbCH,
qTO X SlBJJHeTCH «BJJa.n;eJIbII.eM», nOTOMY qTO OH npaBOMOqeH
nOJIY'IaTb apeHJI.HYlO nmny OT Y. Bce 3110 1 iHaXOJI.HTCSl B C'rporOM
COOTBeTCTBHH C <l>eOJI.aJIbHbIMH npHHII.HnaMH.
OTHOCHTeJJbHO nOJIHOMOqPIM c06CTBeHHHKa, HMelOll{ero npaBa
npOCToro eOJI.a, MO)KHO OrpaHHqHTbCH HeMHorHMH 3aMeqaHH-
HMH. Boooll{e rOBopH, OH MOJKeT ,lteJIaTb C 3eMlJIeM. qTO eMY
yro.n;Ho B npe,Zl,eJIax 3aKoHoB, .n;eikTBYIOll{HX B HHTepecax oorue-
CTsa B II.eJIOM, KaK, HalIIpHMep, 3aKOHa npoTHB 3JIOBpe)l.iHOcTH,
II c yqeTOM Bcex .n;pyrHx npa'B Ha 3eMJJlO, KaK npaBa npoe3.n;a
HJJH npaBa Ha BbIrOH cKoTa, npe.n;oCTaBJIeHHOI'O <l>aKTHqeCKH HM
caMHM HJJH ero npe.n;mecTBeHHHKaMH no THTYJIY.
2. Cpo q Hoe 0 e 3 y C JI 0 B Hoe n p a BOB JJi a JI. e H H H.
CYll{HOCTb CpOqHOrO npaBa BJIa.n;eHHH 3aKJIlOqaeTCH B TOM, qTO
OHO coxpaHHeTCH He .n;OJIbme onpe.n;eJIeHHOM KaJIeH.n;apHOM .n;aTW.
K.aK ObIJJO paHbllie OO'bHCHeHO, npaBa, KOTopble COXpaHSIJIHCb Ha>
CpOK, He CqHTaJJHCb no eo.n;aJIbHbIM npHHII.HnaM HaCTOHll{HM
OO'beKTOM JI.ep:>KaHHH H TaKoe BJIa.n;eHHe He CqHTaJJOCb «HMe-
HHeM» (estate). O.n;HaKO, BCJIe.n;CTBHe H3MeHeHHM, BHeceHHbIX"
B npo,II.eJI.Y1PY 3all{HTbI MHTepeCOB CpOqlHOro .n;ep:>KaTeJIH, 3Ta
TOqKa 3peHHH B XV BeKe H3MeHHJJaCb: BbIpameHHR «apeH.n;Hoe
.n;ep:>K8HHe» (leasehold tenure) H «apeH.n;Hoe HM€HHe» (leasehold
estate) CTaJIH ooruenpH3HaHHbIMH. JII060nwTHo, qTO apeH.n;oBaH-
HaH He.n;BH:>KHMOCTb He TOJIbKO MO:>KeT OTIHpaTbCH Ha OOll{ee
npaBO, KaK 3TO npHMO CKa3aHO B AKTe 0 npaBe COOCTBeHHOCTH,
HO 'ITO OHa aKTHqeCKH HBJJHeTCH Tenepb e.n;HHCTBeHHbIM npH-
MepOM HaCTOSlll{ero ,ZI,ep:>KamUI. BepoHTHo 3TO YJI.OOHO nOTOMY,
qTO B OTHOllieHHH K apeH.n;e TepMHHbI «3eMJJeBJIa,zreJJeu» (land-
lord) .H «JI.ep:>KaTeJIb» (tenant) ceii'Iac O'IeHb nonYJIHpHbI.
Ho eCJJH MbI paccMoTpHM OCTaJIbHYlO qaCTb onpe,Zl,eJIeHHH,
TO pe3YJJbTaT OKa:>KeTCH rOpa3JI.0 MeHee Y.lI.OBJJeTBOpHTeJJbHbIM.
npe:>K.n;e BceI'O TepMHH «oe3YCJIOBHoe» CpOqHOe BJJaJI.eHHe HBHO
0003HaqaeT 3.lI.eCb HeqTO COBepmeHHO HHoe, qeM TepMPIH «6e3Y-
CJlOBHbl'R» B OTHOllleHHH K npOCTOMY <p-eOJI.Y, onHcaHHblH B npeJI.-
T;IABA XX. IIP ABA IIA IIE BHmnMOCTI.
650.
llleCTBYIOIlI,HX CTpoKaX\ AKTa. )JeJIO B TOM, 'ITO B Onpe.ll.eJJH--
TeJIbHOM pa3.l1.eJJe AKTa npHMO CKa3aHO, 'ITO CPOqHoe BJJa.ll.eHHe'
MO:>KeT ObITb «oe3YCJJOBHbIM», XOTH 6bI OH MOr JJO 6bITb npeKpa-
eHO «3aHBJIeHHeM, BOCCTaHOBJJeHHeM BO BJI8.l1.eHHH c06CTBeH-
HHKa, npe.ll.nHCaHHeM 3aKOHa, BbIKynOM, JJHOO HHbIM COObITHeM», .
ec TOJIbKO 3TO co6WTHe He 03HaQaeT CMepTH onpe.ll.CJJeHHOT0-
JJHn;a HJIH JJHn;.
BO-'BTOPbIX, XOTH TBep.ll.O YCTaHOBHBllIaHCH .lI.OKTpHHa 06-
IlI,ero npaBa rJIaCHJJa, 'ITO apeH.lI.HbIe npaBa He C03.l1.alOT «HMe-
HHH» nOKa apeH.lI.aTOp He .lI.ep:>KHT 3eMJJH BO BJJa.ll.eHHH, O.ll.HaKO,
no Awry 0 npaBe COOCTBeHHOCTH OrpaHHqeHHOe CpOKOM 'npaBO'
Ha He.ll.BH:>KHMOCTb He TpeoyeT BJIa.ll.eHHH, qTOObI C1JHTaTbCH,
HMeHHeM, OnHpalOll.{HMCSI Ha OOll.{ee npaBO. 38TeM, npH 3aJIOre.
H npH HHbIX C.lI.eJIKaX MOJKeT CYll.{eCTBOBaTb B O.ll.HO H TO :>Ke
BpeMH JIlO60e KOJIH'IeCTBO apeH.lI.HbIX npaB Ha O.ll.HY H TY :>Ke
; 3eMJIIO; CY.lI.Y MO:>KeT ObITb npH.lI.eTCH pellIaTb Bonpoc 0 npaBe-
nepBOOqepe.ll.HOCTH B COOTBeTCTBHH C CYll.{eCTBYIOll.{HMH npaBH-
JIaMH. npH BbIpaOOTKe cxeMbl nepBOOqepe HOCTH B03HHKHyT
3Ha1JHTeJJbHWe, eCJIH He npaKTHlleCKHe, TO TeOpeTAqeCKHe TPY.lI.-
HOCTH. Prima facie, CpOqHaH apeH.lI.a .lI.aeT TOJJbKO npaBO nOJIb-
30BaTbCH nOBepxHocTbIO 3eMJJH, BKJIIOqaH cTpoeHHH H Bce npH-
Ha.ll.JJe:>KHOCTH K HHM; HO MO:>KHO .lI.aBaTb apeH.lI.Y C npSlMo BbI-
pa:>KeHHblM HaMepeHHeM npe.ll.ocraBHTb apeH.lI.aToPY B03MO:>KHOCTb '
CTpOHTb .lI.OMa Ha $YH.lI.aMeHTax HJIH .lI.OObIBaTb HCKonaeMbIe.
O,lI,HaK'O, eCJ]H He 'HMeeTCH npSJJMO BbIp'aJKeHIHOrO HJJH HBHoro
oopaTHoro YKa3aHHH, TO cqHTaeTCH, qTO apeH.lI.aTOp, pa3pYllIHB-
llIHM HJJH YHHllTOJKHBllIHM qTO-JJHOO, CBH3aHHoe C 3eMJJeM, KpOMe-
e:>Kero.ll."HO .lI.aBaeMbIX eIO npO.D.YKTOB, HarnpHMep, JIec, HCKonae-
Mble, npHHa.ll.JJe:>KHOCTH H 3.l1.aHHH, COBepllIHJI «paCTOlleHHe»
(waste) H .lI.OJI:>KeH OTBeqa b no HCKY 06 YObITKax. )Jo H3BeCT-
HbIX npe.ll.eJIOB OH 'TaK:>Ke OTBeqaeT 3a «.lI.onYll.{eHHOe HM»
(permissive) paCTOqeHHe, T. e. 3a .lI.onYll.{eHHe pa3PYllIeHH5t
nocTpoeK HJIH 3a YKJIOHeHHe 01' 06bIllHOrO MeTO.ll.a Be.ll.eHHH
X03HMcTBa HJIH npeHeOpe>KeHHe HM. Ho IITOqTH ,BO 'Bcex [IHCb- -
MeHHWX apeH.lI.Hwx .lI.OrOBOpax npaBHJJO 0 paCTOqeHHH B 3HaqH-
TeJJ'bHoH ereneHH' nepeKpbIBaeTcH npHMo oroBopeHHbIMH YCJIO- -
BHHMH CTOpOH, KOTopbIe .D.OJIJKHbl Tll.{aTeJIbHO COOJIIO.lI.aTbcH.
BonpeKH .pacnpocTpaHeHlIOMY MHeHHIO, He cyrnecTByeT Ta-
KOH npaBOBOM HOpMbl, KOTopaH rJJaCHJIa ObI, \ITO apeH.lI.aTOp, He '
nJIaTHll.{HM apeH.lI.HOM nJIaTbl HJIH B .lI.pyroM OTHOllIeHHH He Bbl-
nOJIHHIOll.{HM YCJIOBHM apeH.lI.bI, MOJKeT ObITb H3rHaH 3eMJIeBJIa-
.lI.eJJbQeM, 3a HCKJIIOlleHHeM HeKOTopbIX CJIYllaeB, OTHOCHll.{HXCH
K HeOOJIbllIHM 3aopOllIeHHbIM .lI.OMaM. Ho BCHKHH XOpOllIO COCTa-
BJIeHHbIM apeH.lI.HbIM .lI.OrOBOp CO.ll.epJKHT «nOCTaHOBJIeHHe 0 BOC-
CTaHOBJIeHHH BO BJJa.ll.eHHH» (proviso for reentry) C TOM n;eJJbIO, .
'lTOObI B cJIyqae, Kor.ll.a apeH.lI.aTOp He BbInOJIHHeT KaKOrO-JIH60
:266
qAOTb qETBEPTAH. TPAmAARCROE ITPABO
H3 CBOHX OOH3aTeJJbCTB, apeHJl.O.n:aTeJIb MOl' BCTynHTb 130 BJJa-
..n:eHHe 'H H3rRaTh ero, ecJIH B03l\f0>IVHO, TO IMHpHbIM nYTeM, CCJIFI
me HeT, TO no HCRY 0 aOCCTaHOBJIeHHH OTH5}TOro BJIa.n:eHHH
(action of Ejectment).
OAHaKo, Aa:>Ke npH HaJIH1JHli TaKOM CTaTbH 13 AorOBope, CYA
If MeeT IIIlipOKHe B03MO:>KHOCTH OKa3aTb co.n:eMCTBHe npOTHB
H3rHaHH5I HJIH «KoHcpHcKaUHH» (forfeiture), KaK 3TO Ha3bIBalOT.
DnHpaHcb 13 3Ha1JHTeJJbHOH CTeneHH Ha Te JKe npHHUHnbI. KOTO-
pbIMH PYKOBO)J.cTBOBaJICH KaHI1.JIepCKHM cYJl. npH OKa3aHHH HM
cOAeMcTBHH 3aJ!orO)J.aTeJIlO, KOTOpbIM He BblKynHJJ CBoeM c06-
CTBeHHOCTH 5 )J.eHb, Ha3Ha1JeHHbIH .n:JIfI ynJJaTbI. .lI.a:>Ke cy6'b-
apeH.n:aTOp MO:>KeT no.ny1JHTb con.eHCTBHe, eCJJH ero apeH.n:Hoe
npaBO HapymaeTcH BCJJe.n:CTBHe 3aXBaTa BJIa.n:eHHM Henocpe.n:-
CTBeHHO CTOHrn;ero HaA HHM 3eMJJeB.1J3.n:eJIbI1.a OCHOBHbIM BJIa-
.JI.eJIbI1.eM. O.n:HaKO, nOJl.p06HOCTH npaB, OTHOCHrn;HXCH K 3eMJIe-
BJIa.n:eJIbI1.y H Aep:>KaTemo (apeH)J.aTOpy), BbIXOAHT 3a npe)J.eJJbI
3TOM KHHrH.
nOMHMO 3THX HMeHHH 06rn;ero npaBa (legal estates) cyrn;e-
':CTByeT HeCKOJIhKO BH.n:OB HMyrn;ecTBeHHbIx npaB HJJH 06H3a-
TeJIbCTB, OTHOCHrn;HXC5I K HeABHJKHMOCTH. KOTopble MorYT QbITb
npH3H HbI «npaBaMH, onHpalOrn;HMHCH Ha 06rn;ee npaBO». 113
'HHX MbI ynoMHHeM TOJIbKO 0 ABYX.
3. HeM aTe p H a JI h ill bI e IT p e .n: MeT bI, M 0 r y rn; H e
..6 bI or h 0 6 'b e K TOM Hac Jl e JI. 0 13 a H H H. MbI ,YLKe paHbme
ynoMHHYJIH 06 3TOM BHJ(e onpe.n:eJIeHHbIX H OrpaHH1JeHHbIX npaB,
!KOTOpbIe ocyrn;eCTBJJHlOTCH A HaJI. HeJI.BHJKHMOCTblO, Haxo.n:SI-
lIJ,eMCH BO BJJa.n:eHHH B, HJJH B yrn;ep6 BJJa.n:eHHlO B. '3eMJJH no-
-cJIeJI.HerO Ha3bIBaeTCH «CJJY:>Karn;HM .n:ep:>KaHHeM» (servient tene-
ment); H eCJJH npaBa A ocyrn;eCTBJJSIlOTCH HM BCJJeJI.CTBHe JI.ep,.
'JKaHHSI HM JI.pyroM 3eMJJH, He3aBHCHMOM OT 3eMJJH B, TO .n:ep-
JKaHHe 30BeTCSI «rOCnOJI.CTBYlOrn;HM JI.ep:>KaHHeM» (dominant
tenement).
B Tex CJIY1JaHX, KOrJI.a npaBo Ha HeMaTepHaJIbHble 'npe.n:-
'MeTbI, . Moryrn;He6bITb 06'beKTOM HaCJJe.n:OBaHHH, CBOJI.HTCH
1{ OAHOMy npaBY nOJIh30BaHHH, KaK, HanpHMep, 1JaCTHOe npaBo
llpoe3.n:a, TO B T01JHO npaBoBoM CMbICJIe, OHO MO:>KeT ocyme-
'CTBJI5IThCSI TOJIiblKO, 'KaK 3aB 1 llcSIw.ee OT rOCnOACTBYlOmerO Aep:>Ka-
HIiH H Ha3bIBaleTCSI Tor.n:a «yro.n:irreM» (ea!Sement). ECJIH OHO' 38-
KJIlO1JaeTCH B npaBe \IIoTpe6JIeHHH npOJI.YKTOB 3eMJIH, TO
Ha3bIBaeTCSI «BbIro.n:OM» (profit) H MO:>KeT ocyrn;eCTBJISIThCSI
ne3aBHCHMO OT «rocnOACTBYlOmero JI.epJKaHHH». TaK, HanpHMep,
-eCJIH H npeTeHJI.YlO Ha npaBO npoe3Aa 1Jepe3 3eMJJlO B, TO
""5I JI.OJl)KeH .n:OK33aTb, 1JTO npeTeHAYlO Ha 3TO npaBO KaK
c06CTBeHHHK HJJH .n:ep:>KaTeJIb Apyroro Y1JaCTKa 3eMJIH. Ho eCJJH
'5f npeTeHAYlO Ha npaBO pbI6HOH 'JJOBJIH B BOAax B, TO Mory
DlpeTeHAOBaTb Ha 3TO TOJIbKO KaK Ha npaBO, npHHaA..1eJKarn;ee
TJIABA xx. np A HA HE,IJ;BHmHMOCT:&
267
MHe JJH'IHO BCne.ZJ:CTBHe nO:>KaJIOBaHHSI HJJH cor.nameHHH. AKT
o npaBe COOCTBeHHOCTH He ynoTpe6JISleT TepMHHa «HeMaTepHaJJb-
HbIe npe.ZJ:MeTbl, MorymHe ObITb 06'be:K'TOM Hacne,lJ,OBaHHH»
B pa3.ZJ:e.n:e, KacaIQmeMCH Bonpoca 0 C03.ZJ:aHHH HMYLU.eCTBeHHbIX
npaB, onnp8lOmHXCH Ha 06mee npaBO, HO POBopnT T8M 06 «yro-
)J.HHX, npaBax HJIH npHBHJIerHHX B OTHomeHHH He.ZJ:BIi:>KHMOCTH»
Ii 0 «peJlTHbIX oopeMeHeHHHx» (rental charges).
TaR :>Ke, KaK B cJJY'Iae legal estates (HMeHuM no OOLU.eMY
npaBY), 3TH npaBa )lJIH Toro, 'ITOObl 6bITb OCHOBaHHblMH Ha
()OmeM npaBe, T. e. 'IT06bl nOJJYIIHTb 3HalIeHHe legal interests.
JJ;OJI:>KHbI HMeTb TaKYIO :>Ke CHJIY, KaK oe3YCJJOBHOe npaBo coo-
C11BeHHOCTH Ha 3e'MJIlO (estate in fee simple absolute in posses-
sion) HJJM K8K cpolIHoe oe3YCJIOBHOe BJJa.ll.eHHe.
MbI He MO:>KeM 3.ZJ:eCb OOCY:>K.ZJ:aTb HeHCHbIH, xorH H OlIeHb
HHTepeCHbIH Bonpoc 0 JJbrOTaX H BbIfOAax, KOTOpbIii Tpe6yeT
xopornero 3HaHHH CTaporo npaBa H HeKoropbIX HOpM, HMelO:m'HX
ropH.ZJ:HKO-TeXHHlIeCKHH xapaKTep. .
4. 06 P e Me He H ,M H B B H J( e 3 a JJ 0 r a 0 0 mer 0
n p a B a. KQrJI.a MbI nO.ZJ:OM.ZJ:eM K Bonpocy 00 OTIIY:>K,AeHHH He-
,n:BH:>KHMOCTH, MbI YBH.ZJ:HM, 'ITO HOBoe 38KOHo,n:aTeJIbCTJ30 YKpe-
nJJHeT 3aJIOrOBbIe npaBa, npe.ZJ:OCTaBJIHH 3aJIOrOnpHHHMaTeJIlO
npaBa CpO'IHOrO .ZJ:ep:>KaHHH; nO.ZJ:OOHbIe CpO'IHble BJJa.ZJ:e1fHH npe.ZJ:-
CTaBJJHlOT C060M, KOHeQHO, «HMeHHe, onHpalOmeeCH ilIa oomee
npaBO». Ho AKT 0 npaBe COOCTBeHHOCTH npe.ZJ:OCTaBJIHeT TaK:>Ke
B03MO:>KHOCTb C03.ZJ:aBaTb npocTbIeoopeMeHeHHH (simple charges)
BMeCTO OpMaJJbHOrO 3aJIOra; OH YCTaHaBJIHBaer, 'ITO B CJJY'Iae,
Kor.ZJ:a TaKoe oopeMeHeHHe OCHOBbIBaeT'CH Ha aKTe 3a nelIaTblO
H Kor.ZJ:a YKa38Ho, 'ITO OHO .ZJ:aeTCH B KalIeCTBe 3aJIOra oomero
npaBa, OHO MO:>KeT C'IHTaTbCH OCHOBaHHbIM Ha OOmeM npaBe
H AaBaTb 3aJJOrOAaTeJIJO cymecTBeHHbIe II1paBa Ha 3eMJIlO.
TpY.ZJ:HO OTHOCH'Tb TaKDe oopeMeHeHHe K IIHCJJY He'MaTepHaJIbHbIX
npe.ZJ:MIeTOB, Moryru.HX ObITb 06'beKTaMH HaCJIeAOBaHHH, 'IIOTOMY 'lTO
n;,aBaeMbfe /HIM nOJIHOMO'IHH OlIeHb mRpo:KiH'. C .l/:PYTOH C"l'OpOHbI,
-oHO, KOHe'IHO, He HBJIHe1'CH «nMeHHeM» (estate). <I>aKTn'IecKH Ta-
Roe oopeMeHeHHe npelICTa;BJJHe'T C060M nO'IT.H COBepmeHH{) HOBbIM
HHCTIITYT. oC03A8HHbIM AK'TOM 0 npaBe COOCTBeHHOCTH.
!\orAa npH06peTeHO npaBO c06CTBeHHocTH Ha He.l/:BH:>KH-
MOCTb, npa.BO apeHAbI HJIH npaBO no 3aJIOry He.ZJ:BH:>KHMOCTH,
()CHOBaHHoe H8 oom:eM npaB€ (npH'IeM npH06peTeHHe npOH30IIlJIO
,n:OopOCOBeCTHO H 3a BCTpe'IHOe Y.ZJ:OBJIeTBOpeHHe, C COOJIIOAe-
HHeM HeKOTopbIX npOCTbIX Tpe60BaHHH AKTa 0 npaBe COOCTBeH-
HOCTH), TO npHoopeTaTeJJb nOJJY'IaeT HaAe:>KHbIH THTYJI, OOJIee
CHJJbHbIM, He:>KeJJIi npaBa B OTHomeHHH Toro :>Ke 06"beKTa, OCHO-
BaHHbIe Ha npaBe cnpaBeAJIHBOCTH, He3aBHCHMO OT Toro, nOJJY-
'IHJI JIH OH YBeAOMJIeHHe 0 CyrQeCTBOBaHHH 3THX npaB HJIn HeT,
sa HCKJIlO'IeHHeM HeMHOrO'IHCJIeHHbIX OC06bIX C.1YQaeB.
2E8
lIACTl> 'IETBEPTA.a:. I'P A h;J.AHChOE n1' ABO
YKa3aHHbIe Tpe60BaHHSI TaK 'Ba1KHbI, 'ITO HX Ha,AO no.npo6Ho
nepe'IHCJIHTb. I1pHBO.nHM HX:
a) B CJJY'Iae, Kor.na 'nepe.na'Ia npOH3Bo.nHTCH Ha OCHOBaHHH
AKTa 06 y'Ipe1K.neHHH ceMeM'Hoil He,ABH1KHMOCTH '(Settled Land
Act), nOKynHaSI nJJaTa .nOJI1KHa 6bITb BHeceHa ,AOBepHTeJJbHbIM
coocTBeHHHKoM .nJIH I{eJJeM, YKa3aHHbIx B 3'J10M A'KTe.
6) B CJJY1Jae, 'Kor.na nepe,Aa'Ia npoH3Bo.nHTCs:! .noBepHTeJIb-
HbEMil c06cTBeHHHKJa.MH no c,AeJJIKe npo.n.a1KH, nOKynHalSI nJIaTa
.n.O.mKHal 6bITb 'BHeceHa 3TH'Mt nOCJIeAHHM.
B) B cJJY'Iae, KOr,Aa nepe.na'Ia npoH3Bo.nHTCSI 3aJJOro.n e p1Ka-
TeJIeM HJIH a,AMHHHCTpaTopoM HaCJIe.nCTBa B nopH.nKe oCYllJ,e-
CTBJJeHHH HMH CBOHX nOJJHOMO'IHM, nOKynHaH nJIaTa '.nOJI1KHa
6bITb BHeceHa 3TOMY 3aJJOro.nep1KaTeJJro HJJH a.nMHHHcTpaTopy.
r) B cJJY'Iae, 'Kor,Aa nepe.n.a'Ia npoH3Bo.nHTCH no npHKa3Y
cy.na, nOKyuHaH nJJaTa ,AOJDKHa '6bITb BHeceHa B .neTI03HT cy.na
HJJH B cOOTBeTCTBHH C ero npHKa30M. OOllJ,HM npHHI{HTI r JIaCHT.
'ITO e,AHHOJJH'IHbIiI .noBepHTeJIbHbIM c06CTBeHHH'K He .nOJJ1KeH
nOJIY'IaTb nOKynHYro nJJaTY, 'eCJIH TOJIbKO OH He HBJIHeTCH «KOp-
nopaTHBHbIM .nOBepHTeJIbHbIM COOCTBeHHHKOM», T. e. Kopnopa-
I{HeM, ynOJJHOMO'IeHHOM AKTOM 0 .nOBepHTeJIbHbIX c06CTBeHHH-
Kax .neilC11BOBaTb KaK eJl,HHOJJH1J!HbIMI .nOBepHTeJIbHbIM co6-
CTBeHiHHK.
l.JHTa.reJJ:b, !BepOH'I1HO, aaMeT!HJJ: 'ITO nepe1JHCJlle.HHbIe YCJIOBHff
He npe.nYCMaTpHBaroT Toro CJIY'IaH, KOTOpbIM npe.nCTaBJIHeTCH
caMbIM 06bI'IHbIM, T. e. CJJY1Jasr npOJl,a)KH HeOrpaHH'IeHHbIM c06-
C'J1BeHHHKOM !fIpH y'IaCl'HH, MO)KeT 6bIl'fb, 38JIOro.nep)K3TeJIH. 9ro,.
KOHe'IHO, TaK; B 3TOM CJIY'lae, nOKynaTeJJb ,AOJI1KeH 6y.neT
o6ecne'IHTh CBOH npaBa nYTeM 06bI'IHbIX paCCJIe.nOBaHHM. Ho
pa3BHTHe perHCTpaI{HH THTY JJOB, B oc06eHHocTH perHCTpaI{HH
BCHKoro po.na «06peMeHeHHM» He.nBH1KHMOCTH .neJIaeT 3TY 06SI-
3aHHOCTb H3 "rO,Aa B ro,ll; Bce MeHee 3aTpY,AHHTeJIbHOM; cne-
I{HaJIbHOe npeJl,nHcaHHe, n03BOJJHrollJ,ee 6e3YCJJOBHOMY c06CTBeH'-
HHKY C03.n.aBaTb ce6e ,AOBepHTeJIbHOrO c06CTBeHHnKa Jl,JJH npo-
,Aa)KH, ,AaeT Tenepb JIHI{Y, nOKynaromeMY y ,AOBepHTeJIbHOrO
c06cTBeHHHKa, TY 3amHTy, 'KOTopaH npe,ll;YCMOTpeHa no nYHKTY
«6», npHBeJl,eHHoMY BbIllie.
HaKoHeI{, 3aKaH'lHBaSI paCCMOTpeHHe Bonpoca 0 npaBax,
onHparollJ,HXCSI Ha 06llJ,ee npaBO, HaJl,O 3aMeTHTb, 'ITO npaB"a'
3Toro pO,Aa MorYT 6bITb TaK)Ke npaBaMH, onHpaIOllJ,HMHCSI Ha
npaBO CnpaBeJl,JJHBOCTH. TOJIbKO B Tex CJIyqaSIx, KOrJl,a nepe-
Jl,a'Ia HX COBepIllaeTCH OJJ)KHbIM 06pa30M Ha OCHOBe Ha,AJIe)Ka-
mHX THTYJIOB, OHH C03,l1;aIOT npaBa, onHparomHecsr Ha o6mee
npaBO. .
Tenepb MbI nepeMJI,eM K TaKHM npaBaM B 06JJaCTH He,ll;BH-
)KHMOCTH, KOTopble MorYT cymecTBoBaTb TOJIbKO B Ka1JeCTBe"
npaB, om'lparollJ,HXCSI Ha npaBO CnpaBeJl,J1HBOCTH.
rJIABA xx. ITPAiBA HA HE.D:BRJKHMOCT:{,
269
TIPABA HA HE.D.BH)I(HMOCTb. OCHOBAHHbIE HA TIPABE
CTIPABE.D.JIHBOCTH
1. n 0 ){{ H 3 H e H H bl e IT p a B a. I1x C'IHTaIOT caMblMH
.ApeBHHMH 3eMeJIbHblMH rrpaBaMH, H3BeCTHblMH 06m.eMY npaBY.
COBceM JtO HeJI.aBHero BpelMeHiHJ cym.eCTBOB:a..nO npa, BnJIO 'ITO
nepeJI.a'Ia HeJI.BH){{HMOCTH A JI.aBaJIa 3TOMY A TOJIbKO TIO){{H3HeH-
Me npaBa. Terrepb 3TO npaBHJIO H3MeHeHO; HO ero CTOMKOCTb
CJIY){{HT CBHJI.eTeJIbCTBOM B rrOJIb3Y JI.peBHero npOHCXO){{JI.eHHH
nO){{H3HeHHbIX rrpaB. nO){{H3HeHHbIH c06cTBeHHHK HMeeT. KO-
He'IHO, MeBee rrpaB Ha HeJI.BH){{HMOCTb, ''IeM c06CTBeHHHK Ha
OCHOBe «rrpOCToro <l>eo:,lJ,a» (T. e, HeOrpaHlH"IeHIHiblii COOCTBeHRH!K).
lID BI TeopHiH, no KpaHHeH Mep'e, erro mpk3.iBa IIlHpe, 'IeiM .mo60ro
apeHJI.aTopa Ha CpOK, KaK 6bl npoJI.OmKHTeJIeH 3TOT CpOK HH
6bIJI. HanpHMep, rrO){{H3HeHHbIH 'c06cTBeHHHK HMeeT rrpaBo pa3-
pa6aTbIBaTb PY.D:HHKH, y){{e OTKpblTble B MOMeHT. KOrJI.a B03-
HHKJIH ero TIpaBa (HO He HMeeT npaBa npeJI.TIpHHHMaTb H3bICKa-
fiHH HOBblX PYJI.HHKOB). KpoMe Toro, OR SIBJISIeTCH B TaKOM ){{e
CTeneHH c06CTBeHHHKOM HeJI.p, KaK H nOBepXHOCTH, H n03TOMY
HeJIb3SI OTKpbIBaTb HOBbIe PY.D:HH'KH 6e3' ero COrJIaCHH. Ho-
nOJI.06Ho apeHJI.aTOPY Ha CpOK, OH OTBe'IaeT 3a «rrOJIO){{HTeJIb-
Hoe» paCTO'IeHHe, T. e. 3a' BpeJI., npH'IHHeHHblM 3eMJIe HJIH
CTpoeHHSIM, XOTH, B OTJIH'IHe OT TaKoro apeHJI.aTopa, OH He
OTBe'IaeT 3a «JI.onymeHHoe» paCTO'IeHHe. T. e. 3a OTCYTCTBHe
peMOHTa.
BCJIeJI.CTBHe Toro, 'ITO nO){{H3HeHHble npaBa 06bl'IHO
C03JI.i3IOTCSI no ceMeHHblM' aK'Ta'M, nO){{H3HeHHbIM co6C'f.BeHHHK
'I,aCTO HMeeT M03IMOlKlHOC'Tb ICOBepma'T'b paCTOIJ'eHife, T. e., KaK
rOBopSIT, OiR «He nOJI.JIe){{HT iB3blCKaHHSIIM 3a paC1'IO"leHHe» (without
impeachment of waste). B 3TOM cJIY1Jae \nO){{H3HeHHbIM coo-
CTBeHlHlHK MO){{e'Ii oTKpibIBarr,'b IJ10 ' Bble PYJIJHHKH, Iply6HTb .TreC H T. n.
Ho H B 3TH'X cJIY1J,a:SIx OH He JI.OJIDKeH COBeprna'Tb paCT()IqeHHH no
CBOeBOJI!HIO .HJIil paiCTO'IOOHSI IJpe3MepHoro, Ka.K CHOC X<IMJIoro
.D:OMa, CBO:n JIeca, Hacax<eHlHoro .n:JISI YKpaIlIeHHSI H T. rr. PaCTO'Ie-
RHe TaKoro po.n:a HOCHT' CT aHlHoe Hla3BaHHe «oopaBe.n:JIHIBOrO
paCT01JeHHH», T3IK KaIT< rrepBOHa1JaJlibHO TOJIbKO cy.n: CrrpaBe.D:JJIH-
BOCl1H Mor .rrpHOCTaHOHHTb no,,n:06Hoe paICT01JeH1fe B c.rry'IaHX,
Kor"n:a nO){{H3H€HHbliiJ BJIa)Le.neu <<He rrOjl"iTex<3.'l B3ibfCKaHHHM 3a
paCT:OIJeRHe».
Cym.eCTByeT HHTepeCHaH H He 01JeHb n6bl'IRaH <l>opMa rro-
X<H3HeHHbIX npaiB, H3BeCTHblX mo.n: H8.3BaRHeM npa.B pur auter
vie; 'OHH HMeIOT MeCTO B Tex CJIY1JaHX, Kor.n:a He.n:BHX<HMOCTb
J1epe.n:aeTCH A Ha CpOK X<H3HH D, HJIH KOrJI.a A, BJIaJI.eIOm.HM
He.n:BH){{HMOCTbIO Ha CpOK CBoeM X<H3HH, nepe.n:aeT CBOH npaBa X.
B nepBOM CJIYIJae npaBa 6y.n:YT HCIJepnaHM B MOMeHT CMepTH D.
£0 BTOpOM - B MOMeHT CMepTH A, KOTOpbIM, .o1JeBH.n:HO, He MO-
270
qAOTL qETBEPTAH. rPAm AHOKOE nPABO
JKell npe.n:OCTaBHTb npaB Ha CpOK 60Jlee ,lI;JIHTeJIbHbIH, 1JeM OH
paCnOJIaraeT HMH caM. npaKTH1JeCKOe 3Ha1JeHH TaKHX npaB He-
BeJIHKO, HO Ha,ll;O ynoMHHYTb, 1JTO HMelOTCH 3aKOHbI, KOTopble
nOMoralOT pa3pellIeHHIO I30npOca 0 TOM, npO,ll;OJDKHTeJIbHOCTb
1JbeM HMeBHO >KH3HH onpe,ll;eJIHeT CpOK ,lI;efiCTBHg 3THX npaB.
2. n p a B a,o r p a H H q e H JI bI e BOT H 0 III e H H H n 0-
p Sl ,lI; K a Hac JI e .II. 0 B a H H H, H JI H 3 a n 0 B e .II. It bI e n p a B a
(Entailed . interests). npaBa, OrpaHH'leHHbIe B OTHOllIeHHH no-
pH,lI;Ka HaCJJe.n.OBaHHH, npe,ll;CTaBJIHIOT co60M TaKHe npaBa, Koro-
pbIe, eCJIH TOJIbKO OHH He 6y.n.YT «npeCe'leHbI» (barred) HJJH
06pa eHbI B npaBa HeOrpaHHIJeHHOM c06cTBeHHocTH, MorYT
nepexo.n.HTb no MepTH c06cTBeHHHKa ero KPOBHOMY nOTOM-
CTBY, T. e, K npHMbIM HHCXO,ll;H HM 'HJIH HaCJIe,ll;HHKaM no 3a-
KOHY (heirs) HJIH >Ke K 'ero HHCXO,ll;H HM OT onpe,ll;eJJeHHOii
>KeHbI HJIH B '060HX CJIY'laHX K HaCJJe,ll;HHKaM oTIpe.n.eJIeHHOrO
nOJJa "H no onpe,ll;eJJeHHOM JJHHHH, MY>KCKOM HJIH >KeHCKoM.
B nepHo.n: C 1285 r, ,lI;O 1926 r. MO>KHO 6blJI0 C03,l1;aBaTb
nO,ll;06HbIe npaBa, 'HO TO.'lbKO B OTHOllIeHHH He.n:BH>KHMOCTH, KaK
HMeHHH, OCHOBaHHoro Ha 06llI.eM npaBe; nO'lTH npH BCHKOM
Y'lpe>K.n:eHHH ceMeMHoM c06CTBeHHOCTH HX C03.n:aBaJJH HMeHHO
TaKHM 06pa30M. KpoMe Toro, 1lBTOpbI CTaTYTa «De Donis»
1285 T. HBHO CTpeMHJIHCb K TOMY, '1JT06bI co6CTBeHHHK He MOl'
OT1JY>K.n:aTb HJIH 06peMeHHTb CBoe HMeHHe B Te'leHHe ,CBoeH
>KH3HH B YllI.ep6 HaCJJe.n:HHKaM. Ho CY,lI;bH, npOHBJIHH 60JIbllIYIO
pellIHTeJIbHOCTb, Ha1JaJIH 'OOXO.n:HTb 3TOT 3aKOH, nOBH.n:HMOMY Y>Ke
B 6JJH>KaMllIee CTOJIeTHe nOCJIe ero H3.n:aHHH, npH6eraH K HCKYC-
HbIM (pHKlI.HHM. «BJIa.n.eJIell" OrpaHH'leHHbIH B OTHOllIeHHH npaBa'
3aBellI.aHHH» (<<tenant in tail») .n:OJJ>KeH 6bIJJ TOJJbKO npOMTM
'lepe3 .n:oporo CTOHllI.HM <lJHKTHBHbIM cy.n:e6HbIM npOll,eCC, .n:JJSI Toro
'lT06bI nOJIY'lHTb B03MO>KHOCTb 06pallI.aTbCH co CBoeM He.n:BH}KH-
MOCTblO KaK COOCTBeHHHK, 'BJJa.n:elO HM elO Ha npaBax Heorpa-
HH'leHHOH c06CTBeHHOCTH. 'O,lI;HaKO, ..n:o 1926 r. He 6blJI0 B03-
MO>KHOCTH pacnOJJaraTb TaKHM HMYllI,eCTBOM no 3aBetll,aHHIO,.
TaR KaK nOCJIe CBoeM CMepTH HHKTO 'Y>Ke He "MO>KeT npOHUI
1Jepe3 <lJHKTHBHYIO Cy.n:e6HYIO np0ll,e.n:yPY. '
3aKoHo.n:aTeJJbCTBO 1925 r. BHeCJ10 OOJIbllIHe H3MeHeHHH
B npaBo, OTHOCHllI.eeCH K nO,ll;OoHbIM HMYllI.eCTBaM. npe>K.n.e
Bcero npaBa, orpaHH'leHHbIe B OTHOllIeHHH 'Ha'CJIe.n:oBaHHH, MO-
rYT C03.n:aBaTbCSl B npHMeHeHHH K «JUOOOH c06cTBeHHocTH,
peaJIbHOM H nepCOHaJJbHoM» (He.n:BmKHMoM H '.n:BHJKHMOM), aHe
TOJIbKO B npHMeHeHHH K He.n:BH>KHMOCTH. BO-BTOPbIX, no.n:OOHble
OrpaHH1JeHHH MorYT '6bITb «npeCe'leHbI» (barred) nOCpe,ll;cTBoM
06bIKHoBeHHoro aKTa 3a ne'laTblO, 'COBepllIeHHoro fIpH >KH3HH
C06CT:BeHHUKa, 6e3 K2iK;HX-J}HOO OC06bIX <lJOplMaJl!bHOCreiL
B-TpeTbHX, nO,ll;o6HbIe npaBa IMorYT ObITb npe.n:MeTOM 3aBellI.a-
TJIABA xx. np.<\IBA HA HE.lI.BH3RHMOCT:&
27Il
TeJIbHbIX paenOpjDKeHHH 'C06CTBeHHHK8 "PH 'YCJJOBHH, qTO ero
HaMepemnl 6Y,lI;YT 8M Bblpa>KeHbI cosepmeHHO aCHO; B 3TOM:
CJIYYfle H8 3TB npaBa B03JJ3raeTCH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb lIO ero-
,/:\OJlfaM. Ho eCJIH OH He Bblpa3BT HCHO CBOHX HaMepeHHM, TO
3TH npaBa nepeM,lI;YT K ero HaCJIe,/:\HHKY, 'onpe,ll;eJlHeMOMY OCO-'
6bIM nopH,/:\KOM HaCJIe,ll;OB3HHH (<<heir in tail»), COfJJ8CHO c yc'ta-
HOBJJeHHblM nopSI,lI;KoM Ha'CJJe,ll;OBaHHH 3THX npan, 'npHqeM OHH
oCBo60>K,lI;aIOTCSI .OT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH no ,lI;OJIfaM H3CJIe,ll;O,ll;aTeJISI,-
BKJJI0 1 iaSI KaK 6y,n:TO 6bI H ,lI;OJIfH KopoHe. TPY,lI;HO onpaB,lI;atb
fIo,ll;o6HYIO B03MO>KHOCTb ,/:\JISI co6cTBeHHHKoB - T3KHX HMeHHH
H3HOCHTb y ep6 OBOJi.M Kpe!.ll:HTopaM .noCJIe cnoei\ CMepTH. HOBoe'
38IKOHO,ll;aTeJIibCTBO HCXO'/:\HT H3 npe.rr.nOJJO>KeHHSi, 1JTO entailed'
interest MO>KeT Tenepb cYIlI.eCTBOB3Tb TOJJbKO Ha oeHOBe 'npaBa
CnpaBe,ll;JIHBOCTH, BO BtSIKOM CJIyqae B OTHOIlleHHH He,ll;BH>KH-'
MOCTH.' . I
qTO KacaeTCSI nOJJb30BaHHSI 06"beKTOM npaB, OrpaHHqeHHbIX'
B OTHOllIeHHH HaCJJe,ll;OB3HH5I, TO nOJIHOMOq8Si c06CTBeHHHKa
TaK'HX npa:B He orpailHqeHbI. npaoo, OTHocSiIU;eec5I K paCTCqeHHIO,.
K HHM He npHMeHSIeTCSI. B TOT nepHO,ll;, KOfJ1a npaBa, orpaHH-
qeHHble B OTHOllIeHHH H3CJIe,ll;OBaHHH, MOrJJH 6bITb C03.n:aHbI"
TOJIbKO B npHMeHemm K He,ll;BH>KHMOCTH, nO,ll;06HaSI CBo6o'/:\3!
6bIJJa pa3YMHa; Be.n:b 3eMJIIO HeJIb35I nOTpe6HTb HJIH YHHqTO>KHTb..
Ho Tenepb, KOr,ll;a HX MO>KHO C03,/:\aBaTb B npHMeHeHHH K ,lI;BH-
>KHMOCTH, HHTepeCHO 6blJIO 6bI TIO'CMOTpeTb, 'ITO CT3HeTCSI C BHH-
HbIM norpe60M HJIH HeKHHM KOJIHqeCTBOM aBTOM06HJIeH qepea
O,ll;HO HJJH ,lI;Ba nOKOJIeHHSI.
3. By ,lI; Y Ill. Hen p a B a. TIpe>K.n:e MO>KHO 6blJIO c03,l1;aB3Tb-.
pa3Hble BHJ1bI npaB Ha He,ll;BH>KHMOCTb B npe,/:\BH,lI;eHHH 6y.n:YIll.ero-
no,ll; Ha3BaHHeM «remainders» HJJH «executory limitations» (TaK
Ha3bIBaeMbIe «BbI>KH,lI;aTeJJbHble npaBa») Ha OCHOBe JIH60 06Il1.ero.
npaBa, JIH60 CTaTYTa, HMeHyeMOro Statute of uses. Pa3HHua1
Me>K,lI;Y 060HMH 3THMH BH.n:aMH npaB HOCHJIa IOpH,lI;HKo-TexHH-
qeCKHM xapaKTep, 11 CJIO>KHOCTb H3yqeHHSI npaBHJJ, onpe,/:\eJJSIBIlIHX-
B03HHKHOBeHHe TOTO HJJH .n:pyroro BH.n:a, COBepllIeHHO He COOT-
BeTCTBOBaJIa 3HaqeHHIO 3THX pa3JJHqHM. Tenepb BCJJe,ll;CTBHe BBe-.
.n:eHH5I CTpororo npaBHJIa, IWTopoe 6y.n:eT pa3"b5ICHeHO HH>Ke, H3-
BeCTHOro no.n:. Ha3BaHHeM «npaBHJIa npOTHB YBeKOBeqeHHSI npaB» '
(Rules against Perpetuities) H OTHOCSI erOC5I KO 'BceM BH,llaM'
c06cTBeHHocTH, MO>KHO C03,l1;aBaTb MHoroqHCJIeHHble BH,lI;bI 6y.n:y-.
IlI.HX npaB, HO TOJIbKO KaK OnHpaIOIlI.HeC5I Ha npaBo 'cnpaBe,ll;JIH--
BOCTH H ocyrneCTBJISieMbIe 'nOCpe,ll;CTBOM ,lI;OBepHTeJIbHoiJ c06-
CTBeHHOCTH. J{eHcTBHTeJIbHOCTb 3THX npaB YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH
nYTeM BbISICHeHHSI, MOrJIH JJH' OHH CYIlI.eCTBOBaTb B Ka'IeCTBe.
npaB, OCHOBaHHbIX Ha cnpaBe,ll;JIHBOCTH, ,lI;O 1926 f. CaMblfi 06bPI-
HblH npHMep 3aKJIIO'IaeTCSi B TOM CJIY1Jae, KOf.n:a OTe 3aBeIJ..{aeT
O,ll;HOMY H3 'CBOHX ,lI;eTeH c06CTBeHHOCTb C pacnOp5I>KeHHeM, qTC.
:"272
YIAcrrI> YIETBEPTAH. I'PAJIt,l(AHOKOE rrPABO
.no CMepTH noro' HaCJIeJI.HHKa OHa ,lI;OJJ)KHa nepeMTH K ero ,lI;e-
""THM. 0 nO'CJIeJI.HHX rOBopHT, 1JTO OHH nOJJY1JaIOT HMYlU,eCTBO Ha
aCHOBe BbI)KHJI.aTeJJb'HOrO npaBa. B MOMeHT Y1Jpe)KJI.eHHH ::noro
npaBa OHO MO)KeT 6bITb TBep,ll;O 3aKpenJJeHO 3a onpeJI.eJJeHHbIM
JIHl\OM, KaK 3TO HMeeT MeCTO B H3JIO)KeHHOM CJIY1Jae. Ho Ha.
'CJIeJI.OJI.a'TeJJb MO)KeT pacnOpHJI.HTbCH; 1JTO TOJJI>KO TOT H3 ero
BHYKOB, KOTOpbIM npH CMepTH CBOHX pOJI.HTeJIeM JI.OCTHrHeT
. B03paCTa B JI.BaJI.l\aTb OJI.MH roJI., MO)KeT yqaCTBOBaTb B HaCJIe-
. ,n:OBaHHH; B 3TOM CJJyqae npaBa BHYKa OYJI.YT YCJIOBHbIMH JI.O
. JI.OCTH)KeHHH HM 21 rOJI.a. CJIa6aH cTopoHa BbI)KHJI.aTeJJbHbIX
npaB 'c T01JKH 3peHHH oeHeqJHl\HaHTa 3aKJII01JaeTCH B TOM, 1JTO
".JI.O HCTe1JeHHH npaB 'npeJI.llIe'CTBeHHHKa OH He nOJJY1JaeT ,lI;OXO,ll;a
HJJH JI.PyrHx npHMbIX BbIrOJI. H3 TaKoro ,n:apa. 3TO ,lI;ap Ha
,3aBTpa, a He Ha CerOJI.HH. BeHeqJHl\HaHT MO)KeT JI.a)Ke npOJ(aTb
HJJH 3aJIO)KHTb 'CBOH 'O)KH,lI;aeMbIe npaBa, HO 3TO eMY Y,lI;aCTCH
'TOJIbKO C 01JeHb 3HaqHTeJJbHbIMH nOTepHMH, B oc06eHHOCTH eCJIH
ro npaBa YCJIOBHbI.
3aKOHOJI.aTeJIbCTBO nOCJJeJI.HerO BpeMeHH tIpHBeJIO K TOMY,
l1TO HaCTOHlU,He lIIpaBa Ha nOIBopOT HMYlU,OCTB8 (<<reversion»)
HC1Je3JIH iH3 cnHCKa 0YJI.YlU,HX npaB. Reversion npHHaJI.JJe)KaJIa
.1IHl\y, C03JI.aBaBllIeMY H3 CBOHX OOJJee OOIIlHpHbIX npaB oOJJee Y3-
XHe npaBa, KOTopbIe Ha npaBax 3aBHCHMoro OT Hero J(ep)KaHHH
.:nepeJI.aBaJJHCb J(PyrOMY JIHl\Y. ITpaBo Ha B03BpaT HMYlU,eCTBa
'C03,l1;aBaJIOCb 'He B nopH,lI;Ke BOJJeH3'bHBJIeHHH, p. B OHJIY JI.eMCTBHH
.3aKOHa. OObI1JHO ero OTHOCHJIH K 1JHCJIY «HeMaTepHaJIbHbIX npeJI.-
'MeTOB, iMOrYI.QHX ObITh 06'beKTOM HaCJIe,ll;OBaHHH»; HO, KaK MbI
Y)Ke paHbllIe YKa3aJJH, caMbIM Ba)KHbIM B COBpeMeHHYIO t3noxy
npHMep npaBa Ha B03BpaT HMYlU,eCTBa, npeJI.OCTaBJIHeMOrO Ha
'CPOK, He OTHOCHTCH K 1JH'CJJY lH'eMaTlepHaJJbHbIX f1jpe.n;M 1 eTOB, Mory-
ru:HX OblTb \oO'beKTOM HaCJJe.n;OBaHHH, IHJIH K1JHCJIY oy.n;YllI.HX
npaB.
.IJ:eMcTBHTeJIbHO, OHO MO)KeT Tenepb CYllI.eCTBOBaTb B qJopMe
legal estate (T. e. Ha OCHOBe OOllI.ero npaBa), 1JTO HeB03MO)KHO
JI,JIH OYJ(YlU,HX npaB. HaCTOHlU,ee npaBO Ha B03BpaT B03HHKaJIO
B TOIM CJIyq.ae, Kor.n;a Heor.paHH1JeHHbIM co6CTBeHHIIK co-
. 3,l1;aBaJI 1:13 CiBoeM COOCTBeHHOCTII nO)KII3HeHHoe npaao Ha HMY-
:J.u;eCTBO MJIH 3allIOBeJ{,Hoe npaBO. Ho, :KaiK MbI TOJIlhKO qrO B'II',lJ,eJJH,
3arrOBeJI.HbIe npaBa II nO)KH3HeHHbIe npaBa MorYT Tenepb cYllI. e -
.CTBOBaTb TOJJbKO KaK OCHOBaHHbIe Ha npaBe cnpaBe.n;JIHBocrrH;
Terrepb He CYlU,eCTByeT 'oTHOllieHIIH 3aBIICHMoro J{,ep)KaHHH Me)K.n;y
'COOCTBeHHHKOM no OOllI.eMY npaBY II COOCTBeHHHKOM npaB, OCHO-
BaHHblX Ha «cnpaBeJ(JJHBOCTH». CJIOBO «reversion» MO)KHO HaMTH
.£ COBpeMeHHbIx napJIaMeHTCKHx aKTax, HO TOJIbKO B 'npHMeHeHH.H
'K TaK Ha3bIBaeMblM npaB3-M IRa B03BpaT HMeHBH, npeJI.CTaBJJeH-
Horo Ha 'CpOK, HJJH BOOOlU,e B npH'MeHeHHiH 'K O}KHJ(aeMbIM HJ1H
l'303MO)KHbIM BbIrOJ(aM.
1':IABA xx. npA'BA HA HEJJ:BHa\MMOCTL
273
ITepe'IHCRHB H KpaTKO OnHCaB pa3HWe BHJJ:W npaB Ha HeJJ:BH-
)KHMOCTb, KOTOpbIe OnHpalOTCH Ha npaBO CnpaBeJJ:JJHBOCTH, npH-
'IeM Ha O 3anOM'HHTb, 'ITO B HX IlMCJIO BXOJJ:HT HI npaBa, KOTO"
pbIe MOrYT OCHOBbIBaTbCH Ha 06Il1.eM npaBe,HO $aKTH1JeCKH He
'DCHOBbIBaIOTCH Ha HeM, MbI JJ:OJJJKHbI 3a,ll;aTb ce6e 01JeHb Ba)KHbIM
Bonpoc: K3'KYIO rapaHTl1lO HJ1H OOIll.HTy CBOlIX npaB HlMelOT nOJJ:06-
HHe c06CTBeHHHKH?
ECJIH npaBa lIX oTcTynaIOT BCHKHM pa3, :KorJJ:a ,lI;06pOCOBeCT-
HbIH nOKynaTeJ1b (purchaser for value), BbIllOJJHHBIlIHH COOTBeT-
CTBYIOIlI.He Tpe60BaHHH, npH06peTeT Ha TY )Ke He,ll;BHJKHMOCTb
npaBa, OnHpalOIlI.lHeCH Ha o6II1.ee npaBo H HBHO HeCOBMeCTHMble
C HX npaBaMH, TO KaKYIO n0J1b3Y npHHeCYT HM HX npaBa, onH-
palOIlI.HeCH Ha «cnpaBeJJ:JIHBOCTb»? <
OTBeT, KaK 06'bHCHeHO B pa3,l1;eJJe 'I'peTbeM AKTa 0 npaBe
c06CTBeHHOCTH, 3aKJ1IO'IaeTCH B TOM, 1JTO 'OCHOBHaH rapaHTHH
npaB JJHII" OnHpalOIlI.HXCH Ha npaBO CnpaBe,ll;JJHBOCTH, CBO,ll;HTCH
K rOTOBHOCTH oy.u.OB B03JJaraTb «cnpaBe,ll;JJHBbFe» 06H3aTeJJb'
CTBa Ha co6CTBeHHHKOB COOTBeTCTBYIOIlI.erO HMYIlI.eCTBa no
06Il1.eMY rnpaBY. Ha.n;o CHOBa BcnOMHHTb O'CHOBHOH npHHII,Hn,
TJ1aCHIlI.UM, 'ITO He CYIlI.eCTByeT Ta!KHX npaB, OnHpalOII1.oHXQH na
«cnpaBe,ll;JJHBOCTb», KOTOpbIM He npOTHBOCTOHJJO 6bI COOTBeT-
-CT YIOII1.ee 06H3aTeJJbCTBO co ompORbI .co6CmBeHHHK,a, onHpalO-
llI,erOCH H3' 06Il1.ee npaBO. B Ka,KYIO-JIiH60 JJ:aHHYIO MHHYTY MO>KeT
He CYIlI.eCTBOBaTb TaKoro J1HlI,a. Ho eCJJH OHO CYIlI.eCTByeT, TO
cy.n;, npHMeHHH npHHII,HnbI «cnpaBe,D;J1HBOCTH», HeMe,ll;JJeHHO npH-
MeT Mepw no 3aHBJ1eHHIO t06cTBeHHHKa no npaBY «cnpaBe,ll;JJH-
BOCTH» K TOMY, 1JT06bI .31'0 J1HII,O npH3HaJJO «cnpaBe,ll;JJHBbIe»
npaBa. HHOr,D;a OKa3bIBaeTCH, 'ITO c06CTBeHHOCTb no 06Il1.eMY
TIpaBY nepe,ll;an8. T'peTbeMY J1HII,Y, H eCJIH .3TO nOCJIe,ll;Hee HBJIHeTCH
TIOKynaTeJIeM bona fide, HCnOJJHHBIlIHM <l>opMaJ1bHbIe Tpe60-
BaHHH, TO npOTHB Hero He MO)KeT 6bITb 06paIll.eHO
B3bICKaHHe.
O,ll;HaKO, B3bICKaHHe MOJKeT 6bITb 06paIll.eHO 'He TOJJbKO npo-
THB npeJKHerO c06CTBeHHHK'a HiMYIlI.eCTBa, OnHpalOII1.erOCH Ha
o6Il1.ee npaBO, HO H Ha JJ:eHLrH, iBbIpY'IeHHbIe OT npo.n;a)KH HMY-
IlI.eCTBa. HeKOTopbIe H3 'HaH60JJee CTporHX HOpM .3TOrO 'AKTa
CTaBHT ce6e lI,eJIblO HeY'KJJOHHO 06eCne1JHBaTb nepe,ll;a1JY BbI-
PY1JKH, nOOKOJIbKY .31'0 B03MO)KHO, B BepHbIe PYKH. ITpaBo cnpa-
Be,ll;JJHBOCTH HMeeT 60J1b1lIOii onbIT «Ha6J1IO.n;eHHH :3a ',lI;OBepH-
TeJIbHOM COOCTBeHHOCTbIO» H 6ecnoIll.a,D;HO npeceKa,eT BCHKHe
YXHII1.peHHH, npHMemIeMble HeJJ:06pocOBeCTHbIMH ,lI;OBepHTeJJbHbIMH
coocTBeHHHKaMH HJJH JJ:PyrHMH coocTBeHHHKaMH C lLeJJblO co-
KpblTMH BbIpyq!KH, IfIOJ1'Y'leH1HOll OOM8.HHbIM nYTe<M. .
ITpHBe,ll;eM KOHKpeTHbIM npHMep: eCJ1H ,lI;OBepHTeJIbHbIe coo-
cTBeHHHKH, BJIa,ll;elOIlI.He HMeHHeM (legal estate), MOllIeHHHqeCKH
.3aMbICJ1HT 06MaHYTb CBOHX 6eHe<l>HII,HaHTOB nYTeM np0,ll;a.>KIi
18 8aR. 8848. AnT;mllclwe npano
274
qACTb qETEEPTAH. rPA K AHru,OE ITPAEO
9Toro HMYIlI.eCTBa ,lI;06pOCOBe01'HOMY nOKynaTeJIIO H npHCBOeHH5i'
BbIpYlIeHHbIX ,lI;eHer, TO XOTfli 6eHe<l>H HaHTbI He MorYT npe.n."b-
HBJJmb CBOHX npeTeH3HM K nOKynaTeJIlO, O,ll;HaKO, OHH MorYT
He TOJJbKO npHBJIe% ,lI;OBepHTeJJbHbIX COOCTBeHHHKOB K CY,lI;Y
H .n.OOHTbCH ,lI;JJH HHX TIOpeMHOro 3aKJJIOlIeHHH, HO B CJI)'-
lIae, KOr,ll;a ,lI;OBepHTeJJbHbIe COOCTBeHHHKH BHeCJJH ,lI;eHbrH B CBOR
oaHKH HJIH 'nOMeCTHJIH "HX B aK HH KaKorO-HH6Y,lI;b OOIll.eCTBa, TO
CY,lI;bI npHHy.n.HT 9TH oaHKH HJIH OOIll.eCTBO nepeBeCTH ,lI;eHbrH
HJIH aK HH Ha ClIeTa 6eHe<l>H HaHTOB. ECJIH coocTBeHHHK HMe-
HIHH lHe ObIJJ «,lI;oBepH1'eJJbHbIM cooClfBeHHH1KoM», T. e. eCJJH OH
6bIJJ npocTo npo,ll;aB OM, KOTOpbIM, COrJIaCHBIIIHCb Ha npO,ll;aiKY
HMYIlI.ecTBa 5 H npe,ll;OCTaBHB TaKHM oopa30M nOCJJe,ll;HeMY npaBa
«CTI'paBe"J1,JIHBOcTH» Ha IHero, '3aTeiM m:epe.n.aJI HMeHHe \KOMY-HH,(5y.zu,:
.n.pyrOMY, TO npolfHB npO,ll;aB a npHMleH.SIlOTCH He TaKHe 9Heprnll-
HbIe, HO TeM He MeHee 9<l><l>eKTHBHbIe MepbI.
TaKOBa OCHOBHaSi rapaHTHH HHTepeCOB C06CTBOO'HHKa TIO npaBY
CnpaBe,ll;JJHBOCTH. Tenepb OCTaeTCH TOJIbKO BbIHCHHTb B CBH3lf
C 9THM, '11'0 npolf3ofuu.eT, eOOIH c'onepHHlIalOIlI.He IlJ;Pyr 'e ,lI;pyrOM
COOCTBeHHHKH TIO npaBY cnpaBe,ll;JIHBOCTH nonbITalOTCSI oCYIlI.e-
CTBHTb CBOH HOCOBMeCI'fIHMbIe .n.pyr C ,lI;pyroM npaBa npOTHIB co6-
CTBeHHHKa no OOIll.eMY npaBY. npe,ll;nOJJOiKHM, HanpHMep, liTO A
tIMeeT nOiKH3HeHHbI'e npaBa Ha c06cTBeHlHOCTh, IIwTopaH HaxO-
)J.HTCJI B pya<a.x OBepH1'eJJbHOrO C'Oo.cTBeHHHKa. OH npO,ll;aeT ee 5,
a 3aTeM, MOIIIeHHHlIeCKH CKpbIB 9TY npo,ll;aiKY, CHOBa npO,ll;aeT
COOCTBeHHOCTb B. HeJJb3H y.n.OBJJeTBOpHTb o,ll;HoBpeMeHHo 5 H B.
.IJ:0 COBceM He,ll;aBHerO BpeMeHH B OTHOIlleHHH npaB Ha He-
ABHiKHMOCTb .n.eM'C1'BOBaJJO npaBHJJO, liTO npH OTC TCTBHH HeopeiK-
HOcrI'H co CTOpOHbI npHOOpeTaTeJIeM npeHMYIlI.eCTBO nOJIyaIflJI TOT
B3 COOCTBeHHHKOB no npaBY CnpaBe,ll;JIHBOCTH, npaBO KOToporo
B03HHKJIO paHbIIIe. Ho 'B pe3YJIbTaTe J11000nbITHOrO H3MeHeHHSI,
BHeceHHoro B HOBoe 3aKOHO,ll;aTeJIbCTBO 0 COOCTBleHHOCTH, HOp-
MbI, npHMeHSIeMbIe K nOCJJe,ll;YIOIlI.eM nepe.n.alle npaB, HMeHyeMblx
things in action, KOTopbIe oY,lI;yr HHiKe 06"bSlCHeHbI, ObIJIH pac-
npocTpaHeHbI Ha «cnpaBe,ll;JJHBbIe» npaBa B OTHOIlleHHH He,ll;BH-
)KHMOCTH (equitable interests in land). Tenepb ollepe.n.HOCTh
TaKHX npaB cooTBeTcTByeT nOp.SI,lI;KY nocTynJJeHH.SI YBe,ll;OMJJeHHM
o npeTeH3HSlx, 3aSIBJJeHHbIX coocTBeHHHKY, OCHoBbIBalOIlI.eMYC.SI
Ha OOIll.eM npaBe. ECJJH HCXOJI,HTb H3 HeCKOJIbKO cTpaHHoH pe-
.lI.aK HH cooTBeTcTBYIOIlI.erO pa3JI,eJJa 3aKOHa, TO MO}KHO .n.YMaTb,
1JTO nO,ll;OOHOe YBeJI,OMJJeHHe He ,lI;OJJiKHO OOH3aTeJIbHO HMeTb
nHCbMeHHOM <l>OPMbI. OJI,HaKO, TaKoe TOJJKOBaHHe npe,ll;CTa-
BJJSIeTCSI cnopHbIM.
CYIll.eCTBYIOT JI,pyrHe MeHee CYIll.eCTBeHHbIe cnOCOObI 3a-
IlI.HTbI npaB, K KOTOpblM MO}KeT npH6eraTb COOCTBeHHHK, onH-
palOIlI.HiicH Ha npaBO CnpaBeJI,JJHBOCTH; .lI.JJH nO.ll.OOHoro COOCTBeH-
TJIABA XX. TIP AiHA HA HE,l(DH:JKHMOCTL
275
HHKa BCer,ll;a nOJJe3HO HMeTb B CBoeM paCnOpfl:>KeHHH aKTbI, 060-
CHoBbIBalOrqHe THTyJJ coocTBeHHocTH, TaK KaK 31'0 HeCOMHeHHO
3aCTaBHT BCHKoro ,lI;06pOCOBeCTHoro nOKynaTeJJH npe,ll;npHHHTh
paCCJIe,ll;OBaHHe 0 THTYJIe C06C"TBeHHOCTH. HeKOTophIe BH,lI;hI npaB
Ha He,ll;BH:>KIIMOCTb, OCHOBaHHhIX Ha npaBe CnpaBe,ll;JJHBOCTH (HO
He Bce), MorYT 6hITh 3aperHCTpHpOBaHbI B 3eMeJIbHOM peecTpe
(Land Registry), 'B 3T01M CJJyq:ae nOIKynaTeJIb, XOTfl 6bI H bona
fide, He BnpaBe IIrHOpHpOBaTb TaKYIO 3anHCb. OH ,lI;OJJ:>KeH 06pa-
THTbCfl K peeCTpy H Y,lI;OCTOBepIITbCH B 6ec:cnopHOCTH TIITYJJa
C06CTB€HlHOCTII. HaKoHeI{, B HeKOTO!pHiX CJIylJaflX (KOTopbIe Mbl
3J1.eCb He ,lI;eT3IJDII3IIpyeM), C06C1]BeHHIIK, OTIill'paIOIll.!HMCH Ha o6mee
np.aBO, MO:>K T 6bITb ifJaKTIIlJeCiKH [JpH'HY:>K.lI.eH nepe.u.aTh CBOH
npaBa COOCTBe'HHHKY, OCHOBbIBalOrqeMycSI Ha npaBe crrpaBe.u.JIiH-
BOCTH, KOTOpbIM, eCTeCTBeHHo, npeBpamaeTCSI BCJJe,ll;CTBHe 3Toro
B CoOC'11BeHHHKa Ha OCHOBe o6mero JIjpaBa, 06JJ<'I.lI.alOIll.erro BceMII
npHBHJJerHH'MH, CBSI3a'HHbIMH C nOCJJe,lI;HHMH.
MbI ,lI;OJI:>KHbI Tenepb YKa3aTb, IJTO c06cTBeHHocTb Ha OCHOBe
npaBa CnpaBe,ll;JJHBOCTH HBJJHeTCfl, KaK pa3YMHo npH3HaeT H
3aKOHO,ll;aTeJJbCTBO 'ndCJIeJI.HerO BpeMeHH, MeHee 06eCneqeHHOM,
IJeM c06cTBeHHocTh Ha OCHOBe 06rqero npaBa; 3TO B oco6eHHo-
CTH BbIpa>KaeTCSI B TOM, qTO «cnpaBe,ll;JJHBbIM» c06CTBeHHHK BPH,lI;
JiH MmKeT lKorJI.a-JIH60 no npaBY TpeOOBaTh BJIa,ll;eHHSI SeMJIelO
(a TaK>Ke H Jl.BIH'}KH.MOCTblO), Me)K)l.Y TCiM KaiK HiMeHlHlo BJIa,ll;eI-me
SlBmr C$I 'CyrqOOTBOM npaBa co6cTBeiHHOCTH, XOTH cYJI. MO>KeT,
eC.'IH 'COIJTeT HY>KHbIM, ,lI;OnycTHTh ero K 3aHHTHIO 3eMJJH. cI>aK-
THQeCKH B 3TOM 3aKJIIOIJaeTCH nepBOHaQaJJbHOe H OCHOBHoe pa3-
JIHIJHe Me:>KJI.Y co6cTBeHHocTbIO, oCHoBaHHoM Ha OorqeM npaBe II
Ha npaBe cnpaBe,ll;JIHBOCTH, npHlJeM HHTepe'CHO, KaK 3TO paSJIH-
IJHe coxpaHHeTcSI npn H3MeHIIBlliIIXCH YCJIOBHSIX. CTaTYT 1535 r.,
HMeHyeMlhrli: Statute of uses OTKpbITO np!H3H8,B'3\JI CBoeM
I{eJIhIO «npeBparq'eHHe nOJJhSOBaHHH BO BJJa,ll;eHHe». t.Jepes lJeTbI-
peCTa JIeT CTaJJO HCHO, IJTO 3TOT 3aKOH HeYJI.alJeH, 'II OH 6bIJI OT-
MeHeH. Ho YKasaHHoe paSJJHIJHe COXpaHfIJIOch. B OTJJHIJHe OT
c06cTBeHHocTH, oCHoBblBaIOIll.eHcH Ha OOrqeM npaBe, C06CTB ' eH-
HOCTb no hpaBY 'CnpaBe,ll;JJHBOCTH He eCTb, CTporo rOBopSI,npaBo
in rem, T. e. He HBJIHeT'CH npaBOM, ,lI;aIOIll.HM OCHOBaHHe JI.JIH
HCKa npOTHB BCHKoro JJHI{a, HO eCTh OTHOCHTeJIbHOe npaBO, HS
KOToporo BbITieKaeT Tpe60BaHHe JrHlIIb npOTHB He,ll;06poCOBe'CT-
HhIX C06CTiBeHHHKOB no 06lI{eMY npaBY, npOTIm JlHI{, KOTopbIe
oes ) OJJ}KHOM npOBepKH npHoopeTalOT OT HHX CBoe npaBO, H
npOTHB c06CTBeHHHKOB no npaBY CnpaBe,ll;JJHBOCTH, HMeIOIll.HX
BTOpOOIJepeJI.HhIe npHTHsaHHH.
O.ll.HaKO, 6bIJlO obI HeJJenO YTBep:>KJI.aTb, IJTO 31'0 Bo06w.e
He co6CTBeHHOCTb, . a TOJlbKO 'IJHCTO JJHIJHOe npaBO, KOTopoe
MO:>KeT 6bITb npOTJIBOnOCTaBJJeHO JJHillb HeKOTopbIM JIHI{aM. 'Eho
IS'!I
276
'L\CT]", qETBEPTAH. I'P.\m,!(AHCI\OE I1PABO
C06CTBeHHO'CTb, HO C06CTBeHHOCTb aHOpMaJIbHOrO H cBoe06pa3-
Horo pOJI.a. OHa COCrraBJJHeT OJI.HY H3 caMbIX nopa3HTeJlbHbIX H
xapaKTepHbIX oc06eHHOCTeM aHrJJHHCKOro npaBa.
rJIABA XXI
np ABO COECTBEHHOCTI1 HA .lI.BI1)KI1MOCTb
YJKe paHee HaMH ObI.TIO YKa3aHO, qTO nepBOHaqaJJbHO nOHH-
THe «JI.BHJKHMOCTH» (chattel) B aHr JJHMCKOM 'npaBe 3aKJJIOQaJIO,
KaK BHJI.HO YJKe 'H3 caMoro CJIOBa, npeJI.CTaBJJeHHe 0 npeJI.M1eTe,
nOJI.JI.alOUJ,eMCH nepeMeUJ,eHHIO, lI,eHHOCTb KOToporo onpeJI.eJJHJIa'Cb
ero <pH3HQeCKHMH 'CBOMCTBaMH. KorJI.a HallIH 'npeJI.KH rOBOpHJIH
o «chattel», TO OHH rrOJI.pa3YMeBaJJH noJI. 3THM CJJOBOM ObIKa,
OBlI,Y, 'Meq, MOJJOT, JI.OMaIllHIOIO YTBapb H rpy6bIe OpYJI.HH nep-
BOObITHoro '3eMJJeJI.eJIHH,
Ho MbI TaKJKe BHJI.eJJH YJKe, qTO rrOCTeneHHOle pa3BHTHe npo-
MbIIllJJeHHOCTH H eUJ,e B 60JIbllIeM CTeneHH ToprOBOM JI.eSITeJIbHO-
CTH C03JI.aJJO B KOHeqHOM HTore JI.PyroM 'H COB<epllIeHHO OTJIHq-
HbIM 01' nepBOHaQaJJbHOrO THn JI.BHJKHMOCTH; lI,eHHOCTb ee onpe-
JI.eJISle'tCH He ee <1>H3HqeCKHMH, a npaBOBbIMH CBOMCTBaMH, T. e.
COJI.epJKaHHieM, KOTopoe BKJIaJI.bIBaeTCH B 31'0 nOHSITHe IOpifcnpy-
JI.eHlI,HeM. ECJIH paCCMaTpHBaTb BeKCeJJb Ha CTO <1>. CT. KaK <1>H-
3HqeCKHM npeJI.MeT, TO OH, MOJKeT ObITb, CTOHT MeHbIlle neHHH;
eCJIH 'ero CqHTaTb 3a 06eUJ,aHH12 ynJJaTbI, JI.aHHOe COCTOSITeJIbHbIM
qeJIOBeKOM, TO OH MOJKeT - CTOHTb CTO <p. CT. TaK JKe OOCTOHT
JI.eJJO 'c 06JIHrall,HHMH, aKlI,HSIMH, naTeHTaMH, C03JI.alOUJ,HMH HCKJJIO.
qHTeJJbHbIe npaBa, 'cTpaXOBbIMH nOJIHCaMH H C MHOJKeCTBOM JI.PY-
rl1X things in action (UMYUJ,ec11BOM B JI.OJI'I'OBbIX TpeOOBa'lIHHX).
I1HOrJI.a HX Ha3bIBalOT «HeMaTepHaJJbHOM JI.BHJKHMOCTblO» (incor-
poreal chattels), B .0TJJHQHe 01' «MaTepHaJJbHOM JI.BHJKHMOCTH»
(chattels corporeal) HJIH OT BeUJ,eM, H3JI.peBJJe CJJYJKHBIllHX rrpe,ll;-
MeTOM rrpaBa; 3TH TepMHHbI JI.JIH Hac LLeHHbI, nOTOMY qTO OHH
yKa3bIBalOT Ha BaJKHOe pa3JJHqHe MieJK.n:Y JI.BYMSI 3THMH 'BHJI.aMH
BeUJ,eM, T. e. OHH YKa3blBalOT, qTO MaTepHaJJbHbIMH rrpeJI.MeTaMH
MOJKHO BJIaJI.eTb H.rm qTO OHH MorYT ObITb OO'beKTaMH <1>H3Hqe-
CKOrO B03JI.eMCTBHH H paCrrOpHJKeHHH, OTtIaCTH OnHCaHHOrO
!3 OJI.HOM 'H3 npeJI.IlleCTBYIOUJ,HX I' JIaB; MeJK.n:y Te:\! KaK TaKHe BH.n:fJI
paCnOpHJKeHHSI HeB03MOJKHbI B OTHOllIeHHH qHCTO npaBOBbIX'
o 15'beKToB, nOJI.06HbIX «,n:OJIrOBOMY HMYiUJ.eCTBY». n03TOMY
nOHHTHO, qTO 3TH JI.Ba po,n:a .n:BHJKHMOCTH He MorYT OblTh
n0JI.qHHeHbI o,n:HHaKOBbIM HopMaM; .n:eiiCTBHTeJJbHO, YKa3aHI-JOe
pa3JJHqHe BbI3BaJIO COOTBeTC1'BYIOUJ,ee nOJI.pa3.n:eJIeHHe npaBa,
perYJJHpylO)llero co6CTBeHHOCTb Ha .n:BH>K'lfMOCTb, H8 a) HOP,MbI,
OTHOCHUJ,HecSI K MaTepHaJIbHOM JI.BHJK,HMOCTH, H 6) HOP;\IbI, OTHO-
CHI1.{lie.c'H K things in action,
fJL\BA XXI. IlPABO COECTBEHHOCTH HA BHanIMOCTb 277
HOPMbI. OTHOC51IlU1EC5I K MATEPl1AJIbHOn .D.Bl1)1(l1MOCTl1
HCXOJl.SI H3 nOJl.BeplKeHHocTli 60JIblieH 'IaCTli MaTeplIaJJbHOH
.lI.BlI}I{HMOCTli pa3pYliemllo 1I YHlI'ITO}l{eHlIlO, 06llJ,ee npaBO He
np1I3HaBaJJO B03MOlKHOCTH cOCYllJ,eCTBGBaHHSI Ha Hee npaB pa3-
JIlI'IHOfO paHra. IOplICT, npOHlIKiHYTbIM lI.l{eSIMH, 06llJ,ero npaBa,
C'IeJJ 6bI CMeXOTBopHbIM npeJl.nOJIOJKeHlIe, 'ITa MO*HO HMeTb
nO}l{1I3HeHHO HJIli CpO'IHOe npaBO Ha Jl.BII}I{lIMOCTb HJIH 3anOBeJl.-
Hoe npaBG Ha Hee. llpaBJl.a, noJl. BJIlISIHHeM pa3BlITHSI TaKHX
«things in action», KaK, HanpIIMep, rocYJl.apcTBeHHbIe «POHJl.bl
1iJI'» alKIJ,IIH OCT-I1HJl.CKOM KOMlIIaHRH, Ka'HIJ,JrepCiI<HH CYA Ha'IaJI
nOCTeneHHG npH3HaBaTb Jl.eilcTBlie nOlKII3HeHHbIX npaB Ha Jl.BH-
lKHMOCTb, CG3J1.aHHbIX no. 3aBellJ,aHHIO. KaK MbI BHJI.,eJIII, BeCbMa
npIIMe'IaTeJIbHaSI HopMa HOBeHliHx 3a-KOHOB n03BGJISIeT Tenepb
C03J1.aBaTb 3anOBeJl.HbIe npaBa Ha JJlO6oM BIIJI. HMYllJ,etTBa. Ho
npe}l{HSISI TG'IKa 3peHIISI 06llJ,ero npaBa OCTaBHJJa TaKoM r JIy60-
KIIM CJIeJl. B npaBe C06cTB 1 eHHoCTH Ha Jl.BII}I{HMOCTb, 'ITO erG
HeJJb3SI TpaKTGBaTb Ha OCHOBe Tex }l{e npHHIJ,HnOB, KaK npaBG
co6CTBeHHOCTiH Ha 3eMJHO. OJI.iHifi:KO, Bce, 'ITO HaMH 6bIJJO TOJIibKO-
'ITO CKa3aHO 0 pa3JIlI'IHH MelKJl.Y CG6CTBeHHOCTblO, OIIHpalOllJ,eHCSI
Ha 06llJ,ee npaBO H Ha npaBO cnpaBeJl.JIHBOCTH, npHM,eHlI'MO 'C.
COOTBeTCTBYIOllJ,HoMli BlIJl.OH3MeHeHHSIMH H K npaBY c06CTBeHHO-
CTH Ha Jl.BlIlKHMOCTb. \
llOCKOJIbKY .n.eJJO KacaeTCSI npaB, OnlIpalOllJ,HXCSI Ha o6llJ,ee
npaBo, aHrJJlIHCKOe npaBo B CBoeM TpaKToBaHHH MaTepHaJIbHOM
Jl.BH>KHMOCTH Bce pelKe npH)J.eplKliBaeTcSI CTapGM TO'IKH 3peHHSI
o TOM, 'ITO eJl.HHCTBeHHWM cnoc06 pa3)J.eJIeHHH npaBa c06cTBeH-
HOCTH Ha MaTepHaJJbHYIO )J.BH}I{HMO'CTb MelKJl.Y )J.BYMH He3aBliCII-
MbIMH .n.Pyr OT )J.Pyra JJHlJ,aMH 3aKJIIO'IaeTCH B nepe.lI.a'Ie BJIaJl.eHHH
elO O.lI.HOMY H3 HHX H OCTaB eHHSI npaBa c06cTBeHHocTH 3a .lI.PY-
fHM. TaKoe pa3rpaHH'IeHHe 06bI'IHO (HO He Bcer)J.a) COBepllIaeTCH
B BH.lI.e lIIpOlJ,e)J.ypbI, iH3BemllIOM no.lI. Ha3BaHHeM «nepej:{a'IH» (deli-
Vlery), IIJJH nYTeM C03)J.aHHSI «bailment» - 3aBHCliMoro .lI.ep}l{a-.
HHH, KaK rOBOpHJIH HallIH 'npeJl.KH. 3TY np0lJ,e)J.YPY MbI )J.OJIJKHbI
6Y)J.eM H3Y'IIITb )J.OBOJIbHO nO.lI.p06HO, Kor)J.a nO.ll.OH.lI.eM K BO-
npocy 06 OT'IYlK.lI.eHIIH co6cTBeHHocTH.
3)I.ecb )J.OCTaTO'IHO CKa3aTb, 'ITO .B CJlY'Iae, Kor)J.a qeJJOBeK
nepep:aBaJI TOBapbI BG3'IHKY .rVIH nepeB03KH HJIH GT)J.aBaJJ BellJ,b
HaHHM8'J1eJJIO Jl"JIH no.1Ib30BaHHH, peMeCJIeHHHKY .lI.JJH nO'IHHKH,
nopTHoMY p:JIH nOliHBKH Hall Kpe,n:HTGpy B Ka'IeCTBe o6ecne'Ie-
HlIH .lI.OJJra, TO rOBOpHJIOCb, liTO OH «BPY'IHJJ» BellJ,H )J.JIH 3aBH-
CHMGra Jl"ep}l{aHHH 3THM JIHlJ,aM; B pe3YJIbTaTe TaKoro )l,eMCTBHH
BJJa)l,eHHe BellJ,aMH nepeJl"aBaJJOCb C TOllKH 3peHHH 06llJ,ero npaBa
q-eM! JIH a'M, KOTopbIe !l10JIy1IaJIH 3TH BellJ,H, T. e. 3aBH.CHIMbI'M ){e;p-
JKaTemIM (bailee), B TO BpeMSI KaK npaBO co6CTBeHHOCTH coxpa-
278
ACTL illTBEPTAH. rPA AnOhOE nPABO
HHJIOCb 3a JIHl.(OM, nepe)J.aBIlIHM Be H, HJIB 3a «BpyqHTeJIeM»
(bailor). :
KaK Y)Ke 6bIJIO YKasaHo B r JIaBe, B KOTOpOM 06cY)K)J.aJIaCb
cy HOCTb BJIa)J.eHIlH, Ha6mo)J.aeTcH nopaSHTeJIbHbIM, HO BnOJIHe
nOHHTHbIM (}>aKT, IIMeHHO, 'ITO 06 ee npaBo B CBoeM CTpeMJIe-
Hllii sa IlTIITb BJIa)J.eJIbl1a Ha.n:eJIllJIO ero TaKIIMII npaBaMH Jl
cpe)J.cTBaMII YJI.OBJIeTBOpeHIIH, KOTopbIe MbI CKJIOHHbI ObIJIll 6b1
CqllTaTb npllHaJI.JIe)Ka HMII cKopee c06cTBeHHIIKY, B oc06e'HHo-
CTH, eCJIllY'IeCTb, 'ITO BpY'IeHlle IIMYIlI!eCTBa 06bI'IHO npoll3Bo-
JI.IITCH Ha OqeHb KOpOTKIIM CpOK. ECJIll, HanpllMep, TpeTbH ,CTO-
pOHa npllqllHHJJa y ep6 HJIll paCTpaTllJIa Be H, KOTOpbIMH BJIa-
JI.eJI saBHCHMbIM JI.ep)KaTeJIb, TO nOCJIeJI.Hlli1 MO)KeT B'IHHHTb
HCKll 0 HapYIlIeHllli BJIa)I.lC:HIIH Ha BCIO CYMMY y ep6a, XOTH
HCHO, qTO He BeCb YIlI.ep6 naJI.aeT Ha JI.OJIIO saBIICIIMoro JI.ep)Ka-
TeJIH, IIHTepeCbI KOToporo MorYT BbIpa)KaTbCH B Hll'ITO)KHOH
CYMMe. Be'CbMa HPKYIO llJIJIIOCTpal.(1l1O K 9TOMY ppaBllJIY npeJI.-
CTaBJIHeT C060M CJIyqai1, npOHCIlIeJI.IlIIIM B HaqaJIe 'IleKYIlI.erO
CTOJIeTIIH, KOrJI.a npaBIITeJIbCTBeHHoe CyJI.HO, nepeB0311BIlIee
nOqTY, nonaB BO BpeMH TYMaHa B SaJIHB Tei16JIb BeM B IO)KHOH
A(}>pllKe, CTOJJ1KHYJIOCb C JI.PyrllM CYJI.HOM H .B IITore 3HaqllTeJIb-
HaH 'IaCTb nOqTbl norll6JIa. TaiK iKaK 6bIJIO YCTaHOBJIe:HO, lITO
BIIHOBHO 9TO JI.Pyroe CYJI.HO, 'TO reHepaJIbHblM nOqT-JI.llpeKTOp
npeJI.nHBHJI npeTeH3HIO K c06CTBeHHHKaM 9Toro BIIHOBHoro CYJI.Ha
B ,CYMMe, paBHOM CTOHMOCTII norH6IlIei1 nO'ITbI. 'C06CTBeHHHKH
CYJI.Ha '3a llIlI.aJIIICb TeM, 'ITO: a) nOqTa He npllHaJI.JJ1e)KaJIa noq-
TOBOMY BeJI.OMCTBY, KOTopoe HBJIHJIOCb JIHIlIb nepeB03qHKOM HJIH
38BIICIIMbIM JI.ep)KaTeJIeM, II 'ITO 6) He HeCH 06H3aHHOCTII )J.aTb
'BOSMe eHlle c06CTBeHHHKaM nOqTOBbIX OTnpaBJIeHIIM, nOqT-JI.H-
peKTOp He MO)KeT npeJI.'bHBJIHTb npeTeH3HM K npaBOHapYWHTe-
JJHM. JI.eJIO 9TO O'IeHb T aTeJIbHO paS611paJIOCb B AneJIJIHl.(HOH-
HOM CYJI.!e, KOTOpbIM peIlIllJI, qTO 06a JI.OBOJI.a OTBeT'IIIKa HeOCHO-
BaTeJIbHbI, H npHCY.lI:llJI nOqT-JI.llpeKTOpy noJI'Hi)'1O C'IlOHMOCTb
nOqTbI.
ITOJI.06HOe )Ke npaBHJIO JI.eMcTByeT B CJIY'Iae npHqllHeHHH
JI.PyrHx BHJI.OB BpeJI.a TpeTbeM CTOpOHOM. ECJlli, HanpllMep, H
H8HIIMalO JIOIlIaJI.b Ha OJI.HH ce30H H OTCbIJlalO ee JI.JIH nOMle eH"H
B KOHIOIlIHIO X, KOTOpbIH: HeOCHOBaTeJIbHO OTKa)KeTCH BepHYTb
ee no MoeMY Tpe60BaHHIO, TO H Mory npeJI.nHBIITb K HeMY ,HCK H3
YJI.ep)KaHHH (action of Detinue). EMY He 6y e'l' n03BOJIeHO
CTpOllTb CBOIO 3aIlI.IITY Ha YTBep)KJI.eHHll, 'ITO JIOIlIaJI.b He MOR.
OnHTb-TaKH, eCJIll H nOIlIJIIO CBOll Be H BJIaJI.eJIbl1Y 8YKl1110H-
HOro 3Ma JI..lliII IIIpO)J.a)KH, a cOnepHHqalO ,nH C HIIM BJJaJI.eJIeu.
Apyroro aI)"Kl.(HOHHOro saJJa SaBJIaJI.eCT 9THMH Be aMII H npOA8.CT
HX, TO BJI3JI.eJH l.( a}'K11110HHOro saJIa, iKOTOpOMY H OT)J.8JI Be .,
MO)KeT npeJI.'bHBIITb K CBoeMY conepHHKY HCK %3 npHCBOeHJIR
(action of Conversion), XOTH OH TOJIbKO Bpellfe'RiHQ BJIaJI.eJI :n'...
I'JIABA :XXI. llPABO CDEC'l'BEHHOOTH HA JJ;BfiJKHMOOTb 27
'Be alMH. BJIa.n:eJJieI.( - 3a:BHCUMbIll .n:eplK3Te.Jlb - -MO>KeT ..n:a>Ke BO
MHOmX CJIyqaIDC HaCTaHBaTb npOTHB caMoro c06crneHHHKa (bailor)
11a y.n:eplKaHHH HX B 06eCneqeHHe onJIaTbI ero Tpy.n:a H .n:pyrHx
pacxo.n:oB, nOTpe6oBaBllIHx'cH .n:JIH HCnpaBJIeHHH HJIH xpaHeHHfl
3THX Be eH, XOTfl 06bIqHO OH 06H3aH B03BpaTHTbBe 1I nOCJIe
Toro, KaK OHH .n:OJI>KHbIM 06pa30M 6y.n:YT 3aTpe60BaHbI. '3TO
npaBO y.n:ep>KaTb Be'UVI .n:o 'B03MellI,eHHH :pacxoAoB Ha3'bIooeTCff
«npaBOM y.n:ep>KaHHH» (lien) Ii HBJIHeTCH O.n:HllM 113 caMbIX rLeH-
HbIX npaB, npe,nocTaBJIHeMbIX 06 HM npaBOM TaKIIM 3aBllCHMbIM
;n,ep>KaTeJISIM KaK nepeB03qHKH, BJIa.n:eJIbl(bI rOCTIIHIII1, X03HeBa
npncTaHeH II .n:p. B HI£KOTOpbIX CJJyqaHX, HanpHMep, Kor.n:a .n:eJIO
1'I.n:eT 0 BJIa.n:eJIbI1e rOCTIIHIII.(bI, npaBO y.n:ep>KaHHH 'q>aKTllqeCKIl
l1pe.n:oCTaBJIHeT eMy B03MOlKHOCTb B 'cJIyqae Ha.n:06HocTII npo-
AaTb BellI,H, eCJIll OHM He 6y.n:YT ff3bI'K)'lIIJIe>HbI, HO IB 60JIbllIIIHC11Be
CJIyqaleB npaBO y.n:ep>KaHHH npOCTO CBO.n:llTCH K npaBY xpaHe-
HIIH II YTpaqllBaeTCH nOCJIe BbIxo.n:a BellI,1l 113 BJIa.n:eHHH S3BH-
-CHMoro .n:ep>KaTeJIH. 3TO npaBo y.n:ep>KaHIISI Ha.n:o OTJIllqaTb OT
«MopcKoro npaBa y.n:ep>KaHHH» (maritime lien), 0 iKOTOpOM y:no-
Mll'HaJIiOCb B O.n:HOH li3 npe.n:lliecTBYIO liX r JIaIB, H OT «npaBa
YAeplKaHIIH Ha OCHOBe cnpaBe.n:JfHBOcTH» (equitable lien), KOTO-
pae B03HHKaeT B Tex CJIyqaHX, !{orJ{a npo.n:aBel( np0.n:aJI He.n:BH-
lKHMOCTb H He nOJIyqHJI nJIaTbI HJIH Kor.n:a nOKynaTeJIb ynJIaTHJI
J{eHbrn, HO nepe.n:aqa He.n:BH>KHMOCTH He 6bIJIa COBepllIeHa. YKa-
3aHHbIe Bll.n:bI npaBa y.n:eplKaHHH OCYllI,eCTBJJHIOTCH COBepllIeHH9
HHbIM nYTeM, qeM npaBO y.n:ep>KaHIIH no 06Ll eMY npaBY, II He
()6 3:aTeJIbHO npeJI,nOJLa'r8IOT BJIa)l,eHHe.
I1epe.n:.JIIII10M TaKHX CTporo oxpaHSIeMbIX n03HI1HM BJIaJ{ JIbI.(a
-fiJJll 3alBHCIIMoro J{ep>KarreJJH 'c06CTBeHHllliK IIJlli BpYQllTeJIb
(bailor) Ka>KeTCH KaK 6bI OTTeCHeHHbIM B CTOPOHY. I1paBJ{a, O'H
MO>KeT BqllHIITb cBoeMY saBHCIIMOMY .n:ep>KaTeJIIO HCK 113 y.n:ep-
JKaHliH C I1leJIblO nOJIyqHTb 06paTHo CBOll Be H; O.n:HO BpeMSI
06 ee npaBO 6bIJIO CKJIOHHO YAOBJIeTBOpHTb ero npeTe'H3HH C
60JIbllIOM CTpOrOCTbIO. I1peTeH311H 3Ta ICTpOllJIaCb TaK, iKa'K np.
peaJIbHbIX HCKax (real action). HCTeI1 .n:eMcTBHTeJIbHO rOBOpHJI:
«Y Bac .MOR .n:BH>KIIMOCTb, BbI .n:OJI>KHbI BepHYTb e£». I1pH HalIK-
'IHH CTOJIb MHOrOqHCJIeHHbIX npaB Y 3aBHCHMbIX .n:eplKaTeJIeii
3TO npH nepBOM B'3rmr.n:e 'K'8:JKeTCH npa'BllJIb'HbIM.
Ho no Mepe 1'01'0, Ka.K CJIO>KHOCTh J{eJIOBbIX C)IeJIOK B03pa-
CTaJIa, HaqaJIH CqHTaTb HenpaBHJIbHbIM Tpe60BaHHie, QT06bI 3a'BM-
{)HMbIM .n:ep>KaTeJIb 4>3JKTHqeCKH rapaHTHpOBaJI BosBpa eHHe
B I1eJIOCTll BpyqeHHOM eMY Be H. I1peJl;nOJIO>KHM, ':ITO OHa 6bIJI8
YKp eHa 6e3 iHaJIll':lllS!l KaiKOH-Jlli60 'He6pe>KHOCTH c era CTOpOHbI.
KOHeQHO 3aBIICIIMbIM .n:ep>KaTeJIb MO>KeT npe.n:'bSIBIITb HCK K BOPY,
eCJIll T3KOBOH 6y,neT 06HapY>KeH. Ho no,n06HbIM nCK, BepOHTHQ,
NaJIO ':ITO ,naCT. HJIH' npe,nnOJImKHM, 1{'fIO .n:BH>t{lllMOCTh, UinplI-
;Mep, JIOllIa,nb, na,B,eT y Hero ()ea. BCRKon BHRbI C ero CTOpOIlDt:.
280
'IAC'TL 'IETBEPTAH. rPAjE,ZJ;AHGIWE ITPABO
fIOCTerreHHO rr06Y)K)I.aeMble 3THMH C006pa)KeHHHMH, CY;:LbF
HaqaJIH HCXO)I.HTb H3 npe.z:r,nOJIO)KeHHH, 'ITO nO)I.06HaH C)I.eJlKa
nO)I.pa3YIMeBaeT «.n.oroBOp» iBpyqeHHH iBelU.H, 'B KOropOM OOH:3a-
TeJIbCTBa 3<fBHCHMOro )I.lep)KaTeJIH 3aBllCHT OT H3BeCTHbIX 06-
CTOHTeJJbC11B. BCJJH, HanpH:Mep, H 'pa3peIllHJI CBoeMY )I.pyry H3
qHCTOrO )I.06pO)KeJIaTeJIbCTBa OCTaBHTb B MoeM )I.OMe ero KOJI-
JIeKIJ,HIO MatpoK Ha BpeMSI, rro\Ka OH !6Y)I.eT B OT'be3 .e HJIH B
nYTeIlleCTBHH, H eCJIH 3Ta KOJIJIeKIJ,HH norH6HeT ITO He6pe)KHOCTH
Moero CJIyrH, TO 6bIJIO 6bI HeCKOJIbKO )KeCTOKO Tpe60BaTb OT
MeHH B03MelIJ,eHHH YTpaTbI, KOr)I.a H 'HH'IerO He MOl' BblHrpaTb
OT BpeMeHHoro BJIa)I.eHHSI KOJIJIeKIJ,HeM. . C )I.pyroM' CTOpOHbI,
eCJIH H B BR)I.e npOMbICJIa 3aHMYCb xpaHeHHeM IJ,eHHbIX npe)I.Me-
TOB H npHMY Ha ce6H 3TY 06H3aHHOCTb, MO)KeT C03,lJ.aTbCH CO-
BepIlleHHO HHoe nOJIO)KeHHe.
TaKHM nYTeM noC'reneHHO B03HHK IJ,eJI'bIM KOMHJIeKC HOpM, He
OqeHb TOqHbIX no CO)I.ep)KaHHIO, perYJIHpYIOlIJ,HX OTBeTCTBeHHOCTh
3aBHCHMbIX )I.ep)KaTeJIeM, KOTOpbIM, CMOTpH no '06CTOHTeJIbCTBaM,
perYJIHpyeT 'pa3Hble ,CJIyqaH, HaqHHaH OT rpy60M ')I.O 'JIemmH
He6pe>KHOCTH, }{.o coxpaHeHHe npe)KHeM OTBeTCTBeHHOOTH B03'1H-
KOB 3a YTpaTY rpY3a, 30. HCKJIIOqeHHeM CJIyqaeB, BbI3BaHHbIX
aenpeo)I.oJJIHMOHi CRJ1OH, H nOqTH C110'JIIb )Ke 60JIblIIaH ()IfBeTCT,BeH-
HOCTb 'BJIa)I.eJIbIJ,leB rOCTHHHIJ, HanOMHHaIOT HaM 0 npe)KHHX )KeCT-
KHX HopMax o6lIJ,eroo npaBa.
qTO KacaerCH Cpe)I.CTB y)I.OBJIeTBOpeHHH c06cTBeHHHKoB
B OTHOIlleHHH TpeTbHx JIHIJ" TO OHH qpe3BbPIaUl{O MaJIOqHCJIeHHbI,
KpOMe, MO)KeT 6bIT-b, c.nyqaH, KOr)I.a BpyqeHHe BeI.1J,H 3aBHCHMOMY
)I.ep)KaTeJIJO npe)I.CTaBJIHeT C060H qHCTO BpeMeHHYIO C,lJ.eJIKY,
KOTOPYIO BpYQHTeJI<b M01KeT IIJIpeJKpaTHTh S JII06yIO IMHHYTY.
B 1862 ro)I.y pacoMaTpHBa.TfOCb )I.eJIO, no IKOTOPOMY C06CTBeH'HHKY
6ap1KH, C)I.aBilleMY ee B HaeM P, eLl e)I.O HCTeIIeHHH cpOKa HaMMa
6bIJIO npHCY)K)I.eHO B03MeI.1J,eHHe 3a "ylIJ,ep6 :OT O)I.HOrO 1KleJIe3HO-
.D.Op01KHOrO 06lIJ,eCTBa, C6pOCHBillero KOTeJI B 3TY 6ap1KY H pa3-
pynIHBillero ee B TO BpeMH, KaK eIO eI.1J,le ,BJIa)I.eJI P. KaK CY,lJ.,
TaK H a)I.BOKaT rOBOpHJlH B 3TOM cJIyqae 0 «noBopoTe BJIa)I.e-
HHH» B nOJIb3Y 'HCTIJ,a. Ho 3TO peIlleHHe cY)I.a HBJIHeTCH B CBbeM
pO.lI.le e)I.HHC11BeHHbIM H HeCKOJIbKO HeCOBMeCTHMO C npe)KHIIMH
cY)I.e6HbIMH pelIIeHHHMH; .D.a1Ke 'cY,lJ., BbIHecIllHM YKa3aHHoe peroe-
HHe, npH3HaJI, qTO c06cTBeHHHK )J.BH1KHMOCTH, ,He 'BJIa)I.eIOI1J,HH
eJO, He MOJKJeT npe)I."bHBHTb HCKa H3 npHC'BoeHHH. Ka'K 6bI TO.
HH 6bIJIO, He M01KeT 6bITb «nOBOpO'I1a BJIa,lJ.eHRH» B OTHOlIIeHHH
)I.BH1KHMOCTH, KOTopaH He MO)KeT 6bITb npe)I.MeTOM )I.ep1KaHHH.
.lJ:pyroM Bonpoc, HMeIOI.1J,HH npaKTHIIeCKOe 3HaqeHHe, CBO-
)I.H11CH II{ TOMy, M01KeT JIH c06CTBeHHlf1K Tpe60BaTb OT 3aBHCHMoro
)I,ep1KaTeJIH )I.eHbrH, nOJIyqeHHble nOCJIe)I.HHM 01' Bopa HJIH )I.PY-
1'01'0 3JIOYMbIlIIJIeHHHKa, B BH)I.e B03MJeI1J,eHHH 'nOJIHOM CTOHMO-
oCTH ,ZJ;'BH)KHIMOCTH. if1pe)I.nOJlaraeTCH; qrO np'HHnnnHaJTbHO OIl
I'JIABA' XXI. nPABO COECTBEHHOCTH HA ,D;BmKflMOCTb 281
MO)Kel'- Tpe60BaTb, nO OJIbKY «.n:eHbrM IIMeIOJ1CH H no.ny'IeHbl I!
nOJIb3Y llCTqa». Ho Ha 3TOT C'IeT IIMeeTCH BeCbMa MaJIO npeqie-
,D;eHTOB. . .
qTO KacaeTCH IIHWX npaB c06CTBeHHHKa BJIa,D;eJIbqa .n:BH-
JKHMOCTH, KpOMe npaBa Ha llCK, -TO 06IqllM npHHqHn HceH: OH
3aKJIIO'IaeTCH B TOM, 'ITO BJIa.n:eJIeq 06JIa.n:aeT TOJIbKO TeMH npa-
BaMH, KOTopble HCHO Bblpa)KeHbl B «.n:oroBope» 0 nepe.n:a'Ie .n:ep-
)KaHIIH -HJIll BblTeKaIOT ll3 'Hero. Eho COCTaBJIHeT Bonpoc l}JaKTa,
:pa3pernaeMblM npHCH)KHbIMll; HO eCJJIl HR 3TOT Q'IeT cYII(ecTByeT.
llHCbMeH!HbIM .n:OK Me;HT, TO ero TOJIIKyeT cy.n:. HeCOiMHeHHO.
o.n:HaKO, -CJIe.n:YIOII(ee. ECJIll 51 o.n:aJI)KHBaIO KaKYIO-HH6y.n:b ,BeIll,b
'leJK>BeKY .n:JIH ero JIH'IHOrO nOJIb30BaHH5I, HanpllMep, KHMry
.n:JI5I 'ITeHIl51 llJIH JIOrna.n:b AJIH BepXOBOM e3.n:bl, TO OH He H:\feeT
HHKaKoro npaBa nOJIO)KHTb 3TY KHllry B rOCTHHOM CBoero AOMa
.n:JI5I Toro, 'lTo6bI eIO nOJIb30-aaJIIICb Bte ero rOCTH, HJIH OT.n:aTb
JIOrna.n:b B HaeM. C .n:pyroM CTOpOHbI, eCJIll 51 AaJI CTOJIOBOe
cepe6po II HO)KH peCTopaTOpy Ha .n:eJIO BbIX OCHOBaHH5IX, TO OH
BnpaBe nOJIb30BaTbC5I HMIl B CBoeM peCTopaHe. 3TO Bonpoc
3ApaBoro CMbICJIa HJIH cneqHaJIbHbIX YCJIOBHM. E.n:HHCTBeHRoe
IIpaiBO, O OH'IaTeJIbHO nepexo)I,51II(ee -K 3aBilCHMOMY .n:ep)KaTeJIIO
npll Ka)K.n:OM BpY1JleHHH eMY' )I,JBll)KHMOCTll, 3aKJIIO'IaeTC5I
.B llCKJIIO'lHTeJIbHOM npaB; BJIa)I,eHIIH .eIO .n:o OKOH'laHIIH cpOKa
)I,ep)KaHH5I.
C )I,pyroM CTOpOHbI, npaBa co6CTBeHHilKa Ha )I,'Bll)KIIMOCTb
(3a HCKJIIO'leHHeM CJIY'laeB -nepe.n:a'lH ee B 3aBH'CHMOe .n:ep)Ka-
HHe) OrpaHH'lHBaIOTC5I TOJJbKO 06IqHMH npaBHJIaMH 0 HenpH'lIlHe-
HIIH nOMex (3JIOBpe)I,HOCTH - nuisance). OR MO)KeT nOJIb30BaTbCH
3TOM .n:iBH)KHMOCTbIO, .KaK eMY yrO)I,HO, 3anepeTb ee, 'H3MeHIITb
ee xapaKTep, npO)I,aTb ,ee, OT.n:aTb, npH'lHHHTb eM Bpe)I, (npll'IeM
B OTHorneHHIl )KHBOTHbIX OH OrpaHH'IeH :npe.n:nHcaHH5IMIl yrOJIOB-
Horo npaBa) HJIH nOJIHOCTbIO YHH'ITO)KHTb ee. C06cTBeHHHK
l}JeMepBepKa llJIH B3pbIBHOM 60M6bI He n:OJJ)KeH HX 3a)KHraTb
llJIll B3pbIBaTb ee Ha YJIHqe. Ho 3TO He 3Ha'lHT, 'ITO ero npaBO
co6CTBeHHOCTH B 'IeM-HIl6y.n:b OrpaHH'leHO, .a BbI3bIBae-r-CH TOJIbKO
TeM, 'ITO nO)J.06Hoe n:eM'CTBHe 6bIJIO 'ObI «ny6JIH'IHOM 3JIOiBpen:-
1I0CTbIO». OH MO)KeT c.n:eJIaTb 3TO Ha 3aKOHHOM OCHOBaHllll H
B ye.n:HHeHHH c06CTBeHHoro nOMeCTbH. TIpaBo c06CTBeHHOCTH
Ha MaTepHaJJbHYIO n:BH)KHMOCTb MO)KeT 6bITb H 06bIKHOBeHHO
6WBaeT HeOrpaHH'leHHbIM.
HMYII1.ECTBEHHblE TIP ABA, HMEHYEMblE
«THINGS IN ACTION»
TepMHH «Things (HJIH choses) in action» OXBaTWBaeT
Tenepb 3Ha'lHTeJIbHOe KOJIH'IeCTBO pa3Ho06pa3Hwx HMYII(eCTBeH-
HblX npaB, KOTopbIe B03HHKalOT BeCbMa pa3JIII'IHblMH nYTHMIl
282
qACTL qETBEPTAH. rPAJK AHCKOE ITPABO
Ii HMelOT OqeHb MaJIO CXO,n:CTBa Me)K,n:y C060M, KpOMe KaK
B O,n:HOM OqeHb Ba)KHOM OTHOIlleHHH. OH OTHOCHTCH K TaKHM
Belll,aiM, KaK 06bIIKHOBeiHHble .n.eHe)KHble 06H3aTeJIhCTBa (debts),
060poTHble ,n:oiKYMeHTbI, aHHyHTeTbI, neHcHH, a Kl.(HH , <l>OH,n:hI,
06JIHral.(HH (debentures), aBToprume H naTeHTHble npaBa. npaBa
Ha Wa6pHqHble Mo,n:eJIH, ToprOBble 3HaKH, <l>HpMeHHble HaHMeHO-
.BaHHH H Ta TaHHCTBeHHaH Belll,b, KOTopaH Ii3BeCTHa no.n. Ha3Ba-
HHeM «<l>IipMbI npe.n.npIiHTHH» (goodwill) Ii y,n:aqHO onpe,n:eJIeHa.
KaK «c06cTBeHHocTb Ha rpaHH HCqe3HOBeHHH».. MbI .n.a.n.MIIl
s.n.eCb 'rOJIbKO caMoe KpaTKoe OHHcalHHe Ka}I{)I:OTO M3 911HX
npaB.
1. 0 6 bI K HOB e H H bI e .n. e H e )K H bI e 0 6 H 3 aTe JI b-
C T B a (debts) KaK npaBHJIO B03HHKalOT H3' 3aHMa HJIH Topro-
Boro ,n:orOBopa, HanpMMep, npo.n.a)KH TOBapoB, 'lI0 liHor,n:a OHM B03-
HHKalOT H3 COrJIaIlleHHM 3a neqaTblO B ceMeHHbIX H ,n:pyrHx qJOP-
MaJIbHbIX aKTax. ECTecTBeHHo, '11'0 TaKHe npaBa Mor}'T 6bITb
OCYlll,eCTBJIeHbI TOJIbKO npOTHB yqaCTHIiKa B .n.orOBope; HO npaBO
Kpe.n.HTopa HCKaTb C ,n:OJI)KHHKa 06JIa.n.aeT 'HeKOTopOH HMYlll,e-
CTBeHHOH l.(eHHOCTblO, KOTopaH H MO)KeT 6bITb npo.n.aHa, a B CJ1Y-
':Iae HeCOCTOHTeJIbHOCTH Kpe,n:H'Topa CqMTaeTCH eTO aKTHiBOM.
«Debt» HanpaBJIeH Ha ynJIaTy onpe,n:eJJeHHoM HJIH onpe,n:eJJHMoi
.n.eHe)KHOM CYMMbI; ,n:pyrHe BH.n.bI 06H3aTeJIbCTB, BbITeKalOllI,He
H3 ,n:orOBiopOB, ,He OTHOCHTCH K qnc.rry «debts» HI, 'KalK npaIBHJIO,
He MorYT 6bITb nepeycTynJIeHbJ.
2. 0 {) 0 pOT H bI e ,n: 0 K Y M e H T bI (negotiable instru-
ments). OHH TaK)Ke SiBJIHIOTCH BH.n.OM «debt» H npe,n:cTaBJIHIOT
C060M 06H3aTeJIbCTBa ynJIaTbI onpe,n:eJIeHHOM CYMMbI ,n:eHer, HO
OHH 'perYJIHpYIOTCH BeCbMa Cnel.(HaJlbHbIMH npaBHJIaMH. YCTaHO-
BJIeHHbIMH B AKTe 0 nepeBo,n:HbIX BeWCeJIHX 1882 r. (Bills of
.Exchange . Act). 060poTHble Jl.OKYMeHTbI OXBaTbIBalOT nepe-
Bo,n:Hble BeKCeJIH (B TOM qHCJIe H ,qeKH). npOCTbIe BeKCeJIH,
06JIHral.(HH Ha npe,n:1>HBHTeJIH H JIlO6ble ,n:pyrne ,n:OKYMeHTbI,
y,CTaHaBJIHBalOllI,He MJlH C03.n.alOllI,He ,n:eHe)KHble 06H3aTeJIbCTiBa,
KOTopble no ToprOBbIM 06bJf1IaHM paCCMaTpHBalOTCJI KaK TaKOBble.
Oc060e HX 3HaqeHHe B ToprOBOM 060pOTe 3aKJIlOqaeTCH B TOM,
'11'0 B OTJIHqHe OT 60JIbllIHHCTBa HMYllI,eCTBeHHbIX npaB .n.06poco-
BecTHbIM' HX .n.ep)KaTeJIb, KOTOpbIM npH06peJI HX 3a BCTpeqHOe
YJl.OBJreTBo,peHHe, nOJIyqaeT 33ll1,HTY. XOTH 6bI OR npH06peJI HX
OT JIHl.(a, 1K0ropoe He HMeJIO oHa !HHX npaB, TaK, HanpHiMep, eCJIH
BOp YKpa.n.eT qeK Ha npe.n.1>HBHTeJIH H nepeJl.aCT ero 3a BCTpeq-
Hoe y,n:OBJIernOpeHHe JIaBOqHHKY, Y KOToporo 'HeT oCHoBamdi
COMHeBaTbCH B ero qeCTHOCTH, TO JIaBOqHHK MO)KeT coxpaHHTb
.3a C060H tIeK npoTHB nepBOHaqaJIbHOrO c06CTBeHHHKa, Y KOTe-
poro OH 6bIJI YKpa,n:eH. BonpeKH 06ll1,epaCnpOCTpaHeHHOMY 1II.e-
EM-to, 6aHKHOTbi AHrJIHikKOro 6aHKa H Ka,ma'IeMCKHe 6HJIeTIol lie
I'JIABA XXI. IIPABO COBOTBEHHOC1'H HA ,n:BR:lEHMOCTb 283
'HBJUUOT'CH 060POTHbIMR ,n:oKYMeHTaMH, XOTH Ha HHX TaK2Ke pac-
'lIpOCTpaHHeTCH npaBHJIO 0 3aII(HTe ,n:06pOCOBeCTHOI'O npHo6pe-
TaTe.JIH. Eho OTHOCHTCH TaK2Ke K MOHeTe, KOTopaH e.D,Ba JIM
HBJ1HeTCH 060POTHbIM ,n:oKYMeHToM.
3. A H H Y H T e T bI H n e "H C H Ii npe,ncTaBJIHIOT C060M, KaK
y.Ka3bIBaeT nepBoe Ha3BaHHe, elKerO.D,HbIe nJIaTe2KH, npOH3Bo,n:H-
MbIe HHor,n:a ex gratia, a HHOI'.D,a npoTH'B nOJIYIIeHHH BCTpeq-
Horo y,n:oBJIeTBOpeHHH, HX ,n:eplKaTeJIHM, '06blIIHO TOJIbKO no-
lKH3HeHHO, XOTH H3BeCTIHbI BeIIHbIe peHTbI H peHTbI Ha CpOK.
AHHYHTeTbI MorYT o6peMeHHTb He,n:BH2KHMYIO IiJIH ,n:PyryIO co6-
CTBeHHOCTb, TaK IITO HHKTO He HBJIHeTCH JIHqHO OTBeTCTBeHHblM
sa ynJ1aTY HX; e,n:HHCTBeHHbIH cnoc06 nOJIyIIeiIIHH y.D,OBJIeTBope-
"HHH npH HeynJJaTe 3aKJIIOIIaeTCH B 3TOM cJIyqae B 06paII(eHHH
B3bICKaHHH Ha caMyIO co6cTBeHHocTb.
4. AKqHH (naH), I}> 0 H.D, bI H 06JIHI'al(HH (debentu-
res) TeCHO C'BH3aHbI C ToproBbIMH KOMnaHHHMH, HO KopoHa
MOlKeT C03,n:aBaTb I}>OH,n:oBble 6YMam B KaIIeCT.Be IIaCTH rocy-
.D,apCTBe.HHoro .D,OJIra, a MYHHl(HnaJIHTeTbI - B 'KaIIeCTBe qaCTM
HX MYHHl(HnaJlbHbIX 06H3aTeJJbCTB. AKqHH (naH ---' share) !JIpe,n:-
CTaBJIHIOT C060M, KaK yxa3bIBaeT Ha3BaHHe, .D,OJJH OCHOBHOI'O
KanHTaJIa npe.D,npHHTHH, npHIIeM Ka2K,n:aH aKqHH npe,n:cTaBJIHeT
C060M onpe,n:eJIeHHYIO e.D,HHHl(Y; aKl(HH rpynnHpyroTcH no cepHHM
H KalK,n:aH H3 HHX He.D,eJIHMa. I1x l(eHHOCTb, eCTeCTBeHHO, 3aBH-
CHT OT CTeneHH HaCTOHII(erO H npe,n:BH,n:HMoro 'B 6y,nYII(eM npo-
l.\BeTaHHH npe,n:npHHTHH, Bblpa2KaIOII(eI'OCH B ,n:HBH,n:eH,n:ax HJIM
B .D,OJIHX IIHCTOH npH6bIJIH npe,n:npHHTHH, KOTopble BbIIIJIaqH-
BaIOTCH no alKqmIM. <I>oH,n:oBble 6YMarH, C ApyroM CTOpOHbl,
,n:e.iTHJJH Ha JI!06ble ,n:OJJH; ,n:OXO.D, no 'HH'M IBblpalKaeTcH JlH'Oe
B l}>opMe onpe,n:eJIeHHOI'O npOl(eHTa, JIH60 3aBHCHT OT npH6bIJIeH
npeAnpHHTlm; OHH He C03,n:aIOT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a HenOKpblTbli
KanHTaJ1 npeAnpHHTHH. Ho, KOHeIIHO, eCJ1H 3TH 6YMaI'H npe,n:cTa-
BJIHIOT C060M KanHTaJI 06bIKHoBeHHoro ToprOBoro npe.D,npHHUIH,
TO HX l(eHHOCTH H, eC'TeCTBeHHO, caMO CYII(eCTBOBaHHe 3aBM-
CHT OT Y'cnelliHOCTH npe,n:npHHTHH. DOJIHOCTbIO OnJIaqeH-
Hble aKqHH MorYT 6bITb KOHBepTHpOBaHbI B I}>OHAoBbIe 6y-
MarH.
Debentures (06JIHraqHH) npe.D,CTaBJIHIOT C060M npocToe
npH3HaHHe npe.D,npHHTHeM eBoeM 3a.D,0JI:>KeHHOCTH H OTJIHIIaIOTCJ!:
OT 06bI'lHOrO ,neHelKHOI'O .D,OJIl'a r JIa'BHbIM '06pa30M TeM, IIT.
06bIKHoBeHHo OHH o6peMeHHIOT aKTHBbI 06IlI.eCTBa, Ha KOTO-
pbIe )1.ep2KaTeJIH 06JIHraqHH HMeIOT n03ToMY npaBo npeHMYII(e-
CTBeHHoro npHTH3aHHH no cpaBHeHHIO C 06bIKHoBeHHbIMH Kpe-
)1.HTOpaMH 06II(eCTBa. 3Ta OTBeTCTBeHaOCTb aKTHBOB MO)l{eT
1>blTh «I}>HKcHpOBa!HIHoii» (fixed charge), T. e. B03JI02KeHHOA Hi
onpe.u.eJIeHHble aKTHBbI 06llI.eCTBa, KOTopbIe n09TOMY He MorYT
6bITb OT'lYlK.D,eHbI 06II(eCTBOM 6e3 COrJ1aCHH lI.ep:IKaTeJIeI'1 06JIN-
284
qACTh qETBEPTAH. rPA , AHC OE ITPABO
rall,HH, HJIll 1Ke (nOCpe,n:CTBOM OCTpoyMHoro rrplleMa, H3BeCTHOrO
K8K «floating' charge»), no 3TllM 06JIHrall,llHM OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb
06eCne'IeHa TOJIbKO TeMH aKTllBaMll 06Ill.eCTBa, KOTopbIe 06me-
CTBO llaweeT B TOT !M'OMeHT, Kor,n:a ,n:ep1KaTeJIll 06JIH,rall,HM (npaBa
KOTOpbIX 06bI'IHO nepe,n:aIOTCH .n;OBepHTeJIbHbIM c06CTBeHHllKaM)
peIllaIOT npe,n:'bHBllTb CBOll npeTeH3Hll.
5. A "B TOp C K 0 e n p a B 0 HBJIHeTCH HCKJIIO'IllTeJIbHbIM
npaBoM aBTopa opllrHHaJIbHOTO JIliTepaTYPHoro, MY3bIKaJIbHoro.
,n:paMaTll'IeCKOrO HJIH .n;pyroro xy,n:mKeCTBeHHoro npOll3Be,n:eHHH
paCnOpH)!{aTbCH npo,n:a)!{eM ne'IaTHbIX K3eMnJIHpOB llJIll )!{e
BocnpOll3Bo.n;HTb HX B JII060M 1}>0pMe. JI.JIH nOJIY'IeHHH TaKoro
npaBa He Tpe6ye cH HHKaKHX 1}>0pMaJIbHOCTeM, HO BCHKOMy,KTO,
npHCBOllB ceoe TaKoe :npaBO B c06CTBeHHbIX HHTepecax, Hapy-
IllHT npa'Ba aBTopa, MO)!{eT 6bITb 06'bHBJIeH 3anpeT H, eCJIH OH
He ,n:OKa)!{eT, "liTO .n;eMCTBOBaJI ,n:06pOCOBe THO, He 3HaH, 'ITO
COBepillaeT npaBOHapYIlleHlle, TO MmKeT 6bITb npHcy)!{.n;eH K B03-
MeIll.eHHIO y6b1TKOB. ABTopCKoe npaBO ,n:eMcTByeT B Te"lleHHe
BceM 1Kll3Hll aBTopa H nHTH.n;eCHTll JIeT nOCJIe ero CMepTll. OHO
3alll,llmeHO cB'Oe06pa3HbIM npaBllJIOM, rJIaCHllI,llM, "liTO BCHKaH
nepe,n:a'Ia ero aBTopOM (COBepIlleHHaH He no 3aBelll,aHllIO)
TepHeT llJIY 'Iepe3 ,n:Ba.n;lI,aTb nHTb JIeT nOCJIe ero CMepTH H
"liTO 3aTeM aBTopCKoe npaBO B03Bpalll,aeTCH K a.n;MllHHCTpaTopaM
ero !HaC.1llei.lI:CTBa..
6. n aTe H T H bI e n p a B a H I}> a 6 p H 'I H bI e M 0 ,n: e lr Ii
TaK)!{e HBJIHIOTCH llCKJIIO"lIllTeJIbHbIMH npaBaMll, npe.n;ocTa'BJIHe-
MblMH H306peTaTeJIHM HOBbiX rrpoH3Bo,n:cTBeHHblx npOll,eCCOB
06bI"lIHO nYTeM naTeHTHpoBaHllH llJIH perllCTpaUllll. AHr JIllMCKOe
npaBo peBHocTHO oxpaHHeT 3Tll npaBa; llCTOpH"lIeCKaH 60pb6a
BOKpyr 'HllX B ceMHa.n;lI,aTOM BeKe npHBe.rra K YCTaHOBJIeHHIO
CTaTYTOB to MOHOnOJIHH (Statute of Monopolies) Tpornx orpa-
HH'IeHllM 3THX npaB, H3 KOTOpbIX r JIaBHOe 3aKJIIO"lIa.rrOCb B orpa-
HH"lIeHHll poKa ,n:eikTBHH HCKJIIO'IHTeJIbHOrO npaBa Ha npOH3-
Bo,n:CTBeHHbIe npoueccbI "lIeTbIpHa.n;lI,aTbIO rOAaMH. n03AHeMIIIlle
AKTbI 0 naTeHTax pa3peIllllJIll B0300HOBJIeHHe HX Ha CpOK ,n:o
ABa,n:lI,aTH BOCbMH JIeT B Tex CJIY"llaHX, KorAa ll300peTaTeJlb
B Te"lleHHe nepBOHa'Ia.rrbHoro cpOKa He nOJIY'IllJI .n;OCTaTO'IHOrO
y.n;OBJIeTBOpeHHH; nOCJIe MHpOBOM BOHHbI HOpMaJIbHblM CpOK .n;eH-
CTBHH naTeHTa 6bIJI y.n;JIHHeH .n;0 IlleCTHaAlI,aTH .1eT. .M.aKcHMaJIb-
HbIH CpOK ,n:eMCTBllH npaBa Ha l}>a6pH'IHYIO MO,n:Mb - 15 JIeT.
HapyrueHHe 3THX llCK.,'IIO'IHTeJIbHbIX npaB npeCJIe,n:yeTcH TaK )!{e,
KaK H HapymeHlle aBTopCKoro npaBa.
7. <I> a 6 p H 'I H bI e 3 H a K II H (}> H P M e H H bI e H a H M e-
HOB a H H H HBJJHIOT H, B Ka''IeCTBe things in action, TaK1Ke
HCKJIlOIIHTeJIbHbIMH npaBaMH Ha 0603Ha"lleHllH, nOKa3b1BaIOllI,He
CBS!3b Me)!{,n:y TOBapaMH HeKoTopbIX BH.n;OB H C06cTBeHHHKaMH
T8KHX 0603HaQeHHH. 3TH c06CTBeHHHKH He ,n:OJI)!{HbI 0651"3a-
l':IABA XXI. IIPABO COBOTBEHHOC'l'II HA J],BfI:R;IIMOCTb 285
TeJJbHO q>aKTH'IeCIUI caMH npOH3BO,l.{HTb 3TH TOBapbI H elI{e Me-
lIee6bITh iRX H306peTaTeJISIMH. iMO>KHO B3HTb .paonpOCTPaHeHHeM-
WYIO BeIIJ;b, KaK HanpHMep <pJJaHeJIb, H YCTaHDBHTb CBH3b Me>K.n:y
Onpe,l.{eJIeHHbIM COpTOM, BH.n:OM HJIH l.(BeTDM 3TOH TKaHH H CBOell
'l'DprDBDH MapKDM HJIH qmpMeHHbIM HaHMeHDBaHHeM H B pe3YJIb-
TaTe npH06peCTH BCJIe,l.{CTBHe oCD60rD pacnOJIO>KeHHH ny6JIHKH
l1.eHHoe HCKJIIO'IHTeJIbHDe npaBO Ha nOJIb3DBaHHe 3TOM MapKDll:
HJIH 3THM HaHMeHDBaHHeM .n:JIH YKa3aHHDrD pO,l.{a TDBapDB.
Tpe6yeTcH, tIT06bI TDprDBaH MapKa HJIH q>HpMeHHDe HaHMeHO-
BaHHe 6bI.'lO .n:D H3BeCT.lJiOH CTeneHH Dp!HrHHaJIlbHbI, H03TD
Tpe60BaHHe He D'IeHb >KeCTKO H rJIaSHaH l.(eJJb ero 3aKJJIO-
aeTCH B TDM, 'ITD6bI npeJJ.ynpe.n:HTb BD3MD}KHOCTb CD3JJ.aHHSI
e6e npe.l{npHHM'IHBbIM KDMMepcaHTDM HCKJIIO'lIITeJIbHOrO
npaBa nYTeM H3D6pa)KeHHH KaKOrD-JIH6D OObI.D:eHHOro npe.n:-
MeTa HJIH nYTeM HaHMeHOBaHHH q>HpMbI KaI<HM-JIII60 06bIKHOBeH-
HbIM CJIOBDM.
YKa3aHHDe TIpaSO npHD6peTaeTCH nocpe.n:CTBOM perHc a HM
H nepBDHa'IaJIbHO JI:J1HTCH TOJIbKD "leTblpHallI,l.(aTb JIeT. Ho, \!IOBH-
.l{HMOMy, o.RD veCKDReq,HO B03D6HOBJIHeTCfI, eCI1IH OHO q>aKTH'Ie-
'CiKH DOYilI1;eCTBJIfleTCfI. ToprOOO'H IMapKa IIJJH <PHpM€HHDe HaHMe-
1I0IB!aHHe, He HOnOJlb3yeMDe bona fide B Te'IelHUe nHTH JIeT
B CBiH'3H C TosapoM, .n:JIH KOToporo OHD npe1I.Ha3H13itIeHO, MO)KeT
<ObFTb BbI"l'epllmYTo H3 !peecTpa; To;proBaH MaJplKa: MO)KeT ObITb
nepeu:r.aHa TOJI:bKO '8' CBH3H C nepeJI.a'IeH qmpMbI !I1iPe)J.!l1PUHTHH,
Top[,YIOlI{erO coo:rBeTCTBYIOIIJ;HM TOBapoM. Hapyrn.eHHHnpaBI3
Ha TOproB IO MalpK'Y H Ha lHaHMeH08aiJme npeCJIe)I.YIOTcH 'faK )Ke,
lKalK HapYllIeHMe aBTOpclI<oro H naTeE/I'HOrO npasa.
8. «<1> H P,M a» (Goodwill). Eho nOHHTiH€ B03HHKJIO BCJI€.l(-
TBHe \!IpHBbI!'IiKH TIy6JIHtKH .HJIH 'IaCTH ee 06pall1.aTbcH .B onpe.u.e-
JIeHHble TDproBble nDMelI{eHHH, K Dnpe.l{eJIeHHbIM TOprOBl.(aM '"JIM
$a6plfK,aHTaM .l(JI'H y.n:OBmeTBopeHliH CBOHX cnelJ,HaJIbHbIX nOTlpe6-
HocTeM. KOHe'IHO, ny/6J1HKY HeJ1b3H 3aCTaBHTb 0t)p8lI{aTbCH
l1MeHHO B )J.alHHoe Kaq>e HJIH B .n:aHHbIM MaJfa3HH, eCJIH OHa calMa
:onDrD He .n:eJIaeT, HO CHJI3 npHtB!bI1IlKH TaK BeJIHKa, 'ITO Be:pDHT-
HOCTb ee D6palI{eRHH HMeHHO K HI1M nopOM HMeeT orpDMHYIO l.(eH-
HOCTb 'B' K8'lIeCTBe 06'beKTa, KOTOpbIi'I MO)KeT 6bITh npO;ZI:aH.
PaaYMeeTCH, Bce, 'ITO npaBO MlO>KeT c.n:e.oo.Tb B Sa'lI{HTy nOKyna-
TeJIH, C'BO.l(HTCSI K TOM'Y, lJ.roObI ,BocnpenHTCTBOBaTb npo-'
,l.{8BJ{Y <pnpMbI 06eCl.(eHHTb npe-.lIJMeT OBOeH npDJ{8)KII nYTeM
noc.1eJ{yIOlI{eii 'KOHKypeHlI,l:IH (npl:lBJle'leHHe 'CTapbIX KJIHeH-
'IOB) .
BCJIe.n;CTBHe 3Toro C06C11BeHHH:K npe,l.{n,pH51THH, nOJIY'IHBllIHM
()D.l!hllIYIO CYMMY 3a, nDMe eHHe npH nepeJI.a'Ie q>HPMbI, He 0J1-
)KeH 06MaHMBaTb nDKynaTeJIH HpMbI nYTeM OTKpMTH51 CDnepHH-
1J:aIOIIJ;ero C HeM npe.n:npHHTHH TYT >Ke pH.n;DM HJIH HanpDTHB. Ho
({ 6bJIbllIOMY HerD)I.OBaHHIO iHeKDTopbIX nOKynaTeJIei1 He'!' cno-
286
qAOTb qETBEPTAH. rPAm ABOKOE nPABO
co6a npe,n:OTBpanITb CaMYIO B03MOiKHOCTb 3HeJH'H'IlHOM KOHK'Y-
peHl\HH co CTOpOHJbII 1'peTbero JIHqa. IToKynarreJIb He n,pHoOpen
HCKJIlOllHTeJJbHorO npaBa, OH TOJIbKO 3aKJIIOIlHJI ,n:orOBOp, n03BO-
.IIHIO HM eMiY BCTyrUITb 180. 8'JIa,n:eHHe 4>HpMOM CBIoero [lpe.rr.ille-
crneHHHiK,a l . 11 !IIOi,lI;06HO 'I'a-MY, 'RaK nOCJIe,n:HHM He !Mor 3afllB\1ISITb
npeTeH3HM K cfBOeiMY 'ROfbKypeH'ry, TalK iKe TOIlH'O He M01KeT H
OH 3aSIBJISITb TalKHe npeTeH3HH.
COBepWeHHO He8'03iMO}KHO B TalKOM p<J.OOTe., K2.:K IIUlcTOSI aSI,
paS1>SJlCHHTb IIIO.rr.lpOOHee, 'qeM 6bIJJO TOJIbKO IlTO C\lI.eJIaHO, Bce
npaBOMOqHSI H cnOCOObI 3aIqHTbII COOCTBeHHHiKOB, HMelOII(HX
«things in action». MHorHe H3 HHX, IK 06opoTHbIe J(OKY!MeHTbl.
naTetHTbI, aBiTOpCiKOe llIpaB'O, HB\1ISIIOTCSI npe,n:'MeTOM OC06bIfXUC-
CJJe.rr.oBaHHM, TpaKT}'IOI.I(HX TOJIbKO 0 HHX. Bonpoc 0 cpOH,n:OBbiX
6YMall'ax H alK:qHSIx Tpe6yeT 06'HSICHeHHSI Toro 60JJbllIOro H
CJlO}KHOrO IMeXaHH3IMa, iKOTOplbIH YC'TaHOBJIeiH A!KTOM 06 8KIJ.Ho.-
HepHblx o6 ecTBax (Joint Stock Companies Act) H ,n:PyrHMH 3a-
KOHa!MH. ITOJl,OOHbI.e paooTbl npe,u.na3Ha ' lleH'bI ,n:JISI CnelI,HaJIHCTOB,
3aiK8iHQHBaSI ery rJJaBY, MbI MO}KeM 3):LeCb KOCHYTbCSI
TOJIbKO OC:HOBHOTo. H B8>I{HOrO pa3JIHQHJI. ynOMJIHl}"Toro p8HhUle,
KOTOIpOC cYII(ieCTByeT Me}K,n:y MaTepHaJI.bHo.M Jl,BH}KHMOCTblO It
things in action.
OHO 3aKJIIOQaeTCSI B TOM, 'IlTO M'81Tepml l JIbHaSI ,AIJ3H}KHMOCTb
MOJKeT 6bITb, iKaiK MbI BH,n:eJIH, npe,n:MeTOM BJJa,AeHHSI, B TO
!BpeMSI KaK things in action He Mo.ry" 6bITb npeJ];IMeTOM I8JIa,n:e-
HHSI, BJIa,n:eHHe, KaK MbI TaK}Ke Y}Ke BH,n:eJIH, SI'BJISIeTCSI MaTe-
pHaJIbHbIM cpaKTOM. OHO He MO}KeT n03TOMY OTHOCHTbCSI
K BeII(aM, KOTopbIe cy eCTBYIOT TOJIbKO B 06JIaCTH npaBa.
fOBOpSI nonpOCTY, HeJIb3SI BJJa,n:eTb BeII(blO, KOTOpylO HeJJb3SI
OCSI3aTb, H XOTSI HeCOMHeHHO MO}KHO OCSI3aTb TY 6YMary "JIM'
nepraMeHT, Ha KOTOpOM 3acpHKCHpOBaH THTYJI B OTHoweHHH.
ropH,n:HlleCKHX SIBJIeHHM, HMeHyeMbIx BeKCeJJeM HJIH aKl1HeM, HO
'lIeJIb3SI 0OO3aTb TOT npe.D:MeT, KOTOpbIH 3Ta ,6YMara HJIH 'Ilepra--
MeHT :npe,n:CTaBJISIeT.
OTCIO,n:a CJIe,n:yeT, IlTO B 01'HOllIeHHH «things in action» He
MO}KeT HMeTh MeCTO TO .pa3\l1.eJIeHHe IJIpaBI, KOTopoe B03MO}KHO
B 01'Ho.meHHH MaTepHaJIbHOM ,ABH}KHMOCTH; HeB03MO}KIHO 3!atBM-
CHMoe ,n:ep}KaHHe, OT,n:e.nSIIO ee npaoo c06c'J1BeHHOCTH 01' BJIa,n:e-
HHSI. TalK, HanpHMep, He 'Mo.}KeT nMeTb MeCTO 3alKJJa\ll., OT.n;a"la
B HaeM, B 06eCneQeHHe HJIH nepeB03Ka things in action; noc.ne,n:-
fiHe !Haxo,n:SITCSI ,ElHe npe;neJJOB ,n:eiicTBHSI TaKHX 3ia'KOHOB; KaK
AKT 0 npo,n:a}Ke TOBapoB (Sale of goods Act) HJIH AKTbI 0 npo-
.na}KHbIX 3amICSIX (Bills of Sale Acts), 3a O,n:HHM HHTepecHbIM
HCKJIIOlleHHeM, KOTopoe COCTaBJISIeT oroBopKa 06 «OQepe.D:HOCTw
H pacnopSI}KeHH!lf» (order and disposition) \AIKT8 0 6aHKpOTC'J'IBe.
Bce 3TH c,n:eJIKH B 3HallHTeJIbHOM Mepe HMelOT CBoen: npe,n:no-
CbJ.IIKOH B.TIB.D:f'HHe. npaB.D:a, nepe,n:alla B ,n:en03HT KOHocaMeHTa
rJIARiA XXI. ITPABO COBCTiBEEUIOC'l'H HA BmRHMooTb 287
M01KeT BbI3Bal'b re me nOCJIe,n;cTBHH, KaK 3a 1 KJfaJI, Tex TOBapoB,
K KOTOpbIM OH OTHOCHTCH, HO 9TO He 3aKJla.ZI. thing in action.
Ta'KiLKe 'He BbI3bIBaeT COMHeHHM, 'lTO nepe.ZI.a.'la' B .ZI.en03II1'
TallrnX .ZI.oKyMemoB, KaK aKI.(IIH 1I.,'I1li OOOpOTHble" oKYMeHTbI,
MomeT "lI.aTb (ZI.en03IITapmo B03MOmHOCTb o6paTIITb B'3bICKaHIIe
Ha Te npalB'a, KOTopble OHH npe.ZI.CTaBi1IHIOT, H 'M01KeT ,l(ame pac-
cMa11pIIBa'fbCH lKaK 06peMeHeHIIe, B03J10meHHOe Hal HIIX no n1p8BY;
cnpaBe.ZI.JlHBOCTII. Ho, iB OTJliH'llIe 01' 3aKJIa.ZI.a lMaTepIIamJiHOM JI.BH-
1KHMOCTII, 3TO - 3a.ZI.ep1KaHHe YJI.OCTOBepeHHH Ha HMyII(eCTBO,
a He npalBo YJI.ep1KaHHH iBJla.ZI.eHHH B OTHOllieHIIll' «things in
action»; Ta.K H3:3bIB!aeMoe «YJI.ep'>KaJHHe» .ZI.OKYMeH11oiB, OOOCHO-
BbIBaIOlIUIx npaBa, npe.ZI.CTaBJIHeT C060M HeqT() cOBepnreHHO OT-
JlII'lHOe OT Y.ZI.ep1KaHHH MaTepIIaJlbHOM .ZI.BH1KIIMOCTII no 06II(eMy.
npaBY. ITpH TaKIIX IICKJlIO''lHTeJIbHbIX npaBiax, KaK naTeHTbI Ii
aBTopcKoe npaBo, M01KeT iB'03HHKHYTb o11HoIlIeHHe, HeCIKOJIbKO"
nOXO}Klee Ha OTHOllieHIIe Me1K,n;y BlpY'lIITeJJeM H aaBIICIIMbIM
)(ep1KaTeJleM B Tex c.royqaHX, KOr.ZI.a npHMeHHeTcH mpaKTllKa
BbIJI.3''lH pa3pellieHIIH Ha HICnO\1Il>30BaHIIe naTeHTOB IIJlH H3
paSM'HO>KeHHe npOH'3Be.ZI.eHIIH, OXpamJ'elMO'I'O aBTopCKHM npa-
BOM.
O.ZI.HaKO, aHaJlOrHH TYT O'leHb cJla6a. Pa3pemeHIIe SIiBJIHeTCn
peaJIbHO TOJIbKO iZl:orOBo.pOM Me>K.ZI.Y C06CTBIeH:HUIK01M' lIIaTeHTa
HJIH JlHTepaTYPHblM COOCTBeHHH:KOM II J1HI.(OM, .nOJJyqaroII(lIiM 9TO
i))a3pelllIeHHe; OHO He C03.ZI.aeT TItPaiBl, HanpaBJleHHbIX npOTllB py-
rHX JJHI.(, KaK 9TO HMeeT MeCTO B CJJY'lae 3aBHCHMoro ,l.{ep1KaHHH.
C'IHTaeTCH, 'ITO ,l.{ai>Ke JI.ep1KaTeJIb MOHOnOJIblHOrO pa3pemeHHH
He M01KeT 'Bi1IHHHTb II'C TpeTbIIM JIHl.(aM 3a HapymeHIIe IICKJI1O-
QHTeJJbHOrO npaBa. HaJwHel.(, HaJI,O HanOM1HIITb "lHTaTeJIIO, 'lTO
pa3J1H:QHe iMeDKAY' c06CTBeHHOC'TbIO, OTIHpaIOII(eMCH IHa 06II(ee
npaBO II OIIIHpaIOII(eMCH Ha !IIpaBO CnpaB .JI.JlHBOCTH, HMeIO ee
MeCTO iB OTHOIlIeHHH He.n;BH1KHIMOCTII 'H MaTe:pHaJIbHOM JI.BH}I{ll-
MOCTH, npIIMeHHeTCH TaK1Ke K things in action; OHO B03HHKaeT
iB OCHOBHOM no O,l.{HHaij({)BbI'M npH'lIIHaM H IBe,neT II{ O)(HHaKOBbIIM
pe3YJIbTaTaM. ITOMHMO Bcero npo'lero, YKa3aHHoe pa3J1II'IHe no-
3BOJlHJlO, KaK OTMe'laJlOCb BbIIlIe, npaBY cnpaBeJI.JlHBOCTH C03,l.{a-
BaTb nocpe,ncTBoM yqpe1K,neHIIH ,l(OBepHTeJlbHoit c06cTBeHHoCTH
n01KH3HeHHble npaBa KaK Ha MaTepHaJIbHyIO ,nBIDKIIMOCTb, TaK H
Ha npaBa things in action.
C IJIipa.BOBOM TOQJKH 3peHHH He M01K.e'!' 6bII'fb, 'KOHe'lHO,
n01KH3HeHHbIX npaBi Ha TO II ,npyroe. Ho He CYII(eCTByeT HH'Ka-
KHX npenHTCTBHM K nep aQe 1II0,n06HOM c06C11BeHHOCTH ,l(OBepH-
TeJIbHbIM c06CTBeHHHKaoM C npe.n;nHcaHHeiM n01KH3HeHHO Bbl:IIIJJa-
'lHBaTb ,l(OXOJI. A, a [locJle ero CMepTH - pa3JI.eJJHTb Kl3lrIHTaJJ'
Me1K)( ero eTbMH. TaiKHe IpaCnopH>KeHHH BCT1peQaiIOTcSJ! iITOBce-
,ll,HeBHO.
'288
'IACTD 'IETImp'l'All. rl'_\JI;':UHCI,m III'ABO
r JI A B A XXll
OTqY)K EHHE C05CTBEHHOCTH
B HaCT05IIIJ;ee BpeM5I HopMa aHr JIHikKOro npaiBa I' JJaCHT,
'1'1'0 He TOJIhKO BCllKall lc06CTBeHHOCTb MO)KeT OTllY)KJ!:aTbCll KaK
npH )KH3HH, TaR H nOCJJe C'MepTH c06CTBeHHUK.a, HO 'ITO 3a O'IeHb
HeMHOrHMl:I HCKJIIO'IeHl:IRMH ee HeJJb311 c.n;eJIaTb HeOT'IY}K.n;ae mll
KaiKHM-JJ1l60 COrJIRllIeHHeM CTOpOH. C"lHTaeTCll, IJTO npe.n;OCTa-
B..'IeHHe IJe.rrOBeKY c06CTBeHHOCTH C 3anpeIIJ;eHHeM OTllY)K.n;aTb ee
npe.n;CTa'BJIlleT C060M BHYTpeHHee npOTHBOpeIJHe. HHbIMl:I C'JIOBaMH,
npaBO Ha OTIJY)K.n;eHue CTaJIO paCCMaTpHBaTbCll lKaK CYIIJ;eCTBeH-
HaR IJaCTb npaBa c06CTBeHHOCTM.
BCRiKHM H3Y'1JRIIoIIJ;HM HCTopmo aHrJIHMOKOro npaBa Y.BH.n;HT,
'IJTO 3Ta cBo6oiZ{R OT1JY)K.n;eHH5I I6bIJIai .n;OCTl:IrHyIT8' JJl:IIlIb nOCJIe
,.n;OJJ!rou H O)KeCTO'tJeHHOM Oopb6bI. MbI MO)KeM MbICJIeHHO Bep-
HYTbC5I iK TeM .n;IHRIM, KorJJ:a .n;a)Ke KpymHbIM ClKOT H OBII{3! C"lHTa-
JJHCb HeOTIJY)K.n;aeMbIMH H Kor.n;a IJeJJOBeKa, Y KOToporo 6bIJI 06-
HapY)KeH 6bIK, KOTOpbIM npe)K.n;e npuHaJI,JIe2KaJI JI,PyroMY. CqHTa Ill
BOpOM, O.n;HO BpeMll CIJHTaJIOCb HeMbICJIHMbIM, 'ITO 3eMJIIO MO)KHO
'oTIJY2K.n;aTb 6e3 cor JIaCHR pO.n;HH HJIH rocno.n;l:IHa, CTOllmero Ha.n;
c06cTBeHHHKoM. CB060.n;a OT1JY2K.n;eHH5I 3eMJIH B AHrJJHH, KaK 06-
IIJ;ee llBJIeHHe, B03HHKJIa He paHee 1290 r., HO H Tor.n;a OHa 6bIJJa
IBeCbL\fa IHeCOBeprneHHa. O.n;HaiKO, 6o.Pb6a 3a oCBo6mKJJ:eHHe
nOMeCTHM, Ol'pa'lIiHIJ,eHHbIX B OTHOllIeJIHM naCJIe.n;OBaIHHll, iIIpO.n;OJI-
1K:aJIaCb H 'llOJIHaH n06e.n;a 6bIJIa .n;OCTl:IrHYTR He pa'Hbme JIRTHa-
.JI.U,aToro neKa. 3eMJIll 'He MOl' JIa: OmpbITO OTKa'3blB!aTbCll no
3,aIBeIIJ;aHIUIO ,JI,O 1540 1'., 3a l:ICKJ1IO'tJeHiHeM OCOObI/x o6bItJJaeB, H
nOJJHall cBo60.n;a 3aBeIIJ;aTeJJbHbIX paOnOpH)KeHHM B OTHOIlIeHHl:I
3eMJIH 6bIJJa .n;OCTl:IrHYTa JJl:IllIb B 1925 r, OJJrOBbIe HMYIIJ;e-
.cTBa - things in action - 6bIJIH no 06IIJ;eMY npaBY B TeIJeHl:Ie
'CTOJIeTHM nOCJIe HX BBe.n;eHHR HeOTIJY)K.n;aeMbI; 3HeprHIJHbIe YCH-
JJHH npaBa cnpaBe.n;JIHBOCTH Kyne'IeCKOrO npaBa OCJJa611Tb 9TH
npaBHJJa npHBeJIH K nOJIHOMY ycnexy TOJIbKO B 1873 I'. l(aK
Y)Ke 6bIJJO CKa3aHO, Tenepb c06cTBeHHocTb, 3a He60JIbllIHMH
TICKJIIOIJeHHHMl:I, He MO)KeT 6bITb c.n;eJIaHa HeOTIJY)K.n;aeMOM
.n;a)Ke no COrJIallIeHl:IIO CTOpOH. l(paTKo 06cy.n;Hlvr 3TH HCK.7JIO-
IJeHHR.
Be'l'H'YIO HJIH HeOrpaHl:I1JeHlHYIO CpOKOM co6CTBeHHOCTb (3a
'He60JIbIlIHMH HCKJIIOIJeHHHMH) He.7Jb3R .n;emJJTb HeoNym.n;aeMOI1:,
'HO BpeMeHHbIe .npaBa MomHO .n;eJJaTb HeOTllY)K.n;aeMbIMH. HanpH-
Mep, OpOIJH.aR apeH.n.a H nO)KH3HeHHble npasa MorYT 6bITb c.n;e-
.1JaHbI HeOTIJY)K.n;aeMbIMH nocpe.u.CTBOM orOBopKH 0 TOM, 1JTO BCH-
KaH nOnbI11Ka 'K HX OT1JY)K.n;eHHIO iIIOBe.n;eT K MX YTpaT€, HJIH 0 TOM,
'-ITO OHH .n;JIHTCH JIMllib .n;O'l'ex nop. [lORa 006cTBeHHHK He nonbITaeTCH
<OTlJYiJl,llTb IIX. B 01'HOllIeHHH apeHA TaKaH orOBopKa, 06bIIJHO,
I'JIA'BA XXII. OTqY:JE,II,EHHE OODCTBEHHOCTll
289
10CHT YCJJOBHbIM XapaKTep, T. e. OHa 331IIpemaeT OT'l1}'2K.n:eHHe
oe3 COJ'JJaCHSI 3eMJJeBilla.n:eJJbII.a. Cy.n:bI OOJIa;J:(a1OT lliIHPOKH'MH
nOJIHOMOqHHMll .n:JJSI npe.n:OTBpallIeHHSI 2KeCTKoro npHMeHeHHH
n o6HibIIX YCJJO'BiHii:. O.n:Ha!KO, 'HeCMO'I1pH Ha 3aKOHo.n:aTeJIbCTBO
nOCJIe.n:Hero IBpeMeHH, MO>KHO .n:YMalTb, IJTO no.n:06HbIe orOBopKH
coxpaHHT CBoe .n:eii:cTBHe. II02KH3HeHRbIe npaBa, npe;n;OCTaBJJSle-
MbIe no 3aB:emalHH1O q>aCTOlJHTeJIbHbJ.M .n:eTHM, IJaOTO il(eJIa1OT
HeO'I"'fJlK){aeIMbIMH. O.n:HaKO, npaBa, Orp3JHH 1 leHHbIe B OTHOllieHIUf
HaCJIe.n:OBaHHH (3anOBe.n:HbIe npaIB1a), He MorYT IIjpe.n:OCTaB\lIHlfbCSI
H8 YCJIOBiHH HeOTlJY>K.n:aeM'OCTH 3a HCKJI1OIJeHHelM: CJJYlJae:B, KOTO-
pbIe IOy.n:YT n03i>Ke YKa3aHbIJ. YCJIOBHe HeOTlJY2K.n:aeMOCTII He MO-
2K,eT TaK>Ke OTHOCIITbCH 'K npaBaM 'HeOrpa'HHlJeHHOM C06CTBeH-
HOCTII IHa 3eMJI1O II K oeaYCJIOBHOMY npaBY C06CTBeH:HOCTU Ha
.n:BiH2KHMOCTb.
5IpKoe uC]{JI1OIJeHHe 'H3 3Toro 06mero npaiBHJJa 06 OTlJY-
)K}J,aeMOCTH c06cTBeHHocTH npe.n:CTaBJJHeT C060M nOJJ02KeHHe
3aMY}f(Heii: >KeHll\HHbI, iKoTopaH, lKaK MbI lB e.TIH, MO>KeT IObI'I'b
«CBH3aHa B OTHorneHHH 8'HTHII.HiIIIa.II.HH .n:OXO OB» (CTp. 221)
13i O11HOllIeHHH BceM HJIH 'laCTH cBoe1ii CoocT1B:eHHocTH B TeIJeHHe
3aMy'>KeOTBa. aTO HCIKJI1Oqe'HHe 6y.n;eT .n:eMlcTBOBaTb eI.qe MROro
.neT BCJJe.n:C11BHe CYll\eCTBYIOmWX aiKTOiBI 0 ceMeiiHOM ,c06cweH-
HOCTH. Ho, KaK MbII TlaJK2Ke Y2Ke BH.n;eJIH, 3aKOHo.n:aTeJJbC1'BO no-
CJIe.D;Hero BpeMeHH c.n:eJIaJIO HeB03M02KHbIM HaJI01KeHHe no.n;06Horo
orlpalHHlJeHHH B oy.n:ymeM. O.n:Ha'KO, II{ !KOHII.Y 1945 1'. MOryT cy-
mOCTBiOBaTb eme HeKoTopbIe no.n;06HbIe OrpaHHIJeHHH, YCTaHo-
BJIeHHbIe 3aBeru:aHIUIMH, KOTopbIe 6bI.HH c.n:eJIaHbI JI,O
1936 ro.n:a.
MeHee OYIU.ecTBeHHoe HCK.1I01J:eHHe H3 oOIU.eI'o npaBiHJla
00 OT'QY}K.n:a:eMOCTH 3aIKJIIOIJaeTCSI IBI TOM, 'ITO IJeJIOBeK:, KOTOPOMY
nepe.n:aJHbI YCJIOBIHbIe npaBa, M02KeT 6bITb JJHllIelH B03MmKHOCTH
OTII'y>K.n:eHHH fiX 1)];0 Tex nop, TIORa 'HacT}'IIIIJIeHHe YCJIOBHH He
c.n;eJIm T :JI:JIH Hero 3TH npasa 6e3YCJIOBlHbIM1H. TalK, Ha,npHMep,
peoeHoK, fljpaBo KOTopoI'o Ha .n:OJI1O Bi O'I1I\OBCKOH C06CTBeJH1HO-
tTH 06YCJIOBJIeHO TeM, IlTO OH nepe2KHBeT CB010 MaTb, M02KeT
6bITb JIHllieH B03M01KHOCTH OTlJy)!{.n;aTb 001010 .n:OJI1O ll!pH }KH3HR
MaTepH (CTp. 262).
B TO BpeMH !KaK atHI' JIHikKOe npaBO TaKHM 06pa30M OTKpbITO
rLpH3HaeT npaBo 3anpeIU.eHHH OTqryJKllI.eHHH, OHO BiBO.n:HT HeKOTO-
pble .n;OBO.TJbHO Ba>KHbIe 1H0PM'bJ. H nlpe.n;OCTaBJIReT JJ:apHTeJISlM
C06CT-BOOHOCTH YCTaHaBJIHBa'J1b .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHbIe npaBHJJJa, UMe1O-
IU.fle CBOHM npSllMbIIM HJIH KOCIBelHHbIM nOCJIe.n:CTBHeM IJaCTH1JHbIe
OrpaHH'leHHH no OT'lY2K.n:eHH1O.
MbU Y>Ke y;Ka3bIBa.rm, HanptHiMep, HI8 CTa H AKTa 0. 6am<;pOT-
CTBe, KOTopbIe .n:eJIa1OT HeKOTOpbIe «.n;06POBOJJbiHbIe» ("JJH loe3-
B03Me3.n;HbIe) paCnOpH>KeHHH, cooopmeHHbIe B TeIJeHHe onpe.n:CJJeH-
"oro nepHo.n:a, npe.n:llIecrI1BoBaBIlIero 6am<pOTCTBY paCnOpSl,ZJ;HTe.nH:
39 :1aR. . 411. A TTT:"!TTi'r Ro TTp:mo.
290 :-
lfA<.Yl'b lfJ!)TBEPTAH. .I'PA:iI ,II,AHeKOE IIPABO
He.n;eHCTBllTeJIbHbIMH llJIH no MeHbllIeM Mepe ocnopllMbIMll. CYI1.{e-
cTByeT TaKJKe CTapbIM, HO He JJllllIeHHbIM 3HatJeHllSl 3aKOH 1511 r..
KOTOpbIM n03BOJJHeT Kpe.n;HTopaM, He npHoeraH K npoI(e.n;ype OODH
BJJeHHH' HeCOCTOH'TeJIbHOCTH, OTMeHRTb ipa3Horo po.n;a 'pacnopH-
iKeHHH .n;OJJJKHHKa, c:.n;eJJaHQIbIe «IB HaMepeHHH OTCPOQHTb IIJI8TeJKH,
C03.n;aTb nOMeXH Kpe.n;HTOp3'M HJrH oOMaHyrb HX». PSI.n; cy.n;e6HbIX;
pemeHHM C03.n;aJl Ta!KOe TOJIKOBaHHe 3Toro 3aKOHa, KOTopoe c}>aK-
1'Ii1Iecn<:H .n;eJIaIeT H3JIllllIHHM BI HeKOTo,pbIX CJIytJaSlx OKa3aTeJJb-
C BO 'HaMepeHHOTO 06MaHal. Ha:npUM1ep, eCJIH IKTO-JJHqO !6e3B03'-
Me3AHO 'Pacnop HTCH CBloeM co6 BeHHOCThJO TaK, tJTO
c}>aKTHtJeCKH OKa 'eTCH H nJIaTeJKeCnoc06HbIM, TO TaKoe paono-
pH eHHei 6y eT OTMeHeHO no Tpe60BiaHHIO ero Klpe).(HTopOB, KO
TOpbIX OHO JIHllIHJIO BI03MOJKHOCTH nOJIYtJHTb y.n;oBJIieTBOpelIme-_
To JKe oa'Moe npoll30H.n;eT, eCJlH !KTo-JIn6o, He TepHH nJIa11eJKe-
cnOCOOHOCTH, HalMepeHHO nepe:.rr.aCT .n;.pyroMY CYI1.{elCTBeHHYIO
tJaCTb CBDeM c06CTBemrac'I'HI Illepe.n; TeM:, lKaK npacTynHTb. K pHo-
IWBaHHaMy npe).(iILpHHTHlO.
HeCKOJIblKO 60JIee n03AFIHM 3aKOH 1585 r. KacaeTCH .n;06.po
iB<OJIbHOM ,(6e3Bi03Me3.l1::HOH) lI1epe.n;a1JH geMJJH, cOBeipmaeMojij B
I(eJJSIX IIIpH1JHHHTb yI1.{ep6 nOCJIe,u,ylOI1.{HM nOKynaTeJmM. 8TOT
3aiKOH TOJIKOBaJICH TalK CTporo" tJTO. B03lHHiKJIO yrq1eHHe, IlIO IKOTO
poMy IBICSlKalsl: ,6e3B03M 1 el3>D;HaSl nepe.n;aJ1Ja ctJHTaJIaCb ipso facto
He.n;eMcTBllTeJIbHOM B OTHomeHHH nocJre).(YIOlIl..(KX :npH06peTaTeJJeii
TOM JKeI 3'eMJI>H Y ).(apHTeJJR 3a BCTpeqHOe y).(o,B\lIeTBOpeHHe
TaKHe .B!bIJBO.n;bI eCTeCTBeHHO I1IpfliBIQ,n;HJIH nOqTH !K CTOJJb JKe 'IlPY-
6bIIM 06Mia'Ha'M, 'KaK Te, iIIJpOTHB 1K0TOpbI'X '6bIJI Ha:npa!BiJIeH 3TOll
Adn, H .oH 6blJI OTMeiHeH! 3aJKOHOM 1893 r. 8m TPH 3aKOHa IBiKJIIO-
lfeHbI B cOBpeMe'HlHoe 3aiKOHo aTeJJbCTBO 0 co6c11BeHHOCTH. He-
a6xo.n;HMO 1II03ToMy no.n;,tJepKJIYTb 06CTOH'J1eJIbCTBO, CJIHllIIKOM
qa,CTO 3al()bLBaeMoe IOpHCTaiMH, HM€lHHO, tJm .n;06pOBOJJbHbIM ).(ap
KaK He.n;BH.>KHMOCTH, TaK H .n;BHJKHMOCTH, cOBepllIeHHbIM C c06JJIO-
.n;leHHeiM .n;OJI.>K,HbIX <popMaJJbHOCTeHI" HBJIHeTCH OOHI3'tliTeJJbHbIM .n;JIH
CTOipOH H -He iMO.>KeT 6bITh OTMeHeH .n;aJpHTeJIeM-, eCJIH TOJfbKO OU
He 6bIJI nOJIY1JeH nyTeM 06l\1aHa H.1Uf .n;pyroro 3J1oynoTpe-
6J1eHHSI.
3aTeM, 01' lB1peMeHH .n;a .BpeMeJHH MbI Y'Ka3blBlaJIH Ha YCJIOBH5i'.
COOJIIOJI.ieilme 1K00TapbIx Tpe6yeTcH npaBiOM 'IIiPH OT1JYJK.n;eHH H
HeKOTapbIIX BHJ(OB C06CT,BeHHOCTH, HaIlipHMep, MbI y-naMHHa.rm.
tJTO 4>ai6pH'tJiHbIM 3HaK Mo*eT ObITb nepe.n;aH TOJIblKO npH ne/pe-
.n;aqe c}>HpMbI-npe.n;npHSlTHH, ToprYIOI1.{ero TOBapoM, .n;JJH KOTaporo
aH 'pe'rllOT JHpOBaJllCH. I10.n;06HbIe YCJIOBHH, eCreCTBeHHO, 0I1Pa-
HHtJHBalOT IB03MOJKHOC'Tb oCYI1.{eCTBJJeHHH rrpaBa OT'IY-,
JK.n;eHHH, .
CaIMb MH Ba,)l{HbI-MH npaBllJIalMH 3IHrJlHMrnmrO npaBa, YCTaHa-
BJiliBalOI1.{HMH OrpaHH1J,elHHH B npaBie aTqY.>K eHHH, HB\lISIoI01 1 c.H.
().n;HaKO, «I1paIBHJE3> II1pOTH.B YBeKOBe1JeIHlH 'Jf aKKYMYJIH UH .n;oxo-
rJIABA XXII. GTTIY'I'lI.EHl1E COBC'I'BEHHOOTH
291
.lI.OB». XOTH 3TH npaBHJIa HBHG OrpaHI1'lI1BaIOT cB060.n.HOe ocy-
rqecTBJIlelHHe npaBa OT'Iy)!{.n.eHHH, OHI1 !jJalKTHQeOKH In!pe Ha3Ha'la-
.nHCb !I.JIH 3arqHTbI 06rqero mpHHl.{llna CIBi060.n.bI O'f'lIY)i{jj('eHIHl, a
He iL(JIH nO.lI.jpbIBa ero. O!I.tHaKO, OHH IBial JIH MOJ'1YT 6bITh 1lI0HHTbi
B OTpblBe OT CHCTeMbI paCnOpSl)!{eHHM, HMeHyeMoM aKTaMH 06
YQpe)!{.n.eHHH CeiMeMHOll coocTBeHHOCTH, 0 'KOTOpbIX 6YilI.eT C'Ka-
3aHO HH>Ke ,81 3TOH >Ke rJJ'aBe, n03ToMY JIY'IIlIe OTJIO>KIITb HX
o6cY>K.n:eHlle lI.O TOiro 'MOMeIHTa.
41'0 KaCae'l'CH 'laCTHqHOrO HJIH KOCBeHHoro o paHH'leHHH
npaB 01''lyLK,ZI.eHlISl, B03JIO)!{eHHOrO CTopOHaMH, TO Ha.n.o YKa3aTb,
'lTO aHfJJIIMC We npaBO He: npOOSltTCTBY.e1' .n.atpHTeJIIO iC06cTBieH-
HOCTH HaJIaraTh JII060e, He npOTHBOpe'larqee 3a,KOHY YCJIOBUe
.lI.JIH COXpaHeHIIH ,ZI.apa 3a o.n.apSleMbIM, LI:eMcTBHTeJlbHO, B 3aBe-
aiHHHX 'l,aCTO IBCTpe'laIOT'CH orOBOIpKH, no KOTOIpbIM JJlIl.{a, noJIy-
'laIOrqHe HaCJIe.n:CTBO, JIHillaIOTCSI OBoeM .n.OJIH B HaCJI1e.n.CTBe,
eCJIH OHH Bcry,nSl1' BI opaK C .JTlII.{OM .n.pyroM HaqHoHaJlbHOCTH
HJIII npll!MYT .n.OfMaTbI onpe..n;e\IIeHHOll peJIHrllIl H T. n. TalKHe
YCJIOBHH 'lpe3BbI'l,aHH'0 3aTpY.lI.'HHIOT ,ZI.JIH JIlIl{, nOJIyqaIOrqHx
H8CJIe.lI.CTBO, BOOM'O>KHOCTb OT'lY>K,n:eHHH CBOHX npaB, BO BCSI'KOM
CJI)'1'lae .n.o Tex nop, flORa c06C'TBeHHOCTb HaXO.LIJITCH B P'YK(lX
.n.osepHTeJJbHbIX c06CTBeHHHIKOB; nOKy:naTe.nH 6y.n.YT, eCl1eCTBeHHO.
OCTeperaTbClSl nJIaTHTb .n.OObrH 3a c06Cl1BeHHOCTb, KOTopaSl
iMO>KeT ObITb OTHHTa rBCJIIe.n.CTBHe nOCJIeJJ:YIOrqero nOBe..n;eHHH
npOiL(aBl.{a.
Ha mHeq, no O'leHb CTpaHHOH, HO IlInpOKO paonpoC!I'paHeH-
HOM npatKTHLKe, Y'lpe.n.-HTeJIb ceMeMHOM COOCTBenHocTH MO>KeT,
!jJaKTH'leCKH nepe.n.aB CBOIO co6CTBleHHOCTb .lI.OBepHT'eJIbHbIiM COO-
Cl1B,eHHHKa " ilI.aTb .n.pyrHM JJlIqaM npaBO «npe.lI.OcTaBJJeHHSI»
(a.ppoint) ee JIH60 LKOMY HM yro.ll,iHO (BKJIIO'laH caMHX ce6H).
JJH60 'lJJeHy IIJIH 'lJJJ1eHaM onpe.n.e.neIHII-IOM I'pynnbI. B neJpBOM CJIY-
lIae IB03HH,KaeT TaK HaGblBa!eI!.We «06rqee» npaBO npe.n.OCTa.B\lIe-
HUSI (general .powers of appointment), 'BO BTOpOM - «cneqHaJlb-
Hoe» npaBO npe.n.ocTaBJI€HHH (special ,powers of appointment).
TaK, HanpHMep, HaCJIe.n.o.n.aTeJIb, OCT8'BiHB cBoeii' BJJ;OBe HJIH
pe6eHKY nO)!{U3HeHHbIe np8lBa Ha co6CTBeHHOCTb, MO>Ke1' .lI.a'Th
TOMY lI.rm: lI.;pyrOMY U3 HHX npa'B'O npe!I.OCTaBHTb KanHTaJI II':
!I.eT5I!M lIa CJIyqai'r CMej)TH COOTBe'TCTBeHHoro .rmu:a, nOJIb3lylOrqe-
rOCH 3THM npalBOM fIlpe OCTaBJIeHUH.
Ha'lJo 3aMeTHTb, qTO COOT,neTCfBYIOIl.{llll Ka'I111TaJI He eTaHO-
BUTCSI c06CTBeHHOCTbIO JIllqa, IIMeIOrqero npaBO ero npe!I.O-
CTaBJIeHHSI, XOT}! 3'1'0 JIlHU:O IIMeeT npaBO pacnopSlJJ;HTbCSI IIM Ha
CJJyqaM CBoeM CMepTH. ECJIU .31'0 npaBO He 6y.n.eT OCYU(€CTBJIfe'Ho
3THM ,JIHqOM B ero 3aHerqaHuH, TO Co6CTBCrHHOCTb nepexo.n.IIT
K TOMY qe.no, BeKY KOTOpblM nOJIyqHJI 6bI ee, eCJIH 6bI He 6bJ.TIO
C03.n.aHO npaBa «npe.n.OCTaBJIeHHH», npH'leM He3aBHCUMO 01' Toro,
eM 6y.n.eT 31'01' q',eJIOHeK, TIpo Hero rOBopHT, qTO OH BCTynaeT
1!;*
292
TIA(1Tl> TJETBEPTAH. rPAm,n:AHC'KOE ITPABO
no B.'Ia)J.eHlIe «3a OTCYTCTBHeM npe.nocT8BJIeHHH» (in default of
appointment).
Ho iB cJJytJae «06mer,o» npaBa npe.nocTaBJIeOOH, K01'OpOe
MO>KeT ObITb ocymeCTBJIeHO 3aBemaH",e , CtJlITaeTC5I, tJTO npo-
eTOe Ha3HatJeHHe .nYIlIeinpllI:Ka3tJlfl{a JIHU,OM, TIOJJytJlIBllIWM 06mee
"paBO npe.nOCTaBJIeHHH, )J.,eJIaeT KanHTaJI OTBeTCTBeHHbIM no .nOJI-
raM nOCJIe.nH<ero. 06m,e;e, 3aBema'TeJJbItOe pacnOpH'>KeHHe c'06-
CTI eHHOCTbIO OTHOCHTCH TaK>K€ K c06cTBeHHocTlI, B OTHOllIeHHI1
KOTOp'OM 3aBemaTe.TJb HMeeT «06m'eie» npaBO npe.nOCTaBJJCH!HH.
51cHo, tJTO BCHKo,e npaBO npe.!IiocTaBJIeHHH orpaHHtJHBaeT npaBO
«HOMliHaJIbHafO» c0'6CT!BeHHHKa Ha OTtJY>K.neHHe TOoM C06C"J1BeH'HO-
CTH, K KOTOpOM OTHOCHTCH npaB'O !IIpe;QOCTa'BJJeHHH.
BH.lI:bI OT1:fY)f(.lI:EHl15I
Y C.nOBUH cOBpeMeHHoM >K1I3HH TaK CJIO>KHbI, tJTO MbI MOJKeM
YKa3aTb JIHllib Ha OtJeHb HeMHorHe CJIytIaH, 'Kor.na HMeeT MeCTi)
(JTtJYJK.!IieHHe co6cTBeHHocTH. MbI KpaTKo onHmeM TaKlie Ba>K-
Hble cRemm., KaK npORa)Ka, ape-BRa, 3aJlOI' H Y'-l?rt)KR ,H:He ce-
MeMHOM c06cTseHHOcTH'.
1. n p O\.n a >K a. npo.n:a>Ka KaK H<e.lI.OO>K,HMOtCTH, TaK 11 .lI.BlI-
>KHMOCTH npe.n:cTaB...'IHeT C060M 6e3YCJJOBHYIO nepe.natJy npaB
HpO.lI.aBu,a Ha npe.lI.MoeT c.neJIlffi 3a BCTpetJHoe Y)J.oBJIeTBOpeHHe,
ol1pe)J.eJIHeMGe B )J.eHbrax 1I H3BteCTHOe JlO.n: Ha3BaHlieM «u,eHbI».
npo.n:ai>Ka HBJIHeTCH, BepoHTHo, ,caiMbIM pacnpocTPaHeHHbIIM iBH)J.OM
OTtJYJK.neHHH, aHa IMOJK'eT 6bITb COBepllIeHa B OTHO[lleHlIH Bcex
P0.n:OB C06CTBteHHOCTH. KpoMe '1'01'.0, OiHa HalCTOJIbKO llIHpOKO H3-
BeCTHa, tJTO He HY>K.n:aie'TCH B no.n:p06nOM 061>HCHeHHlI. He06xo-
HIMO 1'OJII>KO iH<!nOMHHTb tJlH'TaTeJIHM-'H€m,pHCTa,M, tJTO X01'H
«npo.lI.a>Ka» onnCbIBaeTC5I KaK e.nHHaH c.neJIKa, HO !jJaKTutJeCKI1
(lUa pacna.naeTCH Ha .lI.Be c.n:eJIKlI, lIM'eHHO:
1) CO'I'JJJaweHHe 0 npo.nmKe, KOTopoe, B c.'1YQae He.nBHJKH-
MOOTH, HBJIHeTCH nopoM BeC'bMI3 ('JJO>KHbIM )J.e.,'IOM 1I
2) nepe)J.aqa c06cTBeHHoc'TI1, 'KOTOp,a51, On5!Th TaKH B CJlyqae
He)J.BH>KlliMOCTH H JJ,I3JKe 'B CJIyqae things in action (<<HMY.
H1,eCTB B .D;o...'I,rax»), Tpe6yeT 3HatJHTe...'IbHbIX !jJopMaJIbHOCTeM, XOTH
I1PH npo.n:a>Ke HeKOTopbIX BI1.D;OB .lI.BH}!{HMO(:TH TaKa5I nepe.na1Ja
EblTeKaeT aBTOMaTlIqeCKli 1I3 3aKJIIOqeHH5I COfJIallIeHHH 0 npo-
.na>Ke. KpoMe Toro, Ha.lI.O YKa3aTb, 'lTO nOMliMO Cneu,HaJJbHbIX
Bll.D;O'B .lI.OroBopoB' npo.lI.3:Beu, 3eMIJIlH 11, Be:poH1'HO, npO I3Beu, things
in action He 6eiPe1' Ha ce05I OTBeTCTBeHHOCT,H S8. TH'ryn B oTIHorne-
HHI}! npe.n:.MeTa npO,lLa>KH, nOMllMO o6H3ia"1'eJI:bCTBa Hoe HapyrnaTh ero
raM-OMY, a TaK>Ke (3a pe.n:KHMlI nCK...'IIOqeHHH m) He npUHHMa 1 e1
oTBeTCTBeHHQCTH 3a YCJIOBHH, OTHOCHlllHecH (K 3TOMy Tl1'rYJIY; Hn
npo)J.a'Beu, 'To.BapOB rapaHTHlpyeT, tJro 08 lH'MeeT npaBo. npo.n:aTb
:H 'ITO BC.'Fe)J.,CTBHle 31'01'0 nOKyna'J1e.T1b 6y.n: eT cnoKoimo BJIalIerrb
l'JIABA XXII. OT<JY:M;lI.EHHE CODCTHEJHHOCTI1
293
TOBapaMH; OH rapaHTHpyeT TaK2Ke, liTO KaqeCTBO nOKynaeMbIX
TOBapOB 6YJI.eT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb YCJlOBiHHM ,cor JlallIeHHH 0 npo-
.n;a2Ke.
TI.o3TOMY, BepOHTHO, JI.JlH qHTaTeJJH H3 llI""pOKOn nyt5.HHKH
oa'MbIM HHTepeCHbIM IIIpaBOBOM Bonpoc B CBH3H C n.po.n;a2KeM sa-
KJllOqaeTCH B TOM, qTO npoHOOMJI.eT, eCJIll npoJI.aBe , XOTH H JI.en-
CTBYIOllI.HM BnOJlHe JI.06pOCOBeCTHO, <paKTH'leCKH npo.n;aCT 'ITO-
HH6YJI.b, eMY He npHHaJI.Jle2KallI.ee. Upe.ll.nOJlO2KHM, HanpHMep,
'11'0 51. KynHJI y A 'IaCbI, KOTopbIe 6bIJJH <paKTH'IeCKH YKpa,!{eHbI
y B, H.rIll no..'I}',qHJI B 06bI'IHOM ,nOpRJI.'Ke yKpa.n;eHHyro 6an-
KHOTY.
OCT.aB1iM B CTo;poHe Bonpoc 06 06paTRoM Tpe60Bamm
K npO.ll.aB y, 'ITO 3aBH.c:HT, 'KaK MbI BH.lI.eJI1H, OT npe.n;e,JIOB ero
rapaHTHll B IOTHOlliemiH THTYJIa npo.n;aHHon C06CTBe'HHOCTH. no-
KynaTeJlb c06CTBeHHOCTH, He npHHa.ll.Jle2KallI.en npo.n:aBI.{y, no)],-
JIe2KHT .lI.eM'CTBHlO 'CJJeJI.YIOllI.eM o6llI.eM HOpMbI I IHrJJHMCKOro npaBa;
«HHKTO He M02KeT .n;aTb Toro, qero OR He 'HMeIeT» (Nemo det
quod non habet). JihfbIIMH CJJOBaMH, nOK)'llaTeJIb .n:OJI2KeH Bep-
HYTb c06cTBeHHocTb ee HaCTOfIllI.eMY c06cTBeRHHKY. 3TO npa-
BUJJO HeCOMHeHHo 2KeCTKO .lI.JlH qeCTHbIX 'I10KynaTeJlleM, 3anJla-,
THBiJ]]1HX CBOH .n:e'HbrH, IRO TaiKOBO npamfJIo, II' OHO He rraK 'He-
pa3YMH.o, KaK 3TO nepBOHaqaJlbHO Ka2KeTC5I.. B KOHI.{e KOHI.{OB.
c06CTBeHHHK, YTpaTHBllIHM CBOIO <co6CTBeHHOCTb, 3ac..'1Y2KHBaeT
COqYBC1'BUH He MeHbllIe, qeM qeCTHbrn lIIoKynaTeJlb. 3m npa-
BHJIO OTHOCHTCH KaK K He.ll.BH2KHiMOC'ru, TaK H K .n:BH2KH-
MOCTH.
O.n:HaKo, HMeeTCH HeCKO..'lbKO XapaKl'epHbIX HCKJllOqeHHn H31
npaBHJla: Nemo det quod non habet. npe2K.lI.e Bcero, KaK Y)i(e
6bIJIO ynoMHHYTO, O.n:HOM H3 ocot5reHHocTen 060POTHbIX .n:OKY-
MeHTOB HBJlHeTCH TO YCJlOBHe, q110 TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIM «npaBllJIb-
HbIM .n:ep2KaTe..'Ib», T. ,e. JlHI.{O, KOTOpoe npHHHJIO BCe MepbI npe--
.n;OCTOp02KHOCTHI H .n:06pocoBecTHo npH06pe'JJ.o 3a BCTpeqHOe
y.n:oBJleTBOpeHue nO.ll.ot5HbIM '.n:OKYMeHT, Haxo.n:HllI.HM'CH B ot5opoTe,
npH06peTaeT TUTYJI, KOTOpbIM He OCJla6JIHeTiCH He.n:OCTaTO'I-
HOCTblO THTYJIa Toro JIuI.{a, y KOTOpOI'O OHO .9TOT .lI.OKYMeHT
npHot5peJIO. BO-BTOPbIX, iKa!K IMbI T02Ke YJKe yu<a3bIBaJIH, JIHI.{O.
.n:06pOCOBeCTHO nOJlyqalOIlI.,ee 3a BCTpe'lHOe Y.ll.OBJIeTB.opeHl1e
X.o.n:HqylO MOHery Kopo..'1eBCTBa, t5aHKHOTbI turn Ka3H:lqeikKH{'
6HJJeTbI, npH06peTaeT 'BMeCTe 0 TeM THTYJI Ha HHX H MO}KeT W{
coxpaHHTb, .n:a2Ke eCJIH 06HapY}KMTCH, qTO OHU <paKTUqeCKH 6bwn
YKpa.n;eHbI. B-TpeTbHX, eCJJH npo.n;aBeI.{ TOBapOB n03BOJIUT nOKY-
naTeJIIO OBJla.ll.eTb 3THMH TOBapaMH aJIH npe.n:CTaBJlHIOlll.HMH HX
paCnOpH.D:HTeJlbHbIMH .lI.OKYMeHTaMH 6e3 nOJIyqeHHSI II.eHbI, HJln
eCJIH nOKynaTeJIb TOBapOB .lI.OnYCTHT, qT06bI .oHH {)CTaJIHCb BO
BJIa.ll.eHHH npO.ll.aBII.a nOCJIe ynJIaTbI HM eHbI, U CTopOHa, BJIa-
.nelOllI.aH TOBapaMH, npO.ll.aCT IIX .lI.06pOCOBeCTHOMY TpeTbeMY
29f
QAC1'h TlETBEPTA.H. rPAJR,D:AHClCOE rrPABO
.JI'HUY, KOTopoe C1JHTaeT, 1J1'O npo.n;aB U HMeJI npaBO HX npo.n;a-
BaTb, TO 31'0 TpeTbe JJHUO nOJIY1JaeT npaBO Ha TOBiapbI, HeCMOTpH
}fa npHTH3aHHH npe)l{Hero mpo.n;.aBua UJIH nOKynaTeJIH.
ITO.D;06HOe )K.e HCKJIIO'oleHW: npe.ll.CTaB.TIHeT TOT CJIY1JaM, Kor.n;a
c06CTBeHHHK TOBapOB .n;OBepHT HX «ToprOBOMY areHTY» HJIH
KOMHccHoHepy .n;JIH xpaHeHHH, a nOCJIe.n;HHH OUm601JHO npo.n;aCT
"fOBapbl nOKynaTeJJIO bona fide. 3TH HCKJII01JeHHH OTHOC:H11CH .n;o
H3B-=CTHbIX npeJIieJIOB He TOJIbKO K nOKynaT,eJIHM B 06bl1JHOM
CMbIC.lJe 31'oro -cJIOBa, HO H K saJIorono.ny1JaTe....mM.
B-1JeTBepTbIX, eCJIH B nopH.n;Ke perHCTpaUHI1 npaB Ha He-
.n;BH)KHMOCTb nOKynaTeJIb bona fide npH06peTaeT npaBO Ha
oCHOBaHHH 3ap r,l1c1'pHpoBaHHoro aKTa paCnOpH)KeHHH, npH1JeM
Bce T,peoy.eMble 4>opMaJIbHOCTH 6y.n;YT C06JIIO.n;.eHbI, TO OH nOJIY-
'meT THTYJI B npe.n;eJIax, YKa3aHHbIX B 3aperHCTpHpOBaHHOM
<JKTe nepe.n;a'-IH.
Ho caMO': HHTepeCHoe HCKJII01JeHH'e U3 oOIJJ:ero npaBH.TIR
npe.n;Cl'aBJIHeT 'C060M, BepOHTHO, CJJ'YtJaM, lI'3BeCTHbIM 1II0.n; Ha3Ba-
HlieM <<ITpo.n;a)KH Ha OTKpbITOM pbIHKe». OH HB.rIHeTCH JI1060nbIT-
HbI'M :nepe)KiII'J1KOM Tex )IJHeM, Kor.n;a npo.n;a)Ka H'a OTKpbITOM
pbIHKe 6bIJIa ,e.n;nHCTBeHHbIM npll3HaUHbIM cnoco60M OT'-IY)K)].e-
HI1H TOBapOB. KOHe1JHo, 31'0 HCKJII01JeHHe He OTHOiCllTCH K He.n;BH-
JKHMOCTll H things in action. Ho eCJIH KTO-HH6y.n;b .n;06poco-
BeCTHO npH06peTaeT Ha pbIHKe B YCTaHOBJIeHHble .n;HH H 1JaCbI
TOBapbI Toro po.n;a, .n;JIH KOTOpbIX npe)].Ha3Ha1JeH 31'01' pbIHOK, TO
.oH I}1OJIY1JaeT 'THTYJI Ha 9TH TOBapbI, .n;.a)Ke, ecJJlI iIIpo.n;aBeu 3TorOi
THry JJa He lIMeJJ. 31'0 HCKJIlO1JeHHe He OTHOClITCH K npllTH3aHllHM
J<OpOHbI; B OTHOllleHHH JIOllla.n;eM .n;OJI)KHbI 6bITb npo.n;eJJaHbI He-
KOTopble oc06ble 1jJ0pMaJJbHOCTH. KpoMe Toro, eCJIll TOBapbJ 6bIJIH
<!JaKTH1JeCKH Kpa)].eHbIMH H npe)KHHM c06CTBeHHHK )].06beTCH ocy-
:>K.n;eHHH Bopa, TO cy.n; BbIHeceT nOCTaHOBJIeHH 0 B03BpaIJJ:eHHI-I
:9TOMY c06CTBeHHllKY TOBapOB CO .n;HH BbIHeceHllH 06BHHHTeJIb-
Horo rrpllrOBopa. TaKHM 06pa30M, y6bITOK rra.n;eT Ha 4>aKTH1Je-
CKoro .n;ep)KaTeJJH TOBapa B .n;eHb OCY)K)].eHllH Bopa. Ho, nOMllMO
3THX OrpaHH1JeHllH, npaBllJIO .06 OTKpbITOM pbIHKe npe.n;ocTa-
BJIHeT HacToHIJJ:YIO 38'IJJ:HTY .n;oopocoBeCTHbI'M nOKynaTe./UIIM.
JIlO60nbITHO paclllllpllTeJJbHoe TOJIKOBaHHe 3Toro npaBllJIa, KO-
Topoe 3aKJII01JaeTCH B TOM, 1JTO Bce Mara3llHbI B JJOH.n;OHCKOl\f
CHTH C1JllTaIOTCH B 1JaCbJ ToprOB.rIH OTKpbITbIM pbIHKOM B OTHO-
111eHHll Tex TOBapOB, KOTOpbIMH OHll o«pHUllaJJbHO TopryroT.
Ha.n;o, o.n;HaKO, XOpOlllO 3anOMHHTb, 1JTO npllBH.rIerHH OTKpbI-
Toro pbIHKa OTHOCH;TCH TOJIbKO K npo.n;a)KaM, COBeprneHHbIM BJIa-
JI.eJJbuaMll Mara3llHOB. npo.n;a)Kll 3TllM BJIa.n;eJIbuaM rro.n;BepralOTCH
JI.'c-;ikTBlllO 06IJJ:llX HOpM npaBa.
2. Ape H.n; i3. 06 ap':H.n;e 6bIJIO .n;OCTaT01JHO CKa3aHO
II O.D..HOM H3 npe.n;rnecTBYIOIl1.HX rJIaB. npn caoeM 60JIbrnOM
npaKTH'1eCKOM 3Ha1JeHHll apeH.n;a HHTepocHa .n;JIH JIHI{, ll3Y1JalOIJJ:llX
IrJIABA XXII. OTQy:m.l(EHHE ooBdli:S"1<:mH"oorH
295
I1CTopmo arp8B'a, K8K rrpUMep rrepeJKH'J1KOB BaJKHOrO TIpIIHl.{Hlna
JI,epJKaHIISl, KOTOpbIll HeKOr;:r:a rOCnO.lIiCTBOBaJI B aHrJIIIMCKOM 3e-
MeJIbHOM npa1Be. ApeH.l(HOe IIMeHIIe SlBJISleTCSI np01I3Bo;:r:HblM OT
JfMeHHH BbICIIIero paHra, c06CTBeHHHK KOToporo «popMaJJbHO
flBJISleTCSI «rocno;:r:IIHOM» apeH;:r:aTopa; nOCJIeJJ;HHM JJ;ep}KHT HMe-
',RHe Ha YCJIOBllH CJIY}K6bI, KOTopaSi B HaCTOflllI.ee BpeMSI npHHSlJIa
JI,eHeJKHYIO «POPMY apeH;:r:HOM nJIaTbI. CT.a'Poe npaBO caMOOOMOllI.H
(Law of Distress), T. e. npaBo 3aXBaTIITb HMYllI.eCTBO apeH.zr;a-
Topa, tJT06bI 3aCTaBIITb ero BbIITOJIHIITb CBOIO CJIY}K6y, KOTopaSi
flBJJSleTCSI OTJJIIQHTeJJbHbIM rrpH3HaKoM B3aHMooTHollieHIIM JIop;:r:a H
BaCCaJJa, npo.zr;OJI}KaeT npIIMeHSlTbcSI K apeH.zr;HbIM HMeHIISlM, XOTSI
cTpax, KOTOpbIM 3TO npaBO HaBo.zr;HJIO, B 3HatIHTeJJbHoM CTeneHH
IOTnaJI. I1HTepecHo, qTO Cy.zr;bI 06mero npaBa, KaK Y}Ke 6bIJIO CKa-
,3aHO, iHaqaJIH np.ll3HaBaTb apeH.zr;y BH.zr;OM .zr;ep}KaHHSI He paHee
XV BeKa.
3. 3 a JI {) 1'. PaHee 6bIJJO OKa3aHO 0 COnepHHQeCTBe 06m;ero
'npaBa II npaBa cnpaBe.zr;JIIIBOCTII B 3TOM npaKTnqeCKH BaJKHOM
:Bonpoce; pellIlI'J1eJIbHaSi no6eJJ;a npaBa cnpaBe;:r:JIHBOCTII npIIBe.na
fK Qrrpej.{eJleHHIO cOBpeMeHEforo S8JlOr8, K8K nepej.{aIlH' ,BeII.{HOro
.npaBa B .OTHOllIeHHH 8ellI.H JII060ro po.zr;a .zr;JISI o6e,CneqeHHSI ynJIa:rbI
.zr;eHer -liJIII IIX 3KBHBaJ:fe!HTa. B no.zr;aBJISIIOllI.eM 60JIbllIIIHCTBe
<CJJyqaeB 3aJFOr CBSl3aH C .zr;eHe}KHbI:M 3aMMoM; HO 06eCneQeHHbIM
3aJIOrOM .zr;OJIr IOTJ1IIqaeTCoH OT OOblqHOrO .zr;OJIra reM, qTO OH
'C03.zr;aeT He npOCToe JIIItJHoe 06S13a'T'e.nbCTBO' .zr;OJI}KHIIKa, a Bem-
Jl-lOe npaBO (proprietary interest) Ha 3aJIO}KeHHYIO Bemb.
)],0, H'e.zr;aBHer6 BpeMeHH B cJJytJae «p0pMaJIbHOrO 3aJJOra
:He,!I;BH}KJHIMOCTII 3Ta OnepaI.{HSI cOBepllIaJIaCb nYTeM nepe.zr;atJH
saeMmHKOM n.nH 3aJJOro;:r:aTe.neM cHoeM co6cTBeHHOCTH Ha H€.zr;BH-
:JKIIMOCTb 3aHMo.zr;<tBI.{y HJIH 3aJIOrOnOJIytJaTeJIIO C oroBopiKoM, QTO
mpii ynJIaTe ;:r:eHer H npOI.{eHTOB B Ha3HatJeHHblM .zr;eHb 3aJJOrOno-
JIYIlal'eJIb BepHeT co6cTBeHHOC'Tb 33,JIjOro;:r:aTe.nIO. KaK MbI BII-
;:r:eJIFl, npaBo cnpaBe.zr;JIIIBOC11H n03BOJISlJIO 3aJIOro.zr;aTeJIIO B JIIO-
.60M MO:MeHT BbIKynIITb He.zr;BH}KII:MOCTb (npaBa 3aJIOrO.l(aTe.TJSI He-
'H3MeHm;I), IHe38BHCHIMO 01' Toro, CKOJ1bKO, BpeMeHIH npOIIIJIO
C Ha3HaQeHHOrO JJ;HH, nYTeM yn.naTbI KanHTaJIbHOrO .zr;OJIra C npo-
I.{eHTaMII H ll3.l(ep}KKaMII, HapocllIHMII .zr;o JJ;HSI yn.naTbI. 3aJIO}KeH-
"HaSi He.l(BHJKltMOCTb CTaHOBIIJIaCb C06CTB'eHHOCTbIO 3aJIOrOnoJJY-
qaTeJISI He paHee, qeM OH nOJIyqaJI cy.zr;e6Hoe paCnOpH}KeHIIe
'0 6e3YICJIOBHOM 3anpellI.eRIIII BbIKyna 3a nponycKOM cpOKa.
'B IITore, npaBa 3aJIOro.zr;aTeJISI, XOTSI B TeopHH II nOKOHBllIHeCH
TOJIbKO Ha J],OFoBope, npeBpaTII..'IUCb B c06cTBeHHoCTb, onHpaIO-
ll1.YIOCSI Ha TIpaBO cnpa8e.zr;JIHBOCTII, HJIM' B «cnpaBeJJ;.IlHBbli'I Bbl-
Kyn». IloBH.zr;llMOMY, 3TO npaBHJJO OTHOCH'J1CSI 'I'aK}Ke K <pop-
Ma..'IbHoMy 3aK..'Ia.ny .zr;BH}KHMOCTII.
Ho qTO lKacaeTCSI He.zr;Bll}KIIMOCTH, TO HOBblM AKT 0 npaBe
<c06cTBeHHoc'TH YCTaHOBHJJ, qro saJJor ee no 06meMY npaBY
296
'lACT:!> 'IETBEPl'AH. rPAJR.n:AHOKOI.K DPABO,
MO>KeT 6blTb C03.n:aH TOJIbKO nYTeM Bbl.n:eJIeHHH B .nO,,%3Y 3aJIOrO"-
nOJIY'IaTeJIH CpO'IHOrO BJEa.n:eHHIH H3 npaBa C06CTI eHHOCTH HJIH'
cy6apeH.n:Horo HMemm H3 apeH.n:Horo HMeHHH. Cpollm TaKHX BJJ(i"-
.n:eHHM MorYT ,6bITb H OObl1JHO 6blBalO'T O'IeHb .n:JIHTeJIbHbIMH (.n:Be
H .n:a>Ke TPH TbICS!1JH JIeT B CJIY1Jae 3aJIOra npaBa c06CTBeH-
Hocm); eCTecrneHHo, 'ITO OHH He npe.n:nOJIaralOT apeH.n:Hoii nna'l'N
HJIH B nOJIHeHHH THrOCTH X YC OBHM O CTOpOH 3aJIOrOnOJIY-
qaTeJIH - apeH)l.aTopa. Ho, KO'He'IHO, B cJIy1Jae 3aJlOra apeH.n:o-
BaHHoro HMeHHH CpOiK 3aJlOra He MO>KeT npeBbllliaTh cpOKa, H3
KOTOpblH I3peH.n:a npe.n:OCT.aB'JI!eHa 3aJIOrO.llaTeJIIO.
Do.n:p06HOCTH HOCHT CJlHIlIKOM TeXHH'IeCKHM XapaKTep H
nOTOMY He MorYT 3.D.eCb 06CY2K.D.aTb'CH. Ho ,cepbe3Hoe H3MeHe-
HHe, BHeceHHoe B npaBOBOM OTHOmeHH.H AKTOM 0 npane coo-
CTBeHHOCTH, '3aKJII01JaeTCS! B TOM, qTO He TOJIbKO nepBblM 3aJIOrO-
nOJIY1JaTeJJb ('ITO OblJIO HeB03M02KHO .D.O npHHHTHH 9Toro AKTa},
H nOCJIe.D.YIOllI.He 3aJIOrOnOJIyqaTeJIH, HO H 3aJIOrO.D.aTeJIH MorYT
HMeTb npaBa Ha TY >Ke He.D.BH>KHMOCTb (legal estate). BMeCTe
C TeM npH B Kyne 3aJJOra HC'Ie3aeT He06xo.D.HMOCTb B 06paTHoE
nepe.D.aqe He.D.BH2K11MOCTH 3aJIOrOnOJIY'IaTeJI,eM, 'TaK KaK no HCTe-
lIeHHM cpoKa 3aJIOra 3aJJOrOBbie OTHOllIeHHS! nepecTalOT 06peMe-
HHTb He.D.BIDKHMOCTb. KpoMe Toro, o.narO.D.apH HOBOMY AKTY..
npOCToe 06p MeHeH11e no 06llI.eMY npaBY, npHBO.D.HllI.e,e B OCHOB-
HOM K TeM >K1e c.ne.n:CTBH'HM, qTO H C<pOqHbiM 3aJJOr, MO>KeT, KaK
6bIJIO 06"bHCHeHO, 3aMeHHTb ljJopMa,,%HbIH 3aJIOr; B TO 2Ke BpeMH
B03M02KHbl CTapble BH.D.bl 3a.norOB 11 06peMeHeHHH, OCHOBaHHbIe
Ha npa'Be cnpaBeJJ;JIH'BOCTH, npH KOTOpblX HMeHHe no OOllI.eM!}f
npaBY iOCTaeT,CH 3a 3a.norOJJ;aT'eJIeM. XOpOIliO H'3BeCTHblll npHMep
nOCJleJJ;Hero c.ny1JaH npe)l.C:TaBJJHeT C060M )l.enOHHpOBa'HHe B 6aHKC
aKTOB, 060CHOBbIBalOllI.HX npaBO c06CTBeHHOCTH, .n:JIH 06ecneqe-
HHS! 3aiiMa, mpH'IeM TaiKOM .D.en03HT COnpOB02K.D.aeTCH COrJIallIe-
HHeM 0 COCTaBJI!emiH B ,CJIyqae Tpe60BaHHH <popMa.nbHoro 3a.nora.
Ha.D.o TaK2Ke ynOMHHYTb, qTO Ha OCHOBe CTapOM npaKTHKH nep-
BOMY HJIH caMOMY paHHeMY H3 3aJWrO.D.ep2KaTeJIeii, 1jJ0pMaJlbHO
CqHTalOllI.eMYCS! TOJlbKO JJ;'ep2KaTeJleM OT 3aJIOro.n:al'eJJS!, npe.D.o-
CTaBJIS!eTCS! npaBO .D.ep2KaTb aKTbl, 060CHOBblBalOllI.He npaBa c06
crneHHOCTH 3aJlOrO.D.aTeJIH.
B3aHMHbie npaBa 3aJIOrO,lJ,ep>KaTeJIH H 3a.noro.n:aTeJIH Ha He.
.D.BH2KHMOCTb aTe,,%HO perYJIHpyroTCH 9TIIM AKTOM. DpaM
nepBoro, XOTH n 0611IHpHble, T01JHO OrpaHH'IeHbI TeMH npe.D.eJIaMH,
KOTopble onpe.D.e.nS!IOTCH He06xo,lJ,HMOCTblO ,lJ,.nH Hero oxpaHHTb
Ii peaJIli30BaTb CBoe 06eCne1JeHHe, HO 3a.norO)l.aTeJlb npo,lJ,OJIJKaeT
Bce BpeMH paccMaTpHBaTbCS! KaK .D.eMCTBliTeJIbHbIH COOCTBeHHHK.
DpHMe1JaTeJIbHO TalK>Ke, 'ITO B TO BpeMH, KaK npe.D.YCMOTpeHHble
3aKOHOM npaBa 3aJIOrO,Ztep>KaTeJIH MorYT 6blTb OTMeHeHbl YCJIO-
BHHMH 3aJIOra, TaKHe npaBa 3aJIOro.n:aTeJIS! (3a Ii'CKJlIO'IeHH,eMi
npaBa .n:aBarn apeHJl.bI) !He MOryT ObIT& OTMeHeHbI.
rJIABA XXII. OTqYJR,D:EHHE COBCTBEHHOOfH
291'
3aKJIa,n MarepHaJIbHOM ,nBH)KHMOCTH OTJIH'IaoeTcH OT 3aJIOra
He,nBH>KHMOCTH, TaK KaK OH nepe,naeT TOJIbKO BJIa,neHHe H He
npHBo,nHT K nepexo,ny co6CTBeHHOCTH. Ho SaKJJa,no,nep>KaTeJIb
(T. e. 06bIKHOBeHHbIM BJIa,neJIeI( CCy,nHOM KaCCbI) HMeeT npaBO
npo,naTb 3aKJIa,n, eCJIH ,nOJIr He ynJJa'IeH; o,nHaKO, OH He HMeeT
npaB, ,BbITeKalOllI.HX H3 3anpellI.eHHH BbIKyna 3a nponYCKOM cpOKa
H npeBpalll.aIOllI.HX 3aJIOro,nep>KaTeJIH HeJI.BH>KHMOCTH B (5e3YCJJO/B-
Horo c06CTBeHHHKa 3aJIO>KeHHOrO HMeHHH.
MO>KeT 6bITb ,C,TOHT 01'MeTHTb, 'ITO B OTJJH'IHe 01' npa'BHJI npo-
,na>KH He,nBH>KHMOCTH H «HMYlll.eCTB B ,nOJIrax», npH 3aJIOre He.
,nBH>KHMOCTH 3aJIOro,naTeJIb (3aeMlll.HK) rapaHTIIpyeT CBOM TH-
TYJI Ha He,nBH>KHMOCTb, KOTOPYIO OH ,naeT B 3aJIOr. ECJJH 9TO Jf
He COCTaBJIHeT Tsep,nOH HOpMbI npaBa, TO BO BCHKOM CJJyqae
HeH3MeHHaH npalKTHKa Tpe6yeT SaKJIIO'IeHHfIJ HiM COOTBeTCTByJOllI.erO
,norOBopa. Ho 9TOT nYHKT He CTOJIb Ba>KeH, nOCKOJIbKY 3aJIOrO-
AaTeJl:b 3a HCKJJIO'IeHHeM Oi'IeHb pe.lI.KHX CJJY'IaeB, OCTaeTCH JIH'IHO.
OTBeTCTBeHHbIM 3a ynJIaTY 06ecne'IeHHOrO SaJIOrOM .lI.OJJra, He-
3aBHCH'MO 01' Toro, 'ITO npOH3011IJIO c ero He.nBH>KHMOCThIO.
B'IHHHT JJH npOTHB Hero HCK H3 rapaHTHM THTYJIa HJIH HCK H3
saMMa -,nJrn Hero 60Jlee HJIH MeHee 6eSpa3JIH'IHo.
4. Y''I P e >K ,n e ;fI H e c e M e II H 0 M H e .lI. B H >K HMO C i H
(Settlement).
3aKOH onpe,neJJHeT Y'Ipe>K.lI.eHHe ,ceMeMHoM He,nBH>KH:MOCTH
Ka'K ,noKYMeHT, OrpaHH'IHBaIOllI.HM npaBO Ha He,nBH>KHMOCTb
nYTeM Y'Ipe>K,neHHH ,nOBepHTeJJbHOM c06CTBeHHOCTH B HHTepecax
JII06bIX JIHU, nOJIY'IaIOlll.HX ee no HaCJIe,ncTBY, JIH60 B HHTepecax
HeCOBepllIeHHOJleTHHX HJJH !I1}'TeM 06peMeHeHHofl ee ceMeMHbIMH
06HSaTeJIbCTBaMH. HeT OC'HOBaHHll 'COMHeBaTbCH B TOM, 'lTO no
TO'lHOMY CMbICJIY rnpaBa 9To:me mpaBHJIO ,M'O>KeT 6bITb rrpHMeHeHO'
,K MaTepHaJIbHOll ,nBH>KHMOCTH H K things in action.O,nHaKo.
B 06llI.epacnpocTpaHeHHoM nOHHMaHHH TepMHH Settlement OXBa-
TWBaeT Bce paCnOpH>KCHHH OTHOCHTeJIbHO c06cTBeHHocTH B BH,ne
endawment (nocToHHHO ,neMcTBYIOllI.HX paCnOpH>KeHHM B nOJIb3Y
O.lI.HOrO HJIH HeCKOJJbKHX JIHU). npaB.lI.a, npaBO ,nJIH HeKoTopbIX
Ba>KHbIX I(eJIeM KJIaCcH<!>HI(HpyeT «settlements», KaK «6pa'IHble
settlements», T. e. TaKHe, KOTopbIe YCTaHaBJIHBaIOT B npe.lI.BH,ne-
HHH Y>Ke oroBopeHHoro 6paKa, H KaK «,n06pOBOJIbHbIe Settle-
ments», KOTopbIe OXBaTbIBaIOT Bce npOqHe. B OTHOllIeHHH nepBbIx
npe,nnOJJaraeTCH, 'ITO OHH YCTaHaBJIHBaIOTCH 3a BCTpe'IHOe y,no-
BJIeTBOpeHHe H nOToMY <!>aKTHqeCKH He HeCYT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH
nepfl.lI. Kpe,nHTOpailtm; nOCJJe,nHHe >Ke, Oy,nyqH, KaK IMW BH.lI.eJIH,.
COBepllIeHHO «6e3B03Me3,nHbIMH», MorYT 6bITb OTMeHeHbI Cy,nOM
B HHTepecax Kpe,nHTopOB.
O,nHaKO, 06a BH)J.a «settlements» 8MeIOT TO OOllI.ee, '11'0 IIX
)'ICTaHaBJJHBaIOT He 8S ,neJIOBbIX cOOOpa>KeHHM, 1Il0, no iKpaiiHew
298
qADTb qETBEPTAn. rPA AHCROE ITPABO
Mepe BHelllHe, H3 C006pa>KeHHti flpllBH3aHHOCTH lIJIlI ceMeHHbIX
\"3. J(06pOBOJIbHbIe «settlements» MorYT 6bITb YCl'aHOBJJeHbI
m60 Ha OCHOBaHlIH -a'l<Ta 3a netJal'blO npH >KH3HH o/'Ipe.n;HTeJJH,
lm60 no 3aBelI.{aHHIO, H l'or.n;a OHlI BCl'ynalOT B ClIJIY nOCJJe
QMepTH 3aBelI.{al'CJIH. I1oclIe,ll.HlIe, KOHetJHO, He MorYT 6bITb OTMe-
HeHbI rIO Tpe60'B'aHHIO Kpe,ll.HTOpOB, nOTOMY tJl'O OHH nOJJYtJalOl'
. CHJIY TO_1b1K0 noc.rre norallleHHH Bcex .n;0_1rOB HaOJIe,ll.O;n;aTeJIH.
Ho OHM Moryl' H He iIOJIYIIHTb BOBoe CHJIbI, nOTOMY TfTO nOC'JIe
ynJIaTbI Bcex .n;OJIrOB MO>Kel' He OCTal'bCSI HHKaKMx aKTHBOB.
. 3alKoHo.n;m'eJIbCTBO 1925 r. BHeCJIO :He60JIbIIIOe, HO OIIeHb
cYlI.{eCl'BeHHoe H3MeHeHHe B onpe,ll.eJJeHHe ceMeHHwx aKTOB 0 He-
,ILBH>KHMOCTH. Cl'apbIe AK1"bI 0 ceMeMHoH He;ZJ;BH>KMiMOCl'H (Settled
Land Ads) BiKJIIOIIaJJH B CBoe onpe.n;eJJeHH,e .n;OIKYMeHThI, no KO-
TOpbIM Ha !He.n;BmKHMOCTb 'C03.n;aBaJIHCb orpaHMtJeHHbIe npaBa
B nO_1b3Y onp eJJleHHbIX JIUI.\ HJJH YtJpe>K.n;aJI<lCb .n;OBepHT'eJIbHaSI
c06CTBeHHOC'fb B nOJIb3Y onpe)l.eJJeRHbIX JIHI.\, n0llI!YtJalOlI.{MX
3TH npaBa B H3BeCTHOM nOCJ1e.n;OBaTeJIbHOCTH. Ho o.n;Ha 113 Ba>K-
"iobiX 3a)l.aII HOBoro 3aKOHo.n;aTe.lIbCTBa 3aIKJUOtJaJIaCb lKaK pa3
B TOM, tJl'o6bI npe.n;Ol'Bpal'MTb C03.n;aHHe pSl.n;a orpaHHtJeHHbIX
[10c.JJe OBal'eJJbHbIX npaB B OTHOllIeHHH legal estates (1'. e. B OT-
lIorneHHH c06cTBeHHocTH, OCHOBalHIIOH Ha 06lI.{eM npaae).
B pe3YJIbl'aTe cl>opMaJIbHO HCIIe3JIO cl'apoe pa3JIHIIHe -Me>K.n;y TeM,
IITO ctJHTaJIOCb YIIpe>K.n;eHHeM cCMeHHoM He.n;BIIDKHMOCTH B CTpO-
rOM CMbICJIe CJIOBa B l.\eJJHX coxpaHeHUH HMeHHH B ceMbe, H TCM
BH.n;OIM «settlement», '1WTOpbIH, He3aBHCHMO OT 1"0.1'0, O1"HOCHJICH
.1IH OH IK He.n;BmKHMOCTH HJIM K .n;BH>KHMOCTM', Cl'aBHJJ ce6e
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A3l'eJIbCTBa.
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HSlTh Bonpoc 0 «settlements», )l.OJI>KeH YCBOHl'b, tJTO (He3aBD-
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KOTOPOMY c06CTBeHHOCTb nepe.n;aHa :Ha YCJIOBMHX «personal
settlement») Ba>KHaH HopMa npaBoBoH nOJIHl'HKH, H3BeCTHaH KaK
- ' :npaBHJIO nponm }'iBeI<OBetJemm» - Rule against perpetuities
rJlABA xxn. OTQYJR,TJ,EHHE 00BCTBImnOCTR
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nOKynaTeJill 'IE .lI.Pyme JlH a, YtJacrrBYIOmHe B O.ll.eJJKax C 3TOH
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)KHMOCTII (Settled Land Act) H AKTa 0 i.lI:OBepHTeJIbHbIX c06CTBe.H-
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4pe3BbIqaHHaSl JKeClliOCTb 3Toro rrpaBHJ1a He CP 3Y CTaHO-
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HaKDnJIeHHSIMH MO:>KHO pacnopSI.n:HTbCSI, CJle'.n:YIOmHe:
a) CpOiK :>KH3HH Y'Ipe.n:HTe.,1H, JIH60
0) CpOK B 21 ro.n: naC_1e ero cMepTII, JIHOO
B) nepHO.n: HeCOBepIIIeHHOJJeTHSI JIlo60ro JJHII.a, pOLKVJ:eH'HOrO
.JI1I00 3a'IaTDrO K MOMeHTY CMepTH Y'Ipe,lI;HTeJJS!, JIH6D
r) nepHD.n: HecoBepIIIeHHD.neTHSI JJI060rD JJHII.a, IKoropDe B CJIY-
'-!ae CBoero cOBepIIIeHHOJIeTH5!J 6bIJJD 6bI npaBOMD'I:HO nD ceMeM-
HaMY aKTY mDJIY'IaTb .n:OXO,lI;bI, K KOTOpbIM OTHOCHTCSI pacnDpIDKe-
HlJ.e 01 Ha:KDnJIeHHH. TOJIbKO Ha 3TDT nOCJIe.n:HHM nepHD,lI; MD:>K1-:0
orpalHH'IHTb paICXO,lI;OBaHlie HaKOlweHHH. QT06bI 06paTWf'b HX Ra
JIOKynKY HMeHHSI.
rJIABA XXII. OT'n, I,;(EHMI<, COBCTBEHHOC'l'H
30
cnOCOE OTqY .D.EHH
AHrJIHMCKOe rrpaBO pa3_1lf'laeT IIIeCTb 06ll1.HX OrrOC06GB, c. II:)-
MGll1.bIO IlWTGP.bIX C06CTBeHHOOTb MmKeT 6bJTb Gr'lY:H<J1.eHa, L{:m
Crre HaJJbHbIX BH.lI:OB co6CTBeHHOCTH rrpe.ll:rrHCbIBaIOTCSI HHGr.n.a
Crre HaJIbHble crroc06bI GT;'lY1K7(eHHSI, HO, BepOSITHo, 'llnaTeJJb 3a-
MeTHT, 'lTG 31'0 npOCTble pa3HOBH,l(HOOTH 06ll1.HX rnpHHHTblX cnGCO-
6GB. Bo BCHKOM cJI)''lae MbI He M01KeM 3,n:eCb 06cY1K.lI:aiTh HX.
1. Dee d. Deed - 31'0 .lI:OKYMeHT Ha nepraMeHTe H_1M 6YMare,
KOTOpbIM TIo,n:rrHC:aH, CiK!perrJJeH :rre'laTbIO M Bpyqeg JIHU31M, KOTOpblX
GH CBH3bIBaeT. Oe'laTb, OTJIfIlIaIOll1.aH deed OT rrpGCTbIX «rrHCbMeH-
HbIX» ,n:oKYMeHToB, HBJJSIeTCH B HaCTOHrn;ee BpeMSI rrpocToM cl>op-
MaJJbHGCTbIO; GHa COCTGMT 06bI'lHO H3 ,He60JIbIIIGM 6YMa1KHOH
OOJllarrtKH, rrpHKJIeeHHOH K .lI:01Ky.MeHTY ,KJIepKGM (HJIH ,n:a1Ke rrpGC,TO
H3 BbI,n:aBJIeHHGH Ha 6YMare MJIH rrepraMeHTe GTMeTKH); B 3HaK
rrprmHaHHSI rre'laTH 'cTopOlla B C.lI:eJIiKe rrOCJIe nG,n:mlcaHHSI ,n:OKY-
MeHTa npHKJJaAbIBaeT K HeM rraJIeu. B ApeBHHe 'BpeMeHa 3TO ,n:efi-
CTBHTeJJbHO HMeJJO 3Hal'leHHe ,n:JJH YOTaHOBJJeHHSI caMGJIH'lHOCTI:I
CTGpOH. BeJI.b HCKYCCTBO nHObMa 6bIJJO B TO BpeMSI MaJIG pacrrpG-
oTpaneHG, a KpecT, npGCTaB.HHBumikH HerpaMGTHbIMH (XOTH B Bap-
Bap'C'KHe BpeiMeHa 91'01' ,3Ha'K yrrOT.pOOJIHJJM ra'Kue JJH a, KaK
KOpOJIH 'Ii 'I:pacl>bI) 6bIJI ,n:mI 3roro 6eOrrOJIe3en. !ITo3)IJHee 'BCHKOe
Ba1KHOe JJH O HMeJIO CBOIO ne'laTb, IKOTopaH Tll1.aTeJIbHO BbI-
rpaBHpoBbIBaJII3Cb TaiK, 'l1'o6bI npeJI.ynpe,n:HTb nOMeJIiKy.
B iAeM-crrBHTeJIbHOCTH AO 1926 r. no CTpGroMY CMbIC.ruy 3atKGHa
nO.ll:rrHC.b He 6bIJ1a 6e3YC_10BHO He06xG,n:HMa ,n:JIH npH.lI:aHHH CHJJbt
,n:OKy.MeHTY 3a ne'laTbIO, KpGMe Tex OJJY'IaeB, KGr.ll:a 3TO npe,'],-
nHICblB3JIGCb 3aiKOHGM, HG 3Ta lJpe3BbI'IaMHG GnaCHaSI TG'lKa 3pemUI
Terrepb O1'naJIa, nOC'KOJlbKY 31'0' K3caeTCSI cl>U3U'IeCKHX JJH . Te:\1
He reIHe.e OJI.!H'OM He HalHI60JJiee CTpaHHbIX npJI:lJY,n: 3a ' K!OHGA8.TeJIb-
HGrG KGHCepBaTH3Ma SIBJJHeTCH TO, 'ITG rrpHcyrcTBHe HJIH GTCYT-
CTBHe Ha .lI:GKYMeHTe rrpHKJIeeHHGM G6JIaTKH HJIH BW.lI:aBJIeHHGrG
3HaKa HMeeT H B HaIII pa MOHaJIMCTH'IeCKHM BeK 3HalJeHHe
C TG'IKM 3peHMH npaBGBWX rrGCJIe.ll:CTBHM.
«BpyqeHHe» J1.0KYMeHT3 3a nelJaTbIC 03HaIJaeT BbIIIYC.K era
B 06paillI.eHHe IUIH BCTynJIeHHe ero B JI.eMCTBHe. B nOM CMbIC:le_
tIeT «lBlpY'IeHHH» B OTHOIIIeHHH «chattel conporeal» H.lm MaTe-
pHaJlbHOM B:BH1KHMOCTH.
«Deeds» pa3JI.e_1HJJHCb 06bI'IHO Ha «indentures», 3aIKJJIO'lae-
Mble MeJK\lI:y BYMSI H OOJIbIIIe CTOpo.H&MH, H «deeds poll», co-
BepIIIaeMble TOJIbiKO OJJ:HH'M JIH OM; HO 31'0' pa3JIH'IHe rrG1'epSIJIO-
Tenepb BCHKoe 3Ha l 'IeHHe. HaUMeHOBaHHe CJIOBOM «indenture»,
nOMell1.eHHbIoM H8 OKYMeHTe, He lfMeeT HHKaKGrO 3HaIJeHHH.
B C:aiMOM ,n:eJJe., HOS!CMIIIee 3a,KOiHO.ll:aTeJllbCT,BO .peKGMeHJJ.yeT CG-
C'TaBHTeJJSIM ,n:OKY HTGB He i)'noT.pe6JISITb 6eccO €iP1KaTeJJbHoro'
CJTGBI;J «indenture», a I;! caMOM HaqaJIe Ha3bliBaTh ,n:()I{y.MeHT:
'S04
'lAorI> 'lETBEPTAH. l'PAJK,lI;AROKOE nl>ABO
-aaHMeHOBaHHeM TOM C,n:eJJKH, KOTOpyIO OH ,n:OJDKeH ocYlI.{ecTBHTb,
llanpHMep, «3'TO C)J,e-.TIKa npoAa}l{H», «3TO 3aKJIaJI.HaSl», «3TO
.1.peH1,n:a» H T. ,n:,
CBlfL,Qere.nH He HBiJI'flIOTCfl 06fl3a'.feJIbHblM YCJIOBHeM 3aIKOH-
'HOCTH )J,OK'Y'MeHT8, KpOMe HeMHOrormCJIeHHbIX c.ny'IaeB, B KOTO-
pbIX' OHH CJIre[{HaJIbHO Tpe6YIOTCfl no 3aKOH'y. Ho 06bJtIHO iK HHM
JIpOOeI'3IOT .,D;JIfl YC'DpaHeHHfl n0il1.03peHHM H YJI.OCTOnepeHHfl nOJ{-
!lmceH, 'BbI!3bIIBaIOlI.{HX COMIHeHHe, 'lT06bI OHH «3aOBH,JI,e'l1eJIbCTBO-
BaJIH» ,n:OKYMeHT, 1\ e. ,n:06aBHJIH CBOH no.n;rrHCH C yKa3aHHeM
;1))jpeC'OB no)J, Kpa'I1KOM cTaTbeif, rOBopHlI.{eM 0 TOM, 'ITO ,n:OKY-
Mew ObIJI InOl1J:nHOaH, CKpeUJIeH ne'laTbIO H BipYJIIeH B HX .n:PH-
\:YTC1'BHH.
JII060e npalBo (IKpOMe <!m3H'l,eCKOro BJIaJJ:eHHSI) H8 HMYlI.{e-
'CTEIIO BCflIKoro pOJJ:a MO}l{eT 6bITb iIIepelLJ;3iHO !IIO .lI:OK'YMelHTy. Ho
::11'0 HeTO'lHOe nOJIO}l{e.HHe ,n:M}I{HO ObITb YTO'IHeHO ,n:BYMH ,n:o-
[)8iB'JIeHHHMH, a HMeHIIO: a) 'ITa AOIKYMeHT /BO MHorHX CJJy!iaHX
COBceM He oOSl3arreJIeH, 6) 'ITO B HeKoTopbIX HeMHorotJ:HCJIeHHbIX
eJIY'IaSIX 11pe6iYIOTcSI .lI:onOJIHHTeJIbHble $opMaJIbHoC'TH, 'JI.a}l{{'
KorJI.a npHMeHHeTcfl $OpMB JI.OIKYMeHTa 3a ne'IaTbIO. PaCcMoTpHM
;:)TI1 ,n:iB.a .lI:0[JOJIHelHHH.
a) .D:oK}"MeHT 3a rre'laTbIO 06H3aTeJIeH He BO Bcex ,c.ny'IaflX.
B C3'MOM .lI:eJJe, OIH 'l1peoyeTcSI TOJIbKO JJ.M lIIepe,n:a'IH npall Ha
l1e,n:BiIUKHMOClTb, OCH08'aHHbIX Ha 06lI.{eM npaB'e (legal estates),
H ,D:.'Ifl nepe..u.a'IH OCI'IOBa[fHbIX H 06lI.{eM npaBe HeKOTOpbIX BH-
.iI.OB things in action, Ka:K narreHTbI, aHHyHTeTbh 8iKUHH, tj)OH-
.llOBbJe oYMarH H T. )J,.
O)J,H8KO, O'IeHb pa'On.poCTpaJHeHO npHMeHetHHe ::noro )J,OKY-
MeHTa 81 )J,pynix CJT:Y'laHX, IHaU1,pUMe'P, npH cOCTaBJI'eHJ.1H ceMeMHbIX
<JlKiTOB! Ha ,n:BHi}I{HMOCTb, HHOr,JI,a l , 'ITo6bI npH)J:aTb )J;OIKYMenTY
60JIbmyIO 'TOp}l{ecTBeHHoCTb,HHor,n:a, 'ITOObI npeJI.YCMOTpeTb Te
':.1JYQaH, 1K0000,n:a Y"IpeJK){eHH3IH ceMeHH8S1 c06CTBelHIHOCTb HJIH
'WOTb ee MO}l{eT 6bITh 06p8lI.{eHa Ha npHo6peTeHHe 3eMJIH, aKUHH
iIJIH .n.pyroro HMyiIlI.eCTBa, nepe,u;a'Ia KOToporo Tpe6¥eTI <fJOPMbI
,lI,oKiy.Mem8 3a rre'IaTbIO. O'IeHb iKipa'I1KoopeMeHHble 3eMeJIbHble
. ) ep}l{aJflHS1, He npeB IIUaIOlI.{lIe Tpex JJeT, X01'S1 6bI OHH HBJISlJJH-Ch
nepe,n:a'IJeM HMeHHM, OCHOBaHHbIX Ha OOlI.{eM npaBe (legal
t'!'tates), MorYT 6bITb C03n:8HbI oe3 1I.OKyMeHT8 3a ne'IaTbKJ
TOJIblKO no YCTHOMY COr_1aIlleHHKJ npH HaJIH'lJHH nom ora BCTpet.j-
Horo YJI.OBJJeTBOpeHH>H. Ho 'Ipe3BbI'IaMHO JIerKOMbICJIeHHO 1I.JISI
o6ellx CTOpOH He npH6erHYTb XOTfl ObI K npOCTOMY nHCbMeHHOMY
jJ,OKYMeHTY JI.a}l{e ,n:J1jSJ o$opMJIeHHSI MeOfl'IJHOrO HJJH He'.ll:eJJbHoro
.1J.ep}KaHHSI.
0) npaBliJIO, .corJIaOHO 'KOTOPOMY Bc.flKafl c06c1'BeHHoCTb MO-
A<eT 6bfTb nepe,n:aHa no OKYMeHTY 3a ne'IaTbIO, OrpaHH'lHBaeTCH
-reM. nOJIO}l{eHHeM, 'ITO HetKOTOpble nepeJI.a'lH He MOryT 6bITb
;jf).'!HO TbKJ OCYlI.{eCTBJJeHbI' TOJIbKO no TaKOMY }J.OKYMeHTy.
r.J:ABA XXII. OT'u'a;,11.EHHE COBCTBEHHOOTH
305
HaH60JIee HarJISIJl:HbIM npHMep aTO - nepe.lI:a'la npaB Ha MaTe-
pHaJIbHYIO .lI:BHJKHMOCTb, KOTopaH .lI:OJJJKH3 OCTaTbCSI H OCTaeT<..SI
nOCJIe nepe.lI:a'lH BO BJIa.lI:eHHH nepe.lI:aIOru.ero JIHI.I;a. 3TH nepe,n:a'lH
perYJIHpYIOTCSI AKTaMH 0 npO.lI:aJKHbIX 3anHCSIx, KOTopbIe Tpe-
6YIOT ,n:JJSI .lI:eikTBUTeJThHOCTH nepe,n:a'l, Cpe.lI:H ,n:pyrHX BeCbMa
<popMaJIbHbIX YCJJOBHM, BHecemm ,n:OKYMeHTa 3a ne'laTbIO B O<pH-
LUIaJIbHbIM peeCTp, OTKpbITbIM .lI:JISI ny6JIHKH H nOTOMY .lI:aIOInHH
B03MOJKHOCTb BCSIKOMY OCBe.lI:OMHTbCSI, 'lTO, HanpHMep, Me6eJIb,
Haxo,n:Hru.aHCSI B .lI:OMe A, He ero c06CTBeHHaH; 3HaHHe :noro MO-
}KeT HMeTb cyru.eCTBeHHoe 3Ha'leHHe ,n:JJH HeKOTopbIX 'lJIeHOR
ooru.eCTBa.
npO.lI:a>K'HbIe 3anHCH pa3.lI:eJIHIOTCH AKTaMH Ha: 1) «oe3YCJIOB-
HbIe»,Kor,n:a HMeeTCH B BH,n:y nOJIHaSI nepeilI.a''la c06cTBeHHocTH
Ha .n:BH}KHMOCTb nocpe,n:cTBoM ,n:apeHHH HJIH npo,n:aJKH H 2) «06ec-
ne'lHTeJIbHbIe», Kor,n:a nepe.na'la cOBepllIaeTc'H B II.eJISIX 06ecne-
'qeHHH ynJIaTbI,.n:eHer. CJIe.lI:OTBim HeBbInOJ1HeHHH perHcTpaII.HH HJIiI
.n:pyrHx <popMaJIbHOCTeH, npeJ(illHoaHHbIX AKTaMH, pa3JIH HbI
B 060HiX c'JIY'laSIX; HO pa3JIH'lHH 3TH HOCHT CJIHillKOM TeXHH'leCKHM
xapaKTep, 'l1'OObI HX 3.l(eCb 001>HCHHTb. Kopol'KO MmKHO ClKa3aTb,
'ITO «6e3}'1CJ10BHaSIJ 3anHC-b» 6e3 BbmOJrHeHHH Tpe6yeMb x <popMaJl!>-
HOCTeM He TepHeT oceM C-BoeM CHJIbI, a TOJI'blKO no,n:BepraeTCH
'onaCHOCTH, 'lTO He 6Y.lI:eT npHHHTa BO BHHMaHHe Kpe,n:HTopaMH
miII.a, nepe.ll.aBllIerO CBOIO .lI.BHJKHiMOCTb, eCJIH OHa BCryTIHT
B KOJIJlli3HIO C HX npaBaMH; MeJK,n:y TeM Te JKe He.lI:OCTaTKH npH
'«ooeCine'lHTeJIbHOM 3anHCH > JIHllIaIOT CHJJbI BCIO cJ(e.m<y, ,n:aJKe
'B 01'HiOllIeH>HHX M'e)K,n:y CTOpOH3'MH. «06eCne'lHTeJJbHaH 3anHCb>
He MmKeT 6bITb BbIJ(aHa B 06eCne'leHHe ynJIaTbI MeHee, 'leM
30 cp. CT. npo,n:aJKHbIe 3anHCH HMeIOT 60JIbllIOe 3Ha'leHHe .l(JIH
MHorHX KynII.OB H JJHII., 3aHHMaIOru.HXCSI J(eHeJKHbIMH CCY.lI:aMH;
ne;peJ( CY.lI:8.:MH !IIOCTOHHHO B03HHKaIIOT JI,e.lIIa a6 !H3ot5peTareJJbHbIX
nOnbITtKaX OOOMTH orpaG!H'leHHH AKTOB. O.n:'HO H3 HaH60JIee H3-
BeCJi.HbIX - 3TO «COlI' JID.llIeHHie .{) 'HaHiMe-OOK)'TIIKe»:, Koropoe, ecJTH
'OHO bona fide H Tru.aTeJI'bHO COCTaBJIeHO, MOJKeT ycnellIHO ,n:o-
'cTHrH}'Tb CBOHX II.eJIeM, XOTSI OHO H BecbMa npH6JJH)I{aeTCH
K HH'lTOJK'HOM C.lI:eJIKe.
KpoMe Toro, .lI.OnOJIHHTeJJbHbIe TpeooBaHHH J(JJSI nepe.l(a'lH
npaB C nOMoru.bIO ,n:OKYMeHTa 3a ne'laTbIO YCTaHOBJIeHbI .lI.J1H
llareHTOB. 3,n:eCb nepe,n:a'la «3a!KOHHOH» COOCTBe'HoHocrrn COBep-
lIIaeTCH nYTeM OOH3aTeJIbI:IOM 3anHCH B naTeHTHOM peeCTpe;
aiKII.HH (BKJIIO'laH 3iKII.HH CYJ(OXO,n:HbIX 06ru.eCTB) H <POH,n:OBble
6YMam TaK>Ke nepe\!l:aIOTOSIJ c nOMoru.bIO BHeceHHH B peeCTp
.Tm60 06ru.eCTBa, JIH60 .D.enapTaMeHTa TOprOBJIH, JIH60 AHrJ1HH-
clKoro Oa'HKa. CIO,n:a OTHOCH1'CH TaKJKe nepe.n:a'la HeKOTOpbIX npaa
H8 He.n:BHJKHMOCTb B npe,n:eJJax JIOHJ(OHCKoro rpa<pCTBa H B J(PY-
fHX MeCTIlX, r.l(e .l(eMcTByeT .CHCTeMa perHCTpaII.HH 3eMeJIb,
o KOTOpOH oY.ll.eT C'Ka3ano HH)Ke. AHHYHTeTbI, oopeMeHHIOru.He
20 :3aR. 3 4' , AHf.])I1IiQI(Qe npaBO.
;i06
'IACTI> 'IE'l'BEPTAff. rPA:;I .n:AHGKOE IIP'\BO
He.n;BH)!{lll\lOCTb, 'He 'CB513bLBaIOT nOKynaTeJUI nOCJIe.n;HeM, eC.111 orHi
He 3aper.H'CTpHpOBaHbI B 3eMeJIb'HOM peeCTpe; :BepOSITHO, no-
no My Bce nepe.u.alJ.H TaKllX aHHY"TeTOB .n;OJJLKHbI pemCTpHpo-
BaThCSI.
2. H e C K pen _1 e H H bI e n e lJ. a T b IO II H C b 1\1 e H H bI e
.lI: 0 K Y M e H T bI. JII060e npaBo Ha J1I060ii BH.n: c06CTBeHHOCTH.
OCHOBaHHoe Ha «cnpaBe.n:JJHBOcTH», MOLKeT 6bITb c03.n:aHo Ii_1H
nepe.n:aHo nocpe.n:cTBoM IIHCbMeHHoro .n;oKYMeHTa 3a Ha.n:JJeLKa-
meM IIo.n:nHCblO. HHK8Iwe, OCHOBaHHoe Ha «cnpaBe.n;J1llBOcTH».
IIpaBO Ha He.lI:BH}!{HMOCTb He MQ)KeT 6bITb YlJ.pe}!{.lI:eHO IWH
IIepe.lI:aHO HHalJ.e, KaK 3aIIHCbIO, IIO.lI:IIHCaHHOH JIHU.OM, YlJ.pe-
)!(.lI:aIOmHM llJIM IIepe.lI:aIOru.HM ero, _1H60 JlHU.OM, HMeIOru.H:\o1 ero
IIHCbMeHHoe nOJIHOMOlJ.He. 3TO HopMa 3HaMeHHToro CTaTYTa
06 o6MaHHbIx .n;eMcTBllSlX 1677 1'., BOIlIe.n:IlIero B COCTaB HO-
Boro 3aKOHO.lI:aTe.%CTBa, aHa KacaeTCSI C.lI:eJIOK no YlJ.pe)!(.lI:e-
HHIO .n:OBepHTeJIbHOH c06CTBeHHotTH Ha He.n;BH}!{HMOCTh, HO
He YlJ.peLK.n:eHllSl Ta'KOBOM. CJIe.lI:yeT 06pa'fHTb BHHMaHHe Ha TO..
lJ.TO IIpOC,TOM IIRCbMeHHbIH .n;OIKYMeHT. HanpaSJreiHiHbIM Ha IIepe.lI:alJ.Y
rrpaBa Ha He.lI:BH}!{HMOOTh, OCHOBaHHoro IlIa o6ru.eM IIpaBe, ,He npH-
Be)I,c'l' K 3TOMY pe3YJIbTaTY, HO OH MOLKeT li, BepOHTHO, JI,aCT
rrpHo6peTaTeJI.J0 COOTBeTCTBYIOru.ee IIpaso, Oc.HOBa,HlHoe Ha «cnpa-
Be.n;JrHBocm». O.n:IHa'KO, IIepe.lI:alJ.a Ta'KOrO npaBa (HJJH .n:aLKe rrpaBa.
OCHOBaHHoro Ha «cnpaBe.n:JJHBOC'TH»)' npH nOMoru.H npOCToro
yCTjH,Oiro 3aSlBJIeHHSI HeJI.eik'fiBHTeJIbHal.
. 3TO BaLKHoe pa3JllilJ.He 06'bS!C'HSleTCH pa3JIHlJ.HeM B <POPMY-
,,'fllpOBKe (BIIOJ1iHe B03MOLKHO, lJ.TO c.rryqaMHOM) CTaporo CTa'fYTa
06 o6MaHHbIx .n;eikTBHSlX H AKTa 0 GIe,n:BHLKHMOM c06cTBeHHocTH
1845 r, O.lI:Ha'Ko, pe3YJJbTaT nOITIYlJ.llJICSJJ y,n:alJ.HbIM. OpOCT8S1 nMCb-
MeHHaSl nepe.n;alJ.a He OKa3bIBaeT HenOCpe)I.CTBeHHoro BJIHSlllHUI Ha
«3aiKOHHbIH» TollTY.,'"I BJIa.lI:eHMS! MaTepHaJIbHOM .n:BHLKHMOCTbIO, HO
::ITO 06bIlJ.HbIH cnoco6 ncpe,n:alJ.H «3aiKoHHoH» C06CTBeHHOcrr'll Ha
npaBa. .n;aIOru.He OCiHOBaHue .n;mI HCKa, eCJIH TO.'1bKO HeT cTaTYTa,
Tpe6YIOru.ero Ta'KOM nepe,n:aqH npH nOMOIII;U .n:OKYMeHTa 3a
nelJ.aTbIO. 3TO pe3y.JTbTaT &II:J1TITe.JIbHOM 60pb6bI iMe}!{.n:y ,KynelJ.,e-
CKHl\I npaBoM H npaBOM cnpaBe.n:JIHBOCTH, C O.n:HOM CTOPOHbI..
H 06ru.HM npaBoM. C .n:pyroM, 0 KOTOpOM YlioMlIHa.'1ocb paHbIlIe.
HaKOHeu., no AKTY 0 cy,n:onpoH3Bo)lCTBe 1873 1'., HOpMbI IW-
Toporo no 3TOMY Bonpocy BHeceHbI B HOBoe 3aKOHo,n:aTeJIbCTBO
o c06cTBeHHocTH, «3RKOHHaSl» co6cTBeHHocTh Ha things in
action, BKJIIOlJ.aSl npaBo npH06peTaTeJISI B036YLK.n:aTb HCK OT
CBoero lIMeHH, Mo}!{eT 6bITb nepe.n:aHa npH IIOMOru.H JII060M «6e3-
YCJIOBHOfi» u.eccllll, cOBepIlIeHHon 3a nO.lI:IIHCbIO u.e,n:eHTa, npH
YCJIOBlIH nllCbMeHHoro YBe.n:oMJIeHlISI JJlUla, npoTHB KOToporo Ha-
npaBJIeHO Tpe6oBaHlle. BhITeKaIOru.ee H3 things in action. B C.'1y-
lJ.ae .conepHHqaIOIlI,HX npHTSI3aHlIii pa3JIlIlJ.HbIX U.ecclloHapHea
OlJepe,n:HOCTb HX npaB orrpe.n:eJ1S1eTCSl nOC..1e;r:,OBaTeJ1bHOCTblO
r:U.BA XXII. OT'Lnr;;UUm:E CODCTBEHHOCTII
307
YBe.n;O'l\IJIeHHll., C.lJ,e.'IlaHHbIX 3TOMY .mn y; eC.'J1H SlTO nOCJle.lJ,;Hee J1HUO
HaXOAHTCH B 3aTpy.n;HeHHH BCJIeACTBH COnepHH'lalOru.H'X npHTH-
3aMMM, OHO 1\lOLKeT pa3pernHTb BOnpOC JIH60 npH nOMOru.H' npo-
I.{eCCa, H3BeCTJIOrO no.n: Ha3BaH" M interpleader, J'IH60 BHeCfl
ciYM JI.OJIra B J.I.en03HT cYAa, COrJIaCHO ARTY 0 JI.OBepllTeJIbHOH
C06c:TBeHHOC'l'H, npe.lJ,OCTa8'HB conepHHKaM KOHKypHpoBaTb MeLKJI.Y
COGOllo 3TO npaBHJIO 0 nepBOO'lepe.n;HocTH B CHJIY YB .n;oMJIeHHfl
AO.TIrO 6bIJIO aOru.HM :npHHI.{HnOM B AC.'I.ax, KorAa Ha nMyru.ecTBo
Haxo.n;Hru.eecH B PYKax AOBepHTe.'lbHOrO c06cTBeHHHKa, 3aHBJIHIOT
npWTSl3aHHH COnepHH'lalOru.He JIHua. K.a!K MbI BH.n;eJIH, COBceM He-
.lJ,.aBHO OIHO 6bIJI'0 paC!l1pOCTpaHeHo Ha cOnepHH'lalOru.He npHTH3aHIUl
oo6cTBeHHHKoB He.n;BHJKHMOCTH R OCHOBe npaBa onpaBe.lJ,JIHBOCTH
H Ha OCHOBe 06ru.ero npaBa.
nepe.lJ,a'la nOJIyqaeT CllJIY TOJIl>KO nOCJIe npHHHTHH npHo6pe-
TaT JIeM (uecclIoHapHeM).
3. Y C T H a Sl cAe J'I K a. HHKaKoe npaBo Ha He.lJ,BHLKHMOCTb
oCHoBaHHoe 'Ha 06ru.eM npaBe HJIH cnpaBeJ];JIfIiBOOTH (KpOMe KpaTKo-
BpeMeHHbIx BJT.a.n:eHHH, 0 KOTOpbIX ynoMHHiClJIOCb BbIIlle), He MOJKeT
6bITb C031WHO HJIH nepeJ.I.a'HO B YCTHOll. cl>opMe; HO JII060e OCHO-
BaR-HOe Iml «crrpaBe.n;JIHBOCTH» npaBO Ha .n;BHJKHMOCTb, BKJIIO'laSi
.n;OBepHT JIbHYIO c06CTBeHHOCTb, MOJKeT 6bITb C03.n;aHO HJJH (KpOMe
OBepHT JJbHOll C06CTBeHHOCTII) n pe.n;a'HO B YC:TlHOM cl>opMe,
a B OAHOM OqeHb BaJKHOM cJIY'lae rrpaBO c06CTBeHHOCTH Ha MaTe-
pllaJIblHylO .lJ,BHJKHMOCTb, OCHOBaHHoe 'Ha 06ru.eM npaBe, MOJKeT
6bITb [Iepe.n;aHO qHCTO CJJ10BeCHbIM cnoc060M. 3TOT BaLKHbIM c.ny-
'laM - !I1po.lJ,aJKa TOBapoB.
Do npaBII.TIaM AKTa 0 npOAaJKe TOBapoB 1893 r. npH HaJIH'lHH
COrJIarneHHSl 0 rrpo.n;aLKe onpe.n;eJIeHHWX H HH.lJ,IIBII.lJ,yaJIH3HpOBaH-
HWX TOBapoB c06cTBeHHocTb Ha HHX nepexo.lJ,HT K nOKynaTeJIIO
B MOMeHT, KorAa 3TO cooTseTcTByeT BOJIe CTOpOH. Ho eCJIH co-
fJI8illeHHe He HBJIHeTCH YCJIOBHbIM H TOBapbI HaXO)1,HTCH B CO-
CTOSlHHH, npHro.n;HOM AJJSl c.n;a'lH, TO c06CTBeHHOCTb 6YJJ:eT CqIi-
TaTbCSl nepeIlleArneM K nOKynaTeJllO B MO:\leHT 3aKJJIO'leHIISI co-
r JIarneHHSI, eCJIH CTOpOHbI He npe.lJ,yc aTpHBaIOT npOn1BHOro.
B 3TOM OTHorneHHH COBepIlleHHO He cyru.eCTBeHHO, 6bIJJa .1H
ynJJaqeHa ueHa H 6bI,,'I1I JIH nepe,lI,aHbI TOBapbI. HHKO:\1Y, nOBH.1Ui-
MOMY, TOqHO He 1I3BeCTHO, KaKH 06pa30M 31a HopMa, npo-
THBOpe'laru.aSI KaK pIlMCKO:\IY, TaK II ToprOBO:\IY npaBY, H He
O'IeHb y.lJ,06HaSI caMa nOi ee6e, npOHHKJIa B o6ru.ee npaBo.
Ho ee Hey.n;06HbIe nocae.n;CTBHH B 3Ha1lHTeJIbHOH Mepe c:lIHf-
qalOTCH .n;pyroH HOp:UOM AKTa, 3am\ICTBOBaHHoM H3 cTaporo
CTaTYTa 06 o6:MaHHbIx AeMcTBHSIX, cor JJaCHO KOTOpOM He.'Ib3H
Tpe60BaTb BbmOJIHeHIIH .n;orOBopa 0 npo,lI,aJKe TOBapOB Ha
Cyr-C\fY B 10 4>. CT. HJJH BbIIlle npH nmlOru.u HCKa, eCJIH no-
Kyna-re.'Th He aKuenTOBaJI H cl>aKTilIqeOKH He no.'IY'lIl.'I 'laCT1H npOJJ:aH-
HbIX TOBapOB U.'I1I He .lJ,aJF KaKoro-.TIH60 3a,lI,aTKa, JIH60 He BHec
20
308
qACTb qETBEPTAR. rPAJK AHCKOE ITPABO
'qaCl'H t lHOrO ruraTejKa, HJLH }Ke, ec.'m nepe.ll. npe.ll.'bSlBJIeHHeM HCKa
He COCTaBJJeHa 3anHCb HJJH aKT, nO.ll.nHCaHHbIe 06Sl3aHHbIM JJHQOM
llJIH ero npe.ll.'CTa'BHTe.ITeM. Bce }Ke, HeCMO'TpSl Ha ::ny orOBDpKY,
)"Ka3<!.iHHaSl HOpiMa npHMeHSleTCSl BO MIHOrH!X ICJIyqa.SlX. CJJe yeT
l1Mel'b B BH.lI.Y, '11'0 .lI.a}Ke npH oHaJJHqUH COCTaB,JreiHHOrO H nO.ll.nH-
caHHoro aKTa nepeXD.lI. npaBa c060TBeHHOCTH Ha TDBapw DCHOBaH
Ha COrJ1alIlGHHH, a He iHa aKT'e. 31'0 06ru;HM npHHQHn BCffiWM
npO.ll.ajKH TOB<!.pOB. ITO.3TOMY, eCTeCTBeHHO, qTO IBO-npoc 0 TOM,
Iwr.ll.a npDH30lIleJJ lIIepeXO.ll. npaBa c06CTBeHiHOCTH Ha TaBapbI,
nOCTOSlHHa B03HHKaeT nepe.ll. 0Y.lI.aMH.
Ha.ll.o OTMeTMTb, O.ll.HaKO, 'ITa H3JJOjKeHHaSl TaJIbKD qTO HopMa
He HMeeT npHMeHelHMSl K apeHHSlM, a pacnpOCTpaHSleTCH TOJJbKD
Ha npO.ll.ajKH. ITO.3TOMY, eCJfH, HanpHMep, MOJJO.ll.OM' qeJIOBe:K noce-
lll.aeT OTQOBCKHe .KOHlOlIlHH H B nopbIBe ru;e.n;pOCTH OTeQ rDBopHT
CblIHiY: «51 .lI.apIO Te6e .3T:y JIOIll<!..lI.b», a CbDH He YBO.ll.HT ee TOTtJac,
TO OH He MO}KeT Tpe60BaTb BbIITOJJHeHHSl .n;apeHHSl, .n;ajKe eCJJIt
6bI OTeQ 3aTeM nO.ll.TBep.ll.H.TJ 31'0 B nO.ll.nHcaHHOM HiM .lI.OKYMeHTe.
Ho eCJJH 6bI OTeQ npe.ll.JJO}KHJJ npo.ll.aTb CbIHY .TJOIlla.ll.b 3a 50 <p.
CT. H CbIH aKQenTOBaJJ nOKynKY, TO JJOIlla.ll.b 6bIJJa 6bI ero,
xaTSl 6bI CbIH He YBeJI ee II He 3anJJaTI1.TI .lI.ajKe qaCTH QeiHbI;
O.ll.HlliKa, eCJJH 6w OH !He nOJJyqHJJ 01' OT a nHCbMeHHoro nO.ll.TBep-
}K.lI.eHHSl npo,n:ajKH, o.H He C!Mor 6bI B036Y.ll.HrJ'b HOKa 0 nepe.ll.a!tJe
,.eMY JJaIlla.ll.H. TeM He MeHee, eCJEH 6bI OH VBH.lI.eJI ee B nO.'1e, OR
Mor 6bJ YBeCTH ee H OCTaBIITb Y ce6Sl. -
4. IT e p e .lI. a 'I a (Delivery). «ITepe:lI.aqa» eOTb nepexo.ll. BJIa-
..n;eHHSl H nOTOMY OHa Tpe6yeT YtJaCTHSl no MeHbIlleH Mepe .lI.BYX
JIHQ.
3ro nepBae nOJIO}KeHHe H)'jK.lI.aeTCSl B pa3'bSlCHeHiHH. He-
ropHCT, a Hepe.n;.KD H IOpnCT, BBe.ll.eHHbIH. B 3a6JJY}K.lI.eHHe BHelIl-
HHMH DoCrrDSlTeJJbCTBaMH, MO}KeT npe.ll.nOJJO}KHTb, '11'0 nepe.ll.aqa-
31'0' O.n;HOClJ'OpOHHHH aKT. Me}K.lI.Y TeM MHHYTHoe pa31l\fbIlIlJIeHHe
)(OJJ}KHO BbLBeCTH ero H3 3 a6JJY}K.lI.eHHSl. B caMOM npOCTOM IBD3-
MO}KHOM c.TJYqae, KOr.ll.a nepe.ll.aqa He60JIbIllOrO rrpe.ll.'MeTa npOHC-
X0.ll.HT 3a npHJJaBKOM KynQa, nOCJJe.ll.lmH, KOHeqHO, npOTSlrHBaeT
PJKY, HO ee .n;OJI}KeH npaTSlHyTb U nOIKynaTeJIb, qTo6bI B3!HTb npe.ll.-
MeT. ITepBbIM a'KT c'aM no ce6e eCTb TOJIbIIW npe.ll.JJO}KeHHe nepe-
.n;atJH npe.n;MeTa HJIM, KaK ero reXHHqeCII<H Ha3bIBa1OT, «tender»,
KOTopoe MO}KeT 6bITb oTBeprHYTo. To. jKe ca:\roe OTHOCHTCSl
K TOBapaM, nOCTaBJJSleMbIM KO MHe H<!. .lI.aM. ECJIH lKyneQ nOObIJJaer
HX 6e3 3aIKa3a H OCTaBJJSleT y Moero nopora (pacnpocTpa:HeHH8H
HecKOJIbIIW .'1eT TOM'Y Ha3a.n; <popMa peK.1aMbI), TO' 31'0 He nepe.ll.a'la,
a TOJIbKO np JJO}KeHlie. IToKa Sl He 'B03bMY TOBap HJIH He
COBeplIlY Ka'KorO-.TJH60 .lI.eMCTBHSl, no.Ka3bIBaIOru;ero, '11'0' Hero
npHHHMalO, nepe.ll.aqa He HMeeT MeCTa. HMKaJKOe BJFa.ll.eHHe lIe
1O}KeT nepeiiTI1 npH nOl\foru;H npocToro np e .ll..'10}KemUI nepe.ll.a'lH
(tender).
rJIABA XXII. OT'I 'jT:JJ:EHRE CODOrnEHHOC'TH
309
HC'mHHaSl npllpoJ(a nepeJ(a1JlI BJJaJ(OOHSl 3aIKJJIO'laeTICSl B TOM,
'ITO OHa SlBJUIeTCSl 0T'Ka30M 01' BJIaJ(elHHSl co CTOpOHibI npe}l{Hero
BJJaJ(e.n:b a- B nOJJb3Y J(pyroro Jlll a, 1K0Topoe BCJIeJ('CTBlie 3Toro
BCTYTIaeT BO BJJa eHlIe. fIOCKo KY BCTYTIaeT BO B aJ(eHlIe nOJIY-
1J.aTeJIb, TO (3a OTCYTCTBlI,eM npSlMoro corJJlalIIeHlISl no 3TOMY BO-
npocy) 31'0 np01l3130J(lITCSl 3a ero C ' 1JeT. 06 e1l3B8C11HaSl HopMa
aRI' JIIlIMCKOrO !T:p,ana r JJaCHT, '11'0, 3a OTCYTCTBlieM cor Jta,me'HlISlllJIH
COOTBeTCTBYIO ero 06bI1JaSl, CTOliMOCTb nepeB03IKH B03 araeTC5f
Ha nOKynaITeJISl. fIo 3TOM nplll1llHe peKJIalMa 'laICTO rOBopliT Jl,JIH
npllBJFe1JeHHSl nOKynaTeJIeM 0 «6eCUJt3THOM Jl,OCTaBKe».
CJJeJl,yeT TaK)Ke HanOMHHTh, 1JTO TalK KaK nepeJ(a1Ja COCTOliT
1I3 J(BYX pa3JJlI1JHbIX J(eik:'f1BlIM, TO Me)KJJ; HHMH MO)KeT 6bITh
lIHrepB'aJI. I1pOJl,.a'Be TOBapO'B MO)KeT HanliOarTh 1Je OBeKY, CorJJa-
CHB1II8MYCH lKymITb lIX: «TOT apbI rOTOBbI 1I )KJl,YT BalIIHX pacnopR-
)KeHlIM». Eho - npeJ(JJO)Ke:Aue nepeJ(aTb TOBap. MorYT npOMTM
HeJ(eJIli npe)KJl,e, 1JeM nOlKynaTeJtb npHMeT ero, 1I Jl,0 Tex nop He
npOll'30MJ(eT nepeJ(a'IIf>, XOTSl nOKynaT'eJlb rMor nOJ(BeprHY1'bCSl
3a1KOHHOM OTBeTCTB8HHOCTli 3a OTKa3 npllHSlTb TO B8tp bI COr,JTaC:HO
CJ(eJJKe Ii BeceT pllCK, CBSl3aHHbIM 0. lIX xpaHe:HHeM.
HaKOHe , nepeJ(a1Ja MO)KeT 6bITh TaK Ha3bIBaeMOM «CHiM130JIlll-
'le'CKOM» nepe.u.a-1Jeit (with the long hand), iKorJ(a, uanpliMep, 'le.n:o-
Bei<., lIMeIO lIM TOBapbI noJl, 3aMKOM B 1JY)KOM aM6ape HJJlI Fa
aKJI3tJ(,e, nepeJl,aeT Jl,pyrOMY 'KJJI01J aM6apa HJ1ilI CKJIa.n;CKoe CBlIJ(e-
TeJIblCTBO, ynpaBOMO'lllBaIO ee ero BbIBe3TH TOBapbI. I10CKOJJbKY
HeT OC:HOBaHliM COMHeBaTbCSl B TOM, 'lTO BJIaJ(eJIe a'M6apa lIJ)U
aJ(MlIHlIcTpa HSIJ CKJJaJl,a J(ep)KlIT TOBapbI B parcnOpSl)KeHlIli nepe-
J(aro ero Jml a, TO 3a ynJIaToii CTOliMOCTIi xpaHeHIiSl nepeJ(a qa
KJIIO'la HM cBllJl,eTeJJblCiTBa H Jl,eJJaeT CTOpOH , no.ny1JIiBlIIYIO HX,
$a.'KTH'leCKliM BJJaJ(e.n:b eM TOBapOB. CXOJ(iHaSl HopMa npliMeHSleTCH
K J(oMaM, He3aBliCUMO OT 'Toro, nopY1JeHbI JJlI OHli 'lbeMY-JJlIOO
«nonel1eIlliIO» HJJlI HeT. Bepowf.Ho, Ha1l60JJee 'E!HTepeCHb M 1I pac-
npOCTpaiH8HHbIM npliMep nepeJl,a'lli longa manu - 31'0 nepeJ(a'la
('HaJ(JIe)Ka lIM 06pa30M 'HHJ(OOClipOBaHHoro, KorJ(a Tpe6yeTcSl)
KOHoccaMeHTa. 31'01' aKT J(eJIaeT HHJ(occaTa BJJa.n;eJIbD.eM TOBapOB,
XOTSl 6bI OHH HaXOJ(MH,Cb B Mope 3a TbICSl1JlI MlI , nOTOMY 111'0,
cYJ(OBJJaJ(eJJeD. J(OJI)K8H no np1l6bITHH BblJ(aTh RX eMY. HiHJ(occaT
CTaHOBlITCSl HX c06CTBeHHRKOM H npH HaJJlI1JHlI BCTpel1HOrO YJ(O-
BJlIffi1BOpeHlISl MO)KeT YJ(ep)KaTb BJIaJ(eHHe .n;a1Ke npOTllfB npaBa
npoJ(aB a, He no.ny'lHBlIIerO nJIaTy, Ha 3aJ(ep}l{KY TOBapOB B nYTlI.:
HaKO'E'eD., 1Jpe3BbI1JaiiHO Ba}l{HO nOMHlITb, 1JTO nepeJ(a1Ja He
BO Bcex CJJY'laSlX nepe.n;aeT npaBO co6CTBeHHOCTli nO Y1JaTeJJIO>
J(IDKe Kor J(a Inepe.u.aIO ee JIlID.O SlB SleTCSl c06CTBeHHlI'KOM lIJIR
ynOJFHOMO'leHO nepe.D;aTb npaBO c06CTBeHHOC1'H. I1epeJ(a'la BcerJ(3'
C03J(aeT nepexoJ( BJIaJl,eHHSl - TaXOB npllHD.Hn. Ho OT HaMepeHHft
CTOpOH 3aBRCliT 'lTO nepexOJ(lIT CBepx 3Toro. BbIJJO 6bI HMeno
YTBep)K]1,8Tb, 1JTO, BpyqaSl CBOH 'lao(lliI 1JaCOB HKY J(JlSI 1 nO;tI,lIHKlI, HJ
-310
qAOTh 'lETBEPTAH. l'PAiK.TIAHOROE rrPABO
,
.TINWIO ero HX C06CTB€HHHK0l\1. TaKH;'.! 06pa3o;1I, BOnpOC 0 TOM.
ocy eCTBJISIeTCH JIll B KOHKpeTHOM CJJY1Jae npH nocpe,lI.CTBe
nepe,lI.a'lli' npo,n;aLKa, ,n;ap, 06MeH, 3aKJIa,n;, 3aJIOr HJJH 3ae'M,
eCTb Bonpoc aj}<.Ta, IKOTOpbIH pelllaeTC5! Ka,K H ,lI.pyrne no,n;06-
HbIe BonpOCbI. I1onYTHO MOLKHO 3aMeTlITb, qTO He BCer,lI.a B
HHTepecax nOJIyqaTeJIH OTCTaHBaTb nepexo,n; K HeMY npaBa c06-
CTBeHHOCTH, nOTOIMY 1JTO, eCJJlI OH npll06peTaeT npano
co6cTBeHHocTlI Ha TOBapbI, Ha Hero MOLKeT 6bITb B03JIOLKeHa TaK>Ke
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb, CBH3aHHaH 'C HHMH, HanpllMep, paXTbI, B03-
HarpaLK.n.em!e 3a cnacaHHe Ha Mope, CTOHMOCTb xpaHeHHH 1I T..n..
I1epe,lI.a1Ja - 3TO CTapeMlllHH MeTO,lI. nepexo.n:a npaBa nYTeM
,lI.eHCTBlIH CTOpOH, H3BeCTHbIll aHfJJlIHCKOMY npaBY. HeKor,lI.a OHa
6bIJIa .lI.OCTaT01JHa .lI.JIH n pexO.lI.a npaB KaK Ha 3e, M.;lIO TaK 1I Ha
.lI.BlILKlI'MOCTb. Ho 1Jpe3BbI1JaHHOe' HeY,lI.06cTBO, npOllCTeKaBlllee OT
Toro, l1TO THTYJI Ha 3eMJJJO 3aBMCeJJ OT BOCnOll1HHaHHH 0 TaKoli
He3aperllCTpHpOBaHHOM C,lI.eJIKe, KaK nepe,lI.a1Ja, npHBeJIO K npaK-
TlIKe, no KOTOpOM «lIHBecTHTypa» MJJlI «nOLKaJJOBaiIme JJeHa», KaI(
3TO CTaJIO n03LKe Ha3bIBaTbCH, conpOBOLK.lI.aJJaCb nHCbMeHHbIM ,lI.0-
KYMeHTOM nnn 33nHCbJO; nonen'=HHO 3TO Tpe60B3Hne CT3JIO 06H-
3aTeJJbHbIM no 3aKOHY. AKT 0 He.lU3HLKlIMOM c06CTBeHHOCTM 1845 r.
3aBeplllHJJ 3TY TeH,lI.eHl.{lIJO H BBH.lI.Y Toro, qTO ,lI.oKYMeHT 3a ne-
lIaTbIO CTaJI TOr.lI.a 06H3aTeJIbHbIM aTTpH6YTOM «nOLKaJJOBaHHfI
.1"IeHa» (nepexo.lI.a npaB Ha He,lI.BHLKHMOCTb), TO OpMaJJbHaH ne-
pe.n.a1Ja OTnaJIa Ii ee 3aMeHHJ1 lJ,OKYMeHT 3a ne1JaTbIO. TaKHM
06pa30M, OT ,lI.peBHeM np0l.{eJIJypbI «nOLKaJIOBaHHH JIeHa» OCTaJJact>
O.lI.Ha opMa; MbI 1JHTaeT TaKHe HeJJenbIe BbIpaLKeHHH, KaK «no-
LKaJJOBaHHe .TIeHa C nepe.lI.a1JeM BJIa.lI.eHHfI», MeLK.lI.Y TeM KaK nepe-
JJ,a1Ja BJIa,lI.eHlffI H 6bIJJa nOLKaJIOBaHHeM JI'eHa. HaKoHel.{, O,lI.HH
pa3.lI.eJJ H0.80ro 'AKTa 0 co6cTBeHHocTlI, CTpaHHo i}>opiMY:JIlIpOlBaH-
HbIM, rJIaCHT, l1TO npaBa Ha 3eMJIJO «He MorYT nepeXO,lI.HTb nVM
nOMO H nepe.lI.atIH, JJ H 6 0 nepe.lI.al1H H BJJa,lI.eHHH, JIH60 nOLK3-
JIOBaHHH JJeHa». Ho, KOHe1JHO, B JI a,lI. e H H e 3eMJJeH MOLKeT 110
CHX nop nepeXO.lI.HTb npH nOMOll H nepe.lI.a1JH, XOTH 6bI nOCJIe.n.-
HHfI cOBeplllaJIaCb CHMBOJIH1JeCKH.
Things in action no caMoH cBoeH npHpo,n;e He MorYT, KaK
t.lbI BH,lI.eJJH, 6bITh 06'beKTOM BJJa,n;eHHfI. CJJe.lI.OBaTeJIbHO, OHH He
MorYT nepeXO.lI.HTb nOCpe,lI.CTI30!\l nepe,lI.atIH BJIa.lI.eHHfI. Ho, KaK
MbI TO>Ke BH.lI.eJIH, nepe.lI.a1Ja ,lI.oKYMeHToB, YCTaHaBJIHBmO Hx
- THTYJJ H3 HHX, HanpHMep, 060POTHbIX pOKYMeHToB, I\WLKeT aK-
TH1JeCKH nepe.lI.aBaTb H co6cTBeHHocTb, H, Kor.n.a .lI.eJIO KacaeTICH
8Kl.{HH H T. n., C03,lI.aBaTb «cnpaBe.lI.J1HBoe» np3Bo Y.lI.epLKaHlIH
B OTHOllleHHlI OH.lI.OB B no.TJ:b3Y nOJIY1JaTeJJfl.
'MeTO.lI. ll1epe,lI.a1JH BJIa.lI.eHHfl OCTaeTCSI OCH'OBHbI-M H HaH60-
JIee pacnpocTpaHeHHbIM onoc060M OT1JYJK.lI.eHHfl co6cTBeHHocTH -
r.'I8BHbI.M 06paaoM B OTHollleiHHIi M8TepH8JIbHOM ,lI.BHLKHMOCTH.
5. Per Ii C T pal.{ Ii fl. MbI BH.lI.eJJH y}[(e, qTO npaBo c06-
TJIABA XXII. {JTq r:£I(;J,EHTIE COECTBEHHOCTTI
311
CTBeHHOCTTI no o6meMY ' paBY Ha HeKOTopble BH,lI.bI HMymecTBa
MO>KeT 6bITb nepe,lI.aHO TOJIbKO nOCpe,lI.CTBOM 3aperOC11pHpOBaH-
Boro lI;OKY!MeHTa :sa ne1JaTbIO; 3)J:eCb HeB03MO;H{"HO IBXO,lI.HTb
B nOll;p06Hoe paCCMOTpeHHe npaBHTeJIbCTBeHHbIX H IToprOBbIX
peeCTpOB lI;JJSl c:}:>OH.lI.OB H ,lI.pyrHx things in action, KaK H peecTpa
AHrJIHMCKOro 6aHKa. Ho HY>KHO CKa3aTb HeCKOJIbKO CJJOB
.0 .lI.BH>KeHHH, KOTOpoe, Ha 1JaBlIIHCb 60 HJJH 70 JIeT TOMY
Ra3a,lI., nOJIY1JHJIO CBoe 3aKOH1JeHHOe Bblpa>KeHHe B AKTe
'0 perHCTpa HH He)J:BH>KHMOCTH 1925 r. H n03BOJJSleT Tenepb
nepe,lI.aBaTb n01JTH BCSlKoe npaBo Ha He,lI.BH>KHMOCTb 60JIee
npocTbIM, Ha,lI.e>KHbIM H, KaK rOBopSlT CTOpOHHHKH 3Toro
,D:BH>KeHHSl, .lI.emeBbIM cnoc06oM, qeM 06bI1JHbIH .lI.oKYMeHT 3a
neqaTbIO Hv'm 3anHCb. Bonpoc 3TOT BbI3blBaeT oCTpble pa3Ho-
rJIaCHSl cpell;H IOpH\CTOB, KOTopble 6.TIaro.lI.apSl 3HaHHIO c:}:>opMaJIb-
HbIX .lI.eTa.7JeH, He06xo.lI.HMbIX ,lI.JJSl ero nOHHMaHHSl, »BJJSllOTCSl
e.lI.HHCTBeHHbIMH JIH aMH, HHTep cYIOrn:HMHCSl HM; B HaCTOSlrn:ee
BpeMSl nepe.lI.a1Ja upaB npH nOMomH 3apernCTpHpoBaHHoro pacno-
pSl>KeHHSl 06Sl3aTeJIbHa TOJIbKO .lI.JfS1 HeKoTopblX npaB Ha He.lI.BH-
)KTIMOCTb B npe.lI.e.TIax JIoH.lJ.OHcKoro rpac:}:>CTBa, r.lI.e 3TO npaBHJ!O
.n.eMcTByeT C 1902 r., a TaK>Ke B ropo.lI.ax I1cT60pHa (1926 r.)
II racTHHrca (1929 r.), .lI.a H TaM JIHlIIb npHMeHHTeJIbHO K npo-
)J,a>KaM H ,lI.OJIrOCp01JHbIM 'apeH,lI.aM. Ho Ha OCHOBe 3aKOHO.lI.aTeJJb-
RbIX nOCTaHOBJIeHHH Bbrnyrn:eHbI YBe,lI.OMJIeHHSl 0 TOM, 1JTO
C 1 SlHBapSl 1937 r. perHlcTpaI(HSl 6Y.lI.eT 06Sl3aTeJIbHa ,lI.JISl 'Bce'rO
rpac:}:>cTBa iMH,lI..lI..TICeKC, a H3 TeKCTa AKTa 0 perHcTpa HH He.lI.BH-
>KMMOCTH SlBcTByeT, 1JTO HMeeTCSl B BHJI.Y B HeOT.lI.aJJeHHOM 6y.lI.Y-
rn:eM paanpocTpaHHTb 3TY 'CHCTeMY ilIa BCIO A'HrJJoHIO. O.lI.HaKO,
Tenepb JII060H 3eMJIeBJJa.lI.e.TIeI( B JJI060M MeCTe MO)KeT nepe,lI.aTb
CBOIO 3eMJllO c:}:>aKTH1J,eCKH C JII060M I(eJIbIO npH nOCpe.lI.CTBe 3a-
perHCTpHpoBaHHoro paCnOpSl>KeHHSl. Ho }l:a>Ke B paHoHax C npH-
HY.lI.HTeJJbHOH perHcTpa HeM nepe,lI.a1Ja npH nocpe.lI.CTBe He3ape H-
'CTpapoBaHHoro .n:OKYMeHT3 3a ne1Ja"TbIO He JJHlIIeHa cH.TIbI. TaKIfM
('.nOCOOOM He MorYT 6blTb nepe.lI.aHbl HM,eHHSl, OCHOBbIoBaIOrn:HecSl
Ida 06rn:eM npaBe, K KOTOpbIM TOJJbKO H OTHOCHTCSl PeeCTp.'
CJIe.lI.yeT oTMeTHTb, 1JTO CHCTeMa perHCTpa HH 'He.lI.BH>K}!-
MOCTH 3aHMCTBOBaHa H3 .lI.OMHHHOHOB, r,lI.e, B03HHKHYB B COBep-
meHHO OTJIH1JHbIX OT AHrJ1HH VCJIOBHSlX, OHa 6e3 COMHeHHSl OKa-
3aJJaCb I(eJIeC006pa3Hoij. .
B HeMHorHX C.TIOBaX 'OCHOBHaSl H.lI.eSl AKTa 3aKJII01JaeTCSl
B TOM, qTO KpaTKaH IICTOpIUI THTYJIa Ha BCHKoe OT.lI.eJIbHOe
3e.Me.TIbHoe }l:ep>KaHHe .lI.OJI>KHa BHOCHTbCSl B PeeCTp }l 'ITO JJH O,
HB.TUIIOrn:eecSl COrJJaCHO 9TOMY PeeCTPY c06CTBeHHHKOM no
06rn:eMY npaBY, MO>KeT nepe.lI.aBaTb ero KOMY yrO}l:Ho npH no-
MOrn:It 3aperHCTpHpOBaHHoro }l:OKYMeHTa 3a ne'qaTbIO, C nOJJHOH:
rapaHTHeH THTYJIa, 3arn:m aeMoro He nepe,lI.aIOrn:HM 'JIH OM,
a rOCY.lI.apCTBOJlI. TaKHM 06pa30M, YCTRHaBJIHBaeTCSl, 1JTO TIP"
312
1J.AOTb 1J.ETBEPTAH. rPA ABOROE nPABO
"nOH CHCTeMe nOKynaTeJIb, npoTHB KOToporo oopam:aeTcSl KaKo!e:..
./m60 B3bIcKaHHe, !MO)!{eT npocTo nepea.lI.pecoBaTb HCTlJ;a K rocy-
.lI.alj>CTBY, H, eCJJIi HCTeu; .lI.OKa)!{eT, 'ITO .lI.ieMCTBHTeJJbHO OH, a He
3aperliCTpHpOBaHHbIM c06CTBeHHliK liMeeT npaBO Ha 3e'MJUO, TO.
rOCY.lI.apCTBO KOMneHcHpyeT ero 3a C'IeT $OH.lI.a, COCTaBliBmelrOCSI
KG nJIaTbI, B3liMaeMOM PerHCTpaTypOH 38 BceB03MO)!{Hble one-
paU;HH. I
Ho CJIe.lI.yeT HMeTb B BIi.ll.Y, 'ITa B T1elJ.eHHe O'IeHb 3Ha'IH-
TeJJbHOrO BpeMeHH rOCY.lI.apCTBO He 6Y.lI.eT npHHHMaTb Ha ce6S!
nOJIHOM OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH BO Bcex CJJY'IaSlx. 3TO 6bIJJO B03MO)!{HO'
B .lI.OMHHHOHe, r.n:e npHHa.lI.JIe)!{HOCTb Bcex 3eMeJIb KopoHe n03Be-
.'IHJJa npHcrynHTb K onH!CaHHoM CHCTeMe C caMoro Ha'IaJJa. JIHU;Y.
npeTeH.lI.YIOm:eMY Ha perucTpaU;HIO CBoero THTYJJa, HY)!{HO 6bIJJO
TOJIibKO npC\l{'bSlBHTb H!MeIO.mHHCSIJ Y Hero .lI.apCTBeHHbIM alKT KO-
POHJbI, aWiTopbIH, BepOHTHO, 6bIJI He cTalplIIe 50 JIeT, Ii npOCJIe'
.lI.HTb HCTOpliIO CBoero THTYJJa C Mo'MeHTa ero B03HHKHOBeHHSl.
B AHrJJHlM, f.lI.e JJI060M 3eMeJJbHbIH Y'IaCTOK B Te'IeHHe HeCKO.'Ib-
KHX Be:KOB iI1epeXO.lI.HJI li3 PYIK B PYKIi no C.lI.eJJJKaM npO.lI.a)!{H.
TaKaSl npOCTaH npOu;e.lI.ypa Hea.03MO)KHa. n03TOMY )I,JIH nOJlY'le-
HHSl «6e3YCJIOBHoro» THTYJJa JJHU;O, npeTeH.lI.yIOm:ee Ha perucTpa-
U;lilO, .lI.0JI)!{HO .lI.OKa38Tb, lJ.TO OHO HMeeT THTYJI, KOTOpblH MO)!{eT
YAOBJfeiTBOpHTb OCTOpO)!{HOrO nOKynaTeJISl no «OTKpbITOMY»
)I,OrOBOpy 1. 3TO MO)!{eT OKa3aTbCSl He .rrefKOH 3a.lI.alJ.eM. Ho
PeecTp HMeeT npaBO npHHSlTb THTY.'I Ha BJJa.lI.eHH , npOCTO YCTa-
Ha:BJJHBaIOmHM, 'ITO B MOMeHT perHcTpaU;HIi 3TO JJliU;O 6ecnpe.
nSlTCTBeHHO BJJa.lI.eJIO 3eMJJ'eH. I1pH HaJJli'IHH «6e3YCJIOBHoro»
THTYJJa rOCYJJ;apCTBO r paHTHpyeT 3aperuC1ipHpOBaHHoro nOKyna,.
TeJlSl OT Bcex JJ;e<l>eKToB THTYJJa, a npH THTYJJe Ha BJJa.lI.eHHe
OHO rapaHTHpyeT ero TOJJbKO OT JJ;e$eKTOB, 003HHKlIIHX nOCJJe
perHCT'paU;liH. Me)!{.lI.Y TeM nOCTeneHHO B rn.n:y BCTynaIOT HOpMbI"
CTaTYTOB 0 .lI.aBHOCTH (Statutes of Limitation), HCKOBbIle np'=-
TeH3HjF! nplioCTaHaBJJHBaIOTCSl Bc.rre,l1.'CTBHe HCTe'IeHHSl .lI.aBHOCTH
H npH6JIH3HTeJIbHO nOCJJe .lI.BeHa.lI.u;aTH JIeT npocToM BJJaJJ;eJIblJ.e-
CKRM THTYJJ npeBpamaeTCSl $aKTli'IeCKH B 6e3YCJIOBHbIH
HMeIOTcSl Ii JJ;PYfRe npaBa BCSlKoro pO.lI.a, rapaHTHpoBaHHbIe Ta-
KHM )!{e nOpSl.lI.KoM.
6. 3 a B e lII. a H Ii e. I1PHXOJJ;HTCSl CO)!{aJIeTb 0 TOM, 'ITO
CTpeM HHe K COKpalII.eHHHM HaHMeHOBaHHSlM no6Y.lI.HJIO aHfJIHM-
CKHX IOpHCTOB 3aMeHHTb SlCHoe CJJOBO «testament» .lI.BYCMbICJJeH-
HbIM CJIOBOM «will» .lI.JJSl 0603Ha'IeHHSl paCnOpSl)!{eHHSl CBoeM c06-
CTBeFlHOCTbIO, KOTopoe qe.n:OBeK .lI.e.n:aeT Ha CJIYlJ.aM CMepTH. Ho
OTKJIOHHTbCS! 01' 06lII.eynoTpe6HTeJIbHOrO TepMHHa - 3TO 3HalJ.HT"
8nBCTb B neJJ;aHTli3M.
I 0 SHaqeHlfH C:OTKpUTOro ,l{oroBopa npo.n;a1KH»
aHr1IHH:CKoro rrpaBa. MOCXB8, JOpl'lsJJ:aT I 439 H CJleJ1..
CM. .l!:)\{eHKC, CBOII1
rJIABA XXII. OT'IY:iI\.,nEHHE COBCTBEHHOCTH
313
C IOpH.nH'IeCIWM TO'IKH 3peHHSI 3aBelll.aHHe - 3TO Hie 'HiMelO-
llI.ee npaBOBoro 3<P4>eKTa npH JK1f3HH COCTaBHTeJJSI H MorYllI.ee
6bITb CBOOO.nHO OTMeHeHHbIM HM pacnopmK.eHHe 'COOCTBeH-
HOCTblO, KOTOpOM 3aBelll.aTeJIb K MOMeHTY ero CMepTH MOJKeT
pacnOJIaraTh, B 'IeM 6bI OHa HH COCTOSlJIa. ECJIH 3TH MOMeHTbI
BXO.nHJJH B HaMepeHHfI 3aBelll.aTeJJSI, TO KaK ObI 3TO paCnOpSIJKe--
HHe HH Ha3bIBaJJOCb, OHO SIBJISIeTCH 3aBelll.aHHeM, a eCJIH O.nHH
1I3 3TH X MOMeHTOB OTCYTCTByeT, TO KaK ObI 3TO paCnopSIJKeHHe
HH Ha3bIBaJJOCb H tleiM ObI OHO HH ObIJIO, no aHf.'IHM!CKOMY 3aKOHY
3TO He 3aBelll.aHHe. 9TH TPH MOMeHTa B CBoeM cOBoKynHocTH .ne-
JJalOT 33Belll.aHHe, KaK rOBopSIT, «no.nBHJKHbIM» (<<ambulatory»).
BCSlIwe TaKoe «no.nBH:>KHoe» paCnOpSI:>KeHHe, KaK ObI OHO HH
HMeHOBaJJOCb, MOJKeT ObITb .neMCTBHTeJJbHbIM 3aBelll.aHHeM, ecnp.!
COOJIIO.n:eHbI TpeoyeMbIe q>opMaJIbHOCTH H eCJJH OHO c.neJJaHO
JJH OM, KOTopoe OOJJa.naeT 3aBelll.a11eJJbHOM npaBocnoc06HOCTblO.
C APyroH CTOpOHbI, CKOJJbKO ObI HH rOBOpHJJOCb B .nOKYMeHT
o 110M, 'ITO OH SIBJISIeTcSI 3aBelll.aHHeM, eCJJlI lI'MeeTCSI B BHJI.Y
CBSI3aTb riPH :>KH3HH BOJIIO 3aBelll.a11e'JISI, .'m60 npll,lI.aTb .nOKY-
MeHTY HeOTMeHSIeMOCTb, lIJIH npe.n:nOJJaraeTCH, 'ITO OH BCTyrrllT
B ClIJIY -He nOCJIe CMepTH 3aBelll.aTeJJSI, a B CBSI3H C .npyrllM CO-
6bITlIeM, TO .nOKYMeHT 3TOT He eCTb 3aBeI aHHe.
BCSIKJf!i.i: 'IeJFOBeK (B TOM 'IlIc.ne II 3aMY:>KHSISI :>KeHllI.lIHa},
.nOCTHrllIHH IB03paC'Ila B ,nBa,lI.u.aTb O.nHH ro,lI., .nOCTaTO'IHO pa'C-
CY,lI.lITeJIeH, 'ITOObI nOHHMaTb, 'ITO OH .neJIaeT, II ;eCJJlI OH He
HaXO,lI.HTCSI no.n B'03,lI.eMCTBHeM CTpaxa HJIH 06MaHa, OH MOJKreT
COCTaBHTb 3aBelll.aOOe, HMelOllI.ee 3aKOHHYlO ClIJIY. COJI,naT Ha
,lLeHCTBIITeJIbHOM cJJYJK6e H' MOpSIK Ha Mope MorYT COCTaBlITb
3aBelll.aHH i e B B03pacTe 16 JJeT, npllToM 6e3 cOOJlIo.neHlISI .pop-
MaJIbHOCTeM, Tpe6YlOllI.lIXCSI B ,lI.pyrllX CJIY'IaSlx.
9TH <popIMaJJbHOCTH lIJJlI KaK HX Ha3bIBaroT «solemnities>>".
Tpe6YlOllI.lIeCSI .nJJSI' Toro, 'ITOObI OObI'IHOe 3aBelll.aHlIe lIMeJIO 3a-
KOHHYIO C1fJJY, CBO.lI.SITCSI K 'HaJJlI'IlIlO: 1) nHlCbMeHHOM <pOIj)MbI'
3anHCH, 2) nO)UIlICH no.lI. .lI.OKYMeHTOM 3arern:aTle:JISI 1fJJH Koro-
.11u60 .lI.pyroro B ero npncryTC1'BHH H no era nopY'Iemno H 3) no-
cJIe,lI.YlOllI.ero 3am3H.lI.eTe.'IbCTBoa-aHlIiSl ,lI.BYMSI CBlI,neTeJISIMH, KOTO-
pbIe 06a CTaBSIT CBOIO nO.lI.nHCb [l0.lI. 3aBielll.aHlIeM B npMc)'TcTBHn
3aBelll.aTeJISI, XOTSI He OOSI3aTeJIbHO KaJK.lI.bIM H3 HlIX B npHCYT-
CTBlIH .npyroro. CBH,lI.eTeJJeM MOJKeT ObITb 'BCSIKHM pa3YMelOllI.HH
CBOH nocT)'TIKlI. He TpeOyeTcSI, 'ITo6bI OH 3HaJI cO,lI.ep>KaHHe
3aBern:aHHSI lIJJH ,naJKe TO OOCTOSITeJJbCTBO, 'ITO nO,lI.nllCbIBaeMbIM
.nOKYMeHT SIBJISIeTCSI 3aa-emaHHeM. Ho H'HKaKOM CBlI,n<eTeJIb HJJM
cynpyr CBHJI.eTeJISI He MO>KeT nOJIyqHTb KaKHe-JJH60 BbIrO,lI.bI no
3aBelll.areJIbHOM)' .nOKYMeHTY, 3aocBH,n<eTeJIbCTBOBaHHOMY HM HJIM
ero cynpyrOM.
B HeKOTopbIX CHCTeMax npaBa' npH.naeTCH ocoooe 3HaqeHHe
TaK Ha3bTBa'BMbIM «C06CTBeHHopY'IHbIM» 3aBern:aHHSIM, T. e. Ha-
.314
qAC b qE BEPTAH. rPAlliAAHCKOE llPABO
mrC8HHbIM PYKOH 3aBem;aTCJISl, npH1JeM B TaKHX CJJyqaSlx ,lI.a)Ke
He Tpe6yeTcSl 'H3BeCTHbIX <popMaJJbHOCTeH, He06xo,lI.HMbIX ,lI.JISl
npH3HaHHSl !3aKOHHOH CHJIbI 3a 3aBeru;aHHeM, HanHcaHHbIM npo
<PeCCMOHaJJbHbIM nOBepeH'HbIM MJJH ero CJIY)Kam;HM. AHr JJHMCKOe
npaBO He C03AaeT, eCTeCTBeHHO, npenSlTCTBHH JI.JJSl C06C1'BeHHO-
PY1JHOrO HanHcaHHSl 38-Bem;aHHSl 3aBem;aTeJJeM, HO 3,a TaKHM
3aBem;aHMeM OHO He npH3HaeT IIIpeHMym;ecTB 'HJJ'H npOOHJJerHH
B cpaBHeHHH C 38-Bem;aHHiSlMH, COCTaBJIeHHbIMH wpHCTaMH, BO
BCfIKOM 'CJIY1Jae B OTHOllieHHH <popMaJIbHOCTeH.
BOJIH 3aBeru;.a'reJIH MO)KeT 6bITb I.BbIpa)KeHa B pH,lI.e noCJl'e',lI.O-
BaTeJIbHbIX ,lI.OKYMeHTOB, H3 KOTOpbIX Bce, KpOMe nepBoro, Ha-
3bIBaWTCH «codicils» HJIH nO,lI.1JHHeHHbIMH ,lI.oKYMeHTa)MH (ancil-
lary documents). TIoCJJe,lI.HHe ,lI.OJJ)KHbI 6bITb nO,lI.rIHcaHbI H 3a-
CBH,lI.eTeJJbCTBOBaHbI T01JHO TaK )Ke, KaK H 3aBeru;aHHH, H
c npaBoBoH T01JKH 3peHHH HH1JCM 01' 3aBeru;aHlfH He OTJJH-
'laWTCH.
DOJJee n03,lI.HHll 3aBeru;aTeJJbHbIM ,lI.OLKYMeH1' aHHYJJHpyer
6oJJOO paHHHM B TOM Mepe, B KaKOH 31'0 iHY)KHO, 1JT06bI n03,lI.-
HeHIIIHH ,lI.OKYMeH'I' nOJIY1JHJI CHJIY; 3aBeru;aHHe MO)K,eT 6bITb
TaK)Ke OTMeHeHO TeM, 1JTO OHO C)KHr, aeTCSI pa3pbIBaeTCSI H:.JIH
YHH1JTO)KaeTCH ,lI.PyrHM cnoco60M caMHM 3aBem;aTeJIeM HJIH KeM-
.'moo no ero p'aCnOpH)KeHHW H B ero npHCYTCTBHH, C HaMepe-
HHeM OTMeHHTb ero. YHH'lTO)KeHHe Ire Ha:MepeHHoe (HanpHiMep,
BCJJe,lI.CTBHe HeC1JaCTHOro CJIyqaH) HJIH HaMepeHHe OTMeHHTb
3aHeUI,aHIfe De3 YHH1JTO)KeHHH ero (HanpHMe:p, KorAa no OlliM6Ke
cxmraeToCSl ,lI.pyroH ,lI.OKYMeHT), He HBJJSleTCSl OTMeHOH. Ta.K)Ke He
ClJHTaeTCH, KOHe1JHO, OTMeHOM YHH.'ITO)KeHH'e 3ane'm;aHHH JIHIJ:OM,
fia TO He ynOJIHOMO'leHHbIM. TOJJbKO no CY,lI.e6HOMY .npoIJ:eccy,
«KOri.lI.a: 38Bem;aHHe He MO)KeT ObITb HaM,lI.eHO, co6CTBeHHOCTb
nepeXO,lI.HT K OJIH)KaHllieMY BHJJJIaHY» MJJR 06JJa,lI.aHHe '3a'BCm;a-
HHeM ,lI.a.eT npaBo Ha co6CTBeHHOCTb. E,lI.HHCTBeHHOie CJIe,lI.CTBHe
OTCYTCTBHSl ,lI.OKYMeHTa B TaKHX CJIY1JaSlX - 31'0 60JJblliaSl TPY.n.-
HOCTb ,lI.OKa3aTeJIbCTBa BOJIH 3aBem;aTeJJH. OHa ,lI.OJJ)KHa 6bITb
'For,lI.a YCTaHOB.'!eHa «B TOp)KeCl'BeHHOM <popMe», nocJre' HaCTO-
Hw;ero CY,lI.e6Horo npon,ecca, B K01'OpOM ,lI.oKa3aTeJIbCTBO B BH,lI.e
llepHoBHKa HJJId Ha6poCKa, COCTaBJIeHHOro COJJHCHTOpOM, HJJH
,lI.a)Ke BocnoMHHaHHe, coxpaHeHHoe 1JeJIOBeKOM, 1JHTaBlliHM 3aBe-
ll.\aHHe, MorYT 6bITb npH3HaHbI ,lI.oCTaTotJ.HbIMH ,lI..lUI YCTaHOBJJeHHSl
3aBemaHHS'I.
DpaK 3aBeru;aTeJIH TaK)Ke OTMeHHeT paHee COCTaBJJeHHOe HM
3aBem;aHHe, KpoMe ,lI.BYX cJJe,lI.ywru;Hx c.TJY1JaeB: 1) Kor,lI.a B 3aBe-
UI.aHHH YKa3bIBaJJOCb, 1JTO OHO COCT8BJIeHO HMeHHO B BH,lI.Y
Toro npe,lI.nOJIaraeMoro opaKa H 2) nOCKOJIbKY HMym;ecTBo.
EPTOpbIM 3aBemaTeJJb pacnopH,lI.HJJCH B 3aBeru;aHHH, He nepelliJIO
6bI K ero pO,lI.CTBeHHHKaM, eCJIH 6bI OH HM He paCnOpH,lI.HJJCH,
Hi1l1pHMep, )I.OBepHT€JIbHaSl co6CTBoeHHOCTb, ImH Kal1HTaJI, KOTO-
rJIABA XXII. OTTn'jE;!.I,EIUn COEOTBEHHOCTII
315
pbIM 3aBeIl.\aTe.rlb HMeJI npaBO 3aBeIl.\aTb TOJIbKO onpe.l1.e.lIeHHOH
rpynne JIHI .
TIpaBHJIa 3aBeIl.\aTe".7bHoro pacnopmKeHH5I, '113JIOJKeHHblC BbIllie,
CTO.1Jb npOCTbI II flCHb! H CTO.lIb 06Il.\eH3BeCTHbI, qTO H3-3a HHX
B03HHKaeT MaJJO KOHT!j)OBe,p3. rOpa3.11.0 qaIl.\e B03HHKaIOIl.\He B CY-
.I1.ax .I1.e.lIa no 3aBeIl.\aHHflM CBfl3aHbI C TO.1JKOBaHHeM 3HaqeHHfI
OT.I1.eJIbHbIX Bblpa)KeHHU; MHorooopa3He HX CTOJIb Be.1JHKO, qTO
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pbIX OiKpyrax )10 Konu.a XVII BeKa. Ho C Tex nop OHO COiBepllleHHO
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.lI.apeHHH .post mort m, KOTopaH HBJJHeTCH, O'leBH.lI.HO, KOMnpo-
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318
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OOJIe3Hll, KOTOpOH OH, no ero MHeHHIO, CTpa;:I,aeT. LI.apllTeJIh
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2) oeHe<pllIJ,HaHT UJIH oeHe<pHIJ,HaHTbI (Ha3bIBaeMbIe cestuis);
que trustent);
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CKHM, OH .z:r.oiJDKeH ObITb «3aOOTJIHBbIM», T. e. BbInOJIHHTb CBOH
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CTOJIb :>Ke lllaTKO, KaK H nOHSITHe «.z:r.OOpO,COBeCTHOCTH», H TOJIbKO
:AJIHTeJIbHOe H3Y'leHHe CYJl:eOHbIX pellleHHll nOMO:>KeT 'lHTaTeJIIO
BllOJIHe YCBOHTb n03HI.I.JflO cy.z:r.OB B 3TOM Bonpoce. HallpllMep,
Jl:OBepHTeJIbHbIH COOCTBeHHHK, BJJO:>KHBIIIHM OO.'lblllYIO CyMMY
.z:r.eHer nOJl: 3aJIOr HeJl:BH:>KHMOCTH, He nO.'1Y'lHB OT3bIBa 0 nocJIe.z:r.-
HeM 3KcnepTa-oueHmHKa, .z:r.eMcTBOBaJI, KOHe'lnO, He «3a60TJIHBO»,
XOTSI ObI 3aJIOr ObIJI TaKOll, B OTHOllleHllll KOToporo Jl:OnYCKaeTCH
BJIO:>KeHlle KanHTaJIOB. Booome, Cy.z:r.bI CTpO:>Ke OTHOCHTCSI
K COBepllleHlUO .z:r.OBepHTeJJbHbIM COOCTBeHHHKOM npHMbIX
He3aKOHHbIX .z:r.eMCTBHH, 'leM K HeHCnOJIb30BaHHIO HM OJIaro-
npHHTHbIX OOCTOHTeJIbCTB .z:r.JIH npllYMHO:>KeHHH .z:r.OBepHTeJIbHOH
coocTBeHHocTH.
2. OOSI3aHHOCTb .prima facie Jl:OBepHTeJIbHOrO coocTBeHHHKa
(B OTJIHqH,e OT ynpaBJISllOmerO HacJIe.u.cTBOM) 3aKJIIOQaeTCH He
B paCnOpSI:>KeHHH Jl:OBepHTeJIbHOH COOCTBeHHOCTblO, a B coxpaHe-
llliH ee. MmKHO YCTaHOBHTb, KaK npaBI1JIO, 'ITO Jl:oBepHTeJIbHbIe
COOCTB HHHKH H1e HMelOT npaBa npOJl:aBaTh .z:r.oBepHTeJIbHYIO coo-
cTBeHHocTb, eC.TIH TOJJbKO 3110 npaBO !TIpSIMO He npeJl:OCTaBJIeHO
HM Y'lpe.z:r.RTeJIbHbIM aKTOM HJUI OHH He MorYT BbIBecTH ero H3;.
21*
32..
QAOTb QETBEPTAH. rPA K ABOKOE nPABO
".
nOCTaHOBJIeHHM KaKOrO.JJI'HOO napJIaMeHTCKOrO aKTa. Ho TaKMe
nOJJiHOMO'lIUI HJJ'H )l:a)Ke Cne HaJIbHbIe YKa3aHHH npO.z:r.aTb 'lpe3BbI-
qaHHO paCrrpOCTpalHeHbI; H, KOHe'lHO, 06H3aHHOCTblO )l:OBepHTeJIb-
HOrO C06CTBeHHHKa HBJIHeTCH I «peaJIH3a HH» .z:r.OBepHTeJIbHOM
C06CTBeHHOCTH B KpaT'laMlliHH CpOK rrOCJIe rrpHHHTHH HM CBOHX
<PYHK HH; 91'0 CBO)l:HTCH K B3bICKaHHIO rro BceM HerrorarneHHbIM
Tpe60BaHHHM, rrpeBpalll.eHHIO «He YKa3aHHbIX» ueHHbIX 6YMar
(T. e. T3KHX 6YIMa(['!, KOTopbIe, cOlrJJ:aICHO AKTy 0 .ZI.'OBepH'TeJIbHOM
c06CTBeHHOCTH, He HBJIHIOTCH Ha)l:JJe)Kalll.eM HHBeCTHUHeH
Cpe.z:r.CTB) B .z:r.eHbrH, rrorarneHHIO 06H3aTeJIbCTB, KOTOpbIM HacTynHJI
CpOK, H Bo06ll1.e 03Ha'laeT rrpeBpalll.eHHe BceM co(kTBeHHOCTH B
HaHOOJIee Ha)l:e)KHYIO H rrpoCTYIO <POp MY. TaM, r.z:r.e HMeeTCH rrpaBo
cOBeprnaTb rrpo.z:r.a)KH, )l:oBepHTeJIbHbIM co6cTBeHHHK MO)KeT ocy-
llI.ecTBJIHTh ero JIIOOblM cnocoooM, KOTOpbIH OH rro, IJeCTH CIJHTaeT
HaHJIY'lrnHM; ero paCIIHrCKH OCBOOO)K.z:r.aIOT P:OopocoBecTHoro rro-
KynaTeJIH OT 'I1pOBerpKII yrroTpeOJJieH'HH rroKynHoM nJIaTbI. COBpe-
MeHHaH OOlll.aH npaBoBaH rrdJIIITIIKa 3aKJIIO'laeTCH He B OCTaBlJIe-
HHH <paKTHIleCKoro yrrpaBJIeHIIH He)l:BH)KIIMOCTblO B pYKax .z:r.OBe-
pHTeJJbHbIX COOCTBeHHHKOB, eCJIH TOJIbKO OHH He HB.'1HIOTCH TaKO-
BbIMII .z:r.JIH ueJIeM rrp0)l:a)KH, a 'B rrpe.z:r.OC'TaBJIemiH ero JJHUY,
'HMelOllI.eMy rrpHMble :n0)KH3HeHHble rrpaBa Ha Hee. ECJIII, O)l:HaKO,
HleT TaKoro COHeprneHHO.'1eTHerO ,JIIIua IHJIH eCJIII rrO)KH3HeHHbIH
.n:ep)KaTeJIb )Ke.TIa T TO.TIbKO OrpaHH'lHTbCH CBOHMH rrpaBaMH
6eHe<p'HU,HaHTa, TO ynpaB'JIeHHe B03JIaraeTCH Ha )l:OBepHTe.TIbHbIX
co6CTBeHHHKOB, KOTopble HMelOT B TaKOM c.nyIJae rrOJIHOe rrpaBO
.z:r.aBaTb apeH.z:r.bI, BbI)l:aBaTb pacrrHCKU, rrpOH3BO)l:HTb CTpaXOBKY,
pe:MOHTIIpOBaTb 3)1:aHHH, OTIpe)l:eJIHTb YCJIOB1UI )l:ep)KaHIIM, KOHTpO-
JlHpOBaTb JJeCOpa3paOOTKH 11 pernaTb .n:pyrHe BOnpOCbI. EC.TIH 9TH
nOJIHOMO'lHH 'Haxo.z:r.HTCH B pYKax rrO)KH3HeHHoro )l:ep)KaTe.1JH, TO
06H3aHHOCTblO .z:r.OBepHTeJIbHOrO c06CTBeHHHKa HHJIHeTCH Haomo-
.z:r.eHIIe 3a .H8'AJIe1Ka'llI.HM HX OCYlll.eCTBJIeHHeM. B OTHOlIleHHH ABH-
JKII:MOCTIf InOJIHOMO'lUH no ynpaBJIeHHIO y AOBepHTeJIbHbIX C016-
CTBeHHHKOB ;.z:r.a)Ke umpe, B ocooeHHocTH B Bonpoce. BJIOmeHHH
cpe.z:r.cTB, KOToporo MbI KOCHeMCH HH>Ke.
O.z:r.HO II3 HaH60.TIee Ba)KHbIX rroJ!HoMOqHM no ynpaBJIeHHIO
Y .D:OBepme.'lhHOrO c06cTBeHHHKa GaKJIIO'laeTCH B npaBe BbI.D:a-
BaTb aBaHCbI 'H3 Bcero IWII 'laCTII' .D:OXO.D:a C .z:r.oBepHTeJIbHOil
COOCTBeHHOCT.II Ha )KH3Hb II.1H BocrrHTaHHe peoeHKa, KOTOpbIH
HMeeT BbI>KII.D:aTeJIbHOe ;npaBO Ha )l:OJIIO JIHOO B .z:r.0 x o.z:r.e, JInoo
B KarrHTaJIe .D:OBepme.TIbHOM coocTBeHHocTII. PaHblIle .z:r.eHcTBo-
BaJIH O'leHb <popMaJIbHbIe HOpMbI, YCTaH8BJJHBaBlliHe, Kor.z:r.a peoe-
HOK MO)KeT H Kor.z:r.a He MO>KeT \IlOJIY'laTb cpe.z:r.CTBa Ha >KII3Hb
H3 .z:r.OXO)l:OB C 'COOCTBeHHOCTH, 1-18 KOTOPYIO OH HMeeT BbI)KH.D:a-
TeJIbHOe npaBO, HO HOBeMrnee 3aKOHOAaTeJIbCTBO .pa3peUIHJIO 9TII
('QMHHTeJIbHb1 CJIyqaH B HHTepecax pe6eHKa. O.D:HaKO, .D:IICKpe-
fJIABA XXIII. JI,OBEPHTEJThHAH COBCTBEHHOorb
325
UHOHHaH BJJaCTb B OCym.eCTBJIeHHH TaKllX nOJIHOMOqllH coxpa-
HHeTCH 3a ,n;OBepHTeJIbHbIMH C.OOCTBeHHllKaMH.
3. LI:oBepllTeJIbHbIe coocTBeHHllKH .z:r.omKHbI npOHBJJHTb aoco-
JIIOTHOe oecnpHcTpacTHe B OTHOlIIe:HllH HeCKOJIbKHX oeHe<pHUHaH-
To,B ,H, B oc06eHHOC'TH, pa3JIllqHbIX rpynn 6eHe<pHILllaHToB, BbInOJI-
HSIH CBOH <PYHKU.HH no yqpe.z:r.HTeJIbHoMY aKTY. Eho He 03HaqaeT.
iKOHeqHO, qTO Bce 6eHe<p:n:UllaHTbl .z:r.OJI>KHbI nOJJyqaTb OJ(HHaaw-
BbI.e, BbIrOJ(bI, HO 3TO 3Ha'lHT, qTO .!1.oBepHTeJIbHbH coocTBeHHHKH
J(OJI>KHbI BbInOJIHHTb TOqHO BbIpa>KeHHYIO BOJIIO yqpe,rrUTeJIH. He
HCnOJIb3YH CBoero BJIHHHIlH B HHTepecax O.!1.HOrO H3 oeHe<pHu.H-
aHTOB H BD BpeJ( J(pyrHM. Eho OCHOBHaH npHqHHa, no 'KOTOpoii
nepBoM oOH3aHHocTbIO ,rroBepllTeJIbHOrO c06cTBeHHllKa nOCJIe pea-
JJH3aUHH c06cTBeHHocTH SIBJIHeTCH BJIO>KeHHe ee B TBep.z:r.bIe ueH-
HOCTH, JIH60 npSIMo YKa3aHHbIe yqpeJ(HTeJIeM, JIHOO nepeqHCJIeH-
HbIe B pa3J(eJJe nepBoM AKTa 0 .z:r.oBepHTeJIbHbIX coocTBeHHHKax
LI:oBepHTeJIbHblM Co6C''PBeHHHK He .u;OIDKeH "n:ep>KaTb cpe.u;CTB3
B He)'IKal3iaHHblX, pHCKiOBaHHbIX HJIll y,ObITO:qHbIX BJIO>KeHHSIX
J(OJIblIIe, qeM 3TO HeH30e>KHO; e.CJI'H OH BbIHY>KJ(eH CHJIOH OOCTOH-
TeJJbCTB J(eJ1aTb 3TO, eMY Ha.z:r.JIe>KHT .ObITb OIJeHb OCTOpO>KHbIM"
qTo6bI no.z:r. BH.z:r.OM HcnOJIb30BaHIIH .z:r.OXo.z:r.OB He 3aTparHBaTb
qaCTH KanHTaJJa Ha y.z:r.OBJIeTBOpeHHe nO>KH3HeHHblX npaB, KaK
HanpHMep nJJaTe>KH no CPOqHbIM aHHYHTeTaM, KpaTKOCpOqHbIe
apeH}J.bI II T. n. ECJ]H qa.CTb '}J.OBiepHTeJIl>HOM coocTBeHHocTw
3aKJIIOqa.e'rCH B BbI>KH.z:r.a'TeJIbHbIX npaBax, KOTopbIe }J.aIOT nOK3!
MaJIO .!1.oxo.z:r.a, HJJH He }J.aIOT HHqerO, HO n03>K'e OY}J.YT }J.aBaTb.
MHoro, TO nO>KH3HeHHbIM .z:r.ep>KaTeJIb HMeeT np8BO Ha KanHTaJIH-
3aUiHIO HX !Hi nOiJIyqeHUe 4% C JGl:TIHT8JIa, 3TO TaK Ha3bIBaeMoe
ITpaBHJIO no .z:r.eJJy Howe npOTHB repuora LI:a,pMYTcKoro B03-
HIIKJJO BnepBbIe B HaqaJIie XIX B., Kor}J.a paCCMaTpHBaJICH COOT-
BeTCrnywm.HM npeI.{e}J.eHT. XOTSI npaBHJIO 31'0 OTHOCHTCH TOJ1bKO
K .z:r.OBepHTeJIbHOH .z:r.BH>KHMOH COOCTBeHHDCTH, C03.z:r.aHHOM no 3a-
Bem.aHHIO, ll, BepOHTHO, rrOJIbKO K oom.eM J(OBepHTeJIbHOM COO-
CTBeHHOCTiH, _ CDCTOHm.eM H3 OqHm.eHHoro OT }J.OJIrOB H HaJJOrOB
HaCJI1e.z:r.CTBa, HOBeMlIIee 3aKOHO}J.aTeJIbCTBO ero He OTMeHH.TIO.
I\oHeI.lHO, OHO MO>KeT ObITb CHSITO II qaCTO CHHMaeTCH YCJI:J-
BHSIM.H caMoro yqpe}J.HTeJIbHOrO aKTa.
CaMO COOOM nOHHTHO, qTO OKa3aHHe npe}J.nOqTeHllH OT}J.e.;1fo-
HbIM OeIJie<pHUHaHTaM pelIIHTeJIbHO B030paHfIeTeH. TaK, HanpHMep.
.z:r.OBepHTeJIbHbI1e COOCTBeHHHKH, <Pill.z:r.YUllapHaH COOCTBeHHOCTb KO-
TOpbIX HMeJIm <POPMY .z:r.BYX 3aJIOrOB OJI,HHaKOBoro pa3Mepa
B nOJIb3Y }J.BYX ceCTep, HaCTaHBaJIH Ha nepe.z:r.aqe O}J.Horo H3 HHX
CTaplIIeM cecTpe, Kor}J.a OHa J(OCTHrJIa COBeplIIeHHOJIenm, H CO-
xpaHeHllH J('Pyroro }J.JIH MJIa.z:r.lIIeM Ci CTpbI. CY}J. Bblpa3HJI JIM CTpO-
roe nopHuaHHe nOTOMY, qTO 3aJIOr, npe.z:r.Ha3HaqeHHbIM J(.71i!
MJIaJ(lIIeM oeCTpbI, XOTH TaKOH >Ke no pa3Mepy, ObIJJ rOpa3.iJ,O
xY>Ke ooeCneq,eH, qeM nepe}J.aHHbIM CTapmeM ceCTpe.
326
qAOTI> 'lETllEPTAH. I'PAm.n;AHOKOE nPABO
10IJHO TaK )Ke HMelOTCH TBep.n;ble npaBIwa OTHOCHTeJIbHO
Tara, KaKaH IJa'CTb .n;OJma HJJll pa,cxa.u.aB, a6peMeHHIO Hx c06-
CT,BeHIHOCTb, .z:r.OJI)KHa 3aKpbI'BaTbCH 3a CIJeT .z:r.axo.u.a, tBbmlJlaIJH-
BaeMoro 1fi0)KH3HeH"HoMY .z:r.ep)Ka'TeJIIO, H" KaK.8.H IJaCTb 3aCIJeT
KanllTaJJa, pe3epBiHpyeMora .n;JIH 6eHeqJHIlHaHTOB, HMelOI.UllX BbI-
)KH.z:r.aTeJIbHWe npaBa.
4. ,lJ,oBepHTeJIbHbIH ca6cTBffilHHK .z:r.OJJ)KeH 6bITb Bcer.z:r.a ra-
TaB .z:r.aTb naJIHbIM aTIJeT B CBaeM ynpaBJIleHHH; BCHKO YKlIaHe-
HHe OT .:nora BbI3bJ.BaeT cepbe3Hoe nopHuaHHe cO' CTapaHbI cYJJ.a.
BC51KHM oeHeqmUHaHT MO)KeT Tenepb HaCTaHBa'Tb Ha TaM, IJTa6bl
aTIJeTbI no .z:r.OBepHTeJJbHOM co6CTBeHHaCTH e)Kero.z:r.HO npaBepH-
JIH:Cb ol!>HUllaJJbHa Ha3HaIJeHHbIM ay.n;HTopaM, xaTH, lKaHeIJHa, pac-
xa.u. nO' .3TaMY MepanpHHTHIO B03. T Iara.eTCH Ha 6eHeI!>HUHaHTaB. I-b
e,CJ1H .z:r.OBepHTeJIbHbIH ca6CTBeHHHK aT'Ka)KeT05l .z:r.aTb aTIJeT B Te-
IJeHHe .z:r.OCTaTaIJHarO .z:r.JI5l Tara BpeMeHH, OH HeceT pacxa.n;bI no
npoue.z:r.ype, npe.z:r.npHHHTaM .z:r.JI5l npHHY)K.z:r.eHllH ero K .3TaMY,
[1PH BbIllO,TIHeHHH .3THX 'MHaraIJHCJIeHHbIX a65l3alHHaCTeii H
naJIHOMOIJHH B03HHKaeT cepbe3HblH Banpac 0 TOM, B KaKaM Mepe
.z:r.OBepHTeJIbHbIH c06CTBeHHHK, OCYlI.J.eCTBJIHH HX, Ma)KeT npH-
6eraTb K naMalI.J.HHKaM. OOlI.J.ee' npaBHJIa rJIa'CHT, 'ITa aH He MO-
)KeT nepe.n;aBaTb .z:r.pyraMY OCYlI.J.eCTB,TJeHHe nOJIHaMaIJ'HH H a05l-
38.HHocreii, B03JIO)KeHHbIX Ha 'Hero: delegatus nan potest dele-
gaTe.
BeHel!>nUHaHTbI HMelOT npaBa paCCIJHTbIBaTh Ha JIHIJHbIe KaIJe-
,CTBa .n;aBepllTeJIbHOra co6CTBeHHHKa H Ha coxpaHeHHe HM HX
.z:r..e'JIOBbix ceKpeT'OB, H ,eCJIH OR XOIJeT IIepeJIO)KHTb CBalO OTBeT-
CTBeHHaCTh Ha KOra-JIH6a .z:r.pyrara, aH .z:r.aJI)KeH npUHHTb Ha ceOH
pUCK 3a naCJIe.z:r.CTBH5l. Ha )KeCTKaCTb .3Tara npaBHJIa OTnaJIa no
BpeMH MHpaBoiJ BaitHbI, Kar.z:r.a OIJeHb MHarHe .n;aBepHTeJIbHbIC
ca6CTBeHHHKll Haxo.z:r.H,TJHCb Ha BaeHHOM CJIY)Koe 3a rpaHHueii.
Tenepb nO' AKTY 0 .n;aBepHTeJIbHbIX COOCTBeHHHKax BC5lKHM .z:r.o-
Bep rI'eJIbHbIM COOCTBeHHH'K, ,)KeJIalOlI.J.HH BbIexaTb 3a npe)I:eJIbI
Cae)I:HHeHHara KapaJI' BCTBa 6aJIbllle, IJeM Ha MeC5lU, MO)h':eT
IIpllrJIaCHTb JJI060e JIHUa (KpaMe CBaero eLJ:llHCTBeHHaro Ka,TJJIerH
nO' ynpaBJleHHIO .z:r.aBepfITe.TJbHaM ca6CTHeHHaCTblO) B Ka QeCT3C
CBoera naBepeHHara Ha Bp MH CBaera aTCYTCTBHH, npHIJeM Ha
aBepllTeJIbROra caOCTBeHHH'Ka Ba3JIaraeTCH BCH aTB 'TCTBeH-
HOCTb 3a .z:r.eMCTBllH TaKara IIaBepeHHaro, KaTOPbIH Ma)KeT. a,lIHaKO,
npllHHMaTb OTBeTCTBeHHbIe pellleHHH B .z:r.eJIax C TpeThHMH JIH-
uaMH. [10' oaJIee CTapaMY 3aKaHa.z:r.aT ,TJbCTBY .z:r.OBepllTeJIbHble
ca6CTBeHHHKll 'HMeIOT IIpaBa nOJIb3aBaTbCH B HeKaTapbIx aca6bIx
CJIYIJa5lX YCJIyraMH CneUHaJIbHbIX areHTOB, HarrpHMep, ca.TJHCHIO-
pOB Ii oaHKHpaB )I:JIH naJIYIJeHllH H3B CTHbIX CYMM, CaCTaBJIemm
aKYMeHTaB, ynpaBJIeHHH c06CTBeHHaCTblO 3a rpaHlII.J.eM H .z:r.py-
rHX .z:r.eMCTBllM, 'KOTapbIe .z:r.aBepHTeJlbHbIM caOCTBeHHHK He MO)KCT
rJIABA XXIII. ,n:OBEPHTEJIbHAH COBCTBEBHOCT:D 321
COBepmaTb JJH'IHO; B TaKllX CJIY'IaSIX .z:r.aBepHTe.TJbHbIH caocTBeH-
fIHK He HeceT OT.BeTCTBeHHaCTH 3a norpellIHOCTH B .zr:eMCTBHHX
.£!reHTOB, K KOTOpbIM aH npMoer '.zr:a6pOCOBeCTHa.
Bo Bcex CJJyqa SIX , Kor.z:r.a OCTOpO:>KHOCTb TpeoyeT npHBJIe'Ie-
HHSI onbITHbIX KaHCYJIbTaHTo,B, .u.aBCipH'1'eJIb'Hble caOCTBeHHllKH He
'TaJIbKa H'MeIOT npaBa, IFIO OOSI3aHbI c.zr:e.naTb 9TO 3a CqeT .zr:aB'=PH-
"TeJIbHOM c06cTBeHHocTH. no CYTH .z:r.em naCJIe naJIY'IeHllH COBel a,
B3BeCHB lei' a , aHH .zr:aJJ:>KHbI .zr:eMCTBaBaTb nO' COOCTBeHHaMY pa3Y-
"MeHmo. OHH He iHMeIOT 'npa,Ba .zr:a:>Ke CCbIJIaTbCSI Ha aBTapHTeT
cy.zr:a, ecJ1H .lI.eMC'1'BYIOY 3a CqeT oeHeqmUHaHTaB, xaTH, eCJIH
'Ba3HHKaeT .zr:eMC'1'BIHTeJIbHaSI Tpy.z:r.HaCTb, aHH MorYT OOpaTlJTbCfJ.
K cy.z:r.y 3a 100llJ,HMH YKa3aRH5IMH.
. 5. HaKoHeq, '1'Bep.z:r.oe npaBHJIO npaBa cnpaBe.z:r.JIHBoCTll rJIa-
CHT, qTa .lI.OB<eJpH'1'eJJbHbIM caOCTBeHHHK He .z:r.OJI:>KeH naJJyq<; Tb
npSIMbIX HJIH KOCBeHHbIX BbIra.z:r. 1i3 '.D.aBepHTeJIbHaM caOCTBelI-
RaCT!H. 9'1'0 rrpaBHJIa TaK :>KeCTKa, 'IYO .zr:a:>Ke rrpe.zr:cTaBHTeJLH Ta-
I<HX npol}>eccnM, lKaK COJIlliCHTOpbI, 3eMJIeMepbI H T. )1;., .zr:eHCTBYIO-
He B KaqeCTBe .z:r.oBepiH'J1eJIbHbIX caOCTBeHHHKaB, He MarYT
B3HMaTb CB:aIO aObI'IHYIO nJIaTY 3a paOOTY, cBSI3aHHYIO C HMYllJ,e-
CTBaM, .zr:OI epHTeJIbHbIMH caOCTBeHHHKaMH KO'1'oparo aHH SJB-
JISIIOTCH, eeJIiH TOJIbKa Y'Ipe)J,llTeJIbHbIM aKT HX rrpHMO Ha 9Ta He
yrraJIHOMO'IHBaeT. OHH H'MeIOT JIHllIb npaBa Ha Ba3MellJ,eHHe
aKTHqeCKH ,naHeceHHbIX HMH pacxo.z:r.aB.
Ha 9TO npaHHJIa HJI.e'1' ellJ,e rapa3.zr:a .zr:aJIbllIe H Ba30pa-
HSIeT .z:r.OBepHTeJIbHOMY COOCTBeHiHHKY y.z:r.ep:>KHBaTb B CBaIO nOJIb3y
KaK'He-JIH60 H3JIHllIKll, OC'1'aIOllJ,lleCSI nOCJIe BbfnaJIMeHHSI HM
CBaHX 06H3aHHOCTeM, UJIH KaCB'=-HHble BblraJI.bI, Ba3HHKaIOllJ,He )l.'U!
Hero ll3 ero nOJIa:m:eHHSl .z:r.OBepHTeJIbHOrO caOCTBeHHHKa, XOTSI ObI
.z:r.a>Ke He 3a C'IeT 6eHeI}>HUHaHTOB. TaK, BCHKHH ll3JIHllIeK nOCJJe
<OKaH'Ia'1'eJIbHarO BbITIaJIHeHIISI I}>UJI.YUHaipHbIX I}>YHKUHM OC'1'aeTCSl
B KaqeCTBe .zr:OBepHTeJIbHaM caOCTBeHHOCTH B HHTepecax ee
y"lpe.zr:HTeJISI HJIH ynpaBJISIIOIUHX ero HaCJJe.z:r.CTBOM, a 3a HX
CMepTbIO B naJIb3Y KapaHbI, XOTSI Obi B yqp.e!JI.HTeJIbHaM aKTe He
ca.z:r.ep>KaJIaCb COOTBeTCTBYIOllJ,eM .oraBopKll. TaKaSI ;:I,aBepHTe..lb-
HaSI caOCTBeHHaCTb HBJIH'=TCH «na;:I,pa3YMeBaeMaM» .zr:aBepHTe:lb-
HOM COOCTBe'HHOCTbIO. ECJJH 'HCTeK CpOK ape'H;:I,bI, iKaTapaH caCTa-
BJIHeT qaCTb I}>HlI.YI.UfapHOro HMYIUeCTBa, H ;:I,OBepIlTeJIbHbIH: co6.
CTBeHHUK Ba306HaB.TIHer ee B CBaHX caOCTBeHHbIX HH'1'epecax,
TO (;:I,a>Ke eCJIH ObI apeHlIO;:I,aTeJIb npHMO OTKa3bIBaJICSI B0300HO-
BHTb ee B na.'lb3Y ;:I,OBepllTeJJbHaM COOCTBeHHaCTH), C'IHTaeTCH,
'ITa ;:I,aBepHTeJIbHbIM caOCTBeHHHK Bee :>Ke «;:I,ep:>K]fT 9TY apeH;:I,V»
B HHTepecax oeHe{1mUHaHTOB. 9Ta rrpHMep «KaHCTP.YKTHBHOM»
aBepHTeJIbHaM caOCTBeHHaCTH.
3aTeM ;:I,OBepWreJJbHbIM caOCTBeHHHK He MO>K,e'T 3aK.IJIO'IaTb
Co' CBOHM KO.TJ.'IeraH: nO' ynpaBJIeHIIIO JI.aBepHTeJIbHOM COOCTB 'H-
HaCTbIO c.z:r.e.'1KH npo.zr:a:>KH KaKOM-.'IHoa "lacrn 9TaH CoOCTBeHHOCTH.
3 8
llAOTL lIETBEPTAH. rPAJE AHCKOE llPABO
TaKaH C eJIKa ObIJIa ObI .1J1lHnena BCHKOM. .CHJIbI. D,a)Ke ec.nH no>
npelKparu;eHHIO JI;OBepHTeJIbHOH COOCTBeHHo.CTH ObIBllIHH JI;OBepH-
TeJIbHbIM COOCTBeHHHK 3aKJIIO'IaeT co CBOHM ObIBlHHM oeHe4>H-
lI,HaHTOM ToprOBYIO CJI;eJJKY Ha TO, 'ITO ObIJIO HeKOrJI;3
.lJ,OBepHTeJIbHOM co6CTBeHHOCTblO, CY11bI OTHOCHTCH K HeM TaK)Ke.
nOJI;03pUTCJIbHO. BbIBllIHM .lJ,OBCpHTeJIbHbIM .C06CTBCHHHK Hie MO)KeT
OTCTaHBaTb CBOHX npaB no TaKoH cJI;eJIKe, eCJIH TOJIbKO OH He &
COCTOSiHIHH yoeJI;HTb CYJI;, 'ITO OH JI;eMC(J1BIOBaJI COBepllIeHHO A06po-
COBeCTHO H He HCnOJIb30BaJJ CBOIO Cnell,HaJIbHYIO HH4>opMall,HIO>
HJIM CBoe BJIHHHHe Ha.lJ, CBOHM npe:nrnHM oeHe$HII.HaHTOM.
OXPAHA HHTEPECOB TIO .D.OBEPHTEnbHO
COBCTBEHHOCTH
113 Bcex .lJ,OOpOBOJIbHbIX (6e3B03M'CSJI.HbIX) oOSl3aTeJIbCTB-
HaHOOJJee cTporo aHrJIHikKHM 3aKOH oxpaHHeT oOH3aTeJIbCTBa,
B03HHKalOru;He H3 ynpaBJJeHHH .lJ,OBepHTeJIbHOH coocTBeHHocTblO.
D,oBepHTeJJbHbIH coocTBeHHHK, 4>aKTH'IeCKH npeBparu;alOIUHH JI.O
BepH1'eJIbHYIO coOcTBeHIHOCTb iii CBJIO, He TOJIblKo. nOJI;BepraCTCsJ
yrOJIOBHOMY npeCJIeJI.OBaHHIO, KaK nOHCHSiJIOCb BbIllIe, HO rpa)KJI.aH-
CKoe B3bloCKaHHe 3a HapYllIeHH>C OOH3aTeJIbCTB .lJ,OBepHTeJIbHOrO
c06cTBeHHHKa (breach of trust) oOJIee cTporo, 'IeM 3a 06bIKHO-
BeHHbIe .lJ,OJIrH. HanpHMep, 'XOTH TlOpeMHoc 3aKJIIO'IeHHe 3a
OObIKHoBeHHbIe JI;OJIrH OTMeHeHO 60JJee nOJICTOJIeTHSi TOMY Ha3a11,
CYJI; MO)KCT BbIJI;aTb npHKa3 06 apecTe H 3aKJIIO'IeHHH B TIOPbMY
JI;OBepHTeJIbHOrO coocTBeHHHKa, HapYllIHBlliero CBOH OOH3a-
TeJIbCTBa breach of trust) H HaHeemero oeHe4>HIJ.HaHTaM yw.epo
B .lJ,.eHbrax, KOTOpbIMH on 4>aKTH'ICCKH BJJaJI.eJI HJIH paC'IIOpH)KaJICSi.
3aTeM, Tpe60BaHHe K JI;OBepHTeJJbHoMY co6cTBeHHHKY, OCROBaH-
Hoe IHa OOMaHHOM HapYllIeHHH HM CBOHX OOH3aTeJIbCT'B, He nora-
IIiae1'cSI, KaK OObIKHoBeiHHbIc .II:OJIlI'H, C OKOHlIaHHeM KO:HIKypca.
KpoMe Toro, XOTH JI.OBepHTeJIbHbIM C06CTBCHHHK MO)KeT
Tenepb, KaK npaBHJIO, CCbIJIaTbCH Ha HCKOBYIO JI.aBHOCTb no.
nOBo.u.y TpeooBaHHH K HeMY, OH He MO)K,eT CJI.eJIaTb 31'0, CCJIH
TaKoe Tpe60BaHHe B03HHKJIO H3 ero OOMaHHbIX JI;eMCTBHH HJIII
OOMaHHOro ,HapYllIeHHH HM CBOHX 06H3aTCJIbCTB (breach of trust)
HJIH eCJIH OHo. npeCJIeJI.yeT II.eJJb B03Bparu;eHHH JI;OBepHTeJIbHOu.
co6cTBeHHocTH H.fIR .lJ,OXOJI;OB 01' Hce, YJI.ep*HBaeMblx .lJ,OBepH-
TeJIbHbIM c06cTBeHHHKoM, HJIH JI.a)Ke paHee 06paIUeHHbIX HM
B CBOIO nOJIb3Y. Bce 31'0, KOHeIJHO, CJJY)KHT .lJ,OnOJJHeHHeM K TOMY,
'IT'D CYJI.eOHbIll npHKa3 .lJ,OBepHTeJIbHOMY C06CTBCHHHKY JIW1HO
BHeCTH B iKaIIHTaJI JI.OBepHTeJIbHOM c06CTBeHHOCTH Bce YObITKH,
BbI3BaHHble HapYllIeHHCM HM CBOHX OOH3aTeJIbCTB, MO)KeT OblTb
BbIllOJIHeH, KaK OObIKHOBeHHoe CYJI;eOHOe pellIeHHC, nYTeM HaJJO-
)KeHHSI apeCTa Ha ,ero COOCTBeHHOCTb. HaKOHeII., HaJI.O nOMHHTb,
'ITO JI.OBepHTeJJbHWM COOCTBeHHHK oTBeqaeT He TOJIbKO 3a CBOII
rJIABA XXllI, ,n:OBEPIITEJI:bHAH COBCTBEHHOCT:b 32 '
COO TBeHHbIe JI;eikTBHH, HO H 3a JI;eMCTBHH ;Tex CBOHX KOJIJl€r no
ynpaBJJeHMelO JI;OBepHTeJIbHOM COOCTBeHHOCTblO, KOTopbIe Hapy-
IlIH.1IM CHOM 06H3aTeJIbCTBa 6JIarOJI;apH ero Heope)KHOCTH; Bnpo-
1JeM, B HeKOTOpbIOC CJJY1JaHX OH MO)KeT B3bICKHBaTb C HHK.
B03Me eHHe.
MO)KHO JIH yJI;HBJIHTbCH npM TaKMX y JIOB,"HX TOMY, 1JTO
1Ja-CTO TPYJJ.HO 6bIBaeT 3aCTaBMTb OCTOP0)KHbIX, C03HalO MX CBOIO
OTBeT TBeHHOCTb JJHIJ. npMHHTb Ha c,eUH He6JIaroJJ.apHYIO, 6e3JJ.0-
XOJJ.HYIO H pMCKOBaHHYIO 00H3aHHOCTb JJ.OBepMTeJIbHOrO COOCTBeH-
HHKa? I1JIM 1JTO Y1Jpe)KJI;eHMe BeJI;OMCTBa ny6JIM1JHbIX JI;OBepH
TeJIbHbIX c06CTBeHHMKOB H JJ.PyrMx KOpnOpalJ,Hll JJ.OBepMTeJIbHOll.
c06CTBeHHOCTM llmpOKO npMBeTCTBOBaJIOCb? BpeMH JJ.OBepMTeJIb-
HbIX COOCTBeHHMKOB 6bIJIO, o,n:HaKO, HeCKOJIbKO OOJJer1JeHO CTaTbeR
"AKTa 0 CYJJ.e6HbIX ,lJ;OBepMTeJIbHbIX oocTBeHHMKax 1896 r.,
KoropaH JJ.aeT npaBo cYJJ.Y B CJIY1JaHX, Kor..na ,n:oBepHTeJIbHbIii
c06cTBeHHHK 4>opMaJIbHO nOBMHeH B HapYllIeHH'M CBOMX 06H-
3al1eJIbCTB, CHHMaTb C Hero JJ'M1JHYIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a 3TO,
eCJIM OH ,n:.eMCTBOBaJI pa3YMHO M 1JeCTHO. TeOpeTMQeICKH, KOHe1JHO,.
eCJIM ,n:OBepHT'eJIbHbIM COOCTBeHHHK JJ.eMCTBOBaJJ «pa3YMHO H
1JeCTHO», OH Booo e He nOBMHeH B HapYllIeHHM ,CBOMX OOH3a-
TeJIbCTB. Ho 3Ta CTaTbH HBHO npeJJ.Ha3Ha1JaJIaCb ,n:JIH CMHr1JeHMSI'
B Ha,n:JJe)Ka MX CJIY1JaHX )KeCTKOro TOJIKOBaHMH CJIOBa «pa3YM-
HbIM» Ha OCHOBe npeIJ.e,n:eHToB.
C ,n:'pyroM CTOpOHbI, yJI;oBJIeTBopeHHe oeHeqmuHaHTa B CJIY-
1Jae breach of trust He OrpaHH1JMBaeTCH S3bICKaHHeM JIM1JHO
npOTMB ,n:OBepMT,eJIbHbIX COOCTBeHHMKOB. OH MO)KeT B 1JaCTHOCTH,.
KaK YKa3bIBaJIOCb BbIllIe, «npeCJIeJJ.OBaTb JI;OBepHTeJIbHYIO COO-
CTBeHHOCTb» MJIH ,n:OXOJJ.bI OT Hee npa nepexoJJ.e ee B pa3HbIe-
PYKM nOKa MO)KHO YCTaHOBMTb ee TO)K,n:eCTBeHHOCTb. Cy eCTBYIOT
CJIO)KHble, 01JeHb 4>opMaJIbHble npaBJwa onpe,n:eJIeHMH 01JepeJI;-
HOCTM KOHKypHPYIO MX Tp:e60BaHHM B OTHOllieHilH TaKHX KanH-
TaJIO , HO OHM He MorYT 6bITb 3JJ.eCb M3JIO>KeHbI. 3aJJ.a1Ja
«npeCJJe,n:OBaHI:ISI ,n:OBepMTeJIbHOM COOCTBeHHOCTH» 3aKJII01JaeTCH,
KOHe1JHO, B ITOM, 1JTOObI 3aKpenMTb ee B MCKJII01JMTeJIbHYIO nOJIb3Y'
oeHe4>HIJ.MaHTOB npOTHB Kpe,n:MTopOB ,n:OB:epHTeJIbHOrO C06eTSeH-
HHKa. 3m o,n:Ha M3 HaM60JIee Ba)KHbIX npHBiHJIerMM ,n:oBepHTeJIb-
HOll: co6cTBeHHocTH, CTporo YCTaHaB.'1HB'alO aH ee xapaKTep
co6cTBeHHooCTH, a He, npOCT'O 06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHoro npaBa Tpe60-
BaHHH K ,n:OBepMTeJIbHOMY c06CTBeHHHKY.
C ,n:PyrOll: CTOpOHbI, Ha,n:o HanOMHHTb e , pa3, 'ITO Ha Tpe-
60BaHHH TaKoro pOJJ.a, CHOBaHH e TOJIbKO Ha npase cnpaBeJJ.JIH-
BOCTH, pacnpOCTpaHHeTCH 06 HM npHHIJ.'Mn, COrJIaCHO KOTOPOMY
TaKDe Tpe60BaHHe Hei MO>KeT 6bI1'b 3aHBJIeHO npOTHB c06CTBeH-
HHKa no 06 eMY npasy, KOTOpbIll: 'I.eCTHO npM06peJI ,CBOIO c06-
CTBeHHOCTb 3a BCTpe'IHO YJJ.OBJIeTBOpeHHe c C06JIIO,n:eHHeM"
Ha,n:JI,e)Ka eM OCTOP0)KHOCTH.
.:330
qACTL qETBEPTAH. rPAjK AHCROE ITPABO
B 3aKmoQeHHe CJJe yeT CKa3aTb HeCKO bKO C OB 0 He Opa-
3YMeHH'H, lllMpOKa ,pacnpOCTpaHeHHOM He TO bKO cpe H IO.lleH
.HenOCBHIIleHHbIX, HO .lI,a)Ke H cpe H IOpHCTOB, no. Bonpocy 0 pa3-
..nHlL"H MeLKJI:Y OBepHTe bHbIM c06CTBeHHHKOM H ynpaB HIOru;HM
.HaC e)J.,CTBOM no 3aBeIlI,aH:HIO 'HJIH 3aKoBy.
HeCOMHeHHO, 'ITO Me)K y 3THMH ,lI,BYMSI <PYHKll.HSIMH HMeeT-CSI
.uOJJblIIe CXO.ll,CTBa, 'IeM pa3 H'IHSI. 06e HOCSIT 6e3B03M 3 HbIM
xapaKTep, Tpe6YIOT 60 blIIOH IOCMo.TpHTe bHo.CTH H CTporo.M TO'I-
HOCTH B .lI,eMC'TB.HSIX.
B 60 blIIHHCTBe CJIY'IaeB, KaK .lI,oBepHTe bHble co6CTBeHHHKH,
TaK H ynpaB SIIOru;He (Ha,CJle. CTBoM SIB SIIOTCSI JLep)KaTe SIMH co.6-
,cTBeHHoCTH, Ko.TOpOM OHH 06SI3aHbI ynpaBJJSITb B HH'J1epeCax py-
rHX J1Hll.. Ha 'J1ex H ,lI"pyrHx 'pacnpOCTpaH5IeTC51 , eHCTBMe ec06bIX
npaBHJI, JO KOTOpbIX rOBopWIoCb Bblme, OTHOCHTeJIbHO TIOpeM-
Horo 3aKJIIO'I'eHH51 3a npH,CBo.eHHe, o.TBeTCTB HHo.CTH a)Ke nOCJJ
KOH'IaHHSI KOHKypca H OrpaHH'IeHH51 npaBa CCWJJaTbC51 Ha HCKO-
BYIO .lI,aBHOCTb. 01' rex H .lI,pymx Tpe6yeTcSI TQ'IHbIH oneT iB MX
)I,!CHC'TlBIITSIX H HIT Te, HH JJ:py,rne He MoryI' (eCJIU iRe HMeIOT cne-
UHa bHo.ro npaBa Ha 3TO) H3BJIeKaTb HHKaKHX BWrO.ll, H3 CBo.HX
l.py HK ll.HH.
Ho r JJaBHo.e pa3JIH'Ine Me)KJIY HHMHi 3aKJIIO'IaeTCSI B TOM,
'ITO OCHOBHaSI e6SI3aHHOCTb o.BCjI)fH.TeJIbHo.rO c06CTBeHHMiKa
'COCTOMT B cexpaHeHHH .lI,OBepHT.e'JIbHo.M c06CTBeHHOCTH, a OCHOB-
HaSI 06SI3aHHOCTb ynpaBJISIIOru;ero. HaCJIe.ll,CTBDM - B pacnpe e.ne-
HUH HMyru;eCTBa YM plIIero 'Ie OBeKa, KaK 1'O bKO 31'0 CTaHeT
B03Mo.)KHO. <I>YHKll.HH .lI,OBepWI"eJJbHoro ce6CTBeHHHKa Hn: JIbHbI,
a ynpaB SIIOru;ero HaCJl'e CTBOM KpaTKOBpeMeHHbI, - BO BCSIKOM
CJI:Y'Iae no HX 3a.ll,a'IaMI, XOTSI ot5cTo.SITeJIbCTB8 MorYT C.lI,eJIaTb
$YHKll.HM OBepHTe bHoro co6CTBeHHUKa KpaTKOBpeM HHWMH,
a ynpaBJISIIOru;ero Hac e.ll,CTBOM npO.ll,OJJ)KHTe bHbIMH.
B pe3Y bTaTe nO HOMo.'IHSI ynpaBJJ51IOIlI,ero. HaCJIe C BOM,
KaK npaBHJJO, lIIHpe H 6o. blII:e nOJJHOMO'IHH .lI,OBepHTeJJbHo.rO 'c06-
CTBeHHMKa B OTHOlII HHH c06CTBeHHOCTH H 6eHe<pHUHaHTo.B. OH
HBJI51eTC51, KaK C e,ll,yeT IT3 Ha3BaHH51 (personal representative),
-«npe.ll,CTaBHre eM» YMeplliero, a .lI,o.BepITTe bHbIM co.6cTBeHHHK
.T1HlIIb «ynOJIHo.Mo.'Ii=HHbIM» Y'Ipe,ll,HTeJI5I, 065I3aHHbIH BbIno.JIHSITb
ero 60JIee ,H H MeHee TO'IHWe HHCTPYKll.HIT.
06'beM HaCTOSIIlI,eH pa6o.TbI He n03BOJISIeT BXO.ll,HTb B n r Ta H.
Ho CYIlI,HOCTb 3Toro pa3JIH'IHSI HarJJSI,n:HO nOSICH5IeTC5I TeM, '11'0
,n:o.BepHTeJIbHaSI co.6cTBeHHocTb 'Ia-CTo. C03,n:a, TCSI 3aBem3HHHMH.
no.Ka ynpaBJIHIOIlI,HH Hac e,ll,CTBOM He «JIHKBH,n:HpyeT HaCJTerrCTBo.»,
He Mo.)KeT 6bITb Ha,n:JJe)Karu;HM 06pa3o.M co.3,n:aHa JIOBepHTe.!IbHaH
co6CTBeHHOCTb; O Tex nop ,n:OBepHTeJIbHble C06CTB HHHKH He
HMeIOT npasa Ha <pH YUHapHoe HMYIlI,eCTBO H He HeCYT HHK3Ko.H
()TBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a ynpaB..'Ielme 11M.
f
I'JIABA XXIV. OB5l3ATEJILCTBEHHOE IIPABO
331
r JJ A B A XXIV
OBH3ATEnbCTBEHHOE nPABO
1. ,[{oroBopbI
I1cTopMSI 06SI3aTeJ1hCTBeHHoro npaBa B AHr JJH'M IMHTepeCHa
Ii nOY'lMTeJIbHa. aHa Hal' JISI)J:HO HJIJIIOCTpMpyeT TO, KaK C03)J.aeTCH
31'01' pa3)J.eJJ npaBa B CT.paHe, r)J.e rocnO)J.CTBye1' 06r.qee npaBO.
::ha HCTO,PMSI SIBJllieTCSI 1'UIIiU1JHbIM J]p",MepOM 3BOJI'IOP:HM npaBa.
C03)J.a1'eJIH 06r.qero npaBa nepBOHa1JaJJbHO BCTp\eTHJIilCb
C HaJIH'IHeM He.KOTopbIX 06r.qeCTBeHHbIX OTHOllIeHMM, C KOTOpbIMH
H:M IfIpH O)J.MJIOCb C'IHTaTbCH. KaK BH)J.HO M3 «E:>KerO)J.HMKOB»,
K KOHIJ,Y XIV B. cY)J,aM 06Il(ero TIpaBa 6bIJIM 3HaKOMbI' OTHOllIeHlI5I
cO)J,ep:>Ka1"eJJSI rOC1''HHMlJ,bI 1M nOCTOHJIblJ,a, 3allMo)J,aBlJ,a H 3aeM-
ll\MKa, IIpo)J.a'BI a M nOKynaTeJISI, rpY300TnpaBH'TeJJSI M nep> B03-
'IMKa, Ma.cTepa M 3aKa3'IHKa, X03SIHHa M pa60TlUlJKa, nopY'IHTeJIH
II rJIaBHOrO )J.OJI':>KHHKa. 3a)J,a'IelO ,cY)J,a 6bIJIO perYJlllpOBaTb 3TH
B3aHMOOTHOllIeHHSI Ha OCHOBe YCTaHOBJIeHHbIX 06bI'la.eB H npH-
HY:>K)J.a'Tb HaPYIlIHTeJIell K HX C06JIIO)J,eHHIO.' .
Ha )J.eJIe nO)J,06Hble B3aMMOOTHOIlII HMSI B03HMKaJIH - no
KpaMHeM Me:pe BO MHOrMX CJIY'IaSIX - He fl3 TaKHX OTHOllIeHMii,
lWTopbIe MOLKHO 6bIJIO 6bI C'IMTaTb B TO'IHOM ,CMbICJIe CJIOBa
.JJ.orOBopaMH MJIM COrJ1arneHHSIMH. B oc06eHHOCTM 31'0 OTHOCHTCSI
K TaKHM OTHOllIeHHSIM, KaK X035IMH If pa60THMK, nopY'IJfTeJIb H
rJIaBHbIH )J,OJDKHHK, a 1'aKLKe MaCTep M 3aKa3'lMK. B nepBOM
<:JJY'Iae pe'Ib IlIJIa 0 nepeLKHTKe 6bICTpO OTMHpaBIlIHX KpenOCT-
HbIX OTHOllIe:HMH, BO B'TOpOM - 0 CTapOM CY)J"e6HOH npOue1J.ype,
B TpeTbeM - 0 IJ,eXOBbIX OTHOllIeHHHX. O)J,HaKO, B OCTaJJbHblX
CJI)''laSIX, a MMeHHO B 'CJJY'lae npOJJ.aBlJ,a 'H nOKynaTeJrSI, rpY300T-
npaBMTeJISI ,H nepeB03'IMKa, X03HHHa rOCTHHHUbI M nOCTOSIJIblJ,a,
B3aHMOOTHOllIeHHSI B03HHKaJIH B pe3YJIbTaTe '1'01'0, 'ITO onp' )J,e-
.,neHHoe JIHUO «npHHHMaJIO Ha ',ce6SI» assumpsit super se) no-
CTaBKY HeKOTopblX 'roBapoB, ,MJIH nepeB03KY 3a B03Harpa:>K)J.eHHe
HJIH npe)J,OCTaBJIeHMe nOMe eHHH nYTeIlIeCTBeHHHKaM, HJIli. )J,PY-
rile nOJJ.06Hble 06SI3aTeJIbCTBa. TaK KaK nO)J,06HbI'e O1'HOIlIeHMSI
B XIV B. 6bIJJH HOBbIMM, TO CYAbH 6bIJIH CKJIOHHbI xapaKTepH-
BOBaTb FIX TepMHHoM «undertaking» (B03JIaraTb .na c,e65I TSIroTbI)
1fJIM «assumpsit».
TaKMM o6pa30M, pa3BHTHe npaBa B 3TOll 06JIaCTll IlIJJO no
H3BecTHoM <l>opMYJIe opa reHpH M''3MHa: «01' cTaTyca K KOH-
TpaKTY». JIIO)J.'M HCKaJIH Y)J.oBJJeTBOpeHl]Sl 3a HapYIlIeHHSI B CJJY-
'Iae TaKHX O1'HoIlIeHHM nYTeMHcKa no)J, Ha3BaHHeM «assumpsit».
TIocTeneHHo 'CYAbl YCTaHOBMJIM, 'ITO 06SI3aBllIMllcSI (undertak,er),
KOTOpbIM nJJOXO BbInOJIHMJI pa60TY, HanpHMep, nepeB031JHK, nepe-
I'pY3HBllIHll JIO)J,KY, MJJM Bpa'I, KOTOpblM nJIOXO .TJe'IllJI nalJ,H<eH'Ta,
,OTBeqaeT 3a y6bI1'KM, eCJJM B 3TOM c.I'IY'lae HMeJIH MeCTO nOTepH
33:l
'lAOTI> 'lETHEPTASI. rPA:H .D:AHCKOE IIPABO
HJIH Bp,e,ll" H 'ITO ,lI,a)Ke npOCTaSI He6pe)KHo.CTb HJIH OTCYTCTBHe
.n.OJI)KHOH 3a6oTJIHBOCTH C ero CTOpOHbI, HMeBllm.e pe3YJIbTaTOM
nOTepH ,lI,JISI ,lI,pyroM CTOpOHbI, TaK)Ke MorYT HMeTb JI..'ISI Hero
nOCJJe,ll,CTBHH.
Ha .9TOM, O.D:HaKO, Cy.n.bI OCTaHOBHJIHCb, TaK KaK OHH OTKa-
3aJIHCb npH3HaTb TO nOJIO)K€lHHe, 'ITO ,npOCToe HeBbIllOJJHeHHe
JJID60ro 06H3aTeJIbCTBa B03JJaraeT Ha qeJJOBeKa OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb
3a y6bITKH, H60 Cy.n.bH He MOrJlH 3a6bITb YTBep)K.n.eHHe «BeJItH-
Koro fJJeHBHJIH», '11'0 npOCTble «'IaCTHbIe COrJIalIIeHHH» He cHa6-
)KaIDTCH npHHy.n.HT1eJIbHOM CHJJOM COCTOpOHbI KOpOJJeBCKHX cy.n.OB.
nOXO.n.HJJO Ha TO, 'ITO aHr./llfHCKoe npaBO OCTaHOBHJJOCb Ha Toif
)Ke CTa.n.HH pa3BHTHH, KaK HeKOTopble .n.pyrHe CHCTeMbI, a HMeHHO
Ha TOM, 'ITO npH3HaeTCH JJHlIIb OrpaHH'IeHHbIM Kipyr onpe.n.e.rreH-
HbIX .n.orOBOpoB, HOCHlII,HX onpe.n.eJIeHHbIe HaHMeHOBaHHH.
Ta'Koe OrpaHH'IeHHe MOrJIO 6bI HMeTb nary.6HbIe nOCJJe.n.C1'BHH
,lI,JISI paCllIHpH:IOlII,erOCSI H pa3BHBaID'lII,erOC'H OOlII,eCTBa. «HOMU-
HaJIbHaSI» ( opMaJIbHaSI) TeopHSI .D:OrOBOpoB rrpenHTCTBOBaJIa 6M
pa3BHTHID npaBa, YCTaHaBmlBaSI, '11'0 HHKaKoe COrJJalIIeHHe He
MO)KeT 6bITb npH3HaHO ,lI,orOBopOM, eCJJH OHO He nO,ll,XO,ll,HT no,ll,
O,ll,HR H3 YCTaHOBJleHHbIX THnOB ,- npO,ll,a)KH, HaMMa, nOPY'IHTfeJJb-
CTBa, nepeB03KH :H T. n. HeY,ll,06cTBO TaKoro nOpH,lI,Ka Har JIH.n.HO'
HJIJIIDC'Tp.npyeTcH reM, KaK BeJIHKaH ,CHCTeMa .pHMCKoro npaBa
H36erJIa ero, npH6eraH K pacta, conventiones H .n.PYrHM
q>opMaM.
K C'Ia.CTbID .n.JIH AHrJJHH, B ,caMbIM KpHTH'leCKiHM MOJvleHT cy.n.bf
o6lII,ero npaBa 06peJIH - HeH3BeCTHO KaKHM nYTeM - npHHItHnp
KOTOpbIM nOMor HM 0606ll1,HTb pe3YJJbTaTbI CBOHX .n.OJIrHX YCHJJHH
no HCnOJIb30BaHHID HCKa THna assumpsit, H npHBeJI HX K onpe.n.e-
JIeHHoMY H rH6KOMY KpHTepHID, npHMeHHMoMY BO Bcex .n.eJJax,
TaK '11'0 aHfJIHHCKOe .n.orOBopHoe npaBo 3aCJIY)KHJIO 0.n.06peHHe
Bcero MHpa.
EHHOE BCTPEqHOE Y.D.OBnETBOPEHHE» (uVALUABLE
CONSIDERA nON» }
npolfHlJ,Hn, 0 KOTOpOM H,lI,eT pe'1b, 38KJIID'1aeTCH B ,lI,OKTpHHe
o «BcTpe'IHOM y.n.oBJIeTBOpeHHH». XOTH Cy,n:bI 06ll1,ero npaBa-
K KOHItY XV B. - He MOrJIH COrJJaCHTbCH npH3HaTb, '11'0 O,n:HO
JJHlIIb HeHCnOJJHeHHe KaKOrO-JIH60 06ellJ,aHHH MO)KeT CJJY)KHTb
OCHOBaHHeM ,n:JJH HCKa, HO OHH rOTOBbr 6bIJIH COrJIaCHTbCH C T'eM,
'11'0 JIHItO, He BbmOJIHHBlIIee 06H3aTeJJbCTBO, KOTopoe OHO npH-
HHJIO Ha ce6H 3a OOelII,aHHbIM HJIH ,n:.aH:HbIM 3KBHBaJIeHT, ,n:OJJ)KHO
OTBeqaTb 3a y6bITKH, nOHeceHHbIe nOTepneBlIIeH ,CTOpOHOH. Eho
6blJI0 nepBOHa'IaJIbHOM ynpOlII,eHHOM q>OpMOH ,n:OKTpllHbI 0 «BcTpe'I-
HOM y,n:oBJJeTBOpeHHH». Ho nOKOJIeHlle ropHCToB, 3aHHToe npHMe-
HeHHeM .9TOH ,n:OKTpHHbI Ha npaKTHKe, CKOpO npI1lIIJIO K TOMYp
fJIABA XXIV. OEJI3ATEJlbCTBEHHO'E tlIPABO'
333
'lJTO «BCTpeqHO'e y.n.OBJIeTBOpeHMe» MO':>KeT TaK:>Ke SaKJJIO'qaTbCH
H nOTepe MJIM OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH, B03HHKIIIHX .n.JISI JJMlJ,a, KO'TO'-
pO MY 6bIJIO .n.aHO 06H3aTeJIbCTBO MJJM 06eIII.aHMe, TaK :>Ke, KaK
OHO' S8KJIIOqaeTCH B BbIrO'.n.ax MJIH 3KBHBaJIeHTe, .n.aBaeMbIX 3THM
nO'CJIe.n;HHM JJHIJ,Y, npHHSIBilieMY .Ha ce6SI 06SI3aT'eJIbCTBO' MJIH .n;aB-
rue'MY 06eIII.aHHe.
TaKHM oopa30M, K KO'HIJ,Y XVI B. BbTpa60TaJIaCb KJIaCCHqe-
CKaSI 4>opMa 3TOM .n;OKTpHHbI, 3aKJJIOqaIOIII.aHCH B TOM, '11'0' BCTpeq-
HOe y.n;OBJJeTBOpeHHe HBJJHeTCSI JIH60 Bwro.n;OM, npe.n;OCTaBJIeHHOM
If 06eIII.aHHO'M .n;OJI:>KHMKY, TIJIM BbIpa:>Ka€TCSI B nO'Tepe If Jill O'TBeT-
cTBeHHocTM, B03HHKaIOIII.HX .n;JISI Kpe.n;HTO'pa - B Kaq'e!cTBe 3KBM-
BaJIeHTa 3a 06H3aTeJIbCTBO', npMHSITGe Ha ,ce6SI .n;O'JI.:>KHHKOM.
BO' MHOrBX CJJyqaSIX 06a BHJI.a BCTpeqHorO' y.n.OBJIeTBO'peHHSI
CO'BnaJI.aIOT: :1160', Ha.n;O' nOJIaraTb, 'ITa JI.O'JI:>KHHK He npMHSlJI 6bI
Ha ce6SI 06SI3aTeJIbCTBa, eCJIH 6bI OH He nOJIyqaJI KaKOM-JIH60
BbIro.n.bI OT .n;pyroM CTO'pO'HbI.
B pe3YJIbTaTe, K KOHlJ,y XVI B. Mbl BCTpeqaeM HapSIJI.Y co
cTapoM, OrpaHMqeHHO'M .n.OKTpMHOM «4>opMaJIbHbIX .n.OrOBOpO'B»,
COCTaBJreHHbIX 3a neqaTbIO HJill CKpeno.M, HOBYIO, IIIMpO'KYIO
JWKTPMHY «npocTblx .n.orOBO'pOB» MJJM COrJJaIIIeHHM, He Tpe6yIO-
IlIJiX KaKOM-JJH60 onpe.n.eJIeHHOM <pO'pMbI MJLH .n;O'Ka3aTeJIbCTB, .n;JIH
KOTOpbIX KpHTepneM SIBJISIeTCH HaJIM'lHe «BCTpe'lHOrO y.n;O'BJIeTBO-
peHMSI».
Cy.n; Y:>Ke He CTaBHT Bonpoca: «41'0' 31'0' sa JI.O'rO'BO'p: npo-
JI,8:>Ka, HaeM, npeJI.O'CTaBJIeHHe YCJIyr HJill KaKOM-JJH60 JI.pyrOM?».
I1cK THna assumpsit SIBJISIeTCSI 0'60cHoBaHHbI I M, 'eCJllI OTBeT'lHK
J],aJI He npO'THBOpe'laIII.€e 3aKO'HY 06E'III.aHHe, BbIpa:>KeHHO'e Ha CJIO'-
Bax MJIH nO'JI.pa3YMeBaeMO'e, B 06MeH 3a «BCTp/-:qHDe YJI.O'BJIeTBO'-
peHHe».
fM6KOCTb M IllI:IpOTa 3TOM JI.O'KTpHHbI nO' cpaBHeHMIO CO CTa-
pbIM Y'leHMeM '0 <<HOMMHaJIbHbIX» (4)opMaJIbHbIX) ,n:orOBopax MJJH
JI,O'KYMeHTax 3a neqaTbIO O'qe'BMJI.Ha caMa C0'60'M. TpYJI.HOCTb
SaKJIIO'laeTCSI B TaM, qTo6bI YC1'aHO'BMTb, KaK H OTKy.n.a 3Ta 3aMe-
'Ia1'eJIbHaSi .n;O'KTpMHa nep IIIJIa B aHr JIMikKO'e inpaBO', OJI.ep:>KaB
Bepx HaJI. KOHKypMpYIOIII.llMn yqeHHHMH pHMCKorO', KaHOHMqeCKOrO
11 ToprO'BO'rO' npaBa. DepBoe ClfiCTeMaTHqeCKO'e ff3JIO':>Ke:HMe 3TOH
nO'KTpHHbI BC1'peqae1'CSI B IIIHpOKO' H3BeCTHoM ,COqHHeHHH, 03a-
TJJaBJJeHHO'M «Doctor and Student», H3JI.aHHO'M B 1520 rO'JI.Y, HO
3TO'T TpaKTaT, BeCbMa HHTepecHbIiJ, He JI.ae1', O',lJ.HaKO, HMKaKHX
YKaS8HMM Ha npO'HCXO':>KJI.eHHe JI.O'KTpHHbI. O':>KHO TO'JJbKO BbICKa-
3aTh npeJI.nOJIO':>KeHHe, '11'0' nepexo.ll. 0'1' CpeJI.HeBeKO'rBOrO K CBO'-
{)O'JI.HOMY MMpOC03eplJ,aHHIO OblJI O'T'IaCTH npMqMHO'M, O'TqaCTH
pe3YJIbTaTOM peJIHrH03HOM pe4>O'pMalJ,HH XVI B., if Y cYAeM
,06III.erO' npaBa, MbICJIb KO'TOpbIX 060C MJlaCb B 60'pb6e C KO'HKY-
pMpYIOIII.eM KaHIJ,JIepCKOM IOpHCJI.HKIJ,HeH, npHHSIJIa 4>O'pMY nepe-
CMOTpa OOIII.eCTBeHHblx oTHoiliemIM, Bblpa}KaIOIII.MXCSI B 4>O'pMe
331
qAcrI'b 'IETBEPTAH. fPA:HU(AHOROE IJPABO
B3aMMHbIX )I.OrOBOpHbIX 06H3aTeJIbCTB. 3TO 6bIJIO 3HaMeHaTeJIb"'"
HbIM BM)I.OM3MeHeHHeM B npaBe, KOTOpOe 06.'lerqMJJO HbIHelilHee
pa3BHTMe «He OpMaJIbHWX )I.OrOBOpOB».
TIPHPO.D.A .D.OrOBOPA
TaKHM 06pa3CM, .ZI.OrOBCp e Tb ccr JIameHHe HJIM 06H3aTf-JIb-
CTBO, B KCTOpCe BCTynHJIC He MeHee .ZI.BYX 'CTOpCH, KOTopoe
MO)KeT .6bITb npe)])MeTOM npHHY.ZI.HTeJFbHCrO M<::nOJIH"eHHH no MOKY
06 y6bITKax H no KCTOPOMY O]I.Ha HJIH 6cJlee CTopOH Ha CJIOBaX
MJIH iMOJPLaJIMBO BbIpa3lMJI"H o6em;aHHe cOBepmMTb AeMcTBMe RJIU
B03.nep)K.aTbcH CT )I.eMCTBMH nO' Tpe6oBamno MJ1H B nCJIb3Y .ZI.PY-
rOM CTOpOHbI. TIpM 3TOM 06em;aHMe ,lI,aeTCH JIH60 3a BCTpeQHOe
YJIOBJJeTBOpeHMe, JIUOO Bblpa)KeHO B OnpeAeJJeHHOM <PoPMe.
PaccMoTpMM BKpaTQe 3JIeMeHTW 3Tcro onpe]I.eJJeHMH.
. 1. C T 0 'P 0' H bl. B AoroBcpe ,lI,OJILKHO 6blTb He MeHee ]I.BYX
CTOpOH, npHHHTMe LKe Ha ce6H c6H3aTeJIbCTBa ,lI,OJILKHC HMeTb
MeCTC XOTH 6bf O,ll,HOM M3 3TMX CTOpOH. l.JeJIOBeK iRe MOLKeT
3aKJJIOQMTb ,lI,orCBOpa C caMHM C06CM, H XOTH <popMaJlbHC CH
MOLK T 3aKJIIOQnTb ,n:oroBop C rpynnclO JIMQ, KOTcpaH BKJIlO'IaeT
HerO' caMorc, C,lI,HaKO, B pe3YJIbTaTe TaKoro .norOBopa OH 6y,n:eT
C'IHTaTbCH 3aKJIIOQMBmHM ,n:orOBOp 'TCJIbKO C OCTaJIbHbIMM 'IJJe-
HaMM 3TCH rpynnbl. HHKTC He MOLK'eT npe]I.'bHBHTb liCK M3 c6H3a-
TeJJbCTBa K ce6e caMcMY.
C ,n:pyroM CTOpOHbI, ,n:oroBop MC)KeT 6bITb 3aKJJIO'IeH MeLK,n:y
JII06bIM 'IMCJICM JIMQ. 4am;e 6bIBaeT, IJ:TC HeCKOJlbKO ,n:croBopHbIX
c6H3al1 JJbCTB MeLK,n:y ,pa3JIH'IHbIMM JIMQaMM MCLKeT 6bITb Bblpa-
LKeHC B e,n:MHOM ,n:OKYMeHTe, He TOIJ:HO HMeHyeMoM «,n:orOBOp»;
B 3TOM CJJY'Iae IMOLKeT 'BC3HHKHYTb Tpy,n:HbIM BO'TFpOC, KTO ynpaBc-
MC'IeH npe,n:'bHBMTb HCK Ha aCHOBe 3TMX pa3JIMIJ:HbIX 06H3aTeJIbCTB
M npOTMB Koro ]I.OJILKeH 6bITb HanpaBJIeH nOT MCK. O,ll,HaKO, nOT
BOUPOC JIyqme paCOMOTpeTb HM)Ke.
HeccMHeHHbIM HBJIHeTCH TO nCJJOLK,eHMe, 'ITO JI,MQO, JIe HBJJHIO-
m;eeCH CTapOHOH B .norOBcpe, He MOLKeT Ha HeM OCHOBbIBaTb
MCK M He MOLKeT CTBeQaTb no OCHOBaHHOMY Ha HeM nCKY. 3TCT
KPMTePMM CTJIMQa,eT ,n:orCBcp,contra,ct, nopCLK,n:alOm;MM npaBo
in personam arT .conveyance, nccpe.nCTBOM KOTOporo COG,n:aeTcH
Will nepeHOCMTcH npalBo in rem.
TaK, HanpMMr p, ec.rm .II ,]I.CrCBap,MBalOcb C nC,lI,pH,lI,QMKOM
0' nOCTpoMKe ,lI,OMa ,n:JIH Moero CblHa, KOTOpbIH npe]I.JJara-eT nJIa-
TMTb peHTY B CYMMe 1 00 . CT. B ro.n 3a 3TOT .nOM, TO-.
SI Mcry HCKaTb C no,n:pH,lI,'IMKa' B CJJY'Iae HeH'cnCJTHeHl'ISI nO,ll,pHJJ:3..
M no.npSI)I.'IMK MO>KeT HCKaTb C MeHH ynJIaTbI CYMMbI, nplftlMTalO-
m;eHCSI 3a nOCTpOMKY ]I.OMa. Ho MCll: ChlH He MOLKeT MCKaTb.
C KOrO-JJH60 M3 Hac Ha OCHOBaHMH 3Tcro ]I.OrOBCpa; M HMKTO H
.
rJL-\.BA XXIV. UlliI3ATEJIbCTBEHHOE nPABO
3350
Hac He MO)KeT npeJJ:'bSIBHTb HCKa K HeMY, eCJIH OH OTKa)KeTCf!
01' apeHJJ:bI C ynJJaTOM 100 <p. CT. B ro.n:, pa3Be 6bI OH CTaJJ CTO-
pOHOIO B JJ:orOBope C 9TOH: eJJbIO.
He.n:aBHO B03HHK..Ia JJ:OKTpHHa, BbIpOCma51 B CBSI3H C «TPY.n:O-
BbIMH KOH<pJIHKTaMM», OTHOCSIrn;aSIC5I K «:BMelliareJIbC1'BY B JJ:oro-
BopHbIe OTHomeHMSI» M Ha Jr:eJJe SIBJJSIIOrn;aHCSI 011paCJIblO'
06SI3aTeJIbCTB H3 rpa)KJJ:aHCKMX npaBOHapYIIIffiIHM. 31'a JJ:OKTpMH3
3a1'eMHSIeT M3JIO)KeHHOe 'Ba)KHOe npaBHJIO, HO Ha .n:eJIe OHa BOBce
He pa'CXO,ll)ITCSI C ,"HM. [OBOpSIT, l{TO eCJJM, HanpMMep, SI 06bl'J:HO
nOKynaIO yrOJJb yAM eCJIM B, ,lI,BM)KHMbIM )KeJIaHMeM npMqMiHHTf>.
MHe Bpe,ll" y6 )'J,MT MlJIH yrp03aMH CKJIOHMT A OTKa3aTbCSI 01' BbI-
nOJIHeHHSI CBOMX JJ.orOBopHbIX OOSI3aTeJIbCTB B OTHomeHMH MeHSI,
TO H Mory MCKaTb C B y6bITKM. 3ro, nOBMJJ.M'MOMY, TaK, no
KpaM,HeM Mepe JJ.JJH HeKOTopbIX BHJJ.OB JJ.orOBopHbIX OTHOllIeHMM.
Ho, 3a:Me'TbTe, H npeJJ.'bHBJJHIO MCK K B Hie, Ha o.CHOBaHMM Moero
JJ.orOBO'pa C A, 3aKJJIOqaIOrn;erOCSI B 06SI3aTeJIbCTBe nOCTaBHTb-
yrOJIb. O.n:'HaKO, BHYlliaeT HeKOTopble COMHeHiMH B npaBHJJbHOCTM
YKa'3aHHoM ,lI,OKTpMHbI Ta rOTOBHOCTb, C KOTOpOM OHa 6bIJJa npM-
HSITa CYJJ:aMM.
JII060e JJMU,O, JJ:ocTHrmee cOBepmeHHOJIeTHH H OO.1Ia)'J,aIOrn;ee
npaBocnoc06HoCTbIO, MO)KeT BCTynMTb B JJ.oroBop. MbI y)Ke JJ:O-
CTa'TOqHo OCneTMJlH Bonpocbl HenpaBocnoco6HOCTII, BbI3BaHHoii"
HocoBepmeUHOJIeTUeM, JJ.ymeBHbFM paCCTpOM'CTBOM, ultra vires
H JJ.pyrnMll OCHOBaHHSIMH, KOTO'pbIe B TOM ,MJIM MHOM Mepe YMaJJHIOT
cnocooHOCTb <pM3IP-IeCKOrO HJIH IOpM,lI,HqeCKOrO JI'Hu,a BCryn'a'Tf>.
B JJ.oroBOpbI. K 9TOMY Bonpocy HaM He HY)KHO 60.nee B03Bpa-
rn;aTbCH.
2. Cor JJ a m e H H e. LLJJH Toro qT06bI npMTTH K corJJame--
HI1IO, HaMepeHMH CTOpOH .n:OJI)KHbI COBnaCTb MJlH, KaK rOBopHT,
Tpeoye cH consensus ad- idem. Ho HJ BCHKMM consensus ad idem
nop0)KJJ.aeT o6H3a-re'JIbCTBO. npocToe cor JJaCHe B y6e)KJJ:eHMHx
He.n:OCTaTOqHD; M60, KaK MbI y)Ke BMJl.eJIH, MCTOqHMKOM npocToro'
JJ.oroBopa HBJIHeTCH B03JIO)KeHHe Ha ce6SI II<a!KHX-JJHOO THrOT..
o6H3aT JIbCTB (undertaKing), qTO nOJl.pa3YMeBaeT OOeIlI,aHMe q1'O-
.'IM60 cJJ.eJIaTb MJJM OT qero-JIM60 B03JJ.ep)KaTbCH. TaK, HanpH'Mep
eCJII1 MbI '0 A cor JJaCHJIMCb, qTO B - BOp, TO 1IJ;0rO'BiOpa 'Her, M'OO
M3 9Toro He BbITeKaeT 06H3aHHOCTH JJ.JISI 'KOrO-Jlf!OO M3 Hac
npMHHTb KaKYIO-.1JH60 onpeJJ.eJIeHHYIO .'IHHHIO nOBeAeHHH. Ho eCJIH
H COrJIamaIOCb CAB 1'0':\01, qTO :'IlbI 60.1ee He OYJJ.e:'lf nOCTaBJJHTb
TOBapbI B, TO HaJIHu,o 'cOrJJameHHe JJ.orOBopHoro xapaKTe<pa, H60,
3.n:ecb peqbMJJ.eT 0 HameM 6YJJ.yrn;eM nOBeJJ.eHH'll.
nOBE,lI,HMOMY, C u,eJlbIO nO,ll,qepKHYTb 9TY MCTMHY, C9p BHJI-
..maM AHCOH B CBoeM M3BeCTHOM 'TpYJJ.,e' 0 .lI.OrOBOpHOM npaBl yc-
TaHOBllJJ B KaqeCTBe aKCHoMbI, qTo' Ka)K,lI,oe JJ.oroBopHoe 'CorJIa-
meBMe MO)KeT 6bITb pa3JI0)KeHO Ha CJIe,ll,YIOIlI,Me 9JIeMeUTbI: 0<p-
<PepTY M 3Ku,em. 3TO YTBep)KJJ:eHHe nOJl.Bepr JIOCb KpHTHKe; HO"
:326
'IAOTf> 'IETBEPTAH. I'PAm,n:AHCIWE llPABO
.clHaJJH3 C.3pa BHJIJJHaM8 AHCOHa npHMeHHM K OrpOMHOMY 6aJIb-
WHHCTBY CJJytIaeB .lI.araBapa, H oR' tIpe3BbltIallHO nOMOI'aeT, Kor.n.a
Hym:Ha aTBeTHTb Ha npaKTHtIeCKH Ba)KHbIH Bonpoc: «Kor.n.a .n.oro-
!Bap CtIHTaeTCH COBepll1eHHbIM HJJH 3aKJIlOtIeHHbIM». Ha .9TO C3p
BHJJJIHaM OTBe'laeT: «KarJI.a o<p<pepTa aAHaH CTapOHbI OKaHtIa-
Te bHO npHHHTa .lI.pyraH CTapOHaH».
B ObITOBbIX c.nytIaHX cnpaBe.lI.JIHBaCTb ,Hora aHaJIH3a O'le-
EH.n.Ha. DpeAnaJJa)KHM, H BXOm:y B Mara3HH H, YKa3bIBaH Ha
'TpaCTb, cnpalIIHBalO X03HH a: «OKaJJbKO CTaHT?» OH OT'BeqaeT:
-«CeMb ll1HJlJlliHrOB H ll1C'CTb neHcaB». 51 rOBaplO: «lLall:T,e, nO>Ka-
.JIYHcTa». TO', tITO CKa3aJI X03SlliH - e.CTb npeJI..'10)KeHHe npoAaTb
TpOCTb 3a ceMb ll1HJJJIHHrOB H ll1eCTb neHCOB. MOM OTBeT eCTI:,
CHa Bblpa>KeHHOe CarJ1aCHe npHHHTb o<t>cl>epTY, HaJJHIJ;O - .noro-
BapHae COrJJall1eHHe Mem:.n.y HaMH. Ho eCJLH 6bI H npH6aBHJI K era
YCJJaBHHM KaKOe-JIH60 YCJJOBHe co CBoeM CTOpOHbI, HanpHMep:
«51 ynJJa'lJY BaM Ha TOll: HeJI.eJIe», TO X03HHH 6bIJJ 6bI ynpaBaMOtIeH
<JTKJJOHHTb CJI.eJIKY B IJ;eJIOM. AHaJIH3 KaHKpeTHoro CJJytIaH Ma>KeT
DbITb 3HatIHTeJIbHa 6aJIee CJJOm:HbIM, Kor.n.a npHXOJI.HTCH HMeTb
)J:eJJO C JI.JJH'ru:HMnCH neperOBopa'MH YCTHbIiMH H nHCbMeHHbIIMH,
'OTHDCHTeJIbHa KDTOpbIX YTBepm:JI.aIOT, tITO OHH 3aKOHtIHJIH-Cb 3a-
"lKJJlOtIeHHeM .lI.OrOBopa. Ho H 3tZI:eCb CTOHT O.n.HH Banpac: «BbIJJ JJM
HaJJ.HIJ;a MOMeHT, Kar)J:a YCJJOBHH a.n.HaH CTOpOHbI B HCHOM H onp\ -
.;zr,eJJeHHall: cl>apMe 6bIJIH ca06ru:eHbI JI.pyroH CTopOHe H nOCJIeJI.HHH
.onpeJI.eJIeHHa H 6e3 orOBapDK (YCJIOBHll:) ca06r.u;HJJa 00 aKu;enTe».
ECJJH JI.a, TO AorOBOp 3aKJJIO'l.eH. ECJJH HeT, TO K8m:JI.8H H3 CTO-
!POR HMeeT npaBO aTcTyrrwTb'CH 0'1' c.n.eJIKH, H60 o<tJcl>epTa Mom:eT
06bITb OT03BaHa, nOK8 OBa He a.KIJ;enTOBa'Ha, H eCJJH HeT aKu;enTa,
TO' o6e .CTOpaHbI cB'06a.n.HbI.
B CJIytIae npaC'l'oro .n.oroBopa a<t>cl>epTa H aKu;enT MorYT
rQbI'fb Bblpam:eHbI B JI1060M, M30paHHaM CTopaHaMH, <t>apMe-
YCTHO, nHCbMeHHa, 3HaKa-MH HJJH .n.pyrHMH .lI.eMCTBHHMH (nOBeJI.e-
HIf( M). 06bltIHbIll: CJIYtIaM, Kor.n.a 3aKJIIOtIeHHe JI.orOBOpa BbITeKaeT
rl13 o.n.Horo TOJIbKO nOBe.n:eHHH JJHu;a, HMeeT MeCTa TarJI.a, KOrJI.a,
rranpnMep, npaxom:HM naJI.HHTHeM PYKH aCTaHaBJIHBaeT TaKCH,
<lTKpbIBaeT .lI.Bepu;y KapeTbI, npaH3HOCHT aJI.pec H BXOJI.HT B Ka-
peTY. 06'bHBJIHH 0 TaM, tITa OH HaHHMaeTCH JI.JIH nepeBa3aK,
:nepeBa3'lUK reM caMbIM npeJI.JIaraeT Ka>K.lI.OMY nepeBie3TH era
'13 JII060e MeCTa B npeJI.eJIax onpeAeJIeHHarO paJI.Hyca H no onpeJI.e-
JIeHHaMY TapHcl>y. TO:>Ke HMeeT MeCTO, KDr.n:a nOKynaTeJIb BxalU1T
B JIaBKY, 6epeT KaKOM-JJH6a H3 BbICTaBJIeHHblX .lI.JIH npaJI.a:>KH
TIpeJI.MeTOB, KJIa.n.eT .n.eHbrH 'Ha KaHTopKY H BbIXaJI.HT H3 JIaBKH,
'BbIHOCH C Cd60M .3TDT npeAMeT.
Ho B 6aJIee Cl1Ia:>KHbIX CJJY'laHX CTOpOHbI, eCTeCTBeHHa, npe -
'ITOtIHTaIOT, nOCJIe npe.n.BapHTeJIbHarO 06cym:JI.euHH YCJIomdi, co-
BI ll1HTb o4>cl>epTY H aKIJ;enT B nncbMeHHaM cl>apMe; H, KaK MbI
J"BHJI.HM .n.aJIbll1e, cyr.u;ecTBYIOT HeKoTapble BHJI.bI (lI:oraBopOB, KO-
I'JIABA XXIV, OBSI8ATEJI:&OTBEHBOE nPABO
337
-ropbIe He MorYT CJIYLKHTb OCHOBaHHeM ,lI,JIH MOKOB, .ecJIH B MOMeHT
'HJIH norJIe 3aKJIIO'IeHHH ,lI,OrOBopa He 6bIJIO CTopoHaMH nO,ll,nlf.CaHO
'K3JKoro-JIH60 .n.OK)'MeHTa, B KOTOpOM 3anHICaHbi YCJ10BHH corJIa-
, meHHH.
_./
HE.nOCTATKH B .D.OrOBOPHbIX OB5I3ATEJIbCTBAX
Cor JIaWeIIMe HBJJHeTCH Bblpa:>KeHHeM BOJIH H n03TOMY BCHKoe
'06CTOHTeJIbCTBO, KOTOpoe cepbe3HO B03,l1,ellcTBy.eT Ha BOJJIO CTO-
pOR, TaK 'ITO jl.eJlaeT HX Hecnoc06HblMH npMTTM K cOrJJaWeHHlO,
K consensus ad idem, no 'He06xo.n.HMOCTM OKa3b1BaeT naf'y6Hoe
BJlHHHHe Ha .n.eMCTBHTeJJbHOCTb .n.oroBOpa. npaBO eCTb npaKTH'le-
.eKaH c<f>.epa, .coxpaHeHHe B CHJIe ,lI,OroBOpoB eCTb ,lI,eJlo BeCbMa
Ea:>KHOe, H n03ToMY He3Ha'lHTeJJbHble BJJHHHHH 'Ha COCTOHiHHe
.n.yxa KaK, HanpMIMep, 'rOJIOBHaH OOJJb, KOTopble B KOHKpeTHOM
CJIyqae IMoryr BbiBeCTH 'leJIOBeiKa H3 COCTOHHHH paBHOBecMH, oRe
.n.alOT e'MY oCHoBaHMM oTCTy.nMT CH OT CBoero 06S13aTe.JIbCTBa.
Ho KpoMe 06ru;HX OCHoBaHMM, KaKOBbl, nanpMMep, 'HeCoBepweHilO-
JJerne, ,lI,yweBHaH 60.'le3Hb, HenpaBooooco6HOCTb IlwpnOpaII.HM,
'0 KOTOpbIX Mbl y:me rOBOpHJlH BbIwe, ooru;ee npaBo M npaBo
cnpaBe.n.JJ'HBOCTH npH3Ha1OT, 'lTO HelKoTopble BH.n.bI B03.n.eficTBHH,
npHMeHeHHble B MOMeHT cOBepweHMSI ,lI,orOBOpa, B TOM MJJM MHOM
Mepe cnoc06cTBYlOT He,ll,eMCTBHTeJIbHOCTH .n.oroBopa, 113 BHX HaH-
60JJee iBa*HblMiH HIBJ1iSlIOTCSI npHHY:>KJJ;efI.1Me (duress HJIH constraint),
06MaH HJI'H JIOLKHOe co06ru;eHHe cpaKToB H 3a6.ny>K.n.eHMe,
DUfoess, C TO'lKH 3peHHHi oOll.{ero npaBa, eCTb cpH3M'leCKOe
npHHy:>K.n.eHHe, npMMeHeHHoe K JIHII.Y C II.eJJblO n06Y,lI,HTb ero
BCTynHTh B ,lI,OrOBop. ,DpMMepoM HBJIHeTCH c.'lY'lali, Kor)J,a 'Ie.10-
BeKY npHCTaBJJSlIOT K BMCKY peBOJIbBep HJIH Kor.n.a ero cO,ll,ep:>Kar
no.n. CTpa:>KeM .11.0 Tex nop, nOKa OH no.n.nHweT .n.oKYMeHT,
Ho o6ru;ee npaBo npH3Haer TaKlKe, 'ITO MYlK'IHHa, lKeHe HJIH.
pe6eHKY KOToporo yrpoLKalOT HaCMJIHeM, 'lTOObl nOHY,lI,MTb ero
nO,ll,nHC-3Tb oOSl3aTeJJbCTBO Ha KpynHYIO CYMMY, MOlKeT CCbI.!JaTbCSI
Ha npMHYLK,lI,\ HHe. Bo Bcex nO,ll,06HbIX CJIY'IaHX ,lI,OrOBOp HBJIHeTCSI
HM'lTO:>KHbI-M c, caMoro Ha'IaJJa, .n.alKe ,eCJIH 3TO npHHOCMT yw:ep6
.n.06pOCOBeCTHOMY .n.epLKaTeJIIO 06H3aTe.%CTBa, H60 He B03HHKaeT
Bo06me KaKOrO-JIH60 06S13aTeJIbCTB3.
DpaBO CnpaBe,ll,JIMBOCTM M,lI,eT ,lI,aJIbllIe 3Toro M npM3HaeT, 'I
.n.a>Ke 3JIoynoTpeOJJeHHe BJJMSlHHeM (undue influence), npM oTCyr-
CTBHM YI'p03bI <f>M3H'IecKHM Ha.CHJmeM, MOlKeT BJJMSlTb Ha cnoc06-
HOCTb 'IeJIOBeKa OII.eHMTb 3HaqeHMe ,lI,aHHOrO COrJIallIeHMH. Tpy:wo
vnpe,ll,eJIHTb nOHSITMe «3JIoynoTpe6JJeHH,e BJJMSlHHeM», HO ;MOLKHO
OKa3aTb, 'ITO pe'Ib H,lI,eT 0 IMOpaJJbHOM ,lI,aBJJeHHH 60JIee CMJIbHOrO
XapaKTepa Ha 60JJee CJIa6bIM, MCnOJIb3yeMoM K HeBblro,ll,e 60JIee CJIa..
601'0, 6e3 Toro, 'IT06bI nOCJIe,ll,HMll: ::no C03HaBaJJ. Kor,ll,a onblTHbIH
Ii JIOBKHll: qeJIOBeK, 3aHHMaroru;HficH ,lI,eHeLKHbIMH cCY,lI,aMlI, BCTY
.338
QAOTn QETBEPTAH. rPAm AHOKOE rrPABO
rraeT B CJI.eJJIKY C IMOJIOJI.bIM qeJIOBeKOM, :He HMelOllI.HiM eJJOBbIX
3HaHHH, TO rrpaBO Cnpa'BeJI.JIHBOCTH npH3HaeT, 'lTO CTOpOHbI HaXv-
JI.HTCH B HepaBHOM llOJJO)KeHHH. H eMH npeJI.CTaBJJeHbI .u.OKa3aTeJJb-
CTBa, 'lTO nepBbIM npHMeHHJJ B OTHOUIeHliH nOCJIeJI.Hero «3JIoynoT-
peOJJeHHe BJJHHHHeM», TO npaBO c:np.aJBeJI.JIHoBOCTH -He n.pR3HaeT
JI.orOBopa. .lJ.aJIee, npaBO CnpaBeJI.JJHBOCTH JI.a)Ke YCTaHaBJIHBaeT
npe3YMnILHIO HaJJH1JHH «3JIOynoTpe6JJeHHH BJJHHHHeM» B HeKOTO-
pbIX CJJY1JaHJ:C, HanpHiMep, B c.ny'lae B3aH;MOOTHOUIeHHM pOJI.HTeJIH
H pe6eHKa, 6bIBUIHX oneKYHa H nOJI.Onpe1JHOrO, ObIBIllHX JI.OBepH-
TeJIbHOrO c06CTBeHHHKa H 6eHe.pHILHaHTa, CBHllI.eHHOCJJY)KHTeJUI
H npHXO)KaHHHa, Bpa1Ja H naILHeHTa, aJI.BOKaTa H KJIHeHTa. B 3THX
CJJY1JaHX OOJJee .CHJIbH8H 'CTopOHa He nOJJY1JaeT HCnOJIHeHHH no JI.O-
rOBOpy, ecJJH He JI.0Ka)KeT OTCYTCTBHH BJJHHHHH 0 ee CTOpOHbI.
Ho, no oOllI.HM npaBHJJaM .cnpaBeJI.JJHBOCTH, BCHKoe TpeTbe
JJHILO, KOTOpoe JI.06pOCOBecTHo H 3a BCTpe1JHOe YJI.OBJIeTBopeHH-=
npH06peJJo KaKOe-JJH60 npaBo no JI.OrOBopy, nOJIY1JHT 3aIlI.HTY.
3TO HMeeT MeCTO H B Tex c.ny1JaHX, Kor JI.a (KaK B cJIY1Jae JJIIIL.
3aHHMalOlllHXCH JI.eHe)KHbIMH oCYJI.aMH) npaBo Ha- nOJJY1JeHlle YJI.O-
BJIeTBOpeHHH OCHOBaHO Ha 3aKOHe. GJI.HaKO, BCHKoe JJHILO, KOTO-
poe, 3Hafl 0 CBoeM npaBe JI.06HTbCH aHHYJJHpOBaHHH 1L{0rOBOpa
B CIf;.roy Toro, 1JTO OH 3a,KJII01JeH ilOJI. JI.eHCTBHeM .pH3H1JeCKOrO npH-
HY)KJI.eHHH HJIH 3JIoynoTpeOJJeHHH BJJHHHlleM, JI.06pOBOJJbHO
B03JI.ep)KlIl'CH OT 3Toro Tpe60BaHHH TorJI.a, KOrJI.a OHO 6y.D.f'1'
CBOOO.D.HO OT TaKHX B03JI:eHCTBHH, oY.D.eT C1JIITaTbCH nOJI.TBep.D.IIB-
IlIHM JI.OroBOtp.
Fraud (ooMaH) eCTb OCHOBlaTeJIbHOe H IIMeBllIee ycnex BBe.ne-
Hlle B 3a6JJY)K.neHlle OJI.HOM CTOpOHbI _ E! JI.oroBOpe, cOBepllIeHHoe
.npyroM CTOpOHOH HJIII ero npe.ncTaBlIl'eJJ€M, C Ue.JlblO nooy.nHTb
06MaHYTYlO CTOPOHY BCTYlnllTh B JI.orOBOp. JIHILo,lKoTopoe 6y.u.Y1JH
CTOpOHOM B .n;oroBope', .paKTH'leCKII He no.nBepr JIOCb 06MaHY CO
CTOpOHbI .npyroro Y1Ja.CTHHKa .noroBQpa, He MO)KeT npeTeH.nOBaTb
Ha npll3HaHHe .norOBopa HeJI.eMCTBHTeJJbHWM Ha 3TOM OCHOBaHHH
caMbIM )Ke OOMaH .nJIH Toro, 1JT06bI Ha Hero MO)KHO 6blJl0 CO-
CJIaThCH, 1L{0JJ)KeH 6bITb JJO)KHbIM co061lI.eHHeM (misrepresentation).
cOBepllIeHHbIM C03HaTeJIbHO HJJII no He6pe)KHOCTII, KOTopoe Ka-
caeTCH CYllI.eCTI\I3HHoro .paKTa H KOTopoe JI.eHCTBIITeJIbHO nooy-
JI.HJJO 06MaHYTYlO CTOPOHY BCTynHTb B JI.aHHbIM .noroBop. TaK, Ha-
npHMep, eCJJH CTOpOHbI 3a'KJII01JaIOT JI.OrOBOp KynJJH-npo.na)KH
cKaKoBoM JIOllIa.nH H npOJI.a.BeIL JIO)K1l0 3aHBIIT, q'TO JJOllIa.nb 6bIJIa
npo.naHa Ha npe.nbI.nyIlI.HX Toprax 3a nHTbCOT rHHeM, TO TaKOe
3a-HBJJeHHe,eCJIII €;MY nOBepHJJ nOKynaTeJJb H Ha HeM OCHOBbl-
BaJI CBoe COrJJaClie, MO)K\-CT CJJY)KHTb OCHoBaHHeM JI.JJH aHHYJIHpO-
BaHHH npo.na)KII; HO BbICKa3aHHoe MHeHHe, XOTH ObI H HenpaB.no-
no.u.06Hoe, 1JTO JI.aHHaH JJOllIaJI.b «HeCOMHeHHO Ha npe.ncTOHIll.HX
.nepOH npH.n eT ne'pBOM», He C.ny)KHT TaKHM OCHOBaHHeM. KaK MbI
YBH.nIlM B CJIe.nYlOlIleii rJIaBIe, OOMaH HBJIHeTCH TaK)Ke OCHOBaHlle f
rJIABA XXIV. 0E6I3ATEJILCTBEHHOE ilP ABO
339
.lI.JUI CaMOCTOHTeJJbHOrO HCKa 06 YObITKax, o.CHOBaHHoro. Ha o.6m.eM
npaBe.
npaBO cnpaBeJ(JIHBOCTH, OJ1.H8KO, nOIllJIO -.lI.aJIbllle 06m.ero
npaBa H npH3HaJJO, 1JTO co.oom.eHHe JJO)KHbIX cpa'KToB HBJIHeTCH
caMO no. c.c6e OCHOBaHHeM .lI.JJH He.lI.eMcTBHTeJJbHo.cTH .lI.oroBopa.
npaBOM onpaBe.lI.JJH'BOCTH .lI.aBHO Y)Ke npH3HaHo, 1JTO ,na)Ke .lI.oopo-
COBecTHoe coo.om..eHH-e JJO)KHbIX cpaKToB no cym.ecTBeHHbIM 0.0-
CTOH1'eJJbCTBaM, KOTopoe Mo.)KeT CKJIo.HHTb .lI.Pyryro CTo.pOHY K 3a-
i!<.1U01JeHHIO .lI.OroBopa H KOTOpoe Ha J1.eJJe HMeJJO TaKoe iBJIHHHHe.
SlBJIHeTCH OCHOBaHHeM .lI.JIH npH3HaHHH Jl,OrOB1o.pa He,neMcTBHTeJIb-
HbIM. no 06m.eMY npaBHJJY, npOCToe YMo.JI1JaHHe o.cym.eCTBeHHbIX
cpaKTax 1130 'BpeMH [leperoBopoB a. 3.aKJIIO'IeHHH .lI.oroBopa He
COCTaBJJHeT 06MaH, eCJJH TaKOe YMOJJ1JaHHe He HBJJHeTCH HallIe-
peHHbIM; B CJIY1Jae HaMepeHHoro YMOJI1JaHHH - HaJIHILo. o.6Ma .
Ho, B HeKOTOpbIX CJLY1JaHX, HanpHMep, npH 3aKJII01JeHHH Jl,o.rOBOpa
cTpaxOBaHHH, rapaHTHH, MolKeT 6bITb - B cJJY1Jae- TOBapHm.ecTBa.
.lI.a)Ke .lI.06pOCOBecTHoe YMOJI1JaHHe 0 cym.eCTBeHHo.M cl>aKT.e MO-
)KeT C.1I)'JKHTb OCHOBaHHeM Jl,JIH aHHYJJHpOBaHHH Jl,OrOBopa,
O.lI.HaKo., Jl,OOpOCOBeCTHbIe TpeTbH JJHI.(a, KOTopbIe npHOOpeJIH npaBa
no 3THM Jl,OrOBOpaM 3a BCTpe1JHOe YJI,OBJEe"TBOpeHHe, He Jl,o.JI)KHbT
npH 3To.M no.CTpa,naTb. Ho, BCneJl,CT.BHe Toro, 1JTO "'pa.BO cnpa-
lBe.ZI.JIHBOCTH nepBOHa1JaJJ-bHO He IMOrJJO CJfY)KHTb o.CHOBaHHeM .lI.JJH
npHCY)KJI,eHHH y6bITKOB, B 3TOM CJIY1Jae HeT HCKa npOTliB JIIIILa,
C.lI.eJJaBlllerO JJO)KH'0e 3aHBJIeHHe, 3a HCKJII01JeHHeM HeKOTopbIX
CJIyqaeB OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH no 3aIKOHY 3a JIO)KHbIe YTBep)KJI,eHll
B npo.cneKTax 0 BbmYCKe aKI.(Hll .H OOJJHraI.(llH.
3a6JIY)K,neHHe (mistake) B HeKoTopbIX CJIY1JaHX HBJIHeT{, ,
OCHOBaHHeM .lI.JJH npH3HaHHH .lI.OrOBo.pa HeJl,eMcTBHT.eJIbHbIM. HaJl,o,
O.lI.HaKO, Tm.aTe.JIbHO YCBOHTb, 'ITO 3a6JIYJK.lI.I HH"eM B Jl,aHHOM CJIY-
1Jae He HBJJHe'PCH 01llH601JHOe CY)KJI,eHHe HJIH OT.CYT'CTBHe 3HaHHM,
a TOJJbKo. JJHlllb HenpaBHJJbHOe npeJl,.CTaBJJemIe 0. cym.ecTBeHHbIX
cpaKTax. LJacTo v 1JeJIOBeKe, KOTOpbIH 6e3paCCY.lI.Ho HHBeCTHpOBaJJ
CBOH c:pe}J.CTBa, rOBopHT, 1JTo. OH «CJI,eJIaJI OIliHOKY», HO B Jl,aH-
HOM CJIY1Jae HeT OCHOBaHHM .lI.JIH npH3HaHHH .lI.orOBo.pa HeJl,ellCTBll-
TeJIbHbIM. TaK)Ke 1JeJJOBeK, KynHBIllHM KapTHHY B YBepemFOCTH,
'iT'0 OHa npHHaJl,JIeJKHT KHCTII Py6eHca, HO BnaBIllHM B '0IllHOKY.
He HMeeT o.CHOBaHHM Tpe60BaTb npH3HaHliH HeJl,eMCTBHTeJIbHOCTH
,norOBopa, eCJJH To.JJbKo. .lI.pyraH CTopo.Ha He BBeJIa ero co.3Ha-
Te.JIbHO B OOMaH HJIli eCJIH OR He BbICTaBHJI YCJIOBHH, 1JTo.6bI Kao-
THHa npHHaJl,JJe)KaJJa Py6eHCY. 3a6JIY)KJI,eHlle Jl,JJH Toro, 1JT06bl
CJJYJKIITb OCHoBaHHeM Jl,JIH np1l3HaHHH HeJl,eMCTBHTeJIbHo.CTH .lI.orc-
Bopa, .lI.OJI)KHO 6bITb JJO)KHbIM npe1I.CTaBJIeHHeM 0 cYIl!,eCTBeHHo:\1
cpaKTe, JIe)Kam.eM B OCHOBe .lI.aHHorO ,norOB'0pa, KaKOBpe npe.lI.-
CTaBJIeHHe B03HHKJIO He BCJIe,nCTBHe He6pe)KHOCTH JlHI.(a, Tp.e-
OYlOlI.(erO aH'HYJHipOBaHHfI Jl,OrOBopa. Pa3YMeeTiCH, eCJJH 3a6JfY-
1K)I;eHHe BbI3BaHO HaMepeHHbIMH ,neikTBHHMH .lI.pyroro JJHI.(a, TO
(}t);.t:
34)
qAOTL qETBEPTAH. rPAJK AHOKOE llPABO
----, .I 'I
MMeeT MeCTO 06MaH, 0 KOTOpOM CiKa3aHO BbIllle. Ho He3a'BHC,HMO
0'1' BHHbI .n.pyroM CTOpOHbI, eCJlH CTOpOHa, CTpeMHlI\aHCH K aHHY-
JJHpOBaHHIO OrOBOpa, 3aOJl}')K.n.aJJ30Cb B CaMOM npnpo e C eJJKM
(HanpHMep, nO.nnHCaJla BeKCeJlb, nOJJaraH, qTO OHa nOCTaBHJJa
CBH eTeJJbCKYIO no.n.nHCb Ha 3a:BelI\aHHH), HJJH - B OTHOllleHHH
JJHqHOCTH A-pyrOM CTOpOHbI (HanpHIM.ep, 'IIOCJIaJIa no noqre 3a-
Ka3 A, nOJIaraH, qTO .0Tnpa.BHJIa 3aKa3 B), HJJH B npe.n.M
CJ],eJJKH (HanpHM€p, KynHJIa napTHIO nllleHHI.(bI HJIH JJbHa, nOJlaraH,
qTO nOKynaeT neHbKY), TO TaKoe JIHI.(O MOJKeT OOHTbCH npH3Ha-
HHH orOBOpa He.n.eikTBHTeJJbHbIM .n.a)Ke no HaqaJIaM 061I\ero
npaBa.
,l:(a)Ke B cJJyqae HeKoTopbIX MeHee 3HatJ1HTeJJJjHbIX olllH60K,
eCJlli 06e CTOpOHbI Haxo.n.HTICH B 3a6JIY)K.n.eHHH, «,cnpa<Be.n.JIHBOcTb»
C.'IY)KHT OCHOBaHHe:M .n.JJH npH3HaHHH oroBopa He.neMcTBHTeJJb-
HblM, 3a HCKJIlOqeHHeM Tex CJIyqaeB, Kor.n.a cTopoHa, 'KOTOpaH
OTiCTaHBaeT ero eMICTBHTeJ1bHOCTb, rOTOBa BbI:IIOJIHHTb .n.orOBOp
B COOTBeTCTBHH C TeMH npe.n.CTaBJIeHHHMH 06 3TOM J],orOB'ope,
KOTopbIe 6bIJJH y 06eHx ICTOpOH Hi MOMeHT ero 3aKJJlOqeHHH. TaK,
HarrpHMep: .a:Boe po.a:cTBeHHHKoB Be.a:}T rreperoBopbf 0 KyrrJle-
npo.a:a)Ke B O'THOllleHH'H KaKHX-JIH60 oeMeMHbIX I.(€HHOCTeM, nOJIa-
raH, qTO OHH CTOHT 50 4>. CT. KorJl,a )Ke c.a:eJJKa 3aKJIlOqeHa, TO
OKa3bmaeTCH, qTO OHH CTOHT 500 4>. CT.; B 3TOM CJIyqae CYJl"
no BceM BepOHTHOCTH, He B3HpaH Ha npHHI.(H'll caveat emptor, npH-
HaeT c.n.eJlKY HeCOCTOHBllleMCH, pa3Be 6bI nOKynaTeJIb COrJJaCHJJCH
ynJJaTHTb .n.eMC'TBHTeJJbHYIO CTOHMOCTb npe.n.MeTa. Kor.n.a peqb
I1J1,eT 0 MeHee CYlI\eCTBeHHbIX olllH6Kax, He)KeJlH YKa3aHHaH BbIllle,
TO cy.a: qaCTO, nOJIb3YHCb CBoeM .n.HCKpeI.(HOHHOM BJJaCTblO, npH-
XO.n.HT K 3aKJIIOqeHHIO, qTO .a:JJH OJ],HOM CTOpOHbI HBJJHeTCH He-
pa3YMHbIM HaCTaHBaTb Ha HCnOJJHeHHH c.n.eJJKH, H B 3TOM CJJyqae
ey.n. OTKa3WBaeT HCTI.(y B npHCY)K.n.eHHH eMY HCnOJJHeHHH B Ha-
Type (B nOpHJI,Ke «npaBa CnpaBeJl,JJHBOCTH»), OCTaBJIHH 3a HHM
npaBO JJHlIlb Ha B03MelI\eHHe y6bITKOB.
3. «B C T'P e q Hoe y Jl. 0 .B JJ e 'I' B o.p e H Ii e». MbI Y)Ke> 06-
cY)KJI,aJJH .n.OCTaTOqHO no.n.p06HO npHpo.a:y 3Toro cYlI\eC BeHHoro
3JJeM'eHTa npocTbIX .n.oroBopoB; 3.n.eCb He06xo.n.HMO npH6aBHTb
JJHlllb HeCKOJIbKO CJIOB no Bonpocy 0 BHJI,ax BCTpeqHOrO y.n.oBJIe-
TBopeHHH.
nepBOHaqaJlbHO CqHTaJJH, qTO BCTpeqHOe y.n.oBJJeTBopeHHe
Jl.OJI)KHO 3aKJlIOQaTbCH B .neikTBHll Y)K.e cOBepllleHHoM (quid
pro quo), B p: 3YJIbTaTe qero JIHI.(O, B HHTepeCaX KOToporo co-
BepllleHO 3'1'0 .n.eikTBHe, npHHHMaeT Ha ce6H 06H3aTeJJbCTBO no
Jl,OrOBopy. B HaCTOHlI\ee BpeMH TaKoro p0.n.a YT.B<ep)K.n:eHHe CqH-
TaJIOCb 6bI HenpaBHJJbHbIM. nO.a:06Hoe BCTpeqHOe y.n.OBJJeTBOpeH1He
B HaCTOHlI\ee BpeMH HMeHyeTcH past consideration (<<6bIBlllee
BCTpeq'HOe y.n.oBJJeTB{)peIfHe»), iKOTopoe He iMO)KeT 'CJlY)KHTb OOHO-
l1aHHeM Jl,JUI npOCToro Jl,OrOBopa. HanpHMep, eC.1H 51, .n.BH)KHMbIM
rJIABA XXIV. 0OO3ATEJII.CTBEHHOE nPABO
341
qYBCTBOM 6JJarOJl,apHOCTH B OTHOllleHHH JillI.(a, KOTOipOe CnaCJJO
MOero TOHYBlllero pe6eHKa, 'B nH'CbMe, 06paIld HHOM K 3TOMY
JIHI.(Y, OOelll.<lIo elMY ynJI'arrHTb 100 4>. C11., TO TaIKOro pOJl,a 06e-
llI.aHHe C npaBOBOM TOqKH 3peHlISI He HMeeT Jl,JJH MeHH CBH-
3YIOllI.eH CHJJbI, H60 YCJIYra Jl,aHHoro JJHI.(a He 6bIJJa Jl,aHa MHe
KaK BCTpeqHOe Y Jl,OBJIeTBIOipeHHe 3a npHHHToe MHOIO Ha ,ce6H
Jl,OrOBOpHoe 06H3a'I'eJJbCTBO, HO COBepllleHa He3aBHCHMO 01' no-
CJIeJl,Hero. Ho eCJlli H BH:>KY Mo.ero pe6eHKa YTonalOllI.'IIM H, He
YMeH caM nJJaBaTb, 06palll.alOCb 'K Jl,PyrOMY JIHI.(Y H rOBOplO eMY:
«cnaCHT,e ero, H ynJI,aqy 100 4>. CT.», H eCJIII 31'0 JJHI.(O COBeplllHT
npeJl,JJO:>KeHHOe, TO B03HHKaeT IOpHJI,HqeCKH Jl,eikTBHTeJJbHbIH )],0-
rOBOp. B Jl,aHHOM CJJyqae H npeJl,JJO:>KHJI npHHHTb Ha ce6H 06H3a-
TeJJbCTBO 3a Jl,eMCTBHe, BbIITOJJHeHHe KOToporo npHBeJJO K
COBepllleHHIO CJI,eJIKH. TaKoro pOJl,a Jl,OrOBOp qaCTO HMeHyeTcH
«HcnOJJHeHHbIM», HO 31'0 BbIpa:>KeHHe MO:>KeT BBeCTH B 3a6.ny:>KJI,e-
HHe, H60 «HcnOJIHeHHbIM» HBJJHeTCH He Jl,OrOBOp, a BCTpeqHOe
YJI,OBJIeTBOpeHHe. B Jl,aHHOM c.nyqae BCTpeqHOe YJI,OBJIeTBOpeHHe
HMeJJO MeCTO He B npOlllJJOM, TaK Ka'K OHO Jl,aHO npOTHB 06H3a-
TeJJbCTBa, npHHHToro Ha ce6H Jl,PyroM CTOpOHOM.
BCKope, OJl,HaKO, ,CTaJJO HCHbIM, qTO npHHHTHe Ha ce6H 06H-
3aT.eJIbCTBa caMO 110 ce6e. MO:>KeT CJJYLKHTb BCTpeqHbIM YJI,OBJIe-
TBOpeHHeiM 3a Jl,ipyroe 06H3aTeJIbCTBo. TaKoe 3aKJJIOqeHHe ObIJIO
cOBepllleHHo 'Heo6xoJl,HMbIoM. oe3 Hero orpOMHoe 60JJblllHHCTBO
nOBceJl,HeBH'bIX Jl,OrOBOpHbIX COrJIallleHHM OKa!3aJJOCb 6bI HeMbI-
CJJHMbIM. HanpHoMep, q.eJIOHeK np'eJl,JIaraeT MHe B TeqeHHe OJl,HOrO
Ji.HH pa60TaTb B MoeM caJl,Y, eCJ1H H ynJIaqy eMY 5 lllHJIJIHHrOB
T. e., .n:PYTHMHI CJJOBa'MH, OH 6epeT Ha ,ce6H oOH3aTeJJbCTBO pa-
60TbI, eCJJH H npHMY Ha ce6H 06H3aTeJIbCTBO ynJJaTbI 5 lllHJJJJHH-
rOB. Ero 06H3aTeJIbCTBO HBJIHeTCH BCTpeqHbIM yJl,OBJIeTBOp'eHHeM
npOTHB Moero 06H3aTeJIbCTBa YIIlJI:aTbI 5 lllHJIJJHHrOB. TaKoro pOJl,a
BCTpeqHOe YJi.OBJIeTBOpeHHe Ha3 BaeTCH «6YJI,YII.(HM» HJ1H nOJi.JIe-
:>KaIlI.(IHiM IB'bIIllOJIIHeHHIO B 6YJl,Ylll.eMI, B'CTpe'lHbIM YJi.oBJI'eTBOpeHMeM
(executory), B 3TOM CJIyqae KaLKJI,aH H3 CTOpOH HBJIHeT,CSI KaK
KpeJl,HTOpOM, TaK H Jl,OJI:>KHHKOM no 06SI3aTeJIbCTBY. 3Ji.leCb HaJIHI.(O
«06H3aTeJIbCTBO 3a 06fi2aTe;JIbCTBO». B Jl,aHHOM CJIyqae Jl,OrOBOp
HBJIHeTCH 3aKJIIOqeHHbIM C Toro MOMeHTa, KaK CTOpOHbI 06MeHH-
JJHCb B3aHMHbIMH o6ern:aHHHMH, Tor)],a KaK B nepBOM H3 YKa3aH-
HbIX CJIyqaeB Jl,OrOBOp B03HHKaJI JIHlllb C MOMeHTa COBepllleHHH
Ji./e:McTmIH (cnaceHHH YTonalOllI.ero). =,
C TO'l'KH 3peHHH CTpororo TOJIKOBaHHH Ji.OKTpHHbI BCTpeqHOrO
yJl,OBJIeTBOpeHHH nOCJIeJi.Hee Jl,OJILKHO HCXOJl,HTb 01' aepHTe.'lH.
.lIipyrHMH CJIOBaMH, HeJIb3H npeJl,'bHBJIHTb HCK Ha OCHOBe 06H3a-
TeJJbCTBa H3 Ji.OrOBopa, eCJIH JJIII.(O, npeJl,'bHBJJHlOllI.ee HCK, caMO
He npeJi.CTaBHJIO BCTpeqHorO YJi.OBJIeTBOp,eHHH B 06MeH Ha 06H-
3aTeJIbCTBO OTBeTqHKa. HeKOTopbIe HeJl,aBHne CYJl,I 6Hble pellle-
HHH, OJi.HaKO, He COrJIaCYIOTCH C 3TOM TeopHeii. Bonpoc 31'01'
qACT qETBEPTAH. rPAJR AHCKOE nPABO
CJlHlIlKOM QJIO)KHbIM .nmI TDrD, (IT06bI 06cY)K.naTb ero 3.neCb.
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MD)K,eT npe)J.'bHBJJHTb HCK no. )J.DrOBOpy, eCJlII OH He HBJlHeTCH
CTDpOHDH B 3TOM )J.orOBope "JIH npe)J.CTa HTeJJeM CTOpOHbl
(3a HCKJIlOqeHHeM CJJyqaeB, Kor)J.a OH Ha TO ynOJIHOMOqeH
no 3aKOHY).
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XDTH H CqHTaeT, '11'0. BCTpeqHDe y.nDBJ1eTBOpeHlle HBJlHeTCH cYlI\e-
.CTBeHHbIM 3JIeMeHTOM CHKOro 'llpDCTOrO )1.0rOBDpa, aaKJIIO,qeH-
HorD B nllCbMeHHDM HJJII YCTHOH cl>opMe, O)J.HaKD, 3a pe)J.KIIMII
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peHlle 6bIJlO 3KBIIBaJJeHTHO. CTOpOHbI CBo6D)J.Hbl .caMII onpe)J.eJJHTb
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"lIlH, B CHJJy KDTDpblX ToprOBeu CDrJlalIlaeTCH 'C6bITb CBOH 1'0-
BapbI no. HII3KDM ueHe, IIJ1H pa6DTHHK BbIpaLKaeT rDTDBHOCTb
IBbIllO.n:HHTb paOOTY 3a IMaJJOe .B03Ha.rpa)K)J.eHlle, Jm6D cD6cTBeH-
HHK )J.OMa rOTDB DTKa3aTbCH 01' CBOIIX npaB Ha )J.DM Ha JJbrOT-
HbIX YCJlOBHHX. O)J.HaKO, B Tex CJl}'qaHX, KDr)J.a HeCDDTBeTCTBlle
BCTpeqHDrO Y)J.OBJJeTBDpeHIIH 06H3aTeJJbCTBY .npyrDH CTDpOHbI
HaCTDJJbKD HBHO, TfTD BD3HHKaeT MbICJJb 0. HaJlHqHII B .naHHDM
cJl}'qa'e D6MaHa HJlH onm6KH, 3aKDH CqHTaeT HYLKHE'f 06paTHTb
iBHHMaHHe B-a Ta1<He cJlyqaH. Eho H'MeeT !MeCTO TaiK)Ke iB Tex
.CJIyqaHX, iWTopbIe KacalOTCH OrpaHHqeHIIH ToprOBOM )J.eHTeJIb-
HOCTII (0. qeM peqb 6Y)J.eT HH)Ke), II Kor.na cy.nb£ CqllTalOT HeOD-
XD.nHMbIM npH'MeHHTb npHHUHn ny6JIHqHOrD nDpH)J.Ka. HeKor.na
CqllTaJJH BD3MO)KHbIM npH3HaBaTb He.neMCTBH'IieJJbHDCTb C)J.e'JIOK
no. npo)J.a)Ke «6Y)J.YlI\HX npaB» Ha TOM OCHOBa'HHII, '11'0. 06ycJIO-
BJI€HHaH ueHa HBJIHeTCH He 9KBIIBaJIeHTHOll; D.n:HaKO, HbIHe II
13 3TIIX CJIyqaHX )J.eMCT.ByeT o6lI\ee npaBHJIO, 113JIOLKeHHOe BbllIIe.
BbIlIle 6bIJJD YLKe OTMeqeHD, qTD B XVI B., T. €. B nepHD.n:
pa3BHTH51 )J.DKTpHHbI npOCTbIX .nOrOBOpDB, aHrJIHikKHe CY)J.bI
HMeJJH y)Ke )J.DJJrHM OnbIT npHMeHeHHH HeKOToporo OrpaHH'IeH-
Horo qllCJIa cl>opMaJIbHbIX )J.DrOBOpDBHJIH cor JIalIIeHIIM, HOCHlI\HX
nDJJY)J.DrOBopHbIll xapaKT,ep, KDTopbIe .HMeJ111 BH)J. .n:DKYMeHTDB 3a
neqaTblO (cognovits, tallies II )J.p.). Ha.no 6bIJIO CqHTaTbCH C cy-
lI\eCTBOBaHlleM TaKorD p0.na 'CDrJIameHHM, KOTopble npll3HaBa-
JIIICb KDpOJIeBCKIIM CY)J.OM B TeqeHlle pH)J.a CTDJIeTIIM. B OTHOIlle-
HIIH 3THX )J.orDBopOB 6bIJIO HeB03MOLKHO HaCTallBaTb Ha TOM,
'IT06bl K HHM npHMeHHTb Tpe6DBaHIIH 0 BCTpeqHOM y.nDBJIeTBO-
peHHH. B HaCTOHlI\ee BpeMH H3 YKa3aHHbIX cl>opMaJJbHbIX )J.orOBD-
pOB CDXpaHIIJIII CIIJIY JIHlIlb KDHTpaKTbl B cl>opMe )J.DKYMeHTOB
3a neqaTblO. npUMepDM HBJIHIOTCH DOJJHraUIIH HJIH aKTbI, IIM:' -
HyeMble deed. Ta'KorD pO)J.a aKTbI IIMeIOT CBH3YIOlI\YIO CHJIY np"
()TCYTCTBIIH BCTpeqHDrD y.n:oBJJeTBOpeHHH. O.n:HaKo, no TaKoro
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cnpaBeJJJ.JIIliBOCTH HCnDJJHeHHH H H8rype. BDJIee 1'01'0, pa)Ke C TO'IKH
I'JIABA XXIV. ORH3ATEJlI>CTBEBHOE IIPABO
343
speHHSI npaBa, 3TH aKTbI B HaCTOSIIl\ee BpeMSI CTOSIT Ha BTOpOM
a(eCTe no cpaBHemHO C Tpe60BaHHSIMH, OCHOBaHHbIMH Ha BCTpel1-
HOM YJI,OBJleTBOpeHlm:.
YnOMSIH}'B 0 q,opMe Jl,OrOBOpOB, MbI Jl,OJDKHbI y;ra3aTb Ha Te
CHJI,bI Jl,orooopoB, 'KOTOpbIe B CHJJY nOCTaHOBJleHHSI 3aJKOHa He
-t.mrYT CJI)')KIi'Tb OC'HOBaHHeM Jl,JJSI HCKa, eCJm no HHM HeT nHCb-
MeHHbIX Jl,OKa3aTeJlbCTB. He CJJeJl,yeT, OJl,HaKO, CMelllHBaTb 3TH
.,lI.Ba Bonpoca (0 q,opMe H 0 nHCbMeHHbIX Jl,OKa3aTeJJbCTBax), H60
B CJlYl1ae «q,opMaJJbHbIX» Jl,OrOBOpoB q,opMa SIBJISIeTCSI cymecTB,=H-
IIbIM YCJJOBHeM Jl,eMCTBineJlbHOCTH JJ,oroBopa, TorJI:a KalK Jl,JlSI Tex
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HCKOBoro Tpe60BaHHSI,
JIY'lliIen HJIJllOCTpa[(HeM 3Hal1eHHSI 31'01'0 pa3JIHl1HfI SIBJlSIeTCSI
TO, 111'0 JI:a)Ke npH HaJJHl1HH nHCbMeHHbIx JI:OKa3aTeJlbCTB no npo-
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lJOOHSI, fipH'le;M, 3a HOK./HOl1eHHeM Jl,orOBOpa. nopYl1'H'reJllbCTBa H
npOJl,a)KH TOBapOB, ,lfMeIOmHX pbIHO'lHYIO [(eHY, 0 BCTpe'-IHOM
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paHJI:YMe no JI:orOBOpy.
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,8 CJIYl1ae npOJI:a)KH TOBapa Ha CYMMY BhIllie 10 q,. CT.,
HO HaJl,O OTMeTHTb OCTaJJbHbIe CJJY'laH, KOrJI:a «3aKoH 06
<>6MaHHblx JI:eMCTBHHX» (0 q,opMe CJI,eJlKH) Tpe6yeT nHCbMeHHbIX
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.,lI.OrOBOp MOl' CJlY)KHTb OCHOBaHHeM JI:JJH HCKa. CIOJI:a OTHOCHTCH:
1) 06SI3aTeJJbCTBa Jl,YllIenpHKa311HKOB HJJH aJl,MHHHCTpaTopOB
HaCJJeJl,CTBa HeCTH OTBCTCTBeHHOCTb c06CTBeHHbIMH cpeACTBaMH
no Jl,OJI!I'alM yMepmero.
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6CTj"IlJJeHlHSI IB '6pa'K (uHoe He)KeJJH ooell(aHHe IBCTynHTh B 6paK).
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.,lI.al1Y npaBa Ha HeJl,BH)KHMOCTb.
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344
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DOJJHTHKa npa.Ba HanpalBJIeHa Ha TO, 1JTo6bI Ka:>KAbIH HaH.ny'I-
llIHM 06pa30M HCnOJIb30BaJJ CBOM cnoOOOHOCTM, oc06eHHO TiC cno-
C06HOCTH, KOTopbIe cnoc06CTBYlOT 3KOHOMM'IeCKOMY nporpeccy.
CJIe,nOBaTeJIbHO, IBCHKHH ,norOBOp, HaJIaraIOI.U;MM Ha 'IeJIOBeKa 06H-
3aHHOCTb He 3aHHMaTbCH KaKoM-HH6y.nb TQprOBJJeM HJJH npo-
MbICJIOM, HBJJHeTCH prima facie He,neHcTBHTeJIbHbIM. O.nHaKo,
eCTb ABa CiJIyqaH, Kor,na 3aKOH C'IHTaeT pa3YMHbIM YCJIOBHble
OrpaHH'IeHHH 3aHHTHH npOMbICJIOM. Bo-nepBbIX, 3TO HMeeT MeCTO,
KorAa .mUIO npHiHHMaeT ,.npyroro B Ka'IeCTBe 'I10BapHma HJill CJJY-
:>Kamero, TaR 'ITO nOCJJe,nHee JIH O 6y.neT HMeTb B03MO:>KHOCTb.
03HaKOMHTbCH C .n.eJJaMH H KJilleHTypOH TIepRoro. B .naHHOM CJJY-
rJIABA XXIV. OBH3ATE.JII>CTBEHHOE nPABO
345-
tJae JlH O, npHrJIalllalOlI\ee TOBapHlI\a HJ!H' HaHRMalOII\ee CJJY)Ka-
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B.'1eTBOpeHHe, tJTO npHrJJalllaeMOe JJH O no OKOHtJaHHH ;lI.OrOBOp-
HbIX OTHOrneHlHM CHaM 06Sl3yeT'cH IB retJeHue HeKOToporo cpOKa
H B npe;lI.eJIax onpe;lI.eJIeHHOrO paCCTOSIlHHH 01' ero npe;lI.npHHTHR
He 01'KpbIBaTh KOHKYOHpYlOlI\ero IC HlUM npe;lI.npHH'f1HH.
Kor;lI.a A npO;lI.aeT $HPMY cBoero npe;lI.npHHT'IiH no CBoeM
.n:06POM BOJJe B, TO (npH O'fICYTCTBHH JJ:oropHbIX H3'bHTHM) OH,_
A, He MO)KeT ooec eHHTb, npe;lI.MeT CBoeM YCTynKH TeM, tJT()"
01'KpoeT KOHKY'pHpYIOlI\ee npe;lI.npHHTII'e. Ho B MOJKeT IB COrJI3-
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06H3a'TeJIbHbI ;lI.JJH A, H B: 9TOM CJIytJae, npH HaJIHtJHH -Ha JIe)Ka-
lI\ero BCTp'etJHoro Y;lI.OBJJeTBOpeHJHH, eCJJ'H ODp3JHJltJeHHe He BbIXO-
.n:HT 3a npe;lI.eJ1bI Toro, tJTO pa3YMHO He06xo;lI.H'MO ;lI.JIH 06ecnetJe-
HHH HHTepeCOB nOKynaTeJJH, ;lI.orOBOp 6Y;lI.eT ;lI.eMC1'BH'TeJreH.
YKa3bIBaJIOCb Ha TO, tJTO ;lI.OrOBOpHbIe y'CJIOBHH 006 ynJJare-
rnTpacl>a B cJJYtJa,e ,Ha:pYllleHHH ;lI.OrOBOpa. He MorYT CJIy)KHTb OCHO-
BaHHeM ;lI.JIH RCKa.
npaBHJJO .9TO, O;lI.HaKO, He npenH1'CTByeT TOMY, tJT06bI CTO-.
poHbI, npHMO HJ1'H KOCBeHHO, YCTaH(liBJlliBaJ1H 3apaHee CYMMY B03-
MelI\eHHH, .KOTOpaH nO;lI.JJe)KHT ynJIaTe B CJJytJa,e HapyrneHHH ;lI.oro-
Bopa, npiH YCJJOBHiH, tJTOObI oor JIallleHHe 6bIJIO ;lI..eikTBH'T'MbHO
HanpaBJIeHIO Ha YCTaHOBJJeHHe npOCTOM KOMneHca HH H He CO;lI.ep--
)KaJIO YCJJOBIHM 00 ynJJare IIITpatl>a no;lI. BH;lI.OM 3apa!lree onpe;lI.e--
JJ.eHHbIX y6bITKOB.
HCTIOnHEHHE .D.OrOBOPOB
JI'H O, BCTynHBlllee B 3alKOHHbIM ;lI.OTOBOlp, ;lI.OJI)KHO nOJJ-
HOCTblO BbIITOJJHHTb Bce 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, KOTopbIe OHO npHHHJJO Ha-
ce6H. ECJlH OHO .9Toro He C;lI.eJJaeT, TO OHO BO Bcex CJIytJaHX OT-
BetJ3eT no HCRY 06 y6bITK8X, 3 B onpe.n:eJIeHHbIX CJJyqaHX ;lI.OJJ)K'HO.
nOJI.tJHHHTbCH paCnOpH)KeHHIO cYJI.a 06 HCnOJJHeHHH B HaType
(specific p,erformance) HJIIH cY;lI.e6HOiMY 3anpeTY (injunction).
npHpO;lI.a 9THX cnoc060B 3alI\HTbI Kpe;lI.IHTOpOB 6bIJIa Y)Ke-
onHcaHR B npe;lI.lllecTBYIOIUeH rJJaBe, O;lI.HaKO, B CBH3H C TeM,
tJTO CKa3a-no OTHOCH'I'eJIbHO oTpHI,J:are.,JbHOrO OTHOllleHHH CY;lI.OB
K OrpaHHqeHHIO 3aHHTHH TOprOBJIeH, HY)KHO OTMeTHTb, tJTO cy-
;lI.e6HbIH 3aupeT He BbI;lI.aeTCH 'npOTHB J1H a, KOTopoe 'B 061I\eM
nOpH;lI.Ke 3aHHMaeTCH CBOHM npoMbIc.'10M, ;lI.a)Ke eCJJH OHO ;lI.OrOBO-
pOM 06H3aJJOCb .9TOrO He .n:e.naTb, H60 cY;lI. CqHTaeT, tJTO Ta'KOH
3anpeT nOCTaBllJJ 6bI tJeJ10BeKa B nOJIO)KeHHe paoa; TaK)Ke B psme
;lI.pyrHx CJJyqaeB cY;lI. npH cl>opMaJIbHOM 6e3ynpetJHOCTH ;lI.OrOBOpa
CKJJOHHeTCH K TOMY, qT06bI OrpaHH'IHTbCH npllcY)K;lI.eHHeM
y6bITKOB.
ECTb ;lI.pyroH 60J]ee CJIO)KHbIM Bonpoc, Tpe6YlOmHM ;lI.OnOJIHl!-
TeJIbHbIX pa3'bHCHeHHM.
:346
qAOTL qETBEPTAH. rPA AHOROE ITPABO
CYlI\eCTByeT TBepJl,O YCTaHOBJJeHHbIM npllH Hn, npHHHTbIM elI\e
co BpeMeH rpaJKJI,a:HCKOH BOHIHbI, qTO JillUUIKO-e CD6blT.H 1 e, Jl,aJKe
caMoe lHenpeABH eHHoe, HacrynlliBlllee nOCJJe COBepllleHIIH Jl,oro-
eopa, He MOJKeT OCBOOOJl,HTb CTOPOHY OT BbHlOJJHeHIIH ee 06H-
3aTeJJbCllBa no Jl,DrOBOpy.
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HYIO peHTY 3a l}>epMY .HJtIl Jl,OM, ToO, eCJIIi Jl,aJKe l}>epMa oYJl,eT
pa3pynIeHa llIaBOJi.HeHIreM HJJII OM cropliT IIIOCJIe Toro, KaK OH
BCTynllJI BO BJIa eHHe IIMH, - OH Bce me HeceT 06H3areJIbCTBO
ynJJaTHTb peHTY 3a HCKJIlOqeHlleM ICJIyqaH, Kor Jl,a pa3pYIlIeHlle
IIpOll30lllJIO no BHHe X03HHHa, Ii eCJJu HHoe He npe YCMOTpeHO
B AorOBope.
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'KalOlI\HM .H3 3aKOHa, HO CYAbI CqHTalOT, qTO J1H O, OOpoBOJIhHO
3aKJIIO'IHBmee Jl.:OrOBOp, 06H3aHO ero !BbInOJIHIITb. ECJJH OHO
XOTeJIO 06e30rraCHTb CeOH OT Ka,KHX-JJII60 HemKI1)J,aHHOCTeM, TO
<>HO OJJJKHO ObIJIO orOBopllTb 3TO B Jl,OrOBDpe.
O HaKO, 3TO npaBHJJO, eCJIH ero npOBOJl,IITb O KOH a, npH-
130Jl,IIT IIHorAa K TaKJIM nU eJIbIM pe3YJIhTaTa.M, 'ITO CYAbI
.,n:onYCK8.IOT Jl,JJH Hero HeKOTopbIe 1I0KJIlOqeHHH. 31'11 HICKJIlOqeHHH
.,n:onyclKaJJHCb B qeTbIpex 'CJIyqaHx:
1) ECJJIi ,n:eMcTBlle, 3aKOHHoe B MOMeHT 3aKmoqeHIIH ,n:oro-
13Qpa, CTalHOBIiTCH lHe3aKOHHbJ.M Jl,O MOMeHTa, Ha3HaqeHHOrO AJJH
HcnOJ]HeHIIH, TO ,n:OJJJKHIIK OCB060JKJI,a.eTCH 01' 06H3aTeJIbCTBa.
OH He iMOJKeT 6bITb npllHYJKJI,eH K HapynIeHHIO 3aKOHa. .l1:0JIJKiHa
..JIJI Jl,pyraH CTopOHa B03BpaTfiTb B 3TOM CJIyqae nOJIyqeiHHOe elO
BCTp,eqHOe yJl,OBJJeTBOpeHHe, - 3TO Bonpoc, KOTOpbIH, nOBIiAII-
'MOMY, He 06cYJK,n:aJJCH elI\e cYJI,aMIi.
2) ECJJII Jl,OrOBOp HCXOJl,IIJJ 113 npeJl,rrOJJOJKeHHH, qTO onpe,n:e-
..HeHHbIM npeJl,MeT, HMelOlI\IIM CYlI\eCTBeHHoe 3HaqeHHe Jl,JJH HCnOJJ-
HeHIIH AorOBopa, 6y,n:el' cYlI\eCT'BiOBaTb B MOMeHT, Kor;l(a HaCTY-
IH1T CpOK HCnOJJHeHIIH, H ecJIfi npeAMeT 3TOT oy,n:eT CJJyqaHHO
YHllqTOJKeH HJIIH rrOr,lfOHeT .11.0 HalcTyrrJIeHHH YKa3aHHoro opeKa,
"TO ,n:OJDKHHK, OTKa3aBlllHikH qTO-JIHOO HCnOJIHHTb, HCXO,n:H H3
:YKa3aHHoro rrpeJl,rrOJJOJKeHHH, OCBo6oJKJI,aeTCH OT AOJIra.
TaK, AorOBOp Hai'IMa reaTpaJIbHOrO nOMelI\eHHH, KOTOopoe
3areM CJJyqaMHO cropeJIO ,n:o cpOKa nepe,n:aqH ero apeH,n:aTopy,
'He B03JJaraeT OOH3aHHOoCTfi Ha COOCTBeHHI1Ka 3TOoro nOMern:eHHH,
'iI, nOBHJI,HMOMY, HaHllMaTeJIb, eCJ1H OH aBaRCOM yrrJIaTHJI peRTY,
MOJKeT nOTpe6oBaTb ee B03BpaTa.
3) ECJJH BOBce OTnaJIa eJIb, B BH)J.Y KOTOpOM Jl,orOBOp 6bIJI
3aKJIIOqeH, Jl,0 Toro, KaiK HacTyrrHJJ C.pOK IICrrOJIIHeH'HH, TO Jl,oro-
BOp C MOMeHTa OTna.n.eHHH eJIH aHHYJIH/PyeTiCH.
OCHOBHbIM rrpHMepOM 3)J.eCb HBJIHIOTCH AeJIa, CBH3aHHbIe
c KOpOoHa I1eH KOpoJIH 3J1,yapJl,a VII, Kor.n.a HeOJKIIAaHHaH 01'-
CpOqKa KopOHa HH BBI1AV 60JIC3HH KOpOJIH HapYUlIIJIa cor JIarn:e-
TJIABA XXIV. 0Ba3ATEJlI,CTBEHHOE iIIPABO
347
HIISI TbICSIq," .lillI(, KOTopbJIe ynJJaTHJIIi HM o6emaJIli ynJJaTIITb
3HaqWfeJIbHbIe CYMMbI 3a c)J.a'IY B HaeM MeCT Y OKOH AOMOB,
MHM() KDTOpbIX A OJJ)K Ha 6bWIJa npOH11H npol(.eccIiSI. CIOAa )Ke
<JTHOCSI11CSI cor JJallieHIISI HaHMa 'Ha napoxo)J.ax )J.JJSI Toro, qT06bI
BIiAeTb CM011p cl>JIOTa II Jq>,
Pa3BHBaSI TO'IKY 3peHHSI, H3JIO)KeHHYIO BbIllie B n. 2, CYAbI
npll3HaJlli, '1110 Bee 3TH )J.orOBDpbI 6bIJIr.!i 3aKJIIOqeHbI B npeAno-
JIOJKeHHH Toro, qTO KOpOHal(lISI Ha caMOM AeJIe 6YJl.eT IIMeTb
ifeCTO B 060SIBJIelJjHbIH )J.eHb H'ITO IIHa'ie 3TH ADrOBopbI He 6bIJIli
ObI 3aKJIIOqeHbi. O)J.HaKO ()J.onYCKaSI HeKOTOpylO HenOCJJeAOBaTeJIb-
HOCTb), ORII npHllIJIIi K BbIBO)J.Y, qTO T,e, KTO aBaHCOM ynJIaTIiJIH
1I0JIHOCTblO IIJJII qaCTHqHO 3a MeCTO, He MorYT Tpe60BaTb B03-
RpaTa )J.eRer. 3AeCb, OqeBIiARO, pacCYJKAaJJH TaK: qTO C B03a
ynaJJO, TO nporraJJo.
5. B 31afKJliIOqeHiHe 011MeTH , q O ,?I'pOlM'HemuHe n011pfloCe:HHSI
B AeJJaX, BbI3BaHHbIe MlipOBOIi BOHHOII, C03AaJJ'H )J.pyrylO AOK-
TPHHY, 3aiKJJIOqalOmyroCSI B TOM, qTO pellillTeJIbHOe H3MeHeHlle
OOCTOSlTeJIbCTB MO>KeT OCBo60;ZJ;HTb AOJDKHHKa OT ero AOI'OBOp-
HbIX o6SI3aTeJJbCTB. 3"1"0 - AOKTpHHa 0 TaK Ha3bIBaeMOM «pa'c-
cTpoikTBe nJJ3HOB». HanpliMep, )J.oroBop 3aKJJIOqeH )J.O Ha-
cTynn:eHIISI BOMHbI. nOcJIe II B .p,e3YJIbTaTe HaqaJIa BOllHbI IIcnOJI-
HeHHe AoroBopa CTaJIO JJII60 'He3aKOHHbIM, m60 cl>aKTHqeCKB
HeB03MOJKHbIM IIJJII B03MOJKHbIM JIlillib l(eHOIO pa30peHHSI AJISI
)J,OJJJKHHKa; CY)J.bI B nDA06HbIX CJIyqaSIX (Kpyr orropbIX He
TOqRO O'Iep'IeH) OCHo6oJKAaJJH AOJJLKHHKa OT ero 06H3aTe.1JbCTB.
3TO - paCllIHpeHlle AOKTpHHbI rebus sic stantibus, KOTOPYIO
C'I-WraIOT JJeJKameM IE OCHOBe MeJKAyHapoAHbIX )J.OOOBOpoB. 3To
OOCbMa onaCHaH AOKTpnHa, HO noq11li HeH30eJKHaH npH HeKOTO-
pbIX 06C1'OHTeJIbCTBax.
PaCllInpeHHeM 3TOM AOKTpH1RbI HBJIHIOTCH TaKJKe II MopaTO-
PHYMbI, HO nOCJIeAHHe MorYT 6bITb YCTaHOBJJeHbI TOJIbKO no
saKOHY,
*
* *
OCTaeT<'H CKa3a'Tb 0 )J.BYX rpynnax IBI3aHMOOTHOllieHIIM, 83
KOTOpbIX OAHa npe.n.CTaBJIHeT co60M pa3HOBliLlHOCTb HaCTOHmllX
JI,orOBopOB, a ApyraH BOBce He HBJIHeTCH BIIAOM AorOBopa,
XOTH II TeCHO npliMbIKaeT K AorOBopaM.
nepBaH rpynna HOCIIT H3RMeHOBaRHe cnel(HaJIbHWX rnBO-
pOB, HanpHMep, npOAaJKa, HaeM BemeM, HaeM YCJJyr, AorOBOp
npe)J.CTaBHTeJJbCTBa, Aorooop 3aBIIOliMoro AepJKaHHH (nOKJIaJKa)
if T. A.
3ro - C1'apllHHbIe BHAbI npaBOOTHOllieHIIM, 113 KOTOpbIX, KaK
MbI BHAe.mr, ipa3BH'JIOCb LlorOBopHoe npaBO. B CHJJY I1X ApeBHero
cymCCTBOB3IHHSI, OHII COXpaHHJJH oc06eHHOCTH, KOTopbIe He npH-
MeHHIOTCH K 1I0rOBopaM Boo611Ie. HeB03MOLKHO 3l1.eCb no..n;p06HO
348
AOTD ETBEPTAH. rPAJK AHCROE llPABO
OCTaHaBJJHBaTbCSI oRa 3THX oc06eHHocTSlx. KalK,lJ.bIM H3 3THX ,lJ.0-
rOBopOB SlBJISlC!l'CH npe,lJ.MeTOM MOHorpaqmH HJJH MOHorpaqmM.
K KOTOpbIM lIHTaT( .IIb MOlKeT 06paTHTbCSI.
BTOpa:.SI rpynrra U3BeC'I'Ilia noJI. HaHiMeHOB<nmeM KBaI3H-'KOiHTp-
aKTOB (KaK 6bI ,lJ.OrOBOpo,B). CIO,lJ.a 011HOCSlTCSI, B CYW;HOC'TIH, He
,lJ.orOBopHbIe OTHOIlleHHH, HO TaKHe, KOTopbIe no pa3HbIM npH-
HHaM paCCMaTpHIBIalOTCH Ta.K, KaK e.CmI ObI OHH BbITeKaJIH H3
,lJ.OrOBopOB.
HanpHMep, B CHJJY ,lJ.OOpOCOBeC'THoii omHOKH B <l>aKTe A
,lJ.OOpOBOJJbHO ynJIaTHJJ E CYMMY ,lJ.eHer, K01'OPYIO OH no OIllHOKe
ClI'lfTaJI CHOHM ,lJ.OJIrQM nOCJJe,lJ.HeMY. ECJIH E OTKa3bIBaeTCH
BepHYTb JIleHbrH A, TO nOCJIe,lJ.HiHii MOlKeT npe,lJ.1>HBHTb K HeMY
HCK H3 'KBa3H-KOHTpa!l<:Ta, HanpaBJIeHHbIM H<JI B03BpaT ,lJ.eHer.
ynJJalIeHHbIX no OIllH6Ke.
Pa'BHbIM OOpa30>M, eOJLH TpeTbe J1H O nepe,lJ.aCT ,lJ.eHbrH B
,lJ.JlSI ,lJ.aJII:>HeMIlleii nepeCbIJJKH A, H E OTKalKeTCSI OT 3TOM ,lJ.aJJb-
HeMIlleii nepe,lJ.a'J'H, TO A MOlKeT HX HCTpeooBaTb OT E, KaK
,n;eHbrH, noarynHBIllHe ,lJ.JISI A.
HH B O,lJ.:HOM H3 3THX CJIyqaeB E He npHHSlJI Ha ceoSl ,lJ.oro-
BopHoro OOSl3aTeJJbC11Bla B03BpaTHTh HJIH yrrJIaTHTb ,lJ.eHbfH A.
MelK,lJ.y HHMH He 6bIJ10 ,lJ.aHO H BCTpelIHOrO Y,lJ.OBJJeTBOpeHHSI, HO,.
KaK CKa3a.II JIOp,lJ. MaHC HJIb,lJ., no OCHOBaRHHM eCTe>C'f'BeHHOff
CnpaBeil(JIHBOCTH H ,lJ.OOpOM COBeOTH E ,lJ.OJIlKeH BepHYTb HJIH yrrJI3-
THTb ,lJ.eHbrH A, H E ,lJ.OJ!11K'CH nO;lJH'TaTb ceoSl ClIaCTJIH:BbIM TeM.
lITO K He'MY npe,lJ.1>HBJJeH JIHIllb HCK KBa3H-KOiHTpaKTa H lITO rrpo-
THB Hero He B036YlK)],eHO yrOJIOBiHOrO npe<CJIe,lJ.OBaHHSI.
):(pyrHM npHMepOM OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH H3 IKBa3H-KOHTpaKTB'
SlBJISllOl'CSI CJJyqaiH ,lJ.O.IIra, BbIl'eKalOW;He 11'3 nO,lJ.rneplK)],eIHHSI ClIeTa.
CIO,lJ.a O'THOCHTCH 'TaKlKe ,lJ.OJJfH, npH'LHTalOW;HecSl Ha OCHOBaHHH
aKTa na, pJIaMeHTa ,lJ.OJIrH, BbITeKalOW;'He H3 ynJIaTbI ,lJ.eHer no
'l'peOOBaHHIO OTBeTlIHKa HJIH H3 Toro, lITO O'l1BeTlIHIK HenpaBO-
MoepHO nOJIYlIHJI OT HC'T a ,lJ.eHbrH no)], BH,lJ.OM HCnOJJHeHH'H CBOHX
(OTBeTlIHKa) nYOJI'HlI'HbIX OOSl3aHHOCTeM.
IOpHCTbI e,lJ.HHOrJJaCHO npH3HalO'T, lITO nepelIeHb KBa3H-
KOHTpa'KTOB oRe SlBJISleT'CSI onpe)],eJIeHHbIM H Booow;e SlBJISleTCH'
HeY,lJ.OBJJeTBOpHl'eJIbHbIM. 0'1' ;BipeMoeHiH ,lJ.0 BlpeMeHiH ObIJIH nOnbITKH
<l>OPMYJIHpOBaTb npHH Hn, Ha OCHOBa>RHIH KOToporo MOlKHO ObIJIO
ObI onpe,lJ.e.TJiHTb HaJIHlIHe B OT,lJ.eJIbHOM CJIYlIae KBa3H KOHTpa'KTa.
HaH60JIee y,lJ.alIHbIM H3 3THX npHH H'I10B SlBJISleTCSI ,lJ.OKTpl-lHa
o HeOCHOBareJJbHOM oooraw;eHHiH.
ECJIH A B CBOHX B3aHMOOTHOIlleHHSlX C E nOJIYlIHJI 6e3 )],0-
CTaTOlIHbIX OCHOBa'HHM ,lJ.eHelKHYIO BbIro.ny 3a <ClIeT E, KOTOPYIO
nOCJIe,lJ.HHM 'He ynJIaTHJI ObI, eCJIH ObI npe,lJ.BH')],eJI OOCTOSlTeJIbCTBa
,lJ.eJIa, TO E HMeeT npaBO n01'peOOBaTb OT A 'B03BpaTa 3KBHBa-
JIeHTa no HalIaJJaM KBa3H-KoHTpaKTa. npHH .Hn 3TOT 11PY)],HO,.
OlmaKO, cor JIaCOBaTb C HeKOTopbIMH cy.neoHbIMH pemeHHSlMH.
r3L\.BA xxv. OBHGATEJIbCTBEHHOE IIPABO
349
r/lABA XXV
OE5:l3ATEJ1bCTBEHHOE TIPABO (OpO,lJ.oJUKeHlie)
2. 06S13aTeJIbCTBa H3 npaBoHapYl1IeHHH (Torts)
Tort - 3TO rpa>K,lJ..aHClKoe rrpaBoHapyrneHHe, He HBJIHIO eeCR
HapYlIIeHHeM ,lJ.OrOBOpa, H3 !KOTOpOro BblTeKa,eT HCK 06 y6blTlKaX
Ha OCHOBaHHH 06mero npa:Ba. XOTH rrpalBo CrrpaBe,lJ.JfH.BOCTH
B STOM CJIyqae npe,lJ.OcTaBJIHeT Ba>K:HOe cpe,lJ.CTBo 3amHThI,
a HMeHHO cY,lJ.e6Hblii 3arrpCT (injunotion) npoTHB rp03H ero
rpa>K,lJ.a'HcKoro rrpaBoHapYlIIeHHH, O,lJ..HaK'O, HOpMbI, KaCaIOmHeCH
3THX rrpalBoHapYlliooHii, rrOqTH 'IIO 'IHOCTbIO OTHOCHTCH K 06meMY
npaBY, TaK >Ke KaK HOpMhI 0 ,lJ.oBepHTeJIbHOII co6cTBeHHocTH OTHO-
CHTCH K rrpaBY CrrpaBe,lJ.JIHBOcTH. 3aMeTbTe Bblpa>KeHHe: «HOpMbI
o npaBoHapYlIIeHHHx», a He «HOpMhI 0 rrpaBoHapyrneHHH», H60
8 OTill11f'lHe 001' HOpMI, IpeTY 1]IfpYlOmHX ,lJ.OrOBopbI, IHOpMibII 0 npaBO-
HapYlIIeHHHX rrOHbIHe erue He BhIlIIJIH H3 HeCKOJIhlKO PY,D,HMeHTap-
HOM C1'a,lJ.Ji1H. Cy eOT'BYfOT ow e.TIbHhle BH,lJ.bI npaBoHapyrneHHM,
HO HeT o6m.ero npHHIJ:Hrra, KOTOpbIIT ,lJ.a'JII 6bI B03iM'0>KHOCTb
<mpe,D,eJIHTb npIl3HaKH rpa>K,D,aHCKOro npaBoHapymeHIIH.
B 06JIa'Cllii rpa>K,lJ.aHCKHX rrpaBOHapYllieHIiii JI:eiicTByeT MeTO,lJ.
nepeqHH. HeT 06meM ,lJ.O'KTPHHhI 0 rpa>KJI:aHiCKHX rrpaBOHapYlIIe-
HHHX, KaK eCTb 06I.U.aH ,lJ.OKTpHHa 0 JI:OrOBope. EOJIee 110ro, HeT,
nOBH,lI.HMOMY, B IHoeKOTopbIX CJ1)'qaHX TBepJI:OrO npHHIJ:Hna, Ha
OCHOBaHIIH KOToporo MhI MOrJIH 6hI OTJIIIIqaTb ,D,.eiiCTBHH, HBJIHIO-
UI;HeCH npalBOHapYlIIeHHeM, OT Tex, KOTopbIe He HBJIHIOTCH npa'BO-
HapYllieHIi'eM.
HarrpHMep, eCJIH A C03HaTeJIhHO H 6e3 pa3YMHhIX OCHOBa-
EHM y6e,lJ.HT E HapYlIIHTb ero JI:OrOBOp 'c B, TO HaJIHliO npaBO-
HapYlIIeHHe A B 01'HOlIIeHHH B. Ho eC.'lH A 3JIOHaMepeHHO IIO-
-6YJI:wr E OTMeHHTb 3aBerua:HHe B rrOJIb3Y B, BbICKa3aB cY>KJI:e-
RIle, KOTopoe no paCqeTaM A MO>KeT BbI3BaTh Y E rrpeJI:y6e>KJI:e-
f-!He rrpOTHB B, TO, eCJIfI ,lJ.a>Ke TaKoe 3aHB.'leHIIe, He 6YJI:YQH
KJIeBeTOM, HBJIHeTCH JIO>KHhIM, A He CqIlTaeTCH npaBOHapYUlII-
Te.rneM B OTHomeHIIH B.
113 SToro HCHO, qTO MbI MO}KeM BbICTaBHTh .'IHllih HeMHoro
{)6 ero xaipaKTepa nO,;10>KeHHii, OTHOCHruHXCH K HopMaM 0 rpa-
LK,lJ.aHCKHX npaBoHapYlIIeHHHx. 3TH 06mHe no.'lO>KeHHH, B CytIJ;-
HOCTH, OTHOCHTCH K JI:PYrIiM pa3JI:eJlaM npaBa, KaK, HanpHMep,
TIpaBHJIa 0 TOM, 'lTO MY>K He OTBeqaeT 3a IIpaBOHapYlIIeHHe
)KeHbI (0 qeM Y>Ke 6hIJIO CKa3a>HO B pa3JI:€.1e Ce!>1eMHOrO rrpaBa).
Haili aHaJIH3 6Y,lJ.eT COCTOHTh H3 H3JIO>KeHIIH BeObMa He-
' HorIlX 06mHX 'npaBHJI, OTHOCHmIlXCH KO BDeM BH,lJ.aM rpa>Kn;aH-
CKHX rrpaBoHapymeHHM, nOC.1e qero 'MhI nepe'lHCJIHM r.lIaBiHeii-
tme I1X BIIJI:f-: ill J1aJI:HM no IfIIIM H€o6xo,lJ.H.Mble 06'bHCHeHIIH.
35
qAOTL qETBEPTAH. rPAJR AHCROF. IIFABO
-.
MHorHe, eCJIH He 60JIblliHHCTBO, H3 rp8.:H<,lJ.aHCKHX npaBOHa-
pyrneHHM HBJUIIOTCSI TaiK:H<e yrOJIOBHbIMH npecTynJIeHHSlMH, nO-
3TOMY MbI He nOBTOpSleM B OTHOlIIeHHH HHX TO, 'iTO ObIJIO Y:H<e
CKa3aHO B r JIaBaX 06 yrOJIOBHOM npaBe, 3a HCKJIIO'ieHHeM rex
CJIyqaeB, Kor,lJ.a nOlHRntSl rpa:H<,lJ.aHCKoro H yrOJJ.oBHoro ,lJ.eJIHKT3
He COBTIa,lJ.aIOT.
.ao Hc>)!,aBHero BpeMeHH B aHrJI'HMCKOM npaBe rocmOJ{CTBO-
BaJIO npanHJIO (,lJ.onYCKa,Blliee HeKOTopbIe cyrn;ecTBeHHbIe HCKJIIO-
lIeHHR), qTO Tpe60BaHHR, BbITeKaIOrn;He H3 rpa:H<,lJ.aHCKHX npaBO-
flap "lIIeHlHH, B OTJlHqHe 01' Tp 60BaiJi1IIM H3 )!,orOBopOB, He MoryT
CJIY:H<HTb OCHOBalHHeM ,lJ.JIR HCKa nOCJIe CMepTH npaBOHaiPyrnHT JIH
HJIH 'nOTepneBlIIero. 3,lJ.eCb rOCnO,lJ.CTBOBaJI npHHll,Hn actio poe-
nalis moritur cum persona. O,lJ.HaKO, Y:H<e ,lJ.aBHO C03HaB8.JIH, qTO'
npaBHJIO 3TO npHIBo,lJ.HT K 3H8.1JHTeJIbHbIM 3aTpY,lJ.HeHHSlM M He-
CnpaiBe,lJ.JIHBOC1'H. PRJ1 3aKOHOB, H3BeCTHbIiX no,lJ. H8.8BaHHeM a'KTOS
o HeC1JaCTHbIX CJI/)'1J(UIX, lH3i.ll.a'HHbIX B nepRo)J. 1846-1908 rr "
npe,lJ.OCTaBHJI B03MO:H<HOCTb nOJIY1JaTb YJI:OBJIeTBOpeHHe H:H<,lJ.H-
BeHll,a,M Tex JJHll" cMepTb KOTOpbIX 6bIJla BbI3BaHa npaBoHapyrne-
HHeM co CTOipOHbI ,lJ.pyroro JIHll,a. B 1934 r. YKa3aHHoe o6rn;ee
npaBHJIO 6bIJJO nOJIIIOCTbIO OTMeHeHO, H B HaCTOSlrn;ee BpeMH
B npe,lJ.eJIax JIeCKOJIbKO OrpaHH1JeHHOH H'CK!OBOM JI:a.BHOCTH npaBa
1'1 06S13aTeJIbCTBa, BbITeKaIOrn;He H3 npa.BOIHapYlIIeHHR, HecMoTpH
Ha CMepTb O,lJ.HOM H3 CTOipOH, MorYT 6bITb npe,lJ.MeTOM HCKa
B nOJIb3Y HaCJJe,lJ.CTBa nOTepneBlIIero HJIH npoTHB Ha'CJle,lJ.CTBa
npaBoHapYlIIHTe'.ITSI. O,lJ.HaKO, 3aKOH 1934 r. He HMeeT npMMeHe-
HHR K Tpe60BaHHSlM i13 KJIOOeTbI HJIM 060JIbrn;eHHR, HJIH B CJIY1Jae
y6bITKOB OT npeJII060,lJ.eSlHHSI. B nOJI:06HbIX CJIY1JaSlX HeJJb3ff
TaK:H<e npHCY:H<,lJ.aTb TaK Ha3blBaeMoe B03Mern;eHHe B BH,lJ.e HaKa-
3aHHSI HJIH B03Mern;eHHe ,lJ.JIH npHMepa (vindictive damages). Her
TaK:H<e nOJIHOM TO'lHOCTH B OTHOlIIeHHH Toro Kpyra Tpe6oBaHHH
KOTOpbIH 06HHMaeTcSI 3THM 3aKOHOM.
HHKaKoe Trpe60'BaHHe H3 O,lJ.Horo JIHlIIb npaBoHapYlII€HHH we
MO:H<eT 6bITb npe,lJ.Mel'OM YCTynKH ,lJ.pyroMY JIHU:Y, HCCMOTpH Ha
TO, 'lTC, lBoo6r.qe rO'BOpSl, ,lJ.OJI'fOBbIe HMyr.qecTBa (things in action)
MorYT 6bITb npeJI:MeTOM u:eCCHH. Ho eCJIH Tpe60BaHHH JIHlIIb 1fJ0p-
MaJIbHO OCHOBaHbI Ha npaBoHapYlIIeHHH, a no cyrn;ecTBY Hanpa-
BJJeHbI Ha B3bICK8IHHe nO' HMyw:eCl1BY, TO 0iH1H MOTYT 6bI'Tb u:e,lJ.Hpo-
BaHbI, HeCMOTpSl Ha OTpHu:aTeJIbHOe OTHOlIIeHHe 06rn;ero npaBa
H ,lJ.a:H<e HeKoTopbIX aiKTOB napJI<lMeHTa K TOMY, 1JTO Ha3bIBaeTcsr
nOMOrn;bIO .nPyroMY JIHU:Y R cY,lJ.e6HOM ,lJ.eJIe (champerty,
maintenance ).
OJ(:HaiKO, He H>MeIOII{ee HiMYII{eCTBeHHOf'O x.apaiJ<Tepa H qHCTO
JIH'lHOe Tpe60Bame H3 npaBOHapyrneHlIH He MO:H<eT 6bITb u:e;ZJ:HpO-
iBaHO (HanpHMep, He IMO:H<eT 6bITb u:eJI:HpOB8HO' -rpe60BaHHe H3 nHCb-
MeHHOH KJJeBeTbI). Ho IMO:H<HO cTynHTb ,lJ.eHbfH, KOTopbIe 6YJI:YT
ynJJa1JeHbI no Ta.KOMY HCKY nOCJJe HX <paKTlflleCKOfO nOJIY1JeiHHH
I'JLA.BA xxv. OBJI3ATE.,""IbCTBEHiHOE !IPABO
351
no 06rqeMY /IIpaBH.r.y HeT npaBOHa.pYllIeHHfl 6e3 }'IMblCJla
HJlH He6peLKHOCTH co CTOpOHbI npaBoHapymWl'eJISI. LITO 03HaQaeT
B CJJYtIae OTJJ:eJJbHbIX npaBOHapYllIeHMM YMblCeJJ HJJH He6pe)K-
HOCTb - 06 "TOM 6YJ{eT cKa3aHO HM)!{Ic', Ho MO)KHO CKa3aTb, 'ITO
.BCflKoe no,n:.JI1H'HHOe npaBOHapYllIeooe eCTb He33KoRHoe JJ:eMCTBHe
HJlH ynymeHHe. ECTb, OJJ:HaKO, HeCKOJIbKO CJIytIaeB, HMeHyeMblx
CJJYtIaSlMH 6e3YCJJOBHOM OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a nOTepH, npR'IlHHeH-
Hble npeJJ:MeTaMH, KOTopble HaX0:D:flTCSI .MIDI C'lHTalOTCfl HaXOJJ:fl-
rqHMMICSI B, ynpaBJleHHH. OTBeTtIHKa; B "THX CJJY'laSIX npaBoHapy-
lUeHHe HMeeT MeCTO JJ:a)Ke npH OTCYTCTBHH He3aKOHHoro JJ:eli-
CTBHSI liJlH ynyrqeHHSI CO CTOpOHbl OTBeTtIliK3.
CJJytI3t1i 3TH liHTepeCHbl .Ii cymecTBeHHbl, H H8JJ:0 10 !HHX CKa-
3aTh HeCKOJIbKO _ CJJOB. HeKOTopble li3 HliX SlBJIHlOTCSI CJJytIaSIMlf
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a JJ:eMCTBHH JJ:pyrHx JIH .
1. JIHl{O ornetIae-r 3a y6blTKH, npntIUlIeHHble tIY)KOM HeJJ:BH-
)KHMOCTH, ecnH y6blTOK npH'IliHeH nepexoJJ:oM rpaHH bl 'IY)KorO'
BJIaJ{eHliSI ero CKOTOM. 31'0 np8BHJIO !He pacnPOCTPaHSU 1"CSI Ha
c.ny'laH npH'lliHeHHSI ymep6a CiKOTOM, KOTOpbllM npoxoJJ:H nOc
.nopore 06mero nOJIb30BaHHSI, flip.IiJIeralOmeM K tIY)KOH ,Heoropo-
)KeHiHOM HeJJ:BIi)KHMOCTIi, H60 norepneBllIHM 06SI3aH ObIJI oropo-
JJ:HTb .CB010 HeJJ:Bli2KMMOCTb, npHJIeralOmylO K JJ:opore o6lu,ero
nOJIb30BaHliH. Ho OTBeTCT'Be'HHOC!fb HMeeT 'MeCTO, eCJJ'H CKOT
OpOJJ:HT Me)K.ny coceJJ:HHMIi Y'IaCTKaMH, H60 B "TOM CJJY'lae. CO-
ceJJ: npH OTCYTCTBHH npSIMoro COrJIameHliSI (liJFH MeCTHoro OObl-
tI8SI) He 06SI3aH OrOpa)KliBaTb CBOM Y'laCToK.
'HecKoJIbKO JIeT TOMY Ha3a):l B OJ{HOM .neJJe, BbI3BaBllIeM
60JIbllIOM HHTep<: c, 6blJI B036Y)KJJ:eH BOIJIpOC, pacnpocTpaHSleTCH'
JIH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a nepexo.lI. rpaHIi bI CKOTOM TaK)Ke H Ha
00H3aHHocTb B03MemeHHSI yrn:ep6a, npH'lHHeHHOro )KHBOTHbIM'
HJIM JJlOlI,HM. nOCJIe .D:JIliRHbIX .D:HCKYCCHM Bonpoc 6blJI ,perneH
OTpli aTeJIbHO. «CKOT» B "THX JJ:'eJII8.X BKJIlOtIaeT Bcex .lI.OMalUHiHX
)KHBOTHbIX, KaK-TO: JIOlUa.lI.eM, BOJIOB, OBe , CBHHeM H T. n., H()'
He BKJIlO'la-eT >KHBOTHbIX ferae naturae, T. e. HHbIX, He)Ke.1H
J{OMaIIlHlie )KHBOTHble.
51 IN ' Hecy OTBeT,CTBeHHOCTH, eCJIH MOH KOlliKa C'beCT 1'0-
JIy6SI coce.n:a, XOTSI 6bI KOIIlKa COBeplUHJIa "TO Ha Y'laCTKe-
coceJ{a.
2. HHoe .D:eJIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a .lI.eMcTBHH .D:liK:HX )K1i-
BOTHbIX.
JIIi O, KOTopoe cO)J.ep)K'liT onaCHblX )KJiI1BOTHbIX (1'. e. Tex,.
KOTopbIe on3CHbI .D:JIfl JIIOJIieM), HeceT oe3YCJIOBHO OTBeTCTBeH-
HOCTb, eCJIH TaKoe )KHBOTHOe y6e)KHT Ii npH'lHHHT ymep6.
To )Ke OTHOCHTCH K )KliBOTHOMY, KOTopoe 06bI'IHO C'lH-
TaeTCH )J.OMaIIlHiliM, HO OTHOCHTeJJbHO KOToporo OTBe'I''lHXY :H3-
BeCTHO, 'ITO OHO B HeKoTopblX OTHOlUeHliSIX SlBJIfl'eTCH onaCHbIM.
Ocooble npaBHJIa neiiCTBVIOT B OTHOIIleHliH coGax. 3a HliX..
:352
"<IAOTb "<IETBEPTAH. I'PA.iK,IJ:AHOKOE lIPABO
'nOBHJI,HMoMry, HeT OTB'e11C'foBeIHlHOCT.H, 3a HCKJI'lO'IeHMeM C.rry'IaeB
Harra.u.eHHfI C003KH Ha CKOT: JIOllia.u.eM, MYJIOB, OCJJOB, OB>el.{,
K03JIOB, CB1iHeM 'HJIH JJ:OMalliHIOIO rrTMI.{Y, KOTopbIe 3ar.u:ml.{eHbI
OCOObIMH 3aKOHaMH; B 3TOM CJIY'Iae He Ha.li.O .u.OKa3bIBaTb, 'ITO
.c06CTBemlliK 3HaJI 06 ona.CHOiM CROMc'me c06aKH. Ho 3a .li.PyrHx
..u.OMaIllHHX lKHBOTHbIX, npH'IHHHBIllHX yr.u:epo, HeOObI'IHbIM )I.JIfi
..u.aHHoro po.u.a 1KHBOTHOro, c06cTBeHHM'K OTBe'IaeT TOJIbKO, ICCJIH
.OH 3HaJI 06 orra-CHbIX HaKJIOHHOCTfiX .u.aUHoro >KHBOTHoro.
HaKoHel.{, cyr.u:ecTBYIOT npa, B1iJIa H3JI01KeHHbIe B .u.eJIe <I>JIeT-
'lepa rrpoTHB PaHJIflH.u.,C, KOTopbIe, rrOBH.li.JioMOMY, OCHOBaHbI Ha
. iHaJIOrHH co CJIY'IaflMH 06 OilIaCHbIX lKHBOTHbIX.
HeT HH'IerO npOTHB03aKoHHoro B 'TOM, 'ITOObI npH OTCYT-
'C11BHH cnel.{HaJIbHbIX 3anpeTOB 'IeJIOBeK H:Me Ha CBoeM Y'IaC'PKe
-BOJJ:Y, flJJ:bI, nopox H APYI'!He lMaTepHaJJbI, IKOTopbIe IIPH H3.,IJ:JIe>K8meM
yrrol1pe6JIeHHH rrpHHOCflT rrOJJb3Y, HO npH HcrrapeHHH HJIH B3pbIBe
MorYT npH'lHHHTb yr.u:ep6 Y'IaCTKY ,coce.u.a HJIM ero CKOTY HJIH
TpoeHHIO; B 3TOM CJJY'Iae c06CTBeHHMK 3THX MaT€pHaJIOB JJ:OJI-
>KeH B03MeCTHTb yr.u:ep6 6e3 'Toro, 'ITOObI 6bIJIa JJ:OiKa3aHa ero
-HeOpe:>KHOCTb, 3a HCKJIIO'IeHHeM Tex CJIY'IaeB, <eCJIH HcrrapeHHfI
fI.1H B3pbIB ObIJIH BbI3BaHbI JJ:eHCTBHeM HerrpeO.li.OJIHMOM CThIlbI,
T. e. C06bITHHMH HeOblBaJIOrO Ii HeO:>KH.u.aHHoro xapaKTepa, TaK
"lTO qeJIOBeK He MOlKeT HX npe.u.BH.li.eTb H rrpe.li.OTBpaTHTb.
4eJIOBeK, crracaIOIUHH COOCl1BeHHbIM Y'IaCTO:K 01' 'HaBO.li.He-
'HHfI reM, 'ITO HanpaBJIfieT BOJJ:Y Ha Y'Ia.CTOK coce.u.a, He HeceT
01'BeTCTBeHHOCTII, <H60 OH He -BbI3BaJI HaBo.u.HeHHH CBoC'ro COO-
CTBeHHoro Y'IaCTKa.
HeKor.u.a :ITa .li.OKT.puHa oe3YCJIOBHOM OTBeTCTBeHHOC'TH
IIpHMeHflJIa.cb TaKlKe H II{ CJIY'IafiM rrOlKapOB. [OBOPHJIH, 'ITO
-eCJIH "<1eJIOBeK 3alKHraeT orOHb B CBoeM .li.OMe, TO OH HeceT
'SeCb 'PHCK., C 311HM 'CB5I3a:HHbJ.H. OR HeceT OTBeTcTBeHiHOCTh, eCJIH
DrOHb pacrrpOCTpaHH'TCfI .Ii rrpH'lHHHT nOlKap Ha Y'IaCTKe COce.li.a.
Ho HblHe Mb( OTOIllJIH 01' 1'01'0 'BpeMeHH, KorJJ:a OCBer.u:eHue C'IH-
TaJJOCb He He06xoJJ:HMOCTbIO, a pocKOI1IblO, H B ,pe3YJIbTaTe 3TOT
KpaMHI'IM BH.u. OTBeT'CTBeHHOCTH 6bIJI CMflr'IeH B 1774 r. rrOCJIe
,HeYJJ:a'IHOM rronbI11KH 1707 r.
3aKoH 1774 r. tPOPMYJIHpOBaH TaK, "<11'0 OH MO>KeT ObITb
-pacrrpocTpaHeH JIHIllb Ha 3ar.u:HTY JIHI.{, Ha Y'IacTKe .KOTOpbIX
nOlKap .B03HHKaeT HemKHJJ:aHHO; rrOBH.li.HMOMY, OH He 3ar.u:Hr.u:aeT
DTBeT'IHiKOB, eCJIH orOHb ObIJI HMH 3amlKeH yMbIIllJIeHHO, XOTfI
{)bI .u.JIB COBepIlleHHO HeBHHHbIX l.{,eJIerr; B 3TOM CJIY'Iae OTBeT-
'.IJHK oCB060lK,IJ:aeTC5I 01' OTBeTCTBeHHOCTIi .!JHIllb B CJJY'Iae
'HerrpeOJJ:OJIHMOM CHJIbI HJJH OOJIH orOHb 3alKlKeH TpeTbHM JJMI.{OM.
9TOT .u.OB()JI. JJ.OBOJIbHO C'rpaHHbIM. Ha.li.o RMeTb B BH.u.y, "<11'0
'Dor.u:ee npaBO rrpHBJIeKaJIO K 011BeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a HeopelKHoe
,06par.u:eHHe ,C orueM, Ha "<11'0, rrOBHJJ:HMOMY, .u.o CHX nop He 06pa-
mH .'11'I BHHMaHHfI.
fJLAHA XXV. OBH3ATEJIl>C1l'BEHJIOE TIPABD
353
Be3YCJJOBHaSI OTBeTC'TBeHHDCTb HMeeT MeCTO TaKlli:e B CJIY-
oqaSIX nO:H<apOB, B03HHKllIHX OT pa30paCbIBaeMbIX TpaKTOpaMH
flCKp, KOr.u.a TpaKTOpbI .u.BH:H<YTCSI no. .u.Dpore 06m;ero nOJJb3D-
'BaHHSI.
IOpHcT, KOTDpbIH XDTeJI ObI' no.u.BeprHYTbi KpHTHKe .u.OKTPHHY
()e3Y.c.J10BHDH OTBeTCTBeHHo.CTH, Mor Obi CrKa3aTb, qTD <BOBCe He
06bIJIo. HY:H<lI.bI .CD3.u.aBaTb OT.u.eJIbHYIO H aHop.MaJIbHYIO KaTeropHlO,
KDTopaSI He corJIacyeTcSI C OOm;HMH npaBHJJaMH 0 npaBOHapYllIe-
HHSlX, HOo. YKa3aHHbIe BbIllie CJIyqaH JJerKO YKJra.u.bIBalOTCSI
'B oom;YJO KaTeropHIO «He6pe:mHOCTH». COBepllIeHHD BepHD, qTD
<co.u.ep:H<aTb .u.HKoe :H<HBOTHOe, HanDJIHHTb BD.u.oeM BOJ],DM He
<Q3Ha'laeT .D:-orrYCTHTb HeOpe:H<HOCTb - HHor.u.a 3TD B MeHbllIeii:
CTeneHH MD:H<eT CqHTaTbCSI HeOpe:H<HDCTblO, He:H<eJIH cOJ],ep:H<aHHe
AOMallIHHX :H<HBOTHbIX. HD eCJIH BJIa.u.eJlel\ HX ynYCTHT HJlM OHH
II1PHqHHSIT ym;epo coceJ],Y, TO HaJlHl\O He6pe>KHOCTb co CTOpOHhI
'BJIaJ],eJIbl\a; H Y:H<e O HO TO., qTO HCKJiIOqaeTCSI DTBeTC'TBeHHOCTb
BCJlyqae HenpeOJ],DJIHMOM CHJIbI, .u.OKa3bIBaeT, qTD 3J],eCb OTBeT-
CTBeHHOCTb oeCC03HaTeJJhHO 060CHDBbIBaeTCSI HeOpe:H<HOCTblO.
Ha .u.eJle 3J],ecb He XDTSIT BH.u.eTb HeOpe:H<HDCTH TOJlbKO nO'TOMY,
"lTO aHr,JIHqaHHH C npHcym;HM eMY .u.YXDM nypHTaHH3Ma BHJ],HT
'B HeOpe:H<HDCTH HeqTD, qTD .CBSl3aHO C MOpaJlbHDM BHHOM. no
cym;eCTBY - 3TO DJ],HH H3 cJlyqaeB npOCToro «ynym;eHHH»
{Morym;erD npDH30MTH B CHJIY pa3HbIX I1\pHqHH - ynym;eHHSI
iBbiliJIaTHTb npeJ],nH.caHHbIM 3aKDHOM J],OJIr B OTHOllIeHHH HCTl\a).
B npeJ],eJIax HacToSIm;eM pa60TbI He ObIJlO B03MD:H<HOCTli
.ZI;a)Ke BKpaTIJ;e KOCHYTbCH .u.orOBopa 0. HaMMe YCJIYr. nD3TOMY
He06xoJ],HMD DTMeTHTb, qTD B3aHMOOTHOllIeHHSI X03S1HHa H 'CJIY-
>Kam;ero CBSl3aHbI ,C DTBeTiCTBeHHOCTblO X03SIHHa nepeJ], TpeTLHMH
.JlHl\a'MH 3a npaBDHapyrueHHSI CJIY:H<am;erD - DTBeTCTBeHHDCTbIO
iilIOM, He)KeJlH Ta:, KOTDpaSl HMeeT MeCTO 3a .u.eMCTBHSI JJHIJ"
C KOTOpbIMH XD3SIHH 38KJIIOqHJI J],DrDBDp rropyqeHHSI, no.u.pSIJ],a
,"JIH KaKDM-JIH60 J],pyrDH: no.u.D6IIbIM .u.orDBDp.
B 3THX nOCJleJ],HHx CJIyqaSlx HaHHoMaTeJIb OTBeqaeT JlMllib 3a
Te npaBOHapYllIeHHSI nDJ],pSI.u.qHKa HJIM areHTa, Ha KDTOpbIe DH
..n:aJI CBOH nOJIHDMDqHSI. HD 'B DTHOllIeHHH CJIY:H<am;ero OTBeT-
CTBeHHOCTb XD3SIHHa HJ],eT J],aJIbllIe 3Toro, qTD HeCOMHeHHD
"SIBJISIeTCSI nepe:>KHTKOM Toro BpeMeRH, Kor.u.a B3aHMODTHOllIeHHSI
XD3S1HH8 If CJIY)Karuero pacCMaTpHBaJlHCb K8K OCHOBaHHbIe He
118 .u.orOBope. K CO:H<aJleHHIO, 3TO OOCTDSlTeJJbCTBiO <He BcerJ],8
OC03H3BaJIOCh, H Obi.'IH nOlIbITKH DOOCHDBaTb OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb
X03S1HHa Ha Tex )Ke OCHOBaHHSIX, KaK OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb npHHl\H-
IIaJIa 3a areHTa, T. e. OrpaHHqHTb 3TY OTBeTCTBeHHOCTh TeMH
'CJlyqaHMH, Kor.u.a IlIpe.u.nOJIaraeTCSI HaJIH'lHe rrDpyrl€HHSI CDBep-
mHTb J],eMCTBHe, KBaJIHcpHl\HpyeMoe KaK npaBOHapYllIeHHe. 3TD
.0IIlHOOqHaSI .u.OKTpHHa; OHa He CODTBeTcTByeT CYlI.eOHDM npaK-
II'HKe.
23 3aK. 384P. AHT:mft Koe rrp.aBO,
35t
'.lACT.I> '.lETBEPTA5I. fPA:lE.D:AHCKOE IIl'ABO
C npaBH bHOH TO {H 3peHHH X03HHH OTBe'IaeT 3a npaBOHa-
pymeHHe CBOerO C YlKam;ero, COBepmeHHoe npIi H.cnO HeHHH
noc e,lJ.HHM CBOHX C YlKeOHbIX OOH3aHHOCTell. Ho X03HHH He
OTBe'IaeT, Kor.n.a .n.eikTBHe H H ynym;eHHe, npH'IHHHBmee Bpe.n.
TpeTbeMY H{\y, COiBepmeHO C YlKam;,"M, ,lJ.eM'CTBOBaBmIHM «33
CBOM COOCTBeHHbIH C'IeT» (<<on his own»). Ho iKOr,lJ.a c YlKam;HM
.n.eM,cTByeT KaK Ta'KOBOM, TO X03HHH HeceT orneTCTBeHHOCTb,.
XOTH ObI OH HHKor.n.a He HMe B BH,lJ.y 3THX nocTynKoB CBoero
C YlKaI.u.ero H .n:alKe 3anpeTH:JI ObI HX, eC H ObI HMe B03MOlK-
HOCTb. £bIJJ iJJ.alKe CJIY'IaM, Kor,lJ.a X03HHH nOHee OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb
3a npH1'J:HHHBmee Bpe,lJ. ,lJ.eMCTBHe C YlKam;ero, OTHOCHTe bHU
KOToporo eMY Y,lJ.aJIOCb .n.OKa3aTb, 'ITO OHO ObWO HM 3anpem;eHO.
Ho 3TO YlKe obmo HBHbIM npeYBe HqeHHeM.
C YlKam;Hll OT H'IaeTCH OT .n.Pymx \npe,lJ.CTaBHTe eM, 3a
:r:eMcTBHH IKOTOpbIX X03HHH He HeceT T,alKOM CTporOM OTBeT-
CTBeiH1HOCTH, T'eM, 'ITO OH (CIlIYlKam;HM) B OO bmell Mepe Haxo-
,lJ,HTCH no,lJ, KOHTpo eM HaHHMaTe H, 'IeM .n.pyrHe npe,lJ.CTaBHTe.TJH
(areIITbI). «He3aBHcHMbIM KOHTpaKTOp» (no.n:pH,lJ.'IHK) 06H3aH
npe,lJ.CTaBHTb HaHHMaTe 1O JJHmb pe3YJI'bTaT CBoeM paOOTbI.
OH B H3BeCTHbIX npe,lJ.e aX: .n.eMcTByeT 3a CBOM pHCK, B OTHO-
meHHH lKe c YlKam;ero X03HHH OCTaB HeT 3a COOOll npaBo
HanpaB eHHH Bcero npo{\eCca paOOTbI.
B 3aK IO'IeHH,e OTMeTHM pa3 H'IHe MelK.n.y npaBoHapyme-
HHHMH, KOTopbIe C03,lJ,a1OT 01'BieTCTBeHHOOTb per se, H TeMH,.
KOTopbIe c03,lJ,a1OT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb HWb, eC H ,lJ.oKa3aHo HaJ1H-
qHe ym;ep6a, no.n.,lJ.alOm;erOcH ,lJ.eHelKHoM O{\eHKe. K nepBbIM
OTHOCHTCH Bce BH.n.bI «HapymeHHH B a,lJ.eHHH» (trespass) ----' Hapy-
meHHH B OTHomeHHH H{\a, He,lJ,BHlKHMOCTH, .n.BHlKHMOCTH; nHCb-
MeHHaH 'KJIeBeTa (libel), HapymeHHe nyo H'IHbIX npaB (HanpHMep,
npaBa nO b30BaHHH llIooce), HapymeHHH B OTHOllIeHHH HeKOTO-
pbIX HeMa'TepHa bHbIX Bem;ell, Morym;HX ObITb npe,lJ.MeTOM Hac e-
,lJ.OBaHHH, H HeKOTopbIe BH,lJ,bI YCTHOM KJIeBeTbI (slander). £0'.%-
llIHHCTBO ,lJ,pyrHx npaBoHapymeHHll C03,lJ.aeT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb
HllIb npH Ha H'IHH .n.OKa3aHHoro YObITKa .n. H HCT{\a. Pa3 H'IHe'
31'0, B cym;HOCTH, C Y'IaMHOe H BbI3BaHO OHO npo{\eccya bHbIMH
MOMeHTaMH.
Trespass - HapymeHHe BJIa,lJ.emfH - HeKor,lJ.a paccMaTpHBa-
.'lOCb KaK KBa3H-yro oBHoe .n.eHHHe H n03TOMY He Tpe60Ba 0 .n.oKa-
3aTeJIbCTB .n.eHelKHoro ym;ep6a. HCRH H3 «nHcbMeHHoM KJJeBeTbI»
pac:cMa11pH'BaJ])H'cb B 3Be3.)J.:HOR naJIare, KOTopaH 6bma cRO'pee yro-
JIOBHbIM, HelKe H rpalK.n.8HcKUM TpH6YHa OM. OxpaHa lKe ny6-
JIH'IHbIX npaB HaCTO bKO BalKHa, 'ITO B c.'IY'.laHX, Kor.n.a npec e::r.o-
BaHHe HX HapymeHHH npe.n.ocTaB HeTc'H 'IaCTHoMY HIJ,y, Ha Hero,
HeJIb3H B03JIaraTb OOH33HHOCTH ,lJ.OKa3bIBaTb H8JIHqUe .n.eHelKHoro'
ym;ep6a. C .n.pyroH CTOpOHbI, 60JIbllIHHCTBO ,lJ.pyrHx rpalK.n.aHcKHx
lIe.'IIIKTOB pa3BHJIOCb H3 onpe.n.e eHHbIx BH,lJ,OB HCKOB, ,lJ.Orrym;eH-
rJIABA xxv. OBa3ATE;IbCTBEHHOE IIPABO
355
HbIX CTaTYTOM 1285 r.; no 3T0I\1Y CTaTYTY C'lHTaJIOCb, qTO npflMoi1
ep6 JIe)!{HT B OCHOBaHHH HCKOBoro Tpe60BaHHfI. MO)!{HO
CKa3aTb, 'lTO BeCb Bonpoc CBO,lJ.HTCfI K npaBHJIbHoMY onpe,lJ.e.1e-
HHIO nOHflTHfi.
Trespass CBW(HT!CfI 'K BTOp)!{eHHIO B 'ly)!{oe BJJa,lJ.eHHe;
06bI'lHO YCTHafi KJIeBeTa eCTb npHqHHeHHe yrn;ep6a nYTeM npo-
H3HeceHHfI KJIeBeTHHqeCKHX .CJIOB. O,lJ.HaKO, YKa3aHHoe pa3JIH'lHe
HaCTOJIbKO cyrn;ecTBeHHo, qTO ero Ha,lJ.O HMeTb B BH,lJ.Y.
MbI nepeXO,lJ.HM Terrepb K 3aKJIIO'lHTeJIbHOH CTaJ]:HH pac-
CMOTpeHHfI HOpM 0 npaBoHapyrneHHH, T. e. K onpe,lJ.eJJeHHIO
nOHflTHH H KpaTKOMY pac,cMoTpeHHIO OT,lJ.eJIbHbIX BH,lJ.OB npaBo-
HapyrneHHH. KaK y)!{e OTMe'laJIOCb, MHorHe H3 He,lJ.03BOJIeHHbIX
,lJ.eMcTBHH HJIH ynyrn;eHHM S!BJIHIOTCH O,lJ.HOBpeMeHHO H yrOJIOB-
HbIMH H rpa)!{,lJ.aHCKHMH npaBoHapyrneHHflMH;, BCJIe,lJ.CTBHe ::noro
MbI y)!{e HMeJIH B03MO)!{HOCTb paccMoTpeTb 'laCTb rpa)KJJ,aHCKHX
)J.eJmIKTOB B tpa3,lJ.eJIe yrOJIOBHOrO npaBa H 3,lJ.eCb He ,lJ.OJI)!{HbI
K HHM B03Bparn;aTbCH. MbI - H3CKOJIbKO 3TO B03MO)!{HO -
6Y,lJ.eM nOJIb30BaTbCH TOM KJIaCCHcpHKal\HeM, KOTOPYIO MbI npH-
MeHHJIH B pa3,lJ.eJIe 06 yrOJIOBHbIX npecTynJIeHHHx.
TIPABOHAPYIIIEHI15I B OTHOIIIEHI1I1 JII1UA
1. Hap y rn e Hi Ii e B JI a ,lJ. e H H H (Trespass). Kam,lJ.oe ,lJ.eit-
CTBHe, KOTopoe HapyrnaeT npaBa BJIa,lJ.eHHfI, npHHa,lJ.JIe)!{amHe 'leJIO-
BeKY B OTHorneHHH ero c06cTBeHHoro TeJIa, flBJIHeTCfI trespass
11 ,lJ.aeT OCHOBaHHe ,lJ.JIfi HCKa, npH'leM He Tpe6yeTCS! ,lJ.OKa3bIBaTb
HaJIH'lHe npHMbIX nOTepb HJIH y6bITKOB.
CymecTByeT TpH BH,lJ.a 9Toro pO,lJ.a ,lJ.eJIHKTOB: yrp03a
cpH3H'leCiKHM IHaOHJIHeM (assault), aCHJIHe (battery) H HesaKOH-
Hoe JTHrneHHe OB060,lJ.bI (false imprisonment); 3TO Te )!{e BH,lJ.bI
,lJ.eJIHKTOB, KOTopble MbI pacCMOTpeJIH B yrOJIOBHOM :rrpaBe.
HOpMbI 0 rpa)!{,lJ.aHOKHx npaBOH3jpyrneHHflx He pa3JIH'laIOT,
O,lJ.HaKO, pa3HOH CTerreHH HaCHJIHH, OCTaBJIflH ,lJ.JIH npHCH)!{HbIX
CB060,lJ.y YCMoTpeHHfI npH onpe,lJ.eJJeHHH COOTBeTCTBeHHoro pa3-
Mepa ,lJ.eHe)!{HOrO B03Mern;eHHfI.
O,lJ.HaKO, eCTb O,lJ.HH BH)J. npOl\eccyaJIbHOM Sarn;HTbI (B03pa-
)!{e!me ,D,JIH OTBeT'lHKa) no rpa)!{,lJ.aHOKoMY trespass, KOTOpbIM
He MO)!{eT BOCnOJIb30BaTbCH 06BHHfleMbIH, npHBJIe'leHHbIM K yro-
JIOBHOM OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH, B CJIY'lae 60JIbrneM cepbe3HOCTH
Ha, CHJIHfI a HMeHHO CCbIJIKa OTBeT'lHKa Ha COrJIaCHe co CTOpOHbI
BCrna. Trespass - eCTb BMernaTeJJbCTBO BO BJIa,D,eHHe HCTl\a
npOTHB ero BOJIH HJIH, no MeHbrneM Mepe, 6e3 ero COrJIaCHSJ.
I103TOMY HaJIH'lHe COrJIaCHfi HCTl\a Ha TaKoe BMernaTeJJbCTBO
YCTpaHfleT rpa)!{)J.aHcKHM HCK (volenti non fit injuria). I103TOMY
B cJl)"Iae nOKyrneHHH Ha «caMoy6HMcTBO no croBopy» HJJH B CJIY-
'lae «60pb6 3a npH3» 06a y'laCTHHKa MorYT 6bITb npHBJIe'leHbI
23 0 ;:
356
qAOTb qETBEPTAH. rPA AHOKOE llPABO
K OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH, HO HHKTO H3 HHX He MO':meT IIIpeJI.'bSlBHTb
K !Z(pyroM CTopOHe rpaJKJI.aHCKHM H,CIJ{ 0 HaCHJJHH.
O,nHaKO, O,nHO JIHllib TO 06CTOSlTeJIbCTBO, qTO HCTe 3HaJI
o rp03S1III;eM onaCHOCTH, He 03HaqaeT «cor JIaCHSI» HCT a B YKa-
3aHHOM Bblilie CMbICJIe; HanpHMep, eCJIH pa60qHM 3HaJI, qTO no
coce,nCTBY C ero pa60qHM MeCTOM npOHCXO,lLHT ona'CHblH npOH3-
BOJI.'CTBeHHbIH npo ecc, HO He c,Ka3aJl 06 3TOM, 60SlCb nOTepSlTb
CJIy:moy, TO 31'0 He 03HaqaeT ero «.cor JIaCHSI». «Cor JIaCHe» He
C.1Jy:mHT T3'lOKe B03pa:meHHeM, eCJIH OTBeTqHK no 3aKOHY HJIH
Ha JI.pyroM OCHOBaHHH 06S13aH 6blJI OXpaHSlTb HCT a. Bo BCSlKOM
CJIyqae cor JIaCRe HCT a ,nOJIlliHO 6bITb no,nJIHHHbIM, OCHOBaHHbIM
Ha ,neMCTBHTeJIbHOM nOHRMaHHH xapaKTepa npaBoHapyweHHSI,
a He TOJIbKO iKa:m HMcSI.
2. H a: M e p e H Hoe :n p H q H H e H Ii e B p e ,n a H Hoe,
II e}K e JJ H «t res pas s». TOJIbKO He,naBHO Cy.n:bl 06paTHJIH BHH-
MaHHe Ha <pH3HqeCKHH Bpe,n, npHqHHeHHblM oe3 «HapYlIIeHHSI
BJIa,neHHSI» HJIH «He6pe:mHOCTH». 06III;ee npaBO 3HaJIO HeMHoroe
o HepBHblX nOTpSlceHHSlx, KOTopble OHO nOBepxHOCTHO paCCMaTpH-
BaJIO, KaK «COCTOSlHHe YHbIHHS!». Ho <pH3HQeCKOe ,neMCTBHe HepB-
HblX nOTpSlceHHM 6blJIO OQeBH,nHO B O,nHOM ,neJIe, paCCMOTpeHH01r
IB KOH e XIX B.: 011B, eTQHK HM'eSl HaMepeHHe nomyTHTb, C03Ha-
TeJIbHO C006III;HJI HCTH e, QTO C ee MYllieM npOH301IIeJI HeCQaCT-
HblM CJIytIaM H qTO My:m Haxo,nHTCSI B rOCnHTaJIe. aTO co06III;eHHe
6bIJIO JIOlliHbIM, 0 QeM OTBeTQHK XOpOlliO 3HaJI. B pe3YJJbTaTe
HCTH a cepbe3Ho 3a60JIeJIa, OTMeTHB, QTO no 3TOMY Bonpocy HeT
npe e.n:eHToB, Cy,nbSl pelIIHJI, QTO HCTH a Mo:meT Tpe60BaTb B03-
MellIeHHSI YObITKOB 3a TOT tPH3HQeCKHll Bpe,n, KOTOpblM ,nJISI Hee
B03lHHK, H 3Ta TOILKa 3peHHH C Tex nop YTBep-WIJI.aCb. C e.CTBeH-
I-IblM SlBJISIeTCSI (KaK OTMeTHJJ npe,nce.n:aTeJIbCTBYIOIII;HH Cy,nbSl B
AneJIJISI HOHHOM cY,lLe no o,nHOMY He,naBHeMY ,ne.rry), QTO OTBeT'IHK
«HaMepeHHO COBeplIIHJI ,neMCTBHe, paCCqHTaHHOe Ha npHQHHeHHe
<p.H3HQeCKOnO Bpe,na, HICT y - H Ha AeJIe reM calMbIIM npnQ:HHHJI
eMY tPH3HQeCKHii Bpe,n».
nOBH,nHMOMY, :Bi 31'01'0 po,na J\eJlaX Tpe6yeTcSI npHQHHeHHe
Bpe,na Henocpe)]:CTBeHHO HCT Y.
B 60JIblIIHHCTBe H3 Tex HeMHorHX npe e,neHTOB, KOTopble
OTHOCSlT,CSI K 3TOMY Bonpocy, ,neMCTBJle Bblpa3HJIOCb B <popMe
YCTHoro 3aSIBJIeHHSI. He MOllieT 6bl1'b, OJl,HaKO, COMHeHHSI B TOM,
QTO TaKHe 60JIee onpe,neJJeHl1ble aKTbl, KaK nOCbIJIKa HCT Y
nHIl]H, paCCQHTaHHaSI Ha TO, QTO nCTe 01' Hee 3a60JJeeT, HH-
THe 3aJl,BH)KKH CO cxo.n:eH, no KOTOpblM OH ,nOJIllieH npOHTH,
eCJIH OHH 6YJl,YT MMeTb pe3YJIbTaTOM <pH3HQeCKHM 'BpeJl, Jl,JISI
HCT a, CJIYlliaT OCHOBaHHeM ,nJISI HCKa, XOT5I OHH H He SIBJIS!IOTCSI
trespass (HapYlIIeHHeM BJIa,ZI:eHHSI).
He Tpe6yeTcSI TaK:me, QT06bI ,neHcTBHe OTBeTQHKa 6bIJIO
6JIHlliaHllieH npHqHHoM. B O,ZI:HOM ,ZI:eJIe OTBeTQnK 6pOCHJI Ha
I'JtABA xXv. OB\Jl8ATE,'iM:1.'BEfilHDE IIPABO
357
pbIHOo'lHyro nJIOw;a,lJ.b rOopflW;Yro KYKJIy. J1HlJ:O, Ha nplWaBOoK
KOoTOpOorOo KYKJIa ynaJIa, B3f1JI ee H OoTOpOCHJI OT ceofl TaK
,lJ.aJIeKO, KaK Mor, He nO,lJ.YMaB 0 nOCJIe,lJ.'C"I1BHflX. KYKJIa ynaJIa
Ha HCTLJ:a H nOBpe,lJ.HJla eMY rJIa3. OTBeT'lHK nOHec OTBeTCTBeH-
HaCTb nepe,lJ. HCT OM, KOTopOora aH He 3HaJI H KOTOopOoMY DH He
HaMepeBaJICH npH'IHHHTb yw;epo. 3TOoT CJIY'laM flCHO nOoKa3bIBaeT,
'ITa He TpeoyeTcfI YMbICJIa npH'lHHHTb yw;epo (B OoObI'lHOM nOHH-
MaHHH 3THX CJIOB) ,lJ.JIH Toro, 'ITOObI aTBeT'IHK nOHec OTBeT-
CTBeHHOCTb 3a trespass.
3. «H e 6 p e:H< H 0 0 l' b», MbI na,lJ.OllIJIH Tenepb K O,lJ.HOMY
H3 caMbIX cnOopHbIX H 3ara.li.O'IHbLX BonpOoCOB B OoOJIaCTH 06H3a-
TeJIbCTB H3 ntpaBoHapymeHHM, KacaIOW;HXCfI KaK JIH'IHOCTII, TaK
H HMyw;ecTBa.
B TeopHH npaBOoBOoe 1I0HflTHe HeOpe:H<HOCTH npe,lJ.CTaBJIfleTCfI
HCHbIM. 3TO - ynyw;eHHe BbIlIaJ]HH1'b 'Ooofl3a'HHocTb, B0'3JIO:H<eHHYIO
.u.eMcTByroW;HM npaBOoM Ha OTBeT'lHKa B OoTHOlIIeHHH HCT a. OHO
OTJIH'IHO OT ynyw;eHHH BbIlIOoJIHHTb OOfl3aHHOCTb, BbITeKaIOW;YIO
H3 ,lJ.OorOBOpa HJIH H3 OTHOolIIeHIIM no ,lJ.OoBepHTeJIbHOoH CoOCTBeH-
HOCTH; HeOpe)KHOCTb (B pe.li.KHX CJJY'Iaflx) flBJIfleTCfI Oo.l{HOBpe-
MeHHa rpa)K,lJ.aHCKHM H yrOJIOBHbIM npaBOHapYllieImeM.
HeOOXO.li.HMOo BCer.li.a nOoMHHTb, 'ITO cyw;ecTBOo He6.pe)KHOCTH
3aKJIIO'IaeTCH B ynyw;e'HHH 1.'T0-JIIIOO CJJ;eJIaTb, .a He B naJIO)Kl!-
TeJIbHOoM .l{eMCTBHH. MO:H<HOo CKa3aTb: «OH .l{OonYCTIIJI HeOpe:H<-
HOCTb», HO BbIpa:H<eHlIe «HeOpe:H<HOoe ,lJ.eHCTBHe» CO,lJ.ep:H<HT
npOTHBope 1 IHe B caMOoM ceoe. DbIJJO ObI aOCYP,lJ.HO xapaKTepH-
30BaTb TOo, '1JTOo C1I.e.JIaJJ OTBeT'IHK C rKYKJIOM (CM. BbIlIIe), KaK
CJIY1JaM HeOpeX{HOCTH. nOBH,lJ.HMOMY, C03HaBaH no, OOJIblIIHH<::TBO
CY,lJ.eOHOrO npHC}"J1CTBIIH OTHeCJIO 3TO ,lJ.eJIa K ICJlY'IaHM trespass.
HbIHe, KOor,lJ.a HaM,lJ.eHa B03MO:H<HOoCTb npH3HaBaTb rpa:H<.li.aHCKHMH
npaBoHapymeHHflMH Bpe,lJ.OHOCHWe ,lJ.eHCTBHH, KOoTop e He MorYT
ObITb aTHeceHbI rK trespass, HO KaTopbIe npH'IHHHIOT cfJH3H'Ie-
CKHH Bpe,lJ., Ha,lJ.O Ha.li.eflTbCH, 'ITOo npHpo,lJ.a «He6pe:H<HOoCTH» CTa-
HeT OOJIee HCHOM.
TPY,lJ.HOCTb, a,lJ.HaKO, 3aKJIIO'IaeTCfI B TOM, 'ITaObI anpe,lJ.eJIIITb,
npH KaKHX HMeHHOo YCJIaBHflX npaBO, nOMHMO CJIY'IaeB ,lJ.arOBOpa
HJIII .li.OoBepHTeJIblHOM COOCTOORHOCTH, B03JJaraeT anpe.li.eJleHHYIO
OOfl3aH'HOCTb Ha aTBe1'1JIiKa B OoTHOolIIeHHH HCT a TaK, 'I1'O ynYJIJ:e-
HHe BbIlIOJJHHTb 3Ty' OOH3aHHOCTb flB.IDleTCfI He6pe)KHOCTbIO.
TaKoro pO,lJ.a oOH3aHHocTH ObIJIH BeCbMa MaJJO'IIICJJeHHbI B a6rqeM
npaBe, OTJIH'IaBlIIeMCfI ,lJ.YXOM KpaMHero HH,lJ.HBH,lJ.yaJIH3Ma. BaT
nO'IeMY Aa Ha'IaJIa XIX B. nO'ITH He ObIJIO coaow;eHIIM a CJJ}"laHX
HeOpe:H<HOoCTH, KOTopbIe ObI CJlYlIIaJJHCb B cyAax oow;ero npaBa.
B CHJIy H3MeH'liBlIIHXCfI H,lJ.eM H OOCTOflTeJJbCTB, H3MeHHJIOCb
H npaBo; H CY,lJ.bH, naCTeneHHa OTpa)KaH aow;ecTBeHHoe MHeHHe,
Ha'Ia.!JH C03.n.aBaTb ,lJ.OKTPHHY 0 «He6pe:H<HaCTH». O,lJ.HarKO, e,lJ.Ba
358
'IAOTL qETBEPTAH. rPAJI:,n:AHOI\OE IIPAnO
JIM IIy6JIliKa npe.n.CTaBJIHeT ce6e OrpaHH'IeHHbIH 06'beM ::noro
nOHHTHH.
«He6peMHOCTbIO» B IOpH)!.Hq,eCKOM CMblCJIe Ha3bIBaeTCH OT-
CYTcTBHe TOM 3a60TJIHBOCTH HJIiII YMeHHH, KOTOpyIO OTBe1'q'HI{
06H3aiH npHMeHHTh B OTHOllIeHH:H HC1'll;a. ECml OCTaBll'Tb B cTopoHe
06H3aTeJIbCTBa H3 )!.orooopoB H JI.OBepIITeJJbHOM C06CT.BeHHQ<CTH,
TO MOMHO Ha3BaTb qeTblpe KaTerOpHH CJIyqaeB. KOr)!.a TaKaH
06H3aHHOCTb 'liMeeT MeCTO no)!. CTpaXOM rpaM)!.aHClKOM OTBeT-
CTBeHiHOCTH.
a) n pH H a .'1 H q HH 0 CO 6 bl X 0 l' H 0 III e H H M Me M)!. Y
Co l' 0 P 0 HaM H. CIO)!.a O!fHOCHTCH H3BeCTHble c.nyqaH 06H3aHHO-
CTeM MeJIe3HblX )!.opor nepeBe3TlI HJIH )!.OCTaBHTb B coxpa IHOCTi:l
6araM naccaMHpa, HJIH 06fl3aHHOCTH IBpaqa HJIH OH)!.eJIKH npo-
flBHTb Ha)I.JJeMalIJ;yIO 3a60TJIiHBOCTb II YMeHHe B OTHOllIeHHU
nall;HeHTa. no CYlIJ;eCTBY 3)I.eCb HaJIHll;O )!.orOBopHble OTHOllIeHHH,
KOTopb e H pa.CCMaTpHBaIOT'Cfl, KalK TalKOBble. 8TH CJIyqaH, KalK Mbl
BH)I.eJIH, HrpaJJH cepbe3UYIO pOJIb B pa3BH'I1HH npOCTblX )!.orOBO-
POB; HO OHH HB.n;flIOTCH H cmpeMIlIHMH CJIyqaHMlI, 1K0r)I.a B03HHIKaJl
Bonpoc 0 He6peMHocTH. To 06CTOHTeJJbCTBO, qTO OHH 6blJJH 01'-
HeceHbl K iK3'1'erOpHH lZ!;OrOBopHoro npaBa, )!.OJIroe BpeMH
3a)!.epMHBaJIO pa3BHTHe HOpM, perYJIlIpYIOlIJ;IIX «He6peMHocTb».
HblHe OTHeoeHHe !1THX CJJyqaeB K «He6peMRoCiTH» HMeeT npaK-
THqeCIKOe 3HaqeHHe Tor)!.a l , Kor)!.a OTBeTIlllK CCbIJIiae'fICH iHa OTC'YT-
CTBHe 'KaIKHX-JIH60 )I.OrOBOpHbIX OTHOllIeHHM C HCTU;OM, lHoopHMep,
Kor)!.a naU;lIeHTOM HBJJHeTOH pe6eHoK, a Bpaq npHrJIallieH ero
pO)!.HTeJIeM, IIJIH Kor)!.a na:clCiaMlIpciKllM 6HJIeT npH06peTeH He
caMHM naccaMHpOM, a ero X03HIIHOM.
6) BJJMeJJbll;bl 3eMJJH H TeXHHqeCKHX coopYMeH'HM iHecyr,
Kail{ TaKOBlbIe, onpe)I.eJJeHHbIe nO.'10MHTeJIbHble 06H3aTeJIbC!fBa
B OTHOllIeHHH pa3HbIx JI.Hll;, C KOTOpblMH OHIi conpHiIm!CaIOTCH.
B OTHOllIeHHH JIHll;, KOTopbIe BC1'ynaIOT Ha iHX yqaCTOK HJJH
nOJJb3YIOTCfl 3TlIMH coopYMeRHHMH no npaBY HJJH no nplIrJIallIe-
HHIO BJIa)I.eJJbll;eB, nOCJIe)I.H'.He 06H3aHbI C06JIIO)!.aTb He06xo)!.HMYIO
3a60TJJHBOCTb )I.JIH Toro, qT06bl 3TH JJHu;a He nOTepneJJH Bpe)!.a
01' onaCHOCTeM H.'1H )!.ecpeKTOB, CBH3aHRbIX C 3TlIM yqaCTKOM H.'1H
coopYMeHHeM.
B OTHOllIeHHH Tex .'1Hll;, 1K0TopbIe )!.onYCKaWTCH Ha yqaCTOK
lIJJH K rrOJJb30BaH'HIO coopYMeHHeM 6e3 npnr.'1allIeHHH HJJn npH
OTCYTCTBHH npaBa Tpe60BaTb TalKoro )!.onYCKa HJIIi nO b30BaIHHH,
BJI eJJell; 06H3alHi JIHllIb npUHHTb MepbI 'K npe!l1.ynpeM)I.eHIIIO HX
o rp03HlIJ;eM ona'CHOCTII, nOCKOJIblKY noooe)!.IUIH eMy (BJLa)!.eJIbU;y)
H3BeCTRa; B OTHOllIeHHH lUX OR He 06H3aiH npHHHMaTb MepbI
K yCTpaHeHIIIO TaKIiX He)!.omaTKOB. B OTROllIeHHH Me npaBoHapy-
llIHTeJJeM (trespassers) OH 06H3aH JIiHllIb He C03)!.aBaTb )!.JIfl HHX
«3ana)I.HH», 'lTO, KOHe'lHO, 03Ha'laJIO 6bI He He6pe:>KHOCTb, a HaMe-
peHHoe )I.eMCTBHe C ero CTOpOHbI.
r.lI,.AIL\ XX\'. OBfl3ATEJlbCTBEHHOE IIPABO
359
06H3aHHOCTb 3a6orr.HTbCH 0 6e30na,CHOCTH TeXHH'leCKHX CO-
GpYLKeHoJIH, KOTopaH HbIHe TOJJKyeTcH BeCbMa 'pacnpOCTpaHHTeJJbHO
B CHJ1Y nOCT8HOBJ1eHHM iPa6pH'lHOrO 3aKOHO)J.aTeJIbCTBa, )J.O He-
)J.aBHero BpeMeHH TOJ1KOBaJ1aCb B6C'bMa Orpa'HH'lHTeJ1bHO B OT-
.HOIIIeHHH paOOTHHKOB iPH3H'leCiKOrO TpY)J.a; OrpaHH'lHTeJ1bHOe
TOJIKOBaHHe BbITeKaJIO H3 )J.OIKTPHHbI 0 «COBMeC'THOH c.nY>K6e».
::ha CTpatHH8H )J.OKTpHH8 rJ1aCHJJ3, 'lTO HaHHMaTeJIb iRe HeceT
'OTBe1'CTBeHHOCTH 3a YBe%e, npH'lHHeH'HOe paOO'leMY eMY COTOBa-
pHIUeM no pa60Te Toro LKe pO)J.a, 3a HCKJIIO'leHIieMC:JIy'laeB,
KOr.ll.a 6Y.ll.eT )J.OKa3aHa J1H'lHaH He6pe>KHOCTb OOHHMaTeJJSI. Eho
Y'leHHe SIBJISIeT05IJ aHOpMaJ1bHbIM HCKJJIO'leHHeM H3 1'01'0 npaBHJ1a.
'COrJ1aCHO iKOTOPOMY (KaiK M!>I BH.lI.eJIH) X03SIHH HeceT OTBe'fICTBeH-
\ROCTh 3a npa:BOHapYilieHoJIH :CBoero CJ1y>KaIUerO, COBepIlIeHHbIe no-
.cJ1e.ll.HHM npH 'HCnOJ1HeHHH CJIY>Ke6HbIX 06SI3aHHoCTeM.
Y'leHHe «0 COBMeCTHOM cJ1YLK6e» COXpa'HHJJO CHJ1Y H nOHblHe,
!HO .lI.eMCTBHe ero 3IHa'lHTeJlliHO OrpaHH'leHO pa3J1H'lHbIMH aKTaMH
o()I6 OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH HaHHMaTeJIeM, a TaM, r.ll.e 3TH aIKTbI He
lIMeIOT npHMeHemm, - alKTaM,H 0 1K0MneHcaUHH pa60IJjHX (3a
YBe'lbSI oM npoiPeccHOHaJIbHble 60J1e3HH), H60 no TalKHM .lI.eJIaM He
Tpe6yeTcSI BOBee OiKa3aTeJ1bCTBa 'HeOpe>KHOCTH .HJIH KaKOrO-JIH60
npaBOHapYIlIeHHSI. O)J.HaKO, Bce >Ke HHOr.ll.a nOna.ll.aIOTC'SI CCbIJIKll
na .lI.OKTPHHY «COBMeCTHOM CJ1YLK6bI».
B) JIHUO, npO.ll.aIOIUee HJ1H .lI.aIOIUee 13 nOJIb30BaHHe HJIH
na coxpaHeHHe KaiKYIO-JIH60 BeIUb, OTHOCHTeJIbHO KOTOpOM eMY
.H3B6CTHO, 'l,TO OHa npe;n;Ha3Ha'laeTCSI )J.JJSI onpe)J.eJIeHHbI ueJ1eM
MJJH 'lTO eIO Ha.ll.O n0J1b30BaTbCSI onpe.ll.eJ1elHHbIM 06pa30M, .lI.OJI>KHO
npHMeHHTb MepbI II( npe.ll.ynpe>K.lI.eHHIO 6y.ll.YIU'HX n0J1b30BaTeJIeli
-GO onaCHoclfHX, CBSI3aHHbIX 0 .lI.ep>KaHHeM 3TOM BeIUH HJIH C rIOJ1L-
30BaiHiHeM eIO. TaK, HanpHMep, OTnp, aBHTeJIb aBIlIHH nepe-
B03'lH'KY BeIUb, KOTopaSI npH 06bI'lHbIX YCJJOBHSIX nepeB03KH
MO>KeT .lI.aTb YTe'lKy HJ10JI B30pBaTbCSI H TeM caMbIM npH'lHHoJITb
y6bITKH, .lI.OJI>KeH B03MeCTHTb BCSIKHe nOTepH, KOTopble B pe3YJ1b-
TaTe .:)Toro B03'HoJIKH}'T .lI.JJH nepeB03'lHKa, eCJIH TOJJhKO OH (OT-
npaBHTeJ1b) npHMO He npe.ll.ynpe.ll.HJI nepeB03'lHKa 06 onaCHOCTH.
He'lero H rOBopHTb, 'lTO B 3THX c.ny'laSIX OTnpaBHTeJIb He MO}KeT
.B03JlaraTb OTBe11CTBeHHOCTH Ha nepeB03'lHKa 3a OBOH y6bITKI1.
1') ECJIH JHfUO ca iO HJIH 'lepe3 nOCpe.ll.CTBO CBoeI'O cJIY>Ka-
Il\ero nOJIb3yeTcH BeIUbIO, KOTopaSI npH H'eyMeJ10M 06pameHHIf
C HeIO M<O>KeT npH'lHHHTb YIUep6 TpeTbHM J1HuaM, npHXO)J.HIUHM
B 'COn:PH'KOCHOBeHHe C 3TOH BeIUbIO, TO TaKOe J1HUO OOSI3aHO !IIpH-
MeHHTb Ha.ll.J1e>KaruyIO 3a60TJIHBOCTb .lI.JISI Taro, 'lTo6bI ,npe.lI;ynpe-
lI.HTb 03Ha'leHHbIM YIUeptJ. HanpHMep, MexaHHK, npHl'JJaIlIeHHbIH
.lI.JIH nO'lHHKH ra30Boro O'leT'lHlKa B nOMell.l,eHHH, npHHa.ll.JIe>Kall.l,eM
X03SIHHY HCTua, TalK HeOpe}KHO BbInOJl1HHJI pa6<YrY, 'lTO HCTeu,
cnYCTHBIlInCb co CBe'leM )J.nSI HCnOJJHeHHSI OBOHX CJ1Y>KeOHbIX
..o6H3aHHOCTeii 'B norpe6, r.ll.e 'HaXO.ll.HJ1CH C'leT'lHK, 6bIJI CUm6J1eH
360
AOTL ETBEPTAH. rPAm AHCKOE np- o
C IHOIl' 'l1pOHCrne,ll,I.UHIM B6pbIBOM H nOTepill1eJI YBe'lbe; B 3TOM CJIY-
'lae MeXaHH!K nOHeo O!fBel1CTBeHHOCTb nepe.n: HCTU;OM, XOTSI Me)K)t)'
3THMH JIHII;aMH He 6bIJJO .n:orOBOpHbIX OTHorneHHM.
Bo Bcex c.ny'laSIX HC'KOB, OCHOBaH'HbIX Ha He6pe)KHOCTH, MO.-
rYT B03HHiKHYTb OCHOBaHHSI .lLJISI Toro, 'lT06bI 011BeT'lHiK BbICTaBHJt
B03pa)KeHlle, HMeHyeMoe CCbIJII OM B'a Re6pe)KHOCTb nOTepneB-
rnero (<<cMernaHHYIO BHHy»). B03pa)KeHHe .9TO 3aiKJIIO'laeTCSJ
E CCblJIlKe Ha TO, 'liTO, eCJJH Jl,a)Ke mpH3HaTb HeOpe)KHOCTb 'OTBer-
'lll'Ka, TO Ha.n:o 38KJIJO'lWfb, '1TO HCTeU; B .n:aHHOM CJJY'lae He no-
TepneJI 6bI Yl.!.{ep6a, elCJJH 6bJ OH CO CBoeM CTOpOHbI TaJK)Ke He
npOSIBHJJ He6pe)KIWCTH. HanpHMep, A e.n:eT n.o .n:opore B He-
npaBHJIbHOM HanpaBJJeHHH. B - nernexo.n:, He O)KH.n:aSI Jl,BH)KeH:HH
TpaHCnOpTa. B .9TOM HanpaBJJeHHH, nepexo.n;HT )J.opory, He no-
CMOTpeB, o.n:HaKO, HaJJeBO; B pe3Y.%TaTe MarnliHa A npH'lllHSIeT
B YBe'lliSI.
ECJm !IIpHCSIm'HbIe pernaT, '1TO lIeC'IaC11HbIM CJIY'IaM !He HMeJJ
6bI 'MeCTa npH IHa.n;JIemaI.u;eM OOMOOpHTeJIbHOCTH B, TO nOCJJe.n;HHH.
He nOJJY'IHT 0'1 A B03MOl.!.{eHHSI; XOTSI prima facie npoSIBliJI He-
6pe>KHOCTb nOCJIe.n:HllM. B npa'KTHKe pa3perneHHe 3Toro Bonpoc3
HaTa.'lKHBaeTCSI Ha 3Ha'lHTeJJbHbIe 3aTpy.n:HeHHSI, 'l1pH'IeM COMHeHlU
C.'lllrnKOM 'laC,TO pa6pernaJIHCb B nOJIb3Y 'BJIa.n:eJJbll;eB MarnliH.
.il.oKTpHHa «CMeIllaHHo:fi BHHbI» He nOJIb3yeTcSI, OJl,HaKO.
OC060M nonYJISIpHOCTbIO Y cy.n:eM; ObIJJO YC'T'a'HOBJ1eHO HeCIKOJIbKQ.
cTpomx npaBlIJI, orpaHlt'lHBaIOl.!.{HX ee .n:e:ficTBHe. HanpHMep,
eOJIH npe.n:rnecIfBYIOl.!.{aSI He6pe)KHOCTb OTBeT"lHKa npHHyJI,HJIB>
nCTII;a ooernHO npHHSITb peIlle'HHe B KpHTH'IeC1lmM MOMeHT, TO Oll<
(HCTell;) He HeceT nOCJJe.n:CTBliM OMernaHHOM BHHbI TOJIbKO nOTOMY,
'ITO 'O'll He C:YMe.JI H36paTh JJY'lrnyIO H3 .B03MO)KHOCTeM. ECJII1.
HC1'lI.OM HBJISIeTCSI pe6eHOK, TO or Hero He omH.n:aeTCSI TOll me
CTeneHH yMeHH:H H36emaTh onaCHOC.Tll, lKaK OT B3pOCJIOrO 'IeJIO-
BeKa; BCSI!KOe nOBe.n:eHHe OTBeT'IIIKa, n06y.n:llBrnee pe6eHK8
COBeprnllTb nOCTY'l10K, KOTOpbIM npHBeJJ K yl.!.{ep6y .lLM pe6eHK3,
HCKJIIO'IaeT B03MomHOCTb .n;JISI OTBeT'lHKa CCbIJIaTbCH Ha He6pe>K-
HOCTb pe6eHKa (<<CMernaHHYW BliRY») HJIH .name Ha ero npaJBO-
HapYIlleHHe. TaK, HanpliMep, naJIaTa JIOp.n:OB npH3HaJIa, '1TO
)KeJIe3HaSI .l.\opora HeceT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a BpeJl" n,n'lllHeHHbIH'
.n:eTSIM nOBopOTHbIM KpyroM .n:JJSI napOB030B, HOO BXO.n: Ha no-
BOpOTHbIM Kpyr He 6bIJI 3anepT, TaK '1TO .n:eTli MOrJJll Ty;n:a npo-
HHK'HYTb, XOTSI Jl,eTH. B 3TOM CJIY'lae HeCOMHeHHO ObIJIll np3BO-
HapyrnllTeJJSIMH.
.il.o He.n:aBHero BpeMeHll CMernaHHaSI BIIHa, .n:onYI.IJ.eHHaSI
COBeprneHHOJIeTHIIM, Ha nOne'leHllll KOToporo Haxo.n:llTCSI pe6e-
HOK, MOrJJa JIllrnllTb nOCJIe.n:Hero npaBa llCKa 113 He6pemHOCIfH.
8TO npaBllJIO, KOTopoe .n:aBHO no.n:BepraJJOCb CypOBOli K:pHTHKe'
CO CTOpOHbI cy.n:eM, HbIHe, MomHO CK838Tb, nepeCTaJIO .lIeHCTBO-
BaTh IMeCTe C .n:OKTpliHOM 06 «identification».
l'JEA11M. xxv. OBa3ATEJlbcrI'BEHiHOE DPABO
361'
B 06 eM HeJIb3SI CKa3aTb, 'ITO Y'IeHHe 0 «CMelllaHHOM BHHe»,.
KaK OHO npHHSITO B 06 eM npaBe, HaXO.n:HTCSI ,B y.n:OBJJeTBOpH-
TeJIbHOM COC11OHHHH; JJY'Illie 6bIJIO 6bI npHlIHTb npaBHJJO MOp-
CKOrO npaBa, npHMeHSIeMOe B CJIY'IaSIX y6bITKOB, npH'IHHeHHbIX
CY)J;HY HJIH rpY3y CTOJIKHOBeHHeM Ha MOpe: YObITOK 06eHX
CTOpOH, BbITeKaIOruHM H3 CTO.'lKHOBeHHSI, B KOTOpOM BHHOBHbI
06e CTOpOHbI, .n:OJIMeH ObITb pacnpe.n:eJJeH nponopU;HOHaJIbHO
CTeneHH BHHbI KaM.n:oro cy.n:Ha, HJIH, npH HeB03MOMHOCTH onpe-
.n:eJIHTb CTeneHb BHHbI, - nopOBHY.
HaiKOHeu;, B CBSI3H C 'He6peMHOCTblO, Ha.n:o KOCHYTbCSI BO-
npoca, He.n:aBHO [10.n:HSIToro B cy.n:ax, HMeHHO .n:o Ka'KHX npe.n:eJIOB'
iHe6peMHOCTb, KOTopaSI prima facie OTHOCHTCSI !K O.n:HOMY JIHU;Y..
MOMeT CJIYMHTb OCHOBaHHeM .n:JIH HCKa co CTOpO bI .n:pyroro
JJHu;a, iPaKTH'IeCKH 01' Hee nocTpa.n:aBlllero.
B He.n:aBHO CJIYlllaBllleMcSI .n:eJJe ObIJIO npH3HaHo, 'ITO
He6peMHocTb co CTOpOHbI CJIyrH OTBeT'IHKa, KOTOpbIM .n:onYCTH.'l,
'IT06w ero MeXaHHQeCKaSI TeJIeMKa nepeexaJIa pe6eHKa H npH'IH-
HHJJa nOBpeM.n:eHHe nOCJJe.n:HeMY B npHcYTcTBHH MaTepH, YMep-
llleH 01' nOTpSIceHHSI, .n:aeT OCHOBaHHe .n:JJSI BOKa co CTOpOHbI
MYMa nOKOMHOM 00 YObITKax, CBSI3aHHbIX C TeM, 'ITO MYM
B CBOHX 3aHSITHSIX He MOMeT 60JJee nOJJb30B8TbCSI nOMOll.l,bIO
MeHbI. Ha.n:o OTMeTHTb, 'ITO 31'0 6bI,JI Bonpoc He 06 «OT.n:aJIeH-
HOCTH Yll.I,ep6a», HO 06 «OT.n:8JIeHHOCTH npH'IHHHOM CBH3H». 3aTeM'
31'01' Bonpoc MOMeT 6WTb no.n:HSIT TOJIbKO B CJJY'IaSIX HeopeM-
HOCTH, B OT.rm'IHe 01' YMbIC.'la, TaK K8K HeT COM'HeHHSI, 'ITO eCJIH.
6bI OTBeT'IHK nepeexaJI .n:eBO'IKY, HJIH .n:aMe TOJIbKO HanyraJI ee
C oo.n:YMaHHbIM HaMepeHHeM BbI3BaTb nOTpSIceHHe Y ee MaTepl1,
TO OH 6bIJI 6bI OTBeT:CTBeH Ha OCHOBaHHH HOpMbI, YCTaHOBJJeH-
HOM 'IeTBepTb BeKa TOMY Ha3a.n:, 3a Yll.I,ep6, npOHCTeKaIOll.I,HM H3,
C03HaTeJIbHO BbI3BaHHoro HepBHoro nOTpSIceHHSI.
3aKJJIO'IHTeJIbHWe CTa.n:HH ynoMSIHYToro .n:eJJa He npHBe.n:eHW
B OT'IeTax. Ho O'IeBH.n:Ha CJIa60CTb aprYMeHTOB, KOTOpbIMW
PYKOBO.n:CTBOBaJIOCb 60JJblllHHCTBO Cy.n:eM B 3TOM .n:eJIe. ECJIH HX
paCCYM.n:eHHe 6blJJO npaBHJIbHO, TO TOT iPaKT, 'ITO pe6eHKY,.
o KOTOpOM H.n:eT pe'Ib, .n:eMCTBHTeJIbHO 6bIJIO npH'IHHeHO nOBpe-
M.n:eHHe, He MOMeT HMeTb HHKaKoro 3Ha'IeHHSI. .lI.ocTaTO'IHO
6bIJIO 6bI Toro, 'ITO 'KaKOM-HH6y.n:b B3BOJ1!HOBaHHbIH coce.n: npH"
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B ero npaBHJIbHOCTH, 0 npH'IHHeHHH nOBpeM.n:eHHM ee pe6eHKY,
XOTSI 6bI B .n:eMCTBHTeJIbHOCTH pe6eHOK He nOCTpa.n:8JJ. KpoMe
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'laM, KOTOpbIM npOH30111eJI no He6peMHocTH OTBeT'lHKa, Mor 6bI
BqHHHTb HCK 3a y ep6. HecoMHeHHo, ':ITO no.n:06HaSI nepcne'K-
THBa MOMeT HpaBHTbCJI a.n:BOK8TaM. Ho cooTBeTcTByeT JIH OHa
.n:OCTOHHCTBY aHrJIHM'CKoro npaaa I1JIH aHrJIHikKOro xapaKTepa?'
-JG2
'IAOTb LETBEPTAH. rPA}R.D:AIICI\OE IIPABO
TIPABOHAPYillEHH B OTHOillEHHH COBCTBEHHOCTH
1. Hap Y III e H H e B JI a ll. e H II SI (Trespass) H 2. He 6-
6 P e:>K H 0' C T b (Negligence) B OTHOIIIeHHH He)J;BHJKHMOCTH H ll.BH-
:>KHMOCTH MaJIO OTJIllqalOTCSI no cBoeM npHpoll.e 01' nOll.06HbIX
:>Ke npaBoHapYIIIeHHM B OTHOIIIeHHH JIHqHOCTH, HO 06'beKTbI HX
.0CYIl{eCTBJIeHHSI !KOHeqHO pa3JJHqHbI. MbI rOBopHM 0 BMeIIIaTeJIb-
CTBe BO BJIall.eHHe ll.BHJKHMOCTblO H Hell.BHJKHMOCTblO, HO npH
3TOM MbI HMeeM B BHll.Y HapYIIIeHHe «paKTHqeCKOrO BJJall.eHHSI.
Bc eJJ.Cl'BHe 3 oro, Ha.l!lO npllHHMaTb 'BO 'BHH:MiClHHe nOJIO:>KeHHe
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MOCTb HJJH Hell.SHJKHMOC'Tb. .lI.eMcTBHe, KOTopoe ll.JISI BJJall.eJJbu;a
'He,.n:'BHJKHIMOCTblO A npe.n:cTaBJIHeT HapYIIIeHHe ePO BJJall.eHHSI, MO-
JKeT !BbI3BaTb ll.JISI B, ee co6cTBeHHH!Ka, TOJIbKO YIl{,ep6 H .n:aTb
'().CHOBaHHe ll.JISI HCKa COBceM Jl.pyroro pOll.a, qClM ll.JISI A.
MaJIeMIIIee BMeIIIaTe.'lbCTBO BO BJIa)l.eHHe Hell.BHJKHMOCTblO
HJIH Jl.BHJKHMOCTblO ll.aeT OCHOBaHHe .n:M «HCKa 0 HapYIIIeHHH
BJIall.eHHSI», He3aBHCHMO 01' Toro, nOTepneJJ JIH BJIall.eJIeu; BCJIell.-
CT'BHe Ta'Koro BMeIIIaTeJIbCTBa peaJJbHbIll YIl{epo HJJH HeT. B CJIY-
qae, KOrll.a ll.eJJO KaCae1'CSI ne.n:BH:>KHMOCT'f\ HapYIIIeH!He BJIa-
.n:eHHSI MO:>KeT npHHSITb «POPMY BMeIIIaTeJIbCTBa BO BJIall.eHHe
JIH60 nOBepXHOCTblO, JIHOO Hell.paMH, .'lH60 Ha OCHOBaHHH npell.-
nHC8JHli'SI AKTa 01 B03iJl.yxOIIJIaBaiHHH (Air Navigation Act), paHee
ynoMHHaBIIIerocSI, «POPMY BMeIIIaTeJIbCrna BO BJIa.n:eHHe B03.n:YIII-
'HbIM npOCTpaHCTBOM Hall. yqaCTKOM. HapYIIIHTeJIb He MO:>KeT
CCbIJIaTbCSI Ha OTCYTCTBHe Y HCTu;a, SIB.'lSIIOIl{erOCH peaJIbHbIM
BJIall.eJIbu;eM, 3aKOHHoro THTYJIa. ECJIH OH JKeJIaeT ll.OKa3aTb,
qTO 1'HT)'JI .BJJa.n:eJIbU;a He.n:OOTaTOqeH,OH ll.OJHKeH IB'lHHHTb caMO-
CTOSITe.'lbHbIM HCK THna ejectment, eC.'l1i ll.eJJO Hll.eT 0 He.n:BHJKH-
MOCTH, H HOK THna detinue HJIH trover, eCJIH .n:eJIO H.n;eT
o ll.BHJKHMOCTH.
npH HcKe 0 HapYIIIeHHH ,BJIall.eHHSI HCTeu; He ll.OJIJKeH ll.OKa-
3bIBaTb HaJIHqHSI peaJIbHOrO YIl{ep6a, KaK YJKe yKa3bIBaJIOCb; HO
eCJIH BJJall.eHHIO He npHqHHeHO peaJIbHOrO YIl{ep6a, TO npH-
CYJK.n:eHHHoe B03MeIl{eHHe 6y.n;eT HMeTb 3HaqeHHe .'lHIIIb npH3Ha-
HHSI CYll.OM npaB HCTu;a. ECJJH JKe, o.n:HaKo, npHqHHeHHble y6bITKH
neJIHKH, TO COOTBeTCTBeHHO BeJIHKO 6Yll.eT H npHcy:>K.n:eHHoe
B03MeIII;eHHe.
B cJIyqae C ll.BHJKHMOCTblO, eCJIH HapYIIIeHHe BJIa.n:eHHSI
Bblpa3HTcSI B nOJIHOM JIHIIIeHHH HCTu;a BJIall.eHHSI ,HOll ll.BHJKH-
MOCTblO, TO, KaK YJKe YKa3bIBaJIOCb, B03MeIl{eHHe 6Yll.eT cocra-
BJISITh nO.'lHYIO ee CTOHMOCTb.
ECTeCTBeHHO, qrO He MO>KeT 6.bI'Tb npaBOHapYIIIeHHH KaK
B OTHOIIIeHHH JIHu;a, TaK H B OTHOIIIeHHH cot5cTBeHHOCTH 6e3
)'l-fbICJIa co CTOpOHbI OTBeTqHKa. ECJlH, iHanp Mep, OTBeTQHK
TO.1KHYJI HCTu;a BCJIe.n:crBHe .n:aBKH, c03,naHHon Tonnon, H.'lH
rJIABA xxv. OBfl3ATEJI:bCrrBEHHOE nPABO
363
cmJ OTBeTqHK 6bIJI C6pOrneH Ha yqaCTOK HCTIJ,a JIOIII, a,D;blO
oCTaBmeM Ha .n:bI6bI, TO TYT HeT rrpaBoHapymeHHSI B OTHomeHHH
BJIa.n:eHHSI (trespass). Ho He 06SI3aTeJIbHO, qT06bI OTBeTqHK
HMeJI HaMepeHHe npHqHHHTb Bpe.n: HCTIJ,Y. OH Mor, HanpHMep,
y.n:apHTb HCTIJ,a, npHHHB ero 38 KaKoe-TO .n:pyroe JIHIJ,O, HJIH npo-
-exaTb no ero 3eMJIe, npe.n:nOJIaraH, qTO OHa npHHa.n:JIe}l{HT ero
(OTBeTQHKa) .n:pyry, y KOToporo OH MHBeT. 06a 3TH .n:eMCTBHSI
'COCTaBHT npaBoHapymeHHH.
BepOHTHO, no 3TOH npHQHHe xoporno H3BeCTHbIM THn liCKa,
'Ha3bIBaeMbIM «running-down case» (.n:OCJIOBHO, .n:eJIa 0 Tex CJIY-
'lJaSIX, Kor.n:a qeJJOBeK C6HT C Hor) TpaKTyeTcH B imHrax O.n:HO-
BpeMeHHo KaK HCKH3 illpaBoHapyrneHHSI H H3 He6peMHocTH.
Prima facie, iPH3HqeCKOe conpHKocHoBeHHe MeM.n:y OT'BeTqHKOM
H HCTIJ,OM HJIH MeM.n:y OTBeTqHKOM H QeM-JIH60, Haxo.n:Hll.I,HMCH
BO B.'laAeHHH HCTIJ,a, COCTaBJIHeT trespass (HapyrneHHe BJIaAeHHH).
Ho TYT BcerAa B03MOMHO, qTO OTBeTqHK 6YJI.eT CCbIJI8TbCH
Ha TO, qTO ero JJOrna.n:b rOpSIqHJI3-Cb HJIH qTO ero TopM03a
-c.n:aJJH, H TorAa HaJIHqHe npaBoHapyrneHHSI 6YAeT O'f'BeprHYTO,
11 Bce JI.eJJO CBe.n;eTCSI K Bonpocy, MOMHO JIH OTBe'TqHKY HJIH
'HCTIJ,y BMeHHTb B BHHY OTCYTCTBHe AOCTaTOqHOM 3a6oTJIHBOCTH.
KOHeqHO, HapymeHHe BJIa.n:eHHSI HeABHMHMOCThIO HJIH ABH-
)!{HMOCTbIO MOMeT 6b1Tb onpaBAaHO no [pa3HbIM OCHOBaHHHM,
HanpHMep, B CHJIY npaBOMOqHH, ntpe.n:OCTaBJIeHHOrO 3aKOHOM, HJIH
'B CHJI)' pa3perneHHSI HCTIJ,a. B nOCJIeAHeM cJtyqae BPH.n: - JIH
MOMeT 6bITb npH3HaHO Bo06ll.1,e HaJIHqHe HapyrneHHSI BJIa.n:eHHSI,
T3-K KaK OHO npeAnOJIaraeT npOTHBOAeMCTBHe BOJIe HCTIJ,a. Ho
nepBbIM c.nyqaM npe.n:CTaB.'lSIeT C060M HeCOMHeHHO HapyrneHHe,
XOTSI H onpaB.n:bIBaeMoe. 31'0 YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH OqeHb erporoM
fHOpMOM (Tenepb HeCKOJlbKO oCJIa6JIeHIHoM), qTO 'BtCHKOe IHenpaBHJIb-
'Hoe nOBeJI.eHHe CO 'CTOpOHbI JIH IJ,a , ynO.'lHOMOqeHHOrO 3aKOHOM
BCTynHTb Ha qYMYIO 3eM.'lIO HJJH OBJIaAeTb qYMOM .n:BHMHMOCTbIO
{HanpHMep, rnepHiPa, B KatIeCTBe cYAe6Horo HCnOJIHHTeJJH, HJIH
cOCeJI.8, yC'I1paHHIOll.I,erO qaC'myIO 3JIOBp 1 eJl}liOCTb), npeBpaTHT ero
B HapyrnHTeJISI BJJa.n:eHHSI ab initio, T. e. C caMoro HatIaJIa c.n:e-
JIaeT ero OTBeTCTBeHHbIM 3a HapyrneHHe B.'la.n:eHHH. J],pyroe
'OnpaB.n:aHHe HapyrneHHH BJIaAeHHH He.n:BHMHMOCTbIO 3aKJIIOqaeTCH
B He06xo.n:HMOCTH npe.n:ynpe.n:HTb pacnrpoC'rpaHeHHe nOMapa, HO
3Ta HopMa onHTb-TaKH He BnO.'lHe COBMeCTHMa C npeAnOJIarae-
MOM CTporocTbIO 06IiI.ero npaBa B OTHorneHHH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH
3a nOMap BJIa.n:eJIbua HeABHMHMOCTH. Be.n:b eCJIH TaKoM B.TIa.n:e-
.TIen; «6e3YCJIOBHO» OTBeTCTBeHeH, TO 3aqeM Me ero coce.n:y
{5paTb Ha ce6SI OCYll.l,eCTBJIeHHe 3aKoHa?
3. 3 JI OIB P e .n: HOC l' b (Nuisance). 31'0 OC06bIH BHA npa-
BOHapyrneHHSI, OTHOCSIll.I,HMCSI TOJIbKO K He.n:BHMHMOCTH. OH
1{MeeT OqeHb rnHpOKoe npHJJOMeHHe H MOMeT 6bITb onpeAeJIeH
:KaK .n:eMcTBHe HJIH ynYll.l,eHHe, COCTaBJIHIOll.I,ee BMernaTeJIbC1'BO
364
'lAOTb 'lETBEPTAH. I'PA.m,n:AHCKOE IIPABO
B nO.'lb30BaHHe He)I.BHMHMOCTblO nYTeM B03)J.eMCTBHH Ha 3)I.OpOBbe
BJIa)I.eJJbll,a, ero KOM«pOpT HJIH Y)J.OOC1'Ba npH OCYIll,eCTBJIeHHH HM
BJIa)I.eHHH. 3. T IOBpe)J.HOCTb MOMeT C03)I.aBaTb HapymeHHe BJIa)J.e-
HHH, HO BO MHorHX CJIY'IaHX 91'01'0 He npOHCXO)J.HT, HanpHMep,
B CJIY'Iae pacnpOCTpaHeHHH )J.YPHoro 3anaxa, pe3Koro mYMa,
C03)J.aHHH npenHTCTBHH K npOHH;KHOBeHHIO CBeTa B nOMeIll,eHHH'
H T. n, ,
Ha)J.o 3aMe1'HTb, 'ITO caM no ceoe «paK1', 'ITO )J.eMCTBHe
YMeHbIllaeT ll,eHHOCTb He)J.BHMHMOCTH, He npeBpaIll,aeT 91'0-
)J:eiicTBHe C TO'lKH 3peHHH npaBa B 3JIOBpe)I.HOC1'b. HanpHMep,
COOCTBeHHHK, KOTOpbIM CHOCHT OOJJbmOM )J.OM H 3aCTpaHBaeT
Y'IaCTOK MaJIeHbKHMH KOTTe)J.MaMH, MOMeT CHJJbHO CHH3H1'b CTO-
HMOCTb coce)J.Hero MHJIOrO )J.OMa, HO OH, KOHe'IHO, He BHHOBeH
B 3JIOBpe)J.HOCTH. 11 )J.aMe B TOM CJIY'Iae, Kor)J.a )J.eMCTBHe, BbI3bI-
BalOIll,ee HCK, npeJI;CTaBJ1HeT EMellIa.TeJIbCTBO B nOJIb30BaHHe
nCTll,a ero He)I.BHMHMOCTblO, CY)J. ,n:OJJMeH npHHHTb BO BHHMa-
HHe 06Ill,HM xapaKTep coce)J.CTBa H OObI'lHble nOTpeOHOCTH HJIH
XO)I. )J.eJIOBOM H )I.OMallIHeH MH3HH. .il.PYrHMH CJIOBaMH, 3JIOBpe)I.-
HOCTb - 9"1'0 TO, 'ITO cpe)I!HMH 'IeJIOBeK, a He HCKJI'lO'lHTeJIbHbIH,
6Y)J.eT CQHTaTb TaKOBOM. BCJJeJI;C'TBHe 9TOro, Bcer)J.a HMelOTca
CJIY'IaH, «JreMa.Ill,He H8' rpaHHue», HanpHM p B Ha'CTOHIll,ee BpeMH
nOJJb30BaHHe rpaMMo«pOHOM npH OTKpbITbIX OKHax H.'IH B ca)J.Y.
O)J.Ha H3 Cnell,HaJIbHbIX oc06eHHOCTeM npaBa, O1'HOCHIll,erOCH
K 3JIOBpe)J.HOCTH, 3a'KJIIO'IaeTCH, KaK YMe YKa3bIBaJIOCb, B TOM,
'l1'O JJHll,O, CTpa)I.alOIll,ee 01' Hee, MOMe1', )I.O H3BeCTHbIX npe)J.e-
JJOB, B3H1'b OCYIll,eCTB.'IeHHe npaBa B c06CTBeHHble PYKH H HaCHJIb-
CTBeHHO, B nOpH)I.Ke caMonOMOIll,H, YC1'paHHTb (abate) 9'TY 3.'10-
Bpe)I.HOCTb, T. e. «pH3H'IeCKH YCTpaHHTb ee npH'IHHY, eCJJH OHa
Bo06Ill,e YCTpaHHMa. Ho npeM)I.e 'leM 91'0 C)I.eJIaTb, Ha)J.O OObI'IHO
H3BeC1'HTb 06 .9TOM 'leJIOBieKa, BHHOBHoro B 3JIOBpe)J.HOCTH, BO
BCHKOM CJJY'lae 91'0 HeOOXO)I.HMO, KOr)I.a 3.'IOBpe)J.HOCTb BbI3BaHa
ynYIll,eHHeM, a He )J.eHCTBHeM; nOCTpa)I.aBllIHM 01' 3JIOBipe,lJ.'HOCTH
He ,n:OJIMeH BCTynaTb Ha 3eMJIlO HeBHHOBHoro 'IeJIOBClKa C ll,eJIblO
YCTpaHeHHH 3JIOBpe)I.HOCTH H He )J.OJIMeH npJ:IMeHHTb J:I3JIHllIHerO
HaCJ:IJIHH HJIH npH'lHHHTb H3JTHllIHHM YIll,epo. .il.eMcTBHTeJIbHO,
YCTpaHeHHe 3JIOBpe)I.HOC1'H B nOpH)I.Ke caMOnOMOIll,H, pe6YIOIll,ee
HapYllIeHHH BJIa)J.eHJ:IH, npe)J.CTaBJIHeT COOOM BeCbMa pHCKOBaH-
Hoe npe)I.npHHTHe; nOCTpa)I.aBllIeMY B 60JIbllIHHCTBe c.rry'laeB
peKOMeH)J.OBaJIOCb 6bI 06paTHTbCH B CY)J. 3a a.'lbTepHaTHBHbIM
Y)I.OBJIe1'BOpeHHeM B nOpSI)J.Ke 3anpeTH1'eJIbHOrO npHKa3a (injun-
ction).
4. JI H III e H H e B JJ a )J. e H H H (Dispossession) H Y)J.epMaHHe
(Detainer) npe)J.cTaBJIHIOT COOOM npaBoHapYllIeHHH B O1'HOllIeHHH
KaK He)J.BHMH'MOCTH, TaK H )J.BHMHMOCTM, 3a'i{.'lIO'lalOIll,HeCff
TOJIbKO BO BJIa)J.eHHH )J.BHMHMOCTbIO HJIH He)J.BHMHMOCTblO,
npaBO Ha BJIa)I.eHHe KOTOpblMH HMeeTCH Y )I.Pyroro .'Ill[Ja. OR"
rJIAiBA xxv. OHH3A'l1EJIJ,(JII'BEHHOE UPA>BO
365
..lI.aIOT OCHOBaHHe ,n:JJH HCKa THna ejectment (B c.'lY'Iae He,n:BHMH-
:MOCTH) H THna detinue (B cJIyqae ,n:BHMHMOCTH), T. e. npocTo
,n:JJH HCKa 0 npoBepKe 'fHTYJIa Ha BJIa,n:eHHe He,n:BHMHMOCTbIO HJJH
,n:BHMHMOCTbIO 6e3 npeTeH3HM 3a HapyrneHHe BJIa,n:eHHH HJJH T. n.
3TH HCKH ,n:eMCTBHTeJIbHO npe,n:CTaBJI5IIOT C060M cOBpeMeHHbIe,
-caMbIe 6JIH3KHe no,n:06HH CTapbIX peaJIbHbIX .HCKOB (real
.actions), KOTopbIe OHn cpaKTH'IeCKH 3aMeHHJI'H, inOTOMY TITO,
B cJJY'Iae CBoeM ycnernHoCTH, OHH conpOBOM,n:aIOTCH HJIH MorYT
.conpoBOM,n:aTbCH cy,n:e6HbIM npHKa30.M, 'KOTOpbIM B03Bpa aeT
HCTUY BJIa,n:eHHe He,n:BHMHMOCTbIO HJIH ,n:>BHMHMOCTbIO. Cy -
"HOCTb HCKa THna ejectment 3aKJIIO'IaeTCH B TOM, 'ITO HCTeu
MOMeT BblHrpaTb ,n:eJIO TOJIbKO HCJIe,n:CTBHe ,n:eMCTBHTeJIbHOCTH
.cBoero THTYJJa Ha BJIa,n:eHHe, a He BCJJe,n:CTBHe ,n:ecpeKTHOCTH
'THTYJIa 01'BeT'IHKa; BepOHTHO 3TO npaBHJIO OTHo.CHTCH H K HCKY
THna detinue, 3a HCKJIIO'IeHHeM Toro, 'ITO B nOCJIe,n:HeM cJIY'Iae
-oTBeT'IHKY He pa3lpemaeTCH, eCJlH OH ,n:eMCTBHTeJIbHO nOJIY'IHJI
)I,BHMHMOCTb, HBJIHIO YIOCH 06'beKTOM HCKa, OT HCTua, BbICTa-
BJIHTb B CBOIO 3a HTY npaBa TpeTbHX JIHll,.
5. n p H C B 0 e H H e (Conversion). 3TO npaBoHapyrneHHe
'MOJKeT OTHOCHTbCH TO.'lbKO K ,n:BHMHMOCTH, a He K He,n:BHMH-
MOCTH, Ho. K things in action TaK Me, KaK H K chattels corpo-
real (ca 1. BbIrn'e CT;!). 281). OHO aaKJIIO'Iae'fiC.H B npHCBOemlIi
B c06cTBeHHYIO nO.'lb3Y ,n:BHMHMOCTH, Ha BJIa,n:eHHe HJIH nOJIb30-
BaHHe KOTOpOM HMeeT Henocpe,n:cTBeHHoe npaBo ,n:pyroe JIHIl,O.
HCK 0 npHcBoeHHH 6bIJI BBe,n:eH B XV HeKe ,n:JIfI Toro, 'IT06bI
'H36eMaTb Heo6xo,n:HMOCTH CCbIJJaTbCH Ha npHMeHeHHe CHJIbI, 'ITO
Tpe60BaJJOCb npH 060cHoBaHHH HCKa 0 HapyrneHHH BJIa,n:eHHH H
TO MOrJJO CJIYMHTb 3HaKOM K npHMeHeHHIO HaCHJJHH. .aJlfl Toro,
"lT06bI H36eMaTb no,n:06Horo pHcKa, RCTell, CCbIJIaJJCH Ha TO, 'ITO
OH CJIY'IaMHO nOTepHJI Be b, COCTaBJJHIO YIO npe,n:MeT HCKa, a
OTBeT'IHK HarneJI ee H npHCBOHJI ,n:JJH nOJIb30BaHHH eIO OTCIO,n:a
Ha3BaHHe trov,er, KOTOpoe ,n:OJIfO .AepMaJIOCb 3a coorrneTCTByIO-
tll,HM HCTll,OM.
Pa3JIH'IHe MeM,n:y 3THM HCKOM H HCKOM THna detinue 3aKJIIO-
"laeTCH B TOM, 'ITO npOCTOM OTKa3 BepHYTb ,n:BHMHMOCTb ,n:OCTa-
TO'IeH ,n:JIH 060CHOB'aHHH HCKa BToporo THna, B TO BpeMH KaK
HCK Tuna trover He MOMeT 6bITb B'IHHeH, eCJJH He HMeeTCH
KaKOrO-JIH60 ,n:OKa3aTeJIbCTBa, 'ITO OTBeT1JHK ,n:eMCTBOBaJI KaK
co6cTBeHHHK ,nOM ,n:BHMHMOCTH, HanpHMep, npo,n:aBaH ee, no-
Tpe6JJHH, 3aKJIa,n:blBaH ee no,n: ccy,n:y HJIH cTpeMHcb peaJIH30BaTb
ee. 06bI1JHO y,n:oBJIeTBOpeHHeM npH 3TOM HBJIHeTCH B03Me eHHe
y6bITKOB, HO, KaK H npH HCKe THna detinue, cy,n: MOMeT BbIHeCTH
perneHHe 0 B03Bpa eHHH caMoM ,n:BHMHMOCTH. .'
HaAo oTMeTfflb. 1J'l10 ,n:06pOiCOBeCTHOCTh He C,OCTi'lBmeT ,n:OCT,a-
T01J:nOM 3a HTbI npH ,UCiKe 0 npnCBoemm, 3a HC'KmotIeHHeM
CJIy'IaeB, oc060 np'e,n:ycMoTpeHHbllx 3aKOHOM. Ay:Kll,HOHHCT."
366
'lACTT> "IETBEPTA.II. rPA:JK,n:AHCIWE IIPABO
npO,D;a1OllI,HH ,n:BmKHMOCTb, KOTOpy1O A nopyqHJI eMY npo,n:aTb,.
MOMeT ObITb BHHOBeH B npHCBoeHHH, eC.'ll! 3Ta ,D;BHMHMOCTb-
cpaKTHqeCKH npHHa,D;JIeMHT B.
6. Hap y III e H Hen 0 JI b 30 B a H H 51 (Disturbance). TaK
Ha3bIBaeTCSI npaBoHapyweHHe, BbIpaMa1OllI,eeCSI BO BMelllaTeJIb-
CTBe B npaBa Ha He,n:BHMHMOCTb, He ,D;a1OllI,He caMH no ceoe
npaB BJIa.n:eHHSI - «incorporeal hereditaments», HanpHMep, nOJIb-
30BaHHe BbIrOHaMH, .n;oporaMH, pbI6HbIMH .'lOB.'lSIMH H T. n. I1cTe
He .n;OJIMeH .n;OKa3bIBaTb ylll,ep6a, H 3THM HCK 0 HapYllleHHH
nOJIb30BaHHSI OTJIHqaeTCSI OT HCKa 0 3JIOBpe.n;HOCTH. OCOOUM BH,D;
3TorO THna HCKa, H3BeCTHbIM no.n; Ha3BaHHeM quare impedit
6bIJI O.n;HO BpeMSI OqeHb pacnpOoCTpaHeH npH npOBepKe THTYJIa
Ha npaBO npe.n;CTaBJIeHHSI K 3aMelll,eHH1O u;epKOBHbIX .n;OJIMHO-
CTeH. Ho BCJIe.n;cTBHe H3MeHeHHM B npaBe OH Tenepb nOqTIf
HC'le3. \
7. Pac 11 0 "I e H He (Waste). 3TO elll,e O.n:HO O'leHb .n:peB-
Hee npaBOHapYllleHHe, nOJIOMeHHe KOToporo BCJIe.n;cTBHe HOBoro
3aKoHo.n;aTeJIbCTBa CTaJIO CeM'laC KpaMHe cOMHHTeJIbHblM. PaCTo-
qeHHeM Ha3bIBa.'lOCb HenpaBHJIbHOe 06palll,eHHe C He.n:BHMHMOCTblO
co CTOpOHbI nOMH3HelHHOrO .n;epM8TeJISI HJIH .n;pyroro orpam'!1IeH-
Horo co60TBeHHHKa; 3TOT HC-K, O.n;HO BlpeMSI BJIeKIllHM 3a c060H
60JIb'llIyro Kapy, MOor 6bITb B'l;1J::HeH TOJIhKO c.rre,D;yrolll,HM c06cTBeu-
HHKOM BbIMH.n;aTeJIbHOrO npaBa B OTHOIIIeHHH HaCJIe.n;,CTBeHHoro
nOMeCTbSI. nOCKOJIbKY .n;eJIO K;acaeTCSI Cp01lJHbIX .n;e:pMaTeJIeM, TO,
nOBH.n;HMOMY, HOBoe 3aKOHo.n:aTeJIbCTBO He KOCHYJJOCb HCKa
o paCTOqeHHH; HO nOCKOJIbKY Bce 6y.n:Ylll,He npaBa KaCaTeJIbHO
He.n;BHMHMOCTH no.n;.'leMaT CeM'laC TO.%KO npaBY cnpaBe.n;.'lHBOCTH,
TO COMHHTeJIbHO, CMorYT .'lH ee c06CTBeHHHKH B'lHHSITb HCKH
o paCTO'leHHH. BepOSITHO .n;OBepHTeJIbHble co6CTBeHHHKH He.n;BH-
MHMOCTH. 'CBSI3aHHOM C H3BeCTHbIM npe.n;Ha3Ha'leHHeM (settle-
ment), .n;O.'l'MHbI 6y.n;YT B'lHHSITb HCK, HO TaK KaK HaCJJe.n;CTBeH-
Hoe HMYlll,eCTBO 'laCTO 6y.n:eT npHHa,D;JIeMaTb TaK Ha3bIBaeMOoMY
nOMII3HeHHOMY .n:epMaTeJI1O (T. e. BHHOBHOH CTopOHe), TO MorYT
B03HHKHYTb TPy.n;HOCTH.
8. H ai P Y ill e H He H C IK JJ 10 'l H T e JI b H bI X n p a B (In-
fringement of monopoly rights). 3TO He3aKOHHoe BMewaTem>-
CTBO B HCKJI1O'lHTe.%HbIe npaBa BJIa,D;eJIbu;eB naTeHTOB H c06-
CTBeHHHKOB TOBapHbIx 3H80KOB H aBTOpcKHX npa-B, CYllI,HOCTb
KOTOpbIX 6bIJIa paHbllle 06'bSICHeHa. KaK H B cJIyqae C Hapywe-
HHeM nOJIb30BaHHSI (disturbance), TYT He Tpe6yeTcH .n;OKa3a-
Te.%CTBa cpaKTH'le'aKOro YllI,ep6a. Ho oc06eHHOCoTb 3Toro THJ1a
HCKa 3aKJI1O'laeTCSI B TOM, "ITO B03Melll,eHHe y6bITKOB ("ITO Ka3a-
JIOCb 6bI HaH60JIee eCTeCTBeHHbIM) He MOMeTObITb npe.n;OCTa-
BJIeHO, eCJIH OTBeTqHKY y.n;aCTCH y6e.n;HTb cy.n;, qTO OH .n;eMCTBO-
Ba.1I .n;06pOoCOBeCTHO, TaK KaK He 3HaJI 0 CYlll,eCTBOBaHHH npaB,
KOTopbIe HapywaJI. I1cTe ,D;OJIMeH y.n;OEJJeTBOpHTbCSI cy.n:e6HhIM
rJIABA xxv. OBH3ATEJI:bcrrBEHHOE rrPABO
367"
3arrpeTOM II, B03M02KHO, nO.'1yqeHlleM OTqeTa 0 .n;oxo.n;ax. Kor.n;a
.n;eJIO KaCaeTCH naTeHTOB II aBTOpCKOrO npaBa, TO TaKOM nOpH.n;Ot<:
npe.n:nllCaH 3aKOHOM, B OTHOIlleHllll TOBapHbIX 3HaKOB, OH, nOBll-
.n:llMOMY, oa311pyeTcH Ha Cy.n:e6HOM npaKTuKe.
9. K JI e BeT a BOT H 0 III e H II II n p a BOB 0 rOT II l' Y JI a
(Slander of title).
JIllIJ;O, KOTopoe YMbIIllJIeHHO, T. e. 6e3 pa3YMHbIX OCHOBa-
HHl}, pa3T J1amaer J10lKHble CBel1.eHHH, B YCTHOH HJ1H B TIHCb-
MeHHOM iPopMe, paCCqllTaHHble Ha TO, qro6bI BbI3BaTb
COMHeHlle B npaBOBOM TIITYJIe .n:pyroro JIll a Ha He.n;BIl2KIIMOCTb
llJIll .n:BIl1KIIMOCTb, c06CTBeHHIIKOM KOTOpOMHB.'lHeTCH 31'01' .n:py-
rOM, llJIll B OTHOIlleHllll KaqeCTBa ero .n:BIl2KIIMOCTIl. BIIHOBeH
B npaBoHapYIlleHllll, 113BeCTHOM no.n: Ha3BaHlleM KJIeBeTbI B OTHO-
IlleHllll npaBOBoro Tll1'YJIa, Kor)J;a .n;eJIO ll.n;eT 0 He.n;BIl1KIIMOCTIl, 11
KJIeBeTbI B OTHOIlleHllll .n;BIl1KIIMOCTIl (slander of g'oods), Kor.n;a
.n;eJIO ll.n;eT 0 .n;BIl1KIIMOCTIl, II OTBeTCTBeH no llCKY 0 cy.n;eoHoM
3anpeTe II 0 B03MeIUeHllll y6bITKOB. Ha.n;o 3aMeTIITb, qTO lICK
3Toro THITa He IIMeeT HllqerO OOllJ;ero co CJI3H.n;ep Bi CMbICJIe
K.'leBeTbI Ha qe.'lOBeKa II no.n;JIe1KIIT COBepIlleHHO .n;PYrHM HopMaM.
Yo bITKll , noc.'le)J;OBaBIlllle H3 K.'leBeTbI - CJI3H.n;ep - B OTHomeHHH
npaB H .n:BIl1KHMOCTH, .n;OJI1KHbI 6bITb )J;OKa3aHbI.
.il.06pocoBeCTHoe yoe2K.n;eHHe 'OTBeTqHKa B llCTHHHOCTH ero
YTB€p1K.n;eHHH npe.n;CTarom€T .n:OCTaTOqHYIO 38IUHTY, 3a ll'CiKJIIO-
qeHHeM CJIyqaH, Kor.n;a BJIa.n;eJIe naTeHTa rp03HT npeCJIe.n;OBa-
HlleM 3a HapymeHHe ero naTeH Horo npaBa. BJIa.n:eJIe naTeHTa.
1KeJIaIOIUHH .n;eMCTBOBaTb npaBHJIbHO, .n;OJI1KeH cpa3Y HaqaTb
.n;eJIO 0 HapymeHlm ero npaBa; eCJIH OH 3TorOHe c.n:eJIaeT, TO
OH 6y.n;eT OTBeqaTb no HCKY, Ha3bIBaeMOMY «HCK 06 yrpo3ax»
(threats action) H npe.n;cTaBJJHIOIUeMY c060M pa3HoBH.n;HOCTb.
HCKa 0 KJIeBeTe B OTHomeHHll JJ;BH1KHMOCTH.
TIPABOHAPYIIIEHI15I, KACAIOIILI1EC5I BbITOBbIX H
LI.OrOBOPHbIX OTHOIIIEHI1H
1. 06 0 JI b llJ; e H II e (Seduction). Mbt HMeeM TYT .n;eJJO C y.n;H-'
BIITeJIbHO He,,'10BKOH nOnbITKOM npllcnoc0611Tb cTapbIM Tlln HCKa,
BbITeKaIOIUHH H3 3aKOHOB qeTblpHa.n; aToro BeKa 0 paooTHIIKax,
K )J;eHHHIO, 3aIKJIIOqaIOll.I,eMycH B pa3Bpall.l,eHHH 1KeHll.I,IlHbI. CaM3
2KeHllJ;HHa He M01KeT B036Y)J;HTb liCK, TaK KaK eM npenHTCTBye1'
B 3TOM ITpHH lln, r,,'1aCHIUHM: volenti non fit injuria. HOI eCJIll
nOCJIe.n;yeT p02K.n;eHlle pe6eHKa HJIH cepbe3Hoe 3a60JIeBaHlle, TO
ee po.n;Il1'eJIb, B CJIyqae, Kor.n;a OHa 1KHBeT .n;OMa, HJIH ee HaHll-
MaTeJIb, eC.TIll OHa Haxo.n;HTCH 'Ha cJJY1K6e, M01KeT BqHHIITb HC
o JIHmeHHH YCJIYr. ECJIII IICTe 31'01' HCK BbIHrpaeT, TO yll.l,ep6
6y.n;eT TeOpeTlIqeCKll B03MeIUeH eMY, H OH He 06H3aH no 3aKOHy"
:368
'lAC I]'.£, 'lETBEPTAH. rPAJKJJ:AHGKOE IIPABO
'HcnOJIb30BaTb B03Mern;eHMe B MHTepe,Cax :>KeHrn;MHbI. 113JIMlliHe
. rOBOpMTb 0 MHOrO'IHCJIeHHbIX CTpaHHOCTRX 3TOrO HCKa, KOTOpblii
ceii'Iac He O'IeHb pacnpOCTpaHeH. BepORTHO caMaR XY.lI.IllaR ero
,C'PopOHa 3aKJI1O'IaeTCR B TOM, 'ITO OH He MO:>KeT 6bI'Tb npe.lI.1>-
RBJIeH rrO.lI..nUHHOMY HaHMMaTemo, KOTOpbIM CJIMIliKOM 'IaCTO KaK
pa3 M 6bIBaeT BMHOBHMKOM B npOMCIlleCTBMM.
K: MY:>K'IMHe, yKpbIBa10IUeMY 'IY:>KY1O :>KeHY, MJIM K :>KeHIUMHe,
- «COQJIa3HMBlllJeii» 'Iy:>Koro My:>Ka, rrpe.lI.'bRBJIReTCR MCK 0 JIMIlleHMM
. cynPY:>KeCKOM 06IUHOCTM :>KM3HM (loss of consortium). BCJIe.lI.CTBMe
B03pOCIIIeM B rrOCJIe.lI.Hee BpeMH CB060.lI.bI cynpY:>KeCKMX OTHOIlleHMM
'.M M3MeHeHMM, BHeceHHbIX 3aKOHaMM 0 paSBO.lI.e, 31'0'1' MCK rrO'ITM
IfC'Ie3, HO B rrOCJIe.lI.He,e BpeMH 3aMe'IaeTCH ero B03pO:>K.lI.eI-me.
2. J1 M III e H M e y C JI Y r (deprivation of services). ::>1'0'
,ern;e O.lI.HO rrpaBoHapymeHMe, MCTOpM'IeCKH BblTeKa1Orn;ee M3 3aKO-
HOB o'paOOTHMKax. B cpe.lI.HMe BeKa Kpa:>Ka cepBOB rrpe.lI.CTaBJIHJIa
.06bI'IHOe rrpaBOHapYIlleHMe; rrOCJIe HX OCB060:>K.lI.eHHH rrapJIaMeHT
M CY.lI.bI .lI.OJI:>KHbI 6bIJJM rrpmiRTh MepbI rrpOTMB rrepeMaHMBaHMH
c.nyr. O.lI.HaKO, Tenepb, 'Kor)l;a OTHOIlleHMH Me:>K.lI.Y X03HMHOM H
.c.nyrOM OCHOBaHbI Ha .lI.'OrOBOpe, MCTe .lI.OJI:>KeH rrpM HCKe 0 JIM-
IlleHMM YCJIyr .lI.OKa3aTb, 'ITO Me:>K.lI.Y c.nyrOM H: MM .lI.eMCTBMTeJIbHO
cymecTBOBaJI CBH3yroIUMM .lI.OrOBOp . 0 rrpe.lI.OCTaBJIeHMM YCJIyr,
KOTOpblii OTBeT'IMK rro6Y.lI.MJJ CJIyry HapYIllHTb, MJJH, 'ITO OH,
OTBeT'IMK, C03HaTeJIbHO YKPbI'JI y ce6H CJIyry, iIIOCJIe Toro KaK
TOT HapYIllMJJ .lI.OrOBOp. TaiKMM 06pa30M, 3TOT MCK rrpe.lI.CTaBJIReT
. C060M TOJIbKO O.lI.MH M3 BM.lI.OB 60JIee IllHpoKoro TMrra MCKOB
o CO.lI.eMCTBMM HapYIlleHM10 .lI.OrOBOpHbIX OTHOIlleHMM, 0 KOTOpOM
pe'Ib 6Y.lI.eT HM:>Ke. KpoMe Toro, 31'01' MCK He MO:>KeT 6bITb B'IM-
HeH rrpM TPY.lI.OBbIX KOHcpJIMKTaX.
3. C K JI 0 H e H H e K Hap y III e H M 10 .lI. 0 rOB 0 p a. 3TO
rrpaBoHapymeHHe B03HMKJIO TOJIbKO B rrpOIllJJOM CTOJIeTMM.
. OHiO Be)l;eTl CBoe Im'IaiJllO OT perneHHH 6o.JIbIllMHCTBai CY.lI.eM
'CY.lI.a KOpOJIeBCKOM CKaMbM, rrpH'MeHMBIllHX HOpMbI CTaT)'TOB
o pa60THHKax K .lI.eJIY 0 'CM8HHBaHHH 'IeJIOBeKa, KOToporo KO-
He'IHO HeJIb3H 6bIJJO 6bI Ha3BaTb «'CJJyrOM», co CJIY:>K6bI y MCTI a.
3TO peIlleHMe, B036Y.lI.MBmee 60.1J.bIllHe cnopbI Cpe.lI.H 1OpHCTOB,
CTaJIO rrOCTerreHHO TOJIKOBaTbCR paCIllMpMTeJIbHO, rrOKa, HaKOHelI.,
He 6bIJJO, rrOBM.lI.MMOMY, rrpM3HaHO, 'ITO C03HaTeJIbHOe H 6e3 33-
KOHHoro :OCHOBaHMH CKJIOHeHMe O.lI.HOM M3 CTOpOH B 1OpM.lI.M'IeCKH
06H3aTeJIbHOM .lI.orOBOpe HapYIllMTb ero K yrn;ep6y ,1I,pyroii CTO-
pOHbI rrpe.lI.CTaBJIHeT C060M rrpaBOHapYIlleHMe. Ho M ceii'Iac co-
MHMTeJIbHO, OTlHOCM1'CH JIM 3Ta .lI.OKTpMHa IK Dc060rD TMrra .lI.oro-
BopaM, KaK, HarrpMMep, .lI.OrOBOp 0 rrDCTpOM:Ke .lI.OMa. O.lI.HaKO, OHa
6eccrropHO rrpMJIaraeTCH rrO'ITM KO BceM BH.lI.aM .lI.OrOBOpDB, YCTa-
HaBJIMBa1Orn;Mx .lI.JIMTeJIbHble OTHOIlleHMH Me:>K.lI.Y cTOpOHaMPf, KaK,
',HarrpMMep, DTHOIlleHMH rrpO.lI.aBlI.a M «rrOCTORHHoro» rroKyrraTeJIR.
rJIABA xxv. OBn3ATE LCTBEHHOEITPA 6
:369
X03SIlma H areHTa, HamIMaTeJISI H CJIy:marn;ero. I(poMe Toro, yKa.-
3bIBaJIOCb )J.a:me, 'ITO yroBapHBaHHe KOrO-JIH60 6e3 )J.OCTaTO'IHIaIX
OCHt:.''3aHHH He BCTynaTb B )J.orOBopHble OTHOIIleHHSI C )J.pyrHM
Jm (j M, KOTopoe HMeeT cepbe3Hoe npaBO paCC'IHTbIBaTb, 'ITO .lI.oro-
BOp 6Y.lI.eT 33I{JIIOLIeH, TaK:me COCTaBJISIeT npaBOHapYIIleHHe, CJIY-
:<Kaw;ee OCHOBaHHeM .lI.JISI HCI<a. Ho, nOBH)J.HMOMY, npaBHJIbHee TO
MHeHHe, 'ITO nO.lI.06HOe .lI.eikTBHe co CTOpOHbI O.lI.HOrO JIH a He
MO)!{eT CJIy:mllTb OCHOB3HHeM .lI.JISI HCKa. I1CK 0 CKJIOHeHHH K Ha-
pYIIleHHIO .lI.oroBopa He Mo:meT 6bITb B'IHHeH B CBSl3H C TPY.lI.OBbIM
KOHCIJJIHI<TO M.
4. 3 a I' 0 BOp H B M e III aTe JI b ,C T BOB B e .lI. e H H e
n p e .lI. n pH SI T H SI (Conspiracy and interference with business).
31'0 He BnOJIHe SlCHoe H HeTO'IHO Q'Iep'IeHHOe npaBOHa:pyIIleHHe,
cyrn;HocTb KOToporo BbI3bIBaeT MHoro COMHeHHM. MbI y:me 06-
CY.lI.HJIH npHpO.lI.Y 3aroBopa (conspiracy) KaK yrOJIOBHOrO npe-
CTynJIeHHSI, TaK 'ITO 3.lI.eCb Ha.lI.O TOJIbKO .lI.06aBHTb, 'ITO HCTOPH-
'IeeKH .lI.OKTpHHa 0 3aroBope KaK rpa:m.lI.aHCKOM npaBoHapYIIlefiHH
BbITeKJIa H3 nOnblTKH OrpaHH'IHTb .lI.eSlTeJIbHOCTb TP3.lI.-IOHHOHOB,
nOCJIe Toro KaK 3aKOH 1871 r. YCTaHOBHJI, 'ITO 3Ta .lI.eSlTeJIbHOCTb
60JIee He C03.lI.aeT BHHOBHOCTH 'IJleHOB T.p3.lI.-IOHHoOHOB B 3aro-
Bope, KaK yrOJIOBHOM npecTynJIeHHH. B 3HaMeHHTOM peIIleHHH
I1aJIaTbI JJOP.lI.OB 'CO.lI.ep:>KHTCSI Ba2imaSi orOBopKa, onpe.lI.eJISIIOmaSl,
'ITO nOHSITHe 3arOBopa He Mo:meT 6bITb HCnOJIb30BaHO .lI.JISI npe-
nSlTCTBHSI 3aKOHHOM 6opb6e Tp3JI.-IOHHOHOB; O.lI.HaKO, 3Ta orOBopKa
He .lI.aJIa onpe.lI.eJIeHHSI Ba2KHOMY CJIOBY «3aKOHHaSl». TeM He
MeHee HCK H3 3arOBopa 6blJI C 60JIbIIlHM ycnexoM npHMeHCH
C eJIbIO lIpHOCTaHOBHTb «60MKOT» HenonYJISlpHbIX HaHHMaTeJIeM
CO CTOpOHbI TP3.lI.-IOHHOHOB. 1(0r.lI.a AKT 0 T\PY.lI.OBbIX KOH<pmlKTaX
1906 r. (Trade Disputes Act 1906) OTMeHHJI TaKoe npHMeHeHHe
:110M .lI.OKTpHHbI, TO HCRH H3 3arOBopa, KaK rpa:m.lI.aHCKOro npa-
BOHapYIIleHHSI, nO'ITH HC'Ie3. l m H3 npaKTHKH CY.lI.OB. O.lI.HaKO,
BBH.lI.Y Toro, 'ITO npHM.eHeiHHe AKTa 0 TPY.lI.OBbIX KOH<pJ]HKTax
OrpaHH'IeHO, OCTaeTCSI B CIIJIe 06rn;aSI .lI.OKTpHHa, I' JIaCSIrn;aSI, 'ITO
B CJJY'Iae, eCJIH .lI.BOe HJIH 6o.'1ee .'1H BCTynaIOT B 3arOBOp
C eJIbIO npH'IHHeHHSI yrn;ep6a .lI.PyroMY JIHlI.Y, oco6eHHO B OHIO-
weHHH ero npOMblC.'1a H.'111 npe.lI.npHSITIIS!, II yrn;ep6 OKa3bIBaeTCSI
npHQHHeHHbIM, TO nOCTpa.lI.aBmHM HMeeT npaBO HCKa H3 3arOBnpa,
KaK rpa2K.lI.aHCKOro npaBOBapYIIleHHS!, npOTHB Y'IaCTHHKOB 3aro-
Bopa, O.lI.HaKO TO.'1bKO TOr.lI.a, Kor.lI.a nOC.'1e.lI.HHe He 3arn;lJIueHbI
AKTOM 0 TPY.lI.0BbIX KOJ1<p.'1HKTax. I1HTepecHYIO nonbITKY npHMe-
HeHHSI 3ToH HeCKOJIbKO HeOnpe.lI.e.:'IeHHOM .lI.OKTpHHbI npe.lI.CTaB.'meT
AKT DO aYKlI.HORaX 1927 r. (Auctions Act 1927), KOTOpbIM CTpe-
MHTCS! npe.n:oTBpaTHTb TaK Ha3bIBaeMble Knock-outs, T. e. ceKpeT-
Hble cor JIaIIleHHSI Me 2K .lI.Y Y'IaCTHHKaMH aYKlI.HOHa 0 TOM, tIT06bI
He KOHKypHpOBaTb .lI.Pyr C .lI.PyroM .lI.JISI Toro, 'IT06bI lI.eHa KaKoro-
JIH60 'llpe.n:MeTa OKa3aJI3Cb HH}ICe, tleM B CJIY'Iae copeBHOBaHHSI
24 g&R. aa4S. AHrmIllcI:oe rrp lio.
370
'iAm'L 'IE'rBEPTMI, I'PA ,IJ;AHOl'OE llPASO
Me:m.ll.Y Y'IaCTHMKaM'M. DpaB.lI.a, 'ITO BCHKa5l nonbITKa HapynIMTb
npe.JJ;nI1CaHI15l 3Toro 3aKOHa Mo:meT npeCJIe.JJ;OBaTbC5l B yrOJI08HOM
nOp5l.JJ;Ke, a rpa:m.ll.aHCKOe npaBOHapYllleHIHe, YCTaHaBJlHBaeMOe
3Tl1M 3aKOHOM, Ha3bIBaeTiC5l «06MaHoM» (fraud), a He 3arOBOpOM.
Ho, no cyrn;eCTBY, 3JIO, npOTHB KOToporo HanpaBJIeH 3TOT 3aKOH,
npe.ll.CTaBJI5leT C060M, KOHe'IHO, 3arOBOp. DOBM,IJ;MMOMY, 3aKOH 01'-
HOCHTC5l TOJJbKO K aYKUMOHH.oH pO.ll.a)Ke TOBap.oB, a He He.ll.BH-
LKHMOCTH.
Ern;e 60JIee HeOnpe.ll.eJIeHHa .lI.OiKTpMHa 0 npaBoH3pYIlIemm
BMeIlIaTeJIbCTBOM B Be.ll.eHMe npe.ll.npl15lTHH» (interference with
business) nocpe.JJ;cTBoM HaCMJIbCTBeHHblX .lI.eM,CTBHM, HMeHHO,
yrp03, lllYMa, MO:meT 6bITb J];a:me JIO:mHbIX YTBep:m.ll.eHMM, Ha KO-
TOpylO MHOr,IJ;a Cy6CM.lI.MapHO CCbIJIaIOTC5l, HO ee npaKTMlfecKoe
3Ha'IeHMe COMHMTeJIbHO. XOT5l no CneUHaJIbHOll OrOB.opKe 3aKOHa
1906 r. 3Ta .JJ;OK'TpI1Ha He Mo:meT npMMeH5lTbC5l K TPY.lI..oEbnf KOH-
cpJIMKTaM, HO B.o3M.o:mH.o, 'ITO OHa BOCCTaH.oBJIeHa B OTHOIlIeHMM
HeKOTopbIX .lI.eJI pa3.l1.eJJOM TpeTbl1M AKTa 0 TPY.ll.OBbIX KOHclWHK-
Tax H 0 TP3.l1.-IOHMOHax 1927 r. (Trade Disputes and Trade
Unions Act 1927), r.ll.e 'fOBOpI1TC5l 06 yrp03ax 11 3anYfHB3HHH.
. 5. 0 6 M a H (Fraud). MbI y:me BM.lI.eJJM, 'ITO 06Man, T. e.
C03HaTeJIbHOe BBe.ll.eHMe B 3a6.ny:m.ll.eHl1e, Mo:meT B HeKoTopbIX
c.ny'Ia5lX JII1IlIMTb CMJlbI .lI.OrOBOp, no BM.lI.MMOCTM .JJ;eMcTBMTeJJbHbIM.
Ho B 1789 r. K Y,IJ;.oBJIeT'B.opeHMIO IOpM'CTOB 6bIJIO BbIHeceHO pe-
llleHMe, 'ITO 06MaH, Be.ll.eT JIM OH K 3aKJIIO'IeHMIO .lI.OrOBOpa MJIlf
HeT, MO:>KeT CJIy:mI1Tb OCHOBaHMeM .lI.Jl5l caMOCT05lTeJIbHOro MCKa
o npaBOHapYIlIeHMM, 'IeM 06MaH OTJIMlfaeTC5l OT .JJ;06pOCOBeCTIIOrO
C.o06rn;eHM5l JlO:mHbIX cl>aKTOB, KOTopoe XOTH M MO>KeT .C;I.eJlaTb
,lI,OrOBOp He.ll.eHCTBMTeJJbHbIM, HO He CJIy:mMT OCHOBaHMe:\I .lI.JJ5l
caMOCT05lTeJIbHOrO HCKa 0 B03Mern;eHMM yrn;ep6a (3a HeKOTOpbIMI1
HCKJJIO'IeHM5lMM ).
Oc060e 3Ha'IeHMe 3T.oro pellleHI15l 3aKJIIO'IaeTCSJ B TOM, 'ITO
.lI.a:me B CJJY'Iae, 'Kor.ll.a pe'Ib M.lI.eT 0 .lI.OrOBope, MCK 06 06MaHe
M.o:meT 6bITb B'IMHeH JIMU.oM, He HBJIHIOIIJ;HMCH CTOpOH.oii B ,noro-
Bope, eCJIM OTBeT'IMK CTpeMMJICH K T.oMY, 'IT06bI MCTel1, .lI.eH 1BO-
BaJI, MCX0.ll.H M3 ero 06MaHHbIX YTBepLK.lI.eHMM, 11 OH, MCTeu, Ta.K
H nocTynMJIK c06CTBeHH.oll HeBblr.o.lI.e. TaK, B O.ll.HOM XOpOIlIO
M3BeCTH.oM .lI.eJIe, ;OTeu HCTua KynMJI Y OTBeT'IMKa py:mbe, 3a-
HBMB, 'ITO OH C.lI.eJIaJI 3TO npM06peTeHMe .lI.JIH ce6H 11 CBoero
CbIHa, npM'IeM .oTBeT'IMK npe.ll.HaMepeHHO .lI.aJI HenpaBMJlbHble CBe.
.lI.eHI1H OTHOCMTeJIbH.o MaCTepa, C.lI.eJIaBIlIerO py:mbe, 11 COCTOHHMH
3Toro py:mb5l. I(or.ll.a py:mbe 6bIJIO B pYKax Y MCTlJ,a, OHO B30pBa.
JIOCbI 11 TOT [lOTep.ne.n cepbe3Hoe flIoBpe:m.ll.eHMe. EM!)' 6bIJI
npMcy:m.ll.eHO B03Mern;eHMe yrn;ep6a. XOTH 3TO 6bIJIO, O'IeBM.lI.:HO,
perneHo, IHCXO.JJ;H lI3 npaiBoHapymeIHl1H - 06Maoo, B03MO:mHO,
'ITO B HaIlII1 .JJ;HI1 nO.JJ;06H.oe .JJ;eJIo TpaKTOBaJIOCb 6bJ KaK .lI.eJJo
o He6pe:mHocTM npM nOCTaBKe onaCHoro TOBapa. O.ll.HaKO, He MO-
rJIABA xxv. OBg8ATI.:JIJ,CT E1'IIROE ITJ>ABO
371
:meT 6bITb COMHeHHSI, 'ITO OOMaH B Ka'IeCTBe caMOCTmITeJJbHOrO
npaBOHapyweHH5l nOJIHOCTblO npH3HaeTC5l. E,LI,MHCTBeHHoe 3aTpy,Ll,-
HeHMe 3aKJIIO'IaeTC5l B TO'IHOM Bbi5lCHeHHM xapaKTepa y6bITKa,
MMeHHO, HJ],eT JIM pe'Ib 00 y6bITKaX B OTHOIIleHMM JIH'IHOCTH,
MMyruecTBa MJIM ToprOBOM J],e5lTeJIbHOCTM.
OJ],HaKO, Ba2KHO GHaTb TO'IHbIe yc.TJOBfm ycneIIlHoCTM MCKa
06 o6MaHe (action of fraud or deceit). DpM nOJ],06HoM MCKe
HCTen; J],OJI2KeH J],OKa3aTb: 1) 'ITO OTBeT'IMK HaMepeHHo cn:eJIaJI
JJ02KHoe coo6rueHfIe 0 4JaKTax; 2) 'ITO MCTeu He 3HaJI 06 ero
JJO:mHOCTH; 3) 'ITO .31'0 co06rueHHe CJ],eJIaHO C TeM, 'ITo6bI MCTen;
J],eMcTBOBaJI, J],OBepSiSI 3TOMY co06rueHMIO; 4) 'ITO HCTen; J],eMcnm-
TeJIbHO TaK 'J],eMcTBOBaJI; 5) ''ITO BCJIeJ],CTBMe 3Toro HCTeu nOT p-
neJI y6bITOK, nOJ{J{alOruHHC5l J{eHe2KHOH oueHKe. OTCYTcTl'IHe
YCJJOBMM 3-ro M 4-ro npen5lTCTByeT, HanpMMep, 'Ie.'IOBeKY, P!:M5l
KOToporo 6bIJIO nOJ],J],eJIaHO nOJ{ 'IeKOM, B'IMHMTb MCK '0 B03Merue-
HMM yruep6a npOTMB BMHOBHoro B nOJ],JIore.
DPABOHAPYIllEHHR B OTHOIllEHHH LlECTH
HaKOHen; Mbl nOJ],XOJ],MM K He6oJIbIIlOM, HO Ba:mHOH rpynile
npaBoHapYIIleHMM, 06"beKTOM HJIM, no KpaHHeM Mepe, n;eJIblO KO-
TOpbIX SlBJISleTCSI HeonpaBJ],aHHoe CHM:meHMe penYTan;MM 'IeJIOBeKa
BO MHeHMH ero corpa2KJ],aH. Cepbe3HocTb TaKoro npanOHapYIIle-
HIm B XOpOIIlO opraHM30BaHHOM M TeCHOM 06rue2KMTMM He
HY2KJ],aeTC5l B nOSlCHeHMM.
1. D M C b M e H H a SI K JI e BeT a (libel). KaK MbI BMJ],eJIM,
KOf.lI:a rOBOpHJIH 06 yrOJIOBHOM npaBe, nHcbMeHHoM KJIeBeTOM
Ha3bIBaeTCSI pacnpocTpaHeHMe 6e3 3aKOHHoro onpaBJ{aHHSI B
nHCbMeHHOM, ne'IaTHOM HJlM ,LI,pyroM 3aiPHKcMpoBaHHoM BM,LI,e
KJIeBeTHH'IeCKHX YTBep2KJ],eHMH OTHOCHTeJIbHO JIHn;a HHoro, He2KeJIH
caM pacnpOCTpaHMTeJJb KJIeBeTbI. DpH HCKe 0 nHCbMeHHOM KJIe-
BeTe He Tpe6yeTcSI .lI.OKa3aTeJlbCTB ,LI,eHCTB'IfTeJIbHO nOHeceHHoro
yruep6a, XOTSI, KOH€''IHO, HCTen; 6YJ{eT nbITan,C5I J{OKa3aTb, 'ITO
eMY npH'IHHeH KOHKpeTHbIH yruep6 J],JI5I Toro, 'IT06bI nOBbICHTb
npH'IHTalOrueeC5I eMY yJ],OBJIeTBOpeHHe. rpa2KJ],aHCKoe npaBoHapy-
IIleHHe nocpeJ],CTBOM nnCb:\feHHOH KJIeBeTbI OTJIH'IaeTCSI 01'
TaKoro 2Ke yrOJIOBHOrO J],e5lHH5l Te:\I, 'ITO npM rpa2KJ],aH-
CKOM npaBOHapYIIleHHM HCTen; J{OJI:men J],OKa3aTb, 'ITO ono-
pa'IMBalOruMe ero CBeJ{eHlISl 6bIJIM coo6rueHbI TpeTbe::'IY
.'IMn;y, npM'IeM 3THM TpeTbHM JIHn;OM Mo:meT 6bITb :meHa HCTn;a;
O,Ll,HaKO, KaK 3TO HH CTpaHHO, co06rueHHe K.TJeBeTHHKo 1 TaKl1X
CBe.rr.eHHM CBoeM c06CTBeHHoH 2KeHe He npeJ],CTaBJISIeT pacnpo-
CTpaHeHH5l KJIeBeTHH'IeCKHX YTBep:mJ],eHHM, KOTOPoe lI.eJIaeT 01'-
BeTCTBeHHbIM /TIO UCKY 0 ,B03MerueHHH yruep6a. npOTHB BCHK.ro,
KTO npHHHMaeT yqaCTMe B pacnpocrp.lHeHMH JJ5lti6eJIb, MOlKeT
24*
372
AOTh ETnEPTArr. rFA t AHOKOE npABO
ObITb I'I'HlHeH MCK, 3a MCKJIIO'IeHMeM 'IeJIGBeKa, paCnpOCTpaI-lHIO-
rn;ero mdi:oeJIb COBeprneHHO 'MeXaHM'IeCKM M oe3 COOCTBeHHoro
Be.n:OMa. rIpe.n:mIcaHMe 3aKOHa 0 TOM, 'ITO .n:JlSI cy.n:eOHoro npe-
CJIe.n:OBaHMSI ra3eTbI 3a yroJloBHbIM JISIi'IoeJlb TpeoyeTcSI, KaK MbI
BM.n:eJlH, npMKa3 Cy.n:bH, IHe OTHOCMTC51 K MCKY 0 B03Mern;eHHH
yrn;ep6a. 113.n:aTeJlb ra3eTbI MO:>KeT, o.n:HaKO, CCbIJJaTbCSI Ha
4>aKTM'IeCKOe OTCYTCTBHe YMbICJIa IUIM rpYOOM HeOpe:>KHOCTM M
npli 3TOM onYOJIIiKOBaTb H3EHHeI-lMSI M BHeCTM iB .lI,en03HT cy.n:a
.lI,eI-le:>KHOe BG3Mern;eHHe.
JI51M6eJlb KaK rpa:>K.lI,aHCKoe npaBonapyrneHHe cyrn;ecTBeHHO
OTJIM'IaeTCSI 'OT no.n:06Horo :>Ke yrGJIOBI-lOrO .n:eHHHH ern;e M B
.n:pyroM OTHomeHMlI, IIMeHHO, MCTIIHHGCTb YTBep:>K.lI,eHMH COCTa-
BJISIeT nOJIHYIO 3aW:MTY npM IICKe B nepBOM CJIY'Iae, HO He Bcer.n:a
npe.n:CTa'B HeT TaiKYro :>Ke 3aW:HTY npH CY.ll,e6HOM npeCJIe.n:o-
BaHIiM 3a BTopoe. Ho, KOHe'IHG, no.ll, HCTIIHHOCTbIO nOHHMaeTCH
COOTBeTCTBHe IICTIiHe TGrO, 'ITO ObIJlO CKa3aHO, a He npOCTO
clJopMaJIbHaH HeBIIHHOCTb ynoTpeOJJeHHbIX CJIOB. rIpeKpaCHYIO
IIJJJIIOCTpalI.MIO YKa3aHHoro pa3JIM'IHH .lI,aeT .n:e.'10, perneHHoe rIa-
JIaTOM JJOp.ll,OB OKOJlO nHTH.lI,eCHTM .TJeT TGMY Ha3a.n:. OHO SaKJJIO-
'IaJIOCb B TOM, 'ITO O.ll,Ha ooraTaSI nMBOBapeHHaH clJnpMa, He.n:o-
BOJJbHaSI, OCHOBaTeJlbHO IIJIM Oe30CHGBaTeJJbHO, COTpy.n:HMKOM
o.n:Horo xoporno H3BeCTHoro 6aHKa, pa30CJJaJIa lI.IIPKYJISIpHGe
nMCbMo 0 TOM, 'ITO, B OTJIII'IHe 'OT CBoeM npe.n:meCTBYIOw:eii
npaKTIIKH, OHa oOJIee He oy.n:eT «nplIHHMaTb B BH.lI,e nJiaTbI 'IeKM,
BbITIIICaHHbIe Ha ...... 6aHK». B CBoeM :OYKBaJlbHOM 3Ha'IeHMM
3TII CJIOBa ObIJIIi oe3Bpe.n:HbI, HO clJaKTM'IeCKIi MHorne nOHHJIH MX
TaK, 'ITO OTHeT'IMKH He OblJlH YBepeHbl B nJlaTe:>KeCnOCOOHOCTM
oaHKa. BCJIe.ll,CTBHe 'Iero nOCJIe.ll,OBa.'1 HanJIbIB B oaHK TpeOOBa-
HMM 0 BG3Bpaw:emlll BKJIa.n:OB C BbITeKaIOW:HMH II3 9Toro .n:JlSI
Hero y6bITKaMM. BaHK npe.ll,'bHBHJJ MCK 0 nliCbMeHHOM KJIeBeTe;
Bonpoc 0 TOM, HBJlHJlOCb JIH lI.MpKy.'1HpHOe nHCbMo iKJleBeTHH'Ie-
CKHM, no.n:JI,e:>Ka.'1 perneHHIO npHC5UKHbI'X, KGTGpbIe He Mor JIM
npHTTM K e.ll,MHor.'1aCI10MY pememno. Cy.n: Ha3Ha'IH.'1 HOBGe pac-
CMOTpeHMe .n:eJla, HO Ane.'1J151lI.HGHHbIn CY.ll" XGTH Ii He e.n:HHO-
rJIaCHO. npH3HaJl, 'ITO lI.HPKYJlHpHOe nMCbMO He MOrJlO ObITb
HCTOJIKOBaHO KaK KJleBeTa; 3TY T01J:KY 3peHHH paS.ll,e MJla rIa aTa
.'lOp.n:OE, XGTH onHTb-T8KH Cpe.ll,H Y'IeHbIX JIOPJXOB, npHHInraBLUHX
Y'IaCTMe B BbIHeceHHII pemeHIUI, ObI.TlO oeOOGe MHeHHe.
Ba:>KHble npaBH.'1a 0 «npHBH.'1erHH» B OCHOBHOM Te :>Ke ,ll,.'lSI
JIHHOeJIH KaK rpa:>K.lI,aHCKoro npaBoHapyrneHHH Ii KaK yrOJIOBHOrO
1I:eSIHMH, n03TGMY HeT Ha.ll,OOHOCTIf HX nGBTOpHTb.
2. YeT H.a H K.'1 e BeT a - C Jl3 H .lI, e p (slander). 3TO
npasoHapymeHMe OTJIIf'IaeTCH OT nlfCbMeHHGM KJIeBeTbI B OCHOBHOM
TeM, 'ITO OHO iEbIpa:>KaeTCH TGJlbKO B npGH3HeCeHHH CJIOB H qTO
aHO He MG:>KeT ObITb npe.ll,MeTOM yrO.'10BHOrO npeC.'1e.ll,OBaHMH. Ho
J'JIAIU xxv. OBrr8_\TKTII,eTBI HHOE IIPAnO
373
lfMeeTCH e e O.ll.HO Ba.>IUIOe pa3JUI'me. KaK 06 ee npaBlfJIO>, .lI.JIH
ycnernHoCTII IICKa 06 YCTHOif KJIeBeTe ne0'6x, O.ll.IIMO qTOObI 1I3
CKa3aHHblX CJIOB npolICTeKaJI peaJIbHbIli yo bITOJ< , qaCTO Ha3bl'Bae-
MbIH «KoHKpeTHbIM y6bITKoM». 06mee npaBo nplI3HaeT B Kaqe-
CTBe HCKJIlOqeHHH 1I3 8Tora npaBIIJIa TO.iIbKO TaKlIe c:lyqalI YCT-
HOM KJIeBeTbI, KOTopble nplInlIcbIBalOT IICTUY conepmeHlIe yro-
JIOBHOrO npecTynJIeHIIH, KapaeMoro Te.'1eCHbIM HaKa3aHlIeM,
HJ1H .n:ypHoe nOBe.n:eHHe, Hecnoc06HoCTb K HcnO.i'lHeHIIIO CBOIIX CJIY-
}Ke6HbIx 06sI3aHHocTeif, I1JIII K 33H5ITI1lO CBOI1M npOMbICJIOM IIJIII
npo<peccl1eii IIJIII (B c.nyqae, KOr.ll.a HCl1eu HB,TmeTCSI KOIMM'epCaHToM)
HenJIaTe:m:ecnoc06HocTb IIJIII, HaIWHeu, KOr.Il.a YTB.ep}K.Il.aIOT, '-ITO
B MOMeHT np0l13HeCeHlHl KJIeBeTHWleCKI1X CJIOB IICTeu CTpa.ll.a.'1
3apa3HTeJIbHOM 60JIe3Hblo. KpoMe Toro, nO' He.Il.aBHO 113.Il.aHHOl\IY
3aKOHY, :m:eHml1Ha, BqlIIUIlOmaSI lICK 06 YCTHOif KJIeBeTe, 3aKJIIO-
qalOrn;eMCSI B' Yl1Bep:m:.n:eHIIH 0'6 ee HeueJloMy.n:peHHOCTI1, He
.lI.O'JI:m:Ha .lI.OKa3bIBaTb HaJII1qlI5I «KOHKpeTHoro y6bITKa».
Y:m:e paHbilie YKa3bIBaJJiOCb, qTO He Tpe6yeTC5I HaJJllql15I
«YMbICJJa» (malice) B 06blqHOM CMbIC.IIe CJIOBa .lI..1J5l YCTaHOBJleHllfi
<paKTa nlICbMeHHoiJ llJIH YCTHOif KJIeBeTbI; HO TaKoif YMblce.1J
.IIMeeT qpe3BblqaHHO Ba:m:Hoe 3HaqeHHe nplI 06cy:m:.lI.eHIIII Bonpoca
o nplIMeHeHlI1I «npIIBIIJIerlIlI». LJeJIOBeK, pacnpOCTpaH5I1OIUlIH
nlICbMeHHYIO KJIeBeTY HJIH npoH3HOCHU\HH YCTHO KJIeBeTHlIqecKoe
3a5IB.'1eHlIe, .lI.eJIaeT 3TO Ha CBOH c06cTBeHHbIH pIICK; OH He MO}KeT
3amlImaTbC5I CCbIJIKOH Ha TO, qTO ero 3aSIBJIeHUe OCHOBaHO Ha
«MOJIBe» IIJJiII .n:a}Ke, 'ITa OH Y3HaJI 06 3THX KJIII BeTIIII qeCI<lIX
CBiep;eHII5IX OT .lI.pyroro Jm.ua, KaK eMy 'K.a3aJI!OCb, xo.pomo OCBe-
.Il.OMJIeHHoro. C .n:pyroM CTOpOHbI, nepBOHaqaJJbHbIH BIIHOBHHK
B nlIcbMeHHoM IIJIII YCTHOM K.1IeBeTe He OTBeTCTBeH 3a .lI.aJIbHeM-
IlI)'IO CnJJeTHlIqeCKYIO nepe.Il.a'lY ee .lI.PyrlIMII JIl1ua Mil , 3a HCKJIIO-
qeHlIeM Tex CJIyqaeB, KOr.ll.a nepBOHaqaJIbHbIM BIIHOBHHK ynOJIHO-
l\lOql1JI IIX Ha TaKYIO nepe.ll.atIY IIJIII .lI.aJI IIM COOTBeTCTBYlOlUlIe
YKa3aHII5I IIJIII KOr.ll.a JIlIua, nOBTOp5I5I KJJeBeTY, BbJ'nOJIH5IJIlI CBoH
HpaBCTBeHHbIM .lI.o.'1r. . .
3. 3 JI 0 H a :M e p e H Hoe C y .n: e 6 Hoe n p e C JI e ):{ 0 13 a-
H 11 e (Malicious prosecution). KaK MbI BlI.lI.eJII1 nplI 06cYM.lI.e-
HUll yrO.'10BHoro npaBa, JIO)KHbIe 06BUHeHIISI 6bl.'11I O):{HO P,PO,IH
npe.ll.MeTmI cY.ll.e6Horo npeCJIe.n:OBaHlISI KaK 3arOBOp. Ho Y}Ke
B TeqeHlIe CTo.'1eTlIll. yro.l0BHaH caHKUHSI 3aMeHeH3 HCKOM
o B03MemeHIIH YIII.ep6a, KOTOpbIH MOMeT 6bITb npe.ll.'l;5!B.leH
OT.lI.eJIbHOMY JIHUY II KOTOpbJM OTHOCIITC5I He TO.'lbKO K oII0.KHO'liY
06mmeHIIIO, HO KO BCe'lI BH.lI.aM yro.l0BHoro npec.1Je.ll.OB3 ClIHI
" .lI.a}Ke K 3J1oynoTpe6.'1eHHIO rpa:m:.lI.an.CKIIM npoueCCONJ, B TOM
'IHC.lJe KOHKypCHbIM npOl\CCCOM, HaJIO}KeHlIeM 3anpemeHHQ l1.'JH
HCrIOJlHeHlIeM CY.ll.e6HbIX perneHHll. rIOCKO.'1bKY, o.u.uaKo, npeC.:le-
. .lI.OBafIlIe 3a npecTynJIeHlIe COCTaB.'J5IeT 065I3aHHOCTb JJ:06poro
rpa:m:.Il.aHlIlfa, TO' HCTeu B nop;o6HOM .lI.e.:le .n:o.'1}Ken P;JlSI ycnexa
374
qACTh qETBEPTAH. fPAm AHOROE TIPABO
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HblX .lI.eMCTBMM 6bIJI /81 era naJJb3Y, 2) 'ITO OHM BeJIHCb 6e3 «pa-
3YMHblX M BepOHTHb X aCHOBaHMM» M 3) 'ITO OTBeT'II1K, Se.ll.H
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JKeJIM :>KeJIaHHeM npe.ll.aTb npeCTynHMKa npaBocYlI.HIO. <I>opMaJIbHO,
HCTe .lI.aJr:>KeH .lI.OKa3aTb, 'ITa OH nOTepneJI peaJIbHbIM y6bITOK
BCJIe.ll.CTBl1e HeY.ll.a'IHOrO npo ecca. <I>aKTM'IeCKI1 arJJaCKa, Bbl3bl-
BaeMa5l nO.ll.06HbIMM npou,eccyaJIbHblMM .lI.eMCTBI1HMM, 06bI'I1I0 THK
Be.rmKa, 'ITO HaJII1'Il1e y6blTKa .lI.JJH MCT a BCer.ll.a npep,nOJJar<JeTC5l.
3JIOHaMepeHHoe CY.ll.e6HOe npeCJIe.ll.OBaHMe npeIl.CTaBJ1H T TOT
OCo6blH CJlY'IaH, npM KOTOpOM .lI.OnYCKaeTC5l B03 IeIl(eHHe ymep6a
B BM.lI.e HaKa3aHI1H. .
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'ITa C OTMeHOM pa3HbIX cpOpM M'CKOB, npo eccyaJJbHhle lI.eHCTBMH
He HOCHT 66JIbllIe ocpM l1aJIbHO Ha3BaHMM, COOTBeTCTBYIOIl(MX TeM
pa3JIM'IHbIIM Tl1naM npaBOHapYllIeHMM, KOTopble JIe:>KaT B fiX GCHO-
BaHMI1. Ho 6blJIO 6bl 60JIiblllOM OllIH6KOM npe.ll.nOJIaraTb, 'ITO 3Ha-
KOMCTBa C CYIl(HOCTblO 3TMX pa3JJM'IHbIX npaBoHapymeHHM 113-
JIHIIlHe M 'ITO U1aCTpa.ll.aBIIlHH Mcreu MO:>KeT npeJI.'bHDHTb MCK 113
rpa:>K.lI.aHCKOro npaBoHapymeHMH Boo6Il(e. OB Bce :>Ke .lI.OJI:>Ken
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60JIee M3 rex TiInOB rpa:>K.lI.aHCKMX npaBoHapymeHHM, KOTopble
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