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THIS DOCUMENT MUST NOT
FALL INTO ENEMY HANDS
ENEMY WEAPONS
PART 1IL GERMAN LIGHT ANTl-A RCRAFT AND ANTI-TANK GUNS
DM2
C»-o;d<i C< pvri' ht Risin'id
Гне Х\л1г 0)4 Id.,
Пс.ч ' r, 1942,
J’f' f. ‘ >/ ‘1 Ul'ri . 7, dlft ftlvll of"'
Th. Ch' f of th, frj„nat Ci ft fit ^luff
ii
DISTRIBUTION
Infantry and R.A. ...................................... 7..
All arms, lees-infantry and R.A. ............................
Infantry and R.A, O.C.T.Us.......... ',......................
All O.C.T.Us,, less Infantry and R.A.
All infantry and R.A. training; establishments and schools.,'. <
All training establishments and schools, less infantry and R.A. ...
CONTENTS
I	.—2 cm. (-79 in.) A.A/A.Tk. gun (2 cm. Flak 30)	... '.......
II	.—2 cm. (-79 in,) A.A/A.Tk. gun (2 cm. Flak 38)	............
III	.—2 cm. (*79 in.) four-barrelled A.A/A.Tk gun {2 cm, Flakvierling 38)
IV,—r2’8 cm. (I* 10 in.) A.Tk. gun model 41 (Pz. B.41)	..'	........
V	.—3-7 cm. (1-45 in.) A.Tk. gun {3-7 cm. Fak) ...	........
VI	.—4'7‘cm. (1*85 in.) self-propelled A.Tk, gun (4*7 cm. Fak (t)'Sfl) ...
VII	.—5 cm. (1-97 in.) A.Tk. gun (5 pm. Pak 38)	............*.
Appendix A.-—Ground range table for 2 cm. Flak 30	............
Appendix B.—High angle trajectory chart for 2 cm< Flak 30 « .......
... Scale В
... tScale A
... Scale II
... * Scale I
... Scale В
... Scale A
PAGE
... I
... 24
.. 33
. 41
... 86
... 87
2 3
1
ENEMY WEAPONS
PART Ш.—GERMAN LIGHT ANTI-AIRCRAFT AND ANTI-TANK GUNS
I.-2 CM. (-79 in.) A.A./A.TK. GUN (2 CM. FLAK 30). (See Flfis. 1-5)
1.	General
The 2 cm. Flak 30 was introduced into the German Navy in 1930 and into the German Air
Force in 1935. It has been the main armament of light A.A. units throughout the war, and has
also been used against A.F.Vs., M.T., M.G. posts, etc.
The gun is fed by a flat box-magazine and is recoil-operated. It has a detachable barrel and
is provided with automatic and single shot mechanism. The trigger mechanism is pedal-actuated.
Sights used are either the Flakvisier 35 ог the Linealvisier 21.
The gun may be mounted on road or railway vehicles. It is normally transported on a single-
axle trailer whi&ti can be M.T., horse- or man-drawn. The gun and its mounting may also be split
into loads for transport over rough country. The weapon is normally fired with its mounting ou the
ground and with the trailer removed. It can, however, be fired from the trailer at both ground and
aerial targets in an emergency, rough traverse being obtained by moving the trailer.
A range table for use against ground targets is at Appendix A, and a high angle trajectory chart
is at Appendix B.	*
2.	Data
i. General
Muzzle velocity (H.E.): 2,950 f.s.
(A.P.) : 2,625 f.s.
(A.P.40) : 3,270 f.s.
Maximum horizontal range ; 5,230 yards,
3
iv. Ammunition
Type	Weight of complete round	Length of complete round	Fuze	Weight of pro- jectile	Identification
H.E. Tracer (Self destroying)	10-7 or.	7-W in.	A.Z. 8046 aluminium D.A.	41 oz.	Annulve black. Projectile yellow. May have white band
H.E. Tracer {eelf destroying) Streamlined	10-0 оь.	7-92 in.	A,Z. 5045 aluminium D.A.	4-2 oz.	Anmilua black. Projectile yellow.
H.E. Incendiary Tracer (eelf destroying) Streamlined	10 24 or..	7-Do in	Л Z. 5046 Alumuiium D.A.	4-2 oz	^nnulue black Projectile yellow with black band.
А P. Tracer Shell (Sulphur tilling)	11 3 oz	S in.	None	6'2 oz.	Annulus black, projectile black with yellow band, ’’0” etenoilled m white above yellow band.
A.P. Incendiary Tracer Shell (Phoephorue filing)	li-3 cz..	8 in	Nene	5-2 oz.	Annulus and .projectile black, yellow hand above driving hand» Ph,1 stencilled in white above yellow band.
A.P. Tracer Shell (Sulphur filling) for ranging on moving target». (Trace changes ' from green to red)	11 •3 oz	• 8 in.	None	5*2 oz.	Annulus end projectile black with yellow bond. Point of shell sprayed with red enamel for 10 mm.
A.P. 40 Tracer shot	О-S oz.	7-6 in.	None	3-0 oze.	Unpainted aluminium body and pointed aoae ; red band .above driving band; varnished black below.
AP. (Oil) Tracer shell	11'3 OZ	8 in.	None	6-2 oz.	Contains cavity filled with oily material.
Notz.—Tropical loading on the above rounds is indicated by a 2 mm. red band above the driving band,
4
v. Penetration of homogeneous armour
(a) Firing A.P. shell		
Range	Thickness of armour	
(yards)	in	mm.
	30°	Normal
100			31 (1-22 ins.)	48 (1-89 ins.)
200			29 (1-14 ins.)	44 (1-73 ins.)
300			27 (1-06 ins.)	41 (1-61 ins.)
400			25 ( *98 ins.)	38 (1-50 ins.)
(b) Firing A .FAQ shot		
Range	Thickness of armour	
(yards)	in mm.	
	30°	Normal
100			49 (1-93 ins.)	57 (2-24 ins.)
200	45 fl-77 ins.)	52 (2-05 ins.)
300	41 (1-61 ins.)	48 fl-89 ins.)
400			37 (1-46 ins.)	43 (1-69 ins.)
3.	The gun
1.	Moving parts
(a)	The barrel slides in the body with the barrel extension. It is assembled to the extension
by an interrupted thread and is secured radially by a catch housed in the barrel extension. A
combined muzzle brake and flash eliminator is screwed to the muzzle and retained by a catch.
(b)	The band extension is slotted on the right and left sides for ejection and feed respectively.
At the rear it is open at the top for the passage of the accelerator lug on the breech block, and at the
bottom to accommodate the locking piece and its catch. A lug is provided on the top to actuate
the accelerator ; a recess beneath receives the barrel return spring sleeve stud. A spring ejector is
housed on the left side.
5
Tro. 1.—2 см. (-79 in.) А.А./А.Тк. Gun (2 см. Flak 30) (ready for transport)
6
(c)	The breech block has a lug on the top for accelerator contact and cocking action. It houses
the breech face, firing pin and lever, and extractor. The front is recessed for the cartridge base, and
the rear end has a projection underneath, which forms a locking shoulder at the rear and a bent for
the sear at the front,
ii.	Stationary parte
(a)	The body is formed to receive the barrel extension, and has a pair of trunnion holes towards
the front. A magazine housing is provided on the left, and the right side is Slotted for ejection.
The locking cam and hammer lug shoulder is situated in a recess below the breech block way.
The batrel return spring, buffer spring, buffer, rod and sleeve are housed in a casing secured to
the body at the rear. The accelerator is pivoted on top and the rear is closed by the hinged body
extension. The magazine catch, breech catch, and breech catch lever are housed at the back of the
magazine opening.
(b)	The body cover is binged to the body at the front and secured by a catch at the rear. It
houses the return spring, sleeve and guide. The cocking handle slides in a groove on the right side.
(c)	The body extension is hinged near the rear end of the body and is secured by a rotatable
transverse pin. Traversing handles on each side form a pivot for a rotary trigger, which carries
the sear and safety mechanism, providing automatic and single shot fire. The safety catch and
breech block buffer are situated at the rear, and the unlocking cam at the front.
(d)	The maganne is of the flat-box type and holds twenty rounds in two staggered rows.
4.	Action of the machnniam
i.	Preparation for firing
Pull the cocking handle smartly to the rear and return the handle to the forward position. The
breech block'will now be retained in the rear position by the breech catch.
Fit a full magazine. This disengages the breech catch and allows the breech block to travel
forward slightly until it is retained by the sear.
7
ii.	Automatic fire
(a)	Forward travel of the breech block.—On operating the left trigger, the trigger stud -withdraws
the sear from its bent on the breech block. The breech block return spring then reacts and drives
the breech block forward, the latter forcing a round out of the magazine into the chamber and also
returning the accelerator to its forward position.
(i)	Forward movement of the barrel and breech locking.—The sear bent on the breech block releases
the locking piece catch, and the extractor engages the rim of the cartridge in the chamber. The
barrel return spring then reacts and the breech block, barrel extension and barrel travel forward
together.
During this period the locking piece rides up the locking cam, and engages the locking face on
the breech block, so inciting the breech.
(c)	Completion of forward movement and firing.—During the closing stages of the forward
movement, the firing pin lever is released and the hammer is rotated by contact with a stop in the
body, so driving the firing pin forward and striking the cap. At this moment the forward movement
is terminated by the barrel extension abutting on its stop in the body.
(d)	Rearward travel of the barrel, barrel extension and breech block.—On recoil taking place, the
above are driven to the rear compressing the breech block return spring. After travelling approxim-
ately 1 in., the rear end of the locking piece rides up a cam on the body extension, so rotating the
locking piece and unlocking the breech.
The accelerator, actuated by the barrel extension, drives the breech block to the rear, the firing
pin is withdrawn by its lever, the hammer has dropped into its recess in the locking-piece and the
locking piece is retained in the unlocked position by the locking piece catch. Rearward travel of the
barrel and barrel extension is then terminated by barrel buffer action; they are then retained by
engagement of the locking piece with its catch.
fe) Extraction and ejection.—The breech block continues to travel to -the rear, extracting and
ejecting the expended case. Rearward travel of the breech block is then terminated by full com-
Fig. 2.-2 cm. (-79 in.) A.A./A.Tk. Gun (2 cu. Flak 30) Mounting
1.	Sub Mounting.
2.	Carriage Body.
3.	Cradle,
Elevation Arm,
3.
12.
4.	Elevation Hand "Wheel.
5.	Traversing Hand Wheel.
6.	Slipper.
15. Travelling Clamp.
8. Firing Pedal (Single).
10. Layer's Seat.
II. Flakvisier.
]. Sub Mounting.’
2. Carriage Body.
3. Cradle.
4. Elevation Hand Wheel.
5. Traversing Hand Wheel.
6. Slipper.
7. Compensator.
9. Firing Pedal (Automatic).
10. Layer's Seat.
11. Flakvisier.
12. Elevation Arm.
13. Sight Bracket Arm.
14. Transmission (Carriage to Sight)
15, Travelling Clamp.
16. Compensator Lock.
Fig. 3.—2 cm. (-79 in.) A.A/A.Tk. Gun (2 cm. Flak 30) Mounting
JO
pression of its return spring and abutment on the buffer in the body extension. This completes the
cycle of action and if the trigger is still held, the gun will continue to fire until the magazine is empty.
(/) Empty magazine.—When the magazine is empty, a stud on the magazine platform depresses
the magazine catch and releases the magazine. The breech catch then travels across the path of the
breech block and retains the latter in the rear position.
(g) Cease fire before magazine is empty,—On releasing the trigger, the sear rises and retains the
breech block in the roar position. Firing then ceases with the breech open.
iii.	Single shot fire
On operation of the right trigger, the trigger stud rotates the sear, withdrawing the sear from the
breech block bent and releasing the breech block.
On further movement of the trigger, cam action withdraws the stud from the sear which rises again
under the influence of its spring, ready to retain the breech block on its return to the rear position.
On releasing the trigger, the latter returns under spring action, and the trigger stud re-engages the
sear, ready for sear release when the trigger is again rotated.
5.	Stripping and assembling for cleaning and Inspection
i. To strip the gun
Ensure that the breech is closed.
To remove the barret.—Raise the barrel catch clear of the retaining groove. Turn the barrel to
the left until the stop face contacts the barrel catch. Withdraw the barrel from the body.
To remove the breech Mock.—Remove the front securing pin of the band return spring unit on
the bottom of the gun, and lever out of position with a screwdriver; the unit will now disengage
from the barrel extension. Depress the body cover catch stop, push forward the body cover catch,
and raise the body cover until it rests on the body.
Grasp the accelerator and piiil the breech block to the rear until the locking piece is depressed
u
and retained by its catch. Turn the body extension locking lever down to the unlocked position,
swing the body extension downwards 90 degrees, and remove the breech block from the body.
To remove the firing pin from the breech block.—Remove the firing pin lever axis pin and firing
pm lever. Withdraw the firing pin.
To remove ths breech face from the breech block.—Place a screwdriver under the claw of the extractor,
and lever the extractor out of the breech block, Rotate the breech face and lift out.
To remove the barrel extension,—Lift out the accelerator. Hold the breech catch fully out, and
withdraw the barrel extension from the body.
To remove the breech block return spring, guide and sleeve.—Support the breech block return spring
guide, depress the breech block return spring guide catch, and ease out the guide, spring, and sleeve.
ii. Assemble in reverse order noting that:—
(e) When replacing the barrel extension, it is necessary to hold the breech catch out, to see
that the safety arm is flush with the side of the extension and that the locking piece is correctly
positioned.
(b) When replacing the barrel return spring unit, it is necessary to slam it into engagement,
owing to the initial compression of the springs.
Further stripping is unnecessary for cleaning, and in any case should only be undertaken by a
qualified person.
Note.—To avoid risk of personal injury, special care should be taken to prevent the body cover from
falling from the raised position.
6.	Preparation for firing
See that the gun is normally lubricated and the bore of the barrel dry,
i.	Note : The gun fires when the breech closes
Set the safety catch lever to " F " (FIRE). Pull the cocking handle smartly to the rear until
12
the breech block is retained by the breech catch ; return the cocking handle to the forward position.
Insert a filled magazine into its recess in the left side of the body, -where it will be retained by the
magazine catch The breech catch is now released and the breech block is retained by the sear.
Set the safety catch lever to " S " (SAFE).
Single rounds can be fired by rotating the right trigger. For automatic fire rotate the left
trigger. During continuous fire, the barrel must be changed after 6 magazines (120 rounds). If
possible, it should be changed after SO—100 rounds.
ii.	To unload
Set the safety catch Tever to " S.”
Push the magazine catch lever to the right and remove the magazine.
Ensure that the chamber is empty,
iii.	Notes
(a)	Always set the gun to SAFE when not actually firing. (The safety catch lever is at the
rear of the body extension.)
(b)	If, when cocking, the barrel extension is not pulled far enough back for the unlocking ramp
to throw the locking piece into engagement with its catch, reaction of the barrel return spring will
cause the locking piece to jam the breech block. This jam can be cleared by two men pulling the
barrel slightly to the rear and then 'allowing it to go forward.
It is imperative to keep clear of ike muzele.
(c)	If the breech is closed when the magazine is not assembled, pull the breech catch out of
engagement by hand*, before releasing the sear.
Special note—Do not on any.account push the breech block forward until the chamber is
clear,
*	It in easier to release the breech catch, if another man pulls the brecli block slightly io the rear by means of tlie
cooking handle, and then returns the oocking handle to the forward position.
13
7.	The carriage
The carriage, which is of the trailer type, is highly mobile and can be easily attached to any vehicle
by a single shackle fixing. It consists of two separate units
i. The chassis
This is known as the SonderauhAnger 51 (Trailer 51) and has two rubber tyred wheels. A
three-point anchorage takes the mounting. It consists of two anchors on the front of the chassis
and a shackle pin attachment at the rear. The tr iveilmg st ly is folded at the back of the main
chassis structure. A magazine box holding one twenty-round magazine is fitted to the right hand
wing, and a tool-box to the left.
ii. The mounting
This is a complete unit and is detached from the chassis as explained in para. 9, ii.
(л) The sub-mounting rests on three adjustable feet, by which the mounting can be levelled.
A spirit level and an adjustable layer's seat are fitted. The traversing handwheel is directly
in front of the seat. Traverse is 29 degrees 21 minutes per turn of the handwheel.
(5) The cradle is mounted on two journals forming the axis. The cradle is elevated and
depressed by operating the handwheel on the right side of the cradle. Elevation is 4 degrees
7 minutes per turn of the handwheel.
The compensators are spring-loaded and connected to the left and right of the cradle.
Buffer housing, springs, slide, and gun anchorages are fitted in the centre of the cradle.,
Recoil is absorbed by buffer springs inside the cradle.
(c) Method о/ firing.—The gun is fired by foot-pedals. This leaves both the layer's hands free.
6. The eights
The sights used with the 2 cm. Flak 30 are the Flakvisier 35 and Linealvisier 21. The successful
use of both sights depends on the accurate provision of range. Each German detachment includes a
14
range-taker equipped with a portable 1 metre base stereoscopic range-tinder. Although it may
be expedient to use a forward area sight with captured equipments, short notes on the very effective
German sights are given below.
 sh««ction BOX (h)
Fig. 4.—Flakvisier 35
15
, Flnkvieier 35. (S«Fig. 4)
This sight is'of the reflecting-mirror type with a data calculating mechanism. The reflector
sight is illuminated by a battery in front of the layer’s seat. A switch (combined dimmer) for lighting
the sight is on the main bracket to the left of the layer. The base of the computer (A) consists of a
rectangular block on which are two arrow indicators. This block carries the bottom horizontal
dial (B) graduated from 0 to 6400 mils (0 degrees to 360 'degrees). One of the side plates on the block is
sprung and when pressed releases a spring catch. By pressing this catch and tinning the rectangular
block the horizontal dial (B) is also turned. This action sets the sight on the course of the target
Near the arrow points are two knurled knobs (M) which, when pressed and turned, rotate the
black arrows on the vertical dials (C) situated above the base of the course indicator. These dials
correspond to the angle of dive or climb.
Above the course dial is a dial (D) corresponding to range to target. This is operated by turning
the handwheel (F) immediately below the ball and stirrup joint.
Immediately above the range dial is another dial (G) with various coloured markings. These
markings correspond to those shown in the correction box (H), and show the corrections to be made
to T.E. at high angles of sight. The top dial is rotated by two knurled knobs (K) and is set to
target speed.
Next to the correction box are two small rotatable scales used for corrections from observation,
of tracer during firing. They are also used for ground shooting.
Instructions for use
The layer should bo put roughly on target at the start.. If this is not done, corrections will
be altered when the gun'is elevated.
Set all dials to zero.
Set course of target.
Set range.
Set target speed.
Set angle of dive.
Note position of pointer in correction box.
Set range to target to the mark corresponding to that shown in correction box.
16
ii. Linealvieier 21. (See Fig. 5)
This is a direct А.Л. sight embodying course, speed, and range adjustment.
It consists of a horizontal bar which is graduated from 100 to 1,600 metres. Range is set by
turning a cylindrical hand nut (9) on the runner of the cartwheel type foresight, thus increasing the
lead as the range is increased.
The ring foresight (8) is rotatable, enabling course of the target to be set. A bar (12) shewing
speed from 11 to 150 metres per second (IS) is movably mounted on the foresight. This speed
bar can also be adjusted to the angle of dive or climb. The backsight (6) consists of an aperture
interspersed between two layers of non-splintering glass set at 45 degrees to the horizontal bar.
The reflector sight of the Fiakvisier 35 must be removed before the Linealvieier can be assembled
17
9. Detachment
The German detachment consists of;—
Detachment commander.
No. 1—Layer.
No. 2—Range-setter.
No. 3—Course-setter.
No. 4—Loader.
No. 5—Range-taker.
Two further men. if available, act as ammunition numbers.
The following are notes on the drill to he emplojyd by British troops:—
i. Detachment
The detachment will consist of a detachment commander and six men. The service of the
sub-section is divided between them as follows:—
D.C. The detachment commander is in command of the sub-section, and is responsible for the
tactical control of the sub-section, and the selection and identification of targets.
Flakvleier 35
Llnealvisier 21
1.	Layer.	Layer.
2.	Rangensetter,	Range-setter,
3.	Course-setter.	Course-setter.
4.	Loader.	Loader.
5.	Ammunition supply.	Ammunition supply.
6.	Ammunition supply.	Ammunition supply.
H. To	come into action	
Detachment commander dismounts and places himself where he can see when the gun is in the
required position.
IS
Detachment commander
" HALT — ACTION.’*
The detachment dismounts.
2 and 3 go to the engine draught connector, and disconnect the gun from the tractor, 3 orders
or signals " Drive on*', and the tractor moves on about five yards.
2 ensures that the supporting leg'of the engine draught connector is hinged upwards and
secured by the spring clip.
2 and 3 bear down on the engine draught connector until the mounting is resting on the ground.
1 removes the locking pin securing the mounting to the chassis.
2 and 3, using the handles provided, steady the mounting upward, allowing the chassis to be
lowered to the ground.
The hooks of the carriage' will now be free from the eyes in the chassis, and 2 arid 3 wheel
the carriage dear of the gun.
1 unlocks the travelling stay by withdrawing the locking pin, and secures it by swinging it
upwards til! it is held by the clip provided.
1 unlocks the travelling clamp.
iii.	To level
2 on the right, 3 on the left, take post on the front two levelling screws. They raise the handles
of the levelling screws and, under the direction of 1, who orders *' 2 raise, 3 lower " (or vice versa),
operate their handles until that axis is levelled. 3 then goes to the rear levelling bnbble and, under
the direction of 1, he levels the other axis.
iv.	Positions in action
Detachment commander in a position in which he can best see the working of his detachment,
and can observe the fire.
1	in the seat.
19
2	with Flakvisier 35 on the left of the mounting, facing the rangd knob; with Linealvisier 21
on right of gun, facing range knob.
3	with Flakvisier 35 in left rear of 1 behind the sight mechanism; with Linealvisier 21 on the
right of the gun, in rear of 2.
4	on the left of the gun, facing the magazine opening,
5	and 6 with the ammunition.
v.	To load
Detachment commander.—
" LOAD ",
ч 1 sets the safety catch to ” F " (FIRE).
1	pulls the cocking handle smartly to the rear until the breech block is retained by the breech
catch; he returns the cocking handle to the forward position,
4	inserts a full megazdne into the magazine opening, ensuring that it is retained by the magazine
catch.
1	sets the safety catch to " S ” (SAFE) and reports " Safe ".
Notes.—
(a) If when cocking, the cocking handle is not palled fully to the rear, the breech block may
jam about half way. If this occurs, 2 and 4 force the barrel smartly to the rear and
then release,
(i)	Reloading in action.—The gun remains cocked when the magazine empties; 4 therefore
removes the empty magazine and inserts a fresh one.
vi.	To fire
1 sets the safety catch to " F " (FlftE).
Automatic fire: 1 operates the left pedal.
Single shot:	1 operates the right pedal.	*
20
viL To unload
Detachment commander;—
“ UNLOAD ".
1 sets the safety lever to " S " (SAFE) and reports *' Safe ”.
4 pushes the magazine lever to the rear and removes the magazine.
1 examines the chamber to see that the gun is clear.
To close the breech, 4 depresses the breech catch by hand, 1 sets the safety catch to " F ” and
fires with either pedal.
1 sets the safety catch to " S ” and reports ” Safe ".
viii. To change barrels
Detachment commander:—
"UNLOAD —CHANGE BARRELS”.
The gun having been unloaded, S raises the barrel catch clear of the retaining grooves and
releasee it as soon as the barrel is turned.
5 and 6 turn the barrel anti-clockwise until the stop face on the barrel comes against the barrel
catch.
They withdraw the barrel from the body.
When inserting.a new barrel, 5 sees that the arrow (" EINBAU”) on the barrel is pointing
towards the barrel catch.
When fully home, they rotate the barrel until the catch engages.
The detachment commander orders " Load ”•
Notes.—
(e) The barrel should be changed after six magazines (120 rounds) have been fired.
(fi) When removing the barrel, care must be taken to prevent injury to personnel if the barrel
is very hot. Old gloves or rags should be used.
21
ix. Procedure on an aircraft target being indicated
Detachment commander:—
" PLANE ’* and indicates the target to 1.
Ho orders speed in kilometres per hour (1 kilometre =»-62 miles).
(e) With Flakvisier 35.
2 sets in speed. He sets in rangs according to his estimation of the range of the target
and thereafter will alter range according to his observation of line of sight rounds. In the
absence of line of sight rounds, he keeps the range op to date by estimation,
4 inserts a magazine.
f switches on the graticule light and lays on the target and reports " On".
3 matches the course of the target.
2 reports " Steady" when all data have been set.
Detachment commander orders “ Engage " when he has identified the target as hostile.
1 fires when he estimates the target range has fallen to 3,000 metres. He lays by keepmg
the target on the cross-hairs in the centre of the sight. Detachment commander orders vertical
or lateral corrections as necessary.
These are set by 3.
(&) With Linealvisier 21.
The procedure is the same as above, except that speed is applied, not by 2, but by 1, using
the speed mark on the sight bar ordered by the detachment commander. He keeps this speed
mark ordered, the back-sight and the target continuously aligned. Corrections to bring round
on to the line of sight are made by 3 observing the tracer and altering the alignment of the
sight bar with the aircraft.
22
Nolei.—
i. The rules for alteration of range on observation of line of sight rounds are:—
	Observation	
Range decreasing	Plus	Decrease
	Hit	Decrease
A —	 -	Minus	Leave
,, increasing	Plus	Leave
	Hit	Increase
ir	Minus	Increase
2.	With Flakvisier 35 the range drum is graduated in hundreds of metres from 0 to 27.
3.	The vertical and horizontal correction drums on the Flakvisier 85 are graduated in mils, every
tenth graduation being numbered. 1 degree equals 20 mils (apprpx,), 45 degrees equal
800 mils (exactly).
4.	With Linealvisier 21, 3 sets the foresight parallel to the course of the target and matches the
cross-bar with the fuselage of the aircraft to give the direction of aim-off.
5.	With Linealvisier 21, 2 by setting range moves the foresight towards or away from the
backsight. The range scale is graduated from 100 to 1,600 metres.
.x. Procedure for engaging ground targets
The gun has little penetration beyond 200 yards, but sustained fire may cause sufficient damage
to disable the tank. The engagement of heavy tanks should not be attempted except in self-defence,
or in combination with other fire. Ordinary motor transport is vulnerable up to 1,500 yards.
Detachment commander:—
“ TANK" and indicates the Target to'. 1.
He orders range in metres (a suitable range is 400, correcting by bro hundreds).
23
(a)	With Flakvisier 35.
j, 2 sets the range ordered on the range drum.
D.C. orders lead in degrees.
2	sets the lead ordered in mils (see para. Lx, Note 3).
1	switches on. the graticule light and lays on the target and reports " Ou ".
D.C. orders “ Engage'* when he has identified the target as hostile,
1 fires.
(6)	With Linealvisier 21.
• 1. Using the open sight, which is the more practical for use against land targets.
2 sets the index to " ERDE " and then sets the range ordered by means of the range
knob.
D.C. orders lead in lengths of tanks, e.g., “ Right one tank ".
1 lays on the target and reports *’ On'*, and fires when he has received the order
"Engage'' from the D.C.
2. Using the sight.
2 sets range as in 1.
3 sets the foresight parallel to the course of the target, and matches the cross-bar with
the djrection of travel of the target.
D.C. orders speed in metres per second. (See note below),
1 lays with the centre of the backsight, the speed-mark ordered on the cross-bar, and
the target in line, and reports “On'*.
1 fires when he has received the order " Engage " from the D.C.
Note.—The first speed mark from the centre is marked 11 metres _per second, which corresponds to
24 m.p.h.
24
xi. To cease firing
Detachment commander orders:—	>
“ UNLOAD — CEASE FIRING ”.
The gun having been unloaded, 1 releases the travelling stay, depresses the gun and secures
the stay to the chassis by means of the locking pin. He locks the travelling damp.
2 and 3 wheel the carriage into position, and raising the mounting by means of the handles,
engage the hooks in the eyes of the chassis.
2 and 3 bear down on the engine draught connector, and enable 1 to insert the pin securing the.
frame to the chassis.
2 and 3 hook the gun into the tractor.
II,—2 CM. (*79 in.) АЛ./А.ТК. GUN (2 GM. FLAK 38)
(Sea Figs. 6-8)
1. General
This gun was introduced in 1940 to replace the 2 cm. Flak 30 gun. Its performance does not
differ materially from that of the earlier weapon, apart from a high cyclic rate of fire of 420-480 r.p.m.
The inertia block, which prevents rebound of the breech block, is of particular interest.
The gun may be mounted on railway or road vehicles. It is transported on Trailer 51. Gun
and mounting may also be split into six loads (9 parts) or ten loads (15 parts) for transport over
difficult country.
The weapon is normally fired from its mounting with the trailer removed. It can, however, ba
fired from the trailer in an emergency, when a traverse of 20 degrees each way is possible.
A net may be fitted to catch cartridge cases ejected after firing. (See Fig, 6.)
То face page 24
Fig. 6.—2 cm. (-79 in.) A.A./A. Tk. Gun (2 cm. Flak 38)
25
2. Data
i. General
Muzzle velocity (H.E.): 2,950 ft. /sec.
(A.P.) : 2,720 ft./sec.
(A.P.40) (estimated): 3,250 ft. /sec.
Maximum horizontal range : 5,230 yards.
Maximum vertical range : 12,400 ft
Cyclic rate of fire ; 420-480 r.p.m.
Practical rate of fire: 180-220 r.p.m.
Weight in action: 8 cwt.
Weight in draught: 14J cwt.
Weight of barrel: 40 lb.
Wright of piece : 123 lb.
Length of barrel (with flash eliminator); 56-6 ins.
Length of bore: 48-5 ins.
Elevation: — 20 degrees 4-90 degrees.
Traverse: 360 degrees.
Rate of elevation (two speed); 4 degrees or 12 degrees (per turn of handwheel).
Rate of traverse (two speed): 10 degrees or 30 degrees (per turn of handwheel).
Cooling: Frequent barrel change.
ii, Ammunition
The gun fires the same types of ammunition as the 2 cm Flak 30.
26
3. The gun. (See Figs. 7-8)
i. System of operation
The mechanism is operated by short barrel recoil and the residual pressure of gas in the barrel.
The recoil unlocks the breech and imparts rearward acceleration to the breech block carrier. This
rearward acceleration is assisted by the .residual pressure of gas in the barrel after unlocking has
been completed, so that the breech block travels back with sufficient force to perform the operations
of extraction, ejection and compression of the return spring.
ii. Method of storing energy
The energy required for closing the breech and carrying a fresh round to the chamber is provided
by the return spring, assisted at first by the buffer spring.
iji. Method of supporting the base of the cartridge
The breech is locked at the moment of firing by a breech block of the " Solothurn " type (i.e. of
the same general type as that in the M.G.34) having a breech block carrier, on the front end of which
is a rotating breech block head with rollers and locking lugs. The rollers, in conjunction with suitable
cam surfaces, rotate the breech block head, causing the locking lugs to engage interrupted flanges
in a sleeve on the rear end of the barrel. A locking catch in the breech block carrier prevents rotation
of the breech block head at the moment of firing.
iv.	Method of preventing rebound of breech block carrier
An inertia block, which is arranged to slide in the rear end of the breech block carrier, prevents
rebound of the breech block carrier, any tendency to rebound being counteracted by the impact of
the inertia block at the end of the forward movement. The inertia block also brings about the
engagement of the locking catch (see 4, ii. below).
v.	' Cocking mechanism
The cocking mechanism is of .the chain and handgrip type. The gun can be cocked by pulling
the cocking handle at an angle to the bore when the gun is at high elevations.
27
vi.	Feed arrangements
The cartridges are fed from a 20-round curved box magazine on the left of the gun. The
magazine is hinged in front and held at the rear by a catch. This must be disengaged and the
magazine swung forward on removal.
Fig. 8.—2 cm, (*79 in.) A.A./A. Tk. Gun (2 cm. Flak 38) (Horizontal Ssction)
28
vii.	Trigger and flring mechanism
The trigger, on the right rear of the gun, is in the form of a small handwheel, the handle of which
is raised td fare the gun.
viri. Single ehot fire
A change lever on Are left of the body is moved forward to " E " for single shot and to “ D "
for automatic fire.
ix. Applied safety
j The safety lever, on the right of the gun, can only be set to SAFE when the breech is open,
fjet forward to “ F ” for FIFE and back to " S “ for SAFE.
i Cessation of fire. (See Fig. 8.)
On releasing the trigger, the gun stops firing with the breech open and empty. When the
magazine is empty, it is ejected from the magazine feedway and the breech block is retained in the
open position. The breech can then be closed by pulling out the release lever on the right of the
magazine catch.
за. Extraction and ejection.
The gun is provided with a spring loaded extractor of the claw type. The empty case is ejected
to the right during the backward movement of the breech block,
itii. Barrel and breech block buffering systems
The barrel has resistance rings, which brake the recoil and forward movements of the barrel.
A buffer and buffer spring arrest the backward movement of the breech block.
_	.	.	„ .	4. Action of the mechanism
i.	Preparation for firing
Set the change lever to E for single shot or D for automatic. Remove the magazine feedway
29
cover, after releasing the catch on the feedway (the ejection opening cover will open automatically
on cocking). Pull back the cocking handle until the breech block is retained. Allow the cocking
handle to go forward.
ii.	Forward movement
Operation of the trigger allows the breech block to go forward under the action of the return
spring. During this movement, the breech block transfers a round to the chamber and closes and
partly locks the breech. After the breech block carrier has been brought to rest, the inertia block,
continuing to move forward, not only prevents rebound of the breech block carrier, but also completes
the locking action by forcing the belting catch to engage the breech block head. At the same time
the firing pin is driven through the face of the breech block head, and fires the cartridge cap.
iii.	Backward movement
The initial shook of discharge causes the barrel and breech block to recoil together. At the
commsuoemsnt of recoil, the locking catch is freed. Towards the end of barrel recoil, the breech
block head is rotated, unlocking the breech, accelerating the breech block carrier’s movement to the
rear and withdrawing the firing pin. At this stage the resistance rings arrest the barrel, which is
returned by its spring. The breech block head and carrier now continue to the rear performing
extraction and ejection. The rearward travel of the breech block is finally arrested by full
compression of the return spring and impact of the inertia block against the buffer. The return
spring and buffer spring then react and drive the breech block forward again. If set for single shot;
the breech block will be engaged by the sear, and if set to automatic, the gun will continue firing
until the trigger is released-or the magazine is empty.
5. Stripping and assembly
i. To change barrel
The barrel should be changed after firing about 120 rounds (6 magazines) automatic or in rapid
bursts. It can be changed whether the gun is cocked or uncocked. If cocked, the safety lever should
be set to '* SAFE." In either case, any rounds left in the magazine feedway should be removed.
30
Press in the barrel catch, rotate the barrel 60 degrees clockwise (as viewed from the breech end)
and then draw it forward out of the barrel bearing. To insert a new barrel, reverse the procedure
for removal. When inserting the barrel into the barrel bearing, the arrow marked " EINBAU1'
□n the barrel should be in line with the corresponding arrow on the body.
ii. To change the breech block
To remove the breech block, the body cover must be raised. Press in thumb-piece on rear of
body cover catch, push body cover catch forward and then lift up body cover until retained by the
catch at its front end. The breech block can now be slid to the rear and lifted out of the body.
Before inserting the new breech block, make sure that the rollers on the breech block head are in line
with the guide ribs on the breech block Carrier.
ill. To remove the body rear end piece
After raising the body cover as described in 5, ii, the rear end piece of the body, which houses
the firing mechanism, can be lowered. To remove, press in the retaining bolt on the right side of
the body behind the safety catch. The rear end piece can now be hinged down, or, after pulling out
its hinge pin, removed from the body.
6.	The carriage
i.	The chassis is the same as that used with the 2 cm. Flak 30 gun.
ii.	The mounting consists principally of:—
(a)	The base mounted on three adjustable feet, by means of which the mounting can be levelled.
A spirit level is attached to the base. An adjustable layer's seat is fitted. The layer operates the
traversing gear with his left hand and the elevating gear with his right.
(&)	The cradle is mounted on two journals forming the axis, The compensators are spring-
loaded and connected to the left and right of the cradle. Buffer, housing, springs, slide and gun
anchorages are fitted in the centre. Recoil is taken by buffer springs inside the cradle.
31
(c)	Traversing gear.'—The traversing handwheel is directly in front of the layer's seat. Right
traverse is obtained by turning the traversing handwheel to the right, and vice versa. Traverse is
10 degrees per turn of handwheel in fine gear, and 30 degrees per turn in coarse gear.
(d)	Elevating gear,—The elevating handwheel on the right is turned to the left for depression
and to the right for elevation. Rate of elevation or depression is 4 degrees per turn of the handwheel
in fine gear, and 12 degrees per turn in coarse gear
(e)	Firing mechanism.—The gun is fired by a foot-pedal on the right. Change-over from single
shot to automatic fire is set on the gun itself. With automatic fire the gun continues firing as long
aS the pedal is depressed, or until the magazine is empty.
(/) Lighting equipment.—This is provided to illuminate the cross-wires on the sight.
7.	Sifihts
i.	Flakvisier 38
Hiis sight can be used both against aerial targets and against moving and fixed land and sea
targets.
Information about the Flakvisier 38 is at present very incomplete, but what is known shows
that it presents a departure from the course and speed principle on which the Flakvisier 35 functions.
The Flakvisier 38 is an automatic electric sight. The layer keeps a cross on his object glass
and the target coincident, so obtaining angle of sight and bearing. The cross-wires are automatically
controlled in terms of T.E. and deflections. The elevating and traversing gears are coupled to
elevating and traversing tachometer-dynamos in such a way that the voltages generated by them
vary with the speeds of laying. Range, either estimated or called out by the range-taker, is set
by the range-setter, but course and speed are not set.
The gun's traversing gear is coupled to a tachometer-dynamo, which produces electric voltage
varying with the rate of traverse, i.e. the greater the rate of traverse, the higher the voltage* A
variable resistance, on which range is set, is introduced, so that the current is regulated both by the
tachometer-dynamo and by the strength of the range resistance. With short ranges the corre-
sponding resistance is low and the deflection large. With long ranges the deflection is small and
32
the resistance high. The resultant lateral deflection is transmitted to the layer's vertical cross-wire.
Vertical deflection is obtained by multiplying rate of change of angle of sight by time erf flight
of the shell. Rate of change is measured by the rate 6f elevation or depression of the gun, whhe
time of flight is taken as a measure of the range set. TR, in terms of range is added to the vertical
deflection to give the appropriate Q.E. The resultant value is automatically applied to the layer's
horizontal cross-wire.
ti. Linealvisier 21
This is described in Section I.
iii.	Telescopic sight
A telescopic sight (magnification X 8) may also be employed for the engagement of A.F.Vs.
and ground targets.
8.	Detachment
The German detachment consists of:—
Detachment commander.
No. 1.—Layer.
No. 2,—Range-setter.
No. 4.—Ammunition number,
No. 5.—Range-taker. 
No. 6,—Lorry driver.
No. 3.—Loader.
i.	Drill against aerial targets (Flakvisier 38)
Detachment commander indicates target.
No. 5 takes range and continues to call it in even 100‘s of metres.
No. 2 sets in range, and continues to set in range as called by if o. 6. He reports " In range "
as soon as it falls to 2,000 metres.
No. 3 puts on the magazine.
No. 1 lays on tile target and reports " On target,"
No. 2 reports " Steady" when all data has been set.
Detachment commander orders “ Fire " (either " Short burst " or “ Rapid
33
No. 1 opens fire and lays the gun continuously by keeping the target on the crose-wires in the
centre of the sight.
Detachment commander observes fire and orders corrections as necessary. These are set by
No. 2.
No. 3 changes the magazine.
Nos, 3 and 4 load magazines during pauses'in action,
ii.	Drill against aerial and ground targets (Linealvisier 21)
As described in Section I for the 2 cm. Flak 30 gun,
iii.	Drill against ground targets (Flakvisier 38)
Detachment commander indicates target, and orders type of ammunition to be used.
No. 5 takes range and then acts as an additional ammunition number.
No. 3 puts on the magazine.
No. 1 lays on the target and reports." On target ”.
No. 2 sets range.
Detachment commander orders " Fire " (either " Single shot" or " Short bursts ") and Orders
corrections from observation of fire.
No. 2 sets corrections ordered.
Ш.—2 CM. (-79 In.) FOUR-BARRELLED A.A;/A.Tk. GUN (2 GM. FlakvierLLng 38)
(See Figs. 9-10)
1. General
The Flakvierling consists of four 2 cm, Flak 38 guns (described in Section П) on a quadruple
mounting. It may be employed both against ground and aerial targets.
Lt is normally transported on Trailer 52 (Sd. Ah.52) (see Fig, 10), but may be mounted on
railed or semi-tracked vehicles. There is also a static version, {he gun is normally fired with its
mounting on the ground and the trailer removed. It can, however, be fired from the trailer in an
emergency, when it has a traverse of 10 degrees at extreme elevation.
34
Fig. 9.—2 см. ('79 in.) Four-barreixbd A. A,/A. Tk. Gun (2 cm. Flakvterling 38)
35
£ig. 10,-2 см, (-79 in.) Four-barrblled A.A./A. Tk. Gun (2 cm. Flakvibrung 38)
(ready for transport)
3U
2. Data
i. General
Muzzle velocity (H.E,) : 2,950 ft ./sec.
(A.P.) : 2,720 ft./sec.
(A.P.40) (estimated): 3,250 ft./sec.
Maximum horizontal range : 5,230 yards.
Maximum vertical range : 12,400 ft.
Cyclic rate of fire : 1,680-1,980 лр.т.
Practical rate of fire : 700-800 r.p.m.
Weight in action (mobile version); 1| tons.
Weight in draught: 2| tons.
Weight of Trailer 52: 16 j cwt.
Weight in action (static version): 1| tons.
Elevation : —10 degrees to +100 degrees.
Traverse : 360 degrees. •
Bate of elevation (two speed): 4 degrees or 12 degrees.
Rate of traverse (two speed): 7.J degrees or 22$ degrees.
Cooling; Frequent barrel change.
ii. Ammunition
The gun fires .the same types of ammunition as the 2 cm. Flak 30.
3. The Mounting
i. The base
The base is mounted on three adjustable feet by means of which the mounting can be levelled
correctly. A spirit level is attached.
37
ii. The carriage body
This rests upon a rotating ring fixed to the base. The ring has a traverse scale of 6,400 mils
(360 degrees). Ал adjustable layer’s seat is provided, with the elevating and traversing hand-
wheels and sight bracket in front.
Ci. Traversing gear
The layer operates the traversing handwheel with his left hand. ' The gun is traversed to the
right by turning the handwheel to the right, and vice versa. Two gears are provided. By pressing
in the quick-release catch, the gun may be traversed 22 j degrees for each turn of the handwheel;
in normal gear traverse is 7| degrees per turn of the handwheel.
iv. Elevating gear
The layer operates the elevating hand wheel with his right hand. The gun is elevated by turning
the handwheel back. Two gears are provided as with the traversing gear. In normal gear elevation
(or depression) is 4 degrees per turn of the hand wheel; when the quick-release catch has been
pressed in, it is 12 degrees..
v. Firing
Two foot-pedals operate the trigger mechanism. Each pedal actuates the triggers of two
diametrically opposite guns, which continue firing till the pedal is released or the magazines (holding
20 rounds) are empty. The right foot operates the right-hand top and left-hand bottom guns, while
the left foot operates the left-hand top and right-hand bottom guns. This arrangement permits
uninterrupted continuous fire. While two guns are firing, the magazines of the other two guns
can be changed. When both pedals are operated all four guns fire together." If there is a stoppage
of one or more guns the remaining guns can continue finng, but if the safety catch is at SAFE
or one gun, tue diametrically upp is te gun cannot be fired. Change from single shut to automatic
fire and from SAFE to FIRE are set on the guns themselves, as described for the 2 cm. Flak 38 in
Section H, para. 3, vtii.
38
vi, Sights
The sight fitted is Flakvisier 40, which is similar to the Flakvisier 38 described in Section II,
Alternatively Linealvisier 21, which is described in Section I, or a telescopic sight (for the engage-
ment of ground targets only) may be used.,
vii. Recoil mechanism
Two slippers right and left on the covers of the cradle cany the guns and recoil gears. The
tubes supporting the recoil gears are secured to the covers, while the gun lugs, which recoil on firing,
cause the buffer cylinders to recoil with them.
viit Compensator
A compensator to counteract muzzle preponderance is bolted to the carriage body.
ix.	Deflector box
A deflector box, underneath the compensator housing, catches the empty cartridge cases, ejected
from the gun. It holds about 500 cases.
x.	Platform
The platform is bolted to the left and light of the carriage body. It acts as a foot-board for the
detachment commander, range-setter and loading numbers (who are also provided with seats), and
enables these numbers to carry on while the gun is being traversed.
xi.	Magazine racks
At both sides in accessible places are racks holding 16 magazines in all.
4.	Preparation for action
i.	To remove the gun from the trailer
Drop the trail eye end of the trailer till the base plate rests on the ground. By using the chain
winches, bring the base to bear on the chassis of the trailer. By pressing on the two handles,
disengage the trailer from the mounting and lower it to the ground on the winch chains. Disengage
39
the suspension eyes of the chains and hang them on the hooks on the mudguards of the trailer
Press down the locking lever of the trailer and withdraw it.
ii.	To prepare the gun for action
Unlock carriage, pull out locking lever and swing over. Elevate slightly and move locking
lever to front till it zests against its stop. Pull up the locking lever and release the platform. Raise
loader's seat.
Level gun with levelling screws, using spirit level.
Waif open deflector box and insert bent rod in hole on near side. Cock firing mechanism and
set to safe.
Place 16 full magazines in the two magazine racks. Take two magazines from each rack, and
load.
Set each gun to “ FIRE ”, and to automatic (D) or single shot (E).
5.	Stripping and assembly
i.	Setting up the mounting
Set down carriage body as evenly as possible on the base. Secure rotating ring with bolts
and clamping plates.
ii.	Assembling the guns
Cany out mounting of guns with the mounting clamped.
Note.—Before assembling guns on right side, open the ejection opening covers.
Insert projecting ends of the body rear end axis pin into the recesses in the rear slipper bearing.
Position front end of barrel and pull front end clamping lever to the rear.
Make sure the guns have not too much side play in the front and are not secured loosely in the
rear.	•>
iiL	Stripping the breech blocks
Set the gun for automatic fire and open the body covers. In the case of the left hand guns,
40
the body cover mult be propped open. With the right hand guns, lower the body dover until it
reaches the stop. Withdraw the breech block from the left hand guns upwards and to the rear;
from the right hand guns downwards and to the rear. When replacing (as the right band guns are
inverted), insert the breech block in the same way.
6.	Detachment
The German detachment consists of:—
Detachment commander
No. 1—Layer
No. 2—Range-setter
Nos. 3 & 4—Loading numbers
No. 5—Range-taker
Nos. 6 Л 7—Ammunition numbers.
i.	Drill against tieriel targets (Flakvisier 40)
Detachment commander indicates the target.
No. 5 takes range and continues to call it in even 100's of metres.
No. 2 sets in range, and continues to sefr in range as called by No. 5. He reports " In range "
as soon as it falls to 2,000 metres.
Nos. 3 and 4 fit magazines.
No. 1 lays on the target and reports " On target.”
No. 2 reports " Steady ” when range has been pet.
Detachment commander orders "Fire” (either “ short burst” or “ continuous fire*').
No. 1 opens fire and lays the1 gun continuously by keeping the target on the cross-wires of the
sight
Detachment commander observes fire and orders corrections as necessary. These are set by
No. 2.
Nos. 3 and 4 change magazines.
Nos. 6 and 7 hand up fresh magazines, and load magazines during pauses in action.
41
ii.	Drill against aerial and ground targets (Linealvisier 21)
As described in Section I for the 2 cm. Flak 30 gun, allowing for the fact that there are two
loaders instead of one.
iii.	Drill against ground targets (Flakvisier 40)
Detachment commander indicates target, and orders type of ammunition to be used.
No. 5 takes range and then acts as an additional ammunition number.
Nos. 3 and 4 fit magazines.
No. 1 lays on the target and reports " On target.”
No. 2 sets range.
Detachment commander orders ” Fire ” (either " Single shot " or ** Short bursts ") and orders
corrections from observation of fire.
No. 2 sets corrections ordered.
IV.—2-8 CM. (1-10 in.) ANTI-TANK GUN MODEL 41 (PZ.B.41)
(Set Figs. 11-12)
1. General
This is a light Q,F. anti-tank gun mounted on a two-wheeled carriage. The Pz.-B. 41 was
introduced in 1941 and may be described as the first " secret" weapon brought into service during
the war; it is of exceptional interest, as it has an extremely high muzzle velocity attained by the
” Geriich " principle of a tapered bore. The gun fires a special type of A.P. projectile with a
tungsten carbide core, but there is also an H.E. round. The weapon has a good A.P. performance
at ranges up to 400 yards.
The gun is normally towed portee on a trailer equipped with ramps, but may also be mounted
on a lorry, split into a five-man load for transport, carried by air. dropped in parts by parachute, or
fitted in the four-wheeled armoured car—Sd. Kfz, 221.
42
Fig. 11.—2-8 см. (1*10 in.) A.Tk. Gun Model 41 (Pz. B, 41)
43
44
2. Data
i. The gun
Length of barrel ...........................
Length of barrel and breech (with muzzle brake)
Length of rifling ............... ..........
Number of grooves ...................
ii.	The carriage
(a)	Weights
Barrel and muzzle brake ....................
Cradle and trigger housing ..............
Frame and mounting ......................
Axle and wheels .........................
Front shield.............................
Near shield ......................
6138 ins.
67-62 ins.
51 38 ins.
12 R.H.
80 lb.
97 lb.
126 lb.
137 lb.
46 lb.
151b.
Total weight........	501 lb.
(b)	Maximum elevation.................................................. 45	degrees
Maximum depression .................................................. 5	degrees
Traverse [horizontal} ............................................   90	degrees
Traverse (at full depression) ....................................   90	degrees
Traverse (at full elevation) ....................................... 30	degrees
iii. Penetration of homogeneous armour with A.P. projectile
Range	Thickness of armour in mm.
{yards}	30 degrees
100	  69	(2-72 ins.)
200	  63	(2-48 ins.)
300	  57	(2-24 ins.)
400	*......................................... 53	(2-09 ins.)
Normal
84 (3-31 ins.)
77 (3-03 ins.)
70 (2-76 ins.)
65 (2-56 ins.)
45
iv. Muzzle velocity
A German note-book gave M.V. as 6,250 ft. /вес., but daring trials, a mean M.V. of only about
4,580 ft./sec. was recorded. As trials were carried out with a partly worn weapon, the velocity with
a'new barrel might be higher than the recorded figure.
3.	The gun
i.	The barrel is of monobloc construction, with interrupted flanges at the breech end to receive
the breech ring, which is locked in position by a spring catch. The muzzle end is fitted with a flange
and screw threaded to receive a muzzle brake. Wear is heavy, and the barrel is believed to become
unserviceable after 400 rounds.
ii.	The bore tapers from 28 mm. (1-1 ins.) at the breech end to 20 mm. (0-79 in.) at the muzzle.
The taper is slow for the first 24 ins. of rifling (about -002/1 in.) ; then from 24 ins. to 36 ins. is much
more rapid (about -022/1 in.), and finally from 39 ins. to the muzzle decreases, the bore becoming
almost parallel at the muzzle.
iii.	The rifling has 12 grooves; the lands decrease in width towards the muzzle, while the
groove width remains constant. The rifling increases progressively till one turn has been completed,
after which it is constant for one-eighth of a turn. The final portion is constant.
iv.	The breech mechanism is of the semi-automatic horizontal sliding block type, the block
sliding to the left to open. Cocking is effected during recoii.
4.	Action of the mechanism
i.	Preparation for firing
Pull the recocking lever (on left side of breech block body) to the rear till the click of engage-
ment is heard. The breech can now be opened. 1
ii.	Opening the breech
Pull the L.B.M. (on the top of the breech ring) to the rear. The breech is now open.
46
During this movement the extractor stops on the breech block engage the stops on the extractors,
forcing the extractors to rotate backwards. At the same time the claws on the extractors engage the
breech block, thus holding it open.
iti. Loading the gun
Rotate the safety catch (near the top left side of the breech ring) forward till the " F'
(FIRE) is visible. Insert the round into the chamber for a short distance, then flick the cartridge
home with a sharp movement. The rim of the cartridge forces the extractors forward till the extractor
claws are disengaged irom the breech block, which will then close automatically nnder the influence
of the breech block return spring.
iv.	Firing the gun
The trigger should be pressed gradually. During recoil the base of the recocking lever contacts
the ramp situated on the trigger housing, automatically cocking the firing pin. During this action
the recuperator spring is compressed, subsequently reacting and forcing the recoiling portions into
the forward position,
v.	Re-loading the gun
The same procedure as for loading, except that the cocking lever is already in the rear position.
The empty case is ejected when the breech is opened.
vi.	Trigger mechanism
Press the trigger grip. This draws the trigger bar to the rear, compresses the trigger bar spring
and rotates the trigger link backwards. At the same time, the cam trip contacts the ramp on the
bottom of the trigger platform, forcing the trigger platform to rotate upwards and compressing
the trigger platform spring. When the cam trip has reached the end of the ramp on the trigger
platform, the latter returns to its normal position under the influence of its spring.
When pressure is released from the trigger grip, the trigger bar is forced forwards under the
influence of its spring. The cam trip makes contact with the vertical face of the trigger platform
47
ramp ; the hinged cam trip is forced into the horizontal position, compressing the cam trip spring.
When the cam trip is clear of the ramp its compressed spring will react, forcing it back to the vertical
position.
vii.	To close breech after firing Last round
Puli the L.B.M. to the rear and hold it back while turning the head of the extractor axis pin
anti-clockwise. Release the L.B.M. and then the extractor axis pin.
5.	Safety arrangements
i.	Mechanical safety
(e) The cap cannot be struck by the firing pin before the breech is properly closed.
As the firing pin is driven forwards, the recocking lever (under the influence of its compressed
spring) is also driven forward. The breech block locking catch, being engaged with the cocking
lever spindle, is forced down into engagement with the slot in the base of the breech ring. The
cap can only then be Struck.
(b) The breech cannot be opened till the projectile has left the barrel.
The firing pin must be cocked before the breech can be opened. This takes place when the
gun has recoiled about 4-in.; the cocking lever spindle lifts the breech block locking catch out of
engagement with the slot in the base of the breech ring. By this time the projectile has left th*
barrel.
ii.	Applied safety
Rotate the safety catch backwards till it is in alignment with the barrel, and " S” is visible.
When the breech is closed, a flange on the safety catch prevents the sear from being rotated, and
a projection on the safety catch engages a slot in the breech ring, thus preventing opening of-
the breech. When the breech is open, ths projection on the safety catch prevents the breech from
closing fully.
48
6.	The carriage
The carriage is. designed to strip easily into man-handling loads. Both front and rear shields
lift off; quick release trunnions allow the cradle and piece to he lifted off; and the wheels, spring,
and spring pad can be detached from the saddle and trail legs. The barrel can be removed by
releasing the band holding down the barrel at the front of the slipper, depressing the spring catch
at ths breech ring, and unscrewing the barrel. Before taking this equipment into action tire various
quick-release catches should be examined.
i.	Cradle
The cradle is of box section. Guide ribs are formed on the top surface for the slipper, and inside
to support the front of the buffer cylinder. An extension at the back carries the sight, a tool-box
and the firing gear.
ii.	Slipper
The breech ring is attached to the rear of the slipper by four set screws. The gun lug on the
breech ring projects downwards through the slipper. The front of the barrel is supported by a band
at the front of the slipper. The top half of this band is hinged and held closed by a catch. The
slipper is fitted with bearing stripe underneath and is grooved to fit over the guide ribs on the cradle.
iii.	Carriage body
This is mounted on a ball race on the saddle, giving 45 degrees traverse right and left. Four
clips on the saddle take the firing stresses. Quick release trunnions enable the cradle and piece to
be removed easily. A lug on the base of the body engages a bolt on the platform to form a travelling
lock,
iv.	Saddle and trail
The saddle carries the lower ball race and clips to hold the carriage body. A bolt on the saddle
locks the carriage body and cradle for travelling. An ammunition locker holding six rounds is at
49
the rear of the saddle. The trail legs are secured to the tear of the saddle by inclined pins and are
provided with a hinged strut to lock them in the open position. A catch on the rear end locks them,
together for travelling.
v.	Springing and wheels
A transverse spring and two radius arms support " knee action ” stub axles carrying the wheels.
A spring bolt in the spring pad locks the saddle to this assembly,
vi.	Sighting
Open sights or a telescopic sight may be used. The open sights are fitted on the trigger housing.
The backsight is " U ’* type and the foresight barley-com type. There are no graduations on the
sight, and no allowance for tangent elevation or deflection can be made, as the sight line is always
parallel to the bore. It is, in fact, a battle sight, suited to the weapon's flat trajectory. German
practice when engaging a crossing target is to lay the side of the foresight blade on the front edge of
the target. The telescopic sight is fitted on the same bracket after first removing the open sight,
vii. Shields
Protection is provided by two double shields of 4 mm. (0-157 in.) armour plate spaced at If in,
for the main shield and at 1J in. for the layer's shield. These are proof against S.A.A.
The front shield hooks on to pine on the body and is secured by spring-loaded bolts. The
layer’s shield is detachable and is clipped over the front shield during transport,
viii. Elevating gear
Elevation is controlled by the hand-grips. A compensator is fitted between the cradle and
carriage body.
7.	Recoil system
A hydraulic buffer and spring recuperator are housed inside the cradle, with the spring
50
surrounding the buffer cylinder. The cylinder is attached to the gun lug, and the buffer piston to
the cradle front cap.
The piston rod is hollow, and a tapered control rod screwed into the rear of the buffer cylinder
projects into it. A cylindrical spring loaded valve, through the centre of which the control rod
passes, is free to slide in the piston head. Ten ports are drilled axially through this valve, through
which the oil flows on recoil. During run-out, pressure forces the valve to the front and masks
these ports, so that the oil has to flow through the annular space between the valve and control rod.
i.	Backward movement
When recoil takes place, the recuperator is forced backwards compressing the recuperator
spring, while the outer piston is held stationary by the piston shaft. As the recuperator moves
back, the fluid is forced through the ports in the outer piston; at the same time the inner piston,
which has a taper shaft, is being withdrawn from the taper cylinder inside the outer piston shaft.
ii.	Forward movement
When the forces of recoil are spent, the compressed recuperator spring reacts, forcing the
recuperator forward. The fluid now being forced against the sleeve valve (situated inside the outer
piston) forces it forward. This closes about three-quarters of the ports in the outer piston, causing
the moving portions to return slowly under control and compressing the sleeve valve spring. During
the forward movement, the inner piston and taper shaft displace fluid from the taper cylinder in the
outer piston shaft. As the moving portions return to the forward position, the inner taper piston
shaft forms a seating with the taper m the outer piston shaft. At this stage the compressed sleeve
valve spring reacts, forcing the sleeve valve forward.
A slide (graduated in millimetres) and cursor record the amount of recoil. Normal recoil is
240 mm. (9-45 in.) and metal-to-metal 280 mm, (11-02 in.).
iii.	Effect of the muzzle brake
Partial absorption by the muzzle brake of energy from the expanding gases assists in reducing
recoil and in increasing stability.
51
iv.	Compensator
Elevation and depression are steadied by an oil shock absorber.
The rate of flow of the oil, which is of the same type as that used in the recuperator (specific
gravity -881), can be adjusted by a thumbscrew. M.80 oil diluted with paraffin provides a substitute.
The compensator can be set to control the balance of the gun for elevation.
8.	Ammunition
The gun principally fires A.P. The projectile is a special type, chiefly consisting of a magnesium
alloy ballistic cap (which on impact produces a flash to assist observation), two stud skirts which
are compressed as the round travels through the tapered bore, and a tungsten carbide core.
The A.P. ammunition is carried in pressed steel cases holding twelve rounds, marked " 2-8 cm.
Pzgr. Pair. 41.” Each round is pecked in a cardboard cylinder.
9.	Detachment
The weapon is served by a detachment of five, who, according to German instructions, should
wear ear-plugs in action.
Duties in action are:—
Gun commander.
No. 1—Layer.
No. 2—Loader.
Nos. 3 and 4—Ammunition numbers.
Load distribution:—
Gun commander—Barrel and rausile brake.
Nos. 1 and 2—Carriage.
No. 3—Cradle and trigger housing.
No. 4—Front and rear shields.
52 -
The following are notes on the emergency drill to be employed by British troops:—
This light A.Tk, gun is easily recognized by its length (60 cals.), by the square tool box above
the double firing grip, and by the small shield for the layer.
It tires off the wheels and the gun crew must put cotton wool into their ears, or wear ear
protectors.
Six emergency rounds are carried under the axle.
An open sight fixed by a lanyard is carried in a case io the left of the sight bracket. It unfolds
and can then be slipped in position from the rear.
There is no range scale, the trajectory being almost flat, up to the limit of efficiency (400 yards).
i.	To open the breech	,
Recock the firing mechanism by pushing the long .recocking lever (left side of breech block) over
to the ruar.
Puli the L.B.M. round to the rear.
The breech is kept open by the extractors.
ii.	To load
Load as with any fixed ammunition. The rim of the cartridge case releases the extractor, and
the breech closes automatically.
iii.	To fire
Set the small milled safety catch (top right of left face of breech block) at right angles to the
piece.
Press either of the trigger grips.
During reco J the firing mechanism is recocked automatically.
The breech is "reopened by hand and the cartridge case ejected.
There is no tracer, but the magnesium ballistic cap produces a distinct flash on impact.
iv.	To close the breech without loading
h'w para. 4, vii.
53
v.	Minimum detachment
Detachment commander
Layer
Loader.
The layer cannot obeerve on account of the gun flash and the short time of flight.
vi.	Simple methods of disabling the gun
(a) To remove firing pin spring. Press retaining cap of firing pin spring (in rear face of breech
block), rotate cap about 90 degrees to the left, release cap and remove spring.
(i>) To remove extractor axis pin, press in catch just below it (on the upper left side of breech
ring), and lift out extractor axis pin.
V.—3-7 CM. (1*45 In.) ANTI-TANK GUN (3*7 CM. PAK). (5« Figs. 13-14)
1. General
The 8-7 cm., formerly the chief German anti-tank gun, has been largely replaced by the
5 cm. (1*97 in.) anti-tank gun. The 3*7 cm. is still likely to be met, and has recently been provided
with the A.P.4Q type of ammunition, which has a good penetration performance at ranges up to
400 yards, A stick bomb 5*7 in. in diameter and 11 in. long, with a rod, which fits into the bore,
has also recently been introduced. Its use is likely to be restricted to short ranges. The bomb is
believed to be of hollow charge type. The gun is also in service with the Italian army.
The gun is normally towed on its own wheels by a tractor but may also be carried on a lorry.
Weighing only 8 cwt., it is a suitable weapon for use by air-borne troops.
5*
55
2. Data
i. General
Muzzle velocity (A.P.) : 2,625 ft./sec.
Muzzle velocity (A.P.40): 3,450 ft,/sec.
Effective range : 600 yards and under.
Rate of fire: 8-10 r.p.m.
Length of gun: 65-52 in.
Elevation: 25 degrees.
Depression: 8degrees.
Traverse: 80 degrees. 6 degrees (trails closed).
ii. Ammunition
Ammunition, is carried in 12 round metal containers.
Type	Weight of complete round	Weight of projectile	Fuze	Marking
A.P. tracer sKell ...	3 lb. 2 oz.	1 lb. 8 oz.	Base (Bd. Z. (5103) )	Shell black, marked 3- 7 cm. Pak. Pzgr.
•A.P.40 shot	21b.	12-5 oz.	None	Shell black, marked 3'7cm. Pak. Pzgr. 40.
H.E. tracer shell	2 lb. 10 oz.	1 lb. 6 oz.	D.A. (either A.Z. 39 Rhs. 274orRhs. 222)	Shell grey, marked 3-7 cm. Spgr. ’
 Projectile consists of • mild steel body, an ahuniniutn alloy ballistic cap, and a tungsten carbide A.p. core.
56
iii.	Penetration of homogeneous armour
(a)	Firing A.P. shell
Range
(yards)
200	.............
400	.............
500	.............
600	.............
(6)	Firing A.P. 40 shot (estimated) •
Range
(yards)
100	..............
200	..............
300	..............
400	..............
Thickness of armour in mm,
30 degrees Normal
...	42	(1*65	m.)	56	(2-20	in.)
...	88	(1-50	in.)	51	(2-00 in.)
... . 36	(1-42	in.)	48	(1-89 in.)
...	34	(1-34	in.)	46	(1-81 in.)
Thickness of armour in mm.
30 degrees
68 (2-68 in.)
61 2-40 in.)
55 (2-16 in.)
49 (1-93 in>)
Normal
79 (3-11 in.)
72 (2-83 hi.)
65 (2-56 in.)
58 (2-28 in.)
3. The gun
The piece consists of an "A” tube, jacket and breech ring combined. The breech block is of the
horizontal sliding block type with a hand operated block stop. (Fig. 14.)
4. Action of breech mechanism
i.	To open the breech
Press the hand operated block stop plunger (Fig. 14). This operates by inertia in actual firing.
Pull the L.B.M. to the right rear until the breech block is retained by the extractors. The firing
mechanism is cocked during the opening of the breech.
57
Fig. 14.—3-7 см. (1-45 in.) А Тк. Gun (3-7 см. Рак)—Вккеси and fixing gear
53
ii.	To close the breech
By loading a round the breech is automatically closed. To close when the breech is empty,
the must be firmly held while the extractors are pressed forward and the breech block released.
When closed, the breech is lacked by the hand operated block stop.
iii.	To fire using left trigger
Press the left trigger on the elevating handwheel (Fig. 14). The trigger cable releases the sear
and the gun is fired. On recoil the gun is re-cocked.
iv.	To fire using right trigger
The gun can also be fired by using the trigger on the right (Fig. 14).
v.	To recock after a misfire
Press the right trigger towards the barrel. Turn the L.B.M. to the right rear until the first
resistance is felt. Care should be taken to ensure the hand-operated block stop is not touched, as
this constitutes the first resistance.
vi. To open the breech after firing
The breech block is automatically unlocked after firing as the block stop goes forward by inertia.
Movement of the L.B.M. extracts the cartridge case.
5.	Safety arrangements
L The hand-operated block stop must be released by pressing the plunger before the breech can
be opened after a misfire.
ii,	The safety catch on the left of the breech when turned to SAFE (Sicher) prevents the sear
from releasing the firing pin, and also prevents opening the breech,
iii.	The gun cannot be fired when the buffer cylinder is not correctly assembled, a spring loaded
plunger preventing actuation of the sear.
59
6.	Stripping and assembly
i.	To assemble breech mechanism
Insert hand-operated block stop spring and retaining bush. ' Place breech block in breech ring
in the fully open position. Insert the actuating shaft of the connecting arm into the breech ring,
and connect L.B.M. Insert actuating spindle. Insert extractors by slightly dosing breech to admit
extractor axis pin. Close breech. Insert return spring and plunger, placing flats of plunger into a
link of the breech mechanism actuating spindle. Insert axis pin as far as possible. Release hand-
operated block stop and open breech till held by extractor claws. Then press home axis pin. Insert
striker and release sear. Replace main spring and cover plate. Give cover plate i turn and release.
ii.	To dismantle breech mechanism
Press hand-operated block stop and fully open breech by pulling L.BJtf. to right rear. Insert
artillery tool between shoulder of plunger and link of breech mechanism actuating shaft to take
weight of spring. Remove axis pin and spring case by turning 40 degrees to right. Release
extractors, slightly closing block to remove axis pin. Remove extractors. Open breech fully and
remove actuating spindle and L.B.M. Remove breech block.
i. Axle
7.	The carriage
The axle incorporates independent suspension which is, however, locked when firing, the freeing
and locking being controlled by the opening and closing of the trail legs.
ii.	Lower carriage
The lower carriage has a pivot housing and bearing face for the top carriage. It also carries the
traversing rack, the travelling clamp and the locking gear for the trail legs and bouses the axle.
iii.	Traversing gear. (Sm Fig. 14)
The layer is on the near side of weapon and operates the traverse with his right hand by a small
60
handwheel (clockwise to the right, anti-clockwise to the left). The arc of traverse is 60 degrees, and
is completed by 30| turns of the bandwheel.
iv.	Elevating gear. (Sm Fig. 14)
The arc of 21 degrees elevation and IS degrees depression is completed by 32) tons of the
handwheel, which the layer operates with his left hand.
v.	Cradle
A locking device for use when travelling is mounted at the rear end and mates with the top
carriage when fully elevated.. A leather buffer is fitted to the rear end and forms a stop for the gun
on run-out,
vi.	Buffer and recuperator
A hydraulic buffer and spring recuperator are provided, British CS.1117A oil can be used,
vii. Sights
The sights are mounted on an upright bracket carried on the top carriage. Adjustment of sights
is obtained by two pairs of adjusting screws (one pair for vertical adjustments, the other for
horizontal).
viiL Shield
The shield is composed of the gun shield and leg shield. The leg shield folds under the lower
carriage when travelling, and folds down to ground level when in action. The gun shield has a rake
of approximately 45 degrees when in action, the upper half is hinged and can be folded forward as
required.
-	8. Detachment
The Germans have a detachment of six, whose duties are:—
Gun commander, -	No. 3.—Ammunition number.
No, 1.—Layer.	No. 4.—Assists No. 3 and acts as runner.
No. 2.—Loader who fires the gun.	No.. 5.—Driver.
61
The following are notes on the emergency drill to be employed by British troops ;—
1.	To bring the gun into action
(a)	Release the axle from the road springs. There are two levers just inside each wheel. Lift-
each side until the bolt actuated by the forward lever drops into a recess of the axle tree. This sets
the axle in the firing position.
(fc	) Open the trails. The traverse with trails closed is only в degrees, with trails open 60
degrees.
To open the trails lift the locking lever at the tra 1 end. Press down the locking levers of the-
trail hinges. Lock the trails in the open position by pushing up the hinge locking levers.
(e)	Withdraw the locking bolt of the elevating mechanism.
(d)	Depress the gun to point blank.
(«) Release the traversing mechanism by running the locking lever forward (right side of
carriage, with spring-loaded catch and rack),
(/) Slip the sight into place.
(g)	Place the telescope into the telescope bracket (magnification 1, field II degrees).
ii.	To open the breech
Set the safety catch at " FEUER1'.
Press in the hand-operated block stop plunger (top left rear face of breech ring) and turn L.B.M.
clockwise. The plunger is pressed back automatically by inertia when the gun is fired.
iii.	To load
Load as with any equipment using fixed ammunition. The breech closes automatically.
iv.	To fire
This can be done either by pressing the push button in centre of traversing handwheel or by-
pulling the lever on the right outwards.
The firing mechanism is recocked automatically during recoil.
62
v.	Recocking after a misfire
Push the right hand firing lever towards the piece and start opening the breech until a resistance
is felt.
The hand-operated block stop plunger must not be pressed in, as otherwise the breech might
open completely.
vi.	To open the breech after firing
The breech block is automatically unlocked after firing and the block stop goes forward byinertia.
Movement of the L.B.M. extracts the cartridge case.
vii,	To extract a jammed round
Set the gun horizontal.
If the round has become separated, take out the cartridge case, press some rags into the chamber,
close the breech.
Push in a cupped rod from the muzzle end, tie rope round the rod, leaving two ends loose—two
gun numbers standing on either side of the,tube pull in jerks on the rope (being careful not to tie
the rope round their hands) until the projectile is loosened.
If the round is not separated, proceed as above, leaving the breech open.
viii, Leads and ranges	'	*
The gun shoots approximately like the British 37 mm. Bofors gun, having the same M.V. and
same weight of shell.
Tangent elevation for 500 yards (maximum efficient range) is 31 minutes—permissible error
150 yards.
In the absence of any sight, put on the lead, under orders of the detachment commander, by
pointing the barrel so many lengths of tank ahead. Add or drop range by one-quarter turns of the
elevating handwheel, This corresponds to about 200 yards and is very near the permissible error.
ix. Service of the buffer and recuperator
The recuperator is of the double banked spring type.
63
The buffer is hydraulic, filled from the centre of piston shaft at rear using a screw pump. The
liquid is of the glycerine type, but British buffer oil would be suitable in an emergency. Contents
of the buffer when full. 1-1 litres, equals 2 pints.
To disconnect gun from recoil system, turn by means of a small flat bar the connecting ring
anti-clockwise, about one-half turn. This presses back a safety plunger at the lower forward face
of the breech, ring and locks the firing mechanism.
If during recoil, the recoil indicator on the right of the cradle reaches graduation 595, further
firing is unsafe.
German handbooks recommend that no one shall stand in direct rear of 'the gun within 35 feet
when it is being fired as the piece is liable to become separated from the cradle 1
VI,—4'7 CM. (1*85 In.) SELF-PROPELLED ANTI-TANK GUN'(4-7 CM. PAK (t) (Sfl.))
(Sec Fifes. 15-16)
1.	General
This A.Tk. guh of Czech origin is mounted on what the Germans describe as Armoured Chassis I.b.
The carriage is the obsolete light tank Pz. Kw. I with turret removed and an armoured shield built
up on three sides, leaving the back exposed. The fitting of the gun to the chassis is crude in many
respects and is not up to the usual standaid of German workmanship or design. The equipment is
not in very general use.
2.	Data 
i. General
Calibre ; 4-7 cm. (1-85 in.)
Muzzle velocity (A.P.) : 2,540 ft,/sec.
Muzzle velocity (H,E.) : 1,300 ft,/sec.
Effective range (H.E.) : 1,100-1,520 yards.
Overall length of gun : 187-5 in.
Traverse: 30 degrees.
Elevation ; 12 degrees.
Depression; 8 degrees.
n4
Fig. 15.—4-7 си. (1-85 in.) Self-pro pulled a.Tk. Gun (4-7 си. Pax (t) (Sfl))
Effective range (H.E.) : 1,100-1,520 yards.
Depression; 8 degrees.
65
Fig. 16.—4-7 см. (1*85 in.) А.Тк. Gun (4-7 см. Рак)
ii, Ammunition
Type	Length of complete round	Fuze	Weight of projectile	Identification
A.P. tracer shell ...	18-68 ins.	Base	3-64 lb.	Three black bands on nose of shell, case-stamped 4*7 cm. Pak (t) Pzgr.
H.E. shell		22*46 ins.	Nose	5*07 lb.	Dark grey shell, case stamped-4*7 cm. Pak (t) Sprgr,
AF. 40 shot	18*72 ins.	None	1*81 lb.	Projectile black, case stamped 4 cm. Vz. 36.
66
tit. Penetration of homogeneous armour with Л.Р. shell
Range
(yards)
300
SOO
700
lOOO
iv. The carriage
(a)	Dimensions'
Length t 14 ft. 2 ins.
Width: 6 ft. 7 ins.
Height: 7 ft.
Height of gun-from ground : 5 ft. 3 ins.
(6)	Performance
Speed on road : 18*8 m.p.h.
Speed cross-country: 94 m.p.h.
Radius of action (on road) : 106 miles.
Radius of action (cross country) : 81 miles.
Petrol consumption, approx, ; 3 nt.p.g.
Weight in action ; 7'5 tons.
Thickness of armour и» «ил.
30 degrees
59 (2-32 ins:)
55 (2-16 ins.)
52 (2-04 ins.)
47 (1-85 ins)
Normal
76 (2-99 ins.)
72 (2-83 ins.)
68 (2-67 ins.)
62 (244 ins.)
3.	The gun
The gun is mounted on a steel frame in the front half of the vehicle, and is a single shot weapon
with a vertical, drop type of breech block. The gun consists principally of the barrel and breech
ring.
i.	The barrel is a one-piece forging. A large and heavy muzzle brake and flash eliminator is
fitted. A recoil indicator, on the right of the barrel, is graduated from 300 to 750 mm, (11-81 to
67
29-53 ins.), every 20 mm. {-79 in.) being numbered and further sub-divided into divisions of 5 mm.
(•20 in.).
ii.	The breech ring is retained by interrupted threads in two portions and a spring-loaded
catch.
4.	Breech mechanism
The breech mechanism is of the vertical sliding block type. A spring box, mounted on the
right-hand side of the breech ring, contains the breech block operating mechanism. The gun is
automatically cocked when the breech is opened, A pininn is mounted on a shaft, on which the L.B.M.
and lever operating breech block are also carried. The latter engages a circular boss on the link of
the firing mechanism and provides link action for opening and closing the breech block.
i.	To open the breech (by band)
The first movement of the L.B.M. hits a catch which allows a rack Sleeve to move forward.
Rotation of the L.B.M. to the rear rotates its pivot shaft, which, by means of the lever operating breech
block, opens the breech. The pinion is also rotated and turns an idler which causes the rack to move
forward. The rack carries with it a plunger and compresses a spring. The extractors hold the
breech block open against this spring pressure.
ii.	To dose tiie breech (by hand)
When the extractors are closed by loading a round, the spring reasserts itself, and drives the
plunger to the rear, carrying with it the rack. The rack rotates the pinion via the idler wheel. The
pinion rotates the lever operating breech block and closes the breech.
iii,	To fire
The striker spring is held between the firing mechanism body and the hollow striker body. ' The
two parts are held together with the spring by an " L ** shaped levex pivoted in the firing mechanism
body. The catch end of the lever is positioned over the sear when assembled in the breech block.
On the bottom of the striker body is a lug which engages with the cocking-piece. A short lever
on the outside of the cocking-piece engages the hand cocking lever. The cocking-piece is kept in
the rest position by a spring.
68
Rotation of the cocking-piece forces the striker body to the rear until the " L ” lever engages
the front of two slots on the top face of the striker. The anvil-shaped rear end of the bring pin Is
struck by the striker body.
A safety .catch is provided and the mechanism cannot be fired prematurely, as the external
firing lever does not engage with the sear shaft in the breech block until the breech block is fully
home.
5.	The mounting
i.	Body and cradle
The body incorporates a centre pivot mounted on a cross beam. The cradle is monuted in
trunnion bearings. An iron guard is fixed to the right of the cradle, as protection for the loader.
ii.	Housing atop
A housing stop in front of the centre pivot keeps the gun horizontal and the platform mounting
central when travelling.
iii,	Balancing gear	,
A balancing gear (to counteract breech preponderance) is attached to the cradle and body. It
consists of two telescopic spring-loaded cases, qne on each side of the body.
iv.	Elevating gear
The elevating gear is on the left-hand side of the gun and is controlled by an elevating wheel
with a folding handle. - An inscription on the handwheel reads :—
HOHE	ELEVATE
1 UMDR-12 STR	1 TURN-40 MINS.
v.	Traversing gear
The traversing gear is behind the elevating handwheel. Traverse is limited by a spring loaded
stop to 15 degrees left or right. The handwheel is inscribed :—
NACH RECHTS	TO RIGHT
1 UMDR-45 STR	1 TURN—2| DEGREES
69
vi.	Firing gear
The firing gear is mounted on a bracket on the left trunnion and consists of a firing lever with a
spring box return. The lever is released by a lanyard attached to a loop at the top of the firing lever.
A small shield is attached to the gear with a round hole at the front and marked " FEUER " and
" S1CHER." This enables the layer to see whether the firing lever is in the FIRE or SAFE position.
vii. Sights
Open sights (rear sight adjustable for range and deflection) are fixed to the top of the recoil
system. They cannot be used on this particular mounting owing to the position of the mantlet.
A telescopic sight with adjustable graticules is mounted on the left-hand trunnion. Magnification
is X 2-5 and field of view 20 degrees.
viii. Shields
The main shield is secured to the cradle and moves when the gun is traversed. A small port
on the left side gives a view to the front for the telescopic sight,
A larger port al the centre is closed by a small vertical sliding shield which operates in guides
on the main shield when the gun is elevated or depressed. Below the vertical shield is a flap shield
with two side wings, which function with the aid of two small springs, one on each side of the large
port at the bottom.
6.	Recoil system
This is boused in the cylindrical casing above the piece and consists of a spring recuperator
(3 springs) and a liquid (water and glycerine) buffer. The Springs are mounted on toe outside of
the buffer cylinder and are supported by a circular flange ih the rear of toe case. On recoil; toe
cylinder is drawn over the buffer piston, toe buffer piston rod being screwed to a cylindrical cap. The
breech ring is secured by a nut and an interrupted thread to the buffer cylinder, The nut, which is
fitted with a folding handle incorporating a locking device, is carried in a bored-out lug integral with
the breech ring, Д projection on the nut engages one end of a rocking lever mounted in toe breech
ring. The other end of the lever engages the firing lever. Safety is assured as the firing mechanism
cannot be operated when the gun nut is in the unlocked position.
70
i.	Action of recoil system
On recoil, the recuperator spring is compressed and the buffer cylinder, which has two shallowing
grooves cut in the inner surface, is drawn over the buffer piston. At the same time the control rod
is drawn out of the hollow buffer piston rod. Liquid is forced over the buffer piston via the shallowing
grooves to the other ride of the cylinder. Recoil ceases when the end of the groove is reached. At
the same time liquid in the hollow buffer piston rod passes through a port in the control rod, pushes
the valve from left to right and comes out of another port, thereby filling the right end of the buffer
piston rod.
On run-out, liquid passes from left to right over the buffer piston via the shallowing grooves
which are now getting deeper as run-out proceeds.
The control rod valve is forced on to its closing port and liquid is forced through the small hole
drilled in the valve and out of the port, thereby providing the run-out control.
7.	The carriage
i.	The vehicle
The chassis is the Pz. Kw. I Model B. The driver's seat is on the floor to the left rear of the
gear box, which has six gears, The engine is housed in the rear centre, with the fuel tanks on the
right; the water codling system and air intake system are to the left.
ii.	Ammunition boxes
Two boxes, each holding 12 rounds, act as seats for the detachment. A box below the cross
beam holds 16 rounds and a larger box, holding 34 rounds, is on the floor of the vehicle. Total
74 rounds.
8.	The detachment
There is a detachment- of three, whose duties are :—
Commander and layer.
No. 2.—Loader.
No. 3,—Driver and W/T operator.
71
VII.—5 CM. (1-97 in.) ANTI-TANK GUN (5 CM. PAK 38)
(S« Figs. 17-21)
1, General
This weapon was introduced in 1941 to replace the 3-7 cm. (1-45 in.) anti-tank gun. It is one
of the most effective German anti-tank guns at present in service.
It is mounted on a split trail carriage and is normally towed by a semi-tracked tractor. There
may also be a self-propelled version. Recently a similar gun, without a muzzle brake and electrically
fired instead of by percussion, has been mounted in the latest type of Pz. Kw. III.
72
The gun fires A.P. shell, H.E. and A.P. 40 shot. The latter, a light shot with a ballistic cap and
tungsten carbide core, has a good A.P. performance at ranges under 500 yards. The latest type of
A.P. shell has a piercing cap.
2.	Data
i.	General
Muzzle velocity (A.P.) : 2,700 ft./sec.
Muzzle velocity (A.P. 40): 8,940 ft./sec.
Muzzle velocity (H.E.): 1,800 ft./sec.
Maximum range (H.E.): 2,840 yards
Maximum range (A.P.) : 1,540 yards
Maximum range (A.P. 40) : 770 yards
Effective range (A.P.) : 880 yards and under
Effective range (A.P. 40): 500 yards and under
Effective range (H.E.): 2,000 yards and under
Practical rate of fire : 10-15 R.P.M.
Overall length of gun (including breech ring and brake); 124*98 ins. '
Depression: 18 degrees.
Elevation: 27 degrees
Traverse; 85 degrees
Weight (gun and mechanism): 6 cwt. 26 lb.
Weight of complete equipment: 18 cwt.
73
ii. Ammunition
The following three types are fired :—
Type	• Weight of complete round	Length of complete round	Weight of projectile	Fnze	Identification
A.P. tracer shell		9 lb. 3 oz.	21*4 ins.	4 lb. 9 oz.	Base	Projectile black, case marked 5 cm, Pak 38 Pzgr.
H.E. shell		7 lb. 3 oz.	23-7 ins.	3 lb. 15 oz.	Nose (A.Z.39)	Projectile dark green,	case marked 5 cm, Pak 38 Spgr.
A.P.4O ehot			6 lb. 11 oz.	19*5 ins.	2*025 lb.	None	Projectile black, case marked 5 cm. Pak 38 Pzgr. 40.
tii. Penetration of homogeneous armour Range	Firing A .P, shell	thickness of armour in ш. (yards)	80 degress	Normal 500	  65	(2*56	ins.)	78	(3-07 ins.) 700	  61	(2*40	ins.)	73	(2-87 ins.) 1,000	  56	(2-20	ins.)	67	(2 64 ins.) 1,200	  52	(2*05	ins.)	63	(2*48 ins.)					
74
3.	The gun (see Figs. 18-20)
i.	The barrel is of monobloc, loose barrel construction and is fitted with A muzzle brake.
ii.	The breech ring is rectangular and is secured to the barrel by a loose screwed collar. A
clinometer plane is provided. The recuperator system is attached underneath the ring by a detach-
able lug. The extractors are fitted to and kept in position by an extractor releasing lever vhicb
passes through the breech ring (see Fig. 21).
Fig. 18.—5 cm. (1-97 in.) A.Tk. Gun (5 cm. Pak 38)
75
76
Fig. 20.—5 см. (1*97 in.) A.Tk. Gun (5 cm. Pak 38) Brxkcs Mbchanism
Extractor releasing lever.
Extractors.
Fig. 21.—5 cm. (1-97 in.) A.Tk. Gun (5 см. Pak 38)
Extractors and extractor releasing lever
78
iii.	The L.B.M. spring case consists of the spring case, which is in two parts (the front with
the piston retaining cap and the rear with the piston, piston catch and pawl), the rack spindle retaining
catch, the rack spindle, the S.A. and hand plunger, and the inner and outer springs. When set to
hand, the piston catch is rotated inwards and the carriage lever does not engage it. The piston head
then has the word " EIN ” showing upwards.
4.	The breech mechanism (see Figs. 19-20)
For hand operation set S.A. plunger to “ AUS ".
i.	The breech block (see Fig. 19) is of the horizontal sliding block type’arranged for S.A
working.
ii.	The firing shaft is in two parts. The front has a toe piece engaging the safety plunger,
which, when the breech is properly dosed, is dear of the toe piece, allowing the plunger to drop into
a recess in the breech ring. The rear has a projection which engages the firing plunger. When the
breech is closed, the firing shaft holds the striker in the cocked position.
iii.	The re-cocking shaft has a safe and fire lever incorporated which can be operated in-
dependently. A trip lever on the left engages the carriage on recoil, the right end of the shaft engages
the striker and rotating during recoil, it forces the striker to the rear. When the safe and fire lever
is set to SAFE the re-cocking shaft is moved so that a projection on it retains the striker in the
cocked position, preventing it from moving forwards. At FIRE, the projection is cleared, and
allows the front shoulder on the striker to engage the firing shaft ready to fire.
iv.	The actuating shaft receives the L.B.M. at the top, and the cradk below. The rack pinioo
is mounted centrally on it.
v.	The crank is fitted with a sliding block which engages a radial groove in the breech block,
vi.	The rack pinion engages the rack in the spring case when operated by hand or semi-
automatically.
79
vli. The striker has a shoulder at the front and a lug at the rear to engage the firing and
gr-fnaring shafts, and is held in position by a spring.
viii.	The firing plunger, in the lug on the front lower end of the breech ring, engages the firing
shaft when firing.
ix.	The safety plunger in the breech block has a cut-away portion to engage the firing shaft.
When the breech is properly closed, the plunger can enter its recess in the bottom of the breech ring,
5.	Action of the mechanism
For hand operation set the S.A. plunger to ** AUS ”.
. To open the breech (by hand)
The striker has been re-cocked during recoil. On the L.B.M. being pulled to the right rear, the
crank is actuated, forcing the sliding block to the left and open breech position. The extractors
eject the cartridge case and retain the breech block in the fully open position.
ii.	To dose breech (by hand)
Release the extractors by loading a cartridge or actuating the extractor releasing lever. The
breech should close automatically.- If it does not, push L.BJtf. to the right and forward.
iii.	To open the breech (S.A.)
Set Hie spring-plunger to S.A. The word " EIN ” will then show upwards. On-recoil a stop fitted
to the cradle over-rides the piston catch. On run-out, the atop and front face of the piston catch
engage, forcing the piston to the rear and compressing the inner and outer springs, till the piston
catch is forced inwards and the outer spring reasserts itself. The piston with the rack spindle then
moves forward under the action of the outer spring, the rack engages the L.B.M. pinion, revolves
it and rotates the L.B.M. to the right rear, so opening the breech.
iv.	To close the breech (S.A.)
Release the extractors by loading a cartridge. The inner spring then asserts itself, allowing the
rack spindle to move forward and rotate the pinion.and L.B.M. to the closed position.
80
v.	To fire
The firing plunger is forced upwards by a lever on the carriage, which engages the firing lever
and rotates it. The striker is held cocked by the firing shaft, and is released when the cut-away
portion on it is opposite the front shoulder on the striker, thus firing the round. The recocking
process follows on recoil,
6.	Safety Arrangements (Mechanical)
i.	Unless the breech block is properly closed, the safety plunger will not enter its recess in the
lower face of the breech ring, and the gun cannot be fired.
ii.	If the safety plunger is not in its recess, the firing shaft cannot be rotated,
iii.	The breech cannot be opened if the striker is not cocked, as the firing shaft is engaged with
the safety plunger, which is in its recess.
7.	Stripping and Assembly
i. To dismantle the mechanism
Remove the securing pin from the L.B.M. spring case, swing the case to the left and front and.
remove the castellated nut and case complete.
Remove the extractor releasing .lever, pulling it upwards. Rotate the L.B.M. to the right
and rear, so moving the breech block and extractors. Remove the extractors from the left. Close
the breech and set the safe and fire lever to FIRE. Press the striker cap in and remove with the
spring and striker, which must be uncocked. Open the breech slightly until the key on the actuating
shaft is in. line with the keyway on the breech block. Remove the L.B.M. dust cap, pinion and
actuating shaft.
Withdraw the breech block and crank. Remove the retaining pin from the firing and recocking
shafts. Remove firing and recocking shafts with the safety plunger.
ii.	To assemble the mechanism
Assemble the breech mechanism spring case to the breech ring. Insert the safety plunger in
81
the breech block. Insert the firing and recocking shafts, securing them by the retaining pin. Fit
the crank to breech block and place in the breech ring.
Assemble the pinion on the actuating shaft with the dust cap and L.B.M. Fit them to the
breech block, with tire pinion engaging the assembling line on the rack, and the key on the actuating
shaft in line with the keyway on the breech block. Place striker, spring and-cap in the breech block.
Assemble the extractors to the breech block and push the block to the closed position until the
extractor releasing lever can be inserted.
8.	The Carriage
The carriage is of the. split trail type carried on two disc wheels, with a third detachable wheel
to increase speed of bringing the gun into action. The carriage consists mainly of the following :—
i.	The troll has split tubular legs. The right leg has a cradle clamp near the front and a
traversing stop. The left leg is fitted with a stop for the cradle clamp and a trail eye and locking
bolt, so that the legs can be locked together for travelling. Each leg has a spade, lifting handle, and
traversing handle.
ii.	The axle houses a pintle to which a traversing rack is fixed. The ends are cranked forward
to take the wheels.
iii.	The saddle supports the cradle and gun and is pivoted to the axle. The sighting gear and
layer’s guard are mounted on the left trunnion and a hydro-pneumatic compensating cylinder is
fitted to the right. The function of the cylinder, filled with air under pressure and a small quantity
of liquid, is to balance the cradle and piece, which are muzzle heavy.
iv,	The cradle houses the buffer and recuperator. The- semi-automatic cam arms whicb
engage the buffer stop on the L.B.M. are bolted to the left aide.
v.	The elevating gear gives 27 degrees elevation and 18 degrees depression. It is operated by
a handwheel on the left side of the carriage.
vi.	The traversing gear is operated from the left side of the carriage and allows about 32}
degrees traverse left and right (total 65 degrees).
82
vli. The sighting gear is operated from the left side and is fitted to the left saddle trunnion.
The sight bracket carries an open or telescopic sight, and is provided with a lateral deflection gear, a
range drum, and means of adjustment for line and elevation. Magnification of the telescopic sight
is x 3. A battery for lighting the sight for night shooting is fitted.
The range drum is graduated in black for A.P. (Fs) and in red for H.E. (Spr), The figures
5-8-10-12-14 on the A.P, scale correspond to ranges of 500, 800, 1,000, 1,200 and 1,400 metres.
Ranges of 300, 700 and 1,100 metres are set on intermediate graduations which, however, have no
figures against them.
The scale for H.E. is marked 4-6-8-10, etc., up to 24. These figures correspond to ranges of
400, 600, 800, 1,000 metres, etc. Ranges in between are set on the intermediate graduations.
A small lever with a worm screw operates the lateral deflection gear. With a direct approscher
the lever should be pointed towards the layer. If the tank is moving across tire line of sight the
lever should be turned two notches in the direction of travel (e.g, lever should be turned to the left
for engaging a tank moving from right to left). The lever should be moved only one notch for an
oblique target. Lateral deflections may be set in this way for targets travelling at less than
12 m.p.h.
For targets travelling at more than 12 m.p.h. the graticules on the sight should be used. The
central mark should be employed for direct approaches, and the left and right laying-off marks
for targets moving to the right and left respectively.
The Germans use the following table as a guide to avoid altering the sight frequently in action
Bangs	Bangs drum	Part of tank latd on
(yards)	setting	
1,100-880	8 Pz.	Between top and centre of tank
880-550	8 Pz.	Between centre and bottom of tank
Less than 550	8 Pz.	Centre of tank
For instance, to engage a tank 770 yards away travelling obliquely to the left at 18 m.p.h,,
the layer sets the range drum to 8 Pz., moves the lever one notch to the left, and lays the right laying-
off mark below the centre of the target.
83 ,
viu. The cradle firing gear is operated from the elevating handwheel. A push knob, to
which is attached a Bowden cable, actuates the firing mechanism.
ix. The shield consists of two 4 mm. sheets of armour plate spaced about 1 in. apart. The left
side of the shield has a sight port.
9.	Buffer and recuperator
i.	The buffer cylinder is mounted in the cradle. The piston rod, which is connected to the
gun lug, is hollow and fitted with a bronze piston head. Ports are drilled in the conical part of the
piston ; a tapered rod is screwed into the front plug of the cylinder and projects into the hollow piston
rod.
Run-out control is effected by a brass control plunger screwed to the end of the tapered rod.
Towards the end of the run-out, this plunger enters a bore of smaller diameter in the piston rod.
Tapered grooves cut in the plunger graduate the control.
The piston rod stuffing box is packed with soft packings. Normal recoil is 700 nun. (27-56 ins.);
metal to metal 730 mm. (28-74 ins.}. The buffer should, according to German instructions, be filled
till the oil gauge on the near edge protrudes 44 mm. (If ins.).
ii,	The recuperator is hydro-pneumatic. The hydro-pneumatic and recuperator cylinders
are situated one above the other in the cradle. The recuperator piston rod is fixed to the gun lug.
10.	Detachment
The Germans have a detachment of six, whose duties are
Gun commander.
No. 1.—Layer.
No. 2.—Loader who fires the gun.
Nos, 3 and 4.—Ammunition numbers.
No. 5.—Driver.
84
The following are notes cm the emergency drill to be employed by British troops
i.	To open the breech (by band)
Recock the firing mechanism by turning the safety lever to SAFE (richer) and bringing it bad
again.
Turn L.B.M. clockwise; the breech will then be held in the open’ position by the extractors.
ii.	To load
Load smartly as with any fixed ammunition. The round will release the extractors and tte
breech will close automatically.
iii.	To fire
Press the push button in the middle of the elevating handwheel, If this fails, pull the firiig
lever forward or lift the plunger.
iv.	Semi-automatic action
Press in the plunger in the centre of the front end of spring case and turn it so that the wore
11 EIN" shows upwards.
The gun is always recocked automatically during recoil. When the plunger is set in the above
position the breech is opened automatically during run'out. The breech is ready to closg
automatically when a round is slammed in.
v.	TO open the trails
Push to the right the cradle clamp which fixes the gnn in the fully elevated position.
The trails being fully open, the weight of the gun is taken off the road springs and a catch on
each ride locks the trails in the open position.
vi.	Sights
Range is indicated by two rows of graduations in hundreds of metres on an aluminium drum.
"	P.Z." for A.P. shell (painted black)—graduation black up to 2400 m.
"	Spr.*‘ for H.E, shell (painted green)—graduation red up to 1400 m.
85
И the telescope is missing, an emergency open sight, held by a lanyard cm the right of the sight
bracket, can be fitted.
Minimum detachment required;—
1 detachment commander.
1 layer.
1 loader.
1 ammunition number.
The Germans nee one more ammunition number.
Practical rate of fire:—10-15 r.p.m. for short periods.
86
APPENDIX, A,
GROUND RANGE TABLE POR 2 cm. FLAK 30 FIRING A.P. SHELL
Muzzle velocity «= 2,625 ft, /sec.
Jump	=3/16° in elevation.
1/16° in bearing (to ieftj.
Range (jrards)	Q.E. (degrees)	Angle of descent (degrees)	Range to Vertex (yards)	Height Of' Vertex (feet)	Time of ” flight (secs.)	Remaining velocity (ft./sec.)
110	-2/16	1/16	55	0-07	0-12	2,470
220	-2/16	2/16	112	26	0-26	.	2,315
330	-1/16	3/16	168	•66	0-40	Г 2,160
440	0	4/16	229	121	0-55	2,010
550	1/16	5/16	288	200	0-71	1,880
660	2/16	7/16	352	305	0-89	1,745
770	3/16	8/16	416	4-46	1-08	1,625
880	4/16	11/16	480	6-27	1-28	1,520
990	6/16	13/16	545	8-50	149	1,415
1100	7/16	1	612	11-58	1-72	1,320
APPENDIX в.
87
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