Автор: Королькова Е.Ф.
Теги: kультурные остатки исторических времен первобытное искусство примитивное (народное) искусство (старинное и современное) исследования звериного стиля история изучения
ISBN: 5-85803-31
Год: 2006
Текст
E. CI). KOPOnbKOBA
3BEPMHbiM
CTMnb
EBPA3MM
MCKYCCTBO nnEMEH
HM>KHErO nOBOn>KbSl
M IO>KHOrO nPMYPAnbSl
B CKMCDCKYIO 3nOXY
(VII-IV BB. AO H. 3.)
ELENA KOROLKOVA
E.<I>.KOPOJIbKOBA
THE ANIMAL STYLE OF EURASIA
3BEPI1HbIM CTI1JIb EBP A31111
. ART OF THE LOWER VOLGA
; ,
.' AND SOUTH URALS TRIBES
IN SCYTHIAN EPOCH
(7-4 centuries B. C.)
.C
I1CKYCCTBO llJIEMEH
Hl1mHErO llOBOJImhH
11 IOmHOrO llPI1YPAJIhH
B CKI1<1>CKYIO allOXY
(VII-IV RR. ));0 H. 3.)
PROBLEMS OF STYLE
AND ETHNOCUL TURAL AFFILIATION
npOEJIEMbI CTMJIH
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np0611eMhI CTH11» H 3THOKY11hTypHOH npHHa)l,11e)/(HOCTH. - cn6.: neTep6ypr-
CKoe BOcTOKOBe)l,eHHe, 2006. - 272 c.
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ro rlpHYPaJIbSl B CKHtjJCKYIO 3noxy - paCCMaTpHBaeTCSI B conOCTaBJleHHH C umpOKHM KPY-
rOM aHaJlOrHH, npOHCXOLlSlLUHX H3 naMSlTHHKOB C pa3HbIX TeppHTopHH EBpa3HH H OTHOCSI-
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n pH 11 0 JK e H H e 2. MaTepHaJ1bI K rnoccapHIO HCKyccTBoBe,a'tecKHx TepMHHoB
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pa3peUleHHH H3naTeJlbCTBa.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval systems or trans-
mitted in any form or by any means: electronic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise without permission in writing form of the publishing house.
ISBN 5-85803-31 2- 1
j 6
785858
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1987; illep 1998 H T. .lI..] H nepe.ll.Hea3HaTCKOH [PoCTOBl\eB 1925; A pTaMoHoB 1973;
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TOJlbKO Ha TeppHTopHIi L{eHTpaJIbHOH A3HH H lO)/(HOH CII6HpH MO)/(HO oOHapY)/(HTb
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3Tane pa3BIITHSI 3BepHHoro CTHJlSl H '1aCTH'IHO coxpaHSIIOTCSI B BII.ae Py.aHMeHTapHbIX
npU3HaKOB B 60Jlee n03.aHee BpeMSI B 3ana.aHblx CKH<IJCKI1X naMSlTHHKax. CKII<pCKHe
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Bce )/(e KYJlbTypa KO'leBHHKOB L{eHTpaJIbHOH A3I1H. B .aaJIbHeHWeM 3BepHHblH CTHJlb
HCnblTaJI BJlHSlHHe HpaHCKOH KYJlbTypbl, KOTopoe, no MHeHlllO 51. A. illepa, 6blJlO
He npSlMblM, a KOCBeHHblM H npHBeJlO K YCHJleHHIO opHaMeHTaJIbHOCTIi H .aeKopa-
Tl1BHOCTH CKHcpO-CH6HpCKOro IICKYCCTBa [illep 1998, c. 227]. B KalleCTBe MeTo.aH-
'1eCKoro no.axo.aa K aHaJIH3y cpeHoMeHa aHHMaJIHCTH'IeCKOrO HCKyccTBa HCCJle.ao-
BaTeJlb npe.aJlaraeT pa3.aeJlHTb Ha «OT.aeJlbHble YCTOH'IIIBble 3JleMeHTbl» oc06eHHo-
CTH CKllcpCKOro, accHpHHcKoro, ypapTcKoro, axeMeHII.aCKoro, ceBepOKaBKa3CKoro II
.aPyrHx «3BepHHblx CTHJleH» H conOCTaBJlSlTb «.ap06Hble CTHJlHCTH'IeCKHe 3JleMeH-
Tbl, H3 YCTOH'IHBbIX CO'leTaHI1H KOTOpbIX, c06CTBeHHo, H 06pa3yeTcSI CKllcpO-CH6Hp-
CKHII 3BepllHblH CTHJlb» [illep 1998, c. 228].
06palllaSicb K np06JleMe CJlO)/(eHHSI HCKycCTBa Ha CTblKax UHBHJlH3aUHII B ne-
pexo.aHble IICTOpll'leCKHe 3nOXH, B. r. JlYKOHIiH OTMe'laJI CJlO)/(HOCTb TaKoro xy.ao-
)/(eCTBeHHoro SlBJleHHSI H ero MHoroKoMnoHeHTHOCTb, 3aCTaBJlSllOlllHe .aJlSl onpe.ae-
JleHIlSi ero xapaKTepa npHl\leHSlTb 06111HH TepMHH «KOHH3». B TO )/(e BpeMSI B. r. Jly-
KOHIIH, He OTpHuaSi B03MO)/(HOCTl1 npHMeHeHHSI 3Toro TepMHHa, cnpaBe.aJll1BO no.a-
'1epKIIBaJI II TaSllllYIOCSI B HeM onaCHOCTb, nOCKOJlbKY HanOJlHHTb 3TO 06111ee nOHSI-
THe KOHKpeTHblM co.aep)/(aHHeM 6blBaeT 3aTpy.aHHTeJlbHO H .aeTaJIbHblH aHaJIH3
HCKYCCTBa, onpe.aeJleHHoro KaK «KOHH3», MO)/(eT BblSlBHTb COBCe t IIHOi1 xapaKTep
.aaHHoro xy.aO)/(eCTBeHHoro SlBJleHHSI [JlYKOHHH 1977, C. 5]. Ilo-BH.aHMoMY, 0
«KOHH3» MO)/(HO rOBopHTb JlHWb B paMKax BeCbMa OrpaHH'IeHHOrO Kpyra naMSlT-
HHKOB Henocpe.acTBeHHo B 30He KOHTaKTa H B3aHMo.aeHcTBHSI pa3Jl11'1HbIX KYJlbTYP
H B Y3KOM XpOHOJlOrH'IeCKOM HHTepBaJIe HX B3aHMonpoHIlKHoBeHHSI. Bce OCTaJIb-
MCTOPMH M3YQEHMH M METO,l],MQECKME llPE,l],llOCbIJIKM
MCCJIE,l],OBAHMH CKM<l»O-CMEMPCKOrO
M «CABPOMATCKOrO» 3BEPMHOrO CTMJIH
OlleBH.aHoe OTCYTcTBHe H306pa3HTeJlbHbiX naMSlTHHKOB B npe.awecTBYlOlllYIO
CKHcpCKOH 3noxy Ha TeppHTopHH CeBepHoro IlpHllepHoMopbSl 3aCTaBJlSleT c.aeJlaTb
BbIBO.a 06 aHHKOHlilleCKOM xapaKTepe KYJlbTypbl HaCeJleHIISI 3TOro perHoHa B cPy6-
HYIO 3noxy H B KHMMepHHcKoe BpeMSI H HaTaJIKHBaeT Ha nOHCK KopHeH CKHcpCKOro
3BepHHoro CTHJlSl B HHOII KYJlbTypHOH cpe.ae [PaeBcKHH 1985, c. 90--91; TepeHO)l(-
KHH 1976, c. 173; illep 1998, c. 220,221]. Ellle M. VI. POCToBueB YKa3blBaJI Ha TO,
'1TO «Mbl He BH.aHM PO)/(.aeHHSI 3TOro CTHJlSl Ha nO'lBe .apeBHeH CKHcpHH, H n03TOMY
CKHcpCKHM 3TOT 3BepHHblH CTHJlb MO)/(HO Ha3BaTb TOJlbKO YCJlOBHO; B CKHcpHIO OH
SlBHJlCSI y)/(e roTOBbIM» [PocToBueB 1918, c. 45 J. M. VI. POCToBueB .aOCTaTOlIHO on-
pe.aeJleHHO BbICKa3bIBaJICSI 06 OTCYTCTBIII1 reHeTH'IeCKHX KopHeli .aJlSl HCKyccTBa 3Be-
pHHOro CTHJlSl H B KHMMepHHcKOH KYJlbType [POCTOBUeB 1989, c. 196]. A. VI. Tepe-
HO)/(KHH CKJlOHeH 6blJl K BbIBO.ay 0 nOSlBJleHHH HOBblX 3THIPIeCKHX rpynn HaCeJle-
HHSI, npHwe.awero H3 rJly6HH A311H II npHHecwero HOBbie 3JleMeHTbi KYJlbTypbl [Te-
peHO)/(KHH 1976, c. 184].,lJ,. C. PaeBcKIIII, BblCTynaSi npoTHB 3TOII KOHuenUH H , no.a-
'1epKHBaJI, '1TO B BOCTOllHblX perHOHax EBpa3HH TaK)/(e HeB03MO)/(HO YJlOBIITb HCTOKH
cneUHcpH'IeCKHX '1epT, xapaKTepH3YIOlllIIX npH'IepHOMOpCKHe naMSlTHIIKH HCKYCCT-
Ba paHHeCKHcpCKoro BpeMeHH, H c.aeJlaJI 3aKJlIO'IeHHe 0 HeCOCTOSlTeJlbHOCTH «ueH-
TpaJIbHOa3HaTCKOH rHnOTe3bl» npOHCXO)/(.aeHHSI CKHcpCKOro 3BepHHoro CTl1JlSl [Pa-
eBCKHH 1985, c. 91J. HeCOMHeHHO, lITO «3BepHHbIH CTl1Jlb» npe.aCTaBJlSleT C060H ca-
MOCTOSlTeJlbHOe KYJlbTypHoe SlBJleHHe, .aeMoHcTpHPYSI BblCOKI1H xy.aO)/(eCTBeHHblli
ypoBeHb, CJlO)/(HBWYIOCSI 06pa3HYIO cHcTeMY H apCeHaJI cpOpMaJIbHblX npHeMoB H
KOMn03HUoHHbiX npHHUHnoB, a.aeKBaTHblx 3CTeTHlJeCKHM HopMaM H MHpoB033peH-
'1eCKHM npe.acTaBJleHHSlM KOlleBHH'IeCKoro 06111ecTBa. Ero nOSlBJleHHe 6blJlO 06y-
CJlOBJleHO MHO)/(eCTBOM cpaKTopoB 3THOKYJlbTypHOro H HCTopHllecKoro nopSl.aKa H
He MOrJlO He OTpa)/(aTb B TOH HJlH HHOH CTeneHH KOHTaKTOB C .apeBHeBOCTOlIHbIMH
KYJlbTypaMI1.
COBpeMeHHoe COCTOSlHHe CKHcpOJlOrl1l1 H 3Ha'lHTeJlbHO 060raTlIBWaSiCSI 6a3a
HCTO'lHHKOB n03BOJlSlIOT BHeCTH HeKoTopble KOppeKTl1Bbl B cYlllecTBoBaBwHe paHee
rHnOTe3bl H npe.aCTaBJleHHSI. TaK, npHHHMaSi cnpaBe.aJll1BOe 3aKJlIO'IeHlle M. VI. Poc-
TOBueBa 06 OTCYTCTBHH B CeBepHoM Ilpll'lepHOMOpbe MeCTHblX KopHeH .aJlSl nOSlB-
JleHHSI 3BepHHoro CTHJlSl, nocTYJlaT Y'IeHOrO 0 B03HHKHOBeHHH Ha TeppHTopHH CKII-
CPHH 3TOro 11306pa3HTeJlbHoro cpeHoMeHa Y)I(e B roTOBOM BH.ae MO)/(eT 6bITb onpo-
BeprHYT OTCYTcTBHeM .aa)/(e 6JlH3KOH xy.aO)/(eCTBeHHoH CHCTeMbl .ao onpe.aeneHHo-
ro BpeMeHH r.ae 6bl TO HH 6bIJlO. VlCKYCCTBO 3BepHHoro CTHJlSl CTaJIO HecoMHeHHoH
HHHOBaUl1eH, B03HHKweH npH onpe.ael1eHHblx YCJlOBIISIX HMeHHO B KOlleBHH'IeCKOH
HhIe C11YlJaH, )J,OnYCKaIow.He TY H11H HHYIO CTeneHh B11H»HH» O)J,HOH KY11hTyphI Ha
)J,PyrylO, OrpaHHlJHBaIOTC», KaK npaBH110, cpOpMaJlhHhIMH 3aHMCTBoBaHH»MH. 3TH
cpOpMaJlhHhIe 3aHMCTBOBaHH», no onpe)J,e11eHHIO B. r. JIYKOHHHa, perHCTpHpYIOTC»
3alJaCTYIO B npe)J,MeTax HCKYCCTBa B BH)J,e np»MhIX «!J.HTaT» H11H «nepeCKa3a CBOH-
MH C11oBaMH» [JlYKOHHH 1977, c. 23-24). Ylcno11h30BaHHe «!J.HTaT», H11H KOMno-
3H!J.HOHHhIX H H306pa3HTe11hHhIx 6110KOB [KOpo11hKoBa 1996, c. 17], HHOpO)J,HhIX H
BhIpa60TaHHhIx BHYTPH caMOH KY11hTYPhI, MO)/(eT paccMaTpHBaThc» B KalJeCTBe O)J,-
HOH H3 cyw.eCTBeHHhIx oc06eHHocTeH KaK HCKyccTBa ,lJ,peBHero YlpaHa, TaK H CKH-
cpo-cH6HpcKoro 3BepHHoro CTH11».
MHO)/(eCTBO npHMepoB MO)/(HO npHBecTH, YKa3aB Ha Hcn011h30BaHHe CJJO)/(HB-
WHXC» KOMn03H!J.HOHHhIX H11H HKoHorpacpHlJeCKHX cxeM B pa3Ho06pa3HhIx no cpop-
Me H Ha3HalJeHHIO npe)J,MeTax HCKYCCTBa. npH 3TOM cpopMa npe)J,MeTa 3a ' IaCTYIO
)J,HKTyeT pa3Mew.eHHe J.1306p(l)KeH, H» a KOMn03H!J.HOHHa» 3a)J,alJa OpHrHHaJlhHO H
MaCTepCKH pewaeTC» XY)J,O)/(HHKOM.
MHcpOpHTYaJlhHhIe CHCTeMhI pa311H l 1HhIX HapO)J,OB )J,peBHOCTH HaXO)J,H11H CBoe
BhIp(l)KeHHe B H306pa3HTe11hHOM HCKYCCTBe, KOTopoe 6hI110 lIaCThlO !J.e110ro KOM-
n11eKCa HHTe1111eKTyaJlhHO-lJYBCTBeHHoro OCBoeHH» OKpy)/(alOW.ero MHpa H 0606-
w.eHH» ero BocnpH»TH» H H3HalJaJlhHO BK11IO'taJIOCh B e)J,HHYIO CTPYKTYPY MHcpO-
PHTYaJlhHOH 06pa3HOCTH. MHCP, PHTYaJI, pe11HrH» H HCKYCCTBO, BhICTyna» KaK )J,Y-
XOBHoe npo»B11eHHe MHpoB033peHII», MaTepHaJlH30BhlBaJlHCb B npocTpaHcTBeHHhlx
H BpeMeHHbIx cpopMax xY)J,O)/(eCTBeHHoro TBOplJeCTBa.
3BepHHbie 06Pa3bI OKa3bIBaJlHCh a)J,eKBaTHbIM BhIp(l)KeHHeM MHpoB033peHH» )J,peB-
HHX HOMa)J,OB, BhIcl)'na» B BH)J,e CHCTeMbl «300MopcpHoro KO)J,a» lKopo11hKoBa 1996,
c. 16]. ,lJ,11» 06pa3Horo MhIW11eHH» xapaKTepHo C110)/(eHHe onpe)J,e11eHHbIx cTepeo-
THnOB, OT11HlJalOw.HXC» lJpe3BbIlJaHHOH YCTOIl'IHBOCTblO B C03HaHHH. XY)J,O)/(eCT-
BeHHbIH 06pa3 CHMB011HlJeH no CBoeH npHpo)J,e. OH caM MO)/(eT C11Y)/(HTh 3HaKOM H
npH 3TOM COCTO»Tb H3 Ha60pa 3HaKOB, c11aralOw.HX ero. CKHcpO-CH6HpCKHH 3BepH-
HhIH CTH11h paccMaTpHBaeTc» KaK B H3BeCTIJOH Mepe CTa)J,HaJlhHOe »B11eHHe. nplf
3TOM nOpa3HTe11hHbIe COBna)J,eHH», aHaJlOrHH H napaJI11e11H npOC11e)/(HBaIOTc» B npo-
H3Be)J,eHIf»X 3Bepl1Horo CTH11» Ha pa3HbIx TeppIlTopH»X, 3a'tacTYIO BeChMa Y)J,aJleH-
HbIX )J,Pyr OT )J,Pyra H He HMelOw.HX Henocpe)J,CTBeHHOH CB»3H.
M. l1. ApTaMOHOB n011araJI, lJTO caM06bITHOCTh CKHcpCKOro HCKYCCTBa Ha Ha-
lJaJlhHOH CTa)J,HH npO»B11»11aCh «He CT011bKO B cBoe06pa3HOH TpaKTOBKe 06pa30B
nepe)J,Hea3HaTCKoro npOHCXO)/()J,eHH», CK011hKO B oroope HX )J,11» nOC11e)J,YIOw.eH ne-
pepa60TKH», OTMelJa», lJTO 11I1Wb HeMHorHe H3 nepe)J,Hea3IIaTCKHX 06pa30B BOW11H
B CKHcpCKoe HCKYCCTBO, npHlJeM nOlJTH HCK11lOlJHTe11hHO B BH)J,e OT)J,eJJhHbIX cpHryp
HJJH HX lJaCTeH [ApTaMoHoB 1971, c. 26, 27].
YlKoHorpacpHlJeCKOe «!J.HTHpoBaHHe» OKa3bIBaeTC» O)J,HOH H3 B(l)KHeHWHX oco-
6eHHocTeH CKlfcpO-CH6HpCKOro 3BepHHoro CTH11», Henocpe)J,cTBeHHo cB»3aHHoH C
ew.e O)J,HOH cneUlfcpH'tecKoH xapaKTeplfcTHKOH 300MOpcpHOro HCKyccTBa KOlleBHH-
KOB - TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIMH «300MOpcpHbIMH npeBpaW.eHH»MH». 3TO nOH»THe Pa3b-
»CH»eTC» M. Yl. ApTaMOHOBblM KaK «npeBpaw.eHHe TOH I111H HHOH lJaCTH cpHrypbI
)/(HBOTHOro B caMOCTO»Te11bHbIH 06pa3». B nOC11e)J,HHe rO)J,bl np0611eMY «300MOpcp-
HbIX npeBpaw.eHHH» HHTeHCHBHO pa3pa6aTbIBaeT A. P. KaHTOpOBHlJ [KaHTOpOBHlJ
2002; 2002a]. Ylcc11e)J,oBaTe11h nOnblTa.nc» )J,an 6011ee TO'IHYIO cpOPMY11HPOBKY xY-
)J,O)/(eCTBeHHoro »B11eHH», no)J, KOTOphIM OH nO)J,pa3YMeBaeT «onpe)J,e11eHHbIH CTI-1-
11HCTH'teCKHH nplfeM (H ero pe3Y11hTaThl), npe)J,nOJJaralOw.HH TaKoe BnHCbIBaHHe
H306pa)/(eHIf» ,,)J,ono11HHTe11bHoro" )/(HBOTHOro (T. e. 311eMeHTa "npeBpaw.eHH»") B
KaKYIO-11It60 lJaCTh Te11a "OcHoBHoro" H306pa)/(aeMOrO )/(IfBOTHOro, npH KOTOpOM
YlJl1TbIBaeTc» II Hcno11h3yeTc» KOHTYP H cpaKTypa 3TOH aHaTOMHlJeCKOH )J,eTaJlH -
6Y)J,h TO OTpOCTOK pOrDB, 110naTKa, 6e)J,po, KOnhITO, 11ana, KOHelJHOCTh B !J.e110M 11H-
60 COlJeTaHHe r11a3a H yxa, r11a3a H w.eKH H T. )J,.» [KaHTOpOBHlJ 2002, c.20).
A. P. KaHTOpOBHlJ OTMelJaeT, lJTO «B pe3Y11hTaTe npoHcxo)J,HT TpaHccpopMa!J.H» lJaC-
TH «OCHOBHoro» )/(HBOTHOro B «)J,onOJJHHTe11bHoe». B OT11HlJHe OT )J,PyrHx IfCC11e)J,O-
BaTe11eH, A. P. KaHTOpOBHlJ npe)J,11araeT He CMeWIfBaTb nOH»THe «npeBpaw.eHIf»»
co CXO)J,HbIM »B11eHHeM «HaJlO)/(eHH»». no)J, nOCJle)J,HIfM nOHHMaeTC» npl1eM, KOTO-
pbIH npe)J,YCMaTpHBaeT pa3Mew.eHHe )J,on011HHTe11bHhIX 300MOpcpHbIX 11306pa)/(eHHH
Ha nOBepXHOCTH Te11a OCHOBHoro )/(HBOTHOro [KaHTOpOBHlJ 2002, c. 20].
M. Yl. ApTaMoHoB ClJHTaJI, lJTO «)J,on011HHTe11bHbJe 11306pa)/(eHH» He pa3pywa-
lOT peaJIHCTHlJHOCTH OCHOBHOro 06pa3a, He npeBpaW.alOT ero B cpaHTaCTHlJeCKOrO
3Bep», a KaK 6bI )J,on011H»IOT H pa3b»CH»IOT ero, nO)J,06HO 3nl1TeTaM B HapO)J,HOH
n033HH» [ApTaMoHoB 1971, c. 27]. TpY)J,HO cor11aCHTbC» C onpe)J,e11eHHeM 06pa30B
CKHcpcKoro 3Bepl1HOrO CTH11» KaK «peaJIHCTIflIeCKHX», He C)J,e11aB orOBopKY Ha no-
HHMaHl1e B )J,aHHOM C11YlJae peaJIH3Ma KaK xapaKTepl1CTHKH, OTpa)/(alOw.eH cpYHK-
!J.HIO Y3HaBaeMOCTH H H306pa3HTe11hHOCTH, nOCK011bKY CaMI1 3BepHHbIe 06pa3bI, He-
COMHeHHO, Han011HeHhI HHbIM, CHMB011f1lIeCKHM, cO)J,ep)/(aHlfeM H )J,aJleKI1 OT peaJIlf-
CTHlJeCKOrO OTp(l)KeHH» MHpa [KOpo11bKoBa 1996, c. 32, 33]. 300MopcpHhie H306pa-
)/(eHH» CKl1cpO-CH6HpcKoro 3BeplfHoro CTH11» npe)J,cTaB11»1111 C060H He peaJIHCTH-
lJeCKHe 06pa3bI, a cBoe06pa3HhIe H)J,eorpaMMhI [MHpHMaHoB 1973, c.60-61]. B
nOM CMbIC11e Y»3BHMbIM OKa3hIBaeTC» onpe)J,e11eHHe, npe)J,110)/(eHHOe E. B. nepe-
BO)J,lJHKOBOH, KOTOpasi OTMelJaeT, lJTO B CKHcpCKOM I1CKYCCTBe «B MaTepHaJI nepeHO-
CHTC» He BnelJaT11eHHe, a nOH»THe, npe)J,cTaB11eHHe 06 H306pa)/(aeMOM npe)J,MeTe»
[nepeBo)J,lJHKOBa 1980, c. 115], nocKo11bKY nepBa» ero lJaCTb Bn011He cnpaBe)J,11HBa,
a BTopa» - no KpaHHeH Mepe cnopHa, TaK KaK, Ha Haw B3r11»)J" B 300MOpcpHOM HC-
KYCCTBe KOlJeBHHKOB He npeC11e)J,OBaJlaCh !J.e11h nepe)J,alJH npe)J,CTaB11eHH» 0 peaJIh-
HOM )/(HBOTHOM, a CTaBH11aCb 3a)J,alJa nocpe)J,CTBOM onpe)J,e11eHHbIX npH3HaKOB 3Be-
p», »B11»IOW.HXC» B )J,aHHOM C11Y l Iae 3HaKaMH, Bblpa3HTb 6011ee C110)/(HOe cO)J,ep)/(a-
HHe, TO eCTh 3a)J,a ' Ia CHMB011HlJeCKOrO H306pa)/(eHH». YlCKYCCTBO 3Bepl1HOrO CTH11»
onepHpOBaJlO npeKpaCHO pa3pa60TaHHhIM »3hIKOM, npe)J,CTaB11»IOw.IfM C060H CHC-
TeMY HKOHII4eCKHX 3HaKOB. «300MopcpHhle npeBpaw.eHH»» BnHCbIBaIOTC» B 3TY
CHCTeMY.
MHorHe HCC11e)J,OBaTe11H, He Haxo)J,» B apCeHaJle HaYlJHOrO aHaJlH3a a)J,eKBaTHbIX
)J,ecpHHI1!J.HH )J,Jl» 0603Ha ' leHH» CT011b He06bIlJHbIX )J,11» )J,Pyrl1x cpOpM H306pa3HTe11b-
HOro HCKYCCTBa, HO xapaKTepHhIX )J,Jl» CKHcpO-CH6I1pCKOro 3Bepl1HOrO CTH11» OCo-
6eHHOCTeH, BbIHY)/()J,eHbI 6hl11H BBO)J,IITb B 060POT He CTporo HaYlJHbIe TepMHHbI, a
HHTYHTHBHo-onHcaTe11bHbIe. ,lJ,OCTOI1HCTBOM 3THX «TepMHHOB», BbI3hIBalOw.HX Bn011-
He onpe)J,e11eHHbIe aCCO!J.l1a!J.HH, 6bl11a HX 06pa3HOCTh. A. ,lJ,. rpalI, xapaKTepH3Y»
!J.eHTpaJIbHOa3HaTCKHe H306pa3HTe11bHhIe naM»THI1KH apXaHlJeCKOrO nepHO)J,a CKHcp-
CKOro BpeMeHII, )J,11» 0603HalJeHIf» MHorocpl1rypHhIX KOMn03H!J.HH, npe)J,YCMaTpH-
BalOW.HX B3aHMOBnHCbIBaHHe KOHTypOB cpHryp )/(I1BOTHbIX, npe)J,110)/(1I11 pa60lJee
nOH»THe - <<3ara)J,OlJHa» KapTHHKa» [rpalJ 1980, c. 78].
nOnhlTKaM onpe)J,e11HTh CYW.HOCTh xY)J,O)/(eCTBeHHoro 06pa3a H )J,aTh )J,ecpHHH-
!J.HIO 3TOMY C110)/(HoMy cpeHoMeHY nOCB»w.eHa 06wHpHa» 11I1TepaTypa 11 MHOrolJIfC-
11eHH bIe HCC11e)J,OBaHH» [COKOJlOB 1968; MHxaH110Ba 1986; 3060B, MocTenaHeHKo
1974 H )J,p.], lJTO He HCKJJlOlJaeT, nO-BH)J,HMOMY, HeHClJepnaeMbIX B03MO)/(HOCTeH
)J,aJlbHeHweH pa3pa60TKH 3TOro Bonpoca H caMbIX pa3HbIX n110CKOCTeH HCTOJJKOBa-
HH» caMoro nOH»TH» B nCHX0110rHlJeCKOM, cpH110COcpCKOM H HCKYCCTBOBe)J,lJeCKOM
acneKTax. 06pa3 Bcer)J,a nO)J,pa3yMeBaeT 60JJbWe, lJeM )J,eMoHcTpHpyeT, - K TaKO-
MY BbIBO)J,Y npHwe11 aMepl1KaHCKHH nCHXOaHaJlHTHK ,lJ,. XH1111MaH [XI11111MaH 1996,
c.66]. A. E. EepTeJJhC, HCC11e)J,Y» npl1po)J,Y xY)J,O)/(eCTBeHHoro 06pa3a B HCKyccTBe
10
11
VlpaHa, npHBO)J,HT O)J,HY H3 B03MO)/(HhIX TpaKTOBOK caMoro nOH TlUI, KOTopa pac-
CMaTpHBaeT xY)J,O)/(eCTBeHHhIH 06pa3 KaK Cnell.HcpwlecKHH cnoc06 BOCC03)J,aHH
)J,eHcTBHTeJlhHOCTI1, oc06yIO cpOPMY ee OTpa)/(eHH , 0606weHH . B CBeTe TaKoII
KOHl.(em.(lIlI, no MHeHl110 A. E. EepTeJlhCa, OCTaeTC He CHhIM MeCTO TBop4ecKoro
Ha4a.JJa B HCKyccTBe [EepTeJlhC 1997, c. 15, 16 ]. Me)/()J,Y TeM HMeHHO TBop4ecKOe
Ha4aJ10 HrpaeT 4pe3Bhl4aHHo BmKHYIO pOJlh B KOMn03HlI.II X 3epllHoro CTIIJl . Eo-
Jlee Toro, HCKYCCTBO paHHHx KOLleBHI1KOB EBpa3HH He MO)/(eT CLlIlTaThC KaHOHH4e-
CKHM B CTporOM CMhlCJle :noro CJlOBa [KOpOJlhKOBa 1996, c. 49-51], nOCKOJlhKY,
HecMoTp Ha cYwecTBoBaHHe onpe)J,eJleHHhlX HKoHorpacplfLlecKllx cTepeoTHnoB II
cxeM, OTJlH4aJ10Ch Y)J,HBHTeJlhHoII cB060)J,01l B TpaKToBKe cpOpM H COCTaBJleHHII
pa3H006pa3Hh1X KOM6HHall.HH l.(eJlhiX 11306pmKeHHH II OT)J,eJlhHhIX 3JleMeHTOB H MO-
THBOB. 3TO HCKYCCTBO, HeCOMHeHHO, Tpa.JJ.IIlI.I10HHO, HO cB060)J,HO OT KaHOHOB [Ko-
pOJlhKOBa 2001, c. 67].
CKHcpo-cH6HpcKHII 3BepHHhiH CTHJlh KaK HeOTheMJleMYIO LlepTY HeceT B ce6e
CBOHCTBO onTWleCKHX rOJlOBOJlOMOK H Hrphl Bo06p(l)KeHH , Haxo)J, well a.JJ.eKBaT-
Hoe Bhlpa)/(eHHe B cpOpMaJlhHOM peweHHH H306pa3I1TeJlhHhIX KOMn03Hl.(IIII. noCTpo-
eHHhlX, nO)J,06Ho rpacpwlecKHM pa60TaM M. 3wepa, Ha npl1Hl.(lIne OnTI14eCKHH IIrphl
JlHHHH H Macc. nO-BII)J,IIMOMY, eCTh Bce OCHOBaHII paccMaTpHBaTh 3TO KaLleCTBO
KaK OTpa)/(eHHe nCHXOIHlTeJlJleKTYaJlhHhlX oc06ellHocTeH c03)J,aTeJleH naM THIIKOB
3BepHHoro CTl1Jl H KYJlhTYPHhlX Tpa)J,ltll.HII 60Jlee wHpoKoro nJlaHa.
B CBoe BpeM ,lJ,. C. PaeBcKHM 6hlJla Bhl)J,BHHYTa rHnOTe3a 0 npe06Jla)J,aHIIII
cpe)J,H H306pa311TeJlhHh1X TeKCTOB HCKyccTBa 3BepHHoro CTHJl (oc06eHHo Ha paH-
HHX 3TanaX ero Pa3BHTH ) npocTpaHcTBeHHoro conOJlO)/(eHH aBTOHOMHhlX 06pa-
30B, OCHOBaHHoro Ha npl1Hwme napaTaKCI1Ca. n03)J,Hee aBTop 3TOH rHnOTe3hl OT-
4aCTH nepeCMOTpeJl c06cTBeHHhie BhIBO)J,hl [PaeBcKIIH 1998, c. 82J B nOJlh3Y npllH-
lI.Hna nocTpoeHH H306pa3HTeJlhHoro TeKCTa no aHaJlOrllH C apxaWleCKI1MII Bep-
6aJ1hHhlMH TeKCTaMII H npHWeJl K 3aKJlIOLleHlllO, nOJlHOCThlO cOBna)J,alOweMY C MO-
HM MHeHHeM [KOpOJlhKOBa 1996, c. 17; 1997, c. 12J 0 6e3YCJlOBHO qJOPMYJlhHOM
xapaKTepe H306pa3I1TeJlhHhIX KOMn03HlI.I11t, KOTophle CpaBHI1BaIOTC HM C qJOJlhKJ10-
pOM. ,lJ,. C. PaeBCKI1H BhICKa3aJ1 MhICJlh, nO.Qll,ep)/(HBalOwYIO HaWI1 BhIBO)J,hl 0 MHO-
roCJlOHHOH CTpYKType H CMhlCJlOBOM MHoro'3Ha4HOCTH Ka)j()J,oro 300MOpcpHOro 06-
pa3a [KOpOJlhKOBa 1997, c. 12], npO BJl lOweHC HCKJl10411TeJlhHO 4epe'3 KOHTeKCT,
H onpe)J,eJlHJl cOBoKynHocTh oc06eHHocTeH aHHMaJlI1CTWIeCKoro HCKyccTBa paHHHx
K04eBHHKOB KaK n03THKY 3BepllHoro CTHJl , a H3Y L leHHe ee - KaK «npoll.ecc IIC-
CJle)J,OBaHH CMhlCJla H (IJOpMhl ero 06pa30B B HX Hepa'3phlBHOM COLleTaHIII1» [PaeB-
CKIIH 1998, c. 83]. CaM no ce6e npHHlI.lln BCeCTOpOl1HerO IICCJle)J,OBaHH naM THH-
KOB )J,peBHero IICKyccTBa, B LlaCTHOCTH CKHcpO-C1I611pcKoro 3Bepl1HOrO CTlIJl , C IIC-
nOJlh30BaHHeM HCTOLIHIIKOB MHcpOJlOrWlecKoro II (IJOJlhKJ10pHOrO xapaKTepa, K0I1e4-
HO, He HOB, II ero HaHMeHOBaHlle He I1MeeT oc060ro 3HaLleHII (CM.: [4e)j<HHa (KOPOJlh-
KOBa) 1990; KOpOJlhKOBa 1997, c. 4, 12]). ,lJ,. C. PaeBcKIIII npe)J,JlaraJI IICnOJlh30BaTh
B03MO)/(HOCTh np Moro conOCTaBJleHH cpOpMaJlhHhlX xapaKTepllCTlIK naM THHKOB
I1CKyccTBa 3BepHHoro CTHJl C npllHlI.HnaMI1 nocTpoeHH 11 CTHJlHCTlIKOH )J,peBHe-
apHHcKIIX Bep6aJ1hHhiX TeKCTOB [PaeBcKIIH 1998, c. 83J 11, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, npll-
MeH Th MeTO)J,hI, npHJlO)/(HMhle K aHaJlH3Y n03THKII Bep6aJ1hHhiX xY)J,O)/(eCTBeHHhlx
TeKCTOB.
npI1XO)J,IITC OCTaHOBIIThC Ha nOnhlTKaX CBeCTII BCIO H306pa3HTeJlhHYIO CI1C-
TeMY CKl1cpo-cl16HpCKOro 3Bepl1HOrO CTHJl K e)J,HHcTBeHHoMY «Be)J,yweMY MeTo)J,Y» -
«3KcnpecclIBHoH )J,ecpopMall.HH», npl1MeHeHHe KOTOpOH C03)J,aTeJlH paHHeK04eBHI1-
4eCKHX H306pa3HTeJlhHhiX naM THHKOB, npO BHB reHHaJlhHOCTh, )J,OBeJlII «)J,O npe-
)J,eJlOB B03MO)/(HOrO, HO npe)J,eJlhl 3TH He nepecTynl1JlH. TeM caMhlM OHH H36e)/(aJlH
onaCHOCTI1 pa3pyweHH I1JlH CXeMaTlt3aW1H aHHMaJlHCTI14eCKHX 06pa30B, coxpaHH-
JlH peaJIl1CTH4eCKYIO OCHOBY CBoero TBop4eCTBa» [KopeH Ko 1998, c.65]. CMhlCJl
3TOH cppa3hl TYMaHeH: OCTaeTC 3ara)J,KoII, LITO nO)J,pa3YMeBaeT aBTOp no)J, «peaJIH-
CTH4eCKOH OCHOBOII TBop'teCTBa». no 60JlhWOMY C4eTY, OCHOBOH Jl1060ro TBopLle-
cTBa, 6Y)J,h TO CHMBOJlH3M, a6CTpaKlI.HOHH3M, )J,peBHeenmeTCKoe HCKYCCTBO HJlH CO-
lI.HaJlI1CTH4eCKHH peaJIH3M, BJl eTC oKpy)/(aIOWa peaJIhHOCTh. B031\10)/(HO, HMeH-
HO OHa-TO H HMeeTC B BI1)J,Y B CTaThe B. A. KopeH KO. Ho H Tor)J,a OCTaeTC He-
CHOCTh, «4TO nO)J,pa3YMeBaeTC no)J, )J,eHCTBIITeJlhHOCThlO?» [EepTeJlhC 1997, c. 16].
npaB)J,a, BC Koe HCKYCCTBO OTpa)/(aeT peaJIhHOCTh no-cBoeMY H onocpe)J,oBaHHo,
onepl1pY}J xY)J,O)/(eCTBeHHhIMH 06pa3aMH, H HeH36e)j<H0 BJl eTC pe3YJlhTaTOM ee
0606weHH}J, OCl\lhICJleHH H nepepa60TKI1. 3TO corJlacyeTc C TeOpeTlILleCKHMI1
nOJlO)/(eHI1 MI1 nCI1XOJlOrHH HCKyccTBa, KOTopa pacKphlBaeT Bce cpaHTaCTl1LleCKHe
H HepeaJIhHhle nepe)/(HBaHH KaK npoTeKalOwHe Ha cOBepweHHo peaJIhHOH 3MO-
lI.lIOHaJlhHOH OCHOBe [BhlroTcKHH 1997, c.254]. Jl. C. BhlroTCKHlI, CChIJla Ch Ha
acpopH3M O)J,HOro MhICJ1HTeJl , nllCaJI, LITO «IICKYCCTBO OTHOCIITC K )/(H3HII, KaK BH-
HO K BHHorpa)J,Y» H «6epeT CBOM MaTepHaJI 113 )/(H3HH, HO )J,aeT CBepx 3Toro MaTe-
pHaJla He4TO TaKoe, 4TO B CBOHCTBax caMoro MaTepHaJla ewe He CO)J,ep)/(HTC })
[BhlroTcKHH 1997, c. 297]. AHHMaJlHCTH4ecKoe )j(e HCKYCCTBO paHHHx KOLleBHI1KOB
6hlJlO BeChMa )J,aJleKO OT HCTHHHoro peaJIH3Ma H I1MeJlO COBceM )J,PyrHe 3a)J,a L IH 11
cpOpMhl Bhlpa)/(eHH . Bp )J, JlH MO)/(HO COrJlaCHThC C npe)J,JlO)/(eHHhIM onpe)J,eJleHH-
eM xY)J,O)j(eCTBeHHOH CYWHOCTH )J,peBHeKOLleBHHLleCKoro aHHMaJlH3Ma KaK «HCKYC-
CTBa 3KcnpeCCHBHhlX )J,ecpopMal.(I1H». TeM 60Jlee LITO II caM aBTop TYT )ke oroBapH-
BaeTC , 4TO «3TO onpe)J,eJleHHe OTHOCHTC K CTHJleBoMY )J,PY (on Th-TaKII He CIIO,
4TO no)J, 3THM )J,pOM nO)J,pa3YMeBaeTc ! - E. K.) )J,peBHeKoLleBHlI4ecKoro I1CKYC-
CTBa, K ero Hal160Jlee 3M6JleMaTWIHhIM, nonYJl}JpHhIM, Y3HaBaeMhiM H Cnell.Hcpl14e-
CKIIM npoH3Be)J,eHI1 M» [KopeH Ko 2002, c. 146]. A KaK )j(e 6hITh C OCTaJlhHhIMH,
«He 3M6JleMaTI14HhIMH» H (<IIOnYJl pHhIMI1»? ABTOp 3TOH KOHlI.enl.(HH npe)J,JlaraeT
OTHeCTH Bce OCTaJlhHOe «K 06JlaCTH 'tI1CTOH opHaMeHTaJlhHOCTH 11 HaTypaJIHCT114e-
CKOH H306pa3HTeJlhHOCTH», paCCMaTpHBa KaK «ceHcopHhle 06Pa3hl )/(HBOTHOro
Ml1pa» 11 «HaCJle)J,He nepB06hITHOro HCKYCCTBa». MO)/(eT 6hlTh, He TaK Y)/( 6ecno-
Jle3Ha «Be)J,ywllilc HeKoTophlMH HCCJle)J,OBaTeJl MH pa60Ta no "HHBeHTapH3al.(HI1"
npHeMoB )J,eKOpaTHBHOH pa3)J,eJlKH» [KopeH Ko 2002, c. 146]. rl1nOTe3a, Ha3hlBae-
Ma caMIIM aBTopoM «BoeHHo-OXOTHH4heH» [KopeH Ko 2002, c. 175], 0 TOM, 4TO
HCKYCCTBO 3Bepl1HOrO CTHJl C03)J,aBaJlOCh KaK TBop4eCTBO npe)/()J,e Bcero OXOTHH-
KOB, a 3aTeM y)/(e BOHHOB H nOTOMY onepHpyeT B OCHOBHOM 06pa3aMH )J,11KHX )/(11-
BOTHhIX, no MeHhweH Mepe y 3BHMa. n04eMY-TO aBTOp COBceM He npHHHMaeT BO
BHI1MaHl1e TO 06CTO TeJlhCTBO, 4TO )J,HKl1e )/(11BOTHhle - 3TO cywecTBa CaKpaJIhHOH
ccpephl, «)/(IiBOTHhle 60roB» [raM KpeJl H)J,3e, VlBaHoB 1984, c. 486]. 31'0 HHKaK He npo-
THBOpe4ltT )J,eMOHCTpall.HII «OXOTHH4heH )J,06JleCTI1». ,lJ,Pyroe )J,eJlo, 4TO 3a 3THM MOf-
JlO CTO Th 11, Bepo THo, CTO JlO rop(3)J,o 60Jlee cywecTBeHHoe cO)J,ep)/(aHHe, 4eM
npocTo Y)J,a4Ha OXOTa. He cnacalOT 3TY KOHlI.enll.l11O II npocTpaHHhle paccY)/()J,eHI1
o 3aroHHoH OXOTe H 06JlaBHOM MeTO)J,e, KOTophle K06hl H HaWJlH H306pa311TeJlhHOe
BhlpaJKeHHe B 3Bepl1HOM CTHJle. B Ka4eCTBe nO)J,TBep)(()l,eHH cBoeH rHnOTe3hl B. A. Ko-
peH Ko npHBo)J,HT 3THorpacpH4ecKHe Ha6JlIO)J,eHH B 06JlaCTH OXOThl, ee TPa.JJ.HlI.HH
11 cnoc060B, 3aBepwalOwHXC He YMepwBJleHHeM, a nOHMKOH H CB 3hIBaHI1eM 3Be-
p . npaB)J,a, Bce YBJleKaTeJlhHhle JlHTepaTypHhle onHcaHII 06JlaBHhiX OXOT Bcex
BpeMeH H HapO)J,OB BnJlOTh )J,O XX B., YBhl, HHKaK He )J,alOT KJ1104a K nOHHMaHHIO
CKHcpO-CI16I1pCKOro 3BepllHoro CTHJl . ,lJ,Pyroe )J,eJlO - PHTYaJlhHa CTopOHa oxo-
Thl: OHa, HeCOMHeHHO, I1MeJla MeCTO H 6hlJla CB 3aHa H C BOHHCKHM KYJlhTOM TO)/(e.
ECJlH BhIBO)J,I1Th HKoHorpacpH4ecKYIO cxeMY cBepHYBweroc Xl1wHHKa H3 «COCTPY-
12
13
HeHHoro» )l(I1BOro OXOTHl1lJbero TpOcpe», TO KaK 6bITb C MeHee paCnpOCTpaHeHHOH
KOMn0311l\l1eH, Ha KOTOpOH CBepHYBWI1MC» B KOJlbl\O OKa3bIBaeTC» OJleHb? CaM )l(e
aBTOp OTMelJaeT, lJTO KOnblTHblM )l(I1BOTHbIM CB»3bIBaJ111 HOrl1, cpl1KCl1py» I1X TaKI1M
06pa30M B Jle)l(a'teM n OJlO)l(eHI1 11. Ilpe)J,cTaBJI»eTc», lJTO l1)J,e» )l(epTBeHHOrO )l(I1BOT-
HOrO 11 B 11306p(l)J(eHI1»X CKl1cpo-CI16I1pCKOro 3Bepl1Horo CTI1J1» I1MeeT 60JlbWe OC-
HOBaHI1». He Ka)l(eTC» y6e)J,I1TeJlbHOH 11 'tpe3MepHo peaJ1I1CTl1lJeCKa» 3a,lJ,alJa nOKa-
3aTb «cMewaHHblH KOMnJ1eKC peaKl\I1H arpeccl1l1 11 cTpaxa» «CocTpYHeHHoro» )1(11-
BOTH oro. Il03TOMY 11 npl1Be)J,eHl1e Ta6J111l\ pe3YJ1bTaTOB MOTI1BaL.\110HHOro aHaJ1113a
MI1MI1KI1 c06aKI1 11 n03bl KOWKI1 I1MeeT MI1HI1MaJ1bHOe OTHoweHHe K cpopMaM Bbl-
pa)l(eHI1» CKl1cpo-CI16I1pCKOro 3Bepl1HOrO CTI1J1». B pe3YJlbTaTe B. A. KopeH»KO Bbl-
)J,eJl»eT B KalJeCTBe cTI1J1e06pa3YIOW.I1X cpaKTopOB (?!) «06J1aBHble OXOTbl MOJlO)J,bIX
KOHHblX BOI1HOB, COnpOBO)l()J,alOw.l1ec» CXBaTKaMI1 C KpynHblMI1 KOnblTHblMI1 11
XI1w.HblMI1 3Bep»MI1» 11 «I1H)J,I1BI1)J,YaJ1bHble 11 COl\I1aJ1bHble nCI1Xl1lJeCKl1e oc06eHHO-
CTI1 LIJ1eHOB )J,aHHbIX 06w.eCTBeHHbIX rpynn» [KopeH»Ko 2002, c. 162-163], lJTO
Bbl3blBaeT, no MeHbweH Mepe, He)J,0YMeHl1e.
B. A. KopeH»Ko npl1Ha,lJ,Jle)l(aT HeCKOJlbKO 113)J,aHHbIX CPYH)J,aMeHTaJ1bHbIX no
06'beMY pa60T. ABTOPY CBoHcTBeH He06bllJaHHO Wl1pOKI1H )J,l1ana30H HaYlJHblX I1H-
TepecoB: OH C paBHblM ycnexoM 06paw.aJ1c» K TeMaTI1Ke 113 06J1aCTI1 apxeOJlOrHl1
3nOXI1 6POH3bl, 3THorpacpl111 IJ,eHTpaJ1bHOH A31111 11 K caMblM 06W.I1M TeOpeTl1lJe-
CKI1M np06J1eMaM CKl1cpo-CI16I1pCKOro 3Bepl1Horo CTI1J1» , BKJllOlJa» ero npOI1CXO)l(-
)J,eHl1e. 3arJlaBI1» YlJeHblX TPY)J,OB B. A. KopeH»KO, K CO)l(aJ1eHI1IO, Bcer)J,a 06ew.a10T
lJl1TaTeJlIO 60JlbWe Toro, lJeM B )J,eHCTBI1TeJlbHOCTI1 OKa3blBaeTC» cO)J,ep)l(aHl1e ny6J111-
Kal\l1l1. K TOMY )l(e HOBbie Ha3BaHI1» ny6J1I1Kal\I1H, BblnYw.eHHbIX B pa3HbiX 113)J,aHI1-
»X, nOlJTI1 He MeH»IOT I1X cO)J,ep)l(aHI1». CY)J,» no 3arJlaBI1»M, MO)l(HO 6blJlO 6bl npe)J,-
nOJlO)l(I1Tb, lJTO 3a)J,alJl1 aBTopa nOI1CTI1He MOHYMeHTaJ1bHbl [KopeH»Ko 1998; 2002;
2002a]. OXBaT npI1Bo)J,I1MOH aprYMeHTal\1111 113 06J1aCTI1 )J,PyrHX HaYlJHblX )J,I1Cl\l1n-
JlI1H, HalJl1HM OT JlI1HrBI1CTI1'1eCKI1X conOCTaBJleHI1H, 3THOHI1MI1KI1 11 6110JlOrHlJeCKI1X
cxeM )J,O nOCTYJlaTOB TeOpl111 I1CKYCCTBa, 3Hl\I1KJlOne)J,l1lJeCKI1 Wl1pOK. O)J,HaKO MHoro-
lJl1CJleHHble l\I1TaTbl 113 COlJl1HeHI1H M3TpOB Ml1pOBOrO I1CKYCCTB03HaHI1» npaKTl1lJe-
CKI1 nOJlHOCTblO COBna)J,aIOT C l\I1Tl1pOBaHHbIMI1 cpparMeHTaMI1, npl1Be)J,eHHblMI1 B
Kpl1TI1KyeMoH aBTopOM 6powlOpe, npe)J,Ha3HalJeHHOH B OCHOBHOM )J,JlS! CTY)J,eHTOB, a
JlI1HrBI1CTl1lJeCKI1H aHaJ1113 BblrJl»)J,I1T BeCbMa HenpocpeCCI10HaJ1bHO. B l\eJlOM )l(e
«nparMaTl1lJeCKl1e acneKTbl CeMI10TI1KI1», npe)J,JlO)l(eHHble B. A. KopeH»KO [Kope-
H»KO 2002, c. 131], CBO)J,»TC» K BYJlbrapHoMY peaJ1113MY, KOTOpblH HI1KaK He MO)l(eT
06'b»CH»Tb Bcero MHOro06pa3l1» 300MOpcpHbiX MOTI1BOB 11 cO)J,ep)l(aHI1» CKl1cpo-CI16I1p-
CKOro 3Bepl1HOrO CTI1J1».
Ype3MepHbiM ynp0w.eHl1eM npe)J,CTaBJI»eTC» CeHTeHl\I1» B. A. KopeH»KO 0 «Be-
)J,Yw. eM xY)J,O)l(eCTBeHHOM MeTO)J,e 3Bepl1Horo CTI1J1»»; aBTOp CMeJlO onpe)J,eJl»eT
«XY)J,O)l(eCTBeHHYIO CYW.HOCTb )J,peBHeKOlJeBHl1lJeCKoro aHI1MaJ1113Ma 6YKBaJ1bHO B
HeCKOJlbKI1X CJlOBax: I1CKYCCTBO CKl1cpo-C11611pCKOro 3Bepl1HOrO CTI1J1» - 3TO I1C-
KYCCTBO 3KCnpeCCI1BHbiX )J,ecpopMal\I1H» [KopeH»Ko 1998, c. 65, 66]. B MoeM no-
HI1MaHI1I1, nO-npe)l(HeMY )J,ecpopMal\l1» BblCTynaeT KaK Ba)l(HM oc06eHHocTb 3Bepl1-
Horo CTI1J1» (BnpOlJeM, He e)J,I1HCTBeHHa» 11 He He01"beMJleMa») 11 JlI1Wb O)J,I1H 113 OC-
HOBHblX npl1eMOB B 11306pa3I1TeJlbHOM TBOplJeCTBe )J,peBHI1X KOlJeBHI1KOB [KOPOJlb-
KOBa 1996, c. 16, 36], a 3KCnpeCCI1» 06bllJHO nOHI1MaeTC» KaK BblCWM CTeneHb
Bblpa3I1TeJlbHOCTI1 11 »BJI»eTC» cO)J,ep)l(aTeJlbHOH CTOpOHOH )J,I1HaMI1KI1 [BJlaCOB 1993,
c. 253]. Me)l()J,Y TeM 11 )J,I1HaMI1Ka KaK TaKOBa», 11 3KCnpeCCI1», )J,eHCTBI1TeJ1bHO npl1-
cYw. l1e MHOrHM 11306p(l)J(eHI1»M CKl1cpo-cl16l1pCKOro 3Bepl1HOrO CTI1J1» , KaK 11 )J,e-
cpopMal\l1», BOBce He »BJI»IOTC» 06»3aTeJlbHb1MI1 xapaKTepl1CTI1KaMI1 300MOpcpHbiX
11306p(l)J(eHI1H B I1CKYCCTBe paHHI1X KOlJeBHI1KOB EBpa3l1l1. I1MeeTC» )J,OCTaTOlJHO
14
npl1MepOB CTaTl1lJHblX cpl1ryp 300MOpcpHbiX MOTI1BOB B BI1)J,e OT)J,eJlbHbIX lJaCTeH
)1(11 BOTH oro, JlI1WeHHblX OTKpOBeHHOH )J,ecpopMal\1111 11 OTMelJeHHblX JlI1Wb He113-
6e)l(HOH 11 HenpeMeHHOH B I1CKYCCTBe YCJlOBHOCTblO 11 CTI1J1113al\l1eH, Bblp(l)J(eHHbl-
MI1 B pa3J1l1lJHbIX naM»THI1KaX B pa3HOH CTeneHI1 - B 3aBI1CI1MOCTI1 OT npI1Ha)J,-
Jle)l(HOCTI1 K TOMY 11J111 I1HOMY CTI1J1I1CTI1'teCKOMY Kpyry.
B03Bpaw.a»Cb K «300MOpcpHbIM npeBpaw.eHI1»M» B CKl1cpo-CI16I1pCKOM 3Bepl1-
HOM CTI1J1e, HeJlb3» He nO)J,lJepKHYTb I1X 06YCJ10BJleHHOCTI1 nOTeHl\HaJ1bHOH cno-
C06HOCTbIO 0606w.eHI1», aHaJ1113a 11 CI1HTe3a cpOpMbl 11 roTOBHOCTblO BOCnpl1HI1MaTb
CI1MBOJll1lJeCKI1H TeKCT BceH KOMn0311l\1111, BKJllOlJa» «aM6I1BaJ1eHTHOCTb» OT)J,eJlb-
HblX 06pa30B. CKl1cpo-CI16I1pCKI1H 3BepHHblH CTI1J1b, KaK 11 apXal1lJeCKOe I1CKYCCTBO
)J,Pyrl1x HapO)J,OB, )J,eMOHCTpl1pyeT 0611J1He TaK Ha3blBaeMbiX «cpaHTaCn1lJeCKI1X» CY-
w.eCTB, npe)J,CTaBJI»IOw.I1X C060H B )J,eHCTBI1TeJlbHOCTI1 «CI1HTeTl1lJeCKl1e» 06Pa3bl, BO-
nJlow.alOw.l1e O)J,I1H 113 06w.en03HaBaTeJlbHblX npI1Hl\l1nOB, BblcTynalOw.I1X 11 B KalJe-
CTBe OCHOBbl XY)J,O)l(eCTBeHHoro cpopMo06pa30BaHI1», - npl1Hl\l1n KOMnJleMeHTap-
HOCTI1, T. e. )J,onOJlHI1TeJlbHOCTI1 [,lJ,aHI1H 1996, c. 70-72]. 3ara,lJ,OlJHble MOHCTpbl B
I1CKyccTBe paHHI1X KOlJeBHI1KOB npl1lJY)J,JlI1BO COlJeTalOT B ce6e lJepTbl peaJ1bHblX 11,
HecMoTp» Ha Bblp(l)J(eHHYIO CTI1J1113al\l1lO, BnOJlHe Y3HaBaeMbix )l(I1BOTHbIX. Ilpl1 3TOM
OKa3blBaeTC», lJTO «He06bllJaHHOCTb 11 cTpaHHocTb 3aKJllOlJalOTC» TOJlbKO B co'teTa-
HI1I1 HeCOlJeTaeMoro» [,lJ,aHI1H 1996, c. 71]. 3aCJlY)f{I1BalOw.I1M BHI1MaHH» npe)J,cTaB-
JI»eTC» 06pa3HOe cpaBHeHl1e npol\ecca cpOpMl1pOBaHI1» 300MOpcpHbiX KOMn0311l\I1H
CKl1cpo-cl16l1pCKOro I1CKyccTBa, npl1Be)J,eHHoe 11. B. <1>a6pl1l\I1Yc B Heony6mlKoBaH-
HOH CTaTbe 1934 r. [<1>a6pl1l\I1Yc 1934, APXI1B I1I1MK, cpo 61, N!! 73, c. (35) 25]:
«Mbl MO)l(eM npe)J,cTaBI1Tb ce6e npol\ecc CJlaraHI1» KOMn0311l\1111 3Bepl1HOrO CTI1J1»
KaK CYMMl1pYIOw.I1H, I1HTerpaJ1bHbIH, BblnOJlH»eMbIH C YBepeHHoH cB060)J,OH npl1-
MeHeHI1» )J,eTaJ1eH, 3J1eMeHTOB, nO)J,06HbIH TOMY, KaK AJlJlax C03)J,aJ1 Bep6J1IO)J,a: no
npocb6e noro )l(I1BOTHOro OH )J,aJ1 eMY welO Jle6e)J,», Jlanbl JlbBa, XBOCT KOpOBbl 11
T. )J,.». O)J,HaKo I1CCJle)J,OBaTeJlbHI1l\a nO)J,lJepKHYJla '1pe3BbllJaHHO B(l)J(HOe 06CTO»-
TeJlbCTBO B C03)J,aHI1I1 CJlO)l(HblX 300MOpcpHbiX KOMn0311l\I1H, 3aMeTI1B, lJTO «HI1Kor)J,a
cB060)J,a CJlaraHI1» )J,eTaJ1eH He HapywaeT rpaHI1l\, YCTaHOBJleHHblX l1)J,eOJlOrHlJe-
CKI1MI1 Tpe60BaHI1»MI1».
<1>11J10COcpbl 11 nCI1XOJlOrH, paccY)I()J,a» 0 npl1po)J,e I1CKYCTBa, )J,aBHO Bbl)J,Bl1raJ111
TeOp111O I1rpbl, nO)J,BepraBWYIOC» cnpaBe)J,J1I1BOH Kpl1TI1Ke [BblroTCKI1H 1997, c. 304],
HO, nO-BI1)J,I1MOMY, B 113BeCTHOH CTeneHI1 OTpa)l(alOw.YIO O)J,HY 113 rpaHeH cpeHOMeHa
I1CKYCCTBa. CKJlOHHOCTb K I1rpe Bo06p(l)J(eHI1» 11 cBoe06pa3HbiM 11306pa3I1TeJ1bHbIM
«pe6ycaM», nO-BI1)J,I1MOMY, )J,OJl)l(Ha paCCMaTpI1BaTbC» KaK O)J,Ha 113 cyw.eCTBeHHbiX
xapaKTepl1CTI1K I1CKYCCTBa 3Bepl1HOrO CTI1J1». B 3TOM OTHOWeHl111 nOKa3aTeJlbHa KOM-
n0311l\11» Ha 6pOH30BOH Y3)J,elJHOH 6J1»xe 113 MOHrOJll111 (IV-III BB. )J,O H. 3.) [Bun-
ker, Chatwin, Farkas 1970, p. 127, cat. No. 107], 11306pa)l(alOw.eH KpblJlarylO npo-
TOMY JlOC» C nO)J,orHYToH nepe)J,HeH HOroH, KOTopa», B CBOIO OlJepe)J,b, npe)J,cTaBJ1»-
eT C060H cpl1ryPY BO)J,onJlaBalOW.eH nTI1l\bl (ryc»?), 1.Jb» rOJlOBa o)J,HoBpeMeHHo
OKa3bIBaeTC» KOnbITOM, a KpblJlO COBna,lJ,aeT C Kpb1JlOno)J,06Hb1M nJlelJOM JlOC»
(pl1c. 1). Por JlOC» B TO )l(e BpeM» »BJI»eTC» lJaCTblO cpl1rypbl Bep6J1IO)J,a, roJlOBa KO-
TOpOro BblCTynaeT B BI1)J,e nepe)J,Hero pOroBOro OTpOCTKa, a YCJlOBHO nepe)J,aHHble
rop6bl 11 BeCbMa Bblpa3I1TeJlbHblH KOHTYP Cnl1Hbl, TOJlbKO HaMeKalOw.I1H Ha a6pl1c
cpl1rypbl Bep6J1IO)J,a, I1rpalOT pOJlb CTI1J11130BaHHbIX JlOCI1HblX poroB. J11060nb1THOH
npe)J,cTaBJI»eTc» I1KoHorpacpl1lJeCKa» aHaJ10rH» 3TOH 300MOpcpHOH KOMn0311l\1111,
06HapY)I(eHHa» B Ky6aHCKI1X )J,peBHocT»X IV B. )J,O H. 3.: HaJ106Ha» 6pOH30Ba» 6J1»xa
113 c06paHI1» rOCY)J,apCTBeHHoro 3pMI1T(l)J(a (CJlYlJaHHa» HaXO)J,Ka, npl106peTeHHa»
B r. MaHKone) (pl1c. 3: 6) )J,eMoHCTpl1pyeT CJlO)l(HYIO KOMn0311l\111O, KOM6I1HI1PYIO-
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15
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KY11»pHO npOTOMe. L{eHTpaJ1bHa» <IaCTb KOMn0311 1111 3aH»Ta npOTOMOH 011eH» C
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TIO)J,4epKHYTO )J,eKOpaTI1BHoe peWeHl1e mKypHOH KOMn0311 1111 06YC110B11eHO 110-
KaJ1bHbIM Bapl1aHTOM 3Bepl1HOrO CTI111» , XapaKTepHblM )J,11» Teppl1TOpl1l1 Ky6aHI1.
O)J,HaKO B I1KOHOrpacpl14eCKOM n11aHe 3TO 113)J,emle OKa3bIBaeTC» 4pe3Bbl<laHHO
611113KI1M ynOM»HYTOH BblWe 611»Xe 113 MOHro11l1l1: Mbl BI1)J,I1M TY )l{e CXeMY, BK11IO-
4alOmylO r0110BY 011eH», pora KOToporo COBMemeHbl C )J,on011HI1Te11bHbIMI1 300-
MOP(PHbIMI1 )J,eTaJ1»MI1 (B )J,aHHOM C11Y4ae - CTH111130BaHHbIMI1 nTWlbl1MI1 ro11oBKa-
MI1); nepe)J,H»» Hora 011eH», corHYTa» no)J, caMOH MOp)J,OH, B TO )l{e BpeM» npe)J,-
CTaB11»eT C060H 11306pa)l{eHI1e )J,11I1HHOK11IOBOH nTI1 bI. KOMn0311 11» BK11IO<meT
300MopcpHble 311eMeHTbl, KaK 6bl MeXaHI1'!eCKI1 coe)J,I1HeHHble Me)l{)J,Y C060H 11 )J,OCTa-
T04HO cB060)J,HO pa3BepHYTble B npoCTpaHcTBe B pa3HoM HanpaB11eHI1I1.
B Ka<leCTBe TaKolI 11306pa311Te11bHOH ro110B0110MKI1 MO)l{eT 6blTb paccMoTpeHa
30110Ta» mKypHa» n11aCTI1WlaTa» OKOBKa OT cocY)J,a 113 l-ro <P1111l1nnoBcKoro Kypra-
Ha (Pl1c. 3). TI11aCTI1Ha I1MeeT cpOPMY Ka6aHbero K11bIKa, a ee opHaMeHTa H» nOBTO-
p»eT cxeMY paCn0110)l{eHI1» II I1KoHorpacpl11O 300MOpcpHOro )J,eKopa pe3Hblx K11bIKOB,
Wl1pOKO pacnpoCTpaHeHHblx B naM»THI1KaX paHHI1X K04eBHI1KOB EBpa31111 [4e)l{I1Ha
(KOpo11bKoBa) 1991]. COOTBeTcTBeHHo 1130rHYToH cpopMe n11aCTI1Hbl, Ha HeH pa3-
MemeHO CTI1111130BaHHoe 11306pmKeHI1e npoToMbl 011eH» C BbIT»HYTbIM BeTBI1CTblM
pOroM, nepe)J,aHHblM n11aBHblMI1 S-06pa3Hb1MI1 11I1HI1»MI1 11 nO)J,)I{aTOH no)J, MOp)J,OH
nepe)J,HeH HoroH. VlKoHorpacpwlecKa» cxeMa BCTpe'laeTc» Ha npe)J,MeTax I1CKyccTBa
CKl1cpcKoro BpeMeHI1 Ha pa3Hbix TeppIITOpU»X, BK11IO'la» HI1)1{Hee TIoB011)1{be (Ka-
11I1HOBCKI1H MOrl111bHIIK), r)J,e OHa 3acpllKCllpOBaHa Ha Ka6aHbeM K11blKe (pIlC. 4),
L{eHTpaJ1bHYIO A31110 (6pOH30Bble HO)l{I1) 11 T.)J,. Oc06eHHocTblO )J,eKopa cpl111l1n-
nOBcKoH n11aCTI1Hbl »B11»eTC» TO, 4TO npH OCMOTpe B )J,pyroM paKypce Ta )l{e KOM-
n0311 11» MO)l{eT 6blTb np0411TaHa COBepweHHO I1Ha4e: B COOTBeTCTBl111 C Tpa)J,I1 II-
OHHOH )J,11» pe3HblX K11bIKOB cxeMOH [4e)l{I1Ha (KOpo11bKoBa) 1991], B HeH yra)J,bIBa-
eTC» Tl1nl14Ha» onn0311 11» r0110Bbl Xl1mHI1Ka Ha Wl1pOKOM KOH e 11 )J,11I1HHOK11IOBOH
nTI1 bl Ha Y3KOM KOH e npe)J,MeTa. CTI111113a H» 300MOpcpHblX H306pa)l{eHHH B )J,aH-
HOM c11Y4ae )J,OBe)J,eHa )J,O npe)J,e11a, II 06Pa3bl e)J,Ba yra)J,blBaIOTc» B <lpe3Bbl'laHHO
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MeTa )J,11» BI13YaJ1bHOH TpaHccpopMa 11I1 06pa3a »B11»eTC» 6pOH30BblH HaKOHe'lHIIK
H3 ,l],)I{YHrapHH (pl1c.7), KOTOpblH )J,eMoHcTpHpyeT THnl14HYlO )J,11» opHaMeHTHpo-
BaHHblX K11bIKOB H I1X HMHTa I1H HKoHorpacpH4ecKYlO cxeMY, c04eTalOmylO 06pa3
XHmHI1Ka Ha WHpOKOM KOH e H3)J,e11H» C )J,11HHHOK11IOBOH ywaCToH nTlI eH Ha Y3-
KOM KOH e. B )J,aHHOM c11Y4ae 06e '1aCTI1 KOMn0311 I1H He T011bKO npl1MblKalOT Bn110T-
HYIO )J,pyr K )J,pyry, HO H B3aHMOnpOHI1KaIOT. TIpH 3TOM O)J,HH H Te )l{e )J,eTaJ1H Bbl-
nQ11H»IOT )J,J1» Ka)l{)J,oro 300MopcpHoro 06pa3a CBOIO p011b. TaK, BOCKOBH a 11 r11a3
nTI1 bl B TO )l{e BpeM» OKa3blBaIOTC» YXOM pa3BepHYTOH B npOTHBOn0110)l{HOM Ha-
npaB11eHIIII CTlI11H30BaHHOH B0114beH ro110Bbl, a Kpyr110e yxo nTlI bl, B CBOIO 04e-
pe)J,b, Bbln011H»eT cpYHK 111O r11a3a B011Ka npH 06paTHOM «'1TeHHH».
TIpH 3TOM C03HaHIle pe HnlleHTa )J,011)1{HO 6blTb roTOBO K np04TeHI11O TaKI1X
«npeBpameHHH». A r11a3 3pHTe11» )J,OCTaT04HO HaTpeHHpoBaH )J,11» «oT60pa» HY)l{-
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He11b3» He OTMeTHTb, 4TO )J,11» nO)J,06HbIX «npeBpameHI1H» He06xo)J,HMO, KaK
MI1HHMYM, 0611a)J,aTb Bo06pmKeHHeM, aCCO l1aTHBHbIM MbIW11eHHeM, nOTeH HaJ1bHOH
cnoc06HOCTblO B11a)J,eTb npHeMaMI1 CTlI11H3a HH, a TaK)I{e aHaJ1H3HpOBaTb H 0606-
maTb cpOPMY H npe06pa30BblBaTb ee B YC110BHbIH HKOHH4eCKHH 3HaK. TIpH 3TOM
HCKYCCTBO )J,peBHHx K04eBHHKOB )J,eMoHcTpHpyeT cB060)J,Hoe 06pameHHe C 300MOpcp-
HblMH 311eMeHTaMH KOMn03H HH, n03B011»lOmee np0I13B011bHO paC'I11eH»Tb I111H )J,e-
cpOpMHpOBaTb H306pa)l{eHI1e B 3aBHCHMOCTI1 OT KOMn0311 HOHHbIX 3a)J,a4, oT6pacbl-
BaTb 11I1WHee 11 cHHTe3HpOBaTb 06pa3, pacno11araTb cpllrypbl 11 HX )J,eTaJ1H He3aBII-
CHMO OT opHeHTa HI1 Ha Bepx 11 HH3 B peaJ1bHOM npocTpaHcTBe. 3TI1MH oc06eHHo-
CT»MH 06b»cH»eTc» cymeCTBoBaHlle B pa3HblX naM»THI1KaX 300MOpcpHbiX YKpawe-
HHH, OCHOBaHHblX Ha 06ml1x 06pa3 ax, BocnpoH3Be)J,eHHblx B pa3HOH CTeneHII e110CT-
HOCTH. Hanpl1Mep, B C06paHI1H 4e11»6HHcKoro 0611acTHoro KpaeBe)J,'1eCKOro MY3e»
[6Y11)J,aweB 1994, c. 22-25] XpaHllTc» 30110Ta» 611»wKa C 11306pa)l{eHHeM KOWa4b-
ero XlImHHKa, npl1naBwero Ha nepe)J,HHe 11anbl (pHC. 5). 3a)J,H»» 4aCTb Te11a )l{I1BOT-
Horo BblBepHYTa - HKoHorpacpl14eCKlliI cxeJ\Ia, xapaKTepHa» )J,11» CKHcpO-CII6IlpCKO-
ro 3Bepl1Horo CTI111». ABTOp ny611HKa I1H cnpaBe)J,11HBO OTHOCI1T npI1Ha)J,11e)l{HOCTb
611»WKII, TO'lHOe npOHCXO)({)l,eHl1e KOTOpOIJ HeH3BeCTHO, K )J,peBHocT»M IO)I{HOYPaJ1b-
cKo-npHapaJ1bCKoro Kpyra caBpoMaTcKoro BpeMeHI1 H YKa3blBaeT Ha OTCYTcTBHe
np»Mblx aHaJ10ruH elJ, npe)J,no11ara» B03MO)\<HOe HX 06HapY)l{eHlle BnOC11e)J,CTBIII1
[6Y11)J,aweB 1994, c. 25]. AHaJ10rl1» onllcaHHoMY 11306pa)l{eHHIO Bce )l{e IIMeeTC»:
cpe)J,H HaXO)J,OK H3 l-ro <PH11l1nnOBcKOro KypraHa eCTb 30110Ta» 611»wKa, npe)J,cTaB-
11»lOma» c0601J TO<IHYIO KonHIO nepe)J,HelJ 'JaCTH 3Bep» C '1e11»6HHCKOIJ 611»WKH -
MaCCHBHa» r0110Ba C OCKaJ1eHHOIJ naCTblO II KOrrHCTOIJ nepe)J,HelJ 11anOH no)J, CaMOIJ
MOp)J,OIJ (Pl1c. 40: 46). <PH11HnnoBcKlliI npoToMa »B11»eT c0601J KaK 6bl yce4eHHoe
11306pa)l{eHHe C 4e11»6HHcKOH 611»WKII. TIO)J,06HbllJ cnoc06 pe)J,y l1pOBaHI1» 300-
MopcpHoro H306pa)l{eHH» WllpOKO pacnpOCTpaHeH B I1CKYCCTBe 3BepllHOro CTI111»
K04eBHHKOB EBpa3I1H. CB060)J,Hoe «paC<I11eHeHl1e» H306pa)l{eHH» Ha 311eMeHTbl 11
HX aBTOHOMHoe I1Cn011b30BaHHe B HHOM KOHTeKCTe B )J,pyrllx 300MOpcpHblX KOMno-
3H H»X Henocpe)J,CTBeHHO CB»3aHO C TeH)J,el! HeH K « HTHpOBaHIlIO» 11306pa3H-
Te11bHblX cpOPMY11. A. P. KaHTopOBWI, Hanpl1Mep, YCMaTpl1BaeT aHaJ10rlllO B CTPYK-
Type KpeCTOBI1)J,HbIX 611»X 011bBIIIJCKOro Tl1na KOH a VI-Ha4aJ1a V B. )J,O H. 3. 11
KOMnOHOBKe TpaHccpopMl1pOBaHHblX OTpOCTKOB pOroB y 11306pa)l{eHI1IJ 011eHeH,
06b»CH»» 3TO 06CTO»Te11bCTBO B11I1»Hl1eM «qJl1rypbl ,,011bBI1HCKI1X" 611»X Ha CK11a-
)J,bIBaBWI1IJC» pl1CYHOK 3TI1X pOroB, 'ITO npO»B11»eTC» B nO)J,'II1HeHI1I1 Opl1eHTHpOBKH
OTpOCTKOB porOB 011eH» (11 HanpaB11eHI1I1 3arH6aHI1» K11IOBOB nTI1 , COCTaB11»lOmI1X
3TI1 OTpOCTKI1) KaHOHaM 011bBI1IJCKOIJ cxeMbl» [KaHTopoB11'1 1996, c. 53]. Bonpoc 0
3aBI1CI1MOCTI1 KOMn03H 1111 11 TpaKToBKII 011eHb11X pOroB OT ocpopM11eHI1» KpeCToBII)J,-
HblX 611»X C 11onaCT»MII B BI1)J,e nTI14bl1X ro110BOK, nO-BI1)J,HMOMY, Bce )l{e cnopeH,
HO caM no ce6e nepeHoc OT)J,e11bHbIX 11306pa3llTe11bHblx 311eMeHTOB B )J,pyroll KOH-
TeKCT Bn011He 3aKoHoMepeH.
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c» cpaBHeHl1eM a)l{ypHolJ KOMn0311 1111 Ha 6pOH30BOH 6YTepo1111 C CeBepHoro KaB-
Ka3a (Ypyc-MapTaH) 11 pe3Horo )J,eKopa opHaMeHTl1pOBaHHoro Ka6aHbero K11blKa 113
Hl1)1{HerO TIOB011)1{b» (HOBonpIlB011bHoe) (Pl1c. 8; 9). Bbl4ypHa» n03a 011eH», )J,e-
cpopMa l1» cpl1rypbl KOTOpOro MO)l{eT 6blTb npo)J,I1KTOBaHa He06xo)J,I1MOCTblO Bnl1-
caTb ee B npOCTpaHcTBo, 3a)J,aHHoe cpOpMOIJ 6YTep011I1, He HaXO)J,I1T 06b»CHeHI1» B
YKpaweHl111 K11blKa pe3b601J. O)J,HaKO aHaJ10rll» HaCT011bKO 0)J,H03Ha<IHlliI, <ITO MO-
)l{eT 6blTb I1CT011KOBaHa T011bKO KaK 06pa3e Tllpa)l{HpOBaHH» roTOBOro 11306pa311-
Te11bHoro 6110Ka, Bnl1CaHHOro B n011e, KOTopoe n03B011»11a I1cn011b30BaTb cpopMa
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BaHII»». TeH)J,eH II» « I1TllpOBaHI1»» H cB060)J,Hoe 06pameHlle C 11306pa3I1Te11bHbl-
MI1 300MOpcpHblMI1 311eMeHTaMI1, )J,onYCKaBwee I1X B011bHYIO KOM6I1Ha l1lO, a TaK)I{e
HeCOMHeHHO pa3BI1Ta» nCIIX0I1HTe1111eKTyaJ1bHa» CK110HHOCTb K I1rpe Bo06pa)l{eHI1»,
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B nOCJle)l,HI1C ro)l,bI 3aMeTHO B03pOC I1HTCpCC K CKI1<po-caKCKOMY I1CKYCCTBY B
l\eJlOM 11 C)I,CJlaHbI 3HalJI1TCJlbHble warl1 Ha nYTI1 K PCWCHI1IO HeKOTopbIX np06JlCM
3BcpHHoro CTI1JlSl, ero CO)l,Cp)l{aHI1S1, npOI1CXO)({)l,eHI1S1 11 pa3BI1TI1S1. Pa60Tbl BTOpOH
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VI. B. 51l\CHKO, A. VI. illKYPKO, ,l],. C. PaCBCKI1H, E. B. nCpCBO)l,lJI1KOBa, E. E. KY3b-
MI1Ha, ,l],. A. MalJI1HCKI1H, r. H. KYPOlJKI1H, A. K. AKI1WCB, 51. A. illcp, M. E. KIIJIY-
HOBCKM, A. P. KaHTOpoBl1lJ, E. <1>. KOpOJlbKOBa, B. A. KI1CeJIb, E. C. bOr)l,llilOB, IO. b. no-
JlI1)1,OBl1lJ, B. A. KOpCHSlKO) nOCTpocHbl Ha pa3HbiX MeTO)l,l1lJCCKI1X npI1Hl\l1naX, 11
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CKI1<p0-cI16I1pCKOro 3BCpl1HOro CTI1JlSl, cro <pOpMbI 11 cO)l,Cp)l{aHI1S1 OTKpblBalOT 60Jlb-
WI1C B03MO)l{HOCTI1 B 113YlJCHI111 <pcHoMcHa 11 cro I1HTepnpCTal\l1l1. HCKoTopbIe ny6-
Jl 11 Kal\11 11, BbIWC)I,WI1C 3a nOCJlC)I,HI1C 35 JlCT, MO)l{HO OTMCTI1Tb oc060, KaK )l,alOwl1C
MaTCpl1an )l,JlSl pa3Mb1WJleHI1S1 no)l, HOBbIM yrJlOM lPaCBCKI1H 1985; nCpCBO)l,lJl1KOBa
1980; 1994; 1995; MalJl1HCKI1H 1978; 1980; KY3bMI1Ha 1976; 1983; illKypKO 1969;
1975; 1976; AKI1WCB 1984; illcp 1980; 1998; KypOlJKI1H 1992; KaHTOpOBHlJ 1996;
1997; 2001; 2002; 2002a; nOJll1)1,OBl1'1 1994; 2002; KOpCHSIKO 1998; 2002; 2002a;
KI1CeJlb 2003; KOpOJlbKOBa 1996; 2001]. npl1 3TOM TCH)I,CHl\I1S1MI1 nOCJlC)I,HCro BpC-
MCHI1 6bIJll1 BbI)I,CJlCHI1C JlOKanbHbIX Bapl1aHTOB <pcHoMcHa 3BCpl1HOrO CTI1JlSl 11 aHa-
Jll13 <popManbHbIx xapaKTCpl1CTI1K BH)'Tpl1 0603Ha ' Il1BWI1XCSI rpynn. a TaK)l{C no-
nbITKI1 OCMbICJlCHI1S1 CnCl\I1<pl1lJCCKI1X CBOHCTB <pcHoMcHa B l\CJlOM. Pa60TbI 06wcro
nJlaHa KacalOTCSI B OCHOBHOM np06JleMbI npoI1CXO)l{)I,CHI1S1 3BCpl1HOro CTI1JlSl 11 cro
CeMaHTI1KI1.
«CaBpoMaTcKM KYJlbTypa» )l,OJlrOC BpeMSI paCCMaTpl1BanaCb HC OT)I,enbHO, KaK
caMOCTOSlTCJlbHOC SlBJlCHl1e, a JlI1Wb KaK lJaCTb 06WCCKI1<pCKOH. 3TO 06bSlCHSlCTCSI
TCM, lJTO «caBpoMaTCKl1x» naMSlTHI1KOB 6bIJlO 113BCCTHO CJlI1WKOM Mano, lJT06bI BbI-
SlBI1Tb HX Cnel\I1<pl1lJCCKl1e lJepTbI 11 BbI)I,CJlI1Tb B oc06yIO rpynny, TCM 60Jlee lJTO Ha-
CeJlCHl1e HI1)l{HCro nOBOJl)l{bSi 11 IO)l{HOrO npl1ypanbSl COCTaBJlSlJlO C)I,I1HYIO KYJlb-
TypHO-I1CTOpl1lJecKYIO 06WHOCTb co BCCM CKI1<po-caKCKI1M Ml1pOM. 06wcc nOHSlTl1e
«)I,pCBHOCTI1 CKI1<pCKOH KYJlbTypbl» BKJllOlJanO B cc6S1 pa3HOpO)l,HbIH MaTCpl1an na-
MSlTHI1KOB EBpa31111 OT CpC)I,HCH EBponbI )1,0 MaHblJ)l{ypl1l1. Bcc BHI1MaHl1e apxco-
nOrHlJCCKOH HaYKI1 XIX B. 6bIJlO 06pawcHo Ha I1CCJlC)I,OBaHI1C aHTI1'IHbIX naMSlTHI1-
KOB CCBCpHOro npl1lJCpHOMOpbSl 11 CKI1<pCKI1X )l,pCBHOCTCH CTenHblX paHoHoB IOra
POCCI1I1. HI1)l{HCC nOBOJl)l{bC 11 IO)l{HOC npl1ypanbe 6blJll1 6CJlbIM nSiTHOM Ha apxco-
JlOrHlJeCKOH KapTc TOro BpCMCHI1. 3TI1 TCppl1TOp1111 )l,OJlro OCTaBanl1Cb ncpl1<pcpl1CH
KaK C TOlJKH 3pCHI1S1 I1X Y)I,anCHHOCTI1 OT OCHOBHblX paHoHoB apxcoJlOrl1lJCCKI1X
pacKonoK, TaK 11 C n0311l\1111 aHanl13a CaMI1X HaXO)l,OK, MCHCC SlpKI1X, lJCM B naMSlT-
HI1KaX IO)l{HOpYCCKI1X cTcncH.
VlCCJlC)I,OBaHI1C 3Bepl1Horo CTI1JlSl nOBOJl)l{CKoro 11 YpanbcKoro pCrHOHOB B CKI1<p-
CKYIO 3noxy, Tpa.ll.I1l\110HHO Ha3bIBaCMoro «caBpoMaTCKI1M», caMbIM HenOCpC)I,CT-
BCHHbIM 06pa30M YBSl3aHo C )l,BYMSI Kap)l,l1HanbHbIMI1 BonpOCaMI1 apxcoJlorHl1 EBpa-
31111: 3THoKynbTYPHOH I1CTOpHCH nnCMCH nOBOn)l{bSlI1 npHypanbSl B 3noxy paHHcro
)l{CJle3a 11 3BCpl1HbiM CTI1JlCM CBpa311HCKI1X HapO)l,OB CKI1<pCKoro BpCMCHI1. 3TI1 BO-
npOCbI BCCbMa aKTyanbHbI B HaCTOSlwCC BpCMSI, lJTO nO)l,lJCpKI1BaCT He06xo)l,I1MOCTb
PCWCHI1S1 11 60JlCC lJaCTHOH 3a)l,alJH - nOJlHOH apXCOJlOrHlJCCKOH 11 I1CKYCCTBOBC)I,-
lJCCKOH xapaKTCpl1CTI1KI1 «caBpOMaTCKoro» 3BCpl1HOro CHIJlSl. B CBOIO OlJCpC.lI.b,
113YlJCHI1C 3BcpHHoro CTl1nSl CBpa3I1HCKI1X KOlJCBHI1KOB B l\eJlOM )l,CMOHCTpl1pYCT
onpC)I,CJlCHHbIC ycncxl1l1 )l,OCTI1)l{CHI1C npl1Hl\l1nl1anbHbIX 0606weHI1H.
Bonpoc 0 paCCeJleH1111 caBpOMaTOB MO)l{eT 6bITb PCWCH JlI1Wb npl1 YCJlOBI1I1
TWaTeJlbHOrO 113YlJCHI1S1 apXCOJlOrl1lJCCKOrO MaTCpl1ana, a I1CCJle)l,OBaHI1C H cpaBHH-
TCJlbHbIH aHanl13 naMSlTHI1KOB HI1)l{HCro nOBOJl)l{bSi 11 IO)l{HOrO npl1ypanbSl n03BO-
JlSIT onpC)I,CJlI1Tb I1X 3THOKYJlbTypHYIO npI1Ha.1J,JlC)l{HOCTb. Vl3YlJCHI1C norpc6anbHoro
06pSl)l,a 11 K(l)I()I,OH OT)I,CJlbHOH KaTCrOpl111 BCWCH, B TOM lJl1CJlC 11 naMSlTHI1KOB I1C-
KYCCTBa, )l,aCT npC)I,CTaBJlCHI1C 0 CTCnCHI1 6Jll130CTI1 pa3BI1BaBWI1XCSI Ha 3TOH TCppH-
TOp 11 11 CKI1<P0I1)1,HbIX KYJlbTYp.
B a6COJllOTHOM 60JlbWI1HCTBC I1CCJlC)I,OBaHl1eM )l,peBHI1X XY)I,O)l{CCTBCHHbIX 113-
)l,CJlI1H KOlJeBHI1KOB EBpa31111 3aHI1Manl1Cb apXCOJlOrH. HaKOnHBWI1HCSI 60raTbIH Ma-
TCpl1an no I1CKYCCTBY nJlCMCH HI1)l{HCrO nOBOJl)l{bSi 11 IO)l{HOro npl1ypanbSl 11 OT-
CYTCTBI1C Ha HOBOM ypOBHC cro CnCl\l1anbHoro aHanl13a, a TaK)l{C, no CYwCCTBY, 11
cro a.1J,CKBaTHOH I1HTcpnpCTal\l1l1, KaK 11 Hcpa3pa60TaHHOCTb B HaYlJHOH JlI1TCpaTYpc
HCKOTOpbIX acnCKTOB I1CKYCCTBa HOMa.1J,OB BOCTOlJHOH OKpal1HbI CKI1<pI1I1, Tpc6YIOT
caMoro npl1CTanbHoro BHI1MaHI1S1 K 113YlJCHI11O 300MOP<PHbIX 11306pIDKCHI1H HI1)l{HC-
ro nOBOJl)l{bSi H IO)l{HOrO npl1ypanbSl CKI1<pCKOH 3nOXI1.
TOJlbKO B nOCJle)l,HCH lJCTBCpTI1 XIX B. HalJanOCb aKTI1BHOC 113YlJCHI1C apxcoJlo-
rH ' ICCKI1X naMSlTHI1KOB npl1ypanbSl 11 nOBOJl)l{bSi. HC3HalJI1TCJlbHOC KOJll1lJCCTBO npc)I,-
MCTOB 3BCpl1HOrO CTI1JlSl «caBpoMaTcKoH» KYJlbTypbl Ha <poHe MHOrolJl1CJlCHHbIX 11
pa3H006pa3HbIX no MaTCpl1any 11 60raTcTBY CIO)l{CTOB HaXO)l,OK npl1lJCpHOMopcKoro
3BCpl1HOrO CTI1JlSl )l,aBanO nOBO.ll. paCCMaTpl1BaTb nOBOJl)l{CKHe 11 npl1ypanbCKI1C 06-
pa3l\bI B paMKax CKI1<p0-CH6I1pCKOro I1CKyccTBa B l\CJlOM. ,l],anbHcHwce pa3BI1T1ie
CKI1<pOJlOrHl1, apxcoJlOrHlJCCKI1C paCKOnKI1 Ha WHpOKOH TCppl1TOpHI1 11 HaKOnJlCHI1C
MaTCpl1anOB 113 pa3Jll1lJHbIX paHOHOB pacnpOCTpaHCHI1S1 3BCpl1HOrO CTI1JlSl n03BOJlI1-
JlI1 BbI)I,CJlI1Tb CTI1JlI1CTI1 ' ICCKHC OC06CHHOCTH OT)I,CJlbHblX JlOKanbHbIX Bapl1aHTOB
3Toro CTI1JlSl 11 nOnbITaTbCSI npSlMO CBSl3aTb I1X C onpC)I,CJlCHHbIM 3THOCOM.
B KOHl\e XIX-HalJanc XX B. BCJlI1Cb CI1CTCMaTl1lJCCKI1C apXCOJlOrHlJCCKI1C HC-
CJlC)I,OBaHI1S1 naMSlTHHKOB HI1)l{HCro nOBOJl)l{bSi 11 IO)l{HOro npl1ypanbSl. PaCKOnKI1
<1>. ,l],. HC<pe)l,OBa, H. C. Ha3apOBa, A. A. Cnl1l\bIHa, C. VI. PY)I,CHKO 11 )l,PYrHX apxco-
JlOroB [CMl1pHOB 1964, c. 7-10], )l,CSlTCJlbHOCTb CapaToBcKoH 11 OpcH6yprcKoH
apXI1BHbIX KOMI1CCI1H cnoc06cTBoBanl1 HaKOnJlCHHIO MaTCpl1ana H C03)1,aHI11O 6a3bI
)l,JlSl 113YlJCHI1S1 KYJlbTypbI CTcnHoro nOBOJl)l{bSi 11 npl1ypanbSl CKH<pCKOro BpCMeHI1.
3TO )l,ano B03MO)l{HOCTb M. VI. POCTOBl\CBY HaY'IHo 0606wHTb 11 )l,aTl1pOBaTb MaTC-
pHan, BbI)I,CJlI1Tb cBoc06pa3HblH Bapl1aHT CKI1<pCKOH KYJlbTypbI 11, B lJaCTHOCTI1, 3BC-
pl1HOrO CTI1JlSl VI-IV BB. )1,0 H. 3. M. VI. POCTOBl\CB YKa3an Ha CYwCCTBCHHblC OT-
Jll1lJl1S1 opcH6yprcKI1x naMSlTHI1KOB OT npI1'ICpHOMOpCKI1X, OTMCTI1B pa3HI1l\Y B no-
rpc6anbHOM 06pSl)l,C, 0pY)l{I1H 11 3BCpl1HOM CTI1JlC lPOCTOBl\CB 1925, c. 613, 614].
Bbl)l,CJlI1B OC06CHHOCTI1 3BCpHHOro CTI1JlSl opcH6yprcKoH rpynnbI 11 nO)l,'ICpKHYB HX
onpC)I,CJlCHHOC cBoc06pa3I1C, OH C<II1Tan, lJTO «CTHJlb 3)1,CCb npC)I,CTaBJlCH cJla60, ro-
p(3)1,o cJla6cc, <ICM B CTcnSlX IOra POCCI1H, pa3BI1BaCTCSI MCHCC nbIWHO 11 MCHCC
CJlO)l{HO, lJCM TaM» [POCTOBl\CB 1918, C. 80]. OH YKa3an TaK)l{C Ha pO)l,CTBO 300-
MOP<pHbIX 11306pa)l{CHI1H nOBOJl)l{CKo-ypanbcKI1X naMSlTHHKOB C CI1611pCKI1M 3BCpl1-
HblM CTI1JlCM [POCTOBl\CB 1918, c. 66J. TaK 6blJll1 3anO)l{CHbl OCHOBbl )l,JlSl 113YlJCHI1S1
«caBpoMaTcKoro» I1CKyccTBa.
r. VI. bopoBKa, lJCTKO onpC)I,CJlI1BWI1H OCHOBHblC lJCpTbl CKI1<pcKoro 3BCpl1HOrO
CTI1JlSl H paccMOTpCBWI1H Wl1pOKI1H Kpyr 300MOP<PHbIX 11306pa)l{CHI1H CKI1<pCKOH
3nOxl1, B Onl1CaH1111 xY.ll.O)l{CCTBCHHbIX 113)1,CJll1H 113 OpcH6YP)l{bSi OTMCTI1Jl xapaK-
TCpHbIC npl1CMbI B H306pIDKCHI1H XI1WHI1KOB 3TOro pCrHOHa [Borovka 1928, c. 48].
O)l,HaKO BCC BblCKa3blBaHI1S1 I1CCJlC)I,OBaTencH Ha HalJanbHOM 3Tanc 113YlJCHHSI
300MOP<pHbIX 11306pIDKCHI1H nOBOJl)l{CKO- YpanbcKoro pCrHOHa 3nOXI1 paHHcro )l{C-
18
19
JIe3a HOCI1JII1 XapaKTep OT.D,eJIbHbIX 3aMe'-laHI1H 11 Ha6JIIO.D,eHI1H, a CaMI1 3TI1 XY.D,O-
)i(eCTBeHHbIe 113.D,eJII1H He CTaJJl1 npe.D,MeTOM Cnel(l1aJJbHoro 113Y<ieHI1H.
PaCKOnKI1 COBeTCKI1X apxeOJIOrOB [CMl1pHOB 1964, c. 11-23; )i{eJIe3'-II1KOB
1994, c. 27-38) .D,aJJl1 HOBblH MaTepl1aJJ .D,JIH 113Y<ieHI1H KYJ1bTYPbI .D,peBHero Hace-
JIeHI1H lO)i(Horo Opl1YPaJJbH 11 HI1)i(HerO OOBOJ1)i(bH, nOCJIY)i(I1BWI1H OCHOBOH .D,JIH
MHOrO<iI1CJIeHHbIX pa60T, HI1 O.D,Ha 113 KOTOpbIX, K CO)i(aJJeHI1IO, He 6blJIa nOCBHlileHa
Henocpe.D,CTBeHHO 3Bepl1HOMY CTI1JIIO. I1ccJIe.D,oBaTeJII1 KaCaJJl1Cb npe.D,MeTOB I1CKYC-
CTBa JII1Wb B CBH311 C ny6JII1Kal(l1eH OT.D,eJIbHbIX naMHTHI1KOB.
O. )],. Pay, 3aHI1MaBWI1HCH 113Y<ieHl1eM HI1)i(HerO OOBOJI)i(bJl, BnepBble CBH3aJJ
nOBOJI)i(CKl1e norpe6eHI1S1 C caBpOMaTaMI1. Y<ieHbIH nO.D,<iepKHYJI CBoe06pa:3I1e npe.D,-
MeTOB I1CKYCCTBa rI1nOTeTI14eCKI1X caBpOMaTOB 11 onpe.D,eJII1JI MeCTHbIH 3Bepl1HbIH
CTI1JIb KaK Bapl1aHT CKH<p0-CI16I1pCKOro. 3Bepl1HOMY CTI1JIIO 0.)],. Pay nOCBSlTI1JI
Cnel(l1aJJbHbIH pa3.D,eJI CBoeH KHl1r11. ABTOp Ocnapl1BaJJ MHeHl1e M. 11. POCTOBl(eBa 0
SlK06bI MeHee CJIO)i(HOM 11 MeHee nblWHOM pa3BI1THI1 3Toro CTI1JISI B OOBOJI)i(CKO-
YpaJJbCKOM perl10He, C<iI1TaSl, lITO M. l1. POCTOBl(eB He.D,OOl(eHI1JI opeH6yprCKI1e Ha-
XO.D,KH [Rau 1929, S. 41). OH TaK)i(e cnpaBe.D,JII1BO YKa3aJJ Ha 60JIee Wl1pOKOe, '-IeM B
CKH<pI1I1, I1cnOJIb30BaHI1e reOMeTpl1<ieCKI1X MOTI1BOB B 300MOP<pHbIX 11306pa)i(eHI1S1X
HI1)i(HerO OOBOJI)i(bH 11 Bbl.D,eJII1JI npe.D,MeTbI I1CKYCCTBa 3T0i1 Teppl1TOpl111 B caMO-
CTOSlTeJIbHYIO rpynny, I1MeHHO ee onpe.D,eJIeHHO CBSl3aB C caBpOMaTaMI1 fepo.D,OTa
[Rau 1929, S. 60). OTHOC ITeJIbHO paCCMaTpl1BaeMOro perl10Ha 3TO 6bIJIa nepBaSi
nOnbITKa HaJJO)i(I1Tb 0606lileHI1e apxeoJIOrl1<ieCKI1X Ha6JIIO.D,eHI1H Ha 3THoreorpa-
<p 11 <iecKYIO I1H<p0pMal(111O nl1CbMeHHbIX I1CTO<iHHKOB, LITO SlBJISleTCSI 3a.D,a<ieH, C O.D,-
HOH CTOpOHbI, <ipe3BbI<iai1Ho 3aMaH<iI1BOH, a C .D,PyroH - <ipeBaToi1 B03MO)i(HbIMI1
OWI16KaMI1.
Ba)i(HbIM 3TanOM B pa3BHTI1H 113Y<ieHI1S1 KYJIbTypbI «caBpOMaTOB» CTaJJa ny6JII1-
Kal(l1S1 6. H. fpaKoBblM MaTepl1aJJoB pacKonoK 1925 r. 60raToro norpe6eHHSI B
6JIIOMeH<peJIb.D,e. OH Cnel(l1aJJbHO I1CCJIe.D,OBaJJ npe.D,MeTbl HCKyccTBa, nOCBSlTI1B HM
rJIaBY cBoeH pa60Tbi 11 oc06eHHo 06paTI1B BHI1MaHl1e Ha KaTeropl11O BelileH, xapaK-
TepHYIO )),JIH «caBpoMaTCKl1x» naMSlTHI1KOB OOBOJI)i(bSl, npe.D,CTaBJIeHHYIO Cepl1eH
opHaMeHTl1pOBaHHbIx Ka6aHbl1X KJIbIKOB. 6. H. fpaKoB OTMeTI1JI KOMn03Hl(110HHbIe
oc06eHHocTI1 0<p0pMJIeHHSI KJlbIKOB, CJIO)KHOCTb 11 onpe.D,eJIeHHYIO Bbl<iypHOCTb KOM-
n03Hl(I1I1, 60Sl3Hb OCTaBI1Tb He3anOJIHeHHOe npOCTpaHCTBO, lITO .D,OCTl1raJJOCb, no ero
MHeHI1IO, BBe.D,eHl1eM Tex I1JII1 I1HbIX .D,OnOJIHI1TeJIbHbIX MOTI1BOB [Grakov 1928, p. 36).
OOCJIe.D,Hee, KaK npe.D,CTaBJISleTCSI, CJIe.D,yeT 06'bSlCHSlTb He TOJIbKO <iI1CTO <pOpMaJJb-
HbIMI1 npl1eMaMI1, HO, npe)K.D,e Bcero, CJIO)KHOH CeMaHTI1KOH TaKI1X 300Mop<pHo-reo-
MeTpl1 ' leCKI1X KOMn03Hl(I1i1. COBepweHHO cnpaBe.D,JII1BO MHeHHe aBTopa 0 TOM, LITO
caMa Belilb aCCOl(Hl1pOBaJJaCb C TYJIOBHlileM )KI1BOTHOro, <iaCTI1 KOToporo He npo-
pa60TaHbI, HO nO.D,pa3YMeBaIOTCJI 11 I1Hor.D,a HaMe<ieHbl I1JIH npe.D,CTaBJIeHbI B BI1.D,e
PY.D,HMeHTapHbIX 11306pa)KeHI1H (HanpI1Mep, PY.D,I1MeHT nepeLlHeH JIanbI, npeBpa-
TI1BWI1I1CSI B opHaMeHT HI1)i(HeH <ieJIIOCTI1) [Grakov 1928, p. 41]. 6. H. rpaKoB nOLl-
<iepKI1BaJJ JIerKOCTb 11 MacTepcTBo I1CnOJIHeHI1S1, BbICOKI1i1 ypoBeHb CTI1JII13al(1111 11
YTOH<ieHHOCTb 0<p0pMJIeHHSI, xapaKTepl13YIOlill1e xYLlO)i(eCTBeHHble 113LleJII1S1 113 6JIIO-
Me H<peJIb.D,a.
CnopHbIM npe.D,CTaBJISleTCSI YTBep)i(LleHl1e 0 LlerpaLlal(11 11 , HeKOTopOH CYXOCTI1
cmJISI H MOHOTOHHOCTI1 B LleTaJJSlX 11306pa)KeHHH [Grakov 1928, p.42). HecMoTpSl
Ha BbISlBJIeHHYIO caM06bITHOCTb CTI1JISI, HeCOMHeHHO HaJJl1<iHe OnpeLleJIeHHoro cxo)),-
CTBa C CI16HpCKHMI1 300MOp<pHbIMI1 11306pa)KeHHSlMH He TOJIbKO B nepeLla<ie OT-
LleJIbHbIX .D,eTaJJeH, HO 11 B Bbl60pe MOTI1BOB, CBSl3aHHbIX C MeCTHOH <PaYHOH [Gra-
kov 1928, p.59). COBepweHHo cnpaBeLlJIHBO 6. H. rpaKoB YKa3aJJ 11 Ha CYlileCT-
BeHHbIe pa3JII1<iI1S1 Me)K)),Y 113LleJII1S1MI1 3Bepl1HOrO CTHJISI 113 paHOHa OpCKa 11 00-
KpOBKI1, LITO CBI1.D,eTeJIbCTByeT 0 HeOLlHopO.D,HOCTI1 xY.D,O)i(eCTBeHHbIX naMSlTHI1KOB
fO)i(HOro OpHYPaJJbSl 11 B03MO)i(HOCTH I1X LlI1<p<pepeHl(l1al(l1l1. BnOJIHe npaBoMepHO
11 conOCTaBJIeHl1e 300MOP<pHbIX 11306pa)i(eHI1H OOLlOHbSl C «caBpoMaTCKIIMI1» 113Lle-
J1HJlMI1, OCHOBaHHoe Ha CxoLlCTBe nOCJIeLlHI1X npe)K)),e Bcero C MaCTlOrl!HCKHMI1 Ha-
xO.D,KaMI1 11 BbISlBJIeHl111 HeKoTopbIX 06lill1X )),JIH HI1X oc06eHHOCTeH. 003LlHee 6. H. rpa-
KOB npoaHaJJI1311pOBaJJ MaTepl1aJJ VI-IV BB. LlO H. 3. 113 H I1)KHero OOBOJI)KbSl 11
OpeH6yprcKoH 06JIaCTI1 11 npl1weJI K 3aKJlIO<ieHI1IO, LITO LlJISI 6JIIOMeH<peJIbLlCKOH
(caBpoMaTcKolI) KYJIbTYPbI xapaKTepeH 3Bepl1HblH CTI1JIb caKpaJJbHO-Mafl1<ieCKoro
3Ha<ieHI1S1, Wl1pOKOe npl1MeHeHl1e KOCTI1 [rpaKoB 1947, c. 104). ECJII1 B paHHI1X
CBOI1X pa60Tax OH BbICKa3bIBaJJ TO<iKY 3pemlSl 0 npI1HaLlJIe)i(HOCTI1 norpe6eHI1i1 00-
BOJI)i(bH CKH<paM, TO Tenepb OH npl1weJI K BbIBOLlY 0 CKI1<pCKOM xapaKTepe caB pO-
MaTcKoi1 KYJIbTypbI B l(eJIOM 11 OTHec K caBpOMaTaM H nOBOJI)i(CKYIO rpynny naMSlT-
HI1KOB, 11 npHypaJJbCKYIO.
)],0 60-x rr. CYlileCTBOBaJJl1 JIHWb OTLleJIbHble BbICKa3blBaHI1S1 11 C006pa)KeHI1S1
I1CCJIeLlOBaTeJIeH no nOBO.D,Y nOBOJI)KCKO-ypaJJbCKoro 3Bepl1HOrO CTI1JISI. E.D,IIHCT-
BeHHolI <PYH.D,aMeHTaJJbHOH pa60Toi1, nOCBSIlileHHOH 113Y<ieHI1IO 3Toro I1CKYCCTBa 11
Bonpocy ero npOI1CXO)i(LleHI1}!, CTaJJa MOHorpa<pl1}! K. <D. CMHpHOBa [CMHpHOB 1964).
3Ta pa60Ta OKa3aJJaCb nepBbIM CBOLlOM apxeOJIOrl1 ' IeCKOro MaTepl1aJJa, B TOM lII1C-
JIe npe.D,MeTOB I1CKYCCTBa, nJIeMeH, HaCeJI}!BWI1X orpOMHYIO Teppl1TOpl11O OT )],OHa
.D,O T060JIa, BKJIIO<iaSi HI1)KHee 11 Cpe.D,Hee nOBOJI)i(be 11 npl1ypaJJbe, BnJIOTb .D,O 4e-
JISl6I1HCKa, CTenHOH, JIeCOCTenHOH 11 .D,mKe JIeCHOH nOJIOCbl.
K. <D. CMl1pHOB .D,aJJ nOLlp06Hoe Onl1CaHl1e Bcex BelileH, paCCMOTpeB I1X no CIO-
)i(eTHbIM rpynnaM Ha Wl1pOKOM <pOHe aHaJJOrl1H C .D,PYrI1X Teppl1TOpl1H. BnepBbIe
6blJIa cepbe3HO nOCTaBJIeHa np06JIeMa «caBpOMaTCKoro» I1CKYCCTBa, ero npol1Cxo-
)KLleHI1}! 11 <pOpMHpOBaHI1S1. l1cCJIeLlOBaTeJIb npl1weJI K BbIBOLlY, LITO 3Bepl1HbIH CTI1JIb
caBpOMaTOB HI1)i(HerO nOBOJI)Kb}! OTJII1<iaeTC}! OT I1CKYCCTBa nJIeMeH fO)KHOro Opl1-
YPaJJb}! Y)Ke B VI B. .D,O H. 3., a B V B. 3TI1 pa3JII1<iI1S1 elile 60JIee YBeJII1<iI1BaIOTC}! [CMl1p-
HOB 1964, c. 243). OLlHaKo K. <D. CMl1pHOB C<iHTaJJ nJIeMeHa HI1)i(Hero OOBOJI)i(bSi 11
lO)i(Horo npl1YPaJJb}! HOCI1TeJISlMJ.! e.D,I1HOH caBpoMaTcKoH KYJIbTYPbl II Bbl.D,eJll1J1 I1X
JII1Wb B JIOKaJJbHbIe Bapl1aHTbI. CaBpoMaTcKoe I1CKYCCTBO OH paCCMaTpl1BaJJ KaK
nOBOJI)KCKO-YpaJJbCKI1i1 Bapl1aHT CKI1<p0-cI16I1pCKOro 3Bepl1HOrO CTI1J1}!, HO CTI1JII1-
CTI1<ieCKI1H aHaJJI13 BelileH C 300MOp<pHbIMI1 11306pa)KeHI1}!MI1 B ero pa60Te npaKTI1-
<ieCKI1 OTCYTCTBOBaJJ. 3TO, a TaK)i(e npl1BJIe<ieHl1e MaTepl1aJJa co CJII1WKOM 06wl1p-
HOH Teppl1TOpHI1 npl1BeJIO aBTopa K HeKoTopoH He ' IeTKOCTI1 BblBOLlOB 0 npHHa,D,-
JIe)KHOCTII OnpeLleJIeHHbIX rpynn 11 OT.D,eJIbHbIX BelileH K TOIlI1JII1 I1HOH KYJIbType.
B CBoeH nOCJIe.D,HeH CTaTbe [CMHpHOB 1976), nOCB}!lileHHOH caBpoMaTo-cap-
MaTcKoMY 3Bepl1HoMY CTI1JIIO, K. <D. CMl1pHOB OCTaJJC}! Ha npe)i(HI1X n0311l(I1S1X, OT-
HOC}! I1CKYCCTBO nJIeMeH 11 HI1)i(HerO nOBOJl)i(bH, 11 fO)i(HOrO npl1ypaJJbSl K KYJJbTY-
pe caBpoMaToB. OTMeTI1B CYlileCTBOBaHl1e .D,BYX rpynn pO,LJ,CTBeHHbIx nJIeMeH, OH
Bce )i(e C<i I1TaJJ , LITO e,LJ,I1HbIi1 nOBOJI)KCKO-YPaJJbCKI1H BapHaHT CKI1<p0-CI16I1pCKOro
3Bepl1Horo CTI1JISI CJIO)i(I1JIC}! He n03.D,Hee VI B. .D,O H. 3. K. <D. CMl1pHOB BblCKa3aJJ 11
BnOJIHe 060CHOBaHHoe MHeHl1e 06 OTCYTCTBHI1 KopHeH 3Bepl1Horo CTI1JISI Y npe,LJ,-
weCTBeHHI1KOB HOCI1TeJIei1 caBpoMaTcKoH KYJlbTypbI - nJleMeH n03,LJ,Hecpy6Hoi1 11
n03,LJ,HeaH,LJ,pOHOBCKOH KYJIbTYP [CMHpHOB 1976, c. 74). OH npl13HaBaJJ TaK)i(e 06lil-
HOCTb 300MOP<pHbIX 06pa30B, MOTHBOB H HeKoTopblX npl1eMOB CTI1JII13al(HI1 3BepH-
HOro CTI1JI}! OOBOJI)i(CKO-YPaJJbCKOro perl10Ha 11 I1CKyccTBa CKI1<pI1I1, KaBKa3a, 1O)i(-
HOH CI1611pl111 Cpe.D,HeH A3HI1 [CMHpHOB 1964, c. 243; 1976, c. 74).
He6e3bIHTepecHo 11 BnOJIHe OnpaB,LJ,aHHO CTpeMJIeHl1e yBI1.D,eTb B HeKoTopbIX MO-
TI1BaX 11 oc06eHHOCT}!X TpaKTOBKI1 CB}!3b nOBOJI)i(CKI1X 300MOP<pHbIX 11306pmKeHI1H
C 113.D,eJII1}!MI1 CeBepHoro KaBKa3a 11 CKI1<pI1I1, a TalOKe co Cpe.D,HI1M )],OHOM [CMl1pHOB
20
21
1964, c. 80]. 3TH Ha6mo,lJ,eHHH K. <1>. CMHpHOBa 1.Jpe3BbP-JaHHO B(l)J{HbI H 3aCJIY)\(H-
BalOT 60JIee nO,lJ,p06HOH pa3pa60TKH. YlcCJIe,lJ,OBaTeJIb C1.JHTaJ1, 1.JTO «3Ha1.JHTeJIbHlliI
1.JaCTb nOBOJI)\(CKHX H3,lJ,eJIHH, BbInOJIHeHHbIX B 3BepHHOM CTl1JIe, HOCI1T CJIe,lJ,bI
60JIbWOrO BJIHSlHHSI 3BepHHOrO CTHJISI OpH1.JepHOMOpbSl H CeBepHOrO KaBKa3a»
[CMHpHOB 1964, c. 243]. O,lJ,HOBpeMeHHo OH BbICKa3aJ1 MbICJIb 06 onpe,lJ,eJIeHHOM
BJIHSlHHH caBpoMaToB Ha I1CKYCCTBO KaBKa3a H oc06eHHo Cpe,lJ,HerO ,[I,oHa, HaMeTI1B
1.JepTbI CXO,lJ,CTBa B xY,lJ,O)\(eCTBeHHblx H3,lJ,eJIHSlX «caBpoMaToB» H nJIeMeH OO,lJ,OHbSl B
BbI60pe CIO)\(eTOB H oc06eHHocTSIX TpaKToBKH pSl,lJ,a 300MOP<pHbIX 06pa30B [CMHp-
HOB 1964, c. 243]. OCTaBaJ10Cb, npaB,lJ,a, He COBceM SlCHbIM, B 1.JeM HMeHHO BH,lJ,HT OH
:no 0601O,lJ,HOe BJIHSlHHe H pO,lJ,CTBO. TeMa Tpe60BaJ1a ,lJ,aJ1bHeHWeH KOHKpeTH3at.(HI1.
3Bepl1HbIH CTHJIb caMapO-YPaJ1bCKOH rpynnbI, no K. <1>. CMHPHOBY, HMeeT MHO-
ro 061llero C nOBOJI)\(CKHM, HO OTJIH'laeTCSI cBoe06pa3HeM B ClO)I{eTaX H HeKOTopbIX
npHeMax CTHJIH3aL(HH. YlcCJIe,lJ,OBaTeJIb YKa3aJ1 H Ha HeKOTopble oc06eHHOCTH, CBSI-
3bIBalOIllHe :ny rpynny C npe,lJ,MeTaMH HCKYCCTBa Ka3aXCTaHa, Cpe,lJ,HeH A3HH,
MHHYCHHCKOH KOTJIOBI1HbI H AJlTlliI [CMHpHOB 1964, c. 243].
B nOJIHe npaBoMepHbIM npe,lJ,CTaBJISleTCSI H YTBep)\(,lJ,eHHe 0 TOM, 1.JTO npOMe)l{Y-
T01.JHOe nOJIO)l{eHHe nOBOJI)I{CKo-ypaJ1bCKHX CTeneH onpe,lJ,eJIHJIO TeCHble CBSl3H H
3aBI1CHMOCTb caBpOMaTcKoro 3BepHHoro CTHJISI, «C O,lJ,HOH CTOpOHbI, OT 300MOp<p-
Horo HCKYCCTBa CKH<pI1H H OpHKy6aHbSl, C ,lJ,PyroH CTOpOHbI - OT aHaJ10rH1.JHOrO
CTHJlSI KmaxCTIlHa H fO)I{HOH CH6HPH» lCMl1pHOB 1976, c. 74]. 00 MHeHHIO K. <1>. CMHp-
HOBa, He BbI3bIBalOIlleMY B03p(l)J{eHHH, pe3YJIbTaTOM BJIHSlHHSI 3Bepl1HOrO CTHJISI CO-
Ce,lJ,HHX 06JIaCTeH 6bIJIO He MeXaHH1.JeCKOe 3aHMCTBOBaHHe, a TBop'IeCKlliI nepepa-
60TKa 06pa30B H 3JIeMeHTOB H OpraHH1.JeCKOe CJIHSlHHe HX C MeCTHOH OCHOBOH, CKa-
3aBweecSi Ha <pOpMl1pOBaHHH 11 pa3BI1THH caM06bITHOrO HCKYCCTBa HH)\(HerO
OOBOJI)I{bSi H fO)I{HOrO OpHYPaJ1bSl [CMHpHOB 1964, c. 242].
KJIaCcH<pHL(HpOBaB no ClO)I{eTaM 300MOp<pHb1e H306pa)l{eHHSI, OH nOKa3aJ1 KO-
JIH1.JeCTBeHHoe COOTHoweHHe pa3JIH1.JHbIX MOTHBOB H npe06JIa,lJ,aHHe HeKoTopbIX
06pa30B )l{HBOTHbIX Ha,LJ, ,lJ,PyrHMH. HecoMHeHHoH 3aCJIyroH SlBJISleTCSI H xapaKTepH-
CTHKa oc06eHHocTeH CTHJISI (3KcnpeccHSI, ,lJ,eKOpaTHBHocTb, 1.JaCTO nOJIHMop<pH3M
11306pa)l{eHHH) H HKoHorpa<pHSI OT,lJ,eJIbHbIX MOTI1BOB. 6eccnopHo BbI,lJ,eJIeHHe aBTO-
pOM pe3b6bl no KOCTH KaK XapaKTepHoro BH,lJ,a xY,lJ,O)l{eCTBeHHoro TBOp1.JeCTBa Me-
CTHblX MaCTepOB [CMl1pHOB 1976, c. 78]. Pe3Hbie KJIbIKH-nO,lJ,BeCKH B OCHOBHOM H
onpe,lJ,eJISIIOT cBoe06pa3He nOBOJI)I{CKOrO JIOKaJ1bHOrO BapHaHTa. K. <1>. CMHpHOB ne-
pe1.JHCJIHJI KaK OCHOBHble 1.JepTbI BOJI)I{CKo-ypaJ1bCKOrO BapHaHTa 3BepHHoro CTHJISI
Bbl,lJ,eJIeHHe H nO,lJ,1.JepKHBaHHe B H306p(l)J{eHI1S1X )l{HBOTHbIX Tex opraHOB, KOTopble
CI1MBOJIH3HPYIOT 30pKOCTb H CJIYx, CHJIY H 6blCTPOTY (rna3, yxo, pora, 3y6aCTaSi
naCTb, KJIIOB, KorrHCTble JIanbI), a TaK)I{e BBe,lJ,eHHe B OCHOBHble H306p(l)J{eHHSI ,lJ,0-
nOJIHHTeJIbHblX 300MOP<pHbIX MOTHBOB (B BH,lJ,e L(eJIbIX <pHryp H OT,lJ,eJIbHbIX 1.JaCTeH
3BepeH). YlcCJIe,lJ,OBaTeJIb CnpaBe,lJ,JlI1BO C1.JHTaJ1, 1.JTO 3TH 1.JepTbI xapaKTepHbI ,lJ,JIH
CKH<p0-CH6HpCKoro CTHJIH Bo061lle H JIHWHHH pa3 nO,lJ,TBep)l{,lJ,alOT 061llHe KOpHH
npOHCXO)\(,lJ,eHHSI 300MOp<pHOH CTHJIH3aL(HH Ha orpoMHbIX npoCTopax EBpa3HH B
cpe,lJ,e C 6JIH3KHM MHpoB033peHHeM [CMHpHOB 1976, c. 75].
OH OTMeTHJI TalOKe, 1.JTO B nOBOJI)I{CKO-YpaJ1bCKOM HCKyccTBe HeT aHTpono-
MOP<PHbIX H306p(l)J{eHHH B CL(eHaX 60pb6bI. 3TO 06CTOSlTeJIbCTBO 06'bSlCHSlJIOCb, Be-
pOSITHO, OTpa)l{eHHeM ,lJ,peBHero nJIaCTa MH<pOJIOfHH, 6JII13KOH aBecTHHcKOH, B KO-
TOpOM nepCOH(l)J{aMH «SlBJIHIOTCSI )l{HBOTHble, a ClO)I{eTOM - 60pb6a 3BepeH HJIH
CL(eHbI Tep3aHHSI» [CMHpHOB 1964, c. 245]. OH TaK)I{e C1.JI1TaJ1, 1.JTO KOMn03HL(HH co
CL(eHaMH 60pb6bI )l{HBOTHbIX CBSl3aHbi C reHeaJ10rH1.JeCKHMH MI1<paMH H KOpHHMH
YXO,lJ,SlT B TOTeMHCTH1.JeCKHe npe,lJ,CTaBJIeHHSI pO,lJ,oBoro 061lleCTBa [CMHpHOB 1964,
c. 246]. XOTH K. <1>. CMHpHOB H nOCBSlTHJI He60JIbWOH naCC(l)J{ B cBoeH KHHre co-
,lJ,ep)\(aTeJIbHOH cTopoHe 300MOp<p Horo HCKycCTBa, C1.JHTlliI CTHJIb TeCHO CBSl3aHHbiM
C MHpoB033peHHeM HOMa,LJ,OB, HX H,lJ,eOJIOrHeH 11 3nOCOM, cepbe3Horo BHHMaHHSI ce-
MaHTHKe H306p(l)J{eHHH OH He Y,lJ,eJII1JI, OrpaHH1.JI1BWI1Cb 3aMe1.JaHI1S1MH 061llero xa-
paKTepa 0 CaKpaJ1bHO-MarH1.JeCKOM CMbICJIe caBpoMaTcKoro H CKH<p0-CH6I1pcKoro
3BepHHoro CTHJIH H 0 TOM, 1.JTO 300MOp<pHb1e 06pa3bl, 6e3YCJIOBHO, HaBeSlHbl nepe-
)\(HTKaMH TOTeMHCTH1.JeCKI1X npe,lJ,CTaBJIeHI1H [CMHpHOB 1976, c.75]. O,lJ,HaKO OT-
CYTcTBHe rny60Koro ceMaHTH1.JeCKOrO aHaJ1H3a He MO)l{eT 6bITb ynpeKoM aBTOpy
TaKoro 061llero H MHOrOnJIaHOBOro HCCJIe,lJ,OBaHHSI, nOCKOJIbKY ceMaHTHKa - 06-
JIaCTb, Tpe6YIOIllllil OT,lJ,eJIbHOrO H3Y<IeHHSI H npHBJIe1.JeHHSI ,lJ,onOJIHHTeJIbHO WHpO-
Koro MaTepHaJ1a. MO)l{HO JIHWb nOCTaBHTb no,lJ, COMHeHl1e aKL(eHT, C,lJ,eJIaHHbIH
K. <1>. CMHpHOBbIM, KOTOpbIH nO,lJ,1.JepKHBaJ1, 1.JTO «caBpoMaTcKHH 3BepHHbIH CTHJIb,
KaK H BeCb 3BepHHbIH CTHJIb EBpa311H B L(eJIOM, SlBJISleTCSI npe)l{,lJ,e Bcero CTHJIeM ,lJ,e-
KopaTHBHbIM» [CMHpHOB 1964, c. 244].
OocJIe MOHorpa<pHH K. <1>. CMHpHoBa HenOCpe,lJ,CTBeHHo aHaJ1H3Y caBpoMaTo-
capMaTcKoro HCKyccTBa 6bIJIa nOCBSlllleHa KaH,lJ,H,lJ,aTCKlliI ,lJ,HCCepTaL(HSI 11. 51. MaJ1o-
BHL(KOH [MaJ10BHL(KlliI 1967a]. 3a,lJ,a1.JeH cBoeH pa60TbI 11.51. MaJ10BHL(KlliI nOCTa-
BHJIa, no cYlllecTBY, nepBYIO nOnbITKY 06061lleHHSI Bcero HMelOlllerocSi MaTepHaJ1a
no caBpoMaTcKoMY H capMaTcKoMY 3BepHHoMY CTHJIIO, KOTOpblH ,lJ,0 CHX nop «OCTa-
eTCSI n01.JTH 6eJIbIM nSiTHOM B cOBeTcKoH HCKyccTBOBe,lJ,1.JeCKOH HaYKe» [MaJ10BHL(-
KaSi 1967, c. 7]. OxapaKTepH30BaB OCHOBHble 3TanbI B pa3BHTHH capMaTcKoro HC-
KyccTBa, 11.51. MaJ10BHL(KlliI BCJIe,lJ, 3a K. <1>. CMHpHOBbIM BbI,lJ,eJIHJIa ero 113 CKH<pO-
cH6HpCKoro CTHJISI B L(eJIOM H npOCJIe,lJ,HJIa 061llHe 3aKOHOMepHOCTH B pa3BI1THH
3Toro HCKYCCTBa B nepHO,lJ, BoeHHOH ,lJ,eMOKpaTHI1 H CJIO)l{eHHSI KJIaCCOBOro 061lleCT-
Ba B cpe,lJ,e K01.JeBHH1.JeCKHX nJIeMeH.
YlCKYCCTBO caBpOMaTOB paCCMaTpHBaJ10Cb aBTopOM KaK paHHHH 3Tan capMaT-
CKoro HCKYCCTBa. OHa OTMeTHJIa, 1.JTO ,lJ,peBHee nOBOJI)I{CKO-ypaJ1bCKOe HaCeJIeHHe
1.JepnaJ10 300MOp<pHb1e 06pa3bI H3 oKpy)\(alOllleH <PaYHbI, a 1.JaCTH1.JHO 3aHMCTBOBaJ10
HX Y COCe,lJ,HHX nJIeMeH. fO)I{HOe OpHYPaJ1be H HH)I{Hee OOBOJI)I{be paCCMaTpHBa-
JIHCb KaK ,lJ,Ba L(eHTpa <pOpMHpOBaHHSI capMaTCKOH KYJIbTypbI, HaCeJIeHHble
pO,lJ,CTBeHHbIMH nJIeMeHaMH.
00 cpaBHeHHIO C pa60TaMH K. <1>. CMHpHOBa, aBTOp Y,lJ,eJISIeT 60JIbWe BHHMa-
HHSI CTI1JIHCTH'IeCKOMY acneKTY, TeM caMbIM npe,lJ,npHHHMaSi nepBYIO nOnbITKY pac-
CMOTpeTb npe,lJ,MeTbI «caBpOMaTCKoro» 3BepHHoro CTHJISI C HCKYCCTBOBe,lJ,1.JeCKOH
TO'lKH 3peHHSI. KaK npe,lJ,CTaBJISleTCSI, 11.51. MaJ10BHL(KlliI H3JIHWHe nO,lJ,1.JepKHYJIa
peaJ1HCTH1.JeCKHe TeH,lJ,eHL(HH B «caBpOMaTCKHX» xY,lJ,O)l{eCTBeHHbIX H3,lJ,eJIHSlX [Ma-
JIOBHL(KaSi 1967, c. 7], TaK KaK, HecMoTpSl Ha Y3HaBaeMocTb onpe,lJ,eJIeHHbIX 1.JepT H
npH3HaKoB )l{HBOTHbIX, nepe,lJ,aHHbIX ,lJ,peBHHMH MacTepaMH, BpSl,lJ, JIH TepMHH «pea-
JIH3M» YMecTeH B npHMeHeHHH K HCKYCCTBY 3BepHHoro CTHJISI, eCJII1 no,lJ, peaJ1H3-
MOM nO,lJ,pa3YMeBaeTCSI He TOJIbKO B03MO)l{HOCTb Y3HaBaHI1S1 OT,lJ,eJIbHbIX ,lJ,eTaJ1eH
HaTypbl, HO H He06xo,lJ,HMOCTb npe,lJ,CTaBHTb HaH60JIee nOJIHYIO KapTI1HY H rny60-
Koe nOHHMaHHe peaJ1bHOH ,lJ,eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTI1, OTpa3HB ee B xY,lJ,O)l{eCTBeHHblx 06-
pa3ax [KOpOJIbKOBa 1996, c.32]. CO,lJ,ep)l{aHHeM HCKyccTBa 3BepHHoro CTI1JISI
11.51. MaJ10BHL(KaSi CneL(HaJ1bHO He 3aHHMaJ1aCb H OrpaHI1'1HJIaCb He60JIbWI1M nac-
Ca)l{eM, B KOTOpOM BbICKa3aJ1aCb 3a MarH'IeCKYIO npHpO,lJ,Y HCKYCCTBa caBpOMaTOB,
OTp(l)J{eHHSI B HeM n03HaHHSI OKpY)I{alOllleH <PaYHbI H 3aKpenJIeHHSI 061lleCTBeHHoro
OnbITa [MaJ10BHL(KaSi 1967, c. 7], 1.JTO npe,lJ,CTaBJISleTCSI HeCKOJIbKO ynpollleHHblM
nOHHMaHHeM 300MOp<pHoro HCKYCCTBa.
JI. 5I. MaJ10BHL(KlliI OTMe'laeT, '1TO B HCKYCCTBe 3BepHHoro CTHJIH caBpOMaTCKO-
ro BpeMeHH, «HeCMOTpH Ha Ka)l{YllleecSi 0,lJ,Ho06pa3He, MO)l{HO ,lJ,OBOJIbHO '1eTKO BbI-
,lJ,eJIHTb ,lJ,Ba OTJIH'IHbIX ,lJ,Pyr OT ,lJ,Pyra paHOHa: lO)\(HbIH Ypan H HH)\(Hee OOBOJI-
22
23
)f(be» [ManOBI1l.(KaSi 1967, c. 7]. )..(nSi IQ)f(HOro Ilpl1ypanbSl 60nee xapaKTepHbl
6poH3a, KaMeHb 11, B MeHbweH CTeneHI1, KOCTb, Torj1a KaK ,L(nSi HI1)f(HerO I1oBomKbSl
KOCTb - 113nlO6neHHblH MaTepl1an [ManOBI1IJ,KaSi 1967, c. 8]. I1paB,L(a, B lO)f(HOM
I1pl1ypanbe npe,L(MeTbI I1CKyccTBa B 3HaYl1TenbHOH Iepe TO)f(e npe,L(CTaBneHbl 113,L(e-
nl1S1MI1 113 KOCTI1, HO, KaK C1.JI1TaeT II. 51. ManOBI1IJ,K3H, OHI1 nOSlBnSlIOTCSI TaM TonbKO
B V-IV BB. ,L(O H. 3., n03)f(e, <ieM B HI1)KHeM I1oBOJ1JKbe. TaKaSi ,L(aTl1pOBKa nOSIBne-
HI1S1 113,L(en11H 113 KOCTI1 B lO)f(HOM I1pllypanbe npe,L(CTaBnSleTCSI 3aBblweHHOH, a
npl1,L(aHlIe eH 3HayeHI1S1 ,L(l1arHOCTl1pYIOlilero npl13HaKa - TeH,L(eHUI103HblM. YTO
KacaeTCSI 6pOH30BblX npe,L(MeTOB, TO OHlI, no BepHOMY Ha6nlO,L(eHHIO II. 51. Mano-
BI1l.(KOH, ,L(alOT 60nee nonHYIO KapTlIHY pa3BI1TH I1CKyccTBa I1MeHHO lO)f(Horo
I1pHypanbSl [ManOBI1l.(KiUI 1967, c. 9]. I1oSlBneHl1e nOfll1Mopqmblx 06pa30B II. 51. Ma-
nOBHl.(KaSi CBSl3blBaeT C npol.(eCCOM Cmt5lHI1S1 YepT peanbHo cYlilecTBYlOlill1X )f(HBOT-
HblX 11 qJaHTaCTI11.JeCKOrO 06pa3a rpH<poHa, He 06b CHSISI CYlilHOCTI1 3Toro SlBneHI1S1
H 3Ha<ieHHSI TaKI1X CI1HKpeTI1 ' leCKHX 06pa30B.
Bcne,L( 3a K. <D. CMl1pHOBblM II. 51. ManOBHl.(KaH C<iI1TaeT, 1.JTO, «HeCMOTpSl Ha
HeKOTOpylO pa3HI1l.(y B TeMaTI1Ke 11 B MaTepl1ane lOIKHoro I1pl1ypanbSl 11 HH)f(HerO
I1oBOn)f(bSl, B CTl1nI1CTI1<ieCKOM OTHoweHHlI caBpOMarCKoe BpeMSI npe,L(CTaBnSleT CO-
60H e,L(I1HbIH BapllaHT 3Bepl1HOrO CTl1nSl CKlI<pCKOro BpeMeHI1» [ManOBHl.(KaSi 1967a,
c.87].
B nOCne,L(Hl1e ,L(eCSlTltneTHSI 6bInH C,L(enaHbl llpe3Bbl1.JaHHO HHTepecHble apxeono-
rHyeCKl1e OTKpbLTI1S1, npe,L(OCTaBI1BWl1e HOBblli MaTepHan ,L(nSi 113Y<ieHI1S1 3Bepl1Horo
CTl1nSl HI1)f(HerO I1oBOn)f(bSi 11 IO)f(HOro I1pl1ypalbSi. Ho pa60Tbl, KacalOlilHecSi
npe,L(MeTOB I1CKyccTBa, HOCSIT '1I1CTO ny6nl1Kal.(110HHblH xapaKTep, Hanpl1Mep CTaTbSl
E. K. MaKCI1MOBa [MaKcIlMoB 1976], B KOTOpOH ony6nHKoBaHbi npeKpacHble 06-
pa3l.(bl 300MOP<pHbIX 11306pa)f(eHlIH KOHl.(a V!-Ha1.Jana V B. ,L(O H. 3., nOnOnHI1BWl1e
cepl1lO opHaMeHTl1pOBaHHblX Ka6aHbl1X KJJblKOB, Hal160nee SlpKO xapaKTepH3ylO-
lill1X «caBpOMaTCKI1i1» 3Bepl1Hbli1 CTl1n b. KpOMe orHicaHI1S1 BelileH 11 npl1Be,L(eHHblX
aHanOrHH, B 3TOH pa60Te elile pa3 nO,L(TBep)f(,L(aKJTCSI BblBO,L(bl K. <D. CMHpHOBa 0
B3al1MOCBSl3S1X 11 B3aHMOBnl1S1HI1S1X HaCeneHI1S1 Hl1Jlmero I1oBOn)f(bSi H CeBepHoro
KaBKa3a B CKI1<pCKoe BpeMSI [MaKcHMoB 1976, c. 217] 11 nO,L(YepKHBaeTcSI oTCyrCT-
Bl1e ClJ,eH 60pb6bl )f(I1BOTHbIX. ABTOpOM npOCne)f(HBaerCSI B03,L(eHCTBl1e BlleWHI1X BnHSI-
HI1H, I1,L(YlilI1X 113 pa3nl1 ' IHblX paHoHoB - I1pHypalbSl, KaBKa3a 11 OT1.JaCTI1 rpe'le-
CKI1X l.(eHTpoB CeBepHoro I1pl1<iepHOMOpbSl [MaKcIiMoB 1976, c. 218].
Donbwoe 3Ha<ieHHe ,L(nSi ,L(aJlbHei1wero 113Y ' leHIiSi CKH<pOH,L(HblX KynbTYP HI1)f(-
Hero I1oBOn)f(bSi 11 lO)f(Horo I1pHypanbSl I1MelOT MaTepHaJlbl caBpoMaTcKoro BpeMe-
HH 113 paCKonOK naMSlTHI1KOB Ypano-Ka3aXCTaHCKHX CTeneH, ony6nl1KoBaHHble
M. K. Ka,L(blp6aeBblM H )j{. K. KypMaHKynoBbIM [Ka,L(blp6aeB 1984; Ka,L(blp6aeB,
KypMaHKynoB 1976] 11 ,L(PYrHMH I1CCne,L(OBaTenJlMH [KY3Hel\oBa, KYPMaHKynoB
1993; raBpl1nlOK, Tal1poB 1993]. Ho 11 3TI1 lIccneJ!OBaTenl1 He KaCaJlHCb c06CTBeH-
HO np06neM caBpOMaTCKoro I1CKycCTBa, npe,L(OCTaBHB nl1Wb Onl1CaHHSI xY,L(O)f(eCT-
BeHHblX H3,L(en11H 11 ,L(aB 06lilYlO I1HTepnpeTal.(111O JJaMSlTHHKOB, MaTepl1aJ1aM KOTO-
PbIX, no MHeHlIlO aBTopOB, 6nl1)f(e Bcero aHaJlOfll'IHble II3,L(enl1S1 113 YHrapaKa 11
,L(pyrHx caKCKHX MOrHnbHI1KOB [Ka,L(blp6aeB, KYPlvlaHKynoB 1976, c. 155; Ka,L(blp-
6aeB 1984, c. 92 93]. K <iltcny KpynHeiiwllx OTKpblmi1, C,L(enaHHbiX 3a nOCne,L(Hee
,L(eCSITHneTlle, HeCOMHeHHO, OTHOCSlTCSI paCKOnKI1 I-ro <Dl1nl1nnOBCKoro KypraHa B
OpeH6YP)Kbe. Bbl,L(alOlilHeCSI HaXO,L(KI1 113 <DHnl1nnOBCKoro KypraHa MHOr01.JI1CneH-
HblX npe,L(MeTOB I1CKYCCTBa, o<popMneHHblX B 3Bepl1HOM CTl1ne, n03BonSiIOT CYlile-
CTBeHHO ,L(OnOnHI1Tb npe,L(CTaBneHI1S1 0 xY,L(O)KeCTBeHHOH KynbType CKI1<pCKoro Bpe-
MeHI1 Ha 3TOH Teppl1TOpl1l1. OCTaeTCSI nl1Wb CO)f(a.I1eTb, LITO 3TH MaTepl1anbl ,L(O CI1X
nop OCTalOTCSI npaKTH1.JeCKH He 113,L(aHHbIMI1, 3a I1Cl<nlO<ieHl1eM He60nbWOH Henon-
HOH ny6nl1Kal.(1111 aBTopa paCKonOK 11 pSl,L(a KpaTKI1X O<iepKOB B pa3m14HbIX 3apy-
6e)KHblX 6YKneTaX 11 nepl10,L(l1yeCKI1X H3,L(aHlISiX [I1weHH1.JHIOK 1989; Psjenitjnjuk
1990; Pchenitchniouk 1994]. To )Ke caMoe OTHOCHTCSI 11 K MaTepl1anaM pacKonoK
nOCne,L(HI1X neT B HI1)KHeM I1oBOn)Kbe, r,L(e OTKpblTbl I1HTepecHei1wHe naMSlTHI1KH
(XorneYTOBO, Kpl1BaSi IIYKa) C HaXO,L(KaMH 60nbworo 1.Jllcna He06bl1.JHblX 11 SlpKI1X
npe,L(MeToB I1CKyccTBa [Dvornitjenko 1990; Dvornitchenko, Fedorov-Davydov
1994; )..(BopHII1.JeHKO, Olll1p-rOpSieBa 1997; Ocir-GOIjaeva M. A. 2005].
I1y6nI1Kal.(111O Cnel.(I1<pI1<ieCKOli rpynnbl caBpoMaTcKllx norpe6eHI1i1 Ha HI1)KHeM
)..(OHY npe,L(cTaBnSleT C060H 11 KHl1ra B. E. MaKCI1MeHKO [MaKCI1MeHKO 1983].
Henb3S1 He 3aMeTI1Tb, LITO B nOCne,L(Hee BpeMSI IICCne,L(OBaHIISI COCpe,L(OT01.Jl1nHCb
B OCHOBHOM Ha II3Y1.JeHI1I1 OT,L(enbHblX naMSlTHI1KOB, a He Ha np06neMe B l.(enoM. EcnH
I1. )..(. Pay, D. H. rpaKoB 11 K. <D. CMl1pHOB paccMaTpllBanl1 MaTepl1an B CBeTe no,L(-
HSiTOH I1MI1 Kap,L(I1HanbHOH np06neMbl, TO nocne BblXO,L(a MOHorpa<p1111 K. <D. CMl1p-
HOBa B pa60Tax Bcex noCne,L(YlOlill1x IICCne,L(OBaTeneH, onHpaBwllxcSI Ha ero BbIBO-
,L(bl, He TonbKO HeT nonblTOK HOBOro peweHHSI Bonpoca, HO, no CYlileCTBY, He 3a-
TparHBaeTCSI 11 caMa np06neMa.
B OTnl11.Jl1e OT CKI1<pCKoro 3Bepl1HOrO CTl1nSl, Wl1pOKaSi np06neMaTI1Ka KOToporo
nonY1.Jl1na ,L(On)KHOe oCBelileHHe 11 pa3pa60TKY B I1CCne,L(OBaHI1S1X nOCne,L(Hero Bpe-
MeHI1 Ha Ka<ieCTBeHHO IIHOM ypoBHe, I1CKyCCTBO HI1)KHerO I1oBOn)KbSl 11 lO)KHoro
I1pl1ypanbSl ,L(O CI1X nop npaKTl1'leCKI1 OCTaeTCSI 3a npe,L(enaMII BHIIMaHI1S1 apxeono-
rOB 11 HCKyccTBOBe,L(OB. Ylccne,L(OBaHHe B ,L(aJlbHeHWeM MO)KeT I1,L(TI1 no nYTIt 113Y<ie-
HI1S1 HKOHorpa<p1111 OT,L(enbHbiX MOTI1BOB, HaMe'leHHOMY CKI1<ponoraMI1 [YlnbI1HCKaSi
1971; YneHoBa 1962; WKypKO 1969; 1982]. TaKoH nYTb 113Y ' leHI1S1 OT,L(enbHblX CIO-
)KeTOB, IIMeIOlill1X napannenll B pa3nH<iHblX 06naCTSIx pacnpocTpaHeHI1S1 3Bepl1HOrO
CTl1nSl, npe,L(CTaBnSleTcSI nepCneKTI1BHbIM, XOTSI 11 He e,L(I1HCTBeHHO B03MO)KHbIM [Ye-
)KI1Ha (KoponbKoBa) 1984].
I10,L(BO,L(SI HTor BceMY C,L(enaHHoMY no np06neMe «caBpoMaTCKoro» 3Bepl1HOrO
CTl1nSl, HY)KHO OTMeTI1Tb, 1.JTO Bce I1CCne,L(OBaTenl1 npl1wnl1 K MHeHl110 0 xapaKTep-
HOCTI1 ,L(nSi Hero 06pa30B BonKa H Me,L(Be,L(SI, CBSl3aHHblX C MeCTHoH <PaYHOH. HeMa-
nOB(l)KHO nO,L('lepKHYTb TaK)Ke 11 06lilee e,L(I1HO,L(YWl1e B Bbl,L(eneHI1I1 ,L(BYX rpynn xy-
,L(O)KeCTBeHHblx H3,L(enI1H, 6e3ycnoBHo, I1MeIOlill1X onpe,L(eneHHOe CXO,L(CTBO, HO 06-
na,L(alOlill1X 11 cYlilecTBeHHblMI1 pa3nH1.JI1S1MI1, CBOHCTBeHHblMI1 Ka)K,L(OMY paHoHY B
OT,L(enbHOCTI1.
AHaJlI13 npe,L(MeTOB 3Bepl1HOrO CTIWSI HI1)KHerO I1oBOn)KbSl 11 lO)KHoro I1pl1-
ypanbSl n03BOnl1n Bbl,L(enl1Tb ,L(Be rpynnbl, OTnl11.JalOlill1eCSI B CIO)KeTHO-CTl1nI1CTI11.Je-
CKOM OTHOWeHI1I1, 11 HaMeTI1Tb pa3Hoe HanpaBneHHe KynbTypHblX cBSl3eH 060l1x
paHoHoB [Ye)KI1Ha (KoponbKoBa) 1983]. HI1)KHeBOn)KCKaSi rpynna onpe,L(eneHHO TSI-
roTeeT K xY,L(O)KeCTBeHHoH KynbType CKI1<pHI1 11 CeBepHoro KaBKa3a, B TO BpeMSI
KaK ypaJIbCKl1e naMSlTHI1KI1 HaXO,L(SlT ce6e 6nl1)Kai1wl1e aHanOrl111 B cH6HpCKI1X 11
Cpe,L(Hea3l1aTCKI1X ,L(peBHocTSIX. I1pe,L(CTaBnSleTcSI, LITO, HeCMOTpSl Ha 113BeCTHYlO 6nl1-
30CTb 300MOP<pHbIX 11306p(l)KeHI1H 3TI1X rpynn, BblSlBneHHble pa3nH1.JHSI HaCTonbKO
CYlileCTBeHHbl, 1.JTO n03BonSiIOT nOCTaBI1Tb Bonpoc 0 B03MO)KHOH pa3H03THI11.JHOCTI1
I1X C03,L(aTeneH 11 HenpaBOMepHOCTI1 npl1nJ.tCblBaHI1S1 KynbTypbl 060l1x perHOHOB
caBpOMaTaM. 3TOT Te3I1C, Bbl,L(BHHYTbli1 Ha 6a3e conOCTaBneHHSI CBe,L(eHI1H aHTI1<i-
HblX nl1CbMeHHblX I1CT01.JHI1KOB )..(. A. Ma1.JHHCKI1M [Ma<iHHCKI1H 1971, c. 42], 6bln
nOLUJ.ep)KaH MHOIO Ha OCHOBaHl111 aHanl13a npe,L(MeToB I1CKyccTBa 3Bepl1HOrO CTHnSi
[Ye)KI1Ha (KoponbKoBa) 1983, c.28]. 3THI14eCKaSi npHHa,L(ne)KHOCTb KaK IO)KHO-
ypanbcKoH, TaK 11 HH)KHeBOn)KCKOH rpynn naMSlTHI1KOB He MO)KeT C1.JHTaTbCSI B Ha-
CTOSIlilee BpeMSI OKOH<iaTenbHO peweHHoi1 [Ye)KI1Ha (KoponbKoBa) 1983] 11 OCTaeT-
CSI ,L(HCKYCCI10HH0i1, TeM 60nee 1.JTO aHTI1<iHble nl1CbMeHHble I1CTO<iHI1KI1 He ,L(alOT
25
24
OCHOBaHI1H ,lJ,JUI npSlMOrO OTO)J(,lJ,eCTBJIeHI1S1 I1X HaCeJIeHI1S1 C CaBpOMaTaMI1 [Ma1.JI1H-
CKI1H 1971]. B nOCJIe,lJ,YlOlill1e rO,lJ,bI 6JIaro,lJ,apSi ny6JII1KaL\1111 pa60T M. A. 01.Jl1p-rO-
pSieBoH, I1CCJIe,lJ,OBaBWeH apxeoJIOrH1.JeCKl1e naMSlTHI1KI1 HI1)J(Hero f10BOJI)J(bSi VI-
IV BB. ,lJ,O H. 3. [01.Jl1p-rOpSieBa 1988] 11 C,lJ,eJIaBWeH y6e,lJ,I1TeJIbHb1H BbIBO,lJ, 0 HeB03-
MO)J(HOCTI1 npl1nl1CbIBaHI1S1 I1X caBpoMaTaM, B «CaBpOMaTcKOH» np06JIeMe cOBep-
weHHO S1BHO HaMeTI1JIaCb TeH,lJ,eHL\I1S1, BbIpa311BwaSicSi B nOCTeneHHOM npl13HaHI111
He06xo,lJ,I1MOCTI1 pa3,lJ,eJII1Tb HI1)J(Hee f1oBOJI)J(be 11 lO)J(Hoe f1pl1YPaJIbe CKI1Q)CKOro
BpeMeHI1 Ha ,lJ,Ba caMOCTOSlTeJIbHbIX KYJIbTypHbIX MaCCI1Ba [MOwKOBa 1994a, c. 9].
TOJIbKO KOMnJIeKCHOe 113Y1.JeHl1e Bcex KaTerOpl1H apxeoJIOrl11.JeCKI1X MaTepl1aJIOB 11
cKpynYJIe3HOe conOCTaBJIeHl1e I1X co CBe,lJ,eHI1S1MI1 aHTI11.JHbIX aBTopoB CMO)J(eT npl1-
BeCTI1 Bonpoc K OKOH1.JaTeJIbHOMY peWeHI1IO. ,[I,aJIeKO He nOCJIe,lJ,Hee MeCTO B CPYH-
,lJ,aMeHTe ,lJ,JISI peWeHI1S1 3TOH np06JIeMbI npI1Ha,LJ,JIe)J(I1T aHaJII13Y npe,lJ,MeTOB I1CKYC-
CTBa 113 naMSlTHI1KOB C Teppl1TOpl111 HI1)J(Hero f10BOJI)J(bSi 11 lO)J(Horo f1pI1YPaJIbSi.
01.JeBI1,lJ,HO O,lJ,HO: BO 1136e)J(aHl1e nYTaHI1L\bI He06xo,lJ,I1MO C 60JIbWeH OCTOP0)J(-
HOCTblO nO,lJ,XO,lJ,I1Tb K 3THWIeCKOH l1,lJ,eHTl1cpI1KaL\1111 apxeOJIOrl11.JeCKI1X KYJIbTYP, He-
CMOTpSl Ha 3aMaH1.JI1BOCTb nO,lJ,06HbIX OTO)J(,lJ,eCTBJIeHI1H.
TaKI1M 06Pa30M, oxapaKTepl130BaB COBpeMeHHoe COCTOSlHl1e np06JIeMbI «caB-
pOMaTCKoro» 3Bepl1HOrO CTI1JISI 11 nO,lJ,bITO)J(I1B Bce I1MeIOlilHecSi T01.JKI1 3peHI1S1, CJIe-
,lJ,yeT nO,lJ,1.JepKHYTb ee no-npe)J(HeMY COXpaHSIlOlilYIOCSI ,lJ,I1CKYCCI10HHOCTb 11 aKTY-
aJIbHOCTb. YlMelOlill1eCSI B HaweM pacnopSl)J(eHI1I1 ,lJ,aHHbIe Y)J(e CeH1.JaC n03BOJISIIOT
BbICKa3aTbCSI npOTI1B Te311ca 0 e,lJ,I1HCTBe xY,lJ,O)J(eCTBeHHOH KYJIbTypbI HI1)J(Hero f10-
BOJI)J(bSi 11 lO)J(Horo f1PI1YPaJIbSl, HO He06xo,lJ,I1MO npe,lJ,CTaBI1Tb nOJIHbIH CTI1JII1CTI1-
'IeCKI1H aHaJII13 Bcex xY,lJ,O)J(eCTBeHHbIX 113,lJ,eJI11 H, nOnbITKI1 KOToporo Y)J(e npe,lJ,-
npl1HI1MaJIl1Cb [MaJIOBI1L\KaSi 1967; 4e)J(I1Ha (KOpOJIbKoBa) 1983].
f10CKOJIbKY nepBocTeneHHoe 3Ha1.JeHl1e I1MelOT BonpocbI cO,lJ,ep)J(aTeJIbHOH CTO-
pOHbI xY,lJ,o)J(ecTBeHHbIx 113,lJ,eJII1H f10BOJI)J(bSi 11 f1pl1YPaJI, bSi npe,lJ,CTaBJISleTCSI He06-
XO,lJ,I1MbIM 06palileHI1e K np06JIeMaM CeMaHTI1KI1 11306pa)J(eHI1H, B oc06eHHocTI1
Xl1lilHI1KOB, KOTopbIe COCTaBJISIIOT CneL\l1cpl1KY 6ecTl1apl1S1 3TOH Teppl1TOpl1l1, TeM
60JIee lITO B 3TOM HanpaBJIeHl111 ,lJ,0 CI1X nop C,lJ,eJIaHO 1.Jpe3Bbl ' IaHHO MaJIO. O,lJ,HaKO
CeMaHTI1Ka S1BJISleTCSI caMOCTOSlTeJIbHOH 06JIaCTbIO lIpe3BbI1.JaHHOH CJIO)J(HOCTI1, no-
3TOMY B paMKax ,lJ,aHHoro I1CCJIe,lJ,OBaHI1S1 06palileHI1e K CeMaHTI11.JeCKOH CTopOHe
I1CKYCCTBa K01.JeBHI1KOB CKl1cpCKoro BpeMeHI1 6Y,lJ,eT I1MeTb BbIHY)J(,lJ,eHHO KpaTKI1H 11
nOBepXHOCTHbIH xapaKTep.
* * *
113Y1.JeHl1e S1BJIeHI1S1 B L\eJIOM, BbISlBJIeHl1e ero oc06eHHOCTeH KaK Ha CO,lJ,ep)J(aTeJIb-
HOM, TaK 11 Ha cpOpMaJIbHOM ypOBHe, OL\eHKa xY,lJ,O)J(eCTBeHHbIX ,lJ,OCTOI1HCTB, a TaK-
)J(e onpe,lJ,eJIeHl1e ero I1CTOpl11.JeCKOrO MeCTa 11 3Ha1.JeHI1S1. Pa3YMeeTCSI, ,lJ,OCTI1)J(eHl1e
TaKoro nOJIHoro I1CCJIe,lJ,OBaHI1S1 06'beKTa 113Y1.JeHI1S1 B03MO)J(HO TOJIbKO B pe3YJIbTaTe
npl1MeHeHI1S1 KOMnJIeKCHOro MeTO,lJ,a.
O,lJ,HaKO, npe)J(,lJ,e 1.JeM 06paTI1TbCSI HenOCpe,lJ,CTBeHHO K I1CCJIe,lJ,OBaHI1IO Bbl6paH-
Horo MaTepl1aJIa, npe,lJ,CTaBJISleTCSI He06xo,lJ,I1MbIM npe,lJ,Bapl1Tb ero KpaTKI1M 0630-
pOM npl1MeHSIeMbIX MeTO,lJ,OB, I1X caMOH 06lileH xapaKTepHCTI1KOH, a TaK)J(e HeKOTO-
pbIMI1 C006pIDKeHI1S1MI1 no nOBO,lJ,Y elile O,lJ,HOH 06lileH np06JIeMbl, CTOSIlileH BeCbMa
OCTpO, - np06JIeMbI ,lJ,ecpI1HI1L\I1H. f1oCJIe,lJ,HSISI 1.Jpe3Bbl1.JaHHO BIDKHa, nOCKOJIbKY OCHOB-
HOH TPY,lJ,HOCTblO B I1CnOJIb30BaHI111 I1CKYCCTBOBe,lJ,1.JeCKOH TepMI1HOJIOrHH S1BJISleTCSI
OTCYTCTBl1e HaY1.JHO pa3pa60TaHHbiX 1.JeTKI1X ,lJ,ecpI1HI1L\I1H 11 I1CTOpl11.JeCKI1 CJIO)J(I1B-
waSiCSI MHor03Ha<IHOCTb MHOrHX, eCJII1 He 60JIbWI1HCTBa, TepMI1HOB. B TO )J(e BpeMSI
,lJ,JISI Toro, 1.JT06bI nOJIb30BaTbCSI TepMI1HaMI1 11 nOHSlTI1S1MI1, He06xo,lJ,I1MO I1X CTporoe
HaY1.JHOe onpe,lJ,eJIeHl1e, 1160 HaYKa 6e3 cTporoH CI1CTeMbl HaY1.JHOrO annapaTa,
BKJII01.JalOlileH 11 TepMI1HOJIOrHlO, HeB03MO)J(Ha. f10CKOJIbKY 06'beM pa60Tbi He no-
3BOJISIeT ,lJ,aTb B TeKCT ,lJ,IDKe KpaTKI1H 0630p ,lJ,I1CKYCCI10HHbIX TepMI1HOB, 51 BbIHOWY
ero B npI1JIO)J(eHl1e, OCTaHOBI1BWI1Cb JII1Wb Ha OT,lJ,eJIbHbIX Kap,lJ,I1HaJIbHbIX Bonpo-
cax, nOHI1MaHl1e KOTOpbIX npe,lJ,CTaBJISleTCSI npl1HL\l1nl1aJIbHO Ba)J(HbIM. Pe1.Jb l1,lJ,eT
npe)J(,lJ,e Bcero 06 on pe,lJ,eJIeH 11 11 «3BepI1HOrO CTI1JI51 » 11 COOTHOWeHl111 nOHSlTI1H
«CTI1JIb» 11 «xY,lJ,o)J(ecTBeHHoe HanpaBJIeHl1e».
f10,lJ, «xY,lJ,o)J(ecTBeHHbIM HanpaBJIeHl1eM» 06bI1.JHO nOHI1MalOT COL\l1aJIbHO-I1CTO-
pl11.JeCKI1 06YCJIOBJIeHHOe e,lJ,I1HCTBO l1,lJ,eHHo-xY,lJ,o)J(ecTBeHHbIx oc06eHHocTeH TBOp-
1.JeCTBa XY,lJ,O)J(HI1KOB TOH I1JII1I1HOH 3noxI1lCOKOJIOB 1968, c. 166]. YlHOr,lJ,a ynoTpe6-
JISleTCSI nOHSlTl1e CTI1JIeBOrO HanpaBJIeHI1S1; CTI1JIeBOe HanpaBJIeHl1e ,lJ,OnycKaeT Bpe-
MeHHYIO (KoHKpeTHo-I1CTOpl11.JecKYIO) 11 npocTpaHcTBeHHYIO (KoHKpeTHO-HaL\110IIaJlb-
HYIO) ,lJ,l1cpcpepeHL\l1aL\l1lO. f1pl11.JeM nepBaSi ,lJ,l1cpcpepeHL\l1aL\l1S1 06S13aTeJIbHa, B OTJII1-
1.Jl1e OT BTOpOH. «YlCKYCCTBO L\eJIoro pSl,lJ,a cTpaH C pa3HbIMI1 HaL\110HaJIbHOCTSlMI1 11
,lJ,a)J(e HaL\I1S1MI1 MO)J(eT npI1Ha,lJ,JIe)J(aTb K O,lJ,HOMY CTI1JIeBoMY HanpaBJIeHl110 Ha TOM
HJII1 I1HOM 3Tane I1X pa3BI1TI1S1, eCJII1 3TI1 CTpaHbI reorpacpl11.JeCKI1, I1CTOpl11.JeCKI1,
KYJIbTypHO TeCHO CBSl3aHbI ,lJ,Pyr C ,lJ,PyrOM...» [3HaMepoBcKaSi 1975. c. 13].
OTO)J(,lJ,eCTBJIeHl1e CTI1JISI C HanpaBJIeHl1eM HeBepHo. YlHOr,lJ,a BbI,lJ,eJISleTCSI elile 11
Tl1nOJIOrl11.JeCKOe HanpaBJIeHl1e I1CKyccTBa, B BI1,lJ,e KOToporo BbIcTynaeT 0606lile-
Hl1e pO,lJ,CTBeHHbIx CTI1JIeBbIX MeTO,lJ,OB, 06'be,lJ,I1HeHHbIx no npl1HL\l1ny 6JII130CTI1 OT-
,lJ,eJIbHbIX cYlilecTBeHHbIx 3JIeMeHTOB cO,lJ,ep)J(aHI1S1 11 MeTO,lJ,a ero BOnJIOlileHI1S1 (cno-
C06bI cpOpMl1pOBaHI1S1 06pa30B, TpaKTOBKI1 cpOpMbI 11 ee OpraHI13aL\I1I1). Tl1noJIorl1-
1.JeCKOe HanpaBJIeHl1e BOnJIOlilaeTCSI Ha pa3HbIx I1CTOpl11.JeCKI1X cTyneHSIx CBoero
pa3BI1TI1S1 B pa3HbIX reorpacpl11.JeCKI1X 30Hax, r,lJ,e 3T0 pa3BI1Tl1e I1MeeT MecTo [3Ha-
MepoBcKaSi 1975, c. 17].
E. E. KY3bMI1Ha OTMeTI1JIa, 1.JTO «np06JIeMa cpOpMl1pOBaHI1S1 CTI1JISI B I1CKyccTBe
I1MeeT Tpl1 acneKTa: TeXHOJIOrl11.JeCKI1H, CTI1JII1CTI11.JeCKI1H 11 CeMaHTI11.JeCKI1H» [KY3b-
MI1Ha 1983, c. 96]. B CBeTe 3Toro MO)J(HO paCCMaTpl1BaTb 11 TeOpeTI11.JecKYIO npo-
6JIeMY 3Bepl1HOrO CTI1JISI.
HeO,lJ,HOKpaTHo B JII1Teparype nO,lJ,HI1MaJICSI Bonpoc 0 npaBoMepHOCTI1 I1CnOJIb-
30BaHI1S1 TepMI1Ha «3BepI1HbIH CTI1JIb» [f1epeBO,lJ,1.JI1KOBa 1980, c. 118; KY3bMI1Ha 1983,
c. 96]. BbI3bIBaJIO B03pa)J(eHI1S1 ero 3a1.JacrylO 1.Jpe3MepHo paCWl1pl1TeJIbHOe nOHI1-
MaHl1e. f1oSlcHeHI1S1 K B03MO)J(HbIM Bapl1aHTaM nOHI1MaHI1S1 3Toro TepMI1Ha, CTaBwe-
ro Tpa,LJ,I1L\110HHbIM, 11 apryMeHTbI B nOJIb3Y npl1HI1MaeMOro B ,lJ,aHHOH pa60Te ero
3Ha1.JeHI1S1 npl1Be,lJ,eHbI MHOIO B f1pI1JIo)J(eHI1I1 1. Pe31OMI1pySI 113JIO)J(eHHoe, nO,lJ,1.JepK-
HeM, 1.JTO eCTb Bce OCHOBaHI1S1 paCCMaTpl1BaTb «3BepI1HbIH CTHJIb» CKl1cpCKOH 3nOXI1
B pa3HbIX 06JIaCTSIX 113Y1.JeHI1S1 I1CTOpl111 I1CKYCCTB CneL\l1aJIl1CTbI CTaJIKI1BalOTCSI
C MeTO,lJ,OJIOrl11.JeCKI1MI1 np06JIeMaMI1, CneL\l1cpl11.JeCKI1MI1 ,lJ,JISI OT,lJ,eJIbHbIX ,lJ,I1CL\Hn-
JII1H 11 06lill1MI1 ,lJ,JISi ,lJ,aHHOH HaYKI1, 1.JTO 11 S1BJISleTCSI npl11.JI1HOH He YTI1XalOlill1X B
I1CKYCCTBOBe,lJ,eHI1I1 cnopOB 11 nOCTOSlHHbIX ,lJ,I1CKYCCI1H no MeTO,lJ,OJIOrl11.JeCKI1M BO-
npocaM.
f1pl1CTynaSi K I1CCJIe,lJ,OBaHI1IO CneL\l1cpl11.JeCKOrO MaTepl1aJIa, He06xo,lJ,I1MO onpe-
,lJ,eJII1Tb MeTO,lJ,OJIOrl11.JeCKYIO n0311L\111O H YT01.JHI1Tb B03MO)J(HOCTI1 11 3Ha1.JeHl1e Pa3-
JIH1.JHbIX MeTO,lJ,OB, npl1MeHSlBWI1XCSI npe,lJ,WeCTBeHHI1KaMI1 B 06JIaCTI1 113Y1.JeHI1S1 ,lJ,peB-
Hero I1CKYCCTBa [4e)J(I1Ha (KOpOJIbKoBa) 1990].
f1pe)J(,lJ,e Bcero He06xo,lJ,I1MO nO,lJ,1.JepKHYTb, 1.JTO no,lJ, I1CKyccTBOBe,lJ,1.JeCKI1M I1C-
CJIe,lJ,OBaHl1eM HeT OCHOBaHI1H nOHI1MaTb aHaJII13 TOJIbKO cpOpMaJIbHbIX Cpe,lJ,CTB, KaK
3T0 1.JaCTO npe,lJ,CTaBJISleTCSI HeKoTopbIM I1CCJIe,lJ,OBaTeJISIM [PaeBCKI1H 1985<1, c. 30].
,[I,YMaeTcSI, 1.JTO 3a,LJ,a1.JeH I1CKyccTBOBe,lJ,'IeCKOro I1CCJIe,lJ,OBaHI1S1 SlBJISleTCSI He TOJIbKO
aHaJIH3 Cpe,lJ,CTB BbIpIDKeHI1S1 H 3CTeTI11.JeCKaSi OL\eHKa npe,lJ,MeTa, HO, npe)J(,lJ,e Bcero,
26
27
KaK xY,L(O)i(eCTBeHHOe HanpaBJIeHl1e, liTO BnOJIHe OTBel.\aeT paMKaM I1CKYCCTBOBe,L(-
4eCKOH TepMI1HOJIOrl111 11 n03BOJISIeT 1136e)i(aTb npOTI1BOpe411S1 B TpaKTOBKe CeMaH-
TWleCKOH 6JII130CTI1 11 CTI1JIHCTI14eCKOrO CXO,L(CTBa 11 CMeWI1BaHI1J1 3TI1X nOHSlTI1H.
f10 BblpmKeHl110 E. B. f1epeBO,L(l.\I1KOBOH, «11306pa)i(eHI1S1 Onpe,L(eJIeHHblX )i(I1BOTHbIX
11 Onpe,L(eJIeHHblM cnOC060M» SlBJISIIOTCSI ,L(l1arHOCTl1pYIOIl(I1M npl13HaKOM B onpe,L(e-
JIeHl111 TaKOrO xY,L(O)i(eCTBeHHOrO qJeHOMeHa, KaK «3Bep11Hb1H CTI1JIb» lf1epeBO,L(411-
KOBa 1980, c. 118].
CYll(eCTBYlOll(l1e BHYTpl1 TaK Ha3blBaeMoro «CKI1<pcKoro 3Bepl1Horo CTI1JISI» onpe-
,L(eJIeHHble OTJII14HSI Me)i(,L(Y cTenHoH, JIeCOCTenHoH 11 Ky6aHcKoH rpynnaMH naMSIT-
HI1KOB [BI1HOrpa,L(OB, WKypKO 1963, c.37; f1epeBO,L(l.\I1KOBa 1984; 1987], Bblpa-
)i(alOll(l1ecSi B cBOHCTBax npe)i(,L(e Bcero <pOpMaJlbHOrO nopSl,L(Ka, n03BOJISIIOT pac-
CMaTpl1BaTb I1X <paKTwleCKI1 KaK caMOCTOSlTeJIbHble CTI1JII1CTI1l.\eCKHe SlBJIeHI1S1. Bbl-
,L(eJIeHHble JIOKaJlbHbie Bapl1aHTbl B I1CKyccTBe JlecoCTenHOH CKI1<pI1I1, cpe,L(He,L(OH-
CKOH JIOKaJlbHblH Bapl1aHT, «caBpoMaTcKHH» 3Bepl1HblH CTI1JIb 11 T.,L(. [WKYPKO 1976;
JlH6epoB 1976; CMl1pHOB 1964], nO-BI1,L(I1MOMY, ,L(OJI)i(Hbl pacL(eHI1BaTbCSI B 113BeCT-
HOM CMblCJIe KaK 3THOKYJIbTypHbie I1H,L(I1KaTOpbl, YPoBeHb TOl.\HOCTI1 KOTOpblX ell(e
He onpe,L(eJIeH (B pe3YJIbTaTe l.\ero I1X onpe,L(eJIeHHe 11 OCHOBblBaeTCSI Ha pa3HbiX
npI1HL(Hnax: Teppl1TOpl1aJ1 bHOM, 3THI1l.\eCKOM, apxeOJIOrHl.\eCKOM).
f1pe,L(MeTbl ,L(peBHero I1CKyccTBa, C O,L(HOH CTOpOHbl, SlBJISIIOTCSI naMSlTHHKaMI1
MaTepl1aJ1bHOH KYJIbTypbl, a C ,L(Pyrolt - KaK JII060e XY,L(O)KeCTBeHHoe np0I13Be,L(e-
Hl1e, OTpmKalOT MI1pOB033peHI1e CBOHX C03,L(aTeJIeH 11 I1X ,L(yXOBHYIO KYJIbTYPY, SlB-
JISlSlCb CneL(I1<pI1l.\eCKI1MI1 HOCI1TeJISlMI1 l1,L(eOJIOrHl.\eCKOH I1H(pOpMaL(l1l1. VlCXO,L(SI 113
noro Te3Hca, A. A. <DOpM030B paCCMaTpl1BaeT Tpl1 B03MO)KHbIX acneKTa 113Y4eHI1S!
naMSlTHI1KOB ,L(peBHero HCKyccTBa; onl1CaHl1e 11 KJIaCCI1<pI1KaL(I1S1, aHaJlI13 TeXHHl.\e-
CKI1X oc06eHHocTelt 11 BblSlBJIeHl1e XpOHOJIOrWleCKOH n0311L(1111, 06bl ' IHble ,L(JISI Bcex
apxeOJIOrll'leCKHX 06'beKTOB; 3CTenJlleCKaSi OL(eHKa naMSlTHHKOB KaK xY,L(O)\(eCT-
BeHHblX np0I13Be,L(eHI1H; «HcnOJIb30BaHl1e naMSlTHI1KOB KaK I1CTOllHI1Ka no I1CTOpl111
KyJIbTypbl, rJIaBHblM 06pa30M no I1CTOpl111 MbIWJIeHI1S1, peJIl1rl1l1, ,L(YXOBHOH )i(113HI1»
[<DOpM030B 1969, c. 12]. CYll(eCTByeT B03MO)i(HOCTb paCCMaTpl1BaTb 11306pa311-
TeJIbHble naMSlTHI1KI1 KaK TeKcTbl, npe,L(Ha3Hal.\aBWHeCSI ,L(JISI <pI1KCaL(1111 KaKI1X-TO
l1,L(elt II 06pa30B, HHblMI1 CJIOBaMI1, cO,L(ep)i(all(l1e HeKYIO 06pa3HYIO I1H<popMaL(l1lO.
LITO KacaeTCSI apXeOJIOrHl.\eCKI1X npe,L(MeTOB HCKYCCTBa, TO CJIe,L(yeT paCCMOT-
peTb B03MO)i(HOCTb npl1MeHeHI1S1 MeTO,L(OB, KOTOpblMI1 nOJIb3yeTcSI I1CKYCCTBOBe,L(e-
Hl1e. ECJII1 rOBopl1Tb 0 MeTO,L(aX, npl1eMJIeMblX ,L(JISI Bcex c<pep 4eJIOBel.\eCKOrO TBOp-
l.\eCTBa, TO HY)i(HO Bbl,L(eJII1Tb <pOpMaJlbHO-CTI1JII1CTI1l.\eCKI1H, CTPYKTYPaJIl1CTCKl11t 11
CeMI10TI1l.\eCKI1H MeTO,L(bl, a npl1MeHI1TeJIbHO K 11306pa3I1TeJIbHbIM I1CKYCCTBaM-
ell(e 11 MeTO,L(bl IIKOHorpa<pl1l.\eCKI1H 11 I1KOHOJIOrHl.\eCKI1It. Ka)i(,L(bIH 113 3TI1X MeTO-
,L(OB I1MeeT CBOI1 npel1MYll(eCTBa 11 CBOH CJIa6ble CTOpOHbl 11 He cnoc06eH BceCTO-
pOHHe onpe,L(eJIl1Tb CneL(I1<pHKY I1CKyccTBa 3BepHHoro CTI1JISI. O,L(HaKO npl1MeHeHl1e
Bcex I1X B OT,L(eJIbHOCTI1 I1JII1 KOMnJIeKCHO BnOJIHe OnpaB,L(aHHO ,L(JISI BbISlBJIeHI1S1 onpe-
,L(eJIeHHbIX xapaKTepl1CTI1K 06'beKTa 113Yl.\eHI1S1.
VlCTOpHl.\eCKH caMblH paHHI1H - <pOpMaJI bHO-CTI1JIHCTl1 l leCKHIt MeTO,L(, OCHOBa-
TeJIeM KOToporo 6bIJI r. Be.rJb<pJIlIH. BeJIb<pJII1H Bbl,L(eJIlfJI npl13HaKI1 CTI1JISI, n03BO-
JISilOll(l1e ,L(eTepMHHl1pOBaTb <pOpMaJlbHble CTI1JII1CTI1l.\eCKl1e 3JIeMeHTbl 11 Ha 3TOM
OCHOBaHI1H onpe,L(eJIeHHblM 06pa30M rpynnl1pOBaTb np0I13Be,L(eHI1S1 I1CKyccTBa. 3TI1
npl13HaKH npe,L(cTaBJISIIOT c0601t onn03HW1l1 JII1HeHHOCTI1 II )i(I1BOmICHocTH, nJIO-
CKOCTHOCTI1 11 rJIy6HHHocTI1, TeKTOHI1l.\HOCTI1 11 aTe KTOH 11l.\ HOCTI1, MHO)i(eCTBeHHO-
CTI1 11 e,L(I1HCTBa, SlCHOCTI1 11 HeSiCHOCTII 11 T. ,L(. f1pl1 3TOM r. BeJIb<pJII1H onpe,L(eJII1JI 11
3aKOHOMepHOCTH, CBOItCTBeHHble <pOpMaJlbHbiM ::JJIeMeHTaM CTI1JISI, YCTaHOBI1B, 4TO
)i(I1BOnI1CHOCTb npOTI1BOpel.\I1T nJIOCKOCTHOCTI1 11 Tpe6yeT rJIy611HHOCTI1 11 BMeCTe C
nOCJIe,L(HeH TSirOTeeT K aTeKTOHI1l.\HOCn1. HecMoTpSl Ha 113BeCTHYlO OrpaHHl.\eHHOCTb
3TOro MeTO,L(a, HeO,L(HOKpaTHO Kpl1TI1KOBaBWYIOCSI B JII1TepaType [Jla3apeB 1986,
c. 92, 93; Bamep 1986, c. 269], 6blJl0 6bl OWI16KOH OTKa3blBaTbCJI OT <pOpMaJ/bHO-
CTI1JII1CTI1l.\eCKOro MeTO,L(a, nOCKOJIbKY <pOpMaJlbHble CTI1JIHCnll.\eCKl1e 3JIeMeHTbi MO-
ryr CJIY)i(I1Tb KJIaCCI1<pI1KaL(110HH blMI1 npl13HaKaMI1. VlMeHHO <POpMaJlbHO-CnIJIlfCTI1-
4eCKI1H MeTO,L( Wl1pOKO I1CnOJIb3yeTcSI B npl1MeHeHI1H K KaTeropl111 npe,L(MeTOB HC-
KyccTBa apxeoJIOrl1l.\eCKOrO MaTepl1aJ1a, n03BOJISIeT HaMeTlITb JIOKaJ/bHble Bapl1aHTbl
11 XpOHOJIOrHl.\eCKl1e rpynnbl naMSlTHHKOB CKII<p0-CH6I1pcKoro 3Bepl1HOrO CTI1JISI
(M. VI. POCTOBL(eB, r. VI. DopoBKa, M. VI. ApTaMoHoB) H no ceH ,L(eHb He YTpaTlfJI
cBoero 3Hal.\eHI1S1, XOTSI npaKTIIl.\eCKI1 3TO Bbl,L(eJIeHl1e npOIICXO,L(I1T Ha I1HTYI1TI1BHOM
ypoBHe, 11 HI1 B O,L(HOH 113 pa60T ynoMSlHYTblX aBTopOB <pOpMaJ/bHO-CTI1JII1CTI1l.\e-
CKI1H MeTO,L( He Ha3bIBaJ/CSI. M. VI. ApTaMOHOB, xapaKTepl13YSl ,L(HHaMI1KY 113MeHe-
HI1H CKI1<pCKoro 3Bepl1HorO CTI1JISI BO BpeMeHH, C ycnexoM nOJIb30BaJ/CSI KaTeropl1S1-
Mil <pOpMaJlbHO-CTI1JII1CTWlecKoro MeTO,L(a: «Pa3BI1THe CKI1<pCKOro IICKYCCTBa OTl.\eTJIIIBO
paCna,L(aeTCSI Ha ,L(Ba nepI10,L(a. f1epBblH H3 HI1X xapaKTepl13yeTcSI COe,L(I1HeHHeM Bbl-
pa311TeJIbHOH peaJII1CTHl.\HOCTI1 H 06beMHOlt )i(I1BOnI1CHOCTH C opHaMeHTaJlbHOH ,L(e-
KopaTI1BHOCTblO. BTOpOH, OTHOCSlIl(I1ItCSI K IV-III BB., OTJIHllaeTCSI rpaqH1l.\eCKoi1
CI1CTeMaTI13aL(l1eH 06pa30B, npeBpall(eHl1eM I1X B JII1HeltHbl1t opHaMeHT. B COOTBeT-
CTBI1I1 C 3THM 11306pmKeHI1e CTaHOBHTCSI nJIOCKI1M 11 ,L(eTaJll1 0603Hal.\a1OTCSI pe3Hbl-
MH JII1HI1S1MI1» [ApTaMoHoB 1966, c. 81, 82]. f1pl1MeHeHl1e noro MeTO,L(a B I1CCJIe-
,L(OBaHI1I1 naMSlTHI1KOB ,L(peBHero I1CKyccTBa 11, B TOM l.\I1CJIe, 113,L(eJII1H 3Bepl1HOrO
CTI1JISI MO)i(eT 6bITb BeCbMa nJIO,L(OTBOpHbIM, BepOSITHO 60JIee, He)i(eJII1 B 113Yl.\eHI1I1
,L(pyrl1x BH,L(OB HCKyccTBa. O,L(HaKO HeJIb3S1 3a6bIBaTb 0 TOM, lITO TaKOH aHaJ/H3 He
MO)i(eT ,L(aTb nOJIHOrO npe,L(CTaBJIeHHSI 0 CTI1JIe B L(eJIOM 11 06bSlCHI1Tb ero MeCTO B
HCTOpl111 I1CKYCCTB. <DOpMaJlbHO-CTI1JII1CTI1l.\eCKI1H MeTO,L(, KaK OTMe'laeT r. K. Bar-
Hep, «CTpa,L(aeT a6CTpaKTHOCTblO, npl1 KOTOpOH 113 nOJIS! 3peHifSi yCKOJIb3aeT HCTO-
pl1l.\eCKaSi CneL(I1<pI1Ka» [Bamep 1986, c. 269J. B nOCJIe,L(Hee BpeMSI B pa3HbiX 06JIac-
TSiX I1CKYCcTB03HaHI1S1 Ol.\eHb Wl1pOKO npHMeHSIloTcSI CTPYKTYPaJIl1cTwlecKI1H 11 ceMHO-
TI14eCKI1H MeTO,L(bl, KOTopble npaKTHl.\eCKI1 '!aCTO C6JII1)i(aIOTCSI HJlII COl.\eTaIOTCJI.
CeMI10TI1l.\eCKI1H MeTO,L( npe,L(nOJIaraeT I1CCJIe,L(OBaHl1e np0113Be,L(eHI1H I1cKyccTBa
KaK 3HaKOBoH CI1CTeMbl C BblSlBJIeHl1eM «Sl3bIKa», npl1 nOMOll(11 KOTOpOro ,L(O 3pl1Te-
JISI ,L(OHOCI1TCSI KO,L(l1pOBaHHoe cO,L(ep)i(aHHe xY,L(O)i(eCTBeHHblx npOH3Be,L(eHI1i1. B Pyc-
JIe CeMI10TI1l.\eCKoro MeTO,L(a B 113Yl.\eHI1I1 CKI1<p0-cI16I1pCKOro 3BepHHoro CTI1JISI ycnew-
HO pa60TalOT ,[1,. C. PaeBCKI1H, E. E. KY3bMI1Ha, A. K. AKI1WeB H ,L(pyme I1CCJIe,L(O-
BaTeJII1 [PaeBcKIIH 1985; KY3bMI1Ha 1983; AKHweB 1984]. «5I3bIK» MO)i(HO paccMaT-
pl1BaTb Ha HeKoTopoM a6CTpaKTHoM ypoBHe KaK rH6KYlO <pOpMaJlbHYIO CI1CTeMY,
nOTeHL(l1aJ1 bHO cnoc06HYlO nepe,L(aTb cO,L(ep)i(aHl1e lY CneHCKI1H 1970, c. 34]. f10-
nblTKI1 <popMaJlI13aL(1111 I1CCJIe,L(OBaHI1S1 SlBJIeHI1H I1cKycCTBa npOBO,L(SlTCSI B pa3Hbix
06JIaCTSIX xY,L(O)i(eCTBeHHoro TBop'lecTBa. MHorl1e 113 HI1X npe,L(CTaBJISIIOT I1HTepec B
CTpeMJIeHl111 113Yl.\I1Tb xY,L(O)i(eCTBeHH blH Sl3bIK, 11 rJIaBHOe I1X ,L(OCTOHHCTBO - B
B03MO)i(HOCTI1 BbISlBJIeHI1S1 11 <pI1KCaL(1111 on pe,L(eJIeH H blX <pOpMaJI bH blX 3aKOHOMep-
HOCTeH 11306pmKeHI1S1. Ho I1X He,L(OCTaTKOM SlBJISleTCSI orpaHl1 l leHHOCTb l13yl.\eHIISI
l.\I1CTO BHeWHeH CTOpOHbl, <pOpMbl; OHI1 MorYT CJIY)i(I1Tb JII1Wb BcnOMoraTeJIbHblM
I1HCTpYMeHTOM 11 He B COCTOSlHI1I1 paCKpblTb CYIl(HOCTb 11 cneL(I1<pHKY Tex IIJII1 IIHblX
xY,L(O)i(eCTBeHHbIX SlBJIeHI1H. TaK, E. B. CMl1pHIIL(KaSi npOBeJIa pa60TY no Bbl,L(eJIe-
HI1IO CTI1JII1CTI1l.\eCKI1X npl1HL(l1nOB Cpe,L(HeBeKOBoro 300MOp<pHoro opHaMeHTa Ha
MaTepl1aJ/e ,L(peBHepyccKI1X cepe6pSlHbiX HapYl.\eH [CMHpHI1L(KaSi 1982]. C,L(eJIaB
nonblTKY CTl1JII1CTI1l.\eCKOrO aHaJlH3a, aBTop pa36l1paeT O,L(HY CTI1JII1CTl1lJecKYIO l.\ep-
TY 300MOp<pHOH opHaMeHTI1KI1, a I1MeHHO pl1TMwlecKYIO OpraHl13aL(111O ee pl1cYHKa,
npl1HUl1n ero pacnOJIO)i(eHI1S1 Ha nJIOCKOCTI1. E. B. CMl1pHI1L(KaSi OrpaHWII1JIaCb
28
29
KaK xY,L(O)i(eCTBeHHOe HanpaBJIeHl1e, liTO BnOJIHe OTBel.\aeT paMKaM I1CKYCCTBOBe,L(-
4eCKOH TepMI1HOJIOrl111 11 n03BOJISIeT 1136e)i(aTb npOTI1BOpe411S1 B TpaKTOBKe CeMaH-
TWleCKOH 6JII130CTI1 11 CTI1JIHCTI14eCKOrO CXO,L(CTBa 11 CMeWI1BaHI1J1 3TI1X nOHSlTI1H.
f10 BblpmKeHl110 E. B. f1epeBO,L(l.\I1KOBOH, «11306pa)i(eHI1S1 Onpe,L(eJIeHHblX )i(I1BOTHbIX
11 Onpe,L(eJIeHHblM cnOC060M» SlBJISIIOTCSI ,L(l1arHOCTl1pYIOIl(I1M npl13HaKOM B onpe,L(e-
JIeHl111 TaKOrO xY,L(O)i(eCTBeHHOrO qJeHOMeHa, KaK «3Bep11Hb1H CTI1JIb» lf1epeBO,L(411-
KOBa 1980, c. 118].
CYll(eCTBYlOll(l1e BHYTpl1 TaK Ha3blBaeMoro «CKI1<pcKoro 3Bepl1Horo CTI1JISI» onpe-
,L(eJIeHHble OTJII14HSI Me)i(,L(Y cTenHoH, JIeCOCTenHoH 11 Ky6aHcKoH rpynnaMH naMSIT-
HI1KOB [BI1HOrpa,L(OB, WKypKO 1963, c.37; f1epeBO,L(l.\I1KOBa 1984; 1987], Bblpa-
)i(alOll(l1ecSi B cBOHCTBax npe)i(,L(e Bcero <pOpMaJlbHOrO nopSl,L(Ka, n03BOJISIIOT pac-
CMaTpl1BaTb I1X <paKTwleCKI1 KaK caMOCTOSlTeJIbHble CTI1JII1CTI1l.\eCKHe SlBJIeHI1S1. Bbl-
,L(eJIeHHble JIOKaJlbHbie Bapl1aHTbl B I1CKyccTBe JlecoCTenHOH CKI1<pI1I1, cpe,L(He,L(OH-
CKOH JIOKaJlbHblH Bapl1aHT, «caBpoMaTcKHH» 3Bepl1HblH CTI1JIb 11 T.,L(. [WKYPKO 1976;
JlH6epoB 1976; CMl1pHOB 1964], nO-BI1,L(I1MOMY, ,L(OJI)i(Hbl pacL(eHI1BaTbCSI B 113BeCT-
HOM CMblCJIe KaK 3THOKYJIbTypHbie I1H,L(I1KaTOpbl, YPoBeHb TOl.\HOCTI1 KOTOpblX ell(e
He onpe,L(eJIeH (B pe3YJIbTaTe l.\ero I1X onpe,L(eJIeHHe 11 OCHOBblBaeTCSI Ha pa3HbiX
npI1HL(Hnax: Teppl1TOpl1aJ1 bHOM, 3THI1l.\eCKOM, apxeOJIOrHl.\eCKOM).
f1pe,L(MeTbl ,L(peBHero I1CKyccTBa, C O,L(HOH CTOpOHbl, SlBJISIIOTCSI naMSlTHHKaMI1
MaTepl1aJ1bHOH KYJIbTypbl, a C ,L(Pyrolt - KaK JII060e XY,L(O)KeCTBeHHoe np0I13Be,L(e-
Hl1e, OTpmKalOT MI1pOB033peHI1e CBOHX C03,L(aTeJIeH 11 I1X ,L(yXOBHYIO KYJIbTYPY, SlB-
JISlSlCb CneL(I1<pI1l.\eCKI1MI1 HOCI1TeJISlMI1 l1,L(eOJIOrHl.\eCKOH I1H(pOpMaL(l1l1. VlCXO,L(SI 113
noro Te3Hca, A. A. <DOpM030B paCCMaTpl1BaeT Tpl1 B03MO)KHbIX acneKTa 113Y4eHI1S!
naMSlTHI1KOB ,L(peBHero HCKyccTBa; onl1CaHl1e 11 KJIaCCI1<pI1KaL(I1S1, aHaJlI13 TeXHHl.\e-
CKI1X oc06eHHocTelt 11 BblSlBJIeHl1e XpOHOJIOrWleCKOH n0311L(1111, 06bl ' IHble ,L(JISI Bcex
apxeOJIOrll'leCKHX 06'beKTOB; 3CTenJlleCKaSi OL(eHKa naMSlTHHKOB KaK xY,L(O)\(eCT-
BeHHblX np0I13Be,L(eHI1H; «HcnOJIb30BaHl1e naMSlTHI1KOB KaK I1CTOllHI1Ka no I1CTOpl111
KyJIbTypbl, rJIaBHblM 06pa30M no I1CTOpl111 MbIWJIeHI1S1, peJIl1rl1l1, ,L(YXOBHOH )i(113HI1»
[<DOpM030B 1969, c. 12]. CYll(eCTByeT B03MO)i(HOCTb paCCMaTpl1BaTb 11306pa311-
TeJIbHble naMSlTHI1KI1 KaK TeKcTbl, npe,L(Ha3Hal.\aBWHeCSI ,L(JISI <pI1KCaL(1111 KaKI1X-TO
l1,L(elt II 06pa30B, HHblMI1 CJIOBaMI1, cO,L(ep)i(all(l1e HeKYIO 06pa3HYIO I1H<popMaL(l1lO.
LITO KacaeTCSI apXeOJIOrHl.\eCKI1X npe,L(MeTOB HCKYCCTBa, TO CJIe,L(yeT paCCMOT-
peTb B03MO)i(HOCTb npl1MeHeHI1S1 MeTO,L(OB, KOTOpblMI1 nOJIb3yeTcSI I1CKYCCTBOBe,L(e-
Hl1e. ECJII1 rOBopl1Tb 0 MeTO,L(aX, npl1eMJIeMblX ,L(JISI Bcex c<pep 4eJIOBel.\eCKOrO TBOp-
l.\eCTBa, TO HY)i(HO Bbl,L(eJII1Tb <pOpMaJlbHO-CTI1JII1CTI1l.\eCKI1H, CTPYKTYPaJIl1CTCKl11t 11
CeMI10TI1l.\eCKI1H MeTO,L(bl, a npl1MeHI1TeJIbHO K 11306pa3I1TeJIbHbIM I1CKYCCTBaM-
ell(e 11 MeTO,L(bl IIKOHorpa<pl1l.\eCKI1H 11 I1KOHOJIOrHl.\eCKI1It. Ka)i(,L(bIH 113 3TI1X MeTO-
,L(OB I1MeeT CBOI1 npel1MYll(eCTBa 11 CBOH CJIa6ble CTOpOHbl 11 He cnoc06eH BceCTO-
pOHHe onpe,L(eJIl1Tb CneL(I1<pHKY I1CKyccTBa 3BepHHoro CTI1JISI. O,L(HaKO npl1MeHeHl1e
Bcex I1X B OT,L(eJIbHOCTI1 I1JII1 KOMnJIeKCHO BnOJIHe OnpaB,L(aHHO ,L(JISI BbISlBJIeHI1S1 onpe-
,L(eJIeHHbIX xapaKTepl1CTI1K 06'beKTa 113Yl.\eHI1S1.
VlCTOpHl.\eCKH caMblH paHHI1H - <pOpMaJI bHO-CTI1JIHCTl1 l leCKHIt MeTO,L(, OCHOBa-
TeJIeM KOToporo 6bIJI r. Be.rJb<pJIlIH. BeJIb<pJII1H Bbl,L(eJIlfJI npl13HaKI1 CTI1JISI, n03BO-
JISilOll(l1e ,L(eTepMHHl1pOBaTb <pOpMaJlbHble CTI1JII1CTI1l.\eCKl1e 3JIeMeHTbl 11 Ha 3TOM
OCHOBaHI1H onpe,L(eJIeHHblM 06pa30M rpynnl1pOBaTb np0I13Be,L(eHI1S1 I1CKyccTBa. 3TI1
npl13HaKH npe,L(cTaBJISIIOT c0601t onn03HW1l1 JII1HeHHOCTI1 II )i(I1BOmICHocTH, nJIO-
CKOCTHOCTI1 11 rJIy6HHHocTI1, TeKTOHI1l.\HOCTI1 11 aTe KTOH 11l.\ HOCTI1, MHO)i(eCTBeHHO-
CTI1 11 e,L(I1HCTBa, SlCHOCTI1 11 HeSiCHOCTII 11 T. ,L(. f1pl1 3TOM r. BeJIb<pJII1H onpe,L(eJII1JI 11
3aKOHOMepHOCTH, CBOItCTBeHHble <pOpMaJlbHbiM ::JJIeMeHTaM CTI1JISI, YCTaHOBI1B, 4TO
)i(I1BOnI1CHOCTb npOTI1BOpel.\I1T nJIOCKOCTHOCTI1 11 Tpe6yeT rJIy611HHOCTI1 11 BMeCTe C
nOCJIe,L(HeH TSirOTeeT K aTeKTOHI1l.\HOCn1. HecMoTpSl Ha 113BeCTHYlO OrpaHHl.\eHHOCTb
3TOro MeTO,L(a, HeO,L(HOKpaTHO Kpl1TI1KOBaBWYIOCSI B JII1TepaType [Jla3apeB 1986,
c. 92, 93; Bamep 1986, c. 269], 6blJl0 6bl OWI16KOH OTKa3blBaTbCJI OT <pOpMaJ/bHO-
CTI1JII1CTI1l.\eCKOro MeTO,L(a, nOCKOJIbKY <pOpMaJlbHble CTI1JIHCnll.\eCKl1e 3JIeMeHTbi MO-
ryr CJIY)i(I1Tb KJIaCCI1<pI1KaL(110HH blMI1 npl13HaKaMI1. VlMeHHO <POpMaJlbHO-CnIJIlfCTI1-
4eCKI1H MeTO,L( Wl1pOKO I1CnOJIb3yeTcSI B npl1MeHeHI1H K KaTeropl111 npe,L(MeTOB HC-
KyccTBa apxeoJIOrl1l.\eCKOrO MaTepl1aJ1a, n03BOJISIeT HaMeTlITb JIOKaJ/bHble Bapl1aHTbl
11 XpOHOJIOrHl.\eCKl1e rpynnbl naMSlTHHKOB CKII<p0-CH6I1pcKoro 3Bepl1HOrO CTI1JISI
(M. VI. POCTOBL(eB, r. VI. DopoBKa, M. VI. ApTaMoHoB) H no ceH ,L(eHb He YTpaTlfJI
cBoero 3Hal.\eHI1S1, XOTSI npaKTIIl.\eCKI1 3TO Bbl,L(eJIeHl1e npOIICXO,L(I1T Ha I1HTYI1TI1BHOM
ypoBHe, 11 HI1 B O,L(HOH 113 pa60T ynoMSlHYTblX aBTopOB <pOpMaJ/bHO-CTI1JII1CTI1l.\e-
CKI1H MeTO,L( He Ha3bIBaJ/CSI. M. VI. ApTaMOHOB, xapaKTepl13YSl ,L(HHaMI1KY 113MeHe-
HI1H CKI1<pCKoro 3Bepl1HorO CTI1JISI BO BpeMeHH, C ycnexoM nOJIb30BaJ/CSI KaTeropl1S1-
Mil <pOpMaJlbHO-CTI1JII1CTWlecKoro MeTO,L(a: «Pa3BI1THe CKI1<pCKOro IICKYCCTBa OTl.\eTJIIIBO
paCna,L(aeTCSI Ha ,L(Ba nepI10,L(a. f1epBblH H3 HI1X xapaKTepl13yeTcSI COe,L(I1HeHHeM Bbl-
pa311TeJIbHOH peaJII1CTHl.\HOCTI1 H 06beMHOlt )i(I1BOnI1CHOCTH C opHaMeHTaJlbHOH ,L(e-
KopaTI1BHOCTblO. BTOpOH, OTHOCSlIl(I1ItCSI K IV-III BB., OTJIHllaeTCSI rpaqH1l.\eCKoi1
CI1CTeMaTI13aL(l1eH 06pa30B, npeBpall(eHl1eM I1X B JII1HeltHbl1t opHaMeHT. B COOTBeT-
CTBI1I1 C 3THM 11306pmKeHI1e CTaHOBHTCSI nJIOCKI1M 11 ,L(eTaJll1 0603Hal.\a1OTCSI pe3Hbl-
MH JII1HI1S1MI1» [ApTaMoHoB 1966, c. 81, 82]. f1pl1MeHeHl1e noro MeTO,L(a B I1CCJIe-
,L(OBaHI1I1 naMSlTHI1KOB ,L(peBHero I1CKyccTBa 11, B TOM l.\I1CJIe, 113,L(eJII1H 3Bepl1HOrO
CTI1JISI MO)i(eT 6bITb BeCbMa nJIO,L(OTBOpHbIM, BepOSITHO 60JIee, He)i(eJII1 B 113Yl.\eHI1I1
,L(pyrl1x BH,L(OB HCKyccTBa. O,L(HaKO HeJIb3S1 3a6bIBaTb 0 TOM, lITO TaKOH aHaJ/H3 He
MO)i(eT ,L(aTb nOJIHOrO npe,L(CTaBJIeHHSI 0 CTI1JIe B L(eJIOM 11 06bSlCHI1Tb ero MeCTO B
HCTOpl111 I1CKYCCTB. <DOpMaJlbHO-CTI1JII1CTI1l.\eCKI1H MeTO,L(, KaK OTMe'laeT r. K. Bar-
Hep, «CTpa,L(aeT a6CTpaKTHOCTblO, npl1 KOTOpOH 113 nOJIS! 3peHifSi yCKOJIb3aeT HCTO-
pl1l.\eCKaSi CneL(I1<pI1Ka» [Bamep 1986, c. 269J. B nOCJIe,L(Hee BpeMSI B pa3HbiX 06JIac-
TSiX I1CKYCcTB03HaHI1S1 Ol.\eHb Wl1pOKO npHMeHSIloTcSI CTPYKTYPaJIl1cTwlecKI1H 11 ceMHO-
TI14eCKI1H MeTO,L(bl, KOTopble npaKTHl.\eCKI1 '!aCTO C6JII1)i(aIOTCSI HJlII COl.\eTaIOTCJI.
CeMI10TI1l.\eCKI1H MeTO,L( npe,L(nOJIaraeT I1CCJIe,L(OBaHl1e np0113Be,L(eHI1H I1cKyccTBa
KaK 3HaKOBoH CI1CTeMbl C BblSlBJIeHl1eM «Sl3bIKa», npl1 nOMOll(11 KOTOpOro ,L(O 3pl1Te-
JISI ,L(OHOCI1TCSI KO,L(l1pOBaHHoe cO,L(ep)i(aHHe xY,L(O)i(eCTBeHHblx npOH3Be,L(eHI1i1. B Pyc-
JIe CeMI10TI1l.\eCKoro MeTO,L(a B 113Yl.\eHI1I1 CKI1<p0-cI16I1pCKOro 3BepHHoro CTI1JISI ycnew-
HO pa60TalOT ,[1,. C. PaeBCKI1H, E. E. KY3bMI1Ha, A. K. AKI1WeB H ,L(pyme I1CCJIe,L(O-
BaTeJII1 [PaeBcKIIH 1985; KY3bMI1Ha 1983; AKHweB 1984]. «5I3bIK» MO)i(HO paccMaT-
pl1BaTb Ha HeKoTopoM a6CTpaKTHoM ypoBHe KaK rH6KYlO <pOpMaJlbHYIO CI1CTeMY,
nOTeHL(l1aJ1 bHO cnoc06HYlO nepe,L(aTb cO,L(ep)i(aHl1e lY CneHCKI1H 1970, c. 34]. f10-
nblTKI1 <popMaJlI13aL(1111 I1CCJIe,L(OBaHI1S1 SlBJIeHI1H I1cKycCTBa npOBO,L(SlTCSI B pa3Hbix
06JIaCTSIX xY,L(O)i(eCTBeHHoro TBop'lecTBa. MHorl1e 113 HI1X npe,L(CTaBJISIIOT I1HTepec B
CTpeMJIeHl111 113Yl.\I1Tb xY,L(O)i(eCTBeHH blH Sl3bIK, 11 rJIaBHOe I1X ,L(OCTOHHCTBO - B
B03MO)i(HOCTI1 BbISlBJIeHI1S1 11 <pI1KCaL(1111 on pe,L(eJIeH H blX <pOpMaJI bH blX 3aKOHOMep-
HOCTeH 11306pmKeHI1S1. Ho I1X He,L(OCTaTKOM SlBJISleTCSI orpaHl1 l leHHOCTb l13yl.\eHIISI
l.\I1CTO BHeWHeH CTOpOHbl, <pOpMbl; OHI1 MorYT CJIY)i(I1Tb JII1Wb BcnOMoraTeJIbHblM
I1HCTpYMeHTOM 11 He B COCTOSlHI1I1 paCKpblTb CYIl(HOCTb 11 cneL(I1<pHKY Tex IIJII1 IIHblX
xY,L(O)i(eCTBeHHbIX SlBJIeHI1H. TaK, E. B. CMl1pHIIL(KaSi npOBeJIa pa60TY no Bbl,L(eJIe-
HI1IO CTI1JII1CTI1l.\eCKI1X npl1HL(l1nOB Cpe,L(HeBeKOBoro 300MOp<pHoro opHaMeHTa Ha
MaTepl1aJ/e ,L(peBHepyccKI1X cepe6pSlHbiX HapYl.\eH [CMHpHI1L(KaSi 1982]. C,L(eJIaB
nonblTKY CTl1JII1CTI1l.\eCKOrO aHaJlH3a, aBTop pa36l1paeT O,L(HY CTI1JII1CTl1lJecKYIO l.\ep-
TY 300MOp<pHOH opHaMeHTI1KI1, a I1MeHHO pl1TMwlecKYIO OpraHl13aL(111O ee pl1cYHKa,
npl1HUl1n ero pacnOJIO)i(eHI1S1 Ha nJIOCKOCTI1. E. B. CMl1pHI1L(KaSi OrpaHWII1JIaCb
28
29
ee BHYTpeHHI1X 3aKOHOMepHOCTef1» [OepeBo)J.4I1KoBa 1980, c. 119], aBTop I1CCJIe-
)J.yeT npl1Ky6aHCKI1H Bapl1aHT 3Bepl1HOrO CTI1JIH, )J.OCTaT04HO 4eTKO 11 060cHoBaHHo
BbI)J.eJII1B ero CneL\l1cpl14eCKl1e xapaKTepl1CTI1KI1. B OTJII1411e OT MeTO)J.I1KI1 51. A. We-
pa, 11. C. KaMeHeL\KOrO 11 b. 11. MapwaKa, E. B. OepeBo)J.4 1KoBa )J.eJII1T Bce KJIaC-
Cl1cpI1KaL\ 1OHHbIe npl13HaKI1 Ha 3Ha411MbIe 1 He3Ha411MbIe, CBSl3aHHbIe 11 He CBSl3aH-
HbIe C CIO)J(eTOM 11306pa)J(eHI1H. 3Ha411Mbie npH3HaKI1, no E. B. OepeBO)J.4I1KOBOH,
MOryT 6bITb 06ll(I1MH )J.JIH 60JIbWI1X I1JII1 MeHbWI1X rpynn )J(I1BOTHbIX I1JII1 )J(e cne-
L\l1cpI14eCKHMI1 )J.JISI Ka:>KJJ.OrO BH)J.a. «npl1 3TOM npl13HaKI1 pa3JII14HOH 3Ha4HMOCTI1
06Pa3YIOT CI1CTeMY, B KOTOpOH Ka)K)J.OMY I1X Tpa)J.I1L\IISI OTBO)J.I1T CBoe MeCTO 11 CBOIO
POJIb» [OepeBo)J.4I1KoBa 1980, c. 123]. 3Ha ' IHMbIe npH3HaKH Bbl)J.eJIHIOTCH nYTeM
KoppeJIHL\1111 BI1)J.a )J(I1BOTHoro 11 npl1eMOB ero 11306pa)J(eHHSI. Onpe)J.eJII1B MeCTO
npl13HaKOB B CI1CTeMe, B03MO)J(HO nOJIY411Tb nepBOHa4aJIbHblH Ha6pocoK npe)J.no-
JIaraeMOH CI1CTeMbI.
06pa60TKa MaTepHaJIa MeTO)J.OM KoppeJISlL\I1H npl1eMOBl1306pa)J(eHI1H 11 BI1)J.a
11306pa)J(aeMoro )J(I1BOTHoro, n03BOJII1BWI1M aBTopy onpe)J.eJII1Tb OCHOBHbIe npl1H-
L\IWbI OpraHl13aL\1111 np0113Be)J.eHI1H 3Bepl1HOrO CTI1JIH, )J.aJIa B03MO)J(HOCTb E. B. Oe-
peBo)J.4I1KOBOH BbIHBI1Tb OTmI4HTeJIbHbie lIepTbI npHKy6aHcKoro Bapl1aHTa. B pe-
3YJIbTaTe CBoero I1CCJIe)J.OBaHI1H OHa Bbl)J.eJII1JIa Tpl1 MO)J.HcpI1KaL\I1 1 11306pa311TeJIb-
HOH CI1CTeMbl 3Bepl1HOrO CTI1JIH npHKy6aHbSl (paHHHH rpynna, no E. B. OepeBo)J.llH-
KOBOH, xapaKTepl13yeTcH TeMI1 )J(e npHeMaMI1, 4TO 11 HCKyCCTBO apXaltKIt )J.pyrl1x
perl10HOB CeBepHoro Opl14epHOMopbH; rpynna Kpyra CeMH6paTHI1X KypraHoB V B.
)J.O H. 3. 11 xY)J.O)J(eCTBeHHbIe H3)J.eJIItH 113 KypraHoB y CT. EJII13aBeTI1HCKOH 11 6JII13KI1e
11M Bell(H IV B. )J.O H. 3.). E. B. nepeBo)J.llHKOBa nO)J.lIepKHYJIa, 'ITO I1HBapltaHTHbIMI1
)J.JIH Bcex BI1)J.OB )J(I1BOTHbIX OKa3aJIIICb MO)J.eJIl1pOBKa nOBepXHOCTI1 TeJIa )J(I1BOTHbIX,
MaHepa 11306pa)J(eHItH ma3a, JIOnaTKH, 6e)J.pa, HanpOHIB - n03a, cnoc06 nepe)J.a411
yweH, H03)J.peH, naCTI1 11 KOHL\OB Hor 3BepeH Bcer)J.a 3Ha ' IHMbI )J.JIH onpe)J.eJIeHI1H
CIO)J(eTa 11306p(l)KeHI1H. ,[I,JIH paHHeH rpynnbl naMSlTHI1KOB 6blJII1 Bbl)J.eJIeHbI xapaK-
TepHbIe 4epTbI, HeCBOHCTBeHHbIe 300MOpcplIbiM 1t306pa)J(eH mM )J.pyrl1x rpynn [Oe-
peBo)J.41tKOBa 1987, c. 45].
MeTo)J., npe)J.JIo)J(eHHbIH E. B. nepeBo)J.4I1KOBOH, BeCbMa nJIo)J.oTBopeH. CJIe)J.y-
eT OTMeTI1Tb KaK nOJIo)J(I1TeJIbHbIH MOMeHT TO, 4TO OHa nO)J.p06HO 113JIO)J(I1JIa npl1H-
L\l1nbI cBoeH pa60TbI, a TaK)J(e 11 TO, 'ITO I1CCJIe)J.OBaHl1e npO)J.eJIaHO Ha npocpeccl1o-
HaJIbHOM ypOBHe C T04KI1 3peHI1H I1CKYCCTBOBe)J.4eCKI1X n0311L\I1H, 4eM 06bI'IHO C411-
TalOT B03MO)J(HbIM npeHe6peraTb apxeOJIOrH.
O)J.HaKO, HeCMOTpH Ha He Bbl3blBalOll(ee B03pa)J(eHI1H CTpeMJIeHl1e aBTopa BI1-
)J.eTb B 300MOp<j)HbIX 11306pa)J(eHItSiX CKHcpCKoro I1CKYCCTBa «nJIaCTI1'IeCKYIO H)J.eo-
rpaMMY», E. B. nepeBO)J.llHKOBa B CBOI1X BbIBO)J.ax He nOWJIa )J.aJIbWe Bce Tex )J(e
qJOpMaJIbHbIX xapaKTepl1CHIK npl1Ky6aHcKoro JIOKaJIbHoro BapI1aHTa 3Bepl1HorO
CTI1JIH.
KaK y)J(e 6blJIO CKa3aHO BbIwe, I1CKyCCTBO OTpa)J(aeT MIIpOB033peHI1e CBOI1X CO-
3)J.aTeJIeH, 11 B HCCJIe)J.OBaHI1H I1CKYCCTBa He06xo)J.I1MO paCCMaTpI1BaTb BCIO CI1CTeMY
xY)J.O)J(eCTBeHHoro HBJ1eHItH, HCKYCCTBa KaK cpOpMbI 06ll(eCTBeHHoro C03HaHI1H, I1MelO-
ll(en MaTepI1aJIbHOe BOnJIOll(eHI1e.
00 OTHOWeHI11O K I1CKYCCTBY 3BepI1Horo CTI1JIH nOnblTKa TaKoro CI1CTeMHOro
I1CCJIe)J.OBaHIIH npe)J.CTaBJISIeTCH 4pe3Bbl4aHHO I1HTepeCHOH. XapaKTepHoe aKL\eHTI1-
pOBaHHe onpe)J.eJIeHHblX npH3HaKOB )J(I1BOTHbIX 3aCTaBJIHeT BI1)J.eTb B 300MOpcpHbIX
11306pa)J(eH 1S1X I1CKYCCTBa CKlIcpCKoro MI1pa CBoero pO)J.a cxeMbI, «4I1CTbIe I1)J.eI1»,
cB060)J.Hble OT Bcero CJIY4afIHoro H HH)J.ItBI1)J.YaJIbHoro. TaKoro pO)J.a I1CKYCCTBO
nOJIY411JIO Ha3BaHI1e «I1)J.eOnJIaCTI14eCKoro» [OepeBo)J.4I1KOBa 1980, c. 114; Ml1pl1-
MaHOB 1973, c. 60,61].
32
B I1CKyccTBoBe)J.eHI1I1 B HaCTOHll(ee BpeMH WHpOKO npI1MeHHeTcH I1KOHOJIOrl1-
4eCKI1H MeTO)J., npe)J.JIo)J(eHHbIH 3. OaHocpcKI1M [Panofsky 1962]. B OCHOBY ero no-
JIO)J(eHa I1KoHorpacpI1H, HO He KaK CaMOL\eJIb, a KaK BcnOMOraTeJIbHOe cpe)J.CTBO. 130-
JIee Tpa)J.I1L\I10HHbIH )J.JIH I1CKYCCTB03HaHI1S1 I1KOHorpacpI14eCKItH MeTO)J. )J.aBHO I1C-
nOJIb3yeTcH 11 )J.JIH apXeOJIOrH4eCKHX naMHTHHKOB IICKYCCTBa. OO)J. I1KOHorpacpI14e-
CKI1M MeTO)J.OM nOHI1MaIOT OnI1CaHI1e 11 CI1CTeMaTIt3aL\HIO TI1nOJIOrI14eCKI1X np t3Ha-
KOB 11 cxeM, npl1HHTbIX npI1 I1306pa)J(eHI1I1 KaKHX-JII160 nepCOHa)J(eH, MOTI1BOB HJII1
CIO)J(eTHbIX Cl.(eH. B I13Y4eHI1e 3BepI1HorO CTI1JISI TaKOH MeTO)J. BBeJI K. WecpOJIb)J.,
nOJIO)J(I1BWI1H Ha4aJIO I1CCJIe)J.OBaH 11O 300MOpcpHbiX I1306pa)J(eHHH no OT)J.eJIbHO
B3S1TbIM MOTI1BaM 11 CIO)J(eTaM [Schefold 1938]. Ell(e 60JIee paHHeH 6bIJIa nonbITKa
npl1MeHeHI1H nO)J.06Horo MeTO)J.a, HaMe4eHHoro y)J(e r. bopoBKoH [Borovka 1928].
B )J.aJIbHeHWeM 3TOT MeTO)J. C ycnexoM pa3pa6aTbIBaJICH MHOrHMI1 I1CCJIe)J.OBa-
TeJIHMI1 (H. II. 4JIeHOBa, B. A. I1JIbI1HCKaH, A. 11. WKYPKO 11 )J.p.), nOJIY4I1JI pac-
npocTpaHeHl1e 11 npI1HeC CBOI1 pe3YJIbTaTbI. O)J.HaKo 3TOT MeTO)J. nO)J.BepraJICH It co-
MHeHI1IO. H. H. 00rpe60Ba BbICKa3aJIa cnpaBe)J.JII1Boe KpI1TI14eCKOe 3aMe4aHl1e, YKa-
3aB, 4TO TaKoH no)J.xo)J. Be)J.eT K pa3pbIBY CTI1JII1CTI14eCKI1X rpynn [00rpe60Ba 1950,
c. 135].
I1KOHOJIOrI1H )J.eJIaeT CBOI1M npe)J.MeToM I1CCJIe)J.OBaHI1e pa3JII14HbIX CIO)J(eTOB 11
MOTI1BOB C L\eJIblO onpe)J.eJII1Tb I1X 3Ha ' IeHI1e 11 CMbICJI B KOHTeKCTe )J.aHHOH KYJIbTY-
pbI 11 BbIHBI1Tb oTpa)J(eHHbIe B HIIX 4epTbI MI1pOnOHI1MaHItH [boreMcKaH 1972, c.122].
I1KOHOJIOrl14eCKI1H MeTO)J. npe)J.nOJIaraeT paCKpbITl1e CItMBOJII1'IeCKOro CMbICJIa npo-
113Be)J.eHI1H HCKyccTBa, BJIHHHI1e I1)J.eOJIorI1I1 Ha xY)J.Q)KecTBeHHoe TBop4ecTBO, COOT-
BeTCTBI1e I1)J.eHHoro 3aMbICJIa cpopMe. OH c6JII1)J(aeTcSI C KOMnJIeKCHblM MeTO)J.OM,
HO «He )J.aeT nOJIHOrO OTBeTa Ha BonpOCbI, B03HI1KalOll(I1e B CBH3I1 CO CTI1JII1CTI1-
lIeCKOn np06JIeMaTI1KOH», - C4I1TaeT r. K. BarHep [BarHep 1986, c. 258]. «Mo)J(-
HO )J.OCKOHaJIbHO BCKpbITb CI1MBOJII14eCKOe cO)J.ep)J(aHI1e aHaJII13I1pyeMoro np0I13Be-
)J.eHI1H I1JII1 rpynnbI np0I13Be)J.eHI1H, )J.(l)Ke npOCJIe)J.I1Tb, HaCKOJIbKO xY)J.o)J(ecTBeHHaH
cpopMa np0113Be)J.eHI1H a)J.eKBaTHa cO)J.ep)J(aH HIO, HO 3TO ell(e He 6Y)J.eT onpe)J.eJIeHI1-
eM CTI1JIH», - nI1WeT )J.aJIee aBTOp [BarBep 1986, c. 259].
,[I,JIH )J.peBHepyccKoro I1CKyccTBa r. K. BarHep npe)J.JIO)J(I1JI MeTO)J., YCJIOBHO Ha-
3BaHHbIH 11M 3CTeTI14eCKI1M, KOTOpbIH BKJIIO'IaeT B ce6H 11 HKOHorpacpI1lO, 11 I1KOHO-
JIOrHlO, I1MeH B OCHOBe np06JIeMY CTI1JIH, nOHI1MaeMOro WI1pOKO. npe)J.JIO)J(eHHbIH
MeTO)J. npaKTI14eCKI1 HBJIHeTCH CTPYKTypHbIM, XOTH r. K. BarHep YT04HHeT, 4TO
«nOHHTI1e CTPYK'rypHoro nO)J.xo)J.I1T 3CTeTI14eCKoMY MeTo)J.y JII1Wb 4aCTI14HO, TaK
KaK oTpa)J(aeT He4TO 06ll(eHaY4Hoe, HO He cnel.(I1cpI14eCKI1 I1CKYCCTBOBe)J.4eCKoe», 11
nO)J.4epKI1BaeT, 4TO «HeJIb3H Ha3bIBaTb ero 11 "MOpcpOJIOrH4eCKI1M", TaK KaK pe4b
I1)J.eT He TOJIbKO 0 cpopMax, HO 11 06 I1X cO)J.ep)J(aHI1I1» [BarHep 1986, c. 268].
BbI)J.BI1HYTbIH r. K. BarHepoM MeTO)J. nepCneKTI1BeH 11 pacc411TaH Ha BceCTO-
pOHHee 113Y'IeHI1e 06'beKTa. O)J.HaKo YKa3aHHbIe BbIwe MeTO)J.bI, He npeTeH)J.YIOll(lte
Ha CTOJIb Bce0606ll(alOll(ee I1CCJIe)J.OBaHHe TaKoro CJIO)J(Horo 11 MHororpaHHoro npe)J.-
MeTa, KaK I1CKYCCTBO, a cnoc06CTBYIOll(l1e peWeHI110 4aCTHbIX 3a)J.a4, HanpaBJIeH-
HbIe Ha paCKpbITI1e JII1Wb onpe)J.eJIeHHbIX ero CTOpOH It 06'bHCHeHI1e HeKOTopbIX ac-
neKTOB, 6e3YCJIOBHO, I1MeIOT npaBO Ha CYll(eCTBOBaHI1e 11 y)J(e )J.aJIl1 caMble no-
JIO)J(I1TeJIbH bIe pe3YJI bTaTbI.
KpoMe TOro, He K(l)KeTCH y)J.a4HbIM Ha3BaHI1e MeTO)J.a - <<3CTeTI14eCKI1H», KOTO-
poe, KaK OTMe4aeT caM aBTOp, YCJIOBHO. r. K. BarHep OTHOCI1T ero TOJIbKO K ccpepe
I13Y4eHI1H )J.peBHepYCCKoro I1CKYCCTBa, XOTH B03MO)J(HO ero ropa3)J.o 60JIee WI1pO-
Koe npI1MeHeHI1e, B 4aCTHOCTI1 B 11 CCJIe)J.OBaH 11 11 )J.peBHero HCKyccTBa Bo06ll(e C no-
npaBKoH Ha TO, 4TO 06JIaCTb )J(aHpa BbIna;J.aeT 13 06ll(eH cxeMbl, nOCKOJIbKY )J(aHp
ell(e npaKTI14eCKI1 He BbI)J.eJII1JICH It B 60JIbWI1HCTBe CJIY4aeB OTCYTCTByeT B I1CKYC-
3 3a". 3085
33
CTBe peBHerO Ml1pa. flpaB a, CJJe yeT OroBOpI1TbCH, 4TO BO MHOroM pa3JJI14HiUI
OL(eHKa MeTO OB CBH3aHa C TepMI1HOJJOrl14eCKOH Ka3YI1CTI1KOH 11 OTCYTcTBl1eM 06-
ll(ero nOHI1MaHI1H onpe eJJeHHbIX eq)l1HI1L(I1H. TaK, 3. flaHo<pcKI1 nOJJaraJI, 4TO
«CTI1JII1CTI14eCKaSi xapaKTepl1CTI1Ka B03HI1KaeT Ha nepBoH HI13WeH CTa)J,1111 113y4e-
HI1H np0113Be eHI1H I1CKyccTBa. ,[I,aJIee l1 eT I1KOHorpa<p114eCKOe onpe eJJeHl1e CIO-
)/(eTa 11, HaKOHeL(, B I1KOHOJJOrl111 BCKpblBaeTcH cO ep)/(aHHe 11 CMbICJJ npO I3Be e-
HI1S1» (L(I1T. no: [BarHep 1986, c. 258]). flo MHeHHIO r. K. Bamepa, «eCJJI1 pe4b
l1 eT 06 I1CKYCCTBoBe eHI1I1, TO CTI1JII1CTWleCKI1H aHaJII13 OJI)/(eH 3aBepWI1Tb C060H
Bce 113Y4eHl1e. B :nOM aHaJII13e CI1HTe311pYIOTCH Bce aHHble CO ep)/(aHI1S1 11 <pOpMbI
np0I13Be eHI1H. TaKOH MeTO ... 6y eT 'IaCTHOHaY4HbIM, HO, TaK CKa3aTb, 60JJee 06-
ll(I1M I1CKyccTBoBe 4eCKI1M MeTO OM, no OTHOWeHl11O K KOTOPOMY I1KoHorpa<pl1S1 11
I1KOHOJIOrHH 6Y YT no c06HbIMI1 I1JII1 nO BO Slll(I1MI1» [Bamep 1986, c. 258].
O HaKo npl1 06pall(eHI1I1 K I1CKYCCTBY, cO ep)/(aHl1e KOTOpOro SlBJJHeTCH JJSI
Hac 3ara)J,KOH, 6y Y411 OTpa)/(eHl1eM CI1CTeMbI lIY)/( Oro HaM Ml1p03 aHI1H, ewl1<p-
pOBKa CO ep)/(aHI1H CTaHOBI1TCH cepbe3H0l1 TPY HOCT IO, nOCKOJJbKY pe4b l1 eT 0
OnI1CbMeHHbIX KYJJbTypax, MI1pOB033peHI1e HOCI1TeJJel1 KOTOpbIX MbI MO)/(eM JJI1Wb
peKOHCTpYl1pOBaTb C 60JIbWeH I1JII1 MeHbweH OCTOBepHOCTblO. B CBSl311 C 3TI1M B
06JJaCTI1 113Y4eHI1H naMSlTHI1KOB TaKI1X peBHI1X KYJJbTYP B03HI1KalOT np06JIeMbl, He
BCTalOll(l1e nepe I1CCJJe OBaTeJJHMI1 Pyrl1x 06JIaCTeH I1CKYCCTBa.
MeTO I1CCJIe OBaHHH, KaK 113BeCTHO, onpe eJJSleTCSI CBOHCTBaMI1 113Y ' laeMoro
06'beKTa. KaK apxeOJJOrl14eCKI1H I1CT04HI1K, npe MeTbI I1CKYCCTBa MorYT I1CCJJe o-
BaTbCH TI1nOJJOrl14eCKI1M MeTO OM. H. 51. Mapp, paCCMaTpl1BiUI npe MeTbI peBHe-
ro I1CKYCCTBa B O HOM PH Y C Pyrl1MI1 apxeOJJOrl14eCKI1MI1 06'beKTaMI1, C4I1TaJI,
4TO npl1MeHHTb B ero 113Y4eHI111 Hy)/(HO npe)/( e Bcero TI1nOJJOrl14eCKI1H MeTO . OH
nl1CaJI: «J1CKYCCTBO, KOHe4HO, OTHOCI1TCH K MaTepl1aJIbHOH KYJIbType, COCTaBJIHeT
ee oc06ylO 4aCTb, HO ero Ha3Ha4eHl1e, ero l1 eOJJOrI1H, a B CBSl311 C 3TI1M 11 MeTO
I1CCJJe OBaHI1H, pa3YMeeTCH, I1HOH; HO TaK KaK y apxeOJJora BeJII1KI1X I1CTOpl14eCKI1X
KYJJbTYP HeT I1Horo MeTo a - rHOCeOJJOrI14eCKOro, a JII1Wb TOT )/(e Tl1nOJJOr114e-
CKI1H, <pOPMaJIbHbIH, COBepweHHO 3aKOHHblH 11, eCTeCTBeHHO, H B 6Y Yll(eM I1MelO-
ll(I1H OCHOBaHl1e npeBaJIl1pOBaTb npl1 113Y4eHI111 xy o)KeCTBeHHblX np0I13Be eHI1H,
naMSlTHI1KOB I1CKYCCTBa...» [Mapp 1934, c. 45]. CTOpOHHl1l1,el1 TaKoro MeTO a HBJJSI-
eTCH E. 1-1. OHTeBa, npl1MeHI1BWaH ero K 113Y ' IeHI1IO npl1KaMcKoro 3Bepl1HOrO CTI1JJH.
Ha OCHOBaHl111 3TOro eH y aJIOCb paCWI1<PPOBaTb CMblCJJ xY O)/(eCTBeHHbIX 113 e-
JJI1H 11 peKOHCTpYl1pOBaTb B 06ll(eM 3HaKOBYlO CI1CTeMY npl1KaMcKoro 3Bepl1Horo
CTI1JIH (OHTeBa 1993; 1994; 2003].
B I1CCJJe OBaHI1I1 I1CKyccTBa 3Bepl1Horo CTI1JJH Hal160JJee onpaB aHHbIM npe -
CTaBJJHeTCH no xo K 3TOMY HBJJeHl110 KaK K 3HaKOBOH CI1CTeMe, Tpe6YIOll(eH npe)/(-
e Bcero no p06Horo aHaJII13a «Sl3bIKa» C BbISlBJIeHl1eM reHe311ca 11 pa3BI1TI1H 3Ha-
KOB, nepe alOll(I1X «TeKCT». flpe npl1HHTble nOnblTKI1 I1CCJJe OBaTeJJeH pa3JJI14HbIX
HBJJeHI1H peBHero I1CKyccTBa paCCMaTpl1BaTb 06'beKT 113Y4eHI1H KaK CI1CTeMY, He-
COMHeHHO, 3aCJIY)/(I1BaIOT npO OJI)/(eHI1H, npl14eM B paMKax 3TOH CI1CTeMbl He06xo-
I1MO 113Y4aTb 11 cO ep)/(aHl1e I1CKyccTBa, OTpa3I1BWee MI1pOB033peHI1e CBoero Bpe-
MeHI1 B I1CTOpl14eCKOM pa3BI1TI1I1, 11 Bblp(l)J(alOll(I1H ero CTI1JJb, 06YCJJOBJJeHHbIH co-
ep)/(aHl1eM. B apXeTl1ne e 1HCTBO <pOPMbl, MaTepl1aJIa, Ha3Ha4eHI1H npe MeTa,
CMbICJJa 11306pa3I1TeJJbHoro eKopa, 6a3l1pYIOll(eeCH Ha 06ll(ei1 CeMaHTI14eCKOH oc-
HOBe, OpraHI14HO 11 OJJ)/(HO CJIY)/(I1Tb Kpl1Tepl1eM JJH BblHBJJeHI1H Tl1nOB 11 pacno-
JIO)/(eHI1H I1X B TI1nOJJOrl14eCKOM PH y, OTpa)/(alOll(eM npoL(ecc pa3BI1TI1H.
TaKiUI MeTO I1Ka HBJISIeTCH 06ll(eI1CTOpI14eCKOH, 11 B 3TOM OTHOWeHl111 cOBep-
weHHO npaBoMepHo npl1MeHeHl1e ee K I1CTOpl111 I1cKyccTBa 11, B 4aCTHOCTI1, K 113Y-
4eHI11O naMHTHI1KOB 3Bepl1HOrO CTI1JJSI. B JJI060M CJJY4ae, K CJJO)/(HOMY 06'beKTY I1C-
CJJe OBaHI1H, KaKOBbIM, 6e3YCJJOBHO, SlBJJHeTCH I1CKyCCTBO 3Bepl1HOrO CTI1JJH, cJIe y-
eT npl1MeHHTb KOMnJIeKCHble MeTO bI, alOll(l1e B03MO)/(HOCTb a)J,eKBaTHoro pacKpbI-
TI1S1 CYll(HOCTI1 <peHoMeHa I1JJI1, no Kpal1HeH Mepe, MaKCI1MaJIbHO B03MO)/(HOro npl1-
6JJI1)/(eHI1H K 3TOH 3a a'le.
MeTo I1Ka I1CCJJe OBaHI1S1 I1CKyccTBa 3Bepl1HOrO CTI1JJSI CKI1<pCKOI1 3nOXH B CBO-
eM I1CTOpl14eCKOM pa3BI1TI1H npOWJJa HeCKOJJbKO cTyneHeH, KOTopble 6blJII1 06y-
CJIOBJIeHbI ypoBHeM HaKOnJJeHI1H, 113Y4eHHocTI1 11 OCMbICJJeHI1H xY O)/(eCTBeHHoro
MaTepl1aJIa eBpa311HCKI1X K04eBHI1KOB 1-ro TbIC. o H. 3. Ha paHHeM 3Tane CTaHOB-
JIeHI1H 3TOH 06JJaCTI1 HaY4Horo IICCJIe OBaHI1H Ha <pOHe KOJJl14eCTBeHHoro HaKon-
JJeHI1H apxeOJJOrl14eCKI1X naMHTHI1KOB nOSlBI1JJI1Cb B03MO)/(HOCTI1 11<p<pepeHlI,l1aL(1111
Teppl1TOpl1aJIbHO pa3Me)/(eBaHHbIX 3THOKYJIbTYPHbIX rpynn H nonbITOK onpe eJJe-
HI1S1 I1X rpaHI1L(. ,[I,l1caCCOll,l1aL(I1H <peHOMeHa CKII<p0-CI16I1pCKOro 3Bepl1Horo CTI1JJH
Ha JJOKaJIbHble rpynnbI n03BOJII1JIa BbISlBI1Tb OTJII1411H Me)/( y pa3HblMI1 JIOKaJIbHbl-
MI1 Bapl1aHTaMI1 HBJIeHI1H B L(eJJOM, oxapaKTepl130BaTb CneL(I1<p114eCKl1e npl13HaKI1 11
nonbITaTbCH aTb 3THOKyJJbTYPHYlO aTpI16YL(HIO BbISlBJJeHHbIX rpynn. flOCJJe HHH
n0311L(I1H, HeCOMHeHHO, npe CTaBJJSleT C060H 4pe3BbI4aHHO CJJO)/(HYIO 3a)J,a4Y 11
Hal160JJee YH3BI1Ma C T04KI1 3peHHH BepOSITHOCTI1 cy6'beKTI1BHOCTI1.
B nOCJJe Hee eCHTI1JJeTl1e HBCTBeHHO npOCJIe)/(HBaeTCSI TeH eHL(I1H 0606ll(eHI1H
HaKOnJIeHHOH I1H<popMall,I1H Ha HOBOM ypOBHe, Bblpa)/(alOll(aHCSI B nOnblTKaX I1C-
CJJe OBaTeJJeH nO HHTbCSI Ha BbICOTY npOHI1KHOBeHI1S1 B CO ep)/(aTeJJbHbll1 acneKT
I1CKYCCTBa peBHI1X KOlleBHHKOB Ha OCHOBe aHaJJI13a <pOpMbI 11 ee 3aKOHOMepHO-
CTeH. Y411TbIBiUI CJJO)/(HOCTI1 ceMaHTWleCKI1X WTY I1H 11 He06'bSiTHOCTb MaTepl1aJIa
B 3TOH 06JJaCTI1, '-ITO Tpe6yeT Cnell,l1aJIbHoro no xo a 11 OT eJJbHOrO I1CCJJe OBaHHH,
B npe JJaraeMOH 411TaTeJJIO MOHorpa<p1111 HaMepeHHO OrpaHI1411BalOTCH BonpOCbl
CeMaHTI1KI1.
B L(eJJHX B03MO)/(HO 60JIee nOJJHOrO 11 BcecTopoHHero cpaBHeHI1H JISI naMSlTHI1-
KOB I1CKyccTBa 1136paHHoro pemoHa paCWl1pHeTCSI Kpyr aHaJIOrHH B Teppl1TOpl1-
aJIbHOM, XpOHOJIOrl1<IeCKOM 11 3THOKYJJbTypHOM nJIaHax. TaKI1M 06pa30M, BMeCTO
CneL(I1<p I1Ka L(1111 OT eJJbHbIX JJOKaJIbHbIX npOHBJJeHI1H <peHoMeHa B HaCTOSlll(ee Bpe-
MH 60JJee aKTYaJIbHOH CTaHOBI1TCSI np06JIeMa BbISlBJIeHI1S1 06ll(l1x 3aKoHoMepHocTeH
11 l1aXpOHI1S1 3Bepl1Horo CTI1JJH Ha pa3HbIX Teppl1TOpl1HX no BJJI1HHl1eM I1CTOpI14e-
CKI1X <paKToPOB 11 3THOKYJJbTYPHbIX 113MeHeHI1H.
34
TaeMoro», 11 l1)J.elO 0 TOM, 4TO «<paHTaCTI14eCKl1e» 06Pa3bl BOnJlOll(aIOT npl1HlI,l1n
KOMnJleMeHTapHOCTl1, T. e. 06ll(en03HaBaTeJlbHblH npl1HlI,l1n )J.OnOJlHI1TeJlbHOCTI1,
paCCKa3blBalOIl.{I1H 06 YCTpoHCTBe Ml1pa 11 4eJlOBe4eCKoro 3HaHI1S1 [)J,aHI1H 1996,
c.70-72].
300MOp<pHble 06Pa3bl crpynnl1pOBaHbl no Bl1)J.OBblM pa3)J.eJIaM.
rJIaBa II
PbI6bI (Ta6JI. 1)
300MOPcI>HbIE OEPA3bI B J1CKYCCTBE
HJ1mHErO nOBOJImbH J1 IOmHoro npJ1YP AJIbH
B I1CKYCCTBe 3Bepl1Horo CTI1J1S1 11306pa)((eHI1S1 pbl6 He 3aHl-fMalOT Be.1I.YIl.{ero no-
JlO)((eHI1S1 11 3aMeTHO MaJI0411CJleHHee no cpaBHeHl110 CO BCeMI1 np0411MI1 KaTero-
pl1S1MI1 300MOP<PHbIX 06pa30B. TeM He MeHee B naMSlTHI1KaX eBpa3HHCKl1X K04eB-
HI1KOB CKI1<pCKOH :moxl1 OHI1 npe)J.CTaBJleHbl B pa3Ho06pa3HblX <POp Max. B naMSlT-
HI1KaX H I1)((Hero OOBOJl)((bSi 11306pmKeHI1S1 pbl6 B CKI1<pCKoe BpeMSI He 113BeCTHbl.
Bce HaXO)J.KI1 C TeppI1TOpHH, KOTopble BXO)J.SlT B nOJle HaCTOSlll(erO I1CCJle)J.oBaHI1S1,
KOHlI,eHTpl1pylOTcSI B 6acceHHe p. YlJleK. KaK OTMe4aJI K. <P. CI\1I1pHOB, :n11 Haxo)J.-
KI1 «MeHee Bcero noxo)l(I-J Ha H3BeCTHble 11306pa)((eHI1S1 pbl6 CKI1<pI1I1» 11 I1MelOT
CXO)J.CTBO C na3blpbIKCKI1MI1. 6awa,JJ.apCKI1MI1, ry3KTI1HCKI1MI1 11306pmKeHI1S1MI1 113 paH-
OHa ropHOro AJlTaSl, a TaK)((e 113 KypraHa B 411J1I1KTI1HCKOH )J.OJlI1He [CMl1pHOB
1964, c. 242]. Co BpeMeHI1 BblXO)J.a KHl1rH K. <P. CMl1pHOBa nOSlBI1J1I1Cb HOBbIe Ha-
XO)J. KI1 , KOTopble He HapYWI1J111 CJlO)((I1BWeHCSI KapTI1Hbl: nO-npe)((HeMY 11306pmKe-
HI1S1 pbl6 <pI1KCI1PYIOTCSI TOJlbKO B 6acceHHe YlJleKa. O)J.HaKo TaKoro pa311TeJlbHOrO
OTJlI1411S1 OT CKI1<pCKI1X Haxo)J.oK, KaK :no Bl1)J.eJlOCb K. <P. CMl1pHOBY, nO-BI1)J.I1MO-
MY, B HI1X HeT: 11306pa)((eHI1S1 pbl6 Ha 30JlOTblX OKOBKax 113 <P11J1HnnOBCKoro Kypra-
Ha <pOpMaJIbHO I1MelOT 04eHb 6J1113KYIO CKI1<pCKI1M 3K3eMnJlSlpaM TpaKTOBKY, XOTSI
06HapY)((I1BaIOT 11 CTI1J1I1CTl-JlleCKl1e OTJlI1411S1 (Ta6J1. 1). .
Opl1ypaJIbCKl1e 11306pa)((eHI1S1 pbl6 npe)J.cTaBJleHbl Ha 6pOH30BblX Y3)J.e4Hblx
(11J111 KOJl4aHHblx?) 6J1S1xax [CMl1pHOB 1964, c. 332] 113 KypraHoB Y XYT. BeceJloro I
6J1113 C. AK-6YJIaK 11 B HaropHoM (3ana,JJ.HblH Ka3axcTaH), a TaK)((e Ha 30JlOTblX nJla-
CTlmaX-HaKJla.1I.Kax 113 <P11J1l1nnOBCKoro KypraHa B OpeH6YP)((be. 6J1S1XI1 113 AK-6y-
JlaKa )J.eMOHCTpl1pYIOT KpaHHee ynpOll(eHl1e 11306pa311TeJlbHOH TpaKTOBKI1, B KOTO-
pOH Be)J.Yll(YIO pOJlb I1rpaeT CI1J1Y3T. 4pe3Bbl4aHHO 6J1113KI1 11M no CI1J1y:ny pbl6bl 113
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OT ryJlOBI1ll(a BO Bcex CJlY4aSlX, OTMe4aSl )((a6pbl. OapaJIJleJlbHble pHTMH4HO pacno-
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Me4eHbl )J.eKopaTI1BHOCTblO 11 opHaMeHTaJIbHOH pa3pa60TaHHOCTblO nOBepXHOCTI1, npl1-
CYll(eH BceM npe)J.MeTaM 113 3Toro naMSlTHI1Ka.
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HHX JleT (YJIaH)J.PbIK, KypraHbl AK-AJlaxa [Ky6apeB 1987, c. 279, Ta6J1. LXXVIl1;
DOJlOCbMaK 1994, c.45, pl1c. 41]), MorYT paCCMaTpl1BaTbCSI JlI1Wb KaK BeCbMa OT-
)J.aJIeHHble aHaJIOrl111 npl1ypaJIbCKI1M nJlaCTI1HaM, KOTopble npe)J.cTaBJlSlIOT onpeJl,e-
JleHHoe cBoe06pa311e I1CKyccTBa :noro perHOHa C xapaKTepHblMI1 .1I.JlSI Hero 4epTa-
MI1, HeCMOTpSl Ha CBOIO MaJI04I1CJleHHOCTb.
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JlOM BeCbMa e)J.I1Ho06pa3eH Ha Wl1pOKOH Teppl1TOpl111 OT Cpe)J.HeH EBponbl .11.0 KI1-
TaSl, T. e. Ha BceM npOCTpaHCTBe 6bITOBaHI1S1 TaKoro KYJlbTypHOro <peHOMeHa, KaK
3Bepl1HblH CTI1J1b. HenpeMeHHblM KOMnOHeHTOM :noro I1CKYCCTBa SlBJlSleTCSI onpe-
)J.eJleHHblH Ha60p MOTI1BOB, HeCYll(I1X B ce6e 4eTKO )J.eTepMI1Hl1pOBaHHYIO CMbICJlO-
BYIO HarpY3KY, KOTOpbIH, HeCOMHeHHO, npe.1I.CTaBJlSleT C060H 300MOp<pHbIH KO)J., ne-
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B033peHI1S1.
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6bl II T. .11..) COCTaBJlSlIOT MeHee YHI1BepCaJIbHble KaTeropl1H MOTI1BOB 3Bepl1Horo
CTI1J1S1 CKII<pCKOH 3nOXI1. 06pa3bl HeKOTopblX )((I1BOTHbIX (Hanpl1Mep Bep6J1IO)J.OB)
<pl1rypl1pYIOT Ha Teppl1TOpl1l1, CBSl3aHHOH C apeaJIOM 6110JlOn14eCKoro BH)J.a, no-
CJlY)((I1Bwero npOTOTl1nOM .1I.JlSI C03)J.aHI1S1 300MOP<pHbIX 11306pa311TeJlbHblX MOTIIBOB.
B HaCTOSlll(eH maBe paCCMaTpl1BalOTCSI 300Mop<pHble MOTI1Bbl, crpynnl1pOBaH-
Hble no npl1HlI,l1ny COOTHeCeHI1S1 I1X C )((I1BOTHbIMI1 pa3HblX BI1)J.OB. 3TO )J.aeT B03-
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rpynna TaK Ha3blBaeMblX <paHTaCTI14eCKI1X CYll(eCTB C03HaTeJlbHO He Bbl)J.eJlSleTCSI B
OT)J.eJlbHYIO KaTerOpl11O 06pa30B, nOCKOJlbKY Kpl1Tepl111 «<paHTaCTI14HOCTI1» 300-
MOP<pHbIX nepCOHa)((eH OTCYTCTBYIOT. B HeKOTopblX CJlY4aSlX 11306pmKeHI1S1 MOHCT-
pOB CKJla)tblBaIOTCSI 113 BnOJlHe peaJII1CTI14eCKI1X 3J1eMeHTOB nocpe)J.CTBOM coe)J.I1He-
HI1S1 B O)J.HO lI,eJloe 4aCTeH pa3HbiX )((I1BOTHbIX (XI1ll(HOH nTl1l1,bl 11 KOnbITHOrO; nTI1-
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paCWI1<pPOBKI1 nO)J.06HblX 06pa30B, COWJleMCSI JlI1Wb Ha MeTKOe onpe)J.eJleHHe <p11-
Jloco<pa. BblCKa3aBwero MbICJlb, 4TO «KeHTaBp - 3TO MeTa<popa C04eTaHI1S1 HeC04e-
37
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6eHHo B V B. .11.0 H. 3. B 60nee n03)J.HI1H nepl1o)J. OHI1 BCTpe1.JaIOTCSI pe)l(e 11, HeCO-
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perHOHaMI1, B 3TI1X 06JJaCTSIX pacnpOCTpaHeHI1S1 3Bepl1HOrO CTI1JJSI 06Pa3bl OJJeHSI He
CTOJJb MHOr01.JI1CJJeHHbl, oc06eHHO B HI1)/(HeM flOBOJJ)I(be. OHI1 npe)J.CTaBJJeHbl 6YK-
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11306pa)l(eHI1e npOTOMbl OJJeHSI Ha Ka6aHbeM KJJblKe 113 KaJ1I1HOBKI1, KypraH N 8
(aHaJ10rHl1 eMY BCTpe1.JaIOTCH Ha MI1HYCI1HCKI1X 6poH3ax [4JJeHOBa 1962, Ta6JJ. V,
11-13; 3aBI1TYXI1Ha 1983, c. 145, N 148]); pe3Hoe 11306pa)l(eHI1e OJJeHSI B pe)J.KoH
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CKOM naMSlTHI1Ke - <PI1JJl1nnOBCKoM KypraHe (Ta6JJ. 7: 4). B TaKOH )l(e HeeCTeCT-
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no KOToporo HanOMI1HalOT OJJeHSI, a pora npl1Ha)J,Jle)l(aT cKopee K03JJY 11 He I1MelOT
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xapaKTepeH .1I.JJSI flpe)J.KaBKa3CKOrO perHOHa, HO BCTpe1.JaeTCH 11 B flpl1)J.HenpoBbe
(Ta6JJ.7). Pa3BepHYTbie B ropI130HTaJ1bHOH nnOCKOCTI1 OJJeHbl1 pora (cp.: 6pOH30-
BaSI c6pYHHaH 6nSlxa 113 KOJJJJeKL(1111 foc. 3pMI1TmKa, I1HB. N 2507/2 lPiotrovsky,
GaIanina, Grach 1986, N 284]), 3aKaH1.JI1BalOlUl1eCSI rpl1cpoHbl1MI1 rOJJOBKaMI1, pac-
npocTpaHeHbl cpe)J.l1 xY)J.O)/(eCTBeHHblx 113)J.eJJI1H, HaH)J.eHHbix Ha CeBepHoM KaBKa-
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TaKaSi I1KoHorpacpl1S1 HBJJSleTCH oc06eHHocTbIO KaBKa3CKI1X naMSlTHI1KOB 11 npol1c-
XO)/()J.eHl1eM CBSl3aHa C 3ana;J.HblMI1 perl10HaMI1 pacnpocTpaHeHI1S1 CKl1cpcKoro 3Be-
pHHoro CTI1JJSI [MacJJoB, 01.Jl1p-fopSieBa 1997, c. 69]. 3Ta n0311L(11S1 Ka)l(eTCSI He)J.OCTa-
T01.JHO 060cHoBaHHOH 11 Bbl3bIBaeT B03pmKeHI1H, nOCKOJJbKY aHaJ10rl11.JHble no TpaK-
TOBKe 11306pmKeHI1S1 113BeCTHbl, Hanpl1Mep, B naMSlTHI1KaX flpl1YPaJ1bSl (Ta6JJ. 3), 11
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300MopcpHble MOTHBbl, CBH3aHHble C 06pa3aMH pa3JJH1.JHbIX TpaBoH)J.HblX )1(11-
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CTaBI1TeJJeH MHOr01.JI1CJJeHHbIX 6110JJOrl11.JeCKI1X BI1)J.OB, OTHOCHlUl1XCSI K ceMel1cTBY
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JJaHI1, a TaK)I(e 6JJaropo)J.Horo OJJeHSI .11.0 5 JJeT 11 KOCYJJI1 C MaJ1eHbKI1MI1 p0)l(KaMI1. B
O)J.HOM naMSlTHI1Ke (60JJbWOH <Pl1nl1nnOBCKI1H KypraH) cpl1rYPl1pYIOT 06Pa3bl Pa3-
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1.JeCKI1X Tl1nOB, OTJJI11.JalOlUI1XCSI pa3nl11.JHbIMI1 xapaKTepl1CTI1KaMI1, B TOM '/lICJJe 11
cpOpMOH porOB, MO)l(HO rOBOpl1Tb 06 11306pa311TeJJbHOH nepe)J.a1.Je He TOJJbKO BI1)J.O-
BblX npl13HaKOB 11 npl13HaKOB nOJJOBOrO )J.I1Mopcpl13Ma, HO 11 B03paCTHbiX xapaKTe-
pl1CTI1K (cpopMa porOB 11 KOJJI11.JeCTBO I1X OTpOCTKOB). Cne)J.yeT OrOBOpl1TbCSI, 1.JTO
HapSl.1I.y C npl13HaKaMI1, KOTopble nepe)J.alOT peaJ1bHble xapaKTepl1CTI1KI1 )l(I1BOTHbIX,
B 11306pmKeHI1HX 3Bepl1Horo CTI1JJSI npl1CYTCTBYIOT CTI1JJI13aL(llOHHble npl13HaKI1, OT-
pmK alO lU l1e ypoBeHb YCJJOBHOCTI1 xY)J.O)l(eCTBeHHoro TBoplIeCTBa KOlIeBHI1KOB l-ro TbIC.
.11.0 H.3. 60JJbWOe 3Ha1.JeHl1e npl1)J.aeTCSI nepe)J.a1.Je cpOpMbl pOroB, 11306pmKeHI11O
oc06eHHOCTeH MOp)J.bl 11 yweH, T. e. TI1nl14HbiX npI13HaKOB, )J.eJJalOlUl1X B03MO)/(HbIM
on03HaBaHI1e )l(I1BOTHOro. 06lUI1H CI1JJy3T cpl1rYPbl, ee nponopL(1111 MorYT Hapy-
waTbCSI B 3aBI1CI1MOCTI1 OT KOMn0311L(110HHbIX Tpe60BaHI1H, a HeKOTopble oc06eHHO-
CTI1 TeJJa np0l13BOJJbHO I1rHOpl1pylOTCH. TaK, Ha6JJIO)J.aeTCSI ycnoBHoCTb B nepe)J.a'le
Hor )l(I1BOTHbIX; I1X npOnOpL(l1l1, KaK npaBI1JJO, HapywalOTcSI, a KOnblTa TpaKTylOTcH
B COOTBeTCTBl111 C I1KOHorpacpl1 l leCKI1MI1 TPa;J.I1L(I1S1MI1, B KOTOpblX B )J.aHHOM cnY'lae
OTCYTCTByeT BCSlKoe CTpeMJJeHl1e K )J.OCTll)I(eHl11O CXO)J.CTBa C peaJ1bHblM npOTOTI1-
nOM. flpl1 3TOM MO)/(HO OTMeTI1Tb )J.OBOJJbHO OrpaHl1 l leHHblH Ha60p I1KOHorpacpl11.Je-
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OJJeHeH 11 Ka6aHOB B 11306pmKeHI111 nOJJHblX CTOSllUl1X <pHryp H306pa)/(aIOTCSI KOPOT-
KI1MI1, nl1WeHHblMI1 TOHKOCTI1 11 113S1lUeCTBa, npl1CYlUl1X KOHe'IHOCTSIM KOnblTHblX B
npl1po)J.e, 11 Ha)J.eJJSlIOTCSI HenOMepHO 60JJbWl1MI1 KOnblTaMI1, nOCTaBJJeHHblMI1 B ro-
pI130HTaJ1bHOM nOJJO)l(eH 1111 , OT4ero c03)J.aeTcSI Bne4aTJJeHI1e «06YTOCTI1» )/(I1BOT-
HbIX. TaKaSi TpaKTOBKa Hor TpaBOSl)J.HbIX, KaK npaBI1JJO, C01.JeTaeTCH C 11306pa)l(eHI1-
eM Bcex 'leTblpex KOHe4HOCTeH, B OTJJI1 ' ll1e OT )J.BYX, nOKa3aHHbiX B CTporo npo-
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I1MelOT )J.pYrHe I1KOHorpa<pl11.JeCKl1e oc06eHHOCTI1. TaKoH I1KOHorpa<pll1.JeCKl1l1 Tl1n
npe)J.YCMaTpl1BaeT 11306pmKeHI1e nO)J.OrHYTblX Hor, KOTopble BblrJJSI)J.HT )J.JJlIHHblMI1
11 113S1lUHb1MII 11 3aBepwalOTCH Y3KI1MI1 KonblTaMI1 (cp. 11306pmKeHI1S1 KOnblTHblX 113
<PI1JJl1nnOBKI1 [flweHI11.JHIOK 1989, pl1C. 2, 3, 6-8]).
MOTI1B OJJeHH MO)l(HO C1.JI1TaTb O)J.HI1M 113 caMblX nonYJJHpHblX 11 pacnpOCTpa-
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CTBY paHHero BpeMeHI1 VII-V BB. .11.0 H. 3. B CKII<pCKOM I1CKYCCTBe K IV-III BB.
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38
39
pOCTKH B <pOpMe nTH4bHX roJ10BOK (aHanOrHH 11M MO)j(HO YCMaTpl1BaTb B HeKOTO-
pblX CKH<pCKHX 11306pa)j(eHH X V B. )],0 H. 3.) 113 KpHBOH JlYKI1 VIII, Kypr. 5, norp. 16.
l1KoHorpa<pH4ecKHH BapHaHT H3 Kpl1BOH JlYKI1 HeTH0I14eH )],J1 I1CKycCTBa HH)j(He-
ro f10B0J1)j(b CKH<pCKOro BpeMeHI1 11 HanOMI1HaeT cKopee 3ana).\HbIe napanJ1eJ111
(nOJ1HbIe aHanOrHI1 - 6J1 XH H3 CeMH6paTHI1X KypraHoB [Piotrovsky, Galanina,
Grach 1986, N£ 97, Kypr. 4] H YJ1 na [We)],eBpbl )],p. HCK. Ky6aHH, c. 87, N£ 13] Ha
Ky6aHH, 60J1ee OT)],aneHHble - DepeCTeH rl1, KYPr. 5, BTopa n0J10BI1Ha V B. )],0
H. 3. [f1eTpeHKo 1967, Ta6J1. 31: 2,4]; AK-Me4eTb, nepBa n0J10BHHa V B.)],O H. 3.
[Piotrovsky, Galanina, Grach 1986, N£ 101]; CJ1Y4aHHa HaXO)],Ka 113 3BeHHropO)],-
CKOrO ye3)],a KHeBCKOH ry6epHHI1 [f1eTpeHKo 1967, Ta6J1. 31; 7]). Cy)], no <popMe H
K0J1H4eCTBY OTpOCTKOB, HaXO)],KH 113 DmOMeH<peJ1b)],a, KanHHOBKI1 11 HOBOnpI1BOJ1b-
Horo H306pa)j(a1OT 6J1aropO)],Horo OJ1eH (Cervus elaphus) cTapwe 5 J1eT, a 6J1 WKH
H3 KpHBOH JlYKI1 npe)],cTaBJ1 IOT J1aHb (Cervus dama).
Ony6J1HKOBaHa HaXO)],Ka H3 BOJ1rorpa)],cKoH 06J1aCTH, He06b14Ha )],J1 3Toro
perHoHa: 3TO 06J10MOK, nO-BI1)],HMOMY, OJ1eHHoro KaMH C <pparMeHTapHo coxpa-
HI1BWHMC 11306pmKeHI1eM OJ1eH . f10 He60J1bWoMY <pparMeHTY TPY)],HO CY)],I1Tb 0
caMOM 11306pa)j(eHI1H, HO aBTop ny6J1HKal(I1H, I1. B. Cepral(KOB, npe)],nOJ1araeT, 'ITO
3TO 6bIJ1a <pHrypa OJ1eH B n03e «J1eT w.ero ranona» HJ111 «Ha KOHlIHKax KOnbIT»
[Cepral.(KOB 1988, c. 250].
HeMHorHM MHoro l lHCJ1eHHee H OJ1eHbH 06pa3bl B HCKyccTBe caBpoMaTcKoro
BpeMeHIl B IO)j(HoM f1pl1ypanbe. KaK npaBHJ10, HaXO)],KIl HX e)],HHHllHbl H He npe)],-
CTaBJ1 IOT Tl1n0J10rH4eCKoro p )],a. HanpllMep, 30J10Ta BeCbMa 0606w.eHHoro PI1-
CYHKa 6J1 WKa H3 MOrHJ1bHHKa f1HHMapbl 1 (KYPr. 6, norp. 40), Ha KOTOpOH OJ1eHb
)],aH B Tpa)],Hl.(HOHHOH )],J1 CKH<p0-CH6I1pCKOro 3Bepl1Horo CTHJ1 B l.(eJ10M n03e - C
nO)],)j(aTbIMU no)], TYJ10BHw.e HOraMI1. l1306pa)j(eHl1e OTJ1H4aeTC YKop04eHHocTblO
npOnOpl.(I1H. l1KoHorpa<pHllecKHH Tl1n ManoBblpaJHTeJ1eH, KOMn03Ul.(I1 <purYPbl (paK-
TH4eCKH BnI1CbIBaeTC B Kpyr. l1306pa)j(eH 6J1aropo)],HbIH OJ1eHb.
DOJ1bWHHCTBO OJ1eHbHX 06pa30B (60J1ee 140 pa3J1H l IHb1X H306pmKeHufi) npol1c-
XO)],HT H3 O)],Horo naM THI1Ka - <DI1J11mnOBcKoro KypraHa, r)],e MOTI1B OJ1eH npe)],-
CTaBJ1eH 4pe3Bbl4aHHo MHOro06pa3HO 11 60J1bWI1M lIHCJ10M HIDW)],OK, )],eMoHcTpH-
PYIOw.ux Bew.11 paJHOro Ha3HalleHH . DOJ1bW UHCTBO H306pmKeHI1H npe)],cTaBJ1 eT
6J1aropo)],Horo OJ1eH cTapwe 5 J1eT, O,L\HaKO HeKoTopble 6J1 WKH )],eMoHcTpHPYIOT
06Pa3bl, BH)],HMO, KOCYJ1H, J1aHI1 H M0J10)],Oro 6J1aropo)],Horo OJ1eH (3 J1eT) (Ta6J1. 3).
55 30J10TbIX HaWHBHblX 6J1 WeK He60J1bworo pa3Mepa (2,8X2,0 CM) 113 <DHJ1HnnOB-
KH HMelOT 04eHb 0606w.eHHoe H ynpow.eHHoe 11306pa)j(eHHe J1e)j(aw.ero OJ1eH ,
BKOMnOHOBaHHoe B np MoyrOJ1bHYIO cpOPMY 6J1 WeK. HeCMOTp Ha 06W.HOCTb no-
3bl C n TI1MapCKHM OJ1eHeM, u306pa)j(eHl1e npe)],CTaBJ1 eT COBepweHHo )],pyroH THn,
BHO T roTelOw.HH K )],eKopaTHBHOCTlt: 3aBHTKU poroB npeBpaw.eHbl B opHaMeHT H3
pHTMH4eCKI1X nOBTopeHHH S-06pa3Hb1X 3aBHTKOB. f1J1e40 H 6e)],po )j(I1BOTHOro UMe-
lOT peJ1be<pHYIO npopa60TKY, nOBTop IOW.YIO Tpa)],Ul.(HOHHbIH )J,J1 IO)j(HOCH6HpcKoro
BapHaHTa opHaMeHTanbHblH MOTI1B «3an ToH», Be)],yw.HH CBoe pa3BHTUe OT HpaH-
CKOro HCKyccTBa H cB 3aHHbIH C Tpa)],Hl.(UeH l(BeTHbIX BCTaBOK.
B BI1)],e J1e)j(aw.ero OJ1eH c)],eJ1aHa pY4Ka OT cocy)],a, Ha )],pyroH npe)],cTaBJ1eHa
Cl(eHa Tep3aHH XUW.HI1KOM J1e)j(aw.ero OJ1eH [f1weHI14HIOK 1989, pHC. 9]. B 060HX
CJ1Y4IDlX Y OJ1eHeH no)], HH)j(HeH 4eJ1IOCTblO HMeeTC KaKOH-TO «3aBHTOK», a nJ1e40
\I 6e)],po OTMe4eHbl peJ1be<pHoH opHaMeHTal.(Herl, Bapbl1pYIOW.eH MOTHB <<3an Toi1».
<DHrYPKa J1e)j(aw.ero OJ1eH OTJ1l1llaeTC )],lIcnponopl.(l1efi pa3MepoB (MaccIIBHa ro-
J10Ba C HeBepOHHO y)],J1HHeHHOH MOp)],OH H cpaBHIITeJ1bHO He60J1bWOH por, paBHblH
no )J,J1I1He MOp,L\e). Por nepe)J.aH nocpe)],cTBoM pHTMI14eCKOro p )],a napanJ1eJ1bHbIX 11
YMeHbwalOw.HXC B pa3MepaX )],yro06pa3HbIX peJ1be<pHblx OTpOCTKOB, a He nOCJ1e-
40
)],OBaTeJ1bHOH KOM6HHal(HeH S-06pa3Hb1X KpI1BbIX, 4TO TUnl14HO )],J1 CH611pCKHX
H3)],eJ1HH, oc06eHHO B paHHee BpeM . I1306pa)j(eHHe CTaTI14HO, H Bne4aTJ1eHl1e 3TO
YCHJ1HBaeTC H3-3a BepTl1KaJ1bHO nOCTaBJ1eHHOH weH.
Cpe)],11 30J10Tb1X 6J1 WeK H3 <DHJ1ImnOBKH eCTb COBepweHHO He06bI4Hble I1KO-
Horpa<pWleCKHe THnbI. HanpHMep, J1e)j(aw.a <pHrypKa OJ1eH C nOBepHYTOH Ha3a)], 11
BBepx roJ10BOH. We npaKTH4eCKII OTCYTCTByeT, nponOpl.(HH TeJ1a YKop04eHbI. f10-
Ka3aHa napa porOB, 3aBepwalOw.HXC r0J10BKaMH rpH<poHOB. B OCTanbHOM n03a
)j(HBOTHoro C nO)J.orHYTbIMI1 nepe)],HHMH H 3a,L\HI1MH HoraMH Tpa)],I1l(1I0HHa )],J1
CKH<P0-CH6HpCKoro HCKYCCTBa.
Ew.e O)],HH HenpHBbl4HblH BapHaHT npe)],CTaBJ1eH 6J1 wKOIl B BH)],e r0J10Bbl OJ1e-
H (I1J1H J10C ?) C BepTl1KanbHO pacn0J10)j(eHHbIM YXOM 11 napOH pOroB, coe)],HH IO-
W.HXC OTpOCTKaMH B O)],HY )],yry.
DOJ1ee 6030J10Tb1X OKOBOK COCY)],OB )],eMoHcTpUPYIOT caMble pa3Ho06pa3Hbie
KOMn03Hl.(HI1, H306pmKalOw.He OJ1eH B Pa3J1WIHbIX n03ax: J1e)j(aw.ee )j(HBOTHoe C
BblBepHYTblM KpynoM; CTO W.I1H OJ1eHb; npOTOMa OJ1eH C pa3BepHyTblM BepTI1-
KanbHO porOM [f1weHH4HIOK 1989, pHC. 3; Psjenitjnjuk 1990, s. 36, 38, 39, 41]. B
HeKoropblx CJ1Y4a x Cl.(eHa Tep3aHH Ha KYJ1bTOBbIX cocy)],ax nepe)],aHa Cnel.(If<pH-
4eCKHM cnoc060M; XI1W.HI1K, Tep3alOw.HH OJ1eH , I1CnOJ1HeH B BIf)],e 06'beMHOrl <pH-
rypKI1-pY4KH, a Tep3aeMblfi OJ1eHb - B BI1)],e mKypHOH nJ1aCTI1Hbl-HaKJ1a).\KI1.
B OTJ1114He OT HI1)j(Hero f10B0J1)j(b , IO)j(Hoe f1puypanbe )],aeT MaTepHan, no-
3B0J1 IOW.HH Bbl)],eJ1HTb rpynnbl H306pa)j(eHHH, I1Melow.HX 06w.He npH3HaKH, KOTO-
pble HX 06'be)],HH IOT.
O)],Ha H3 a)j(ypHblX HaKJ1a)],OK Ha cocy)], (Ta6J1. 8: 1) I1MeeT 11306pmKeHHe CTO -
w.ero OJ1eH . Ero OTJ1H4HTeJ1bHa oc06eHHocTb - Hana HHble me3)],a co BCTaBKa-
MH, 06paMJ1eHHble 3epHblo lPsjenitjnjuk 1990, s. 38]. OlleBIf)],Ho, 3Ta )],eTanb MO)j(eT
CBH)],eTeJ1bCTBOBaTb 0 CpaBHI1TeJ1bHO n03)],HeH )J,aTe Bew.H, nOCKOJ1bKY YKpaweHl1e
30J10Tb1X H3)],eJ1I1H l(BeTHbIMH BCTaBKaMI1 B Hana HHblX rHe3)],ax xapaKTepHO )J,J1
capMaTCKHX naM THI1KOB. O)],HaKo KaK OCHOBaHl1e )],J1 )],aTHpOBKI1 3TOT npH3HaK
Bce )j(e He)],OCTaT04HO Ha)],e)j(eH. f1ponOpl.(HH cpHrypKH OTJ1H4aIOTC T )j(eJ10BeCHO-
CTblO 11 OTCYTcTBHeM npHpo)],Horo 113 w.eCTBa 11 rpal.(H03HOCTH OJ1eH , KaK npaBI1J10,
nO)],4epKI1BaeMblx B xy)],o)j(ecTBeHHblx 06pa3ax. r0J10Ba )j(HBOTHOro nOCTaBJ1eHa
np MO, 4TO C6J1H)j(aeT ero C 11306pa)j(eHI1 MI1 Bep6J1IO)],oB, H npaKTH4ecKH <<3a)j(aTa»
Me)j()],y T )j(eJ1bIM porOM H )],J1HHHOH Cm1HOH; we KaK 6bl BOBce OTCYTCTByeT. Ilo)],
MaCCIIBHOH MOp)],OH Ha rpY)],H rpa<p114eCKl1 TpaKToBaHa wepcTb - cBoe06pa3HblH
«nO)],Bec», TI10114HblH )J,J1 nepe)],a l ll1 06pa3a Bep6J1IO)],a. 3Ta nJ1aCTI1Ha nepeKJ1HKa-
eTC C He60J1bWOH Cepl1eH 6pOH30BblX 6J1 X 113 npl1ypanbcKoro perl10Ha, YKpa-
weHHblX H306pmKeHH MH cTo w.ero OJ1eH (CJ1YlIaHHa HaXO)],Ka Ha p. Y<pI1MKe,
Wl1nOBCKI1H 11 DI1KTHMHpOBCKHH MOrl1J1bHHKH) (Ta6J1. 8: 2-6). XpOH0J10rH4eCKI1
3TI1 6J1 XH OTHOC TC , HeCOMHeHHO, K 60J1ee n03)],HeMY BpeMeHH, 4eM nJ1aCTHHa U3
<DHJ1HnnOBcKoro KypraHa, H )],eMoHcTpI1PYIOT nOCTeneHHoe orpy6J1eHHe H306pa-
)j(eHH H )],erpa).\al.(HIO 06pa3a.
K. <D. CMHpHOB C4I1Tan, 4TO )],J1 «caBpoMaTcKoH» TeppHTOpI1H, B KOTOPYIO OH
BKJl104an H HI1)j(Hee f1oBOJ1)j(be, H IO)j(Hoe f1pHypanbe, 11306pa)j(eHH OJ1eHeH B no-
3e cnoKoHHoro CTO HH HexapaKTepHbl, B OTJ1I14He OT IO)j(HOCu6HpcKoro I1CKyCCT-
Ba [CMHpHOB 1964, c. 240J. B KalleCTBe HCKJJI04eHH OH npHBo)],l1J1 TOJ1bKO 6pOH-
30BYlO 6J1 xy, CJ1Y4aHHYIO HaXO)],KY y noc. DYJ1b14eBa Ha p. Y<pHMKe B DaWKl1pHH.
O)],HaKo CJ1e)],yeT 3aMeTI1Tb, 4TO npH cpaBHUTeJJbHOH HeMHOrO l II1CJ1eHHOCTIt OJ1eHb-
I1X 06pa30B Bo06w.e B HCKyccTBe IO)j(Horo npHypanb H306pa)j(eHH CTO W.HX
OJ1eHeH He MorYT C4HTaTbC HCKJ1104HTeJ1bHO pe)],KHMH, nOCKOJ1bKY BblpHCOBbIBa-
eTC )],a)j(e onpe)],eJ1eHHbIH Kpyr nO)J.06HbIX 06pa30B, COCTaBJ1 IOw.HH He60J1bwylO,
41
HO OT4eTJlI1BylO rpynny. Pe4b H)J,eT npe)j()J,e Bcero 0 npaKTH4eCKH H)J,eHTH4HbIX
yqmMcKoH HaXO)J,Ke 6pOH30BblX 6Jl xax OT nO CHOro Ha60pa C rpy6blM, nJlOXO npo-
pa60TaHHblM H306pa)j(eHHeM CTO w,eH qmrYPbl OJleH H3 illUnOBCKOrO MOrl-lJlbHHKa
(KYPr. 1, norp. 2) VI-III BB. )J,O H. 3. [flWeHH4HIOK 1976, c. 43, puc. 7,8,9] H no-
)J,06Hb1X 6Jl xax H3 DHKTHMHpoBcKoro MOrHJlbHHKa [flweHH4HIOK 1973, pHC. 7,
11-13]. Ha Bcex 6Jl xax npe)J,cTaBJleHO )j(HBOTHoe C MOW,HbIMH OJleHbHMH pora-
MH. l-'1306pa:3I1TeJlbHIDI TpaKToBKa KpaHHe cyMMapHa, )J,eTaJlH npaKTH4eCKH He npo-
pa60TaHbl, HO MO)j(HO C yBepeHHOCTblO rOBopl1Tb 0 HeCOMHeHHO OJleHbeM, OCTpOM
H npO)J,OJlrOBaTOM, yxe. O)J,HaKO B H306pa)j(eHHH )j(HBOTHOro npHCYTCTBYIOT HeKO-
TopbIe 4epTbl, THnH4HbIe )J,Jl npHYPaJIbCKOH HKOHorpacpUH Bep6JlIO)J,a: cnoc06 ne-
pe)J,a4H Hor, HeKOTopa T )j(eJlOBeCHOCTb H CTaTI14HOCTb cpl1rYPbl, xapaKTepHIDI
«rpI1BKa» no)J, WeeHI1 B HeKOTopblX CJlY4a x (eCJlI1 11306pa)j(eHue B pl1cyHKe B ny6-
JlI1Kal(1111 Wl1nOBCKOro KOMnJleKCa COOTBeTcTByeT )J,eHCTBI1TeJlbHOCTI1 11 T04HO ne-
pe)J,aeT )J,eTaJll1) - KJllOB006pa3HOCTb MOp)J,bI.
OTCYTCTBl1e caMOH OTJll1411TeJlbHOH 'IepTbI B 11306pa)j(eHI1I1 Bep6JlIO)J,a - rop-
60B Bce )j(e n03BOJl eT OTHeCTI1 3TI1 Bew,11 K rpynne OJleHbl1X 06pa30B, a nponop-
l(110HaJlbHbIe COOTHOWeHI1 11 )J,pyrlle npl13HaKI1 (TpaKTOBKa 06pa3a B l(eJlOM 11 cnO-
C06bl nepe)J,a411 OT)J,eJlbHbIX )J,eTaJleH) )J,alOT B03MO)j(HOCTb npOBeCTI1 napaJIJleJlb
Me)l{)J,y 11306pa)j(eHI1 MI1 Ha 6pOH30BblX 6Jl xax 11 Ha 30JlOTOH OKOBKe cocY)J,a H3
<DI1Jll1nnOBCKoro KypraHa 11 paCCMaTpl1BaTb I1X KaK 6Jll13KI1e I1KOHorpacpl14eCKI1e
Tl1nbl, xapaKTepHbIe I1MeHHO )J,Jl )J,aHHoro perl10Ha 11 OTpmKalOw,l1e JlI1HIlIO pa3BII-
TII O)J,Horo IICXO)J,HOro IIKOHorpacpll4eCKoro Tfma.
<Dllrypbl CTO W,IIX OJleHeH )J,pyroro IIKoHorpacpll l lecKoro Tllna (n6Jl. 3) 6blJlII
HaH)J,eHbI B I-M TaHHIIKe (8 cpllryp), BO 2-M TaHHIIKe (3 60JlbWlle cpllrYPbI II 10-
nOMeHbwe) II 5 60JlbWIIX cpllryp y BXO)J,a B norpe6aJ1bHYlO KaMepy [nweH1I4HIOK
1989, pllc.2, 10, 13]. KpoMe Toro, B I-M TaHHIIKe 6bIJlII 06 HapY)j(eHbI 30JlOTbIe
OKOBKII COCY)J,OB B BII)J,e CTIIJlll30BaHHbiX poroB OJleH (Ta6Jl. 25), npeBpaw,eHHbIx B
opHaMeHTaJlbHble 3aBI1TKII [nweH1I4HIOK 1989, pllC. 5]. KpynHbIe cpllrYPbI OJleHeH
C MOW,HbIMII BepTIIKaJlbHO pa3BepHYTbiMII poraMII npe)J,cTaBJleHbI )J,BYM TllnaMII.
flo onllcaHll1O A. X. f1weHII4HIOKa, (!mrYPbl CTO W,IIX OJleHeH 113 l-ro TaHHIIKa
(l Tlln) Bblpe3aHbI 113 )J,epeBa II C O)J,HOH CTOpOHbI 0611TbI 30JlOTbiMII nJlaCTIIHaMII C
THCHeHbIM opHaMeHTOM B BU)J,e pa3Ho06pa3HbiX 3aBHTKOB, nO)J,4epKuBalOw,ux
MbIWl(bl )j(HBOTHoro. TUCHeHue 06KJl3JJ.KIJ nOBTop eT pUCyHOK pe3b6bl no )J,epeBy
OCHOBbI. C )J,pyroH CTOpOHbI cpurYPbl UMelOT rna)J,KYIO 06HBKY U3 cepe6p HOH
cpOJlbrU [flweHu4HIOK 1989, c.4, puc. 2; Psjenitjnjuk 1990, s. 39]. 3TOT cpaKT ro-
BOpHT 0 TOM, 4TO cpHrYPbI HMeml JlHl(eBYIO H 060POTHYlO CTOpOHbI. BbICOTa cpHryp
B cpe)J,HeM 50 CM, )J,JlHHa T)'JlOBHw,a - 25-30 CM. Bo 2-M TaHHHKe 10 cpHryp OJle-
H aHaIIOrH4HbI no pa3MepaM, TeXHUKe H npHHl(Hny )J,eKopa OJleH M H3 l-ro TaH-
HHKa. Mow,HbIe pora pa3BepHYTbI B O)J,HOH nJlOCKOCTH C cpHrypoH, T. e. H306pa)j(e-
HHe npe)J,Ha3Ha4aJ10Cb )J,Jl 0630pa C O)J,HOH CTOpOHbI. npOnOpl(HOHaJlbHble COOT-
HoweHH MOp)J,bI, rJla3a, yxa, pUCyHOK 3aBHTKOB poroB H opHaMeHTal(H TYJlOBHw,a
OJleHeH H3 2-ro TaHHHKa BapbHpYIOT no cpaBHeHHIO C HaXO)J,KaMH H3 l-ro TaHHHKa,
BepO THO, 3TH OJleHH C)J,eJlaHbI )J,pyrHM MaCTepOM.
TpH cpurYPbI 60JlbWHX pa3MepOB, C 06eHX CTOpOH 06HTbIe 30JlOTbIMH nJlaCTfj-
HaMH C TUCHeHbIM opHaMeHTOM, H3 2-ro TaHHHKa npe)J,CTaBJl IOT II THn.
B OTJlH4He OT npe)J,bI)J,yw,HX, y 3THX Tpex cpHryp pora pacnOJlO)j(eHbI nepneH-
)J,IIKYJl pHO TYJlOBHlUY, a HorH YCTaHOBJleHbI Ha )J,epeB HHOH nO)J,CTaBKe, 06HTOH
cepe6p HOH cpOJlbrOH. 3TH KOHCTPYKTHBHbIe oco6eHHOCTH CBH)J,eTeJlbCTBYIOT 0
TOM, 4TO )J,aHHbIH BapHaHT cpHryp 6blJl npe)J,Ha3Ha4eH )J,Jl KpyroBoro 0630pa H Bbl-
nOJlHeH no npHHl(Hny KpyrJlOH CKYJlbnT)'pbI. K TOMY )j(e THny OTHOCHC H 5 CPH-
42
ryp, HaH)J,eHHblx CJleBa y Bxo)J,a B MOrHJlY. OHH Jle)j(aIIH KY4KOH, HO nepBOHa4aIIb-
HO, Bepo THo, 6blJlH YCTaHOBJleHbl BepTHKaJlbHO H OCeJlH BnOCJle)J,CTBHH B CTOJl60-
Bble MbI no)J, T )j(eCTblO 06Ba.rrHBweHc )J,epeB HHoH KOHCTPYKl(HH H HaCbJnH. lJac-
TH4HO cpurYPbI )J,ecpopMHpOBa.rrHCb [flweHH4HIOK 1989, c. 8, pHC. 13].
OrpoMHbIe pora pa3BepH)'TbI B BepTHKaJlbHOM nOJlO)j(eHHH H B TpexMepHoM
npocTpaHcTBe, 3aBHTKIJ poroB 3aKaH4HBaIOTC roJlOBKaMH XHW,HbIX nTHl( C rHnep-
TpocpHpoBaHHblM KJlIOBOM, TpaKToBaHHbIM B BII)J,e BOJlIOTbI. Ha rpY)J,H no)J, MOp)J,OH
pacnOJlo)j(eHa MaCCHBHa BOJlIOTa, coe)J,HH IOw,a MOp)J,y C T)'JlOBHw,eM. CaMa )j(e
Mop)J,a He06bl4aHHo )J,JlHHHa )J,Jl OJleHbHX H306pa)j(eHHH H, cY)J, no PHCYHKY B
ny6JlHKal(HH [flweHH4HIOK 1989, pHC. 13], HMeeT BeCbMa XHW,HylO naCTb H rop-
6HHKY Ha HOCY - )J,eTaJlH, 4pe3Bbl4aHHo xapaKTepHble )J,Jl npuypaJIbCKHX H30-
6pa)j(eHHH BOJl4bI1X XHW,HHKOB (cp.; fl TfjMapbI [CMllpHOB 1964, pHC. 79: 3,5]).
KpynHbIe cpHrypbl OJleHeH 113 <DHJlHnnOBKII BblnOJlHeHbI )J,OBOJlbHO rpy60 H He
OTJlH4aIOTC H3 w,eCTBOM npOnOpl(HH, KOTopbIe CHJlbHO HCKa)j(eHbl no cpaBHeHHIO
C eCTeCTBeHHbIMH: MOp)J,bI OJleHeH HeBepO THO BeJlHKH H BbIT HYTbI: rOJlOBa KaK
TaKOBIDI npaKTH4eCKH OTCYTCTByeT, Henocpe)J,CTBeHHO nepexo)J, B T)'JlOBHw,e. He-
npOnOpl(HOHaJlbHO 60JlbWOH rJla3 H OlfeHb KpynHble YWH OTJlH4alOT 3TOT THn H30-
6pa)j(eHHH. <DHrYPbI OJleHeH BbIrJl )J, T npH3eMHCTbIMH 3a C4eT KOpOTKHX Hor, no-
CTaBJleHHbIX COBepweHHO np MO, KaK H KOpOTKIDI we , 4TO BMeCTe C ropH30HTa.rrb-
HO pacnOJlO)j(eHHOH MOp)J,OH H pa3BepHYTblMH BBepx poraMH C03)J,aeT Bne4aTJleHHe
nOJlHOH CTaTH'IHOCTH. CTHJlIJ30BaHHbie pora CKOMnOHOBaHbl B HeKYIO opHaMeHTaJlb-
HYIO KOMn03Hl(HIO, ypaBHoBeweHHylO, HO JlHWeHHylO nOJlHOH CHMMeTpHH. OpHa-
MeHTa.rrbHOCTblO )J,eKopa, CTaTH4HOCTblO cpHrypbI, a TaK)Ke TpaKTOBKOH J\eTaJleH H
npOnOpl(H MH 06'beMHbIe cpHrypbl OJleHeH C6JlH)j(aIOTC C nJlOCKOCTHblM H306pa-
)j(eHHeM TorO)j(e )j(HBOTHoro Ha OKOBKax COCY)J,OB (Ta6Jl. 2: 12).
Bce THnbI cpl1ryp OJleH OTJlIJ4aIOTC opHaMeHTaJlbHOCTblO B TpaKToBKe no-
BepxHocTH TeJla. OpHaMeHTal(H 3Ta e)J,UHa no CTHJlIO, HO He H)J,eHTH4Ha H npe)J,-
CTaBJl eT C060H KOM6HHal(HI1 opHaMeHTaJlbHbIX 3JleMeHTOB, COCTO W,HX 113 pa3HO-
06Pa3HbIX 3aBHTKOB, «3an TbIX» H PHTMU4HO cKpyrJleHHbIX JlHHHH. B l(eJlOM TaKHe
opHaMeHTaJlbHbIe KOMn03Hl(HH OTJlH4aIOTC nJlaBHOH TeKY'leCTblO pHTMOB H rpa-
cpH4HOCTblO, 4TO, HeCOMHeHHO, C6JlH)j(aeT HX C HeKOTopblMH naM THHKaMH l\eH-
TpaJIbHOH A3HIJ (CarJlbI-Da)I(H II, Kypr. 13) H AJlTa (n6n. 18,34,35).
B 06w,eM Te )j(e oc06eHHocTH xapaKTepHbl H )J,n )J,pyroro THna 06pa3a OJleH ,
npe)J,cnBneHHoro Ha 30JlOTOH pY4Ke cocy)J,a B BH)J,e 06'beMHOH cpHrypKH ne)j(aw,ero
)j(HBOTHOro C nO)J,orHYTbIMH HoraMH. flJlelfO U 6e)J,po OJleH OTMe4eHbi peJlbecpHbIM
Y30POM - «3an TbIMH» H 3aBHTKOM (Ta6Jl. 5: 17).
Pa3Ho06pa3HbIe nJlaCTHH4aTbIe OKOBKH COCY)J,OB )J,alOT BceB03MO)KHbIe BapuaH-
TbI H306pa)j(eHuH OJleH , 3a4acT)'1O pe)J,yl(HpoBaHHbIe: H306pa)l(eHbi TOJlbKO rOJlOBa
I1JlH, 11 Hor)J,a, npOTOMa oneH B pa3HbIX KOMn03Hl(H X (aHaIIOrH : DepeJlbCKHH KYP-
raH [PY)J,eHKo 1953, Ta6Jl. LXXIV: 2]); npe)J,cTaBJleHbl )J,Be rOJlOBbl OJleH , CKOMno-
HOBaHHbIe B S-06Pa3HYIO cpHrypy (cp.: B nOKpoBKe B npUypaJIbe aHaJlOrH4HbIM 06pa-
30M CKOMnOHOBaHbI ronoBKH K03JlOB [CMHpHOB, neTpeHKo 1963, Ta6Jl. 26: 11, 12]).
Bce HaKJla)J,KH H3 <DHJlHnnOBCKoro KypraHa e)J,HHbI B CTHJlHCTfjlfeCKOM OTHO-
weHHH, OHH )J,eMoHcTpHpylOT 4pe3BbI4aHHo 1130w,peHHbIe no pHCyHKY BHTHeBaTbIe
a)j(ypHble YKpaweHH , OTJlHlfalOw,Hec BblCOKOft CTeneHblO CTHJlH3al(HH H ycnoB-
HOCTH, a TaIOKe nO)J,4epKH)'TOft )J,eKopaTI1BHOCTblO. Cpe)J,H a)l(ypHbIX nJlaCTHH-HaKJ1a-
)J,OK BCTpelfalOTcH pe)J,Yl(HpOBaHHble 11306pa)j(eHIl , He YTpaTHBwHe CBoero 3HaKO-
Boro CMbICJla. B HHX nOKa3aHa JlHWb 4aCTb )j(HBOTHoro: rOJlOBa, we , nJle40 H ne-
pe)J,H Hora OJleH (Ta6Jl. 6). TaKa Tpa)J,Hl(H pe)J,Yl(lJpoBaHHbIx H306pa)l(eHHH
cyw,eCTBOBaIIa Ha WHpOKOH TeppHTopHH (n6Jl. 6). nO)J,06HbIH npHeM 3acpHKcHpO-
43
BaH Ha KJ1blKe 113 KaJil1HOBKI1 [CMl1pHOB 1964, pl1c. 78: 12], Ha MI1HYCI1HCKI1X 6pOH-
30BblX HO)l(aX [LJJ1eHOBa 1962, Ta6J1. V: 11-13; 3aBI1TYXI1Ha 1983, c. 145, N!! 148]
11 B HeCKOJ1bKI1X Bapl1aHTaX npe CTaBJ1eHa B HaXO Kax <D11J1l1nnOBCKoro KypraHa
[[1weHI1'{HIOK 1989, pl1c. 3]. Oc06eHHo I1HTepeCHa KOMn03I1l.(WI Ha Y3KOH BbITHHY-
TOH 30J10TOH 06KJ1a Ke, KOTopaH no cpopMe HanOMI1HaeT Ka6aHI1H KJ1blK 11, BepoHT-
HO, HBJ1HeTCH cBoero po a I1MI1Tal.(116i KJ1bIKa. BeTBI1CTblH por pa:3BepHYT BepTI1-
KaJibHO, KaK Ha KJ1blKe 113 KaJiI1HOBKI1. f0J10Ba OJ1eHH '{I1TaeTCH B :nOH KOMn0311l.J,1111
COBepweHHO HBCTBeHHO, OCTaJibHa51 '{aCTb B06pa)l(eHI151, Ha nepBblH B3rJ151 , Ka-
)I(eTCH npOCTO 3aMbICJ10BaTbIM Y30pOM. O HaKO, eCJ111 BCMOTpeTbCH BHI1MaTeJ1bHee,
:na KOMn0311l.(I1H B pa3HbiX paKypcax BOCnpI1HI1MaeTC5I KaK CJ10)l(HaH H306pa:3I1-
TeJ1bHaH r0J10B0J10M Ka, BKJ1IO'{alOUJ,aH HeCKOJ1bKO 300MOpcpHbiX 06pa30B. TaKOH
cpeHOMeH B npl1Hl.J,l1ne '{pe3Bbl'{aHHO xapaKTepeH J151 CKl1cpo-CI16I1pCKOro 3BepI1HO-
ro CTI1J151, oc06eHHO B KOHl.J,e VI-V B. O H. 3.
Cpe 11 npl1ypaJibCKI1X BeUJ,eH CYUJ,eCTBYIOT 11 cnopHble C TO'{KI1 3peHI151 onpe e-
J1eHI1H BI1 a )I(l1BOTHOro 11306pa)l(eHI1H. Ha nJ1aCTI1He 113 pora J10C5I 113 MOrl1J1bHI1Ka
[1HTI1Mapbl I npe CTaBJ1eHO KaKoe-TO KOnblTHOe )I(l1BOTHOe B co'{eTaHI1I1 C BYMH
XI1UJ,HI1KaMI1 (Cl.(eHa Tep3aHI1H), nOKa3aHHblMI1 B MeHbweM MacwTa6e. KOMn0311l.J,I1H
OTHOCI1TCH K HecTaH apTHoH 11 KOHorpacpl1l1, aHanOrHl1 KOTOpOH OTCYTCTBYIOT. Ha
MHOr0'II1CJ1eHHbIX 11 pa3Ho06pa3Hbix CI1611pCKI1X 6pOH30BbiX a)l(ypHblX nJ1aCU:lHax
BCTpe'Ia!oTcH Bapl1aHTbl Cl.J,eH Tep3aHI1H, B KOTOpblX XI1UJ,HI1K 11306pa)l(eH B MeHb-
weM MacwTa6e no cpaBHeHl110 C Tep3aeMbiM )I(I1BOTHbIM, 'ITO nO 'IepKI1BaeT YCJ10B-
HblH xapaKTep 11306pa3I1TeJ1bHOCTI1 B 3Bepl1HOM CTI1J1e. )!{epTBa B TaKoH KOM6I1Ha-
l.J,1111 npe CTaBJ1HeT C060H CJ10)l(HbIH CI1HKpeTI1'IeCKI1H 06pa3, 06'be I1HHIOUJ,I1H B ce-
6e 'IepTbi 11 eTaJil1 pa3Hblx )I(I1BOTHbIX, HO Bcer a C pOraMI1 [ApTaMoHoB 1973,
c. 147, pl1c. 193, 194; c. 148, pl1c. 195; c. 149, pl1c. 196]. K. <D. CMl1pHOB C'I11TaJi
)I(l1BOTHOro Ha nHTI1MapCKOH nJ1aCHIHe 11306p<DKeHHeM ropHoro K03J1a [CMl1pHOB
1964, c. 240] Ha OCHOBaHl111 HaJil1'I11H 3aBI1TKa no Hl1)1(HeH 'IeJ1IOCTblO (K. <D. CMl1p-
HOB TpaKTOBaJi ero KaK K03J1I1HYIO 60po y) 11 J1HHHOH WepCTI1 no weeH. TaK KaK
11306pa)l(eHHe KOnblTHOro COXpaHI1J10Cb 0'IeHb cpparMeHTapHO, OT KaKOrO-J11160 on-
pe eJ1emIH )I(l1BOTHOro l.J,eJ1eC006pa3Hee, BI1 I1MO, Bo06me OTKa3aTbcH, nOCKOJ1bKY
TaKaH peKOHCTpYKl.J,I151 MO)l(eT OKa3aTbC5I BeCbMa np0I13B0J1bHOH 11 He COOTBeTCT-
BYlOmeH eHCTBI1TeJ1bHOCTI1. O HaKO 3aBI1TOK no Hl1)1(HeH 'IeJ1IOCTblO B Pyrl1x H30-
6p<DKeHIIHX K03J10B OTCYTCTByeT, HO cpI1KCI1PyeTC5I B HeKOTopblX IB06p<DKeHI1HX OJ1e-
HeH (<DI1J1l1nnOBCKI1H KypraH [[1weHwIHIOK 1989, pl1C. 9, 13]) I1J1H J10CeH [AKHweB
1978, c. 100, 101, pl1c. 19]. Mop a KOnblTHoro Ha nJ1aCTHHe 113 [1HTI1MapOB npo-
nOpl.J,I1HMI1 11 a6pl1COM CKopee HanOMIlHaeT OJ1eHblO.
ConOCTaBJ1eHl1e I1MelOUJ,I1XC5I HaXO OK C 11306pa)l(eHI1HMI1 OJ1eHeH 113 HH)I(HerO
[10B0J1)1(bH H IO)I(Horo [1PI1YPaJibH n03B0J1HeT YTBep)l( aTb,'ITO B Hl1)1(HeM [10B0J1-
)I(be HaM 113BeCTHbl J1I1Wb e I1H11'IHble 06Pa3l.(bl, eMOHCTpl1pYIOUJ,l1e COBepweHHO
pa3Hble I1KOHorpacpl1'IeCKI1e Tl1nbl, n0J10BI1Ha 113 KOTOpblX (OJ1eHb Ha KJ1blKe 113 Ho-
BOnpl1BOJ1bHoro 11 r0J10Ba OJ1eHH 113 Kpl1BOH J1YKI1) Haxo 51T aHaJiOrJ1 B naMHTHI1KaX
3ana Hblx perl10HOB (Ypyc-MapTaH B LJe'IHe 11 CeMI16paTHI1e KypraHbl B [1PI1KY-
6aHbe). T m pe Yl.(l1pOBaHHoro 11306p<DKeHHH Ha KJ1blKe 113 KaJiI1HOBKI1, HanpOTI1B,
CB5I3aH CKopee Bcero C 11306pa311TeJ1bHb1MH Tpa I1l.(I1HMI1 BOCT0'IHbiX Teppl1TOpl1H,
BepOHTHO, IO)I(HOH CI16Hpl1. LJTO KacaeTCH IO)I(Horo [1pl1ypanbH, TO OHO aeT OT-
J111'IHble OT nOBOJ1)1(CKI1X HKOHorpacpl1'IeCKI1e Tl1nbl, npe CTaBJ1eHHble 60J1ee MHO-
rO ' IlJCJ1eHHbIMH HaXO KaMH, npe)/{)J,e Bcero 113 <DHJ1ImnOBCKHX KypraHoB, OHH Ha-
XO HT napaJiJ1eJ111 11 B Pyrl1x naMHTHHKax perl10Ha, 06pa3YH onpe eJ1eHHbIH Kpyr
11300pa)l(eHHH, CB5I3aHHbIH 06UJ,I1MI1 Tpa..QI1l.J,HHMI1. O HaKO 061l\ee CTI1JJHCTI1'IeCKOe
e I1HCTBO He MewaeT cym ec TBOBaHl11O Tpe6YIOUJ,ero KOHCTaTal.J,1111 pa3Ho06pa3l151
44
xy O)l(eCTBeHHbIX npl1eMOB H OTHOOlTeJ1bHOH cB060 bl B HHTepnpeTal.J,I1H 300-
MOpcpHblX 06pa30B npl1 HaJil1'{l1l1 H3BeCTHblX YHI1BepCaJibHblX cxeM B n03ax )I(I1BOT-
HblX 11 KOMn0311l.J,110HHbIX cpopMYJ1aX 11 Tpa Hl.J,110HHoro Ha60pa npHeMoB (HanplI-
Mep, B 11306p<DKeHI1I1 poroB, KOTopble a)l(e B Bemax H3 o Horo naM5ITHHKa HMelOT
HeCKOJ1bKO cOBepweHHo pa3J1H'IHb1X 11306pa311TeJ1bHb1X TpaKToBoK, onycKaH pa3-
Hble paKypcbl, npOnOpl.J,110HaJibHble CooTHOWeHI1H, pHTMH<lecKHe 3aKoHoMepHOCTI1
H eKopaTHBHoe peWeHl1e).
B l.J,eJ10M npl1ypaJibCKl1e 11306pa)l(eHI1H T5IrOTeIOT K IO)KHOCH6I1pCKI1M xy o)l(e-
CTBeHHblM Tpa..QI1l.J,I1HM. B Ka'IeCTBe xapaKTepHblx oc06eHHocTeH 11306p<DKeHI1H OJ1e-
HH B IO)I(HOM [1pl1ypaJibe MO)l(HO Bbl eJ1lnb HX MaccHBHoCTb, cTaTwlHocTb, OTCYT-
CTBl1e CTporoH npocpl1J1bHOCTI1 B CTOHUJ,I1X cpHrypax (KaK npaBI1JJO, 1306pa)l(aJOTcH
'IeTbipe HOrl1 )1(11 BOTHoro, a He Be; I1Hor a npl1MeHHeTCH C0'IeTaHlie nJ1aHOB-
npocpHJ1bHOro 11 B cpac, KaK, Hanpl1Mep, pa3BOpOT porOB y cpl1rypOK 113 <DHJ1l1nnOB-
KI1). KpOMe TOro, HY)l(HO OTMeTI1Tb Tl1nWIHYIO 11 J1H PYrHX 300MOpcpHblX MOTI1-
BOB [1PHYPaJibH opHaMeHTaJibHOCTb B TpaKTOBKe nOBepXHOCTH TeJJa )I(lIBOTHoro, a
TaK)I(e eKOpaTI1BHOCTb, THrOTelOUJ,YIO K I1CKYCCTBY AJ1TaH 11 IO)I(HOII C11611pl1. B
ocpopMJ1eHHI1 nOBepXHOCTH TeJ1a 'IaCTO npl1CYTCTByeT B BI1 e peJJbecpHOH opHaMeH-
Tal.J,1111 11, I1Hor a, l.J,BeTHbIX BCTaBOK MOTI1B «3anHTOH», Wl1pOKO pacnpOCTpaHeHHblH
B I1CKYCCTBe I1paHcKoro Ml1pa.
B Ka'IeCTBe oc06eHHOCTI1 npl1ypanbCKI1X 11306pa)l(eHI1H OJ1eHeH MO)l(HO OTMe-
TI1Tb np5lMO nOCTaBJ1eHHYIO welO, HCKa)l(eHl1e npOnOpl.J,I1H B CTOPOHY 'Ipe3MepHoro
YBeJ111'IeHI1H roJ10Bbl 11 oc06eHHO MOp bl )I(l1BOTHOro no OTHOWeHl11O K napaMeTpaM
TYJ10BI11l\a. 3aBepweHI1e OTpOCTKOB poroB nTl1 l lbl1MI1 roJ10BKaMI1 B IO)I(HOM [1PI1-
ypaJibe BCTpe4aeTCH, HO pe KO.
Ka6aH (Ta6JI. 9-10)
MOTHB Ka6aHa npe.n.CTaBJ1eH Ha Teppl1TOpl111 HI1)1(Hero [10B0J1)1(bH 11 IO)I(Horo
[1PI1YPaJib51 HeMHoro'{HCJJeHHbIMI1, HO OCTaT0'IHO HPKHMI1 06pa3l.J,aMI1, alO1l\HMI1
npe CTaBJ1eHl1e 0 6bITOBaBWl1X I1KoHorpacpl1'IeCKI1X cxeMax 11 xY O)l(eCTBeHHbIX
npHeMax B 11306pa)l(eHI111 3Toro )I(I1BOTHOro. B HH)I(HeM [1oBOJ1)1(be 3TOT MOTHB 3a-
cpl1KCl1pOBaH B XoweYToBe (Ta6J1. 9: 1) 11 B 6J1IOMeHcpeJ1b e (KYPr. A-12) B BI1 e
roJ10Bbl Ka6aHa Ha 6pOH30BOH 6J151xe 11 pe3HoH KOCTHHOH roJ10BKI1-HaKOHe'IHI1Ka
(Ta6JJ. 9: 3), a TaK)I(e B pa3pyweHHoM norpe6eHI111 B HOBOnpI1BOJ1bHOM, r e Ka6aH
cpl1rYPl1pyeT Ba)l( bl B 11306pa)l(eHI1HX Ha opHaMeHTl1pOBaHHblx Ka6aHbl1X KJ1bl-
Kax - B BI1 e roJ10Bbl )I(I1BOTHOro, 3aBepwalOUJ,eH Y3KI1H KOHel.J, KOpOTKOro KJ1blKa
(Ta6J1. 9: 7), 11 B BI1.n.e YKpaWalO1l\eH Wl1pOKYIO 'IaCTb 60J1bWOrO KJ1blKa nOJ1HOH CPI1-
rypKI1, CT05lUJ,eH Ha KOH'I11Kax KonblT (Ta6J1. 10: 3).
f0J10Ba BenpH - OBOJ1bHO 'IaCTO BCTpeLJalOUJ,I1HC5I MOTI1B. Ero 11306pa)l(eHI1H
Ha Y3 e'IHblx 6J1HXaX CKl1cp1111 113BeCTHbl B nepBoH n0J10BI1He V B. o H. 3. (<<CeMb
6paTbeB»; n-OB TaMaHCKI1H, eJ1bTa p. Ky6aHI1; HI1McpeH [Borovka 1928, Ta6J1. 17:
D, C, E]; LJacTble KypraHbl, POMeHCKI1H ye3 [WKypKO 1976, c. 101, pl1c. 3: Il-
12]). Ka6aH - )I(I1BOTHOe, 11306pa)l(eHI1e KOTOpOro CJ1e yeT OTMeTI1Tb KaK MOTI1B,
Heo HoKpaTHo BCTpe'IaJOml1HCH B ocpopMJ1eHI1I1 KJJbIKOB-nO BeCOK (KpoMe Byx
YKa3aHHblx BeUJ,eH, OH npl1cYTcTByeT Ha KJ1b1K006pa3HoH 6J1HXe 113 Ap)l(aHa, KJ1bl-
Kax-nO BeCKax 113 fJ1y60KOH [1pI1CTaHI1 11 TanaeBcKoro KypraHa; CM. npl1J10)l(e-
Hl1e 2, N!! 46, 54, 56). <Dl1rypKa BenpH Ha Wl1pOKOM KOHl.J,e 60J1bWOrO KJ1blKa 113 Ho-
Bonpl1BOJ1bHoro (N!! 8) Henocpe cTBeHHo accol.J,l1l1pyeTcH C H306pa)l(eHI1HMI1 Ka6a-
HOB Ha pYKOHTKaX KI1H)I(anOB 113 Ap)l(aHa [rpH3HOB 1980, c. 22, pHC. 11: 3-4] 11
45
K03eJI, 6apaH (Ta6JI. 11-12)
rHJ1bHHKa, KYPr. 15, B ACTpaxaHcKol1 06J1. [3aceUKa 1979, c. 99, pHC. 10: 2]. no-
CJ1e)J,H Belllb 6J1H3Ka Kpyry npHypaJ1bCKHX naM THHKOB. T04HO TaKa )j(e KOM6H-
HaUH r0J10B BOJ1Ka H KonblTHoro )j(HBOTHoro <pHKcHpyeTc Ha 6pOH30BOil nO)J,Bec-
Ke-HMHTaUHH Ka6aHbero KJ1blKa H3 MOrHJ1bHHKa CblHTac (KYPr. 1, norp.3) [Ka-
)J,blp6aeB, KYPMaHKYJ10B 1977, c. 145, pHC. 6: 1], HO TaM, 04eBH)J,HO, H306pmKeHa
r0J10BKa Cal1rH. npHMe4aTeJ1bHO, 4TO B 060HX CJ1Y4a51X r0J10Ba KonblTHoro nOBep-
HyTa porOM BHH3 OTHOCHTeJ1bHO BOJlllbeil r0J10Bbl. C04eTaHHe 300MOP<PHbIX 06pa-
30B Ha J10)j(e4Ke H3 HHKOJ1bCKOrO MOrHJ1bHHKa 3aCTaBJ1 eT BcnOMHHTb «nO)J,BeCKH»
H3 CH6HpCK0l1 KOJ1J1eKUHH neTpa 1, Ha KOTOpblX npe)J,cTaBJ1eHa cueHa Hana)J,eHH
BOJ1Ka Ha K03J1a [PY)J,eHKo 1962, Ta6J1. VIII: 5, 6, c. 28, pHC. 27], H n03B0J1 eT pac-
cMaTpHBaTb o<popMJ1eHHe J10)j(KH KaK pe)J,yUHpoBaHHYIO cxeMY CIO)j(eTa 60pb6bl
BOJ1Ka H K03J1a.
B npHYPaJ1be H3BeCTHbi HaXO)J,KH npe)J,MeToB HCKyccTBa C H306pa)j(eHH MH MO-
THBa ropHoro K03J1a HJ1H 6apaHa; OTHOC TC OHU npe)j()J,e Bcero K naM THHKaM
HJ1eKCKOro 6accel1 Ha. TaK, 30J10Tble 6J1 WKH C H306pa)j(eml MH r0J10Bbl K03J1a J1H60
6apaHa, npe)J,cTaBJ1 I0111He HHTepecHYIO 3aMKHYTYIO KOMn03HUHIO ()J,Be r0J10Bbl
pacnOJ1o)j(eHbl «BaJ1eTaMH», 6Y)J,Y4H npoTHBonOCTaBJ1eHbl )J,Pyr )J,Pyry H B TO )j(e
BpeM 3aMblKa Cb B OBaJ1), Hal1)J,eHbl B C. nOKpOBKa (Ta6J1. 11: 1). np MYIO aHaJ10-
rHIO TaKOI1 KOMn03HUHOHH0I1 cxeMe CJ1e)J,yeT YCMaTpHBaTb B 30J10Tb1X mKypHblX
HaKJ1a)J,Kax H3 <I>HJ1HnnOBCKoro KypraHa, C Toil pa3HHuel1, 4TO Ha <pHJ1HnnOBCKHX
nJ1aCTHHax <PHrYPHPYIOT roJ10BKH OJ1eH (Ta6J1.47: 1, 2). B TOM )j(e nOKpOBCKOM
KypraHe Hal1)J,eHa 6pOH30Ba J1HTa r0J10BKa K03J1a C 4eTKO Bbl)J,eJ1eHHbIMH npH3Ha-
KaMH :noro )j(HBOTHoro: xapaKTepHbl11 por H )J,J1HHHa5I wepCTb Ha wee (Ta6J1. 11: 15).
)];pyrol1 HKoHorpa<pH4eCKHI1 THn npe)J,cTaBJ1eH 6pOH30BblMH 6J1 WKaMH B BH)J,e
CTHJ1H30BaHHbIX roJ10BOK K03J1a, KOTopble Heo)J,HoKpaTHo BCTpe4aIOTC npeHMYllle-
CTBeHHO B naMHHHKax IO)j(Horo npHYPaJ1b H Ka3aXCTaHa (AJ1aH)J,CKoe [CMHpHOB
1976, pHC. 5: 20]; HOBbl11 KYMaK (OpCK) [CMHpHOB 1976, pHC. 5: 21] B Heony6J1H-
KOBaHHblX naMHHHKax 3ana)J,Horo Ka3aXCTaHa H3 pacKonoK M. K. Ka)J,blp6aeBa Ha
J1eB06epe)j(be p. l1J1eK) (Ta6J1. 12: 6-10). KpoMe Toro, npaKTH4ecKH H)J,eHTl14Hble
6J1 WKH H3BeCTHbl B IO)j(Hol1 CH6HpH (Ta6J1. 11). CxeMa CBO)J,HTC K H306pa)j(eHHIO
BbIT HYTOH, J1HWeHHOI1 )J,eTaJlH3aUHH MOp)J,bl C 0603Ha4eHHbIMH H03)J,pel1 H pTOM, C
nO)J,4epKHYTo 60J1bWHM KPYrJIblM rJIa30M, 3aHHMalOlllHM UeHTpaJ1bHOe MeCTO, C
MaJ1eHbKHM YXOM, pacnOJ1o)j(eHHbIM no O)J,HOI1 ropH30HTaJ1H C MOp)J,OI1 H rJIa30M, H
cBepHYTblM B KOJ1bUO py64aTbiM pOroM [Salmony 1933, pI. IX: 11; 3aBHTyxHHa
1983, c. 114, N!! 48; LIJ1eHOBa 1967, Ta6J1. 28: 5a, 6a; Ta6J1. 34: 29,30,39; PY)J,eHKo
1960, Ta6J1. L: 4, 5 (6awa)J,ap, Kypr. 2)], a TaK)j(e B MOHroJ1HH (Cpe)J,Hero6HI1CKHH
aHMaK) [BOJ1KOB 1967, pHC. 20: 13] H Op)J,oce [LIJ1eHOBa 1967, Ta6J1. 34: 33]. CTH-
J1HCTH4eCKH HHOI1 3K3eMnJ1 p C )J,pyrHMH nponOpUHOHaJ1bHbIMH COOTHoweHH MH,
HO nOBTOp I0111HI1 TY )j(e cxeMY, H3BeCTeH B TYBe (MorHJ1bHHK KYI1J1yr-XeM I,
Kypr. 26 [rpa4 1980, c. 223, pHC. 85: 7]). B O)J,HOM CJ1y lae r0J10BKa K03J1a, BbInOJ1-
HeHHa B TaKOI1 cxeMe, YKpawaeT WHpOKHI1 KOHeu 6pOH30B0l1 nO)J,BeCKH-HMHTa-
l.J,HH KJ1blKa H3 Ma4eT-Ca5I (Ta6J1. 61: 6). B Ka4eCTBe ellle O)J,HOI1 aHaJ10rHH MO)j(HO
npHBeCTH 3J1eKTpOBble 6J1 WKH H3 KYPr. 4 MOrHJ1bHHKa 6ec06a. 3)J,ecb 6apaH HMe-
eT, O)J,HaKO, 4epTbl, npHcYlllHe nTH4bHM 06pa3aM: Mop)J,a 3arH6aeTc BHH3, npH06-
peTa5I KJ1IOBono)J,06HOCTb [Ka)J,blp6aeB 1984, c. 87, pHC. 1: 10-13].
Te )j(e xy)J,o)j(eCTBeHHble npHeMbl npHMeHeHbl H B cepHH H306pmKeHHI1 C)J,BO-
eHHblX B 3epKaJ1bHOH KOMn03HUHH K03J1HHbIX H 6apaHbHx roJ10BOK. 3TOT MOTHB
BCTpe4aeTC KaK Ha 6pOH30BblX 6J1 xax H3 MOHroJ1HH [Salmony, pI. IX: 12; BOJ1-
KOB 1967, pHC. 20: 14] H Ka3aXCTaHa (03. Kal1paHKYJ1b KYCTaHal1cKol1 06J1.) [CMHp-
HOB 1964, c. 371, pHc.80: 11]; MOrHJ1bHHKH KapaMYPYH I H KaHpaKTac, KYPr. 1
47
MHHYCHHCKHX 6poH3ax [3aBHTyxHHa 1983, c. 116, N!! 50, 51; c. 117, N!! 53,54], )J,a-
THpoBaHHblx VII-VI BB. )J,O H. 3. [3aBHTyx11Ha 1983, c. 42,43]. Oc06eHHo 6J1H3KO
K HOBOnpHBOJ1bHHHCKOMY BapHaHTY H306pa)j(eHHe r0J10Bbl Ka6aHa Ha 6J1 xe H3 Po-
MeHCKOI1 rpynnbI.
I1KoHorpa<pH4ecKH 04eHb 6J1H3KH onHcaHHblM Bblwe H 6pOH30Bbie Y3)J,e4Hble
6J1 WKH co C)J,BoeHHbIMH 3epKaJ1bHO r0J10BKaMH Ka6aHoB H3 MOrHJ1bHHKa KpHBIDI
JlYKa VIII, KYPr. 5, norp. 16 (Ta6J1. 9: 11).
Ellle O)J,HO H306pmKeHHe Ka6aHa B BH)J,e KOHTypHoro pHcYHKa nOJ1HOI1 <PHrYPbl
)j(HBOTHoro HMeeTC Ha 6pOH30BOM 3epKaJ1e, CJ1Y4ailHo Hal1)J,eHHoM Ha CeJ1HTpeH-
HOM ropo)],Hllle B ACTpaxaHcKol1 06J1aCTH H OTHeceHHOM aBTopaMH H3)],aHH [CTe-
nH eBpOnel1CKOI1 4aCTH CCCP, Ta6J1.66: 18] K caBpoMaTcKoMY HCKYCCTBY VI-
V BB. )J,O H. 3. AprYMeHTaUH TaKOI1 aTpH6YUHH B H3)J,aHHH He npHBO)J,HTC H, 04e-
BH)],HO, OCHOBblBaeTC HCKJ1104HTeJ1bHO Ha MeCTOHaXml()J,eHI1H 3T0l1 BelllH. O)],HaKO
HaJ1H4He 4pe3Bbl4al1HO 6J1H3KHX THn0J10rH4eCKH H CTHJ1HCTH4eCKH aHaJ10rHI1, )J,aJO-
lllHX B03MO)j(HOCTb Bbl)J,eJIHTb )J,OCTaT04HO KOMnaKTHYIO rpynny xY)J,O)j(eCTBeHHO O<pOPM-
J1eHHbIX 3epKaJI, )J,eMOHCTpHPYlOlllHX xY)J,O)j(eCTBeHHYIO Tpa.n.HUHIO HeCOMHeHHO ueHT-
paJIbHOa3HaTCKOro npOHCXO)j()],eHH [KOpOJ1bKOBa 1993, c. 14-16; 1997], n03B0J1 -
eT BH)J,eTb B 3TOM 3K3eMnJ1 pe npHB03Hoe H3)J,eJ1He H HCKJ1104HTb ero H3 Kpyra TaK
Ha3blBaeMblX «caBpoMaTcKHx» naM THHKOB (Ta6J1. 82).
LITO KacaeTC IO)j(HOro npHYPaJ1b , TO e)J,HHCTBeHHbIM H3BeCTHblM MHe naMH-
HHKOM, cpe)J,H HaXO)J,OK KOToporo eCTb npe)J,MeTbl C H306pa)j(eHH MH Ka6aHa, BJ1 -
eTC <I>HJ1HnnOBCKHI1 KypraH (Ta6J1. 10: 1). MOTHB Ka6aHa 3)J,eCb npe)],cTaBJ1eH B
BH)J,e nOJ1HOI1 CTO lllel1 <PHrYPKH )j(HBOTHOro C onYllleHHol1 BHH3 MOp)J,OI1. 3TO 1130-
6pa)j(eHHe CJ1Y)j(HJ10 YKpaweHHeM )],epeB HHoro cocY)J,a B Ka4eCTBe a)j(ypHOI1 Ha-
KJ1a)J,HOI1 nJ1aCTHHbl H3 30J10Ta. 11306pmKeHH Ka6aHa H3 <I>HJ1HnnOBKH OTJ1WlaIOTC
J1HHeapHOCTblO, nJ10CKOCTHOCTblO H opHaMeHTaJ1bHOI1 )J,eKopaTHBHOCTblO, CBOI1CT-
BeHHOI1 BCel1 MHOr04HCJ1eHH0I1 H pa3Ho06pa3H0l1 no CIO)j(eTaM cepHH a)j(ypHblX 30-
J10TbIX nJ1aCTHH-OKOBOK H3 3Toro naM THHKa. B Ka4eCTBe oc06eHHOCTH H306pa)j(e-
HHI1 Ka6aHa B BOCT04HbiX perHOHax (BKJ1IO Ia IO)j(HYIO CH6HPb, IO)j(Hoe npHypa-
J1be H HH)j(Hee nOBOJ1)j(be) HY)j(HO OTMeTHTb, 4TO nOJ1Ha <pHrypKa Ka6aHa, B KaKOI1
6bl TeXHHKe OHa HH 6blJ1a HCnOJ1HeHa, )J,aeTC CTO lllel1 (HHor)J,a Ha KOH4HKax KO-
nbIT), B TO BpeM KaK B 3ana)],HblX 06J1aCT X (EBpOneI1CKa CKH<pH , Cap)J,bl, xpaM
ApTeMH)J,bl B 3<pece, J1YPHCTaH, MaJ1a A3H H T. )J,.) [nepeBo)J,4HKoBa 1986, c. 12,
pHC. 3: 2,3,5-10] Ka6aHbl 4allle H306pa)j(aJ1HCb C nO)J,orHYTbIMH HoraMH, Hano-
MHHa n03ol1 xapaKTepHYIO )J,J1 HKoHorpa<pHH XHlllHHKOB cxeMY - npHnaBwero K
3eMJ1e )j(HBOTHOro [nepeBo)J,4HKoBa 1986, c. 12]. Cpe)J,H BOCT04HbiX naMHHHKOB
TaKa HKoHorpa<pH4eCKa5I cxeMa BCTpe4aeTc rop(3)J,o pe)j(e (HanpHMep, O)J,HH 113
Ka6aHOB Ha 6awa)J,apCK0I1 K0J10)J,e [Py)],eHKo 1960, pHC. 21]). B IO)j(HoM npHypa-
J1be H306pmKeHH oT)J,eJ1bHOI1 r0J10Bbl Ka6aHa He H3BeCTHbI.
B naM THHKax CKH<pCKOI1 3nOXH HH)j(Hero nOBOJ1)j(b H306pa)j(eHH K03J10B H
6apaHOB BCTpe4aIOTC Kpal1He pe)],KO. 3TH 06Pa3bl MOryT C4HTaTbC HexapaKTep-
HblMH )J,J1 perHOHa HH)j(Hero nOBOJ1)j(b . 113BeCTHO O)J,HO H306pa)j(eHHe K03J1a VI B.
)],0 H. 3. (c. AHt\peeBKa, KYPr. 1, norp. 1, CaMapCKHI1 P-H [CTenH eBpOnel1CKOI1 4ac-
TH CCCP, c. 371, Ta6J1. 66: 1]). BTopa HaXO)J,Ka H3 HH)j(Hero nOBOJ1)j(b , Ha KOTO-
pOI1 <PHrYPHpyeT 06pa3 K03J1a (B BH)J,e r0J10BKH 3TOro )j(HBOTHoro B C04eTaHHH C
r0J10B0I1 OCKaJ1HBWerOC BOJ1Ka), - pY4Ka KOCT HOI1 J10)j(KH H3 HHKOJ1bCKOrO MO-
46
[JIl..(eHKO 1977, c. 81, NQ 48], TaK H B Ka4eCTBe 0<popMJleHH5I 30JlOTbiX H 6pOH30BblX
nJlaCTHHOK [Salmony 1933, pI. Xl: 2, 3] B lOJKHOH CI16Hpl1 H EBponeHcKoH CKH-
<p HH (Ta6Jl.47--49) H )J,PYrHX npe)J,MeToB: HaBepwHH KHHJKaJlOB [4JleHOBa 1967,
c. 278, Ta6Jl. 28: 5; 3aBHTyxHHa 1983, c. 112, NQ 42, 43; naM5ITHHKH KYJlbTypbl H
HCKyccTBa KHprH3HH, c. 27, 32, NQ 58], PY4eK 3epKaJI [3aBHTyxHHa 1983, c. 113,
NQ 44; 4JleHOBa 1967, Ta6Jl. 24: 28; CTenHa51 nOJloca A3HaTcKoH 4aCTH CCCP B
CKH<po-capMaTcKoe BpeM5I, Ta6Jl. 53: 13 (KapaMYPYH I, KYPr. 10); ApTaMoHoB 1973,
c. 96, NQ 126] H Tp04HbiX np5lJKeK [nOJlOCbMaK 1990, c. 106, pHC. 6: 5 (CH6HpKa,
CeBepo-3ana)J,HbIH AJlTaH); BHwHeBCKa51 1973, c. 149, Ta6Jl. XVII: 19 (YHrapaK,
KYPr. 66)] (Ta6Jl. 49).
CJle)J,yeT OTMeTHTb, 4TO 4pe3Bbl4aHHo 6JlH3KYIO OT)J,eJlbHbIM K03JlHHblM rOJlOB-
KaM TpaKToBKY MOJKHO BH)J,eTb B )J,eMoHcTpHPYIOll.(HX CIOJKeT Tep3aHH5I XHll.(HHKOM
rOJlOBbl K03Jla HJlH 6apaHa KOMn03HI..(H5IX, )J,OCTaTO'IHO WHpOKO pacnpocTpaHeHHblx
B Tex JKe BOCT04HbiX perHoHax - lO)KHOH CH6HPH, Op)J,oce H BHYTpeHHeH MOH-
rOJlHH I3aBHTyxHHa 1983, c. 158, NQ 192, 193; 4JleHOBa 1967, c. 285, Ta6Jl. 35: 1,
8; ApTaMoHoB 1973, c. 109, NQ 149; Ancient Bronzes, Ceramics and Seals... p. 154,
NQ 825]. B KOMn03HI..(H5IX, r)J,e <Pl1rypHpYIOT nOJlHble H306paJKeHH5I 3THX JKHBOTHbIX,
rOJlOBa K03Jla HJlH 6apaHa H306paJKaJlaCb TeMH JKe npHeMaMH [3aBHTyxHHa 1983,
c. 115, NQ 47; Ancient Bronzes, Ceramics and Seals... p. 156, NQ 835; PY)J,eHKo
1953, Ta6Jl. XXXIV: 2] BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH OT n03bl JKHBOTHOro 11 ero nOJlOJKeHH5I B
06ll.(eH KOMn03HI..(I1H.
Cpe)],!1 )J,PyrHx HKoHorpa<pHllecKHx THnOB, BCTpe4alOll.(HXC5I B HCKyccTBe lOJK-
HOro npl1ypaJIb5l, CJle)J,yeT OTMeTHTb H306paJKeHHe K03Jla B nOJlHblH pOCT, npe)J,-
CTaBJleHHOe nO)J,BeCKOH 30JlOTOH cepbrH H3 MOrHJlbHHKa Y c. Capa B paHOHe
r. OpCKa [CMHpHOB, c. 329, pHC. 356: 9]. He60JlbWa51 11351ll.(Ha51 <pHrypKa nepe)J,aeT
xapaKTepHblH a6pl1c np0<pHJlbHoro H306paJKeHH5I K03Jla C 60JlbWHM KpyrJlblM rJla-
30M H nO)J,4epKHYTO MOUJ,HbIM pOroM, 51BJl5l1Oll.(HMC5I BH)J,OBbIM npH3HaKOM. L(Be HO-
rH BHlny CMbIKaIOTC5I, 06pa3Y51 OBaJI. 6JlH3KHe ( HrYPKI1 K03Jl11KOB BeCbMa MHOro-
4HCJleHHbi cpe)J,11 MI1HYCI1HCKHX 6pOH30BblX Bell.(eH pa3Horo Ha3Ha ' leHI151, B OCHOB-
HOM pa3JlI14HOrO pO)J,a HaBepWHH [3aBHTyxHHa 1983, c. 97-107J 11 HaXO)J,5IT aHaJlO-
rl1lO B <p l1 rypKe K03Jla 113 TaCMOJlbl, Kypr. 2 [ApTaMoHoB 1973, c. 29, NQ 28] (Ta6Jl. 12).
B lOJKHOM npl1ypaJIbe H3BeCTHbl 11 )J,pynle Tl1nbl H306paJKeHI1H K03JlOB H 6a-
paHoB, npe)J,cTaBJleHHble, npaB)J,a, e)J,HHI1'IHbIMH 3K3eMnJl5lpaMI1. 60JlbWHHCTBO H3
HI1X npoHCXO)J,I1T H3 <DHJlHnnOBCKoro KypraHa. B 411CJle pa3H006pa3Hb1X 30JlOTblX
OKOBOK COCY)J,OB I1MeeTC5I H306paJKeHI1e JleJKall.(ero K03Jla (I1JlH OJleHe-K03Jla, CM.
pa3)J,eJl «OJleHb») C BblBepHYTblM KpynOM. 3aMKHYTa51 KOMn03HI..(I151 nOCTpoeHa Ta-
KHM 06pa30M, 'iTO BC5I <pl1rypa npaKTI14eCKH Bnl1CblBaeTC5I B np5lMoyroJlbHHK, npH
3TOM O)J,HY BepTI1KaJlbHylO CTOPOHY COCTaBJl5leT HeeCTeCTBeHHO nO)J,H5ITa51 nepe)J,H5I5I
Hora, a BTOpylO - JlHHH5I, 06pa30BaHHa51 XBOCTOM 11 npO)J,OJlJKalOll.(eH ero HanpaB-
JleHl1e 3a)J,HeH Horoi1. v1306paJKeHI1e HMeeT opHaMeHTal..(HIO, xapaKTepHYIO )J,Jl51 BceH
cepHH TaKoro pO)J,a Bell.(eH H3 3TOro naM5ITHI1Ka 11 OTJlI14alOll.(YIOC5I nO)J,4epKHYTOH
JlI1HeapHOCTblO 11 HaCblll.(eHHOCTblO. <DaKrypa pora nepe)J,aHa pHTMH4HbiM neTJle-
06Pa3HbIM PI1CYHKOM.
4TO KaCaeTC5I n03bJ JKHBOTHOro, TO 6JlH3KI1H I1KOHorpa<p114eCKI1H BapHaHT H3-
BeCTeH )J,OCTaT04HO WHpOKO 11 npe)J,CTaBJleH BeCbMa pa3Ho06pa3HO H nOJlHO B aJI-
TaHCKHX H Ka3aXCTaHCKI1X naM5ITHHKax (11306paJKeHH5I <paHTaCTH4eCKHX CYll.(eCTB
Ha TaTYl1pOBKe norpe6eHHoro 113 2-ro na3blpblKCKoro KypraHa [PY)J,eHKo 1953,
c. 312, pHC. 181; c. 313, pHC. 182; )J,epeB5IHHble <Pl1rypKH 6apaHoB OT Y3)J,e4Horo
Ha60pa H3 3-ro na3bJpblKCKoro KypraHa, Ta6Jl. L: 4; Ta6Jl. L: 1,3]; 6pOH30Ba5I 6Jl5l-
48
xa B BH)J,e )J,HKoro 6apaHa [Salmony 1933, pI. XI: 1]; <pHrypKa OJleH5I H3 5-ro KOM-
nJleKTa B 5-M fla3blpblKCKOM KypraHe [PY)J,eHKo 1953, Ta6Jl. LXVIII: 2]; H306pa-
JKeHH5I JlOC5I Ha HaKJla)J,Kax ce)J,eJlbHblX JlYK H3 5-ro na3blpblKcKoro KypraHa [Py-
)J,eHKO 1953, Ta6Jl. CVI: 1]; 11306paJKeHH5I JlOC5I 11 KOH5I Ha 30JlOTblX nJlaCTl1Hax 113
KypraHa I1CCblK [AKHweB 1978, c. 106, pHC. 25]). BapHaHT 113 I1JlHnnOB 11 OTJl -
<laeTC5I OT nepe411CJleHHblX napaJIJleJleH 04eHb pe3Ko nO)J,H5ITOI1 nepe)J,HeH HOrOI1,
npl1HHMalOll.(eH BepTHKaJlbHOe nOJlOJKeHlle.
Ell.(e O)J,HH 11306pa3HTeJlbHbll1 BapHaHT npe)J,cTaBJleH <pHrypKal\tI1 JleJKall.(ero ap-
xapa H3 2-ro TaHHHKa. 3TH MaCCI1BHble 6Jl5lWKI1-HaKJla)J,KI1 - CneI..(H<pH4eCKHH Tim,
B KOTOpOM C04eTaIOTC5I npaKTl14eCKH nJlOCKOCTHoe 11306paJKeHlle (TeJlO JKI1BOTHOro
H OCHoBaHHe 6Jl5lWKI1, Ha KOTOpOM pacnOJlOJKeHa ( HrypKa apxapa, npe)J,CTaBJl5l1O-
ll.(ee c06011 opHaMeHTaJlbHbl1i <pp1l3 113 BOJllOT006pa3HbiX 3aBI1TKOB, HeCOMHeHHO,
51BJl5l1Oll.(I1XC5I CTHJlH30BaHHbiMIt rOJlOBKaMH XItll.(HOH nTl1l..(bl) 11 3JleMeHTbi KpyrJlOH
CKYJlbnTypbl (rOJlOBKa C MOll.(HblMH pOraMl1, pa3BepHYTa51 B <pac, B nOJlHOH CTeneHI1
06Jla.D,aeT TpeXMepHOCTblO). 3TI1 npe)J,MeTbl )J,eMOHCTpIlPYIOT npOCTpaHCTBeHHoe
peweHI1e KOMn03H1..(11I1. Bce TeJlO JKItBOTHOro nOKpblTO opHaMeHTal..(Hel1, COCT05l-
ll.(eH H3 pa3Jll14HblX KOM6HHal..(I1H BOJlIOT, opraHH30BaHHbiX B opHaMeHTaJlbHble MO-
TI1Bbl, BbInOJlHeHHble 'leTKI1M THcHeHlleM, KOTopoe c03)J,aeT peJlbe<pHYIO nOBepx-
HOCTb. 1'13 20 HaKJla)J,OK y nOJlOBIIHbl rOJlOBa nOBepHYTa BnpaBo, y nOJlOBI1Hbl-
BJleBO. nO)J,06Hbll1 npHHl..(l1n C04eTaHH5I B O)J,HOI1 Bell.(IJ nJlOCKOCTHoro HJlH n04TI1
nJlOCKOCTHoro 11306paJKeHI151 C 06'beMHbIM MO)KHO Ha6JlIO)J,aTb II B HeKoTopblX )J,PY-
rl1x 113)J,eJlI151X 3BepHHoro CTHJl5l: n05lCHa51 6Jl5lxa 113 BHYTpeHHeH MOHroJlHI1 C 1130-
6paJKeHHeM ropHoro 6apaHa [XYHHCKlle )J,peBHOCTl1...J; <pl1rypKa apxapa H3 KOJl-
JleKI..(Hl1 BI1T3eHa [PY)J,eHKo 1962, c. 10, pl1c. 3]; )J,epeB5IHHa51 HarpY)J,Ha51 nO)J,BeCKa
H3 1-ro na3blpblKcKoro KypraHa [pY)J,eHKo 1953, Ta6Jl. XLI; 2J; Y3)J,e4Hble YKpawe-
HH5I B BI1)J,e JleJKall.(I1X TlIrpOB 113 4-ro na3blpblKCKoro KypraHa [PY)J,eHKo 1953,
Ta6Jl. LXIII: 5, 6]; THrpbl1l3 1-ro TpKTlIHCKOro KypraHa [PY)J,eHKo 1960, Ta6Jl. CII: 6],
a TaKJKe B HeKoTopblX HaXO)J,Kax H3 CKII<pCKHX KypraHoB (30JlOTOH KypraH - peJlb-
e<pHa51 <pHrypKa naHTepbl co CKYJlbnTypHOH rOJlOBKOH [ApTaMoHoB 1966, NQ 75];
4acTbie KypraHbl, )!{ypoBKa [CTenH eBpOnel1CKoi:! 'laCTII CCCP... Ta6Jl. 39: 27; 40; 42]). _
E)J,IIHcTBeHHoe B CBoeM pO)J,e H306paJKeHHe npe)J,cTaBJl5leT PHCYHOK CT05lll.(el1
<p l1 rypKH K03Jla Ha 3epKaJle H3 HOBoro KYMaKa [CMllpHOB 1977, c. 25, pl1c. 11: 8]
CTI1JlHCTH4eCKI1 conoCTaBIIMblH C 06pa3aMI1 Bep6JlIO)J,oB H3 naM5ITHHKOB I1JleKCKOI1
rpynnbl.
Cpe)J,11 HaXO)J,OK 113)J,eJllIH B 3BepilHoM CTHJle H3 <DHJll1nnOBCKoro KypraHa CJle-
)J,yeT OTMeTlITb npe)J,MeT B BH)J,e )J,BYX pa3BepHYTblX B npOTI1BOnOJlOJKHble CTOpOHbl
CKYJlbnTypHblX npoToM apxapa [nweHI1'IHIOK 1989, pHC. 14: 8; c. 7]. no MHeHll10
aBTopa pacKonoK H ny6Jl11Kal..(lIl1, «CKYJlbnTypKa CJlY)KIIJla PY'IKOH KaKorO-TO cocy-
)J,a I1JlH KpblWK11 cocY)J,a». B OCHOBaHHI1 113)J,eJlI151 I1MeIOTC5I oTBepCTH5I )J,Jl51 rB03)J,1I-
KOB. Oc06eHHoCTI1 xY)J,OJKeCTBeHHoro peWeHH5I 3TIIX <pHrypOK (nponopW IOHaJlb -
Hble COOTHOWeHI151 B TpaKToBKe rOJlOBbl JKIIBOTHOro, cnoc06 nepe)J,a'llt r a3a, xa-
paKTepHble )J,eKopaTHBHble 3JleMeHTbi B BI1JJ.e <pHrypHbiX yrJly6JleHI111 - TaK
Ha3blBaeMble «3an5lTble» 11 «T04KI1» - Ha nOBepxHocTH (oc06eHHo B 06JlaCTH nJle-
4a H 6e)J,pa) 3aCTaBJl5llOT BI1)J, Tb B 3T0l1 Bell.(11 H3)J,eJll1e aXeMeHI1)J,CKoro npoI1CXOJK-
)J,eHH5I.
B Onl1CaHI1H HaXO)J,OK 113 <DHJlImnOBCKoro KypraHa [nweH114HIOK 1989, c. 8]
ynoMHHaeTC5I ell.(e O)J,I1H npe)J,MeT C 11306paJKeHHeM apxapoB - 30JlOTa51 BOpBopKa,
Ha KOTOpOH no Kpyry BOCnp0I13Be)J,eHbl CTltJll130BaHHbie <Pl1rYPKI1 JKI1BOTHbIX. K
COJKaJleHHIO, B I1JlJlIOCTpaTHBHoM MaTepHaJle 3Ta Bell.(b OTCYTcTByeT.
4 3aK. 3085
49
AHTHJIOIIbI: cai1ra, .n;3epeH, .n;mei1paH (Ta6JI. 13-14)
THBOn0J10)\{Hble CTOpOHbI, H cpHrYPKH J1e)\{all.(eH 6e3poroH caMKH C nO )\{aTbIMH HO-
raMH. Y Bcex CT05lll.(HX cpHryp H306pa)\{eHO no 4eTblpe HorH, J1e)\{all.(ee )\{HBOTHOe
npe CTaBJ1eHO CTporo B npocpHJ1b H nOI<a3aHbI TOJ1bKO Be HorH.
DJ1H3KHH caHraKaM 06J1HK HMeIOT H PyrHe aHTHJ10nbI, O HaKO roJ10Ba 3TH X
)\{HBOTHbIX 60J1ee H351ll.(Ha H He rop60Hoca. 04eBH Ho, 06pa3aM aHTHJ10n nOCB5I-
ll.(eHbI 30J10TbIe nJ1aCTHHbI H3 <DHJ1HnnOBCKoro KypraHa B BH e poraTbIx r0J10BOK. B
Ka4eCTBe aHaJlOrHH MO)\{HO YKa3aTb 6pOH30BYIO npoHH3KY B BH e r0J10BKH aHTH-
J10nbI H3 MHHYCHHCKOH CTenH [ApTaMoHoB 1973, c.96, pHC. 125]; H306pa)\{eHH5I
aHTHJ10n Ha 6pOH30BOH wTaMnoBaHHoH nJ1aCTliHe H3 1-ro TY3KTHHcKoro KypraHa
[Py eHKo 1960, c. 120, pHC. 70, Ta6J1. LVlII].
06pa3bI aHTHJ10n, KaK H Pyn1e npHypaJIbcKHe H306p<DKeHI151 KonbITHbIX, npek
CTaBJ1eHbI pa3J1H4HbIMH KOMn03Hl(HOHHbIMI1 Bapl1aHTaMH H I1KOHorpacpH4eCKI1MI1
cxeMaMH, BKJ1I04aIOll.(HMH J1e)\{all.(ee )\{I1BOTHOe C no orHYTbIMI1 HoraMH, nOBepHY-
TOH Ha3a r0J10BOH H BbIT5IHYTOH Bnepe nepe HeH HoroH; CT05lll.(ero caHraKa; ro-
J10BKH aHTI1J10n C H306p<DKeHl1eM napbI pOroB; r0J10BKY aHTHJ10nbI B C04eTaHHH C
r0J10BOH rpHcpa (Cl(eHa Tep3aHH5I).
11306p<DKeHHe caHrH (llall.(e Bcero cpl1rypHpyeT r0J10Ba 3TOro )\{HBOTHOro)
BCTpe4aeTC5I B ocpopMJ1eHHH xY O)\{eCTBeHHblx 1'13 eJ1l1H H3 naM5ITHI1KOB lO)\{Horo
flpHYpaJIb5l. B MOrHJ1bHHKe CbIHTac pe3HbIe roJ10BKI1 caHrH YKpawaIOT KOCT5IHble
J10)\{KI1: B norp. 3 KYPr. 1 r0J10Ba caHrH C pa3BepHYTbIM BepTlIKaJlbHO pOroM BKJ1IO-
4eHa B KOMn03Hl(HIO C PyrHMH 300MOpcpHbIMI1 06pa3aMH (BOJ1KOM H XHll.(HbIMH
nTI1l(aMH); B KYPr. 2 KOCT5IHa51 J1o)\{e4Ka I1MeeT 3aBepweHHe B BH e 6e3poroli ro-
J10BKH caHrH.
B norp. 3 KYPr. 1 roJ10BKa CaHrl1 HJ111 ,Lt3epeHa H306p<DKeHa Ha y)\{e ynOM5IHY-
TOH nO BeCKe-HMHTal(HH KJ1bIKa BMeCTe C B0J14beH roJ10BOH.
B naM5ITHI1KaX HI1)\{HerO flOB0J1)\{b51 11306pmKeHH5I caHrH BCTpe4aIOTC5I pe)\{e:
r0J10BY 3Toro )\{HBOTHOro HMeeT nOJ1HMopcpHoe CYll.(eCTBO C TeJ10M 11 J1anaMI1 XHll.(-
HHKa Ha 30J10TOH 6J151WKe H3 30J10Tywl1HcKoro Ha p. AXTy6e [CMl1pHOB 1964,
c. 370, pHC. 78: 2]. L(pyroe H306pa)\{eHHe roJ10BbI caHrH npe CTaBJ1eHO Ha nJ1e4e
OJ1eH5I B l(eHTpaJIbHOH 4aCTH Ka6aHbero KJ1bIKa H3 HOBOnpHBOJ1bHOrO [MaKcHMoB
1976, c. 211, pIlC. 1: 1]. Por calirl1 B COOTBeTCTBIII1 C Tpe60BaHI1eM KOHcpHrypal(1111
H306pa3HTeJ1bHoro n0J151 B aHHOM CJ1Y4ae pa3BepHYT BepTHKaJlbHO, KaK 3TO 4aCTO
BCTpe4aeTC5I B KOMn03Hl(H5IX Ha npl1ypaJIbcKHX Bell.(ax. _
0630p H306pa)\{eHHH KonbITHbIX )\{I1BOTHbIX (K03J1a, 6apaHa, Cal-1rH H pyrHX
aHTHJ10n) MO)\{HO nO bITO)\{HTb Ha6J1IO eHHeM, 4TO 3TH 300MopcpHbIe 06Pa3bI 60J1ee
pacnpocTpaHeHbI Ha TeppHTOp1111 IO)\{Horo flPI1YPaJIb5l, r e aIOT 60J1bWee pa3Ho-
06pa3He HKoHorpacpH4ecKHx Tl1nOB 11 cpOpM, HaXO 51ll.(I1X aHaJlOrHI1 B naM5ITHHKaX
AJ1Ta51 H IO)\{HOH CH6HpH. I1HTepecHo, liTO nOBOJ1)\{CKHe Bell.(H, HMeIOll.(He no 06-
HbIe H306pa)\{eHH5I (J10)\{e4Ka H3 HI1KOJ1bCKOrO, KJ1bIK 113 HOBOnpI1BOJ1bHOro), Bepo-
51THO, eMOHCTpHPYIOT pe3YJ1bTaT KYJ1bTypHoro BJ1H5IHH5I. H yll.(ero C BOCTOKa.
06pall.(aeT Ha ce651 BHI1MaHHe, 4TO 06Pa3bI nepe4l1CJ1eHHbIX KonbITHbIX )\{I1BOT-
HbIX I1rpaIOT B MHpOB033peHHH 6J1113KYIO pOJ1b, nOCKOJ1bKY 4aCTO 6bIBaIOT B3aHMO-
3aMeH5IeMbI B H306pa3HTeJ1bHbIX KOMn0311l(H5IX.
B I1CKYCCTBe CKHcpCKOro BpeMeHH cpe 11 11306pa)\{eHI1H TpaB05l HbIX )\{I1BOTHbIX
Ha6J1IO)J,aeTC5I CYll.(eCTBeHHoe pa3Ho06pa3l1e, 06YCJ10BJ1eHHOe, HeCOMHeHHO, perHO-
HaJlbHOH cpaYHOH. TaK, BOCT04Hble Teppl1TOpl111 (Ka3axCTaH, IO)\{Ha51 C116Hpb, AJ1-
Tai1) aIOT MHO)\{eCTBO H306pa3l1TeJ1bHblX naM5ITHI1KOB, cpHKCI1PYIOll.(HX 06Pa3bI
pa3J1H4HbIX BH OB aHTHJ10n (caHra, 3epeH, )\{eHpaH). flpl14eM HaJlI1411e H306pa-
3I1TeJ1bHOH Tpa I1l(HH H HKOHorpacpl1 l leCKI1X THnOB nepe a411 Tex HJ111 HHbIX BH OB
3aBHCHT OT npl1pO HOro apeaJIa nOCJ1e)J,HI1X. B CB5I311 C 3THM npe CTaBJ151eTC5I He06-
XO HMbIM OTMeTHTb, 4TO aTpI16Yl(H5I HeKOTopbIX H306p<DKeHHH aHTI1J10n, HaH eH-
HbIX B naM5ITHHKaX AJ1Ta51 H IO)\{HOH CI1611pH H 51BJ151IOll.(HXC5I 6J1H3KI1MI1 aHaJlO-
rH5IMH J151 HaXO OK H3 IO)\{Horo flPI1YPaJIb5l, KaK 6y6aJ10B [Py eHKo 1960, c. 119]
51BJ151eTC5I Ha YMaHHoH, TaK KaK 6y6aJ1 - KpynHa51 aHTI1J10na, )\{HBYll.(a51 TOJ1bKO B
AcppHKe. Teppl1TOpH5I pacnpoCTpaHeHI151 aHTI1J10n PYrHX BH OB, H B HaCT05lll.(ee
BpeM5I, H B peBHocTH CB5I3aHHM C perl10HaMH Cpe HeH A3HH, Ka3aXCTaHa, IO)\{-
HOH CH611pH 11 MOHrOJ1HH, a TaK)\{e oc06eHHocTH 11306p<DKeHI1H 3TH X )\{HBOTHbIX
3aCTaBJ151IOT onpe eJ1I1Tb npe CTaBJ1eHHbIe B HCKYCCTBe BH bI KonbITHbIX KaK 3e-
peHa [Anti lope guttarosa], )\{eHpaHa [Anti10pe subguttarosa] 11 caHry [Saiga
tatarica]. flpHlleM YCJ10BHOCTb B 11306pa3I1TeJ1bHOH nepe alle He n03B0J151eT 60J1ee
T04HO onpe eJ1HTb BH bI aHTHJ10n, nOCJ1Y)\{HBWl1e npOTOTl1naMI1 J151 H306pa)\{e-
HHH I. MOp bI caHraKoB I1MeIOT xapaKTepHoe YTOJ1ll.(eHl1e 11 51pKO BbIp<DKeHHYIO
(oc06eHHo y CaMl(OB) rop60HOCOCTb. B HeKoTopbIX CJ1Y4a5lx nO 4epKHyTbI Tl1nWI-
HbIe CKJ1a KI1 Ha Mop e. Bo BceM OCTaJlbHOM H306pa)\{eHI151 pa3Hbix BI1 OB aHTHJ10n
(caHra, 3epeH, )\{eHpaH) He MorYT 6bITb pa3J1114eHbI C OCTOBepHOCTbIO. Pora y
Bcex BH OB aHTI1J10n B H306pa)\{eHHH Bcer a nepe aHbI C pHcpJ1eHHeM.
11306pa)\{eHH5I CaHrH 11 3epeHa (11J111 )\{elipaHa) I1MeIOTC5I cpe H HaXO OK 113
<D11J1l1nnOBCKoro KypraHa. OHI1 npe CTaBJ1eHbI B lIeCKOJ1bKI1X BapHaHTax Ha 30J10-
TbIX nJ1aCTHHaX-HaKJ1a KaX [flweHH4HIOK 1989, pl1C. 8], YKpawaBwHx epeB5IHHbIe
COCY bI HJ1H CJ1Y)\{HBWI1X HaWIIBHbIMH 6J151WKaMH. 3TH 06Pa3bI HaXO 51T aHaJlOrHH
B epeB5IHHbIX H3 eJ1H5IX 113 3-ro fla3bIpbIKCKOro KypraHa [Py eHKo 1953, Ta6J1. LV:
2-4]; 5-ro fla3bIpbIKcKoro KypraHa (KoMnJ1eKT 4) [Py eHKo 1953, Ta6J1. LVII: 1,
2]; poroBa51 Y)\{Ka C Ce eJ1bHOH J1YKH H3 KOJ1J1eKl(HH YBapoBa [Py eHKo 1953,
Ta6J1. LXXXII: 1]. fl03a )\{HBOTHOro Ha O HOM 113 BapHaHTOB cpHJ1HnnOBCKHX nJ1a-
CTHH HanOMHHaeT H306pa)\{eHHe KonbITHoro )\{HBOTHOro B pe3b6e Ha 6 aw a.n. a pCKOH
K0J10 e (MO)\{eT 6bITb, 3TO He J10Cb, KaK npHH5ITO ClIHTaTb [Py eHKo 1960, c.49,
pHC. 24a], a TO)\{e caHra, nOCKOJ1bKY npOnOpl(HH oc0611 C YKop04eHHbIM TeJ10M H
OBOJ1bHO 60J1bWOH r0J10BOH aCCOl(HHPYIOTC5I CKopee C He60J1bWHM )\{HBOTHbIM
THna aHT!1J10nbI, a 3arHYTa51 BHH3 MaCCHBHa51 Mop a B paBHoH CTeneHH MO)\{eT
TpaKTOBaTbC5I KaK J10CHHa51 H KaK npHHa J1e)\{aw,a51 caHre; TaK 4TO onpe,LteJ1eHHe
H306pa)\{eHHOrO )\{HBOTHOro MO)\{HO OCTaBHTb no BonpocoM).
B O HOH H3 cpHrypHbIx nJ1aCTHH-OKOBOK cocy a H306pa)\{eHH5I caHraKOB opra-
HH30BaHbI B KOMn03Hl(HIO, B KOTOpOH cpHrypbI ByX )\{HBOTHbIX pacn0J10)\{eHbI
cHMMeTpl14HO H pa3BepHYTbI r0J10BaMH B npOTHBOn0J10)\{HbIe CTOpOHbI (Ta6J1. 13:
10). 06pall.(aeT Ha ce651 BHHMaHl1e O Ha eTaJlb: 06a caHraKa nOpa)\{eHbI CTpeJ1a-
MH - Y J1eBOrO )\{HBOTHOro CTpeJ1a c onepeHHeM TOp4HT B 3arpHBKe, y npaBoro-
O Ha CTpeJ1a B 3arpHBKe, pyra51 - no nepe HeH HOroH. BepxHHH CPPH3 KOMno-
3Hl.(HH COCTOHT H3 BYX cpHryp CT05lll.(HX poraTbIX caHraKoB, 06pall.(eHHbIX B npo-
JIorna.n;b (Ta6JI. 15-20)
I
f1pHHOW)' 6IlaroLlapHocTb 3a KOHC)'.lbTaUHlO no onpeLleIleHHIO BHLlOB JKHBOTllblX CT. H. C.
VlHCTHT)Ta 300IlOrHH AH P<I> f. <1>. 6apbIWHHKOBY.
flOJ1HbIe H306p<DKeHH5I J10Wa eH B Ka4eCTBe CaI\lOCT05lTeJ1bHoro MOTHBa B HC-
KYCCTBe CKHcpCKoro BpeMeHH B IO)\{HOM flpHYPaJIbe H HH)\{HeM flOBOJ1)\{be n04TH
He BCTpe4aIOTC5I. B <DHJ1HnnOBCKOM KypraHe HMeeTC5I nJ1aCTHH4aTM HaKJ1a)J,Ka C
51
50
11306pa)l(eHI1eM BCaJ].HI1Ka Ha KOHe (Ta6Jl. 19: 1). HaCblll\eHHOcTb opHaMeHTHKoH,
CBoHcTBeHHa CTHJlIO 60JlbWHHCTBa Bell\eH :noro naM THI1Ka, H BHTl1eBaTOCTb Y30-
pOB, nOYTI1 nOJlHOCTblO 3aHHMalOll\I1X 11306pa3I1TeJlbHOe nOJle, Y)I(I1BaIOTC C )],OCTa-
TOYHO no)],p06HOH )],eTaJ1H3au.HeH: nepe)],aHbl oc06eHHocTI1 KOCTIOMa H CHap )I(eHH
BCaJ].HHKa, KOHCTPYKU.I1 Y3)],eYKH, nOKa3aHa wepcTb Ha Horax HH3KOpOCJlOH Jlowa)],l1.
E)],HHHYHOCTb B HCKyccTBe 3TI1X perHoHoB 11306pa)l(eHI1H nOJlHOI1 <Pl1rYPbI KOH
He 03HaYaeT, O)],HaKO, YTO KOHCKl1e 06Pa3bl OTCyTCTBYIOT TaM COBceM. B IO)I(HOM
Ilpl1YPaJ1be eCTb HaXO)],KI1 npe)],MeToB B BI1)],e rOJlOBKI1 KOH (Y3)],eYHa 6Jl WKa 113
KYPr. 5 noc. MaTBeeBCKI1H, V B. )],0 H. 3. [CMl1pHOB 1964, pl1c. 34: 40]). B 3TOM )l(e
naM THI1Ke HaH)],eHbI 6pOH30Bble nCaJ1 1111 , KOHU.bI KOTOpbIX o<popMJleHbl cKYJlbn-
TYPHbIMI1 KOHCKI1MI1 rOJlOBKaMI1 [CMl1pHOB 1964, pl1c. 34: 46]. AHaJ10rI1YHble nca-
JlI1I1 113BeCTHbI cpe)],11 MaTepl1aJ10B 113 KYPr. 3 ypoYI1ll\a AJle6aCTpOBa ropa [CMl1pHOB
1964, pl1c.40: 1]. TpaKToBKa 06pa3a B 3TI1X cJlyya x O)],I1HaKOBa 11 OTJlHYaeTC
0606ll\eHHOCTblO 11 npocToTOH; Me)l()],Y ywaMI1 HaMeyeHa BblcTynalOll\lliI rpl1BKa,
rna3a nepe)],aHbI KPY)I(KOM C peJlbe<pHbIM 06paMJleHl1eM, nponopu.1111 MOp)],bI 11 060-
3HayeHI1e pTa Tl1nl1YHbt I1MeHHO )],Jl 11306pa)l(eHI1H Jlowa)],l1. IlCaJ11111 C 300MOp<p-
HbIMI1 3aBepWeHI1 MI1 (I1Hor)],a C rOJlOBKaMI1 )l(HBOTHbIX Ha 060l1x KOHu.ax, B HeKO-
TOpbIX cJlyYa x Ha O)],HOM KOHu.e KonblTo) H3BeCTHbi )],OCTaTOYHO WHpOKO KaK B
EBponeHcKoH CKH<p1111 11 Ha KaBKa3e, TaK 11 B fO)l(HOH CH6HpH H B CeBepHoM KH-
Tae [CMHpHOB 1964, C. 237]. TaKOH Tl1n nCaJ1HeB Hel13BeCTeH B HH)I(HeM IloBOJl-
)l(be. KOHcKoe KOnbITO BCTpeyaeTC 11 KaK caMOCTO TeJlbHbIH MOTI1B (Ta6Jl. 20). Ha-
6JlIO)],aeTc YCTOHYI1BOe COyeTaHl1e 3Toro MOTI1Ba C onpe)],eJleHHbIM THnOM no)],-
npY)I(HbIX np )I(eK, I1MelOll\I1M HeCKOJlbKO BapHaHToB, pa3JlI1YalOll\HXC no <popMe
KOJlbu.a: KpyrJlOH, OBaJ1bHOH, KanJleBI1)],HoH H nOYKOBH)],HOH C BblcrynOM. 3TOT nm
xapaKTepeH )],Jl naMHHI1KOB VII-VI BB. )],0 H. 3. 11 06blyeH )],Jl TeppHTOpl1H Ka-
3aXCTaHa H IO)I(Horo IlpI1YPaJ1b . Ilpl1yeM caMble paHHHe Bell\l1, )],aTl1pOBaHHble
VII B. )],0 H. 3., npOHCXO)],H H3 MOrl1JlbHI1KOB Ilpl1apaJ1b (YHrapaK) 11 BOCTOYHOrO
Ka3axcTaHa (TaCMOJla). B 3TOM perHOHe OHI1 H3BeCTHbi B TaKI1X naM THI1KaX, KaK:
MeyeT-CaH, Kypr. 2 [CMHpHOB 1964, pHC. 21: 26]; Il THMapbl I, KYPr. 8 [CMHpHOB
1964, pl1c.28: 11, 14]; TaCMOJla V, KYPr. 6; HYPMaH6eT II, KYPr. 4; TaCMOJla,
KYPr. 3 [MapryJlaH, AKI1WeB, KaJ].blp6aeB, Opa36aeB 1966, pHC. 26: 2, 4; pHC. 24:
2]; YHrapaK, KYPr. 16, 22, 38, 26, 60 [BI1WHeBCKa 1976, Ta6Jl. V: 11, 22; I: 5;
VIII: 8; XVII: 6]. L(Jl naMHHI1KOB Hl1)1(HerO IloBOJl)l(b TaKl1e np )I(KH HexapaK-
TepHbl. I1CKJllOyeHl1eM BJl eTC MOrHJlbHI1K V B. )],0 H. 3. Kpl1Ba J1YKa VIII, r)],e B
norp. 16 KYPr. 5 HaH)],eHbl no)],06Hble np )I(KI1. TaKlliI HaXO)],Ka He CJlyYaH Ha, no-
CKOJlbKY naMHHI1K B u.eJlOM no COCTaBY I1HBeHTap 11 HeKOTopblM )],PYrHM npl13Ha-
KaM (norpe6aJ1bHbIH 06p )],) onpe)],eJleHHO CB 3aH C npl1ypaJ1bCKOH rpynnOH. B
Kypr. 15 3Toro )l(e MOrHJlbHHKa Ha 06JlOMKe KOCT Horo (poroBoro?) npe)],MeTa
npHcYTcTByeT YCJlOBHOe H306p<DKeHl1e KOHCKoro KonblTa, nepe)],aHHoro TeM )l(e
cnoc060M, YTO 11 Ha no)],npY)I(HblX np )I(KaX 113 Ka3aXCTaHa (Ta6Jl. 20: 18).
Ilo cpaBHeHl110 C )],pyrHMI1 300MOp<pHbIMI1 MOTI1BaMl1, 11306pa)l(eHI1 Jlowa)],11
MOryT CYHTaTbC OTHOCI1TeJlbHO pe)],KI1MI1 )],Jl IO)I(Horo IlpI1YPaJ1b 11 TeM 60Jlee
)],Jl Hl1)1(HerO IloBOJl)l(b , r)],e e)],HHCTBeHHbIM npe)],MeToM C 11306pa)l(eHHeM Jlowa-
)],11 BJ1 eTC 30JlOTa 6Jl WKa C Jle)l(all\I1M )l(HBOTHbIM, )],eMoHcTpHpYIOll\a BeCbMa
pacnpoCTpaHeHHblH .1U1 eBpa3I1HCKI1X KOyeBHHKOB I1KoHorpa<pHyeCKHI1 THn (Ta6Jl. 16:
1). 3TOT Tl1n CJ10)l(IIJlC Y)I(e B VII B. )],0 H. 3. Hanpl1Mep, 30JlOTbie 6Jl WKI1 B BH)],e
Jle)l(all\eH JlOwa)],l1, CJlY)I(HBWHe YKpaWeHI1 MH rOJlOBHbIX y60pOB MY)I(YI1HbI H )l(eH-
ll\I1Hbl, 3axopOHeHHbIX B KypraHe Ap)l(aH-2 B TyBe, )],eMOHCTpI1PYIOT ype3BbIyaHHO
6Jll13KHH I1KOHorpa<pHyeCKI1H Bapl1aHT (Ta6Jl. 16: 18).
S2
HaJ1HYHe CKopee He 11306pa)l(eHH , a 3HaKa JlOWaJ].11 <pHKcHpyeTc 4all\e Ha
npe)],MeTax, <PYHKU.HOHaJ1bHO CB 3aHHbIX C KOHCKHM CHap )I(eHHeM (nCaJ1H MH,
no)],npy)l(HbIMH np )I(KaMII H T. )],.). B KayeCTBe nOJlHOrO H306p<DKeHI1 JlOwa)J,b
npe)],CTaBJleHa B IO)I(HOM Ilpl1ypaJIbe TOJlbKO 0)], Ha)l{jJ,bI 11 KaK e3)],OBoe )l(HBOTHOe
npll HaJ1I1YHI1 BCaJ].HHKa (<DI1Jll1nnOBKa) (Ta6Jl.19: 1).
IITH bI H rpHcPOHbI (Ta6JI. 21-26, 45)
06pa3bI XHll\HbIX nTI1u. B eBpa311HcKoM HCKyccTBe CKH<pCKOH 3nOXI1 3aHHMalOT
Ba)l(HOe MeCTO H OTHOCHC K rpynne HaH60Jlee pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIX Ha BceH Tep-
pl1TOpHI1 6bITOBaHH <peHoMeHa 3BepHHoro CTI1Jl . 6e3 COMHeHH , 3TO CB 3aHO C HX
BblCOKI1M nOJlO)l(eHHeM B HepapXHI1 300MOP<PHbIX 06pa30B B MI1pOB033peHHI1 HOCH-
TeJleH KYJlbTYP 3BepHHoro CTI1Jl H YCTOHYI1BblM CMblCJlOBblM co)],ep)l(aHl1eM.
06pall\aeT Ha ce6 BHI1MaHl1e TO 06CTO TeJlbCTBO, YTO B Hl1)1(HeM IloBoJl)l(be H
IO)I(HOM Ilpl1YPaJ1be npaKTHyeCKH OTCYTCTBYIOT 06Pa3bI HeXHll\HbIX nTI1u.: BO)],O-
nJlaBalOll\HX, neTyxoB H )],p., KOTopble )],OCTaTOYHO MHOrOYHCJleHHbl B I1CKYCCTBe
aJ1TaHCKHX nJleMeH, r)],e OHI1 CJlY)l(I1JlH YKpaweHHeM 0)], e)l()J,bl, nOCY)],bI, )],eTaJ1eH
KOHCKoro y60pa, a TaK)I(e )J,eKopoM nOrpe6aJ1bHbIX KOJlO)],. Bce Tl1nbI 11306pa)l(eHHH
nTI1u. H3 IloBoJl)l(cKoro 11 IlpHYPaJ1bcKoro perHOHOB HOCH no)],YepKHYTo XHll\HbIH,
arpeCCI1BHbIH xapaKTep. Cpe)],11 nTHYbI1X 11306p<DKeHI1H IloBOJl)l(b H IlpHYPaJ1b
BCTpeYaIOTC Te )l(e THnbl, KOTopble xapaKTepHbI H )],Jl )],pyrHX KaTeropHH 300-
MOP<pHbIX 06pa30B: 11306pa)l(eHI1e nOJlHOH <Pl1rYPbl; H306pa)l(eHHe TOJlbKO rOJlOBbl,
npHyeM nTHYbl1 rOJlOBbI B KayeCTBe OT)],eJlbHOrO MOTI1Ba I1JlI1 )],onOJlHI1TeJlbHOrO
11306p<DKeHH npe)J,CTaBJl IOT a6COJllOTHOe 60JlbWHHCTBO no cpaBHeHHIO C )],PYrHMI1
BapHaHTaMH BOnJlOll\eHH 3TI1X 06pa30B.
KpOMe Toro, BCTpeyaIOTC B KayeCTBe caMOCTO TeJlbHOrO MOTHBa 11 )],pyrHe OT-
)],eJlbHble yaCTH nTHYbero TeJla (KorOTb, Jlana, XBOCT), a TaK)I(e I1X KOM6HHau.HI1 B
o<popMJleHI1H Pa3JlHYHbIX MeJlKI1X npe)J,MeTOB (HanpHMep, np )I(eK H 060HM04eK OT
peMHeH KOHCKoro CHap )I(eHI1 ).
B 3HaYHTeJl bHOM YHCJle CJlyyaeB 11306pa)l(aJ1aCb He npoCTO XI1ll\Ha nTHu.a, pe-
aJ1bHO CYll\eCTBYIOll\a B npHpo)],e, a HeKHH MOHCTp C OpJlI1HblM KJlIOBOM, HO C 3Y-
6aCTOH naCTblO 11 YXOM, Ha3blBaeM blH B JlI1TepaType yall\e Bcero OpJlI1 HOrOJlOBblM
rpl1<pOHOM [6apKoBa 1987, C. 13]. O)],HaKo B HCKyccTBe Hl1)1(HerO IloBOJl)l(b 11
IO)I(Horo Ilpl1ypaJ1b 11306pa)l(eHI1 no)],06HbIX cYll\eCTB 11 MelOT CBOI1 oc06eHHocTI1
11 OTJlI1YH , no cpaBHeHl110 C OpJlI1HOrOJlOBblMI1 rpl1<poHaMI1 aJ1TaHCKI1X naMHHI1-
KOB [6apKoBa 1987]; npe)l{jJ,e Bcero 6pocaeTc B rJla3a OTCYTcTBHe xapaKTepHOrO
rpe6H I1JlI1 XOXOJlKa Ha rOJlOBaX rpH<p0HoB; yxo, B aJ1TaHCKI1X naM THI1KaX yall\e
Bcero )],JlI1HHOe 11 3aocTpeHHoe, B IlpHYPaJ1bCKOM 11 IloBOJl)l(cKOM perHOHaX, KaK
npaBI1JlO, I1MeeT oKpyrJlYIO <POPMY.
HeCKOJlbKO CJlOB HY)l(HO CKa3aTb 06 onpe)J,eJleHHI1 300MOp<pHoro MOTI1Ba, KOTO-
poe )],aJ1eKO He 0)],H03HaYHO, HO npI1Hu.l1nl1aJ1bHO B<DKHO, nOCKOJlbKY Henocpe)],CT-
BeHHO CB 3aHO C co)],ep)l(aTeJlbHOH CTOpOHOH 11306pa3HTeJlbHOrO TBOpyeCTBa, r)],e
<popMa, no CYTI1, MO)l(eT paCu.eHI1 BaTbC KaK 3HaK cO)J,ep)l(aHI1 . B KJlaCCI1<pI1Kau.I1H
06Pa30B XI1ll\HbIX nTI1u. CKI1<p0-CI16I1pCKOro 3Bepl1HOrO CTI1Jl HeT e)],I1Ho)],ywH :
O)],HII I1CCJle)],OBaTeJlI1 CKJlOHHbl BH)],eTb B 11306pa)l(eHI1 X «MI1<pl1yeCKOrO opJla» (c
YWaMH 11 rpe6HeM), )],pyrHe Ha3bIBaIOT nO)J,06HbIX CywecTB opJlI1HOrOJlOBblMI1 rpl1-
<pOHaMI1 I1JlI1 npOCTO rpl1<pOHaMH (rOJlOBa XI1ll\HOH nTI1u.bI I1MeeT 3Bepl1HOe yxo)
[Ilorpe60Ba 1948, c. 62]. I1CCJle)],oBaHI1IO 11306pa)l(eHI1H XI1ll\HOH nTHU.bI 11 rpl1<poHa
B I1CKyccTBe )],peBHHx aJ1TaHu.eB, r)],e 06pa3 rpl1<p0Ha npe)],cTaBJleH oc060 pKO 11
S3
pa3Ho06pa:mo, nOCBHllleHa cneu.l1aJ1bHa5I CTaTbH 11.11. 6apKOBOH, B KOTOpOH aBTOp,
OTMe4aH, 4TO 06pa3bl XI1111HOH nTI1u.bl C YXOM I1KOHOrpacpl14eCKI1 6Jll13KI1 OpJlI1HO-
rOJlOBOMY rpl1cpOHY 11 4aCTO OTO)l{){eCTBJlHIOTCH C HI1M [6apKoBa 1987, c. 5], B CBO-
eH nocJle)],YlOllleH KJlaCCl1cpI1Kau.1111 OTHOCI1T I1X K Tl1ny opJla, eCJlI1 )J,aHa cpl1rypa u.e-
JlI1KOM, 11 K Tl1ny «rOJlOBa XI1111HOH nTI1u.bl», eCJlI1 OTCYTCTByeT TYJloBI1111e. no)], TI1-
nOM OpJlI1HOrOJlOBOrO rpl1cpOHa nO)J,p<t3YMeBaIOTC5I 11306pa)l(eHI151 CYllleCTB, 06513a-
TeJlbHOH oc06eHHOCTblO KOTOpblX 51BJl5leTC5I rpe6eHb [6apKoBa 1987, c. 6, 9-28].
npaB)J,a, He06xo)],I1MO OTMeTI1Tb, 4TO nTI14bl1 roJlOBbl C YXOM nOJlHOCTblO I1HBapl1-
aHTHbl 11 B 11306pa)l(eHI151X u.eJlOH cpl1rypbl, 4TO )J,aeT npaBo TpaKToBaTb I1X KaK pa3-
Hble cpOpMbl O)],HOro 06pa3a. 6pocaeTc5I B rJla3a OTCYTcTBl1e B 11306pa)l(eHI151X :noro
Tl1na rpe6H5I, a yxo B a6COJllOTHOM 60JlbWI1HCTBe CJlY4aeB I1MeeT oKpyrJlble 04ep-
TaHI151. HaJ111411e yxa Bo06111e B nO)J,06HbIX 11306pa)l(eml5lX CBI1)],eTeJlbCTByeT 0 Ka-
KOM-TO co)],ep)l(aTeJlbHOM acneKTe, 3aCTaBJl5lBWeM BHeCTI1 :ny )],eTaJ1b, OTCYTCT-
BYlOlllYIO Y npe)],cTaBI1TeJleH cpaYHbl B npl1po)],e, 11 oTproKaeT pe3YJlbTaT OCMbICJle-
HI151 peaJ1bHOCTI1, a He ee cpl1 Kcau.11 11. B Hl1)1(HeM nOBOJl)l(be 11306pa)l(eHI151 nOJlHOH
cpl1rypKI1 nTI1u.bl npe)J,CTaBJleHbl B e)J,I1HI14HbIX HaXO)],Kax 11 He )],alOT B03MO)l(HOCTI1
KJlaCCl1cpI1Kau.1111 I1KOHorpacpWleCKI1X cxeM.
l-'I3BecTHo 11306proKeHI1e Ha cpparMeHTl1pOBaHHOH 6pOH30BOH 6Jl5lWKe B npocpl1Jlb,
C onYllleHHblM B)],OJlb TeJla KpblJlOM 11 JlanOH, nO)],)I(aTOH K TYJlOBI1111Y 11 CMbIKalO-
llleHC5I C MOlllHblM 3arHYTbiM KJlIOBOM, Ha KOTOpOM OlleplleHa BOCKOBI1U.a. 60JlbWOH
KpyrJlblH rJla3 C 060)],KOM nO)],4epKHYTO YBeJll14eH 11 npaKTWleCKI1, B C04eTaHHI1 C
KJlIOBOM, 3aHI1MaeT BCIO roJlOBY, He OCTaBJl5l51 MeCTa )],pyrl1M )],eTaJ151M 11 npeBpallla51
pl1CYHOK B onpe)],eJleHHYIO YCTOH411BYIO cxeMY, I1CnOJlb3yeMYIO B 60JlbWI1HCTBe
11306pa)l(eHI1H :noro MOTI1Ba [CMl1pHOB 1976, c. 81, pl1c. 3: 1] (Ta6Jl. 45: 17).
Ellle O)],HO 11306pa)l(eHI1e (Ta6Jl.45: 8) nOJlHOH cpl1rYPbl nTl1U.bI (MOrI1JlbHI1K
Kpl1Ba5I 11YKa VIlI, KYPr. 5, norp. 16) )J,eMoHcTpl1pyeT cneu.l1cpl14eCKI1H MOTI1B: XHlll-
Ha5I nTI1u.a C p<t3BepHYTbIM KpbIJlOM, 11306proKeHHbiM C pe3KI1M nJle4eBbiM BbICTY-
nOM, no)], np5lMbiM yrJlOM K KOTOPOMY B)],OJlb TYJlOBI1111a HanpaBJleHO OnepeHl1e, 11
MOlllHOH JlanOH, nepneH)],I1KYJl5lpHOH K TeJlY (Tl1n, BeCbMa pacnpOCTpaHeHHblH cpe-
)J,11 11306pa)l(eHI1H nTI1u. B CKl1cpCKI1X KOMnJleKCaX 11, B03MO)l(HO, 6epYllll1H Ha 1 1aJ10 B
aHTI14HbiX 11306pa)l(eHI151X) [KOpOJlbKOBa (B ne4aTI1)].
rOJlOBa nTI1u.bl 11 KOrrI1CTa51 Jlana )],aHbl B npocpl1Jlb, Beepo06pa3HblH XBOCT 11
pa3BepHyrble KpblJlb51 C np5lMoyrOJlbHbiM I1JlH 6Jll13KHM K :nOH cpopMe a6pHCOM no-
Ka3aHbl B cpac (cp.: 30JlOTOH KypraH no)], CI1McpepOnOJleM KOHu.a VI-Ha4aJ1a V B.
)],0 H. 3. [I1JlbI1HCKa5l, TepeHO)l(KI1H 1983, c. 103, pl1c. 1]; )!(ypoBKa Kl1eBCKOH ry6.,
KYPr. r [neTpeHKo 1967, c. 169, Ta6Jl. 31: 14], )!(YPoBKa, KYPr. 401 [606pI1HCKI1H
1905, c. 17, pl1c. 38], )!(eJlTOKaMeHKa [CTenl1 eBponeHcKoH 4aCTI1 CCCP... Ta6Jl. 38:
41, IV-Ill BB. )],0 H. 3.]). Pa3MellleHl1e nTl1U.bl Ha HaJ106HI1Ke 113 )!(YPOBKI1 nOKa3bl-
BaeT, 4TO opeJl 11306pa)l(aeT JleT5IlllYIO nTI1u.y H )],OJl)l(eH paCCMaTpI1BaTbC5I B ropl1-
30HTaJ1bHOM nOJlO)l(eHHI1, a He BepTI1KaJ1bHO, KaK 4allle Bcero no)],aIOTC5I BOCnp0I13-
Be)],eHI151 3Toro 06pa3a B HaY4HbiX 113)],aHI151X.
CYlllecTByeT 11 )],pyroH Bapl1aHT H306pa)l(eHH5I XHlllHOH nTl1U.bl - B cu.eHe Tep-
3aHH5I pbl6bI I1JlI1 )],eJlbcpI1Ha. rpynna C I1KOHorpacpH4eCKI1 6Jll13KHMI1 cu.eHaMI1 113-
BeCTHa cpe)],11 HaxO)],OK 113 CKl1cpCKHX naM5ITHI1KOB: KYJlb-06a (Ha 30JlOTOH 6Jl5lWKe)
[ApTaMoHoB 1966, N2231]; CT. EJlI13aBeTOBCKa51 (Ha pHTOHe) [ApTaMoHoB 1966,
N2 321]; WYHTYK 6Jll13 MaHKona (V B. )],0 H.3.) [I1JlbI1HCKa5l, TepeHO)l(KI1H 1983,
c. 53, pHC. 2]; 1-51 3aBa)],cKa51 MOrl1Jla B oKpeCTHOCT5IX r. Op)],)I(OHIIKH)],3e-BJl3JI.I1KaB-
Ka3a [M030JleBCKI1H 1980, c. 105, pl1c. 44: 4, 7, 8]. OpeJl 113 KpHBOH 11YKH I1KOHO-
rpacpl14eCKI1 51BJl5leTC5I KaK 6bl npOMe)l(YT04HbIM Tl1nOM Me)l{){Y JleT5IllleH nTI1U.eH C
pacnpOCTepTblMH KpblJlb5lMI1 11 np5lMoyrOJlbHbiM H3JlOMOM JlHHHI1 KpblJla H npo-
cpl1JlbHblM H306proKeHI1eM Tep 3alO llleH )l(epTBY nTI1u.bl 113 KYJlb-06bl, I-H 3aB3JI.-
CKOH MOrHJlbl 11 WYHTYKa, y KOTOpOH KpblJlO npl1)1(aTO K TeJlY, a ero cKpyrJleHHble
04epTaHHH nJlaBHO nepexo)],51T B JlHHI1IO wel1, BbIT5IHYTOH Bnepe)],.
Onl1CaHHble I1KOHorpacpl14eCKI1e THnbl xapaKTepHbl )],Jl51 CKl1cpCKOro I1CKYCCTBa
VB. )],0 H. 3. [KOpOJlbKOBa 1998]. Ha1laJ10M VB. )J,O H. 3. )],aTl1pyeTc5I norpe6eHI1e B
Kypr.7 B HOBOM KYMaKe [CMHpHOB, neTpeHKo 1963, Ta6Jl. 21: 4,5], r)],e HaH)],eHbl
6pOH30Bbie 6Jl5lxI1 OT KOHCKoro y60pa C 11306proKeHI1eM Toro )l(e CIO)I(eTa: Tep3aHI1e
XHlllHOH nTI1u.eH KaKorO-TO CYllleCTBa (B03MO)l(HO, TpaB05l)],Horo, HO onpe)],eJlI1Tb
ero 3aTpY)],HI1TeJlbHO 113-3a KpaHHeH cxeMaTWIHOCTH B nepe)],a4e )l(epTBbl). COBep-
weHHO H)],eHTI14Hble 3TI1M Tpl1 6Jl5lxI1 06HapY)l(eHbi 11 B MOrl1JlbHI1Ke CblHTac I Ha
Teppl1TOpl1H Ka3axcTaHa. COBn3JI.a51 no cIO)I(eTY C nepe4HCJleHHblMH CKl1cpCKI1MH
11306pa)l(eHI151MI1, npl1ypaJ1bCKl1e 6Jl5lXH cOBepweHHo OTJll14Hbi I1KoHorpacpl14eCKI1 11
CTI1JlI1CTI14eCKH. I1306proKeHl1e 60Jlee YCJlOBHO 11 rpy60 BbIl10JlHeHO, OTJlI14aeTC5I
YT5I)I(eJleHHbIMI1 nponopu.I151MI1 (Henponopu.HOHaJ1bHO 60JlbWa51 rOJlOBa 11 rl1nep-
Tpocpl1pOBaHHblH KJlIOB, «rop6aTa5l» JlI1HI151 CnI1Hbl-KpbIJla, nepexo)],51111a51 B KOHTYP
xBocTa). nepe)],a4a OnepeHI151 YCJlOBHblM npl1eMOM - pl1TMH4eCKI1MI1 JlI1HI151MI1,
)],eJl5l111I1MI1 nOBepxHocTb Ha «KJleT04KI1», 04eBH)J,HO, Be)],eT CBoe Ha4aJ10 OT opHa-
MeHTaJ1bHO-peJlbecpHoH npopa60TKI1 KpblJlbeB Ha CKl1cpCKI1X 11306 proKeH I151X.
Ellle O)],HH Tl1n npocpl1JlbHOrO )],BYCTopoHHero H306pa)l(eHI151 XI1111HOH nTI1u.bl
npe)],cTaBJleH Ha PYK05lTI1 KOCT5IHOH JlO)l(e4KI1 113 KypraHa C060JleBCKOH BOJlOCTH
[CMHpHOB, neTpeHKo 1963, Ta6Jl. 22]. 3TO H306pa)l(eHI1e He I1MeeT 6Jll13KI1X aHa-
JlOrHH. OnepeHl1e nepe)],aHO yrJly6JleHHblMI1 T04KaMI1.
He I1MeeT TaK)I(e np5lMbiX aHaJ10r11H 11 06'beMHa51 cpl1rypKa cH)],51111eH nTI1u.bl co
CJlO)l(eHHblMI1 KpblJlb5lMI1 Ha Opl1rI1HaJ1bHOH pY4Ke cocy)],a C 30JlOTblMI1 OKOBKaMH
113 <DI1JlHnnOBCKoro KypraHa. rOJlOBa 11 we51 nTI1u.bl Hel1MOBepHO YBeJll14eHbi no
cpaBHeHHIO C pa3MepaMI1 OCTaJ1bHOrO TYJlOBHllla. OnepeHl1e TpaKToBaHo B BI1)],e
peJlbecpHblX «4ewyeK», KpblJlO B nJle4eBOH 4aCTH OTMe4eHO BOJlIOTOH. B nepe)],a4e
rOJlOBbl HCnOJlb30BaH TI1nl14HblH )],Jl51 IO)I(Horo npHYPaJ1b51 Ha60p )],eTaJ1eH: MOlll-
HblH KJlIOB C 60JlbWOH, 4eTKO BblproKeHHOH BocKoBHu.eH, orpOMHblH KpyrJlblH rJla3
C peJlbecpHblM 060)],KOM 3aHI1MaeT 60JlbWYlO 4aCTb rOJlOBbl; K HeMY npl1MblKaeT 3a-
BHTOK KpyrJlOro yxa [nweHH4HIOK 1989, pl1c.4]. n03a HanOMI1HaeT paccMoTpeH-
Hble Bblwe H306pa)l(eHI151 KJl1OIOllleH )l(epTBY nTHU.bl Ha C6pYHHbiX 6Jl5lxax. 04e-
BH)J,HO, B 060l1x CJlY4a5lx TeMa O)],Ha 11 Ta )l(e.
<Dl1rypKa JleT5IllleH XI1111HOH nTI1u.bl BKJl104eHa B KOMn03Hu.111O (Ta6Jl.46: 1),
OcpOpMJl 51 10 illY 10 PY4KY KOCT5IHOH JlO)l(KI1 H3 norp. 3 KYPr. 1 MOrHJlbHI1Ka CblHTac,
Bbll10JlHeHHYlO pe3b60H B C04eTaHI1H C 06pa3aMI1 BOJlKa H CaHrH (T. e. B nOJlHOM
Ha60pe OCHOBHblX KaTeropl1H 300MOpcpHbiX 11306pa)l(eHI1H 3Bepl1Horo CTHJl5l). nn1-
u.y OTJll14aeT HenoMepHo 60JlbWa51 rOJlOBa C orpoMHblM rJla30M H pe.nyu.l1poBaHHbIM
11306pa)l(eHI1eM TeJla 11 KpblJla C peJlbell)HOH YCJlOBHOH TpaKToBKoH OnepeHI151.
no cpaBHeHl110 C cpl1rypKaMI1 nTI1u., 3Ha411TeJlbHO MHOr0411CJleHHee KaTerOpl151
11306pa)l(eHI1H O)],HOH JlI1Wb nTH4beH rOJlOBbl. npl14eM cpe)],H BellleH 3TOH KaTero-
pl1l1 MO)l(HO Bbl)],eJlI1Tb HeCKOJlbKO I1KOHorpacpl14eCKIIX Tl1nOB, KaK npaBI1JlO, Koppe-
JlI1PYlOllll1X C CPYHKU.110HaJ1bHbIM 3Ha4eHHeM xY)],O)l(eCTBeHHO ocpopMJleHHblX npe)],-
MeTOB. B nOBOJl)l(be 11306proKeHI151 nTI14bl1X roJlOB BCTpe4aIOTC5I He TaK Y)l( 4aCTO H
B OCHOBHOM CB5I3aHbl C MeJlKI1MI1 6pOH30BblMH 6Jl5lWKaMI1 OT KOHCKOH Y3)],bl [CMl1pHOB
1976, c. 215, pHc.3: 7, 11]. OHI1 HaXO)],5IT ce6e aHaJ10rl1l1 B HKoHOrpallH111 CKl1cp-
CKI1X xY)],O)l(eCTBeHHbIX 113)],eJlHH 11 xapaKTepl13YIOTC5I rl1nep60Jll13au.l1eH OT)],eJlb-
HblX )],eTaJ1eH (MOlllHbIH 3arHYTblH KJlIOB, 60JlbWOH KpyrJlblH rJla3, MaCCI1BHa5I BOC-
KOBHu.a), 4aCTO H306pa)l(aeTC5I He60JlbWOe yxo, a no)], llleKoH nOMelllaeTC5I )],onOJl-
HHTeJlbHOe 11306proKeHI1e MaJ1eHbKOH nTI14beH roJlOBKI1 B nepeBepHYToM nOJlO)l(e-
54
55
Hl-1I1. flOXQ)Kl1e 6pOH30BbIe 6JHIWKI1 BCTpe,{alOTC5I 11 B flpI1YPaJ1bCKO-Ka3axcTaHcKOM
perl10He (MOrI1JlbHI1K B HarOpHOM, Ta6Jl. 21: 19), O)],HaKO BbInOJlHeHbl OHI1 B )],PY-
rOM CTI1Jle. Bapl1al(1111 3Toro MOTI1Ba npOCJle)l(I1BaIOTC5I Ha HaXO)],Kax 113 perl10Ha,
BKJlIO'{alOll.lero B ce651 Teppl1TOpl11O lO)I(Horo flpI1YpaJ1b51 11 3ana)],Horo Ka3aXCTaHa
B pal10He cpe)],Hero Te'{eHI151 p. YpaJ1a: MOLl\Hbll1, KPYTO 3arHYTbII1 KJlIOB C '{eTKO
O'Iep'IeHHOI1 BOCKOBI1l(el1, 60JlbW0l1 rJla3 C peJlbecj:>HblM BaJ111 KOM, C03)],alOLl\I1M
BHeWHl111 KOHTYP; oKpyrJlOI1 cj:>OpMbl YXO C peJlbecj:>HOI1 npopa60TKol1 pacnOJlO)l(eHO
Hl1)1(e ypOBH5I rJla3a, MaJ1eHbKa51 BbInYKJlOCTb ll.leKH «3a)l(aTa» Me)l()],Y KJlIOBOM 11
yXOM. 3TI1 npe)],MeTbl OTHOC5ITC5I K «caBpOMaTCKOI1» 3noxe 11 )],aTl1pYIOTC5I 06bl<IHO
BpeMeHeM C KOHl(a VI B.)],O IV B.)],O H. 3. (HOBbll1 KYMaK, Kypr. 19, norp. I [CMl1p-
HOB 1964, c.363, pl1c.77: 24]; MOrl1JlbHI1K CblHTac I, norp. 1 [Ka)],bIp6aeB, Kyp-
MaHKYJlOB 1977, c. 150, pl1c. 10: 2]; CblHTac I, norp. 2 [Ka)],blp6aeB, KypMaHKYJlOB
1977, c. 141, pl1c. 3: 2]; floKpoBKa, KYPr. 1 [CMl1pHOB 1964, c. 309, pl1C. 16: la. 6];
<DI1Jll1nnOBKa, KYPr. 1 [flweHI1'IHIOK 1989, pnc. 4, 12]). 6Jll1)1(al1WHe aHaJ10rl1l1
3TI1M 11306pa)l(eHI151M 06HapY)I(I1BaIOTC5I B naM5ITHI1KaX I1CKyccTBa AJlTa51 (flepBbll1
TY3KTI1HCKI111 KypraH [Py)],eHKo 1960]) 11 MI1HYCI1HCKOI1 KOTJlOBI1HbI [3aBI1Tyx11Ha
1983, c. 163, N 202; c. 161, N 198].
3Ha'II1TeJlbHlliI 'IaCTb nTl1'Ibl1X 06pa30B B I1CKyccTBe «caBpoMaTCKoro» BpeMeHI1
lO)I(Horo flpl1YPaJ1 b51 npe)],cTaBJleHa MHOrO ' II1CJleHHbIMI1 Bapl1al(I151MI1 Kpal1He cxe-
MaTI1311pOBaHHoro If 0606ll.leHHoro 11306pIDKeHI151 roJlOBbl C MOLl\HbIM KJlIOBOM (Ta6Jl. 24),
I1Hor)],a C He60JlbWHM oKpyrJlblM BblcTynoM Ha 3aTblJlKe (rpl1cj:>oHbe yxo). O'IeHb
6Jl113Kl1e, CTOJlb )l(e CTI1Jll130BaHHbie 11306pIDKeHl-t51 rplfcj:>oHbl1X rOJlOB Ha AJlTae (6ap-
6ypra3bII, KYPr. 26 [Ky6apeB 1992, c. 171, Ta6Jl. XXVII] 11 1-11 TY3KTI1HCKI111 KYP-
raH [Py)],eHKo 1960, Ta6Jl. XXXV-XXXVII; XLIII-XLVI; LXXVlll-LXXXI],
MOrl1JlbHI1K TawaHTa I [Ky6apeB 1987, Ta6Jl. LXXXV]), B JleCOCTenHOM flpl106be
[TpOI1l(Ka5l, 60po)],oBCKI1I1 1994, c. 89, pl1C. 19; c. 94, pl1c. 23], B CeBepHoM KI1Tae
[Ancient Bronzes, Ceramics and Seals, N 841; Op)],ocCKl1e 6pOH3bI] 11 MI1HYCI1H-
CKOI1 KOTJlOBI1He [3aBI1TyXI1Ha 1983, c. 187] OTJlI1'IaIOTC5I O)],HOI1 )],eTaJ1 blO - HaJ1I1-
'II1eM rpe6H5I C XOXOJlKOM.
B TaKI1X 11306pIDKeHI151X OTCYTCTByeT BC5IKlliI )],eTaJ1113al(I151: 0603Ha'iaeTC5I TOJlb-
KO CI1JlY3T KJlIOBa (06bI'IHO npope3blO B BIf)],e BOJlIOTbl I1JlI1 <<3an5lTOI1» IfJlI1 Kpal1He
CYMMapHOH peJlbecj:>HOI1 npopa60TKoi1). TaKl1e nJlOCKOCTHble B l(eJlOM 11306pa)l(eHI151
51BJl5lIOTC5I ocj:>opMJleHl1eM Ll\I1TKOB 060l1MO'IeK OT Y3)],e'IHbIX peMHel1 (MOrI1JlbHI1K
CblHTac I, norp. 1-3 [K3J].blp6aeB, KYPMaHKYJlOB 1976. c. 140, pl1c.2: 4-6;
c. 141, pl1c. 3: 1,2,8; c. 145, pl1c. 6: 3, 8]; MOrl1JlbHI1K 6ec06a, Kypr. 4 [Ka)],blp6aeB
1984, c. 87, pl1c. 1: 6]; Me'IeTCaH, KYPr. 2 [CMl1pHOB, c. 314, pl1c. 21: Ip, Ie]; fl5l-
TI1MapbI I, KYPr. 8 [CMl1pHOB 1964, c. 320, pl1c.27: 9, 12]; fl5ITI1MapbI I, KYPr. 6,
MOr. 4 [CMl1pHOB 1964, c. 322, pl1C. 29: 42]; fl5ITI1Mapbl I, KYPr. 4 [CMl1pHOB 1964,
c. 326, pl1c. 32: 1; c. 369, pl1C. 77: 15]; MOrl1JlbHI1K HOBbl11 KYMaK, KYPr. 7, norp. 1
[CMl1pHOB 1964, c. 369, pl1c. 77: 11]; MOrl1JlbHI1K fl5ITI1Mapblll, KYPr. 5, [CMl1pHOB
1964, c. 369, pl1c. 77: 9, 10]) I1JlI1 30JlOTbIMI1 HaKJla)],HbIMI1 nJlaCTI1HKaMI1 OT cocy-
)],OB (MOrI1JlbHI1K fl5ITI1Mapbll, KYPr. 9, [CMl1pHOB 1964, c. 317, pl1c.24: 4]; <D11-
Jll1nnOBCKl111 KypraH [flweHI1'IHIOK 1989, pl1c.4, 5]). 30JlOTbIe HaKJl3J].KI1 113 <D11-
Jll1nnOBCKoro KypraHa, )],eMOHCTpl1pYIOLl\l1e B npl1Hl(l1ne TOT )l(e CaMbII1 Tl1n 30JlO-
TblX 0611BOK )],epeB5IHHbIX COCY)],OB, I1MelOT aHaJ10rl1'IHbII1 CI1JlY3T, HO OTJlI1'IaIOTC5I
opHaMeHTaJ1bHO-JlI1HeapHOI1 pa3pa60TK0I1 nOBepXHOCTI1 CJlO)l(HOrO 11 BeCbMa Ha-
CbILl\eHHoro pI1CYHKa, xapaKTepHOI1 )],Jl51 60JlbWI1HCTBa npe)],MeTOB 3Toro naM5ITHI1-
Ka (Ta6Jl. 22). CXeMaTl1'IHble nJlOCKOCTHbIe a)l(ypHbIe nJlaCTI1HbI-OKOBKI1 (Ta6Jl. 25)
113 <DI1Jll1nnOBKI1 [flweHI1'IHIOK 1989, pl1c. 5], O'IeBI1)],HO, TO)l(e co)],ep)l(aT MOTI1B
rplfcj:>oHbeH roJlOBbI, npe)],cTaBJleHHOI1 B pacnpocTpaHeHHoM KOMn0311l(110HHOM pe-
weHlf11 - CI1 MMeTpl1,{Ho C)],BoeHHOM 11306pa)l(eHI1I1. 3TOT Bapl1aHT nO'ITI1 YTpa'Ilf-
BaeT 11306pa3I1TeJlbHOCTb, npeBpall.lllilCb B opHaMeHTaJ1bHYIO KOMn0311Ul11O, n03BO-
Jl5l1Oll.l)'1O JlI1Wb yra)],bIBaTb npOTOTl1n 11306pIDKeHI151, KOTOpbl11 aCCOl(l1l1pyeTC5I, KaK
npaBI1JlO, Jll160 C rpl1cj:>oHbl1MI1 KJlIOBaMII, JlII60 co CTI1Jl1130BaHHblMI1 OTpocTKaMIf
OJleHbl1X poroB, 'ITO, BnpO'IeM, I1Hor)],a II COBMeLl\aeTC5I. B 'Il1CJle 6Jl11)1(al1WI1X aHa-
Jlorl1l1 HaKJla)],KaM Ha )],epeB5IHHble COCy)],bl 113 <DI1Jll1nnOBKIf HY)l(HO YKa3aTb npe)l()],e
Bcero 30JlOTbie nJlaCTI1Hbl 113 AJleKcaH)],ponOJl51 [CTenl1 eBpOnel1CKOI1 'IaCTil CCCP...
Ta6Jl.46: 15], naM5ITHI1Ka, BO MHOrl1X OTHOWeHI151X CT05lll.lerO OC06H5IKOM B P5l)],y
CKHcj:>CKI1X )],peBHOCTel1 11 Koe B 'leM IfMelOLl\erO 'IepTbl, 51BHO YKa3bIBalOll.llfe Ha
CB5I3b C BOCTO'IHOI1 'IaCTblO Ml1pa eBpa3I1I1CKI1X KO'IeBHI1KOB [AJleKCeeB 1993]. flo-
)],06HbIe Bell.ll! BCTpe'IaIOTC5I 11 Ha Hl1)1(HeM .lJ:OHY B naM5ITHIlKaX IV-Ill BB. )],0 H. 3.
(Ta6Jl. 25), 11 Ha AJlTae B 60Jlee paHHee BpeM5I (l-11 TpKTI1HCKl111 KypraH).
Cpe)],11 nOBOJl)l(CKI1X naM5ITHI1KOB caBpoMaTcKoro BpeMeHI1 30JlOTbie HaKJla)],KI1
OT )],epeB5IHHOrO cocy)],a 06HapY)l(eHbi B MOflfJlbHIIKe Ca30HKI1H 6yrop V B. )],0 H. 3.
B ACTpaxaHCKOI1 06JlaCTI1 [6epXI1H-3acel(Ka5l, MaJ10BI1l(Ka51 1965, c. 150, pl1C. 6].
OHI1 I1MelOT CIIMMeTpl1'IHO C)],BoeHHoe 1f306pa)l(eHI1e rOJlOBbI rp 11 cj:>oHa, co CTI1JlI1-
CTl1'IeCKOI1 TO'IKI1 3peHI151 60Jlee 6Jl113KOe K HaKJl3J].KaM CKI1(PCKI1X naM5ITHI!KOB V B.
)],0 H. 3.113 flpl1)],HenpOBb51 (JI6JlOHOBKa, KYPr. 1,2 [fleTpeHKo 1967, c. 141, Ta6Jl. 16:
4,8, 17, 19]; c. fleKapl1, KYPr. 411 [faJ1aHIfHa 1977, c. 20, Ta6Jl. 6: 2], 11 fl06Y)l(b51
(KOBaJ1eBKa, Kypr. 2, norp. 3 [KoBnaHeHKo, 6YH5IT5IH, faBplfJlIOK 1978, c. 59, pl1c. 31:
3]). 3ToT Bapl1aHT OTJll1'laeTC5I nO)],llepKHYTO opHaMeHTaJlbHOI1 )],eKOpl1pOBKOI1 (Ta6Jl. 21).
06pa3bI XI1Ll\HbIX nTI1l( (I1JlI1 rpl1cj:>oHoB) B BI1)],e rOJlOBOK Ha aHaJ10nl'IHblX CKI1cj:>-
CKI1M no Ha3Ha'IeHI11O 11 MaTepl1aJ1aM npe)],MeTax - 30JlOTbiX HaKJla)],HbIX nJlaCTI1-
Hax Ha COCY)],bI113 naM5ITHI1KOB lO)I(Horo flpIfYpaJ1b51 CTI1JlI1CTH ' leCKI1 peweH I1Ha'ie.
I1x xapaKTepHble oc06eHHocTI1 51pKO npo)],eMoHCTpl1pOBaHbl Ha cepl1l1 HaKJla)],OK 113
<DI1Jll1nnOBKI1 [flweHI1'IHIOK 1989, plfc.4]. OTJlI1'IaIOTC5I OT CKI1cj:>CK IX 113)],eJlI1I1
npOnOpl(110HaJ1bHbIe COOTHOWeHI151 11 06Ll\1f11 a6pl1c: rJla3 KIDKeTC5I cpaBHI1TeJl bHO
60Jlee KpynHblM 11 BbIcTynalOLl\I1M p5l)],OM C KJlIOBOM II YXOM, pacnOJlO)l(eHHblM 'IYTb
Hl1)1(e ypOBH5I rJla3a 11 KJlIOBa. COBepweHHo OTJlI1 ' IHbII1 xapaKTep opHaMeHTal(1111
nOBepXHOCTI1, I1MelOLl\el1 napaJ1JleJlIf B MHoro ' II1CJleHHbIX npe)],MeTax I1CKycCTBa
BOCTO'IHOrO Bapl1aHTa CKI1cj:>0-cI16I1pCKOro 3Bepl1HOrO CTI1Jl51 (B BII)],e PI1TMI1'IHO ne-
peTeKalOUJ,l1x BOJllOT006pa3HbIx JlI1HI1I1), )],oBepwaeT caM06bITHOCTb 06Jll1Ka npl1-
ypaJ1 bCKI1X 06Pa3UOB.
B 6Jll13KHX npOnOpl(I151X 11 C TeMI1 )l(e oc06eHHOCT5IMI1 TpaKToBaHa roJlOBa cj:>11-
rypKI1 nTI1l(bl - pY'IKI! cocy)],a Ha y)l(e ynoM5IHYTOI1 nJlaCTIfHe 113 <DI1Jll1nnOBKI1
[nweHI1'IHIOK 1989, pl1c. 4]. E)],I1HCTBO CT I1Jl 51 11 TpaKTOBKI1 06pa3a )],Jl51 BCel1 cepl1l1
OTJll1'IaeT MHOrO'Il1CJleHHbIe 11306pa)l(eHI151 nTl1'Ibl1X roJlOBOK C MOll.lHbIM KJlIOBOM 11
YXOM n03a)],11 rJla3a Ha Pa3JlI1'IHbIX npe)],MeTax BoopY)l(eHI151 11 )],eTaJ151X Y3)],e ' IHoro
Ha60pa; p5l)], rOJlOBOK, 'Iepe)],YIOLl\I1XC5I B HanpaBJleHl111 pa3BopoTa, Ha 06KJla)],Ke
HO)l(eH aKI1HaKa 113 <DI1Jll1nnOBKI1 [flweHI1'IHIOK 1989, pl1c. 12]; 6pOH30BbIe 6Jl5lXI1
113 flOKpOBKI1, Kypr. 1 [CMl1pHOB 1964, pl1c. 16: la, 6; POCTOBl(eB 1918]; 113 MO-
rHJlbHI1Ka B HaropHOM (3ana)],HbII1 Ka3aXCTaH, MaTepl1aJ1bl 113 paCKonOK M. K. Ka-
)],blp6aeBa 11 )IC K. KypMaHKYJlOBa); 113 KYPr. 2 y c. 06pY'IeBKa B lO)I(HOM 3aypaJ1be
[faBpI1JlIOK, Tal1pOB 1993, c. 59, pl1c. 5]. 6Jl5lxa OT Y3)],e'IHOrO Ha60pa 113 norp. 1
KYpr. 19 B c. HOBbl11 KYMaK [CMlfpHOB 1964, pl1c. 77: 24] )],eMoHcTpl1pyeT TOT )l(e
Tl1n 11306pIDKeHI151, npe)]'CTaBJleHHbll1 B Cnel(Ifcj:>l1 l leCKOI1 KOMn03I1l(110HH0I1 cj:>opMe-
CI1MMeTpl1'IHOM pa3MeUJ,eHI1I1 06el1x roJlOB, nOBepHYTbIX HaBCTpe'Iy )],pyr )],pyry.
TaKlliI KOMn0311l(110HHa51 cxeMa Tl1nl1'IHa )],Jl51 xY)],O)l(eCTBeHHO ocj:>opMJleHHbIX 113)],e-
JlI1I1 lO)I(HOH CI1611pl1 B CKI1cj:>CKoe BpeM5I 11 npe)l()],e Bcero aCCOl(l1l1pyeTc5I C 0PY)l(I1-
56
57
eM - HaBepWI1 MI1 KI1H)/(aJ10B 11 Me4eH [4JleHOBa 1967, Ta6Jl. 26: 28, 29, 30; PaJI.-
JlOB 1891. Ta6Jl. XI: 11; XII: 1; XIV, pl1c. Ha c. 70, 71].
06pa3bI, CTI1Jll1CTI14eCKI1 6Jll13KI1e paHHI1M aJITaHCKI1M 11306pa)/(eHI1 M XI1111HbIX
nTHU 11 rpmpoHoB, BCTpe4a1OTc Ha HeKoTopbIX npe MeTaX 113 lO)/(Horo npl1ypa-
Jlb , Ka3aXCTaHa 11 cpe 11 MI1HYCI1HCKI1X 6pOH30BblX 113)J,eJlI1H. 4allle Bcero nTI14bl1
rOJlOBKI1, 06'he I1HeHHble B CI1MMeTpl14HYIO KOMn0311lJ,111O B BI1)J,e napbl rOJlOB, 06-
pallleHHblx Pyr K )J,Pyry, YKpawalOT HaBepWI1 KI1H)/(aJ10B. npI1XO I1TC YCOMHI1Tb-
C B YTBep)/( eHI1I1, 4TO cpe 11 MaTepl1aJ10B caMapo-ypaJlbCKOH rpynnbI OTCYTCTBY-
lOT KI1H)/(aJ1bI C HaBepWI1 MI1 B BI1 e roJlOB rpl1(pOHOB [Ka blp6aeB, KYPMaHKYJlOB
1976, c. 150]. HeMHOr0411CJleHHblMI1 HaXO KaMI1 :nOT Tl1n Bellldi Bce )/(e npek
CTaBJleH (KI1H)/(aJ1bI 113 6ec06bI 11 CbIHTaca) 11 OTJlI14aeTC CTI1Jll1CTI14eCKI1M e I1H-
CTBOM B xY O)/(eCTBeHHOM ocpopMJleHI1I1, Tor a KaK HaXO KI1 no 06HbIX Bellldi Ha
pyrl1x Teppl1TOpl1 X I1MelOT COBepweHHO I1Hble CTI1Jll1CTI14eCKI1e xapaKTepl1CTI1KI1.
TaKOH Tl1n 0PY)/(I1 BCTpe4aeTC 11 B HI1)/(HeM nOBOJl)/(be, npaB a, 113BeCTHbl JlI1Wb
e I1Hl14Hble CJlY4aHHble HaXO KI1, a 11306p(l)\{eHI1 nTI14bl1X roJlOBOK B bIn OJl HeHbI
Ha HI1X B pyroH MaHepe.
COBepweHHO 04eBI1 HO, 4TO aHaJ10rHl1 KI1H)/(aJ1aM C rpl1cpOHbl1MI1 rOJlOBKaMI1
Be YT Ha BOCTOK, 4TO cnpaBe)J,JlI1BO OTMe4aJIOCb CnelJ,I1aJ1I1CTaMI1 [Ka blp6aeB,
KYPMaHKYJlOB 1976, c. 150]. OCHOBHblM apeaJ10M :noro Tl1na 0pY)/(I1 MO)/(HO C411-
TaTb 06Wl1pHble paHoHbl MI1HYCI1HCKOH KOTJlOBI1HbI 11 Ka3axCTaHa, KOTopble )J,e-
MOHCTpl1PYIOT BeCbMa 6Jll13KOe CTI1Jll1CTI14eCKOe CXO CTBO. Tl1nOJlOrH4eCKI1, HO He
CTI1JlI1CTI14eCKI1, CXO Hble 113 eJlI1 113BeCTHbI B KypraHe YlCCbIK 11 cpe 11 HaXO OK
U,eHTpaJ1bHOH A31111 [AKI1WeB 1978, c. 104, 105, pl1c. 22-24]. YlcCJle)J,oBaHl1e KI1H-
)/(aJ10B C rOJlOBKaMI1 rpl1cpoHoB npe CTaBJl eT OC06blH I1HTepec C T04KI1 3peHI1
aHaJ1113a xY O)/(eCTBeHHoro ocpopMJleHI1 11 CTI1Jll1CTI14eCKOH xapaKTepl1CTI1KI1 1130-
6pa)/(eHI1H. PYKO Tb KI1H)/(aJIOB I1MeeT 3aBepWeHI1e B BI1)J,e CTaH apTHOH KOMn03l1-
UI1I1 113 BYX npOTI1BOnOCTaBJleHHbIX nTI14bl1X rOJlOB, CMOTP lllI1X pyr Ha )J,pyra.
CaMa KOMn0311lJ,HOHHlliI cxeMa pacnpOCTpaHeHa oCTaTo'IHo WHpOKO KaK B TeppH-
TOpHaJ1bHOM, TaK H B XpOHOJlOrH4eCKOM acneKTe, npeTepneBa H3BeCTHble I1KOHO-
rpacpWleCKl1e H CTHJlHCTH4eCKHe H3MeHeHH . O)J,HaKO Cpe H H3 eJlHH C TaKI1M e-
KOpOM BbI)J,eJl eTC OBOJlbHO MHOr04I1CJleHHa H KOMnaKTHa B CTI1JlHCTH4eCKOM
H XpOHOJlOrH4eCKOM OTHoweHHH rpynna. npe CTaBJl eTC He06xo HMbIM 60Jlee
onpe eJleHHO 0603Ha4HTb apeaJ1 Haxo oK, HMelOlllHX eHCTBHTeJlbHO CTHJlHCTH4e-
CKH 6JlH3KHe H306pa)/(eHI1 XHlllHblX nTHlJ, (4allle Bcero TOJlbKO rOJlOBOK), TpaKTO-
BaHHblX KaK HeKI1H MI1cpl14eCKI1H 06pa3 11 eMOHCTpI1PYlOlllHX e I1HYIO I1KOHorpa-
cpl1lO. A6coJllOTHOe 60JlbWHHCTBO 11306pa)/(eHI1H paCCMaTpl1BaeMOH rpynnbl CJlY-
)/(I1T YKpaWeHl1eM 0PY)/(I1 - CnelJ,l1cpl14eCKOro Tl1na KI1H)/(aJ10B C HaBepWl1eM B
BI1 e npOTI1BOnOCTaBJleHHblX rOJlOBOK XI1111HbIX nTI1lJ, (rpl1cpOHOB) 11 6a604KOBI1k
HblM nepeKpeCTl1eM [Pa JlOB 1891, Ta6Jl. XI: 11; XII: 1, 3, 4, 9; 4JleHOBa 1967,
Ta6Jl.4: 8; nWeHI14HIOK 1989, pl1c. 12; AKHweB 1973, c. 47, Ta6Jl. 2; 3aBI1TyxI1Ha
1989, c. 161, N 198, 199; c. 162, N 200,201; c. 163, N 202; c. 167, N 214,215;
Ka)J,blp6aeB, KYPMaHKYJlOB 1976, c.25, pHC. 1: 35; c. 142, pl1c. 4; Ka blp6aeB,
KYPMaHKYJlOB 1977, c. 106, pl1c. 2: 3; AKI1WeB 1978]. YlKoHorpacpl14eCKI1e 11 CTI1-
Jll1CTI14eCKI1e oc06eHHocTI1 HaBepWI1H KI1H)/(aJ10B B HeKoTopbIX CJlY'lllilX n04TH nOJl-
HOCTblO COBna aIOT C xapaKTepl1CTI1KaMI1 11306p(l)\{eHI1H Ha np )/(KaX OT KOHCKoro
CHap )/(eHI1 113 lO)/(Horo npI1YPaJ1b (HOBbIH KYMaK 11 MOrl1JlbHI1K 6ec06a II)
[CMl1pHOB 1964, pl1c. 77: 24; KYPr. 19, norp. 1; Ka blp6aeB, KypMaHKYJlOB 1977,
c. 108, pl1c. 4]. Yl306p(l)\{eHI1 rpl1cpoHbl1X roJlOBOK CKl1cpcKoro BpeMeHI1 B 3anak
HbIX perl10HaX I1KoHorpacpl14eCKI1 11 CTI1Jll1CTI14eCKI1 I1MelOT COBceM pyroj;j 06JlI1K,
pa3MellleHbI Ha Belllax pyrl1x KaTerOpl1H 11 Tl1nOB, TeXHI14eCKI1 BbInOJlHeHbI I1Ha4e
11 TpaKToBaHbI 60Jlee nJlOCKOCTHO. TpaKToBKa rpHcpoHbl1X 06pa30B Ha 113 eJlI1 X,
HaH eHHblx Ha Teppl1TOpl111 Ka3aXCTaHa 11 lO)/(HOH C11611pl1, OTJlI14aeTC 60JlbWeH
cpaKTYPHoCTblO 11 peJlbecpHocTblO 11306p(l)\{eHI1H. npl1 JlaKOHI14HOCTI1 11306pa3I1TeJlb-
Horo peWeHI1 06pa3bI rpl1cpoHoB 4pe3BbI4aHHo Bblpa3I1TeJlbHbI 11 CBI1 eTeJlbCTBY-
lOT 0 caM06bITHOCTI1, BbICOKOM ypOBHe MaCTepCTBa 11 CYllleCTBOBaHl111 pa3BI1TOH
xy O)/(eCTBeHHOH TpaJI.l1lJ,1111 B I1CKYCCTBe Ha3BaHHbIX per110HOB. Oc060 HY)/(HO OT-
MeTI1Tb, 4TO 6JlI1)/(aHWl1e aHaJ10rHl1 TaKI1M 11306pa)/(eHI1 M 06HapY)/(I1BaIOTC 11 Ha
npe MeTax 113 CeBepHoro KI1Ta [Salmony 1933, pI. XVII: 1,2,6,12,15], O)J,HaKO
B I1HbIX KOMn0311lJ,1lOHHbiX Bapl1aHTax. YlHTepecHblM npe CTaBJl eTC cpaKT Heco-
MHeHHoro CTI1Jll1CTI14eCKoro e I1HCTBa 11306pa)/(eHI1H roJlOBOK XHlllHbIX nTI1lJ, Ha
MI1HyCI1HCKI1X 11 Ka3aXCTaHCKI1X KI1H)/(aJ1aX, npl1ypaJ1bCKI1X np )/(KaX 113 HOBOro
KYMaKa 11 6ec06bI C pe3HbIMI1 epeB HHbIMI1 YKpaweHI1 MI1 KOHCKoro OrOJlOBb 11
Harpy Horo peMH 113 l-ro TY3KTI1HcKoro KypraHa [Py eHKo 1960, Ta6Jl. XCIV: 3;
XCV: 2, 3], B KOTOpblX cpI1KCI1PYIOTC Te )/(e xapaKTepHble npl13HaKI1, BKJlI04a
npOnOplJ,l1l1, 06111l1e 04epTaHI1 , BbI)J,eJleHHble )J,eTaJIl1 11 Bblpa311TeJlbHO JlaKOHI14HOe
peJlbecpHoe ocpopMJleHl1e nOBepXHOCTI1. npl14eM xapaKTep TpaKTOBKI1 cpOpMbI 3a-
CTaBJl eT npe nOJlaraTb pe3b6y no epeBY 11, Bepo THo, no KOCTI1 11 pory KaK nep-
BI14HYlO TeXHI1KY, nOCJlY)/(I1BWYIO OCHOBOH Jl C03)J,aHI1 11306pa311TeJlbHOrO apxe-
Tl1na, KOTOpbIH BnOCJle CTBI1I1 Tl1p(l)\{l1pOBaJ1C B MeTaJ1JlH4eCKOM Jll1Tbe. rpl1cpo-
Hbl1 rOJlOBKI1 Ha TY3KTI1HCKI1X YKpaweHI1 x KOHCKoro y60pa aHbl TaK)/(e C BoeH-
HbIMI1 B CI1MMeTpl14HOH KOMn03I1lJ,I1I1, HO 06pallleHbI He pyr K pyry, a B npOTI1BO-
nOJlO)/(Hble CTOpOHbI, CMbIKlliICb BHeWHI1MI1 CTOpOHaMI1 weH. 04eHb 6Jll13KI1e Bapl1-
aHTbl ony6Jll1KOBaHbI CaJ1MOHI1 cpe 11 MeTaJ1JlI14eCKI1X 113 eJlI1H 113 CeBepHoro KI1-
Ta [Salmony 1933, pI. XVII: 2, 5]. MaTepl1aJ1bl l-ro TY3KTI1HcKoro KypraHa a-
TI1PYIOTC VI B. o H. 3. [MapCa OJlOB 1985, c. 14], 4TO cBI1 eTeJlbCTByeT 0 paHHeM
BpeMeHI1 CJlO)/(eHI1 I1KoHorpacpl111 TaKoro Tl1na 11 He n03BOJl eT HaMHoro OMOJla-
)/(I1BaTb aTl1pOBKI1 npoI1CXO lllI1X 113 conpe eJlbHbIX perl10HOB BellleH, YKpaweH-
HbIX B TOH )/(e MaHepe. 80 BC KOM CJlY4ae, Bce OHI1 OJl)/(HbI paCCMaTpI1BaTbC KaK
npI1Ha Jle)/(allll1e K HeKoeMY e I1HoMY KYJlbTypHOMY Kpyry, 06YCJlOBJleHHoMY, Be-
pO THO, reHeTI14eCKI1 11 CJlO)/(I1BweMYc B pe3YJlbTaTe KOHTaKTOB 11 nepe a411 Tpa-
11lJ,I1H 6Jll13KI1M B 3THOKYJlbTypHOM OTHOWeHl111 rpynnaM HaCeJleHI1 . 8 npe eJlax
3Toro Kpyra B03MO)/(HO npOCJle I1Tb 113BeCTHble 113MeHeHI1 , onpe eJl eMble npe)/(-
)J,e Bcero XpOHOJlOrl14eCKI1M cpaKTopoM. TaK, aKI1HaK 113 <DI1Jll1nnOBKI1, C eJlaHHbIH
113 )/(eJle3a 11 YKpaweHHbIH 30JlOTOM, )J,eMOHcTpl1pyeT Te )/(e 06pa3bI XI1111HbIX nTI1lJ,
I1JlI1 rpl1cpOHOB, HO B 60Jlee «MHorOCJlOBHOH» KOMn0311lJ,1111, 4TO xapaKTepHO, KaK
npaBI1JlO, )J,Jl 60Jlee n03 HI1X 3TanOB pa3BI1TI1 CTI1Jl . KpOMe 06pallleHHbIX pyr K
pyry rOJlOB C MOlllHbIMI1 KJlIOBaMH, lJ,eJlbIH p )J, no 06HbIX rOJlOBOK rpl1cpOHOB
pa3MellleH B BI1 e opHaMeHTaJ1bHOH nOJlOCbI B npO OJlbHOM HanpaBJleHl111 no ueH-
TpaJ1bHOH JlI1HI1I1 PYKOHTI1 11 HO)/(eH. npl1 3TOM rOJlOBKH nepeBepHYTbl 4epe3 O HY
11, npl1 TOM, 4TO B I1X 11306p(l)\{eHI1I1 nepe aeTC lJaCTb wel1 (4ero 06bI4HO He 6bIBa-
eT, Kor a cpl1rYPl1pYIOT TOJlbKO rOJlOBbI), CKJ1aJ1.bIBaeTC Bne4aTJleHl1e, 4TO OHI1 B-
Jl IOTC KaK 6bI paCllJleHeHHOH 11 CMellleHHOH OTHOCI1TeJlbHO ueHTpaJ1bHOH OCI1 Bce
TOH )/(e napHOH KOMn0311lJ,l1eH 113 BYX rOJlOBOK, CMOTP lllI1X pyr Ha pyra. rpl1-
cpOHbI Ha aKI1HaKe 113 <DI1Jll1nnOBKI1 I1MelOT y)/(e Onl1CaHHble BbIwe oc06eHHOCTI1,
npe CTaBJl TY )/(e I1KOHorpacpl14eCKYlO cxeMY. Yxo rpl1cpOHa TpaKTOBaHO B BI1 e
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HOro CTI1Jl AJlTa 11 lO)/(HOH CI1611pl1 (1-H TY3KTI1HCKI1H KypraH, 2-H 6awaJl. a p-
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58
59
BOHJ10Ka, 6pOH3bI [EapKoBa 1987, c. 7, pl1c. 1; C. 8, pl1c. 2; C. 8, pl1c. 3]), n03B0J151-
lOT I1CKaTb I1CTOKI1 p5l,Qa 11306pa3I1TeJ1bHbIX npl1eMOBI1 I1KOHOrpacpl14eCKI1X CXeM B
BOCT04HbiX 06J1aCT5IX paCnpOCTpaHeHI151 CKl1cpo-CI16I1pCKOro 3Bepl1Horo CTI1J151 11
YCMaTpl1BaTb B HeKOTOpblX ,Qen\Jl5lX apXeTl1nbl, Be,QYllll1e Ha4aJIO OT pe3HbiX ,Qepe-
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BTOpOH n0J10BI1HOH V B. ,QO H. 3. 11J111 Ha4aJIOM IV B. ,QO H. 3. [4e)/{I1Ha (KOpOJ1bKO-
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CToro rpl1<poHa HaH,QeHbl B MOrl1J1bHI1KaX V B. ,QO H. 3.: HOBOOpCKOM II [3ace,QaTe-
J1eBa 1985] 11 HOBo-KYMaKcKoM (KYPr. 9, norp. 1) [CMl1pHOB 1964, pl1c. 77: 25]
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TI1BOB, 06pa30B 11 6Il1130CTb 11306pa311TeJ1bHb1X Tpa,QI1UI1H, 'ITO np05lBJ151eTC5I B Wl1pO-
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MeHI1 }Q)/{HOro npllYPaJIb51 11 3ana.QHoro Ka3axcTaHa (CM.: [EapKoBa 1987, c. 15, pl1c. 5:
12; 3aBI1TyxI1Ha 1983, c. 187, N 309,310; 36pyeBa 1952, c. 133, Ta6J1. XXVI: 1;
Op)J.ocCKl1e 6pOH3bl 1986, c. 75, pl1c. 4; PY,QeHKo 1960, Ta6J1. LXXVlII: 1; XCVIIl:
6; CMl1pHOB 1964, c. 137, pl1c. 24: 4; pl1c. 77: 15; Ka,Qblp6aeB, KypMaHKYJ10B 1976,
c. 145, pl1c. 6; 8] 11 ,Qp.).
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J10BKI1 OT Y3,Qe4Horo Ha60pa [CI\IlIpHOB 1976, c. 81, pl1c. 3; 18, 19] H3 AJ1aH,QcKoro
11 yp0411111a AJ1e6aCTpOBa ropa (B 060l1x CJ1Y'Ia5lX npHcYTcTByeT ,QonOJ1HI1TeJ1bHOe
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61
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BI1Ha [3aBI1Tyx11Ha 1983, N 216]; aJlTaHCKHe MOrl1J1bHI1KI1: TaJI.lI.)'pa I, Kypr. I;
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HOCTI1 KI1CJ10BO.ll.CKa [BI1HOrpa.ll.OB 1972, c. 320, pl1c. 4; 7]) 11 Ka6aHbl1X KJ1bIKOB-
nO.ll.BeCOK 11J111 I1X HMI1TaUI1H (AJ1TaH, c. KpacHoSlpcKoe, Kypr. 1; TySixTa, Kypr. 6;
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nOB 1972, c. 8, pl1C. 4: A]). B 3TI1X 113.l1.eJ1I1S1X I1X (PYHKl(110HaJlbHaSi cpopMa 4pe3Bbl-
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11306pa311TeJ1bHOCTI1 11 npeBpall.(eHl11O 300MopCPHoro MOTHBa B cOBepweHllo YCJ10B-
HYIO cxeMY, B KOTOpOH TOJ1bKO yra.ll,blBaeTcSI 11306pa3HTeJ1bHbIH npoTOTHn
(Ta6J1.60, 62, 64) (EJ1IOMeHcpeJ1b.ll.; HOBOnpHBOJ1bHOe; MOrHJ1bHHK 5lJ1xOH-MoXK;
noc. HOBorp03HbIH; CBSlTHJ1Hll.(e PeKoM B CeBepHOI1 OceTl1H; MaKeeBKa; nacTblp-
CKoe rOpO.ll.Hll.(e; POMeHcKaSi rpynna; fYJ1S1H-ropo.ll.). nOCTeneHHO H306pa3HTeJ1b-
HOCTb nOJ1HOCTblO 3aMell.(aeTCSI a6CTpaKTHoH opHaMeHTlIIWH, 4TO, BepoSiTHo, oTpa-
)f(aeT yTpaTY nOHI1MaHHSI MOTHBa (CeBepHbll1 KaBKa3, KJ1a.ll. co CT. Ka36eK).
06pa3 .lI.J1HHHOKJ1IOBOH nTHl(bl, H306pa)f(eHHSI KOTOpOH OcpOpMJ1S1IOT Y3KHH KO-
Hel( KJlbIKOB-n0.ll.BeCOK, TpaKTyeTcSI no-pa3HOMY 11 B Ka)f(.lI.0M CJ1Y4ae peweH HH.lI.H-
BH.lI.)'aJlbHO, HeCMOTpSl Ha 061l.(HOCTb npllHuHnOB KOMn03Hul1H, pa3Mell.(eHHSI .lI.eKO-
pl1pOBKH Ha npe.ll.MeTe H T. .lI.. TaK, 06pa3bl Ha Bell.(aX, npOHCXO.ll.SlIl.(HX H3 naMSITHH-
KOB HH)f(HerO nOBOJ1)f(bSl, CeBepHoro KaBKa3a H npH.lI.HenpOBbSl, HMelOT O.ll.HY
oc06eHHOCTb: n04TI1 Bce OHH OTJ11f4aIOTCSI HaJlJ1lIHeM l(eJ10ro pSl.ll.a oKpyrJ1blX 3y60B
B KJ1IOBe, npeBpall.(alOll.(erO ero B XHIl.(HYIO naCTb (HI1)f(Hee nOBOJ1)f(be, CaMapCKaSi
06J1., 1-H KypraHHbl11 MOrHJ1bHI1K, Kypr.9, norp. 20; EJ1IOMeHcpeJ1b.ll.; 3axaHaTa, Kypr. 5,
norp. 22; CeBepHblH KaBKa3, 4e4eHo-I1HryweTIISl, MOrHJ1bHI1K 5lJ1xOH-MoXK; noc. Ho-
BOrp03HbIH; npl1.l1.HenpOBbe, nacTblpcKoe ropo.ll.l1ll.(e; POMeHcKaSi rpynna). 06J10-
MOK KJ1blKa 113 KpHBOH JIYKI1, 04eBH.lI.HO, Ta/Ol(e .lI.eMOHcTpl1pyeT 3TOT 06pa3, H op-
HaMeHTaUI1S1 B BH.lI.e pSl.ll.a oKpyrJ10CTeH MO)f(eT paccMaTpHBaTbcSI KaK 3y6acTaSI
naCTb (Ta6J1. 60).
B HI1)f(HeM nOBOJ1)f(be 11306pa)f(eHI1S1 r0J10BOK rpl1cpoHoB, y KOTOpblX nOKa3aH
pSl.ll. oKpyrJ1blX 3y60B, BCTpe4alOTcSI Ha 6pOH30BbiX Y3.l1.e4HbiX npI1Ha.ll.J1e)f(HOCTSIX
(Ta6J1. 21: 17,18) H3 XoweYToBa, Kypr. IlDvomitjenko 1990, s. 26; ):{BopHI14eHKO,
nJ1aXOB, 04l1p-fopSieBa 1997; ):{BopHI14eHKO, 04l1p-fopSieBa 1997; ):{BopHI14eHKO
2000; Ocir-GOIjaeva 2005], r.ll.e npe.ll.CTaBJ1eH mn H306pmKeHHSI, oTm14alOIl.(HHcSI OT
BOCT04HOH TpaKTOBKI1 06pa3a .lI.JlI1HHOKJ1IOBOrO rpl1cpoHa, nOCKOJ1bKY B .lI.aHHOM CJ1Y-
4ae KJ1IOB nOKa3aH 3aruYTbiM B KOJ1buO; BOCKOBl1ua npl1nO.ll.HSlTa 11 06pa3yeT YCTyn
Ha.lI, KJlIOBOM. YXOM rpl1cpoHa CJ1Y)f(I1T 3arHYTblH KJ1IOB 11J111 BOCKOBl1ua .lI.pyroH
nTI14beH r0J10BKI1 MeHbwero pa3Mepa, nOMell.(eHHOH nepneH.lI.I1KYJ1S1pHO K OCHOB-
HOMY 11306pIDKeHI1IO. BOCKOBHl(a I1MeeT peJ1becpHYIO pa3pa60TKY nOBepXHOCTI1 B
Bl1.l1.e napaJIJ1eJ1bHbIX npSlMblx. I1306pmKeHl1e nTI14bHX (11J111 rpHcpoHbl1X) r0J10BOK
Ha 6J1S1WKaX 11 .lI.pyrl1x npe.ll.MeTaX e.ll.Ba J1I1 He O.ll.I1H 113 caMblX pacnpOCTpaHeHHblX
MOTI1BOB 3Bepl1HOrO CTI1J1S1. npl14eM, HeCMOTpSl Ha CYll.(eCTBeHHoe pa3J1114I1e B CTI1-
J1e B I1CKYCCTBe pa3J1114Hb1X perHOHOB CKl1cpCKoro Ml1pa, SlBCTBeHHO npOCMaTpl1Ba-
eTCSI 061l.(HOCTb 06pa3Horo CTpOSI (cp.: A K-Me4eTb [Borovka 1928], )j{YPoBKa,
Kypr. 402 [Eo6pI1HCKI1H 1905, c.20, pl1c.48] 11 T. .lI..) B H3.l1.eJ1I1S1X, .lI.aTl1pOBaHHblx
KOHUOM VI-V B. .lI.O H. 3. B XoweYTOBe I1MelOTCSI 6pOH30Bbie 6J1S1WKH, aHaJlOrH4-
Hble no 11306pa)f(eHI1IO roJ10BKe rpl1cpOHa 113 npl1ypaJIbCKI1X HaXO.ll.OK (cp.: nOKpOB-
Ka, KYPr. 1 [CMl1pHOB 1964, pl1c. 16: laD.
04eHb 6J1113KI1H xoweYTOBCKI1M rpl1cpoHaM Tl1n 11306pmKeHI1H r0J10BOK XHIl.(-
HblX nTI1U npe.ll.CTaBJ1eH B .lI.pyroM naMSlTHI1Ke caBpoMaTcKoH 3nOXI1 HI1)f(HerO no-
BOJ1)f(bSi - B pa3pyweHHoM norpe6eHHI1 113 HOBOnpHBOJ1bHOrO [MaKCI1MOB 1976,
c. 215, pl1c. 3: 7, 11J. Me)l()J.y Ha3BaHHblMI1 naMSlTHI1KaMI1 I1MeeTCSI 60J1bWOe CXO.ll,-
CTBO B CIO)f(eTHOM 11 CTI1J1I1CTI14eCKOM OTHOWeHI1I1. TaK, KpoMe YKa3aHHbiX r0J10BOK
nTHU, B 06el1x HaX0.ll.KaX npl1cyTcTBYIOT 6J1S1WKI1 C Beepo06pa3HblM MOTl1BOM (Be-
pOSITHO, YCJ10BHaSi TpaKTOBKa nTl14berO xBocTa), aHaJlOn1H KOTOpblM II3BeCTHbl B
HI1)f(He.ll.OHCKI1X naMSlTHI1KaX, HanpHMep B EJ1113aBeToBcKoM (Ta6J1. 24) [MaKCI1MOB
1976, c. 215, pl1c. 3: 15; Dvornitjenko 1990, s. 26]. EpOH30Bbie 6J1S1WKI1 H3 Xowe-
yToBa [Dvornitjenko 1990, s. 25] B BH.lI.e roJ10BKI1 KaKOro-To TpaBOSl.ll.HOrO )f(lfBOT-
Horo SlBJ1S1IOTCSI nOJ1HOH aHaJlOrHeH 11306pa)f(eHI1S1 Ha Y3KOM KOHue 60J1bWOrO Ka-
6aHbero KJ1blKa 113 HOBOnpI1BOJ1bHOro [MaKCI1MOB 1976, c. 211, pHC. 1: 1].
B 060l1x naMSlTHI1KaX HaH.lI.eHbl TaK)f(e xY.ll.O)f(eCTBeHHble 113.l1.eJ1I1S1, KOTopble, He
6Y.ll.Y411 CXO HbIMI1 Me)f(.lI.Y C060H, HaX0.ll.SlT npSlMble aHaJlOrl1H B naMSlTHI1KaX npe.ll,-
KaBKa3bSl: 6mlwKI1 B Bl1.l1.e B0J14bI1X r0J10BOK [MaKCI1MOB 1976, c. 214, pl1c. 3: 4-6;
PocToBueB, 1918, c. 66 (CT. EJ1113aBeTI1HCKaSl, Ky6aHcKaSI 06J1., CT. EeCJ1eHeeBCKaSl,
Kypr. 6); OAK 1897, c. 131, pHC. 306]. To )f(e caMoe KacaeTCSI CXeMaTJ1lIHblX 300-
MOPcpHblX H306pa)f(eHI1H B cpac C KOf'TI1CTbIMI1 J1anaMH 113 HOBOnpI1BOJ1bHOrO [MaK-
CI1MOB 1976, c. 214, pl1c. 3: 12-14; 16-18], HMelOll.(l1X aHaJlOrHl1 Cpe.ll.l1 6J1S1llJeK
Opl1Ky6aHbil (noKynKa HaH.lI.eHHblX B oKpecTHocTSIX r. MaHKona Bell.(eH [OAK 3a
1903, c. 169, pl1c. 333; POCToBueB 1918, c. 66], 6J1S1WeK B Bl1.l1.e r0J10BKI1 )f(HBOTHO-
ro C weeH [Dvornitjenko 1990, s. 27; OAK 3a 1903, c. 169, pl1c. 331, 332]. B xo-
weYToBcKI1X MaTepl1aJ1aX I1MelOTCSI n04TI1 l1.l1.eHTJ1lIHble HaXO.ll.KaM B HI1)f(HeM no-
.lI.OHbe (EJ1113aBeToBcKoe) npe.ll.MeTbl: 6J1S1WKa-r0J10BKa Ka6aHa [Mosjkova, Pusikova
1990, s. 11], nCaJll1H C KonblTl(aMH Ha KOHuax [Dvornitjenko 1990, s. 28]; 6J1S1WKIf
C Beepo06pa3HblMI1 XBOCTaMI1 [Dvornitjenko 1990, s. 26].
B CBeTe 3Toro Ha6J1IO.lI.eHI1S1 npl1CYTCTBHe Ha 60J1bWOM Ka6aHbeM KJ1blKe H3
HOBOnpHBOJlbHOrO (B ero ueHTpaJIbHOH 4aCTI1) 11306pmKeHI1S1 OJ1eHSI, n04TI1 l1.l1.eH-
TI14Horo OJ1eHIO Ha 6pOH30BOH 6J1S1xe H3 Ypyc-MapTaHa (4e4eHo-I1HryweTHSI),
62
63
nO,QTBep)I()J.aeT HaJlWlHe TeCHOH CB5I311 KYJ1bTypbl CKHcpCKOro BpeMeHI1 KaBKa3C OrO
perHOHa H HI1)!<Hero nOB0J1)!(b51 11 cpaKT B3aI1MO,QeHCTBI151 KYJ1bTYP C nepe,Qa l lel1 He
TOJ1bKO xY,QO)!(eCTBeHHbIX Tpa,QHllHH, HO H rOTOBblX HKOHorpacpWleCKI1X CPOPMYJ1 11
caMoro 06pa3HOrO CTp05l. HaJlH4He 06wl1x ,QJ151 naM5ITHI1KOB HIDKHero nOB0J1)!(b51 11
KaBKa3a 'lepT KaK B nOrpe6aJ1bHOM 06p5l,Qe, TaK 11 B BeweBoM MaTepl1aJ1e 6blJ10 OT-
Me4eHO 11 ,QpyrHMI1 I1CCJ1e,QoBaTeJ151MH [MaCJ10B, 04l1p-rOp5leBa 1997].
Cpe,QH nTI14bHX 11306pa)!(eHI1H 113 XoweYToBa I1MeeTC5I Bapl1alll151 KOMn0311111111
B BI1,Qe cBacTHKo06pa3HoH 6J151XI1 (Ta6J1. 26), r,Qe 4eTbipe nTI14bl1 r0J10BKH C MOW-
HblMI1 KJ1IOBaMI1 nOMeweHbl ,Qpyr 3a ,QpyroM no Kpyry, 3aMblKa51 KOMn031111111O B
KpyroBoM BpaweHl111 [Dvomitjenko 1990. s.25J. MHOr04I1CJ1eHHble a HaJIOrl1l1 B
TaKoH KOMn03HllHoHHOH cxeMe [KOpOJ1bKOBa 1999a, c. 289-293] 06HapY)!(HBaIOT-
C5I B naM5ITHHKaX AJ1Ta51 H lO)!(HOH CH611pl1 [PY,QeHKo 1960, Ta6J1. XXIX: 1: c. 139,
pl1c. 88: 3aBI1TyxI1Ha 1983, c. 169, N 221], B CKHcpCKOM 11CKyccTBe CeBepHoro npl1-
4epHOMOpb51 [MeJ1IOKOBa 1976, c. 123. pHC. 10] (OJ1bBH5I, KYPr. 8 y C. BOJ1KOBllbl,
KYPr. K03eJ1. KpacHoKYTCKHH KypraH) 11 BO (ppaKHHcKHX KOMnJ1eKCaX (KpaHoBa,
Me3eK, A,Q)!(l1rHOJ1b. 6pe30Bo, 6parHWleBO, Bpall[MemoKoBa 1976, c. 124, pl1c. II]),
r,Qe BCTpe4aIOTC5I KaK 3, TaK 11 4-3J1eMeHTHble Bapl1aHTbl. A. 11. MeJ1IOKOBa C4I1TaeT,
4TO a)!(ypHble 6J151XI1-CBaCTl1KI1 I1MelOT CKI1cpcKlle KOpHI1 [MeJ1IOKOBa 1976, c. 116],
OHa OTMellaeT, 4TO B CeBepHOM nplfLlepHOMopbe 113,QeJ1lI51 TaKoro Tl1na n05lBJ151IOT-
C5I y)!(e B KOHlle VI B. ,QO H. 3. (Kypr. 8 y C. BOJ1KOBlIllbl [MeJ1IOKOBa 1976, c. 123,
pl1c. 10: 2]), 11 YKa3blBaeT Ha cywecTBoBaHlle TOllKI1 3peHI151 11. BeHe,QIIKoBa, BbIBO-
,Q 5I w ero 3TOT Tim 113 reOMeTpl14eCKliX raJIbWTaTCKHX p03eTOK [MeJ1IOKOBa 1976,
c. 116; BeHe,QHKoB, repaCI1MOB 1973]. no MHemtlO A. 11. MeJ1IOKOBOH, 3TOT Tl1n
6J151X He n0J1Y4HJ1 pa3BI1T1151 Ha CKI1(PCKOH nOllBe II 6blJ1 pa3pa60TaH 11 OKOH l IaTeJ1bHO
ocpopMJ1eH Ha CBOH MaHep qJpaKI1I111aMI1. OT qJpaKIIHlleB TaKOH Tim Y3,Qe ' IHbIX YKpa-
weHIIH 6blJ1 BOcnpI1H5IT CKllcpaMH B IV B. .QO H. 3. [MeJ1IOKOBa 1976, c. 126]. npe.Q-
CTaBJ151eTC5I, 4TO BnOJ1He ,QocToBepHblMII npOTOTl1naMI1 CBaCTI1K006pa3HoH KOMno-
311111111 C 300MOP(PHbIMI1 r0J10BKaMI1 MorYT C4I1TaTbC5I npe,QMeTbl Bpo,Qe Y3,QeLJHOH
6J151XH VII B. ,QO H.3. 113 Yi1rapaKa (KYPr. 83) [BllwHeBcKa5I 1973, c. 151, Ta6J1. XIX:
5], Ha KOTOpOH npe,QcTaBJ1eHbl nTl1 l lbH r0J10BKI1, BblnOJ1HeHHble B TI1nl14HO npl1-
ypaJIbcKo-Ka3axcTaHcKllx Tpa,QI111I151X, 11J111 TY3KTbi (Ta6J1. 26). B apXal14eCKliX na-
M5ITHIIKaX K04eBHI1KOB CeBepHoro KaBKa3a TaK)!(e 06Hapy)!(eHbl nO,Q06Hble 1130-
6pa)!(eHI151, HO C XI1WHblMl1 r0J10BKaMI1, ,QaTl1pOBaHHble nepBOH n0J10BI1HOH VII B.
,QO H. 3. [Ca30HOB 1997, c. 89, pHC. 14: 15J. Ewe O,QHa aHaJlOrH5I, OTHOC 5I W a5l C5I K CTOJ1b
)!(e paHHeMY BpeMeHH (VII-VI BB. ,QO H. 3.) MO)!(eT 6bITb YKa3aHa Ha 11306p<PKeHI1-
51X lleHTpaJIbHOa311aTCKIIX OJ1eHHbIX KaMHeH III TI1.na [HoBropo,QoBa 1989, p11C. Ha
c. 179]. B nOCYJ1be (KpecToBII,QHa51 6J151xa 113 C. EHKOBllbl) BCTpe4aIOTC5I 11306pa)Ke-
HII5I TOrO)!(e MOTI1Ba Ha Bewax VI B.,QO H. 3. [KpaKaJlO, nopy6aH 1988]. 6poH30Ba51
6J151xa C 4eTblpbM5I nTI14bl1MII r0J10BKaMI1, pa3MeweHHblMI1 B KpyroBoH KOllm0311-
111111 ,Qpyr 3a ,QpyroM, 113BeCTHa 11 B npl1ypaJIbe [MowKoBa 1974J. TaKHM 06pa30M,
C0J151pHbIH MOTI1B B BI1,Qe rpl1(pOHbl1X I1J1H I1HblX 3Bepl1HbiX roJ10BOK, CKOMnOHOBaH-
HblX BO BpawaTeJ1bHOM pl1TMe, MO)!(eT C l IHTaTbC5I 04eHb apXal14HbiM 11 pacnpo-
cTpaHeHHblM, nO-BH,QI1MOMY. npe)I()J.e Bcero B a3l1aTCKOH 4aCTI1 CKllcpo-caKcKoro
MHpa, HO y)Ke B VII B. ,QO H. 3. npOHI1KWI1M 11 B paHHeCKl1cpCKl1e naM5ITHI1KI1 Ce-
BepHoro npH4epHOMOpb5l.
B XoweYTOBe 06Hapy)!(eHa 6pOH30Ba51 6J151Xa-HaJl06HI1K, COBepweHHO aHaJlO-
ru4Ha51 CKl1cpCKHM ,QeTaJl5IM Y3,Qe4Horo Ha60pa TOH )Ke KOHCTPYKllll11 (B HeKOTopblX
CJ1Y4a5lX HI1)KH5I5I 4aCTb wl1TKa IIMeeT ocpopMJ1eHl1e B BI1,Qe peJ1becpHbIX BepTl1KaJlb-
HblX n0J10COK), HaH,QeHHbIM B CeBepHOM npll4epHOMopbe [MeJ1IOKOBa 1976, c. 113,
pl1c. 3: 1,2]: Kypr. 383 y c. rpyweBKa: CTaHKI1H Bepx, Kypr. 2]. I13BecTHbl 11 60J1ee
64
OT,QaJleHHble aHaJlOrHl1 113 cppaKI1HCKI1X KOMnJ1eKCOB [MeJ1IOKOBa 1976, c. 114,
pl1c. 4]. npl14eM eCJ111 B naM5ITHI1KaX CeBepHoro npl14epHOMOpb51 B OCHOBHOM I1C-
n0J1b3yeTc5I MOTI1B TpY,QHoonpe,QeJ1I1MOrO cywecTBa 11J111 rpl1cpoHa B TI1ml4HOII ,QJ151
npl14epHOMOpb51 I1KoHorpacpH4ecKoH cxeMe, TO B XoweYTOBe WHTOK HaHOCHI1Ka
I1MeeT 3aBepWeHI1e B BI1,Qe r0J10Bbl nTI111bl C MOWHblM KJ1IOBOM 11 60J1bWHM Kpyr-
J1blM rJ1a30M, 3aMeWalOWl1M BCIO r0J10BY (Ta6J1. 26: 1), KaK B npl1ypaJIbCKOH HaXO,QKe.
Ewe O,QI1H Bapl1aHT 11306p<PKeHH5I r0J10BbI rpl1cpOHa 113 XoweYTOBa npo,QeMOH-
CTpl1pOBaH Ha 6J151WKe co C,QBoeHHOH KOMn031111l1eH 113 r0J10BOK, 06paWeHHbiX ,Qpyr
K ,Qpyry B 3epKaJlbHOM OTp<PKeHI1I1 H CMbIKalOwI1XC5I BOCKOBlIllaMH (0 C,QBoeHHbIX
KOMn031111I151X CM. rJ1aBY 5). B ,QaHHOM CJ1Y4ae HY)!(HO 06paTlITb BHI1MaHl1e Ha naJIb-
MeTKY, pa3MeweHHYIO no lleHTpaJIbHoi1 OCI1 11306pa)!(eHH5I, c6J1I1)!(alOwylO 3TO 113-
,QeJ1He C KpyroM npe,QMeTOB 3Bepl1HOrO CTI1J151 CeBepHoro npH4epHOMOpb51 [Dvor-
nitjenko 1990, s.27]. B TO )!(e BpeM5I caJ\1a CI1MMeTpI14Ha51 KOMn03HllH5I I1MeHHO
nTI14bl1X r0J10BOK xapaKTepHa KaK pa3 ,QJ151 BOCT04HbiX Teppl1TOpl1H, XOT5I r0J10BKI1
TaM npe,QCTaBJ1eHbl B ,QpyroH n0311111111 (cp.: [Salmony 1933, pI. XXXIX]).
B lleJ10M XoweYToBcKI1H KOMnJ1eKC npe.QcTaBJ151eT C060H 4pe3Bbl4aHHo J1Io60-
nblTHOe 11, Bep05lTHO, 3aKoHoMepHoe C04eTaHI1e Tl1nOB BeweH, 06bl4HbiX ,QJ151 CKl1cp-
CKI1X J1eCOCTenHbIX naM5ITHI1KOB V B. ,QO H. 3., 11 xapaKTepl1CTI1K, npl1CYwl1X XY,QO-
)!(eCTBeHHbIM Tpa;J,I111I151M BOCT04HbiX perHOHOB pacnpOCTpaHeHI151 3Bepl1Horo CTI1-
J151, B 4aCTHOCTI1, 04eBI1,QHO, lO)!(Horo npl1ypaJIb5l.
BapaHo-rpl1cPoHbI (Ta6JI. 27)
06pa3bl 6apaHO-rpl1cpoHoB B CKl1cpCKOM I1CKYCCTBe MO)!(HO C ' II1TaTb e,QBa J111 He
CaMblMI1 3ara;J,04HbIMI1, 4TO npl1BJ1eKaeT BHI1MaHl1e I1CCJ1e,QOBaTeJ1eH 3Bepl1Horo CTI1-
J151, nop0)!()l.a5I nOnblTKI1 pa3J1114HOH TpaKTOBKI1 cO,Qep)!(aHII5I 06pa3a [KYP04 KI1H 1992,
c. 115: norpe60Ba, PaeBCKI1H 1992]. 3Ta KaTerOpH5I 11306pa)!(eHI1H 3aHI1MaeT oco-
60e MeCTO B CB5I311 C peWeHl1eM Kap,QI1HaJlbHbiX np06J1eM CKl1cpo-cl16l1pCKOro 3Be-
pl1HOr CTI1J151, nOCKOJ1bKy npH yHI1BepcaJlbHoCTI1 MHOruX OCHOBHblX 06pa30B CKI1-
cpo-CI10I1pCKOrO I1CKyccTBa Ha BceH Wl1p04aHWeH Teppl1TOpl111 ero pacnpoCTpaHe-
HI151 6apaHo-rpHcpoHbl (rpl1cpo-6apaHbl, «poraTble nTI111bl») 11 MelOT ,QOCTaT04HO onpe-
,QeJ1eHHYIO Teppl1Topl1aJ1bHYIO 11 XpOH0J10rH4ecKYIO npI1B5I3KY. Ha TeppHTOp1111 HI1)!(-
Hero OB0J1)!(b51 11 lO)!(HOro npl1ypaJIb51 3TOT MOTI1B npe,QcTaBJ1eH J1I1Wb Ha ,QBYX
CJ1Y4a11Hblx HaXO,QKax - Ha nCaJll151X 113 lO)!(Horo npl1ypaJIb51 (c. PbICaHKI1Ho) 11 113
H I1)!(Hero nOB0J1)!(b51 (C. PTl1weBO) (Ta6J1. 27).
B c06paHI1I1 rOCY,QapcTBeH !Oro 3pMI1Ta)!(a I1MeeTC5I poroBoH Tpex,Llblp4aTblH
nCaJll1l1, BepXHl111 KOHell KOToporo YKpaweH pe3HoH r0J10BKOH 6apaHo-rpHcpoHa, a
HI1)!(HI1H - 11306p<PKeHl1eM KOnblTa (r3, Bo 1932 1/1) (Ta6J1. 27: 4). J11111eBa51 CTO-
pOHa 4eTKO Bbl,QeJ1eHa 60J1ee TwaTeJ1bHOH npopa60TKoH 11306pa)!(eHH5I, a 06paTHa51
CTopoHa CIIJ1bHO cTepTa 11 3aJ10weHa, 4TO cBI1,QeTeJ1bCTByeT 0 ,QJ1I1TeJ1bHOM I1CnOJ1b-
30BaHI111 Bewl1 [4e)!(I1Ha (KOpOJ1bKoBa) 1987; 1989].
nCaJll1H 6blJ1 HaH,QeH B 1932 r. KpeCTb5lHaMI1 B KypraHe y c. PblCaHKI1HO 6J1113
r. 6yrypYCJ1aHa. Ll:onycKa5I B03MO)!(HOCTb HeMecTHoro np0l13Bo,QcTBa pbICaHKI1HCKO-
ro nCaJll151 11 npOHI1KHOBeHI151 ero 113 npl1,QHenpOBb5l, K. <D. CMl1pHOB Bce )!(e BKJlIO-
411J1 ero B Kpyr npe,QMeTOB «caBpOMaTCKoro» I1CKYCCTBa 11 CKJ10H5IJ1C5I K MbICJ111 0
3al1MCTBOBaHI111 CIO)!(eTa caBpOMaTaMI1 [CMl1pHOB 1964, c. 243].
BepXHI1H KOHell pblcaHKHHcKoro nCaJll151 YKpaweH r0J10BKOH 6apaHO-rpl1cpoHa,
4YTb HI1)!(e 3aTblJ1Ka KOToporo, Ha «cnI1HKe» nCaJll151, HaHeceHa KaKI1M-TO OCTpblM
TynblM npe,QMeToM MI1Hl1aTlOpHa5I Ha;J,nl1Cb 113 CeMI1 3HaKOB [4e)!(I1Ha (KOPOJ1bKO-
5 30K. 3085
65
Ba) 1989]. HaJIH'IHe 3TOH Ha)J,nHCH 5IBmleTC5I YHHKaJIbHOH oc06eHHocTblO npe)J,Me-
Ta, nOCKOJ1bKY Ha)J,nHcaHHbIe H3)J,eJ1H5I TaKoro THna B CKHCPCKYIO 3noxy He H3BeCT-
HbI. BnpOLJeM, Ha )J,aHHOH TeppHTopHH )J,O CHX nop Bo06111e He 6bIJ10 H3BeCTHO )J,OCTO-
BepHblX Ha)J,nHceH paHHeCKHcpCKOro BpeMeHH.
HI-DKHHH KOHel( nCaJIH5I ocpopMJ1eH B BH)J,e KonbITa, LJYTb CKoweHHoro OTHOCI1-
TeJ1bHO OCH npe)J,MeTa, LITO 06'b5lCH5IeTC5I, BH)J,HMO, HCXO)J,HOH cpOpMOH KYCKa pora.
Ha HH)i(HeH nJ10CKOCTH KonblTa - He60J1bWOe yrJ1y6J1eHHe, npO)J,OJ1bHOH HaCeLJKOH
CPHKCHpYlOlllee cpe)J,HIOIO J1HHHIO.
Pe3Ha51 r0J10BKa TpaKTOBaHa J1aKOHHLJHO. KpYTbie pora oKpyrJ10H cpOpMbI, OXBa-
TbIBa5I r0J10BY H peJ1becpHO BblcTyna51 B J106HOH LJaCTI1, 6J1H3KO CXO)J,5ITC5I Ha KJIIOBO-
nO)J,06HOH Mop)J,e, KOTOpa51 HMeeT CrJ1mKeHHylO, HO BnOJ1He pmJ1HLJHMYIO l(eH-
TpaJIbHYIO rpaHb. Mop)J,a nepeXO)J,HT B KJ1IOB, 3arHYTbIH KOHel( KOToporo 06pmyeT
CKB03Hoe OTBepCTHe, aKl(eHTHpOBaHHoe pe3HOH J1HHHeH, CJ1e)J,YlOllleH OLJepTaHH5IM
OTBepCTH5I. C 06eHX CTOpOH r0J10BKH BH)J,HbI no )J,Be TpeyrOJ1bHbIe HaCeLJKH, KOTO-
pbIMH OTMeLJeHa BOcKoBHl(a. AHaJIOrHLJHbIH npHeM nepe)J,aLJH KJ1IOBa 6apaHo-rpH-
cpOHa BCTpeLJaeTC5I B naM5ITHHKax npHKy6aHb51 H Cpe)J,Hero npH)J,HenpOBb51 (Ta6J1. 27).
nCaJIHH )J,eMOHcTpHpyeT xapaKTepHble )J,J151 HCKYCCTBa )J,peBHOCTH COLJeTaHHe
YTHJ1HTapHOH H xY)J,O)i(eCTBeHHoH CPYHKl(HH H B3aHMOCB5I3b KOHCTPYKTHBHOCTH H
3CTeTHLJeCKOH BbIpa3HTeJ1bHOcTH. TeKTOHHKa npe)J,MeTa 06YCJ10BJ1eHa ero Ha3HaLJe-
HHeM. MaKcHMaJIbHO HCn0J1b30BaHbl nJ1aCTHLleCKHe CBOHCTBa MaTepHaJIa. CKYJ1bn-
rypHoe peweHHe )J,OCTHraeTC5I cKynbIMH cpe)J,cTBaMH: BbI60pOM npOnOpl(HH, cne-
l(HcpHLJeCKHM xapaKTepoM CHJ1y3Ta, M5IrKHM peJ1becpoM cjJOPMbl, npaKTHLIecKH J1H-
weHHblM CBeTOTeHeBOH MO)J,eJ1l1pOBKH. l-1306pa)i(eHHe npopa60TaHo C )J,BYX CTOpOH
C pa3HoH CTeneHblO TlllaTeJ1 bHOCTH H )J,eTaJIH3al(HH, B 'leM np05lBJ151eTC5I pal(HO-
HaJIbHbIH no)J,xo)J, K xY)J,O)i(eCTBeHHoMY ocpopMJ1eHHIO H3)J,eJ1HH. Ha CTopOHe, npo-
pa60TaHHoH 60J1ee nO)J,p06HO, B orpaHH'IeHHOM porOM npocTpaHcTBe nOMellleH
KpyrJ1blH rJ1a3 C yrJ1y6J1eHHeM B l(eHTpe H, BnJ10THYIO K HeMY, YXO, BepXH5I5I rpaHH-
l(a KOToporo CTepJ1aCb H CrJ1a)J,HJ1aCb. Ha npoTHBOn0J10)i(HOH CTopOHe HeT HH rna3a,
HH yxa, H OTCYTCTBHe HX HHKaK He MO)i(eT 6bITb 06'b5lCHeHO H3HoweHHOCTblO H
CTepTOCTblO nOBepXHOCTH npe)J,MeTa, TaK KaK KOHTYP pora )J,ocTaTOLJHO OTLJeTJ1HB.
TaKHM 06pmOM, BHeWH5I5I CTopOHa, npe)J,Ha3Ha ' leHHa51 )J,Jl51 OCMOTpa, LJeTKO BbI)J,e-
J1eHa. 06pallleHHa51 K J10Wa)J,H H HMelOllla51 0606111eHHoe, CXeMaTHLJHOe H306pmKe-
HHe CTopOHa CTepTa H CHJ1bHO 3aJIOllleHa. Ha HeH XopOWO 3aMeTHa CrJ1mKeHHOCTb
KpaeB OTBepCTHH. 3TO )J,aeT OCHOBaHHe 3aKJ1IOLJHTb, LJTO HMeHHO 3)J,eCb KpenHJ1HCb
Y3J1bI peMHeH. HanpOTHB, Kpa51 OTBepCTHH Ha BHeWHeH CTopOHe HMelOT LJeTKHe
KOHTypbI. B cpe)J,HeH LJaCTH nCaJIH5I B pe3YJ1bTaTe )J,J1HTeJ1bHOrO HCn0J1b30BaHH5I BO-
Kpyr l(eHTpaJIbHOrO OTBepCTH5I 06pa30BaJIOCb yrJ1y6J1eHHe HenpaBHJ1bHblX OLJepTa-
HHH, npHLJHHOH KOToporo MOrJ10 6bITb TpeHHe CTpeMeLJKOBH)J,Horo, a He KOJ1bl(e-
BH)J,Horo OKOHLJaHH5I y)J,HJ1. no xapaKTepy CTepTOCTH MO)i(HO peKOHCTpYHpOBaTb
cnoc06 coe)J,HHeHH5I npHHa)J,J1e)i(HOCTeH Y3)J,bI, npH KOTOpOM MeTaJIJ1HLJeCKHe y)J,HJ1a
KpenHJ1HCb K nCaJIHIO cHapY)i(H, a He C 060pOTHOH CTOpOHbl, KaK CLJHTaJI K. <D. CMHP-
HOB [CMHpHOB 1961, c. 81]. no KJ1aCcHcpHKal(I1H A. A. ¥lecceHa, 6pOH30BbIe nca-
J1HH C TpeM5I oTBepCTH5IMH HJ1H neTJ151MH H 300MOpcpHbIMH H306pmKeHH5IMH CO-
CTaBJ151IOT V THn H COLJeTaIOTC5I, KaK npaBHJ10, co CTpeMeLJKOBH)J,HbIMH y)J,HJ1aMH
III THna [¥lecceH 1953, c. 54, 90].
napa 6pOH30BbIX nCaJIHeB C TpeM5I neTJ151MH, YKpaweHHblx r0J10BKaMH 6apaHo-
rpHcpoHOB, 6bIJ1a HaH)J,eHa B 1895 r. npH )i(eJ1e3Ho)J,opO)i(HbIX pa60Tax He)J,aJIeKO OT
CTaHl(HI1 PTHllleBo (HbIHe PTHllleBcKHH pai10H CapaToBcKoH 06J1.; CapaToBcKHH
MY3eH KpaeBe)J,eHH5I, N!! 589, Ta6J1. 27: 3) [Tallgren 1938, p. 221, 231]. C O)J,HOH
CTOpOHbI pTHllleBcKHH nCaJIHH HMeeT p5l)J, nOnepeLJHbIX «HaCeLJeK», C03)J,alOlllHX
«rocppHpOBKY», - npHeM, BCTpe'l alO lllHHC5I Ha aHaJIOrHLJHblM 06pa30M YKpaweH-
HbIX KOCT5IHbIX nCaJIH5IX H3 )J,HenpoBCKoro J1eCOCTenHoro J1eB06epe)i(b51 [raJIaHHHa
1977, c.40, Ta6J1. 19: 7; Ta6J1. 20: 30; ¥lJ1bHHCKa5I 1968, Ta6J1. XXXV: 17; c.51,
pHC. 25: 7]. r0J10BKa nepe)J,aHa 60J1ee cxeMaTH'IHO, LJeM Ha pbIcaHKHHCKOM 3K3eM-
nJ151pe.
KOCT5IHbIe H poroBbIe nCaJIHH C TpeM5I oTBepCTH5IMH H 300MOPCP bIMH OKOHLJa-
HH5IMH xapaKTepHbI )J,J151 CKHcpCKOH Y3)J,bl VIl-HaLJaJIa VI B. )J,O H. 3. - OHH OTHOCH-
TeJ1bHO MHOrOLJHCJ1eHHbI B 30He CKHcpCKHX KOHTaKTOB C nepe)J,HeH A3HeH H, Heco-
MHeHHO, CB5I3aHbl C 3nOXOH nepe)J,Hea3HaTCKI1X nOXO)J,OB CKHcpOB. ¥Ix OCHOBHblMH
apeaJIaMH 6bIJ1H paHOHbI KaBKma H Cpe)J,Hero nO)J,HenpOBb5l, npHLJeM caMbIe
60J1bWHe cepHH nO)J,06HbIX H3)J,eJ1HH HaH)J,eHbl B J1eCOCTenHOM J1eB06epe)i(be Ll:Hen-
pa. B npH)J,HenpOBbe YKpaweHHeM TaKHX npe)J,MeTOB Hap5l)J,y C r0J10BKaMH KOH5I,
6apaHa, XHlllHHKa KOWaLJbeH nopo)J,bI H XHlllHOH nTHl(bI CJ1Y)i(HJ1H H306pmKeHH5I
6apaHo-rpHcpOHOB.
¥l3BeCTHa H cpaBHHTeJ1bHO He60J1bWa51 rpynna MeTaJIJ1IJLJeCKHX ()i(eJ1e3HbIX H
6pOH30BbIX) 300MOpcpHbiX nCaJIHeB C 3TI1X TeppHTopHH (Ta6J1. 27: 12, 26), BbmOJ1-
HeHHbIX no THny KOCT5IHbIX [IJ1J1iHcbKa 1961, c. 46, 51].
06pm 6apaHo-rpHcpoHa, HJ1H poraToro rpHcpoHa, cpaHTaCTHLJeCKOrO cYlllecTBa,
COLJeTalOlllero B ce6e LJepTbI r0J10BbI 6apaHa C 3arHYTbIMH poraMH H XHlllHOH nTH-
l(bI C MaCCHBHbIM KJ1IOBOM, CYllleCTBOBaJI OTHOCHTeJ1bHO He)J,OJ1rO B VIl-HaLJaJIe
VI B. )J,O H. 3. H THnHLJeH TOJ1bKO )J,J1S1 CKHcpCKoro HCKYCCTBa 3ana)J,HbIX perHOHOB.
OH He H3BeCTeH HH B caKCKOM, HH B «caBpOMaTCKOM», HH B CH6HPCKHX BapHaHTax
3BepHHoro CTHJ151.
MOTHB 3TOT He HMeeT H306pa3HTeJ1bHbIX HCTOKOB HH B npH)J,HenpOBbe, HH Ha
TeppHTopHH HH)i(HerO nOBOJ1)i(b5l, }Q)i(HOrO npHYPaJIb51 H CH6HpH. HaXO)J,KH aHa-
J10rHLJHbIX nCaJIHeB HJ1H HaBepWHH C H306pa)i(eHH5IMH r0J10BOK 6apaHo-rpHcpOHa B
nepe)J,HeH A3HH (XaHKa6ep)J" 3HBHC, KapMHp-EJ1YP) H npHKy6aHbe (KeJ1epMec),
OTHOC5IlllHXC5I K paHHeCKHcpCKOMY BpeMeHH, 5IBJ151IOTC5I caMbIMH paHHHMH 06pa3-
l(aMH H306pmKeHHH 3TOro THna H n03B0J151IOT npe)J,n0J10)i(HTb B KaLJeCTBe l(eHTpa
B03HHKHOBeHH5I MOTHBa 6apaHo-rpHcpOHa paHOHbl nepe)J,HeH A3HH H KaBKma H
onpe)J,eJ1HTb BpeMSI ocpopMJ1eHH5I HKOHorpacpHH 3Toro 06pa3a nepHO)J,OM npe6blBa-
HH5I TaM CKHcpOB [ECa5lH, norpe60Ba 1985, Ta6J1. XVIII: 5; Porada 1965, p. 132,
fig. 73; nHOTpOBCKHH 1960, c.96, pHC. 64; 1954, c. 142, pHC. 1; raJIaHHHa 1983,
c. 37---46, Ta6J1. 8].
CJ1e)J,yeT OTMeTHTb, LJTO Te3HC 0 npHHa)J,J1e)i(HOCTH 06pmoB 6apaHo-rpHcpoHoB
K KYJ1bType, CB5I3aHHOH C CaKKbI3CKO-KeJ1epMeCCKHM KpyroM, HMeeT onnOHeHTOB.
O)J,HaKo HeJ1b351 COrJ1aCHTbC5I co CTpeMJ1eHHeM r. H. KypOLJKHHa [KYPOLJKHH 1992,
c. 115] YBH)J,eTb B OCHOBe H306pa)i(eHHH 6apaHo-rpHcpoHa KOH5I B Or0J10Bbe Y3)J,eLJ-
KH. nOnblTKa npoBecTH J1HHHIO pmBHTH5I 3TOro 06pma H nocTpoHTb THn0J10rHLJe-
CKHH p5l)J, OT peaJIHCTHLJeCKH H306pa)i(eHHOH r0J10Bbl B3HY3)J,aHHoro KOH5I H3 Ap)i(a-
Ha He KmKeTC5I y6e)J,HTeJ1bHOH H 06'b5lCH5IeTC5I, Bep05lTHO, CTpeMJ1eHHeM aBTopa Bbl-
BeCTH Bce 06pa3bI 3BepHHoro CTHJ151 H3 U.eHTpaJIbHOH A3HH. TeM He MeHee e)J,HHHLJ-
Hble HaXO)J,KH TpeX)J,bIpLJaTbIX nCaJIHeB, YKpaweHHbIX 6apaHbHMH r0J10BKaMH, H3Be-
CTHbl B HaCT05l111ee BpeM5I H B U.eHTpaJIbHOH A3HH, npHLJeM B naM5ITHHKaX, OTHO-
C5IlllHXC5I, no npH6J1H3HTeJ1bHOH )J,aTHpOBKe, K paHHeMY 3Tany KYJ1bTYP )J,peBHHX
KOLJeBHHKOB (KypraH 4ayxyroy I M030 B CHHbl(351He) [KOBaJIeB 1996, c. 126]. B
2 110 MHeHl110 H. H. MeLlBeLlcKoH, TaKI1C nCaIlI1H He BblXOLlSIT 3a paMKH VII B. LlO H. 3. [MeLl-
BeLlCKaSl 1992], HO, Y'tl1TbIBaSI 3aMeTHYlO TpaHC4JopMaUHlO I1KoHorpa<lml1, Ha KOTOPYIO LlOIlJKHO
6bIJlO YKI'H BpCMSI, npH..1l.HenpOBCKl1e 06Pa3UbI MOJKHO, o'teBH..1I.HO, OTHeCTI1 K Ha'taJIY VI B. LlO H. 3.
66
67
OTJ1WlI1e OT MHOrHX ,QPYf'I1X 300MOpcpHbiX 06pa30B CKl1cpo-CI16I1pCKOIO I1CKYCCTBa,
6apaHO-f'pl1cpOHbI, HeCOMHeHHO, CB l3aHbt npOI1CXO)l(,QeHlleM C nepe,QHea3l1aTCKI1MIf
pef'110HaMI1 11 nOTOMY XapaKTepHbl TOJ1bKO ,QJ1S1 Teppl1TOpl111 eBpOneHCKI1X CKl1cpOB.
TpaKTOBKa 6apaHbelO pOf'a KaK nepeOCMbICJ1eHHOIO 11306pa)l(eHI1S1 KOHCKOIO 010-
J10BbSi Bbl3blBaeT B03pa)l(eHI1S1, KOTopble MOI)'T 6blTb apf'YMeHTllpOBaHbI npe)l(,Qe
BCef'O ,QOCTaTOLJHO paHHI1MI1 KeJ1epMeCCKI1MI1 HaXO,QKaMI1, f',Qe 06'beMHOe peweHlle
,QeTaJIeH 11 I1X npopa60TKa B BepXHen lIaCTI1 HI1KaK He n03B0J1S1IOT aCCOUl1l1pOBaTb
I1X C KOHCTpYKUl1eH 01OJ10BbSl, a TaK)I(e HaJIl1 l lHeM BapHaHTOB, f',Qe HenOHSITHoe CY-
llI.eCTBO I1MeeT He 6apaHbIO MOp,QY (11 TeM 60J1ee He KOHCKYIO!), a f'pIfcpOHIiH KJ1IOB.
Bce nO,Q06Hble BapHaHTbl ocpopMJ1eHI1S1 TpeX.QbIpLJaTblX nCaJIIfeB (BKJ1IOLJaSi 1OJ10BY
KOWaLJbelO Xl1ll1.HI1Ka, KOHSI, 6apaHa, 6apaHO-f'pl1cpOHa) OTHOCSlTCSI K O,QHOMY Bpe-
MeHI1, BCTpeLJalOTCSI B O,QHIIX If Tex )l(e IfJ1l1 6J1113KHX naMSlTHI1KaX, a npOMe)l(YTOLJ-
Hble CTa,Q1111 11306pa3I1TeJ1bHOH TpaHccpopMaUl111 OTCYTCTBYIOT.
KCTaTI1, 6apaHO-f'pllcpOHbl YKpawalOT He TOJ1bKO nCaJIl1l1, Henocpe,QCTBeHHO
CBSl3aHHbie C KOHCTpYKUl1eH Y,QI1J1, HO 11 npOHI1311 Y3,QeLJHOrO Ha60pa, Ha KOTOpblX B
OT,QeJ1bHbIX CJ1Y l IaSIX npe,QCTaBJ1eHa f'0J10BKa K03J1a.
EJ1I1)1(aI1Wl1e aHaJIOf'lm nCaJIl110 113 IO)I(HOIO npl1ypaJIbSi npOI1CXO,QSlT 113 CKHcp-
CKItX apXaflLJeCKIIX nOf'pe6eHI1H B J1eCOCTenHOM nO,QHenpOBbe (PenSiXOBaTaSi Mo-
f'11J1a, Kypf'aH Y c. MeJ1bHIIKOBKa, KYPr. N!! 407 Y c. )j{ypoBKa, KYPf'. N!! 2 Y C. AK-
CIOTflHUbl), npl1LJeM MaTepHaJIbl npaB06epe)l(HOlO nO,QHenpoBbSi npe,QcTaBJ1S1IOT 60-
J1ee paHHHe 06pa3ubl, 6J1(1)1(e CTOSllll.fle K IO)I(HblM npoTonmaM, lIeM nocYJ1bCKfie
fl306pa)l(eHHSI [11J1bflHcKaSl, M030J1eBCKIII1, TepeHmKKIfH 1980, c. 35, pfiC. 4: 13, 14;
E06pl1HCKI1H 1887, Ta6J1. XI: 16; 1905, pHc.76; l1J1bl1HcKaSi 1968, Ta6J1. XX: 16].
TaKI1M 06pa30M, pblCaHKI1HCKI1H nCaJIflH MO)l(HO npl13HaTb CKl1cpCKI1M, 11 HeT OCHO-
BaHI1H paCCMaTpl1BaTb elO B paMKax caBpoMaTcKolO I1CKyccTBa.
HY)I(HO OTMeTI1Tb elll.e O,QHY YHI1KaJIbHYIO oc06eHHocTb nCaJIl1S1, CJ1Y)I(alll.YIO
KOCBeHHblM nO,QTBep)J{)J,eHl1eM CBSl311 ::nolO npe,QMeTa C pef'110HaMI1 nepe,QHeH A31111.
PeLJb l1,QeT 06 Y)I(e ynoMSIHYTOH Ha,Qnl1CI1 [4e)l(IIHa (KOpOJ1bKoBa) 1987; 1989]. no
3aKJllOLJeHI11O B. A. JlIIBWl1ua [4e)l(ItHa (KOpOJ1bKoBa) 1989, c. 263)], Ha,Qnl1Cb npe,Q-
CTaBJ1S1eT apaMeHcKoe nI1CbMO.
E,QI1HCTBO xY,QO)l(eCTBeHHolO CTItJ1S1 C 113,QeJ1ItSiMII 1t3 KapMl1p-EJ1ypa H KeJ1ep-
Meca 11 HaJIl1 l ll1e Ha pTltlll.eBCKoM nCaJIl111 neTeJ1b KaK apXaltlIeCKOf'O npl13HaKa no-
3B0J1I1J11t K. <1>. CMl1pHOBY ,QanIpoBaTb nCaJIl11t 1t3 HmKHelO nOBOJ1)1(bSi 11 IO)I(HOIO
npHypaJIbSi KOHUOM VII-HaLJaJIoM VI B. ,QO H. 3. [CMl1pHOB 1961, C. 80]. OT,QeJ1b-
Hble oc06eHHOCTI1 TpaKTOBKI1 1OJ10BbI 6apaHO-f'pltcpoHa, Hanpl1Mep YWI1, - 06S13a-
TeJ1bHaSi ,QeTaJIb Ha paHHI1X 11306pmKeHIISIX 113 KeJ1epMeCa - MOf'YT CJ1Y)I(flTb XPO-
H0J10f'ItLJeCKI1M npl13HaKOM [WKYPKO 1976, c. 91].
Ha TeppllTOpl111 HeCKl1cpcKIIX nJ1eMeH LJaCTO BCTpeLJalOTCSI nCaJIl1l1, OTJ1l1 l IaIO-
llI.llecSi OT CKl1cpCKItX HeKoTopblMII oc06eHHocTSlMI1, 06'bSlCHItMbIMII TeM, LJTO, CJ1e-
,QYSI CKltcpCKfiM npOTOTl1naM, MeCTHbIe MacTepa ,QonycKaJIlt OTKJ10HeHI1S1 OT Tpa,Ql1-
UI10HHOH TpaKTOBKI1 11 cpOpMbI YKpaWeHI1S1. I1Hof',Qa npl1 3TOM YTpaLJI1BaJIaCb 11 SlC-
HOCTb 06pa3a [IJ1J1iHcbKa 1961. c. 50].
KaK Y)I(e OTMeLJaJIOCb MHOf'HMH ItCCJ1e,QOBaTeJ1S1MIt, 06pa3 6apaHO-f'pl1cpOHa He
113BeCTeH HI1 B caKCKOM, HII B caBpOMaTCKOM, HII B IO)I(HO-CI16I1pCKOM Bapl1aHTaX
3BepIfHOlO CTI1J1S1. K. <1>. Cr-.1IIpHOB, nplt3HaBaSI pblCaHKItHCKI1H 11 pTlIllI.eBCKI1H nca-
J11111 npaKTflLJeCKI1 TO)l(,QeCTBeHHbIMII nCaJIl1S1M npIf,QHenpOBbSl, CLJI1TaJI, LJTO TaKaSi
cpopMa nCaJIl1eB nonaJIa B nOBOJ1)1(CKO-npI1YPaJIbCKI1H pef'110H B pe3YJ1bTaTe CBSl3eH
C HaCeJ1eHl1eM J1eCOCTenHOH CKl1cp1l11 LJepe3 6Y,QIIHOB. ,lJ,onYCKaSi B03MO)l(HOCTb He-
MeCTHOf'O np0I13BO,QCTBa OmtCaHHblX nCaJIl1eB 11 npOHItKHOBeHIfSI I1X 1t3 npl1,QHe-
npOBbSl, K. <1>. CMl1pHOB Bce )l(e BKJ1IOLJI1J1 I1X B KPYf' npe,QMeTOB caBpOMaTCKOf'O I1C-
KyccTBa 11 CKJ10HSlJ1CSI K MHeHl110 0 3al1MCTBOBaHIII1 CIO)I(eTa caBpOMaTaMH [CMllpHOB
1964,c.216,243].
YLJI1TbIBaSi OTCYTCTBl1e MOTI1Ba 6apaHO-f'pltcpOHa B I1CKYCCTBe HI1)1(HelO no-
BOJ1)1(bSi H IO)I(HOIO npl1ypaJIbSi Ha ,QPYf'HX XY,QO)l(eCTBeHHbtX 1t3,QeJ1I1S1X, KpOMe
,QBYX paCCMOTpeHHbIX nCaJIl1eB, SlBJ1S1lOllI.I1XCSI CJ1YLJanHbIMI1 HaXO,QKaMI1, 11 HaJIlILJl1e
6J1It)l(aHWI1X aHaJIOf'ItH 11M cpe,Q11 60J1bWOH cepltl1 Belll.eH Ha TeppllTOplt1t CKl1cpCKO-
f'0 J1eCOCTenHOIO npl1,QHenpOBbSl, a TaK)I(e ,QaTl1pOBKY VII-HaLJaJIoM VI B. ,QO H. 3.
(TOf',Qa KaK caMble paHHl1e 1t3,QeJ1l1S1 3Bepl1HOlO CTI1J1S1 B H(1)1(HeM nOBOJ1)1(be 11 10)1(-
HOM npl1ypaJIbe MOf'YT 6blTb OTHeceHbl KO BpeMeHI1 He paHbwe KOHua VI B. ,QO H. 3.),
pTHllI.eBCKflH fI pblcanKHHCKHH nCaJIl111 CJ1e,QyeT, OLJeBH,QHO, CllIlTaTb npe,QMeTaMI1
HeMeCTHOf'O np0I13BO,QCTBa. B TaKOM CJ1YLJae HeT HI1KaKI1X OCHOBaHHI1 paCCMaTpl1-
BaTb 3TH 06pa3l bl 3BepIfHOlO CTflJ1S1 B paMKax I1CKYCCTBa nJ1eMeH H(1)1(HelO no-
BOJ1)1(bSi 11 IO)I(HOIO npHypaJIbSi.
XI1:I.l1;HlUUI (Ta6J1. 28-41)
11306p(l)KeHI1S1 XHllI.HI1KOB Jl,OBOJ1bHO MHOf'OLJHCJ1eHHbl 11 3aHflMalOT Ba)\(HOe Me-
CTO B HCKYCCTBe H(1)1(HelO nOBOJ1)1(bSi H IO)I(HOIO npHYPaJIbSi caBpOMaTCKOIO Bpe-
MeHI1, XOTSI, Ha MOH B3f'J1S1,Q, II He I1MelOT SlBHOf'O npl10plITeTa B nonYJ1S1pHOCTI1, KaK
3TO npe,QCTaBJ1S1J10Cb K. <1>. CMHPHOBY [CMHpHOB 1964, c. 223]. OHI1 BCTpeLJalOTCSI
11 KaK caMOCTOSlTeJ1bHbIe 11306pa)l(eHI1S1, nOKa3blBalOlll.I1e nOJ1HYIO O,QflHOLJHYIO CPI1-
f'YPY )l(I1BOTHOIO B pa3J1I1LJHbIX BapHaHTax (l - CTOSllll.HH Xl1ll1.HHK; 2 - «npllnaB-
WHH K 3eMJ1e»; 3 - cBepHYBwHHCSI B KOJ1bUO) 1IJ111 OT,QeJ1bHO 1OJ10BY 3BepSl, H KaK
3J1eMeHTbl CJ10)l(HbIX KOMn0311UI1H, CJ1Y)I(alll.IIX ocpopMJ1eHl1eM KaKI1X-J11160 npe,QMe-
TOB (HanpI1Mep, KJ1bIKOB-nO,QBeCOK 11J1f1 I1X IIMfiTaUI1H 11 30J10TbIX OKOBOK C PYLJKa-
Mfl OT ,QepeBSlHHbIX COCY,QOB, a TaK)I(e PYLJeK pe3Hbix KOCTSlHblX J10)l(e l leK 11 T. ,Q.). B
3TI1X cJ1YLJaSix 11306p(l)KeHI1S1 XHllI.HI1KOB, HeCOMHeHHO, ,QOJ1)1(HbI paCCMaTpl1BaTbCSI B
KOHTeKCTe BCef'O ,QeKopa, KOTOpbIH, BepoSiTHo, nepe,QaeT cueHbl Tep3aHI1S1 11J111
60pb6bl )l(I1BOTHbIX 11, B03MO)l(HO, CBSl3aH C MHcp0J10f'l1LJeCKOH OCHOBOH.
11306pa)l(eHflSI Xl1ll1.HflKOB BCTpeLJalOTCSI Ha npe,QMeTax caMOIO pa3J1HLJHOIO Ha-
3HaLJeHI1S1: Ha 30J10Tb1X HaWI1BHblX 6J1S1WKaX OT O,Qe)l(,QbI; Ha 30J10Tb1X nJ1aCTHHLJa-
TbIX OKOBKax ,QepeBSlHHbIX COCY,QOB; Ha ,QeTaJISiX KOHCKOIO y60pa (no,QnpY)I(HbIe
npSl)l(KH, HaJI06HI1KI1, nCaJIl1l1); Ha J10)l(KaX; Ha KaMeHHblX )l(epTBeHHHKax; Ha npe,Q-
MeTaX, CBSl3aHHbiX C BoopY)I(eHHeM (KOJ1LJaHHble KpIOKI1, PYKOSlTI1 KHH)I(aJIOB).1. B
11306pa)l(eHI1S1X BCTpeLJalOTCSI Xl1ll1.HHKH pa3HbIX BII,QOB, HO pa3H006pa3f1e I1X HeBe-
J1I1KO: OHI1 CBO,QSlTCSI K 06pa3aM Kowa<lbl1X (OLJeBI1,QHo, B OCHOBHOM THf'pa), BOJ1Ka,
Me,QBe,QSI (MHOIO pe)l(e) 11 HeKoelO Heonpe,QeJ1eHHOIO nJ10TOSl,QHOIO, B 06pa3e KOTO-
pOf'O MOf'YT COLJeTaTbCSI HeCOBMeCTHMble B npl1po,Qe npH3HaKI1 KaK KOWaLJbelO
XlIllI.HI1Ka, TaK 11 B0J1KOnO,Q06HOf'0 CYllI.eCTBa I1J1H Me,QBe,QSI. npH 3TOM HeCOMHeH-
HOM OKa3blBaJIaCb 3a,QaLJa nepe,QaTb LJepTbI XHllI.HHKa Bo06ll1.e, a He KOHKpeTHoro
6110J10rHLJeCKOf'0 BI1,Qa, LJTO 11 npl1BeJ10 K C03,QaHIlIO B HeKOTopblX CJ1YLJaSiX BeCbMa
Bblpa3I1TeJ1bHOIO 06pa3a, peweHHoro ,QeKopaTI1BHO 11 J1aKOHHLJHO, HO He nO):Ll{alO-
llI.elOcSi onpe,QeJ1eHI1IO.
npI1MeLJaTeJ1bHO, LJTO B IO)I(HOM npflYPaJIbe, B OTJ1f1LJlle OT H(1)1(HelO nOBOJ1-
)l(bSl, pe,QKI1 Bapl1aHTbI O,QI1HOLJHbIX 11306pa)l(eHI1H CTOSllll.HX XHllI.HHKOB. K HI1M OT-
HOCHTCSI Me,QBe,Qb Ha KOCTSIHOH J10)l(Ke 113 El1w-06bI [CMflpHOB 1964, C. 301, pfiC. 10:
J
f1oCJle;:tHSISI KaTeropHSI B naMSlTHHKax HHJKHcro nOBOIlJKbSl H IOJKlloro npHypaJIbSl npeLl-
CTaBJlCHa JlHWb eLlHIIH'tHblMH HaxoLlKaMH.
68
69
13], r.ll.e cpHrypa xHlllHHKa HMeeT .lI.OnOJlHHTeJlbHOe 300MOpcpHOe H306pmKeHHe B
paMKaX OCHOBHOrO KOHTypa (KaK 6bl BHYTPH HerO), H cpHrypKa XHlllHoro 3Bep Ha
6pOH30BbiX Y3.l1.e4HbiX 6Jl WKaX H3 MOrHJlbHHKa B HaropHoM B 3ana.ll.HOM Ka3ax-
cTaHe (MaTepHaJlbl He ony6JIHKOBaHbl). nOJlHa aHaJlOrH (m6JI. 29: 1, 2) nOCJle.ll,-
HeMY BapHaHTy (KopoTKoe TYJlOBHllle, XBOCT, 3arHYTblH Ha KOHue, TmKeJlble npo-
nopU HH Y.lI.JlHHeHHOH MOP.ll.bl H Jlanbl C ropH30HTaJlbHblMH pHTMH4HblMH JlHHH MH
peJlbecpHoro pHcYHKa H MOlllHblMH KOIT MH, 06111<UI HKoHorpacpH4eCK<UI cxeMa co-
BepweHHo O.ll.HHaKOBa B 060HX CJlYlla x) HaH.lI.eHa B 6apa6e (MorHJlbHHK A6paMo-
BO 4, KYPr. 13, norp. 1 [nOJlOCbMaK 1987, c. 81, pHc.76: 2]). Onpe.ll.eJlHTb O.ll.HO-
3Ha4HO BH.lI. XHlllHHKa 3aTpY.lI.HHTeJlbHO, HO, B03MO)l(HO, ::no nlrp. A6paMoBcK<UI 6Jl w-
Ka, no npe.ll.nOJlO)l(eHHIO H. B. nOJlOCbMaK [nOJlOCbMaK 1987, c. 82], OTHOCI1TC K
nO CHOMY Ha60py, O.ll.HaKO, CY.lI. no np MoH aHaJlOrHH H3 MOrHJlbHHKa B Harop-
HOM, nO-BH.lI.HMOMY, npHHa.ll.Jle)l(HT K .lI.eTaJI M KOHCKOro CHap )I(eHH . HaXO.ll.KH
CTOJlb 6JlH3KHX BellleH Ha TeppHTopHH 3ana.ll.HOrO Ka3axcTaHa H 6apa6bl He CJlY-
4aHHbi. MO)l(HO C YBepeHHOCTblO rOBopHTb 0 CYllleCTBOBaHHH CB 3H H KYJlbTypHOM
B3aHMO.ll.eHCTBHH 3THX perHOHOB.
Ellle O.ll.HO H306pmKeHHe CTO lllero XHlllHHKa, 04eHb 0606111eHHoe, npe.ll.CTaB-
JleHO Ha 30JlOTOH HaWHBHOH 6Jl WKe H3 KYPr. 3 HaropHeHcKoro MOrHJlbHHKa (Ma-
TepHaJI He ony6JlHKOBaH) (m6Jl. 28: 20).
06pa3bl CTO lllHX XHlllHHKOB B HCKyccTBe IO)I(Horo npHypaJIb CKHcpCKOH 3no-
XH B OCHOBHOM BCTpe4a1OTc B Cl(eHaX Tep3aHH : Ha nJlaCTHHe H3 pora JlOC H3 n -
THMapoB (Ta6Jl. 44: 1) O.ll.HH H3 Me.ll.Be.ll.eH, ylIaCTBYlOlllHX B Tep3allHH KOnbITHOrO,
npe.ll.CTaBJleH CTO lllHM C nOBepHYToH Ha3a.ll. rOJlOBOH (KoMn03HUHoHHbIH Bapl1aHT,
BCTpe4alOlllHHc B 3BepHHoM CTHJle HH)I(HerO nOBOJl)l(b H IO)I(Horo n pHypaJIb H
.lI.PYrHX perHoHoB CKHcpO-CH6HpcKoro MHpa BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH OT n03bl )l(HBOTHO-
ro - cTo lllero, Jle)l(alllero, «npHnaBwero K 3eMJle». CTo lllHe (ImrypKH XHlllHHKOB
Ha HeCKOJlbKHX PYllKax .lI.epeB HHbiX cocY.lI.OB H3 <1>HJlHnnOBcKoro KypraHa [nwe-
HH4HIOK 1989, pHC. 9] BMeCTe C H306pa)l(eHH MH Ha nJlaCTHH4aTbiX HaKJla.ll.Ka.x co-
CTaBJl IOT aHaJlOrH4Hbie no cO.ll.ep)l(aHHIO cueHbl (Ta6Jl. 30).
06'beMHble cpHrypKH CTO lllHX XHlllHI1KOB, BbInOJlH lOlllHe pOJlb PYlleK .lI.epeB H-
HblX KYJlbTOBblX cocY.lI.OB H CeMaHTlJlleCKH CB 3aHHble C nJlOCKOCTHblMH H306pmKe-
HH MH Ha 30JlOTbiX nJlaCTHHaX-HaKJla.ll.KaX, npe.ll.CTaBJl IOT He60JlbwyIO (7 3K3eM-
nJl poB), HO 4pe3Bbl4aHHo HHTepecHylO cepHIO xY.lI.O)l(eCTBeHHblx H3.l1.eJlHH IO)I(Ho-
ro npHypaJIb , .lI.eMOHcTpHPylOlllHx .lI.OCTaT04HO pe.ll.KHH BH.lI. H306pa)l(eHHH, KOTO-
pblH, no cYllleCTBY, MO)l(HO OTHeCTH K KPyrJlOH CKYJlbnType. n03bl, nponopUI1H
3BepeH, 06111He CTHJlHCTlJlleCKHe npHHul1nbl B 3THX cpHrypKax COBna.ll.alOT C 1130-
6pa)l(eHH MH Ha 6Jl WKaX H B ueJlOM xapaKTepHbl .lI.Jl npHypaJIb . HecMoTp Ha
KOMn03HUHOHHoe CXO.ll.CTBO, CPYHKl(HOHaJlbHOe e.ll.HHCTBO H 06111HOCTb ra6apHToB,
Bce 3K3eMnJl pbl cOBepweHHo HH.lI.HBH.lI.YaJlbHbl, npe.ll.CTaBJl IOT pa3Hbie 06pa3bl H
C.lI.eJlaHbl B pa3JlH4HOH MaHepe, XOT , HeCOMHeHHO, npHHa.ll.Jle)l(aT K e.ll.HHoMY CTH-
JlIO. Onpe.ll.eJlHTb BH.lI. H306pa)l(eHHbiX XlIlllHHKOB B 60JlbWHHCTBe CJlY4aeB HeB03-
MO)l(HO - 06Pa3bl cO.ll.ep)l(aT B ce6e 4epTbi pa3Jl114HbIX )l(HBOTHbIX. nOJlOBHHa H3
HHX HMeeT CHJlbHO Y.lI.JlI1HeHHble npOnOpl(HH MOp.ll.bl, CBoHcTBeHHble BOJlllbHM XHlll-
HHKaM, HO OTCYTcTBHe .lI.JlHHHOrO XBOCTa H MaJleHbKl1e oKpyrJlble yWH HanOMHHa-
lOT Me.ll.Be.ll.eH. nO-pa3HOMY BbInOJlHeHbl .lI.mKe OT.lI.eJlbHbie .lI.eTaJlH, KOTopble, KaK
npaBHJlO, B paMKax e.ll.HHOrO CTHJl HHBapHaHTHbl: Y Bcex 3BepeH, KpOMe O.ll.HOrO,
naCTb HMeeT peJlbecpHoe 06paMJleHHe ry6; Y .lI.BYX XHlllHHKOB nJle40 OTMe4eHO .lI.O-
nOJlHHTeJlbHblM 11306pmKeHHeM - nTH4beH rOJlOBOH C MOlllHblM KJlIOBOM, C03.l1.a-
IOlllHM Bne4aTJleHHe KpblJla; Y 4eTbipex 3BepeH nJle40 H 6e.ll.PO OTMe4eHbi opHa-
MeHTaJlbHO - pa3JlH4HbIMH cpHrypaMH KanJleBH.lI.HOH cpOpMbl; Y 4eTbipex - peJlb-
ecpHO Bbl.ll.eJleH 3arpHBOK; Y 4eTbipex nO.ll.4epKHYTbi MOlllHbie KOITH; .lI.Be cpllrypKH
HMelOT opHaMeHTaJlbHYIO peJlbecpHYIO TpaKTOBKY nOBepXHOCTH TeJla C 4eTKO Bbl-
pmKeHHblM pHTMOM JlHHHH; .lI.Be cpHrypKH - npaKTH4eCKH rJla.ll.KHe, TPH - npe.ll,-
CTaBJl IOT npOMe)l(YT04HblH BapHaHT Me)f(.ll,Y .lI.BYM nepBblMH, HMe peJlbecpHYIO
o6pa6oTKY nJle4a H 6 e.ll. pa. Bce nepe4HCJleHHbie npH3HaKH KOM6HHHpYIOTC 6e3
)l(eCTKOH 3aBHCHMOCTH Me)f(.ll,Y C060H, 4TO .lI.aeT npaBo OTHOCI1Tb BCIO cepHIO H30-
6pmKeHHH K e.ll.HHoMY CTHJlIO, TeM 60Jlee 4TO 3TH 06'beMHble cpHrypKH C04eTaIOTC
C COBepweHHO e.ll.HH006pa3HbIMH no CTHJlIO nJlOCKOCTHblMIi a)l(ypHblMH H306pa)l(e-
HH MH Ha nJlaCTHHax-oKoBKax, OTJlH4alOlllHXC OC060H opHaMeHTaJlbHOCTblO 11 .lI.e-
KopaTHBHOCTblO.
J11060nbITHO, 4TO XHlllHHKH paCCMOTpeHHOH cepHH npe.ll.CTaBJl IOT np MYIO H
04eHb 6JlH3KYIO aHaJlOrHIO 300MOpcpHbiM OKOH4aHH M 30JlOTbiX rpHBeH H3 CTaB-
pOnOJlbCKOrO (Ka3HHCKoro) KJla.ll.a (m6Jl. 31, 33, 66, 67), .lI.O He.ll.aBHero BpeMeHH
C4HTaBWHXC He IIMelOlllHMH aHaJlOrl1H 11 npaKTH4eCKH BbIna.ll,aBWHX H3 KOHTeKCTa
H3Y4eHH CKHcpO-CH6HpCKOro 3BepHHoro CTHJl . ):{JlHHHOMOp.ll.ble XHlllHHKH Ha
CTaBpOnOJlbCKHX rpHBHax H306pmKeHbi B n03e «npHnaBWHX K 3eMJle», THnH4HOH
.lI.Jl npOH3Be.ll.eHHH «caBpOMaTcKoro» Kpyra H 60Jlee BOCT04HbiX perHOHOB. BbIT -
HyTble, Y.lI.JlHHeHHble nponopUHH TeJla H roJlOBbl, MaHepa nepe.ll.a4H Jlan H naCTH,
peJlbecpH<UI opHaMeHTaJlbH<UI TpaKTOBKa nOBepXHOCTH TeJla C 4eTKO Bblpa)l(eHH blM
pHTMOM Jl HH H H H .lI.pYrHe oc06eH HOCTH n03BOJl IOT npoBecTH napaJIJleJl b Me)l(.lI.Y
cTaBpOnOJlbCKHMH xHlllHHKaMH H H306pmKeHH MH Ha KaMeHHOM CTOJlHKe H3 ypo-
4Hllla KypaHJlH (m6Jl. 31: 11; Ta6Jl. 41: 10) [Ka.ll.blp6aeB 1977, c. 205J, Ha PYKOH-
Ke HaraHKH H3 c. A6paMoBKH (m6Jl. 33: 9), a mK)I(e 300MOpcpHblMH YKpaweHH MH
rpHBeH H3 YJlaH.lI.pblKa (m6Jl. 77; 31: 6-8). Ho oc06eHHo 6Jl113KH cTaBpOnOJlbCKI1M
HeKoTopble H3 cpl1Jl1-mnoBcKHx XHlllHIIKOB: nponopUHH, opHaMeHTaJlbH<UI .lI.eKOpH-
pOBKa, nJlaCTH4eCKoe peweHHe 06pa30B H xY.lI.O)l(eCTBeHHble Cpe.ll.CTBa cOBepweHHo
HL\eHTH4Hbl B 3THX xY.lI.O)l(eCTBeHHblx H3.l1.eJlH X (Ta6Jl.31). B CBeTe np06JleMbi
npOHCXO)l(.lI.eHH cTaBpOnOJlbCKHX YKpaweHHH TaK<UI aHaJlOrH n03BOJl eT CB 3aTb
rpHBHbl Ka3HHCKOro KJla.ll,a C perHoHoM IO)I(Horo npHypaJIb H BH.lI.eTb B HHX
npe.ll.MeTbl, npHHeceHHble C BOCTOKa KaKHMH-TO npO.ll.BHralOlllHMHc B 3ana.ll.HOM
HanpaBJleHHH rpynnaMH HaCeJleHH . TaKHM 06pa30M, BelllH H3 CTaBpOnOJlbCKOrO
KJla.ll.a B03MO)l(HO paccMaTpHBaTb B KOHTeKCTe IIcTopH4ecKHx np06JleM KOHTaKTOB
H B3aHMO.ll.eHCTBHH pa3JlH4HbiX rpynn HaCeJleHII B I-M TbIC. .lI.O H. 3. H nOCTaBI1Tb
Bonpoc 06 aTpH6YUHH H .lI.aTllpOBKe 3TOro naM THHKa, Y.lI.peBHHB ero .lI.O V-IV B.
.lI.O H. 3. (nO.ll.p06Hee CM. npHJlO)l(eHHe N!! 3).
A6coJllOTHOe 60JlbWHHCTBO H306pa)l(eHHH l(eJlblX cpHryp XHlllHblX )l(HBOTHbIX
(BHe 3aBHCHMOCHI OT BH.lI.OBOH npHHa.ll.Jle)l(HOcTH) B npHypaJIbCKOM perHoHe .lI.aHbl
B Tpa.ll,Hl(HOHHOH n03e - n03e «npHnaBwero K 3eMJle» 3Bep . npH 3TOM 3a.l1,Hlle H
nepe.ll.HHe KOHe4HOCTH OKa3bIBaIOTC B ropH30HTaJlbHOM nOJlO)l(eHI1H napaJIJleJlbHO
TeJlY 3Bep . 3TH KOMn03Hl(HH OTJlH4aIOTC ropH30HTaJlbHOH BbIT HYTOCTblO (nlrp,
Tep3alOlllHH OJleH , H3 <1>HJlI1nnOBCKOro KypraHa [nweHH4HIOK 1989, pHC. 9]; XHlll-
HHKH Ha )l(epTBeHHHKe (m6Jl.41: 19) H3 KpblJlOBCKOro [CMHpHOB 1964, c.371,
pHC. 80: 1]; MaJleHbKHH XHlllHHK (m6Jl. 28; 4) Ha nJlaCTHHe H3 n nlMapoB [CMHp-
HOB 1964, pHC. 79: 6]; BOJlK Ha PYKoHKe HaraHKH H3 A6paMoBKH [CMHpHOB 1964,
pHC. 80: 8]; THrpbl Ha nJlaCTHH4aTbiX OKOBKax cocY.lI.OB H3 <1>HJlHnnOBKH [nweHH4-
HIOK 1989, pHc.4]). ECTb H HeKoTopble BapHauHH nO.ll.06HbiX 11306pmKeHHH, Ha-
npHMep, BOJlK Ha PY4Ke KOCT HOH JlO)l(e4KH H3 MOrHJlbHI1Ka CblHTac, KYPr. 1,
norp.3 [Ka.lI,blp6aeB, KypMaHKYJlOB 1976, c. 152, pHC. 12: 1], H306pmKeH C nOBep-
HYTOH Ha3a.ll. rOJlOBOH, a TeJlO - B THnH4HoH n03e (m6Jl.46: 1). CYlllecTByeT H
ellle O.ll.HH BapHaHT H306pa3HTeJlbHOH cxeMbl, 04eHb 6Jl113KHH paccMoTpeHHoMY
70
71
(Ta6J1. 32; 33: 1, 3, 4, 10): 3a.ll.HSISI Hora 11 XBOCT )l(I1BOTHOro BblTSlHYTbl rop1130H-
T311bHO Ha3a.ll. (<DI1J1l1rmOBCKHH KypraH; MOrHJ1bHHK KOMblc-CaH (KYMHccaH); 06-
pY4eBKa; CI1611pCKM KOJ1J1eKLlHSI rIeTpa I).
l-!306p(l)l(eHHSI O.ll.HH04HOH nOJ1HOH cpl1rYPbl CTOSlll(erO XHll(HHKa 4all(e BCTpe-
4alOTCSI cpe.ll.H HaXO.ll.OK H3 HH)I(HerO rIOBOJ1)1(bSi. Onpe.ll.eJ1HTb BH.lI. 3BepSi C .lI.OCTO-
BepHocTblO 3aTpY.ll.HI1TeJ1bHO, HO, cY.ll.SI no 3aKpyrJ1eHHoMY yxy, KOpOTKOH MOp.ll.e 11
.lI.JII1HHOMY, 3arl16alOll(eMYcSI Ha KOHLle XBOCTY, :::no Kowa411H XIIll(HI1K. ,lJ,JISI ::nOH
rpynnbl nOBOJ1)1(CKI1X 11306p(l)l(eHI1H XI1ll(HbIX 3BepeH xapaKTepHbl YKop04eHHbie
nponopLll111 TYJ10BHll(a, 04eHb nJ10THM KOMnOHOBKa, npaKTI14eCKI1 He OCTaBJISlIO-
ll(M cB060.ll.HOrO npOCTpaHCTBa, 11 CI1JIbHM CTeneHb 0606ll(eHHOCTI1 11 CTI1J1113aLlI1I1
(Ta6J1. 28). TaKl1e 6J1S1WKI1 6blJII1 HaH.lI.eHbl B norp. 2 KYPr. 19 B MOrl1J1bHI1Ke Kpll-
BM J1YKa XVIII (r0J10Ba XHll(HHKa OTcYTCTByeT 113-3a YTpaTbl KpM 30JIOTOII 6JISlw-
KH), Y c. CTapHLla ACTpaxaHcKoH 06J1. [CMHpHOB 1976, C. 77, pl1c. 1: 14, 15] 11 B
HOBOnpl1BOJIbHOM (CapaToBcKM 06JI.) [MaKcHMoB 1976, c. 215, pl1c. 3: 1-3]. XOJ1-
Ka y 3TI1X )l(HBOTHbIX Ha.ll.eJ1eHa He60J1bWI1M BblcTynoM, naCTb OKaHMJ1eHa peJ1b-
ecpHblM B311IIKOM, KaK BO Bcex nOBOJI)I(CKI1X H306p(l)l(eHHSlX, HO OHa He OCK311eHa, a
JII1Wb npl10TKpblTa. 06pa3bl XI1ll(HI1KOB B .lI.aHHOM CJ1Y4ae J1I1WeHbl HapO'IHTO no.ll,-
4epKHYTOH XI1, ll(HOCTI1 4TO, BepOSITHO, CBOHCTBeHHO nOBOJI)I(CKOH rpynne naMSlT-
HI1KOB, B OTJII1411e OT 300MOpcpHbiX H3.l1.eJ1I1H 113 1O)I(Horo rIPI1YP311bSl. KpyrJIblH
rJIa3 CTOSlll(I1X XHll(HIiKOB 04ep4eH peJ1becpHoH OKPY)l(HOCTblO, KanJIeBl1.l1.Hoe I1JII1
oKpyrJ10e yxo TaK)I(e nepe.ll.aHO B311 11 KOM. rIO.ll. YXOM KpyrJ10H BbmYKJ10CTblO nOKa-
3aHa W,eKa. J1anbl 3aKaH411BalOTCSI peJIbecpHblMI1 .lI.Y)l(KaMI1, BHYTpl1 KOTOpblX Bep-
TI1K311bHbIMI1 4epT04KaMI1 11306p(l)l(eHbi KOITI1. COBepweHHo TaK )l(e nepe.ll.aHbl Kor-
TI1CTbJe JIanbl Ha .lI.pyroro Bl1.l1.a 6pOH30BbiX 6JISlWKaX, HaH.lI.eHHblX B HOBOnpI1BOJ1b-
HOM (Ta6J1. 39). rISlTb 6J1S1WeK npe.ll.cTaBJ1S1IOT c06011 CI1J1bHO CTI1JII130BaHHbie 1130-
6pa)l(eHI1S1 XI1ll(HI1KOB B cpac, y KOTOpblX Mop.ll.a TpaKTyeTcSI B Bl1.l1.e CTep)l(HSI-nJIaH-
KI1 C .lI.BYMSI KpyrJ1blMI1 rJ1a3aMI1, OKaHMJ1eHHbIMI1 B311I1KOM. Ha.ll. rJIa3aMH Top4aT
He60J1bWHe KpyrJ1ble YWI1, TO)l(e 04ep4eHHbie B311I1KOM. B Hl1)1(HeH 4aCTI1 peJ1becp-
HOH .lI.yroH nOKa3aHbJ J1anbJ C KOITSlMI1. rIOJ1HM nOBTopSieMOCTb npl1eMOB B H30-
6pmKeHHH OT.lI.eJIbHblX .lI.eT311eH B pa3HbiX Bapl1aLlHSlX 300MOpcpHbiX 113.l1.eJ1I1H 11 60JIb-
WM CTeneHb I1X 0606ll(eHHOCTI1, CTI1J1113aLlHIl 11 YCJIOBHOCTII CBH.lI.eTeJ1bCTByIOT 0
H311H41111 11306pa3I1TeJ1bHbIX CPOPMYJI 11 onpe.ll.eJ1eHHblX xY.ll.O)l(eCTBeHHblX TP3.ll.11-
LlI1H. AH3110rI14Hble 11306p(l)l(eHI1S1 113BeCTHbi cpe.ll.l1 Y3.l1.e4HbiX 6JISlWeK 113 KYPr. 51
y c. CTapI1Lla. rIO.ll.06Hbie 6J1S1WKI1 npoHCXo.ll.SlT 11 113 MaHKona (Ta6JI. 39). HaxO.ll.KI1
B rIpe.ll.KaBKa3be Bell(eH 3Bepl1Horo CTI1J1S1, 'lpe3Bbl'IaHHo 6JII13KIIX nOBOJ1)1(CKI1M, 04e-
BI1.l1.HO, 3aKoHoMepHbi 11 OTpa)l(alOT KaKl1e-TO KYJ1bTypHble CBSl311 3THX perl10HOB B
.lI.peBHOCTl1.
B HOBOnpIlBOJ1bHOM HaH.lI.eH ell(e O.ll.I1H BapHaHT TaKHX 6JISlWeK: Ha BepTI1K311b-
HOH nJ1aHKe BBepxy 11 BHI13y 11306pmKeHbi CI1MMeTpl14HO O.ll.HI1 CTI1JII130BaHHbie JIa-
nbl B Bl1.l1.e peJIbecpHblx .lI.Y)l(eK C BepTI1K311bHbIMII J1I1HI1S1MI1 KOITeH (Ta6J1. 39).
l-!306pmKeHlle CTOSlll(ero XI1ll(HI1Ka C nOBepHYToH Ha3a.ll. roJIOBOH HaH.lI.eHO B
CycJ1ax [CMHpHOB 1976, pl1c. 1]. OHO 04eHb 0606ll(eHO, 6e3 KaKHX 6bl TO HI1 6blJ10
.lI.eT311eH. KOMn0311Lll10HHM )l(e cxeMa nOBTopSieT 11306p(l)l(eHI1e 60J1bWOrO 3BepSi C
nSiTHMapCKOH nJ1aCTI1Hbl.
XIIll(HIIKI1, «npl1naBWl1e K 3eMJIe», npe.ll.CTaBJ1eHbl Ha 30JIOTbiX 6JISlWKaX 113 na-
MSlTHHKOB HH)I(HerO rIOBOJI)I(bSi (CYCJIbJ; 30JIorywHHcKoe; Kpl1BM J1YKa XVIII,
Kypr. 15, norp.2) [CMl1pHOB 1964, c.370, pl1c.78: 1, 2]. rIpl1 3TOM Hawl1BHbJe
6J1S1WKI1 113 CYCJ10BCKOro MOrl1JIbHI1Ka 11 113 Kpl1BOH J1YKI1 n04TI1 l1.l1.eHTl14Hbl, eCJ111
He C411TaTb Toro, 'ITO 11306p(l)l(eHI1S1 XI1ll(HI1KOB Ha HI1X HanpaBJ1eHbl B pa3Hble CTO-
pOHbl (Ta6J1. 28). Mop.ll.a 3BepSi pacnOJIO)l(eHa BepTI1K311bHO no OTHOWeHl11O K no-
.lI.OrHYTblM KOITI1CTblM J1anaM, nap311JIeJ1bHbIM TeJ1Y BblTSlHYTblX nponopLlHH. rIJIe40
OTMe4eHO oKpyrJ10H BbmYKJ10CTblO, KOTopaSi .lI.OJI)I(Ha, BepoSiTHo, paCCMaTpllBaTbCSI
KaK py.ll.HMeHT .lI.OnOJ1HI1TeJIbHoro H306p<DKeHHSI Ha nJIe'Ie )l(HBOTHOro (.lI.eT311b, 'Ipe3-
Bbl4aHHo xapaKTepHM .lI.J1S1 300MOpcpHbiX 11306p<DKeHI1H CKHcpO-C1I611pcKoro Ml1pa
KOHLla VI-V B. .lI.O H. 3.: OmlWJISlHKa, BIITOBa MOrI1JIa, KypraH KYJ1aKOBCKoro, Ka-
6aHI1H KJIblK 113 A6xa31111, CBepHYBWHllcSl 3Bepb 113 C. I1pKYJIb). B 06011X CJIY4aSlX
11306p(l)l(eHbl, 04eBI1.'J,HO, XI1ll(HI1KI1 Kowa4beH nopO.ll.bl, .lI,JJSI KOTOpblX xapaKTepHbl-
1\H1 npl13HaKaMI1 MOryT C'I11TaTbCSI oKpyrJ1ble 04epTaHliSi H YKop04eHHbie nponop-
LlHH MOP.ll.bJ 11 .lI.J1I1HHbIH XBOCT, 3arHYTbill Ha KOHLle. TaKoro pO.ll.a 06Pa3bl MO)l(HO,
04eBH.lI.HO, CBSl3aTb C y)l(e ynoMSlHYTblM TlmOM 3001\1OpcpHbiX 11306pa)l(eHHH H3 paH-
HeCKl1cpCKHX naMSlTHHKOB rIpH.lI.HenpOBbSi (OnHWJ1S1HKa, BI1TOBa MOrllJ1a [KOBna-
HeHKO 1967]). AH3110rHH .lI.JISI TaKoro I1KoHorpacpH4ecKoro THna MO)l(HO YCMaTpll-
BaTb H B OT.lI.eJ1bHbIX HaxO.ll.Kax 3BepHHoro CTHJISI CKHcpcKoro BpeMeHII 113 KaBKa3-
CKoro pemoHa (HanpllMep, cpllrypKa XIIll(HIIKa Ha 3epK311e 113 C. Xa6a3 B Ka6ap-
.lI.IIHO-D311Kaplll1 [CMllpHOB 1964, c. 372, pllC. 81: 6; 4e)l(IIHa (KOpOJIbKoBa) 1983,
c. 22]), B KOTOpblX npOCJIe)l(lIBalOTCSI Te )l(e yCJIOBHOCTII 11 npHeMbl, 'ITO 11 B no-
BOJI)I(CKIIX H3.l1.eJ1I1S1X.
O.ll.HaKO Ha TeppllTopllH H(1)1(HerO rIOBOJI)I(bSi 113BeCTllbi H .lI.pyrlle BapHaHTbl
H306p(l)l(eHI1H «npHnaBwero K 3eMJIe» XHll(HHKa, HanOMIIHalOll(lIe 06pa3bl 60J1ee
BOCT04Horo npoHcxo)K.ll,eHIISI, .lI.J1S1 KOTOpblX xapaKTepHo npe06JIa.lI,aHlle BOJ1 l lbllX
4epT. TaK, Ha cpparMeHTe 30JIOTOH 6JISlWKli 113 MOrllJIbHIIKa 3B.lI.blK I B K311MbIKIIII
SlCHO BlI.lI.Ha Y.ll.J1HHeHHM B0J1K006pa3HM Mop.ll.a C oCKaneHHoH naCTblO Ha.ll. BbITSI-
HYTOH Bnepe.ll. 11 nO.ll.)I(aTOH JIanOH [04I1p-rOpSieBa 1993, c. 37, pllC. 1].
OpllrllH311bHblM 11 He IIMelOll(IIM npSlMblX aH3110rIlH SlBJISleTCSI HaH.lI.eHHOe B
HlI)I(HeM rIoBOJI)I(be (C.30JIOTyweHcKoe Ha p. AXTy6e [CMllpHOB 1964, c.370,
pHC. 78: 2]) H306p(l)l(eHHe HenOHSITHoro 3BepSi (y 3Toro cYll(eCTBa roJlOBa calirll) Ha
30JIOTOH nJIaCTlIH4aTOH HawlIBHoH 6JISlWKe (Ta6J1. 14; 17). THnll4HaSi .lI.J1S1 «npll-
naBwero K 3eMJ1e» XIIll(HHKa n03a, MaHepa nepe.ll.a'lll JIan C nO.ll.4epKHYTo MOll(Hbl-
MI1 KOITSlMH H Tpa.ll,lILlIIOHHoe Bbl.ll.eJ1eHHe npSlMoro peJIbecjJHOrO nJIella CTaBIIT 3TO
H306p(l)l(eHI1e B O.ll.I1H pSl.ll. C .lI.pynlMII, xapaKTepHblMII .lI.JISI 3BepllHoro CTlIJISI HII)K-
Hero rIOBOJI)I(bSi.
Ell(e O.ll.HY rpynny 300MOpcpHbiX MOTlIBOB, CBSl3aHHbiX C 06pa3aMII XHll(HIIKOB,
npe.ll.CTaBJ1S1IOT CBepHYBWllecSi B KOJIbLlO 3Bepll (Ta6J1. 38). MOTIIB cBepHyBwerocSi
B KOJ1bLlO XIIll(HIIKa .lI.OCTaT04HO WllpOKO pacnpocTpaHeH B IIcKyccTBe 3BepilHoro
CTIIJ1S1 CKllcpCKOH 3nOXI1 Ha BceH TepplITOpll1l ero 6bITOBaHIISI. 3TOT MOTIIB MO)l(eT
C411TaTbCSI O.ll.HI1M H3 Tllnll4HbiX .lI.J1S1 Mllpa CKllcpOll.ll.HblX KYJ1bTYp. 11306pa)l(eHlle
nO.ll.411HeHO YCJ10BHOH KOMn0311LllloHHOH cxeMe, 3a.ll.a ' la KOTOpOH - BnllcaTb TeJ10
)l(IIBOTHOro B Kpyr 4. B(l)I(HO OTMeTIITb, lITO TaKHe 11306pmKeHIISI xapaKTepHbl IIMeH-
HO .lI.J1S1 KYJ1bTYP CKllcpCKoro MHpa H He BCTpe4alOTCSI B IICK)'CCTBe ,lJ,peBHero BOCTO-
Ka npe.ll.WeCTBYIOll(erO BpeMeHH [ApTaMOHOB 1968, c.28; COpOKHH 1972, c.75;
l1J1bI1HCKM 1971, c. 76, 78]. )!{HBeT 3TOT MOTHB cpaBHHTeJIbHO He.ll.OJIro: noSlf!JISI-
eTCSI B VIII B. .lI.O H. 3. H I1C4e3aeT npaKTI1'IeCKI1 y)l(e K IV B. .lI.O H. 3. (lJpe3Bbl'laHHO
pe.ll.KO BCTpe4alOll(l1eCSI BeW,I1 III B. .lI.O H. 3. C 11306p(l)l(eHI1S1MI1 3Toro MOTIma .lI.e-
MOHCTpl1PYIOT SlBHYIO .lI.erp3.ll.aLlHIO 06pa30B 11 YTpaTY IIMI1 Bblpa3I1TeJIbHOCT(1). Pa3-
BI1THe MOTI1Ba I1MeeT onpe.ll.eJ1eHHble 06ll(l1e .lI.J1S1 pa3JIH4HbiX Teppl1TOpl1H TeH.lI.eH-
4 CnpaBCJl.'1I1BO nOLl!\olc'tCHO, 'tTO CBCPHYBWHHCSI 3Bepb npC;:tCTaBJISlCT C060H KaK 6bl CHIlbHO
COrH)'TYIO qmryp)' <<npHnaBWcro K 3CMJIC» XHWHHKa [WKYPKO 1969, c.34; 4,lclIOBa 1967,
c. 127]. MOJKHO YTBCpJKllaTb, 'tTO JKCCTKoro KaHOlla B 3TOM OTIIOWCHHH IIC c)'wCCTBOBa,10, )''111-
TblBaSl pa3H006pa3HC BapHaHTOB KOMn03HUHH H pa3IlH'tHYIO CTcnCHb CBCpHyTOCTH JKHBOTHoro.
72
73
(Ta6J1. 32; 33: 1, 3, 4, 10): 3a.ll.HSISI Hora 11 XBOCT )l(I1BOTHOro BblTSlHYTbl rop1130H-
T311bHO Ha3a.ll. (<DI1J1l1rmOBCKHH KypraH; MOrHJ1bHHK KOMblc-CaH (KYMHccaH); 06-
pY4eBKa; CI1611pCKM KOJ1J1eKLlHSI rIeTpa I).
l-!306p(l)l(eHHSI O.ll.HH04HOH nOJ1HOH cpl1rYPbl CTOSlll(erO XHll(HHKa 4all(e BCTpe-
4alOTCSI cpe.ll.H HaXO.ll.OK H3 HH)I(HerO rIOBOJ1)1(bSi. Onpe.ll.eJ1HTb BH.lI. 3BepSi C .lI.OCTO-
BepHocTblO 3aTpY.ll.HI1TeJ1bHO, HO, cY.ll.SI no 3aKpyrJ1eHHoMY yxy, KOpOTKOH MOp.ll.e 11
.lI.JII1HHOMY, 3arl16alOll(eMYcSI Ha KOHLle XBOCTY, :::no Kowa411H XIIll(HI1K. ,lJ,JISI ::nOH
rpynnbl nOBOJ1)1(CKI1X 11306p(l)l(eHI1H XI1ll(HbIX 3BepeH xapaKTepHbl YKop04eHHbie
nponopLll111 TYJ10BHll(a, 04eHb nJ10THM KOMnOHOBKa, npaKTI14eCKI1 He OCTaBJISlIO-
ll(M cB060.ll.HOrO npOCTpaHCTBa, 11 CI1JIbHM CTeneHb 0606ll(eHHOCTI1 11 CTI1J1113aLlI1I1
(Ta6J1. 28). TaKl1e 6J1S1WKI1 6blJII1 HaH.lI.eHbl B norp. 2 KYPr. 19 B MOrl1J1bHI1Ke Kpll-
BM J1YKa XVIII (r0J10Ba XHll(HHKa OTcYTCTByeT 113-3a YTpaTbl KpM 30JIOTOII 6JISlw-
KH), Y c. CTapHLla ACTpaxaHcKoH 06J1. [CMHpHOB 1976, C. 77, pl1c. 1: 14, 15] 11 B
HOBOnpl1BOJIbHOM (CapaToBcKM 06JI.) [MaKcHMoB 1976, c. 215, pl1c. 3: 1-3]. XOJ1-
Ka y 3TI1X )l(HBOTHbIX Ha.ll.eJ1eHa He60J1bWI1M BblcTynoM, naCTb OKaHMJ1eHa peJ1b-
ecpHblM B311IIKOM, KaK BO Bcex nOBOJI)I(CKI1X H306p(l)l(eHHSlX, HO OHa He OCK311eHa, a
JII1Wb npl10TKpblTa. 06pa3bl XI1ll(HI1KOB B .lI.aHHOM CJ1Y4ae J1I1WeHbl HapO'IHTO no.ll,-
4epKHYTOH XI1, ll(HOCTI1 4TO, BepOSITHO, CBOHCTBeHHO nOBOJI)I(CKOH rpynne naMSlT-
HI1KOB, B OTJII1411e OT 300MOpcpHbiX H3.l1.eJ1I1H 113 1O)I(Horo rIPI1YP311bSl. KpyrJIblH
rJIa3 CTOSlll(I1X XHll(HIiKOB 04ep4eH peJ1becpHoH OKPY)l(HOCTblO, KanJIeBl1.l1.Hoe I1JII1
oKpyrJ10e yxo TaK)I(e nepe.ll.aHO B311 11 KOM. rIO.ll. YXOM KpyrJ10H BbmYKJ10CTblO nOKa-
3aHa W,eKa. J1anbl 3aKaH411BalOTCSI peJIbecpHblMI1 .lI.Y)l(KaMI1, BHYTpl1 KOTOpblX Bep-
TI1K311bHbIMI1 4epT04KaMI1 11306p(l)l(eHbi KOITI1. COBepweHHo TaK )l(e nepe.ll.aHbl Kor-
TI1CTbJe JIanbl Ha .lI.pyroro Bl1.l1.a 6pOH30BbiX 6JISlWKaX, HaH.lI.eHHblX B HOBOnpI1BOJ1b-
HOM (Ta6J1. 39). rISlTb 6J1S1WeK npe.ll.cTaBJ1S1IOT c06011 CI1J1bHO CTI1JII130BaHHbie 1130-
6pa)l(eHI1S1 XI1ll(HI1KOB B cpac, y KOTOpblX Mop.ll.a TpaKTyeTcSI B Bl1.l1.e CTep)l(HSI-nJIaH-
KI1 C .lI.BYMSI KpyrJ1blMI1 rJ1a3aMI1, OKaHMJ1eHHbIMI1 B311I1KOM. Ha.ll. rJIa3aMH Top4aT
He60J1bWHe KpyrJ1ble YWI1, TO)l(e 04ep4eHHbie B311I1KOM. B Hl1)1(HeH 4aCTI1 peJ1becp-
HOH .lI.yroH nOKa3aHbJ J1anbJ C KOITSlMI1. rIOJ1HM nOBTopSieMOCTb npl1eMOB B H30-
6pmKeHHH OT.lI.eJIbHblX .lI.eT311eH B pa3HbiX Bapl1aLlHSlX 300MOpcpHbiX 113.l1.eJ1I1H 11 60JIb-
WM CTeneHb I1X 0606ll(eHHOCTI1, CTI1J1113aLlHIl 11 YCJIOBHOCTII CBH.lI.eTeJ1bCTByIOT 0
H311H41111 11306pa3I1TeJ1bHbIX CPOPMYJI 11 onpe.ll.eJ1eHHblX xY.ll.O)l(eCTBeHHblX TP3.ll.11-
LlI1H. AH3110rI14Hble 11306p(l)l(eHI1S1 113BeCTHbi cpe.ll.l1 Y3.l1.e4HbiX 6JISlWeK 113 KYPr. 51
y c. CTapI1Lla. rIO.ll.06Hbie 6J1S1WKI1 npoHCXo.ll.SlT 11 113 MaHKona (Ta6JI. 39). HaxO.ll.KI1
B rIpe.ll.KaBKa3be Bell(eH 3Bepl1Horo CTI1J1S1, 'lpe3Bbl'IaHHo 6JII13KIIX nOBOJ1)1(CKI1M, 04e-
BI1.l1.HO, 3aKoHoMepHbi 11 OTpa)l(alOT KaKl1e-TO KYJ1bTypHble CBSl311 3THX perl10HOB B
.lI.peBHOCTl1.
B HOBOnpIlBOJ1bHOM HaH.lI.eH ell(e O.ll.I1H BapHaHT TaKHX 6JISlWeK: Ha BepTI1K311b-
HOH nJ1aHKe BBepxy 11 BHI13y 11306pmKeHbi CI1MMeTpl14HO O.ll.HI1 CTI1JII130BaHHbie JIa-
nbl B Bl1.l1.e peJIbecpHblx .lI.Y)l(eK C BepTI1K311bHbIMII J1I1HI1S1MI1 KOITeH (Ta6J1. 39).
l-!306pmKeHlle CTOSlll(ero XI1ll(HI1Ka C nOBepHYToH Ha3a.ll. roJIOBOH HaH.lI.eHO B
CycJ1ax [CMHpHOB 1976, pl1c. 1]. OHO 04eHb 0606ll(eHO, 6e3 KaKHX 6bl TO HI1 6blJ10
.lI.eT311eH. KOMn0311Lll10HHM )l(e cxeMa nOBTopSieT 11306p(l)l(eHI1e 60J1bWOrO 3BepSi C
nSiTHMapCKOH nJ1aCTI1Hbl.
XIIll(HIIKI1, «npl1naBWl1e K 3eMJIe», npe.ll.CTaBJ1eHbl Ha 30JIOTbiX 6JISlWKaX 113 na-
MSlTHHKOB HH)I(HerO rIOBOJI)I(bSi (CYCJIbJ; 30JIorywHHcKoe; Kpl1BM J1YKa XVIII,
Kypr. 15, norp.2) [CMl1pHOB 1964, c.370, pl1c.78: 1, 2]. rIpl1 3TOM Hawl1BHbJe
6J1S1WKI1 113 CYCJ10BCKOro MOrl1JIbHI1Ka 11 113 Kpl1BOH J1YKI1 n04TI1 l1.l1.eHTl14Hbl, eCJ111
He C411TaTb Toro, 'ITO 11306p(l)l(eHI1S1 XI1ll(HI1KOB Ha HI1X HanpaBJ1eHbl B pa3Hble CTO-
pOHbl (Ta6J1. 28). Mop.ll.a 3BepSi pacnOJIO)l(eHa BepTI1K311bHO no OTHOWeHl11O K no-
.lI.OrHYTblM KOITI1CTblM J1anaM, nap311JIeJ1bHbIM TeJ1Y BblTSlHYTblX nponopLlHH. rIJIe40
OTMe4eHO oKpyrJ10H BbmYKJ10CTblO, KOTopaSi .lI.OJI)I(Ha, BepoSiTHo, paCCMaTpllBaTbCSI
KaK py.ll.HMeHT .lI.OnOJ1HI1TeJIbHoro H306p<DKeHHSI Ha nJIe'Ie )l(HBOTHOro (.lI.eT311b, 'Ipe3-
Bbl4aHHo xapaKTepHM .lI.J1S1 300MOpcpHbiX 11306p<DKeHI1H CKHcpO-C1I611pcKoro Ml1pa
KOHLla VI-V B. .lI.O H. 3.: OmlWJISlHKa, BIITOBa MOrI1JIa, KypraH KYJ1aKOBCKoro, Ka-
6aHI1H KJIblK 113 A6xa31111, CBepHYBWHllcSl 3Bepb 113 C. I1pKYJIb). B 06011X CJIY4aSlX
11306p(l)l(eHbl, 04eBI1.'J,HO, XI1ll(HI1KI1 Kowa4beH nopO.ll.bl, .lI,JJSI KOTOpblX xapaKTepHbl-
1\H1 npl13HaKaMI1 MOryT C'I11TaTbCSI oKpyrJ1ble 04epTaHliSi H YKop04eHHbie nponop-
LlHH MOP.ll.bJ 11 .lI.J1I1HHbIH XBOCT, 3arHYTbill Ha KOHLle. TaKoro pO.ll.a 06Pa3bl MO)l(HO,
04eBH.lI.HO, CBSl3aTb C y)l(e ynoMSlHYTblM TlmOM 3001\1OpcpHbiX 11306pa)l(eHHH H3 paH-
HeCKl1cpCKHX naMSlTHHKOB rIpH.lI.HenpOBbSi (OnHWJ1S1HKa, BI1TOBa MOrllJ1a [KOBna-
HeHKO 1967]). AH3110rHH .lI.JISI TaKoro I1KoHorpacpH4ecKoro THna MO)l(HO YCMaTpll-
BaTb H B OT.lI.eJ1bHbIX HaxO.ll.Kax 3BepHHoro CTHJISI CKHcpcKoro BpeMeHII 113 KaBKa3-
CKoro pemoHa (HanpllMep, cpllrypKa XIIll(HIIKa Ha 3epK311e 113 C. Xa6a3 B Ka6ap-
.lI.IIHO-D311Kaplll1 [CMllpHOB 1964, c. 372, pllC. 81: 6; 4e)l(IIHa (KOpOJIbKoBa) 1983,
c. 22]), B KOTOpblX npOCJIe)l(lIBalOTCSI Te )l(e yCJIOBHOCTII 11 npHeMbl, 'ITO 11 B no-
BOJI)I(CKIIX H3.l1.eJ1I1S1X.
O.ll.HaKO Ha TeppllTopllH H(1)1(HerO rIOBOJI)I(bSi 113BeCTllbi H .lI.pyrlle BapHaHTbl
H306p(l)l(eHI1H «npHnaBwero K 3eMJIe» XHll(HHKa, HanOMIIHalOll(lIe 06pa3bl 60J1ee
BOCT04Horo npoHcxo)K.ll,eHIISI, .lI.J1S1 KOTOpblX xapaKTepHo npe06JIa.lI,aHlle BOJ1 l lbllX
4epT. TaK, Ha cpparMeHTe 30JIOTOH 6JISlWKli 113 MOrllJIbHIIKa 3B.lI.blK I B K311MbIKIIII
SlCHO BlI.lI.Ha Y.ll.J1HHeHHM B0J1K006pa3HM Mop.ll.a C oCKaneHHoH naCTblO Ha.ll. BbITSI-
HYTOH Bnepe.ll. 11 nO.ll.)I(aTOH JIanOH [04I1p-rOpSieBa 1993, c. 37, pllC. 1].
OpllrllH311bHblM 11 He IIMelOll(IIM npSlMblX aH3110rIlH SlBJISleTCSI HaH.lI.eHHOe B
HlI)I(HeM rIoBOJI)I(be (C.30JIOTyweHcKoe Ha p. AXTy6e [CMllpHOB 1964, c.370,
pHC. 78: 2]) H306p(l)l(eHHe HenOHSITHoro 3BepSi (y 3Toro cYll(eCTBa roJlOBa calirll) Ha
30JIOTOH nJIaCTlIH4aTOH HawlIBHoH 6JISlWKe (Ta6J1. 14; 17). THnll4HaSi .lI.J1S1 «npll-
naBwero K 3eMJ1e» XIIll(HHKa n03a, MaHepa nepe.ll.a'lll JIan C nO.ll.4epKHYTo MOll(Hbl-
MI1 KOITSlMH H Tpa.ll,lILlIIOHHoe Bbl.ll.eJ1eHHe npSlMoro peJIbecjJHOrO nJIella CTaBIIT 3TO
H306p(l)l(eHI1e B O.ll.I1H pSl.ll. C .lI.pynlMII, xapaKTepHblMII .lI.JISI 3BepllHoro CTlIJISI HII)K-
Hero rIOBOJI)I(bSi.
Ell(e O.ll.HY rpynny 300MOpcpHbiX MOTlIBOB, CBSl3aHHbiX C 06pa3aMII XHll(HIIKOB,
npe.ll.CTaBJ1S1IOT CBepHYBWllecSi B KOJIbLlO 3Bepll (Ta6J1. 38). MOTIIB cBepHyBwerocSi
B KOJ1bLlO XIIll(HIIKa .lI.OCTaT04HO WllpOKO pacnpocTpaHeH B IIcKyccTBe 3BepilHoro
CTIIJ1S1 CKllcpCKOH 3nOXI1 Ha BceH TepplITOpll1l ero 6bITOBaHIISI. 3TOT MOTIIB MO)l(eT
C411TaTbCSI O.ll.HI1M H3 Tllnll4HbiX .lI.J1S1 Mllpa CKllcpOll.ll.HblX KYJ1bTYp. 11306pa)l(eHlle
nO.ll.411HeHO YCJ10BHOH KOMn0311LllloHHOH cxeMe, 3a.ll.a ' la KOTOpOH - BnllcaTb TeJ10
)l(IIBOTHOro B Kpyr 4. B(l)I(HO OTMeTIITb, lITO TaKHe 11306pmKeHIISI xapaKTepHbl IIMeH-
HO .lI.J1S1 KYJ1bTYP CKllcpCKoro MHpa H He BCTpe4alOTCSI B IICK)'CCTBe ,lJ,peBHero BOCTO-
Ka npe.ll.WeCTBYIOll(erO BpeMeHH [ApTaMOHOB 1968, c.28; COpOKHH 1972, c.75;
l1J1bI1HCKM 1971, c. 76, 78]. )!{HBeT 3TOT MOTHB cpaBHHTeJIbHO He.ll.OJIro: noSlf!JISI-
eTCSI B VIII B. .lI.O H. 3. H I1C4e3aeT npaKTI1'IeCKI1 y)l(e K IV B. .lI.O H. 3. (lJpe3Bbl'laHHO
pe.ll.KO BCTpe4alOll(l1eCSI BeW,I1 III B. .lI.O H. 3. C 11306p(l)l(eHI1S1MI1 3Toro MOTIma .lI.e-
MOHCTpl1PYIOT SlBHYIO .lI.erp3.ll.aLlHIO 06pa30B 11 YTpaTY IIMI1 Bblpa3I1TeJIbHOCT(1). Pa3-
BI1THe MOTI1Ba I1MeeT onpe.ll.eJ1eHHble 06ll(l1e .lI.J1S1 pa3JIH4HbiX Teppl1TOpl1H TeH.lI.eH-
4 CnpaBCJl.'1I1BO nOLl!\olc'tCHO, 'tTO CBCPHYBWHHCSI 3Bepb npC;:tCTaBJISlCT C060H KaK 6bl CHIlbHO
COrH)'TYIO qmryp)' <<npHnaBWcro K 3CMJIC» XHWHHKa [WKYPKO 1969, c.34; 4,lclIOBa 1967,
c. 127]. MOJKHO YTBCpJKllaTb, 'tTO JKCCTKoro KaHOlla B 3TOM OTIIOWCHHH IIC c)'wCCTBOBa,10, )''111-
TblBaSl pa3H006pa3HC BapHaHTOB KOMn03HUHH H pa3IlH'tHYIO CTcnCHb CBCpHyTOCTH JKHBOTHoro.
72
73
OTCYTCTBYCT ,Qa)l(c Ta cKyna MO,QCJ1l1pOBKa roJ10Bbl H TYJ10Bl1ll1.a, KOTOpa Ha6mo-
,QaCTC KaK Y npl1apaJIbCKI1X 11306pa)l(CHI1H, TaK 11 B HaXO,QKaX 113 I1pI1YpaJIb . B UC-
J10M )l(C 6cc0611HCKa HaXO,QKa BnOJ1HC BnI1CbIBaCTC B Kpyr 300MOpcpHblX 11306pa-
)l(CHI1H 113 IO)I(Horo I1 pl1ypaJ1 b .
PaCCMOTpCHHbIC npl1ypaJIbCKI1C 11306pa)l(CHI1 CBCpHYBwcrOC B KOJlbUO XI1W-
HI1Ka npC,QCTaBJI lOT pa3HblC Bapl1aHTbl MOTl1Ba, HO, HCCMOTp Ha pa3J1H411 B ,QCTa-
JI X, BbInOJ1HCHbl, HCCOr-.1HCHHO, B O,QHOM CTI1J1C 11 OTJ1\14alOTC JlaKOHI13MOM, 4CTKO-
CTblO KOHTypOB, nJ1aCTHKOH 11 cBoc06pa3Holi MOHYMCHTaJIbHOCTblO B PCWCHHH 06-
pa30B. I1pI14CM cnoc06 ncpc,Qa411 J1an 11 XBOCTa, nO,Q)I(aporo TCJ1a 11 WCI1 (KaK
npaBI1J10, C npo,QOJ1bHblMI1 60p03,QKaMI1) HanOMI1HalOT xY,QO)l(CCTBCHHblC npl1CMbl,
Tl1nH4HbIC ,QJ1 IO)I(HOH CI16Hpl1 11 KmaxcTaHa, B qaCTHOCTH, TaKI1X paHHHx na-
M THI1KOB, KaK YHrapaK 11 CaKap-LJara 6, KOTOpblC ,QaTl1pYlOTC KOHUOM VIII-
VII B. .z10 H. 3. 11J111 VII-VI BB.,QO H. 3. [5I6J10HCKI1H 1991, c. 88; BHWHCBCKa5I 1973,
c. 114J.
MOTI1B CBCpHYBwcroc B KOJ1bUO Xl1ll1.HI1Ka BCTpC<IaCTC 11 Ha HaXO,QKax caB-
pOMaTcKoro BpCMCHI1 113 Hl1)1(HCrO I10B0J1)1(b , XOT nO,Q06HblC BCllI.l1 Ha 3TOH TCp-
pl1TOpl111 C,QI1HJ.1lIHbl 11 HC COCTaBJ1 lOT C,QI1HOH rpynnbl no CBOHM XapaKTCpI1CTI1-
KaM. ):{BC KpyrJ1blC 6pOH30BblC 6J1 WKI1 OT y3,QC'lHoro Ha60pa HaH,QCHbl Ha KypraH-
HOH rpynnc «Tpl1 6paTa» 6J1113 3J1I1CTbt. BHCWHI1C KOHTYPbl TCJ1a 3BCp HC BJ1 -
lOTC rpaHI1UCH 6J1 XI1, B OTJlJ.1lII1C OT 06pa3UOB, xapaKTCpHblX ,QJ1 I1pI1YpaJIb , H
OT 60J1bWI1HCTBa ,Qpymx BapBapCKHX 113,QCJ1lIH CKl1cpO-CH6HpCKoro 3BcpHHoro CTI1-
JI . <I>l1rypa )l(HBOTHOro Ha 6J1 XC 113 Hl1)1(HCro I10B0J1)1(b HC 3aMKHYTa B nOJ1HOC
KOJ1bUO, a KaK 6bl CB060,QHO YJ10)l(eHa no Kpyry. TYJlOBl1ll1.C XHllI.HI1Ka KOWa'lbeH
nopO,Qbl ncpC,QaHO HC YCJ10BHOH n0J10COH, oXBaTblBalOllI.ell 11 3aMblKalOllI.ClI BClO
KOMn0311UI1lO B cc6e 11 npl1,QalOllI.CH )l(I1BOTHOMY nO,Q)I(apblH BI1,Q, KaK B paCCMOT-
peHHblX BblWC 11306pa)l(CHI1 X 113 IO)I(Horo I1pI1YpaJIb ; 3,QCCb CKopec 4I1TalOTC CC-
TCCTBCHHblC cpOpMbl TCJ1a 3BCp . TCJ10 BbInOJlHCHO nJ1aCTI1'IHO, 6C3 ,QCTaJIbHOH npo-
pa60TKI1, KOHTypbl nepC,QaHbl nJ1aBHbIMH oKpyrJ1blMII J1lIHI1 MH, ncpC,QH Jlana,
CJ1erKa corHYTa , B J10 nOBHCJ1a no,Q MOp,QOH. I1CpC,QH 11 3a,QH J1anbl, pacn0J10-
)I(CHHbIC nO'1T11 napaJIJ1CJ1bHO, COnpI1KaCalOTC ,Qpyr C ,QpyroM, HO HC nO,QLJHHeHbl
TOll )l(eCTKOH KOMn0311UI10HHOH CXCMC, KOTopa Ha6J1lO,QaCTC B npl1ypaJIbCKI1X
6J1 xax. 3aKaH4I1BalOTC J1anbl Hc60JlbWHMI1 yTOJ1ll1.CHH MI1. r0J10Ba Xl1ll1.HHKa-
HenpOnOpUI10HaJIbHO 60J1bWa , oc06eHHO cJ1a60 npopa60TaHa OKPYrJJa5I Mop,Qa (Bbl-
,QCJlCHbt 60J1bWI1MI1 oKpyrJ1blMI1 BbInYKJ10CT MH J1I1Wb rJ1a3 11 yxo). Y )l(I1BOTHOro
npaKTJ.1llCCKI1 OTCYTCTBYCT WC , 3arpl1BOK Bbl,QeJ1eH Hc60J1bWI1M YCTynOM. ):{JlI1H-
HblH XBOCT 3arHYT CB060,QHO, HC 06pa3Y YCJlOBHoro KOJ1C'IKa Ha KOHUC. B l(eJ10M B
KOMn03HUI111 HCT 3aKOH4CHHOCTI1 11 ynpyroCTI1, KOTOpblC OTJ1I1LJalOT npl1ypaJIbCKHC
06Pa3Ubl. «I1aHTcpa» Bblm ,QI1T B J10H. 60J1bWe Bccro 3J1I1CTI1HCKI1C «naHTcpbl» Ha-
nOMI1HalOT n030H 6pOH30BYlO 6J1 xy CO CBCPHYBWI1MC Xl1ll1.HHKOM 113 KYPr. N 482
y c. 6acoBKI1 [3aCCl(Ka 1979a, c. 42, pl1c. 4]. Ha 3TY CTI1J1l1CTH'lecKYlO OC06CH-
HOCTb 6blIl0 cnpaBc,QJ1HBO YKa3aHo 11. I1. 3accuKoH, KOTopa OTMC4aCT, 4TO MH-
KOCTb J1I1HI1H 11 caMoro 06pma Xl1ll1.HI1Ka, cro n03a (3BCpb CBCPHYT B HCCOMKHyrOC
KOJlbUO) BJI lOTC 4epTaMH aHTI14HOH Tpa.QHUHH l3aceUKIDI 1979a, c. 43]. Ha OCHOBa-
HI1H aHaJII13a 11306pmKCHI1 Ha 3J1I1CTI1HCKHX 6J1 WKaX H OJ1bBHikKHX 06pa3UOB TO-
ro )l(C MOTI1Ba, 11. I1. 3accuKa BblCKa3blBaCT npe,Qn0J10)l(CHI1C, LITO 3J111CTI1HCKI1C
6J1 WKI1 BJ1 lOTC npo,QYKTOM rpc'lccKHX MaCTCpCKI1X CeBcpHoro I1pI14epHOMopb
11J111 c,QeJ1aHbl Ha MCCTC, HO no,Q BJlH HI1CM rpCKO-CKl1cpCKoro HCKyccTBa H nonaJIl1 B
HI1)1(HCC I10B0J1)1(bC B PC3YJlbTaTc KOHTaKTOB MeCTHoro HaCeJlCHI1 CO CKl1cpaMH I1J1H
HaCeJ1CHI1CM CeBcpHoro KaBKa3a 11 I1pI1Ky6aHb 11, TaKI1M 06pmOM, HC MorYT pac-
CMaTpI1BaTbC KaK 06pa3Ubl 3BCpl1HOrO CTI1J1 caBpOMaTCKOH 3nOXI1 H I1)1(HCrO I10-
BOJ1)1(b [3aCCUKIDI 1979a, c. 43]. I1pHHHMa B UCJ10M nOCTpOCHl1e 11 BblBO,Qbl
1--1. n. 3aceuKoH, CLJI1TalO, LJTO npoTontnbl TaKHX 11306pa)l(eHHH, BbInOJ1HCHHbIX B
aHTI1LJHblX MaCTCpCKI1X, CJ1C,QYCT Bce )l(C I1CKaTb BOCT04HCC. CTpaHHa , Hcnponop-
U110HaJIbHa rOJlOBa 3J1I1CTI1HCKOrO 3BCp ,QOJl)l(Ha, BCpO THO, paccMaTpllBaTbc KaK
OT,QaJICHHa51 pCnJlI1Ka C 300MOpcpHblX 113,QeJ1I1H, npc,QcTaBJI lOllI.HX c0601l 06pmbl,
KOTOpblC HC MorYT TpaKToBaTbc 0,QH03Ha4HO KaK npI1Ha,QJ1C)I(alll.HC onpe,QCJ1eHHO-
MY 6110J10rI1LJCCKOMY BH,QY. OHlI BJI lOTC CJ10)l(HOH KOM6HHaUI1CH pmJlWlHblX
<lepT, CBOHCTBCHHblX pa3HblM )l(HBOTHblM, 11 MorYT 6blTb OTHCCCHbl K KaTcropHH
MOHCTpOB, npC,QCTaBJI lOllI.I1X C060H CI1HTC311pOBaHHbie 06pa3bl YCTpaWalOllI.Cro
xapaKTcpa. I10,Q06HbIC H306pa)l(CHH 113BCCTHbl B pcrHOHax I1pHapaJIb H IO)I(Horo
npl1ypaJIb . TaK, Ha KOCT HOM pC3HOM rpc6HC V B. ,QO H. 3., HaH,QCHHOM B Kypr. 2 B
BapHcHcKOM palloHc 4cJI 6I1HCKOH 06J1aCTI1 [60TaJIOB 1987], nOKa3aHO )l(I1BOTHOC
C 60J1bWOH r0J10BOH, nponopul1 r-.1H 11 ,QPYf'llMI1 4CpTaMI1 HanOMHHalOllI.CC r0J10BY
Ka6aHa. I1ponopUI1I1 KopoTKoro TCJ1a TaK)I(C HanOMHHalOT 3TO )l(HBOTHOC, HO J1anbl
11 KOHCU ,QJ1I1HHOrO XBOCTa HMClOT xapaKTepHYlO KOJ1bUCBH,QHOCTb, KaK B 11306pa)l(c-
HI1 X KOWa4bl1X XHllI.HHKOB, XOT J1anbl cHa6)1(CHbl, HaCKOJ1bKO MQ)KHO CY,QI1Tb no pH-
CYHKY B ny6J1I1KaUI1H, elll.C H MOlll.HbtMI1 KOrr MI1. C04CTaHI1e KOJ1bUCBH,QHOCTH
oKoH4aHHH J1an C 11306pmKCHI1CM KorreH HC Ha6J1lO,QacTc 60J1bWC HHr,QC. B I1PI1-
apaJIbC cpc,Q11 MaTCpl1aJIOB 113 KYPr. 23 MOf'llJ1bHHKa CaKap-'lara 6 I1MClOTC 6pOH-
30BblC 6J1 XI1 C rOJlOBaMH 'IY,QOBHllI.a C KJ1bIKaCTOH OCKaJICHHOH naCTblO, KpyrJ1blM
ma30M 11 MaJICHbKI1M yXOM [5I6J10HCKI1H 1991, c. 82, pl1C. 12: 4-8J. O'leHb 60J1b-
wa Mop,Qa H COOTHOWeHI1C OT,QeJ1bHblX ,QcTaJICli HanOMllllalOT roJ10BY Ka6aHa. Ok
HaKO 3y6bl, nOKmaHHbtC B naCTI1, CKOpCC xapaKTcpHbl ,QJ1 XHllI.HOrO )l(HBOTHoro.
04CBH,QHO, TaKoro pO,Qa H306pa)l(CHI1 C Hc06bl'lHblMH ,QJ1 3ana,QHblx 300MOP(PHblX
H3,QCJlHH nponopuH MH rOJlOBbl MOrJ1l1 6bITb I1CnOJlb30BaHbl aHTH'lHbIMH MacTcpa-
MH B Ka'ICCTBC 06pmua H nOCJ1Y)l(I1Tb npoToTHnoM ,QJ1 3J1I1CTI1HCKHX 6J1 x, r,Qe 06-
pa3 TpaHccpopMl1pOBaJIC B 60J1CC npHBbl'IHYlO naHTcpy, COXpaHI1B, O,QHaKO, IlCKO-
TOpbtC 'lCpTbl HcnOH THoro LIY,QoBHllI.a.
HaKoHcu, 06paTHMc K H306pa)l(CHlIlO cBepHYBwcroc B KOJ1bUO Xl1ll1.HI1Ka Ha
Ka6aHbcM KJlblKC 113 6J1lOMCHcpCJlb,Qa. Y3Ka J1CHTa TyJ10Bl1ll1.a 06pa3yeT nOJ1YKOJ1b-
UO, B KOTOpOC Bnl1CaHbl 3a.QH Hora, WC 11 r0J10Ba )l(I1BOTHoro. Xl1ll1.HI1K nOKa3aH
C nOBcpHYTOH Ha3a,Q r0J10BOH, J1anbt KorrHCTblC, r0J10Ba I1MCCT y,QJ1I1HCHHblC npo-
nOpU1111 H 3aOCTpCHHOC yxo, rJ1a3 KpyrJ1blH. I1J1CLJO nO,Q4cpKHYTO rOJlOBOH rpl1cpOHa
C 60J1bWI1M YXOM. TpH WHWCLJKH MC)I(,Qy nJ1CLJOM H ncpe,QHCH J1anOH, B03MO)l(HO,
ncpC,QalOT naJIbubl BTOpOH ncpC,QHCH Hom (onI1CaHHC 11306pmKCH 11 ,QaHO no KHl1rC
CMl1pHOBa [CMl1pHOB 1964, c. 224]). 5Iro,QI1Ubl nO,Q4epKHYTbl rpaBl1pOBaHHblM 3a-
BI1TKOM, 6c,Qpo H 4aCTb cnllHbt nOKpblTbl TOLJKaMI1-HaKOJ1aMH. XBOCT I1MCeT HC-
60J1bWOC oKpyrJ10C YTOJ1ll1.CHHC Ha KOHUC. 11306pa)l(CHI1C Opl1rl1HaJIbHO 11 He HMCCT
TO'lHbIX aHaJIOmH. I10 TpaKTOBKC 06pma 3BCpb C 6J1lOMeHcpCJ1b,QCKoro KJ1blKa 6J111-
)l(e Bccro K CI1611pCKI1M 11 Ka3aXCTaHCKl1M npe,QMeTaM, Ha KOTOpblX npC,QCTaBJ1CH
TOT )l(e MOTHB. BbInOJ1HCHO ,QaHHOC 11306pa)l(CHHe B TCXHHKC 11 MaHCpe, xapaKTCp-
HblX ,QJ1 I1CKYCCTBa Hl1)1(HCrO I10B0J1)1(b , CTHJ1lO KOToporo CBOHCTBCHHbl CJ10)l(HOCTb
KOMn03HUHH, npH4Y,QJ1HBOC nCpCnJ1eTCHI1C pa3J1H4HblX cpl1ryp, 1130lll.pCHHOCTb 11
nJ1aBHOCTb J1I1HI1H, CHJ1bHIDI CTI1J1H3aUI1 H 06ll1.IDI ,QCKOpaTl1BHOCTb [4C)I(I1Ha (Ko-
pOJ1bKoBa) 1983, c. 24].
11306pmKCHH CBCpHYBwcroc B KOJ1bUO XHllI.HI1Ka Ha npC,QMCTax 113 HH)I(HCrO
I10B0J1)1(b51 H IO)I(Horo npl1ypaJIb n03BOJl5llOT C,QCJlaTb BbIBO,Q, 4TO, HCCMOTp Ha
BHCWHCC CXO,QCTBO C aHaJIOrH4HblMI1 06pmuaMI1 113 ,Qpyrl1x perHoHoB CKHcpCKoro
Ml1pa, CTHJ1HCTH4CCKH OHI1 pC3KO OTJ1114alOTC OT 60J1ee apXal14CCKHX CKl1cpCKHX
76
77
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KaBKa3CKI1MI1, aHaHbl1HCKI1MI1 11 .lI.PYf'I1MI1 Bapl1aHTaMI1 MOTI1Ba.
npe.ll.MeTbl C 11306pmKeHI1eM CBepHYBwemc B KOJ1bll,O XI1111HI1Ka 113 H(1)1(Hem
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CKI1M npl13HaKaM C .lI.PYlHMI1 npe.ll.MeTaMI1 3Bepl1HOm CTI1J1 H(1)1(Hef'O nOBOJ1)1(b .
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.lI.eKOpa (H306pmKeHH Ha KJ1bIKaX-nO.ll.BeCKaX H HX HMHTall,l1 X, Ha KaMeHHblX
)l(epTBeHHHKax H3 npHypaJIb H 30J10Tb1X OKOBKax C PyLfKaMI1 OT .lI.epeB HHbiX co-
C Y.lI.O B). KaK Y)I(e ynoMHHaJIOCb Bblwe, CJ10)l(HbIH .lI.eKOp Lfallle Bcem nepe.ll.aeT, Be-
pO THO, ClI,eHbl Tep3aHI1 . 4TO KacaeTC ocpopMJ1eHI1 KJ1bIKOB-nO.ll.BeCOK, TO I1HOf'.lI.a
I1X opHaMeHTall,l1 , nO.ll.lI11HeHHa cpopMe npe.ll.MeTa, nO.ll.pa3YMeBaeT .lI.eKOpaTI1BHOe
nepeOCMblCJ1eHl1e cpl1f'ypbl XI1111HHKa H OTpa)l(aeT nonblTKY OTO)l(.lI.eCTBJ1eHH npe.ll.-
MeTa C cpl1f'ypOH 3Bep . A.lI.eKBaTHO 3TOMY Wl1pOKa LfaCTb KJ1blKa npeBpalllaJIaCb B
f'0J10BY XI1111HI1Ka, a Ha nOBepXHOCTI1 KJ1blKa nO BJ1 J1I1Cb LfJ1eHeHI1 , COOTBeTCTBeH-
HO MapKl1pYlOllll1e MeCTO nJ1eLfa 11J111 6e.ll.pa .lI.OnOJ1HI1TeJ1bHbIMI1 300MOpcpHblMI1 1-130-
6p(l)!(eHI1 MI1 [4e)l(I1Ha (KOpoJ1bKoBa) 1991 J. He J1HWeHO oCHOBaHI1H, Ha MOH B3f'J1 .lI.,
np e .ll.n0J10)l(eHl1e 11. B. <1>a6pl1l1,I1Yc, nOJ1af'aBWeH, LfTO Ha .lI.PYlHX 113.l1.eJ1I1 X .lI.onOJ1-
HI1TeJ1bHble MOTI1Bbl Ha ypoBHe J10naTKI1 CB 3aHbl C HeB03MO)l(HOCTblO BblHecTI1
11306pa)l(eHI1 J1an 3a KOH'rypbl npe.ll.MeTa, 11 B lI,eJ10M KOMn03I1l1,l1 Ha KJ1blKax MO-
)l(eT paCCMaTpI1BaTbC KaK cpl1f'ypa cpaHTaCTHLfeCKOm 3Bep [<1>a6pl1l1,I1Yc 1934, c. 8].
npaB.lI.a, TaKa5I TpaKToBKa .lI.eKOpa KJ1bIKOB-nO.ll.BeCOK MO)l(eT OTHOCI1TbC TOJ1bKO K
HeKoTopblM 113.l1.eJ1I1 M 3TOH KaTef'Opl1l1. B HI1X I1HOr.ll.a .lI.eKOp nOLfTI1 nOJ1HOCTblO
Tep eT CBOIO 11306pa3HTeJ1bHOCTb, KOTopa OCTaeTC J1I1Wb B TpaKToBKe mJ10Bbl
3Bep , B OCTaJIbHOM BblTeCH Cb opHaMeHTaJIbHOCTblO. r0J10Bbl XI1111HI1KOB Ha KJ1bl-
Kax-nO.ll.BeCKaX I1MelOT pa3HblH 06J1HK: B Hl1)1(HeM nOBOJ1)1(be 3TO B a6C0J1IOTHOM
60J1bWI1HCTBe He.ll.l1cpcpepeHlI,l1pOBaHHblH XI1111HI1K, B O.ll.HOM CJ1YLfae - BHO Kowa-
LfI1H XI1111HI1K; B lO)I(HOM f1pl1ypaJ1be 6eccnopHo .lI.OMI1Hl1pyeT 06pa3 BOJ14bem XI1111-
HI1Ka [4e)l(I1Ha (KOpOJ1bKoBa) 1991 J. npl1 3TOM BI1.l1.0Bbie xapaKTepl1CTI1KI1 BOJ1Ka
HaMepeHHo YTpI1PYIOTC : 3y6acTa5I OCKaJIeHHa naCTb BCer.ll.a Bbl.ll.eJ1eHa pa3MepaMH
11 nO.ll.LfepKHYTo Y.ll.J1I1HeHHbIMI1 nponOpll,l1 MI1; Hel13MeHHO B 60J1bWI1HCTBe CJ1YLfaeB
11 oCTpoe TpeymJ1bHOe yxo. KaK npaBI1J10, B 11306pa)l(eHH X XI1111HHKOB Ha 6pOH30-
BblX 113.l1.eJ1I1 X 113 TIpl1YPaJIb OTCYTCTBYIOT BC Koe YKpaWaTeJ1bCTBO 11 .lI.OnOJ1HI1-
TeJ1bHble opHaMeHTaJlbHble 3J1eMeHTbl (p03eTKI1, naJIbMeTKI1 11 T. .lI..), xapaKTepHble
)])l nOBOJ1)1(CKI1X napaJIJ1eJ1eH, Hanpl1Mep, 300MopcpHbie OKOHLfaHI1 nCaJ1l1eB 113 MO-
lHJ1bHI1Ka n TI1Mapbl I 11 113 .lI.PYll1X naMHHI1KOB l1J1eKCKOH f'pynnbl. I1cKJ1IOLfeHl1eM
BJ1 IOTC 06Pa3l1,bl 3BepI1HOf'0 CTI1J1 Ha 30J10Tb1X nJ1aCTI1HaX H3 <1>HJ1l1nnOBCKOf'O
KypraHa, .lI.J1}1 KOTOpbIX KaK pa3 xapaKTepHa nO.ll.LfepKHYTa .lI.eKOpaTI1BHOCTb H op-
HaMeHTaJIbHOCTb, CB 3bIBalOllla HX C naM THI1KaMI1 AJ1Ta5I 11 TYBbl. CJ1e.ll.yeT OT-
MeTI1Tb, LfTO 3TO KacaeTC J1I1Wb 30J10Tb1X 113.l1.eJ111 H, 6pOH30Bbie )l(e Bellll1 He Bblr1a-
.lI.alOT 113 06111em npaBI1J1a 11 BeCbMa Tl1nl1LfHbl .lI.J1 npl1ypaJIbCKOm CTHJ1 . OpHaMeH-
Tall,H 300MOpcpHbiX npe.ll.MeTOB I1CKYCCTBa 113 <1>11J1l1nnOBCKOf'O Kypf'aHa, 6e3YCJ10B-
HO, nepeKJ1I1KaeTC}I C .lI.eKOpaTI1BHblMI1 MOTI1BaMI1 BOCTOLfHblX pef'110HOB, HanOMH-
Ha5I npe)l(.ll,e Bcem naM THI1KI1 lO)I(HOH CU6I1pl1, AJ1Ta5I, TYBbl (Caf'J1bl-6mKl1 11 T. .lI..),
Bb1r10J1HeHHble pe3b60H no .lI.epeBY 11J111 KOCTH.
Cpe.ll.l1 HaxO.ll.OK H3 <1>11J1l1nnOBCKoro KypraHa eCTb HeCKOJ1bKO 11306pmKeHI1H
f'0J10Bbl XI1111HI1Ka. B O.ll.HOM CJ1YLfae 3TO pe.ll.Yll,l1pOBaHHa5I ClI,eHa Tep3aHI1 (30J10Ta
pyLfKa cocY.ll.a B BH.lI.e mJ10Bbl He.ll.HcpcpepeHlI,HpOBaHHom XHlllHHKa, B naCTH KOTO-
pOf'O - mJ10Ba K03J1a) [nweHHLfHIOK 1989, pHc.9]. r0J10Ba XI1111HHKa, peweHHa
06'beMHO, xapaKTepH3yeTc OTCYTcTBl1eM .lI.eTaJIH3all,I111 (Ta6J1. 11; 10). B KaLfeCTBe
oc06eHHocTI1 .lI.eKOpaTI1BHOf'O ocpopMJ1eHI1 CJ1e.ll.yeT OTMeTI1Tb YKpaweHl1e yxa
lI,BeTHOH BCTaBKoH B 06paMJ1eHI1I1 113 3epHI1. OLfeBl1.l1.HO, nO BJ1eHHe TaKoro .lI.eKOpa
MO)l(eT CJ1Y)l(I1Tb XpOH0J10f'I1LfeCKI1M nOKa3aTeJ1eM, nOCKOJ1bKY Ha Belllax paHHero
BpeMeHI1 (BTopa n0J10BI1Ha VI-nepBa n0J10BI1Ha V B. .lI.O H. 3.) nO.ll.06Hbie YKpa-
WeHI1 He 113BeCTHbi. nJ1aCTI1LfeCKH 06pa3 CMO.ll.eJ1HpOBaH 60J1bWI1MI1 rJ1a.l1,KI1MI1
nJ10CKOCT MI1.
O.ll.l1HOLfHOe 11306pa)l(eHI1e mJ10Bbl BOJ1Ka (Y.ll.J1HHeHHa MOp.ll.a C OCKaJIeHHOH
naCTblO, TpeyroJ1bHOe yxo - .lI.eTaJIl1, xapaKTepHble .lI.J1 06pa30B 3Tom )l(HBOTHO-
10) Ha 30J10TOH 6J1 WKe 1-13 <1>11J1l1nnOBCKom Kypf'aHa OTHOCI1TC K cepl1l1 HaCbl-
llleHHblX opHaMeHTI1KOH H3.l1.eJ1I1H (Ta6J1.40: 67). npl1CYTcTByeT Tl1nl1lJHa .lI.J1
npl1ypaJIbCKI1X 11306pmKeHI1H .lI.eTaJIb - OKaHMJ1eHl1e naCTI1 peJ1becpHoH n0J10CKOH
ry6. B .lI.aHHOM Bapl1aHTe 3Ta J1I1HI1 nepeXO.ll.l1T B 3aBI1TOK H03.l1.pl1 - npl1eM, .lI.O-
BOJ1bHO LfaCTO BCTpeLfalOllll1HC B npe.ll.MeTaX 3Bepl1HOm CTI1J1 , oc06eHHo B pelHo-
Hax, CB 3aHHbIX C lO)I(HOH Cl16l1pblO. Ha Mop.ll.e 3Bep 11306pa)l(eHbi pI1TMI1LfHble, C
He60J1bWI1M 113lH60M, J1I1HI1I1, nepeKJlI1KalOllll1eC C J1I1HeapHbiM ocpopMJ1eHl1eM HH)I(-
HeH LfeJ1IOCTI1 11 C03.l1.alOllll1e BMeCTe C pl1CYHKOM f'y6 11 f'J1a3a e.ll.l1HblH nJ1aBHblH
pop. TpeTI1H Bapl1aHT f'0J10Bbl XI1111HI1Ka, TOLfHee, B .lI.aHHOM CJ1YLfae, em npoToMbl
(noCKOJ1bKY f'0J10Ba KaK 6bl J1e)l(I1T Ha nepe.ll.HeH J1ane 3Bep , HanOMI1Ha5I TeM ca-
MblM cxeMY «npHnaBwem K 3eMJ1e» )l(I1BOTHoro) 113 <1>11J1l1nnOBKI1, .lI.eMOHcTpl1pyeT
06pa3 KOpOTKOMOp.ll.Om XI1111HI1Ka C OKPYf'J1bIM YXOM (TI1f'pa, Me.ll.Be.ll. I1J1H He.ll.l1cp-
cpepeHlI,l1pOBaHHom BI1.l1.a) [nweHI1LfHIOK 1989, pl1c. 14: 6J. 3TOT 06pa3 npe.ll.CTaBJ1eH
Cepl1eH 0.ll.I1HaKOBbIX 30J10Tb1X 6J1 WeK. Bbl.ll.eJ1 eTC peJ1becp f'y6, yxa, Bbl.ll.eJ1eHbl
f'J1a3 11 nO.ll.LfepKHYTo MOlllHbie KOITI1 (Ta6J1.40; 47). f1p MbIX KOMn03l1l1,I10HHbIX
aHaJIOf'I1H 3TO 11306pmKeHI1e He I1MeeT, HO CTI1J1I1CTI1LfeCKI1 Bbl.ll.ep)l(aHO B paMKax
Bcero Kpyra naMHHI1KOB npl1ypaJIbCKO-Cl16l1pCKI1X TeppI1TOpHH. OHO npe.ll.CTaBJ1 eT
I1HTepec 11 C TOLfKI1 3peHI1 I1CCJ1e.ll.OBaHI1 B03MO)l(HOCTeH cpOpMl1pOBaHI1 xY.ll.O)l(e-
CTBeHHOf'O 06pa3a B HCKyccTBe «3Bep11HOm CTI1J1 »: 3TOT cpeHOMeH Wl1poKO HCnOJ1b-
3yeT Tl1pa)l(l1pOBaHl1e 11306pa3I1TeJ1bHbIX «6J10KOB», B KaLfeCTBe KaKOBblX Bblcryna-
lOT He TOJ1bKO OT.lI.eJ1bHble lI,eJ1ble cpl1rypbl 11J111 MOTI1Bbl, HO 11 cppaf'MeHTbl 300MOpcp-
HblX 11306pmKeHI1H, CTaHOB lllHec 3J1eMeHTaMI1, KOTopble MOf'yT 6blTb I1cn0J1b30-
BaHbl B pa3HOH CTeneHI1 I.leJ10CTHOCTI1 nepBOHaLfaJIbHOm 06'beKTa, npeBpallla Cb B
pe.ll.YI.ll1pOBaHHoe 11306pmKeHl1e, BKJ1IOLfalOlllee n0J10BI1Hy 11J111 MeHee cpl1f'YPbl )l(H-
BOTHom [KOpOJ1bKOBa 1996]. 6J1 WKI1 B Bl1.l1.e f'0J10Bbl XI1111HI1Ka 113 <1>HJ1l1nnOBKI1
nOJ1HOCTblO COBna.ll,alOT C mJ10BOH 3Bep , 11306pmKeHHOf'0 C «BbIBepHYTbIM» KPy-
nOM Ha 30J10TOH HaWI1BHOH 6J1 WKe 113 cpOH.lI.OB 4eJ1 6I1HcKOro MY3e [6YJ1.l1.aWOB
1994,c.22].
78
79
HeCKOJlbKO XH HbIX roJlOBOK H3BeCTHO B xY,lI,O)\(eCTBeHHOH pe3b6e no KOCTH;
O,ll,Ha H3 HHX - ,lI,JlHHHOMOp,ll,blH 3Bepb Ha PY4Ke JlO)\(KH H3 fl5lTHMapOB I (KYPr. 4,
norp. I) [CMHpHOB 1964, c. 371, pHC. 79: 2]. 8 3TOM H306pIDKeHHH B 3aBHTOK ne-
pexO,ll,HT JlHHH51 yxa H eKH. flo,ll,06Hble 3aBHTKH 6blJlH THnH4Hbi ,lI,Jl CTHJl51 B L\e-
JlOM, 4TO y)\(e OTMe4aJ10Cb no OTHoweHHIO K ,lI,PyrOH H306pa31 TeJlbHOH ,lI,e aJlH. 3y-
6bl nOKa3aHbl paBHOMepHblM p51,ll,OM peJlbe<pHblx BbInYKJlOCTell. Ha ,lI,PyroH JlO)\(e4-
Ke - H3 MOrHJlbHI1Ka CblHTac [Ka,lI,blp6aeB, KYPMaHKYJlOB 1976, c. 152, pHC. 12]-
HMeeTC51 pe3Ha51 rOJlOBKa BOJlKa, BbInOJlHeHHa51 B THnH4HoH ,lI,Jl51 npHypaJIbCKHX na-
M51THHKOB MaHepe.
113 yp04H a DHw-06a npOHCXO,ll,HT KOCT51HOe HaBepWl1e [CMHpHOB 1964,
c.372, pHC. 80: 4] C H306pa)\(eHHeM He,ll,H<p<pepeHL\l1pOBaHHor KOpOTKOMOp,ll,Oro
XH HHKa C OKpyrJlblM YXOM 11 OCKaJleHHOH naCTblO, B KOTOpOH nOKa3aHbl KJlblK
(Ta6Jl.40: 48). 3TO HaBepwHe 06beMHo H 5lBJl51eTC51 <paKTH4ecKH n04TH KpyrJlOH
CKYJlbnTYPoH. DllI13KHX aHaJlOrl1rl He HMeeT.
E e O,ll,HH THn H306pa)\(eHHH roJlOBbl XI1 HHKa H3 IO)\(Horo flpHYPaJIb51 CB513aH
C KaMeHHblMH CTOJlHKaMH - KaTeropHeH Be eH, KOTOpa51 MO)\(eT C4HTaTbC51 cne-
L\H<pWleCKOH ,lI,Jl51 ,lI,aHHOrO KYJlbTypHoro perHOHa. HeCMOTp51 Ha TO 4TO OT,lI,eJlbHble
HaXO,ll,KH nO,ll,06HblX CTOJlHKOB H3BeCTHbl Tenepb H Ha conpe,ll,eJlbHblX TeppHTOpH51X,
OHH, HeCOMHeHHO, CB513aHbl npe)\(,lI,e Bcero C paHOHOM IO)\(HOro flpHYpaJIb51 H Ka-
3aXCTaHa, npe,ll,CTaBJl5151 TaM ,lI,OCTaT04HO MHOr04HCJleHHYIO H e,ll,HHYIO B CTHJlHCTH-
4eCKOM OTHoweHHH rpynny HaXO,ll,OK (Ta6Jl. 41, 42). KaMeHHbie CTOJlHKH O<pOPM-
JleHbl JlH60 reoMeTpH4ecKHMH opHaMeHTaJlbHblMH 3JleMeHTaMH, JlH60, 4a e Bcero,
300MOp<pHblMH H306pa)\(eHH51MH. He B,lI,aBa51Cb B cepbe3HYlO nOJleMHKY 0 Ha3Ha4e-
HHH KaMeHHblX CTOJlHKOB (aJlTapH-)\(epTBeHHIlKH [Ka,ll,blp6aeB 1977, c. 204] I1JlH
CTOJlHKH ,lI,Jl51 pacTHpaHH51 KOCMeTH4eCKHX KpacoK KaK cyry60 6blTOBOH npe,ll,MeT
[3yeB 1989; 1996]), He06xo,ll,IIMO Bce )\(e OTMeTHTb, 4TO, Ha MOH B3rJl51,ll" CTOJlHKH,
npe,ll,Ha3Ha4eHHble ,lI,Jl51 pacTHpaHII51 KpacoK, HeCOMHeHHO, HMellIl KYJlbTOBOe 3Ha-
4eHI1e, 4TO OTHIO,lI,b He HCKJlIO'laeT B03MO)\(HOCTH HCnOJlb30BaHH51 HX ,lI,Jl51 KaKHX-TO
KOCMeTHlleCKHX L\eJleH, KOTopble caMH no ce6e MorllIl 6blTb CB513aHbl C PHTYaJIOM.
80 BC51KOM CJlY4ae, O(pOpMJleHHe 3THX CTOJlHKOB no cO,ll,ep)\(aHHIO C6JlH)\(aeTC51 C
ceMaHTH4eCKH 3Ha l llIMblMH npe,ll,MeTaMH, HOC51 HMII anoTponeH4ecKHH xapaKTep.
flpHCYTcTBHe 300MOP<PHb1X 06pa30B, ,lI,a e e YCTpawalO ero xapaKTepa (CTOJlHKH
YKpaweHbl H306pIDKeHH51MH «a e Bcero XH HbIX cy eCTB), He ,lI,aeT B03MO)\(HOCTH
TpaKTOBaTb KaMeHHble CTOJlHKH B Ka4eCTBe 6blTOBOH YTBapH, a I1X YKpaweHHe B
3BepHHOM CTHJle paCCMaTpHBaTb HCKJlI0411TeJlbHO KaK ,lI,eKOp.
flo 60pniKY CTOJlHKa lIHOr,ll,a pacnOJlaraJIaCb KpyroBa51 KOMn03HL\H51, COCTaB-
JleHHa51 113 nmH4HblX ,lI,Jl51 3Toro perHOHa 06pa30B - BOJlK006pa3HblX ,lI,JlHHHOMOp-
,lI,blX XH HIIKOB, CT051 HX HllIl BocnpOH3Be,ll,eHHblX B n03e «npHnaBWHX K 3eMJle»
(CTOJlHK 113 XYT. KpblJlOBCKOro [CMHpHOB 1964, c. 371, pHC. 80: 1], CTOJlHK H3 Ky-
paHJlH [Ka,ll,blp6aeB 1977, c. 209, pHC. 8]). CTOllIIKH, KaK npaBHJlO, HMelOT TPH HO)\(-
KH, 4a e Bcero opHaMeHTlIpoBaHHble B BH,lI,e rpy60BaTbIx cKYJlbnTypHblX roJlOB
XI1 HHKOB (MOrHJlbHHK KYMHc-caH [Ka,lI,blp6aeB 1977, pHC. 1: 1,3,4; 2; 3], MO-
rHJlbHI1K Dec06a [Ka,ll,blp6aeB 1977, pHc.5, 9], yp04I1 e KypaHJlH [Ka,lI,blp6aeB
1977, pHC. 7], HaropHeHcKIIH MOrIlJlbHI1K). 11306pa)\(eHH51 BbInOJlHeHbl 04eHb 0606-
eHHO. 8 60JlbwHHcTBe CJlY4aeB nO,ll,4epKHYTa OCKaJleHHa51 naCTb, HO cy eCTByeT
THn H306pIDKeHH51, npe,ll,CTaBJl51IO ero KOpOTKOMOp,ll,Oro 3Bep51 C KpyrJlOH Jl06aCTOH
rOJlOBOI1 H 3aKpyrJleHHblMH ywaMlI [Ka,ll,blp6aeB 1977, pHC. 1: 4; 2; 5]. flpH TaKOM
C04eTaHI1H npl13HaKOB naCTb He H306pa)\(aJlaCb. YWH XH HHKOB npaKTH4eCKH Bce-
r,ll,a nOKa3aHbl 3aKpyrJleHHblMH. 3TH 06Pa3bl CJle,ll,yeT OTHeCTH, Bep051THO, K He-
,lI,11<p<pepeHL\HpOBaHHblM, nOCKOJlbKY HeT Bblpa)\(eHHbIX cneL\H<pH4eCKHX 4epT, KO-
TopbIe MOrJlH 6bl n03BOJlHTb 6e30roBop04HO OTHeCTH H306pa)\(eHH51 K TOMY HJlH
HHOMY 6HOJlOrH4eCKOMY BH,lI,Y. O,ll,HaKO 60JlbWe Bcero rOJlOBbI HanOMHHalOT Me,ll,-
Be,ll,eH. 300Mop<pHbIe HO)\(KH KaMeHHbIX CTOJlHKOB npe,ll,CTaBJl51IOT C060H 06pa3eL\
KpyrJlOH CKYJlbnTYPbl.
DJlH3KHH HM 06pa3 He,ll,H<p<pepeHL\HpOBaHHoro XH HHKa H3BeCTeH Ha porOBOM
(KOCT51HOM?) npe,ll,MeTe HenOH51THoro Ha3Ha4eHH51 H3 H(1)\(Hero flOBOJl)\(b51 (DJlIO-
MeH<peJlb,ll" KYPr. A-12) (Ta6Jl. 43: 2). TpaKToBKa OT,lI,eJlbHbIX ,lI,eTaJleH (ry6bl, naCTb,
rJla3) COBna,ll,aeT C rOJlOBaMH Ha HO)\(KaX CTOJlHKOB. O,ll,HaKO He06bl4HblMH ,lI,Jl51 pac-
cMoTpeHHoH rpynnbl H3,l1,eJlHH 3BepHHoro CTHJl51 5lBJl51IOTC51 BBe,ll,eHHe ,lI,OnOJlHH-
TeJlbHoro 300MOp<pHOro 3JleMeHTa no,ll, rlla30M H nepe,ll,a4a yxa B BH,lI,e MaJleHbKoro
TpeyroJlbHHKa C BepTHKaJlbHOH JlHHHeH BHYTpl1. He HaXO,ll,HT ce6e aHaJlOrHH H no-
JlOCKa C py64aTblM opHaMeHTOM, pacnOJlO)\(eHHa51 Ha Jl6y )\(HBOTHOro H TpaKToBaH-
Ha51 K. <1>. CMHpHOBblM B Ka4eCTBe pora [CMHpHOB 1964]. flOCJle,ll,Hee npe,ll,nOJlO-
)\(eHHe cnopHO, HO eCJlH 3Ta ,lI,eTaJlb ,lI,eHCTBHTeJlbHO nO,ll,pa3YMeBaeT por, 06pa3 B
L\eJlOM npHo6peTaeT HHoe 3BY4aHHe, COe,ll,HH5151 B TaKOM CJlY4ae 4epTbI XH Horo H
TpaB051,ll,HOrO )\(HBOTHbIX H 5lBJl5151Cb KOM6HHHpoBaHHbIM.
CaMblM MaJl04HCJleHHblM 5lBJl51eTC51 THn H306pa)\(eHHH roJlOBbl XI1 HHKa B <pac.
fl04TH Bce 11306pIDKeHH51 TaKoro p0,ll,a OTHOC51TC51 K KaTeropHI1 6Jl51WeK. 8cTpe4a-
IOTC51 BapHaHTbl o6pa30B KaK KOpOTKOMOp,ll,blX, TaK H ,lI,JlHHHOMOP,ll,bIX 3BepeH.
DOJlbWeH npopa6oTaHHocTblO ,lI,eTaJleH H H306pa3HTeJlbHOCTblO OTJlH4aIOTC51 npH-
ypaJIbcKHe HaXO,ll,KH. Pe4b H,lI,eT 0 30JlOTblX HaWHBHblX 6Jl51WKaX H3 flOKpOBKH
[PoCTOBL\eB 1918; CMl1pHOB 1964], Ha KOTOpblX npe,ll,CTaBJleH KOpOTKOMOp,ll,blH
3Bepb C MaJleHbKI1MH KpyrJlbIMH rJla3KaMH, 3aKpyrJleHHblMH He60JlbWHMI1 ywaMI1 H
peJlbe<pHoH npopa6oTKoH nOBepxHocTH MOp,ll,bI (Ta6Jl. 39). DJl51WKI1 H3 flOKpOBKH
,lI,eMoHcTpHpylOT ,lI,Be pa3HOBH,lI,HOCTH nO,ll,06HblX H306pIDKeHI1H. LJpe3Bbl4al1HO 6JlH3-
KH 11M HaH,lI,eHHble B rpynne HJleKCKHX naM51THHKOB 6Jl51WKH H3 3ana,ll,Horo Ka3ax-
CTaHa (HaropHeHcKHH MOrHJlbHI1K).
8 HH)\(HeM flOBOJl)\(be H306pa)\(eHH51 )\(HBOTHblX B <pac HMelOT cOBepweHHO
,lI,pyroH 06JlHK. 8ce OHH npe,ll,CTaBJleHbl 6pOH30BblMH 6Jl51WKaMH, BbInOJlHeHHbIMH B
caMOM 0606 eHHoM BH,lI,e H JlHWeHHblMH BC51KOH ,lI,eTaJlI13aL\I1H, 5lBJl5151Cb, no cy e-
CTBY, He 06pa30M, a JlHWb ero 3HaKOM [CMHpHOB 1976, c. 78, pHc.2: 17, 20, 21
(DJlIOMeH<peJlb,ll" HOBOnpI1BOJlbHoe)]. flpH 3TOM 6Jl51WKH H3 HOBOnpHBOJlbHoro ,lI,e-
MOHCTPHPYIOT 11306pa)\(eHHYIO B <pac y,ll,JlHHeHHylO MOp,ll,y C 3aKpyrJleHHblMI1 ywa-
MH. E e O,ll,HH BapHaHT H306pIDKeHH51 XH HHKa B <pac npe,ll,CTaBJleH B pe3b6e-
CTHJlH30BaHHa51 roJlOBKa B <pac B Cpe,ll,HeH 4aCTH Y3Koro KJlbIKa H3 HOBOnpI1BOJlb-
HOro [MaKCI1MOB 1976, c. 211, pHC. I: 3]. Y 3Bep51 C MaJleHbKHMH oKpyrJlblMH yw-
KaMH pHTMH4HblMH napaJIJleJlbHblMH JlHHH51MH nOKa3aHbl « e4KH». TaKoe H306pa-
3HTeJlbHOe peweHHe HanOMI1HaeT Kowa4bero XH HHKa B <pac Ha 30JlOTOH 6Jl51WKe
H3 KYPr. 402 B )l(ypoBKe [D06pHHCKHH 1905, c. 20, pHC. 50]. O,ll,HaKO HOBonpH-
BOJlbHeHCKHH XH HI1K (Me,ll,Be,ll,b? Kowa4HH?) ,lI,OJl)\(eH 6bITb OTHeceH K KaTeropHH
He,ll,H<p<pepeHL\HpOBaHHblx, TaK KaK 4epTbI, n03BOJl51IO He T04HO OTHeCTH ero K Ka-
KOMY-TO BH,lI,y, OTCYTCTBYIOT.
8 HH)\(HeM flOBOJl)\(be 6blJlH HaH,lI,eHbl H npe,ll,MeTbI C npo<pI1JlbHblM H306pa)\(e-
HHeM roJlOBbI XH HHKa. OHH TalOKe MaJl04HCJleHHbl, HO pa3Ho06pa3Hbl. 3TO 6pOH-
30Bble 6Jl51WKH B BH,lI,e roJlOBbl BOJlKa 113 HOBOnpHBOJlbHOro [MaKcHMOB 1976,
c. 215, pHc.3: 4-6]. 8 Ka4eCTBe aHaJlOrIlH ,lI,Jl51 3THX 6Jl51WeK MO)\(HO npHBecTH
6JlH3KHe H306pIDKeHH51 C pa3HblX TeppHTopHH 6blTOBaHH51 CKH<p0-CH6I1pCKOrO 3Be-
pHHOro CTHJl51 (T36Jl._40). 06pa aeT Ha ce651 BHHMaHHe 04eBH,lI,Ha51 npHHa,lI,Jle)\(-
HOCTb 3THX aHaJlOrIlH K pa3HbIM XpOHOJlOrH4eCKHM H CTI1JlHCTH4eCKHM rpynnaM
npH coxpaHeHHH 4pe3BbI4aHHo 6JlH3KOH H306pa3HTeJlbHOH cxeMbl H e,ll,HHCTBa 06-
80
6 30K. 3085
SZ1
pa30B, 4TO CBI1L1eTeJlbCTByeT 06 YCTOH411BOCTI1 nocJteLlHI1X 11 I1X Wl1pOKOM Te?pl1-
TOpl1aJIbHOM pacnpocTpaHeHI1I1. f1pe)\(Lle Bcero BbILlemleTCSI cepl1S1 aHaJIOrl1H 113
f1pl1Ky6aHbSl IV B. LlO H.3. (CT. EJll13aBeTOBCKaSi [PocToBueB 1918; Rostovtzeff
1929, fig. 22D; f1epeBoLl4l1KoBa 1984, c. 7, pl1c. 2: 4, 14]), SlBHO CBI1L1eTeJlbCTBYIO-
LLla51 0 pa3BI1TI111 B paHoHax f1peLlKaBKa3bSl TpaLlI1UI1H, npl1HeCeHHblx C BOCTOKa.
CaBpOMaTCKI1M BpeMeHeM LlaTl1pOBaHa 30JlOTaSi 6mlwKa C 306pa)\(eHl1eM YLlBoeH-
HOH rOJlOBbI BOJlKa (npl1eM YLlBOeHI151 roJlOBbI B 3epKaJIbH0l1 KOMn0311L\1111 4pe3BbI-
4aHHo pacnpocTpaHeH B 300MOPQ>HbIX 11306p3.)!(eHI151X oc06eHHo BOCT04HbIX pe-
rI10HOB) 113 MOrl1JlbHI1Ka HOBOOpCKOrO II B npl1YPaJIbe [3aceLlareJleBa 1983,
c. 146-147, pHC. 1] (Ta6Jl. 48: 8). PeJlbeQ>HaR TpaKTOBKa rOJlOBbI 3Bep51 Ha HOBO-
OpCKOH 6JlSlWKe 6Jll13Ka HOBOnpl1BOJlbHI1HCKI1M 11306pa)\(eHI1S1M. I1HTepecHo, 4TO
npaKTI14eCKI1 Ha Bcex 3K3eMnJlSlpax pa3Ho06pa3Hblx Bapl1aHTOB nOLl06HbIX 1130-
6pa)\(eHI1H 113 KaBKa3CKorO perl10Ha I1MeeTC5I LlOnOJlHI1TeJlbHbIl1 MOTI1B B BI1L1e
nTI14beH nepeBepHYTOH rOJlOBbI nOLI YXOM XI1LLlHIfKa. B03MO)\(HO, pe4b l1L1eT 06
11306pa311TeJlbHOH TpaHcQ>opMaL\1111 LlBOHHOH KOMn0311Ul111 C OCKaJIeHHbIMI1 MopLla-
MI1. ECJlI1 TaKoe npeLlnOJlO)\(eHl1e BepHo, I1KoHorpaQ>l1S1 LlBoHHoro 11306pa)\(eHI1S1
LlOJl)\(Ha paCCMaTpl1BaTbCSI KaK TI1nOJlOrl14eCKI1 60Jlee paHH5ISI. B IO)\(HOH CI1611pl1
CI1MMeTpl14Hble LlBoHHbIe 11306p3.)!(eHWI 3Bepl1HbIX rOJlOBOK (Ta6Jl. 48; 49) H3BeCT-
HbI y)\(e B VII-VI BB. LlO H. 3. (MOrI1JlbHHK KWII1K-KI03IOp I, Kypr. 2, norp. 4 [3a-
BHT)'xHHa 1983, c. 129, N 87]). OLlHaKo paHHlfe 06Pa3UbI CLlBoeHHbIX KOMn03HuHH
rOJlOBOK LleMoHcTpHpYIOT 4aLLle KonbITHbIX )\(I1BOTHbIX (Ka6aH, OJleHb). 11306pa)\(e-
HI1S1 XI1LLlHI1KOB, B 4aCTHOCTI1 BOJlKOB, BHLlI1MO, nOSlBJlSlIOTCSI B TaKOH HKoHorpaQ>H-
4eCKOH cxeMe HeCKOJlbKO n03)\(e 11 pacnpocTpaHSIIOTcSI B OCHOBHOM C V B. LlO H. 3.
(HOBOOpCKI1H II MOrHJlbHI1K; lla3blpbIK, KYPr. 3 [PYLleHKo 1953, Ta6Jl. LIl: 2]) H
n03)\(e (MaCTlOrHHCKl1e KypraHbI IV-III BB. LlO H.3. [J1116epoB 1965, c.103,
Ta6Jl. 32: 2,3,6]; LJacTble KypraHbI [3aMSlTHI1H 1946, c. 25, pHC. 10: 4]; CJlaLlKOB-
CKI1H KypraH V B. LlO H. 3. B 1l0LlOHbe [MaKCI1MeHKO 1983, c. 168, pl1c. 14: 7] H
AHaHbl1HCKI1H MOrHJlbHI1K. ropoLlI1LLle rpoxaHb [36pyeBa 1952, c. 78, Ta6Jl. XVII:
4; c. 168, Ta6Jl. XXXI: 9]). TaKl1e 06Pa3bI BO Bcex 3TI1X naM5ITHI1KaX npeLlCTaBJle-
HbI Ha OLIHOH KaTeropl111 BeLLleH - KOJl4aHHbIX KplOKax. 06paLLlaeT Ha ce6S1 BHH-
MaHl1e pacnpoCTpaHeHl1e 3TOro Tl1na BeLLleH 11 11306p3.)!(eHI1H B V-III BB. LlO H. 3. B
60Jlee 3anaJJ,HbIX paHOHax, OXBaTbIBalOLLlI1X 6aCCeHHb! BOJlrl1 11 .l1.oHa.
11306pa)\(eml51 XI1LLlHI1KOB 113 IO)\(Horo npl1YPaJIbSi CTI1Jll1CTI14eCKI1 11 I1KOHO-
rpaQ>114eCKI1 TSIrOTelOT K pemOHaM IO)\(HOH C11611pl1, AJlTaSi 11 CpeLlHeH A31111.
MO)\(eT 6bITb OTMe4eHa LlOMI1Hl1pylOLLlaSi pOJlb BOJl4bl1X 06pa30B B npl1YPaJIbe. 06-
pa3bI KOWa4bl1X MOryT 6bITb CBSl3aHbI Jll160 C 6apcaMI1, Jll160 C Tl1rpaMI1, nOCKOJlb-
KY I1MeHHO C 11306p3.)!(eHI1S1MI1 Tl1rpOB B I1cKycCTBe LlpeBHero AJlTaSl, IO)\(HOH CIf-
6lfplf If Llpyrlfx paHoHoB eHTpaJIbHOH A31f1f HaxoLlSIT 60JlbWe Bcero aHaJIOrlfH
nplfypaJIbCKlfe «naHTepbI» (Ta6Jl. 34--36). 11306pa)\(eHI1S1 XIfLLlHI1KOB OTJlIf'IaIOTCSI
pacTSIHYTOCTblO Q>opMaTa B ueJlOM If YTpllpoBaHHo BbITSlHYTblMl1, HenponopulfO-
HaJIbHO YBeJll14eHHbIMH MopLlaMH. llpl1 3TOM B npl1ypaJ/bCKHX 1f306pa)\(eHHSlX nJlO-
T05ILlHbIX 3Bepeil 4epTbI, CBSl3aHHble C 06pa30M XI1LLlHOCTI1 11 YCTpaWeHI1S1, nOLl-
4epKHYTbI oc06eHHo: KaK npaBHJlO, nOKa3aHa OCKaJIeHHaSi naCTb C 3y6aMH, Jlanbl
cHa6)\(eHbI orpOMHbIMH KOITSIMII. Ha IB06p3.)!(eHH5IX XHLLlHHKOB 4aCTO npHCYTCT-
ByeT opHaMeHTaJIbHaSi TpaKTOBKa wepcTHcTOH nOBepXHOCTI1 TeJla B BI1L1e PI1TMH4-
HbIX peJlbeQ>Hblx HJlI1 rpaQ>114eCKHX JtI1HHH. HaH60Jlee pacnpocTpaHeHbI n03bI Jle-
)\(aLLlerO HJlI1 «npl1naBWero K 3eMJle» 3BepSi.
B H I1)\(HeM f1oBOJl)\(be XI1LLlHI1KH 11306pa)\(aJIHCb B 60Jlee KOMnaKTHblX nponop-
L\HSlX, 4aCTO CTOSlLLlHMH. 06pa3bl 3BepeH B f1oBOJl)\(be He BcerLla HOCSIT CTOJlb arpec-
CI1BHbIH xapaKTep. I1HorLla (6JlSlWKI1 113 HOBOnpl1BOJlbHOrO B BI1L1e CTOSlLLlHX )\(11-
BOTHbIX 11 T. LI.) Ll3.)!(e He nOKa3aHa 3y6acTa51 naCTb, a eCJlI1 H nOKa3aHa, TO 3a4ac-
TYIO OHa nepeLlaHa LlOCTaT04HO YCJlOBHO H JlI1WeHa yrpO)\(alOLLleH KOHKpeTHOCTI1.
06pa3aM XHLLlHIfKOB B HI1)\(HeM 1l0BoJl)\(be CBOHCTBeHHO OTCYTCTBHe )\(eCTKOH BH-
LlOBOH LlI1Q>Q>epeHQHaQHH. 3L1eCb, BepOSITHO, B3.)!(Hee aJJ,eKBaTHOCTb 11306pa)\(eHI1S1
06Pa3Y XHLLlHHKa Bo06LLle. 11306p3.)!(eHI1S1 I1HLlI1BI1L1yaJIbHbl If pa3H006pa3HbI, 4TO
CBI1L1eTeJlbCTByeT 0 LlOCTaT04HOH cB060Lle B TpaKTOBKe 06pa30B 11 OTCYTCTBI1I1 )\(e-
CTKIIX KaHOHOB, HeCMOTp51 Ha CYLLleCTBYIOLLll1e onpeLleJleHHble CTepeOTl1nbI B 1130-
6pa3IfTeJlbHOM BonJlOLLleHlf1f 06pa30B XHLLlHI1KOB. B 3TOM nJlaHe 1f306pa3I1TeJlbHble
CTepeonmbI B nplfYPaJIbCKOM perHOHe 60Jlee YCTOH4I1BbI.
r JI a B a III
MOHCTpHpylOIl.(ee ,lI,peBHeBOCTOLJHYIO xY,lI,O)l{eCTBeHHYIO Tpa,ll,Hl\HIO, KOTOpa51 n03BO-
n5leT yCMaTpHBaTb napaJlnenH C aCCHpHHCKHMH penbeQ>aMH [CapHaHH,lI,H 1981, c. 160,
161], H3BeCTHO Cpe,ll,H ,lI,peBHOCTeH MaprHaHbl (Ta6n. 52: 1) H, HeCOMHeHHO, CB5I3a-
HO C KynbTYPoH BOCTOLJHOro YlpaHa 2-ro TbIC. ,lI,0 H. 3. [CapHaHH,lI,H 1981, c. 152,
161]. Bce 3TH ,lI,aHHbIe CBH,lI,eTenbCTBYIOT 0 TOM, LJTO BO 2-1-M TbIC. ,lI,0 H. 3. ,lI,BY-
rop6blH Bep6nlO,lI, 6bIn Y)I{e ,lI,OCTaTOLJHO WHpOKO H3BeCTeH H HcnOnb30BaJlC5I B Oe-
pe,ll,HeH A3HH. O,ll,HaKO E. E. KY3bMHHa OTMeLJaeT, LJTO «apxeonorWIeCKHe MaTe-
pHaJlbI n03BOn5llOT YTBep)l{,lI,aTb, LJTO ,lI,Byrop6bIH Bep6nlO,lI, 6bIn O,ll,OMaWHeH 3a.D.on-
ro ,lI,0 l-ro TbIC. ,lI,0 H. 3. H He B MeconOTaMHH, a B BOCTOLJHOH LJaCTH eBpa3HHCKHX
CTeneH» [Ky3bMHHa 1963, c. 39, 40]. OpHH5ITO CLJHTaTb, lITO 6aKTpHaH 6bIn 0,ll,0-
MaWHeH OKono 3-2-ro TbIC. ,lI,0 H. 3. B UeHTpaJlbHOH A3HH H npOHHK B Mecono-
TaMHIO BO 2-M TbIC. ,lI,0 H. 3. [YlBaHoB 1989, c. 173]. E. E. KY3bMHHa ynoMHHaeT oc-
reOnOrHLJeCKHe MaTepHaJlbI C aH,lI,pOHOBCKHX noceneHHH XV-XIII BB. ,lI,0 H. 3. B
Ka3aXCTaHe (AneKceeBKa Ha T060ne, ATa-Cy B UeHTpaJlbHOM H YCTb-HapbIM B
BOCTOLJHOM Ka3aXCTaHe), ,lI,OKa3bIBalOIl.(He, LJTO ,lI,Byrop6bIH Bep6nlO,lI, 6bIn H3BeCTeH
aH,lI,pOHOBCKHM nneMeHaM y)l{e B Cepe,ll,HHe 2-ro TbIC. ,lI,0 H. 3. [KY3bMHHa 1963,
c. 40]. OO,ll,TBep)l{,lI,aeT 3TO H rnHH5IHM Q>Hf'YpKa CT05lIl.(ero ,lI,Byrop60ro Bep6nlO,lI,a,
HaH,lI,eHHa51 B )l{HnHIl.(e OKono OLJara Ha aH,lI,pOHOBCKOM noceneHHH YWKaTTbl Orpa-
,lI,a II B OpeH6yprcKoH 06naCTH [KY3bMHHa 1963, c. 38J.
00 MHeHHIO E. E. KY3bMHHOH, «HaXO,ll,KH KOCTeH Bep6nlO,lI,a B naM5ITHHKaX aH-
,lI,pOHOBCKOH KynbTypbl, conOCTaBneHHe nHCbMeHHbIX aCCl1pHHCKHX H KHTaHCKHX
,lI,aHHbIX, aHaJlH3 Ha3BaHH5I Bep6nlO,lI,a y pa3HbIx HapO,ll,OB n03BOn5llOT npHHTH K BbI-
BO,ll,y, lITO ,lI,Byrop6bIH Bep6nlO,lI" no BceH Bep05ITHOCTH, 6bIn O,ll,OMaWHeH HpaH05l3bIlI-
HbIMH nneMeHaMH, )l{HBYIl.(HMH Ha TeppHTopHH Cpe,ll,Hea3HaTCKHX CTeneH Ka3aXCTa-
Ha, a TaK)I{e, B03MO)l{HO, H IO)I{HOH CH6HPH» [Ky3bMHHa 1963, c.40]. A. K. AKH-
weB )l{e CLJHTaeT, LJTO B KHTaH Bep6nlO,lI,bI 6bInH npHBe,ll,eHbI C 3ana,ll,a KOLJeBHHKaMH
B xaHbCKoe BpeM5I, a B CH6HpH n05lBHnHCb HeMHOfHM paHbwe [AKHweB 1984, c. 71].
OnpOBepra51 MHeHHe, comaCHO KOTOpOMy Bep6nlO,lI, HHKOr,ll,a He 6bIn KynbTo-
BbIM )l{HBOTHbIM, E. E. KY3bMHHa ,lI,OKa3bIBaeT, LJTO TaKoe YTBep)J(,lI,eHHe CnpaBe,ll,-
nHBO TonbKO B OTHoweHHH 0,ll,Horop6blX Bep6nlO,lI,OB y ceMHTCKHX HapO,ll,OB (O,ll,Ha-
KO 3TO TO)l{e cnopHO, nocKonbKy HMeIOTC5I KynbToBble 3axopOHeHH5I 0,ll,Horop6bIX
Bep6nlO,lI,OB, HanpHMep B IO)I{HOH ApaBHH). OHa npHBO,ll,HT y6e,ll,HrenbHble apry-
MeHTbI, nO,ll,TBep)l{,lI,alOIl.(He HeCOMHeHHOCTb OC060H ponH Bep6nlO,lI,a-6aKTpHaHa B
CHCTeMe MHpOB033peHH5I ,lI,peBHero KOLJeBoro HaCeneHH5I CTeneH UeHTpaJlbHOH A3HH
(Cpe,ll,HeH A3HH, Ka3aXCTaHa, IO)I{HOH CH6HpH), r,ll,e ,lI,Byrop6blH Bep6nlO,lI, nOLJH-
TaJlC5I C ,lI,peBHeHWHX BpeMeH. E. E. Ky3bMHHa CnpaBe,ll,nHBO OTMeLJaeT, lITO KynbT
Bep6nlO,lI,a Hawen CBoe OTpIDKeHHe B HMeHax HpaHcKoro npOHCXO)l{,lI,eHH5I, KOTopbIe
BKJlIOLJalOT B ce651 OCHOBY ustra/Bep6nlO,lI, (B TOM LJHCne HM5I Zaratustra/3apaTYW-
Tpa), 11 npHBO,ll,HT MHoroKpaTHbIe ynoMHHaHH5I 6aKTpHaHa B ABeCTe, r,ll,e )l{HBOT-
HOMY ,lI,aIOTC5I 3nHTeTbI «3nOH», «CHnbHeHWHH», «06na,ll,alOIl.(HH HaH60nbweH CH-
nOH H MOIl.(blO Cpe,ll,H Bcex CaMl\OB TenecHoro MHpa» H T.,lI,. [KY3bMHHa 1963,
c. 43]. Bep6nlO,lI, BbIcTynaeT B KaLJeCTBe O,ll,HOH H3 HHKapHal\HH B3pTparHbl - 60ra
rp03bI H n06e,ll,bI. B TeKCTax «ABeCTbI» [ABeCTa, 51wT, IV, 11-13] OH npe,ll,CTaeT
3apaTywTpe:
OBPA3bI BEPBJIIO)].OB Jf nYTJf JfX PA3BJfTJfH
B JfCKYCCTBE PAHHJfX KOqEBHJfKOB EBPA3JfJf
EeCTHapHH eBpa3HHcKoro 3BepHHoro CTHn51 l-ro TbIC. ,lI,0 H. 3. B l\enOM BeCbMa
e,ll,HH006pa3eH Ha WHpOKOH TeppHTOpHI1 OT Cpe,ll,HeH EBponbI ,lI,0 KI1TM. 003TOMY
npOCne,ll,HTb pa3BHTHe MHoroLJHCneHHbIX 300MOPQ>HbIX 06pa30B H TeM 60nee onpe-
,lI,enHTb 30HbI HX 3apO)l{,lI,eHH5I LJpe3BbILJaHHO TPY,ll,HO, yLJHTbIBa51 WHpOKHH apeaJl pe-
aJlbHbIX BH,lI,OB, nocnY)l{HBWHX OCHOBOH ,lI,n51 BocnpOH3Be,ll,eHH5I B xY,ll,O)l{eCTBeHHOH
Q>opMe.
B 3TOM OTHoweHHH H306pa)l{eHH5I Bep6nlO,lI,OB-6aKTpHaHOB npe,ll,CTaBn5llOT OCO-
6bIH HHTepec, nOCKonbKY, 6Y,ll,YlIH cpaBHHrenbHO HeMHoroLJHCneHHbIMH H 3aQ>HKCH-
pOBaHHblMH Ha OrpaHHLJeHHOH TeppHTopHH, OHH n03BOn5llOT COOTHeCHI Kpyr I1X
pacnpOCTpaHeHH5I C apeaJlOM 6HOnOrHLJeCKoro BH,lI,a H conOCTaBHTb 3TH Ha6nlO,lI,e-
HH5I C ,lI,pyrHMH apxeOnOrHLJeCKHMH MaTepHaJlaMH, a TaK)I{e C ,lI,aHHbIMH 3THorpa-
Q>HH H pe3ynbTaTaMH aHaJlH3a Q>onbKnopa H MHQ>onorHlleCKHX reKCTOB. BOT nOLJe-
My H npe,ll,CTaBn5leTC5I He06xo,ll,HMbIM nOCB5ITHTb 3TOMY 300MOPQ>HOMY MOTH BY
Cnel\HaJlbHOe HCCne,ll,OBaHHe [KoponbKoBa 1999, c. 68-96]. Ba)l{HO OTMeTHTb, LJTO
BCTpeLJalOIl.(HeC5I B HCKyccTBe )J,peBHero BOCTOKa H306pa)l{eHH5I ,lI,Byrop6bIX Bep6nlO-
,lI,OB CBH,lI,eTenbcTBYIOT 0 cYIl.(eCTBOBaHHH cOBepweHHo pa3nHLJHbiX xY,ll,o)l{ecTBeH-
HbIX Tpa,ll,Hl\HH H CTHneBbIX CHCTeM 11, nO-BH,lI,HMOMY, BbInOnH5IIOT B HHX pa3HYIO
ponb. HanpHMep, H306pa)l{eHH5I ,lI,Byrop60ro Bep6nlO,lI,a Ha penbe<j>ax ana,ll,aHbI B
Oepcenone (KoHel\ VI-nepBa51 nonOBHHa V B. ,lI,0 H. 3.), CB5I3aHHbIe C TeMOH npH-
HOWeHH5I ,lI,apOB ,lI,aHHHKaMH, H OLJeHb 6nH3Ka51 no CTHnlO <j>Hrypa Ha 30nOTOH
nnaCTHHe H3 AMY,ll,apbHHcKOro Kna,ll,a [Ghirshman 1963, p. 163, fig. 211; 3eHMaJlb
1979, c.58, N!! 98] ,lI,eMoHcTpHPYIOT cOBepweHHo HHYIO TpaKToBKY 06pa30B no
cpaBHeHHIO C HCKyCCTBOM 3BepilHoro CTHn51 paHHHx KO'leBHHKOB EBpa3H11.
B cHny oc06eHHocTeH H306pa3HTenbHoro peWeHH5I TeMbl 6aKTpHaHa B paMKax
pa3HbIX KynbTYPHbIX MaCCHBOB COCTaBneHHe nOJIIWII CBO,ll,KH H306pIDKeHHH Bep6nlO-
,lI,OB B ,lI,peBHeM HCKyccTBe EBpa3HH He 51Bn5leTC5I l\enblO HaCT05lIl.(erO HCcne,ll,OBa-
HH5I. EonbWHH HHTepec npe,ll,CTaBn5leT 3a,ll,a ' 13 Bbl5lBIITb 06Il.(He xapaKTepHCTHKII B
H306pa)l{eHH5IX 6aKTpHaHOB B pa3HOe BpCM5I H Ha pa3HbIX TeppHTOpH5IX, 3aKOHO-
MepHOCTH CnO)l{eHH5I 3THX napaJlneneH 11 nonbITKa IIX 06'b5lCHeHH5I.
PacnpOCTpaHeHHe Bep6nlO,lI,OB-6aKTpHaHOB B npHpO,ll,e (pHC. 50: 1) OrpHHHLJH-
BaeTC5I 30HOH nycTbIHb H CYXHX cTenell. Ylx cOBpeMeHHbIH apeaJl nOllTH COBna,ll,aeT
C 06nacTbIO 06HTaHH5I ,lI,HKHX HCKonaeMbIX Bep6nlO,lI,OB, OXBaTbIBa51 eBpa3HHcKHe
CTenH Me)J(,ll,y 40° H 50° c. w. [Ky3bMHHa 1963, c. 39]. B CTaTbe, nOCB5IIl.(eHHOH
np06neMe ,lI,OMeCTHKal\HH 6aKTpHaHoB, E. E. KY3bMHHa npIlBO,ll,HT CCbInKH Ha ,lI,peB-
HeHWHe ynoMHHaHH5I ,lI,Byrop60ro sep6nlO,lI,a, CO,ll,ep)l{aIl.(HeC5I B nHCbMeHHbIX na-
M5ITHHKaX, a TaK)I{e Ha H306pa)l{eHH5I 3THX )l{HBOTHbIX, n05lBn5l1OIl.(HeC5I B ACCHpHH B
HaLJaJle l-ro TbIC. ,lI,0 H.3. [KY3bMHHa 1963, c.39]. Yl306pIDKeHHe Bep6nlO,lI,a, ,lI,e-
HCHCTOBblM Bcp6J1IOLlOM,
CTynalOWHM BncpCLl,
CTpCMHTCJlbHblM H C WCPCTblO,
npHroLlHoH LlJlSl OLlCJKLl.
Bcp6JllOLlOM caMblM CHJlbHblM
Vl3 BCCX caMuoB-BCp6J1IOLlOB...
84
85
...C OrpOMllblMH rOp6aMH
VI KpCnKHMH HOraMH,
CMeTJlHBblH, 60JlbWCrIla3blH,
BCJlHKOJlCnllblH, MOWHblH,
BblCOKHH H 60JlbWOH.
Ero rIla3a CBCpKmOT
Vl3LlaJIeKa, KaK 3BC3Llbl,
CBCTSlCb BO MrIlC HO<1HOH...
pO ,lI,alOil(YlOc npHpO,ll,Y. Bep6nlO,lI, ynoMHHaeTC B 06p ,lI,OBOH neCHe, HcnonH B-
weHC y4acTHHKaMH PHTYaJIbHoro 06xo,ll,a y M03,l1,OKCKHX Ka6ap,ll,HHueB [KapnOB,
c. 201]. Ero 06pa3 OKa3bIBaeTCSI B ueHTpe 06p ,lI,OBbIX ,lI,eHcTBHH Y HeKoTopblX KaB-
Ka3CKHX HapO,ll,OB. TaK, B 06p ,lI,ax HaceneHH MeCXeT- )\(aBaXeTH OH BblcTynaeT B
ponH rnaBHoro ,lI,eHcTBYIOil(ero nHua MeCTHoro npa3,l1,HHKa 6ep06aHa. ¥IHTepecHo
OTMeTHTb, 4TO B 06pa3e Bep6nlO,lI,a BH3yaJIbHO ,lI,oMHHHpyeT 60nbwa , nOCTOSlHHO
pa3eBaeMaR naCTb. Te )\(e oc06eHHocTH TpaKToBKH xapaKTepH3ylOT H 06pa3 Bep6-
nlO,lI,a, CB 3aHHbIH C nepcomm:eM, y4acTBylOil(HM B cypBaKapcKHx H KYKepcKHx 06-
p ,lI,a;' HapO,ll,OB EaJlKaHcKoro nonyoCTpoBa. flepCOHa)\(, Ha3blBaeMblH KaMHna ('Bep6-
nlO,lI, ):. Ha,lI,eneH H TonbKO 60nbwHM pOCTOM, HO H orpoMHoH ronoBoH C yTpHpO-
BaHHOH nO,ll,BH)\(HOH 4enlOCTbIO [KapnoB, c. 201, 202]. ¥ITaK, COe,ll,HHeHHe B 300MOp<p-
HOM nepcomm:e npH3HaKoB pa3HbiX cYil(eCTB H npH,lI,aHHe 06pa3Y TpaBO ,lI,Horo
)\(HBOTHOro 4epT XHil(HHKa ,lI,O )\(HO paccMaTpHBaTbc KaK 3aKoHoMepHoe SlBneHHe,
xapaKTepHoe H ,lI,n 06p ,lI,OBOH npaKTHKH, H ,lI,n H306pa3HTenbHoH TPa,ll,HUHH, 06y-
cnOBneHHblX MH<ponorH4ecKHM nO,ll,TeKCTOM H 300MOp<pHbIM KO,ll,OM.
Bepo THo, npe)\(,lI,e Bcero C KynbToBoH, a He C X03S1HCTBeHHOH ponblO Bep6nlO-
,lI,a CB 3aHbl ero ,lI,peBHeHWHe H306pa)\(eHH , KOTopble BCTpe4aIOTC B Cpe,ll,HeH A3HH
Ka3aXCTaHe, IO)\(HOH CH6HpH. O,ll,HaKO, BonpeKH yCTo BweMYCSI MHeHHIO [KY3bMH
Ha 1963, c. 41], 3TH H306pa)\(eHH He TaK y)\( MHoro4HcneHHbl, ecnH Y4eCTb, liTO OHH
OTHOC TC K orpoMHoMy xpOHonorHlleCKOMY HHTepBaJly OT 3nOXH 6pOH3bl BnnOTb
,lI,0 Cpe,ll,HeBeKOBb H 3a l lac'I)'IO He HMelOT Ha,lI,e)\(HOH ,lI,aTHpOBKH. Cne,ll,yeT OTMeTHTb
OC06blH BH,lI, KOpOH ,lI,peBHero Xope3Ma, aHaJlH3 KOTOpblX npHBe,ll,eH E. ¥I. BaHH6epr
[BaHH6epr 1977]. KOpOHbl B BH,lI,e ne)\(ail(ero ,lI,Byrop60ro Bep6nlO,lI,a, HecoMHeHHo,
yKa3blBalOT Ha cYil(eCTBOBaHHe KynbTa 6aKTpHaHa B BOCT04HoHpaHcKHx 06nacT x
[BaHH6epr 1977, c. 24]. CnO)\(eHHe OCHOBHblX HKoHorpa<pH4ecKHx THnOB 06pa30B
Bep6nlO,lI,OB MO)\(HO C nonHblM OCHOBaHHeM OTHeCTH KO BpeMeHH 6bIToBaHH CKH-
<p0-cH6HpCKOro 3BepHHoro CTHn . flo MHeHHIO E. I1. BaHH6epr, HKoHorpa<pH 06-
pa3a ne)\(ail(ero Bep6nlO,lI,a CnO)\(HnaCb B nepHO,ll, OT V ,lI,0 II BB. ,lI,0 H. 3. [BaHH6epr
1977, c. 25]. flpH4eM B HCKyccTBe Cpe,ll,HeH A3HH TonbKO B 3noxy Cpe,ll,HeBeKOBb
Ha6nlO,lI,aeTC npe06na,ll,aHHe 06pa30B Bep6nlO,lI,OB no cpaBHeHl110 C ,lI,pyrHMH Ha-
3BaHHblMH perHoHaMH. ¥I306pa)\(eHHSI ne)\(ail(HX Bep6nlO,lI,OB BCTpe4a1OTc y)Ke B
VII B. ,lI,0 H. 3. B TYBe. B KypraHe Ap)\(aH-2 (VII B. ,lI,0 H. 3.) Cpe,ll,H pa3Ho06pa3HbiX
300MOP<p HbIX 06pa30B, 6neCT il(e CKOMnOHOBaHHblx Ha 06pY4e 30nOTOH rpHBHbl H
Ha wnHnbKe, BCTpe4alOTCSI H H306pmKeHH ne)\(ail(ero Bep6nlO,lI,a [4yryHOB, flap-
UHHrep, Harnep 2004, c. 10--11; 4yryHOB 2004, c. 23]. 3TH H306pa)\(eHH HKOHO-
rp a <p H4 eCKH H cTHnHcTH4ecKH BnonHe YKna,ll,bIBaIOTC B pSl,ll, paCCMaTpHBaeMblx
paHHeK04eBHH4eCKHx 06pa30B. Cne,ll,yeT OTMeTHTb, 4TO 06Pa3bl Bep6nlO,lI,OB ,lI,O)\(H-
BalOT Ha MHorHX TeppHTopH X ,lI,0 XIX-XX BB., coxpaH B 3Ha4HTenbHOH CTene-
HH Tpa,ll,HUHoHHble 4epTbi (HanpHMep, B MenKOH nnaCTHKe TYBbl [BaHHwTeHH 1974,
c. 172, pHC. 114: 2; c. 174, pHC. 116: 1; c. 213, pHC. 168: 3] H B rnHHSlHblX cTaTy3T-
Kax Cpe,ll,HeH A3HH).
no MHeHHIO M. K. Ka,ll,blp6aeBa, 4ail(e Bcero 06pa3bl B p6nlO,lI,OB BCTpe4a1OTc
B HaCKaJlbHblX H306pmKeHH X [Kadyrbaev 1981, s. 35]. peBHeH He H306pmKeHH
Bep6nlO,lI,OB OTHOC TC K 3noxe 6pOH3bl H npe,ll,CTaBneHbl B neTpornH<pax KapaTay
(YKa3aHH Ha HHX, nonY4eHHbie OT M. K. Ka,ll,blp6aeBa, npHBe,ll,eHbl A. K. AKHwe-
BblM [AKHweB 1976, c. 91; Ka,ll,blp6aeB, Mapb weB 1977, pHC. 108: 1]) H )J(aJlTbl-
paK-Tawa [illep, MHKnaweBH4, CaMaweB, COBeToBa 1987, c. 70--71]. B HaCKaJlb-
HblX rpaBHpoBKax KapaTay BCTpe4a1OTc H306pa)\(eHH ,lI,epYil(HXC Bep6nlO,lI,OB.
Cne,ll,yeT nO,ll,4epKHYTb, 4TO Bce np04He H306pa)\(eHH Bep6nlO,lI,OB npe,ll,CTaBn IOT
C060H CaKpaJIH30BaHHbie npe,ll,MeTbl HnH CB 3aHbl C TaKOBbIMH.
B onHcaHHH ero ynoMHHalOTc Ka4eCTBa, KaK npaBHno, BocnpOH3BO,ll,HMble H no,ll,-
4epKHyTbIe H B H306pa3HTenbHoM BapHaHTe xY,ll,O)\(eCTBeHHoro 06pa3a:
¥ICCne,ll,OBaTenbHHUa npHBO,ll,HT H CBH,lI,eTenbCTBa KynbToBoH 3Ha4HMOCTH Bep6-
nlO,lI,a y KHTaHueB [Ky3bMHHa 1963, c. 43]. B KHTaHcKoH nHTepaTYPHoH Tpa,ll,HUHH
C 06pa30M Bep6nlO,lI,a cOnp )\(eHbl KaTeropHH 3HaTHOCTH H CBSITOCTH; Bep6nlO,lI, CB -
3aH C KynbToM BO,ll,bl H ,lI,On<,ll, [Shafer 1950, p. 269]. B 3ana,ll,HblX npoBHHUHSlX KH-
TaR no,ll, BnH HHeM K04eBHHKOB Ha4HHa C nepHO,ll,a 4)\(Oy 11 Ha npOT )KeHHH 3nOXH
xaHb nony4alOT pacnpOCTpaHeHHe CHMBonbl BnaCTH B BH,lI,e )\(e3nOB C H306pa)\(e-
HH MH Bep6nlO,lI,OB [Shafer 1950, p. 275]. CaKpaJIbHa CYil(HOCTb Bep6nlO,lI,a H ero
CB 3b C KynbToM npaBHTen 3a<pHKcHpoBaHbl B paHHeCpe,ll,HeBeKOBblx HCT04HHKax
Cpe,ll,HeH A3HH H nO,ll,TBep)\(,lI,aIOTCSI HKoHorpa<pH4ecKHM MaTepHaJlOM [J1HTBHH-
CKHH, nH4HK H 1992, c. 109]. C 3THM )\(e KynbToM CBSl3aHbi TpOHbl B BH,lI,e ne)\(a-
il(ero Bep6nlO,lI,a H <PHrypbl nepe,ll, TpOHOM, H3BeCTHbIe B paHHeM Cpe,ll,HeBeKOBbe no
MaTepHaJlaM H3 BapaxwH H neH,lI,)\(HKeHTa [WHWKHH 1955, c. 109-110; Eene-
HHUKHH 1962, c. 14--16; MapwaK 1964, c.239-240] H no CBH,lI,eTenbcTBY ¥Ia-
KHH<p a [EH4ypHH 1950, c. 267, 272, 282]. CaKpaJIbHa <PYHKUHSI TpoHa KaK CHMBO-
nH4ecKoro ueHTpa MHpa MO)\(eT C4HTaTbC ,lI,OKa3aHHOH [TonopoB 1969, c. 115;
AKHweB 1984, c. 75]. Ha CB 3b KynbTa Bep6nlO,lI,a C uapcKoH BnaCTblO yKa3bIBalOT
HaJlH4He ero H306pmKeHHH Ha KywaHcKHx MOHeTax [MaccoH 1950, c. 42; 3eHMaJlb
1962, c. 56, pHC. 1] H MOHeTax H3 EyxapcKoro Oa3HCa, r,ll,e 06pa3 Bep6nlO,lI,a C04e-
TaeTC C )\(epTBeHHHKOM CaCaHH,lI,CKoro THna [WHWKHH 1963, c. 232; BaHH6epr
1977, c. 24], a TaK)\(e KOpOHbl B BH,lI,e ne)\(ail(ero 6aKTpHaHa. E. I1. BaHH6epr no,ll,-
4epKHBaeT, 4TO co II B. ,lI,0 H. 3. ,lI,0 VIII B. H. 3. B HCKycCTBe Cpe,ll,HeH A3HH cYil(e-
CTByeT YCTOH4HBblH HKOHorpa<pH4eCKHH THn ne)\(ail(ero ,lI,Byrop60ro Bep6nlO,lI,a
[BaHH6epr 1977, c.24]. HaKoHeu, 3THorpa<pHSI 3HaeT HeKoTopble 06PSl,ll,bl C y4a-
CTHeM Bep6nlO,lI,a (HanpHMep, cBa,lI,e6HaSi 06pSl,ll,HOCTb Ta,ll,)\(HKOB H Ka3aXOB IO)\(Ho-
ro AnTa H nOrpe6aJ1bHbie PHTYaJIbl) [CyxapeBa 1928, c.87; KOHOBaJlOB 1982,
c. 160; bSlKOHOB 1958, c. 17; 06enb4eHKo 1978, c. 80]. B 3noce HeKoTopblX K04e-
BblX HapO,ll,OB ueHTpaJIbHOa3HaTcKoro npOHCXO)\(,lI,eHH <pHrypHpylOT 06pa3bl Bep6-
nlO,lI,OB, npH4eM B HHX MO)\(HO yCMaTpHBaTb cYil(eCTBOBaHHe 04eHb paHHero 06pa3-
HOro nnaCTa, CBSl3aHHoro C MHpoB033peHHeM 60nee ,lI,peBHHX 3nox (HanpHMep, 3noc
KaJlMblKOB )\(aHrap) [ )\(aHrap 1990, c. 220]. Y Ka3aXOB H Ta,ll,)\(HKOB eCTb nereH-
,lI,bl 0 npOHcXo)l()J,eHHH Bep6nlO,lI,a OT conHua H npOCne)\(HBaIOTC CB 3H 06pa3a Bep6-
nlO,lI,a C con pHblMH npe,ll,CTaBneHHSlMH [nOTaHHH 1948, c. 388; AKHweB 1984, c. 74].
MH<pbl 0 He6ecHoM Bep6nlO,lI,e WHpOKO pacnpoCTpaHeHbl y HapO,ll,OB LJ,eHTpaJIbHOH
A3HH; B HHX Bep6nlO,lI, Bblc'I)'naeT KaK BOnnOil(eHHe con pHoro 60ra-rpOMOBep)\(ua.
B MOHronbcKHx CKa3KaX Bep6nlO,lI, HrpaeT ponb e3,l1,OBoro )\(HBOTHOro TeHrpHeB-
rpOMOBep)\(ueB [nOTaHHH 1919, c.2-3; AKHweB 1984, c. 75]. ¥I3BecTHo, 4TO y
Ka3aXOB Bep6nlO,lI, C4HTaJlC caMoH ,lI,OpOroH )\(epTBOH [AKHweB 1984, c. 72].
B KaJleH,lI,apHblX 06p ,lI,ax HapO,ll,OB KaBKa3a, Hap ,lI,y C Me,ll,Be,ll,eM H BonKOM,
<pHrypHpylOT ,lI,eHCTBylOil(He nHua B 06pa3e Bep6nlO,lI,a, nepcoHH<PHUHpYIOil(He B03-
86
87
nOCKonbKY HaCT05lil(a51 pa60Ta 51Bn5leTC5I nOnblTKOH KnaCCH<pHl.\HpOBaTb CIO-
)!(eTHO CB5I3aHHbIH C Bep6nlO,lI,OM H306pa311TenbHblH MaTepHan CKH<pO-CapMaTcKoro
nepHO,ll,a, TO npe)l()J,e 4eM nepeHTH K paCCMOTpeHHIO OT,lI,enbHbIX rpynn, npe,ll,CTaB-
n5leTC5I He06xo,ll,HMb1M ,lI,aTb 06il(YIO XapaKTepHCTHKY :noro HCT04HHKa. He npe-
TeH,lI,ylOil(lli! Ha HC4epnblBalOil(YIO nonHoTY CBO,ll,Ka apxeonorH4ecKHx MaTepHanoB
,lI,aeT Cne,ll,YIOil(YIO KapTHHY: Bcero Y4TeHo OKono 90 xY,lI,O)!(eCTBeHHbIx H3,l1,enHH
npHMepHo H3 35 naM5ITHHKOB. <I>opManbHo HaH60nbwee 4Hcno npe,ll,MeTOB C H30-
6pIDKeHH5IMH ,lI,Byrop6bIX Bep6nlO,lI,OB cnY)!(HnO HaWHBHbIMH 6n5lWKaMH (30 3K3.) H
n05lCHblMH nnaCTHHaMH (25 3K3.), a TaK)!(e OTHOCHnOCb K o<popMneHHIO KOHCKOro
y60pa (oKono 15) HnH KynbToBblX COCY,lI,OB (6-73K3.). O,ll,HaKO 4HcneHHoe npe-
BOCXO,ll,CTBO HaWHBHblX 6n5lWeK CKna.D.bIBaeTC5I 3a C4eT WTaMnOBaHHblX YKpawe-
HHH, ,lI,eMOHcTpHPYIOil(HX e,ll,HHbIH BapHaHT KOMn03Hl.\HH H npOHCXO,ll,51il(HX H3 0,11,-
HOro KOMnneKca (29 6n5lWeK - H3 <I>HnHnnoBcKoro KypraHa). B ,lI,Pymx naM5ITHH-
Kax HaWHBHble 6n5lWKH C H306pIDKeHH5IMH Bep6nlO,lI,OB BCTpe4aIOTC5I 4pe3Bbl4aHHo
pe,ll,Ko. TaKHM 06pa30M, npHopHTeT no KonH4ecTBY B C04eTaHHH C BapHa6enbHo-
CTblO npHHa,ll,ne)!(HT n05lCHbiM nnaCTHHaM H C6PYHHbiM npH Ha.D.ne)!(HOCT5I M. OCTa.T1b-
Hble H306pa)!(eHH5I B e,ll,HHH4HbIX 3K3eMnn5lpaX CB5I3aHbI C yKpaweHHeM ,lI,Ha.D.eMbl,
3epKan (2 3K3.) I, nepCTH5I, KHH)!(ana, Kon4aHHoro (7) KplOKa, «nO,ll,CTaBKH» (B ,lI,eH-
CTBHTenbHOCTH - npe,ll,MeTa HeH3BecTHoro Ha3Ha4eHH5I, aHanorH4Horo no <popMe
H, 04eBH,lI,HO, <PYHKl.\H5IM TaK Ha3bIBaeMbiM KonoKOno06pa3HblM «KoHycaM» H3 CKH<p-
CKHX naM5ITHHKoB), HaBepwHH (?) H T. ,lI,.
EonbwHHcTBO npe,ll,MeTOB C H306pa)!(eHH5IMH Bep6nlO,lI,OB npe,ll,CTaBn5llOT C060H
nHTbIe H3,l1,enH5I H3 MeTanna H npOH3Be,ll,eHH5I TopeBTHKH (6poH3a - OKono 403K3.
H 30nOTO - npHMepHo 45 3K3.), OT,lI,enbHble Beil(H BbmonHeHbl H3 KOCTH (l 3K3.) H
,lI,epeBa (1 3K3.).
06pail(aeT Ha ce651 BHHMaHHe TO 06CT05lTenbCTBO, '1TO B pa3HbIX pemOHax B
04eHb WHpOKOM xpOHonorH4eCKOM ,lI,Hana30He H B pa3HbiX CTHnHCTH4eCKHX BapH-
aHTax Hcnonb3yeTc5I 04eHb He3Ha4HTenbHoe 4Hcno KOMn03Hl.\HOHHbIX cxeM H CIO-
)!(eTOB. OrpaHH4HMC5I HX nepe4HcneHHeM, He B,lI,aBa5lCb B CO,ll,ep)!(aTenbHbIH acneKT.
Bo-nepBbIX, BCTpe4aIOTC5I 0,ll,HH04Hble <pHrypKIf KaK CT05lil(I1X HnH l1,l1,yil(HX,
TaK H ne)!(ail(HX Bep6nlO,lI,OB 2. Bce OHIf MorYT 6blTb 06pail(eHbl H BnpaBo, H BneBO
(Ta6n. 50: 2, 6, 8; 51: 3, 6,7,9,13-17; 53; 54).
I Ha 3CpKaJIC H3 MOrHIlbHHKa Y3YHTaJI III, llaTHpoBaHlloM IV-III BB. 110 H.3. [CaBHHoB
1978, c. 53], CXCMaTH'tHaSl qIHrypKa (Ta6Il. 54: ll) MOJKCT, BCpOSITHO, C'tHTaTbCSI H306paJKCHIofCM
LlByrop60ro, a HC 0;:tHorop60ro Bcp6IlIOLla, TaK KaK LlpoMcLlapbl HC HMCIOT nOLl WCCH TaKoro
LlIlHHHoro WcpcTHoro noJtBcca, KaK 6aKTpHaHbI, a 3Ta LlCTaJlb noJt'tcpKHYTa B LlaHHOM c. Y'tac;
a6pHc JKC qIHrypKH C HCCKOJlbKO BblcTynalOwcH Cpa3Y 3a rop60M 3allHCH 'taCTblO OCTaBIlSlCT B03-
MOJKHOCTb npCLlnOIlOJKHTb Ha.J!H'tHC BToporo rop6a, Hc6pcJKHO ncpCLlaHHoro.
2 Hc06xOLlHMO ynoMSlH)'Tb CWC OLlHY rpynny H306paJKCHHH Bcp6IlIO;:tOB, BblLlCIlCHHYIO He no
CTHJlHCTH'tCCKHM HIlH TCppHTOplofaJIbHO-XpOHOIlOrH'tCCKHM nplof3HaKaM, a no CIOJKeTY: ')Ta Ma.no-
'tHCJlCHHaSl rpynna (BCCro 'tCTbipC BCWH) BKIllO'taeT npCLlMeTbl H3 CH6HpH H CCBcpHoro KHTaSl.
HapSlLlY C H306paJKCHHCM Bcp6IlIOLla Ha HIofX HMCIOTCSI H aHTpOnOMOp(!!HbIC 06Pa3bl. Bcp6,11OLl B
3THX 'teTblpCX CIlY'taSlX npCLlCTaBJlCH KaK BCpXOBOC JKHBOTHOC [Salmony 1933, pI. XXIX: 3;
Ancicnt Bronzcs... 1981. p. 157, N 837; So, Bunkcr 1995, p. 93, N 5] (pHC. 54: 6, 7; pHC. 53: 6).
Bcc 'teTblpC 1of306paJKCHIofSl JtCMOHCTplip)'IOT pa3HblC HKOHOrpa(!JIof'tccKHC Ii CTHJ1HCTIof'tCCKHC Ba-
pHaHTbl Ii, BCPOSITHO, .aaTHPYIOTCSI pa3Hb1 1 BpCMCHC 1 (JtaTa )'Ka3aHa B ny6J1IofKaUHSlx TO.%KO LlJlSl
LlBYX 6.1S1X - H3 MY3CSI B 11oc-AHJKCIlcCC - IV-IH BB. LlO H. 3.[Ancicnt Bronzcs... 1981, p. 157]
II 113 KO. .lCKUIofIi XappHC - IV B. LlO H. 3. [So, Bunkcr 1995, p. 93]). 06WHM SlBJlSleTCSI TOIlbKO
CIOJKeT, KOTOpblH MOJKHO paccMaTpHBaTb KaK 3KBliBaJlCHTHblH H306paJKCHHSlM BCallHHKOB Ha LlPY-
rHX JKIiBOTHblX - KOHSlX, OJlCHSlX Ii IlOCSlX, H3BCCTHbiX (B TOM 'tHCJlC Ii Ha TCppHTOpHH CH6HpH) B
BTOpOH BapHaHT KOMn03Hl.\HH npe,ll,CTaBn5leT ,lI,BYX Bep6nlO,lI,OB B n03Hl.\HH npo-
THBOCT05lHH5I - )!(HBOTHble 06pail(eHbI ,lI,pyr K ,lI,pyry ronoBaMH. B O,ll,HOM cnY4ae
(YnaH,lI,pbIK) - 3TO ne)!(ail(He Bep6nlO,lI,bI (Ta6n. 54: 4). CaMbIM pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIM
CIO)!(eTOM ,lI,n51 H306pa3HTenbHoro BocnpOH3Be,ll,eHH5I Bep6nlO,lI,OB 51Bn5lIOTC5I Cl.\eHbl
60Pb6bI, cYil(eCTBYIOil(l1e B HeCKonbKHX BapHaHTax, KOMn0311l{HOHHO O'!eHb 6nH3-
KHX ,lI,pyr ,lI,pyry. 3TO, Bo-nepBbIx, 6HTBa ,lI,BYX CaMl.\OB-Bep6nlO,lI,OB (Ta6n. 50: 4, 7;
52), BO-BTOPbIX, 6HTBa Bep6nlO,lI,a C BonKOM. B-TpeTbHx, Cl.\eHa Hana,ll,eHI151 THrpa Ha
Bep6nlO,lI,a (Ta6n. 53: 1,2; 55: 1-6), B-4eTBepTbIx, CXBaTKa Bep6nlO,lI,a C rpH<poHoM
[6ecnanblH 1992, c. 188, pHC. 12]. Bo Bcex 3THX KOM6HHal{H5IX H306pa)!(eH HMeHHO
MOMeHT CXBaTKH. JIHWb B O,ll,HOM cn)"1ae BCTpe4eH KOMn03Hl{HOHHbIH BapHaHT C H30-
6pIDKeHHeM rpH<poHa, HecYil(ero B KOIT5IX Bep6nlO,lI,a, 04eBH,lI,HO MepTBoro (Ta6n. 50:
5). Y4HTbIBa5l, 4TO 3Ta Cl{eHa npe,ll,CTaBneHa Ha HO)!(HaX KHH)!(ana, Bce xY,ll,O)!(eCT-
BeHHoe o<popMneHHe KOToporo l.\enHKOM CB5I3aHO C 06pa3aMIf Bep6nlO,lI,OB, MO)!(HO
npe,ll,nOnO)!(HTb HanH4He KaKorO-TO e,ll,HHoro CIO)!(eTa, nOCne,ll,OBaTenbHO pa.:mopa-
4HBalOil(erOC5I B 3THX H306pa)!(eHH5Ix.
HaKoHel{, cYil(eCTByeT TpeTHn KOMn03Hl{HOHHbIH BapHaHT C H306pIDKeHHeM Tonb-
KO ronoBbl Bep6nlO,lI,a. KaK npaBl1nO, TaKa51 KOMn03Hl{H5I Hcnonb3yeTc5I ,lI,n51 0<pOPM-
neHH5I pY4eK plnyanbHbIx COCY,ll,OB HnH npe,ll,MeTOB Tl1na HaBepwHH (<I>lfnl1nnOB-
CKHH KypraH) HnH B Ka4eCTBe OKOH4aHH5I ncanneB (Ta6n. 51: 4, 8, 11). B O,ll,HOM
cnY4ae H306pIDKeHHe ronoBbl Bep6nlO,lI,a BXO,ll,HT B CnO)!(HYIO 300MOP<PHYIO KOMno-
3Hl{HIO, coe,ll,HH5IIOil(YIO 4aCTH pa3nH4Hbix )!(HBbIX cYil(eCTB (noc5I, ne6e,ll,51 H Bep6-
nlO,lI,a) B e,ll,HHOH H306pa3HTenbHoH H,lI,eOrpaMMe, BbIcTynalOil(eH B Ka4eCTBe np05lB-
neHH5I KO,ll,a, B KOTOpOM 300MOp<pHble 3neMeHTbI cny)!(aT 3a.D.a4e <p0pMo06pa30Ba-
HH5I H HecYT B ce6e onpe,ll,eneHHYIO HH<p0pMal{HIO (6poH30Ba51 y3,l1,e4Ha51 6n5lxa H3
MOHronHH) [Bunker, Chatwin, Farkas 1970, p. 127, N 127]. ronoBa Bep6nlO,lI,a H
nHHH5I ero cnHHbI C ,lI,BYM5I rop6aMH O,ll,HOBpeMeHHo HrpalOT ponb OTpOCTKOB poroB
noc5I (Ta6n. 51: 12). Eil(e O,ll,HHM npHMepOM TaKoro ycnO)!(HeHHoro 06pa3a-H,lI,eO-
rpaMMbI cnY)!(HT 30nOTa51 6n5lWKa, r,ll,e OCHOBHYIO ponb IfrpaeT H306pa)!(eHHe ne)!(a-
il(ero Bep6nlO,lI,a, ,lI,OnOnHeHHoe CTHnH30BaHHblMH oneHbHMH poraMH, 3aBHTKH KO-
TOpbIX npeBpail(eHbl B ronOBKH aHTHnon H3 MorHnbHHKa Kap6aH II Ha AnTae [The
Altai Culture 1995, NQ 123] (Ta6n. 54: 2). ronoBbI Bep6nlO,lI,OB, <PHrypHpYIOil(He KaK
caMOCT05lTenbHblH H306pa3HTenbHbIH MOTHB B xY,ll,O)!(eCTBeHHo o<popMneHHblx npe,ll,-
MeTax pa3Horo Ha3Ha4eHH5I, HO, nO-BH,lI,HMOMY, npe,ll,nOnaralOil(HX onpe,ll,eneHHblH
caKpanbHblH CMblcn ,lI,eKOpa (,lI,eTanH YKpaweHHH KOHCKOH Y3,l1,bl, 06Kna.D.KH H PY4KH
pHT)'anbHbIx COCY,ll,OB, HaBepWI151), l!3il(e Bcero ):\eMoHcTpHPYIOT nO):\4epKHyTo YCTpa-
walOil(HH 06pa3 )!(HBOTHOro C XHil(HO OCKaneHHbIMH 3y6aMH (Ta6n. 51: 1, 4, 5, 8,
10,11). 3TO He 51Bn5leTC5I a6conIOTHbiM npaBHnOM (cp.: Ta6n. 51: 2), HO 3aCTaBn5leT
BCnOMHHTb y)!(e ynoM5IHYTble Bblwe oc06eHHocTH pHTyanbHbIx 06pa30B, 3aMe4eH-
Hble 3THorpa<paMH. B H306pa)!(eHH5IX ronoB Bep6nlO,lI,OB, npe,ll,CTaBneHHblx B xY,ll,o-
)!(eCTBeHHbIX H3,l1,enH5IX K04eBHHKOB H3 naM5ITHHKOB Ka3axcTaHa, IO)!(Horo npH-
ypanb51 H AnnUl, 51BCTBeHHO npOCne)!(HBaIOTC5I 06il(He 4epTbI, OTpIDKalOil(He onpe-
,lI,eneHHble cTepeoTHnbl B oT60pe npH3HaKoB, OTnH4alOil(HX H xapaKTepH3YIOil(HX
peanbHoe )!(HBOTHOe, H B npHHl{HnaX CTHnH3al{HH, npHMeH5IeMbiX B xY,ll,O)!(eCTBeH-
HOM BOCnp0I13Be,ll,eHHH 300MOP<PHbIX 06pa30B. B H306pa3HTenbHoH TpaKToBKe 06-
pa30B Bep6nlO,lI,OB THnH4HblMH MorYT C4HTaTbC5I nepe,ll,a4a eCTeCTBeHHOH «wanKH»
rycTOH wepcTH, nepeXO,ll,51il(eH B rpHBY, B BH,lI,e xapaKTepHoro «xoxonKa», 3aOCT-
peHHoro H HanpaBneHHoro Bnepe,ll, H nO,ll,4epKHYToro npO,ll,OnbHbIMH nnaBHblMH
Pa3HbIC :mOXH [f1oIlocbMaK 1990, c. 180-191] H npCLlCTaBIlSlIOWHX, B03MOJKHO, nCpCOllaJKeH,
COBcpwalOwlix ny-rcwccTBHC B «IiHOH» MHp [IloIlocbMaK 1990, c. 183].
88
89
mlHl1S1MI1, nOBTOpSiIOIl.(I1MI1 ero a6pl1c (Ta6n. 51: 1-10, 14; 52: 2-7); BOCnp0I13Be-
LleHl1e Bep6nlO)\(beH rop60HoCOH 3arHyroH MOPLlbI, OTnl1'IalOIl.(eeCSI yrpl1pOBKOH cpop-
MbI C npl16n(1)\(eHl1eM K 06nl1KY rpl1cpoHa, 'ITO YCl1nl1BaeTcSI 6naroLlapSi nOKa3aH-
HblM BO MHOrl1X cnY'IaSix B OTKpbITOH naCTI1 3y6aM co CBOHcTBeHHbIMI1 XI1Il.(HI1KaM
KnbIKaMI1. EIl.(e OLIHOH xapaKTepHOH oc06eHHocTbIO B 11306pa)\(eHI1I1 ronOBbI Bep6-
nlOLla SlBnSleTCSI nOLl'IepKHYTaSi oKpyrn<UI BbInYKnocTb «Il.(eKI1», BbILlenSieMaSi HapSl-
LlY C mnepTpocpl1pOBaHHbIM rna30M 11 YXOM; KaK npaBl1nO, penbecpHblM BaJll1KOM
nepeLlalOTcj/ ry6bI )\(11 BOTHOro.
TeMa Bep6nlOLla npeLlcTaBnSleT I1HTepeC KaK C T0'IKI1 3peHI1S1 reorpacpl1l1 pac-
npocTpaHeHI1j/ HaxOLloK, TaK 11 C n0311L(1111 B03MO)\(HOCTI1 BbILleneHI1S1 onpeLleneH-
HbiX rpynn 11306pa311TenbHoro MaTepl1aJ1a no pa3HbiM npl13HaKaM.
Eonbwe Bcero 11306pa)\(eHI1H Bep6nlOLloB HaHLleHo Ha Teppl1TOpl111 IO)\(Horo
Ilpl1ypaJIbSlI1 Ka3axcTaHa (oKono 50: Ta6n. 52: 2-7; 51: 2, 3, 5-9,11,14; 55: 1-
3; 54; 3), B pemoHe, rLle CKOHL(eHTpl1pOBaHbI LlnSi :moxl1 paHHI1X KOLIeBHI1KOB ca-
MbIe LlpeBHl1e npeLlMeTbi (c KOHL(a VI LlO HaLIaJla IV B. LlO H. 3.). H306pa)\(eHI1S1
Bep6nlOLlOB BCTpe'IalOTCSI 3L1eCb B pa3HbIX Bapl1aHTaX 11 Ha BeIl.(aX caMoro pa3nl1'I-
Horo Ha3Ha'IeHI1S1, OLlHaKO CTI1nl1CTI1'IeCKI1 npeLlCTaBnj/IOT LlOBonbHO KOMnaKTHYIO
rpynny.
BTOpbIM no LII1CneHHOCTI1 HaXOLlOK L(eHTpOM MO)\(HO C'I11TaTb perl10H norpa-
HI1'IHbIX 06naCTeH IO)\(HOH CI1611pl1 11 CeBepHoro KI1T<UI, BKnlO'IaSi 0PLlOC 11 BHYT-
peHH1010 MOHronl11O (17 3K3., Ta6n. 56). \113 3Toro paHoHa npol1CXOLlI1T L(enbIH pSiLl
a)\(ypHbIX nOSiCHbIX 6nSlx C paMKoH, OTHOCSlIl.(I1XCSI KO II-I BB. LlO H. 3. 11 BKnlO-
'IalOIl.(I1X KaK B-06pa3HbIe (2 3K3.) npSl)\(KI1 C CIO)\(eTOM 60pb6bI Tl1rpa C Bep6nlOLloM
I1nl1 ne)\(aIl.(I1M Bep6nlOLloM (3 3K3.), TaK 11 cepl1lO LlOCTaTOLIHO eLlI1H006pa3HbIX no
npl1HL(l1naM KOMn03I1L(1111 11 clO)\(ery npSlMoyronbHbIx 6nSlx C aHTI1TeTI1'IeCKOH
KOMn0311L(l1eH napbI Bep6nlOLloB (11 3K3.). 3Ta rpynna,. KaK 11 nepBaSl, xapaKTepl1-
3yeTcSI OTHOCI1TenbHbiM CTI1nl1CTI1'IeCKI1M eLlI1HCTBOM 11 Teppl1TOpl1aJ1bHOH 060c06-
neHHOCTblO. OHa LleMOHcTpl1pyeT Tpl1 Bapl1aHTa KOMn0311L(1111: Bep6nlOLlbI LlepYTCSI
Me)\(LlY C060H; Bep6nlOLlbI, pa3L1eneHHbIe L(eHTpaJIbHOH BepTI1KaJlblO nl1aHo06pa3-
HOro pac-reHI1j/, CTOSlT, nOLlHj/B ronoBbI; Bep6nlOLlbI, pa3L1eneHHbIe LlepeBOM C nl1-
CTbSlMI1-Sl'IeHKaMI1, CTOSlT, onycTI1B rOnOBbI. HHTepeCHO OTMeTI1Tb, LITO OLlHa napa
6nSlx, npOI1CXOLlSlIl.(I1X 113 CeBepHoro KI1TaSi (Ta6n. 56: 11), nonHOCTblO BbInaLlaeT
113 rpynnbI B CTI1nl1CTI1'IeCKOM OTHOWeHI1I1, LleMOHCTpl1PYSl npl1 3TOM TPaJ],I1L(110H-
HbIH I1KOHorpacpl1'IeCKI1H Tl1n npOTI1BOCTOSlHI1S1 Bep6nlOLlOB C nOLlHSlTbIMI1 ronoBa-
MI1. CTI1nl1CTI1'IeCKI1e pa3nI1'I11j/ MO)\(HO BblLlenl1Tb 11 B Llpyrl1x IDKypHbIX npSlMO-
yronbHbIx 6nSlxax 3TOH KaTe ropl1 11, 06'beLlI1HI1B I1X B He60nbllll1e nOLlrpynnbI, 'ITO
6YLleT cLlenaHo H(1)\(e.
TpeTbSl 3Ha'I11TenbHaSi no Konl1'IecTBy CTl1nI1CTI1'IeCK<UI rpynna HaxoLloK Wl1pO-
KO LlaTl1pyeTCj/ IV-I BB. LlO H. 3. (OLlHaKO BepOSITHee OKa3blBaeTCSI LlaTl1pOBKa Il-
l BB. LlO H. 3.) 11 npeLlCTaBneHa TaK)\(e 6pOH30BbIMI1 IDKypHbIMI1 npSlMoyronbHbIMI1
nOSICHbIMI1 nnaCTI1HaMI1 C 11306pa)\(eHl1eM CL(eHbI HanaJ],eHI1S1 Kowa'Ibero XHIl.(HHKa
Ha Bep6nlOLla (Ta6n. 55: 1-6).
YeTBepT<UI rpynna npeLlcTaBneHa IDKypHblMI1 npSlMoyronbHbIMH nOSiCHbIMH
npSl)\(KaMH C cpHrypOH ne)\(aIl.(ero Bep6nlOLla (Ta6n. 53: 7-11), KOTopbIe TaK)\(e
HMelOT CTI1nHCTH'IeCKHe oc06eHHocTH, HecMoTpSl Ha KOMn03HL(HOHHOe CXOLlCTBO.
3TH rpynnbl I1MelOT caMYIO Wl1pOKylO Teppl1TOpl11O pacnpoCTpaHeHI1S1 11 He MOryT
6bITb nOKaJlH30BaHbI B KaKOM-TO onpeLleneHHOM perHOHe: HaXOLlKH aHaJlOrH'IHbIX
BeIl.(eH CLlenaHbI OKono YenSl6HHCKa (LI. BaHIOWH. Ta6n. 55: 2), B Ka3aXCTaHe
(noc. TacTarbIM H KapaMYPYH II, Ta6n. 55: 1, 3), B BonrorpaLlcKoH 06nacTH (IleT-
pyHHHO 2), B paHoHe EyxapbI (J1SIBaHLlaK, Ta6n. 55: 5; WaXpI1BaHpOH, Ta6n. 55: 4).
90
IlpSiMoyronbHbIe nnaCTHHbI C ne)\(aIl.(HM Bep6nlOLloM H3BeCTHbI B 3aBOn)\(be (Eeno-
KaMeHKa, KYPr. 7; norp. 3) (Ta6n. 55: 9). B Ilpl1a30Bbe TaKoro nma 6nSlxI1 C H30-
6pa)\(eHI1S1MH ne)\(aIl.(ero 6aKTpHaHa, OTnI1'IalOIl.(HMHCSI no CTHnlO OT CL(eH CXBaTKH C
THrpoM, HaHLleHbI B naMSlTHHKax II-I BB. LlO H. 3. (KpacHoropoBKa y r. A30Ba H
KypraH y XyT. Becenoro (Ta6n. 53: 8, 11) 11 B .l1.0HCKOM MorHnbHHKe (KYPr. 1,
norp. 21) 3 (Ta6n. 53: 10).
IlonHbIe aHaJlOrHH HM npeLlcTaBneHbI Ha napHbIx IDKYPHbIX 6nSlxax H3 Ea6a-
WOBCKOro MomnbHHKa (IlpaB06epe)\(be AMYLlapbH) (Ta6n. 53: 7). IlocKonbKY 6nSl-
XH C ne)\(aIl.(HM Bep6nlOLloM npoHcxoLlSIT H3 KOMnneKCOB, HX LlaTa MO)\(eT 6bITb onpe-
LleneHa B npeLlenax II-I BB. LlO H. 3. Ilo MHeHHIO H. B. CepraL(KOBa, neTpYHHHCKaSi
a)\(ypH<Ul 6nSlxa co CL(eHOH HanaLleHHSI THrpa Ha Bep6nlOLla, KaK H aHaJlOrH'IHbIe
HaXOLlKH H3 LlpyrHx naMSlTHHKOB, TaK)\(e OTHOCHTCSI K paHHecapMaTCKOH KynbType
H MO)\(eT LlaTl1pOBaTbcSI II-I BB. LlO H. 3. [CepraL(KOB 1995, c. 153, 156-157].
HaKOHeL(, cYIl.(eCTByeT pSiLl xYLlO)\(eCTBeHHo ocpopMneHHblx H3L1enHH, KOTopbIe
BbInOnHeHbI B pa3HOH MaHepe, OTHOCSlTCSI K pa3HoMY BpeMeHH (OT V B. LlO H. 3. LlO
II B. H. 3.) H 06Hapy)\(eHbi B pa3nH'IHbIX nYHKTax Ha 60nbWOH TeppHTopHH OT
HH)\(Hero IloBon)\(bj/ (XoweYTOBCKHH MorHnbHHK) LlO AnTaSl, B OCHOBHOM B CpeLl-
HeH H LJ,eHTpaJIbHOH A3HI1. H306pa)\(eHHSI Bep6nlOLlOB Ha 3TOH TeppHTOpl1H npeLl-
CTaBneHbi Ha BeIl.(aX caMoro pa3Ho06pa3Horo Ha3Ha L leHHSI 11 CLlenaHbi B pa3nH'IHOH
TeXHHKe H CTHne. 3TH BeIl.(H 6YLlYT ynoMHHaTbCSI HH)\(e B CBSl3H C paCCMOTpeHHeM
BbILlenHBWHXCSI CTHnHCTH'IeCKI1X rpynn npH conOCTaBneHHH Tex HnH HHbIX CXOLl-
HblX xapaKTepHCTHK H npH3HaKOB.
HHTepeCHO, 'ITO HeKOTopbIe perHOHbI, HanpHMep, 06naCTb cpeLlHero Te'IeHHSI
AMYLlapbH, LlalOT HeCKonbKO pa3HOBpeMeHHbIX naMSlTHHKOB C HaxOLlKaMH H306pa-
)\(eHHH Bep6nlOLlOB (Ta6n. 55: 5; 53: 7; 50: 4), npH'IeM BblnOnHeHbI OHH B pa3nH'I-
HOM CTHne (J1S1BaHLlaK, Ea6awoBKa H OpnaTcKHH MOrl1nbHHK). B TO )\(e BpeMSI cy-
Il.(eCTByIOT CTI1nHCTH'IeCKH eLlHHbIe rpynnbI, COCTOSlIl.(He H3 BeIl.(eH, KOTopbIe npo-
HCXOLISIT H3 naMSlTHHKOB, pa36pOCaHHbIX Ha 60nbWOH TeppHTopHH (y)\(e ynoMSlHY-
TbIe cepHH nOSiCHbIX npSlMoyronbHbIx nnaCTHH CO CL(eHOH 60pb6bI THrpa C Bep6-
nlOLlOM H C H306pa)\(eHHeM ne)\(aIl.(ero Bep6nlOLla) (Ta6n. 55: 1-7; 53: 7-10).
0'IeBHLlHO, LITO HaXOLlKH H306pa)\(eHHH Bep6nIOLlOB-6aKTpHaHOB TeppHTopH-
aJlbHO pacnpeLlenSiIOTCSI 0'IeHb HepaBHOMepHO. HaH60nbwaSi nnOTHOCTb TaKHX Ha-
XOLIOK npHXOLlHTCSI Ha cpaBHHTenbHO nOKaJlbHbIe perHOHbl (Ta6n. 57). 3TO n03BO-
nSieT npeLlnOnO)\(HTb, 'ITO B LlpeBHocTH B MHpoB033peHHH HaceneHHSI HMeHHO 3THX
paHoHoB Bep6nlOLI HrpaJI oc06ylO ponb. E. J.1. BaHH6epr, HCXOLlSI H3 xpoHonorH'Ie-
CKHX H TeppHTOpHaJlbHbIX 3aKoHoMepHocTeH pacnpocTpaHeHHSI H306pa)\(eHHH Bep6-
nIOLloB, CLlenaJIa BbiBOLl, LITO 6aKTpl1aH, OLlOMaWHeHHbIH, 0'IeBHLlHO, HpaHOSl3bI'IHbI-
MI1 nneMeHaMH, )\(HBWHMH Ha -reppHTOpHH c-reneH Ka3aXCTaHa H npHneralOIl.(HX paH-
OHOB CpeLlHeH A3HH H, BepOj/THO, IO)\(HOH CH6HPH, 6bIn TOTeMOM KaKOH-TO rpyn-
nbI 3THX nneMeH. Ponb, KOTOPYIO 06pa3 Bep6nlOLla CTaJI HrpaTb B penHrH03HOH 11
nonHTH'IeCKOH CHMBonHKe, no MHeHHIO E. J.1. BaHH6epr, n03BonSieT BbICKa3aTb npek
nonO)\(eHHe 0 TOM, 'ITO 3TOT 300MOpcpHbIH 06pa3 BbIcTynaJI B Ka'IeCTBe 3M6neMbI,
BOCXOLlSlIl.(eH B nepBoocHoBe K TOTeMY nneMeHH HnH nneMeHHoro COI03a. E. H. BaHH-
6epr nOLl'IepKHyna, 'ITO KynbT Bep6nlOLla nepBOHa'IaJ1bHO Mor B03HHKHYTb He B
oceLlnO-3eMneLlenb'IeCKOH 06naCTH, a B K0'IeBHH'leCKOH cpeLle, H OTMeTHna, 'ITO Ha
Teppl1TOpl1H CpeLlHea3l1aTcKoro Me)\(Llype'IbSi B LlpeBHOCTH 11 LlO CI1X nop npeHMY-
Il.(eCTBeHHO pacnpOCTpaHeH OLlHorop6blH Bep6nlOLI LlpOMeLlap [BaHH6epr 1977,
3 f1pHHOWY 6IlarOLlapHOCTb aBTOpy paCKOIlOK 11. C. VlIlblOKOBY 3a pa3pCWCHHC ony6HHKo-
BaTb 1i306paJKCHHC HaxOLlKH.
91
c. 25]. Cne,ll,yeT cornaCHTbC5I C rHnoTe30H 6. I1. BaHH6epr 0 TOM, 4TO OCHOBHbIM
ueHTpOM CnO)\(eHH5I KynbTa 6aKTpHaHa B rny60KoH ,lI,peBHOCTH CTaJI perHOH npH-
Cblp,ll,apbHHCKHX H 60nee CeBepO-BOCT04HbIX 06naCTeH.
I1HTepecHO OTMeTHTb, 4TO CKonneHH5I HaXO,ll,OK H306pa)\(eHHH Bep6nlO,lI,OB HMe-
lOT cy ecTBeHHbIe pa3nH4H5I B ,lI,aTHpOBKax, a TaK)\(e B CTHnHCTH4eCKHX xapaKTe-
pHCTHKax. O,ll,HaKO B HeKOTopblX cnY4<U1X, Bep05lTHO, MO)\(HO npOCne,ll,HTb OTHOCH-
TenbHYIO npeeMCTBeHHOCTb xY,ll,O)\(eCTBeHHbIX Tpa,ll,HUHH.
300MOp<pHbIH 06pa3 MO)\(eT CTaTb apxeTHnOM B HCKYCCTBe nHWb B apeaJIe 6HO-
nOrH4eCKOro BH,lI,a, cny)\(a ero OCHOBOH ,lI,n51 C03,l1,aHH5I xY,ll,O)\(eCTBeHHoro 06pma.
B H3BeCTHbiX cny4a5lx YCTOH4HBa51 npHBep)\(eHHOCTb B OT,lI,enbHbIx pemOHax K 06-
pa3aM Bep6nlO,lI,OB MO)\(eT, BH,lI,HMO, CBH,lI,eTenbCTBOBaTb 06 OTHOCHTenbHOM 3THH-
4eCKOM e,ll,HHCTBe HaCeneHH5I, a COBna,ll,eHHe HeKoTopbIX npHeMoB H 3neMeHTOB xy-
,lI,O)\(eCTBeHHoro 513bIKa B H306pa)\(eHH5IX Bep6nlO,lI,OB B pa3HoBpeMeHHbIx naM5ITHH-
Kax Ha pmnH4HbIx TeppHTOpH5IX OTpa)\(aeT Tpa,ll,HUHH, KOTopble <PHKCHPYIOT 3THO-
HCTopH4ecKHe npoueccbI H MHrpaUHH. B CB5I3H C 3THM Cne,ll,yeT 06paTHTb BHHMa-
HHe Ha TOT <paKT, 4TO Bep6nlO,lI, - MOTHB B HCKyccTBe, COBepweHHO OTCYTCTBO-
BaBWHH B CKH<pCKoe BpeM5I B CeBepHOM npHlIepHOMopbe BnnOTb,ll,O II B. ,lI,0 H. 3.
HeMaJIOBa)\(HO 3aMeTHTb, 4TO B 3TO BpeM5I B eBponeHCKHX CTen5lX K 3ana,ll,y OT
Bonm Bep6nlO,lI,bl, 04eBH,lI,HO, H He 6blnIJ pacnpOCTpaHeHbI, 0 4eM CBH,lI,eTenbcTByeT
OTCYTCTBHe KaK OCTeonorH4ecKoro MaTepHaJIa Ha 3TOH TeppHTopHH, TaK H 06pa3a
Bep6nlO,lI,a B CKH<pCKOM HCKyccTBe. B capMaTcKYIO )\(e 3noxy cHTyaUH5I pe3Ko Me-
H5IeTC5I [KY3bMHHa 1963, c.42]. Ha TeppHTopHH BOcT04HoeBponeHcKHx cTeneH B
cn05lx pHMcKoro BpeMeHH KOCTH Bep6nlO,lI,a BCTpe4aIOTC5I ,lI,OCTaT04HO 4aCTO. Pac-
npocTpaHeHHe Bep6nlO,lI,OB B CeBepHoM npH'lepHoMopbe, no E. E. KY3bMHHOH, MO)\(-
HO CB5I3bIBaTb He TonbKO C pa3BHTHeM ToprOBnH, HO npe)K,lI,e Bcero C np0,ll,BH)\(eHH-
eM CIO,lI,a B capMaTCKYIO 3noxy nneMeH H3 nOBOn)\(b5l, npH4eM 06pa aeTC5I BHlIMa-
HHe Ha TOT <paKT, 4TO TaHaHC, HaceneHHe KOTOpOro 6bInO 04eHb capMaTH30BaHO,
pe3KO Bbl,ll,en5leTC5I no npoueHTY HaXO,ll,OK KocTell Bep6nlO,lI,OB H3 p5l,ll,a ,lI,pyrHx ro-
P0,ll,OB CeBepHoro npH4epHOMOpb5l. B 3Ty 3noxy 11306pa)\(eHH5I Bep6nlO,lI,OB n05lB-
n5lIOTC5I Ha 60nee WHpOKOH TeppHTopHH, npO,ll,BHra5lCb B 3ana,ll,HOM HanpaBneHlIH H
pacnpOCTpaH5I5ICb B HH)\(HeM nOBon)\(be, He60nbwoe CKonneHHe HaXO,ll,OK npe,ll,Me-
TOB HCKYCCTBa, Ha KOTOpbIX npHcyrcTBylOT 06pa3bI Bep6nlO,lI,OB, <pHKcHpyeTc5I B
npHmOBbe. YI3BecTHa HaXO,ll,Ka y c. 60nbwa51 )J,MHTpHeBKa (Ta6n. 54: 8) B Capa-
TOBCKOH ry6epHHH ,lI,BYX KpyrnbIx 6POH30BbIX Koneu C <pHrYPKaMH ne)\(a HX Bep6-
nlO,lI,OB H3 KypraHa II-I BB. ,lI,0 H. 3. [MaKcHMOB 1957, c. 160, pHC. 4], BbInOnHeHHbIX
B rpy60BaToH 0606 eHHoH MaHepe. B naM5ITHHKaX nOBon)\(b51 B paHHee, «caBpo-
MaTCKoe», BpeM5I H306pIDKeHH5I Bep6nlO,lI,OB npaKTlI4eCKH He BCTpe4aIOTC5I, ecnH He
C4HTaTb KOCT5IHOH <PHrYPKH ne)\(a ero KonbITHoro )\(HBOTHOro H3 6nIOMeH<penb,ll,a,
onpe,ll,eneHHoro O. A. KpHBuOBOH-fpaKOBOH KaK Bep6nlO,lI, [KpHBuoBa-fpaKoBa 1948,
c. 101], 4TO MO)\(eT 6bITb nO,ll,BeprHYTo COMHeHHIO, nocKonbKY y )\(HBOTHOro HeT
rop60B H ,lI,pymx cneUH<pH4ecKH Bep6nlO)\(bl1X lIepT, a KonbITa H306pa)\(eHbI OCT-
pbIMH H y3KHMH, KaK y OneH5I HnH noc5I. BH,lI,HMO, caMblM paHHHM 06pmuoM Cpe,ll,H
xy,ll,O)\(eCTBeHHo o<popMneHHbIx npe,ll,MeTOB, Ha KOTOpbIX npHcyTcTByeT 06pm Bep6-
nlO,lI,a, B HH)\(HeM nOBOn)\(be 51Bn5leTC5I nCaJIHH C Bep6nlO)\(beH ronoBoH, HaH,lI,eH-
HbIH Cpe,ll,H Be eH H3 pmpyweHHoro norpe6eHH5I 6nH3 ACTpaxaHH B XoweYToB-
CKOM MomnbHHKe (Ta6n. 51: 4) [Dvomitchenko, Fedorov-Davydov 1994, p. 74].
n05lBneHHe np5lMoyronbHbIx np5l)\(eK co cueHoH Hana,ll,eHH5I THrpa Ha Bep6nlO-
,lI,a (neTpYHHHO 2, KYPr. 1; nHcapeBKa II, KYPr. 6) H C <pHrypOH ne)\(a ero Bep6-
nlO,lI,a (6enoKaMeHKa) Ha TeppHTopHH HH)\(HerO nOBOn)\(b5l, <pHKcHpyeT, Bep05ITHO,
O,ll,HH H3 paHHHX 3TanOB npOHHKHOBeHH5I KaKHX-TO rpynn K04eBHHKOB ueHTpaJIb-
Hoa3HaTCKoro npOHCXO)\(,lI,eHH5I B 3ana,ll,Hble perHOHbl.
nOCKonbKY cYll.\ecTByeT p5l,ll, a)\(ypHbIX np5lMoyronbHbIx np5l)\(eK co cueHaMH,
CIO)\(eTHO CB5I3aHHbIMH C Bep6nlO,lI,OM, HMeeT CMbIcn OCTaHOBHTbC5I Ha HHX nO,ll,po6-
Hee, C,lI,enaB nonbITKY npOaHaJIll3HpOBaTb IIX oc06eHHocTH H pmBHTHe. CaM THn
np5lMoyronbHoH a)\(ypHoH n05lCHOH 6n5lXH C KOMn03HUHeH, 3aKnlO4eHHOH B paMKY,
H3BeCTeH B CH6HpH y)\(e B caKCKoe BpeM5I B V-IV BB. ,lI,0 H. 3., OH 51Bn5leTC5I TH-
nH4HbIM ,lI,n51 K04eBHH4eCKHX KynbTYP (6n5lXH H3 CH6HpCKOH KonneKUl1H neTpa I
[PY,ll,eHKo 1962, Ta6n. 6: 1-3; Horvath 1995, p. 80] H He BCTpe4aeTC5I B 60nee paH-
Hee BpeM5I B ,lI,pyrHx perHoHax. YIMeHHo Ha 3TOH TeppHTopHH H B conpe,ll,enbHblx C
HeH 06nacT5Ix OH nonY4aeT wHpoKoe pacnpoCTpaHeHHe H pa3BHTHe B nocne,ll,YIO-
He 3nOXH (np5l)\(KH H3 BHYTpeHHeH MOHronHH H Op,ll,oca H a)\(ypHbIe MHHYCIIH-
CKHe 6n5lXH (Ta6n. 56: 1-11) [)J,3BneT 1976, c. 221, pHC. 2: 4; Y 3Hb, l.{)\(YH KaHb,
JlH 3HHbU33H 1990, c. 95, pHC. 9: 3, 5; Ancient Bronzes... p. 171, N!! 890; Ancient
Art... p. 137; N!! 69]). Y4HTblBa51 3TH Ha6nlO,lI,eHH5I, ,lI,aHHble np5l)\(KII Cne,ll,yeT, BH-
,lI,HMO, BbIBO,ll,HTb H3 paHOHOB eHTpaJIbHOH A3HH, BKn104a51 TeppHTopHIO paccene-
HH5I HpaHCKHX HapO,ll,OB, H IO)\(HOH CH6HPII, HMe51 B BH,lI,y, lITO TeppHTopH5I CeBep-
Horo KHTaR H MOHronHH He 6bIna ,lI,n51 HHX IICXO,ll,HbIM perHOHOM, KaK 3TO C4HTaJI
A. CaJIbMOHH [Salmony 1933, p. 219]. B CB5I3H C 3THM npe,ll,CTaBn5leTC5I cnopHblM
BbI,lI,BHHYTbIH M. A. )J,3BneT Te3HC 0 npHBHeceHHH nO,ll,06HbIX Be eH Ha TeppllTo-
pHIO IO)\(HOH CH6HpH xyHHaMH, no 06pa3uaM KOTOpblX MacTepa IO)I(HOH CII6HpH
OTnHBaJIH CBOH H3,l1,enH5I [)J,3BneT 1976, c. 226]. MHeHHe M. A. )J,3BneT pa3,l1,en5ln H
P. fHpwMaH, nonaraBwHH, 4TO n05lBneHHe a)\(ypHblX n05lCHbiX nnaCTlIH Ha EHHcee,
TaK )\(e KaK H HeKoTopbIX 300MOP<pHbIX 06pa30B, B TOM 'lIlcne II Bep6nlO,lI,OB, HnnlO-
cTpHpyeT 3KcnaHCHIO XyHHy Ha 3ana,ll, [Ghirshman 1979, p. 175]. B TO )\(e BpeM5I,
A. B. BapeHOB H H. B. nonOCbMaK C4HTaIOT, BCne,ll, 3a A. K. AKHweBbIM [AKHweB
1976, c. 193], 4TO «BMeCTe C Bep6nlO,lI,aMH-6aKTpHaHaMH, npHBe3eHHbIMH K04eB-
HHKaMH B KHTaH (B IV-Ill BB. ,lI,0 H. 3.), npHwna H Tpa,ll,HUH5I nepe,ll,a'lIl ero 06pa3a
onpe,ll,eneHHbIMH xY,ll,O)\(eCTBeHHbIMII nplleMaMH, B ,lI,aJIbHeHWeM KaHOHII3I1pOBaH-
HbIMH Ha CIOHHyCKIIX n05lCHbIX nnaCTIIHax C napHbIMII 11306pa)\(eHII5IMII» [Bape-
HOB, nonocbMaK 1989, c. 114J.
XpoHonorlllIecKoe pacnpe,ll,eneHlle HaXO,ll,OK n05lCHbiX np5lMoyronbHbIx nnaCTIIH
II ,lI,IIHaMHKa CTllnHCTlIlIeCKoro pmBIITII5I, ynaBnllBaeMa51 Ha IIMelO eMC5I MaTeplla-
ne, 3aCTaBn5llOT CKnOH5ITbC5I K MbIcnll 0 Ka3axcTaHCKO-IO)\(HOyPaJIbCKOM linH CII-
611pCKOM nPOIICXO)\(,lI,eH1111 TaKOro Tllna YKpaweHIIH II pacnpOCTpaHeHlI1I IIX Bno-
Cne,ll,CTBHII KaK B 3ana,ll,HOM HanpaBneHIII1 (6n5lxlI II B. ,lI,0 H. 3. CO cueHOH Hana,ll,e-
HH5I Tllrpa Ha Bep6mo,ll,a II nO,ll,06Hble 11M nplla30BCKlle nnaCTHHbI C ne)\(a I1M Bep6-
nlO,lI,OM II-I BB. ,lI,0 H. 3., a TaK)\(e 6n5lxa 113 JlypllCTaHa; Ta6n. 53: 12) 4, TaK II B
IOrO-BOCT04HOM (nnaCTl1HbI 113 MHHYCIIHCKOH KOTnOBIIHbI II CeBepHoro KIITa51 II
MOHronllH 5). Cpe,ll,1I 6pOH30BbIX np5lMoyronbHbIX n05lCHbIX np5l)\(eK Bbl,ll,en5leTC5I
rpynna ,lI,OCTaT04HO e,ll,IIH006pa3HbIX 6n5lx, Ha KOTOpblX 11306pa)\(eHa cueHa Hana-
,lI,eHII5I Tllrpa Ha Bep6nlO,lI,a I1nH (Imrypa ne)\(a ero Bep6nlO,lI,a. TaKHe HaXO,ll,KH c,lI,e-
naHbI B Cpe,ll,HeH A3HH (Jl5lBaH,lI,aK [06enb4eHKo 1968, c. 54]; WaxpHBaHpoH l06enb-
4eHKO 1978, c. 71, pHC. 1, 2]) (Ta6n. 55: 4, 5), B KmaXCTaHe (TacTarblM [AKHweB
4 ')Ta 6IlSlxa LlaTHpoBaHa B KaTa.l0re BblCTaBKH «700 ans d'art cn Iran» (N 473) VIII-
vn BB. LlO H. ). oWH60't1l0, Ha 'tTO YJKC 6blIlO YKa3allO P. fHpwMaHoM, ncpe;:taTHpoBaBwHM ee
I-II BB. H. ). [Ghirshman 1979, p. 175, 190].
5 4TO KaCaeTCSI CIOJKCTa 60pb6bl XHll1HHKa C Bep6IlIOLlOM, TO caMblMH pal1llHMH 06pa3uaMH
nOLl06HblX H306paJKCHHH cnCLlYcr, nO-BHLlHMOMY, C'tHTaTb 30nOTblC nOSlCHble 6,1S1XH H3 CH6HP-
CKOH KOIlIlCKUHH [PYLlCHKO 1962, Ta6Il. 5: 1-3].
92
93
1976, c. 189, pl1C. 2]; KapaMYPYH II [ApTaMoHoB 1973, c. 33, pl1c. 34]), B 3aYPaJIbe
(,rJ,ep. BaHIDWI1 6Jll13 r. 4eJl5l611HCKa [6epc 1950, c. 62, N2 256]) (Ta6Jl. 55: 1-3) 11 B
nOBOJl)l{be B MOrHJlbHI1Ke ne-rpYHI1HO 2 [CeprauKoB 1995, c. 152, pl1c. 4: 14] 11 nl1ca-
peBKa II [MaMoHToB 2002, c. 258, pl1c. 2] (Pl1c. 6: 6). Bce nepe'I11CJleHHbIe npe,ll,MeTbI
(Bcero 6 3K3eMnJl5lpoB) ,lI,aTl1pYIDTC5I, Bep05lTHO, II-I BB. ,lI,0 H. 3., XOT5I CYLLleCTBY-
IDT 11 ,lI,Pyrl1e T0'IKI1 3peHI151 Ha B03MO)l{HOCTb I1X ,lI,aTl1pOBKI1. TaK, A. K. AKHWeB
,lI,ampoBaJI npIDKK)' 113 TaCTarblMa 6 py6e)l{OM IV-Ill BB. ,lI,0 H. 3. [AKI1WeB 1976, c. 193],
OTHeC5I ee K Kpyry «caBpoMaTCKI1X naM5ITHI1KOB» lO)I{Horo npl1YPaJIb51 Ha OCHOBa-
HI1I1 nOCTpOeHI1H CTI1Jll1CTI1'IeCKOro aHaJII13a H npl16Jll13HTeJlbHOH ,lI,aTbI Hai::J,LJ,eHHo-
ro p5l,ll,OM TpeXJlOnacTHoro HaKOHe'IHI1Ka CTpeJlbI. npaB,lI,a, 06a 3TI1 OCHOBaHI151 BbI-
rJl5l,ll,51T ,lI,OBOJlbHO waTKHMH, nOCKOJlbKY 06CT05lTeJlbCTBa HaXO,ll,KI1 He ,lI,aIDT nOJlHOH
YBepeHHOCTI1 B HeCJlY'IaHHOCTH C0'IeTaHH5I np5l)l{KI1 C HaKOHe'IHI1KOM, a xY,lI,O)l{eCT-
BeHHO-CTHJlI1CTI1'IeCKHe oc06eHHOCTH He I1MelDT 'IeTKO pa3pa60TaHHOH 11 XpOHOJlO-
rH'IeCKI1 060CHOBaHHOH WKaJIbI ,lI,Jl51 cpaBHeHH5I. A. K. AKHweB B nO,ll,TBep)l{,lI,eHl1e
CBoeH ,lI,aTHpOBKI1 npHBO,ll,I1T ,lI,aTY ,lI,PyroH aHaJIOrH'IHOH np5l)KKI1 - 113 MOrl1JlbHHKa
KapaMYPYH II, KOTOpbIH OH OTHOCIIT K 1II B. ,lI,0 H. 3. [AKI1WeB 1976, c. 190], XOT5I
,lI,Pyrl1e I1CCJle,ll,OBaTeJlH ,lI,aTl1pYIDT KapaMYPYHcKYID Haxo,ll,KY II B. ,lI,0 H. 3. [Mapry-
JlaH, AKI1WeB, Ka,ll,bIp6aeB, Opa36aeB 1966, c. 369-402].
A)I{YPHbIe np5lMoyrOJlbHbIe np5l)l{KH co cueHoH 60pb6bI Tl1rpa C Bep6JlID,lI,OM
'Ipe3BbI'IaHHo 6Jll13KI1 B CTI1JlHCTH'IeCKOM OTHOWeHI1I1: 11306pa)l{eHI151 BeCbMa cxe-
MaTI1'IHbI, 06Pa3bI TpaKToBaHbI 0'IeHb JlaKOHH'IHO, 6e3 BC5IKOH ,lI,eTaJIH3aUHI1 - ne-
pe,ll,aHbl TOJlbKO caMbIe xapaKTepHbIe 'IepTbI )l{HBOTHbIX (HanpI1Mep, wepcTHbIH no,ll,-
Bec no,ll, weeH), 06ecne'I11BaIDLLlHe I1X y3HaBaHl1e; MOp,ll,bl npaKTI1'IeCKH He npopa-
60TaHbI. A. K. AKI1WeB, pa36I1pa51 oc06eHHOCTH TaCTarbIMCKOH np5l)l{KI1, CKJlOHeH
paCueHI1BaTb 0606LLleHHOCTb KOHrypOB H MO,ll,eJlHpOBKI1 He KaK 11306pa3HTeJlbHYID
JlaKOHH'IHOCTb, a KaK np05lBJleHI1e ,lI,erpa.LJ,at.(HH, Bblpa3I1BWeHC5I B orpy6JleHHI1 TpaK-
TOBKH 06pa30B lAKI1WeB 1976, c. 194]. A. K. AKI1WeB YCMaTpHBaeT B TaKOM I1C-
nOJlHeHl111 300Mop<!moH cueHbI HeYMeHl1e MacTepa, nblTaIDLLlerOC5I BOCnp0l13BeCTI1
B MeCTHOH nepepa60TKe C BbIpa)l{eHHOH CXeMaTI13aUl1eH 06pa3UbI, BOCnpHH5ITbIe 113
C11611pl1. HeJlb351 He COrJlaCI1TbC5I C TeM, 'ITO B 113BeCTHOH Mepe ,lI,erpa,ll,aul151 B IIC-
nOJlHeHHH cueHbI 60pb6bI XI1LLlHI1Ka C Bep6JlID,lI,OM no cpaBHeHlI1D C KaKI1MH-TO
npOTOTl1naMH I1MeeT MeCTO. TeM He MeHee 06Pa3bI He JlI1WeHbl Bblpa3HTeJlbHOCTI1
H ,lI,I1HaMHKI1. npl1 06LLleH CXO)l{eCTlI, CTI1JlI1CTlflleCKOM, KOMn03HuHOHHOM 11 06pa3-
HOM e,ll,HHCTBe BceH cepl1l1 npe,ll,MeTOB, KOTopble MOryT paCCMaTpIIBaTbC5I KaK He-
nOCpe,ll,CTBeHHble penJlI1KI1, OHII He 51BJl5lIDTC5I THpa)j<HpOBaHl1eM no O,ll,HOH llI-fTeH-
HOH cpopMe 11 HMelDT HeKOTopbIe pa3JlH ' IH5I KaK B nponopuH5IX CaMI1X paMOK H 3a-
KJlID'IeHHbIX B HI1X cpl1ryp, TaK 11 B nepe,ll,a'Ie OT,lI,eJlbHbIX llaCTeH 300MOpcpHbIX
H306pa)l{eHI1H. npl1 BceH YCJlOBHOCTI1 TpaKTOBKI1 cpOpM, xapaKTepHOH ,lI,Jl51 3TOH ce-
pHI1 a)l{ypHbIX n05lCHbIX nJlaCTI1H, TaCTarbIMCKa51 (Ta6Jl.55: 1) 11 Jl5lBaH,lI,aKCKa51
(Ta6Jl. 55: 5) 6Jl5lxI1 OTJlI1'IaIDTC5I 60Jlee OCHOBaTeJlbHOH npopa60TKoH, a HaH60Jlb-
weH He6pe)l{HOCTbID OTMe'IeHbI np5l)l{KI1 113 MOrHJlbHHKa neTpYHHHO 2 H KapaMY-
PYHa (Ta6Jl. 55: 3,6). 6Jl5lxa 113 nOBOJl)l{CKOro MOrHJlbHIIKa nl1CapeBKa II, HeCMOTp51
Ha rpy60BaTYID CXeMaTI1'IHOCTb, OTMe'IeHa CTpeMJleHl1eM K HeKOH ,lI,eKOpaTHBHOH
pa3pa60TKe ,lI,eTaJIeH; wepCTb Ha Horax Bep6JlID,lI,a, ero rop6bI 11 XBOCT, XBOCT H we51
XIILLlHHKa aKueHTl1pOBaHbI napaJIJleJlbHblMl1 np5lMbIMI1 If BOJlH006pa3HbIMII JlI1HI151-
MI1. npl1'IeM TpaKTOBKa Bep6JlID)I{bl1X rop60B CBIf,ll,eTeJlbCTByeT 0 BOCnp0I13Be,ll,e-
HI1I1 He BnOJlHe nOH5ITOrO 06p a3 ua. BepHoe B ueJlOM paccY)I{,lI,eHl1e A. K. AKI1WeBa
o B03MO)l{HOM HanpaBJleHl111 nOI1CKa npoToTlfnoB ,lI,Jl51 nO,ll,06HbIX 11306pIDKeHI1H
Y5I3BI1MO, O,ll,HaKO B 'IaCTH BbIBO,ll,OB, a6COJlIDTlf3lfpYIDLLlHX ,lI,erpa,ll,aUIIID He TOJlbKO
CTI1JlI1CTI1'IeCKYID, BbIpa3IfBWYIDC5I B cpOpMaJIbHblX oc06eHHOCT5IX TaCTarbIMCKOH
np5l)l{KI1, HO 11 06LLlYID, A. K. AKI1WeB, Ha OCHOBe aHaJIlf3a TaCTarbIMCKOH np5l)l{KI1,
npHWeJl K 3aKJlID'IeHHID, 'ITO Ka3aXCTaHCKa51 HaXO,ll,Ka CJlY)I{I1T ,lI,OKa3aTeJlbCTBOM
«BbIp0)l{,lI,eHI151 ,,3BepI1HOrO" CTI1Jl51 1f3 HCKYCCTBa B 06b1'IHbIi1 ,lI,eKOp» [AKI1WeB
1976, c. 195], C 'IeM TPY,lI,HO COrJlaCIfTbC5I, nOCKOJlbKY MbI I1MeeM ,lI,eJlO He C e,ll,l1-
HI1'IHbIMI1 npl1MepaMI1 HeYMeJlOrO KonHpOBaHH5I He,ll,OnOH5ITbIX 'IY)I{,lI,bIX 06p a3 U OB ,
npeBpaTI1BWerO 300MOpcpHbIH MOTI1B B opHaMeHTaJIbHbIH 3JleMeHT, a, HeCOMHeHHO,
C Ka'IecTBeHHo I1HbIMI1 3cTeTH'IecKlfMIf HOpMaMI1 11 nO,ll,XO,ll,OM K TpaKTOBKe H306pa-
311TeJlbHOH cpOpMbI npl1 COXpaHeHl111 TeMbl If OC03HaHHOCTII MOTIfBa. 3TO nO,ll,TBep-
)I{,lI,aeTC5I 11 CYLLleCTBOBaHl1eM He O,ll,HOrO YKpaWeHI151, a UeJlOH cepl1l1 1f3,l1,eJlIfH, OT-
Jll1'IaIDLLllfXC5I B HeKOTopbIX ,lI,eTaJI5I X KOMn03lfulll1 11 npopa60TKI1 1f306pa)l{eHI1H, a
TaK)I{e HaJII1'I11eM ,lI,Pyrl1x Bapl1aUI1H TeMbl, pa3pa6aTbIBaeMOH B paMKax IfHbIX xY-
,lI,O)l{eCTBeHHbIx Tpa.LJ,IfUI1H. A. K. AKlfweB BblCKa3aJI MHeHlfe, 'ITO ClD)I{eT 60pb6bI
Tl1rpa C Bep6JlID,lI,OM, Bep05lTHO, He caBpOMaTCKI1H, 11, YKa3aB Ha napaJIJleJlI1 B 3Be-
pl1HOM CTI1Jle n I1YPaJIb5l, eHTpaJIbHOro Ka3aXCTaHa (TaCMOJllIHCKa51 KYJlbrypa), a
TaK)I{e 3ana.LJ,HOH C11611pl1, AJlTa5l, CeMl1pe4b5l, lO)I{Horo Ka3aXCTaHa 11 Op,ll,Oca,
BKJlID'I11Jl KOMn03I1UI1ID Ha np5lMoyrOJlbHbIX a)l{ypHbIX np5l)l{KaX B KOHTeKCT 06LLlero
pa3BI1TI151 300MopcpHoro I1CKYCCTBa 3ana,ll,HOH II lO)I{HOH Clf611pl1 11 CeMl1pe4b51 C
pacnpocTpaHeHHbIMI1 B HeM MOTI1BaMI1 Tep3aHI151 H e,ll,I1H060pCTBa, nepeKJII1KalDLLlI1-
MI1C5I C nepe,ll,Hea3l1aTCKI1M I1CKYCCTBOM lAKI1WeB 1976, c. 193].
np5lMoyrOJlbHbIe np5l)!(KII C 11306pa)l{eHI151MI1 Bep6JlID,lI,OB I1MelDT eLLle ,lI,Be 06-
JlaCTII pacnpocTpaHeHI151, xapaKTepl13YIDLLll1eC5I BeCbMa KOMnaKTHbIMI1 Teppl1TOpl1-
aJIbHbIMI1, XpOHOJlOrH'IeCKlfMI1 11, 0'IeBIf,ll,HO, KYJlbrypHbIMI1 rpynnaMI1. Pe'Ib l1,l1,eT,
Bo-nepBbIX, 0 cepl1l1 6pOH30BbIX a)l{ypHbIX 6Jl5lX 113 BHYTpeHHeH MOHrOJlI1If, 0P,ll,O-
ca 11 lO)I{HOH C11611pl1, OTHOC5ILLleHC5I K XYHHCKOMY BpeMeHI1, If, BO-BTOPbIX, 0 He-
CKOJlbKllX HaXO,ll,KaX 113 CTenel1 npl1a30Bb5l. OCTaHOBIIMC5I CHa'laJIa Ha BOCTO'IHOH
rpynne nJlaCTI1H. Ha HI1X 11306pa)l{eHa napa npOTI1BOnOCTaBJleHHbIX ,lI,Pyr ,lI,pyry
Bep6JlID,lI,OB (CYLLlecTByeT Tpl1 I1KOHorpacpl1'leCKI1X BaplfaHTa: I-H - Bep6JlID,lI,bl
CT05lT, HI13KO onYCTI1B roJlOBY [Salmony 1933, pI. XXVIII: 1; )J,3BJleT 1976, c. 221,
pl1c. 2: 4; Y 3Hb, 4)1{YH KaHb, ]]11 3IfHbU33H 1990, c. 95, pl1c. 9: 5; Bunker N2227]
(Ta6Jl. 56: 1, 2, 4, 5); 2-H Bapl1aHT - Bep6JlID,lI,bI CT05lT, BbICOKO ,lI,ep)l{a rOJlOBY
[Salmony 1933, pI. XXVIII: 2, 3; Ancient Bronzes... p. 171, N2890; XYHHcKlle
,lI,peBHOCTH... (KoMnJleKT OTKpbITOK) 1986; Y 3Hb, 4)1{YH KaHb, ]]If 3HHbU33H 1990,
c. 95, pl1c. 9: 3; Ancient Art... p. 137, N269] (Ta6Jl. 56: 3, 6,7,9-11); 3-H BapHaHT
npe,ll,CTaBJleH e,ll,I1HCTBeHHbIM 3K3eMnJl5lpOM If ,lI,eMOHcTplfpyeT MOMeHT CXBaTKI1
,lI,BYX Bep6JlID,lI,OB [BOJlKOB 1967, pl1c. 21: 2] (Ta6Jl. 56: 8) 7). npaKTlf'IeCKI1 Ha Bcex
3TI1X 6Jl5lXax (KpoMe cueHbl CXBaTK(1) Me)I{)J.y )l{I1BOTHbIMIf B ueHTpe KOMn03IfUI1If
11306pa)l{eHO ,lI,epeBO I1JlI1, CKopee, KaKoe-TO BbIDLLleeC5I paCTeHl1e. Bce OHIf OTHO-
C5ITC5I K nepllo,ll,y XaHb 11 ,lI,aTl1pYIDTC5I, Bep05ITHO, II-I BB. ,lI,0 H. 3. [Ancient Bron-
Zes... p. 170]. HeKOTopbIe 113 np5lMoyroJlbHbIX 6Jl5lX HMelDT rJla,ll,KYID paMKy, ,lI,Py-
rl1e 06paMJleHbI opHaMeHTaJIbHbIM peJlbecpHbIM 60p,ll,lDpOM B BH,lI,e nepeBI1TOH «KO-
CI1'IKI1», 06pa3YIDLLleH yrJly6JleHI151 MHH,lI,aJIeBI1,l1,HOH cpOpMbl IfJlIf p5l,ll, JllfcTo06pa3-
6 B ny6'lHKaUHlO A. K. AKHwcBa [1976] BKpa.lacb ;:toca;:tHaSl oWH6Ka: Ha c. I 88 ICCTOM Ha-
XO;:tKH YKa3aH noc. TaCTarblM B 3ana;:tlloM Ka3aXCTaHc (COBX03 Iof l. A6aSl K3blIl-Op;:tHHcKoro paH-
OHa fypbCBCKOH 06Il.), a Ha C. 189 B no;:tnHCH K pHC. 2 noc. TaCTarblM nOMCll{CH B Ka3aIlHllCKOM
paHOIIC K3bIIl-OPLlHHCKOH 06Il., T. C. B pCrHOHC, KOTOpblH OTHOCHTCSI K IOJKHOMY Ka3aXCTaHY.
7 B CCBCpHOH MOHrO, HH 6blIla Hai1L!clla npSlMoyroHbHaSl aJKypHaSl nnaCTHlla TaKoro THna,
ony6HHKoBaHHaSl B. B. BO.1KOBblM [BO.1KOB 1967, pHC. 21: 2]. O'teHb n,lOXOC Ka'tCCTBO pHcYllKa
B ny6IlHKauHH HC ;:taCT B03MO HOCTH 6C3anCJl!ISlUHOHII0 YTBCpJK;:taTb, 'tTO lIa nIlaCTIofHC npc;:t-
CTaBIlCHa CllClla 60pb6bl LlBYX Bcp6IlIOLlOB, HO HKollorpa<IJHSI H306paJKCHHH n03BOIlSleT npc;:tno-
IlOJKHTb, 'tTO B LlaHHOM cIly'tac Mbl HMCCM LlCIlO HMCHIIO C )THM CIOJKCTOM.
94
9S
HblX 5fLleeK [Salmony 1933, pI. XXVIII: I], n05lBneHI1e KOTOpbIX Ha paMKe M. 11. Ap-
TaMOHOB OTHOCl1n KO II B. ,lJ,0 H. 3. [ApTaMoHoB 1973, c. 167]. KaK y)\(e OTMeLJaJlOCb
BbIwe, HeCMOTp51 Ha Tl1nOnOrl1LJeCKOe e,lJ,I1HCTBO l\eHTpaJIbHoa:3I1aTCKI1X IDKypHbIX
6n5lx, COBna,lJ,eHl1e I1X <pOpMbI 11 <PYHKl\110HaJlbHOro Ha:maLJeHI151, a TaK)\(e 06il(HOCTb
I1KOHorpaqml1, yKa3bIBalOil(l1e Ha HecoMHeHHylO KynbTypHYIO 11 xpoHOnOrl1LJecKYIO
6nl130CTb 3TI1X xY,lJ,O)\(eCTBeHHbIx 113,lJ,enI1H, ,lJ,IDKe B 3TOH cepl1l1 npe,lJ,MeTOB BbI,lJ,e-
n5lIOTC5I CTl1nl1CTI1LJeCKl1e Bapl1aHTbI, cYil(eCTBOBaHl1e KOTOpbIX Bp5l,lJ, nl1 MO)\(HO
06'b5lCHI1Tb TonbKO I1H,lJ,I1BI1,lJ,YaJIbHOH MaHepoH MaCTepa. Donee Bep05lTHO B ,lJ,aHHOM
cnyLJae OTpIDKeHl1e pa3HbIX Tpa,LJ,I1l\I1H pO,lJ,CTBeHHbIx 11 LJpe3BbILJaHHO 6nl13KI1X Kynb-
TYP 11 Bnl151Hl1e pa3nI1LJHbIX WKon, B03MO)\(HO, 3a CLJeT npl1BneLJeHI151 I1CnOnHI1TeneH.
TaK, 06'be,lJ,I1H5IIOTC5I 6n5lxI1 113 MI1HYCI1HCKOro My3e51 (c. KaJlbI), 113 CeBepHoro KI1-
Ta5I I1nl1 BHYTpeHHeH MOHronl111 11 nnaCTI1Ha C 611TBOH Bep6nlO,lJ,OB 113 MOHronl111
(Ta6n. 56: 1, 4, 8); BTOPYIO cTl1nl1CTI1LJecKylO nO,lJ,rpynny COCTaBn5llOT 6n5lxl1, I1Me-
1Oil(l1e MHOro 06il(ero C npe,lJ,bI,lJ,Yil(I1MI1, HO OTnI1LJalOil(l1eC5I KaK B npOnOpl\I151X, TaK
11 B ,lJ,eKOpaTI1BHOH TpaKToBKe OT,lJ,enbHbIX ,lJ,eTaJleH, Hanpl1Mep rop60B: nnaCTI1HbI C
HamYBwI1MI1C5I Bep6nlO,lJ,aMI1 113 CeBepHoro KI1Ta51 (Ta6n. 56: 2, 5); K HI1M npl1MbI-
KaeT Cepl151 nnaCTI1H (TpeTb51 nO,lJ,rpynna) 113 CeBepHoro KI1Ta51 C napOH npOTI1BO-
nOCTaBneHHbIX Bep6n IO,lJ,OB, nO,lJ,H5IBWI1X ronOBY; nl1CTb51 BblOil(erOC5I paCTeHI151,
crpynnl1poBaHHbIe B Tpl1nl1CTHbIe BeTOlIKI1, KaK 6bI OXBaTblBalOT <p11f'YPbI )\(I1BOT-
HbIX; paMKI1 He I1MelOT opHaMeHTaJlbHoro yKpaweHI151 (Ta6n. 56: 3,6, 7); LJeTBepTa51
nO,lJ,rpynna BKnlOLJaeT ,lJ,Be 6n5lxI1 C ,lJ,eKOpaTI1BHO o<popMneHHoH B BI1,lJ,e opHaMeH-
TaJlbHO TpaKToBaHHoro BblOil(eroC5I paCTeHI151 paMKoH 11 npOTI1BOCT05lil(I1MI1 Bep6-
nlO,lJ,aMI1 C nO,lJ,H5ITOH ronoBoH 113 Op,lJ,Oca 11 BHYTpeHHeH MOHronl1l1; nl1CTBa nl1a-
Hono,lJ,06HOrO paCTeHI151 nepe,lJ,aHa He B BI1,lJ,e Tpl1nl1CTHbIX BeTOLJeK, a B BI1,lJ,e ycnoB-
HO TpaKTOBaHHbIX KI1CTeH. 3TI1 6n5lxl1, I1CnOnHeHHbIe B O,lJ,HOM CTl1ne 11 BbI,lJ,ep)\(aH-
HbIe B e,lJ,I1HbIX npOnOpl\I151X, TeM He MeHee He l1,lJ,eHTI1LJHbI 11 pa3nWIaIOTC5I KOnl1-
LJeCTBOM BeTBeH 11 TpaKTOBKOH nneTeHKI1 113 BblOil(eroC5I paCTeHI151 (Ta6n. 56: 9,
10). TOT )\(e I1KOHorpa<pI1LJeCKI1H Tl1n npe,lJ,CTaBneH Ha napHbIx 6pOH30BbIX n030no-
LJeHHbIX 6n5lxax 113 CeBepHoro KI1Ta5I I1nl1 BHYTpeHHeH MOHronl111 113 KonneKl\1111
CeMbl1 WYMel1 (Ta6n. 56: 11), HO, KaK y)\(e OTMe'laJIOCb, CTl1nb 11306pIDKeHI1H Ha no-
Cne,lJ,HI1X nnaCTI1HaX pe3Ko OTnI1LJaeTC5I OT Bcex npe,lJ,bI,lJ,Yil(I1X Bapl1aHTOB cBoeH
nO,lJ,LJepKHYToH ,lJ,eKOpaTI1BHOCTblO 11 nO,lJ,p06HOCTblO pa3pa60TKI1 ,lJ,eTaJleH, nnaBHO-
CTblO <pOpM 11 oTcyTcTBl1eM yrny6neHI1H B opHaMeHTaJlbHbIX 3neMeHTax, HeCOMHeH-
HO, CB5I3aHHbIX C Tpa,lJ,I1l\l1eH l\BeTHbIX BCTaBOK, nml1LJHbIX ,lJ,Jl51 I1paHo-cl16l1pcKoro
I1CKyccTBa. Ilo TpaKToBKe paCTl-nenbHblx 3neMeHTOB 3TI1 6n5lxI1 6nl1)\(e Bcero K y)\(e
paccMoTpeHHoH LJeTBepToH nO,lJ,rpynne, HO 11 OT Hee OTnI1LJaIOTC5I BeCbMa 3HaLJI1Tenb-
HO, ,lJ,eMOHcTpI1PY51 np05lBneHI151 I1HOH xY,lJ,O)\(eCTBeHHoH Tpa,lJ,11 l\11 11 , nO-BI1,lJ,I1MOMY,
cyry60 KI1TaHcKoH.
)J,pyroH pa3HOBI1,lJ,HOCTblO (\)\{ypHbIx n05lCHbIX 6n5lx, O'IeHb 6nl13KOH np5lMO-
yronbHblM 11 xapaKTepHoH ,lJ,n51 Tex )\(e pemoHoB - IO)\(HOH C11611pl1, Op,lJ,oca 11
BHYTpeHHeH MOHronl1l1, HO Tl1nOnOrl1LJeCKI1 60nee paHHeH, 51Bn5lIOTC5I B-06pa3HbIe
nnaCTI1HbI. Pa3BI1Tl1e 3Toro Bapl1aHTa l1,lJ,eT OT He OrpaHI1LJeHHOH BHeWHeH paMKOH
60nee nnOTHOH KOMn0311l\1111 K KOMn0311l\1111, 06paMneHHoH 60p,lJ,lOpOM, 3aLJacTYlO
opHaMeHTl1pOBaHHbIM [ApTaMoHoB 1973, c. 128]. IlOCne,lJ,HIOIO pa3HOBI1,lJ,HOCTb MO)\(-
HO paCCMaTpl1BaTb KaK 3BeHO B l\enOLJKe pa3BI1TI151 napHblx 6n5lx C 300MopqmbIMI1
11306p(\)\{eHI151MI1 11 ,lJ,aTl1pOBaTb lIl-I BB. ,lJ,0 H. 3. [Ancient Bronzes... p. 170, N!! 888,
p. 168; ApTaMoHoB 1973, c. 159]. Ilp5lMoyronbHa5I a)\(ypHa5I nnaCTI1Ha co CTl1n1130-
BaHHOH <p11f'YPOH ne)\(ail(ero Bep6nlO,lJ,a HaH,lJ,eHa B KI1Tae Ha Teppl1TOpl111 paHoHa,
npl1MbIKalOil(ero K Op,lJ,ocy, B MOrl1nbHI1Ke )J,oa,lJ,YHbl\3bI [BapeHoB, IlonocbMaK I
1989, c. 113, pl1c. 3] (Ta6n. 53: 4), Beil(11 113 KOTOpOro ,lJ,aTl1pyIOTc5I II-I BB. ,lJ,0 H. 3.1
[BapeHOB, IlonocbMaK 1989, c. 114, 115]. IlpaB,lJ,a, B OTnl1LJl1e OT aBTopoB ny6nl1-
96
Kal\J.II1, CLJI1TalOil(I1X, LJTO opHaMeHTaJlbHa5I paMKa KaK TaKOBa5I B 3TOH Beil(11 OTCYT-
cTByeT, MHe K(\)\{eTC5I, LJTO OHa, XOT5I 11 C YTpaTaMI1, Bce )\(e eCTb. HaCKonbKO MO)\(HO
CY,lJ,I1Tb no pl1CyHKy B ny6nI1Kal\l1l1, nepBOHaLJaJlbHO nnaCTI1Ha I1Mena B-06pa3HYIO
<POPMY H npe,lJ,CTaBn5lna C060H nonHylO aHaJlOrl11O onHcaHHOH HH)\(e 6n5lxe H3 MY3e51
B JIoc-AH)\(eneCe H eil(e O,lJ,HOH np5l)\(Ke H3 napbI cepe6p5lHbIX (7) (\)\{YPHbIX nnaCTI-IH
113 Op,lJ,Oca, ony6nHKoBaHHbIX B ayKl\110HHOM KaTaJlOre [Oriental Art 1993/94]. K
6n5lXaM TaKoro Tl1na OTHOC5ITC5I 6pOH30Ba5I np5l)\(Ka C qmrypoH ne)\(ail(ero Bep6nlO-
,lJ,a, 06paMneHHoH p5l,lJ,OM nI1CTOBH,lJ,HbIX 51LJeeK (51BHO pY,lJ,HMeHTapHbIM 3HaKOM ,lJ,e-
peBa), cOBepweHHo aHaJlOrHLJHa5I no I1KOHorpa<pI1H H CTl1nlO np5lMoyronbHoH 6n5lxe
H3 CeBepHoro KI1Ta51 [BapeHoB, IlonocbMaK 1989, c. 112, 114] (Ta6n. 53: 3-5) a
TaK)\(e Op,lJ,OCCKa51 6n5lxa co Cl\eHOH 60pb6bI Bep6nlO,lJ,a C THrpoM, HMelOil(a51 6 p-
,lJ,lOp B BI1,lJ,e BepeBOLJKI1 [ApTaMoHoB 1973, c. 151, pHc.201] (Ta6n. 53: 2). 1130-
il(peHHOCTb 11 ,lJ,p06HOCTb <pOPM, )\(eCTKOCTb nHHHI1, onpe,lJ,eneHHa51 «MHorocnoB-
HOCTb» KOMn03Hl\HH, 51pKO BbIpIDKeHHa5I B 3THX 06pa3l\ax, 51Bn5lIOTC5I HeCOMHeHHbI-
MI1 npl13HaKaMH n03,lJ,HerO 3Tana pa3BHnl51 KaK caMoro THna Beil(eH, TaK H CTHn5l.
Oc060 Cne,lJ,yeT OTMeTHTb HeKoTopbIe npl1eMbI cTHnH3al\HlI, xapaKTepHbIe ,lJ,n51
onHcaHHbIX a)\(ypHbIX nnaCTHH C ne)\(ail(I1M Bep6nlO,lJ,OM 11 BCTpeLJalOil(l1eC5I B xy-
,lJ,O)\(eCTBeHHbIX H3,lJ,enH5IX ,lJ,pyrHx THnOB: wepcTb Ha rop6ax nepe,lJ,aHa ycnoBHo-
,lJ,eKOpaTl-IBHbIM npHeMoM B BI1,lJ,e cTpoeHHbIx Kanne06pa3HblX 51LJeeK ,lJ,n51 l\BeTHbIX
BCTaBOK (HnH I1X pY,lJ,HMeHToB), HanpaBneHHbIx OCTpbIMH KOHl\aMI1 BBepx. TaKHM
)\(e 06pa30M TpaKToBaHbI rop6bI Bep6nlO,lJ,OB Ha np5lMoyronbHoH nnaCTI1He C aHTH-
TeTI1LJeCKOH KOMn03Hl\HeH H3 CeBepHoro KI1Ta5I (Ta6n. 56: 1). Bep6nlO,lJ,bI Ha 3TOH
nnaCTHHe I1MelOT 11 eil(e O,lJ,Hy 06il(YIO LJepTy C B-06pa3HbIMI1 KHTaHCKI1MH nnaCTI1-
HaMH: ycnoBHo nepe,lJ,aHHbIH wepcTHbIH nO,lJ,BeC Ha wee B BI1,lJ,e penbe<pHbIx «CKO-
60LJeK». Ilepexo,lJ,HoH <pOpMOH K np5lMoyronbHbIM np5l)\(KaM C paMKoH MO)\(HO CLJI1-
TaTb H 6n5lxy 113 BHYTpeHHeH MOHronl1H B BI1,lJ,e ne)\(ail(ero Bep6nlO,lJ,a C Ce,lJ,OKOM,
,lJ,aTl1poBaHHylO IV-III BB. ,lJ,0 H. 3. [Ancient Bronzes... N!! 8, 837]. KOMn03Hl\H5I B
HeH BnHcaHa B np5lMoyronbHI1K, HO He HMeeT paMKH, a ycnO)\(HeHHOCTb, nO,lJ,LJepK-
HyTa5I ,lJ,eKOpanIBHOCTblO <pOPMbI, c6nl1)\(aeT 3TOT 3K3eMnn5lp C Beil(aMI1 n03,lJ,Hero
CTl1n51 (Ta6n. 53: 6).
MO)\(HO OTMeTHTb H ,lJ,pyroH Bapl1aHT n03,lJ,Hero CTl1n5l, 51Bn5l1Oil(HHC5I pe3ynbTa-
TOM I1HOrO nYTI1 pa3BI1TI151. OH OTnHLJaeTC5I OT I1CXO,lJ,HbIX 3HaLJI1TenbHOH CTeneHblO
0606il(eHHOCTI1 H CXeMaTl13al\l-!H 11306pa)\(eHI1H, OTcyTcTBHeM BC5IKOH ,lJ,eTaJlI13al\1111
H HeKOTopOH He6pe)\(HOCTblO B I1CnOnHeHHI1. B TaKOH MaHepe BbInOnHeHO 11306pa-
)\(eHHe ne)\(ail(ero Bep6nlO,lJ,a Ha np5lMoyronbHoH np5l)\(Ke C paMKOH H3 Ilpl1a30Bb51
(KYPr. 2 y XYT. Becenoro Ha p. MaHbILJe [ApTaMoHoB 1949, c.321, pHC. 18]
(Ta6n. 53: 11). JIe)\(ail(a51 <pHrypa )\(I1BOTHOro nepe,lJ,aHa OLJeHb CXeMaTHLJHO: 060-
3HaLJeHbI TonbKO HaH60nee Ba)\(HbIe ,lJ,Jl51 y3HaBaHH5I 3neMeHTbI <pOPMbI, KpyrnbIH
rna3 H pOT. Tl1nonOrl1LJeCKH H CTHnHCTHLJeCKI1 3TOT npe,lJ,MeT, HeCOMHeHHO, npo-
,lJ,On)\(aeT nl1HHIO pa3BI1TI151 np5lMoyronbHbIX np5l)\(eK C paMKaMH CO Cl\eHaMH Hana-
,lJ,eHH5I Tl1rpa Ha Bep6nlO,lJ,a 11 ne)\(ail(I1M Bep6nlO,lJ,OM C Teppl1TOpl1H Ka3aXCTaHa 11
Cpe,lJ,HeH A3I1H. Dn5lXa MO)\(eT 6blTb ,lJ,aTHpOBaHa II-I BB. ,lJ,0 H. 3. [ApTaMoHoB
1949, c. 335; Gold der Sky then... S. 246, N 162]. OHa ,lJ,eMOHcTpl1pyeT TOT )\(e rpy-
60BaTbIH Bapl1aHT ynpOil(eHHbIX CXeMaTI1LJHbIX 11306p(\)\{eHHH, KOTOpbIH MO)\(HO BH-
,lJ,eTb 11 Ha y)\(e ynoM5IHYTbIX npe,lJ,MeTax 113 Ea6awoBcKoro MOrHnbHIIKa B Cpe,lJ,HeH
A3I1H, 113 MOrl1n bHHKOB )J,OHCKOro 11 KpacHoropoBKI1 Ha HH)\(HeM )J,OHY, a TaK)\(e
DenOKaMeHKH B HI1)\(HeM IloBon)\(be. O,lJ,HaKO MaHbILJCKa5I HaXO,lJ,Ka, B OTnHLJl1e OT
nepeLJHCneHHbIx 3K3eMnn5lpOB, 51Bn5l1Oil(HXC5I a6conlOTHo aHaJlOrHLJHbIMH ,lJ,pyr ,lJ,py-
ry, npOH3BO,lJ,I1T BneLJaTneHHe pennHKH C H3MeHeHHbIMI1 npOnOpl\H5IMH 11 Hapywe-
HI151MH B 11306p(\)\{eHHH ,lJ,eTaJleH (HorH MaHbILJCKOro Bep6nlO,lJ,a H306p(\)\{eHbI BeCb-
Ma He6pe)\(HO H HenpaBHnbHo C TOLJKH 3peHH5I aHaTOMHI1 )\(I1BOTHOro). IlpH 3TOM
7 3aK. 3085
97
HaCe4KI1 no BceMY KOHTYPY <Pl1rYPbl 51BHO ,lI,eMOHcTpl1pylOT nonblTKY KOnl1pOBaTb
06pa3eu. MaHbI4CKa51 6Jl5lxa HanOMI1HaeT CXeMaTI14Hble orpy6JleHHbie Bapl1aHTbl
ynpOil(eHHblX 11306pa)\(eHI1H, KOTopble MO)\(HO BI1,l1,eTb 11 Ha y)\(e ynOM5IHyTbIX npe,ll,-
MeTaX 113 f10BOJl)\(b51 (E. .l1.MI1Tpl1eBKa), 11 Ha 60Jlee BOCT04HblX 06pa3uax; <pHrypa
Jle)\(ail(ero Bep6JlIO,lI,a Ha 6pOH30BOM KplOKe (KOJl4aHHoM?) KOHl\a l-ro TbIC. ,lI,0 H. 3.
[Salmony 1933, pI. XX: 7, p.56] (Ta6Jl.54; 5), Ha HaBepW1111 [Salmony 1993,
pI. VIII: 2] (Ta6Jl. 54: 9), Ha np5l)\(Ke co BCa,ll,HI1KOM [Salmony 1933, pI. XXI ; 3]
(Ta6Jl. 54: 6), a TaK)\(e cpl1rypKa CT?51il(ero Bep6JlIO,lI,a C KJlIOBOBI1,l1,HOI1 MOp,ll,OI1 Ha
np5l)\(Ke OT KOHCKOro y60pa (?) [AncIent Bronzes... p. 151, N!! 808, IV-III BB. ,lI,0 H. 3.,
p. 150] (Ta6Jl. 51: 16); Ha 3epKaJlaX II-I 11 V-Ill BB. ,lI,0 H. 3. 113 MOr JlbHI1KOB
Y3yHTaJI III [CaBI1HOB 1978, c. 52, pl1c. 2]) 11 TblTKeCKeHb 6 Ha Cpe,ll,Hel1 KaTYH
[Kl1pIOWI1H 1989, c. 55] (Ta6Jl. 54: 10, 11). _HecMoTp51 Ha cYil(eCTBOBa l1e l\eJlOI1
rpynnbl cxeMaTl14HblX, JlI1WeHHblX ,lI,eTaJlbHOH npopa60TKI1 11306p )\(eHI1H Jle)\(ail(e-
ro Bep6JlIO,lI,a, np0I1CXO,ll,51il(I1X 113 naM5ITHI1KOB C OlleHb 06WI1pH0l1 Teppl1TOpl1l1, 11
Ha cOBnMeHl1e HeKOTopblX 06il(I1X xapaKTepl1CTI1K B 3TI1X 300MOpcpHblX 113,l1,eJlI151X,
3aTpy,ll,HI1TeJlbHO 06'be,ll,I1HI1Tb I1X B e,ll,I1HylO CTI1Jl CTI14eCKYIO rpynn , nOCKOJlbKy
OHI1 pa3Jl114a1OTC5I 11 npOnOpUI151MI1, H TpaKTOBKOI1 OT,lI,e bHbIX 4aCTel1 )\(I1BOTHOro
(Ta6Jl. 54: 5,8-11). PY4Ka 6pOH30BOro 3epKaJla 113 aJlTaHcKoro MOmJlbHI1Ka MaJI-
TaJly IV, Kypr. 16 [Ky6apeB 1992, c. 206, Ta6Jl. LIX: 7J B BI1,l1,e CXeMaTI1 ' IHOI1 CPI1
rypbl Jle)\(ail(ero Bep6JlIO,lI,a C nOBepHYToH roJlOBOH ,lI,eMOHcTpl1 yeT e,ll,I1HCTBeHHblH
B CBoeM pO,ll,e Bapl1aHT KOMn0311l\I1H (Ta6Jl. 54: 12). HeKoTopol1 CXeMaTI1 ' IHOCTblO,
HaCKOJlbKO MO)\(HO CY,ll,I1Tb no pl1CyHKY B ny6Jll1KaUI111 lKy6apeB 1987, c.205,
Ta6Jl. 4: 4], xapaKTepl13YIOTC5I 11 rpaBl1pOBaHHble Ha ,lI,epeBe 11306pmKeHI151 Jle)\(a-
il(I1X Bep6JlIO,lI,OB, YKpaWaBWl1e ,lI,I1MeMY 113 YJlaH,lI,pblKa 1 (Kypr. 1) 11 OTHOC5Iil(l1e-
C5I, nO-BI1,l1,I1MOMY, K IV-Ill BB. ,lI,0 H.3. [Ky6apeB 1987; KOpOJlbKOBa ( e)\(I1Ha)
1995] (Ta6Jl. 54: 4). 3TI1 CXeMaTI14Hbie 11306pa)\(eHI151 C pa3Hblx Teppl1TOpl1l1, Bepo-
51THO, HeJlb351 06'be,ll,I1HI1Tb B O,ll,Hy CTI1Jll1CTI14ecKylO rpynny, TeM 60Jlee lITO, HeCMOT-
p51 Ha 06il(l1e npl1Hl\11 nbl oT60pa OCHOBHblX npI13HaKOB, ,lI,OCTaT04H IX ,lI,Jl51 06ecne-
4eHI151 y3HaBaHI151 06pa3a, cnoc06bl nepe,ll,a411 OT,lI,eJlbHbIX ,lI,eTaJlel1 B HeKoTopblX
CJlY4<U1X 3Ha411TeJlbHO pa3Jl114aIOTC5I. O,ll,HaKO TaK<UI 0606il(eHHOCTb 11 cxeMaTWIHOCTb
MOryT CJly)\(I1Tb onpe,ll,eJleHHblM XpOHOJlOrl14eCKI1M 11 H,lI,11 KaTopoM. nO,ll,06Hble 1130-
6pa)\(eHI151 Bep6JlIO,lI,OB ,lI,OBOJlbHO pa3H006pa3Hbl no KOMn0311UI111 11 Ha3Ha4eHI11O
yKpaweHHblX I1MI1 npe,ll,MeTOB.
Cpe,ll,11 Beil(eH npl1a30BCKOH rpynnbl, ,lI,aTl1pyeMblx y)\(e I B. H. 3., eCTb 11 HaXO,ll,-
KI1, OTHOC5Iil(l1eC5I K COBepweHHO I1HOMY CTI1JlIO, KOTOpblH HaXO,ll,I1T ce6e aHaJlOrl111
B xY,ll,O)\(eCTBeHHbIX 113,l1,eJlI151X Cpe,ll,HeH A31111 11 ,lI,eMOHcTpl1pyeT eil(e O,ll,Hy C I1Jle-
BYIO JlI1HI1IO pa3BI1TI151. Pe4b l1,l1,eT 06 11306pa)\(eHI151X Bep6JlIO,lI,OB Ha 30JlOT0l1 06-
KJla,ll,Ke KI1H)\(aJla 113 paCKonaHHoro E. B. EeCnaJIblM capMaTcKoro KypraHa y
r. A30Ba [L'or des sarmates 1995; EeCnaJIblH 1992, c. 187, pl1c. 11]. Ha HO)\(HaX 11
HaBepW1111 napa,ll,Horo Opy)\(l151 npe,ll,CTaBJleHO HeCKOJlbKO pa3Ho06pa3HbIX KOMno-
3I1UI1H, rJlaBHa51 pOJlb B KOTOpblX npI1Ha,ll,Jle)\(I1T Bep6JlIO,lI,y, _Ha HaBepWI1I1 KI1H)\(aJla
11306pa)\(eHa cpl1rypa ,lI,Byrop60ro Bep6JlIO,lI,a B CB060,ll,H0I1 ,lI,I1HaMI14H0I1 n03e, C
nO,ll,H5ITbIMI1 MOp,ll,OH 11 JleBOH nepe,ll,HeH HOroH (TaKa51 I1KOHorpacpl151 OT YTcTByeT B
60Jlee paHHI1X 11306pa311TeJlbHbiX cxeMax, Ta6Jl. 54: 1). npl10TKpblTbll1 pOT 06Ha-
)\(aeT p5l,ll, 3y60B, ry6bl nepe,ll,aHbl peJlbe<pHblM BaJlI1KOM, il(eKa nO,ll,4epKHyTa 4eTKO
ocpopMJleHHOH oKpyrJlOH BbInyKJlOCTblO. B ueJlOM TaKa51 nepe,ll,a4a 06pa3a OTJlII4a-
eTC5I 60JlbWeH CTeneHblO 11306pa3I1TeJlbHOCTI1 11 ,lI,eKOpaTI1BHOCTI1 no cpaBHeHl110 CO
BCeMI1 np0411MI1 CTI1Jll1CTI14eCKI1MI1 rpynnaMI1. .l1.aHHbIH 06pa3eu OTHOCI1TC5I K pac-
uBery capMaTcKoro nOJlI1XpOMHoro CTI1Jl51 11 yKpaweH 60Jl_bWI1M KOJlI1' eCTBOM U BeT -
HblX BCTaBoK, 4aCTb 113 KOTOpblX 51BJl5lIOTC5I ,lI,eKOpaTI1BHOH TpaKTOBKOH peaJIbHO cy-
il(eCTBylOil(I1X oc06eHHOCTeH )\(I1BOTHOro, TaKl1e BCTaBKI1 npeBpail(eHbl B opHaMeH-
TaJlbHble 3JleMeHTbl, KaK, Hanpl1Mep, TPMI1UI10HHO nO,ll,4epKI1BaeMble B 11306pIDKe-
HI151X Bep6JlIO,lI,OB 11 YCJlOBHO nepe,ll,aBaeMble C nOMOil(blO rpacpl14eCKI1X I1JlIf opHaMeH-
TaJlbHblX Cpe,ll,CTB 4aCTI1 TeJla, OTJlI1LJalOil(l1eC5I oc06eHHO rYCTOH 11 ,lI,JlI1HHOH wep-
CTblO, - rop6bl, OLJeCbl Ha nepe,ll,HI1X Horax. rpl1Ba Bep6JlIO,lI,a nOKa3aHa B BI1,l1,e OT-
,lI,eJlbHblX BOJlHI1CTblX np5l,ll,OK C TOHKOH rpacpl1LJeCKOH npopa60TKOH. TaKI1M )\(e
06pa30M nepe,ll,aHa rpl1Ba y Bep6JlIO,lI,OB Ha KOCT5IHOH nJlaCTI1He C rpaBl1pOBaHHOH
cueHOH 60pb6bl ,lI,BYX caMUOB Bep6JlIO,lI,OB 113 OpJlaTcKoro MOrl1JlbHI1Ka (Ml1aHKaJlb)
[f1yraLJeHKOBa 1987, c. 59, pl1c. 2] (Ta6Jl. 50: 4). 3TH 11306pa)\(eHI151 06'be,ll,I1H5IeT 11
cnoc06 nepe,ll,aLJIf ry6 )\(11 BOTHOro. MaTepllaJIbl OpJlaTcKoro MOf/1JlbHI1Ka ,lI,aTl1py-
IOTC5I pa3HblMI1 I1CCJle,ll,OBaTeJl5lMI1 OLJeHb no-pa3HOMY: B npe,ll,eJlax lIB. ,lI,0 H. 3.-
lB. H. 3. [nyraLJeHKOBa 1989, c. 148, 152] I1Jl11 IV-V BB. H. 3. [A36eJleB 1992, c. 212].
CJle,ll,yeT OTMeTI1Tb, LJTO Ml1aHKaJlb HaXO,ll,HTC5I B perl10He Cpe,ll,Hero TeLJeHI151 AMY-
,lI,ap bl1 , r,ll,e cpl1Kcl1pyeTc5I eil(e HeCKOJlbKO pa3HoBpeMeHHblx HaXO,ll,OK C 11306pIDKe-
HI151MI1 Bep6JlIO,lI,OB (J151BaH,lI,aK, Ea6awoBcKlfH MOrI1JlbHI1K, WaXpI1BaHpoH).
.l1.eKop a30BCKOro KI1H)\(aJla ,lI,eMOHcTpl1pyeT HeCKOJlbKO Bapl1aHTOB KOM n0311-
UI1H C Bep6JlIO,lI,OM, He BCTpe l lalOil(I1XC5I Ha ,lI,pyrl1x npe,ll,MeTaX I1CKyccTBa. Ha pyKO-
5IT11 HO)\(a npe,ll,CTaBJleHa cpl1rypa MepTBoro Bep6JlIO,lI,a, KOTOpOro HeceT XIfil(HaR
nTl1ua. Ha BblcTynax 06KJ1MKI1 HO)\(eH ,lI,aHa Cl\eHa 60pb6bl opJla C Bep6JlIO,lI,OM,
CnJleTeHHblX B CXBaTKe. B 6Jll13KOM CTI1Jle, 51pKOM 11 ,lI,eKOpaTI1BHOM, OTJll1llalOil(eM-
C5I peJlbecpHOCTblO Bblpa3I1TeJlbHblX cpOpM 11 uBeTHblMI1 BCTaBKaMI1, xapaKTepHoM
.lI. Jl51 3TOH 3nOXI1, BbInOJlHeHa 11 cpl1rypKa Jle)\(ail(ero Bep6JlIO,lI,a Ha nepCTHe 113 Kap-
raJIl1HCKOH HaxO,ll,KI1 B Ka3axcTaHe (Ta6Jl. 54: 3). 3TOT nepCTeHb ,lI,aTI1, pyeTc5I no
A. H. EepHwTaMY, lB. ,lI,0 H. 3.-UII BB. H. 3., HO CKopee - I B. H. 3. [EepHwTaM 1940,
c. 31].
HecMoTp51 Ha cBoe06pa311e capMaTcKoro nOJlI1XpOMHoro CTI1Jl5l, npe,ll,CTaBJl5leT-
C5I npaBoMepHblM I1CKaTb ero KOpHI1 B 3Bepl1HOM CTI1Jle 60Jlee paHHI1X 3nox, no-
CKOJlbKY OT,lI,eJlbHble 11306pa311TeJlbHble nplfeMbl n03BOJl5llOT npOCJle,ll,I1Tb B HI1X Pa3-
BI1Tl1e npe)\(HI1X TPMI1UI1H, CBoHcTBeHHblx rpynne xY,ll,O)\(eCTBeHHblx 113,l1,eJlI1H
IO)\(Horo npl1YPaJIb51 11 3ana,ll,Horo Ka3axcTaHa CKI1<pCKOro BpeMeHIf, a TaK)\(e yCMaT-
pl1BaTb LJepTbl CXO,ll,CTBa C 11306pa)\(eHI151MI1 Bep6JlIO,lI,OB, 113BeCTHblMI1 B I1CKyccTBe
I1paHCKOro Ml1pa y)\(e BO 2-1-M TbIC. ,lI,0 H. 3.: HaBepWl1e 6pOH30BOH 6YJlaBKI1 113
J1YPI1CTaHa, ,lI,aTl1pyeMoe VIII-VII BB. ,lI,0 H. 3. (Ta6Jl. 50: 2), 11 KaMeHHblH aMyJleT
113 MapmaHbl (ToroJlOK-21), ,lI,aTl1pOBaHHbIH 2-M TbIC. ,lI,0 H. 3. (Ta6Jl. 52: 1). 06a 3TH
npe,ll,MeTa CYil(eCTBeHHO OTJlI1LJaIOTC5I B CTI1JlI1CTI1LJeCKOM OTHOWeHl111 OT xY,ll,O)\(eCT-
BeHHblX 113,l1,eJlI1H eBpa3I1HCKI1X KOLJeBHI1KOB CKI1<pCKOH 3nOXI1 11 60Jlee n03,l1,Hero
BpeMeHI1 11 BnI1CblBaIOTC5I B Kpyr Tl1nl1LJHO nepe,ll,Hea3l1aTCKI1X xY,ll,O)\(eCTBeHHbIX 113-
,lI,eJlI1H C xapaKTepHOH MaHepOH CTI1Jll13aUI111 11 npopa60TKI1 ,lI,eTaJleH, nepeKJll1Ka5lCb
C naM5ITHI1KaMI1 I1CKyccTBa ACCl1pl111 11 axeMeHI1,l1,CKoro HpaHa. HKOHorpacpl1LJeCKI1
)\(e 3TI1 npe,ll,MeTbl OKa3blBa1OTC5I LJpe3BblLJaHHO 6Jllf3KI1MI1 K 11306pIDKeHI151M Bep6-
JlIO,lI,OB B 300MOpcpHblX 113,l1,eJlI151X CKl1cpCKOro BpeMeHI1 C Teppl1TOpl111 Ka3aXCTaHa 11
IO)\(Horo npl1YPaJIb5l.
CaMOH 60JlbWOH nJlOTHOCTblO HaxO,ll,OK xY,ll,O)\(eCTBeHHbIX 113,l1,eJlI1H C 06pa3aMv.
Bep6JlIO,lI,OB OTJlI1LJaeTC5I I1MeHHO 3TOT nOCJle,ll,HI1H paHOH, BKJlIOLJalOil(I1H I1JleKcKylO
11 opeH6yprCKYlO rpynnbl naM5ITHI1KOB. KOJlI1LJeCTBO HaH,lI,eHHbIX B 3TOM paHOHe
11306pa)\(eHI1H Bep6JlIO,lI,OB B 06il(eH CJlO)\(HOCTI1 60Jlee 503K3eMnJl5lpOB, T. e. co-
CTaBJl5leT 60JlbWe nOJlOBI1Hbl Bcex YLJTeHHblx npe,ll,MeToB. B O,ll,HOM TOJlbKO <PI1Jll1n-
nOBCKOM KypraHe HaH,lI,eH 41 npe,ll,MeT C 11306pIDKeHI1eM Bep6JlIO,lI,a-6aKTpl1aHa [f1we-
HI1LJHIOK 1989, c. 12]. f1pl1LJeM ,lI,JI5I BceH 3TOH rpynnbl xapaKTepHo KaK CTI1JlI1CTI1-
LJeCKOe e,ll,I1Ho06pa3l1e, He I1CKJlIOLJalOil(ee, O,ll,HaKO, onpe,ll,eJleHHOH CTI1JlI1CTI1LJeCKOH
Bapl1aTI1BHOCTI1, TaK 11 OTHOCI1TeJlbHa51 XpOHOJlOrI1LJeCK<UI KOMnaKTHOCTb, nOCKOJlb-
98
99
KOMn03HllHSI J1epYllIHXCSI Bcp6J1lo.'10B, 110-BIofJ1HMO\IY, H3BCCTl1a B HCKYCCTBC LlOCKW!JCKOrO
BpeMCllH. B paHOHC LlpCBIICH LlCJlbTbl p. Mypra6a l1a TepplofTopHH MaprHallbi B paCKOIlKax KOM-
nIleKca ToroJloK-21 B. C. CapHallHLlIof 6bW 0611apYJKCll (IJparMelITHpOBallllblH KaMellllblH npeLl-
MCT _ aMYJlCT? ne'taTb? - C H306paJKelllofCM Bep6mOlla, 110Ka:JalllIoro TaKHM 06Pa:JOM, 'tTO, npH
YCJlOBHIof TpaKTOBKH cro KaK OLlHIIO'IHOH (!Jlofrypbl JKIofBOTIIOrO, IIpHXO:lHTCSI npH311aTb npOTHBOCC-
TeCTBCIIHOCTb H lle06bl'tlIOCTb cro 1l03bl (Bcp6HIOLl OKa3blBaCTCSI 6YKBa,lb1l0 CIlOJKelIllblM no no-
Jla\l) H lIe06'bSlCHHMOCTb nOJlOJKCllHSI ero 1I0r. B CJlY'tae BOCl1pHSlTHSI H306paJKeHHSI KaK (IJparMeH-
Ta CUellbi CXBaTKH LlBYX Bep6.11O.'10B MOTHBHPOBKY nOJlY'talOT H lllof3Koe nO,10JKCIIHe WCIof, H n03H-
UHSI Hor. f1pH TaKOM npO'tTellHH KOMII03HUHI1 3pHTCJlb BH;:tHT JIHWb ncpeLllIlOlO 'taCTb OLlHoro H3
LlCpYll\HXCSI Bep6J11OJ10B H Te,10 J1Pyroro, rOJlOBa Iof UICSI KOToporo YTpa<lellhl. B TaKOM cJly'tac
KOMn03HUHSI IIpeLlCTaB.1S1eT C060H COBepWCIIHO allaJIOrH'tlIYIO npHypa.%CKHM 6IlSlxaM cxeMY.
3TO H306pa)KeHHC Bbl3blBaeT OC06blH IofllTepec, nOCKOJlbKY llJlSl KOMnJleKca npell.l0JKClIa O'tCHb
paHHSISI :laTa: npH\ICpIlO Py6eJK II-I ThIC. ;:to 11. 1., eCHH lIe pallce, 110 IIC pallbwe Ha'laJIa II TbiC.
LlO H.). [CapHaHHJ1H 1990, c. 149; VlBalIoB 1989, c. 174]. ECHIof TaKaSl paHIISISI :laTa Bcplla, pCrHCT-
pauHSI no.'106110ro CIOJKeTa H KOMn03HUHH B na\IS1THHKax Py6eJKa II-I TblC. llO H. ). CBIofLleTeJlbCT-
BYeT 0 nopa3HTe.lbHoH YCTOH'tHBOCTH KOMII031ofUHOllllhlX H HKoHorpa(IJl1'tecKHx cxe\l.
Ha H306paJKelllofH H3 na\lSlTHHKa Toro.loK-21 Ha TeIlC Bcp6J1IOLla Bbllle,leHbl Te JKC Y'tacTKH C
LlJlHHIIOH wepcTblO, 'tTO H lla xYLlOJKeCTBCIIHblX H3:\e.1HSlX HaYHHaSl C V-IV BB. ;:to H. ).: rop6b1,
nOLlBCC no;:t weeH, rpHBa. ECHH Bce )TO TaK, BblJ1eJleHHe rop60B WTPHXOBKOH HC SlBHSleTCSI xpo-
HOJlOrH'tCCKHM npH3IlaKO\I, a C.1YJKHT xapaKTepHcTHKOH MeCTHblX oc06eHllocTeH CTHJlSl.
Vl306paJKeHHSI 6aKTpHaHoB, HaHlleHllble lla TeppHTopHH A(IJraHHCTaHa H npHBeLlellHble B Ka-
'teCTBe aHa.l0rHH B. B. HBaHOBblM [ViBaHoB 1989. c. 173], BeCbMa llaJIeKH OT Bcex pacc IOTPeH-
HblX B HaCTOSlll\eH CTaTbC H306paJKCHIofH CKH( O-CapMaTcKoro BpcMell10f [Sarianidi 1989. Abb. 116--
117,120,131].
100
Hbl YepTbl XHW.HOH nTH bl C MOW.HbIM 3arHYTbiM KJlIOBOM. B TO )Ke BpeM , Y)Ke Ha
6pOH30B0l1 Jl xe H3 <DHJlHnnOBCKoro KypraHa (Ta6Jl. 52: 6) Hap ).I,Y C 60Jlee CYXOH
rpaqJHYeCKOH TpaKToBKoH 06pa30B cHMMeTpH KOMn03H HH Bbl).l,ep)KaHa CTp0)Ke:
Bep6JlIO).I,bl H306pa)l(eHbl B cOBepweHHo O).l,HHaKoBoM nOJlO)KeHHH, OHH KaK 6bl ne-
penJleJlHCb B CXBaTKe - HX rOJlOBbl HaXO).l, TC Ha paBHoH BbICOTe, npH 3TOM we H
rOJlOBa O).l,HOro H3 HHX npOXO).l,HT no).l, 6PIOXOM ).I,Pyroro, H Ka)I().I,bllI H3 HHX BnHJlC
B 6e).l,po npOTHBHHKa. KOMn03H H paCTHHBaeTc B OBaJI no ropH30HTaJIl1. Te )Ke
oc06eHHocTH, ew.e 60Jlee pKO Bblpa)KeHHble, OTJlHyaIOT (03).1,HHH 3K3eMnJl p H3 MH-
aHKaJI . npH 3TOM nOCTeneHHO CrJla)KHBaIOTC «nTHYbH» yepTbl, npHcyw.He paHHHM
06pa3 aM, XOT nO-npe)KHeMY nO).l,YepKHYTbl cBHpenocTb H «XHW.HOCTb» 06pa3a.
y1306pa)l(eHH Bep6JlIO).I,OB, HaH).I,eHHbie B perHoHe IO)KHoro npHypaJIb H 3a-
na).l,HOrO Ka3aXCTaHa, npaKTHyeCKH ).I,aIOT Y)Ke H3BeCTHbie KOMn03Hl(HOHHble BapH-
aHTbl: nepBblH - O).l,HHOYHIDI qJHrypa cTo w.ero Bep6JlIO).I,a. B OCHOBHOM :no 6pOH-
30Bble 6Jl XH OT KOHCKoro y60pa - ).I,Ba 3K3eMnJl pa H3 MOrHJlbHHKa Eec06a [Ka-
).I,blp6aeB 1984, c.92, pHC. 5: 1, 2] (Ta6Jl. 51: 3, 6), O).l,Ha nO).l,06Ha HM 6Jl xa-
CJlyYaHHa HaXO).l,Ka H3 AKTI06HHCKOH 06JlaCTH [CMHpHOB 1964, c. 371, puc. 80:
18] (Ta6Jl. 51: 7) H cOBepweHHo aHaJIOrWIHbie eH 6Jl XH H3 HaropHeHcKoro MO-
rnJlbHHKa B 3ana).l,HOM Ka3axcTaHe. CJle).l,yeT OTl\IeTltTb, YTO B O).l,HOM Ha60pe Ha
).I,BYX 6Jl xax C HeCKOJlbKO pa3JlHYHOH KOHCTpYKl(HeH, 06YCJlOBJleHHOH CPYHKl(HO-
HaJIbHblM Ha3Ha ' leHHeM (B O).l,HOM cJlyyae ).I,Ba WTblp pacnOJlO)KeHbl Ha 060pOTHOH
CTopoHe, B ).I,pyroM - O).l,HH H3 ).I,BYX wTblpeH, ocpopMJleHHblH B BH).I,e KOnblTa Ha-
XO).l,HTC Ha BHewHeH cTopoHe H3).1,eJlH ), Bep6JlIO).I,bl nOBepHYTbl B O).l,HY H TY )Ke
CTOPOHY - BJleBO, T. e. HeJlb3 nO).l,03peBaTb, YTO, 6Y).I,YYH pa3Mew.eHbl onpe).l,eJleH-
HblM 06pa30M B CHCTeMe KOHCKoro y60pa, OHH MOrJlH 6bl YHTaTbC B 06w.eH KOM-
n03Hl(HH KaK npOTHBocTo w.He ).I,pyr ).I,pyry. yI306pa)KeHH cTo w.ero Bep6JlIO).I,a
BCTpeYaIOTC H B ).I,eKOpaTHBHOM oqJOpMJleHHH COBepweHHO HHoro pO).l,a Bew.eH.
TaK, B <DHJlHnnOBCKOM KypraHe HaH).I,eHbl 30JlOTbie HaKJla).l,KH Ha ).I,epeB HHble KYJlb-
TOBble COCY).l,bl [nweHHYHIOK 1989, pHC. 6: 1] (Ta6Jl. 51: 14).
HY)KHO TaK)Ke YKa3aTb Ha TOT cpaKT, YTO, cY).l, no pHCYHKaM KOJlJleKl(HH BHT-
3eHa, ony6JlHKOBaHHbiM C. VI. PY).l,eHKO [PY).l,eHKO 1962, c.8, pHC. I; 6; c. 10,
pHC. 3] (Ta6Jl. 51: 17), OyeHb 6JlH3KHe cpHrypKH Bep6JlIO).I,OB, H3rOTOBJleHHbie H3 30-
JlOTa, 6blJlH HaH).I,eHbl r).l,e-TO Ha TeppHTOpHI1 CH6HpH. Vl3BeCTHbi aHaJIOrnH npH-
ypaJIbCKHM O).l,HHOYHblM cpHrypKaM Bep6JlIO).I,OB H B MOHrOJlHH (Ta6Jl. 50: 6, 8; 5 I;
13,15) [BOJlKOB 1967, c. 20; 1-4]. B l(eJlOM 3TH cpl1rYPKH OyeHb 6mt3KI1 Me)l()J,y
C060H, HO B HHX MO)KHO 06HapY)KHTb H YepTbl pa3JlHYH . K CO)KaJIeH11 IO, He HMe
TOYHOH XpOHOJlOrHyeCKOH npHB 3KH H ).I,OCTOBepHOH KYJlbTYPHOH npHHa).l,Jle)KHO-
CTH, 3TH 300MopcpHbie H3).1,eJlH MorYT CJlY)KHTb TOJlbKO cpOHOM H TeppHTOpHaJIb-
HblMH aHaJIOrn MH ).I,Jl paCCMaTpl1BaeMOH KaTeropHH npe).l,MeTOB 3BepHHoro CTHJl .
BTOpOH BapHaHT KOMn03H HH C Bep6JlIO).I,aMH - napa ).I,epyw.l1xc CaMl(OB; TPH
TaKHe 6Jl XH OT KOHCKoro y60pa 06HaPY)KeHbl B nHHMapax 1 [CMlIpHOB 1964,
c. 321,. pHC. 28: 6] (Ta6Jl.52: 2), TPH - B MOrHJlbHHKe Eec06a [Kadyrbaev 1981,
p. 36, III. 8; KY3Hel(OBa, KypMaHKYJlOB 1993, c. 47, pHC. 3; 8, 11, 13] (Ta6Jl. 51: 3..
4); npaKTHyeCKH H).I,eHTHYHble npe).l,bl).l,yw.HM ).I,Be 6pOH30Bbie Y3).1,eYHbie 6Jl XH npo-
HCXO).l, T H3 <DHJlHnnOBcKOro « apcKoro» KypraHa; TaM )Ke HaH).I,eHbl 2930JlOTbiX
HaWHBHblX 6Jl WeK, Ha KOTOpblX npe).l,CTaBJleHa 6HTBa ).I,BYX Bep6JlIO).I,OB B aHa-
JlOrnYHOH KOMn03Hl(HOHHOH cxeMe [nweHHYHIOK 1989, pHC. 6: 5, 6] (Ta6Jl. 52: 5).
J1I060nb1THo OTMeTHTb, YTO CTaH).I,apTHble KOMn03Hl(HH B l(eJlOM CYW.eCTBYIOT y).l,H-
BH eJlbHO ).I,OJlro, npWJeM TOJlbKO cpHKCal(lI onpe).l,eJleHHblX cne HcpHYeCKHX ).I,eTa-
JleH n03BOJl eT bl BHTb OT).I,eJlbHbie HKOHorpacpWleCKHe ).I,eTaJIH, KOTopble MorYT
CJlY)KHTb onopoll B OTHOCHTeJlbHOH XpOHOJlOrnH npe).l,MeTOB HCKYCCTBa. Y)Ke yno-
KY caMble paHHHe 06pa3 bl MorYT 6bITb OTHeceHbl K KOH y VI-VB. ).1,0 H. 3. (MO-
rnJlbHHKH Eec06a, nHHMapbl I) [Ka).l,blp6aeB 1984, c. 91; CMHpHOB 1964, C. 50]
(Ta6Jl. 51; 3, 5-9; 52: 2-7), a caMble n03).1,HHe K IV B.).I,O H. 3. [nweHHYHIOK 1989,
c. 14]. Bce 3TH H306pa)l(eHH HMeIOT p ).I, xapaKTepHblX oc06eHHOCTeH: HCnOJlb30-
BaHHe KOMn03H HOHHbIX cxeM H n03, e).l,HH006pa:me KOTOpblX ).I,aeT B03MO)KHOCTb
paCCMaTpHBaTb HX KaK «KaHOHHyeCKHe», HJlH Tpa).l,H 110HHble (0 HHX 6Y).l,eT CKa3a-
HO HH)Ke); CTpeMJleHHe nepe).l,aTb rJly6HHY npOCTpaHCTBa nYTeM nOKa3a B HeKOTO-
pblX CJlyYa x B npocpHJlbHOM H306pa)KeHHH 06eHX nap ::or (HHOr).l,a, OyeBH).I,HO,
CJlO)KHOCTb 3a).l,aYH npHBO).l,HT K nOKa3Y Tpex KOHe ' IHOCTel1); nO).l,'lepKHYTa «XHW.-
HOCTb» Bep6JlIO).I,OB (OCKaJIeHHa naCTb ).I,eMOHcTpHpyeT KJlblKH xHw.HHKa, a OTHIO).I,b
He 3y6bl TpaBO ).I,HOrO )KHBOTHoro) H HeKOTopa KJlIOBOBH).I,HOCTb HX MOp).l,; cne H-
cpHyeCKHH 3aOCTpeHHblH XOXOJlOK, a6pHC KOToporo HanOMHHaeT XOXOJlKH TY3KTHH-
CKHX rpucpOHOB (yepTa, OTCYTCTBYIOw.a y peaJIbHblX )KHBOTHbIX); yeTKO OyepyeH-
Ha oKpyrJla BbmYKJlOCTb w.eKH (HMeeTC B npH, pO).l,e HO Ha H306pa)KeH X YTPH-
pOBaHa); KaK npaBHJlO, 60JlbWOH KPYrJlbl1l rJla3, HHOr).l,a C nO).l,'lepKHYTOH CJle3HH-
elI; cpopMa yxa BapbHpyeTC . Ha HeKOTopblX H306pa)KeHH X Bbl).l,eJleHbl napaJIJleJlb-
HblMH peJlbe(!mbIMH 60p03).1,KaMH rop6bl, O).l,HaKO C03).1,aeTC Bne'IaTJleHHe, liTO Ha
caMblX paHHHX H3 paCCMaTpHBaeMblX Bew.el1 3Ta ).I,eTaJIb OTCYTCTByeT. BepOHHO,
OHa Jllt60 6blJla He06 3aTeJlbHOH, Jllt60 nO BHJlaCb HeCKOJlbKO n03)Ke . HanpaBJle-
HHe pa3BHTu CTHJl OT 60Jlee paHHHx K 60Jlee (03).1,HHM Bew.aM BeCbMa OT'leTJlHBO.
,l],peBHeHwHe 06pa3l(bl OTJlHYaIOTC 60JlbWeH )KHBOCTbIO, 06'beMHOCTbIO H nO'tTH
MOHYMeHTaJIbHOCTbIO no cpaBHeHIIIO C 60Jlee (03).1,HHMH. E).I,HHCTBO MOTllBa H npllH-
HnOB KOMn03H HH, nocTpoeHHoH Ha CHMMeTpHH, He 3aCJlOH IOT, O).l,HaKO, HeKOTO-
pblX pa3JlHYHH: paHHHM 06pa3 aM CBOHCTBeHlla MeHbWIDI cxeMaTwlHOCTb H )KeCT-
KOCTb KOMn03H HH (Bep6JlIO).I,bl HaXO).l, TC B pa3JlWIHOM nOJlO)KeHHH, a HX rOJlOBbl
pacnOJlO)KeHbl Ha pa3HOH BbICOTe; KOMn03I1lIH BnHcblBaeTC B Kpyr). 06pa3bl
Bep6JlIO).I,OB Ha paHHHX H306pa)KeHH X COBepweHHO onpe).l,eJleHHO HeCYT KaKYIO-TO
YCJlO)KHeHHYIO CMblCJlOBYIO HarpY3KY, nOCKOJlbKY HX Mop).l,aM C03HaTeJlbHO npH).I,a-
101
9 K COJKa.1CHHIO, ny6J1HKaUHSI HaXO,ilKH OKa3a.naCb LlJlSl MCflSI HeLloCTymIOH.
10 B - ,..,
03MOJKHO, HaHLlCHHaSl B 'VH.1HnnOBCKO 1 K)'praHC MaCCHBllaSl aJKypllaSl 30Jl0TaSl «\lOLl-
CTaBKa», HMCIOl1(aSl nO.1YC<\Jeplof'tCCKYIO <\JOpMY H UCHTpaJIbflOe OTBepCTHe cBepxy, MOJKeT pac-
CMaTpHBaTbCSI B Ka'tCCTBe aH<Ll0rHH K CCplof1of TaK Ha3bIBaCMbIX «KOHYCOB», 1of3BeCTHblX B CKH<\J-
CKHX na IS1THHKax V B. LlO H.1. (OCTpaSl TOMaKoBcKaSl MOrH!Ia; )\{ypoBKa; KypraHbI y C. A,lCK-
caH;:tpOBKa. Y r. ApuH3, y C. l1J1bH'tCBO, Y C. BHWHeBKa B f1pHcIofBaWbC, y C. WC. lOrH, B DpaTO-
JlI06CKOM KypraHc XepCOIICKOH 06,laCTH, a TaKJKC CpCLlIof BCl1(CH CTaBpOIlO.lbCKoro KJlaaa H
ca\loro <l>H.HHnnOBCKoro KypraHa, rLlC 6b1J1H HaHLleHbl «KOJlOKOJlo06pa3HblC» npC;:tMeTbl fleno-
HSlTHoro Ha3Ha'teHHSI, HCCKO.lbKO OT.nH'talOl1(HeCSI no < opMe OT CKH< CKHX «KOHYCOB» [KOpO,lb-
KOBa 1997, c. 38-39].
102
MH - npHr1aBWHH K 3eMJle BOJlK H xHwHa nTHl(a. Bo06 w e CJle,[1yeT nO,[1YepKHYTb
BHYIO CTHJlHCTHyeCKYIO H, BepOHHO, KYJlbTypHYIO 6JlH30CTb H306pa)!(eHHH Ha CPH-
JlHnnOBCKHX HaxO,[1KaX H OMCKOH nJlaCTHHe.
Bb:we Y)j(e ynoMHHaJIHCb H306pa)!(eHH Cl(eHbl 60pb6bl Bep6JlIO,[1a C XHWHOH
nTHl(eH Ha HO)j(Hax capMaTcKOro KHH)j(aJIa H3 A30Ba. I1HTepecHo, YTO BO BCeX 3THX
CJlyYa x B KOMn03Hl(HH cpOPMaJIbHO CB060,[1HO npOHCXO,[1HT 3aMeweHHe 06pa3a 0,[1-
HOrO npOTHBHHKa Ha 06pa3 ,[1Pyroro. n03a ,[1epYweroc Bep6JlIO,[1a, KaK npaBHJlO,
He nO,[1Jle)j(HT H3MeHeHHIO: OH H306pa)j(aeTC C BbIT HYTOfI onYweHHoH weeH, no-
Bep)j(eHHblM Ha nepe,[1HHe HorH (HJlH npHnaBWHM Ha O,[1HY Hory).
B03MO)j(HO, H306pa)j(eHHe Cl(eHbl npOTHBOCTO HH ,[1BYX Bep6JlIO,[10B BJl eTC
3KBHBaJIeHTHblM HJlH 6JlH3KHM no CMblCJlY MOTHBY CXBaTKH Bep6JlIO,[10B. TaKOH Ba-
pHaHT KOMn03Hl(HH Mbl BH,[1HM Ha 6p0H30BOH KypHJlbHHl(e, HaH,[1eHHOH 6JlH3 I1c-
CbIK-KYJl H ,[1aTHpOBaHHOH (BeCbMa npH6JlH3HTeJlbHO H WHpOKO) V-III BB. ,[10 H. 3.
[naMHHHKH KYJlbTypbl H HCKYCCTBa KHprH3HH... c. 26, N 266], O,[1HaKO cYw ecT -
ByeT H MHeHHe 0 ,[1aTHpOBKe 3Toro npe,[1MeTa II-I BB. ,[10 H.3. [AKHweB 1984
c. 71]. <DHrypKH Bblr10JlHeHbi B KPyrJlOH cKYJlbnType. no CTHJlIO 3TH H306pa)!(eHH
OyeHb 6JlH3KH paHHHM 06pa.3l(aM H3 IO)j(Horo npHypaJIb H 3ana,IJ,HOrO Ka3aXCTaHa
H MorYT 6bITb OTHeceHbl K paHHeH rpynne.
Cnel(HcpHyeCKYIO KaTeropHIO Bep6JlIO)j(bHX 06pa.30B COCTaBJl IOT paCCMOTpeH-
Hble Bblwe H306pa)!(eHH TOJlbKO rOJlOBbl )j(HBOTHoro, npe,[1CTaBJleHHble Cpe,[1H Ha-
X0,[10K H3 OpeH6YP)j(b (<DHJlHnnOBCKHH KypraH H HaXO,[1Ka Tpex MaCCHBHblX 6pOH-
30 b1X pe,[1MeTOB - HaBepWHH (?), CB 3aHHIDI C 3THM KypraHoM [CTenH EBpO-
neHCKOH yaCTH CCCP... c. 371, Ta6Jl. 66: 38; J1b1J10Ba, MoprYHoBa, 2000, c. 180-
185]). rOJlOBKH Bep6JlIO,[10B CJlY)j(HJlH PY'IKaMH HJlH HaKJla,[1KaMH Ha COCY,[1bl [nwe-
HHYHIOK 1989, pHC. 6: 2], npHyeM HaCblweHHOCTb 3THX H306pa)j(eHHH ,[1eKOpaTHB-
HblMH 3JleMeHTaMH CBH,[1eTeJlbCTByeT 06 OTHOCHTeJlbHO 60Jlee n03,[1HeM BpeMeHH HX
nO BJleHH . 06pa3bl H3 <DHJlHnnOBKH OTJlWIaIOTC 60Jlee CrJla)j(eHHbIMH rpHcpoHb-
HMH yepTaMH, XOT yaCTHYHO ewe coxpaH eTc YTpHpoBaHHIDI 3arHYTOcTb XHWHOH
MOp,[1bl. MOP,[1bl )j(e Bep6JlIO,[10B H3 n TIIMapoB I H Eec06bl nepeKJIHKaIOTC , Ha-
npHMep, C rOJlOBKaMH rpHcpoHoB H3 TY3KTbi [PY,[1eHKO 1969, Ta6Jl. XCIX: 1-6],
K Topble HMelOT OyeHb nOXO)j(HH XOXOJlOK H rpHBKY H BJl IOTC np MoH aHaJIOrH-
H rOJlOBKaM Bep6JlIO,[10B H3 l-ro TY3KTHHcKoro KypraHa [PY,[1eHKO 1969, Ta6Jl. C;
-3] (Ta6Jl. 51: 1). BepoHHo, caMblM paHHHM H3 BceH cepllH paccMaTpHBaeMblx
06Ya.30B MO)j(HO CYHTaTb H306pa)j(eHHe rOJlOBKH Bep6JlIO,[1a Ha Y3,[1eYHOH 6Jl WKe H3
YHrapaKa (Kypr. 47) [BHwHeBcKIDI 1973, c. 147, Ta6Jl. XV: 5] (Ta6Jl. 51; 2). ,l],eTa-
JlH KOHCKoro Y3,[1eYHOrO cHap )j(eHH H3 MOrHJlbHHKOB Ka3axcKoro AJlTa H naB-
JlO,[1apCKOH 06JlaCTH VIII-VI BB. ,[10 H. 3. (MorHJlbHHKH KYPYK H EHpJlHK [TaCMa-
raM6eT oB 2003, c. 130]) TaK)j(e ,[1eMOHcTpHPYIOT MOTHB rOJlOBbl Bep6JlIO,[1a, TpaKTo-
BaHHblH npHHl(HnHaJIbHO B e,[1HHOH cxeMe. 11306pa)!(eHH Bep6JlIO)j(bIlX rOJlOBOK
YKpawalOT 6pOH30Bbie ,[1eTaJIH no ca H3 Cblr1yyerO 51pa - MOrHJlbHHKa aH,[1bl-
6eJlbCKOH KYJlbTypbl, pacKonaHHoro B TYBe [CeMeHoB 2001, c. 168, pHC. 1: 13, 14].
I1KoHorpacpHyecKH OHH BnOJlHe cooTBeTcTBYIOT 06pa.3aM Ka3axCTaHo-cH6HpcKoro
Kpyra. rOJlOBa Bep6JlIO,[1a npe,[1CTaBJleHa, BH,[1HMO, H Ha 6Jl xe H3 MOHrOJlHH
(Ta6Jl. 50: 3) [BOJlKOB 1967, pHC. 20: 5]. B H306pa)!(eHH x Bep6JlIO)j(bHX rOJlOB, B-
Jl IOWHXC ,[1eTaJIblO nOJlHOro H306pa)!(eHH )j(IIBOTHoro HJlH HrpalOwHx pOJlb ca-
MOCTO TeJlbHOrO 300MopcpHoro MOTHBa, B xY,[1o)j(ecTBeHHblx H3,[1eJlH X CKHcpcKoro
BpeMeHH H3 IO)j(Horo npHypaJIb H 3ana,[1HOrO Ka.3aXCTaHa BCTBeHHO YJlaBJlHBa-
IOTC CTHJlHCTHyeCKHe napaJIJleJlH C pe3HblMH 300MOpcpHblMH npe,[1MeTaMH H3 Ty-
3KTHHCKoro KypraHa, ,[1eMOHcTpHPYlOwHMH 60Jlee paHHHH BapHaHT CTHJl .
M HYTa Bblwe KOCT HIDI 6Jl xa C rpaBHpoBaHHblM H306pa)j(eHHeM Toro )j(e CIO)j(eTa
npaKTHyeCKH nOJlHOCTblO BocnpOH3B0,[1HT KOMn03Hl(HOHHYIO cxeMY, BnepBble pe-
rHcTpHpyeMYIO Ha H3,[1eJlH X KOHl(a VI-V B. ,[10 H. 3. Ty )j(e cxeMY MO)j(HO BH,[1eTb
BnJlOTb ,[10 Cpe,[1HeBeKOBb - HanpHMep, Ha HaCKaJIbHblX H306pa)!(eHH X CYJleKCKOH
nHcaHHl(bl B XaKaCHH (Ta6Jl. 50: 7), r,[1e HMeIOTC KaK O,[1HHOYHble cpHrypbl Bep6JlIO-
,[10B, TaK H napHble - B CXBaTKe H B aHTHTeTHyeCKOH n03Hl(HH [KHCeJleB 1949, c. 357,
Ta6Jl. LX]. ECJlH npOaHaJIH3HpOBaTb PHCYHKH CYJleKCKOH nHCaHHl(bl, TO YKa.3aH-
Hble yepTbl ,[1erpa,IJ,al(HH B ee H306pa)!(eHH X CTaJIH HarJl ,[1HbIMH, npeBpaTHB KOM-
n03Hl(HIO B )j(eCTKYIO YCJlOBHYIO rpacpHYeCKYIO cxeMY, B 3HaYHTeJlbHOH CTeneHH
YTpaTHBWYIO Bblpa.3HTeJlbHOCTb, HO, 6e3YCJlOBHO, coxpaHHBWYIO CBOIO 3HaYHMOCTb.
EeccnopHO CHMBOJlHyeCKH-CaKpaJIbHOe 3HayeHHe Cl(eH 60pb6bl Bep6JlIO,[10B, O,[1Ha-
KO TpaKTOBKa HX CO,[1ep)j(aHH OKa.3bIBaeTC ,[1aJIeKO He 0,[1H03HaYHOH H no-npe)J\He-
MY OCTaeTC npe,[1MeTOM ,[1HCKYCCHH. A. K. AKHweB, Bbl,[1eJlHB CIO)j(eT 60pb6bl ,[1BYX
Bep6JlIO,[10B H3 Bcex npOYHX BapHaHTOB KOMn03Hl(HH C 6aKTpHaHOM, 60pIOWHMC C
npOTHBHHKOM, onpe,[1eJlHJl ero CMblCJl KaK H306pa)!(eHHe BeceHHero cpa)j(eHH caM-
l(OB, OTpa)!(alOWee xTOHHyeCKHe H,[1eH H KYJlbT nJl0,[10p0,[1H [AKHweB 1976, c. 194].
J11060nbITHO, YTO B HpaHCKOH MHHHaTlOpe XV-XVII BB. coxpaH IOTC Bce CJlO-
)j(HBWHec B ,[1peBHOCTH HKOHorpacpHYeCKHe BapHal(HH Cl(eHbl 60pb6bl ,[1BYX Bep6-
JlIO,[10B-CaMl(OB [Adamo va, 2004, p.I-14]. Bep6JlIO,[1bl npe,[1CTaBJleHbl JlH60 B
cHMMeTpHYHOH n03Hl(HH, KOr,[1a npoTHBHHKH KycalOT ,[1Pyr ,[1pyra 3a 3a,[1HHe HorH,
JlH60 B n03Hl(HH, KOr,[1a O,[1HH KycaeT ,[1pyroro 3a 3a,[1HIOIO Hory, a ,[1pyroH - nep-
Boro 3a rop6, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, HX rOJlOBbl OKa.3bIBaIOTC Ha pa3HoM ypoBHe. 4TO
KacaeTC CMblCJla H306pa)j(eHH CXBaTKH 6aKTpHaHa C ,[1pyrHMH npOTHBHHKaMH, TO,
KaK OTMeyaeT A. K. AKHweB, Bbl CHHTb ero CYTb nOKa He y,[1aJIOCb. npH BceH JlO-
rHYHOCTH TpaKTOBKH Cl(eHbl 6HTBbi ,[1BYX CaMl(OB Bep6JlIO,[10B (HeCOMHeHHO, HMelO-
w eH no,[1 C060H OCHOBaHHe), HaCTopa)j(!.1BaeT ee OrpaHHyeHHOCTb H B03HHKa lO w HH
KaK ee HeH36e)j(Hoe CJle,[1CTBHe pa3pblB CO CMblCJlOBblM CO,[1ep)j(aHHeM H ceMaHTHye-
CKOH HarpY3KOH Bcex OCTaJIbHblX BapHaHTOB Cl(eHbl 6HTBbi C Y'IaCTHeM Bep6JlIO,[1a B
KayeCTBe O,[1HOrO H3 npOTHBHHKOB. TeM He MeHee CB 3b Me)j(,[1y 3THMH MO,[1HcpHKal(H-
MH KOMn03Hl(HH, nO-BH,[1HMOMY, Bce )j(e cywecTByeT H 3aKJlIOYaeTC He TOJlbKO B
cpOpMaJIbHOM cpHrypHpoBaHHH 06pa.3a Bep6JlIO,[1a, n03TOMY OCTaeTC TOJlbKO npe,[1no-
JlO)j(HTb 60Jlee CJlO)j(Hoe H, MO)j(eT 6blTb, «MHorOCJlOHHoe» CO,[1ep)j(aHHe Cl(eH 60pb6bl C
yyaCTHeM 300MOpcpHbiX nepcoHa)!(eH Bo06 w e H Bep6JlIO,[10B B lIaCTHOCTH.
Bep6JlIO,[1bl yaCTO H306pa)j(aJIHCb B Cl(eHax 60pb6bl. 11 He TOJlbKO C ce6e no-
,[106HbIMH npoTHBHHKaMH. I1HOr,[1a O,[1HH H3 nepcoHa)!(eH 3aMeHeH Ha XHwHHKa-
KOWaYberO (Ha BbiweHa3BaHHbiX nJlaCTHHax C TeppHTopHH Cpe,[1HeH A3HH, Ka3ax-
CTaHa, nOBOJl)j(b H CeBepHoro KHTa ) H BOJlYberO (Ha nJlaCTHHe, HaH,[1eHHOH 6JlH3
O 9
MCKa) . BepO THO, HaMeK Ha TOT )j(e CIO)j(eT MO)j(HO YCMaTpHBaTb H Ha 30JlOTOM
npe,[1MeTe (<<nO,[1CTaBKe») 10 H3 <DHJlHnnOBCKoro KypraHa [nweHHYHIOK 1989, pHC. 6;
4] (Ta6Jl. 52; 7), r,[1e H306pa)!(eHbl ,[1Be cpHrypbl CTO WHX Bep6JlIO,[10B, a Me)j(,[1y HH-
103
HaCTo w.ee HCCJ1e)J.OBaHHe He npeTeH)J.yeT Ha 0)J.H03Ha4Hoe peweHHe 3a)J.a4H
BbI BJ1eHH nepBH4HbIX u.eHTpOB pacnpOCTpaHeHH 06pa30B 6aKTpHaHOB B HCKYC-
CTBe )J.peBHHX K04eBHHKOB. CJ1e)J.yeT npH3HaTb, 4TO Bbl BJ1eHHble rpynnbl xY)J.O)Ke-
CTBeHHblX H3)J.eJ1HH C H306pa)KeHH MH Be p6J1IO)J.OB, no cyW.eCTBY, npHHa)J.J1e)KaT
pa3HbIM B XpOH0J10rH4eCKOM H 3THH4eCKOM OTHoweHH X KYJ1bTypHbIM 06pa30Ba-
HH M. 3TO He HCKJ1104aeT HX pO)J.CTBa B TOM HJ1H HHOM CMbICJ1e, 06YCJ10BJ1eHHOrO
06W.HMH KOpH MH HJ1H KyJ1bTYPHbIMH KOMnOHeHTaMH, e)J.HHCTBOM MHpOB033peHH
HJ1H KOHTaKTaMH H oc06eHHOCT MH MHrpau.HOHHbIX npou.eCCOB. 3Ta 06W.HOCTb
npOCJ1e)KHBaeTC B pa.3HOH CTeneHH H B pa3HbiX npO BJ1eHH X, OTproKa Cb B TPa,rJ,H-
U.HOHHbIX 4epTaX B HCKYCCTBe 3BepHHoro CTHJ1 HOMa,rJ,OB. O)J.HaKO KaK CTHJ1HCTH-
4eCKHe 4epTbl, TaK H reorpaq)H HaXO)J.OK YKa3blBalOT HanpaBJ1eHH pa.3BfITH CTH-
J1 H )J.BH)KeHH 300MOpq)Hb1X 06pa.30B, HeCOMHeHHO, CB 3aHHbIX C H3MeHeHHeM cpe-
)J.bl, reHepHpYIOW.eH HCKyCCTBO KaK BJ1eHHe KYJ1bTypbl. npH coxpaHeHHH MHpO-
B033peHH cpOpMaJlbHble H3MeHeHH B HCKyccTBe CJ1Y)KaT XpOH0J10rH'IeCKHMH HH)J.H-
KaTopaMH H MapKHpYIOT, BepO THO, onpe)J.eJ1eHHbIe, HO TPY)J.HOYJ10BHMble 3THOKYJ1b-
TypHble H3MeHeHH . TeM He MeHee coxpaHeHHe HeKOTopblX Tpa,rJ,HU. HH B HCKyccTBe
3BepHHoro CTHJ1 , e)J.HHCTBO 06pa.30B, a TaK)Ke OTHOCHTeJ1bHIDI YCTOH4HBOCTb Be-
w.eBblx THnOB MoryT, KaK npe)J.CTaBJ1 eTC , )J.aTb oCHOBaHHe )J.J1 npe)J.n0J10)KeHH 0
TOM, 4TO O)J.HHM caMbIX paHHHX U.eHTpOB pacnpOCTpaHeHH 06pa.30B Bep6J1IO)J.OB-
6aKTpHaHOB 6blJ1 perHOH IO)KHoro npHypaJIb H 3ana)J.Horo Ka3aXCTaHa (KoHeu.
VI-IV B. )J.O H. 3.), a TaK)Ke, B03MO)KHO, npHapaJIbe H TYBa (VII B. )J.O H. 3.), CO-
CTaBJ1 BWHe C YKa.3aHHblMH paHOHaMH onpe)J.eJ1eHHbIH 3THOKYJ1bTYPHbIH fl TeppHTO-
pHaJlbHblH KOMnJ1eKC. BepO THO, HMeHHO H3 3Toro perHOHa 6blJ1H )J.aHbl KyJ1bTYP-
Hble HMnYJ1bCbl H B 3ana,rJ,HOM, H B BOCT04HOM HanpaBJ1eHHH, CB 3aHHbIe C pa.3HO-
BpeMeHHbIMfl BOJ1HaMH npO)J.BH)KeHH KaKHX-TO 3THH4eCKHX rpynn-HOCHTeJ1eH MHpO-
B033peHH paHHHX K04eBHHKOB C onpe)J.eJ1eHHOH pO)J.OBOH B OCHOBe Cneu.HcpHKOH,
BbIpa.3HBWeHC , B 4aCTHOCTH, B npH)J.aHHH oc060ro 3Ha4eHH 06pa.3aM Bep6J1IO)J.a.
npHeMbl CTlIJ1H3au.HH H KOMn03Hu.HH, npHHu.Hnbl 0606w.eHH H oT60pa npf13HaKOB,
TpaHccpopMHpyeMbIx B H306pa3flTeJ1bHbIe 3J1eMeHTbl, MorYT 6bITb YB 3aHbl C HeKO-
TOpblMH xY)J.O)KeCTBeHHbIMH Tpa)J.Hu.H MH HpaHCKHX KyJ1bTYP, HO, 6e3YCJ10BHO, B-
J1 IOT C060H Ka4eCTBeHHO HOBblH KYJ1bTYPHbIH cpeHOMeH, npHcyw. HH K04eBHH4e-
CKOMy MHPy H OTpa)KalOw.HH ero lI)J.eHHble H 3CTeTH ' leCKHe 3anpOCbl H MHCp0J10rH-
4eCKHe npe)J.CTaBJ1eHH . B capMaTCKYIO 3noxy fl306proKeHH Bep6J1IO)J.OB y)Ke CPHKCH-
PYIOTC H B HH)KHeM nOBOJ1)Kbe, H B IO)KHOH CH6HPH, H B BOCT04HOM Ka3aXCTaHe
(npH6J1H3HTeJ1bHO lV-II BB. )J.O H. 3.). B BOCT04HOM perHOHe )J.BH)KeHHe 06pa.30B
6aKTpHaHOB npHBeJ10 K nO BJ1eHHIO pKOH cepHH CIOHHYCKHX H3)J.eJ1I1H II B. )J.O H. 3.
(BHYTpeHH MOHrOJ1H , Op)J.OC, MfIHYCHHCKa KOTJ10BHHa). BepOHHO, ew.e O)J.HH
HMnYJ1bC 6bIJ1 nepBOHa4aJ1bHO HanpaBJ1eH B Cpe)J.HIOIO A3HIO, a 3aTeM ero pecpJ1eKC
cpHKcHpyeTc B npHa.30Bbe (npHMepHO Ha py6e)Ke 3p) ". COOTBeTCTBeHHO, 04arH
pacnpOCTpaHeHH xY)J.O)KeCTBeHHbIX H3)J.eJ1HH C H306pa)KeHH MH Bep6J1IO)J.OB B
BOCT04HOM H 3ana)J.HOM paliOHax CJ1e)J.yeT C4fITaTb BTOpH4HbIMH no OTHoweHHIO K
npHypaJIbCKO-Ka.3aXCTaHCKOH rpynne.
r JI a B a IV
OPHAMEHTJ1POBAHHbIE KAEAHbJ1 KJIbIKJ1
J1 J1X J1MJ1TAIJ,J1J1 B CKJ1«1>CKYIO anoxy
II OTHOCHTe,lbHO )TOrO noc.rlellHero )Tana llBHJKeHHSI 06pa30B 6aKTpHaHOB He06xOllHMO
OTMeTHTb c)'weCTBOBaHHe npe;:tnO.10JKeHHSI 0 lHrpaUl1H HOBOH ,)THH'teCKOH rpynnbl HOMa;:IOB
(aopcoB? a.naHOB?) HMeHHO B )TO BpeMSI H3 06naCTH DaKTpHH B paHoH TallaHca H A30BCKoro MO-
pH [3aceUKaSI 1989, c. 37, 40, 43].
104
B apXe0J10rH4eCKOH J1IlTepaType TaKa KaTeropH Bew.eH, KaK opHaMeHTHpo-
BaHHbIe Ka6aHbH KJ1bIKH H HX 6pOH30Bbie HMHTau.fHl, Tpa)J.Hu.fIOHHO paccMaTpHBa-
eTC KaK Cneu.HcpHKa «caBpOMaTCKoro» HCKyccTBa. Pe3Hbie KJ1bIKH, a TaK)Ke npe)J.-
MeTbI H3 6POH3bl, 30J10Ta, pora H )J.PYrHX MaTepHaJlOB, nOBTop IOw.He CPOPMY KJ1bI-
KOB (H, 6e3YCJ10BHO, BJ1 IOw.Hec CeMaHTf1lIeCKH TO)K)J.eCTBeHHbIMH nO)J.BeCKaM-
KJ1bIKaM), HMelOT 06w.lle 3aKoHoMepHocTH B xY)J.O)KeCTBeHHoM oqJOpMJ1eHHH, H no-
TOMY u.eJ1eC006pa3Ho paccMaTpHBaTb HX KaK e)J.HHYIO KaTeropHIO npe)J.MeToB HC-
KyccTBa (Ta6J1. 58-65; npHJ10)KeHHe K rJ1aBe IV).
OpHaMeHTHpoBaHHbIe KJ1bIKH H HX HMHTau.IIH npe)J.cTaBJ1 IOT HeCOMHeHHblH
HHTepec KaK C TO'IKH 3peHH CeMaHTll'leCKOro HCCJ1e)J.OBaHH , TaK H C n03Hu.HH
CTHJ1HCTlI4eCKOro aHaJlH3a. HaKonHBwHik 3a nOCJ1e)J.HHe rO)J.bl MaTepHaJI H3 na-
M T HKOB 3nOXH yaHHHx K04eBHHKOB C pa.3J1H4Hb1X TeppiITOpHH Tpe6yeT 0630pa
BceH cepHH Bew.eH C BbI CHeHlleM HX npOHCXO)K)J.eHH H CTHJ1HCTH4eCKHX oc06eH-
HocTeH.
KJ1bIKH C 300MOpcpHbIMH H306proKeHH MH BCTpe'IaIOTC Ha 06WHpHbiX TeppH-
TOpH X CKHcpcKoro MHpa, BKJ1104a CeBepHoe npHlIepHoMopbe, KaBKa.3, IO)KHYIO
CH6HPb, AmaH, IO)KHoe npllypaJIbe H HH)KHee nOBOJ1)Kbe (Ta6J1. 58; 59).
HH)KHee nOBOJ1)Kbe, HeCMOTp Ha He3Ha'HlTeJ1bHOe KOJ1f1lleCTBeHHoe npe06J1a-
)J.aHHe nO)J.06HbIX YKpaweHHH (3)J.ecb H )J.aJIee HOMepa )J.aHbl no KaTaJlory B npHJ10-
)KeHHH 2) no cpaBHeHHIO C )J.pyrHMH YKa3aHHblMH perHOHaMH, He MO)KeT CqHTaTbC
HCKJ1104HTeJ1bHbIM U.eHTpOM pacnpOCTpaHeHII KJ1bIKOB-nO)J.BeCOK, TaK KaK H3BeCT-
Hbl u.eJ1bIe cepHH aHaJlOrHH: H3 IO)KHoro npllypaJIb H 3ana)J.Horo Ka3aXCTaHa
(Ta6J1. 6I: 1-14; N'.! 16-28), r)J.e a6C0J1IOTHOe 60J1bWHHCTBO HaXO)J.OK - 6pOH30-
Bble HMHTau.HH (N'.! 17-26) II TOJ1bKO TPH KOCT HbIX npe)J.MeTa (N'.! 28, 29) npoHc-
XO)J. T H3 CMe)KHoro perHOHa - IO)KHoro Ka.3aXCTaHa H rpaHH4aw.eH C HHM TeppH-
TOpHH KHprH3HH; B CeBepHoM npH4epHoMopbe (N'.! 54-66; Ta6J1. 64: 1-12); B
KaBKa.3CKOM perHOHe (N'.! 30-37; Ta6J1. 62; 1-8), r)J.e 3Ta KaTeropH npe)J.cTaBJ1e-
Ha HeMHOr04HCJ1eHHbIMH, HO pa.3Ho06pa3HblMH HaXO)J.KaMH: KJ1bIK H )J.Be 6pOH30-
BbIe HMHTau.HH npOHCXO)J.H 113 4e4eHo-I1HryweTHH (N'.! 34, 35, 3I), H3BeCTHbi
6poH30Ba HMHTau.H H3 CeBepHoH OceTHH (N'.! 32), KJ1bIK H3 A6xa.3fHl (N'.! 30).
6poH30Ba KJ1bIK006pa3Ha nJ1aCTHHa H3 KJ1a)J.a y cTaHu.HH Ka.36eK Ha CeBepHoM
KaBKa.3e (N'.! 33), pe3HoH KJ1bIK, HaH)J.eHHbIH Ha Ky6aHH H XpaH w.HHc B 3pMHTroKe
(N'.! 36). 3Ha4HTeJ1bHOe 4HCJ10 HaXO)J.OK KJ1bIKOB Benp H HX HMHTau.HH CB 3aHO C
BOCT04HblMH perHOHaMH, B 4aCTHOCTH C CH6HpblO H UeHTpaJIbHOH A3HeH (N'.! 38-
53): H3 naMHHHKOB TYBbl npOHCXO)J.HT HeCKOJ1bKO nO)J.06HbIX npe)J.MeToB (N'.! 40-
42, 46), H3BeCTHbi HaXO)J.KH Ha Amae (N'.! 38, 39, 43, 47--49), BKJ1IO'Ia npH06be
(N'.! 50-52), H 6pOH30BbIe KJ1blK006pa3Hble 6J1 XH H3 MHHYCHHCKOH KOTJ10BHHbI,
105
XpaH llI,HeC B MHHYCHHCKOM MY3ee [KHCeJleB 1951, c.249]. npe)J,MeTbl l(eH-
TparIbHOa.3HaTCKOro npOHCXO)\()J,eHH H3 pa3Hblx KOJlJleKl(HH, 6JlH3KHe no cpopMe H
300MOpcpHblM H306pa)\(eHH M )J,eKopa, ynoM HYTblM Bblwe, ony6JlHKOBaHbl A. CarIb-
MOHH [Salmony 1933, pI. XXXVl1I: 8] H rpynnoH aBTopoB B KaTarIOre BblCTaBKH B
CiliA, nocB weHHoH 3BepHHoMy CTHJlIO [Bunker, Chatwin, Farkas 1970] (N!! 44,
45, 53).
Bce nepeYHCJleHHble H3)J,eJlH H3 Ka6aHbHx KJlblKOB l1 nOBTop lOllI,He HX cpOpMy
B 6poH3e H )J,pyrHx MaTepHarIaX npe)J,MeTbl HMelOT pa.3Mepbl OT 5,6 CM )J,O 23 CM.
CaMblH 60JlbWOH KOCT HOH nCarIHH H3 MOrHJlbHHKa y c. BapHa (N!! 16, Ta6Jl. 61: 1)
)J,JlHHOH npH6JlH3HTeJlbHO 23 CM H 6pOH30BblH npe)J,MeT TaKOH )\(e cpOpMbl H nOYTH
O)J,HOH C HHM )J,JlHHbt H3 MOHrOJlHH (N!! 44, Ta6Jl. 63: 7) He npeBblwalOT eCTeCTBeH-
HblX pa.3MepOB KJlblKOB Ka6aHa, )J,ocTHralOWHx 25 CM Y CTapblx CeKayeH. HeCKOJlb-
KO MeHbwe HaTyparIbHblX pa.3MepOB 6blBalOT 6pOH30Bble npHBecKH-HMHTal(HH
(N!! 24,35, 50 H )J,p.).
Bo Bcex cJlyYa x, Kor)J,a KJlblKH H HMHTHpylOllI,He HX 6Jl XH-npHBecKH HaH)J,eHbl
B KOMnJleKCaX, OHH Henocpe)J,cTBeHHo CB 3aHbl C KOHCKHM CHap )\(eHHeM (N!! 1, 2,
4, 16-24,31,38,43,47,48) iii, pe)\(e, C opy)\(HeM - MelJOM HJlH KHH)\(arIOM (N!! 3,
7, 11), a TaK)\(e C KOJlyaHOM, r)J,e Yalll,e Bcero 6pOH30BlliI HMHTal(H KJlblKa BblCTY-
naeT B KayeCTBe KOJlyaHHOrO KplOKa (N!! 25, 26, 52, 53) H HMeeT HeCKOJlbKO
MO)J,HcpHl(HpOBaHHYIO CPOPMY.
Cy)J, no KOHCTPYKl(HH npe)J,MeToB, pacnOJlO)\(eHHIO HX B KOMnJleKCaX (BMecTe
C y3)J,eYHblM Ha60poM) H KOJlHyeCTBY B Y3)J,eYKe (no O)J,HoMy), KJlblKH CJly)\(HJlH Ha-
Jl06HblMH KOHCKHMH yKpaweHH MH (Grakov 1928, p. 34) H, pe)\(e, nCarIH MH (N!! 16,
43). B nOCJle)J,HeM cJlyyae H3)J,eJlHe HMeeT He O)J,HO OTBepCTHe )J,Jl nO)J,BeWHBaHH ,
a )J,Ba - B cpe)J,HeH yaCTH CTep)\(H (B e)J,HHCTBeHHOM CJlyyae TpeX)l.blp'JaTble nca-
JlIiIH HMelOT 6JlH3KYlO CPOPMY H ocpopMJleHbl rOJlOBKaMH Ka6aHa Ha O)J,HOM KOHl(e
[KHpIOWHH, THWKHH 1997, pHC. 36: 3,4]). TeM He MeHee MO)\(HO C YBe eHHOC TblO
rOBopHTb 0 TOM, YTO TaKa cpopMa nCarIH B COyeTaHI1H C xapaKTepHOH YCTOH'IH-
BOH cxeMOH HX 300MopcpHoro YKpaweHH (rOJlOBa XHllI,HHKa Ha WHpOKOM KOHl(e H
)J,JlHHHOKJlIOBa nTHl(a Ha Y3KOM H HeKOTopble BapHal(HH :noro CTepeOHma, Ha-
npHMep, XHllI,HHK H Ka6aH) ype3BblyaHHO THnl1YHa )J,Jl CKHcpOH)J,HblX KOyeBHHye-
CKHX KYJlbTYP BTOpOH nOJlOBHHbl I-ro TblC. )J,O H. 3. ,l],oKa3aTeJlbCTBOM 3TOMy CJly-
)\(HT CYlll,eCTBOBaHHe OyeHb e)J,HHo06pa3HOH cepHH HaXO)J,OK )J,By)J,blpyaTblX poro-
BblX nCarIHeB (N!! 66-74, Ta6Jl. 65: 1-9). l-13BecTHa HaXO)J,Ka nCarIHeB HHoro TIiI-
na - Tpex)J,blpYaTblX (arITaHCKHH MOrHJlbHHK Kap6aH I, Kypr. 5), KOTopble HMelOT
300MopcpHoe 3aBepweHHe B BH)J,e rOJlOBbl Ka6aHa JlHWb Ha O)J,HOM KOHl(e. I1x MO)\(-
HO paccMaTpHBaTb KaK npl1MblKalOllI,He K paccMaTpHBaeMoMy Kpyry H3)J,eJlH , HO
Bce )\(e OTHOC llI,HeC K HHOMy THny. HeJlb3 He 06paTHTb BHHMaHI1 Ha H)J,eHTHY-
HOCTb cnoc06a ocpopMJleHI1 KOCT HblX porOBblX nCarIHeB H3 naM THHKOB AJlTa
(MorHJlbHHKH TarI)J,ypa 1, 60 pOTarI , KOK-CY I, A3pO)J,pOMHblH, KOJlJleKl(H n. H. <Dpo-
JlOBa (Tenepb B c06paHHH rI1M), a TaK)\(e aHarIOrH'lHble HM OT)J,eJlbHble HaXO)J,KH H3
npHKaMb aHaHbHHcKOH 3nOXH (Aprbl)\(CKOe ropo)J,HllI,e) H KaBKa3cKoro perHoHa
(oKpeCTHocTH KHCJlOBo)J,cKa». B 1994 r. B Kypr. 4 B MOrHJlbHHKe TepHoBoe-l Ha
Cpe)J,Hel\1 ,l],OHY 6blJla HaH)J,eHa napa poroBblx )J,BY)J,blpYaTblX nCarIHeB C rOJlOBKaMH
XHllI,HHKa H Ka6aHa Ha KOHl(ax, OyeHb 6JlH3KHX K paccMoTpeHHoH rpynne. OTJlHYH-
eM cpe)J,He)J,OHCKOH HaXO)J,KH BJl eTC Bepn1KarIbHOe pHcpJleHHe BHeWHeH nOBepx-
HOCTH nCarIHeB [rYJl eB, CaByeHKO, MeJleWKO 1995, c. 89-90; rYJl eB. CaByeHKO
1995. c.99]. B 3TH X npe)J,MeTax npOCJle)\(HBaIOTC He TOJlbKO THnOJlOrHyeCKOe
e)J,HHCTBO, HO H CTHJlHCTHyeCKlliI 6JlH30CTb KaK BHyTpH cepHH nCarIHeB, TaK H npH
conOCTaBJleHHIiI HX C opHaMeHTHpOBaHHblMH KJ1blKaMH H HX IiIMHTal(H MH, YTO no-
3BOJl eT BKJlIOYHTb 3Ty rpynny H3)J,em1H B HCCJle)J,OBaHHe B KayeCTBe cpaBHHTeJlb-
Horo MaTepHarIa. ,l],BY)J,blpyaTble nCarIHH HMelOT CPOPMY. nO)J,pmKalOllI,YIO KJlblKY
HJlH pory, WHpOKHH KOHel( KOToporo ocpopMJleH rOJlOBOH KOWaYberO XHllI,HHKa (B
TarI)J,ype) HJlH BOJlK006pa.3HOrO )J,JlHHHOMop)J,oro 3Bep C OCKarIeHHOH naCTblO (B
OCTarIbHblX CJlYYIDIX). I1CKJllOyeHHe COCTaBJl IOT KHCJlOBO)J,CKa HaXO)J,Ka, B KOTO-
pOH Ha WHpOKOM KOHl(e nCarIH H306pmKeHa rOJlOBa XHWHOH nTHl(bl C 3arHYTbll\1
KJlIOBOM, Hano)J,06He 6pOH30BOH nO)J,BeCKH H3 Kypr. 1 B MOrHJlbHHKe CblHTaC B 3a-
na)J,HOM Ka.3aXCTaHe (cp.: Ta6Jl. 65: 7 H Ta6Jl. 61: 9), H H)J,eHTHYHblH eMy nCarIHH H3
KOJlJleKl(HH <DpOJlOBa. Y3KHH KOHel( npe)J,MeTa BO Bcex cJlyYa x YKpaweH rOJlOBKOH
ywaCToH nn1l(bl C YTpHpoBaHHo )J,JlHHHblM KJlIOBOM. Bc cepH MO)\(eT 6blTb OTHe-
ceHa KO BpeMeHH C KOHl(a VI-V B. )J,O H. 3. YCTOHYHBOe COyeTaHHe KOMn03Hl(H-
OHHOH cxeMbl C KJlblK006pa.3HOH cpOpMOH npe)J,MeTa Hero CPYHKl(HOHarIbHblM Ha-
3H YeHHeM (npHHa,IJ,Jle)\(HOCTb K KOHCKOMy y60py HJlH 0PY)\(HIO) rOBopHT 0 HeCJly-
yaHHOM xapaKTepe xY)J,O)\(eCTBeHHoro ocpopMJleHH 3TH X )J,eTarIeH H KaKOH-TO
OC060H HX CMblCJlOBOH HarpY3Ke, BepO THO, ceMaHTHyeCKH e)J,HHOH.
EllI,e )J,Ba He06blYHblX npe)J,MeTa HMelOT COBepweHHO aHarIOrHYHOe ocpopMJle-
HHe - 3TO PYYKH 3epKarI H3 IO)\(Horo npHyparIb , HaH)J,eHHblX B C060JleBCKOH BO-
JlOCTH (Ta6Jl. 65: 10) H B Kypr. 3 B MOrHJlbHHKe y c. Capa (Ta6Jl. 65: 11). ,l],HCK 3ep-
KarIa BCTaBJl JlC B na3 PYKO TH, ocpopMJleHHblH B BH)J,e naCTH BOJlKa. npOTHBono-
JlO)\(HblH KOHel( pyYKH YKpaweH rOJlOBOH ywacToH nTHl(bl C )J,JlHHHblM KJ1IOBOM.
OcpopMJleHHe nCarIHeB H pyyeK 3epKarI OTJll1'JaeTC OT nO)J,06HblX )\(e KOMn03Hl(HH
Ha 60JlbWHHCTBe opHaMeHTHpOBaHHbtX KJlblKOB H HX HMHTal(HH TeM, YTO 300-
MopcpHble H306pa)\(eHH Ha HHX BJl IOTC )J,ByCTOpOHHHMH H npaKTH'leCKH 06'beM-
HblMH, peweHHblMH CKYJlbnTypHO.
Bce KJlblKH CHJlbHO 3arIOlll,eHbl H CTepTbl, Kpa OTBepCTHH CrJlmKeHbl, YTO CBI1-
)J,eTeJlbCTByeT 06 I1X )J,JlI1TeJlbHOM I1CnOJlb30BaHI1I1. K CO)\(arIeHI1IO, B 60JlbWI1HCTBe
CJlyyaeB He npOCJle)\(eHbl )J,OCTOBepHO cnoc06bl KpenJleHI1 KJ1blKa-aMYJleTa 11 no-
JlO)\(eHl1e ero B Y3)J,eYHOM Ha60pe. 11. B. <Da6pl1l(I1Yc OnHCarIa 6JlIOMeHcpeJlb)J,CKI1H
KJlblK (N!! 1) KaK pacnOJlO)\(eHHblH Me)\()J,Y nCarIl1 MH, Bblwe y)J,I1Jl, TynblM KOHl(OM
BHI13, TO eCTb HaXO)J,I1BWI1HC B nOJlO)\(eHI1I1 pora [<Da6pl1l(I1Yc 1934, c. 12]. O)J,Ha-
KO HarIl1Yl1e oTBepCTI1 (I1JlI1 neTJlI1 y 6pOH30BblX I1MI1Tal(HH) )J,Jl KpenJleHI1 KJlblKa
peMewKoM B Wl1pOKOH yaCTH npe)J,MeTa 3aCTaBJl eT ycoMHI1TbC B B03MO)\(HOCTI1
cpl1KCal(1111 KJlblKa OCTpblM KOHl(OM BBepx, BO BC KOM CJlY, 'Iae B a6COJllOTHOCTH Ta-
Koro pacnOJlO)\(eHI1 3TOH )J,eTarIl1 OrOJlOBb . 11306pa)\(eHl1e BCa,IJ,HI1Ka Ha BOHJlOlJ-
HOM na3blpblKCKOM KOBpe (Ta6Jl. 19: 5) 3acpl1KCI1pOBarIO nOJlO)\(eHHe KJlblKOBH)J,Horo
HaHOCHI1Ka B KOHCKOH aMyHI1l(I1H C BepTI1KarIbHblM pa3Melll,eHI1eM B l(eHTpe Ha-
xpanHoro peMH , Wl1pOKI1M KOHl(OM BBepx [PY)J,eHKo 1953, Ta6Jl. XCV].
KpoMe y)\(e nepeYI1CJleHHblX npe)J,MeToB KJlblKOBI1)J,HOH cpOpMbl, cYlll,eCTByeT
p )J, 113)J,eJlI1H, 6e3YCJlOBHO, nepe)J,alOllI,l1X TY )\(e KOHcpHrypal(111O 11 I1MelOWI1X 6JlH3-
KYIO KOMn03I1l(110HHylO cxeMy xY)J,O)\(eCTBeHHoro ocpopMJleHI1 , HO BbmOJlH BWI1X
I1Hble CPYHKl(I1I1, 11, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, nOJlyYI1BWI1X CBOI1 oc06eHHocTI1 B )J,eKopa-
TI1BHOM peWeHI1I1. Hanpl1Mep, cpOpMy KJlblKa I1MeeT 30JlOTa ype3BblyaHHO )J,eKopa-
TI1BHa a)\(ypHa nJlaCTI1Ha-OKOBKa 113 <DI1Jll1nnOBCKoro KypraHa B OpeH6yprcKoH
06JlaCTI1, 1130611JlYlOllI,a opHaMeHTal(l1eH (Ta6Jl. 6!; 1 2). He cHo Ha.3HayeHl1e 6pOH-
30Boro «HaKOHeYHI1Ka» 113 MOHrOJlI1I1, ocpopMJleHHOrO no TOH )\(e cxeMe (Ta6Jl. 63:
7), KaK 11 HeKoTopblX nOXO)\(I1X npe)J,MeTOB: 113 HeKpOnOJl B naHTI1Kanee (Ta6Jl. 64:
11),113 l.JYHCKOH )J,OJlI1Hbl (Ta6Jl. 61: 13) 11 Ka3axCTaHa (Ta6Jl. 61: 14) (KaT. N!!44,
64, 28, 29).
KJlaCCl1cpI1Kal(l1 opHaMeHTl1pOBaHHblx KJlblKOB CKl1cpcKoro BpeMeHI1 no KOMno-
31i1l(IiIOHHblM npl13HaKaM, a TaK)\(e no MaTepl1arIy H CPYHKl(110HarIbHOMY Ha3HayeHI11O
106
107
H COnOCTaBJleHHe 3THX )J,aHHbIX C apeaJIOM nO)J,06HbiX HaXO)J,OK npe)J,CTaBJl IOTC
oC06eHHO Ba)l(HbIMH, TaK KaK B JlHTepaType HCCJle)J,OBaHH 3TOH KaTerOpHH npe)J,-
MeTOB BeCbMa HeMHOrOlJHCJleHHbl. 3TO He60JlbWOH 0630p K. <D. CMHpHOBblM H3BeCT-
HblX eMY HaXO)J,OK H3 HH)I(HerO nOBOJl)l(b H lO)I(Horo npHypaJIb [CMHpHOB 1964],
Cnel(HaJIbHa CTaTb 3. B. 5IKoBeHKO [5IKoBeHKo 1969] 0 KJlblKaX H3 nO)J,HenpoBb ,
oT)J,eJlbHble CTHJlIICTWIeCKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH D. H. fpaKoBa [Grakov 1928], a
TaK)I(e Heony6JlHKOBaHHa pa60Ta VI. B. <Da6pHl(HYC, HanHcaHHa B 1934 r. H no-
CB weHHa CKHrpo-capMaTcKHM opHaMeHTHpoBaHHblM KJlblKaM [<Da6pHl(HYC 1':34].
Cnel(HaJIbHa pa60Ta nOCB weHa P. fHpwMaHoM HCCJle)J,oBaHHIO rpYHKl(HH Ka-
6aHbHx KJlbiKOB H IIX HMIITal(HH B KOHCKOM y60pe [Ghirshl11an 1977]. VlccJle)J,oBa-
TeJlb npHWeJl K BbIBO)J,Y, lJTO nO)J,BeCKH B rpopMe Ka6 Hbero KJlblKa xapaKTepHbl )J,Jl
HpaHCKoro MHpa H HMelOT CJlO)l(HYIO CHMBOJlIIKY [Ghlrshl11an 1977, p. 33].
B opHaMeHTal(HH pe3Hbix KJlblKOB ewe D. H. fpaKoB OTMeTHJl BblCOKYIO CTe-
neHb CTHJlH3al(HII H nO)J,lJepKHYJl H3BecTHylo 3JleraHTHOCTb H YTOHlJeHHOCTb B HC-
nOJlHeHIIH nOBOJl)l(CKHX 3K3eMnJl pOB [Grakov 1928, p.39, 42]. OnHcblBa 6JlIO-
MeHrpeJlb)J,CKHe KJlbIKH, D. H. fpaKoB Bbl)J,eJlHJl KaK xapaKTepHYIO oc06eHHoCTb HX
)J,eKopa «60 3Hb» MacTepa-pe3lJHKa OCTaBHTb He3anOJlHeHHOe npocTpaHcTBo, 061>-
CH 3THM 3anOJlHeHHe nJlOCKOCTH CnHpaJI MH H KBa)J,paTHKaMH [Grakov 1928,
p. 36]. D. H. fpaKoB HaXO)J,HJl, lJTO B HeKOTopblX CJlYlla X OC03HaHHOCTb MOTl-lBa
npIlHOCHTC B )I(epTBY )J,eKopaTHBHOCTH lGrakov 1928, p. 39], nOJlara npH 3TOM,
lJTO Ha 6JlIOMeHrpeJlb)J,CKHX KJlblKaX HaMelJaeTC npO BJleH He HeKOTopOIl MOHOTOH-
HOCTH )J,eTaJIeH, BapbllpY10wHX JlHWb B pa3MeWeHHH l Grakov 1928, p.42]. Ha
3TOM OCHOBaHHI1 HCCJle)J,OBaTeJlb c)J,eJlaJI BbIBO)J, 06 yna)J,Ke CTHJl l Grakov 1928,
p. 60]. BbIBO)J, 3TOT npe)J,cTaBJl eTC cnopHblM, nOCKOJlbKY 3BOJlIOl(H caMoro CTHJl
B npl1Hl(Hne He pa3pa60TaHa H He npOCJle)l(eHa. D. H. fpaKOB c)J,eJlaJI Ha6JlIO eHHe,
lJTO lJepTOH, CBOHCTBeHHOH TOJlbKO nOBOJl)l(CKHM H306pa)l(eHH M OCKaJIeHHOI1 nac-
TH XHWHHKOB, BJl eTC H306pa)l(eHHe B HeH 3bIKa (N!! 1, 3, 6, 9-11) lGrakov
1928, p. 42, 44].
Pa60Ta VI. B. <Da6pHl(I1YC, K CO)l(aJIeHHlO, TaK H He 6blJla ony6JlHKOBaHa. He-
CMOTp Ha cnopHOCTb HeKOTopblX Te3HCOB B CTaTbe VI. B. <Da6pHl(HYC H ee rpop-
MaJIbHYIO He)J,opa60TaHHOCTb, nOCJlY)I(l1BWHe B CBoe BpeM MOTHBal(HeH )J,Jl npl1-
3HaHH ny6JlHKal(HH Hel(eJlecoo6pa3HOH, H Ha TO, lJTO MHorHe BbIBO)J,bI H npe)J,-
CTaBJleHH aBTopa yCTapeJlH H He MorYT 6blTb npHH Tbl B HaCTO Wee BpeM ,
pa60Ta CO)J,ep)l(HT p )J, HHTepecHbix Ha6JlIO)J,eHIIH, Ha KOTopble He06xo)J,HMO CO-
CJlaTbC . VI. B. <Da6pHl(HYC B KalJeCTBe xY)J,O)l(eCTBeHHbIX oc06eHHoCTeH KJlbiKOB
OTMelJaJIa HCnOJlb30BaHl1e nOBepXHOCTH npe)J,MeTa H KaK opHaMeHTaJIbHOrO nOJl , II
KaK rpOpMbl )J,Jl C03)J,aHH 06pa3a l<Da6pHl(IIYC 1934, c. 4]. OHa 06paTHJla BHHMa-
HHe Ha npllMeHeHHe pa3HbiX xY)J,O)l(eCTBeHHbIX npHeMOB B YKpaweHHH O)J,Horo 113-
)J,eJlII : H306pa)l(eHHe nOlJTII CKYJlbnTypHO B nepe)J,HeH lIaCTH H HMeeT rparpl1lJeCKOe
peweHHe B cepe)J,HHe H Ha y3KOM KOHl(e l<Da6pHl(IIYC 1934, c. 3]. PacCMaTpl1Ba
oc06eHHocTH KOMn03Hl(IIH Ha opHaMeHTHpoBaHHblx Ka6aHbHx KJlbiKaX, VI. B. <Da6-
PHl(IIYC npHWJla K 3aKJl IO l IeH 1110, lITO «Mbl MO)l(eM npe)J,CTaBHTb ce6e npol(ecc CJla-
raHll KOMn031Il(IIH 3BepHHoro CTlIJl KaK CYMMIIPYIOWIIH, HHTerpaJIbHblH, Bb!nOJl-
H eMbIH C YBepeHHoH cB060)J,OH npHMeHeHH )J,eTaJIeH, 3JleMeHTOB, nO)J,06HbIH TO-
MY, KaK AJlJlax C03)J,aJI Bep6JlIO)J,a: no npocb6e 3Toro )I(HBOTHOro OH )J,aJI e!\ty welo
Jle6e)J, , Jlanbl JlbBa, XBOCT KOpOBbl H T. )J,.» l<Da6pHl(HYC 1934, c. 25]. O)J,HaKo I1C-
CJle)J,OBaTeJlbHIIl(a nO)J,lJepKHYJla lJpe3BbllJaHHO BIDKHoe 06CTO TeJlbCTBO B C03)J,aHIII1
CJlO)l(HbiX 300MOprpHbiX KOMn0311l(HH: «...HHKor)J,a cB060)J,a CJlaraHH )J,eTaJIeH He Ha-
PywaeT rpaHHl(, YCTaHOBJleHHblX H)J,eOJlOrHlJeCKHMII Tpe60BaHH MH» l <Da6pHl(HYC
1934, c. 25]. VI. B. <Da6pHl(HYC ClJHTaJIa, lJTO <<3y6bl, KJlbIKH, KOrTH, KJlIOBbl, pora
no CB eMY cO)J,ep)l(aHHIO H rpopMe CKJla)J,bIBaIOTC B KOMnJleKC, OpraHHlJeCKH BXO-
)J, WHI1 B cO)J,ep)l(aHHe H orpopMJleHl1e 3BepHHoro CTlIJl » [<Da6pIIl(HYC 1934, c. 3], H
paccMa pllBaJIa nOBOJl)l(CKHe KJlbIKII-aMYJleTbl KaK «KJlaCCIIlJeCKHe 06Pa3l(bl HaCbl-
weHHOII CKHrpCKOH 3BepllHoH opHaMeHTal(llII» l <Da6pl1l(HYC 1934, c. 22].
3a HCKJ1lOlJeHHeM l\eTblpex nOBOJl)l(CKHX KJlblKOB (N!! 1-3, 9) H nCaJIll H3
lO)I(Horo npHYPaJIb (N!! 16) (Ta6Jl. 60: 1-3, 9; Ta6Jl. 61: 1), HMelOwHX H306pa-
)I(eHH Ha )J,BYX cTopoHax, Bce npOlJHe opHaMeHTHpoBaHHble KJlblKH YKpaweHbi
TOJlbKO C JlHl(eBOH CTOpOHbl. Vl306pa)l(eHIl JlIIl(eBOH II 060pOTHOH CTOpOH )J,BYCTO-
pOHHHX H3)J,eJllIH He H)J,eHTHlJHbl Me)(()J,Y co60iL OHH npe)J,cTaBJl IOT caMOCTOHeJlb-
HbIe, XOT HHor)J,a H OlJeHb 6JlH3KHe KOMn03Hl(HII. nplllJeM 060poTHa cTopoHa
YKa3aHHbix nOBOJl)l(CKIlX 3K3eMnJl pOB OTJlIllJaeTC OT BHewHeH CTOpOHbl 60JlbWeH
npocToTOH pllcYHKa H MeHee TwaTeJlbHOH npopa60TKoH.
KOMn03Hl(HH H306pa)l(eHHH Ha KJlbiKaX H HX HMHTal(H X Bcer)J,a nO)J,lJHHeHbi
rpopMe npe)J,MeTa, BCTpe'IaIOTC HeCKOJlbKHX BII)J,OB II He 3aBHC T OT MaTepl1aJIa H3-
)J,eJlH . B )J,aJIbHeHWeM )J,Jl Y)J,06CTBa H3JlO)l(eHH MaTepHaJIa MO)l(HO Bbl)J,eJlHTb He-
CKOJlbKO pa3HOBII)J,HOCTeH KOMn03Hl(llOHllOro peweHII xY)J,O)l(eCTBeHHoro O(!)QPM-
JleHH KJlblKOB H HX BapHaHTbl.
Pa3HOBH)J,HOCTb I npe)J,CTaBJl eT C060H )J,OCTaTOlJHO cB060)J,HO pa3MeweHHoe Ha
nOBepxHocTH KJlblKa cxeMaTWIHoe rpaqJHlJeCKOe 300MoprpHoe 11306pa)l(eHHe. no-
)J,06Hble KOMn03Hl(HH npe)J,cTaBJleHbl TpeM BapHaHTaMII: A - rpaBHpoBaHHoe
H306pa)l(eHHe CTo weH rpHrypbl Benp , Bb!nOJlHeHHOe Ha Bblpe3aHHoH H3 KJlblKa
Ka6aHa BbIT HYTOH 6Jl xe KJlbIK006pa3HOH rpOpMbl H3 Ap)KaHa, KOTopa BJl eTC
)J,eTaJIblO Y3)J,e ' IHoro Ha60pa H caMblM paHHIIM 3K3eMnJl pOM H3 cepHH nO)J,06HbIX
aMYJleTOB, )J,aTHpoBaHHbIM VIII B. )J,O H. 3. (N!! 46; Ta6Jl. 63: 9); [) - KJlblK H3 MO-
rHJlbHHKa Kow-neH B TYBe, HMelOwHH CJlO)l(HYIO rparpwlecKYIO opHaMeHTal(HIO B
BH)J,e MHororpHrypHoH 300MOprpHOH KOMn0311l(I1H, KOTopa BKJlIO'IaeT l(eHTpaJIb-
HYIO rpHryPY Jle)l(aweH JlOwa)J,H C BblBepHYTblM KpynoM H cBo60)J,HO pacnOJlO)l(eH-
Hble Ha H306pa3HTeJlbHOM nOJle PHCYHKH XHWHOH nTHl(bl B n03e «KJ1IOlOweH», a
TaK)I(e rOJlOBbi XHwHHKa H KonbiTHoro )I(HBOTHOro (OJleH ?) (N!! 42; Ta6Jl. 63: 5);
B - KJlblK H3 KaJIHHOBCKoro MOrHJlbHHKa (N!! 7; Ta6Jl. 60: 7), YKpaweHHblH pe3-
HbiM H306pIDKeHHeM npoToMbl OJleH , pa3MeweHHblM Ha BceM nOJle WllpOKOH JlH-
l(eBOH nJlOCKOCTH KJ1bIKa. npH 3TOM BeTBHCTbie C H30rHYTblMH OTpocTKaMH pora
OJleH pa3BepHYTbi B He06bl ' lHOM )J,Jl 3Toro MOTHBa paKypce, nO)J,'IHH Cb Tpe60-
BaHHIO rpOpMbi npe)J,MeTa. CaMble 6JlH3KHe 3TOMY 3K3eMnJl PY no PHCYHKY H KOM-
n03Hl(HOHHOH cxeMe H306pIDKeHH OJleH H3BeCTHbi Ha 6pOH30BOH PYKO TII HO)l(a
H3 c. [)eHCKoro MHHycHHcKoro oKpyra, )J,aTHpyeMoro VI-V BB. )J,O H. 3. [3aBIITY-
XHHa 1983, c. 61, 145, KaT. 148], H Ha PYKOH X 6pOH30BbiX HO)l(eH, ony6Jl1IKOBaH-
HbIX cpe)J,H MHHYCHHCKHX 6pOH3 A. CaJIMOHH [Sall110ny 1933, pI. XXXVII: 4] H
H. A. 4JleHOBOH [4JleHOBa 1962, Ta6Jl. V: II, 12, 13]. VlKoHorparpwlecKHM npoTo-
THnOM TaKoro KOMn03Hl(1l0HHOrO peweHH MO)l(eT ClJHTaTbC cxeMa H306pa)l(eHH
OJleH , 3arpllKcHpoBaHHa Y)I(e B KapacYKcKoe BpeM , HanpHMep, Ha OJleHHOM KaM-
He H3 MOHrOJlHH [HoBropo)J,oBa 1989, c.205; pHC. Ha c. 179]. THpa)l(HpOBaHHe
3TOH cxeMbi H npOCJle)l(HBaeTC Ha 6pOH30BbiX HO)l(aX H3 MHHYCHHCKOH KOTJlOBH-
Hbl (Ta6Jl. 6; 7-9) H TYBbl (Ta6Jl. 6: 6). VlHTepecHo, lJTO nO)J,06Ha cxeMa pe)J,Yl(H-
pOBaHHoro H306pIDKeHH B BH)J,e npoToMbl OJleH C pa3BepHYTbiM BepTHKaJIbHO PO-
rOM H nO)J,)I(aTOH nepe)J,HeH HorOH BCTpelJaeTC H B 3ana)J,HOM perHOHe pacnpo-
CTpaHeHH 3BepHHoro CTHJl - B npHKy6aHbe, r)J,e OHa npO)J,eMOHCTpHpOBaHa Ha
6P H30BOM WHTKe nCaJIH H3 CT. EJlH3aBeTHHcKoH (Ta6Jl. 6: 5). npll 3TOM Py6 ' Ja-
TbIII opHaMeHT Ha wee OJleH Ha Ky6aHcKoM nCaJIHH nepeKJlHKaeTC C nO)J,06HbIM
MOTHBOM KaJIHHOBCKoro H306pIDKeHH . Ewe O)J,Ha aHaJIOrH npe)J,cTaBJleHa nJla-
109
tOR
CTHHlJaToi1 30JlOT0i1 OKOBKOi1 cocY).I,a H3 <1>HJlHrmOBCKOrO KypraHa (Ta6Jl. 6: 2). B
cBoi1cTBeHHoM 3TOMY rmM THHKY opHaMeHTaJlbHO-).I,eKOpaTHBHoM CTHJle HCflOJlHeH
TOT )/(e MOTHB flpOTOMbl OJleH C BepTHKaJlbHO pa3BepHYTbIMH pOraMH. AHaJlOrH
YJlaBJlHBaeTC B ).I,aHHOM CJlYlJae He TOJlbKO B MonlBe, HO H B caMoi1 rpopMe flpe).l,-
MeTa, flOCKOJlbKY 30JlOTa flJlaCTHHa H3 <1>HJll1flflOBKH I1MeeT KJlblKOBH).I,HYIO rpOPMY.
Pa3HOBH).I,HOCTb II - 11306pa)/(eHl1e LleJloi1 rpl1rypbl XHlllHI1Ka B fl03e «flpHflaBwero
K 3eMJle», BflHcaHHoi1 B rpOPMY KJlbIKa. KJlblK 113 A6Xa3HH (N!! 30, Ta6Jl. 62: 1)-
e).l,I1HCTBeHHbli1 3K3eMflJl p, Ha KOTOpOM flpe).l,CTaBJleHa TaKoro pO).l,a KOMfl03HLlI1 .
fOJlOBa )/(HBOTHOro Ha KJlblKe 113 A6xa311H flOMellleHa Ha Wl1pOKOM KOHLle. BbIT -
HYToe OCTpoe yxo C TpeyrOJlbHblM ymy6JleHHeM B LleHTpaJIbHOH lJacnl KaK 6Y).I,TO
).I,OJl)/(HO 6bl 6blJlO flpHHa).l,Jle)/(aTb BOJlKY, HO KOHrpl1rypaUI1 rOJlOBbI, BHO He).l,OCTa-
TOlJHO BbIT HYTa ).I,Jl Toro, lJT06bl ClJl1TaTb ee BOJl'lbei1, fl03BOJl eT BI1).1,eTb B )/(11-
BOTHOM He).l,l1rprpepeHLll1pOBaHHoro XI1111HI1Ka, KaK B 60JlbWI1HCTBe 11306pa)\(eHI1H 113
HI1)/(HerO flOBOJl)/(b (N!! 1-5, 9,11,14,15; Ta6Jl. 60), B OTJll1411e OT npI1YPaJIb ,
r).l,e XHlllHI1K H306pa)\(aJIc flOLiTI1 Bcer).\a B BH).I,e BOJlKa (N!! 16-20, 22, 23,
Ta6Jl. 61).
KOHTYP llleKI1 11 HI1)/(Hei1 lJeJlIOCTI1, HaCbIllleHHOCTb pl1CYHKa ).I,OflOJlHHTeJlbHbI-
MI1 3JleMeHTaMI1 (B BH).I,e OT).I,eJlbHblX lJaCTei1 ).I,Pyrl1x cYlllecTB H pa3Jll1lJHbIX BOJlIOT),
flpeBp a lll alO llll1MI1 KOMfl0311LlHIO B 11306pa3HTeJlbHYIO rOJlOBOJlOMKY, CTaBI1T a6xa3-
CKHi1 3K3eMflJl p B O).l,I1H p ).I, C KJlblKaMH 113 HOBOflpl1BOJlbHOrO (N!! 8-10), 113
DJlIOMeHrpeJlb).l,a (N!! 1-3) 11 3axaHaTbi (N!! 11) (Ta6Jl. 60: 8-10, 1-3, 11). nOJa
«flpl1flaBWero K 3eMJle» XHlllHI1Ka Wl1pOKO pacflpOCTpaHeHa B H306pa)/(eHI1 X Ha
flpe).l,MeTax HCKycCTBa CKHrpcKoro Ml1pa (BOJlK Ha PYKo TKe HaraHKI1 113 A6paMOBKI1
[Grakov 1928, p. 35, fig. 18] (Ta6Jl. 33; 9); XI1111HI1KI1 Ha )/(epTBeHHI1Ke 113 yp0411111a
Kypai1JlI1 [Ka).\blp6aeB 1977, c. 209, pl1c. 8] (Ta6Jl. 41: 20); XI1111HHKI1 Ha rpl1 BHax
CTaBpOflOJlbCKOrO KJla,rJ,a (Ta6Jl. 66: 2-4; 31: 1, 2), MHHYCI1HCKl1e 6pOH3bl l3aBI1TY-
XI1Ha 1983, c. 160-163]. HeKOTopble 113 3THX 11306pa)/(eHHi1I1MeIOT y)/(e OTMe'leH-
Hble oc06eHHOCTI1: BOJlIOT006pa3HbIe 3aBI1TKI1 Ha 6e).l,pe I1JlI1 flJlelJe )/(11 BOTHoro,
BepTHKaJlbHble I1JlH KOCble flapaJIJleJlbHble JlI1HI1I1 Ha TYJlOBI1111e, flepe).l,alOllll1e Jll160
wepcTHbli1 flOKpOB, JlH60 aHaTOMI14eCKI1e oc06eHHOCTH CTpOeHI1 TeJla XI1111HI1Ka.
ECTeCTBeHHble flpOflOPLll1H TeJla XI1111HI1Ka Ha KJlblKe 113 A6xa3HI1 HapyweHbl: rOJlO-
Ba YTpl1pOBaHHO YBeJll14eHa flO cpaBHeHHIO C flO).l,)/(apbIM TYJlOBHllleM H CJla6blMH
JlaflaMI1. XBOCT 3aKaHlJHBaeTC rOJlOBoi1 xl1111H0i1 flTI1Llbl. Ha flJle4e TaK)/(e flOMe-
lllaeTc rOJlOBa xl1111H0i1 flTHLlbI C Bbl).l,eJleHHoi1 BOCKOBHUei1 H KJlIOBOM, flepexO).l, -
111I1M B BOJlIOTY. nTl14b rOJlOBa paCflOJlO)/(eHa TaKI1M 06pa30M, 4TO MO)/(eT lJl1TaTb-
C H KaK PY).I,l1MeHT KpbIJla.
HaJlI1411e ).I,OflOJlHI1TeJlbHbIX 300MOprpHbiX MOTI1BOB 11 HX 3JleMeHTOB B 11306pa-
)/(eHI1I1 OCHOBHOi1 rpl1rypbl - xapaKTepHa 'lepTa, CJly)/(allla Oflpe).l,eJleHHblM xpO-
HOJlOrl1lJeCKI1M I1H).I,I1KaTOpOM, flOCKOJlbKY paCflpOCTpaH eTC OHa, BepO THO, JlI1Wb
B KOHLle VI B. 11 oc06eHHo flpl1cYllla 3Bepl1HoMY CTI1JlIO V B. ).\0 H. 3. (OflI1WJl HKa,
KypraH KYJlaKOBcKoro 11 T. ).1,.).
A6Xa3CKI1 i1 KJlbIK Ba)\(eH KaK, flO CYllleCTBY, e).l,HHCTBeHHbIi1 3K3eMflJl p, flpOHC-
XO).l, llll1 i1 113 KOMflJleKCa, KOTOpbIi1 MO)/(HO ).I,OCTaTOlJHO yBepeHHO ).I,aTl1pOBaTb no
aTTl14ecKoi1 4epHorpl1rypHoi1 aMrpope, 113rOTOBJleHHoi1 B KOHue TpeTbei1 lJeTBepTH
VI B.).I,O H. 3. [WaM6a 1983, c. 35].
Pa3HOBI1).1,HOCTb Ill, B KOTOpOi1 xY).l,O)/(eCTBeHHo orpopMJleH TOJlbKO Wl1pOKI1i1
KOHeLl flpe).l,MeTa, HMeeT HeCKOJlbKO Bapl1aHToB. Bapl1aHT A: WHPOKOMY KOHLlY
KJlbIKa flpl1).1,aH 06Jll1K rOJlOBbl XHmHI1Ka C OCKaJleHHoi1 flaCTblO (N!! 58-59 - B
flO).l,HeflpOBbe; N!! 2, 9 - B nOBOJl)/(be; N!! 17-21, 23 - B !D)/(HOM flpl1ypaJIbe;
N!! 28, 29 - B !D)/(HOM Ka3aXCTaHe 11 B KHpr1131111; NQ 43,48, 51 - Ha flCaJll111 113
110
!D)/(HOi1 CH6HPH; N!! 36 - B npHKy6aHbe). 3a I1CKJl104eHHeM rppH).I,eH6eprcKoro,
6epe)/(HOBCKOro, Ky6aHcKoro, 4yi1cKoro H aJIMaaTI1HCKOrO 3K3e!\1flJl pOB (N!! 15, 14,
36, 28, 29), Bce «KJlbrKI1» C KOMfl03I1UI1 MI1 TaKoro THfla 3aBepwalOTC rOJlOBOM,
HecoMHeHHo, BOJl4bero XHlllHHKa C BbIT HYTOi1 MOp).l,0i111 3aocTpeHHbiM YXOM.
Bapl1aHT E: WHpOKIIH KOHeu KJlblK006pa3HoH 6p0H30B0i1 flO).\BeCKII-HaJl06HI1Ka
113 Me4eT-Ca (N!! 21; Ta6Jl. 61; 6) 3aBepweH rOJlOBKOi1 K03Jla, floBepHYToi1 MOp).l,Oi1
K Y3KOMY KOHLlY 6Jl XH. TaKoe HaflpaBJleHHe 3Bepl1H0i1 MOp).l,bl Ha6JlIO).I,aeTC ellle
TOJlbKO B O).l,HOM CJlY4ae - Ha flpe).l,MeTe H3 lO)!{Horo Ka3aXCTaHa (N!! 29; Ta6Jl. 61: 14).
Bapl1aHT B: flpe).l,CTaBJleH Ha HeCKOJlbKI1X 6pOH30BblX KJ1bIK006pa3HbIX flJlaCnlHax
co CTaHLlHH Ka36eK 11 Ha ).\Pyrl1x aHaJlOrl1'lHblX KaBKa3CKI1X flO).l,BeCKiL,( (N!! 33; Ta6Jl. 62:
6), YKpaweHHblx peJlberpHblMI1 opHaMeHTaJlbHblMI1 MOTI1BaMI1 B Bl1).1,e BOJlIOT, KOTOpbIe
p a3Me llleHbl TOJlbKO Ha Wl1pOKOM KOHue flpe).l,MeTa, OCTaBJl ma,rJ,Koi1 OCTaJlbHylO flO-
BepxHocTb flJlaCTI1Hbl. 3TH BOJlIOTbl flpe).l,CTaBJl IOT, BepO THO, TpaHcrpopMaLll11O 300-
MOprpHblX 11306pa)\(eHI1i1, HeflOH TbIX IIJlH YTpaTI1BWHX CBoe 3HalJeHl1e.
KOMfl0311Lll10HHlliI pa3HOBI1).\HOCTb IV (orpopMJleHl1e KJ1blKa B Bl1).1,e roJlOBbl ).I,JlI1H-
HOKJlIOBOi1 flTI1Llbl C YXOM) BCTpe4aeTc B ).I,BYX Bapl1aHTax: A - CXeMaTl1'lHO flepe-
).I,aHHbli1 MOTI1B )J,JII1HHOKJlIOBOH ywacToi1 flTHLlbl Ha KOCT HOH KJ1bIKOBI1).1,HOi1 flO).l,-
BeCKe OT KOHCKoro y60pa 113 pai10Ha DHi1cKa (N!! 49; Ta6Jl. 63: 12); Ha 6p0H30B0i1
I1MHTaLll111 113 CTeflaHoBcKoro KJla).l,a 6Jll13 r. TOMCKa (N!! 50; Ta6Jl. 63: 13); Ha po-
rOBoi1 (?) flO).l,BeCKe 113 aJITai1cKoro MOrHJlbHI1Ka «106HJldiHbIH» (N!! 39; Ta6Jl.63:
2) 11 Ha flpe).l,MeTaX 113 TYBbl [fpa'i 1980, c. 207, pl1C. 69] (N!! 41, Ta6Jl. 63: 4); Ha
KJlblKe 113 CaMapcKoi1 06JlaCTI1 (N!! 13; Ta6Jl. 60: 13). Bapl1aHT D - ).I,eMOHCTpI1Py-
lOT KJ1blKI1 113 fYJl H-rOpO).l,a (N!! 65; Ta6Jl. 64: 12) 11 113 HeKpOflOJl B naHTI1Kaflee
(N!! 64; Ta6Jl. 64: 11). OH flpe).l,CTaBJl eT c060i1 C04eTaHI1e 11306pa)/(eHH ).I,JlI1HHO-
KJlIOBOH flTI1Llbl Ha Y3KOM KOHLle C reOMeTpl1lJeCKI1M opHaMeHToM Ha Wl1pOKOM
KOHue, Ha 60CflOpCKOM KJlblKe TpaHcrpopMl1pOBaHHblM B paCTI1TeJlbHbIi1 opHaMeHT,
B 4eM, BII).I,HMO, CJle).l,yeT yCMaTpl1BaTb BJlI1 Hl1e aHTI1'IHoi1 KYJlbTypbl.
K 3TI1M 06pa3LlaM flpl1MblKaeT KJlblK H3 POMeHcKoi1 rpYflflbl, ).\eKOpl1pOBKa KO-
Toporo OTJlI14aeTC HeCTaH).I,apTHoi1 KOM6I1HaLll1ei1 11306pa)/(eHH cBepHYBweroc
XI1111HI1Ka Ha Wl1pOKOM KOHLle 11 ).I,JlI1HHOKJlIOBOi1 flTI1Llbl Ha Y3KOM (N!! 57, Ta6Jl. 64:
4). TaKoe COlJeTaHl1e MOTHBOB, I1CflOJlHeHHblX B pa3HOM MacwTa6e, C03).1,aeT OlllY-
llleHl1e opHaMeHTaJlbHOrO orpopMJleHI1 Wl1pOKOH 4aCTI1 flO).l,BeCKI1. a)\(e 411CTO BI1-
3YaJIbHoro Bfle4aTJleHI1 OKa3bIBaeTC ).I,OCTaTO'lHO, lJT06bl 3aMenlTb, '/TO OrpoPM-
JleHl1e KJlbIKOB-flO).l,BeCOK B Bl1).1,e KpYflHoMacwTa6Hoi1 CTI1JlI130BaHHoi1 roJlOBbI )J,JII1H-
HOKJ1IOBOrO rpl1rpoHa cBoi1CTBeHHo B OCHOBHOM BOCTOlJHblM perl10HaM TYBbI H
AJlTa 11 BCTpe4aeTc JlI1Wb O).l,Ha)\().I,bI B flaM THI1KaX HI1)/(HerO nOBOJl)/(b , a COlJe-
TaHl1e Toro )/(e 06pa3a C 06I1JlbH0i111 pa3Ho06pa3HOH opHaMeHTaLll1ei1 Ha Wl1pOKOM
KOHl.{e 113).\eJlH flpHcYllle B OCHOBHOM flaM THHKaM CeBepHoro npI14epHOMopb .
EJl xa B rpopMe KJlblKa 113 CTeflaHOBCKoro KJla,rJ,a (N!! 50) (M. <1>. KocapeB flOJla-
raeT, 4TO 3TO KOrOTb Me).l,Be).l, [KocapeB 1984, c. 185], HO pa3MepbI flpe).l,MeTa H
CxeMa H306pa)\(eHI1i1, He BCTpelJalOllla C Ha flpI1BeCKaX-«Korr x», ).I,alOT B03MO)/(-
HOCTb Bce )/(e paCCMaTpl1BaTb ero KaK I1MI1TaLll11O KJlblKa Ka6aHa) HMeeT Ha Y3KOM
KOHl.{e y)/(e Ofll1CaHHblH Bapl1aHT H306pa)/(eHH ).I,JlHHHOKJ1IOBOi1 flTHUbl, aHa WHpO-
KOM KOHLle - pI1CYHOK, flpe).l,CTaBJl I0111I1H TpaHcrpopMaLll11O 300MOprpHOro MOTI1Ba
B opHaMeHTaJlbHbli1 C YTpaToi1 11306pa3I1TeJlbHOCTI1. 3TOT flpe).l,MeT flpe).l,CTaBJl eT
c060i1 flpOMe)/(YT04Hbli1 Bapl1aHT Me)/().I,y pa3HOBI1).1,HOCT MI1IV 11 V.
B KOMfl03I1LlI10HH0i1 pa3HOBH).I,HOCTI1 V 300MoprpHoe orpopMJleHl1e HMelOT 11 y3-
KI1H H WHpOKI1H KOHUbl flO).l,BeCKH-KJlbIKa. Bapl1aHT A - CO'leTaHl1e ).\BYX flTl1lJbl1X
rOJlOB - ).I,JlHHHOKJlIOBOi1 11 OpJlI1HOrO Tl1fla. 06e rOJlOBbl C KpyrJlblM rJla30M, Kpyr-
Jloi1 BbmYKJloi1 meKoi1 11 YXOM. Y ).I,JlI1HHOKJlIOBOi1 flTI1Ubl 4eTKO Bbl).l,eJleHa BOCKO-
111
BHl(a (N 24, Ta6Jl. 61: 9). AHaJlOrH4HOe ocpopMJleHHe HMelOT n04TH H,[1eHTH4HbIe
KJlbIKOBH,[1Hble ,[1BY,[1bIp4aTbIe nCaJlHH H3 AJlTai1cKOro H KaBKa.3CKOrO perHoHoB
(N 72, 73; Ta6Jl. 65: 7, 8).
COBepweHHo TaKHe )j(e H306pa)j(eHH MOTHBa rOJlOBbl ,[1J11fHHOKJ1 IOBOH nTHl(bl C
YXOM I13BeCTHbI Ha MHHYClfHCKHX Belllax, CB 3aHHbIX C KOHCKHM yOOpOM (HanpH-
Mep, 6pOH30BbIH nCaJlHH, npoHH3b, npe,[1MeTbl Hel13BeCTHoro Ha3HalJeHH ) [3aBH-
TyxHHa 1983, c. 168,169, KaT. N 216,218, 221].
HaH60Jlee pacnpocTpaHeHHoH KOMn03Hl(110HHOH cxeMoH H306pa)j(eHHH Ha
KJlblKaX H HX HMHTal(H X BJl eTC Bapl1aHT D pa3HOBH,[1HOCTIf V: COlleTaHHe rOJlO-
BbI OCKaJlHBWerOC XHlllHHKa Ha WHpOKOM KOHl(e H ,[1J11fHHOKJlIOBOH nTHl(bI, l\aCTO
3y6aCToH H, KaK npaBHJlO, HMelOllleH yxo (N 1,3-6, 11,25,26,31,32,34,35,38,
40, 44, 52, 60-62, 66-71, 74-76). f1pH4eM oc06eHHo YCToH4HBa KOppeJl l(H
KOMn03Hl(HOHHOH cxeMbI, 300MOpcpHbiX MOTH BOB H cpOpMbl npe,[1MeTa B rpynne
,[1BY,[1blplJaTbIX nCaJlHeB (Ta6Jl. 65).
B HeKoTopblX CJlYlJa x, HanpHMep Ha O,[1HOM H3 6JlIOMeHcpeJlb,[1CKl1X KJlbIKOB
(N 3), MOTHB ,[1JlHHHOKJlIOBOH nTHUbI 'Ipe3BbIlIaHHo CTHJlH30BaH H JlHWb yra,[1bIBa-
eTC , npeBpallla cb npaKTlf4eCKH B opHaMeHTaJlbHblH MOTHB. To )j(e OTHOCHTC K
Y)j(e paccMoTpeHHoH HMHTaUI1H KJlbIKa H3 CTenaHoBcKoro KJla,[1a, r,[1e opHaMeH-
TaJlbHOH TpaHccpopMal(HH nO,[1BeprC MOTHB Ha WHpOKOM KOHl(e npe,[1MeTa.
Ha KJlbIKe H3 MOrHJlbHHKa 3axaHaTa (N 11; Ta6Jl. 60: 11) B l(eHTpaJIbHOH '\aCTH
npe,[1MeTa H306pa)j(eHa cpHrypa KaKorO-TO CTO lllero )j(HBOTHoro, cY,[1 no JlanaM -
XHlllHI1Ka. Onpe,[1eJlHTb ero B ,[1aHHOM CJlY4ae HeB03MO)j(HO H3-3a nOBpe)j(,[1eHI1 PH-
cyHKa Cpe,[1HeH 4aCTH KJlbIKa.
B xY,[1o)j(ecTBeHHoM ocpopMJleHHH KJlbIKOBH,[1HbIX npe,[1MeTOB Ha6JlIO,[1aeTC H3-
BeCTHa BapHaTHBHocTb H CB060,[1a, HecMoTp Ha cYlllecTBoBaHHe onpe,[1eJleHHbIX
CTepeoTHnoB 11 YCTOH4HBbIX KOM6ltHaUHH 300MOpcpHbiX MOTH BOB, opHaMeHTaJlb-
HbIX 3JleMeHTOB H KOMn03Hl(llOHHbIX cxeM. TaK, CO'IeTaHHe rOJlOBbI ,[1JlHHHOKJlIO-
BOH ywaCToH nTHl(bI C p ,[10M 3y60B H KpyrJlblM rJla30M Ha Y3KOM KOHl(e KJlblKa C
06pa.30M XHlllHHKa Ha WHpOKOM KOHl(e BCTpel\aeTC H B ,[1pyroM BapHaHTe (Bapl1-
aHT B), KOTOpbIH OTJlH'\aeTC TeM, 4TO Ha WHpOKOM KOHl(e npe,[1MeTa H306pa)l(eHa
He roJlOBa, a l(eJla cpHrypa 3Bep . HanpHMep, Ha pe3HOM KJlbIKe H3 POMeHCKOH
rpynnbI KypraHoB WHpOKItH KOHel( KJlbIKa YKpaweH cjmrYPOH CBepHYBweroc
XHlllHHKa C nTH4beH rOJlOBOH Ha nJle'Ie (pY,[1HMeHT KpbIJla?) H MOp,[10H, 3aKaH ' lH-
BalOllleHC BOJlIOT006pa3HbIM 3aBHTKOM.
K KOMn03Hl(HOHHOH pa3HOBH,[1HOCTH V BapHaHTa B MO)j(HO OTHeCTH 60JlbWOH
KJlbIK H3 HOBonplfBOJlbHOrO (N 8, Ta6Jl. 60; 8), Ha WHpOKOM KOHl(e KOToporo no-
MellleHO H306pa)j(eHlte CTO lllero Ka6aHa. UeHTpaJIbHa 4aCTb 3Toro KJlbIKa YKpa-
weHa pe3HbIM peJlbecpHblM PHCYHKOM cplfrypbl OJleH C BbIBepHyTbIM TYJlOBltllleM
(Ta6Jl.7: 1). f1Jle ' IO OJleH n0,[14epKHYTo rOJlOBOH CaHrH, a pora 3aBepwalOTc
nTlt4bHMH rOJlOBaMH. f103a OJleH He COBceM 06bI l IHa, HO HaXO,[1HT nOJlHYIO HKOHO-
rpacpH4eCKYlO aHaJlOrHIO B 6pOH30BOH a)j(ypHOH 6Jl xe H3 Ypyc-MapTaHa (4elJeHO-
I1HryweTH ) C TOH JlHWb pa3HHl(ei1, 4TO nJle40 OJleH Ha 6Jl xe C CeBepHoro KaB-
Ka3a n0,[14epKHYTO nTH4beH rOJlOBOH, a pora OJleH He HMelOT 3aBepweHH B BIt,[1e
nTlf4bHX rOJlOBOK [CMHpHOB 1964, c. 372, pHC. 81: 8] (Ta6Jl. 7: 2). DOJlee OT,[1aJ1eH-
Hoe, HO Bce )j(e 04eBH,[1HOe CXO,[1CTBO Ha6JlIO,[1aeTC B cpHrype OJleH C npHlJy,[1JlHBO
BbIBepHYTbIM TYJlOBHllleM Ha 30JlOTOH nJlaCTlfHe-OKOBKe 113 <DI1JlHnnOBCKoro KYP-
raHa (Ta6Jl. 7; 4). B ,[1aHHOM CJlY4ae npH COBna,[1eHHH n03bI )j(HBOTHoro H OT,[1eJlb-
HbIX ,[1eKOpaTHBHbIX ,[1eTaneH (opHaMeHTaJlbHO-rpacpH4ecKlliI npopa60TKa wepcTIf
no,[1 weeH) pa3JlH4aIOTC npOnOpl(HOHaJlbHbIe COOTHOWeHIt H TpaKTOBKa poroB
)j(HBOTHoro. HeJlb3 He 06paTHTb BHlfMaHH Ha TO 06CTO -reJlbCTBO, 4TO H306pmKe-
HHe OJleH Ha Cpe,[1HeH 4aCTH 60JlbWOrO KJlblKa H3 HOBOnpHBOJlbHOrO nepeKJlHKa-
eTC C HeCKOJlbKHMH xY,[(0)j(eCTBeHHbIMH H3,[1eJlH MH H3 f1plt,[1HenpOBb H C CeBep-
Horo KaBKa.3a (Ta6Jl. 7: 2, 3, 5, 6), OTJ1IflJHTeJlbHblMH oc06eHHocT MH KOTOpbIX B-
Jl IOTC cHMMeTpH4Ho pa3BepHYTble wHpoKHe BeTBHCTble pora, ,[1JlHHHa we , aK-
l(eHTHpOBaHHa B HeKoTopblX CJlYlJlliIX BepTHKaJlbHblMH JlHHH MH; H3 IllHa ,
BbIT HYTa B O,[1HY JlHHHIO C weeH roJlOBa; nJlelJO, n0,[14epKHYToe 1t306pa)j(eHHeM
rpHcpoHbeH rOJlOBbl. B 3TOH ceplfH OJleHblfX 06pa30B, nO-BH,[1I1MOMY, npo BJl IOTC
lJepTbl xY,[1o)j(ecTBeHHoH Tpa,[1IfUlfIf KaBKa.3CKOrO npoItCXO)j(,[1eHlf .
Bepo THo, xY,[(0)j(eCTBeHHoe ocpopMJleHHe KJlblKOB CB 3aHO IlHOr,[1a C nOnblT-
KOH OTO)((.lJ,eCTBJleHlf npe,[1MeTa C cpHrYPoH )j(HBOTHOro. A,[1eKBaTHo 3TOMy WHpO-
Ka 4aCTb KJlbIKa npeBpalllaJIaCb B rOJlOBY 3Bep , a Ha nOBepxHocTH KJlblKa nO BJl -
JlHCb 4JleHeHIf . MapKlfpYlOlllHe, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, MeCTO nJle4a IfJ1l1 6e,[1pa (N 1, 2,
5,6,8,9,61) ,[10nOJlHHTeJlbHbIMH 300MOpcpHblMI1 H306pa)j(eHH MIf. He JlHWeHO oc-
HOBaHIfH, Ha MOH B3rJl ,[1, npe,[1nOJlo)j(eHIJe 11. B. <Da6plfuHYC, nOJlaraBWeH, lITO Ha
,[1pyrHX 1f3,[1eJlH X ,[10nOJlHHTeJlbHbIe MOTItBbl Ha ypOBHe JlOnaTKlf CB 3aHbl C HeB03-
MO)j(HOCTblO BbIHeCTIt H306pa)j(eHlf Jlan 3a KOHTYPbI npe,[1MeTa H B UeJlOM KOMno-
3Hl(l1 Ha KJ1bIKaX MO)j(eT paCCMaTpHBaTbC KaK cpl1rypa «cpaHTaCTl1lJeCKoro» 3Bep
[<Da6pHl(HYC, c. 8]. O,[1HaKO 3Ta oc06eHHocTb xapaKTepHa B OCHOBHOM ,[1Jl HaX0,[10K
H3 HH)j(Hero f10BOJl)j(b .
,l],pyroH BapHaHT (r) peweHH KOMn0311l(HOHHOH cxeMbl, npe,[1nOJlaralOllleH 300-
MopcpHoe O(pOpMJleHHe 060HX KOHl(OB KJlblKa (pa3HOBH,[1HOCTb V), npe,[1CTaBJl eT
C04eTaHHe rOJlOBbI xHlllHHKa C rOJlOBOH Ka6aHa. TaKHx H3,[1eJlHH H3BeCTHO Tplf:
WHpOKHH KJlbIK H3 HOBOnpllBOJlbHOrO (N 10, Ta6Jl. 60: 10), KJlblK H3 3-ro TaJlaeB-
CKoro KypraHa B KpblMY (N 54, Ta6Jl. 64: 1) H nOBpe)K,[1eHHbIH KJlbIK, HaH,[1eHHbIH
Ha rOpO,[1Hllle rJly60Ka f1pHCTaHb B OJlbBHlf [6YHCKHX, OCTpoBepxoB 1994, c. 36]
(N 56, Ta6Jl. 64: 3), y KOTOpOro YTpalleH WHpOKHH KOHel(, a TaK)j(e xpaH IllHHc B
4aCTHOH KOJlJleKl(HH KJlbIK H3 oKpecTHocTeH Kep'lIf lTypOBCKHH 2004, c. 246, pHC. 1:
1]. Ha KJlbIKe H3 HOBOnpHBOJlbHoro Ka6aHb rOJlOBa, 3aBepwaIollla Y3KHH KOHel(
KJlbIKa, C04eTaeTC C rOJlOBOH OCKaJlHBWerOC Kowa'Ibero XlflllHlfKa (IfJlIf Me,[1Be-
,[1 ?), BO BC KOM CJlY4ae, XltlllHlfKa, HMelOlllero He60JlbWOe KpyrJlOe yxo H KOPOT-
KYIO MOp,[1Y. Ha Kep4eHcKoM H TaJlaeBCKOM KJlbIKaX Y3KlfH KOHel( ocpopMJleH B BH,[1e
roJlOBbI Ka6aHa, a WlfpOKHH 3aBepwaeTc BOJlllbeH roJlOBOH C OCTpblM npH)j(aTbIM
YXOM H OCKaJleHHOH naCTblO. TaJlaeBCKHH KJ1bIK If MeeT HeKOTOpbIe KOHCTPYKTHBHble
oc06eHHOCTH, BbI,[1eJl lOlllHe ero 1f3 Bcex npOlJlfX 3K3eMnJl pOB: OH OlIeHb MIlHHa-
TlOpHbIH, H, BepO THO, caMa WHpOKa 4aCTb, IfMelOllla eCTeCTBeHHYIO nOJlOCTb
BHYTPH H coxpaHeHHa BO Bcex ,[1PYrHX CJlyl\a X, 3,[1eCb y,[1aJ1eHa, n03ToMy OTBep-
CTHe ,[1Jl nO,[1BeWIfBaHIf B WlfpOKOH '\aCTIf npe,[1MeTa CKB03Hoe, B TO BpeM KaK B
,[1pyrlfx n0,[106HbIX 113,[1eJlIf X OHO pa3MelllaeTC TOJlbKO Ha 060pOTHOH CTopOHe
(N 1-3,8-11, 14,30,36,58,59 It T. ,[1.).
rOJlOBa Benp - ,[10BOJlbHO '\aCTO BCTpe4alOlllHHc MOTHB B HCKyccTBe 3BepH-
Horo CTHJl 3nOXH paHHlfx K04eBHHKOB (Ta6Jl. 9: 1-12). Ero H306pa)j(eHH Ha Y3-
,[1e4HbIX 6Jl xax CKHcpHH H ee neplfcpepHH H3BeCTHbI B V B. ,[10 H. 3. (<<CeMb 6paTb-
eB», TaMaHCKHH n-OB, ,[1eJlbTa p. Ky6aHH; HHMcpeH [Borovka 1928., pI. 17, D, C,
E]; 4acTbie KypraHbI, POMeHcKHH ye3,[1 [J1H6epoB 1976, c. 101, pHc.3: 11-12];
CT. EJlH3aBeToBcKa Ha HH)j(HeM ,l],OHY). C,[1BOeHHbIe rOJlOBKH Benp B 3epKaJlbHO-
CHMMeTpHlJHOH KOMn03Hl(HH npe,[1CTaBJleHbI Ha Y3,[1elJHbIX 6Jl xax H3 HH)j(Hero
f10BOJl)j(b (AcTpaxaHcKa 06JlaCTb, MOrHJlbHHK KpHBa J1YKa VIII). Ta )j(e KOMno-
3Hl(HOHHa cxeMa npHMeHeHa Ha 30JlOTOH nJlaCTHHe-HaKJla,[1Ke H3 KypraHa 6a6bl B
f1pH,[1HenpOBbe [ApTaMoHoB 1966, pHC. 71]. 11306pIDKeHIf rOJlOBbI Ka6aHa B CKHcp-
CKOM MHpe BCTpe4a1OTc If B xY,[1o)j(ecTBeHHbtX H3,[1eJlIf X, Bblr10JlHeHHbiX H3 ,[1PY-
112
8 33.. 3085
113
rHX MaTepHaJ10B, HanpHMep, KOCnlHOH HaKOHe4HHK H3 bJ1IOMeHcpeJ1b}J.a OcpOpMJ1eH
B BH}J.e r0J10BKH Benp . OC06eHHO 6J1H3KO K HOBOnpHBOJ1bHHHCKOMY BapHaHTY H30-
6pIDKeHHe r0J10BbI Ka6aHa Ha 6J1 xe H3 POMeHCKOH rpynnbI.
Ka6aH _ )\(HBOTHOe, H306pa)\(eHHe KOTOpOrO CJ1e}J.yeT OTMeTHTb KaK MOTHB,
HeO}J.HOKpaTHO BCTpe4alOlllHHC B OcpOpMJ1eHHH KJ1bIKOB-nO}J.BeCOK, KpOMe }J.BYX YKa-
3aH'HbIX BellleH, OH npHCYTCTByeT Ha 6J1 xe H3 Ap)\(aHa (N!! 46) B BH}J.e CTO lllel1 CPH-
rypbI H, TaK)\(e B BH}J.e LleJ10H cpHrypbl, Ha WHpOKOM KOHLle 60J1bWOrO KJ1bIKa 113 Ho-
BOnpHBOJ1bHOrO (N!! 8). TIoCJ1e}J.Hee H306pIDKeHHe Henocpe}J.cTBeHHo accoLlHHpyeT-
C C cpHrYPKaMH BenpeH Ha PYKOHKax KHH)\(aJ10B H3 Ap)\(aHa [fp 3HOB 1980, c. 22,
pHC. 11: 3--4] H MHHYCHHCKHX 6poH3ax [3aBHTYXHHa 1983, c. 116, pHC. 50, 51; c. 117,
pHC. 53-54], }J.aTHpoBaHHblx VII-VI BB.}J.O H. 3. [3aBHTyxHHa 1983, c. 42, 43].
Ha O}J.HOH H3 6pOH30BbIX Y3}J.e4Hblx KJ1bIK006pa3HbIx npoHH3eH (N!! 22) npe}J.-
CTaBJ1eH BapHaHT pa3HoBH}J.HOCTH V- p }J.OM C B0J14beH OCKaJ1eHHOH MOp}J.OH
nOMellleHa r0J10Ba K03J1a HJ1H aHTHJ10nbI (}J.3epeHa?). KOMn03HLlH COCTaBJ1eHa Ta-
KHM 06pa30M, 4TO por K03J1a COBna}J.aeT C cpOpMOH npe}J.MeTa, BJ1 Cb ee Y3KOH 3a-
oCTpeHHoH 4aCTblO. C04eTaHHe roJ10BbI KonbITHoro (K03J1a) C B0J14beH, npH4eM H
CKOMnOHOBaHHoe nOXO)\(HM 06pa.30M, H3BeCTHO B HHKOJ1bCKOM MOrHJ1bHHKe (KYPr. 15)
B HH)\(HeM TIoBOJ1)\(be, }J.aTHpoBaHHoM BTOpOH n0J10BHHOH V B. }J.O H. 3. [3aceLlKa
1979, c. 99, pHC. 10: 2], Ha PYKoHKe KOCT HOH J10)\(e4KH (Ta6J1. 46: 11). BepoHHo,
60J1ee oT}J.aJ1eHHOH aHaJ10rHeH 3TOH KOMn03HLlHH MO)\(HO C4HTaTb cLleHY Hana}J.e-
HH BOJ1Ka Ha K03J1a Ha 30J10TOM npe}J.MeTe H3 CH6HpCKOH KOJ1J1eKLlHH TIeTpa I [Py-
}J.eHKO 1962, c. 28, pHC. 27; Ta6J1. VII: 5, 6].
KOMn0311LlHoHHYIO pa3HoBH}J.HOCTb VI npe}J.cTaBJ1 eT O}J.HH H3 6J1IOMeHcpeJ1b}J.-
CKHX KJ1bIKOB, HMelOlllHX }J.BYCTopoHHee H306pIDKeHHe (N!! 2; Ta6J1. 60; 2). 3TOT 3K-
3eMnJ1 p }J.aeT e}J.HHcTBeHHYIO cpe}J.H paccMaTpHBaeMoH rpynnbI BellleH KOMn03H-
LlHIO, COCTO lllYIO H3 H306pIDKeHHH }J.BYX XHlllHHKOB, O}J.HH H3 KOTOpbIX 3amaTbIBa-
eT }J.Pyroro.
HaKoHeLl, ellle O}J.HH He06bl l lHbIH BH}J. KOMn03HLlHH (Pa.3HOBH}J.HOCTb Vn) Ha
nO}J.HenpoBcKoM KJ1bIKe (N!! 55; Ta6J1. 64: 2), Ha W lpOKOM KOHLle KOToporo nOMe:
llleHbI TPH 3BepHHbIe r0J10BbI B cpac, H O}J.Ha TaKa )\(e r0J10BKa 3aBepwaeT Y3KHI1
KOHeLl H3}J.eJ1H . TaKHM )\(e 06pa30M nOKa3aHa r0J10Ba )\(HBOTHoro B cpac B cpe}J.HeH
4aCTH Y3Koro KJ1blKa H3 HOBOnpHBOJ1bHOrO (N!! 9; Ta6J1. 60: 9) H Ha 30J10TbIX 6J1 w-
Kax H3 2-ro TIoKpoBcKoro KypraHa [PocToBLleB 1918, Ta6J1. VI: 2]. O}J.H03Ha4Hoe
onpe}J.eJ1eHHe H306pIDKeHHbIx )\(HBOTHbIX KaK Me}J.Be}J.eH [5IKoBeHKo 1969, c. 202,
203] npe}J.cTaBJ1 eTC CJ1HWKOM KOHKpeTHbIM, TaK KaK H306pa)\(eHH }J.ocTaTollHO
YCJ10BHbI H cxeMaTH4HbI, 4TO He n03B0J1 eT, Ha MOH B3m }J., T04HO onpe}J.eJ1HTb BH}J.
)\(HBOTHoro. TIOCKOJ1bKY nO}J.06Hble H306pIDKeHH 3BepHHbiX r0J10B B cpac, }J.aTHpO-
BaHHbIe nepBOH n0J10BHHOH V B. }J.O H. 3., BCTpe4aIOTC H Ha npaB06epe)\(be TIo-
}J.HenpOBb [TIeTpeHKo 1964, c. 165, Ta6J1. 29: 6; b06pHHCKHH 1905, c. 20, pHC. 50],
Bp }J. J1H eCTb }J.OCTaT04HbIe OCHOBaHH np Mo CB 3bIBaTb HX C aHaHbHHcKOH KyJ1b-
TYPOH, KaK npe}J.n0J10)\(HJ1a 3. B. 5IKoBeHKO [5IKoBeHKo 1969, c. 206]. B CKHcpCKOM
MHpe cpe}J.H 300MOpcpHbIX 1306pIDKeHHH }J.OBOJ1bHO WHpOKO pacnpocTpaHeHbI 06Pa.3bI
XHlllHlIKOB B cpac (He Bcer}J.a }J.l1cpcpepeHLlHpOBaHHble) (m6J1. 39: 1-14).
KpoMe 300MOpcpHbIX MOTHBOB, KOTopbIe onpe}J.eJ1eHHO accoLlHHPYIOTC C TeM
HJ1H HHblM BlI}J.OM )\(HBOTHbIX, Ha KJ1bIKaX npHcYTcTBYIOT H306pIDKeHH , npe}J.cTaB-
J1 I0111He 06Pa.3bI CHHKpeTH4eCKHe, He Bcer}J.a nOMalOlllHec KOHKpeTH3aLlHH H He-
CYlllHe B ce6e, BepOHHO, H}J.elO XHlllHHKa Bo06111e [TIepeBo}J.4HKoBa 1986, c. 11].
OCKaJ1eHHble MOp}J.bI Ha KJ1bIKax H HX HMHmLlH X H3 bJ1IOMeHcpeJ1b}J.a, HOBonpll-
BO,lbHoro, 3axaHaTbI, TY3KTbI, Ha WHpOKOM KOHLle KJ1bIKa H3 BapHbl H }J.PyrHx H3-
}J.eJ1H X (N!! 1-5, 9, 11, 14, 16,30,36,38,40,48,51-53, 60-62) npe}J.cTaBJ1 IOT
TaKHe 06pa3bI XHlllHHKOB, KOTopbIe He MOryT 6bITb COOTHeceHbl C KOHKpeTHbIM BH-
}J.OM XHlllHHKa H He }J.alOT OCHOBaHHH }J.J1 TaKHX nonbITOK. WHpOKHH KOHeLl KJ1bIKa
H3 BapHbI 3aKaH4HBaeTC r0J10BOH XHlllHHKa C KOpOTKOH MOp}J.OH H KpyrJ1bIM YXOM;
npH 3TOM H306pIDKeHO H TeJ10 )\(HBOTHOro, HenponOpLlHOHaJ1bHO MaJ1eHbKOe no
cpaBHeHHIO C roJ10BOH H BJ1 I0111eeC BHO PY}J.HMeHTapHOH 4aCTblO H306pIDKeHH
(Ta6J1. 61: 1). Y3KHH KOHeLl npe}J.MeTa 3aBepwaeTc r0J10BOH BOJ14berO THna, O}J.Ha-
KO yxo nOKa.3aHO oKpyrJ1bIM, B OTJ1H4He OT cTaH}J.apTHoro cnoc06a nepe}J.a4H 3TOH
}J.eTaJ1H }J.J1 B0J14bHX H306pmKeHHH. TIO-BH}J.HMOMY, 3}J.eCb MbI HMeeM }J.eJ10 C 06pa-
30M XHlllHHKa Bo06111e, 06J1HK KOToporo He COOTHOCHTC nOJ1HOCTblO HH C O}J.HHM
BH}J.OM )\(HBOTHOro H nOTOMY Ha}J.eJ1eH 4epTaMH pa.3HbIX 3BepeH.
HaKOHeLl, CJ1e}J.yeT OTMeTHTb HaJ1H4He reOMeTpH4eCKHX opHaMeHTaJ1bHbiX MO-
THBOB, lIaCTO C04eTalOlllHXC C H306pa3HTeJ1bHbIMH 3J1eMeHTaMH H COCTaBJ1 I0111HX
C nOCJ1e}J.HHMH e}J.HHYIO KOMn03HLlHIO. Cpe}J.H HCn0J1b3yeMbIx npHeMOB opHaMeH-
TaJ1bHOrO pHCYHKa MO)\(HO Bbl}J.eJ1HTb T04e4HbIH opHaMeHT, 4aCTO 06pa3YIOlllHH
nYHKTHpHYIO J1HHHIO (N!! 1-3, 31), p }J.bI peJ1becpHbIx KPY)\(KOB (N!! 1, 3-5, 11-
13,31,34,37,42,48,57,61), 3Hr3ar (N!! 1, 2, 9, 28, 34, 35, 37,43,45), cpecToH4a-
TblH opHaMeHT (N!! 9), KpecTHKH (N!! 9), TpeyrOJ1bHHKH (N!! 9, 28, 32, 37), weBpoH-
HbIH opHaMeHT (N!! 1), MHoro06pa.3HbIe C04eTaHH napaJ1J1eJ1bHbIX J1HHHH pa.3HOrO
HanpaBJ1eHH , B TOM 4HCJ1e 06Pa.3YIOlllHX «Py64aTbIH» opHaMeHT (N!! 1, 3, 7-10,
31,32,34,35,42,55,59,64,65), pa3Ho06pa3Hbie BOJ1IOTbI (N!! 1-11, 13, 14,26,
27,30,31,33,35,36,38,42,44,49-51,57-59,66,70-73, 75, 76), 4ewYH4a-
TbIH opHaMeHT (N!! 47), naJ1bMeTKH (N!! 9, 14, 57), KOCYIO «ceT04KY» (N!! 59), POM-
6bI (N!! 65), J10MaHYIO YCTynlIaTYIO J1HHHIO (N!! 8) H T. }J.. B e}J.HHCTBeHHOM cJ1YlIae
cpHKcHpyeTc J1HCTBeHHbIH opHaMeHT (N!! 64) Ha KJ1bIKe H3 TIaHTHKane npe}J.noJ1o-
)\(HTeJ1bHO n03}J.HeH }J.aTbI (KoHeLl I-Ha4aJ10 n B. H. 3. [KYHHHa 1980, c. 82, N!! 348,
XY}J.O)\(eCTBeHHoe peMeCJ10 3nOXH PHMCKOH HMnepHH...]). KaK y)\(e OTMe4aJ10Cb
BbIwe, nO BJ1eHHe paCTHTeJ1bHOrO opHaMeHTa B }J.eKope opHaMeHTHpoBaHHbIx pe3-
HblX KJ1bIKOB HY)\(HO CB 3bIBaTb, nO-BH}J.HMOMY, C BJ1H HHeM aHTH4HoH KYJ1bTypbI.
feoMeTpH4ecKHMH 3J1eMeHTaMH B 60J1bWeH CTeneHH HaCbIllleHbl rpynnbI KaBKa3-
CKHX (N!! 31-35, 37) H nOBOJ1)\(CKHX BellleH (N!! 1-3, 8-10, 12, 13). 3T0l1 )\(e
oc06eHHocTblO OTJ1H4aIOTC HeKoTopbIe KJ1bIKlI H3 CeBepHoro TIpH4epHoMopb
(N!! 55, 58, 59,64, 65). vb lO)\(Ho-YpaJ1bcKoro perHOHa TOJ1bKO 30J10Ta nJ1aCTHHa
H3 <DHJ1HnnOBCKoro KypraHa OTJ1H4aeTC 06HJ1bH0I1 H CJ10)\(H0I1 opHaMeHTaLlHeH.
becTHapHH, Hawe}J.wHH BOnJ10111eHHe Ha Bcex H3}J.eml X, npH BHOM npe06J1a-
}J.aHHH MOTHBa XHlllHHKa (oc06eHHo BOJ1Ka) 1I }J.J1HHHOKJ1IOBOH nTHLlbI (nollTH Bce-
r}J.a C YXOM H 4aCTO C p }J.OM 3y60B) BKJ1lO l IaeT, no cYlllecTBY, n04TH Bce 300MOpcp-
Hble 06Pa.3bI, xapaKTepHble .lJ.J1 CKHcpO-CH6HpcKoro 3BepHHoro cnlJ1 Bo06111e H CJ1Y-
)\(alllHe cBoe06pa3HbIM 300MOpcpHbiM KO}J.OM, nepe}J.alOlllHM onpe}J.eJ1eHHOe cO}J.ep-
)\(aHHe, a}J.eKBaTHoe MHpoB033peHHIO c03}J.aTeJ1eH 3THX H3}J.eJ1HH. TIHb pa3 BCTpe4a-
eTC MOTHB Ka6aHa (N!! 8, 10, 46, 54, 56), TPH - OJ1eH (N!! 7, 8, 27), O}J.HH-
K03J1a (N!! 21); O}J.HH pa3 BCTpe4aeTc aHTHJ10na B Ka4eCTBe caMOCTOHeJ1bHOrO MO-
THBa (N!! 22) H B }J.BYX CJ1Y4a x roJ10Ba CaHrH BbIcTynaeT KaK }J.onOJ1HHTeJ1bHOe H30-
6pmKeHHe (N!! 8, 9). TPH)((.lJ.bl cpHKcHpyeTc HCn0J1b30BaHHe 06pa.3a OpJ1HHono}J.06-
HOI1 XHlllHOH nTHLlbI KaK caMOCTOHeJ1bHOrO MOTHBa (N!! 24, 72, 73); 20 Pa.3-
XHlllHHKa, BH}J. KOTOpOro HeB03MO)\(HO onpe}J.eJ1HTb (N!! 1-5, 9, 11, 14, 16,30,36,
38,40,48,51-53,60--62); 3 - KOWa4bero XHlllHI1Ka (N!! 10, 47, 66), 27 - BOJ1-
Ka (N!! 6, 16-20, 22, 23, 31, 32, 34, 35, 43, 44, 54, 58-62, 67-71, 74-75),
41 - }J.J1HHHOKJ1IOBOH r1THLlbI (N!! 1, 3-6, 8, 11-13,24, 31, 32, 34, 35, 38-41,
44, 49, 50, 52-53, 57, 60--76), 14 - r1TH4beH r0J10BKH KaK }J.onOJ1HHTeJ1bHOrO
MOTHBa Ha HOCY, nJ1e4e, llleKe, porax, XBOCTe H T.}J.. (N!! 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 16,30,
115
11.1
42, 57, 58, 60, 76); 2 - r0J10BbI KOnbITHOrO (N!! 8, 42); 3 - r0J10BbI XI1UlHI1Ka B
cpac (N!! 9, 36, 55); B O.lJ.HOM cJ1yyae (N!! 11) 113-3a nJ10XOH coxpaHHOCTI1 11306pa)!(e-
HI1 COBceM HeB03MO)!(HO onpe.lJ.eJ1I1Tb BI1.lJ. )!(HBOTHOro B Cpe.lJ.HeH yaCTH KJ1bIKa.
TeM He MeHee npe.lJ.CTaBJ1HeTC HeCJ1yyaHHOH cTa6HJ1bHM KOppeJ1HLlHH cpOPMbI,
MaTe pH aJla, .lJ.eKOpa H Ha.3HaYeHI1 npe.lJ.MeTa. KJ1bIK Ka6aHa, CJ1y)!(aUlHH nepBHY-
HbIM MaTepHaJlOM .lJ.J1 BbInOJ1HeHH BeUleH nO.lJ.06HOrO Ha3HaYeHH , onpe.lJ.eJ1HJ1
CPOPMY H3.lJ.eJ1HH, THn0J10rHyeCKH 60J1ee n03.lJ.HHX, BbInOJ1HHIOUlHX TY )!(e pOJ1b, HO
C.lJ.eJ1aHHbIX H3 .lJ.PYrHX MaTepHaJlOB. BepO THO, Y3.lJ.eYHble .lJ.eTaJll1 H3 KJ1bIKOB Ka6a-
Ha aCCOLlHHpOBaJlHCb C 06pa.30M Ka6aHa, OCYUleCTBJ1 BWHM CJ10)!(HYIO CPYHKLlHIO, H
HOCHJ1H anOTpOneHyeCKHH xapaKTep. l1cn0J1b30BaHHbIH B ocpopMJ1eHHH Y3.lJ.eYHbIX
.lJ.eTaJleH H npHBeCOK K 0pY)!(HIO 6eCTHapHH, BKJ1lOyaIOUlHH H Ka6aHa, ype3BbIyaHHO
apXaHyeH H BOCXO.lJ.HT K caMbIM paHHHM :nanaM yeJ10BeyeCKOH KYJ1bTypbI, CB 3aH-
HblM C TOTeMHCTHyeCKHMH npe.lJ.CTaBJ1eHH MH H pO.lJ.OBbIMH OTHoweHH MH. nO.lJ.06-
Ha )!(HByyeCTb 06pa30B 3aKOHOMepHa H 6bIJ1a y)!(e nO.lJ.MeyeHa B. M. MaCCOHOM,
BbICKa.3aBWHM MbICJ1b, YTO «H306pa)!(eHHH )!(HBOTHbIX Ha pacnHCHOH KepaMHKe paH-
HHX 3eMJ1e.lJ.eJ1bLleB OTpa)!(alOT H.lJ.e0J10rHyeCKHe npe.lJ.CTaBJ1eHH 60J1ee paHHero :na-
na, yeM pa3BHTOe 3eMJ1e.lJ.eJ1byeCKO-CKOTOBO.lJ.yeCKOe X03 HCTBO. Vlx 06'bHCHeHHe J1er-
KO MO)!(HO HaHTH, eCJ1H 06paTHTbC K TOTeMH3MY, pacnpOCTpaHeHHOMY Y OXOTHHYbl1X
nJ1eMeH» [MaccoH 1964, c. 358]. EUle Ha :noH, caMoH paHHeH, CTa.lJ.HH cpOpMHpO-
BaHH yeJ10BeyeCKOrO C03HaHHH, MHpOB033peHHH H COOTBeTCTBeHHoro 06pa3Horo
MHpa 300MopcpHble 06Pa.3bl npH06peJ1H HanOJ1HeHHOCTb .lJ.HaJleKTHyeCKHM cO.lJ.ep-
)!(aHHeM CJ10)!(HbIX CPYHKLlHH, CBH3aHHblX C 3aUlHToH H Hana.lJ.eHl1eM, C npe.lJ.CTaBJ1e-
HH MH 0 )!(113HH II cMepnI H 0 nepexo.lJ.e H3 O.lJ.HOrO MHpa B .lJ.PyroH. npaKTHyeCKH
.lJ.J1H Bcex apXaHyeCKHX KYJ1bTYP Ha onpe.lJ.eJ1eHHbIX CTa.lJ.HHX xapaKTepeH O.lJ.HH H TOT
)!(e Ha60p MOTHBOB; XHUlHHKH, KonblTHble, xHUlHble nTHLlbI H T..lJ.. B pa3J1HYHbIX
reorpacpHyeCKHX yCJ10BHHX OHH npH06peTalOT yaCTO J10KaJlbHble YepTbI cpaYHbI,
xapaKTepHOH .lJ.J1H KOHKpeTHoro perHoHa. Ha60p 3THX 300MOpcpHbIX MOTH BOB B
npOLlecce pa3BHTH KYJ1bTypbI nOnOJ1H eTCH H npH06peTaeT C H3MeHeHHeM H.lJ.eO-
J10rHH HOBoe CO.lJ.ep)!(aHl1e. To eCTb npH coxpaHeHHH BHeWHero 06J1HKa 06pa.3, nO
cYUlecTBY, MeH eTCH, coxpaH H npH 3TOM H rJ1y6HHHoe npe)!(Hee 3HayeHHe H CTa-
HOBHCb MHOrOCJ10HHbIM. TaKHM 06pa30M, MbI HMeeM .lJ.eJ10 co cBoe06pa.3HOH H30-
6pa3HTeJ1bHOH KOHTaMHHaLlHeH. CJ1e.lJ.yeT COrJ1aCHTbC C VI. B. <Da6pHLlHYC, nOJ1a-
raBweH, YTO H306pa)!(eHH 3BepeH - HBJ1eHHe CTa.lJ.HaJlbHOe [<Da6pHLlHYC 1934,
c. 21], H BH.lJ.eBWeH B HHX «CBoero pO.lJ.a 300MopcpHoe HepOrJ1HcpHYeCKOe nHCbMO»
[<Da6pHLlHYC 1934, c. 25].
AnoTpOneHyeCKOe Ha.3HayeHHe 11 CBH3b C TOTeMH3MOM H cpeTHwH3MOM yCMaT-
pHBaJla B opHaMeHTHpoBaHHblx KJ1bIKaX eUle 11. B. <Da6pHLlHYC [<Da6pHLlHYC 1934,
c. 1], CYHTM OCHOBHbIM B 3THX anoTponeHx oxpaHeHHe OT OnaCHOCTH co CTOpOHbI
)!(HBOTHOro H HCn0J1b30BaHHe B 3THX LleJ1 X «)!(HBOTHbIX )!(e opraHoB Hana.lJ.eHH 11
3aUlHTbI» [<Da6pHLlHYC 1934, c. 1]. BepOHTHO, HY)!(HO paccMaTpHBaTb 3TY oxpaHH-
TeJ1bHYIO CPYHKLlHIO 60J1ee WHpOKO: 06eperH cKopee Bcero npH3BaHbI 6bIJ1H 3aUlH-
UlaTb OT J1106011 onaCHOCTH. l1MeHHo .lJ.J1 TOTeMHCTHyeCKOH CTa.lJ.HH xapaKTepHo
CJ1HHHlIe CPYHKLlI1H 3aUlHTbI C 06pa.30M npapO.lJ.HTeJ1H, C KOTOpbIM, B CBOIO oyepe.lJ. b ,
CBH3aHa H.lJ.eH nJ1o.!lopO.lJ.II 11 B03pO)!(.lJ.eHH .
He CJ1yyaHHO HMeHHO 3BepHHble 3y6bI, KJ1bIKH, pora, KOITH H T..lJ.. HaYHHaH C
naJleOJ1HTa HCn0J1b3YIOTC B KayeCTBe aMYJ1eToB. Oc060e MeCTO Cpe.lJ.H HHX 3aHH-
MalOT Ka6aHbH KJ1bIKH, 0 yeM TaK)!(e HMeIOTC .lJ.peBHeHwHe CBH.lJ.eTeJ1bCTBa. Ka6aH
Y MHOrHX HH.lJ.OeBpOnef1cKHX HapO.lJ.OB 6bIJ1 CaKpaJlbHbIM CHMB0J10M, yaCTO OJ1HLle-
TBOp H npapO.lJ.HTeJ1 , H CB 3blBaJlC C H.lJ.eeH nJ1o.lJ.opO.lJ.I1 11 BOI1HCTBeHHOCTH. Ha-
npHMep, 113BeCTHbl 60eBble WJ1eMbI C Ka6aHbHMH KJ1bIKaMI1, UlHTbI H 60eBble 3Hay-
KH C H306pa)!(eHH MH Benp , CJ1Y)!(I1BWHMH CHMB0J10M BOI1HCTBeHHOCTH Y .lJ.PYrHX
repMaHLleB, .lJ.J1 KOTOpbIX KYJ1bTOBa 3HaYHMOCTb Ka6aHa npHpaBHHBaeTc K 3Ha-
YHMOCTI1 BOJ1Ka [faMKpeJ1I1.lJ.3e, VlBaHoB 1984, c. 516]. WJ1eM H3 KO)!(H C KJ1bIKar-.m
Ka aHa onHCblBaeTC Y fOMepa B VlJ1Ha.lJ.e [foMep 1982, X, 262-264]. WJ1eM nep-
BOI1 yeTBepTH V B. .lJ.0 H. 3. H3 BYJ1bYH YKpaweH 11306pa)!(eHHeM Ka6aHa [DopH-
CKOBCKM 1986, c. 144, pHC. 4, C. 7]. 3TI1M0J10rH Ha3BaHHH Benp Y MHOrHX Hapo-
.lJ.OB .lJ.peBHOCTI1 CB 3aHa C npe.lJ.CTaBJ1eHH MH 06 3TOM )!(HBOTHOM KaK 0 npOH3BO.lJ.H-
TeJ1e [faMKpeJ1I1.lJ.3e, VlBaHoB 1984, c. 515]. Benpb CYI1TaJlCH TOTeMHbIM )!(HBOTHbIM
repMaHLleB, a .lJ.peBHeHCJ1aH.lJ.CKOe apXal1YHOe Ha.3BaHHe Ka6aHa COBna.lJ.aeT co 3Ha-
yeHHeM «KH 3b», a TaK)!(e «60r» [faMKpeml.lJ.3e, VlBaHOB 1984, c. 516]. VI. B. <Da6-
PHLlHYC npHBeJ1a YCTHoe YKa.3aHHe C. B. VlBaHoBa (MY3eH aHTpOn0J10rHH H 3THO-
rpacpHH AH CCCP) Ha TO, YTO B CI16Hpl1 Y KeTOB H aJlTaHLleB pora H 3aoCTpeHHble
KOCTI1 HCn0J1b30BaJll1 .lJ.J1 pa.3B 3bIBaHH peMeHHbIx Y3J10B H, npHpaBHHBa pora K
KJ1bIKaM, c.lJ.eJ1aJla BbIBO.lJ., YTO nOCJ1e.lJ.HHe MOrJ1H I1Cn0J1b30BaTbC B KOHCKOH c6
C nO.lJ.06HOH LleJ1blO [<Da6pHLlHYC 1934, c. 4]. VI. B. <Da6pHLlHYC OTMeTHJ1a B03MO)!( :
B3aI1M03a MeUleHHe KJ1bIKOB H poroB H B anoTpOneHyeCKOH pOJ1H [<Da6pHLlI1YC 1934,
c. 2]. eI1CTBHTeJ1bHO, H3BeCTHbI nCaJlHI1-pOra B YHrapaKe VII-VI BB .lJ.0
[BHwHeBcKa 1973, c. 147, Ta6J1. XV, 7, 8] 11 opHaMeHTHpoBaHHbIe nC HH-;;:
BO 2-M Kpenl1HCKOM MOrHJ1bHI1Ke B nO.lJ.OHbe IV-III BB. .lJ.0 H.3. [MaKCHMeHKO
1983, c. 187, pHC. 33: 2]. MHOrOYHCJ1eHHbI H nCaJlHH 113 OJ1eHberO pora [Littauer
Crouwell 1979, p. 50]. Y)!(e B .lJ.OCKHcpcKoe BpeM WHpOKO pacnpocTpaHeHbl aMY
J1eTbI H3 KJ1bIKOB Ka6aHa, oc06eHHo yaCTO CBH3aHHble C KOHCKI1M CHap )!(eHHeM H
0pY)!(HeM. MHOrOYHCJ1eHHble Ka6aHbH KJIbIKH, a TaK)!(e HX HMI1TaLlHH, CJ1Y)!(HBWHe
nO.lJ.BeCKaMH H nCaJlH MI1 B KOHCKOM y60pe, nOJ1yyalOT oc06eHHo wHpoKoe pac-
npocTpaHeHHe B CKHCPCKYIO 3noxy B KOyeBHHyeCKOH cpe.lJ.e Ha orpoMHoH TeppHTo-
pHH OT MOHrOJ1HH.lJ.O MaJlOH A3I1H. OHH HaH.lJ.eHbI B Ap)!(aHe [fp 3HOB 1980, c. 41,
pHc.27: 6, 7, 9, 10; c. 38, pHc.24; c. 27, pHC. 14: 3]; Ha AJ1Tae [KI1CeJ1eB 1984,
c. 295-296, 328, 290; 3aBI1ryxHHa 1961, c. 104, pHC. 6: 6; Ky6apeB 1987, c. 35,
64, 83, pl1c.29: 2, 5-7; c.273, Ta6J1. LXXII: 10, 11; COpOKHH 1967, c.230
pHC. 21: 6-8; PY.lJ.eHKO 1960, Ta6J1. XVII, CX, IX, X, XX], a TaK)!(e Ha KaBKa.3
[BHHOrpa.lJ.OB 1974, c. 337, pHC. 21; MapTHpoc H 1961, c. 124, pHC. 55; XO.lJ.)!(aw,
TPYXTaHOBa, OraHec H 1979, c. 105, pHC. 13], B MaJlOH A311H [Eca H, norpe60Ba
1985, c. 1 , Ta6J1. XVIII: 6, 7], B nepcenoJ1e [Schmidt 1939, p. 367, fig. 47: 3],
311BHHe [GhlfShman 1977, p. 29], B Cpe.lJ.HeH A311H [5I6J10HCKHH 1987, c. 125]. Vlc-
CJ1e.lJ.OBaTeJ111 OTMeyaIOT, YTO B c06CTBeHHO CKHcpCKHX naM THHKax nCaJlHH B BH.lJ.e
Ka6aHbHX KJ1bIKOB BCTpeYaIOTC .lJ.OBOJ1bHO pe.lJ.KO [VlJ1bHHCKa 1975, c. 108; Eca H,
norpe60Ba 1985, c. 101; Myp3HH 1984, c. 15]. 10. B. DOJ1TpHK 11 E. E. <DHaJlKO
BbI.lJ.eJ1 IOT .lJ.HH KOHCKI1H Ha60p H3 KypraHa OrY3 - 6e3 ce.lJ.J1a, HO C Y3.lJ.eYKOH,
YKpaweHHol1 KJIbIKaMH 11 KOCT HbIMI1 nO.lJ.BeCKaMH KaK «KYJ1bTOBbIH» [DOJ1TpI1K,
<DHaJlKO 1987, c. 25].
B Kypr. 8 MOrHJ1bHHKa KbI3bIJ1- )!(ap I Ha AJ1Tae 06Hapy)!(eH 6 p OH30BbIH ye-
KaH K 0
, n prynel1HoMY peMHIO KOToporo 6bIJ1a npHKpenJ1eHa .lJ.epeB HHa I1MHTaLlI1H
Ka6aHbero KJ1bIKa [Cypa3aKoB 1987, c.58]. Vl3BecTHbI nO.lJ.06HbIe npe.lJ.MeTbl H B
MaTepHaJlaX B. . Ky6apeBa [Ky6apeB 1984, c. 68]. A. C. Cypa3aKoB OTMeTHJ1 YTO
«MHHHaTlOpHble, CneLlHaJlbHO H3rOTOBJ1eHHbIe .lJ.J1 nor p e6eHH yeKaHbI K K H
KH '
H)!(aJlbI, CB 3aHbl C nOBTOp IOUlI1MI1C 06pa.3aMI1 nTHLlbI H Ka6aHa» [CYPa.3aKOB
1987, c. 58].
P. fHpwMaH CYHTaJl .lJ.eTaJlH KOHCKoro CHap )!(eHH H3 Ka6aHbl1X KJ1bIKOB H
n0.lJ.pa)!(aIOUlHe I1X cpopMe npe.lJ.MeTbl cBoHCTBeHHbIMI1 I1paHcKOMY MI1Py H npe.lJ. no -
J1araJl CJ10)!(HYIO ceMaHTHyecKYIO HarpY3Ky 3THX npe.lJ.MeTOB [Ghirshman 1977,
116
117
p. 33], OTMeTl-m H3rOTOBJleHHe HMHTal(HH H3 ,[10pOrHX MaTepHaJlOB 6pOH3bl, nOJlY:
,[1parOl(eHHbIX KaMHeH H 30JlOTa) H Cm13aB :no cO CJlO)\(HOH CHMBOJlHKOH
[Ghirshman 1977, p. 33].
OO,[1YHHHH HHTepnpeTal(HIO KOHCKoro y60pa CHMBOJlHyeCKoMY CMblCJlY TaKoro
nepcoHIDKa, KaK Ka6aH, P. fHpwMaH CBH3aJl ero C 60)\(eCTBOM HpaHl(eB BepeTpar-
HOH, O,[1HOH H3 HHKapHal(HH KOToporo HBJlHeTCH Benpb. BepeTparHa MblCJlHJlCH 60-
)\(eCTBOM 006e,[1bl H BOHHCTBa, a ero 06JlHK rapaHTHpOBaJl n06e,[1Y B 6HTBe, n03TO-
MY JlOrHYHOH npe,[1CTaBJlHeTCH CBH3b 3Toro 06pa3a C opY)\(HeM H KOHCKHM y60pOM
[Ghirshman 1977, p. 33, 34]. O,[1HaKo K TaKoH 0,[1H03HaYHOH TpaKTOBKe ceMaHTHKH
Ka6aHbHx KJlblKOB cJle,[1yeT, BH,[1HMO, OTHeCTHCb C OCTOP0)\(HOCTblO, TaK KaK OHa
OCTaBJlHeT 6e3 06bHCHeHHH npHCYTCTBHe ,[1PyrHx 300MOpcp b1X 06pa30B, KOT<:'Pble
He MorYT 6bITb HenOCpe,[1CTBeHHO CBH3aHbl C BepeTparHOH, H HX COyeTaHHH Ha
KJlblKaX H HMHTal(HHx. He 06bHcHHeTcH npH TaKoH TpaKTOBKe H npe,[1nOYTeHHe B
H306pa3HTeJlbHO H Tpa,[1Hl(HH O,[1HOH H3 HHKapHal(HH BepeTparHbl - Ka6aHa.
TeM He MeHee TaKaH HHTepnpeTal(HH, HeCOMHeHHO, 60Jlee y6e,[1HTeJlbHa, yeM
YTBep)\(,[1eHHe 3. B. 5IKoBeHKO 0 TOM, YTO «B 60Jlee n03,[1Hee BpeMH KJlbIKH-aMY-
JleTbl TepHIOT CBOH MarHyeCKHe CBoHcTBa H npeBpawalOTcH B 06blYHbie YKpawe-
HHH» [5IKoBeHKo 1969, c. 200].
CywecTByeT H ,[1pyraH HHTepnpeTal(HH H306pa)\(eHHH Ha opHaMeHTHpoBaHHblx
KJlblKaX H HMHTal(HHX, npe,[1JlO)\(eHHaH C. C. 6eccoHOBOH. C. C. 6eCCOHOBa BH,[1HT B
3THX 300MOpcpHbiX MOTHBax 06pa3 c06aKH-nTHl(bl, CeHMypBa [6eccoHoBa 1977,
c. 15, 16], OTHOCHW.HHCH K ,[1peBHeH HpaHcKoH MHcpOJlOrHH [TpeBep 1937]. npaB,[1a,
B HCTOpHH MHcpHyeCKOrO 06pa3a CeHMypBa H caMoro TepMHHa OyeHb MHoro HeHC-
HOCTeH H, K CO)\(aJleHHIO, HCCJle,[10BaHHe K. B. TpeBep He n03BOJlHeT 6e30rOBopO'I-
HO CBH3aTb C 06pa30M c06aKH-nTHl(bl paHHHe H306pIDKeH HH CKHcpCKoro BpeMeHH,
KaK CYHTaeT C. C. 6eCCOHOBa, H Bbl,[1eJlHTb onpe,[1eJleHHblH HKOHorpacpHYeCKHH THn,
KaK 3TO y6e,[1HTeJlbHO C,[1eJlaHO ,[1JlH cacaHH,[1CKHX H 60Jlee n03,[1HHX H306pIDKeHHH.
AHaJlH3 caMblx paHHHX ynoMHHaHHH CeHMypBa B 5IwTax nOKa3blBaeT OTcyTcTBHe
onHcaHHH ero BHewHero 06JlHKa [TpeBep 1937, c. 10]. OTyeTJlHBO YCTaHaBJlHBaeT-
CH TOJlbKO ero CBH3b C KocMOrOHHyeCKHMH npe,[1CTaBJleHHHMH, ,[1peBoM )\(H3HH H
H,[1eeH nJl0,[10p0,[1HH H rJl06aJlbHOH 6Jlar0,[1aTH [TpeBep 1937, c. 10-14]. 3TOT MH-
cpHyeCKHH 06pa3 B caMblX paHHHx nHCbMeHHblX Tpa,[1Hl(HHX cpHrypHpyeT KaK nTHl(a
6e3 YKa3aHHH Ha ero nOJlHMopcpHOCTb. B 60Jlee n03,[1HHX TeKCTax, KaK nOKa3aJla
K. B. TpeBep, nOHBJlHIOTCH ynoMHHaHHH 0 HaJlHYHH 3y60B, KaK y c06aKH, H O,[1py-
rHX yepTaX, CBoHcTBeHHblx, 6e3 COMHeHHH, nOJlHMOpcpHOMY cywecTBY. YKa3aHHH
Ha oc06eHHocTH 3TOrO MHcpHyeCKOrO cywecTBa ype3BblyaHHO npoTHBOpeYHBbl [TP:-
Bep 1937, c. 14-17]. Ha OCHOBaHHH aHaJlH3a TeKCTOB K. B. TpeBep OTMeTHJla ,[1BOH-
CTBeHHOCTb BocnpHHTHH C3Ha: KaK cywecTBa «0 Tpex eCTeCTBax» - KOCMorOHH-
yeCKHH 06pa3, BblpIDKalOWHH CBH3b Me)\(,[1y BepxHHM, Cpe,[1HHM H HH)\(HHM He60M, H
KaK nOJlHMopcpHoro C03,[1aHHH, B KOTOpOM CoyeTalOTCH YepTbl c06aKH, nTHl(bl H HpaB
MycKycHoro )\(HBOTHoro [TpeBep 1937, c. 16]. HecMoTpH Ha 3aMaHYHBOCTb n0,[106-
Horo npOYTeHHH 06pa30B, KaK 6Y,[1TO 6bl 6a3HpYlOwerocH Ha TeKCTax ABecTbl H
neXJleBHHCKHX HCTOYHHKax, npHXO,[1HTCH npH3HaTb, YTO TpaKToBKa cO,[1ep)\(aHHH H
06pa3HOrO CTpOH ,[1peBHero HCKyccTBa - npe,[1MeT, 60Jlee yeM CJlO)\(HbIH H nOToMY
Tpe6Y IO w. HH 60JlbWOH OCTOPO)\(HOCTH B BbIBO,[1ax. A. A. VlepYCaJlHMCKaH B CTaTbe,
nOCBHw.eHHoH nepCH,[1CKHM WeJlKOBblM TKaHHM C «ceHMypBaMH» [Vlepyc HMCKM
1995, c.67--D8], COCJlaBWHCb Ha HCCJle,[10BaHHe x.-n. WMH,[1Ta [ShIllidt H.-P.
1980, p. 1-85 ], KOTopoe pa3pywHJlO JlHHrBHCTHyeCKOe OCHOBaHHe ,lLflH 3THMOJlO-
rH3al(HH HMeHH «CeHMypB» KaK «c06aKH-nTHl(bl», YKa3aJla Ha OWH60YHOCTb nepe-
B0,[10B TeKCTOB, CJly)\(HBWHX nO,[1TBep)\(,[1eHHeM cMewaHHOCTH npHpO,[1bl CeHMypBa.
TaKHM 06pa30M, HCye3Jla 6a3a ,[1JlH B03MO)\(HOCTH TpaKToBKH CeHMypBa KaK nOJlH-
MopcpHoro cyw.ecTBa H, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, ,[1JlH H,[1eHTHcpHKal(HH YY,[10BHW.a C nTHYb-
HM XBOCTOM KaK ceHMypBa.
nepeHeceHHe c. C. 6eCCOHOBOH TaKOH TpaKToBKH Ha npOYTeHHe KOMn03Hl(HH
C 300MOpcpHblMH 06pa3aMH opHaMeHTHpoBaHHblx Ka6aHbHx KJlblKOB CKHcpcKoro
BpeMeHH TeM caMblM 6e30roBopOYHO onpoBepraeTcH. OHO He HBJlHeTCH KoppeKT-
HblM ew.e H nOTOMY, YTO npHCYTCTBHe H306pa)\(eHHH XHWHHKa (,[1aJleKO He BCer,[1a
BOJlK006pa3HOro) H nTHl(bl Ha O,[1HOM npe,[1MeTe ew.e He ,[1aeT OCHOBaHHH ,[1JlH OTO-
)\(,[1eCTBJleHHH HX C e,[1HHbIM MHcpHyeCKHM 06pa30M. npH TaKOH HHTepnpeTal(HH ,[1e-
KOpHpOBKH K JlbIKOB OCTaeTCH 6e3 06bHCHeHHH npHCYTCTBHe ,[1pyrHx 300MOpcpHblX
H306pa)\(eHHH ( OWaYberO X Jw.HHKa, Ka6aHa, OJleHH, nTl-tl(bl ,[1pyroro BH,[1a H ,[1p.) H
reOMeTpHyeCKOH opHaMeHTHKH Ha 3TOH KaTeropHH Bew.eH.
KpOMe Toro, HeCOMHeHHaH B3aHM03aMeHHeMOCTb H306pIDKeHHH BOJ1llbeH rOJlO-
Bbl (Ha 60JlbWHHCTBe npHypaJlbCKHX HMHTal(HH KJlbIKOB) H roJlOBbl KOpOTKOMOp,[10-
ro xHw.HHKa KOWaYberO HJlH CHHKpeTHYeCKoro) nO,[1TBep)\(,[1aeT ,[10B0,[1bl E. B. ne-
peBO,[1YHKOBOH 0 TOM, YTO pa3JlHYHe Me)\(,[1y xHw.HHKaMH pa3HblX ceMeHCTB B 3Be-
pHHOM CTHJle CKHcpCKOH 3nOXH «MOrJlO 6blTb HecywecTBeHHblM H He OTpIDKarIOCb
OC06blMH npH3HaKaMH B npOH3Be,[1eHHHX HCKYCCTBa» [nepeBO,[1YHKOBa 1986, c. 11],
H CBH,[1eTeJlbCTB eT He B nOJlb3Y HHTepnpeTal(HH H306pa)\(eHHH, npe,[1JlO)\(eHHOH
C. C. 6eCCOHOBOH. E. B. nepeBO,[1YHKOBa ,[10nYCKaeT B03MO)\(HOCTb cyw.eCTBOBaHHH
«nOHH:HH XHWHHKa Bo06w.e, KOTopaH CYHTaJlaCb ,[10CTaTOYHO Ba)\(HOH H nOTOMY
,[10CTOHHOH MaTepHarIH3al(HH» [nepeBO,[1YHKOBa 1986, c. 11].
YYHTblBIDI Ha60p 300MOpcpHbiX 06pa30B, BOnJl0w.eHHbIX Ha H3BeCTHblX HaM Ka-
6aHbHX KJlblKaX H HX HMHTal(HHX, HaH60Jlee BepOHTHOH Ka)\(eTCH pOJlb HX KaK cy-
w.eCTB, CBH3aHHblX B MHpOB033peHHH ,[1peBHero HpaHOH3blYHOrO HaCeJleHHH EBpa-
3HH C npe,[1CTaBJleHHHMH 0 )\(H3HH H CMepTH. CywecTBa 3TH, 6e3YCJlOBHO, HMelOT
onpe eJleHHOe OTHoweHHe K HHOMY MHPY, HO O,[1HOBpeMeHHO CBH3aHbl, BH,[1HMO, C
H,[1eeH B03p0)\(,[1eHHH, np0,[10Jl)\(eHHH )\(H3HH. C 3TOH H,[1eeH CBH3aHa, OyeBH,[1HO, ano-
TponeWleCKIDI CPYHKl(HH aMYJleTOB. A. VI. MapTblHOB nO,[1'lepKHYJl CBH3b C H,[1eeH
B03pO)\(,[1eHHH )\(H3H H H306pa)\(eHHH porOB [MapTbIHoB 1987, c. 20, 21], OTpOCTKH
KOTOpblX yaCTO 3aBepwalOTcH rOJlOBKaMH nTHl(.
Ha O,[1HOM H3 6JlIOMeHcpeJlb,[1CKHX KJlblKOB (N!! 2; Ta6Jl. 60: 2) roJlOBa O,[1HOrO
xHw.HHKa KaK 6bl BbIXO,[1HT H3 naCTH ,[1pyroro, YTO 3aCTaBJlHeT BH,[1eTb B 3TOM H30-
6pa)\(eH HHH YCJlOBHO nepe,[1aHHYIO Cl(eHY nO)\(HpaHHH O,[1HOrO )\(HBOTHOro ,[1pyrHM.
MOTHB 3ar aTbIBaHH XHW.HHKOM npe,[1CTaBJleH H Ha ,[1epeBHHHoH HMHTal( JH KJ1bIKa,
?)IillBWeH Y3,[1eYHOH nO,[1BeCKOH, H3 1-ro na3blpblKcKoro KypraHa (N!! 48, Ta6Jl. 63:
). Ha nO,[1BeCKe 3arHYTaH yaCTb ,[1epeBHHHoro «KJlbIKa» KaK 6bl BbIXO,[1HT H3 nac-
TH:. OYeBH,[1HO, KOWaYberO XHIllHHKa. 3Ta KOMn03Hl(HH He HMeeT npHMblX aHaJlO-
rHH, KaK H ew.e O,[1Ha arITaHCKIDI HaXO,[1Ka - nO,[1BeCKa H3 WH6HHCKoro KypraHa
(N!! 47, Ta6Jl. 63: 10). 3TOT 3K3eMnJlHp YKpaweH B WHpOKOH yaCTH pa3BepHYToH B
cpac OCKarIeHHOH rOJlOBOH THrpa, BCH )\(e nOBepxHocTb nO,[1BeCKH nOKpblTa yewYH-
yaTblM opHaMeHToM. B naCTH XHIllHHKa Ha KJlblKe H3 npHKy6aHbH (N!! 36) nOMe-
w.eHa roJlOBa KaKorO-TO ,[1pyroro cyw.ecTBa. Vl306 p IDKeHHe HMeeT Be p OHTHO TOT)\(e
C ' ,
MbICJl, YTO H npe,[1bl,[1yw.IDI KOMn03Hl(HH. Vl3BeCTHO, YTO cxeMa B03pO)\(,[1eHHH ye-
pe3 CMepTb, oc06eHHO nYTeM nO)\(HpaHHH, 6blJ1a WHpOKO pacnpOCTpaHeHa B MHpO-
B033peHHH ,[1peBHHX. C 3THMH npe,[1CTaBJleHHHMH CBH3aH 06blyaH BblCTaBJleHHH no-
KO
HHHKOB Y H aHCKoro HaCeJleHHH (oc06eHHO y 3apoaCTpHHl(eB, HO, B03MO)\(HO, cy-
w.eCTBOBaBWHH H paHee), 3aKJllOyaBWHHCH B TOM, YTO Tpyn OCTaBJlHJlH Ha Cbe,[1eHHe
nTHl(a H 3BepHM, KOTOpble OYHW.arIH KOCTH OT nJlOTH [60HC 1987, c.23]. 3TOT
06blyaH HpaHl(eB onHcaH y fep0,[10Ta [rep0,[10T, 14, I, 140] H Y CTpa60Ha, KOTOpblH
119
llR
YKa3bIBaeT Ha TO, <iTO )])IM KaCnI-IHL(eB HMeJlO 3Ha4eHHe, KeM H3 )/(HBbIX CYIlleCTB YHH-
4TO)/(aJlHCb TpynbI. B OTHOWeHHH K 3TOMY CYIlleCTBOBaJla onpe)].eJleHHa5I Hepap HM:
«...eCJlH YBH)].MT, 4TO nTHL(bI CTaCKHBalOT Tpynbl C HOCHJlOK, TO C4HTalOT nOKOltHH-
KOB 6J1a)/(eHHbIMH, eCJlH )/(e )].HKHe 3BepH H C06aKH - TO MeHee 6J1IDKeHHbIMH; eCJlH
TpynbI HHKTO He YTaIllHT, TO HX C4HTalOT HeC4aCTHbIMH» [CTpa60H 1964, XI, XI, 8].
B 3THorpaqmH 3aqmKclIpoBaHbI 06bl ' laH, CBM3aHHbIe C no)].06HbIMH BepoBa-
HHMMH. M. H. Cepe6pMKoBa npHBo)].HT Oni-lCaHHe cTapHHHoro 06pM)].a, npe)].npl-l-
HI-IMaBWerOCM )].JlM 6e30nacHocTI-I po)].I1BWerOCM pe6eHKa TypKaMI-I, Y36eKaMI-I H 6y-
pMTaMH. Bo BpeMM 06pM)].a 4epe3 naCTb BOJl4beH BbIcyweHHoH WKypbI npOTaCKI-I-
BalOT HOBOpO)/()].eHHoro [Cepe6pMKoBa 1980, c. 175]. OnHcaHHbIH 06PM)]. cJlY)/(I-IJI
)].JlM orpa)/()].eHI-IM pe6eHKa OT onaCHOCTI-I, Itcxo)].MIlleH OT XTOHH4eCKoro 60)/(eCTBa
cTpawHoii MHcpOJlOrH4eCKoH BOJl4HL(bI J1aMaCTY.
OXpaHI-ITeJlbHaM CPYHKL(HM 06pa30B )].JlHHHOKJlIOBOH ywaCTOI-I nTHL(bI H OCKa-
JlHBWerOCM XI-IIllHI-IKa, KOTopble TeM He MeHee He npe)].CTaBJlMIOT e)].HHoro MHcpOJlO-
rl-l4eCKOro CYIlleCTBa, nO)].TBep)/()].aeTCM HaXO)].KOH B HOBOOpCKOM 1I MOrI1JIbHHKe
30JlOTbIX 6J1MWeK B BI-I)].e rOJlOBbI 3y6acToH ywacToii nTHL(bI C )].JlHHHbIM KJlIOBOM 1-1
C)].BoeHHbIX BOJl'lbI-lX roJlOB B )/(eHCKOM norpe6eHI-II-I (KYPr. 5, norp.4), r)].e 6J1MW-
KaMH 6bIJI YKpaweH BOpOT o)].e)/()].bI [3ace)].aTeJleBa 1985, c. 146-147, pHC. 1, 2)].
YKpaWeHl-le BopoTa opHaMeHTaJlbHbIM 60P)].IOPOM, CY)].M no )].aHHbIM 3TH orpa(lm 1-1 ,
Tpa)].I-IL(HOHHO 6bIJIO 06eperoM BJla,a,eJlbL(a [rp1-l60Ba 1980, c. 86-87, 162-163 J.
04eBI-I)].Ho, T04HO TaKYIO )/(e pOJlb I-IrpaJIH nOlITI-I H)].eHTWIHble rOJlOBbI 3y6acToH
nTI-IL(bI, 06Hapy)/(eHHbIe B 06J1aCTI-I KJllOlIHL( KOCTMKa B )/(eHCKOM norpe6eHI-II-I KYPr. 9
HOBo-KYMaKcKoro MOrI1JIbHHKa [MowKoBa 196, c. 213, pHC. 9; 3].
K. <1>. CMl-lpHOB cOBepweHHo cnpaBe)].JlI-IBO HCKaJI KOpHH CMbICJla 1-1306pa)/(eHI-IH
3Bepl-lHOrO CTI-IJIM EBpa31-1H (B TOM 41-1CJle H caBpOMaTCKoro), onpe)].eJlMeMOrO I-I)].eo-
JlOrl-leH HOMa,a,OB, I-IX peJlHrIt03HbIMI-I npe)].CTaBJleHHMMH 1-1 3nOCOM, B nepe)/(IITKaX
TOTeMI-I3Ma, po)].onJleMeHHbIX OTHOWeHI-IH [CMHpHOB 1964, c. 244--246]. OH no)].-
4epKHyJI, 4TO, HecMoTpM Ha CTa)].1-I1O pa3J10)/(eHHM po)].onJleMeHHOro CTpOM, Ha KOTO-
pOH HaxO)].I-IJlI-ICb K04eBble Hapo)].bl EBpa3I1I1 B I-M TbIC. )].0 H. 3., TOTeMHCTIt4e<:'Kl-le
npe)].CTaBJleHI-IM B 3Ha ' IHTeJlbHOH CTeneHH MOrJIl-I coxpaHMTbCM, TaK KaK HM CBOHCT-
BeHHbI CTOHKOCTb 1-1 )/(I-IBY4eCTb [CMHpHOB 1964, c.245]. K. <1>. CMHpHOB YKa3aJ1
TaK)/(e 1-1 Ha BepoMTHoCTb YTpaTbI nOHI-IMaHIIM CMblCJla OT)].eJlbHbIX CIO)/(eTOB H MO-
TI-IBOB y)/(e TeMI-I, KTO 1-13rOTOBJlMJI 3TH Bel1.\l-1 1-1 nOJlb30BaJlCH HMI-I, 1-160 «TOTeMI-ICTI-I-
4eCKl-le 06Pa3bI Ha 3TOH CTa)].I-IH pa3BIITI1H 06IlleCTBa 6bIJII-I y)/(e nepe)/(I-ITKaMI-I 1-1
CI-IMBOJlaMI-I I-IHOrO 3Ha4eHHH» [CMHpHOB 1964, c. 244]. O)].HaKo BbIBO)]. I-ICCJle)].OBa-
TeJlH 0 TOM, 4TO «caBpOMaTCKI-IH 3Bepl-lHbIH CTI1JIb, KaK H BeCb 3BepHHbIH CTI-IJlb EB-
pa3I-1H B L(eJlOM, HBJlHeTCH npe)/()].e Bcero CTl1JIeM )].eKopaTHBHbIM» [CMHpHOB 1964,
c. 244], Ka)/(eTCH 1-13J1HWHe ynpoIlleHHbIM 1-1 npoTI1BOpe4al1.\HM Ha6J1IO)].eHHHM caMO-
ro K. <1>. CMl-lpHoBa.
KaK y)/(e OTMe4aJ10Cb Bblwe, apXal-l4eCKl-le 300MopcpHbIe 06Pa3bl, BonJlOIlleH-
Hble B I-ICKyccTBe 1-1 CBH3aHHbIe KOpHHMI-I C TOTeMI13MOM, co BpeMeHeM npl-l06peTa-
lOT )].onOJlHI1TeJlbHOe, HOBoe co)].ep)/(aHl-le (CTaHOBHIlleeCH Ha )].aHHOM 3Tane 60Jlee
aKTYaJIbHbIM), npe)].CTaBJlHH C060H CJlO)/(HYIO 1-1306pa3IlTeJlbHYIO KOHTaMI-IHaL(l-IlO.
3TO HBJleHHe xapaKTepHO )].JlH 3Bepl-lHOrO CTIIJlH B L(eJlOM, H HMeHHO C 3THM CBH3aHa
aM61-1BaJleHTHOCTb n04TH Bcex 300MOpcpHbIX 06pa30B, KOTopbIe B pa3HbIX KOHTeK-
CTax BbIcTynalOT TO KaK 6J1arO)/(eJlaTeJlbHble CI-IJlbI, BbInOJlHHlOl1.\l-Ie OXpaHIlTeJlbHbIe
CPYHKL(HI-I, TO KaK YCTpaWaIOIlll-le, Bpe)].OHOCHbIe nepCOHa)/(I1, CBH3aHHble C XTOHI-I-
4eCKHMH CHJlaMI-I. 3TO KacaeTCM 06pa30B 1-1 Ka6aHa, H BOJlKa, 1-1 XHI1.\HI-IKOB )].pyrl-lx
BH)].OB, B TOM 4HCJle H XHIllHblX nTI-IL(. OTO)/()].eCTBJleHl-le 300MOpcpHbIX 06pa30B, BO-
nJlOIlleHHblX Ha opHaMeHTl-lpOBaHHbIX KJlbIKaX CKHcpCKOH 3nOXH, C TeMI-I I-IJlI-I I-IHbI-
MI-I KOHKpeTHbIMI-I 60)/(eCTBaMH )].peBHeHpaHCKOH Ml-lcpOJlOml-l CJle)].yeT npI13HaTb
3aTpY)].HHTeJlbHbIM, H K no)].06HbIM nonbITKaM HY)/(HO OTHOCHTbCM C OCTOPO)/(HOCTblO,
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ypHoro BJ1I1 HI1 B KOHue - ., .,
:a )]:Pymx MaTepl1aJIax B naM THI1Kax CeBepHoro npl14epHOMopb [AJ1eKCeeB
1987,c.6; 1992,c. 103-107]).
llpMJIo*eHMe K rJIaBe IV
KATAJIOr OPHAMEHTJ1POBAHHbIX RJIbIKOB J1 J1X J1MJ1TAQJ1iiJ:
:.\',
.N"2 1 - nO,1BCCKa. KJlblK Ka6alJa. HHJKHCe f10BO.'1JKbC, BOJl1'OrpallCKaSl 06i1., Dmo lell<l)eJlb,1,
Kypr. A12; Y3,1c'tKa 3; ,1J1. 14 CM; fVlM, I1HB. N 57793; KOH. VI-Ha't. VB. ,10 11. 1. [C ll1pIlOB
1964, c. 41; Grakov 1928, p. 35, fig. 19: a, b, e; p. 33J (Ta6I1. 60: 1).
.N"! 2 - nO;:tBeCKa. KJlblK Ka6alla. HI1JKHeC f1oBOJlJKbe, Bo.'11'OrpallcKaSl 06J1., DmOMellCl)cJlb,1,
Kypr. A 12; Y3,1c'tKa 2; ,1J1. 11 CM; fVlM, I1HB. N 57793; KOH. VI-Ha't. V B. ,10 II. 1. [CMl1pIlOB
1964, c. 4l; Grakov 1928, p. 38; fig. 21: a, bJ (Ta6J1. 60: 2).
.N"! 3 - nO,1BeCKa. KJlblK Ka6aHa. HI1JKHeC nOBOJlJKbC, BOIlrorpallcKaSl 06J1., DJIIO leIlCIJcJlb,1,
Kypr. A12; nO,1BCCKa npH MC'tC; ,1Il. 10,1 CM; fVlM, I1HB. N 57793; KOII. VI-lIa't. VB. ,10 II. 1.
[CMHpHOB 1964, c. 41; Grakov 1928, p. 29, fig. IOJ (Ta6J1. 60: 3).
.N"! 4 - nO,1BCCKa. DpoH3a. HHJKIICe f1oBOJlJKbe, BO.1rorpallcKaSI 06.'1., DJlIO lell(l)cJlb:t, KYPr. A I 2;
fVlM, YTpa'tcHa; ,1J1. 7,5 CM. [Grakov 1928, p. 29, fig. IOJ (Ta6J1. 60: 4).
.N"! 5 - nOllBeCKa. DpOlna. HHJKlIeC f1oBOJlJKbe, ACTpaxallcKaSl 06J1., XOllleYToBo; Ac-rpa-
xaHCKHH MY3CH; paCKOnKI1 B. B. f1J1a.xoBa; ,1J1. 13,7 CM (Ta6J1. 60: 5).
.N"2 6 - nO,1BCCKa. DpOH3a. HI1JKIICC f1oBOJlJKbe, ACTpaxallcKaSl 06JI., XOIUCYTOBO; Ac-rpa-
xaHCKHH MY3CH; paCKOnKI1 B. B. f1J1aXOBa; llJl. 6,8 CM (Ta6Il. 60: 6).
.N"! 7 - nOllBeCKa npH KI1HJKaJlC. KJlblK KaGaHa. HI1JKllec f10BO.'1JKbC, BOIlrorpallCKaSl 0611.,
KaJlHHOBKa, Kypr. 8, norp. 35; ,1J1. 12,3 CM; f3, I1HB. N 2204/246. VI-IV BB. ;(0 H. 1. [UlI1JIOB
1959, c. 422J; V-IV BB.,10 H. 1. [CMl1pIIOB 1964, c. 68, 69J (Ta6J1. 60: 7).
.N"2 8 - nOllBCCKa. KJlblK Ka6aHa. HHJKllee f10BO.'1JKbC, CapaToBcKaSl 06J1., c. 1-!0BOnpI1BOIlb-
HOC, pa3pyweHHoc norpe6eHHC; ,1J1. 16 CM; CapaTOBCKI1H MY3eH [MaKcHMoB 1976, c. 211, pl1c. 1:
1); KOH. VI-Ha't.V B.,10 H. 1. [MaKCI1MOB 1976, c. 218J (Ta6J1. 60: 8).
.N"! 9 - nO,1BeCKa. KJlblK Ka6aHa. HI1JKHCe f10BOJlJKbC, CapaToBcKaSl 06J1., c. HOBOllpI1BOJlb-
HOC, pa3pyweHHoc norpe6CHI1C; ;:tJl. 13,5 CM; CapaTOBCKHH MY3eH [MaKCI1MOB 1976. c. 21 I,
pHC. 1: 3J; KOH. VI-Ha't. V B.,10 11.1. [MaKCI1MOB 1976, c. 218J (Ta6I1. 60: 9).
.N"! 10 - nO,1BeCKa. KJlblK Ka6aHa. HHJKlleC f1oBOJlJKbe, CapaToBcKall 06JI., c. HOBOllpHBOJlb-
HOC, pa3PYWCHHoe norpc6ellHC; ,1J1. 13,5 CM; CapaTOBCKI1H MY3CH [MaKCI1MOB 1976, c. 211,
pHC. 2J; KOH. VI-lIa't. V B. ,10 II. 1. (Ta6J1. 60: 10).
.N"2 11 - nO,1BeCKa npl1 MC'tC. KJlblK Ka6aHa. HI1JKHCC f10BOJlJKbC, KaJlMbIKI1S1, IOrI1IlbIlI1K
3axaHaTa, Kypr.5, norp.22. KaJlMblUKI1H pecny6.'1I1KaHcKI1H MY3eH, r. 3III1CTa. ,1.1. 13,3 CM;
[WHallWTeHH 1985, c.79, pHc.7: 11; 1987, c. 152-153; O'tl1p-foplleBa 1988, c. 221, pl1C. I;
4eJKHHa 1991, c. 32, pl1c. 1: 8J ( Ta6J1. 60: 11).
.N"! 12 - nO,1BeCKa (?), 06J10MOK. KIlblK Ka6alla. HI1JKHCC f10BOJlJKbC, ACTpaxallcKall 06J1.,
Mor. Kpl1BaSl 11YKa XVII, Kypr. 15, norp. 2. (/Jeoop06-jJa6blo06 r. A., jJ60plll/ elll:0 B. B., CHI/p-
1106 A. C. 1977. OT'tCT 0 pacKonKax K)'pralloB B ACTpaxalicKoH 06J1aCTI1. 4epliollpcKOM paHOIJC II
ApxHB VIA PAH P-1, 6719 (a-r); N 287, pl1c. 5 (Ta6.1. 60: 12).
.N"2 13 - nO,1BCCKa. KJlblK Ka6aHa. HI1JKHCC f10BOJlJKbC, Ca.\lapCKaSI 06J1., I -H KypraHHblH 1010-
rHJlbHI1K Y COBX. H 1. Kl1pOBa, KYPr. 9, norp. 20. PaCKOnKI1 P. C. DaraYT,1I1HoBa, 1977 r. (Ta6,1. 60: 13).
.N"2 14 - nO,1BeCKa. K.1bIK Ka6aHa. HI1JKHCe f1oBOJlJKbe, BOJlrorpMcKaSl 06J1.. DepeJKIIOBCKI1H
MOrH.1bHI1K, rpynna II, KYPr. 97, norp.3. CapaTOBCKI1H MY3CH. V B. ,10 H. 1. [C ll1pIlOB 1964,
c. 42; c. 306, pHC. 13: 4aJ (Ta6.1. 60: 14).
.N"! 15 - nO,1BCCKa. KJlblK Ka6aHa. HI1JKHee f10BO.'1JKbC, CapaToBcKaSl 06.'1., <1Jpl1;:tcH6cpr
(c. MHpHoe), rpynna I, KYPr. 5, norp. 1. V B.,10 H. 1. [CMl1pHOB 1964, c. 43; c. 306, pl1c. 13: 2aJ.
(Ta6J1. 60: 15).
"
,
,.
12
.N'2 16 - nCaJlI1H. Por (KIlblK?). lOJKHOC npl1ypaJIbC. 4CIlSl611HcKaSl 06Il., c. BapHa, Kypr. 2.
4CJlSl611HCKI1H MY3CH [CTOKOIlOC 1961, c. 23, pl1c. 1]; Ha't. VB. 110 H. 1. [CMl1pHOB 1964, c. 57]
(Ta6Il. 61: 1).
.N'2 17 - nOliBeCKa Y311c'tHaSl. DpoH3a. lOJKHOC npl1YPaJIbC (3anaLlHb1H Ka3aXCTaH), AKTIO-
611HcKaSl 06Il., MOr. Dec06a, KYPr. 5. MY3eH apXeOIlOr1111 VlAH Ka3aXCTaHa, r. AIlMa-ATa [KY3-
HeUOBa, KypMaHKYIIoB 1993, c. 47, pl1c. 3: 2] (Ta6Il. 61: 2).
.N'2 18 - nOli BeCKa Y311e'tHaSl. Dpoma. IOJKuoe npl1ypaIlbe, OpeH6yprcKaSl 06Il., KypraHHaSl
rpynna nSITI1Mapbl I, Kypr. 4; norp. 3; lIIl. 11 CM; fVlM: nepB. nOIl. V B. 110 H. 1. [CMl1pHOB 1964,
c. 51] (Ta6Il. 61: 3).
.N'2 19 - nOliBeCKa Y311c'tHaSl. Dpoma. 10JKHoe llpl1ypaIlbe, OpeH6yprcKaSl 06Il., KypraHHaSl
rpynna nSITI1Mapbl I; MOr. 2, KYPr. 6, norp. KOHSI; lIIl. 10 CM; fVlM; nepB. nOIl. V B. 110 H. 1.
[CMl1pHOB 1964, c. 51; c. 322, pl1c. 29: 46]; (Ta6Il. 61: 4).
.N'2 20 - nO.i1BeCKa Y3.i1e'tllaSl. DpoH3a. 10JKHoe llpHypa.J1be, Opeu6yprcKaSl 06Il., KyprallHaSl
rpynna nSITI1Mapbl I, KYPr. 8. Ilorp. 3; .i1Il. 7,5 CM. fVlM. llcpBaSl nOII. VB. 110 H. 1. [CMl1pIlOB
1964, c. 51; c. 371, pl1c. 80: 5] (Ta6n. 61: 5).
.N'221 - nO.i1BCCKa Y3.i1e'tllaSl. Dpoma. lOJKHOC llpl1ypailbe, OpeH6yprcKaSl 06Il., KypraHiJaSl
rpynna «Me'tcT-CaH»; KYPr. 2, norp.2; OpeH6yprcKI1H MY3eH KpaCBe.i1CIII1S1; .i1I1. 7,5 CM; KOH.
VI-Ha't. VB..i10 II. 1. [CMl1pHOB 1964, c. 46, 49] (Ta6Il. 61: 6).
.N'2 22 - nO.i1BeCKa Y3.i1c'tHaSl. DpoH3a. lOJKHoe llpl1ypaJIbe (3anallHblH Ka3aXCTaH), AKTIO-
61111cKaSl 06Il., MOr. CblHTac, KYPr. 1, norp. 3; MY3eH apXCOIlOrl111 VlAH Ka3axcTalla, r. AilMa-
ATa; KOH. VI-V B..i10 H. 1. [Kallblp6aeB, KypMaHKYIIOB 1976, c. 145, pl1c. 6: 4]; (Ta6Il. 61: 7).
.N'2 23 - nO.i1BeCKa Y3.i1c'tHaSl. Dpoma. 10JKIIOC llpl1YpaJlbC (3alla.i1l1bIH Ka3aXCTaH), AKTIO-
611HcKaSl 06Il., MOr. CblllTac, KYPr. I, 1I0rp. 2. MY3CH apXCOIlOrl111 VlAH Ka3aXCTalla, r. AIlMa-
ATa; KOH. VI-V B..i10 1I. 1.. [Kallblp6aCB, KypMallKYIloB 1976, c. 150, pl1c. 10: 1]; (Ta6Il. 61: 8).
.N'2 24 - nO.i1BCCKa Y3.i1e'tllaSl. DpOll3a. 10JKlloe npl1ypa,lbe (3allaJjllblH Ka3axcTaH), AKTIO-
61111cKaSl 06Il., MOr. CblHTac, Kypr. 1, 1I0rp. 1. MY3eH apxeo.l0rl1l1 VlAH Ka3axcTaHa, r. AIlMa-
ATa [Kallblp6aCB, KYPMauKyIIOB 1976, c. 150, pl1c. 10: 2] (Ta6I1. 61: 9).
.N'2 25 - nO.i1BeCKa-KoIl'taHllbIH KpIOK. Dpoma. 10JKlloe llpl1YPaJIbe (3anallllblH Ka3aXCTaH),
AKTl0611HcKaSl 0611., MOr. CblllTac, Kypr. 2. MY3CH apXeOIlOr1111 VlAl-1 Ka3aXCTalla, r. AIlMa-ATa;
KOH. VI-V B..i10 11. 1. [Kallblp6aeo, KypMallKYIloB 1976, c. 156, pl1c. 16] (Ta6Il. 61: iO).
.N'2 26 - nO.i1BCCKa-Ko,l'taIlHhIH KpIOK. Dpoma. IOJKlloe llpl1YPaJIbC, Opell6yprcKaSl 06Il.,
Jll1l1oBKa, Kypr. 3 [CMl1pIlOB, nOnOB 1972, c. 8, pl1c. 4: A] (Ta6Il. 61: II).
.N'2 27 - nIlaCTI1H'taTaSl lIaKIlallKa lIa COCYJj. 30IlOTO. 10JKHOC llpl1ypailbe, Opell6yprcKaSl
06.1.. <l>I1Ill1l1nOBCKI1H Kyprall [f1wCHI1'tIlIOK 1989, pl1c. 3] (Ta6Il. 61: i2).
.N'2 28 - «pOJKOK ;:tIlSl Tp)'Ta» (?). Por. CCBepHaSl Kl1prI1311S1. 4YHcKaSl 1I0IlHHa; ropo.i1 H1 ue
CYKYIlYK, cIly'taHHaSl HaxO.i1Ka; l1Il. 16 CM: VI-VIII BB. II. 1. [EcpHIUTaM 1950] (Ta6Il. 61: 13).
.N'2 29 - 1l0.i1BeCKa (?). Por. 10JKllblH Ka3aXCTall; paHoH pCKI1 AIlMaaTI1I1KI1, cIly'taHHaSl Ha-
XO.i1Ka; .i1Il. 12,3 CM; f3, I1I1B. N 1655/1 [4cJKl1l1a 1991, c. 33, pl1c. I: 44] (Ta6JI. 61: 14).
.N'2 30 - nO.i1BeCKa. KIlblK Ka6alla. 3alla.illlblH KaBKa3; A6xa3I1S1, ropo,111lUe 3wcpa 6Ill13 Cy-
XYMI1, norpe6cHl1c: .i1Il. 9 CM; BTOp. non. VI B. ;:to II. 3. [WaM6a 1983, c. 33-35; c. 33, pl1c. 1]
(Ta6;1. 62: I).
.N'2 31 - nO.i1BeCKa Y3;:te'tllaSl. DpOlna. CeBcpHblH KaBKa3; 6. 4C'tCHo-VlHrymeTI1S1, 5Im,oH-
MOXKCKI1H MOrl1Ilblll1K, pa3Pywclllloe norpc6cHl1e; .i1Il. 13,8 CM; VI-V BB. .i10 11.1. [MaxopTblX
1987, c. 61; c. 59, pl1c. 3: I] (Ta6Il. 62: 2).
.N"2 32 - nO;]BCCKa. Dpoma. CeBepHblH KaBKa3; CCBcpHaSl OCeTl1S1, CBSlTI1IlI1Ule PeKoM
[CMl1pHOB 1964, c. 372, pl1c. 81: II; BI1Horpa::toB 1963, c. 185, pl1c. 7: 3] (Ta6I1. 62: 3).
.N"2 33 - 1l0.i1BCCKa. Dpoma. CeBepllblH KaBKa3, CTaHHl111 Ka36cK. KJlall. fVlM; .i1,1. 11,5 CM
[YBapoBa 1900, Ta6.1. XXI: i] (Ta6Il. 62: 4).
.N'2 34 - nO;JBeCKa. KIlblK Ka6aHa. CeBepHblH KaBKa3, 6. 4e'teHo-V1l1rywcTI1S1, noc. HOBO-
rp03HblH, pa3pywellHoe norpe6cHl1e; VI-V BB. .i10 H.1. [BI1HOrpallOB 1974, c.263; c.259.
pl1c. 4]. Pecny6nl1KaHcKI1H KpaeBe.i1'teCKI1H MY3CH (Ta6;1. 62: 5).
.N'2 35 - nO;JBeCKa. Dpoma. CeBepllblH KaBKa3. 6. 4e'tcHo-VillryweTI1S1, noc. HOBorp03HbiH,
Pa3PYWc,Hlloe norpe6cHl1e; VI-V BB. ;:to H. 1. [BI1HOrpallOB 1974, c. 263; C. 259, pl1c. 5]. Pec-
ny6;111KaHcKI1H KpaCBe;J'teCKI1H My3eH (Ta6I1. 62: 6).
.N'2 36 - nO;:tBeCKa. K.%IK Ka6aHa. CeBepHblH KaBKa3; Ky6aHb. PaCKOnKI1 H. VI. BcceIloB-
CKoro 1917 r. (?): .i1Jl. 8,4 CM; f3, I1HB. N 2543/9 [4eJKI1Ha 1991, C. 33, pl1c. 1: 2/] (Ta6Il. 62: 7).
.N'2 37 - nO.i1BeCKa KIl 6 C ..
KpacHoc 3HaMSI KYP i. VI IK Ka alia. eBcpHblH KaBKa3; Ky6aHb, CTaBponOIlbCKI1H KpaH, xYT
Ko 38 _ n B r., B..i10 H. 1. [neTpCHKO 1983, C. 44-47] (Ta6Il. 62: 8). .
KI1CeIl B 1951, T 6; ;;{ I SI ] . ( DP m /; ) TaH, TYSlxTa, Kypr. 6 [PY.i1eHKO 1960, c. 20, pl1c. 9;
Xo 39 _ Ta Il. . .
Cultur , N 122]0 :a CIl a6J '. CTcnHoH AmaH; MOr. I06I1IleHHbiH; 400--200 rr. .i10 H. 1. [Altai
BKIlc: a Ta6 ' KIlblK Ka6aHa. TYBa; MOrl1IlbHI1K AHMbipIlbir [ApxeoIlorl1S1 CCCP, UBCTII.
.N'2 41 - nO.i1BeCKa. K.%IK Ka6aHa Ty a' flu
pl1c. 69] (Ta6Il. 63: 4). . B, MOr. ,cvJKepIll1r-XoBY3Y, Kypr. 2 [fpa't 1980, C. 207,
.N'2 42 - nO.i1BeCKa. KIlblK Ka6aHa. TYBa; MOr. Kow-neH K r 2' IV .
1994, . 42, fig. 3; K IlYHoBcKaSl 1994, C. 116, pl1c. 1: 32] (Ta6Il. j: '5): B. .i10 H. 1. [ScmlOnov
.N"L 43 - nca.J111 H. Por. AIlTaH, C. DOIlbwaSl Pe'tKa 6Ill13 r Da H .
N 162 0 8/146 [fpSl3110B 1956, C. 88, Ta6Il. XXIV: 11] (Ta6Il. 63: '6). p aYIla, .i1Il. 14,8 CM; f3, I1HB.
.N'L 44 - HaKOHe'tHI1K (?). Dpoma. MOllrOIlI1W .i1Il 22 86 .
22 1 rr .i10 [B k Ch . ' . , CM, 'taCTHoe c06 p aHl1e' 481
. H.1. un er, alwin, Farkas 1970, p. 123 N 98] (Ta6I1 63' 7 ,-
.N'2 45 - nO.i1BeCKa. DpOll3a UeHTpaJIbHaSl A' K .. ).
pI. XXXVIII: 8] (Ta6Il. 63: 8). . 311S1. OIlIleKljl1S1 C. T. 11y [Salmony 1933,
.N'2 46 - nIlaCTI1Ha. KIlblK Ka6aHa. TYBa K r A .
VII BB..i10 H. 1. [fpSl3HOB 1980 C 36]' TYBI1 '.. yp. pJKall. KaMepa 266, .i1Il. 7,8 CM. VIII-
.N'2 47 _ nO.i1BeCKa fle ,. , HCKI1H K aCBe.i1'teCKI1H MY3CH, r. Kbl3blIl (Ta6Il. 63: 9).
No . ,LI, pCBO, n030IlOTa. AIlTaH WI1611HCKI1H KYP a' 64
4888/119 [DapKoBa 1985, C. 33, pl1c. 2 ] (Ta6Il. 63: iO). r H, .i1Il. , CM; f3, I1HB.
.N'2 48 - nO.i1BCCKa Y3.i1e'tHaSl. LJ,epcBo. AIlTaH' lla3bl blK K' 1
I1HB. N 1295/... [PY.i1CIIKO 1953, Ta6Il. XLII: 2] (Ta6II. 63: P i 1): ) pr. ,KOMnIlCKT 9; .i1Il. 7 CM; f3,
.N"2 49 - nO.i1BeCKa Y3.i1e'tllaSl. KnblK Ka6alla. AJlTaH' C K aCHOII
DI1HCKI1H KpaeBe.i1'tcCKI1H MY3eH [CeprecB 1946 C. 290 ] ( : 6' 6 P 3 ' 12 pCKOe, Kypr. 1; .i1I1. 5,6 CM;
.N' 50 ' 1 a Il. . ).
- - nO.i1BecKa. Dpoma. 3anallllaSl Cl16l1pb' fI 11 6
CTenallOBCKI1H Kiiall [KocapeB 1984 C 185 24 " 5] P ° 6 be, KYIlbTOBOC MeCTO 6Ill13 r. TOMcKa.
Ko 51 ,. , pl1c. . (Ta Il. 63: i3).
- - nO.i1BeCKa Y3.i1c'tllaSl. Dpoma 3allaLlilaSl CI1611 b' 11 6
KYPr. :9 [TpOI1UKaSl, DOP,?.i10BCKI1H 1994, c: 94, pl1c. 23: 5] ( a6Il. ; i : Mor. HOBblH Wapall I,
.N'L 52 - Kon'tallHbl11 KpIOK. Dpoma. AIlTaH; C H 6 .. ..
'teCK : rCH , r. DapHay [ViBalloo, MC.i1I1I1KOBa 1982,0::c tl '( 3 iIl; HCKI1H KpaeBe.i1-
- KOIl'taHHblH KpIOK. Dpoma. UellTpaJlbllaSl A3 . M
C. T. 11y [Sa1mony 1933, pI. XVIII: i] (Ta6Il. 63: i6). 11S1, I1Hycl1HcKaSl CTenb. KOIlIleKul1S1
f3, ::B ; 1 ,vK:.b 1 alt 'K u e ;;6 1 11 tIlacBOH: Kypr. 3; .i1Il. 7,8 CM;
I; 4eJKI1ua 1991, C. 33, pl1c. 1: 33] (Ta6Il. 64: i). ,. ,. , pl1c. I, 1976, C. 133, pl1C. 8:
K TA M .N"2 55 - nO.i1BeCKa. KIlblK Ka6aHa. 11cB06epeJKbe flHen p a. D bIBWa "
YJ I1HB No D 2 278 [51 ,LI, n KOIlIleKUI1S1 XaHcIIKo;
, . - KOBeHKoI969,c.201,pHc.l:4](Ta6Il.64'2)
.N'2 56 - nO.i1BCCKa. KIlblK Ka6alla 10JK .. D . X '.
IlpI1CTaHb; py6eJK V-Ha't IV . lI [ bIH.. yr, epcollcKaSl 06Il., rOpO.i1I1U1e fIly60KaSl
('ra6Il. 64: 3). . B..i10 11. 1. DYHCKI1X, OCTpOBCpXOB 1994, C. 36, pl1c. 1: i]
.N'2 57 - nO.i1BCCKa. KIlblK Ka6aHa npl1.i1He ,. P ..
[XaHeHKo, II C 36 Ta6Il II' 5i2' 51" npoBbc, OMCHCKI1H ye3.i1, paCKOIIKI1 Ma3apaKI1
.N1 58 ,., .. ,KOBCHKO 1969, C. 201, pl1c. 1: 8] (Ta6Il. 64: 4)
2 - nO.i1BeCKa. KIlblK Ka6aHa 11e 6 LJ, .
KVlM, I1HB. N D-2277 [51KoBeHKo 1969' "); CpeJKb.e Henpa. DblBwaSl KOIlIleKUI1S1 XaHeHKo;
.N1 59 ' C. . pl1C. l. 2] (Ta6Il. 64: 5).
5 8 C 1 2 K - nO.i1BecKa.. (?), O IlOMOK. KIlblK Ka6aHa. Kl1pOBOrpallCKaSl 06Il. C. Me.i1C p OBO' 1'1
, '. I1pOBOrpa::tCKI1H MY3ew ne p B V [ '.. ' , , .-
KO 1969 201 .. nOIl. B. 110 H. 1. DOKI1H 1977 c.269 pl1C 6' i' 51KoBeH-
, C. , pl1c. 1: i] (Ta6J1. 64: 6) , "'.
.N"2 60 - nO.i1BeCKa. Dpoma llpaB 6 . C
nepB. nOIl. V B. .i10 H. 3. [neTpe KO 1964 epe )l(be pe.i1He1'O npHLlHenpOBbSl, C. MaKeCBKa, KYPr. 4;
(Ta6,1. 64: 7). ' C. 97; Ta6Il. 29: i 3; 51KoBeHKo 1969, C. 201, pl1c. 1: 5]
.N'2 61 - nO;:tBeCKa. DpoH3a. nacTblpcKoe ro 0 ." -
VIA AH YKpal1Hbl [51KoBeHKo 1969 C 201 ' 6 P 11 11 lUe, c.ly'taHllaSl HaXO.i1Ka 19)5 r. <l>OH.i1bl
,. .] (Ta6Il. 64: 8).
.N'2 62 - nO.i1BeCKa. DpoH3a KypraHHblH
B. B. XBOHKO [51KoBcHKo 1969 201 1 MOrl1IlbHI1K y llacTblpcKoro rOpO.i1l11ua, paCKOnKI1
,. ,pl1c.: 7 (?)] (Ta6Il. 64: 9).
126
117
Kg 63 - nOLlBeCKa. KIlblK Ka6aHa. f1paB06cpeJKbe )J,Henpa, )!(ypOBKa (H3BeCTeH no PHCYHKY
D. 3. Pa6HHOBH'ta) [51KoBeHKo 1969, c. 20 I: 3] ('ra6J1. 64: 10).
Kg 64 - nOLlBeCKa. KIlblK Ka6aHa. Docnop (?); HaHLlcH B HCKpOnOJle f1aHTHKaneSl; LlJ\. 13,5 CM;
f3, HHB. N fl. 1894.44. KOH. I-Ila't. IT B. 11.3. [XYLlOJKCCTBeHHoe peMeCIlO, c. 346] (Ta6Il. 64: 11).
Kg 6S - nOLlBeCKa. KIlblK Ka6aHa. npaB06epeJKbC )J,Henpa, fYJlSlH-ropoLl [D06pHHCKHH 1894,
Ta6Il. II: 2; 51KoBeHKo 1969, c. 201, pHC. 1: 9] (Ta6J1. 64: 12).
Kg 6Sa - nO)1BeCKa. K.'1blK Ka6alla. OnHIlliiSlIIKa. BTop. nOIl. VI B. LlO 11.3. [51KoBeHKo 1969,
c. 206]. XapbKoBcKHH MY3eH (H306paJKeHHe OTcYTCTByeT).
Kg 66 - nCaJlHH. Por. AmaH; MOl'. TaJIllYP I, KYPr. 4. BTOp. nOJl. VI-nepB. nO,l. V B. LlO II. 1.
[MorH.%HHKOB, EJlHH 1982, c. 105, pHC. 2] (Ta6I1. 65: 1).
Kg 67, 68 - nCaJlHH. Por. fOpHblH AiiTaH; )10JlHHa AIlaroHII; Mor. DopoTaIl, KYPr. 19 [Map-
TblHOB, KYJleM3HH, MapTblHoBa 1985, c. 161, pl1c. 8: 2, 7] (Ta6Il. 65: 2,3).
Kg 69 - ncaJlHH. Por. IOJKllblH AmaH; MOr. KOK-cy I, Kypr.26. f3; V-IV BB. LlO II. 1.,
MOJKeT 6blTb, III B. J10 H. 3. [COpOKHH 1967, c. 157] (Ta6Il. 65: 4).
Kg 70 - ncaIlHH. Por. AmaH; MOr. A3pOLlpOMHblH, norp. 11; V-III, V-IV BB. LlO H.1.
[KYHrypoB 1981, c. 189] (Ta6Il. 65: 5).
Kg 71 - nCaJlHH. Por. AJlTaH. KOIlIlcKuHSI f1:H. <1JpoIlOBa; fVlM (Ta6Il. 65: 6).
Kg 72 - ncaIlHH. Por. AmaH. KOJl.leKUHSI fl. H. <1JpOJlOBa; fVlM (Ta6Il. 65: 8).
Kg 73 - nCaJlHH. KOCTb (por?). DCHTpaIlbHblH KaBKa3: oKpecTHocTH KHCIIoBoLlcKa; V-
IV BB. LlO H. 3. [BHllOrpMoB 1963, c. 320, pHC. 4: 7] (Ta6Il. 65: 7).
K2 74 - nCaJlHH. KOCTb (po!"?). npHKaMbe; IlCBblH 6cper p. BSlTKH, AprblJKCKOe ropoLlHIUC.
V-III BB. LlO 11.3. [36pyeBa 1952, c. 62, TaGIl. XII: 12] (Ta6Il. 65: 9).
Kg 7S - PY'IKa 6pOl130BOrO 3cpKaiia. KOCTb. 10JKlIoe f1pHYPaJIbC; C060IlcBcKaSl BOIlOCTb
(OpcH6yprcKaSl 06Il.), KypraH. CaMapcKHH KpaCBCJl'tecKHH MY3eH [Grakov 1928, p.57, fig. 43]
(Ta6Il. 65: 10).
Kg 76 - PY'tKa 6p01l30BOrO 3CpKaJla. KOCTb. 10JKHOC f1pHypaJIbC; OpeH6yprcKaSl 06J1.; MOr.
y c. Capa, Kypr. 3; V-IV BB.)10 H. 1. [BacHIlbeB, <1JeLlopoB 1994, c. 125, 126] (Ta6Il. 65: I I).
Kg 77 - nO)1BCCKa. KIlblK Ka6aHa, OKpeCTHOCTH 1'. Kep'tH [TYPOBCKHH 2004, c. 247] (Ta6Il. 64: 1).
rJIaBa V
OCHOBHMEKOMrr03MQMOHHMErrPMH HrrM
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)J(eTOM I1CKYCCTBa paHHI1X K04eBHI1KOB EBpa31111 5IBJ151eTC5I Tep3aHI1e 11 60pb6a )J(11-
BOTHbIX. CL(eHbI Tep3aHI151 MorYT paCCMaTpI1BaTbC5I KaK )l,OMHHl1pYIO a51 TeMa «3Be-
pl1HOrO CTI1J15J:», BO MHorOM onpe)l,eJ151IO a51 H KOMn03HL(110HHble oc06eHHOCTI1 1130-
6pa3l1TeJ1bHOrO )l,eKopa, nOCKOJ1bKY 4a e Bcero HMeHHO B Ka4eCTBe Y4aCTHI1KOB
TaKoro npOTI1B060pCTBa BbIcTynalOT 300Mopcjmbie nepCOHa)J(H B HCKYCCTBe paHHHX
K04eBHI1KOB. f10):(06Hble CL(eHbl 113BeCTHbI Ha Be ax KaK CKH<pCKOH, TaK H capMaT-
CKOH 3nox BO BceM apeaJ1e KYJ1bTypHoro cpeHOMeHa, n0J1Y4HBwero Ha3BaHHe 3Be-
pl1HOrO CTI1J151, pacnpOCTpaHeHHoro B CKl1cpO-CH6HpCKOM Ml1pe B 1-M TbIC. )].0 H. 3.
Ha Teppl1TOpl111 CTenHOH, J1eCOCTenHOH 11 4aCTI14HO ropHOH n0J10CbI H 5IBJ151IO erO-
C5J: OTpa)J(eHHeM onpe)l,eJ1eHHOH CTa)l,HI1 B MHpOB033peHI1I1, Ha KOTOpOH )l,J151 BbIpa-
)J(eHI151 nOCJ1e)l,HerO I1Cn0J1b30BaJ1C5I 300MOpcpHbIH KO)]..
3aHI1Ma5\:, KaK npaBI1J10, L(eHTpaJ1bHOe MeCTO B CI1CTeMe )l,eKopa, CL(eHbl Tep3a-
HI151, HeCOMHeHHO, I1MelOT CJ10)J(HYIO ceMaHTH4eCKYIO HarpY3KY, 3aKJ1IO ' laIOT B ce6e
Hal160J1ee BIDKHoe CO)l,ep)J(aHl1e H 5IBJ151IOTC5I KJJI04eBOH n0311L(l1eH no OTHOWeHl11O
KO BceMY 11306pa3I1TeJ1bHOMY )l,eKOpy. CO)l,ep)J(aTeJ1bHa51 CTopOHa CL(eH Tep3aHI151 11
60pb6bI )J(I1BOTHbIX HeH3MeHHO npHBJ1eKaeT HCCJ1e)].OBaTeJ1eH KYJ1bTYP eBpa3I1HCKHX
K04eBHI1KOB. 3aMaH411BOH 3a)l,a4eH eCTeCTBeHHO CTaHOBI1TC5I )l,eWl1cppOBKa CO)l,ep-
)J(aHI151 nO)l,06HbIX CL(eH. EH nOCB5I eHbI Hanl1CaHHble B pa3Hoe BpeM5I )].OCTaT04HO
MHOr04I1CJ1eHHble 11 pa3Ho06pa3HbIe no no)l,Xo)].y pa60Tbi C npOTl1BOpe4I1BbIMI1 Bbl-
BO)l,aMI1. f1p06J1eMa CeMaHTI1KI1 TaKI1X KOMn0311L(I1H peWaJ1aCb B COOTBeTCTBl111 C
TpeM5J: KOHuenUI151MI1 I1HTepnpeTaUl111 3BepHHoro CTI1J151; TOTeMI1CTH4eCKOH, Marl1-
4eCKOHI1 Ml1cp0J10rI14eCKOH [KY3bMI1Ha 1987, c. 4--6].
f1epBa51 113 HI1X n03B0J151J1a BI1)1,eTb B CL(eHaX Tep3aHI151 OTpa)J(eHl1e 60pb6bl )l,BYX
TOTeMOB npe)l,KOB-pO)l,OHa4aJ1bHI1KOB B 06pa3ax )J(I1BOTHbIX (A. AJ1bCPOJ1b)l,l1, )J:. Kap-
Tep, 3. <1>apKaw, A.)J:. rpa4, 8. 8. rOJ1bMCTeH). 8Topa51 KOHL(enL(l151 (K. WecpOJ1b)l"
11.8.5IL(eHKO, r. A. <1>e)].opoB-)J:aBbl)l,oB, A. M. Xa3aHOB, A. 11. WKypKO, M. 11. Ap-
TaMOHOB 11 )l,p.) 06'b5lCH5IeT Tpa)l,l1L(111O 11306pIDKeHI151 CL(eH 60pb6bl )J(I1BOTHbIX L(e-
J1blO Marl14eCKI1 Ha)l,eJ1I1Tb npe)l,MeT, Hecywl1H TaKOH )].eKop, 11 ero BJ1a)].eJ1bL(a 4ep-
TaMI1 11 CBoHCTBaMI1, npl1cYwl1MI1 3TI1M )J(I1BOTHbIM. TpeTb51 KOHL(enUH5I - MI1CPO-
J10rH, 4eCKa51 n0J1Y4I1BW<UI B nOCJ1e)l,Hee BpeM5I Hal160J1bwylO nonYJ151pHOCTb 11 npl1-
HI1MaeMa51 60J1bWI1HCTBOM I1CCJ1e)l,OBaTeJ1eH, - npe)l,cTaBJ151eT MOTHB Tep3aHI15J:
XI1 HI1KOM TpaB05J:)I,Horo )J(I1BOTHOro KaK np05lBJ1eHl1e )l,YaJ1113Ma, oTpIDKeHHe 60pb-
6bI npOTI1BOnOJ1o)J(HocTeH B npl1po)l,e (8.11. A6aeB, K. 8. TpeBep, r. A. nyra4eH-
KOBa, C. 11. PY)l,eHKO, 8. r. J1YKOHI1H, c. )J:. PaeBCKI1H, A. K. AKI1WeB, 13. H. M030-
J1eBCKI1H, C. C. l3eccoHoBa, E. E. KY3bMI1Ha 11 )l,p.).
9 3aK, 3085
129
OT)].aBa51 npe)].nO'neHl-le TpeTbeH 1-13 nepeYI-ICJ1eHHbIX KOHL(em.lI-lH, CJ1e)].yeT
nO)].yepKHYTb, YTO OHa He I-ICKJ1lOyaeT npI-lCYTCTBI-I5I Marl-lyeCKOrO 1-1 TOTeMI-ICTl-Iye-
CKoro 3Ha<leHI-I5I no)].06HblX 1-1306pa)l(eHI-IH. LITO KaCaeTC5I TOTeMI-ICTl-IyeCKI-IX npe)].-
CTaBJ1eHI-IH, TO, 5IBJ15151Cb apXeTl-lnl-lyeCKI-IMI-I )].J151 )].peBHeHwero Ml-lpOB033peHI-I5I, OHI-I
Hel-l36e)l(HO )].OJ1)1(Hbl 6blJ11-1 OpraHI-IYHO BOHTI-I B Ml-lcp0J10r1-lYeCKl-le TeKCTbl 1-1, COOT-
BeTCTBeHHO, HaHTI-I OTpmKeHl-le 1-1 B 1-1306pa3I-1TeJ1bHOM TBOpYeCTBe.
E. E. KY3bMI-IHa, CCblJ1a5lCb Ha BbIBO)].bl npe)].weCTBeHHI-IKOB, B5I3bIBaeT co)].ep-
)l(aHl-le CL(eH Tep3aHI-I5I C aCTpOHOMl-IyeCKI-IM acneKTOM 1-1 CMeHOI-I BpeMeH ro)].a 1-1
npI-lXO)].I-IT K 3aKJ1lOyeHI-lIO, YTO caKO-CKl-lcpbl paCCMaTpl-lBaJH1 CL(eHbl Tep3aHI-I5I KaK
«1-I)].eHHbIH CI-IMBOJ1 - BeceHHero B03pO)l()].eHI-I5I 1-1 L(apCKOro MorYllleCTBa» [KY3b-
MI-IHa 1987, c. 9].
E. E. KY3bMI-IHa, CneL(l-IaJ1bHa5I CTaTb51 KOTOpOH nOCB5IllleHa paCWl-lcppoBKe ceMaH-
TI-IKI-I CL(eHbl Tep3aHI-I5I, c)].eJ1aJ1a nonbITKY YCTaHOBI-ITb 1-1 npOCJ1e)].I-ITb pa3BI-ITl-le :no-
ro MOTI-IBa B eBpa31-1HCKOM I-ICKyccTBe. CCblJ1a51Cb Ha MHeHI-I5I I-ICCJ1e)].OBaTeJ1el-l ne-
pe)].Hea3l-1aTCKOro I-ICKyccTBa 06 aCTpaJ1bHO-KOCM0J10rl-lyeCKOM xapaKTepe no)].06-
HblX KOMn031-1L(I-IH [KY3bMI-IHa 1987, c. 4-7] 1-1 npI-lBo)].5I c06cTBeHHbie aprYMeHTbl,
OHa npI-IXO)].I-IT K BbIBO)].Y 0 TOM, YTO CeMaHTI-IKa CL(eH Tep3aHI-I5I CBO)].I-ITC5I K CI-IMBO-
J1I-1Ke BeceHHero B03pO)l()].eHI-I5I 1-1 L(apCKOro MorYllleCTBa [KY3bMI-IHa 1987, c. 9].
P(3)].eJ15151 B L(eJ10M n031-1L(1-I1O E. E. KY3bMI-IHOH 1-1 )].PYrI-IX I-ICCJ1e)].oBaTeJ1eH, npe)].-
J1aralOllll-IX nO)].XO)].I-ITb K paCWl-lcppoBKe CeMaHTI-IKI-I 3Bepl-lHOrO CTI-IJ151 C yyeTOM Bbl-
COKOH CTeneHI-I pa3BI-ITI-I5I )].YXOBHOH KYJ1bTypbl CKl-lcpo-cl-I6l-1pCKOro Ml-lpa 1-1 HaJ1I-1YI-I5I
pa3BI-ITOH M I-IcpoJ1orl-l 1-1, 51 Bce )l(e HaX )I(Y B03MO)l(H IM YCOMHI-ITbC5I B HeKoTopblX
KOHKpeTHblx BbIBO)].ax E. E. KY3bMI-IHOI-I, nonblTaBWel-lC5I pacKpblTb CeMaHTI-IKY L(eHT-
paJ1bHOH TeMbl B CKl-lcpo-cI-I6I-1pCKOM I-ICKyccTBe 'lepe3 npl-l3MY CTpaJ1bHO-KOCMO:
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pOHa )].peBHero I-ICKYCCTBa ype3BblyaHHO CJ10)l(Ha, npe)].CTaBJ151eTC5I B03MO)l(HbiM )].0-
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J1I-1Cb B 300MopcpHble 06pa3bl CKl-lcpO-C1I6I-1pCKOrO 3Bepl-lHOrO CTI-IJ151, 1-1, Bep05ITHO,
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TOro J1bBa, )].ep)l(alllero B naCTI-I )].BYX MepTBblx ryceH [Py)].eHKo 1953, Ta6J1. C: 1], 1-1
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I-IHe r. A30Ba [6eCnaJ1bIH 1992, c. 187, pl-lc. 11] (Ta6J1. 50: 5). vl3BecTHbl MHOroYI-IC-
J1eHHble 1-1 pa3Ho06pa3Hble 1-1306pa3l-1TeJ1bHble Bapl-laHTbl CL(eH 60pb6bl 1-1 Tep3aHI-I5I,
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na3blpblKCKI1X KypraHax) KOHl1 6blJll1 YJlO)l(eHbl B 1\10rl1JlY I1MeHHO B TaKOH n03e.
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TeJlbHOM KOHTeKCTe TeMbl CMepTI1 npe,UCTaBJlMeTCM BeCbMa BepOMTHbIM.
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3Bepl1HOrO CTI1JlM )l(I1BOTH blX, KOTopble 06bl'IHO paCCMaTpl1BalOTCM KaK nOBep)l(eH-
Hble [KI1CeJleB 1951, c. 386], a I1Hor.ua, B03MO)l(HO, MepTBble. 3TO 11306pmKeHI1M
)l(I1BOTHbIX C «nepeKpY'IeHHblM TYJlOBl1ll1.eM». npl1 3TOM nepe,UHMM 'IaCTb )l(I1BOTHO-
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IO)I(HOH CI1611pl1 [Py,UeHKo 1953, c. 274-277, p11C. 157-161; Ta6Jl. LXXXIi; 1;
CYI: 1; ApTaMoHoB 1973, c. 133, pl1c. 180]. TpaKToBKa 3TOH HeeCTeCTBeHHOH no-
3bl cOBepweHHo HeO,UH03Ha'IHa. C. VI. Py,UeHKo, Hanpl1Mep, BI1,UeJl B TaKOH HKOHO-
rpacpHl1 BOCnp0I13Be,UeHl1e 6erylll.ero )l(HBOTHOro [Py,UeHKo 1960, c. 300-301]. OpH-
mHaJlbHYIO TpaKToBKY npe):\Jlo)l(I1Jl P. C. MI1HaCMH, no,UoH,UM K np06JleMe C T0'IKI1
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aJlbHO cpl1KCl1pyeMoro 06'beKTa, CKOJlbKO CBoero npe,UCTaBJleHI1M 0 HeM [MI1HaCMH
1993, c. 32-33]. CJlO)l(HaM 3a,Ua'Ia nJlOCKOCTHoro BocnpOl13Be,UeHI1M TpexMepHblx
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KOMn0311Ul10HHOMY npl1eMY, nOCTpoeHHOMY Ha S-06pa3HOH pl1TMI1'IeCKOH JlIIIHlI1,
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CMepTI1 11 B3aHMOOTHOWeHI151 3THX )J.BYX MHpoB033peH4eCKI1X KaTeropHH. B03MO)K-
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EBpa3I1H pa3BHToH MHcpOJlOrH4eCKoH OCHOBbl, peaJIH30BaHHoH B 11306pa3HTeJlbHOH
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cpaKT, 4TO MI1pOB033peHHe 6blJlO )J.ocTaTo'IHo 6J1113KHM Ha O'leHb WlfpOKOH TeppH-
TOpl1H Ha npOT5I)KeHHI1 )J.JlI1TeJlbHOrO BpeMeHI1, 4eM 11 06'b5lCH5IeTC5I npeeMcTBeH-
HOCTb B 06pa3HOH CI1CTeMe H HKoHorpacpl11f 3Bepl1Horo CTI1J151 CKl1cpCKOH H capMaT-
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K04eBHHKOB EBpa3I1H Ha npl1Mepax HH)KHerO nOBOmKb5l11 IO)KHoro npl1ypaJIb5l.
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()J.Jl5I HH)KHerO nOBOJl)Kb51 11 IO)KHoro npHypaJIb51 TaKa5I HKoHorpacpl151 )J.Jl5I XHlllHI1-
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nTHU) HJlH TOJlbKO rOJlOBbl ()J.Jl5I Bcex KaTeropHH 300MOpcpHblX 06pa30B). l.{pe3Bbl-
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pblX O)J.HH BblcTynalOT B Ka4eCTBe OCHOBHbIX, )J.pyrHe - B Ka4eCTBe )J.onOJlHHTeJlb-
HblX H306pa)KeHHH (MO)KHO OTMeTHTb oc06eHHO H3J1106J1eHHble )J.onoJl HeHI151 B B(1)J.e
nTH4beH rOJlOBKH n03a)J.H yxa OCHOBHoro 06pa3a; rOJlOBbl nTI1Llbl I1J1H )KHBOTHoro
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OC06ylO KaTeropHIO COCTaBJl5IlOT KOMn03I1LlI1H, )J.eMOHCTpHpYlOllll1e KOM6HHa-
LlI1IO 300MOPCPHbiX 06pa30B B CLleHax 60Pb6bl, Kor)J.a nOJlO)KeHl1e )J.eHCTBYlOlllHX
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MaTepHaJIy H Ha3Ha4eHI1lO (13)J.eJlH5IX cBH)J.eTeJlbcTByeT 0 60JlbWOM MacTepcTBe, Ha-
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cpH4ecKHMH B03MO)KHOCT5IMH. 3TO HaXO)J.I1T CBoe OTpa)KeHl1e B YMeHHI1 BnHcaTb B
3a)J.aHHoe npocTpaHcTBo BCIO KOMn03HLlI1IO, 6J1ecT5Illle peaJIH30BaB pHTMI14eCKI1e
3aKoHoMepHocTH H oT60p cpopMo06pa3YlO1lll1x cpe)J.cTB. Oc060 HY)KHO OTMenfTb
rpacpH4HocTb 11 nJlacTHKY 11306pa)KeHHH H rapMOH111O C04eTaHI1H 3THX Ka4eCTB B
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JleHI151 YTHJlHTapHblx npe)J.MeToB 6blJla He e)J.I1HCTBeHHOH H He rnaBHOH. EBpa3HH-
CKI1H 3BepHHblH CTI1J1b He06xo)J.I1MO paCCMaTpHBaTb B Henocpe)J.CTBeHHOH CB5I311 C
YTI1J1I1TapHbIM Ha3Ha4eHI1eM (13)J.eJlI1H, I1MelOlllHX XY)J.O)KeCTBeHHoe ocpopMJleHl1e.
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oc06eHHOCTeH MaTepl1aJIa 11 CPYHKLlHOHaJIbHOH npe)J.Ha3Ha4eHHOCTH BelllH. CJle)J.yeT
nO)J.4epKHYTb, 4TO Bce nepe4HCJleHHbie xapaKTepHCTHKIf B )J.peBHOCTI1, KaK npaBI1-
JlO, 6blJlH CB5I3aHbl e)J.I1HOH CeMaHTI14eCKOH OCHOBOH.
nOCKOJlbKY HCKYCCTBO 3Bepl1Horo CTHJl5I )J.OJl)KHO paCCMaTpHBaTbC5I KaK 300-
MOpcpHblH KO)J., TO Bce rn06aJIbHbie npe)J.CTaBJleHI151 0 Ml1pe 11 Hal160Jlee Ba)KHbIX
np05lBJleHI151X ero CTPYKTYPbl 11 CYlllHOCTI1 )J.OJl)KHbl 6blJlH nepe)J.aBaTbC5I nocpe)J.CT-
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300MopcpHoro )J.eKopa. 06bl'IHb1M )J.Jl5I HCKYCCTBa 3BepHHoro CTHJl5I 51BJl5IeTC5I TpaK-
TOBKa caMoro npe)J.MeTa KaK TeJla )KHBOTHoro. 3TO onpe)J.eJl5leT pa3MellleHlfe 3J1e-
MeHToB B KOMn03HLlHI1 )J.eKopa (HanpI1Mep, KJlbIK-no)J.BecKa, paCCMaTpl1BaeMblH KaK
cpHrypa 3Bep5l, nOJlY4aeT ocpopMJleHl1e Wl1pOKOH 4aCTI1 11306pmKeHI1eM rOJlOBbl
XHlllHI1Ka, Ha MeCTe nJle4a 11 6e)J.pa pacnOJlaralOTC5I pa3J1114Hble H306pa311TeJlbHble
HJlH opHaMeHTaJIbHble MOTI1Bbl, TaKI1M 06pa30M, COXpaH5IeTC5I TeMnepaLlH5I 300MOpcp-
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pe)J.YLlHpOBaHHbIX 11306pmKeHHH H HX KOM611HaLlHH Ha H306pa3HTeJlbHOM nOJle. To
eCTb B Ka4eCTBe O)J.Horo H3 cnoc060B xY)J.O)KeCTBeHHoro cpopMo06pa30BaHI151 HC-
nOJlb3yeTc5I CHHeK)J.oxa (nepe)J.a4a LleJloro 4epe3 ero 4aCTb I1J1H npe)J.cTaBJleHl1e ero
KaK 4aCTH 60JlbWero), 4TO 3aKoHoMepHo npHBo)J.I1T K YCI1J1eHHIO YCJlOBHOCTI1, CTI1-
JlH3aLlHH H )J.eKopaTI1BHOCTI1 np0I13Be)J.eHHH. BecbMa pacnpocTpaHeHHblM KOMn0311-
UHOHHblM npHeMoM 51R1151eTC5I YKpallleHl1e npe)J.MeTOB ynUIHTapHoro Ha:ma4eHH5I, HMeIO-
134
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n e,UMeTbI I1MelOT l1,UeHT114HbIe OKOH4aHI151 (nCaJ1HI1 113 XOWeYTOB HOBOnpI1BOJlb
H rO 0411ll.\a AJle6aCTpOBa ropa). BCTpe4aeTC5I 11 XapaKTepHbII1 ,UJl5I CKl1cpCKOI1
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l1nl14H 10 XapaKTepHCTI1KY I1CKYCCTBa 3Bepl1HOrO CTI1J151: 06bl4aH I1CnOJlb30BaTb B
X O)/(e TBeHHbIX 113,UeJlI151X B Ka4eCTBe CaMOCT05lTeJlbHOrO 3J1eMeHTa cpparMeHTbI 11
YoU 6 H I1H r"e OHH "'l1r yp l1pYIOT KaK 4aCTI1 HeKoero LleJlOro.
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O,UHaKO KaK 11 Cepl151 pOrOBbIX nCaJ1l1eB 113 IO)/(HOH CI1611pl1 11 AJlTa5l, B Ka4eCTBe
HaH60Jl e XapaKTepHOH CXeMbI xY,UO)/(eCTBeHHOrO ,UeKOpa I1MelOT Ha Wl1pOKO
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nTI1Llbl 11J111 rpl1cpOHa, pe)/(e - Ka6aHa 11J111 XI1ll.\HI1Ka C ,UJlHHHOI1 MOp,UOI1. B HeKO-
TOpbIX CJlY4a5lX OcpOpMJl5IJlC5I rOJlOBKOH XI1ll.\HI1Ka TOJlbKO Wl1pOKl111 KOHeLl KJlbIKa.
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ypaJ1bCKOrO perl10Ha, HO BCTpe4alOll.\I1XC5I 11 B naM5ITHI1KaX H(1)/(HerO OOBOJl)/(b51
(HI1KOJlbCKoe) TaK)/(e 4aCTO I1MelOT Ha KOHLle 300MOPCPHYIO rOJlOBKY.
B CKl1cpo- 116I1PCKOM 3Bepl1HOM CTI1J1e B LleJlOM 11 B ero JlOKaJ1bHbJX Bapl1aHTaX
B perl10HaX H(1)/(HerO OOBOJl)/(b51 11 IO)/(Horo OpI1YPaJ1b51 3aMeTHa TeH,UeHLlI151 K I1C-
nOJlb30BaHI11O pa3J1114Hb1X Tl1nOB CI1MMeTpl1l1 KaK cpe,UCTBa cpopMo06pa30BaHI151 11
rapMOHI1I1. B I-M TbIC. ,UO H. 3. B I1CKYCCTBe HapO,UOB EBpa31111 y)/(e aKTI1BHO I1C-
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1111. K 3TOMY BpeMeHI1 B apCeHaJ1e xY,UO)/(eCTBeHHoro TBop4eCTBa I1MeIOTC5I BC
eMb BI1,UOB CI1MMeTpl1l1, Ha 6a3e KOTOpbIX CTp05lTC5I pl1TMI14eCKI1e KOMn03I1LJ,I1I1.
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BOpOTOM Ha 180 0 BOKpyr oceH, nepneH,UI1KYJl5lPHbIX nJlOCKOCTI1 4epTe)/(a; nepeHoc
nOCJle,UOBaTeJlbHbIM OTpa)/(eHl1eM B nonepe4HoH nJlOCKOCTU; OTpa)/(eHl1e B nJlOCKO-
CTI1, napaJ1J1eJlbHOH OCI1 60p,UlOpa; KOM6I1HaLlI151 nJlOCKOCTI1 CKOJlb351ll.\erO oTpmKe-
HI151 C OCblO BToporo nOp5l,UKa 11 C04eTaHI1e OCI1 nepeHoca C nonepe4HoH 11 npo-
,UOJlbHOH OC5IMI1 CI1MMeTpl111 [COpOKI1H 1978, c. 174, 190].
Op06J1eMbI I1CnOJlb30BaHI151 CI1MMeTpl111 B KOMn03I1LJ,I151X CKl1cpo-cI16 pCKOro
3Bepl1HOrO CTI1J151 B nOCJle,UHee BpeM5I npl1BJleKalOT MHOrHX I1CCJle,UOBaTeJlel1 [<Dyp-
CI1KOBa 2002; Tpl1WI1Ha 2003]
B03MO)/(HO, Wl1pOKOe npl1MeHeHl1e npl1HLJ,l1nOB 3epKaJ1bHOH CI1MMeTpl111 B 11 C-
CTBe 3Bepl1HOrO CTI1J151, BOnpeKI1 MHeHl110 C. C. COpOKI1Ha [COpOKI1H 1978, c. 611J'
I1MeJlO KocBeHHYIO ceMaHTI14ecKYlO HarpY3KY, BbIcTyna51 KaK BbIpa)/(eHl1e rJlY -
Horo rJI06aJ1bHOrO ,UYaJ1113Ma, npl1cYll.\ero 4eJloBe4ecKoMY C03HaHI11O 11 Ml1cpOJlOrH-
4eCKI1M npe,UCTaBJleHI151M 11 3aKOHaM BOCnpl151TI151. 00 MHeHll10 C. C. COpOKI1Ha [Co-
P OKI1H 1978 c.181 ] cT p oro CI1MMeTpl14HbIe KOMn0311Lll111 113 300MOPCPHb X 3J1e-
, , "'O P MOH n p e.u-
MeHTOB B I1CKYCCTBe paHHI1X K04eBHI1KOB 06'b5lCH5IIOTC5I YTI1J1I1TapHOI1 't'
MeTa (Hanpl1 Mep Tp04HbIX np5l)/(eK), ,UI1KTYIOll.\eH pa3Mell.\eHl1e 11306pa311TeJlbHOrO
,UeKopa O,UHaKO' 1130611J1l1e C,UBoeHHbIX B CI1MMeTpl14HOH KOMn0311Lll111 300MOpcp-
HbIX 113'06pmKeHI1H Ha npe,UMeTax pa3Horo Ha3Ha4eHI151 n03BOJl5leT YCMaTpl1BaTb B
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Mell.\eHI151 3J1eMeHToB B I1X c06CTBeHHbIx paMKax (Ta6J1.47--49). TaKI1M nYTeM
C03,UaBaJ10Cb oc060e npocTpaHCTBo, BKJlI04eHHOe B CeMaHTI14eCKI1H CMbICJI CaMI1X
06pa30B. J11060nbITHo OTMeTHTb 113BecTHYIO cB060,Uy B pa3Mell.\eHIIIJ TaKI1X C,UBO-
eHHbIX 11306pa)/(eHI1H 11 B KOM6I1HaLlI151X I1X nOJlO)/(eHI151 OTHOCI1TeJlbHO ,Upyr 'upyra.
rOJlOBbI 6bIBalOT coe,UHHeHbI B 3epKaJ1bHOH KOMn0311Lllll1 HH)/(HeH 4aCTblO (HeM-
4aHKa B H(1)/(HeM OOBOJl)/(be: 6pOH30BblH KOJl4aHHbIH KplOK - rOJlOBKI1 JlOCeH;
aHaJ10rHl1 Ha AJlTae B KOJlJleKLll111 <DpOJlOBa 11 cpe,U11 MaTepl1aJ10B 2-ro TY3KTI1HCKO-
ro KypraHa [PY'ueHKo 1960, Ta6J1. LXXXI: 9; CX: 4]; )J{YPoBKa, KYPr. B II 400) [606-
pl1HCKI1H 1905, c. 26, pl1C. 59; c. 13, pI1c. 24]. B aHaJ10rlI4HOH n03I1LlI1I1 npe,UCTaB-
JleHbI rOJlOBKI1 K03J10B 11 6apaHOB 113 eHTpaJ1bHOH A31111 [Salmony 1933, Ta6J1. XI:
2, 3; IX: 12]; rOJlOBKI1 XI1ll.\HI1KOB (Me,UBe,U5I?) H Ka6aHoB Ha 6pOH30BbiX 6J151WKax
113 Kpl1BOH J1YKI1 VIII, Kypr. 5; norp. 16. 00,U06Ha51 KOMn03I1LlI151, Bep05lTHO, I1MeeT
BOCT04Hoe npoI1CXO)/(,UeHl1e 11 6blJla 3aHeceHa B OpwIepHoMopbe, OlleBI1,UHo, B KOH-
Lle V-nepBoH nOJlOBI1He IV B. ,UO H. 3. B HeKOTopbIX CJlY4a5lX rOJlOBKI1 B CHMMeT-
pl14HOH KOMn03I1LlI1H COnOCTaBJl5IIOTC5I Jl6aMI1 (rpl1cpOHbl1 rOJlOBKI1 113 XoweYTOBa).
MHOr0411CJleHHbIe HaBepWI151 KHH)/(aJ10B 11 Me4eH C nTI14bl1MI1 rOJlOBaMI1, 06-
pall.\eHHbIMI1 'upyr K 'upyry KJlIOBaMI1, HMelOT TaK)/(e BOCTOlIHoe npoI1CXO)/(,UeHl1e 11
HaXO,U5IT MHOr0411CJleHHbIe aHaJ10rl1l1 B I1CKyccTBe MI1HYCHHCKOH KOTJlOBI1HbI [3a-
BI1TyXI1Ha 1983]. Ha HaBepWI151X TaKoro Tl1na BCTpe ' JaIOTC5I II pa3BepHYTbIe B npo-
TI1BOnOJlO)/(HbIe CTOpOHbI B CI1MMeTpl14HOM nOJlO)/(eHI1I1 300MOp(pHbIe rOJlOBKI1
(cJlY4aHHa51 HaXO,UKa B CaMapcKoH 06J1., c. 60JlbWOH TOJlKaH, He ony6J1I1KOBaHa).
B TaKOH )/(e n0311LJ,I111 HaXO,U5ITC5I rOJlOBbI XllwHblX nTI1Ll C MOwHblMI1 3arHYTbJMI1
KJlIOBaMI1 Ha nepeKpeCTbe )/(eJle3HOrO aKI1HaKa (TaK)/(e CJlY4aHHa51 HaXO,UKa B
H(1)/(HeM OOBOJl)/(be, C. BI1HHOBKa Ha CaMapCKOH J1YKe, He ony6J1I1KoBaHa).
Ewe O,UI1H Tl1n CI1MMeTpl14HOH KOMn0311Lll111 npe,UcTaBJleH Ha 30JlOTbIX 6J151w-
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BblllOJlHeHa B rpa(!m'lecKoH Mallcpc, npO(!mJlbllOe nJlOCKOCTIlOC H306paJKeHHe llepcLlallo 'tpe3Bbl-
'taHIIO Bblpa3HTe.lblloH peJlbe()JIl0H KOHTypHOH IlHlIHCH; nOBcpxHOCTb TeIla BIlYTPH BllelUllc1'O
KOIlTypa HMeCT opllaMeHT<LlbllYIO pa3pa60TKY B BH,'.le pa.311006pa.3HblX 3aBHTKOB H pHTMH'ICCKH
BblcTpoeHHblx nOIlOC. Vl306paJKCHHSI Ha 3epKaIlax OTIlH'talOTCSI BblCOKOH CTenellblO CTHIlH3aUHH.
B 'tHCIlC LlHarHocTHpytoU1HX CTHIlHCTH'teCKHX 1IleMCilTOB - Tpa 'TOBKa rOIlOBbl JKHBOTIIOro, a
TaKJKC BeCbMa 0606wellHblH pC.%e(!JHblH KOHTYP pHcYIIKa.
B HeKoTopblX cn)''taSlx H306pa3HTeJlbllaSl TpaKToBKa LleMollcTpHPYeT HIIBapHalJTIIYIO Ll,lS1
pa3HblX JKHBOTllblX CXCMY. HanpHMcp, y IlOWallH Ila 3epKaJle H3 KaTa. ora Sotheby's, y Ka6aHa Ha
3epK<Lle C Cc.1HTpeHHoro 1'Opo;:tHlUa, y Bep6,lto.1a H 6blKa lIa 3epKaIlc H3 KOIlIleKUHH Thaw XBOCT
B BepxHeH 'taCTH H !CeT 3aMeTHOe yToIlweHHe, nepcxoLlSl K KOH<IHKY B OilHY IlHHHto. f1oLl06HaSl
;:teT<Llb H306paJKeHHSI OTHOCHTCSI HC K 6YKBaIlbIl0 !Y BocnpoH3BeLlcHHlo peaIlbHocTH, a K 06,lacTH
CTH.1H3aUHOHHbIX npHcMoB H CIlYJKHT KOIIKpeTllblM CTI1.1HCTH'teCKHM npH3HaKoM. Ha 3CpKaJle C
;:tBYMSI BblcTyna 1H H3 Hbto-HOPKCKOH KOIlIleKUHH npeKpacHo Bbl2J.eJlSltoTCSI HHBapHallTHblc npH-
3HaKH. Ha IIC ! CTIL1H30BaHHble npOI!mIlbHble H306paJKeHHSI 'teTblpcx BHLlOB KonblTHblX JKHBOT-
IIblX BblllOIlHeHbl B TOH JKe 0606weHHoH MaHepe C xapaKTepHblMH npH3HaKaMH CTHIlH3aUHH. OT-
Me'teHHblMH B npcLlblLlYW
Ka3aTeIlbHoH LleTaJlbto HX npeLlMcTax, HO He KOHTypHblM PHCYHKOM, a CHIly1TOM. BecbMa no-
HblX. Bo Bcex C OKa3blBaeTCSI HLleHTH'tHaSl TpaKTOBKa !\lOp;:t )' Pa3J1HYHblX BHLlOB JKHBOT-
HOCOBOH. CYJKe: :a:x Ha6Ilto2J.aeTCSI pe3Koe CyJKCHHC npH nepexoLle OT Il06HOH 'taCTH MOpLlbl K
o p2J. bl LleIlHT rOIIOB)' JKHBOTIlOro npHMepHo B P aBHoH n poII0p T
cxeMa HcnOIlb30BaHa B 6 UHH. a JKC
O H30 paJKeHHSlX cBepHYBwerocSI XHWIlHKa Ha 3e p Ka'l c H3 KOlIleK
pTHca H IlOWallH I a 6 . . UHH LJ,JK.
I 3epKaJle, ony IlHKOBaHHOM B KaTailore Sotheb y ' s C nHJKaH
B TpaKTOBKC 300 ! . OJ weH allaJIOrHeH
06 MOpl JHblX "JOpM CIlYJKaT naHTepbl Ha nCTp0rJIH(!JaX KHprH3HH OKa; T
paWatoT Ha ce6S1 BHHMaHHe nOBTOpSltoWHecSI B 300MO I . TTblpaK- aw).
pblC MoryT 6blTb T p aKTOBaHb l KaK C P( JHblX H306paJKeHHSlX 1.1eMeHTbl, KOTO-
THIlH3aUHOHHble npH31laKW yxo n
JlCHH)'to, a 3aoCTpellHylo ( OPMY H HanpaBIleHO OCT blM KOIll o' aH-:cpbl HMeeT He 3aKpyr-
WCBHLlHaSl» KOH( ! JHrV p aUHW 3 ni l "" Ilana p 1 M BnepC2J., MOpLle npHilalla «rpy-
. , "-'-' nn TpaKTOBaila BO Bcex cnY'ta X .
BJlSleTCSI oTpa60TallHbIM 1IleMeHTOM H306paJKCIlHW KOrTH J SI. KaK eLlHllblH CTepCOTHn H
TOC KOIlbUO HIlH 2J.Be HC3aMKH Y Tb ie IlHHHH " ' Ha IlanaX npe;:tCTaBIlellbl KaK lIeCOMKHy-
, XapaKTepllblM Il p H3HaKOM
pa3IlH'tHblX BOJltoT H CnHpaJICBHLlllblX 3aBH' BblCT)'naeT HCnOIlb30BaHHC
OpHaMeHTaJlbHOM nOCTpOCHHH THna TaK 1Ia3 IK B O a B c ' MO KO H r0 6 Pble B TLleIlbHblX CJlY'IaSlX COeLlHlleHbl B
M « erYIueH BOIlHbl»
°PLlbl Ka6allOB Ha 3CpKaJlaX TaKoro THna H H . .
TYIloBHwa H HOrH pa3HblX JKHBOTHblX BblllOJllleH 1 1 0 : :e :B nJKbe. TpaKTOBallbl HHa'te.
HJlH 4JYHKUHOHaJlbHble, npH3HaKH n03BOIlSltoT On03HaTb BH JK ,:lHWb LlHanlocTHpytowHe,
pora, yxo, XBOCT, rpHBa, rop6bl Bep6IltoLla. Ll HBOTHOIO. K HX 'tHcny OTIIOCSlTCSI
<t>OpMaJlbHble 1IlCMellTbl XYLlOJKCCTBCllllOH CTp KT
eCTb IlHHeHHOCTb, CTaTH'tHOCTb, BblpaJKeHllaSl YCIlOB OC b oC;:=e : HTeIlSlMH CTHIlSl, TO
MCIITaJlbHOCTb, - C03LlalOT cneUH(!mKy JlallllOrO BapHaHTa 3HcpHIloro C;HIlSl C: 3C; IOCTb, MOHY-
BCC paCCMaTpHBaeMblC 06'bCKTbl K CLlHIlOMy XpOllOIlorH'tCCKOM HIlTe ' IlSlSl OTHCCTH
KYIlbTypHOMY MaCCHBY HIlH KaK MHlIHM Y M y pBaJly H, BepOSlTHO, 3THO-
13 " , onpe J 1CIlSlSl HX eilHlIble rellCTH'teCKHe KO p llH
nOHCKax HCTOKOB H306pa3HTeIlbIlOH T a.!J. .
CT)'nOM, BepOSlTlJO, CIleLlYeT 06paTHTbCSI K Ll P r::: ' lPOCIlCJK BaCMOH lla BCCX 3CpKaIlaX C Bbl-
KOTOpblX OCIlOBHblMH Bbl p a.3HTeIl b llb lMH cp > P c Y an;ropHH H306pa3HTc.lbllblX llaMSlTHHKOB, B
. CLl TBaMH SlBIlSlIOTCSI TaKJKe K
3T. Pe'tb HLlCT 0 nCTpOrJlH(!JaX. f1paKTH'teCKH nOIlllOe COB > OHTypllaSl IIHIlHSI H CHIlY-
opHaMellTaJlbllblX MOTHBOB B O(!JOpM,leIlHH aCCMOT eHH CHHe B Bbl60pe H306pa3HTCIlbllblX H
CYllKax KHprH3HH Ka3aXCTalla H IOJKIlOH C P 6 P CCpHH 3epK<L'I, H B llaCKaIlbHblX PH-
CXOLlCTBO. f1CTPO IlH(!Jbl )/{aJlTblpaK Tawa H T HPH 3ac aBIlSleT YCMaTpHBaTb B HHX rellCTH'teCKOC
'tCCKOM OTHOWCIlHH H306paJKellHSlM -II a 3ep:aJla: accKoH 2J.OJlHHbl oc06eHHo 6IlH3KH B CTHJlHCTH-
KOHTypHblH pHCylloK, BblllOIlHellllblH peIlbe(!JlIOH IlHIlHCH BCCbMa xa a
CTBCHfI01'O O(IJOpMIleHHSI 6pOH30BblX H3LlCIlHH IX-VII ' P KTCpCH LlIlSl XYLlOJKC-
TaHcKoro n . BB. LlO II. 3. uellTpaJIbllOa31-iaTCK01'O H KH-
MY3CSI BOCT = :: :HSI. KpyrIloe 3CpKaJlO C PY'tKOH-lleTeIlbKOH H3 C06PalIHSI Dep. HlIcKOro
( K: a Il a 't 6 be 6 0 5) XH 6 W HHKa 60 OW Y :: T a C :t H :C al H ? : ; :I IM 9 7(1) Yfl ]
. . , YXTapMHHCKoe 3e p KaJlO C . ,
J 3). KpY1'OBblM paCnOIlOJKClIHCM OIleHCH H K03Ila (Ta6Il 66'
H LlpyrHc xYLlOJKeCTBelJHble H3LleIlHSI BblllOIllleH llblC B TOH JK > . .
' C TCXHHKe lleCOMHelJHO
:;: T K 1TOH rpynne naMSlTIIHKOB. B I!)op !e nOCIICLlHHX ,,1BYX npcLlMeTo OTCyTCTBYeT 'T :
TpaKTOB: Sl3 : ;q :b =a:: %Oa: : C:;:: I : l . :: : n :: :;l : l 01\1 laKO C noc06
f1oLl06l1blC H306pa3HTCIlbHble TPallHUHH npOCIleJKHBatoTcSI H lIa Llp)'rHX Ka c1'OpHSlX npeLl-
MeTOB, HanpHMep, HaX02J.KH LlaTHpyeMblx IX-VII BB. LlO H. 3. 6pOH30BblX KHHJKaIlOB H 0 'llaMeH
: H r4mrypaMH OIleHeH 6pOH30B01'O <IJYTIlSlpa-Tpy60'tKH H3 CCBepHoro KHTaSl BIlYT
300MOpl HbIX : : ;a: : ;.SlIOT lIaMeTHTb H3Ha'ta.1blIblH apeaIl n02J.06110H TpaKTOBKH (IJOpMbl
T aK C 6 THIlHCTH'teCKHe aHaJlOrHH 06HapYJKHBalOTCSI H cpeLlH HaXO;:tOK Ha TCppHTO p HH Ka3axcTaHa
, pOH30Boe 3e p KaJlO C P) ''tKOH ( M H .
6paJK . orHIlbHHK y C. Y13!\laHJlOBKa) O(IJOpMIleHO KOllT yp HblM H30-
eHHeM CBCpHYBWeHCSI naHTe I '
'tTO KOHTVP n e't . . pbl, oHrypa KOTOpOH 3aHHMaeT Bce nlue 3epKana. JI1060nblTHO
IlOBCKoe ;epK no,a6 !\71::II 3Ll:eT B BepXHeH 'taCTH 2J.HCKa Hc60.%WOH BblcTyn. XOTSI H3MaH
npOSlB.leHHe (!JOpMbl C OCTpblM bic ; :eJK T HIIOMY THny, B031\IOJKHO lICKOe py;:tHMeHTapHoe
apxaH'teCKHH CTHIlHCTH'teCKHn Ba pHa . 30 paJKellHC JKe naHTepbl LleMOHCTpHPYCT BCCbMa
HT, LlaJIeKHH 02J.HaKO OT CTHIlSl 3e
Ha I ! J p arMeHTe 6 p OH30 Boro ,,« pKaIlbHOH cepHH».
KOTIla H3 cIly'taHHO 1 C .
2003, c. 142] np e 2J.CTaBIleHbl KOllT ) ' P l lblC ! ' 6 H IaXOLlKH B eMHpe'tbe [racMaraM6eToB
oHrypKH blKOB o'tellb 6n !
CXCMe 300MOP(!JHblX H306paJKeHHH H "H3KHC HKoHorpal m'teCKOH
a 3epKaJlaX C BblcTynoM. f1peLlIlOJKeHHaSl B ny6IlHKaUHH 2J.a-
140
141
THpOBKa VI-IV BB. LlO H. 3. npeLlCTaBIlSlCTCSI 'tpC3MepHO WHpOKOH H, BepOSlTHO. 3aBbIWCHHOH.
KOTCIl O'tCBIofLlHO, LlOIlJKeH LlaTlofpOBaTbCSI IIC n03LlIICC 3nOXH apxaHKIof - VII-VI BB. LlO 11.1.
YKa3a HbIC CTIofIlIofCTlof'teCKlofe aHaJlOr1of1of 3aCTaBIofIllof MellSl YCOMHIofTbCSI B LlaTlofpOBKe epKaJI 3Toro
Tlofna V B. LlO H. 3. [KOpoIlbKoBa 1993; 1997), KOTOpaSl 6blIla npCLlnOJKeHa C onopoH Ha C.1I.IofHCT-
BeHuyto lIaxoLlKY 1of3 KOMnIleKca B 3yeBcKoM MorIofIlbHIofKC. OLlHaKo IofCCIleLlOBaHIofC CTIofIlIofCTIof'tC-
CKIofX xapaKTeplofcTIofK Iof nOHCK aHaJlorlofH LlIlSl HIofX 3aCTaBIlSleT, HecMoTpSl lIa npaKTlof'tecKIof nOIlIIOC
OTCYTCTBIofC HaLleJKHO LlaTlofpoBaHllblx npeLlMeTOB, ncpecMoTpeTb XpOlloIlorlof'tecKlofe paMKIof 6bITO-
BallHSI 3TIofX XYLlOJKCCTBCIIHblX 1of3LleIllofH [KopoIlbKoBa 2004, c. 130--133). .
VlCTOKIof 1T0i1 xYLlOJKeCTBellHoH TpMIofUlof1of Iof TCXlllof'teCKIofX nplofc:\IOB cneLlye-r IofCKarb B !J.eH-
TpaJIbHOH A31of1of Iof CeBcpHoM KIofTae. f1peLlMeTbl C TaKHMIof 1of306paJKeilHSlMH onpeLleIleHHo OTHO-
CSlTCSI K apxalofKe, IofMCtoT BCCbMa pallHtoto llaTlofpoBKY Iof BpSl.1l.!l1of BCTpcyalOTCSI n03JKC VII-VI BB.
LlO 11. 3.
nplfJIO eHlfe 2
MATEPJfAJIbI K r JIOCCAPJ11O J1CKYCCTBOBEL(QECKJ1X TEPMJfHOB
J1 nOHHTJ1J.1:, HEOEXOL(J1MbIX B J1CCJIEL(OBAHJ111
CKJ1 CKOrO «3BEPJ1HOrO CTJ1JIH»
I1cKycCTBO LlpeBHOCTIof SlBJlSleTCSI 06'beKTOM IofCCIlCLlOBalilofSl HC TOIlbKO IofCKYCCTB03HaHHSI, HO H
apXeOIlOrH'teCKOH HaYKIof. f1plof'tCM 1of3Y'tCllIofC lIeKOTopblX ero 06JJaCTeH, B 'taCTHOCTIof 3BeplofHo1'O
CTIofIlSl CKIof(llCKOH 3noxlof, npaKTIof'teCKIof UeJlIofKOM OTHOCIofTCSI K C(llepe LlCSlTeIlbHOCTIof H HaY'tHbiX
IofHTCpCCOB apxeOIlOI'OB, a IIC IofCTOplofKOB IofCKYCCTB. 3TO 1I0JIOJKelllofe npeLlCTaBJlSleTC lIeonpaB-
LlaHHbIM, nOCKOJlbKY 3a'taCTYto npHBOLlIofT, C OLlHOH CTOpOHbl, K LlOCal!HbIM HeLlOpa3YMeIlIofSlM B
CIofIlY HeLlOCTaTo'tHO npoq>eCCIofOHaIlblloro nOLlXOLla K IofCCIleLlOBaliloflO 3T01'O IofCKYCCTBa, a C LlPY-
roH - C03LlaeT onpeLlCIlelIHYto IlaKYUY B caMOM IofCKYCCTB03I1allloflof. Bplof 1of3yyellloflof TaKora KYJlb-
TYplofOro q>eHOMCHa, KaK CBpa3IofHCKIofH 3BeplofllblH CTIofJlb, Helof36cJKHO nplofXOLlIofTCSI nOIlb30BaTbCSI
IofCKYCCTBOBC.1I.'tCCKIofMIof TepMIofHaMIof Iof 1I0HSlTIofSlMIof, Iof KaJKLlblH IofCCIlCLlOBaTeJlb 06S13aTCI1bIl0 CTaJI-
KIofBaeTCSI C 1of3BCCTllbiMIof TpYLlHOCTSlMIof B IofX ynoTpe6Ilellloflof. Y'tlofTblBaSl lofeOLlll0311a'tllOCTb 60I1b-
WIofHCTBa TepMlofllOB Iof HCB03MOJKHOCTb LlOCTIofJKeHIofSl a6COIllOTlwro CLllofllCTBa B IofX nOIlHMaHHIof,
JKCJlaTCIlbHO conpOBOJKLlelilofe IofCCIICLloBaTeIlbCKIofX pa60T no KpaHHeH Mepe aBTopCKIofM nOSlCHC-
HIofCM C06CTBCHIIOH TpaKTOBKIof HcnOIlb30BaHllhiX Lle( lofllIofUIofH IofJllof IIC60IlbWIofM CIlOBapCM, KOTO-
pble 1of36aBSlT aBTopa OT OliaCHOCTIof 6b1Tb lICBCpllO 1I0IISlTbIM, a 'tlofTaTCIlSl OT IIc06xO.1l.IofMOCTIof ra-
LlaTb, KaKOH CMblCIl BKIlal!blBaCTCSI B TCpMIofU B KOHKpeTlIOM CIlY'tac. f1pIofMCpOM TaKoro peweHIofSl
np06J1CMbl MOJKeT CJlYJKIofTb KHlofra 11. C. KJleHlla «ApxeoJlorH'tecKaSl TlofnOJlOrHSI» [KJleHII 1991).
3al!a'tcH HacTOSlutCH pa60Tbi SlBIlSlCTCSI oCBeutCHHC B 06utlofx 'tepTax npeJKLle Bcero np06Ilc-
Mbl lleqmHlofulofi1, a TaKJKe HeKoTopblX MeTOLllof'tCCKIofX aCnCKTOB cOBpeMellHoro IofCKYCcTB0311aHIofSl
B npocKulofH lIa np06J1eMaTIofKY CKlofcpO-CIof6IofpCKOro 3BCplofHOro CTIofJlSl. OCHOBlIOH TpYllHOCTblO B
HCnOJlb30BaHIoflof IofCKyccTBoBeLl'tecKoH TepMIofHoIlor1of1of SlBIlSleTCSI OTcy-rcTBlofe HaY'tHo pa3pa60TaH-
HbiX 'teTKHX Lle( HlJIofUHH Iof IofcToplof'tecKIof CIlOJKIofBWaSlCSI Mllor03Ha'tHOCTb MliorlofX, CCIlH He 60Jlb-
wIofHcTBa, TepMIofHoB. B TO JKC BpeMSI LlIlSl Toro, 'tT06bl IIOJlb30BaTbCSI TepMlofllaMIof H nOllSlTIofSlMH,
He06xOLllofMO IofX CTpo1'Oe HaY'tHOC OnpeLleI1CHlofe. B npeLlJlaraeMoi1 pa60Te lie CTaBIofTCSI ueJlb c03Lla-
HIofSl c06CTBeHHOH TepMHHOIlOrHH Iof Bblpa60TKIof OLlH03Ha'tHbiX Lle(llIofIlIofUIofi1, 1I0CKOIlbKY B ncpBOM
HeT HYJKLlbl, a nOCJleLlHCC HeB03MOJKlIO. B ueJlOM OHa HOCIofT KOMnlofIlSlTIofBHblH xapaKTep, OLlHaKO
BIl CTCSI pe3YIlbTaTOM MHOrOIleTHerO OCMblCJleHIofSl np06IleMbi Iof npeLlCTaBIlSleT 1I0nblTKY 0606-
uteHIofSl LlIofCKYCCIofOHHblX TeOpeTlof'tcCKIofX n031ofUlofH Iof (j>OpMlofpoBaHIofSl OnTIofMaJlbHOH Iof KOppeKTHOH
TepMIofHOIlorloflof, 'tTO MOJKCT IofMeTb npaKTlof'tecKoe 311a'teHIofe LlIlSl Bcex cneUlofaIlIofCTOB, KOTOpblC
CTaJlKIofBatoTCSI C He06xoLllofMOcTbto 1of3Y'tellllSl TaKoH KaTcroplof1of apxeoIlorlof'tecKoro MaTCplofaJIa,
KaK npeLlMeTbl 3BcplofHoro CTIofJlSl.
f10CKOIlbKY B 3al!a'tY He BXOLlHT nOIllofoe IofCToploforpaqJlof'teCKoe paCCMOTpeHlofe np06IleMaTIof-
KIof, TO ,:raJIeKO He BCC 1of3 cyuteCTBYtoutlofX MHorO'tlofCIlCIIUbiX pa60T Iof To'teK 3peHIofSl HaWIlIof OTpa-
JKCHHe B LlaHHoM rIloccaploflof, ueIlb KOToporo - npeLlCTaBIofTb IlIofWb OCHOBHblC nOJlOJKelilofSl B WIof-
pOKOM cnCKTpe MHeHIofH.
O'teBIofLlHO, Tpe6YeT nOSlcHeHIofSl CTpYKTypa npCLlIlaraeMOH pa60Tbl, nOCTpoeHHOH He B aJI( a-
BHTHOM nopSlLlKe TCpMIofIlOB, a no nplofHUlofny lofepapxloflof 3Ha'tlofMOCTIof TepMIofHOB Iof IofX Ilorlof'teCKOH
COnO.1l.'tlofHeHHOCTIof IofJlIof COnpSlJKeHIIOCTIof LlPyr C LlPyroM.
Eute O.1l.Ha nplofHUlofnlofaJIbHaSl TeOpeTlof'teCKM n031ofUIofSl 3aKHlO'taeTCSI B YBepeHHOCTIof aBTopa B
YHHBCpCaJlbHOCTH 60JlbWIofHCTBa paCCMOTpeHHblX nOHSlTIofH LlIlSl Ilto60H KaTcroplof1of naMSlTHIofKOB
143
IofCKYCCTBa BHC 3aBIofCHMOCTIof OT IofX npIofHa.'lIlCJKHOCTH K onpeLleJleHHOH 1noxe IofJlIof KYJlbType Iof
npaBOMepllOCTIof ynoTpe6IlCHIofSl TPMIofUHOHHblX HCKyccTBOBeLl'teCKIofX TepMHHOB B cc cpe alla.fJlof3a
LlpeBHero IofCKyccTBa, B 'taCTlIOCTIof Iof «3Beploflloro CTIofIlSl». TOIlbKo B TaKOM cIly'tae MOJKHO pac-
CMaTplofBaTb IofCKyCCTBO KaK peaJIbHO cyllleCTBYIOUlHH c!)eHOMeH. Hec IOTpSl Ha TO 'tTO YHIofBep-
Ca.fJbHOCTb MHorlofX CBOHCTB HCKYCCTBa ;:tIISI Il1060H CTMIofIof cro pa3BHTHSI 'taCTO ocnapHBaeTCSI,
Moe rIlv60Koe y6CJKLlCHIofe COCTOIofT B TOM, 'tTO oc06eHHOCTH, npHcylllHe IlIofWb OTi!eIlbHbIM ')Ta-
naM B CTOpHH HCKyccTBa, He pa3pYWalOT ueJlOCTHOCTH SlBIleHIofSl, 3aKOHOMepHO pa3BIofBalOlllCro-
CSI BMeCTe C 'te.l0Be'teCKOH K)'IlbTypOH.
VlCXOLlSl 1of3 ')Toro nOIlOJKeHHSI, CKIofCIJO-CH6HpCKIofH 3BepHHblH CTIofIlb MOJKHO paCCMaTplofBaTb
KaK OLlIIO H3 npOSlBIIeHIofH K)'IlbT)'pbl H HCKyccTBa B ueIlOM, CIlOJKHBWHXCSI B onpCLleIleHH)'1O HC-
TopH'teCK)'1O :mox)' Iof 06)'c.l0BIleHllbIX onpe;:teIlCHllblMH cl)aKTOpaMIof. f101TOMy pacnpOCTpalleHHC
npHMeHeHHSI OCIIOBHblX nOIlSlTIofH HCK)'CCTB03HaHHSI lIa 06IlaCTb H3Y'tCHHSI «3BepHHoro CTHJlSI»
npeLlCTaBIlSleTCSI He TO.fJbKO npaBOMepllblM. HO H 06S13 JTe.fJbllbIM.
LJ,IlSl Toro 'tT06bl lIarIlSlLlHO npOLleMOHCTpHpOBaTb B03MOiKHOCTb TpaKTOBKIof paCCMOTpeHHblX
nOHSlTHH H HX npHMeHellHe KOIIKpeTHO lIa MaTepHa.fJe CKm!JO-CH6HPCKOro 3BepHHoro CTHJlSI, 'tH-
TaTeJlIO npeLlIlaralOTCSI HIlIlIOCTpaUHH.
* * *
pOMy ')TO nOHSlTHC OTHOCIofTCSI [KanJl)'H 1985, c. 13, 14], 3aMeHbl CMY HC HaHLleHo. f1paKTH'tccKIof
6e3 ')Toro nOHSlTHSI H TepMIofHa He MOJKeT 060HTHCb Hlof OLlHO HCCIleLlOBallIofe, H npH3blBbi OTKa-
3aTbCSI OT HIofX COBceM BpSlLl IlH onpaBLlallHbl. TCM 60,lee 'tTO HCKYCCTB0311aHIofe HcorpaHH'tCHHO
paCWHpH.fJO npllMeHeHlle nOHSlTHSI CTIofIlSl. a He ca 1O nOHSlTHe, Iof MOJKHO nonbiTaTbCSI Bbl"leIlIofTb
He'tTO !'IlaBHoe B pa3IlH'tHbIX CIJOpMYIllofpOBKax CTIofIlSl.
TeopHSI CTHnSl npeLlnOnaraeT nocTaHoBK)' pSlLla BonpocOB: 06 1:reMeHTa.-..: 11 (l)aKTOpax CTIofIlSl,
o ero IofLleHHblX npeLlnOCbLfJKaX H COUHa.lbHO-HCTOpHyeCKHX OCIIOBax, 0 COOTHOlUeHHH 06111ero H
HHLlHBIofi!)'aJlbHOro B CTHIle H T.;:t. [COKOIlOB 1968. c. 24]. C)'lllCCTBYeT onpe;:teIlellHe CTHIlSl KaK
cOBoK)'nHOCTIof (IJOpMa.fJbHbIX OC06CHHOCTCH npoH3BeLleillofSl [WMHT 1919, c.48; Oyra'teHKoBa
1973, c. 150]. TaKoc nOiIlofMaHHe CTHJ1S1 6blIlO npCLlIlOJKellO ewe f. BeIlbcl),1HHoM, BbILle.1HBWHM
nSlTb nap nOHSlTHH, K KOTOpblM OH CBeIl CTHIleBblC xapaKTCpHCTHKH. 3TH KaTeropHH lIe nOTcpSl,lH
CBoero 3Ha'teHHSI nplof oucHKe (IJOPMa.lbIl0-CTH.1HCTWICCKHX oc06eHHOCTeH Toro H.fJH Hlloro xy-
LlOJKeCTBeHHOl'O CTHIlSl. Pe'tb HLleT 06 0lln03HUHSlX IlHIICHHOCTH H JKHBOnHCllocTIof, n.l0CKOCTHO-
CTH H rJly6HHbl, 3aMKH)'ToCTH H OTKpblTOCTH (IJOPMbl, MHOJKeCTBelHlOCTH H CLlHllcTBa, SlCHOCTIof Iof
He cllocTH [BeIlb(I)IlHH 1994]. OLlHaKo CIlCLlYCT npH3HaTb TaK)'lo TpaKTOBKy He COBceM KOPPCKT-
HOH, TaK KaK OHa OTpaJKaeT IlHWb OLlH)' CTOpOIl)' nOIlSlTHSI CTHIlSl - KaK CHCTCMbl npH3HaKOB, no
KOTOpblM CTHIleBaSl 061111l0CTb MOJKeT 6blTb on03HaHa. 3Ta CTopOHa HeCCT B ce6e «LlHarHOCTH-
PYIOlll)' 10» CTHIlb (I)YHKUHlO. A. A. KaMellcKHH nO.1<lepKHBaCT. 'I TO «IlIo6b1e pa3HOBHIIIIOCTH
q!OpMaJlbIlO-CTHJlIofCTH'tCCKOH 1BOIllOlIHH "lIlSl nOLlIlHHIIOH HCTOpHH HCK)'CCTBa He 'tTO HlIoe, KaK
SlBJlellHe COnpOBOJKLlalOWCro CBOHCTBa. 13 CBoeM pa3BHTHH H KOHKpCTHOM 6blTIofH ')T1of cnoc06bl
"OPKCCTPOBKH" TCXHH'tCCKOH MaTcpHaIlH3aUHH HLleH H 06pa30B, xapaKTepOB H 1I0IlOJKCIIHH OT-
paJKalOT LlHHaMHKY BceH C(IJepbl COLlCpJKal/HSI HCKYCCTBa» [KaMeHcKHH 1986, c. 234]. TaKaSl no-
CTaHOBKa Bonpoca LlCIlaCT aKueHT lIa BeLlYlllylo pOIlb COLlCpJKallHSI no OTHOWCHHIO K (IJOpMC. Vlc-
XOLlSl H3 ')Toro, 60Ilec nOIlHblM MOJKI/O c'tHTaTb pacnpocTpallcllIIoc onpeoe.7eHlIe cmllJ/fi KGK llC-
mOpll'leeKlI eJ/0.JlCl/6l/leUefi YClIloil'l1l60U l{e.70ellllloenlli //Jill 0611{/Iocmll 05pa3/1Oli ellemeMbl,
epeoem6 xyoo.JlCeenWellHou 6blpmllmeJ/bHOem/l II nplleAtoG (lIanpHMep: [HeLlOIUI1BHII 1976, c.514-
516; Opene, KanaIlbLlo 1981; 3111IHKIlOneLlH'lecKHH cIloBapb DpoKraY3a H E(IJpolia 190 I, T. 62;
KY3bMHHa 1983, c. 95]). OLlHaKo TaKaSl TpaKToBKa BCC JKe Tpe6yeT y-ro'tlleHHSI H pacKpblTHSI.
E. P. BHnnep, 06pawaSlcb K I/p06IleMc CTHJlSI, nHCaJI: «CTHIlb - ')TO CJlOJKIIOe, MllororpaH-
1I0C, KOMnJICKCI/Oe SlBIICIIHC... C)'UIHOCTb CTHIlSl 3aKJlIO'taCTCSI HMellllO B TOM, 'ITO ec onpCLleIlSleT
lIeKaSl 061 HOCTb, cOBoKymlOcTb, MOiKlIO LlaJKC CKa3aTb CHCTCMa npH3HaKOB. KYLla BXOLlSlT H pe-
aJlbllaSl LleHCTBHTCIlbHOCTb, H ee 1CTCTH'teCKHe HLlcaIlbl, H HX HIITcpnpeTallHSI B XYLlOJKeCTBCIHlblX
06pa3ax, H clloc06bl XYLlOJKeCTBClIlIoro BOnJlOWClllofSl ')TOH HI/TepnpeTaIlHH». VlCC.1CLlOBaTeIlb
C'tHTaJI, 'tTO <<!lOHSlTHe CTIofJlSl B ero nOJlHOM H 3aKOH'tCHIIOM CMblCIIC MOJKIIO OTI/OCHTb TOIlbKO K
TOMy, 'tTO Mbl Ha3b1BaeM CTHJlCM 1nOXH, CTHIICM OflpeLleIlClIlIoro HCTOpH'tCCKoro nCpHOi!a»
[BHllIICp 1962, c. 11].
Hc06xOLlHMOCTb oneplofpoBaTb nOHSlTlofeM «CTHIlb» B c(l)epc H3Y'teHHSI LlpcBHero HCKyccTBa,
npeLlCTaBJleHHOro apxeoIlorH'tccKIofM MaTepHaJlOM, CTaBHT ncpeLl HCCJleLlOBaTc.1S1MH CIlOJKHYIO
3Ma'ty, nOCKOJlbKY «npH31/aKH CTHIlSl o'teHb BaJKI/bl LlilSI HHTepnpcTaUHH, 110 OHH TpYLlHec Llpyrlofx
cIJOpMaJlH3YIOTCSI» [KaMcHeUKHH, MaplllaK, Wep 1975, c. 117]. 11. C. KIleHII OTMeTHIl 'tpe3Bbl-
'taHHYIO BaJKIIOCTb H nepcneKTHBHoCTb nonblTKH LlaTb nOIlSlTHIO CTH.1S1 «(IJOpMallhIlOe OnpCLleJle-
HHe B apxeoIlorH'tccKOM nJlaHC, HCXOJ1Sl H3 COl/OCTaBIlCIIHSI C nOIlSlTHCM THlla» H KOIICTaTHpySI TOT
qJaKT, 'tTO «CTHIlb B nOHHMaHlof1of apxco.fJora... lie BnO.ll1e COBnMaeT C HCK)'CCTBOBCLl'tCCKHM no-
HSlTHeM CTHJlSI. 6YIIY'tH rOpa3LlO 60Ilee WHpOKHM H CB060LllJblM» [KIleiiH 1991, c. 161].
11. C. K.leHH paccMaTpHBaeT nOIlSlTHC CTHjlSl B WHpOKOM 3Ha'tellHH KaK YCTOH'tHBYIO acco-
UHaUHIO xapaKTCpHCTHK, CLlHHCTBO KOTOpblX 06ycIloBIlell0 B H3BeCTIIOH Mepe cIly'taHHblM cO'te-
T.aHHeM, YTBepLlHBWHMCSI 6J1aroLlapSl KOHTaKTaM H TpaJ1HUHSlM [KIlcHH 1991, c. 162, 163, 384].
1 aKoe OnpeLleJleHHC OTHIOLlb He 6eccnopHO, nOCKO.lbKY, Ha MOH B3rIlSl;:t, B ')TO!\! «c.fJV'taHHOM»
CO'teTaHHH BcerLla CYlllccTByeT 3aKOHOMepIlOCTb. OpH :ITOM caM allTOp npH3HaCT I/e OCTaTO't-
HOCTb TaKoH CTpYKTYPHOH LleqJHHHUHH. 11. C. KIleHH nOLl'tepKHBaeT, 'tTO «CTH,lb (IJOpMHpYeTCSI
KaK KOllqJHrypaUHSI, a IIC KaK 06pa3». nepeliocSI aKuel/T CYllllIOCTIof CTHIlSl HCKIlIO'tIofTe.fJbIlO B c(l)e-
PY <\JOpMbl. OLlHaKo TpaKTOBKa HccIleLloBaTe.fJeM (l)el/OMeHa CTIof.fJSI He IlHweHa npOTHBope'lHBO-
CTH, TaK KaK OH JKC y-rBepJKLlaCT, 'tTO «eC.1H Y KOMnOHeHTOB CTIofJlSl MOJKeT H lie 6b1Tb (I)Op laIlb-
HblX CXOLlCTB, TO Bce JKe CTOSlllllofe 3a HIofMH H;:teHHble IOTHBHpOBKH 06'bCLlHHCHbl 06111H\1H 'tepTa-
MH HIlH CI)YHKUHOHaJlbIlOH 3aBHCHMOCTbIO. 3TH MOTHBHpOBKH _ He 'tTO HHoe KaK COUHaIlbHblC
HOpMbl, i!YXOBHble ueHHOCTH, )TH'teCKHe HMnepaTHBbl, a K HHM npHMblKalOT 1CTeTH'teCKHe HLlea-
Jlbl» [KJlCHH 1991, c. 384, 385]. C;:teIlaB ')TO pa3'bSlCHeHIofC, 11. C. KJleHH CI)aKTH'tecKH nplofcoeLlH-
f1peJKllC BCC1'O HYJKHO OCTaHOBHTbCSI lIa caMOM pacnpocTpaHcHHoM H WHpOKO ynoTpc6J1S1e-
MOM BO BCCX HCCJleLlOBallHSlX no HCKYCCTBY nOIlSlTHH - C T H JI b. f10 BblpaJKeHHIO A. EeHya,
CTHJlb - 1TO lleJlbllOCTb. 3TOT nOCTYIlaT IIH Y Koro He Bbl3bIBaeT B03paJKCHHH, 110 Ha ')TOM, no-
JKa,lYH, H 3aKall'tHBaeTCSI 06ulee nOHHMaHHe CTHJlSI. f10IlSlTHeM «CTHJlb» IICH36cJKII0 npHxolllofTCSI
nOJlb30BaTbCSI H apxeoIloraM, 06pauialOIlIHMcSI K HCCIleLlOBaHHIO LlpCBHHX naMSlTIIHKOB xYLlOJKe-
CTBCHHOro TBop'tecTBa. A. ,It CTOIlSlp H 10. A. CaBBaTceB OTMC'talOT, 'tTO 06bl'tl/0 <oMnHpH'tecKH
ynoTpe6J1S1eMoe apxeoIloraMH nOllSlTHe "CTHJlSI" OTIlH'taeTCSI Heo pcLleIleHHocTblO H cy6'beKTHB-
I/OCTblO, He nOJly'taeT (l)aKTH'teCKoro 060CHOBaHHSI H npeLlMeTIIOH xapaKTepHCTHKIof». LJ,aJlee aB-
TOpbl YKa3blBaIOT. 'tTO HCBIIHMaHHe K H306pa3HTeJlbHOMY BblpaJKCHHIO LlpeBHero TBop'teCTBa KaK
IofCTopH'teCKoro HCTO'tllHKa BelleT K npH'tHCIlellHiO K 06UIHM KallOllaM CLlHHH'tHblX npIof3HaKOB,
«KOTopble B TaKOH I/OLla<IC lIaCTO.fJbKO pacnIlblB'taTbl, 'tTO 3aXBaTbiBalOT 311a'tHTeJlbHble pa311eJlbl
HCKyccTBa LlpCBlleHlllHX IIHBHIlH3aUHH» [CTOJlSlp, CaBBaTeeB 1976, c. 151, 152]. «f1oHSlTHe CTH-
IlSl, KaK OKa3aJ10CL, oc06eHll0 lIeYIloBHMO LlIlSl apxeoIloroB», - KOHcTaTHpyeT LJ,JK. C1KCT [Sa-
ckett 1973, p. 321].
CTOHT, npaBlla, cnpaBeLlIll1BocTH PMH. CKa3aTb, 'tTO H B caMOM HCK)'ccTB03Hallloflof C nOHSlTH-
eM CTIofIlSl LleJlO 06CTOHT LlOBOJlbHO CJlOJKHO Iof 'tTO, no C)'UleCTBY, OTCYTCTByeT KaKOe-JlH60 06we-
npHHSlToe YIIOB,leTBOpHTeJlbHOe cro onpeLleIleHHe: npHMel/SleTCSI OHO B caMOM pa3HOM CMblCJle
B ca lblx pa3J1H'tHblX Lllofana30Hax [BHnnep 1962, c. II]. I-lcpa3pa60TaHHOCTb TeOpeTH'tecKoH
np06J1CMbI CTH.1S1 KOHcTaTHpYeT H BbICKa3blBaIlHC B. B. BHllorpMoBa: «B 06J1aCTH IofCK)'CCTBO-
3I1aHHSI, .fJlofTepaTypoBcLlellHSI H IlHHrBHCTHKH TPYLlIIO HaHTH TCpMHII 60.1ec MHor03Ha'tl/b1H H pa3-
Hope'tHBblH - H COOTBeTCTBYIOlllee eM)' nOHSlTHC - 60Ilee 3bl6KOC H cy6'bCKTHBII0-HeonpClle-
IleHHoc. 'teM TCpMIofH "CTH.fJb" H nOIlSITHC ..CTlIIlSl"» [BHHorpMOB B. B. 1961, c. 7]. To 06CTOSl-
TejlbCTBO, 'tTO «CMblCIlOBble rpaHHubl ')Toro nOHSlTHSI OKa3aJlHCb He06b1'taHHo pa3LlBHHYTbIMH-
OT )'3KOH, no'tTH "BeJlbCl)IlHIIOBCKOH" ero HHTcpnpeTauHH LlO CTOIlb Bcc06'beMIlIOlllCH, KorIla OHO,
no c)'lllecTBY, TepSleT BCSlKoe caMOCTOSlTe.fJbIlOe 3Ha'teHIofC Iof MOJKCT 6b1Tb CB060Lll/0 3aMeHeHO
Llp)'rHMH KaTeropHSlMIof - ..HanpaBJleHHC", ..Te'teHHC" H T. Ll., C03Lla.l0 He06xo;:tHMOCTb npeBpa-
THTb nOHSlTHe "CTHIlb" B lIaY'tHblH TepMIofH, oTBe'talOllllofH Tpc60BaHI1S1M cOBpeMeHHoro allaIlIofTIof-
'teCKoro annapaTa» [CTepHHH 1986, c. 386]. CIlOBO «CTHIlb» npHHMJleJKIofT K 'tIofC!lY TCX i!e(IJHHH-
UIofH, KOTopble He SlB.1SlIOTCSI \fOHono.1HeH KaKOH-HH6YLlb O;:tIlOH HaYKH. TepMHHoM ')TIofM nOIlb3Y-
IOTCSI KaK MHHHMY 1 nSlTb HaY'tHblx LlHCUHn.1HH: Sl3bIK03Halllle, IlHTepaTypoBc;:teHHc, HCK)'CCTBO-
3HaHHe, 1CTeTHKa H apXeOJlOrHSI. B KaJKLlOH H3 ')THX HaYK nOHSlTHe CTH.fJSI nplof06pe.lo oc060:
3Ha'tCHIofe - B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT npc.1MeTa HaYKH [COKOIlOB 1968, C. 3]. OT TepMIofHOJlOrH'tccKoH
HeOpCJKHOCTH C-rpaJ1aIOT H 1CTeTHKa. H HCK)'ccTB03HaHlofe, H apXeOJlOrHSI, nOCKo.fJbKY nOC.fJe;:tHSISI
BK;llO'taeT CTH.lb B 'tHC.fJO KplofTeplofeB, xapalnepH3)'IOWI1X 'taCTb apxeoJlOrH'tecKlofx MaTepHa.fJOB
llalOWHX OCHOBaHHSI LlIlSl KOHKpeTHblx BblBOLlOB OTHOCHTeJlbHO XpOHOIlOrH'tecKoH Iof KynbTypHoH
nploflla-1.1eJKIIOCTH naMSlTHHKOB. HecMoTpSl Ha KOHCTaTaulof1O HeKoTopblMH cneUlofaIlIofCTa\1H TCH-
LleHUHH Me;:tIleHHoro, HO BepHoro BblllMeHIofSl nOHSlTIofSl CTHIlSl H3 06HxoLla HayKH H <\JaKTa o'te-
BH;:tHoro OTCTaBaHHSI pa3BHTHSI Ha)''tHblx npeLlCTaBJleHHH 0 npHpoLle SlBIleHHSI HCKyccTBa, K KOTO-
144
10 3aK. 3085
145
HHJlCSI K HaH60Jlee pacnpOCTpaHeHHoMy TOJlKOBallHiO < YHLlaMelnaJlbHOrO 1l0HSlTHSI «CTHJlb».
YKa3blBaSl Ha BnHSlHHe, OKa3blBaeMoe Ha <\)OPMHpOBalme CTHJlSI pa3H006pa3HblMH <IJaKTOpaMH CO-
UHa. bHO-3KOHOMH'tCCKOro, HCTopH'teCKoro, reoqJa<lm'teCKoro H, B H3BeCTHOH CTenCHH, 6HOJlO-
rH'teCKorO xapaKTepa, 11. C. K.1eHH nOLl'tepKHBaeT rClIcpaTHBHblH acneKT B np06J1eMC CJlOJKellHSI
CTHJlSI. VlLleHHble MOTHBHpOBKH, CYWeCTBYSl 3a <\)OpMaIlbHblMH SlBJleHHSlMH, 06'beLlHHSlIOTCSI B ')TOM
KOHaeKCTC. 3THMH MOTHBHpOBKa 1H OKa3blBaIOTCSI COUHaJlbHble 1I0pMbl, LlyXOBHblC ueHHOCTH,
1TH'tCCKHe HMnepaTHBbl H 3CTeTH'teCKHe HLleaJlbl [KJleHH 1991. c. 163]. TaKaSI (1)OpMyJlHpoBKa
nOHSlTHSI CTH, SI nOLlpa3yMeBaeT B03MOJKHOCTb COBnMeHHSI CTHJlSI C THnOM. 4T_0 KacaeTCSI Bbl;:te-
JleHHSI 11. C. KJleHHoM B oc06ylO KaTeropHIO nOHSlTHSI x y Ll 0 JK e C T B e H H bl H C T H JI b Ha oc-
HOBaHHH KpHTepHSI LlOMHHaHTbl 3CTCTH'tCCKHX HLleaJIOB. OHO He npeLlCTaBJlSleTCSI onpaBLlaHHblM,
H rpaHHua 3Toro nOHSlTHSI C OnpeLleJleHHeM K y JI b T Y P H 0 roc T H JI SI KaJKeTCSI paCnJlblB'ta-
TOH H lIeOnpeLleJleHHO H . _
4awe 3Ha'teHHe nOHSlTHSI «CTHJlb» orpaHH'tHBaeTCSI CTpyKTypOH 06pa3a H XYLlOJKCCTBeHHOH
q)OPMOH, HO HllorLla CBSl3blBaeTCSI BCCb KOMnJlC_KC SlBJleHHH COLlCpJKaH SI H <\WpMb , H CT Jlb TpaK-
TYCTCSI KaK HCTOpH'tCCKH CJlOJKHBWaSlCSI YCTOH'tHBaSl 06WHOCTb HLleHHO-TeMaTH leCKOl 0 COLlep-
JKallHSI Iof COOTBCTcTBylOweH eMy 06pa3HOH CHCTeMbl, H306pa3HTCJlbHblX CpCLlCTB H npHeMOB.
HlOaHC OTHoweHHSI qWpMbl H COLlepJKaHHSI K nOIlSlTHIO CTHJlSI CTaJl npeLlMCTOM cnopOB pa3J1H't-
HblX HCCJleLlOBaTCJleH, Iof 60Jlec CTpOroH npeJlCTaBJlSlCTCSI mpGKm06KG nOI/JlnlllR cmwlR KGK CUC-
meMbl qJOpAl. cmpYKmypbl cjJOPAI. demepAlllHupyeAlOu cooep.JlCGJ/ueM, noeKOJ/bKY mGKGR qJOpAI.V-
J/l/p06KG He 6KJ/IO Gem nOJ/HocmblO l/oeliHOe coOep.JlCGHlIe 6 nOHRnllle cmllJ/R u He np1l60ollm K
CMelllelllllO ezo C Opy?lIMl/ KGme?Opl/flMlI. ECIlH «H306pa3HTeJlbIJaSl LlCSlTC bIlOCTb 'tC OBCKa <\JOp-
MHpyeTcSI lla OnpeLlCJlellHOH KYJlbTypHOH CTMHH, SlBJlSlSlCb ec HeH36eJKllOH <\)yHKuHeH,' [MHJlJlep
1929, c. 9], TO CTHJlb HCKycCTBa BblpaJKaeT <!)YIILlaMCIlTam,lIbIC uellllOCTH Toro HJlH HllOro 06we-
CTBa, ueHHOCTH lIaCTOJlbKO my60KHe, 'tTO OHH Moryr B SlBIIOH <\WpMC He <!WpMyIlHpoBaTbCSI 'tJle-
HaMH caMoro 06wccTBa [Anderson 1979, p. 46]. OTpaJKaSl MHpOB033pCHHC. CTHJlb, no cY1ueCTBY,
OTpaJKaCT B cc6e cHcTeMY nOllHMaHHSI MHpa, cBoc06pa3l1ylO «MOLleJlb MHpa», KaK, llanpHMep, ro-
TH'tCCKHH xpaM, SlBJlSlIOUlHH C060H KOHUern\HIO npCLlCTaBJlCHHSI 0 MHpe, HJlH KOMn03HUHSI H lIa-
60p H306pa3HTeJlbllblX 3J1CMellTOB Ha HCCblKCKOM KOCTIOMC, BOCIlPOH3BOLlSlU\He TpOH'tllylO MO-
LlCJlb KocMoca lAKHweB A. 1984, c. 17]. B LlpcBlleM HCKYCCTBC BO Bcex ero IIpOSlBIICHHSlX <!)OKY-
cHpyeTcSI lIOpOLlHBUJaSl ero KYJlbTypa. CBocro pOLla caMOC03HallHe. «CTHJleM» KOTOpOH OHO
SlBJlSleTCSI [AIIToHoBa 1984, c. 44]. «CTpYKTypa Bellm HIlH H306paJKellHSI, ero CTHJlb MOryT cJly-
JKHTb OCHOBaHHeM LlJlSl 3aKJlIO'tellHSI 0 CTpyKTYpC 06meCTBeHHOH oprallH3allHH KOJlJleKTHBa H cro
MHpoBocnpHSlTHH» [Levi-Strauss 1967, p. 239]. A. 11cpya-fypaH onpeLlCJlSleT nOHSlTHC «CTH.1b»
KaK npHcywylO TOH HJlH HIIOH 06WHOCTH m LlcH cnoc06110CTb BocnpHHHMaTb H Bblp aTb <\wp-
Mbl, pHTMbl H uellllOCTllble YCTaIlOBKH [LerOl-Gourhan 1965, p. 46]. B. A. <t>aBopcKHH BblCKa3aJ1
MHeHHe, 'tTO «CTHJlb MOJKllO OnpeLlCJlHTb, KaK H306paJKCIIHC (06pa3) OCHOBlloro MOMCHTa
MHpoB033peHHSI» [<t>aBopcKHH 1986, c. 62].
XapaKTep xYLlOJKeCTBellHoH nepepa60TKH, lIocpeLlcTBoM KOTOpOH KOLlHpyeTcSI «HLlCOJlOm-
'teCKaSl» HllqWPMaUHSI, 3aKJlIO'tCHllaSl B Ill060M npoH3BeLlellHH HCKyccTBa, «aKueIlTHpYeT aKTY-
aJlbllble B OnpeLleJleHIIOH KYJlbTypllo-HCTOpH'tCCKOH cpeLlc CTOpOHbl 311a'teHHSI BCWH HJlH H306pa-
JKeHHSI» [AllTolloBa 1984, c. 42]. E. VI. POTell6cpr B Ka'teCTBe 3Ma'tH BCSlKOH CTHJleBOH CHCTeMbl
yKa3blBaeT CTpeMJleHHe HaHTH 3aKoH'tellllYlO n.1acTH'tecKylO <!WPMY.1HPOBKY HLleaJIbHoro 06pa3a,
paBHO YHHBepCaJlbH)'1O LlJlSl Bcex npOCTpallCTBCIlHblX HCKyCCTB [POTell6cpr 197 I, c. 4 I]. CTHJlb.
BblpaJKaSl C)'Tb <!)eHOMeHa xYLlOJKeCTBCHHoro TBOp'tccTBa B eLlHHCTBe BCCX ero KOMlIOlleHTOB, OT-
JlH'taeTCSI LlHHaMH'tHOCTblO H lie HMceT cTporHx rpaHHIl, HaXOLlSlCb B npoueccc HenpepblBlIoro
pa3BHTHSI. CTHJlb B HCK)'ccTBe SlBJlSlCTCSI He nOCTOSlHHOH H He HeH3MClIHOH CTpyKTypOH. a JKHBI,IM
xyLlOJKeCTBeHHblM npOUCCCO:-.l, B KOTOpOM BaJKllO yIlOBHTb TeHLlCHUHlO pa3BHTHSI, npHIlL\Hnbl H
3aKOHOMepHOCTH CTH. c06pa30BaHHSI [BJlacoB 1995, c. 9, 538-540]. MOJKHO npH3l1aTb, 'tTO co-
UHa.%HO-HCTOpH'tccKHe yCJlOBHSI OnpeLlCJlSlIOT CTHJlb JlHlIlb B KOIIC'tHOM c'teTe - 'tcpe3 CIlOJKHYIO
uenb onocpe;:tylOWHx 3BeHbeB. CTH,% KaK xYLlOJKeCTBCHHaSl 3aKolloMcpHOCTb BXOi!HT B x Y Ll 0-
JK e C T B e H Hoe H an p a B . e H H e B Ka'tCCTBe KOMnOHeHTa H TOJlbKO B HCM MOJKCT nOLlJle-
JKaTb COUHa.lbHO-HCTOpH'tCCKOMY 06'bSlCHCIlHIO [COKOJlOB 1968, C. 134]. CTHJlb ollpeLlenSleTCSI
MHpoB033peHHeM, a HLleHHoe COLlepJKaHHe C.lyJKHT OCIIOBOH xy;:tOJKeCTBeHHoH 3aKoHoMcpHOCTIof;
cocTaB.1S1lOweH CTH.%, HO He.lb3S1 c'tHTaTb CTHJlb < OpMOH HJlH BblpaJKeHHeM 06wecTBeHHolof
IofLleonorHH. «06wccTBeHHaSl Hi!eO,10rHSI onpeLleIlSleT llanpaBIleHHe HCKyccTBa. CTHJlb KaK O;:tHO
H3 C.laraeMblX xYLlOJKeCTBelllloro HanpaBJlCHHSI H COOTHOCHTCSI C ero HLlCOJlOrH'teCKHM COLlepJKa-
HHe:'l» [COKO. OB 1968. c. 105]. CTHHb, KaK npaBHJlO, CBSl3I>lBaeTCSI C HLleeHlle HCnOCpeJlCTBeHHo,
a 'tepe3 06Pa3HylO cHcTeMY, npH 3TOM COLlepJKaHHe BcerLla coxpaHSleT 3Ha'teHHe BeLlywero Ha'ta-
Jla no OTHoweHHIO K CHCTeMe 06pa30B [COKOJlOB 1968, C. 126].
f1peLlcTaBJlSISI C060H CHCTeMy, CTHJlb nOLl'tHHSleTCSI OnpeLleJleHHblM 06WHM 3aKoHoMepHo-
CTSlM, B TOM 'tHCJle H 3aKOHOMepHOCTSlM pa3BHTHSI: BCSlKHH CTHJlb npOXO.i\HT ny-rb OT 3apOJKLleHHSI
'tepe3 paCUBeT K ynal!Ky H Llerpa;:tauHH. f1pH 1TOM «MOJlOLlOCTb» CTHJlSI, KaK npaBH,10, KOHCTPYK-
TIofBHa, «3peJlOCTb» - rapMOHH'tHa, «CTapOCTb» - LleKopaTHBHa l [fHH36ypr 1924]. 3Ta HLleSl
6blJla BblCKa3aHa ewe VI.-VI. BHHKeJlbMaHoM [BHHKeJlbMaH 1935] ,f. BeJlb<\!JlHHOM [BeJlb<IIJIHH
1994] H 3. KOH-BHHepoM [KoH-BHHep 1936]. 4CpTbl OnpeLleJleHHoro CTHJlSI yJlaBJlHBalOTcSI B
npoH3BeLleHHH .1I060ro MacwTa6a. «CTHJlb KaK xyLlOJKeCTBeHllaSl CHCTeMa coxpaHSleT CBOH oc-
HOBHble npH3HaKH, B KaKOM 6bl 06'beMe OH HH BblcTynaJI, XOTSI B KaJKLlOM H3 3THX 06'beMOB Ha-
6J1IOLlaIOTCSI Te HJlH HHble oc06eHHocTH BblpaJKeHHSI CTHJlCBOH 3aKOIIOMepHocTH» [COKOJlOB 1968,
c. 25]. TpaKToBKa CTHJlSI KaK CHCTCMbl, Bce 3J1CMeHTbl KOTOpOH HaxOLlSlTCSI B eLlHHCTBe, Tpe6yeT
60Jlee nOLlp06Horo HCCJleLlOBallHSI ')THX 3J1eMeHTOB H HX CBOHCTB, no;:t'tHHSlIOWHXCSI 06weH xy-
1l0JKeCTBeHlloH 3aKoHoMepHocTH. B HCKycCTBoBeLleHHH BblLleJlSlIOTCSI TaKHC nOHSlTHSI, KaK KaTe-
ropHH CTHIlSl, 3J1eMeHTbl CTHJlSI, 1l0CHTe, H CTHJlSI, CTHJleBble (l)aKTOpbl H T. Ll. CTHJlb KaK 3CTeTH-
'teCKoe SlBJleHHe «eCTb npCJKLle Bcero nOLl'tHHellHOCTb Bcex ero 3. eMeHTOB HeKOTopoMy xYLlOJKe-
cTBellHoMy 3aKa3Y, KOTOpblH HX 06'bCLlHHSlCT, npHLlacT UCJlOMy ero UeJlOCTHOCTb, LleJlaeT Hc06xo-
LlHMblM HMeHHO TaKHe LleTaJllof CTHJleBOH CHCTCMbl» [COKOJlOB 1968, c. 34]. 3J1CMeIlTaMH XYLlOJKe-
CTBCIlHOH CTPYKTypbl C'tHTalOT HLleHHoe COLlCpJKallHe, 06Pa3HYIO CHcTeMy, Sl3blK (T. e. BlICWHIOIO
<!)OPMY) H T. Ll. CTpYKTypa xyLlOJKeCTBelllloro npoH3BeLlcHHSI OXBaTblBaeT BCC 'taCTlJble npOSlBJle-
HHSI cro cTpoellHSI - CIOJKeT, <IJa6YJlY, KOMn03HUHlO, apxHTeKTOIlHKy. CTpYKT)pa xYLlOJKeCTBeH-
Horo npoH3BeLlellHSI HMeeT HcpapxH'tecKHH xapaKTcp. 3IlcMellTbl COLlepJKaTeIlbHoro ypOBIISI SlB-
JlSlIOTCSI yllpaBJlSllowHMH no OTHoweHHlO K 1J1eMeHTaM tlpyrHx ypoBHeH. XOTSI 06wenpH3HallHbiM
c'tHTaCTCSI H 06paTHoe BIlHSlHHe <\WpMbl lIa COLlCpJKallHe. 3J1eMCHT CTHJlSI - 3TO 1J1CMellT CTHJle-
BOH CHCTCMbl B ee xYLlOJKeCTBeHlloH 3aKoHoMcpIlOCTH. «CTaHoBSlcb 1I0CHTeIISlMH CTHJlSI, 1J1CMCU-
Tbl CTpyKTYPbl npH06peTalOT CTHJleBylO xapaKTCpllOCTb H TeM caMblM BXO,lS1T B onpCi!eJlellHylo
CTIofJlCBYIO cHcTeMy, npH311aKH KOTOpOH H SlBJlSlIOTCSI ce 1J1eMellTaMH». 3J1eMellTaMH CTHJlSI SlBJlSI-
IOTCSI He H306paJKeHHSI KaK TaKOBble, a CpCLlCTBa 3Toro H306paJKCIlHSI, xapaKTCplll,lC LlJlSl LlallHoro
CTIofJlSl [COKOJlOB 1968, c. 88, 90]. <t>aKTOpaMH CTHJlSI lIa3bllJalOT 3J1eMClITbl, KOTopble 06yCIIOBJlH-
BalOT Iof onpeLleJlSlIOT CTHJlb, a 1l0CHTCIlSlMH CTHJlSI - 3IleMellTbl, KOTopble Bl,lpaJKalOT cncllHl!)HKy
CTIofJlSl, Hecy-r B ce6e xapaKTcpHblC ero lIpOSlBJleHHSI. 3J1CMe1lTbl XYLlOJKCCTBelllloH CTPYKTypbl, OT-
HOCSlWHecSI K n;lally COLlCpJKaHHSI. SlBJlSlIOTCSI TOJlbKO (l)aKTOpaMH CTH. SI. K HHM OTIIOCSlTCSI: HLleH-
Hoe COLlepJKaIIHe, 06pa3llaSl CHCTeMa, MeTOLl H Llp. 13IlCWllSlSl <lwpMa B HCKyCCTBC - TO.lbKO HOCH-
TeJlb CTHJlSI. flpcLlMeTHo-HLlCHIlOC COLlepJKaIlHC KOIIKpCTllOrO xyLlOJKeCTBelllloro UCIloro CTaHO-
BIofTCSI <!)aKTOpOM ero CTHIlSl. COLlCpJKallHC COXpaIlSleT 3l1a'tCHHe BeLlywero Ha'taJIa 110 OTlIOWCIIHIO
K llpyroMy cTHJle06pa3YlOuleMy <IJaKTOpy - 06pa3HoH CHCTeMe. XYLlOJKCCTBellllblH MeTOLl, KaK H
JKallpOBaSl <!)OpMa, TOJKe OTHOCHTCSI K <!JaKTOpaM CTHJlSI [COKOJlOB 1968, c. 62, 134].
HOCHTCJlSlMH CTHJlSI cJlcLlyeT C'tHTaTb TOJlbKO <!WpMaJlbllble 3J1eMellTbl XYLlOJKCCTBeHlloH
CTPYKTypbl, TorLla KaK ee COLlCpJKaTeJlbHblC 1J1CMeHTbl (HLlell. 06pa3) SlBJlSlIOTCSI cTHj[e06pa3ylO-
lUHMH <!JaKTopaMH. CTHJlb, 06'beLlHllSlSl <!WpMaJlbllble JJleMCllTbl, HJlH 3J1eMellTbl BblpaJKellHSI, xy-
;:tOJKeCTBeHHoro npoH3BeLleHHSI. CBSl3blBaeT <IWpM)' C COLlepJKallHeM H BOnJlOwaeT B cc6e HLlCIO, B
'tCM H npOSlBJlSleTCSI 3aBHCIofMOCTb CTHJlSI OT 06pa3HOrO MblWJlCHHSI H OT MHpOB033pCHHSI [COKOJlOB
1968, c. 87]. TaKHM 06pa30M, «CTHJlb eCTb 3aKoHoMepHocTb, 06'beLlHIlSllOwaSl B Ka'tCCTBe ero HO-
I
VI.-Vl. BHHKeJlbMalla npHHSlTo c'tHTaTb OLlHHM H3 OCHOBOnOnOJKIlHKOB MCTOLlHKH HCKyCCT-
BOBeLl'tCCKoro allaJlH3a. Oil npeLl,10JKHJI cxeMy HCTopH'tecKoro pa3BHTHSI LlpeBlIerpc'tecKoro HC-
KYCCTBa (<<LlpeBHcHwHH CTHJlb», «BblCOKHH CTHJlb», «H3S1WHblH CTHJlb», «CTH.1b nOLlpaJKaTeJlbHblH
H ynMOK HCKyccTBa»), onHpaBwylocSI Ha BblLleJleHHble nSlTb cTyneHeH, COOTBeTCTBYIOWHX «Ha-
'taJIY, pa3BHTHIO, COCTOSlHHlO, y6blJlH H OKOH'talIHIO» JlI060ro SlBJleHHSI [BHHKe,%:,wH 1935,
c. 356], OnpeLleJlHJI 'tepTbl, xapaKTepH3YloWHe pa3Hble CTMHH aHTH'tHoro HCKyccTBa (<<LlpeB-
HeHwHH CTH.%» OU Ha3BaJI npSlMblM H JKCCTKHM, 3HeprH'tllblM, MOWHblM, HO JlHWeHHblM rpauHH,
«BbICOKHH CTHJlb» - B03BblweHHblM H yrJIOBaTblM, cTpeMHBwHMCSI K HLleaJIH3aUHH, ypaBHoBe-
WeHHOCTH H HeB03My-rHMOCTH, «H3S1WHbIH CTHJlb» - H3S1WlIblM H nJlaBHblM, rpauH03HblM, «nOLl-
paJKaTeJlbHblH CTHJlb» oxapaKTepH30BaJl KaK 3KJleKTH'tHblH, HarypaJlHCTWIHblH, yrpaTHBwHH
rapMoHHIO, cTapaTeJlbHblH B OTLleJlKe, MeJlO'tHblH B LleTaJlH3auHSlx), 'teM H 3aJ10JKHJI OCHOBbl
<\!OpMaJlbHO-CTHJlHCTH'tecKoro MeTOLla [BHHKeJlbMaH 1935, c. 356-397].
146
147
CHTe. eH Bce 1IleMeHTbl < OpMbl xYLlOJKeCTBeHHoro ueIloro Iof onpeLleIlSleMaSl B KayeCTBe ero [lJaK-
TOpOB HLleHHO-06pa3HblM COLlepJKaHHeM, xYLlOJKeCTBeHflblM MeTOLlOM H JKaHpOM LlaHHoro ue,10-
ro» [COKOJlOB 1968, c. 130]. CTHIlb B HCKyccTBe onpeLleIlSleTcSI «BHYTpeHHeH . OrHKOH pa3BHTHSI
xYLlOJKeCTBeHHoro MblW,leHHSI yeIlOBeKa, onpeLleJleHHblX cnoc060B BHLleHIofSl MHpa, OC03HaHHSI
CBOHCTB npocTpaHCTBa H BpeMeHIof» [BIlacoB 1995, c. 8].
CJleLlyeT OTMeTIofTb, YTO B OTHoweHHH H3yyeHIofSl LlpeBHero HCKYCCTBa, npeLlCTaBJleHHOrO ap-
xeOJlOrHyeCKIofM MaTepHaIloM, B yaCnlOCTIof CKHllJo-CH6HpcKoro 3BepHHoro CTHHSI, HYJKHO Pa3J1H-
yaTb .:\Ba acneKTa: npHKJlMHOH, [lJOpMaIlbHO-LlHarHOCTlofpYIOW HH (oc06eHHo pacnpoCTpaHeHHblH
B apXeOIlOrHH), H K)'JlbTypoIlOrHYeCKHH, nOLlpa3YMeBaIOWIofH qJYHLlaMeHTaIlbHoe HCCIleLlOBaHlofe
Bcero SlB.leHHSI B ueJlOM H LleJlalOWHH aKueHT Ha cOLlepJKaTe.lbHYIO H HLleHlIYIO OCHOBY :noro [ e-
HOMeHa. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT 3May KOHKpeTHOrO HCCIleLlOBaHHSI, KaJKLlOMY H3 3THX acneKTOB MO-
JKeT OTBOLlHTbCSI BeLl)'waSl pOIlb, a pe3YJlbTaT IofCCIleLlOBaHHSI CBOLlHTCSI JlIof60 K aTpH6yuH H (OT
npH6IlH3HTeJlbHOH LlO B BblcweH CTeneHH KOHKpeTHoH), JlH60 K rIl06aJ1bHOH H BcecTopoHHeH
oueHKe naMSlTHHKa IofCKyccTBa, npeJKLle Bcero C TOYKH 3peHIofSl MlofpoB033peHHSI. CooTBeTcTBeHHo,
B nepBoM cIlyyae OCHOBHblM 06'beKTOM BfIHMaHIofSl OKa3blBalOTCSI 1l0CHTeJlH CTHIlSl, a BO BTO-
pOM - qJaKTOpbl CTHIlSl.
B KayeCTBe 3IleMeHTOB CTHIlSl MOJKHO paCCMaTplofBaTb IllofllCHHOCTb H JKIofBOnHCHOCTb, CTa-
Tlof'tHOCTb H LlHHaMH'tHOCTb, KOHCTPYKTHBllOCTb Iof LleKopaTHBHOCTb H T. Ll. (npHIlUHnbl, BbiLleIleH-
Hble ellle r. BeIlbqJJlHHOM). KaTeropHeH CTIofJlSl SlBIlSleTCSI COOTHoweHHe OnpeLleJlellllblX npHHu lof -
nOB B xYLlOJKeCTBeHHOM npOH3BeLleHIofH. HHblMIof CJlOBaMH, mla MOJKeT paCCMaTpHBaTbCSI KaK
eLlHHCTBO npOTHBOnOIlOJKHOCTeH.
B KayeCTBe CTHJleBblX KaTeropHH MOJKeT paCCMaTpHBaTbCSI COOTHoweHHe TaKIofX HOCHTCIleH
CTHJlSI, KaK H306pa3HTeIlbHOCTb H Bblpa3HTeJlbHOCTb (3KcnpeCCHBIIOCTb), OTcyrcTBlofe HJlH HaJllof-
YHe )'CJlOBIlOCTH H ec CTeneHb H xapaKTep (3TO OTpaJKaeTCSI Ha TaKHX HOCHTeJlSlX CTHIlSl, KaK KOM-
n03lofuHSI, BHCWIlSlSl [lJOpMa), TSlroTeHHc 1of306paJKeHHSI K CTporHM HIlH CB060LlllbiM [lJOPl-laM, COOT-
HoweHlofe npOCTOTbl Iof CJlOJKHOCTH, CHMMeTpHSI H aCHMMCTpIofSl, KaMepllOCTb Iof MOHYMCIlTaJlbHOCTb
(MaCWTa6b1) npOH3BeLleHHSI, coonlowelllofe CnlTlofKH H LlHllaMIofKH, KOHCTPYKTHBHOCTH H LleKopa-
TIofBHOCTH H T. Ll. npOIofIlJlIOCTplofpOBaTb nOHSlTHe CTIofIlSl B ero Y3KOM 3HayeHIofH JlI1S1 IofCK)'CCTBa
CKHllJCKOH 3nOXH MOJKHO Ha npHMepe H3LlCIllofH, BblllOJlHeHHblX H3 pa3llblX MaTepHaIlOB (30IlOTO,
LlepeBO, 6poH3a), B nJlOCKOCTHOM Iof 06'beMIlOM peweHIofIof, npeLlCTaBJlSlIOW HX pa3Hble 06pa3bl
(Ta6J1. 3). B Ta6J1lofue npHBeLleHbl H306paJKeHIofSl H3 naMSlTHHKOB pa3IlHYHblX perH01l0B EBpa3HH,
LleMoHCTpHPyIOw lofe 6Illof3Koe CTHJlHCTHYCCKOe mIJOpMJleHHC, HeCOMHeHIlO, 06'bSlCfIHI-IOe 3aKOHO-
MepHocTSlMH 3THOHCTOplofYCCKOrO nopSlLlKa (cp.: Ta6J1. 3: 1-9,12 Iof Ta6Il. 3: 10, II).
HeT eLlHHoro MHeHHSI no nOBOLlY OTHowellHSI MaTepHaIla K CTHJIlO. E. VI. OSlTeBa nOIlaraCT,
YTO «xYLlOJKeCTBeHHblH CTHJlb BKIllOyaeT B CBoe nOHSlTIofC BCIO MaTeplofaIlbHYlo CTOpOH)' npolof3Be-
LleHHSI, Bce, YTO CBSl3all0 C TCXHlofyeCKIofM, HcnOIlIlHTeJlbCKIofM acneKTOM: MaTcpHaIl, 06lUaSl [lJOpMa
H ee LleTaJlH, MaHepa ncpeLla'tH 06pa3a. opHaMCHT» [OSlTeBa 1993]. «MaTepHaJI C03LlaeT CTHJlb
npoH3BeLle1lHSI» - TaK CYHTaIl LJ,. VI. KHnJlIofK [KHnIlHK 1929, c. 88]. OLlHaKo ;:tPyrHe HCCJle.'10Ba-
TCHH nOIlaralOT, YTO MaTepHaIlbHo-TexlIlof<lccKlofe YCIlOBIofSl C03;:talOT JlIofUlb H3BeCTHble npe;:tnocbl,l-
KH H rpaHHubl CTHIleBoro mlJOpMIleIlHSI, a He caMblH CTH.% [COKOJlOB 1968. c. 125]. T. n. 3Ha-
MepoBcKaSl IofCKJllO'taJIa MaTepHaJl H3 KOMnOllellTOB CIlOJKeHHSI Mallepbl Iof CTHIlSl [3HaMepoBcKaSl
1975, c. 10-11]. Bonpoc 3TOT LlHCKYCCHOllHblH, HO, eCIlIof He BLlaBaTbCSI B TOHKOCTH TepMHHO,10-
rHyeCKIofX np06J1eM, c.leLlYeT npH3HaTb, YTO MaTepHaII, 6e3 cOMlleIIHSI, BIlHSleT Ha CTIofJlb H OT'tac-
TH 06\'CJlOB.1HBaeT ero, HO He BXOLlHT B caMO nOHSlTlofe CTHIlSl. no OTHoweHlof1O K CKfl[IJCKOMY 3Be-
PHHO;IY CTH.110 BnepBble TaKOH BblBO;:t cLleJlaJI f. DopOBKa [Borovka 1928, p.65]. Bc,leLl 3a
f. DOpOBKOH M. VI. ApTaMoHoB nHCaJI, YTO CTHJlb CKHllJCKOrO HCK)'ccTBa «06ycIlOBJleH MaTepHa-
IlOM. B KOTOpOM ncpBoHa'taJIbHO CIlOJKIofJlOCb 31'0 HCK)'CCTBO, a HMeHHO LlepeBOM H KOCTblO.
YnoTpe6J1eHHe noc.leLlHeH Bbl3Ba.l0 YMeHlofe pacnOHaraTb H306paJKeHHe B OrpaHlofyeHHO H nJlOC-
KOCTH. npHcnoca6,lHBaSl ero K npOCTpaHCTBY, LlaHHmlY [lJOpMOH LleKopHpyeMoro npeLlMeTa. B
KOCTH Iof ;:tepeBe pOLlHHaCb TpaKTOBKa [lJOpMbl B TeXHIofKe pe3b6bl. CLle,laBwaSlCSI HaCTOJlbKO npH-
BblYHOH, YTO OKa3aJ1aCb nepeHeCCHHOH B MeTaJlJI KaK xapaKTepHaSl npHHM.leJKHOCTb CTIofIlSl»
[ApTa IOHoB 1966. c. 24].
TaKoro I-lHeHHSI npH;:tepJKHBaIOTCSI He Bce CKH< OJlOrH. LJ,. C. PaeBCKHH HC CBSl3blBaeT pe3KHe
rpaHH MeJK;:tY n,10CKOCTSlMH Ha CKIof[ CKHX 1of306paJKeHHSlX C TeXHo.l0meH Iof CBOHCTBaMH MaTe-
pHaJla, a B03BOLllofT IofX K npHeMY reOMeTpH'teCKoro nOCTpoellHSI 1of306paJKeHHSI, YTO npeLlCTaB.1S1-
CTCSI MeHee 060CHOBaHHbiM [PaeBcKHH 1985, c. 31]. np06J1eMa npOHCXOJKLleHHSI CKHllJCKOrO 3Be-
pHlioro CTHJlSI nOCTOSlHHO )'BSl3blBaCTcSI C BonpocoM 0 nepBHYHOCTIof MaTepHaJlOB, H3 KOTOpblX H3-
rOTOBJlSlIlHCb npeLlMCTbl B 3BepHHoM CTI1Ile [4HelloBa 1971: ApTaMoHoB 1971]. H. 11. 4J1eHOBa
BblCKa3aJ1a TOYKY 3peHHSI 0 nepeHeceHHH TeXHIofKH 06pa60TKH CTeaTHTa Ha LlPyrlofe MaTeplofaJlbl H
o MSlrKo KaMHe KaK nepBHYHOM MaTepH1Lle H3;:teIlHH 3BeplofHoro CTHIlSl. OTBepraSl KOCTb KaK
MaCCOBblH MaTepHaJl apXaHyeCKHX xY.'10JKeCTBeHHblx H3LleIlHH. H. 11. 4IleHoBa OTplofUaeT B03-
MOJKHOCTb nepexoLla HeKoTopblX TeXHO,10rH'teCKHX MmleHTOB H3 06pa60TKH KOCTIof B CTHJlHCTH-
'teCKHe oc06eHHocTIof 1of3LleJlHH, BblllO.1HeHHblX B LlP)TIofX MaTepHaIlax, a lIaJlH'tHe pe3KIofx rpaHeH
Ha CTblKax nJlOCKOCTeH 06'bSlCHSleT H3rOTOBHeHIofeM .'1epeBSlHHblX MaTplofU LlHSI 30HOTbiX 6HSlX
H. 11. 4IleHoBa Bo06111e CYHTaeT pe3KHe rpaHIof HexapaKTepHbl 1H LlIlSl CKH[IJO-CH6HPCKOro HCKYC
CTBa B ueIlOM Iof paccMaTpHBaeT HX KaK n03LlHIofH npH311aK [4,leHoBa 1971, c. 217]. P. C. MHHacSlH
y6eLlHTe.%HO nOKa31Ll npOHCXOJKLleHHe HeKoTopblX )'CTOHYHBblX HKOHOrpa[IJIof'tecKHx CXel-l 3Be-
pHHoro THJlSI, CBSl3aB HX C TeXHOIlorH'teCKHM aCnel(TOM, B yaCTHOCTIof - C TeXHHKOH IlIofTbSl no
BOCK6BOH MOLleHIof [MHHacSlH 1988].
DOJlbWOe 3HayeHHe B H3Y'teHHIof CKHllJCKOrO HCKyccTBa HMeeT 1l0HHMaHHe TaKoro SlBJlCHIofSl
KaK C T H JI H 3 a u H SI (Pa3HblC [IJOpMbl CTIofJlH3aUHH CI-l. B Ta6Il. 3, 7-10, 15, 16, 18,21,30,31 H
T. Ll.). Bce HCCJle.:\OBaTeJlH cKwl)CKOrO 3BeplofHoro CTH.1S1 eLlHHoLlYWHO OTMC'talOT B npouecce ero
3BOJllOUHH HaJlH'tHe LlBYX napaHJleIlbHO CYWeCTBYlOlUHX TCHLlCHUHH, OLlHa 1of3 KOTOpblX «Bblpa3lof-
IlaCb B CTpeMJleHHH KO Bce 60IlbweH CTHJlH3aUHIof Iof CXeM lTIof3aUHIof, K npeBpaweHlof1O H306paJKe-
HHSI B opHaMeHT», LlPyraSl JKe - «B CTpeMIleHHH MaCTepOB BHeCTIof eCTeCTBellHOCTb Iof pa3Ho06pa-
3He B CTaHLlapTHble cxeMbl» [51ueIlKo 1971. c. 128: WKYPKO 1975, C. 7; ApTal-lOHOB 1971, c. 30].
VlccIleLlOBaTeJlH nO-pa3HoMY pacueHIofBalOT 3Ha'teHHe cxeMaTH3aUHH Iof opHaMeHTaJIH3auloflof
paccMaTpHBaSl Bonpoc 0 TOM, 6blIIa IlH cxeMaTIof3aulofSl 06pa30B cileLlcTBlofeM )'TpaTbl Iofl-llof Cl-lblCJI '
H npeBpallleHHSI HX B 'tHCTO LleKopaTHBHblH 3J1eMe1lT [ PaeBCKIofH 1985a C 3 2] M JA A a
,. . . n. pTaMoHoB
nOJlaraJI, 'tTO npeBpaweHHe 1of306paJKellHH «B IlHIICHHO-nJlOCKocTH)'IO cxeMY, B KOTOpOH opHa-
MeHTaIlbHbie MOTHBbl LlOMHHHPYlOT HM H306pa3IofTeIlbHblMIof», npHBeIlo K nOSlBJleliHIO MOTHBOB B
KOTOpblX TpYLlHO IofJlH HeB03MOJKHO BblYJleHHTb HX OCHOB Y [A p Ta\101l0B 1971 C 30 ] A JA W '
,. . . n. KVpKO
C'tHTaeT, YTO, HecMoTpSl Ha npe06IlMaHHe LleKopaTHBHoro Ha'taJIa 11M 1of306pa3HTeIlbHbll-; «B
60JlbWHHCTBe CJlyyaeB nO-npeJKHeMY pa3J1HYHMa peaJIbllaSl OCHOBa 06pa3a, TaK KaK cxeMaT 3a-
UHSI npOIofCXOLlHJla B COOTBeTCTBIofH co CTapblMH IofKOHOrpml)H'teCKHMIof cxeMaMH» [WK)'pKO 1975,
C. 8]. CKH<\!0-CIof6HpcKoe HCKYCCTBO OpraHlofyeCKH CBSl3aHO C BewaMH YTHJllof1'apHoro Ha3I1a'teHHSI
(oPYJKHeM, KOHCKHM CHapSlJKeHHeM, npeLlMeTaMH KYJlbTa, OLleJKLlOH, YKpaWCHIofSlMH H T. Ll.).
CTHJlb ero xapaKTepH3Y:TCSI «3aMe'taTeJlbHOH npHcnoc06IlelllloCTbIO K OrpaHlofyeHllblM, 3apaHce
LlaHHblM <\!opMaM ewelof, H306peTaTeJlbHOCTbIO B HCnOJlb30BaliHIof npocTpaHcTBa, KOMnaKTlIO-
CTblO H 3KOHOMHOH yeTKOCTblO KOHTypOB». npH 3TOM «3aMKH)'ToC nocTpoeHHe [lmrVpbl coye-
TalOweecSI C LlHHaMH3MOM 06pa3a», no MHeHlof1O M. VI. ApTaMoHoBa, «npIofBo;:tIofT K 0606 eHHSlM
Iof Lle[ OpMaUIofSlM, COOTBeTCTBYIOWHM ee LleKopaTHBHoMY Ha3I1a'tellloflO» [ApTaMoHoB 1971, c. 25].
BepoSlTHo, 3TO He eLlHHCTBeHHble [lJaKTOPbl, BJlHSlIOWHe lIa CIlOJKeHHe cneuWlmyeCKOH [lJOpMbl CTH-
IlIof3aUHH. M. VI. ApTaMoHoB nOLl'tepKHYIl «YMefIHe nepeLlaBaTb Xapal(TepHble 'tepTbl JKHBOTHOro
YCJlOBHbIMH <jJOpMaMH», HO HYJKHO OTMeTHTb cnpaBeLlIlHBoe MHCHIofC, BblCKa3allHOe E. B. nepe-
BOLlYHKOBOH, 0 TOM, YTO LlaJIeKO He BcerLla HYJKIIO HCKaTb B H306paJKeHHSlX JKHBOnlblX KOHKpeT-
Hble BHLlOBble 'tepTbl: HHorLla, BHLlHMO, BaJKHa nepeLlaya JlHWb 06weH HLleH XHlllHHKa HJlH TpaBO-
SlLlHoro, H, COOTBeTCTBCHHO, B 06pa3e JKHBOTHOro nOLlyepKHBaJlHCb JlH60 XHWHble 'tepTbi JlH60
Ha060pOT [nepeBoLl'tHKoBa 1986]. ,
CTHIlH3auHeH yaCTO Ha3blBalOT pa3Hble SlBJleHHSI. nOlmMaHHe CTHJlSI KaK x)'LlOJKeCTBeHHoH
aKoHOMepHocTH YBSl3b1BaeTCSI C WHpOKO npHMeHSleMblM B HCKyccTBe npHeMoM CTHJlH3aU1-1H, KO-
Lla npoH3BeLleHHe C03HaTeIlbHO nOLlYHHSleTCSI KaKOMY-JlH60 CTHJlIO HIlH nOLlpaJKaeT eMY [COKO-
JlOB 1968, c. 53]. nOLl CTI1J1H3aUHeH nOHIofMaeTCSI H «ynpoweHHe H nO;:t'te p KHBaHHe Tex oc06eH-
H ,)
Vlo eH 'I)OPMbl, K oTopble npeJKlle Bcero 6pocalOTcSI B rIla3a» [npeTTe, KanaHbLlo 1981, c.67].
. . KaMeHeUKIofH, D. VI. MapwaK Iof 51. M. Wep Ha3blBalOT CTHJlIof3aUHeH <<rOIlbKO oCJla6J1efIHe
H306pa3HTe.1bHOH [l)YHKUHIof 6e3 nOTeplof Y3HaBaeMocTH LleTaJlH 06'beKTa HIlH 06'beKTa B ueIlOM»
[KaMeHeUKHH, MapwaK, Wep 1975, c. 67]. OHIof npeLlJlaralOT BBeCTIof «KoHH'tecTBeHH)'1O Mepy
CTHJlH3aUHH, oCHoBaHHYIO Ha COOTHoweHHH IofHBapHaHTHblx Iof MeHSlIOWIofXCSI npH3HaKOB». Ypo-
BeHb CTHJlH3aUHH paCTeT C YBeJlHyeHHeM Beca IofHBaplofaHTHblx npH3HaKoB. H «CTeneHb CTH,lH3a-
UHH 6YLleT TeM 60JlbWe, yeM MeHbwe H36blTO'tHOCTb "H306pa3HTe.lbHoro co06weHHSI", TO eCTb
Ye MeHbwe B HeM HCnOJlb30BaHO npH3HaKOB, onpeLleJlSllOlllHX cO;:tepJKaHHe 06pa3a» [Ka leHeu-
KHH, MapwaK, illep 1975, c. 71].
CTHJlH3aUHSI MOJKCT paccMaTpHBaTbcSI H KaK MeTOLl pHTMHyeCKOH opraHH3aUHH ueJloro, KO-
rLla oc06eHHo BaJKHO nOLlYHHeHHe KaJKLlOro H306pa3HTeJlbHOrO 3,leMeHTa 06111eMY aHcaM6,11O,
148
149
npH'teM 6IlaroLlapSl CTHIlH3aUHH 06'beKT H306paJKeHIofSl MOJKeT npeBpawaTbCSI B opHaMeHTaJlbHblH
MOTHB [Ta6Il. 3: 2--4, 7,8,10, I I). B ueJlOM nOLl CTHIllof3aUIofeH MOJKHO nOHIofMaTb «LleKopaTIofBHoe
0606weHIofe 1of306paJKaeMbiX <Imryp H npeLlMcToB C nOMOWblO pSlLla YCIlOBHblX nplofeMoB, ynpo-
weHIofSl plofcYHKa H <IJOpMbl, 06'beMHbIX H UBeTOBblX COOTHoweHIofH» [AIleKcall.apoB, KaHTop 1976].
B IlIo60M cJlyyae CTHIlH3aUHSI CBSl3aHa C TpaHC(IJOpMaulofeH pCaJlbHOrO 06IllofKa 06'beKTa B HeKYIO
YCJlOBHOCTb (Ta6J1. 26; 53-56; 82) H nOLlpa3YMeBaeT oT60p, < HKcauloflO IofIlIof nOLlyepKHBaHHe H
LlaJKe rHnep60IlH3auIoflO OTLleIlbHblX YepT H xapaKTeplofCTIofK 06'beKTa H cnoc06bl HX nepeLlaYH B
1of306pa3HTeIlbHoH BepCHH. fpMauHSI CTIofIlH3aUIofH IleJKIofT MeJK;:ty H306pa3IofTeJlbHbIM ynpo eHHeM
H cxeMaTH3aulofeH, C OLlHOH CTOpOHbl, H YCIlOJKHeHlofeM H LleKopaTIofBllocTblO - C LlPyroH, 110 BO
Bcex cIlyyaSlX CTH. 1of3auIofSl 06)'cIloBIleHa H onocpeLlOBaHa TBop'tecKoH LleSlTeIlbHOCTblO yeIlOBeye-
CKoro M03ra, B OTJlHYHe OT npSlMoro KonlofpoBaHIofSl 06'beKTa.
Y C Il 0 B HOC T b SlBJlSleTCSI OLlHHM 1of3 CYlllCCTBeHHblX CBOHCTB HCKYCCTBa, nOLl'tepKHBalO-
WHX OTIlH'tHe xYLlOJKeCTBeHHoro npOH3BeLleHHSI OT Bocnplof3BOLlHMOH B HHX peaJIbHOCTH, Iof pac-
CMaTplofBaeTCSI KaK 06WHH npH3HaK xYLlOJKeCTBefIHoro OTpaJKefiHSI, YKa3bIBalOlllHH Ha flCTOJKLle-
CTBeHHOCTb 06pa3a Hero 06'beKTa. YCJlOBHOCTb nOMoraeT Bblpa3HTb CYWlIOCTh 06pa3a, LleJlaSl ee
'tYBCTBCHHO BocnplofHHMaeMoH [3cTeTHKa, c. 364].
f1pHHSlTO CYHTaTb xapaKTepHblM npH3HaKoM paHHcro CKIof(IJCKOro 3BeplofHoro CTHIlSl npcBpa-
weHHe «UHIlHHLlpHyeCKIofX IofIlH BblllYKIlblX nOBcpxflocTeH B lIaKIlOllHble nIlOCKOCTH, nepeceKalO-
WlofecSI nOLl yrIloM B BHLle pe6pa», H B03BOLlHTb 1TOT nplofeM CTHIIIof3aUHH K TeXHIofKe pe3b6bl no
LlepeBY H KOCTH [ApTaMoHoB 197 I, c. 25]. f10 MlleHHIO LJ,. C. PaeBcKoro, 3alofMCTBOBaHHble H3 ne-
peLlHea3HaTCKOro HCKycCTBa MOTIofBbl nOLlBcpraloTcSI 1of3BeCTlIbiM H3MeHefiHSlM: «...Ha<llofllal..'TCSI 6bl-
CTpblH npouecc CTHIlIof3aUHH. KOTOpblH H COCTaBIlSlCT, no CYWCCTBY, npouecc <IJOpMHpoBaHHSI CKIof<IJ-
CKOro IofCKyccTBa» [PaeBcKIofH 1985a, c. 30]. 3TO LlOCTaTOYHO cnoplloc YTBCpJKLleHlofe, TaK KaK, no
BceH BIofLlHMOCTIof, CKHlIJCKOe IofCKYCCTBO C03LlaBaJlO CBOH C06CTIJellHble 06pa3bl, H OTJlHYHSI IofX OT
HCXOLlHblX 06Pa3UOB 6blJlH lie TOIlbKO BHeWflcro xapaKTepa. KpoMe TOro, Bonpoc 0 npOHCXOJK-
LlellHIof CKH<IJCKOrO 3BepHHoro CTHIlSl, B KOTOpOM LJ,. C. PaeBcKHH nplofLlepJKIofBaCTCSI TOYKH 3pellHSI
o nepeLlHea3HaTCKOH OClIOBe CKH<IJCKOrO HCKycCTBa, OCTaeTCSI LlHCKYCCHOIllIblM, nocKoIlbKY B
3BepHlIoM CTIofJle npOCIleJKHBaIOTCSI yepTbl, lIeCOMlIellHO YKa3blBaIOWlofe fla reHeTHYCcKYlO CBSl3b C
apXalofyeCKHM HCKYCCTBOM l{CflTpaJIbHOH A3HH.
f10 LJ,. C. PaeBcKoMY, «CTHJlH3aUIofSl B ncpBYlo OyepCLlb BblpaJKaIlaCb B peLlYKUHH, B CTpeMJle-
fllofH K IlaKoHH3MY H306pa3HTeJlbHbIX cpeLlcTB». V1ccIleLlOBaTeJlb npeLlnoIlaraeT, YTO «1Ta TeHLleH-
UIofSl SlBIofJlaCb n060'tHbiM pe3YJlbTaTOM npouccca THpaJKHpOBallHSI 3alofMCTBOBaHllbiX MOTHBOB He-
HCKyweHHblMH B 1of306pa3IofTeJlbHOM TBOpyeCTBe CKHlIJCKHMH pCMecIleHHIofKaMH» [PacBcKHH
1985a, c. 30]. B03MOJKflO, nOCIleLlHee co06paJKeHIofe H cnpaBeLlJiHBO, XOTSI, lIaBeplloc, 1TO MOrJlO
6blTb He eLlHHCTBeHfIOH H He LlaBHOH npIofYIofHOH.
Xy Ll 0 JK e C T Be H H bl H MeT 0 Ll. CTIofIlb xYLlOJKeCTBCHlIoro npOlof3BCLlellHSI SlBJlSleTCSI pea-
Illof3aUHeH MeTOLla. «MeTOLl B HCKYCCTBC HllOr;:ta nOlllofMaeTCSI KaK cBoe06pa3HblH npHHUHn HJlH
CIofCTeMa nplofHUlofnoB OTpaJKeHHSI LleHcTBIofTeIlbflocTH xYLlOJKeCTBeHflblM C0311aHIofeM H BOnJlOwe-
HHSI :noH .aeHcTBHTeIlbliocTIof B xYLlOJKeCTBeHllblx 06pa3ax» [COKOIIOB 1968, c. 76]. B03MoJKlIa H
He CTOJlb WHpOKaSl TpaKTOBKa xYLlOJKeCTBeHHoro MeTOLla. HeKOTopble TcopeTHKH BKJl10'taIOT B
Hero TPH nOHSlTHSI: OT60p, OTpaJKeHHe H oueHKY SlBIleHHH LleHCTBHTeJlbIlOCTH. PeJKe BCTpeyaeTCSI
nOHIofMallHe xYLlOJKeCTBeHHoro MeTOLla, onpe;:teIlSllowee ero KaK KaTcroploflO, CBSl3aHIIYl0 C XYLlO-
JKeCTBeHHblM n0311aHHeM H oT06paJKeHHeM LleHCTBHTCJlbllOCTH cpeLlCTBaMH HCKyccTBa (no aHa-
JlOrHH C !\1eTOLlOM B < HJlOcO(liHH). B 1TOM cIlyyae 1of3 c<IJepbl xYLlOJKeCTBelllloro MeTOLla IofCKIlIo'ta-
eTCSI OT60p H306paJKaeMbiX SlBIleHHH (TeMaTHKa) Iof oueHKa (06J1aCTb HLleHHoro COJlepJKaHHSI, KO-
Topoe onpeLleJlSleT MeTOLl, HO He SlB.. SleTCSI HM) [COKOIlOB 1968, c. 76]. MeTOLl nOJ1<iHlleH MlofpO-
B033peflloflO; HLleSl CTaHOBHTCSI 06pa30M nocpeLlcTBoM TBop'tecKoro MeTOLla. MeTOLl 06cIlYJKHBaCT
cOLlepJKallHe H nepeLlaeT ero B COOTBeTCTBYlOweM CTHIlC. MeTOLl- :no cnoc06 (IJOpMHpoBaHHSI
06pa3a, cnoc06 TpaKTOBKH qJOpMbl H opraHIof3aUHH xYLlOJKeCTBeHHoro npolof3BeLleHIofSl, BKIlIOyaSl
ClOJKeT Iof KOMn03HUHOHHoe nocTpoeHHe <IJOpMbl. COLlepJKaHHe OnpeLleJlSleT H MeTOLl, Iof CTHIlb, HO
He BXO;:tIofT B HX CTPYKTYPY [3Ha!\1epOBCKaSl 1975, c. 12]. CooTHowellHe MeTOLla H lIanpaBIleHHSI
COCTOHT B TOM, YTO TBOpyeCKHH MeTOLl «BMeCTe C HLleHHO-3MOUHOHaJlbHbIM cOLlepJKaHHeM, 06-
pa3HbiM cTpoeM BXOLlHT B HanpaBJleflHe, OXBaTblBalOwee HCKYCCTBO Ha Bcex ero ypOBHSlX» [Co-
KOJlOB 1968, c. 77]. Ha OCHOBe OLlHoro xYLlOJKeCTBeHHoro MeTOLla B03l1IofKaIOT Pa3J1HYHble CTHJlH.
«KaJKLlaSl xYLlOJKeCTBeHHaSl MeTOLlOJlOrHSI, JlI06aSl YCTOHYHBaSl 06pa3HaSl CHCTeMa BO Bce 1nOXH
BcerLla H 06S13aTeJlbHO qJOpMHpOBaJlH CTHIleBble Iof TeXHHyeCKHe KO mJleKCbl nplofeMoB» [KaMeH-
CKHH 1986. c. 233].
K <jJaKTOpaM CTHJlSI, qJOPMHPYIOWHM ero, OTHOCHTCSI 06Pa3HM CHCTeMa. XYLlOJKeCTBeHHblH
06 P a 3 cIleLlyeT paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK ;:tHaJleKTHyeCKOe eLlHHCTBO YYBCTBeHHoro H IlOrlofyeCKOrO
KOHKpeTHOrO H a6CTpaKTlIoro, HHLlHBIofLlYaJlbHOrO Iof 06wero, <IJOpMbl H co.aepJKafllofSl (Ta6Il. 15:
16, 18). XYLlOJKeCTBeHHblH 06pa3 o.aHoBpeMellHo SlBJlSleTCSI H (IJOpMOH H cOLlepJKaHHeM. B KayeCT-
Be OPMbl 06pa3 BblcTynaeT no OTHoweHlof1O K 3J1eMeHTaM 60Ilee BblCOKoro ypOBHSI, BblpaJKaSl
HLleHHoe COLlepJKaHHe. B KaYCCTBe COLlepJKaHHSI 06pa3 BblcT)'naeT no OTHoweHlof1O K 1,leMeHTaM
60Jlee lIH3KHX ypoBHeH CTPYKTypbl, BblCTynaSl cOLlepJKaHHCM KOMn03HUHOHHOH Iof Sl3blKOBOH
<jJOpM [COKOJlOB 1968, c. 67]. XYLlOJKeCTBeHHblH 06pa3 npeLlcTaB.. SlcT C060H clofcTeM)', B KOTOpOH
MOJKlIO BblLleIlHTb TPH acneKTa: TeKTOHHyeCKIof-KoMn03IofllIofOHllbIH, 3KcnpeccHBHblH Iof H306pa3lof-
TeIlbHblH. Bce OHH lIecyr IofLleHHo-xYLlOJKeCTBeHII)'1O CMbIC..l0B)'1O Harpy3KY npoH3BeLleHHSI. Bbl-
pa3HTeIlbHocTb 06pa3a LlOCTHraeTCSI IofCnOJlb30BaHHeM 3pHTeIlbHO-(IJOPMaJlbllbIX 3IleMeHToB, KOTO-
pble cnoc06CTBYIOT C03LlaHHIO onpeLleIleHHoro lIaCTpOCHIofSl Iof BblSlBIlellloflO HlleHHoro CMblCJla npo-
H3BeLleHHSI [HeLlowHBHH 1972, c. 466]. XYLlOJKeCTBeHllblH 06pa3 npeLlcTaBIlSleT LlHHaMHyecKYIO
ueIlbHOCTb H SlBJlSlCTCSI npoueccoM. Ero 6blTIofe lie lIaYHHaCTCSI Iof IIC 3aKallYIofBaeTCSI lIa CTMHIof
xYLlOJKeCTBcHHoro npoH3BeLleHIofSl. XYLlOJKeCTBeflHblH 06pa3 - SlBJICHlofe HLleaIlbHoro nopSlLlKa;
3apOJKLlaSlCb H <IJOpMIofPYSlCb B c<IJcpe C0311alllofSl C03LlaTeIlSl npOH3BeLleHHSI, 011 MaTeplofaJIH3YeTCSI B
CTpYKType npoH3BeLleHHSI HCKyccTBa H Yepe3 Hero nepeXOLlIofT B C0311alllofe BocnpHIIHMalOwero
06'beKT 'teIloBeKa, CTaHOBSlCb BnOCJleLlCTBHIof <IJaKTOM 06wecTBellHoro C03l1allHSI [MIofXaHJlOBa
1986, c. 63, 65]. 06pa3 npHIlMIleJKHT K CJlOJKHeHWHM <IJOpMaM LlYXOBlIOH LleSlTeIlbllOCTH 'teJlOBe-
Ka, SlBJlSlSlCb pe3 JlbTaTOM aKTIofBHOH nepepa60TKH LleHCTBHTeJlbHOcTH. HCJlb3S1 paccMaTpHBaTb
xYLlOJKeCTBeHlIblli 06pa3 IIH KaK npOCToe OTpaJKeflHe LlCHcTBHTeIlbflocTH, HH KaK nOHSlTHe, XOTSI
OH CBSl3aH H C TeM H C LlPYrHM [MHXaHJlOBa 1986, c. 60,61]. B 1TOM acneKTe npeLlcTaBIlSleTcSI
BaJKHblM yrOYHeliHe qJOPMYJlHPOBKH npeLlJlOJKeHflOH E. VI. OSlTeBoH, KOTopaSl YTBCpJKLlaeT, YTO
«B KaJKLlOM npeLlMeTe MaTepHaJlbllOH KYJlbTypbl COLlCpJKIofTCSI IofLleSl, 06pa3, 3aHMcTBoBaHflblH H3
npHpoLlbl» [OSlTeBa 1995, c. 106]. He06xoLlHMO CLleIlaTb aKueflT Ha TO, 'tTO IlI06aSl IofLleSl, 3aJ10-
JKeHlIaSl B apTe<IJaKTe, 6a311pyemcR lIa 3aHMCTBOBafIHIof 1of3 npHpOLlbl, OLlllaKO 06pa3 KaK TaKOBOH
MOJKCT 6blTb C03LlaH TOJlbKO 'teJlOBCYCCKHM C03HaHIofCM. 06pa3flblMH MOJKllO CYHTaTb 3HaKH Bbl-
3bIBalOUlHC CBOHMH nJlaCTHyeCKHMH CBoHcTBaMH onpcLleIlellllYIO cHcTeMY nOllSlTHH BblC KOH
CTenellH 06WHOCTH.
06pa3 onpeLlcIlSlIOT TaKHe npOTHBOIIOJlOJKllble xapaK'replofCTHKH, KaK MHor03l1aYflOCTb H onpe-
LlCJlellllOCTb, MHoroBapHallTHocTb H B TO JKC BpeMSI HllBaplofaHTHOCTb, Jla6HJlbHOCTb Iof cTa6HIlb-
Hocn [MHXaHJlOBa 1986, c. 72, 77]. 06pa3 B IofCKyccTBe <IJOpMHpyCTCSI JlHWb npH YCJlOBIofH nepc-
XOLla OT SlBIleHIofSl K CYWlIOCTH, KOTOpblH conpOBOJKLlaCTCSI «Hap)'wcliHeM 1of30MOp<I)1of3Ma oplofrH-
lIaJla H ero H306paJKeflHSI YJKe Ha )'pOBlle 06bl<1I101-0 (pCaJlbIlOro) npocTpallcTBa-BpC ICIIH» [30-
60B, MocTenaHeHKo 1974, c. 19]. B KOIleYflOM CYeTe 06pa3 B npoH3BeLleHIofH HCK)'ccTBa npeLl-
CTaBIlSleT C060H «HLleaJIbHbIH cy61,eKTHBllb1H KOHuellTpaT BocnplofHSlToro, coxpaHSleMblH B naMSI-
Tlof Mpeca-ra» [MHxaHIloBa 1986, c. 85]. Oyellb BaJKHO nOMHHTb, YTO «nOHIofMaeMbIH KaK LlIofHa-
MHyeCKaSl ueJlOCTHOCTb, xYLlOJKeCTBeflflblH 06pa3 HaXOLlHTCSI B CHCTeMe Toro HIIIof Ioflloro BIofLla
HIlH pOLla HCKYCCTBa, B CHCTeMe lIeKOeH xYLlOJKeCTBelllloH KYIlbTYPbl, B CIofCTeMC onpeLleIlellfloro
06wecTBa» [MHXaHJlOBa 1986, c. 87]. 3THM 06'bSlCHSlCTCSI B03MOJKHOCTb CIIOJKeHHSI onpeLleIleH-
HO O 06p,::moro WTaMna, CTepeoTHna B CHMBOJlHKe, cywecTBYlOwero B C03l1aflloflof npeLlcTaBHTe-
IleH OLlHOH KYJlbTypbl B WHpOKOM CMblCIle JTOrO CIlOBa IofIlIof CTMlofaJlbHO 6J1H3KIofX KYIlbTYp. <t>e-
HOMeH 06pa3HOrO cTepeoTHna npOCJlCJKHBaeTCSI B CHMBOIlIofKe 06pa30B B cllax. XYLlOJKeCTBeHHblH
06pa3 MeTa<IJopH'teH B CBoeH OCflOBe [KpIOYKOBa 1985, c. 23].
C 3TOH TOYKH 3peHHSI OC06blH HlITepec npCLlCTaBJlSlIOT 300MOp<IJHble 06Pa3bl B HCKyccTBe
CKH<IJCKOro MHpa. HepcLlKo B apxeoJlOrHyeCKOH IlHTepaType BCTpeyaeTCSI OyeHb HeOLlH03HaYlIOe
npHMeHellHe TepMHHa «06pa3». A. P. KaHTopoBIofY YKa3bIBaeT na He06xoLlHMOCTb pa3LleIleilIofSl
YJKoro Iof WHpoKoro nOHHMaHHSI TepMHHa «06pa3», OTMeyaSl cyweCTBoBaHlofe 0606weHHbix H30-
6paJKeHIofH JKHIJOTllblX HeCKOJlbKHX THnOB, no OTHoweHlof1O K KOTOpblM MOJKHO nplofMeHSlTb WHpO-
KHe nOHSlTHSI «06pa3 KonbITHOro», «06pa3 XHWHIofK<I» Iof T. Ll. MeHee 06WHM TaKCOHOM, no A. P. KaH-
TOpOBHYY, MOJKIIO CYHTaTb TepMHHbl THna «06pa3 OIleHSI» (T. e. KOHKpeTHoro BHlla JKHBOTHoro).
HaH60Jl:e KOHKpeTHYIO TaKCOIlOMlofyecKYIO rpynny COCTaBIlSlCT KOMnJleKC npH3HaKoB, nepe;:talO-
WHX LleHCTBHe JKHBOTHOro H 0603Ha'talOwlofx CIOJKeT. TaKoH KOMnJleKC SlBJlSleTCSI onpcLleIlSllowHM
LlIlSl HaH60Ilee Y3KOro nOHSlTHSI «06pa3» [KaHTopoBIofY 1994, c. 3, 4]. He oTpHuaSl He06xoLlHMOCTIof
pa3LleJleHHSI pa3HbiX ypoBHeH nOHH!\-laHHSI H B03MOJKHOCTH nplofMeHeHHSI TepMHHa «06pa3», HeIlb-
3S1 He OTMCTHTb paCnJlblByaTOcTH B onpeLleIleHHH «06pa3 XHWHHKa». 06pa3 npeLlCTaBJlSleTCSI 60-
,lee CJlOJKHblM H MHoronIlaHOBblM <IJeHOMeHOM, HeCYllllofM KOHKpeTHOe COLlepJKaHHC.
150
151
06pa3bl JKIofBOTHblX SlB;ISlIOTCSI onpeLleIleHHblMIof CIofMBOIlaMIof, KOHueHTplofpYIOlUHMIof 3Ha'tlof-
MOCTb 06pa3a nYTeM oT60pa npCLleIlbllO Bblpa3IofTe,1bl!blX Iof eMKIofX cpeLlCTB. BIof3yaIlbHoe npaBLlO-
nO,'l061ofe 1of306paJKeHIofSl «3aBIofCIofT YJKe HC CTO.1bKO OT 061,eKTIofBHoro IofKOHlofLleCKoro COOTBeTCTBIof
1of306paJKeHIofSl 1of306paJKaeMOMY KaK LlBYX taTepHa.lbHblX npe:!:\o1eTOB, CKOJlbKO OT B03MOJKHOCTelof
B03LleHCTBIofSl 1of306paJKeHIofSl Ha cy61,eKTa, a HMeHllO OT cnoc06HOCTIof 1of306paJKeHIofSl 3aCl aBHTb
C 61,eKTa BH.:\eTb B HeM HeKIofC oTcyrcTBYIOll[lofe 061,eKTbi. Kmo't K nOHIofMaHlof1O nplofpoLlbl 1of306pa-
3 TeIlbHoH penpe3eHTauIoflof OKa3blBaeTCSI, TaKIofM 06pa30M, HC IJ 06'bCKTHO-061,eKTHblx, a B 061,-
eKTHo-cy61,eKTlIblx OTHoweHIofSlX "IofKolllof'tecKoro 3HaKa"» [4CpTOB 1993, c. 151].
B )TOM KOHTeKCTe HYJKHO paCCMaTplofBaTb OTlIOWeHlofe MeJK.1l.Y 06pa30M H 3 H a K 0 M (Ta6Il. 26).
CorIlacHo 51. A. Wepy, no:! 3HaKO:l-I «CIleLlyeT nOfll1:1-taTb 1of306paJKeHIofSl, KOTopble 1l0JlHOCTblO
IllofweHbl KaKoro-Illof60 1of30:l-JOpq)1of3Ma no OTlIOWeHlof1O K cBoeMY LleHOTaTY» [Wcp 1980, c.49].
«Ha IofHTYIofTIofBHOM ypOBHe or1lofcaHIofSl 1of306paJKCHIofH, OUpa3 OT 3HaKa MOJKHO IlerKO OTIllof'tlofTb TCM,
'tTO nepBblH BcerLla 1of30Mop<\)eH OTpaJKaeMoMY B HeM npeLlMeTY, a BTOpOH - Hen> [Wcp 1980,
c. 49]. flpaBLla, caM aBTop nplof3HaeT, 'tTO TaKoH KplofTeplofH He Bcc061,eMmOll[. Bonpoc OTflowe-
HIofSl 3HaKa K peaJlbHOCTIof SlBIlSlCTCSI LlHCKYCCIofOHllblM Iof TpaKTyeTcSI pa3Jllof'tllblMIof IofCCIleLlOBaTCIlSl-
Mlof 1l0-pa3HOMY. Y.3KO c'tlofTaeT HeKoppeKTHblM Onpe.1eIlCHlofe «IofKOHIof'teCKoro 31HIKa» 'tCpC3
YKa3aHlofe Ha flaIllof'tlofC Y Hcro 06U1IofX CBOHCTB C 061,eKToM. flo MHCllloflO Y. 3.KO, CXOLlCTB.? «IofK -
Hlof'teCKoro 3HaKa» llpOCIleJKIofBaeTCSI He CTO,lbKO C 061,CKTOM, CKOIlbKO C m:puellTIofBHOIof MOLll:-
IlblO Bb13blBaCMOH 3l1aKOM B C03Hallloflof cyU'beKTa [Eco 1972, S. 213]. Y.3KO nOIlaraeT, 'tTO
«IofK HH'tecKlofe 3HaKIof» Bocnpolof3BoLlSlT YCIlOBHSI BocnplofSlTIofH o01,eKToB IlIofWb nOCIIC oT60pa fla
6a3e KOLla Y3HaBallHSI Iof IofCTOIlKOBaHIofH B rpa<I)Iof'tcCKOM IJblpa,JKeflloflof [Eco 1972, S. 205J. 4TO K -
caeTCSI nepucnTIofBHoH MOLleJlIof, TO, corIlaCflO KOHUCllUIofH Y. 3KO, OHa 3aBIofCIofT He TOJlbKO OT MC-
xaHIof3Ma BOCllpIofSlTIofSl, flO Iof OT KYIlbTYPllblX KOHBCllUIofH, TaK KaK cy61,eKTbl, nplofllal!IlCJKall[lofe
pa3HblM KYJlbTypaM, onlofpalOTCSI fla pa3JllofLlllblC KplofTCp1of1of llplof OT60pe IIpIof311aKOB KaK flalof60Ilee
Cy1I1CCTBCHHblX LlIlSl onpe.LtCJleHIofSl CXO)!CTBa MeJK.Lty 061,CKTOM Iof cro IofKOlllof'tCCKIofM 3flaKOM. flplof
1TOM «IofKOHIof'teCKHH 3HaK» HC 1of leCT pcaIlbHO CBOHCTB CBocro LlCHOTaTa, 110 KaJKeTCSI llCpCLlaIO-
ll[IofM CBOHCTBa 061,eKra B CIof;IY OC06blX CrHMyIlOB BOCllpIofSlTIofSl, 6a3HpyIOUlIofXCSI lla KYJlbTypHblX
YCIlOBHOCTSlX Iof LleTepMloflllofpOBaflflblX Tpa.L1IofUflSlMIof. 13 CBSl3H C JTIofM 1I110.LtIofTCSI 1l0flSlTIofC He TOJlbKO
«HKOHIof'teCKIofX 3I1aKOB», 110 Iof «IofKOllll'ICCKHX KOllOlJ», ycrallaBJlloflJaIOUlI1X «CCMaHTlofLlCCKOC OT-
HowCHlofe MeJKLlY HOCIofTCIlSlMIof 3l1aKOIJ H YJKC KOLllofpOBaHllblMIof 3fla'telllofHMIof BOCllpIofSlTIofSl» [3KO
1984, c. 84]. VlKOIIH'tecKlofx KOLlOB MOJKCT 6blTb MHOJKCCTBO. Pa3BIofBaSl KOIIuenLll11O «IofKOfllofLlCCKO-
ro KOLla», 11. <1>. 4CpTOB nOLl'tepKIofBaeT, 'tTO «BbI60p Toro IofJlIof IofHoro "HKOlllofLlccKoro KO)!a" onpe-
LleIlSleTCSI B nepBYlo o'tepeLlb KYJlbTypHblMIof Tpal!IofUI1S1MIof, YCBoellllblMIof cy61,eKToM. Pa3IlIof'tllble
KyJlbTYPbl oplofeHTlofpylOT ero Ha pa3l1ble CIIOC06bl pcnpC3eHTaUIoflof 061,eKTO B. B 1TOM oTfloUlellloflof
CIofCTeMa 1of306pa3IofTe,lbflbIX CpCLlCTB, IofcnoIlb3ycMbiX IIpeLlcTaBIofTeIlSlMIof TOH IofJlIof IofHOH KYJlbTypbl,
MOJKeT 6blTb ynoLl06IleHa Bep6aJlbHoMY Sl3blKY Iof LlpyrlofM 3HaKOIJblM CIofCTCMaM, nOCKOJlbKY Ofla
3aBIofCIofT OT nplofllSITblX B KYIlbType HOp:\o11of306paJKCllIofSl» [4epToB 1993, c. 154].
B LlpeBHeM IofCKYCCTBC MOJKHO llpOCJlCLlHTb IofcnOIlb30Bafll1e pa3H006pa3l1blX KOLlOB, BK;IIO'taSl
300MOpQ)HblH, pacTIofTeIlbHblH, aflTpono JOp<l)IlblH, a TaKJKe KOLlbl npocTpallcTBelllloro pa3Mell[e-
HIofSl, ra6aplofToB, UBeTa, 'tIofCJlOBOH KOLl, KOLl MaTcplofaIla Iof T. Ll. flplof'teM KOLlbl MorYT lIaXOLlIofTbCSI B
onpeLleIlcHHoH Iofcpapxlof'tecKoH 3aBIofCIofMOCTIof, nO)ToMY 'tpe3Bbl'taHHYIO BaJKflOCTb llpeLlCTaBIlSleT
K,lacclof<I)IofKauIofSl caMIofX KOLlOB [OSlTeBa 1995, c. 112-117].
TaK Ha3bIBaeMblH «3BepIofHblH CTIofJlb» CKH<I)CKOH )nOXH - KYJlbTypHblH <IJeHOMeH, OTHIOLlb
He SlBIlSlIOll[IofHCSI c06CTBeHlI0 «CTIofJleM», B CTporOM CMblCIle JTOrO CIlOBa, a, CKopee, KoppecnOH-
LllofpYIOll[IofHCSI C x y.Ll 0 JK e C T B e H H bl M H an p a BIle fl Iof e M, nOflSlTlofeM, KOTOpOC nOLlpa3Y-
MeBaeT COUlofaJIbIlO-IofCToplof'teCKIof 06YCJlOBJleHHOe eLlIofHcTBO IofLleHHO-XYLlOJKeCTBeflflbIX oc06eH-
HocTeH TBop'teCTBa npe;:tCTaBIofTeJleH TOH 1of"11of IofHOH )nOXIof Iof BblpaJKaeT B 60IlbWCH CTenefllof MIof-
pOB033peH'teCKIofH aClleKT, 'teM IofcnO.lI1IofTeJlbCKIofH. VlCKYCCTBO 3BeplofHoro CTIofIlSl LlO,lJKIIO pac-
CMaTplofBaTbCSI KaK CTal!HaJlbHOe SlB,leHlofe Iof, flecOMHeHHO, SlBJlSleTCSI 300:l-lOp<I)Hbl:l-1 KOLlOM B
1of306pa3IofTeIlbHOM TBop'teCTBe paHHIofX KO'teBIIIofKOB, Halof60,lee a.LleKBaTfIO BblpaJKaIOll[IofM MlofpO-
B033peHIofC noc,leLlHlofx. B paMKax KYIlbTypHoro q)eHO:l-leHa, 1of3BeCTHoro nOLl fla3BaHIofeM «3Beplof-
HblH CTIof,lb», cYll[eCTB)'eT Iof MOJKeT 6blTb BblLleJleHO :l-IHOJKeCTBO cTIofIleH B c06CTBeflflOM C:l-lbiCIle
')Toro CIlOBa, OTpaJKalOll[IofX )THOKYJlbTypHoe Iof COUlofaIlbHO-IofCToplof'teCKoe eLlIofHCTBO onpe;:teIleH-
HblX 06ll[HOCTeH HaceJ[CfllofSl Iof OT:l-le'teHHoe KOMnJleKCO:l-1 llpIof3HaKOB, n03BOIlSlIOll[IofX LllofarHOCTIof-
pOBaTb npIofHa.Ll.leJKHOCTb 061,eKTa K TOH 1ofJ[1of IofHOH CTIofIlIofCTlof'teCKOH rpynne. E. E. KY3bMIofHa OT-
MeTIof"la, 'tTO «npOO,leMa (IJOp:l-1IofpOBaHIofSl CTIof.1S1 B IofCKYCCTBe IofMeeT Tplof acneKTa: TeXHOIlorlof'te-
CKIofH, CTIofIlIofCTlof'teCKIofH Iof Ce:l-taHTIof'teCKIofH» [KY3bMIofHa 1983, c. 96].
B CBeTC )TOrO MOJKHO paccMaTplofBaTb H TeopeTlof'teCKYIO np06J1eMY 3BepHHoro CTIofIlSl. HeoLl-
HOKpaTHo B JlIofTepaType nOLlHHMaJlCSI Bonpoc 0 llpaBoMepHocTIof IofClJO,lb30BaHIofSl TepMHHa «3Be-
plofHblH CTIofJlb» [flepeBoLl'tlofKoBa 1980, c. 118; KY3b:l-1IofHa 1983, c. 96]. Bb13blBa.10 B03paJKeHIofSl
ero 3a'tacTYIO CJlIofWKO:l-l pacwlofplofTeIlbHoe nOHIofMaHlofe. 3. fepuq)eIlbLl Ja:l-lepeHHO lJ36eraJI )TOrO
TepMIofHa, 061,SlCHSISI CBoe OTHowelllofe K lIeMY TaKOH JKC nplofHUlofnlofaJIbHOH HenOCTIofJKIofMOCTblO
nOc.leLlHero, KaK nOHSlTIofSl «'teJlOBe'teCKIofH CTIofIlb» 1ofJ[1of «pacTIofTeIlbllblH CTIofJlb». OH nlofCaJI, 'tTO
«LlaJKe npe06Ilal!alOll[ee HcnOIlb30BaHHC JKIofBOTHblX B LleKopaTIofBHblX ueJlSlx He C03LlaeT CTIofIlSl...»
[Herzfeld 1941, p. 167-168]. 3TO MHeHlofe cOBepwellHo cnpaBeLlIlIofBO, HO cIleLl)'eT orOBoplofTbCSI,
'tTO 1of306paJKeHIofSl JKIofBOTHblX IofCnOJlb30BaJlIofCb COBceM He TOJlbKO B 'tIofCTO LleKopaTIofBHblX ue-
IlSlX - OHIof fleCIlIof CIlOJKH)'1O ceMaHTlof'teCKYlO HarpY3KY, H B ')TOM KaK pa3 Iof 3aKIllO'taeTCSI H3-
BeCTHOC eLlHHCTBO «3BepIofHoro CTIofIlSl». XapaKTepllblM nplof3HaKOM IofCK)'CCTBa pa311blX IIIleMeH,
IofMeBWIofX 6IlIof3KO C MIofpOB033peHIofe Iof CXOLlHYIO HLleOIlorloflO, «6blIlO npe06Ilal!aI1Iofe cpeLlII CIOJKe-
TOB 1of306paJKeHIofH pa3IlIof'tHblX JKIofBOTHblX lof.llof IofX 'tacTeH, BBIofLlY 'tero OHO OTHOCIofTCSI K TaK Ha-
3bIBaeMoMY 3BeplofHOMY CTIofIlIO» [ApTaMoHoB 197 I, c. 24].
Hepe;:tKo TepMIofH «3BeplofHblH CTIofJlb» nOHIofMaeTCSI HenpaBIofJlbHO Iof paCC:l-taTplofBaeTcSI KaK He-
'tTO ueIlblloe, Iof CeMallTlof'teCKaSl 6Illof30CTb 1of306paJKeHIofH TpaKTyeTcSI KaK CTIofIlIofCTlof'teCKoe CXOLl-
CTBO. OLlHaKo HenpaBIofIlbHoC nOHIIMaHIofC TepMIofHa ell[e HIofKOrl1a He SlBIlSlIIOCb LlOCTaTO'tllblM OC-
HOBaHlofeM LlJlSl OTKa3a OT TaKOBoro, caM JKC TepMIofH IofMeeT npaBO Ha CYll[eCTBOBaHlofe, TaK KaK
nOLlpa3YMeBaCT He J1lo60e 1of306paJKCHIofe JKIofBOTflOrO, a «1of306paJKeHIofSl onpeLleIlCHHblX JKIofBOTllhlX
Iof onpeLleJleHHblM cnoc060M» [flepeBoLl'tIofKoBa 1980, c. 118]. CYll[eCTBYloT BHYTPIof TaK lla3bl-
BaeMoro «CKIof<!JcKoro 3BeplofHoro CTIofIlSl» onpeLleIleHllble OTJlIof'tIofSl MeJKLlY cTenlloH, JleCOCTcnHOH
Iof Ky6aHcKOH rpynnaMIof lIaMSlTHIofKOB [I3IofHOrpal!OB, WKYPKO 1963, c. 37; flepCBOLl'tlofKoBa 1984;
1987]. BblLleJleHbl JlOKa"lbHble BaplofaHTbl B IofCKYCCTBe JleCOCTellllOH CKIof(I)IofIof, cpeLlHeLlOflcKOH IlO-
KaIlbllblH BaplofaHT, «caBpO taTcKHH» 3BCplofllblH CTIofJlb Iof T. Ll. [lUKYPKO 1976; 111of6epoB 1976;
C lIofpHOB 1964]. 3TH lla3BalllofSl IIOKaJlbllblX BaplofaHTOB He MCflee YCJlOBflbl, 'teM caM TepMIofH
«3BeplofllblH CTIofJlb», 01111 OCHOBblBalOTCSI Ha pa3HbiX (TCpplofTOplofaJIbflOM, )THIof'teCKOM, apxeOIIO-
rlof'teCKOM) nploflIUlofnaX, Iof CO BpCMCHeM, BepOSlTHO, CTaHeT B03MOJKHb1M BblLleJlellHe 60Jlee 'tCTKIofX
rpynn Iof CTIofJlIofCTlof'teCKIofX JlOKaJlbllblX BaplofallToB H COOTHccefllofe IofX C OnpeLleJleHllblM 1TflOCOM
HJlH KYIlbTypOH. 06u{ee YCJ/06Hoe HOIWeliOGal/Ue «CKI/(/JCKIIlI 3Gepl/llblli cmIUlb», CTaBwee Tpal!lof-
UHOHflblM, HMeCT npaBo Ha CYll[CCTBOBaHlofc, Iof HeT CMblCIla OTKa3bIBaTbCSI OT Hero, TeM 60Jlcc
'tTO, eCJlIof YBSl3aTb ero C HCKYCCTBOBeLl'teCKOH TepMIofHOJlOrlofeH, )TO SlBJleHIofC AIO.J/CI/O paCCMam-
p1l6amb, KaK y.J/Ce 0Ill.lle'lCL70Cb. 6 Ka'leCm6e .\ydo.J/CeeI//6eI/lIOZO l/anpaGJ/eHlIf/.
CneUlofaJIbHOrO paCCMOTpeHIofSl Tpe6YCT Bonpoc nOHIofMaHIofSl HCKYCCTBa KaK 3HaKOBOH CHCTe-
Mbl. M. C. KaraH onpCLleIlSleT IofCKYCCTBO KaK «cnoc06 MOLlCJllofpOBaHIofSl JKIof3HeHHoro onblTa 'tC-
JlOBeKa, CJlYJKalUIofH nOJlY'teHlof1O cneUIof(I)Iof'teCKOH 1l03HaBaTCJlbHO-oueflO'tIlOH IoffHI)opMauloflof, ee
XpafleHlof1O Iof ncpeLla'te C nOMOll[blO oc060ro pOLla 06pa3HbiX 3HaKOBbiX CIofCTeM (xYLlOJKeCTBeH-
HblX Sl3blKOB)>> [KaraH 1972, c. l72]. MblCJlb 0 TOM, 'tTO IofCKYCCTBO IofMeeT 3flaKOBblH xapaInep,
HCOLlHOKpaTHO BblCKa3blBaJlaCb fl. f1IofKacco, C'tlofTaBWIofM JKIofBOnlofCb Iof CKYJlbnTYPY cOBoKynllo-
CTblO 3flaKOB. «VlCKYCCTBO - Sl3blK 3HaKOB... LJ,Be LlblpKIof - )TO 3HaK Illofua, LlOCTaTO'tHblH, 'IT06b1
Bbl3BaTb ero B npe;:tCTaBJleHIofIof He 1of306paJKaSl...» fllofKacco nOJlaraJl, 'tTO «3HaK - JlIofWb CTIofMYIl,
Bb13blBaIOll[IofH MblCJlCHHOC npeLlcTaBIlelflofe npeJ1MeTa, Iof pa60Ta XYLlOJKHIofKa COCTOIofT KaK pa3 B
npOBoUlofpoBalllof1of TaKIofX BHYTpeHHlofx 06pa30B» (UIofT. no: [Brassai 1964, p. 334]). 3lJaK SlBIlSleTCSI
Cp e llCTBOM ncpcLla't1of IofH<IJOpMauloflof. COBOKYllHOCTb 3HaKOB, pacnOJlOJKeHHblX onpeLleIleHHblM
06pa30M, COCTaBJlSleT PHCYHOK, a MHOJKeCTBO 3HaKOB - 1of306paJKeHIofSl, rpa<I)Iof'tecKIofH 06pa3 IofIlIof
onHcaHlofe [flpCTTC, KanaJIbLlO 1981, c. 10]. 111060H YCJlOBlIblH 3HaK SlBIlSleTCSI pe3YIlbTaToM nolofc-
Ka nalof60Jlee TO'tHOH xYLlOJKeCTBeHHoH al!eKBaTHOCTIof IofLlee [COKOIlOB C. H. 1973, c. 37]. liTO Ka-
caeTCSI 1of306pa3IofTeJlbHbIX naMSlTlllofKOB LlpeBHOCTIof, TO apxeo,10raMIof He pa3 npe;:tnplofHHMaJllofCb
nonblTKIof paCCMaTplofBaTb IofX KaK 3HaKOBbie CIofCTeMbl H cBoe06pa3Hble TeKCTbl (AKlofweB A. K.,
KY3b 1IofHa E. E., PaeBcKIofH LJ,. C. Iof Llp.). «D.lIof30CTb K LlpeBHIofM TeKCTaM neTpOrJlIof(I)bl, KaK Bnpo-
'teM Iof ,1106ble Llp)'rlofe 1of306pa3IofTe.lbHble naMSlTHIofKIof, 06HapYJKIofBalOT TeM, 'tTO OHIof npeLlHa3Ha-
'taJIlofCb HC LlJlSl HenocpeLlcTBeHHoro IofcnOIlb30BaHIofSl, a LlIlSl (!JIofKcauloflof KaKIofX-TO 06pa30B, MblC-
.1eH, IofLleH. VlHblMIof CIlOBa:l-llof, nOLl06Ho TeKCTaM, neTpOrIlIof(I)bl 1of3Ha'taJIbHO C03LlaBaJlIofCb TOJKe KaK
HOCIofTeJlIof OnpeLleJleHHOH IofH<\!opMauloflof, HO He Sl3blKOBOH, a 06pa3HOH» [Wep 1980, c. 10].
VlLleSl H 3 0 6 p a 3 Iof T e JI b H 0 r 0 SI 3 bl K a, KaK Iof IofLleSl 3HaKOBOCTIof 1of306paJKeHIofH, LlOCTa-
TO'tHO Tpal!IofUHOHHa LlJlSl )CTeTHKIof Iof Teoploflof IofCKYCCTBa. 111060H Sl3blK, KaK 1of3BeCTIIO, CIlYJKIofT
cpeLlCTBOM KOMMYHIofKaulof1of Iof nOJlb3yeTcSI 3HaKaMIof, a TaKJKe IofMeeT onpeLleJleHHble npaBIofJla CO-
'teTaHIofSl )THX 3HaKOB Iof co6CTBeHHYIO CTPYKTYPY, KOTOpOH CBOHCTBeHHa HepapXlof'tHOCTb [110T-
152
153
a H 1970 c. 14 ] . !lo on p eLleIleHHIO 4. MoppHca, «Sl3blK B nOIlHOM ceMHOTH'teCKOM CMblCIle 1TO-
M , 6IleHHe KO-
ro TcpMHHa eCTb Il106aSl MeJKcy6'beKTHBHaSl cOBoKynHocTb 3HaKOBbiX cpeLlcTB, ynoTpe
TOpblX onpeLleIleHo CHHTaKCHyeCKHMH. Ce IaHTHYCCKHMH H nparMaTH'leCKHMH npaBHIlaMH» [Mop-
1983 C 67-68 ] 11 <1> 4e p ToB OTMeyaeT HeLlOCTaTOYII)'1O pa3pa60TallllOcTb np06Ilc lbl
pHC ,. ... 6 HHH
«H306pa3HTeIlbHblx Sl3blKOB» H H3BeCTlIbie TPYLlHOCTH B 1TOH 0 IlaCTH, B yaCTHOCTH, B BbllleIle
eLlHHHU «H306pa3HTeIlbHoro Sl3blKa» H KOllKpeTH3allHH Llel(mHHUHH [4epToB 1993, c. 158-162].
HecMoTpSl Ha TeOpeTHyeCKHC np06IleMbi H LlHCKYCCHOllllOCTb MHorHX KOHKpeTHblx nOIlOJKe-
HHH, cIleLlyeT npH3HaTb nepcneKTHBHoCTb ceMHOTHyeCKOrO nOLlXOLla K H3YYCHHIO H TpaKTOBKe
H306pa3HTeIlbHoro HCKyccTBa, B OC06CHHOCTH xYLlOJKeCTBCHHoro TBOpyeCTBa LlpeBHocTH, H B ya-
CTHOCTH «3BepHHoro CTHIlSl». ECIlH, cIleLlYSI 11. B. MOYaJlOBY, MOJKIIO paccMaTpHBaTb nOHSlTHe
«Sl3blK JKHBOnHCH» KaK cOBoKynHocTb H306pa3HTeIlbIl0-Bblpa3HTCJlbllbIX cpeLlcTB, KIllOYaSl ClO-
JKeT KOMn03HUHIO, PHCYHOK, llBeT, nepeLlaYy npocTpaHcTBa. TpaKToBKY 06'beMlIOH I(JOpMbl, CH-
IlY1;, COOTHowelIHe Macc, KOHTpacT, pHTM, xapaKTep Ma3Ka, I(JaKTYPY H T. Ll. [MO'IaIlOB 1983
C. 8], TO B «3BepHHOM CTHIlC» KpOMe I(JOpMaJlbllO-Bblpa3HTeIlbllbIX CpCLlCTB BblcTynaeT «Sl3blK 300
MOpqJllblX 06pa30B» [f1epeBOLlYHKOBa 1980; 1994] (Ta6Il. 53, 54, 60).
!lpH TaKOM nOLlXOLle K H306pa3HTeIlblloMY HCKYCCTBY LlIlSl Toro, YT06bl HayaTb H3yyeHHe co-
6 OLlHMO KaK Hen p cMeHlIoe H nc p Boe Y CIloBHe - H3yyeHHe Sl3blKa. lIa KOTO-
LlCpJKalIHSI, «HCO X -
pOM BblpaJKaeTCSI... TO HIlH HHOC COLlepJKaHHe» [Y cnellCKHH 1970, c. 33]. !loll Sl3blKOM nOlIHMa-
IOTCSI Bblpa3HTeIlbHble cpeLlcTBa HCKyccTBa.
PaccMaTpHBaSl CKH!(JCKHH 3BCpHHblH CTHIlb KaK 3HaKOBYlO CHCTeMY, LJ,. C. PaeBcKHH CLleIlaIl
BaJKHblH BblBOLl 0 TOM, YTO KaHOHHyeCKHe 06Pa3bl H cxeMbl BocnpOH3BOLlHIlHCb B npH lcpHO no-
CTOSlHlIOM KOHTeKCTC [PaCBCKHH 1985a, c. 32]. «CHMBOIlHyeCKHH, KOHBeHUHOHaJlbHblH xapaKTep
3HaKoBoH npHpoLlbl 06pa30B 3BCpHHOro CTHIlSl npeLlnOIlaraeT, no CYIUCCTBY, 6e3pa3JIH'tHC K CTC-
neHH CXOLlCTBa C TeM lIaTypaIlbHblM 06'bCKTOM, KOTOpblH BblcTynaeT B pOIlH 03HayalOlltero. BaJK-
lIO IlHWb CXOLlCTBO C TeMH H306paJKeHHSlMH 3Toro 06'beKTa, KOTopble YJKc BblcTynaIlH B pOIlH
3HaKa, TO eCTb C lIenOCpeLlCTBCHHblMH 06pa3uaMH. 3TO C03LlaeT npeLlnOCblJlKH LlIlSl "HepOrJIH!\m-
3aUHH" 06pa30B 3BepHHoro CTH,qSl, LlIlSl BCC 60Ilbwero OTXOLla HX OT LlOCTOBepHoro BocnpOH3Be-
LleHHSI pCaJlbHblX JKHBOTHblX» [PaeBCKHH 1985a, c. 32]. OLlHaKo MSI BCCX 6e3 HCKIllOyellHSI opHa-
MeHTaIlbHblX cxeM He06xoLlHMOH npcLlllOcblIlKOH LlOIlJKHO 6bITb HaIlH<IHe «3pHTeIlbHo BocnpHHH-
MaBIIIHXCSI MOMCHTOB B HX pHTMHyeCKOH H nponOpUHOHaJlbllOH OUCIIKC» [MHJlJlCp 1929, c. 53].
LJ,. C. PaeBcKHH cpaBHHBaeT H306paJKelIHSI CKH!(JCKOro 3BCpHHOro CTHIlSl C 6YKBaMH nHCb-
MCHHblX aJl((JaBHTOB, on03HaBaeMblMH BlIe 3aBHCHMOCTH OT wpH!(n-a H nO<lcpKa. TaKoe 06'bSlClIe-
HHe cxcMaTH3HpYIOlltCH TeHLlCIIUHH 3BepHlIoro CTHIlSl H cOnpOBOJKllaIOllteH cc opHaMcfn-aJlH3a-
UHH KaJKeTCSI y6eLlHTeIlbHblM, H 6e3)'cIloB1I0 llpaB HCCJleLlOBaTCIlb, LleIlaSl BbIBOLl, «'tTO cxeMaTH-
3aUHSI H opHaMeHTaJlH3aUHSI 06pa30B 3BepHlIoro CTHIlSl He MoryT TpaKTOBaTbCSI KaK IICCOMlICH-
HblH npH3l1aK y-rpaTbl HMH ceMaHTHKH, KaK CMblCIlOBaSl Llerpal!aUHSI» [PaeBCKHH 1985a, c. 32].
A. A. MHIlIlep nOLlyepKHBaIl, YTO npoHCXOLlSllltHe B npouecce reoMeTpH3auHH HCKaJKellHSI H
nOCIleLlOBaTCIlbHblC ynpOllteHHSI lICpBOHaYaJlbHblX I(JOpMYIl, 'taCTO Ha3bIBaeMbiC BblpOJKLlellHeM
CTHIlSl SlBIlSllOTCSI TaKOBblMH IlHWb B H3BCCTIIOH CTenCIIH. B cxeMaTH3aUHH, LlO nOIlllOro HCKaJKe-
lIHSI, H BHlleIl SlBIlellHSI COBceM lie LlcrellepaTHBlIoro xapaKTcpa [MHJlIlep 1929, c. 47].
B napaJIIlCIlbHOH TellLlellUHH - pa3BHTHSI H306pa3HTCIlI,HOCTH - yaCTO BHLlSlT pe3YJlbTa
BilHSlIIHSI aHTHYHOH xYLlOJKeCTBeHHoH KYIlbTYPbl [Xa3aHOB, WKYPKO 1978, c.73, 74; PacBcKHII
1985a, c. 33]. 13 CBSl3H C 1THM acneKTOM ypC3BblyaHHO HIITepecHoH npeLlCTaBIlSleTCSI BOO llte B03-
MOJKHOCTb oLlHoBpeMeHHoro cocYllteCTBOBaHHSI B paMKax 0,'1110H KYIlbTypbl, 06Ilal!alOllteH OLlHHM
BHLlOM X03S1HcTBa H eLlHHoH H;:teoIlorHeH, OTpaJKalOlltCH 1TlIHyeCKOe eLlHHCTBO, LlBYX CTHIlHCTH-
yeCKHX BapHaHToB, SlBIlSllOlltHXCSI pe3YIlbTaToM ;:tBYX pa3l1blX IlHIIHH pa3BHTHSI HCKyccTBa: HllY-
llteH no ny-rH c06cTBeHHo H306pa3HTeIlbHocTH H cxcMaTH3HpYlOllteH, nepeXOLl SlllteH K opHaMell-
T1L1H3aUHH H «HepOrJlHI H3aUHH». LJ,IlSl BblpaJKellHSI O;1HHX H Tex JKC KOilUenUHH HcnO,lb30BaJlHCb
pa3HblC 3HaKOBbie CHCTeMbl, pa3Hble KOLlbl, paCCYHTallHbie lIa pa3Hble cnoc06bl BocnpHSlT SI. Co-
cYIueCTBoBaHHe TaKHX 3HaKOBbiX CHCTeM H, COOTBeTCTBeHIIO, pa3HblX CTHIleH B paMKax OLlIlOH K)'Ilb-
rypbl xapaKTepHO LlIlSl MHOrHX LlpeBHHx 06llteCTB H YJKC OTMeyaIlOCb B IlHTepaType. B. D. Vlop-
LlaHcKHH nOLl'tepKHBaeT, YTO, «BHLlHMO. MOJKHO c'tHTaTb cKopee npaBHIloM, yeM HCKIl YeHHeM,
TOT £jJaKT, YTO B paMKax H306pa3HTeJlbHOrO HCKYCCTBa KaJKLlOH OTLle,lbIlOH 1THHYCCKOII rpynnbl
CYllteCTBOB1L1H Pa3,lHYHble CTHJlHCTHyeCKHe HanpaBIleHHSI [VlopLlaHcKHH 1982. c. 36].
LJ,IlSl P eKollcT pY KUHH 3HayeHHSI H306pa3HTeIlbHblx MOTHBOB «Hc06xOLlHMO HCXOLlHTb H3 alla-
" ,h P a
IlH3a MaTCpHaJlbHblX naMSlTHHKOB KaK cncUH!\myeCKHX HOCHTeIleH "HLleOJlOrHyeCKOH HH,I'0 M -
UHH: Hc06xOLlHMO YYHTblBaTb xapaKTep TOro KOLla, B KOTOpOM nepeLlaeTCSI 1Ta HH«JOpMauHSI 6Ila-
roLlapSl, B yaCTHocTH, OC060H "XYLlOJKCCTBeIlHoH" nepcpa60TKe» [AHTolloBa 1984, c. 42].
CeMaHTHKa 300MOpl(JHbIX 06pa30B CKH!(JCKOro HCKyccTBa npeLlcTaBIlSleT OC06blH HHTepec.
B. M. Maccoll HHTepnpeTHpOBaJI 300MOpl(Jllble H306paJKCHHSI lla pacnHcHoH KepaMHKe paHllHx
3eMIleLleIlbl eB KaK OTpaJKeHHC HLleOIlOrHyeCKHX npeLlcTaBIlellHH 60Ilee pallHero 3Tana, yeM pa3-
BHToe 3eMIleLlCIlbyeCKO-CKOTOBOLlYCCKOe X03S1HCTBO, H HCKaJI 06'bSlClIeHHe HX B TOTeMH3Me [Mac-
COH 1964. c.358]. E. B. AHToHoBa CYHTaeT npeJKLleBpCMclIHOH Tpal(TOBKY 06pa30B JKHBOTHblX
KaK CBSl3aHHbiX C onpeLlcIlcHHOH «JOpMOH peIlHrH03HblX npeLlcTaB,leHHH H npe;:tIlaraeT BHLleTb B
HHX 3IleMeHTbi CHCTeMbl cBoe06pa3HblX npHMHTHBlIblX KIlaCCH«(mKaUHH [AHToHoBa 1984, c. 63].
B nOCIleLlHHe rOLlbl B CBSl3H C np06IleMoH npOHCXOJKLlellHSI CKH«(JCKOrO 3BepHHoro CTHIlSl B
IlHTepaType Bce 60JlbWe rOBopHTCSI 0 3aHMCTBOBallHH «Sl3blKa 06pa30B» CKHI(JaMH H pOLlcTBell-
HblMH HM nIleMeHaMH Y 3aBoeBallHbiX HapOLlOB. «He npH6eraSl K oT60PY, nOCKOIlbKY OHH lie HMe-
IlH npeLly6eJKLleHHH npOTHB peIlHrH03l1blX CHCTeM Llp)'rHX lIapO;:tOB» [11YKOllHll 1984, c. 139].
B. f. 11YKOHHII CYHTaJI, 'tTO «pHT)'aJI onpeLleIlSlIl lie TOIlbKO COLlepJKaHHe H306pa3HTeIlbllblx na-
MSlTlIHKOB, HO H cnoc06bl BblpaJKeHHSI 1Toro cOLlepJKallHSI LlO MeIlb'taHIUHX no;:tp06110CTeH H Lle-
TaJleH» [11YKOHHH 1984, c. 133]. DIlH3KaSl TOYKa 3pCHHSI BbICKa3aHa H LJ,. C. PaeBcKHM, LlOKa3bl-
BalOlltHM nepBOHaYaJlbHO aHHKOHHYHblH (IlHweHHblH H306pa3HTeIlbHocTH) xapaK'rep KYIlbTYPbl
HI1LlOHpaHueB, HO OTCTaHBalOlltHM MlIeHHe 0 ueIleHanpaBIlellllblx HHOKYIlbTYPHblX 3aHMCTBOBa-
HHSlX HHLloHpaHuaMH 1IleMellTOB H306pa3HTCIlbHOCTH H OTLleJlbllblX MOTHBOB KaK nonblTKe npH-
cnoc06HTb HX LlIlSl BblpaJKel1HSI c06cTBellil0 CKH!(JCKHX MH«JOIlOrHyeCKHX KOHuenuHH» [PaeBcKHH
1985a, c. 29]. LJ,. C. PaeBcKHH CBSl3blBaeT McxallH3M 3apOJKLleHHSI CKHI(JCKOro H306pa3HTeIlblloro
HCKyccTBa, npHpoLlY ero pencpTyapa H HanpaBIlclIHe ero LlaJIbHeHwero pa3BHTHSI C LlBYMSI I(JaK-
TopaMH: aHHKOHH3MOM npeLlcKHI()CKOH KYIlbTypbl H xapaKTepOM COUHaJlbllblX CLlBHroB B CKH!()-
CKOH cpeLle 1nOXH nCpeLlHea3HaTCKHx nOXOLlOB [PaeBcKHH 1985a, c. 29].
LJ,pCBHHC MH!(JOIlOrH'tecKHc H KOCMOIlOrHyeCKHC KOllucnUHH, «JOpMHPYlOlUHC npeLlcTaBIle-
IIHSI 06 HepapxH<lecKoH COUHaIlbllOH oprallH3allHH, Tpe60BaJlH 3pHMoro BOnIlOlltefIHSI, H, KaK CYH-
TaCT LJ,. C. PaCBCKHH, Tpal!HlIHOllllOro LlIlSl npaCKHI(JCKOH KYJlbTYPbl opHaMCIITa LlIlSl peaJIH3aUHH
3TOH 3al!aYH 6blIlO llCLlOCTaTOYIIO [PaeBCKHH 1985a, c. 29]. 130 BCSlKOM cIlyyae nOSlBIleHHe H30-
6pa3HTCIlbHOro KOLla «IHKCHPYeTCSI Ha 1TOH CTal!HH.
!loLlP06110 aHaJlH3HpYIOTCSI H npHYHHbl npC06Ilal!aIlHSI 300MOP«(HlbIX MOTHBOB B CKHI(JCKOM
HCKyccTBe [PacBcKHH 1979; 1983; 1985; 1985a]. LJ,. C. PaeBcKHH CYHTaeT, YTO OlIH KopellSlTcSI B
cYllteCTBOBallHH Pa3IlHYllbIX cnoc060B HarIlSlLllloH nCpellaYH MHI\JOIlorH'tecKoH Hf1((JOpMal HH:
«...OLlHH H3 llHX COCTOHT B npSlMoM BocnpoH3BcLlelIHH H306pa3HTeIlbHbIMH cpeLlcTBaMH ClOJKeTOB
H nCpCOHaJKeH LlaHHoH MH!(JOIlOrHH, TorLla KaK LlPyroH, HcnoIlb3YlOlltHH Sl3blK CHMBOIlOB, CIlYJKHT
IlHWb l(mKcauHH CTPYKTYP, npHcYIUHX MH!(JOIlOrHYeCKOH MOLlCIlH MHpa» [PaeBcKHH 1985a, c. 29].
PeYb HLleT 06 HcnOIlb30BaHHH pa3IlH'tHbIX KaTeropHH H306pa3HTeIlbHhix 3llaKOB - HKOlIHyeCKHX
H CHMBOIlHYCCKHX. <1>YllKUHSI HKOHH'teCKoro 3HaKa - nOKa3aTb, a CHMBOIlHyeCKOrO - IlHWb 060-
3Ha'tHTb, Ha3BaTb. «CHMBOIlHyeCKaSl HlH(JOpMauHSI nOKOHTCSI, KaK npaBHIlo, Ha KIlaCCH!\IHKaUHH, TO-
rLla KaK HKOI1HyeCKaSl - Ha COnpHyaCTlIocTH» [PaeBcKHH 1985a, c. 30]. 110 MHellHiO LJ,. C. Pa-
CBCKoro, 06Pa3bl, BblpOCWHC Ha nO<IBC HlIOH MHI()OIlOrHyeCKOH Tpal!HIIHH H 3aHMCTBOBamibie
cKHI a IH, cnpaBIlSlIlHcb C pOJlblO CHMBOJIa, HO lie OTlIe'taJIH «Tpe60BaHHSlM, npCLl'bSlBJlSleMbIM K
HKOHHyeCKHM 3HaKaM, - 3TOMY npenSlTCTBOBaJla KOIlKpeTHocTb 06IlHKa nepCOHaJKCH, CBSl3allllaSl
C nopoLlHBWCH HX MH!(JOIlOrHCH» [PaeBcKHH 1985a, c. 30]. 3TH «(JaKTOpbl CTaJlH npH'tHIlOH OTMH-
paHHSI HKOllHyeCKHX aHTponoMopqJHblX 06pa30B B HKOHorpm(IHH CKH!(JCKOH apxaHKH. ,dlcH-
TpaJIbHble K KOllKpeTHOMY COLlepJKaHHIO MH!(JOIlorHH 300MOpl(JHble CHMBOIlbl, BblcTynalOlltHC B
pOIlH KOHBeHUHOHaJlbHblX 3l1aKOB, OKa3aJ1HCb 60Ilee IlpHcnoc06Ilell1lblMH LlIlSl nepCOCMbICIlelIHSI,
LlIlSl BblpaJKeHHSI HOBOro COLlCpJKaIlHSI» [PaeBCKHH 1985a, c.30]. J],yMaeTcSI, YTO He06xoLlHMO
y-rOYHHTb OLlHI1 HlOaHC, a HMeHHO: eCIlH peYb H;1eT 0 3aHMCTBOBallHH H306pa3HTeIlbHocTH, CBSI-
3aHHOH C LlOCTaTO'tHO 6IlH3KOH MH!(JOIlOrHeH, TO nepeOCMblCIlellHe 06pa30B lie MOJKeT 6blTb cY-
llteCTBeHHblM; B npOTHBHOM cIlyyae I1YJKHO rOBopHTb 0 3aHMcTBoBaHHH HC 06pa30B, a CKopce
HKOHorpm(IHyeCKHX cxeM, KOTopble, 6YLlYYH nepeOCMbICIlef1llblMH, MOrJIH HeCTH B ce6e HOBoe
COLlepJKaHHe.
!lonblTKa JKe LJ,. C. PaeBcKoro CBSl3aTb H306paJKeHHSI paHHCCKH!(JCKOro 3BepHHoro CTHIlSl CO
cXeMaTHyeCKHMH reOMeTpHYCCKHMH nOCTpoeHHSlMH lie KaJKeTCSI )'6eLlHTeIlbHOH, TaK KaK CBeCTH
K npOCTeHwHM reOMeTpHyeCKHM I(JOpMaM MOJKIIO. no CYllteCTBy, Il1060H npCLlMeT HIlH H306pa-
JKeHHe, He rOBOpSl YJKe 0 TOM, YTO B ero nOCTpoeHHSlX CKHI(JCKHe H306paJKeHHSI HCCKOIlbKO HCKa-
JKeHbl H TeM caMblM CIlerKa nOLlnpaBIleHbl nOLl 3al!aHHble reOMeTpHyeCKHC cxeMbl [PaeBCKHH
154
155
1985a, c. 30; 19856; 1985, c. 213-217] 2. VI XOTSI aBTop LleIlaeT oroBopKY 0 B03MOJKHOCTH npo-
SlBJlellHSI «CTHXHHHO LlOCTHraeMOH ypaBHoBeweHHocTH», «TeKTOHH'tHOCTH» H306paJKCHHH, OH
Bce JKe BHLlHT IJ TaKOH rCOMeTpH3aUHH HMeliHO 3aKoHoMepHocTH nocTpoeHHSI paHHecKHI!lcKHX
H306paJKeHHH [PaeBcKHH 1985a, c. 30]. MeJKLlY TeM rco leTpHSI Kpyra H cro rapMoHHSI IleJKaT B
OCHOBC MHoro'tHCIleHllblX KOMn03HUHH B HCKycCTBe pa3HbiX BpcMell, nOCKOIlbKY 1Ta reoMeTpH-
'leCKaSl (110pMa 'tpe3Bbl'taHll0 6,laronpHSlTlla LlIlSl 3pHTCJlbllOrO BocnpHSlTHSI. KaK OTMe'ta.
B. A. <1>aBopcKHH, BCIOLlY pcwaeTcSI o;:tHa H Ta JKe npocTpallcTBeHHo-KoMn03HuHoHHaSl 3al!a'ta-
«BH)'TpH Kpyra nOilOJKHTb H30rlly-rblc (IWPMbl TaK, <lT06bl OHH rapMoHH'tHO pa3peWaJlH OKp)'JK-
1l0CTb» [<1>aBopcKHH 1986, c. 75].
Tpe6)'loLUeH 60Ilce ccpbe3HoH aprYMcllTauHH npeLlcTaBIISleTcSI H mnOTC3a LJ,. C. PacBcKoro
o npOHCXOJKLlCHHH H C)'TH npHeMa MOLleIlHpoBKH paHIlCCKH(!)CKHX H306paJKCHHH WHpOKHMH
nIlOCKOCTSlMH C 'teTKHMH «pe6paMH» Ha CTblKax. LJ,. C. PaeBcKHH HC CBSl3blBaeT 1TY CTHIlHCTH'te-
CK)'IO oc06eHHocTb C Tpa.aHUHSI IH pe3b6bl no KOCTH H LlepeB)', lIa 'tTO YKa3bIBa,lH MllorHe HCCIle-
2 TpaKToBKY KOMn03HUHOHIlblX oc06eHllocTeH H HKollorpa(IIH'tccKHX cxeM CKH<llcKoro 3BC-
pHilOro CTHIlSl C TO'tKH 3pellHSI rcoMcTpH'tccKoro Ila'taim H 6a3HPYIOWHXCSI Ha HeM npHeMOB
npe.i1IlOJKHIl LJ,. C. PaeBCKHH [PaeBcKHH 1985; 1985a; 19856]. ABTop YCMaTpHBacT BO Mllomx
H306paJKCHHSlX paHHecKH<llcKoro 3BepHHoro CTHIlSl «06I1aJKCIlHYIO rcoMcTpH'tHOCTb», B KOTOpOH
BHLlHT «cpeLlcTBo, 06Iler<mlOLUee HCLlOCTaTo'tHO OllblTlIOMY MaCTepy BocnpoH3BeLlcIIHe 3al!atIH0-
ro MO'rHBa» [PaeBcKHH 1985a, c. 30], H npHBoLlHT «B Ka'teCTBC lIaH60Ilec Hal'IlSlLlIlOro npH lepa»
6IlSlWKH H3 MeJlbrYlloBcKoro Kypralla B BHLle XHWllblX l1THU C pacnpocTepTblMH KpblIlbSlMH. f10
MlleHHlO LJ,. C. PacBcKoro, «BlleWIIHH I1X a6pHc npcLlcTaBIlSlcT C060H, no cYLUeCTBY. npaBH,%HYIO
OKp)'JKIIOCTb, 3a npCLleJlbl KOTOpOH BbiXOLlHT IlHWb rOIlOBa nTHUbl», a «BTopaSl OKPYJKHOCTb,
MCHbwero LlHaMeTpa. 1KcueHTpwillaSI no OTiIOWCIlHIO K l1CpBOH, OKOHTypHBae-r BHYTpeHllHH KpaH
KpbIIlbCB» [PaeBcKHH 1985a, c. 30. 31].
3TO rcoMcTpH'tecKoc nocTpoeHHc LJ,. C. PacBcKHH conOCTaBIlSleT C opHaMellTaMH npe.1l.CKH< -
CKoro BpeMcllH, B 'taCTIIOCTH C 6a3Hp)'IOlItHMHCSI lIa co'tCTallHSlX OKPYJKIIOCTCH H HX yaCTeH co-
JlSlpllhlMH 31!a'IKaMH «KHMMepHHcKHX» naMSlTHHKOB, H YCMaTpHBacT B npHBbI'tKC K TaKoro pOLla
opHaMellTaUHH OCIlOBY LlIlSl MallTaUHH 1I0BblX LlIlSl CKHllwB 300MOP<IHlblX MOTHBOB, BocnpHIISlTbiX
H3 LlpcBlleBocTo'tllblX KYJlbT)'P, 'tCpC3 rcoMCTpH3aUHIO 06pa3a 3BCpSl [PacBcKHH 1985a, c. 31]. B
KayeCTBe LlpcBlleBocTo'tHoro 06pa3ua, He HMCBwcro TaKOH rCOMeTpH3aUHH, LJ,. C. PaeBCKHH npH-
BOLlHT ypapTCK)'1O 6p0l!30BYIO nTH'tKY H3 TonpaK-KaJle, OTMC'taSl B nCpCYHC OTIlH'tHH OT CKH<jJ-
CKoro BapHallTa pa3LlcIlKy nOBepXHOCTH, LlPyroH pa3BOpOT KOHLtOB KpblIlbeB H OTcy-rCTBHe BblLlC-
IlCIIHSI uellTpaJIbHOH BcpTHKaIlbHOH OCH [PacBcKHH 19856, c. 128, pHC. 156].
06bSlCHCHHC «reOMeTpH3aUHH» 4WpM cKml)CKHM MaCTepoM l1pH nepexoLle OT aHHKOHH'teCKoro
HCKycCTBa. 3HaKOMoro HHlUb C OpHaMCIlTaMH, K 300MOP(IHlblM 06pa3aM, BocnpHHSlTblM H3 LlpcBHe-
BOCTOYIlOrO HCKycCTBa, Bb13blBaCT B03paJKCIIHSI. LJ,oCTaTo'tllo BcnOMliHTb, YTO aHaJlOrHH MeJlbry-
IIOBCKHM nTHYKaM C O'tCHb 6,lH3KOH KOMn03HUHoIIIIOH cxeMOH H cOBepweHHo TaK JKC pewellllOH
qWpMOH KpblIlbeB H3BCCTHbi Ha 3epKa.le H3 KeilepMeca, HO CLUC paHbwe - B 3-M TbIC. LlO H. 1. - B
HCK)'CCTBe McconOTaMHH [KHccIlI, 1993, c. 124, pHC. 9: 3]. CxoLlHaSl no TpaKTOBKC raIlOBbl H TyIlO-
BHLUa, HO C HHa'tc TpaKTOBalillblMH pacnpoCTcpTblMH KPblIlbSlMH, nTHua (WYMep, 3-c TblC. LlO H. 3.)
xpaHHTCSI B MY3ee Vlcpyca.1HMa [Biblc Lands... p. 47, fig. A].
AprYMcHTaUHSI aBTopa Bb13blBaeT cepbe3Hoe B03paJKellHC cwe H nOToMY, 'tTO npHBoLlHMaSl
HM CXCMa nocTpoellHSI KOMn03HUHH MeIlbl')'HOBCKOH 6IlSlWKH OCTaeTCSI Bcera IlHWb cxeMoH H He
COOTBcTCTByeT npaKTH'teCKH IIH O;:tHOH H3 17 peaJIbHblX 6IlSlweK, on)'6IlHKoBaHHblx E. npHLlHKOM
[f1PH;:tHK 1911, Ta6J1. II]. He c'tHTaSl LlBYX nOBpeJKLleHllblx 1K3eMnIlSlpoB, Y nOIlOBHHbl 6J1S1x na-
pa\leTpbl BHeWHero KOHT)'pa KpblIlbeB He BnHCblBalOTCSI B cTporylO OKPYJKHOCTb. 4TO JKC KacaeT-
CSI BHYTpCHHero KOHTypa, TO 011 Bo06LUC Lla.:leK OT OKpyJKHOCTH. COOTlIoweHHC 'tIleHeHHH H30-
6paJKeHHSI no BepTHKaJlbHOH OCH TaKiKe He CTO.lb JKeCTKO H YHHBepCaJlbHO, KaK 1TO KaJKeTCSI
LJ,. C. PaeBCKOMY.
YSl3BIB1OCTb nonblTOK 'tpC3\lepHOH (!lopMaJlH3aW1H H rHnep60IlH3aUHH ee pOIlH B KOMn03H-
UHSlX LlpeBHero HCKYCCTBa, a TaKJKC npHCYTCTBHe cy6beKTHBHOCTH H npOH3BO,la B oueHKe CTcnc-
HH KaHOHHYHOCTH OTMe'teHbl A. O. DOHbwaKOBbiM B pcueH3HH Ha KliHry H. A. nOMepaHueBoH
(1985) 06 1CTeTH'teCKHX OCHOBax HCK)'ccTBa LJ,pcBHero EmnTa: «nOIlb3YSlCb TaKHM MCTOi!OM, Ha
Il1060M H306paJKCHHH \IOJKHO lIaHTH HeorpaHH'teHHoc 'tHCIlO pa3MepOB, 'tCMY-TO cooTBeTcTBYIO-
LUHX» [DoIlbwaKoB 1988, c. 209].
LlOBaTeIlH (f. VI. DopoBKa, M. VI. ApTa IOHoB), a B03BOLlHT ee K npHcMY reoMeTpH'tccKoro no-
CTpOCHHSI H306paJKeIlHSI, «KorLla MexaHH'tCCKoe BocnpoH3BeLleHHe 06pa3ua LlmlHlIHpoBaIlo 1Ial!
XYLlOJKCCTBeHHblM Ha'taJIOM», H CBSl3blBaeT 1TY cneumllH'teCKYIO 'lepTY C 3aH ICTBOBaHIlOH H30-
6pa3HTeIlbHOCTblO [PaeBcKHHI985a, c. 31].
fOBOpSl 06 1BOIllOUHH 300\IOP(llllblX 06pa30B CKH(IICKOro HCK)'ccTBa, )J.. C. PaClJCKHH YKa3bl-
BaeT, YTO OHa nOWIla «He CTOIlbKO no nYTH TpaIlC(lwp\taUHH COLlepiKaHHSI H306paJKCl!IlS1 C ueill,lO
npH6IlHJKeHHSI K c06CTBeHHO cKmjlcKoH MfHIIo.10rHH... CKOIlbKO no nYTH H3 leHeHHSI H306pa3U-
TeIlbHOH MaHepbP>, HO He paCKpblBaeT CYTb 1Toro npouecca H HC 06bSlCIISlCT, 'tTO H\ICeTCSI B BH;:ty
nOLl «H3MeHeHHCM H306pa3HTCilbHOH Mallcpbl» [PaeBCKHH 1985a, c. 30].
3TO 6blIlO 6bl Te 1 60Jlce BaiKHO, nOCKOIlbKY B . HTepaType '!aCTO BCTpe'taCTCSI pa3ilH'tlloe
nOHHMaHHC Tep IHHa «MaHepa». YnoTpe6J1S1eTCSI 3TOT TepMHH B pa311blX LlHana30llax; HllorLla
M a He p a TpaKTyeTcSI WHpOKO, npH6ilHJKCHHO K CTHIlIO, HO 'taLUe Bcero C 110HSlTHe 1 taHepbl ac-
COUHHpYIOTCSI npeLlcTaBIleHHSI 06 HHLlHBHLlYaJlbHOM cBoe06pa3HH TBOp'tccTBa [COKOIIOB 1968,
c. 51]. TaKOe nOHHMaHHe MaHcpbl BOCXOLlHT eUle K feTC [reTe 1975, c. 94]. T. n. 3l1a lepoBcKaSl
TpaKTOBaJla MaHepy KaK COCTaBHYIO yaCTb CTHIlSl. BKnlo'talOLU)'1O TOIlbKO npoSlB. CHHSI BHeWIICH
<IWpMbl (coBoKynHOCTb OC06cHHocTeH 1IlCMeHTOB (!Wp lbl [3HaMepoBcKaSl 1975, c. 10-11]).
E. VI. OSlTeBa IJblCKa3aJ1a npoTHBOnOIlOJKHYIO TO'tKY 3pCIlHSI, nOIlaraH llenpaBHIlbllbl 1 OTOiKLleCT-
BIlCHHe HcpaBll03Ha'tHbix nOHSlTHH CTHIlSl H mHcpbl H BKIlIO'teHHe nocIleLllleH B COCTaB CTHIlSl B
KaYCCTBe OLlHoro H3 era KOMnOIlCHTOB [OSlTeBa 1993]. B. f. BIlacoB, no;:t'tcpKHBaSl pa3IiH'tHe
MeJKLlY MaHcpoH H CTHJlCM, YKa3blBaeT, 'tTO IaHepa eCTb cy6beKTHBilaSl (!IOp ta, a CTHIlb - 06b-
CKTHBHaSl [BIlacoB 1995, c. 541]. npH BceH Mllor0311a'tHOCTH TepMHHa «Mallcpa» lIall60IlCc pa-
UHOHaJlbHblM npcLlcTaBIlSleTcSI npCLl,10JKCHlIOC )1. C. KIlcHlloM [KIleHH 1991. c. 385] nOIlH latiHe
ce KaK cncUH<jJHKaUHH CTHIlSl, CTHJleBOH KOIHI)HrypauHH, BblSlBIlellllOH BIly-rpH omlOi1 (!IYIIKltHO-
Ha.lbHOH KaTeropHH 06'bCKTOB, BblLleJlSlIOUteH CCpl1!O TaKHX JKe 06beKToB H npoTHBOIlOCT<lBJISlIO-
weH ee LlpymM 06beKTaM TOH JKe KaTeropHH.
O'tellb 'taCTO B HCCIleLlOBaHHSlX no CKIHI)CKOMY HCKyCCTBy rOBopHTCSI 0 pea Il H 3 M e 300-
MOp< HblX H306paJKCHHH [ApTaMolloB 1971, c. 27,31], 0 «peaIlHcTH<lecKHx TCllJICIlUHSlX» H T. 11.
LJ,YM, aeTCSI 'tTO ynoTpe6IleHHe TcpMHlla «PCaJlH3M» no OTllowellHlO K CKHI!)CKOMY HCKYCCTBY BO-
06LUC BpSlLl IlH )'MeCTIIO H era Il)''twe H36craTb, 110CKOIlbKY npHMellHTcIlbHO K CKHlI)CKOMY 3BCpH-
HOMY CTHIlIO TO, YTO npHHSlTO paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK «pcaIlH3M», IlpHIlUHIIHaIll,110 IIC nOLlXOLlHT.
06bl'tHO no,l peaIlH3MOM nOHHMatOT npaB;:tHBOC, 06beKTHBHoe OTpaJKellHC LlCHCTBHTCIlbIlOCTH. H
«He BCSlKoe H306paJKeHHe BHeWHHX (l)aKTOB LleHCTBHTCJlbllOCTH peaJIHCTH'1Il0» [HCLlO!llHlJHH
1975]. B peaJIHCTH'tecKoM npoH3BcLlelmH «H306paJKCHHe Hero CpCLlCTBa onpC;:teHSlIOTCSI 3Ma'teH
BocnpOH3BeLleHHSI CYLUCCTBelillblX CTOpOli 06bCKTa» [COKOIlOB 1968, c. 106]. PCaIlHCTH'leCKOe
HCK)'CCTBO - HC npocTo oT06paJKeliHe JKH3HH, naCCHBHO (I)HKCHpYloLUee pcaIlbHblc 06bCKTI,I,
«peaJIH3M - 3TO MHpoB033peHHe» [<1>aBopcKHH 1986, c.63J. A. <1>. 110CCB 'noLl'tcpKHBaeT, 'tTO
«OTHOWCHHe CHMBOIla H pcaIlHcTH'tecKoro 06pa3a K IlX LleHcTBHTeIlbllocTH, nO-[JHLlHMO I)', co-
BepwcHHo pa3Hoe» [110CCB 1976, c. 162]. 011 Pa3'bSlcIlSleT, YTO caMaSl CYWIlOCTb pcaIlHcTwlecKo-
ro 06pa3a 3aKIllO'taeTCSI HC B 6YKBaJlbHOM BocnpoH3BeLleHHH npeLlMeTa, 110 B cro OllpcLlCIlellHoro
pOLla HHTcpnpeTaUHH» [)IoceB 1976, c. 164]. f10Ll peaIlH3MoM nOHHMaeTCSllle npaBi!OnOLl06Hc, a
CYWHOCTb nOIlHMaHHSI LlCHCTBHTCJlbHOCTH. 1l0HHMaHHe peaIlH3Ma KaK BHelll!lCrO npaB;:tonoLl06HSI
B HCKyccTBe LlpCBHHX KYJlbTYP HCl1pHeMIleMo [KHIlb'teBcKaSl 1973, c. 186].
npCLlCTaBJlSleTCSI HcnpaBoMepllblM C'tHTaTb, 'tTO «LlonOIlliHTCIlbHblC H306paiKellHSI He pa3-
PywalOT peaJIHCTHYHOCTH OCHOBlloro 06pa3a, IlC l1pCBpaWalOT cro B (l)aIlTaCTH'tCCKoro 3BepSl. a
KaK 6bl LlOnOJlIISlIOT H pa3bSlCIiSlIOT cro, 110Ll06HO 1nHTCTaM B HapO;:tHOH n013HH» [ApTa IOHoB
1971, c.27]. 3i!eCb MOJKHO )'cMaTpHBaTb MCTa(lwpH'tHOCTb, CBoHcTBellHylO 1nocy, 110 IlpeJK.i1c
Bcero TaKHe H306paJKeHHSI HYJKHO paccMaTpHBaTb KaK CIlOJKHble 06pa3bl, ( HKCHp)'IOWHC YCIlOB-
Hble MHpOB033pCH'tCCKHC MOMeHTbl H (I)YHKUHOHHpYIOWHC B CHCTeMe onpeLlcJleHHoro KOLla. Bc-
pOSlTHO, npHHUHnHfulblio lIeBcpHo nOIlaraTb, 'tTO rIlaBHOC COLlepJKaHHe CK!1( CKOrO HCK)'ccTBa co-
CTaBIlSlCT peaJIbHblH 06pa3 JKHBOTIiOro H peYb HLleT ilHWb 0 ero LleKopaTHBHoH pa3pa60TKe [Ap-
Ta IOHOB 1971, c.30]. TaK Ha3blBaeMblC «peaIlHcTH'tecKHe» 300 IOP(I)Hble H306paJKClIHSI CKHI!)-
CKoro HCK)'CCTBa SlBIlSlIOTCSI, no c)'LUecTB)', npH lcpOM npoSlB,lCHliSI H306pa3HTe.lbliocTH KaK
TeH;:teHUHH, a He pea. HCTH'tHOCTH. 3a.aa'teH B ;:taHHO 1 cnY'tae 6bWO «He 6YKBaJlbHOe BocnpOH3-
Be;:teHHe 06beKTa, a H306paJKeHHe YHHBepcaIlblloro H IlerKO Y3HaBae lOro CH lBO,la nYTCM nOLl-
'tepKHBaHHSI caMblX CYWCCTBeHHblX yepT 06beKfOB. KaKHMH HX 3Hae-r pa3YM, a He KaKHMH HX BH-
LlHT rIla3» [Rowland 1954, p. 9]. LJ,onycTHMo rOBopHTb ,1HWb 0 «pea,mCTHYHo» ncpeLlaHHblx LlC-
TaJlSlX B onHcaHHH H306paJKCHHH, HC 3a6blBaSl 06 YCJlOBHOCTH npHMeHSlcMora LlJlSl ynpoweHHSI
156
157
OnpCLlCJ1eHHSI B TaKOM KOHTeKCTe TCpMHHa «peaJIHCTH'tCCKHH». LJ,IlSl H306pa3HTeIlbHoro HC YCCT-
Ba LlpeBHOCTH xapaKTepeH nYTb OT 0606weHHOH TpaKTOBKH 06'beKTOB K LlOKYMCHTaJlbHOH KOH-
KpeTHOCTH, B03MOJKHOH B HCKYCCTBe BOBoro BpeMeHH, 'tTO LleIlaeT HCCOCTOSlTCIlbllblMH nonblTKH
TpaKTOBaTb 06Pa3bl l!peBHero HCKycCTBa KaK lIenocpeLlCTBeHHoe OTpaJKellHe peaJIbHOCTH [<t>op-
M030B 1969, c. 18].
LJ,e<IJHHHLt HH , OTHOCSlWHecSI K nIlaHY cOl!epJKaHHSI, TaKJKe HHorLla nOlIlofMatoTCSI HeOl!H03 a't-
HO. 3TO KacaeTCSI npeJKLle Bcero TaKoro TepMHHa, KaK T eM a. TeMa B HCKYCCTBe HMeeT LlBOHCT-
BCHHYIO npHpOLlY. 6YLlY'tH, C OLlHOH CTOpOHbl, 06'beKTOM H306paJKeHHSI B pOH3BeLleHHH, H, SlBIlSl-
SlCb, C l!PyroH CTOpOllbl, BblpaJKCHHeM cy6'beKTHBHOrO OCMblCIleHHSI LleHCT HTeJlbHOCTH. TeMa
aHa C U LleeH n p OH3Be Ll eHHSI CIl Y JKHT ee Bbl p aJKeHHeM H MOJKCT 6blTb BonIlOLllella
Hepa3pblBHO CBSl3" ,
B eMKOM xyLlOJKCCTBeHHOM 06pa3e [3CTeTHKa, c. 350; BIlacoB 1993, c. 214]. TeMa CTaHOBHTCSI
cOLlepJKaHHeM lIOBOH <IJOpMbl C to JK eTa HIlH MOT H B a. T e M a MOJKeT TOIlKOBaTbCSI H KaK
«H306pa3HTeIlbHaSl cneUH<IJHKaUHSI 06pa3a (B WH OKOM CMbICIlC)... :no nOHSlTHe... LlaeT OCHOBY
LlIlSl HKOHOrpa( H'teCKoro THlla» [KIleHH 1991,c.384].
HepeLlKO B03HHKatoT pa3l10'tTeHHSI H B TepMHlIax, 0603l1a'taIOWHX nOHSlTHSI, CBSl3blBaIOWHC
nIlaH COLlCpJKaHHSI H nIlaH BblpaJKeHHSI (ctoJKeT, MOTHB, HKOHorpa<IJ SI).
C to JK e T IIl060ro npOH3BeLleHHSI npel!CTaBIlSleT LlHHaMH'teCKHH acneKT, paCKpbIBaIOWHH CBSl3-
HYto nocIleLlOBaTeIlbHOCTb pa3BHBalOwerocSI l!CHCTBHSI HIlH C06bITHSI, nocpeLlCTBOM KOToporo
BblSlBIlSleTCSI H l! e SI, IleJKaWaSl B OCHOBe npOH3BCl!eIlHSI [BIIaCOB 1993, C. 2 11; 3CTeTHKa, c. 338].
f10HSlTHe «CIOJKeT» HHOrl!a CMeUlHBatoT C KOllKpCTllblMH 06'bCKTaMH H306paJKeHHSI, nOLlMCIlSlSl
onpcLleIleHHe MOT H B a [KaIlTopoBH't 1994, C. 4]. TeM HC Mellee pa3rpallH'tellHe 1THX LlBYX 110-
HSlTHH IIpHHUHnHaJlbllO BaJKIlO, 1I0CKOIlbKY OTpaJKaeT 06'bCKTHBlIble xapaKT pHCTHKH HCKyccTBa,
MapKHpYlOWHC pa3l1ble :nallbl ero pa3BHTHSI. Tal\, 3IJepHHblH CTHJlb elJpa3HHCKHX Ko'teBIIHKOIJ I
ro TblC. LlO II. 1. B 60IlbWHlICTBe CIIY'taCB OllcpHpyeT OTLlCJlbllblMH H306paJKCIIHIIMH JKHBOTHblX
HJlH HX KOM6HllaUHSlMH 6e3 BOCllpOH3BCLlCIIHSI pa3BepTblBallHSI C06b1THH. rIpH 1TOM 300MOp<IJlIOC
HCKYCCTBO, KaK IIpaBHJlO, HcnOIlb3YeT YCTOSlBWHecSI H306pa3HTCIlbHblC 6IIOKH HIIH <IJOpMYIlbl, IIC-
COMHeIlHO, nOLlpa3YMeBaIOlUHC KaKOH-TO CIOJKeT, O'tCBHLlllO, SlBIlSlIOUtHHCSI MwlJOIlOrH'teCKHM TeK-
CTOM. 300MopqJllbie 06pa3bl 3BepHlloro CTHIlSl BblCTYllaIOT IJ Ka'tCCTBe CBocra pOLla 3l1aKOB, SlB-
JlSlIOWHXCSI KIlto'tOM K paCWWIJpOBKe Bccro 1l0LlTeKCTa. VlCCIlellOBaTCJ1H IlCOLlIlOKpaTiIO OTMC'taJIH
KaK xapaKTcpHYto 'tCPTY TO 06CTOSlTCJlbCTBO, 'tTO lIa paHlICM 1Tane B CKH(IJCKOM 3BepHHOM CTHIle
HeT LleHCTBHSI, H306paJKellHSI IlpCLlCTaBIlSlIOT H30IlHpOBallllbie ((JHrypbl, B IlIO'tCHHe KOropblX B
eLlHHblH TCKCT npOHCXOLlHT 3a C'teT COBMCCTlIora paCnOIlO)l\CHHSI Ila OLlHOH nIlOCKOCTH HJlH 06'b-
eKTe [VlIlbHHcKaSl 1965, c. 106, 107; ApTaMoHoB 1968, c. 39].
LJ,. C. PaeBCKHH OTMc'taeT. 'tTO H30!lHpOBallllble <Imrypbl IIY'tLUC nOLlLlaIOTCSI nepeO MI,ICIle-
HHto 'tCM CIOJKCTlIble KOMfl03HUHH, H 1l01TOMY Iler'IC 3aHMCTIJYIOTCSI H3 HIiOKYlIbTypllOH CpeJ1bl
[Pac cKHH 1985a, c. 33]. rIo MHeHHto LJ,. C. PaeIJCKOrO, H30JlHpOIJaIlIlbie H306paJKe!IIofSl paimcro
3BepHIIoro CTHIlSl 1I0CTelleHHO CMCHSIIOTCSI «rCKCTaMH» B BHLlC CBSl3HbiX KOMn03HUHH (lIall HMep,
cuellaMH Tcp3aHHSI), B npouecce :JBOIIIOUHH npH06pCTaSl 1l0BCCTBOIJ<rreIlbllOCTb nOLl 1J03LlCHCTBH-
eM aHTH'tHOH KYIlbTypbl [PaeBCKHH 1985a, c. 33]. Pa3BHTHe HCKyccTBa 3BcpHHoro CTH.1S1 OT OLlH-
HO'tHblX «mryp K H306pa3HTCIlbllbIM CIOJKeTa\!, HCCOMHeHIlO, HMCIlO MCCTO, OJ(lIaKO BpSlLlllH MO)l\Il0
paccMaTpHBaTb :JTOT <IJaKT KaK OTpaJKaIOIUHH HCKJl10'tHTCJlhIl0 BIlCWIlHe BIlHSlHHSI. B Ka'teCTBe
npHMepa IICCOMHeHHO ctoJKCTHOrO 11306paJKCHHSI MOJKHO IlpHBCCTH 'maMCIlHThle 30,10Tble flOSlC-
HblC nJlaCTHHbl H3 CH6HpCKOH Ko. IleKUHH f1eTpa I co cuelloH nOLl ;:tcpeBoM (Ta6i1. 19: 4).
f10HSlTHe «MOTHBa» B I1HTcpaType ynoTpe6IISlIOT B caMblX pa3Ho06pa3HhIX 3Ha'teHHSlX. 110-
CKOIlbKY Tep IHH :JTOT ynoTpe6IlSleTCSI He TOIlbKO no OTlIowellHIO K H306pa3HTCHbIlOMY HCKYCCT-
B)', HYJKHO OTMeTHTb, 'tTO B (IJO!lbKIlOPHCTHKC IJCIlCLl 3a A. I-I. BeceIloBcKHM 06bl<mo cra HHTep-
npeTHp)'toT KaK (IJOpMY. y, )'CTOH'tHIJOe 0606wellHe, C03LlaHHoe llepB06blTHblM MbIWJ1eHHeM B
pe3YJlbTaTe OCMblCIlCHHSI LleHCTBHTeIlbHOCTH [BCCC;10BCKHH 1940, c. 5 I]. f1peLlCTaBJ1S1CTCSI ItCJle-
C006Pa3HbIM B acneKTe HcnO.1b30IJaHlISl ')Toro Tep IHHa KaK TaKcoHoMH'tCCKOH CllHIlHUbl B CHC-
TeMaTH3aUHH HCKyccTBa 3BepHHoro CTHJlSI KOIIKpeTH3HpOBaTb rpaHHUbl cro npHM HeHHSI. M 0 -
T H B (Ta6Il. 10: 5; I I: 23; 51: /2) BblCTynaeT KaK CTepeOTlfll, cxe HrrH'teCKoe 0600wcHHe, 06, a-
llatowee BHeWHHM Ka'teCTBO 1 - cnoC06110CTbI0 K BapbHpoBaHHlo [f1y-rHIlOB 199 I, c. 8 ].
COOTBeTCTBeHHO, MOTHB CBSl3blBaeTCSI C lJapHaUHSlMH KaKoH-HH6Yl!b TCMbl [B,lacoB 1993. c. 142].
11. C. KIleHH paccMaTpHBaeT MOTHB KaK H306pa3HTeIlbHYto HIlH CTHIlCBYIO cneUH<\mKaUHto 06-
pa3a (B WHpOKOM cMblcIle) H npCl!IlaraeT HcnOIlb30BiITb TepMHH «MOTHB» HCKIlto'tHTe,1bHO npH-
MellHTe.lbHO K H306paJKeHHSlM lIeoLlywCBJ1eHHOrO 06'bCKTa HIlH «K LleTaJlIof Ilto60ro H306paJKeHHSI
H,lH oqJOpMIleHHSI» [KIleHH 199 I, c. 163, 384]. B TepMHHO,10rH'tCCKOM cIloBape HCCIlCl!OBaTCIlb
qJOPMYIlHpYeT nOHSlTHe «MOTHB» KaK «LleTaIlb HJlH npocTo 'taCTb 06'beKTa, ollyweBJlCHHOrO HIlH
HCT, HaMcpeHHo (HIlH, no KpaHHeH Mepe, Ha30H.1HBO) H306paJKClllloro, on03HaBaeMoro H BblLle-
IlHMoro (nycTb XOTb MbICIleHHo) B pa3HbiX H306paJKeHHSlX, TaK 'tTO OH nOBTopHTcIleH HIlH C no-
TeHUHSlMH K nOBTopeHHto» [KIleHH 199 I, c. 384] y. MO)l\HO B03pa3HTb B OTHoweHHH HCKIlIo'te-
HHSI H3 c<IJepbl OXBaTa :JTHM TepMHHoM HcnOIlb30BaHHSI H306paJKeHHSI ue. oro 06'beKTa, KOTOpblH
TOJKe, HecoMHeHHo, MO)l\eT BblcTynaTb B Ka'teCTBe IOTHBa, B 'taCTHOCTH B 3BepHHoM CTHIle.
MOTHB MOJKeT B03BbiwaTbCSI LlO CHMBOIla H 06Hap)'JKHBaTb nOTeHUHaJlbHYIO B03MOJKlIOCTb
BonIlowaTbCSI B 06pa3e B Ka'teCTBe 3HaKa H HeCTH ce mHTH'teCKoe Ha'taJIO [CTepHHH 1986,
c. 356]. TaKHM 06pa30M, B H306pa3HTeIlbHoM HCKyccTBe nOHSlTHe «MOTlma» CBOl!HTCSI K npo-
CTeHweH el!HHHUe ctoJKeTHOrO pa3BHTHSI. B eBpa3HHCKOM 3BepHlloM CTHIle B Ka'teCTBe MOTHBa
MOryT BblcTynaTb, HanpHMcp, H306paJKCHHSI rOIlOBbl JKHBOTHOro, OIleHbHX poroB KaK caMOCTOSl-
TeIlbHoro H306pa3HTeIlbHoro 6J10Ka, KOnblTa HIlH ueIloH qmrypbl, a TaKJKe cxeMaTH3HpoBaHHble,
CTHIlH30BaHHbie HIlH TpaHc<IJopMHpOBaHHble B opHaMeHT 300MOp< Hble H306paJKeHHSI H HX LleTaJlH.
Vl306pa3HTeIlbHoe HCKYCCTBO nOIlb3YeTCSI cBoe06pa3HOH CHCTeMOH 3HaKOB, SlBIlSltolUHXCSI
cneUH<IJH'teCKHM cpeLlCTBOM xpaHeHHSI H nepeLla'tH HIH(JOpMaUHH, T. e. 06IlMaeT c06CTBeHHbiM
Sl3b1KOM, KOTOpblH 06'beLlHHSleT Bce B bl P a 3 H T C Il b H bI e C p e Ll C T B a H C K Y C C T B a. K
BHM MOJKHO OTlleCTH npOCTpaHCTBeIlHO-KOMn03HUHOHHble OTHOWCHHSI, CBSl3aIlIlbie C pa3MeLllC-
HHeM 06'bcKTa B npOCTpaHCTBe, CTaTH'tHOCTb HJlH LlHHaMH'tHOCTb H306paJKeHHSI, nIlaCTH'teCKYto
< OPMY, CBeTOTeHeBYto MOLleIlHpOBKY, apXHTeKTOHH'tCCKYto OpraIIIof3aUHlO 06'beMa, 3pHTeIlbHblH
:J«J<IJeKT ero MaCCbl H BeCOBblX COOTHOIUCHHH, IIpHeM HaMepellHOH Ll e <IJ 0 p M au H H, Bbl60p
npOIlOplt HH H MaCWTa60B, xapaKTep CHIlY')Ta, BHeUlHHH KOHTYP H306paJKeHHSI, KOJlOpHT H T. Ll
(Ta6Il. 82, 7, 8, 32). Bbl60p Tex HJlH HllblX Bblpa3HTeIlbHblX cpeLlcTB onpeLleIlSleT 1I0cnpllSITHC XY-
LlOJKeCTBellHoro IIpOH3BeLleHHSI pcuHIIHellToM H B KOIIC'tIlOM c'teTC HaXOLlHT OTpaJKeHHe B CTHIle.
HanpHMep, KaK 3aMeTHIl f. BClIb(IJJlHII, «H306HIlHe IlHHHH H Macc C03LlaCT 60IIblllYI0 HIlH MeHb-
wYto HJlJII03HlO LlBHJKCIlHSI» [BeIlb(IJJlHH 1994, c. 47]. ECIIIof BCIIOMHHTb 30IIOTbIC aJKypllble nJla-
CTHlIbI, BblllOJlHellllble B 3BepHlIoM CTHlIC, H «JIofrypKH )l\HBOTllbIX H3 <t>HIlHnfloBcKoro KypraHa
(OpeH6yprcKaSl 06J1.), MOJKIlO IlerKO y6cLlHTbCSI, 'tTO 06HJlHe rpa«m'tccKoH opllaMcllTaUHH, BbI-
'typHOCTb a6pHca H CIlOJKHOCTb <IJOpM cnoc06cTB)'IOT IJne'taTIICIlHIO llHHaMH<1Il0CTH H LleKopa-
THBHOCTH H306paJKeHHH.
X Y Ll 0 JK e C T B C II Hoe <IJ 0 p MOO 6 P a 30 Ball H e IJ 3aKOH'tCHHOM BHLle IIpeLlCTaBIlSleT
C060H KOMII03HUHIO, KOTopaSl CTpOHTCSI npH nOMoWH pa3IlH'tHbIX npHHUHnoB H pa3l1006pa3Hbl-
MH c1l0C06aMH H SlBIlSleTCSI :JIleMeHTOM xYLlOJKCCTlJeHHoH CTPYKTypbl.
HeKOTopblC :JJlCMeHTbI xYLlOJKeCTBelllloH CTpYKT)'pbl, llanpHMep K 0 M no 3 HUH SI. SlBIlSlIOT-
CSI OLlHOBpeMeHHO H HOCHTeIlSlMH, H <IJaKTOpaMH CTHIlSl, TaK KaK KOMII03HUHSI YCJlOBIIO MO)l\CT
6b1Tb OTlleCCHa K c<IJcpe BBy-rpeHHeH <IJOpMbl. TaKHM 06pa30M, KOMn03HUHSI B :JTOM Ka'teCTBe
CTaHOBHTCSI <IJaKTOpOM no OTHoweHHto K CTPYKT)'pHblM :JJlCMCHTaM 60Ilce HH3KOro ypOBHSI H-
rIlaBHblM 06pa30M - no OTHOIueHHto K BHeWIICH «(JOpMe [COKOJlOB 1968, c. 117].
f10Ll KOMn03HUHcH nOHHMalOT «nocTpoeHHe xYLlO)l\eCTBellHoro npoH3BcLleHHSI, 06YCIlOB-
IleHHoe ero cOLlepJKallHeM, xapaKTepoM H Ila3Ha'teHHeM H BO MllorOM OnpelleJlSlIOUlee ero BOC-
IIpHSlTHe» [X aJlH3CB 1973, T. 12, c. 593]. KOMII03HLlHSI opraHH3ycT npoH3BeLlellHe, C03LlaCT ero
eLlHHCTBO H ueIlbHOCTb, perIlaMeHTHpyeT OTllowellHSI conOLl'tHHellHSI OTl!eIlbHblX 1IlCMCHTOB Llpyr
Llpyry H ueIloMY. KOMn03HuHSI C03LlaeT pea.,lbHoe H HIl,11030pHOC npoCTpallcTBo npoH3BeLlcHHSI
HCKyccTBa, BKIlto'taeT CHMMeTpHto H aCHMMeTpHIO, MacwTa6, pHTM, nponopUHH, KOHTpacTbl,
nepcneKTHBY, rpynnHpoBKY :JJleMCIITOB H pacnpeLleJleHHe <Imryp B npocTpallcTBe, COOTlIOWellHe
06'beMOB, CBCTa H TeHH H UBeTOBOe peweHHe llpOH3BeLleHHSI, B TOM 'tHCJlC paCnpCl!eIleHHe nSlTeH
UBeTa [XaJlH3eB 1973, T. 12, c. 594]. OCHOBY KOMn03HUHH COCTalJIlSleT paCnO,10JKeHHe 06pa30B B
npocTpaHcTBe H - B npHKJ1MHOM HCKyccTBe - CBSl3b HX C (IJOpMOH npeLlMeTa (Ta6Il. 7, 15, 16,
66, 35). «KoMn03HuHSI opraHH3ycT KaK BHy-rpeHHee 1I0CTpOCHHC npOH3Bel!eHHSI, TaK H ero COOT-
HoweHHe C oKpYJKatoLlleH cpe;:toH H 3pHTCJleM» [XaJlH3eB 1973]. TaKHM 06pa30M, KOMn03HUHSI
«BblcTynaeT KaK MeTOl! xYllOJKeCTBeHHO-06pa3HOrO qJOpMo06pa30BaIlIlSl», BKIllO'taSl B cc6S1 opra-
HH3aUHto KOHCTPYKTHBHblX CBSl3eH KaK «JOpMaJlbHYto OCHOB)' [BIlacoB 1993. c. 108].
3 B :JTHX < OPMYIlHpOBKax npOCMaTpHBaeTCSI HeKOTopoe flpOTHBope'tHe 3a C'teT HCKJ1to'teHHSI
B nepBOM CIlY'tae «Ol!yweB,leIlHoro H306pa)l\eHHSI» H OTCy-rCTBHSI ynoMHHaHHSI H306paJKellHSI ue-
Iloro 06'beKTa B Ka'teCTBe MOTHBa BO BTOpOM cIly'tae.
158
159
KOMn03HUHSI MOJKeT 6blTb YCTOH'tHBOH, CTaTHYIIOH (Ta6Il. 19: 4) HIlH llHHaMHYCCKOH (Ta6Il. 16:
15. 17), OTKpblTOH (Ta6Il. 3: 1) H. H 3aKpblToH (Ta6Il. 38). «CYWHOCTb BCSlKOH KOl>m03HUHH - B
cc OpraIlH30BaHHOCTH, TO CCTb 3aMKHyrocTH B C06CTBCHHblX npCLlCIlaX. f1pH3HaKH OpraHH30BaH-
1I0CTH HCYC3a10T no MCpC Toro. KaK KOMn03HUHSI YTpaYHBaCT CBOH CCTCCTBCHlIble rpallHUbl, CTa-
HOBHTCSI pa30MKHYTOH. 3TO npOHCXOLlHT no MCpC lIapaCTaHHSI rIly6HHbl H306paJKaC lOrO npo-
CTpaHCTBa» [)KerHH 1970, c.65]. KOMI103HUHSI npoH3BcLlCHHSI HCKYCCTBa, KOTOpOC HMCCT
(PYHKUHOHaJlbHOC Ha3HaYCHHC. 6YLlb TO npCLlMCTbl npHKIlaLllwro HCKYCCTBa HIIH apXHTCKTypa,
«LlO.1JKlla BblSlBIlSlTb BHYTPCHIIIOIO CYWHOCTb npCLlMCTa, cro Ha3HaYCHHC H XYLlOJKCCTBCHHYIO
HLlCIO» [MHxaHlloB 1967. c. 198].
«KoMn03HUHH LlpCBHHC H LlpcBHcHumc CKIlal!bIBaIOTCSI 06blYHO H3 OrpaHHYCHHoro KOIlHYC-
CTBa H306paJKCHHH. B CHCTCMC OYCHb Hcmy60Koro npocTpaHcTBeHHoro nIl aCTa H306paJKCHHSI
3TH rpynnHpYIOTCSI TaK, <ITO 3a npet1c. a 1H KapTHHbl HCB03MOJKII0 npCLlCTaBHTb cc6c HX MblCIlCH-
1I0ro npOLlOIlJKCHHSI. KapTHlIa KaK 6bl caMa cc6S1 OrpaHHYHBaCT. caMa cc6S1 HCYCpnblBaCT, H 3a CC
npCLleIlaMH YJKC HCT HHYCrO HIIH MOJKeT HaYHHaTbCSI TOIlbKO HOBaSl KapTHHa, HOBaSl KOMn03HUH-
OHHaSl CHCTc m» [)KCrHH 1970, c. 66].
3TO Ha6IllOLlcHHC BnOIlllC OTHOCHTCSI H K npoH3BcLlCIIHSlM CKH(!ICKoro 3BcpHllOro CTHIlSl. Ha
paHHcM 1Tanc B CKH(jICKOM 3BCpHlIOM CTHI!e lIeT .1I.CHCTBJ.lSI, H306paJKalOTCSI J.l30. HpOBallllbIC (PH-
rypbl. 06'bC;rHHCHHC KOTOpblX B CLlHHbIH TCKCT npOHCXOl\HT 3a CYCT HX COBMCCTHoro paCnO,10JKC-
IlHSI [VlIlbHHcKaSl 1965, c. 106, 107; ApTaMolloB 1968, c. 39]. nocTencHHo H30JlHpOBaIH1blC <jIH-
rypbl CMCHSIIOTCSI li306paJKCI1J.1S1MH, B KOTOpblX nOKa3aHO .1I.CHCTBHC (Ta6J1. 16: 15; 35), lIanpH lcp,
cueHaMH Tcp3allHSI [PacBcKHH 1985a, c. 33]. OLlltaKO 3TH CUCllbl HHKaK IIC pa3BOpaYIofBalOT CIO-
JKCT, a IlHUlb (jIHKCHPYIOT cro B onpCLlCIlCllllblH MOMCHT. CUCHbI n:p'3aHHSI caMH no ce6c TaKJKC
H30JlHpOBallbl H, KaK npaBHIIO, IIpCJ1CTaBJlSlIOT 3aMKHyTYIO 3aKOIIYCIlllYlO KOMn03HUHIO, LlaJKC ec-
IlH H HC SlBJlSlIOTCSI CJlHHCTBCllllblMH H306paJKCHHSlMH Ha nOBcpxlIOCTH LlcKopHpyc lOro npcLlMcTa
(Ta6Il. 3: 7). A. A. MHIl.1Cp IIpCLlnOIlOJKHIl, H B 3TOM OH cOBeplllcllllo npaB, «YTO B TaKHX COYCTa-
HHSlX, HC l1aUlCLlIIIHX ce6c Ko m03HUHOIlHoro BblpaJKCHHSI, BCC JKC CCTb CBSl3b CMblCIlOBoro 311a-
YCIIHSI» H YTO COYCTallHSI 3TH MOrJlH BOCllpHllHMaTbCSI H TOIlKOBaTbCSI HX COBpCMCIlllHKaMH C Ta-
KHMH LlOnOIllJCI1HSlMH, KOTOpblC B 3THX H306paJKCHHSlX H IIC MorJlH 6blTb OTpaJKCllhl, no KpaHIICH
MCpC B rpa(jlHyeCKOH <pOpMC [MHIlIlCp 1929, c. 32].
Hal!o OTMCTHTb, YTO HCKYCCTBO 3BcpHllOro CTHJlSI LlCMOIlCTpl1PYCT npHMcpbl 6J1CCTSlII\CrO
BJlal!CHHSI KOMn03HUHOllllblMH npHCMa 1H, LlOCTHraSl ypC3BblyaHHOH Bblpa3HTeIlbllocTH H LlcKopa-
THBHOCTH B BeCbMa IlaKOIIHYlIblX (1IOpMax. B KaYCCTBC npHMcpoB MOJKHO npHBccTH H306paJKCHHSI
cBepHYBulHXCSI B KOIlbUO XHWHHKOB (Ta6Il. 38), 6IlSlXH C H306paJKCHHeM 60plOULHXCSI Bep6mo.'lOB
(Ta6Il. 52), npl! lOyro.%lIblC HIlH B-06pa3l1blC nOSlCllblC nIlaCTHHbl C BnHcallllblMH B paMKY CUC-
HaMH Tcp3allHSI (Ta6J1. 35, 53), allTHTCTHYCCKHMH 300MOP(jlllblMH KOMll03HUHSlMH HIIH H306paJKc-
IlHSlMH OTLlC.%lIblX JKHBOTlJblX, a TaKJKC KIlblKH IIIlH HMHTHPYlOlI\HC HX (jJOPMY nOLlBCCKH C 300-
MOP(jJHOH LlCKOpHpOBKOH. npH 1TOM 06pawaeT Ha cc6S1 BIIHMaHHC HCKYCCTBO COBMCWCIIHSI (1IOp-
MbI npCLlMCTa, yaCTO 06YCII0BIlCHl10H cro (!JYHKUHOHaIlbl1blM Ha3HaYCHHCM. C .'lCKOpaTl1BHOH
3a.;raYCH BIlHcaTb H306paJKCHHe B 3aL!a1l1lYIO (jJOPMY H OrpaHHYClIIlOC npOCTpaIlCTBO. pa311006-
pa3HblC KOMll03HUHH pa3BHTOrO 3BCpJ.lHOrO CTHIlSl 3nOXH paHllHX K04CBHHKOB yaCTO LlCMOHCTpH-
PYIOT BCJIIIKO,lemwc MaCTcpCTBO, 06'bCLlHHSlSI lla OLlHO 1 llpCjl ICTC pa3IlHYlIblC 300MOP(IIHble 06-
pa3bl H H306paJKCIlHSI yaCTCH JKHBOTllbIX B CIlOJKHblX npocTpaHcTBcIHlblX COOTHOWCIlHSlX H HlIO-
rLla npeBpawaSlCb B «3ara::to'tllyIO KapTHllKY» (Ta6J1. 10: 5; 51: 12).
KOMn03HuHSI npHcYTcTBycT II B opraHH3aUHH H306paJKCHHSI KaJKLloro CLlHHH<IIJOro 300-
MOp(jlHoro 06pa3a. KpoMC KOMn0311UHOHHoro pCUlCHIISI OTJlCIlbllOro npCLlMC'ra, BXOt1S1Wcro B
OIjlOpMIlCHHC, HanpHMep, KOHCKoro y60pa, OLlCJKLlbl HJlH 0PYJKHSI, npCLlno.laraJIaCb, HCCO IIlCHHO,
H KOMII03HUJ.lOHHaSl pOIlb cro KaK 3IleMCHTa B 06U\CH KOMll03HUHH BCC1'O ;:teKopa, KOTOpblH, BCpO-
SlTHO, H LlOIlJKCII 6blIl LlCMOIICTpHpOBaTb KaKOH-TO 60llcc HIlH ICHCC CBSl3l1blH TCKCT, HCCYWHH
CCMalITHYCCKYIO HarpY3KY. B 3TOM KOIITCKCTC pa3MCmeHHC B Ko m03HUHH LlCKopa 300 IOP(IIHbIX
H306paJKeHHH lOr,10 6bITb perIlaMelITHpOBaHO H onpCLlc.1S1IlOCb 3HaYCHHCM 06pa3a. TaK. npc.'l-
CTaBJleHHSI 0 TpCX KOCMHYCCKHX 30Hax Tpc60BaJlIof pa3MeWCHHSI H306paJKeHHSI nTHU B Ko m03H-
UHH LlCKopa rOIlOBHoro y60pa B BCpXHCH em YaCTH.
pa3,lHYHblC 3nOXH nOpOJKLlalOT pa3I1HYllblC KOMn03HUHOllHblC cxeMbI, npH'ICM yaCTO Ko mo-
3HUHOHHaSl (POp 1a CYWCCTBYCT KaK HeOC03HaHHaSl Tpa::tHIlHSI. Ko m03HUHOHHble CXCMbl nOjlYH-
HSIIOTCSI 3aKOHaM nCHXOJlOrHH 3pCHHSI H rCOMCTpHYCCKHM 3aKOHOMCpHOCTSlM [)KcrHH 1970,
c. 120]. Cpc;:tcTBaMJ.I rap M 0 H H '3 a U H J.I (jJOpMbl J.I OpraHH'3aUJ.lH Ko m03HUJ.lH cIl)'JKaT p J.I T M,
C H M M C T P H SI, Mac W T a 6 H bl C coo THO UI e H H SI, K 0 H T pac T H T. Ll.
pHTMHYCCKOC nOBTopCHHC qJHryp - OLlHa H3 npOCTCHUlHX H LlpCBHCHUlHX <pOpM pCUlCHHSI
KOMn03HUHOHHbIX 3al!ay [MHIlJ1Cp 1929, c.33]. )J,1IS1 apXaHYCCKHX KOMn03HUHH xapaKTCpHbl
pHTMHYCCKHC pSlLlbl, npCLlcTaBIlSlIOWHe YepCLlOBaHHc onpeLleIlcHlIblX KOMn03HuHH. PacnOJlaraJIH
pHTMHYCCKHC pSlLlbl maBHblM 06pa30M ropH30HTaJlbHO IlH60 BcpTHKaIlbHo, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT
qJOpMbl npcLlMcTa. 06waSl LlIISl apXaHYCCKHX KOMn03HuHH 3aKoHoMepHocTb npoSlBIlSleTCSI H B
CKHljJO-CH6HPCKOM 3BCpHHOM CTHIlC (Kc,lcpMeccKaSl ceKHpa, IHOro06pa3HbIC «IllCCTBHSI» JKHBOT-
HblX H T. Ll.).
5IBIlSlSlCb KOMnIlCKCHO CBSl3aHHblMH 3.1CMCHTaMH. KOMn03HUHH B H306pa3HTCIlbHOH CHMBO-
JlHKC npeLlcTaBIlSlIOT OC06CHHO 60IlbUlYIO CIlOJKHOCTb, nOCKOIlbKY 3TH 3IlCMCHTbl, «yaCTO, B Ha-
UlCH OUCHKe, COBCpWCHHO pa3IIOpOLlHbIC no CYwCCTBY, HO no KaKHM-TO npH'maKaM 06'beLlH-
HSIIOWHCCSI LlpCBHHM YCIlOBeKOM B UCIlOCTHbIe nOCTpOCHHSI» [MHIlIlCp 1929, c. 55], HC BccrLla
YIlaBIlHBalOTcSI H npaBHIlbllo TpaKTYIOTcSI COBpCMCHHblM HCCIlCLloBaTCIlCM.
Hc06xOLlHMO pCKOHCTpYHpoBaTb CHCTCMY nCpeLlaYH H306paJKCHHSI, <<TO CCTb LlcUlHljlpoBaTb
OC06blH Sl3blK. KOTOpblM BJlal!eIl LlpCBIIHH XYLlOJKHHK H KOTOpblH 6blIl LlOCTYllCH, O<ICBHLlHO, co-
BpCMCHHOMY CMY 3PHTCIlIO» [Y cnCHCKHH 1970, c. 4].
Ewc B. XorapT LlOKa3blBaJI, YTO B OCHOBC BCSlKOH opraHH30BaHlloH <jlOpMbl IlCJKHT <<npc-
KpacHaSl JlHHHSI», KaK OH ec Ha3blB,W, HanOMJ.llIalOUlaSl CBOHM J.l3rH60M IlaTHI1CKYIO 6YKBY S. 3Ta
IlHHHSI 06YCIloBIlHBacT C060H HC TOIlbKO H306paJKCHHSI npcLlMcTOB, 110 H IlHHCHl10C 110CTpOCIlHC
KOMn03HUHH. )J,IlSl H306pa3HTCIlbHoro HCKyccTBa IlHIIHSI IlaTHllCKoro S OKa3blBaCTCSI YHHBepcaIIb-
HOH [XorapT 1958, c. 171]. «]laTHHcKoC S H Bce npOH3BOJllIbIC OT Hcro SlBIlSlIOTCSI HCKOTOpblM
HcnpcMeHHbIM YCIlOBHCM BCSlKOH CKOIlbKO-llH6YLlb Opr-aIlH30BalmOH (jIOpMbI» [)KCrHlI 1970, c. 120].
B 3BepHHoM CTHIlC S-BHJllIaSl JlHllHl! llpOCIlCJKHBaCTCSI Oyellb yeTKO KaK B OTLlCIlbl1blX JlCTa-
IlSlX 300MOp<plIblX H306paJKCHHH, TaK H B KOMn03HL\HSlX B UCIlOM, XOTSI olla H HC SlBIlSlCTCSI CLlJ.lII-
CTBCHHOH OCIIOBOH (Ta6Il. 3: 3, 4, 8; 18). 13 KaYCCTBC IlpHMCpOB LlOCTaTOYllO IIpHBCCTH MlIOro-
4HCIlCHHbiC BapHaUHH H306paJKCIIHH JKHBOTllblX «c BblBcpHy-roH 3aL!llCH YaCTblO», lUHpOKO pac-
npocTpaHcHHblC B CKHljJO-CH6HpCKOM 3BepHlIOM CTHIle. S-BHJ1I1YIO KPHBYIO KaK (1IOPM006pa3YIO-
IllYIO H 0pl'aHH3YIOIllYIO KOMn03HIlHIO MOJKIIO paccMaTpHBaTb llapSlLlY C KpyroM H T. J1. S-BHLlllaSl
KpHBaSl BocnpHlIHMacrcSI HC cpa3)'. a no Mcpe ncpcMcwelIHSI B3rIlSlLla [<tJaBopCKHH 1986, c. 79 J.
4TO npHLlacT KOMn03HUHH LlHHaMHYHOCTb. )J,HHaMH4110CTb LlCHCTBHTCIlblIO OTIlH'mCT MllOrJ.lC
H306paJKcI1J.1S1 3BCpJ.lHOrO CTHIlSl, 4TO OTMCyaJl M. B. AIlnaToB [1987, c. 32]. CYHTaSl yry xapaKTc-
pJ.lCTHKY HCOTbCMJlCMOH YCpTOH 3BcpHllOro CTHIlSl, OLlHaKO, BonpcKH YTBepJKLlCllHlO M. B. AIl-
naTOBa, HCKOTOpblC IlOKaJlbHblC BapHalITbl 3BcpHlIOro CTHIlSl CKH(IICKOH 3nOXH JIeMOHcTpHPYIOT
KaK pa3 cTaTHKY H paBlIoBccHC (Ta6J1. 3: 12; 35: 7; 19: 4; 8).
KOMn03HUHoHHblC IlHHHH onpcLlcIlSlIOT apxHTCKTOHHKY HilH. YTO TO JKC. T C K T 0 H H K y,
npOH3BCLlCIIHSI. VlHorLla TCKTOHHKY. B OTIlHYHC OT apXHTCKTOHHKH, paCCMaTpHlJalOT IlHlUb KaK 3C-
TCTHYCCKOC BblpaJKCIIHC KOIICTPYKUHH B MaTcpHaIlC, KaK 3pHTCJlbHOC BblpaJKCHHC CC B YIlCHCHHSlX
H COOTHOWCHHSlX yaCTCH (11OPMbl [BIlacoB 1993, c. 25, 214]. rIo Ha6JllOLlCIIHlO f. BCIlb<jJJlHlla,
CMSlryeHHC TCKTOHHYCCKOH CTpOroCTH 06Ilal!aCT OnpCLlCJICHIIOH 3CTCTHYCCKOH npHBIleKaTcIlbHo-
CTblO [BcJlbqJIlHH 1994, c. 24, 25].
A P x H T C K T 0 H H K a - 3TO xYLlOJKCCTBellHoc BblpaJKCIIHC 3aKolloMcplIOCTCH CTpOCIIHSI,
npHCYwHX KOHCTPYKTHBHOH CHCTCMC 06'bCKTa (OC06CHHO B apxHTcKTYpC, KPYrIlOH CKYIlbllTYpC H
06'bCMHblX npoH3BcLlCHHSlX LleKOpaTJ.lBIIOrO HCKyccTBa). ApxHTcKToHHKa BblSlBIlSlCTCSI B3aHMOCBSI-
3blO H B3aJ.lMOpaCnOIlOJKeHHCM IICCYIllJ.lX H HCCOMblX yaCTCH, PJ.lTMHYCCKJ.lM CTpOCIIJ.lCM (jlOpMbl,
OTyaCTH nponopUHSlMH, HHorLla UBCTOM (Ta6Il. 46: 1). B UlHpOKOM CMblCIlC apxHTcKToHHKa no-
HHMacrcSI KaK CTpOCHHC xyLlOJKCCTBCIllIOro IIpOH3BCLlCHHSI, KOTOpOC 06YCIlOBJlHBaCT COOTHOUlC-
HHe cro maBHblX H BTopocTcnCHHblx 3.1CMCHTOB [ApxHTcKToHHKa]. To CCTb apXJ.lTCKTOHHKa HC-
nocpCLlcTBCHIIO CBSl3aHa C KOMn03HUHcH npOH3BCjlCHHSI, SlBIlSlSlCb OCHOBHblM npHHUHnoM nocTpo-
CHHSI H CHCTCMOH CBSl3CH OTLlC,lbHblX yaCTeH KOMn03HUHH H BblpaJKaSl maBH)'1O HLlCIO npoH3-
Be;rCHHSI [BIlacoB 1993, c. 25].
OLlHHM H3 BaJKl1blX CpCLlCTB (popMo06pa30BaHHSI B HCKyccTBe H C03LlalIHSI KOMn0311UHH XY-
LlOJKCCTBCIIHoro npOH3IJCLleHHSI SlBIISlCTCSI pH T M, KOTOpblH ;:tOIlJKCH paCCMaTpHBaTbCSI H KaK CY-
weCTBCHHblH KOMnOHCHT B <llOpMHpOBaIlHH 06pa3a, H «KaK BaJKIICHUlHH (IJaKTOp (jJopMo06pa30-
BaHHSI, cnoc06cTBYIOIllJ.lH B03HHKHOBCHHIO 3aKOIIYCHHOH, CTporo 3aMKHYToH CHCTCMbl» [<tJOPTY-
HaTOB 1974, c. 173]. CYWCCTBYCT OKOIlO 50 06WHX onpcLlcllcHHH pHTMa, HO OTCyrCTByCT
YHHBepCaJlbHOC YLlOBIlCTBOpHTC.lbHOC onpcLlCIlcHHC 3Toro (jlelJOMcHa [MCHIIHX 1974, c. 6; Xap-
Ilan 1975, c. 134]. pHTM SlBIlSlCTCSI OCHOBHOH (jlOpMoH npocTpaHCTlJeHHO-BpeMeHHoH opraHH3a-
UHH XYLlOJKCCTBCHHoro CLlHHCTBa H npcLlCTaBIlSleT C060H CIlOJKHOe SlBIlCHHC. «pHTM B HCKYCCTBC
160
II 3aK. 3085
161
OpHCHTHPYCTCSI Ha pHTMHYCCKHC 3aKOHOMCpHOCTH, CYJl.(CCTBYIOJl.(HC B 06'bCKTHBHOM MHpC, BMC-
CTC C TCM OH COOTHOCHTCSI... C nCHxo<!m3H4CCKOH npHpOLlOH Hawero BocnpHSlTHSI...» [BoIlKoBa
1974, c. 84]. B HCKYCCTBC OTpaJKalOTCSI pHTMbl, HaH60Ilce npHBbl411blC LlJlSl yeIlOBe4CCKoro opra-
HH3Ma. HaH60Ilec al!CKBaTHblC eMy; oLllJOBpeMeHHo xYLlOJKeCTBeHHble pHTMbl HMCIOT cncuHllm4-
HYIO CTPYKTYPY H opHeHTHpYIOTCSI Ha cHcTeMY BOC pHSlTHSI. TpaHc(lJopMHPYIOJl.(YIOCSI nOLl BIlHSI-
HHCM caMoro HCKYCCTBa H (lJaKTOpOB 06Jl.(eCTBeHIlOH JKH3HH» _[BoIlKoBa 1974. c. 84, 85]. 5IB.1S1-
SlCb. no MHCllHlO MHorHX HccIleLloBaTcIleH, (lm3HOIlOrHYCCKOIof nOTpe6/foCTblO, pHTM. nO-BHLlH-
MOMY, IleJKHT B OCHOBC Bcex npoH3BeLleHHH HCKyccTBa, TaK KaK 3pHTeIlbHbie H CIl xoBble ero
BocnpHSlTHSI, CBSl3aHHbiC C LlBHJKe/fHCM, (lJOpMOH H UBeTOM, OC06bl:l-f 06pa30M B03LlelofcTBYIOT /fa
3pHTeIlSl HIlH CIlywaTeIlSl [MHIlIlep 1929, c. 20,2 I]. _ _ _
TaKHM 06pa30M. HCT041lHK pHTMH4ecKHx 3aKolloMepHocTelof KpoeTcSI B caMOH LlCIofCTBHTeIlb-
HOCTH. «pHTM KaK 1CTCTHyeCKaSl '3aKOHOMcpHOCTb BblSlBIlSlCT cc6S1 B conOCTaBJlCHHH xyLlOJKeCT-
BCHHoro pHTMa C pHTMOM KaK nepHoLlH4ecKoH /fOBTOpHOCTblO npHpoLllIO-<lm3H'tccKHX _H COUH-
aJlbHO-KOMMYHHKaTHBHbIX npoUeCCOB» [BoIlKoBa 1974, c. 75]. pHTM I1peLlCTaB,lS1eT c06010f TO HIlH
HHoe 4epeLlOBa/fHC HIlH CTpYKTYPY BpeMellHblX npOMCJKYTKOB [JloceB 1974, c. 143]. PHTMH'te-
CKaSl ynopSlLlOyeHIlOCTb B HCKyccTBe OClIOBblBaeTCSI Ha /fOBTOpax allaIlOrHYllblX 1IlCMellTOB H OT-
HoweHHH B HX 3aKoHoMcpHOM 4epcLloBaHHH [Bo, KoBa 1974, c. 76]. OLlHaKo pHTM lie CBOLlHTCSI
TOJlbKO K yepCLloBaJ1H1O 1J1CMeHTOB H K 3aKO/fOMepIlOcTH <lepeLloBaHHSI. «f10BTOP CTPYKTYpC
XYLlOJKCCTBeHHoro npoH3BcLleHHSI CBSl3all C HaKOIlIleHHCM KaYCCTBa. TpaHC4JopMaJ!HeH cM lcIla, a
noceMY OH HC TaBTOIlOrHYCH, 60Ilee Toro - 011 HenoBTOpHM» [CanapoB 1974, c. 101]. DYLlYYH
c\JOpMOH opraHH3aUHH npoH3BeLlcHHSI HCKyccTBa H cnoc060M OTpaJKeHHSI 3aKoHoMeplloro xapaK-
Tcpa npoueccoB H3MCHeIlHSI, pHTMHKa lIaXOLlHT WHpOKOC BOnJlOJl.(CHHe B HCKyccTBe, BblpaJKaSl
/fepHOLlHyecKYIO CTPYKTYPY [AcKHHSI 1974, c. 69, 70]. pHTM HMCCT onpeLleJlellHYIO UCJleycTpeM-
HCHHOCTb H lIaYHHaCTCSI TaM, rLlc CCTb npouecc pa3BHTHSI. PHTM CCTb BblpaJKCIIHC 60pb6bl npOTH-
BOnOIlOJKHOCTeH, 110CKOIlbKY npCLlIlOIlaraeT IIcnpepblBHoe pa3BHTHC yepCJ npOTHBonOIl,?JKIIOCTH,
yepC3 npcnSlTCTBHSI [MHX01II 1960, c. 75, 76]. 3TO CBSl3bIBaeT KaTcropHlo pHTMa C H,'1eelof.
MOJKIIO rOBopHTb 0 nepeCCyellHH 06'bCKTHBHOro H cy6'beKTHBIJOro no OTIlOlliellHIO K PHT-
MHKe TBOpyeCTBa. pHTM B xYLlOJKeCTBClIlIOM lIpOH3BCLlC/fHH IlpOSlBIISlCTCSI BO BceM - OT KOMno-
3HUHOHlioro nocTpoeHHSI LlO TeXHHyeCKHX IlpHCMOB (CHCTCMbl lIaIlOJKellHSI Ma3KOB B JKHBOnHCH,
HanpaBIlclIHSI pC3HbiX IlHHHH H 06lUHX KOHTypOB B pe3b6e H T. Ll. Ta6Il. 3. 7, 16,35.34,32,82)._
B HCKYCcTB0311allHH pHTM 06blYII0 CBSl3blBaeTCSI C LlBHJKeHHeM, a CHMMCTpHSI - co CIlOKOIof-
HblM paBlloBccHeM. CHMMeTpHSI npHoCTaHaBIlHBaCT pHTMHYCCKOe )lBHJKCHHe [BoHKoBa 1974. c. 80].
pHTM IlpeLlCTaBIlSleT C060H yepeLlOBallHC BO BpeMclIH COH3MCpHMbiX eLlHIIHU. B CBSl3H C 1THM
BaJKHO CJl.(C OLlHO nOHSlTHe, a HMeHHO M C T p. «13 caMOM WHpOKOM 3HaYCIIHH MCTp - :no KOLl,
Sl3blK LlIlSl Il1060H CHCTCMbl nOBTopOB B pa3IlHYHhlX BHLlax HCKYCCTBa. B TaKOM cIlyyaC MOJKIIO
CYHTaTb, 4TO pHTM BblcTynacT B (lJYHKUHH C006Jl.(eIlHSI» [BoIlKoBa 1974, c. 8 I]. MeTp BblcTynaeT
B KaYCCTBe OnpCLlCJlCHHOH HOpMbl, Mepbl COH'3MepHMOcTH xYLlOJKeCTBeHHblx 1IlCMCIITOB H OTHO-
weHHH. «MeTp KaK 3aKoHoMcpHOCTb pHTMa pac'tJle/fSleT H HIITerpHpyCT 3CTeTH4eCKOe BocnpH-
SlTHe KaK BO BpcMeHHblx, TaK H B npoCTpallCTBcHHblX BHLlax HCKyccTBa. MeTp BblcTynaeT KaK
cBoc06pa3HOC cpeLlcTBo KOppCIlSlUHH MCJKLlY BnCyaTIlCIiHeM, nOJlY<lcIlHbiM B ,'1aHHbIH MOMeHT, H
,.npoeKUHcH" cro na 6YLlYJl.(CC, T. c. opranH3aUHcH OJKHLlaIlHSI» [BoIlKoBa 1974, c.82]. MeTp
LlcHcTByeT B HCKYCCTBC 3BepHHoro CTHIlSl rIlaBHblM 06pa30M KaK IlHHeHHaSl 3aKoHoMepHocTb, YH-
TaeTCSI KaK B CTpYKTYpC opHaMeHTaUHH, TaK H B Ko m03HUHOllllbIX nocTpoeHHSlx '300:l-fOP(lJHblX
(lmryp (Ta6J1. 3: 1,2; 7; 16; 26; 35; 82). B yaCTHOCTH, MeTp MOJKeT 6blTb npOCIleJKCH B TpaKTOBKC
1l0BCpXHOCTH BHYTPH KOHTypa H306paJKellHH HLlYlIlHX THrpoB lIa KOJlOLle H3 Dawal!apa H B caMOM
pacnOIlOJKCHHH 3IleMCHTOB KOMn03HUHH.
OLlHOH H3 (lJYHKUHH pHTMa (cro MeTpH4ecKoH OpraHHJaUHH) SlBIlSlCTCSI «3aKpCnJleHHC Toro,
YTO LlOIlJKHO 6bITb BblSlBIlCHO» [YHTPOY 1964, c. 73].
«B pHTMC OLlHHaKOBO BaJKllbl KaK HHBapHaHTHaSl, TaK H BapHaHTHaSl CTOpOHa», npH'teM «He
TOIlbKO BapHaHT Ha <IJOHe CLlHH006pa3HOrO nOBTopa, 110 H nOBTOp caM no ce6e» cnoc06cTByeT
YBCIlHYCHHIO CMblCIla pHTMHyeCKOrO pSlLla [BoIlKoBa 1974, c. 83]. pHTM - OLlHO H'3 KOMn03HUH-
OHHblX CpCLlCTB, npH nOMOJl.(H KOTOpblX OCYJl.(CCTBIlSlIOTCSI 1MOUHOHa..lbHO-CMbICIlOBble conOCTaB-
IleHHSI H nOBblwaeTCSI CCMaHTHyeCKaSl eMKOCTb npoH3BcLlCHHSI [BoIlKoBa 1974, c. 84].
pHTM B xYLlOJKeCTBCHHOM npoH3BeLleHHH CIlYJKHT MHOro06pa3HblM ueIISlM: KOMn03HuHoHIIOH
CTPYKTYpC npoH3BeLleHHSI, YCHIleHHIO 3MOUHOllaJIbllOrO H H306pa3HTCHbHoro 14HjJCKTa; OH npeLl-
CTaBIlSleT C060H TaKJKC H cBoc06pa3HblH aKKOMnaHeMeHT. «KOppCIlSlUHSI pHTMa C H306paJKCHHSlMH
Toro HIlH HHoro SlBIlCHHSI YCHIlHBaeT 3CTeTH'tCCKYIO oueHKY H306paJKCHHSI» [MeHIlHx 1974, c. 7].
pHTMHYCCKHC nOCTpoeHHSI LlOCTHralOTCSI npH nOMOJl.(H Pa3J1HYHbIX 3J1CMCHTOB CHMMeTPHH, a
TaKJKC nYTcM YCpeLloBaHHSI HIlH conOCTaBIlCHHSI KOMn03HUHOHHbiX 3IlCMCHTOB - KOHTpaCToB,
Macc, OTLlC. bHbIX npCLlMeTOB, IlHHHH. 4mKcHpoBaHHblx LlBHJKeHHH, CBeTOTeHeBblX H UBCTOBblX
nSlTcH, npocTpaHCTBcHHblX YIlelleHHH H T. Ll. PHTMHyeCKaSl opraHH3aUHSI BblSlBIlSlCT CYJl.(IIOCTb
xYLlOJKCCTBeHHoro 06pa3a H cnoc06cTByeT LlOCTHJKeHHIO YCTKOrO BocnpHSlTHSI npoH3BcLlCHHSI
3pHTCHCM.
HcnocpcLlCTBeHHo CBSl3alla C pHTMHYCCKHMH 3aKoHoMcpHOCTSlMH all H H T e p au H SI. HC-
nOIlb3yeMaSl B H306pa3HTC.lbHOM HCKYCCTBC KaK npHcM nOBTopa 0LlHHaKOBblX 3IleMeHToB. 3PH-
TeIlbHO YCHJlHBalOJl.(HX HX B03LleHcTBHc (BIlacoB 1993, c. 15, 16). LJ,IlSl CBpa3HHCKoro HCKyccTBa
3BepHHoro CTHIlSl npHcM aJlIlHTCpaUHH 4pe3BblyaHHO THnHYCH H WHpOKO HcnoJlb3yeTcSI B 300-
MOpc\JHbIX KOMn03HUHSlX, cnoc06CTBYSI HX LleKopaTHBHOCTH H pHTMHyeCKOMY a K U e H T H P 0 _
B a H H 10 (Ta6Il. 7) lIeKoTopblX 1IlCMCHTOB. AKuellTHpoBaJ1He BblcTynaeT KaK OLlHH H3 KOMIl03H-
UHOHHblX npHcMoB [BIlacoB 1993, c. 15].
B KOMn03HUHO/fHO:l-f 1l0CTpOCIIHH opHaMcHTHpOBa/fHbIX B 3BepHHoM CTHIlC H3LleIlHH 60Ilb-
waSl pOIlb npHHal!IleJKHT TaKOH xapaKTepHcTHKe, KaK T e M n e p a U H SI [BIlacoB 1993, c. 214],
T. e. ynopSlLlOYCHHe 1IleMC/fTOB (jJOpMbl, opraHH3aUHSI H ypalioBewclIHOCTb OTHoweHHH Macc
(Ta6Il.3; 16). BIlal!eHHc <IJOPMOH H YYBCTBO rapMoIlHH, OTIlH'taJOUIHe npeLlMcTbl 3BepHlwro CTH-
JlSI, cBHLleTeJlbCTBYIOT 0 LlIlHTCIlbHOH npaKTHKe B 1TOH 06IlaCTH, n03BOIIHBweH Bblpa60TaTb HC
TO.lbKO He06xoLlHMble npHcMbl, TCXIIOIlOrHYCCKHC H xYLlOJKeCTBeHHblc, 110 YCToSlBwHecSI HKOHO-
rpa(jJHYCCKHe cxeMbl H KOMn03HUHOHllble (lJOPMYIlbl.
OLlHHM H3 Ko m03HUHOHHbIX npHHUHIlOB, 4pe3BblyaHHO WHpOKO IlpHMe/fSleMbIX B C03;:taIlHH
300MOp(lJlloro LleKopa, SlBIlSleTCSI C H M M C T P H SI, BblcTynalOll(aSl KaK CpCLlCTBO <lJOpMo06pa30-
BaHHSI H rapMoHH3aUHH (lJOpMbl [BIlacoB 1993, c. 199]. Ha npHHUHne cHMMeTpHH CTpOSlTCSI pac-
npocTpaHeHHblc B HCKYCCTBC LlpeBHocTH repaJlbLlHyeCKHe H allTHTCTH'teCKHe KOMno3HuHII, a
TaKJKe pa3IlHYHblC opllaMeHTbI (Ta6Il. 3: 2; 47-49). f10 /fa6mOLleHHlo C. C. CopoKHlla, K VII B.
LlO H. 1. HaceIleHHe IlCCOCTenliOH EBpa3HH YJKe 311aJ10 H aKTHBlIO HcnOIlb30BaJlO B HCKYCCTBC BCC
OCHOBHble THnbl CHMMCTpHH opllaMellTa, BKIlIOyaSl CHMMeTpHIO 60PLllOpOB, p03CTOK H CCT'taToro
pHCYHKa. J{IlSl /fOCTpOeHHSI 60PLllOpOB npHMe/fSlIlHCb BCC CCMb cyweCTBYIOJl.(HX BH,'10B CHMMeT-
pHH, lIa OCHOBC KOTOpblX B03MOJKII0 C03LlallHC pa311006pa3HbIX opHaMellTaJlbHblX pHTMHYCCKHX
KOMn03HUHH. KpoMe 60PLllOpHbiX opnaMeHTOB, BblllOJlHellHblX 110 CXCMC pHTMHYCCKHX nepCHO-
COB paBHblX HJlH 3CpKaJlbllblX 1IleMCIlTOB, paHllHe KO'teBHHKH EBPa3HH HCnOIlb30BaIlH opllaMeH-
Tbl, COCTaBJleHHble IlYTCM nponOpUHOHaJlbHOro nepeHoca, nOCJleLlOBaTeJlbllO YMeHbwaSl HIlH YBe-
JlHYHBaSl OCHOBHOH 3IlCMeHT, HanpHMCp, B KOHCKHX y60pax H3 aJlTaHCKHx KypraHoB. 13 1noxy
paHllHx KOyeBIIHKOB 6blJlH pa3pa60TaHbl pa3Ho06pa3l1bIC p03eTKH C HCIlOIlb30BaliHeM npocToH
CHMMeTPHH, KaK nOIlHoH, TaK H HcnoIlHOH, c03LlalOuleH Bne'taTJlCHHe LlBHJKCHHSI, B OTIlHYHe OT
CTaTHYIiOH KOMn03HuHH, nOCTpoeHHoH Ha 3epKaIlblloH CHMMCTpHH. OCHOBHblM 3J1eMeIITOM KaK
p03eTOK, TaK H 6oPLllopHoro opHaMcHTa Mor CIlYJKHTb IlH60 300MOp<lJHblH HIlH pacTHTeIlbllblH
MOTHB, IlH60 reoMcrpHYCCKHH PHCYIiOK. CIlOJKHblC pHTMbl PHCYIIKOB opHaMcHToB CJl.(C 60Ilce YCIlOJK-
HSlJlHCb UBeTOBblM YCpCLlOBaHHcM 3J1eMCHTOB [COpOKHH 1978, C. 174. 175].
K YHCIlY cnoc060B xYLlOJKCCTBCIIHoro (lJOpM006pa30BaIlHSI, HcnoIlb3YCMblX B CKHlIJO-CH6HP-
CKOM 3BCpHHOM CTHIlC, MOJKHO OTHCCTH H MeT 0 H H M H 10, KOTopaSl 3aKIllOyaeTCSI B '3aMeJl.(CHHH
OLlHoro 06pa3a LlPYrHM, npHLlaJOJl.(HM CMY HOBblH, 60Ilee my60KHH CMblCIl [BIlacoB 1993, c. 136,
137]. CoeLlHllcHHC YCpT pa3IlH4HbIX JKHBOTHblX B OLlHOM 300MOP(jJHOM H306paJKClIHH OTpaJKaCT
rIly60Koc cOLlCpJKaHHC 06pa30B H HX CJlOJKHYIO CTPYKTYPY H oLlHoBpeMcHHo npoSlBIlSleT COOTBCT-
CTBYIOWHH KOLl (Ta6Il. 51: 12; 14: 17).
npHCM nepCLlaYH UCJloro yepC3 KaKYIO-IlH60 cro yaCTb B 3BepHHoM CTHIle CJlYJKHT BaJKHCH-
WHM CpCLlCTBOM 4 JO PM006pa30BaHHSI. 3TOT cnoc06 onpeLlCIlSleTCSI KaK C H H C K Ll 0 x a, OH npH-
BOLlHT K YCHIICHHIO BHeWHeH LleKopaTHBHoCTH (Ta6Il. 3: 5, 8; 35: 3, 7).
WHpOKO HcnoIlb3YeTCSI B HCKYCCTBC CKH4Jo-CH6HpcKoro 3BcpHHoro CTHIlSl npHHUHn PC-
Ll Y U H P 0 B a H H SI H306paJKeHHH - ynoTpe6IleHHc B KaYCCTBe caMOCTOSlTeIlbHoro MOTHBa YCC-
yeHHoro H306paJKCHHSI (Ta6Il. 51: 12; 40: 46). Bce nepCYHCIleHHblc npHcMbl npHMcHSlIOTCSI B
paMKax 300MOp4JHOrO KOLla, npHcYJl.(ero HCKYCCTBY paHlIHx KOYCBHHKOB.
OLlHHM H3 BaJKHCHWHX LlIlSl H3YYCHHSI HCKyccTBa LlpCBHHX KYIlbTYP SlBIlSlCTCSI nOHSlTHC
T pall HUH H. «TPal!HUHSI» BblcTynaeT H KaK OLlHH H3 caMblX pacnpOCTpaHCHHblX TepMHHOB B
LlaHHOH 06IlaCTH HaYKH, HO OTHIOLlb He OLlH03Ha'tHO TpaKTyeMblH HCCIleLlOBaTCJlSlMH.
T pall HUH SI KaK HHc\JopMaUHOllllbIH MaCCHB nepeLlaeT 3IleMCHTbi COUHaJlbHO-KYJlbTypHoro
HaCJle.l{HSI, COXpaHSlIOJl.(HCCSI Ha npOTSlJKCHHH LlIlHTeIlbHoro BpeMCHH H nepeLlalOJl.(HCCSI OT nOKO-
162
1t>
JlCHHSI K nOKOIleHHlO [<1>HIlOCO<»CKHH CIlOBapb, c. 374]. noli. TPal!HUHCH nOHHMaeTCSI «onp c .1I. c -
IlCHHblH THn OTHOWCHHH MCJK.1I.Y nOCIlC.1I.OBaTeIlbHbIMH CTal!HSlMH pa3BHBalOIl.(erOCSI 06'bcKTa, B
TOM 'tHCJlC H KYIlbTypbl, KorLla "CTapoe" nepeXOLlHT B "HOBOC" H "pa60TaeT" B HCM» [CnHpKHH
1980, c. 8].
«KYIlbTypHaSl Tpal!HUHSI eCTb, C O.1l.HOH CTOpOHbl, cncUHI)m'tccKHH .1I.IlSl 06Il.(eCTBa CCIlCKTHB-
HblH, CTa6HIlH3HPylOIl.(HH rOMeocTaTH'tecKHH MexaHH3M, KOTOpblH 6IlaroLlapSl cTcpeoTHnH3aUHH
COUHaIlbHO opraHH30BaHHoro onblTa H cro npocTpallcTBcHHO-BpCMCHHOH TpaHcMHccHH Bocnpo-
H3BO.1l.HT npOWe.1l.WHH HcnblTalIHC cnoc06 <ICIlOBeyeCKOrO cYIl.(eCTBoBaHHSI. C .1I.PyroH - 3TO CCTb
cneuHI»HYCCKHH MexaHH3M, BO MHorOM 3al!alOIl.(HH 06Il.(YIO lIanpaBJleHHOCTb 06Il.(eCTBCHHoro
pa3BHTHSI. BC.1I.b HMeHHO Ha nOTCHUHSlX H npC.1I.nOCblIlKax, C03LlaBaCMbiX KyJlbTypHOH Tpal!HUHCH,
6a3HPyIOTCSI TBOpYCCKHC HHHOBaUHH, 6IlarO.1l.apSl KOTOpblM npeO.1l.0IlCBalOTcSI COOTBeTCTBYIOIl.(HC,
OTJKHBWHC CBOH BCK, CTepCOTHnbl YCIlOBC'teCKOH .1I.eSlTCIlbllOCTH H npOHC XO .1l. HT pa3BHTHC 06Il.(C-
CTBa» [MapKapSlH 1978, c. 85].
TPal!HUHSI, KaK COUHaJlbHaSl no CBOCMY McxallH3MY <»opMa nCpeLlaYH YCIlOBC'teCKoro o bITa,
06S13aTCJlbHO np C .1I.ycMaTpHBacT npccMcTBCHHOCTb. O.1l.HaKO Tpal!HUHSI npe.1l.CTaBIlSleT C060H HC-
YTO H3MeH'tHBOC H .1I.H H aMHYHOC - «npouecc OCBOCIIHSI, BapbHpoBaHHSI H pa3BHTHSI onpe.1l. e ,lCH-
Horo lIaCIlC.1I.HSI» [KaMeHcKHH 1986, c. 219]. 3Ta .1I.HllaMH'tecKaSl npHp O .1l. a H OTIlHyaeT Tpal!HUHlO
OT KaHOHa, KOTOpbIH OTBCTBIlSlCTCSI OT Tpal!HUHH, HMeCT ce CBOHM HCTOKOM, HO HC nOIlyyaeT HH-
KaKoro .1I.aJlbHCHWCro pa3BHTHSI» [KaMcllcKHH 1986, c. 219].
Y3Koe, KOIIKpeTHoc nOIlSlTHe xY.1I.OJKeCTBeHHoH Tpal!HUHH cIlcLlyeT TpaKToBaTb «KaK npouecc
oT60pa, OCBOCHHSI, nepcLla4H H pa3BHTHSI HCTOpHYCCKH CIlOJKHBWerOCSI xY.1I.OJKCCTBCHHoro onbl-
Ta» [KaMcHcKHH 1986, c. 220].
nOIlSlTHC xY.1I.OJKCCTBeHiIOH Tpal!HUHH HMCCT B BHLlY KOHKpCTlIOC cO.1l.epJKaHHC npOSlBJlCHI1H
KyilbTypbl, ec H.1I.CH; OUCHOYHblH MOMCHT HMeCT npH 1TOM ncpBoCTcncHHoc 3HaYCHHC [KaMcH-
CKHH 1986, c. 219].
«BcSI HCTOpHSI I1CKycCTBa KaK HaYKa HeH3Melill0 OCTaCTCSI B HeKoTopoM p O .1l.e ,,3THOHCKYCCT-
B03HaIlHcM"», _ cnpaBcLlIlHBO CYHTaCT D. M. DCpHlllTeHH [DepHwTeHH 1986, c. 127], TaK KaK
yCIlOBHSI B03HHKHOBelIHSI naMSlTIIHKa HCKyccTBa Onpe.1l.eIlSlIOTcSI MOMeHTOM COUHOKYIlbTypHOH H
xY.1I.OJKeCTBCHHOH 1BOIllOUHH 3THHYCCKOH 06Il.(IIOCTH. Tpal!HUHSI BblCTynaeT npH 3TOM KaK Mexa-
II'H3M opraHH3aUHH, xpallcHHSI H nepC.1I.a4H COUHOKYJlbTYPHOH HHI»opMauHH [DepHUlTeHH 1986,
c.129].
B xY.1I.OJKCCTBCIiHYIO Tpal!HUHIO BXO.1l.HT HC BCCb xY.1I.OJKeCTBCHHblH OnblT, HaKOnJlCIIHblH TOH
HiIH HIIOH 06Il.(HOCTblO, a JlHWb Ta cro yaCTb, KOTopaSl Ha HOBOM 3Tanc OKa3bIBaCTCSI nOYCMY-
IlH60 aKTyaIlbHoH H nepeXO.1l.HT H3 npowIloro B lIaCTOSlIl.(CC, «coxpallSlSl HopMaTHBHoe HIlH OPHCH-
THpylOluec 3HaYCHHC ,'1IlSl cOBpeMellHoro xyLlOJKCCTBCHHoro C03HaHHSI». TaKHM 06pa30M, xyLlo-
JKeCTBeHHaSl Tpal!HUHSI «eCTb onpcLleIlcHHblM 06pa30M ynopSl.1l.0YCIIHbIH, TO'tHCC - opraHH30-
BallHblH onblT» [DepllwTcHH 1986, c. 130].
XYLlOJKeCTBeHllaSl LleSlTeIlbHOCTb TPallHUHOIIHblX KYJlbTYP, pcrYJlHPycMaSI CTpYKTYPOH Tpa-
.1I.HUHH, C03.11.aCT YCTOH4HBbiC <1>OpMbl, 06IlallalOIl.(HC BblCOKOH HHBapHaHTHoCTblO. VlCKYCCTBO Ta-
Koro THna KYIlbTypbl npeLlCTaBIlSleTCSI HaH60Ilcc 3THHYCCKH oKpawcHHblM, HaH60Ilec O.1l. lIO pO.1l.-
HblM [DepHWTcHH 1986, c. 131].
pOJlb xY;IOJKeCTBeHHoH Tpal!HUHH B HCKYCCTBC CKHI»0-CH6HpCKoro 3BcpHHoro CTHIlSl ype3-
Bbl'taHHo BblCOKa H BO MHorOM onpe.1l.e,lS1eT clleUHI»HKY IlOKaJlbHblX BapHaH1;OB 3BcpHHoro CTHIlSl.
4acTo MOJKHO npocIleLlHTb 'tepTbl cTapoH Tpal!HUHH B YJKC ncpcocMblCHCHHblX IlH60 HcnOHSlTblX
MOTHBax H306paJKCHHH.
Xy.1I.OJKCCTBCHHaSl Tpal!I1UHSI. cYIl.(eCTBCHHO B.1HSlIOIl.(aSl Ha CTH,lb npOH3BC.1I.CHHSI, TCM HC MC-
Hec HC SlB,lS1eTCSI q>aKTOpOM CTHJlSI. CTHIle06pa3YIOIl.(HC < ak.'TOpbI HenocpC,'1CTBCHHO onpC,'1CIlSlIOT
CTHIlb xY;IOJKeCTBCHHoro npOH3BC.1I.CHHSI. f1peJKLle BCCro 3TO OTHOCHTCSI K 06pa3HOH CHCTCMC, K
xY.1I.OJKCCTBeHHoMY MeTOLlY. CTHIleBaSl TPallHUHSI - SlBIlCHHe B03;\CHCTBHSI OLlHOH CTH.qCBOH CHC-
TCMbI Ha ;IpyrylO. Y CBoeHHC xY.1I.OJKeCTBeHlloH Tpa::tHUHH HOBblM CTH,leM «B03MOJKHO TOi\bKO npl1
YC,10BHH pOLlCTBa H;\CHHO-06pa3HOrO MHpa H TBop'tecKHx npHHuHnoB 06eHx xY.1I.OJKeCTBeHHbl:
CHCTeM» [COKO.10B 1968, c. 143]. DIlaro;:tapSl .1I.CHCTBHIO CTH.1CBblX <»alnopoB 06pa3yeTCSI HOBbIH
CTHJlb, Tpal!HUHSI JKC coxpaHSleT yepTbl cTaporo CTH,1S1. «B3aHMo;:tcHcTBHe Tpal!HUHH HOBaTopCTBa
xapaKTepH3YeT npouecc pa3BHTHSI CTHIlSl» [COKO,10B 1968, c. 144]. Tpal!HUHSI MOJKeT coxpaHSlTb
H HKoHorpat)JH'tccKHe OC06CHHOCTH, nCpC.1I.aBaSl H3 nOKOIlCHHSI B nOKOJleHHC yCToSlBWHecSI H30-
6pa3HTCIlbHble CXCMbl. He SlBilSlIOIl.(HeCSI, TeM He MeHec, KaHoHHyeCKHMH. HanpHMcp, H306paJKc-
HHC 60pb6bI .1I.BYX Bcp6J1IO.1I.OB, nCpC.1I.aHHOC B OYCHb 6,1H3KOH HKolJOrpaqJH'tccKOH CXCMC, npo-
CJlCJKHBaCTCSI, HaYHHaSl co 2-ro TbIC..1I.0 H. 3. BnIlOTb.1l.0 CpC.1I.HeBCKOBbSl (Ta6J1. 50, 52).
O.1l.HOH H3 CCpbC3HbIX np06J1CM B H3YYCHHH HCKyccTBa LlpeBHocTH, KOTOpOC B 60IlbWHHCTBC
CJlyyaCB 6bLl0 KaHOHHYHblM HIlH HMCIlO OnpeLlCJlCHHble TeH.1I.eHUHH K KaHOHH'tHOCTH, SlBJlSleTCSI
np06IleMa K a H 0 H a. OC06CHHO HHTCpCCHblM H BaJKllblM npeLlCTaBIlSleTCSI acneKT COOTHoweHHSI
KaHOHa ':: paccMoTpCHHblMH Bblwe KaTcropHSlMH - CTHIleM, Tpal!HUHeH, MeTOLlOM, 06pa3HOH
CHCTCMOIof, KO 1n03HUHeH, HKOHorpac HeH H T. .11..
B KaYCCTBC caMOCTOSlTe.%HOrO TepMHlla «KaHOH» nOSlBHIlCSI YJKC B V B. LlO H. 3. B TeopHH
rpCYCCKOrO CKYIlbnTopa nOIlHKJleTa. O.1l.HHM H3 3Ha4CHHH .1I.peBHerpC4eCKoro CIlOBa KavlOV SIBIl -
eT' , , , , 6 ' SI
CSI npaBHIlO, HopMa, 0 pa3CU , YTO H 06YCIlOBIlHBaeT B KaYCCTBC OCHOBHoro CMblCIla 1Toro
nOHSlTHSI ero HopMaTHBHOCTb H H3MepeHHOCTb. DC3 COMHCHHSI, KaHOH SlBJlSleTCSI CBOLlOM 0606-
Il.(CHHbIX npaBHJI qJHKCaUHH 06pa3a H O.1l.HOBpCMCHHO MOLlCIlblO [nOMepaHucBa 1985, c. 102; 110-
ceB 1973, c. 12; PCM eIlb 1973, c. 152]. npHYCM <OTa MO.1l.CIlb OKa3bIBaCTCSI 06Pa3UOM H KpHTe-
pHCM nOJlOJKHTeJlbHOH OUell1m npOH3Be.1l.CHHH HCKyccTBa. BOnJlOWalOIl.(HX xY.1I.OJKeCTBellllblH Ka-
HOH» [110CCB 1973, c. 15]. KaHoH - KaTcropHSI CIlOJKHaSl, nOLlpa3YMcBalOIl.(aSl MHororpaHllOc
SlBIlCHHC, KOTOpOC OTpaJKaCT 3CTeTHYCCKHC HLlCaJlbl CBocro BpCMCHH, H «B nepHoLl paCUBeTa IlIO-
60c 3HaYHTCIlbHOC SlBIlCHHC LlpeBHero HIlH CpC.1I.HCBCKOBoro HCKyccTBa HeCCT B ce6c KaHOHH4e-
CKHC CTPYKTYpW> [MYPHaH 1973, c. 130].
=ECIlH Tpal!HUHSI 3aKJIIOyaeT B ce6e pSlLl Bblpa60Tallllbix npH3HaKOB, TO KaHOH B03BO.1l.HT HX B
CTPOIofHYIO, BbICOKoopraHH30BaHHYIO CHCTeMY» [noMepallueBa 1985, c. 109], TO eCTb «KaHOHH-
4CCKoe HCKYCCTBO npC.1I.CTaBIlSleT C060H HOBYIO <»OPMY CYIl.(eCTBOBaHHSI XYLlOJKCCTBeHHOH TPallH-
UHH» [DcpHWTeHH 1986a, c. 189]. KaHoH BblcTynacT B KayeCTBC YCTOHYHBOH CHCTeMbl H SlBJlSlCT-
CSI HOCHTCJlCM TPal!HUHH OnpC.1I.CIlCHHOro xY.1I.OJKCCTBeHHoro MblWJlCHHSI H cooTBeTcTBYIOIl.(eH xY-
1l0JKCCTBeHHOH npaKTHKH, KOTopaSl OTpaJKaCT 3CTeTHYCCKHH H.1I.CaJI TOH HIlH HHOH KYIlbTypbl,
3THoca HJlH xY.1I.OJKCCTBeHHoro HanpaBIleHHSI [3cTeTHKa, c. 137]. TPal!HUHSI npoSlBIlSleT cc6S1 B H3-
BCCTH<:.M nOBTopcHHH npHcMoB, B CIlC.1I.OBaHHH YJKC HMeIOIl.(HMCSI 06pa3uaM, 110 npoHcxo,'!HT 3TO
CTHXHHHO, BHe CHCTeMbl, no 3aBcLlcHHOMY 06blyal0. Kalloll JKC BblpaJKaeTCSI KaK Tpal!HUHSI. B03-
BCLlcHHaSl B CHCTCMY, B npaBHIlo [PcMneJlb 1973, c. 153; Vlo<»aH 1973, c. 24].
KaHoH npcLlCTaBIlSleT C060H CHCTCMY, B OCIIOBC KOTOpOH JlCJKHT 3aKOH «JOpMo06pa30BaIlHSI,
11 C03.11.acr CTPYKTYPY KOMn03HUHOHHblX nOCTpocHHH. B 3HaYHTeIlbHoH CTcneHH OCHOBY KaHOHa
COCTaBIlSlIOT nponOpUHOHaJlbHbIe COOTIIOWCIIHSI, SlBIlSlIOIl.(HCCSI ynopSlLlOYCHHOH CHCTCMOH npo-
nOpUHOHaJlbHblX BCIlH'tHH [nOMepaHueBa 1985, c. 109]. TaKHM 06pa30M 06ccne'tHBaeTCSI COpa3-
MCpHOCTb MCJKLlY BCCMH yaCTSlMH KOMn03HUHH .1I.IlSl KaJKLloro THna H306paJKellHH [nOMepallucBa
1985, c. 129]. VI. <1>. MypHaH paccMaTpHBaeT KaHOH OLlIIOBpCMCIIHO H KaK MCTpH'tecKYIO CHCTC-
MY, H aK HKOHorpa«JHIO [MYPHaH 1973, c. 129]. JlBIlSlSlCb cocTaBHoH yaCTblO CIlOJKHOH HopMa-
THBHOIof CHCTCMbl, ynpaBJlSlIOWCH JKH3Hbi0 06Il.(CCTBa, H306pa3HTeIlbHoc HCKYCCTBO LlpCBIIOCTH,
KaK npaBHJlO, HOCHT PHTYaJlbHblH xapaKTcp, H C03.11.aBaJlOCb OHO KaK Cpe.1l.CTBO B3aHMoLleHcTBHSI
3CMHoro H Hc6ccHoro. B3aHMoLlcHCTBHC 3TO BOnIlOIl.(aeTCSI B HKoHorpa«JHH [Vlo<))aH 1973, c. 34].
CHcTcMa KaHOHa YCIlOBHO «MOJKeT CBO.1l.HTbCSI K HopMaTHBlIblM YCTaHOBJlCHHSlM, BorlIlO-
Il.(alOIl.(HM H.1I.CaIl CBoero BpCMCHH H KaCalOIl.(HMCSI IlH60 HKoHorpa<)JHH BO BCCM ec MHOro06pa3HH
(CHMBoIlHKa B WHpOKOM nIlaHc), IlH60 KaKoH-To O.1l.II0H 06IlacTH (CTHIlHcTH4ecKoro KaHOHa, Ka-
HOHa nponopUHH)>> [Vloq>aH 1973, c. 25].
«KaHoH B ero CaKpaJIbHOM OCMblCIlCIIHH npC.1I.CTaBIlSlcTcSI HCKOH YHHBepCaJlbHOH CHCTCMOH,
B KOTOpOH BOnIlOIl.(CHbl BC'tHbIC, OCBSlIl.(CIIHbIC q>OPMYIlbl H306paJKCI1HSI» [nOMcpallueBa 1985,
c.llO].
XY.1I.OJKCCTBCHHblH KaHOII, 6Y.1I.YYH 3aKoHoMepllocTbIO MaTCpHaJlbIiO-TeXHHyeCKOH KOHCT-
PYKUHH xY.1I.OJKCCTBCHHoro npOH3Be.1l.eHHSI, 6a3HpyeTcSI Ha CTPYKTYpC npOH3Be.1l.eHHSI, a He SlBJlSI-
eTCSI CIO [110CCB 1973, C. 7, 8].
KaHoH OXBaTblBaeT WHpOKHH Kpyr nOHSlTHH, BKIllOyaSl KOMn03HUHlO npOH3BC.1I.CHHSI, HKOHO-
rp qJHIO OT.1I.CJlbHblX 06pa30B H nCpCOHaJKCH, 011 HaxOLlHT CBOC BblpaJKCHHe B CHCTCMe nponop-
UHH H Bblpa3HTCIlbHbIX cpeLlCTB (B HX YHCJlC BCC XYLlOJKCCTBCIIHble H TeXHHyeCKHe Cpe;\CTBa BO-
nIlOIl.(CHHSI 06pa3a). CHcTcMa MHpoB033peHHSI SlBIlSlCTCSI 6a30H .1I.JlSI KaHOHa [KHIlb'teBcKaSl 1973,
c. 187, 196; f10MepaHucBa 1985, c. 211].
B HCKYCCTBC Pa:IlH'tHbIX .1I.PCBHHX KYIlbTYP OYCHb BaJKllbIM MOMCHTOM OKa3blBaCTCSI COOT-
HOWCHHC nponopUHH, ypaBHoBCWHBalOIl.(HX BCC 3J1CMeHTbl KOMn03HUHH B C.1I.HHOM pHTMe. Ha
OCHOBe CHCTCMbl nponOpUHOHaJlbHblX COOTHOWCHHH H B03HHK KaHOH [nOMepaHucBa 1985,
c. 226]. 3Ta CHCTCMa 06ycIloBHJla npHMeHcHHC MCTO.1l.a pa3HOMaCWTa6HocTH «JHryp, xapaKTcp-
165
1....A
Horo LlJlSl 60JlbWHHCTBa BapHaHTOB LlpCBHCrO H306pa3HTeJlbHOrO HCKYCCTBa. IlpH 1TOM MeTOLlC B
npCLlCJlax OLlHoro H306pa3HTCJlbHOrO nOJlSl ypaBHoBCWHBaIOTCSI pa3HOnJlaHOBblC 3IlCMCHTbl, CBC-
LlCHHblC K CLlHHOMY nJlOCKOCTHOMY pCWCHHIO [f1oMcpaHucBa 1985, c.227]. HyJKHO OTMCTHTb,
4TO pa3HOMaCWTa6HocTb (jJHryp Ha OLlHOM H306pa3HTeJlbHOM rlOJlc OTHIOLlb HC BccrLla CBSI3aHa C
KaHOllH'tCCKHMH YCTaHoBKaMH. 3TOT npHHuHn, Hcno;lb3YCMblH B HCKYCCTBC 3BcpHHoro CTHJlSI, HC
HCKJllO'taCT LlocTaTo'tHoH cB060Llbl B pa3MCWCIlHH (IJHryp H LlonYCKacT caMblC HCOJKHllaHHblC pC-
WCHHSI npH Hc06xOLlHMOCTH BnHcaTb H306paJKCIIHC B 3al!aHHOC npOCTpaHCTBO (Ta6,1.46: /),
BKJlI04aSl PCLlyuHpoBaHHc H306paJKCHHH.
HaJlH4HC KallOHOB H HX YCTOH'tHBOCTb MOJKIIO pacucHHBaTb KaK npH3HaK BbICOKoro ypOBHSI
KYJlbTypbl. «KaHoH MOJKIIO onpCLlCJlHTb KaK TO CpCLlCTBO, 4CpC3 KOTOpOC HLlCOJlOrHSI OnpCLlCJlCII-
H01'O 06WCCTBa BblcTynacT H YTBCpJKLlaeT cc6S1 B ClpCpC HCKYCCTBa KaK cnoc06 XYLlOJKCCTBC HO O
BblpaJKCHHSI MHpOB033pCHHSI 3nOXH, a CWC WHpC - KaK cnoc06 0606wCHHSI oKpyJKaIOUlCH LlCH-
CTBHTCJlbHOCTH» [fpHropoBH4 1973, c.242]. B CTporoM CMbICIlC 3Toro CJlOBa KallOH npHcYll\
06wcCTBaM BblCOKOpa3BHTbIM, 06J1al!aIOUlHM rocYLlapcTBcHIIOCTblO H LlOCTaT04HO LlHlII(IICPCHUH-
pOBaHHoH CTpYKTypOH, 06wccTBaM, B KOTOpblX B03HHKaeT npo(llcccHoHaJlbHaSl XYLlOJKCCTB:HHaSl
LlCSlTCJlbHOCTb [DCpHWTCHH 1986a, c. 190]. 1l03TOMY 110 OTHOWCHHlO K KYJlbTYpC CBpa3HHCKHX
K04CBHHKOB l-ro TblC. LlO H.3. CJlCLlYCT rOBopHTb JlHWb 06 YCTOH4HBOH Tpal!HUHH H 0 Ha4aJ1C
CHOJKCHHSI KailOHa IIpCJKLlC Bccro B ClpCpC HKollOrpalllHH, HO OTIIlOLlb IIC 0 «cTporo KaHOHH4CCKHX
06pa3ax H CXCMaX», KaK nOJlaraCT LJ,. C. PacBcKHH [PacBcKHH 1985a, c. 32].
MOJKHO rOBopHTb 0 HaJlH4HH KaIlOfIH4CCKHX npH3IIaKOB H 0 BOnJlOUlCHHH KaIlOHa, 1I0CKOJlb-
KY B HCKyCCTBC pa3HblX KYJlbTYP 1TH Ka4CCTBa Mory-r npOSlBJlSlTbCSI B pa3110H CTcnCHH. B yaCTHO-
CTH cBpa3HHcKoC HCKYCCTBO 3BcpHllOro CTHJlSI IIC HMCCT KaHOHOB B CTpOroM CMblCIIC 1T01'O CJlO-
Ba, nOCKOJlbKY LlaJKc B YCTOSlBWHXCSI Tpal!HIlHOIlHblX HKOIIOrpatl)H'tCCKHX CTcpCOTHnax IICT JKCCT-
KHX IlpOnOpUHOHaJlbHblX Tpc60BaIIHH H CTporHX orpalIH4elIHH B nepCLla4C TCX H H HHblX
LleTaJlCH. «...KaHoHH4cCKHC CTPYKTypbI BKJllO'taIOT B ce6S1 06WHC IIpCLlCTaBJlCHHSI JlIO.aCH 0 MHpC,
3atlJlofKCHpOBaHHblC B pa3J1H4IlblX 06ll\CCTBCllllblX CHMBOJIaX - MHlIIOJlOrH4CCKHX, KOCMOJlOrH4 -
CKHX, peJlHrH03HbIX, IIJHJlOCOII)CKHX Iof Llpy!'HX. OIIH BblpaJKaIOTCSI B CHCTeMC UHlI)p H IlpOnOpUHH,
C04eTallHH UBCTOB H rCOMeTpHyeCKHX II)Hryp, B OnpCLlCJlCllllOM CHMBOJlH4CCKOM HanOJlHCIlHH
3I1aKOB-npCLlMeTOB H 3I1aKOB-H306paJKCHHH. XYLlOJKCCTBCHHblH KallOH B UCJlOM, CpOCWHHCSI C ca-
MOH 06pa3HOH CHCTCMOH HCKYCCTBa, BblcTynaeT KaK PC3YJlbTaT lIepcpa60TKH 061UHX KaIl0IIH4C-
CKHX npc.aCTaBJlCHHH 3nOXH B npoucccc C03LlaIlHSI... XYLlOJKCCTBeHlloro IIpOH3BCLlCIIHSI» [MypHaH
1973, c. 130].
IlpH 1I0,lXOLlC K npoH3BcLlCIIHSlM cKHlllo-cH6HpcKoro 3BCpHflOro CTHJlSI, KOTOPOMY CBOHCT-
BCHHbI KaIIOHH411bIC 4epTbl, KaK K TCKCTaM BaJKIIO Y4HTblBarb 3aKOIIOMcpllOCTb IIJHKCaUHH B cro
06pa3ax onpCLlCJICHHOro COLlCpJKaHHSI H TPYLlIIOCTb paCIlIHlI)pOBKH nOCJlCLlHcro. :acTo npoH3-
BCLlCHHC HYJKLlaCTCSI B LlOnOJlIIHTCJlbHOH HHTcpnpcrauHH, TaK KaK 3atlJHKCHpOBallHblH TCKCT_IlHWb
0603Ha4acT CKPblTYIO COLlCpJKaTCJlbllYIO OCIIOBY H BKJlI04aeTCSI B MelICC oprallH30BaHllblH KO -
TCKCT [11oTMaH 1973, c. 19]. 3TO xapaK'rCpHO LlJlSl MHlI)oJlOrH4CCKHX B OCIIOBC npoH3BcLlCHHH,
nOCKOJlbKY «CCJlH LlcKalloHH3HpoBaHIlblH TCKCT BbIcTYllaeT KaK HCT04HHK HII(IIOp laUHH, TO KaIIO-
HH3HpOBaHHblH - KaK CC B036YLlHTCIlb» [11oTMall 1973, c. 20]. KaKHM 6bl yCTOH4HBblM HJlH Lla-
JKC 3aCTbIBWHM HH npeLlcTaBIlSlJlCSI KaHOH, 011 HMCCT C06CTBCHIIOC pa3BHTHC. onpcLleHSlcMoc cnc-
UHlpH4ecKHMH 3aKoilOMcpllOCTSlMH H Tpc6yIOUlcc LlOCTaT04IIoro BpCMCIlH ,'1JlSl CJlOJKellHSI KallO-
HH4CCKOH CHCTCMbl. Ilplof 3TOM LlCCCMaHTH3auHSI KaHOHa CBHLleTCJlbCTBYL'T 0 cro pa3pYWCHHH, TaK
KaK TCM caMbIM KaHOH nepccTacT CJlYJKHTb BblpaJKCHHCM HLlCaJla CBocro BpCMCIIH. «<t>YHKUHO-
HaJlbliaSl HLlCO.l0rH3HpYIOll\aSl pOJlb KaliOlla CTaIIOBHTCSI IllopMa.nH3YIOLueH» [VlOIpall 1973, c. 25].
3aCJlVJKHBaeT cncuHa.nbHoro BHHMaHHSI cwe OLlHH acnCKT, CBSl3alIHblH C nOHHMallHCM KaIIO-
Ha - OT OWCHHC KaHOHa K CTHJlIO. KaHoH CBSl3aH caMblM IlCnOCpCLlcTBCHllblM 06pa30M C «Sl3bl-
KO » CTHJlSl, cro Bblpa3HTC. bHblMH CpCLlCTBaMH, TO CCTb C KOIlKpeTHblMH npHCMaMH n,laCTH4C-
CKOH pa3pa60TKH llJOpMbl H PCWCHHCM cc LleTaJlCH, B KOTOpblX npOSlBIlSlIOTCSI xapaKTcpHbIC CTH-
JlHCTH4CCKHC 4CpTbl, CBOHCTBCHHbIC CBOCH 3noxc, a TaKJKC nponopUHH H HKOHOrpallJHSI [KHJlb-
4CBCKaSl 1973, c. 187].
«OTHOWCHHC MCJKLlY KaHOHOM H CTHJlCM npoHcTcKaCT H3 Toro, 4TO XOTSI KaHOH IlmKcHpyeT
CTpYKT)'PY 06pa3a H CBSl3aHHOC C HHM CTpOCHHC 410p 1bI, pa3BHTHC CTHJlSI KaK HOCHTCJlSI IpOp 1bI
npo.JoJlJKacrcSI B ClpCpC KaHOHa no C06CTBCHIIOH Op6HTC. pa3BHTHC CTHJlSI MCIISleT CTpOCHHC
<jJOpMbl H TCM, B KOHC4HOM C4eTC, B3J1aMbIBaeT H PYWHT npCJKHHH KaHOH. 3TO «caMOLlBHJKCIIHC»
CTHJlSI HMCeT npo'tHYIO COUHa..%HO-HCTOPH4CCKYIO OCHOBY, H B 3TOM CCKpeT ncpHoLlH4HOCTH
B03LlCHCTBHSI CTHJlSI Ha KaHOH» [PcMnCJlb 1973, c. 154].
KaHoH, npH3BaHHbIH <jJHKcHpoBaTb, COXPaIlSlTb H ncpcLlaBaTb OCHOBOnOJlaralOUlHC HLlCH CBO-
CH 3nOXH, BbIpaJKaeT cc .ayx H CTHJlb, OCHOBllblC 3CTCTH4CCKHC npHHuHnbI, TBOp4CCKHH MCTOLl
xYLlOJKCCTBCHHoro HanpaBJlCHHSI C xapaKTcpHbIMH LlJlSl Hcro npHcMaMH. Pa3J1HYHblC KaHOHH4C-
CKHC rpynnbl Mory-r nOCJlCLlOBaTCJlbHO CBSI3bIBaTbCSI C nOHSlTHCM HOpMbI H CTHJlSI, npHHUHna H
MeTOLla, npaBHJla H npHcMa, MaHcpbl H HHllHBHLlYaJlbHOrO no'tcpKa [COKOIIOB C. H. 1973, c. 39,40].
VI K_ 0 H 0 r p a III H SI - 3TO cTporo YCTaHOBJlCHHaSl CHCTCMa H306paJKCHHSI KaKHX-JlH60 ncp-
COHaJKCH HJlH CIOJKCTOB (Ta6J1. 7: 1,2,4; 16: 1,2,5,8; 35: 1,3,7,8). B HCK)'CCTB03HaHHH nOLl
HKoHorpallJHcH nOHHMaeTCSI onHcaHHC H CHCTCMaTH3aUHSI THnOJlOrH4CCKHX npH3HaKoB H CXCM,
IIpHHSlTblX npH H306paJKCHHH TCX HJlH HHblX nCpCOHaJKCH HJlH CIOJKCTHblX CUCH. B HCTOpH4CCKOH
HaYKc nOLl HKoHOrpa(pHCH nOHHMalOT CHCTCMY npHcMoB H MCTOLlHKY OnpCLlCJlCHHSI LlOCTOBCpHO-
CTH YCTaHOBJlCHHSI KaKOrO-JlH60 JlHua HJlH C06blTHSI [DorcMcKaSl 1972].
CYWHOCTb HKoHOrpallJHH - B BblSlBJlCHHH H KJlaCCHrpHKaUHH OCHOBHblX 3J1CMCHTOB, COCTaB-
JlSlIOUlHX HC CTOJlbKO XYLlOJKCCTBCHHblH 06pa3, CKOJlbKO CpcLlcTBa cro BOIIJlOWCIIHSI B npOH3BCLlC-
IIHH [lloMcpaHucBa 1985, c. 150]. OHa npCLlCTaBJlSlCT C060H CHCTCMY 3aKpCnJlCHHSI OnpeLlCJlCII-
IlblX «npaBHJI» LlJlSl H306paJKCHHSI Toro HJlH HHoro CIOJKCTa [Barucp 1986, C. 256]. HanpHMCp, B
H306pa3HTCJlbHOM HCKYCCTBC CpCLlHCBCKOBbSl. OC06CIIIl0 KY,%TOBOM. YTBCpJKLlaIOTCSI HKolIorpa-
IIJH4CCHC KallOHbl [3CTeTHKa, C. 137]. B HCKYCCTBC 3BcpHHoro CTHJlSI CKHlI)CKOH 3110XH cTporaSl
KaHOHH3aUHSI HKolIorpalpHH, no CYUlCCTBY, OTCy-rCTBYCT, H MOJKHO rOBopHTb JlHUlb 06 YCTOSlB-
WHXCSI HKollorpalpH4ccKHX cxeMax.
CTHJlb HaXOLlHT BblpaJKCHHC B CTPYKTYpC 1II0pMbl H B MCHbWCH CTcnCHH B HKoHOrpatlmH,
«KoTopaSl OKa3blBaCTCSI 60Jlcc nOLlBHJKIIOH, 4CM <jJopMaJlbHaSl CTpYKTypa, H ncpcxoLlHT nOLl4ac H3
CTHJlSI B CTHJlb» [Capa6bSlHoB 1979, c. 206].
VlKoHorpallmSl IIC SlBJlSleTCSI HOCHTCJlCM CTHJlSI [Barucp 1986. C. 257]. VlllorLla nOLl HKOHO-
rpatlJHCH IIOHHMalOT onHcaHHC cnoc060B H npHcMOB H306paJKCIlHSI TOH HHH HHOH TCMbI HJlH 06'b-
CKTa B HX pa3BHTHH [BJlacoB 1993, C. 85]. BbILlCJlSlCTCSI H nOHSlTHC H K 0 H 0 r p a III H 4 C C K 0 r 0
T H n a, KOTOpblH paccMaTpHBacTCSI 11. C. KJlCHIIOM KaK «CIICUHlIJHKaUHSI apXCOJlOrH4CCKOro THna
npHMCHHTCJlblIO K 06pa3Y KaK H306paJKCIIHIO oLlyweBJlCHHOro ueJloro 06'bcKTa HJlH TeMC KaK nc-
pCLla4c HCOLlYWCBJlCHHOrO npcLlMCTa» [KJlCHH 1991, C. 384]. B 3TOM acnCKTC MOJKIIO BcnOMlllofTb
H nOIlSlTHC a p x C T H n a (Ta6J1. 8), IICaKTyaJlbIlOC, BCpOSlTIIO, LlJlSl LlPYrHX 06J1aCTCH H3Y4CHHSI
HCKyccTBa, HO 4pc3BbI4aHll0 BaJKHOC LlIlSl HCCJlCLlOBaHHSI LlpeBHcro xYLlOJKCCTBCHllOro TBOp4CCT-
Ba, npCLlCTaBJlCIIHOrO apXCOJlOrH4CCKHM MaTCpHaJlOM, B 4aCTIlOCTH, HCKyccTBa 3BepHllOro CTHJlSI.
ApxeTHn nOHHMacrcSI KaK «npo06pa3, HCTOpH4CCKH ncpBblH 06pa3cu» [13J1aCOB 1993, C. 25], HC-
XOL!llbIH BapHaHT, KOTOpblH MOJKCT BllOCJlCLlCTBHH nOLlBcpraTbcSI MOLlH4mKauHH HJlH TpaHcllJOp-
MaUHH, pa3J1HYHblM HaCJlOCHHSlM H LlaJKC ncpeOCMblCJlCHHIO H CJlYJKHTb OCIIOBOH LlJlSl BapHauHH.
B 1TOM KOHTCKCTC nOHSlTHC apxcTHna OKa3blBaCTCSI CBSl3aHHblM KaK C HKoHOrparlJHCH, TaK H C HC-
OTbCMJlCMbIM LlJlSl BCSlKoro H306pa3HTCJlbllOrO HCKyccTBa nOIISlTHCM 06 P a 3 a. 1l0CKOJlbKY HC-
KYCCTBO LlpCBHOCTH IIcnocpCLlCTBCHHO CBSl3alI0 C MHlIJOIlOrHCH, apxeTlofn, KaK npaBHJlO, KaK IICp-
B006pa3, 06YCJlOBHCH MHlIIOJlOrH4CCKHM MOTHBOM, BblpaJKeHHCM KOToporo H SlBJlSlCTCSI [KpHIIH4-
HaSl 1988, C. 8].
C T H II H C T H 4 C C K H H a H a JI H 3 - MeTOLl B OCIIOBHOM HCKYCCTBOBCLl4CCKHH, OLlHaKO
nOJlb30BaTbCSI HM npHXOLlHTCSI H apxeOJlOraM, nOCKOHbKY IIPH HCCJlCLlOBaHHH apXCOJlOrH4CCKoro
MaTCpHaJla, npCLlCTaBJlCIiHOrO npCLlMCTaMH XYLlOJKCCTBClllIoro TBop4eCTBa, OH CTallOBHTCSI npaK-
TH4CCKH HCH36CJKHblM. IlpH 3TOM apXCO,10rH, KaK npaBHJlO, HCLlOOUCIIHBaIOT CTHJlHCTH4CCKHH
aHaJlH3. MOJKHO B03pa3HTb LJ,. C. PaCBCKOMY, ynpCKIIYBWCMY «Tpa;:tHUHOHIIOC HCKYCCTBOBCLlC-
HHC, CTaBSlUlCC BO rJlaBY yma 3CTCTH4CCKOC Ha4aJ10» [PacBcKHH 19856, c. 127], TaK KaK aBTop
HCCKOJlbKO OLlHOCTOpOHHC OUCHHBaeT 3TY LlHCUHnJlHHY, OTKa3blBaSI CH, no CYWCCTBy, B HaY4HoCTH.
ComaCHO 5I. A. Wcpy, nOLl CTHJlHCTH4CCKHM allaJlH30 1 CJlCLlYCT nOlIHMaTb B OCHOBIlOM
aHaJlH3 nJlalia BbIpaJKCHHSI. «CYTb TaKoro aHa..1H3a COCTOHT B TOM, 'tTO 06pa3 paC4J1CHSlCTCSI Ha
COCTaBJlSlIOWHC cro 3J1CMCHTbl. BblLlCJlSlIOTCSI 3J1CMCHTbl nJlaHa BbIpaJKCIIHSI, KOTOpblC 3aTCM cpaB-
HHBaIOTCSI C 3J1CMCHTaMH BbIpaJKCHHSI LlPYrHX H306pa3HTCJlbHblX naMSlTIlHKOB» [Wcp 1980, C. 42].
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IIO.IJ;llMCM R TABJIMIJ;AM 1
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1 - nITaCTllHa - YKpaweHiJe KOITyalla ('1), 6pOll3a, lIay. IV B. LlO 11. 3., Kyprall Y xyr. BeCeITbIH,
Opell6yprCKaJl 06IT.; 2, 4, 5 - OKOBKII COCYLIOB. 30,10TO, V-IV BB. ;\0 H. 3., <f>IIJIIWnOBCKIIH KypraH
(TaHIIHK I), fOJKlloe OpHypaJIbe; 3 - Y3L1eYllaJi npollH3b, 6p01l3a, HaropllellCKlI11 MOrHITbIlIlK, KYPr. 6,
norp. 1. 3anaLlllblH Ka3axCTall, AKTlo6HIICKaJl 06IT.; 6 - 6J1J1xa, 6p01l3a, HaroplleHcKIIH MOrJIITbHlIK,
KYPr. 9, norp. 8, 3anaLlllblH Ka3aXCTall, AKTlO61111cKaJl 06IT.; 7 - 6J1S1xa, 6p01l3a, KOH. VI-nepB. nOIT.
VB. LlO 11.3.. MOrHITbllHK YpKay I, 3anaLlllblH KaJaXCTall, AKTlO61111CKaJl 06IT.: 8 - lIaWeYIIHK, 6p01l3a,
IV B. LlO 11.3., KYPr. 2 Y C. MaJlaSI nenC1lfxa, OplfLlllenpoBbe; 9 - OKOBKa cocYLla, 30JlOTO, VB. LlO 11.1.,
Kyprall MaJlaJi U,IIM6a.JlKa, npHLlllenpoBbe; 10 - LleTaJlb WIlTa, 6p01l3a, IV B. LlO 11.1., Kyprall Y
r. OPLlJKOIIHKIILl3e, npHLlllenpoBbe; 11 - OKOBKa cocYLla. 30JlOTO. IV B. LlO II. 3., K)'praH COJlOxa,
npHLlllenpOBbe.
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Ta6JIHUa 2. BlilloBble Ii B03pacTHble oc06eHHocTIi OJleHeH Ii TpaHccJJOpMaLlliJ1 nplipOll-
HblX tlJOPM nocpellcTBOM xYllOJKeCTBeHHoH CTliJlli3aLllili B li306paJKeHliJIX 3BepliHoro CTliJlJl:
I - 6ITarOpOLlllblH OITellb; 2, 3, 4 - (IJlfrYPbl OITeHeH, V-IV BB. LlO H. 3., <J>HITllnnOBCKHH Kyprall.
fOJKHOC OpHypaJIbe; 5 - pe3b6a 1Ia KOITOLle, VI B. LlO 11. 3., TY1KTa, Kypr. 2, AmaH; 6 - qJlfrypKa ITe-
JKawero OITeIlJl, DITIOMell(IJeITbLl, Kypr. A12, HIIJKllee f1oBomKbe; 7 -1I306pa)l(elllle npoToMbl OITellJl lIa
Ka6allbeM KJlblKe, KaJlHIIOBCKHH MOnIITbIlHK, HH)I(IIee f1oBOITJKbe; 8 - 11306paJKelllle npoTOMbl OJlellJl
lIa aJKYpHoH IIITaCTHHe-IIaKJIaLlKe, 30ITOTO, V-IV BB. LlO 11.3., I-i! <f>1IJ11l1lnOBCKIIH KypraH, 1O)I(IIoe
npHypaJIbe; 9 - HJ06paJKeHlle pOroB 6ITaropoL\llOro OITellJl lIa IIITaCTIIHC, 30ITOTO, LloCToBeplloe npo-
HCXO)l(LlellHe lIeH3BeCTHO (nITaCTllHa npeLlCTaBITella B aYKUHOlIllOM KanUlore «Taisei Gallery» C Bbl3bl-
BalOwHM COMHeHHe YKa3allHeM npOlfCXOJKLlellHJI 113 KJlaLla B f1pIlYepIlOMopbe); 10 - lIaTypaJlbllble po-
ra 6ITarOpoLlHoro OITeHJI paJlIblX Bo'!paCTOB; 11-17, 21-27 - a)l(ypllble nJlaCTlIlIKII C npOTOMaMH
oITellei'i, 30ITOTO, V-IV BB. LlO II. 3.. <f>IlJIIWIlOBCKHH Kyprall, 10)l(IIoe f1pHypaJIbe; 18 - ITaHb; 19-
HaTypaJIbllble pora ITaHH paJHblX B03pacToB; 20 - aJK)'j)HaJi nITaCTHlla C H306paJKellHeM roITOBbl OITeHSI,
30ITOTO, LlocToBepHoe npOHCXOJK]telllle lIelnBeCTllO (IiITaCTlllla npeLlCTaBITella B aYKUHoHIIOM KaTaJlOre
«Taisei Gallery" C Bbl3blBalOwHM COMllelllle YKa3allHeM IIpOHCXOJKLleHHJI In KJlaLla B f1pIlYepIlOMopbe);
28 - H306paJKelllfe roITOBbl ITallH lIa lIaKOIleYIIIIKaX 6paCITeTa, 30ITOTO, CT. CTapOKopCYIICKaJl, npHKY-
6aHbe; 29 - HJ06pa)l(elllle roITOBbl OITeHJI Ha nCaJlllII, 6pOl13a, CT. EITHJaBeTHHCKaJl, f1pHKy6aHbe.
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1,3-5,7- nITaCTllHa H (IHlrypbl, 30ITOTO, cepe6po, LlepeBo, V-IV BB. LlO 11. 3., 1-f1 <f>HJI1WnOB-
CKHH KYpraH, fOJKlloe f1pllypaJIbe; 2, 15, 16 - a)l(ypllble nJIaCTHllbl lIa KOllue nCaJll1J1, 6pOl13a, IV B.
LlO H. 3., CT. EJlH3aBC1HIICKaSl, DplIKy6aHbe; 6 - (\>parMeHT 300MOP(\HlOii KOMn0311UHH Ha Y3L1eYIIOH
aJKYPlloH 6ITJlxe, 6pOll3a, cITyyaflllaSl HaXOLlKa, f1pIlKy6aHbe: 8 - nJlaCTHlJa-IIaKJIaLlKa, 30ITOTO, npoHc-
XOJKLleHHe lIeHJBeCTHO; 9, 13 - 6poH3a, V-IV BB. LlO II. )., CeBepHblfl KaBKaJ; 10 - HaBepWlle, 30-
JlOTO, cepe6po, Kyprall YITJln; 11, 12 - KOIICKIIH roITOBHOH y60p, LlepeBo, KOJKa, 4-HII 5-H f1a1blpbIK-
CKHe Kyprallbl, AIlTaH; 14 - CeMH6paTll1le KypraHbl, Kypr. 3, 6pOHJa.
Ta6JIHua 4. l'h06paJKeHliSl OJleHbliX rOJlOB li3 HliJKHerO nOBOJlJKbJl Ii aHanorliH K HliM:
1 - 6ITJlxa Y3L1eYllaSl, 6pOll3a, VI-V BB. LlO II. 1., MOfilITbllHK KpllBaJi JIYKa, HHJKllee f1oBOIIJKbe;
2 - KOHCKHHlIaIlOCIflIK, 6p01l3a, IV B. LlO 11. 1., aYIT YITJlII, Kypr. 8, Ky6allb; 3 - 6J1J1xa, 6poH3a, VB.
LlO H.3.. C. DepeCTllJlrH, Kypr.5, npaB06epeJKbe CpeLlllero ,L\lIenpa; 4 - 6ITJlxa, 6p01l3a, nepB. nOIl.
V B. LlO 11. 3., CeMH6paT1llle Kyprallbl, Ky6allb; 5 - 6ITJlxa. 6pOll3a, V B. LlO H. ).. c. DepeCTIIJlrH,
KYPr. 5, npaB06epe)l(be CpeLlHero ,L\lIcnpa; 6 - nCaJlHii, 6p01l3a, V B. LlO 11. 3., C. XoweYTOBO, KYPr. I,
HHJKllee nOBOITJKbe; 7 - HaKJIaLlKa lIa ITY"y ceL\Ila, por, V B. LlO H. 3., 3-ii f1a1blpbIKCKllii KypraH, AIT-
TaH; 8 - 6ITSlWKa, 6pOl13a, V B. LlO H. )., c. XOllleYToBo, HII)I(Hee f1oBOJlJKbe; 9 - LleTaJlb 300MOP( IIOH
KOMn03I1WI1I, KOCTb, VII B. LlO 11. 1., TeMHp-fopa, KpblM; 10- KOITyallllblii KpIOYOK. 6p01l3a, CITyyaH-
HaJi lIaXOLlKa, HHJKllee DOBOJlJKbe; 11 - aeTa.,lb 300MOp(lmoii KOMn0311UHlf Ha opllaMeHTllpoBaHlloM
KJlblKe, Hay. VB. LlO 11. 1., HOBOnpIlBOITbHoe. HIIJKHee f1oBOJlJKbe; 12 - lIaKJIaLlKa, 6pOll3a, V-IV BB.
LlO 11. 3., TYBa.
1 Bce PliCYHKIi BbllJOITllellbl aBTopoM C ony6ITHKOBallllbix BeweH 6e3 npoIIJHJleH, pa3pe30B H
C06J1IOLleHIiSl MaClllTa6a, B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3al!a'teH BocnpOH3BeCTH JlHlllb H306paJKeHlie.
235
Ta6JI"ua 7. BapHauHH H306pa3HTeJIbHbIX cxeM 06pa3a OJ1eHSI Ha xY.lJ.O)KeCTBCHHbIX H3-
lleJlHSlX H3 HH)KHerO nOBOJl)KbSl H lO)KHoro npHypaJIbSl:
1 _ uellTpaJIbHM KOMn03HUIISl opHaMellTllpoBalilioro KIlblKa H1 HOBonpHBoIlbHoro. V B. LlO H. 3.,
HmKlIce 110BomKbe; 2 - a)l(ypliaSl 6J1Slxa - YKpaweHHe 1I0JKell, 6poll1a, VI-V BB. LlO H. 3., C. Ypyc-
MapTaH, 4eYHSl, CCBep1lb11i KaBKa3; 3 - lIaKIlaJl.Ka lIa COCYLI, 'JOIlOTO, VB. Jl.0 H. 3., LI. LJ.y60BaSl, I1pll-
Jl.llenpOBbe; 4 - lIaKIlaJl.Ka. 30JlOTO, V-IV BB. LlO II. J., I-ii <1>IIIIImnoBcKllii KypraH, 10)l(IIoe npHypa-
IIbe; 5 - rlJlaCTHlIa, 6pOll'!a, V B. Jl.0 II. '3., C. fallltaT (<1>acKay), CeBepliblii KaBKa3; 6 - nJlaCT11l\a,
30IlOTO, npOIlCXOJKIlCHlle IICIl3BeCTIi0.
1 - HaWIIB!IM 6I1SlWKa, 30IlOTO, nepB. nOIl. V B. Jl.0 II. 3., C. 110KpoBKa, KYPr. 2, \{))I(HOe I1pllypa-
IIbe; 2 - c6pYIIHaSl npSlJKKa, )l(eIle30 (?), 03. KailpaHKYJlb, KYCTaHallCKM 06, ., Ka3aXCTaH; 3-
c6PYIIHaSl 6I1Slxa, 6poH3a, V B. .'10 II. 3., 06pyyeBcKlII1 MOrllIlbHHK, KYPr. 2, 3aypaJIbe; 4 - 6I1SlWKa,
6poH3a, KYPr. 5 III A.JJaHLlcKoli rpynnbl, JOJKHOe I1pIIYP<L%e; 5 - 6mHllKa Y3J1.e4I1aSl, HaropHeHclmii
MorHIIbIlIlK, Kypr. 6, 3anaLlHblii Ka3aXCTaH; 6 - Jl.eTaJlb KOHCKoro CHapSl)l(eHIISl, 6poH3a, VII-VI BB.
Jl.0 H. 3., MorllIlbHIIK TacMoIla V, Kypr. 2, U,eHTpaJIbHblii Ka3axCTaH; 7 - cepbra, 30J10TO, lOr1IIIbHIIK Y
c. Capa, KYPr. 7, JO)l(HOe I1pllYP be; 8 - 6I1Slxa, 6poH3a, KOH. VI-nepB. nOJ1. V BB. Jl.0 H. J., MO-
rHJIbHIIK I>cc06a, !0'pr. 4, 3aniJL!HblH Ka3aXCTaH; 9 - HaWHBHaSI 6J1SlWKa, 30IlOTO, nepB. 110ft. VB. LlO H. 3.,
HOBo-KYMaKCKHH MOrlmbHIIK, Kypr. 18, JO)l(Hoe I1pllypaJIbe; 10- pYYKa cocYJl.a, 30IlOTO V-IV BB
LlO H. 3., I -il <1>HIIImnoBcK 1I Kyprall, IO)I(Hoe I1pIIYPaJlbe: 11 - 6 lSlxa, 6poH3a, IO)I(II Cl16l1pb
12 - YKpaweHlle CeLleJ1bHOH IIYKII, Jl.epeBO, VI B. Jl.0 H. 1.. 2-11 l>aWaJl.apCKl1II KypraH, A.nail; 13 - 30-
JlOTO, V- V BB. 1.\0 H. 3., <1>III11mnOBCKHii Kyprau, 10)l(IIoe I1pllypanbe; 14 - 3epKaJlO, 6poH3a, HOBO-
KYMaKcKIIII MOrIlJlbHIIK, KYPr. \3, IOJKHoe I1pllypaJlbe; 15 - 6I1SlWKa 0'1' Y3J1.eYHOrO Ha60pa, 6poll3a,
VB. LlO H. 3., C. nOKpOBKa. Kypr. 1, IOJKHoe I1pllypaJIbe; 16 - 6J1SlUlKa, 30IlOTO, XapbKoBcKaSl 06J1.,
fl1M: 17 - 6I1SlWKa, 30J10TO, c. AH.'IpecBKa, KYPr. I, HIIJKHee 110Bo. )I(bC; 18 - pY4Ka J10)l(e4KII, HII-
KOIlbCKIIH MOrHJlbHIIK, K)'pr. 15, HH)I(Hee 110BoIl)l(be; 19 - nOJl.BCCKa, 30IlOTO, CH611pcKaSl KOIlJlCKllIl>l
l1eTpa I; 20 - 6I1Slxa, 6p H3a, MIIII)'CIIIICKUH Kpaii. cIIyyaiiHaSl lIaXOLlKa; 21 - 6I1S1WKa. 30IlOTO, MO-
rllIlbHIIK l>epTeK 12, AIITall; 22 - 6I1Slxa, npOIICXO)l(Jl.eHIIC lIe1l3BeCT1I0, U,eHTpaJIbliaSl A3I1Sl; 23 - (\111-
rypKa, LlepeBo, IlIICTOBOC 30JlOTO, MOrllJl HIIK IOCTblLl XII, KYPr. 21, Amaii; 24 - ql1lrYPKa, LlepeBo,
MOrHJIblinK YIlaHLlpblK III, Kypr. 4, A. Tall; 25 - 6I1Slxa, 6pollJa, IleB06cpeJKbe p. l1J1eK, 3ana!.\Hblii Ka-
3aXCTaH.
Ta6JIHua 5. Pa3JIH'tHbIC HKoHorpaq,H'tccKHe THnbl H306pa)l(CHHH OJlCHeH H3 HH)I(Hcro
DOBOJl)KbSl H lO)I(Horo DpHYPaJIbSl H aHaJlOrHH K HHM:
1-9, 11, 13, 14, 17, 18. 20, 21 - a)l(ypHble nIlaCTIIHbl, 30IlOTO, V-IV BB. Jl.0 H. 3., <1>HmmnoB-
CKIIH KypraH, JOJKHOe I1pllypaJIbe; 10, 12 - nIlaCTIIHbl, 30nOTO, npOIICXO)l(Jl.eHlle HeII3BeCTHO; 15-
KOCTb, KOII. VI-nepB. nO,l. VB. Jl.0 H.3., C.I>J\10MCIHpeJlbJl., KYPr. A12, HII)I(Hee 110BoIlJKbe; 16-
6J1SlWKII, 30,10'1'0, nepB. nOIl. V B. Jl.0 H. 3., )!(YPOBKa, KYPr. 401, I1pllJl.HenpoBbe; 19 - 6I1SlWKa, 30IlOTO,
MornIlbHIIK I1JtTIlMapbl I, Kypr. 6, norp. 4, 10)l(Hoe I1pllypaJIbe.
Ta6JI"ua 6. BapHallHH H306pa3HTeJlbHOH cxeMbl nepclla'tH 06pa3a oneHSI B BHlle npo-
TOMb! C poraMH, pa3BepHYTb!MH BepTHKaJlbHO:
1 _ opHaMeHTllpoBaHHblH Ka6aHIIH KIlbIK, KaJllIlIOBCKllii MorIlIlbHIIK, Kypr. 8, norp. 35, HIIJKHee
110BoIl)l(be; 2 - a)l(ypHaSl HaKIlaLlKa, 30.10'1'0, V-IV BB. Jl.0 H. 3., 1-H <1>IIIIlInnoBCKuii KypraH, IOJKHoe
I1pnypanbe; 3 - PYKOSlTb 1I0)l(a, 6pOHJa, VI-V BB. Jl.0 H.3., CJlY4aHHaSI HaXOJl.Ka, MIIHYCHHCKIIH
KpaH, IO)I(HaSl ClI6l1pb; 4 - HOJK, 6poH3a, OPJl.OC (?); 5 - nIlaCTllIIyaTblH ll\IITOK ncanllSl, 6poH3a,
IV B. Jl.0 H. 3., CT. EIIII3aBCT1IHCKaSl, I1puKy6allbe; 6 - HO)l(, 6poH3a, V-II BB. LlO H. 3., 4l1Hre, TYBa;
7-9 - 6J1SlXII, 6poH3a, MlillycllucKaSl KOTIIOBnna. 10JKHaSl ClI6upb.
Ta6JI"ua 9.11306pa)l(eHHe rOJlOBbl Ka6aHa V B. )10 H. 3.:
1 - 6I1S1xa, 6poH3a, XoweYTOBO, 1I0rp. I, HU)I(lIee f1oBOIlJKbe: 2 - YJLleYHaSl 6J1S1xa, 6poH3a,
HeKponoIlb HIIM()JeSl, KYPr. 24, KpblM; 3 - HaKOHeYIIIIK, KOCTb, I>IIIOMCIHpeJlbLl, KYPr. AI2, HI1)1(Hee
110BoIlJKbe; 4 - Y31le4HaSl 6I1S1xa, 6poll3a, Ce!\om6panme KypraubI, KYPr. 4, I1pllKy6allbe; 5 - 6mrxa,
6pOll3a, KypraHbI 6b1BWerO POMellcKoro YC3L1a, CpeLlHee 1l0llHenpoBbe; 6 - 6I1Slxa, 6pOHJa, TaMaH-
CKlliI nOIlyocTpOB, lleIlbTa Ky6allu; 7 - peJHOH Ka6allllH KJlbiK. c. HOBOllpilBoIlblloe, HII)I(Hee 110BoIl-
)l(be; 8 - 6I1Slxa, 6poH3a, l{acTble Kyprallbl, Kypr. 7, 1101l0Hbe: 9 - peJHoii Ka6aHlliI KIlbIK, V-IV BB.
110 H. J., rOpOIlI1ll\C fIly60KaSl I1pllcTaHb, xopa OIlbBHH; 10 - 6,lRxa, 6pOH3a, CT. EIIIIJaBeTOBCKaSl,
HIIJKHl1ii )JOH; 11 - 6IlRxa, 6poH3a, VB. 110 II. 3" MorUIlbHIIK KpHBaSl 11YKa, HH)I(HCe 110BoJl)l(be;
12 - nIlaCTIIHa-06I1BKa cocYLla, 30IlOTO, V B. 110 H. 3.. KypraH l>a6b1. Ihl)l(lIee I1pllllHenpoBbe.
Ta6JI"ua 12. 06pa3bl ropHblX K03JIOB H 6apaHoB, lleMoHcTpHPYIOU.!He oT60p "PHPO)};-
HblX npH3HaKoB H HX xYllO)l(eCTBeHHYIO nepepa60TKY:
1 - ropllblH K03CJ1; 2 - apxap (ropHblH 6apall); 3 - cepbra, 'JOIlOTO, MorHIIbllllK y c. Capa,
KYPr. 7, 10)l(IIoe I1puypaJIbe; 4 - lleTanb KOIlCKoro CllapSl)l(ellllSl, 6pOll3a, VII-VI BB. 110 11.3.. MO-
rlUlblll1K TacMoIla V, KYPr. 2, U,cHTpaJIbllblll Ka'JaXCTall; 5 - lIaBeplllllc KIIIIJKaJla, 6pOll3a, V B. 110 II. 'j.,
OKpeCTIIOCTIl MllllyclIHcKa, cIIyyallllaSl lIaXOi1Ka; 6 - 6IISlUlKa. 6pOll3a, V-IV BB. 110 II. 3., 10)l(IIaSl
ClI6l1pb; 7 - 6IISlxa, 6poH3a, V B. 110 II. 3., MllllYClIlICKHii Kpaii, 10)l(IIaSl ClI6l1pb; 8 - YKpawellue ce-
LleIlbHoil IIYKII, llepeBO, VI B. LlO H. 1.. 2-11 l>amaLlapcKlI1I Kyprall, AJlTaii; 9 - 6JISlt1JKa, 6pollJa, K)'pr. 5,
1I0rp. I, III AJlallllCKaSl rpynna, 10JKIIOC flpllypaJIbC; 10 - lIalJJllB/mSl 6IISlUlKa, 'JOIlOTO, VB. LlO 11. J.,
MOrllIlbllllK HOBo-KYMaKCKllii, Kypr. 18, IO)l(IIoe IIpuYPaJIbe; 11 - lIaBcpUllle, 6poll3a, VII-VI BB.
110 H. 3., MOrHJlbHI1K K3b1I1-Torall, CeMllpe<lbC, Ka3axcTall; 12 - lIaBcpUllle, 6pOll3a, VII-VI BB. 110
II. 3., MIIHYCl1HCKaSl KOTJlOBlIlla, cIIyyaHliaSl lIaXOLlKa, 10)l(IIaSl ClI6l1pb; 13 - lIaBcpUllle, 6poll3a, Xa-
KaCI!SI; 14 - HaBepwlle, 6pOll3a, V-IV BB. LlO 11.3., MorllIlbllllK y C. Pa1I11IB, Kypr. 2, KpaclloSlpcKll1i
Kpal1, IOJKHaR CH611pb; 15 - 6IlSlUlKa, 6poll3a, MOrllIlbllllK TaMLlbl, KYPr. 10, l1aMllp: 16 - yeKaH,
6poH3a, MOrllJlbllllK TOIlCTblH MblC V, KYPr. I, norp.2, IOJKlIaSl C1I6Hpb; 17 - 6I1Sl111Ka, 6pOll3a,
c. Ep30BKa, norpe6eHHe, I1pllKaMbe; 18 - (\mrYPKa, 30IlOTO, V-IV BB. 110 II. 1., I-II <l>nmmnoBcKIIII
KypraH, 10JKlloe f1pllypa, be; 19 - (\HlrYPKa, 30,10'1'0, C. AlIllpceBKa, Kypr. I, HH)I(lIeC 110BOII)I(be.
Ta6JI"ua 8. O}};HH H3 HlwHorpaq,H'tecKHx TI-tnOB H306pa)l(eHHSI OJleHSI (JIOCSI?) H ero Ba-
pHallHH H3 lO)I(Horo DpHYPaJIbSl:
1- aJKypHaSl ItaKIlallKa cocYlla, JOIlOTO, V-IV BB. 110 II. 3., I-Ii <1>llJIlmnOBCKIIH Kyprall, IOJKlloe
I1plIypanbe; 2 - 6J1S1xa, 6pOl13a, cIIyyalillaR HaXOIlKa; 3, 4 - IIpe.'lMCTbl 1l0JlCllbiX Ha60poB, 6poma,
WllnoBcKIIH MOrIlIlbllllK, 10JKlloe I1pHypaJIbe; 5 - 6J1J1xa, 6pOll3a, III I>lIKTIIMlipOBCKllii MOrllJlbllllK,
110BoIl)l(be; 6 - 6I1RXa, 6p01l3a, IV-III BB. 110 II. 1., OXJISl61UICKHH MOrIlJlbHIIK, norp.457, IOJKHoe
f1pIlYPaJIbC.
Ta6J1JtUa 10. 11306pIDKeHHSI q,Hrypbl Ka6aHa B HCKyccTBe 3BepHHoro CTHJlSI EBpa3HH:
1 - n.laCTllHa, OKOBKa, JO, OTO, KOH. V-Ha4. IV B. LlO H. 1.. I-Ii <1>lImmnoBCKIiH KypraH, IO)I(HOC
I1pllypanbe; 2 - (!>parMeHT KOMn03l1UIIII 1\a h'jJblWKC KO.ijO;jbl, pe3b6a no llepeBY. VI B. 110 H. 3., 2-H I>a-
UlallapCKllii Kyprall. A.JJTaH; 3 - 1I306paJKelllle lIa WllpOKOM KOllue Ka6aHbero K.HbIKa, KOH. Vi-llay.
V B. 11.0 H. 3., C. HOBonpIlBOIlbHoe, HII)I(Hee 110BoIl)l(be; 4 - HaBepwlle PYKOSITII KIIH)I(aJla, 6poH3a,
VIII B. 11.0 H.3., Kypr. Ap)l(aH, TYBa; 5 - 3aCTe)l(Ka, por, VII B. 110 H.3., MOrHIIbHIIK TaCMOIla V,
Kypr. 3, Ka3aXCTaH; 6 - nIlaCT\11Ia-6J1S1UlKa, 10,10TO, VII B. LlO II. 1.. l{1IJ1I1KTbl. KYPr. 5, Ka3axCTaH;
7 - HaCKaJlbHOe lI300pa)l(eHlle, aYIl TaMypaUlII, BCPXOBbSl I1pTblwa.
Ta6JI"ua 13. AHTHJIOnbl, THnH'tHble llJISI q,aYHbl BOCTO'tHbIX cTeneH, H TpaHcq,opMauHSI
HX 06J1HKa B xY}};O)l(eCTBeHHblH MOTHB:
1 - cailra; 2 - (pparMellT pell10n PYYKH, KOCTb, MOrHIIbllllK CbllITaC I. Kypr. 2, 3anaLlHblH Ka-
3axeTaH; 3 - LI)I(eilpaH; 4 - IlJCpeH; 5, 6, 10 - nJlacTllllbl-lIaKIlaIlKII, JOnOTO, V-IV BB. 11011.3., I-ii
<1>IIIIlInnoBCKllii KypraH, IOJKHoe I1puYPaJIbe; 7 - IlY)l(Ka C CClleJlbllOH II)'KII, pOl'. KOIlJleKUIISl YBapo-
Ba, AIlTaH; 8 - nOIlBeCKa OT KOHCKOI1 C6pYH, 6poH3a, MorllIlbllllK CblllTac I, KYPr. I, norp. 3, 3anall-
Hbll[ Ka3aXCTaH; 9 - npOHII3b, 6poH3a, V B. 110 H. '3., MIIHYCIlHCKIlIi KpaIl, IOJKlIaSl ClI6l1pb; 11 - Ha-
WllBHaSl 6I1RWKa, JOJlOTO, c. 30IlOT)'WIIHcKOe, pa3pYUlelllloe norpe6cHllc. HIIJKHee rloBOIlJKbe; 12-
6I1S1lUKa-npoHH3b, 6poH3a, MOrl!IIbHlIK l>ec06a, Kypr. 5, 3allallHblii KaJaXCTaH; 13 - (»parMcHT pC1HOH
JlO)l(eYKII, KOCTb, MorHIlbHIIK CblHTac I, Kypr. I, norp. 3, 3anallllblii Ka3axCTall; 14 - (!Jllrypa )l(IIBOT-
HO O (caHrlI? IIOCIIXII?), pe3b6a Ha capKoq>are-KoIlolle, VI B. 110 H. J., 2-iI l>awallapcKIIH KypraH, ij-
Tall; 15 - npOHHJb, llepeBO, V B. 110 H. 3., 3-ii f1a3blpblKCKllii KypraH, Amail; 16 - 6I1SlUlKa, JOIlOTO.
6b1BWaSl TypraHcKaSl 06,1., KYPr. (1901); 17 - rOIlOBa CaHrI! (qJOTOrpa(\HlSI); 18 - npoHlBb 0'1' Y3IleY-
Horo peMHSl, llepeBO, KO)l(a, V B. 110 II. 3.. 3-H l1a3blpblKCKilii KypraH, A.JJTail; 19 - Y31le4HaSl nOIlBeC1<a,
LlcpeBo, 5-H l1aJblpblKCKll1i KypraH, py6eJK V-IV BB. LlO 11.1., AIITaH; 20, 21- YKpawelH1!l KOHCKOH
ynpSlJKII, pOI', KOIlIlCKUHSI <l>po.l0Ba, AJlTali; 22 - 6.nSlwKa, 30IlOTO. Cpellllea3l1aTCKOC leJK!.\ypeYbc,
MOrl!JlbHIIK TYIlxap; 23 - npSlJKKa, 6poH3a, c. )!(ypoBKa, I1pllLlllenpoBbe.
Ta6JI"ua 11. BapHallHH HKoHorpaq,H'tecKHx cxeM H KOMn03Hl.\HH H306pIDKeHHH K03-
nOB H 6apaHoB:
Ta6JI"ua 14. 06pa3bl CaHrH B HCKyccTBe Ko'teBHHKOB EBpa3HH H BapHallHH HKoHorpa-
q,H'tecKHx cxeM:
237
1-3 - nIlaCTHHbl, 30IlOTO, V-IV BB. LlO H. 3., I-H <1>1II111110BCKHH KypraH, IO)l(lIoe f1pHypanbe;
4 - PYYKa IIO)l(eYKH, KOCTb, MorHIIbHIIK CblHTac I, KYPr. 2, Ka3axcTaH: 5 - 6J1!lWKa, 30JlOTO, 6b1BWaSl
TypraHcKaSl 06J1.; 6 - 6J1SlWKa-npoIl1l3b, 6pOll3a, MOrHJlbHHK Ecc06a. KYPr. 5, 3anaLlllblil Ka3axCTaH:
7 - IIO)\(eYKa, KOCTb, MOrl1I1bHHK Cbllnac 1. KYPr. I, norp.3. 3anaLlllblH Ka3axCTall; 8 - l!mrypKa
CaHrH (IIOCHXH?), VB. LlO H. 1., Ha KOJlOLlC IIJ 2-1'0 EaWa.:IapCKOro KypraHa, AIITail: 9 - npOUlI3b,
6pOHJa, MIIHYCHHCKHH KpaH, 10)l(HaSl CH611pb; 10 - nOLlBeCKa, 6pOlIJa, MOrllIlbllllK CblHTac I, KYPr. I.
norp. 3, 3analIHblli Ka3axCTaH; 11 - LlYJKKa 01' ceLleIlbHoli JlYKII, pOl'. KOJlJleKUIISl YBapoBa; 12 - nIla-
CTHHa, 6poma, VI B. LlO H.3., I-Ii TY1KTUHCKHiI KypraH, AJlTali; 13 - ncamlH, LlcpeBo. py6e)\( V-
IV BB. LlO H. 3., 5-H f1aJblpblKCKHIt Kyprau, NITali; 14 - Y3L1eYHaSl nOLlBeCKa, py6e)\( V-IV BB. LlO H. 3.,
5-H f1aJblpbIKCKIIH KypraH, AJlTaH; 15- npoHH3b, lIcpeBo, V B. LlO H. 1., 3-1i naJblpblKCKIIH KypraH,
ArnaH; 16 - npOIlHJb, LlepeBo, KO)l(a, VB. LlO H. 3., 3-H f1aJblpblKCKUIi Kyprall, AJlTal1; 17 - 6J1S1WKa,
30JlOTO, c. 30JlOTywHIlcKoe, HH)l(HCe nOBOJl)\(be; 18 - J\epeBo, 30JlOTOH IIIICT, MOrllJlbHHK IOcTbl.a XII,
KYPr. 21, AIITaH; 19 - LlepeBo, MOrllJlbllHK YIIal!!.\pblK II!, Kypr. 4, AIITal1.
1 - 6I1Slxa, 6poH3a, IV-III BB. LlO H. 3., TYBa; 2 - nIlaCTI1Ha, pOI', V-IV BB. LlO H. 3., MOrUJlb-
HHK CarIlbl-Ea)l(H II, Kypr. 13, TYBa: 3 - nOSlCHM nIlaCTHua, 6poma. II-I BB. 1I0 H. 3" MOrHJlbHHK
HOBO-rpOIlUKoe II, AJlTaH; 4 - nIlaCTUHbl-HaKIlaLlKI1, pOI', MOrHIIbHIIK Car.1bI-Ea)l(H II, Kypr. 8, TYBa;
5 - a)l(ypHaSl nJlaCTHHa, 30JlOTO, IV B. LlO H. 3., KypraH l1CCblK, KaJaXCTaH: 6 - nOSlCHaSl 6J1Slxa, JOJlO-
TO, CH6HpCKaSl KOJlIleKUIiSI f1e-rpa I; 7 - nOSlCHaSl nIlaCTllHa, pOI', III-II BB. LlO H. 3., MOrllJlbIll1K LJ.a-
raH- T3I1H, TYBa.
TaOJlHua 19. Vl306pa)l(eHHSI BCa)1HHKOB H OCeLlJlaHHblX noWa)1eH B HCKYCCTBe KOyeBHH-
KOB EBpa3HH:
1 - OKOBKa cocYLla, JOJlOTO, V-IV BB. .ao 11.3., 1-11 <1>IIJ1ImnOBcKIII1 KypraH. IO)f(HOe f1puypa-
JIbe: 2 - a)\(ypllaSl 6I1S1xa, 30JlOTO, Ill-II BB. LlO H. 1.. Kyprall TCIIJIIIK, KaJaXCTaU; 3 - nOSlCHaSl 6J1Sl-
xa, 6poma, V-III BB. 1I0 H. 3., MOrIlJlblH1K CII611pKa, KYPr. I, AIITal1; 4 - nOSlCHM 6J1Slxa, JOJlOTO
Cu6upcKaSl KOIlJleKUIiSI f1e-rpa I; 5 - .'IeTaIlb BOHJ!OYHOro KOBpa, IV-II! BB. LlO H. 3. f1aJbl p blK K yp r 5 ,
AmaH. ' ,. ,
TaOJlHUa 15. XapaKTepHble THnbl JlOWa)1eHI1 HKoHorpacJJH'tecKHe THnbl H306pa)l(eHHH,
HaH60nee pacnpocTpaHeHHble B HCKyccTBe Ko'teBHHKOB EBpa3HH:
1, 2 - nowa!.\ll cytueCTBYIOtuux nopoLl, 6J11I3Klle nmy, npeLlCTaBJlCllllOMY B HJ06pa3HTeIlbHOM
Marepllane KOyeBHIIKOB EBpaJHU; 3 - q)parMellT rpllBllbl, 30IlOTO. V-III BB. LlO U. 1., AJlY'laLl3U, Ce-
Bepl1b1H KHTaH; 4 - 6J1Slxa, 6pOHJa, MHHYCHIiCKHi1 KpaH; 5 - uaWIIBIlM 6J1SlUlKa, JOJlOTO, KOMCO-
MOJlbCKHIt MorIlIlbHHK, MaBJOIleH, norp. 6, HII)l(lIee 1l0BOIl)\(be: 6, 7 - lIaBcpllluSl B BULle IlmrypOK
c1'OSltuel1 II ne)\(atueH IIOWa!.\ll, 6pOllJa, CeBepllblH KIITaH; 8 - I!HlrYPKa, 6pollJa, V-IV BB. 1I0 11.3.,
3anaLlHM BHy-rpeHIISlSl MOllrOJIIISl; 9 - IIHlrypKa, 6pOllJa, 0PLlOC: 10 - ncanlll1, 6poll'3a, OPLlOC;
11 - ncanHH, 6pOll3a, V1-V BB. LlO H. 3., IO)\(lIaSl CH611pb; 12 - IIcanllH, 6poma, V-lII BB. 1I0 H. 3.,
BHy-rpeIlHSlSl MOHrOJlIISl; 13 - IlmrypKa, 6pOHJa, MIIIIYCIIHCKHii Kpait; 14 - 1()lIrYPKa, 6pOll3a, ManaSl
l1HSl, KYPr. 3, IO)l(HaSl CU611pb.
TaOJlHUa 16. BapHalJ,HH H306pIDKeHHH neJKaweH nOwa)1H, )1aIOwHe B03MO)l(HOCTb Bbl-
)1eJlHTb HKoHorpacJJH'tecKHH THn, 3acJJHKCHpOBaHHblH B HH)I(HeM f1oBOJlJKbe, H aHaJlOrHH K
HeMY:
1, 2 - YKpawelll1Sl rOIlOBHoro y60pa, 30JlOTO. VII B. J\O H. 3.. Kyprall Ap)\(all-2, TYBa; 3 - IlJla-
CTHHa, pOI', V-IV BB. LlO H. 1., Morl1I1bllHK CafJIbl-Ea)\(1I II, KYPr. 13, TYBa; 4 - HaUlIIBltaSl 6J1S1WKa,
JOJlOTO, V-IV BB. 1I0 11. 3., MOrHnbHHK Y noc. KOMCOMOJlbCKUn, MaBJOJlCH, norp. 6, HH)l(IICe f10BOJl-
)l(be; 5 - 6J1Slxa, 6poH3a, VII B. )10 11. 3., CIIY<laI1HaSl HaXOLlKa, MHUYCHIICKHH Kpaii; 6 - 6J1Slxa, 6pOH-
Ja, IV-III BB. J\O II. 3., TYBa; 7 - HaWHBllaSl 6J1SlWKa, JOIIOTO, V-IV BB. LlO H. 3., MOrHJlbllHK Kow-
neH I, KYPr. 1, TYBa; 8, 11,12 -llJIaCTHllbl, 30JlO1'O. CeBepHblH KHTaii; 9 - HaKIlaJ\Ka, pOl' 6I1aropoLl-
Horo OJleHSl, V-IV BB. 1I0 H. 3., MOrHJlbllHK CafJIbl-Ea)l(H. KYPr. 8, TYBa; 10 - 6J1Slxa, 6poH3a, ypo-
YHtue JlblcaSl fopa Ha p. 51S1, TIOMcllcKaSl 06I1.; 13 - Ka6alIIIH KIlbIK, V-IV BB.)10 11.3., MOrHJlbUHK
Kow-neH 11, TYBa; 14 - HaKIlaJ\Ka lIa 1I0)l(Hbl KHH)\(ana. JOJlOTO, IV-III HB. LlO H. 3., Kyprall I1CCbIK,
KaJaxcTaH: 15 - 6paCJleT, JOJlOTO, 6HpIOJa, III-II BB. 1I0 II. 1.. CJlY'laHliaSl HaXOLlKa, MeCTHOCTb LJ.yJ-
LlaK B HIiJOBbSlX CblpLlapbu: 16 - 6I1Slxa, 6poma, MllHYCHHCKHit Kpaft; 17 - KUYTOBHtue IJaraltKH,
pOI', 2-11 f1aJblpbIKCKHH KypraH, Arnall; 18 - KIIYToBHtue HaraHKH (ll)parMeHT), pOI', 4-H f1aJblpbIK-
CKHH KypraH, AJlTaH: 19 - YKpaweHlle nOSlca. ccpe6po. IV B. LlO H. 1.. 2-1i f1aJblpblKCKllii Kyprall, An-
Taii; 20- nOSlCHaSl 6I1Slxa. JOJlOTO, CH6HpcKaSl KOIlIleKlUlSl f1e-rpa I. IV B. LlO H. 3.; 21 - nOSlCHM 6J1Sl-
xa, 6poma, CeBepHblH KIiTaH.
TaOJlHua 20. 1.1306paJKeHHSI KOHCKora KonblTa (HJlH CJle)1a KOHCKoro KonbITa):
1 - c6pyiiHaSl npSl)\(Ka, 6poma, MOrllJlbllHK Eec06a, KYPr. 5, 3anaLlnblil Ka3axCTaH; 2 - C6PYH-
HaSl npSl)l(Ka, pOHJa, MOrHJlbllUK Ecc06a, KYPr. 9. 3anaLlllbift KaJaXCTall; 3 - c6pyliuaSl npSl)l(Ka,
6poma. cJlyyaHUaSl lIaXOLlKa, naBJlo/l,apcKoe f1pllllpTblwbe, BOCTO<IHblii KaJaXCTaH: 4 - C6pYHliaSl
npSl)l(Ka, 6pOlna, MOrHJlbHI1K f1S1TIIMapbl I, KYPr. 8, IO)\(lIoe f1plIypanbe; 5 - KaMeHllblii «CTOJlIIK»
MOrHJlbHIIK Eec06a, KYPr. 3, 3alIMIIblft Ka3axCTau; 6 - c6pYHilaSl npSlJKKa, 6poma, AJlbMyxaMeToB:
CKlle KypraHbl, Kypr. 8, IO)\(lIoe npllypanbe; 7 - c6pYHllaSl npSl)l(Ka, 6pOlna, MOrUJlblll1K KpHBaSl 11YKa
VII!, KYPr. 5, norp. 16, HH)\(lIee nOBOJl)\(be; 8 - c6pyilnaSl npSl)\(Ka, 6poma, KOII. VI-nepB. nOII. VB.
1I0 H. 3., MOrHJlbHI1K MeyeT-CaH. KYPr. 2, MOl'. 2, 10)\(lIoe I1pllypanbe: 9 - c6pyihtaSl IIpSl)l(Ka, 6pOfl3a,
VII-V BB. LlO H. 1., MOrHJlbHI1K TaCMona V, Kypr. 3, KaJaXCTall; 10 - c6pYHllaSl npSl)\(Ka, 6polna,
VII-VI BB. LlO 11.3., MOrHJlblll1K YHrapaK, KYPr. 22, Ka3axCTall: 11- c6pyiillaSl npSlJKKa, 6pOllJa,
VII-VI BB. J\O H. 1., MOrllJlbHI1K YiirapaK, KYPr. 60, f1pllapanbe, Ka3axcTaH; 12 - c6pyftilaSl IIpSl)l(Ka,
6pOllJa, VII-VI BB. LlO H. 3., MOrllIlblll1K YftrapaK, Kypr. 16, Ilpllapanbe. KaJaXCTall; 13 - nOLlBeCKa
B BHLle Ka6allbero KJlblKa, LlepeBo, MOrllJlbllHK AK-AIIaxa I. Kypr. 1, AJlTaH; 14 - 1II1)l(IISlSl yaCTb nca-
JlI1Sl, KOCTb. VII B. LlO II. 3., MOrllJlbHHK KeJlepMeCCKHIi. KYpr. 2 (H. 11. BeceIIOBCKI1H), f1pHKy6allbe;
15- HH)\(IISlSl yaCTb ncanllSl. KOCTb, VII B. LlO H. 3., MOrllJlbHIIK KCJlepMeCCKllli, Kypr. 1
(H. 11. BeceIloBcKHIi), f1pI1Ky6allbe; 16 - KOJlyallHaSl JaCTe)l(Ka. 30IlOTO, V-IV BB. LlO 11.3., I -Ii <1>H-
Jll1nnOBCKI1H KypraH, 10)l(HOe f1pl1ypanbe; 17 - HaWHBllaSl 6I1SlWKa, 10JlOTO, npOHCXO)l(LleHHe He113-
BeCTHO: 18- yaCTb KOCTSlHoro npeJ\MeTa, MorllIlbllHK KpliBaSl JlYKa XVII, Kypr. IS, 1I0rp. 2, HII)\(Hee
f1oBOJl)\(be; 19 - JlO)\(CYKa, KOCTb (?), pOl' (?), MOrHJlbllllK KpllBaSl JlYKa XVII, Kypr. IS, norp. I. HII)\(-
lIec f1oBOIl)l(be; 20 - IIJ06pa)l(eHHe KOHCKoro KonblTa.
TaOJlHua 17. I-b06pa)l(eHHSI JlOrna.IlHHbIX raJlOB B 300MOPcJJHOM )1eKOpe npe.lJ.MeTOB Pa3-
Horo Ha3Ha'teHHSI:
1 - OKOBKa C PYYKOH cocYLla, JOJlOTO, V-IV BB. LlO II. 3., I-H <1>HIIHnnoBCKHH KypraH (TaHHHK I),
IO)l(lIoe f1pHypanbe; 2 - HaKIlaLlKa lIa COCYLl, JOJlOTO, IV B. LlO H. 1., AIIeKcaHJ\ponOJlbCKHH KypraH,
f1pHLlHenpoBbe; 3 - HaKIlaJ\Ka Ha COCYlI, JOJlOTO, IV B. LlO H. 3., AJleKCaHLlponOIlbCKHH KypraH, f1pH-
LlHenpoBbc; 4 - HaKIlaJ\Ka Ha cocYJ\, 30IlOTO, III B. 1I0 H. 3., HII)\(HIIH LJ.OH; 5- KOHCKIlIi Han06HHK, JO-
,101'0, IV B. J\O H. 3., AIIeKcaHLlponOIlbCKlliI Kyprall, f1pHLllJenpOBbe; 6- COCYlI C pYYKoli B BillIe roJlO-
Bbl JlOWa!.\ll, fJlHHa, VIII (?) B. LlO H. 3., KypraH y ropbl EarYJlbHOH, XaKacuSl: 7 - HaKIlMKa Ha ce-
LleJlbH)'IO nYKY, J\epeBo, IV B. LlO H. 1., 3-H f1aJblpblKCKIIH KypraH, AmaH; 8 - HaBepwHe, KOCTb, VI-
V BB. LlO H. 3., MorHIIbllHK y 03. KblJbIJl-KYIlb, KYPr. I, MOl'. I, MHHYCHHCKIIH KpaH.
TaOJlHua 21. 1-1306pa)l(eHHSI CTHJlH30BaHHbiX raJlOB XHWHblX nTHlJ, B HCKYCCTBe CKHc\J-
CKora MHpa:
1 - 06HBKa COCYlIa, J01IOTO, BTOp. non. VB. LlO H. 3., C. EcpeCTHSlnt, KYPr. 4, f1pIlLlHellpoBbe; 2,
10 - 06HBKH LlepeBSlHHoH yaWH, JOJlOTO, VB. LlO II. 3., I 3aBaLlCKaSl MOrlma, HH)l(Hee f1pu!.\IJenpOBbe;
3 - 06UBKa lIepeBSlHHoro cOCYlIa, JOJlOTO, nepB. nOJl. V B. LlO 11.3., C. lleKapH, KYPr. 41 I, f1pIlLlHenpo-
BbC; 4 - Y3L1eYllaSl 6J1SlWKa, 6pOll3a, nepB. nOJl. VB. LlO H. 3., C. EaCOBKa, Kypr. 499, f1pHLlHenpoBbe;
5 - YJJ\eYHaSl 6J1SlWKa. 6pOHJa, nepB. nOJl. VB. 1I0 H. 3., C. EpOBapKII, KYPr. 502. f1pHLlllenpoBbe; 6.
7 - Y31IeYHble 6I1S1WKH. 6pOlna, VB. 1I0 II. 3., C. HapTaH, KYPr. 24. f1peLlKaBKa3be: 8 - 0611BKa Llepe-
BSlHHoro cocYLla, JOJlOTO, nepB. nOJl. V B. LlO H. 3., c. 516noHoBKa. KYPr. 2, f1pHLlHenpoBbe: 9 - o6HBKa
LlepeBSlHHoro COCYLla, JOIlOTO, V B. LlO H. 3., MOntJlbHIIK KOBaneBKa II, KYPr. 2, norp. 3, HH)\(Hee f10-
6YJKbe; 12-14 - 06HBKH lIcpeBSlHHblX COCYLlOB, JO"101'O, VB. LlO H. 3., C. 516I1oHoBKa, Kypr. I, IlpH-
J\HenpoBbe; 15- YJLleYHaSl 6I1SlWKa, 6pOHJa, V B. LlO H. 3.. C. EpOBapKH, KYPr. 502, f1pHLlHenpoBbc;
16 - 06HBKa J\cpeBSlHHoro COCYLla, JOJlOTO, VB. LlO H. 3., MorHIIbllllK CaJOHKHH 6yrop, Kypr. 2, HH)\(-
Hee f1oBOJl)l(be; 17, 18- YJJ\eYHble 6I1SlWKII, 6pOHJa, VB. LlO II. 3., XoweY1'OBO, Kypr. 1, HH)l(lIee f10-
BOJl)l(be; 19 - YJLleYHaSl 6J1SlWKa, 6pOHJa, V B. J\O H. 3., HaropHeHCKHH MOrIlJlbHHK, KYPr. 6, 3anaLlHbli'I
KaJaXCTaH; 20 - YJLleYHaSl 6I1SlWKa, 6pOHJa, nepB. nOIl. VB. LlO H. 1., )!(YPOBKa, KYPr. B, npHLlHenpo-
Bbe: 21,22 - YJlIeYHblC 6nSlwKH, 6pOHJa, nepB. nOfl. VB. 1I0 H. 1., C. HOBOnpHBOJlbHOe, HH)l(Hee f10-
BOIl)l(be.
TaOJlHUa 18. Pa3pa60TKH xY)10)l(eCTBeHHoH c\JOpMbl H npHeMbl CTHJlH3aUHH B H306pa-
JKeHHH Jle)l(aWeH JlOrna.IlH B HCKycCTBe Ko'teBHHKOB EBpa3HH 1-ra TbIC. )10 H. 3.:
TaOJlHUa 22. BapHalJ,HH H306pa)l(eHHH rpHc\JoHbHX raJlOB B HCKYCCTBe 3BepHHoro CTHnjj:
1 - YKpaweHHe C6PYH, LlepeBo, VI B. LlO H. 3., 1-H TY3KTHIICKllIt KypraH, AnTaH; 2, 3 - 6J1SlXH,
6poH3a, CeBepHblH KHTaii: 4 - HaBepwHe KHH)\(ana, 6poma. V1-V BB. LlO H. 3., CJlyyaHHaSl HaXOLlKa,
238
239
c. 3HaMellKa, MHHYCHHCKHH oKpyr; 5-7 - 06HBKH ,[(epeBSlHHblX COCY,[(OB, 30JlOTO, V-IV BB. ,[(O H. 3..
I-H <1>HJIIlflnOBCIGlii KypraH, 10JKHOe OpUyPaJlbC; 8 - npSlJKKa, 6poma, VB. ,[(0 H. 3., C. HOBblH Ky-
MaK. KYPr. 19, norp. I, IOJKHoe OpHypaIlbe; 9 - nO,[(BeCKa KOHCKOII C6PYH, ,[(epeBo, V B. ,[(0 H. 3., MO-
rHJlbHHK AK-AJlaxa, AJlTaH; 10 - nca.nHIl (LleTaJ1b), ,[(epeBo, VB. ,[(0 H. 3. (?), MOrnJlbHHK Eap6ypra-
3bl 1, KYPr. 26, AmaH; 11 - HOJK (,[(eTaIlb), 6poma, CeBepllblii KIlTaH: 12 - 6J1S1llJKa, 30IlOTO, VB. ,[(0
H. 3., I1BaHoBKa, KYPr. I, HHn<Hee f1oBo.nJKbe: 13, 15 - 6, Slxa, 6poma, Op,[(oc, 14 - Y3,[(eYHaSl 6J1jJxa,
6 V H 3 06 py yeBKa K yp r. 2 IO)j{Hoc 3aypaJ1be; 16 - HaWHBllaSl 6.nSlwKa, 30JlOTO, VB.
pOH3a, B.,[(O . " ' ' 6
,[(0 II. 3., MOrIlJlbHHK HOBblll KYMaK, KYPr. 19, norp. I, 10n<Hoe OpHYPaIlbe; 17 - 0 OHMa OT KOH:KOU
c6pVl1, 6poma, KOH. VI-nepB. nOJl. V B. ,[(0 H. 3., MOfllJlbllHK CblHTaC, KYPr. I, norp. 2, 3ana,[(Hblh Ka-
3ax Tall; 18 _ c6PyHHajJ 6J1S1xa. 6poma, nepB. nOJl. V B. ,[(0 II. 3., C. OOKpOBKa, KYPr. I, IOJKHoe f1pu-
ypaIlbe; 19- ,[(eTaIlb 300MOP(jJHOIi KOMn0311UHU lIa PYKOSlTlI U UOJKllax KIIHJK<L a. 30,10TO, TlICHeHHe,
V-IV BB.,[(O H. 3., I-II <1>HJlHnnOBCKHIl KypraH, 10JKHOe OpuypaIlbe; 20 - c6pyuHaSl 6J1S1llJKa. 6poll3a,
V B. ,[(0 H. ')., XoweYToBo, HHJKHee f1oBOHJKbe; 21 - llaWIIBHaSl 6J1S1WKa, 30JlOTO, V B. ,[(0 H. 3., MO-
fII.nbHHK HOBOOpCKIIH II, 10JKlloe f1pHYPaIlbe; 22 - (1lparMeHT nCaJlUSI, 6pOl13a, ncpB. nOH. VB. ,[(0
MOrHJlbHHK Eec06a KYPr. 4, 3ana,[(Hblii Ka3aXCTaH; 23 - HaKOlle'lHIIK, KoeTb, V B. ,[(0 H. 3.,
:'O ';lJIbHHK TaMap- YTKY b, KYPr. I, 10JKllOe npllYPaIlbe; 24 - c6pYHHaSl no,[( ecKa, 6pom , KOH.
VI-nepB. nOJl. VB. ,[(0 H.1., MOfllJlbHIIK CblllTac, KYPr. I, norp. I, 3ana lIbUI Ka3ax Tau, 25-
6J1S1WKa 6pO!l3a, V B. ,[(0 H. 1., HaropHellcKll1l MOrnJlbllllK, KYPr. 6, 3ana,[(Hblll Ka3axeTall, 26 - 300-
Mopcl)[la PYYKa cocy,[(a (,[(eTaJlb), 30JlOTO, V-IV BB. ,[(0 H. 3., I-H <1>lInllnno CKUII Kyprall, IOJKHoe
OpllYPaIlbe; 27 _ c6pyHHaSl npOHI!3b, 6pOll3a, VB. ,[(0 H.3., HaropllencKlI1I MOrHJlbHHK, KYPr. 2,
norp. 7, 3ana,[(lIblH Ka3axcTall.
npOHH3b, 6poH3a, VB. ,[(0 H.3., MOrHJlbHl1K MeYeT-CaH, KYPr. 2. norp.2, 10JKHOe f1pHypaJIbe; 19,
20 - C6pYHHble 6J1S1XH, 6poH3a, VB. LlO H. 3., XOllJeYTOBO. KYPr. I, HHJKHee f1oBOJlJKbe; 21 - C6pYH-
HaSl 6J1S1xa, 6poma, V B. ,[(0 H. 3., MOrHJlbHHK f1S1TIIMapbl I, KYPr. 8, IOJKHoe f1pIlYPaIlbe; 22 - c6pyH-
Hajj 6,1S1xa, 6pOH3a, V B. ,[(0 H. 3., HaropHeHCKHH MOrHJlbHHK, KYPr. 3, 3ana;\HblH Ka3axcTaw 23-
c6pY HaSl 6J1S1xa, 6poma, VI B. ,[(0 H. 3., KYPr. Y noc. 4epHHrOBCKHH, IOJKHoe OpHYPaJ1be; 24-
c6pYHHaSl 6.nSlxa, 6poH3a, V B. ,[(0 H. 3., C. HOBOnpUBOJlbHOe, HHJKHee f1oBOJlJKbe; 25 - c6pyHHaSl 6J1S1-
xa, 6poma, VB. ,[(0 H.3., CT. EJlH3aBeTOBCKaSl, HHJKHHH .uOH; 26 - c6pYHHaSl 6J1S1xa, 6poma, V-
IV BB. ,[(0 H. 3., C. EaJKHraH, pa3BeSlHHoe norpe6eHlle, CeBepo-BoCTOYHOe f1pe,[(KaBKa3be; 27 - C6PYH-
HaSl 6J1jJxa, 6poH3a, VB. ,[(0 H. 3., MOrHJlbHUK HOBblH KYMaK, KYPr. 6, norp.2, IOJKHoe OplIYPaIlbe;
29 - c6pYHHaSl npOHH3b, 6poH3a, V B. ,[(0 H. 3., HaropHeHcKllii MOfllJlbHHK, KYPr. 6, 3ana,[(Hblii Ka3ax-
CTaH; 3? - C6PYHH SI npoHH3b, 6poH3a, V-IV BB. LlO H. 3.. AJle6acTpoBa ropa, Kypr. 3, IOJKHoe f1pH-
ypaIlbe, 31 - c6pYHHaSl npoHlI3b, 6poH3a, V B. ,[(0 H. 3., MOr. HOBblii KYMaK, Kypr. 7. norp. I. IOJKHoe
f1pHypaJIbe.
Ta6J1Hu.a 25. 30JlOTble 06KJ1a,!{KH ,!{epeBSlHHbIX COCY,!{OB B BI1,!{e CTHJlI130BaHHblX OJleHb-
HX poroB H nTI1'tbI1X rOJlOBOK, TpaHc<popMl1pOBaHHblx B opHaMeHTaJlbHblH MOTI1B:
1--4A - I-II <1>HJlHnnOBeKHH KypraH, 10JKHoe OpllypaJIbe, V-IV BB. ,[(0 H. 3.; 5, 6 - AJleKcaH-
,[(pono.nbeKHH KypraH, HHJKHee f1pH,[(HenpoBbe, IV B. ,[(0 H. 3.; 7, 8 - OKpeCTHOCTH r. A30Ba, KYPr. 2,
norp.3, HHJKHee OOLloHbe, IV-III BB. ,[(0 H. 3.; 9- KOHl)'P 0pHaMeHTa OT 30JlOTOH nJlaeTIIHbl I-ii
Ty3KTHHCKHH KypraH, AJlTaH, VI B.,[(O H. 3. '
Ta6J1Hu.a 23. 11306paJKeHHSI rOJlOBbl nTHubI C no,!{'tepKHYTo BblTSlHYTbIM KJlIOBOM:
1 _ KOJlyaHllblil KpKJK, 6pOl13a, KOll. VI-na'1. VB. ,[(0 H. 1., MOrHHbnHK CblllTac, KYPr. 2, 3ana,[(-
HblH Ka3axeTaH; 2 - KOJlyallHblH KplOK, 6pOlna. V B. ,[(0 II. 3., C. 1111l10BKa, Kypr. 3, 10JKHOC OpHypa-
.nbe' 3 _ 1I0LlBCCKa OT KOllCKOro y60pa, 6pOl13a, KOH. VI-HaY.V B. .10 H. 3., MOfllJlbllllK CblllTaC,
' r I no r p I 3ananllblll Ka3axeTall: 4 - opllaMellTllpoBaHllblii Ka6allllii KJlbIK-nO,[(BeCKa, VB. ,[(0
KYp., ., " r
H. J., MOrHJlbHIIK AHMblpJlblr, TYBa; 5 - lIaKOlleYllHK, 6pOH3a, CCBCpllbl1l KIlTall; 6 - y'3,[(eYllaSl no,[(-
BeCKa, 6pOll3a, 6-H Ty3KTHHCKIIH Kyprall, AJlTall: 7 - KOHeu nCaIlIISl, ,[(epeBo, VI B. ,[(0 II. 3., 2-11 Ea-
wa,[(apcKIIH Kypran, A.nTaii; 8 - Ka6allllii 101bIK-nOLlBeCKa, V-Ill BB. ,[(0 11. ')., MOrIlJlblll K LJ.y)j{epJlllr-
XOBY3Y I, KYPr. 2, TYBa; 9. 17 - Y3,[(e'lllble 6JlSlXU, 6pOll'3a, V B. ,[(0 11. 3., HaropHenCKHIl MOfllJl llIlK,
KYPr. 6, 3ana,[(lIblH Ka3axeTall; 10 - nO;J.BCCKa y3,[(eYllaSl, KOCTb, V B. ,[(0 11. 3., MOrllJlbllHK HOBblH Ky-
MaK, Kypr. 19, norp. 2, IOJKHoe OpllypaIlbe; 11 - Y3,[(eYHaSl 6.nSlIllKa, 6poll3a, V B.,[(O II. 3., MOfllJlbllHK
Anall,[(cKaSl rpynna 111, KYPr. 5, 10JKHoe rJpllypaIlbe: 12- Y3,[(eYHajJ 6HSlwKa, 6poll3a, VB. ,[(0 n. 3.,
ypOY. A.ne6acTpoBa ropa, 10JKlloe rJpllypaJIbe; 13- y3,[(eYllaSl 6J SI IKa, 6poH'!a, V B. ,[( II. 3., owe-
VTOBO, HUJKllce OOBO,lJKbe: 14 - llaKOUeYIIIIK, 6poma, CeBepllbul KIlTaIl; 15 - pOroBOII nCaJlHH (,[(e-
aJlb), VB. )10 n. 'J., AIITali: 16 - poroBoli nCaJllIli (,[(CTaIlb), KOII. VI-V B. ,[(0 II. 3., MOrllJlbllHK TaJl-
,[(ypa I, KYPr. 4, AJlTall; 18 - nCaIlIIH (,[(CTaJ1b), 6poH3a, V B. JIO II. ')., MlluyclIllcKaSl KomOBIIHa; 19-
y3,[(CynaSl 6J1S1xa, 6pOll3a, V-IV BB. IlO 11.1., I-ii <1>HJlII nOBCKllii Kyprau, 10JKllO: rJpHYPaIlbe; 20-
y3,[(eYHall nO,[(BeCKa, 6pOl!3a, V B. ,[(0 II. ')., MOrnJlbUIiK l>ec06a, KYPr. 4, 3ana,[(lIblll Ka3axcTall; 2 1 -
y3,[(eYHaSl nOilBeCKa, 6poH3a, VB. ,[(0 11. ')., XoweyToBo, HIIJKlleC 110BoJlJKbe; 22, 23 - nO,[(BeCKII,
6pOl13a, CeBepHblH KIITaH; 24 - u306paJKeHlle lla 3epKaIlC, 6poma, VII-VI B . .10 H. 3., fepaclIMoB-
Ka, Kypr. 2, rJplI,[(lIenpoBbe; 25 - 6.nSlxa, 6poH3a, Vll B. ,[(0 H. 3., MOrIlJlbllllK YllrapaK, KYPr. 6 , f1pH-
apaJIbe; 26 - nCaIllIH (,[(eTaJlb), 6poma, V B.,[(O II. 3., MOrllJlbllllK Eap6ypra3b1 I, KYPr. 23, AJlTau.
Ta6J1Hu.a 26. KOMn0311ul111 C rOJlOBKaMI1 XI111.1HbIX nTl1u 11J111 rpl1<p0HoB, nocTpoeHHble
Ha pl1TMe Bpall.leHI1Jt:
1 - c6pyiiHaSl 6J1J1xa, 6poH3a, V B. ,[(0 H. 3. XoweYTOBO, HH)j{Hee f1oBOJlJKbe: 2 - c6pYHllaSl 6J1S1-
xa, 6poma, VII B. ,[(0 H. J., MOfllJlbHHK YHrapaK, KYPr. 83, f1pHapaIlbe; 3 - c6pYHHaSl npOHII3b, 6pOH-
3a, IV-III BB. ,[(0 H. J., cJlyyaihlaSl HaXO,[(Ka, MHHYCHHCKIIH oKpyr, 10)j{HaSl CH6Hpb; 4 - c6pyHHaSl
6J1S1xa, 6poH3a, V-III BB. ,[(0 H. J., CeBepHblH KHTaH; 5 - e6pYHHM 6J1S1xa. 6poma, IV B. ;\0 H. J.,
KpacHoKYTCKHH KypraH, HHJKHee rJpH,[(HenpoBbe; 6 - ce,[(eJlbHOe yKpaweH lIe-annJIII KaUHSI, KOJKa,
VI B. LlO H. 3., I-I! TYJKTHHeKHH KypraH, AJlTaii; 7 - e6pyHHoe YKpaweHHe, ,[(epeBo, VI B.,[(O H. J., I-H
TYJKTHHCKHH KypraH, AIlTaH.
Ta6J1Hu.a 24. CTI1J1H3aUI1S1 300MOP<pHbIX MOTH BOB H accoul1l1pYKJll.ll1ecSI C 06p330M rpl1-
<p OHa 11J111 XI111.1HOH nTl1ubI CxeMaTI1YHble 11306paJKeHI1S1:
1 -3 _ c6pyiiHoe YKpawcHllc, ,[(epeBo, VI B. 1I0 II. 1., I -Ii TY3KTlIliCKIIH Kyprall AJlTaii: 4-=-
c6pyiiHoe YKpauleHlle, ;\epeBO, V-IV BB. ,[(0 H. 3., MOfllJlbllllK TawallTa I, KYPr. I, Anall; 5 - c6pYII-
HOC YKpawellue, 6poH3a, CeBepHbll1 KHTaii; 6, 12 - c6pyi"Hble 6HSlXU. 6pOll3a, V1-V BB. ,[(0 H.3.,
MlIllyellHcKHii oKpyr; 7 _ HaKJIa,1Ka, 30JlOTO, MOfll,lbIHIK CTenalloBKa, KYPr. 2, XaKacIISI; 8-=-
HaKJIa.;J.Ka 30nOTO, VI-V BB. .10 H. 3., EO;lbWOIi rJOJlTaKOBCKllii KypraH, 10JKHaSl CH611pb; 9 - C6PYH-
HaSl 6, SlX , 6poH3a, II B. ,[(0 H. J. (I), MOfllJlbHHK 6,lH3 r. ElliicKa, KYPr. 12, AJlTall; 10 - nCaIlllii (,[(e-
TaJ1b). por, A TaH; 11 _ c6pYHHaSl 6,lSlxa, 6poH3a, AJlTaii; 13.28 - Y3,[(eYHble 6mlxH, 6poH3a, VB. ,[(0
H. J., ra. KIIHCKoe rop0,111, Ule rJpllKaMbe; 14 - c6pYHHaSl npoHlI3b, 6pOll3a, VB. ;\0 H. 1., MOrllJlbllHK
f1S1TH lapbl 1, KYPr. 4. norp. 3, IOJKHoe f1pllyp<L1be; 15- c6pyiiHaSl npoHlI3b, 6poll3a, KOH. VI-Hay.
VB. .'\0 H. ')., MOrHJlbHIIK Eec06a, KYPr. 4, 3ana.[(Hbll! Ka3axcTall; 16 - c6pyiiHaSl npoHlBb, 6poH3a,
V B. ,[(0 H. J., MOr1-L1bHUK CblHTac 1, KYPr. I, norp. 3. 3ana,[(Hblii Ka3aXCTaIl: 17- 06HBKa cocy,[(a, 30-
JlOTO, VB. ,[(0 H. J., MOrHJlbHHK f1S1T1I lapbl I, KYpr. 9, norp.3, IOJKHoe rJpllypaIlbe; 18 - e6pyiiHaSl
Ta6J1Hu.a 27. 06p33bl 6apaHoB 11 6apaHo-rpH<poHoB Ha nCaJll1S1X 11 C6pYHHbIX o6oHMax
VII-VI BB. ,!{o H. J. 11 aHaJlOrl111 K HI1M:
1 - KoeTb, c. AKeKJTHHUbl, KYPr. 467, Cpe,[(Hee rJpll,[(HenpoBbe, JleB06epeJKbe; 2, 27 - KoeTb,
JKeJle30, c. AKCKJTHHUbl, KYpr. 2, Cpe,[(Hee f1pu,[(HenpoBbe, JleB06epeJKbe; 3 - 6poH3a, CTaHunSl pTlI-
meBO, cJlyyaHHM HaXO,[(Ka, HHJKHee f1oBOJlJKbe: 4 - por, norp. y e. PbleaHKlIHo. IOJKlloe f1pHYPaIlbe;
5 - KOCTb, )!(YPoBcKHe KypraHbl, KYPr. CDVll, Cpe,[(Hee rJpH;\HenpOBbe, npaB06epeJKbe; 6 - KOCTb,
3HBHe, I1paH; 7. 22 - KOCTb, KapMlIp-EJlYP, 3aKaBKa3be; 8, 9 - KoeTb, XaiiKa6ep,[(, TYPUHSI; 10-
KOCTb, C. BOJlKOBUbl, KYPr. 2, Cpe,[(llee rJpll,[(HenpoBbe, JleB06epeJKbe: 1 1, 35, 36 - KOCTb, C. AKCKJ-
THHUbl, CTapwaSl MOfllJla, Kypr. I, Cpe,[(Hee rJpll,[(HenpoBbc, JleB06epeJKbe; 12- 6pOll3a, faIlHaT
(<1>acKay), CeBepHblH KaBKa3; 13- 6poH3a, MOrllJlbHHK HapTaH, Kypr. 13, CeBepHblii KaBKa3; 14-16,
20, 21, 23 - KoeTb, KeJlepMeCCKIIH MOfllJlbHIIK, Kypr. I, CeBepnblH KaBKa3; 17, 29 - 6poH3a, Hop-
WYH-Tene, TYPuIISI; 18, 19- KOCTb, XacaHIlY, I1paH; 24, 25 - KOCTb, PenSlxoBaTaSl MOrIlJla, MOr. I,
Cpe,[(Hee rJpll,[(HenpoBbe, npaB06epeJKbe; 26 - 6poma, XYT. Ka3a30Bo, pa3pyweHHoe norpe6eHHe,
CeBepHblH KaBKa3; 28 - KOCTb, POMeHcKaSl rpynna, CpeLlHee f1pll,[(HenpoBbe, JleB06epe)j{bc; 30, 31 -
KOCTb, MOfllJlbHHK HapTaH, KYPr. 18, CeBepHblH KaBKa3; 32 - KOCTb, MOfllJlbHIIK HapTaH, KYPr. 16,
CeBepHblH KaBKa3; 33 - KOCTb, MOrHIlbHHK HapTaH, KYPr. 15, CeBepHblH KaBKa3: 34 - KOeTb, MO-
rHJlbHHK HapTaH, KYPr. 23, CeBepHblH KaBKa3.
Ta6J1Hu.a 28. 11306p3)i{eHl1e <Pl1rypOK CTOSlll.ll1X 11 npl1naBllIl1X K 3eMJle XI111.1HI1KOB B eB-
p33I1HCKOM I1CKycCTBe:
1 - HaWHBHaSl 6nSlwKa, 30JlOTa, MOrllJlbHIIK KpHBaSl 11YKa XVII, Kypr. 15, norp. 2, HIIJKHee f10-
BOJlJKbe; 2 - HaWIIBHM 6,ljJllJKa, 30JlOTO, CYC,10BCKHii MOrIlJlbHHK, KYPr. 5, HHJKHee f1oBOJlJKbe; 3-
HaWHBHM 6J1S1WKa, 30JlOTO, MOrHIlbHHK rJoKpoBKa 2, KYPr. 3, norp. 3, 3ana,[(HblH Ka3axcTaH; 4-
(pparMeHT KOMn03HUHH Ha pore IlOCSI, pe3b6a, MOfllJlbHHK rJSlTHMapbl 1, KYPr. 4, MOr. 3, 10JKHOe rJpH-
ypaIlbe; 5 - HaWHBHaSl 6IlSlwKa, 30,10TO, MOrImbHIIK 3B,[(blK, pa3pYUleHHoe norpe6eHHe, HII)j{Hee f10-
BOJlJKbe; 6 - c6pyiiHaSl 6J1S1xa, 6poH3a, MOrHIlbllHK AJlaH,[(cKaSl rpynna, KYPr. 5, norp. I, IO)j{Hoe f1pH-
ypaJIbe; 7 - 6J1S1WKa, 30JlOTO, VI B. ,[(0 H. 3., YJlbCKHH ayJl, KYPr. I, f1pIlKy6aHbe; 8 - 6J1S1WKa, YKpa-
240
16 30". 3085
241
weHHe ropHTa, JOJlOTO, KOH. VI-Hay. VB. LlO H.3., KypraH BHTOBa MorHIla y C. YcayeBKa, f1pH-
LlHenpoBbe; 9 _ 6J1S1WKa, 30JlOTO, MOrHJlbHHK OmIWJlSlHKa, XapbKoBcKaSl 06J1.; 10-11 - 6J1S1XH.
6poH3a, c. HOBOnpHBOJlbHOe, paJpyweHHoe norpe6eHHe, HH)I(Hee f1oBOJlJKbe; 12 - HawHBHaSl 6nSlw-
Ka, JOJlOTO. MOrHJlbllHK KpHBaSl 11yKa XVII, KYPr. 19, norp.2, HHJKHee f1oBoJ1JKbe; 13- c6pyHHaSl
6J1S1xa, 6poH3a, HaropHeHcKHH MorHIlbHHK, KYPr. 3, 3anaD.llblH Ka3axcTaH; 14 - c6pYHHaSl 6J1S1xa,
6poH3a, MOr. y c. A6paMoBo, Eapa6a, BOCTOYHaSl CH6Hpb; 15 - HaWHBIiM 6J1S1WKa, 30JlOTO, IV B. LlO
H.3:, MOrHJlbHHK Kow-neH, KYPr. I, TYBa; 16 - nJlaCTHHa C HJ06paJKeHlleM, por, MOrHJlbHHK rIo-
KpoBKa I, KYPr. 2. norp.5, 3anaLlHbtH Ka3axcTaH; 17-18 - HaWHBHble 6J1S1WKH, JOJlOTO, EOJlbWOH
rIOJlTaKOBCKHH KypraH, MOr. 2, IOJKllblH cpy6, IOJKHaSl ClI6l1pb; 19 - 6J1S1WKa, JOJlOTO, VB. LlO 11.3.,
MorHIlbHHK TarIlCKeH, Kypr. 53, Ka3axcTaH; 20 - HaWHBHaSl 6J1S1WKa, 30IlOTO, HaropHeHcKIIH MO-
rHJlbHHK, Kypr. 3, 3anaLlHbtH KaJaXCTaH; 21 - nJlaCTllHa OT nOSlca, JOJlOTO, EOJlbWOH rIOJlTaKOBCKHH
KypraH, MOr. 2, !OJKHaSl CH6Hpb; 22 - HaWHBHaSl 6J1S1WKa, 30IlOTO, MOrllJlbHHK Kow-nei1 I, Kypr. I,
TYBa; 23-24 - HaWHBHble 6J1S1WKH, JOJlOTO. MOrHJlbHHK Kow-neH I, Kypr. 2, TYBa; 25 - 6J1S1WKa,
30JlOTO, VII-VI BB. LlO H. 3.. MOrHJlbHHK TarHCKeH, Kypr. 45, KaJaXCTaH; 26 - 6J1S1WKa. JOIlOTO, MO-
rHJlbHHK CYrJIyr-XeM I, TYBa; 27 - 6J1S1Il1Ka, 30JlOTO, CeBepHblH KHTai1; 28 - 6J1S1WKa, 30JlOTO. MO-
rHIlbHHK KyHJlyr-XeM I, Kypr. 9, TYBa.
HHK rpHBHbt, 30JlOTO, CTaBpOnOJlbCKHH KJlaLl; 9 - pyKOSlTb HaraHKH (LleTaIlb), por, YPOYHwe 4epHM
ropa y c. A6paMoBKa, !O)I(HOe f1pHypaIlbe; 10 - npoHH3Ka, JOJlOTO, CII6HpCKM KOIlJleKUHSI f1eTpa I.
Ta6J1Hu.a 34. v1306pa)l(eHHSI Jle)l(aumx H HLlY!UHX mrpOB B CKH<jJ0-CH6HPCKOM 3BepH-
HOM CTHJle. CTHJlHCTH'tecKHe BapHaUHH H npHeMbI CTHJlH3aUHH:
1-2 - IIJOTOrpa4mH HLlYWHX TltrpOB; 3 - 4JparMeHT KOMn03HUlIH Ha capKocjJare-KOJlOLle. pe3b6a
no LlepeBY, VI B. LlO H. 3., 2-H EawaLlapCKHH Kyprall, AJtTai1; 4 - HaWHBIiM 6IlSlwKa, 30JlOTO, VI-
V BB. D.O H. 3., MOrHJlbHHK AKYHi1-Kapacy, KeTMeHb-TI06e, Kllprll3CTaH; 5 - annJlHKaUIISI-YKpawelllle
ceLlJla, Io.-OJKa, VI B. LlO . 3., I-H TY3KTI HCKIli1 KypraH. AmaH: 6-7- yKpaweHHSI COCYLlOB, JO,10TO,
V-IV BB. LlO H. 3., I-II <1>HJlHnnOBCKHII Io.'YP rail , IOJKlloe rIpllYPaJIbe; 8 - annIlHKaUHSI, KO)l(a, MO-
rHJlbHHK Tawa Ta II, Kypr. 2. AJlTaH; 9 - HaKOHeYHHK rpHBllbl, LlepeBo, MOrHJlbHHK Y. aHLlpbIK I,
Kypr. 12, AJlTall; 10 - rpHBHa, 6poll3a, f1epMcKM 06J1.. KOJlJlCKUIiSI CTporaHoBblx; 11-12 - HaKO-
HeYHHKII rpHBeH, 30JlOTO, CH6HpcKaSl KOJlJleKUIISI rIeTpa I.
Ta6J1Hu.a 29. v1306pa)l(eHHSI 60JlbWerOJlOBOrO XH!UHHKa:
1 _ c6pyHHaSl 6J1S1xa. 6poH3a, HaropHeHcKHIl MOrHJlbltllK, Kypr. 3, 3anaLlHaH Ka3aXCTaH; 2-
c6pyHHaSl 6J1S1xa, 6poH3a, MOrHJlbHHK A6paMoBo 4, Kypr. 13, norp. I. Eapa6a; 3 - YJLleYHaSl nOLlBec-
Ka, LlepeBo, 4-" f1a3blpblKCKIIH Kyprall; 4 - Ka6mlllH KJlbIK-1I0LlBeCKa, MOrllJlbHHK Ai1MbtpJlbtr, TYBa;
5 _ 6J1S1Xa-paClipeLleJlIITeIlb peMHefi, 30JlOTO, KypraH I1CCbIK, KaJaxcTaIl; 6 - c6pyHHaSl 6J1S1xa, 6poll-
Ja, KOJlJleKUHSI n. <1>pOJlOBa, fl1M, AJlTaH.
Ta6J1Hu.a 35. v1306pa)l(eHHSI THrpoB B cueHax Tep3aHHSI B CKH<jJ0-CH6HPCKOM 3BepHHoM
CTHJle:
1 - parMellT KOMn03HUHH Ha KOJlOLle, peJb6a no LlepeBY. VI B. LlO H. 3.. 2-H EaWaLlapCKHIl Kyp-
raH, AJlTaH; 2. 4, 6 - nOSlCHble 6IlSlXH. JOJlOTO, CII611pcKaSl KOJIIleKUHSI rIeTpa I; 3 - 6J1S1xa. 6pOHJa,
UeHTpaIlbHaSl AJHSI, BHYTpellHSISI MOHrOJlHSI; 5 - pYYKa cocyLla, 30JlOTO. I-II <1>IIJlHnnOBCKHH KypraH.
!OJKHOe rIpHYPaIlbe; 7 - 6J1S1xa, 6poll3a, V-IV BB. D.O H. 3.. MIIHYCIIHCKHII oKpyr, C. ACKbn, cJlyyaH-
HaSl HaXOLlKa, !OJKIIM CH611pb; 8 - 6J1S1xa nOSlCHaSl, 6poH3a, UettTpaJIbHaSl AJIISI, BIlYTpellHSISI MOHro-
JlHSI; 9 - 6J1S1xa nOSlCHaSl. 6poH3a, UellTpaJIbllaSl AJIISI, BHyrpeHIISISI MOHroIllISl, WallxaHcKIiH MYJeH
(nOJlHbte aHaIlOrHH xpaHSlTcSI B EpHTaHcKoM My3ee, MYJeSlX CTOKrOJlbMa II 11oc-AIIJKeJleca); 10 - 6J1S1-
xa nOSlCliaSl. 6pOHJa, UeHTpaIlbHaSl AJIISI, OpLlOC.
Ta6J1Hu.a 30. V1306pa)l(eHHSI CTOSl!UHX XH!UHHKOB - <jJHrypHble PY'IKH COCY,!{OB:
1-8 _ JOJlOTO, I-H <1>HIlImnoBcKIIH KypraH, OpC\l6yprcKaSl 06J1., 10)l(IIoe f1pllypaJIbe; 9 - 'jO-
JlOTO, 6Hp1OJa, npeLlMeT HJ «KJlaLla B CeBepHoM f1pIlYep\lO lOpbe», npeD.CTaBJleIlHbIH Ha ayKuHoH
«Taisei Gallery», HblO-HoPK; LlocTOBepHblx CBeD.eHHH 0 npOIICXO)l(D.eHHH lIeT.
Ta6J1Hu.a 31.11306paJKeHHSI XH!UHHKOB H3 1-ro <t>HJlHnnOBcKoro KypraHa H aHaJlOrHH K
HHM:
1,2- lIaKOHeYlIlIKII rpHBell, 30IlOTO, CTaBpOnOJlbCKHIl KJlaLl; 3-5 - pyYKII COCYLlOB, 3OJlOTO, I-H
<1>HJlHnnOBCKIIII KypraH, !OJKIIOC f1pHypaJIbe; 6-8 - HaKOlleYIIHKII rpHBeH, LlepcBo, YJlallLlpbtK I.
Kypr. 12; YIlallLlpblK II, Kypr.7; YnaHLlpblK IV, Kypr.2, AJlTaH; 9, /0 - Tal)'HpoBKa, 2-H rIaJbl-
pblKCKIIII KypraH, AJlTai1; II - 11306paJKelllte lIa KaMeHHOM CTOHlIKe, YPOYIiW e KypaHJlII, Ka3axcTall.
Ta6J1Hu.a 36. 11306paJKeHHSI THrpa C PY,!{HMeHTapHbIM CTHJlH30BaHHbIM KpbIJlOM B BH,!{e
3aBHTKa Ha 3arpHBKe B HCKYCCTBe paHHHX Ko'teBHHKOB EBp33HH:
1 - IIHtr!pllaSl nJlaCTHlla, 30IlOTO, AIlaroycKIiH MOntJIbtlltK. BOCTOYHbtH TYPKecTall; 2. 4 - Ta-
l)'HpOBKa, 2- rIa3blpblKCKHH Kyprall, AJlTall; 3 - aIllIIllIKaUIISI, KOJKa, MOrHJlbHHK TawaHTa II,
KYPr. 2, AJlTaH; 5 - HaKOlleYHHK rpllBHbl, LlepeBo, MOI'l1J1bIlHK YJlallLlpblK II. Kypr. 7, AJlTai1; 6 - I H-
rypKa II JKepTBeIlIlIlK , 6poll'3a, CeMllpeYCHCKIiH aJlTapb, KaJaXCTaB; 7 - c6pyHlloe yKpaweHlle, Lle-
peBo, I-H TY3KTHHCKHH KypraH, AJlTall.
Ta6J1Hu.a 32. BOJIK H xY,!{O)l(eCTBeHHble 06P33bI BOJlKa B HCKyccTBe paHHHx Ko'teBHHKOB:
1 - IjJOTOrpal HSI BOJlKa; 2, 10 - 6erywHe BOJIKII. LloKYMeHTaJlbHble PHCYHKH: 3 - nJlaCTlltta-
06HBKa, JOIlOTO, I-if <1>IIJlHnnOBCKHH Kyprall, 10JKIIOC rIpHypaJIbe; 4 - 6J1S1xa, 6pollJa, MOrllJlbHHK
KYMHccaH, 3ana.'lllblll KaJaXCTall; 5 - HaKOlle'IIIHK rpllBHbl, JOJlOTO, CTaBpOnOJlbCKHIl KJlaD.: 6, 15-
pyYKII cocyLlOB, 30JlOTO, I-H <1>IIJlHnnOBCKIIII Kyprall, 10JKlloe rIplofypaIlbe; 7-8 - IloKYMeHTaJlbllbte
PIlCYHKII rOIlOBbl BOIlKa C yrpoJKalOwe OCKaIleHHOIl nacTblO; 9 - LleTaIlb cocYLla, 30JlOTO, I-II <1>IIJ11m-
nOBcKHIl KypraH. !OJKHOe rIpHypaIlbe; 10, 14 - LloKYMeHTaIlbllbie pHCyliKH lID.ywHx BOIlKOB; 11-
c6pyHHaSl nOLlBeCKa (LleTaIlb), 6poH3a, V B. LlO H. 3., MOntJlbHHK rISlTHMapbl I. Kypr. 4, norp. 3, !OJKHOe
f1pllypaIlbe; 12 - HaKOHeYHHK nCaIlHSI, 6pOlna, VB. LlO H. 3., MOfHJlbHIIK rISlTHMapbll, lo.'Ypr. 6, !OJK-
Hoe rIpllYPaIlbe; 13 - HaraHKa (LleTaIlb), por, VB. D.O H. 3., c. A6paMoBKa, ypOYHWe 4epHaSl ropa,
!O)I(HOe rIpllypaJIbe; 17- 6J1S1xa, 6pOlna, V B. LlO H. 3., noc. AYHHCKHH, EIIHceHcKaSl ry6., CJlyYaHHM
HaXOLlKa, IOJKHM CH6Hpb.
Ta6J1Hu.a 37. Me,!{Be,!{b Hero H306pa)l(eHHSI B naMSlTHHKax HCKYCCTBa KO'teBHHKOB
IO)I(Horo IlpHYpaJIbSl CKH<jJCKOH :mOXH;
1 - D.OKYMeHTaIlbHbIH PHCYHOK MeLlBeD.SI; 2 - I!JparMeHT KOMnOJHI(ltIt Ha pore JlOCSI, MOrHJlbllHK
rISlTHMapbt I, KYPr. 4, MOr. 3; 3 - peJllaSl JlOJKKa, por, BTOp. 1I0Jl. VI B. LlO H. ').. ypoYltlue EHw-06a.
KypraH; 4 - p)'YKa cocYLla, JOJlOTO, I-H <1>IIJlHnnOBCKIiH KypraH.
Ta6J1Hu.a 33. 11306paJKeHHe 6ery!Uero H npHnaBWerO K 3eMJle XH!UHHKOB B 3BepHHoM
CTHJle eBp33HHcKHX Ko'teBHHKOB CKH<jJCKOH :mOXH:
1-2, 5 - nJlaCTllHbt-HaKJIaLlKIi C HJ06paJKelll1eM BOJIKa H Tltrpa, JOJlOTO, I-II <1>1I,lHnnoBcKHIl
KypraH, !OJKHOC rIpllypa.,1be; 3 - c6pYilHaSl 6.1S1xa. 6poma, V B. LlO H. 3.. MorHJlbHIIK KyMHccaH, 3a-
na:.\HblH KaJaXCTaH; 4 - c6pYHllaSl 6,1SIxa, 6poma. V B. :.\0 H. 3.. 06pyyeBCKliH MorHIlbHIIK, 4eJlSl6HH-
CKaSl 06J1., !OJKHOe 3aypaJIbe; 6 - lIaWIIBllaSl 6J1S1WKa B BHLle IIHtrypbl Tllrpa, JOJlOTO, VI-V BB. D.O
H. 3.. MOrllJlbHHK AKYHH-Kapacy, KeTMeHb- T106e, KHprmcTaH; 7 - nOLlBeCKa YenpaKa B BHLle Ijmry-
pbt BOJlKa, BOHJlOK, annJIHKaUHSI, V B. LlO H. 3., MOrllJlbHIIK AK-AIlaxa I. Kypr. I, AJlTaH; 8 - HaKOHey-
Ta6J1Hu.a 38. CBepHYBwHHCSI B KOJlbUO XH!UHHK. BapHauHH KOMn03HUHH H3 naMSlTHH-
KOB CKH<jJcKoro BpeMeHH HHJKHero 1l0BOJl)l(bSl H IO)I(Horo IlpHYPaJIbSl H aHaJlOrHH K HHM B
3BepHHoM CTHJle EBp33HH:
1 - c6pyHllaSl 6IlSlxa, 6poma, VB. LlO II. 3., C. I1PK)'Jlb, Opell6yprcKaSl 06J1.. Kyprall, 10JKlloe
rIPIlYP lbe; 2 - c6pyHHaSl 6J1 xa, 6poH3a, nepB. nOil. VB. LlO 11.3., MOrllJlbHHK Eec06a, Kypr. 9. 3a-
naLlllblH KaJaXCTall; 3 - c6pYIIHaSl 6IlSlxa. 6pOlna, VB. LlO 11.3., C. rIbSllloBKa, cIlyyaifllaSl HaXO;\Ka,
10JKHOe rIpllypaIlbe; 4, 6 - C6pYHHbie 6J1S1XII, 6poH3a, VII B. LlO H. 3., MorHIlbHHK YHrapaK, Kypr. 33,
rIpHapaIlbe; 5 - c6pyilHaSl 6J1S1xa, 6poH3a, VII B. LlO H. 3., MOntJlbHHK CaKap-Yara 6, Kypr. 23, 10)l(HOe
rIpuapaIlbe; 7 - IjJparMeHT KOMnOJHUtIIt lIa peJIIOM Ka6aHbeM KJlbtKe, KOB. VI-Hay. V B. LlO H. 3.,
E,lIOMeHl eIlbLlCKHH MOntJIbHIIK, Kypr. A 12, I-lHJKHee f1oBOJlJKbe; 8 - c6pYilHaSl 6J1S1xa, 6pOlna, VI B.
;10 H. 3.. K)'praHHaSl rpynna «TPH 6paTa», Kypr. 25, norp. 2, HIIJKHee rIoBOJlJKbe; 9 - 6IlSlxa, 6pOHJa,
VI B. :.\0 H.3., CTapWIIH AXMbL10BCKHH MOntJlbHHK, norp.926. rIoBOJl)l(be; 10 - Y3LleYllaSl 6J1S1xa,
6pOlt3a, nepB. nOJl. V B. ;\0 H. 3., MorHHbHHK KOMCOMOJlbCKIIII, norp. 23, HHJKHee rIoBOJl)l(be; 11 -
6J1S1xa OT C6pYilHoro Ha60pa, 6poma, V-IV BB. ;\0 H. 3.. MOrllJlbHHK KblpbIK-06a, 3anaLlllblH KaJax-
CTaH.
Ta6J1Hu.a 39. MOTHBbI rOJlOBbI XH!UHHKa H KOITHCTbIX Jlan B CTHJlH30BaHHbIX H306pa-
)l(eHHSlX 3BepHHoro CTHJlSI:
242
243
A - rOJlOBa THrpa B [IJac (<p0TOrpmIJHSI); 1-2 - HaWHBHblC 6J1S1WKH, 30JlOTO, c. IToKpoBKa, Kypr. 2,
IOJKHoe npuYPaJIbe; 3 - c6pYHHaSl 6J1S1xa, 6poH3a, HaropHcHcKHH MOrHJlbHUK, KYPr. 9, norp. VIII,
3anaLlHblH Ka3axcTaH; 4 - HaWllBHlliI 6IlSlwKa, 30JlOTO, )/(YPoBKa, KYPr. CDII, ITpuLlHcnpoBbe; 5,
12 - 6J1S1XU, cepc6po, AJlaroycKuH MOrHIlbHHK, MOr. M30, BOCTo'-lHbIH TYPKecTaH; 6 - c6pyilHlliI
6J1S1xa, 6poH3a, KypraH Y XYT. WYHT)'K, CCBCpHblii KaBKa3; 7 - c6pyilHaSl 6J1S1xa, 6poH3a, aYJI YJlSln,
KYPr. 2, CCBepHblii KaBKa3; 8 - c6pyilHaSl 6J1S1xa, 6poH3a, OpLlOC. UeHTpaJIbHaSl A3uSI; 9 - 6J1S1WKa,
30JlOTO, Staatlichc Museum. DepJlHH; 10- c6pYJIHaSl nOLlBeCKa (LlCTaJlb), LlCpCBO, I-H TY3KTl1HCKHH
KypraH, AJlTaH; 11 - <pparMeHT KOMn03l1UIlll Ha nOSlClioil nJlaCTl1He, 30IlOTO, CH6HpcKaSl KOJlJleKUIiSl
ITcTpa I; 13 - [IJparMCIIT KOMn0311UIIH OlIJOpMJleHIISI pe3110ro Ka6aHbero KJlblKa, c. HOBOnpIlBOJlbHOe,
HHJKHeC f1oBOJlJKbe; 14 - 6J1S1WKa, CeBcpnblii KIlTaH, UCHTpaJIbllllil A311S1; 15 - c6pyilnaSl 6IlSlwKa,
6pOlna, XOWCYTOBO, HHJKHeC IToBOJlJKbe; 16-17 - c6PyilHbiC 6J1S1XII. 6poH3a, nOKynKa B
r. MailKone, CCBepllblH KaBKa3; 18-19- c6pyilllble 6J1S1WKII, 6poH3a, c. HOBOnpHBOJlbIlOe, HIIJKHCC
ITOBOIlJKbC; 20 - c6pYHHaSl 6IlSlwKa. 6poll3a, noc. CTapHua, Kypr. 5 I, norp. I, HIIJKlleC ITOBOJlJKbC;
21-22 - c6pyHHbie 6J1S1XII, 6poll3a, nOKynKa B r. MailKone, CCBepllblH KaBKa3.
Ta6J1"ua 40. V1306paJK:eHHSI rOJlOB XHW,HHKOB B xY1l.oJKeCTBeHHblX H311.eJlHSlX CKH<jJO-
cH6HpcKoro 3BepHHoro CTHJlSI, xapaKTepHble ,L\JlSI pa3J1H'tHbIX pemoHoB EBpa3HH:
1 - [IJparMeHT 6J1S1XH, 6poH3a, )/(ypoBKa, KYPr. 400, llpllLlHenpoBbe; 2 - 6J1S1xa, 6poH3a, c. Ma-
KeeBKa, KYPr. 491, ITpHLlHcnpoBbe; 3 - 6IlSlxa, 6poH3a, )/(YPoBKa, KYPr. 400, ITpllLlllCnpOBbc; 4-
6J1S1xa, 6pOlna, c. DacoBKa, KYPr. 499, ITpllLlncnpoBbe; 5 - KOlleu nOLlBCCKH, 6poH3a, CBSlTIIJIlIUlC Pc-
KOM, CeBepHlliI OCeTHSI; 6 - KOHCU nOLlBeCKII-KJlbIKa. Ky6aHb; 7 - KOlleu nOLlBeCKII-KJlbIKa, KpblM, 3-H Ta-
nacBcKIIH KypraH; 8 - KOHCU 110LlBCCKII-KJlbIKa, 6J1l13 CyxyMH, A6xa3HSI. 3anaLlHblH KaBKa3; 9 - KO-
Heu nOLlBCCKII, 6poH3a, MOrHJlbllllK 5IJlxoll-MoxK. 4CYIISI, CCBepHbl1i Ka1lKa3; 10 - KOlleu 1l0LlBCCKII-
KJlblKa. KO,lJ1eKUIISl XallCIIKo. ITpllLlllenpoBbc; 11 - lIaKOUeYlIlIK PY'IKII 'lcpnaKa, ccpc6po, KypraH
YCpTOMJlbIK. f1pIlLlnenpoBbc; 12 - 6J1S1xa, 6poll3a, CT. EJIIl3aBeTllIICKaSl, CCBCpllblii KaBKa3; 13-14 -
[)JparMCHTbl 300MOP<PllbIX lIaKOIIC'-lIlHKOB rpllBell, 30JlOTO, CTaBpOnOJlbCKlIiI KJlaLl; 15 - 6J1S1xa, 6poll-
3a, MOrHJlbllHK KpHBlliI 11YKa, HHJKHCe IToBOJlJKbe; 16 - KOlleu nOLlBCCKII-KJlbIKa, C. HOBOnpIlBOJlb1l0e,
HHJKHce f1oBOJlJKbe; 17- KOHCU nCaJlIISI, 6pOlna, XoweYToBo, IIIIJKIICC IToBOJlJKbe; 18 - KOHCU nca-
JlHSI, 6pOlna, c. HOBonpllBoIlblloe, I-hlJKllee IToBOJlJKbe; 19 - KOUCU 1I0JtBCCKH-KJlbIKa, MOrHJlbllHK 3a-
xaHaTa, KYPr. 5, norp.22, KaJlMblKHSI, HHJKlleC IToBOJlJKbe; 20 - 6JlSlXa, 6poll3a, DmOMCmIJeJlbLl,
KYPr. A 12, HUJKHeC IToBOIlJKbe; 21 - KOHCU nO;!BeCKU-KJlbIKa, DmoMCIHIICJlbi\, KYPr. A I 2, HIIJKllee
ITOBOJlJKbC; 22 - KOlleu nOLlBCCKII, 6p0ll3a, DmoMclH)JCJlbLl, Kypr. A I 2, 11HJKllcC rIoBOJlJKbe; 23 - KO-
HCU nOLlBeCKH-KJlblKa, DmoMell leJlbLl, Kypr. A 12, lIuJKllee rIoBomKbc; 24 - KOlleu 1l0LlBeCKU-KJlbIKa,
DmOMCmIJcJlbLl, KYPr. A12, HHJKHee rIoBomKbc; 25 - KOlleu nOLlBCCKU-KJlbIKa, 6epeJKHOBeKHH MO-
rHJlbHHK, rpynna ll, KYPr. 97, norp.3, HHJKllee 1l0BoJlJKbe; 26 - KOlleu nOLlBCCKU-KJlbIKa, c. HOBO-
npHBo,lbIlOC, HIIJKIICe rIoBOJlJKbe; 27 - [IJparMeHT 'lcpcllKa pe3110il JlOJKe'-lKU, KOCTb, c. HHKOJlbCKOC.
KYPr. 15, norp. I, HIIJKlleC f1oBOJlJKbe; 28 - 6J1S1XII, 6p0ll3a, c. HOBOnpIlBOJlbIlOe, HHJKlleC f1oBOJlJKbe;
29 - c6pYlluoe YKpawcHlle, LlcpeBo. KOJlJleKIII1S1 fl. H. <1JpoIloBa, AmaH: 30 - [)JparMCllT 300MOp )II0-
ro OKOHyallllSl rpHBllbl, 6poH3a, rIpllKaMbc (HMnopT 113 CII6HpH); 31 - [!lparMCIIT YKpallJCHIiSl KOJl'-la-
Ha, i1epeBO, MOrHJlbHIIK AK-AJlaxa I, Kypr. I, AJlTaH; 32 - JparMeHT lIaKOHeYIIHKa rpllBllbl, i1epCBO,
YJlaHLlpblK II, KYPr. 7, AnTaH; 33 - [ parMeIlT HaKOHC'-lIlUKa rpllBllbl, LlCpCBO. YJlallLlpblK 1, KYPr. 12,
AJlTaH; 34 - JparMellT nCaIlHSI, por, MOrIlJlbHHK TaIlLlypa 1, Kypr. 4, AIITaH; 35 - 6J1S1xa, LlepcBo,
KOJlJlCKUHSI IT. H. <1JpOJlOBa, AJlTail; 36 - [!JparMeIlT 6J1S1WKH, 30JlOTO, MOnlJlbllHK AKYIIH-Kapacy,
KeTMCllb-TI06e, KllpnnllSl; 37- [)JparMeUT '-lCnpaKa, BOIIJIOK, MOrHJlbllllK AK-AJlaxa I, KYPr. I, AJI-
Tall; 38 - [IJparMCIIT nCaIl 1IS1 , por, KOJlJleKUHSI rI. H. <1JpOJlOBa, AJlTail; 39 - HaKOHCYHIlK rpHBllbl, i1C-
peBo, YJlaHi1pbIK I. KYPr. 6, AJlTall; 40 - [)JparMeIlT YCnpaKa, BOIlIloK, 2-iI DaWai1apCKHii KypraH, AJI-
TaH; 41 - pa3BIIIlKa HaUlCYHoro peMHSI OrOJlOBbSl, LlcpeBo, 5-H ITa3blpblKCKHii KypraH, AJlTaH; 42-
[IJparMeHT HarailKII, LlepeBo, 2-H DallJaLlapCKHii KypraH, AJlTaH; 43 - JparMeHT nCaJlIISI, por. MOrHJlb-
HIIK A3PO;!POMllblil, norp. I I, Amail'. 44 - [IJparMeHT nca. HSI, por. MOrHJlbUIIK KOK-CY I. AJlTaH;
45 - [)JparMeHT nCaJlHSI, LlepeBo, 4-H rIa3blpblKCKHH KypraH, AJlTaH; 46 - 6J1S1WKa, 30JlOTO, I-H <1JH-
mll1nOBCKllii KypraH. IOJKHoe rIpllypa.1be; 47 - lIaBcplUHe. KOCTb. yp0'-lHIue Duw-06a. IOJKHOC rIpH-
ypa.1bC; 48 - HaKOHeYIIlIK, KOCTb, MOrHJlbHHK HOBblli Ky IaK, IOiKlloc rIpuYPaJIbe; 49 - KOIICU Ilca-
IlHSI, KablK Ka6aHa, c. BapHa, YeJlSl611HCKaSl 06J1., 10JKlloe rIPllypa.1bC; 50 - KOHeu KOJl'-laHHOrO KplOKa,
6poH3a. c.11l1noBKa, Kypr.3, IOJKHoe rIpllYPaIlbC; 51- pY'-lKa cocYLla, 30IlOTO, I-il <1Jll,ll1nnOBcKIIH
KypraH, IOJKHoe npHypaIlbC; 52 - [ parMeHT PYYKII cocYLla, 30JlOTO, I-H <1JHJIll11nOBCKIiH KypraH,
lOiKlloe ITpl1YPaIlbe; 53-54 - <pparMclITbl nJlaCTlIH-OKOBOK, 30JlOTO, I -H <1JIlJlll11nOBCKHH KypraH,
IOJKHOC ITPHYPaIlbC; 55 - KOlleu nCaIlHSI, KHbIK, c. Bapua, KYPr. 2, IOJKlIoe rIpHypa.1bC; 56 - Jpar-
MeHT PYYKU-cocyLla, 30JlOTO, I-H <1JHJlHnnOBcKHii. KypraH; 57 - JparMCHT 6J1S1XII, 6poH3a, c. HpKYJlb,
IOn<Hoe ITpHYPaIlbe; 58 - <pparMcHT 6IlSlXH, 6poH3a, cJlyyallllaSl lIaxoLlKa B c. rIbSlHoBKa 6J1H3
r. Dyrypyc,laHa. 10JKHoe rIpHYPaIlbe; 59 - [ parMeHT 6J1S1XU, 6poH3a, MOrIlJlbHIIK KOMblc-Cail, 3a-
naLlHblii Ka3axcTaH: 60 - <pparMclIT YepeHKa IlOJKKH, KOCTb, MOrIlJlbHIIK ITSlTHMapbl I, Kypr. 4, norp. I,
IOJKlloe ITpHYPaIlbe; 61 - <pparMcHT nOLlBCCKII, 6poH3a, MOrIlJlbHIIK CblHTac. Kypr. 3, 3anaLlHblii Ka-
3aXCTaH; 62 - [ parMeHT nOLlBeCKH. 6pOll3a, MOrHJlbHUK ITSlTlIMapbl I, KYPr. 8, 10JKIIOC ITpuYPaIlbe;
63 - <pparMCHT nOLlBccKU, 6poH3a, MOrHIlbHHK CblllTaC, Kypr. I. 3anaLlHblH Ka3aXCTau: 64 - [IJpar-
MCHT PYYKIl cocYLla, 30JlOTO, I-il <1JIIJIll11nOBCKHH Kyprall, IOJKHoe rIpHYPaJIbe; 65 - JparMeHT 6IlSlXH,
6poH3a, MOrHIlbHHK Dec06a, Kypr. 9, 3anai1Hblii Ka3aXCTaIl: 66 - nIlaCTl1Ha-OKOBKa, 30JlOTO, I -II <1Ju-
JlHnnOBCKHii KypraH, IOJKHoe ITpuypaIlbe; 67 - [IJparMCIlT '-lCpCHKa IlOJKKH, KOCTb, MOrIlJlbHUK CbIH-
Tac, Kypr. I, norp. 2, 3anaLlHblii Ka3axcTaH: 68 - [IJparMCHT nOi1BCCKII. 6poH3a. MOrIlJlbHUI< Dcc06a,
KYPr. 5, 3anai1HblH Ka3aXCTaH: 69 - [IJparMCUT nOLlBCCKH, 6pOll3a, MOnlJ1bllHK ITSlTmlapbl I, Kypr.6,
IOJKHoe ITpHYPaIlbC; 70 - [IJparMCHT PYKOSlTKU HaralIKH, por, C. A6pa loBKa, IOJKHOC rIpuYPaJIbe;
71 - [IJparMCIIT YepellKa JlOJKKH, KOCTb, MOrIlJlbHIIK CblHTac, KYPr. I. norp. 3. 3anaLlllblII Ka3aXCTaH:
72 - JparMeHT nOLlBCCKH, 6poH3a. MOrHJlbHIIK ITSlTHMapbl I, Kypr. 4, 10JKUOC ITpllYPaJIbe; 73-
<pparMeHT YCpeliKa JlOJKKH, KOCTb, KypraH, ypO'-lHUle Dllw-06a, IOJKHOC rIpllYPaJIbe; 74 - nOLlBCCKa,
6pOll3a, MOrHJlbllHK rISlTHMapbl I. KYPr. 8, 10JKHoe ITpllYPaIlbe: 75 - [IJparMeHT PY'-lKIl 3epKaJla. KOCTb,
Kyprall, C060JleBCKaSl BOJlOCTb. 10JKHoe rIpHYPaJIbC: 76 - lIaKOHe'-lII11K nCaJI 1IS1 , 6poH3a, MOrIlJlbHIIK
lliTHMapbl I, KYPr. 6, IOJKHOC rIpllypaJIbC; 77 - HaKOHCYHIIK nCaIlUSI, 6poma, HaropHeHcKUH MO-
rHJlbHIIK, 3anaLlHblH Ka3aXCTaIl: 78 - [IJparMCIIT YepellKa IlOJKKU, KOCTb, MOnlJlbHIIK HOBblii KYMaK,
IOJKHoe ITpHYPaIlbe; 79 - [IJparMeHT PYYKII cocYLla, 30JlOTO, I-H <1JHJlHnnOBCKHH KypraH, IOJKlloe
ITpHYPaIlbe; 80 - <pparMeHT ceKHpbl, 6poH3a, cJlyyalIllaSl lIaXOi1Ka, r. EJla6yra, ITpllKaMbc; 81-
)parMCHT KOJl'-lar1HOro KpIOKa, 6poma, MHHyclIHcKaSl KOTJlOBlilla, JOJKuaSl ClI6l1pb; 82 - KOHeu nca-
JlHSI. 6poH3a, cJlyyaHHaSl HaxoLlKa, EHHceiiCKlliI ry6epulISI, IOJKlIlliI CU611pb: 83 - [llparMeHT HOJKa,
6poH3a. MHHyclIHcKaSl KOTJlOBIIHa, IOJKlIlliI CU6Hpb; 84 - [IJparMCIIT 6J1S1XII, 6poH3a, cJlY'-lailHlliI Ha-
XOLlKa, AYIIHCKHH oKpyr, EHHceHcKaSl ry6cplIHSI, IOJKHaSl ClI6l1pb; 85 - KOHeu nCaIlHSI, 6poH3a, cJlY-
'taHHaSl lIaXOJlKa, MIlHycHllcKaSl KOTJlOBHHa, 10JKllaSl ClI6l1pb; 86 - JparMCIIT HOJKa, 6poH3a, cIlY'-laH-
HaSl HaXOi1Ka, 10JKHaSl C1I6Hpb; 87 - [IJparMellT 1l0JKa. 6pOll3a. c. TepexHllo B paHoHc r. KpaclloSlpcKa,
lOiKHaSl CH6Hpb; 88 - [IJparMCHT HOJKa, 6pOlna, cJlyyaHUaSl lIaxOLlKa B OKpeCTIIOCTSlX r. MHHycIIHcKa,
IOJKHaSl CU611pb; 89 - KOlleu nCaIlH}I, 6poH3a, cJlY'-lailuaSl HaXOLlKa, c. A6aKallcKoe, MHIlYCIIIICKHH
Kpall, IOJKHlliI C1I6Hpb; 90 - lIaKOHCYHHK nCaJlHSI, 6polna, MHiIYCHHCKHH KpaH, 10JKHaSl C1I6Hpb;
91 - HallJHBHlliI 6J1S1WKa, 30JlOTO, MOrHJlbllllK HOBOOpcKllillI, KYPr. 5, norp. 4, 10JKHoe f1pHYPaIlbC.
Ta6J1Hua 41. KaMeHHbie «CTOJlHKH» C 300MOp<jJHbIMH H306p3JKeHHSlMH:
1 - KypraHHlliI rpynna KYMuc-caii, 3anaLlHblH Ka3axCTall; 2, J 1 - MOrIlJlbllHK KYMHc-caH,
Kypr. I, 3anaLlHblH Ka3axcTaH; 3 - HaropllcllcKHH MOrHJlbHHK, Kypr.9, 3anai1Ublii Ka3aXCTaIl; 4-
KypraHHaSl rpynna DHc-06a, KYPr. 7, IOJKlloe IlPHYPaIlbC; 5 - HOJKKa CTOJlHKa. ypO'-lUllJC MaSl'-lHlliI
ropa, cJlyyailHaSl HaXOi1Ka, 10JKuoe rIpHYPaIlbC; 6 - YUl-KIOII, Kyprall, cJlyyaHUaSl II aXOLlKa , 10JKlloe
ITpHypaIlbe; 7 - 1l0JKKa CTOJlHKa, MOnlJlbllllK KYMHc-cail, KYPr. I, 3anaLlHblH Ka3aXCTaIl: 8 - HOJKKa
CTOJlHKa, MOnlJlbHHK KYMlIc-caH, KYPr. 2. 3anaLlllblii Ka3axcTaH; 9 - HaropllcHcKlI11 MOrHJlbHIIK,
KYPr. 9, 3anaLlllblH Ka3aXCTaH; 10- ypO'-lHUle KypaHJlII, 3anaLlllblH Ka3axcTaH; 12 - HaropHellcKHH
MOrHJlbHHK, Kypr. 6, 3anaLlHblH Ka3aXCTaH; 13-14 - c. 06pY'1CBKa, KYPr. 2, IOJKl!oc 3aYPaJIbe; 15-
MOrHJlbHHK Dcc06a, Kypr. 3, 3anaLlHblH Ka3axcTall; 16- noc. 4epllllroBcKIIH, Kyprall, 4eJlSl61111CKaSl
06J1., IOJKHOC 3aYPaIlbC; 17- HOJKKa CTOJlHKa, MOrHJlbllllK Dec06a. KYPr. 12. 3anaLlHblH Ka3axCTaH;
18 - XYT. KpacHoLlBopCKHH, norpc6ellllc, pOcToBcKaSl 06Il., HUJKl!ce IT0i10Ilbe; 19 - CTOJIIIK H pa3 c
BcpTKa 4JpH3a, XYT. KpbIJlOBCKHH, KypraH, IOJKl!oC ITpHYPaJIbC; 20 - CTOJIlIK H npopHcoBKa JpH3a,
ypO'1HUlC KypaHJlH, 3anaLlHblH Ka3aXCTaH; 21 - CH6aHcKHe KypraHbl, rpynna II, Kypr. 13, 10;KHoc
f1pHYPaIlbe.
Ta6J1Hua 42. KaMeHHbie «CTOJlHKH» C reoMeTpH'tecKHM opHaMeHToM:
I - KpblJlOBCKl1H KypraH, OpcH6yprcKaSl 06Il., 10JKHOC ITpHYPaIlbe: 2 - [)JparMeHT OBaJlbHOrO
HJlH Kpymoro CTOJlHKa, AJlallLlCKOc I, KYPr. I, Opell6yprcKaSl 06J1., 10JKHOC ITpHypaJIbC: 3-5 - Ha-
ropHeHCKl1H MOrHJlbHIIK, Kypr.9, 3anai1HblH Ka3axcTaH; 6 - MOnIJlbHHK DlIw-Y6a y i1Cp. f1epeBo-
JlOyaH, IOJKHOC ITpnypaIlbe; 7 - noc. YepHSlKII. KYPr. 36, 4eJlSl611HCKaSl 06J1., 1O;Klloe 3aYPaIlbC; 8-
ypOYIIUlC MaSl'-lHaSl ropa, CJI)"1aHHaSl HaXOLlKa, 10JKHOC ITpHYPaIlbe: 9 - 6blBwaSl TypraHcKaSl 06J1.,
rpa6HTCJlbCKHe pacKonKII; 10 - XYT. BeceIlblH, KypraH, IOJKHOC ITpHypaJIbe; II - AJlbMyxa-
MCTOBCKIIH MOnIJlbHHK, KYPr. 8, 10JKHOC ITpHypaJIbe; 12- YBaKcKHH MonWbHHK, KYpr. 7, norp. I,
IOJKHOC ITpHYPaIlbC; 13- KypraH, C. KaTaHCKOC, IOJKHoe ITpHypaJIbe; 14- 6IlIO;!0 Ha 1l0JKKe, MO-
rHJlbHIIK ITSlTHMapbl II, KYPr. 5, IOJKHoe ITpllYPaIlbe; 15 - KypraHHlliI rpynna Me'-lCT-Cail, Kypr. 10,
norp. 2, IOJKHOC ITpHypaJIbe; 16- KypraH )/(aIlrbI3-06a, 3anaLlHblH Ka3axCTall; 17- C. ITpc06pa-
JKeHCKOe, KYPr. I, lOiKHoe npHYPaIlbC.
244
245
TaoJl"ua 43. V1306paJKeHHSI CYll\eCTB. He HaXOLlSlll\HX ce6e npSlMblX aH3JlOfHH; HX BHLlbt
onpe,!{eJlHTb B HeKOTopblX cJlY'taSlx 3aTpY,!{HHTeJlbHO H3-3a CO'teTaHHSI B HHX npH3HaKOB Pa3-
HbtX JKHBOTHbIX:
I - rpe6eHb. KOCTb, V B. ):\0 H. 3., C. BapHa, KYPr. 2, norp. 2, IOJKHOe 3aYPaIlbe; 2 - ( YTJlSlp KO-
nbSl, KOCTb, KOH. VI-nepB. nOJl. VB. ):\0 H. 3., EmOMeH JeJlb):\, KYPr. A12, HHJKHee nOBOJlJKbe; 3-
06KJ1a):\Ka. KOCTb, IV B. ):\0 H. 3, noc. MaTBeeBCKI!H, KYPr. 3, IOJKHoe npl!ypaIlbe; 4 - rpaBHpoBaHHblH
PHCYHOK Ha JlOnaCTH pe3HoH JlOJKKI!. KOCTb, BTOp. nOJl. VI B. ):\0 H. 3., KypraH, ypOYHUle EHw-06a,
IOJKHoe npHYPaIlbe; 5 - peJlbe( HOe H306paJKeHIJe Ha KOTJle, 6poH3a, V B. ):\0 H. 3., CJlyyaHHaSl Haxo):\-
Ka Y c. PaXHHKa, HHJKHee nOBOJlJKbe; 6 - HaBepwHe, KOCTb, VB. ):\0 H. 3., EmoMeHljJeJlb):\, KYPr. A12,
HHJKHee nOBOJlJKbe.
1-2 - C6pYHHbie 6J1S1WKH, 6poma, VB. ):\0 H.3., MOrl!JlbHHK KpHBaSl JIYKa VlIl, Kypr.5,
nor . 16, HHJK ee f1oBOJlJKbe; 3 - 061!BKa cocy):\a, 30JlOTO, VB. ):\0 H. 3., KypraH Ea6bl, npll):\Henpo-
Bbe, 4 - c6pYl!HaSl npSlJKKa, 6poma, VII B. ):\0 H. 3., MOrlJJlbHHK YHrapaK, KYPr. 27, npHapaJIbe; 5 _
06HBKa cocy):\a, 30JlOTO, VB. ):\0 H. 3., MOrl\JlbHHK Ca30HKHH Eyrop, KYPr. 2. HI!JKHee nOBOJlJKbe' 6-
c6pyHHaSl 6J1S1xa, 6poma, V B. ):\0 H. 3., XoweYTOBO, HHJKHee nOBOJlJKbe; 7 - 06HBKa cocy):\a 3dJlOTO
VB. ):\0 H. 3., VII VlCllaHOBa MOrHJla, KYPr. 7, norp. 3, npl!):\HenpoBbe; 8 - HaWHBlIlliI 6J1S1WKa: 30JlOTO:
VB. ):\0 H. 3., MOrHJlbHlIK HOBOOpCKHH II, Kypr. 5, norp. 4, IOJKHOe npl!YPaIlbe; 9-/0 - Y3):\eYllble
YKpaweHiISl, ):\epeBo, V B. ):\0 H. 3., 3-H na3blpblKCKI!H KypraH, AnTai1; 11-12 - c6pyi1Hble nO):\BeCKI!,
):\epeBo. VI B. ):\0 H. 3., 2-H TY3KTHHCKHH KypraH, AJlTaH; 13 - c6pyiiHaSl nO):\BeCKa, ):\epeBo, VI B. ):\0
H. 3., I-H Ty3KTHHCKHH KypraH, AJlTaH.
TaoJl"ua 45. V1306paJKeHHSI XHll\HOH nTHUbl, Tep3alOll\eH JKepTBY, H3 IOJKHoro npH-
yp3JIbSl H HHJKHero nOBOJlJKbSl H HKoHorpa<j>H'tecKHe aH3JlOrHH K HHM B CKH<j>CKOM HCKycCTBe;
1-2- c6pyHHbie 6J1S1XH, 6poma, c. HOBblH KYMaK. KYPr. 7, norp. I, IOJKHoe f1pHYPaIlbe; 3-
5 - C6pYHHbie 6J1S1XH, 6poma. MOrHJlblHlK CblllTaC, Kypr. I, norp. I, 3ana):\HblH Ka3axcTaH; 6 - 6J1S1-
xa, 6poma, XYT. WYHTYK, CeBepHblii KaBKa3; 7 - c6pYHHaSl 6J1S1xa, 6pOll3a, JIyroBoH MOrHJlbHHK, Ce-
BepHblH KaBKa3; 8 - 6J1S1xa, 6poma, MOrllJlbHHK Kpl!BaSl 11YKa VlIl, KYPr. 5, norp. 16. HI!JKHee f10-
BOJlJKbe; 9 - 6J1S1xa nOSlCHlliI, 6poH3a, 30JlOTOH KypraH 6J1H3 r. CI!M{(JepOnOJlSl, KPbIM; /0 - c6pyHHaSl
6J1S1xa, 6poma, c. )/(YPoBKa, KYPr. f, npl!):\HenpoBbe; II - ((mrypHaSl nJlaCTHHa Ha KOHue nCaJlHSI,
6poma, CeMH6paTHHe KypraHbl, KYPr. 3, npl!Ky6allbe; 12- 06KJ1a):\Ka ):\epeBSlHHoro cocy):\a, 30JlOTO,
npHKy6aHbe: 13-15 - 06KJ1a):\KH ):\epeBSlHHbIX COCY):\OB, 30JlOTO, I-SI 3aBa):\cKaSl MOrHJla, npH):\Henpo-
Bbe; 16 - 6J1S1WKa, 30JlOTO, KypraH KYJlb-06a, KPbIM; 17 - 6J1S1xa, 6pOll3a, KypraH y c. CTapHua,
HHJKHee f1oBOJlJKbe.
TaoJl"ua 49. BapHauHH cHMMeTpH'tHbIX KOMn03HuHH H3 CLlBoeHHblX rOJlOBOK KOnbtT-
HbtX JKHBOTHblX H rpH<j>oHoB B HCKyccTBe eBpa3HHCKHX KO'teBHHKOB:
I - KOJlyaHHblH KpIOK. 6poma, cJlyyaHHaSl HaXO):\Ka, c. HeMyaHKa, HIIJKllee f1oBOJlJKbe' 2-
c6pyHHlliI 6J1S1xa, 6poma. VB. ):\0 H. 3., )/(ypOBKa, Kypr. B, f1pH):\HenpoBbe; 3 - npSlJKKa, 30JlOT , II-
I BB. ):\0 H. 3., TYJlxa CKHH MOrHJlbHHK, KYPr. XVI (I), MeJKLlypeYbe AMy):\apbH H Cblp):\apbH, Cpe):\HSISI
A3HSI: 4-5 - C6pYHH:le npSlJKKH, por KOJlJleKUHSI <l>pOJlOBa, AnTaH; 6 - c6pyHHaSl npSlJKKa. 6poma,
V-IV BB. ):\0 H. 3., I-H <l>HJll!nnOBCKHI! KypraH, IOJKHOe f1pHYPaJIbe; 7 - c6pYHHaSl npSlJKKa, 6pOll3a,
VB. ):\0 H. 3., MOrHJlbHHK bmTac I, norp. 2, 3anaLlHblH Ka3axcTaH; 8 - c6pYHHaSl npSlJKKa, 6poH3a,
VB. ):\0 H. 3.. MHHYCI!HCKHH oKpyr, cJlyyaHHaSl HaXO):\Ka, KOJlJleKUHSI JIonaTHHa, IOJKHaSl CH6Hpb' 9-
c6pYHHaSl npSlJKKa, 6poma, VB. ):\0 H. 3., )/(YPOBKa, KYPr. 400, npH):\HenpoBbe; 10 - c6pyiiHaSl PSlJK-
Ka, 6poma, VB. ):\0 H.3., KpaCHOSlpCKHH KpaH, c. KaBKa3CKOC, cJlyyaHHlliI HaxO):\Ka, KOIlJleKWISI E. K. Te-
BSlWOBa, JKHaSl CH6Hpb; II - c6pyHHaSl pSlJKKa, JKeJle3016poma (?), V B. ):\0 H. 3., 03. KaHpaHKYJlb,
KYCTaHaHCKaSl 06J1, Ka3axcTaH; 12 - c6pym1aSl npSlJKKa, 6poma, VB. ):\0 H. 3., 06pyyeBCKIJH MOrl\Jlb-
HHK, Kypr. 2, 3aypaJIbe; 13 - C6pYHHlliI npSlJKKa, 6poma, VB. ):\0 1/. 3., MOrHJlbHHK KaHpaKTaC, KYPr. I,
CeMHnaJIaTHHCKlliI 06J1., Ka3aXCTaH; 14 - c6pyHllaSl npSlJKKa, 6poma, V-III BB. ):\0 H. 3., MOrHJlbllHK
CH6HpKa, Kypr. I, AJlTaH; 15 - c6pyHHaSl npSlJKKa, 6poma, VII B. ):\0 H.3., MOrHJlbHHK YHrapaK,
KYPr. 66, npHapaJIbe; 16 - HaBepwHe HOJKa, 6pOll3a, VI B. ):\0 11. 3., cJlyyaHHaSl lIaXO):\Ka B OKpeCTHO-
CTSIX r. MHHYCI!HCKa, IOJKHaSl CH6Hpb; 17 - PYYKa 3epKaIla, 6poma, VB. ):\0 H.3., MlJllYCHIICKaSl
CTenb, IOJKHaSl CH61Jpb; 18 - pYYKa 3epKaIla, 6pOlIJa, VB. ):\0 1/. 3., cJlyyaHllaSl HaXO):\Ka B C. Eo-
pO):\HHO, MHHYCHHCKHH oKpyr. KOJlJleKUHSI JIonanma, IOJKHlliI C1I6Hpb.
TaoJl"ua 44. V1306paJKeHHSI cueH Tep3aHHSI H3 nOBOJl)I(CKHX H npHyp3JIbCKHX naMSlTHH-
KOB CKH<j>cKoro BpeMeHH H aH3JlOrHH K HHM:
I - pe3HlliI nJlaCTHHa, por JlOCSI, MOrHJlbHHK f1S1THMapbl I, KYPr. 4. MOr. 3, IOJKHoe npHYPaIlbe;
2-3 - pyYKH cocy):\a, 30JlOTO, I-H <l>HJlHnnOBCKHH KypraH, IOJKHOe npHypaJIbe; 4 - Y3):\eYHaSl 6J1S1-
xa, ):\epeBo, 4-H na3blpblKCKHH KypraH, AJlTaH; 5 - nJlaCTHHa-OKOBKa, 30JlOTO, I-H <l>I\JIHnnOBCKHH
KypraH, IOJKHoe npHYPaIlbe; 6 - HaKOHeYHHK, 30JlOTO, CH61!pCKaSl KOJlJleKUHSI neTpa I; 7 - YepeHOK
JlOJKKIof. KOCTb, HHKOJlbCKI!H MOrHJlbHI!K, KYPr. 15, norp. I, I-IIIJKHee nOBOJlJKbe.
TaoJl"ua 46. Pe3Hbte KOCTSlHbte JlOJKe'tKH C 300MOp<j>HbtMH H306paJKeHHSlMH:
I - MOrHJlbHHK CblHTac, KYPr. I, norp. 3, KOH. VI-nepB. nOJl. V B. ):\0 H. 3., 3anaLlHblH Ka3ax-
CTaH; 2 - ypOYHUle EHw-06a, KypraH, KOH. VI B. ):\0 H. 3., IOJKHoe npHYPaIlbe; 3 - KypraH )/(aIlrblJ-
06a, KOH. VI-nepB. nOJl. V B. ):\0 H. 3., 3ana):\lIblH KaJaXCTaH; 4 - MOrHJlbHHK KOMblc-CaH, V B. ):\0
H. 3., 3ana):\HblH Ka3axcTaH; 5 - MOrHJlbHHK CblIlTaC, Kypr. 2, KOH. VI-nepB. nOJl. V B. ):\0 H. 3., 3a-
naLlHblH Ka3axcTaH; 6 - MOrHJlbHHK CbIHTaC, KYPr. I, norp. 2, KOH. VI-nepB. nOJl. VB. ):\0 H. 3., 3a-
na):\HblH Ka3axcTaH; 7- MOrHJlbHHK f1S1THMapbll, Kypr. 4, MOr. I, VB.):\O H. 3., IOJKHOe npHYPaIlbe;
8 - CH6aHcKHe KypraHbl, rpynna II, Kypr. 3, V B. ):\0 H. 3., IOJKHoe npHYPaIlbe; 9 - KypraHHaSl rpyn-
na JIanacHHa y c. 11106HMoBKa. Kypr. I, IV B. ):\0 H. 3., 10JKHOe npHYPaIlbe; /0 - C060JleBCKHH KYP-
raH, Hay. VB. ):\0 H. 3., IOJKHoe nplJypaJIbe; II - HHKOJlbCKHH MOrl!JlbHI!K, Kypr. 15, VB. ):\0 II. 3.,
HHJKHee nOBOJlJKbe; 12 - MOrl\JlbHHK Kpl!BaSl JIYKa XVII, Kypr. 15, norp. 2, VB. ):\0 H. 3., I-IIlJKllee
nOBOJlJKbe; 13 - KypraH y c. BHwlleBKa, norp. 3, VB. ):\0 H. 3., HI!JKHee nOBOJlJKbe; 14 - MOrHJlbHHK
HapTaH, Kypr. 6, VI B.):\O H. 3., CeBepHblH KaBKa3; 15 - c. fpyweBKa, KYPr. 5, norp. I, IV (?) B.):\O H. 3.,
npH):\HenpOBbe, npaB06epeJKbe; 16 - MOrl!JlbHHK HOBblH KyMaK, IOJKHOe npHYPaIlbe.
TaoJl"ua 50. )].Byrop6btH Bep6J11O,!{ H BapHaUHH ero H306paJKeHHH:
1- Bep6mo):\-6aKTpHaH ( JOTOrpal HSI); 2 - HaBepwlle 6YJlaBKH, 6poma, VIII-VII BB. ):\0 H. 3.,
11YPl!cTaH; 3 - 6J1S1WKa, CeBepHaSl MOllromlSl; 4 - KOMn03IJUI!SI lIa KOCTSlHOii nOSlCHOH nJlaCTHHe,
Cpe):\HSISI A3HSI; 5 - PYKOSlTb KI!HJKaIla, JparMeHT, 30JlOTO, 61ofp103a, rpal/aT, I B. H. 3., KypraH y
r. A30Ba; 6 - mrypKa, CeBepHaSl MOllromlSl; 7 - HaCKaIlbHOe H306paJKeHHe, CYJleK, XaKaCI!SI; 8-
( HrypKa, CeBepHaSl MOHrOJlHSI.
TaoJl"ua 47. CHMMeTpH'tHble KOMn03HuHH H3 CLlBoeHHblX npoToM, nOCTpoeHHblx Ha S-06-
pa3HOH KpHBOH:
1- n,laCTI!HyaTlliI HaKJIa):\Ka, JO,10TO, I-H <l>I!JlHnnOBCKl!ii KypraH, IOJKHoe npHYPaIlbe; 2 - Ha-
WHBHaSl 6J1S1WKa, 30JlOTO, c. f1oKpoBKa, KYPr. 2, IOJKHoe npllypa.Hbe; 3 - 6J1S1xa, 6poma, CeBepHblH
KHTaii, UeHTpaIlbHaSl A3HSI; 4 - 6J1S1xa, 6poma, CeBepHblH KHTaii, UeHTpaIlbHaSl A3IJSI; 5 - 6J1S1xa,
6poma, CeMH6paTHHe KypraHbl, Kypr. 3, npHKy6aHbe; 6-7 - yKpaweHIISI ceLlJla, BoiiJlOK, MOrHJlbHHK
AK-Anaxa I, Kypr. I, AnTaH; 8 - YKpaWel!lIe ceLlJla, BOHJlOK, 2-ii Eawa):\apcKHH KypraH, A.'1TaH; 9-
HaWHBHlliI 6J1S1WKa, 30JlOTO, V-IV BB. ):\0 H. 3., MOrHJlbHHK MOJlaIlbl, Kypr. 21, Ka3axcTaH.
TaoJl"ua 51. V1306paJKeHHSI CTOSlll\HX Bep6J1IOLlOB H Bep6J1IOJKbHX rOJlOB:
1- ):\eTaIlb KOHCKOro y60pa, ):\epeBo, VI B. ):\0 H. 3., I-H TY3KTHI/CKHH KypraH, AJlTaH; 2 - npo-
HH3b, 6poH3a, MOrHJlbHHK YHrapaK, Kypr.47, f1pHapaIlbe; 3 - 6J1S1xa, 6poH3a, MOrllJlbHHK Eec06a,
Kypr. 9, 3ana):\HblH Ka3axcTaH; 4 - OKOHyaHIIC nCaJlHSI, 6pOlna, XoweYToBo, HHJKHee nOBOJlJKbe; 5,
8, 14 - YKpaweHHSI COCY):\OB, 30JlO1'O, V-IV BB. ):\0 H. 3., I-H <l>HJlllnnOBCKHH KypraH, IOJKHOe f1pH-
ypaJIbe; 6 - 6J1S1xa OT Y3):\eYHOrO Ha60pa, 6poma, HaropllellCKI!H MOrHJlbHI!K, KYPr. 3, norp. 14, 3a-
na):\HblH Ka3axcTaH; 7 - 6J1S1xa OT Y3):\eYHOrO Ha60pa, 6poH3a, cJlyyaHllaSl HaXO):\Ka, 3ana):\Hblii Ka3ax-
CTaH; 9- ):\eTaIlb KYPHJlbHHUbl, 6poma, V-III BB. ):\0 H. 3., VlCCbIK-KYJlb; 10 - 6J1S1WKa, 6pOllJa, V-
III BB. ):\0 H. 3., Y JlaHroMcKHH MOrl\JlbHHK, 3ana):\HaSl MOHrOJlHSI; II - HaBepWlJe, 6poH3a, cJlyyaHHaH
HaXO):\Ka, <l>HJlHnnOBKa, IOJKHOC f1pHYPaJIbe; 12 - Y3):\eYHaSl 6J1S1xa, 6poma, IV-III BB. ):\0 H.3.,
MOHrOJlHSI; 13, 15- mrYPKH, CeBepHaSl MOHroJlI!SI; 16- ):\eTaJlb nOSlCHoro Ha60pa, 6poma, MO-
rHJlbHHK CbmY'JHH Jlp, Kypr. 4, MOr. 2, TYBa; 17 - 6J1S1xa, 6poma, V-III BB. ):\0 H. 3., UeHTpaIlbHaSl
A3I!SI.
TaoJl"ua 48. BapHaUHH KOMn03HuHH C CHMMeTpH'tHO C,!{BoeHHbtMH rOJlOBKaMH B na-
MSlTHHKax eBpa3HHCKHX KO'teBHHKOB:
TaoJl"ua 52. V1306paJKeHHSI 60PIOll\HXCSI Bep6J1IOLlOB:
I - JparMeHT aMYJleTa, KaMeHb, py6eJK 3-2-ro TbIC. ):\0 H. 3., TOrOJlOK 21, MaprHaHa, Cpe):\HSISI
A3HSI; 2 - 6J1S1xa OT KOHCKoro y60pa, 6poma, MOrl\JlbHHK f1S1THMapbl I, Kypr. 8, IOJKHoe npHYPaIlbe;
3-4 - 6J1S1XH OT KOHCKoro y60pa, 6poma, MOrHJlbHI!K Eec06a. KYPr. 5, 3ana):\HblH Ka3aXCTaH; 5 -
6J1S1WKa, 30JloTo,V-IV BB. ):\0 H. 3., <l>HJlHnnOBCKHH KypraH, IOJKHOe npHYPaIlbe; 6 - 6J1S1xa, 6poma,
246
247
V-IV BB. LlO H. 3., <l>HJlHnnOBCKHH KypraH, IOJKHOC npHYPaIlbC; 7 - BopBopKa, JOJlOTO, V-IV BB.
LlO H. 3., <l>HJlHnnOBCKHH KypraH, IOJKHOC npHYPaIlbC.
rypbeBCKaSl 06J1. (?), 3anaLlHblH Ka3axcTaH; 10 - MOrl1J1bHHK neTPYHHI102, KYPr. I, norp. 14, HHJK-
Hec nOBOnJKbe; 11 - CJlyyaHHaJI HaXOLlKa, Llep. BaHlowlI, lfeJlSl6HHCKaSl 06I1., IOJKHOC 3aypaJIbC; 12-
MOfHJlbHHK KapaMypYH II, KYPr. I, naBJlOLlapCKaSl 06J1., 3anaLlllblH KaJaXCTaH; 13- WaxpHBaHpOI1-
CKIIH MOrHJlbHHK, Kypr. 2, CpeLlHSISI AJHSI: 14 - JIHBaH"aKcKIiH MorIlIlbHHK, KYPr. 16, CpCLlHSISI AJHSI;
15 - Ea6awoBcKHH MorHIlbHHK, orpMa XIV, 25, CpCLlHSISI AJIISI; 16 - MOrHJlbHHK KpacHoropoBKa III,
Kypr. II, norp. 10, HHJKHHH j:{OH; 17 - MOrHJlbHHK j:{OHCKOH, KYPr. I, norp. 21, HUJKHHH j:{OH: 18-
XYTOP BCCCJlblH, KYPr. 3, norp.6, MaHbIY; 19 - MOrUJlbHIIK EeJlOKaMCHKa, KYPr. 7, norp. 3, 3aBoJl-
JKbC: 20 - KypraH y c. E. j:{MHTpHeBKa. CapaToBcKaSl 06,1., HHJKHCC nOBOJlJKbC; 21 _ MOfHJlbl1l1K Y
C. XOWCYTOBO, AXTy6a, ACTpaxallcKaSl 06J1., HHJKHeC nOBOJlJKbC; 22-23 - «j:{aYII», Kyprall y
r. AJOBa, HHJKHUH j:{OH: 24 - MOfHJlbHUK Yl!rapaK, KYPr. 47, npliapaJIbC; 25-26 _ I1pall, JIypH-
CTaH; 27 - norpc6eHHC Ha p. KapraIlHHKC, ypO'HlUlC KapraIlbl, 10JKllbll! KaJaXCTaH; 28 - CJlY'IaHHaSl
HaxoLlKa, I1CCbIK-KYJlb, KHprlBHSI; 29 - norpc6eHUC 6mB r. OMcKa, npUHpTblWbC; 30 _ I-H TY3K-
THHCKIIH KypraH, AJlTaH; 31 - MOfHJlbHIIK YJYHTaJllII, Kypr. 3, AJlTaH; 32 - MOnlIlbl1llK TbITKC-
CKCHb 6, Kypr. 2, AJlTaH; 33 - MOfHJlbHHK YJlaHLlpblK I, Kypr. I, AJlTaH; 34 - MOrHJlbHHK Kap6aH II,
AnTal!; 35 - 4JHrYPKa HJ KOJlJleKuHII BIIT3cHa, IOJKHaSl ClI6l1pb; 36 - nOSlCl1aSl 6J1S1xa HJ CU6HPCKOH
KOJlJleKUHl1 f1eTpa I, IOJKHaJI C1I6Hpb; 37 - CYJlcKcKaSl nllcaHHua, XaKacuSI; 38 - C. KaIlbl, MUHY-
CIIHCKaJI KOTJIOBHHa, IOJKl1aSl ClI6upb: 39 - MOHrOJlIISl, 3aBxaHcKHii AHMaK, UCIiTpaIlblJaSl AJUSI;
40 - CCBcpHaSl MOHroJlI!SI, UCHTpaIlbHaJI AJIISI; 41 - CeBCp1lb11! KIlTaI!, UeliTpaIlbllaSl AJHSI; 42-
OPLlOC, UCHTpaIlbHaSl AJHSI; 43 - MOfHJlbHHK j:{aoLlYHbUJbl, CescpllblH KHTail, Uel1TpaIlbliaSl AJI!SI;
44-45 - OPLlOC, UeHTpaIlbllaSl AJIISI; 46-51 - CCBepHblH KI!TaH, UellTpaIlbIJaSl AJHSI; 52-54-
OPLlOC, UCHTpaIlbHaSl AJHSI; 55--fj2 - CCBCpllbl1! KHTail, UeHTpaIlbHaSl AJIISI; 63 - OpJlaTCKIiH MO-
rHJlbHHK, MHaHKaIlb, CpCLlHSISI AJHSI; 64 - C. ECpCllI, 10JKliaSl CU611pb; 65 - MOrHJlbllHK MaIlTaIlY IV.
Kypr. 16, AJlTaH.
Ta6J1Hu.a 53. DOSlCHble npj(JKKH B-06pa:JHoH H npj(MoyroJlbHoH <\!OpMbl C H306paJKe-
HHj(MH Bep6J1IOLlOB:
1 - 30JlOTO. V-IV BB. LlO H. 3., CII611pCKaJI KOJlJlCKUHSI f1cTpa I; 2 - 6poH 3a, Op oc; 3 - cc-
pc6po, II-I BB. LlO H. 3., OpLlOC; 4 - MOrHJlbHHK j:{aoLlYHbUJbl, 6poH3a, CCBCpHblH KI!TaH: 5 - 6pOH-
3a II-I BB. LlO H. 3., BHYTpCHHSISI MOHrOJlHSI HJlH IOJKHaSl CH6Hpb; 6 - 6poHJa, nOJOJlOTa, IV-III BB.
, 3 3anMHaSl BHyrpCHHSISI MOHroJlHSI: 7 - 6poHJa, II B. LlO H. 3., Ea6awoBcKHII MorHIlbHHK, orpMa
. aBbIH 6epcr AMYLlapbH, TypKMCHHSI; 8 - 6poH3a, II B. LlO H. 3., KpacHoropoBKa III. Kypr. 11,
nor . 10, A30B, HHJKHHH j:{OH; 9 - 6poH3a, II B. LlO H.3., MOfHJlbHIIK EeJlO aMCHKa 88, Kypr.7,
norp.3, HHJKHec nOBOJlJKbC; 10- 6poH3a, II B. r:o H.3., MOrllJlbHHK j:{OHC, KO.H Kypr. I, norp.21,
HHJKHHH j:{OH; 11 - 6poH3a, I B. H. 3.. XYT. BCCCJlblH, Kypr. 3, norp. 6, p. MaHblY, 12 - 6pOHJa, I1paH
(11ypHcTaH): 13 - 6poH3a, CpCLlHSISI AJHSI (7).
Ta6J1Hu.a 54. V1306paJKeHHj( CTOSlWHX H JleJKaWHX Bep6J1IOLlOB B HCKyccTBe Ko'teBHH-
KOB:
1 - <IJparMcHT KOMn03HUHH Ha WnHJlbKC, JOJlOTO, VII B. LlO H. 3., KypraH ApJKaH-2, TYBa; 2-
4JparMeHT KO mOJHUHII Ha rpHBHc, 30JlOTO, VII B. LlO H. 3., KypraH pJKaH-2. TYBa; 3 - 4JparMCHT py-
KOSITH KHHJKaIla, JOJlOTO, 6Hp1OJa, rpaHaT, I B. H. 3., AJOB, HHJKHHI1 j:{OH; 4 - ncpcTcHb, JOJlOTO, 6H-
plOJa, I-II BB. H. 3., ypOYHUlC KapraHbI, KaJaXCTaH: 5 - 6J1S1WKa, 30JlOTO, III-II BB. LlO H. 3., MO-
rHJlbHHK Kap6aH II, CTcnHOH AJlTaH; 6 - LlllaLlCMa, LlCpCBO, II-I BB. LlO H.3., MOrHJlbHHK YJlaHLl-
pblK I, KYPr. I, AJlTaH; 7 - 6J1S1xa, 6poH3a, II B. LlO H. 3., LlCp. Ecpcw, CH6upb; 8 - npSlJKKa 6POl!J ,
IV B. LlO H. 3., CCBCpHblH KHTaH; 9 - npSlJKKa nOSlCHaSl, 6poH3a, IV B. LlO H.:.. CCBCpHblH KHTaH;
10 - KOJlbUO, 6poHJa, II-I BB. LlO H. 3., HUJKHCC nOBOJlJKbC: 11- KOJlyaHHblH KpIOK, 6poHJa, cJly-
'taHHaSl HaXOLlKa, UCHTpaIlbHaSl A3HSI: 12 - HaBcpwllc, 6poHJa, UCHTpaIlbHaJI A3HSI; 13- JCpKaIlO,
6poHJa MOrHJlbHHK TblTKCCKCHb 6, AJlTaH: 14 - JCpKaIlO, 6poH3a, MOrHJlbHIIK Y3YHTaJI III, KYPr. 3,
AJlTaH;' 15- 3CpKaIlO, 6poH3a, MOrHJlbHHK MaJlTaIlY IV, Kypr. 16, AJlTaH.
Ta6J1Hu.a 55. DpOH30Bble npj(MoyroJlbHble npj(JKKH C H306paJKeHHeM 60pb6bI Bep6J1IOLla
C THrpoM:
1 - 3anaLlHblH Ka3axcTaH; 2 - IOJKHoe npl1YPaIlbC; 3 - MOrHJlbHHK KapaMYPYH II. Kypr. I,
IOJKHOC npHypaJIbc; 4 - WaxpHBaHpoH, Kypr. 2, CpCLlHSISI A3uSI; 5 - 11S1BaHLlaK, Kypr. 16, CpCLlHSISI
AJHSI; 6 - MOrHJlbHHK ne-rpYHHHO 2, Kypr. I, norp. 14, HIIJKHCC nOBOJlJKbC.
Ta6J1Hu.a 58. CTaTHcTH'tecKaSl Ta6J1Hua, LleMoHcTpHpYlOwaj( oco6eHHOcTH 0pHaMeHTH-
pOBaHHblx Ka6aHbHx KJlbIKOB H HX HMHTaUHH, HX TeppHTOpHaJIbHOe paCnpeLleJleHHe, Co-
BCTpe'taeMocTb npH3HaKoB H 300MOP<\!HbIX MOTHBOB B HX o<\!0pMJleHHH:
B rpa<IJC «N no KaTaIlOry» HOMepa Llallbl B COOTBCTCTBUH C npHJlOJKCHlieM 2; B rpa(IJe «N lIa Ta6-
JlHuax» HOMcpa COOTBCTCTBYIOT HJlJllOcTpauHSlM Ha Ta6J1HUaX, CBCLlCHHblM no perilOllaIlbHoMy IIpI1H-
UHny.
Ta6J1Hu.a 56. AJKypHble 6pOH30Bble nJlaCTHHbI clOHHycKoro BpeMeHH:
1 - CCBCpHblH KHTaH, UCHTpaIlbHaSl A311S1, II-I BB. LlO H. 3.; 2, 6, 9 - OPLlOC, UCHTpaIlbHaSl
A3HSI; 3, 5 - MOrHJlbHHK j:{aoLlYHbUJbl, CCBepHblH KHTaH, UCHTpaIlbHaSl AJHSI; 4 - C. KaIlbl, MIIHY-
CHHCKaJI CTcnb, IOJKHaSl CH6HPb, UCHTpaIlbllaSl AJHSI; 7 - MOHroJlHSI HJlH IOJKHaSl C116Hpb, UCH-
TpaIlbHaSl A3HSI. II-I BB. LlO H. 3.; 8 - MOHrOJlHSI, UCHTpaIlbHaSl AJIISI; 10 - BHyTpCHHSISI MOHrOJlI1S1,
UCHTpaIlbHaSl AJHSI.
Ta6J1Hu.a 59. KapTa pacnpoCTpaHeHI1S1 HaXOLlOK opHaMeHTHpoBaHHblx KJlbIKOB, HX
HMHTaUHH H npeLlMeToB, CXOJ!HbIX no <\!opMe H aHaJIOrH'tHblX HM no cxeMe o<\!0pMJleHHj(:
HOMcpa Ha KapTC COOTBCTCTBYlOT HOMcpaM no KaTallory (CM. npllJlOJKCl1IlC 2).
N 28, 29 - 3113YKI1 nOCTaBJlCHbl YCJlOBI!O HJ-3a OrpaliHYCHHSI <IJopMaToM paMKI!, B LlCHCTBHTCJlb-
HOCTH nYHKTbl LlOJlJKllbl HaXOLlHTbCSI Ha Kapre YYTb HIIJKC; N 44. 45, 72 II Llp. nOCTaBIICllbl npH6J1H3H-
TCJlbHO TOJlbKO LlJISI <IJIIKcauHI1 perHOl1a, TaK KaK TOY HOC MCCTOHaXOJKLlCHHe l1aXOLlOK HCI1JBCCTHO.
Y C JI 0 B H bl C 060 J Hay C H II SI: 1- opHaMCIITIlpOBallHblC KJlbIKH; II - LlCpCBSlllllblC HMHTa-
UHH KJlbIKOB; III - 6pOH30BbiC HMHTaUHH KJlbIKOB; IV - 30JlOTaSl I1MHTaUHSI KJlblKa; V - poroBblc H
KOCTSlHblC IIMHTaUHH KJlbIKOB; VI- PYYKH 3CpKaIl C aliaIlOrHYHblM LlCKOpOM; VII - Opl1aMeHTHpo-
BaHHblC pora C JOOMOplllHoH H rcoMcTpHYCCKOH opHaMeHTauHCH.
Ta6J1Hu.a 57. KapTa pacnpOCTpaHeHHSI HaxOLlOK C H306paJKeHHj(MH LlByrop6bIX Bep6J11O-
LlOB Ha TeppHTopHH EBp33HH:
Y C JI 0 B H bl C 0603 Hay C H H SI: 1 - 4IHrypa CTOSlUlcro Bcp6J1IOLla 6cJ paMKH: 2 - roJlOBa
Bcp6J1IOLla; 3 - < Hrypa JlCJKaUlCrO Bcp6J1IOLla 6C3 paMKH; 4 - <IJHrypa JlCJKaUlerO Bep6J1IOLla B npSlMo-
yroJlbHoH paMKC; 5 - <!IHrypa CTOSlUlcro Bcp6J1IOLla B npSlMoyroJlbHoH paMKc; 6 - CUCHa 60pb6bl
Bcp6J1IOLlOB B npSlMoyroJlbHoH paMKc: 7 - CUCHa 60pb6bl Bcp6J1IOLla H Tl1rpa B npSlMoyroJlbHo paMKc;
8 - napa npoTHBonOCTaBJlCHHblX Bcp6J1IOLlOB C onyUlcHHblMH rO.10BaMH B npSlMoyro. bHoH paMKc;
9 - napa npOTHBonOCTaBJlCHHblX Bcp6J1IOLlOB C nOLlHSlTblMH roJlOBaMH B npSlMoyroJlbHoH paMKc; 10-
CUCHa 60pb6bl Bcp6J1IOLla C rpH<IJOHoM; II - CUCHa 60pb6bl Bep6J1IOLla C BO,lKOM; 12 - CUCHa 60pb6bl
Bcp6J1IOLla C mrpoM B B-06paJHOH paMKc; 13 - ,1CJKaUlHH Bep6mo:.\ B B-06paJHOH paMKc; 14 - CUCHa
60pb6bl LlBYX Bcp6I1IOLlOB 6cJ paMKH; 15 - CUCHa 60pb6bl Bcp6J1IO:.\a C mrpOM 6C3 paMKH.
C n H C 0 K n a M SI T H H K 0 B: 1-3 - I-H <l>HmmnOBCKI1H KypraH, OpCH6yprcKaSl 06. ., 10)!<HOC
npl1YPaIlbC; 4-5 - MorHIlbHHK Ecc06a, Kypr. 5: 9, 3anaLlHbll! KaJaXCTaH: 6 - MOrllJlbHI!K nSl I!Ma-
pbl I, Kypr. 8, IOJKHOC f1pI!YpaIlbC; 7 - HaropHcHcKHH MOfHIIbHHK, Kypr. 3, norp. 14; 3anaLlHblll Ka-
3axcTaH; 8 - cJly'taHHaJI HaXOLlKa, AKTI06HHcKaSl 06J1., 3anaLlHblH Ka3aXCTaH; 9 - noc. TaCTarblM,
Ta6J1Hu.a 60. OpHaMeHTHpoBaHHble KJlbIKH H HX HMHTauHH H3 naMj(THHKOB HHJKHerO
DOBOJlJKbj(:
1 - nOLlBCCKa YJLlCY, HaJI Ka6aHHH KJlbIK, KOH. VI-Hay. VB. LlO H.3., EJlIOMCH<IJCJlbLl, Kypr. AI2,
HHJKHCC f10BOJlJKbC; 2 - nOLlBCCKa YJLlC'tHaSl, Ka6aHHH KJlbIK, KOII. VI-Hay. V B. LlO H. 3., DJlIOMCII-
<!JCnbLl, K)']Jr. A 12, HHJKHCC nOBOJlJKbC; 3 - nOLlBCCKa npH MCYC, Ka6alll!H KJlbIK, KOH. VI-Hay. V B.
LlO H. 1., EJlIOMCH<!JC,lbLl, Kypr. A 12, HHJKHCC nOBOJlJKbC; 4 - nOLlBCCKa y3LlCYHaSl, 6poHJa, KOH. VI-
Hay. V B. LlO H. 3., EIIIOMeH<!JCJlbLl, KYPr. A 12. HHJKHCe nOBOJlJKbC: 5--fj - nOLlBCCKH y3LlCYHbIC, 6pol1-
Ja, V B. LlO H. 1., XOUleyroBo, HHJKHeC nOBOJlJKbC; 7 - nOLlBeCKa npH MCYC, Ka6aHHI! KJlblK, V B. LlO
H. 3., Ka. HHOBCKHII MOrHJlbIlHK, Kypr. 8, norp. 35, HI!JKHce nOBOIlJKbC; 8-10 - nOLlBeCKIl YJLlCYHbIC,
Ka6aHbl! KJlbl KII , ncpB. nOJl. V B. :.\0 H. 1., C. HOBonpIIBo.1bHOC, paJpYIIICHIIoe norpe6CHUC, HHJKHCC
nOBOnJKbC; 11 - nO:.\BeCKa npll MCYC, Ka6aHHI! KllblK, nepB. nOII. V B. LlO H. 3., MOrUIIbHI!K 3axaHaTa,
Kypr.5, norp.22, HHJKHCC nOBO,lJKbC: 12 - <IJparMeHT nOLlBCCKH (7), Ka6aHuH KJlblK, VB. LlO H. 1.,
MOrll.1bHHK KpHBaSl 11YKa XVII, KYPr. 15, norp.2. HIIJKIICC nOBOJlJKbe; 13 - nOLlBCCKa, Ka6alIHH
KJlblK, V B. LlO H. 3., I-H KypraHHblH MorHIlbllHK y COBXOJa HM. KHpOBa. Kypr. 9, norp. 20, HHJKHCC no-
BOJlJKbe; 14- nOLlBccKa. Ka6aHliH KJlbIK, V B. LlO H. 3., ECpCJKIIOBCKUH MorIlIlbHHK, rpynna II,
248
249
KYPr. 97, norp. 3, HHJKHee f1oBOIlJKbe; 15- nO BeCKa, Ka6aHHH KJlbIK, V B. o H. 3., <1>pH eH6epr
(MHpHoe), rpynna I, KYPr. 5. norp. 1, HIIJKHee f1oBOJlJKbe.
Ta6JIHua 64. OplofaMeHTl1pOBaHHble Ka6aHbl1 KJlbIKH H I1X I1MI1TaUHI1 113 KpbIMa 11
f1pHLlHenpOBbSl:
1 - nO BeCKa. KJlblK Ka6aHa, oKpecTHocTH r. KepYH: 2 - nO BeCKa, KJlblK Ka6aHa 111 KOJlJleKUHH
XaHeHKo, JleB06epeJKbe l{Henpa; 3 - nOLlBeCKa, KJlblK Ka6aHa. 6bIBwee IIMeHHe TaJlaeBoH, Kypr. 3,
KpblM; 4 - nO BeCKa, KJlblK Ka6aHa, V-Hay. IV B. O H. 3., ropo lIwe fJly60KaSl npHCTaHb, xopa
OJlbBIIH, HHJKHee n06YJKbe; 5 - nO BeCKa, KJlblK Ka6aHa, POMellcKaSl rpynna, npH HenpoBbe; 6 -
nO BeCKa (06J10MOK). KJlblK Ka6aHa, nepB. nOJl. V B. O H. 3.. C. Me epoBo, KHpoBorpa cKaSl 06J1.. npa-
Bo6epen<be l{Henpa; 7 - nO BeCKa y' eYHaSl, 6poma, nepB. nOJl. V B. o H. 3., C. MaKeeBKa, npaB06e-
peJKbe Cpe Hero l{lIenpa: 8-9 - nO BeCKH y3 eYHble, 6poH3a, nacTblpcKoe ropo Hwe; 10 - no -
BeCKa. K.1b1K Ka6aHa, )!(YPOBKa, npaB06epeJKbe l{Henpa: 11 - nO BeCKa, KJlblK Ka6alla, POMeHcKaSl
rpynna. npH HenpoBbe; 12 - nO BeCKa, KJlblK Ka6aHa, fYJlSli1-ropo ; 13 - KJlblK Ka6aHa, KOH. I-
Hay. II B. H. 3., HeKpOnOJlb naHTHKaneSl, I)ocnop, KpblM.
1, 2 - nCaIlHH KOCTblp ( ? ) I)
KocTh/por (?) , or . ,MOrllJlbHHK OpOTaIl, OJlHHa AJlarOHIl, AnTaH; 3 - nCaIl
nc . , I BToP ' nOJl. VI-nepB. nOJl. V B. o H. 3., MorlUlbHHK TaIl y p a I K yp r 4 AJI . 4 HH ,
aIlHH, KOCTb por (?) V B K ' " Tall -
IV BB . , . o H. 1., MOrHJlbHHK OK-CY I, KYPr. 26. AJlTaH' 5 - nCaIlHH '
. o H. 3., MOrHJlbHHK A3po poMHblH norp. 11 AnTaH' 6 8 _' , por, V-
<1>pOJlOBa, fVlM AnTaH' 7 nC " H ' I ( ? ) ' V IV " nCaIlliH, por, 6bIBwaSl KOJlJleKUHSI
, ,- . Ii, KOCTb por ., - BB o H 3 OK K
TpaIlbHblH KaBKa3' 9 _ nCaIlHH P o r V IV "" p. r. HCJlOBO cKa, UeH-
T1 1 ' ., - BB. o H. 3., MOrllJlbllllK TepHoBoe 1 4
,,-,OH; 0 - nCaIlHH, KocTb/por 0) V-III BB. o H 3 JleB06e p eJKbe P B A - ,KYPr. ,Cpe HHH
f1pHKaMbe' 11 6 ' . " . SlTKII prblJKCKOe ropO H
, - pYYKa pOH30BOro 3epKaIla, KocTb/por (7), V-IV BB. o II '3 K we,
BOJlOCTb; 12- pYYKa 6poH30Boro 3epKaIla, KocTb/por (?) V-IV B . " ypraH, C060HeBcKaSl
OpeH6yprcKoH 06J1.. KYPr. 3; 13 _ nCaIlHi1. MOrllJlbHHK'Kap6all I. :;p ;'- ';: IIJlbHHK y noc. Capa,
Ta6JIHua 66. 3epKaJla C BblcTynoM H CTHJlHCTH'teCKHe
HHX. aHaJlOrHI1 K 11306paJKeHHSlM Ha
1 - 3epKaIlO C 11306paJKeHHeM JlOWa H, npOIiCXOJK.L\eHHe Helof3BeCT . 2
HHeM Ka6aHa, CeJlHTpeHHoe ropO Hwe ACTpaxaHc 6' 3 110, - 3epKaIlO C H306paJKe-
3yeBcKIli1 MOrHJlbllllK norp 87' 4 _ 3 P KaSl 0 JI., - 3epKaIlO C 11306paJKeHHeM Ka6aHa
A '" KaIlO C BYMSI BblcTynaMII VIII-VII B '
HaSl 311S1 HJlH KHTaH; 5 _ 1epKaIlO IX-VII C . B. o H. 3., UellTpaIlb-
, BB. O H. 3., eBepHbli1 KHTall' 6
JKeHHeM cBepHYBwerocSI XIlWHHKa KOJlneKuHSll{ 0 ' - 3epKaIlO C H106pa-
JlO. HaXO Ka y p. Ka3aHKH TaTap TaH' - 8 9 _ n: Tp ' PTllc , a, np )!( oHCXOJK eHHe He1l3BecTHo; 7 - 3epKa-
h T ' , , OfJIH! Ibl, aIlTblpaK- Taw Kll p rH . 10
porJIIIII', aIlaCCKaJI OJlIIHa KHprlI3HSI' 11 ne Y ,111S1, - neT-
npe MeT B BH e Tpy60YKIof, ix-vII BB.' o 1 1 ZPOrJIIH cTb}Y6a III, IOJKllaSl ClI6l1pb; 12-
KOJlJleKUHSI fl. K <1>pOJlOBa' 14 "3e p K " eBepllblH KIITall. 1 3 - 6yxMapMHHcKoe 3epKaJlO
15 . ,- aIlO, MOrHJlbHIofK Y C 111MaiUloBKa Bo K '
- KaMellHoe 6J11o 0, MOrHJlbHHK YHra aK n Ha aIlbe' . , CTOYHblH a3axcTaH;
MOrHJlbHHK YHrapaK, f1pHapaIlbe' 17- / ' p p , 16 - eTaIlb C6pYIIHOro Ha60pa, 6poma,
. TaIlb YKpaweHIlSI KOTJla, CeMllpeYbe, Ka3axcTaH.
Ta6JIHua 67. KapTa naMSlTHHKOB HHJKHero f10BOJlJKbSl H IOJKHoro
XO Ll KaM f1pHYpaJIbSl C Ha-
11 xYLlOJKeCTBeHHblx H3LleJlHH «3BepHHoro CTHJlSI».
1 - XYT. KpacHo BopcKHi1' 2 - XYT BeceJlbli1 K
«TpH 6paTa»' 4 _ C VlBaHoBKa"5 . K ' ypraHHblll MOrllJlbHHK; 3 - KypraliHaSl rpynna
, . , - MOrlUlbHHK OMCOMOIlbCKHi1' 6 C>
MOrHJlbllHK K p HBaSl 11 Y Ka' 8 - 3 . - eJlHTpelllloe ropo lIwe' 7-
, OJlOTywHHcKoe' 9 - Xowe Y T . 10 '
11 - PaxHIlKa cJlyyaHHaSl HaXO"Ka' 12 'I:' OBO, - MOrHJlbllllK KaIlHHOBCKHH'
1 ' ,.., - MOrHJlbHHK DCJ!OKaMeIlKa' 13 fI '
4 - MOrHJlbHHK HHKOJlbCKHH' 15 _ MOJlyaHOBKa' 16 I) ,- MOrHJlbllllK eTpYHIofHo 2;
11J10BaTKa; 19 _ <1>pH eH6epr '(MHpHoe)' 20- M r - e C peJKHOBKa I ; 17 - I)JIIOMelH'leJlb ; 18-
PTH w eBo' 2 3 _ ,HJlbIlHK YCJlOBCKIIH; 21 - c. KOBbIJlOBKa' 22-
, cJlyyaHHaSl HaXO Ka Ha P Ka . 24 '
c. PblcaHKHHo' 26 _ C I1pKYJlb Ope 6 . 3a 6 HKe, - cIlyyallllaSl HaXO Ka. KYH6blllleB; 25-
,. H yprcKoll 0 JI cJlyYa 2 7
HaSl HaXO Ka' 28 _ c. HOBaSl 1)0r aHoBKa " HllaSlllaXO Ka; - c. nbSlHoBKa, cJlyyaH-
, , cJlyyaHHaSl HaXO Ka' 29 - C 11106HMOB . 30 C 6
CKaSl BOJlOCTb, KypraH; 31 _ xyr. KpbIJlOBCKHH' 32 _ C . . Ka, - 0 OJleB-
Haxo Ka; 33 _ noc. HeueHcKHH CJI " aH . .. A6paMoBKa, ypOY. 4epl1aSl ropa, cJlyyaHHaSl
. y, HaSl lIaXO Ka 34 - Vlce p nlll
MaSlYHaSl ro p a' 36 _ ne pe ' CKaSl, cJlyyallllaSl HaXO Ka; 35 -
. BOJlOyaHCKHH MOrHJlbIlHK' 37 K .
38- KypraliHaSl rpynna I)Hc-06a' 39- TaM a -YTK' . - )praHHaSl rpynna AJle6aCTpoBa ropa:
KypraHHaSl rpynna f1S1THMapbl I' 42 _ P YJlb, 40 - KyprallHaSl rpynna MeyeT-Cai1; 41-
44 _ KypraHHaSl rpynna y C n K P oBKa raHHaSl rpynna SlTIofMapbl II; 43 - MOrlofJlbHHK CblHTac;
. ,- MOrHJlbllHK Dec06a' 46 - CT Ca p a' 47 Y C
KypraHHblH MOrHJlbHHK' 48 _ MaTBeeBcKHH CJI ' ., - PaIl- aH,
HaXO Ka' 50 _ AJI' ,yyaHiIaSl HaXO Ka; 49 - noc. TacTarblM cJlyyaHHaJI
, aH CKoe, cJlyyaHHaJI HaXO Ka' 51 AJI '
rHJlbHHK 06pyyeBCKHH' 53 4 ,- aH CKoe, KypraHllaSl rpynna; 52 - MO-
noc n epeBOJlO U aH ' 56 ' C - epllHroBcKIIH; 54 - KypraHHblH MOrHJlbHHK y C. Ba p Ha' 55-
. , - HHerJIa30BO' 57 4 6 '
ep. BaHIOWH' 59 MOrHJlbHIIK l)e p wH 'a H - K eJlSl HHCKaSl 06J1., cJlyyai1l1aSl lIaxo Ka; 58-
6 ' II, OBblH YMaK' 60 - AKTI06HllcKa 06
XO Ka; 1 - MOrHJlbllHK KYMHc-CaH (KoMllccaH)' 62 _' I) -06' 63 SI JI., cJlYY lIl1aSl lIa-
64 _ CTaBponoIlbcKIIH KJla ' 65 _ H ' ypOY. HW a, - C. HOBblH KYMaK;
6aHcKHe K yp raH bl ' 68 0 ' ",aropllellcKHH MOrHJlbIlHK; 66 - C. HOBOnpIlBOJlblloe' 67 - CH-
, - M rliJlbHHK JB blK. .
Ta6J1l1ua 61. OpHaMeHTl1pOBaHHble Ka6aHbH KJlblKH 11 I1X HMI1TaUHI1 H3 IOJKHoro npl1-
ypaJIbSl 11 Ka3axcTaHa:
1 _ nCaIlHH, Ka6allHH KJlbIK, V B. o II. 3., C. Baplla, 4eJlSl6lillCKaJI 06J1., KYPr. 2, 10JKlloe 3aypa-
JIbe; 2 _ nO BeCKa Y3 e<lHaSl, 6poma, nepB. nOJl. V B. O II. 3., MOrHJlbllllK l)ec06a, KYPr. 5, 3ana lIblH
Ka3axcTall; 3-5 - nO BeCKH Y3 eYllble, 6poma, V B. o II. 3., nSITHMapbl 1, KYPr. 4, norp. 3; KYPr. 6;
KYPr. 8, IOJKlloe f1pHYPaIlbe; 6 - nO BeCKa Y3 eYllaSl, 6pOl13a, V B. o II. 1., MOrllJlbHHK MeyeT-CaH,
Kypr. 2, norp. 2, IOJKlloe npHYPaIlbe; 7-9 - nO BeCKH Y3 eYllble, 6poll3a, nepB. nOJl. V B. O II. 3.,
MorHIlbllHK CblHTac, KYPr. I, norp. 3, 2, 1, 3ana lIblH Ka3axcTall: 10- nO BeCKa (KOJlyallllblH KpIOK),
6poma, nepB. nOJl. V B. O II. 3., MOrHJlbllHK CbllITac, KYPr. 2, 3ana lIblH Ka1axcTall: 11 - nO BeCKa
(KOJlyaHllbli1 KpIOK), 6poma. V B. o II. 1.. 11HnOBKa. KYPr. 3, Opell6yprcKaSl 06J1., IOJKlloe npllYPaIlbe;
12 _ nJlaCTHlla-OKOBKa, 30JlOTO, KOII. V-lIay. IV B. o 11.3., I-H <1>HJlHlmOBcKHi1 Kyprall, IOJKlloe
npHypaJIbe; 13- opllaMellTHpoBallHblH por, CYKYJlyKcKoe ropo IIUle, cJlyyaHllaSl lIaXO Ka, 4YHcKaSl
OJlHHa, KHprH3HSI; 14 - OpfIaMellTHpoBallllblH por, pai10H p. AJlMaaTIIHKH, Ka3aXCTaIl.
Ta6J1l1ua 62. OpHaMeHTHpoBaHHble Ka6aHbH KJlbtKI1 11 HX I1MIofTaUHI1 H3 naMSlTHI1KOB
KaBKa3CKOrO perl10Ha:
1 _ nO BeCKa, Ka6allHH KJlblK, VI B. o II. 1., norpe6ellHe 6I1H3 CyXYMH, A6xa3HSI; 2 - nOLlBeCKa
y3 eYllaSl, 6poma, V B. o 11.3., 5IJlXOH-MOXKCKHH MOrHJlbIlHK, pa3pywelllloe norpe6ellHe, 4eYHSI,
CeBepllblH KaBKa3; 3 - nO BeCKa, 6pOll3a, CBSlTHJlHUle PeKoM, CeBepllaSl OceTHSI, CeBepllblH KaBKa3;
4 _ nO BeCKa, 6pOll3a, KJlaD., CTallUHSI Ka36eK, CeBepllblH KaBKa3; 5 - nO BeCKa y3 eYllaSl. Ka6allHH
KJlblK. KOII. VI-V B. o II. 1., noc. HOBorp0311b1H, pa3pywelllloe norpe6ellHe, 4eYIISI, CeBepllblH KaB-
Ka1; 6 _ nO BeCKa Y3 eYllaSl. 6pOll3a. KOH. VI-V B. o 11.3., noc. HOBorp0311b1H, pa3pywelliloe no-
rpe6eHHe, 4eYIISI, CeBepHblH KaBKa3; 7 - nO BeCKa, Ka6a1IHH KJlblK, Ky6allb, pacKonKH H. 11. Bece-
JlOBCKOro; 8 - nO BeCKa, KJlblK, VII B. o 11.1., KpaCII03HaMeHCKHH MOrHJlbIlHK, Kypr. I, CTaBpono-
JIbe, CeBepHblH KaBKa3.
Ta6J1l1ua 63. OpHaMeHTlofpoBaHHble Ka6aHbl1 KJlbIKI1 11 HX I1MI1TaUI1H 113 Llpyrl1x MaTe-
pl1aJ10B B HaxoLlKax CH611PH, AJlTaSl, TYBbI H Llpymx perHOHOB LleHTpaJIbHOH A3HH:
1 _ nO BeCKa y1 eYllaSl, 6pOll3a, VI B. o II. 1. 6-i1 Ty3KTIIIICKHH Kyprall, AIITai1; 2 - nO BeCKa,
por, IV-III BB. o H. 3., MOrHJlbllHK 106HJleHllblH, AJlTai1; 3 - 1I0 BeCKa, Ka6allllH KJlbIK, MOrlmbllHK
AHMblpJlblr, TyBa; 4 - nO BeCKa, Ka6aHHH KJlbIK, MOrHJlbllllK J],yJKepJlllr-XoBY1Y. Kypr. 2, TYBa; 5-
nO BeCKa, Ka6a1IHH KJlbIK, MorHIlbllHK KOIIJ-neH, KYPr. 2, TYBa; 6 - nCaJlHH, por, C. 1)0JlbWaSl PeYKa
6J1H1 r. l)apllaYJla, AnTaH: 7 - nO BecKalllaKOHeYIIHK (?), 6pOl13a, V-III BB. o II. 3., MOllrOJlHSI; 8-
nO BeCKa, 6poll3a, UellTpaJIbllaJI A3HSI; 9 - nJlaCTlllla H3 KJlblKa Ka6aHa, VIII B. o II. 3., Kyprall Ap-
JKaH. TyBa; 10 - nO BeCKa Y3 eYllaSl, epeBo, n010JlOTa, IV-III BB. o H.3., WH6HIICKIli1 KypraH,
AnTai1; 11- nO BeCKa, epeBo, V B. o II. 1., 1-i1 na3blpblKCKHH Kyprall, KOMnJleKT 9, AJlTaH; 12-
nO BeCKa Y3 eYllaSl, Ka6allllH KJlblK, C. KpacHoSlpcKoe, KYPr. I, AJlTaH; 13- nO BeCKa, 6pOll3a, CTC-
nallOBCKHH KJla , KYJlbTOBOC MeCTO 6J1H3 r. TOMcKa, npH06be; 14 - nO BeCKa, 6poma. MOrHJlbllHK
HOBblH Wapan I, KYPr. 19, npll06be; 15- KOJlyaHllblH KpIOK, 6pol13a, C. HOBo061ofIlKa, Kyprall, AJI-
TaH: 16 - KOJlyallllblH KpIOK, 6poma, UeHTpaJIbllaSl A3HSI.
Ta6J1Hua 65. nCaJll111 11 py'tKIof 3epKaJI, YKpaweHHble Ha KOHUax rOJlOBKaMI1 XI1ll.lHHKOB
Iof nTIofU:
250
JhlTEP ATYP A
ApTaMoHoB 1971 - Apma IOH06 M. H. CKm»0-cH6HpCKOC HCKYCCTBO 3BcpHHoro CTHJlSI (oc-
blC 335 anbI 11 HanpaBJleHHSI) II np06J1CMbI CKHq>CKOH apXCOJlOrHH (MVIA. N 177). M., 1971.
ApTaMoHOB 1971 a - Apma.\I0H06 M. H. KOMII03HUHSI C IlaHllWa(l)To 1 B CKHI!JO-CH6HPCKOM
HCKYCCTBC II CA. 1971. N 1. C. 40-57.
ApTaMoHoB 19716 - Apma.\I0HOG AI. H. BonpoCbl XpOHOJlOrHH CKH(!>0-CH6HpcKoro 30JlO-
Ta II CA. 1971. N 3. C. 40--57.
ApTaMoHoB 1973 - Apma'WoH06 M. H. COKpoBHIua caKOB. M., 1973. 278 C
ApxCOJlorHSI CCCP - CTcnH cBponcHcKoH yaCTH CCCP B CKH(!>o-cap la;cKoc B p CMSI M
1989. . .,
ApxHTeKToHHKa - ApXHTCKTOHHKa II DC3. M., 1970. T. 2. C. 296.
ACKHHSI 1974 - AeKlIIIJ/ J/. CP. KaTcropHSI 6Ylly cro H npHIIUHnbI cc BOnJlO eHHSI B HCKYC-
CTBe II PHTM, npoCTpaHcTBo H BpCMSI B JlHTCpaTYpc H HCKYCCTBC. J1.. 1974. C. 63-71
DaH6ypHH 1981 - Eau6ypllH A. K. CCMHOTHYCCKHH cTaTYc BC CH H Mm!>oJlo HSlII MaTc-
pHaJlbHaSl KYJlbTypa H Mm!>oIlOrHSI. M.. 1981. C. 215-226.
DapKoBa 983 - EapK06a .f!. .f!. Vl306paJKCUHSI CBCpHYBWHXCSI XH HHKOB Ha 30IlOTbIX nJla-
CTHHax H3 MaH1MHpa II ACf3. BbIn. 24.11., 1983. C. 20-31.
EapKoBa 1984 - EapK06a .f!. .f!. Pe3HbIc H306paJKCIIHSI JKHBOTIlbIX Ha capKoq>are H3 2-ro
DaWal!apCKOro Kypralla II ACf3. BbIn. 25. 11., 1984. C. 83-89.
EapKoBa 1985 - EapK06a .f!. .f!. Vl306paJKeHHSI P oraTbIx H K p blJIaTblX T HrpoB
B HCKYCCTBC
LlpeBHcro AJlTaSll1 ACf3. Bbln. 26.11., 1985. C. 30-44.
DapKoBa 1987 - EapK06a JI. JI. 06pa3 opIIHHOrOJlOBOrO rpm!)OHa B HCKYCCTBC llpcBHero
AJlTaSl (no MaTCpHaJlaM 60JlbWHX aJlTaHCKHX KypralloB) II ACf3. Bbln. 28.11., 1987. C. 5-29
EapKoBa 1':90 - EapK06a JI. fl. ?6pa3 OJICIISI B HCKYCCTBe LlpCBllero AJlTaSl (no MaTCpHaJl'aM
60JlbWHX aJlTaHCKHX KypraHoB) II ACI 3. BbIn. 30.11., 1990. C. 55-66
DaTYaeB 1985 - Eam'lae6 B. M. l{peBllocTH IIpcllcKml>cKoro H CK (!>cKoro ncpHOLlOB II Ap-
xeOJlOrHYCCKHe HCCJlCLlOBaHHSI Ha HOBOcTpoHKax Ka6apllHlI0-EaJlKapHH B 1972-1979' T 2
HaJlbYHK, 1985. C. 7-19. Ir. . .
EeJleHHUKHH 1962 - EeJ/eHUIjKlIu A. M. 300 IOP(!>lIbIC TpOllbI B H306pa3HTCJlbHOM HCKYCCT-
Be CpClllleH A3HH II Vl3BeCTHSI OT.lI.eJlCHHSI 061UCCTBCIII1blX lIaYK AH Tal!JKHKCKOH CCP. BhIn. 1
(28). LJ.yIUal16c, 1962.
EepcclleBa, JlrJlOM 1974 - EepeeHe6a B. J/., J/,'J/OAI H. M. CHMMCTpHSI H HCKYCCTBO opIla-
MCHTa II PHTM, npocTpaHcTBo H BpeMSI B JlHTepaType H HCKYCCTBC. 11., 1974. C. 274-289.
EcpllwTaM 1940 - EepHlIwla.M A. H. 30JlOTaSl .lI.Ha.L\CMa H3 waMaHCKoro norpc6eIlHSI Ha
p. KapraJIHIIKC II KCVlVlMK. BbllL 5. 1940. C. 23-31.
ECpllWTCHH 1986 - EepHlIlmeuII E. M. HeCKOJlbKO co06paJKCIIHH B CBjJ3H C np06J1CMOH
«HCKYCCTBO H 3THOC» II KpHTCpHH H cYJK.lI.eHHSI B HCKYCcTB03HaIlHH. M., 1986. C. 125-144.
EcpHwTeHH 1986a - EepHlIlmeuH E. M. Tpa.L\HIlHjJ H KaIlOH. !lBa lIapal!OKCa II KpHTCpHH H
cYJK.lI.eHHSI B HCKYCcTB03HaIlHH. M., 1986. C. 176-214.
EepHwTcHH 1987 - Eeplllllmeull E. M. K BOIIpOCY 0 TCpMHIIOIlorHH II COBeTcKoe HCKYCCT-
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UCHTPaJIbUOH A3HH II ACf3. 1983. Bbln. 23. C. 30-35.
fpH60Ba 1980 - Fp1l606a 1I. C. l{cKopaTHBuO-npHKJlal!llOC HCKYCCTBO llapoLloB KOMH. M.,
1980. 238 C.
fpHrOpOBHY 1973 - f'pUZOp06U'I H. E. 3BOIllOL\HSI Kauoua B 6p0H30BOH nJlaCTHKC DCHHHa II
np06J1CMa KaHOHa B LlpCBllCM H CpCWICBCKOBOM HCKYCCTBC A3HH H AI\lpHKH. M., 1973. C. 240-
251.
fpHmpbcB 1987 - Fpuzopbe6 If. B. COOTHOLIJeUHC MH<\Ja H HCKyccTBa B KYJlbTYpC (HCTOpH-
KO-THnOJlOrHYCCKHH aCllCKT) II VlCKYCCTBO B CHCTCMC KYJlbTypbl. J1., 1987. C. 99-104.
fpSl3HoB 1956 - Fpfl3/106 M. n. VlCTOpHSI llIleMCll BcpxucH 06H 110 pacKonKaM 6J1H3
C. DOJlb1JlaSl PCYKa II MViA. 1956. N 48.
fpSl3HOB 1978 - Fpfl31106 M. Ff. CajJuo-aJlTaHCKHH OJlCHb (3TIOLl Ha TCMY CKW!JO-CH6HpCKO-
ro 3BcpHHoro CTHJlSI) II np06IleMbi apXCOJlOrHH. Bbln. 2. J1., 1978. C. 222-232.
rpSl3HOB 1980 - rpfl31106 M. fl. ApJKau. UapcKHH KypraH paHHccKHlllcKoro BpeMeHH. 11.,
1980.61 C.
fYLlKoBa 1964 - FyoK06a A. B. TOK-KoJla. TawKcllT, 1964.
fYJljJCB, CaBYCIiKO 1995 - FYJ/fle6 B. H., Ca6'1eIlKO E. H. TcpHoBoc I - HOBblH cKwIICKHi!
KypraHHblH MOrHJlbUHK Ha CpeLlHcM l{ouy II I' A. 1995. N 4. C. 87-102.
fYJlSleB, CaByeHKO, MCJlCWKO 1995 - Fy.7f1e6 B. H., Ca6'1eIlKO E. H., MeJ/elliKo E. B. 0 pa-
60Tax nOTYLlaHcKoH 3KcnCLlHllHH II AO 1994 r. M., 1995. C. 89-91.
l{aHHH 1996 - /1,allllll /1,. CTapT KCHTaBpHcTHKH II HaYKa H JKH3Ub. 1996. 5. C. 70--74.
l{BopHHYCHKO 2000 - /1,60pllll'leIlKO B. B. HOBblC nocTYIlJlCHHSI B COCTaBC XOWCYToBCKoro
KOMnJlCKCa Y3LlCYHbiX npHHal!JlCJKllOCTCH II CKW\lbl H capMaTbl B VII-In BB. LlO H. 1.: naJICO:.JKO-
HOrHSI, aHTpOnOJlOrHSI H apXCOJlOrHSI. M., 2000. C. 153-156.
l{BopHHYCHKO, OYHp-fopSlcBa 1997 -/1,60pIlU'IeIlKO B. B., O'iUp-FOpfle6a M. A. XOWCYTOB-
CKHH KO tn,lCKC Y3LlCYHblX npHHaLlIlCJKIlOCTCH CKw\lcKoro BpCMCHH Ha HHJKIlCi! BOIlre II CapMa-
Tbl H CKH IHSI: C6. HayY. LlOKIl. III MCLlYHap. KOlH!J. «f1p06J1eMbl capMaTcKoH apXCOJlOrHH H HC-
TOPHH».l{oHCKHC LlpCBHOCTH. Bbln. 5. A30B, 1997. C. 99-115.
.l1BopUHYCHKO, n.1axoB, OYHp-fopSlcBa 1997 - /1,60pllll'leIlKO B. B., nJ/G.W6 B. B., O'illp-
Fopfle6a M. A. norpc6CHHSI paHHHx KOYCBHHKOB H3 HHJKHCrO nOBoJlJKbSll1 I' A. 1997. N 3.
C. 127-141.
l{JKaHrap 1990 - /1,.JKallzap. KaIlMbll\KHH repOHYCCKHH 3noc. M., 1990.472 C.
l{pC31ICIi 1977 - /1,pe30ell ,\/. MW\10;10rHSll{peBHcro Vlpalla II MwIJO.ijOrHSll{pcBHcro MHpa.
M., 1977. C. 337-365.
l{bSlKOHoB 1958 - /1,bflK01I06 H. ,\/. HapolIbl LlpeBHcH rtcpcLlHCH A3HH II T PYLlbl VlIl-Ta 3T-
Horpal!>HH AH CCCP. HOB. Ccp. T. 39.1958.
l{3B.1eT 1976 - /1,'J6J/em C. A. 0 npoHcxoJKlICUHH MHHYCHHCKHX aJKypllblX nOSlCHblX nJla-
CTHH II CC3C. C. 219-227.
EpMOJlaCBa 1985 - EpMoJ/ae6a A. C. VlCC.ijCLloBaHHSI Ha JlCBOM 6cpcry VlpTblwa B BoCTo't-
HOM Ka3aXCTaHc II AO 3a 1983 r. M., 1985. C. 509-510.
> EpMOJlOB 1980 - EpMOJ/06 .fl. E. K Bonpocy 0 npOHCXOJKllCHHH KYJlbTa Ka6aHa B CKW!JCKOC
BpeMSll1 CKW!10-CH6HPCKOC KYJlbTypHO-HCTOpHYCCKOC eLlHHCTBO: MaTCpHaJlbi I BCCCOI03. ap-
XCOJI. KOHI!J. KCMCpOBO, 1980. C. 156-163.
. EpMOJlOBa 1980 - EpMoJ/06a H. M. K Bonpocy 06 HHTcpnpcTaUHH H306paJKCIlHH JKHBOT-
HblX II CKW!JO-CH6HPCKOC KYJlbTYPHO-HCTOpHYCCKOC CLlHHCTBO: MaTepHaJlbl I BCCCOI03. apXCOJ1
KOHl!>. KCMepoBo, 1980. C. 358-366. .
EcajJH, norpc60Ba 1985 - Eeaflll C. .I., nOZpe606a M. H. CKW\JCKHC naMSlTHHKH 3aKaBKa-
3bSl. M., 1985. 151 C.
)J{crHH 1970 - )KezlIH lI. CP. Jl3blK JKHBOnHCHoro npoH3BcLleHHSI. (Y CJlOBHOCTb Ll p cBHer
HCKyccTBa). M., 1970. C. 37-140. 0
)J{CJlC3YHKOB 1980 - )J{eJ/e3'1l1K06 E. CP. PaHHHC KOYCBHHKH 10JKHoro f1pHYPaJIbSl' ABTO-
pc41. LlHC.... KaHLl. HCT. HaYK II AH CCCP VIA. M., 1980. 16 C. .
)J{CJlC3YI1KOB 1994 - )J{eJ/e3'1l1K06 E. CP. VlCTOpHSI H3YYCHHSI naMSlTHHKOB caBpoMaTcKoro
BpCMCHH II CTaTHCTHYCCKaSI 06pa60TKa norpc6a.%UbIX naMSlTlIHKOB A3HaTCKoH CapMaTHH Bbtn I'
CaBpoMaTcKaSl 3110xa (VI-IV BB. LlO H. 3.). C. 27-38. . ..
3aBHTyxHHa 1961 - 3a61lnlyxlIlla M. n. MOrH.1bHHK BpCMCHH paHHHX KOYCBllHKOB 6J1H3
r. DHHcKa II ACf3. 1961. Bbtn. 3. C. 89-108.
3aBHTyxHHa 1983 - 3a611myxlIlla M. n. l{pCBHCC HCKYCCTBO Ila EHHCCC (CKW!ICKOC BpeMSI)
11., 1983. 190c. .
3aCCllaTCJlCBa 1985 - 3aeeoameJ/e6a C. H. VlCCJlClloBaHHc MOrHJlbHHKa HOBOOPCKHH 2 II
AO 3a 1983 r. M., 1985. C. 146-147.
3accUKaSI 1979 - 3aeelJKafi H. n. CaBpoMaTcKHC H capMaTcKHc norpc6ellHSI HHKOJlbCKoro
MOrHJlbllHKa B HHJKHCM nOBOJlJKbC 111T3. 1979. C. 87-113.
3accUKaSl 1979a - 3aeelJKafi H. n. Dp01l30BbiC 6J1S1WKH C H306paJKCllHCM cBepHYBwcrocSI B
Kpyr XHlllHHKa H3 caBpoMaTcKoro norpc6cHHSlII Cf3. JI.. 1979. Bbtn. 44. C. 42-44.
3accUKaSl 1989 - 3aeel{Kafi H. n. f1p06IleMbl capMaTcKoro 3BcpHHoro CTHJlSI (HcTopHorpa-
41H'tCCKHH 0630p) II CA. 1989. N 3. C. 35-47.
36pycBa 1952 - 36pye6a E. B. VlCTOpHSI HaCCJlCUHjJ flpHKaMbjJ B aHaUbHUCKVIO 1110XY II
MI1A. 1952. N 30. 322 C. .
3CHMaJlb 1967 - 3eii.\1aJ1b E. B. MOHCTbl BCJlHKHX KywaH B c06palIHH foc. 3pMHTaJKa II
Tf3. Bbln. IX. 11., 1967.
3CHMaJlb 1979 - 3eUMaJlb E. B. AMYllapbHHCKHH KJlal!. KaTaJlor BbICTaBKH. 11. 1979. 94 C.
3naMcpoBcKaSl 1975 - 31/G.\1ep06eKafi T. n. HanpaBJlellHC, TBOpYCCKHH MCTOLl H CTHJlb B
HCKYCCTBC. J1.,1975. 39 C.
3060B, MocTcnallcHKo 1974 - 30606 P. A., MoemenallellKo A. M. 0 THIIO.ijorHH IIpocTpall-
CTBCHIiO-BPCMCHHblX OTHOWCHHH B cIIICpC HCKyccTBa II PHTM, npocTpaHcTBo H BpCMSI B IlHTcpa-
TYpC H HCKyccTBe. 11., 1974. C. 11-25.
3YCB 1989 - 3ye6 B. 10. «CaBpoMaTcKHC JKpHUbi» D. H. f paKOBa H apXCOJlOrHjJ CKW!>OB II
np06J1CMbl cKm!>o-capMaTcKoH apxcoJJOrloflt CeBcplloro npHYCpHOMOpbSl: TC3. LlOKJI. KOHIIJ. 3a-
nOpOJKbC, 1989.
3YCB 1996 - 3ye6 B. 10. HaYYHblH MW!J 0 «caBpoMaTcKHx JKpHuax» II )J{PCYCCTBO H WaMa-
llH3M B CKW!>CKYIO 1noxy. Cn6., 1996.
I1BaHoB 1989 - H6all06 BfI'I. Be. 0 COOTHOWCllHH apxcoJlOrHYCCKHX, JlHHrBHCTIofYCCKHX H
KYJlbTypHO-CCMHOTHYCCKHX PCKOHCTpYKUHH (I-Ia MaTcpHaHc KOMnJlCKCa TomIloK-21) II B.llVi.
1989. N 2. C. 185-187.
VlBaHoB, MCLlHHKoBa 1982 - H6all06 r. E., MeollllK06a 3. M. HOBo06HHCKHH KypraH II
ApxCOJlorHSI H 1T1lOrpal!IHSI AJlTaSl. DapHaYJI, 1982. C. 89-95.
I1cpycaJlHMcKaSl 1995 - HepyeaJI1LlfcKafi A. A. WCJlKOBblC TKaHH C «CcHMypBaMH» (HOBbIC
HaxoLlKH H cTapblc np06J1CMbl) II 3pMHTaJKHblC YTeHHSI naMSlTH B. f. 11YKoHHHa (1986-1994).
C.62-71.
VlCCCCIl 1952 - Heeeell A. A. PaHHHc CBSl3H npHypa.1bSl C VlpaHo 111 CA. 1952. Bbtn. 16.
C. 207-231.
VlCCCCH 1953 - Heeeell A. A. K Bonpocy 0 naMSlTHHKax VIII-VII BB. LlO H. 3. Ha IOrc EB-
ponci!CKOH yacm CCCP (HOBOYCpKaCCKHH KJlal! 1939 r.) II CA. 1953. Bbtn. 18. C. 49-110.
IJlJliHcbKa 1961 - fJ/J/illebKa B. A. CKw!lcbKa BY3Lla VI CT. 1I0 H. C. (3a MaTcpiaJIaMH nOCYJl-
JlSI) II ApxcoJloriSl. KHiB, 1961. T. 13. C. 38--61.
256
17 3al<_ 3085
257
VlJlbHHCKaSl 1965 - HJ/blllleKaR B. A. HeKoTOpble M01'HBbl paHHeCKH( CKOrO 3BepHHoro C1'H-
JlSlII CA. I 965. N I. C. 86-107.
VlJlbHHCKaSI 1968 - H,7bulleKaR B. A. CKm!Jbl LlHenpoBcKoro JleCOC1'enHoro 11eB06epeJKbSl.
KHeB, 1968.268 c.
VlJlbHHCKaSl 197 I - HJ/bulleKaR B. A. 06pa3 KOWa%ero XHmH HKa B paHHeCKmlJCKOM HCKYC-
C1'Be II CA. 197 I. N 2. C. 9-29.
VlJlbHiICKaSl 1975 - HJ/bulleKaR B. A. l'aHHeCKmlJCKHe KypraHbl B 6acceHl1e p. TSlCMHH
(VH-VI BB. LlO H. 1.). KHeB, 1975.224 c.
VlJlbHHCKaSl 1976 - HJ/bulleKaR B. A. COBpeMeHHoe COCTOSlHHe np06,leMbl CKH(IJCKOrO 3Be-
pHHoro CTIofJlSlII CC3C. M., 1976. C. 9-29. _ .
VlJlbHHCKaSl, M030JleBCKHH, TepellOJKKHH 1980 - HJ/bllHeKaR B. .4., M030_7eae/wlI 5. H., Te-
peIlO:JICKlII/ A. H. KypraHbl VI B. LlO 11. 1. Y c. Ma1'YCOB II CKmIJ SI H KaBKa3. KHeB, I 98 . C. 31--63.
VlJlbHHCKaSI, TepeHOJKKHH 1983 - HJ/blllleh:aR B. A., Tepello.)fCh:lIl1 A. 11. CKmlJHH VH-
IV BB. LlO 11. 3. KHeB, 1983.
VlJlblOKOB 1993 - HJ/blOh:Oa .fl. C. ApxeoJlorHyecKHe HCCJleLlOBaHHSI Ha npaB06cpCJKbe
p. CaSl B 199 I r. II VlC1'opHKo-apXeoJlOrHyeCKHe HCCIleLlOBaHHSI B A30Be H Ha HHJKHCM l{ollY B
199 I r. Bbm. I I. A30B, 1993.
VloPLlallcKHH 1982 - HOpOalleh:lIil B. 5. Xaoc H rapMolIHH. M., 1982. 343 c.
VlotjJaH 1973 - HoqJall !f. A. CTaHOBJlellHC npo1'oKallOHa B H306pa3HTeJlbHOM HCKycc1'Be
5InoHHH II rIp06JleMa KallOHa B LlpeBHeM H cpcLlHeBeKoBoM HCKyccTBe A3HH H A(IJpHKH. M.,
1973. C. 23-35.
KaraH 1972 - Ka?all M. C. Mop(IJOJlOrHH HCKycc1'Ba. 11., 1972.440 c.
Kal!blp6aeB 1968 _ Kaoblp6aea M. K. HCK01'OpblC H1'OrH H nepcneK1'HBbl H3yyeHH H apxeo-
JlOrHH paHHeJKeJle3HOrO BeKa Ka3axCTaHa. AJlMa-An, 1968. C. 21-36.
Kal!blp6aCB 1977 - Kaoblp6aea M. K. KaMeHHbie aJl1'apH-JKep1'BeHHHKH H3 CeBepo-3anal!-
Horo Ka3axcTaHall CA. 1977. N 3. C. 204-212.
Kal!blp6aeB 1984 - Kaoblp6aea M. K. KypraHlible lIeKponOJlH BepxoBbeB p. VlJleK II l{pCB-
HOC1'H EBpa3HH B cKmlJO-capMa1'cKoe BpCMSI. M., 1984. C. 84-93.
Kal!blp6aCB, KypMaHKyIIOB 1976 - Kaoblp6aea M. K., KYPMallK)'J/oa)/(. K. 3axopoHeHHe
BOHHOB caBpoMa1'cKoro BpeMellH lIa JlcB06cpeJKbC p. VlJleK II rIpowJloe Ka3aXC1'alla no apxeoJlo-
rHyeCKHM HCTOYHHKaM. AJlMa-An, 1976. C. 137-156.
Kal!blp6aCB, KypMallKYJloB 1977 - Kaoblp6aea M. K., K;-pMaIlKYJ/oa)/(. K. Ma1'epmulbl
pacKonoK MOl'HJlbIlHKa nec06a II ApxeoJlorH'tCCKHe HCCJleLlOBaHHSI B OTpape. AJlMa-A1'a, 1977.
C. 103-115. .
Kal!blp6aeB, KypMaHKyJlOB 1978 - Kaoblp6aea M. K., KYPMallh:YJ/oa)l\. K. f1orpe6eHHe
JKPHUbl, 06HapYJKCluIOC B AK1'I06HHCKOH 06J1acTI1II KCVlA. 1978. N 154. C. 65-70.
Kal!blp6aeB, MapbSlUIeB 1977 - Kaoblp6aea M. K., MapbRlIlea A. !f. HaCKaJlbllblC H306pa-
JKeHHSI xpe61'aKapa1'ay. AJlMa-An, 1977.
KaMelleUKHH, MapwaK, Wep 1974 - KaMelle!Jh:lIU H. c., /llapwah: 5. H., Lllep fJ. A. AHaJlH3
apxeoJlOrHyeCKHX HCTOYHHKOB (B03MOJKHOCTH (jJOpMaJlH30BallHoro 1l0Llx Lla). M., 1975. 172 c.
KaMellcKHH 1986 - Ka'WelleKlIu A. A. 0 CMblCJle xYLlOJKCC1'BeHHolof 1'pal!HUHH II KpH1'epHH H
cYJKLleHHSI B HCKycc1'B03HaHHH. M., 1986. C. 215-253.
KaHTOpOBHY 1994 _ Kallmopoau'l A. P. 3BepHllblH C1'HJlb c1'efillOH CKmjJHH VH-HI BB. LlO
H. 3.: AB1'ope(lJ. LlHC. .., KaHLI. HC1'. HaYK. M., 1994. 2 I c.
KaH1'OpOBHY 1996 _ KallmOp06U'l A. P. «Jle1'SlU!He» 11 JleJKaWHe oneliH B HCKycc1'Be 3BepH-
HOro C1'HJlSI c1'ellHoH CKmjJHH II VlCTOpHKo-apXeO,10rHyeCKHH aJlbMallaX (ApMaBHpcKoro Kpae-
BeLl'teCKoro MY3eSl). ApMaBHp; M., 1996. Bbm. 2. C. 46-57.
KaHTOpOBHY 1997 - KallmOp06U'l A. P. K Bonpocy 0 cKmjJO-rpeyeCKOM CHHTe3e B paMKax
3BepHHoro C1'HJlSI cTenHoH CKH<J>HH II rIaMSlTIIHKH npe;:tcKmlJCKOrO H cKmlJcKoro BpeMeH H Ha
lOre BOCTOYIIOH EBpOnbl. M., 1997 (Ma1'epHaJlbl H HCCJleLlOBallHSI no apXeOJlOrHH POCCHH. N I).
C. 96-113.
KaH1'OpOBHY 2001 _ Kallmopoau'l A. P. 06 OLIHOM BaJKHOM MOTH Be B HCKYCCTBe CKm ?-
cH6HpCKoro 3Bepl1HOrO CTHJlSlII MmIJ. 7. Ha aKal!. l{MH1'pH CeprCCBHY PaeBcKH. ApotheosIs.
CO<J>HSI,2001.
KaH1'OpOBHY 2002 - KOIlnlOp0611'l A. P. K Bonpocy 0 CTHIlHCTHyeCKHX HCTOKax, npHYHHax
nonYJlSlpHoC1'H H Ha3HayeHHH npHeMa «300MOP(IJHbIX npCBpall!eHIofH» B HCKyccTBe cKmpcKoro
3BepHHoro CTHIISlII VlCTopHKo-apXeOIlOrHYeCKHH aJlbMaHax. ApMaBHp; M., 2002. BbJn. 8. C. 20--33.
KaH1'OpOBHY 2002a - K(lIImOp06U'l A. P. KJlaCcm!JHKaUHSI H THnOJlOrHSI 3J1eMeH1'OB <<300-
MOp JHbIX npeBpameHHH» B 3BepHHoM CTHJlC C1'enHoH CKmlJHH II CTPYKTypHo-ceMHOTHyeCKHe
HCCJleLlOBaHHSI B apXeOJlOrHH. T. I. l{oHeUK, 2002. C. 77-130.
KanJlYH 1985 - KafU/YIl A. H. C1'HJlb H apxH1'eKTypa. M., 1985. 126 c.
KanowHHa 1950 - KanoullIlla C. H. rIaMSl1'HHKH 3BepHHoro CTHJlSI H3 OIlbBHH II KCVlVlMK.
1950. Bbln. 34. C. 42-52.
KHJlYHoBcKaSl 1987 - KZ/J/y"oaeKaR M. E. VllI1'epnpe1'auHSI 06pa3a OJleHSI B CKH(IJo-CH6Iofp-
CKOM HCKycc1'Be (no Ma1'epHaJlaM ne1'porJImlJOB H OJlCIIHblX KaMHeH) II CKmIJo-CH6HPCKHH MHp.
VlCKYCC1'BO H HLleOJlOrHSI. HOBOCH6HPCK, 1987. C. 103- 107.
KHJlbyeBCKaSl 1973 - KlIJ/b'le6eKaR 3. B. 0 cneUH(IJHKe KaHOHa B nJlaC1'HyeCKOM HCKYCCTBe
l{peBHero BOC1'OKa II rIp06J1eMa KaHOHa B LlpeBlleM H cpeLlHeBcKoBoM HCKYCCTBe A3HH H A( pH-
KH. M., 1973. C. 184-200.
KHnJlHK 1929 - KllfU/lIKI£. H. TexlIHKa JKHBonHCH. MaCJlSlHaSI JKHBonHCb. 11., 1929. 122 C.
KHplOWHH 1989 - KllplOlIlllll 10. (/J. CKmjJCKHe naMSlTHHKH CpeLlHcH Ka1'YHH II rIp06J1eMbl
apXeOJlOrHH CKH JO-CH6HpcKoro MHpa (CouHa.'1bllaSl C1'pYKTypa H 06Il!CC1'BeHllbl\: o1'HoweHHSI):
Te3. KOII(IJ. KeMepoBo, 1989. 4. I. C. 53-56.
KHplOWHH, THWKHH 1997 - KUplOUlllll 10. (/J., TlIWh:lII/ A. A. CKm cKaj/ 1noxa foplloro
AJlTaSI. 4. III KYJlb1'ypa HaCeJleHHSI B palluecKmjJCKOe BpeMj/. 6apHaYJl, 1997.
KHCeJleB 1949 - KlleeJ/ea C. B. l{peBHSlH HC1'OpHSI IOJKHOH CH6HpH II MViA. I 949. N 9.
364 c.
KHCeJlb 1993 - KlIeeJ/b B. A. CTHJlHC1'HyeCKaSI H 1'eXIIOJlOrHyeCKaSl a1'pH6yuHSI cepe6pSlHoro
3epKaJla H3 KeJlepMeca II Bl{VI. N I. 1993.
KHceJlb 2003 - KlIeeJ/b B. A. WCLleBpbllOBeJlHpOB l{peBllero Boc1'oKa H3 CKH(IJCKHX Kypra-
HOB. CrI6., 2003.
KJleHH 1987 - K.neull JI. C. K Bonpocy 0 CBSl3H HCKycc1'Ba H KYJlb1'YPbll1 VlCKYCC1'BO B ac-
neKTC KYJlb1'Ypbl. 11., 1987. C. 22-29.
KJleHH 1991 - K.neuH .fl. C. ApxeoJlorHyecKaSl THnOJlOrHSI. JI., 1991.448 c.
KOBaJleB 1996 - K06aJle6 A. A. rIpoHCXOJKLlellHe cKmlJOB COrJIaCHO JlallllblM apXeOJlOrHH II
MeJKLlY A3HeH H EBponoH. KaBKa3 B 4-1-M 1'biC. LlO 11.3.: Ma1'epHJlbl KOII(IJ., nOCB. 100-Ile1'HIO
co LlHH pOJKLI. A. A. VlecceHa. Cfl6., 1996. C. 121-127.
KOBaJleBa, MyxonaLl 1982 - K06aJ/eaa H. (/J., Myxonao C. E. CKmjJCKOe norpe6eHHc KOHua
VI-V B. LlO H. 3. Y C. AJleKCallLlpOBKa IIl{peBHoCTH C1'enHOH CKmIJHH. KHeB, 1982.
KOBnaHeHKo 1967 - Koanallellh:o r. T. IlJlCMella cKi(jJcbKoro yacy Ha BopcKJli. KHiB, 1967.
188 c.
KOBnaHeHKO, nYHSl1'SlH, faBpHIllOK 1978 - K06nallellKo r. T, 5YIIRmRH E. n., raapl/J/IOK H. A.
PacKonKH KypraHoB y c. KOBaJleBKa II KypraHbl Ha IOJKHOM nyre. KHeB, 1978. C. 133-150.
KOJlJleKuHH l{JK. Opmca - KOJlJleKUHH l{JKopLlJKa Opmca. l{peBlloc1'H 01' Ypa LlO BH-
3aH1'HH. nepH, 1993.
KOMapoBa, lUep 1992 - KOMap06a M. !f., llJep fJ. A. MOrHJlbHHKH 6yX1'bi YJlaH-Xal!a II
l{peBHoc1'H naHKaJla. VlpKyTCK, 1992. C. 32-4 I.
KOH-BHHep 1936 - KOIl-Bullep 3. VlCTOpHSI C1'HJleH H306pa3H1'eJlbllbIX HCKYCC1'B. M., 1936.
KOHOBaJlOB 1982 - KOII06aJlOa A. B. TPal!HUHOHHble KOMnOHeH1'bl ceMeHHoH 06pSlLlHOCTH
Ka3axOB IOJKHoro AJlTaSI. napHaYJl, 1982. c. 31-39.
KOHb H BCal!HHK - KOHb H BCal!IIHK. B3rJ1S1L1 CKB03b BeKa II Ka1'aJlor BbiCTaBKH B fVlMe. M.,
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