Генрих Корнелий Агриппа из Неттесгейма. Рассуждение о монашеской жизни. О благородстве и преимуществе женского пола - Агриппа Г.К., Орсье Ж.

О благородстве и преимуществе женского пола
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Ж. Орсье. Агриппа Неттесгеймский: Знаменитый авантюрист XVI в.
Ф. Йейтс. Оккультная философия и магия: Генрих Корнелий Агриппа
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Автор: Агриппа Г.К. Орсье Ж.
Теги: философия
Год: 2020
Похожие
Альманах "Древняя Русь": во времени, в личностях, в идеях. Выпуск 6
Из глубины глубин.
До новой зари. (Библиотека авангарда). Стихи, статьи, воспоминания, документы
Дом под утопающей звездой
Текст
                    GEMMA MAGICA
ǴȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȣ Ȑ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȗȖ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ
ȔȈȋȐȐ Ȑ ȖȒȒțȓȤȚȐȏȔȈ
ǻȜȐȎȭ ȟȓȞȖȭ
IV
Salamandra P.V.V.

ǫȍȕȘȐȝ ǲȖȘȕȍȓȐȑ
ǨǫǸǰǷǷǨ
Ȑȏ ǵȍȚȚȍșȋȍȑȔȈ
ǸǨǹǹǻǮǬǭǵǰǭ Ƕ
ǴǶǵǨȀǭǹǲǶǱ Ǯǰǯǵǰ
Ƕ ǩǳǨǫǶǸǶǬǹǺǪǭ ǰ
ǷǸǭǪǶǹǽǶǬǹǺǪǭ ǮǭǵǹǲǶǫǶ
ǷǶǳǨ
ǮȖȏȍȜ
ǶǸǹȄǭ
ǨǫǸǰǷǷǨ
ǵǭǺǺǭǹǫǭǱǴǹǲǰǱ
Salamandra P.V.V.

ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ǫ ǲ ǶȘșȤȍ Ǯ
ǫȍȕȘȐȝ ǲȖȘȕȍȓȐȑ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ Ȑȏ ǵȍȚȚȍșȋȍȑȔȈ ǸȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȍ Ȗ ȔȖȕȈȠȍșȒȖȑ
ȎȐȏȕȐ Ƕ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌșȚȊȍ Ȑ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȍ ȎȍȕșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȈ Ǯ ǶȘșȤȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ
ǵȍȚȚȍșȋȍȑȔșȒȐȑ — ǩ Ȕ Salamandra P.V.V., 2020. — 12 ș — (Gemma ma-
gica ǴȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȣ Ȑ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȗȖ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȔȈȋȐȐ Ȑ ȖȒȒțȓȤȚȐȏȔȈ. ǵȖȊȈȧ
șȍȘȐȧ Ȋȣȗ IV).
Ǫ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȍ ȊȖȠȓȐ ȌȊȈ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ ȚȘȈȒȚȈȚȈ ȗȘȖșȓȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȕȍȔȍȞȒȖȋȖ ȋțȔȈȕȐșȚȈ ȕȈȚțȘ-
ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȈ Ȑ ȥȏȖȚȍȘȐȒȈ ǫȍȕȘȐȝȈ ǲȖȘȕȍȓȐȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȑȏ ǵȍȚȚȍșȋȍȑȔȈ - ©ǸȈșșțȎȌȍ-
ȕȐȍ Ȗ ȔȖȕȈȠȍșȒȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐª Ȑ ©Ƕ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌșȚȊȍ Ȑ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȍ ȎȍȕșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȈª Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȖȚ-
ȘȣȊȒȐ Ȑȏ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧ ©Ƕ ȕȍȌȖșȚȖȊȍȘȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȚȡȍȚȍ ȕȈțȒ Ȑ ȐșȒțșșȚȊª Ǫșȍ ȥȚȐ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȉȣȓȐ
ȗȍȘȍȊȍȌȍȕȣ ȕȈ ȘțșșȒȐȑ ȧȏȣȒ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ XVIII Ȋ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȐȏȌȈȦȚșȧ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ ǪȚȖȘțȦ ȟȈșȚȤ ȒȕȐȋȐ
șȖșȚȈȊȐȓȈ ȔȖȕȖȋȘȈȜȐȧ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȋȖ țȟȍȕȖȋȖ Ǯ ǶȘșȤȍ ©ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ǵȍȚȚȍșȋȍȑȔșȒȐȑª ȘțșșȒȐȑ
ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȉȣȓ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȐȏȌȈȕ Ȋ  ȋ ȗȖȌ ȘȍȌȈȒȞȐȍȑ Ȑ ș ȖȉȠȐȘȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȐȔȍȟȈȕȐȧȔȐ
Ȑ șȖȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ șȚȈȚȤȧȔȐ ǪȈȓȍȘȐȧ ǩȘȦșȖȊȈ ǲ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȦ ȗȘȐȓȖȎȍȕȈ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȗȍȘȍȊȍȌȍȕ-
ȕȈȧ ȋȓȈȊȈ Ȗȉ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ Ȑȏ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȑ ȗȘȐȎȐȏȕȍȕȕȖȑ ȒȕȐȋȐ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȖȑ ǼȘȥȕșȐș ǱȍȑȚș -
1981) ©ǶȒȒțȓȤȚȕȈȧ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȧ ȍȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȐȕșȒȖȑ ȥȗȖȝȐª.
© S. Staroselsky, ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌ, 2020
© Salamandra P.V.V., șȖșȚȈȊ ȗȘȐȔ ȖȜȖȘȔȓȍȕȐȍ 20

ǾǮǿǿȁǴǲǳǻǶǳ
Ǽ
ǺǼǻǮȆǳǿǸǼǷ ǴǶǵǻǶ

ǳǱǼ
ǽǾǳǼǿǰȍȇǳǻǿȀǰȁ
ǶǹǮǾǶǼǻȁ
ǳǽǶǿǸǼǽȁ
ǽǳǾǳȍǿǹǮǰǿǸǼǺȁ
Ƕ
ǯǼǾǶǿǽǼǹȊǿǸǼǺȁ.

9
ǷǸǭǶǹǪȇȁǭǵǵǭǱȀǰǱ ǪǳǨǬȃǲǶ
ǪȣșȖȒȖȔȐȓȖșȚȐȊȣȑ ǨȘȝȐȗȈșȚȣȘȤ
ǹȒȖȘȖȚȍȒțȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȋșȍȝ ȊȍȒȖȊ Ȑ ȊșȍȋȌȈȠȕȧȧ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȈ ȊȖ ȕȘȈȊȈȝ ȓȦ-
Ȍȍȑ, ȎȐȊțȡȐȝ Ȋ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȋȖ Ȍȕȧ ȕȈ ȌȍȕȤ ȗȘȖșȊȍȡȍȕȐȧ ȐȔȍȓȖ Ȑ Ȋșȍȋ-
ȌȈ ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚȖȔ ȚȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȐȓȐ ȖȗȘȖȊȍȘȋȈȚȤ ȐȏȖȉ-
ȘȍȚȍȕȕȖȍ țȎȍ Ȑ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȈȚȤ ȐșȗȖȘȟȍȕȕȖȍ, ȐȓȐ ȐȏȣșȒȐȊȈȚȤ ȕȖȊȣȍ șȓȍȌȣ Ȓ
ȗȘȖșȊȍȡȍȕȐȦ Ȑ ȊȣȊȖȌȐȚȤ Ȑȏ ȚȖȋȖ șȊȖȐ țȔȖȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧ ȐȓȐ ȊȖȏȖȉȕȖȊȓȧȚȤ
ȌȘȍȊȕȖșȚȐȦ ȗȖȝȐȡȍȕȕȖȍ Ȑ ȐȏȌȈȊȈȚȤ Ȋ șȊȍȚ ȏȈȉȊȍȕȐȦ ȗȘȍȌȈȕȕȖȍ
ǷȖșȍȔț Ȑ șȓțȟȈȍȚșȧ ȔȍȎȌț ȓȦȌȤȔȐ ȟȚȖ ȖȌȕȐ ȐȏȌȈȦȚ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȔț ȗȖȕȧȚȐȦ
ȕȖȊȣȍ șȐșȚȍȔȣ Ȋȍȡȍȑ ȌȘțȋȐȍ Ȓ șȚȈȘȣȔ ȐșȚȐȕȈȔ ȗȘȐșȖȊȖȒțȗȓȧȦȚ șȊȖȐ ȘȈș-
șțȎȌȍȕȐȧ Ȉ ȚȘȍȚȤȐ ȗȘȐȕȖȘȈȊȓȐȊȈȧșȧ ȒȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȊȍȒȈ șȚȈȘȈȦȚșȧ Ȑș-
șȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȕțȦ țȔȈȔȐ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖșȚȤ ȒȈȒȐȔ ȉȣ ȚȖ ȕȐ ȉȣȓȖ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ
ȗȘȍȌȈȚȤ Ȑ ȗȖȚȖȔșȚȊț
ǲȈȒȎȍȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȍȖ ȔȖȕȈȠȍșȒȖȑȎȐȏȕȐ șȚȖȓȤșȓȈȊȕȖȋȖ
țȟȍȕȖșȚȐȦ șȊȖȍȦ Ȋ șȊȍȚȍ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȧ Ǩ ȋ Ș Ȑ ȗ ȗ ȣ ȍșȚȤ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ Ȋ
ȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȐ ȚȍȗȍȘȍȠȕȍȋȖ ȕȈȠȍȋȖ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȧ ȌȘȍȊȕȖșȚȤ ȕȍ ȖȗȖȘȖȟȐȓȈ șȘȍȌ-
ȕȐȑ ȊȍȒ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȕȍ ȗȘȐȉȈȊȐȓ, Ȉ ȕȖȊȍȑȠȐȍ ȕȈȠȐ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈ, ȕȈțȟȈȧșȤ
ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȈȔȐ ȋȘȍȔȧȡȐȝ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȌȖȉȘȖȌȍȚȍȓȧȔȐ Ȑ șȓȈȊȧȡȐȝșȧ
șȊȖȍȦ ȎȐȏȕȐȦ ȔȖȕȈȝȖȊ ȏȈ ȕȍȗȘȍȖȉȖȘȐȔțȦ ȗȖȟȐȚȈȦȚ ȐșȚȐȕț
Ǭȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȧ, ȏȈ ȐȏȓȐȠȕȍȍ ȗȖȟȐȚȈȧ ȗȖȝȊȈȓȧȚȤ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȖșȚȘȖțȔȕȍȑȠȐȔ șȊȖȐȔ
ȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȍȔ Ǩ ȋ Ș Ȑ ȗ ȗ Ȉ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȓ Ȑ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȓ, ȗȖȟȍȓ ȒȖ
Ȕȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȚȕȖșȧȡȐȔșȧ ȖȕȖȍ ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȐȧȚȐȧ ȌȖșȚȖȑȕȖȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȘȈșșțȎ-
ȌȍȕȐȍȖ ȔȖȕȈȠȍșȒȖȑȎȐȏȕȐ ȗȍȘȍȊȍșȚȤȕȈȘȖșșȐȑșȒȖȑȧȏȣȒșȐȍȎȍ
ȖșȖȉȓȐȊȖ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦȡȐȍ ǳȈȚȐȕșȒȖȋȖ ȧȏȣȒȈ ȊȐȌȧ ȖȕȖȍ ȕȈ șȊȖȍȔ
ȗȘȐȘȖȌȕȖȔ ȔȖȋȓȐ țȗȖȚȘȍȉȐȚȤ Ȋ șȊȖȦ ȗȖȓȤȏț
ǵȖȏȌȍșȤ,ǪȈȠȍǷȘȍȖșȊȧȡȍȕșȚȊȖ,ȔȍȕȧșȗȘȖșȐȚȍȗȖȟȍȔțȧǪȈȔ,
Ȉ ȕȍ ȌȘțȋȖȔț ȒȖȔț ȖșȔȍȓȐȓșȧ ȗȖȌȕȍșȚȤ șȍȑ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌ" ǷȖȐșȚȐȕȍ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȗȘȐ-
ȏȕȈȚȤșȧ ȟȚȖ ȧ ǪȈȔȐ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȘȖȟȐȝ ȚȘȖȕțȚ Ȑ ȖȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȐȉȖ ǪȈȠȍ ǷȘȍȖșȊȧ-
ȡȍȕșȚȊȖ, ȒȘȖȔȍ ȎȐȊȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȝ Ȋ șȍȔ ȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȐ ȔȖȕȈȠȍșȒȐȝ ȌȖ-
ȉȘȖȌȍȚȍȓȍȑ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȕȐȡȍȚȣ ȋȖȊȖȘȦ ȞȍȓȖȔțȌȘȐȧ Ȑ ȗȖșȓțȠȈȕȐȧ ȐȔȍȍȚȍ ȗȖ
ǭȗȐșȒȖȗșȒȖȔț șȊȖȍȔț șȈȕț Ȑ ȊȧȡȐȍ Ȉ ȕȈȐȗȈȟȍ ǪȈȔȐ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȔțȦ Ȑȏ ȍȌȐȕ-
șȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȓȦȉȐȧ ȔȕȖȋȐȔ ȔȐȓȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȍȧȕȐȍ ȟȍȔț Ȗȟȍ-
ȊȐȌȕȣȔ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȔ ȔȖȋț șȓțȎȐȚȤ ȧ Ȑ ȗȖȌ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȔ ǪȈȠȐȔ
ȕȈȝȖȌȧȡȐȍșȧ ȔȖȐ ȉȘȈȚȤȧ
ǹȐȐ șȚȖȓȤ ȐȏȧȡȕȍȑȠȐȍ Ȋ ȘȖȌȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȔ ȌȖȉȘȖȌȍȚȍȓȐ ȒȖȋȖ ȕȍ țȌȐ-
ȊȧȚ Ȑ ȕȍ ȖȉȧȎțȚ, Ȉ ȗȈȟȍ șȚȖȓȤ ȔȕȖȋȖ ǪȈȠȐȔ ǷȘȍȖșȊȧȡȍȕșȚȊȖȔ ȖȉȓȈȋȖȌȍ-
ȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȊȈȕȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȌȖȓȋ ȐȔȍȦȡȍȋȖ ȐȏȢȧȊȐȚȤ ǪȈȔ șȊȖȦ ȟțȊșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȍȑȠțȦ
ȗȘȐȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ǵȖ ȟȍȔ Ȏȍ ȔȖȋț ȧ ȖȕțȦ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ Ȑ ȕȈ șȈȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ șȊȐȌȍ-

ȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ" ǲȈȒ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȗȐșȈȕȐȍȔ ȐȔȍȕȐ ǪȈȠȍȋȖ ǷȘȍȖșȊȧȡȍȕșȚȊȈ Ȋșȍȝ ȌȖ-
ȉȘȖȌȍȚȍȓȍȑ Ȑ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊ, Ȋ șȍȔ șȓȈȊȕȖȋȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȐ ȕȈȝȖȌȧ-
ȡȐȝșȧ
ǷȘȐȔȐȚȍ, ǪȈȠȍ ǷȘȍȖșȊȧȡȍȕșȚȊȖ șȐȍ ȔȖȍ ȗȘȐȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȏȕȈȒ ȚȖȑ ȔȖȍȑ
ȟțȊșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȍȑȠȍȑ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ǪȈȠȐȝ ǨȘȝȐȗȈșȚȣȘșȒȐȝ ȌȖȉȘȖȌȍȚȍȓȍȑ
ȊȣșȖȒȖȗȖȟȐȚȈȕȐȧ, ș ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ ȧ ȊȍȟȕȖ ȗȘȍȉțȌț
ǪȣșȖȒȖȔȐȓȖșȚȐȊȣȑ ǨȘȝȐȗȈșȚȣȘȤ
ǪǨȀǭǫǶ ǷǸǭǶǹǪȇȁǭǵǹǺǪǨ
ǵȐȎȈȑȠȐȔ șȓțȋȖȦ
ǳ Ǵ

12
ȉȍȏ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȣ, ȐȓȐ ȉȍȏ ȗȖȓȤȏȣ Ǫșȍ Ȏȍ șȐȍ ȧ ȚȈȒ ȐșȗȖȓȕȐȚȤ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȖșȖȉ-
ȓȐȊȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȋȣ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȔț șȕȐșȝȖȌȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊț ȌȖȏȊȖȓȐȓȐ Ȕȕȍ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ Ȗ
șȍȔ ȘȈȏȋȓȈȋȖȓȤșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȧ ȗȘȐșȚțȗȓȦ Ȓ ȖȕȖȔț ȊȖ-ȗȍȘ-
Ȋȣȝ, ȗȖȒȈȎț ȊȈȔ, Ȗ ȟȍȔ Ȑ ȗȖ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȍ ȧ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȉțȌț
ȇ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕ ǪȈȔ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȐȚȤ ©Ȗ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ Ȑ țȔȖȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȎȐȏ-
ȕȐ». ǰȉȖ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȔȖȕȈȠȍșȒȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȍșȚȤ ȕȍ ȐȕȖȍ ȟȚȖ ȒȈȒ ȉȍșȗȘȍșȚȈȕȕȖȍ ȗȖ-
ȒȈȧȕȐȍ Ȑ ȗȖțȟȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȏȈȒȖȕȍ ǫȖșȗȖȌȕȐ ȌȍȕȤ Ȑ ȕȖȡȤ, ȚȖ ȧ Ȑ ȗȖȟȍȓ ȏȈ ȗȖȓȍȏ-
ȕȍȑȠȍȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȘȈșșțȎȌȈȚȤ Ȗȉ Ȗȕȣȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȌȖȉȘȖȌȍȚȍȓȐ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȕȣ ȝȘȈ-
ȕȐȚȤ ȖȉȧȏȈȕȣ, șȚȖȓȤȒȖ, ȕȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȚȖȋȖ, ȔȕȖȋȐȍ Ȑȏ ȕȈș Ȑȝ șȖȊșȍȔ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦȚ.
ǷȘȐȚȖȔ Ȑ șȍȋȖ, ȧ ȌțȔȈȦ, ȗȘȖȗțșȒȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȟȚȖ ț ȌȘȍȊȕȐȝ ȏȈ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȖ
ȗȘȐȕȧȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȘȐ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȕȐȐ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ ȌȍȓȈ ȔȖȓȐȚȤșȧ ȖșȖȉȓȐȊȖ Ȏ
ȗȘȐ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȐ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȣȝ Ȑ ȉȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ Ȍȍȓ șȐȍ ȐșȗȖȓȕȧȚȤ ȗȖȊȍȓȍ-
ȊȈȍȚ Ȋ ȒȕȐȋȍ șȊȖȍȑ ©Ƕ ȐȔȍȕȈȝ ǩȖȎȐȐȝ» ǬȐȖȕȐșȐȑ ǨȘȍȖȗȈȋȐȚȈ ǲȈȒ Ȏȍ Ȕȣ
ȏȌȍșȤ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȉțȌȍȔ Ȗ ȚȈȐȕșȚȊȈȝ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȖȑ ȔȖȕȈȠȍșȒȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ, Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ
șȗȍȘȊȈ, ȗȘȍȒȓȖȕȐȊ ȒȖȓȍȕȈ, ȗȘȐȗȈȌȍȔ Ȓ ǫȖșȗȖȌț Ȑ Ȋ ȍȌȐȕȖȔȣșȓȐȐ ȗȘȐȏȖȊȍȔ
ǭȋȖ ș șȍȦ ȔȖȓȐȚȊȖȦ «ǹȕȐȌȐ ȌțȠȍ șȊȧȚȣȑ ȕȈ ȕȈș, ȊȍȘȕȣȝ ȘȈȉȖȊ ǺȊȖȐȝ Ȋșȍ-
ȓȐșȧ Ȋ șȍȘȌȞȈ ȕȈȠȐ Ȑ șȊȍȚȖȔ ȓȦȉȊȐ ȚȊȖȍȧ ȖȏȈȘȐ ȧ ȐȎȍ ȘȈȏȕȣȔȐ ȋȓȈȋȖȓȣ
șȖȉȘȈȓ ȍșȐ ȧȏȣȒȐ Ȋ ȍȌȐȕȖȔȣșȓȐȐ ȊȍȘȣ».
ǰ ȊȖ-ȗȍȘȊȣȝ, ȗȘȐșȚțȗȈȧ Ȓ ȕȈȠȍȔț ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȧȚȐȦ Ț. ȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ©Ȍȍȧ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ Ȑ țȔȖȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ», ȌȈȉȣ ȕȍ ȗȖȌțȔȈȓȐ Ȋȣ ȟȚȖ ȧ șȐȍ ȝȖȟț ȕȈ-
ȟȐȕȈȚȤ ș ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȝ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȚȍȕȐȑ Ȑ ȗȘȍȔțȌȘȖșȚȐ șȍȋȖ ȔȐȘȈ Ȑ ȖșȕȖȊȣȊȈȚȤ-
șȧ ȕȈ ȕȍȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȣȝ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȝ ȔȕȍȕȐȧȝ, ȚȖ ȧ ș șȈȔȖȋȖ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȈ ȎȐȏ-
ȕȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȍșȚȤ ȐșȚȐȕȕȣȑ ȕȈȠ ȎȐȊȖȚ Ȑ șȊȍȚ Ȋșȍȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ș șȈȔȖȋȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȦ,
ȘȈșȗȧȚȖȋȖ ǵȈȏȈȘȧȕȐȕȈ ǰȐșțșȈ ǽȘȐșȚȈ ȗȖȓȖȎț ȕȈȟȈȓȖ ȔȖȍȔț ȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȦ
ǰȉȖ, ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȕȣ ȊȍȌȈȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȔȍȎȌț țȟȍȕȐȧȔȐ șȔȍȘȚȕȣȝ ȕȍȚ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȚȖ-
ȘȖȍ ȉȣ ȕȍ ȗȖȌȊȍȘȎȍȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖȋȘȍȠȕȖșȚȐ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ țȟȍȕȐȍ ǽȘȐșȚȖȊȖ ȍșȚȤ Ȋșȍ-
șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍȏȣȉȓȍȔȖ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖ Ȑ ȕȍ ȓȖȎȕȖ ȚȖȋȖ ȘȈȌȐ ȗțșȚȤ ȉțȌțȚ ȗȘȍȌ-
ȓȖȎȍȕȐȍȔ Ȑ ȔȖȍȋȖ ȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȧ șȐȐ ǭȊȈȕȋȍȓȤșȒȐȍ șȓȖȊȈ «ǪȕȐȌȍ ǰȐșțș Ȋ
ȊȍșȤ ȕȍȒțȦ; ȎȍȕȈ Ȏȍ ȕȍȒȈȧ, ȐȔȍȕȍȔ ǴȈȘȜȈ, ȗȘȐȧȚȤ ȍȋȖ Ȋ ȌȖȔ șȊȖȑ Ȑ șȍșȚȘȈ
ȍȑ ȉȍ ȕȈȘȐȞȈȍȔȈȧ ǴȈȘȐȧ ȧȎȍ șȍȌȠȐ ȗȘȐ ȕȖȋț ǰȐșțșȖȊț șȓȣȠȈȠȍ șȓȖȊȖ ȍȋȖ.
ǴȈȘȜȈ Ȏȍ ȔȖȓȊȧȠȍ Ȗ ȔȕȖȏȍ șȓțȎȉȍ șȚȈȊȠȐ Ȏȍ Șȍȟȍ ǫȖșȗȖȌȐ ȕȍȉȘȍȎȍȠȐ
ȓȐ ȧȒȖ șȍșȚȘȈ ȔȖȧ ȍȌȐȕț Ȕȧ ȖșȚȈȊȐ șȓțȎȐȚȐ ȘȞȣ țȉȖ ȍȑ ȌȈ ȔȐ ȗȖȔȖȎȍȚ;
ȖȚȊȍȡȈȊ Ȏȍ, ǰȐșțș Șȍȟȍ ȍȑ ǴȈȘȜȖ ǴȈȘȜȖ ǷȍȟȍȚȐșȧ Ȑ ȔȖȓȊȐȚȐ Ȗ ȔȕȖȏȍ
ȍȌȐȕȖ Ȏȍ ȍșȚȤ ȕȈ ȗȖȚȘȍȉț ǴȈȘȐȧ Ȏȍ, ȉȓȈȋțȦ ȟȈșȚȤ ȐȏȉȘȈ, ȧȎȍ ȕȍ ȖȚȘȐ-
ȔȐȔȍȚșȧ ȖȚ ȕȍȧ». B șȍȔ șȊȧȚȖȔ ǭȊȈȕȋȍȓȤșȒȖȔ ȐȏȘȍȟȍȕȐȐ ȗȘȍȌȓȈȋȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈȔ
ȟȍȚȊȍȘȖȧȒȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȟȚȖ ȚȍȔ țȌȖȉȕȍȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȕȖ ȟȍȔ ȗȍȘȊȍȍ ȊșȍȋȖ
ȧ ȊȈȔ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȦ ȟȚȖ șȐȧ ȊȍșȤ ȏȕȈȔȍȕțȍȚ ȔȐȘ Ȉ ȌȖȔ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ ȞȍȘȒȖȊȤ ǰ
ȗȖȚȖȔț ȎȐȏȕȤ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȓȦȌȐ ȗȘȖȊȖȎȌȈȦȚ Ȋ ȊȍșȐ ȕȖ Ȋȕȍ ȌȖȔț ȗȖ șȗȘȈȊȍȌ-
ȓȐȊȖșȚȐ ȕȈȏȊȈȚȤ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȔȐȘșȒȖȦ ȎȐȏȕȐȦ ȕȍȊȍȘȕȣȝ Ȑ ȚȈȒȖȦ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȟȘȍȏ
ȗȖȒȖȘȍȕȐȍ ȗȓȖȚșȒȐȔ ȏȍȔȕȣȔ Ȑ ȔȐȘșȒȐȔ șȚȘȈșȚȧȔ ȋȖȚȖȊȐȚ Ȍȓȧ șȍȉȧ ȗȖȋȐ-
ȉȍȓȤ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȍȔȓȍȚ Ȑ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȍȚ ǽȘȐșȚȈ ȗȖ șȓȖȊț ǰȖȈȕȕȈ ǭȊȈȕȋȍȓȐșȚȈ «Ǫ
ȔȐȘȍ ȉȍ Ȑ ȔȐȘ ȚȍȔ ȉȣșȚȤ Ȑ ȔȐȘ ȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȏȕȈ ȊȖ șȊȖȧ ȗȘȐȐȌȍ Ȑ șȊȖȐ ȍȋȖ ȕȍ

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ȗȘȐȧȠȈ»*. ǰȚȈȒ, ȒȚȖ ȎȍȓȈȍȚ ȎȐȚȤ șȖ ǽȘȐșȚȖȔ ȚȖȚ ȗțșȚȤ ȕȍ ȖȉȐȚȈȍȚ Ȋ ȊȍșȐ
ȕȖ ȌȈ ȐȌȍȚ ȗȖ șȓȍȌȈȔ ǽȘȐșȚȖȊȣȔ Ȋ ȌȖȔ ǴȈȘȜȣ. ǰȉȖ ȎȐȊțȡȐȑ Ȋ ȊȍșȐ ȕȍ ȎȐ-
ȊȍȚ șȖ ǽȘȐșȚȖȔ ȕȖ Ȗ șȍȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȕȍ ȌȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȕȈȔ Țȍȗȍ-
ȘȍȠȕȍȍ ȕȈȠȍ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȧȚȐȍ ǰ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ, ȖșȚȈȊȧ ȊȍșȤ ȗȘȐșȚțȗȐȔ Ȓ șȈȔȖȔț
ȌȖȔț ǬȖȔ ȒȈȒ ȧ ȊȣȠȍ șȍȋȖ șȒȈȏȈȓ ȖȏȕȈȟȈȍȚ ȞȍȘȒȖȊȤ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȖȉȐȚȈȦȚ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȍȘțȦȡȐȍ ȊȖ ǰȐșțșȈ ǽȘȐșȚȈ Ț ȍ ǴȈȘȜȈ Ȑ ǴȈȘȐȧ, ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȡȐȍ
ȕȈȔ ȖȗȧȚȤ ȌȊȖȧȒțȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ. ǴȈȘȜȈ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȕȈȔ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ Ț ȍ
ȎȐȏȕȤ ȗȖȒȈȧȕȐȧ Ȑ ȖȟȐȡȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ, ȖȟȐȡȈȧ ȟȘȍȏ ȗȖȒȈȧȕȐȍ ȌțȠț șȊȖȦ
ȌȍȓȈȍȚ Ȑȏ ȕȍȍ ȌȖșȚȖȑȕțȦ ǰȐșțșȈ ǽȘȐșȚȈ ȋȖșȚȐȕȐȞț Ȑ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȘȐȍȔ-
ȓȍȚ ǰȐșțșȈ ǽȘȐșȚȈ ǴȈȘȐȧ Ȏȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ țȔȖȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȎȐȏȕȤ
țȟȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ, ȖȟȐșȚȐȊ șȊȖȦ ȌțȠț ȟȘȍȏ șȓȣȠȈȕȐȍ Ȑ ȗȘȐȧȚȐȍ șȓȖȊȈ ǩȖ-
ȎȐȧ ȗpeceȓȧȍȚșȧ ȊȖ șȊȍȚ ȉȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȘȍȔțȌȘȖșȚȐ ǹȐȦ-ȚȖ ȎȐȏȕȤ șȈȔ
ǽȘȐșȚȖș ȊȖșȗȘȐȧȓ ȍȑ țȟȐȓ ȍȍ ȖȏȈȘȐȓ șȊȖȐȔ șȊȍȚȖȔ Ȑ ȖșȚȈȊȐȓ ȕȈȊșȍȋȌȈ ȗȘȐ
șȍȉȍ ǺȖȋȖ ȘȈȌȐ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȐȔ Ȕȣ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȗȘȐȘȖȌț ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ Ȑ țȔȖȏȘȐȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȑȏ șȓȖȊ ȚȖȋȖ Ȏȍ ǭȊȈȕȋȍȓȐȧ ǬȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȗȘȐȍȔȓȍȚ ǽȘȐșȚȈ, Ȉ
țȔȖȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕțȦ Ȗȕ șȈȔ ȗȘȐȧȓ ǬȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȍȡȍ țȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖȘȧȚȤ ȏȈ ȋȘȍ-
ȝȐ ȗȖȍȓȐȒț Ȕȣ Ȋșȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȐȒȐ ȗȖȒȈȧȕȐȧ Ȑ ȋȘȍȠȕȐȒȐ, ȉȍșȗȘȍșȚȈȕȕȖ ȔȖȓȧ-
ȡȐȍșȧ ©ǶșȚȈȊȐ ȕȈȔ ȌȖȓȋȐ ȕȈȠȈ». ǵȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȚȖȋȖ, țȔȖȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȍșȚȤ
ȎȐȏȕȤ șȊȖȉȖȌȣ ȗȖȍȓȐȒț ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȖ ȐȏȉȐȘȈȍȚ ȊșȧȒȖȍ ȉȓȈȋȖ Ȑ ȕȍ șȚȘȈ-
ȎȌȍȚ ȗȖȌ ȐȋȖȔ ȗȖȒȈȧȕȐȧ Ȗ șȊȖȐȝ șȖȌȍȓȈȕȕȣȝ ȉȍȏȏȈȒȖȕȐȧȝ ȕȖ ȍȡȍ ȗȖ ȓȦȉ-
ȊȐ Ȓ ǺȊȖȘȞț șȊȖȍȔț ȊșȍȟȈșȕȖ ȗȖȔȣȠȓȧȍȚ Ȗ ȉțȌțȡȍȔ ȕȈȐȓțȟȠȍȔ șȊȖȍȔ ȗȖȊȍ-
ȌȍȕȐȐ, ȋȖȊȖȘȧ Ȑȏ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȖȑ ȓȦȉȊȐ ©ȇ ȐȏȉȘȈȓȈ ȐșȚȐȕȕțȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ». ǰȉȖ, ȋȌȍ
ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ ȉȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȌțȝȈ ȚȈȔ Ȑ șȊȖȉȖȌȈ Ȋ ȐȏȉȘȈȕȐȐ ȏȈȗȖȊȍ-
Ȍȍȑ ǩȖȎȐȐȝ ȕȍȚ ȚȈȔ ȕȐ șȚȘȈȝȈ ȕȈȒȈȏȈȕȐȑ ȕȐ șȈȔȖȋȖ ȕȈȒȈȏȈȕȐȧ ȕȖ Ȋșȍ ȗȘȖ-
ȐȏȊȖȌȐȔȖ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȗȖ ȊȖȓȍ ǷȖșȍȔț ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȍșȚȤ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȘȈȉșȒȈȧ
ȗȘȍȉȣȊȈȦȡȈȧ ȊȖ ȊșȍȋȌȈȠȕȍȔ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȐ ȏȈȗȖȊȍȌȍȑ, ȗȘȐȕțȎȌȍȕȕȈȧ Ȓ țȔȍȘȡ-
ȊȓȍȕȐȦ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȓȖȚȐ, ȒȈȒ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ǨȗȖșȚȖȓ ǷȈȊȍȓ ©ǵȈȒȈȏțȦȡȈȧ ȚȍȓȖ șȊȖȍ Ȑ
ȗȖȘȈȉȖȡȈȦȡȈȧ» Ǩ țȔȖȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȍșȚȤ ȎȐȏȕȤ șȣȕȖȊȕȧȧ, ȗȖ șȓȖȊȈȔ
ȚȖȋȖ Ȏȍ ǨȗȖșȚȖȓȈ ©ǵȍ ȗȘȐȧșȚȍ ȌțȝȈ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȗȈȒȐ Ȋ ȉȖȧȏȕȤ; ȕȖ ȗȘȐȧșȚȍ ȌțȝȈ
șȣȕȖȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧª ǻȔȖȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȗȘȍȉȣȊȈȍȚ Ȋ ȚȐȠȐȕȍ ȕȈș-
ȓȈȎȌȈȍȚșȧ șȗȖȒȖȑșȚȊȐȍȔ șȐȌȐȚ ț ȕȖȋ ǫȖșȗȖȌȕȐȝ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȗȘȖȟȐȔȐ ǨȗȖșȚȖ-
ȓȈȔȐ Ȑ țȟȍȕȐȒȈȔȐ șȓțȠȈȍȚ șȓȖȊȖ ǩȖȎȐȍ Ȑ ȗȖȌȒȘȍȗȓȧȍȔȈ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȒ-
ȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȔ ǵȖ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȍșȚȤ ȕȍȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȈ ȊȖȏȔțȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȈ Ȑ
ȒȖȓȍȉȓȦȡȈȧșȧ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȕȐ ȖȚ ȒȖȋȖ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȑ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ Ǭȍȧ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȖȗȧȚȤ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȧȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȍșȚȤ ȖȉțȘȍȊȈȍȔȈ ȓȐȉȖ ȔȐȘșȒȐȔȐ șțȍȚȈ-
ȔȐ ȓȐȉȖ șȚȘȈșȚȤȔȐ Ȑ ȗȖȝȖȚȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȕȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȚȖȋȖ, țȔȖȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ
ȗȖ ȘȈșȗȧȚȐȐ ȗȓȖȚȐ ȗȖ țȒȘȖȡȍȕȐȐ șȚȘȈșȚȍȑ Ȑ ȗȖ ȗȖȉȍȎȌȍȕȐȐ ȐșȒțȠȍȕȐȑ Ȑ
ȌȐȧȊȖȓȈ, ȗȖȒȖȐȚșȧ Ȋ ȌțȠȍȊȕȖȑ ȚȐȠȐȕȍ ȕȍȗȖȒȖȓȍȉȐȔȈ Ȑ ȖȌȕȈ Ȋ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȖȑ ȓȦȉȊȐ ȒȖ ǰȐșțșț ǽȘȐșȚț ȗȘȐ ȚȖȔ Ȏȍ, ȖȕȈ ȍșȚȤ ȚȈȒ ȕțȎȕȈ ȟȚȖ ȉȍȏ țȔȖ-
ȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȊȖȊșȍ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ șȗȈșȚȐ ǰȉȖ ȍȎȍȓȐ ȒȈȦȡȐȑ-
* ɂɨɚɧ ɝɥ I ɫɬ 

14
șȧ ȕȍ ȘȈșșțȎȌȈȍȚ Ȗ ȐȏȧȡȕȖșȚȐ șȈȔȖȑ ǽȘȐșȚȐȈȕșȒȖȑ ȐșȚȐȕȣ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȊȖșȝȐ-
ȡȈȍȚșȧ ȍȍ ȓȦȉȖȊȐȦ, ȐȓȐ ȍȎȍȓȐ ȖȕȈ ȕȍ ș ȚȍȔ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȐȍȔ ȕȍȕȈȊȐȌȐȚ ȉȍȏ-
ȏȈȒȖȕȐȑ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȏȈ Ȗȕȣȍ ȗȘȐȕȍșȚȤ ȗȖȒȈȧȕȐȍ, ȚȖ Ȋșțȍ ȒȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ȚȖȔ
ȕȍ țșȗȍȍȚ ȇ ȋȖȊȖȘȦ ȏȌȍșȤ Ȗ ǽȘȐșȚȐȈȕșȒȖȑ ȐșȚȐȕȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȚ ȖȚ
ȊȍȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȊȖ ǰȐșțșȈ ǽȘȐșȚȈ Ȉ ȕȍ Ȗ ȐșȚȐȕȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ, ȒȈȒȈȧ ȉȣ
ȖȕȈ ȕȐ ȉȣȓȈ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȗȖȌȊȍȘȎȍȕȈ șțȔȕȍȕȐȦ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ țȔȖȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ
ȎȐȏȕȤ ȍșȚȤ șȈȔȈȧ ȓțȟȠȈȧ Ȑ ȕȍȒȘȈȌȖȔȈȧ ȗȖȍȓȐȒț Ȑ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ ǩȖȋȈ Ȑ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ
ș ȕȍȦ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȚȤșȧ ȉțȌțȚ ȊȖȊȍȒȐ ȒȖȋȌȈ, ȕȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȚȖȋȖ, ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ
ȏȈȕȐȔȈȍȚșȧ ȔȍȕȤȠȐȔ ȔȈȓȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȍȑȠȐȔ Ȑ ȖȒȈȕȟȐȊȈȦȡȐȔșȧ ș șȈȔȖȦ șȔȍȘ-
ȚȐȦ ȉȓȈȋȖȔ Ȑ ȗȖșȓȍ ȖȕȖȑ ȗȖȒȈȧȕȐȧ ȐȔȍȚȤ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ
ǰȚȈȒ, Ƿ. Ƕ, Ȋȣ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ șȓȣȠȈȓȐ ȖȚ Ȕȍȕȧ, ȗȖȌ ȊȐȌȖȔ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȐ-
ȊȖȘȍȟȐȧ, ǭȊȈȕȋȍȓȤșȒȖȍ șȘȈȊȕȍȕȐȍ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ Ȑ țȔȖȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȣȍ, ȝȖȚȧ ȗȖ ȊȏȈȐȔȕȖȔț ȔȍȎȌț șȖȉȖȦ ȕȍșȝȖȌșȚȊț Ȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȣȔȐ ȉȣȚȤ ȒȈ-
ȎțȚșȧ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ șȝȖȌșȚȊțȦȚ Ȑ Ȋ ȖȌȕț ȎȐȏȕȤ șȖȍȌȐȕȧȦȚșȧ ȊȖ ǰȐșțșȍ ǽȘȐșȚȍ ȕȈ-
ȗȖȌȖȉȐȍ ȌȊțȝ Ȗȕȣȝ ǴȖȐșȍȍȊȣȝ ǽȍȘțȊȐȔȖȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȝȖȚȧ ȖȌȐȕ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ ș
ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ șȔȖȚȘȧȚ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ Ȑ ș ȖȚȊȘȈȡȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȓȐȞȈȔȐ șȖȋȓȈșȕȣ Ȋ
țȔȐȓȖșȚȐȊȓȍȕȐȐ ǩȖȋȈ ǰȚȈȒ, ȖȚșȦȌȈ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȚ ȟȍȚȊȍȘȚȣȑ ȘȖȌ ȎȐȏȕȐ (ȗȖ-
ȕȍȎȍ Ȕȣ ȕȈȏȊȈȓȐ ȗȍȘȊțȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȋȘȍȠȕȖȦ Ȉ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȌȊȍ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖȦ Ȑ țȔȖ-
ȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȦ, ȎȐȏȕȤ ȋȖȊȖȘȦ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȕȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ ǰȐ-
șțșȈ ǽȘȐșȚȈ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȦȡȈȧ Ȋ șȍȉȍ Ȗȉȍ ȊȣȠȍȗȖȔȧȕțȚȣȍ ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȋ șȔȍȘȚȐ
șȔȍȘȚȤ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ Ȋ țȔȖȏȘȍȕȐȐ țȔȖȏȘȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȐ ȚȘțȌȧȡȈȧșȧ
Ȋ ȗȖȒȖȍ ȉȍșȗȖȒȖȧȡȈȧșȧ Ȋ șȗȖȒȖȑșȚȊȐȐ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȈȧ Ȋ ȉȍșȗȖȒȖȑșȚȊȐȐ ȔȕȖȋȖ-
ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȈȧ Ȑ ȖȌȕȈ ȒȈșȈȦȡȈȧșȧ ȌȖ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȖȋȖ ȌȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȋȖ Ȑ ȔȍȕȤ-
ȠȍȋȖ ȉȓȈȋȈ ȐșȟȍȏȈȦȡȈȧ Ȋ ȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȐ ȚȘțȌȈ ȕȖ ȗȘȍȉȣȊȈȦȡȈȧ Ȑ ȊȍȟȕȈȧ Ȋ
ȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȐ țȔȖȏȘȍȕȐȧ Ȑ șȚȖȓȤ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȈȧ, ȟȚȖ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȉȣ ȖȕȈ ȕȐ ȒȖșȕțȓȈșȤ
ȚȤȔȣ ȕȐȒȈȒ ȕȍ ȗȖȔȘȈȟȈȍȚșȧ ȕȖ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȗȘȍȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȕȍȗȖȘȖȟȕȖȦ ǷȖșȍȔț ȖȕȈ
ȕȍ ȖșȒȊȍȘȕȧȍȚșȧ ȔȍȎȌț ȋȘȍȠȕȣȔȐ, ȕȖ ȖȔȣȊȈȍȚ șȊȖȐ ȋȘȍȝȐ ȔȍȎȌț ȗȘȖȒȈȎȍȕ-
ȕȣȔȐ Ȑ ȕȐȒȈȒ ȧȏȊȖȦ ȕȍ ȏȈȘȈȎȈȍȚșȧ ȖȟȐȡȈȍȚ ȗȘȖȒȈȏț Ȑ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȦ șȐȓȖȦ
ȕȍ ȗȘȍȓȖȔȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȈșȚțȗȈȍȚ ȕȈ ȏȔȍȐ Ȑ șȒȖȘȗȐȐ Ȑ ȕȈ ȊșȦ șȐȓț ȊȘȈȎȐȦ Ȑ ȕȐ-
ȟȚȖ ȍȑ ȊȘȍȌȐȚȤ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ; ȚȈȒȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȗȘȐȓȐȟȕȈ ȖșȖȉȓȐȊȖ ȕȈȔ, ȔȖȕȈȝȈȔ,
țȔȍȘȠȐȔ ȔȐȘț Ȑ șȊȧȚȖȦ ȊȍȘȖȦ ȗȖșȊȧȚȐȊȠȐȔ șȍȉȧ ǰȐșțșț ǽȘȐșȚț Ȑ ȚȖȘ-
ȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȖȉȍȡȈȊȠȐȔșȧ ȍȔț șȚȘȖȎȈȑȠȍ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȤ ǴȖȕȈȝȈȔ ȋȖȊȖȘȦ
ȗȘȐȓȐȟȕȖ ȊșȍȋȌȈȠȕȐȔ ȗȖȒȈȧȕȐȍȔ, ȟȚȍȕȐȍȔ ȘȈȏȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȗȖțȟȍȕȐȍȔ Ȑ
ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȕȐȍȔ Ȍȍȓ ǩȖȎȐȐȝ ȟȐșȚȣȔ șȍȘȌȞȍȔ ȋȖȘȧȟȈȑȠȍȦ ȓȦȉȖȊȐȦ Ȑ ȚȖȟ-
ȕȍȑȠȐȔ ȗȖȌȘȈȎȈȕȐȍȔ ș ȕȐȔ șȖȍȌȐȕȐȊȠȐșȤ Ȑ șȖȊȖȒțȗȐȊȠȐșȤ, țȌȍȓȧȚȤ ȕȍș-
ȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȖȚ ȘȈȏȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ Ȗ ǩȖȎȐȍȔ șțȡȍșȚȊȍ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȊȍșȚȤ ȎȐȏȕȤ
șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȕțȦ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȧȡțȦ ȊșȍȋȌȈȠȕȐȑ ȗȓȖȌ ȊȍȘȣ Ȑ ȐșȚȐȕȣ
ȊȝȖȌȧȡȐȝ ȊȖ ȚȤȔȍ ȕȍȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ Ȑ șȓțȎȐȚȤ ȐȔ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȖȔ Ȋ ȗȖȌȘȈȎȈȕȐȐ ǰȐ-
șțșț ǽȘȐșȚț BoȚ ȐșȚȐȕȕȈȧ ȔȖȕȈȠȍșȒȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȗȖ ȗȘȐȔȍȘț ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȐȏȌ-
ȘȍȊȓȍ Ȋ ȊȍȚȝȖȔ ȏȈȊȍȚȍ Ȑ ȌȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕ ǬȈȊȐȌȈ ȗȖ șȔȍȘȚȐ ȎȘȍȞȈ ǰȓȐȧ ǹȈȔțȐȓ
ǷȘȖȘȖȒ ȏȈȊȍȓ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ, șȖȊșȍȔ ȖȚȓȐȟȕȖȍ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍȔ ȖȚ ȗȘȖȟȍȋȖ ȕȈȘȖȌȈ ȒȈȒ
Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȔȖȎȕȖ Ȋ ǾȈȘșȚȊȈȝ Ȑ ț ǰȖșȐȜȈ, ȗȍȘȊȍȑȠȍȋȖ Ȑȏ ȐșȚȖȘȐȒȖȊ Ȑ

15
ȌȘȍȊȕȖșȚȍȑ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȧ ǷȖȌȖȉȕȖ șȍȔț, țȟȐȕȐȓ Ȑ ǭȓȐșȍȑ ǷȘȖȘȖȒ ȗȖșȓȍ ȊȏȧȚȐȧ
ȕȈ ȕȍȉȖ ǰȓȐȐ ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ șȖȋȓȈșȐȊ ș șȖȉȖȦ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ șȣȕȖȊȍȑ ǷȘȖȘȖȟȍșȒȐȝ Ȑ șȌȍ-
ȓȈȊ ȐȔ, ȕȈȗȖȌȖȉȐȍ ȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȍȔț ȖȚ ǰȓȐȐ ȔȐȓȖȚȐ șȊȧȡȍȕȕțȦ ȖȌȍȎȌț
ȕȈ ȋȖȘȍ ǲȈȘȔȐȓȤșȒȖȑ Ȋȍȓ ȔȖȕȈȠȍșȒțȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ ș ȊȍȓȐȒȖȦ șȊȧȚȖșȚȐȦ ȗȖ ȕȍȔ
ȔȕȖȋȐȍ șȊȧȚȣȍ ǷȘȖȘȖȒȐ ȍȍ ȗȘȖȊȖȎȌȈȓȐ ȌȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕ ǰȖȈȕȕȈ ǲȘȍșȚȐȚȍȓȧ ȒȖȚȖ-
Șȣȑ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȗȘȐșȖȍȌȐȕȐȓ Ȓ șȍȉȍ țȟȍȕȐȒȖȊ șȊȖȐȝ șȐȔ Ȏȍ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȣȔ șȖȦȏȖȔ
ǽȖȚȧ ȚȖ, ȊȗȘȖȟȍȔ, șȐȧ Ȑȝ ȊȍȘȈ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȍȡȍ ȐșȚȐȕȕȈȧ ȕȐȎȍ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȈȧ ȕȖ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȐșȚȐȕȕȖȑ Ȑ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖȑ ȊȍȘȣ ȚȍȕȤ Ȑ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ șȗȈșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȗȘȖ-
ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ Ȋ ȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȐ ȐȔȍȊȠȍȋȖ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȐȑȚȐ ǰȐșțșȈ ǽȘȐșȚȈ ȒȖȚȖ-
Șȣȑ șȈȔ, ȉțȌțȟȐ ǫȖșȗȖȌȤ ǩȖȋ ȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȐȒ ȐșȚȐȕȕȖȑ ȊȍȘȣ ȗȘȐȏȊȈȓ ȗȖ ȔȖȕȈ-
ȠȍșȒȖȔț ȖȉȘȧȌț Ȋ ǨȗȖșȚȖȓȣ Ȑ țȟȍȕȐȒȐ ȕȍȗȖȘȖȟȕȍȑȠȐȝ ȉȍȌȕȍȑȠȐȝ Ȑ ȗȖș-
ȓțȠȓȐȊȍȑȠȐȝ Ȑ ȖȕȐ șȈȔȐ, ȐȔȍȧ ț șȍȉȧ Ȋșȍ ȖȉȡȐȔ ȗȖ șȖȠȍșȚȊȐȐ ǹȊȧȚȖȋȖ
ǬțȝȈ țȟȘȍȌȐȓȐ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȔȖȕȈȠȍșȒȐȍ ȖȉȐȚȍȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ Ȋ ȌȍȧȕȐȧȝ
ǨȗȖșȚȖȓȤșȒȐȝ Ȉ Ȋ ȞȍȘȒȖȊȕȖȑ ǰșȚȖȘȐȐ țȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚșȧ Ȗ ǴȈȘȒȍ ǭȊȈȕȋȍȓȐșȚȍ
ȟȚȖ Ȑ Ȗȕ ȉȓȈȋȖȋȖȊȍȑȕȍȑȠȐȝ șȊȖȐȝ țȟȍȕȐȒȖȊ, Ȋ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȐȐ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȊȠȐȝșȧ,
șȖȍȌȐȕȐȓ ȔȍȎȌț șȖȉȖȦ șȐȔ Ȏȍ ȔȖȕȈȠȍșȒȐȔ șȖȦȏȖȔ ǹȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȗȘȖȐȏȖȠȓȈ
ȐșȚȐȕȕȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȖȉȖȍȋȖ ȗȖȓȈ ȔȖȕȈȝȖȊ ȏȈȚȊȖȘȕȐȒȖȊ, ȗțșȚȣȕȕȐȒȖȊ ȖȚȠȍȓȤ-
ȞȍȊ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȗȘȍȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȉȓȈȋȖȟȍșȚȐȊȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ, ȕȍ ȉțȌțȟȐ ȗȖȌȊȓȈ-
șȚȕȣ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȔ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȣȔ țȏȈȒȖȕȍȕȐȧȔ șȖȍȌȐȕȧșȤ ȔȍȎȌț șȖȉȖȦ ȒȈȒȐȔȐ-ȕȐ-
ȉțȌȤ ȖȉȍȚȈȔȐ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȑ ȊȖȓȍ țȌȈȓȐȓȐșȤ ȖȚ șȍȋȖ ȔȐȘȈ Ȑ ȗȘȍȉȣȓȐ Ȋ ȍȌȐȕȖȔȣ-
șȓȐȐ ȕȍ Ȍȓȧ ȟȍȋȖ ȐȕȖȋȖ ȒȈȒ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȍȓȧ ȍȌȐȕȖȌțȠȕȖȋȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ǰȐ-
șțșț ǽȘȐșȚț ǷȖȚȖȔ ȒȖȋȌȈ șȗțșȚȧ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȕȍȊȐȕȕȈȧ ȖȕȈȧ ȗȘȖș-
ȚȖȚȈ Ȑ ȉȓȈȋȖȋȖȊȍȑȕȖȍ ȗȖȌȘȈȎȈȕȐȍ ǰȐșțșț ǽȘȐșȚț ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȐȓȖșȤ Ȑ ȔȖȕȈȝȐ
ȕȈȟȈȓȐ țȎȍ ȗȖșȚțȗȈȚȤ ȗȖ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȦ șȊȍȚșȒȐȝ, ȚȖ ȖȗȧȚȤ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ,
ȒȈȒ-ȚȖ ȖȚȞȣ ǪȍȕȍȌȐȒȚ, ǩȍȘȕȈȘȌ ǨȊȋțșȚȐȕ ǪȈșȐȓȐȑ ǪȍȓȐȒȐȑ Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȌȘț-
ȋȐȍ ȗȖȟȐȚȈȊȠȐȍ ȏȈ ȕțȎȕȖȍ ȊȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȐșȚȐȕȕȖȑ ȔȖȕȈȠȍșȒȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ
ȖȕțȦ ȗȖȗȘȈȊȐȓȐ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȖșȚȈȊȐȓȐ ȗȘȍȔȕȖȋȐȍ șȗȈșȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ țȏȈȒȖȕȍȕȐȧ
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȒȈșȈȓȐșȤ ȌȖ ȕȘȈȊȖȊ Ȑ ȖȉȘȈȡȍȕȐȧ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȑ ȖȌȍȧȕȐȧ ȗȐȡȐ Ȑ ȗȖșȚȈ,
ȖȚȌȖȝȕȖȊȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȚȘțȌȈ ȔȖȓȐȚȊȣ Ȑ ȟȚȍȕȐȧ ȔȖȓȟȈȓȐȊȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȘȍȟȐ ȖȉȡȍȎȐ-
ȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ Ȑ țȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȚȖȔț ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȝ ȒȈȒ ȒȖȔț ȏȈ ȉȓȈȋȖ ȘȈșșțȌȐȓȖșȤ ȗȖ
ȔȍȘȍ Ȑȝ ȗȘȖșȊȍȡȍȕȐȧ ș ȚȍȔ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȌȈȉȣ ȊȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤ ȒȈȒ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤ-
ȕțȦ ȚȈȒ Ȑ țȔȖȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ, ȉȣȓȐ Ȑȏ șȊ ȖȚȞȖȊ Ȑ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȣȍ, ȎȍȓȈȧ ȖȉȧȏȈȚȤ șȊȖȐȝ ȔȖȕȈȝȖȊ Ȓ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȍȕȐȦ șȐȝ șȊȖȐȝ țșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȑ
ǷȈȗșȒȖȦ ȗȘȐșȧȋȖȦ Ȑ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȦ ȒȓȧȚȊȖȦ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȓȐ Ȋ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤ-
șȚȊȖ țȏȈȒȖȕȍȕȐȧ ȖȚȟȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȖȠȓȖ Ȋ ǸȐȔșȒȖȑ ȞȍȘȒȊȐ ȌȊȈȌȞȈȚȤ ȟȍȚȣȘȍ șȍȒ-
Țȣ ȔȖȕȈȝȖȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ, ȝȖȚȧ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȖȉȘȧȌȈȔȐ țȟȘȍȎȌȍȕȐȧȔȐ Ȑ țș-
ȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ ȔȍȎȌț șȖȉȖȦ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȟȚȖ ȒȈșȈȍȚșȧ ȌȖ ȌȘȍȊ-
ȕȍȋȖ ȖȕȖȋȖ ǨȗȖșȚȖȓȤșȒȖȋȖ ȏȈȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ Ȋșȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȍȌȐȕȖȌțȠȕȖ șȖȋȓȈșȕȣ Ȉ ȖșȖȉ-
ȓȐȊȖ Ȋ ȚȘȍȝ ȊȍȡȈȝ «ȕȐȡȍȚȍ ȞȍȓȖȔțȌȘȐȐ Ȑ ȗȖșȓțȠȈȕȐȐ» ȉȍȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȕȐ-
ȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȐșȚȐȕȕȣȔ ȔȖȕȈȝȖȔ ȗȖȍȓȐȒț ȖȕȐ ȚȈȒ ȚȍșȕȖ Ȑ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȖ ș ȊȍȘȖȦ șȖȗȘȧȎȍȕȣ ȟȚȖ ȕȐ șȈȔȐ ȊȍȘȖȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȐȒȐ ȐȓȐ ȒȈȒ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ ȕȐ
șȈȔȣȍ ǷȈȚȘȐȈȘȝȐ ȕȍ ȔȖȋțȚ Ȑȝ ȖȚ Ȗȕȣȝ ȖȚȌȈȓȐȚȤ ȉȍȏ ȕȈȘțȠȍȕȐȧ Ȑ țȕȐȟȚȖ-

16
ȎȍȕȐȧ șȈȔȖȋȖ șțȡȍșȚȊȈ ȔȖȕȈȠȍșȚȊȈ ǰȚȈȒ, ȒȚȖ ȝȖȟȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȔȖȕȈȝȖȔ, ȚȖȔț
ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȒȓȧșȚȤșȧ Ȑ ȗȘȐșȧȋȈȚȤ ȊȖ ȊșȍȋȌȈȠȕȍȔ Ȗȕȣȝ ȌȖȉȘȖȌȍȚȍ-
ȓȍȑ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȍȕȐȐ ȗȖȕȍȎȍ ȕȈ șȐȝ ȚȘȍȝ ȕȈȟȈȓȈȝ ȖșȕȖȊȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚ șț-
ȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȒȖȕȍȞ Ȋșȍȑ ȔȖȕȈȠȍșȒȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȑ Ȗȕȣȍ ȌȖȉȘȖȌȍȚȍȓȐ ȚȈȒ ȏȈ-
ȒȓȦȟȈȦȚ Ȋ șȍȉȍ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȗȖȒȈȧȕȕțȦ țȔȖȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕțȦ șȈȔțȦ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕ-
ȕțȦ Ȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȕțȦ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȑ Ȑȝ șȖȝȘȈȕȧȦȚ ȟȚȖ ȉȍȏ șȐȝ ȚȘȍȝ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȕȖ-
șȚȍȑ «ȉȍȏ ȕȐȡȍȚȣ», ȋȖȊȖȘȦ «ȞȍȓȖȔțȌȘȐȧ Ȑ ȗȖșȓțȠȈȕȐȧ» ȕȐ Ȓ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ Ȑȏ
ȊȣȠȍȗȐșȈȕȕȣȝ ȗȘȐșȚțȗȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȐȉȖ ȟȘȍȏ ȕȐȡȍȚț ȔȖȕȈȝ ȖȚ ȊșȍȋȖ țȌȈ-
ȓȧȍȚșȧ Ȍȓȧ Ȋșȍȝ țȔȐȘȈȍȚ ȖȚ ȊșȍȋȖ ȖȚȘȐȞȈȍȚșȧ Ȋșȍ ȗȘȍȏȐȘȈȍȚ Ȑ șȈȔȖȋȖ șȍȉȧ
ȐșȚȐȕȕȖ ȒȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȍȚ ȐșȚȐȕȕȖȋȖ ȋȘȍȝȖȊ ȗȖȗȘȈȕȐȧ ȕȈȌȍȧșȤ ȕȈ ȖȌȕȖ ȚȖȒ-
ȔȖ ȔȐȓȖșȍȘȌȐȍ Ȑ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȚȤ ǽȘȐșȚȖȊț ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚ ȖȚȗțȡȍȕȐȍ ȋȘȍȝȖȊ Ȑ Ȋȍȕ-
ȟȈȍȚșȧ ȖȚ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȗȘȈȊȖșțȌȐȧ ȏȈ ȍȋȖ ȚȍȘȗȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȕȈȌȍȎȌț ȕȈ ȔȐȓȖ-
șȍȘȌȐȍ ǫȖșȗȖȌȕȍ ȕȍșțȔȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ țȗȖȊȈȕȐȍȔ ȕȈ ǰȐșțșȈ ǽȘȐșȚȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ
ȉȍȏ ȕȐȡȍȚȣ șȣșȒȈȚȤ ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ, ȗȖ ȖȕȖȔț ǭȒȓȍșȐȈșȚȈ șȓȖȊț ©ǴȕȖȋȐȝ
ȗȖȋțȉȐ ȏȓȈȚȖ Ȑ șȘȍȉȘȖ Ȑ ȓȦȉȧȡȐȑ Ȗȕȣȍ ȕȍ șȗȈșȍȚșȧ ȋȖȘȍ ȚȍȔ ȐȎȍ ȋȖȕȧȚșȧ
ȏȈ ȖȕȣȔ».
ǴȖȕȈȝ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ șȖȝȘȈȕȧȚȤ ȞȍȓȖȔțȌȘȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ, șȒȖȓȤ ȍșȚȤ ȕȍțȌȖ-
ȉȖȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȍȔȖ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ, ȕȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȚȖȋȖ, ȖȟȍȕȤ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȋȖ ȕțȎȕȖ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ
ȉȍȏ ȕȍȋȖ Ȋșȍ ȌȍȓȈ ȕȍșȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȣ Ȑ ȒȈȒ ǰȍȘȖȕȐȔ ȗȐȠȍȚ ( ȊȖȗȘ  ȋȓ), ȖȕȖ
șȖȝȘȈȕȧȍȚ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ Ȑ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȗȘȍȏȐȘȈȚȤ șȊȖȍ ȗȖȊȘȍȎȌȍȕȕȖȍ ȍș-
ȚȍșȚȊȖ Ȉ Ȋ ȗȖȒȈȧȕȐȐ ȚȈȒ ȚȍȘȗȍȓȐȊȖ Ȑ ȕȍȗȖȒȖȓȍȉȐȔȖ ȟȚȖ ȓțȟȠȍ șȕȍșȍȚ Ȋșȍ
ȉȍȌșȚȊȐȧ ȕȍȎȍȓȐ șȖȋȓȈșȐȚșȧ ȕȈ ȒȈȒȖȍ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȏȓȖ ȒȈȒ ȚȖ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȍȚ ǨȊȋțș-
ȚȐȕ ( ȊȖȗȘ  ȋȓ).
ǴȖȕȈȝ, ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ, ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȖșȓțȠȓȐȊȣȔ ȐȉȖ ȗȖșȓțȠȈȕȐȍ ȍșȚȤ Ȋșȍ-
Ȕț ȕȈȟȈȓȖ Ȑ ȉȍȏ ȕȍȋȖ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȍ ȌȖȉȘȖ ȉȣȚȤ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȖȕȖ ȏȈșȓțȎȐȊȈȍȚ ȊȖȏ-
ȌȈȧȕȐȍ ȏȈ ȊȍȘț Ȑ ȉȍȏ ȖȕȖȋȖ Ȋșȍ ȗȘȈȊȖȊȍȘȕȣȍ ȕȍȊȍȘȕȣȔȐ ȗȖȟȐȚȈȦȚșȧ ȒȈȒ
țȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚ ǫȘȐȋȖȘȐȑ ( ȊȖȗȘ), ȐȉȖ ȕȐȡȍȚȈ șȖȗȘȧȎȍȕȈ ș ȕȈȌȍȎȌȖȦ ȞȍȓȖ-
ȔțȌȘȐȍ ș ȓȦȉȖȊȐȦ Ȉ ȗȖșȓțȠȈȕȐȍ ș ȊȍȘȖȦ ǹȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ, ȉȓȈȎȍȕȕȈ ȊȘȍ-
ȔȍȕȕȈȧ ȕȐȡȍȚȈ Ȋ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȍ ȊȍȟȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȍȓȐȒț ȍȍ ȉȖȋȈȚșȚȊȖ ȍșȚȤ ȞȈȘșȚȊȖ ȕȍ-
ȉȍșȕȖȍ Ȉ ȗȖșȓțȠȈȕȐȍ ȉȓȈȎȍȕȕȖ ȗȖ ȊȍȘȍ ȊȖ ǰȐșțșȈ ǽȘȐșȚȈ  ȗȖȍȓȐȒț Ȋșȍ ȍȋȖ
ȌȍȓȈ șțȚȤ ȌȖȉȘȣȍ ǹȐȍ șȒȈȏȈȕȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȗ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȟȚȖ Ȏȍ șȐȐ ȚȘȐ
ȌȖȉȘȖȌȍȚȍȓȐ ȕțȎȕȣ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȑ Ȋ țȔȖȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ șȐȍ ȌȖȒȈȎț ȧ Ȋ șȓȍȌțȦ-
ȡȍȔ ǰ ȊȖ-ȗȍȘȊȣȝ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȐȡȍȚȈ ȍșȚȤ ȗȖȉȍȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȈ ȊșȍȋȖ ȔȐȘȈ ȒȖȋȌȈ
ȖȕȈ Ȍțȝ ȕȈȠ ȗȘȍȌȖȝȘȈȕȧȍȚ ȖȚ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȋȖ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȈ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȗȖȝȖȚȍȕȐȑ Ȑ
șȚȘȈșȚȍȑ ȖșȊȖȉȖȎȌȈȍȚ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȖȚ ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ ȎȐȚȍȑșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȗȍȟȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ
ȕȈș ȕȐ Ȓ ȟȍȔț ȕȍ ȗȘȐȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȔȐ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȐȡțȡȐȔȐ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȎȍȓȈȦ-
ȡȐȔȐ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȟȈȦȡȐȔȐ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȊȐȌȍȕȐȍȔ ǩȖȎȐȐȔ ȚȖ
ȕȍȚ șțȔȕȍȕȐȧ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȊȍȓȐȒțȦ șȐȓț Ȑ ȊȈȎȕȖșȚȤ ȐȔȍȍȚ Ȋ țȔȖȏȘȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȍ, ȗȖ-
ȍȓȐȒț ȌțȠȈ ȕȈȠȈ, ȌțȝȖȊȕȖȦ ȕȐȡȍȚȖȦ ȖȚ ȊșȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȊȘȍȌȕȖȋȖ ȖȟȐ-
ȡȍȕȕȈȧ țȟȈșȚȕȐȞȍȦ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȉȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȍȕȐȑ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚ ǩȖȎȐȦ
ȗȘȍȔțȌȘȖșȚȤ Ȑ Ȍțȝ ȗȘȖȘȖȟȍșȚȊȈ. ǿȚȖ Ȏȍ ȒȈșȈȍȚșȧ ȌȖ ȞȍȓȖȔțȌȘȐȧ, ȖȕȖ, țȔȍȘȚ-
ȊȐȊȠȐ ȗȓȖȚȤ Ȑ ȗȘȍȖȌȖȓȍȊȠȐ șȓȈȉȖșȚȤ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȈ ȉȓȈȋȖȋȖȊȍȑ-

17
ȕȖ ȗȖȟȐȚȈȍȚ ǩoȋa Ȑ, ȊȖȏȓȦȉȐȊȠȐ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȕȍȑȠȍȦ ȚȍȓȈ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȟȈșȚȐȦ ȚȖ
ȍșȚȤ ȘȈȏțȔȕȖȦ ȌțȠȖȦ ȊȣșȖȟȈȑȠȍȍ șțȡȍșȚȊȖ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȍȍ ȝȘȈȔȖȔ ȊșȍȋȌȈȠ-
ȕȍȋȖ ǩȖȎȐȧ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȐȧ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȌțȝȖȊ, Ȋ ȕȍȑ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȊȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ ȉȓȈȋȖȗȖȓț-
ȟȐȐ Ȑ ȗȘȍȔțȌȘȖșȚȐ țȟȈșȚȊțȦȡȐȝ ǷȖșȓțȠȈȕȐȍ Ȏȍ, ȕȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȚȖȋȖ ȒȈȒ ȖȕȖ
șȖ ȊșȍȔ șȊȖȐȔ ȗȖȟȐȚȈȕȐȍȔ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌȈȕȕȖșȚȐȦ ȔȕȖȋȖ șȗȖșȖȉșȚȊțȍȚ ȘȈșșțȎȌȍ-
ȕȐȦ Ȗ ǩȖȋȍ, ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȊ ȌțȠț ȕȈȠț ȉȖȓȍȍ ȊȍȘȐȚȤ ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȗȖȓȈȋȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȟțȊșȚ-
ȊȈ ȗȘȖȋȖȕȧȍȚ ȌȐȧȊȖȓȈ Ȑ ȖȚȒȘȣȊȈȍȚ ȕȈȔ Ȋșȍ Țo ȟȍȋȖ Ȕȣ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȕȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȓȐ
ǰȚȈȒ, ȎȍȓȈȦȡȐȍ ȌȖșȚȐȋȕțȚȤ ȔȖȕȈȠȍșȒȖȋȖ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕșȚȊȈ Ȋ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ Ȑ
țȔȖȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȖȋȘȈȌȐȊȠȐșȤ ȚȊȍȘȌȖȦ ȊȍȘȖȦ ȕȍșȖȔȕȍȕȕȖȦ ȕȈȌȍȎ-
ȌȖȦ Ȑ ȋȖȘȧȟȈȑȠȍȦ ȓȦȉȖȊȐȦ, ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȖșȓțȠȕȣȔȐ ȞȍȓȖȔțȌȘȍȕȕȣ-
ȔȐ ȓȦȉȐȚȤ ȕȐȡȍȚț Ȑ ȚȈȒ ȗȖȉȍȌȐȚȤ ȌȐȧȊȖȓȈ ȔȐȘ Ȑ ȗȓȖȚȤ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȊșȍȋȌȈ Ȑș-
ȗȖȓȕȧȚȤ ȔȖȕȈȠȍșȒȐȍ țșȚȈȊȣ ȗȘȍȏȐȘȈȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȔȐȘșȒȐȍ șțȍȚȣ Ȑ ȕȐ Ȋ ȒȈȒȐȍ ȗȓȖȚ-
șȒȐȍ șȚȘȈșȚȐ Ȑ ȐșȒțȠȍȕȐȧ ȕȍ ȊȌȈȊȈȚȤșȧ ǰȉȖ șȐȐ ȖȌȕȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȌȖȉȘȖȌȍȚȍȓȐ
ȔȖȋțȚ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȐșȚȐȕȕȣȔ ȔȖȕȈȝȖȔ șȓȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖ, Ȗȕȣȍ ȊșȧȒȖȔț ȔȖȕȈȝț ȕȈȉ-
ȓȦȌȈȚȤ ȕȍȗȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ǭȎȍȓȐ Ȏȍ ȒȚȖ Ȑȏ ȔȖȕȈȝȖȊ Ȑȝ ȕȍ ȐșȗȖȓȕȧȍȚ ȚȖȚ
ȗțșȚȤ ȏȕȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȗȖȋȐȉȕȍȚ ȒȈȒ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȊȠȐȑ ǽȘȐșȚț Ȑ ȞȍȘȒȊȐ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȍ-
șȚțȗȐȊȠȐȑ ȔȖȕȈȠȍșȒȐȑ ȖȉȍȚ ȒȈȒ ȕȍ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȐȑ șȊȖȍȔț ȐȔȍȕȐ Ȑ ȖȌȍȧ-
ȕȐȦ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ Ȗȕ șȈȔ ȕȈ șȍȉȧ ȗȘȐȕȧȓ Ȑ ȗțșȚȤ ȊȍȌȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍ ȔȖ-
ȎȍȚ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȚȤșȧ ȔȖȕȈȝȖȔ ȕȖ ȍȡȍ ȊȍȟȕȖȑ ȗȖȌȓȍȎȐȚ ȒȈȏȕȐ Ȑ ȍșȚȤ ȘȈȉ ȔȈȚȍ-
ȘȐȐ
ǪȖȚ, ȗȖȟȚ<ȍȕȕȣȍ> ȖȚ<Ȟȣ!, ȟȚȖ ȧ ȔȖȋ ȒȘȈȚȟȈȑȠȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȊȈȔ ȗȘȍȌ-
șȚȈȊȐȚȤ Ȑȏ ǭȊȈȕȋȍȓȤșȒȖȑ ȐșȚȐȕȣ Ȗ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ Ȑ țȔȖȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǹȊȍȘȝ
ȚȖȋȖ, ȚȈȒȎȍ ȧ țȗȖȔȧȕțȓ ȒȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ Ȑȏ șȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȧ ȖȉȖȐȝ șȐȝ ȘȖȌȖȊ ȎȐȏ-
ȕȐ ȗȘȖȐȏȖȠȓȈ ȕȈȠȈ ȔȖȕȈȠȍșȒȈȧ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȉțȌțȟȐ, ȔȕȖȋȐȍ șȊȧȚȣȍ ȖȚȞȣ
ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȖșȚȈȊȐȓȐ ȕȈȔ țșȚȈȊȣ ȖȚȟȈșȚȐ Ȍȓȧ țȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȧ, ȖȚȟȈșȚȐ Ȏ Ȍȓȧ ȊȖșșȚȈ-
ȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȗȕȣȍ, ȕțȎȕȣȍ șȗȈșȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ Ȑ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȖȚȕȖșȧȚșȧ Ȓ ȚȘȍȔ
șțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȈȔ ȔȖȕȈȠȍșȒȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȟȘȍȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȒȈȎȌȈȧ, Ȑ Ȍȍȧ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ Ȑ țȔȖȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȗȖȗȘȈȊ ȗȓȖȚȤ ȔȐȘ Ȑ ȌȐȧȊȖȓȈ ȊȏȈȐȔȕȖ
ȔȍȎȌț șȖȉȖȦ șȖȍȌȐȕȧȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘțȦ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕțȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ, ȔȖȕȈȠȍșȒȖȦ
ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔțȦ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ, ȕȍ ȌțȔȈȑȚȍ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȧ ȔȖȋ ȊȈȔ ȖȉȢȧșȕȐȚȤ Ȋșȍ Ȑȝ ȗȘȍȌȈ-
ȕȐȧ Ȑ țȟȍȕȐȧ ȗȖȍȓȐȒț șȐȍ ȔȖȍ ȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȕȍ Ȓ ȚȖȔț ȒȓȖȕȐȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖȉȣ
Ȕȕȍ ȊȈș ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șȐȍ ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȓțȟȠȍ Ȑ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤȕȍȍ Ȕȍȕȧ ȏȕȈȍȚȍ Ȑ ȕȈ șȈ-
ȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ ȉȍȏ țȗțȡȍȕȐȧ ȐșȗȖȓȕȧȍȚȍ Ȍȓȧ ȔȖȍȋȖ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȚȡȍșȓȈȊȐȧ ȕȈș-
ȚȈȊȓȧȚȤ ȕȖ ȧ ȝȖȚȍȓ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȒȘȈȚȞȍ Ȑ ȗȖ ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȐ ȕȈȗȖȔȧȕțȚȤ ȟȚȖȉȣ Ȋȣ
Ȑȏ șȍȋȖ Ȋ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȐȝ șȓȖȊȈȝ șȖșȚȖȧȡȍȋȖ ȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȔț ȉȓȈȋȖȘȈȏț-
ȔȐȦ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȊȣȊȖȌȐȚȤ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȊȈȎȕȍȑȠȐȍ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȧ ǰȚȈȒ, ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȍȎȍȓȐ
Ȋșȍ șȐȍ ȟȚȖ ȧ ȕȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖ Ȑ ȊșȍȔ ȕȘȈȊȐȚșȧ, ȚȖ ȧ șȐȦ ȗȖȝȊȈȓț
ȕȍ Ȕȕȍ ȕȖ ȊȈȔ ȗȘȐȗȐșȣȊȈȦ ȐȉȖ Ȋȣ Ȕȕȍ Ȗ șȍȔ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚȍ ȘȈșșțȎȌȈȚȤ Ȑ ȗȘȐ-
ȚȖȔ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȌȖȏȊȖȓȐȓȐ șȓȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖ, Ȕȕȍ Ȑ ȊȈȔ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȗȘȐ-
ȕȍșȚȤ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȍȕȐȍ ǪșȍȔȖȋțȡȍȔț ǩȖȋț ȒȈȒ ǰșȚȖȟȕȐȒț Ȋșȍȝ ȉȓȈȋ ǰȓȐ, ȍȎȍ-
ȓȐ ȧ ȗȖ șȓȈȉȖșȚȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȑ ȕȍșȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȓ Ȑ ȕȍ ȒȘȈșȕȖȘȍȟȐȊȖ Ȑș-
ȚȖȓȒȖȊȈȓ ȊȣȠȍșȒȈȏȈȕȕȖȍ ȚȖ Ȑ Ȋ șȍȔ șȓțȟȈȍ Ȋȣ ȘȈȊȕȖȔȍȘȕȖ șȖ ȔȕȖȦ ȌȖȓȎ-

ȕȣ ȔȖȓȐȚȤ ȊșȍșȐȓȤȕȖȋȖ ǩȖȋȈ ȟȚȖȉ Ƕȕ Ȍȓȧ ȐȏȢȧșȕȍȕȐȧ șȚȖȓȤ ȊȣșȖȒȐȝ Ȋȍȡȍȑ 
ȚȘȍȉțȦȡȐȝ ȊȣșȖȟȈȑȠȍȋȖ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȧ ȌȈȘȖȊȈȓ ȕȈȔ ȔȕȖȦ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȕȕțȦ «ȎȐȏȕȤ»,
ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ Ȑ ȒȘȈșȕȖȘȍȟȐȍ

Ǽ ǯǹǮǱǼǾǼǲǿȀǰǳ
Ƕ
ǽǾǳǶǺȁȇǳǿȀǰǳ ǴǳǻǿǸǼǱǼ ǽǼǹǮ

21
ǷȘȍȉȓȈȋȐȑ Ȑ ȊșȍȔȖȋțȡȐȑ ǩȖȋ, ǺȊȖȘȍȞ ȔțȎȍșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ȎȍȕșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȈ ș
ȉȓȈȋȖȚȊȖȘȕȣȔ Ȑȝ ȗȓȖȌȖȘȖȌȐȍȔ șȖȚȊȖȘȐȓ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ șȍȉȍ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖȋȖ ȒȈȒ Ȕț-
ȎȈ ȚȈȒ Ȑ Ȏȍȕț ǸȈȏȓȐȟȐȍ Ȏȍ ȗȖȓȈ șȖșȚȖȐȚ ȕȍ Ȋ ȟȍȔ ȐȕȖȔ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȕȍșȝȖȌșȚȊȍ
ȚȍȓȍșȕȖȋȖ ȟȓȍȕȖȊ ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȌȍȚȖȘȖȌșȚȊȖ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈ-
ȓȖ Ȋ ȗȘȖȟȍȔ, ȚȈȒțȦ Ȏȍ ȌțȠț ȘȈȏțȔȕțȦ Ȑ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȌȖȉȕțȦ ȊșȍȓȐȓ ȕȍ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȔțȎȈ ȕȖ Ȑ Ȋ Ȏȍȕț ȗȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȕȐ ȔȈȓȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȖȉȘȍȚȈȍȚșȧ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȐȧ Ȋ
ȗȖȓȍ ǺȈȒȖȊȖȑ Ȏȍ ȎȍȕȈ, ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȔțȎ, ȐȔȍȍȚ șȔȣșȓ ȘȈȏțȔ Ȑ ȘȍȟȤ Ȓ ȚȖȑ Ȏȍ șȚȘȍ-
ȔȐȚșȧ ȞȍȓȐ ȉȓȈȎȍȕșȚȊȈ ȋȌȍ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȐȧ ȗȖȓȈ ǰȉȖ ȗȖ șȐȓȍ
ȐșȚȐȕȣ ǭȊȈȕȋȍȓȤșȒȖȑ, ȊȖșȒȘȍșȠȐȍ Ȋ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔ ȗȖȓȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȖșȚȍȑ ȗȖȓȈ ȖȚ-
ȗȘȈȊȓȧȚȤ ȕȍ ȉțȌțȚ ȕȖ ȖȉȍȡȈȍȚșȧ ȊșȍȔ ǨȕȋȍȓȖȊ ȗȖȌȖȉȐȍ ǰ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȕȐȒȈȒȖ-
ȋȖ ȗȖ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ ȌțȠȐ ȔȍȎȌț ȔțȎȍȔ Ȑ ȎȍȕȖȦ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȌ ȌȘțȋȐȔ ȗȘȍȐȔț-
ȡȍșȚȊȈ ȕȖ Ȋ ȖȉȖȐȝ ȘȈȊȕȖȋȖ ȌȖșȚȖȐȕșȚȊȈ ȊȘȖȎȌȍȕȕȖ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȖȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȓȍ-
ȕȐȍ ǿȚȖ Ȏȍ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȐȚ ȌȖ ȗȘȖȟȍȋȖ ȒȘȖȔȍ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ ȌțȠȐ Ȋ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȍ Ȋ
ȚȖȔ ȎȍȕșȒȐȑ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȑ ȘȖȌ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȐȚ șțȘȖȊȣȝ ȔțȡȐȕ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ǰș-
ȚȐȕȈ șȐȧ ȚȍȔ ȉȍșșțȔȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȍȍ ȗȖȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȈȧ (Ȋ ȟȍȔ șȖșȚȖȐȚ Ȑ ȕȈ-
ȔȍȘȍȕȐȍ ȕȈȠȍ) ȕȍȊȣȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȣȔȐ Ȑ țȒȘȈȠȍȕȕȣȔȐ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ ȕȐȎȍ ȓȖȋȐȟȍș-
ȒȐȔȐ ȝȐȚȘȖșȗȓȍȚȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȘȍȟȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȒȖȐȔȐ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ǹȖȜȐșȚȣ ȌȘțȋȐȝ țȓȖȊ-
ȓȧȚȤ ȖȉȣȒȓȐ, ȕȖ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ șȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȔ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȕȣȝ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȐșȚȐȕ-
ȕȣȔȐ ȗȖȊȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧȔȐ Ȑ ȧșȕȣȔȐ ȌȖȊȖȌȈȔȐ ȕȍ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȣȔ ȗȐșȈ-
ȕȐȍȔ Ȑ ȖȉȖȍȋȖ ȗȘȈȊȈ țȏȈȒȖȕȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȕȈ ȉțȌȍȚ ǰȚȈȒ, ȊȖ-ȗȍȘȊȣȝ ȟȚȖȉ
ȗȘȐșȚțȗȐȚȤ Ȓ șȈȔȖȔț Ȍȍȓț ȎȍȕȈ ȚȍȔ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȕȍȍ ȔțȎȈ, ȟȍȔ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȕȍȍ
ȖȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȈ ȐȔȧ. ǰȉȖ ǨȌȈȔ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ ȏȍȔȓȦ, ȕȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȚȖȋȖ, ǭȊȊȈ ȎȐȏȕȤ
ȏȕȈȔȍȕțȍȚ ǿȍȋȖ ȘȈȌȐ, șȒȖȓȤȒȖ șȈȔȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȏȍȔȓȐ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȕȍȍ, șȚȖȓȤȒȖ
ȎȍȕȈ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȟȚȍȕȈ ȔțȎț. ǵȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȟȍȓ ȉȣ ȒȚȖ șȓȈȉȣȔ șȐȍ ȌȖ-
ȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȔ, ȟȚȖȉ Ȑȏ ȐȔȍȕ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȚȤ Ȗ ȊȍȡȈȝ șȈȔȣȝ. ǶșȖȉȓȐȊȖ ȏȕȈȍȔ Ȕȣ,
ȟȚȖ ȊȣȠȕȐȑ ǺȊȖȘȍȞ Ȋȍȡȍȑ Ȑ ȕȈȐȔȍȕȖȊȈȚȍȓȤ Ȗȕȣȝ ȗȖȏȕȈȓ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊȍȡȐ, ȕȍ-
ȎȍȓȐ ȐȔȍȕȖȊȈȓ Ȗȕȣȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȒȈȒ ȕȈȐȔȈȓȍȑȠȍȑ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ țȟȐȕȐȚȤ ȗȖȋȘȍȠ-
ȕȖșȚȐ ȚȖ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȐȔȍȕȈ ȌȈȓ ȖȕȣȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȉȣ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȖ, șȊȖȑșȚȊȈ Ȑ țȗȖȚȘȍȉ-
ȓȍȕȐȍ Ȋȍȡȍȑ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȓȐ ǰȉȖ ȗȍȘȊȖȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȐȔȍȕ ȍșȚȤ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȐșȚȐȕȈ
ȒȈȒ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȦȚ ȚȖ Ȑ ȘȐȔșȒȐȍ ȏȈȒȖȕȣ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕȣȍ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ș șȈȔȣȔȐ Ȋȍ-
ȡȤȔȐ șȝȖȌșȚȊțȦȚ Ȑ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȧșȕȖ ȖȏȕȈȟȈȦȚ Ȗȕȣȍ ǰ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȔȣȍ Ȑȏ
ȐȔȍȕ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ȒȈȒ ț ǩȖȋȖșȓȖȊȖȊ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȆȘȐșȒȖȕșțȓȤȚȖȊ ȗȖȟȐȚȈȦȚșȧ
ȏȈ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȊȈȎȕȣȍ ȒȈȒ ȖȚ ǵȈȊȈȓȍ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȖ: ȗȖ ȐȔȍȕȐ șȊȖȍȔț ȍșȚȤ ȉȍȏțȔȍȕ
Ȑ ȉȍȏțȔȐȍ ȍșȚȤ ș ȕȐȔ ǶȚșȦȌȈ ǷȈȊȍȓ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȈȕȐȐ ȒȖ ǭȊȘȍȧȔ, ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȧ ǽȘȐ-
șȚȖȊȖ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȖ țȗȖȚȘȍȉȓȧȍȚ ȚȈȒȖȊȖȍ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ǺȖȓȐȒȖ ȓțȟȠȐȑ
ȍșȚȤ Ǩȕȋȍȓ, ȍȓȐȒȖ ȗȘȍșȓȈȊȕȍȍ Ȑȝ ȕȈșȓȍȌȖȊȈȓ ȐȔȧ. ǰ, ȐȕȌȍ ȌȈȌȍ ȍȔț ȐȔȧ, ȍȎȍ
ȗȈȟȍ ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ ȐȔȍȕȐ; ȌȈ Ȗ ȐȔȍȕȐ ǰȐșțșȖȊȍ ȊșȧȒȖ ȒȖȓȍȕȖ ȗȖȒȓȖȕȐȚșȧ ȕȍ-
ȉȍșȕȣȝ Ȑ ȏȍȔȕȣȝ Ȑ ȗȘȍȐșȗȖȌȕȐȝ ǲ șȍȔț, ȕȍȔȈȓȈȧ șȐȓȈ ȖȉȍȐȝ ȗȘȈȊ ȏȈȒȓȦ-
ȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȖȉȧȏȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈȝ șȓȖȊ Ȑȝ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȖȊȈȕȐȧȝ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ Ȑ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤșȚ-
ȊȈȝ Ȋ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ ȗȘȐȌȈȕȕȣȝ, ȚȈȒȎȍ ȐȔ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȝ ȗȘȍȕȐȧȝ Ȑ Ȋ ȏȈȋȓȈȊȐȧȝ
Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ-
ɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɜɨɫ-
ɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɬ
ɢɦɟɧɢ.

22
ȗȘȈȊ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȕȐȝ șȈȔȐȝ Ȑ ȐȔ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȝ ȖȉȍȐȝ ȗȘȈȊ ȚȐȚțȓȈȝ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȔȖȎȕȖ
ǰȉȖ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ Ȋ ȗȘȈȊȈȝ țȉȍȎȌȈȍȔ Ȕȣ ȐșȚȖȓȒȖȊȈȕȐȍȔ ȐȔȍȕȐ șȐȓȖȦ
șȓȖȊȈ Ȑ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȧ; șȊȍȘȝ șȍȋȖ, ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌșȚȊȖȔ șȓȖȊȈ șȔȣșȓȖȔ ȐȔȍȕȐ Ȑ șȓȖȊ
ȗȖȘȧȌȒȖȔ ǶșȖȉȓȐȊȖ ȟȚȖ șȈȔȣȍ ȗȘȈȊȈ ȗȘȐȓȍȎȕȖ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȦȚ ȐȔȍȕ ȏȕȈȔȍ-
ȕȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȟȚȖȉ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȟȚȖ ȊȣȊȍșȚȤ. ǰ ǲȐȗȘȐȈȕ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ǰțȌȍȑ ȌȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ
ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓ ȐȔȧ ȖȚ ȟȍȚȣȘȍȝ șȚȘȈȕ șȊȍȚȈ ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ܻǌĮĲǎǊǀ, įǘ-
ıǈǐ, ܿǏǉĲǎǐ, ǋİıǆǋǃǏǁĮ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȏȕȈȟȈȚ ǪȖșȚȖȒ, ǯȈȗȈȌ, ǹȍȊȍȘ Ȑ Ȇȋ ǷȖȌȖȉ-
ȕȖ Ȋ ȚȖȑ Ȏȍ ȒȕȐȋȍ ȚȖȓȒțȍȚ ȚȖȎȍ ȐȔȧ ǨȌȈȔ ȗȖȕȍȎȍ ȏȍȔȓȧ ȗȓȖȚȤ ȉȣșȚȤ ȝȖȚȧ
ȚȈȒȖȊȖȍ ȐȏȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȕȍ șȝȖȌșȚȊțȍȚ ș ȗȘȍȌȈȕȐȍȔ ǴȖȐșȍȍȊȣȔ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ț ǭȊ-
ȘȍȍȊ șȐȍ ȐȔȧ ȕȍ ȟȍȚȣȘȤȔȧ ȕȖ ȚȘȍȔȧ ȉțȒȊȈȔȐ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȍȚșȧ ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȚȈȒȖȊȖȍ
ȐȏȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ Ȋ șȍȔ șȊȧȚȖȔ ȔțȎȍ ȗȖȘȐȞȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓ ǭȊȘȍȑ-
șȒȖȋȖ ȧȏȣȒȈ ȒȖȍȋȖ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȍ șȊȧȚȣȍ ȔțȎȐ Ȑ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȐșȈȕȐȧ
ȐșȚȖȓȒȖȊȈȚȍȓȐ ȐȏȊȐȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓȐ ǭȎȍȓȐ Ȕȕȍ ȕȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȍȕȖ ȉțȌȍȚ ȗȖ-
ȌȖȉȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȗȖ ȔȕȍȕȐȦ ȔȖȍȔț Ȋ ȟȍșȚȤ ȎȍȕșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȈ ȐȔȍȕȐ ǭȊȊȣ șȝȖȌ-
șȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȊȣȊȍșȚȤ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌșȚȊȖ ȗȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȝȖȚȧ ȖȌȕȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȕȍȊȖȏ-
ȉȘȈȕȍȕȖ ȉ ȉȣȓȖ, ȊȏȧȚȖȍ Ȑȏ ǲȈȉȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȚȈȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȏȕȈȒȖȊ ǹȈȔȖȍ
ȐȔȧ Ȏȍȕȣ, ȗȖ ȒȖȓȐȒț ȍșȚȤ ȟȍȚȊȍȘȖȗȐșȈȕȕȖȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ șȝȖȌșȚȊȈ ȐȔȍȍȚ ș ȕȍȐȏȘȍ-
ȘȍȟȍȕȕȣȔ (ȕȍȐȏȘȍȟȍȕȕȖȍ ȐȔȧ ǩȖȎȐȍ ǰȍȋȖȊȈȋ ȗȖ-ǭȊȘȍȑșȒȐ ȊȔȍșȚȖ ȒȖȚȖ-
ȘȖȋȖ ǰțȌȍȐ ȊȣȋȖȊȈȘȐȊȈȦȚ ǨȌȖȕȈȐ) ȐȔȍȕȍȔ ȊșȍȔȖȋțȡȍȋȖ ǩȖȋȈ ȕȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ
ȚȖȋȖ, ȔțȎȍșȒȖȍ ȐȔȧ Ȓ ȖȕȖȔț Ȏȍ ȕȐ ȏȕȈȒȈȔȐ ȕȐ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȕȐ ȟȐșȓȖȔ
ȕȍ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȐȚ ǵȖ ȏȌȍșȤ Ȕȣ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȔșȧ ǰȉȖ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȝȖȚȧ ȔȈȓȖ ȗȖ-
ȒȈȏȈȓȐ Ȉ ȍȡȍ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ ȏȕȈȚȤ ȌȈȓȐ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȕȍȑȠȍȋȖ ȖȗȐ-
șȈȕȐȧ ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȏȌȍșȤ ȊȔȍșȚȐȚȤ ȔȖȎȕȖ. ǴȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ, ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȕȖșȚȤ Ȏȍȕȣ ȕȍ
ȖȚ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȐȔȍȕȐ ȕȖ Ȑ ȖȚ șȈȔȣȝ Ȋȍȡȍȑ ȌȖȓȎȕȖșȚȍȑ Ȑ ȏȈșȓțȋ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȤ
ȉțȌȍȔ ǰȚȈȒ, ȐșȗȣȚȈȍȔ ȗȐșȈȕȐȧ ȒȈȒ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚșȧ Ȑ ȖȚ șȈȔȖȋȖ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ șȖȚȊȖȘȍ-
ȕȐȧ ȕȈȟȕȍȔ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȈ ȎȍȕȈ Ȋ ȗȍȘȊȖȔ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȍ ȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȍȌ
ȔțȎȍȔ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȈ ǲȈȎȌȖȔț ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ șȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȕȣȍ ȊșȍȉȓȈȋȐȔ Ȑ Ȋșȍ-
ȔȖȋțȡȐȔ ǩȖȋȖȔ șțȡȍșȚȊȈ ȚȍȔ ȕȈȐȗȈȟȍ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȍșȚȊțȦȚ ȟȚȖ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ
ȕȍȘȈȏȘțȠȐȔȣ ȗȘȍȉȣȊȈȦȚ ȊȍȟȕȖ Ȉ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȐȦ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȈȔ ȗȖȌ-
ȊȍȘȎȍȕȣ Ȑ Ȋ ȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȐ șȐȝ ǩȖȋ ȗȖșȚțȗȈȓ ȚȈȒȖȊȣȔ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȖȚ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ
ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȌȍȓȈ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȧ, ȗȘȍșȚȈȊȈȓ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȖȔ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȕȍȑȠȍȔ ǰȚȈȒ,
ȊȖ-ȗȍȘȊȣȝ, ǩȖȋ șȖȚȊȖȘȐȓ ȉȍșȗȓȖȚȕȣȝ ǨȕȋȍȓȖȊ Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔț Ȑ ȕȍȚȓȍȕȕȣȝ, Ȑ ȟȍ-
ȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȍ ȌțȠȐ ǰȉȖ ȚȈȔ ǨȊȋțșȚȐȕ ȔȕȐȚ ȟȚȖ ȌțȠȈ ȗȍȘȊȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȗȘȍȎ-
Ȍȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȚȍȓȈ șȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȈ ș ǨȕȋȍȓȈȔȐ ȒțȗȕȖ ǷȖȚȖȔ șȖȚȊȖȘȐȓ ȕȍȘȈȏȘț-
ȠȐȔȣȍ ȚȍȓȈ ȒȈȒ ȚȖ ȕȍȉȍșȈ ȏȊȍȏȌȣ Ȑ șȚȐȝȐȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȦ, ȕȍȘȈȏȘțȠȐȔȣȍ ȊȗȘȖ-
ȟȍȔ, ȘȈȏȕȣȔ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȈȔ ȗȖȌȓȍȎȈȡȐȍ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ Ȋșȍ ȗȘȖȟȐȍ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȐȦ
ȗȖȌȊȍȘȎȍȕȕȣȍ șȖȏȌȈȓ ȖȚ ȕȐȏȠȐȝ ȗȖ șȚȍȗȍȕȧȔ ȌȖșȚȖȐȕșȚȊȈ ȊȖșȝȖȌȧ ȖȉȘȈȚ-
ȕȖ Ȓ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȐȦ ȊșȍȋȖ șȊȍȚȈ ǶȚșȦȌȈ ȊȖ-ȗȍȘȊȣȝ, ȗȘȖȐȏȖȠȓȐ ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȣ ȗȖ-
ȚȖȔ ȘȈșȚțȡȐȍ, ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȌȘȍȊȈ Ȑ ȉȣȓȐȧ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ, ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȍ ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȏȊȍȘȐ
ȗȘȍșȔȣȒȈȦȡȐȍșȧ ȗȓȈȊȈȦȡȐȍ ȓȍȚȈȦȡȐȍ Ȑ ȟȍȚȊȍȘȖȕȖȋȐȍ ȗȖșȓȍȌȐ Ȏȍ șȖ-
ȚȊȖȘȐȓ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȝ șȍȉȍ ȌȊțȝ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȔțȎȈ, ȋȖȊȖȘȦ, ȗȘȍȎȌȍ Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔ Ȏȍȕț Ȋ
ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȗȘȐȊȍȌȍȕȣ Ȓ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȕȐȦ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȍȔ ȕȍȉȍșȈ ȏȍȔȓȧ Ȑ Ȋșȍ ȍȍ țȒȘȈȠȍ-
Ɉɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ
ɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ.

23
ȕȐȧ ȐȉȖ ǺȊȖȘȍȞ, șȖȏȌȈȊ Ȏȍȕț ȖȗȖȟȐȓ ȖȚ Ȍȍȓ ȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ Ȑ Ȋ ȕȍȑ șȖȊȍȘȠȐ-
ȓȈșȤ Ȋșȧ ȗȘȍȔțȌȘȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȊȓȈșȚȤ șȖȏȌȈȚȍȓȧ, șȊȍȘȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȕȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ
ȚȊȈȘȐ ȕȐȎȍ ȊȣȌțȔȈȕȈ ȉȣȚȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ ǰȚȈȒ, ȗȖȕȍȎȍ ȎȍȕȈ ȍșȚȤ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ Ȑȏ
șȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȕȣȝ ȒȖȕȍȞ Ȑ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȍ Ȋșȍȝ Ȍȍȓ ǩȖȎȐȐȝ Ȑ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȐȍ ȊșȍȋȖ șȊȍ-
ȚȈ ȚȖ ȒȚȖ ȗȖșȗȖȘȐȚ ȟȚȖȉ ȖȕȈ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȕȍȑȠȈȧ Ȋșȍȝ ȚȊȈȘȍȑ ȉȍȏ
ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ șȊȍȚ ȉțȌțȟȐ țȎȍ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ Ȑ ȊȖ ȊșȍȔ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȍȕ ȖșȚȈȓșȧ
ȉȣ ȕȍșȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȣȔ ȒȈȒȖȊȣȔ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȐȕȈȒȖ ȔȖȋ țȟȐȕȐȚȤșȧ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȚȊȈȘȐ ȌȈȓȍ-
ȒȖ Ȋșȍȝ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȍȑȠȍȑ ǰȉȖ ȕȍșȖȋȓȈșȕȖ ș ȘȈȏțȔȖȔ Ȑ ȌțȔȈȚȤ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȖ ȟȚȖȉ
ǩȖȋ ȝȖȚȍȓ șȖȊȍȘȠȐȚȤ ȚȈȒȖȍ Ȑ ȚȖȓȐȒȖȍ ȌȍȓȖ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȕȍșȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȣȔ
ǶșȖȉȓȐȊȖ, ȒȖȋȌȈ șȊȍȚ șȈȔ ȗȖ șȍȉȍ, ȒȈȒ ȊșȍȞȍȓȣȑ Ȑ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȍȑȠȐȑ ȒȘțȋ
ȖȚ ǩȖȋȈ șȖȏȌȈȕ ȚȖ ȕȈȌȖȉȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȍȔț ȚȈȒȖȦ ȟȈșȚȐȞȍȦ ȗȘȐȊȍȌȍȕț ȉȣȚȤ ȒȖ
ȖȒȖȕȟȈȕȐȦ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȉȣ Ȑȏ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȍȘȊȖȍ ș ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȔ ȕȍȘȈȏȌȍȓȐȔȣȔ ȕȍȒȖȚȖ-
ȘȣȔ șȖȦȏȖȔ Ȋ șȍȉȍ șȖȍȌȐȕȧȓȈ ǺȈȒ ȎȍȕȈ Ȋ șȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȐ șȊȍȚȈ ȗȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȔȍȎ-
Ȍț ȊșȍȔȐ ȚȊȈȘȤȔȐ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȧȧ ȕȖ ȖȕȈ Ȏȍ ș ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌșȚȊȖȔ Ȑ ȌȖșȚȖȐȕ-
șȚȊȖȔ ȊȖ șȈȔȖȔ ȉȖȎȍșȒȖȔ ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȐ ȉȣȓȈ Ȑ ȗȍȘȊȈȧ, ȒȈȒ Ȗ ȕȍȑ ȗȐșȈȕȖ
ȟȘȍȏ ȗȘȖȘȖȒȈ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȕȍȉȍșȈ șȖȏȌȈȕȈ ȉȣȠȈ, ȐȏȉȘȈ Ȧ ǩȖȋ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌ-
ȐȏȉȘȈ Ȧ ǰ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȍșȚȤ Ȗȉȡȍȍ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȖȊ ȔȕȍȕȐȍ ȟȚȖ ȒȖȕȍȞ Ȋ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȐȐ
ȍșȚȤ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȕȖ Ȋ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȐ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȑ ȎȍȕȈ Ȏȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ
ȌȍȓȖ ǩȖȎȐȍ, ȊȊȍȌȍȕȈ ȖȚ ȕȍȋȖ Ȋ șȊȍȚ, ȒȈȒ ȞȈȘȐȞȈ Ȋ ȟȍȘȚȖȋȐ, ȍȑ ȗȘȍȌțȋȖȚȖ-
ȊȈȕȕȣȍ țȒȘȈȠȍȕȕȣȍ Ȑ ȊȖ ȊșȍȔ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȣȍ Ȑ ȚȈȒ ȗȖ ȌȖșȚȖȐȕșȚȊț ȍȍ Ȋșȧ
ȚȊȈȘȤ ȓȦȉȐȚ ȗȖȟȐȚȈȍȚ Ȑ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȍȚ Ȑ ȗȖ ȌȖșȚȖȐȕșȚȊț ȍȑ Ȋșȧ ȚȊȈȘȤ ȗȖȌȊȍȘ-
ȋȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȗȖȊȐȕțȍȚșȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ Ȋșȍȝ ȚȊȈȘȍȑ ȍșȚȤ ȊȓȈȌȣȟȐȞȈ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȒȖȕȍȞ șȖ-
ȊȍȘȠȍȕȐȍ Ȑ șȓȈȊȈ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȈȧ ǷȖȟȍȔț Ȗ ȕȍȑ ǹȖȓȖȔȖȕ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȊȣșȖȚț ȘȖ-
ȌȈ ȍȧ ȗȘȖșȓȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȐȔȍȧȑ șȖȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ Ȋ ǩȖȋȖȔ ȕȖ Ȑ Ȋșȍȝ ȋȖșȗȖȌȤ ȊȖȏȓȦȉȐ Ȧ
ǰȉȖ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȐ ȔȍșȚȈ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȎȍȕȈ șȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȈ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍ-
șȚȊȖȔ ȘȖȌȈ ȗȘȍȊȣȠȈȍȚ ȔțȎȈ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȖȍ ȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ șȊȐȌȍ-
ȚȍȓȤșȚȊțȍȚ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȉȢȧȊȓȧȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȎȍȕȈ Ȋ ȘȈȦ, ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȕȍȑȠȍȔ Ȑ ȕȈȐȗȘȍȒ-
ȘȈșȕȍȑȠȍȔ șȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȈ ȔȍșȚȍ ȕȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȚȖȋȖ, ȔțȎ Ȋȕȍ ȖȕȖȋȖ ȕȈ ȗȘȖșȚȖȔ ȗȖȓȍ ș
ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȔȐ Ȑ ȏȊȍȘȤȔȐ ȊȔȍșȚȍ Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔ țȎȍ Ȍȓȧ șȖȏȌȈȕȕȖȑ Ȏȍȕȣ Ȋ ȘȈȑ ȊȊȍȌȍȕ
ȉȣȓ ǷȖȟȍȔț ȎȍȕȈ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȣȔ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȈ ȌȈȘȖȔ, ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȗȘȐȖȉȣȒȠȐ Ȓ ȊȣșȖ-
ȟȈȑȠȍȔț șȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȔȍșȚț, ș ȊȣșȖȚȣ ȊȕȐȏ șȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȍ ȟțȊșȚȊțȍȚ ȕȐ
ȔȈȓȖȑ ȘȖȉȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȧȡȍȑ ȖȚ ȚȖȋȖ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȣ ȕȐȎȍ șȓȈȉȍȍȚ ȏȘȈȒ ȍȍ ȒȈȒ
ȌȍȓȈȍȚșȧ ș ȔțȡȐȕȈȔȐ; ȒȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ șȓțȟȐȚșȧ ȚȖȕțȚȤ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȍ ȊȔȍșȚȍ
ș ȔțȡȐȕȖȦ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȧ țȎȍ ȕȐ ȔȈȓȖȑ ȗȖșȚȖȘȖȕȕȍȑ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ ȖȕȈ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȉȣ-
ȊȈȍȚ ȕȈ ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȐ ȊȖȌȣ Ȉ ȔțȡȐȕȈ ȖȗțșȒȈȍȚșȧ ȒȖ Ȍȕț șȒȖȘȍȍ ǿȚȖ Ȏȍ ȗȘȍȐ-
ȔțȡȍșȚȊȖ ȔȍșȚȈ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȌȈȍȚ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȈ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒț, ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȐȍ ȏȈȒȖȕȣ
Ȑ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȖȍ ȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ȧșȕȖ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚ ȕȍ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ ț Ȋșȍȝ
ȕȈȘȖȌȖȊ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȓȦȌȐ ȕȖ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȍ Ȑ șȈ-
Ȕȣȍ ȊȍȡȐ ȟȍȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȑȏ ȏȕȈȚȕȍȑȠȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȧȚ ȔȍșȚȈ ȚȍȔ Ȑȏȧȡȕȍȑ-
ȠȐȔȐ ȗȖȟȐȚȈȦȚșȧ ȊșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ ȟȍȋȖ ǰșȈȈȒ ȏȈȗȘȍȚȐȓ șȣȕț șȊȖȍȔț ǰȈȒȖȊț
ȉȘȈȚȤ Ȏȍȕț Ȑȏ ȏȍȔȓȐ ǽȈȕȈȈȕșȒȖȑ ȕȖ Ȑȏ ǴȍșȖȗȖȚȈȔȐȐ Ȋ ǹȐȘȐȐ ș ȓțȟȠȐȔ
șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍȔ ǷȖȌȖȉȕȖ ȟȐȚȈȍȔ ț ǰȖȈȕȕȈ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ǼȐȓȐȗȗ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȖȉȘȍȚȖȝȖȔ
Ɉɬ
ɦɟɫɬɚ

24
ǰȐșțșȈ șȣȕȈ ǰȖșȐȜȖȊȈ, ȐȎȍ ȖȚ ǵȈȏȈȘȍȚȈ ǶȚȊȍȡȈ ȍȔț ǵȈȜȈȕȈȐȓ ȖȚ ǵȈ-
ȏȈȘȍȚȈ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȌȖȉȘȖ ȉȣȚȐ ǺȍȗȍȘȤ Ȓ ȌȘțȋȖȔț ȗȖșȚțȗȐȔ, ȗȘȍȊȖș-
ȝȖȌȐȚ ȎȍȕȈ ȔțȎȈ ȊȍȡȍșȚȊȖȔ ȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȕȍ Ȑȏ ȕȍȖȎȐȊȖȚȊȖ-
ȘȍȕȕȖȑ ȕȍȒȖȍȑ Ȑ ȗȘȖșȚȖȑ șȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȈ ȏȍȔȓȐ ȒȈȒ ȔțȎ, ȕȖ Ȑȏ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȐ ȖȟȐȡȍȕ-
ȕȖȑ ȖȎȐȊȓȍȕȕȖȑ Ȑ ȖȌțȠȍȊȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȌțȠȐ, ȋȖȊȖȘȦ, ȘȈȏțȔȕȖȑ țȟȈșȚȊțȦȡȍȑ
ȉȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ șȔȣșȓȈ ǲ șȍȔț șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȔțȎ Ȑȏ ȏȍȔȓȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȖ șȊȖȍ-
Ȕț ȍșȚȍșȚȊț Ȋșȍȝ ȘȖȌȖȊ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȚ șȖȌȍȑșȚȊțȦȡȍȑ ȕȍȉȍșȕȖȑ
șȐȓȍ șȖȏȌȈȕ ȖȚ ǩȖȋȈ ȎȍȕȈ Ȏȍ ȊȣȠȍ ȕȍȉȍșȕȖȋȖ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȐ Ȑ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȈ șȗȖ-
șȖȉȕȖșȚȍ ȉȍȏ ȊșȧȒȖȑ șȖȌȍȑșȚȊțȦȡȍȑ șȐȓȣ șȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȈ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȖȚ ǩȖȋȈ
ȊȖ ȊșȍȔ Ȗ șȍȉȍ șȊȍȌțȡȈ ȞȍȓȈ Ȑ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȈ Ȉ ȔțȎ, ș șȊȖȍȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȟțȊșȚ-
ȊțȍȚ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȖȒ Ȋ ȓȐȠȍȕȐȐ ȘȍȉȘȈ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȎȍȕȈ șȖȌȍȓȈȕȈ ȒȖȋȌȈ ǨȌȈȔ
ȗȖȋȘțȎȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȋȓțȉȖȒȐȔ șȕȖȔ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȖȍ Ȑȏ ȕȍȋȖ ȊȏȧȚȖ
ȉȣȓȖ ǩȖȋȖȔ Ȑ Ȏȍȕȍ ȌȈȕȖ ǪșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ șȍȋȖ, ȔțȎ ȍșȚȤ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȈ ȌȍȓȖ Ȉ ȎȍȕȈ
ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ǩȖȎȐȍ ǰ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȎȍȕȈ ǩȖȎȍșȒȖȋȖ șȐȧȕȐȧ Ȋ șȍȉȍ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ
ȉȖȓȍȍ ȔțȎȈ Ȑ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȈ ȖȕȖȋȖ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ Ȑ ȌȖșȍȓȍ ȧșȕȖ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ
ȔȖȎȕȖ Ȋ ȟȐșȚȖȚȍ ȍȍ Ȑ ȒȘȈșȖȚȍ țȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ǰȉȖ șȈȔȈȧ ȒȘȈșȖȚȈ ȍșȚȤ ȕȍ ȟȚȖ
ȐȕȖȍ ȒȈȒ ǩȖȎȍșȒȖȋȖ ȓȐȞȈ Ȑ șȊȍȚȈ șȐȧȕȐȍ, ȊȍȡȈȔ ȌȈȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȍ Ȑ ȉȓȐșȚȈȦ-
ȡȍȍ Ȋ ȚȍȓȈȝ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȝ ǶȕȖȍ ȊșȍȔȍȘȕȖ ȖȉȐȚȈȍȚ Ȑ ȕȈȗȖȓȕȧȍȚ ȉȖȓȍȍ Ȏȍȕ
ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȔțȎȍȑ ǶȚșȦȌȈ ȎȍȕșȒȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ ȒȈȒ ȗȖ ȊȏȖȘț ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȗȖ ȖșȧȏȈȕȐȦ ȍșȚȤ
ȕȈȐȕȍȎȕȍȑȠȍȍ ȞȊȍȚ ȉȓȐșȚȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ Ȑ ȉȍȓȣȑ ȒȖȎȈ ȚȖȕȟȈȑȠȈȧ Ȑ ȗȘȖȏȘȈȟ-
ȕȈȧ ȋȖȓȖȊȈ șȚȘȖȑȕȈȧ ȒțȌȘȐ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȍ ȊȖȓȖșȣ ȔȧȋȒȐȍ, șȊȍȚȓȍȦȡȐȍșȧ Ȑ
ȌȓȐȕȕȣȍ ȊȏȖȘ ȔȐȓȣȑ Ȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ Ȋȍșȍȓȣȑ ȓȐȞȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȍȍ Ƞȍȧ ȉȍ-
ȓȐȏȕȖȦ ȔȖȓȖȒț ȗȖȌȖȉȕȈȧ ȓȖȉ ȗȖȘȧȌȖȟȕȣȑ Ȑ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȕȣȑ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȐȔȍȍȚ
ȗȓȍȕȧȦȡȐȍ Ȑ șȐȧȦȡȐȍ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ țșȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȓȦȉȍȏȕțȦ ȊȍșȍȓȖșȚȤ, ș
ȉȓȈȋȖșȒȓȖȕȕȖșȚȐȦ șȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȕțȦ ȊȣȠȍ Ȑȝ ȉȘȖȊȐ, ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȍ ȌȊȈ ȚȖȕ-
ȒȐȝ ȗȖȓțȒȘțȋȈ Ȉ ȗȘȐ ȚȖȔ ș ȗȘȐȓȐȟȕȖȦ ȗȓȖșȒȖșȚȐȦ Ȑ ȗȘȐșȚȖȑȕȣȔ ȘȈșșȚȖȧ-
ȕȐȍȔ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȖȚ șȘȍȌȐȕȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚșȧ ȕȖș, ȘȖȊȕȣȑ Ȑ ȗȖȘȧȌȖȟ-
ȕȣȑ ȗȖȌ ȖȕȣȔ țșȚȈ, ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȐȍ Ȑ ȕȍȎȕȣȔȐ ȋțȉȈȔȐ țȒȘȈȠȍȕȕȣȍ ȔȍȎȌț
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ Ȋ șȓțȟȈȍ ȗȘȐȧȚȕȖȋȖ șȔȍȝȈ șȊȍȘȒȈȦȚ ȏțȉȣ, ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȍ Ȑ ȘȖȊȕȣȍ
șȓȖȕȖȊȖȑ ȒȖșȚȐ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȍ ȒȖȐȝ ț ȎȍȕȡȐȕ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȟȐșȓȖȔ Ȕȍ-
ȕȤȠȍ ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ț ȔțȡȐȕ, ȗȖȟȍȔț ȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȕȍ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȖȍșȚȓȐȊȣ Ȑ ȋȘȣȏȓȐ-
Ȋȣ; ȊȒȘțȋ șȒțȓȣ ȊȖȏȊȣȠȍȕȕȣȍ Ȑ ȡȍȒȐ ȕȍȎȕȖȑ ȔȧȋȒȖșȚȐ, ȘȖȏȖȊȖȋȖ ȞȊȍȚȈ
ȕȈȗȖȓȕȍȕȕȣȍ șȚȣȌȓȐȊȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȖȒȘțȋȓȣȑ ȗȖȌȉȖȘȖȌȖȒ ș ȗȘȐșȚȖȑȕȖȦ ȊȗȈȌȐ-
ȕȖȦ ǷȖȌ ȖȕȣȔ Ƞȍȧ ȚȖȕȟȈȊȈȧ, Ȑȏ ȗȓȍȟ ȊȖȏȊȣȠȈȦȡȈȧșȧ ȋȖȘȓȖ ȕȍȎȕȖȍ Ȑ ȉȍ-
ȓȍȦȡȍȍșȧ ȚȖȓșȚȖȚȣ ȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȋȖȓȖș Ȑ ȘȍȟȤ ȗȘȐȧȚȕȍȑȠȈȧ ȋȘțȌȤ ȗȘȖ-
șȚȘȈȕȕȈȧ Ȑ ȊȣșȖȒȈȧ ȖȉȓȍȟȍȕȕȈȧ ȚȍȓȖȔ ȘȈȊȕȖȑ ȒȘȍȗȖșȚȐ, ȒȈȒ Ȑ șȖșȞȣ ȟȘȍȊȖ
ȒȈȒ șȐȐ ȒȘțȋȓȖȍ ȉȖȒȈ ȔȧȋȒȐȍ șȗȐȕț ȘȖȊȕțȦ Ȑ ȊȖȏȊȣȠȍȕȕțȦ ȔȍșȚȈȔȐ ȒȖȕ-
Ȟȣ ț ȘțȒ Ȑ ȕȖȋ ȖȒȘțȋȓȣȍ Ȑ Ȋșȍ ȟȓȍȕȣ, ȕȈȗȖȓȕȍȕȕȣȍ șȖȒȖȔ Ȓ șȍȔț ȠȈȋ Ȑ ȗȖ-
ȝȖȌȒȈ șȒȘȖȔȕȈȧ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȐȓȐȟȕȖȍ ȗȖȔȈȊȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȐșȚȖȑȕȣȍ șȊȍȘȝ ȚȖȋȖ
ȊșȍȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍȔ șȚȘȖȑȕȖșȚȐȦ Ȑ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐȦ ȊȖ ȊșȍȔ ȕȈȌȔȍȘț
ȎȐȊȈ Ȑ ȒȈȏȐșȚȈ Ȑ Ȑȏ Ȋșȍȝ ȚȊȈȘȍȑ ȕȍȚ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȚȖȓȤ țȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȌ-
ȔȍȚȈ ȕȐȎȍ ȟțȌȈ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȏȘȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ ȘȈȏȊȍ șȓȍȗȖȑ ȖȌȐȕ
Ɉɬ ɜɟɳɟ-
ɫɬɜɚ.
ɑɬɨ ɩɪɟɞ
ɦɭɠɟɦ
ɠɟɧɚ ɨɬ
Ȼɨɝɚ ɩɨɥɭ-
ɱɢɥɚ

25
ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȟȚȖ ǩȖȋ Ȋșȍ ȟȚȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȊȍȚ ȐȔȍȍȚ Ȋ șȍȉȍ ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȕȖȋȖ șȖȍ-
ȌȐȕȐȊ, șȕȈȉȌȐȓ Ȏȍȕț ȐȏȖȉȐȓȤȕȖ ȌȈȉȣ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȍȑ Ȋșȧ ȚȊȈȘȤ țȌȐȊȓȧȓȈșȧ
ȓȦȉȐȓȈ Ȑ ȗȖȟȐȚȈȓȈ ȌȖ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȒȈȒ șȈȔȐȔ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȓȖ ȌȍȓȖȔ ȉȍșȗȓȖȚ-
ȕȣȍ ȌțȝȐ Ȓ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȎȍȕȈȔ ȎȍșȚȖȒȖȦ ȓȦȉȖȊȐȦ ȗȣȓȈȓȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȔȕȍȕȐȍ
ȕȍ ȓȖȎȕȖ ȕȖ ȔȕȖȋȐȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖȔ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚșȧ ȧ ȚȖ ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȦ ȟȚȖ șȚȐȝȖ-
ȚȊȖȘȞȣ Ȗ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȣȝ ȖȉȘȈȡȍȕȐȧȝ ǩȖȋȖȊ ș Ȑȝ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȐȞȈȔȐ ȕȈȔ șȖȖȉȡȈȦȚ
ȒȈȒ ȚȖ ǨȗȖȓȓȖȕȈ Ȑ ǬȈȜȕȣ ǵȍȗȚțȕȈ Ȑ! ǹȈȓȔȖȕȍȐ ǫȍȘȒțȓȍșȈ Ȑ! ǰȉȣ ȅȖȓȈ
Ȑ! ǶȓȐȜȈȓȣ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟȐȝ ǩȖȋȖȊ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȐȞȈȝ Ȑ șȈȔȖȋȖ ǰȖȊȐȠȈ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ
Ȉ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȦ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ șȍȑ ȉȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ ȌȈȘ, ȉȖȋȈȔ Ȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈȔ
ȓȦȉȍȏȕȣȑ, șȊȧȡȍȕȕȖȍ ȗȐșȈȕȐȍ Ȋ ȎȍȕȈȝ ȗȘȍȌ ȗȘȖȟȐȔȐ ȊȣȠȕȐȔȐ ȌȈȘȖȊȈ-
ȕȐȧȔȐ ȕȈ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȔȍșȚȈȝ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȝȊȈȓȧȍȚ ȖȚȒțȌȈ Ȋ ǩȣȚȐȧȝ ȟȐȚȈȍȔ,
ȟȚȖ, ȊȐȌȧ șȣȕȣ ǩȖȎȐȐ ȌȡȍȘȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȍ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȍ ȐȏȉȘȈȓȐ ȖȚ ȕȐȝ
Ȏȍȕ șȍȉȍ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȔț ȐȏȊȖȓȍȕȐȦ ǿȚȍȔ ȚȈȔ Ȑ Ȗ ǹȈȘȘȍ, Ȏȍȕȍ ǨȊȘȈȈȔȖȊȖȑ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȈȧ ȉȣȓȈ ȒȘȈșȕȈ ȖȚ Ȋșȍȝ Ȏȍȕ ȏȍȔȕȣȝ ȐȓȐ ȓțȟȠȍ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȈȧ ǷȖȌȖȉȕȖ,
ȘȈȉ ǨȊȘȈȈȔȖȊ, ȒȈȒ țȏȘȍȓ ǸȍȊȍȒȒț ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȌȍȊȐȞȈ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ ȗȘȍȊȖș-
ȝȖȌȕȖȑ șȒȈȏȈȓ șȈȔ Ȋ șȍȉȍ șȐȧ ȍșȚȤ ȦȎȍ țȋȖȚȖȊȈ ǩȖȋ șȣȕț ǨȊȘȈȈȔȖȊț ǰșȈȈ-
Ȓț; Ȑ ǨȊȐȋȍȧ ȎȍȕȈ ǵȈȊȈȓȈ, ȔțȎȈ șȒȊȍȘȕȖȋȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȈȏțȔȕȈ Ȑ ȌȖȉȘȖ-
șȍȘȌȈ ȘȈȊȕȖ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȈ, ȗȖȟȍȔț șȖȉȓȦȓȈ ȖȕȈ Ȑ ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȑ ȐȔȍȕȐȍ ȔțȎȈ
șȊȖȍȋȖ ȖȚ ȧȘȖșȚȐ ǬȈȊȐȌȖȊȖȑ, Ȑ ȏȓȖȑ ȔțȎ ȗȖȔȖȡȐȦ Ȏȍȕȣ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȑ șȗȈș-
șȧ ǰȉȖ șȐȔȐ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ ȍȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ǬȈȊȐȌ ȐȌȐ ș ȔȐȘȖȔ Ȋ ȌȖȔ ȚȊȖȑ șȍ țș-
ȓȣȠȈȝ ȋȓȈș ȚȊȖȑ Ȑ ȗȖȟȚȐȝ ȓȐȞȍ ȚȊȖȍ; ȖșȖȉȓȐȊȖ, ȒȈȒ ȒȘȈșȖȚȈ ȍșȚȤ ȐȓȐ Ȍț-
ȠȍȊȕȈȧ, ȐȓȐ șȓȖȊȍșȕȈȧ ȐȓȐ ȚȍȓȍșȕȈȧ ȚȖ ǨȊȐȋȍȧ Ȋșȧ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȈ Ȑ ȉȓȈ-
ȋȖȘȈȏțȔȐȍȔ ȌțȝȈ șȓȈȌȒȖȘȍȟȐȍȔ Ȑ ȗȘȐȋȖȎșȚȊȖȔ ȚȍȓȈ, ȗȖȟȍȔț ȖȕȈ, ȖȊȌȖȊȍȊ-
ȠȐ, șȌȍȓȈȓȈșȧ ȍȌȐȕȈ ȖȚ Ȏȍȕ ǬȈȊȐȌȖȊȣȝ ǰ ǪȐȘșȈȊȐȧ ȉȣȓȈ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȗȘȍȒȘȈș-
ȕȈ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ ǬȈȊȐȌ, Ȋ ȕȍȍ ȊȓȦȉȧșȧ ȗȖ șȔȍȘȚȐ ȍȍ ȔțȎȈ țȌȖșȚȖȐȊ ȍȍ ȉȣȚȤ șȊȖȍȦ
ȎȍȕȖȦ ȗȖȟȚȐȓ ȍȍ ȗȘȍȌ ȗȘȖȟȐȐȔȐ ǾȈȘșȒȐȔ ȌȖșȚȖȐȕșȚȊȖȔ. ǺȈȒ ǨȊȐșȈȋȈ ǹț-
ȔȈȕȚȧȕȣȕȧ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȌȍȊȐȞȈ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȍȑȠȈȧ ȐȏȉȘȈȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ
ȟȚȖȉ Ȋ ȗȘȍșȚȈȘȍȓȖȔ țȎȍ ǬȈȊȐȌȍ ȚȍȗȓȖȚț ȊȖșșȚȈȊȐȚȤ, ȟȍȋȖ ȘȈȌȐ ǬȈȊȐȌ șȚȈȘ
țȎȍ ȉțȌțȟȐ, ȐȔȍȓ ȍȍ Ȋ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȔ ȗȖȟȚȍȕȐȐ Ȑ ȗȖ șȔȍȘȚȐ ȍȋȖ ȏȈ șȐȓȤȕțȦ ǾȈ-
ȘȐȞț ȖȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȖȟȐȚȈȍȔȈ ǹȦȌȈ Ȏ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȐȚ, ȟȚȖ Ȕȣ ȟȐȚȈȍȔ Ȗ țȌȐȊȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȒȘȈșȖȚȍ ǾȈȘȐȞȣ ǪȈșȚȐ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȗ ȅșȜȐȘȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȍȑ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȟȚȍȕȈ Ȑ
ȉȣȓȈ ȍȍ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȕȍȍ ȒȘȈșȖȚȖȦ Ȑ ȓȍȗȖȚȖȦ ȓȐȞȈ șȊȖȍȋȖ ǰțȌȐȜȐȕț ȒȘȈșȖȚț
țȔȕȖȎȐȓ ǫȖșȗȖȌȤ ȌȖ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ șȔȖȚȘȧȡȐȍ ȕȈ ȕȍȍ ȖȚ țȌȐȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȊȖșȚȖȘȋ
ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȐ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ Ȗ ǹțșȈȕȕȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȉȣȓȈ ȒȈȒ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȕȍȎ-
ȕȈ Ȑ ȓȐȞȍȔ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȈ ǺȖ Ȏȍ țșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȧ Ȕȣ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȟȐȚȈȍȔ ȟȚȖ ǰȖȊț ȗȖ
ȘȈȏȕȣȝ ȍȋȖ ȐșȒțȠȍȕȐȧȝ Ȑ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȐȧȝ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȗȘȖȟȍȋȖ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȕȣȔ
șȊȖȐȔ ȏȈșȓțȎȐȓ ȚȍȘȗȍȕȐȍȔ ȌȈȘȖȊȈȓ ǫȖșȗȖȌȤ ȚȘȍȝ ȌȡȍȘȍȑ ȕȈȐȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȍȑ-
ȠȐȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȒȘȈșȐȊȍȍ ȗȖ Ȋșȍȑ ȏȍȔȓȐ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȈ Ȑȏ Ȏȍȕ ȕȍ ȖȉȘȍȓȈșȧ ǷȘȖȑ-
ȌȍȔ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ șȊȧȚȣȝ ȌȍȊ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ; ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ, țȌȐȊȐȔșȧ șȒȖȓȤ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȕȖȑ
ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ ȖȚ Ȋșȍȝ ȌȡȍȘȍȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȝ ȗȘȈȊȖșȓȈȊȕȈȧ ȞȍȘȒȖȊȤ, ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ
ȊȖșȝȊȈȓȧȧ Ȗȕȣȝ, ȉȣȚȤ ȖȗȐșțȍȚ ǷȘȍȎȌȍ Ȏȍ Ȋșȍȝ ȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȐȞț ȗȘȍȕȍȗȖȘȖȟȕțȦ
ǩȖȋȖȘȖȌȐȞț ǬȍȊț ǴȈȘȐȦ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȒȘȈșȖȚȍ șȖȓȕȞȍ Ȑ ȓțȕȈ țȌȐȊȓȧȦȚșȧ Ȑ ȖȚ
III Reg. I.
v. 5.

26
ȒȖȍȧ ȗȘȍșȊȍȚȓȖȋȖ ȓȐȞȈ ȚȖȓȐȒȈȧ șȖȊȖȒțȗȕȖ ȊȖșșȐȧȓȈ ȓȍȗȖȚȣ ȟȐșȚȖȚȈ Ȑ șȊȧ-
ȚȖșȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȝȖȚȧ Ȋșȍȝ ȏȘȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȔȣșȓȐ ȗȓȍȕȧȓȈ ȗȘȐ ȊșȍȔ ȚȖȔ ȕȐȒȚȖ Ȑ ȕȐȒȖ-
ȋȌȈ Ȑȏ șȔȍȘȚȕȣȝ ȍȍ ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȤȔȐ ȕȐȎȍ ȔȈȓȍȑȠȍ Ȋ ȔȣșȓȐ ȗȖȗȖȓȏȕțȓșȧ ǪȗȘȖ-
ȟȍȔ, Ȗ șȍȔ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȕȍȍ ȖȉȢȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ Ȋ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȖȑ ǩȐȉȓȐȐ ȋȌȍ ȊȖ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ
ȔȍșȚȈȝ Ȗ ȒȘȈșȖȚȍ țȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚșȧ Ȗ ȟȍȔ Ȑ ȧ ȚȖȟȕȣȔȐ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȖȉȢȧȊȐȓ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ
Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉ Ȕȣ ȧșȕȖ ȘȈȏțȔȍȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȒȘȈșȖȚȈ Ȏȍȕ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȚ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ,
ȕȖ Ȑ ȖȚ ǩȖȋȈ ȗȖȟȚȍȕȈ ȔȕȖȋȖ; ȘȈȊȕȖȔȍȘȕȖ Ȑ ȐȕȌȍ Ȕȣ Ȋ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȖȔ ȗȐșȈȕȐȐ
ȕȈȝȖȌȐȔ ȟȚȖ ǩȖȋ ȏȈȗȖȊȍȌȈȓ țȉȐȊȈȚȤ ȊșȧȒ ȗȖȓ ȔțȎȍșȒȖȑ Ȑ ȌȍȚȍȑ ȕȍ ȐșȒȓȦ-
ȟȈȧ Ȉ ȗȖȊȍȓȍȓ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȚȤ ȖȌȕȐȝ Ȏȍȕ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȝ Ȑ ȊȖ ǪȚȖȘȖȏȈȒȖȕȐȐ ȗȖȏȊȖ-
ȓȧȍȚ șȣȕȈȔ ǰȏȘȈȐȓȍȊȣȔ ȐȏȉȐȘȈȚȤ Ȑȏ ȌȍȊ ȗȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȓȍȗȣȝ Ȋ Ȏȍȕȣ șȍȉȍ ǲȘȖ-
Ȕȍ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ țȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ, ȎȍȕȈ șȕȈȉȌȍȕȈ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȌȖșȚȖȐȕșȚȊȖȔ ȉȓȈȋȖ-
ȗȘȐșȚȖȑȕȖșȚȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ Ȋ ȔțȡȐȕȈȝ șȓțȟȈȍȚșȧ ȔȈȓȖ ǹȈȔȈ ȕȈȚțȘȈ ȉȖȓȍȍ Ȋ
Ȏȍȕ ȕȍȎȍȓȐ Ȋ ȔțȎȍȑ șȚȣȌȓȐȊȖșȚȐ ȊșȍȓȐȓȈ ǿȍȋȖ ȘȈȌȐ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȟȈșȚȖ șȓțȟȈȍȚ-
șȧ ȟȚȖ Ȑȏ ȎȍȕșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȈ ȐȔȍȦȡȐȍ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȤ ȊȕțȚȘȐ ȐȓȐ ȗȖȉȓȐȏȖșȚȐ ȌȍȚȖ-
ȘȖȌȕȖȋȖ țȌȈ ȖȝȖȚȕȍȍ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șȔȍȘȚȤ șȍȉȍ ȐȏȉȐȘȈȦȚ ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȚ
șȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ ȒȈșȈȚȤșȧ Ȑ ȓȍȟȐȚȤ ȊȘȈȟȈȔ ȖȕȖȑ ǹȐȦ Ȏȍ ȟȍșȚȤ șȚȣȌȓȐȊȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȌȖ-
șȍȓȍ, țȔȐȘȈȧ, Ȑ țȔȍȘȠȐ șȖȝȘȈȕȧȦȚ ȒȈȒ ȚȖ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȕȈȐȗȈȟȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ
Ȋ ȊȖȌȈȝ ȗȖȋȐȉȈȦȚ ȐȉȖ șȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊțȍȚ ǷȓȐȕȐȑ Ȑ șȈȔȖȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȟȚȖ Ȏȍ-
ȕȈ țȚȖȗȠȈȧ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȕȐȞ șȊȍȘȝ ȊȖȌȣ ȗȓȈȊȈȍȚ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȕȈȚțȘȈ Ȑ ȗȖ șȔȍȘȚȐ șȖ-
ȉȓȦȌȈȓȈ Ȑȝ șȚȣȌȓȐȊȖșȚȤ. ǵȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȚȖȋȖ, ȔțȡȐȕȣ ȊȊȍȘȝ ȓȐȞȍȔ Ȑ ȕȈȊȏȕȐȟȤ
ǲ șȍȔț Ȑ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȕȍȑȠȐȑ ȟȓȍȕ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȒȖȐȔ Ȕȣ ȕȈȐȗȈȟȍ ȘȈȏȕ-
șȚȊțȍȔ ȖȚ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ Ȑ ȏȈ ǩȖȎȍșȒȖȍ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȖ ȗȖȟȐȚȈȍȔ ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȋȖȓȖȊȈ Ȑ ȊȖ
ȖȕȖȑ ȓȐȞȍ ȖșȖȉȓȐȊȖ ȋȖȓȖȊȈ ț ȔțȡȐȕ ȉȍȏȊȓȈșȐȍȔ ȖȉȍȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȍȚșȧ; ȕȈȗȘȖ-
ȚȐȊ ȚȖȋȖ, ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ, Ȓ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȔț ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊț ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ, ȕȍ ȉȣȊȈȦȚ ȉȍȏ-
ȊȓȈșȕȣ; ȓȐȞȍ ț ȔțȡȐȕ ȕȍȕȈȊȐșȚȕȖȦ Ȍȓȧ ȕȐȝ șȈȔȐȝ ȉȖȘȖȌȖȦ Ȑ ȋȕțșȕȣȔȐ
ȊȖȓȖșȈȔȐ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȏȈȒȘȣȚȖ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ ȖȚ ȏȊȍȘȍȑ ȍȌȊȈ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȐȚȤ Ȑȝ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȔȖȎ-
ȕȖ ț ȎȍȕșȒȖȋȖ Ȏȍ ȗȖȓȈ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȓȐȞȍ ȟȐșȚȖȍ Ȑ ȗȘȐșȚȖȑȕȖȍ ǶȚșȦȌȈ ȏȈ-
ȒȖȕȖȔ ǽII ȚȈȉȓȐȞ ȏȈȗȘȍȡȍȕȖ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈȔ ȕȈ ȡȍȒȈȝ ȉȘȐȚȤ ȊȖȓȖșȣ ȟȚȖȉ șȖ ȊȘȍ-
ȔȍȕȍȔ ȉȖȘȖȌȈ ȕȍ ȊȣȘȖșȓȈ Ȑ șȚȣȌȓȐȊȖșȚȤ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȉ ȏȈȒȘȣȚȈ ǿȐșȚȖȚȣ Ȑȏ
Ȋșȍȝ șȐȍ ȧșȕȣȔ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȔ șȓțȎȐȚȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ, ȖȌȕȈȎȌȣ
ȖȔȣȊȠȐșȤ ȟȐșȚȖ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖșȓȍ ȕȐ ȖȒȈȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȊȖȌȈ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȑ țȎȍ Ȋ șȍȉȍ
ȔțȚȕȖșȚȐ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȔțȎ Ȏȍ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȉ ȊȣȔȣȚ ȕȐ ȉȣȓ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ ȔțȚ-
ȕȈȧ Ȑ ȕȍȟȐșȚȈȧ ȊȖȌȈ ș ȕȍȋȖ șȚȍȒȈȍȚ ǲ ȚȖȔț Ȏ, ȗȖ ȘȈșȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȦ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȈ ț
ȎȍȕȡȐȕ ȒȈȎȌȖȑ ȔȍșȧȞ ȐȏȓȐȠȕȧȧ ȒȘȖȊȤ șȈȔȈ șȖȉȖȦ ȕȍȊȍȌȖȔȖ ȌȘțȋȐȔ Ȋȣ-
ȝȖȌȐȚ ȕȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȚȖȋȖ, ț ȔțȡȐȕ Ȋ ȓȐȞȖ ȕȈȘțȎȕțȦ ȟȈșȚȤ ȚȍȓȈ, ȊȣșȚțȗȈȍȚ
ǲȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȒȈȒ Ȑȏ Ȋșȍȝ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ ȖȌȕȖȔț ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒț ȌȈȕȖ șȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ
ȊȊȍȘȝ ȕȈ ȕȍȉȖ ȚȖ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȖ Ȑ ȜȖȘȚțȕȈ Ȑ Ȋ șȍȔ țȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȗȖȗȍȟȍȕȐȍ Ȗ
ȎȍȕșȒȖȔ ȗȖȓȍ ȐȔȍȓȈ Ȑ șȌȍȓȈȓȈ, ȟȚȖ ȍȎȍȓȐ ȗȖ șȓțȟȈȦ ȐȓȐ ȕȍȖșȚȖȘȖȎȕȖșȚȐ
ȎȍȕȡȐȕȍ țȗȈșȚȤ ȕȈȌȖȉȕȖ ȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ ȕȈ ȏȈȌ ȗȈȌȈȍȚ ȐȓȐ ȕȈ șȗȐȕț
Ȉ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȓȐȞȍȔ Ȑ ȋȖȓȖȊȖȦ ȕȍ ȉȤȍȚșȧ* ǷȘȐ ȚȖȔ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȐȔ ȓȐ Ȕȣ ȟȚȖ Ȑ Ȋ
* ɋɢɟ ɨɬɞɚɬɶ ɚɜɬɨɪɭ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɭ

27
ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȖ ȗȘȍȌ ȔțȎȈȔȐ Ȏȍȕ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȟȚȐ-
ȓȖ ǹȐȍ ȖșȖȉȓȐȊȖ Ȑȏ ȚȖȋȖ ȧȊșȚȊțȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȖȌȕȖ ȎȍȕșȒȖȍ șȍȔȧ ȗȖ șȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊț
ǫȈȓȍȕȈ Ȑ ǨȊȐȞȍȕȕȣ ȍșȚȤ ȊȍȡȍșȚȊȖ ȗȓȖȌȈ Ȑ ȗȐȡȈ ȕȖ Ȋ ȔțȎȟȐȕȍ șȖȊșȍȔ ȕȈ-
ȝȖȌȐȔ ȐȕȖȍ ȐȉȖ șȍȔȧ ȖȕȖȋȖ, ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ șȓțȟȈȑȕȖȍ, ȊȝȖȌȐȚ Ȋ
șțȡȕȖșȚȤ ǶȚȒțȌȈ ȋȓȈșȐȚ ȏȈȒȖȕ ȍșȚȤ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȊȈȎȕȣȑ Ȑ ȖȚȔȍȕȕȣȑ ȌȖȓȋ Ȏȍȕ
ȏȈȟȐȕȈȚȤ Ȑ șȖȉȓȦȌȈȚȤ ȏȈȟȈȚȖȍ, ȗȖȟȍȔț Ȑ ȊȐȌȐȔ ȟȚȖ Ȑȏ ȘȖȎȌȈȦȡȐȝșȧ ȊȍșȤ-
ȔȈ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȕȈ ȔȈȚȍȘȍȑ ȗȖȝȖȌȧȚ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȗȘȖȐȏȖȠȓȐ ȖȚ Ȑȝ ȒȘȖȊȐ
ǹȐȍ șȝȖȌșȚȊȖ ȖșȖȉȓȐȊȖ ȗȘȐȔȍȟȈȍȔ Ȕȣ Ȋ șȖșȚȈȊȍ ȚȍȓȈ Ȑ ȊșȍȋȌȈ țȎȍ Ȋ Ȗȉȣ-
ȟȈȧȝ, ȐȉȖ ȍșȓȐ ȔȈȚȍȘȐ ȋȓțȗȣ ȚȖ Ȑ ȌȍȚȐ ȍȎȍȓȐ Ȏȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐ ȉțȌțȚ ȘȈȏțȔȕȣ
ȚȖ Ȑ ȌȍȚȐ ȚȈȒȖȊȣ Ȏ ȉȣȊȈȦȚ ȕȖ Ȋ ȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȐ ȖȚȞȖȊ șȖȊșȍȔ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȖȍ Ȋȣ-
ȝȖȌȐȚ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȍȎȍȓȐ șȈȔȐ ȉțȌțȚ ȗȘȍȔțȌȘȣ ȚȖ ȘȖȌȧȚ ȌȍȚȍȑ ȋȓțȗȣȝ Ȉ ȋȓț-
ȗȣȍ ȖȚȞȣ ȌȍȚȍȑ ȗȘȍȔțȌȘȣȝ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȧȚ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȉ ȔȈȚȤ ȉȣȓȈ ȘȈȏțȔȕȈ ȕȍ
ȐȕȈȧ ȚȖȔț ȗȘȐȟȐȕȈ Ȍȓȧ ȟȍȋȖ ȔȈȚȍȘȐ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȖȚȞȣ ȌȍȚȍȑ ȓȦȉȧȚ ȒȈȒ
ȟȚȖ Ȗȕȣȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ șȊȖȍȋȖ Ȋ ȕȐȝ ȟțȊșȚȊțȦȚ Ȑ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȚ ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȖȚȞȣ ǷȖ ȚȖȑ Ȏȍ
ȗȘȐȟȐȕȍ ȒȈȒ ȌțȔȈȦ, ȊȏȈȐȔȕȖ Ȑ Ȋ ȕȈș ȊșȍȧȕȖ ȟȚȖ Ȕȣ ȋȖȘȧȟȍȍ Ȓ ȔȈȚȍȘȧȔ
ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȒȖ ȖȚȞȈȔ ȉȣȊȈȍȔ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ, Ȕȣ ȒȖ ȖȚȞț ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ
ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ Ȑ șȒȓȖȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȉ Ȓ ȔȈȚȍȘȧȔ ȊșȦ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ ȐȔȍȍȔ ǷȖȟȍȔț Ȑ ȍșȚȍ-
șȚȊȖ ȔȈȚȍȘȧȔ ȌȈȓȖ ȔȖȓȖȒȖ ȚȈȒȖȑ șȐȓȣ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȣȔ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȐȒȖ ȗȐȚȈȦȚșȧ ȔȓȈ-
ȌȍȕȞȣ ȕȖ Ȑ ȕȍȔȖȡȕȣȍ ȊȖșșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚșȧ Ȑ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȊȏȘȖșȓȣȝ ȖȕȖ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ
ȎȐȏȕȤ șȖȝȘȈȕȧȍȚ ǹȍȋȖ ȖȗȣȚ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȔ Ȋ ǪȈȓȍȘȐȐ ȕȈ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȉȍȌȕȖȑ ȔȖ-
ȓȖȌȖȑ ȎȍȕȒȍ ȗȐȚȈȊȠȍȑ ȔȈȚȤ șȊȖȦ ȔȖȓȖȒȖȔ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ, Ȋ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȐ
ȉȣȊȠțȦ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȉȣ Ȋ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ țȔȍȘȍȚȤ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ș ȋȖȓȖȌț ǯȈ
ȚȈȒȖȊȖȍ ȍȍ ȋȖȘȧȡȍȍ țșȍȘȌȐȍ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȍȕȈ ȔȈȚȍȘȐ Ȑ ȖȉȍȐȔ ȝȘȈȔ ȕȈ-
ȉȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕ ȉȣȓ ǺȖ Ȏȍ ȗȖȊȍșȚȊțȍȚșȧ Ȗ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȌȖȟȍȘȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȖȚȞȈ
șȊȖȍȋȖ ȗȘȍșȚȈȘȍȓȖȋȖ Ȑ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȈȒȐ ȔȓȈȌȍȕȞȈ, șȖșȞȈȔȐ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȒȖȘȔȐ-
ȓȈ (ǪȈȓȍȘ. ǴȈȒș ǲȕ 5 ȋȓȈ. 4) ǰȏȊȍșȚȕȖ Ȏȍ Ȑ ȊșȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȎȍȕȡȐ-
ȕȣ ȐȔȍȦȚ ȉȖȓȍȍ șȍȘȌȖȉȖȓȐȧ Ȑ ȎȈȓȖșȚȐ ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȔțȡȐȕȣ ȟȚȖ Ȑ șȈȔ ǨȘȐșȚȖ-
ȚȍȓȤ ȒȈȒ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȖȚȌȈȍȚ ȎȍȕșȒȖȔț ȗȖȓț Ǭȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ, ȌțȔȈȦ, șȒȈȏȈȓ Ȑ ǹȖ-
ȓȖȔȖȕ ȋȌȍ ȕȍȚ Ȏȍȕȣ ȊȖȏȌȣȝȈȍȚ ȉȖȓȧȡȐȑ ȐȓȐ, ȟȚȖ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ Ȋ țșȓțȎȍȕȐȐ
Ȑ șȖȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȐȐ ȕȍȔȖȡȕȣȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȐȔȍȦȚ ȘȍȊȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȖȝȖȚȣ ȐȓȐ, ȟȚȖ ȔȖ-
ȓȖȒȖ ȎȍȕșȒȖȍ ȖșȖȉȓȐȊȖ ȉȖȓȤȕȣȔ șȓȈȉȣȔ Ȑ ȗȘȐ șȔȍȘȚȐ țȎȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȡȐȔșȧ
ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ șȓțȎȐȚ ȓȍȒȈȘșȚȊȖȔ Ȓ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȦ ȎȐȏȕȐ. ǶȚȒțȌȈ, ȒȈȒ Ȕȍ-
ȌȐȒȐ ȖȉȢȧȊȓȧȦȚ ȚȍȗȓȖȚȈ Ȑȝ șȖșȞȖȊ ȍșȓȐ Ȗȕȣȍ Ȓ ȋȘțȌȐ ȔțȡȐȕȣ ȊȍșȤȔȈ țȎȍ
ȗȘȍșȚȈȘȍȓȖȋȖ ȗȘȐȓȖȎȍȕȣ ȉțȌțȚ ȚȍȗȓȖȚț ȎȐȏȕȍȕȕțȦ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȈȍȚ țȔȕȖȎȈȍȚ
Ȑ șȖȉȓȦȌȈȍȚ ǿȚȖ ȉȍȏ șțȔȕȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ǬȈȊȐȌ ȊȍȌȈȓ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ, ȐȏȉȘȈȊ șȍȉȍ ǨȊȐ-
șȈȋț ǹțȔȈȕȚȧȕȣȕȦ, ȖȚ ȖȉȢȧȚȐȑ ȍȍ ȉțȌțȟȐ țȎȍ șȚȈȘ ȚȍȗȓȖȚț Ȋ șȍȉȍ ȗȖȟțȊșȚ-
ȊȖȊȈȓ ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ, ȎȍȕșȒȐȑ ȗȖȓ Ȑ ȚȍȔ șȗȖșȖȉȕȍȍ Ȓ ȚȖȑ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȖȑ ȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ
ȌȖȓȎȕȖșȚȐ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȊșȍȔ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȗȖȟȐȚȈȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕȣȑ ȌȍșȧȚȐ ȓȍȚ ȐȕȖȋ-
ȌȈ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȚȤ ȏȈȔțȎ Ȉ ȔțȎȍșȒ ȗȖȓ ȎȍȕȐȚșȧ ȗȖȏȎȍ ǹȊȍȘȝ ȚȖȋȖ, ȖȌȕȈ
ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ Ȑȏ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȓȖȌȧȡȐȝșȧ ȚȊȈȘȍȑ, ȖȉȘȦȝȈȚȍȊ Ȑ ȘȖȌȐȊ ȊșȒȖȘȍ ȗȖșȓȍ ȘȖ-
ȌȖȊ ȖȗȧȚȤ Ȓ ȚȖȔț Ȏ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȈ ȐȉȖ șȖșțȌȍȞ ȐȔȍȕțȍȔȣȑ ȔȈȚȒȖȦ
șȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȗȖșȖȉȍȕ Ȓ ȏȈȟȈȚȐȦ ȟȚȖ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ Ȑ ȉȍȏ șȖȐȚȐȧ ȏȈȟȐȕȈȓȐ

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ȒȈȒ ȗȖȊȍșȚȊțȦȚ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȖșȓȖȊȞȣ* ǲ șȍȔț șȓȍȌțȍȚ Ȑ ȚȖ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȈ ȟțȌȖ
ȟȚȖ ȉȍȘȍȔȍȕȕȈȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȐȔȍȦȡȈȧ ȗȘȐȝȖȚȐ ȉȍȏȊȘȍȌȕȖ ȗȐȚȈȍȚșȧ șȣȘȣȔ
ȍșȚȊȖȔ ȕȍȘȍȌȒȖ țȋȖȓȤȍȔ ȏȍȔȓȍȦ ȒȈȔȕȍȔ; ȚȈȒȎȍ ȔȍȚȈȓȓȣ ȧȌ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟȍȍ ȚȖ-
Ȕț ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖȍ ȉȍȏ ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȌȈ ȊȈȘȐȚ Ȋ ȎȍȓțȌȒȍ Ȑ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȡȈȍȚ Ȋ ȏȌȘȈȊțȦ
ȗȐȡț ȚȍȓȈ. ǲȈȒȐȍ șȊȍȘȝ șȐȝ ȍȡȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȚ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȖ ȟțȌȍșȈ Ȋ ȎȍȕșȒȖȔ ȗȖ-
ȓȍ, ȕȐȒȚȖ țȌȐȊȓȧȚȤșȧ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȍșȓȐ ȒȚȖ ȟȐȚȈȓ ȔȍȌȐȟȍșȒȐȍ Ȑ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȟȍ-
șȒȐȍ ȒȕȐȋȐ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȖȌȐȕ ȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȏȌȍșȤ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȔ: Ȋ ȔȍșȧȟȕȖȑ ȚȖȒ
ȒȘȖȊȐ ȖȚ ȓȐȝȖȘȈȌȒȐ ȖȚ șȚȘȈȝȈ ȊȖȌȣ ȗȈȌțȟȍȑ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȐ ȗȘȖȒȈȏȣ ȔȍȓȈȕȝȖ-
ȓȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȗȘȐȗȈȌȒȖȊ șțȔȈșȠȍșȚȊȐȧ Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȎȍșȚȖȒȐȝ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȍȑ
ȖșȊȖȉȖȎȌȈȍȚ Ȑ Ȑȕȣȍ ȗȘȍȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȕȍ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ țȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȗȘȖȐȏ-
ȊȖȌȐȚ; Ȉ ȔȍȎȌț ȗȘȖȟȐȔ, ȗȖȎȈȘ țȋȈȠȈȍȚ ȗȖȋȖȌț țȚȐȠȈȍȚ ȊȖȓȕȣ țȒȘȖȡȈȍȚ,
ȊȘȍȌ ȖȚȋȖȕȧȍȚ Ȑ ȉȍșȖȊ ȗȘȖȋȖȕȧȍȚ Ƕ ȗȘȖȟȐȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧȝ ȧ țȎȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗș-
ȚȈȊȓȧȦ ǶȌȕȖ ȚȖ ȗȘȐȌȈȔ ȊȔȍșȚȖ ȗȘȐȉȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈȝ, ȗȖ ȗȘȍȌȈ-
ȕȐȧȔ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȖȊ Ȑ ȔȍȌȐȒȖȊ, ȕȈȉȓȦȌȍȕȐȧȔȐ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȍȕȕȣȔ, ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȖșȖ-
ȉȍȕȕȣȑ ȌȈȘ ȉȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ, țȌȐȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȌȖșȚȖȑȕȣȑ ȗȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț ȖȕȐ șȈȔȐ
șȖȉȖȦ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȘȖȌȈȝ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȍȑ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ șȊȖȐȔ ȗȖȓȤȏțȦȚșȧ ȓȍȒȈȘșȋȊȖȔ ș
ȎȍȓȈȍȔȣȔ țșȗȍȝȖȔ, ȕȍ țȗȖȚȘȍȉȓȧȧ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ ȊȕȍȠȕȍȋȖ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈ
ǵȖ ȟȚȖ Ȑȏ Ȋșȍȝ țȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȍșȚȤ țȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȍȍ ȟȚȖ ȎȍȕȈ șȈȔȈ șȖȉȖȦ, ȉȍȏ
ȔțȎȈ, ȗȓȖȌ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍșȚȐ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȌȈȕȖ ȔțȎț ǹȐȍ șȈȔȖȍ ț ǺțȘȖȒ ȐȓȐ
ȔȈȋȖȔȍȚȈȕ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȏȈȟȐȕȈȓȐ ȉȍȏ ȔțȎȍșȒȖȋȖ șȍȔȍȕȐ
ȒȈȒȖȊȣȝ ȌȍȚȍȑ ȖȕȐ ȕȈ șȊȖȍȔ ȧȏȣȒȍ ǵȍȜȍșȖȋȓȐ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ ǷȖȊȍșȚȊțȍȚșȧ ȚȈȒ-
Ȏȍ Ȗ ȖșȚȘȖȊȈȝ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȖȉȐȚȈȦȡȐȍ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȏȈȟȐȕȈȦȚ ȖȚ
ȊȍȚȘȈ ȟȍȋȖ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ Ȏ, Ȕȣ ȕȍ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȔ ȐȉȖ ȖȌȕȈ ȗȘȍșȊȧȚȈȧ ǬȍȊȈ ǴȈȘȐȧ
ȖȌȕȈ, ȋȖȊȖȘȦ, ȖȕȈ ȉȍȏ ȔțȎȈ ȏȈȟȈȓȈ ǽȘȐșȚȈ Ȑ ȘȖȌȐȓȈ șȣȕȈ ȖȚ șȊȖȍȑ șȖȉșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕȖȑ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȓȖȌȖȘȖȌȐȧ ǰȉȖ ȗȘȍȉȓȈȎȍȕȕȈȧ ǬȍȊȈ ǴȈ-
ȘȐȧ ȍșȚȤ ȐșȚȐȕȕȈȧ Ȑ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȈȧ ǽȘȐșȚȖȊȈ ȔȈȚȍȘȤ Ȑ șȈȔ ǽȘȐșȚȖș ȐșȚȐȕ-
ȕȣȑ Ȑ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȗȖ ȒȖȓȐȒț ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȗȈȒȐ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ șȣȕ ǬȍȊȣ, ȗȖ-
ȕȍȎȍ șȈȔȈȧ ǬȍȊȈ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȚȓȍȕȐȦ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȈ ȗȖȌȊȍȘȎȍȕȈ ȟȍȋȖ ȘȈȌȐ ȖȕȈ ȕȐ ȘȖ-
ȌȐȓȈ Ȋ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȧȝ ȕȐȎȍ ȗȖȌ ȊȓȈșȚȐȦ ȔțȎȈ șȖșȚȖȧȓȈ; ȚȈȒȖȍ ȍȍ ȖȚ ȗȘȍȌȊȈȘȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȉȓȈȋȖșȓȖȊȍȕȐȧ ȗȓȖȌȖȘȖȌȐȍ ȟȚȖ Ȍȓȧ ȏȈȟȈȚȐȧ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȓȈ ȕțȎȌȣ Ȋ Ȕț-
ȎȍșȒȖȔ șȍȔȍȕȐ ǴȍȎȌț Ȏȍ ȏȊȍȘȤȔȐ Ȑ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȔȐ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ
șȈȔȒȐ ȘȖȌȧȚ ȉȍȏ șȈȔȞȖȊ ȒȈȒ ȚȖ ȊȖȘȖȕȣ ȒȈȒ Ȑȏ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ǶȘȐȋȍȕ ȗȘȍȌȈȍȚ ȗȘȖ-
ȚȐȊ ǼȈȊșȚȈ Ǩ ȗȘȐ ȚȖȔ Ȑ ȌȘȍȊȕȖșȚȤ ȕȈȔ șȖȖȉȡȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȒȖȉȣȓȐȞȣ ȖȚ ȌȣȝȈ-
ȕȐȧ ȏȍȜȐȘȈ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȏȈȟȐȕȈȓȐ Ȗ ȟȍȔ ȚȈȒ șȚȐȝȐ ȋȓȈșȧȚ
ǵȈ ȊȣșȖȒȐȝ țȚȍșȈȝ ȋȖȘ șȚȖȧȚ, ȖȉȘȈȚȧșȤ ȘȣȓȖȔ Ȓ ȏȍȜȐȘț ȗȘȐȍȔȓȦȚ ȚȖȕ-
ȒȐȑ ȊȖȏȌțȝ Ȑ ȟȈșȚȖ ȉȍȏ ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ șȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȉȣȊȈȦȚ ȎȍȘȍȉȕȣ; ȟȚȖ țȎȍ șȒȈȎț
Ȗ șȓȖȊȍșȕȖșȚȐ ȚȖȔ ȉȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔ ȌȈȘȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȦ ȖȌȕȖȦ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȘȈȏȕșȚȊțȍȚ
ȕȈȐȗȈȟȍ ȖȚ ȗȘȖȟȐȝ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ Ȑ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ǺȘȐșȔȍȋȐșȚ ǴȍȘȒțȘȐȑ ȘȈȊȕȖ Ȟȍ-
ȕȐȚ ș ȉȍșșȔȍȘȚȐȍȔ Ȑ ǰșȐȖȌ ȕȈȐȊȧȡȐȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȔ șȖȒȘȖȊȐȡȍȔ ȕȈȏȣ-
ȊȈȍȚ ǵȍ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȍȍ ȓȐ Ȋ ȘȍȟȈȝ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȔțȡȐȕȣ ȕȍ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȍȍ ȓȐ Ȑ ȐȏȖ-
* ȿɫɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟ ɫɭɟɫɥɨɜɰɵ

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ȉȐȓȤȕȍȍ ǵȍ Ȋșȍ ȓȐ ȓȦȌȐ ȖȚ ȔȈȚȍȘȍȑ Ȑ ȒȖȘȔȐȓȐȞ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ țȟȈȚșȧ" ǷȖȐș-
ȚȐȕȍ șȈȔȖ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȖ, ȗȘȍȔțȌȘȖ Ȋ șȍȔ ȗȍȟȈșȧ Ȗ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȔ ȘȖȌȍ șȐȔ ȌȈ-
ȘȖȔ ȎȍȕșȒȐȑ ȗȖȓ ȖȌȈȘȐȓȖ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ ȍȌȊȈ ȋȌȍ ȕȍȔțȦ ȎȍȕȡȐȕț ȕȈȑȚȐ ȔȖȎȕȖ
ǷȖ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖșȚȐ ȗȘȐȧȚȕȖ Ȑ ȗȖȝȊȈȓȤȕȖ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȐȚ ȗȖȓ ȔțȎȍșȒȖȑ
ȟȍȔ Ȗȕȣȑ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȐȚ ȗȘȖȟȐȝ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ
ǵȖ ȖȚ șȊȍȚșȒȐȝ ȗȘȍȌȈȕȐȑ Ȓ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȖȔț ȗȐșȈȕȐȦ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȔșȧ Ȑ ȖȚ șȈȔȣȝ
ȉȓȈȋȖȟȍșȚȐȧ ȕȈȟȕȍȔ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȖȊ ǪȖ-ȗȍȘȊȣȝ, ȏȕȈȍȔ Ȕȣ ȉȍȏ șțȔȕȍȕȐȧ ȟȚȖ ȘȈ-
ȌȐ Ȏȍȕȣ ȉȓȈȋȖșȓȖȊȐȓ ǩȖȋ ȔțȎȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ Ȗȕ, ȒȈȒ ȕȍȌȖșȚȖȑȕȣȑ, ȕȍ ȏȈșȓț-
ȎȐȊȈȓ ȌȖȒȖȓȤ ȎȍȕȈ ȕȍ șȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ǹ ȟȍȔ șȖȋȓȈșțȍȚ ȖȕȈȧ ǹȖȓȖȔȖȕȖȊȈ
ȗȘȐȚȟȈ ǲȚȖ ȖȉȘȧȡȍȚ Ȏȍȕț ȉȓȈȋțȦ, ȉȓȈȋȖȍ ȖȉȘȍȚȈȍȚ Ȑ ȗȖȟȍȘȗȈȍȚ ȉȓȈ-
ȋȖșȓȖȊȍȕȐȍ ȖȚ ǩȖȋȈ ǺȈȒȎȍ ȖȕȖȍ ȅȒȒȓȍȏȐȈȚșȚȊȖ: Ǯȍȕȣ ȉȓȈȋȖȑ ȉȓȈȎȍȕ ȎțȎ,
ȟȐșȓȖ ȓȍȚ Ȑȝ șțȋțȉȖ ǰ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ Ȋ ȌȖșȚȖȐȕșȚȊȍ ș ȚȍȔ șȘȈȊ-
ȕȐȚȤșȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ țȌȖșȚȖȐȓșȧ ȐȔȍȚȤ Ȏȍȕț ȌȖȉȘțȦ ǰȉȖ ȒȈȒ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȅȒȒȓȍ-
ȏȐȈșȚ, ȉȓȈȋȈȧ ȎȍȕȈ ȍșȚȤ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȚȤ ȊȖȏȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȚȤ ǶȚȒțȌȈ ǹȖȓȖȔȖȕ Ȋ ȗȘȐȚȟȈȝ
ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȍȍ ȊȍȕȞȖȔ ȔțȎȈ Ȉ ǷȈȊȍȓ șȓȈȊȖȦ ǶȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȚșȧ Ȏȍ șȓȈȊȈ ȖȉȣȒ-
ȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȍȔ Ȑ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕșȚȊȖȔ ȊȍȡȐ ȗȖȒȖȧȡȍȑșȧ Ȑ ȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊțȦ-
ȡȍȑșȧ șȖȉȖȦ ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȊȍȡȐ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȘȐȌȈȕȖ ȉȣȚȤ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ
ȟȚȖȉ șȓțȎȐȓȖ Ȓ ȗȘȐțȔȕȖȎȍȕȐȦ ȍȍ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕșȚȊȈ ǪșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ ȟȍȋȖ ȎȍȕȈ ȍșȚȤ
ȌȖȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȍ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕșȚȊȖ ȉȓȈȋȖȗȖȓțȟȐȍ ȉȓȈȋȖșȓȖȊȍȕȐȍ Ȑ șȓȈȊȈ ȔțȎȈ ȚȈȒ-
Ȏȍ ȒȈȒ ǨȊȋțșȚȐȕ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȗȍȘȊȖȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ Ȋ șȍȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȗȉȡȍ-
șȚȊȖ ǿȍȋȖ ȘȈȌȐ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȍȍ ȓȦȉȐȚȤ ȊșȧȒȖȔț ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒț Ȉ ȍșȓȐ ȒȚȖ ȍȍ ȕȍ ȓȦ-
ȉȐȚ ȐȓȐ ȍȡȍ ȕȍȕȈȊȐȌȐȚ ȚȖȚ ȟțȎȌ ȍșȚȤ ȌȖȉȘȖȌȍȚȍȓȍȑ Ȑ ȉȓȈȋȖșȚȍȑ ȚȍȔ ȕȈȐ-
ȗȈȟȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊȈ. ǹȦȌȈ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȖȚȕȖșȧȚșȧ Ȗȕȣȍ ǲȈȉȈȓȐșȚȐ-
ȟȍșȒȐȧ ȚȈȐȕșȚȊȈ ȟȚȖ ǨȊȘȈȈȔ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓ ȉȓȈȋȖșȓȖȊȍȕȐȍ ȟȘȍȏ Ȏȍȕț șȊȖȦ ǹȈȘȘț
ȖȚȕȧȚȐȍȔ ȖȚ ȐȔȍȕȐ Ȏȍȕȣ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȣ h1 Ȑ ȗȘȐȌȈȕȐȍȔ ȐȔȍȕȐ ȔțȎȈ Ȑ
ȕȈȏȊȈȕ ǨȉȘȈȋȈȔ. ǺȈȒȎȍ, ȟȚȖ ǰȈȒȖȊ șȕȐșȒȈȓ ȉȓȈȋȖșȓȖȊȍȕȐȍ ȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȖȔ Ȏȍȕȣ,
ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȔȈȚȍȘȐ șȊȖȍȑ ǴȕȖȋȖ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚșȧ Ȋ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȖȔ ȗȐșȈȕȐȐ, ȕȖ Ȕȣ
ȏȌȍșȤ ȊșȍȋȖ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȔ ǰȚȈȒ, ȉȓȈȋȖșȓȖȊȍȕȐȍ ȌȈȕȖ ȘȈȌȐ Ȏȍȕȣ, Ȉ
ȏȈȒȖȕ Ȍȓȧ ȔțȎȈ; ȏȈȒȖȕ ȋȖȊȖȘȦ, ȋȕȍȊȈ Ȑ ȗȘȖȒȓȧȚȐȧ ǰȉȖ ȔțȎț ȏȈȗȘȍȡȍȕ ȉȣȓ
ȗȓȖȌ ȖȚ ȌȘȍȊȈ Ȉ ȕȍ Ȏȍȕȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȍȡȍ Ȑ ȕȍ șȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ǭȍ ǩȖȋ ȖȚ ȕȈ-
ȟȈȓȈ șȖȏȌȈȓ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȖȦ ȗȖȟȍȔț ȔțȎ șȖȋȘȍȠȐȓ ȗȈȌȍȕȐȍȔ, Ȉ ȕȍ ȎȍȕȈ ȔțȎ
ȕȈȊȓȍȒ șȔȍȘȚȤ Ȉ ȕȍ ȎȍȕȈ Ȑ Ȕȣ Ȋșȍ șȖȋȘȍȠȐȓȐ Ȋ ǨȌȈȔȍ Ȉ ȕȍ ǭȊȍ Ȑ ȗȍȘȊȖ-
ȘȖȌȕȖȔț ȋȘȍȝț ȕȍ ȗȖ ȔȈȚȍȘȐ-Ȏȍȕȍ ȕȖ ȗȖ ȖȚȞȍ-ȔțȎȍ ȗȖȌȓȍȎȐȔ ǪșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ
ȟȍȋȖ ȗȖ ȊȍȚȝȖȔț ȏȈȒȖȕț ȗȖȊȍȓȍȊȈȍȚșȧ ȖȉȘȍȏȣȊȈȚȤ ȊșȧȒ ȗȖȓ ȔțȎȍșȒȖȑ Ȉ ȕȍ
ȎȍȕșȒȐȑ Ȋ ȏȕȈȒ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȍȘȊȖȘȖȌȕȣȑ ȋȘȍȝ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȗȖȓȍ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȚȤ ȕȈȒȈ-
ȏțȍȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ șȖȋȘȍȠȐȓ ǹȊȍȘȝ ȚȖȋȖ, ǩȖȋ Ȑ ȕȍ ȊȐȕȐȓ Ȏȍȕț ȏȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȊȒț-
șȐȓȈ ȕȖ ȏȈ ȚȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȗȖȌȈȓȈ Ȓ ȚȖȔț șȓțȟȈȑ Ȑ ȚȖ ȕȍțȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȖ ȗȖ-
ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ șȈȔȈ ȐșȒțȠȍȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȖȚ ȌȐȈȊȖȓȈ ȟȍȋȖ ȘȈȌȐ ȔțȎ șȖȋȘȍȠȐȓ, Ȋȍ-
ȌȈȧ Ȉ ȖȕȈ șȖȋȘȍȠȐȓȈ Ȋ ȕȍȊȍȌȍȕȐȐ Ȑ ȉțȌțȟȐ ȖȉȔȈȕțȚȈ ǰȉȖ ȍȍ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȗȘȐ-
ȕȧȓ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȐȍ ȐșȒțșȐȚȤ Ȑ ȌȐȈȊȖȓ ȏȕȈȧ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ Ȑȏ Ȋșȍȝ ȚȊȈȘȍȑ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȍ-
1 ɉɪɟɠɞɟ Sarah, Abraam ɩɨɬɨɦ Sara, Abraham.
Ɉɬ ɛɥɚɝɨɱɟɫ-
ɬɢɹ

30
ȊȖșȝȖȌȕȍȑȠȈȧ Ȑ ȒȈȒ ǩȍȘȕȈȘȌ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ: ȊȐȌȧ ȌȐȈȊȖȓ țȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȒȘȈșȖȚț
ȍȍ Ȑ ȊȍȌȈȧ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȚȈȒȖȊȈ ȒȈȒȖȊțȦ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȗȖȏȕȈȓ Ȋ ǩȖȋȍ Ȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ
ȗȘȍȌ ȊșȍȔȐ ǨȕȋȍȓȈȔȐ țȌȖșȚȖȍȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȈȘȐȊȈȚȤ ș ǩȖȋȖȔ țșȚȘȍȔȐȓ ȏȈ-
ȊȐșȚȤ șȊȖȦ ȕȈ ȕȍȍ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȏȈ ȍȍ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȖ ǷȖȟȍȔț ǽȘȐșȚȖș ȉțȌțȟȐ
ȕȈ ȏȍȔȓȐ ȐȔȍȓ ȕȈ șȍȉȍ ȖȉȘȈȏ șȔȐȘȍȕȕȍȑȠȐȑ ȌȈȉȣ șȊȖȐȔ șȔȐȘȍȕȐȍȔ țȗ-
ȘȈȏȌȕȐȚȤ ȋȖȘȌȖșȚȤ ȋȘȍȝȈ ȗȍȘȊȖȘȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȊȖșȗȘȐȧȓ ȗȖȓ ȔțȎȍșȒȖȑ ȗȘȖșȚȍȑ-
ȠȐȑ Ȉ ȕȍ ȎȍȕșȒȐȑ, ȊȣșȖȟȈȑȠȐȑ Ȑ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌȕȍȑȠȐȑ ǲȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȗȖȕȍȎȍ
Ȕȣ ȗȖȌȊȍȘȋȓȐșȧ ȕȈȒȈȏȈȕȐȦ ȏȈ ȗȘȍșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ ȔțȎȈ Ȉ ȕȍ Ȏȍȕȣ ȉȓȈȋȖȊȖȓȐȓ
ǩȖȋ ȟȚȖȉ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȊȖșȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȓ ȋȘȍȝ ȗȖȓȍ Ȋ ȕȍȔ Ȏȍ ȉȣȓȖ Ȑ ȐȏȉȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ
Ȉ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȖ ȕȍȊȍȌȍȕȐȦ ȖȉȔȈȕțȚ ȟȘȍȏ Ȗȕȣȑ ȉȣ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȖ ȖȚȔȡȍȕȐȍ ǷȖ-
ȟȍȔț ȏȔȐȦ șȒȈȏȈȕȖ, ȗȖȕȍȎȍ ȎȍȕȈ ȐȓȐ, ȒȈȒ ȟȐȚȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖȕȍȎȍ șȍȔȧ Ȏȍȕȣ șȖ-
ȚȘȍȚ ȋȓȈȊț ȍȋȖ Ȉ ȕȍ ȔțȎ Ȑ ȕȍ șȍȔȧ ȔțȎȍșȒȖȍ ǰ ȖȚșȦȌȈ ȌțȔȈȚȤ ȔȖȎȕȖ Ȍȓȧ
ȟȍȋȖ ȟȐȕ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȞȍȘȒȖȊȐȦ ȗȖȘțȟȍȕ ȔțȡȐȕȈȔ Ȉ ȕȍ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈȔ ǷȖ-
ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȊșȧȒȐȑ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȐȒ ǽȘȐșȚȈ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ Ȉ ǽȘȐșȚȖș ȗȍȘȊȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖ-
ȊȍȒȈ-ȋȘȍȠȕȐȒȈ ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ șȈȔȖȋȖ ǨȌȈȔȈ ǰȏ șȍȋȖ țȎȍ ȘȈȏțȔȍȍȚșȧ ȚȖ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȖ
ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚșȧ: șȍȑ ȖȉȘȈȏ (ȋȖȊȖȘȧ Ȗ Ȏȍȕȍ) ȕȍ ȗȖ ȖȉȘȈȏț ǩȖȎȐȦ șȖȏȌȈȕ,
ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȕȍ ȗȖ ȚȍȓȍșȕȖȔț ȗȖȌȖȉȐȦ ǽȘȐșȚȖȊț ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȕȍ ȉȓȈȋȖȊȖȓȐȓ ǩȖȋ șȈȔ
ȋȖȊȖȘȦ, ǽȘȐșȚȖș ȉȣȚȤ ǹȣȕȖȔ ȔțȎȈ ȕȖ Ȏȍȕȣ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȗȖȟȚȐȓ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ
ȖȚ ȍȌȐȕȣȍ Ȏȍȕȣ ȗȓȖȚȤ ȊȖșȗȘȐȧȓ ȐȉȖ ȗȖ Ȏȍȕȍ ǽȘȐșȚȖș ȕȈȏȊȈȕ șȣȕȖȔ ȟȍ-
ȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȔ Ȉ ȕȍ ȗȖ ȔțȎț. ǹȍȔț șȈȔȖȔț ȊȍȓȐȒȖȔț ȟțȌȍșȐ ȊȍȤȔȐ țȌȐȊȓȧȧșȧ
ȗȘȖȘȖȒ ȊȖȏȋȓȈȠȈȍȚ ȗȖȕȍȎȍ ȎȍȕȈ ȖȉȓȍȎȍ ȔțȎȈ ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȖȓ țȗȖȚȘȍȉ-
ȓȧȍȚșȧ ȖȚ ȌȍȊȣ Ȑ ǽȘȐșȚȈ ȕȖșȐȚ ȊȖ ȗȓȖȚȐ ǺȈȒȎȍ Ȑ ȗȖ ȊȖșȒȘȍșȍȕȐȐ șȊȖȍȔ
ǽȘȐșȚȖș ȗȍȘȊȍȍ ȎȍȕȈȔ ȧȊȐȓșȧ Ȉ ȕȍ ȔțȎȈȔ ǵȍ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȖ
șȔȍȘȚȐ ǽȘȐșȚȖȊȖȑ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȑȏ ȔțȎȍȑ ȖȚșȚțȗȐȓȐ ȖȚ ȊȍȘȣ ȕȖ ȕȐȋȌȍ ȕȍ
ȕȈȝȖȌȐȔ ȟȚȖȉ Ȏȍȕȣ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȚ ȊȍȘȣ Ȑ ȉȓȈȋȖȟȍșȚȐȧ ǽȘȐșȚȐȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȖȚșȚț-
ȗȐȓȐ ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ, ȕȐȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȋȖȕȍȕȐȧ ȊȍȘȣ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȑ ǭȘȍșȐ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȏȈȉȓțȎ-
ȌȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȉȓȈȋȖȟȍșȚȊȐȐ ȖȚ Ȏȍȕ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȓȖ Ȉ ȖȚ ȔțȎȍȑ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ ǽȘȐ-
șȚȖș ȗȘȍȌȈȕ ȗȘȖȌȈȕ, Ȓțȗȓȍȕ ȖȉȊȐȕȍȕ ȖșțȎȌȍȕ ȗȖșȚȘȈȌȈȓ ȗȘȐȋȊȖȎȌȍȕ ȕȈ-
ȒȖȕȍȞ ȗȘȍȌȈȕ șȔȍȘȚȐ ȖȚ ȔțȎȍȑ ȕȖ ȟȚȖ Ȋȧȡȍ, șȈȔȣȑ ǷȍȚȘ ȍȋȖ ȖȚȘȍȒșȧ, Ȉ ȗȘȖ-
ȟȐȍ Ȋșȍ țȟȍȕȐȒȐ ȖșȚȈȊȐȓȐ ȕȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȚȖȋȖ, Ȏȍȕȣ ȌȖ ȒȘȍșȚȈ Ȑ ȌȖ șȈȔȖȋȖ ȋȘȖ-
ȉȈ ȍȔț șȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȐ ǹȈȔȈȧ ȎȍȕȈ ǷȐȓȈȚȖȊȈ ȉțȌțȟȐ ȊȗȘȖȟȍȔ Ȋ ȧȏȣȟȍșȚȊȍ
șȚȈȘȈȓȈșȤ ȉȖȓȍȍ șȖȉȓȦșȚȐ ǰȐșțșȈ ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ Ȑȏ Țȍȝ ȔțȎȍȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ
ȍȔț ȊȍȘȖȊȈȓȐ ǲ șȍȔț ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȉȖȋȖșȓȖȊȖȊ țȚȊȍȎȌȈȍȚ ȞȍȘ-
ȒȖȊȤ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȕȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȒȈȒ ț ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȏȍȕȣ ȘȈȏțȔȍȑ ǬȍȊț ǴȈȘȐȦ ȗȘȍȉȣ-
ȊȈȓȈ, ȗȖȟȍȔț ȗȘȈȊȍȌȕȖ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖȓ ȎȍȕșȒȐȑ ȉȓȈȋȖȟȍșȚȐȊȣȔ Ȑ șȊȧȡȍȕ-
ȕȣȔ ǭȎȍȓȐ Ȏȍ ȒȚȖ ș ǨȘȐșȚȖȚȍȓȍȔ șȒȈȎȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȘȖȌȈȝ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ Ȕț-
ȎȍșȒȖȑ ȗȖȓ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȒȘȍȗȟȍ șȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȍȍ Ȑ ȓțȟȠȍ ȚȈȒȖȔț ȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȍȚ ȌȈȓȍ-
ȒȖ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȕȍȑȠȐȑ țȟȐȚȍȓȤ ǷȈȊȍȓ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ ǩțȧȧ ȔȐȘȈ ȐȏȉȘȈ ǩȖȋ ȌȈ ȗȘȍ-
ȔțȌȘȣȧ ȗȖșȘȈȔȐȚ, Ȑ ȕȍȔȖȡȕȈȧ ȐȏȉȘȈ ǩȖȋ, ȌȈ ȗȖșȘȈȔȐȚ ȒȘȍȗȒȈȧ, Ȑ ȝțȌȖ-
ȘȖȌȕȈȧ ȔȐȘȈ Ȑ țȕȐȟȐȎȍȕȕȈȧ ȐȏȉȘȈ ǩȖȋ Ȑ ȕȍșțȡȈȧ ȌȈ șțȡȈȧ țȗȘȈȏȌȕȐȚ
ǰȉȖ ȒȚȖ ȉȣ ȐȔȍȓ Ȋ șȍȉȍ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȑȏ ȔțȎȍȑ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȖȚ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȈ ȌȈȘȖȊȈȕȐȑ ȒȈȒ
ǨȌȈȔ ȕȖ ȎȍȕȈ Ȑ ȚȖȋȖ țȔȈȓȐȓȈ ȒȚȖ șȐȓȤȕȍȍ ǹȈȔșȖȕȈ" ȕȖ ȎȍȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȒȘȍȗȖșȚȤ

31
ȖȌȖȓȍȓȈ ȒȚȖ ȕȍȗȖȘȖȟȕȍȍ ǳȖȚȈ" ȎȍȕȈ ȗȘȐȊȍȓȈ ȍȋȖ Ȓ ȒȘȖȊȖșȔȍȠȍȕȐȦ ȒȚȖ
ȉȓȈȋȖȟȍșȚȐȊȍȍ ǬȈȊȐȌȈ" ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȎȍȕȈ Ȑ ȍȋȖ șȊȧȚȖșȚȤ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȉȈȓȈ ȒȚȖ ȗȘȍȔțȌ-
Șȍȍ ǹȖȓȖȔȖȕȈ" ȎȍȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȖȉȔȈȕțȓȈ; ȒȚȖ ȚȍȘȗȍȓȐȊȍȍ ǰȖȊȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȌȐȈȊȖȓ
ȓȐȠȐȓ ȊșȍȋȖ ȐȔȍȕȐȧ ȗȖȋțȉȐȓ șȍȔȍȑșȚȊȖ Ȑ șȣȕȖȊȍȑ Ȑ șȈȔȖȋȖ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȐȦ Ȑ
ȧȏȊȈȔȐ ȚȍȓȖ ȍȋȖ ȐșȗȖȓȕȐȓ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȖȚ ȗȘȍȎȕȍȋȖ ȗȘȈȊȖȌțȠȐȧ Ȑ ȚȊȍȘȌȖșȚȐ
ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȗȘȐȊȍșȚȐ Ȓ ȕȍȋȖȌȖȊȈȕȐȦ ȎȍȕȈ ȚȖ țȟȐȕȐȓȈ Ȑ ȚȍȔ ȗȘȍȊȏȖȠȓȈ șȈȔȖȋȖ
ȌȐȈȊȖȓȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȍȋȖ ȌȖ ȏȓȖșȓȖȊȐȧ ȘȈȏȌȘȈȎȐȓȈ ǭȎȍȓȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ Ȋ șȍȔ
șȓțȟȈȍ ȗȘȐȊȍșȚȐ Ȋ șȘȈȊȕȍȕȐȍ șȈȔȖȋȖ ǽȘȐșȚȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȕȍȚ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ șȐȓȤȕȍȍ
ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȗȘȍȔțȌȘȍȍ, ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ ȍșȚȤ ȗȘȍȌȊȍȟȕȈȧ ǩȖȎȐȧ ǷȘȍȔțȌȘȖșȚȤ Ȑ șȐȓȈ; ȕȍ
ȗȖȗțșȚȐȓ ȓȐ Ȑ Ȗȕ ȕȍȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȖȉȍȌȐȚȤ șȍȉȧ Ȏȍȕȍ ǽȈȕȈȕȍȑșȒȖȑ ȒȈȒ șȈȔ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ:
ǵȍ ȌȖȉȘȖ ȖȚȢȧȚȐ ȝȓȍȉȈ ȟȈȌȈȔ Ȑ ȗȖȊȘȍȡȐ ȗșȈȔ. ǶȕȈ ȍȔț ȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȖȊȈȓȈ, ȕȈ-
ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ǫȖșȗȖȌȐ! ȐȉȖ Ȑ ȗșȐ ȧȌȧȚ ȖȚ ȒȘțȗȐȞ ȗȈȌȈȦȡȐȝ ȖȚ ȚȘȈȗȍȏȣ ȋȖș-
ȗȖȌȍȑ șȊȖȐȝ. ǪȐȌȧ Ȏȍ ǽȘȐșȚȖș ȟȚȖ șȐȔ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȔ țȉȍȌȐȚȤ ȍȍ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ
Ȗȕ ȉȓȈȋȖșȓȖȊȐȓ Ȧ, ȋȓȈȋȖȓȧ: ǩțȌȐ Țȍȉȍ, ȧȒȖȎȍ ȝȖȡȍȠȐ ǲȚȖ ȘȍȊȕȖșȚȕȍȍ Ȋ
ȊȍȘȍ ȗȍȘȊȖȋȖ ȖȚ ǨȗȖșȚȖȓ ǷȍȚȘȈ" ȎȍȕȈ șȍȋȖ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȋȖ ȞȍȘȒȊȐ ȗȈșȚȣȘȧ ȌȖȊȍȓȈ
Ȓ ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ǽȘȐșȚȈ ȖȚȘȍȒșȧ ǷțșȚȤ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ ǲȈȕȖȕȐșȚȣ ȒȈȒ ȝȖȚȧȚ ȟȚȖ ȞȍȘ-
ȒȖȊȤ Ȑȝ ȖȉȔȈȕțȚȤșȧ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ǷȈȗȈ-ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȐȏȘȧȌȕȣȔ ȖȉȔȈȕȖȔ
ȐȔ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȖȍ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȓȈ ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ, ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ, ȒȚȖ șȒȈȎȍȚ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ șȐȍ ȉȖ-
ȓȍȍ Ȋ ȗȖȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ Ȏȍȕ șȓțȎȐȚ ȕȍȎȍȓȐ Ȋ ȗȖȝȊȈȓț ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȚȈȒȖȑ
ȖȚȊȍȚ ȌȈȚȤ ȔȖȋțȚ: ȍȎȍȓȐ ȒȖȔț Ȑȏ ȕȈș ȕȈȌȖȉȕȖ ȉțȌȍȚ Ȋ șȓțȟȈȍ ȗȖȚȍȘȧȚȤ ȐȓȐ
ȎȐȏȕȤ, ȐȓȐ ȐȔȍȕȐȍ ȚȖ ȧ ȓțȟȠȍ ȝȖȟț Țȍȉȧ ȗȖȋțȉȐȚȤ ȕȍȎȍȓȐ șȈȔȈ ȖȚ Țȍȉȧ ȗȖ-
ȋȐȉȕțȚȤ ǷȘȐȔȍȘȖȔ Ȋ șȍȔ șȓțȟȈȍ șȓțȎȐȚ ȕȈȔ ǵȖȕȍȕȚȐȑ III, ǷȈȗȈ ȘȐȔșȒȐȑ
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ Ȋ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ șȊȖȍȔ ȗȐșȤȔȍ Ȓ ǲȈȘȌȐȕȈȓț ǳȍȋȈȚț ǸȐȔșȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȍșȚȖȓȈ
ȚȈȒ ȐȏȢȧșȕȐȓșȧ ȍȎȍȓȐ ȕȈȌȖȉȕȖ ȉțȌȍȚ Ȕȕȍ ȐȓȐ Țȍȉȍ ȗȘȐȑȚȐ Ȋ ȏȈȔȍȠȈȚȍȓȤ-
șȚȊȖ ȐȏȉȍȘț ȧ Țȍȉȧ ȓțȟȠȍ Ȋ ȖȕȖȍ ǲȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȎȐȊțȡȐȔ ȎȍȕȈȔ Ȋ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕ-
șȚȊȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚșȧ șȖȝȘȈȕȧȚȤ șȍȉȧ ș ȌȘțȋȐȝ țȚȘȈȚȖȦ ǰ Ȋ șȈȔȖȔ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȖȔ
ȗȐșȈȕȐȐ ȕȍ ȟȈșȚȖ ȓȐ ȉȓȈȋȖșȓȖȊȓȧȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȗȖȝȊȈȓȧȍȚșȧ ȏȓȖȌȍȑșȚȊȖ Ȏȍȕ ȕȍȎȍ-
ȓȐ ȔțȎ ȉȓȈȋȖȚȊȖȘȧȚ ǵȍ ȗȖȝȊȈȓȧȍȚșȧ ȓȐ ǸȈȝȍȓȤ ȏȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȖȚȞȈ șȊȖȍȋȖ,
ȐȡțȡȍȋȖ ȐȌȖȓȖȊ ȐȏȘȧȌȕȖȦ ȊȣȌțȔȒȖȦ ȖȉȔȈȕțȓȈ ǺȈȒȎȍ ǸȍȊȍȒȒȈ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȕȍ-
Ȏȍ ǰȈȒȖȊ ȖȉȔȈȕȖȔ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓ ȉȓȈȋȖșȓȖȊȍȕȐȍ ȖȚȞȈ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȚȖ ȗȖșȚțȗȈȓ ȗȖșȓȍ
ȖșȚȖȘȖȎȕȍȍ țȒȓȖȕȧȓșȧ ȋȕȍȊȈ ȉȘȈȚȈ șȊȖȍȋȖ ǸȈȈȊ-ȉȓțȌȕȐȞȈ ȖȉȔȈȕțȓȈ Țȍȝ
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȖșȓȈȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȖȚ ǰȐșțșȈ ǵȈȊȐȕȈ Ȍȓȧ ȘȈȏȊȍȌȣȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȊȔȍȕȐșȧ ȍȑ
Ȋ ȗȘȈȊȌț. ǰȏȣȌȍ Ȑ ǰȈȐȓȤ Ȋ șȘȍȚȍȕȐȍ ǹȐșȈȘȍ Ȑ Șȍȟȍ ȍȔț ȊȕȐȌȐ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ, ȋȖș-
ȗȖȌȐ Ȑ ȗȘȖșȧȡț ȍȔț ȊȖȌȣ ȌȈȌȍ ȔȓȍȒȖ Ȑȏ șȖșțȌȈ ȗȐȚȐ șȗȧȡț Ȏȍ ǹȐșȈȘȍ,
ȊȖȠȍȌ ȚȈȑȕȖ, țȌȈȘȐ ȍȋȖ ȗȈȓȐȞȍȦ ȊȖ ȋȓȈȊț Ȑ țȉȐ ȖȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȖȘțȟȐȓ
șȍȉȧ ȍȍ ȊȍȘȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ șȖȝȘȈȕȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȏȈ șȐȍ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȍ ȊȍȘȖȓȖȔșȚȊȖ ȉȓȈȋȖșȓȖ-
ȊȍȕȕȈ, ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȗȐșȈȕȐȍ, Ȋ ȎȍȕȈȝ ǰȈȐȓȤ Ȑ ȌȈ ȉȓȈȋȖșȓȖȊȐȚșȧ Ȋ ȎȐȓȐȡȍ șȊȖȍȔ.
ǷȘȖȟȚȐȚȍ ȐșȚȖȘȐȦ ȆȌȐȜȐ Ȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȚȤȚȍ șȓȖȊȈ ȍȍ Ȓ ǶȓȖȜȍȘȕț ȗȘȐȐȔȐ ȋȖ-
ȊȖȘȐȚ ȋȓȈȋȖȓȣ ȘȈȉȣ ȚȊȖȍȑ ȍȋȌȈ țȉȖ șȐȔ ȗȖșȓȍȌțȍȠȐ, șȖȊȍȘȠȐȚ Țȧ ǫȖșȗȖȌȤ,
ȗȘȐȠȍȌ ȊȖȏȊȍȡț ȚȐ Ȋșȧ Ȑ ȗȘȖȊȍȌț Țȧ Ȋ șȘȍȌț ǰȍȘțșȈȓȐȔȈ Ȑ ȐȔȍȚȐ ȉțȌȍȠȐ
ȊȍșȤ ȕȈȘȖȌ ǰȐȏȘȈȐȓȧ ȧȒȖ ȖȊȞȣ ȉȍȏ ȗȈșȚȣȘȧ, Ȑ ȕȍ ȊȖȏȓȈȍȚ ȕȈ Țȧ ȕȐ ȍȌȐȕ ȗȍș
ȧȒȖ șȐȧ ȔȐ ȋȓȈȋȖȓȈȕȈ ȟȘȍȏ ȗȘȖȊȐȌȍȕȐȍ ǩȖȋȈ ǰ șȐȔȐ ȓȈșȒȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈȔȐ țșȣ-

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ȗȐȊ ǶȓȖȜȍȘȕȈ Ȑ țȌȈȘȐȊ ȔȍȟȖȔ Ȋ ȊȣȦ țșȍȟȍ ȍȔț ȋȓȈȊț ǲȈȒȖȑ șȖȊȍȚ șȍȋȖ
ȉȍȏȏȈȒȖȕȕȍȍ ȒȈȒȐȍ ȎȍșȚȖȟȍ șȍȚȐ ȒȈȒȖȍ ȝȐȚȘȖșȚȕȍȍ ȗȘȍȌȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȊȣȌțȔȈ-
ȕȖ ȉȣȚȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȏȈ șȐȍ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȖȍ ȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ȍȍ ȉȓȈȋȖșȓȖȊȓȧȍȚ Ȑ ȗȘȍ-
ȊȖȏȕȖșȐȚ Ȑ ȏȓȖȌȍȑșȚȊȖ ȍȍ ȗȖȟȚȍȕȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȔțȎ ȉȓȈȋȖȚȊȖȘȧȡ ǵȍ
ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȓȐ, ȗȖ-ȊȐȌȐȔȖȔț, ȌȍȓȈȓ ǲȈȐȕ ȗȘȐȕȖșȧ ȗȓȖȌȣ ȗȍȘȊȣȍ Ȑ șȈȔȣȍ ȓțȟ-
ȠȐȍ ȕȖ ȏȈ ȚȖ șȈȔȖȍ ȖȚȊȍȘȎȍȕ ȖȚ ǩȖȋȈ ǰșȈȊ ȕȍ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȓȐ ȌȍȓȈȓ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȚ
ȐșȚȐȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȊȐȕȖȊȍȕȐȧ ȓȖȊȐȓ ȏȊȍȘȍȑ Ȋ ȗȐȡț ȗȘȍșȚȈȘȍȓȖȔț ȖȚȞț șȊȖȍȔț
ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ, ȖȉȔȈȕțȚ Ȋ ȉȓȈȋȖșȓȖȊȍȕȐȐ Ȑ ȕȍȕȈȊȐȌȐȔ ȉȣȓ ȖȚ ǩȖȋȈ ǶȏȐȧ, ȟȚȖ
ȖȚ ȘȍȊȕȖșȚȐ Ȓ ȉȓȈȋȖȟȍșȚȐȦ ȕȈȒȓȖȕȧȦȡȐȑșȧ Ȑ ȗȖȟȚȐ țȗȈȌȈȦȡȐȑ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȈȓ
ȒȖȊȟȍȋ ȏȈȊȍȚȈ ȕȍȟȈȧȕȕȖȦ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕ șȔȍȘȚȐȦ ȞȈȘȤ ǹȈțȓ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȋȖȚȖȊȐȓ Țțȟ-
ȕȍȑȠȐȍ Ȑȏ ǨȔȈȓȍȗȐȐȌșȒȐȝ ȗȘȐȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȎȍȘȚȊț ǩȖȋț ȓȐȠȍȕ ȞȈȘșȚȊȈ Ȉ ȗȘȐ
ȚȖȔ ȗȘȍȌȈȕ ȏȓȖȔț Ȍțȝț ǰȏȊȐȕȧȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȒȘȖȊȖșȔȍȠȍȕȐȐ șȖ ȖȚȞȖȔ ȌȖȟȍȘȐ ǳȖ-
ȚȖȊȣ ȕȖ ȖȚȍȞ ȕȍ ȐȏȊȐȕȧȍȚșȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȚȖ șȌȍȓȈȓ Ȋ ȗȤȧȕșȚȊȍ Ȑ ȗȖȚȖȔȒȐ
ȍȋȖ ȐȏȋȖȕȧȦȚșȧ Ȑȏ ȞȍȘȒȊȐ ǩȖȎȐȍȑ ǰȏȊȐȕȧȍȚșȧ ȒȘȖȊȖșȔȍșȐȊȠȈȧșȧ ǼȈȔȈȘ
Ȑ ȗȖȟȐȚȈȍȚșȧ ȗȘȈȊȍȌȕȍȍ ǷȈȚȘȐȈȘȝȈ ǰțȌȣ Ȑ ȝȐȚȘȖșȚȕȣȔ ȒȘȖȊȖșȔȍȠȍȕȐȍȔ
ȏȈșȓțȎȐȊȈȍȚ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȍȕȐȍ ȘȖȌȈ șȗȈșȐȚȍȓȧ ǷȖȌȐȚȍ ȗȘȐșȚțȗȐȚȍ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ, Ȕț-
ȎȐ ȒȘȍȗȒȐȍ Ȑ șȐȓȤȕȣȍ Ȋȣ, ȓȦȌȐ țȟȍȕȣȍ Ȑ ȓȈȊȘȈȔȐ țȊȍȕȟȈȕȕȣȍ șȝȖȓȈșȚȐ-
ȟȍșȒȐȍ ȋȓȈȊȣ Ȑ ȚȖȓȐȒȐȔȐ Ȏȍ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȈȔȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȖȍ șȍȔț ȔȕȍȕȐȍ ȌȖȒȈȎȐ-
Țȍ ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȓțȟȠȍ ȏȓȖȌȍȧȕȐȍ ȔțȎȈ ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȎȍȕȈ ȉȓȈȋȖȚȊȖȘȧȡȈȧ ǷȖ-
ȐșȚȐȕȍ, ȕȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȍȚȍ ȏȈȡȐȚȐȚȤ ȖȕȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȊȍ ȗȘȐȉȍȋȕȍȚȍ Ȓ ȈȓȓȍȋȖȘȐȧȔ ȕȖ
Ȑ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȘȈȊȕȈȧ Ȏȍȕȣ ș ȔțȎȍȔ ȕȈȑȌȍȚșȧ ȊȈȎȕȖșȚȤ ǵȖ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȔșȧ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌ-
șȚȊȈ ȚȖȓȤ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȍȑȠȍȋȖ ȎȍȕșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȈ Ȍȓȧ Ȋșȍȝ șȐȍ ȧșȕȣȔ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤ-
șȚȊȖȔ ȉȣȚȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȌȖșȚȖȑȕȍȑȠȈȧ Ȋșȍȝ ȚȊȈȘȍȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȍȊȖș-
ȝȖȌȕȍȍ ȕȍ ȖȉȘȍȚȈȓȖșȧ Ȑ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȎȍȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ șȈȔȈ, ȋȖȊȖȘȦ, ȗȘȍȉȓȈȎȍȕȕȈȧ
ǬȍȊȈ ǴȈȘȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȍșȓȐ ȏȈȟȈȚȈ ȉȍȏ ǫȘȍȝȈ ȗȍȘȊȖȘȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȚȖ ȕȐ șȈȔ ǽȘȐș-
ȚȖș ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȐȚ ȌȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊȈ ȕȍ ȊȣȠȍ ȍȍ ȕȈȑȌȍȚșȧ ǰȉȖ ȍșȚȤ Ȋȍ-
șȤȔȈ șȐȓȤȕȖȍ ȕȈ șȍȑ șȓțȟȈȑ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ț ǨȘȐșȚȖȚȍȓȧ. ǺȈȒȖȊȖȍ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖ-
ȘȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȕȈȐȓțȟȠȍȍ ȍșȚȤ ȊȣȠȍ ȕȈȐȓțȟȠȍȋȖ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȚȖȚ Ȑ ȘȖȌ ȊȣȠȍ
ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ ǰ ȎȍȕșȒȖȔ ȘȖȌȍ ȕȈȐȓțȟȠȈȧ ȍșȚȤ ǬȍȊȈ ǴȈȘȐȧ Ȋ ȔțȎȍșȒȖȔ Ȏȍ ȕȍ
ȊȖșșȚȈ ȉȖȓȍȍ ǰȖȈȕȕȈ ǲȘȍșȚȐȚȍȓȧ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȏȍ șȍȋȖ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȐȚ ǹȊȧȚȈȧ ǬȍȊȈ
ȗȘȍȊȖȏȕȍșȍȕȕȈȧ ȗȈȟȍ Ȋșȍȝ ȟȐȕȖȊ ǨȕȋȍȓȤșȒȐȝ ȒȈȎȌȖȔț ȗȘȈȊȖȊȍȘȕȖȔț ȌȖȊȖȓȤ-
ȕȖ ȚȖ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ǷȖȌȖȉȕȖȍ Ȑ ș ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȊȐȕȖșȓȖȊȐȍ țȟȐȕȐȚȤ ȔȖȎ-
ȕȖ: Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȕȈȐȝțȌȠȍȍ ȍșȚȤ ȝțȎȍ ȕȈȐȝțȌȠȍȋȖ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȚȖȚ Ȑ
ȘȖȌ ȉțȌȍȚ ȕȐȎȍ; Ȉ ȒȈȒ Ȕȣ ȏȕȈȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȐȗȖȘȖȟȕȍȑȠȈȧ Ȑ ȕȈȐȝțȌȠȈȧ Ȑȏ Ȋșȍȝ
ȚȊȈȘȍȑ ȍșȚȤ ȔțȎ ȉțȌȍȚ ȓȐ Ȗȕ ǰțȌȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ǽȘȐșȚȈ ȗȘȍȌȈȓ Ȑ Ȗ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ șȈȔ
ǽȘȐșȚȖș ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȌȖȉȘȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒț ȚȖȔț Ȉȡȍ ȉȣ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȘȖȌȐȓșȧ; ȐȓȐ
ȍȡȍ ȝțȎȍ ȖȕȖȋȖ ȐȔȍȦȡȐȑ ȘȖȌȐȚȤșȧ ǨȕȚȐȝȘȐșȚ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ Ȋșȧ ȊȓȈșȚȤ șȈȚȈ-
ȕȐȕșȒȈȧ ȗȘȍȉȣȊȈȚȤ ȐȔȍȍȚ ǲȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ, Ȗ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȔțȎȈȝ ȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ȖȉȢȧȊȓȧȍȚ
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȖșțȎȌȍȕȣ ȕȈ ȊȍȟȕȖȍ ȔțȟȍȕȐȍ ȕȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȚȖȋȖ, ȕȐ Ȗ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȏȍȕȍ ȕȍ
țȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚ ǲ șȍȔț șȓțȎȈȚ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟȐȝ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ Ȋ ȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȐ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȈ ȕȍ-
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȈ Ƕ ȜȍȕȐȒșȍ, ȖȌȐȕȈȒȖȑ ȗȚȐȞȍ, ǭȋȐȗȚȧȕȍ ȖȉȢȧȊȓȧȦȚ
ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ șȈȔȒȈ ȕȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȚȖȋȖ, ȏȔȐȑ-ȞȈȘȤ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ ǪȈșȐȓȐșȒȖȔ

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Ȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ Ȑȏ Ȋșȍȝ ȧȌȖȊȐȚȍȑȠȐȝ ȍșȚȤ ȊȘȍȌȕȍȍ ȊșȍȋȌȈ șȈȔȍȞ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ Ȉ ȗȘȐ-
ȚȖȔ Ȑ ȏȈ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖȍ ȗȖȟȐȚȈȍȚșȧ ȍȔț ȘȖȌȐȚȤșȧ șȈȔȒȖȦ ǲȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȗȘȍ-
ȊȖșȝȖȌșȚȊȖ ȎȍȕșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȈ ȌȖȉȘȖȚȈ Ȑ ȕȍȊȐȕȕȖșȚȤ ȌȖȊȖȌȈȔȐ șȐȔȐ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ
ȌȖȒȈȏȈȕȈ ȉȣȚȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȖȕȍȎȍ ȕȈȟȈȓȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȏȖȓ ȖȚ ȔțȎȍȑ ȗȘȖȐȏȖȠȓȖ Ȉ ȕȍ ȖȚ
Ȏȍȕ, ȐȉȖ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȗȘȈȖȚȍȞ ǨȌȈȔ ȌȍȘȏȕțȓ ȗȘȍșȚțȗȐȚȤ ȏȈȗȖȊȍȌȤ ǩȖȎȐȦ ȏȈȒ-
ȓȦȟȐȓ ȊȘȈȚȈ ȕȍȉȍșȕȈȧ Ȑ Ȋșȍȝ ȕȈș ȋȘȍȝț ȗȖȌȊȍȘȋȕțȓ Ȑ șȔȍȘȚȐ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ
Ȕȣ șȖȋȘȍȠȈȍȔ Ȑ țȔȐȘȈȍȔ ȊȖ ǨȌȈȔȍ Ȉ ȕȍ Ȋ ǭȊȍ. ǭȋȖ ȋȘȍȝ ȗȍȘȊȖȘȖȌȕȣȑ ȖȚ-
ȊȍȘȏ ȊȝȖȌ Ȋ ȗȘȍȐșȗȖȌȕȧȧ ǲȈȐȕ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȏȈȊȐșȚȓȐȊȣȑ Ȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖțȉȐȑȞȈ ȗȍȘ-
Ȋȣȑ ȉȘȈȚȖțȉȐȑȞȈ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȖȚȟȈȧȊȠȐȑșȧ ȔȐȓȖșȍȘȌȐȧ ǩȖȎȐȧ; ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȌȊȖȍ-
ȎȍȕȍȞ ǳȈȔȍȝ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȗȤȧȕȣȑ ǵȖȑ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȊȠȐȑ șȘȈȔȖȚț ȖȚȞȈ șȊȖȍ-
ȋȖ ǵȖȧ ǽȈȔ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȊȓȈșȚȖȓȦȉȍȞ (ȚȐȘȈȕ) ȗȖȝȐȚȐȚȍȓȤ ȊȖȓȤȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȐȌȖșȓț-
ȎȐȚȍȓȤ ǵȐȔȊȘȖȌ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȗȘȍȓȦȉȖȌȍȑ ȔțȎ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȒȘȖȊȖșȔȍșȐȚȍȓȤ ȔțȎ:
șȊȍȘȝ ȚȖȋȖ, ȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȔțȎȐ Ȋ șȖȦȏ ș ȌȍȔȖȕȈȔȐ ȊșȚțȗȐȓȐ Ȑ șȒȊȍȘȕȣȍ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȓȐ
ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ǴțȎȐ, ȌȍȚȐ ǰȈȒȖȊȈ, ȖȚȞȈ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȕȖȋȖ, ȗȘȖȌȈȓȐ ȉȘȈȚȈ șȊȖȍȋȖ
ȜȈȘȈȖȕ, ȞȈȘȤ ǭȋȐȗȍȚșȒȐȑ, ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȗȖȉȐȊȈȓ ȔȓȈȌȍȕȞȍȊ ǷȍȘȊȣȍ ȔțȡȐȕȣ ȗȘȖ-
ȚȐȊ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȈ ȗȓȖȚȖțȋȖȌȐȧ ȌȍȓȈȓȐ ȒȈȒ șȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊțȦȚ ȚȖ ǹȖȌȖȔȈ Ȑ ǫȖȔȖȘ-
ȘȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȏȈ ȔțȎȍșȒȐȍ ȉȍȏȏȈȒȖȕȐȧ ȗȖȋȐȉȓȐ Ƕ ȏȕȈȚȕȣȝ Ȋ ȌȘȍȊȕȖșȚȐ ȋȖȘȖ-
ȌȈȝ ȟȐȚȈȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȔțȎȐ ȊȍȏȌȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȉȍȏȘȈșșțȌȕȖ șȓȈșȚȖȓȦȉȐȊȣ ȌȊțȎȍȕȞȣ
ȔȕȖȋȖȉȘȈȟȕȣȍ ȔȕȖȋȖȓȖȎȕȣȍ, ȗȘȍȓȦȉȖȌȍȐ Ȑ ȉȓțȌȖȌȍȐ ȚȈȒ, ȔȕȖȋȐȝ Ȏȍȕ Ȑ ȕȈ-
ȓȖȎȕȐȞ ȐȔȍȓȐ ǳȈȔȍȝ ǨȊȘȈȈȔ ǰȈȒȖȊ ǰșȈȊ ǰȖșȐȜ ǴȖȐșȍȑ ǹȈȔșȖȕ ǭȓ-
ȒȈȕ ǹȈțȓ ǬȈȊȐȌ ǹȖȓȖȔȖȕ ǨșșțȘ ǸȖȊȖȈȔ ǨȊȐȈ ǽȈȓȍȊ ǨȋȈșȜȍȘ Ȑ ȉȍșȟȐș-
ȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȌȘțȋȐȍ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ Ȏȍȕ Ȉ șȊȍȘȝ ȚȖȋȖ ȉȓțȌȕȐȞ Ȑ
ȕȈȓȖȎȕȐȞ ȐȔȍȓ; ȕȖ Ȑ ȚȈȒ ȕȍ ȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊțȑșȧ Ȍȓȧ țȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȖ-
ȝȖȚȐ Ȑ ș ȘȈȉȣȕȧȔȐ Ȗȕȣȝ șȔȍȠȍȕȐȍ ȐȔȍȓȐ. ǰȏ Ȏȍȕ Ȏȍ ȊȣȒȓȦȟȈȧ ȖȌȕț ǪȐȘ-
șȈȊȐȦ ȕȐȋȌȍ ȕȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȔ ȒȈȒ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ ȒȈȎȌȈȧ ȖȌȕȐȔ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȈ ȊșȍȋȌȈ
ȉȣȓȈ ȔțȎȍȔ ǵȍ șȣȡȍȠȤ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȌȊțȔțȎȕȍȑ ȍȎȍȓȐ ȖȕȈ ȖȚ ȗȍȘȊȖȋȖ ȔțȎȈ
ȗȓȖȌ ȐȔȍȓȈ ǰȉȖ Ȏȍȕȣ Ȋ ȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȐ șȚȣȌȈ Ȑ ȟȐșȚȖȚȣ ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȔțȎȍȑ
ȊȖȏȌȍȘȎȕȍȍ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ, ȍȎȍȓȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȉȍșȗȓȖȌȕȣ Țȍ ȊȖȏȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȓșȧ ȖȚ
șȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȧ ș ȔțȎȤȧȔȐ Ȉ ȌȘțȋȐȝ țȗȖȚȘȍȉȓȧȚȤ Ȋ ȖȕȖȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȓȐ ǲȈȒ ǹȈȘȘȈ,
ǸȈȝȐȓȤ ǳȐȧ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȉȍșȗȓȖȌȕȣȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȘȈȉȣȕȤ șȊȖȐȝ ȔțȎȤȧȔ Ȋ
șȖȎȐȚȐȍ ȌȈȊȈȓȐ ȟȚȖȉ ȊȖșșȚȈȊȐȚȤ Ȋ ȕȐȝ ȗȖȚȖȔșȚȊȖ ǵȖ ȒȚȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȦ, Ȑȏ Ȕț-
ȡȐȕ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȉ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȕȐ șȚȈȘ ȝȖȓȖȌȍȕ ȕȍȗȓȖȌȍȕ Ȑ ȕȍșȗȖșȖȉȍȕ ȗȖșȚțȗȐȓ
ȉȣ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȉȓȈȋȖȟȍșȚȕȖ ș șȊȖȍȦ ȎȍȕȖȦ ȟȚȖȉ ȌȘțȋȖȔț ȐȔȍȚȤ ș ȕȍȦ șȖȎȐȚȐȍ
ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐȓ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȉȣ ȗȓȖȌȖȕȖșȕȣȔ șȊȖȐȔ șȍȔȍȕȍȔ ȖȘȖșȐȓ ȍȍ ȟȘȍȊȖ Ǩ ȝȖ-
Țȧ Ȕȣ Ȑ ȟȐȚȈȍȔ Ȗ ǳȐȒțȘȋȍ Ȑ ǹȖȓȖȕȍ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȕȍȒȖȋȌȈ ȏȈȒȖȕȣ ȐȏȌȈȓȐ ȟȚȖ
ȍȎȍȓȐ ȒȚȖ ȐȓȐ șȚȈȘ Ȑ ȕȍșȗȖșȖȉȍȕ Ȓ șțȗȘțȎȍșȚȊț ȐȓȐ ȕȍȘȈȌȐȊ Ȗ ȗȓȖȌȖȘȖ-
ȌȐȐ ȗȖȑȔȍȚ ȏȈ șȍȉȧ ȌȍȊȐȞț, ȚȖ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȍȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ Ȏȍȕȍ ȚȈȒȖȊȖȋȖ ȐȏȉȐȘȈȚȤ ȖȌ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȦȕȖȠț Ȑȏ ȘȖȌșȚȊȍȕȕȐȒȖȊ, Ȋ ȒȘȍȗȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȕȘȈȊȈȝ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ
ȉȣ ș ȕȍȦ ȐȋȘȈȓ ȗȘȐȧȚȕȖ Ȑ ȊȍșȍȓȐȓșȧ ȟȚȖȉ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȓȖȌ ȖȕȈ ȗȘȐȕȍșȓȈ ȔțȎț
ǷȖȟȍȔț ȘȖȎȌȍȕȕȖȍ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȕȍ ȟțȎȐȔ Ȑ ȕȍ ȏȈȏȖȘȕȣȔ ȗȖȟȐȚȈȓȖșȧ ȖȌ-
ȕȈȒȖ, ȝȖȚȧ ȚȈȒȖȊȣȍ Ȑ ȉȣȓȐ ȏȈȒȖȕȣ ȕȖ ȕȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȔ ȟȚȖȉ ȖȕȐ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȍȔȣ
ȉȣȓȐ ȕȍ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖ ȋȘțȉȖșȚȐ ȔțȎȍȑ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȏȍȕ ȊȖȏȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȦ ǭșȚȤ ȗȘȐ-

34
ȚȖȔ ȉȍșȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȍȑȠȐȍ Ȏȍȕȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șȊȍȘȝ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȑ, șȘȖȌȕȖȑ
Ȑȝ ȗȖȓț șȚȣȌȓȐȊȖșȚȐ șțȗȘțȎȍșȒȖȦ ȓȦȉȖȊȤȦ ȔțȎȍȑ șȊȖȐȝ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȗȘȍȊȖș-
ȝȖȌȐȓȐ ǰȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ șțȚȤ ǨȊȐȋȍȧ șțȗȘțȋȈ ǵȈȊȈȓȖȊȈ ǨȘȚȍȔȐȏȐȧ ǴȖȊȏȖȓȖȊȈ
ǨȓȋȐȧ ǷȖȓȓȐȕȐȒȈ ǼȐȊȍȑșȒȖȋȖ ȆȓȐȧ, ȎȍȕȈ ǷȖȔȕȍȍȊȈ ǷȖȘȞȐȧ ǲȈȚȖȕȖȊȈ
ǲȖȘȕȍȓȐȧ ǫȘȈȋȖȊȈ ǴȍșșȈȓȐȕȈ ǹțȓȗȐȞȐȍȊȈ ǨȓȞȍșȚȈ ǨȌȔȍȚȖȊȈ ǰȗȖȒȘȈȚȍȧ,
șțȗȘțȋȈ ǴȐȜȘȐȌȈȚȈ, ǾȈȘȧ ǷȖȕȚȐȑșȒȖȋȖ ǬȐȌȖȕȈ ȗȖșȚȘȖȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȈ ǲȈȘȜȈ-
ȋȍȕȣ ȘȐȔșȒȈȧ ǳțȒȘȍȞȐȧ Ȑ ǹțȓȗȐȞȐȧ, ȎȍȕȈ ǳȍȕȚțȓȖȊȈ ǭșȚȤ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȍ
ȟȐșȓȖ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȒȖȐȝ ȌȍȊșȚȊȈ Ȑ șȚȣȌȈ ȕȍȗȖȘȖȟȕȖșȚȤ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȈ ȉȣȚȤ Ȑ șȈȔȖȦ
șȔȍȘȚȐȦ ȕȈȘțȠȍȕȈ: Ȑȏ șȐȝ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȈȔȐ ȕȈȔ șȍȉȧ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ ǨȜȓȈȕȚȈ
ǲȈȓȍȌȖȕșȒȈȧ ǲȈȔȐȓȓȈ ǪȖȓșȒȈȧ ǰȜȐȋȍȕȐȧ ǫȘȍȟȈȕȒȈ ǲȈșșȈȕȌȘȈ Ȑ ǲȘȐȏȍ; ȗȘȐ-
ȉȈȊȤ Ȓ șȐȔ ȌȍȊȐȞ ǳȈȒȍȌȍȔȖȕșȒȐȝ ǹȗȈȘȚȈȕșȒȐȝ ǴȐȓȍșșȒȐȝ ǼȐȊȍȑșȒȐȝ Ȑ
ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȉȍșȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȝ Ȗ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȕȈȔ ȌȈȦȚ ȏȕȈȚȤ ǭȊȘȍȑșȒȐȍ ǫȘȍȟȍșȒȐȍ Ȑ
ǪȈȘȊȈȘșȒȐȍ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȌȍȊșȚȊȖ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȟȐȚȈȓȐ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȞȈȘșȒȖȔț
ȌȖșȚȖȐȕșȚȊț ȕȖ Ȑ șȈȔȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ. ǭșȓȐ Ȏȍ ȉțȌȍȔ ȐșȒȈȚȤ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȣ ȗȖȟȐȚȈȕȐȧ
Ȑ ȓȦȉȊȐ Ȓ șȊȖȐȔ ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȧȔ ȔȍȎȌț ȗȘȖȟȐȔȐ Ȗȕȣȝ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȔ ȖȗȣȚȣ Ȋ ǲȓȈȊ-
ȌȐȐ ǪȍșȚȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȌȍȊȐȞȍ, Ȓ ȖȚȞț șȊȖȍȔț Ȑ ȗȘȖșȚȖȑ ȚȖȑ ȎȍȕȒȍ Ȗ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ Ȋȣ-
Ƞȍ țȗȖȔȧȕțȚȖ Ȓ șȊȖȍȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐ. ǵȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȗȖȓȖȎȐȚ, ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ, șȐȔ ǯȖȐȓ
ȕȍȒȈȒȖȑ ǹȈȔșȖȕȖȊȖ ȇȏȖȕȖȊȖ ǬȍȐȜȖȉȖȊȖ Ȑ ǨȋȈȔȍȔȕȖȕȖȊȖ ȗȈȋțȉȕȣȍ șțȗȘț-
ȎȍșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȍ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȕȣȍ ȗȘȐȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧ ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȍșȓȐ Ȗȕȣȍ ȘȈșșȔȖȚ-
ȘȐȔ ȗȘȐȓȍȎȕȖ ȕȈȑȌȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ Ȏȍȕȣ ȖȉȊȐȕȧȦȚșȧ ȓȖȎȕȖ ȖșȖȉȓȐȊȖ, ȟȚȖ ȏȓȖȑ
Ȏȍȕȣ ȐȔȍȚȤ ȝȖȘȖȠȍȔț ȔțȎț ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ șȓțȟȈȍȚșȧ ǵȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȚȖȋȖ, ȖȉȣȒȕȖ-
ȊȍȕȕȖ ȏȓȣȔ ȔțȎȤȧȔ ȏȓȣȍ ȗȖȗȈȌȈȦȚșȧ Ȏȍȕȣ Ȉ ȕȍȘȍȌȒȖ ȏȓȣȔ ȔțȎȤȧȔ șȓț-
ȟȈȦȚșȧ Ȏȍȕȣ ȌȖȉȘȣȍ ȕȖ ȏȈȘȈȎȈȦȚșȧ Ȑȝ ȗȖȘȖȒȈȔȐ ǴȖȎȍȠȤ ȓȐ Țȣ ȌțȔȈȚȤ
ȟȚȖ ȍȎȍȓȐ ȉȣ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȍȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȎȍȕșȒȖȔț ȗȖȓț șȖȟȐȕȧȚȤ ȏȈȒȖȕȣ ȗȐșȈȚȤ Ȑș-
ȚȖȘȐȐ ȒȈȒȐȍ ȉȣ ȖȕȐ șȖȟȐȕȐȓȐ ȚȘȈȋȍȌȐȐ Ȗ ȟȘȍȏȔȍȘȕȣȝ ȔțȎȍȑ ȏȓȖȌȍȑșȚȊȈȝ
Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ șȣȡȍȚșȧ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖțȉȐȑȞ ȊȖȘȖȊ ȝȐȡȕȐȒȖȊ ȖȉȔȈȕȡȐȒȖȊ
ȏȈȎȐȋȈȓȤȡȐȒȖȊ ȐȏȔȍȕȕȐȒȖȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȍȡȍ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈ ǰȐșțșȈ ǵȈȊȐȕȈ Ȑ
ǬȈȊȐȌȈ-ȞȈȘȧ Ȋ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȔ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȍ ȘȈȏȉȖȐ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȓȐ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌȊȖ-
ȌȐȚȍȓȍȑ șȊȖȐȝ ȐȔȍȓȐ ȕȖ Ȑ ȌȖșȍȓȍ Ȋ ȉȍȏȔȍȘȕȖȔ ȟȐșȓȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚșȧ Ȗȕȣȝ ȗȖ-
ȟȍȔț Ȋșȍ ȚȍȔȕȐȞȣ ȕȈȗȖȓȕȍȕȣ ȔțȡȐȕȈȔȐ ȗȖȊșȦȌț ȔȍșȚȈ ȒȈȏȕȍȑ ȗȖȒȘȣȚȣ
ȚȘțȗȈȔȐ ȔțȎȍșȒȐȔȐ ǵȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȚȖȋȖ, ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ Ȋșȍȝ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȣȝ ȕȈțȒ Ȋșȧ-
ȒȖȑ ȌȖȉȘȖȌȍȚȍȓȐ Ȑ ȉȓȈȋȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ ȉȣȓȐ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȚȈȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȣ ȟȚȖ ȌȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ
șȈȔȣȍ Țȍȝ Ȋȍȡȍȑ ȕȈȐȔȍȕȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȎȍȕșȒȐȍ Ȓ șȍȔț Ȑ ȚȖ ȗȘȐȔȍȟȈȕȐȧ ȌȖșȚȖȑ-
ȕȖȍ șȓțȎȐȚ ȟȚȖ Ȑ șȈȔȣȑ șȍȑ șȊȍȚ ȎȍȕșȒȐȔȐ ȐȔȍȕȈȔȐ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȒȈȒ ȚȖ
ȖȚ ǨȏȐȐ ȕȐȔȜȣ ȖȚ ǭȊȘȖȗȣ, ǨȋȍȕȖȘȖȊȖȑ ȌȖȟȍȘȐ, Ȑ ǳȐȊȐȐ ȌȖȟȍȘȐ ȅȗȈȜȖ-
ȊȖȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȑ ǨȜȘȐȒȖȦ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ, ȍșȓȐ ȘȈȏȉȍȘȍȔ Ȋșȍ
ȊȖȖȉȡȍ ȌȖȉȘȖȌȍȚȍȓȐ ȎȍȕȈ ȗȍȘȊȖȍ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȔȍșȚȖ ȐȉȖ, ȊȖ-ȗȍȘȊȣȝ, ȎȍȕȈ
ȉȣȓȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȌȍȊșȚȊȖ șȊȖȍ ȗȖșȊȧȚȐȓȈ ǩȖȋț șȈȔȈȧ ǬȍȊȈ ǴȈȘȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȏȈ
ȚȖ țȌȖșȚȖȐȓȈșȧ ȉȣȚȤ ǴȈȚȍȘȐȦ ǩȖȎȐȍȦ ǷȘȖȘȖȟȐȞȣ-Ȏȍȕȣ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȐȔȍȓȐ ȉȖ-
ȓȍȍ ȉȖȎȍșȒȖȋȖ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȍȕȐȧ ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȔțȎȐ ȟȚȖ ȊȐȌȐȔ Ȋ ǹȐȊȐȓȓȈȝ, ȗȖ șȊȐ-
ȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊț ǳȈȒȚȈȕȚȐȧ ǭȊșȍȊȐȧ Ȑ ǨȊȋțșȚȐȕȈ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖ ǴȈȘȐȈȔ, șȍșȚȘȈ ǴȖȐ-
șȍȍȊȈ, ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȖȘȖȟȐȞȈ ȗȖ ȗȓȍȕȍȕȐȐ ǰȍȘȍȔȐȐ ȎȍȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȌȧȌȐ ǶȓȌȈ ȗȘȐ ȕȈ-

35
șȚțȗȈȦȡȍȑ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȑ ȗȖȋȐȉȍȓȐ ǰȏȘȈȐȓȧ, ȊȣȠȍ șȐȓ ȔțȎȍșȒȐȝ ȊȖșșȚȈȓȈ ȖȕȖ-
Ȕț ȗȘȖȘȖȟȐȞȈ ǰșȗȣȚȈȍȔ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȐșȈȕȐȧ Ȑ țȊȐȌȐȔ ȟȚȖ ȎȍȕȈ ȏȈ ȗȖș-
ȚȖȧȕșȚȊȖ Ȋ ȊȍȘȍ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟȐȝ ȌȖȉȘȖȌȍȚȍȓȧȝ ȗȘȍȊȣȠȍ ȔțȎȍȑ ȊȖșȝȊȈȓȧȍȚșȧ ȒȈȒ
ȚȖ ȆȌȐȜ ǸțȜ Ȑ ȅșȜȐȘȤ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șȚȖȓȤ ȉȣȓȐ Ȋ ȕȐȝ șȓȈȊȕȣ ȟȚȖ ȐȔȍȕȈ Ȗȕȣȝ
Ȋȕȍșȍȕȣ Ȋ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȣȍ ȒȕȐȋȐ ǨȊȘȈȈȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȝȖȚȧ ȏȈ ȚȊȍȘȌȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȊȍȘȍ ȗȐ-
șȈȕȐȍ Ȑ ȐȔȍȕțȍȚ ȗȘȈȊȍȌȕȣȔ ȗȖȕȍȎȍ ȊȍȘȖȊȈ ǩȖȋț ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȗȖȌȓȍȎȈȓ Ȏȍȕȍ
șȊȖȍȑ ǹȈȘȘȍ Ȑ ȋȓȈșȖȔ ȋȖșȗȖȌȕȐȔ ȗȖȊȍȓȍȊȈȍȚșȧ ȖȕȖȔț Ȋ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȝ șȓȖȊȈȝ
Ȋșȧ, ȧȎȍ ȘȍȟȍȚ ȚȐ ǹȈȘȘȈ, ȗȖșȓțȠȈȑ ȋȓȈșȈ ȍȧ ǺȈȒ ǸȍȊȍȒȒȈ, ȚȊȍȘȌȖ ȊȍȘțȧ,
ȊȖȗȘȖȠȈȓȈ ǩȖȋȈ, Ȑ țȌȖșȚȖȍȕȈ ȉțȌțȟȐ ȖȚȊȍȚȈ, țșȓȣȠȈ ȟțȌȖ ȌȊȈ ȧȏȣȒȈ ȊȖ ȟȘȍȊȍ
ȚȊȖȍȔ Ȑ ȌȊȈ ȕȈȘȖȌȈ ȖȚ ȟȘȍȊȈ ȚȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȧȚșȧ ǰ ȊȌȖȊȈ ǹȈȘȍȗȚȈȕșȒȈȧ Ȋȍ-
ȘȖȊȈ ǰȓȐȐ ȝȖȚȧ Ȗȕ ȍȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ Ȑ ȕȍȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ ǺȈȒ ǯȈȝȈȘȐȧ, ȖȉȓȐȟȈȍȔ Ȋ ȕȍ-
ȊȍȘșȚȊȍ șȊȖȍȔ ȖȚ ǨȕȋȍȓȈ, ȉȣșȚȤ ȕȍȔ Ȑ ȎȍȕȈ ȍȋȖ ǭȓȐșȈȊȍȚ ȗȘȖȘȖȟȍșȚȊțȍȚ ȟȘȍ-
ȊȖȔ Ȑ ȋȓȈșȖȔ Ȑ ȗȖȝȊȈȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȖȕȍȎȍ ȊȍȘȖȊȈ ȚȊȍȘȌȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ țȉȓȈ-
ȎȈȍȚ ȗȘȍȉȓȈȋȖșȓȖȊȍȕȕțȦ ǬȍȊț ȋȖȊȖȘȧ ȉȓȈȎȍȕȕȈ ȊȍȘȖȊȈȊȠȈȧ ȋȓȈȋȖȓȈȕȕȣȔ
ȠȐ ȖȚ ǫȖșȗȖȌȈ ǺȈȒ ǨȕȕȈ-ȗȘȖȘȖȟȐȞȈ, ȗȖ ȉȣȊȠȍȔ ȖȚȒȘȖȊȍȕȐȐ ǹȐȔȍȖȕț, Ȑș-
ȗȖȊȍȌȈ ǩȖȋȈ Ȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȈ Ȗ ȕȍȔ ȊșȍȔ ȝȖȚȧȡȐȔ ȗȖșȓțȠȈȚȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȖȎȐȌȈȓȐ
ȐșȒțȗȐȚȍȓȧ ǰȏȘȈȐȓȦ ǩȣȓȐ Ȑ ț ǼȐȓȐȗȗȈ ȟȍȚȣȘȍ ȌȡȍȘȐ-ȌȍȊȣ ȗȘȖȘȖȟȍșȚ-
ȊȖȊȈȊȠȐȍ ǿȚȖ șȒȈȎț Ȗ ȚȖȑ ǹȈȔȈȘȐȚȧȕȒȍ ș ȒȖȚȖȘȖȦ ǽȘȐșȚȖș ȉȍșȍȌȖȊȈȓ ȗȘȐ
ȒȓȈȌȍȏȍ Ȑ ȕȈșȣȚȐșȧ ȊȍȘȖȦ ȊȍȘțȦȡȐȍ ȖȚȊȍȘȎȍ ȉȘȈȠȕȖ ǹȦȌȈ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȐȚ
ȊȍȘȈ Ȏȍȕȣ ǽȈȕȈȕȍȑșȒȖȑ Ȑ Ȏȍȕȣ, șȚȘȈȌȈȊȠȍȑ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍȔ ȒȘȖȊȐ ǵȍ șȝȖȌȕȈ
ȓȐ ȉȣȓȈ ȊȍȘȈ Ȑ ȐșȗȖȊȍȌȈȕȐȍ ǴȈȘȜȣ ș ǷȍȚȘȖȊȣȔ Ȑ ǴȈȘȐȧ ǴȈȋȌȈȓȐȕȈ ȒȈ-
ȒțȦ ȐȔȍȓȈ ȚȊȍȘȌȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȊȍȘȍ Ȑȏ ǭȊȈȕȋȍȓȐȧ ȕȈȔ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȐȉȖ ȖȕȈ ȒȈȒ ȒȕȐȎ-
ȕȐȒȐ Ȑ ǰțȌȍȐ ǽȘȐșȚȈ ȒȖ ȒȘȍșȚț ȗȘȐȋȊȖȏȌȐȓȐ Ȑ ȗȘȐ ȒȘȍșȚȍ ȚȖȟȐȓȈ șȓȍȏȣ
ȗȘȐȕȖșȐȚ ȗȖȔȈȏȈȕȐȧ ȐȡȍȚ ȊȖ ȋȘȖȉȍ ȊȖȗȘȖȠȈȍȚ ȊȍȘȚȖȋȘȈȌȈȘȧ ȗȖȏȕȈȍȚ ǩȖ-
ȋȈ ȚȍȟȍȚ Ȓ ǨȗȖșȚȖȓȈȔ Ȑ ȊȖȏȊȍȡȈȍȚ Ȗ ȊȖșȒȘȍșȍȕȐȐ Ǻȍ șțȔȕȍȊȈȦȚșȧ ȕȖ ȖȕȈ
ȊȍȘȐȚ. ǿȚȖ șȒȈȎȍȔ Ȗ ǷȘȐșȒȐȓȓȍ, Ȏȍȕȍ șȊȧȚȍȑȠȍȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ǨȗȖȓȓȖȕȈ, ȔțȎȈ
ǨȗȖșȚȖȓȤșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ Ȋ ȏȈȒȖȕȍ țȟȍȕȍȑȠȍȋȖ ǲȖȘȐȕȜșȒȖȋȖ ǭȗȐșȒȖȗȈ ȕȈțȟȐȓȈ ȕȖ
Ȑ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȌȖșțȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ǨȗȖșȚȖȓț ȖȚ Ȏȍȕȣ țȟȐȚȤșȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ țȟȐȓȈ Ȋ ȞȍȘȒ-
ȏȐ ǷȘȐȉȈȊȐȔ Ȏȍ Ȓ șȍȔț Țȍȝ Ȏȍȕ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȚȍȘȗȍȕȐȍȔ ȔțȟȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȘȍȏȘȍȕȐȍȔ
șȔȍȘȚȐ șȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ Ȗ șȊȖȍȔ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕșȚȊȍ Ȋ ȊȍȘȍ ȒȖȐȝ ȟȐșȓȖ ȕȈȑȌȍȚșȧ
ȔțȎȍȑ ȕȍ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ ǵȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ Ȋ ȔȖȓȟȈȕȐȐ ȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȚȖȑ țȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȈ-
ȚȍȘȐ ȌȖșȚȖȑȕȖȑ ȗȈȔȧȚȐ ȊȍȟȕȖȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȕȈ ȗȖȋȐȉȈȦȡȐȝ ȎȍșȚȖȟȈȑȠȐȔ Ȕț-
ȟȍȕȐȍȔ șȍȌȔȤ ȟȈȌ șȊȖȐȝ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȏȐȘȈȓȈ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȖ ȕȖ ȔțȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ țȋȖ-
ȊȈȘȐȊȈȧ, țȒȘȍȗȓȧȓȈ Ȓ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȦ șȔȍȘȚȐ Ȑ șȈȔȈ, ȊȖ ȊșȍȔ ȕȈ ǩȖȋȈ ȚȊȍȘȌȖ țȗȖ-
ȊȈȧ ȗȖșȓȍ ȌȍȚȍȑ șȊȖȐȝ ȏȈ ȏȈȒȖȕȣ ȖȚȍȟȍșȒȐȍ șȔȍȘȚȤ ȗȖȌȢȧȓȈ ǹȊȍȘȝ șȍȋȖ, ȕȍ
ǼȍȖȌȍȓȐȕȈ ȓȐ ȌȖȟȤ ȊȓȈȌȍȚȍȓȧ ǩȈȊȈȘșȒȖȋȖ ǳȖȕȋȖȉȈȘȌȖȊ" ǫȘȍȕȏȐȓȓȈ șȍșȚ-
ȘȈ ȞȍșȈȘȧ ǫȍȕȘȐȝȈ ,, ǪȍȕȋȍȘȞȍȊ" ǽȓȖȚȐȓȌȈ ȌȖȟȤ ǲȖȘȖȓȧ ǩțȘȋțȕȌșȒȖȋȖ,
ǼȘȈȕȞțȏȖȊ" Ȑ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȕȍȏȕȈȚȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȐȔȍȕȍȔ ǨȗȖ-
șȚȖȓȈ ǫȐȉȍȘȕȧȕ" ȒȈȎȌȈȧ ȉȍșȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȕȈȘȖȌ ȒȖ ǽȘȐșȚț ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓȈ Ǩ ȟȚȖȉ
ȒȖȔț șțȔȕȐȚȍȓȐȕȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ ȖȚ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȈ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ Ȋșȍ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȔȖ-
ȋțȚ ȟȚȖ Ȑ ȔțȡȐȕȣ ȚȖ Ȕȣ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȔ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȣ Ȑ țȊȐȌȐȔ ȟȚȖ ȕȍȚ ȕȐȒȈȒȖ-
ȋȖ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȘȖȌȈȝ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕșȚȊ Ȑ ȌȖȉȘȖȌȍȚȍȓȍȑ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȖȋȖ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȒȖȚȖ-

36
ȘȖȍ ȉȣ ș ȚȖȓȐȒȖȦ Ȏ șȓȈȊȖȦ ȖȚ Ȏȍȕ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȖȚ ȔțȎȍȑ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȔȖ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ Ǫ
ȎȍȘȚȊȖȗȘȐȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ șȓȈȊȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȕȍȒȖȋȌȈ ț ȧȏȣȟȕȐȒȖȊ ǴȍȓȐșșȈ ǯȐȉȍȓȈ ȗȖ
ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȐȔȍȕȐ ȗȖșȓȍ ȗȘȖȟȐȍ ȎȘȐȞȣ ǴȍȓȐșșȈȔȐ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȓȐșȤ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȑ Ƿȍ-
ȒȈȊȍȚȘȐȧ ȉȣȓȈ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȐȞȈ ǴȐȕȍȘȊȣ ǴȍȘȈ ǪȍȕȍȘȣ ǰȜȐȋȍȕȐȧ ǬȐȈȕȕȣ Ȑ
Ȏȍȕȣ ǩȈȝțșȖȊȣ, ȎȘȐȞȣ, ȗȖȌ ȔȕȖȋȐȔȐ ȐȔȍȕȈȔȐ șȓȈȊȕȣȍ ȒȈȒ ȚȖ ǻȐȈȌȣ Ǵȍ-
ȕȈȌȣ ǩȈȝȐ ȅȓȐȈȌȣ ǴȐȔȈȓȓȖȕȐȌȣ ȅȌȖȕȐȌȣ ȅȊȉȐȈȌȣ ǪȈșșȈȘȐȌȣ ǺȘȐȈ-
ȚȍȘȐȌȣ ț ǰțȌȍȍȊ șȍșȚȘȈ ǴȖȐșȍȍȊȈ ǴȈȘȐȈȔ ȒțȗȕȖ ș ǨȈȘȖȕȖȔ Ȋ șȊȧȚȐȓȐȡȍ
ȊȝȖȌ ȐȔȍȓȈ Ȑ ȒȈȒ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȐȞȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȖȟȐȚȈȍȔȈ Ǫ ȕȈȠȍȔ ȉȓȈȋȖȟȍșȚȐȐ ȝȖȚȧ
ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈȔ șȈȕ șȊȧȡȍȕșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȊȖȏȉȘȈȕȧȍȚșȧ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȏȕȈȍȔ Ȑȏ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ, ȟȚȖ
ȕȍȒȖȋȌȈ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ Ȋ ȖȉȘȈȏȍ ȔțȡȐȕȣ ȕȈ ȊȣșȖȟȈȑȠțȦ șȚȍȗȍȕȤ ǷȈȗșȒȖȋȖ ȌȖș-
ȚȖȐȕșȚȊȈ ȊșȚțȗȐȓȈ ǵȍ ȕȍȏȕȈȚȕȣ Ȑ Ȑȏ ȕȈȠȐȝ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ șȊȧȚȍȑȠȐȍ ȐȋțȔȍȕȤȐ Ȑ
ȔȖȕȈȝȐȕȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȌȘȍȊȕȖșȚȤ ȕȍ țșȚȣȌȐȓȈșȤ ȉȣ ȕȈȏȊȈȚȤ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȐȞȈȔȐ;
șȓȈȊȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ Ȋ ȗȘȖȘȍȟȍȕȐȧȝ ț Ȋșȍȝ ȐșȗȖȊȍȌȈȕȐȑ ȕȈȘȖȌȖȊ ǲȈșșȈȕȌȘȈ ǹȐȊȐȓ-
ȓȣ ǴȈȘȐȈȔ, șȍșȚȘȈ ǴȖȐșȍȍȊȈ ǬȍȊȖȘȈ ǫțȓȌȈ ǨȕȕȈ ǭȓȐșȈȊȍȚ ȟȍȚȣȘȍ Ȍȡȍ-
ȘȐ ǼȐȓȐȗȗȖȊȣ Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȌȘțȋȐȍ Ȋ ȕȖȊȍȑȠȐȝ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈȝ șȊȧȚȣȍ Ȏȍȕȣ ȒȈȒȖȊȈ
ț ȘȐȔȓȧȕ ȍșȚȤ ǩȘȐȋȐȌȈ Ȑ ǫȐȓȌȍȋȈȘȌȐșș ǲȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ, Ȋ ǴȈȋȐȐ, ȉȓȈȋȐȝ Ȑ ȏȓȣȝ
ȌțȝȖȊ șȐȓȤȕȖȑ ȕȈțȒȍ ȗȘȍȌ ȗȘȖȟȐȔȐ ǾȐȘȞȣ Ȑ ǴȍȌȍȧ Ȋ șȊȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȟț-
ȌȍșȕȖȋȖ șȌȍȓȈȓȈ ȕȍȎȍȓȐ șȈȔ ǯȖȘȖȈșȚȘ ȝȖȚȧ ȍȋȖ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȑ ǰȏȖȉȘȍȚȈȚȍ-
ȓȍȔ șȍȑ ȕȈțȒȐ ȗȖȟȐȚȈȦȚ. Ǫ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȍȍ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȉȣȓȐ ǼȍȈȕȈ,
ȎȍȕȈ ǷȐȜȈȋȖȘȖȊȈ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȌȖȟȤ ȍȍ ǬȈȔȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȘȖșȓȈȊȐȓȈșȤ ȐșȚȖȓȒȖȊȈ-
ȕȐȍȔ ȕȍțȌȖȉȖȊȘȈȏțȔȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȗȖșȓȖȊȐȞ ȖȚȞȈ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȚȈȒȎȍ ǨșȗȈȏȐȧ Ȑ ǬȐȖ-
ȚȐȔȈ, ǹȖȒȘȈȚȖȊȣ țȟȍȕȐȞȣ ǴȈȕȚȐȕȍȧ ǼȐȓȍȏȐȧ Ȑ ǨȒșȐȖȝȐȧ, țȟȍȕȐȞȣ ǷȓȈ-
ȚȖȕȖȊȣ ǵȍ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ ǷȓȖȚȐȕ ȗȘȍȊȖȏȕȖșȐȚ ǫȍȔȐȕț Ȑ ǨȔȜȐȒȓȍȦ ǳȈȒȚȈȕȞȐȑ
ȗȖȝȊȈȓȧȍȚ ǭȔȐșȚȐȦ ȗȘȖșȓȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ǽȘȐșȚȖȊȈ ȞȍȘȒȖȊȤ Ȋ șȊȧȚȖȑ ǭȒȈȚȍȘȐȕȍ,
ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȖȌȕȈ, ȉțȌțȟȐ ȔȓȈȌȈȧ ȌȍȊȐȞȈ Ȋșȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȊȍȒȈ ȗȘȍȔțȌȘȣȝ țȟȍȕȐȍ ȗȖ-
șȘȈȔȐȓȈ ǵȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ Ȋ ȔȖȓȟȈȕȐȐ Ȑ ǯȐȕȖȊȐȐ-ȞȈȘȐȞȣ țȟȍȕȐȞȣ ǳȖȕ-
ȋȐȕȈ-ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȘȈȌȐ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȋȖ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȏȕȈȕȐȧ Ȋ ȕȈțȒȈȝ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȈ
ȐȔȧ ȅȜȐȕȐșșȣ Ȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȕȣȍ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧ ǵȐȒȖȔȈȝ ȐȏȌȈȓ ȕȈ ǫȘȍ-
ȟȍșȒȖȔ ȧȏȣȒȍ ǷȖșȚțȗȐȔ Ȓ ȖȘȈȚȖȘȐȐ Ȑ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘșȚȊț ȚȖȚȟȈș ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȦȚșȧ
ȕȈȔ ǨȘȔȍȏȐȧ, ȗȘȖȏȣȊȈȍȔȈȧ ǨȕȌȘȖȋȍȕȐȍȦ ǫȖȘȚȍȕșȐȧ ǳțȒȘȍȞȐȧ ǪȈȓȍȘȐȧ
ǲȖȗȐȖȓȈ ǹȈȜȖ ǲȖȘȐȕȕȈ ǲȖȘȕȐȜȐȞȐȧ ǸȖȔȈȕȈ Ȑ ǶȘȐȔȕȈ ǺȍȓȐȧ ȐȓȐ Ǽȍș-
ȉȐȧ ȗȘȖȏȊȈȕȕȈȧ ȅȗȐȋȘȈȔȔȈȚȐșșȖȦ ǰ ț ǹȈȓȓțșȚȐȧ ǹȍȔȗȘȖȕȐȧ ț ȆȘȐșȒȖȕ-
șțȓȤȚȖȊ ǲȈȓȗțȘȕȐȧ ǵȖ ȍȎȍȓȐ ȉȣ Ȑ ȕȣȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ Ȋ țȗȖȚȘȍȉȓȍȕȐȐ ȖȉțȟȈȚȤșȧ
ȕȈțȒȈȔ ȎȍȕșȒȖȔț ȗȖȓț ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȉȣ ȖȕȖȑ Ȋ ȏȕȈȕȐȐ ȗȘȍȊȏȖȠȍȓ ȔțȎȍșȒȖȑ ȒȖ-
ȋȌȈ ȖȚ șȈȔȖȑ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȧȚ șȈȔȐȝ ȕȈțȒ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȚȈȚȍȓȍȑ
ǫȘȈȔȔȈȚȐȒȐ ȕȍ ȗȖȟȐȚȈȦȚ ȓȐ șȍȉȧ țȟȐȚȍȓȧȔȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȟȐșȚȖ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ Ȕȣ
ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȓțȟȠȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȕȈțȟȈȍȔșȧ ȖȚ ȒȖȘȔȐȓȐȞ Ȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȍȑ ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȖȚ ȋȘȈȔ-
ȔȈȚȐȒȖȊ ǵȍ ǲȖȘȕȍȓȐȧ ȓȐ, ȔȈȚȤ ǫȘȈȝȖȊ, șȌȍȓȈȓȈ șȈȔȈ șȖȉȖȦ Ȑȝ șȚȖȓȤ ȒȘȈș-
ȕȖȘȍȟȐȊȣȔȐ, Ȑ ǹȐȓț, șȣȕȈ ǹȒȐȜșȒȖȋȖ ȞȈȘȧ ǨȘȐȗȐȜȈ, ȕȍ ȔȈȚȤ ȓȐ ǰșȚȘȐȕȍȧ
ǫȘȍȟȍșȒȖȔț ȧȏȣȒț ȕȈțȟȐȓȈ" ǵȍ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȓȐ Ȋ ȊȊȍȌȍȕȕȣȝ șȍȓȍȕȐȧȝ ț ȊȕȍȠȕȐȝ
ȕȈȘȖȌȖȊ ȘȖȌȐȊȠȐȍșȧ ȌȍȚȐ ȔȈȚȍȘȍȑ șȊȖȐȝ ȌȍȘȎȈȓȐșȧ ȘȍȟȐ" ǵȍ Ȍȓȧ ȐȕȖȑ ȒȈ-
ȒȖȑ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȣ ǷȓȈȚȖȕ Ȑ ǲȊȐȕȚȐȓȐȈȕ șȚȖȓȤ ȗȖȗȍȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȗ ȊȣȉȖȘȍ ȝȖȘȖ-

37
ȠȐȝ ȒȖȘȔȐȓȐȞ Ȓ ȌȍȚȧȔ țșȚȈȕȖȊȐȓȐ ȟȚȖȉ Ȑȝ ȧȏȣȒ Ȑ ȘȍȟȤ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖ Ȑ ȧșȕȖ
țșȚȘȖȧȍȔȣ ȉȣȓȐ ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȗȖșȚțȗȐȔ ȌȈȓȍȍ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȞȣ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ ȏȈȔȣșȓȈȝ Ȑ
ȉȈșȕȧȝ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȌȐȈȓȍȒȚȐȒȐ Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȊȏȌȖȘȕȖȑ ȉȖȓȚȓȐȊȖșȚȐ, ȕȍ țșȚțȗȈȦȚ ȓȐ ȊȍȘȝ
ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈȔ" ǵȐȋȌȍ șȚȖȓȤ ȝȖȘȖȠȍȋȖ Ȑ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȖȋȖ ȖȘȈȚȖȘȈ șȣșȒȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȔȖȎ-
ȕȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț ȉȣ Ȋ ȘȍȟȈȝ țșȚțȗȐȓȈ șȊȍȚșȒȈȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ; ȒȈȒȖȑ ȈȘȐȜȔȍȚȐȒ ȝȖ-
Țȧ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȕȈȟȍȚ ȕȍȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖ Ȋ țȗȓȈȚȍ ȌȖȓȋȈ ȎȍȕȡȐȕț ȖȉȔȈȕțȚȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ" Ȑ
ȒȈȒȖȑ ȔțȏȣȒȈȕȚ Ȋ ȗȘȐȧȚȕȖșȚȐ ȗȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȋȖȓȖșȈ ș ȎȍȕȡȐȕȖȦ șȘȈȊȕȐȚȤșȧ ȔȖ-
ȎȍȚ" ǼȐȓȖșȖȜȣ ǴȈȚȍȔȈȚȐȒȐ ǨșȚȘȖȓȖȋȐ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏȈȕȐȧȝ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌțȏ-
ȕȈȕȐȧȝ ȕȍ ȟȈșȚȖ ȓȐ ȌȍȘȍȊȍȕșȒȐȔ țșȚțȗȈȦȚ ȉȈȉȈȔ" Ȉ ȍȡȍ ȟȈȡȍ șȚȈȘțȝȐ ȊȍȘȝ
ȉȍȘțȚ ț ȔȍȌȐȒȖȊ ǹȈȔ ǹȖȒȘȈȚ ȔțȎ ȗȘȍȔțȌȘȣȑ ȍșȓȐ ǷȐȜȐȍȊț șȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚ-
Ȋț ȊȍȘȐȚȤ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉțȌțȟȐ țȎȍ șȚȈȘ ȕȍ șȟȐȚȈȓ ȏȈ șȚȣȌ țȟȐȚȤșȧ ȍȡȍ ț ǨșȗȈ-
ȏȐȐ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ǨȗȖȓȓȖș-ȉȖȋȖșȓȖȊ ȝȖȚȍȓ țȟȐȚȤșȧ ț ǷȘȐșȒȐȓȓȣ ǭȎȍȓȐ ȐșȒȈȚȤ
ȉțȌȍȔ Ȋ ȎȍȕȈȝ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȈȏțȔȐȧ Ȋ ȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȐ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȖȔ ȕȈȔ șȓțȎȐȚ ǶȗȐșȤ Ȋ
ȟȐșȓȖ ȉȖȋȐȕȤ ȊȒȓȦȟȍȕȕȈȧ ǷȓȖȚȐȕȈ, șțȗȘțȋȈ ǺȘȈȧȕȖȊȈ ǨȔȈȓȈȏțȕȜȈ, ǶșȚ-
ȘȖȋȖȚȜșȒȈȧ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȈ ȅȔȐȓȐȧ, ȎȍȕȈ ǹȞȐȗȐȖȕȖȊȈ ȗȖ șȐȝ ǬȍȊȖȘȈ, ȉȓȈȋȖȘȈ-
ȏțȔȕȍȑȠȈȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ, șțȗȘțȋȈ ǳȈȉȐȌȈȜȖȊȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ șȈȔȈ ȒȈȒ ȟȚȍȔ Ȋ ȒȕȐȋȈȝ
șțȌȍȑ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ șțȌȐȓȈ ǰȏȘȈȐȓȤșȒȐȔ ȕȈȘȖȌȖȔ Ȑ ȗȘȐȝȖȎȌȈȝț Ȓ
ȕȍȑ șȣȕȣ ǰȏȘȈȐȓȤșȒȐȍ Ȍȓȧ ȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȊșȧȒȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ǶȕȈ Ȏȍ ȒȈȒ ǪȈȘțȝ
ȕȍ ȝȖȚȍȓ ȊșȚțȗȈȚȤ Ȋ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ȐȏȉȘȈȕȈ ȉțȌțȟȐ ȊȖȎȌȍȔ ǰȏȘȈȐȓȤșȒȖȋȖ ȊȖȑ-
șȒȈ ȗȖȉȐȊ Ȑ ȗȘȖȋȕȈȊ ȕȍȗȘȐȧȚȍȓȍȑ, ȖȌȍȘȎȈȓȈ ȗȖȉȍȌț ǿȚȍȔ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȋ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ
ȞȈȘȍȑ ȟȚȖ ǨȜȈȓȍȧ ȞȈȘșȚȊȖȊȈȓȈ Ȑ șțȌȐȓȈ ȟȘȍȏ șȍȌȔȤ ȓȍȚ ǰȍȘțșȈȓȐȔȖȔ ǹȍ-
ȔȐȘȈȔȐȌȈ ȗȖ șȔȍȘȚȐ ǵȐȕȈ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȓȈ ȘȈȏȕȣȔȐ ȕȈȘȖȌȈȔȐ  ȓȍȚ ǰ Ȋșȍ ȞȈ-
ȘȐȞȣ ǭȜȐȖȗșȒȐȍ ǲȈȕȌȈȒȐȐ ȉȣȓȐ Ȋ ȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȐ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȈȏțȔȕȣ Ȑ șȐȓȤȕȣ Ȗ
ȒȖȐȝ țȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȌȍȧȕȐȧȝ ǨȗȖșȚȖȓȤșȒȐȝ ǿțȌȕȖȍ șȊȍȘȝ ȚȖȋȖ Ȗ ȕȐȝ ȖȉȢȧȊ-
ȓȧȍȚ ȌȖșȚȖȊȍȘȕȣȑ ȌȘȍȊȕȖșȚȐ ȖȗȐșȈȚȍȓȤ ǰȖșȐȜ ǹȦȌȈ Ȏȍ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȈȚ ǵȐ-
ȒȈȊȓȈ, ȞȈȘȐȞȈ ǹȈȊșȒȈȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȘȖȠȍȌ ȖȚ ȒȖȕȍȞ ȏȍȔȓȐ ȗȖșȓțȠȈȚȐ ȗȘȍ-
ȔțȌȘȖșȚȐ ǹȖȓȖȔȖȕȖȊȖȑ Ȑ ȗȖ șȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊț ǫȖșȗȖȌȕȦ, ȖșțȌȐ Ȋșȧ ȔțȎȐ ǰȍ-
ȘțșȈȓȐȔșȒȐȍ ǩȣȓȈ ȚȈȒȎȍ ǺȍȝȕȐȌȈ, ȕȍȒȈȧ ȗȘȍȔțȌȘȈȧ ȎȍȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ǾȈȘȧ
ǬȈȊȐȌȈ ȊȖȗȘȖșȖȔ șȊȖȐȔ șȌȍȓȈȓȈ ȉȍȏȖȚȊȍȚȕȣȔ ȗȘȐȚȟȍȦ ȕȈțȟȐȓȈ Ȑ ȗȘȐȔȍ-
ȘȖȔ ǩȖȎȐȐȔ țȒȘȖȚȐȓȈ ǵȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȘȖȑȚȐ Ȋ șȍȔ ȔȍșȚȍ ȚȈȒȎȍ ǨȊȐȋȍȦ Ȑ ǪȐȘ-
șȈȊȐȦ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȗȍȘȊȈȧ șȊȖȉȖȌȐȓȈ ȔțȎȈ ȖȚ ȋȕȍȊȈ ǬȈȊȐȌȖȊȈ Ȉ ȗȖ șȔȍȘȚȐ
ȖȕȖȋȖ țȟȐȕȐȓȈșȧ ȞȈȘȐȞȍȦ Ȑ șțȗȘțȋȖȦ ǬȈȊȐȌȖȊȖȦ ȌȘțȋȈȧ, ȔȈȚȤ ǹȖȓȖȔȖȕȖ-
ȊȈ, ȐșȗȘȖșȐȓȈ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȈȏțȔȕȖ șȣȕț șȊȖȍȔț ȞȈȘșȚȊȖ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ, Ȋ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȚȍȕȐȐ
Ȋȍȡȍȑ ȍșȚȤ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȖȔ ǰȏȐș ǴȐȕȍȘȊȈ ǵȐȒȖșȚȘȈȚȈ Ǫ țșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȐ ǰȔȗȍ-
ȘȐȐ Ȑ șȚȘȖȍȕȐȐ ȋȖȘȖȌȖȊ ǹȍȔȐȘȈȔȐȌȈ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȊȠȈȧ ȖȌȕȈ ȞȍȓȣȔ șȊȍȚȖȔ ǬȐ-
ȌȖȕȈ ǨȔȈȏȖȕȒȐ Ȋ ȊȖȐȕșȒȐȝ ȗȖȌȊȐȋȈȝ ǺȖȔȐȘȈ, ǴȈșșȈȘȍȚșȒȈȧ ȞȈȘȐȞȈ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȖȉȍȌȐȓȈ ǲȐȘȈ, ǷȍȘșȐȌșȒȖȋȖ ǴȖȕȈȘȝȈ ȚȈȒȎȍ ǲȈȔȐȓȓȈ ȖȚ ȕȈȘȖȌȈ ǪȖȓș-
ȒȖȊ ǪȈȓȐșȒȈ ǩȖȋȍȔșȒȈȧ Ȗȉȍ șȐȓȤȕȣȍ ǾȈȘȐȞȣ ǵȍ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ ǰȕȌȐȑșȒȈȧ ǷȈȕ-
Ȍȍ ǨȔȈȏȖȕȒȐ ǲȈȕȌȈȒȐȐ ǳȍȔȐȍșȒȐȍ, ǼȖȒȐȕșȒȐȍ, ǽȐȖșșȒȐȍ ǰ ǷȍȘșȐȌșȒȐȍ
ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ǿȐȚȈȍȔ Ȑ Ȗ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȎȍȕȈȝ ȗȘȍșȓȈȊȕȣȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ țȌȐȊȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈȔȐ Ȋșȍ șȊȖȍ ȖȚȍȟȍșȚȊȖ Ȋ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȔ ȍȋȖ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȐȐ șȖȉȓȦȓȐ
ȕȍȊȘȍȌȐȔȣȔ ǴȍȎȌț șȐȔȐ ȆȌȐȜ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȉȓȈȎȍȕȕȣȑ ǰȍȘȖȕȐȔ șȐȔȐ șȓȖ-

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ȊȈȔȐ ȊȖȏȕȖșȐȚ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ: ȊȖȏȤȔȐȚȍ ȆȌȐȜ-ȊȌȖȊȐȞț Ȋ ȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȟȐșȚȖȚȣ Ȑ ȚȖȘ-
ȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȗȖȝȊȈȓȈȔȐ ȊșȍȋȌȈȠȕȐȔȐ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȧȔȐ ȍȑ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȤ ȖȕțȦ
ȗȘȖșȓȈȊȓȧȑȚȍ ǹȐȦ ȉȖ ȕȍ ȚȖȒȔȖ Ȋ ȗȖȌȘȈȎȈȕȐȍ ȎȍȕȈȔ ȕȖ Ȑ ȔțȎȈȔ ȌȈȌȍ ȐȉȖ
ȟȐșȚȖȚȣ ȕȈȋȘȈȌȐȚȍȓȤ ȚȈȒȖȊțȦ ȍȑ ȗȖȌȈȌȍ șȐȓț ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȗȖȉȍȌȐ ȕȍȗȖȉȍȌȐȔȖ-
ȋȖ ȊșȍȔȐ Ȑ ȖȌȖȓȍ ȕȍȖȌȖȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ ǿȚȍȔ ȍȡȍ ȟȚȖ ȕȍȒȈȧ ȎȍȕȈ ȔțȌȘȈȧ ȗȘȐȏȊȈ
ǫȖȈȊȈ Ȑ ȌȈȌȍ ȍȔț Ȋ ȘțȒȐ ȋȓȈȊț ǹȐȊȈ, ȊȘȈȋȈ ǬȈȊȐȌȖȊȈ ȌȈ șȖȉȓȦȌȍȚ ȋȘȈȌ Ǩȉȍ-
ȓț ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȉȣȓȈ ȔȈȚȤ Ȋșȍȝ ȋȘȈȌȖȊ ȊȖ ǰȏȘȈȐȓȍ ǺȈȒȎȍ ȕȍȒȈȧ ȎȍȕȈ, ȉȘȖșȐȊ
ȖȚȓȖȔȖȒ ȎȍȘȕȖȊȕȖȋȖ ȒȈȔȕȧ țȌȈȘȐȓȈ Ȋ ȋȖȓȖȊț ǨȊȐȔȍȓȍȝȈ Ȑ șȖȒȘțȠȐ ȔȖȏȋ
ȍȋȖ ȐșȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȈ ȔȡȍȕȐȧ ȉȖȎȍșȒȖȋȖ ȕȈȌ ǨȊȐȔȍȓȍȝȖȔ ȗȖȕȍȎȍ Ȗȕ șȖȚ-
ȊȖȘȐ ȏȓȖ ȗȘȍȌ ǫȖșȗȖȌȍȔ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȖȚȞȈ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȗȖȉȐȊ șȍȌȔȤȌȍșȧȚȤ ȉȘȈȚȤȍȊ ȕȈ
ȖȌȕȖȔ ȒȈȔȕȍ ǷȖȌȖȉȕȖ ȅșȜȐȘȤ, ȎȍȕȈ ȞȈȘȧ ǨȋȈșȜȍȘȈ, ȕȍ ȚȖȒȔȖ ȕȈȘȖȌ șȊȖȑ
șȊȖȉȖȌȐȓȈ ȖȚ ȗȖȕȖșȕȍȑȠȍȑ șȔȍȘȚȐ ȕȖ șȊȍȘȝ ȚȖȋȖ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȦ ȟȍșȚȐȦ țȒȘȈșȐ-
ȓȈ ȘȈȊȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȒȈȒ ȕȈȘȖȌ ǪȖȓșȒȐȑ ȗȖȌ ȗȘȍȌȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȔ ǲȕ ǴȈȘȒȈ
ǲȖȘȐȖȓȈȕȈ ǸȐȔ ȖșȈȌȐȓȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȖșȈȎȌȍȕȕȣȍ ȖȘțȎȐȍȔ ȏȈȡȐȡȈȚȤ ȉȣȓȐ
ȕȍ Ȋ șȐȓȈȝ, ǪȍȚțȘȐȧ, ȔȈȚȤ ǲȖȘȐȖȓȈȕȖȊȈ, șȖȉȓȦȓȈ ȗȖȕȖȠȍȕȐȍȔ șȣȕȈ ǨȘ-
ȚȍȔȐȏȐȧ ȒȈȒ ǸȖȌȧȕȍ ȕȈȗȈȌȍȕȐȍ țȟȐȕȐȓȐ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȓȐȠȐȓȈ Ȑȝ ȜȓȖȚȈ ȕȖ Ȑ
ȖșȚȘȖȊ țșȔȐȘȐȓȈ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȊ ȗȘȐ ȚȖȔ șȚȈȚțȦ ȕȈ ȖȕȖȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȊȍȟȕȖȍ ȗȧȚȕȖ
șȍȔț ȖșȚȘȖȊț ȌȍȓȈȓȈ; ȕȖ ȒȚȖ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȝȊȈȓȐȚȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌȕȍȑȠțȦ Țț
ȌȍȊȐȞț ȝȖȚȧ, ȊȗȘȖȟȍȔ, ȖȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ Ȑ ȗȘȖșȚȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ Ȋ 1428
ȋȖȌț ȗȖ ȏȈȕȧȚȐȐ ǨȋȓȐȟȈȕȈȔȐ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȋȖ ǲȖȘȖȓȍȊșȚȊȈ ȕȈȗȖȌȖȉȐȍ ǨȔȈ-
ȏȖȕȖȒ ȊȏȧȊ ȖȘțȎȐȍ Ȑ ȊȍȌȧ ȗȍȘȊțȦ ȒȖȓȖȕȕț șȚȖȓȤ ȝȘȈȉȘȖ Ȑ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȖ șȘȈȎȈ-
ȓȈșȤ ȟȚȖ ȕȈ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȉȈȚȈȓȐȧȝ ȗȖȉȍȌȐȊ ǨȋȓȐȟȈȕ, ǲȖȘȖȓȦ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȔț ȗȖ-
ȚȍȘȧȕȕȖȍ țȎȍ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȚȐȓȈ ǲȖȘȖȓȍȊșȚȊȖ Ȋ ȏȕȈȒ ȊȍȟȕȖȑ ȗȈȔȧȚȐ șȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȐș-
ȠȍșȚȊȐȧ ȉȓȐȏ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ǫȍȕȈȉȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȕȣȕȍ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ǶȘȓȍȈȕȖȔ ȕȈ ȔȖșȚț,
ȕȈȝȖȌȧȡȍȔșȧ ȕȈ ȘȍȒȍ ǳȈȋȍȘȍ, șȚȈȚțȧ ȌȍȊȐȞȍ ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȈ ǴȖȋ ȉȣ ȧ ȉȍșȟȐș-
ȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȘȐȊȍșȚȤ Ȏȍȕ Ȑȏ ǫȘȍȟȍșȒȐȝ ǳȈȚȐȕșȒȐȝ Ȑ ǪȈȘȊȈȘșȒȐȝ, ȒȈȒ ȌȘȍȊȕȐȝ,
ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȕȖȊȍȑȠȐȝ ȐșȚȖȘȐȑ ȕȖ ȟȚȖȉ șȐȍ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȍ ȕȍ ȊȣȠȓȖ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȦ ȒȕȐ-
ȋȖȦ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȧ ȏȈ ȉȓȈȋȖ ȘȈșșțȌȐȓ șȖȒȘȈȡȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȖșȖȉȓȐȊȖ Ȏȍ
ȟȚȖ ȗȐșȈȓ Ȗ ȕȐȝ ǷȓțȚȈȘȝ, ǪȈȓȍȘȐȑ ǩȖȕȈș Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ǶȚșȦȌȈ ȧȊșȚȊțȍȚ
Ȍȓȧ ȟȍȋȖ Ȗ ȗȖȝȊȈȓȈȝ Ȏȍȕ ȧ ȗȐșȈȓ șȚȖȓȤ ȔȈȓȖ, Ȉ țȔȖȓȟȈȓ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȧ
Ȗ șȍȉȍ ȕȍ șȚȖȓȤ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȌțȔȈȦ ȟȚȖȉ ȔȖȋ ȉȍșȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȍ Ȏȍȕ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȈ Ȑ
șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕșȚȊȈ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȐȚȤ Ȋ șȍȑ ȔȖȍȑ ȚȖȓȤ ȒȘȈȚȒȖȑ ȘȍȟȐ ȌȈ Ȑ ȒȚȖ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧ-
ȕȐȐ ȕȈȑȌȍȚșȧ ȕȈȟȐșȓȐȚȤ ȗȖȝȊȈȓȣ Ȏȍȕ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȣȍ ȖȚ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ Ȕȣ Ȋșȍ
ȐȔȍȍȔ Ȑ ȖȚ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȍȕȐȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȏȈȊȐșȐȚ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȉȣ Ȋ
ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ șȒȖȘȖ ȗȘȍșȍȒșȧ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȊșȧȒȖȍ șȍȔȍȑșȚȊȖ Ȑ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȚȊȖ
Ƕ ȟȍȔ ȏȕȈȓ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ Ȑ ȗȖșȚȘȖȐȚȍȓȤ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ǸȐȔȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȧ Ȏȍȕ
Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ȕȈȘȖȌȍ ȗȖȝȐȚȐȊ ȌȖȟȍȘȍȑ ț ǹȈȉȐȕȧȕ ȕȍ țșțȔȕȐȓșȧ ȊșȚțȗȐȚȤ Ȋ Ȏȍ-
șȚȖȟȈȑȠțȦ ȊȖȑȕț ș șȐȔ ȕȈȘȖȌȖȔ, ȊȍȌȈȧ ȟȚȖ ȍȋȖ ȊȓȈȌȍȕȐȍ ȍșȓȐ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈ-
ȊȈȚȤ ȉțȌȍȚ Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȎȍȕșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȈ ȗȖșȚȖȐȚ ȕȍȌȖȓȋȖ ǷȖȚȖȔ, ȗȖ ȏȈȕȧȚȐȐ ȖȚ ǹȈ-
ȉȐȕȧȕ ǲȈȗȐȚȖȓȐȐ ȒȈȒ șȘȍȌȐ ȗȓȖȡȈȌȐ ȒȘȖȊȖȗȘȖȓȐȚȕȍȑȠȍȍ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȐȓȖșȤ
șȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ, ȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȖȔ ȗȘȐșȗȍȊȠȐȝ Ȏȍȕ ȔȍȎȌț ȖȉȖȐȔ ȕȈȘȖȌȖȔ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ
ȗȘȍșȚȈȓȖ Ȑ ȗȖ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȐ ȔȐȘȈ ȚȈȒȎȍ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȍȕȐȐ șȖȦȏȈ Ȋ ȊȍȟȕȖȍ ȌȘț-

39
ȎȍșȚȊȖ ǹȈȉȐȕȧȕȍ Ȑ ǸȐȔȓȧȕȍ ȔȍȎȌț șȖȉȖȦ ȊșȚțȗȐȓȐ ǪșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ ȟȍȋȖ ȐȔȍ-
ȕȈ Ȏȍȕ ǸȖȔțȓ Ȋȕȍș Ȋ ȘȈȚțȠȐ Ȑ ȗȖ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȦ ȘȐȔȓȧȕ ȕȈ ȕȈȘȖȌȕȣȝ ȌȖȒȈȝ
șȌȍȓȈȕȖ Ȍȓȧ Ȏȍȕ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍ ȟȚȖȉ ȐȔ ȕȐ ȔȖȓȖȚȤ ȕȐ șȚȘȧȗȈȚȤ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȏȈ-
ȗȘȍȡȍȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȟȚȖȉ ȕȐ ȔțȎ Ȏȍȕȍ ȕȐ ȎȍȕȈ ȔțȎț ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȗȖȌ ȊȐȌȖȔ ȌȈȘȈ
țșȚțȗȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȏȕȈȓȐ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȐȔȍȕȐȍ Ȑȝ ȍșȚȤ Ȗȉȡȍȍ ǶȚșȦȌȈ ȕȈ-
ȒȖȕȍȞ ȊȖȠȓȖ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȍ ȟȚȖ ȖȚȌȈȦȡȐȍ ȕȍȊȍșȚ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȐȔ ȗȘȐȒȈȏȣȊȈ-
ȓȐ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȧ șȓȖȊȈ ȒȖȋȌȈ Țȣ, ȧ ȐȏȢȧȊȓȧȧ ȚȍȔ: ȒȖȋȌȈ Țȣ ȋȖșȗȖȌȐȕ, Ȑ ȧ
ȋȖșȗȖȎȈ ȒȖȋȌȈ Țȣ ȝȖȏȧȐȕ, Ȑ ȧ ȝȖȏȧȑȒȈ ǷȖȚȖȔ, ȒȈȒ ȞȈȘșȒȈȧ ȊȓȈșȚȤ ȖȚȔȍȕȍ-
ȕȈ Ȋ ǸȐȔȍ Ȑ ȕȈȘȖȌȍ ǪȖȓȤșȒȐȑ ȗȖȌ ȗȘȍȌȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȔ ǴȈȘȒȈ ǲȖȘȐȖȓȈȕȈ ȏȈ
ȗȧȚȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȗȘȐȡ ȖȚ ǸȐȔȈ șȚȈȕ șȊȖȑ țȚȊȍȘȌȐȓȐ Ȏȍȕȣ ȖȚ ȗȖȋȐȉȍȓȐ ȘȐȔ-
ȓȧȕ șȊȖȉȖȌȐȓȐ ȏȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȍȧȕȐȍ ȏȕȈȚȕȍȑȠȐȑ ȝȘȈȔ ǼȖȘȚțȕȍ Ȏȍȕș-
ȒȖȑ ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕ ȉȣȓ. ǹȊȍȘȝ șȍȋȖ ȊȍȓȐȒȐȍ ȗȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȦ șȍȕȈȚȈ, ȟȍșȚȐ Ȑ ȌȖ-
șȚȖȐȕșȚȊȈ ȏȕȈȒȐ ȌȈȕȣ ȐȔ ȒȈȒ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȕȈ ȌȖȘȖȋȍ ȟȍșȚȕȍȑȠȍȍ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓȐ Ȕȍș-
ȚȖ ǹȊȍȘȝ ȚȖȋȖ, ȔțȡȐȕȣ ȒȈȒȈȧ ȉȣ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȕȐ ȠȓȈ ȔȐȔȖ, ȊșȚȈȊȈȚȤ ȌȖȓȎ-
ȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ Ȑ țșȚțȗȈȚȤ ȔȍșȚȖ ǷȘȐ ȚȖȔ, ȎȍȕȈȔ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȓȖșȤ ȕȖșȐȚȤ ȗțȘȗțȘȖ-
Ȋȣȍ ȖȌȍȎȌȣ ș ȏȖȓȖȚȖȔ țȗȖȚȘȍȉȓȧȚȤ ȌȘȈȋȖȞȍȕȕȣȍ ȉȐșȍȘȣ șȍȘȤȋȐ ȗȍȘșȚȕȐ
Ȑ ȖȎȍȘȍȓȤȧ ǷȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ Ȑ ǰȔȗȍȘȈȚȖȘȣ ȏȈȒȖȕȈȔȐ țȚȊȍȘȌȐȓȐ, ȟȚȖ ȍȎȍȓȐ ȒȖ-
ȋȌȈ ȊȖșȗȖșȓȍȌțȍȚ ȏȈȗȘȍȡȍȕȐȍ ȕȖșȐȚȤ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȍ ȗȓȈȚȤȍ ȐȓȐ țȒȘȈȠȍȕȐȧ Ȏȍȕ-
ȡȐȕȣ ȖȚ ȚȖȋȖ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȣ ǹȕȈȉȌȍȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍȔ Ȋ ȕȈșȓȍȌșȚȊȍ Ȑ ȐȔȍ-
ȕȐȧȝ; ȏȈȒȖȕȈȔȐ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȍȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȎȍȕșȒȖȍ ȗȖȋȘȍȉȍȕȐȍ ȗȖ ȗȖȌȖȉȐȦ
ȏȕȈȚȕȣȝ ȔțȎȍȑ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȓȧȚȤ ș ȞȍȘȍȔȖȕȐȧȔȐ Ȑ ȕȈȘȖȌȕȣȔȐ ȝȊȈȓȈȔȐ ȗȖȚȖȔț
ȟȚȖ, ȒȈȒ ȕȍȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȈȌȖȉȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ Ȋ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȍ ȖȉȍȚȈ ǲȈȔȐȓȓȖȊȈ ȗȖșȣȓȈȚȤ
ȌȈȘ ǬȍȓȜȐȑșȒȖȔț ǨȗȖȓȓȖȕț Ȑ ȕȍ șȣșȒȈȓȖșȤ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȏȖȓȖȚȈ Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ Ȏȍȕ-
ȡȐȕȣ ȌȖȉȘȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ șȕȍșȓȐ ȕȈ ȚȖ șȊȖȐ țȒȘȈȠȍȕȐȧ ǪȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȒȖȚȖ-
ȘțȦ ǲȐȘ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȓ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ǨșȚȐȈȋȈ ȒȈȒ ǷȍȘșȐȌșȒȖȍ ȊȖȑșȒȖ Ȋ ȉȍȋ ȖȉȘȈȚȐ-
ȓȖșȧ Ȏȍȕ ȗȖȕȖȠȍȕȐȍȔ Ȑ țȒȖȘȐȏȕȈȔȐ țȌȍȘȎȈȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ Ȑ, ȊȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȐȊ șȘȈ-
ȎȍȕȐȍ, ȌȖșȚȈȊȐȓȖ ǷȍȘșȈȔ șȓȈȊȕțȦ ȗȖȉȍȌț ǯȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȖșȚțȗȖȒ ǲȐȘ țȒȈȏ
ȊȣȌȈȓ ȟȚȖȉ ǷȍȘșȐȌșȒȐȍ ǾȈȘȐ ȊșȚțȗȈȧ Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȒȈȎȌȖȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȍ ȌȈȘȐȓȐ
ȗȖ ȏȖȓȖȚȖȔț ȟȍȘȊȖȕȞț ȟȚȖ șȈȔȖȍ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȧ, Ȑ ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘ ǪȍȓȐȒȐȑ ȌȊȈȎȌȣ
ȊȝȖȌȧ Ȋ șȍȑ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȗȓȈȚȐȓ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȏȍ ȘȈȏ șȊȍȘȝ ȚȖȋȖ, ȉȍȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȝ ȌȈȘȐȓ
ȊȌȊȖȍ ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȖȚ șȈȔȣȝ ȌȘȍȊȕȐȝ ǾȈȘȍȑ ǷȍȘșȐȌșȒȐȝ Ȑ ȘȐȔșȒȐȝ Ȑ
ȖȚ șȈȔȖȋȖ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ ǸȐȔȈ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈȔ ȊșȍȋȌȈ Ȑ ȊșȧȒȈȧ ȟȍșȚȤ ȉȣȓȈ ȖȚȌȈȊȈȍȔȈ ǷȖ-
ȚȖȔ Ȑ ȖȚ șȈȔȣȝ ǰȔȗȍȘȈȚȖȘȖȊ Ȗȕȣȍ ȕȍ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȖȟȐȚȈȍȔȣ ǶȚșȦȌȈ ǰț-
șȚȐȕȐȈȕ ǰȔȗȍȘȈȚȖȘ ȗȘȐ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȐ ȏȈȒȖȕȖȊ ȗȖȟȍȓ ȏȈ ȕțȎȕȖȍ ȗȘȐȋȓȈșȐȚȤ Ȋ
șȖȊȍȚ ȎȍȕȡȐȕț ǯȈȒȖȕ ȋȓȈșȐȚ Ȑ ȐȕȌȍ ȟȚȖ Ȏȍȕȍ ȗȖ ȗȘȐȓȐȟȐȦ Ȋ ȟȍșȚȐ ȐȔȍȚȤ
șȐȧȕȐȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȟȚȖȉ ȏȕȈȓȐ Ȗ ȍȍ ȌȖșȚȖȐȕșȚȊȍ ǰȉȖ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȔțȎ ȊȖȏȊȣȠȈȍȚ-
șȧ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȑ ȎȍȕȈ ǺȈȒ șțȗȘțȋȈ ǰȔȗȍȘȈȚȖȘșȒȈȧ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ǰȔȗȍȘȈȚȘȐȞȍȦ
Ȑ șțȗȘțȋȈ ȞȈȘșȒȈȧ ȞȈȘȐȞȍȦ șțȗȘțȋȈ ȒȕȧȎȍșȒȈȧ ȒȕȧȋȐȕȍȦ Ȑ șȐȧȚȍȓȤȕȖȦ ȖȚ
ȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȉȣ ȘȖȌȈ ȖȕȈ ȕȐ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȓȈ ǷȖ ȟȍȔț ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȊȓȈȌȍȚȍȓȤ ȍșȚȤ ǰȔ-
ȗȍȘȈȚȖȘ ȟȚȖ șȊȖȉȖȌȍȕ ȖȚ ȏȈȒȖȕȖȊ ǨȊȋțșȚȈ Ȏȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ șțȗȘțȋȈ ȍșȚȤ ǰȔȗȍ-
ȘȈȚȖȘșȒȈȧ ȝȖȚȧ Ȑ ȗȖȌȓȍȎȐȚ ȏȈȒȖȕȈȔ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ șțȗȘțȋ ȍȍ ȚȍȔȐ Ȏȍ șȕȈȉȌȐȓ ȍȍ
ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȈȔȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șȈȔ ȐȔȍȍȚ ǶȚȒțȌȈ ȏȕȈȚȕȣȔ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈȔ șțȌȣ ȗȘȖ-
Ɉɬ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫ-
ɤɢɯ

40
ȐȏȊȖȌȐȚȤ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚșȧ ȊșȚțȗȈȚȤ Ȋ ȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȈ Ȑ țșȚȈȊȓȧȚȤ ȗȘȈȊȈ ȔȍȎȌț ȊȈ-
ȏȈȓȓȈȔȐ; Ȓ ȚȖȔț Ȏȍ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȐȚ ȟȚȖ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȈ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȐȔȍȚȤ șȓțȋ șȖȉșȚ-
Ȋȍȕȕȣȝ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȔțȎ Ȑ ȔȖȎȍȚ șțȌȐȚȤ Ȑ ȐȕȖșȚȘȈȕȕȣȝ1 Ǫ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȚȈȒȎȍ
ȌȈȚȤ ȐȔȧ ȜȈȔȐȓȐȐ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖȉȣ șȣȕȖȊȤȧ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȓȐșȤ ȗȖ ȔȈȚȍȘȐ Ȉ ȕȍ ȗȖ ȖȚȞȍ
ǰȔȍȍȚ Ȑ Ȋ ȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȐ ȗȘȐȌȈȕȖȋȖ ȊȍȓȐȒȐȍ ȗȘȐȊȐȓȍȋȐȐ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȕȣȍ Ȋ
ȘȈȏȕȣȝ ȔȍșȚȈȝ ǰțșȚȐȕȐȈȕȖȊȈ ȗȘȈȊȈ ǺȈȒȎȍ ȏȈȗȘȍȡȈȍȚșȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕ ȟȍșȚȕȖȑ
ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȑ șȓȈȊȣ ȏȈ ȌȖȓȋȐ șȈȎȈȚȤ Ȋ ȚȍȔȕȐȞț ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ șțȌȤȧ ȕȈȒȈȏȈȕ ȉȣȚȤ ȌȖȓ-
Ȏȍȕ ȎȍșȚȖȟȈȑȠȐȔ ȠȚȘȈȜȖȔ ȍȎȍȓȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȚȈȒȖȊțȦ ȗȖșȈȌȐȚ Ȋ ȚȍȔȕȐȞț;
ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȏȍ ȕȈ ȎȍȕȡȐȕț șȣȡȍȚșȧ ȗȖȌȖȏȘȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȗȘȍșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȐ ȚȈȒțȦ Ȋ ȔȖȕȈș-
ȚȣȘȤ șșȣȓȈȚȤ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ, ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ, ȒȈȒ ȏȈȒȖȕ ȋȓȈșȐȚ, ȎȍȕȈ ȍșȚȤ ȓțȟȠȍȋȖ șȖ-
șȚȖȧȕȐȧ ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȔțȎ, ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ, ȍșȓȐ ȖȕȐ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȔ ȒȈȒȖȔ ȕȈȑȌțȚșȧ ȗȘȍșȚțȗ-
ȓȍȕȐȐ ȔțȎ ȊȐȕȖȊȈȚȍȍ ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȎȍȕȈ ǷȖȟȍȔț ȔțȎ, Ȋ ȗȘȍȓȦȉȖȌȍȧȕȐȐ ȖȉȓȐ-
ȟȍȕȕȣȑ, ȗȖȌȓȍȎȐȚ ȒȈȏȕȐ Ȉ ȎȍȕȈ ȗȘȍȓȦȉȖȌȍȑȕȈȧ Ȋ ȔȖȕȈșȚȣȘȤ șșȣȓȈȍȚșȧ
ǴȕȖȋȐȍ ȗȘȐȊȐȓȍȋȐȐ șȖȉȘȈȓ ǨȏȖȕ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ șȖȒȘȈȡȍȕȐȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ
ȗȖȌ ȚȐȚțȓȖȔ Ad Senatus consultum Velleianum, Ȑ Speculator de renunciationi-
bus. ǰ șȈȔȣȍ ȌȘȍȊȕȐȍ ȏȈȒȖȕȖȌȈȚȍȓȐ Ȑ țșȚȘȖȐȚȍȓȐ ȘȍșȗțȉȓȐȒ, ȔțȎȐ ȔțȌȘȣȍ
Ȑ țȟȍȕȣȍ, ǳȐȒțȘȋ ȋȖȊȖȘȦ Ȑ ǷȓȈȚȖȕ ȊȍȌȈȧ Ȑȏ șȖȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐ
ȟȚȖ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȕȐ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌșȚȊȖȔ ȌțȝȈ ȕȐ ȒȘȍȗȖșȚȐȦ ȚȍȓȈ ȕȐ ȌȖșȚȖȐȕșȚ-
ȊȖȔ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȈ ȕȐȟȍȔ ȔțȎȍȑ ȕȍ ȕȐȎȍ ȕȖ ȒȖ ȊșȍȔț șȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȏȍ șȗȖșȖȉȕȣ țș-
ȚȈȕȖȊȐȓȐ ȟȚȖȉ Ȏȍȕȣ ș ȔțȡȐȕȈȔȐ Ȋ ȗȖȍȌȐȕȒȈȝ Ȑ Ȋ ȋȐȔȕȈȏȐȧȝ țȗȘȈȎȕȧȓȐ-
șȧ Ȑ ȊȖ ȊșȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȐȚ Ȓ ȊȖȐȕșȒȖȑ ȌȐșȞȐȗȓȐȕȍ Ȋ ȓțȒȍ ȉȘȖșȈȕȐȐ
ȒȈȔȕȍȔ Ȋ șȚȘȍȓȤȉȍ Ȋ ȉȖȦ ȘțȎȍȑȕȖȔ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȒȖȕȕȐȞȍ ȚȈȒ Ȑ Ȋ ȗȍȝȖȚȍ Ȋ ȘȈș-
ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȐ ȓȈȋȍȘȧ Ȑ ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȐ șȚȘȖȧ Ȑ Ȋ ȗȖȝȖȌȍ ȒȘȈȚȒȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȊȖ
Ȋșȍȝ Țȍȝ Ȏȍ țȗȘȈȎȕȍȕȐȧȝ ȒȈȒȐȍ ȐȔȍȓȐ ȔțȡȐȕȣ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȓȐșȧ ȕȈȘȈȊȕȍ Ȑ Ȏȍ-
ȕȣ ǷȘȖȟȚȍȔ ȌȘȍȊȕȖșȚȐ ȌȖșȚȖȊȍȘȕȣȝ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȚȖ ȕȈȑȌȍȔ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ǫȍȚțȓȐȐ
ǩȈȒȚȘȈȝ ǫȈȓȓȍȞȐȐ ȉȣȓ ȖȉȣȟȈȑ ȗȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț ȔțȡȐȕȣ Ȋ ȕȍȎȕȖșȚȐ ȊȌȈȊȈȓȐ-
șȧ Ȉ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȗȈȝȈȓȐ Ȋ șȚȘȖȍȕȐȐ ȒțȗȍȟȍșȚȊȍ ȘȐșȚȈȕȐȐ ȊȖȑȕȍ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟȍȔ
ȟȚȖ ȕȣȕȍ ȌȍȓȈȦȚ ț ȕȈș ȔțȡȐȕȣ țȗȘȈȎȕȧȓȐșȧ ǻ ǲȈȕȚȈȉȘȖȊ ȔțȎȤȧ ȎȍȕȈȔ
ȗȘȐȌȈȕȖȍ ȌȈȊȈȓȐ șȍșȚȘȣ ȉȘȈȚȤȍȊ ȎȍȕȐȓȐ ȌȖȟȍȘȍȑ ȕȈșȓȍȌȕȐȞȈȔȐ ȖȉȢȧȊȓȧ-
ȓȐ ǻ ǹȒȐȜȖȊ ǼȘȈȒȐȈȕ Ȑ ǫȈȓȓȖȊ ȖȉȡȐȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȏȊȈȕȐȧ ț ȔțȎȍȑ Ȑ Ȏȍȕ Ȑ
ȒȖȋȌȈ ȌȍȓȖ Ȗ ȊȖȑȕȍ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȓȖ ȐȓȐ Ȗ ȔȐȘȍ Ȏȍȕȣ Ȋ ȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȧȝ Ȑ șȖ-
ȊȍȚȖȊȈȕȐȧȝ ȗȘȐȌȈȊȈȓȐșȧ ȟȚȖ ȌȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȍȕȕȣȑ ǨȕȕȐȉȈȓȖȔ șȖȦȏ ș
ǲȍȓȚȈȔȐ ȍȎȍȓȐ ȒȚȖ Ȑȏ ǲȍȓȚȖȊ ȗȘȐȕȍșȍȚ ȎȈȓȖȉț Ȋ ȖȉȐȌȍ ȕȈ ǲȈȘȜȈȋȍȕȧȕȐ-
ȕȈ Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ ǲȈȘȜȈȋȍȕșȒȐȍ ȊȓȈșȚȐ ȐȓȐ ȗȖȓȒȖȊȖȌȞȣ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȊȠȐȍșȧ Ȋ
ǰȠȗȈȕȐȐ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȚȤ șțȌȤȧȔȐ; ȍȎȍȓȐ Ȏ ȒȚȖ Ȑȏ ǲȈȘȜȈȋȍȕȧȕ ȖȉȐȎȍȕ ȉț-
ȌȍȚ ȖȚ ǲȍȓȚȧȕȐȕȈ Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ șțȌ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȚȤ Ȏȍȕȣ. ǵȖ ȒȈȒ
ȔțȡȐȕȣ ȚȐȘȈȕȐȟȍșȒȐ, Ȋ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤ ȉȖȎȍșȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȈȊȈ Ȑ ȏȈȒȖȕȖȊ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȣȝ ȊȍȘȝ ȊȏȧȓȐ ȚȖ ȌȈȕȕȈȧ ȎȍȕȈȔ șȊȖȉȖȌȈ ȕȍȗȘȈȊȍȌȕȣȔȐ țȎȍ ȏȈȒȖȕȈȔȐ
ȖȚȢȍȔȓȍȚșȧ ȐșȚȘȍȉȓȧȍȚșȧ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȍȔ Ȑ țȗȖȚȘȍȉȓȍȕȐȍȔ Ȉ ȊȖșȗȐȚȈȕȐȍȔ
ȊȖȊșȍ ȗȖȋȐȉȈȍȚ ǰȉȖ ȎȍȕșȒȐȑ ȗȖȓ ȒȈȒ șȒȖȘȖ ȘȖȎȌȈȍȚșȧ Țo ȖȚ ȗȍȘȊȣȝ ȓȍȚ șȖ-
1 Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ Ƚɪɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ

41
ȌȍȘȎȈȚ ȍȋȖ Ȋ ȌȖȔȍ Ȋ ȕȍȉȘȍȎȍȕȐȐ Ȑ, ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȕȍșȗȖșȖȉȕȖȔț Ȓ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȦ
ȊȈȎȕȍȑȠȐȝ Ȍȍȓ ȕȐ ȏȈ ȟȚȖ, ȒȘȖȔȍ Ȑȋȓȣ Ȑ ȕȐȚȒȐ, ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȚȤșȧ ȕȍ ȗȖȏȊȖ-
ȓȧȍȚșȧ Ǩ ȒȈȒ ȌȖșȚȐȋȕȍȚ ȓȍȚ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȣȝ ȗȘȍȌȈȍȚșȧ ȊȖ ȊȓȈșȚȤ ȘȍȊȕȐȊțȦ Ȕț-
ȎȈ ȐȓȐ Ȋ ȊȍȟȕțȦ ȚȍȔȕȐȞț ȔȖȕȈȠȍșȚȊȈ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ǫ ȕȈȘȖȌȕȣȍ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȊȖȏ-
ȉȘȈȕȧȍȚșȧ ȐȔ ȊșȚțȗȈȚȤ ȏȊȈȕȐȧ Ǫ șțȌȈȝ ȝȖȌȐȚȤ ȏȈ ȌȍȓȈȔȐ ȝȖȚȧ ȉ ȉȣȓȈ Ȏȍȕ-
ȡȐȕȈ Ȑ ȗȘȍȘȈȏțȔȕȈȧ ȏȈȗȘȍȡȈȍȚșȧ ǹȊȍȘȝ ȚȖȋȖ, ȕȍ ȌȖȗțșȒȈȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȦȘȐșȌȐȒ-
ȞȐȐ Ȋ ȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍ Ȋ țșȣȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȐ Ȋ ȏȈșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȐ Ȋ șȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȐ ȖȗȍȒȍ Ȑ ȗȖ-
ȗȍȟȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȍ Ȋ ȌȍȓȈȝ ȗȖ ȌțȝȖȊȕȣȔ Ȑ țȋȖȓȖȊȕȣȔ ǺȈȒȎȍ ȊȖȏȉȘȈȕȧȍȚșȧ ȗȘȖ-
ȗȖȊȍȌȖȊȈȚȤ șȓȖȊȖ ǩȖȎȐȍ Ȋ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤ ȧȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȐșȈȕȐȧ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ Ȗȉȍ-
ȡȈȍȚ ȐȔ șȊȧȚȣȑ Ȍțȝ, ȟȘȍȏ ȗȘȖȘȖȒȈ ǰȖȐȓȧ ȋȓȈȋȖȓȦȡ: Ȑ ȗȘȖȘȍȒțȚ ȌȡȍȘȐ
ȊȈȠȐ ȌȈ Ȑ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈ ǨȗȖșȚȖȓ Ȏȍȕȣ ȗȘȍȌ ȕȈȘȖȌȖȊ țȟȐȓȐ ȒȈȒ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ Ȗ
Ǩȕȕȍ ǹȐȔȍȖȕȖȊȖȑ ȌȡȍȘȧȝ ǼȐȓȐȗȗȖȊȣȝ Ȑ ǷȘȐșȒȍȓȓȍ ǨȒȐȓȐȕȖȑ ǵȖ Ȑ ȕȣȕȍ-
ȠȕȐȝ ȏȈȒȖȕȖȌȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȕȍșȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖșȚȤ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȖȚȊȍȘȋȓȐ ȗȖȊȍȓȍȕȐȍ
ǩȖȎȐȍ ȏȈ ȗȘȍȌȈȕȐȧ ȟȚȖ ȖȉȢȧȊȐȓȐ Ȏȍȕ ȉȣȚȤ ȝțȌȠȍȋȖ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȧ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ Ȕț-
ȎȈ ȝȖȚȧ, ȊȗȘȖȟȍȔ, Ȗȕȣȍ Ȑ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌșȚȊȖȔ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȌȖșȚȖȐȕșȚȊȖȔ Ȑȝ ȉȓȈ-
ȋȖȘȖȌȕȍȍ ǰȚȈȒ, ȗȖ șȐȓȍ șȐȝ ȏȈȒȖȕȖȊ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȗȖȉȍȎȌȍȕȣ ȉțȌțȟȐ
ȊȖȑȕȖȦ țșȚțȗȈȚȤ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȗȖȉȍȌȐȚȍȓȧȔ ȕȍ ȗȖ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȐȓȐ șȊȍȘȝȢȍșȚȍ-
șȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȕțȎȌȍ ȐȓȐ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȍ ȕȖ ȗȖ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȦ ȊȖșȗȐȚȈȕȐȦ ȜȖȘ-
Țțȕȍ Ȑ ȕȈșȐȓȤșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔț ȕȍȒȖȍȔț șȓțȟȈȦ ǲȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȍșȚȤ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȣȍ Ȑȏ șȈȔȖȋȖ ȉȓȈȋȖȟȍșȚȐȧ ȊȓȈșȚȤ șȍȉȍ ȕȈȌ ȎȍȕȈȔȐ ȊȣȊȖȌȧȚ Ȑ Ȑȏ șȊȧȡȍȕ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȗȐșȈȕȐȧ ȌȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ șȊȖȦ ȚȐȘȈȕȐȦ ț ȒȖȐȝ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȖȕȖȍ ȗȘȖȒȓȧȚȐȍ ǭȊȣ Ȋ
Ȋ țșȚȈȝ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖȌ ȊȓȈșȚȐȦ ȉțȌȍȠȐ ȔțȎȈ, Ȑ ȚȖȑ ȌȈ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȍȚ ȚȖ-
ȉȖȦ. ǭȎȍȓȐ Ȏȍ ȐȔ Ȋ ȖȚȊȍȚ șȒȈȏȈȕȖ ȉțȌȍȚ ȟȚȖ ǽȘȐșȚȖș ȖȚȢȧȓ ȚȖ ȗȘȖȒȓȧȚȐȍ
ȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȗȘȐȊȍȌțȚ ȗȈȒȐ Ȑȏ șȓȖȊ ǨȗȖșȚȖȓȈ ǷȍȚȘȈ ș ȒȖȐȔ șȖȋȓȈșțȍȚșȧ Ȑ ǷȈȊȍȓ
Ȏȍȕȣ ȔțȎȈȔ ȌȈ ȗȖȊȐȕțȦȚșȧ Ȏȍȕȣ ȌȈ ȔȖȓȟȈȚ Ȋ ȞȍȘȒȊȐ ǵȖ ȒȚȖ ȏȕȈȍȚ
ȘȈȏȕȣȍ ȗȐșȈȕȐȧ ȚȘȖȗȣ Ȑ ȍȋȖ șȊȖȑșȚȊȈ țȌȖȉȕȖ țșȔȖȚȘȐȚ ȟȚȖ șȐȐ șȓȖȊȈ ȗȖ-
ȊȐȌȐȔȖȔț ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȘȍȟȈȚ ȐȉȖ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȍșȚȤ ȟȐȕ Ȋ ȞȍȘȒȊȐ ȟȚȖ Ȋ șȓțȎȍ-
ȕȐȐ ȔțȎȐ ȎȍȕȈȔ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȟȐȚȈȦȚșȧ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ǰțȌȍȐ ǫȘȍȒȈȔ Ȋ ȖȉȍȡȈȕȐȐ ȖȌ-
ȕȈȒȖ ǩȖȋ ȕȍ ȓȐȞȍȗȘȐȐȔȍȞ ȖșȖȉȓȐȊȖ Ȏȍ ȟȚȖ Ȗ ǽȘȐșȚȍ ȕȐ ȔțȎȍșȒȖȑ ȗȖȓ ȕȐ
ȎȍȕșȒȐȑ ȕȖ ȕȖȊȈ ȚȊȈȘȤ Ȉ ȝȖȚȧ ȕȍȟȚȖ ȔțȡȐȕȈȔ ȗȖ ȎȍșȚȖȒȖșȚȐ șȍȘȌȞȈ Ȋ
ȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȐ Ȏȍȕ Ȑ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȍȕȖ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ǰțȌȍȧȔ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȍȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȍȒȖȋȌȈ
ȘȈȏȊȖȌȣ, ȟȚȖ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ Ȏ, ȕȐȔȈȓȖ ȕȍ țȔȈȓȧȍȚ Ȏȍȕ ȌȖșȚȖȐȕșȚȊȈ Ǩ ȗȘȐ ȚȖȔ ȒȖ-
ȋȌȈ ȔțȎȤȧ Ȑȝ ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ Ȑ ȏȈȉȓțȎȌȈȦȚ ȚȖ Ȏȍȕȣ Ȋ ȗȖȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ Ȗȕȣȝ ȊȓȈșȚȤ
șțȌȐȚȤ ȐȔȍȦȚ ǰ șȈȔȈ ȞȈȘȐȞȈ ǹȈȊșȒȈȧ șțȌȐȓȈ ȔțȎȍȑ ǰȍȘțșȈȓȐȔșȒȐȝ șȓȍ-
ȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȐȊȠȍșȧ ȊȍȘȖȦ țȟȐȕȐȓȐșȧ ȟȈȌȈ ǨȊȘȈȈȔȖȊȣ ȟȈȌȈ,
ȋȖȊȖȘȦ, ȖȉȍȚȖȊȈȕȐȧ Țȍ ȗȖȌȓȍȎȈȚ Ȏȍȕȍ Ȑ ȖȉȧȏȈȕȣ ȖȕȣȔ ȗȖȊȍȓȍȕȐȍȔ ǩȖȋȈ Ȓ
ǨȊȘȈȈȔț, ȖȉȍȡȈȦȡȍȋȖ: Ȋșȧ, ȧȎȍ ȘȍȟȍȚ ȚȐ ǹȈȘȘȈ ȗȖșȓțȠȈȑ ȋȓȈșȈ ȍȧ ǰȚȈȒ,
ȟȚȖȉ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ șȖȒȘȈȚȐȚȤ ȘȍȟȤ ȔȖȦ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓȐ Ȕȣ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌșȚȊȖ Ȏȍȕ-
șȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȈ ȖȚ ȐȔȍȕȐ ȖȚ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȈ ȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ ȖȚ ȔȍșȚȈ ȖȚ ȊȍȡȍșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȟȚȖ Ȏȍ-
ȕȈ ȗȘȍȌ ȔțȎȍȔ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȈ ȖȚ ǩȖȋȈ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȖȚ ȉȓȈȋȖȟȍșȚȐȧ ȖȚ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȈ ȖȚ
ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȝ ȏȈȒȖȕȖȊ ȖȚ ȊȈȎȕȖșȚȐ șȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊ ȗȘȐȟȐȕ Ȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȖȊ ȌȖȊȖȓȤ-
ȕȖ, ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ, ȌȖȒȈȏȈȓȐ ǷȘȐ ȊșȍȔ ȚȖȔ Ȏȍ șȚȖȓȤ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȐ șȒȖȓȤ ȉȖȓȤ-

Ƞȍ ȍȡȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȖșȚȈȊȐȓȐ ǶșȖȉȓȐȊȖ Ȏȍ ȟȚȖ ȧ, ȕȍ șȓȈȊȖȓȦȉȐȍȔ ȗȖȉțȎȌȈȍȔ
ȉțȌțȟȐ ȗȘȐșȚțȗȐȓ Ȓ șȍȔț Ȍȍȓț ȕȖ ȗȖ ȌȖȓȋț Ȑ ȐșȚȐȕȍ ȌȈȉȣ ȕȍ ȖȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ Ȕȕȍ
șȊȧȚȖȚȈȚȞȍȔ ȌȖșȚȖȌȖȓȎȕȣȍ ȗȖȝȊȈȓȣ ț ȚȖȓȤ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȈ ȟȘȍȏ ȕȍȟȍșȚȐ-
ȊȖȍ ȕȍȒȖȍ ȔȖȓȟȈȕȐȍ ȖȚȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȔ ǭȎȍȓȐ Ȏȍ ȒȚȖ Ȕȍȕȧ ȓȦȉȖȗȣȚȕȍȍ ȕȈȑȌȍȚ
ȖȗțȡȍȕȕȖȍ ȔȕȖȦ ȒȈȒȖȍ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȗȘȐȌȈȚȤ Ȓ șȍȔț ȕȈȠȍȔț șȖ-
ȟȐȕȍȕȐȦ ȏȈ ȉȓȈȋȖ ȘȈșșțȌȐȚ, ȚȖ ȧ ȗȖȟȚț ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒȖȊȖȑ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȕȍȕȧ ȚȍȔ ȕȍ
ȗȖȘȖȟȐȚ ȕȖ ȕȈȐȗȈȟȍ Ȕȕȍ ȊșȗȖȔȖȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȌȖȉȘȖȍ șȐȍ ȕȈȠȍ
ȌȍȓȖ șȊȖȐȔ ȘȈȏțȔȖȔ Ȑ țȟȍȕȐȍȔ șȌȍȓȈȍȚ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȍȑȠȐȔ; ȐȚȈȒ ȟȚȖȉ șȐȍ
ȕȈȠȍ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȦ ȒȕȐȋȖȦ ȕȍ ȊȣȠȓȖ ȏȌȍșȤ ȖȕȖȍ ȖȒȖȕȟȐȊȈȍȔ
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Ǭȓȧ ȕȈș ǸȖșșȐȈȕ, ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȉȍșȗȘȐȔȍȘȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȈ ȉȓȈȋȖșȓȖ-
Ȋȍȕȕȣȍ Ȋ ǷȖȘȜȐȘȖȕȖșȕȣȝ ȎȍȕȈȝ, Ǫǭǳǰǲǰǭ ȗȖ ȊșȍȔț ǭǲǨǺǭǸǰǵȃ ,,, ȚȈȒ
ȒȈȒ Ȍȓȧ ȎȐȚȍȓȍȑ Ȋșȍȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȍȌȐȕȖȋȖ ȌȕȍȊȕȖȋȖ șȊȍȚȐȓȈ ǭȍ ȌțȠȍȊȕȣȍ Ȑ Țȍ-
ȓȍșȕȣȍ ȌȈȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȚȖȓȤ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȕȣ ȗȘȍȌ ȞȈȘȧȔȐ ȏȍȔȕȣȔȐ, ȒȈȒ șȖȓȕȍȟȕȖȍ
Ȋ șȘȈȊȕȍȕȐȐ ȏȊȍȏȌȍ șȐȧȕȐȍ Ȑ șȘȈȊȕȐȚȤșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȖȋțȚ ș ǭǭ Ȓ ǸȖșșȐȐ ȉȓȈ-
ȋȖȌȍȧȕȐȧȔȐ.

Ƕȕ ȠȞȎȘȠȎȠȎ
©Ǽ ǻǳǲǼǿȀǼǰǳǾǻǼǿȀǶ
Ƕ
ȀȇǳȀǳ ǻǮȁǸ Ƕ ǶǿǸȁǿǿȀǰª

44
ǬȊȖȘȧȕȐȕȈ ǫȍȕȘȐȒȈ ǲȖȘȕȍȓȐȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȜȖȕ-ǵȍȚșȋȍȑȔȈ ȏȓȈȚȖȋȖ ȘțȕȈ ȒȈ-
ȊȈȓȍȘȈ ȖȉȖȐȝ ȗȘȈȊ ǬȖȒȚȖȘȈ ǸȐȔșȒȖ-ǾȍșȈȘșȒȖȋȖ ȒȖȓȓȍȎșȒȖȋȖ ǹȖȊȍȚȕȐȒȈ Ȑ
ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȈȘȝȐȊ ǬȐȘȍȒȚȖȘȈ Ȑȏ ȒȕȐȋȐ Ȗ ǹțȍȚȍ ǵȈțȒ ȋȓȈȊ. 4.
ǸȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȍ Ȗ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘșȚȊȍ
ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘșȚȊȖ șȈȔȖ ȗȖ șȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊț ǲȊȐȕȚȐȓȐȧȕȈ ȍșȚȤ ȟȈșȚȤ ȋȘȈȔȔȈ-
ȚȐȒȐ Ȑ ȚȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȕȍțȔȍȘȍȕȕȖ ȋȖȘȌȖ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȌȘȍȊȕȖșȚȐ ȚȍȈȚȘȣ Ȑ ȈȔȜȐȚȍȈȚ-
Șȣ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȓȍȗȕȍȑȠȐȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȍ ȏȌȈȕȐȧ ȕȍ ǼȐȓȖșȖȜȈȔȐ ȕȍ ȆȘȐșȒȖȕ-
șțȓȤȚȈȔȐ ȕȍ ǴȍȌȐȒȈȔȐ ȕȍ ǸȐȚȖȘȈȔȐ ȕȍ ǴȈȚȍȔȈȚȐȒȈȔȐ ȕȍ ǺȍȖȓȖȋȈȔȐ ȕȖ
ȖȌȕȐȝ ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȞȍȊ ȉȈșȕȧȔȐ ȊȍȓȐȟȈȑȠȐȔȐ ȐȎȌȐȊȍȕȐȧȔȐ șȖȖȘțȎȍȕȣ ǵȈț-
ȒȈ șȐȧ ȕȍ Ȍȓȧ ȐȕȖȋȖ ȟȍȋȖ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȚȍȕȈ ȒȈȒ ȟȚȖȉ ȘȖșȒȖȠșȚȊțȦȡȐȔȐ ȘȐȜ-
ȔȈȔȐ ȟȐșȓȖȔ Ȑ ȊȈȎȕȖșȚȐȦ șȓȖȊ Ȑ ȗȖȚȍȠȕȣȔ ȐȔȍȕ ȏȊțȒȖȔ țșȓȈȎȌȈȚȤ ȔȈ-
ȓȖȘȈșșțȌȕȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ țȠȐ ǷȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȓȎȐ Ȑ șȗȓȍȚȍȕȐȍȔ ȉȈșȕȍȑ țȓȖȊ-
ȓȧȚȤ șȍȘȌȞȈ Ǭȓȧ ȟȍȋȖ ȗȖ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖșȚȐ ȖȕȖ ȖȘțȌȐȍȔ ȉȘȍȌȕȍȑ Ȑ ȝȘȈȕȐȓȐ-
ȡȍȔ ȘȈȏȊȘȈȡȍȕȕȣȝ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊ Ȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȖȊ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȚȤșȧ ȏȈșȓțȎȐȊȈȍȚ ǰ
ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȐȚ ȌȖ ȉȍȠȍȕșȚȊȈ ȋȓțȗȖșȚȐ ȉȍșșȚȣȌșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȌȍȘȏȖșȚȐ șȐȍ Ȋșȍ
ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘșȚȊț ȗȘȐȗȐșȣȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȗȖȐșȚȐȕȍ ȉȍșșȚȘȈȠȕȖȍ ȖȕȖȋȖ ȓȖȎȕȣȝ Ȋȍ-
ȡȍȑ țȊȍȘȍȕȐȍ ȒȚȖ ȔȖȎȍȚ șȕȍșȚȤ ȚȍȘȗȍȓȐȊȣȔ ȌțȝȖȔ" ǲȈȒȖȑ țȋȖȓ șȊȍȚȈ ȖȚ ȍȋȖ
ȉȘȍȌȈ Ȑ ȊȏȌȖȘȖȊ ȖșȚȈȓșȧ ȗȘȈȏȌȍȕ" ǶȕȖ ȖȚ șȈȔȖȋȖ ǽȈȖșȈ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȧ ȉȈșȕȐ
ȓȎȐȊȖ ȗȐȠȍȚ Ȗ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȐȐ ȕȍȉȈ Ȗ ȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȐ ǪȍȕȍȘȣ Ȗ ȊȖȑȕȍ ǺȐȚȈȕȖȊ Ȗ ȗȍ-
ȓȍȕȈȝ ȆȗȐȚȍȘȖȊȣȝ Ȗ ȖȉȔȈȕȈȝ ǸȍȐ Ȗ ȗȖȌȓȖȎȕȖșȚȧȝ ǨȗȐșȈ Ȗ Ȟȍȗȧȝ ǹȈȚțȘ-
ȕȖȊȣȝ Ȗ ȉțȕȚȈȝ ȋȐȋȈȕȚȖȊ Ȗ ȒȘȈȎȍ Ȑ ȗȘȖșȤȉȍ ǷȘȖȔȍȚȍȍȊȖȑ Ȗ ȗȖȋȘȍȠȕȖșȚȐ
ǬȍȓȖȊȖȑ Ȗ ȚȘțȌȈȝ ǳȈȚȖȕȐȕȣȝ Ƕ țȉȐȍȕȐȐ ǷȐȜȖȕȈ Ȗ ȝȐȚȘȖșȚȧȝ ǺȐȘȈ Ȗ ȗȖ-
ȚȖȗȍ ǬȍȊȒȈȓȐȖȗȖȊȖȔ Ȗ ȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȐ ȓȦȌȍȑ Ȑȏ ȒȈȔȕȍȑ Ȗ ȘȈșȚȍȘȏȈȕȐȐ ǰȕȈȝȈ
Ȗ ȗȘȐȚȊȖȘșȚȊȍ ȆȕȖȕȣ, Ȗ șȖȎȎȍȕȐȐ ǹȍȔȍȓȣ Ȗ ȖȉȖȍȔ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȐ ǩȈȝțșȈ ǰ
Ȋșȍ ȟȚȖ Ȗ ǴȐȕȍȘȊȍ ǪțȓȒȈȕȍ ǭȘȐȝȚȖȕȍ ǩȖȘȐȝșȍ ǶȘȐȍ Ǻȍȏȍȍ ǭȋȍȍ ǲȈșȚȖȘȍ
ǷȖȓȓțȒșȍ ȗȖȝȐȡȍȕȐȐ ǭȓȍȕȣ Ȑ șȔȍȘȚȐ ǰȗȖȓȐȚȖȊȖȑ Ȋ ǨȚȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȉȈșȕȧȝ
ȗȖȊȍșȚȊțȍȚșȧ ǺȈȒȎȍ Ȗ ȏȈȉȓțȎȌȍȕȐȐ ǾȍȘȍȘȣ Ȗ ȗȖȝȐȡȍȕȐȐ Ȑ șȣșȒȈȕȐȐ ǷȘȖ-
ȏȍȘȗȐȕȣ Ȑ Ȋșȍ ȟȚȖ Ȗ ǴȐȕȖșȍ Ȗ ǲȈȌȔȍ Ȑ ǵȐȖȊȍ Ȗ ǷȍȕȚȍȍ ǨȚȚȍȍ ǭȌȐȕȖȌȍ Ȗ
ȗȖȌȊȐȋȈȝ ǫȍȘȒțȓȍșȈ Ȗ ȊȖȑȕȍ ǵȍȗȚțȕȖȊȖȑ ș șȖȓȕȞȍȔ Ȗ șțȔȈȠȍȌșȚȊȍ ǨȚȈȔȈȕ-
ȚȖȊȖȔ Ȗ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȡȍȕȕȖȑ ǰȖȍ Ȋ ȒȖȘȖȊț Ȑ Ȗ ȉȍȘȍȋȠȍȔ ȍȍ șȚȘȈȎȍ ǨȘȋȖșȍ țȉȐȍȕ-
ȕȖȔ ȖȚ ǴȍȘȒțȘȐȧ ȘȈȊȕȖȔȍȘȕȖ; Ȗ ȏȓȈȚȖȔ Ǹțȕȍ Ȗ Ƿȍȓȍȍ ȇȏȖȕȍ ǴȍȌȍȍ ȚȈȒ
ȒȈȒ Ȗ șȔȍȘȚȐ ǨȋȈȔȍȔȕȖȕȖȊȖȑ Ȑ Ȗ ȕȈȒȈȏȈȕȐȐ ǲȓȐȚȍȔȕȍșȚȘȣ Ȑ ȟȚȖ Ȗ ǬȈȕȈȍ
ǷȍȘșȍȍ ǫȖȘȋȖȕȍ ǲȈȓȓȐȖȗȍȐȍ ǨȕȌȘȖȔȍȌȍ, ǶȘȜȍȍ ǶȘȍșȚȍ, Ȗ șȚȘȈȕșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȐ
ǭȕȍȧ Ȑ ǻȓȐșșȈ, Ȗ ǾȐȘȞȍȍ, ǺȍȓȈȋȖȕȍ Ȗ ǭȖȓȍ ǷȈȓȈȔȍȌȍ ǵȈȊȗȓȐȍ ǨȧȒșȍ ǬȈȜ-
ȕȍ ǨȘȐȈȌȕȍ ǭȊȘȖȗȍ ǼȍȌȘȍ ǷȈȏȐȜȍȍ ǬȍȌȈȓȍ ǰȒȈȘȍ ǫȓȈȊȒȍ ǨȚȓȈȕȚȍ ǫȍ-
ȘȐȖȕȍ ǺȈȕȚȈȓȍ Ȗ ǷȈȕȍ ǾȍȕȚȈȊȘȈȝ ǹȈȚȐȘȈȝ ǹȐȘȍȕȈȝ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȝ șȐȔ ȗȖȌȖȉ-

45
ȕȣȔȐ ȏȕȈȚȕȣȔȐ ȉȈșȕȖșȓȖȊȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȍȌȈȕȐȧȔȐ ȕȈȗȖȓȕȐȓȖ șȊȍȚ ǵȖ ȕȍ ȉțȌț-
ȟȐ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȖȌȕȐȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȝ Ȍȍȓ ȓȖȎȕȣȔ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȍȔ ȕȍ țșȚȣȌȐȓȖșȤ
șȗȓȍșȚȐ ȕȍȓȍȗȣȍ ȉȈșȕȐ Ȑ Ȗ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧȝ șȈȔȣȝ ǩȖȋȖȊ ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȧ Ȑȝ ȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȍ,
șȔȍȘȚȤ șșȖȘȣ ȒȓȍȊȍȚȣ ȕȍȕȈȊȐșȚȤ ȋȕȍȊ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȘȈȕȣ ȎȈȓȖȉȣ țȏȖȊȧ-
ȏȈȕȐȧ ȓȦȉȖȊȐ șȊȈȚȣ ȊȖȎȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȍȓȦȉȖȌȍȧȕȐȧ Ȑ ȓȦȉȖȌȍȑșȚȊȈ ș ȓȦȌȤ-
ȔȐ Ȑ șȒȖȚȈȔȐ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȍȡȍ șȘȈȔȕȍȑȠȐȍ Ȑ ȕȍȗȖȚȘȍȉȕȍȑȠȐȍ ȌȍȓȈ ȟȍȔ Ȋ
ȧȌȖȕȖșȕȣȝ șȚȐȝȈȝ șȊȖȐȝ, ȗȖȌ ȊȐȌȖȔ ȗȘȐȧȚȕȣȝ Ȑ șȓȈȌȒȐȝ Șȍȟȍȑ ȏȈȘȈȎȈȦȚ
ȕȍȎȕȣȍ șȓțȝȐ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȐȝ ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȕȖ Ȑ ȉțȌțȡȐȔ ȗȖ șȍȉȍ ȗȖ-
ȚȖȔȒȈȔ șȐȦ șȓȈȌȒțȦ ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ ȖȚȘȈȊț ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȕȈȗȖȌȖȉȐȍ ȧȏȊȣ ȖȚ țȋȘȣȏȍ-
ȕȐȧ ȉȍȠȍȕȖȑ șȖȉȈȒȐ țȟȐȕȐȊȠȍȑșȧ ȚȍȔ Ȏȍ ȧȌȖȔ Ȑ țȧȏȊȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȖȘȈȎȈȍȚ
ȐȉȖ ȉȈșȕȖșȓȖȊȐȧ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȐȍ ș ȚȈȒȖȦ ȗȘȐȧȚȕȖșȚȐȦ șȖȟȐȕȧȦȚșȧ ȟȚȖ ȓȖȎ-
ȕȣȍ Ȗȕȣȝ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȧ ȟȚȍȕȐȦ ȐșȚȐȕȕȣȝ ȐșȚȖȘȐȑ ȕȍȘȍȌȒȖ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȟȐȚȈȦȚșȧ
ǿȚȖ ȌȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȊȣȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȣȔ ȗȘȍȓȦȉȖȌȍȑșȚȊȖȔ ǭȕȍȧ ș ǬȐȌȖȕȖȦ Ȑ Ȗ
ȊȏȧȚȤȍ ȖȚ ǫȘȍȒȖȊ ǺȘȖȐ ȖȗȐșȈȕȕȣȝ ǪȐȘȋȐȓȐȍȔ ǵȖ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȚșȧ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȣȍ ȌȖ ȚȖȓȐȒȖȋȖ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ȊȖȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȑ ȌȖȠȓȐ ȟȚȖ Ȑ ȌȈȘ ȗȘȖȘȖȟȍșȚȊȈ șȍ-
ȉȍ ȗȘȐȗȐșȣȊȈȦȚ ȐȉȖ Ȋ șȚȈȘȐȕț oȚ ǶȘȈȒțȓȖȊ ȗȖȓțȟȈȓȐ ȖȚȊȍȚȣ șȚȐȝȈȔȐ ǷȖ-
ȟȍȔț Ȑ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ Ȑȝ ȗȘȖȘȖȒȈȔȐ țȋȈȌȟȐȒȈȔȐ Ȑ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȌțȝȖȔ ȗȘȍȌ-
șȒȈȏȈȕȐȧ; Ȉ ȓȖȎȕȣȍ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȞȍȊ ȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȐȍȔȓȦȚșȧ ȏȈ ȐșȚȐȕȕȣȍ
Ȑ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ șȈȔȖȋȖ ǶȘȈȒțȓȈ ȗȘȖȘȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȗȖșȍȔț ț ȌȘȍȊȕȐȝ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȓȐșȤ ǫȖȔȍ-
ȘȖȊȣȔȐ ȗȘȖȘȖȟȍșȚȊȈȔȐ șȚȐȝȐ ǫȖȔȍȘȖȊȣ Ȉ ǪȐȘȋȐȓȐȍȊȖ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘșȚȊȖ șȓȣȓȖ
ȗȘȖȘȖȟȍșȚȊȖȔ ǪȐȘȋȐȓȐȍȊȣȔ Ȗ ȟȍȔ țȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚ Ȋ ǨȌȘȐȈȕȖȊȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǹȗȈȘ-
ȚȈȕ ȕȖ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȔșȧ Ȓ ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘșȚȊț ȖȕȖȍ ǨȊȋțșȚȐȕ ȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȚ Ȋȕȍ ȉȖȎȍșȒȐȝ
șȍȓȍȕȐȑ; ȧȏȣȟȍșȒȐȑ ǷȓȈȚȖȕ Ȑȏ șȊȖȍȑ ȘȍșȗțȉȓȐȒȐ ȖȕȖȍ ȐȏȋȕȈȓ ǾȐȞȍȘȖȕ
ȌȖȗțȡȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȌȖȏȊȖȓȐȓ ǹȖȒȘȈȚ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ȟȚȖ ȒȚȖ ȝȖȟȍȚ ȕȍ ȗȖȊȘȍȌȐȚȤ șȊȖȍȋȖ
ȐȔȍȕȐ ȟȍșȚȤ Ȑ șȓȈȊț ȚȖȚ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȍȘȍȟȤșȧ ȘȈȏȌȘȈȎȐȚȤ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȞȍȊ ȒȖȚȖ-
Șȣȍ ȕȍ ȚȈȒ Ȓ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȦ ȗȖȝȊȈȓ ȒȈȒ Ȓ ȘțȋȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊț Ȑ ȉȘȈȕȐ șȒȓȖȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ
șȐȓț ȐȔȍȦȚ ǴȐȕȖș, ǾȈȘȤ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȍȑȠȐȑ Ȑȏ șȔȍȘȚȕȣȝ ǰȏȐȖȌȖȔ Ȑ ǶȔȐ-
ȘȖȔ ȗȘȖșȓȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȧȚȐȍȔ ȗȘȖȚȐȊț ǨȜȐȕȍȑȞȍȊ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȖșȒȖȘȉȐȓ
ȚȘȈȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȞȍȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȍȋȖ ȊșȍȓȐȓȐ ȊȖ ȈȌ ǷȍȕȍȓȖȗț, ȏȈ ȖșȖȉ-
ȓȐȊȖȍ ȞȍȓȖȔțȌȘȐȍ ǫȖȔȍȘȖȔ ȗȖȝȊȈȓȧȍȔțȦ, ǳȐȒȖȜȘȖȕ Ȋ șȚȐȝȈȝ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȖȕȖ-
șȐȚ ȧȒȖȉȣ ȐȔȍȓȈ ȖȕȈ ș ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ ȎȍȕȐȝȈȔȐ ȍȍ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȖȍ Ȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȖȍ Ȟȍ-
ȓȖȔțȌȘȐȦ ȖȉȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȍ ǬȐȌȖȕț ȖșȕȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȐȞț ǲȈȘȜȈȋȍȕȈ ȊȖȏȌȍȘȎȕțȦ Ȑ
ȌȖȉȘȖȌȍȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȊȌȖȊț ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȞ ǭȕȕȐȑ Ȋ ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȍȔȣȝ ȐȔ ǹȞȐȗȐȖȕșȒȐȝ
ȌȍȓȈȝ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȖȉȖȓȋȈȓ ȧȒȖȉȣ ȖȕȈ ȓȦȉȐȓȈ ǭȕȍȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȖȕȈ ȗȖ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖ-
Ȕț ȘȈșȟȐșȓȍȕȐȦ ȊȘȍȔȍȕ Ȑ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȕȐȒȈȒ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȈ; ȕȖ șȐȦ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕțȦ ȓȖȎȤ
ǪȐȘȋȐȓȐȑ ȗȖșȓȍ ȚȈȒ țȒȘȈșȐȓ ȟȚȖ ȍȍ ȏȈ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡțȦ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȗȘȈȊȌț ȗȘȐ-
ȕȧȓȐ ǵȈȗȖșȓȍȌȖȒ șȐȧ Ȋ șȗȓȍȚȍȕȐȐ ȓȎȍȑ Ȑ ȗȖȕȖȠȍȕȐȑ ȌȍȘȏȖșȚȤ ȌȖ ȚȖȋȖ ȌȖ-
ȠȓȈ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȌȖȉȕȖ țȎȍ ȉȣȓȖ Ȗ șȍȔ ȏȈȒȖȕȣ ȟȘȍȏ ǾȍȕșȖȘȖȊ ȖȉȕȈȘȖȌȖȊȈȚȤ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȣȔȐ ȚȈȒȖȊȣȍ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȐȍ ȓȎȐ Ȑ ȕȍȐșȚȖȊșȚȊȈ ȏȈȗȘȍȡȈȍȔȣ ȉȣȓȐ ǷȖ-
ȟȍȔț ț ȌȘȍȊȕȐȝ ǸȐȔȓȧȕ șȈȔȖȍ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘșȚȊȖ Ȋ ȧȊȕȖȔ ȗȘȍȏȘȍȕȐȐ ȉȣȓȖ Ȑ ȗȖ
șȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊț ǫȍȓȓȐȧ Ȑ ǲȈȚȖȕȈ țȟȐȊȠȐȍșȧ ǷȖȍȏȐȐ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȓȐșȤ ȚȧȋȖșȚȕȣ-
ȔȐ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍ ȓȦȌȔȐ ǰ ȖȚ Ǵ ǲȈȚȖȕȈ ǲ ǼțȓȊȐȑ ȐșȚȧȏȣȊȈȍȔ ȉȣȓ ȏȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ

46
Ȗȕ, ȉțȌțȟȐ ȗȖșȓȈȕ Ȋ ǭȚȖȓȐȦ ǷȘȖȒȖȕșțȓȖȔ, Ȋȏȧȓ ș șȖȉȖȦ ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȞȈ ǭȕ-
ȕȐȧ ǰ ǰȔȗȍȘȈȚȖȘ ȆșȚȐȕȐȈȕ ǷȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȖȊ ǷȖȍȏȐȐ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȔȐ ȊȖȓȤȕȖșȚȤȔȐ
ȕȍ țȌȖșȚȖȐȓ. ǹȈȔ ǫȖȔȍȘ Ȋșȍȝ ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȞȍȊ ǼȐȓȖșȖȜȖȔ Ȑ Ȋșȍȝ ǼȐȓȖșȖȜȖȊ
ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȞȍȔ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔȣȑ ȒȈȒ șțȔȈșȠȍȌȠȐȑ ȖȚ ǨȜȐȕȍȑȞȍȊ  ȌȘȈȝȔȈȔȐ
ȉȣȓ ȠȚȘȈȜȖȊȈȕ Ǩ ǺȐȝȚȍȦ ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȞț ȒȈȒ ȉȍȏțȔȕȖȔț șȔȍȧȓȐșȤ ǳȈȒȍȌȍ-
ȔȖȕȧȕȍ ȒȕȐȋȐ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȞȈ ǨȘȝȐȓȖȝȈ Ȑȏ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ȊȣȕȍșȚȤ ȗȘȐȒȈȏȈȓȐ Ȑ ȚȈȒ
ȔȕȖȋȐȍ șȓȈȊȕȣȍ ȔțȎȐ ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘșȚȊȖ ȒȈȒ ȔȈȚȤ ȓȎȍȑ Ȑ ȉȈșȕȍȑ ȗȘȍȏȐȘȈȓȐ
ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȞȣ, ȚȈȒ ȕȍȓȍȗȖ ȉȘȍȌȧȡȐȍ ș ȗȘȐȓȍȎȕȖșȚȐȦ țȟȈȚșȧ ȕȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȑ
ȕȍ ȗȐșȈȚȤ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȈȊȌȣ ȕȖ ȉȈșȕȖșȓȖȊȕȣȍ șȖȗȓȍȚȈȧ șȚȐȝȐ ȗȖȦȚ Ȑȝ ȗȘȍȌ
țȠȈȔȐ ȔȈȓȖȘȈșșțȌȐȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȚȈȒȐȔȐ ȕȍȉȣȓȐȞȈȔȐ țșȓȈȎȌȈȦȚșȧ
Ȑ ȕȈ ȕȍȓȍȗȖ șȋȘȖȔȈȎȍȕȕȣȍ ȌȍȓȈ șȔȖȚȘȧȚ Țȍȝ Ȗ ȒȖȐȝ ȕȍȋȌȍ ȊȖȏȋȓȈșȐȓ ǲȈȔ-
ȗȈȕȍȞ
ǷȐȚȈȦȚșȧ șȚȐȝȖȔ ȉȍȏțȔȕȣȍ ȗȐȐȚȣ
ǲȖȋȌȈ ȖȚȕȐȔȍȠȤ ȓȖȎȤ ȚȖ ȋȓȈȌȖȔ ȗȘȖȗȈȌțȚ
ǰȔ ȓȖȎȤ ȐȔȍȕȐȍ ȍȌȐȕȖ ȍșȚȤ Ȑ ȏȓȈȚȖ
ǰ ȟȚȖ ȝȖȚȧȚ ȚȖ ȓȋțȚ Ȑ ȌțȔȈȦȚ ȚȍȔ ȊȍȘȝ
ǷȘȐȖȉȘȍșȚȐ ȗȖȝȊȈȓ ȊȖ ȓȋȈȕȐȐ ȐșȒțșȕȖȔ.
ǹȊȍȘȝ ȚȖȋȖ, ȉȣȊȈȦȚ ț ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȞȍȊ țȎȈșȕȍȑȠȐȍ șȗȖȘȣ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȗ ȘȖȌȍ
șȚȐȝȖȊ ȕȖ Ȗ șȚȖȗȈȝ Ȗ țȌȈȘȍȕȐȧȝ Ȗ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȍ Ȑ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ șȓȖȋȖȊ Ȗ ȉȖȋȈȚ-
șȚȊȍ ȘȐȜȔ Ȑ Ȗ ȗȘȖȟȍȔ, Ȗ ȟȍȔ Ȑ ț ȋȘȈȔȔȈȚȐȒȖȊ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ șȓțȟȈȦȚșȧ șȠȐȉȒȐ; ȕȖ
Ȗ șȈȔȣȝ ȉȈșȕȧȝ ȊȣȔȣșȓȈȝ Ȑ ȓȎȈȝ, ȒȈȒ ȚȖ Ȗ țȏȓȍ ǫȍȘȒțȓȍșȖȊȖȔ Ȗ ȏȈȗȖȊȍȌ-
ȕȖȔ Ȑ ȞȍȓȖȔțȌȘȍȕȕȖȔ ȌȍȘȍȊȍ" Ȗ ȗȐșȤȔȍ ǫȐȈȞȐȕȚȖȊȖȔ" Ȗ ȌȍȚȧȝ ǵȐȖȊȐȕȣȝ?
Ȗ ȌȍȘȍȊȈȝ ȗȖȌ ȒȖȐȔȐ ǳȈȚȖȕȈ ȘȖȌȐȓȈ ǬȐȈȕȕț" ȚȈȒȖ Ȏ Ȗȉ ȖȚȍȟȍșȚȊȍ Ȑ ȋȘȖȉȍ ǫȖ-
ȔȍȘȖȊȖȔ" Ȑ șȍȑ ȐȓȐ ǫȍȏȐȖȌ ȉȣȓ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȕȍȍ ȓȍȚȈȔȐ Ȑ șȚȈȘȍȍ ȓȐ ǷȈȚȘȖȒȓ
ǨȝȐȓȓȍșȈ" ǲȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ǹȒȐȜ ǨȕȈȝȈȘȏȐȌ șȣȗȈȓ" Ȍȓȧ ȟȍȋȖ ǫȖȔȍȘ Ȋ șȚȐȝȈȝ
șȊȖȐȝ ȕȍ ȊȣȝȊȈȓȐȓ ǷȈȓȈȔȐȌȈ" ǳțȒȈȕ Ȋ ȟȐșȓȍ ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȞȍȊ ȐȓȐ ȍȘȍȚȐȒȖȊ
ȗȖȟȐȚȈȍȚșȧ" ț ȒȖȋȖ ȒȘȈȓ șȚȐȝȐ ǪȐȘȋȐȓȐȑ Ȑ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȔȍșȧȞȍ Ȗȕ țȔȍȘ
Ȑ ȗȘȖȟ ǲȈȒȖȑ șȖȟȐȕȐȚȍȓȤ ȗȐșȈȓ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȍ ȍȓȍȋȐȐ Ȗ ȒȖȐȝ șȗȖȘȧȚ ȋȘȈȔȔȈ-
ȚȐȒȐ Ȑ ȟȚȖ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȖ ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ, Ȋșȍ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȐȍ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧ ȕȈȗȖȓ-
ȕȍȕȣ ȓȎȐ Ȑ ȊȘȈȒ ȗȖȌ ȊȐȌȖȔ ȓȈșȒȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȗȘȐȒȘȣȚȐȧ ȋȕțșȕȍȑȠȐȝ ȗȖȘȖ-
ȒȖȊ Ȍȓȧ țșȓȈȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȋȓțȗȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȗȐșȈȕȕȣȍ Ǫșȍ ȟȚȖ ȕȐ ȌȍȓȈȦȚ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘ-
Ȟȣ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ ȝȊȈȓȧȚ ȗȘȐȏȣȊȈȕȐȧ ȚȊȖȘȧȚ ȊȣȔȣșȓȈȔȐ ȘȍȟȤ șȊȖȦ țȒȘȈ-
ȠȈȦȚ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȖȍ ȚȖȔț ȕȈȊȖȌȧȚ țȧȏȊȓȧȦȚ, ȗȖȕȖșȧȚ ȊȣȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧȔȐ
țȗȐȊȈȦȚșȧ Ȑ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȉȍșȧȚșȧ ǰȚȈȒ, șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖ ǬȍȔȖȒȘȐȚ ȖȕȖȍ ȕȍ ȕȈț-
ȒȖȦ, ȕȖ ȉȍȠȍȕșȚȊȖȔ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ǰ ǷȓȈȚȖȕȖȊ ȗȘȐȋȖȊȖȘ Ȗ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȐ Ȑȏ Ȗȉȡȍ-
șȚȊȈ ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȞȍȊ ȍșȚȤ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊ ǰ ȚȖ ȗȖȌȓȐȕȕȖ ȟȚȖ ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȞȣ, ȟȍȔ
ȉȖȓȍȍ ȊȖșȚȖȘȋȈ ȐȓȐ ȉȍȠȍȕșȚȊȈ ȐȔȍȦȚ ȚȍȔ ȊȣșȖȒȖȗȈȘȕȍȍ Ȑ ȗȘȐȧȚȕȍȍ Ȑȝ ȗȍ-
șȕȐ ȒȈȎțȚșȧ ȗȖȟȍȔț ǨȊȋțșȚȐȕ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘșȚȊȖ ȊȐȕȖȔ ȏȈȉȓțȎȌȍ-
ȕȐȧ ȖȚ ȗȤȧȕȣȝ țȟȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȗȘȖȐșȚȍȒȠȐȔ ǰȍȘȖȕȐȔ ȖȕȖȍ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȗȐȡȍȦ Ȍț-
ȝȖȊ ǵȈțȒȈ șȈȔȈ șȖȉȖȦ ȋȖȓȈȧ Ȑ ȍȎȍȓȐ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȖȔ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȕȈțȒ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȖȌȍ-

47
ȚȈ ȚȖ Ȑ ȉȍȏȖȉȘȈȏȕȈ ȘțȒȖȔȍșȓȖ ȈȓȟȕȖȍ Ȑ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȋȖȓȖȌȕȖȍ Ȑ ȕȈȗȖȌȖȉȐȍ Ȕȣ-
Ƞȍȑ ȟțȎȐȔȐ ȒȘȖȝȈȔȐ ȗȐȚȈȦȡȍȍșȧ ǵȖ șȖ ȊșȍȔ ȚȍȔ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦ ȏȈ ȒȈȒȐȍ ȚȖ ȉȈș-
ȕȐ Ȑ ȉȘȍȌȕȐ ș ǺȐȜȖȕȖȊȣȔȕ ȗȖȓȍȊȣȔȐ ȒȖȉȣȓȒȈȔȐ ǳȐȒȖȘșȒȐȔȐ ȓȧȋțȠȒȈ-
ȔȐ Ȑ ǴȐȘȔȐȌȖȕșȒȐȔȐ ȔțȘȈȊȤȧȔȐ ȌȍȘȏȈȍȚ ȓȤșȚȐȚȤșȧ ȐȔȍȚȤ ȉȍșșȔȍȘȚȕțȦ ȐȔȍ-
ȕȐ șȊȖȍȋȖ șȓȈȊț Ȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ
ǩȓȈȋȖȗȖȓțȟȕȣ Ȋȣ șȚȐȝȐ ȎȐȊȐȚȍ ȋȘȖȔȒȐ!
ǵȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȊȈș ȊȖȊȍȒ ȕȍ ȗȖȟȐȚȈȚȤ ȗȖȚȖȔȒȐ"
ǹȓȈȊȈ Ȏ șȐȧ ȐȓȐ ȕȐȒȈȒȈȧ, ȐȓȐ ȉȍșȗȖȓȍȏȕȈȧ ȉțȌȍȚ ǵȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȖșȚȤ șȐȦ Ț ȍ.
țȟȐȕȐȚȤ șȍȉȧ ȊȍȟȕȖ șȓȈȊȕȣȔ ț ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȞȍȊ ȖȚȕȐȔȈȦȚ ǰșȚȖȘȐȒȐ șȒȈȏțȧ
ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȌȖ ȕȐȝ, Ȉ ȕȍ ȌȖ ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȞȍȊ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȐȚ.
ǸȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȜȖȕ ǵȍȚȍȋȍȑȔȈ Ȗ ȒȈȘȚȍȎȕȖȑ ȐȋȘȍ
ǲȈȘȚȍȎȕȈȧ ȐȋȘȈ1 ȌȈȊȕȖ țȎȍ Ȋ țȗȖȚȘȍȉȓȍȕȐȐ ȕȈ șȊȍȚȍ ǵȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȐȠțȚ
ȟȚȖ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȓ ȍȍ ǨȚȚȈȓ ǨȏȐȈȚșȒȐȑ ȗȘȐ ȖȉțȟȍȕȐȐ ȟȐșȓȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȕȈțȒȐ Ȉ Ȋ ȘȐȔ-
șȒȐȝ ȗȘȍȌȈȕȐȧȝ ȗȐȠȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ ǲȓȈȊȌȐȑ ǰȔȗȍȘȈȚȖȘ șȖȟȐȕȐȓ Ȗȉ ȕȍȑ ȖșȖȉțȦ
ȒȕȐȋț ǰȉȖ ȒȈȒ Ȗȕ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌ ȕȐȔ ȉȣȊȠȐȑ ǲȍșȈȘȤ ǨȊȋțșȚ ȊȍȓȐȒȐȍ Ȓ șȍȑ ȐȋȘȍ
ȉȣȓȐ ȖȝȖȚȕȐȒȐ ǵȖ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȐȋȘȣ șȍȧ ȕȍȕȈȊȐșȚȕȐȒȐ ȗȐȠțȚ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȊȣȌț-
ȔȈȕȈ ȕȍȟȐșȚȣȔȐ ȌțȝȈȔȐ Ȍȓȧ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȔȍȎȌț ȓȦȌȤȔȐ ȖȉȔȈȕȖȊ ȓȎȍȑ
ȒȓȧȚȊȖȗȘȍșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȑ șșȖȘ ȌȘȈȒ Ȑ șȈȔȖȋȖ șȔȍȘȚȖțȉȐȑșȚȊȈ ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ șȐȍ ȕȍ-
ȖșȗȖȘȐȔȖ ȟȚȖ ȕȈțȒȈ șȍȑ ȐȋȘȣ ȍȡȍ Ȑ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȕȍ ȌȖȊȍȌȍȕȈ ȌȖ șȊȖȍȋȖ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕ-
șȚȊȈ Ȑ ȟȚȖ țȗȘȈȎȕȧȦȡȐȍșȧ Ȋ ȕȍȑ ȗȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȑ ȟȈșȚȐ șȟȈșȚȐȍȔ ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȐșȒțș-
șȚȊȖȔ ȗȘȍȌȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊțȦȚșȧ ǰ ȟȍȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȒȚȖ Ȓ ȖȕȖȑ ȗȘȐȓȍȗȓȍȕ ȚȍȔ ȉȖ-
ȓȍȍ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȓȐȊ Ȑ ȕȍȐșȒțșȍȕ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ǰ ȎȍȓȈȧ ȖȉȣȋȘȈȚȤ ȌȘțȋȐȝ șȈȔ ȗȘȖȐȋȘȣ-
ȊȈȍȚ Ȋșȍ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȊȖȍ ȕȖ Ȑ ȖȚȍȟȍșȒȖȍ ȐȔȍȕȐȍ ǷȖ ȘȈȏȖȘȍȕȐȐ ǨȏȐȐ ȖȕȈ ȗȍ-
ȘȍȠȓȈ Ȋ ǫȘȍȞȐȦ Ȉ ȖȚȚțȌȈ ș ȗȘȖșȊȍȡȍȕȐȍȔ Ȑ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȐȝ șȚȘȈȕȈȝ ǭȊȘȖȗȣ ȊȕȍȌ-
ȘȐȓȈșȤ Ǫ ȌȘȍȊȕȐȝ ȗȖȊȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧȝ ȊȐȌȐȔ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȔ ȉȣȓȈ șȐȧ ȐȋȘȈ ȗȘȍȏȘȍȕȐȐ
ț ȉȓȈȋȖȘȈȏțȔȕȣȝ ȕȈȘȖȌȖȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗțȉȓȐȟȕȣȍ Ȗ ȏȈȗȘȍȡȍȕȐȐ ȖȕȖȑ ȐȏȌȈȓȐ
ȏȈȒȖȕȣ ǷȖȟȍȔț ǲȖȉȐȓȖȕ ȓȈȒȍȌȍȔȖȕșȒȐȑ ȟȐȕȖȊȕȐȒ ȉțȌțȟȐ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȓȍȕ ȗȖș-
ȓȖȔ Ȋ ǲȖȘȐȕȜ Ȍȓȧ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧ ȔȐȘȈ ȏȈșȚȈȊȠȐ ȊȖȎȌȖȊ Ȑ șȚȈȘȍȑȠȐȕ ȒȖȘȐȕȜ-
șȒȐȝ ȏȈ șȚȖȓȖȔ Ȋ ȒȈȘȚȣ ȐȋȘȈȦȡȐȝ ȕȍ ȊșȚțȗȐȓ ș ȕȐȔȐ Ȋ ȗȍȘȍȋȖȊȖȘȣ ȕȖ ȊȖȏ-
ȊȘȈȚȧșȤ Ȋ ȖȚȍȟȍșȚȊȖ șȒȈȏȈȓ ȧ ȉȣ ȗȖȔȘȈȟȐȓ șȓȈȊț ȝȘȈȉȘȣȝ ǹȗȈȘȚȈȕ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ
șȚȈȓ ȌȖȋȖȊȈȘȐȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȗ ȔȐȘȍ ș ȒȈȘȚȍȎȕȐȒȈȔȐ ǹȐȘȐȑșȒȖȔț ȞȈȘȦ ǬȐȔȐȚȘȐȦ
1 ɍ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ – ɢɝɪɚ ɜ ɤɨɫɬɢ Ɋɟɞ.).

Ȋ ȗȖȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ ȘȍȉȧȟȍșȒȖȑ ȍȋȖ ȓȍȋȒȖȔȣșȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ǨȘșȈȞȐȌ ȗȈȘȜȧȕșȒȐȑ ǾȈȘȤ,
ȗȘȐșȓȈȓ ȏȖȓȖȚȣȍ ȓȖȌȣȠȒȐ Ȍȓȧ ȏȈȉȈȊȣ ȍȋȖ Ȋ șșȣȓȒȍ ȐȋȘȖȦ Ȗȕȣȝ ǳȐȒțȘȋ Ȑ
ǹȖȓȖȕ Ȋ ȏȈȒȖȕȈȝ șȊȖȐȝ Ȑȏ ȟȐșȓȈ ȟȍșȚȕȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȊȍȓȍȓȐ ȐșȒȓȦȟȈȚȤ ȐȋȘȈȦȡȐȝ
Ȋ ȒȈȘȚȣ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȐȝ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȈȝ ȖȚ ȗȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊ ȈȏȈȘȚȕȣȍ
ȐȋȘȣ ȏȈȗȘȍȡȍȕȣ ȕȖ ȕȍȊȏȐȘȈȧ ȕȈ ȖȕȖȍ ȍȡȍ Ȑ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȍ ȟȐșȓȖ ȐȋȘȖ-
ȒȖȊ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚșȧ Ȋ șȊȍȚȍ Ȑ ȉȍșȟȐșȓȍȕȕȖȍ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȓȐȠȐȓȐșȤ ȟȘȍȏ ȚȖ
ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȐȔȍȕȐȧ ȕȖ Ȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ǩ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȗȘȖȋȘȈȊȠȐ Ȋșȍ ȕȈȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ
ȗȘȖȒȓȐȕȈȦȚ șȐȦ ȐȋȘț ȏȈȒȈȐȊȈȦȚșȧ ȊȗȘȍȌȤ ȐȋȘȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ Ȉ ȘȈȏȊȍ Ȍȓȧ
ȗȘȖȋȕȈȕȐȧ ȖȌȕȖȑ șȒțȒȐ ǰȉȖ ȏȈȒȖȘȍȕȍȓȖȑ Ȋ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȍ ȗȘȐȊȣȟȒȐ ȕȍ ȊȘȈȏ ȐșȚ-
ȘȍȉȐȚȤ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȕȍȒȚȖ Ȑȏ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȞȍȊ Ȗ șȍȔ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȐȏȘȧȌȕȖ ȕȈȗȐșȈȓ
ǷȘȍȌșȚȈȊȤ ȒȈȘȚȍȎȕȐȒȈ Ȋ ȗȍȟȈȓȐ
ǰ ȏȘȐ ȍȋȖ șȔțȡȍȕȕȣȑ ȏȘȈȒ
ǴȖȐȔ ȊșȍȔ ȌȍȕȤȋȈȔ țȝȈ ȌȈȓȐ
ǪȍȡȈȍȚ Ȗȕ Ȋ ȌȖșȈȌț ȚȈȒ
ǸȊȍȚ ȊȖȓȖșȣ ȒțșȈȍȚ ȘțȒȐ
ǰ Ȍȓȧ ȗȘȖȋȕȈȕȐȧ ȓȐȠȤ șȒțȒȐ
Ƕȕ ȖȉȍȡȈȍȚ ȊȗȘȍȌȤ ȐȋȘȈȚȤ
ǰȋȘȈ Ȍȓȧ șȒțȒȐ ȕȈȟȈȓȈșȧ,
ǰ ȒȖȓȤ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȖ țȌȈȓȈșȧ
ǺȖ ȗȈȒȐ șȚȈȕȍȚ Ȗȕ ȔȖȚȈȚȤ

ǮȖȏȍȜ ǶȘșȤȍ
ǮǱǾǶǽǽǮ ǻǳȀȀǳǿǱǳǷǺǿǸǶǷ
ǵțȎȚȓțȖȠȩȗ ȎȐȎțȠȬȞȖȟȠ XVI Ȑ.

52
ǶǲǳǭǪǭǺǨǵǵȃǱ ǻǿǭǵȃǱ
ǪȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ǪȈȓȍȘȐȧ ǩȘȦșȖȊȈ
ǷȖȚȖȔșȚȊȖ ȖȒȓȍȊȍȚȈȓȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗț ǰȏȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȍȋȖ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȑ ȖȕȖ ȏȈȗȖȔȕȐȓȖ
ȓȐȠȤ ȖȌȕȖ ȚȘȈȒȚȈȚ «Ƕ șȖȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐ» ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț Ȗȕ șȈȔ ȕȍ ȗȘȐ-
ȌȈȊȈȓ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ ǵȈȘȖȌȕȈȧ ȔȖȓȊȈ șȌȍȓȈȓȈ Ȑȏ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȟȍȘȕȖȒȕȐȎ-
ȕȐȒȈ ȔȈȋȈ Ȑ șȊȧȏȈȓȈ ș ȍȋȖ ȐȔȍȕȍȔ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȜȈȕȚȈșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȓȍȋȍȕȌ ȖȌȕȈ
ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȕȍȓȍȗȍȑ ǻȟȍȕȣȍ ȐȏțȟȈȧ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȈȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȥȗȖȝț ȕȍȔȍȞȒȖȋȖ ǪȖȏȘȖȎ-
ȌȍȕȐȧ ȒȈȒ-ȚȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȧȚșȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȈȓ ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕȖ ȕȐ Ȓ ȖȌȕȖȔț Ȑȏ ȒȘțȎȒȖȊ ȋțȔȈȕȐșȚȖȊ ǭȋȖ ȖȉȘȈȏ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ ȕȍ ȗȖȓț-
ȟȐȓ ȕȈȌȓȍȎȈȡȍȑ ȖȞȍȕȒȐ Ȑ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȏȈȕȧȓ Ȋ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȗȘȖșȊȍȡȍȕȐȧ
ȚȖȋȖ ȔȍșȚȈ ȕȈ ȒȈȒȖȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȗȘȈȊȖ
ǵȈȌȖ șȖȏȕȈȚȤșȧ ȟȚȖ șȈȔ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȕȍ șȖȊșȍȔ ȕȍȗȖȊȐȕȍȕ Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȔ Ȓ șȍȉȍ
ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ ǲȖȕȍȞ ;9 Ȑ ȕȈȟȈȓȖ ;9, ȊȍȒȈ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȐȓȐ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȕȈșȍ-
ȓȍȕȐȍ ǫȍȘȔȈȕȐȐ ȘȍȏȒȖ ȕȈ ȌȊȈ ȒȘțȋȈ ȗȘȖȗȖȊȍȌȕȐȒȖȊ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȕȐȒȖȊ
ȅȘȈȏȔȈ Ȑ ǸȍȑȝȓȐȕȈ ©ȋțȔȈȕȐșȚȖȊª Ȑ ȏȈȡȐȚȕȐȒȖȊ șȚȈȘȖȋȖ ©ȚȍȔȕȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑª
©ȖȉșȒțȘȈȕȚȖȊª ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȕȍ șțȔȍȓ ȐȓȐ ȕȍ ȏȈȝȖȚȍȓ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖ ȊȣȉȘȈȚȤ șȊȖȍ
ȔȍșȚȖ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȔ Ȑȏ ȌȊțȝ ȓȈȋȍȘȍȑ ǴȕȖȋȐȔȐ ȟȍȘȚȈȔȐ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȈ Ȑ șȊȖȍȑ
ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ Ȗȕ ȗȘȐȔȣȒȈȓ Ȓ ȋțȔȈȕȐșȚȈȔ ǹȊȖȐ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘșȒȐȍ ȟȚȍȕȐȧ Ȗȕ
ȕȈȟȈȓ ș ȚȖȓȒȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧ ǸȍȑȝȓȐȕȈ ǹ ȅȘȈȏȔȖȔ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ Ȋ ȗȍȘȍ-
ȗȐșȒȍ Ȑ ȖȚȏȣȊȈȓșȧ Ȗ ȕȍȔ ș ȊȍȓȐȟȈȑȠȐȔ ȗȖȟȚȍȕȐȍȔ ǪșȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȗȕ ȉȖȘȖȓșȧ
ș ȔȖȕȈȝȈȔȐ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȏȈȡȐȚȕȐȒȈȔȐ ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ ȖȉșȒțȘȈȕȚȐȏȔȈ Ȑ ȕȍ ȘȈȏ
ȗȖȌȊȍȘȋȈȓșȧ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧȔ ș Ȑȝ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ǷȘȐ ȊșȍȔ ȚȖȔ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȉȣȓ ȝȖ-
ȘȖȠȖ Ȑ ȘȈȏȕȖșȚȖȘȖȕȕȍ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖ ȏȕȈȓ ȌȘȍȊȕȐȝ ȓȍȋȒȖ Ȑ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤ-
ȕȖ ȗȐșȈȓ ȗȖ-ȓȈȚȣȕȐ ǵȖ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȉȣȓȖ Ȋ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ Ȑ «ȖȚ șȚȈȘȖȋȖ» Ƕȕ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ
ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȖșȊȖȉȖȌȐȚȤșȧ ȖȚ șȚȈȘȖȑ ȟȐșȚȖ șȝȖȓȈșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȔȈȕȍȘȣ ȐȏȓȈȋȈȚȤ șȊȖȐ
ȔȣșȓȐ Ƕȕ ȒȈȒ-ȚȖ ȟțȎȌȈȓșȧ Țȍȝ ȚȍȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȈȓȐ ȖșȖȉȖȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ
ȋțȔȈȕȐșȚȖȊ ǷȘȍȌȔȍȚȖȔ ȍȋȖ ȗȍȘȊȖȋȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧ ȉȣȓȈ ȔȈȋȐȧ ǹȈ-
ȔȖ ȗȖ șȍȉȍ ȥȚȖ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȖ ȊȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ șȚȖȘȖȕȕȐȒȖȊ ȕȖ-
ȊȖȋȖ Ȋ șȐȓț ȔȈȋȐȐ ȊȍȘȐȓȐ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȕȍȑȠȐȍ țȔȣ ȚȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ǷȐ-
ȒȖ Ȍȍ ǴȐȘȈȕȌȖȓȈ ȕȈȗȐșȈȓ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȍ ȌȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȡȍȍ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȊȍȌȤȔ
ǫȍȔȐșȚȖș ǷȓȍȚȖ ȐȏȢȧșȕȧȓ ȗȘȐȘȖȌț ȌȍȔȖȕȖȊ Ȑ Ț Ȍ ǵȖ ȚȘȈȒȚȈȚ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȉȣȓ
ȊȍșȤ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕ ȕȈ șȚȈȘȣȝ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧȝ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȕȍ ȉȣȓ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȣȔ Ȑșșȓȍ-
ȌȖȊȈȕȐȍȔ ȔȈȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȑ ȕȖ ȉȣȓ ȗȍȘȍȗȖȓȕȍȕ ȐȏȓȖȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕ-
ȕȣȝ ȔȕȍȕȐȑ ǪȚȖȘȖȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȍ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȚȘȈȒȚȖȊȈȓȖ Ȗ ȕȍȌȖșȚȖ-
ȊȍȘȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȒȈȒ ȋțȔȈȕȐșȚȣ ȊȣȠȍ ȊșȍȋȖ șȚȈȊȐȓȐ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȖ-
șȊȍȡȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȕȈțȒț Ǫ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȏȈȔȒȕțȚȣȑ Ȑ șțȘȖȊȣȑ ȌȍȘȎȈȓșȧ ȖșȖȉ-
ȕȧȒȖȔ Ȑ ȕȍ ȝȖȚȍȓ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȊȈȚȤ ȕȈȌ șȖȉȖȑ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȝ ȈȊȚȖȘȐȚȍȚȖȊ Ƕȕ ȗȐșȈȓ Ȓ

53
ȅȘȈȏȔț ȒȈȒ ȘȈȊȕȣȑ Ȓ ȘȈȊȕȖȔț Ȑ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȓ Ȓ șȍȉȍ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ ȒȈȒ Ȓ țȟȐȚȍȓȦ
(magister), Ȉ ȋțȔȈȕȐșȚȣ ȗȖ ȔȕȖȋȐȔ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȈȔ ȕȍ șȟȐȚȈȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȚȧȏȈȕȐȧ
ȖȉȖșȕȖȊȈȕȕȣȔȐ Ǫșȍ ȥȚȖ ȖȚȌȍȓȧȓȖ ȖȉȖșȖȉȓȧȓȖ ȍȋȖ ȖȚ ©ȕȖȊȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑª
Ǫ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȉȣȓ ȚȐȗȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȤ ȓȦȌȍȑ ǪȖȏȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ
ǲȈȒ Ȋșȍ ȊȣȌȈȦȡȐȍșȧ ȓȦȌȐ ȚȖȑ ȥȗȖȝȐ Ȗȕ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȓ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧȔȐ ȥȕȞȐȒȓȖ-
ȗȍȌȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ ȉȘȈȓșȧ ȏȈ Ȋșȍ ȖȚ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȌȍȓȈ ȌȖ ȔȈȋȐȐ ȖȚ ȌȖȓȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȑȕ-
ȎȍȕȍȘȈ ȌȖ ȔȍșȚȈ ȐșȚȖȘȐȖȋȘȈȜȈ ȉȣȓ ȚȖ ȦȘȐșȚȖȔ ȚȖ ȔȍȌȐȒȖȔ ȚȖ ȚȍȖȓȖȋȖȔ
Ȑ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȧ ȕȈ ȚȖ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȝ ȖȜȐȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȗȘȈȊ ȗȐșȈȓ ȕȈ ȏȈȋȓȈȊȐȐ șȊȖȐȝ ȒȕȐȋ
ȗȖșȓȍ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȐȔȍȕȐ ©ȌȖȒȚȖȘ ȖȉȖȐȝ ȗȘȈȊ Ȑ ȔȍȌȐȞȐȕȣª ǵȍȗȖșȍȌȓȐȊȣȑ ȚȖȎȍ
ȒȈȒ Ȋșȍ ȓȦȌȐ ǪȖȏȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ țȎȐȚȤșȧ ȗȖȌȖȓȋț ȕȐ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȔ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ
ȐșȒȖȓȍșȐȓ ȊșȦ ǭȊȘȖȗț Ȋ ȗȖȐșȒȈȝ șȟȈșȚȤȧ ȗȖȖȟȍȘȍȌȕȖ ȐȏȉȐȘȈȓ ȔȍșȚȈȔȐ șȊȖȍȑ
ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȚȖ ǰȚȈȓȐȦ ȚȖ ǼȘȈȕȞȐȦ ȚȖ ǨȕȋȓȐȦ ȚȖ ȀȊȍȑȞȈȘȐȦ ȚȖ ȘȈȏ-
ȕȣȍ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ǫȍȘȔȈȕȐȐ ǸȖȌȐȊȠȐșȤ Ȋ șȍȕȚȧȉȘȍ 1 ȋȖȌȈ Ȋ ǲȍȓȤȕȍ Ȗȕ ȘȈȕȖ
ȊșȚțȗȐȓ ȕȈ ȊȖȍȕȕțȦ șȓțȎȉț Ȋ ȈȊșȚȘȐȑșȒțȦ ȈȘȔȐȦ șȖȊȍȘȠȐȓ ȗȖȝȖȌȣ Ȋ ǰș-
ȗȈȕȐȦ ǰȚȈȓȐȦ Ȑ ǫȖȓȓȈȕȌȐȦ ǷȖȚȖȔ șȓțȠȈȓ ȓȍȒȞȐȐ Ȋ ǷȈȘȐȎȍ ȊȕȖȊȤ țȟȈșȚ-
ȊȖȊȈȓ Ȋ ȐșȗȈȕșȒȖȔ ȗȖȝȖȌȍ Ȉ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț țȎȍ șȈȔ ȊȣșȚțȗȐȓ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ Ȋ
țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚȍ Ȋ ǬȖȓȍ Ǫ ȥȗȖȝț ȒȖȋȌȈ ǴȍȓȈȕȝȚȖȕ ȟȐȚȈȓ ȓȍȒȞȐȐ  ȓȍȚ ȖȚ ȘȖ-
Ȍț ȥȚȖ ȊȖȊșȍ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȘȈȕȖ ǪșȒȖȘȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȗȖ ȖȉȊȐȕȍȕȐȦ Ȋ ȍȘȍșȐ ȗȘȐȠ-
ȓȖșȤ țȒȘȣȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ǨȕȋȓȐȐ ȏȈȚȍȔ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȖȔ ȚȍȖȓȖȋȐȐ Ȋ ǲȍȓȤȕȍ
ȗȘȐȌȊȖȘȕȣȔ Ȋ șȊȐȚȍ ȐȔȗȍȘȈȚȖȘȈ ǴȈȒșȐȔȐȓȐȈȕȈ Ȋ ǰȚȈȓȐȐ țȟȈșȚȕȐȒȖȔ ȞȍȘ-
ȒȖȊȕȖȋȖ șȖȉȖȘȈ Ȋ ǷȐȏȍ ȊȕȖȊȤ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȖȔ Ȋ ǷȈȊȐȐ Ȑ Ȋ ǺțȘȐȕȍ ǵȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ
șȗȖȒȖȑȕȣȝ ȓȍȚ ȗȘȖȊȍȓ Ȗȕ Ȋ ǴȍȞȍ ȕȈ șȓțȎȉȍ ț ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ȒȈȒ șȐȕȌȐȒ ȈȌȊȖȒȈȚ
Ȑ ȖȘȈȚȖȘ ǶȚ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȑ ȔȖȕȈȝȖȊ ȍȔț ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ țȒȘȣȚȤșȧ Ȋ ǮȍȕȍȊȍ ȗȖ-
șȓȍ ȚȖȋȖ Ȗȕ ș țșȗȍȝȖȔ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒȖȊȈȓ ȒȈȒ ȊȘȈȟ Ȋ ǼȘȍȑȉțȘȋȍ ȗȍȘȍȠȍȓ ȕȈ șȓțȎ-
ȉț Ȓ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȔț ȌȊȖȘț Ȑ ȉȣȓ ȓȍȑȉ-ȔȍȌȐȒȖȔ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȣ-ȔȈȚȍȘȐ Ȋ ǳȐȖȕȍ Ȋ
ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȧșȤ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȚȍȕȐȍȔ ȒȈȒȐȝ-ȚȖ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȔȈȠȐȕ ȖșȚȈȊȐȊ ȋȖ-
șțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕțȦ șȓțȎȉț ȊȕȖȊȤ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒȖȊȈȓ ȒȈȒ ȟȈșȚȕȣȑ ȊȘȈȟ Ȋ ǨȕȚȊȍȘȗȍȕȍ
ȕȖ ȉȣȓ ȗȘȐȕțȎȌȍȕ ȖȚȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ ȖȚ ȔȍȌȐȞȐȕșȒȖȑ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒȐ ȏȈ ȕȍȐȔȍȕȐȍȔ șȖ-
ȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȍȋȖ ȌȐȗȓȖȔȈ ǷȖȓțȟȐȊ ȏȊȈȕȐȍ ȗȘȐȌȊȖȘȕȖȋȖ ȐșȚȖȘȐȖȋȘȈȜȈ ȐȔ-
ȗȍȘȈȚȖȘȈ ǲȈȘȓȈ 9 Ȗȕ ȗȖșȍȓȐȓșȧ Ȋ ǴȐȓȈȕȍ ȕȖ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȊșȒȖȘȍ ȉȍȎȈȚȤ
Ȑȏ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ǷȖȚȍȘȧȊ ȗȖȟȚȐ Ȋșȍȝ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȍȑ Ȗȕ Ȋȍȓ ȗȖșȓȍ ȚȖȋȖ
ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȕȖȍ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȌȊȈȎȌȣ ȉȣȓ ȉȘȖȠȍȕ Ȋ ȚȦȘȤȔț ȒȘȍȌȐ-
ȚȖȘȈȔȐ Ȋ ǩȘȦșșȍȓȍ Ȑ Ȋ ǳȐȖȕȍ Ȑ țȔȍȘ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȖȌȐȕȖȒȐȔ Ȋ ǫȘȍȕȖȉȓȍ Ȋ 
ȋȖȌț ǯȈ Ȋșȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȥȚȖȑ ȚȘȍȊȖȎȕȖȑ ȗȖȝȖȌȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȊȈȓ țȟȐȚȤșȧ
Ȑ ȗȐșȈȚȤ ȐȏȌȈȊȈȓ Ȑ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȍ ȗȈȔȜȓȍȚȣ Ȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȍ țȟȍȕȣȍ ȚȘȈȒȚȈȚȣ Ȋȍȓ
ȖȋȘȖȔȕțȦ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒț șȖ ȊșȍȔȐ ȊȐȌȕȣȔȐ ȓȦȌȤȔȐ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ Ȑ ȉȣȓ ȗȖș-
ȚȖȧȕȕȖ ȖȒȘțȎȍȕ ȋȘțȗȗȖȑ țȟȍȕȐȒȖȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȘȈșȚȖȟȈȓ șȊȖȐ ȔȕȖȋȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȍ
ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ ǶșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȌȖȉȈȊȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȉȍȌȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ Ȑ ȓȐȟȕȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȗȕ
ȉȣȓ ȚȘȐȎȌȣ ȎȍȕȈȚ ȐȔȍȓ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȌȍȚȍȑ ȐșȗȣȚȈȓ Ȑ Ȋ șȍȔȍȑȕȖȑ
ȎȐȏȕȐ ȕȍȔȈȓȖ ȚȧȎȍȓȣȝ ȖȋȖȘȟȍȕȐȑ
ǹȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ șȚȖȓȤ Ȏȍ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȣ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȎȐȏȕȤ Ǫ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȐ
ȍȋȖ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȑ ȊȣȠȍȌȠȍȔ ȗȖșȓȍ ȍȋȖ șȔȍȘȚȐ Ȋ ǳȐȖȕȍ Ȋ ȌȊțȝ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ ȚȖȔȈȝ

54
ȖȟȍȕȤ țȉȖȘȐșȚȖȑ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ Ȕȣ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȔ ȚȘȈȒȚȈȚȣ ȗȖ ȔȈȋȐȐ ȌȍȔȖȕȖȓȖȋȐȐ
ȒȈȉȉȈȓȍ ȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȚȍȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ Ȗ ȚȈȐȕșȚȊȍ ȉȘȈȒȈ Ȗ ȗȍȘȊȖȘȖȌȕȖȔ ȋȘȍȝȍ
Ȑ Ț ȗ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ Ȗ ȒȖȘȖȕȈȞȐȐ ǲȈȘȓȈ 9 ȒȕȐȋț Ȗ ȗȐȘȖȔȈ-
ȝȐȐ ȖȋȕȍșȚȘȍȓȤȕȖȔ ȖȘțȎȐȐ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȑ ȗȈȘȈȌȖȒșȈȓȤȕȣȑ ©ȖȗȣȚª Ȗ ȗȘȍȊȖș-
ȝȖȌșȚȊȍ ȎȍȕșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȈ ȕȈȌ ȔțȎșȒȐȔ ȒȖȔȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȐ Ȓ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧȔ ǸȈȑȔȖȕ-
ȌȈ ǳȦȓȓȐȧ ȒȖȔȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȐ Ȓ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧȔ ǷȓȐȕȐȧ ȔȓȈȌȠȍȋȖ ȕȍȔȈȓȖ ȌȘțȋȐȝ
©ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȝ ȚȘȈȒȚȈȚȖȊª ȚȈȒ Ȑȝ ȖȏȈȋȓȈȊȐȓ șȈȔ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ Ȑ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ șȖȟȐȕȍ-
ȕȐȍ ©Ƕ ȕȍȌȖșȚȖȊȍȘȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȚȡȍȚȍ ȕȈțȒ Ȑ ȐșȒțșșȚȊª Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȘȈȏȉȐȘȈȦȚșȧ
Ȑ ȒȘȐȚȐȒțȦȚșȧ ȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȋșȍ ȖȚȘȈșȓȐ ȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ Ǫ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ
ȋȖȊȖȘȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȕȍ ȟȚȖ ȐȕȖȍ ȒȈȒ ȖșȚȘȖțȔȕȖ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȣȍ ȗȈȘȈ-
ȌȖȒșȣ ǩȍșșȗȖȘȕȣȑ ȗȈȘȈȌȖȒș — șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȍ Ȗ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌșȚȊȍ ȎȍȕșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȈ
ȔȍȎȌț ȗȘȖȟȐȔ ȐȔȍȊȠȍȍ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȤȠȐȑ țșȗȍȝ șȘȍȌȐ Ȋșȍȝ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȑ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ
Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȘȈȏ ȗȍȘȍȊȍȌȍȕȕȖȍ ȕȈ ȘȈȏȕȣȍ ȧȏȣȒȐ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ;9,-;9,, ȊȍȒȖȊ
ȗȈȘȈȌȖȒșȣ Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ©ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȍ ȚȘȈȒȚȈȚȣª ȕȖ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȗȈȘȈȌȖȒșȈȓȤȕȣ Ȑ
ȌȊȈ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȝ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ©Ƕ șȖȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐª Ȑ ©Ƕ ȕȍ-
ȌȖșȚȖȊȍȘȕȖșȚȐ ȕȈțȒ» ǬȍȓȖ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȖȉȖȐȝ ȥȚȐȝ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧȝ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȏȈ-
ȡȐȡȈȓ ȚȍȏȐșȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șȈȔ ȕȍ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȧȓ Ƕȕ ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ ȊȐȌȕȖ ȗȖ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȏȌȕȍȑ-
ȠȐȔ ȗȐșȤȔȈȔ ȕȍ ȊȍȘȐȓ Ȋ șȐȓȣ ©ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȔȈȋȐȐª șȟȐȚȈȓ ȊȍȘț Ȋ ȊȖȏ-
ȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȖȊȓȈȌȍȚȤ șȐȓȈȔȐ ȌȍȔȖȕȖȊ — ȗȘȍȌȘȈșșțȌȒȖȔ Ȉ ȔȈȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȞȍȘȍȔȖ-
ȕȐȐ — ȠȈȘȓȈȚȈȕșȚȊȖȔ1 ȅȚȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȔȍȠȈȓȖ ȍȔț ȕȈȗȐșȈȚȤ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖȍ ȐȏȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ
Ȋșȍȝ ȏȕȈȕȐȑ șȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȝ ș ȔȈȋȐȍȑ Ȑ ȗȖșȚȈȘȈȚȤșȧ ȗȘȐȊȍșȚȐ Ȑȝ Ȋ șȚȘȖȑȕțȦ șȐ-
șȚȍȔț șȚȘȖȋȖ ȗȖ ȔȍȚȖȌȈȔ ȕȈțȒȐ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ǰȏȓȖȎȍȕȐȦ ȗȘȍȌȗȖșȓȈȕ ȘȖȌ
ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȖȋȖ ȊșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧ ȐȏȓȈȋȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȗȘȍȌȗȖșȣȓȒȐ ȖȒȒțȓȤȚȕȖȋȖ ȏȕȈȕȐȧ
Țȍ șȈȔȣȍ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ș ȔȈȓȣȔȐ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȖȗȐȘȈȦȚșȧ Ȑ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȍ
ȖȒȒțȓȤȚȐșȚȣ țȟȍȕȐȍ Ȗ ȊșȍȔȐȘȕȖȔ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȐȐ șȊȧȏȣȊȈȦȡȍȔ ȔȍȎȌț șȖ-
ȉȖȑ Ȋșȍ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȊșȍȓȍȕȕȖȑ Ȑ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȡȍȔ ȟȍȘȍȏ șȈȔȖȍ ȔȈȓȖȍ ȊȓȐȧȚȤ ȕȈ
șȈȔȖȍ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȍ ǹ ȌȘțȋȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȉȣȓ țȉȍȎȌȍȕ ȒȈȒ șȈȔ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ
Ȋ ȗȐșȤȔȍ Ȓ ȅȘȈȏȔț Ȋ ȗȖȓȤȏȍ Ȑ ȊȣșȖȒȖȔ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȐ ȕȈțȒȐ ǶȌȕȈȒȖ Ȗȕ ȗȖșȚȈ-
ȘȈȓșȧ ȌȖȉȘȖșȖȊȍșȚȕȖ ȊȣȐșȒȈȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȌȖȊȖȌȣ ȒȈȒȐȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȖȋ ȕȈȑȚȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ
ȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ Ȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȒȈȎȌȖȑ ȕȈțȒȐ Ȋ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ ǭȋȖ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓȈ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ
Ȍȍȓȍ ȉȖȘȤȉȈ ș ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖșȚȤȦ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ tour de force țȔȈ Ȑ ȖșȚȘȖ-
țȔȐȧ ǰ ȕȈȌȖ șȖȏȕȈȚȤșȧ ȟȚȖ Ȑȕȣȍ ȌȖȊȖȌȣ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȓ șȖȎȈȓȍȕȐȦ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȕȍ
Ȋșȍ ȉȍȘțȚ ȊȖȗȘȖș ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ Ȑ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȓȧȦȚ ȗȖȟȊț Ȍȓȧ ȉțȌțȡȍȋȖ ȒȘȐȚȐȞȐȏȔȈ
ǩȍșșȗȖȘȕȖ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȤ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȍȋȖ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧ ȍȋȖ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȣ ȏȈșȓțȎȐȊȈȦȚ
ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȐșȚȖȘȐȒȖȊ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ Ȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȒȖȊ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐ ǵȖ ȌȖȓȋȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȓȐȟ-
ȕȖșȚȤ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȈșȤ ȕȍ ȖșȊȍȡȍȕȕȖȑ ȕȈțȒȖȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȒȐ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ țȕȈș-
ȓȍȌȖȊȈȊ ȊȘȈȎȌț ȋțȔȈȕȐșȚȖȊ Ȓ ©ȟȍȘȕȖȒȕȐȎȕȐȒțª ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȓȐ ȔȐȔȖ ȍȋȖ ȝȈȘȈȒ-
1 Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɷɩɢɡɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɱɢɦ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ ɨɞ-
ɧɨɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɢɡ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɢ ȼɨɣɩɢ ɨɛɜɢɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ  ɝɨɞɭ ɜ ɤɨɥɞɨɜɫɬɜɟ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɜɡɹɥ ɧɚ
ɫɟɛɹ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɵɢɝɪɚɥ ɟɝɨ ɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫɩɚɫ ɧɟɫɱɚɫɬɧɭɸ ɢɡ ɪɭɤ ɢɧɤɜɢɡɢɬɨɪɚ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬ ɤɨɫɬɪɚ ɋɦ ɧɢɠɟ ɝɥ IV ɫɬɪ - ɢ ɧɚɲɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɧɟɣ

ȚȍȘȕȖȑ Ȑ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȕȍ ȏȈțȘȧȌȕȖȑ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȐ ǩȍȑȓȤ ȉȣȓ ȗȍȘȊȣȔ ȒȚȖ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ
ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȖȔ «ǰșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȖȔ Ȑ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔ șȓȖȊȈȘȍ»  ȋ ȗȖȗȣȚȈȓșȧ
ȊȣșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȖȉȘȈȏ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȋ ȐșȚȐȕȕȖȔ șȊȍȚȍ Ǫ ;,; ȊȍȒȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȐȏȌȈȕȣ ȌȊȈ
ȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ ȚȘțȌȈ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȤȕȖ ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȕȣȝ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȖȌȐȕ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȐȑ ȌȘț-
ȋȖȑ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȐȑ ǫ ǴȖȘȓȍȧ  ȋ
 Ȑ Ƕ ǷȘȖ  ȋ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ șȌȍȓȈ-
ȕȣ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȊȣȧșȕȐȚȤ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȍȓȧ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍ-
ȕȐ ǵȖ ș ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȑ Ȑȏ ȥȚȐȝ ȘȈȉȖȚ ȗȘȖȠȓȖ țȎȍ  ȓȍȚ Ȑ ȋȘȖȔȈȌȕȖȍ
ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ȊȕȖȊȤ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ ș Țȍȝ ȗȖȘ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȊ ȕȈ-
șȚȖȧȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȉțȎȌȈȍȚ ȗȍȘȍșȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȊȣȊȖȌȣ ȖȉȖȐȝ ȈȊȚȖȘȖȊ
ǩȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȖȟȍȘȒ ȗȘȍȌȓȈȋȈȍȔȣȑ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ Ȋ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȦ ȟȐ-
ȚȈȚȍȓȍȑ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȈȡȐȑ ȗȍȘț ȔȖȓȖȌȖȋȖ țȟȍȕȖȋȖ ǮȖȏȍȜȈ ǶȘșȤȍ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ
ȗȘȐȚȧȏȈȕȐȧ ȐșȗȖȓȕȐȚȤ ȥȚț ȘȈȉȖȚț Ƕȕ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕ ȕȈ
șȖȝȘȈȕȐȊȠȍȑșȧ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȈȊȚȖȘ șȟȐȚȈȍȚ «ȐșȚȐȕȕȖȑ ȈȊ-
ȚȖȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȍȑ» ȊȍȓȐȒȖȋȖ ȈȊȈȕȚȦȘȐșȚȈ — ȝȖȚȧ Ǯ ǶȘșȤȍ Ȑ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒ Ȓ Ȑșșȓȍ-
ȌȖȊȈȕȐȦ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȈȘȝȐȊȕȣȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȣ ǵȖ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ǶȘșȤȍ ȌȈȍȚ ȧȘȒțȦ Ȑ
ȗȘȐ Ȋșȍȑ șȎȈȚȖșȚȐ ȖȟȍȘȒȈ ȗȖȓȕțȦ ȒȈȘȚȐȕț ȎȐȏȕȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȗȖȗțȚȕȖ ȘȈȏȢȧș-
ȕȧȧ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȚȍȔȕȣȍ ȗțȕȒȚȣ ȍȋȖ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ Ǭȓȧ ȘțșșȒȖȋȖ ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȧ ȐȏȌȈ-
ȊȈȍȔȈȧ ȒȕȐȎȒȈ ȖȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȖȔ Ȍȓȧ ȏȕȈȒȖȔșȚȊȈ ș ȖȌ-
ȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȍȑȠȐȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȥȗȖȝȐ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ ǸȍȜȖȘȔȈ-
ȞȐȐ Ȋ ǫȍȘȔȈȕȐȐ.
Ǵȣ șȖȟȓȐ ȕțȎȕȣȔ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȐȚȤ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȖȟȍȘȒ ǶȘșȤȍ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐ-
ȔȐ ȗȘȐȔȍȟȈȕȐȧȔȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȋșȍ ȗȖȔȍȟȍȕȣ ȉțȒȊȈȔȐ Ǫ ǩ Ȋ ȖȚȓȐȟȐȍ ȖȚ ȗȘȐ-
ȔȍȟȈȕȐȑ Ǩ Ȋ Ț Ȗ Ș Ȉ ȗȘȐșȖȍȌȐȕȐȚȤ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȖȟȍȘȒ Ȗ ȓȍȋȍȕȌȈȝ șȓȖȎȐȊȠȐȝșȧ
ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȐȔȍȕȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ǶȘșȤȍ ȖȉȝȖȌȐȚ ȔȖȓȟȈȕȐȍȔ Ȑ ȌȈȚȤ ȒȘȈȚ-
ȒțȦ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȦ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȑ șȈȔȖȋȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȑ Ȗȉ ȕȍȔ ǬȖȉȈȊȐȔ ȍȡȍ
ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȞȐȚȈȚȣ Ȑȏ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȑ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȔȣȍ ǶȘșȤȍ ȕȈȔȐ ȗȘȖȊȍȘȍ-
ȕȣ ȗȖ ȗȖȌȓȐȕȕȐȒț Ȑ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȣȑ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌ șȌȍȓȈȕȕȣȑ ǶȘșȤȍ ȏȈ-
Ȕȍȕȍȕ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȚȖȟȕȣȔ

56
ǯǵǨǴǭǵǰǺȃǱ ǨǪǨǵǺȆǸǰǹǺ XVI ǪǭǲǨ
ǨǫǸǰǷǷǨ ǵǭǺǺǭǹǫǭǱǴǹǲǰǱ
ǶȟȍȘȒ ǮȖȏȍȜȈ ǶȘșȤȍ
ǳȐȟȕȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȊȣȌȈȦȡȍȋȖșȧ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ Ȑȕ-
ȚȍȘȍș Ȉ ȟȍȔ ȟȈȡȍ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȓȐȊȖȔț ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȦ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚȖȔ
ȘȍȏȒȐȝ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȕȈȗȈȌȖȒ ȚȍȔ ș ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȔ ȖȚȕȖșȧȚșȧ Ȓ Ȑȏțȟȍ-
ȕȐȦ ȍȋȖ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ ȍȋȖ ȌțȠȍȊȕȖȋȖ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȧ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ ǵȈ Ȑș-
ȝȖȌȍ ;9 ȊȍȒȈ Ȑ Ȋ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȗȖȓȖȊȐȕȍ ;9, șȘȍȌȐ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ
șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȝ ȟȍșȚȤ ȚȖȑ ȗȈȔȧȚȕȖȑ ȥȗȖȝȐ ȊȣȌȍȓȧȍȚșȧ ȖȌȕȈ șȓȖȎȕȈȧ șȊȖȍ-
ȖȉȘȈȏȕȈȧ ȚȘțȌȕȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȔȈȧ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȤ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȖȌȐȕȈȒȖȊȖ ȓȦȉȖȗȣȚȕȖ
ȐȏțȟȐȚȤ ȒȈȒ șȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȘȖȔȈȕȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊ ȍȍ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȗȖȓȕȖȑ
ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖșȚȐ ȚȈȒ Ȑ șȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȕȈțȟȕȖȑ Ǫ ȚȖȑ ȖȚȌȈȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȥȗȖȝȍ șȔțȚȣ
Ȑ ȚȘȍȊȖȋȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȣȍ ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȊȕȖȊȤ
ȊȖȏȘȖȎȌȈȦȚșȧȊȕȈȠȐȌȕȐǫȍȕȘȐȝǲȖȘȕȍȓȐșǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ1ȏȈȕȐȔȈȍȚ
ȔȍșȚȖ țȟȍȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȟțȌȈȒȈ-ȉȘȖȌȧȋȐ ȐșȗȖȓȕȧȊȠȍȋȖ ȗȖȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ șȈȔȣȍ ȘȈȏȕȖ-
ȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȖșȚȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȋțȔȈȕȐșȚȈ ȉȖȋȖșȓȖȊȈ ȦȘȐșȒȖȕșțȓȤȚȈ ȊȘȈ-
ȟȈ ȈȓȝȐȔȐȒȈ ǭȔț ȉȣȓ ȌȖșȚțȗȍȕ ȊȍșȤ ȒȘțȋ ȞȍȘȒȖȊȕȣȝ Ȑ șȊȍȚșȒȐȝ ȕȈțȒ ȕȖ
ȖȉȡȐȝ ȐȌȍȑ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȔȈȓȖ Ȗȕ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȉȣȓ ȗȖȗțȓȧȘȐȏȈȚȖȘ ș Ȗȉ-
ȠȐȘȕȖȑ ȥȘțȌȐȞȐȍȑ ȖșȓȖȎȕȍȕȕȖȑ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȣȔȐ țȒȓȖȕȈȔȐ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȖȋȖ șȊȖȉȖȌȖȔȣșȓȐȧ Ȑ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȐȏȔȍȕȟȐȊȖșȚȐ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȈ ǲȈȒ Ȑ ȍȋȖ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕ-
ȕȐȒț ǷȈȘȈȞȍȓȤșț ȉȣȊȠȍȔț ȚȈȒȎȍ ȈȓȝȐȔȐȒȖȔ Ȑ ȊȘȈȟȖȔ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȕȘȈȊȐ-
ȓȖșȤ ȗȓȍȕȧȚȤ ȗțȉȓȐȒț șȈȔȣȔȐ șȚȘȈȕȕȣȔȐ ȕȖȊȖȊȊȍȌȍȕȐȧȔȐ Ȑ șȈȔȣȔȐ ȌȍȘȏ-
ȒȐȔȐ țȟȍȕȐȧȔȐ ǰ ȍȋȖ ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȗ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȖ ȕȍȔȈȓȖ ȜȈȕȚȈșȚȐ-
ȟȍșȒȐȝ ȉȈșȍȕ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȋȈȘȔȖȕȐȘȖȊȈȓȈ ș ȍȋȖ ȗȈȘȈȌȖȒșȈȔȐ
450 Epistolae familiares ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒȈ ș ȌȘțȏȤȧȔȐ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȍȋȖ
ȐșȚȐȕȕȖȑ ȈȊȚȖȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȍȑ ȚȖȟȕȖ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȌȖȒțȔȍȕȚȖȔ
ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ Ȋ ȥȚȖȑ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȘȖȧȊȐȓ șȚȖȓȤ Ȏȍ ȗȖȘȈȏȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȕȈ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȗȖȗȘȐȡȈȝ ǭȋȖ șȖȊȍȚȖȊ șȗȘȈ-
ȠȐȊȈȓȐ Ȋșȍ ȔȖȋțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȓȐȞȈ ȚȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ Ȑ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȐ ȍȋȖ ȎȐȏȕȐ
1 ȿɝɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɢɦɹ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɨɟ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ — Ʉ ɨ ɪ ɧ ɟ ɥ ɢ ɫ Ⱥ ɝ-
ɪɢɩɩɚ ɠɟɬɨɱɧɨɬɚɤɠɟɤɚɤɢɇɟɬɬɟɫɝɟɣɦɫɤɢɣɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɩɪɨɫɬɵɦɩɪɨɡɜɢɳɟɦȼ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɱɟɬɚɯ Ɇɟɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ  ɝ ɢ  ɝ ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɠɚɥɨ-
ɜɚɧɶɟɭɷɬɨɝɨɝɨɪɨɞɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɫɹ©ɚMaitreɇɚnɝɭɋɨɝné1is dict Ⱥgripɪɚªɝɨɫɩɨɞɢɧɭ
Ⱥɧɪɢ Ʉɨɪɧɟɥɢɫɭ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɡɜɢɳɭ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ Ⱥɜɬ Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ
ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɜɫɤɨɪɟ ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɱɢɬɚɟɦ H e n r i c i
CorneliiAgrippae,ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟɫɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦɚbNettesheym.ȼȻ

57
ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȊȈȎȕȖȋȖ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȊȔȍȠȐȊȈȓșȧ ǷȖȥȚȖȔț ȕȍ-
șȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȗȘȐȟțȌȓȐȊȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȕȍȗȖșȚȖȧȕșȚȊȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȊȖȠȍȌȠȐȍ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȖȊȐ-
Ȟț Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȏȈșȓțȎȐȊȈȍȚ ȚȖȑ ȕȈșȔȍȠȒȐ ș ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȖȚȕȍșșȧ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ǸȈȉȓȥ1 Ǵȣ
șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȟȈșȚȖ ȖșȕȖȊȣȊȈȍȔ șȊȖȐ șțȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȓȍȋȍȕȌȈȝ Ȑ
ȖȚȕȖșȐȔșȧ ȘȈȊȕȖȌțȠȕȖ Ȓ ȚȍȔ ȗȖȓȍȏȕȣȔ ȗȖțȟȍȕȐȧȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȐȏȊȓȍȟȤ
Ȑȏ ȉȍcȗȘȐșȚȘȈșȚȕȖȋȖ ȐȏțȟȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȋȖ Ȑ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȟȈșȚȖ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȘȖȠ-
ȓȖȔ ȕȈȔ șȓțȟȈȍȚșȧ ȟȐȚȈȚȤ șȚȘȈȕȐȞȣ ȐșȒȈȎȍȕȕȣȍ Ȑ ȗȖȌȚȈșȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ șȍȒ-
ȚȈȕȚșȒȐȔ ȐȓȐ ȗȈȘȚȐȑȕȣȔ ȌțȝȖȔ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȏȈșȓțȎȐȊȈȍȚ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ Ȓ ȕȍȔț
Ȑ Ȓ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧȔ ȖȚȕȍșȓȐșȤ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȉȍcȗȘȐșȚȘȈșȚȕȖ ǰșȚȖȘȐȧ ȍȋȖ ȎȐȏ-
ȕȐ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȈ ș ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȚȖȟȍȒ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ, ȖȕȈ ȘȐșțȍȚ ȒȈȘȚȐȕț Ȟȍ-
ȓȖȑ ȟȈșȚȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȧ ;9, ȊȍȒȈ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȖȕȈ ȌȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ Ȟȍȕȕȣȍ șȊȍ-
ȌȍȕȐȧ Ȗ ȓȦȌȧȝ Ȑ șȖȉȣȚȐȧȝ ȚȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, Ȗ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȣȝ
Ȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈȝ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ ǸȍȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȖȕȈ ȌȈȍȚ ȓȦȉȖ-
ȗȣȚȕȣȍ țȒȈȏȈȕȐȧ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ ȖȒȒțȓȤȚȕȣȝ ȕȈțȒ Ȋ ǯȈȗȈȌȕȖȑ ǭȊ-
ȘȖȗȍ
I
ǷȖȟȚȐ Ȋșȍ ȒȚȖ ȗȐșȈȓ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȉȘȖȌȧȟȍȔ țȟȍȕȖȔ șȖȖȉȡȈȦȚ ȜȈȒȚȣ șȈȔȣȍ
ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȘȍȟȐȊȣȍ ǷȘȐ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȓșȧ ȌȊȖȑȕȖȑ ȘȍȗțȚȈȞȐȍȑ
ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ șȟȐȚȈȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȥȘțȌȐȞȐȐ șȘȍȌȐ ȗȘȖșȚȖȕȈ-
ȘȖȌȤȧ Ȗȕ șȓȣȓ ȊȖȓȠȍȉȕȐȒȖȔ ǫȖȊȖȘȐȓȐ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȚ Ȑȏ șȚȈȘȐȕȕȖȑ
ȉȖȋȈȚȖȑ Ȑ ȏȕȈȚȕȖȑ șȍȔȤȐ
ǹȚȈȘȐȕȕȖȑ ȍȋȖ șȍȔȤȦ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȕȈȏȊȈȚȤ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ șȈȔ ȈȊȚȖȘ ȕȍ ȕȈȟȍȘȚȈȓ șȊȖȍ-
ȋȖ ȘȖȌȖșȓȖȊȕȖȋȖ ȌȍȘȍȊȈ — ȟȍȋȖ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ șȌȍȓȈȓ ȏȈ ȕȍȋȖ ȟȚȖ Ȏȍ ȒȈ-
șȈȍȚșȧ ȉȖȋȈȚșȚȊȈ ȚȖ Ȕȣ ȊȗȘȈȊȍ ȌțȔȈȚȤ ȖȗȐȘȈȧșȤ ȕȈ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȖșȕȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ
ȌȖȊȖȌȣ ȗȖȟȍȘȗȕțȚȣȍ Ȑȏ ȚȖȋȖ ȕȍȊȍȘȕȖȋȖ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȐșȒ-
ȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȊȣȗȈȓȖ ȕȈ ȌȖȓȦ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȍȋȖ ȗȐșȤȔȈ șȓțȎȈȚ țȉȍȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ
ȚȖȔț ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȖ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȓȖ ȓȐȠȤ Ȋ ȊȖȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȐ ȍȋȖ
ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȖȊ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ țȊȓȍȒȠȐȝșȧ șȊȖȐȔ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚȖȔ ȖșȗȈȘȐȊȈȓȐșȤ ȕȍ ȉȍȏ
ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȏȕȈȚȕȖșȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȚȐȚțȓ ©ǵ ȍ Ț Ț ȍ ș ȋ ȍ ȑ Ȕ ș-
ȒȐȑª2.
1 Ɋɚɛɥɷ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɜɵɜɟɥ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ©ɉɚɧɬɚɝɪɸɷɥɟª ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ Her
Ɍɝiɪɪɚ ȼ Ȼ
2 Auguste Prost (Corneille Agrippa. 2 vol. Paris, Champion, 1882. Vol. II, p. 434-436) ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ
ɞɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɬɹɡɚɧɢɣ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ Ɇ. ɇ. Morley
(The life of ɇ. ɋ. Agrippa. London. 2 vol., 1856) ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨɛ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɟɦɶɟ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ Ⱥɜɬ.
Ɉɛ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɧɢɝɚɯ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɨ ɬɪɭɞɚɯ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɦ ɧɢɠɟ ɨɱɟɪɤ ©ɋɨ-
ɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵª. ȼ Ȼ

58
ǷȖ șȓȖȊȈȔ ǩȍȑȓȧ1, ǺȍșșȤȍ șșȣȓȈȧșȤ ȕȈ Ȍȍ Ǻț țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȓ ȟȚȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ
ȘȖȌȐȓșȧ Ȋ ǵȍȚȚȍșȋȍȑȔȍ ȌȍȘȍȊȕȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȡȍȑșȧ Ȓ șȍȊȍȘț ȖȚ ǲȍȓȤȕȈ ȗȘȐȕȈȌ-
ȓȍȎȈȡȍȑ ȕȣȕȍ Ȓ ǵȍȑșșȒȖȔț ȖȒȘțȋț Ȋ ǬȦșșȍȓȤȌȖȘȜșȒȖȑ ȗȘȖȊȐȕȞȐȐ ǩȖȓȍȍ
ȘȈȕȕȐȑ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ǺȍȊȥ2 ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȔȍȎȌț ȗȘȖȟȐȔ ȓȐȠȤ ȌȖȊȍȘȟȐȊȖ
Ȑ ȌȖȉȘȖșȖȊȍșȚȕȖ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȧȓ ȘȖșșȒȈȏȕȐ ǷȈȊȓȈ ǰȖȊȐȧ3 ǴȍȓȤȝȐȖȘȈ ǨȌȈȕȈ Ȑ ȕȍ-
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȌȘțȋȐȝ țȊȍȘȧȍȚ ȟȚȖ ǫȍȕȘȐȝ ǲȖȘȕȍȓȐȑ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȘȖȌȐȓșȧ Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ
ǵȍșȚȘȍ ǺȍȊȥ ȗȖȓȈȋȈȓ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȐȠȍȚ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ
ǴȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ ȐșȚȐȕț ȉȣȓȖ ȓȍȋȒȖ ȊȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤ ȗȖ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ țȒȈȏȈȕȐȧȔ
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ ȒȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ șȗȘȈȊȐȓșȧ ș ȍȋȖ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒȖȑ Ƕȕ ȘȖȌȐȓșȧ Ȋ
ǲȨȓȤȕȍ4 ȋȌȍ ȎȐȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȍȌȒȐ  șȍȕȚȧȉȘȧ  ȋȖȌȈ ǭȋȖ ȖȚȘȖȟȍșȚȊȖ șȖȊ-
ȗȈȓȖ ș ȕȈȟȈȓȖȔ ȉțȑȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȎȐȏȕȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓ ;9, ȊȍȒȈ ȖȉȕȖ-
ȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȊȍȧȕȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ Ȗȕ ȊȌȖȝȕțȓ Ȋ șȍȉȧ ȗȘȐ șȈȔȖȔ Ȑȝ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȐ
ǹȓȍȌțȧ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȧȔ șȊȖȍȑ șȍȔȤȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȐȏȉȘȈȚȤ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȍ ȗȖ-
ȗȘȐȡȍ Ȕȣ ȐȔȍȍȔ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȖ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȍȔț ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȖ
ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȊ Ȗ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȚȕȖșȚȧȝ ȍȋȖ ȒȈȘȤȍȘȣ Ȑ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȊȖȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔ ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȕȐȐ
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȉȣȓȐ ȖȚȔȍȟȍȕȣ Ȋșȍ ȗȍȘȐȖȌȣ ȍȋȖ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǨȊȈȕȚȦȘȐșȚț ȗȖ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȍ
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȘȈȊȐȚȤșȧ Țȍ ȖȗȈșȕȣȍ ȕȖ șȖȉȓȈȏȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȗȘȐȒ-
ȓȦȟȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȎȌȈȓȐ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȣȝ ȗȍȘȍȍȏȌȖȊ ȗȖ Ȋșȍȑ ǭȊȘȖȗȍ
țȟȈșȚȕȐȒȖȊ ȗȖȝȖȌȖȊ ȕȍțȚȖȔȐȔȖȋȖ ǴȈȒșȐȔȐȓȐȈȕȈ , ȖȚȊȈȎȕȖȋȖ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒȈ ,
ȐȓȐ ȓțȒȈȊȖȋȖ ǲȈȘȓȈ 9
ǺȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȍȌȒȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ șȓțȎȐȓȐ ȈȊșȚȘȐȑșȒȖȔț ȐȔȗȍȘȈȚȖȘț ȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ
ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȟȚȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ș șȈȔȣȝ Ȧȕȣȝ ȓȍȚ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȓ Ȋ ȘȧȌȈȝ ȥȚȖ-
ȋȖ ȋȖșțȌȈȘȧ ǵȈ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȐȐ ȗȖȌȓȐȕȕȣȝ ȌȖȒțȔȍȕȚȖȊ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȌȖȋȈȌȣȊȈȚȤșȧ
ȟȚȖ Țȍ ȠȍșȚȤ ȓȍȚ - ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȘȖșȓțȎȐȓ Ȋ ȈȊșȚȘȐȑșȒȖȑ ȈȘ-
ȔȐȐ ȗȘȖȠȓȐ ȟȈșȚȤȦ Ȋ ǰșȗȈȕȐȐ ȟȈșȚȤȦ Ȋ ǰȚȈȓȐȐ ȟȈșȚȤȦ Ȋ ǵȐȌȍȘȓȈȕȌȈȝ
ǲ șȖȎȈȓȍȕȐȦ ț ȕȈș ȕȍȚ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȝ țȒȈȏȈȕȐȑ ȕȈ ȘȖȓȤ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ Ȗȕ ȐȋȘȈȓ Ȋ
ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȍȘȊȖȋȖ ȗȍȘȐȖȌȈ șȊȖȍȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǵȈ ȥȚȖȚ șȟȍȚ Ȗȕ șȈȔ ȖȚȓȐ-
ȟȈȍȚșȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ șȌȍȘȎȈȕȕȖșȚȤȦ ȕȈȘțȠȍȕȕȖȑ ȐȔ ȓȐȠȤ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȖȔ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ
Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕ Ȋ ȘȣȞȈȘȐ ȕȈ ȗȖȓȍ ȉȐȚȊȣ ȗȖșȓȍ ȕȍȒȖȍȋȖ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȌ-
ȊȐȋȈ5. ǷȘȖșȓțȎȐȓ ȓȐ Ȗȕ Ȋ ȈȘȔȐȐ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȉȍcȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȖ — ȗȖȌȓȍȎȐȚ
șȖȔȕȍȕȐȦ Ȋ ȊȐȌț ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȧ Ȋ ȟȐȕȍ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȕȈ șȓțȎȉț ț ȐȔȗȍȘȈ-
ȚȖȘȈ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ țȎȍ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȓȍȕ Ȓ ȏȈȡȐȚȍ ȌȐșșȍȘȚȈȞȐȐ ȕȈ ȏȊȈȕȐȍ ȌȖȒȚȖȘȈ
ȔȍȌȐȞȐȕȣ Ȑ ©ȖȉȖȐȝª ȗȘȈȊ Ǫ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȐșȤȔȈȝ Ȗȕ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ș ȕȍȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȣȔ ȝȊȈșȚȖȊșȚȊȖȔ1. Ƕȕ țșȗȍȓ ȔȕȖȋȖȍ ȐȏțȟȐȚȤ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȗțȚȍȠȍșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ
ȔȕȖȋȖȍ țȏȕȈȚȤ
1 Dictionnaire Historique et Critique, 1697. Cf. Niceron, 6d. Briasson, Paris, 1732, t. XX, p. 104. Ⱥɜɬ.
2 Les vrais portraits et vies des hommes illustres, 1584. Ⱥɜɬ.
3 Pauli Iovii Novocomens’s, Elogia virorum litteris illustrium, 1577. Ⱥɜɬ.
4 Schelhornius ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ Amenitates litterariae (Leipz., 1737-38, t. II, p. 553) ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɟ ɛɟɥɶ-
ɝɢɣɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ. Ⱥɜɬ
5 «Humano sanguine sacratus» (ɬ. ɟ. «ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ»). ȿɪist., VI, 22; VII, 1. Ⱥɜɬ
1 ȿɪist., II, 19; VI, 22; VII, 21. Ⱥɜɬ

59
II
Ǫ  ȋȖȌț ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȘȐȍȏȎȈȍȚ Ȋ ǷȈȘȐȎ ȕȖ ȊșȒȖȘȍ ȏȈ ȕȍȐȔȍȕȐȍȔ
șȘȍȌșȚȊ șȕȖȊȈ ȗȘȐȕțȎȌȍȕ ȊȍȘȕțȚȤșȧ Ȋ ǲȨȓȤȕ ǴȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ ǷȈȘȐȎ ȗȘȐȊȓȍ-
ȒȈȓ ǨȋȘȐȗȗț Ȑ Ȗȕ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ Ȗȉ ȕȍȔ ș șȖȎȈȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȖșȚȈȊȐȊ Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȝȖȘȖȠȐȍ Ȑ
ȗȘȖȟȕȣȍ șȊȧȏȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȍȔț țȌȈȓȖșȤ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȚȤ ǪȍȘȕțȊȠȐșȤ Ȋ ȖȚȟȐȑ ȌȖȔ
Ȗȕ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȍȚșȧ ȖȒȒțȓȤȚȕȣȔȐ ȕȈțȒȈȔȐ ȉȣȊȠȐȔȐ ȚȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ȔȖȌȍ Ƕȕ ȖșȕȖȊȣ-
ȊȈȍȚ ȌȈȎȍ ȒȘțȎȖȒ Ȑ ș Ȓ Ȉ Ț ȍ ȓ ȍ ȑ ȘȈȏȊȍȚȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȊșȒȖȘȍ ȘȈșȗȘȖ-
șȚȘȈȕȧȦȚșȧ ȗȖ Ȋșȍȑ ǭȊȘȖȗȍ
ǹȕȖȊȈ ȗȘȐȏȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȕȈ șȓțȎȉț ȐȔȗȍȘȈȚȖȘȖȔ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȖȧȊ-
ȓȧȍȚșȧ ț ȗȖȌȕȖȎȐȧ ǷȐȘȍȕȍȍȊ ǯȌȍșȤ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȍȔț ȗȍȘȍȎȐȚȤ șȚȘȈȕȕȖȍ
ȗȘȐȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍ ȖȉȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȍȘȐȗȍȚȐȧȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ Ȗȕ ȖȝȖȚȕȖ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȗȖȚȖȔ
ȘȈȏȕȣȍ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖșȚȐ2 ǪȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ șȊȖȍȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕ-
ȕȖȑ Ȓ ȗȖȌȈȊȓȍȕȐȦ ȊȖșșȚȈȕȐȧ ȒȘȍșȚȤȧȕ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȘȐȉȍȋȕțȓ Ȓ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȔ șȕȈ-
ȘȧȌȈȔ șȊȖȍȋȖ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȚȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȕȈȌȍȓȈȓȖ ȟț-
Ȍȍș Ȗȕ Ȑ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓșȧ ȗȐȘȖȚȍȝȕȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȚȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȖȗȐșȈȕȕȣȔȐ
ȐȔ Ȋ ȖșȖȉȖȔ ȚȘȈȒȚȈȚȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ Ȗȕ ȗȖ-ȊȐȌȐȔȖȔț ȕȍ ȖȒȖȕȟȐȓ Ȑ ȊȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ
șȓțȟȈȍ ȕȍ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȓ ǹȘȍȌȐ ȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȍȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȗȖȌȊȍȘȋȈȓșȧ Ȗȕ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ
ȥȚȖȑ ȥȒșȗȍȌȐȞȐȐ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȖȉȧȏȈȕ ȖȌȕȖȔț ȔȖȕȈȝț șȗȈșȍȕȐȍȔ șȊȖȍȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ
ǪȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȖȉȧȏȈȕ ȌȘțȋȐȔ ȔȖȕȈȝȈȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȦ ȟȈșȚȤȦ șȊȖȐȝ ȕȍȊȏ-
ȋȖȌ.ǪȍșȤȔȈ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȖșȓȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȖȝȖȌȈ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ șȕȖȊȈ ȊȍȘȕțȓșȧ Ȋ șȊȖȑ
ȘȖȌȕȖȑ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȋȌȍ ȗȖȕȈȒȖȗȐȓ șȘȍȌșȚȊ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȊȖȏȖȉȕȖȊȐȚȤ șȊȖȐ șȚȘȈȕșȚȊȐȧ
ȗȖ șȊȍȚț ǰșȗȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ǰȚȈȓȐȧ ȊȓȍȒȓȐ ȍȋȖ Ȓ șȍȉȍ Ȗȕ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȌȖȓȋȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ
ȎȐȓ Ȋ ȥȚȐȝ șȚȘȈȕȈȝ ȕȖ ȚȈȑȕȖȍ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȟȚȍȕȐȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȐȚȈȓ Ȓ ǼȘȈȕȞȐȐ ǹțȌȧ
ȗȖ ȍȋȖ ȗȐșȤȔț Ȓ ȌȘțȋț ǳȈȕȌȖȓȤȜț3 Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ Ȗȕ țȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚ Ȗ șȊȖȍȔ ȉȍȏȘȈș-
șțȌșȚȊȍ ȕȈ ȊȖȑȕȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȌȖȉȘȈȓșȧ ȌȖ ǨȊȐȕȤȖȕȈ ȋȌȍ ȎȐȓ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍ ȕȍ-
șȒȖȓȤȒȐȝ ȌȘțȏȍȑ ȐșȒȈȊȠȐȝ ȒȈȒ Ȑ Ȗȕ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȐȑ ȒȈȔȍȕȤ ȅȚȖ ȗȐșȤȔȖ Ȓ
ǳȈȕȌȖȓȤȜț ȗȖȔȍȟȍȕȖ  ȜȍȊȘȈȓȧ  ȋȖȌȈ -ȋȖ ȐȦȕȧ ȚȖȋȖ Ȏȍ ȋȖȌȈ ǨȋȘȐȗ-
ȗȈ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ Ȋ ǶȚȍȕȍ Ȋ ǹȍȕ-ǹȐȔȜȖȘȤȍȕșȒȖȔ ȈȉȉȈȚșȚȊȍ ȋȌȍ ȗȖ-ȗȘȍȎȕȍȔț
ȐȕȚȍȘȍșțȍȚșȧ ȖȒȒțȓȤȚȕȣȔȐ ȕȈțȒȈȔȐ Ǫ ȚȖȔ Ȏȍ ȋȖȌț ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȟȐ-
șȓȈ Ȗȕ ȗȖșȍȓȧȍȚșȧ Ȋ ǬȖȓȍ Ȋ ǩțȘȋțȕȌȐȐ
ǺțȚ ȍȔț ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȈ ȒȈȜȍȌȘȈ Ȑ Ȗȕ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȍȚ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȗțȉȓȐ-
ȒȖȑ ǺțȚ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȗȕ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȈȚȤ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ șȍȉȧ ȕȍȗȘȍȒȘȈȡȈȊȠțȦșȧ
ȏȈȚȍȔ ȕȍȕȈȊȐșȚȤ ȔȖȕȈȝȖȊ Ȑ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȖȋȖ ǲȈȚȐȓȐȕȥ Ǫ ȘȧȌȍ ȓȍȒ-
ȞȐȑ ȗȘȖȟȐȚȈȕȕȣȝ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȍȕȕȖȑ ȈțȌȐȚȖȘȐȍȑ șȖșȚȖȧȡȍȑ Ȑȏ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȘȖ-
șȊȍȡȍȕȕȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȚȖȓȒȖȊȈȕȐȍ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧ
2 ȿɪist., I, 2. Ⱥɜɬ.
3 ȿɪist., I, 10. Ⱥɜɬ.

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ǰȖȈȕȕȈǸȍȑȝȓȐȕȈDȍ verbo mirifico1.ȅȚȖȚȕȍȔȍȞȒȐȑȜȐȓȖșȖȜȉȣȓ
ȉȖȓȍȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȍȕ ȗȖȌ ȐȔȍȕȍȔ ǲ Ȉ ȗ ȕ Ȑ Ȗ ȕ Ȉ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȏȖȊȍȚșȧ șȖȉȍșȍȌȕȐȒ-
ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕȐȕ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȌȐȈȓȖȋȍ Ȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȔȍȎȌț ȗȘȖȟȐȔ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȖȔ
ȕȈ ȋȘȍȟȍșȒȐȑ ȧȏȣȒ ȒȖȘȕȧ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȐȔȍȕȐ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ
«Verbum mirificum» ȍșȚȤ ȕȍ ȟȚȖ ȐȕȖȍ ȒȈȒ ȚȘȈȒȚȈȚ ȗȖ șȘȈȊȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȔț Ȑȏț-
ȟȍȕȐȦ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȑ ȌȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȡȐȑ ȟȚȖ ȐȏȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȑ ȒȈȚȖȓȐȞȐȏȔ ȧȊȓȧȍȚ-
șȧ ȜȖȘȔȖȑ ȖȚȊȍȟȈȦȡȍȑ ȕȈȐȓțȟȠȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȏȈȗȘȖșȈȔ Ȑ ȚȈȑȕȣȔ ȐșȒȈȕȐȧȔ
ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ǵȖ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȐ ȈȊȚȖȘ ȖȉȕȈȘțȎȐȓ ȉȖȓȤȠțȦ șȊȖȉȖȌț șțȎ-
ȌȍȕȐȑ ȏȈ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ Ȗȕ Ȑ ȗȖȌȊȍȘȋșȧ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧȔ ȌțȝȖȊȍȕșȚȊȈ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ
ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȓȍȚ ȖȚȘȈȊȓȧȊȠȐȔ ȍȋȖ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ ǪȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ
ȒȖȔȔȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȓ ȥȚț ȒȕȐȋț ȍșȓȐ ȕȍ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȒȖȔȗȍȚȍȕȚȕȖ ȚȖ ȊȍșȤȔȈ țșȗȍȠȕȖ
Ƕȕ ȏȕȈȓ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȌȍȘȏȒȖȔ ȊȣșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȐ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȐȚ ǴȈȘȋȈȘȐȚȈ
ǨȊșȚȘȐȑșȒȈȧ ȗȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȈ ǵȐȌȍȘȓȈȕȌȖȊ ȉȓȈȋȖȊȖȓȐȊȠȈȧ Ȑ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚ-
ȊȖȊȈȊȠȈȧ ȍȔț ȅȚȖȑ Ȏȍ ȊȣșȖȒȖȑ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒȍ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȖȉȧȏȈȕ șȊȖȐȔ ȐȏȉȘȈ-
ȕȐȍȔ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȖȔ ȉȖȋȖșȓȖȊȐȧ Ȋ ǲȖȓȓȍȋȐȐ ȚȖȋȖ Ȏȍ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ǷȘȐȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ
ȏȈ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȍȧȕȐȑ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȘȍȠȐȓ ȕȈȗȐșȈȚȤ ȒȕȐȋț Ƕ ȗ Ș ȍ Ȋ Ȗ ș ȝ Ȗ Ȍ-
șȚȊȍȎȍȕșȒȖȋȖȗȖȓȈȕȈȌȔțȎșȒȐȔǲȕȐȋȈȉȣȓȈțȎȍȊȘțȒȈȝ
ȚȐȗȖȋȘȈȜȈ ȒȈȒ ȊȌȘțȋ ȔȖȕȈȝȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȒȘȈȑȕȍ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȍȕȣ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ șȖȟȓȐ ȌȖȓȋȖȔ ȊȔȍȠȈȚȤșȧ ǵȍ șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȌȖȒțȔȍȕȚȈ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȣȑ ȔȖȋ ȉȣ ȗȘȖȓȐȚȤ șȊȍȚ ȕȈ ȥȚț ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕțȦ ȉȖȘȤȉț șȖȝȘȈȕȐȓȈșȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ
ȏȈȡȐȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȘȍȟȤ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȕȈȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȖȦ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȡȈȧ șȖȉȖȦ
ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ șȈȔȣȝ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȐȝ ȖȉȘȈȏȞȖȊ ȊȣȠȍȌȠȐȝ Ȑȏ-ȗȖȌ ȗȍȘȈ ȥȚȖȋȖ șȊȖȍȕȘȈȊ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȧ2 Ǫ ȥȚȖȑ ȏȈȡȐȚȍ ȔȖȕȈȝ ǲȈȚȐȓȐȕȥ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȖșȚȘȖțȔȕȖ ȘȈȏȉȐ-
ȊȈȍȚșȧ ȍȋȖ Ȏȍ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȖȘțȎȐȍȔ ǫȍȕȘȐȝ ǲȖȘȕȍȓȐș șȈȔ ȊȖȊșȍ ȕȍ ȉȣȊ-
ȠȐȑ ȖȉȘȈȏȞȖȔ ȒȘȖȚȖșȚȐ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȓȖȊȒȖ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ ȖȗȐ-
ȘȈȧșȤ ȕȈ ǹȊȧȡȍȕȕȖȍ ǷȐșȈȕȐȍ Ȓ șȔȐȘȍȕȐȦ ȒȘȖȚȖșȚȐ Ȓ Ȍțȝț ȔȐȘȖȓȦȉȐȧ Ȑ
ȉȘȈȚșȚȊȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȚȤ ȕȍȖȚȢȍȔȓȍȔȣȔȐ ȌȖȉȘȖȌȍȚȍȓȧȔȐ ȌțȝȖȊȕȖȋȖ
ȓȐȞȈ ǷȖȌȖȉȕȈȧ ȏȈȡȐȚȈ ȏȈșȓțȎȐȊȈȓȈ ȊȖșȚȖȘȎȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȈȕȐȧ ǵȖ ǨȋȘȐȗ-
ȗȍ ȕȍ țȌȈȓȖșȤ ȊȣȐȋȘȈȚȤ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȌȍȓȈ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ ȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȗȖȓȍ șȘȈȎȍ-
ȕȐȧ ȏȈ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈȔȐ Ƕȕ țȌȈȓȐȓșȧ ȖșȚȈȊȠȐșȤ ȗȖȌ ȗȖȌȖȏȘȍȕȐȍȔ Ȋ ȍȘȍșȐ
ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ș Țȍȝ ȗȖȘ ȚȧȋȖȚȍȓȖ ȕȈȌ ȕȐȔ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ Ȋșȍ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȍșȚȣ
ǺȈȒȖȍ ȗȖȌȖȏȘȍȕȐȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȊȈȎȕȖ Ȋ Țț ȗȖȘț ȒȖȋȌȈ ǳȦȚȍȘ Ȑ ȍȋȖ
ȍȌȐȕȖȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȐȒȐ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȓȐ ȕȈșȈȎȌȈȚȤ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ǫȍȘȔȈȕȐȐ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȊȖ ǼȘȈȕȞȐȐ
ȘȈșȒȖȓ ȕȈȌȍȓȈȊȠȐȑ ȊȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȠțȔȈ.
1 ɗɬɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɜɵɲɥɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ  ɝ ɢ  ɝ ɜ ɩɹɬɢ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɩɨɦɟɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɢ-
ɤɚɤɢɦ ɝɨɞɨɦ ɧɚɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɨ ɝɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɲɪɢɮɬɨɦ Ɉɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɢɡɞɚɧɚ ɜ Ȼɚɡɟɥɟ ɜ  ɝ ɜ Artis ca-
balisticae scriptɨrɟs, in-folio. Ɋɟɣɯɥɢɧ ɪɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɉɮɨɪɰɝɟɣɦɟ ɜ  ɝ ɢ ɭɦɟɪ ɜ ɒɬɭɬɬɝɚɪɬɟ ɜ  ɝ
ɋɪ Dr. Geiger, lohann Reuchlin, sien Leben und seine Werke, Ʌɟɣɩɰɢɝ, 1871, ɫɬɪ. 488. Ⱥɜɬ.
2 Expostulate super expositione sua in librum de verbo mirifico cum Johanne Catilineto... ɂɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨ
ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɨɸ ɜ  ɝ ɜ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɟ ɧɨ ɧɚɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ 1 ɝ ɜ Ⱥɧɬɜɟɪɩɟɧɟ Ⱥɜɬ.

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III
ǻȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȧ ȟȚȖ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȚțȌȈ ȒȈȒȖȍ-ȚȖ ȚȈȑȕȖȍ ȌȍȓȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȖȚ-
ȗȘȈȊȐȓșȧȊȋȖȌțȊǨȕȋȓȐȦȋȌȍȕȈȗȐșȈȓșȊȖȐǺȖȓȒȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȗȖș-
ȓȈȕȐȍȈȗȖșȚȖȓȈǷȈȊȓȈ1ǵȐȒȚȖȐȏȗȐșȈȊȠȐȝȖȉǨȋȘȐȗȗȍȕȍȕȈȠȍȓ
ȕțȎȕȣȔ ȊȣzșȕȐȚȤ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ȥȚȖȑ ȗȖȍȏȌȒȐ ǬȈȎȍ ǩȍȑȓȤ șȈȔȣȑ ȗȣȓȒȐȑ
ȏȈȡȐȚȕȐȒ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȑ șȈȔȣȑ ȊȍȘȕȣȑ ȍȋȖ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜ ȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊțȍȚșȧ țȗȖȔȐȕȈ-
ȕȐȍȔ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȓșȧ Ȋ ǳȖȕȌȖȕȍ ț ©ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȋȖ ǮȈȕȈ ǲȖ-
ȓȥª — șȖȉȘȈȚȈ ȚȖȋȖ șȈȔȖȋȖ ǲȈȚȐȓȐȕȥ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ Ȗȕ ȚȈȒ ȧȘȖșȚȕȖ ȕȈȗȈȌȈȓ Ȋ
ǫȍȕȚȍ Ȋ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȐȐ ǴȈȘȋȈȘȐȚȣ ǨȊșȚȘȐȑșȒȖȑ ǹȈȔ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȊȍșȤȔȈ șȌȍȘ-
ȎȈȕ ȊȖ ȊșȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȒȈșȈȍȚșȧ șȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ șȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȝ ș ȥȚȐȔ ȗțȚȍȠȍșȚȊȐȍȔ ȕȍ ȘȈȏ ț
ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȘȐȟțȌȓȐȊȖȋȖ ȉȘȖȌȧȋȐ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȦȚșȧ țȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȕȍȌȖȔȖȓȊȒȐ ȒȖȚȖ-
Șȣȍ ȌȍȓȈȧ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȏȈȋȈȌȖȟȕȣȔ ȍȋȖ ȘȖȔȈȕȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȚȍȔ șȈ-
ȔȣȔ ȖșȊȍȡȈȦȚ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȈ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȝȊȈșȚțȕȈ ǩțȌțȟȐ ȊȘȈȟȖȔ,
ȏȈȒȖȕȖȊȍȌȖȔ ȌȐȗȓȖȔȈȚȖȔ ȖȘȈȚȖȘȖȔ țȟȍȕȣȔ ȈȓȝȐȔȐȒȖȔ Ȑ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȖȔ
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȊȖ ȊșȦ șȊȖȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȕȍ șțȔȍȓ ȖȚȌȍȓȈȚȤșȧ ȖȚ ȔțȕȌȐȘȈ Ȑ șȈȔȖȝȊȈȓȤ-
șȚȊȈ ȚȖȋȖ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ǵȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȓȍȚ șȗț-
șȚȧ ȊȖ ǼȘȈȕȞȐȐ ȗȖȧȊȐȓșȧ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȌȘȈȎȈȚȍȓȤ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȕȖșȐȚ ȕȍ ȉȍșșȓȈȊȕȖȍ
ȐȔȧǹȐȘȈȕȖ ȌȍǩȍȘȎȍȘȈȒ
ǲȈȒ ȉȣ ȚȖ ȕȐ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȍȉȣȊȈȕȐȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȋ ǨȕȋȓȐȐ ț ǮȈȕȈ ǲȖȓȥ ȕȍ ȉȣ-
ȓȖ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȚȖȔ Ȏȍ  ȋȖȌț ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ șȕȖȊȈ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚ-
șȧ Ȋ ǲȨȓȤȕȍ ȋȌȍ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚ ȒȈȜȍȌȘț ȉȖȋȖșȓȖȊȐȧ2 ǪȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȗțȚȍȠȍ-
șȚȊȐȧ Ȋ ǪȦȘȞȉțȘȋ Ȗȕ ȏȈȊȧȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȌȘțȎȍșȒȐȍ șȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ ș ȈȉȉȈȚȖȔ ǺȘȐȚȋȍȑ-
ȔȖȔ ȐȏțȟȈȊȠȐȔ ȖȒȒțȓȤȚȕȣȍ ȕȈțȒȐ ǻȎȍ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȥȚȐ ȎțȚȒȐȍ Ȑ ȚȈȐȕșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȣȍ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȈȓȐ țȔ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȎȈȎȌțȡȐȑ ȕȖȊȐȏȕȣ ǹȉȓȐȎȍȕȐȍ ș
ȈȉȉȈȚȖȔ ǺȘȐȚȋȍȑȔȖȔ ȗȖȉțȎȌȈȍȚ ȍȋȖ ȖȒȖȕȟȐȚȤ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȕȈȟȈȚȖȍ ȐȔ
ȌȈȊȕȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȈȓ ȉȣ ȚȈȒ ȚȡȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ
ȕȍșȖȊȍȚȣȍȋȖțȟȐȚȍȓȧȐȌȘțȋȈȧȋȖȊȖȘȦȖȉǶȒȒțȓȤȚȕȖȑȜȐȓȖșȖ-
Ȝ Ȑ Ȑ ȧȊȓȧȦȡȍȑșȧ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȗȖȌȓȐȕȕȖȑ ȥȕȞȐȒȓȖȗȍȌȐȍȑ ȖȒȒțȓȤȚȐȏȔȈ3.
1 Commentariola in epistolam Pauli ad Romanos. ɗɬɨɬ ɬɪɭɞ ɛɵɥ ɧɚɱɚɬ ɜ  ɝ ɜ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɟ ɢ ɨɫ-
ɬɚɥɫɹ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ 9, ɝɥ Ɉɧ ɛɵɥ ɡɚɬɟɪɹɧ ɜ ɂɬɚɥɢɢ ɜ ɞɧɢ Ɇɚɪɢɧɶɹɧɨ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɮɪɚɧ-
ɰɭɡɨɜ ɫ ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɰɚɦɢ ɜ  ɝ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɧɚɲɟɥ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɛɵɜɲɢɯ ɭɱɟ-
ɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɨ ɨɧɨ ɧɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ ɧɚɫ ȿɪist., III, 40, 41, 42. Ⱥɜɬ
2 Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɥ ɞɨɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɫɚɦ ɷɬɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ Opera omnia, ɬ ,, ɫɬɪ  «Ego
certe theologi nomen mihi arrogare non ausim» ə ɧɟ ɫɦɟɸ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɋɦ ɬɨ
ɠɟ Op. ,,  ɢ Epist., ,,  ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ  ɝ. Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɜɵɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɬɟɡɢɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɫɩɭɬɚ ɜ ɭɧɢ-
ɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɟ ɜ Ʉɟɥɶɧɟ Placita theologica quae quodlibeta dicuntur. Ⱥɜɬ
3 ɇɚɱɚɬɨɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ  ɝ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ  ɝ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɉɚɪɢɠɟ
ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɜ Ⱥɧɬɜɟɪɩɟɧɟ ɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ  ɝ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɍ ɂɨɚɧɧɚ ɋɨɬɟɪɚ ɩɨɹ-
ɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ  ɝ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜ Ʉɟɥɶɧɟ Ⱥɜɬ ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɢ
ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɫɦ ɧɢɠɟ ɇɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɢɡɞɚɧ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɧɵɣ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ La Phi-

62
ǺțȚ șȓȍȌțȍȚ țȗȖȔȧȕțȚȤ Ȗ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȎȍȕȐȚȤȉȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ  ȋȖȌȈ
ȕȈ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȑ ȒȘȈșȐȊȖȑ ȉȖȋȈȚȖȑ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȍȔț ȌȍȊțȠȒȍ Ȗ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ Ȗȕ șȈȔ
Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒȍ ȌȈȍȚ șȈȔȣȍ ȚȘȖȋȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȖȚȏȣȊȣ1 ǪșȒȖȘȍ ȗȖșȓȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ
ȉȘȈȒȈ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ Ȓ ǴȈȒșȐȔȐȓȐȈȕț Ȋ ǰȚȈȓȐȦ ȋȌȍ Ȕȣ ȖȗȧȚȤ Țȍ-
ȘȧȍȔ ȕȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǺȖ Ȗȕ Ȋ ǴȐȓȈȕȍ ȚȖ Ȋ ǩȘȐȕȌȐȏȐ ȚȖ Ȋ ǲȈȏȈȓȍ Ȗȕ șȚȘȈȕ-
șȚȊțȍȚ Ȑȏ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȐȡȈ șȐȓȤȕȣȝ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȘȈȏ
ȕȈȊșȍȋȌȈ ȊȣȘȊȈȓȐ ȉȣ ȍȋȖ Ȑȏ ȚȖȋȖ ȉȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ Ȗȕ
ȎȈȓțȍȚșȧ ș ȚȈȒȖȑ ȋȖȘȍȟȤȦ ǲȈȘȌȐȕȈȓ Ȍȍ ǹȍȕȚ-ǲȘțȈ ȉȍȘȍȚ ȍȋȖ ș șȖȉȖȦ ȕȈ Ȋșȍ-
ȓȍȕșȒȐȑ șȖȉȖȘ Ȋ ǷȐȏț ȅȚȐȔ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȚȈȒ ȌȖȓȋȖ
ȖȎȐȌȈȍȔȣȑ șȓțȟȈȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȐȚȤ Ȋ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȧȡȍȑ Ȓ ȚȖȔț ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȍ
șȊȖȐ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ǲ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȤȦ ȊșȍȓȍȕșȒȐȑ șȖȉȖȘ Ȋ ǷȐȏȍ ȕȈȌȍȓȈȊȠȐȑ ȔȕȖ-
ȋȖ ȠțȔȈ Ȑ ȔȈȓȖ ȌȍȓȈ ȗȘȐȕțȎȌȍȕ Ȋ ȊȐȌț ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȋ ǰȚȈȓȐȐ ȖȚȓȖȎȐȚȤ ȕȈ ȕȍ-
ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȕȣȝ ȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȗȘȖ-
șȖȊ ǸȈȏȖȟȈȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȔț ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ șȕȖȊȈ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȚȤșȧ Ȓ ȗȘȖȜȍșșțȘȍ
ȏȈ ȕȈșțȡȕȣȔ ȝȓȍȉȖȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȔȖȋ ȘȈșȗȖȓȈȋȈȚȤ
ǵȈȗȐșȈȊ Ȗ ǫȍȘȔȍșȍ ǺȘȐșȔȍȋȐșȚȍ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖȍ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ ǨȋȘȐȗ-
ȗȈ ȗȘȖȟȍȓ ȍȋȖ ȗțȉȓȐȟȕȖ Ȋ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚȍ Ȋ ǷȈȊȐȐ2 Ǫ ǺțȘȐȕȍ Ȗȕ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓ ȒȈ-
ȜȍȌȘț ȉȖȋȖșȓȖȊȐȧ ǹȟȈșȚȤȍ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȓȖ țȎȍ țȓȣȉȈȚȤșȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ǶȚȘȍȠȐȊ-
ȠȐșȤ ȖȚ ȐȏȓȐȠȕȍȋȖ ȚȡȍșȓȈȊȐȧ Ȗȕ ȔȖȋ ȉȣ ȘȈșșȟȐȚȣȊȈȚȤ ȕȈ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊțȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ
Ȋ ǷȈȊȐȐ ǲȈȒ ȊȌȘțȋ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖ ȊȕȖȊȤ ȘȈȏȘȈȏȐȓȈșȤ ȊȖȑȕȈ Ȑ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȉȣȓ
ȗȘȐȕțȎȌȍȕ ȉȍȎȈȚȤ Ȑȏ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ǪȚȖȘȖȗȧȝ ȍȔț ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ ȌȈȎȍ ȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȊșȦ
șȊȖȦ ȌȖȔȈȠȕȦȦ țȚȊȈȘȤ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒț Ȑ ȚȈȒȎȍ șȊȖȐ ȌȖȓȋȐ ȌȖȔ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȌȊȍȘȋ-
șȧ ȘȈȏȋȘȖȔț ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȑ ȈȘȔȐȐ ǲ șȟȈșȚȤȦ Ȍȓȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȗȕ ȗȘȍȌțșȔȖȚ-
ȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȌȖȊȍȘȐȓ șȊȖȍȔț ȌȘțȋț țȘȖȎȍȕȞț ǳȦȞȍȘȕȈ ǽȘȐșȚȖȜȖȘț ȀȐȓȓȐȕ-
ȋț ș ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȗȖȏȕȈȒȖȔȐȓșȧ Ȋ ǳȖȔȉȈȘȌȐȐ șȊȖȐ ȒȕȐȋȐ Ȑ șȊȖȐ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȐ
ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȍȡȍ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ȉȐȚȊȣ ȗȖȌ ǸȈȊȍȕȕȖȑ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȐȔȍȓ ȟȈșȚȣȍ șȕȖ-
ȠȍȕȐȧ ș ȠȊȍȑȞȈȘȞȈȔȐ ǻ ȕȈș ȍșȚȤ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȗȖȓȈȋȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȕȈ Ǩȋ-
ȘȐȗȗț ȉȣȓȖ ȊȖȏȓȖȎȍȕȖ ȗȖȘțȟȍȕȐȍ ȊȍșȚȐ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȌȐȗȓȖȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȗȍȘȍ-
ȋȖȊȖȘȣ ǷȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ, ȘȐȔșȒȐȑ ȗȘȍȓȈȚ ȅȕȕȐȑ ȕțȕȞȐȑ ǳȤȊȈ ; ȉȣȊȠȐȑ,
ȒȈȒ Ȑ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ, ȌȘțȋȖȔ ȒȈȘȌȐȕȈȓȈ ȀȍȑȕȍȘȈ Ȑ șțȌȤȐ ǼȈȓȤȒȈ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȓ
ȗȈȗȍ Ȗȉ țșȓțȋȈȝ ȖȒȈȏȈȕȕȣȝ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȖȦ Ǫ ȝȊȈȓȍȉȕȖȑ ȗȈȗșȒȖȑ ȋȘȈȔȖȚȍ ȗȖȔȍ-
ȟȍȕȕȖȑ  ȋȖȌȖȔ Ȑ ȗȖȌȗȐșȈȕȕȖȑ ȒȈȘȌȐȕȈȓȖȔ ǩȍȔȉȖ ȍȋȖ șȊȧȚȍȑȠȍșȚȊȖ
ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȐȚ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȈ Ȑ ȗȖșȣȓȈȍȚ ȍȔț șȊȖȍ ȈȗȖșȚȖȓȤșȒȖȍ ȉȓȈȋȖșȓȖȊȍȕȐȍ
losophie Occulte ou Magie de Henri Corneille Agrippe. Ɋɝɟmiqɝɟ traduction française complete. Bib-
liotheque Chacornac. 2 vol. Paris, 1910-1911. ȼ. Ȼ.
1 Epist., III, 33. Ⱥɜɬ.
2 Oratio habita Paviae In praelectione Hermetis Trismegisti de potestate Dei ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɨɱɬɟɧɚ ɜ 1515 ɝ. ɜ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɉɚɜɢɢ, ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ Ⱦɠɨɜɚɧɧɢ Ƚɨɧɡɚɝɚ, ɦɚɪɤɝɪɚɮɚ Ɇɚɧɬɭɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ
ɜɫɬɭɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɤ ɱɬɟɧɢɹɦ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɨ ɉɢɦɚɧɞɪɟ Ƚɟɪɦɟɫɚ Ɍɪɢɫɦɟɝɢɫɬɚ. Annotationes super
Pimandrum Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ (1516 ɝ.) ɧɟ ɞɨɲɥɢ ɞɨ ɥɚɫ. Ⱥɜɬ.

63
IV
ǰȏ ǲȈȏȈȓȍ ȒțȌȈ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ șȒȘȣȓșȧ ș ȎȍȕȖȑ Ȑ ȘȍȉȍȕȒȖȔ Ȗȕ ȗȍȘȍȍȝȈȓ ȕȈ
ȒȖȘȖȚȒȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȋ ǴȐȓȈȕ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ǴȐȓȈȕ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȉȣȓ ȏȈȕȧȚ ȜȘȈȕȞț-
ȏȈȔȐ șȕȖȊȈ ȗȖȧȊȐȓșȧ Ȋ ǴȍȞȍ ȋȌȍ ȍȋȖ ȎȌȈȓȈ ȕȖȊȈȧ șțȌȤȉȈ ǭȔț ȕȍ șțȎȌȍȕȖ
ȉȖȓȍȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȍȋȖ ȒȖȘȖȚȒȖȑ ȒȈȘȤȍȘȣ țȊȐȌȍȚȤ ǰȚȈȓȐȦ
Ǫ ǴȍȞ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȓ ȊȚȖȘȐȟȕȖ țȎȍ ȕȍ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȉȍȋȓȍȞȈ ǭșȓȐ Ȗȕ Ȑ
ȗȖȚȍȘȧȓ ȗȖ ȍȋȖ șȓȖȊȈȔ Ȋ ǰȚȈȓȐȐ Ȑ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȑ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ ȚȖ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ țșȗȍȓ ȏȈȊȧ-
ȏȈȚȤ ȚȈȔ ȔȕȖȋȖȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȖȎȐȊȓȍȕȕȣȍ Ȑ Țȍșȕȣȍ ȏȕȈȒȖȔșȚȊȈ ȔȍȎȌț ȗȘȖ-
ȟȐȔ ș ȔȈȘȒȋȘȈȜȖȔ ǴȖȕȜȍȘȘȈȚșȒȐȔ ș ǪȐȓȤȋȍȓȤȔȖȔ ǷȈȓȍȖȓȖȋȖȔ1 Ȑ șȖ ȔȕȖ-
ȋȐȔȐ ȌȘțȋȐȔȐ ȊȣȌȈȦȡȐȔȐșȧ ȖșȖȉȈȔȐ ȒȈȒ ȐȚȈȓȤȧȕȞȈȔȐ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏȈ-
ȔȐ — ȌțȝȖȊȕȣȔȐ ȐȓȐ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȧȔȐ ǩȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ Ȑȝ ȘȍȒȖȔȍȕȌȈ-
ȞȐȧȔ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȉȣȓ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕ șȚȈȘȠȐȕȖȑ ȈȌȊȖȒȈȚȖȔ Ȑ ȖȘȈȚȖȘȖȔ ȥȚȖȑ Șȍș-
ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ2 ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȗȘȐ ȍȋȖ ȕȍțȎȐȊȟȐȊȖȔ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȍ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȚȤ ȗȘȖ-
ȌȖȓȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȥȚȐ ȌȖȓȎȕȖșȚȐ
Ǫ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧȝ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȓȈșȤ Ȍȓȧ ȕȈș ȘȍȟȤ3 ȗȘȖȐȏȕȍșȍȕȕȈȧ ȐȔ
ȗȍȘȍȌ ȊȓȈșȚȧȔȐ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ǴȍȞȈ ȗȘȐ ȊșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȐ ȕȈ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȗȕ ȗȖ-
șȊȖȍȔț ȐșȚȖȓȒȖȊȣȊȈȍȚ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȊȠȐȍ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ ȥȚț șȓțȎ-
ȉț ǹȒȘȣȊȈȧ ȗȖȌ ȗȣȠȕȖȑ ȊȕȍȠȕȖșȚȤȦ ȚȖ ȉȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖ-
ȘȖȔ Ȗȕ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓșȧ ȗȖȒȐȌȈȧ ǰȚȈȓȐȦ Ȗȕ ȊȖȏȌȈȍȚ șȒȘȖȔȕțȦ ȗȖȝȊȈȓț ȉȘȈȚȤȧȔ
ǳȖȘȍȕșȥȕȈȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȍȘȊȣȔȐ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓȐ ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȎȐȚȍȓȍȑ ǴȍȞȈ
Ȑ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȈȊȐȓȐ ȍȔț ȌȖȝȖȌȕȖȍ ȔȍșȚȖ ǰȏ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ4 ș ȖȉȖȐȔȐ
ǳȖȘȍȕșȥȕȈȔȐ ǮȈȕȖȔ — ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȘȖȔ ǹȊ ǨȕȚȖȕȐȧ ǸȐȊȍȘȐȑșȒȖȋȖ Ȋ ǷȤȍȔȖȕ-
Țȍ Ȑ ǷȖȕȚȐȍȔ — ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȘȖȔ ǹȊ ǰȖȈȕȕȈ ǴȍȞșȒȖȋȖ Ȕȣ țȏȕȈȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȐ ȗȍ-
ȘȍȋȖȊȖȘȣ ȕȈȟȈȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȖȒȚȧȉȘȍ  ȋȖȌȈ
ǸȈȏȢȍȏȌȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȟȈșȚȖ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ȌȍȓȈȚȤ șȓțȎȈ Ȋ ǴȍȞȍ Ȉ
ȚȈȒȎȍ ȉȓȐȏȖșȚȤ ǲȨȓȤȕȈ ȌȈȓȐ ȍȔț ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȐȚȤșȧ ȚțȌȈ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȖ-
ȊȐȌȈȚȤșȧ șȖ șȊȖȍȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȤȦ șȍșȚȘȖȑ ȌȘțȏȤȧȔȐ5 Ȑ ȖȉȕȧȚȤ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ ȘȈȏ
șȊȖȍȋȖ șȚȈȘȐȒȈ-ȖȚȞȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ șȒȖȕȟȈȓșȧ Ȋ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ  ȋȖȌȈ ȥȚȐȔ ȋȖȌȖȔ ȗȖ
ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȖȉȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȖ ȗȐșȤȔȖ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ țȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚșȧ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ șȖȉȣ-
1 ȿɦɭ ɨɧ ɩɨɫɜɹɬɢɥ ɜ  ɝ ɫɜɨɣ Dialogus de homine Dei imagine — ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɬɟɪɹɧɧɵɣ
(Opera, II, ɫɬɪ 717; Epist., I, 51). To ɠɟ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɢ ɧɚ Liber de triplici ratione cognoscendi
Deum (Opera, II, 480, Epist., I, 52). ȼ 1518 ɝ. Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɩɨɫɥɚɥ ɝɟɪɰɨɝɭ ɋɚɜɨɣɫɤɨɦɭ, ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜ
ɧɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ, ɫɜɨɣ Orationis tomus in laudem serenissimi Ducis Sabaudiac (Opera, II, 728). Ⱥɜɬ.
2 ɇɚ ɠɚɥɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ  ɥɢɜɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ  ɡɨɥɨɬɵɯ ɮɥɨɪɢɧɨɜ ɱɬɨ ɪɚɜɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɢɦ  ɮɪɚɧɤɚɦ
Ʉɨɥɥɟɝɨɣ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɛɵɥ Ʉɥɨɞ ɒɚɧɫɨɧɧɟɬ ɩɟɧɫɢɨɧɟɪ Ɇɟɰɚ Ⱥɜɬ
3 Opera II, 1090: Oratio ad Metensium Dominos. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɟɳɟ  ɞɪɭ-
ɝɢɯ ɪɟɱɢ ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ Ɇɟɰɚ Ⱥɜɬ
4 ȿpist., II  ɢ  Ⱥɜɬ
5 ȿpist., II, 15, 16. Ⱥɜɬ

64
ȚȐȐ ȚȖȟȕȖȑ ȌȈȚȣ Ȕȣ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȔ1ǵȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȈ șȊȖȍȑ ȕȖȊȖȑ
ȌȖȓȎȕȖșȚȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȕȍ ȉȣȓ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȗȖ șȊȖȐȔ ȊȒțșȈȔ Ȑ
ȗȘȐȊȣȟȒȈȔ Ȗȕ șȌȍȓȈȓșȧ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȐȔ ȐȚȈȓȤȧȕȞȍȔ2 Ǫ ǴȍȞȍ ȋȌȍ ȊȖ ȋȓȈȊȍ ȗȘȈ-
ȊȓȍȕȐȧ șȚȖȧȓ ȔȖȋțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȗȈȚȘȐȞȐȈȚ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ȊȍșȚȐ șțȘȖȊȣȑ Ȗȉ-
ȘȈȏ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǹ ȌȘțȋȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ǴȍȞ ȉȣȓ ȋȖȘȖȌȖȔ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȔȖȕȈȝȐ ȗȘȖȧȊ-
ȓȧȓȐ șȈȔțȦ ȚȐȘȈȕȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȊȓȈșȚȤ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȐȔ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ȖȚșȚȈȐȊȈȚȤ șȊȖȑ
ȐȏȓȦȉȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȖȚ țȋȘȖȎȈȊȠȍȋȖ ȊȚȖȘȎȍȕȐȧ ȓȦȚȍȘȈȕșȒȖȋȖ țȟȍȕȐȧ ǷȖ-
ȥȚȖȔț ȗȘȐȉȣȚȐȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȋ ȜȍȊȘȈȓȍ  ȋȖȌȈ ȖȕȐ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȓȐ ȊȍșȤȔȈ șțȝȖ
ȏȈȚȈȐȊ șȊȖȑ ȋȕȍȊ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȗȘȍȌȠȍșȚȊȖȊȈȓȈ ȍȋȖ șȓȈȊȈ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȧ-șȈȚȐȘȐȒȈ Ȑ
șȊȖȉȖȌȖȔȣșȓȧȡȍȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȍȋȖ ȘȍȟȐ ȗȖ ȗȖȊȖȌț ȒȕȐȋȐ ǸȍȑȝȓȐȕȈ ȉȣȊȠȍȋȖ
Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȎȍȘȚȊȖȑ ȖȎȍșȚȖȟȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȑ Ȋ ǫȍȘȔȈȕȐȐ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȕȍ
ȉȣȚȤ ȏȈȔȍȟȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȔȖȕȈȝȈȔȐ ȉȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȘȍȊȕȐȊȖȍ ȟȍșȚȖȓȦȉȐȍ ȒȖȚȖ-
Șȣȝ ȉȣȓȐ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȍȕȣ ȋȘȖȏȕȖȑ ǸȍȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȍȑ țșȐȓȐȊȈȊȠȍȑșȧ ș ȒȈȎȌȣȔ ȌȕȍȔ.
Ǫ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ ȖȕȐ țȋȈȌȈȓȐ ȖȗȈșȕȖȋȖ ȊȘȈȋȈ Ȋ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȊȖȏ-
ȓȖȎȍȕȈ ȖȉȧȏȈȕȕȖșȚȤ ȏȈȡȐȡȈȚȤ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȌțȝȖȊȍȕșȚȊȈ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȣ ȎȐȚȍȓȍȑ Ǵȍ-
ȞȈ ǵȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȒȈȒȖȊȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȍȘȊȖȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȕȖȊȖȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕȕȖȋȖ
șȐȕȌȐȒȈ ȕȖ Ȕȣ ȐȔȍȍȔ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȌȓȐȓ ȖȉȕȈ-
ȘțȎȐȚȤ șȊȖȑ ȉȍșȗȖȒȖȑȕȣȑ Ȑ ȕȍțȎȐȊȟȐȊȣȑ ȕȘȈȊ ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȟȚȖ ȊȘȈȎȌȈ șȚȈ-
ȓȈ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȖȑ Ȑ ȖȉȍȐȔ ȗȈȘȚȐȧȔ ȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȟȤ ȕȈ șȊȖȦ șȚȖȘȖȕț ȕȖȊȖ-
ȗȘȐȉȣȊȠȍȋȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ șȚȧȎȈȓ șȍȉȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖșȚȤ șȐȓȖȑ Ȑ șȔȍȓȖșȚȤȦ Ȋ ȌȍȓȈȝ
ȗȖȓȍȔȐȒȐ ǴȍșȚȕȣȍ ȉȖȋȖșȓȖȊȣ șȚȈȘȈȓȐșȤ țșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤ ȉȣȓȖ ȓȐ ț șȊȧȚȖȑ Ǩȕ-
ȕȣ ȚȘȐ ȔțȎȈ Ȑ ȗȖ ȖȌȕȖȔț ȘȍȉȍȕȒț ȖȚ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȐȓȐ Ȏȍ ȉȣȓ ț ȕȍȍ ȖȌȐȕ
ȔțȎ Ȑ ȖȌȕȈ ȌȖȟȤ ǷȖȌȖȉȕȖ ȖȌȕȖȔț Ȑȏ șȊȖȐȝ ȌȘțȏȍȑ ǳȍ-ǼȥȊȘ Ȍ¶ȅȚȈȗȓȦ ȕȈȊ-
ȓȍȒȠȍȔț ȕȈ șȍȉȧ ȕȍȋȖȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȔȖȕȈȝȖȊ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȊȣșȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ȏȈ ȔȖȕȖȋȈȔȐȦ
Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȖȉȍȎȌȍȕȣ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ șȗȖȘȍ3 ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȗȖȉȍȌȖȑ
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȗȈȘȚȐȐ ǵȖ ȊșȒȖȘȍ ȍȔț ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ ȊȣșȚțȗȐȚȤ ȕȈ șȖȊȍȘ-
ȠȍȕȕȖ ȐȕȖȔ ȗȖȗȘȐȡȍ
ǰȏ ȉȖȘȤȉȣ ș ȍȘȍșȤȦ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȊȣȠȍȓ ȗȖȉȍȌȐȚȍȓȍȔ ȍȔț ȗȘȍȌșȚȖȧȓȖ ȗȖȒȈ-
ȏȈȚȤ șȍȉȧ Ȋ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȍ Ȗ ȒȖȓȌȖȊșȚȊȍ ǯȕȈȧ ȏȈȗȈȓȤȟȐȊȖșȚȤ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ-
ȕȐȒȐ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖ ȕȈȌȍȧȓȐșȤ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȕȍȖșȚȖȘȖȎȕȖ ȗȖȗȈȌȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȒȈȒțȦ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ
ȓȖȊȒȖ ȘȈșșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕțȦ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȦ ǶȉȊȐȕȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȒȖȓȌȖȊșȚȊȍ ȊȍȓȖ ȗȘȧȔȖ ȕȈ ȒȖș-
ȚȍȘ ǮȍȘȚȊȖȑ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȗȈȓ Ȋ  ȋ ȊȣȉȖȘ ȉȣȓȈ ȖȌȕȈ șȚȈȘțȝȈ Ȑȏ ȌȍȘȍȊ-
1 Epist. II, 19. Prost II, 470. Ⱥɜɬ
2 Epist. III, 15. Ⱥɜɬ Ⱦɪɭɝ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɟ ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɥɫɹ ɫ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɨɫɯɜɚ-
ɥɹɥ ɟɦɭ ɧɟɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɧɨɝɨ Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɠɟ ɤɨɪɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɫɩɪɨɫɢɥ
ɤɚɤ ɢɦɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɥ ©ɗɬɨ — Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ — ɢɡ Ʉɟɥɶ-
ɧɚ ɩɨ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɸ — ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɟɰª ȼ Ȼ
3 Ɉɪɟɝɚ, II, 588- Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɥɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɀɚɤ Ʌɟ-Ɏɷɜɪ
ɞ¶ɗɬɚɩɥɶ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɢ ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɚ Ʌɟɦɭɚɧɚ ɫ  ɩɨ  ɝ ɜ  ɝ
ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɜɢɤɚɪɢɟɦ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ Ɇɨ Ȼɪɢɫɨɧɧɷ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɥ ɟɝɨ ɤ ɫɟɛɟ
ɟɳɟ ɜ Ʌɨɞɷɜɟ ɜ  ɝ Ⱥɜɬ

65
ȕȐ ǪȖȑȗȐ (Woippy)1 ȉȣȊȠȍȑ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȗȘȍȌȔȍșȚȤȍȔ ǴȍȞȈ ǹȚȈȘțȝȈ ȖȉȊȐ-
ȕȧȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȍȘȍșȐ ȌȖȔȐȕȐȒȈȕȞȍȔ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȔ ǹȈȊȐȕȐ ȊȍȓȐȒȐȔ ȐȕȒȊȐȏȐȚȖȘȖȔ
ǷȖȊȖȌ Ȓ ȖȉȊȐȕȍȕȐȦ ȉȣȓ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȡȍȒȖȚȓȐȊ ǴȈȚȤ ȉȍȌȕȖȑ șȚȈȘțȝȐ ȉȣȓȈ Ȋ șȊȖȍ
ȊȘȍȔȧ șȖȎȎȍȕȈ ȗȖ ȖȉȊȐȕȍȕȐȦ Ȋ ȊȍȌȖȊșȚȊȍ ǿȚȖȉȣ șȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ șȍȉȍ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȍ Ȗ
ȚȖȔ ȒȈȒ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȏȈȡȐȡȈȓ ȖȉȊȐȕȧȍȔȣȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȍȔț ȖȚ Ȋșȍȑ ȌțȠȐ ȝȖȚȍ-
ȓȖșȤ ȊȣȘȊȈȚȤ Ȑȏ ȒȖȋȚȍȑ ǰȕȒȊȐȏȐȞȐȐ ȕțȎȕȖ ȗȘȖȟȍșȚȤ ȍȋȖ -ȍ -ȍ Ȑ -ȍ
ȗȐșȤȔȖ ,,-Ȗȑ ȒȕȐȋȐ Ǫșȧ ȕȍțȒȘȖȚȐȔȈȧ ȕȍȕȈȊȐșȚȤ ȗȐȚȈȍȔȈȧ ȈȊȚȖȘȖȔ Ȓ ȔȖȕȈ-
ȝȈȔ ȊȣȓȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȏȌȍșȤ Ȋ ȥȗȐȚȍȚȈȝ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȦȡȐȝșȧ ȕȍȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖȑ ȘȍȏȒȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ
șȐȓȖȑ ǺȈȔ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȦȚșȧ șȚȘȖȟȒȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȌȈȎȍ ȉțȌțȟȐ ȊȣȝȊȈȟȍȕȣ ȖȚȌȍȓȤ-
ȕȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ șȖȉȖȦ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȓȍȗȕȣȍ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȑ ȕȍșȖȔȕȍȕȕȖ ȉȖȓȤ-
ȠȐȔ ȔțȎȍșȚȊȖȔ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȚȤ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȊȣșȚțȗȐȚȤ ȕȈ ȉȖȑ
ȌȍȘȎȈ ȗȍȘȖ ȊȔȍșȚȖ ȠȗȈȋȐ șȖ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȖȗȈșȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈȔȐ Ǵȣ ȊȐȌȐȔ
ȚțȚ șȕȖȊȈ șȖȓȌȈȚȈ ȐȔȗȍȘșȒȐȝ ȊȖȑȕ Ȑ ȕȍȚȘțȌȕȖ ȊȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȚȤ șȍȉȍ țȎȈș ȌȖȔȐ-
ȕȐȒȈȕȞȍȊ ȗȖȏȕȈȒȖȔȐȊȠȐȝșȧ ș ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȔ ȊȖȐȕȖȔ
ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȗȍȘȊȖȍ ȝȖȌȈȚȈȑșȚȊȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȓȖ ȎȍȓȈȕȕȖȋȖ țșȗȍȝȈ
ț ȋȓȈȊȕȖȋȖ ȊȐȒȈȘȐȧ ǴȍȞȈ ǬȍȓȖ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ șȊȖȐȔ ȏȈȗȘȖșȖȔ Ȗȕ ȗȖȌȕȧȓ ȦȘȐ-
ȌȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȊȖȗȘȖș ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȖȚșȘȖȟȐȊȈȓ ȐȕȚȍȘȍș șȈȔȖȋȖ șȗȖȘȈ ǵȖ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ
șȊȖȍȑ ȓȖȊȒȖșȚȐ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȘȐȊȍȘȎȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Ȓ șȊȖȉȖȌȍ ȊȍȘȖȐșȗȖȊȍȌȈȕȐȑ Ȑ ȥȕȍȘ-
ȋȐȐ șȊȖȍȑ ȏȈȡȐȚȣ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ țȌȈȓȖșȤ ȊȖșȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ Ǫ Ȋȍ-
ȓȐȒȖȓȍȗȕȖȑ ȓȈȚȐȕșȒȖȑ șȚȘȈȕȐȞȍ Ȗȕ ȐȏȓȐȊȈȍȚ ȗȍȘȍȌ șȊȖȐȔ ȌȘțȋȖȔ ǲȓȖȌȖȔ
ȀȈȕșȖȕȕȍȚȚȖȔ, ȊșȦ șȊȖȦ ȏȓȖȉț ȕȈ ȗȘȐȚȍșȕȍȕȐȧ ȔȖȕȈȝȖȊ2 ǵȖ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ Ȑ
1 Ⱦɟɪɟɜɧɹ ɛɥɢɡ Ɇɟɰɚ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɜɟɤɨɜ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɜɟɞɨɜɫɬɜɚ ɋɦ. René Paquet. Histoire du village de Woippy. 1878. Ⱥɜɬ
2 ȼɨɬ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɢɫɶɦɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ ©ɇɨɱɶɸ ɝɧɭɫɧɚɹ ɲɚɣɤɚ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧ
ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɢɧɨɦ ɢ ɢɡɥɢɲɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɡɥɨɭɦɵɲɥɹɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɜɨɪɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɟɟ ɞɨɦ ɉɨ
ɫɜɨɟɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɟ ɛɟɡ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɨɧɢ ɛɪɨɫɢɥɢ
ɟɟ ɜ ɬɸɪɶɦɭ ɋ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɧɹ ɜɨɫɶɦɟɪɨ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɧɟɝɨɞɹɟɜ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɜɢɧɢɬɟɥɢª Ⱦɚɥɟɟ
Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɱɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɬɞɚɥɢ ɷɬɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɭ ɜ ɪɭɤɢ ɟɟ ɨɛɜɢɧɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ
ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɧɟɣ ɜɫɹɱɟɫɤɢ ɟɟ ɦɭɱɢɥɢ ɩɨɤɚ ɟɟ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɥɢ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɜ ɬɸɪɶɦɭ ɝɞɟ ɟɟ ɬɨɦɢɥɢ
ɝɨɥɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɠɚɠɞɨɣ Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɫɹ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɛɨɪ ɞɟɥɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɨɛɜɢɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ
ɢɧɵɯ ɭɥɢɤ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨ ɟɟ ɦɚɬɶ ɛɵɥɚ ɤɨɥɞɭɧɶɟɣ ©ɉɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɭ — ɩɢɲɟɬ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ — ɪɚɡ-
ɠɢɪɟɜɲɟɝɨ ɬɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɚɬɚ-ɢɧɤɜɢɡɢɬɨɪɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɠɟɫɬɨɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɝɥɭ-
ɩɨɣ ɤɧɢɠɨɧɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɤɚɤ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɫɨɱɢɧɢɥ ɨɧ ɫɚɦ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɭ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬ ɞɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɩɨɞ ɩɵɬɤɨɣª
Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ — ɦɚɬɟɪɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɭɥɢ-
ɤɨɣ ȿɦɭ ɜɨɡɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɱɬɨ ɭ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɨɥɞɭɧɢɣ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɛɵɱɚɣ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɞɶɹɜɨɥɭ Ɍɨɝɞɚ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɞɨɜɨɞ ©ȼɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬɟ ɫɩɚɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɚɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɤɪɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɱɢɳɚɸɳɟɝɨ
ɨɬ ɝɪɟɯɨɜ" ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ ɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɶɸ ɞɶɹɜɨɥɭ ɬɨ ɫɜɹɬɨɟ ɤɪɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɢɥɨ ɟɟ ɇɟ
ɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɜ ɷɬɨ — ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɜɩɚɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɟɪɟɫɶª Ɍɚɤɢɦɢ ɫɯɨɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɲɥɨɫɶ ɛɨɪɨɬɶɫɹ
Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɟ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɫɢɥɚ ɟɝɨ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɪɠɟɫɬɜɨɜɚ-
ɥɢ Ȼɟɞɧɚɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ ɧɢɱɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɨɬɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɛɟɫɤɨɪɵɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɳɢɬ-
ɧɢɤɚ ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɢɫɬɟɪɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɵɬɤɨɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɩɚɫɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɨɬ ɤɨɫɬɪɚ ɋɦ Epist. ,,   ɢ
ɞɪ ȼ Ȼ

66
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȕȍ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ țȉȍȌȐȚȤșȧ ȟȚȖ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȉȍȏȕȈȒȈȏȈȕȕȖ
ȊȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȓȧȚȤ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ șȍȉȧ ȋȕȍȊ ȕȍȗȘȐȔȐȘȐȔȣȝ ȊȘȈȋȖȊ
V
Ǫ ȒȖȕȞȍ  ȋȖȌȈ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȖȉȢȧȊȓȧȍȚ ȖȌȕȖȔț Ȑȏ șȊȖȐȝ ȌȘțȏȍȑ Ȗ șȊȖȍȔ
ȖȚȢȍȏȌȍ Ȑȏ ǴȍȞȈ ȕȍ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȧ ȗȘȐȟȐȕ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ ȕȖ ȖȉȍȡȈȧ ȊȗȖș-
ȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȈȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ǷȖ șȓȖȊȈȔ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȗȕ șȈȔ ȌȖȉȐȓșȧ
ȥȚȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ ȖȚ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȕȈȟȈȓȤșȚȊȈ ǹȓȍȌțȍȚ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȎȐȏȕȤ
Ȋ ǴȍȞȍ șȌȍȓȈȓȈșȤ Ȍȓȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȕȍȊȣȕȖșȐȔȖȑ Ƕȕ țȍȝȈȓ ȖȚȚțȌȈ șȖ șȊȖȍȑ
ȎȍȕȖȑ Ȑ șȖ șȊȖȐȔ ȘȍȉȍȕȒȖȔ Ȑ ț ȕȈș ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ ȖȌȕȖ ȍȋȖ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ȖȚ  ȜȍȊȘȈȓȧ
 ȋȖȌȈ Ȑȏ ǲȨȓȤȕȈ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȖȍ ȖȚ -ȋȖ ȔȈȘȚȈ ȚȖȋȖ Ȏȍ ȋȖȌȈ Ȓ ȍȋȖ ȌȘțȋț ǮȈȕț
ǸȖȎȤȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȔț ȗȖȌ ȐȔȍȕȍȔ ǩȘȍȕȕȖȕȈ ȉȣȊȠȍȔț șȊȧȡȍȕȕȐȒȖȔ Ȋ ȗȘȐȝȖ-
Ȍȍ ǹȊȧȚȖȋȖ ǲȘȍșȚȈ Ȋ ǴȍȞȍ1 ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȔ ȗȐșȤȔȍ ȗȘȖșȐȚ ȗȖșȣ-
ȓȈȚȤ ȍȔț Ȋ ǲȨȓȤȕ ȒțȌȈ Ȗȕ șȕȖȊȈ ȊȍȘȕțȓșȧ ȐȏȊȍșȚȐȧ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȒȈȒ ȊȍȌțȚ șȍȉȧ
ȍȋȖ ȊȘȈȋȐ2 Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȐ Ǫ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȗȐșȤȔȈ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȘȖșȐȚ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȚȤ șȊȖȑ
ȗȘȐȊȍȚ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ Ȑȏ șȊȖȐȝ ȌȘțȏȍȑ ǺȐȓȤȔȈȕț ȀȈȚȍȓȥȕț ǴȍȘȐȈȕț ǴȐȠȖ
ȊȘȈȋȈȔ — ǸȍȕȖ Ȑ ǼȘȐȏȖȕț ȕȖȚȈȘȐțșț ǩȈȒȒȈȘȈ ȟȈșȖȊȣȝ Ȍȍȓ ȔȈșȚȍȘț ǺȐȘȐȖ-
ȕț ȒȕȐȋȖȗȘȖȌȈȊȞț ǮȈȒț Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȔ ȅȚȐ ȔȍȓȖȟȐ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ ȌȖ ȒȈȒȖȑ șȚȍȗ-
ȍȕȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ țȔȍȓ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȚȤ șȍȉȍ șȐȔȗȈȚȐȦ Țȍȝ ș ȒȍȔ șȉȓȐȎȈȓșȧ ȒȖȋȌȈ
ȍȔț ȕȍ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ȐȔȍȚȤ ȌȍȓȖ ș ȔȖȕȈȝȈȔȐ ǭȋȖ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒȈ ș ǸȖȎȥ ǩȘȍȕȕȖ-
ȕȖȔ ȚȧȕȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȍȕȐȍ ȌȊțȝ ȓȍȚ ȕȍ ȉȍȏ ȗȍȘȍȘȣȊȖȊ Ȗ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ șȓȍȌțȍȚ
ȐșȒȘȍȕȕȍ șȖȎȈȓȍȚȤ Ǫ ȥȚȐȝ ȗȐșȤȔȈȝ ȟȈșȚȖ ȗȖȗȈȌȈȍȚșȧ ȐȔȧ ȀȈȚȍȓȥȕȈ ȗȖ ȗȖ-
ȊȖȌț ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȌȍȓȈ ȏȈȉȖȚȓȐȊȖ ȗȖȘțȟȈȍȔȖȋȖ ȐȔ ǩȘȍȕȕȖȕț ȒȈșȈȦȡȍȋȖșȧ Ȗȟȍ-
ȊȐȌȕȖ ȒȈȒȐȝ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȐȑ Ȋ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ ȝȐȔȐȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ Ȑ ȍȋȖ țȟȍ-
ȕȐȒȐ șȚȈȘȈȓȐșȤ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȚȤ Ȋ ȚȈȑȕȍ ǭșȓȐ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ǨȋȘȐȗ-
ȗȣ ș ȥȚȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȧșȕȖ ȌȖ ȒȈȒȖȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ȔȈȓȖ ȉȣȓȐ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣ
ș ȕȐȔ ǷȈȊȍȓ ǰȖȊȐȑ, ǺȍȊȥ ǬȍȓȤȘȐȖ Ȑ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȍ ȐȔ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȣ
1 ɗɬɨɝɨ Ȼɪɟɧɧɨɧɚ (Brennonius) ɧɚɞɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɚ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɧ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɯɨɞ-
ɧɵɦ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ Ȼɪɭɧɧɨɧɚ (Brunnonius). ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɢɦɹ Ȼɪɟɧɧɨɧɚ ɛɵɥɨ Jean Rogier, Rougier ɢɥɢ Rou-
gière. ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɢɦɹ Ȼɪɭɧɧɨɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɥ ɫɟɛɹ «artium et medicinae doctor», — Jehan Bru-
no ɢɥɢ Brunon de Pontigny ɢɥɢ de Niedbruck. ȼ Ȼ
2 ɇɢɤɨɥɶ Ɋɭɫɷ ɱɥɟɧ ɉɚɪɷɝɢɢ Ʉɥɨɞ Ⱦɪɭɷɧ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ ɋɚɜɢɧɢ ɢɧɤɜɢɡɢɬɨɪ ɜ Ɇɟɰɟ Ʉɥɨɞ
ɋɚɩɢɧɢ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɤɚɧɟɰ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɹ Ȼɪɚɬɶɟɜ ɩɪɨɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɮɪɚɧɰɢɫɤɚɧɟɰ Ⱦɨɦɢɧɢɤ Ⱦɨ-
ɮɢɧ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ Ɉɪɢɱɢ ɮɪɚɧɰɢɫɤɚɧɟɰ ɩɪɨɬɨɢɟɪɟɣ Ɋɟɧɶɨ ɢ ɀɚɧ Ʌɟɨɧɚɪ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɨɪɫɤɢɣ ɫɭɞɶɹ ɩɪɢ
ɞɜɨɪɟ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɇɨ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɛɵɥ ɜ ɞɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɧɟ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɦɨɧɚɯɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɨ-
ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɟɣ Ɇɟɰɚ ɜ ɐɟɥɟɫɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɥɢ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɟɦɭ ɛɵɥ ɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɛɥɚɝɨ-
ɫɤɥɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɢ ɬɚɦ ɨɧ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɥ ɜ Ʉɥɨɞɟ Ⱦɶɟɞɨɧɧɷ ɦɨɧɚɯɟ-ɰɟɥɟɫɬɢɧɰɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɜɨɫ-
ɬɨɪɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɧɢɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɨɸ ɢ Ʉ Ⱦɶɟɞɨɧɟ (Deodatus) ɡɚɤɥɸ-
ɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ  ɩɢɫɟɦ - ɝɝ Ⱥɜɬ

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ǿȚȖ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ Ȋ ǲȨȓȤȕȍ" ǹțȌȧ ȗȖ ȗȐșȤȔȈȔ Ȗȕ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȣȔ
Ȑ ȉȍșȗȘȍșȚȈȕȕȖ ȗȘȍȌȓȈȋȈȍȚ ǩȘȍȕȕȖȕț ȗȘȐȍȝȈȚȤ ȕȈȊȍșȚȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȔȈȓȍȕȤ-
ȒȖȔ ȌȖȔȐȒȍ ȋȌȍ Ȋșȍ țȓȣȉȈȍȚșȧ ȋȌȍ Ȋșȍ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȖ Ȑ ȋȌȍ ȌȖȉȘȧȒ ǩȘȍȕȕȖȕ
ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȚ șȈȔȣȑ ȘȈȌțȠȕȣȑ ȗȘȐȍȔ ǵȖ Ȋ ǲȨȓȤȕȍ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȐȌțȚ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȣȍ
șȗȖȘȣ ǰșȒțȠȍȕȐȍ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȊȍȓȐȒȖ Ȍȓȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ǵȈȗȈȌȈȦȚ ȕȈ ǸȍȑȝȓȐȕȈ
ȍȋȖ țȟȐȚȍȓȧ ȕȈ ȚȖȋȖ ǲȈȗȕȐȖȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ țȎȍ ȉȣȓ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȖȑ șȚȖȓȤȒȐȝ ȕȍȗ-
ȘȐȧȚȕȖșȚȍȑ Ȍȓȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȗȕ ȍȡȍ ȘȈȏ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȍȚ ȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȏȈȡȐȚț ș ȕȖȊȖȑ șȚȘȈ-
șȚȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ ȍȔț ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȗȍȘȍșȍȓȐȚȤșȧ Ȑȏ ǲȨȓȤȕȈ Ȋ Ǯȍ-
ȕȍȊț
ǪȕȈȟȈȓȍ ț ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȐȧ ȖșȚȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ǮȍȕȍȊȍ ȕȈȌȖȓȋȖ Ȗȕ
ȕȈȌȍȧȓșȧ ȟȚȖ Ȍȓȧ ȗȍȘȍȍȏȌȒȐ Ȋ ȀȈȔȉȍȘȐ ȋȍȘȞȖȋ ǹȈȊȖȑșȒȐȑ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȐȚ ȍȔț
ȖȉȍȡȈȕȕȣȑ ȗȍȕșȐȖȕ1, Ȋ ȖȎȐȌȈȕȐȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȘȖȎȐȊȈȓ Ȋ ǮȍȕȍȊȍ
ȚȍȘȗȧ ȚȈȒțȦ ȕțȎȌț ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȓ ȌȈȎȍ Ȍȍȕȍȋ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȝ ȕȈ ȗȍȘȍȍȏȌ Ȑȏ
ǮȍȕȍȊȣ Ȋ ȀȈȔȉȍȘȐ ǲ ȉȍȌȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȐșȖȍȌȐȕȧȓȖșȤ ȖȌȐȕȖȟȍșȚȊȖ ȎȍȕȈ ǨȋȘȐȗ-
ȗȣ țȔȍȘȓȈ Ȋ ǴȍȞȍ ȒțȌȈ Ȗȕ ȏȈȍȝȈȓ ȗȖ ȌȖȘȖȋȍ Ȑȏ ǲȨȓȤȕȈ Ȋ ǮȍȕȍȊț Ȑ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȚȤ
ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȖșȓțȎȐȓȖ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȝ ȗȘȐȟȐȕ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȊȠȐȝ ȍȋȖ ȖȚȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ
ȖȚ ȉȖȘȤȉȣ Ǫ ȘȧȌȍ ȗȐșȍȔ ȚȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȤȍ șȊȖȍȑ
Ȏȍȕȣ Ȋ șȈȔȣȝ ȚȘȖȋȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȧȝ ȕȖ ȕȍȚ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȗȐșȤȔȈ ȖȚȕȖ-
șȧȡȍȋȖșȧ Ȓ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȖȔț șȖȉȣȚȐȦ ȖȉȓȍȒȠȍȔț ȍȋȖ Ȋ ȚȘȈțȘ ȅȚȖ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȗȖȕȧȚ-
ȕȖ ȊȍȌȤ Ȋ șȈȔȖȔ ǴȍȞȍ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȖȒȘțȎȍȕ ȌȘțȏȤȧȔȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ Ȋ ȐȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ
Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȔȐȕțȓ ȉȣ țȊȍȌȖȔȐȚȤ Ȗ șȊȖȍȑ țȚȘȈȚȍ
ǵȈȔ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȐȔȧ ȥȚȖȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ Ȕȣ ȏȕȈȍȔ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ țȘȖ-
ȎȍȕȒȈ ǷȈȊȐȐ ȟȚȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȎȍȕȐȓșȧ ȕȈ ȕȍȑ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ  ȋȖȌȈ Ǫ  ȋȖȌț
ȖȕȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȈ ȏȈ șȊȖȐȔ ȔțȎȍȔ Ȋ ǴȍȞ ȋȌȍ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȓȈ ȕȈ șȍȉȧ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȔȐ-
ȓȖȊȐȌȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ ȥȒșȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȖșȚȤȦ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȒȖșȚȦȔȈ ȥȚȖ Ȕȣ ȏȕȈȍȔ ȗȖ ȘȈșșȒȈ-
ȏȈȔ ǼȐȓȐȗȗȈ Ȍȍ ǪȐȕȤȨȓȧ ȏȕȈȊȠȍȋȖ ȍȍ2 ǩȘȍȕȕȖȕ șȝȖȘȖȕȐȓ ȍȍ Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȞȍȘȒ-
ȊȐ ǹȊȧȚȖȋȖ ǲȘȍșȚȈ Ȋ ǴȍȞȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȉȓȈȋȖȋȖȊȍȑȕȖ ȟȚȐȓ ȗȈȔȧȚȤ țșȖȗȠȍȑ3,
ȔȖȓȧșȤ Ȋ ȋȖȌȖȊȡȐȕț ȍȍ șȔȍȘȚȐ ȏȈ țȗȖȒȖȑ ȍȍ ȌțȠȐ ǹ  ȔȈȘȚȈ  ȋȖȌȈ ȗȖ
ȟȐșȓȖ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȈȦȡȍȍșȧ Ȓ 26-Ȕț ȐȦȕȧ ȗȘȖȐȏȖȠȓȐ șțȌȧ ȗȖ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒȍ4 Ȑ
ȖȚȢȍȏȌ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȑȏ ǲȨȓȤȕȈ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȚȘȈȋȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȍ ȗȘȍȉȣȊȈȕȐȍ Ȋ Ǵȍ-
Ȟȍ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȉȣȚȐȍ Ȋ ȀȊȍȑȞȈȘȐȦ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȗȖșȍȓȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ǮȍȕȍȊȍ ȒțȌȈ Ȗȕ ȗȘȐȊȍȏ
ș șȖȉȖȑ șȊȖȍȋȖ șȣȕȈ ǺȍȖȌȖȘȐȒȈ ȘȖȌȐȊȠȍȋȖșȧ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ Ȋ ǰȚȈȓȐȐ Ȋ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ
1 ɂɥɢ ɠɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɝɟɪɰɨɝɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɚɱɚ ȿɪist, III,    Ɂɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɷɬɢɦ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ
ɩɢɫɚɥ ɢɡ Ʉɟɥɶɧɚ Ȼɪɟɧɧɨɧɭ ©ə ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɫɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɟɳɟ ɷɬɨɬ ɝɨɞ ɧɨ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɣ ɝɨɞ ɪɚɫɫɱɢ-
ɬɵɜɚɸ ɩɟɪɟɛɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɋɚɜɨɸª Ⱥɜɬ
2 Huguenin. Chronique de la ville de Metz, p. 756. Ⱥɜɬ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɠɟɧɟ ɧɚɡɵ-
ɜɚɟɬ ɟɟ virginem nobilem bene moratam (Epist., II, 19), ɧɨ ɧɟɬ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
ɛɭɤɜɚɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɡɧɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ — ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɨɧɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɨ ɜ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ
ɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɫɬɜɚ ȼ Ȼ
3 ȼ ɩɢɫɶɦɚɯ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɵ ɜɨɫɬɨɪɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɯɜɚɥɵ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɠɟɧɟ ɨɧ ɩɨɱɬɢɥ ɟɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ ɬɚɤ-
ɠɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɛɨɝɨɭɝɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɹɧɢɹɦɢ Epist., II, 19; ,9   ɢ ɞɪ Ⱥɜɬ
4 ȿɪist., Ill, 6 ɢ 7; I, 47; II, 57. Ⱥɜɬ

68
 ȋȖȌȈ șȓȍȌ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȚȍȘȧȍȚșȧ ȖȒȖȓȖ  ȋȖȌȈ1.
VI
ǪȌȖȊșȚȊȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓȖșȤ ȊșȍȋȖ ȖȌȐȕ ȋȖȌ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȊșȒȖȘȍ Ȗȕ ȊșȚț-
ȗȐȓ ȊȖ ȊȚȖȘȖȑ ȉȘȈȒ ș țȘȖȎȍȕȒȖȑ ǮȍȕȍȊȣ ǮȈȕȕȖȑ-ǳțȐȏȖȑ ǺȐșșȐ ȦȕȖșȚȤ
ȒȘȈșȖȚț ȒȘȖȚȖșȚȤ ȗȘȍȌȈȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌȕȖȍ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ Ǩȋ-
ȘȐȗȗȈ ȊȖșȗȍȊȈȍȚ ș ȚȈȒȐȔ Ȏȍ ȓȐȘȐȏȔȖȔ ș ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ Ȗȕ ȖȚȏȣȊȈȓșȧ Ȗ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȍȘ-
ȊȖȑ Ȏȍȕȍ ǮȈȕȕȈ-ǳțȐȏȈ ȘȖȌȐȓȈșȤ  șȍȕȚȧȉȘȧ  ȋȖȌȈ ȎȍȕȐȓșȧ ȕȈ ȕȍȑ
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ Ȋ ǮȍȕȍȊȍ  șȍȕȚȧȉȘȧ  ȋȖȌȈ ǪȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȘȖȐȏȕȍș
ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȕȈȌȋȘȖȉȕȖȍ șȓȖȊȖ ȕȈ șȔȍȘȚȤ șȊȖȍȑ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȗȖȌȘțȋȐ2.
ǶȚ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȉȘȈȒȈ ȘȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ȠȍșȚȍȘȖ ȌȍȚȍȑ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ șȚȈȘȠȐȑ ǫȥȔȖȕ
ȘȖȌȐȊȠȐȑșȧ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț Ȋ ǮȍȕȍȊȍ ȉȣȓ ȒȘȍșȚȕȐȒȖȔ ȖȜȜȐȞȐȈȓȈ3 ǭȊșȚȈȝȐȧ
ȀȈȗȦȐ4 șȚȈȊȠȍȋȖ ȊșȒȖȘȍ ȗȖșȓȈȕȕȐȒȖȔ ǲȈȘȓȈ ǷȧȚȖȋȖ ȗȘȐ ȌȊȖȘȍ ǫȍȕȘȐȝȈ
9,,, Ȑ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȒȘȈȡȈȊȠȍȋȖ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒȐ ș ǨȋȘȐȗȗȖȑ5 ǷȘȖ-
ȎȐȊ Ȋ ǮȍȕȍȊȍ ȔȍșȧȞȍȊ  ȐȓȐ  ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȍȘȍȍȝȈȓ ȊȖ ǼȘȍȑȉțȘȋ Ȋ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ
 ȋ ȚțȚ Ȗȕ ȗȘȖȊȍȓ ȋȖȌ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȋȖȘȖȌșȒȖȋȖ ȊȘȈȟȈ ȗȖȓțȟȈȧ  ȓȐȊȘȖȊ
Ȋ ȋȖȌ ȖȌȐȕ ȔȦȑȌ ȗȠȍȕȈ ȉȖȟȒț ǳȈȊȖșșȒȖȋȖ ȊȐȕȈ Ȑ ȉȍcȗȓȈȚȕȖȍ ȗȖȔȍȡȍȕȐȍ6.
ǷȖȟȍȔț Ȏȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȖȒȐȕțȓ ǮȍȕȍȊț" Ƕȕ ȎȐȓ ȚȈȔ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȍ ȕȈ
ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȋȍȘȞȖȋ ǹȈȊȖȑșȒȐȑ ȐșȗȖȓȕȐȚ ȌȈȕȕȖȍ ȐȔ ȖȉȍȡȈȕȐȍ Ȑ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȐȚ ǨȋȘȐȗ-
ȗȍ ȍȎȍȋȖȌȕȖȍ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ ǿȚȖȉȣ ȌȖșȚȐȋȕțȚȤ ȥȚȖȑ ȞȍȓȐ Ȗȕ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓșȧ Ȓ ȗȖ-
ȔȖȡȐ șȊȖȐȝ șȈȔȣȝ ȔȖȋțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȌȘțȏȍȑ ǭȊșȚȈȝȐȧ ȀȈȗȦȐ ȖȜȜȐȞȐȈȓȈ
ȍȗȐșȒȖȗȈ ǹȈȊȖȑșȒȖȋȖ ȈȉȉȈȚȈ ǩȖȕȔȖȕȚȈ ȉȣȊȠȍȋȖ ǮȍȕȍȊșȒȐȔ ȍȗȐșȒȖȗȖȔ Ȑ
ȗȘȐȕȞȈ Ȍȍ ǳȦșȧȕȎ Ȋșȍ ȖȕȐ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖ șȖȌȍȑșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȦ ȕȈȌȍȎȌ
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ǵȖ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ Ȋșȍ Ȑȝ țșȐȓȐȧ ȖȕȐ ȗȖȚȍȘȗȍȓȐ ȕȍțȌȈȟț ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ
șȐșȚȍȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔț ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȦ ȋȖȘȖȌșȒȖȋȖ ȒȈȕȞȓȍȘȈ ȕȍ ȝȖȚȍȊȠȍȋȖ ȕȐ-
ȟȍȋȖ șȓȣȠȈȚȤ Ȗȉ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȉȣȓ ȉȍȏ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȧ ȊȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ
1 Ɉɪɫɶɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɫɵɧɚ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪɢɤɨɦ ɇɚɞɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɧɟɬ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɞɨɤɚ-
ɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɜɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɟɝɨ ɢɦɹ Ɇɧɟɧɢɟ ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɫɵɧɚ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɡɜɚɥɢ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪɢɤɨɦ ɨɫɧɨ-
ɜɚɧɨ ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɟ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ȿpist., II, 57;
ɫɦ Prost. II, 454). ȼ Ȼ
2 ȿɪist., Ill, 60; V, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85. Ⱥɜɬ
3 ɋɭɞɶɹ ɜ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɭɞɚɯ ȼ Ȼ
4 Ɉɮɮɢɰɢɚɥ ɀɟɧɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɫɬɜɚ ɞɨ  ɝ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫɨɜɟɬɧɢɤ ɝɟɪɰɨɝɚ ɋɚɜɨɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɜ  ɝ
ɞɨɤɥɚɞɱɢɤ ɢɦɩɟɪɫɤɨɦ ɋɨɜɟɬɟ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ ɫ  ɩɨ  ɩɨɫɥɚɧɧɢɤ ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ Ɉɧ ɛɵɥ ɤɪɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɨɬ-
ɰɨɦ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɨɝɨ Ƚɷɦɨɧɚ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ Ⱥɜɬ
5 ɉɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɒɚɩɸɢ ɢ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ  ɩɢɫɟɦ Epist. fam. III, 21, 28, 38, 39, 49, 58,
63, 68, 74, 76, 78; VI, 19, 20, 29, 33. Ⱥɜɬ
6 ȼ ɚɪɯɢɜɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ Ɏɪɟɣɛɭɪɝɚ ɨɬ - ɝ ɟɳɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɱɟɬɚ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɡɧɚɱɟɹ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɹ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɋɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ Manuel du Conseil ʋ  Ⱥɜɬ

69
ȕȍȋȖ ȊȘȈȋȈȔȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȚȖȚ șȍȉȍ ȕȈȎȐȓ ȊșȗȣȓȤȟȐȊȖșȚȤȦ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȈ Ȑ
ȘȍȏȒȖșȚȤȦ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȗȍȘȈ ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ, ȘȈșȗțȚȈȚȤ ȕȐȚȤ ȥȚȖȑ ȗȘȐȌȊȖȘȕȖȑ ȐȕȚȘȐȋȐ
ȕȍȓȍȋȒȖ Ȑ Ȕȣ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌțȍȔ ȏȈ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȖȑ ȊȖ ǼȘȍȑȉțȘȋ ȒțȌȈ Ȗȕ ȕȍȖȎȐ-
ȌȈȕȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȍȝȈȓ ȕȐȋȌȍ ȕȍ țȒȈȏȣȊȈȧ ȒȈȒ Ȗȕ ȗȖȒȐȕțȓ ǮȍȕȍȊț Ȑ ȒȍȔ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ
ȖȚȖȏȊȈȕ
ǪȖ ǼȘȍȑȉțȘȋȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȖșȚȈȊȐȊȠȐȑ șȣȕȈ șȊȖȍȋȖ ǫȥȔȖȕȈ ȕȈ ȗȖȗȍȟȍȕȐȍ
ǭȊșȚȈȝȐȧ ȀȈȗȦȐ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȍȚșȧ ȔȍȌȐȞȐȕșȒȖȑ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒȖȑ Ȑ ȎȐȊȍȚ ȊȔȍșȚȍ șȖ
șȊȖȍȑ ȎȍȕȖȑ Ȋ șȘȈȊȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȔ ȌȖșȚȈȚȒȍ Ƕ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȣȝ șȗȖȘȈȝ ȕȍȚ ȉȖȓȍȍ Ȑ
ȗȖȔȐȕȈ Ȑ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ șȟȈșȚȤȍ ȊȣȗȈȊȠȍȍ ȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȌȖȓȦ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖ șȔȧȋ-
ȟȐȓȖ ȕȍțȎȐȊȟȐȊȣȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘ ȉȣȊȠȍȋȖ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȕȈ ȐȔȗȍȘȈȚȖȘȈ ǴȈȒșȐȔȐȓȐȈ-
ȕȈ Ȑ ȗȐȘȍȕȍȑșȒȖȋȖ ȐșȒȈȚȍȓȧ ȗȘȐȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȑ ǶȚȌȈȊȠȐșȤ ȊșȍȞȍȓȖ Ȏȍȕȍ ȌȘț-
ȏȤȧȔ Ȑ ȕȈțȒȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȍȘȍȎȐȊȈȍȚ ȗȖȓȖșț șȗȖȒȖȑșȚȊȐȧ ȕȍ ȏȈȉȘȈșȣȊȈȧ ȊȗȘȖ-
ȟȍȔ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȋȓȈȊȕȖȋȖ — ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȈ1.
ǹȚȖȘȖȕȕȐȒȐ ȖȒȒțȓȤȚȕȣȝ ȕȈțȒ ȗȐȠțȚ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ șȖ Ȋșȍȝ șȚȖȘȖȕ ȒȈȒ țȟȐȚȍ-
ȓȦ ȐȓȐ ȒȈȒ ȋȍȕȐȦ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț ȖȌȕȖȔț ȌȖșȚțȗȕȈ ȐșȚȐȕȈ Ȑ ȌțȝȖȊȍȕșȚȊȖ ȗȘȐȗȐ-
șȣȊȈȍȚ ȕȍȔȈȓȖ ȒȖȓȌțȕȖȊ ȠȒȖȓȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ǭȋȖ ȗȐșȤȔȈ Ȑ șȚȘȈȕȐȞȣ ȍȋȖ Ƕ Ȓ-
ȒțȓȤȚȕȖȑȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐȗȍȘȍȗȐșȣȊȈȦȚșȧȚȍȔȐȐȌȘțȋȐȔȐȐș
ȎȈȌȕȖșȚȤȦ ȗȘȖȟȐȚȣȊȈȦȚșȧ șȘȍȌȐ ȔȖȕȈșȚȣȘșȒȖȋȖ ȉȍȏȔȖȓȊȐȧ ǶșȚȈȊȈȧșȤ ȉȍș-
șȚȘȈșȚȕȣȔ ȊȍȓȐȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ Ȑ șȌȍȘȎȈȕȕȣȔ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȝȘȈȕȐȚ ȒȓȦȟ ȖȚ șȊȖȍȑ
ȚȈȑȕȣ Ȑ ȌȖȊȍȘȧȍȚ ȍȋȖ ȓȐȠȤ ȚȍȔ Ȑȏ ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȕȣȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ șȟȐȚȈȍȚ ȌȖșȚȖȑ-
ȕȣȔȐ șȚȖȓȤ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȖȚȒȘȖȊȍȕȐȧ2.
ǵȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȖ Ȑ ȕȈ ȉȍȏȔȧȚȍȎȕȖȍ șȟȈșȚȤȍ ȒȈȒȐȔȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȖ-
ȓȤȏțȍȚșȧ Ȋ ǼȘȍȑȉțȘȋȍ3 ȍȋȖ ȊȓȍȒțȚ Ȓ ȕȖȊȣȔ ȗȘȐȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧȔ4 ȗȖȚȘȍȉȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ
ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȈȝ Ȑ ȚȡȍșȓȈȊȕȖȍ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȍ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȌȖșȚȖȑȕȖȍ ȗȖȗȘȐȡȍ
șȊȖȍȔț ȚȈȓȈȕȚț ȍȋȖ ȗȘȍȉȣȊȈȕȐȍ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȍȡȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȒȘȈȚȒȖȊȘȍ-
ȔȍȕȕȣȔ ȟȍȔ Ȋ ǮȍȕȍȊȍ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ  ȐȦȓȧ  ȋȖȌȈ ȗȘȖȠȍȕȐȍ Ȗȉ ȖȚșȚȈȊȒȍ ȕȈ-
1 ȼɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ Ƚɷɦɨɧɨɦ ɭ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɪɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɜɨ Ɏɪɟɣɛɭɪɝɟ ɞɨɱɶ ɭɦɟɪɲɚɹ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɨɦ  ɚɜɝ  ɝ
(Epist. Ill,  ɡɚɬɟɦ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɨ ɫɵɧɨɜɟɣ ɜ Ʌɢɨɧɟ — Ƚɟɧɪɢɯ ɜ  ɝ ɤɪɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɵɧ Henri Bohler,
Ʌɢɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɟɧɟɲɚɥɹ (Epist. Ill,  ɜ Ʌɢɨɧɟ ɠɟ — ɂɨɝɚɧɧ ɜ ɢɸɥɟ  ɝ ɤɪɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɵɧ Ʌɨɪɪɷɧ-
ɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɚ (Epist. Ill,   ɢ ɟɳɟ ɞɜɨɟ ɢɦɟɧ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɟɦ ɨɞɢɧ ɜ Ʌɢɨɧɟ ɜ  ɝ
ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɜ Ⱥɧɬɜɟɪɩɟɧɟ  ɦɚɪɬɚ  ɝ (Epist. ,9  9     Ɇɵ ɡɧɚɟɦ ɱɬɨ ɜ  ɝ ɭ Ⱥɝ-
ɪɢɩɩɵ ɛɵɥɨ ɜ ɠɢɜɵɯ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɫɵɧɚ ȼ Ȼ
2 Ɉɛ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɤ ɦɚɝɢɢ ɫɦ ɧɚɲɟ ɩɪɟɞɢɫɥɨɜɢɟ ȼ Ȼ
3 ɋɭɞɹ ɩɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɩɢɫɟɦ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɤ ɒɚɩɸɢ ȿɪist., III,  ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɭɦɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨ-
ɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɜɪɚɱɨɦ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ Ɏɪɟɣɛɭɪɝɚ ɉɢɫɶɦɨ ɷɬɨ ɨɬ  ɦɚɪɬɚ
1523. Ⱥɜɬ
4ȿɪist.,III,55,5ɢȿɝɨɞɪɭɡɶɹɦɢɜɎɪɟɣɛɭɪɝɟɛɵɥɢɧɨɬɚɪɢɭɫɉɚɥɥɚɧɲ«arcanarum rerum
m ɚ g n u s i n d a g a t o r» (Epist, III, 42); ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɩɟɜɱɢɣ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ ɋɜ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɹ ɂɨɚɧɧ ȼɚɧɧɟɦɚɯɟɪ
ɦɭɡɵɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɨɪ ɂɨɝɚɧɧ Ɋɟɣɮ ɫɭɞɶɹ Ƚɪɚɧɫɨɧɚ ɢ ɤɚɡɧɚɱɟɣ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ Ɏɨɦɚ ɞɟ Ƚɢɪɮɚɤ
ɢ ɞɪ ɂɡ Ɏɪɟɣɛɭɪɝɚ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɨɛɦɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɢɫɶɦɚɦɢ ɫ Ʉɥɨɞɨɦ ɒɚɧɫɨɧɧɟɬɬɨɦ ɠɢɜɲɢɦ ɜ Ȼɚɡɟɥɟ
ɫ ɒɚɩɸɢ ɛɵɜɲɢɦ ɜ ɀɟɧɟɜɟ ɫ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɮɨɪɨɦ ɒɢɥɥɢɧɝɨɦ — ɜ Ʌɸɰɟɪɧɟ ɢ ɫ Ʉɥɨɞɨɦ Ȼɥɚɧɲɪɨɡɨɦ
ɛɵɜɲɢɦ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɦ ɜɪɚɱɨɦ ɧɚ ɠɚɥɨɜɚɧɶɟ ɜ Ⱥɧɧɟɫɢ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɜɲɢɦ ɫɜɨɸ Ɍɟɪɚɩɟɜɬɢɤɭ ɜ Ʌɢɨɧɟ ɜ
 ɝ Ⱥɜɬ

70
ȠȍȋȖ ȒȖȟȍȊȕȐȒȈ-ȊȘȈȟȈ Ȑȏ ǲȍȓȤȕȈ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȖ ǴȈȓȣȔ ǹȖȊȍȚȖȔ ǵȖ ȔȍȎȌț
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȖȑ Ȑ ȜȘȍȑȉțȘȋșȒȐȔȐ ȊȓȈșȚȧȔȐ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȓȐșȤ ȕȈȐȓțȟȠȐȍ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ
ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȖȚ  ȜȍȊȘȈȓȧ  ȋȖȌȈ ȊȣȕȍșȍȕȕȣȔ ȏȈ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ
Ȍȕȍȑ ȌȖ ȍȋȖ ȖȚȢȍȏȌȈ ȍȔț ȉȣȓȖ ȊȣȌȈȕȖ ȠȍșȚȤ ȜȓȖȘȐȕȖȊ ȕȈ ȗțȚȍȊȣȍ ȐȏȌȍȘȎ-
ȒȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȘȖȌȓȐȓ ȍȡȍ ȕȈ ȠȍșȚȤ ȔȍșȧȞȍȊ șȊȖȍ ȗȘȍȉȣȊȈȕȐȍ ȊȖ ǼȘȍȑȉțȘȋȍ
ȖȚȒȈȏȈȊȠȐșȤ ȖȚ ȌȖȓȎȕȖșȚȐ ȊȘȈȟȈ Ȍȓȧ ȉȍȌȕȣȝ Ȑ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȧșȤ ȊȖȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȍȌȐȞȐȕ-
șȒȖȑ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒȖȑ1 ǷȘȐ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȝ Ȏȍ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈȝ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȓȍȚ șȗțșȚȧ,
ǸȈȉȓȥ ȖȉȕȈȘțȎȐȓ ȗȖȌȖȉȕțȦ Ȏȍ ȉȍȏȏȈșȚȍȕȟȐȊȖșȚȤ ș ȚȖȑ ȘȈȏȕȐȞȍȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ
ȟȚȖ țȌȈȓȐȊȠȐșȤ ȉȍȏ ȖȚȗțșȒȈ Ȗȕ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓ ȖȚȒȈȏ ȖȚ ȌȖȓȎȕȖșȚȐ ȖȚ ȏȈȊȍȌțȦ-
ȡȐȝ ȋȖȘȖȌșȒȖȑ ȉȖȓȤȕȐȞȍȑ  ȔȈȘȚȈ  ȋȖȌȈ2 ǻȍȏȎȈȧ Ȑȏ ǼȘȍȑȉțȘȋȈ ǨȋȘȐȗ-
ȗȈ ȖșȚȈȊȐȓ ȚȈȔ ȌȘțȏȍȑ Ȗ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȔȖȋ ȎȈȓȍȚȤ Ǫ ȗȍȘȊȖȔ ȍȋȖ ȗȐșȤȔȍ ȕȈȗȐ-
șȈȕȕȖȔ Ȑȏ ǳȐȖȕȈ  ȔȈȧ  ȋȖȌȈ ȗȖșȓȍ ȘȈȏȓțȒȐ ș ȥȚȐȔȐ ȌȘțȏȤȧȔȐ ȗȖȗȈ-
ȌȈȦȚșȧ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȍ șȚȘȖȒȐ «apud Friburgum insuper perpetuos reliqui mihi
amicos», Ț ȍ ©ȊȖ ǼȘȍȑȉțȘȋȍ ȧ ȖșȚȈȊȐȓ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȌȘțȏȍȑª
Ƕȕ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȓ ȗȈȔȧȚȤ Ȗȉ ȕȐȝ
VII
ǻȎȍ ș ȌȈȊȕȐȝ ȗȖȘ ǨȋȘȐȗȗț ȊȓȍȒȓȖ Ȓ ǼȘȈȕȞȐȐ Ȗȕ ȗȘȖȊȍȓ Ȋ ȕȍȑ ȕȍȒȖȚȖ-
ȘȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȋ ȔȖȓȖȌȖșȚȐ țȟȈșȤ Ȋ ǷȈȘȐȎșȒȖȔ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ Ȗȕ ȗȖȒȐ-
ȕțȓ ș șȖȎȈȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȒȈȒ Ȑ șȊȖȐȝ ȔȕȖȋȖȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȈȘȐȎșȒȐȝ ȌȘțȏȍȑ
Ǫ ǳȐȖȕȍ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȌȘțȏȤȧ ȗȐȚȈȊȠȐȍ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȉȍȏȋȘȈȕȐȟȕȖȍ țȊȈȎȍ-
ȕȐȍ Ȑ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȏȈȉȖȚȓȐȊȖ ȗȘȖșȓȈȊȐȊȠȐȍ ȍȋȖ ȒȈȒ ȖȗȣȚȕȖȋȖ ȊȘȈȟȈ ȊșȓȍȌșȚ-
ȊȐȍ ȟȍȋȖ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȍȏȌ Ȋ ǳȐȖȕ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȓ ȘȈȌțȠȕȍȑȠȐȑ ȗȘȐȍȔ ǭșȓȐ ȉȣ ȌȊȖȘ
ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓșȧ Ȋ ǷȈȘȐȎȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȉȍȏ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȧ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȐȓșȧ ȉȣ ȚțȌȈ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ
ȍȔț ȒȘȈȑȕȍ ȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ ȊȣȌȊȐȕțȚȤșȧ Ȑ ȗȖȝȊȈȓȐȚȤșȧ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȘȈȏȕȖșȚȖȘȖȕȕȐȔȐ
ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧȔȐ ȕȖ ȊȊȐȌț ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȌȊȖȘ ȗȘȍȉȣȊȈȓ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȋ ǳȐȖȕȍ Ȗȕ ȗȖȍ-
ȝȈȓ Ȋ ȥȚȖȚ ȋȖȘȖȌ Ǫ ǳȐȖȕ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȘȐȉȣȓ  ȐȓȐ  ȔȈȧ  ȋ Ȋ ȚȖ șȈȔȖȍ ȊȘȍ-
Ȕȧ ȒȖȋȌȈ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒ , ȉȣȓ Ȗȉȓȍȟȍȕ Ȋ ȚȘȈțȘ ȗȖ ȘȣȞȈȘȍ ǩȈȧȘȌȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ
țȉȐȚȖȔ ȐȔȗȍȘȞȈȔȐ ȗȘȐ ǸȖȔȈȕȤȧȕȖ3 ǬȍȓȈ ȒȖȘȖȓȧ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ
ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȕȍ Ȋ ȞȊȍȚțȡȍȔ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ Ȑ ȋȖȘȌȖȔț ǲȍȓȤȕșȒȖȔț ȉȘȖȌȧȋȍ ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ
ȊȣȕȍșȚȐ ȕȈ șȍȉȍ ȖȚȋȖȓȖșȒȐ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȚȕȖșȚȍȑ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊșȒȖȑ șțȌȤȉȣ ȇ ȗȘȐȊȍȌț
șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȍ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȣȍ ȔȍșȚȈ Ȑȏ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ Ȑȏ ȍȋȖ ȗȐșȍȔ Ȓ ȀȈȗȦȐ ȗȖȔȍȟȍȕ-
ȕȖȋȖ ǳȐȖȕȖȔ  ȔȈȧ  ȋȖȌȈ
1 Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɜɵɲɟ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɥ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ ȼ Ȼ
2 Epist., III, 41. Ⱥɜɬ
3  ɚɩɪɟɥɹ  ɝ Ⱥɜɬ

71
©ǿȍȘȍȏ șȈȔȣȍ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȍ șȓțȟȈȑȕȖșȚȐ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȊȍȓȐȟȈȑȠȐȍ ȉȍȌșȚȊȐȧ
Ȕȣ ȌȖȉȘȈȓȐșȤ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȌȖ ǳȐȖȕȈ ȋȌȍ ȧ ȕȈșȓȈȎȌȈȦșȤ ȉȓȐȏȖșȚȤȦ șȖ șȚȈȘȣȔȐ
ȌȘțȏȤȧȔȐ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ ȋȌȍ Ȕȕȍ ȖȚȒȘȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȉȓȈȋȖȗȘȐȧȚȕȣȝ
șȓțȟȈȍȊ ȧ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȦ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȌȖȉȐȊȈȚȤșȧ ȗȖȟȍȚȈ șȓȈȊȣ Ȑ șȟȈșȚȤȧ ǪȖ ǼȘȍȑ-
ȉțȘȋȍ ȧ ȖșȚȈȊȐȓ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȌȘțȏȍȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȏȈȉțȌț ǴȍȎȌț ȗȘȖ-
ȟȐȔ, ȧ ȖȎȐȌȈȦ ȗȖșȓȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȖȚ ȒȖȘȖȓȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȊȣȌȈșȚ Ȕȕȍ ȏȖȓȖȚȖȔ ȔȖȍ
ȊȖȏȕȈȋȘȈȎȌȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȧ țȎȍ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓ ȖȚ ȍȋȖ ȒȈȏȕȈȟȍȧ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȏȖȓȖȚȣȝ ȕȈ șȊȖȍ
țșȚȘȖȑșȚȊȖ ǹȣȕȈ ǫȥȔȖȕȈ ȖșȚȈȊȠȍȋȖșȧ ț ȊȈș ȗȖȘțȟȈȦ ȚȊȖȐȔ ȏȈȉȖȚȈȔ ǷȘȖ-
Ƞț Țȍȉȧ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȗȖȏȈȉȖȚȐȚȤșȧ Ȗ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȝ Țȍȉȍ ȔȖȐȝ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈȝ (tabulae illae
mȍȈȍ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ șȒȖȘȖ ȧ ȗȖȠȓȦ Țȍȉȍ Ȍȍȕȍȋ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȊȣȒțȗȐȚȤ Ȑȝ Ȑ ȗȖșȓȈȚȤ
Ȕȕȍª 1.
ǲȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ Ȋ șȈȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ ȌȖȉȐȓșȧ ȓțȟȠȍȋȖ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ǩț-
ȌțȟȐ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕ ȒȖ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȔț ȌȊȖȘț ǹȐȔȜȖȘȤȍȕȖȔ ǩȦȓȓȤț țȘȖȎȍȕ-
ȞȍȔ ǳȐȖȕȈ ȉȣȊȠȐȔ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȍȗȐșȒȖȗȖȔ Ȋ ǩȈȏȈșȍ2, Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕ ȓȍ-
ȒȈȘȍȔ ȊȌȖȊșȚȊțȦȡȍȑ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȣ Ȑ ȏȈȊȍȓ ȏȕȈȒȖȔșȚȊȖ ș ǮȈȕȖȔ ǷȍȘȘȍȈȓȍȔ
ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊșȒȐȔ ȎȐȊȖȗȐșȞȍȔ ș ǬȍȕȐșȖȔ ǺȦȘȥȕȖȔ ǫȐȑȖȔȖȔ ǲȖȗȖȔ Ȑ ǨȕȌȘȍ
ǪȘȐȖ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊșȒȐȔȐ ȔȍȌȐȒȈȔȐ ș Ȗ ǮȈȕȖȔ Ȍȍ ȓȈ ǫȘȥȊ ȜȘȈȕȞȐșȒȈȕȞȍȔ ȔȖ-
ȕȈșȚȣȘȧ ǹȊ ǩȖȕȈȊȍȕȚțȘȣ Ȋ ǳȐȖȕȍ Ȑ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ș ǮȈȕȖȔ ȀȈȗȍȓȥȕȖȔ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȣȑ ȉȣȓ ȒȈȒ Ȑ șȈȔ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȊȘȈȟȖȔ ǳțȐȏȣ ǹȈȊȖȑșȒȖȑ Ȑ Ȓ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț Ȗȕ
ȌȖ ȒȖȕȞȈ ȗȐȚȈȓ șȈȔȣȍ ȌȘțȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȟțȊșȚȊȈ
Ǭȓȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȏȊȈȕȐȍ ȊȘȈȟȈ ȊȌȖȊșȚȊțȦȡȍȑ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȣ ȉȣȓȖ ȓȐȠȤ ȏȊȈȕȐȍȔ,
ȗȖȌ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȚȈȐȓȖșȤ ȌȘțȋȖȍ ǴȈȚȤ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒȈ , ȉȣȓȈ, ȒȈȒ Ȑ Ȋșȍ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ
ȎȐȊțȡȐȍ ȘȖșȒȖȠȤȦ Ȑ șȚȘȈșȚȤȦ ȌȖȊȍȘȟȐȊȈ Ȑ șțȍȊȍȘȕȈ ȖȕȈ ȕȍșȖȔȕȍȕȕȖ ȕȍ
ȔȖȋȓȈ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȚȤ Ȗȉ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȓȍȒȈȘȧ Ȓ ȔȈȋȐȐ Ȉ Ȍȓȧ ȋȈȌȈȚȍ-
ȓȍȑ ȖȒȖȓȖ ȕȍȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȈȧ ȗȖȟȊȈ ǰȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȌȖ ȒȈȒȖȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ȊȌȖȊ-
șȚȊțȦȡȈȧ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȈ ȊȔȍȠȐȊȈȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒț ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȏȈ ȟȚȖ ȉȣȓ
ȗȖȊȍȠȍȕ ǹȈȔȉȓȈȒșȥ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȔȈȓȖ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ȏȈȉȖȚȐȚȤșȧ Ȗ ȏȌȖȘȖ-
ȊȤȍ ǳțȐȏȣ ǹȈȊȖȑșȒȖȑ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȊȠȍȑ șȍȉȧ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȕȖ ǵȖ ȖȕȈ ȕȈșȚȖȑȟȐ-
ȊȖ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȓȈ ȖȚ ȕȍȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ Ȗȕ ȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏȣȊȈȓ țșȗȍȝȐ ȍȍ șȣȕȈ ȊȖȍȊȈȊȠȍȋȖ
ȗȖȌ ǷȈȊȐȍȑ ș ǩțȘȉȖȕȖȔ
Ǫ ȖȌȕȖȔ ȗȐșȤȔȍ Ȓ ȀȈȗȦȐ ȖȚ  ȔȈȧ  ȋ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȍȚșȧ, ©ȟȚȖ ț
ȕȍȋȖ ȍșȚȤ ȔȕȖȋȖȍ, ȟȚȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ Ȗ ȚȍȒțȡȐȝ șȖȉȣȚȐȧȝ ȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȍȔț ȕȍȓȤȏȧ
1 Epist., III, 58. Ⱥɜɬ
2 1480- Ɉɧ ɛɵɥ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɨɦ ɜ Ƚɥɚɧɞɟɜɟ 
 ɜ Ȼɚɡɚɫɟ 
 ɢ ɜ ɋɭɚɫɫɨɧɟ  ɧɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɟɦɭ ɩɨɪɭɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɢɫɫɢɢ Ɉɧ ɛɵɥ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɚɬɨɪɨɦ Ɇɢɥɚɧɚ Ʌɸɞɨ-
ɜɢɤɨɦ ;,, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɫɥɚɧ ɤ ɘɥɢɸ ,, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɥɚɞɢɬɶ ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɬɨ ɨɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ
ɜɨ ɜɫɟɥɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɛɨɪɚɯ ɛɵɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɉɢɡɟ ɢ Ʌɚɬɟɪɚɧɟ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɫɤ , ɩɨɪɭɱɢɥ Ȼɸɥɥɶɭ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɜɭɦɹ
ɫɴɟɡɞɚɦɢ ɫɨɡɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɨ Ʉɨɧɧɟɬɚɛɥɟ ɢ ɨɛ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ Ɇɚɞɪɢɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ Ⱥɝ-
ɪɢɩɩɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɟ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɟɥɚɬɨɦ (Epist., IV, 9, 14, 15, 22, 24, 31, 39, 47, 49, 53,
   ɜɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ  ɝ ɢ ɩɨɫɜɹɬɢɥ ɟɦɭ ɫɜɨɸ De hortatio gentilis theologiae ɜ
1526 ɝ Ⱥɜɬ

72
șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ș Țȍȝ ȗȖȘ ȒȈȒ Ȗȕ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȌȖșȚțȗ ȕȈ ȚȈȑȕȣȍ șȖȊȍȡȈȕȐȧ ȋȖșțȌȈȘȣȕȐª
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ș ȐȕșȚȐȕȒȚȐȊȕȣȔ ȖȚȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȍȔ ȐȋȘȈȓ Țț ȘȖȓȤ ȒȖȓȌțȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ǳțȐ-
ȏȈ ȕȈȊȧȏȣȊȈȓȈ ȍȔț Ƕȕ ȐșȒȈȓ ȓțȟȠȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ Țȍȝ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȍȑ ȒȖȚȖ-
ȘȣȔȐ ȕȈȋȘȈȌȐȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȈ Ȑ ȖȚȒȈȏȣȊȈȓșȧ ȍșȓȐ ȊȍȘȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȗȐșȤȔȈȔ
ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȍȔȣȍ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȗȘȖșȤȉȣ ȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏȣȊȈȚȤ șțȌȤȉț ȗȖ ȏȊȍȏȌȈȔ
ȐȓȐ ȌȘțȋȐȔȐ șȗȖșȖȉȈȔȐ ȘȈȏȕȣȔ ȓȐȞȈȔ ȗȘȐ ȌȊȖȘȍ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ ȚȖ ȉȣȓ ȒȖȘȖȓȤ
ȋȍȘȞȖȋ ȐȓȐ ȗȘȐȕȞ1. ǺȈȒȈȧ ȕȍȏȈȊȐșȐȔȖșȚȤ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȈ ȕȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȕȘȈȊȐȓȈșȤ ȊȌȖȊ-
șȚȊțȦȡȍȑ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȍ ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȟȚȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȒȈȒ ȖȕȈ ȏȕȈȓȈ ȕȍ ȖȉȕȈȘțȎȐȓ
ȚȈȒȖȑ ȕȍșȋȖȊȖȘȟȐȊȖșȚȐ ȗȖ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȦ Ȓ ǲȖȕȕȍȚȈȉȓȦ
ǯȌȍșȤ ȕțȎȕȖ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȚȤ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȚȤ ȚȖȟȕȍȍ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘ ȉȘȖȌȧȟȍȋȖ țȟȍ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ț ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȐ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȥȕȚțȏȐȈȏȔȈ ȕȐ ȗȈȚȘȐȖȚȐȏ-
ȔȈ ȕȐ ȡȍȗȍȚȐȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ǹȚȖȐȓȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȐȚȤ ȍȔț Țȍ ȗȖȟȍșȚȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ
Ȗȕ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖ ȎȈȎȌȈȓ Ȑ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȍȔț ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȝȊȈȚȈȓȖ ȒȈȒ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ
ȋȖȚȖȊ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȚȤșȧ ȓȦȉȣȔ ȌȍȓȖȔ Ȑ șȓțȎȐȚȤ ȓȦȉȖȑ ȗȈȘȚȐȐ ȕȖ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȓȦȉȐȓ
ȟȚȖȉȣ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȓȐ ȏȈ ȋȈȌȈȚȍȓȧ2 Ƕȕ ȕȍ ȉȣȓ ȕȐ ȕȍȔȞȍȔ ȕȐ ȠȊȍȑȞȈȘȞȍȔ
ȕȐ ȜȓȈȔȈȕȌȞȍȔ ȕȐ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏȖȔ ȕȐ ȐșȗȈȕȞȍȔ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȊșȍȔ șȘȈȏț șțȌȧ ȗȖ
șȚȖȘȖȕȍ ȖȚȒțȌȈ Ȍțȓ ȊȍȚȍȘ țȌȈȟȐ ǬȈ Ȑ ȕȍ ȉȣȓ ȓȐ ;9, ȊȍȒ ȗȖȓȖȕ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȔȐ
ȐșȒȈȚȍȓȧȔȐ ȗȘȐȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ șȓȖȊȖ ©ȘȖȌȐȕȈª ȉȣȓȖ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȟțȎ-
ȌȖ" ǷȘȖȌȈȊȈȓȐșȤ țșȓțȋȐ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ȝȘȈȉȘȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȌȖȉȘȖȌȍȚȍȓȤ ȚȖȔț
ȐȓȐ ȐȕȖȔț ȊȓȈȌȣȒȍ ȗȖ ȔȍȘȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȒȈȒ ȕȈ ȕȐȝ ȗȖȌȣȔȈȓȈșȤ ȞȍȕȈ ǺȖȔț ȒȚȖ
ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȗȓȈȚȐȓ Ȑ șȓțȎȐȓȐ ȓțȟȠȍ ǳțȐȏȈ ǹȈȊȖȑșȒȈȧ ȕȍ ȗȓȈȚȐȓȈ ȟȚȖ ȒȈșȈȍȚ-
șȧ ȌȖ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒȈ , ȚȖ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȏȈȕȧȚ ȐȕȣȔȐ ȌȍȓȈȔȐ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȕȐȔ șȚȖȧȓ
șȈȔȣȑ țȗȖȘȕȣȑ Ȑȏ Ȋșȍȝ ȊȘȈȋȖȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȒȖȋȌȈ-ȓȐȉȖ ȐȔȍȓ ȒȖȘȖȓȤ ǼȘȈȕ-
ȞȐȐ — ǲȈȘȓ 9
VIII
ǿȚȖ ȒȈșȈȍȚșȧ ǲȖȕȕȍȚȈȉȓȧ ǩțȘȉȖȕșȒȖȋȖ ȚȖ ȗȖșȚțȗȐȚȤ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȕȈ șȓțȎȉț
ǨȋȘȐȗȗț țȎȍ țȋȖȊȈȘȐȊȈȓȐ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȊȖ ǼȘȍȑȉțȘȋȍ ȍȋȖ ȌȘțȏȤȧ ȉȣȊȠȐȍ
ȕȈ șȚȖȘȖȕȍ ȐȔȗȍȘȈȚȖȘȈ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ șȈȔ șȒȓȖȕȧȓșȧ Ȓ ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖȉȣ șȚȈȚȤ șȖȦȏ-
ȕȐȒȖȔ ǲȈȘȓȈ 9 ȗȖȒȐȕțȊ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒȈ , ȕȖ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ Ȗȕ ȖȚȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ȖȚ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍ-
ȕȐȑ șȌȍȓȈȕȕȣȝ ȍȔț Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ǩȣȚȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ Ȗȕ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓ Ȑȝ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ șȒȘȖȔ-
ȕȣȔȐ ȉȣȚȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ Ȗȕ ȖȎȐȌȈȓ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȋȖ ȖȚ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȋȖ ȌȊȖȘȈ ǸȈȏȖȟȈȘȖ-
ȊȈȕȐȧ ȗȖșȚȐȋȠȐȍ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐ ǳțȐȏȍ ǹȈȊȖȑșȒȖȑ Ȑ ȗȘȐ ȒȖȘȖȓȍ ȍȍ șȣȕȍ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐ-
ȓȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗț ȗȘȐșȓțȠȈȚȤșȧ Ȓ ȐȕȣȔ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȧȔ
1 ȿpist., III, 68. Ⱥɜɬ
2 ɋɚɦ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥ ɫɟɛɹ ©ɦɚɝɨɦª (magus qui sum), ɧɨ ɩɨɞ ɦɚɝɢɟɣ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɥ ɧɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ ɝɚɞɚ-
ɧɢɹ ɚ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɚɣɧɚɯ ɜɫɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ȼ Ȼ

73
Ǫ ȗȐșȤȔȈȝ Ȓ șȊȖȐȔ ȌȘțȏȤȧȔ Ȗȕ ȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏȈȓ ǲȖȕȕȍȚȈȉȓȦ1 ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ țșȗȍ-
Ƞȕȣȝ Ȍȍȓ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȚȖȚ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȐȓ ȉȍȏ ȚȘțȌȈ ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȖȌȕȖȑ ȕȖȋȖȑ
Ȗȕ șȚȖȧȓ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȔ ȓȈȋȍȘȍ ȌȘțȋȖȑ — Ȋ ȌȘțȋȖȔ ǹ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȉȣ ȚȖȟȒȐ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ ȕȐ
șȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ ȕȈ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȗȖ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖșȚȐ ȍȋȖ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȈȚȤ
ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȒȖȍ-ȒȈȒȐȍ ȐȏȊȐȕȍȕȐȧ ȍȔț ȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȖȌȣșȒȈȚȤ ȚȡȍșȓȈȊȕȣȑ ȒȘȈȑȕȍ
ȘȈȏȌȘȈȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖ ȎȐȊȠȐȑ, ȒȈȒ ȒȖȟȍȊȕȐȒ ȉȍȏ ȗȘȖȟȕȣȝ ȒȖȘȕȍȑ
Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȉȣ ȚȖ ȕȐ ȉȣȓȖ șȚȘȈȕȍ ȊȘȈȡȈȧșȤ Ȋ ȚȖȑ șȘȍȌȍ ȋȌȍ șȈȔȣȍ ȗȖșȚȣȌȕȣȍ
ȐȏȔȍȕȣ ȖȝȖȚȕȖ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȓȐșȤ ȏȈ ȖȠȐȉȒȐ ȊȣȏȊȈȕȕȣȍ ȖȉȔȈȕțȚȣȔ ȟȍșȚȖȓȦ-
ȉȐȍȔ ȐȓȐ ȏȈ ȔȍșȚȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȒȈȏȈȕȕȣȍ țșȓțȋȐ ȖȗȓȈȟȐȊȈȓȐșȤ ȕȍȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȖ-
șȚȤȦ ȐȓȐ ȗȘȍȏȘȍȕȐȍȔ — ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȚȍȔ ȖșȚȘȍȍ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȖȒȈ-
ȏȣȊȈȍȔțȦ ȍȔț ȕȍșȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȚȖ ȘȈȊȕȖȌțȠȐȍ ș ȒȈȒȐȔ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȓȐșȤ ȍȋȖ
ȎȈȓȖȉȣ ȍȋȖ țȋȘȖȏȣ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȍȋȖ ȌȖȉȘȖȊȖȓȤȕȖȍ țȕȐȎȍȕȐȍ ǬȈ Ȑ ȕȍ ȉȣȓ ȓȐ Ȗȕ
Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ ȕȍȔȞȍȔ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌȧ ȕȈ șȚȖȘȖȕț ǲȈȘȓȈ Ȗȕ ȕȍ
ȐȏȔȍȕȧȓ șȊȖȍȑ ȘȖȌȐȕȍ
Ǭȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖ șțȌȐȚȤ Ȗ ȓȦȌȧȝ ȕȍ șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȊȣȘȣȊȈȚȤ Ȑȝ Ȑȏ Ȑȝ
ȥȗȖȝȐ ǺȖȚ ȊȍȒ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȖȕȐ ȎȐȊțȚ ȖȉȘȈȏțȍȚ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȕȐȝ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȕȍȗȘȍȖȌȖ-
ȓȐȔțȦ ȘȈȔț ǵȖ ȗȖ ȊșȍȔț ȊȐȌȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȈȊȚȖȘ ©ǹȖȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐª ȉȣȓ
ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖ ȖȞȍȕȍȕ ȊȌȖȊșȚȊțȦȡȍȑ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȖȑ ȊșȒȖȘȍ șȚȈȊȠȍȑ
ǸȍȋȍȕȚȠȍȑ ȊȍșȤȔȈ șȒȖȘȖ ȖȕȈ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȐȓȈșȤ ȗȖ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȦ Ȓ ȕȍȗȖȒȖȘȕȖȔț
ȋȈȌȈȚȍȓȦ ȓȐȠȤ ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȟȐșȚȖ ȗȖ-ȎȍȕșȒȐ ȊȖȏȕȍȕȈȊȐȌȍȓȈ ȍȋȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗț ȕȍ
ȖȉȊȐȕȐȓȐ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȋȈȌȈȓ ǲȖȕȕȍȚȈȉȓȦ2 ȕȈșȚȈȐȊȈȓȐ ȓȐȠȤ ȕȈ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ
Ȗȕ ȖȚȒȈȏȣȊȈȓșȧ ȋȈȌȈȚȤ ǳțȐȏȍ ǹȈȊȖȑșȒȖȑ
ǵȖ Ȑ ȎȍȕșȒȈȧ ȕȍȕȈȊȐșȚȤ — ȊȍȡȤ ȕȍ ȗțșȚȧȟȕȈȧ ȒȍȓȤȕșȒȐȑ ȌȖȒȚȖȘ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȣȑ ȕȍ ȏȈȝȖȚȍȓ șȚȈȚȤ ȒȖȓȌțȕȖȔ ȕȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȔȕȖȋȖȍ ȌȈȓ ȉȣ ȏȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ
ȋȓțȉȎȍ ȗȘȖȕȐȒȕțȚȤ Ȋ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊșȒțȦ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒț țȉȍȌȐȓșȧ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȕȈ ȋȖȘȤȒȖȔ
ȖȗȣȚȍ Ǫ ȊȐȌȍ țȚȍȠȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȘȈȏȖȟȈȘȖȊȈȕȐȧȝ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȐșȤ ȍȋȖ ȘȍȚȖȘ-
Țȣ ȕȖ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȈ ǳțȐȏȈ ȌȖȝȖȌȐȓȈ ȌȖ ȚȖȋȖ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ȗȘȍȕȍȉȘȍȎȍȕȐȐ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȟȚȖ
ȕȍ ȌȈȊȈȓȈ ȍȔț ȌȈȎȍ ȘȈȏȊȖȌȐȚȤ ȖȋȖȕȤ Ȋ ȗȍȟȈȝ ǰ ȚȡȍȚȕȖ ȌȈȉȣ țȔȐȓȖșȚȐȊȐȚȤ
ȍȍ Ȗȕ ȗȖșȊȧȚȐȓ ȗȘȐȕȞȍșșȍ ǴȈȘȋȈȘȐȚȍ șȊȖȍ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȖȍ opusculum ©Ƕ ȚȈȐȕ-
șȚȊȍ ȉȘȈȒȈª3 ȅȚȖ ȘȐȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȐȏȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȕȘȈȊȐȓȖșȤ ȗȘȐȉȓȐ-
ȎȍȕȕȣȔ ȗȘȐȕȞȍșșȣ ȟȚȖ ȊȐȌȕȖ Ȑȏ ȗȐșȍȔ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȕȣȝ ȗȖ ȥȚȖȔț ȗȖȊȖȌț ȀȈ-
ȗȍȓȥȕȖȔ4 ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ǭȋȖ ȊȘȈȋȐ ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȌȓȐȓȐ ȊȖșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȥȚȐȔ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ
1 ɍɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɱɬɨ ɫɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɫ Ʉɨɧɧɟɬɚɛɥɟɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ  ɝ ɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɚɬɨɣ ɧɚɞɨ
ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ  ɝɨɞ ɤɨɝɞɚ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ Ȼɭɪɛɨɧɚ ɫɦ ȿpist., IV, 53,
  9,,  ɉɢɫɶɦɨ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɤ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɮɨɪɭ ɒɢɥɥɢɧɝɭ ɨɬ  ɝ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ȿpist.,
III, 40). Ⱥɜɬ
2ȿpist.9ɢȺɜɬ
3 ɇɚɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɨ ɜ Ʌɢɨɧɟ ɜ  ɝ Ⱥɜɬ ɗɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɤɪɨɯɨɬɧɚɹ ɤɧɢɠɤɚ
ɜ  ɫɬɪ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɦ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɜɨɞ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɦ ɭɱɟɧɵɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɭ ɩɢɫɚɬɟ-
ɥɟɦ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɦ ȼ Ȼ
4 ȿpist., III,  ɋɪ Herminjard, ɬ I ɫɬɪ  ɉɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɫ ɀɚɧɨɦ ɒɚɩɟɥɷɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ 
ɩɢɫɟɦ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ  ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɒɚɩɷɥɟɧɭ Ⱥɜɬ

74
ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȒȓȍȊȍȚȈȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȗȍȘȍȌ ǴȈȘȋȈȘȐȚȖȑ Ȋ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȓ ȗȈȘȚȐȐ ǩțȘȉȖ-
ȕȈ ǷȖșȓȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȓȐȠȐȓșȧ ȔȖȋțȟȍȑ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒȐ ȗȘȐȕȞȍșșȣ Ȑ ȖșȚȈȊ-
ȠȐșȤ ȉȍȏ ȊșȧȒȖȑ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ ȊȗȈȓ Ȋ ȒȘȈȑȕȦȦ ȕȐȡȍȚț ǭȋȖ ȗȐșȤȔȈ ȚȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍ-
ȕȐ ȗȖȖȟȍȘȍȌȕȖ ȗȘȖȕȐȒȕțȚȣ ȚȖ ȋȖȘȌȖșȚȤȦ ȚȖ țȕȐȎȍȕȕȖșȚȤȦ șȔȖȚȘȧ ȗȖ ȚȖȔț,
ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕ ȓȐ Ȗȕ ȕȈȌȍȎȌ ȐȓȐ ȟțȊșȚȊțȍȚ ȊșȦ ȋȖȘȍȟȤ ȘȈȏȖȟȈȘȖȊȈȕȐȑ
Ǫ ȌȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȐȍ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȐȑ ȊȌȖȊșȚȊțȦȡȈȧ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȈ ȗȖȒȐȌȈȍȚ ǳȐȖȕ Ȋ șȖȗ-
ȘȖȊȖȎȌȍȕȐȐ șȊȖȍȑ ȌȖȟȍȘȐ Ȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȑ ȟȈșȚȐ ȗȘȐȌȊȖȘȕȣȝ Ȑ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ Ȓ
ȐșȗȈȕșȒȖȑ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȍ ȕȈȊșȚȘȍȟț șȣȕț ǵȍșȟȈșȚȕȣȑ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚ ȚȖȋȌȈ
ȗȘȐȒȈȏȈȕȐȍ ȕȍ ȚȘȖȋȈȚȤșȧ ș ȔȍșȚȈ1 ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȥȚȈ ȕȍȔȐȓȖșȚȤ ȕȍ ȗȖȓțȟȐ-
ȓȈ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȘȍȏȒȖȋȖ ȚȖȓȒȖȊȈȕȐȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȌȈȓȐ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ ȟȚȖ Ȋ șȒȖȘȖȔ ȊȘȍ-
ȔȍȕȐ Ȗȕ ȉțȌȍȚ ȗȍȘȍȊȍȌȍȕ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȐȑ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȋȌȍ ȍȔț ȉțȌȍȚ ȌȈȕȈ
ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ șȊȖȐ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȣ ǿȚȖ Ȏȍ ȒȈșȈȍȚșȧ ȌȖ ȊȖȏȕȈȋȘȈȎȌȍȕȐȧ
șȓȍȌțȍȔȖȋȖ ȍȔț ȏȈ ȉȣȚȕȖșȚȤ ȔȍȌȐȒȖȔ ȊȌȖȊșȚȊțȦȡȍȑ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȣ Ȑ ȌȖ ȗȍȕșȐȐ,
ȖȉȍȡȈȕȕȖȑ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒȖȔ , ȚȖ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ șȒȈȏȈȕȖ ȕȐ șȓȖȊȈ ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍ-
ȕȍȍ, ȎȐȚȤ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȈȌȖ ǳțȟȠȐȍ ȌȘțȏȤȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȉțȌțȟȐ ȓȦȌȤȔȐ ȕȍșȖșȚȖȧ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȉȣȚȤ ȍȔț ȗȖȓȍȏȕȣȔȐ ȓȐȠȤ Ȋ ȖȟȍȕȤ șȒȘȖȔȕȣȝ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȈȝ Ǩ
ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ ȊȘȈȟț ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ȗȖȕȍȊȖȓȍ ȌȍȘȎȈȚȤșȧ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȋȖ ȖȉȘȈȏȈ ȎȐȏ-
ȕȐ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȉȣȓȐ ȎȍȕȈ ȌȍȚȐ Ȑ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȔȕȖȋȖȟȐșȓȍȕȕȈȧ ȟȍȓȧȌȤ ǿȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ
ȌȍȓȈȚȤ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȖȒȘȣȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȐ ȘȈșȝȖȌȣ"
ǩțȘȉȖȕșȒȈȧ ȗȈȘȚȐȧ ȗȘȍȌȓȈȋȈȓȈ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ șȓțȎȉț ț șȍȉȧ ȕȖ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȌȖȗțș-
ȒȈȓ ȔȣșȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȍȋȖ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ ș ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȐȔ ȌȊȖȘȖȔ ȒȖȕȟȍȕȣ Ȑ ȕȍ ȖșȔȍ-
ȓȐȊȈȓșȧ ȍȡȍ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȖ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȚȤ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒț ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȖȚȊȈȎȐȓșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ
ȗȖșȓȈȚȤ ǩțȘȉȖȕț șȊȖȐ ȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏȈȕȐȧ ȕȖ șȌȍȓȈȓ ȥȚȖ ȚȈȒ ȕȍȖșȚȖȘȖȎȕȖ ȟȚȖ Ȑȝ
șȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ ȕȐ Ȍȓȧ ȒȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȓȐșȤ ȚȈȑȕȖȑ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȣȊȈȓșȧ ȖȚ ȖȉȊȐ-
ȕȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȐȏȔȍȕȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȟȕȖ ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȐșȒȘȍȕȕȖ Ȋ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȕȍ-
ȗȘȈȊȌȖȗȖȌȖȉȕȖșȚȐ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȊȍȘȖȓȖȔșȚȊȈ Ȗȕ șșȣȓȈȓșȧ ȕȈ Țț țșȓțȋț ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ
Ȗȕ ȉțȌȚȖ ȉȣ ȖȒȈȏȈȓ ȒȖȘȖȓȦ ȗȖȔȍȠȈȊ  ȗȍȝȖȚȐȕȞȈȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ ȒȖȔȈȕ-
ȌȖȊȈȓ ȍȋȖ ȘȖȌșȚȊȍȕȕȐȒ ǰȓȓȍȕș Ȍȍ ǫȘȖȓȥ2 ȗȍȘȍȑȚȐ ȕȈ șȚȖȘȖȕț ȕȍȗȘȐȧȚȍȓȧ
ǪȖ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ Ȑȏ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȐșȍȔ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȕȈȔȍȒȈȍȚ ȕȈ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȉțȘȉȖȕȞȍȊ Ȑ
ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȟȚȖ©ȗȘȐȔȍȚȐȝȍșȓȐȍȋȖȌȖȊȍȌțȚȌȖȥȚȖȋȖª
ǴȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ ǲȖȕȕȍȚȈȉȓȤ ȗȖ-ȗȘȍȎȕȍȔț Ƞȍȓ ȖȚ țșȗȍȝȈ Ȓ țșȗȍȝț Ȑ țȎȍ ȋȖȚȖ-
ȊȐȓșȧ Ȓ ȖșȈȌȍ ǸȐȔȈ ǺȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ șȚȈȚȤ șȖȉȣȚȐȍȔ ȘȍȠȐȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȣȔ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȔȧȚȍȎȕȐȒȈ ȚȖ Ȗȕ șȟȍȓ ȕțȎȕȣȔ ȗȖșȖȊȍȚȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ș ȋȈȌȈ-
ȚȍȓȧȔȐ Ƕȕ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓșȧ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ Ȓ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓ ȍȔț ș ȚȖȘȎȍșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕȖȑ țȊȍȘȍȕȕȖșȚȤȦ ȟȚȖ ȉȍșșȚȘȈȠȕȖȔț ȏȈȊȖȍȊȈȚȍȓȦ ȉțȌȍȚ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȏȈȚȘț-
ȉȐȚȤ Ȋ ȚȘțȉȣ — ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȈȓȐ șȚȍȕȣ ǪȍȟȕȖȋȖ ǫȖȘȖȌȈ3 ǵȖ ȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤ țȗț-
1 Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɧɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɥ Ɋɟɝɟɧɬɲɭ ɜ ɟɟ ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɢɢ ɜ Ȼɚɣɨɧɧɭ ɧɚɜɫɬɪɟɱɭ
Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɫɤɭ , ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɛɵɥ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧ ɢɡ ɩɥɟɧɚ  ɦɚɪɬɚ  ɝ ɇɨ ɒɚɩɟɥɷɧ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥ ɜ
ɱɢɫɥɟ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɢɬɵ Ⱥɜɬ
2 ɋɦ ɡɚɦɟɬɤɭ Charvet ɜ Revue Savoisienne,  ɝ ɫɬɪ -88. Ⱥɜɬ
3 ȿpist., 9  ɢ  Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ  ɦɚɪɬɚ  ɝ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚɥ ɭɫɩɟɯ Ʉɨɧɧɟɬɚɛɥɸ ɚ -ɝɨ ɦɚɹ Ʉɨɧɧɟɬɚɛɥɶ
ɭɠɟ ɩɨɝɢɛ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɚɞɟ Ɋɢɦɚ Ⱥɜɬ

75
șȚȐȓ ȖȌȕȖ ȊȈȎȕȖȍ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ǲȖȕȕȍȚȈȉȓȤ ȉțȌȍȚ ȗȘȐ
ȊȏȧȚȐȐ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ țȉȐȚ ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏȣȊȈȚȤ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȊȍȡȐ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ
țȌȖȉȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȕȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ țșȒȖȓȤȏȕțȚȤ ȖȚ ȗȘȖȏȖȘȓȐȊȖșȚȐ ȜȐȓȖ-
șȖȜȈ ǩȍȏ ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȧ țșȓțȋȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȗȖ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ Ȓ ǩțȘȉȖȕț ȕȍ
ȉȣȓȐ ȉȍșȒȖȘȣșȚȕȣȔȐ Ȑ Ȗȕ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȗȖȓțȟȈȓ ȒȖȍ-ȟȚȖ ȖȚ ȡȍȌȘȖȚ ǩțȘȉȖȕȈ
ȕȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ țȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚ ȕȐ Ȗ ȟȍȔ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖȔ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȐșȤȔȈȝ Ȑ
ȍșȓȐ Ȗȕ Ȑ ȗȖȓțȟȈȓ ȊșȗȖȔȖȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧ ș ȥȚȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȚȖ Ȑȝ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȌȖș-
ȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȘȐȊȍșȚȐ Ȋ ȗȖȘȧȌȖȒ ȍȋȖ ȌȍȓȈ
ǺȖ ȉȣȓ șȈȔȣȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȧȡȐȑ șȓțȟȈȑ Ȍȓȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȐȚȤ șȊȖȐ ȈȓȝȐ-
ȔȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȡȈȚȤ Ȋ ȏȖȓȖȚȖ ȕȍȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌȕȣȍ ȔȍȚȈȓȓȣ Ȑ
ȖȚȒȘȣȚȤ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȐȑ ȒȈȔȍȕȤ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ Ȗȕ ȐșȒȈȓ șȈȔ Ȑ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȓ
ȐșȒȈȚȤ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȘȐȊȍȘȎȍȕȞȍȊ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȑ ǭȊȘȖȗȍ ǵȖ ȌȈȎȍ ȖȒȒțȓȤȚȕȣȍ ȏȕȈȕȐȧ
ȖȒȈȏȈȓȐșȤ ȉȍșșȐȓȤȕȣ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȕțȎȌȖȑ ǶȚȓȖȎȐȊ Ȋ șȚȖȘȖȕț ȘȍȚȖȘȚȣ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȋȖȕ-
ȕȣȍ Ȓțȉȣ ȕȍ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȈȊȠȐȍ ȍȋȖ ȖȎȐȌȈȕȐȑ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓșȧ Ȓ ȔȖȓȤȉȈȔ
ȟȚȖȉȣ ȌȖȉȐȚȤșȧ ȕȈșțȡȕȖȋȖ ȝȓȍȉȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ, ©ȟȚȖ ȍȔț ȕțȎȍȕ ȊșȍȋȖ ȓȐȠȤ ȖȌȐȕ
ȌȍȕȤ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ Ȋ ȌȘȈȋȖȞȍȕȕȍȑȠȐȑ Ȑȏ ȔȍȚȈȓȓȖȊª1 ȅȚȈ
ȉȖȘȤȉȈ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ș ȒȈȏȕȈȟȍȧȔȐ Ȑ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊșȒȐȔȐ ȗȓȈȚȍȓȤȡȐȒȈȔȐ ȕȍ ȓȐȠȍȕȈ
ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȖșȚȐ Ȍȓȧ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ǶȕȈ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȕȈȔ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȔ șȚȘȈȕȕȖȔ
șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȜȐȕȈȕșȣ ȒȈȒ ȐȔȐ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȓȐ Ȑ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ
ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȈȒ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȓȐșȤ ȗȘȐȌȊȖȘȕȣȍ ȉȈȕȒȐȘȣ șȖ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȌȖȓȎȕȐȒȈȔȐ
IX
ǪȌȖȊșȚȊțȦȡȈȧ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȈ țȍȏȎȈȧ Ȑȏ ǳȐȖȕȈ ȊȏȧȓȈ ș șȖȉȖȑ Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ șȊȐȚȍ
ȉȖȓȤȠțȦ ȟȈșȚȤ ȗȘȐȌȊȖȘȕȣȝ Ȑ șȘȍȌȐ ȕȐȝ ȀȈȗȍȓȥȕȈ ȉȓȐȏȒȖȋȖ ȌȘțȋȈ ǨȋȘȐȗ-
ȗȣ ȀȈȗȍȓȥȕ ȗȘȐ ȒȈȎȌȖȔ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȧȡȍȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚ Ȗȉ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ Ȗȕ
ȕȍțȚȖȔȐȔȖ ȊȖșȝȊȈȓȧȍȚ ȌȖșȚȖȐȕșȚȊȈ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȏȈȉȣȚȖȋȖ ȌȘțȋȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗȉ ȖȒȈȏȈȕ-
ȕȣȝ ȐȔ țșȓțȋȈȝ Ȗ ȍȋȖ ȌȈȘȖȊȈȕȐȐ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȧ Ȗ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȍȌȈȕȕȖșȚȐ ȊȌȖȊșȚȊțȦ-
ȡȍȑ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȍ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȞȍșșȍ ǴȈȘȋȈȘȐȚȍ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȍȋȖ ȊȣșȓțȠȐȊȈȦȚ ȕȖ Ȋșȍ Ȗȉȍ-
ȡȈȕȐȧ ȒȈȒȐȍ ȍȔț ȌȈȦȚ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚșȧ ȗțșȚȣȔȐ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ ǷȖȝȖȎȍ ȕȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ
ȗȘȐ ȌȊȖȘȍ șȚȈȘȈȦȚșȧ ȖȚȌȍȓȈȚȤșȧ ȖȚ țșȍȘȌȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȚȍȓȧ ȖȉȍȡȈȧ ȍȔț ȕȈ
șȓȖȊȈȝ Ȋșȍ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȗȘȖșȐȚ șȈȔ ȀȈȗȍȓȥȕ ȖȚȌȈȊȈȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȖȚȟȍȚ Ȗ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȖ-
ȗȣȚȒȈȝ Ȑ ȕȈșȚȖȑȟȐȊȣȝ șȚȈȘȈȕȐȧȝ ȕȍ șȒȘȣȊȈȍȚ ȖȚ ȕȍȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȍȘȍȋȖȊȖȘȣ ȏȈȚȧ-
ȕțȚșȧ ȕȈȌȖȓȋȖ Ȋ șȐȓț ȕȍȗȖșȚȖȧȕșȚȊȈ ǳțȐȏȣ ǹȈȊȖȑșȒȖȑ2 ǲȖȘȖȓȤ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț
ȌȍȓȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȌȖȓȖȎȍȕȖ ȘȍȠȐȓ ȟȚȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ șȓȍȌțȍȚ țȗȓȈȚȐȚȤ ǬȈȦȚ ȏȕȈȚȤ ȒȈȏ-
ȕȈȟȍȧȔ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ Ȋ șȒȖȘȖȔ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȗȖȓțȟȈȚ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȘȐȒȈȏ ȕȖ ȗȘȐȒȈȏ ȚȈȒ Ȑ
ȕȍ ȉȣȓ ȌȈȕ Ȑ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜ ȖȉȔȈȕțȚȣȑ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȈȝ ȌȖȊȍȌȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȌȖ ȗȖ-
1 ȿɪist., IV, 56. ɋɪ. V, 3. Ⱥɜɬ
2 ɋɪ ȿɪist., IV, 54, 75; V, 3, 7. Ⱥɜɬ

76
șȓȍȌȕȍȑ ȒȘȈȑȕȖșȚȐ ǪȍșȤȔȈ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ ȟȚȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȖȓțȟȈȓ ȒȖȍ-ȒȈȒȐȍ ȗȖȌȈȘ-
ȒȐ ȖȚ ǲȖȕȕȍȚȈȉȓȧ ȕȖ ȕȍșȖȔȕȍȕȕȖ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȔȕȖȋȖȍ Ȑ ȟȈșȚȖ ȗȖȓțȟȈȓ ȖȚ ǭȊșȚȈ-
ȝȐȧ ȀȈȗȦȐ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȖȋȖ ȌȘțȋȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȈȋȍȕȚ
ǲȈȘȓȈ 9 ȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȓșȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȖȑ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȐȧ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȌȐȗȓȖȔȈȚȐȟȍ-
șȒȐȝ șȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ ǵȖ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ ȚȈȧȓȐ Ȋ ȘțȒȈȝ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȖȒȘȣȚȤ șȊȖȐ ȘȈș-
ȝȖȌȣ ȍȔț ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ȗȘȐȉȍȋȈȚȤ Ȓ ȔȍȌȐȞȐȕșȒȖȑ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒȍ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȗȖ șȓȖ-
ȊȈȔ ȉȓȐȏȒȖ ȏȕȈȊȠȍȋȖ ȍȋȖ ǮȈȕȈ ǪȐȘȈ1, ©Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȊȈȓ ȊȍșȚȐ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȘȈșȚȖ-
ȟȐȚȍȓȤȕțȦª ǲȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȘȖȌșȚȊȍȕȕȐȒ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ǫȐȑȖȔ ǼȦȘȉȐȚȐ ȓȐȖȕșȒȐȑ
șȍȕȍȠȈȓ ǨȕȘȐ ǹȖȑȍ Ȑ ȍȋȖ șȖȉȘȈȚ ȀȈȗȍȓȥȕ ȕȍ șȟȐȚȈȧ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȊȓȐȧȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ
ȓȐȞ ȕȍ ȗȖȒȐȌȈȓȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗț Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȏȈȚȘțȌȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȔ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȐ
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȀȈȗȍȓȥȕȖȔ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓ ȌȖȉȐȊȈȚȤșȧ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȎȈȓȖȊȈȕȤȧ
ǷȘȐ ȌȊȖȘȍ ȕȍ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȊȈȓȐ ȌȈȊȈȚȤ ȖȉȍȡȈȕȐȧ Ȑ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȕȍ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȊȈȓȐ
ȖȚȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȚȤ ȘȍȠȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȖȚȊȍȚ ǩȣȓȈ ȔȐȕțȚȈ ȒȖȋȌȈ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȔȖȋ ȌțȔȈȚȤ
ȟȚȖ ȌȖșȚȐȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȞȍȓȐ ȐȕȚȍȕȌȈȕȚ ǩȈȘȋțȥȕ ȗȐȚȈȊȠȐȑ Ȓ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖȍ
țȊȈȎȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȕȣȑ ȒȖ ȊșȍȔ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȧȔ ȕȈȗȐșȈȓ Ȋ ǳȐȖȕ ȒȈȏ-
ȕȈȟȍȦ ǴȈȘȚȥȕț Ȍȍ ǺȘțȈ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȚȖȚ țȗȓȈȚȐȓ șȓȍȌțȍȔȖȍ ǩȖȓȍȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȗȖȌȓȐȕ-
ȕȣȔ ȗȘȐȒȈȏȖȔ ȊȌȖȊșȚȊțȦȡȍȑ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȣ ȉȣȓȖ ȖȉȢȧȊȓȍȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȗȖȚȖ-
ȘȖȗȐȚȤșȧ ș ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍȔ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȌȍȓȈ ǻȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȀȈȗȍȓȥȕȖȔ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȖȚ-
ȗȘȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ Ȓ ǴȈȘȚȥȕț Ȍȍ ǺȘțȈ ȕȖ ȚȖȚ șșȣȓȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓ ȕȐȒȈ-
ȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȐȒȈȏȈ ǵȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȍȕȍȑ șȗțșȚȧ ǷȤȍȘ ǹȈȓȈ ȖȜȐȞȍȘ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊșȒȖȑ șȓțȎ-
ȉȣ Ȑ ȘȖȌșȚȊȍȕȕȐȒ ǩȈȏȈșșȒȖȋȖ ȍȗȐșȒȖȗȈ ȌȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȗȐșȤȔȖ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖ-
ȘȖȔ ȗȘȍȓȈȚ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȖȑ ȉȣȓ ȌȈȕ ǴȈȘȚȥȕț Ȍȍ ǺȘțȈ ȗȘȐȒȈȏ Ȗȉ
țȗȓȈȚȍ ȅȚȖȚ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ ȗȖȌ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍȔ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȕȈșȚȖȧȕȐȑ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȈ șȖȏ-
ȕȈȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ ȐȔ ȕȈ șȈȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕ ȗȘȐȒȈȏ — ȊȣȌȈȚȤ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ
ȓȦȌȧȔ ȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȐȔȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȋ șȗȐșȒȍ ȕȍ țȗȖȔȧȕțȚȖ ǷȖșȓȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ
ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚ Ȑȏ ǨȕȋțȓȍȔȈ ȐȏȊȍșȚȐȍ, ȟȚȖ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ ȍȔț ȊȣȌȈșȚ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊșȒȐȑ
ȒȈȏȕȈȟȍȑ ǨȕȚțȈȕ ǩȦȓȓȤț ȅȚȖȚ ȟȐȕȖȊȕȐȒ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚșȧ Ȋ ȖȚȓțȟȒȍ ȕȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ
ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚ ȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȔȍșȚȍ ȉȘȈȚȈ ȍȋȖ ǺȖȔȈșȈ ȚȖȚ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȟȚȖ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȍșȚȤ ȒȖȍ-ȒȈ-
ȒȐȍ ȉțȔȈȋȐ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȉȣȚȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ Ȑ țȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚșȧ Ȗȉ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȕȖ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ
ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȗȍȘȍșȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ Ȑȝ ǵȈ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȑ ȌȍȕȤ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚ ȊȕȖȊȤ Ȋ șȖ-
ȗȘȖȊȖȎȌȍȕȐȐ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȌȘțȋȈ ǨȌȍȔȈȘȈ Ȍȍ ǩȖȎȍ; ǺȖȔȈș ǩȦȓȓȤț ȊȣȝȖȌȐȚ ȟȍȘȍȏ
ȌȘțȋțȦ ȌȊȍȘȤ Ȑ ȒțȌȈ-ȚȖ ȐșȟȍȏȈȍȚ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȧ ȖȉȖȐȝ ȗȖșȍȚȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȕȈȗȘȈșȕȖ ȎȌȈȚȤ
ȍȋȖ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȟȈșȖȊ ǷȐșȤȔȖ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȕȖȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȖȑ ȀȈȗȍȓȥȕț ȗȖ
ȥȚȖȔț ȗȖȊȖȌț ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȖ ȋȖȘȍșȚȕȖȑ șȌȍȘȎȈȕȕȖșȚȐ Ȗȕ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ șȔȍȍȚ ȌȈȚȤ ȊȖ-
ȓȦ șȊȖȍȔț ȋȕȍȊț
ǹȘȍȌȐ Ȋșȍȝ ȥȚȐȝ ȌȍȕȍȎȕȣȝ ȏȈȉȖȚ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȕȍ ȗȖȒȐȌȈȍȚ ȕȈțȟȕȣȝ ȏȈȕȧ-
ȚȐȑ ȍșȓȐ Ȗȕ ȕȈ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȘȍȘȣȊȈȍȚ șȊȖȦ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒț Ȑ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȏȈȉȣȊȈȍȚ Ȑ ȀȈ-
ȗȍȓȥȕȈ Ȑ ȍȗȐșȒȖȗȈ ǩȈȏȈșșȒȖȋȖ șȊȖȐȝ țșȍȘȌȕȣȝ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȚȖ ȓȐȠȤ Ȍȓȧ
ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȖȉȍșȍȌȖȊȈȚȤ ș ǸȖȎȥ ǩȘȍȕȕȖȕȖȔ ǲȓȖȌȖȔ ȀȈȕșȖȕȕȍȚȚȖȔ ǳȍ ǼȥȊȘ
Ȍ¶ȅȚȈȗȓȍȔ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȔȐ șȚȈȘȣȔȐ Ȑ ȊȍȘȕȣȔȐ ȌȘțȏȤȧȔȐ Ǫ ȗȐșȤȔȈȝ Ȓ ȕȐȔ Ȗȕ
1 Ɉ ɂ ȼɢɪɟ ɫɦ ɧɢɠɟ ɧɚɲɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɝɥ ;,,, ɫɬɪ 86. ȼ Ȼ

77
ȕȍ ȒȈșȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖȠȓȣȝ ȎȐȏȕȍȕȕȣȝ ȚȘȍȊȖȋ ȘȍȟȤ ȐȌȍȚ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȗ ȌȖȘȖ-
ȋȖȑ Ȍȓȧ Ȋșȍȝ ȕȐȝ ȕȈțȒȍ Ȑ Ȗ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȈȝ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ ȕȈ ȟțȌȍșȕȣȝ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȐȧȝ
ȈȓȝȐȔȐȐ1 ǴȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ, ȗȘȖȠȓȖ ȚȘȐ ȕȍȌȍȓȐ Ȉ ȎȈȓȖȊȈȕȤȍ Ȋșȍ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ țȗȓȈ-
ȟȍȕȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȐȠȍȚ ȕȖȊȖȍ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ȀȈȗȍȓȥȕț Ȗȕ ȌȖȊȍȌȍȕ ȌȖ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ șȖȋ-
ȓȈȠȈȍȚșȧ, ©ȍ ș ȓ Ȑ ȥ Ț Ȗ ȕ ț Ȏ ȕ Ȗª șȚȈȚȤ ȈșȚȘȖȓȖȋȖȔ ȋȈȌȈȚȍȓȍȔ ȒțȌȍșȕȐ-
ȒȖȔ ȗȘȐȕȞȍșșȣ ǴȈȘȋȈȘȐȚȣ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȍșȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȟȚȖ ȕțȎȕȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ șȚȈȚȤ
ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȕȣȔ ȋȈȌȈȚȍȓȍȔ ǷȖȘȣȊ ȋȕȍȊȈ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȓȧȍȚ ȍȋȖ Ȗȕ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȊȖșșȍȓ
ȕȈ ȚȘȍȕȖȎȕȐȒ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȖȚȌȈȓșȧ ȊȖ ȊȓȈșȚȤ ȜțȘȐȑ-ȗȘȖȘȐȞȈȚȍȓȤȕȐȞ ȚȈȒ ȐȏȔț-
ȟȍȕȖ ȍȋȖ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȚȈȒ Ȗȕ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȍȕ ȋȕȍȚțȡȐȔȐ ȍȋȖ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȐȧȔȐ ǰ Ȗȕ Ȍȍȑ-
șȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚșȧ ȏȈ ȗȘȖȘȐȞȈȕȐȧ Ȗȕ ȠȓȍȚ ȗȘȐȕȞȍșșȍ șȊȖȐ ȗȘȍȌșȒȈ-
ȏȈȕȐȧ țȊȍȘȧȧ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȉȍȏȖȠȐȉȖȟȕȣ ȕȖ ȗȘȖșȐȚ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȀȈȗȍȓȥȕȈ
ȗȖȝȓȖȗȖȚȈȚȤ ©ȟȚȖȉȣ Ȗȕ ȐȏȉȈȊȐȓ ȍȋȖ ȖȚ ȥȚȖȑ ȗȖȏȖȘȕȖȑ ȟȍȗțȝȐ ȖȚ ȥȚȐȝ ȗțșȚȧ-
ȒȖȊ ȖȚ ȥȚȐȝ ȠțȚȖȒª
ȅȚȖ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ȗȖȗȈȓȖ Ȋ ȘțȒȐ ȗȘȐȕȞȍșșȣ ȕȖ ȖȕȈ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȐȔ țȌȖ-
ȊȓȍȚȊȖȘȍȕȈ ȀȈȗȍȓȥȕ șȖȖȉȡȐȓ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ Ȑ Ȋ ȚȖȔ Ȏȍ ȗȐșȤȔȍ ȗȘȍȌ-
ȓȖȎȐȓ ȍȔț ȕȈȗȐșȈȚȤ Ȍȓȧ ©ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕȕȍȑȠȍȋȖ ȒȖȘȖȓȧª ȚȘȈȒȚȈȚ ȘȈȏȉȐȘȈȦ-
ȡȐȑ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȊȖȗȘȖș ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕșȚȊȈ ȖȉȍȡȈȧ ȗȖȌȕȍșȚȐ ȥȚȖȚ ȚȘȈȒȚȈȚ ȒȖ-
ȘȖȓȦ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȍȗȐșȒȖȗȈ ǩȈȏȈșșȒȖȋȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓ ȕȈ ȥȚȖ ȗȘȍȌȓȖ-
ȎȍȕȐȍ ǻ ȕȍȋȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍȔȈȓȖ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȏȈȉȖȚ ǯȈȉȖȓȍȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȎȍȕȈ Ȑ Ȗȕ ȖȗȈșȈȍȚ-
șȧ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȈ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȤ ȗȍȘȍȑȌȍȚ Ȋ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȎȈȦȡțȦșȧ ȓȐȝȖȘȈȌȒț ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ,
Ȗȕ ȗȖșȓȈȓ ȍȡȍ ȖȌȕȖ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ȀȈȗȍȓȥȕț2 ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ ȓțȟ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȣ ȊȐȌȍȓșȧ
ȍȔț Ȋ ȌȖȉȘȖȔ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȐ ȒȈȏȕȈȟȍȧ ǩȈȘȋțȥȕȈ Ȗ ȟȍȔ șȖȖȉȡȈȓ ȍȔț
ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȍȋȖ ȌȘțȏȍȑ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȉȣȓȖ țȎȍ ȧșȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȕȞȍșșȈ ȕȍ ȝȖȟȍȚ ȉȖȓȍȍ
șȓȣȠȈȚȤ Ȗ ȕȍȔ Ȗȕ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ Ȗ ȚȖȔ șȖȎȈȓȍȍȚ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȘȈȌțȍȚ-
șȧ ȟȚȖ ȐȏȉȈȊȐȓșȧ ȖȚ ȏȈȕȧȚȐȑ ȈșȚȘȖȓȖȋȐȍȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔțȟȐȓȐ ȍȋȖ șȖȊȍșȚȤ
ǹȘȍȌȐ Ȋșȍȝ ȥȚȐȝ ȚȘȍȊȖȋ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȕȈȠȍȓ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȘȈ-
ȉȖȚ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȕȣȝ ȊȣȠȍ ȕȈȗȐșȈȚȤ ȘȧȌ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȝ șȚȘȈȕȐȞ Ȍȓȧ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȖșȕȖȊ-
ȕȖȋȖȚȘțȌȈ©ǶȕȍȌȖșȚȖȊȍȘȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȚȡȍȚȍ ȕȈțȒ Ȑ ȐșȒțșșȚȊª
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȕȍ ȗȖșȊȧȚȐȓ ȥȚȖȋȖ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȚȘțȌȈ ȒȖȘȖȓȦ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȗȖ ȍȋȖ șȓȖȊȈȔ Ȋ
ȗȐșȤȔȍ Ȓ ȀȈȗȍȓȥȕț Ȗȕ ȕȈȠȍȓ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȌȖșȚȖȑȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȓțȟȠȍȋȖ
ȞȍȕȐȚȍȓȧ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȈ Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȐșȤȔȍ Ȓ ȀȈȗȍȓȥȕț ȖȚ  ȜȍȊȘȈȓȧ  ȋȖȌȈ
 ȋȖȌ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȞȍȓȐȒȖȔ ȗȘȖȊȍȓ ȍȡȍ Ȋ ǳȐȖȕȍ Ȕȣ ȟȐȚȈȍȔ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȍ șȚȘȖ-
ȒȐ ©ǲȖȋȌȈ ȓȦȌȤȔȐ ȧ ȉȣȓ ȗȖȒȐȕțȚ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ ȧȊȐȓșȧ Ȉȕȋȍȓ ǩȖȎȐȑ ȐȏȊȓȍȒȠȐȑ
1 ɉɨɫɥɟ ɧɟɦɢɥɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɧ ɜɩɚɥ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɩɨɧɟɦɧɨɝɭ ɩɪɢɲɟɥ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɢ ɞɭɯ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ
ɨɤɪɟɩ ɜ  ɝɨɞɭ ɨɧ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɭɟɬ ɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɯ ɧɚɭɤɢ (Epist., IV, 55, 60, 61,
  9  ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɢ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɧ ɨɫɜɟɳɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɧɟ-
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɟ ɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɨɜ ɢ ɝɟɪ-
ɦɚɧɰɟɜ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɧɨ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɸɞɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɧ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢ-
ɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɷɪɭɞɢɰɢɸ Epist., IV, 55, 72; V, 1, 11. Ⱥɜɬ
2 ȿpist., 9   ɉɢɫɶɦɨ ɒɚɩɟɥɷɧɚ ɤ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɟ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɬ Ⱥɜɬ

78
Ȕȍȕȧ Ȑȏ ȗȈșȚȐ ǨȌȈ Ȑ ȌȈȊȠȐȑ Ȕȕȍ țȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȊȕȖȊȤ șȊȍȚ ǵȍȉȈ ȅȚȖ ȚȖȚ șȈȔȣȑ
ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȉȍȏȔȍȘȕȖ ȌȖȉȘȣȑ Ȗ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȧ Țȍȉȍ țȎȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ǩȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ ȍȔț ȧ
Ȋ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȕȍ ȕțȎȌȈȦșȤ ȕȐ Ȋ ȟȍȔª1.
ǲȚȖ Ȏȍ Ȗȕ ȥȚȖȚ Ȉȕȋȍȓ" ǿȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȏȈ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȈȧ ȗȖȔȖȡȤ" ǴȖȎȕȖ ȗȘȍȌ-
ȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȕȈȔȍȒȈȍȚ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ȗȐșȤȔȍ ȕȈ ȚȖȋȖ ȉȖȋȈȚȖȋȖ ȋȍȕțȥȏȞȈ
ǨțȋțșȚȐȕȖ ǼȖȘȕȈȘȐȖȒȖȚȖȘȖȔȖȕțȎȍȊșȍȕȚȧȉȘȍȋȖȌȈȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ
ȒȈȒ Ȗ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȍ ȏȈșȓțȎȐȊȠȍȔ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ2; ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓ ȒȘțȗȕȣȑ ȚȖȘ-
ȋȖȊȍȞ Ȑȏ ǫȍȕțȐ ȐȔȍȊȠȐȑ ȚȖȘȋȖȊȣȍ ȖȚȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ǳȐȖȕȍ Ȑ Ȋ ǨȕȚȊȍȘȗȍȕȍ Ȑ
ȗȖȒȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȊȈȊȠȐȑ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȧȔ ǭȋȖ ȉȘȈȚ ǺȖȔȈș șȖȗȘȖȊȖȎȌȈȓ ȍȋȖ Ȋ ȗț-
ȚȍȠȍșȚȊȐȧȝ3 Ȉ ȍȋȖ ȌȊȖȦȘȖȌȕȣȑ ȉȘȈȚ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȑ ȎȐȓ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖ Ȋ ǨȕȚȊȍȘȗȍ-
ȕȍ4 ǹȘȍȌȐ ȌȘțȏȍȑ ǼȖȘȕȈȘȐ ȉȣȓȐ — ǨȊȘȍȓȐȑ Ȍ¶ǨȒȊȈȗȍȕȌȍȕȚȍ ȔȖȕȈȝ Ȑȏ ȔȖ-
ȕȈșȚȣȘȧ ȈȊȋțșȚȐȕȞȍȊ Ȋ ǨȕȚȊȍȘȗȍȕȍ ǬȖȔ ǳțȒȈ șȍȒȘȍȚȈȘȤ Ȑ ǬȖȔ ǩȍȘȕȈȘȌ Ȍȍ
ǷȈȓȚȘȐȕȍȘȐȐș ȔȈȑȖȘȌȖȔ ȒȈȘȌȐȕȈȓȈ-ȓȍȋȈȚȈ ǳȈȊȘȍȕȚȐȧ ǲȈȔȗȍȌȎȐ ȥȚȐ ȚȘȖȍ
ȉȣȓȐ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȌȘțȏȤȧȔȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȅȚȖȚ ǼȖȘȕȈȘȐ ȕȍ ȉȣȓ ȟțȎȌ ȐȏțȟȍȕȐȦ ȖȒ-
ȒțȓȤȚȕȣȝ ȕȈțȒ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ Ȗȕ ȕȈȌȍȧȓșȧ ȐȏȊȓȍȟȤ ȗȖȓȤȏț Ȑ ȉȘȈȓ ț ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȈ
ȒȕȐȋȐ Ȍȓȧ ȟȚȍȕȐȧ ǪȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ ȉțȌțȟȐ Ȋ ǸȍȋȍȕșȉțȘȋȍ Ȗȕ ȗȘȖșȐȓ șȖȝȘȈ-
ȕȐȚȤȌȓȧȕȍȋȖȌȊȈȥȒȏȍȔȗȓȧȘȈ©ǶȒȒțȓȤȚȕȖȑȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐªȗȖșȓȍȍȍ
ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ5 ǵȍșȖȔȕȍȕȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖȚ ȋȍȕțȥȏșȒȐȑ ȔȍȞȍȕȈȚ ȔȕȖȋȖ
șȖȌȍȑșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȦ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȖȔț Ȋ  ȋȖȌț ǨȋȘȐȗȗȖȦ — ȗȖȒȐȕțȚȤ ǼȘȈȕ-
ȞȐȦ Ȑ ȗȖșȍȓȐȚȤșȧ Ȋ ǨȕȚȊȍȘȗȍȕȍ
X
ǷȘȖȎȐȊȈȧ ȊǳȐȖȕȍǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓșȧ ȚȖ ©ǷȐȘȖȔȈȝȐȍȑªȚȖ
ȊȈȎȕȣȔȐ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȚȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ șȕȈȘȧȌȖȊ ©ȍȡȍ ȌȖșȍȓȍ ȕȍȊȐȌȈȕȕȣȝª ȚȖ
ȈȘȝȐȚȍȒȚțȘȕȣȔȐ ȗȖșȚȘȖȑȒȈȔȐ ǵȍșȖȔȕȍȕȕȖ ȟȚȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȖșȣȓȈȧ ȀȈȗȍ-
ȓȥȕț șȊȖȍ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ȖȚ  ȜȍȊȘȈȓȧ ȐȔȍȓ Ȋ ȊȐȌț ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȒȖȘȘȍșȗȖȕ-
ȌȍȕȚȈ ȕȖ Ȑ ȒȖȘȖȓȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȕȈȌȍȧȓșȧ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȍȋȖ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȐȚ țȟȈșȚȤ
ȌȊțȝ ȗȘȍȌȣȌțȡȐȝ Ț ȍ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȖ ȗȖȗȈȌȍȚ Ȋ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊșȒȐȍ ȘțȒȐ6.
1 ȿpist., IV  ɇɚɞɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɱɬɨ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɹ ɞɨɪɨɝɨɜɢɡɧɵ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɰ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ
ɝɨɞɭ ɝɨɫɬɟɩɪɢɢɦɫɬɜɨɦ ɜ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɫɤɨɦ ɞɨɦɟ ɛɥɢɡ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɹ aɜɝɭɫɬɢɧɰɟɜ Ɍɭɞɚ ɨɧ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɢɥ ȿpist.,
9  ɚɞɪɟɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɦɭ ɬɚɣɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɹ Ⱥɜɬ
2 ȿpist.,V  ɋɪ VII, 22. Ⱥɜɬ
3 ȿpist.,VII   Ⱥɜɝ Ɏɨɪɧɚɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɴɟɡɠɚɥ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ƚɟɧɭɟɣ Ʌɢɨɧɨɦ ɢ Ⱥɧɬɜɟɪɩɟɧɨɦ ȼ Ȼ
4 ȿpist., 9  ɋɪ 9,,    ɗɬɨɬ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ ɜ ɩɢɫɶɦɟ ɨɬ  ɨɤɬ  ɝ ɬɨɪɨɩɢɬ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɭ ɛɵɜ-
ɲɟɝɨ ɟɳɟ ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɟɯɚɬɶ ɜ Ⱥɧɬɜɟɪɩɟɧ Ⱥɜɬ Ⱥ Prost ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧ ɞɭɦɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɸ ɚɞ-
ɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɨɬ  ɨɤɬɹɛɪɹ  ɝ ɇɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɞɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɱɬɨ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ
ɧɟ ɡɧɚɥ ɨ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɹ ɫ Ɏɨɪɧɚɪɢ Ⱥ Prost, Op. cit., II, 491). ȼ Ȼ
5 ȿɪist., 9,,  ɋɪ 9,,,     ɂɯ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɥɟɬ Ⱥɜɬ
6 ȿpist.,V, 3. ȼ Ȼ 

79
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȒȈȒ Ȕȣ ȊȐȌȐȔ Ȑȏ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȐșȤȔȈ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȒȘȈȡȈȍȚ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȖșȍ-
ȡȍȕȐȑ ȒȈȏȕȈȟȍȧ ǩȦȓȓȤț ȕȖ ȊȣȕȖșȐȚ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȗȘȍȎȕȐȍ ȘȈȏȖȟȈȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ǫ
ȒȈȎȌȖȔ ȗȐșȤȔȍ Ȗȕ ȗȐȠȍȚ ȟȚȖ ǩȦȓȓȤț ȒȖȘȔȐȚ ȍȋȖ ȖȌȕȐȔȐ ȉțȓȓȈȔȐ ȐȋȘȈ
șȓȖȊ ȀȈȗȍȓȥȕț țȌȈȓȖșȤ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ țȊȐȌȈȚȤșȧ ș ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȖȑ ȕȖ, Ȓ ȍȋȖ
șȖȎȈȓȍȕȐȦ Ȗȕ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȚȤ ȖȌȕȐ ȓȐȠȤ ȌțȘȕȣȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȐȧ șȊȖȍȔț ȌȘțȋț
ǲ ȚȖȔț Ȏȍ ǳțȐȏȈ ǹȈȊȖȑșȒȈȧ ȝȊȖȘȈȍȚ ȘȍȊȔȈȚȐȏȔȖȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȓȐȠȈȍȚ ȍȍ șȕȈ
©ȖȕȈ ȒȘȐȟȐȚ ȕȖȟȐ ȕȈȗȘȖȓȍȚª ȖȌȕȐȔ șȓȖȊȖȔ, ț ȕȍȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȔ
ȧȏȣȒȖȔ ©ȘȈșșȚȘȖȍȕȣ ȕȍȘȊȣª Ȑ ȊȘȍȔȧ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ-
ȉȣ ȍȑ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȓȐ Ȗ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȖȕȈ ȚȍȘȗȍȚȤ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȕȍ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍȚ ȘȍȟȐ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȊȣȌȈȚȤ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȕȍȌȖȗȓȈȟȍȕȕȖȍ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ
ȕȖ ȕȍȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȖȋȌȈ ǨȋȘȐȗȗț ȖȜȐȞȐȈȓȤȕȖ ȓȐȠȈȚ ȍȋȖ ȎȈȓȖȊȈȕȐȧ
ǿȚȖ ȒȈșȈȍȚșȧ ȗȘȐȟȐȕ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȕȍȔȐȓȖșȚȐ ȚȖ ȀȈȗȍȓȥȕ ȖȚȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȕȍȏȕȈȕȐȍȔ
ǭșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȐȧ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȈȦȚ șȐȓȤȕȣȑ ȋȕȍȊ Ȋ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ Ȑ Ȋ
ȖȚȊȍȚȕȖȔ ȗȐșȤȔȍ Ȓ ȀȈȗȍȓȥȕț Ȗȕ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȉȣȓ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȕȐ-
ȉțȌȤ șțȌ ǷțșȚȤ ȍȋȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗț ȖșțȌȧȚ ȍșȓȐ Ȗȕ ȊȐȕȖȊȈȚ ȕȖ ȗțșȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȖȗȘȈȊ-
ȌȈȦȚ ȍșȓȐ Ȗȕ ȕȍ șȌȍȓȈȓ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȌțȘȕȖȋȖ ǵȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖșȚȤ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȔțȟȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȈ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȋȖ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȊȣȕȖșȐȚȤ ȍȍ Ƕȕ ȏȕȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ șȖȏȌȈȓ șȍȉȍ
ȊȘȈȋȖȊ șȘȍȌȐ ȗȘȐȌȊȖȘȕȣȝ ȕȖ Ȗȕ șȒȖȘȍȍ ȋȖȘȌȐȚșȧ ȊȘȈȎȌȖȦ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ
ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ Ȗȕ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȏȈȐșȒȐȊȈȓ ©ȇ ȕ ȍ ț Ȕ ȍ Ȧ ȓ Ȥ ș-
Ț Ȑ Ț Ȥª — ȋȖȘȌȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗȕ
ǶȚȊȍȚ ȕȈ ȥȚȖ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ȕȍ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȓ șȍȉȧ ȎȌȈȚȤ
Ǫ șȓȍȌțȦȡȍȔ ȔȍșȧȞȍ Ȋ ȖȒȚȧȉȘȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȉȣȓ Ȋ ȞȍȘȒȊȐ ǹȊ ǰȖȈȕȕȈ ȒȖȋ-
ȌȈ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȚȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȖȌțȠȍȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȗȖ-ȊȐȌȐȔȖȔț ȕȈȐȓțȟȠȐȔȐ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȐȧ-
ȔȐ ȗȖȌȖȠȍȓ Ȓ ȕȍȔț Ȑ ȚȈȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȖȉȢȧȊȐȓ ȟȚȖ ȊȐȌȍȓ ȐȔȧ ȍȋȖ ȊȣȟȍȘȒ-
ȕțȚȣȔ Ȑȏ ȒȈȕȞȍȓȧȘșȒȖȋȖ ȘȍȍșȚȘȈ Ț ȍ Ȑȏ șȗȐșȒȈ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊșȒȐȝ ȗȍȕșȐȖȕȍȘȖȊ
©ǩȍȏ ȚȘțȌȈ țȏȕȈȦ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔª — ȋȖȘȍșȚȕȖ ȗȐȠȍȚ ȕȈȠ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜ — ©Ȗȉȣȟȕȣȍ
ȗȘȐȍȔȣ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȑ Ȑ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊª ǯȈȚȍȔ Ȗȕ ș ȋȖȘȤȒȐȔ țȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȐȍȔ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚ-
ȘȈȕȧȍȚșȧ Ȗ șȊȖȐȝ ȕȐȒȍȔ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȕȕȣȝ ȌȖșȚȖȐȕșȚȊȈȝ Ȗ ȗȖȌȖȉȖșȚȘȈșȚȐȐ Ȑ
ȓțȒȈȊșȚȊȍ ȗȘȐȌȊȖȘȕȣȝ ǬȈȓȍȍ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȗȘȐȔȐȘȐȊȠȐșȤ șȖ șȊȖȍȑ țȟȈșȚȤȦ ȗȐ-
ȠȍȚ ©ǵț, ȟȚȖ Ȏȍ ȇ ȗȖșȚțȗȓȦ ȒȈȒ ȗțȚȍȠȍșȚȊȍȕȕȐȒ ȖȋȘȈȉȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȘȈȏȉȖȑ-
ȕȐȒȈȔȐ ȧ ȉțȌț ȗȍȚȤ ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȧ ȗȖȚȍȘȧȓ Ȋșȍ ȧ ȗȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȕȐȒȍȔ
ȕȍ ȉțȌț șȚȍșȕȍȕ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȑ ȗȐșȈȚȤ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȧ ȝȖȟțª
ǵȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȚȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȖ șȖȊȍȚț ȍȗȐșȒȖȗȈ ǩȈȏȈșșȒȖȋȖ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȗȖșȓȍȌ-
ȕȦȦ ȗȖȗȣȚȒț ȖȉȘȈȚȐȚȤșȧ Ȓ ȊȌȖȊșȚȊțȦȡȍȑ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȍ ȕȖ Ȗȕ șȈȔ ȕȍ ȊȍȘȐȚ Ȋ
țȌȈȟț Ȑ ș ȗȖȒȖȘȕȖșȚȤȦ ȗȐȠȍȚ șȊȖȐȔ ȌȘțȏȤȧȔ ©ǸȈȏ Ȋȣ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȝȖȚȐȚȍ ȧ șȖȋȓȈ-
șȍȕ ȕȖ ȧ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȉțȌț ȐȏțȔȓȍȕ ȍșȓȐ ȔȖȧ ȗȘȖșȤȉȈ ȉțȌȍȚ ȐȔȍȚȤ țșȗȍȝª
ǷȘȖȠȍȕȐȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȌȖȓȋȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȖșȤ ȉȍȏ ȖȚ-
ȊȍȚȈ ǵȖ ȊȖȚ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖ ȀȈȗȍȓȥȕ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚ ȖȚ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ șȓȍȌțȦȡțȦ ȓȐȒțȦ-
ȡțȦ ȏȈȗȐșȒț ©ǷȘȐȊȍȚ ȔȖȑ ȌȖȘȖȋȖȑ ȌȘțȋ ȚȘȐȎȌȣ Ȑ ȟȍȚȣȘȍȎȌȣ ȗȘȐȊȍȚ
ǷȘȖȡȈȑȚȍ ȒȕȧȏȤȧ ȗȘȖȡȈȑȚȍ ȒȖȘȖȓȐ ȗȘȖȡȈȑȚȍ ǵȐȕȣ ȗȘȖȡȈȑȚȍ ǹȍȔȐ-
ȘȈȔȐȌȣ ȗȘȖȡȈȑ Ȋșȧ ȥȚȈ ȊȓȈșȚȤ ȐȔțȡȈȧ ȉȍșȟȍșȚȕȖșȚȤ ǩȓȈȋȖșȓȖȊȍȕ ǫȖș-

80
ȗȖȌȤ Ǵȣ șȚȈȓȐ ȉȖȋȈȟȈȔȐ ȍșȓȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȈȊȌȐȊȈ ȉȈșȕȧª1 ǬȍȓȖ ȐȌȍȚ Ȗ ȒȘț-
ȗȐȕȒȍ ȏȖȓȖȚȈ ȌȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȖȌȕȐȔ ȍȋȖ ȌȘțȋȖȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ Ȗȕ ȐȔȍ-
ȕțȍȚ ©ȧȏȣȟȕȐȒȖȔª (vir quidem gentilitius). ǬȘțȏȤȧ ȗȖȔȍșȚȐȓȐ Ȋ ȘȍȚȖȘȚț ș
ȌȓȐȕȕȣȔ ȋȖȘȓȣȠȒȖȔ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȖȕȐ șȚȈȘȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȌȖȋȘȍȊȈȓȐ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ
ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ©ȎȍȕșȒȖȋȖ ȏȖȓȖȚȈª ǸȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚ ȈȓȝȐȔȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȖȗȣȚȈ ȉȣȓ ȚȈȒȖȊ
ȟȚȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȉȣȓ țȊȍȘȍȕ ȗȖȓțȟȈȚȤ Ȋ ȉțȌțȡȍȔ ȋȘțȌȣ ȏȖȓȖȚȈ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȣȔ Ȗȕ șȚȈȕȍȚ ȉȖȋȈȟȍ șȈȔȖȋȖ ǴȐȌȈșȈ șȈȔȖ șȖȉȖȦ ȘȈȏțȔȍȍȚșȧ ȌȖȉȈȊȓȧȍȚ
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȟȚȖ ȀȈȗȍȓȥȕ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚ șȊȖȦ ȌȖȓȦ2.
ǻȊȣ Ȋșȧ ȥȚȈ ȚȘȍȊȖȋȈ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȈșȤ ȜȈȓȤȠȐȊȖȑ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ șȒȖȘȖ ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ
ȊȍȘȕțȚȤșȧ Ȓ șȒȘȖȔȕȖȑ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȍȡȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȐȏȔțȟȍȕȕȣȔ
ǿȚȖ ȕȈȌȖ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȐȚȤ Ȑȏ ȥȚȖȋȖ șȓțȟȈȧ" ǬȖȓȎȕȖ ȓȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȕȈȐȊȕȖȔ
ȓȍȋȒȖȊȍȘȐȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȐȓȐ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȍȍ șȖșȓȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈ Țț țȗȘȧȔțȦ ȊȍȘț Ȋ ȊȖȏ-
ȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȧ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȔȍȚȈȓȓȈ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȉȘȈȓȈ șȊȖȍ ȕȈȟȈ-
ȓȖ Ȋ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȈȝ ȋȕȖșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȊȈȊȐȓȖȕșȒȐȝ Ȑ ȍȋȐȗȍȚșȒȐȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȕȈȝȖȌȐ-
ȓȈ șȊȖȍ ȗȖȌȚȊȍȘȎȌȍȕȐȍ ț ȈȓȝȐȔȐȒȖȊ Ȋșȍȝ ȊȘȍȔȍȕ Ȑ șȚȘȈȕ3 Ȑ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȓȈ
ȟȍȘȍȏ Ȋșȍ ȗȐșȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȐȏȣșȒȈȕȐȧ ǹȘȍȌȕȐȝ ǪȍȒȖȊ"4 ȅȚȈ ȖȉȔȈȕȟȐȊȈȧ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȈ
ȕȈ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȍ ȔȍȚȈȓȓȖȊ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȓȈșȤ ȕȍȚȖȟȕȖșȚȤȦ ȗȘȍȎȕȐȝ ȗȖȏȕȈ-
ȕȐȑ Ȑ ȖȗȐȘȈȓȈșȤ ȕȈ ȕȍȖșȗȖȘȐȔȣȍ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȔȍȚȈȓȓȣ ȔȖȋțȚ
ȗȖȌȊȍȘȋȈȚȤșȧ ȕȍȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȔț ȘȧȌț ȝȐȔȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȗȘȍȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȑ ȕȐ ȕȈ-
ȟȈȓȈ, ȕȐ ȒȖȕȞȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȉȣȓȖ țșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤ ǴȍȟȚȈ ȈȓȝȐȔȐȒȖȊ ȗȘȖ-
ȌȍȘȎȈȓȈșȤ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȌȖ ȒȖȕȞȈ ;9,,, ȊȍȒȈ; ȗȖȥȚȖȔț ȕȍ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȐȏțȔȓȧȚȤșȧ
ȕȈ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȣ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȊșȍȞȍȓȖ ȗȘȖȕȐȒȕțȚȖȋȖ șȘȍȌȕȍȊȍȒȖȊȣȔȐ ȊȖȏȏȘȍȕȐȧ-
ȔȐ ȕȈ ȔȖȋțȡȍșȚȊȖ ȝȐȔȐȐ
ǵȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ Ȑ ȌȘțȋțȦ ȋȐȗȖȚȍȏț ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȉțȌȍȚ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ șȖȋȓȈșȖȊȣ-
ȊȈȚȤșȧ ș ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȐ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ Ȗȉ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȚȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȔ țȔȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ǴȖȎ-
ȕȖ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȓȖȊȒȖ ȗțșȚȐȓ Ȋ ȝȖȌ ȗȖȘȈȏȐȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȕȖȊȖșȚȤ ȕȈ-
ȌȍȧșȤ Ȋ ȋȓțȉȐȕȍ ȌțȠȐ șȓȖȔȐȚȤ ȈȗȈȚȐȦ ȒȖȘȖȓȧ Ȑ ȊȖȏȉțȌȐȚȤ ȈȓȟȕȖșȚȤ ȍȋȖ
ȔȈȚȍȘȐ ǪȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ, ȉȍȏțȔȕȈȧ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȈ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȕȈ ȉȖȋȈȚșȚȊȖ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕ-
1 ȿpist., IV, 56. Ⱥɜɬ ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ ɭ Ɉɪɫɶɟ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɜɨɥɟɧ Ɇɵ ɫɨɱɥɢ ɧɭɠɧɵɦ
ɩɟɪɟɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ɫ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɦ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ «Salve, mi ami-
cissime Capellane, et ter quaterque salve. Valeant principes, valeant reges, valeant Nini, valeant Semira-
mides, valeat omnis robusta improbitas. Benedictus Dominus. Divites fact! sumus, modo vera sit fabula».
ȼ Ȼ
2 Ibid. Ⱥɜɬ
3 ȼ ɉɚɪɢɠɫɤɨɣ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɟ ɩɨɞ ʋ  ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɥɸɛɨɩɵɬɧɵɣ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɧɭ-
ɫɤɪɢɩɬ — ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ  ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɚɥɯɢɦɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɩɟɪɭ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɷɩɨɯ ɢ ɪɚɡ-
ɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ Ɍɪɚɤɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɦɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɩɨɤɪɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
Ɉɫɬɚɧ-Ɇɚɝ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɨ ɤɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɜɵɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɚɤɫɢɨɦɵ ©ɉɪɢɪɨɞɚ
ɥɸɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭª — ©ɉɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚɞ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɣª — ©ɉɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɬɨɪɠɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚɞ ɩɪɢ-
ɪɨɞɨɣª Ⱥɜɬ Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ ɱɬɨ ɧɨɜɟɣɲɢɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɤ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɟɱɬɵ
ɚɥɯɢɦɢɤɨɜ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɞɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɧɟɠɟɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɣ ɪɚɧɟɟ ȼ Ȼ
4 ɋɦ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɹ ȼɚɥɟɧɬɢɧɚ ;9 ɜ ɢ ɞɪ Ⱥɜɬ

81
ȕȈȧ ȕȈ ȐȌȍȍ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȖȋȖ ȒȈȔȕȧ ȐȓȐ ȈȓȝȐȔȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȘȖȠȒȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȘȍȠȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȖȉȔȈȕțȚȈ ǸȈșȒȈȓȍȕȕȈȧ ȘȍȚȖȘȚȈ ȘȍȊȕȐȊȖ ȝȘȈȕȐȓȈ șȊȖȦ ȕȍȗȘȖȕȐȞȈȍ-
ȔțȦ ȚȈȑȕț Ȑ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȓ șȕȖȊȈ ȊȍȘȕțȚȤșȧ Ȓ ȉȘȈȚȤȧȔ ǩȦȓȓȤț ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȍ ȗȐȚȈȓȐ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȏȓȖȉȣ ȏȈ ȍȋȖ ȊȘȈȎȌȍȉȕȖșȚȤ Ȓ ȕȐȔ
ǰ șȈȔ ǺȖȔȈș șȣȋȘȈȊȠȐȑ ș ǨȋȘȐȗȗȖȑ ȌțȘȕțȦ ȠțȚȒț ȓȐȟȕȖ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȓ
ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȕȖȋȖ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȈ Ȗȕ ȖȚ ȌțȠȐ ȘȍȒȖȔȍȕȌȖȊȈȓ ȍȋȖ ǪȍȘȈȕț ȀȈ-
ȓȍȕȌȈ ȉȣȊȠȍȔț Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȋȖȘȖȌșȒȐȔ șȉȖȘȡȐȒȖȔ ȗȖȌȈȚȍȑ Ȋ ǳȐȖȕȍ Ǫ ȖȎȐ-
ȌȈȕȐȐ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȊ ȥȚȖȑ ȘȍȒȖȔȍȕȌȈȞȐȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ șȟȐȚȈȍȚ șȊȖȐȔ ȌȖȓȋȖȔ ȗȖ-
șȓȈȚȤ ȀȈȗȍȓȥȕț șȊȖȍ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȈȕȐȍ ȅȚȖ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȕȖȍ ȐȏȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȕȍ ȌȈȍȚ ȕȐȟȍ-
ȋȖ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ șȓțȎȐȓ ǲȖȕȕȍȚȈȉȓȦ1 Ȑ Ȋ șȚȘȈșȚȕȣȝ Ȋȣ-
ȘȈȎȍȕȐȧȝ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚ Ȗ ȗȘȍȎȕȐȝ țșȓțȋȈȝ ȖȒȈȏȈȕȕȣȝ ȒȈȒ ȐȔ șȈȔȐȔ ȚȈȒ Ȑ
ȍȋȖ ȘȖȌșȚȊȍȕȕȐȒȈȔȐ ǰȓȓȍȕșȈȔȐ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȖȌȐȕ ȉȣȓ țȉȐȚ Ȉ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȖȗȈș-
ȕȖ ȘȈȕȍȕ Ȋ ȉȐȚȊȍ ȗȘȐ ǷȈȊȐȐ ǿȚȖ ȒȈșȈȍȚșȧ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȣ-ȔȈȚȍȘȐ ȚȖ ȖȕȈ Ȋȣȏȣ-
ȊȈȍȚ Ȋ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȕȍȟȍșȚȐȊȣȍ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ Ȗ ǰȍȏȈȊȍȓȐ ǫȖȜȖȓȐȐ Ȑ ǹȍȔȐȘȈ-
ȔȐȌȍ ǿȚȖ șȚȈȓȖșȤ ȉȣ ș ǨȋȘȐȗȗȖȦ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ Ȑ ȥȚȖ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ȗȖȗȈȓȖ Ȋ ȘțȒȐ ǳțȐ-
ȏȣ ǹȈȊȖȑșȒȖȑ"
XI
ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ șȟȈșȚȤȍ țȓȣȉȕțȓȖșȤ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȕȖ Ȑ ȥȚț țȓȣȉȒț Ȗȕ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓ ȕȍ
ȌȈȘȖȔ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȒțȗȐȓ ȍȍ ȞȍȕȖȦ ȕȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȌȖȉȘȖșȖȊȍșȚȕȖȑ ȒȖȔȍȌȐȐ ǮȍȕȈ
ȖȜȐȞȍȘȈ ǷȍȚȘȈ ǹȈȓȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȖȌȕȈȎȌȣ Ȋ ȋȖșȚȧȝ ț ǩȦȓȓȤț ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȖȕȈ ȌȖȊȖ-
ȌȐȓȈșȤ ȌȊȖȦȘȖȌȕȖȑ șȍșȚȘȖȑ ȒȈȏȕȈȟȍȑ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓ ȍȑ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȐșȍȔ ȒȈșȈȊ-
ȠȐȝșȧ ȌȍȓȈ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȓ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț ȖȕȈ ȖȚȕȖșȐȓȈșȤ ș șȖȟțȊșȚȊȐȍȔ ȖȕȈ ȏȈȊȓȈ-
ȌȍȓȈ ȐȔȐ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȓȈ Ȑȝ șȊȖȍȔț ȓȦȉȐȔȞț ǹȘȍȌȐ ȥȚȐȝ ȉțȔȈȋ ȉȣȓȈ ȘȈșȗȐșȒȈ
Ȋ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȐȐ ȊȖȏȕȈȋȘȈȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȘȈȏȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȐȌȊȖȘȕȣȔȐ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȐșȓȍ ǸȖȉȍȘ-
ȚȖȔ Ȍȍ ǲȖ Ȑ ǳȦȌȖȊȐȒȖȔ ǼȈȘȖȕȖȔ Ǫȕȍ șȍȉȧ ȖȚ ȋȕȍȊȈ ǺȖȔȈș ǩȦȓȓȤț ȋȘȖȏȐȚ
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȌȈșȚ ȍȔț ȗȖȓțȟȐȚȤ ȕȐ ȖȉȖȓȈ Ȑȏ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȍȔț șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȍșȓȐ
Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȊȍȘȕȍȚ ȗȖȝȐȡȍȕȕȣȝ ȉțȔȈȋ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȕȍ țșȚțȗȈȍȚ Ȑ ș șȊȖȍȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ țȋ-
ȘȖȎȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȗȍȘȍȠȓȍȚ ȗȐșȤȔȈ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȍ ȍșȓȐ ȕȍ ȉțȌțȚ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȣ Țȍ ȘȈșȗȖ-
ȘȧȎȍȕȐȧ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȦȡȐȍșȧ Ȋ ȕȐȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȒȈșȈȦȚșȧ ȍȋȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ǷțșȚȤ ȒȖ-
ȘȖȓȍȊȈ țȏȕȈȍȚ ȒȈȒȖȊȈ ȟȍșȚȕȖșȚȤ Țȍȝ ȒȈȏȕȈȟȍȍȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȖȕȈ ȌȖȊȍȘȧȍȚ șȚȖȓȤ
ȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȌȍȓȖ ǷȖȘȈȏȔȣșȓȐȊ Ȋ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȍȕȐȍ ȟȍȚȣȘȍȝ Ȍȕȍȑ ǩȦȓȓȤț
ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ țșȚțȗȈȍȚ ȕȖ Ȗȕ ȗȘȐȋȖȚȖȊȓȧȍȚ ȕȍȟȚȖ ȊȘȖȌȍ ȘȈșȗȐșȒȐ Ȑ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȟȚȖ-
ȉȣ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȘȈșȗȐșȈȓșȧ ȕȈ ȕȍȑ Ȋ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȐȐ ȌȊțȝ ȕȖȚȈȘȐțșȖȊ ǰȏ ȥȚȖȋȖ
ȊȖȏȕȐȒȈȍȚ ȒȘțȗȕȣȑ șȗȖȘ ȔȍȎȌț ȒȈȏȕȈȟȍȍȔ Ȑ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȖȦ ȒȖȕȟȈȦȡȐȑșȧ ȗȖȓ-
ȕȖȑ țȗȓȈȚȖȑ șȓȍȌțȍȔȣȝ Ȍȍȕȍȋ ǲȈȎȌȣȑ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȖȏȌȕȖ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȈȍȚșȧ
1ȿpist., IV, 62. Ⱥɜɬ.

82
ȌȖȔȖȑ—ǩȦȓȓȤț©șȖșȊȖȐȔȐȉțȓȓȈȔȐ ȐȈȔȗțȓȈȔȐªǨȋȘȐȗȗȈș
ȌȍȕȤȋȈȔȐȒȖȚȖȘȣȍȖȕȠțȚȧȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ©ȗȖșȔȍȘȚȕȣȔȐª
ǰȚȈȒ Ȋșȍ țșȚȘȖȐȓȖșȤ ȗȖ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȦ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȈ Ȑ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȀȈȗȍȓȥȕ ȊșȒȖȘȍ
șȖȖȉȡȐȓ ȍȔț Ȗ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȐ ȌȊȖȘȈ Ȋ ǳȐȖȕ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ șȕȖȊȈ ȉȣȓ ȗȖȓȖȕ ȕȈ-
ȌȍȎȌ ȕȈ ȉțȌțȡȍȍ ǼȘȈȕȞȐșȒ , ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȗȘȐȉȣȚȤ Ȋ ǳȐȖȕ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȊȣȗȖȓ-
ȕȐȚȤ ȖȉȍȚ ȌȈȕȕȣȑ ȐȔ Ȋ ȗȓȍȕț — ȗȘȐȓȖȎȐȚȤșȧ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ
ȗȈȓȖȔȕȐȟȍșȚȊȈ Ȓ ȗȓȈȡȈȕȐȞȍ Ȋ ȀȈȔȉȍȘȐ ǲ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȤȦ Ȍȍȕȍȋ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ
ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȕȣȝ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȖȦ ȌȖșȚȈȓȖ ȓȐȠȤ ȕȈ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȒȖȘȖȚȒȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȗȕ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ
ȉȣȓ țȗȓȈȚȐȚȤ șȚȈȘȣȍ ȌȖȓȋȐ Ȑ ȒțȗȐȚȤ ȔȕȖȋȖ Ȋȍȡȍȑ ȗȖ ȝȖȏȧȑșȚȊț ȌȕȐ ȕțȎȌȣ
șȒȖȘȖ ȊȍȘȕțȓȐșȤ ǪȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȉȍȏȌȍȕȍȎȤȧ ǩțȘȉȖȕ ȊȕȖȊȤ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȍȔț
ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ — ȏȈȕȧȚȤ ȊȐȌȕțȦ ȌȖȓȎȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȊȖȑșȒȈȝ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȖȚȒȓȖ-
ȕȧȍȚ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ, ȟȚȖ «ȚȍȗȍȘȤ Ȗȕ ȝȖȟȍȚ ȎȐȚȤ ȔȐȘȕȖ șȘȍȌȐ șȊȖȐȝ
ȒȕȐȋ ȕȈ ȓȖȕȍ șȍȔȤȐª ǲȖȕȕȍȚȈȉȓȤ ȕȈșȚȈȐȊȈȍȚ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȧȍȚ șȊȖȑ ȖȚ-
ȒȈȏ ȕȖ Ȋ ȌțȠȍ Ȗȕ ȕȈ șȚȖȘȖȕȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț ȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ ǰȏ-
ȊȍșȚȕȖ ȒȈȒȖȊȣ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ ȗȖȌ șȚȍȕȈȔȐ ǸȐȔȈ  ȔȈȧ  ȋȖȌȈ1.
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓșȧ ȚȖȋȌȈ Ȓ ȀȈȗȍȓȥȕț ș ȗȘȖșȤȉȖȑ ȗȖȊȐȌȈȚȤ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊț Ȑ
ȗȖȗȘȖșȐȚȤ ȍȍ ȖșȊȖȉȖȌȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȖȚ ȗȘȐșȧȋȐ ȚȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȈȧ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȈ
țȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȊȠȈȧ ȍȋȖ Ȋ ǳȐȖȕȍ2 ǲȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȍȔț ȕțȎȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȗȘȖȗțșȒ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ
șȖȉȐȘȈȓșȧ ȍȝȈȚȤ ȏȈ ȕȐȔ Ȋ ǷȈȘȐȎ Ȑ țȎȍ ȋȖȚȖȊȐȓșȧ Ȓ ȖȚȢȍȏȌț Ƕȕ ȗȐșȈȓ ȖȌ-
ȕȖȔț Ȑȏ șȊȖȐȝ ȌȘțȏȍȑ, ȉȍȕȍȌȐȒȚȐȕȞț ȟȚȖ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȍȕȍȑ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȓȧȍȚ-
șȧ Ȋ ȗțȚȤ șȖ Ȋșȍȑ șȍȔȤȍȑ Ȑ șȖ ȊșȍȔ ȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȖȔ șȕȈȟȈȓȈ Ȋ ǷȈȘȐȎ Ȉ ȖȚȚțȌȈ Ȋ
ǨȕȚȊȍȘȗȍȕ ȒțȌȈ ȗȘȐȏȣȊȈȦȚ ȍȋȖ ȊȍȘȕȣȍ ȌȘțȏȤȧ Ƕȕ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓ ȗȘȐȊȍȚȓȐȊȣȍ
ȗȐșȤȔȈ ȖȚ ǨȊȘȍȓȐȧ Ȍ¶ǨȒȊȍȗȍȕȌȍȕȚȍ Ȑ ȖȚ ǨȊȋțșȚȐȕȖ ǼȖȘȕȈȘȐ ȊȓȈșȚȐ ǨȕȚȊȍȘ-
ȗȍȕȈ ȖȉȍȡȈȓȐ ȍȔț ȠȐȘȖȒȖȍ ȋȖșȚȍȗȘȐȐȔșȚȊȖ Ȑ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȖȗȓȈȟȐȊȈȍȔȖȍ ȔȍșȚȖ
ǪȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒȍ ȊȓȐȧȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȓȐȞ ȕȍ ȗȖȌȖȏȘȍȊȈȊȠȐȝ
ȍȋȖ ȓȐȞȍȔȍȘȐȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȖȒȐȌȈȍȚ ǳȐȖȕ  ȌȍȒȈȉȘȧ  ȋȖȌȈ ȗȘȖȎȐȊ Ȋ ȕȍȔ
 ȋȖȌȈ Ƕȕ șȗțșȒȈȍȚșȧ ȊȕȐȏ ȗȖ ǳțȈȘȍ ȌȖ ǩȘȐȈȘȈ ȋȌȍ ȐȔ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕȖ șȊȐȌȈȕȐȍ
ȍȋȖ ȌȘțȋț-ȉȍȕȍȌȐȒȚȐȕȞț Ǫșȍ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȖȘȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȣ ǬȊȈ ȗȐșȤȔȈ ȕȈȗȐ-
șȈȕȕȣȍ Ȋ ȉȐȉȓȍȑșȒȖȔ șȚȐȓȍ ȗȖșȓȈȕȣ ȖȚșȦȌȈ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȖȦ ȖȌȕȖ ǨȊȘȍȓȐȦ Ȍ¶ǨȒ-
ȊȈȗȍȕȌȍȕȚȍ ȌȘțȋȖȍ ǨȊȋțșȚȐȕȖ ǼȖȘȕȈȘȐ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȧȔ ǬȊȍȕȈȌȞȈȚȤ Ȍȕȍȑ
șȗțșȚȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȘȐȍȏȎȈȍȚ Ȋ ǮȐȍȕ ǰȏ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ Ȑȏ ȋȖșȚȐȕȐȞȣ ©ǺȘȍȝ
ǲȖȘȖȓȍȑª Ȗȕ ȗȐȠȍȚ ȗȐșȤȔȖ șȊȖȍȔț ȌȘțȋț-ȉȍȕȍȌȐȒȚȐȕȞț ș ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȕȍ ȊșȚȘȍ-
ȚȐȓșȧ Ȋ ǩȘȐȈȘȍ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȈȧ ȍȔț ȕȖȊȖȍ șȊȐȌȈȕȐȍ Ȋ ȔȍșȚȍȟȒȍ ǹȍȕ-ǴȈȘȚȥȕ ȊȖȏ-
ȓȍ ǴȖȕȚȈȘȎȐșȈ Ȋ ȚȘȈȒȚȐȘȍ ©ǯȖȓȖȚȖȋȖ ǷȘȍșșȈª ȋȌȍ Ȗȕ ȌțȔȈȍȚ ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȤșȧ
Ȍȓȧ ȖȚȌȣȝȈ Ȍȕȧ ȕȈ ȌȊȈ ȐȓȐ ȕȈ ȚȘȐ -ȋȖ șȓȍȌțȦȡȍȋȖ ȌȍȒȈȉȘȧ ȗȍȘȍȗȘȈȊȐȊ
ȗȘȍȌȊȈȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȟȍȘȍȏ ǳȖȚȈȘȐȕȋȐȦ șȊȖȦ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒț Ȓ ǨȊȋțșȚȐȕȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ
ȗȘȐȉȣȊȈȍȚ Ȋ ǷȈȘȐȎ ȖȚȒțȌȈ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ș ȀȈȗȍȓȥȕȖȔ Ȋ ȧȕȊȈȘȍ ȔȈȍ Ȑ
ȐȦȕȍ  ȋȖȌȈ șȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȧ ȊȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȍȌȒȖșȚȤ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȗȍȘȈ Ƕȕ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȓȧȍȚ
1 Ʉɨɧɧɟɬɚɛɥɶ Ɍ ɞɟ Ȼɭɪɛɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɞɟɧɶ ɭɛɢɬ Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ Ȼɟɧɜɟɧɭɬɨ ɑɟɥɥɢɧɢ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɥ
ɫɟɛɟ ɱɟɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɤɨɝɨ ɜɵɫɬɪɟɥɚ ɫɪɚɡɢɜɲɟɝɨ Ȼɭɪɛɨɧɚ Ⱥɜɬ
2 ɉɢɫɶɦɨ ɨɬ  ɢɸɥɹ  ɝ ȿpist., 9  ɋɪ 9    Ⱥɜɬ

83
ȚȈȒȎȍ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ǳțȐȏȍ ǹȈȊȖȑșȒȖȑ ȕȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȖȚȊȍȚȈ ȀȈȗȍȓȥȕ
țȊȍȘȧȍȚ ȍȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ Ȋșȍ ȗȖȚȍȘȧȕȖ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȍȡȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȊȍȘȕțȚȤ șȍȉȍ ȔȐ-
ȓȖșȚȤ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȣ-ȔȈȚȍȘȐ ȍșȓȐ ȗȖȘțȟȐȚ ȝȓȖȗȖȚȈȚȤ ȏȈ șȍȉȧ ȍȗȐșȒȖȗț ǩțȘȋșȒȖ-
Ȕț Ȑ șȍȕȍȠȈȓȦ1.
ǼȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȐȑ ȒȈȕȞȓȍȘ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȕȣȑ Ȓ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȌȈȍȚ ȍȔț
ȗȖȕȧȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȏȈ ȍȋȖ ȕȖȊțȦ șȓțȎȉț, Ȋ șȓțȟȈȍ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ Ȗȕ ȉțȌȍȚ ȗȓȈȚȐȚȤ
ȍȔț Ȑȏ șȊȖȐȝ ȓȐȟȕȣȝ șȘȍȌșȚȊ ȕȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȖ ȓȐȟȕȖȔț ȖȗȣȚț ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȑ ș
«ȋȈȓȓȤșȒȖȑ ȝȐȚȘȖșȚȤȦª ȕȍ ©ȝȖȟȍȚ ȌȈȚȤ șȍȉȧ ȖȉȔȈȕțȚȤ ȍȡȍ ȘȈȏª 2 Ƕȕ ȚȘȍ-
ȉțȍȚ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȗțșȒȈ Ȗȕ ȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȈ-ȔȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȟțȎȌȈ
ȊșȍȔ ȥȚȐȔ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȔ ȏȈȌȍȘȎȒȈȔ ȟȚȖ Ȋ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ ȖȕȈ ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȍȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȖȚȢȍ-
ȏȌȖȔ Ȑ ȟȚȖ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȥȚȐȝ ȖȚșȘȖȟȒȈȝ Ȑ Ȋ ȗȘȖȊȖȓȖȟȒȈȝ ȗȖ ȊȣȌȈȟȍ ȍȔț ȗȘȖȗț-
șȒȈ — ȗȖȊȐȕȕȖ ȓȐȠȤ ȖȌȕȖ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȍ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȣ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȐȚȤ
ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȐȍ3 ǩȖȓȍȍ ȚȖȋȖ Ȑȏ ǫȍȘȔȈȕȐȐ ȗȘȐȉȣȓ ȊȣȏȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȍȦ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȑ
ȔȈȋ ȥȚȖ ȗȖ ȔȕȍȕȐȦ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ — ȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȝȐȚȘȖșȚȤ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȝȖȚȧȚ ȏȈȌȍȚȤ ȍȋȖ
ȊșȍȔ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕțȦ ȖȉȐȌȟȐȊȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȘȍȊȕȖșȚȤ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȗȖșȚȈȊȐȊ ȍȔț șȖȉȘȈȚȈ ǲȖ-
ȘȖȓȍȊȈ-ȔȈȚȤ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚșȧ Ȋ ǹȍȕ-ǮȍȘȔȥȕȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ — Ȋ ǷȈȘȐȎȍ ȌȕȐ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȧȚ
Ȑ ȘȈșȝȖȌȣ Ȋșȍ ȚȍȒțȚ ǲȖȋȌȈ Ȏȍ țȌȈșȚșȧ ȍȔț ȊȣȉȘȈȚȤșȧ ȖȚȚțȌȈ" ȅȚȖȋȖ Ȗȕ ȕȍ
ȏȕȈȍȚ Ǫ ȖȎȐȌȈȕȐȐ Ȗȕ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȍȚșȧ ȔȍȌȐȞȐȕșȒȖȑ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒȖȑ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȎȐȚȤ
Ȑ ȏȈȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȍȚ ȥȚȐȔ ȒȖȍ-ȒȈȒȐȍ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ ȕȖ ȒȈȒ Ȗȕ șȈȔ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȍȔț ©ȍȌȊȈ ȝȊȈ-
ȚȈȍȚ ȕȈ ȗȖȒȘȣȚȐȍ ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȣȝ ȘȈșȝȖȌȖȊª ǪȏȖȘȣ ȍȋȖ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖ ȖȉȘȈȡȍȕȣ Ȋ
șȚȖȘȖȕț ǨȕȚȊȍȘȗȍȕȈ ǺȈȔ ȍȋȖ ȎȌȍȚ ȔȐȘ șȟȈșȚȤȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ — ȉȖȋȈȚșȚȊȖ
XII
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȔțȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȎȌȍȚ ȗȖȟȚȐ Ȟȍȓȣȝ ȟȍȚȣȘȍ ȔȍșȧȞȈ ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ 23 ȜȍȊ-
ȘȈȓȧ  ȋȖȌȈ Ȗȕ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚ ȖȚ ȒȖȘȖȓȧ ȗȘȖȗțșȒ ȋȖȌȕȣȑ ȕȈ  ȔȍșȧȞȍȊ Ȑ ȕȈ
 ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ4 ǵȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȥȚȖ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȗȖȒȖȍȕ ©ȕȍȒȖȔț ȉțȌȍȚ ȏȈȡȐȡȈȚȤ ȍȋȖ
ȖȚ ȊȖȘȖȊª ǭȔț ȕțȎȕȈ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȖȝȘȈȕȕȈȧ ȋȘȈȔȖȚȈ ȖȚ ȋȍȘȞȖȋȈ ǪȈȕȌȖȔșȒȖȋȖ ȊȖȑșȒȈ
ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȣ ȕȈ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȈȝ5, Ȑ ȗȈșȗȖȘȚ — ȖȚ ǴȈȘȋȈȘȐȚȣ ǨȊșȚȘȐȑ-
șȒȖȑ ȘȍȋȍȕȚȠȐ ǵȐȌȍȘȓȈȕȌȖȊ ǶȌȖȓȍȊ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȐ ȗȘȍȗȧȚșȚȊȐȧ, ǨȋȘȐȗ-
ȗȈ ȊȐȌȐȚ ȗȍȘȍȌ șȖȉȖȑ ȕȖȊȣȍ ǷȖ ȍȋȖ șȓȖȊȈȔ ©Ȗȕ ȗȖȗȈȓ Ȑȏ ǽȈȘȐȉȌȣ Ȋ ǹȞȐȓ-
1 ȿpist., V, 22. Ⱥɜɬ
2 ɉɢɫɶɦɨ ɩɨɦɟɱɟɧɨ  ɹɧɜɚɪɹ  ɝ ɢɡ ɉɚɪɢɠɚ ȿpist., 9  Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɛɵɥ ɜ ɉɚɪɢɠɟ ɫ  ɞɟɤɚɛɪɹ
 ɝ Epist., 9  ɢ  Ⱥɜɬ
3 Epist., 9     ɢ  Ⱥɜɬ
4 ȿpist., V, 39, 43, 45. Ⱥɜɬ
5 ȿpist., 9  ɉɢɫɶɦɨ ɤ ɒɚɩɟɥɷɧɭ ɨɬ  ɦɚɹ  ɝ Ƚɟɪɰɨɝ ȼɚɧɞɨɦɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɩɪɨ-
ɲɟɧɢɟȺɝɪɢɩɩɵɨɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɟɨɛɴɹɜɢɥɱɬɨɨɧ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚɧɟɩɨɞɩɢɲɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɛɭɦɚɝɟ
ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɦɹȺɝɪɢɩɩɵɋɦɩɢɫɶɦɨȺɝɪɢɩɩɵɤɈɪɨɧɰɢɸɎɢɧɷȿpist.,V,
 ɇɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɥɢ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɨɬ ɝɟɪɰɨɝɚ litterae dimissoriae. ɋɦ ȿpist., 9   Ⱥɜɬ

84
ȓțª ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȍșȚȤ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȗțȚȍȠȍșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȕȍȚ ȉȖ-
ȓȤȠȍ Ȍȍȕȍȋ ǻȏȕȈȊ ȗȖ ȖȗȣȚț ȚȖ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȋȓțȗȖșȚȤȦ Ȓȕȧȏȍȑ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ
ș ȋȖȘȍȟȤȦ țȉȍȎȌȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȕȍȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȖșȚȐ ȌȘțȋȈ șțȌȧ ȗȖ ȕȍȋȖȌȖȊȈȕȐȦ ǨȋȘȐȗ-
ȗȣ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȖȌțȔȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖȚ ȉȓȐȏȒȐȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȖșȚȈȊȠȐȑșȧ ȚȈȒȖȊȣȔ ȓȐȠȤ
ȌȖ ȟȍȘȕȖȋȖ Ȍȕȧ ȉȣȓ ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ Țȍȝ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȐȔȍȦȚ ȉȍȏțșȓȖȊȕȖȍ ȗȘȈȊȖ
ȘȈșșȟȐȚȣȊȈȚȤ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȚȘțȌȕȣȝ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈȝ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ǫ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȐȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ
ȖȉȘȈȡȈȍȚșȧ Ȓ ǨȊȘȍȓȐȦ Ȍ¶ǨȒȊȈȗȍȕȌȍȕȚȍ ȏȈȚȍȔ Ȓ ǨȊȋțșȚȐȕȖ ǼȖȘȕȈȘȐ Ȑ ȒȘȈș-
ȕȖȘȍȟȐȊȖ ȐȏȓȈȋȈȍȚ ȐȔ șȊȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȉȣȓȖ șȚȖȓȤ Ȏȍ ȉȍȌșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȣȔ șȒȖȓȤ Ȑ ȕȍȊȣȕȖșȐȔȣȔ ȍșȓȐ ȖȕȐ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȌțȚ ȍȔț ȕȈ ȗȖȔȖȡȤ Ȗȕ ȗȖȋȐȉ1.
ǭȋȖ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȚȤșȧ Ȓ ȋȍȘȞȖȋț ǪȈȕȌȖȔșȒȖȔț ȖșȚȈȦȚșȧ șȚȖȓȤ Ȏȍ
ȉȍșȗȓȖȌȕȣȔȐ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȍȋȖ ȗȐșȤȔȈ ȕȍ ȌȖȝȖȌȧȚ ȌȈȎȍ ȗȖ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȦ
ǵȖ șȖȉȣȚȐȧ ȕȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȚ ȔȍȌȓȐȚȤ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ țȏȕȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȈ-ȔȈȚȤ Ȑ
ȗȘȐȕȞȍșșȈ ǴȈȘȋȈȘȐȚȈ ȗȖȘȍȠȐȓȐ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ ǰ ȊȖȚ Ȗȕ țȍȏȎȈȍȚ ȚȈȑȕȖ
ȕȖȟȤȦ ȖșȚȈȊȐȊ Ȋ ǷȈȘȐȎȍ Ȏȍȕț ȌȍȚȍȑ Ȑ ȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȖ Ȑ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ Ȋ ǨȕȚ-
ȊȍȘȗȍȕ2 ȒțȌȈ Ȑ ȗȘȐȉȣȊȈȍȚ  ȐȦȓȧ  ȋ
ǷȍȘȊȖȍ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȑȏ ǨȕȚȊȍȘȗȍȕȈ ȈȌȘȍșȖȊȈȕȖ ǨȊȘȍȓȐȦ Ȍ
ǨȒȊȈ-
ȗȍȕȌȍȕȚȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȐȠȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȎȌȍȚ ȍȋȖ Ȓ șȍȉȍ Ȋ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ Ȏȍ ȌȍȕȤ ȗȖ ȗȘȐȍȏ-
Ȍȍ ȕȍ ȎȍȓȈȧ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȒȚȖ ȉȣ ȚȖ ȕȐ ȉȣȓȖ țȏȕȈȓ Ȗ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȉȣȚȐȐ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ, ȟȍȔ
Ȗȕ ȗȍȘȍȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ș ǨȊȘȍȓȐȍȔ ȅȚȖ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȒȖȘȖȚȒȈȧ ȏȈȗȐșȒȈ ȗȖșȓȈȕȕȈȧ ȊȚȖ-
ȘȖȗȧȝ ǪȚȖȘȖȍ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ — Ȓ ȀȈȗȍȓȥȕț ȖȕȖ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȖ ȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ
Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȕȍȐșȚȖȊȣȝ ȗȘȖȒȓȧȚȐȑ ǲȖȘȖȓȍȊț-ȔȈȚȤ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȖȚȕȣȕȍ ȕȈȏȣ-
ȊȈȍȚ ȕȍ ȐȕȈȟȍ ȒȈȒ ǰȍȏȈȊȍȓȤȦ Ȗȕ ȗȘȐȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȗșȖȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȍȍ ȘȈș-
ȚȍȘȏȈȚȤ ǵȖ ȉȣȚȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȗȖȚȖȘȖȗȐȓșȧ ȘȈȌȖȊȈȚȤșȧ Ƕȕ
ȎȌȍȚ ǨȊȘȍȓȐȧ Ȍ¶ǨȒȊȈȗȍȕȌȍȕȚȍ ȕȖ ȚȖȚ ȊȖȊșȍ ȕȍ șȚȘȍȔȐȚșȧ ȗȖșȍȚȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȚȈȒ
ȗȖșȗȍȠȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȚȖȋȖ ȎȍȓȈȍȚ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ǺȖȋȌȈ șȕȖȊȈ ȊȖȏȖȉȕȖȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȎȈȓȖȉȣ
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȍȋȖ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ șțȡȍșȚȊȖ șȕȖȊȈ ȖȝȊȈȚȣȊȈȦȚ șȚȘȈȝ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌȟțȊ-
șȚȊȐȧ ȉȍȌ ǵȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ȖȚ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖȌșȚȊȍȕȕȐȒȈ
ǫȐ ǼȦȘȉȐȚȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț Ȗȕ ȗȖȘțȟȐȓ Ȋ ǷȈȘȐȎȍ Ȋ ȟȈș șȊȖȍȋȖ ȗȖșȗȍȠȕȖȋȖ
ȖȚȢȍȏȌȈ Ȏȍȕț Ȑ ȌȍȚȍȑ3. ǰșȚȐȕȕȈȧ șȒȖȘȉȤ ȖȊȓȈȌȍȊȈȍȚ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȖȑ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ
țȏȕȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȎȍȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȏȈȝȊȖȘȈȓȈ ǵȈȌȖ ȖȚȌȈȚȤ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖșȚȤ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȟȚȖ
ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȘȈȏ ȒȈȒ Ȗȕ țȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȑ ȗȘȍȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȗȖȌȘțȋȍ șȊȖȍȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ
ǮȈȕȕȍ-ǳțȐȏȍ ǺȐșșȐ șȊȖȍȑ ȊȚȖȘȖȑ Ȏȍȕȍ Ȗȕ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ
1 ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɹɧɜɚɪɹ  ɝ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ  ɞɧɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɰɟ ɨɛɨɲɥɢɫɶ ɟɦɭ ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ ɨɤɨɥɨ
 ɡɨɥɨɬɵɯ ɤɪɨɧ ɨɧ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɰɟ ɋɜɹɬɨɣ ȼɚɪɜɚɪɵ ɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɞɟ Ʌɚ-Ƚɚɪɩ Ɏɨɪɧɚɪɢ ɜ ɷɬɨ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɝɞɟ ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥ ɟɦɭ ɧɚɭɞɚɱɭ ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ
ɨɧ ɩɪɢɸɬɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɟ ɤɚɪɦɟɥɢɬɨɜ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɩɚɪɢɠɫɤɨɟ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ɨɬ
 ɢɸɥɹ  ɝ ȿpist., V, 27, 28, 38, 43-48. Ⱥɜɬ
2 ȿpist., 9  ɢ  Ⱥɜɬ
3 Ⱦɨɦɢɧɢɤɚɧɟɰ Ƚɢ Ɏɸɪɛɢɬɢ ɜɟɥ ɞɢɫɩɭɬ ɫ Ɏɚɪɥɟɟɦ ɜ ɀɟɧɟɜɟ ɢ ɛɵɥ ɦɨɧɚɯɨɦ ɜ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɟ Ɇɨɧɦɟ-
ɥɢɚɧ ɛɥɢɡ ɒɚɦɛɟɪɢ Ⱥɜɬ

85
ȚȘȖȋȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ1.
ǶȉȘȍȔȍȕȍȕȕȣȑ ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȌȍȓȈȔȐ ȕȈȝȖȌȧșȤ Ȋ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖȑ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒȍ
ș ȌȘțȏȤȧȔȐ ȉȍcȗȖȒȖȧșȤ Ȗ șȊȖȍȔ ȔȕȖȋȖȟȐșȓȍȕȕȖȔ șȍȔȍȑșȚȊȍ ș ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ Ȗȕ
ȘȈȏȓțȟȍȕ Ȗ ȓȦȉȐȔȖȑ Ȏȍȕȍ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȤȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȗȖȠȈȚȕțȓȖșȤ ȉȍcȗȘȍșȚȈȕȕȖ
ȗȘȍșȓȍȌțȍȔȣȑ ȒȘȍȌȐȚȖȘȈȔȐ Ȑ ȉȍcȗȘȍșȚȈȕȕȖ ȖșȈȎȌȈȍȔȣȑ țȟȍȕȐȒȈȔȐ ȖȉȘȈ-
ȡȈȦȡȐȔȐșȧ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ș ȘȈȏȕȣȔȐ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈȔȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ, ȚȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ, ȘȈȉȖȚȈȍȚ
ȚȈȒ țșȍȘȌȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȏȈȒȈȕȟȐȊȈȍȚ ȒȕȐȋț șȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕțȦ Ȋ ǳȐȖȕȍ, ©Ƕ ȕ ȍ Ȍ Ȗ ș Ț Ȗ-
ȊȍȘȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȚȡȍȚȍȕȈțȒ Ȑ ȐșȒțșșȚȊªǲȕȐȋȈȥȚȈȊșȒȖȘȍȌȖȓȎȕȈ
ȗȖȧȊȐȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ Ȑ șȚȈȚȤ Ȍȓȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȖȔ ȒȈȒ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȔțȒ ȚȈȒ Ȑ
ȕȖȊȖȑ ȟȍșȚȐ ǬȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ  ȋȖȌȈ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȕȖȋȖ ǨȋȘȐȗ-
ȗȖȦ Ȋ ǨȕȚȊȍȘȗȍȕȍ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȖșȤ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȥȚȖ șȚȘȈȕȕȖȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ
Ȋ ȖȌȕȖ Ȑ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȉȣȓȖ șȐȋȕȈȓȖȔ ȖșȊȖȉȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ țȔȈ Ȑ
șȊȖȉȖȌȕȖȑ ȒȘȐȚȐȒȐ Ȑ ȊȣȏȖȊȖȔ ȉȘȖȠȍȕȕȣȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȔț ȘȈșșțȌȒț2.
1 ɉɨɷɬ Ƚɢɩɚɪɢɣ Ȼɟɪɬɨɥɶɮ ɢ Ⱥɜɪɟɥɢɣ ɞ¶Ⱥɤɜɚɩɟɧɞɟɧɬɟ ɩɨɫɜɹɬɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɸ ɟɟ
ɤɪɚɫɨɬɟ ɢ ɟɟ ɥɸɛɜɢ (Agr. Opera Omnia, ,,  Ⱦɨ ɧɚɫ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ Ȼɨɪɬɨɥɶɮɚ ɩɨɦɟɱɟɧ-
ɧɨɟ Ȼɚɡɟɥɟɦ  ɧɨɹɛɪɹ  ɝ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɧ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɟɳɟ ɨɛ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɦ
ɢɦ ɞɜɚ ɝɨɞɚ ɬɨɦɭ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɨɧ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɜ ɫɟɦɶɸ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɗɬɨ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ɤɨɧɱɚɟɬɫɹ
ɬɚɤ ©ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɛtɞɚ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɡɚɲɥɚ ɞɥɢɧɧɚɹ ɛɟɫɟɞɚ ɨ ɬɟɛɟ ɬ ɟ ɨɛ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɭɬɨɧɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɞɧɚ
ɢɡ ɬɟɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɧɪɚɜɹɬɫɹ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɢɧɭ ɗɪɚɡɦɭ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɛɥɢɫɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɫɯɜɚɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɬɜɨɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɬɜɨɢ ɪɟɞɤɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɉɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɬɜɨɣ ɞɪɭɝ Ʉɥɨɞ ɒɚɧɫɨɧɧɟɬɬ (Claudius Cantiuncula), Ɏɢ-
ɥɢɛɟɪɬ ɞɟ Ʌɸɫɟɧɠ (Ph. ɚ Lucingia) ɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮ Ɍɨɦɚɫ Ɂɟɝɟɪ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟª Epist., III, 44. Ⱥɜɬ
2 Ʉɧɢɝɚ «De incertitundine et vanitate scientiarum et artium atque excelentia Verbi Dei declamatio» ɛɵɥɚ
ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɚ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɨɸ ɜ Ʌɢɨɧɟ ɜ  ɝ ɧɚɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɚ ɜ Ⱥɧɬɜɟɪɩɟɧɟ ɜ  ɝ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɹ Ʉɚɪɥɚ 9 ɩɨ-
ɦɟɱɟɧɚ ©Ɇɚɥɢɧ  ɹɧɜɚɪɹ  ɝª ɩɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɦɭ ɫɬɢɥɸ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɟ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ in  ɢɡɞɚɧɚ ɂɨɝɚɧɧɨɦ Ƚɪɚ-
ɮɟɟɦ (Joan. Grapheus). ɗɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɧɟ ɭɪɟɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɨɜ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɟ-
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ȼ ɧɟɦ  ɧɟɧɭɦɟɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪ ɫ ɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ A. Ɍ ɇɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɚ ɝɪɚ-
ɜɸɪɚ ɧɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɳɚɹ Ɇɢɥɨɫɟɪɞɢɟ ɋɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɨ Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬɢɧɨ Ɏɨɪɧɚɪɢ Ⱥɜɬ ɉɟɪɜɨɟ
ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɲɥɨ ɜ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɟ  ɝ ɜ ɹɧɜɚɪɟ  ɝ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɭɠɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɛɟɡ ɨɡ-
ɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɢɹ in  ɧɚɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɜ Ʉɟɥɶɧɟ «apud Eucharium Agripinatem», in
8°, ɢ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɠɟ ɬ ɟ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ  ɝ — ɬɪɟɬɶɟ ɛɟɡ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɢɡɞɚ-
ɬɟɥɹ ɧɚɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɜ Ⱥɧɬɜɟɪɩɟɧɟ ɢ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɟɬɨɣ «Parisiis apud Sorbonam, opera
et impensa Joannis Petri, anno 1531, mense februario», in 8°. Ʉ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ 1531 ɝ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ —
ɩɹɬɨɟ ©ɋɨloniaeª Ɇ N. ɬ ɟ Melchior Novesianus) excudebat», in 8°, ɢ ɲɟɫɬɨɟ ɛɟɡ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɹ
«Apud florentissimam Antverpiam». ȼ 1532 ɝ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɞɜɚ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɨɛɚ ɛɟɡ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɹ
ɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ — ɫɟɞɶɦɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɜ Ʉɟɥɶɧɟ «Anno 1532, mense januario, in
8°, ɢ ɜɨɫɶɦɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɜ ɉɚɪɢɠɟ «Anno 1532, mense septembri,» in 8°. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɟɳɟ
ɞɜɚ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɞɚɬɨɣ ɜɵɲɟɞɲɢɟ ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ Ⱥɝ-
ɪɢɩɩɵ — ɞɟɜɹɬɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɜ Ⱥɧɬɜɟɪɩɟɧɟ in  ɢ ɞɟɫɹɬɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɜ ɉɚ-
ɪɢɠɟ in 8°. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɢɡɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫ  ɩɨ  ɝ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ  ɟɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɣ ȼɫɤɨɪɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɟɝɨ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɟ ɜ    ɝɝ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɜ  
   ɝɝ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɟ ɜ      ɢ ɞɪ ɝɨɥɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɟ ɜ   ɝɝ
ɧɟɦɟɰɤɢɣ ɜ  ɝ ȼ ;9,,, ɜɟɤɟ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ȼ Ȼ

86
ǬȖȉȈȊȐȔ ȟȚȖ, ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ Ȋșȍ țșȐȓȐȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȍȋȖ ȌȍȕȍȎȕȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍ-
ȕȐȍ ȕȍ țȓțȟȠȈȓȖșȤ Ȑ ȍȔț ȓȐȠȤ ȚȧȎȍȓȖȑ ȞȍȕȖȑ ȉȍșȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȣȝ ȝȓȖȗȖȚ ȔȖ-
ȓȍȕȐȑ Ȑ ȗȘȖșȤȉ țȌȈȍȚșȧ șȖȉȘȈȚȤ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠțȦ șțȔȔț ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔțȦ ȕȈ ȗȍȘȍȍȏȌ
ȍȋȖ șȍȔȤȐ Ȑȏ ǷȈȘȐȎȈ Ȋ ǨȕȚȊȍȘȗȍȕ
XIII
ǲȈȒ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȑ ȊȘȈȟ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ Ȋ ȐȦȕȍ Ȑ Ȋ ȐȦȓȍ  ȋȖȌȈ ȉȣȓ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ
ȘȈȏ ȗȘȐȋȓȈȠȍȕ Ȓ ȉȖȓȤȕȣȔ Ȋ ǳțȊȥȕ Ȑ ǴȈȓȐȕ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȥȚȐȝ ȗȖȍȏȌȖȒ Ȗȕ ȗȖȌ-
ȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȓ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒț ș ǮȈȕȖȔ ǪȐȘȖȔ șȊȖȐȔ țȟȍȕȐȒȖȔ Ȑ ȟȍȓȖ-
ȊȍȒȖȔ, ȉȓȐȏȒȐȔ Ȓ ȍȋȖ șȍȔȤȍ1 ǷȖ ȥȚȐȔ ȗȐșȤȔȈȔ ȊȐȌȕȖ ș ȒȈȒȐȔ ȕȍȚȍȘȗȍȕȐȍȔ
șȒȖȊȈ ȎȈȎȌȍȚ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ șȒȖȘȍȍ ȖȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ ȊȕȖȊȤ ȉȓȐȏ șȊȖȍȑ Ȏȍȕȣ șȊȖȐȝ ȌȍȚȍȑ
șȊȖȐȝ șȓțȋ Ȑ șȊȖȐȝ șȖȉȈȒ2.
ǺțȚ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ Ȋ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȖȊȖȔ ȕȈȔ șȊȍȚȍ ȥȚȖȚ ȕȍțȒȘȖ-
ȚȐȔȣȑ ȗȈȔȜȓȍȚȐșȚ ȎȐȊȠȐȑ șȚȖȓȤ ȉțȑȕȖȑ ȊȕȍȠȕȍȑ ȎȐȏȕȤȦ țȔȍȓ ȞȍȕȐȚȤ
ȗȘȖșȚȣȍ Ȑ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȣȍ țȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȐȧ șȍȔȍȑȕȖȋȖ ȒȘțȋȈ ǫȖȊȖȘȧ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ
1 Ⱦɨɤɬɨɪ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɵ ɀɚɧ ȼɢɪ ɪɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɜ  ɝ ɜ Ƚɪɚɜɟ-ɧɚ-Ɇɟɡɟ ɢ ɭɦɟɪ ɜ  ɝ ȿɝɨ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ
ɢɡɞɚɧɵ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɬɨɦɟ in  ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ  ɫɬɪ ɜ Ⱥɦɫɬɟɪɞɚɦɟ ɜ  ɝ Ⱥɜɬ ɀɚɧ ȼɢɪ ɂɨɝɚɧɧ ɢɥɢ
Ƚɚɧɫ ȼɟɣɟɪ — ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ȿɝɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ «De pre-
stigiis daemonum et incantationibus ɚɫ veneficiis», Ȼɚɡɟɥɶ 1563 ɩɨɹɜɢɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɭɠɟ ɜ  ɝ ɜɨ ɮɪɚɧ-
ɰɭɡɫɤɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɟ ɩɨɞ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɢɟɦ «Histoires, disputes et discours des illusions et impostures des diab-
les») ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɩɪɟɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɞɶɦ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɷɩɨɯɭ ȼɢɪ ɫɬɚɪɚɥ-
ɫɹ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ ɱɬɨ ɜɟɞɶɦɵ — ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɚɤ ɛɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ
ɛɪɟɞ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɫɰɟɧɵ ɩɨɥɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɲɚɛɚɲ ɢ ɡɚ ɫɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɞɶɹɜɨɥɨɦ ɍɱɟ-
ɧɢɤɨɦ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ȼɢɪ ɛɵɥ ɟɳɟ ɜ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ ɜ  ɝ ɬ ɟ ɥɟɬ  ȼɢɪ ɫɚɦ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ
ɱɬɨ ɨɞɧɚɠɞɵ — ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧ ɤɚɤ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɶ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɥɢ-
ɧɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɟɦɨɧɨɜ — ɩɨɯɢɬɢɥ ɬɚɣɧɨ ɭ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ©ɋɬɟɝɚ!ɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɸª Ɍɪɢɬɝɟɣɦɚ ɢ ɫɩɢɫɚɥ ɨɬɬɭɞɚ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɡɚɤɥɢɧɚɧɢɣ Ɉɪɫɶɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ȼɢɪɚ «familier» Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɹ ɬɚɤ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ «fa-
mulus». ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɫɥɭ-
ɝɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɢ ɜɵɞɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɠɢɜɲɢɟ ɜ ɢɯ ɞɨɦɟ ɜɯɨɞɢɜ-
ɲɢɟ ɜ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɶɸ ɢ ɧɟ ɝɧɭɲɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɢɧɨɣ ©ɱɟɪɧɨɣª ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɞɨɦɭ Ɍɚɤɨɜɨ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɢ ɩɨɥɨ-
ɠɟɧɢɟ ©ɭɱɟɧɢɤɨɜª ɜ ɞɨɦɟ Ʌɟɨɧɚɪɞɨ ɞɚ ȼɢɧɱɢ ɋɚɦ ȼɢɪ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɭ «olim hospes et prae-
ceptor», ɬ ɟ ©ɧɟɤɨɝɞɚ ɯɨɡɹɢɧ ɞɨɦɚ ɝɞɟ ɹ ɠɢɥ ɢ ɦɨɣ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɶª ȼ Ȼ
2 ɉɢɫɶɦɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɨɛɦɟɧɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ Ⱥɧɬɜɟɪ-
ɩɟɧɟ ɞɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɪɨɫɢɬɶ ɥɸɛɨɩɵɬɧɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɸɸ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɤɚɪ-
ɬɢɧɵ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɜ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ Epist., V, 72-78. Ⱥɜɬ ɋɟɦɶɹ Ⱥɝɪɢɩ-
ɩɵ ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɚ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɢɡ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɟɝɨ ɠɟɧɚ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɨ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɫɥɭ-
ɠɚɧɤɚ Ɇɚɪɢɹ (pedissequa), ɱɟɬɜɟɪɨ ɫɥɭɝ (servuli ɢɥɢ servi) ɢ ɦɚɥɶɱɢɤ (puer cursor, ©ɤɚɡɚɱɨɤª ɩɨɞ
ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɥɭɝ ɧɚɞɨ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ ɫɤɪɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɭ ɱ ɟ ɧ ɢ ɤ ɢ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ
ɜɟɥ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɭ ɧɚ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɜɟɪɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɡɜɢɳɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɝ ɧɚɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ Ƚɟɪ-
ɤɭɥɟɫ Ⱥɜɪɟɥɢɣ Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬɢɧ ɗɦɦɚɧɭɷɥɶ ɩɨɡɠɟ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɥɫɹ ɀɚɧ ȼɢɪ Ʉ ɱɥɟɧɚɦ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɩɪɢɧɚɞ-
ɥɟɠɚɥɢ ɟɳɟ ɫɨɛɚɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɥɸɛɢɥ ȼ  ɝ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɢɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɹɬɶ Tarot, Franza,
Muza, Ciccionus, Balassa. ɋɦ Epist., V, 43, 76,  ɢ ɞɪ ȼ Ȼ

87
ȧȏȣȒȖȔ țȔȍșȚȕȣȔ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȥȚȐȝ ȗȐșȤȔȈȝ ȗȍȘȍȌ
ȕȈȔȐ ȖȚȒȘȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȒȘȈȍȠȍȒ ȕȍȉȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ ȕȈȌ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȖȑ Ȋșȍ ȉȣ-
ȓȖ ȏȈȌȍȘȕțȚȖ ȔȘȈȟȕȣȔȐ ȚțȟȈȔȐ Ȑ ȕȈȠȍȔț țȌȐȊȓȍȕȕȖȔț ȊȏȖȘț ȉțȑȕȣȑ ȜȐ-
ȓȖșȖȜ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖȔ ȖȉȓȐȒȍ ȌȖȉȘȖȋȖ șȍȔȤȧȕȐȕȈ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ —
ȒȘȖȚȒȐȑ Ȑ ȔȐȘȕȣȑ ȓȦȉȧȡȐȑ ȔțȎ Ȑ ȏȈȉȖȚȓȐȊȣȑ ȖȚȍȞ — ȒȈȒȖȍ șȚȘȈȕȕȖȍ ȊȐ-
ȌȍȕȐȍ
ǵȖ ȉȍȏȎȈȓȖșȚȕȣȑ ǸȖȒ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ Ȓ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȒȖȊȈȘȕȣȔ Ȑ ȎȍșȚȖȒȐȔ ǰȔȍȕ-
ȕȖ Ȋ ȥȚȐ ȌȕȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ șțȎȌȍȕȖ ȗȖȚȍȘȧȚȤ Ȏȍȕț Ȑ ȌȊȖȐȝ Ȑȏ șȊȖȐȝ ȌȍȚȍȑ
Ǫ ǨȕȚȊȍȘȗȍȕȍ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȈșȤ ȟțȔȈ ǮȈȕȕȈ-ǳțȐȏȈ ȗȈȓȈ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ ȍȍ ȗȍȘȊȣȝ
ȎȍȘȚȊ ǻ ȕȈș ȍșȚȤ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȤȍ ȖȉȘȈȡȍȕȕȖȍ Ȓ ǫȐ ǼȦȘ-
ȉȐȚȐ — ȗȖȘȈȏȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȗȖ șȐȓȍ Ȑ ȒȘȈșȕȖȘȍȟȐȊȖ-șȚȘȈșȚȕȖȍ ȐȏȓȐȧȕȐȍ șȒȖȘ-
ȉȐ1. ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȘȐșțȍȚ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ ȚȘȖȋȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȗȖȘȚȘȍȚ ȗȖȒȖȑȕȖȑ Ȑ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȕȍ
ȗȖȌțȔȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ Ȋ ȕȍȔ șȈȔȖȔ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ Ȋ
ȊȣșȖȒȖȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌȕȖȍ — ȕȈȘȧȌț șȖ ȊșȍȔȐ ȍȋȖ ȊȍȓȐȒȐȔȐ ȕȍȌȖ-
șȚȈȚȒȈȔȐ — ȍșȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȓȦȉȐȓȖ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȕȍȎȕȖȍ ȚȈȒȖȍ șȊȍȚȓȖȍ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȍ
ǨȊȋțșȚȐȕșȒȐȑ ȔȖȕȈȝ ǨȊȘȍȓȐȑ Ȍ¶ǨȒȊȈȗȍȕȌȍȕȚȍ ȌȖȒȚȖȘ ȚȍȖȓȖȋȐȐ ȕȈȗȐșȈȓ
ȕȈ șȔȍȘȚȤ ǮȈȕȕȣ-ǳțȐȏȣ ȓȈȚȐȕșȒȖȍ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȍ2:
ǴȕȖȋȐȍ șȓȈȊȐȓȐ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ȒȘȈșț ǴȈȘȐȐ-ǳțȐȏȣ
ǬȐȊȕțȦ ȉȖȋȐ ȍȍ ȌȈȓȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ Țȍȉȍ
ǰȓȐ Ȋ șȚȐȝȈȝ ȊȖșȗȍȊȈȓȐ ȍȍ șȚȣȌȓȐȊȖșȚȤ ǷȈȓȓȈȌȈ
©ǴțȌȘȈȧ — ȔȖȓȊȐȓȈ ȍȑ — ȌȖȓȋȖ, ǳțȐȏȈ, ȎȐȊȐª
ǲȚȖ ȕȍ ȏȈȝȖȟȍȚ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȊȖșȗȍȚȤ ȍȍ țȔ ȍȍ șȒȘȖȔȕȖșȚȤ
ǯȕȈȚȕȖșȚȤ ȘȖȌȈ ȍȍ Ȑ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌșȚȊȖ ȌțȠȐ"
ǹȓȐȠȒȖȔ Țȣ ǷȈȘȒȈ ȉȣȓȈ Ȗ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȎȍșȚȖȒȖȑ ȟȚȖ șȔȍȓȈ
ǪȣȘȊȈȚȤ ț șȔȍȘȚȕȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȥȚȖȚ ȉȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȓȐȒ
ǩȖȋȐ ȉȍșșȔȍȘȚȕȣȍ Ȋȣ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȚȍ ȌțȠț ǳțȐȏȣ
ǰȉȖ ȈȔȉȘȖȏȐȧ ȍȑ ȐȉȖ ȍȑ ȕéȒȚȈȘ Ȓ ȓȐȞț
ǯȈ ȗȐșȤȔȖȔ ȗȖșȓȈȕȕȣȔ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȖȦ ǼȦȘȉȐȚȐ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȐ ȌȊȈ ȌȘțȋȐȝ
ȖȌȕȖ ȈȌȘȍșȖȊȈȕȕȖȍ ǨȊȘȍȓȐȦ ȌȘțȋȖȍ ȀȈȗȍȗȥȕț ȖȉȈ ȥȚȐ ȗȐșȤȔȈ ȗȘȍȐșȗȖȓ-
1 Epist., V, 81. ɀɚɧɧɚ-Ʌɭɢɡɚ ɭɦɟɪɥɚ 17 ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1529 ɝ ɜ Ⱥɧɬɜɟɪɩɟɧɟ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɠɟ ɭɦɟɪɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɢɡ ©ɫɥɭɝª Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ Ʉɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢɟ ɨ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ ɠɟɧɵ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ Ɇɚɥɢɧ
(ȿpist., 9  ɨɧ ɬɨɬɱɚɫ ɛɪɨɫɢɥɫɹ ɜ Ⱥɧɬɜɟɪɩɟɧ ɧɨ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝ ɫɩɚɫɬɢ ɠɟɧe ɋɦɟɪɬɶ ɠɟɧɵ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɥɚ
ɧɚ ɬɨ ɱɬɨ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɜɫɤɨɪɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɨɬ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɫɹ
ɫɟɦɶ ɥɟɬ Ɉɧ ɩɪɢɧɹɥ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɜɨɪɚ Ⱥɜɬ ȼɨɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɱɢɦ ɱɬɨ ɩɢ-
ɫɚɥ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ Ɏɸɪɛɢɬɢ ©Ɉ ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɦɨɣ ɞɨɪɨɝɨɣ ɞɪɭɝ ɹ ɦɨɝ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɬɶ ɬɟɛɟ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɥ
ɛɵ ɬɟɛɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɬɶ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɩɟɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɬɹɠɤɢɟ ə ɜɟɫɶ ɩɨɝɢɛ ɹ ɭɛɢɬ ɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɥɫɹ (perii
totus, occidi, perditus sum). ə ɩɨɬɟɪɹɥ ɬɨ ɱɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɬɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɫɥɚɞɨɫɬ-
ɧɵɦ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɢɯ ɬɪɭɞɨɜ ɦɨɸ ɝɨɪɹɱɨ ɥɸɛɢɦɭɸ ɠɟɧɭ» ȼ Ȼ
2 Ɉɪɟɝɚ, II, 1151. ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɫɞɟɥɚɧ ɧɚɦɢ ɫ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɢɤɚ ɍ Ɉɪɫɶɟ ɞɚɧ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟ-
ɜɨɞ ɒɚɪɥɹ Ȼɭɚ Ʌɸɛɨɩɵɬɧɵ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤ ©ɛɟɫɫɦɟɪɬɧɵɦ ɛɨɝɚɦª (Superi, Pal-
las etc.), ɞɟɥɚɟɦɵɟ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɦɨɧɚɯɨɦ ;9, ɜɟɤɚ ȼ Ȼ

88
ȕȍȕȣ ȐȏȓȐȧȕȐȑ ȋȖȘȍșȚȕȣȝ ȟțȊșȚȊ1 ǵȖ șȒȖȘȉȤ ȕȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȓȈ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȏȈȉȣȚȤ
ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȒȈȒ ȊȘȈȟ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȐșȗȖȓȕȧȚȤ șȊȖȑ ȌȖȓȋ ǩȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ ȈȕȚȊȍȘ-
ȗȍȕșȒȐȝ ȌȖȒȚȖȘȖȊ șȚȘȍȔȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ țȌȈȓȐȓȖșȤ Ȑȏ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ȗȘȐ ȗȍȘȊȖȔ ȗȖȧȊȓȍ-
ȕȐȐ ȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȖșȚȈȓșȧ ȕȈ șȊȖȍȔ ȗȖșȚț ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȍȔț ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ ȗȍ-
ȘȍȔȍȕȐȚȤ ȎȐȓȐȡȍ Ȑ Ȗȕ ȗȖșȍȓȐȓșȧ ț ǨȊȋțșȚȐȕȖ ǼȖȘȕȈȘȐ2 ǬȕȍȔ Ȑ ȕȖȟȤȦ Ǩȋ-
ȘȐȗȗȈ ȉȣȓ ȕȈ ȕȖȋȈȝ ȕȍ ȡȈȌȧ șȍȉȧ șȘȈȎȈȧșȤ ș ȟțȔȖȑ ȓȐȞȖȔ Ȓ ȓȐȞț ȊȣȘȣ-
ȊȈȧ ț ȕȍȍ ȐȓȐ ȗȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȖșȗȈȘȐȊȈȧ ț ȕȍȍ ș ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌȕȣȔ țȗȘȧȔ-
șȚȊȖȔ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȎȍȘȚȊ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȓȐ ȍȔț ȍȋȖ șȐȓȣ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȕȍ ȉȖȧȓșȧ
ȏȈȘȈȏȣ ȝȖȚȧ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȓ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȖȘȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȕȖ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ
Ȗȕ șȖșȚȈȊȐȓ ȗȖ ȘȍȞȍȗȚȈȔ ǫȈȓȍȕȈ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȝ ȊȘȈȟȍȑ ȌȘȍȊȕȖșȚȐ
ȖșȖȉȖȍ ȓȍȒȈȘșȚȊȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ șȟȐȚȈȓ ȘȈȌȐȒȈȓȤȕȣȔ șȘȍȌșȚȊȖȔ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȟțȔȣ Ȑ
ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ Ȗȕ țȗȖȚȘȍȉȓȧȓ ȊșȦȌț ȋȌȍ șȟȐȚȈȓ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȧȡȐȔ3.
ǲȖȋȌȈ ȟțȔȈ ȗȘȍȒȘȈȚȐȓȈșȤ ȘȈȏȉȍȎȈȊȠȐȍșȧ ȗȘȐ ȍȍ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȐ ȊȘȈȟȐ ȊȖȏ-
ȊȘȈȚȐȓȐșȤ Ȋ ǨȕȚȊȍȘȗȍȕ Ȑ ȎȍȓȈȧ ȗȘȐȒȘȣȚȤ șȊȖȍ ȗȖȏȖȘȕȖȍ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȗȖș-
ȗȍȠȐȓȐ ȊȣșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ ǮȈȕȈ ǺȐȉȖ ȖȉȊȐȕȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ
ȕȍȏȈȒȖȕȕȖ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓșȧ ȔȍȌȐȞȐȕșȒȖȑ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒȖȑ ǲȈȒ șȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤ ȉȣȓ ȗȘȐȋȓȈ-
Ƞȍȕ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȕȖ Ȗȕ ȗȘȖȐȏȕȍș ȗȍȘȍȌ ǰȔȗȍȘșȒȐȔ ǹȖȊȍȚȖȔ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ǴȈȓȐȕ ȧȏ-
ȊȐȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȘȍȟȤ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȖȉȓȐȟȐȓ ȌȍȏȍȘȚȐȘȖȊ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȌȖȓȋȈ Ȑ ȋȖȘȧȟȖ ȏȈ-
ȡȐȡȈȓ ȖȉȊȐȕȧȍȔȖȋȖ ȖșȚȈȊȈȊȠȍȋȖșȧ ȕȈ șȊȖȍȔ ȗȖșȚț șȘȍȌȐ ȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȍȑ țȎȈș-
ȕȖȑȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȐ.©ǺȐȉȖ șȘȈȎȈȓșȧȘȧȌȖȔ șȖ ȔȕȖȑª —ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ
ȉȣȊȠȐȑ ȖȜȐȞȍȘ ȗȍȘȊȣȝ ȐȔȗȍȘșȒȐȝ ȊȖȑȕ Ȑ, Ȓ ȊȍȓȐȟȈȑȠȍȔț ȕȍȋȖȌȖȊȈȕȐȦ
ȈȕȚȊȍȘȗȍȕșȒȐȝ ȋȐȗȗȖȒȘȈȚȖȊ, ǺȐȉȖ ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȊȣȐȋȘȈȓ4.
XIV
ǴȍȎȌț ȚȍȔ ȋȓȈȊȕȖȍ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ ȊȣȠȍȌȠȍȍ Ȋ șȊȍȚ
ȊȣȏȊȈȓȖ ȊȖȒȘțȋ șȍȉȧ ȞȍȓțȦ ȉțȘȦ ȅȚȖȔț ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊț Ȗȕ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ
1 ȿpist. 9  ɢ  Ⱥɜɬ
2 Ⱥ u g. Ɋ ɝ ɨ s t, op. cit., note XXII. ɍ Ɏɨɪɧɚɪɢ ɛɵɥ ɜ Ⱥɧɬɜɟɪɩɟɧɟ ɞɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɥ ɠɢɜɲɢɣ ɜ
ɧɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɞɜɨɸɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɛɪɚɬ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ Ⱥɜɬ
3 Ɋɟɰɟɩɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɚɧɬɢɞɨɬɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɱɭɦɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɫɹ ɜ Opera Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɟɝɨ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɨɫ-
ɜɹɳɟɧɚ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪɢɤɭ ɜɢɤɚɪɧɨɦɭ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɭ Ʉɟɥɶɧɚ Ⱥɜɬ
4©ɌɨɝɞɚɤɚɤɀɚɧɌɢɛɨ(IoannusTheobaldus)ɢ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ —ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥȺɝɪɢɩɩɚ —
ɫɦɟɥɨ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɥɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɭ ɷɬɢ ɫɯɨɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɞɢɤɢ ɷɬɢ ɞɨɤɬɨɪɚ ɦɟɪɨɣ ɜ ɩɨɥɬɨɪɚ ɮɭ-
ɬɚ (sesquipedales) ɨɩɥɟɬɚɸɬ ɧɚɫ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɫɨɮɢɡɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɫɩɨɪɹɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɨɝɚɬɵɯ
ɫɢɥɥɨɝɢɡɦɨɜ  ɇɨ ɭ ɥɨɠɚ ɛɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɞɟ ɧɚɞɨɛɧɨ ɧɟ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɢɫɩɭɬɵ ɚ ɢɫɰɟɥɹɬɶ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ
ɦɟɫɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦª ȿpist. , 9,  ɉɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɫɭɞɹ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚ Ɍɢɛɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɤɚ-
ɠɟɬɫɹ ɛɵɥ ɲɚɪɥɚɬɚɧ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɫɟɛɹ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɥ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚ ɞɨɤ-
ɬɨɪɚ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɵ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɥɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɱɢɧɨɣ ɠɟɧɵ ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɜɪɚɱɟɣ ȼ Ȼ

89
ȉȣȓ ȖȉȧȏȈȕ ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȊșȒȖȘȍ ȍȔț ȉȣȓ șȌȍȓȈȕ Ȟȍȓȣȑ ȘȧȌ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȍȑȠȐȝ
ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȑ ȖȉȘȈȡȍȕȕȣȝ Ȓ ȕȍȔț șȒȖȘȍȍ ȒȈȒ Ȓ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȦ ȟȍȔ ȒȈȒ Ȓ ȊȘȈȟț
ǺȈȒȖȍ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ ǪȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȍȡȍ
ȕȍȌȈȊȕȖ ȌȖȝȖȌȐȊȠȐȑ ȌȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȑ ȒȘȈȑȕȖșȚȐ ȊȕȍȏȈȗȕȖ ȖȒȈȏȈȓșȧ Ȋ ȖȟȍȕȤ
ȉȓȈȋȖȗȘȐȧȚȕȣȝ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ Ȑ ȍȔț ȗȘȍȌșȚȖȧȓȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȣȉȘȈȚȤ Ȑȏ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȗȘȍȌ-
ȓȖȎȍȕȐȑ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȊȣȋȖȌȕȖȍ
ǿȚȖ Ȏȍ Ȗȕ ȐȏȉȍȘȍȚ" ǶȚȗȘȈȊȐȚșȧ ȓȐ Ȗȕ Ȋ ǨȕȋȓȐȦ ȒțȌȈ ȏȖȊȍȚ ȍȋȖ ǫȍȕȘȐȝ
9,,, ȟȘȍȏ ȗȖșȘȍȌȕȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ǲȈȕȞȓȍȘȈ ǫȈȚȚȐȕȈȘȈ" ǰȓȐ ȗȖșȓțȠȈȍȚșȧ Ȗȕ șȊȖȍȋȖ
ȗȖȒȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȧ ȗȘȖșȊȍȡȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȌȐȗȓȖȔȈȚȈ ǭȊșȚȈȝȐȧ ȀȈȗȦȐ șȖȊȍȚțȦȡȍȋȖ ȍȔț,
ȐȔȍȕȍȔ ǲȈȘȓȈ ǷȧȚȖȋȖ ȊȏȧȚȤ ȕȈ șȍȉȧ ȏȈȡȐȚț ǲȈȚȍȘȐȕȣ ǨȘȘȈȋȖȕșȒȖȑ ȒȖȚȖ-
ȘȖȑ ȋȘȖȏȐȚ șȒȈȕȌȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȘȈȏȊȖȌ" ȀȈȗȦȐ ȎȍȓȈȧ șȒȓȖȕȐȚȤ ǨȋȘȐȗȗț ȕȈ șȊȖȦ
șȚȖȘȖȕț ȉȍȘȍȚșȧ ȏȈ ȌȍȓȖ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȓȖȊȒȖ Ǫ șȊȖȍȔ ȗȐșȤȔȍ ȀȈȗȦȐ șȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȝȊȈ-
ȓȐȚ ȕȖȊțȦ ȒȕȐȋț ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȉ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȍȚ ȒȈȒȐȍ ȊȣȋȖȌȣ ȔȖ-
ȎȍȚ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚȤ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȖȒȈȏȈȊ ȐȔȗȍȘȈȚȖȘț țșȓțȋț Ȋ ȚȘțȌȕȣȝ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚ-
ȊȈȝ1 ǵȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȏȕȈȧ ȗȖ ȖȗȣȚț ȕȈșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȘȈșșȟȐȚȣȊȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȉȓȈ-
ȋȖȌȈȘȕȖșȚȤ ȊȍȓȐȒȐȝ ȔȐȘȈ șȍȋȖ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȍȚ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȟȚȖ ȗȍȘȍȑȌȧ ȕȈ șȚȖ-
ȘȖȕț ȒȖȘȖȓȧ ǰșȗȈȕșȒȖȋȖ Ȗȕ ȕȈȊșȍȋȌȈ ȊȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ șȍȉȧ ȒȖȘȖȓȧ Ȉȕȋ-
ȓȐȑșȒȖȋȖ ǰ ȗȖȚȖȔț șȚȈȘȈȧșȤ ȖșȚȈȚȤșȧ ȕȍȑȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȔ Ȗȕ ȕȍ șȌȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȌȖȊȖ-
Ȍȣ ȗȖșȓȈȕȕȐȒȈ Ȑ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȐșȤȔȈȝ ȊșȧȟȍșȒȐ ȖșȗȈȘȐȊȈȍȚ Ȑȝ
ǷȍȘȍȌ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȖȑ ȉȣȓ ȊȣȉȖȘ ȍȡȍ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȘȍȚȤȐȔ Ȑ ȟȍȚȊȍȘȚȣȔ ȗȘȍȌȓȖ-
ȎȍȕȐȍȔ ǺȘȍȚȤȍ ȐșȝȖȌȐȓȖ ȖȚ ȔȈȘȒȐȏȈ ȔȖȕȜȍȘȘȈȚșȒȖȋȖ (de Montferrat), ȓȐȟ-
ȕȖșȚȐ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȕȍȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȘȧȌȖȔ ș ȊȍȓȐȟȐȍȔ ȐȔȗȍȘȈȚȖȘȖȊ ǿȍȚȊȍȘ-
ȚȖȍ — ȖȚ ȗȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȣ ǵȐȌȍȘȓȈȕȌȖȊ ǴȈȘȋȈȘȐȚȣ ǨȊșȚȘȐȑșȒȖȑ ȘȍȏȐȌȍȕ-
ȞȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚșȧ Ȋ ǩȘȦșșȍȓȍ ǵȈ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȔ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȐ Ȑ Ȗș-
ȚȈȕȖȊȐȓșȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ Ƕȕ ȗȘȐȕȧȓ ȖȚ ǴȈȘȋȈȘȐȚȣ ȌȍȑșȚȊȖȊȈȊȠȍȑ ȐȔȍȕȍȔ ȐȔ-
ȗȍȘȈȚȖȘȈȏȊȈȕȐȍǩȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒȈȘȧ ȐǰșȚȖȘȐȖȋȘȈȜȈ2.
Ǫ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȒȐ Ȍȓȧ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ Ǩȋ-
ȘȐȗȗȈ șȖșȚȈȊȐȓ ȚȘȈȒȚȈȚ Ȗ ©ǲȖȘȖȕȈȞȐȐ ǲȈȘȓȈ ǷȧȚȖȋȖª3 ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕ-
ȕȣȑ ȖȚȘȣȊȖȒ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȖȉȡȍȋȖ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ș ȐșȚȖȘȐȍȑ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȦȡȐȑ ȅȚȖ — ȒȘȖ-
1 ɉɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ ȿɜɫɬɚɯɢɹ ɒɚɩɸɢ ɫ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɨɸ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ  ɩɢɫɟɦ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɞɜɭɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ
ɷɩɨɯɚɦ ɤ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɨɞɢɧɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɩɢɫɟɦ ɫ  ɝ ɩɨ  ɝ ɤɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ — ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɩɢɫɶ-
ɦɚ ɫ  ɢɸɧɹ ɩɨ  ɧɨɹɛɪɹ  ɝ ɋɦ ɷɬɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɸɸ ɜ ȿpist., 9,    ɢ 3. Ⱥɜɬ
2 ȼ Ⱥɪɯɢɜɟ ɞɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ Nord, ɜ Ʌɢɥɥɟ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɪɭɱɧɨɟ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɤ ɜɟɪɯɨɜ-
ɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɜɟɬɭ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ Ɇɚɥɢɧ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɣ ɨɬɱɟɬ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɱɬɨ Ʉɚɪɥ 9 ɜɵɞɚɥ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɢɫ-
ɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɭ ɜ  ɝ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɜ  ɥɢɜɪɨɜ ©ɧɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɦ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ
ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɶª Ƚɪɚɦɨɬɚ ɨɬ  ɞɟɤɚɛɪɹ  ɝ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɸ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɠɚɥɨɜɚɥ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɟ ɞɨɥɠ-
ɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɰɚ ɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɚ ɫ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɵɦ ɨɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɜ  ɥɢɜɪɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ
Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɚɪɯɢɜɟ ɜ Ȼɪɸɫɫɟɥɟ Ⱥɜɬ
3 «ɋaɝɨli V coronationis historia». Excudebat Martinus Caesar, 1530. ɗɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬɚ ɛɵ-
ɥɨ ɧɚɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɨ ɜ Ⱥɧɬɜɟɪɩɟɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɨ Ɇɚɪɝɚɪɢɬɟ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɜɬ ɉɪɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬ
ɛɵɥ ɩɟɪɟɩɟɱɚɬɚɧ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɜ  ɝ ɜ Ʉɟɥɶɧɟ ɭ ɂ.
ɋɨɬɟɪɚ Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɟɝɨ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜ  ɝ ɜ Ȼɚɡɟɥɟ ɜ  ɢ  ɝɝ ȼ Ȼ

90
ȗȖȚȓȐȊȣȑ ȖȚȟȍȚ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȓȈ Ȋ ;9, ȊȍȒȍ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȈȧ ȞȍȘȍȔȖȕȐȧ ǺȍȔ
ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȚȘȈȒȚȈȚ ȓȦȉȖȗȣȚȍȕ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȍȚ ȊșȦ ȧȘȒȖșȚȤ ȊșȦ ȎȐȊȖȗȐș-
ȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȊșȦ ȗȣȠȕȖșȚȤ ȒȖȘȖȕȈȞȐȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȓ ȖȉȣȟȈȑ Ȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȉȣ-
ȓȐ șȊȧȏȈȕȣ ș ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖȔ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȐȝ ȓȐȞ ȧȊȐȊȠȐȝșȧ ȕȈ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȖ Ȋ șȐȓț
șȊȖȍȋȖ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȐȓȐ ȏȕȈȚȕȖșȚȐ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ, ȥȚȖ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ȉȣȓȖ
ȓȐȠȤ ȊșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍȔ Ȓ ȘȧȌț șȍȘȤȍȏȕȣȝ ȘȈȉȖȚ Ȍȓȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȕȍȔȍȌ-
ȓȍȕȕȖ ȕȈȟȈȓ șȖȉȐȘȈȚȤ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ
ǷȖșȓȍ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȌȈȘȒȈ ǲȈȘȓț 9 ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȖȟȍȓ ȌȖȓȋȖȔ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ
ȚȈȒȖȑ Ȏȍ Ȑ ȗȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȍ ǵȐȌȍȘȓȈȕȌȖȊ ǴȈȘȋȈȘȐȚȍ ǪȈȓțȈ ȋȖȚȖȊȐȊȠȍȑșȧ
Ȓ ȉȘȈȒȖșȖȟȍȚȈȕȐȦ ș ǫȍȕȘȐȝȖȔ ǵȈȊȈȘȘșȒȐȔ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȖȌȕȍș ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȖȍ șȖ-
ȟȐȕȍȕȐȍ ©Ƕ ȚȈȐȕșȚȊȍ ȉȘȈȒȈª ȗȘȐȕȧȚȖȍ ȍȦ ȏȈ ȕȈșȔȍȠȒț ǴȈȘȋȈȘȐȚȈ ǨȊșȚ-
ȘȐȑșȒȈȧ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȈ ȗȍȘȊȖȍ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȍ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȖȋȖ ȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȧ ©Ƕ ȗ Ș ȍ Ȋ Ȗ ș-
ȝȖȌșȚȊȍ ȎȍȕșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȈªǶȕȖȉȣȓȖȕȈȗȐșȈȕȖțȎȍȌȈȊȕȖȐȗȍȘ-
ȊȖȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȖȓȈȋȈȓ ȗȖșȊȧȚȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȑ ȗȘȐȕȞȍșșȍ ȕȖ Ȋ
șȊȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȖșȓȍ ȌȍȓȈ ǲȈȚȐȓȐȒȥ ȔȖȕȈȝȐ ȖȒȘțȎȈȊȠȐȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȍșșț ȊȖșȗȘȖ-
ȚȐȊȐȓȐșȤ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȦ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȧ ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȓ ȍȋȖ
ȒȈȒ ȗȖȟȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȌȈȘ șȊȖȍȑ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȍ1.
XV
ǷȖ șȔȍȘȚȐ ȓȦȉȐȔȖȑ Ȏȍȕȣ ȕȖȊȖȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕȕȖȔț ȐȔȗȍȘȈȚȖȘșȒȖȔț ȐșȚȖ-
ȘȐȖȋȘȈȜț ȕȍ ȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȖșȚȈȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ǨȕȚȊȍȘȗȍȕȍ ȌȈ Ȑ șȈȔȈȧ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȈ
Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȐ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȍȉȣȊȈȕȐȧ Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ ǴȈȓȐȕ2 Ȗȕ ȗȍȘȍȍȝȈȓ
ȚțȌȈ Ȑ ȎȍȕȐȓșȧ ȚȈȔ Ȋ ȚȘȍȚȐȑ ȘȈȏ ȕȈ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȍ ȐȔȍȕȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ Ȕȣ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȔ
Ȑ ș ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȉȣȓ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊ3.
1 ɗɬɨ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜ Ⱦɨɥɟ ɜ  ɝ ɢ ɧɚɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɨ ɜ Ⱥɧɬɜɟɪɩɟɧɟ ɜ  ɝ ɭ Ɇɢɯ
Ƚɢɥɥɟɧɢɭɫɚ ɜ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɦ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬɵ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ Ⱥɜɬ Ɍɪɚɤɬɚɬ «De nobilitate et
praecellentia foeminaei sexus» ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɋɛɨɪ-ɧɢɤ
ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɤɭɞɚ ɜɯɨɞɢɥ ɷɬɨɬ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬ ɛɵɥ ɩɟɪɟɢɡɞɚɧ ɩɪɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɜ  ɝ
ɜ Ʉɟɥɶɧɟ ɛɟɡ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɹ Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɥɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ  ɝ ɜ Ʉɟɥɶɧɟ
 ɝ ɛɟɡ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜ  ɢ  ɝ ɜ Ʌɟɣɞɟɧɟ ɜ  ɝ ɜ Ƚɚɚɝɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ
ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɝɨɞɚ  ɜ Ⱥɧɬɜɟɪɩɟɧɟ  ɜ Ʌɢɨɧɟ  ɝ. ɛɟɡ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɦɟɫɬɚ  ɢ  ɝ ɜ ɉɚɪɢɠɟ ɢ ɬ ɞ; ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬ ɛɵɥ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɞɟɧ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɢɣ ɞɜɚ
ɢɡɞ
 ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɞɜɚ ɢɡɞ
 ɝɨɥɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɣ ɞɜɚ ɢɡɞ
 ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɜ ;9,,I ɜ ȼ Ȼ
2 ȼ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ Ɇɚɥɢɧ (Malines — ɢɧɚɱɟ Ɇɟɯɟɥɶɧ ɧɵɧɟ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɜ Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɢ ɠɢɥɚ Ɇɚɪɝɚɪɢɬɚ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɚɹ,
ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɚ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɨɜ ɬɚɦ ɠɟ ɡɚɫɟɞɚɥ ɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɬ ɢ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬ Ⱥɜɬ
3 ɇɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬ ɀɚɧ ȼɢɪ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɬɪɟ-
ɬɢɣ ɪɚɡ ɠɟɧɢɥɫɹ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɧɚ ɮɥɚɦɚɧɞɤɟ ɜ  ɝ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɟɥɫɹ ɫ ɧɟɸ ɜ Ȼɨɧɧɟ ɜ  ɝ ɜ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɝɨɞ
ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ Ⱥɜɬ

91
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȘȖȧȊȓȧȍȚ Ȋ ȥȚȐ ȋȖȌȣ ȗȖȘȈȏȐȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȗȘȐȓȈȋȈȍȚ
Ȋșȍ șȚȈȘȈȕȐȧ ȟȚȖȉȣ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȚȤ șȊȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȏȈ-
ȕȐȔȈȍȚșȧ ȘȈșȗȘȖȌȈȎȍȑ șȊȖȍȑ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒȐ ǪșȓȍȌ ȏȈ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȖȔ ©ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȝ
ȚȘȈȒȚȈȚȖȊª Ȗȕ ȗȘȐșȚțȗȈȍȚ Ȓ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȦ ȌȊțȝ șȊȖȐȝ ȒȘțȗȕȣȝ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȑ Ǩ Ȋ ȚȖ
ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȈȒ ȥȚȐ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȗȍȟȈȚȈȦȚșȧ Ȗȕ ȐȏȌȈȍȚ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȐșȚȖȘȐȦ
ȒȖȘȖȕȈȞȐȐ  ȋ ȕȈȌȋȘȖȉȕȖȍ șȓȖȊȖ ȕȈ șȔȍȘȚȤ ǴȈȘȋȈȘȐȚȣ ǨȊșȚȘȐȑșȒȖȑ Ȋ
 ȋ1 Ȑ Ȋ ȚȖȔ Ȏȍ șȈȔȖȔ ȋȖȌț ȒȖȔȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȐ Ȓ «Ars brevis» ǸȈȑȔȖȕȌȈ ǳȦȓ-
ȓȐȧ2 ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȥȚȖȑ ȕȈȗȘȧȎȍȕȕȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȖȑ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ șȚȈȘȈȓșȧ ȖȚȊȓȍȟȤ
șȊȖȐ ȔȣșȓȐ ȖȚ ȖȉȘȈȏȈ ȚȈȒ ȚȘȈȋȐȟȍșȒȐ ȗȖȋȐȉȠȍȑ ǮȈȕȕȣ-ǳțȐȏȣ
ǵȖ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȚȘȈȒȚȈȚȈ ©Ƕ ȕȍȌȖșȚȖȊȍȘȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȚȡȍȚȍ ȕȈțȒ Ȑ ȐșȒțșșȚȊª
ȗȖșȓțȎȐȓȖ Ȍȓȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȖȔ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȕȍȗȘȐȧȚȕȖșȚȍȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ Ȗȕ ȕȐ-
ȒȈȒ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȖȎȐȌȈȚȤ ǩȣȊȠȐȍ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȕȈșȚȖȘȖȎȍ ȍȋȖ ȊȘȈȋȐ ȏȈȊȐșȚȤ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ
ȘȈșȗȈȓȧȓȈșȤ ȗȖ ȔȍȘȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȒȈȒ țȌȈȟȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȗȖ-ȊȐȌȐȔȖȔț țȊȍȓȐȟȐȊȈ-
ȓȐșȤ ȊȍȘȖȓȖȔȕȖ ȊȣȝȊȈȚȐȓȐ Ȑȏ ȍȋȖ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȔȍșȚȈ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈ-
ȊȐȓȐ ȒȈȒ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȡȐȍ ȖȗȈșȕȣȍ șțȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȊȖȏȏȘȍȕȐȍ ǫȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ
ǹȖȊȍȚȈ ǴȈȓȐȕȈ ǿȓȍȕȣ ǹȖȊȍȚȈ ȗȘȐȕȧȓȐ ȥȚȐ ȖȚȘȣȊȒȐ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȊȐȌȍ ȒȈȒ ȖȕȐ
ȉȣȓȐ ȐȔ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȣ Ȑ ȕȍ ȗȖȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȓȐ ȒȈȒ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȖ ȗȖ ȏȈȒȖȕț ȟȚȖȉȣ
ȐȔ ȉȣȓ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕ ȗȖȓȕȖșȚȤȦ ȚȍȒșȚ ȊșȍȋȖ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧ ǵȈȟȈȓȖșȤ ȒȘȈȑȕȍ ȕȍ-
ȗȘȐȧȚȕȖȍ Ȑ ȔțȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ Ȍȓȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȌȍȓȖ
ǰșȝȖȌȐȓȖ ȕȈȗȈȌȍȕȐȍ șȕȖȊȈ ȖȚ ȔȖȕȈȝȖȊ ȕȍȗȘȐȔȐȘȐȔȣȝ ȊȘȈȋȖȊ ǨȋȘȐȗ-
ȗȣ ȕȖ ȕȈ ȥȚȖȚ ȘȈȏ Ȓ ȕȐȔ ȗȘȐșȖȍȌȐȕȐȓȐșȤ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȓțȊȥȕșȒȐȝ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖ-
ȘȖȊ șȈȔȖȓȦȉȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȒȈȒ țȟȍȕȣȝ Ȑ ȈȊȚȖȘȖȊ ȕȈțȟȕȣȝ Ȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȝ ȗȘȖ-
ȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ ȉȣȓȖ ȏȈȌȍȚȖ șȒȍȗȚȐȞȐȏȔȖȔ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ƕȕ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȟ-
ȕȖ ȏȈȡȐȡȈȓșȧ ȕȖ ǹȖȊȍȚ ȝȖȚȧ Ȑ ȖȞȍȕȐȊȠȐȑ ȌȖȊȖȌȣ ȖȉȊȐȕȧȍȔȖȋȖ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓ-
șȧ ȗȖȌ ȌȈȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ șȊȣȠȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȖȚȓȐȟȕȖ șȖȏȕȈȊȈȓ ȥȚȖ ȕȖ ȟȚȖ Ȏȍ Ȗȕ ȔȖȋ
șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȞȍȓȖȋȖ ȔȖȘȧ ȊȘȈȎȌȣ ȊȣșȚțȗȐȊȠȍȑ Ȑȏ ȉȍȘȍȋȖȊ ǪȌȖȉȈȊȖȒ Ȋ
ȌȍȓȖ ȊȔȍȠȈȓȈșȤ ǴȈȘȋȈȘȐȚȈ ǨȊșȚȘȐȑșȒȈȧ Ȑ ȕȍ Ȋ ȗȖȓȤȏț ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ǿȍȓȣȑ ȘȧȌ
ȕȖȊȣȝ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȑ ȊȣȘȈșȚȈȓ ȗȍȘȍȌ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȖȑ
ǲ șȟȈșȚȤȦ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȋȖ ȗȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȈ șȒȖȕȟȈȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ  ȋȖȌȈ ǨȋȘȐȗ-
ȗȈ ȕȈȗȐșȈȓ ȗȖ ȥȚȖȔț ȗȖȊȖȌț ȗȣȠȕȣȑ ȗȈȕȍȋȐȘȐȒ3 ș ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ ȥȕȚțȏȐȈȏ-
ȔȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȍȔț ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ șȓȍȌțȦȡȍȍ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ șȔȍȘȚȤ ȕȍ țȕȍșȓȈ ȊȖ-
ȊȘȍȔȧ ǴȈȘȋȈȘȐȚț Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȉȣ ȕȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȐȋȖȊȖȘȍȕ Ȓ șȔȍȘȚȕȖȑ
1 ȿpist., VI, 11. Ⱥɜɬ Ɉɛ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ ɫɦ ɧɢɠɟ ȼ. Ȼ.
2 «In artem brevem Raymundi Lullii commentaria». Coloniae, opera Ioannis Soteris. Anno 1531. ɋɥɟɞɭɸ-ɳɢɟ
ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬɚ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɜ   ɢ  ɝɨɞɚɯ ȼ Ȼ
3 «Oratio in funere divae Margaretae Austriacorum et Burgundionum principis aeterna memoria dignis-
simae habita». Martinus Caesar excudebat Antverpiae. Anno 1531 mense junio. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ Ɇɚɪɝɚɪɢ-
ɬɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɟɣ ɫɨɱɢɧɹɥɚ ɫɬɢɯɢ ɫɥɚɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɨɫɬɪɨɭɦɢɟɦ ɋɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɛɵ-
ɥɨ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɨ ɜ  ɝ Ɉ ɠɢɡɧɢ Ɇɚɪɝɚɪɢɬɵ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɰɟɥɵɟ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɵ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɟɪɟ-
ɞɚɧɚ ɜ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɷɩɢɬɚɮɢɢ
ɋɭ gist Margot la gente damoiselle.
Qu’eut deux maris et si morut pucelle. ȼ Ȼ

92
ȒȈȏȕȐ șȚȖȓȤ ȖȗȈșȕȣȔȐ Ȑ ȍȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ ȒȈȏȈȓȐșȤ ȐȌȍȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȟȓȍȕȈȔ ȋȖ-
șțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ șȖȊȍȚȈ ǵȐȌȍȘȓȈȕȌȖȊ ǶȌȕȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȒȈȒ Ȕȣ ȊȐȌȐȔ
Ȑȏ ȍȋȖ ȗȐșȍȔ șȖȉȐȘȈȓșȧ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȚȤșȧ ș ȎȈȓȖȉȈȔȐ Ȓ ȐȔȗȍȘȈȚȖȘț ȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȌț-
ȔȈȓ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȌȘțȏȍȑ ȗȘȍȌțȗȘȍȌȐȓ ȍȋȖ ȟȚȖ ǼȍȘȌȐȕȈȕȌ ǨȊșȚȘȐȑșȒȐȑ
Ȑ ǲȈȘȓ ǷȧȚȣȑ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȧȦȚ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȍȋȖ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȈ ȗȘȍȌțȉȍȎȌȍȕȐȧ ǴȈȘ-
ȋȈȘȐȚȣ1.
ǪȔȍșȚȖ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȌȈȚȤ ȏȈȉȣȚȤ Ȗ șȍȉȍ Ȑ șȒȓȖȕȐȚȤșȧ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȉțȘȍȑ ǨȋȘȐȗ-
ȗȈ ȉȘȖșȐȓ ȕȖȊȣȑ ȊȣȏȖȊ șȊȖȐȔ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈȔ ȊȣȗțșȚȐȊ Ȋ șȊȍȚ șȊȖȦ ©ǹȖȒȘȖ-
ȊȍȕȕțȦ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȦª ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȒȈȒ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȖȗȣȚȕȣȑ ȊȖȗȘȍȒȐ ȚȖȑ șȊȖȍȑ
ȖȉȣȟȕȖȑ ȉȍșȗȍȟȕȖșȚȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȘȈȏ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌȐȓȈ Ȋ ȉȘȈȊȈȌț Ȗȕ ȗȖ-
ȏȈȉȖȚȐȓșȧ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ șȊȖȦ ȕȖȊțȦ ȒȕȐȋț ȗȖȌ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ǲȍȓȤȕșȒȖȋȖ
ȒțȘȜȦȘșȚȈ-ȈȘȝȐȍȗȐșȒȖȗȈ ȗȖșȊȧȚȐȊ ȍȔț șȊȖȍ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȍ Ȋ șȈȔȣȝ ȓȤșȚȐȊȣȝ
ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȧȝ2 ǨȘȝȐȍȗȐșȒȖȗ ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓ ȍȔț ȗȐșȤȔȖȔ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȊȣȘȈȎȈȍȚșȧ
ȊȖșȚȖȘȎȍȕȕȖȍ ȗȘȍȒȓȖȕȍȕȐȍ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȋȍȕȐȍȔ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȑ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȚșȧ ȐȏȢȧȊȓȍ-
ȕȐȧ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌȕȖ-ȕȈȐȊȕȖȑ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȖșȚȐ ǩȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ ȥȚȖȔț ȗȖȒȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚ-
Ȋț ©ǹȖȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȈȧ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȧª ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ țȊȐȌȍȓȈ șȊȍȚ3.
1Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɫɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɟɥ ɱɬɨ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ ©Ɉ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɳɟɬɟ ɧɚɭɤ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜª
ɜɵɡɨɜɟɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɭɸ ɛɭɪɸ Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɡɢɥɚɫɶ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɤɚɦɢ ɦɨɧɚɯɨɜ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɨɛɴɹ-
ɜɢɥ ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɟɥ ɟɟ ɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɥ ɜ ɩɢɫɶɦɟ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɢɫɥɨ-
ɜɢɢ ȿɪist., 9,  ɏɨɬɹ ɭ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɨɧ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɵ
ɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɧɨ ɩɨ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɧɚɲɟɥ ɞɜɭɯ ɦɨɝɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɥɢ-
ɰɟ ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɚ Ʉɚɦɩɟɞɠɢ ɢ ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɚ Ʌɚ-Ɇɚɪɤɚ Ʌɶɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ Ʉɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɫɦɹɝɱɢɬɶ
ɠɟɫɬɨɤɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɭɞɚɱ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɧɨ ɧɟ ɜ ɫɢɥɚɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɟɪɧɭɬɶ ɟɦɭ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɨɪɚ ɉɪɚɜɞɚ ɡɜɚɧɢɹ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɚ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɨɬɧɹɥɢ ɧɨ ɠɚɥɨɜɚɧɶɟ ɩɥɚɬɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɥɢ ɉɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ
Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥ ©ə — ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪ ɐɟɡɚɪɹª Ⱥɜɬ
2 Ⱥɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɤɭɪɮɸɪɫɬɨɦ Ʉɟɥɶɧɫɤɢɦ ɛɵɥ ɬɨɝɞɚ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧ ɮɨɧ ȼɢɞ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɟɣɲɢɯ
ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɥɢɱɧɨ ɡɧɚɜɲɢɣ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɭ ɢ ɭɦɟɜɲɢɣ ɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɞɚɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ©ɥɶɫɬɢ-ɜɨɟ
ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɢɟª ɧɢɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɜɡɹɥ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɫɨ-
ɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɩɨ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɬɟɦɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɤɚɡɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɬɭ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɩɨɞɨɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ȼ Ȼ
3 ©ɋɨɤɪɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹª ɛɟɫɫɩɨɪɧɨ ɬɨ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɜɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɢɦɟɧɢ
Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɨɧ ɩɟɪɟɲɟɥ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬɚ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɣ
ɫɱɢɬɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɞɢɭɦɨɦ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɱɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɚɝɢɢ ɋɚɦ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥ ɱɬɨ
ɷɬɨ — ɬɪɭɞ ɟɝɨ ɸɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɪɟɲɢɥɫɹ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɭɛ-
ɥɢɤɟ ɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɱɭɠɨɣ ɪɭɤɨɣ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɢɫɤɢ ɟɝɨ ȿɞɜɚ ɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɟɪɧɨ Ⱦɟɣɫɬ-
ɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ  ɝ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɨɸ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɨ ©ɋɨɤɪɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɤɤɭɥɶɬɧɨɣ ɮɢɥɨ-
ɫɨɮɢɢª ɢ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɶ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɚ ɚɛɛɚɬɭ Ɍɪɢɬɝɟɣɦɭ Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɨɫɶ ɫɚ-
ɦɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ȼ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɢɫɶɦɟ  ɝ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɢɲɟɬ ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɢɥ ɤ ɫɜɨɟ-ɦɭ
ɬɪɭɞɭ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɝɥɚɜ ȿɪist., IIIl,  ȼ  ɝ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ⱥɜɪɟɥɢɸ Ⱥɤɜɚɩɟɧɞɟɧɬɟ ɱɬɨ
ɧɚɞ ɤɧɢɝɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɢɬ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ȿpist., V, 14) ȼ - ɝ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɜɢɞɨɢɡɦɟɧɢɥ
ɫɜɨɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ ȿɪist., 9,  9,,  ɉɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɲɢɟ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɭ ɜɵɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɬɪɭɞ ɡɚ
ɸɧɨɲɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɹɜɧɵ ɋ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɬɨ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɢ-
ɞɟɥ ɩɪɟɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɜɢɧɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɱɟɪɧɨɤɧɢɠɢɢ ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɱɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɚɠɧɟɟ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ
ɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɢɡɥɚɝɚɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɚɝɢɢ ɫ ɚ ɦ ɜ ɧ ɢ ɯ ɧ ɟ ɜ ɟ ɪ ɢ ɥ Ⱦɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ
ɦɚɝɢɟɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɦ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɠɟɥɚɥ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɟɝɨ ɞɪɭɡɶɹ ɢ
ɫɨɩɟɪɧɢɤɢ ɢɡ ɥɚɝɟɪɹ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɫɬɨɜ ɩɨɱɥɢ ɟɝɨ ©ɦɚɝɨɦª ɜ ɜɭɥɶɝɚɪɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɇɨ ɛɵɥɚ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɟ
ɢ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɢɡɥɚɝɚɥ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɵɟ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɟɝɨ ©ɨɤɤɭɥɶɬɧɚɹ

93
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȧ ȔȈȋȐȦ ȗȐȠȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ©șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȍȑȠȍȍ Ȑ ȊȣșȠȍȍ
ȏȕȈȕȐȍ șȈȔȈȧ ȊȖȏȊȣȠȍȕȕȈȧ Ȑ șȈȔȈȧ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȈȧ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȧ ȎȐȊȖȍ Ȗșțȡȍ-
șȚȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȋșȍȝ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌȕȍȑȠȐȝ țȔșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȑª 1 ǵȖ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȚȧȋȟȐȓȖ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȈ ǭȋȖ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȚȈȒ
ȉȣȓȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍ ȏȣȉȒȖ ȎȈȓȖȊȈȕȤȍ ȍȔț ȒȈȒ ȐȔȗȍȘȈȚȖȘșȒȖȔț ȐșȚȖȘȐȖȋȘȈȜț ȗȍ-
ȘȍșȚȈȓȐ ȊȣȌȈȊȈȚȤ șȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȗȘȖȌȈȎȍ , ȊȣȗțșȒȈ ©ǹȖȒȘȖȊȍȕ-
ȕȖȑ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐª ȔȍȌȐȞȐȕșȒȈȧ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒȈ șȚȈȓȈ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖȑ Ȋ șȐȓț ȊȘȈȎ-
ȌȍȉȕȖȋȖ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȕȈșȍȓȍȕȐȧ ȒȘȍȌȐȚȖȘȣ ȖșȈȎȌȈȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ ȉȣȓȖ
ȎȌȈȚȤ ȕȍȖȚȒțȌȈ ȍȋȖ ȌȘțȏȤȧ ȉȣȓȐ ȉȍșșȐȓȤȕȣ ȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȒȕȐȋȐ ȉȣȓ ȕȈȓȖȎȍȕ
ȈȘȍșȚ ȕȍȚȘțȌȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȍȌȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȍȋȖ ȘȖȔȈȕȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȖȒȖȕ-
ȟȐȚȤșȧ ȚȦȘȤȔȖȑ ǺȈȒ Ȑ șȓțȟȐȓȖșȤ
ǻȚȘȖȔ -ȋȖ ȈȊȋțșȚȈ, Ȋ ȌȖȔȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȉȍȓȤȋȐȑșȒȐȍ șȚȘȈȎ-
ȕȐȒȐ ȖȕȐ ȝȊȈȚȈȦȚ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȈ Ȑ ȊȍȌțȚ ȗȖ ȋȖȘȖȌț șȘȍȌȐ ȚȖȓȗȣ ȊȖȏȔțȡȍȕȕȣȝ
ɦɟɬɚɮɢɡɢɤɚª ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɸ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɤɧɢɝɭ — ɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɱɟɪ-
ɬɚɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɨɤɤɭɥɶɬɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɋɚɦɨ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɲɥɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ Ʉɧɢɝɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚɥɚɫɶ
ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ Ⱥɧɬɜɟɪɩɟɧɟ ɭ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɂɨɚɧɧɚ ɋɨɬɟɪɚ ɢ ɜ ɉɚɪɢɠɟ ɭ ɏɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɚ ȼɟɯɟɥɹ Ʉ ɮɟɜ-
ɪɚɥɸ  ɝ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɚ ɩ ɟ ɪ ɜ ɚ ɹ ɤ ɧ ɢ ɝ ɚ ɢɡ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɠɟ
ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɨɫɶ ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ  ɝ.
ɤɟɥɶɧɫɤɢɣ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶ ɉɟɬɪ Ʉɜɟɧɬɟɥɶ ɞɭɦɚɥ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɧɨ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɧɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɥɨɫɶ ȼ  ɝ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɤɟɥɶɧɫɤɢɣ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶ Ƚɢɬɬɨɪɩɢɣ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɥ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ
ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɬɢɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɂɨɚɧɧɚ ɋɨɬɟɪɚ ɂɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɬɢɜɢɥɫɹ ɤɟɥɶɧɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɤɜɢɡɢɬɨɪ Ʉɨɧ-
ɪɚɞ ɍɥɶɦ ɧɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɢ ɜ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɨɸ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ Ƚɟɧɪɢɯɚ ɮɨɧ
ȼɢɞɚ ɞɟɥɨ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɗɬɨ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚɯ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɨɞɧɨ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɚɦɢ ɨɩɟɱɚɬɨɤ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬɚ Ⱥɝ-
ɪɢɩɩɵ ɂɬɚɤ ɦɵ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ©ɋɨɤɪɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢª  ɇɟnrici ɋɨɝnelii Agrip-
pae ab Nettesheym «De occulta philosophia libri tres». Joan. Grapheus excudebat. Anno 1531 mense feb-
ruario. Ⱥɧɬɜɟɪɩɟɧ (ɨɞɧɚ1 ɤɧɢɝɚ). 2) Henrici Cornelii Agrippae. «De occulta philosophia» liber primus.
Parisiis excudebat Christianus Wechelus. Anno 1531. 3) Henrici Cornelii Agrippae ab Nettesheim. «De oc-
culta philosophia» libri tres. Anno 1533, mense Julio. Ȼɟɡ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɂɨɚɧɧ
ɋɨɬɟɪ Ʉɟɥɶɧ ɂɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚɯ ɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɉɪɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ
©ɋɨɤɪɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹª ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɢɡɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɟɪɟɩɟɱɚɬɨɤ ɜ
ɟɝɨ ɋɨɛɪɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɱɟɦ ɫɦ ɧɢɠɟ ©ɋɨɤɪɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹª ɩɨɹɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɡ-
ɞɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ  ɝ ɛɟɡ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ  ɝ ɜ Ʌɢɨɧɟ ɭ ɛɪɚɬɶɟɜ Ȼɟɪɢɧɝɨɜ
ɜ  ɝ ɜ Ȼɚɡɟɥɟ ɜ  ɝ ɜ ɉɚɪɢɠɟ ɭ ɀ Ⱦɸɩɸɢ ɛɟɡ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɞɚ " ɜ Ʌɢɨɧɟ ɢ ɜ  ɝ
ɜ Ʌɢɨɧɟ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɜ  ɝ ɜ Ƚɚɚɝɟ ɭ Ɋ ɒ Ⱥɥɶɛɟɪɚ ɩɟɪɟɩɟɱɚɬɚɧ ɜ -
 ɝ ɜ ɉɚɪɢɠɟ ɭ ɒɚɤɨɪɧɚɤɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɜ  ɝ ɜ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɟ ȼ  ɝ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɛɟɡ
ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ,9 ɤɧɢɝɚ ©ɋɨɤɪɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢª ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɵ ɩɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɧɢɸ ɞɟɦɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɧɢɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɨ ɫɬɢɥɸ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ
ɬɪɢ ȼɫɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɵ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɸɬ ɷɬɭ ,9 ɤɧɢɝɭ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɧɨɣ Ɉɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɢɡɞɚɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ  ɝ
ɬɨɠɟ ɛɟɡ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɨ ɟɳɟ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬ ɟ ɜ  ɝ
ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɚ ɤ ɬɪɟɦ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɤɧɢɝɚɦ ©ɋɨɤɪɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢª ɜ Ȼɚɡɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɫ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ
ɫɬɚɥɚ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɟɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ȼɨ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ©ɋɨɤɪɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢª ,9 ɤɧɢɝɚ
ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ,9 ɤɧɢɝɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɢɡɞɚɧɚ ɜ  ɢ  ɝ ȼ Ȼ
1 ɇɚɟɫ perfectissima summaque scientia, haec altior sanctiorque philosophia, haec denique totius nobi-
lissimaephilosophiaeabsolutaconsummatio.De occulta philosophia,I,2.ȼ.Ȼ.

94
ȓȦȌȍȑ ȕȍ șȒțȗȧȡȐȝșȧ ȕȈ ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȍȕȐȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗț ȖȚȊȖȌȧȚ Ȋ ȉȘȦșșȍȓȤșȒțȦ
ȋȖȘȖȌșȒțȦ ȚȍȔȕȐȞț ǷȖȌȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȤȧȔȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ Ȑȏ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍ-
ȕȐȧ șȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȍȚșȧ ș ȔȖȓȤȉȈȔȐ Ȓ ǳȈȊȘȍȕȚȐȦ ǲȈȔȗȍȌȎȐ ȉȣȊȠȍȔț Ȋ
ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȓȍȋȈȚȖȔ ǲȓȐȔȍȕȚȈ 9,, Ȋ ȋȍȘȔȈȕșȒȖȔ șȍȑȔȍ ǵȖ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ ȟțȊ-
șȚȊțȧ ȕȈȕȍșȍȕȕȖȍ ȍȔț ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȍȕȐȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚ Ȋ șȍȉȍ șȐȓȣ ȊȖșȗȘȧ-
ȕțȚȤ ȌțȝȖȔ Ȑ ȊȕȖȊȤ ȕȈȟȈȚȤ ȉȖȘȤȉț ș ȚȖȑ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȍȑ Ȑ ș ȚȖȑ ȗȘȧȔȖȚȖȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ
ȕȍ ȗȖȒȐȌȈȍȚ ȍȋȖ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȌȈȎȍ Ȋ șȈȔȣȝ ȏȈȚȘțȌȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈȝ
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚșȧ ȏȈ șȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȕȍȋȖȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȖȉȘȈ-
ȡȍȕȐȧ Ȓ șȊȖȐȔ șțȌȤȧȔ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ Ȗȕ ȊȖșșȚȈȍȚ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȕȍȏȈȒȖȕȕȖșȚȐ șȊȖȍȋȖ
ȈȘȍșȚȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗ ȟȐșȚȖȚȍ șȊȖȐȝ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȐȑ ȧȏȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȉȐȟțȍȚ șȊȖȐȝ ȊȘȈ-
ȋȖȊ Ȑ ȋȖȘȌȖ țȟȐȚ șȊȖȐȝ șțȌȍȑ ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȗȘȈȊȖșțȌȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȖȕȐ ȕȍ
ȏȕȈȦȚ ǺȈȒȐȍ ȌȐȈȚȘȐȉȣ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȐ țȓțȟȠȐȚȤ șțȌȤȉț ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȑ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ
ȟȚȖ ȉȣ ș ȕȐȔ șȚȈȓȖșȤ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ ȈȘȝȐȍȗȐșȒȖȗ ǲȍȓȤȕșȒȐȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț ȉȣȓȈ ȗȖșȊȧ-
ȡȍȕȈ ©ǹȖȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȈȧ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȧª ȕȍ ȊȔȍȠȈȓșȧ ȉȣ Ȋ ȥȚȖ ȌȍȓȖ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȒȈȘ-
ȌȐȕȈȓȖȔ ǩȍȘȋȈȘȌȖȔ Ȍȍ ǴȈȘȒȖȔ ȊȌȊȖȍȔ ȐȔ țȌȈȓȖșȤ ȖșȊȖȉȖȌȐȚȤ ǨȋȘȐȗȗț Ȑȏ
ȚȦȘȤȔȣ
XVI
ǪȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȘȍȉȣȊȈȕȐȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȋ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȐ Ȗȕ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓ ȖȚ ǭȊșȚȈȝȐȧ
ȀȈȗȦȐ ȉȣȊȠȍȋȖ ȐȔȗȍȘȈȚȖȘșȒȐȔ ȗȖșȓȈȕȕȐȒȖȔ Ȋ ǳȖȕȌȖȕȍ ǲȈȘȓ 9 ȗȖȘțȟȐȓ
ȍȔț ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȌȍȑșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȖȔț ȘȈȏȊȖȌț ȏȈȕȐȔȈȊȠȍȔț ȚȖȋȌȈ ȊșȦ ǭȊ-
ȘȖȗț ȗȐșȤȔȖ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȥȚȖȚ ȌȐȗȓȖȔȈȚ șȕȖȊȈ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȓșȧ ȏȈ ȗȖȔȖȡȤȦ Ȓ ȉȖȑ-
ȒȖȔț ȗȍȘț ȖȗȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȈ Ȍȓȧ ȏȈȡȐȚȣ ǲȈȚȍȘȐȕȣ ǨȘȈȋȖȕșȒȖȑ ǵȈ ȥȚȖȚ
ȘȈȏ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȊȠȐȑ ȒțȌȈ ȌȍȊȈȚȤșȧ ȘȈȌȖșȚȕȖ șȖȋȓȈȠȈȍȚșȧ
ǪȣȑȌȧ ȕȈ șȊȖȉȖȌț ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȚȖȚȟȈș Ȏȍ ȗȖșȣȗȈȍȚ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ȐȔȗȍȘȈȚȖȘț ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȣȑ ȕȍ ȌȈȍȚ ȍȔț ȕȐȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȖȚȊȍȚȈ ǯȈȚȍȔ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȠȓȍȚ ȅȘȈȏȔț ȥȒȏȍȔȗȓȧȘ
șȊȖȍȋȖ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧ ©Ƕ ȕȍȌȖșȚȖȊȍȘȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȚȡȍȚȍ ȕȈțȒ Ȑ ȐșȒțșșȚȊª ȕȈȌȍȧșȤ ȕȈ
șȖȟțȊșȚȊȐȍ ȅȘȈȏȔȈ Ȑ ȗȖȓȈȋȈȧ ȟȚȖ ȗțȉȓȐȟȕȖȍ ȖȌȖȉȘȍȕȐȍ șȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȗȐșȈȚȍ-
ȓȧ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȊȖ ȊșȍȔ ȔȐȘȍ ȊȖșȚȖȘȋ Ȑ ȗȘȍȒȓȖȕȍȕȐȍ ȗȖșȓțȎȐȚ ȍȔț ȏȈȡȐ-
ȚȖȑ ȖȚ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȑ ǵȖ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȑ ȈȊȚȖȘ ©ǷȖȝȊȈȓȣ ȋȓțȗȖșȚȐª
ȗȘȧȔȖ ȖȉȢȧȊȓȧȍȚ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȟȚȖ ©ȍȔț ȝȖȟȍȚșȧ ȎȐȚȤ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȍȋȖ ȎȐȏȕȤ
Ȑ ȉȍȏ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȉȣȓȈ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȉțȘȕȖȑ Ȑ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȕȐ ȔȈȓȍȑȠȍȑ ȖȝȖȚȣ
șȕȖȊȈ ȉȘȈȚȤșȧ Ȍȓȧ ȏȈȡȐȚȣ ȗȖșȚȖȘȖȕȕȍȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȏȈ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕțȦ ȗȖȓȍ-
ȔȐȒț ș ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ Ȗȕ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȓ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈȏ ȏȈȡȐȡȈȧ șȍȉȧ Ȑ șȊȖȐȝ ȌȘțȏȍȑ ȕȖ
Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȓ ȗȖȉȍȌȐȚȍȓȍȔª ǷȖ ȥȚȖȔț ȗȖȊȖȌț ȅȘȈȏȔ ȕȈ-
ȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚ Ȗ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȖȑ țȟȈșȚȐ ȟȍșȚȕȖȋȖ ǩȍȘȋțȥȕȈ șȖȎȎȍȕȕȖȋȖ Ȋ ǷȈȘȐȎȍ ȏȈ
ȚȖ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȗȍȘȍȊȍȓ ȖȌȕȖ Ȑȏ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ ǻȚȖȔȓȍȕȕȖȔț ȉȖȘȤȉȖȑ ǨȋȘȐȗ-
ȗȍ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȌȈȎȍ Ȑ ȗȖșȊȧȚȐȚȤ șȊȖȍ ȗȍȘȖ ǲȈȚȍȘȐȕȍ ǨȘȈȋȖȕșȒȖȑ ǭȊșȚȈ-
ȝȐȑ ȀȈȗȦȐ țȎȍ ȕȍ ȏȈȋȖȊȈȘȐȊȈȍȚ ș ȕȐȔ Ȗ șȊȖȍȔ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȐ Ȑ ȖȕȖ țȗȘȈȏȌ-

95
ȕȧȍȚșȧ șȈȔȖ șȖȉȖȑ — ȚȈȒ ȗȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ șțȌȐȚȤ ȗȖ ȗȍȘȍȘȣȊț,
ȕȈșȚțȗȐȊȠȍȔț Ȋ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒȍ ȌȊțȝ ȌȘțȏȍȑ
ǻ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȉȣȓ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȔȖȋțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȤ Ȋ ȓȐȞȍ ȈȘȝȐȍȗȐ-
șȒȖȗȈ ǲȍȓȤȕșȒȖȋȖ ǨȘȝȐȍȗȐșȒȖȗ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȐȋȓȈȠȈȍȚ ǨȋȘȐȗȗț Ȓ șȍ-
ȉȍ1, ȕȖ Ȕȣ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȔȈȓȖ ȟȚȖ ȏȕȈȍȔ Ȗ ȗȘȍȉȣȊȈȕȐȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȋ ǲȍȓȤȕȍ Ǫ ȍȋȖ
ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒȍ ș ȒȈȘȌȐȕȈȓȖȔ ǲȈȔȗȍȌȎȐ ȅȘȈȏȔȖȔ Ȑ ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȘȍȋȍȕșȉțȘȋșȒȐȝ
ȌȘțȏȍȑ ǴȍȓȈȕȝȚȖȕȖȔ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚșȧ ȓȐȠȤ Ȗ șȗȖȘȈȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȍȔț ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ
ȊȍșȚȐ ș ȓțȊȥȕșȒȐȔȐ ©ȚȍȖșȖȜȐșȚȈȔȐª Ȑȏ-ȏȈ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȊȖȓȤȕȣȝ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȖȊ Ȑȏ-
ȓȖȎȍȕȕȣȝ Ȋ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧȝ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ2.
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȕȍ ȖȚȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȖȚ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȣ ȊȗȘȖȟȍȔ, ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȖȑ ȕȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȍȔț țȌȈșȚșȧ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚȤ ȗȓȈȚț ȏȈ țșȓțȋȐ ȖȒȈȏȈȕȕȣȍ ȐȔ Ȋ ȒȈ-
ȟȍșȚȊȍ ȐșȚȖȘȐȖȋȘȈȜȈ Ȑ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒȈȘȧ ǴȈȘȋȈȘȐȚȣ ǨȊșȚȘȐȑșȒȖȑ Ȑ ȐȔȗȍȘȈȚȖ-
ȘȈ3 ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȕȈșȚȈȐȊȈȍȚ ȕȈ ȥȚȖȔ ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȟȚȖ ©Ȗȕ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȖȗȈșȈȍȚșȧ șȊȖȐȝ
ȒȘȍȌȐȚȖȘȖȊ ȔȍȠȈȦȡȐȝ ȊșȍȔ ȍȋȖ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧȔª ǿȚȖ ȒȈșȈȍȚșȧ ȍȋȖ ȚȘȍȚȤȍȋȖ
ȉȘȈȒȈ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȕȖȋȖ Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ ǴȈȓȐȕ ȚȖ Ȗȕ ȕȐșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍ țȓțȟȠȐȓ ȗȖȓȖȎȍ-
ȕȐȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȗȖșȓȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ șȖȦȏȈ ȔȈȓȖțȌȈȟȕȖȋȖ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȖȚȕȖȠȍ-
ȕȐȧȝ Ȗȕ șȚȈȓ ȍȡȍ ȉȍȌȕȍȍ ȟȍȔ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ Ƕȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȉȘȈȒȍ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȍ țȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚșȧ
Ȋ ȗȐșȤȔȈȝ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ
ǳȍȚȖȔ  ȋȖȌȈ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ șȕȖȊȈ ȕȈ ȒȖȘȖȚȒȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ Ȋ ǩȘȈ-
ȉȈȕȚȍ ȏȈȚȍȔ Ȋ șȍȕȚȧȉȘȍ ȗȘȐȍȏȎȈȍȚ ȊȖ ǼȘȈȕȒȜțȘȚ ȗȖȚȖȔ Ȋ ǩȖȕȕ ȋȌȍ Ȑ ȗȖșȍ-
ȓȧȍȚșȧ4 Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȘȖȊȍȓ ȉȖȓȤȠțȦ ȟȈșȚȤ ȚȘȍȝ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ ȓȍȚ
șȊȖȍȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ. ǮȐȊȧ ȚȈȔ Ȗȕ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȍȚșȧ ȗȍȘȍȐȏȌȈȕȐȍȔ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȘȖ-
ȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ ȐȔȍȦȡȐȝ ȠțȔȕȣȑ țșȗȍȝ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȊȖȏȓȈȋȈȍȚ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȍ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȣ
ȕȈ ȥȚȐ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧ ȕȖ Ȗȕ ȏȈȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ Ȋ ȘȈșȟȍȚ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȋȖ ȐȕȒȊȐȏȐ-
ȚȖȘȈ ǲȖȕȘȈȌȈ ǻȓȤȔȈ ǰȕȒȊȐȏȐȚȖȘ ȕȈȓȈȋȈȍȚ ȏȈȗȘȍȚ ȕȈ ȗȍȘȍȐȏȌȈȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȐȏ-
ȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȑ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȧȍȚ ȍȔț ȊȕȖȊȤ ȕȍȔȈȓȖ ȚȘȍȊȖȋ ǫȖȘȧȟȖ ȗȘȖȚȍșȚțȧ
ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȥȚȖȋȖ veto, ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ șșȣȓȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȐȔȍȦȡȍȍșȧ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȗȐșȤȔȍȕȕȖȍ ȘȈȏ-
ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ șȒȘȍȗȓȍȕȕȖȍ ȐȔȗȍȘȈȚȖȘșȒȖȦ ȗȍȟȈȚȤȦ Ȗȕ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȍȚșȧ Ȓ ȒȍȓȤȕșȒȖ-
Ȕț șȍȕȈȚȖȘț ș țȔȍȓȖ Ȑ ȉțȘȕȖ șȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȎȈȓȖȉȖȑ5 ȧȊȓȧȦȡȍȑșȧ ȊȗȘȖ-
ȟȍȔ ȓȐȠȤ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȍȕȐȍȔ ȜȘȈȏ Ȗ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ Ȕȣ țȎȍ ȗȖȔȐȕȈȓȐ ǲȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ Ȗȕ
1 ȼ ɩɢɫɶɦɟ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɤ ɗɪɚɡɦɭ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɧɨɦ ɢɡ Ʉɟɥɶɧɚ  ɦɚɪɬɚ  ɝ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ©ə ɩɪɨɛɭɞɭ ɡɞɟɫɶ
ɟɳɟ ɦɟɫɹɰ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɟɪɧɭɫɶ ɜ Ȼɪɚɛɚɧɬª Ⱥɜɬ
2 «Apologia adversus calumnias propter declamationem de vanitate scientiarum et excellentia Verbi Dei,
sibi per aliquos Lovanienses theologistas intentatas» ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɚ ɜ 1533 ɝ ɛɟɡ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢɡ-
ɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɹ Ʉɟɥɶɧ ȼ. Ȼ.
3 ɋɦ Ⱥɪɯɢɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ Ʌɢɥɥɹ Comptes des finances, ɡɚ  folio 216. Ⱥɜɬ
4 ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɞɨɦɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɞɨ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɞɧɟɣ ɗɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɠɢɥɢɳɟ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɚɦ
ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ȿpist. 9,,     Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ Ⱦɨɦɨɦ Ʌɭ-
ɤɨɸ Ȼɨɧɮɢɟɦ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɟɦ ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɚ Ʉɚɦɩɟɞɠɢ ɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ Ⱦɨɦɨɦ Ȼɟɪɧɚɪɞɨɦ ɞɟ ɉɚɥɬɪɢɧɟɪɢɢɫɨɦ,
ɟɝɨ ɦɚɣɨɪɞɨɦɨɦ ȿɪist., VI, 30; VII, 2, 3, 7, 8, 14, 15, 22). Ⱥɜɬ
5 «Epistola apologetica ad clarissimum urbis Agrippinae Romanorum Coloniae senatum contra insaniam
Conradi Coelin de Ulma, ordinis praedicatorii monachum». Ex Bonna 11 Januarii. Argentorati apud Pet-
rum Schoeffer. 1535. ȼ Ȼ

96
ȠȓȍȚ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȍ ǪȍȕȋȍȘșȒȖȑ ǴȈȘȐȐ ȌȓȐȕȕȣȑ ȌȖȒȓȈȌ1 ȘȖȌ ȗȈȕȍȋȐȘȐȒȈ șȊȖȍȑ
șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȐȔ șȈȔȐȔ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ Ȗȕ ș ȊȍȓȐȟȈȑȠȍȑ
ȌȍȘȏȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ ȕȍ ȉȍȏ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȗȖȘȖȦ ȊȖȏȊȣȠȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȒȘȈșȕȖȘȍȟȐȧ ȊȣȘȈ-
ȎȈȍȚ șȊȖȦ ȋȓțȉȖȒțȦ ȗȘȍȌȈȕȕȖșȚȤ ȐȔȗȍȘȐȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ ȟȚȖ ȊșȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȗȘȍȌȗȖ-
ȟȐȚȈȍȚ șȓțȎȐȚȤ ȍȑ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ©ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȈª ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ
ȕȈșȚȖȑȟȐȊȖ ȗȘȍȌȓȈȋȈȓ ȍȔț ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȐȑ ȌȊȖȘ ǩȣȓȈ ȓȐ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȈ ȚȘȖȕțȚȈ
ȥȚȐȔȐ ȓȐȞȍȔȍȘȕȣȔȐ ȎȈȓȖȉȈȔȐ" ǪȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȖȕȈ ȒȈȒ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȕȍ ȗȘȐ-
ȠȓȈ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȕȈ ȗȖȔȖȡȤ ǰ ȗȖ-ȊȐȌȐȔȖȔț ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȣȍ ȊȘȈȋȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȔȖ-
ȕȈȝȐ ȗȖșȚȈȘȈȓȐșȤ ȕȈșȚȘȖȐȚȤ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȕȍȋȖ ȕȖȊțȦ ȗȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞț ǵȐȌȍȘȓȈȕ-
ȌȖȊ ȒȈȒ ȖȕȐ șȌȍȓȈȓȐ ȥȚȖ ș ǳțȐȏȖȑ ǹȈȊȖȑșȒȖȑ ș ǴȈȘȋȈȘȐȚȖȑ ǨȊșȚȘȐȑșȒȖȑ ș
ȐȔȗȍȘȈȚȖȘȖȔ ǼȍȘȌȐȕȈȕȌȖȔ ,, ©ǲȈȚȖȓȐȒȖȔª Ȑ ǲȈȘȓȖȔ ǷȧȚȣȔ
ǲȍȓȤȕșȒȐȑ ȈȘȝȐȍȗȐșȒȖȗ ǫȍȘȔȈȕ ȜȖȕ ǪȐȌȍ Ȓ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓ-
șȧ ȏȈ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒȖȑ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ șȗȖȘȍ2, ȕȍ ȗȖșȔȍȓ ȊȔȍȠȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȕȍȋȖ ȝȖȚȧ Ȑ ȉȣȓ
ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȗȘȍȌȈȕȕȍȑȠȐȝ ȏȈȡȐȚȕȐȒȖȊ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȓșȧ Ȓ ȅȘȈȏ-
Ȕț ȕȖ ȥȚȖȚ șȚȈȘȣȑ ȝȐȚȘȍȞ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖșȖȊȍȚȖȊȈȓ ș ȌțȘȕȖ șȒȘȣȚȖȑ ȖșȚȖȘȖȎȕȖ-
șȚȤȦ ©ȖȚȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ ȖȚ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȕȍȗȘȐȧȚȕȖșȚȍȑ ȍșȓȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȍȡȍ ȍșȚȤ ȊȘȍȔȧª
ȍșȓȐ Ȏȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ țȎȍ ȕȈșȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȗțȚȈȓșȧ Ȋ ȥȚȖ ȌȍȓȖ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȍȋȖ Ȗș-
ȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȉȍȏ țȡȍȘȉȈ Ȍȓȧ șȊȖȍȑ ȟȍșȚȐ Ȑ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȐȔȍȕȐ ȅȘȈȏȔ șȖȊȍȚȖȊȈȓ ȍȔț ©șȘȈ-
ȎȈȚȤșȧ ȐȏȌȈȓȐ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ș ȉȈȠȕȐ Ȑ ȕȈȕȖșȐȚȤ țȌȈȘȣ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȔȍȚȒȐȍª ǷȖȚȖȔț
ȓȐ ȟȚȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȘȍȠȐȓ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȤ ȥȚȐȔ șȖȊȍȚȈȔ ȐȓȐ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȟțȊ-
șȚȊȖȊȈȓ șȍȉȧ ȔȖȘȈȓȤȕȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍ țȚȖȔȓȍȕȕȣȔ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȗȕ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȍȌ-
ȗȖȟȍȓ țȒȓȖȕȐȚȤșȧ ȖȚ ȉȖȘȤȉȣ Ƕȕ țȍȝȈȓ Ȑȏ ǩȖȕȕȈ ǵȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ șȗțș-
Țȧ Ȕȣ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȔ ȍȋȖ ȊȖȏȓȍ ȈȘȝȐȍȗȐșȒȖȗȈ ǲȍȓȤȕșȒȖȋȖ ȕȈ ȊȖȌȈȝ Ȋ ǪȍȘȚȘȐȎȐ3.
ȅȚȐȔ ȔȍșȚȖȔ ȗȖȔȍȟȍȕȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ Ȑȏ ȍȋȖ ȗȐșȍȔ ǿȚȖ Ȏȍ șȚȈȓȖșȤ ș ȕȐȔ ȌȈȓȤ-
Ƞȍ"
XVII
ǹȓȍȌțȧ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ, ȌȘțȎȍșȒȐȔ șȖȊȍȚȈȔ Ȉ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ Ȑ ȟțȊșȚȊț ȐșȚȐȕ-
ȕȖȑ șȐȔȗȈȚȐȐ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ Ȗȕ ș șȈȔȖȑ ȦȕȖșȚȐ ȗȐȚȈȓ Ȓ ǼȘȈȕȞȐȐ ȋȌȍ ȔȍȎȌț
1 ɐɟɥɶɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɚ ɛɵɥɨ — ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɧɟɞɨɩɥɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɠɚɥɨɜɚɧɶɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɨ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɟ
ɤɚɤ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɟ ɢ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɬɫɪɨɱɤɢ ɭɩɥɚɬɵ ɞɨɥɝɨɜ cɜɨɢɦ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɚɦ
ɇɨ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɱɟɪɬɚɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɜɫɸ ɫɜɨɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɜ ɛɥɚɝɨ-
ɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɢ Ɉɧ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɢɥ ɤ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɭ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ ɒɚɩɸɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɥ ɷɬɨ ɜɫɟ Ʉɪɟɣɬ-
ɬɟɪɭ c ɬɟɦ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧ ɩɪɨɱɟɥ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɟ ɉɢɫɶɦɨ ɤ Ʉɪɟɣɬɬɟɪɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɟ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧ-ɞɨɜ
ɧɟ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɨ ɦɟɦɭɚɪ ɢ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ ɒɚɩɸɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ Ɋɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɚ  ɝ ɋɦ Opera, II.
Ⱥɜɬ. Ɇɟɦɭɚɪ ɨɡɚɝɥɚɜɥɟɧ: Serenissimae principi Mariae Hungariae et Bohemiae reginae epistola. Opera
II. ȼ Ȼ
2 ɉɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɫ Ƚ ɮɨɧ ȼɢɞɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɝɨɞɚɦ -1533. Ⱥɜɬ
3 ɂɧɚɱɟ Ȼɟɪɬɪɢɲɟ (Bertrich). Ⱥɜɬ

97
ȗȘȖȟȐȔ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȉȣȓȐ ȘȖȌșȚȊȍȕȕȐȒȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȋȐȉȍȓȤȕȖȑ Ȕȣș-
ȓȐ — ȊȍȘȕțȚȤșȧ Ȋ ǳȐȖȕ ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ Ȋșȍ ȘȈȊȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȉȘȖșȐȚȤșȧ ȖȟȍȘȚȧ ȋȖȓȖȊț Ȋ
ȘȈșȒȈȓȍȕȕțȦ ȗȍȟȤ ǷȘȈȊȌȈ ȗȘȖȠȓȖ ȕȍȔȈȓȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ș Țȍȝ ȗȖȘ ȒȈȒ șȊȖȐȔȐ
ȍȌȒȐȔȐ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧȔȐ șȊȖȐȔȐ țȋȘȖȏȈȔȐ ȏȓȣȔȐ șȈȚȐȘȈȔȐ ȕȈ ȌȊȖȘ ǳțȐȏȣ
ǹȈȊȖȑșȒȖȑ Ȗȕ ȕȈȊȓȍȒ ȕȈ șȍȉȧ ȊȖ ǼȘȈȕȞȐȐ ȖȉȡțȦ țȗȖȘȕțȦ ȕȍȕȈȊȐșȚȤ ǬȖ ȕȍ-
ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȐȔȍȓ ȗȘȈȊȖ șȟȐȚȈȚȤ ȥȚț ȕȍȕȈȊȐșȚȤ ȍșȓȐ ȕȍ ȊȗȖȓ-
ȕȍ țȋȈșȠȍȑ ȚȖ ȗȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ țșȗȖȒȖȐȊȠȍȑșȧ ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȕȈ ȋȖ-
Șȍ ȕȍțȌȈȟȕȐȒȈ-ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȈ ȗȈȔȧȚȤ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȑ ȕȍȕȈȊȐșȚȐ Ȋ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ
ȉȣȓȈ ȍȡȍ ȎȐȊȈ ǭȌȊȈ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ țșȗȍȓ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȚȤ Ȋ ǳȐȖȕ ȒȈȒ ȍȋȖ ȊȏȧȓȐ ȗȖȌ
șȚȘȈȎț Ȑ ȉȘȖșȐȓȐ Ȋ ȚȦȘȤȔț ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ ȕȈșȚȖȑȟȐȊȖȔț ȊȔȍȠȈȚȍȓȤșȚ-
Ȋț ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȏȕȈȚȕȣȝ ȓȐȞ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ țȌȈȓȖșȤ ȊȣȑȚȐ ȕȈ șȊȖȉȖȌț
ǶșȊȖȉȖȌȐȊȠȐșȤ Ȑȏ ȚȦȘȤȔȣ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ țȌȈȓȐȓșȧ Ȋ ǫȘȍȕȖȉȓȤ ȋȌȍ Ȑ șȒȖȕ-
ȟȈȓșȧ ȊȕȍȏȈȗȕȖ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț  ȓȍȚ ȖȚ ȘȖȌț Ȋ ȌȖȔȍ ǼȘȈȕșțȈ Ȍȍ ǪȈȠȖȕȈ Ȍȍ ȓȈ
ǸȖȠ ȉȣȊȠȍȋȖ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȍȔ ȗȈȘȓȈȔȍȕȚȈ Ȋ ǬȖȜȐȕȥ ǭȋȖ ȌȖȔ șȚȖȧȓ ȕȈ
țȓȐȞȍ des Clercs.
ǺȈȒ ȏȈȒȖȕȟȐȓȈșȤ ȥȚȈ ȋȘțșȚȕȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȍȑȠȐȝ ȗȘȐȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȑ
— ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȋșȧ ȗȘȖȠȍȌȠȈȧ Ȋ ȉȓțȎȌȈȕȐȧȝ ȗȖ șȊȍȚț ȖȚ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊșȒȖȋȖ
ȌȊȖȘȈ Ȓ ȌȘțȋȖȔț1
ǷȖȘȐȞȈȍȔȣȑ ȖȌȕȐȔȐ ȊȖșȝȊȈȓȧȍȔȣȑ ȌȘțȋȐȔȐ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȕȣȑ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȤ ȉȣȓ
ȉȓȖȋȖȋȖȊȍȑȕȖ ȗȖȋȘȍȉȍȕ Ȋ ȞȍȘȒȊȐ ǩȘȈȚȤȍȊ-ǷȘȖȗȖȊȍȌȕȐȒȖȊ Ǫ  ȋȖȌț ȥȚȈ
ȋȘȍȕȖȉȓȤșȒȈȧ ȞȍȘȒȖȊȤ ȉȣȓȈ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȈ ȗȘȖȚȍșȚȈȕȚȈȔȐ ȕȖ ȗȘȐ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǫȐ Ǩȓ-
ȓȈȘȈ ȟȍȚȣȘȍȝțȋȖȓȤȕȈȧ ȒȈȔȍȕȕȈȧ ȗȓȐȚȈ ȍȡȍ țȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȈ ȔȍșȚȖ ȋȌȍ ȉȣȓ șȝȖ-
ȘȖȕȍȕ ȌȘțȋ ȅȘȈȏȔȈ Ȑ ǭȊșȚȈȝȐȧ ȀȈȗȦȐ ǷȘȍȎȌȍȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȈȧ ȒȖȕȟȐȕȈ Ǩȋ-
ȘȐȗȗȣ șȖȏȌȈȓȈ ȕȍȔȈȓȖ șȈȔȣȝ ȕȍȓȍȗȣȝ ȓȍȋȍȕȌ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȖȗȘȖȊȍȘȋȕț-
Țȣ ǩȍȑȓȍȔ Ȑ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȖȏȌȕȐȔȐ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȈȔȐ șȚȈȘȈȊȠȐȔȐșȧ ȊȣȧșȕȐȚȤ ȐșȚȐȕ-
ȕȣȑ ȖȉȓȐȒ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȖȋȖ ȈȊȈȕȚȦȘȐșȚȈ ǵȈȔ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖȚ ȖȉȓȐȒ șȒȖȘȍȍ
ȊșȍȋȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ țȧșȕȐȚȤ Ȑȏ ȖȉȠȐȘȕȖȑ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȟȚȖ Ȕȣ Ȑ ȗȣȚȈȓȐșȤ
șȌȍȓȈȚȤ
ǿȚȖ ȒȈșȈȍȚșȧ ȌȖ ȍȋȖ ȘȍȗțȚȈȞȐȐ ȟȈȘȖȌȍȧ ȚȖ ȓțȟȠȍȑ ȏȈȡȐȚȖȑ ȍȔț ȔȖȋțȚ
ȗȖșȓțȎȐȚȤ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȍ șȓȖȊȈ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȈ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ Ȗȕ ȗȖȝȖȌȐȓ ȝȈ-
ȘȈȒȚȍȘȖȔ ȗȘȐȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧȔȐ Ȑ ȐȌȍȧȔȐ ǳțȞȐȧ Ǩȗțȓȍȧ ȗȘȖșȓȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȈȊȚȖ-
ȘȈ ©ǯȖȓȖȚȖȋȖ ȖșȓȈª ©ȇ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȦ ȟȚȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȈȧ ȌțȠȈ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȌȍȚșȒȈȧ
Ȑ ȦȕȖȠȍșȒȈȧ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȐ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ ȗȘȐȏȣȊȈȕȐȧ ȏȈȒȓȐȕȈȕȐȧȔȐ Ȑ șȖȉ-
ȓȈȏȕȈ ȖșȖȉȣȔȐ ȏȈȗȈȝȈȔȐ țșȣȗȓȍȕȈ Ȑ ȊȣȊȍȌȍȕȈ Ȑȏ ȚȍȓȈ ȌȖ ȗȖȓȕȖȋȖ ȏȈȉȊȍ-
ȕȐȧ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȋȖ ȗȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȚȍȘȧȊ ȗȈȔȧȚȤ Ȗ Țȍȓȍ ȖȕȈ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȊȖȏȊȘȈ-
ȡȍȕȈ Ȓ șȊȖȍȑ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȉȍșșȔȍȘȚȕȈ Ȑ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȉȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȈ Ȑ Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȔ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ Ȋ ȕȍȒȖȍȔ șȕȍ ȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏȣȊȈȚȤ ȉțȌțȡȍȍª 2.
ǵȈțȒȈ Ǩȗțȓȍȧ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚșȧ ȚȈȔ ȋȌȍ ȒȖȕȟȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈțȒȈ ȊȘȈȟȈ ǰșȚȐȕȕȣȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ
1 Ɉ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɫɦ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɧɢɠɟ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɨɱɟɪɤɟ ©Ʌɟɝɟɧɞɚ ɨ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɟª ȼ Ȼ
2 Apul. Apologia. ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɰɢɬɚɬɵ ɫɞɟɥɚɧ ɧɚɦɢ ɨ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɢɤɚ ȼ Ȼ

ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȕȈ ȥȚȐ ȊȍȡȐ ȟțȊșȚȊțȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȔ Ȑȏ ȍȋȖ ȗȐșȍȔ Ȓ ǨȊȘȍȓȐȦ Ȍ¶ǨȒȊȈ-
ȗȍȕȌȍȕȚȍ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ Ȗȕ țȟȐȚ ©ȕȍ ȌȖȊȍȘȧȚȤșȧ ȒȕȐȋȈȔª
©Ƕ ȒȈȒ ȟȈșȚȖ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȟȐȚȈȚȤ — ȊȖșȒȓȐȞȈȍȚ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ — Ȗ ȕȍȖȌȖȓȐ-
ȔȖȔ ȔȖȋțȡȍșȚȊȍ ȔȈȋȐȐ Ȗ ȟțȌȖȌȍȑșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȈșȚȘȖȕȖȔȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȚȈȉȓȐȞȈȝ Ȗ
ȕȍȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȣȝ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȧȝ ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȍȔȣȝ ȈȓȝȐȔȐȒȈȔȐ Ȗ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȖȔ Ȑ ȉȓȈ-
ȋȖșȓȖȊȍȕȕȖȔ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȖȔ ȒȈȔȕȍ ȖȌȕȐȔ ȗȘȐȒȖșȕȖȊȍȕȐȍȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ
ȉțȌȚȖ ȉȣ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖ ǴȐȌȈșț Ȋșȍ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȡȈȚȤ Ȋ ȏȖȓȖȚȖ Ȑ șȍ-
ȘȍȉȘȖ ǵȖ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȗțșȚȣȔ ȊȣȌțȔȈȕȕȣȔ Ȑ ȓȎȐȊȣȔ ȍșȓȐ ȗȘȐ-
ȕȐȔȈȚȤ șȒȈȏȈȕȕȖȍ ȉțȒȊȈȓȤȕȖ Ǩ ȊȍȌȤ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȗȐȠȍȚșȧ ȊȍȓȐȒȐ-
ȔȐ Ȑ ȗȘȖșȓȈȊȓȍȕȕȍȑȠȐȔȐ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȈȔȐ Ȑ șȊȧȚȣȔȐ ȔțȎȈȔȐ șȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȕȍ ȊșȧȒȐȑ ȗȖșȔȍȍȚ ȕȈȏȊȈȚȤ ȓȎȐȊȣȔȐ ǬȈȎȍ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȕȍȟȍșȚȐȊȣȔ
ȊȍȘȐȚȤ Ȋ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ Ȋ țȒȈȏȈȕȕȣȝ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧȝ ȗȐșȈȓȐ ȓȖȎȤ ǵȖ ȌȍȓȖ Ȋ ȚȖȔ
ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȗȐșȈȕȐȧȝ Ȑȝ ȍșȚȤ ȐȕȖȑ șȔȣșȓ ȟȍȔ ȚȖȚ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ Ȕȣ ȊȐȌȐȔ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȧ
Ȑȝ șȓȖȊȈ ȉțȒȊȈȓȤȕȖ șȔȣșȓ ȏȈȒȘȣȚȣȑ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȔȐ ȚȈȑȕȈȔȐ Ȑ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ
ȕȍ ȘȈșȒȘȣȚȣȑ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȕȐȒȍȔ Ȑȏ țȟȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȇ șȖȔȕȍȊȈȦșȤ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȒȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ
ȉȣȓ Ȋ șȐȓȈȝ ȗȘȖȕȐȒȕțȚȤ Ȋ ȥȚȖȚ șȔȣșȓ ȉȍȏ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ ȏȕȈȦȡȍȋȖ Ȑ ȌȖȉȘȖșȖȊȍ-
șȚȕȖȋȖ țȟȐȚȍȓȧ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȖȌȕȖ ȟȚȍȕȐȍ ȒȕȐȋ ȍșȓȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȗȘȖ-
șȊȍȚȓȍȕ șȊȣȠȍ ǩȖȎȍșȚȊȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȌȈȍȚșȧ ȓȐȠȤ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȐȔ ǷȖȥȚȖȔț ȉȖȓȤ-
ȠȐȕșȚȊȖ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȍȚ ȚȡȍȚȕȖ șȚȈȘȈȧșȤ ȗȘȖȕȐȒȕțȚȤ Ȋ ȥȚȐ șȖȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȍȑȠȐȍ ȚȈȑ-
ȕȣ ǷȘȐȘȖȌȣ ȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊțȧșȤ ȖȌȕȐȔ ȋȖȓȣȔ ȟȚȍȕȐȍȔ ȒȕȐȋ ǵȖ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕ-
ȞȖȊ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȖșȔȍȓȐȊȈȓȐșȤ ȖȉȍȡȈȚȤ ȕȈȔ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ șȔȍȓȣȍ Ȑȏ ȔȈȚȍȔȈȚȐȒȖȊ
ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ Ȑȏ ȔȈȋȖȊ ȐȏțȟȈȦȡȐȍ ǷȘȐȘȖȌț ȈȓȝȐȔȐșȚȣ Ȑ ȕȍȒȘȖ-
ȔȈȕȚȣ ȐȔȍȦȡȐȍ ȌȍȓȖ ș ȕȐȏȠȐȔȐ ȌȍȔȖȕȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ șȐȓȈȔȐ — Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ Ȕȣ ȔȖ-
ȎȍȔ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȤ Ȑ șȖȊȍȘȠȐȚȤ Ȑ ȗȘȐȚȖȔ ȉȍȏȖ ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ ȋȘȍȝȈ ȉȍȏ ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȍ-
ȕȐȧ ǩȖȎȍșȚȊȈ ȉȍȏ ȗȘȍșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȐ Ǫ ȕȈș șȈȔȐȝ ȋȖȊȖȘȦ ȧ
șȒȘȣȚ ȚȖȚ ȚȈȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȌȍȓȈȚȍȓȤ ȟțȌȍș
Ǫ ȕȈș Ȉ ȕȍ Ȋ ǺȈȘȚȈȘȍ Ȗȕ ȎȐȊȍȚ ȕȍ ȕȍȉȍșȕȣȍ ȏȊȍȏȌȣ —
Ǭțȝ ȖȉȐȚȈȦȡȐȑ Ȋ ȕȈș șȐȓȤȕȣȑ Ȗ ȕ ȟțȌȖ ȚȊȖȘȐȚª1.
1 ȿɪist., 9  ɉɢɫɶɦɨ ɩɨɦɟɱɟɧɨ Ʌɢɨɧɨɦ  ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ  Ⱥɜɬ ɗɬɨ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɱɢɫɥɭ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɟ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɫɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɟ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟ-
ɧɢɟ Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɵɜɤɚ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɚ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɧɚ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɢɦɢɡɦɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨ-
ɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɟɟ — ɝɪɭɛɨɦɭ ɦɚɝɢɡɦɭ ȼɜɢɞɭ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɢɬɚɬɵ ɦɵ ɫɨɱɥɢ ɧɭɠɧɵɦ ɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨ-
ɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɢɤɭ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɭ Ɉɪɫɶɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɪɵɜɨɱɧɵɯ
ɮɪɚɡ ȼ Ȼ

99
ǳǭǫǭǵǬǨ Ƕ ǨǫǸǰǷǷǭ
ǹȚȈȚȤȧ ǪȈȓȍȘȐȧ ǩȘȦșȖȊȈ
ǹȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȐȒȐ ȏȕȈȓȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗț ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȟȈȘȖȌȍȧ ǹ ȘȈȕȕȍȑ
ȦȕȖșȚȐ ȏȈ ȕȐȔ țȚȊȍȘȌȐȓȖșȤ ȐȔȧ ©ȔȈȋȈª Ȑ ȕȈȌȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ Ȑ șȈȔ ȕȍ șȚȈ-
ȘȈȓșȧ ȘȈȏȘțȠȐȚȤ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ǽȖȚȧ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȣȝ șȖȟȐȕȍ-
ȕȐȧȝ Ȗȕ ȘȍȠȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȊȖșșȚȈȊȈȓ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ©ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȔȈȋȐȐª ȕȖ ȥȚȐ ȍȋȖ
ȒȕȐȋȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȔȈȓȖ ȒȖȔț ȌȖșȚțȗȕȣ ǩȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓȖ șȟȐȚȈȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȟȈ-
ȘȖȌȍȍȔ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȒȖȘȖȓȐ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȓȐșȤ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ș ȗȘȖșȤȉȈȔȐ Ȗ ȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏȈȕȐȧȝ
ǰȏȌȈȕȐȍȔ ©ǹȖȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐª Ȋ ȐșȚȐȕȕȣȑ șȔȣșȓ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȕȍȓȍȋȒȖ
ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȖȕȐȒȕțȚȤ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȍȕȖ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȔȕȍȕȐȍ
ȅȚȖ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ Ȋ șȊȧȏȐ ș ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȧȔȐ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȏȈȔȒȕț-
ȚȖȑ ȕȍȗȖșȍȌȓȐȊȖȑ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȕȖȑ șȈȔȣȔȐ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȐȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧ-
ȔȐ ȗȖȊȍȓȖ Ȓ ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȤ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȈșȤ ȖȒȘțȎȍȕȕȖȑ ȞȍȓȣȔ ȘȖȍȔ
șȈȔȣȝ ȜȈȕȚȈșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȓȍȋȍȕȌ Ƕȉ ȕȍȔ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȐ țȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȊȍȡȐ
Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȖȚȕȖșȐȓȐ ȉȈșȕȐ șȓȖȎȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȘȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȟȍȘȕȖȒȕȐȎȕȐȒȖȊ Ȑ ȕȍ
ȉȣȓȖ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȕȍȓȍȗȖȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȕȍ ȌȈȓȐ ȉȣ ȊȍȘȣ ȍșȓȐ ȖȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȐ-
ȔȍȕȍȕȈ Ȓ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ Ȋ ȕȈȘȖȌȕȖȔ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȐ ȌȖȓȋȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȗș-
ȚȈȊȈȓșȧ ȖȓȐȞȍȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȍȔ ȟȈȘȖȌȍȧ Ȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȓȈȊȈ ǼȈțșȚȈ ȉȣȊȠȍȋȖ ȒșȚȈȚȐ
șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȔȓȈȌȠȐȔ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȐȒȖȔ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȉȈȓȈ ȈȊȚȖȘȐ-
ȚȍȚ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȒȈȒ ȔȈȋȈ
ǹȚȈȘȣȍ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȣ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȏȈȗȖȓȕȧȓȐ șȊȖȐ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕȖ ȥȚȐȔȐ ȜȈȕȚȈșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ ȓȍȋȍȕȌȈȔȐ ȗȘȐțȘȖȟȐȊȈȧ Ȑȝ ș ȉȖȓȤȠȍȑ ȐȓȐ
ȔȍȕȤȠȍȑ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȓ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȔ ȥȗȖȝȈȔ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȈ
ǪȖȚ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȑȏ ȥȚȐȝ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȖȊ
ǫȍȕȘȐȝ ǫȖȊȈȘȌ ȋȘȈȜ ȀȍȘȘȐ ȌȈȘȖȊȐȚȣȑ ȗȖȥȚ ȗȘȐȌȊȖȘȕȣȑ ǫȍȕȘȐȝȈ 9,,,,
ȒȖȘȖȓȧ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȖȋȖ ȖȗȓȈȒȐȊȈȓ șȔȍȘȚȤ șȊȖȍȑ ȋȖȘȧȟȖ ȓȦȉȐȔȖȑ Ȏȍȕȣ ȗȘȍȒȘȈș-
ȕȖȑ ǮȐȘȈȓȤȌȐȕȣ ȌȖȟȍȘȐ ȓȖȘȌȈ ǲȐȓȤȌȈȘȈ ǫȖȊȈȘȌ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓșȧ Ȓ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ș
ȗȘȖșȤȉȖȑ ȊȣȏȊȈȚȤ ȍȔț Ȍțȝ țȔȍȘȠȍȑ ǿȈȘȖȌȍȑ ȕȍ ȖȚȒȈȏȈȓșȧ Ȑ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓ ǫȖ-
ȊȈȘȌț ȓȐȒ ȍȋȖ Ȏȍȕȣ Ȋ ȔȈȋȐȟȍșȒȖȔ ȏȍȘȒȈȓȍ1.
ǪȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȐșȗȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȝȖȌȈ ǨȕȚȖȕȐȖ Ȍȍ ǳȍȑȊȈ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ țȟȈșȚȊțȧ Ȋ ȍȋȖ
ȊȖȑșȒȍ ȟȈȘȖȌȍȑșȚȊȖȔ șȗȖșȖȉșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȉțȌȚȖ ȉȣ țșȗȍȝț Ȋșȍȝ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȧȚȐȑ ȐȔ-
ȗȍȘșȒȖȑ ȈȘȔȐȐ ǨȕȚȖȕȐȖ Ȍȍ ǳȍȑȊȈ ȗȖșȓȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȓ ǨȋȘȐȗȗț ǲȈȘȓț
9 Ȑ ȟȈȘȖȌȍȑ ȖșȔȍȓȐȓșȧ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȐȚȤ ȐȔȗȍȘȈȚȖȘț șȕȈȉȌȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔȐ
șȘȍȌșȚȊȈȔȐ ș ȗȖȔȖȡȤȦ ȔȈȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȑ ǲȖȕȍȟȕȖ ǲȈȘȓ 9 ș ȕȍȋȖȌȖȊȈ-
1 ȼɚɥɶɬɟɪ-ɋɤɨɬɬ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɨɣ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɛɚɥɥɚɞɟ «The Lay of the Last Minstrel».

100
ȕȐȍȔ ȖȚȊȍȘȋ ȥȚȖ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȓ șȗȈșȚȐșȤ ȉȍȋșȚȊȖȔ ȖȚ
șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖȋȖ ȋȕȍȊȈ ȐȔȗȍȘȈȚȖȘȈ
ǿȈșȚȖ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȍȘȍȍȏȌȖȊ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȘȈșȗȓȈȟȐȊȈȓșȧ Ȋ ȋȖșȚȐȕȐȞȈȝ
ȌȍȕȤȋȈȔȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȐȔȍȓȐ Ȋșȍ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȒȐ ȗȖȌȓȐȕȕȣȝ ǲȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȗȖ ȖȚȢȍȏȌȍ
ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȈ ȔȖȕȍȚȣ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȡȈȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȕȈȊȖȏ ǶȌȕȖȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȖȌȈ-
ȘȐȓ ȒȖȘȏȐȕț ȏȖȓȖȚȣȝ ȔȖȕȍȚ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȌȍȕȤ ș ȥȚȐȔȐ ȔȖȕȍȚȈȔȐ ȗȘȖȐȏȖȠȓȖ
ȚȖ Ȏȍ șȈȔȖȍ ȒȖȘȏȐȕȈ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȈșȤ ȕȈȗȖȓȕȍȕȕȖȑ ȓȖȠȈȌȐȕȣȔ ȕȈȊȖȏȖȔ1.
ǪȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȘȍȉȣȊȈȕȐȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȋ ǳțȊȍȕȍ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ țȟȍȕȐȒȖȊ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȈ
ȗȘȖȕȐȒ ș ȗȖȔȖȡȤȦ ȍȋȖ Ȏȍȕȣ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȒȈȉȐȕȍȚ ǺȈȔ ȗȖȓȤȏțȧșȤ ȒȕȐȋȖȑ ȔȈȋȐ-
ȟȍșȒȐȝ ȏȈȒȓȐȕȈȕȐȑ Ȗȕ ȊȣȏȊȈȓ ȌȍȔȖȕȈ ǵȖ țȟȍȕȐȒ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȓ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȑ ȊȓȈșȚȐ
ȕȈȌ ȌȍȔȖȕȖȔ Ȑ ȚȖȚ Ȋ ȧȘȖșȚȐ ȉȘȖșȐȓșȧ ȕȈ ȦȕȖȠț Ȑ ȏȈȌțȠȐȓ ȍȋȖ Ǫ ȥȚț șȈȔțȦ
ȔȐȕțȚț ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȊȍȘȕțȓșȧ ǷȖȕȧȊ ȟȚȖ ȍȔț ȋȘȖȏȐȚ ȖȉȊȐȕȍȕȐȍ Ȋ țȉȐȑșȚȊȍ ȦȕȖ-
ȠȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȕȍȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȐȒȈȏȈȓ ȌȍȔȖȕț ȊȖȑȚȐ Ȋ ȚȍȓȖ țȉȐȚȖȋȖ Ȑ ȊȣȑȌȧ
Ȑȏ ȌȖȔț ȖȚȗȘȈȊȐȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȓȦȌȕțȦ ȗȓȖȡȈȌȤ ǺȈȔ ȌȍȔȖȕ ȗȖȒȐȕțȓ ȚȍȓȖ țȟȍȕȐ-
ȒȈ Ȑ ȖȕȖ ȗȈȓȖ ȕȈ ȏȍȔȓȦ ȉȍȏȌȣȝȈȕȕȣȔ ǴȕȖȋȖȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȍ Ȏȍ șȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȐ ȥȚȖ-
ȋȖ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȗȖȌȚȊȍȘȌȐȚȤ ș ȗȖȓȕȣȔ țȉȍȎȌȍȕȐȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȉȍȌȕȣȑ ȦȕȖȠȈ
țȔȍȘ șȒȖȘȖȗȖșȚȐȎȕȖ Ȑ ȟȚȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ Ȋ ȍȋȖ șȔȍȘȚȐ ȕȍ ȗȖȊȐȕȍȕ2.
ǸȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȖȌȕȈȎȌȣ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȟȐȚȈȓ ȓȍȒȞȐȦ ȊȖ ǼȘȍȑȉțȘȋȍ Ȋ 
ȟȈș țȚȘȈ Ȑ Ȋ ȚȖȚ Ȏȍ șȈȔȣȑ ȟȈș Ȗȕ Ȏȍ ȕȈȟȈȓ ȟȚȍȕȐȍ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȓȍȒȞȐȐ Ȋ ǷȖȕȚ-
Ȉ-ǴțșșȖȕȍ 3RQW-Ȉ-0RXVVRQ Ȋ ȓȈȚȐȕȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ ȜȖȘȔȍ 3RQWLPXVVL ȕȈ ȘȈș-
șȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȔȐȓȤ3.
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȗȘȐȗȐșȣȊȈȓȐ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ ȊȣȟȐȚȣȊȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȌȐșȒȍ ȓțȕȣ Ȗ șȖȉȣ-
ȚȐȧȝ șȖȊȍȘȠȈȊȠȐȝșȧ ȕȈ Ȋșȍȝ ȒȖȕȞȈȝ șȊȍȚȈ ȐȓȐ ȗȖȓțȟȈȚȤ Ȗȉ ȕȐȝ șȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ
ȟȍȘȍȏ șȊȖȐȝ ȌȖȔȈȠȕȐȝ ȌȍȔȖȕȖȊ ǮȈȕ ǪȐȘ țȟȍȕȐȒ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȍȚ ȥȚț
ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȗȘȖȡȍ ȖȉȠȐȘȕȖȑ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒȖȑ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ Ȋȍȓ Ǩȋ-
ȘȐȗȗȈ ș țȟȍȕȣȔȐ Ȋșȍȝ șȚȘȈȕ ǹȔȍȘȚȤ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȖȒȘțȎȍȕȈ ȓȍȋȍȕȌȖȑ
ǷȈȊȍȓ ǰȖȊȐȑ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȓ ȟȚȖ ț ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȉȣȓȈ șȖȉȈȒȈ ș ȒȓȐȟȒȖȑ 0RQ-
VLHXU ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȉȣȓȈ ȕȍ ȟȚȖ ȐȕȖȍ ȒȈȒ ȌȍȔȖȕ ȖȉȘȈȡȍȕȕȣȑ ȟȈȘȖȌȍȍȔ Ȋ ȖȉȘȈȏ
șȖȉȈȒȐ ǿțȊșȚȊțȧ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȍȕȐȍ șȔȍȘȚȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȖȌȖȏȊȈȓ șȖȉȈȒț Ȓ șȊȖȍȑ
ȗȖșȚȍȓȐ șȕȧȓ ș ȕȍȍ ȖȠȍȑȕȐȒ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȉȣȓȐ ȒȈȉȉȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȏȕȈȒȐ Ȑ
șȒȈȏȈȓ ©ǷȖȌȐ ȗȘȖȟȤ ȗȘȖȒȓȧȚȖȍ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȖȍ Ȑȏ-ȏȈ Țȍȉȧ ȧ ȗȖȋȐȉª ǹȖȉȈȒȈ ȚȖȚ-
ȟȈș ȊȣȉȍȎȈȓȈ Ȑȏ ȌȖȔȈ ȉȘȖșȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȘȍȒț Ȑ țȚȖȕțȓȈ ǪȐȘ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȍȚ ȟȚȖ Mon-
VLHXU ȉȣȓ șȈȔȣȔ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȗșȖȔ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȈȧ ȓȦȉȐȔȈȧ șȖȉȈ-
ȒȈ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ș ȒȓȐȟȒȖȑ 0DGDPH
1 ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬ Del Rio, «Disquisitionum magicarum libri sex», lib. II, sec. I, quaestio
XXIX. (ɐɢɬɢɪɭɟɦ ɩɨ ɢɡɞ  Vɟnetiis ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɢɡɞ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ  ɝ
2 ɉɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɤ ɷɬɨɣ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɟ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɫ ɀɚɧɨɦ ȼɢɪɨɦ (cɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɧɚɲɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɝɥ XIII
< :©ɍɱɟɧɢɤɨɦ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ȼɢɪ ɛɵɥ ɟɳɟ ɜ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ ɜ  ɝ ɬ ɟ ɥɟɬ  ȼɢɪ ɫɚɦ ɪɚɫ-
ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɱɬɨ ɨɞɧɚɠɞɵ — ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧ ɤɚɤ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɶ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ-
ɤɥɢɧɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɟɦɨɧɨɜ — ɩɨɯɢɬɢɥ ɬɚɣɧɨ ɭ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ “ɋɬɟɝɚɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɸ” Ɍɪɢɬɝɟɣɦɚ ɢ ɫɩɢɫɚɥ ɨɬɬɭɞɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ
ɡɚɤɥɢɧɚɧɢɣª.>
3 ɗɬɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬ Thévet ɜ ɤɧɢɝɟ ©Les vrais portraitsª ɨɧ ɠɟ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵ Ⱦɟɥɶ-Ɋɢɨ

101
Ƕ șȔȍȘȚȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȐȧ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȐȒȖȊ ȘȈșȝȖȌȧȚșȧ
ǭșȚȤ ȕȈȗȘ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍȌȖșȚȖȊȍȘȕȖȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȐȍ 7héYHW ȉțȌȚȖ Ȗȕ țȔȍȘ Ȋ
ǳȐȖȕȍ ǶȕȖ ȖȗȘȖȊȍȘȋȈȍȚșȧ ȒȈȚȍȋȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐȔ șȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȔ ǪȐȘȈ ǬȘțȋȐȍ
ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȣ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ -RYLXV ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ țȔȍȘ Ȋ ǫȘȍȕȖȉȓȍ Ȋ ȋȖșȚȐȕȐȞȍ
ǹȖȋȓȈșȕȖ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧȔ ǫȐ ǨȓȓȈȘȈ *X\ $OODUG S Ȋ  ȋ țȔ  ȋ Ǩȋ-
ȘȐȗȗȈ țȔȍȘ ș ȟȍȔ șȖȋȓȈșȍȕ Ȑ ǶȘșȤȍ Ȋ ǫȘȍȕȖȉȓȍ Ȋ ȌȖȔȍ ǼȘȈȕșțȈ Ȍȍ ǪȈ-
ȠȖȕȈ ǷȖ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧȔ Ȏȍ ȕȍȒȖȍȋȖ ȀȖȘȤȍ ȎȐȊȠȍȋȖ ȖȌȕȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ș Ǩȓ-
ȓȈȘȖȔ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ șȒȖȕȟȈȓșȧ Ȋ ǫȘȍȕȖȉȓȍ ȕȖ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȖȔ ȌȖȔȍ ȕȈ țȓȐȞȍ GHV &OHUFV
ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȈȊȠȍȔ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȟȓȍȕț ȗȈȘȓȈȔȍȕȚȈ ǼȍȘȘȈȕț ȋȌȍ Ȋ  ȋ țȔȍȘ Ȑȏ-
ȊȍșȚȕȣȑ ȦȘȐșȚ ǫȐ ǷȈȗ1.
ǳȍȋȍȕȌȈ Ȗȉ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ș ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍȔ ȓȍȚ Ȋșȍ ȘȈȏȘȈșȚȈȓȈșȤ ǸȈȉȓȍ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȏȐȓ
șȊȖȍȋȖ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȐȒȈ Ȋ ȏȓȖȑ ȒȈȘȐȒȈȚțȘȍ Ȋ ȓȐȞȍ ȠȈȘȓȈȚȈȕȈ +HU 7ULSSD ǹȐ-
ȘȈȕȖ Ȍȍ ǩȍȘȎȍȘȈȒ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȔ Ȑȏ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȐșȍȔ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȓ ȌȈȎȍ Ȍțȝ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ
ȚȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȟțȌȍșȈ2 ǶȚȋȖȓȖșȒȐ ȥȚȐȝ șȒȈȏȈȕȐȑ ȌȖȝȖȌȧȚ ȌȖ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ ;,; ȊȍȒȈ
ǩȓȖȋȖȌȈȘȧ ȚȘțȌȈȔ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȐșȚȖȘȐȒȖȊ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȤ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ ȊȣȝȖ-
ȌȐȚȤ Ȑȏ ȚțȔȈȕȈ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȖȒȘțȎȈȊȠȍȑ ȍȋȖ ȓȍȋȍȕȌȣ ǷȘȖȟȚȧ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐ-
ȟȍșȒȐȑ ȖȟȍȘȒ ǶȘșȤȍ țȎȍ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ Ȋ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȕȐ ȟȈȘȖȌȍȧ ȊșȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ
ȗȘȖȊȍȌȠȍȋȖ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍȕȐȐ ș ȕȍȟȐșȚȖȑ șȐȓȖȑ ȕȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȠȈȘȓȈȚȈȕȈ ȚȘȐȌȞȈȚȤ
ȓȍȚ ȔȖȘȖȟȐȊȠȍȋȖ Ȑ ȗȘȖșȚȖȑ ȕȈȘȖȌ Ȑ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȑ ȝȐȚȘȣȔȐ ȗȘȖȌȍȓȒȈȔȐ Ȑ ȐșȒțș-
ȕȣȔȐ ȜȖȒțșȈȔȐ Ǵȣ ȏȕȈȍȔ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȕȍ ȚȖȋȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗț ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȗțȋȈȓȐ ȌȍȚȍȑ
Ȋ ;9, ȊȍȒȍ ȕȍ ȟȍȘȕȖȒȕȐȎȕȐȒȈ ȊȖȌȧȡȍȋȖ ȕȈ ȗȘȐȊȧȏȐ ȌȤȧȊȖȓȈ Ȋ ȊȐȌȍ șȖȉȈ-
ȒȐ ȕȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗț ȕȍțȚȖȔȐȔȖȋȖ ȚȘțȌȖȓȦȉȞȈ ȥȕȞȐȒȓȖȗȍȌȐȟȍșȒȐ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȕȖ-
ȋȖ țȟȍȕȖȋȖ ȉȍșșȚȘȈȠȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȟȍșȚȕȖȋȖ ȔȣșȓȐȚȍȓȧ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȋȖ șȚȐȓȐșȚȈ Ȑ ȧȏ-
ȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȗȈȔȜȓȍȚȐșȚȈ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȕȍ ȉȣȓ ȟțȎȌ ȗȘȍȌȘȈșșțȌȒȖȊ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȊȘȍ-
ȔȍȕȐ — ȕȖ ȒȚȖ Ȏȍ Ȋ șȐȓȈȝ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȖȚ ȕȐȝ ȖșȊȖȉȖȌȐȚȤșȧ" ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ Ȋȍȓ ȎȐȏȕȤ
ȐșȒȈȚȍȓȧ ȗȘȐȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȑ ȉȣȓ ȕȍțȎȐȊȟȐȊ ȕȈȌȔȍȕȍȕ ȓȦȉȐȓ șȗȖȘȣ Ȑ ȕȍ țșȚț-
ȗȈȓ șȊȖȐȔ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈȔ ȕȐ Ȋ ȟȍȔ — ȕȖ ȚȈȒȖȊ ȉȣȓ Ȍțȝ ȥȗȖȝȐ ȚȖȑ șȓȈȊȕȖȑ
ȥȗȖȝȐ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȒȖȕȒȊȐșȚȈȌȖȘȣ ȏȈȊȖȍȊȣȊȈȓȐ ǵȖȊȣȑ ǹȊȍȚ ȒȖȋȌȈ șȖȏȌȈȊȈȓȐșȤ
ȕȖȊȣȍ ȐȔȗȍȘȐȐ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȎȐȓȐ ǲȖȘȚȍȞ Ȑ ǩȍȕȊȍȕțȚȖ ǿȍȓȓȐȕȐ ǮȍȓȟȕȖșȚȤ Ǩȋ-
ȘȐȗȗȣ ȕȍȗȘȐȔȐȘȐȔȖșȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȕȍȕȈȊȐșȚȐ ȐșȒțȗȈȓȐșȤ ȍȋȖ ȕȍȎȕȖȑ ȓȦȉȖȊȤȦ Ȓ
Ȏȍȕȍ Ȓ ©ȈȕȋȍȓȖȗȖȌȖȉȕȖȑª ǮȈȕȕȍ-ǳțȐȏȍ Ȑ Ȓ șȍȔȤȍ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȓȐȞȍȔȍȘȐȍ
ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ șȓțȟȈȓȖșȤ ȗȘȖȧȊȓȧȚȤ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȍȋȖ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȕȍȘȈȏȉȖȘȟȐȊȖșȚȤ Ȋ Ȋȣ-
ȉȖȘȍ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȚȧȎȍȓȣȔȐ țșȓȖȊȐȧȔȐ ȍȋȖ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȗȖș-
ȚȖȧȕȕȖȑ ȕțȎȌȖȑ ȌȖȝȖȌȐȊȠȍȑ ȗȖȘȖȑ ȌȖ ȕȐȡȍȚȣ ȋȖȕȍȕȐȧȔȐ șȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ
șȐȓȤȕȣȝ ȊȘȈȋȖȊ ȟȍȘȕȖȑ ȕȍȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȖșȚȤȦ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȍȔț ȗȓȈȚȐȓȐ ȓȦȌȐ ȗȖȓȤ-
ȏȖȊȈȊȠȐȍșȧ ȍȋȖ țșȓțȋȈȔȐ Ǩ Ȋșȍ ©ȟȈȘȖȌȍȑșȚȊȈª ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȗȘȈȊȖ ȐșȒțȗȓȍ-
ȕȣ ȍȋȖ ȉȍșȗȖȡȈȌȕȖȑ ȒȘȐȚȐȒȖȑ ȠȈȘȓȈȚȈȕșȚȊȈ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȝ ȍȔț ȔȈȋȖȊ Ȑ ȚȍȔ
ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌșȚȊȖȔ ș ȒȈȒȐȔ Ȗȕ ȘȐșȒțȧ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȉȓȈȋȖȗȖȓțȟȐȍȔ — Ȉ ȔȖ-
1 Aug. Prost, «Corneille Agrippa», II, 404-6.
2 ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɭ Collin de Plancy, «Dictionnaire Infernal», I, 41-46.

ȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ Ȑ ȎȐȏȕȤȦ — ȉȘȖșȐȓșȧ ȕȈ ȏȈȡȐȚț ȉȍȌȕȖȑ ȒȘȍșȚȤȧȕȒȐ Ȑȏ ȌȍȘȍȊȕȐ
ǪȖȑȗȐ ȖȉȊȐȕȍȕȕȖȑ Ȋ ȒȖȓȌȖȊșȚȊȍ

103
ǹǶǿǰǵǭǵǰȇ ǨǫǸǰǷǷȃ ǰ ǰǹǺǶǿǵǰǲǰ
ǭǫǶ ǩǰǶǫǸǨǼǰǰ
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȉȣȓ ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȊȐȌȕȣȝ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȍȑ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ǭȋȖ
ȒȕȐȋȐ ȍȡȍ ȗȘȐ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȝ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧȝ Ȑ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕ-
ȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȐȏȌȈȊȈȓȐșȤ ȗȖșȓȍ ȍȋȖ șȔȍȘȚȐ ǩȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ ȍȋȖ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȑ ȉȣȓȖ ȊșȒȖ-
Șȍ ȗȖșȓȍ Ȑȝ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȑ ȗȍȘȍȊȍȌȍȕȖ ȕȈ Ȋșȍ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȐȍ ȧȏȣȒȐ Ǫ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȚȘȍȝ
șȚȖȓȍȚȐȑ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȖȟȐȚȈȓșȧ ȕȍȗȘȍȘȍȒȈȍȔȣȔ ȈȊȚȖȘȐȚȍȚȖȔ Ȑ ȌȓȐȕȕȣȑ ȘȧȌ
ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȑ ȐșȒȈȓ Ȋ ȍȋȖ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧȝ ȖȚȊȍȚȈ ȕȈ ȊȍȓȐȟȈȑȠȐȍ ȊȖȗȘȖșȣ ȟȍȓȖȊȍ-
ȟȍșȒȖȋȖ țȔȈ
ǷȘȐ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȐȏȌȈȕȣ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȍ ȍȋȖ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧ ȖȌȐȕ ȗȍ-
ȘȍȟȍȕȤ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȒȈȒ ȘȈȏȕȖșȚȖȘȖȕȕȐ Ȑ ȊșȍȖȉȢȍȔȓȦȡȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȍȋȖ
ȗȖȕȧȚȐȧ Ȑ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȣ1:
1) Ƕ ȚȈȐȕșȚȊȍ ȉȘȈȒȈ ȓȈȚȐȕșȒȐȑ ȚȍȒșȚ Ȑ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȐȑ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌ șȌȍȓȈȕ-
ȕȣȑ șȈȔȐȔ ȈȊȚȖȘȖȔ ǩȘȖȠȦȘȈ Ȋ  șȚȘ ǳȐȖȕ  ȋ
2) ǨșȚȘȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏȈȕȐȧ ǩȘȖȠȦȘȈ ǳȐȖȕ  ȋ
3) ǹȖȉȘȈȕȐȍ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȝ ȚȘȈȒȚȈȚȖȊ I Ƕ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌșȚȊȍ Ȑ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌșȚȊȍ
ȎȍȕșȒoȋȖ ȗȖȓȈ II Ƕ ȟțȌȖȌȍȑșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔ șȓȖȊȍ (De verbo mirifico); III) Ƕ
ȚȈȐȕșȚȊȍ ȉȘȈȒȈ -ȍ ȐȏȌ
 IV Ƕ ȚȘȖȐȟȕȖȔ ȗțȚȐ Ȓ ȗȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȦ ǩȖȎȍșȚȊȈ 9
ǶȗȘȖȊȍȘȎȍȕȐȍ ȧȏȣȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȉȖȋȖșȓȖȊȐȧ 9I
 Ƕ ȗȍȘȊȖȘȖȌȕȖȔ ȋȘȍȝȍ 9II ǷȘȖ-
ȚȐȊ ȊȘȍȌȕȣȝ țȟȍȕȐȑ  șȚȘ ǨȕȚȊȍȘȗȍȕ  — ǪȚȖȘȖȍ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȍ ǲȍȓȤȕ  ȋ
Ǫ ȕȍȔ Ȓ ȗȍȘȍȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȔ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧȔ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȘȐșȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȣ 9III ǬȊȍ ȘȍȟȐ Ȗ
ȔȖȕȈȠȍșȒȖȔ ȎȐȚȐȐ
4) ǲȖȘȖȕȖȊȈȕȐȍ ǲȈȘȓȈ 9 ǨȕȚȊȍȘȗȍȕ  — ǪȚȖȘȖȍ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȍ ǲȍȓȤȕ
 ȋ ǪȖ  ȐȏȌ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ȒȖȘȖȕȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȖ Ȑ ȗȘȐȉȈȊȓȍȕȣ șȚȐ-
ȝȖȚȊȖȘȕȣȍ ȥȗȐȋȘȈȔȔȣ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ
5) Ƕ ȕȍȌȖșȚȖȊȍȘȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȚȡȍȚȍ ȕȈțȒ Ȑ ȐșȒțșșȚȊ ǲȕȐȋȈ Ȋ  șȚȘ ǨȕȚ-
ȊȍȘȗȍȕ  — ǹȓȍȌțȦȡȐȍ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧ Ȋ   ȐȏȌȈȕȐȑ Ȋ ȖȌȐȕ ȋȖȌ 2 (2
ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧ
 Ȑ ȖȒȖȓȖ -  ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧ
6) ǹȖȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȈȧ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȧ Ǫ  ȒȕȐȋȈȝ ǨȕȚȊȍȘȗȍȕ Ȑ ǷȈȘȐȎ  ȋ ȗȍȘ-
ȊȈȧ ȒȕȐȋȈ
 ǲȍȓȤȕ  ȋ Ȋșȍ ȚȘȐ ȒȕȐȋȐ ǺȖȔ Ȋ  șȚȘ
7) ǵȈȌȋȘȖȉȕȖȍ șȓȖȊȖ ǴȈȘȋȈȘȐȚȍ ǨȊșȚȘȐȑșȒȖȑ ǨȕȚȊȍȘȗȍȕ  ȋ
8) ǲȖȔȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȑ ȕȈ Ars Brevis ǸȈȑȔțȕȌȈ ǳȦȓȓȐȧ ǲȍȓȤȕ  ȋ — ǪȚȖȘȖȍ
ȐȏȌȈȕȐȍ ǲȍȓȤȕ  ȋ
9) ǨȗȖȓȖȋȐȧ Ȑ ȎȈȓȖȉȈ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ǳțȊȥȕșȒȐȝ ȉȖȋȖșȓȖȊȖȊ ǲȍȓȤȕ  ȋ
10) Ƕ ȍȌȐȕȖȉȘȈȟȐȐ ȗȘȍșȊȧȚȖȑ Ǩȕȕȣ  ȋ
11) ǨȗȖȓȖȋȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȗȐșȤȔȖ Ȓ ȒȍȓȤȕșȒȖȔț șȍȕȈȚț ǹȚȘȈșȉțȘȋ 
1 ɉɨɞɥɢɧɧɵɟ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɫ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɤɚ-
ɡɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɞɚɧɵ ɧɚɦɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɹɯ

104
ǪșȍȋȖ ȗȘȐ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȖșȤ — șȟȐȚȈȧ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȐȏȌȈȕȐȧ — Ȍ Ȋ Ȉ Ȍ-
Ȟ Ȉ Ț Ȥ Ƞ ȍ ș Ț Ȥ ȒȕȐȋ ș ȍȋȖ ȐȔȍȕȍȔ ȟȐșȓȖ ȕȍȔȈȓȖȍ Ȑ Ȍȓȧ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȐ-
șȈȚȍȓȧ
ǪșȒȖȘȍ ȗȖ șȔȍȘȚȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȐșȚțȗȓȍȕȖ Ȓ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȦ ȗȖȓȕȖȋȖ șȖȉ-
ȘȈȕȐȧ ȍȋȖ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȑ ǵȖ ȗȖ-ȊȐȌȐȔȖȔț ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ1 ȥȚȖ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȍ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȖșȤ
ȓȐȠȤ  ȓȍȚ șȗțșȚȧ șȔȍȘȚȐ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȈ Ȋ  ȋ Ȋ ǳȐȖȕȍ ț ȐȏȌȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȉȘȈ-
ȚȤȍȊ ǫȖȌȍȜȘțȈ Ȑ ǴȈȘșȍȓȧ ǩȍȘȐȕȋȖȊ
Henrici Cornelii Agrippae ab Nettesheim, armatae militiae equitus aurati et
iurius utruisque ac medicinae doctoris — Opera — in duos tomos. Lugduni, per
Beringos fratres. 1550.
ȅȚȖ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȍȕȖ Ȋ  ȋ Ȑ ȗȖșȓȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȐȏȌȈȊȈȓȖșȤ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ-
șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈȏ ȕȖ ȗȘȖșȓȍȌȐȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȍȋȖ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧ ȏȈȚȘțȌȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȐȏȌȈ-
ȚȍȓȐ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȦ ȟȈșȚȤȦ ȕȍ ȗȖȔȍȟȈȓȐ ȚȈȒȐȝ ȒȕȐȋ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȌȈȚȈȔȐ
Ǫ ȥȚȖ ©ǷȖȓȕȖȍ cȖȉȘȈȕȐȍª ȉȣȓȖ ȊȒȓȦȟȍȕȖ ȔȕȖȋȖȍ Ȑȏ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȑ ǨȋȘȐȗ-
ȗȣ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐ ȍȋȖ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȖ Ȉ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȧ ș ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧ  ȋ, Ȋ
ȕȍȋȖ ȊȖȠȓȐ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȌȓȖȎȕȣȍ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȕȈȗȘ I9 ȒȕȐȋȈ ©ǹȖ-
ȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐª ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȟȐșȓȖ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȑ ȍȋȖ șȖȊȘȍ-
ȔȍȕȕȐȒȖȊ ȗȐșȈȊȠȐȝ Ȗ ȔȈȋȐȐ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȐșȓȍ — ǷȍȚȘȈ ǨȉȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ǷȐȒȚȖȘȐȧ
ǪȐȓȓȐȕȌȋȍȕ ȜȖȕ ǫȍȘȈȘȌȈ ǲȘȍȔȖȕșȒȖȋȖ ȈȉȉȈȚȈ ǺȘȐȚȋȍȑȔȈ Ȑ ȌȘ
ǰȏ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȑ ȉȍȏțșȓȖȊȕȖ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȈȡȐȝ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ Ȋ ©ǹȖȉȘȈȕȐȐ șȖȟȐȕȍ-
ȕȐȑª Ȕȣ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȔ ȒȘȖȔȍ  ȗȍȘȍȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȊȣȠȍ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȍ:
12) ǪșȚțȗȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȓȍȒȞȐȧ Ȗ ©ǷȐȔȈȕȌȘȍª ǫȍȘȔȍșȈ ǺȘȐșȔȍȋȐșȚȈ  ȋ
13) ǸȍȟȤ Ȗ ©ǷȐȘȍª ǷȓȈȚȖȕȈ  ȋ
14) ǪșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȌȐȈȓȖȋț Ȗ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȍ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȌȖȉȐȐ ǩȖȎȐȍȔ  ȋ
15- ǿȍȚȣȘȍ ȘȍȟȐ ȗȘȖȐȏȕȍșȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȖ ȘȈȏȕȣȔ ȗȖȊȖȌȈȔ Ȋ ǴȍȞȍ -
 ȋ
19) ǨȕȚȐȌȖȚ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȟțȔȣ - ȋ
20) ǸȍȟȤ ȖȉȘȈȡȍȕȕȈȧ Ȓ ȖȌȕȖȔț Ȑȏ ȘȖȌșȚȊȍȕȕȐȒȖȊ ȗȖ ȗȖȊȖȌț ȍȋȖ ȊșȚțȗ-
ȓȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȟȐșȓȖ ȗȈȘȐȎșȒȐȝ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȖȊ 
21) ǷȖșȓȈȕȐȍ Ȓ ǴȈȒșȐȔȐȓȐȈȕț ǺȘȈȕșȐȓȤȊȈȕț ȗȖ ȗȖȊȖȌț ȚȘȈȒȚȈȚȈ Ȗ ȗȘȍ-
ȊȖșȝȖȌșȚȊȍ ȎȍȕșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȈ  ȋ
22) ǸȍȟȤ Ȗ ǰȖȈȕȕȍ ǬȈȚșȒȖȔ  ȋ
23) ǵȈȟȈȓȖ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ǰȚȈȓȤȧȕșȒȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ  ȋ
24) ǴȍȔțȈȘȣ ȗȖșȓȈȕȕȣȍ ǴȈȘȐȐ ǪȍȕȋȍȘșȒȖȑ - ȋ
25) ǷȖȓȍȔȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȚȘȈȒȚȈȚ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȉȘȈȚȤȍȊ-ȗȘȖȗȖȊȍȌȕȐȒȖȊ  ȋ
26) ǷȘȍȌȐșȓȖȊȐȍ Ȓ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧȔ ǫȖȌȍȠȈȓȒȈ ǴȖȕȒȖȘȌȐȧ  ȋ).
27) Ƕ ȔȖȕȈȠȍșȒȖȔ ȎȐȚȐȐ ȋȖȌ șȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȍȕ
1 ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɉɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɫ ɞɚɬɚɦɢ  ɢ ɞɚɠɟ  ɝ ɧɨ ɷɬɢ ɞɚ-
ɬɵ — ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɵ ɋɨɦɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɦɟɱɟɧɧɨɟ  ɝ ɝɨɞɨɦ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɋɦ Ⱥ
Prost, op. cit., II, 517-519.

105
28) ǸȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȍ Ȗȉ ȖȉȘȍȚȍȕȐȐ ȖșȚȈȕȒȖȊ șȊȧȚȖȋȖ ǨȕȚȖȕȐȧ ȚȖȎȍ
29) ǸȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȍ Ȗ ȗȘȈȊȍ ȚȖȎȍ
30) ǵȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȖȠȍȕȐȑ ȗȖȌȈȕȕȣȝ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȖȦ ȊȓȈșȚȧȔ Ȑ șțȌȤȧȔ ȗȖ ȗȖ-
ȊȖȌț șȊȖȐȝ Ȍȍȓ -1534).
ǲ ȥȚȖȔț șȗȐșȒț ȕȈȌȖ ȗȘȐșȖȍȌȐȕȐȚȤ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȗȘȍȌȐșȓȖȊȐȧ Ȑ ȗȖșȊȧȚȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȗȐșȤȔȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ șȖȗȘȖȊȖȎȌȈȓ șȊȖȐ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȒȖȚȖ-
Șȣȍ ȟȈșȚȖ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ șȈȔȖșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȚȘȈȒȚȈȚȈȔȐ ǵȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȐșȤȔȈ Ǩȋ-
ȘȐȗȗȣ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȋ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȔȐ ȚȘȈȒȚȈȚȈȔȐ ȗȖ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȔ
ȕȈțȟȕȣȔ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈȔ ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ Ȕȣ ȌȖșȚȖȊȍȘȕȖ ȏȕȈȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șȖȟȐȕȍ-
ȕȐȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȕȍ ȌȖȠȓȐ ȌȖ ȕȈș1 Ȑ Ȕȣ ȐȔȍȍȔ ȓȐȠȤ țȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ Ȗȉ ȕȐȝ Ȋ ȗȍ-
ȘȍȗȐșȒȍ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȈ
ǹȘȍȌȐ șȖȔȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȑ ș ȉȖȓȤȠȍȑ ȐȓȐ ȔȍȕȤȠȍȑ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖșȚȤȦ
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȐȗȐșȈȕȣ
31) ǺȘȈȒȚȈȚ Ȗ ȋȍȖȔȈȕȚȐȐ
32) ǹȖȒȘȈȡȍȕȕȈȧ ȚȈȉȓȐȞȈ Ȓ Ars Brevis ǸȈȑȔȖȕȌȈ ǳȦȓȓȐȧ
33) ǲȖȔȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȑ Ȓ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȦ ǷȓȐȕȐȧ ȔȓȈȌȠȍȋȖ Ȗ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȐșȚȖ-
ȘȐȐ ȔȐȘȈ
ǶȋȦșȚ ǷȘȖ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȧ Ȋ ȟȐșȓȖ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȑ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȋșȍ Ȗ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ șȖȝȘȈ-
ȕȐȓȐșȤ ȐȏȊȍșȚȐȧ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȧ ȏȈ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȍ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȍȌȐșȓȖȊȐȧ Ȑ ȗȖșȊȧ-
ȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȗȐșȤȔȈ Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȍȋȖ ȥȗȐȋȘȈȔȔȣ ȕȈșȟȐȚȣȊȈȍȚ ȊȖșȍȔȤȌȍșȧȚ ȗȘȖȐȏ-
ȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȕȣȝ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȖȔ ȏȈ ȍȋȖ șȘȈȊȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȒȖȘȖȚȒțȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȗȕ
ȕȍ ȌȖȎȐȓ ȌȖ  ȓȍȚ
©ǹȖȉȘȈȕȐȍ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȑª ȗȘȐȉȈȊȓȧȍȚ Ȓ ȥȚȐȔ ȚȘțȌȈȔ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȌȘȈȋȖȞȍȕ-
ȕȍȑȠȍȍ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȊȐȌȍ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȧ ȗȐșȍȔ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȑ Ȓ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȘȈȏȌȍ-
ȓȍȕȕȖȍ ȕȈ  ȒȕȐȋ Epistolarum ad familiares et eorum ad ipsum libri septem.
Ǫ ȥȚȖ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȍ ȊȝȖȌȐȓȖ șȊȣȠȍ  ȗȐșȍȔ ȌȈȦȡȐȝ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȊȈȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȍȓȧ ȏȕȈȒȖȔșȚȊȈ ș ȎȐȏȕȤȦ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȍȋȖ ȊȖȏȏȘȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȍȋȖ
șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȐȒȈȔȐ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȥȗȖȝȖȑ ȅȚȐ ȗȐșȤȔȈ ȍȡȍ ȘȈȏ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ ȕȈȔ ȒȈȒȐȔ
ȕȍțȚȖȔȐȔȣȔ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȍȔ ȉȣȓ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ Ȋșȍȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȊȍȌȠȐȑ ȖȋȘȖȔ-
ȕțȦ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒț ș ȌȍșȧȚȒȈȔȐ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȗȖ șȈȔȣȔ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȦ ȟȈ-
șȚȤȦ ȕȈțȟȕȣȔ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈȔ ǸȈȏțȔȍȍȚșȧ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȕȍ Ȋșȍ ȗȐșȤȔȈ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȌȖȠ-
1 Ɍɚɤɨɜɵ ɧɚɩɪ Ʉɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɟ ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥɚ ɉɚɜɥɚ ɤ ɪɢɦɥɹɧɚɦ  ɝ ɪɟɱɶ ɨ ɛɨɝɨ-
ɫɥɨɜɢɢ  ɝ
 ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ ɤ ɋɨɤɪɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ  ɝ Ⱦɢɚɥɨɝ ɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɨ-
ɞɨɛɢɢ Ȼɨɠɢɟɦ  ɝ — ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɨɫɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ ɤ ©ɉɢɦɚɧɞɪɭª Ƚɟɪɦɟɫɚ
Ɍɪɢɫɦɟɝɢɫɬɚ  ɝ — ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɨɫɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ
 ɪɟɱɢ ɜ ɱɟɫɬɶ ɝɪɚɮɚ ɋɚɜɨɣɫɤɨɝɨ ( ɝ
ɉɢɪɨɦɚɯɢɹ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬ ɨɛ ɨɝɧɟɫɬɪɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɪɭɠɢɢ ( ɝ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɫ ɬɭɪɤɚɦɢ  ɝ — ɫɨ-
ɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ ɛɵɥɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɱɚɬɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬ ɨ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɰɚɪɫɬɜ (Reg-
norum omniam initia); ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɵ (Placita theologica quae quodlibeta dicun-
tur) ɢ ɞɪ

106
ȓȐ ȌȖ ȕȈș Ȑ Ȋ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȍȋȖ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȍȡȍ ȖȉȠȐȘȕȍȍ ȕȍȒȖȚȖ-
Șȣȍ ȗȖȓȈȋȈȦȚ ȟȚȖ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȓȐșȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȐșȤȔȈ ȗȐșȈȕȕȣȍ ȗȖ-ȓȈȚȣȕȐ Ȉ ȗȐșȈȕ-
ȕȣȍ ȗȖ-ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȐ Ȑ ȗȖ-ȕȍȔȍȞȒȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȣ Ȑȏ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȧ
ǺȈȒȖȊ ©ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȑ ȉȈȋȈȎª ȊȍȓȐȒȖȋȖ ȟȈȘȖȌȍȧ ;9, ȊȍȒȈ
ǷȍȘȊȣȔȐ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȈȔȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȏȓȍȑȠȐȍ ȊȘȈȋȐ ȗȖșȚȈȘȈȊȠȐȍ-
șȧ Ȋșȍ-ȚȈȒȐ ȖȟȍȘȕȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȗȈȔȧȚȤ ǺȈȒȖȊȖ ȗȐșȈȕȐȍ Ȗȉ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȋȖ Ȑȕ-
ȒȊȐȏȐȚȖȘȈ ȗȖȝȊȈȓȧȊȠȍȋȖșȧ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ șȎȍȋ ȕȈ șȊȖȍȔ ȊȍȒț ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ șȖȚȍȕ ȓȦ-
Ȍȍȑ ǬȍȓȤ ǸȐȖ ǮȈȕ ǪȐȘ ȚȡȍȚȕȖ ȏȈȡȐȡȈȓ ȗȈȔȧȚȤ șȊȖȍȋȖ țȟȐȚȍȓȧ Ǫ  ȋ
ȗȖȧȊȐȓȈșȤ ȒȕȐȋȈ ǷȈȊȓȈ ǰȖȊȐȧ1 Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȌȈȕȈ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȧ Ǩȋ-
ȘȐȗȗȣ Ȑ șȖȉȘȈȕȣ Ȋșȍ ȓȍȋȍȕȌȣ Ȗ ȕȍȔ ǵȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȏȎȍ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȈșȤ ȒȕȐȋȈ Ǩ
ǺȍȊȥ2 ȗȖȊȚȖȘȐȊȠȈȧ Ȑȝ ș ȕȖȊȣȔȐ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȧȔȐ
ǯȈȡȐȚț ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȗȖșȓȍ ǪȐȘȈ Ȋȏȧȓ ȕȈ șȍȉȧ ǫ ǵȖȌȥ ȐȏȌȈȊȠȐȑ Ȋ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ
;9,, ȊȍȒȈ ȒȕȐȋț Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȝȖȚȍȓ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȈȚȤ ȊȍȓȐȒȐȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȖȚ ȖȉȊȐȕȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȟȈ-
ȘȖȌȍȑșȚȊȍ3 ǵȖ ǫ ǵȖȌȥ ȎȍȓȈȧ ȏȈȡȐȚȐȚȤ ǨȋȘȐȗȗț ȊȣșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȍȋȖ ȓȖȊȒȐȔ ȔȖ-
ȠȍȕȕȐȒȖȔ ȖȉȔȈȕȡȐȒȖȔ Ȑ ȠȈȘȓȈȚȈȕȖȔ ȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȊȠȐȔșȧ ȓȍȋȒȖȊȍȘȐȍȔ șȖȊȘȍ-
ȔȍȕȕȐȒȖȊ ǫȖȘȈȏȌȖ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȍȍ ȏȈȡȐȚȈ ǳ ǼȘȍȍȘȈ4 ȖȗȘȖȊȍȘȋȠȍȋȖ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ Ȑȏ ȓȍ-
ȋȍȕȌ șȓȖȎȐȊȠȐȝșȧ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȐȔȍȕȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ ș ȘȍȠȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȖȗȘȖ-
ȊȍȘȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȝȖȌȧȟȍȋȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȗȉ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȊȣșȚțȗȐȓ ©ȊȍȓȐȒȐȑ șȒȍȗȚȐȒª
ǩȥȑȓȤ5.
ǰșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧȔȐ ȒȈșȈȦȡȐȔȐșȧ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȝ șȚȖȘȖȕ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȋ ;9,,
ȊȍȒȍ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓȐșȤ ȍȡȍ ǫȐ ǨȓȓȈȘ Ȑ ȀȖȘȤȍ6 Ȑ ȌȘ Ǫ ;9,,, ȊȍȒȍ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȖșȤ ȌȊȈ
șȚȖȧȡȐȝ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȑ Ȗȉ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȖȌȕȖ ǸȈȊȐțșȈ ȌȘțȋȖȍ ȈȕȖȕȐȔ-
ȕȖȍ7. ǶȉȈ ȕȍ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȚ ȕȐ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȊ, ȕȐ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȚȖȟȍȒ ȏȘȍ-
ȕȐȧ Ǫ ;I; ȊȍȒȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȗȖșȊȧȚȐȓȐ șȚȈȚȤȐ ǫȐȏȖ ǫȖȜȍȘ Ǩ ǬȈȋȍ ǳ ȀȈȘȊȥ
ȀȗȘȍȕȋȍȓȤ Ȑ ǺȍȕȕȍȔȈȕ ǴȖȕȥȕ ǲȐȏȍȊȍȚȚȍȘ Ȑ ȌȘ ȘȈȏȢȧșȕȐȊȠȐȍ ȕȍȔȈȓȖ șȗȖȘ-
ȕȣȝ ȊȖȗȘȖșȖȊ Ȋ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȈ8.
ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ Ȋ ;I; ȊȍȒȍ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȐșȤ ȌȊȈ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȚȘțȌȈ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȈȊȠȐȝ
ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȦ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ șȖȋȓȈșȕȖ șȖ ȊșȍȔȐ ȕȖȊȍȑȠȐȔȐ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȧȔȐ ȐșȚȖȘȐ-
ȟȍșȒȖȑ ȕȈțȒȐ ȖȌȐȕ Ȋ șȍȘȍȌȐȕȍ ȊȍȒȈ — ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȐȑ ȌȘțȋȖȑ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȊȍȒȈ —
ȜȘȈȕȞțșșȒȐȑ
1 Pauli Jovii Novocomensis episcopi Nucerini. Elogia virorum litteris illustrium. 1577.
2 A. Thévet. Les vrais portraits et vies des hommes illustres, 1584.
3 G. Naudé. Apologie pour tous les grands personnages qui ont été faussement soupsonés de magie. 1625.
4 Pauli Freheri. Theatrum virorum eruditione clarorum. 1688.
5 P. Bayle, Dictionnaire historique et critique. 1697.
6 ɋɦ ɜɵɲɟ ©Ʌɟɝɟɧɞɚ ɨ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɟª
7 Ravius. Dissertatio de H. C. Agrippae eruditione portenti, vita, fatis et scriptis. Wittemb. 1726. — Ag-
rippaeana oder H. C. Agrippa’s merkwürdiges Leben und Schriften. S. 1. 1722.
8 Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɬɪɭɞɟ ɗɬɬɢɧɝɟɪɚ: Oettinger, Biblio-
grahie biographique universelle. ɋɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ Aug. Prost, op. cit., II, 535-36.

ǵ. Morley. The Life of ǵ. ǹ. Agrippa von Nettesheim. London 1856. 2 vol.
Aug. Prost. Corneille Agrippa, sa vie et ses oeuvres. Paris 1881. 2 vol.
ǶșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȞȍȕȕȣȔ Ȕȣ șȟȐȚȈȍȔ ȊȚȖȘȖȍ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȍ ȌȈȦȡȍȍ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȎȐȏȕȍ-
ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖȍ ȐȏȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȍȋȖ ȐȌȍȑ Ȑ ȘȧȌ ȥȒșȒțȘșȖȊ ȗȖ ȘȈȏ-
ȓȐȟȕȣȔ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈȔ șȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȔ ș ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȍȑ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȈ
ǹȚȈȚȤȧ ǮȖȏȍȜȈ ǶȘșȤȍ ȗȖȧȊȐȊȠȈȧșȧ Ȋ «LȈ Revue des Idées»  ȋ ȌȖ-
ȗȖȓȕȧȍȚ ȥȚȐ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȘȧȌȖȔ ȔȍȓȒȐȝ ȌȍȚȈȓȍȑ ǶȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȈ ȗȖȟȚȐ Ȑș-
ȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȈ ȗȍȘȍȗȐșȒȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȕȖ ȔȍșȚȈȔȐ ȈȊȚȖȘ ȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȓșȧ Ȑ ȕȍ-
ȐȏȌȈȕȕȣȔȐ ȈȘȝȐȊȕȣȔȐ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈȔȐ ǳȐȓȓȧ ǷȈȘȐȎȈ Ȑ ȌȘ ȋȖȘȖȌȖȊ
ǵȈ ȘțșșȒȖȔ ȧȏȣȒȍ Ȕȣ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȔ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȝ ȘȈȉȖȚ Ȗ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȍșȓȐ ȕȍ șȟȐ-
ȚȈȚȤ ȒȘȈȚȒȖȋȖ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȖȟȍȘȒȈ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȈȡȍȋȖ ȗȍȘț ȗȐȠțȡȍȋȖ ȥȚȐ
șȚȘȖȒȐ Ȑ ȗȖȔȍȡȍȕȕȖȋȖ Ȋ ©ǵȖȊȖȔ ȅȕȞȐȒȓȖȗȍȌȐȟȍșȒȖȔ ǹȓȖȊȈȘȍª ǩȘȖȒȋȈțȏ-
ȅȜȘȖȕȈ
ǵȍȓȤȏȧ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ
Ȋȣȧșȕȍȕȣ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ǫ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȈ ȖșȚȈȓȖșȤ ȍȡȍ ȕȍȔȈȓȖ ȥȗȐ-
ȏȖȌȖȊ ȘȈȏȢȧșȕȍȕȕȣȝ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ șȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȐȒȖȊ Ȗȉ ǨȋȘȐȗ-
ȗȍ ȍȡȍ ȕȐȒȍȔ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȘȈȏȖȉȘȈȕȣ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȑ ȗȖȓȕȖȚȍ Ȑȏ șȈȔȐȝ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȑ Ǩȋ-
ȘȐȗȗȣ ȍȡȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȐȏȊȓȍȟȤ ȕȍȔȈȓȖ ȌȈȕȕȣȝ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȦȡȐȝ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ șȖȉȣ-
ȚȐȧ ȍȋȖ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǭȡȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ Ȍȓȧ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐșȚȐȒȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ
ǯȈȔȒȕțȚȣȑ Ȋ șȍȉȍ ȕȍ ȓȦȉȐȊȠȐȑ ȐȏȓȐȠȕȍȑ ȖȚȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȘȖȑ șȖȏȕȈ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȊȣșȒȈȏȣȊȈȊȠȐȑ ȔȣșȓȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȧȓ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȏȈȌȈȓ Ȑș-
ȚȖȘȐȒȈȔ ȚȘțȌȕțȦ ȏȈȋȈȌȒț ȕȈȌ ȘȈȏȢȧșȕȍȕȐȍȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȍȡȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȖȐȚ ȗȖȚȘț-
ȌȐȚȤșȧ ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ țȟȍȕȐȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȖȓȕȖȚȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȖȕȧȚȖ ȚȖ-
ȓȤȒȖ Ȑȏ șȖȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȍȋȖ ș țȟȍȕȐȍȔ ȖȒȒțȓȤȚȐșȚȖȊ Ȋșȍȝ ȊȘȍȔȍȕ ș ȗȘȍȌȈȕȐȧ-
ȔȐ ȌȘȍȊȕȍȋȖ ǭȋȐȗȚȈ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȊȠȐȔȐ Ȍȓȧ ȕȈș ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȐ ǨȚȓȈȕȚȐȌȣ ș ȥȏȖ-
ȚȍȘȐȟȍșȒȐȔ țȟȍȕȐȍȔ ȖȘȜȐȒȖȊ ș ȒȕȐȋȈȔȐ ǫȍȘȔȍșȈ ǺȘȐșȔȍȋȐșȚȈ ș ȐȌȍȧȔȐ
ȕȍȖȗȓȈȚȖȕȐȒȖȊ ǷȘȖȒȓȈ Ȑ Ȑȝ ȍȌȐȕȖȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȐȒȖȊ ș țȒȈȏȈȕȐȧȔȐ ȘȈșșȣȗȈȕ-
ȕȣȔȐ ț ǫȖȘȈȞȐȧ ǶȊȐȌȐȧ Ǩȗțȓȍȧ ș șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧȔȐ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȐȒȖȊ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ
ȕȈȗȘ ȈȉȉȈȚȈ ǺȘȐȚȋȍȑȔȈ Ȑ ǷȈȘȈȞȍȓȤșȈ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ș ȕȖȊȣȔȐ ȚȘțȌȈȔȐ ;9III
ȊȍȒȈ ȒȈȒȖȊȣ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧ ǲȓȖȌȈ Ȍȍ ǹȍȕ ǴȈȘȚȍȕȈ ǹȍȕ-ǪȐȒȚȖȘȈ Ȑ ȌȘ Ȑ ;IX
ȊȍȒȈ ȒȈȒȖȊȣ ȚȘțȌȣ ǼȈȉȘȈ Ȍ
ǶȓȐȊȥ ǹȚȈȕȐșȓȈȊȈ Ȍȍ ǫțȈȑȚȈ ȅȓȐȜȈșȈ ǳȍȊȐ
ǴȐȠȍȓȧ ǼȐȋȈȕȤȍȘȈ ǹȍȕȚ ǰȊȈ Ȍ¶ǨȓȤȊȍȑȌȘȈ Ȑ ȌȘ ȅȚȈ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ȍȡȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȖȐȚ
ȉțȌțȡȍȔț ȒȖȋȌȈ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȈȧ ȕȈțȒȈ Ȉ ȥȚȖ ȕȍȐȏȉȍȎȕȖ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȗțȚȧȔȐ Ȑ Ȕȍ-
ȚȖȌȈȔȐ ȗȖȌȖȑȌȍȚ Ȓ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈȔ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȊȠȐȔ Ȋșȍȝ ȥȚȐȝ ȐcșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȑ Ȑ ȗȖȑ-
ȔȍȚ ȒȈȒ ȕȍȖșȚȖȘȖȎȕȖ ȖȕȈ ȗȖșȚțȗȈȓȈ șȔȍȠȐȊȈȧ Ȑȝ ș ȠȈȘȓȈȚȈȕȈȔȐ Ȑ ȟȈȘȖȌȍȧ-
ȔȐ Ȑ Ȟȍȓȣȍ șȚȖȓȍȚȐȧ ȗȘȍȕȍȉȘȍȋȈȧ Ȑȝ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȐȧȔȐ

ȂȞȫțȟȖȟ ǷȓȗȠȟ
ǼǸǸȁǹȊȀǻǮȍ ȂǶǹǼǿǼȂǶȍ Ƕ ǺǮǱǶȍ
ǱǳǻǾǶȃ ǸǼǾǻǳǹǶǷ ǮǱǾǶǽǽǮ

109
ǸȍȗțȚȈȞȐȧ ǫȍȕȘȐȝȈ ǲȖȘȕȍȓȐȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ - ȉȣȓȈ ȏȈȗȧȚȕȈȕȈ Ȋ
ȥȗȖȝț ȊȍȌȖȊșȒȐȝ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ ȠȍșȚȕȈȌȞȈȚȖȋȖ Ȑ șȍȔȕȈȌȞȈȚȖȋȖ ȊȍȒȖȊ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȍȋȖ
ȗȖȊșȍȔȍșȚȕȖ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȓȐ ȒȕȧȏȍȔ ȟȍȘȕȖȒȕȐȎȕȐȒȖȊ Ȑ ȒȖȓȌțȕȖȊ Ǫ ȥȗȖȝț ǷȘȖ-
șȊȍȡȍȕȐȧ ȟȍȘȕȣȑ ȔȈȋ ȊȍȒȖȊ șțȍȊȍȘȐȧ șȚȈȓ ȕȍȓȍȗȣȔ Ȑ ȈȉșțȘȌȕȣȔ ȠȈȘȓȈȚȈ-
ȕȖȔ ȕȍȌȖșȚȖȑȕȣȔ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖȋȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ǺȖȚ Ȏȍ ȗȘȖȞȍșș Ȑ ș ȚȍȔ Ȏȍ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈ-
ȚȖȔ ȗȘȖȐȏȖȠȍȓ Ȑ Ȋ șȓțȟȈȍ ǬȎȖȕȈ ǬȐ ȜȐȋțȘȈ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȏȕȈ-
ȟȐȔȖșȚȐ ȐșȟȍȏȓȈ Ȋ ;,; șȚȖȓȍȚȐȐ Ȋ ȚțȔȈȕȍ ȕȈșȔȍȠȍȒ ȖȚȒțȌȈ țȟȍȕȣȔ ǽǽ Ȋȍ-
ȒȈ ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ ȍȍ ȗȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȖ ȐȏȊȓȍȒȈȚȤ ǿȚȖ Ȏȍ ȒȈșȈȍȚșȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȚȖ ȍȋȖ De
occulta philosophia [«ǹȖȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȈȧ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȧª@ ȊȐȌȐȚșȧ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ ȕȍȏȈȔȍȕȐ-
ȔȣȔ șȗȘȈȊȖȟȕȐȒȖȔ ȗȖ ©ȔȈȋȐȐª Ȑ ©ǲȈȉȉȈȓȍª ǪȖȏȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ șȖȍȌȐȕȐȊȠȐȔ
ȕȈȚțȘȈȓȤȕțȦ ȔȈȋȐȦ ǼȐȟȐȕȖ Ȑ ȒȈȉȉȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȔȈȋȐȦ ǷȐȒȖ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ
ȍȌȐȕȖȋȖ țȌȖȉȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȔȗȍȕȌȐțȔȈ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȚȈȒȖȊȖȋȖ ȒȕȐȋȈ șȣȋȘȈȓȈ ȖȟȍȕȤ
ȊȈȎȕțȦ ȘȖȓȤ Ȋ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȐȐ ȘȍȕȍșșȈȕșȕȖȋȖ ȕȍȖȗȓȈȚȖȕȐȏȔȈ ș ȍȋȖ ȔȈȋȐȟȍș-
ȒȐȔ ȧȌȘȖȔ1.
ǲȕȐȋȈ ǿȈȘȓȤȏȈ ǵȈțȥȘȚȈ Ȗȉ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ2 ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȓȈ ȐȏțȟȍȕȐȍ ȍȋȖ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȑ
ȚȘțȌȖȊ ȕȈ ȕȈțȟȕȣȍ ȘȍȓȤșȣ ȥȘțȌȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ șȚȈȚȤȐ ǷȈȖȓȣ ǯȈȔȉȍȓȓȐ3 ȌȖȉȈ-
ȊȐȓȐ ȕȖȊȣȑ Ȑ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȣȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ ©ǴȈȋª ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ ȊȐȌȍȚȤșȧ ȕȈȔ ȕȍȒȐȔ
ȍȊȈȕȋȍȓȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȥȘȈȏȔȐȈȕȞȍȔ șȖȍȌȐȕȐȊȠȐȔ ȌȖȘȍȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȑ ȋțȔȈȕȐȏȔ
ș ȗȖȗȣȚȒȖȑ șȖȏȌȈȚȤ ©ȌȍȑșȚȊȍȕȕțȦª ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȦ Ȍȓȧ șȖȗȘȖȊȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȍȊȈȕȋȍ-
ȓȐșȚșȒȖȑ ȘȍȜȖȘȔȣ Ǫ ȥȚȐȝ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȈȝ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȕȍșȖȔȕȍȕȕȖ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊ-
ȓȧȓșȧ ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕșȒȖȑ ǲȈȉȉȈȓȖȑ ǸȍȑȝȓȐȕȈ ǹȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ De occulta phi-
losophia ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȖȚȕȍșȚȐ Ȓ ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕșȒȖȑ ǲȈȉȉȈȓȍ Ȋ ȚȘȍȚȤȍȑ ȒȕȐȋȍ
ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȕȖȑ ȋȖȘȕȍȔț ȔȐȘț ȐȔȧ ǰȐșțșȈ ȖȗȐșȈȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȊșȍȔȖȋțȡȍȍ4 Ȑ ȏȈȒ-
ȓȦȟȈȦȡȍȍ Ȋ șȍȉȍ șȐȓț ǺȍȚȘȈȋȘȈȔȔȈȚȖȕȈ ©ȒȈȒ ȚȖ ȗȖȌȚȊȍȘȎȌȍȕȖ ȐțȌȍȧȔȐ Ȑ
ȒȈȉȉȈȓȐșȚȈȔȐ ȐșȒțșȕȣȔȐ Ȋ ȕȈțȒȍ ǩȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ǰȔȍȕª ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȞȐȚȐȘțȍȚ
ȒȈȉȉȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧ ǷȐȒȖ ǽȘȐșȚȐȈȕșȒȈȧ ǲȈȉȉȈȓȈ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ ȍȋȖ
Ȓ șȊȖȍȖȉȘȈȏȕȖȔț ȍȊȈȕȋȍȓȐȟȍșȚȊț ȖȗȐȘȈȦȡȍȔțșȧ ȕȈ ȖȒȒțȓȤȚȕțȦ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȦ.
ǷȖȗȣȚȒȈ șȖȟȍȚȈȕȐȧ ȥȘȈȏȔȐȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȍȊȈȕȋȍȓȐȟȍșȚȊȈ5 Ȋ ȕȍȒȖȍȔ ȐȕȌȐȊȐȌț-
ȈȓȤȕȖȔ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȐ ș ȔȈȋȐȟȍșȒȐ ȌȍȑșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȍȑ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȡȈȍȚ Ǩȋ-
ȘȐȗȗț Ȋ șȚȘȈȕȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȓȦȉȖȗȣȚȕȖȋȖ ȘȍȜȖȘȔȈȚȖȘȈ
ǵȖȊȣȑ ȖȉȘȈȏ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȌȈȓȍȒ ȖȚ ȟȍȘȕȖȒȕȐȎȕȐȒȈ ș ȟȍȘȕȣȔ ȗșȖȔ
ȗȘȍșȓȍȌțȍȔȖȋȖ ȖȝȖȚȕȐȒȈȔȐ ȕȈ ȊȍȌȤȔ Ȑ ȒȖȓȌțȕȖȊ Ȑ ȖȓȐȞȍȚȊȖȘȧȊȠȍȋȖ ȗȖȏȌ-
ȕȍȍ Ȋ ;,; ȊȍȒȍ ȐȌȍȦ ȕȍȒȘȖȔȈȕȚȐȐ ǬȈȓȍȍ ȧ ȗȖȗȣȚȈȦșȤ — ȗȖ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ-
șȚȐ ȊȒȘȈȚȞȍ Ȑ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖ — ȖȉȘȐșȖȊȈȚȤ ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȑ ȚȘțȌȣ ǨȋȘȐȗ-
ȗȣ Ȋ ȥȚȖȑ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȗȍȘșȗȍȒȚȐȊȍ
ǰȕȚȍȘȍș ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȓ ȖȒȒțȓȤȚȐȏȔț ȊȖșȝȖȌȐȚ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ Ȓ ȍȋȖ ȘȈȕȕȐȔ ȋȖȌȈȔ
Ȋ ǲȍȓȤȕȍ Ȗȕ ȗȐȠȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȗȍȘȊȣȝ ȖȒȒțȓȤȚȕȣȝ ȚȍȒșȚȖȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȗȕ
ȐȏțȟȈȓ ȉȣȓ Speculum ǨȓȤȉȍȘȚȈ ǪȍȓȐȒȖȋȖ
 ȚȈȒȎȍ țȘȖȎȍȕȞȈ ǲȍȓȤȕȈ Ǫ ȍȋȖ
ȎȐȏȕȐ ș șȈȔȖȋȖ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȗȘȖșȚțȗȈȍȚ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȟȍșȒȈȧ ȔȖȌȍȓȤ șȖșȚȖȧȡȈȧ Ȋ ȗȖș-
ȚȖȧȕȕȣȝ șȚȘȈȕșȚȊȐȧȝ Ȑ ȚȈȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ șȊȧȏȧȝ ș ȘȈȏȕȣȔȐ ȋȘțȗȗȈȔȐ ȓȦȌȍȑ Ȋ
* Ɍ. ɟ. Speculum astronomiae («Ɂɟɪɰɚɥɨ ɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɢɢ»). Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɜ

110
șȈȔȣȝ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȔȍșȚȈȝ ǵȈțȥȘȚ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȖȎȐȓ ȟȚȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȍȌȐȕȖ-
ȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȐȒȐ șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȓȐ ȕȍȒȖȍ ȚȈȑȕȖȍ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ7 ǷȈȖȓȈ ǯȈȔȉȍȓȓȐ ȚȈȒȎȍ
ȗȘȐȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȔȕȍȕȐȧ ȟȚȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȔȖȋ ȧȊȓȧȚȤșȧ ȞȍȕȚȘȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȜȐȋțȘȖȑ
ȘȧȌȈ ȚȈȑȕȣȝ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊ8 ǬȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȍ șȊȧȏȐ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȚȘțȌȕȖ ȕȖ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ
ȚȖȚ ȜȈȒȚ ȟȚȖ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȣȝ ȗțȚȍȠȍșȚȊȐȑ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖ ȕȈȝȖ-
ȌȐȓȐșȤ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȋȖȚȖȊȣȍ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ Ȑ ȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȍȔț ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒț Ȉ ȥȚȖ
ȔȖȎȍȚ ȕȈȔȍȒȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȕȍȒțȦ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȦ ȅȚȐ ȓȦȌȐ ȕȈșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ șț-
ȌȐȚȤ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓȐșȤ ȈȓȝȐȔȐȍȑ Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȐȏțȟȍȕȐȍȔ ȋȍȘȔȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȕȍȖȗȓȈȚȖ-
ȕȐȟȍșȒȖȑ Ȑ ȒȈȉȉȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ ǰȔȍȦȚșȧ șȖȖȉȡȍȕȐȧ ȟȚȖ țȎȍ Ȋ
ȔȖȓȖȌȣȍ ȋȖȌȣ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȟȐȚȈȓ ȓȍȒȞȐȐ Ȗ ǸȍȑȝȓȐȕȍ9.
Ǫ - ȋȋ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȋȖșȚȐȓ Ȋ ǫȍȘȔȈȕȐȐ ț țȟȍȕȖȋȖ ȈȉȉȈȚȈ ǺȘȐȚȍȔȐȧ Ȑ
ȗȘȐȔȍȘȕȖ Ȋ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȗȕ ȕȈȗȐșȈȓ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȊȈȘȐȈȕȚ De occulta philosophia10.
&ȖȝȘȈȕȐȓȈșȤ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȤ ȥȚȖȑ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȊȍȘșȐȐ11 ǲȕȐȋȈ ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȈ ǺȘȐȚȍȔȐȦ
ȖȒȈȏȈȊȠȍȔț Ȋȕȍ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȧ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍ ȕȈ țȟȍȕȣȍ ȏȈȕȧȚȐȧ Ǩȋ-
ȘȐȗȗȣ
ǵȈ ȥȚȖȑ ȊȈȎȕȖȑ șȚȈȌȐȐ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȐȌȍȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȊȣȒȘȐșȚȈȓ-
ȓȐȏȖȊȈȓȐșȤ Ȍȓȧ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȐȧ ȗȍȘȊȖȋȖ ȊȈȘȐȈȕȚȈ De occulta philosophia ȖȌȕȖ
Ȑȏ ȏȈȋȈȌȖȟȕȣȝ ȗțȚȍȠȍșȚȊȐȑ ȗȘȐȊȍȓȖ ȍȋȖ Ȋ ǨȕȋȓȐȦ
ǲȈȒ șȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊțȍȚ ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȐȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȖȒȈȏȈȓșȧ Ȋ ǨȕȋȓȐȐ Ȋ  ȋȖ-
Ȍț12 ǫȍȕȘȐȝ 9,,, ȕȍ ȚȈȒ ȌȈȊȕȖ ȊȏȖȠȍȓ ȕȈ ȗȘȍșȚȖȓ ȅȘȈȏȔ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓșȧ Ȋ
ǨȕȋȓȐȐ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȓȖșȤ ȘȈȕȕȍȍ ȋțȔȈȕȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ șȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȊȠȍȍșȧ
ȊȖȒȘțȋ ǺȖȔȈșȈ ǴȖȘȈ Ȑ ǬȎȖȕȈ ǲȖȓȍȚȈ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ ȗȘȖȊȍȓ Ȋ ǳȖȕȌȖ-
ȕȍ ȕȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȝ ȔȍșȧȞȍȊ ȕȈȔ ȕȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȓșȧ ȓȐ Ȗȕ ș ȅȘȈȏ-
ȔȖȔ ȕȖ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖ ȏȕȈȒȖȔ ș ǬȎȖȕȖȔ ǲȖȓȍȚȖȔ Ȑ ȐȏțȟȈȓ ș ȕȐȔ ǷȖ-
șȓȈȕȐȧ șȊ ǷȈȊȓȈ ǹȊȧȏțȦȡȐȔ ȏȊȍȕȖȔ ȔȍȎȌț ȕȐȔȐ ȔȖȋȓȈ ȗȖșȓțȎȐȚȤ ǲȈȉ-
ȉȈȓȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ǲȖȓȍȚ ȉȍȏțșȓȖȊȕȖ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȓșȧ ǷȖ ȔȕȍȕȐȦ ǵȈțȥȘȚȈ șȖȊ-
ȔȍșȚȕȖȍ ȐȏțȟȍȕȐȍ ǷȖșȓȈȕȐȑ ǷȈȊȓȈ ș ǲȖȓȍȚȖȔ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȌȖ-
șȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȘȈȕȖ ȗȖȏȕȈȒȖȔȐȓșȧ ș ȉȐȉȓȍȑșȒȐȔ ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕșȚȊȖȔ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȣȔ Ȍȓȧ
ǲȖȓȍȚȈ Ȑ ȊșȍȋȖ ȥȘȈȏȔȐȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȘȍȜȖȘȔȐșȚșȒȖȋȖ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ ǵȈțȥȘȚ
ȚȈȒȎȍ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȚ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȗȘȧȔȖȑ șȊȧȏȐ ȔȍȎȌț ȉȐȉȓȍȑșȒȐȔȐ ȠȚț-
ȌȐȧȔȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȋ ǳȖȕȌȖȕȍ Ȑ ȍȋȖ țȊȓȍȟȍȕȕȖșȚȤȦ ȖȒȒțȓȤȚȐȏȔȖȔ ȖȉȡȐȑ ȏȕȈ-
ȔȍȕȈȚȍȓȤ Ȗȕ țșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȚ Ȋ ©ȔȍȚȖȌȈȝ ȒȈȉȉȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȥȒȏȍȋȍȏȣª14.
ǷȘȐȔȍȘȕȖ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȐȓșȧ Ȋ ǰȚȈȓȐȦ ȗȘȐȖȉȘȍȚȧ ȚȈȒȐȔ
ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ șȚȖȓȤ ȊȈȎȕȣȑ Ȍȓȧ șȍȊȍȘȕȖȋȖ ȋțȔȈȕȐșȚȈ ȐȚȈȓȤȧȕșȒȐȑ ȖȗȣȚ ǯȈ ȕȍ-
șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȓȍȚ ȌȖ ȕȍȋȖ Ȋ - ȋȋ Ȋ ǰȚȈȓȐȐ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȗȖȉȣȊȈȓ ȅȘȈȏȔ ǳȦȉȖ-
ȗȣȚȕȖ șȘȈȊȕȐȚȤ ȌȊȈ ȊȐȏȐȚȈ15 ǲ ȔȖȔȍȕȚț ȗȘȐȉȣȚȐȧ Ȋ ǰȚȈȓȐȦ ȅȘȈȏȔ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȓ
ȊșȍȔ ȏȈȗȈșȖȔ ȐȚȈȓȤȧȕșȒȐȝ ȋțȔȈȕȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȏȕȈȕȐȑ Ȑ ȋȖȌȈȔȐ Ȑȝ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖ-
ȊȈȓ Ȋ ǰȚȈȓȐȐ Ȗȕ țȊȐȌȍȓ ȋțȔȈȕȐȏȔ Ȋ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȐ Ȋ ȊȍȕȍȞȐȈȕșȒȖȔ ȒȘțȎȒȍ ǨȓȤ-
ȌȈ ǴȈȕțȞȐȧ ǷȖȌȖȉȕȖ ȍȔț ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȒȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȐȚȈȓȤȧȕșȒȖȑ ȗȖȍȏȌȒȐ ȖȉȓȈ-
ȌȈȓ ȊșȍȔ ȏȈȗȈșȖȔ ȘȍȕȍșșȈȕșȕȣȝ ȏȕȈȕȐȑ Ȗ ȔȈȋȐȐ Ȑ ǲȈȉȉȈȓȍ ȐșȝȖȌȧȡȐȝ ȖȚ
ǼȐȟȐȕȖ Ȑ ǷȐȒȖ Ȑ ȋȖȌȈȔȐ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȧȓ Ȑȝ Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ ǰ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȗȖȍȏȌȒȈ Ȋ
ǰȚȈȓȐȦ ȉȣȓȈ ȘȈȊȕȖ Ȑ ȗȖ ȖȌȐȕȈȒȖȊȣȔ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȈȔ ȊȈȎȕȈ Ȍȓȧ ȖȉȖȐȝ ȏȌȍșȤ ȖȕȐ

111
ȔȖȋȓȐ ȊȖȖȟȐȦ țȊȐȌȍȚȤ Ȑ ȊȗȐȚȈȚȤ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ țȎȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȝ ȐȔ
ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȑ Ǭȓȧ ȅȘȈȏȔȈ ȚȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȧ ȒȓȈșșȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȑ ȊȖȗ-
ȓȖȡȍȕȕȈȧ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ Ȋ ǨȓȤȌȍ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȐȏȌȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȍ Ȍȓȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ — ȖȒȒțȓȤȚȕȈȧ
ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȧ Ȋ ȚȖȑ ȜȖȘȔȍ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȖȕȈ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȓȈșȤ Ȋ ǰȚȈȓȐȐ Ȋ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ ;9,
ȊȍȒȈ
Ǫ ǰȚȈȓȐȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȐȏțȟȈȓ ȋȍȘȔȍȚȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȦ Ȑ ǲȈȉȉȈȓț ș țȟȍ-
ȕȣȔȐ șȟȐȚȈȊȠȐȔȐ șȍȉȧ ȕȈșȓȍȌȕȐȒȈȔȐ ǼȐȟȐȕȖ Ȑ ǷȐȒȖ ǭȋȖ ȐȚȈȓȤȧȕșȒȐȍ
șȊȧȏȐ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȓȐ ȒȈȘȌȐȕȈȓȈ ȅȋȐȌȐȧ ȌȈ ǪȐȚȍȘȉȖ Ȑ ȍȊȘȍȧ-ȊȣȒȘȍșȚȈ ǨȋȖșȚȐȕȖ
ǸȐȟȟȐ ȖȉȈ ȗȘȐȔȣȒȈȓȐ Ȓ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȦ ȒȈȚȖȓȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȘȍȜȖȘȔȈȚȖȘȖȊ Ȑ ȗȘȐȔȍ-
ȕȧȓȐ Ȍȓȧ ȥȚȖȑ ȞȍȓȐ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕșȒȖȑ ǲȈȉȉȈȓȣ16. ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȖȗȖ-
șȘȍȌȖȊȈȕȕȖ ȒȖȕȚȈȒȚȐȘȖȊȈȓ ș ǼȘȈȕȟȍșȒȖ ǬȎȖȘȌȎȖ ȊȍȕȍȞȐȈȕșȒȐȔ ȔȖȕȈȝȖȔ Ȑ
ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕșȒȐȔ ȒȈȉȉȈȓȐșȚȖȔ17 Ǫșȍ ȥȚȐ ȐȚȈȓȤȧȕșȒȐȍ ȒȈȉȉȈȓȐșȚȣ ȘȍȊȕȖșȚȕȖ
ȐȏțȟȈȓȐ Ȑ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȓȐ ȒȈȉȉȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȒȕȐȋȐ Ȑ ȔȈȕțșȒȘȐȗȚȣ șȚȈȊȠȐȍ
ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȌȖșȚțȗȕȣȔȐ Ȋ ǰȚȈȓȐȐ Ȋ Țȍ ȋȖȌȣ
ǺȈȒ ȕȍȔȍȞȒȐȑ ȘȍȜȖȘȔȈȚȖȘ-ȒȈȉȉȈȓȐșȚ ȗȖȏȕȈȒȖȔȐȓșȧ ș ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤȦ
ȐȚȈȓȤȧȕșȒȐȝ ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕșȒȐȝ ȒȈȉȉȈȓȐșȚȖȊ ǰȌȍȐ ǼȘȈȕȟȍșȒȖ ǬȎȖȘȌȎȖ ȗȖ șțȚȐ
ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȉȓȐȏȒȐ Ȓ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȈȔ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȝȖȚȧ ȕȍ șȚȖȓȤ ȘȈȌȐȒȈȓȤȕȣ Ȑ ȖȒȘȈ-
Ƞȍȕȣ ȉȖȓȍȍ ©ȔȧȋȒȐȔª ȐȚȈȓȤȧȕșȒȐȔ ȌțȝȖȔ
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ șȐȌȍȊȠȐȑ ȕȈ ȖȌȕȖȔ ȔȍșȚȍ ȖȉȢȧȊȐȓșȧ ȏȈȚȍȔ Ȋ șȍȊȍȘ-
ȕȖȔ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ ǴȍȞ ǫȖȘȖȌ ȉțȘȓȐȓ ȗȖȌ ȘȈșȚțȡȐȔ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍȔ ǳȦȚȍȘȈ ǷȖ ȊȣȘȈ-
ȎȍȕȐȦ ǵȈțȥȘȚȈ ȏȈȝȊȈȚȣȊȈȦȡȈȧ Ȑ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȟȕȈȧ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȈ ǰȚȈȓȐȐ ȊȘȍȔȍȕ ǪȖȏ-
ȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ șȔȍȕȐȓȈșȤ ȏȌȍșȤ Ȍȓȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ șȚȖȓȤ Ȏȍ ȏȈȝȊȈȚȣȊȈȦȡȍȑ Ȑ ȎȐȊȖȑ
ȒțȓȤȚțȘȖȑ șȍȊȍȘȕȖȑ ǭȊȘȖȗȣ ȕȈȒȈȕțȕȍ ǸȍȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ18 ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȌȘțȏȤȧ
ȊȕȐȔȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ șȓȍȌȐȓȐ ȏȈ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȔȐ ǳȦȚȍȘȈ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȗȖȏȌȕȍȍ șȚȈȓȐ
ȗȘȖȚȍșȚȈȕȚȈȔȐ-ȓȦȚȍȘȈȕȈȔȐ ǰȏ ǴȍȞȈ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȐȓșȧ Ȓ șȊȖȐȔ ȌȘțȏȤȧȔ-
ȖȒȒțȓȤȚȐșȚȈȔ Ȋ ǮȍȕȍȊț ǶȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȐșȚȖȘȐȒȐ ȐȏțȟȈȊȠȐȍ ȐșȚȖȒȐ ȗȘȖȚȍș-
ȚȈȕȚȐȏȔȈ Ȋ ǮȍȕȍȊȍ șȟȐȚȈȓȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗț Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȒȘțȎȖȒ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ -ȝ ȋȋ ©ȘȈșșȈȌ-
ȕȐȒȖȔ ȘȍȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ ȊȍȘȣª19.
Ǫ  ȋ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ țȍȝȈȓ ȊȖ ǼȘȈȕȞȐȦ ȋȌȍ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȐȔȍȓȖșȤ ȕȍȔȈȓȖ
ȌȘțȏȍȑ Ǫ  ȋ Ȗȕ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȓ ȏȌȍșȤ ȖȌȕț Ȑȏ ȌȊțȝ șȊȖȐȝ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȝ ȒȕȐȋ
De vanitate scientiarum >©Ƕ ȚȡȍȚȍ ȕȈțȒª@ Ǫ ȥȚȖȑ ȒȕȐȋȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȖșȤ Ȗ ȗțșȚȖ-
Țȍ Ȑ ȕȐȟȚȖȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȋșȍȝ ȕȈțȒ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȧ ȖȒȒțȓȤȚȕȣȍ ǬȘțȋȖȑ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȑ ȚȘțȌ
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ De occulta philosophia țȎȍ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȓ Ȋ ȗȍȘȊȖȔ ȊȈȘȐȈȕȚȍ ȕȖ ȕȈ-
ȗȍȟȈȚȈȕ ȉȣȓ ȓȐȠȤ Ȋ  ȋ ǸȍȠȍȕȐȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȖȚȓȖȎȐȚȤ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈȞȐȦ ȘȈ-
ȕȍȍ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȕȖȑ ȖȒȒțȓȤȚȕȖȑ ȒȕȐȋȐ Ȑ ȊȣșȚțȗȐȚȤ ș ȚȘțȌȖȔ Ȗ ȚȡȍȚȍ Ȋșȍȝ ȕȈțȒ
ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ ȔȕȖȋȖȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȏȈȋȈȌȖȒ ȍȋȖ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȑ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ
ǪȖ ǼȘȈȕȞȐȐ20 ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȓ ȒȖȕȚȈȒȚȣ ș ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȐȔȐ ȊȘȈȟȈ-
ȔȐ Ȗȕ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȘȈȏȉȐȘȈȓșȧ Ȋ ȔȍȌȐȞȐȕȍ ȋțȔȈȕȐșȚȈȔȐ țȟȍȕȣȔȐ ȈȓȝȐȔȐȒȈ-
ȔȐ ȓțȓȓȐșȚȈȔȐ ȓțȓȓȐȏȔ ȉȣȓ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ ȍȋȖ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȤȕȖșȚȍȑ Ȑ Ț ȗ Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ
ȔȐȘȍ ȘȈȕȕȍȋȖ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȋȖ ȋțȔȈȕȐȏȔȈ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ șȍȉȧ,
ȒȈȒ ȌȖȔȈ ǵȖȊȖȍ ȗȘȖșȊȍȡȍȕȐȍ ȐșȗȣȚȣȊȈȊȠȍȍ ȏȈȔȍȚȕȖȍ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍ ȅȘȈȏȔȈ
ȗȘȖȌȊȐȋȈȓȖșȤ ȋȘȖȔȈȌȕȣȔȐ ȠȈȋȈȔȐ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȓȐșȤ ȐȌȍȐ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȖȑ ȘȍȜȖȘ-

112
Ȕȣ ȗȖȌșȗțȌȕȖ ȌȍȑșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ ȊȓȐȧȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȋȍȘȔȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȧ ǲȖȕȚȈȒ-
Țȣ ș ǨȋȘȐȗȗȖȑ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȓ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȑ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȐȑ țȟȍȕȣȑ Ȑ ȋȍȘȔȍȚȐȒ
ǳȍȜȍȊȘ Ȍ¶ȅȚȈȗȓȤ ț ǸȈȉȓȍ țȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚșȧ ©ȋȍȘȘ ǺȘȐȗȗȈª21.
Ǫ  ȋ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȍȘȍȉȘȈȓșȧ Ȋ ǨȕȚȊȍȘȗȍȕ ȋȌȍ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȐȓ Ȓ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ De
occulta philosophia  Ȑ ȕȖȊȖȍ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȍ De vanitate ǷțȉȓȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȥȚȐȝ ȒȕȐȋ
șȗȖșȖȉșȚȊȖȊȈȓȈ ȘȖșȚț ȍȋȖ șȓȈȊȣ ǰȔȗȍȘșȒȐȑ ȗȖșȖȓ ȗȘȐ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȖȔ ȌȊȖȘȍ
șȖȖȉȡȐȓ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ Ȋ ȗȐșȤȔȍ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ țȟȍȕȣȍ ȔțȎȐ ǳȖȕȌȖȕȈ ȗȘȐȠȓȐ Ȋ ȊȖș-
ȚȖȘȋ ȖȚ ȍȋȖ ȚȘțȌȖȊ Ȗȕ țȋȖȊȈȘȐȊȈȓ ǨȋȘȐȗȗț ȊșȚȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȏȈȡȐȚț ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȣ ǭȒȈ-
ȚȍȘȐȕȣ ǨȘȈȋȖȕșȒȖȑ ȘȈȏȊȖȌȈ ș ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȌȖȉȐȊȈȓșȧ ȒȖȘȖȓȤ ǫȍȕȘȐȝ 9,,,22 ǻȚ-
ȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ Ȑ șȈȔȈ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȈ ǭȒȈȚȍȘȐȕȈ ȎȍȓȈȓȈ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ǨȋȘȐȗȗț Ȋ ȟȐșȓȍ
șȊȖȐȝ ȏȈȡȐȚȕȐȒȖȊ23 Ǫ ȖȚȓȐȟȐȍ ȖȚ ǼȘȈȕȟȍșȒȖ ǬȎȖȘȌȎȖ ȏȈȕȧȊȠȍȋȖ ȒȈȒ Ȕȣ
ȊȐȌȍȓȐ șȚȖȘȖȕț ȒȖȘȖȓȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ țȒȓȖȕȐȓșȧ ȖȚ țȟȈșȚȐȧ Ȋ ȗȖȓȍȔȐȒȍ ǹțȌȧ
ȗȖ ȖȗȣȚț ǬȎȖȘȌȎȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȕȐȒȐ ȒȖȘȖȓȍȊȣ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȓȐ ȊȖșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤșȧ
ȋȍȉȘȈȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧȔȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȊȖȗȘȖș ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȓ ȖȉȘȈȡȍ-
ȕȐȧ Ȓ ȐțȌȍȑșȒȐȔ ȏȈȒȖȕȈȔ Ȗ ȘȈȏȊȖȌȍ
ǷȘȐȔȍȘȕȖ Ȓ ȥȚȖȔț ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȖȚȕȖșȧȚșȧ șȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ȒȖȕȚȈȒȚȖȊ ȔȍȎȌț
ȅȘȈȏȔȖȔ Ȑ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȖȑ Ǫ ȗȐșȤȔȍ Ȓ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ȅȘȈȏȔ ȗȘȖșȐȓ ȚȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȒȖȕșțȓȤ-
ȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȍȒȖȍȋȖ șȚțȌȍȕȚȈ ȖȒȒțȓȤȚȕȣȝ ȕȈțȒ ȟȤȐ ȏȈȗȘȖșȣ Ȗȕ ȅȘȈȏȔ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ
țȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȅȘȈȏȔ ȗȘȐȉȈȊȓȧȓ ȟȚȖ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ De vanitate ȐȔȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ
șȚȈȓȖ ȠȐȘȖȒȖ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȔ ȝȖȚȧ șȈȔ Ȗȕ șȓȣȠȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȚȘțȌ ȉȣȓ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ șȔȍ-
ȓȣȔ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȖȝȖȚȕȖ ȖȚȒȓȐȒȕțȓșȧ ȊȖȏȘȈȏȐȊ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȥȘȈȏȔȐȈȕȞȍȔ
Ȑ ȗȖșȓțȠȕȣȔ șȣȕȖȔ ȞȍȘȒȊȐ ȗȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ Ȗȕ ȗȖȗȘȖșȐȓ ȅȘȈȏȔȈ ȊȣșȒȈȏȈȚȤ Ȕȕȍ-
ȕȐȍ Ȗ De vanitate ȅȘȈȏȔ ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓ ȓȐȠȤ Ȋ  ȋ ȒȕȐȋț ȗȖȝȊȈȓȐȓ ȕȖ ȗȘȍȌț-
ȗȘȍȌȐȓ ȟȚȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȊȍșȚȐ șȍȉȧ ȖșȚȖȘȖȎȕȍȍ. ȅȘȈȏȔ ȌȖȉȈȊȐȓ ȟȚȖ
ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȧ ȊȔȍȠȐȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ Țȍ ȐȓȐ Ȑȕȣȍ șȗȖȘȣ Ȗ ȚȘțȌȈȝ Ǩȋ-
ȘȐȗȗȣ ȗȖșȒȖȓȤȒț ț ȕȍȋȖ Ȑ ȉȍȏ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȍȔȈȓȖ ȕȍȌȖȉȘȖȎȍȓȈȚȍȓȍȑ24.
ǽȖȚȧ ȅȘȈȏȔ ȐȏȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȈȓ ǸȍȑȝȓȐȕȈ Ȑ ȊȖșȝȐȡȈȓșȧ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȏȕȈ-
ȕȐȧȔȐ ȒȈȒ țȟȍȕȖȋȖ ȍȋȖ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȣ ȕȈ ǲȈȉȉȈȓț ȊȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȓȐșȤ Ȑ Ȗȕ,
ȕȍ ȉȍȏ ȗȘȐȔȍșȐ ȈȕȚȐșȍȔȐȚȐȏȔȈ șȚȈȓ ȊȣȘȈȎȈȚȤ ȘȍȏȒțȦ ȈȕȚȐȗȈȚȐȦ Ȓ ©ȐțȌȈ-
ȐȏȈȞȐȐª ȕȈțȒȐ ȅȘȈȏȔț ȉȣȓȈ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȕȍ ȗȖ ȌțȠȍ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȈ ȖȒȒțȓȤȚȕȣȝ ȜȐ-
ȓȖșȖȜȖȊ țșȐȓȐȚȤ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚ ȔȈȋȐȐ Ȋ ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕșȒȐȝ ȞȍȘȍȔȖȕȐȧȝ Ȋ ȟȍȔ ȊȐȌȍȓ-
șȧ șȗȖșȖȉ țȒȘȍȗȓȍȕȐȧ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȐ ș ȗȖȔȖȡȤȦ ȉȖȓȍȍ ©ȌȍȑșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑª ȜȐȓȖșȖ-
ȜȐȐ25 ǹȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȥȚȖ Ȑ ȍșȚȤ ȚȍȔȈ ȚȘȍȚȤȍȑ ȒȕȐȋȐ De occulta philosophia Ǩȋ-
ȘȐȗȗȣ ȋȌȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚșȧ Ȗ ©ȞȍȘȍȔȖȕȐȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȈȋȐȐª ǾȍȓȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șȚȈȊȐȓȐ
ȗȍȘȍȌ șȖȉȖȑ ȖȒȒțȓȤȚȕȣȍ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȣ-ȘȍȜȖȘȔȈȚȖȘȣ Ȋ ȘȈșȠȐȘȍȕȐȐ ȘȖȓȐ ©ȞȍȘȍ-
ȔȖȕȐȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȈȋȐȐª ȉȣȓȐ ȌȐȈȔȍȚȘȈȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȗȖȓȖȎȕȣ ©ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕșȒȖȑ
ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐª ȥȘȈȏȔȐȈȕșȒȖȑ ȘȍȜȖȘȔȣ ǪȗȖȓȕȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȟȚȖ șȈȔ Ǩȋ-
ȘȐȗȗȈ Ȑ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȍȋȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȐ ȕȍ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȧșȕȖ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȓȐ ȘȈȏȓȐ-
ȟȐȍ ȔȍȎȌț șȊȖȐȔȐ Ȑ ȥȘȈȏȔȐȈȕșȒȐȔȐ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȈȔȐ ȕȈ ȘȍȜȖȘȔț
ȅȘȈȏȔ ǳȦȚȍȘ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȓȐ șȖȉȖȑ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȋȘȈȕȐ ȌțȝȖȊȕȖ-
ȋȖ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȧ șȔȍȚȈȊȠȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȍ Ȑ ȊȖȏȊȍȡȈȊȠȍȋȖ ȉțȌțȡȍȍ

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 ǺȘțȌȣ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ De vanitate scientiarum26
Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȖȘȈȏȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȔ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȖȉȖȏȘȍȊȈȍȚ Ȋșȍ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȍȒ-
ȚțȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȗȖȚțȋȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ Ȑ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȊȣȊȖȌț ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ — ȚȡȍȚȈ Ȋșȍ ȗȖ-
ȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊȈ ȕȐȟȚȖȎȕȣ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȍ ȏȕȈȕȐȍ Ȗ ȟȍȔ-ȓȐȉȖ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ
ȚȖȟȕȣȔ ǷȖȌȖȉȕȖ ȗȘȖȗȖȊȍȌȕȐȒț ǭȒȒȓȍȏȐȈșȚȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ Ȗȕ ȞȐȚȐȘțȍȚ ǨȋȘȐȗ-
ȗȈ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ — șțȍȚȈ șțȍȚ Ȑ ȕȍȚ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȗȖȌ șȖȓȕȞȍȔ ǩȣȓ
ȓȐ Ȗȕ ȊȣȘȈȏȐȚȍȓȍȔ ȚȖȚȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ șȒȍȗȚȐȞȐȏȔȈ" ǵȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȍ țȟȍ-
ȕȣȍ ȚȈȒ Ȑ șȟȐȚȈȦȚ ȕȖ ȥȚȖ ȖȠȐȉȒȈ ǲȈȒ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȟȚȍ-
ȕȐȍ ȍȋȖ ȚȘțȌȈ șȒȍȗȚȐȒȖȔ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȕȍ ȉȣȓ
ǷȍȘȊȈȧ ȋȓȈȊȈ ȖȚȒȘȣȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȈȚȔȖșȜȍȘȍ ȋȍȘȔȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ©ǭȋȐȗȚȈª ș ȖȚșȣȓ-
ȒȖȑ Ȓ ©ǺȍȊȚțª Ȑ ©ǺȈȔțșțª Ȑ ȋȍȘȔȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔț ȌȐȈȓȖȋț Ȗ ȍȋȐȗȍȚșȒȐȝ ȔȐșȚȍ-
ȘȐȧȝ27 ǬȈȓȍȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚșȧ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȒȕȐȋȍ ȗȖȑȌȍȚ ȘȍȟȤ Ȗ șȖȔȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ Ȋșȍȝ
ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȝ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȑ ǹȗȐșȖȒ ©ȚȡȍȚȕȣȝª ȕȈțȒ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȍȚ ȋȘȈȔȔȈȚȐȒț
ȗȖȥȏȐȦ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȗȈȔȧȚȐ ȌȐȈȓȍȒȚȐȒț ȓțȓȓȐȏȔ ȈȘȐȜȔȍȚȐȒț ȔțȏȣȒț ȋȍȖ-
ȔȍȚȘȐȦ ȒȖșȔȖȋȘȈȜȐȦ ȈȘȝȐȚȍȒȚțȘț ȈșȚȘȖȕȖȔȐȦ ȔȈȋȐȦ ǲȈȉȉȈȓț ȜȐȏȐȒț
ȔȍȚȈȜȐȏȐȒț ȥȚȐȒț ȔȖȕȈȠȍșȒȖȍ șțȍȊȍȘȐȍ ȔȍȌȐȞȐȕț ȈȓȝȐȔȐȦ ȦȘȐșȗȘț-
ȌȍȕȞȐȦ ǪȣȉȖȘ Ȑȝ șȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊțȍȚ Ȗ ȓȦȉȖȗȣȚȕȖȑ ȠȐȘȖȚȍ ȚȘțȌȈ Ƕȕ ȕȈȗ-
ȘȈȊȓȍȕ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȖȒȒțȓȤȚȕȣȝ ȕȈțȒ ȒȈȒ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȔȈȋȐȐ ǲȈȉȉȈȓȣ Ȑ
ȈȓȝȐȔȐȐ ǨȊȚȖȘ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȍȚ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȕȈțȒ șȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȝ ș ȟȐșȓȈȔȐ — ȈȘȐȜ-
ȔȍȚȐȒȐ ȋȍȖȔȍȚȘȐȐ ȈȘȝȐȚȍȒȚțȘȣ ȈșȚȘȖȕȖȔȐȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȜȐȏȐȒȐ Ȑ ȔȍȚȈȜȐȏȐ-
ȒȐ Ȑ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȍȒȚțȈȓȤȕȖȑ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȣ șȝȖȓȈșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȐ ǻȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȍ
©ȔȖȕȈȠȍșȒȖȋȖ șțȍȊȍȘȐȧª ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȕȈȔ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȚȘțȌ ȗȐșȈȓșȧ Ȋ Țȍ ȋȖȌȣ ȒȖ-
ȋȌȈ țȎȍ ȗȖȌȕȐȔȈȓȈșȤ ȉțȘȧ ǸȍȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ
ǷȖșȓȍȌțȦȡȐȍ ȋȓȈȊȣ ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȣ ȌȍȚȈȓȤȕȖȔț ȘȈȏȋȘȖȔț ȕȈțȒ ȗȘȐȟȍȔ Ǩȋ-
ȘȐȗȗȈ ȊȣȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȕȍȔȈȓțȦ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ țȒȈȏȈȕȕȣȝ șȜȍȘȈȝ ȏȕȈȕȐȧ Ƕȕ
ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖ ȖșȚȈȕȈȊȓȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȔȈȋȐȐ Ȑ ȍȍ ȊȐȌȈȝ ǹțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ǨȋȘȐȗ-
ȗȈ ȕȈȚțȘȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȔȈȋȐȧ Ȑ ȔȈȚȍȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȔȈȋȐȧ ǭșȚȤ ȗȖȘȖȟȕȈȧ ȔȈȋȐȧ ȟȚȖ
ȖȉȘȈȡȈȍȚșȧ Ȓ ȏȓȖȊȍȡȐȔ ȌȍȔȖȕȈȔ Ȑ ȉȓȈȋȖȚȊȖȘȕȈȧ ȔȈȋȐȧ ȊȏȣȊȈȦȡȈȧ Ȓ Ȉȕ-
ȋȍȓȈȔ ȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȖȔ ǲȈȉȉȈȓȣ ǹțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ ȕȈȚțȘȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȧ ȖȉșțȎȌȈȦȡȈȧ
ȚȈȒȐȍ ȊȖȗȘȖșȣ ȒȈȒ ©ǪȖȏȔȖȎȕȈ ȓȐ ȔȕȖȋȖȟȐșȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȔȐȘȖȊ"ª Ȑ ©ǿȚȖ ȍșȚȤ
ȌțȠȈ"ª ǶȚșȦȌȈ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȔȍȚȈȜȐȏȐȒȍ Ȑ ȔȖȘȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȜȐȓȖșȖ-
ȜȐȐ ǲ ȚȖȔț ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȒȈȒ ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȤ ;9, Ȋ ȌȖȉȐȘȈȓșȧ ȌȖ șȖȚȖȑ ȋȓȈȊȣ ȍȔț ȒȈ-
ȏȈȓȖșȤ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ ȟȚȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȖȝȊȈȚȐȓ Ȋșȍ șțȡȍșȚȊțȦȡȐȍ Ȋ ȔȐȘȍ ȕȈțȒȐ ǰ
Ȋșȍ — ȚȡȍȚȈ ȏȈ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍȔ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ǹȓȖȊȈ ǩȖȎȤȍȋȖ Ȋ ǷȐșȈȕȐȐ ȊȍȌțȡȍȋȖ
ȕȈș Ȓ ǰȐșțșț ǽȘȐșȚț ǹȖȚȈȧ ȋȓȈȊȈ ȕȖșȐȚ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȍ De verbo Dei >©Ƕ șȓȖȊȍ ǩȖ-
ȎȤȍȔª@
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȕȍ ȈȚȍȐșȚ Ȗȕ — ȍȊȈȕȋȍȓȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕȐȕ Ƕȕ ȟȈșȚȖ ȞȐȚȐ-
ȘțȍȚ ǷȖșȓȈȕȐȧ ȈȗȖșȚȖȓȈ ǷȈȊȓȈ Ȑ șȓȖȊȈ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȉȣ ȗȖșȓțȎȐȚȤ
ȥȗȐȋȘȈȜȖȔ Ȓ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȗȖȊȍȌȐ ©ȇ ȘȈșșțȌȐȓ ȉȣȚȤ ț ȊȈș ȕȍȏȕȈȦȡȐȔ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ

114
ȒȘȖȔȍ ǰȐșțșȈ ǽȘȐșȚȈª28 ǭȊȈȕȋȍȓȐȟȍșȒȐȍ țȉȍȎȌȍȕȐȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȖȚȘȈȎȈȦȚșȧ
ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȧȦȡȐȝ ȜȖȘȔțȓȐȘȖȊȒȈȝ șȖȚȖȑ ȋȓȈȊȣ ȕȖ Ȑ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȐȝ Ȕȍș-
ȚȈȝ ȚȘȈȒȚȈȚȈ ǲ ȗȘȐȔȍȘț Ȋ ȋȓȈȊȍ  ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚșȧ ȟȚȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ǽȘȐșȚȖș ȔȖȎȍȚ
ȕȈșȚȈȊȓȧȚȤ Ȋ ȔȖȘȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐ ȥȚȖ ȍȊȈȕȋȍȓȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȘȍȈȒȞȐȧ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ șȝȖ-
ȓȈșȚȐȒȐ Ǫ ȋȓȈȊȍ  ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȕȖȑ șȝȖȓȈșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȚȍȖȓȖȋȐȐ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚșȧ
ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖȚ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȊȠȐȑșȧ ȌȖșȚȖȑȕȣȔȐ ȓȦȌȤȔȐ ȗȘȍ-
ȊȘȈȚȐȓșȧ Ȋ ȕȈȉȖȘ șȖȜȐȏȔȖȊ Ȑ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȚȤ țȗȘȈȏȌȕȍȕ Ǫ ȋȓȈȊȍ Ȗ ȎȐȊȖȗȐșȐ
Ȑ șȒțȓȤȗȚțȘȍ ȋȓ  ȒȘȐȚȐȒțȍȚșȧ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȊȐȏțȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊ Ȋ ǾȍȘȒ-
ȊȐ ȐșȚȐȕȈ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȗȖȏȕȈȊȈȚȤșȧ ȕȍ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ ȐȔ Ȉ ǷȐșȈȕȐȦ ȋȌȍ ȏȈȗȘȍ-
ȡȈȍȚșȧ ȐȌȖȓȖȗȖȒȓȖȕȕȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ǵȖ Ȑ ȉȍȏ ȚȖȋȖ ȒȕȐȋȈ ȗȘȖȕȐȒȕțȚȈ ȌțȝȖȔ ȘȍȜȖȘ-
Ȕȣ — ȥȘȈȏȔȐȈȕșȒȖȑ ȍȊȈȕȋȍȓȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȘȍȜȖȘȔȣ ǻȚȊȍȘȎȌȍȕȐȧ Ȋ șȖȚȖȑ ȋȓȈȊȍ
ȓȐȠȤ ȗȖȌȊȖȌȧȚ ȐȚȖȋ ȥȚȖȑ ȚȍȔȣ
ǵȍȚ ȐȕȖȋȖ ȒȓȦȟȈ Ȓ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȦ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚșȧ Ȋ ȥȚȖȑ ȋȓȈȊȍ ȒȘȖȔȍ ǹȓȖȊȈ ǩȖ-
ȎȤȍȋȖ ǷȘȖȗȖȊȍȌȕȐȒ ǭȒȒȓȍȏȐȈșȚȈ ȉȣȓ ȗȘȈȊ șȟȐȚȈȧ Ȋșȍ ȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȚȡȍȚȖȑ Ǵȣ
ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ȕȍȊȍȎȍșȚȊȍ Ȑ țȗȖȌȖȉȐȚȤșȧ ȖșȓȈȔ ǬȈȓȍȍ șȓȍ-
ȌțȍȚ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȈȧ ȗȖȝȊȈȓȈ Ȗșȓț ǽȘȐșȚȖș ȊȢȍȝȈȓ Ȋ ǰȍȘțșȈȓȐȔ ȕȈ Ȗșȓȍ ǻ Ǩȗț-
ȓȍȧ Ȋ ǯȖȓȖȚȖȔ Ȗșȓȍ ȋȍȘȖȑ ȌȖȗțșȒȈȍȚșȧ Ȓ ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȐȦ Ȋ ȔȐșȚȍȘȐȐ ǰȏȐȌȣ
ȓȐȠȤ ȗȖșȓȍ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȖșȓȈ29 ȅȚȐ ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕșȒȐȍ Ȑ ȋȍȘȔȍȚȐȒȖ-ȍȋȐȗȍȚ-
șȒȐȍ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȣ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȕȍȊȍȎȍșȚȊȈ ȘȍȏȦȔȐȘțȦȚ ȚȍȔț ȕȍȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȖșȚȐ
ȔȐȘșȒȖȋȖ ȏȕȈȕȐȧ ǺȍȔȈ Ȋ ȖșȕȖȊȍ șȊȖȍȑ ȔȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȍȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȕȈȑȚȐ Ȋ șȘȍȌ-
ȕȍȊȍȒȖȊȣȝ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧȝ ȕȈȗȖȌȖȉȐȍ ǶȉȓȈȒȈ ȕȍȏȕȈȕȐȧ
 ȋȌȍ ȖȗȐșȈȕ ȕȍȋȈȚȐȊȕȣȑ
ȔȐșȚȐ-ȟȍșȒȐȑ ȖȗȣȚ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȕȍșȖȔȕȍȕȕȖ ȖȚșȣȓȈȓ ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȧ Ȓ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȖȑ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȖȑ ȖȉȘȈȉȖȚȒȍ ȚȍȔȣ Ȋ ȚȘȈȒȚȈȚȍ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȧ ǲțȏȈȕșȒȖȋȖ Ƕȉ țȟȍ-
ȕȖȔ ȕȍȊȍȎȍșȚȊȍ ǵȖ ȉȓȐȎȈȑȠȐȑ ȈȕȈȓȖȋ De vanitate ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȉȓȐ-
Ȏȍ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȗȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȐȚ ȒȈȒ ȘȈȏ Ȓ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȦ ȥȘȈȏȔȐȈȕșȒȖȋȖ
ȍȊȈȕȋȍȓȐȟȍșȚȊȈ ȥȚȖ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȍ șȈȔȖȋȖ ȅȘȈȏȔȈ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȈȧ ǷȖȝȊȈȓȈ ȋȓțȗȖ-
șȚȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȖȊȈ ǷȖȝȊȈȓȈ Ȗșȓț ȗȈȘȈȓȓȍȓȤȕȈ ǷȖȝȊȈȓȍ ȋȓțȗȖșȚȐ ȍȋȖ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȋȖ
șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȐȒȈ
ȅȘȈȏȔ ȕȈȗȐșȈȓ ǷȖȝȊȈȓț ȋȓțȗȖșȚȐ (Encomium Moriae)30 ȒȖȋȌȈ ȎȐȓ Ȋ ȓȖȕ-
ȌȖȕșȒȖȔ ȌȖȔȍ ǺȖȔȈșȈ ǴȖȘȈ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȊȐȏȐȚȈ Ȋ ǨȕȋȓȐȦ Ȋ
1508- ȋȋ ǲȈȒ Ȕȣ ȗȖȔȕȐȔ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ Ȋ  ȋ ȗȖȉȣȊȈȓ Ȋ ǳȖȕȌȖȕȍ Ȑ ȗȖȌ-
ȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȓ șȊȧȏȐ ș ȟȓȍȕȖȔ ȒȘțȎȒȈ ǴȖȘȈ ǬȎȖȕȖȔ ǲȖȓȍȚȖȔ ǹȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊ
ȊșȚȘȍȟ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ș ȅȘȈȏȔȖȔ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȥȚȖȑ ȓȖȕȌȖȕșȒȖȑ ȗȖȍȏȌȒȐ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ
ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȏȕȈȓ Ȗ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ ȅȘȈȏȔȈ ȕȈȌ ǷȖȝȊȈȓȖȑ ȋȓțȗȖșȚȐ ǶȌ-
ȕȈȒȖ ȒȈȒ Ȕȣ ȊȐȌȍȓȐ Ȋ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȖȏȌȕȐȍ ȋȖȌȣ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȉȣȓ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȏȈȐȕȚȍȘȍ-
șȖȊȈȕ Ȋ ȖȚȏȣȊȍ ȅȘȈȏȔȈ ȕȈ De vanitate ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ Ȗȕ ȕȈȌȍȧȓșȧ ȟȚȖ ȅȘȈȏȔ ȏȈ-
ȔȍȚȐȚ ȗȈȘȈȓȓȍȓȤ ȔȍȎȌț ȍȋȖ ǺȡȍȚȖȑ Ȑ ǫȓțȗȖșȚȤȦ ǪȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȊȍșȤȔȈ
ȗȖȓȍȏȕȖ șȘȈȊȕȐȚȤ ȥȚȐ ȌȊȈ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧ
* Ⱥɧɨɧɢɦɧɵɣ ɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ
XIV ɜ

115
ǫȓțȗȖșȚȤ ȅȘȈȏȔȈ șȔȍȍȚșȧ ȕȈȌ ȊșȍȔȐ ȕȈțȒȈȔȐ ȒȈȒ ȚȖ ǫȘȈȔȔȈȚȐȒȖȑ ǸȐ-
ȚȖȘȐȒȖȑ ǴȈȚȍȔȈȚȐȒȖȑ ǨșȚȘȖȕȖȔȐȍȑ ǼȐȏȐȒȖȑ ȖȕȈ ȐȋȕȖȘȐȘțȍȚ Ȋșȍ ȕȈțȒȐ
Ȉ ȐȌȍȐ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȌȖȊȖȌȣ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȖȊ ȒȈȎțȚșȧ ȍȑ ȈȉșțȘȌȕȣȔȐ ǽȖȚȧ Ȋ
ȖșȕȖȊȕȖȔ ǫȓțȗȖșȚȤ ȘȈȏȖȉȓȈȟȈȍȚ ȗțșȚȖȚț ȖȘȚȖȌȖȒșȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȑ ȖȕȈ ȚȈȒ-
Ȏȍ țȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚ ȕȐȟȚȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȖȒȒțȓȤȚȕȣȝ ȕȈțȒ Ȉ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȔȈȋȐȐ Ȑ
ȈȓȝȐȔȐȐ ǵȍȌȖȊȍȘȐȍ ǫȓțȗȖșȚȐ Ȓ ȕȈțȟȕȖȔț ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȦ ȚȍșȕȖ șȊȧȏȈȕȖ ș ȍȍ ȗȘȍ-
ȘȍȜȖȘȔȈȚȖȘșȒȐȔȐ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȈȔȐ ǶȕȈ ȐȏȌȍȊȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈȌ ȒȊȍșȚȈȘȐȧȔȐ Ȑ ȐȕȌțȓȤȋȍȕ-
ȞȐȧȔȐ ȕȈȌ ȗȘȖȗȖȊȍȌȧȔȐ ȔȖȕȈȝȖȊ Ȑ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȐȒȖȊ Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȍȔ șȖȟȐ-
ȕȍȕȐȐ ȗȖȓțȟȐȊȠȍȔ ȋȘȖȔȈȌȕțȦ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȊȣȘȈȏȐȊȠȍȔ ȕȈȒȖȗȐȊȠȍȍșȧ
ȘȈȏȌȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ șȚȈȘȖȋȖ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȈ Ȋȍȡȍȑ Ȑ șȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȘȍȜȖȘȔȍ ȒȈȒ
ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȓțȟȠȍ ȖȚȘȈȏȐȓȖșȤ Ȋșȍ ȖșȚȘȖțȔȐȍ ȅȘȈȏȔȈ ǭȋȖ ǫȓțȗȖșȚȤ ȞȐȚȐȘțȍȚ ǭȒ-
ȒȓȍȏȐȈșȚȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȊȠȍȋȖ Ȗ șțȍȚȍ șțȍȚ Ȑ ȈȗȖșȚȖȓȈ ǷȈȊȓȈ ȖșțȎȌȈȊȠȍȋȖ ȕȈȌȔȍȕ-
ȕȖșȚȤ ȏȕȈȕȐȧ
 ǽȘȐșȚȐȈȕșȚȊȖ — ȥȚȖ ȌȖȒȚȘȐȕȈ ȗȘȖșȚȖȚȣ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚ ǫȓț-
ȗȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȖȝȊȈȟȍȕȕȣȑ ȓȦȉȖȊȤȦ Ȓ ȕȍȉȍșȕȖȔț ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ ȋȓțȗ-
ȞȖȔ
ǴȖȘȈȓȤ ȥȚȈ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȉȓȐȏȒȈ Ȓ ȊȣȊȖȌȈȔ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȋ De vanitate ǶȉȖȏȘȍȊ
Ȋșȍ ȕȈțȒȐ ǫȓțȗȖșȚȤ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȌȖȊȍȘȧȚȤ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȓȐȠȤ ǷȐșȈȕȐȦ Ǫ ȖȉȍȐȝ
ȒȕȐȋȈȝ ȒȘȐȚȐȒȈ ȚȡȍȚȣ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȚȈȒȎȍ șȈȚȐȘȖȑ ȕȈ ȔȖȕȈȠȍșȒțȦ
ȕȈțȒț ȅȘȈȏȔ Ȋ șȘȈȊȕȍȕȐȐ ș ǨȋȘȐȗȗȖȑ țȌȍȓȧȍȚ șțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ ȊȕȐ-
ȔȈȕȐȧ ȖȒȒțȓȤȚȕȣȔ ȕȈțȒȈȔ ȕȖ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȍȚ Ȑȝ Ȋ șȊȖȑ șȗȐșȖȒ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ
ȒȘȐȚȐȒțȍȚ ȕȍ ȖȌȕț ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȡȍȚț ȖȒȒțȓȤȚȕȣȝ ȕȈțȒ ȕȖ Ȑ șȝȖȓȈșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȕȈț-
ȒȐ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ Ǫ ȖȉȖȐȝ șȓțȟȈȧȝ ȈȊȚȖȘȣ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȦȚ ȟȚȖ ȌȖȊȍȘȐȧ ȏȈșȓțȎȐȊȈȍȚ
ȓȐȠȤ ȗȘȖșȚȖȚȈ ǷȐșȈȕȐȧ
ȅȚț ȗȈȘȈȓȓȍȓȤ ȘȈȏȋȓȧȌȍȓ ǼȐȓȐȗ ǹȐȌȕȐ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȊȠȐȑ Ȋ ǯȈȡȐȚȍ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ șȚȖȓȤ Ȏȍ ȊȍșȍȓȖ ȘȈȏȖȉȓȈȟȈȍȚ ȚȡȍȚț ȕȈțȒȐ ȒȈȒ
ȅȘȈȏȔ ȏȈȡȐȡȈȍȚ ȋȓțȗȖșȚȤ ǵȐ ȖȌȐȕ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȐȓȐ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚ ȕȍ
ȐȏȉȍȋȈȦȚ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ șȐȝ țȓȣȉȈȦȡȐȝșȧ ȠțȚȕȐȒȖȊ ǰ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ
ț ȅȘȈȏȔȈ Ȑ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȐȔȍȓȈșȤ ȐȕȈȧ ȖșȕȖȊȈ ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȧȊșȚȊțȍȚ Ȑȏ
ȊȕȍȠȕȍȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ Ȑȝ ȚȘțȌȖȊ31.
ȇ ȗȖȓȈȋȈȦ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȌ ©ȐȕȖȑ ȖșȕȖȊȖȑª ȗȖȌȘȈȏțȔȍȊȈȍȚșȧ ǷȐșȈȕȐȍ — ȍȌȐȕșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȟȚȖ ȐȏȉȍȎȈȓȖ șȒȍȗȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȕȈȗȈȌȖȒ ȒȈȒ ȅȘȈȏȔȈ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ
ǵȈȗȐșȈȊ ǷȖȝȊȈȓț ȋȓțȗȖșȚȐ ȅȘȈȏȔ ȖȚȕȦȌȤ ȕȍ ȖȚȉȘȖșȐȓ ȏȈ ȕȍȕȈȌȖȉȕȖ-
șȚȤȦ șȊȖȐ ȕȈțȟȕȣȍ Ȑ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȣȍ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȕȍ ȖȚȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ȖȚ ȎȐȏȕȍȕȕȖȋȖ
ȗțȚȐ țȟȍȕȖȋȖ-ȋțȔȈȕȐșȚȈ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȊȖșȝȊȈȓȧȊȠȐȑ ȖșȓȈ ȕȍ ȖȚȒȈȏȈȓșȧ ȖȚ ȖȒ-
ȒțȓȤȚȕȣȝ ȕȈțȒ ǵȈȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȓȍȚ ȗȖșȓȍ De vanitate Ȗȕ Ȗȗțȉ-
ȓȐȒȖȊȈȓ De occulta philosophia — ȗȖȓȕȖȞȍȕȕȖȍ Ȑ ȗȖȏȐȚȐȊȕȖȍ ȐȏȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ
șȊȖȍȑ ȖȒȒțȓȤȚȕȖȑ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐ.
* ©Ɂɧɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɦɟɜɚɟɬª  Ʉɨɪ 

116
(2) ǺȘțȌȣ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ: De occulta philosophia32
Ǫ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȒȕȐȋȈȝ33 ȧ țȎȍ ȗȣȚȈȓȈșȤ ȐȏȓȖȎȐȚȤ Ȋ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȌȖșȚțȗȕȖȑ
ȜȖȘȔȍ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ șȚȘȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȚȘțȌȈ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȧ ȗȖșȚȈȘȈȦșȤ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȥȚȖ
șȕȖȊȈ
Ǫ ȗȍȘȊȣȝ ȌȊțȝ ȋȓȈȊȈȝ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȐȏȓȈȋȈȍȚ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ țșȚȘȖȑșȚȊȈ
ȔȐȘȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ ǪșȍȓȍȕȕȈȧ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȚȘȐ ȔȐȘȈ — ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȕȍ-
ȉȍșȕȣȑ Ȑ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȍȒȚțȈȓȤȕȣȑ
 ǲȈȎȌȣȑ Ȑȏ ȔȐȘȖȊ ȐșȗȣȚȣȊȈȍȚ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍ ȔȐȘȈ
ȊȣȠȍșȚȖȧȡȍȋȖ ȌȖșȚȖȐȕșȚȊȈ ǺȊȖȘȞȈ ȕȐșȝȖȌȧȚ Ȓ ȈȕȋȍȓȈȔ Ȋ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȍȒȚțȈȓȤ-
ȕȖȔ ȔȐȘȍ ȏȊȍȏȌȈȔ Ȋ ȔȐȘȍ ȕȍȉȍșȕȖȔ Ȑ ȌȈȓȍȍ Ȓ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȈȔ Ȑ ȊșȍȔț șȖȚȊȖ-
ȘȍȕȕȖȔț Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ Ȋ ȔȐȘȍ ȏȍȔȕȖȔ ǹȖȋȓȈșȕȖ ȥȚȖȑ șȝȍȔȍ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ
ȗȖȌȘȈȏȌȍȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȚȘȐ ȒȕȐȋȐ Ǫ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚșȧ Ȗ ȕȈȚțȘȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȈȋȐȐ
ȐȓȐ ȔȈȋȐȐ Ȋ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȖȔ ȔȐȘȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ țȟȐȚ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȌȉȐȘȈȚȤ ȊȍȡȍșȚȊȈ Ȋ
șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȐȐ ș Ȑȝ ȖȒȒțȓȤȚȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȐȚȧȎȍȕȐȧȔȐ Ȍȓȧ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȑ
ȕȈȚțȘȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȈȋȐȐ ǪȚȖȘȈȧ ȒȕȐȋȈ ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȈ ȕȍȉȍșȕȖȑ ȔȈȋȐȐ ȐȓȐ ȗȘȐȊ-
ȓȍȟȍȕȐȦ Ȑ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȦ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȑ ȏȊȍȏȌ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȐȔȍȕțȍȚ ȥȚț ȔȈȋȐȦ ȔȈ-
ȚȍȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȍȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȣ ȕȈ ȟȐșȓȈȝ ǺȘȍȚȤȧ ȒȕȐȋȈ ȖȚ-
ȊȍȌȍȕȈ ȗȖȌ ȞȍȘȍȔȖȕȐȈȓȤȕțȦ ȔȈȋȐȦ ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȔȈȋȐȦ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȕțȦ ȕȈ ȋȖȘȕȐȑ
ȔȐȘ ȈȕȋȍȓȤșȒȐȝ ȌțȝȖȊ ȗȘȍȊȣȠȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ — ȓȐȠȤ ǭȌȐȕȣȑ șȖȏȌȈȚȍȓȤ ȐȓȐ
șȈȔ ǺȊȖȘȍȞ
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȘȍȏȦȔȐȘțȍȚ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȐ ȌȐșȞȐȗȓȐȕȣ ȘȍȕȍșșȈȕșȕȖȑ ȔȈ-
ȋȐȐ — ȋȍȘȔȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȔȈȋȐȐ ǼȐȟȐȕȖ Ȑ ȔȈȋȐȐ ȒȈȉȉȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȊȊȍȌȍȕȕȖȑ
ǷȐȒȖ ȌȍȓȓȈ ǴȐȘȈȕȌȖȓȈ
ǲȈȒ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓ Ǭ Ƿ ǻȖȓȒȍȘ ȔȈȋȐȧ ǼȐȟȐȕȖ ȉȣȓȈ Ȋ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȔ ȐȚȖȋȍ ȖșȕȖ-
ȊȈȕȈ ȕȈ țȟȍȕȐȐ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȎȐȊȠȍȋȖ Ȋ ǭȋȐȗȚȍ ȔțȌȘȍȞȈ ǫȍȘȔȍșȈ ǺȘȐș-
ȔȍȋȐșȚȈ ǼȐȟȐȕȖ șȟȐȚȈȓ ȍȋȖ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȐȒȖȔ ǴȖȐșȍȧ Ȑ ȗȘȖȘȖȒȖȔ ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕ-
șȚȊȈ ǹȊȖȦ ȔȈȋȐȦ ǼȐȟȐȕȖ ȖȗȐșȈȓ Ȋ ȒȕȐȋȍ De vita coelitus comparanda >©ǹȚȧ-
ȎȈȕȐȍ ȎȐȏȕȐ ș ȕȍȉȍșª@ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȖȗțȓȧȘȕȖȔ Ȑ ȠȐȘȖȒȖ ȟȐȚȈȊȠȍȔșȧ ȍȋȖ
șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȐ Ǫ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȖȌȍȔȖȕșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȓ Ǭ Ƿ ǻȖȓȒȍȘ
De vita ȖșȕȖȊȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȚȘȈȒȚȈȚȍ ǨșȒȓȍȗȐȑ ȗȘȐȗȐșȣȊȈȍȔȖȔ ǫȍȘȔȍșț ǺȘȐșȔȍ-
ȋȐșȚț ȋȌȍ ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȒȈȒ ȍȋȐȗȚȧȕȍ ȊșȍȓȧȓȐ ȕȍȉȍșȕȣȝ ȌțȝȖȊ Ȋ șȚȈȚțȐ șȊȖȐȝ
ȉȖȋȖȊ34.
ǼȐȟȐȕȖ ȘȈȏȢȧșȕȧȍȚ șȗȖșȖȉȣ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȧ ȗȓȈȕȍȚȕȣȝ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȑ ȗțȚȍȔ
ȗȖȌȉȖȘȈ ȊȍȡȍșȚȊ ȐȕȒȈȕȚȈȞȐȑ Ȑ ȚȈȓȐșȔȈȕȖȊ țȒȘȈȠȍȕȕȣȝ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȧȔȐ
ȗȓȈȕȍȚ Ȑ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȈȦȡȐȝ ȐȓȐ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȡȐȝ Ȋ șȍȉȍ șȐȓț ȊȓȐȧȕȐȑ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ Ȋ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȒȕȐȋȍ ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȍȚ ȔȈȋȐȦ ǼȐȟȐȕȖ ȕȖ ȗȘȖȧȊȓȧȍȚ ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ
ȉȖȓȤȠțȦ șȔȍȓȖșȚȤ ǴȈȋȐȧ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȓȈ ț ǼȐȟȐȕȖ ȉȍșȗȖȒȖȑșȚȊȖ Ȗȕ ȊșȍȔȍȘȕȖ
șȚȈȘȈȓșȧ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȐȚȤșȧ ©ȕȈȚțȘȈȓȤȕȖȑª ȔȈȋȐȍȑ ȏȈȕȧȚȖȑ ȊȍȡȍșȚȊȈȔȐ Ȋ Ȑȝ
* Ɍ ɟ ɦɢɪ ɚɧɝɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ©ɪɚɡɭɦɨɜª

117
ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ Ȓ ȏȊȍȏȌȈȔ ȐȏȉȍȋȈȧ ȗȘȐ ȚȖȔ ©ȏȊȍȏȌȕȣȝ ȌȍȔȖȕȖȊª ȐȓȐ șȊȧȏȈȕ-
ȕȣȝ șȖ ȏȊȍȏȌȈȔȐ ȌțȝȖȊ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȈșȚȘȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȔȈȋȐȧ ȍȌȊȈ ȓȐ ȊȖȏ-
ȔȖȎȕȈ ȉȍȏ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȧ ȈșȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȌȍȔȖȕȖȊ — Ȑ șȔȍȓȖ ȗȘȐȕȧȓ ȊȣȏȖȊ
ǪȖ ȊȚȖȘȖȑ ȍȋȖ ȒȕȐȋȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚșȧ Ȗ ȕȍȉȍșȕȖȑ ȔȈȋȐȐ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤ-
ȒȖ ȕȈ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȧȝ ȏȊȍȏȌ ȕȈ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ ȕȖ Ȑ ȊȖșȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȐ Ȋ ©șȘȍȌȐȕȕȣȑª ȕȍȉȍș-
ȕȣȑ ȔȐȘ ȅȚȖȚ ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȖșȕȖȊȈȕ ȕȈ ȟȐșȓȈȝ Ȑ ȕȍȉȍșȕȈȧ ȔȈȋȐȧ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȔȈ-
ȋȐȍȑ ȔȈȚȍȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȕȈșȚȈȐȊȈȍȚ ȕȈ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȔȈȚȍȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȔȈ-
ȋȐȧ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȖȉȘȈȡȍȕȐȧ Ȓ ȔȈȚȍȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȌȐșȞȐȗȓȐȕȈȔ ǴȈȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ șȚȈȚțȐ
Ȋ ǨșȒȓȍȗȐȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗȕ ȏȈȊȐșȍȓȐ ȖȚ ȟȐșȍȓ ǴȈȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȌȖ-
ȉȐȚȤșȧ ȗȘȐ ȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍ ȋȍȖȔȍȚȘȐȐ Ȑ ȖȗȚȐȒȐ ǷȐȜȈȋȖȘ ȗȖȌȟȍȘȒȐȊȈȓ ȊȈȎȕȍȑ-
Ƞȍȍ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ ȟȐșȍȓ Ȋ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȜȐȏȐȒȐ ȓȍȎȐȚ ȔȈȚȍȔȈȚȐȒȈ ǼȐȟȐȕȖ șȚȈȘȈȊ-
ȠȐȑșȧ ȐȏȉȍȋȈȚȤ ©ȏȊȍȏȌȕȣȝ ȌȍȔȖȕȖȊª ȕȍ ȖȉșțȎȌȈȓ ©ȔȈȚȍȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȔȈ-
ȋȐȦª ȕȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗț ȖȕȈ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȈȓȈ
Ǫ ȚȘȍȚȤȍȑ ȒȕȐȋȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ șȔȍȓȖ ȊȚȖȘȋȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȍȒȚțȈȓȤȕȣȑ Ȑ Ȉȕ-
ȋȍȓȤșȒȐȑ ȔȐȘ Ȑ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȍȚ ȔȍȚȖȌȣ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȧ ȈȕȋȍȓȖȊ Ȑ ȌțȝȖȊ ș ȗȖ-
ȔȖȡȤȦ ȒȈȉȉȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȔȈȋȐȐ ǷȖȌȖȉȕȣȍ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ șȚȘȖȧȚșȧ ȕȈ ȔȈȕȐȗț-
ȓȧȞȐȧȝ ș ȌȘȍȊȕȍȍȊȘȍȑșȒȐȔȐ ȉțȒȊȈȔȐ ȐȔȍȦȡȐȔȐ ȟȐșȓȖȊȣȍ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ ȚȈȒ
ȟȚȖ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȕȈȔȐ ȊȕȖȊȤ ȔȈȚȍȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȔȈȋȐȧ ȕȖ șȚȈȊȧȡȈȧ ȗȍȘȍȌ șȖȉȖȑ ȒțȌȈ
ȉȖȓȍȍ ȈȔȉȐȞȐȖȏȕȣȍ ȞȍȓȐ Ǫ ȒȕȐȋȍ ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȦȚșȧ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȣȍ ȞȍȘȍȔȖȕȐȐ
ǴȈȋ ȌȖșȚȐȋȠȐȑ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ ȏȈȕȧȚȐȧȝ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖȋȖ țȘȖȊȕȧ ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȗȖ-
ȏȈȌȐ ȒȈȒ ȕȈȚțȘȈȓȤȕțȦ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȔȈȚȍȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȔȈȋȐȦ Ƕȕ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȈȍȚșȧ Ȓ șȈ-
ȔȖȔț ǺȊȖȘȞț Ȑ țȔȍȍȚ ȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ǰȔȍȕȈȔȐ ǩȖȋȈ
ǵȍ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ șȖȔȕȍȊȈȚȤșȧ ȟȚȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ șȟȐȚȈȓ șȍȉȧ ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕșȒȐȔ ȒȈȉ-
ȉȈȓȐșȚȖȔ ȚȘȍȚȤȧ ȒȕȐȋȈ ȊȍȌȍȚ Ȓ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȑ ȚȈȑȕȍ ǰȔȍȕȐ ǰȐșțșȈ Ǫ ȒȈȉȉȈȓȐ-
șȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧȝ ǷȐȒȖ ȌȍȓȓȈ ǴȐȘȈȕȌȖȓȈ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȓ ȟȚȖ ș ȖȚȒȘȣȚȐȍȔ
ȚȈȑȕ ǲȈȉȉȈȓȣ ȒȈȉȉȈȓȐșȚ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȖȗȍȘȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȓȐȠȤ ȐȔȍȕȍȔ ǰȐșțșȈ ǨȋȘȐȗ-
ȗȈ șȓȖȊȖ Ȋ șȓȖȊȖ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȧȍȚ ȥȚȖ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍ35 ȅȚȖȚ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȑ ȔȈȋ ȉȍȏțș-
ȓȖȊȕȖ ȊȍȘȐȓ ȟȚȖ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ǷȐȒȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȦ ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕșȒȖȋȖ
ȒȈȉȉȈȓȐșȚȈ
Ǫ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ ȒȈȒ ȧ șȟȐȚȈȦ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȏȈȌȈȓșȧ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȞȍȓȤȦ ȖȗȐșȈȚȤ Țȍȝ-
ȕȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȗȘȖȞȍȌțȘȣ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ Ȑ ©ȟțȌȖȚȊȖȘȕȖȑª ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐ Ȓ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȖȑ ȗȘȐȏȣȊȈȓ ǸȍȑȝȓȐȕ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐ ȊȕȍȠȕȍ ȕȍȖȗȓȈȚȖȕȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȕȖ ȊȒȓȦ-
ȟȈȦȡȍȑ ȔȈȋȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȋȍȘȔȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖ-ȒȈȉȉȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒțȦ șȍȘȌȞȍȊȐȕț Ǫ De oc-
culta philosophia ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȕȍ țșȚȈȍȚ țȗȖȔȐȕȈȚȤ ǷȓȈȚȖȕȈ ǷȓȖȚȐȕȈ ǷȘȖȒȓȈ
Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȕȍȖȗȓȈȚȖȕȐȒȖȊ Ȑ ȘȈȏțȔȍȍȚșȧ ©ǫȍȘȔȍșȈ ǺȘȐșȔȍȋȐșȚȈª Ǫ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟ-
ȕȖȔ Ȑ ȌȍȓȖȊȖȔ șȚȐȓȍ țȟȍȉȕȐȒȈ Ȗȕ ȐȏȓȈȋȈȍȚ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȧ ȚȖȋȖ ©ȟțȌȖȚȊȖȘȕȖȋȖª
ȕȍȖȗȓȈȚȖȕȐȏȔȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ǸȍȑȝȓȐȕ ȔȍȟȚȈȓ ȏȈȔȍȕȐȚȤ șțȝțȦ Ȑ ȉȍșȗȓȖȌȕțȦ
șȝȖȓȈșȚȐȒț Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐ ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕșȚȊȈ
ǪȕȐȔȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȟȐȚȣȊȈȧ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ șȊȍȚȍ De occulta philosophia Ȕȣ Ȗȉ-
ȕȈȘțȎȐȔ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȧȝ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ Ȑȏ ȚȘȍȝ ȔȐȘȖȊ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȍȚ ȌȘȍȊ-
ȕȍȍȊȘȍȑșȒȐȍ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȣ Ȑ ȜȖȘȔțȓȣ ȅȚȖ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚșȧ ȒȈȒ Ȓ ȔȈȋȐȐ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȈȓȤ-
ȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȕȍȉȍșȕȖȋȖ ȔȐȘȖȊ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȔȈȋȐȐ ȔȐȘȈ ȕȈȌȕȍȉȍșȕȖȋȖ Ȓ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȍșȚȍșȚ-

ȊȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȐȚ ǲȈȉȉȈȓȈ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȉȣȓ țȉȍȎȌȍȕ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȗțȚȍȔ
ȒȖȕȚȈȒȚȈ ș ȔȖȋțȟȍȑ ȐțȌȍȑșȒȖȑ ȔȈȋȐȍȑ ȖȌȕȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ țșȐȓȐȊȈȓ Ȑ ȖȟȐȡȈȓ
ȕȈȚțȘȈȓȤȕțȦ Ȑ ȕȍȉȍșȕțȦ ȔȈȋȐȐ ȏȈȡȐȡȈȧ Ȑȝ ș ȗȖȔȖȡȤȦ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȣȝ ȒȈȉ-
ȉȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȑ ǴȈȋȐȧ șȊȧȏȈȕȕȈȧ șȖ șȊȧȡȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȧȔȐ ȒȈȒ Ȑ
ț ǸȍȑȝȓȐȕȈ Ȑ ǷȐȒȖ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖȑ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȓȐȠȤ Ȗ ȗȘȐ-
ȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȐ ȌȖȉȘȖȚȊȖȘȕȣȝ Ȑ șȊȧȚȣȝ ȈȕȋȍȓȤșȒȐȝ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȑ ȏȈȡȐȡȍȕȕȣȝ ȚȈȒȐȔ
ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȖȚ ȏȊȍȏȌȕȣȝ ȌȍȔȖȕȖȊ ǭȋȖ ȖȒȒțȓȤȚȕȈȧ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȧ ȗȘȐȏȊȈȕȈ șȓț-
ȎȐȚȤ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȉȍȓȖȑ ȔȈȋȐȍȑ ǷȖ șțȚȐ ȥȚȖ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȧ ȗȘȍȚȍȕȌțȦȡȈȧ ȕȈ
ȌȖșȚțȗ Ȓ ȊȣșȠȐȔ șȐȓȈȔ ȗȘȐȟȍȔ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȧ ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕșȒȈȧ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȋȓȈȊȍȕșȚ-
ȊțȦȡȐȔ șȘȍȌȐ ȟțȌȖȚȊȖȘȕȣȝ ǰȔȍȕ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȍȚșȧ ȐȔȧ ǰȐșțșȈ
ǲȈȒ țȎȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȖșȤ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȣ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȒȈȎțȚșȧ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȉȓȐȏȒȐȔȐ Ȓ ȐȌȍȧȔ
ǼȘȈȕȟȍșȒȖ ǬȎȖȘȌȎȖ ȝȖȚȧ Ȋ De harmonia mundi ǬȎȖȘȌȎȖ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ
ȖșȚȖȘȖȎȍȕ Ȗȕ ȊȣșȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ șȔȍȓȍȍ Ȋ Problemata ǵȍșȖȔȕȍȕȕȖ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈ-
Șȧ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȓ ȜȘȈȕȞȐșȒȈȕȞȈȔ ǬȎȖȘȌȎȖ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȓ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ ȖȗȈșȍ-
ȕȐȑ ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȥȚȖȚ ȏȈȋȈȌȖȟȕȣȑ șȚȘȈȕȕȐȒ ȓȐȠȍȕȕȣȑ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȖȑ
ȘȖȌȐȕȣ.
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȊȐȌȍȓ ȘȖȓȤ ǲȈȉȉȈȓȣ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȊȣșȠȍȑ ©ȋȖȘȕȍȑª ȔȈȋȐȐ ȕȖ Ȑ
Ȋ ȏȈȡȐȚȍ ȔȈȋȈ ȖȚ ȌȍȔȖȕȖȊ ȕȈ Ȋșȍȝ țȘȖȊȕȧȝ ȔȈȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ ǼȐȟȐȕȖ
ȗȘȍșȓȍȌȖȊȈȓ șȚȘȈȝ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȌȍȔȖȕȈȔȐ ȕȖ Ȍȓȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ǲȈȉȉȈȓȈ ȘȈșșȍȐȊȈȓȈ
ȥȚȖȚ șȚȘȈȝ ǶȕȈ șȓțȎȐȓȈ șȚȘȈȝȖȊȒȖȑ ȖȚ ȌȍȔȖȕȖȊ ȋȈȘȈȕȚȐȍȑ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ șȔȍ-
ȓȣȍ ȗȖȐșȒȐ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȋȖ ȏȕȈȕȐȧ Ȑ șȐȓȣ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȊȍȌțȚ Ȓ ȊȍȟȕȣȔ ȔțȒȈȔ Ȋ ȈȌț
ǽȖȚȧ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȈȧ ȐȕȚȍȘȗȘȍȚȈȞȐȧ ǲȈȉȉȈȓȣ Ȋ Ȍțȝȍ ȈȕȋȍȓȤșȒȖȑ ȉȍȓȖȑ ȔȈȋȐȐ
ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȊȣȏȊȈȓȈ ȉȣ ȖȚȖȘȖȗȤ ț ȐșȚȐȕȕȖȋȖ ȐțȌȍȑșȒȖȋȖ ȒȈȉȉȈȓȐșȚȈ ȚȘȈȒ-
ȚȖȊȒȈ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȐȏȊȈȕȈ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȈȚȤ ȐșȒȈȚȍȓȧ ȕȈ ȗțȚȐ Ȓ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȍȒ-
ȚțȈȓȤȕȣȔ Ȑ ȌțȝȖȊȕȣȔ șȊȍȘȠȍȕȐȧȔ

119
ǷȘȐȔȍȟȈȕȐȧ
1. ǹȔ. Yates, Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition, London, 1964, ȋȓ. VIII. Ƕȉ
ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ, șȔ. Ȋ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ D. P. Walker, Spiritual and Demonic Magic from Ficino to
Campanella, London (Warburg Institute), 1958, ș. 90-9.
2. Charles G. Nauert, Agrippa and the Crisis of Renaissance Thought, Urbana, Uni-
versity of Illinois Press, 1965.
3. ǷȖȌȘȖȉȕȍȍ șȔ. ȕȐȎȍ ȗȘȐȔ 5, 8.
4. De occ. phil., Lib. III, Cap. XII. ǰȔȧ ǰȐșțșȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ șȖȌȍȘȎȐȚ Ȋ șȍȉȍ
ǺȍȚȘȈȋȘȈȔȔȈȚȖȕ Ȑ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȉȍȏ ȕȍȋȖ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȍ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȖȌ-
ȕȈȒȖ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ ȒȈȉȉȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ©ǰȐșțșª — ȐȔȧ Ǵȍș-
șȐȐ
5. ǶȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȑ ȅȘȈȏȔȈ, șȔ. ȊȈȎȕțȦ șȚȈȚȤȦ ǷȈȖȓȣ ǯȈȔȉȍȓȓȐ, «Corne-
lio Agrippa, Erasmo e la teologia umanistica', Rinascimento, XX (1969), ș. 1-59; ȚȈȒȎȍ
ȊȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ǯȈȔȉȍȓȓȐ Ȓ ȍȍ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȦ ȕȍȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Cor-
nelio Agrippa: scritti inediti e dispersi, ed. P. Zambelli, Rinascimento, XVI (2-ȧ șȍȘȐȧ
1965.
6. Nauert, Agrippa, ș. 9-11.
7. Nauert, Agrippa, ș. 17-19.
8. Zambelli, «Umanesimo magico-astrologico e raggrupamenti segreti nei platonici della
preriforma», Centro Internazionale di Studi Umanistici, Padua, 1960.
9. Nauert, Agrippa, p. 26.
10. Nauert, Agrippa, p. 30.
11. Würzburg, Universitätsbibliothek, MS. M. ch. q. 30. ȅȚȈ ȘȈȕȕȧȧ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȕȈȧ ȊȍȘșȐȧ
ȜȈȒșȐȔȐȓȤȕȖ ȊȖșȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȈ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ Ȑȏ ȗȘȐȓȖȎȍȕȐȑ Ȓ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȦ De oc-
culta philosophia ȗȖȌ ȘȍȌ. ǲȈȘȓȈ ǨȕȚȖȕȈ ǵȖȊȖȚȕȖȋȖ Graz, 1967). ǶȕȈ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ
ȖȚȓȐȟȈȍȚșȧ ȖȚ ȗȍȟȈȚȕȖȋȖ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧ 1533 ȋ. ǹȔ ȕȐȎȍ ș. 62 Ȑ ȌȈȓȍȍ.
12. Nauert, Agrippa, ș. 31.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid. ǹȖȋȓȈșȕȖ ǷȍȘȓ ǽȖȋȘȍȜȍ (The Sir Thomas More Circle, Urbana, University of
Illinois Press, 1959, ș. 224), Ȋ ȗȍȘȐȖȌ șȖȚȘțȌȕȐȟȍșȚȊȈ ș ǲȖȓȍȚȖȔ, ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖ-
ȊȈȓ ǸȍȟȤ... Ȗ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌșȚȊȍ ǹȓȖȊȈ ǩȖȎȤȍȋȖ, ȗȘȐȏȣȊȈȊȠțȦ Ȓ ȗȘȖșȚȖȔț ȉȐȉȓȍȑșȒȖ-

120
Ȕț ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕșȚȊț. Ǵȕȍ ȕȍ țȌȈȓȖșȤ ȕȈȑȚȐ ȥȚȖ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȍ, ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȔȖȋȓȖ ȉȣ ȗȖȌȚȊȍȘ-
ȌȐȚȤ ȌȘțȋȐȍ țȒȈȏȈȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȧȊȓȧȓșȧ ȍȊȈȕȋȍȓȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕȐȕȖȔ
Ȑ ȟȚȖ ȊȍșȤ ȋȘȖȔȈȌȕȣȑ ȈȗȗȈȘȈȚ ǹȖȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐ ȗȘȐȓȈȋȈȓșȧ Ȓ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖȔț
©ȗȘȖșȚȖȔț ȉȐȉȓȍȑșȒȖȔț ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕșȚȊțª
15. Nauert, Agrippa, ș. 35 Ȑ ȌȈȓȍȍ.
16. Ibid., ș. 42 Ȑ ȌȈȓȍȍ.
17. ǲȖȕȚȈȒȚ ȉȣȓ ȒȈȒ țȎȍ șȒȈȏȈȕȖ ȖȗȖșȘȍȌȖȊȈȕȕȣȔ ȌȘțȋ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ șȖȖȉȡȐȓ ȟȚȖ
ȊȐȌȍȓșȧ ș ǬȎȖȘȌȎȖ Ȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ș ȕȐȔ Ȗȉ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ǹȔ. Nauert, Agrippa, ș. 53.
18. Nauert, Agrippa, ș. 56.
19. Ibid., ș. 73.
20. Ibid., ș. 88 Ȑ ȌȈȓȍȍ.
21. Tiers Livre, ȋȓ. XXV.
22. Nauert, Agrippa, ș. 108.
23. Ibid. See also Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, V, 204-5.
24. Nauert, Agrippa, p. 110. ǷȐșȤȔȈ ȅȘȈȏȔȈ Ȓ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȚșȧ Ȋ Opus episto-
larum Erasmi, ed. P. S. Allen and H. W. Garrod, Oxford, 1906-11, X, 203, 209-11.
25. ǹȔ. ȊȈȎȕțȦ șȚȈȚȤȦ ǿȈȘȓȤȏȈ ǯȐȒȈ, «Reuchlin and Erasmus: Humanism and the
Occult Philosophy», Journal of Religious History (Sydney), IX (1977), ș.223-46.
26. De incertitudine et vanitate omnium scientiarum et artium, 1526 Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȖȟȐșȓȍȕ-
ȕȣȍ ȗȖșȓȍȌțȦȡȐȍ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧ.
27. ǨșȒȓȍȗȐȑ ǹȔ. Bruno, ș 35 Ȑ ȌȈȓȍȍ.
28  ǲȖȘ 2:2.
29. Apuleius, The Golden Ass, trans. W. Adlington. ǹȔ. Bruno, ș. 173-4.
30. Erasmus, Praise of Folly, trans. T. Chaloner, Early English Text Society, 1965.
31. Philip Sidney, A Defence of Poetry, ed. J. A. Van Dorsten, Oxford, 1966, ș. 49-50.
32. ǳțȟȠȐȔ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȔ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȍȔ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȜȈȒșȐȔȐȓȍ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈȞȐȐ  ȋ ȗȖȌ
ȘȍȌ ǵȖȊȖȚȕȖȋȖ (șȔ. ȊȣȠȍ, ȗȘȐȔ. 11).

33. Bruno, ș. 130-43; Yates, Theatre of the World, London, 1969, ș. 23-4; Yates, Sha-
kespeare's Last Plays, London, 1975, ș. 94-5.
34. Walker, Spiritual and Demonic Magic, ș. 36 Ȑ ȌȈȓȍȍ.
35 ɋɦ ɜɵɲɟ, ɩɪɢɦ 4.
ǷȍȘ ǹ ǹȚȈȘȖșȍȓȤșȒȖȋȖ

122
ǲǶǴǴǭǵǺǨǸǰǰ
ǷȍȘȊȣȍ ȘțșșȒȐȍ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȣ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȑ ȗȘȖșȓȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȋțȔȈȕȐșȚȈ ȕȈȚțȘȜȐȓȖșȖ-
ȜȈ Ȑ ȥȏȖȚȍȘȐȒȈ ǫȍȕȘȐȝȈ ǲȖȘȕȍȓȐȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȑȏ ǵȍȚȚȍșȋȍȑȔȈ - ȉȣȓȐ Ȗȗțȉ-
ȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȣ Ȋ șȍȔȐȌȍșȧȚȣȝ-ȊȖșȤȔȐȌȍșȧȚȣȝ ȋȖȌȈȝ XVIII ȊȍȒȈ. ǹ Țȍȝ ȗȖȘ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȣ ȗȘȖ-
ȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȕȈ ȘțșșȒȐȑ ȧȏȣȒ ȕȍ ȐȏȌȈȊȈȓȐșȤ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȚȧȎȍȕȐȐ ȌȊțȝ ș ȓȐȠȕȐȔ
șȚȖȓȍȚȐȑ ȝȖȚȧ ȕȈȌȖ ȖȚȔȍȚȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȔȈșȖȕșȒȐȝ ȒȘțȋȈȝ ș XVIII Ȋ ȝȖȌȐȓ Ȋ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȧȝ
ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌ ©ǹȖȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐª ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȊȐȌȐȔȖ ș ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȋȖ Ȑȏ-
ȌȈȕȐȧ  ȋ
Ǫ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ ǽǽ ȊȍȒȈ Ǫ ȇ ǩȘȦșȖȊ (1873-1924) Ȍȓȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȓ
șȊȖȍȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȔ alter ego ȏȈȌțȔȈȓ ȘȖȔȈȕ Ȗ ȕȍȔȍȞȒȖȔ ȖȒȒțȓȤȚȐșȚȍ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȚȐȊȠȐȑșȧ
ȏȈȚȍȔ Ȋ ©ǶȋȕȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȈȕȋȍȓȈª - ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ Ȋ ȥȚȖȑ ȒȕȐȋȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȖȚȊȍȌȍȕȖ ȗȖ-
ȟȍȚȕȖȍ ȕȖ ȊȚȖȘȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȖȍ ȔȍșȚȖ Ǫ  ȋ ȗȖ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖȑ ȐȕȐȞȐȈȚȐȊȍ ǩȘȦșȖȊȈ ȉȣȓ
ȐȏȌȈȕ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȋȖ țȟȍȕȖȋȖ Ǯ ǶȘșȤȍ ©ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ǵȍȚȚȍșȋȍȑȔ-
șȒȐȑ ǯȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȑ ȈȊȈȕȚȦȘȐșȚ XX ȊȍȒȈª
ǶȚȘȣȊȒȐ Ȑȏ ©ǹȖȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐª Ȑ ȚȘȈȒȚȈȚȈ ©Ƕ ȕȍȌȖșȚȖȊȍȘȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ Țȡȍ-
Țȍ ȕȈțȒ Ȑ ȐșȒțșșȚȊª Ȋ ȗȍȘ ș ȕȍȔȍȞȒȖȋȖ Ǫ Ǫ ǹȖȒȖȓȖȊȖȑ ȉȣȓȐ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȣ Ȋ
 ȋ Ȋ ȈȕȚȖȓȖȋȐȐ ©ǫȍȘȔȍȚȐȏȔ ȔȈȋȐȧ ȕȈȚțȘȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȧ Ȋ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȍ
XIII-XIX ȊȊª Ǫ  ȋ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȐȏȌȈȕȈ ©ǸȍȟȤ Ȗ ȌȖșȚȖȐȕșȚȊȍ Ȑ ȗȘȍȊȖȝȖȌșȚȊȍ
ȎȍȕșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȈª Ȋ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȊȖȓȤȕȖȔ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȍ ș ȓȈȚȐȕșȒȖȋȖ Ǵ ȀțȔȐȓȐȕȈ
ǪȣȠȍȌȠȍȍ Ȋ  ȋ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȍ ©ǴȈȋȐȧ ǨȘȉȈȚȍȓȧª ȗȘȐȗȐșȈȕȕȖȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ ǨȋȘȐȗ-
ȗȈ ǴȈȋȐȧ ǨȘȉȈȚȍȓȧ ǷȍȘ ș ȜȘȈȕȞ Ǩ Ǫ ǺȘȖȧȕȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ǹǷȉ  ȗȍȘȍȐȏȌ ǴȈȋȐȧ
ǨȘȉȈȚȍȓȧ ǲȕȐȋȈ ȔȈȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȋȘȐȔțȈȘȖȊ ǵ ǵȖȊȋȖȘȖȌ  ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȖȔ
ȋȘȐȔțȈȘȈ XVI Ȋ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȦȡȍȋȖ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ Ȓ ȕȍȔȍȞȒȖȔț ȥȏȖȚȍȘȐȒț ǵȍ
șȚȖȐȚ Ȑ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȗȍȘț ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȐȚ ȚȈȒ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔȈȧ
IV ȒȕȐȋȈ ©ǹȖȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐª ȗȘȐȓȖȎȍȕȕȈȧ Ȓ ȐȏȌ. ©ǷȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȔȈȋȐȐª ǷȈ-
ȗȦșȈ Ǵ  ǹȈȔȖȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȘțșșȒȐȍ «ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȣ» ©ǹȖȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐª —
©ǶȒȒțȓȤȚȕȈȧ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȧª Ǵ  Ȑ ©ǼȐȓȖșȖȜȐȧ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȔȈȋȐȐª Ǵ 
— Ȋ ȓțȟȠȍȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ șȖȉȖȑ ȎȈȓȒȐȍ ȗȖȌȍȓȒȐ.
Ǫșȍ ȊȒȓȦȟȍȕȕȣȍ Ȋ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȐȑ ȚȖȔ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȗțȉȓȐȒțȦȚșȧ ȉȍȏ șȖȒȘȈȡȍ-
ȕȐȑ ȗȖ ȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȕȣȔ ȕȐȎȍ ȗȍȘȊȖȐȏȌȈȕȐȧȔ ǶȘȜȖȋȘȈȜȐȧ Ȑ ȗțȕȒȚțȈȞȐȧ ȚȍȒșȚȖȊ ȗȘȐ-
ȉȓȐȎȍȕȣ Ȓ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȔ ȕȖȘȔȈȔ ǰȔȍȕȈ Ȑ ȜȈȔȐȓȐȐ ȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȣ ȉȍȏ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȑ
Ǫ ȖȜȖȘȔȓȍȕȐȐ ȖȉȓȖȎȒȐ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȈ ȊȐȕȤȍȚȒȈ ș ȚȐȚ ȓȐșȚȈ ȕȍȔȍȞȒȖȋȖ ȐȏȌȈ-
ȕȐȧ șȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧ ©Ƕ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌșȚȊȍ Ȑ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȍ ȎȍȕșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȈª ǼȘȈȕȒȜțȘȚ-ȕȈ-
ǴȈȑȕȍ 
ǸȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȍ Ȗ ȔȖȕȈȠȍșȒȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ
ǷțȉȓȐȒțȍȚșȧ ȗȖ ǫȍȕȘȐȝȈ ǲȖȘȕȍȓȐȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ǸȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȍ Ȗ ȔȖȕȈȠȍșȒȖȑ
ȎȐȏȕȐ ǷȍȘ ș ȓȈȚȐȕșȒȖȋȖ [ǳ Ǵ ǴȈȒșȐȔȖȊȐȟȈ]. Ǵ Ȋ ȗȘȐȊȐȓȍȋȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ ȚȐȗ
ț ǴȍȑȍȘȈ 

123
ǪȚȖȘȐȟȕȖ ȒȕȐȋȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȐȏȌȈȕȈ ǵ ǰ ǵȖȊȐȒȖȊȣȔ Ǵ Ȋ ȚȐȗ ǲȖȔȗȈȕȐȐ ȚȐȗȖ-
ȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȖȑ  Ǫ ȚȖȔ Ȏȍ ȋȖȌț Ȋ șȊȧȏȐ ș ȋȖȕȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȕȈ ǵȖȊȐȒȖȊȈ  ȥȒȏ
ȒȕȐȋȐ Ȑȏ ȔȖșȒȖȊșȒȐȝ ȒȕȐȎȕȣȝ ȓȈȊȖȒ ȗȖȗȈȓȐ ȗȖȌ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȑ ȈȘȍșȚ
Ƕ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌșȚȊȍ Ȑ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȍ ȎȍȕșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȈ
ǷțȉȓȐȒțȍȚșȧ ȗȖ Ƕ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌșȚȊȍ Ȑ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȍ ȎȍȕșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȈ ǹȐȧ ȒȕȐȋȈ
ȗȍȘȍȊȍȌȍȕȈ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ ȗȖȌ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȖȔ ǴȖșȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ǨȘȝȈȕȋȍȓȤșȒȖȋȖ șȖȉȖȘȈ ȗȘȖ-
ȚȖȐȍȘȍȧ ǷȍȚȘȈ ǨȓȍȒșȍȍȊȈ Ǫ ǹǷȉ ȐȎȌ ǰȔȗȍȘȈȚȖȘșȒȖȑ ǨȒȈȌȍȔȐȐ ǵȈțȒ 
ǲȈȒ șȖȖȉȡȈȍȚ ©ǹȊȖȌȕȣȑ ȒȈȚȈȓȖȋ ȘțșșȒȖȑ ȒȕȐȋȐ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȖȑ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ XVIII
ȊȍȒȈ -ª ©ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȥȚȖȑ ȒȕȐȋȐ ȊȣȏȊȈȓȖ ȕȍȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȖ șȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ǭȒȈ-
ȚȍȘȐȕȣ II ǶȚȘȐȞȈȧ șȊȖȍ țȟȈșȚȐȍ Ȋ ȍȍ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȍ ǷȍȚȘ ǨȓȍȒșȍȍȊ ȗȐșȈȓ ȌțȝȖȊȕȐȒț
ǭȒȈȚȍȘȐȕȣ ,, ǰȖȈȕȕț ǷȈȔȜȐȓȖȊț ȟȚȖ ȒȕȐȋț ȗȍȘȍȊȍȓ ȕȍ Ȗȕ Ȉ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȒȖȑȕȣȑ ȉȘȈȚ
ǰȊȈȕ ǨȓȍȒșȍȍȊȐȟ ǨȓȍȒșȍȍȊ Ȑ ȟȚȖ ȘțȒȖȗȐșȤ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȈ Ȗȕ ȗȍȘȍșȓȈȓ ǭ Ǹ ǬȈȠȒȖȊȖȑ Ȋ
 ȋ ȕȍ Ȍȓȧ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȐȧ Ȉ “Ȍȓȧ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȒțȘȐȖȏȕȖșȚȐ”, “ȉȍȏ ȖȌȖȉȘȍȕȐȧ ȔȖȍȋȖ ȕȖ
ȍȡȍ șȖ ȊȕțȠȍȕȐȍȔ Ȗ ȐȔȍȦȡȐȝșȧ Ȋ șȈȔȖȔ ȖȘȐȋȐȕȈȓȍ ȖȕȖȋȖ ȕȍȓȍȗȖșȚȧȝ” Ǫ ȚȐȗȖ-
ȋȘȈȜșȒȖȔ ȗȈșȗȖȘȚȍ ȖȚ 9,,  ȋ <…> ȏȈȗȐșȈȕȖ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ©ǵȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȚȤ  ȥȒȏ
ȕȈ ȈȒȈȌȍȔȐȟȍșȒȐȑ șȟȍȚ ȗȍȘȍȊȍȌȍȕȕȖȑ ǴȖcȒ ǨȘȝȈȕȋȍȓȤșȒȖȋȖ șȖȉȖȘȈ ȗȘȖȚȖȐȍȘȍȍȔ
ǷȍȚȘȖȔ ǨȓȍȒșȍȍȊȣȔȒȕȐȋȐȗȖȌȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȍȔ“ǶȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌșȚȊȍȐȗȘȍȐ-
ȔțȡȍșȚȊȍ ȎȍȕșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȈ”».
Ƕ ȕȍȌȖșȚȖȊȍȘȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȚȡȍȚȍ ȕȈțȒ Ȑ ȐșȒțșșȚȊ
ǶȚȘȣȊȒȐ Ȑȏ ȚȘȈȒȚȈȚȈ ȗțȉȓȐȒțȦȚșȧ ȗȖ ǷȈȘȕȈșșȒȐȑ ȡȍȗȍȚȐȓȤȕȐȒ ǭȎȍȔȍ-
șȧȟȕȖȍ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȍ  ȋȖȌȈ [N 2] ȐȦȕȤ [ȹ ], ȈȊȋțșȚ
©ǷȈȘȕȈșșȒȐȑ ȡȍȗȍȚȐȓȤȕȐȒª — ȎțȘȕȈȓ ȐȏȌȈȊȈȊȠȐȑșȧ Ȋ ȔȈȍ-ȌȍȒȈȉȘȍ  ȋ
ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȍȔ ȥȚȕȖȋȘȈȜȖȔ Ȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȒȖȔ Ǵ Ǭ ǿțȓȒȖȊȣȔ -1792).
Ǯ ǶȘșȤȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ǵȍȚȚȍșȋȍȑȔșȒȐȑ
ǷțȉȓȐȒțȍȚșȧ ȗȖ ǶȘșȤȍ Ǯ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ǵȍȚȚȍșȋȍȑȔșȒȐȑ ǯȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȑ ȈȊȈȕȚȦȘȐșȚ
XVI Ȋ ǲȘȐȚȐȒȖ-ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȖȟȍȘȒ ǷȍȘ. ǩȘȖȕȐșȓȈȊȣ ǸțȕȚ ǷȖȌ ȘȍȌ ș ȊȊȍȌȍ-
ȕȐȍȔ Ȑ ȗȘȐȔ ǪȈȓȍȘȐȧ ǩȘȦșȖȊȈ ǹ ȗȘȐȓ ȚȘȍȝ șȚȈȚȍȑ ȘȍȌȈȒȚȖȘȈ ©ǶȒȓȍȊȍȚȈȕȕȣȑ

țȟȍȕȣȑª ©ǳȍȋȍȕȌȈ Ȗ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍª Ȑ ©ǹȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ Ȑ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȐ ȍȋȖ ȉȐȖȋȘȈ-
ȜȐȐª Ǵ 
ǰșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȋȖ ȐșȚȖȘȐȒȈ Ǯ ǶȘșȤȍ -1923) «Un adventurier
célèbre du XVI siècle: Cornélis Agrippaª ȉȣȓȖ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȖ Ȋ ȎțȘȕ ©La Re-
vue des Idéesª ȖȚ 15 șȍȕȚȧȉȘȧ 1910 ȋ ǶȚȌȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȒȕȐȎȕȖȍ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȍ Ȓ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț ȉȣ-
ȓȐ ȗȘȐȓȖȎȍȕȣ ȔȕȖȋȖȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȌȖȒțȔȍȕȚȣ — Orsier J. Henri Cornélus Agrippa: Sa
vie et son oeuvre d’apres sa correspondance (1486-1535) — ȊȣȠȓȖ Ȋ ǷȈȘȐȎȍ Ȋ  ȋ
ǷȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȎțȘȕȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧ ȖȟȍȘȒȈ ǶȘșȤȍ șȖȊȗȈȊȠȍȍ ș ȗȍȘȍȐȏȌȈȕȐȍȔ
ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȋȖ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȈ ȚȘțȌȖȊ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȣ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȊȣȗțȡȍȕȕȖȋȖ Ȋ XVIII Ȋ ȊȕȖȊȤ
— țȎȍ ȗȖșȓȍ ȎțȘȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ Ȑ ȌȊțȝ ȒȕȐȎȕȣȝ   ȗțȉȓȐȒȈȞȐȑ ©ǶȋȕȍȕȕȖȋȖ
ȈȕȋȍȓȈª — ȊȍȘȕțȓȖ Ǫ ȇ ǩȘȦșȖȊȈ Ȓ ȘȈȏȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧȔ Ȗ ȕȍȔȍȞȒȖȔ țȟȍȕȖȔ Ȑ ȥȏȖȚȍȘȐ-
Ȓȍ 1 ǷȍȘȊȣȔȐ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȈȔȐ Ȑȝ șȚȈȓȈ ȘȍȞȍȕȏȐȧ ©ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ǵȍȚȚȍșȋȍȑȔșȒȐȑª ©Ǹțș-
șȒȈȧ ȔȣșȓȤª  ȹ  Ȋ Ȓȕ ǶȘșȤȍ ș șȖȒȘȈȡȍȕȐȧȔȐ Ȑ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȗȖȌ ȏȈȋȓ
©ǶȒȓȍȊȍȚȈȕȕȣȑ țȟȍȕȣȑª Ȑ șȚȈȚȤȧ Ȗȉ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȍ Ȋ ©ǵȖȊȖȔ ȥȕȞȐȒȓȖȗȍȌȐȟȍșȒȖȔ
șȓȖȊȈȘȍª  ǵȍ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ șȖȔȕȍȊȈȚȤșȧ ȟȚȖ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȗȖ ȐȕȐȞȐȈȚȐȊȍ ǩȘȦșȖȊȈ
ȍȋȖ șȊȖȧȟȍȕȐȞȈ ǩ Ǵ ǸțȕȚ Ȋ ȏȈȔțȎ ǷȖȋȖȘȍȓȖȊȈ - ȊȏȧȓȈșȤ ȏȈ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌ Ȑș-
șȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ǶȘșȤȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ Ȑ ȊȣȠȓȖ Ȋ  ȋ Ȋ ȐȏȌȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȍ ©ǴțșȈȋȍȚª
Ǽ ǱȍȑȚș. ǶȒȒțȓȤȚȕȈȧ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȧ Ȑ ȔȈȋȐȧ
ǫȍȕȘȐȝ ǲȖȘȕȍȓȐȑ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ
ǷȍȘȍȊȖȌ C. ǹȚȈȘȖșȍȓȤșȒȖȋȖ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȍȕ ȗȖ: Yates F. The Occult Philosophy in the
Elizabethan Age. London-Boston-Henley  ǷȖȓȕȣȑ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌ ȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȒȕȐȋȐ Ȋ ȕȈș-
ȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȋȖȚȖȊȐȚșȧ ȕȈȔȐ Ȓ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȦ
ǬȈȔȈ Ǽ ǱȍȑȚș -1981) — ȉȘȐȚȈȕșȒȐȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȒ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȈ ȌțȝȖȊȕȖȑ
ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ ǪȖȏȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȋȖ ȥȏȖȚȍȘȐȏȔȈ ș ȕȈȟȈȓȈ -ȝ ȋȋ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȓȈ Ȋ ǰȕșȚȐ-
ȚțȚȍ ǪȈȘȉțȘȋȈ ǸȈȉȖȚȣ ǱȍȑȚș ȓȍȋȓȐ Ȋ ȖșȕȖȊț ȞȍȓȖȋȖ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȐșȚȖȘȐȒȖ-ȒțȓȤȚțȘ-
ȕȣȝ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȑ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȌȍșȧȚȐȓȍȚȐȧ ȍȍ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ ȗȖȌȊȍȘȋȓȐșȤ șțȡȍ-
șȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȘȍȊȐȏȐȐ ǵȈ ȘțșșȒȐȑ ȧȏȣȒ ȗȍȘȍȊȍȌȍȕȣ ȍȍ ȒȕȐȋȐ ©ǬȎȖȘȌȈȕȖ ǩȘțȕȖ Ȑ ȋȍȘȔȍ-
ȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȧª ©ǰșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȗȈȔȧȚȐª ©ǸȖȏȍȕȒȘȍȑȞȍȘșȒȖȍ ǷȘȖșȊȍȡȍȕȐȍª Ȑ ȌȘ
1 ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ Ⱥɝɪɢɩɩɵ ɭ Ȼɪɸɫɨɜɚ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɷɬɚ ɟɝɨ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɦ ɜ ɤɧ
Ȼɪɸɫɨɜ ȼ ɋɩɢɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤ Ɇɟɞɢɭɦɢɡɦ ɢ ɷɡɨɬɟɪɢɤɚ (Salamandra P.V.V., 2020).

ǼǱǹǮǰǹǳǻǶǳ
ǸȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȍ Ȗ ȔȖȕȈȠȍșȒȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ
6
Ƕ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌșȚȊȍ Ȑ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȍ ȎȍȕșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȈ
19
ǰȏ ȚȘȈȒȚȈȚȈ ©Ƕ ȕȍȌȖșȚȖȊȍȘȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȚȡȍȚȍ ȕȈțȒ Ȑ ȐșȒțșșȚȊª
43
Ǯ ǶȘșȤȍ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ ǵȍȚȚȍșȋȍȑȔșȒȐȑ ǯȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȣȑ ȈȊȈȕȚȦȘȐșȚ XVI Ȋ
49
Ǽ ǱȍȑȚș ǶȒȒțȓȤȚȕȈȧ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȧ Ȑ ȔȈȋȐȧ ǫȍȕȘȐȝ ǲȖȘȕȍȓȐȑ ǨȋȘȐȗȗȈ 108
ǲȖȔȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȐ
122

ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ ɢ ɬɩ
SALAMANDRA P.V.V.