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7

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ITH, no KOTOpbIM ocymecTBm:JeT.
cn ynpaBJIeHHe 1.IaCrOTOH reHe.
paTOpa rr!,H rrepel\a4e CHrH3JIOB
TY H TC. OOPHI\OK HCrrOJIb30-
BaHHH BBOJjOB reHep3TopOB
JJ f H ll.f rrOKa3aH B Ta6,1. 1.2.
Ha pHC. 1-2 rrpeJjCTaBJIeHa
cxeMa nepe,1\aH CHrHaJIOB TY.
a Ha pHC. 1-3 - cxeMu rrepe.
l\aH CHrHaJIOB TC B D:U CHCTe-
M lJD:U rrYHKTa 3TOH CHCTeMbl.
B HopMa.'tbHoM COCTOHHHH BbIBO-
,1\bI 4 If 9 reHepaTopa ll.f (CM.
pHC. 1.2) COel\HHeHbl epe3 Tbl,lOBOH KOHTaKT pe,le f, a BblBO,1\ 1 If 2-
4epe3 T,lOBOi\ KOHTaKT pc.le AI1; B KaHa,l TY nocTynaeT aCTOTa f,y-
Opa JH:'pe,aa 1 !e ('HrH3JI3 TY n030ymJIaeTCff pe1e r lIepe3 TbfJIOBOii
Ko»TaKT AM, lWHTpo.rmpYlOliHi'1 OTC')'TcTBHe CHfHaJIa TC, H Tb1JHmoft
KoH1aKT pe,le A, rrpoBepHIOw,HH rOTOBHOClb nepe,1\alOw,Hx YCTpOrICTB.
PeJIe f npHTHrHsaeT HKOpb H H3MeHHeT acToTY B KaHaJIe TY Ha foy;
3areM Hal-J.HHaeT pa6orC11b pe'leHHb1H pacnpe,ne.iJ.HTe.TJb, 113MemtlOlllHii
aCTOTY reHep2Topa ll.f epe3 lIaCTpOe'IHble uerrH 'IH H HH (CM.
IIITpHXOBYIO ,1HHHIO Ha pHC 1-2), B036Y>K,1\aIOTCH pe,le E H A. 3aKaH-
'lHBaeTCH nepel1.3l13 pa3MblK3HHeM u.enH 06MOTJm pe.TJe B KOHTal{TaMH
r---, r----, r--,
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lfaCTOTblrc- CoeAHHeHbl BblBON
HepaTop;l
I /l,Mr. Bbl60pa I ,." no,",,_
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18
lH
PHC. 1-3. CxeMa nepe.l1.aqH CHfHaJlOB IC Ha J1HHeifHOM nYllKTe CHCTeMbi 1.IJJ.U
peJle-CuenHKOB 9 H 10 H peJle nOBTOpHOi! pa60Tbi CqenHKOB Pil,
OmycK81! I!KOpb, peJle B pa3pblBaeT u,enb nHTaHHH 06MOTKH
pe.1e r.
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TaKTa CllrHa.1a TJI (qaCTOTa f3y ) 8036Y2Kl\aeTCI! peM A H 06pbfBaeT
u,enH B036y2Kl\eHI1I! peJle B H r, TIpenHTCT8Yl! nepel\aqe CHrHaJlOB TC
.11.0 OKollqaHHI! TIpHeMa CHrHaJla TY. DpH H3MeHeHHI1 COCTOI!H>!1! Ka.
KOro-JlH60 H3 06'beKTOB KpaTKOBpeMeHHO 06pblBaeTcI! Yl\ep2KI1BalOw.al!
u,enb peJle H, KOTopoe OTlIYCKaeT I!KOpb 11 3aMblKaeT u,enb B036Y 2K .D. e -
HHI! COOTBeTCTBYIOw.ero peJle B. ECJlH 06a K3HaJla CB060.D.Hbf, T. e. TbI-
JlOBbie KOHTaKTbI peJle A 11 il 3aMKHyTbI, pe.1e B B036y2K.D.aeTCI! H no-
.D.aeT nHT aHHe B cxeMY renepaTopa Jl r; B TIOCJleI\He'd cJlyqae npHTI!'
rH8aeT I!KOpb peJle K H 3aMbIKaeT u,enb B036Y2Kl\eHI1I! peJle r. JIHHell-
Hblil rellepaTOp nO.D.KJllOqaeTCI! K JlHHeHHOH u,eTIH 11 TIOCbfJlaeT B KaHaJl
TC HRqaJlbHblH TaKT CHrHaJia TC.
DOCT LI.IJ: B OTBeT M02KeT nOCJlaTb B KaHRJI TY CHrHaJl pa3pewe.
HHI! Ha nepe.D.aqy qaCTOTOIl f2y HJlH HaqaTb nepe)J,aqy CHmaJia TY !LO-
la

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MblKaeTCH y.n.epJKHBalO[J1aH uenb peJIe r H uenb B036YJK.n.eHHH peJIe ll.
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HOM COCTOHHHH 6JIOKa JIW (BbIBO.n. 1-9). BJIOK JIW HaqHHaeT nepe-
.n.aqy CHfllaJIa TC; B 31'0 BpeMH B036YJK.n.eHHoe peJIe B nOJIyqaeT nHTa-
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HbIKaeTCH uenb B036YJK.n.enHH peJIe H, HaqaBlllefO nepe.n.aqy. 3aKall-
qHBaH nepe)\aqy, 6JIOK JIW npeKpa[J1aeT nHTaHHe peJIe B, KOTopoe
3aTe!d omYCI<ZeT HKOpb, OTKJIlOqaH 01' JIHHeHnOH uenH feHepaTOp JI r.
OOCT .r:U.L npeKpa[J1aeT nOCblJIKY qaCTOTbl '2y ; YCTpo(!CTBa npIlxo.D.HT
B HopMa.'biloe COCTOHilHe. Bo B'COpOM cJIyqae peJIe A B036YJKi\a"TCH,
a peJIe r JIHllIaeTCH nHTaHHH; nepellaqa CHrnaJIa TC 3ai\epJKIIBaeTCH
.n.o OKOHqaHHH nepe)\aqH CHfHaJIa TY.
Ha nocTy .1J:1..\ npll nocTynJIeIlHH HaqaJIbHOfO TaKTa CHfHa."a TC
npHTHfllBalOT HKOpH peJIe AIf H llAIf: TblJIOBblM KOHTaKTOM 13 peJIe
AIf 06pblBaeTcH uenb KOIl.n.eHcaTopa C 2 H B KaHaJI TY nocTynaeT qaCTO'
.Ta f,y. TblJIOBblM KOHTaKTOM 33 peJIe llAIf pa3MblKaeTcH uenb, q,HKCH-
pVlo[J1aH 6JIOK ll.!l.W H .n.pyrylO npHeMHYIO annapaTYPY B HOpMaJIbHOM
COCTOHHHH. 3aTeM OCY[J1eCTBJIHeTCH npHeM CHfllaJIa TC. Koma npHeM
CHrnaJIa TC npeKpa[J1aeTCH, omYCKalOT HKOpb peJIe AIf H llAH; B Ka-
Ha." TY nocTynaeT qaCTOTa fly H YCTpoHcTBa npHxo.n.HT B HOpMaJIh-
Hoe COCTOHHHe. ECJIH nepe.n.aqa CHfHaJIa TC He06b1qHO 3aTHfHBaeTCH,
TO omYCKaeT HKOpb peJIe KllIf. a 3'1 HHM - peJIe AIf H llAIf; .n.o 01'-
nailaHIIH HKOpH peJIe llAIf H npHTHJKeIlHH peJIe Kll If pe.,e .4 fl He
MO>KeT BHOBb I1!1HT5myTb HKopb. 00 TaKOH cxeMe JI,3JIee paCCMaTpnBa-
eTCH nOCTpoeilHe H pa60Ta JIHHeHHblX Y3JIOB CHCTeM lJ.LI.U-M II
4LI.U-66.
L\JIH CHCTeMbl lJLI.I..\-M aHaJIOfllqHble cxeMbl nOCTa LI.U H JIHHerl-
1I0ro nyilKTa npllHe)\eHbI COOTBeTC'CBeHHO Ha pHC. 1-4 H 1-5. no' cpaB-
HeilHIO C cHcTeMoH lJLI.1..\ cxeMbl YCJIOJKHHJIHCb B CBH3H C pa3i\eJIbHOH
nocbUtKoH BcrrOMoraTeJIhHbIX CHl'HaJIOB 3aHHTQCTH H pa3pelllem,}H Ha
rrepp,:I:jlIY CHrHaT(a TC, a TaK}Ke II CHH3H C KBHTHpOBaHHe!.\rl npHeMa
CHfIla.'la TY. CxeMa ynpaBJIeHHH qaCTOTOH feilepaTopa ll.r (CM. pHC.
1-4) o,jecneqHSaeT: nOCbWKY B KaHaJI TY qaCTOTbl f 4y B HopMa."bHblX
YCJIOBHHX; nocbl.1KY HaqaJIbilOfO TaKTa CHfllaJIa TY qaCTOTOir fly : no-
CbI.'KY '!aCTOTbI f,y (CHrnaJI 3aHHTVCTH) nOCJIe B036YJKlleHHH pe."e
AIf; JlOCblJIKy qaCTOTbI f3y (CHfHaJI pa3pellieIlHH) nOCJIe npHTHJKeHHH
HKOpH peJIe llAIf H omallaIlHH peJIe OllAIf; nOCblJIKY qaCTOTbl f4y
nOCRe oma.n.aIlHH HKOpH peJIe AIf. npH 31'0M Uenb, q,HKCHpYIO[J1aH
6.'IOK ll.!l.lll H B<'e npHeMHbIe YCTpOHCTBa B HOpMaJIbHOM COCTOHHHH,
pa3MblKaeTCH TOJIbKO nOCJIe OTna.n.aHHH HKOpH peJIe OllAH. B COBO-
KynilOCTH C nOCblJIKOH CHfllaJIa 3aHHTOCTH (.n.JIHTeJIbHOCTblO 50-
60 MeeK) 31'0 MeponpHHTHe 3a[J1H[J1aeT npHeMilYIO annapaTYPY 01' JIOJK-
HblX cpa6aTblBaIlHH 3a CqeT nepexo.n.HbIX npoueccoB, B03HHKalO[J1HX npH
nOi\KnlOqeHHH K JIHlleHilOH uenH JIHHel\Hblx nYHKTOB .n.JIH nepe.n.aqH
CHrnaJIOB TC.
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HOBJleHO peJIe II BY, cpa6aTblBalO[J1ee Ha nOCJIei\HeM TaKTe CHfHaJia
14

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flAil
PRC. }-4. CxeMa r;epeJJ;aqH CHrHaJ!a TY Ha nOCTY .QU CHCTeMbI 1.J:.QU-M
TY, eCJIH no KaHaJIY TC B 9'1'0 IJpeMH nocTynaeT CHrHaJI KBHTHpOBa-
HHH H peJIe AH npHTHrHBaeT HKOpb. TblJIOBOH KOHT3KT peJIe nBJI pa3-
pblBaeT uenH nHTaHHH peJIe OnAH H r, 3aTeM BCH cxeMa npHXOI\HT B
HOpM3JIbHOe COCTOHHHe. ECJIH CHrHaJI KBHTHpOB3HHH He nocTynHJI, TO
uenb peJIe r 06pblBaeTCH KOHTaKTOM peJIe B, HMelO!I(ero 3aMel\.eHHe
Ha OTnal\aHHe. OI\HaKO B 3TOM CJIyqae peJIe Hr, KOHTaKT KOropbIX Ha.
XOI\HTCH B uenH B036yJKI\eHHH peJIe r, He c6paCblBalO'fCH KOHTaKTOM
pe.e nBJI (Ha cxeMe He nOKa3aH) H nepel\aqa CHrHaJIa TY, nOBTopH-
eTCH MHorOKpaTHO nOKa I\HCneTqep He 3aMeTHT 3Toro H He BOcnO.1b3Y-
eTCH K[JanKOH K03 I\JIH HCK¥cTBeHHoro B036yJKI\eHHH peJIe nBJ'.
Ha JIHHeHHOM nYHKTe .l:J:l.I, CHCTeMb[ ljJl.l.I,-M peJIe r HMeeT nOB-
TOpHTeJIb nr, KOHTaKTaMH KOTOporo nOI\KJIlOqaeTCH BbIXOI\ JIr K JIH-
Hei\Hoi\ uenH. B CJIyqae nepel\aqH no KaHMy TC CHrHaJIa KBHTHpOBa-
HHH npHeMa CHrHaJIa TY peJIe r He B036YJKAaeTCH; peJIe nr H reHe-
pamp JI r nOJIyqalOT nHTaHHe no uenHM, 0603HaqeHHbIM KB Ha pHC.
1-5. C ue.1blO YCKopeHHH oCB060)Kl\eHHH KaHaJIa npH OKOHqaHHH ne.
pel\aqH CHrHaJIa TC, Yl\epJKHBalO!I(aH uenb peJIe r BO BpeMH nepel\aqH
CHrHaJIa TC nOJlyq3eT nHT3HHe qepe3 BblBOI\ /./0 6JIOKa JIm H peJIe r
nepBbIM OTnycKaeT HKOpb, KOrl\a WHq,paTOp 3aKaHqHBaeT nepel\3qy,
npH nepel\aqe CHTHaJIa TC MOJKHO OTMe'fHTb c.1el\YIO!I(He COCTOH:
15

18 fiB
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cO,  r  -- H - "ikl r
I flY I I /-10
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n6 I _I
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n6: 6Hrmh"'Y
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HHH cxeMbl peJle r: 1) B036YJK!leHHe peJle r '1epe3 q,POHToBble KOH-
TaKTbl peJle n B H K H TbIJlOBble KOHTaKTbI peJle A H n npH 06H3a-
TeJlbHOM nocTynJlenHH '1aCTOTU f,y ; 2) nOJlY'IeHHe CHrHaJia 3aHHTO-
CTH ( f 2y ); B036YJK!leHHOe peJle r H IllHq,paTop JIlli nOJlY'IaIOT nH-
TaHHe '1epe3 TblJlOBOH KoHTaKT peJIe n H c06cTDeHIlblH KOHTaKT peJle
r; 3) nOJlY'IeHHe CHrHaJl3 p33pellleHHH ( hy): peJle r H 6J10K JIIIl
nOJly'WIOT nHTaHHe '1epe3 KOHT3KTbi peJle nOH H n2H, peJIe n B03"
6¥JKilaeTCn; 4) B03BpaT K HopMaJlbHoMY COCTOHHHIO KaHaJla TY
(f,y ); uenb peJle r " 6J10Ka JIlli 060pBaHa TbIJlOBblM KOHTaKTOM
peJle n; peJle r, a 3a HHM nr H n ornycKalOT HKOP\!.
TIpH nOJIy1JeHHH BMeCTO CHrHaJIa 33HHTOCTH Ha4aJIbHorO T3KTa
CHrHaJla TY (fly ) uenb peJle r 06pbIBaeTcH TblJlOBbiM KOHTaKTOM
B036YJK!lalOI!(erOCH peJle A. !..Lenb BOCCT3HOBJleHHH peJle H B CHCTeMe
4J],!..L-M YCJlOJKHeHa !lJlH JlY'lllleH 3aI!(HTbI OT B03MOJKHOCTH npeJK!le"
BpeMeHHoro B036YJK!leHHH peJle H, Korj\a nepej\a'la CllrH3J1a TC 6u-
Jla nepe6HTa 60."ee 6J1113KIIM K BOCTY J],!..L JlHHeHllbiM nYIIKToM H
(j>aKTHtIeCKH He COCTOHJt8Cb. ..
16

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06
PHe. 1.6. CxeMa nepe.nal[1f CHmaJ10B TY H3 noCTY IlL.{ CHCTeMbI Q.z:I.l..{-66
CxeMa rrOCTa .LLU CI1CTeMbI lJ.LLU-66 (pHC. 1-6) He3Ha'!HTeJI.bI10 OT-
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3aHO JIHlIIb C rrepel\aer, Cl1rHaJIa KBHTI1pOBaHHH rrpl1eMa Cl1maJIa TC-
C oTOH lI.eJIblO B cxe"y yrrpaBJIeI1HSI acToTof, reHepaTopa lI,F BBe)\eH
KOHTaKT peJIe OK. rrpoBepnlOlIIero, 'ITO Cl1maJI TC 6bIJI rrpHHSlT rroJI-
HOCTblO, 11 113Mel1HIOlIIerO qaCToTY pa3pelIIeHI1H nepel\a'!I1 t" l1a qa-
CTOTY KBHTHpoBaHHSI t2y. ECJIH JKe npHeM CHmaJIa TC l1e COCTOHJICH
II peJIe OK He B036YI\HJIOCb, TO omYCKaeT HKOpb peJIe KflN 11 113Me-
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HOro MeJK)\Y BblBOl\aMI1 4 11 5 6JIOKa ur.
OC06el1110CTblO cxeMbI rrepeJ\aqH CHmaJIOB TC JIHHeI1Horo rryH1<Ta
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3-4. 06MoTKa 1-2 I1MeeT 06b1q11YIO !lerrb B036YJKJ\eI1HH H Yl\epx<H-
BalOlIIYIO !lenb, rrpoxoJ\SllIIYIO qepe3 <ppOI1TOBOH KOHTaKT peJIe flAH
11 rrOJIyqalOlIIYIO nHTaI1He 11.1111 qepe3 TblJI090H KOI1TaKT peM fl, ":,"
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11

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HOpMaJlbHblX YCJlOBHX y)!,epJKHBalOUJ,a lI.enb o6pblBaeTC H peJIe r
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)!,BYX cJlyqaHX; KorAa nepeAaqy nepe6HBaeT CHrHaJI TY (qepe3 KOH-
TaKT 412 peJIe F) H KorAa B KaHaJI TY BMecTO CHrBaJIa KBHTHpoBa-
HH nOCblJlaeTC qaCToTa f4y (qepe3 KOHTaKT 422 peJle F); c6poc pe.le
r oCYllI.ecTBJIeTc npOTHBOTOKOM.
npHHIIHlI nOCTpOellH npHeMHblX YCTPOHCTB nOCTa Ll.U CHCTeMbl
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I(aTblO TpHrrepHblMH perRCTpHpYIOUJ,HMH 6JIOKaMH 1 P, 2P. ..., 20P,
cOOTBeTcTBYIOUJ,HMH 20 TaKTaM CHrRaJla Te. 1..Jepe3 BblBO)!,bI 7 H
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CHrRaJIa TC.
18

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2H3, .... 9H3 perHcTpHpYIOT aKTHBHb!e TaKTbI H36HpaTeJIbHOii'laCTH.
a peJJe 1 HG, 2HG, .... IOHG - aKTHBHb!e TaKTb! HCnOJIHHTeJIbllOii
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6.10KOB lOP, 11 P, .... 19P. pa3pe!lJaeT B036yJKI\eHHe peJIe HG.
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6J10KOB P MOJKeT npHHHMaTb H36HpaTeJlbHYlO 'JaCTb cJJe!(YlOmero CHr-
HaJJa rc. TOrl\a KaK peaJlH3anHH npHHHToro paHee H 3aperHCTpHpO-
BRHlloro Ha pe.1e H3 H HC CHrHaJI" TC erne He 3aKOH'Iella. 3;r0 1\0-
CTHraerCH rrpHMeHeHHeM 3aMe,IJ.JJeHHOrO Ha OrnalI..aHHe H BK.rIlO1JeHH(}.
ro '1epe3 Tb!JIOBOOHTaKT peJIe OJ( peJIe K3. '1epe3 KOHTaKT KOTO-
poro npOXOI\HT Yl\ep'JKHBalOmaH nenb peJJe OK. B CBOIO O'lepei\b pe-
JJe OK 3aMb!KaeT Yl\epJKHBalOmHe nenH peJIe H3 H HC. a TaK-
me nOi\aeT 3anHpalOmHi! nOTeHnHaJJ Ha BbIBOl\bI 9 6JIOKOB 1 p.
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6JIOKOB P.
3TH JKe npHHnHnbl HCnOJIb30BaHbI H B CHCTeMe 4LU.L-66 (pHC. 1-9)_
Pa3JIH'IHe 3aKJIIO'IaeTCH B OCHOBHOM B npHMeHeHHH peJJe flaK i\JJH
YCKopeHHif oCB060JKI\ellHH peJIe OK. nepel\alOu\eru B noii CHCTeMe
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cTpoeHHII ,1I,BOi'IHOii y.oinaKTIloi'! nnpaMH,1I,bI (pHC. 1-10. a) ,1I,JIII Bb!6opa
H B036YJK,1I,eHHII rpynnoBoro peJIe B; I(enb B036YJK,1I,eHHII peJIe B nl"O-
XO,1l,HT TaKJKe Qepe3 q,pOHTOB0I1 KOHTaKT peJIe OK (B CHCTeMe lJLl.U-M}
HJIH flOK (B CHCTeMe lJLl.U-66). CXeMa BKJIIOQeHHII HeiiTpaJIb-
HbIX KOHTpOJIbHbIX nOCTOBblX peJIe Qepe3 KOHTe.KTbI peJIe HC H B no-
Ka3ana Ha p!lc. 1-10,6. AnaJIOmQHall cxeMa ,11,."11 pc.'!e C MarHHTHOH
6JIOKnpOBKoii H306paJKeHa Ha pHC. 1-10,8. Pe.'le C MarHHTHoII 6,10KH-
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20

pOBKOli ypepH<HBalOT I1KOpb npIlTI1HYTblM, He nOTpeOJJHI1 TOK3. JlKOpb
om3paeT B pe3YJJbTaTe nponYCKa 4epe3 06MOTKY peM He6oJJhIllOrO
TOKa 06paTHoH nOJJBpHOCTH (4epe3 pe3HCTOp Ru), He,1\OCTa1'04Horo
/l,JJI1 npHTH)J{eHHB BKOpl1 peJle.
3. nPHH4Hnbl nOCTPOEHHA CHCTEM A4 C 4HKnHifECKHM KOHTPonEM
BbIllie Y)J{e 6bIJJO cKa3aHO 0 npH4HHax nOHBJIeHHI1 CHCTeM ,lJ,U C
LWKJIH4eCKHM KOHTpOJIeM H npeHMyuLecTH3x 3THX CHcreM no cpaB-
IleHHlO C CHC'feMaMH ,lJ,U cnopa/l,H4eCKoro ,1\eHcTBHB. O,1\HaKO npaKTH-
tIeCKoe nocrpoeHHe CHcreM .aU C QHKJIHlJeCKHM ]<mnpo.rleM CBH3aHO
c npHMCHeHHeM HOBblX reXHWleCKHX pemeftHH: H HOBblX CneQH<t>HlJe
CKHX cxeMHbix Y3JtOB, HaJ1HlJHe KOTOpblX B u6weM cJtYlJae npHBollHT
K YC.'lOH<HeHlflO H ypopOH<aHHlO amJap3rYPbI. 3ro 3acraBJII1er 04eHb
OCMOrpliTeJIbHO no):{xOJI.lfTb K onpe.n.eJ1eHHlO Xapa!{TepHCTHK CHCTeMbl
,U C UHKJIH4eCKHM KOHTpOJJeM H K Bbl60py npHIIUH110B H c11oc060B
nocrpoeHHH arrnaparypbI CHcreMbl, 4T06b1 H36eM3Tb 113. f IHllIHHX Ii He-
OnpaB,1\aHHLIX paCXO,1\OB,
Ba)J{HeHweH xapaKTepHCTHKOil ,lJ,U C UHKJJH4eCKHM KOHrpOJIeM
HB.r!5'!erCH AJIHTeJIbHOCTb IJ.HKJIa npoBepKH COCTOHHHH ycrpoHcTB, no-
CKOJIbKY npH H3BeCTHOH H 3apaHHoH eMKOCrH CHCTeMbI (OHa onpe,1\e-
JlReTCH pa-CqeTHOH OCH3ill..eHHOCTblO JI.l1cnertlepCKOro Y43CTKa) 3TO on
pe,1\eJJl1eT nOTpe6HYlO CKOpOCTb nepepa4H HH.pOpM3UHH, 4HCJJO KaHaJJOB
If !I.pyrHe napaMerpbI, CHJtbHO BJIHHlOIllHe H3 CTOlI:\10CTb H Ha.n.e}KHOCTb
KaHaJIoo6pa3YlOIlIeii annapaTypbI.
,lJ,JJB pa3,1\eJJeHHB BO BpeMeHH nepe,1\34H HH.pOpM3UHH C pa3JJH4-
HbIX .iIHUeHHbIX nYHKTOB nepeA31Oll.I,He H npHeMHbie YCTpOH.cTB3 II,U
.n.Q.TI:tK"LI 6bITb OXBalIeHbI o6wei-i CHCTeMOH CHHXPOHH3cU.{HH. Cnocof)
ocyweCTBJIeHHH CHHxpOHH3aQHH 3HalJHTeJIbHO Bv'1HHeT Ha CTOHMOCTh
annaparypbJ Ha JJlJHeiIHbIX nYHKrax.
B')J{IIOH np06JJeMoH I1BJIBeTCB p3UHOHaJIbHOe nOCTpoeHHe npIJeM-
HbIX YCTPOHCTB Ha nOCTY LJU. CHcreMbI LJU 06JI3,1\3IOT rpOMa,1\HOil
eMKOCTblO (no cp3BHeHHIO C CHCTeMaMH TY-TC HHora Ha3Ha4eHHB)
no 4HCJJy KOHrpOJIHpyeMbIx 06'beKToB. 3TO 3Ha4Hr, 4TO ycrpOHCTBa
JJ,JJI1 npHeMa H pacIlIH<jJpoBKH CHrHaJIOB TC Ha nOCTY LJU ,1\O.")J{Hbl
HMeTb OlIeHb 60JIbllJOe lJHCJIO BbIXOAOB (B O1'e t leCTBeHHbIX CHCTeMax
cnopapH4ecKoro peHCTgHI1 OT 840 ,1\0 1 280 no 4HCJIY KOHTpO,"Hpye-
MblX 06'beKToB). Ha Ka)J{,1\OM BbIXO,1\e 06bI4HO BK."104aerCB &JIeKrpO-
M3rHHl'I-IOe nOCTOBoe KOHTpOJIbHOe pe.1Je 06'beKT3, KOHT3KTbI KOToporo
Hcno.rlb3VlOTCH B (':xeMe HH.n.HK3QHH COCTOHHHH YCTPOHCTH Ha CBeTO
BOM Ta6JJo, a TaK)J{e B CXeMe nOe3,1\Orpa.pa. '-IHC,"O KOIITaKTOB 3THX
peJ1e AOBOJIbHO BeJIHKO, a n03ToMY K3)KAbIH BblXO,!J. Jl.OJI)KeH 6b1Tb
pacc4HTaH lIa BbIXO,1\HYIO MOlliHOCTb nOpl1,1\Ka HeCKO.%KHX Ba11'. LJJIH
CHH)J{eHHB CTOHMOCTH nOCTOBbIX YCTpOHCTB LJU Ba)J{HO nOJIY4HTb 3TO
60J1bLUoe lJHCJIO ,llOBOJIbHO MOWHblX BblXO.n.OB Ha pe.rre npH H::'IHMeHb-
weM 4HCJJe BbIXO,1\OB H3 6eCKoHT3KTHoH KOPOBO;' anna paTvpbI, ocyl11e-
CTBJJHlOn\eH nplleM H pacwH.ppoHKy CHrHaJIOB Te. .
21

B CHCTCMaX JJ.U cnopaJJ,R'ICCKOrO JJ,CiiCTBHSI 9Ta aaJJ,a'la pC1ll, aCTCSI
J{aK H3BCCTHO, UpHMCHCHHCM Ha nOCTY JJ.U HCOOJIb1ll0rO '1RCJIa pem-
<:TpHPYlOlIJ,HX pCJIC H MHoroKOHTaKTHblX pCJIC rpynnoBoro H36HpaHHS!,
<I TaKJKC rpynnoBbix pCJIC, KaJK)10C H3 KOTOpblX yupaBJU1CT )1CCHTblO
BbIXOJJ,aMH. B CHCTCMaX JJ.U C QHKJIH'ICCKHM KOHTpOJICM nax'J)1HT
npHMeHeHHe pa3JIH1{Hble peweHHH raKOM: 3aJtaQH.
HMCIOTCH 3apy6cJKHbiC CHCTCMbI QHKJIH'ICCKOrO )1cikTBHH, B KOTO-
pblX 3Ta 3BJJ,a'la pcmCHa nYTCM opraHH3aQHH 60JIbmOrO 'IHCJIa MOU(-
lIb!X BblX0)10B OCCKOHTaKTHOK annapaTypbl, paBHoro '1HCJIY KOHTpO-
.JIHpyeMbix 06"bCKTOB. B OTe'leCTBeHHblX CHCTeMax npHMeHeHbl oOJlee
SKOHOMHQHble pemeHHH.
npeJJ,eJIbHaH JJ,.1IlTeJIbHOCTb QHK.la npoaepKH B OTe'leCTBel1HblX
<:HCTeMax JJ.U C QHKJIH'IeCKHM KOHTpOJleM npHHHTB OKOJIO 5.ceK. npH
sbloope 3TOH BeJIH'IHHbl He Y'lHTbtBaJICH TaKoif, Ka3aJIOCb Obi, BamHb';'
ifJOKa3are.rIb, KaK nOrepH lIoe3AHoro BpeMeHH H3 OIKHJtaHlie KOMaHJI.bl,
nOCbIJIKa KOTOpOK C nOCTa JJ.U HaXOJJ,UTCH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT UOJIY-
<JeHHH KaKOrO-JIH60 CHrHaJIa TC, UOCKOJIbKY B YCTpoifcTBax JJ.U npe-
.)1YCMaTpHBaeTCH B03MOJKHOCTb npe)1BapHTeJIbHOrO 3aJJ,aHHH O.Horo
a,iapmpy,.a C HH)1HKaQHeiinpe)1BaHTeJIbHO 3aJJ,aHHoro MapmpYTa Ha
'TaOJIO. BepOSlTHOCTb TaKHX cHTyaQHi'r, npH KOTOpblX JJ,HcneT'Iep He
;MO>KeT BOrnOJIb30BaTbCH ::JTOH: n03MOIKHOCTbIO. HeBeJIHKa.
Her He06xo;:\HMOCTH TaKJKe IICXO)1Hrb H3 Tpe60BaHHH, '1TOOb' 3a-
'HHTHe KaJK1\OI'O CTpeJIO'lHOro Y'laCTKa npoxo;:\S!lIJ,HM noe3;:\OM OTpaJKa-
JIOCb Ha Ta6JIo. ECJIH B paHHHX CHCTeMax JJ.U 3TO RMeJIO 3Ha'lCHHC,
lIOCKOJIbKY nOe3)10rpa<jJ OTMe'laJI 3aHSlTHe CTpeJIO'lHblX Y'lacTKoB H no
3THM OTMeTKaM C03;:\aBaJICS! rpa<jJHK HcnOJIHeHHOro )1BHmeHHH noe3-
JJ,OB, TO B COBpeMeHHblX CHCTeMax noe3;:\orpa<jJ OTMe'laeT 3aHHTHe CTaH-
IJ,HOHHbIX nyreif H 6JIOK-YlIaCTKOB H He QTMeqaeT 3aHHTHH crpe.rlotIHh!X
yqaCTKOB. E)1HHCTBeHHoif cxeMoif Ha nOCTY JJ.U, B KOTOpoif Y'IaCTBY-
:JOT KOHTaKTbl KOHTpOJIbHbIX peJIe. CTpeJIOQHblX yqaCTKOB, HBJUleTCH
.cxeMa OTMeTKH rO.10Bb! noe3JJ,a Ha npHeMHOM nYTH.
B HaCTOHn(ee BpeMH H3 3TOif cxeMbi HCKJIIO'IeHbl KOHTaKTbI CTpe-
.JIOqHbIX KOHTpOJIbHblX peJIe, 1{TO nOTpe60BaJIO. OAHaKO, opraHH3aIHH
Ha UOCTY JJ.U KOHTpOJIH COCTOHHHH MapmYTHoro 3aMb1KalOlI(CrO pe-
-lIe 80 BXO.lI.HbIX rOpJIOBHHaX Ha craHQHHX. .9ra HHTepeCHaH cxeMa
npHBeJJ,eHa Ha pHC. I-II )1JIH peJIe Y H3 YKa3aTeJIH rOJIOBbl He'leTHOrO
>JIOC3;:\a Ha TpeTbeM nYTH npHMepHOK naHQHH. CorJIaCIIO cxeMe pe.le
>BoaOYJKJJ,aeTCS! npH 3a;:\aHHH Mapmyl"a npHeMa He'leTHOrO UOe3)1a Ha
nYTb 317 (peJIe KCHl7 B036yJK;:\eHO). npH 3aMblK3HHH MapmpYTa
f!pHeMa (peJIe 3H B036YJK)1eHO) 3aMbtKaeTCH Y)1epJKHBa!OlIJ,"H Qenb
pCJIe YH8; npH 3aHHTHH noe3;:\OM nYTH upHeMa y;:\epJKHBalOlIJ,aH Qcnb
3aMbiKaeTCS! TaKJKe KOHTaKTOM KOHTpOJIbHOrO UYTeBoro peJle Kn.1.
npH 3a;:\aHHH Mapmpyra OrnpaBJIeHHH C UYTH 3n B '1eTHUM ""npaB-
eHHH (eJIe KC'lO H KMH3 B030YJK)1eHbI) 06MOTKa peJIe YH3 3a-
MblKael"CS! HaKopOTKO (pe3HCTOp Ro OrpaHH'IHBaeT TOK KopOTKoro 3a-
MblKaUHH) H HKOpb peJIe YH3 OTUai(aeT. TaKHM oopa30M, npIIBe)1eR'
'HaS! cxeMa BblnO.HS!el' Bce lIeOOXO;:\RMbie CPYRKQRII oca BBeJJ,eR!!SI B
Hee KOHT"KTOB IWHTPOJIbUbiX pCJJe CTpeJIO'lHblX Y'IaCTKoB.
22

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PHC. 1.11. HOB'"
cxeMa HH.l(HKau,HIt
UOJIOBbI» uoeS.l(a
M3KCIIM3JIbH311 J\JIIITeJIbHOCTb QHKJI3 npOBepKH 6blJI3 onpeJJ:eJIe'
113 C yqeTOM Tpe60B3Hllii K J\OCTOBepHOCTil KOHTpOJII1 3aHRTOCTil CTaH-
UIIOHHOrO nYTil IIJIII 6JIOK-yqaCfKa. I1PIIHS!" J\OnYCTIIMYIO BepOI1THOCTb
OmHOKH q II nepOI1THQCTb J\OCTOBepHOrO npileMa Oi\IIHoqHOrO CllrHa-
JIa TC, paBHYIO p, nOJIyqHM npH qHCJIe QII!WOB S:
(I-p)'=q,
OT KY J\a
log q
log (I-p)
(I-I)
I1epeJ\aqa S QHKJIOB J\JIHTeJIbHOCTblO T J\OJI>KHa 6blTb 06eCneqeHa
sa BpeMH HaXO>K.II.eHHH 1l0e3Aa, C.lJeAYIowero C MaKCHMaJIbHOH CKOpO
CTblO 11 no yqaCTKY MHHHMaJIbHOii J\JIHHbI I, qTO MO>KeT 6blTb Bblpa-
:>KeHO paBeHcTlloM
1=1IsT.
C yqeTOM paBeHcTBa (I-I) nOJIyqHM
(1-2)
T
I log (I-p)
v log q
([-3)
I1pHHHMal1 p=0,98. q=10-5, 1850.ll H 11=44 .II/eeK (160 K.II/_),
nOJIyqHM T=6,6 eeK. <l>aKTHqeCKal1 J\JIHTeJlbHOCTb QHKJIa B J],U CHCTe-
Mbl «HeBa» npHHI1Ta paBHoH 5,3/6 eeK.
HME£r npaKTHIlecKoe 3HaqeHHe T3K>Ke cnuc06 pa3AeJIeHHH KaRT"
pOJIHpyeMblx yCTpoiicTB Ha rpynnbI, IIHq)OpMaQHI1 0 COCTOHIIIIH KOHT-
po.lHpyeMbix YCTpoiicTB " KOTOpblX uepeJ\aeTCI1 B OJ\HOM CHrHaJIe TC.
ECJIH 6bI CTaHQHH 6bIJIH COBepmeHHO OJ\HHaKonbi no OCHaU\eIIHIO"
'!HCJIY KOHTpOJlHpyeMbix YCTpoiiCTB. TO MO>KIIO 6bIJIO 6b1 BbIJ\eJIHTb
Ha CTaHl\HIO CTaHJ\apTHYIO eMKOCTb H cJ\eJIaTb qHCJIO rpyun, paBHoe
qHCJty CT3UQHH. Ha caMOM >Ke JI.eJIe CT3HQHH HeO.II.HH3KOBbI H HMelOT
pa3Hoe qHCJIO KOHTpOJIHpyeMblx YCTpoiicTB. I103TOMY npHXOJ\HTCI1 Bee
KOHTpOJIHpyeMbie YCTpoiicTBa pa36HnaTb Ha OJ\HHa KOBble rpynnbl"
BblJ\eJII1Tb Ha Ka>KJ\YIO CTaHl\HIO pa3JIHqHOe qHCJIO rpynn.
OnpeJ\eJIHM MeTOJ\ OIlTHMaJIbHOrO pa3J\eJleHHI1 KOHTpOJIHpyeMbix
YCTpoiicTB Ha I'pynnbI. I1YCTb Ha CTaHl\HH HMee-rCI1 II Cpe)\HeM N
23

KOHTpOJIHpyeMbIx YCTPOHCTB, pa36HTbIX Ha HeCKOJIbKO rpynn no n
YCTPOHCTB B Ka)KI\OI1 rpynne; Ha npoBepKy COCTOIHIIIH OIHoro KOHl'-
pOJIHpyeMOrO YCTpOHCTBa He06xoJ\HMO BpeMH t. MHHHMaJIbHOe Bpe-
"H npOBepKH COCTOHHHH Bcex YCTPOHCTB Ha CTaHQHH npH 3TOM paB-
HO NI. OJ\HaKO <jJaKTHqeCKaH 3aTpaTa BpeMeHH OKa)KeTCH 60JIbwe.
nOCK()'bKy 6YJ\YT HMeTb MeCTO nOTepH BpeMeHH 1I0 J\BYM npH'IHHaM.
OpH qHCJIe 06'beKTOB B rpynne n Ha CTaHQHH OKa)KeTCH HeHCnOJIb-
20B3HHofI eMKOCTb 9 CpeJmeM {n, 'liTO npHBeAer K HerrpOH3BO.II.H-
'TeJIbHOii 3aTpaTe BpeMeHH {nl. 3Ta nOTepH CBH3aHa C J\HCKpeT-
HOCTbIO "HCJIa YCTPOHCTB 9 rpynIle.
KpoMe Toro, cYlLlecTBYIOT IIorepH BpeMeHH, CB5I3aHHble C TIORS-
JleHlIeM pa3J\eJIHTeJlbHb1X HHTepBaJIOB Me)KJ\Y rpynnaMH ('-- - 1 ),<1,
J\e K - qHCJIO yCTp0HCTB, KOTopoe MO)KHO 6bIJIO 6bI npoBepHTb 3a
BpeM5I DAMoro HH1epBaJIa.
CYMMapHbIe nOTepH COCTaBHT
1 0 " =(7 -1)1<I+{nt.
(1-4)
4T06bI onpeJ\e,'HTb YCJIOBHH MHHHMyMa nOTepb, npOJ\H<jJ<jJepeHUH-
pyeM 31'0 BbIpa)KeHHe no nepeMeHO"I n H peWHM ypaBHeHHe
:n Ino>(n)=O,
nonyqHM
n OnT =V' 21<N . ([-5)
npH n = n OflT
CTaBJI5!er
Be.HI'-IHHa BpeMcHH IIorepb MHHHMaJIbHaH H roo
tOOT = I(V 2"N- 1<).
(1-6)
BBeJ\eM raK)Ke BbIpa)KeHHe K09<jJ<jJHQHeHTa HCnOJIb30BaHHH KO-
HaJIa
Nt
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N
N+(  -1)K++n
(! -7)
npn OIITHMa1bHOM BbI60pe BeJIHql1HbI n
N
O" = N+V 2KN-K
(1-3)
OO,1b3yHCb BbIBeJ\eIlHIn.IH <jJopMyJIaMH, npoBeJ\eM HeKoTopbIe pac-
<!eTbI. B AU C QHKJIllqeCKHM KOHTpOJIeM CIICTeMbI «HeBa» K=8, no-
eKOJIbKY KpOMe TaKTOB, HeCYWHX nOJIeaHYIO HH<jJopMauHIo, Henr>OH3'
BO.II.HTeJIbHO pacxo.n.YfOTCH OAHU HaqaJIbHbIH, O.II.HH 3aBeplllaIOl1lHl1 H
4

ll1€.CTb pa3,/J.eJIHTe.J1bHblX T3KTOB B IHITepBa.1e.
Cpe,1\Hee qHCJIO KOHTpOJIHpyeMblx yeTpolleTB
Ha eTaHQHH npHMeM N =60.
Tonla
Ta6RHl(a 1.3
 ,
10 I 0,57 .
12 0,61
15 0,65
."
20 I 0,70
30 0,72
noo,=f 2.8.60 =31;
_  0,72.
60+Y 2.8.60-8
TIoeKOJIbKY no 'reXHllqeCKHM npHqHHaM, 0 KOl'OpblX 6Y,1\eT CK"3a-
HO HHJI{e, MeJIKHe rpymlbl 60JIee Jl{eJIaTeJIbHbl. onpe,1\eJIHM K03Q;q:m-
QHeHT HCnOJIb30B3HHfl KaHa,lIa T} ,/J.1J51 pa3JIHtJHbIX 3HatJeHlU1 IT
(Ta6JI.I-3).
B LtU CHCTeMbl «HeBa» npHHHTO n=20, qTO 06eCneqHBaeT HCnOJIL-
30B3HHe K3HaJI3, BeCbM3 6,1JH3KOe K OnTHM3JIbHOMY. KpoMe Toro, Ha
YQ3CTK3X C .II.ByxnyTHbIMH BCT3BK3MH H 60JIblllHM tJHCJIOM nOCTon-
npHMblKaHHH ,1\ByxnYTHbIX BCTaBOK Be."HqHHa N = 60 MO)KeT OKa3aTbe>i
eJIHlllKOM 60JIblllOi'l H 6y.e1' 60Me npaBHJIbHO npHHHTb N=40. .amr
3Toro CJIyqaH nOOT = 25, 1] OOT = 0,70; eCJIH B3HTb 6JIHJI{ai'llllee <pH3H'Iee-
KH oCYllleCTBJIHeMOe qHeJIO n = 20, TOr,1\a 1]  0,69. 31'0 na,1\TBepJl{,1\aer
QeJIeC006pa3HocTb HeKoToporo YMcHbllleHHH n nO epaBHeHHIO C Teope.
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25

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27

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Toli '2Y . JJ.JlSl nOCblJlKIl CllmaJla I.{IIKJloooii CHHxpOHH3al.{IIH ue Hcne
ayeTcSI KpaTKoBpeMeHHaSi nOCbIJlKa BMeCTO qaCTOThi ,.y qaCTOTbI,
nOCblJlKa CllrHaJla TY He MOJKeT 6WTb npHHSlTa 3a CHrHaJl UC.
KaK qepeJ(OBaHlle '1aCTOT ,.y -- '3y -- '" npH nOCTpoeHHH CHfH
TY He HCOOJlb3yeTCSI. B03MOJKHaSi 3aJ(epJKKa nepeJ(aqH CHrHaJla
nepe,naqeii CllmaJla UC He HMeeT 3HaqellllSl, nOCKOJlbKY J(JlHTe.nbHC
CllmaJla De HeBeJlIIKa (64 MceK). ECJlII KaHaJl TY 3aHSIT nepe.na
CHmaJla TY, TO nepeJ(aqa CllmaJla ue OJKIIJ(aeT OCB060JK.neHIlSI
HaJla TY.
Ha pHC. 1-19 npllBeJ(ella npllHI.{HnllaJlbHaSi cxeMa nplleMa Ha
Hei\Hblx nYHKTaX CllmaJla I.{IIKJlOBOi\ CIIHxpOHII3al.{IIII B fLU CIICTI
«Heoa». Uenb CIIHxpOHII3al.{IIII 3aMbiKaeTCSI TOJlbKO npll B036Y)K;
HOM peJle L(, KOTopoe npllTSlrHBaeT CBoii SlKOPb npll npHeMe CllrH
IC. nOCb!JlaeMOro qaCTOTOII fay . nOCJle npeKpaIlJ,eHIIH nplleMa
Ha.,a lie. KorJ(a peJle fl2H nepe6paChioaeT SlKOpb BlJpaoO. a r
L( eIlJ,e YJ(epJKIIBaeT cBoii HKOpb npllTSlHYTblM. no I.{emr CHHXpOHI
IJ,HH nOCbIJlaeTCSI IIMnYJIbC, B03J(eiicTBYIrUJ,lIii Ra nycI<OBoii Tprtr
RaqHHalOIIJ,lIii OTCqeT BpeMeRIl U HOUOM I.{HKJle npoBepKIl COCTOSI
YCTpOCTB.
1l0CTynJleHlle CHmaJla TY HCKJlIOqaeT 3aMbIKaHHe I.{enll ClIlIXpO
3aIrHH, nOCKOJlbKY peMAIl flA IIpHTSlrllBalOT SlKOpb U HYJleBOM T
Te CHrHaJla TY npH nOCTyn.1eIIIIII '1aCTOTb! '2y; I.{enb B036YJKJ(e>
peJle L( 06pblBaeTcSI npl1 3TOM TbIJlOBbIM KOHTaKTOM peJle flA.
CTpYKTypbI CI1CTeM JJ.U C I.{HKJlH'!eCKHM KOHTpOJleM. OCHOBaH1
Ha qaCTOTHo-BpeMeHHoM pa3iJ,eMHIlIi Cllma.'OB Te. nepeiJ,aBaeMbI
pa3RHqHblX J1n. J(onycKalO'j' B npllHl.{lIne npllMeHeHlle Jl1060ro 'III
KaHaJlOB Te. Hall60J1ee l.{eneC006pa3Ho IICnOJlb30BaHile OJ(Horo K3
Jla TC. O.HaKO 3TO CBH3aHO C cYIIIecTBcHHbIMH TPYJ(IIOCTHMH.
30
7
f
/"
/,
11
1517
o
/'1'" 16
'I
o
PIlC. 1-18. nOCTp()eHHe <::HrH8JIOB B KaH3J:1e
TY CHCTeMbi «HeB.a»

I n5 nAil
nAil
n.o.PJ
___ rJA A \ noll
II, mlly 'rJy,r,y
--r--fl---r-::- n5 nA
L-O---Jf,y : 
nA il nDc
..... J
II,
...., :::
f Jy
, f'K(.'. 119. CxeMa BbJ.ll:eJIeHHH HMnYJIbCOB U.JfKJIOBOH cnHxpOHH3<lII.UH
B 3apyoe>KHblX CHCTeMax LI.U (IllI\eu,H", <pItpMa «3PIIKCOIt»)
IMelOTCR IIpItMepbl lIepeJ\aqIt CItrHaJIOB co CKOpOCTblO 2000 60a; B
rTOM CJIyqae KaJt'-aR 1I0JIYBOJIHa CItHYCOHJ\bI qaCTOTOH 1000 ZII pac-
'MaTpHBaeTC; 'IIOJIb3yeTc" KaK 1I0JI"pHblH HMIIYJIbC nOCTORHHoro
'OKa. OC"VUh.,l .o6J1eMoii B TaKofi CHCTeMe HBJIHeTCH YMeHbIlIeHHe
IMnJIHTYJ\HbIX It !j>a30Bblx HCKaJKeHHH CHrHaJIOB, '11'0 J\ocTHraeTc"
pHMeHeHHeM pereHepaTHBHblx TpaHCJI"u,HH Ita KaJKJ\OM JIn, T. e. qe-
e3 KaJK!\bIe 7-10 K.M. TaKa" JKe CKOpOCTb nepeJ\aqH J\OcTHrHYTa B
[nOHItIt B CItCTeMe LI.U C OObIqlIOH qaCTOTUOH M aHItnYJIRu,IteH. B Ka-
eCTBe pa60qItx npItU1JIOCb ItCnOJIb30HaTb qaCTOTbl OKOJIO 20 /(ZII. T. e.
aCTOTbI, KOTOpble He MorYT 6b1Tb nepelI,aItbI B OOblqROM KaHaJIe B. q.
nOJIOCOH nponycKaHH" 300-3400 211, '11'0 "BJI"e-rC" OOJIbU1HM He-
II,OOCTBOM, 3aTpYII,H!lIOll(HM ynpaBJIeHHe YlI,aJIeHHblMH yqaCTKaMH Ha
pOT."JKeRHblX JKeJIe3RoJ\oPOJKHblX JIHRHRX.
B OTeqeCTBeHHblX CItCTeMaX LI.U npHMeIlHIOTC5I l'aKHe TeXHHqeCKHe
eWeRH. KOTOpble He HCKJIlOqaJIH 6bI H He 3aTpYII,R"JIR Obi ItWOJIb'
OBaHH" KaHaJlOB B. 'i. J\JI" CB"3H C YlI,aJIeHRblMH yqaCTKaMH LI.U. B
aHaJIaX TY H TC HWOJIb3yeTc" qaCTOrna" MaRHnYJI"u,H", OCYll(eCTB-
"eMa" C nOMOll(blO npOCTOH H HaJ\eJKROH annapaTypbl. npH STOM B
,ByxnpOBOII,HOH JIHHeHHoi\ l\enH KaRaJIbI TY H TC paooTaloT BO
CTpeqHblX HanpaBJIeHH"X C qaCTOTHbIM pa31I,eJleHIteM C nOMOll(blO JIH-
elfI!blx pa31I,eJIHTeJIbHbIX !j>H'JIbTpOB. I1wOJIb30BaRHe B STHX YCJIOI\H-
1[ OJ\HOro KaRaJIa TC C Bb1'COKOH CKOpOCTbIO nepeJ\aqH npHBeJIO 6b1
CJI01KHblM TeXHRqeCKHM peU1eHR"M. C l\eJlbIO ynpOll(eRRR SKWJIya-
UHH YCTpoi\CTB LI.U H yMeHbU1eHH" qHCJIa pa3RoBHII,HOcTei\ Kana-
JOOpa3ylOll(ei\ annapaTypbl l\eJIeC006pa3Ho cTpeMHTbc" K YMeHb-
eHHIO qHCJIa KaHaJIOB TC. LI.JI" onpeJ\eJIeHR" MaKCHMaJIbHOrO qHCJIa
."aJ!oB Heo6xolI,HMO pacnoJIaraTb CJIeJ\YIOll\RMH ItCXOI\HbIMH J\aHHbI-
4: MHHHMaJIbHbIM qHCJIOM nepHOII,OB HecYll(ei'l qaCTOTbl, npHXOJ\"-
_efICR Ha OJ\HH TaKT CHrHaJIa; peaJIH3yeMoi\ npH lI,aHHOM ypOBlie Tex-
rKH KOpMOi\ paCXOlI,a nOJIOCbI qaCTOT a, BblpaJKaeMoi\ B repu,ax Ha
60(1; WHpH!loil HCnOJIb3yeMoi\ nOJIOCbI qaCTOT f, - f,; HHTepBaJIOM
IC1'OT M MeJKlI,y nOJIOCaMH nponycKaHH" KaHaJIOB.
31

'-!HCJIQ nepHOI\OB HecYlI(eif qaCTOTbI, COOTBeTCTBYIOlI(ee I\JIHTeJIb-
HOCTH O}:(IIOrO raKTa CHrHaJI3, 3alHiCHr or nOCTOHHliO:H: BpeMeHH cpHJ!b.
TpOB .H, " KOHeqHOM CqeTe, 01' q,OpMbI orn6alOlI(eii npHH!lTOro H npo-
l\eTeKTHpoBaHHoro TaKTOBorOHMnyJIbca. B CHCTeMax C qaCToTHo!i
MOI\YJIHl\Hei\ :no MHHHMaJIbHOe qHCJIO COnaBJIHeT 8-12. 00 -3TOil
npHqHi.e II B 'ynoMHHYTOif HI!OHCKOif CHCTeMe .f(U CKOpOCTH nepel\aqlI
B 2000 6niJ COOTBeTcTBYIOT pa60qHe qaCTOTbI OKOJIO 20 K2lj.
OpaK"!,HlJeCKa51 Bem1lJliHa liOpMbl HCTIo.rlb30BaHHH nOJIQChl qacrQT
MOJKeT 6bITb onpel\eJIeHa Ha npHMepe cOBpeMeHHblx CHCTeM TOHa.,b.
HOro TeJIerpaq,a, me CKOpOCTH TeJIerpaq,HpoBaHH!I 50 60iJ COOTBeT-
CTByeT illHPHH3 KaIla.,a 180 2lj, T. e. a = 3,6 zlj/60iJ.
ECJIH Bee KaH3JIbI HMeIor OJUiHaKoBylO nmpHHY nOJIOCbJ npony-
CRam1H, TO HaHMeHbllIee lJHCJtQ i I1epHo,n:OH B raKTe CHrnaJIa 6YJLer B,
C3MOM HH3KOQaCTOTHOM K3H8Jle co CpeJI.HeH 1JaCTOTOri
f",=1I +  [(f.-f.)-M(m-I)]=Fi, (1-9)
rl\e F .-- CKOpOCTb nepel\aqH, 6oiJ.
CKOpOCTb nepel\aqH MOJKeT 6blTb JloJIyqella nyTeM l\eJlellHH TnllpU-
HhI nOJlOCbl qaCTOT, npHxo)J.HlIJ,eHCH Ha OJI.HH KaHaJI, Ha BeJIH1.JHHY a:
F= a [{f.-f.)-f(m-I)].
OOl\cTaBJIHH BblpaJKeHHe (1-10) B npaBYIO qaCTb p3BellcTBa
nOJIyqllM
(1-10)
(1-9),
1,-1. +'V
m= 1.+!1f
2L-a
(I-II)
OYCTb, lIanpliMep, KaUaJIbl pa3MelI(a1OTCH B nOJIoce qaCTOT 01' 360
1\0 3240 zlj, npH 3TOM a = 3,6 2lj/6oiJ, i = 9 H LJf = O.
)I.JH! .3THX HCXO}:!.HbIX )J.aI-lHbIX
3 240360
m-
7,2
183 0 360
,
lITO COOTBeTcTByeT lJHCJIY KalIaJIOB B CliCTeMe rOH2JIbHorO re.lJerpa<pD. C
IlaCTOTlIOH MaHHnY."IHlI.Heif.
411cJIO KaHaJIO TC I","" CHCTeMbI JJ:U C [(UKJIIf4eCKHM KOHTpO.1CM
onp-elleJ1HJIOCb C yqerOM I3bIJI.e.lJeIIHH nO.IJOCbI TI2crOT JI.JIH pa3MelIJ,eHIHJ
KallaJla TY H Ha,eJKlloi\ pacq,HJIbTp0BK!! KaHaJlOB TY H TC, npoxol\5!-
U""X 8 OI\HOII q,H3114eCKoif [(enll BU BCTpeqIfbJX HanpaBJIeHHHX. Or!!
paClfere LJI1CJIa KaHaJIOB npHMeM c.rreJI.yrOIl1,He HCXOJI.Hble JI.ClHHhIe: It:="':
 150024, f, = 3300 24, L1f = 150 2lj, i = 12, a = 3,6 zlj/608.
ITo q,opMYJIe (1- 11) 1I0JIY'IaeM
3300-1500+150
2.3,6 1500+150 2,9.
2. 12-3,6
'-!!!CJlO KallaJIOB ObWO npllHHTo paBHblM TpeM.
32
]6,
m

r H. i 20. DOCTpOeHHC
UHKJ!a B .rU..{ CHCTeMbI
«HeBa:.
,
I
I f
-
I
,
2 II
r--l _ _ _ r--l
T
2J
r--l
2.
r--,
,
r
,
,
i'
,
,
r--l
t
TaKIJM 06pa30M, C YMeHbWE'HHeM UIHpm-Ibl nOJtOCbl lj3CTOl', D!:IUte.'tH.
e.lOfl JI.m-l pa31\-1elllemHI KaHaJIOB TC, lJHCJIO 9THX KaHaJtOB MO.lKer 6bITb
2HalIlne.'1bHO YMeHbWeHO. CKOpOCTb nepe)J.al/H U !\('!}K}J.OM K8.I-I:'\,IJC. on-
pei!C,lHCMaH rIO q,OPMYJIe (I-I0), rIp"I"'T" paBHOI"1 125 608.
rIocTpoellHe l\HKJIOD rrpoBcpKH II CHrJlilJIOD TC D JU1. CHCTeMb'
«HeBa» rrOKa3aHO COOTBeTCTBeHHO lia pHC. 1-20 H 1-21. Ka>K.abIH CHr-
Hail TC cO.'-1.ep}KHT 20 pa60tIHX T3KTOB, O;I.HH Haqa.TJblIbIH H O)lHli 3aBep.
WalOll\HH TaKTb!. B COOTBeTCTBHH C npHHHToH CKOpOCTblO rIepe.aaQH 125
6.oiJ :LiIHTe.TJbHOCTb O)J,Horo TaKTa npHHHTa paBHoH 8 MceK, a BC0I'O
CHrHaJIa TC: 8 - 22= 176 MceK. CHrHaJTbI TC pa3.ae,1HIOTCH HHTepBaJTa-
MH, HOMHHa..lbH3H )J,JIHTe.lJbHOCTb !{OTOPblX COCTaB..1HeT llleCTb raKTOB,
HJtH 4 MceK, TaKHM 06p3.30M, Jl.JIH'feJ1I:.HOCTb CHI'HaJIa TC i3l\teCTe c
pa3.eJlI1Te,1bHhl" HHTepBaJTO" COCT8BJIHeT 176 + 48 = 224 MceK. ,QJIH-
re.l1bHOCTb Il,HK,TJa np013epKH T paCC1-JHTa1I3 Ha HepeJ1.aLJY 24 CHfHaJIOB
TC "l\I1KJle
T=24 . 224=5376 MceK.
rIoc.1e.aHH1", B UHK.le oTpe30K Bpel1ellH .a.1H nepe.aaqH cHma,l" Te
He Hcno.'Ib3yeTcH; raKH\I 06pa30I, paClJenlOe lJHCJIO CHfHa.!IOB TC B
UHK.'Ie phBHO 23. 3TO CJI.e.'laHO }..'IH 06.rlerlJel-lHH 3aMblKaUHH LUIIura H
rrepeX(';:HJ or KOHLt:a Il,I-fKJIa K Hi'F-l3,'IY c.'Ie,aYlolllero O!leperUlOfo IUlKJI3 C
noraWCHHe\i Bcex n3Kon.'ICIIIIl>IX 3a npeJI.LI)J,YlllHH qIlK.'I nor-pew.-
HocTeH.
. nnCKOJlbKY HalJ3ao nCpeJI.al-lH CHrHa.l1 TC onpeJJ.e.1HeTC}i tHi Ka}K-
.lI.OM JIn aBTOHOMHblM .ClJeTlJHKOM 13peMeHH, noJtYlJaIOlIJ,HM HCxo!-t.Hb1e
Hl\tny.lbcbI OT r-.leCTlIoro rCHepaTopa, B03.\IQ}KCH OTliocHTe.JIbtlblH CJI.BHr
CHfHaliOB TC, nocTynalOlIJ,HX C pa3JIHlIHbiX J10, a n09ToMY HOMHH,L'Ib-
"Y'O EeJTHq'IIJY HlJTepBaJIa Me>K)J.Y CHrHa.1aMH TC 48 MceK CJIe.ayeT pac-
CMRTpHBaTb KaK cpeJJ.Hee 311alJel-IHe HeKoTopoH c.IIYlIaHHoH Be.IJHlJHItbl.
OTK.TJOHeHHe Or rpeJI.HCrO 3HaqeHHH YBeJIHlJHBaeTCH no Mepe npH6/IH-
}KeIlHH K KOHU:Y Il,HKJIa npCJBepI(H. KpHTHlIecKHM HBJIHeTCH HHTepB"aJI
MCiKrt)' KOI-IU:O!-t CHfHl:Jla TC C HOMepoM N--2 H Haqa.'IOM CHrH'1a TC
C IIoMepoM N-1. OpH 3TOM IIaH60.ee OrIaCHbI norpeUIHoCTH, npHBO)!H-
WHe K C0KpaULeHHIO .aJTHTeJIbHOCTH HllTepBaJIa Me>KiLY CHrHaJI8MII TC,
3 S 1 11 JJ 15 " 19 11
PHC'. {-21. IToCTpoeHlie
CHi'Ha,:ra TC 13 LlU cHcTe
UbI «HeBa»
8 1 .
to It '" 16 '6 ?O
2 33K. 151
33

LI.mlTeJlbIlOCTb IIHTepBaJla B HallOOJIee I1eOJIarOnpIlHTHOM CJIyqae
t... KP =t..-(N -2) (t e +t ..) ON_\ -
-[(N-2) (te +t..)-t..] ON_2,
rAe t e -HOp"aJlbllaH I\JIIITCJIbIlOC"fb cllmaJ!a IC;
t..-110pMaJIbIlaH I\JIIITCJIbHOCTb IIHTCpBaJIa MC>KI\Y CllrHaJIa-
Mil IC;
ON-l II ON-2- norpCWHOCTIl qaCTOTbi rCIICpB"fOpOB.
CtlHT3H 3TH norpemHOCTH lIaCrOTbl OJI.HHaKOBbIMH no BCJlHlIHHe (no
3HaKY OHII npoTIlBOnOJIO>KIlb!) II npCHcopcraH BCJlIIqllHOIj t.. B IIOC,TCA-
HeM CJlaraeMOM, tIOJIY4HM BeJIHtlUHY I10rpeWHOCTH
!J.t""= 2 (N -2) (te +t..) 0 .
3al\aBaHCb l\onYC"fIlMOH BCJIllqllIlOH tlt. n , IIOJlyqIlM IIpel\eJ!bIloe 3Ha-
qeHIlC lIorpCWHOC"f1l qaCTOTbl reHcpaTopa
M HH
2(/V-2) (t.n+lc )
flpll BeJIllqIlHe tit.. = 24 MeeK, qTO COCTaBJIHeT 50% t nu , IIOJIY'
IfHM
o
(1-12)
0= 2 (24-2176+48) - 2,4 . 10- 3 .
4>aKTllqeCKIl paCqeTIIaH norpewIIocTb TaKTOBbIX reHepaTOpoB I1pIl-
HH"fa He OOJIee 10 -3.
CHrllaJI IC IIOCTpoeH TaK, qTO IIH<popMau,HH 0 rpaHHilax TaK"fOD B
HeM He rrepeJI.aerCH, T. e. npHMeHHeT'CH CTapTCTOtIHaH CHHKpOHH3aL(HH,
npll KOTOpofi IIplleMllbIe YCTPOHCTBB Ha IIOCTY LI.U OIlpel1CJlHIOT rpaHII-
I..(bI raRrOB, OTC\lHTbIBaH opeMH OT MOMeHTa Ha l l3Jta nocrYlfJIeHH5t CHr-
lIaJIa IC. .D.JIH ooeClleqeHIIH Hal\e>KHoro IIplleMa CHrHaJIa lIeOOXOI\IIMO,
qroOb! aOCOJlIOTHaH lIorpeWHOCTb CqCTa BpeMellH HC IIpeBOCXOI\HJIa 113-
BeCTHoi\ J\OJIII k I\JlIITCJIbHOCTIl OI\I1oro TaKTa. IaKIlM oopa30M,
231, <kt, ,
fl\e t, - I\JlIITCJlbHOCTb TaKTa;
b - norpcwIIocTb qaCTOTb] TaKTOBOro rCllepa"fopa.
BCJIllqllila norpcwHoCTIl YI\BocHa IIOTOMY, qTO lIorpelllHocTIi rClIe-
paTOpoB lIa rrOCTY .D.U II Ha JIfl, DCI\YwCM ncpCl\a'IY. MorYT CKJIBl\bl-
BaTbCH. B npCI\CJlbllOM cJlyqae norpCWI10CTb qaCTOTb! rClIepal'Opa
o=k. ( 1-13)
21,
B KOHKpeTHoM CJ!yqae, npllHIIMaII t e =22t, II k=0,2, nOJ!yqllM
iT -3
0=0, 2 44 t, =4,5. IO .
TaKlHd 06pa30M, npH HCnOJlb30BaHHH B KaqeCTBe Jl;:JPfHKOB HCw
XOI\HblX I1MIIYJlbCOB I\JIH OTCqeTa BpeMeHIl Tex >KC rellepaTopoB, qTO II
AJIH YCTpOi\CTB rpYllnoDoH CIII1XpOHII3au,IIH, MO>KHO OOCCIIC4HTb Tpeoy-
eMYIO T04HOCTb paOOTb! YCTPOHCTB C-rapTCTOIIHoi\ CillixpoHII3aIllIH C
60JlbilHIM 33rraCOM.
34

rnaBall
KAHAnbl If AnnAPATYPA TEnEMEXAHIf'lECKOH CBII31f
f. OCO&EHHOCTH nnEMEXAHH'IECKOA CBI/3H B YCTPOACTBAX .q/4
OCHOBHbIM HanpaBJIeIIHeM TeXHllqeCKOrO nporpecca B YCTpoi\cTBax
JI.HCneTtlepCKOH ueHTpaJIl13aUHH SIBlHeTCH YBe,!JWleHHe 061>eM8 H no-
nbIllIeHlle CKOpOCTII nepel\aqH IIHq)QpMaljllll. B CHCTeMax )].1.1. cnopal\lI'
qeCKOro JI.eHCTBJHI 3TOT rrYTb pa3BHTHH JI.aer B03MO}f\HOCTb ynpaOJIHTb
)J.IlCileHepCKHMII yqaCTKaMII 60JIbllIeil )J.JIHHbI 11 C 60JIbllIHMII pa3Mepa-
MH I\BlDKeHHB 6e3 YBeJIJ1qEHIIB qIlCJIa <!>1I3I1qeCKIIX ."IIHeilHbIX ljeneil
IMH HCnOJIb3yeMblx KaH8Jl0B BbICOKOqaCTOTHOH CBH3H. B t:HcreMax ,LUJ:
UHKJIHqeCKOrO JI.eHCTBHH TaKHM nyreM y.n.aerCH, KpOMe Toro, rrOJIyqHTb
HOBble TeXHHQeCKHe B03MOJKHOCTH, BbTfOJI..HO OTJIHtJaIOlIJ,He 3TH CHcreMbI
OT CIICTeM LUJ. cnopal\lIqeCKOrO l\elICTBIIB. n03TOMY COBepllIeHCTBOBa-
Hue reXHHKH ll.U HeB03MO)KHO 6e3 COBeprneHCTBosaHHH TeJIeMeX3HH"
qeCKIIX KaHaJIOB CBB3H, 6e3 pa3pa60TKII cneljllaJIII311pOBallHOH KaHa-
JIo06pa3YIOll\eil annapaTypbI, 06JIal\alOll\eil JKeJIaTeJIbHbIMII )J.JIB YCT.
POilCTB LUJ. cBoilcTBaMII.
Ha nepBbIX 3Tanax pa3BIITHB TeXHHKII )]JJ. Bce 3al\aqll Te.neMexa.
HlIqeCKOil CBB311 B npel\eJIax I\IICneTqepCKOro yqaCTKa pellIaJIIICb no-
Cpel\CTBOM <!>1I311qeCKOil JIlllleillloil ljenll nOCTOBHlIoro TOKa. OI\HaKO 11
l-ia 3TOM 3Tane C03JI.81B8JIaCb cneuHa",lH3Hpon8HHaH annaparypa ynJIOT
HellllB IUIB ynpaBJIeHIfB Yl\aJIellHbIMJI I\JlCneTqepCKIIMJI Y'laCTKaMH. B
CiliA )J.JIB 3TOil ljeJIII 6bIJIa pa3pa60TaHa BbICOKO'IBCTOTHaB annapaTY-
pa C Ha."OJKeHlleM 06XOl\HbIX KaHaJIOB B. q. Ha I\ByxnpoBoJ\Hble <!>H31f.
'IeCKlle JIJlHeilHbIe ljenlll\HCneTqepCKHX yqaCTKOB. B CCCP B TaKOM
HanpaBJIeIlHII pa60TbI He npOBOI\HJIJlCb 113-3a TPYI\HOCTII yrWOTIleHHB
r.pJlMeHHeMblX B Hallieil CTpaHe CTa.%HbIX B031\)'llIHbIX ljeneil (e ClllA, .
K8K npaBHJtO, npHMeHSHOTCH MeJI.HbIe uenu), HO 6bwa BbITIOJIHeHa pa3.
pa60TKa annapaTypbI ynJIOTHeHlIH B nOJIoce qaCTOT OT 2300 1\0
3400 ZIt, KOTopaH llIHpOKOro pacnpocTpaHeHHB lie nOJIyqll,"a. npH Bbl-
t!OJIHeHIIH 3TUX pa3pa60ToK cTpeMHJ111cb nOJIYHTb 60JIee Ha)J.eJKHYIO,
YCTOilq!>BYIO B perYJIJlpOBKe JI npocTYIO B 06CJIYJKHDaHIIH arrnapaTYPY,
qeM THnOBaH annapaTypa KaHaJIOB CBH3H.
CJIeI\YIOll\IIi1 3Tan pa3BHTHH TeXHIIKH LUJ. xapaKTepH3yeTcH HCnOJIb-
30BaHHeM JIHHeHHWx uenefi nepeMeHHoro TaKa H qaCTOTHWX TeJIeMe 4
XaHHqeCKHX KaHaJIOB C C03)J.aHlleM CneljHaJIH3HpOBaHHoil KallaJIOOopa.
2' 35

aYIOll\ei'l annapaTYPLI B npel\e.oax I\HCneTqepCKIIX yqaCTKOb. LITO Ka-
caeTCSI ynpanJIeHHSI Yl\aJIeHabIMH yqaCTKaMII .1J.u" TO C cOnepWellCT-
BOBC1HHeM H nOBbIllieHHeM HaJI.e}KHOCTH JI.eHCTBH5I ycrpOHC'fB CB.fI3rl
3T3 3aJI.aQa peruaercfl JI.OCrar01.JHO npocro npH HCnOJIb30p.C1HHlr reJIe-
£f)oHHbIX KaHaJ10B BbICOK01JaCTOTHOH CBH3H.
Hawa CTpaHa npOSlBII.1a 60J1bWYIO IIHIIl\lIaTIIBY B WlipOKOM BRel\-
peHHH Ha .D,HCneT4epCKHX YtJ3.CTKaX qaCTOTHbIX KaHaJ10B TeJIeMeXaHHM
4eCKOH CBH3H. HCnOJIb30BaHHe u.eneiI nOCTOHHHOrO TOKa JI.JISI nepeJl,aqH
CHrRaJIOB rc 6bWO npeKpall\eHO OKo.no 15 JIeT TO MY lIa3al\, Korl\a
nO!lBIIJIaCb annapaTypa .1J.u' eliCTeMw TI4.1J.u' e nOJI"plibIM KaHaJIOM
nOCTmnmoro TaKa )J,J1H nepe)JJPIH CHfHR.rfOB TY H C Q3CTOTHbfM KaH3-
110M I\JI" nepel\a'lll CHfHa,on Te. 33TCM nOJIY'HlJIH pacnpocTpaHelilie
CCTeMbI .1J.I C qaCTOTHbIMIi KaHaJIaMIi ry II rc (4.1J.U" 4.1J.u'-M,
4,1],U,-66). Cne!\lIaJIlialipOnaHHaSi KaHaJI006paaYIOll\a" annap3Typa
6b!JIa coa)\aHa TaKJKe I\JISI cHcTeM.1J.u' C l\IIKJIlIqeCKIiM KOHTpOJIeM
(lUJ. U,-U,H 11 11, «Hena»), IIMeIOll\HX lIeCKOJIbKO napaJIJIeJIbHbIX Ka-
HaJIon rc.
KallaJIbl Te.1eMeXaIlHqeCKOIr on"311 1\."" yeTpOlrCT3 .1J.u, pa60raIOT
D cnel\lI<pmeCKIiX YCJIOBHSlX, KOTopble He06xo'lIiMO yqllTbIBaTb npH BbI-
60pe napaMeTpOB annapaTYPbl. JIIIHeiiHble l\enH.1J.U, 1\0 Hel\aBlierO
BpeMeHH nOABellIHSaJIHCb Ha onopax BbICOKOBOJIbTHOfi JIHHHH aBTOM
6J10KHpODKH. BmHlHHe BbICOKOBOJIbTHblX l.lenefi nOBbTwaer ypOBeHb
nOMex, oc06eHHO IB 06JIaCTH HH3KHX qaCTOl" TOHaJIbHOrO ,aHan330Ha.
OCYl1(eCTDJIeHlIe CB5I311 C MHorllMH JIIT ITO OIIHOMY 06l!\eMY K3Ha,1Y TC
i\e."aeT HeH36eJKHbIMH naY3bI MeJKI\Y JIepel\aqaMIi CHrHaJIOB rc C pa3-
JlI1'-}HbIX nYHKTOB, 1J.ro npHBOJl,Hr K Heo6xoJI.HMOCTH HcnO.'1b30HaHHH
aMnJIIITYJI,HOro IIMnYJIbCHOro npll3HaKa 11 3JIeMeHTOB aMnJI!!TYI\HOii
MaHlInYJI5I!\HII. Pa3Mell\eHlIe nepel\aIOll\HX YCTpoiiCTB lIa p5II\e nYHK-
TOB, HaXOI\"l!\HXCSI Ha pa3,11lQHbIX paeCT05IHlIHX OT nOCTa 1IU, 11,111
nYHKTOB npOMe}KYT04Horo YCHJ1eHHH, a raK}Ke Ha.1H4He !eCKO'1bKHX
ny dKTOB YCHJIeHIIH B npel\eJIax I\HCnenepcKoro yqaCTKa YCJIOJKH5IIOT
perYJIllpOBKY ypOBHeil nepel\a'lll II 3aTyxalill" CllfHaJIOB, oc06emro ecml
YQeCTb Tpe60BaHlie cn6nnbHOCTli H He3a<BHCIIMOCTII perY;<lIpOBKII
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ttecKHe H npaKTH4eCKHe C006pa}KeHHH, nOJ10}f(€HHbfe B OCIiOHY pa3pa
('OTKH annapaTypbI TeJIeMeXaHHQeCKHX KaHaJIOB, II onIlcaHbI nplllI!\II-
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pelIa'IY CIIrllaJIOB ry 11 rc Ha 3HaQHTeJIblIble paCCTO"i1HH.
2, nOMEXH B nHHEAHblX EnRX A
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rIepBYIO Oqepel\b BbICOKOBOJIbTIWii ."IIIIHeii aBT06.10KHp03KJI. B nOJIO-
36

ce 'IaCTOT abllIIe 300 2!{ nOMeXH C ){HCKpeTHbIMH 'IaCTOTaMH B 3HaQH.
TeITbHoi\ Mepe 3aTYllieBaHbI nOMexaMH )(pyroro BH){a H npOHCXOJK){e-
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a30H, T. e. HBJIHlOTCH XaOTHqeCKHMH lllYJl.IaMH.
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paJIbHOH TIJIOTHocrblO MOlIJ,HOCrH TIOMeXH PIT, Onpe,lJ,eJIHeMOH Ha
HarpY3Ke, cOrlTaCOBaHHOfi C BXO){HblM COnpOTHBITeHHeM H3MepHeMo!i
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B 061I(eM cITYQae Be,1H'IHHa 1']2 HBITHeTCH q,YHKI!Hei\ 'IaCTOTbI OJ H
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Ha COrJIaCOBaHII0l1 HarpY3Ke npH JIlo6oH- BeJIH'mIle BXOJI.HOrO conpOTHB-
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38

conpOTIIBJIeHHe R */2,,/, HanpHMep, npH H3MepeHHH no cxeMe
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 = iV" (1+ I Z;" + 2 1 %,,' cos,!,),
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VeITH lI.U, pa3MelU.eHHOH Ha anopax BbICOKOBOJIbTHOH JIHHI-iH 3ST06JIO-
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BO.IIbTHOfI JIIIHHH 2BT06JlOKHpOBKH H 3aCTaBJIHeT rw.aTeJIbHO CJIeJI.HTb
B 9TOM CJIvqae 3a COCTO.flHHeM BbICOKOBOJIbTHbIX uenefi.
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II npH nOBpC)KJ\eHHH '8 caMoii JIHHeiiHOH !.lenH .LJ.U, HanpliMep, B CJIY-
qae 3a3eMJIeHHSI OI\HOfO H3 npoBol\oB H3 nplleMHOM KOH!.le !.lenH. B Ta6JI.
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ypOBHSI nOMex, BJIHSlIOlI(IIX H3 ."IIHeiiHble !.lenH .LJ.U. B HaCTOSllI(ee BpeMSI
J1HHeHHbIe uenll .au: nOJI..BellIl-iBalOTC.fI, KaK npaBHJIO, Ha JIHHHH CB.fI3H.
39

T a 6 JlIf U. <l 11-1
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JJtc.H.:vt'.\w(r !tC!1H npl! COfTOSlHHH I IJCC.H:',lY('MOfi Qel1H npH COCTOSlHHH
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0,8-1,0 0,0\7 O,:1 0,6'\! 8.6"22--24 \ 0,04 0.11
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npeBblUJaTb YCTaHOBJIeHHbIH )(JIH YCTpoikTBa CBH3H ypOBeHb no MOlU'
HOCTII+O,6 Hen (3,32 MBT). B CJlY4ae HCIJO,lb30BaHHH n napan,leJIb-
HblX KaHaJIOB npe)(eJlbHaH MOlUHOCTb nepe.a4H no KaJK)(OMY KaHaJIY
)(OJIJKHa OblTb YMel!bI11eIIa B n pa3. npel\e.%HbIH ypOBeHb nepel\a41I
no HanpfDKeHlUO 33BHCUT or BXOIlHorO COnpOTliBJleHlHJ, T. e. aT 'mna
J1IIHefIHOH u.enu.
B 33IBHl'HMOCTH aT BeJll1qHHbf BXOIlHOrO conponm'JeHHH llenu Z/Jx
R 4HCJIa KaHaJIOB n 31'01' ypOBeHb HaXOI\HTCH no <popMYJIe
p=0,6+ }In ZR x -}In n,
rl\e R=600 OM HopMaTHBHoe BXO)(HOe conpOTHBJIeHHe.
3)(eCb H l\aJIee BeJ!1I4HHbI ypOBHeH npIIBel\elIbI B Henepax (1 Hen=
=8,7olf).
D:onycTHMble YPOBIIH nepel\a4H no HanpHJKeHHIO npHeel\eHbl B
Ta6J!. ]j.S. YpoBeHb nepel\a4H reHepaTopa !iaHaJIa TY, YCTaHaBJJHBae-
Moro Ha nocTY D:U, He BbIXOI\HT 3a YKa3aHHbIe B Ta6.1. ]j.S npe;teJIbI
11.1H OI1HOro KaHaJ!a. n03TOMY perymlpoB04HblH pC3HCTOp R p " (CM.
pHC. ]j.7 H ]j.8) , nO;tKJIJQ4eHHbIH K BbIBO)(aM 21 II 22 reHepaTopa,
;J,O,II)KeH 6blTb BbIBe1leH nOllHOCTbJO; norpe6HocTb B HeM B03HHK3er npH
conpHMeHHH nOCTOBOH annapaTypbl ,'XU C KaHaJIaMH B. .
I reHepaTopbI KalIaJIOB TC, npHMeHHeMble lIa JIHHeliHbIX nY"KTax, B
CHCTeMe ljD:U.66 paCC4IITaHbl Ha Hpe)(eJIbHbIH ypOBeHb nepe)la4H
I\JIH O)(HOrO KaHaJIa. a B CHCTeMe «HeBa» - )(JIH )(BYX KaHaJIOB rc.
YpOBeHb nepe)(a4H CHrHaJIOB TC IIa JIHHeiiHblx nYHKTax 1\0JIJKeH
6bITb oTperYJIHpO'BaH TaK, 4T06bl CHflla.1bI TC 01' KaJK;J,oro H3 .1RHeH-
T a 6 JJ H U. a 1I.5
TIfIT u;erHf
Bxo.aHoe
corrpOTHB-
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DpeI1CJ/LHblC ypOBHU nepc-ra'll1 no
HanplDKeHIHO, Hen, npH LJHC;le KaH;I-
)JOB
2
3
,
Ka6eJlbHaH nynHl-JH3upoBaH1iJR 1800 .f 1,15 +0,8 +0,6 +0,45
B03.1lYUIHaR CT3J1bH3H . . . . 1200 +0,95 .:-0,6 +0,4 +0,25
Ka6eJlbHaH 6e3 nynHHH33UI-tH 450 +0,45 +0,1 -0.1 -0,25
47

Hbrx nYHKTOB, BKJJiQ'IeHHbIX B )(aHHYIO Uenb, nOCTynaJJH Ha lion All
I!JiH nYHKT npOMeJKYTO'IHOrO YCHJleHHH C O)(HHaKOBbIMH YPOBHHMH,
COOTB€TCTBY!OU\HMH HaH60.1ee y)(a.1eHHOMY nYHKTY. OTCTynJJCHHe OT
.3TOrO npaBBJ1a, T. e. nOCTYUJIeHHe CHrHa10B TC c 60JIee 6JtH3KllX K
noCTY D:Ll.1HHei"fHbIx nYHKTOB H C 60JJee BbICOKlIMH ypOBlI"MlI, B CHCTe-
Me LJD:Ll.66 npHBO)(HT JJHUlb K 3aT"rHBaHHI0 OKOHq811T1" npHeMa
CHffIaJla TC BCJJe)(CTBHe npoTeKaHlI" nepeXO)(lIbiX npol(eccc<J B cjJHJJbT-
pax npneMHoH annapaTypbI. B CHCTeMe Me «HeBa» TaKoe nOJJOMC-
HHe MO)I{er Bbr3B3Tb n05IBJIeHHe B3811MHbIX BJIllHHHH: K3ga.rIOB TC HJtll
npllBCCTH K HapYUleHHIO nplleM2 B CB"311 C 3anOJJHeHHe,I HllTepBaJJOB
Me)l{)(Y CHrllaJlaMH Te CBo(0)(HbIMH KOJJe6eHHHMH .
O)(HHM H3 MeTO)(OB pcrYJJHpOBarlHfl ypOBa" nepe)(aqH reHepno-
pOB, npllHHTbIM B CHCTeMaX LJD:U.66 H «HeBa», ""JJ"eTC" BKJI!OqCHlIC
pe311CTOpa Rpee "UCnb 3MHTTepa BbIXO)(1I0ro Tpa1l3HCTopa. D:o-
CTHraeMOe npB 3TOM CHH1KeHHC I-Ianp5DKbHHI Ha BbIxoe reHeparopa
U no cpanHCHHIO C Hanp"JKeHHCM Va, nO.1Y'IaCMbIM npH Rpee =0,
MOJKeT 6blTb Bbfpa)KeHO QTHOllteIlHel\I
U _ R,
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-b
=e
r)(e R, ". paCqeTlIOe conpOTlIBJIeHlIC uenH 3MHTTcpa TpaH3HCTOpa.
IBKJII01J31OliJ,ee co6CTBeHHoe conpOTHBJICHHe 3IHTTepa 11 CO.
npOTHBJIeHHe CTa6H.1113uPYIOU\ero pe3HCTopa;
b - fIOJJyqaCMOC CIiHJKCIIUe ypOBH" nepc)(aqll.
EC.1JH 3aJ],aHa neJIlflJHHa b, TO COOTBerCTBYlOlu,ee 3Ha"leHHe conpo
iHBJIeHH5I
OOP")(OK nO)(K.1!OqCHH" pC3HCTopa R pee H paCqeTlIblC BeJJHqHHbI
conpOTHBJJeHH" R, npHBe)(ellbi B n6JJ. 11.6.
Opu paCqeTe 3aTyxallHH CHrlla.1a B KaHaJJe TY yqHTbiBaeTcH C06CT-
new/or 3,nyxaHHe uenH Ha '-IaCTDre 800 24, 3aryxaHHe Ka6elbHbfX
Bcr[JBOF: II 3aryx3HHe, BHOCHMOC JIHHeHHbfMH nYHKr3MH H3 pac'lJ.era 35
hfHen Ha K3)}{)J.bIH .1J.HHe-i-:-
HbIH nYHKT. PaCqeTHbIe Be-
JIJ{tIHHbr c06CTSei"IHOrO 3a-
TyxaHHH B03AYUlHb!X H Ka.
6eJJbIlbiX HenynllllH3HpO-
B2HHbIX u.eneff npHBeTT.eJH1
B Ta6JJ. II-7.
3aTyxaHHe CHrHaJJa B
KallaJJaX TC )(JJ" CHCTeMbI
LJD:U.66 paCCqHTbIBaeTcH
Ha qaCTOTY 2600 elf, a B
CHCTeMe «Hena» (lJ,JIH Ka.
HaJJOB II. III H IV) Ha qa-
CTOTbi 1 800. 2400 H 3 000
elf. 3aTyxalllle CHrllaJIa B
R pee =R, (e b -1).
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48

T a 6 JI H U a 11-7
AHa- C06cTBeHHoe 3aTyxaHHe l1eneH, ,'olltenfK,M,
npH 'IaCTOTe CHfHa,13
THn l1enH MeTp
IIpOBO- 500 J 800 112001180°1 2400 I 260:> J :1000
.la, MM
'"
B03AYWHaH CHrHanbH;H'1 . 5,0 11 15 19 25 29 30,5 33
To me 4,0 13 17 23 28 34 35,5 38
Ka6enb C61l6 1,0 84 106 132 162 185 190 ' 201
. T36 1,2 40 50 58 70 76,6 78 81
. T36 0,9 52 66 78 94 107 110 116
" MK :1 1.2 32 40 58 54 61 62,E 65
,. MKC 1,2 32 40 49 56 63 64,5 67
KaHaJIe TC Onpe;:l;€.,'!5IeTC51 C06CTBeHHblM 33ryxaHHeM u.errv. H K86e.7Jb-
HblX BCTaBOK H .!J.orrOJIHHrelbHbIM 3aTyxaHHeM 15 MNen H3 ha)l{llblH
.rfHHeHtlbIH nYHKT.
0PH pacqere 33ryxaHlHI Ka6eJIbHbiX BcraBOK 3I-I34xreJlbHOfi rrpo-
THlKeHHOCTH HYMHO Y4HTbIBarb He TOlbKO coocrBeHl-roe 33ryxaHile Ka-
6e.1bHOH BcraBKH, HO H lI.OnO.'tHHreJIbHOe 3aryxaHHe, 06YCJIOBJleHHoe no-
Tel''''IH HeCOrJIaCOBaHHOCTH, KOTOpoe MOJKHO onpel\eJIffTb no q,Ol'MYJIe
i\.p=ln i l+A (1-e- 21 . 1 ) I.
A - (Z,,-Z,,)' .
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Zal H Z"2-- BOJIHOBOe conpOTHBJleHHe
u.eoH H BCTaBKH;
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1- I\JIHHa BCTaBKI!.
B CJlY4ae ilpHMeHeHHH BcraBJ{H cnrHaolbHoro Ka6eJIH B Lletlb MarH-
ClpaolbHoro Ka6eo'lH C ,J.HJ;\r€rpOM IKHllbJ 1,2 AtM, AO.3; npH TaKOH Me
IBCT3BKe B B03»,YlllHYIO u.enb C J],HaMeTpOM CTi:tJIbHOrO npoBo;J.r\ 5 MM,
A=O,675 C YTJIOM 40' nUl! "aCTOTe 800 2lj II A= 1,05 C yrJIOM 43° nl'll
qaCTOTe 2600 2lj.
DpHeMHbIM YCTPOHCTBO!\.-1 B KaHaJle Tr 51B.I'JHeTCH JIHHeHHbJII 1I.eM.o.
ily.lffTOp JT,IJ,M, CB>l3aHHbJii C KaHa,TO>l TY Qepe3 YCII,lI1Te,lb JTY II
.rrrmeHHh'H Tpalicq,op"aTOp JTT. JJlIlleHliblH TpaHcq,opMaTol' npel\H83'
HalleH, rJIaBHblM 06p330:\1, 11..,151 fIOBLlweHHH BXOllHOfO conpoTHBoleHHH
YCI!JlHTeJlH JIY, 4TO l-Ie06XO.Zl,HMO H3-3a 001l.Kl1104e!lHH J( JIHHei1:HOH lle.
PH ,IJ,LL 60JIbUWrO 'lIle,TO YCIlJIIITe,leA JIY. Ha n()CJleI\HeM JIllfleI'iHoM
nYHKTe u.enb HarpY>KeJlJ COfJpOTHB"leHI-H:\[ R.'1 ,p8:BHbIM_ bo,rIHOBOMY
conpOTHBJIeHlIfO .'tHlleHHoif U.enH J],aHllOfO THlm, LIT06bl ooecoellHTb MO-
HorOHHoe YMeHblltelIHe HanpHMeHHH CHfH3. r Ia no Mepe Y1l3JIeHH5I 01' nH-
TalOwero JWH4a llenH no 3KcrroHeHUH3.TIbHOMY 3aKoHY.
BXUJl.HOe conpOTHB.:leHHe R BX nepBH4Hor"t 06WTKH TpaHccjJUpM3ro.
l'a JlT, HarpYJKeHHoro YCH,TIITe,TeM JIY, eOCTaBJIHeT 6,25 KOA! B CJIY-
'fae Ka6e.lbllofi t(enll 6e3 nynIlIl1l3at(lIl1, 16,7 KO/< B CTaJlbllOH B03I\yIll-
49
r.LI.e
COOTBeTCTBeH90 OtHOBHOfi

Tao'""a 11-8
THn t(nH I THn I1IU1H
>" " I ", 0
"" .' " x x'
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PaC'IeTHbie BeJlH'IH- ." . I PaC'!CTHbie Be.1H'IIi- . . : .
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;:,::::::::c ",W ,"0 ,"" x ::.:: = 
YpoBeHb Ha I YC"J!eme YCH-
nepBWIHOH 06MOT- I mneJUI J1Y;Y . . . 3,6 3,6 3,6
Ke J]T. . . . . . -2,1 -2.3 -2.80
3aTyxatme B J11 1,25 1,05 0,55 YpoBeHb HJ BXO
YpoBeHb Ha BXO- Ae JlJI.M. . . . . +0,25 +0,25 +0,25
)J.e YCHJ!H1'enR -3,35 -3,35 -3,35
HOH [(enH H 25 KG.!! B Ka6e,1bHO'! nynHHH3HpOBaHHOii [(enH, KOri\a nep-
BUQHaH 06MOTKa HCnOJIb3ycTCH nOJIHOCTblO; 1.IYBCTBHTCJIbHOCTh .a.eMO
i\YJIflTOpa COCTaBJIlleT 0,45-0,55 8 (OKOJIO - 0,4 Hen). .1J.JIII o6ecneqe,
HHII lIai\e1KHOro npHeMa CHrHaJIa TY lIa BXOi\e l\eMOi\YJIIITOpa peKo-
MeHi1yeTcII npei\ycMaTpHBarb pa60QHi\ ypOBeHb+O,25 Hen (OKOJIO
1 8). PaCQeTHble BeJIHqHlIbl ypOBHCi\ H 3aryxaHHII OlrHaJIa TY Ha .111.
Hei\HoM nYHKTe npHBei\eHbl B ra6.1. 11-8.
COnOC'faB.1eHHe npHBel\eHHbIX B Ta6.1. 11-8 'ne.1HqHH C .'\onycrH'lbl-
Mil YPOBHIIMII nepei\aqll Cllma.1a TY (ra6.1. 11-5) nOKa3LwacT, QW
pacqeTlwe 3aTyxaHHe cllrlla.'a TY B .1HHelflIoHuenH npeBbIllJaeT 3 Hen;
O.D.HaKO C ll.€JIblO C03AaHHH 3anaCOB l-Ia.a.€iKHOC1H npH npOeKTl1pOaaHHJ!
peKOMeHi\yeTcII 06eCneQHBarb 3aTyxaHlle He 60.1ee 2,8 Hen.
B uenll nepBHqHOH 06,wrKII TpaHc<popJaTOpa .11T npei1YCMO'fpeH
Ha60p pe311CTopOB (10,20,39,82 H 160 KOM) 1\.111 perYJIHpOBKII ypOB-
HII Clmra.1a TY Ha BXOi\C )'CK1I1Te.111 .'IYY. B IJpllHUHne npHeMHa51
annapa'fypa Momer pa60'faTb npH JII060M ypOBHe CHflJaJla TV
Ha Bxo.u.e.
O)J.H3KO npH orcyrcTBJlH B Kan3JIe TY CHrHa.la, 'ITa l\IO)l{eT CJIY1.IHTb-
CH B pe3yJIbTare KaKorO':HI60 nospe)f()J,eHHH, O,J,HOBpeMeHI-IO npHBO;J.H
l1\ero K 110BbJIlleHHIO ypOBHII nO'Jex (06pbIB 11pO:<Ol\a), nOMeXH Moryr
BbI3B8Tb XaOTHQeCKYlO pa60ry npHCMHblX ycrpO)CTB, 1.ITO BbI3blBaeT
Ji3J1Hilli-ll1n 113HOC KOHT2KTOB. 4acro 3TO HG."!eI-lJ1e Ha6.:IJoJJ.aeTCH Ha .1Jf.
ueHHblX nYHf\TaX, pacnO:JO)l{eHHblX 61H3KO K nYHKTY npo.\'€*yrOlJHfJ;-'O
YCHneHIIII, BbJi\31Oil\erO B uenb npH orC)'TcrBH!! C11rHaJla TY YC!!.1eH-
H)'l0 nOMexy. }l.J1H oc.'Ia6J1€HHH 3Toro H€)j.;:e.laT€.TJbHOrO HBJIcnHR 11
rrpe)J.!la3H£l'-IeH3 ynoMHII)'raH Bblllle perY"ll1pOBKa. B raOJI. II9 VK,-na-
1-10, npH KaKHX Ha60pax pe3HcropOB ;\OCTl1raeTCH TO Hm1 }H-lOe 3a1Y
xaHHe CHrHa_1a TY Ha BXOl\e YC:WH'fe,lll J]:r'Y.
Dpei\Bap"Te.1LHO COnpOnIBJIeHHe M<))Ker 6blTb paCCQ"Ta'IO no
(jJopMYJIe
R"o=Rex(e b -I),
ri\e II - Tpe6yeMoe 3aryxaHlle.
50

T a 6 n H u a 11-9
3;1TyxaHHe aa BXOllC YCH.1HTe.lIR, Hen, )!,.HI ucnli
ConpOTH6J1eHHC pe:)ltCTOpOB,
«OM, nplJ 8KJlKJ'Iemm
ConpOTHBJIe-
I-/He pe3Kcro-
pa, KOM
K;I!5ejlbHOH
HcnynHHH3H-
pOB8HH0i1
B03.1YWHO!%
CTa.1bHoi1
Ka6cJlbHGH
uynHHH3HpO-
B8HHOA
"'P"".",o I
nOCJlcltOfHI-
TC,lbHO
5,7 0,65 0,30 0,20 10; 20: 39 -
6,67 0,70 0,34 0,23 10; 20 -
10 0,95 0,46 0,34 - 10
13,3 1,15 0,59 0,42 20; 39 -
20 1,45 0,78 0,59 - 20
30 1,75 1,03 0,79 - 10; 20
39 2,00 1,18 0,94 - 39
49 2,20 1,36 1,09 - 10; 39
59 2,35 1,50 1,21 - 20; 39
69 2,50 1,64 1,32 - 10; 20; 39
82 - 1,77 1,45 - 82
92 - 1,86 1,54 - 10; 82
102 - 1,95 1.63 - 20; 82
112 - 2,05 1,70 - 10; 20; 82
121 - 2,12 1,76 - 39; 82
131 - 2,18 1,8.3 - 10; 39; 82
141 - 2,25 1,89 - 20; 39; 82
151 - 2,30 1,95 - 10; 20; 39; 82
160 - 2,35 2,00 - 160
170 - 2,40 2,05 - 10; 160
180 - 2,45 2,10 - 20; 160
190 - 2,50 2, J.> - 10; 20; 160
199 - - 2,19 - 39; 160
209 - - 2,24 - 10; 39; 160
242 - - 2,36 - 82; 160
281 - - 2,5U - 39; 82; 160
npHeMHblM YCTPOHCTBOM B KaHaJIe TC HBJIHeTCH i\eMO.QY,'HTOp
IJD:M, nO.QKJIlOqeHHb[H K Ka!JaJIY TC qepe3 YCH.1HTeJIb UY H tjJHJIbTp
THna <!>A. Bce i\eMOi\Y,lHTopbl UD:M paCC4H [b[BaIOTCH Ha Cpe.QHIOIO
"YBCTBHTe,lbHOCTb - 0,4 Hen (0,45-0,55 8) H pa60<IHIJ ypOBeHb CHr-
Ha,la +0,25 Hel! (I II).
B Ta6JI. 11-10 npHBei\ellb[ cpe.QHHe BeJIH4HHbJ 3aTyxaHHH H YPoBHeII
<:Hmana H npHeMHOH annapalype CHCTeMb! lJD:U-66 i\JIH Ka6cJIbHoII
nynHHH3HpOB3IH10H (Kn), B03i\YWHOH (BC) H Ka6eJlbHOH 6e3 nynH-
""3aUHH (K) JIHHeHHblX u.eneH.
npHBe,!1eHHble BenHlfHHbi nOKa3bIBalOT, lfTO YCHJleHH(. np:le1HOn
annaparypbl C YMeHbllleHHeM p2.6o'-Ieii qaCTOTbI CI1TII3.1a fl3,LJ.aer, lfTO
110CTHraeTCH npHMeHeHHeM B YC}UIl1TeJIe UY"Y aMn.rHITYLI.HOrO IBblpaSHH-
B3toll1erO KOHTypa; npH 3TOM pa3HOCTh YCHlreHHfI npH Kpaihmx pa60.
fmx QaCTOT3X COCTaBJIHer 0,75 Hen. 4'JaJ{THQeCKH nepena.u. YPOBHei't CHf-t
51

T a 6 A H U a 11-10 HaJJa 3aBHCHT OT I\JJHHbl
JJHHeHHOH I1enH H npH -'a-
TyxaHHH naHBbICmeH pa60-
qeH qaCTOTbl 1\0 4,5 Hen
M01Ker cocraBHTb B B03 a
I\YWHOH I1enH 1\0 I Hen, a B
Ka6e,bHOH - 1\0 0,75 Hen.
)Jml nOJJHOH KOMneHcaQHII
noro nepenal\a CJJY2KHT
aMn,HTYI\HblH BblpaBHH-
BaIOlI\HH KOHTYP ABK2 r;
cxeMe IjJHJJbTpa THna <l>A
(pHC, 11-14).
KOHTYP (pIiC. 11-15) MO-
2KeT 6b1Tb nepecTpoeH Ha
I\Ba peJl\HMa c pa3JJHQllbl-
MH H3KJIOH3MH l£3CTOTHOH
xapaKTepHCTHKiH, tIro ,aaer
B03MOJl\HOCTb Bb16paTb Qa-
CTOTHYIO xapaKTepHCTHKY,
npn6,TH2KaI01l1YIOCH K 06-
panJOH xapaKTepl!CTHKe 33-
TYX3HIHI CnfHaJI3 B JIJHJeJ{.
HOllll.enH. fH€3.u.a 2 H 2' C.1I\..')J{3r .IJ.JHI BKJJlOLJeHH5I Ii BbIK.7JtQ t leHH5I KOH-
Typa, YCTaHaBJJHB3H lllTenCe,Tb B rHe3,I.\a J, nO,TYQaeM 60JJee KPYTY'D
QaCrOTHYIO xapaKTepl!CTl!KY (KpHBaH 1 Ha puc, [[-14); npn nepecn-
HOBKe llITenCeJHI B rHe3,aa l' nO/IYLJaeM 60.1ee nO.l0ryto xapaKTepHcTuKY
(KpHBaH 2 Ha pllC, [[-14), B nepBOM C,Y4ae ABK2 BHQCHT 3aTyxaHuc
Ha HaHBblCilleH pa60Qeii qaCTOTe OKOJIO 0,1 Herr, a BO BTOpOM - OKO,l'-=:
0,3 Hen.
B yCTpoHcTBax )JLL CIiOOMbl «I-leBa» I1cno,lL3YIOTCH KaHJJbI IC
npH6JlH3HTMbHO B 2 pa3a 60,Tee Y3;,He, 'Ie\l D (JlCreMe Y)JLL-66, B
](3)K1{OM K3HaJJe npH:\1eH5IerC5I HH,lJ:ifBH.n:.ya,ll>Hbli'r YCl1.iIHTe.'Ib TY, YCH.7Je.
HHe KOToporo 1\1omer OI)JTJJ oTperY:JJ1pOB,-!jjO ;;fn()TpaHccpopMaTopot
Pa60'lHE' '!aCTl!Tbl KIIllaMI
TC, 2
P;lC'!f'THhle Be.Hi'!!!-
:i\bJ,lten 1650 I 1950 I 2250 I
25150
Ypoaetlb HJ BXO-
Ae \})HJ\bTpa:
Kn -3,15 -3,45 -3,65 -3,9
BC -3,35 -3,65 -3,85 -4,1
K -3,85 -4,15 -4,35 -4,6
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flaJIaM n. q. 51B.'IHeTC5I Ba>KHbIM Hanpa13JIeHHeM peWeHH5I np06JIeMbl
ynpaBJ1eHH Yl\aJ1eHHbIMH Y4acTKaMH D:U. B nOM naparpaljJe 6Yl\yT
parCMorpeHbI reXHWleCKHe HOpMbT. KOTopble 1l.0.II.ihHbl 6bITb IIOJIOiKel1bf
n OCHOBY HCnO'Ib30BaHHH Kal1a,nOB B. tJ. LtJIH YKa3aHHOH Bb(We UeJIH H
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annapaTypbl B q. Ha pHC. 11-22 nOKa-
3aHa THnOBaH CTpYKTypa CBH3H no Ka-
H3.IIa M B. l{. B 06lll,eM cJIyqae CB5I3b
no nape BCrpeLJHbiX KanaJIOB B, LJ. 3a-
MeHHeT yqaCTOK I\ByxnpOBol\HoH l\e-
IIH. OOCKOJIbKY napa K3U3JIon B. q.
06pa3yeT TpaKT 4eTbIpeXnpoBol\HOII
CB5I311, HCXO.IJ.Ha51 LtByxnpOBO.IJ.n351 u.enb
conpHraeTcH C I\ByxnpOBOI\HbIM BXo-
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58
',-tJ

OpH Onpel\eJ1eHHH XapaKTepHCTHK KaHaJ10B B. 'I. B TO'lKaX 1 H 2
YCTal!aBJ1HBaeTCH HyneBoH ypoBeHb CHeHaJ1a (775 M8 npH BXOI\HOM co-
npOTHBJ1eHHH [(enH 600 OM), n03TOMY 3TH TO'lKH npHHHTO Ha3bIBaTb
TOqKaMH HYJ1eBOrO H3MepHTeJ1bHOrO ypOBHH. l(aHaJ1b1 B. q. perv.
,1HpYIOTCH TaK, qT06bI npH nepel\aqe B J1I060M HanpaBJ1eHHH
CHrHaJ1 HMeJ1 HYJ1eBOH ypOBeHb B 06eHX TOqKaX H3MepeHHH. B COBpe-
MeHHOH annapaType B. 'I. ypOBeHb Ha BXOl\e MOI\YJ1HTOpa 1\0J1)!(CH
COCTaBJ1HTb PI = -1,5 lien, a Ha IIbIXOl\e l\eMOI\YJ1HTOpa p,= +0,5 Hen.
B HeKOTopbIX THnax annapaTypb1 B. 'I. 3apy6e)\{HOrO npOH3BOl\CTBa cy-
Il\eCTBYIOT H3MepHTeJ1bHble ypOBHI! PI =-2 lien H P'= + 1 lien. PeKO-
MeH.IJ.yeTC5I, oco6eHHO B cJtyqae HCnOJIb30B8HHH .9THX CHcreM Ha O.u.HOM
HanpaBJIeHHH c COBpeMeHHIMH CHcreMaMli, OCYllleCTBJUlTb HeCJImK-
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38HHblM BbIllie Cr8H.IJ.apTHblM.
OPH HCn0J1b30BaHHH KaHa."OB B. q. B YCTpofrCTBax D:LL He npHHHTO
OCYIl\eCTBJ1HTb nepeXOI\ C ):{ByxnpOBO;C(Hoi{ cxeMbl CBH3H Ha qeTblpeX-
npOBO.i(HYIO cxeMY nOCpel\CTBOM I\IHpq,epeHl.lHaJ1bHbIX CHCTeM C lia-
J1aHCHbIMH KOHTypaMH. KaK nOK33aHO Ha pHc.II-22, qT06bl H36e)\{aTb Ha-
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CBH3H HJ1H pa3perYJ1HpOBKOH 6aJ1aHCa B I\Hq,q,epeH[(HaJ1bHOH CH-
creMe. 3r8 38.lJ.alJa pewaeTCH npHMeneHHeM JJHHeHHblX p3.3)I.eJIHTeJIb-
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co:-ryqae Bbl,LI.eJI5ItOTC5I B TE.necpoHHoM K8HaJle pa3. T mlJHbJe TIC110Cbl lJ3-
C'fOT. TaKHM o6pa30M, annaparypa K8Ha. 1 IOB B. tl. CTbIKYcTC5I C K8H1.-
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BOI\HOfr qacm TpaKTa Ha BXOl\aX MOI\YJ1HTOpOB M H Ha Bb1XOl\aX )Ie-
'WI\YJ1HTOPOB ,l(M cooTBeTcTBYIOIl\erO KaHaJ1a B. q. B 3TOH qaCTH
rpaKTa cTaH.u.apTHbIH KaHaJt B. q. 06eCneQHBaeT YCHJteHHe CHrHa,'Ia
2 lien OT BXOl\a MOI\YJ1HTOpa 1\0 BblXOl\a l\eMo):{YJ1HTopa.
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ypoBeHb CHeHaJ1a Ha BXOl\e :vIOI\YJ1HTOpa KaHaJ1a B. q. 1\0mKeH 6bIT"
OrpaHH'IeH: C OI\HOH CTOpOHb1, He,lb3H l(OnYCTHTb neperpY3KH l\aHHOro-
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.u.aHHoH CliCTeMbI, nocKoJtbKY 3TO MO>KeT OTpHll.aT€JIbHO CKa3aTbC5I Ha
pa60Te rpYIl1IOBofr annapaTypbl, 06CJ1Y)\{HBalOIl\eH Bce KaHaJ1b1 l\aHHOli
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ypOBeHb CHfHaJta Ha Bxo.u.e MOJI.YJt5lTopa OrpaHHqHSaeTC5I no YCJtOBHHM
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He npHHHMaeTC5I BO BHHMaHHe H3-3a MaJIOH Bep05lTHOCTH cOBna.u.eHH5I
59

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:iP m" =5000 MIC8T, qTO COOTBeTcTByeT a6COJIIOTHOMY ypOBHIO HanpH-
)j{eHHH p= +0,8 lIel! H,TH HanpH)!{eHHIO 1,728. npH lIaJIHqHH I! KaHa-
J10B TOl!aJIbHorO TE'-J1erpacpa .lJ.OnycTHMoe Hanp5DKeHHe no O.lJ.HOMY Ka-
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HHH 3arpY3Ka KaHaJIa B. '-I.
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C HyJIeSblM H3MepHTeJ1bHbIM ypOIJH€M
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60

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I npOMem)'TO'-iHOe YCHJleHHe B Hepa3-
BeTBJleHHOH JlI1HeHHOH uenl1 ... 2 1 1103 I
2 Pa3BeTBJleHHe JlHHeHHOH uenH ""
"Be . . . . . . . . J!Hi1Oi'1 3 - 1103 J
3 Conp5DKeHHe o)];Ho11 ue-
n" C KaHaJlOM B. 4. 1 - - I
4 COl1pHmeHHe .D;BYX JlIWeHHbIx ue-
neH C K8HaJlOM B. 4. 2 - - I
5 COnpH">KeHHe rpex J!l-meHHblX ue-
ne" C KaHa,10M ll. l[. 3 - - I
6 Conp5DKeHHe JlHHei1bI eei1 ;BYX.
.!I.HClleT'-lepCKHK yqaCTKOB C BYMH Ka. 2 2
HaJIJ'-'1H B. q. - I -
B CJIYlf3e 2 YCHJIHTeJIH K3H3JIOB TC MorYT OTCYTCTBOB3Tb, eCJIH
TpeoyeMoe YCHJIeHHe HeBeJIHKO. B CJIY'IaHX 3, 4, 5 H 6 IJpe)\ycMoTpe-
Ha B03MO)l{HOCTb nponYCKa KaH3JIa B. q. TpaH3HTOM, KOf,D,a .rmHeHHbIe
lJ,erm tJ,ltCrreTtiepCKOro Y4acTKa nO}I,KJH04eHbI K ,1].BYM nYIfKTaM BbIlI.e-
JIemlH KaHaJIOB B. q.
Ha craTIlBe YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH BbrrrpHMHTeJIb THIJa BY-,lJ,U )\JIH 1m-
TaHHH arrTIapaTypbl OT ceTH nepeMeHHoro TOKa C IJepeXOiJ,OM Ha pe-
3epBHoe IJHTalme OT aKKYMYJIHTOpHoi\ 6a Ta peH.
68

r J1 a B a III
3nEMEHTbi KAHAnOO&PA3YlOl.LIEH AnnAPATYPbl A
1. 06HE CBEAEHHH
Paapa60TK3 pa3JIHQHbIX THnOB KaIIa,'006pa3YIOIl(efI annapaTypbJ
IIJIH YCTpoiicTB ,l],IJ. nOTpe60BaJIa paCC>IOTpeIlHH cnoc060B nOCTpoeHHH
3JIeMeHTOB cxeM KaaJIo06pa3YIOIl(eii annapaTypbl C L(e.1bJO oT60pa
npHHL(HnHaJIbHbIX peIIleHHii, KOTopbIe naH60.1ee OTBeQaJIH 6bI 1'pe60.
B2 HHHM YCTpoiicTB ,l], IJ..
B HaCTOHIl(ee BpeMH B KaHaJIo06pa3yIOIl(eii annapa1'ype ,l],IJ. IIpH.
MeHHIOTCH repMaHHeBbIe TpaH3HCTOpbI II KpeMHHeBble AHOllbI. B nOCJIeA"
Hee BpeMH B annapaType ,l],IJ. paCIIIIIpHeTCH npHMeHeHHe cTa6HJIII1'pO.
HOB, KOTopble HCnOJIb3YIOTCH He TO.1LI\O }I,JIH cTa6HlH3aL1HH Hanp50KeHH51
OHT3HHH OT}I,eJIbHbIX 6JIOKOB, HO H }I,JIH 33.u.aHHH onpe.u.e.lJemwro pe)KH'"
Ma TIHT3lIHa OT.lJ.eJIbHbIX rpaH3HCTOpOB B l{enHX nOCrmtHHOrO TaKa.
nplI pa3pa60TKe KaHaJIoo6pa3YIOIl(eff annapaTYPbI 06paIl(aeTCH 60JIb-
ruoe BHHMaHHe Ha 06eCneQeHHe pa60TOCIJoc06HOCTH aIJnapa1'YPbI B
IIIHpOKOM IIHana30He TeMIJepaTYp. BepXHHii npeAeJI pa60Qeff TeMnepa-
TYPbI YCTaHOBJIeH +50'C, OAHaKO 06pa3L(bI annapaTypbI B npOL(ecce
pa3pa60TKH IJpOBepHIOTCH Ha pa60Tocnoc06HOCTb 110 + 70°C.
BepoHTHoCTb IICnOJIb30BaHHH annapaTypbI ,l],IJ. IJpH OQeHb HH3KHX
TeMnepaTypax HeBeJIHKa, nOCKOJIbKY 06bI4HO 3Ta annapaTypa yCTa-
HaBJIHBaerCn B craHl.(HOHHbIX 3)J.aHHHX. I1cKJIlOtIeHHH HMelOr MeCTO Ha
UOCTax npuMbIKaHHH .lJ.ByxnYTHbIx BcraBOK Ha neperoHax, r,D,e arrnapa.
'ypa YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH B peJIeiiHbIX 6YIIKax. B 3THX YCJIOBHHX npoeK-
TOM !\OmKHbI 6bITb npellYCMOTpeHbI YCTpoiicTB2 3JIeKTp0060rpeBa c
T(>MTIepdTYPOH aBTO)I3THtIeCKOrO BK,IIlOlleHHH +5°(. O)J.HaKo TIPH BbI'"
K.lJlOlJeHHH ria HeKoTopoe BpeMH nepeMCHHoro TOKa 3JleKTpOo6orpeB
npeKpamaercH, IHO MO>Ker npHBecTH K cyw.ecrneHHoMY nOHH)I{eHHIO
TeMnepaTypbI B nOMeIl(eHHH. n03TmIY annapaTypa ,l],IJ. BbrnycKaeTC"
3aBOilOM Ha MHHHMaJIbHYIo pa60'lYIO TeMnepaTypy-30'C.
CaMbiM YH3BHMbiM 3JIei\leHTOM KaHaJIOo6pa3YlOuleH aonaparypbl B
YCJIOBH5IX H1f3KOH reMnepcnypbI HBJIHfOTCrr 3JIeKrpOJIHTHlleCKHe KOH"
,D,eHcaTopbI ,ilJIH pa3BH3KH IleneB oepeMellIIoro TOKa. KpHrH4eCIUi:'l1 HB.
JUferC5t He C!HOKelme HX eMKOCTH, a nOBhIrne!-IHe BHyrpeHH€"O .1KT!fBHOrO
conpOTHBJIeHHH, BKJIIOIleHHoro B lienH nOCJleJI,OBareJIbHO C eMKOCTblO.
YBeJIH4eHHe aKTHBHoro COnpOTlIBJIeHH5I KOH.lJ.eHC3TOpOB C OOHH}KeIIHeM
6'1

TeMne-paTypbl Bbl3blS3eT nOHBJIeHHe 3aMerHOH. OTpHu.areJIbl-IOM o6par-
HOH CBH3H; H3MeHe-HHH XapaKTepHCrHK annaparypbl npH 3TOM Moryr
OKa3aTbCH 3!1;-PIHTeJlbHblMH. I103TOMY npHH?TO pellielUie He npHMeHHTb
B Kaaa.no06pa3YJOlI(eii an]]apaType JUJ 3.neKTpo.nHTHQeCKXe KOH)(elJ'
CaTOpbl. B uenHX pa3BH3KH peKOMeH.llyeTcH ycratlaaJIHB3rb KOHAeHr3
TOpbl c rsepIl,blM /Uf3JI€KTPHKOM, B CE5J3]( C 3TW\f flpH06per3cr np3K"
THl.J:eCKOe 3Ha4eHHe BOflpOC a pauHOH3.rlbH0.\1 nOCTpoeHHH pa3BH3bIBaJO-
1l.I,HX u.eneH c UeJIblO YM€Hblll€IfHH l.J:HCJ13 pa3BH30K H npHMeHeHI1H KOH-
.n.e-HC3TOpOiB- Cp3BHHTeJIbHO ne60J!blllOH €\!KOCTH. B T3KHX CJ1Y'-!3HX He-
06XOil,HMO 06eClIel.J:HTb CHH)KeHHe ;1,0 ;l,OnYCTH:\fOH BeJ1Hl.J:HHbl ypOBHH
nY.IJbcau,l-11i H WYHOB, npOHHK31OllJ,I-1X H TpaH3HCTopHble cxeMbl OT Hcrol.J:-
HHK(J nHT<1HHH.
npH paCCMOTpeHHH B lIaCToml1eH r.naBe npHlJlIHnHaJIbHbIX pewe-
HHH, npHMt'HHeMbiX ..pH pa3pa60ne K8rJa.'1oo6p33YI0w,eH 3!1nJp3Typbl..
oc060e BHHMaHHe 6Y,ll,€r Y.lI.€lleHO BOnpOCCl.M cra6HJ1H3au,HH pe)j\:H:\lOB
H 3allJ,HTbl TpaH3HcropOB aT r;J1HHHHH ilI-leWHHX cf:IaKTvpOB H nOMex co
CIOpOHbl u.eneH nHraH}fH. I1oCJleJJ,Hee B YCTpoifcTBax )1,l.l, HMeeT tleMa
JIOB3MHoe 3f13lJ€HHe, nocKoJlbKY .lI.JIH nHT3HHH K3HaJ1oo6pa3YJOUl.ei-i
annapaTypbl HCnOJIb3YfOT HCTOlJHHKH, nHT8101u,He OJJ,Hospe.MeHHo pe-
.'IeHHO-KoHT3KTUYlO 3nnaparypy, cnoc06HYlO 3a<:opHTb u.enH nHTaHIUI
HMnYJIbCHblMH nOMexaMH.
2. YCHnHTEnH AnSI YCTPOl'iCTB A
YCHJ1HTe.T1b CHHYCOH,lI,3J1bHblX KOJIe6aHHH f!B.'JHeTCH '83)KHeHIiIH\'J n
OCHOBHblM 3JIeMeHTOM KaHa."006pa3YJOweii annapaTypbl )J.U. 1l0A
YC:HJIHH'.':leM 3JJ,eCb nO,ll,p33YMeB3eTcH He3aKoHlleHHblH: 6JIOK HJIH OT-
.a.eJIbHOe H:.-JD.eJ1H€ Taro HJIH HI-wro 1'1a3HalJeHHH H HaHMeHOBaHHH, 33.1e-
MeHTapnaH YCHJIHTeJIbHCl.H cxeMa, COD.ep)K3w,3H OAHH HJ1H JlB3 Tp3H3H-
CTopa. CJIO)f{Hble Y.CHT}HTe.:[H 06bIlJHO COCTaBJIHfi)TCH H3 fleCKOJIbKHX
::iJleME'HT3pHbIX YCHJ1HTeJ1eH, 06'be.ll.HHeHHbIX eMKOCTHblMH HJIH HH.lI.YK-
THBHblMH CBH3HMH. B 3nnaparype )1,U npHMeHHerCH, KaK np3BH.10.
HHAYKTHBHaH (TpaHc<jJopMaTopHaH) CBH3b. [)6eCneHBaIOw,aH J1Y"lllee
ncOOJIb30BaHHe YCHJIHTeJlbHbIX CBOHCTB TpaH3HCTOpOB H COKpam.eflHe B
CBH3H C 3THM QHc.na TpaH3HcTOpOB H ilpyrHx ileTaJIeii. TpaHc<jJopMa-
TOp HBJIHeTCH Ha.ll.e:tKHbiM H3.l1.elHeM, HO HMeeT cpaBHHT2JIbHO 60JIblliHe
ra6apHTbl. B annapaType JI.LI. 3TOT He,WCTaTOK He HBIIHeTCH npenHT-
CTBHeM K WHPOKOMY npHMeHeHHfO TpCl.HccpopMaTopOB, TeM 60Jlee l.J:TO
B pH)(e clIYQaeB TpaHccjJopMaTOp HD.nHeTCH 3JIeMeHTOM cjJHlIbTpa.
I1pH pa3pa6orKe YCH.1JITeJIeH, HBolHfOW,HXCH 3JHMeHTaMH KaHao'lO-
06pa3YIOw,eii annapaTYPbI JI.LI.. npHXO)(HTCH pewaTb MHoro06pa3Hbie
3aD.3llH H BbmOJIHHTb pH,1J, Tpe60B3HHH, Ba}KHeHlllHMH H3 KOTOpt:J.X HB-
..l5)IOTCH: a) 06eCnelJCHHe cra6tWbfiOCTH peMH:\13 nHT3HHH TP3H3iiCTO-
pOB npH H3MeHeHHH n IIJHpOKHX npeAe,nax TeMnepaTypb! H xapaKTepH-
CrHK TpaH3HcTopOB; 6) 06eCnelJeHH,C' CTaOH}'[bHOCTH YCHJIeHHH npa
BKJIlOl.J:eHHH B cxeMY YCHo1HTeclH TpaH3HcTopOD, XCl.p3KrepHcTHKH KOTO-
pblX HMelOr 3H3lJHTeJ1bI-lbIii reXHO.llOflilJeCKHn pa36poc; B) ocym.eCTBJIe-
HHe lle.rJeco06pa3Hoj'I eMKOCTHOH p33BH3KH HendI nInm-lHH npH 0,.'(110-
70

BpeMeHHOM CHH>KeHHH ypOBHH rrOMeX, B031\eiicTBYIOll1HX Ha YCHJlHTeJlb-
1IY1O C:XeMY co CTOpOHbl HCT01.J.HHKa nI-n3HHH.
Crrel1HqJHQeCKOii 3al\aQeii HBJlHeTCH 06eCrreQeHHe rrOCTOHHCTBa
HXO,lJ,HorO COnpOiHBJleHHH YCH.rrHTelbHOH CXeMbl (KOr,Ll,a QHa IlO)],KJlIO-
tlena K BbIXO)1.Y cpH.J1bTpa) HJIH IBbIXOJI,HOrO conpOTHB.n:eHH51, a TaK)Ke
nOCTOHHCTBa MMKCHMa.rrbI-IOrQ YPOBHH CHfHaJia Ha Bblxo)],e.
B OCHOBe aHa.rIH3a YCH/II-IT€JlbHbfX cxeM B 3TOH f.TIaHe nOJIQm:eHbI
npH6'"H)KeHHble Bblpa)KeHHH,
. . + . . e . . (I 0 ) ' 1-8.
l3 =l6 lK; l6 = 19; lK =- -'C/' 19 =l6'
(Ill-I)
rJI,e i3  io H ij( - TOKI-I 3MI-ITTepa, 6a3bl I-I KO,,1JIeKTOpa Tpau3HcTopa;
O=I-a;
31\eCb a - K03q,q,HI1HeHT YCHclemlH TOKa B cxeMe C oOlUeii
6a30ii.
BBe,Ll,eHHe 8 OrrpaBll.blHaeTcH TeM, lITO 3T3 13e.rIH1.Il1ha rrO,Ll,Bep)KPHa
HaH60JlbIlIHM H3MeHeUH5lM: HarrpI-li"1CjJ. eC"1H a H3.\leWleTCH OT 0,95 )],0
0,99, TO 0 rrpH 3TOM II3"leJiHeTCH OT 0,05 i\0 0,01, T, e, B 5 pa3. Be.1HQH-
!la e MaJla, qTO 06JI€rt-laeT l1C:rrO.'Ib300amfe CTeIT€!-IHbIX pH)],on If op.
M)'JI npH6JIH}KeHHblx IBblqHCleHHH..
CTa6HJlbHOCTb pe>KHMa rpaH3HcTopa orrpel\eJlHeTCH Cra6HJlbHOCrbIO
nOCrOHI-II-IOH COCTaBJIHlOw.eii rOKa B l(enH KOJIJIeKTOpa I K I-I pa3HOCiil
Harrp>KeHHii Ha 6a3e H Ko.MeKTope TpaH3HCTopa (U. -U" ), no'
-CKOlbKY 3TI-I B€JIHqHHbl HerrOCpe!I.CfBeHHO CIJH33HbI C aI\IITJlI-IrYJ10H: CHr-
HaJIa; KaK li3BeCTHO, (U 6 -u K ) He !I.()JUt:HO OblTb MeHLwe aMf1J1I-ITY-
.Il.bl HarrpH.>KeHI-IH CHfHaJI.3, a TOK I K MeHbwe 3MnJlI-ITy,.T1.bI TOKa B
IJ,er!H KOJlMKTOpa TpaH3HCTopa, BemjQIlEbl I" II (Uo-U, ) 3aBIICHT
1'C1K.>Ke OT BeJIli1.lI-II-IbI HeyrrpaBJIHeMorO TOKa KOlJleKTOpa I KO , B 3I-IaqI-I
reJlbHOH CTeneHI-I 33SI-ICHw.ero OT 'feMrreparypb[ I-I rrpOTeK3lOW.ero rro
uerrH 6a3a-\(0JIeKTOp TpaH3l1CTopa.
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6a3bI, 3MHTTepa H KOJlJleKTOpa, KOTOPb]ii MO)\(eT 6bITb H3MepeH MHJlJlH-
aMmpMe.TpOM ItOCT05l1H10ro TOKa, TO ItpHMe.HHT-e,llbHO t( alUM aKTH
'!eCKHM TOKaM B rrpHCYTCTBHH TOKa l KO Bblpa)\(eHHH (Ill-I) )\OJl)\(Hbi
6blTb rrpe06pa30BaHbl TaK:
1-8 )
I, =10 +1, ;10+1,,=81,;1, -1,,,=(1-8);1, ="fJ(1o +1'0)' (1II-2
B cxeMax C TpaHcq,opMaTopHbIM BbIXOI\OM rrOTCHI1HaJ1 U, MOlKeT
6b1Tb rrpHHHT paBHbIM rrOTeHI1HaJlY MlilIyca HCTOqHHKa rrHraHHH. 1103-
1'OMY BMeCTO pa3HOCTH lIarrpH>KeHHii (U 0 -U, ) B 3TOM cJlyqae
HMee r 3HaqeHI-Ie I-IarrpH}KeI-IHe U 6 .
l.laJlee 6Yi\YT paCCMaTpHBaTbCH BbIpa)\(eHHH BIIl\a:
H cxeM c OHI-IM rpaH3HCTOpOM
I, =F , (8, I",); U6 F.(e, I",);
I\JlH cxeM C I\BYMH TpaH3HCTopaMH
IK =F s (8 h f1 2 ,1IW! ,11<0'1); U 6 =F4(H},H'!/KOt ,lKo2 ).
(1II-3)
(IIH)
71

AHaJlOrll'lHO MOrVT 5blTb npeJ\CTaB,'eHbl Bblpa>KeHlI", XapaKTepH-
3YIOlll.He YCHJIeHHe C'XeMbl, HO 6e3 yqaTHH B !-IHX TOKOB /Kol H /Ko2 
Ha pHC. 111-1 npe)(CTaBJleHa YClIJlHTeJlbi,a" cxeMa C OJ\HHM TpaH3HcTo-
pOM )(01" annapaTypbI D.lJ.. Opll paCCMOTpeHHlI pe>KlIMa nllTaHlI" TpaHo
311CTOpa MO>KeT 5bITb lICnOJlb30BaHa 50Jlee IIpocTa" cxeMa (pHC. 111-2),
B KOTOpOH )(e.ll1Te,lb Hanp">KeHH" 1I3 pe311CTOpOB R, 1I R, 3aMeHeH 9K-
BHBa.lJeHTHbIM reHeparopoM C 9. ;t. C.
Eo=U
R,
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R ... R, R,
0- Rl+R,
Pe311CTOpb! R, If R, 3aMeHeHb. pe311CTOpOM R, , D.JI" aTof! cxe-
MbI HH>Ke J\aHhI Bhlpa>KeHH" BlIJ\a (111-3), naJ\eHlIe Hanp">KeHlI" Ha
nepexoJ\e 9MlITT ep-5a3a B ,THX B hlpa)j(eH lI"x He Y'lTeHO,
_ V-Eo R.+R" I
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(I1I-5)
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cOP c 0
Bblpa>KeHH" (111-5) nOKa3bIaalOT, '1TO )(JI" cTa511J1113armlf peJKH-
Ma rpaJl3HCTOpa H YMeJ-IbweHHH BJIlUlHHH fOKa I KQ HY>KHO YMeHbIlI8Tb
conpOTlIBJleHlIe Ro , T. e. B peaJlhHOfl cxeMe npllMeH"Tb pe311CTOpbl
RI 1I R, MeHhlllero cOnpOTHBJIeHH", XopolllHe pe3YJlhTaThI nOJlyqarOTCH,
eCJllI Roo =R, '
HeCTa511J1b'HOCTb HanpH>KeHlIH U. B03paCTaeT C YBeJlH'IeHlIeM OT-
IiOllleHHH VIE 0 ; Heo6xo,Ll,HMO, QTo6bJ BeJlHqHHa :Horo OTHOllleHHH
5b1J1a MeHbllJe J\BYX_ D.Jll/ YMeHbllieHlIl/ BJllIl/HIIH TOKa 1'0
Ha TOK Ii( .>K€JIHTeJlbHO YMeHbwHTb CYMMY conpOTHBJleHHH Ru +
u
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C,T R,
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C O,ll,HHM TpaH3HcTopOM
72
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Ma JlHTaUHH TpaH3HcTopa

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(npH I Ro =0) BO MHoro pa3 npt'BbIIlJa," TOK 1. 0 .
Ha pllC. 111-1 11306pa>KeHbI 06bl4Hble pa3BH3blBalOUJ,'!ie eMK0CTH
C, H C., ConpOTIIBJIeHHe KOTOpbIX nepeIeHHoMY TOKY CHrHaJIbHOH qa.
CToTbl i\OJI>KHO 6bITb Bbl6paHo HaCToJIhKO HlI3KlIM, 4T06bl 3To COn po-
THMeHHe npaKTII4eCKH He B.1HHJIO Ha YCHJIeHlle. OI!HOBpeMeHHO 3TO
rpe60B3HHe HBJIHeTCH H yc,nOBHeJo.'1 CHH:tKeHIUI pa3HOCTH Hanp5DKeHHH
nOMeXlI Me>KI!Y T04KaMlI A H E. npH HaIlpH>KeHHH nOMeXH Ha JfCT04.
HHKe nllTaHlIH Un HanpH>KeHlIH nOMeXH B T04Kax A H E no OTHowe-
HHIO K MHHYCY HCTOl[HHKa rTHT3HHH paBHbf CQOTBerCTBeHHO
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UA=U n
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Vb Un -jx, f . J
(R,-jx.) 1 1- Ux
R. (R,-jx.)
ri\e XI II X. - COnpOTlIBJIeHlIe eMKOCTeH C 1 H C..
il.JHI IIOBbJUleHHH Hae)KHOCTH JI.eHCTBl'!fI YCHJJI1TeJIH Jtyqllle 18 Kaqe-
crBe eMKocTei'l C 1 Jf C. JfCnOJIb30BaTb KOHi\eHCaTOpbl C Tgepi\blM i\H-
3JIeKTpHKOM. npll nOM >KeJIaTeJIbHO yMeHbIlJaTb BeJIII4l1Hbl 3THX eMKO-
crei\. HanpH>KetIlle nOMeX\I Me>Ki\Y TO'IKaMlI A II E MO>KeT 6blTb YMeHb-
llleHO He TOJIbKo 3a C4eT YBeJIlI4eHlIH, HO H 6."arOi\apH Bbl60py paulIo-
h:3JIbHOro COOTHOUIeHH5I 3THX eMKocreH.
Ec;m 6YI!er 06ecne4eHo COOTHorneHHe =. TO pa3Hocrb
Xl X 2
U -j X l [
n Rt-jXt .
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I R,(R,-jx.} .
HanpH.>KeH11H nOMexH
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UJIIOCy HCTo'IHHKa OHT3HIHI, TO HMeJIH 6bI MeCro paBeHCTB3
UA=U n ;
jx, f
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R,R,
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R, I
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R, R,R,
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CpaBHlIBaH Bblpa>Ke\lHH (111-6) II (I11-7) II yqllTbiBaH. 4TO R1»x,.
MO>l\HO 3aKJIIOl[HTb, tIro B nepBOM CJIytIae MO:tKHO paCCtIHTblBaTb Ha
3HatIHTeJ:IbHoe YMeHbUleHHe BJIHHHHH nOMex co CTOpOHbI HCTOtIH'HKa nH-
raHIlH no cpaBHeHHIO co BTOpbIM CJIY1.IaeM.
<!>lI3114ecKH 3TO 06'bHCHHeTCH TeM, 4TO B nepBoM CJIY4ae Conpo-
R . R -jx,R,
THBJIeHHH a,-JX" 1 H R-j.xl
73

HBJHIIOTCH n."eaMH MOna, a l\enb Me)!{IIY TOKaMH A H B -IlHaro-
HaJIblO 3Toro MOCTa. I1pHMeHeHHe TpaHc.popMaTopHoro BXOlla B pac-
cMoTpeHHoH cxeMe J1aeT B03MO)KHOCTb HcnO1b30BaTb 3T':> CBOH-CTBO
cxeMbL
YCHJIeIlH" ToKa B cxeMe Ha pHC, III-l, npeHe6peraH COnpOTHBJIe-
Hl!HMH pa3BH3blBalOll\HX eMKOCTeH C, H C 2 H nOTepHMH B TpaHc.popMa-
Tope Tpl, MO)!{HO Bblpa3HTb TaK:
",(I-e)
o 8+" i .!32..
R,
BXOD,HOe conpoTHB']eHHe cxeMbl c Y1J€TOM
i
K - - ,
I - - --:---
I"
(I1I-8 )
conpOTHBJI€HHH RI
R3 n
R,,=
e +"; R,
R
,
(II!-9}
Bblpa>KeHHH (IJI-8) H (JII-9) nOKa3bl'BaIOT, ro B 060HX CJIY4aHx
Hecra6HJlbHOCTb CBH33Ha c Ha.'1IJtIHei\l B 3Ha,\IeHaTele BeJl!illHHbJ
(I-a) =8. 3aBHCHll\eH OT HHIIHBHIIY".TbHbIX CBCHCTB TpaH3HCTopa.
nOBblweHHe cra6H.'1bHOCTH 1\ i H R ax CI3H3aHO C YS€.!IUtIeHHeM tI.n.eHa
2
B "JR, .
 R i
llJIR H3XO)J{)I.eHHH Aonycnn,loH Be.7JHtIHHbJ B 3an,anHMCH:
cpeHeH BenHYHHOH
I
8m c- 2(e mi ,,+e m ,,) ;
nOKa3aTeJIeM HeCTa6H.TbHOCTH YCHJIeHHH TpaH3HCTopa
d- 6max-6min .
- 6max+emin '
J10nYCTHMoii Hecra6lUlbHOCTbIO YCHJleHIHI TOKa
K i may.-K/ min
Kj max +Kj min
l1cnOJIb3YH 3TH 0603HaeHHH H COnOCTaBJIHH Bblpa)j(eHHH (III-8)
.Q.'1H 3la4eiil'irI 8 miJi H 8 max , HaxOAHM
d
H m iI-d 2 )+ 0- 1 ( !II-lO )
B
I-t1 m d
--(j
tJ m
HanpHMep, eC.TH 8 mi " =0,01; 8 m ,x=0,05; 8m =0,03; 6=0,1 a
d=0,67, HaXOIIHM 8=0,22,
I
.D..H cpellHcro 3Hae"HH 8 m =T(8mi,,+8 m ,,)=0,03
K ", . 0 97 8
i 0,03+0,22 =3,8 nl'
(;
74

EC.7JH 33jt3f-Ia fl€Cr36HJlbHOCTb BXOjtHOrO conponia"'I€HHH
0 - R. BX mil>; -R. Bx miR ,
Rux max -rR BX mill
_onYCTIIMall Be,mqllHa B MO>KeT 6blTb HanAena no q,opMYJle
BdjmU-I).
(Ilf-II)
B 3TOM cJlYLJ.ae B HeCKOJlbKO MeHbllJe, a YCHJleHHe BbIUl€,
TaKHM oopa30M, cTa6H.HH3allHH YCHJleHH5I H BxOjtHoro conpOTHBJIe-
HHH CBH3aHa C Ha.JIHLJ.HeM conpOTHBJleml5t R i ,no,ll, KOTOp>->IM MOif<HO
r..Ojtpa3YMeB3Tb H.JIH cTa6HJ1H3Hpyrolll.HH pe3HCTOp, eCJlH TOK iBxllocry.
rraeT OT HCTOLJ.HHKa THna reHepaTopa TOKa (HanpHMep or uenH KO.JI-
JleKTOpa npeAblAYUlero TpaIl3I1CTopa). IIJlH Bblxo,aHoe conpOTHB.leHHe
I1CTOqHHKa THna reHepaTopa Hanpll>KeHHa, 06J1aAalOUlero ,9. A. C.
E::=iuxRi.
npH Bbl60pe napaMeTpOB YCHJlHTeJlbHOH cxeMbl 06blQHO 3aAaHbl
R, H R", , a HY>KIIO Ha"TH R I H n,. ConpOTIIBJlelllle R" ue.leco-
06pa3HO Bbl6HpaTb KaK MO)/(HO MelIbU/lIM. C06CTBellHoe conpOTHBJle-
Bile R" repMalllleBoro rpall3HCTopa COCTaBJllleT 8-15 OM. J],JlII Cra-
()1IJ1H3aUIIII 3'fOM BeJlHqllHbI B annapaType J],D 06blQHO B ue!lb 3MIIT-
Tepa Ao6aBJlaeTCa pe3Hcrop conpOTHilJlellHeM nopllAKa 13--14 OM.
n;R.'l
BeJlHHBa B= - OnpeACJllleTCII H3 YCJlOBHa Cra6HJlbHOCTII
1<,
conpOTHBJIeHHH Rux no H3JIO:tKeHHOH BblWe MeroJ1HKe. CJIeJ10BaTeJlbHo J
lI:iBeCTHa H BeJlH1.IHHa em + B.
Ha OCHOBaHIIH Bblpa>KellHII (111-9) MO >KHO lIaMTH
n. =' / R",(TB) ; I
V (III-12)
n;R. 9 em +8
R, ==R" B .
Bbl60p napaMeTpOB lIa OClIoaaHHH Bblpa>KellHM (111-12) 06ecnelI-
naeT HaH6o.JIbWee B03MO:tKHOe YCHJleHHe npH 3ajtaHHOH cTa6H.'IbHOCTH
BXOl\1I0ro conpOTIIBJleHHa R". BeJ1HHlla R" MO>KeT 6b1Tb HaMl\ella
H3 YCJlOBHH cOrJlaCOBaHHH C BXOjtHbiM q,HJlLTpOM H.'1H cOrJlaCOBaHHH C
pe>KIIMOM nHTaHHII npeAblAYUlero Tpall3HCTopa.
B annapaType J],D lIaxoAHT npHMelleHHe YCHJlHTeJlbHa5! cxeMa C
IIBYMII TpaH3HCTopaMH (pHC. 111.3), B KOTOpoii HenocpellcTBenrw coe-
ilHHeHbl 3MHTTep nepBoro r; 6a3a BToporo Tpall3l1cTopa. Y npOUlelllla..
cxeMa uenei\ nHTaHH!! TpaH3HcTopOB npellcTaB/IeHa Ha pllC. III-4. B
3TOM cxeMe pe3HcTop R" npellHa311aQeH IlJU! nponycK3 lIeynpa l BJlae-
!\.lOfO TOKa IK02 KOJIJIeKTOpa TpaH3HcTopa Tz. TOK .3MHTTepa 1':12 CB3atl
C TOKOM 1 , , npOTeKalOUlHM Qepe3 pe3HcTOp R, :
R, I,,,,=,R, I".
75

TOK 1 0 He 1I0Jl)j(en npeBbIUIarb neynpaBmleMblij rOK npli MaKCH-
MaJIbHOH TeMnepaType I Ko2 max ; B npe)I.eolbHOM CJIyqae, KOf.lI.a
Ie =1,w2rnax;
Po =p,
1'2
lK02 max
Dp" BbI60pe I" > > 1'02 m"
'lTO l\aeT Ma.lb1e nOTepH YCHo1eHJ1.5I,
pe3HCTopa R 0 .
Pe>KHM rpaH3HCTOpOB T} Ii T 2 no nOCTOHHHOMY TOKY xapaKTcpH3Y-
eTCH C,TleJlYIOU-LUMH rrpI16'!H\.eHHb[MH Bblpa>K€HHHMH, i"DJIY'-leHHbli\1H
nyreM pa3.7JO:tKeHHH TQLJHbIX BbJpa:meHHtf no CTeneHHM 81 H 8z If HCK,'IIO-
'!enneM '!JleaoB. cOllep)j{au1Hx 8 1 u 8< B CTeneH>lX BblU!e IJepBOM;
I ( V-Eo, Ro/", ) ( 1 Ro 8 "' ) I
J{2= R;- I Rt -R;- 1- 0 , + Ko2;
(1l1-13)
U 62 = o 8,+ (E.-RoT"1 ) (1- :; 8, ).
Bblpa)j(enH>I (111-13) IJOKa3bIBalOT, "TO 11.1>1 YMeHbwenHH 3"BH-
CHJ\IOCTH ne,lJit-fHH I K2 H U6'2 or HH,lIHBH,lIya.'IbHbIX xapaKTepHCTHK
TpaH3J1CTOpOH 8 1 H 8 2 !-Iy:tKHO cTpe:\1IITbcH K YMt'HhIJI€HHIO BE'.TIH4I1I1b!
N .
OTHoweHHH 71- I a Ao'HI YMeHLIlH::HHH BJHUlHHH TQKa ! li01 -- K Y,1eHb-
o
R
weHHIO OTHOlueHI'HI R; . T. e., no cyw.eCTBy, K YMeHbllieHHIO conpOTHB-
JleHH51 Ro no a6COJlIOTHOH EeJmLJMH€.
TOK I xo'l BJIHHeT B nepBQr..I np[i6lH)KeHHIi lllWb Ha l \i'l; npH IIC-
IJOJIb3C)BaflHH TpanccjJopMaropHOH CB>l311 C IJOC<1e;I,YlOII1HMH ;{3CKalla'IlJ
3Tor TOR npaRTHLJeCKH He B.1HH€T H8 pa60TY YCH.1HTe'bHOH CXe!\IbI.
B03BpaII1aHCb K pliC. II 1.3, YKa)j(eM Ha na.1HQHe B I1enu rpan3HcTopa
T, cTa6I11I1TpOHa CT, C ;lOMOlI1.blO Koroporo 3a)],aerCH HanpH.>KetiHe Ha
06eCneQHBaeTC>I "Po;} R,.
CB5I38HHble C HaJlH'4He,M B cxeMe
II
V c,
R,
R,
R. 1l
'I, n )
I r,
U { ;
J
Tp R, I
R, I
I
Ii U
11'(. Re
7/
Ro
,
/;>a Rf
PH.C. Jl}-3. YCH.TJlne.7JbHaH c.;.eM<J C .l{BY.
MH rpaJJ3HCTOp JMH (CBH3b 3i\lHTTCp-
6a3a)
76
pJ!(' IB-4. CxeM3 nHT3f1HfI .l{Byx TP3B'"
3.ltC'r:1pcB (CBfl.3b 3MHTTep-6a3a)

6a3€ TpaH3HCTOpa T 1 ; COnpOTHB.€HH€M Ro (CM. pHC. III-4) B )J.aHHoi!
CXeMe 5lBJUleTCH J1,HHaMHQeCKOe COnpOTHBJleHlie Cra6H.IIHTpmr3, 06W-I-
HD GqeHb Manoe.
B 3TOi! CX€M€ H€06xo)J.HM J1HII1b O.1\JiH KOH)J.€HCaTOp pa3BH3KH C"
KOTOpblH u.eJleC006pa3HO nOJlKJIlOtl8Tb K nmacy HCTQ1.1HHKa m-naHHH;
CYll1.eCTBeHlIo T3K}I{e, 1.1TO H Cra6HJUnpOH Cr BKmnqeH co CTOpOHM
nJJlOca. ECJlH KOH)J.€HCaTOp C 1 nOi\KJlI0411Tb K MlIHYCY lICT04HHKa IJHTa-
HHH 1 TO TOK nYJlbCaUHH I1poltJI.er 01 nJIlOCa HCTOlJ.I-IHKa nHTaHHH Qepe3
cTa6HJlHTpOH, l1ep€XOi\bl 3MHTT€p-6a3a 060HX TpaH3HCTOpOB H KOH)1.€H.
caTOp C 1 Ha MHHYC HCT04HHK3 nHTaHHH. B CX€M€ pHC. llI-4 npH HaJIH-
lIHH Ha HCTOqHHKe nHTaHIHI HanpS1.>KeHHH nYJlbCau.HH Un Hanp5DKe-
IlHe nOMeXH e8 6a3e TJ
Un
R,
H,+R,
Un (1- i, ),
r)1.€ R. - i\HH3MH4eCKoe COl1pOTHBJleHH€ CT36HJlHTpOHa.
npOTeKaHHe TOKa 4€pe3 nepexo.1\bI 3MHTT€p-6a3a TpaH3HCTOpOB
CBH3aHO C Ha.1'IH1IHeM pa3HOCTH Hanp5DKeHHH
Un -Un ( 1- R. ) =U n R. .
R, R,
TOI( 110Mex B u,€nH 3MHTTepa npH 3TOM COCTaBJlHeT
. U R,
l2:HI= n-,
J<i2 R .!
ri\e R'2 - CYMMapHO€ conpOTHBJI€HH€ 3MHTTep3 H i\OnOJlHHT€JlbHOrO
",HeIl1HerO (H€pa3BH38HHOro) P€3HCTopa.
H1J)K€ npHB€i\eHbI 1jJ0PMYJlbi )1..'H onpep,eJleHHH YCHJleHHH ToKa K I
Ii p.XOJI,HOrO conpOTHBJIeHHH R BX , nOJIYlJ:€HHbIe 6e3 yttera conpOTHBJIe.
IIHH KOH)J.eHcaTopa C, H cTa6HJlHTpOHa CT, a TaK)J{e norepb B Tpan-
CljJOpM3Tope:
1'2
Ki==
RBX":"7.:
n(l-e,) )
( R'2 ) n' R'2
€I, e,+R;" + I
n Z R 92 I
' ( €I + R" ) + n' R'2 .
8 1 2 Ra Rt
(III-14)
Bblpa)J{eHHH (I1I-14) 110Ka3b1EalOT, 4TO
Ki H Rex B03MO}l{Ha JIHilib npH H3JII{1.1HH
ljJeKTHBHOCTb cTa6HJllf3aUHH nOBblIl1aeTCH
B = n 2 R 92
.
cTa6HJlH3aUHH 3Ha4eHHA
conpOTHBJleHHH R I ;31jJ-
C YBeJIHIJeHHe.I tJJIeH3
77

LLJlfl Onpei\e,1eHHfl Heo6xoi\HMOH BeJlHqHHW B HY>KHO 3ai\arbCfl:
CpeJI,HHM 3HatteHHeM
8m=-}(e m ax +8mln) ;
nOKa3areJleM Hecra6HJlbHOCTH BeJlHqHHW e
8 -8.
d --_ max mill .
-- 6max +6 min !
nOK83areJleM Hecra6UJlbHOCrH BeJlH1.IHHbJ R ox
.. R BX max -R ox min
(.1= ROXffifiX +Nr.xmin .
MHHHMaJIhHOe i\OnycrHMoe 3HaqeHHe BeJlHqHHbI B MO>Ker 6bITb
HaHi\eHo no <jJopMy,1e
B=8m( : (  -1)+8n{ d -I-d")]. (111-15)
. 0.03
HanpHMep, eCJlH Sm;n=O,02; 8m,,=0,05; 8 m =0,035; d= 0,07 '
.onycTmAafl neCra6HJlbHOCrb BXO)\HOrO conpOTHBJleHHfl a =0,1 H
R,,!R. =0,05, rO B=O,OI5.
nOCKOJlbKY BeJllf4HHoi1: RBX MO}l{HO 3al1aTbCH, HCXOl1H H3 YC,7JOBHH
tOfJlaCOB3HHH DXOJI,HOrO conpOTHB..'1eHHH C nap3MerpaMH HCTOQUHKa
CHfHaJla, COnpOTffBJleHHe
( R,, )
 8m 8m+ R, +B,
R, -R" B
!<03q,q,HI\HeHr rpaCq,OpMaI\HH n MO>KeT 6bITb HaiuleH H3 paBeHcrBa
(I11-16)
V R, V R" [ ( R ) ]
n= B-= - em e m +  + B .
R 92 R 92 R3
HanpHMep, eCJlH R" =2000 OM, R" =20 OM H BbI60p napaMer-
[10'B cxeMbl coorBercrByer npHBe)\eHHOMY BbIIlIe npHMepy, rO
([[[-17)
R c2000 0,035(0.035+0,05)+0,015 =2400 OM;
I 0,0[5
n = Y 2 :0 [Q,035(0,035+0,05Q) +0,0 151 = 1,35 ,
YCHJleHHe rOKa B TaKOH cxeMe COCraBJlHer npHMepHo 70.
B TOM cJlyqae, eCJlH 3ai\aHa i\OnycTHMaH Hecra6HJlbHOCTb YCH-
!leHIHI
0= K imqx -K im1n
K! max +Kj mln
78

MHHHMaJIbHaH JI.OnYCTHMaH BeJlHtIHHa B MOmeT 6bITb
no .pop MY Jle
B= l-e m (4+ 1 ) ( :2 [+ +e m (1-d')-l]+
+e m ( d -1-d')+e;"(I-d')('}-1 )}.
DpH nO)1CTaHOBKe B .pOPMYJlY (111-18) HCXOi\HbIX i\ailHblX pac-
cMOTpelll/OrO Bb/lie npHMepa nO,'Y4HM 8=0.0]9. YCHJleHHe TOKa B
3TOM CJIY1.Iae HeCKOJlbKO YMeHbwHTcH, a cTa6HJlbHOCTb Rax 6Y,lJ,eT Bbl..;
lie Cra6HJlbllOCTH YCHJleIlHH.
B annapaType J],IJ, npHMeHHeTcH YCHJlHTeJlbHaH cxe"1 C i\BYMH
TpaH311cTopaMH H HenOCpe)1CTBeHHoH CBH3blO M€)j()1y ](oJl.,eKTOpOM
nepBoro II 6a30H BTOpOro Tpal/311CTOpOB (pIlC. 11l-5). CooTBeTcTBYIO<
U{aR cxeMd nHTaHHH TpaH3HcTopOB nocrOHHHbIM TOKOM npHBe,u;eHa Ha
pHC. 111-6, a; ee oc06elIllocTblO HMHeTCH HaJlH'me uenH 06paTHO\/ CBH-
3H no nocToHHHOMY TOKY, 06eCneLJHBalOU{eti Cra6HJ1bHOCTb pe:tKHMa
'rpall3HcTOpOB. Pe.3HcTOpb/ R. II R c B 3TOH cxeMe MorYT 6b/Tb 3aMe-
HeHb! cTa6HJIIITpOHaMH (pIIC. 111-6, 6 H B). CTa6HJlbHOCTb pe)i{IIMa
Tpall3HCTopOB B 3THX cxeMax Bbllie, 4eM 'B cxeMe Ha pHC. .1I1-6,a. B
npHBe,lIeHHbiX cxeMax CHlblwe ,lJ,eCra6H,IJH3HPYIOlI.{ee JI,eHCTBHe OKa3bl.
BaeT conpOTHBJJeHHe Re . B cxeMax C TpaHc.popMaTopHblM BXOi\OM
(CM. pHC. 111-5) Y)1aeTCH 1136e:iKaTb BKJII04ellHH ,>Toro pe3l1cTopa. Co-
npOTHBJlelIHH pe3IICTOpOB Ra, R., R, H Rd B 3TH X CXeMaX CJle)1yeT BbI-
6HpaTb IIpH6J1H3HT€JlbHO OJ(HHaKOBb/MH HJlII nOnapHO OJ(HHaKOBblMH
(Ra =R., Rc = Rd ). Ha cTa6HJlIITpOHaX i\OJlJKHO 6bITb HaOpH-
;KeHHe OKOJlO + U. DOCTpOeHHe pa3BH3b1Ba!OmHX ueoeH B
CXeMe Ha pHC. 111-5 HMeeT MHoro 061l\ero co cxeMOH Ha pHC. III-I.
OCHOBHblMH pa3BH3bl-
B310ULHMH eMKOCTHMH B
cxeMe HBJlHlOrCH KOJl.rr.eH-
caTopbl C I H C,. ECJlH
R,C, =R,C" TO 3TO o6ec-
ne411T HaHJlyqwylO 3amHTY
OT nOMex nepBoro TpaH3I1-
CTopa, nepexoJ( 3MH'fTep.
6333 KOToporo OK33blsaeT-
CH B jtHclroH<WH MocTa,
6JlH3KOro K pasHOBecHIO.
Pa3BH3Ka pe3HCTOpa R,
oCYllI.eCTB.TIHeTcH KOH!l.eH4
caTopOM C" BKJllOqeH-
HbtM nap3J1J1eJlbHO 3TOMY
pe3HcTopy. BKJlIOqelIHe
KOHJ(eHcaTopa Me)j()1y
H3ii,lJ,en3
(IIl- 18)
u
u
C6
Lh n:1
IJI
Tp
R"
I"
R.
PHf'. 111-5. YCH.TIHTE'J1bllaSi cxeMa c .aBYM!1
TpaH3HCTopaMil (CBH3b y.oJJJIeKTOp-6a3a)
79

a) 5) 8)
R Rd R,
\ '\7
, T, T 2
e, R,  U o R6 Re L Yo
+ +
Ra Rq Rc Ra
U Y u u Y U
PRe. III.G. CXE'Ma mnaHl1R .!I.BYX TpaH3HCTOpOB co CBQ3blO Kon:JIeKTop.6a3a
a - me 'OSlIlHblM TOKD1-!: 6 - co Cn61!..11I:1TpOHOM H emf 9MI:ITTepa nepBoro ipaH3l:1CTopa: 6-CO
cTa6HHTPOHOM B QenH 9MHTrepa BToporo rpan3HcTopa
T04KOr, A H MHHYCOM 06bI4HO YBOj\HT MOCTOBYIO cxeIY j\3.,ee oT paB-
f!OBeC!lH !I yxyAwaeT 3al1l!lTY OT IJOMeX nepBoro TpaH3!1CTOpa, "TO IJp!l-
BOlun K YBeJIIPleHlHO TOKa flQMeXH Ha BbIXO.!te eXeMbI. B c.'lYLJae 3aMe-
Hbl IJapaJIJIeJIbHO COeA!lHeHHbIX pe3!1CTOpa R6 !I KOHj\eHCaTOpa Co CTa.
6HJIHTpOHOM corrpOTHBJIeHHe R92 YBeJIHLfHBaeTCH 33 CLJeT II05lBlIeHHH
j\!lHaM!I'IeCKOrO COIJpOTHBJIe!l!lH cTa6!1JI!lTpOHa.
ECJI!I B paCCIOTpeHHblx paHee cxeMax CTa6!1JI!l3aU!lH YC!lJIeH!lH
!I BXOA!loro COIJpOT!lBJIe!l!lH peW3JIOCb Bb.60pOM pe3!1cropa R, Ha BXO'
Ae, TO B cxeMe Ha pHC. 111.5 aHa.nOr!l4Hhle 3aAa4!1 MorYT 6blTS pewe-
Hbl TOJ]bKO nyTeM npHMeHeHHH oTpHlJ.aTeJlbHOIr 06paTHoii CBH3!1 no
HaIJpHJKeHHIO, oXBaTbIBaIOl1I.elr 06a TpalI3HcTopa. Ha puc. Ill.5 AJIH
3TOro npeAycMoTpeHbl pe3HcTopbI R7 H R8, a TaKJKe 6JIOK!lpOBO'lHblri
KOHAeflcaTop C 6 ,COIJpOTHBJIeHHeM KOTOpOr.O .QJIj! TOKa CHrHaJIbHOir
'laCTOTbl MO}KHO IJpeHe6pe'lb. I\03<jJ<lJHUHeHT YC!lJIeHHH TOKa K, H
BXOAHoe conpOTHBJIeH!le R., A.'H nOIr cxeMbl:
n(I- 8,\l 1-81+ R.,) ]
K, (1II-19)
'- ( 8 +  )[ 8 + R" + R,(R8- R ,) ] + R,(R.+R,,)
1 R,+k, 'R. R.(R,+R 8 ) R.(R,+R8)
'R [ R" R,R, J
n. " 8,+]f."+ R.(R,+R 8 )
RBX'= R R R R . (1ll-2Q)
( 8 + " )[ -8 + R,,+ R,(R 8 - f ) J + ,( ,+R,,)
1 R,+R, .' R: R.(R,+R,) R,(R,t-R,)
npH BblBOAe 3THX <jJOPMYJI He ObIJI\! Y4TeHbl COIJpOTHBJIeHHH pa3BH'
3blBaIOlllHx eMKOCTeff. no.Q R" B 3THX BblpaJKeHHHX CJIeAyeT nOH!!-
MaTb c06CTBeHHoe conpOTHBJIeI1He MHTTepa TpaH3!1CTOpa T 2 . B CO,
npOTHB..leHHe REl1 MmKeT BXOIUITb, KpOMe Taro, conpOTHBJIeHHe jlonOJI"
80

IlHTeJlbHOro BHerrfHero pe3HCTOpa He60JIbillOrO COnpOTHBJIeHHH jJ,JI1I
cTa6HJIHaarrHH BeJIHqHHbI R", HenOCpejJ,CTBeHHO BJIHHIOIl\eH Ha R".
fJIy6HHa 06paTHOif CBH3H OIJpejJ,eJIHeTCH Be.'HqHHOH OTHOilleHHH
8 R7
= R7+ R S'
Tpe6yeMYl0 rJIy6HHY 06paTHoii CBH3H MO>KHO onpejJ,eJIHTb, HCXO)[H
113 3a.QaHHOH oCTa6HJIbHOCTH BXO.QHOrO cOnpOnmJIeHHH
.... R BX max-R8 min
0 -
R 8X max+ Rru min
H H3 HaBeCTHOH HeCTa6HJIbHOCTH YCHJIeClHH TpaH3HCTOp03
d = Bmax-Bmin
8max+ 8 mln
B nepBOM npH6,lH>KeHHH Be.HqHHaMH R,L H R,2 MO>KHO npeHe6-
pe% H IJpHHHTb R, = R8. BbInOJIHeHHe nOCJIe)[HerO paBeHCTBa rreJIeCO-
OOpa3HO C TQI.{KIf 3peHHH ..1HKBIf.Qati.IfH 18 3JIaMeHareJIe I{JIeHa, cO.Qep>Ka-
Il\erO fI B nepBoii CTeneHf! H OTpHrraTeJIbHO B.'HHIOIl\erO Ha cTa6HJIb'
"OCIb CXeMbI.
TorjJ,a Bblpa>KeHHe (III-20) MO>KeT 6blTb ynpOIl\eHO
R _ n'R,,(8+B)
!IX ij2+B'
(1ll-21)
CTpYKTypa Bblpa>KeHHH (111-21) IJOKa3bIBaeT, TD HeCTa6uJIbHOCTb
B OCHOBHOM onpe.Qe.rIHerCJ1 lJJIeHaMH, HaXO,lJ;HUU-fMHCH B lJHcJtHTeJIe, Ha-
JJH1J:He JKe B 3HaMeHareJIe BeJIHlJHHbl 0 2 JIHJltb HeCKOJIbKO YMeHblIIaeT
lIeCTa6HJIbHOCTb, C03)[aBaeMY'0 JIeHaMH HCJIHTeJIH. ilOaTOMY MOJKHO
npeHe6peraTb HeCTa6HJIbHOCTblO 3H3MedaTeJIH H paCCQUTblBaTb He06-
XOj(HMYIO BeJIHqHHY B C He60JIbllIHM 3anaCOM B CTOPOHY YBemlQeHH1I
cTa6HJIbHOCTH no npoCToii q,opMYJIe
8=fJ m (-{--I) (1II-22)
\
rj(e 8m= 2(8 m ,,+8 min ) .
BeJIHqHHY YCHJIeHHH npH nOM MO)KHO paCCqHTaTb no ynpoilleHlIcil
<!>opMYJIe, nOJIYQeHHOii H3 Bblpa)f{eHHH ([[1.19), npH R" =R,2 =0 H
R,=R8
K . _ n(I-8)'
t - 8 2 +B
( IlI-23)
B03bMeM, HanpHMep 8 m1n =0,01, em" =0,05, em =0,03 H
<')=0.1. B aTOM cJIyqae d=0,67 H 8=0,03(6.7--1) =0.17 no q,opMyJIe
(1II-22).
8\

nOJlrra"JJI" 3TY BC,TI14I1HY IJ Bblpa)!{eHHe (111-21), nOJIY4I1M:
R . - ' R 01 +0,!7 --.J 06 ' R
DX mill -11 3J O ,0001+0,\7-- t n 31
R ' R 0,05+0,17 1 ' R
RX max=n :Jl 0 ,0025+0,J7 .28n ':II;
0 _ 1,2R-I.06 =009
2..34 '
o 99' 0 95'
KI m" =n o,ooi+o, 17 - 5,8n; K; m;'= 0.0025+0, 17- 5 ,2n.
HeCTa6liJIbHOCTb YCliJIeHl!5!
0 - 5,8-5,2 - 0 0 5 5
5,8+5.2 ' .
T3KIIM 06p330M, npH Bbl60pe B C Y'IeTOM YCo30nHH Cra6HJIbllOCTJ!
BXOJJ.HOrO cOnpOnmJIeHHfl nO,TJyqaeM Cra6WIbHOCTb YCHJ1eHHH DbIille
C:Ta611JIbHQCl'H BX02J.HOro 20npOTHBJIeHHH.
3. nPHHI4Hnbl nOCTPOEHIUI AEMOAynRTOPOB
.IJ:eMOlJ,YJIHrOpbl npelJ,Ha3Ha4eHbl lJ,.lH IJpe06pa30BaHHH CHfnaJ1a,
COCT3BJIeHHoro li3 pHlJ,a nepe)lanaeMblX nOCo1e)lOBaTeJIbHO BO BpeMeHH
ueCKOJ:bKHX AHCKpeTHbJX pa604HX qaCTOT B HMnY.'1bCbl nOCTOSH-Hioro
TOKa, BbI.QeJ1HeMble H3 BblXO.Q3X, COOTBeTCTBYIOU\JJX ynoMHHYTblM 4a-
<roruM. B ycrpollcTBax .aU CI1CTeM. LI.aU-66 H «HeBa» 1\JIH nOCTpoeHII"
CHfHaJIOB TY npl1Mellel1bl qerblpe pa60ql1x qaCrOrbl, a CHmaJIOB TC --
'Ierblpe 4acrOTbi B Cl1CTeMe LI.aU-66 H )lBe -- B CHCreMe «HeBa». Oil.-
"oBpeMeHl10 B KaHaJIe TY I1JIH TC IJepe1\aerCH ro.TbKO OlJ,l1a qaCTora,
T. e. CHTH3JIbi crpoHTcH no 3aK0I1Y MeJIO,llHH, a lIe no 3aKouy' 3KKop.aa..
lIeMo.a;YJIHTOPbl HMeIOT HeCKOJIbKO napaJJ.TIeJIbHblX KaHC:l:JIOB. Ka,lliJ1.bll' 113
KOTOpblX COOTBeTcTByer OD.HOrI H3 pa60QHX QaCTOr; nOHBJ1HlOllI.H€C-H Ha
BblXO,lle Ka)K.1loro KaH8/la CHrH3JIbI ,D.ereKTHpYfOTCff, T. e, npOXO.1lHT lie.;.
pe3 BbmpHMHTeJJb, a 33TeM cpaBHHBaIOTCff. CaMbli'I MOlll.HbUi CHrH3.:1,
onpe,lleJ]HIOllI.HH TY QaCTory, KOTopaH q,aKTH1IeCKH nocrynHJJa H8 BXOz:r:
AeMO.Qymnopa, BblD.ellHeTCff H YCHJ]HBaerCH YCH.1HTeJIeM nOCTOHHHoro
TOKa, a 3areM YIJpaB.THer pa6oroii ,D,elllH<jJpaTopa, onpelJ,eJIHlOrnefO eo-
lJ,ep)!{aHlle IJpHHIITOro C006rneI1I1H.
Ha pile. III-7 nOKa3al1a OCHOBl1all qaCTb CXeMbI lJ,eMOlJ,YJIBTOpa
.a;JIH 1.leTblpex pa601.lHX qaCTOT, HallleA1IHHI npHMeHeHl1e B 'yno1HHYTbIX
CHneMax .aU. CHma.1 nepeMel1l1oro rOKa TOl1a.%IIOII qaCTOrbl, nOHBIIB-
llll-u'kH Ha BXOD.e D.eMo.n.Y,I151TOpa, YCH.1HBaeTCH rpaH3HCTOpOM T5 H no-
CTYIJaer B 'lerblpe Kal1a,Ta, 06pa30BaHllble K0J1e6areJIbl1blMII KOHTVpa-
Mil, l1aCrpOeHl1blMII l1a pa60qHe 4acrOTbl fl, f" h II f,; B Ka)!{1\OM Ka-
H2JIe CHrHaJI D.eTeKTHpyeTcH ,lByXTIo.1'fynepHOD.HbIMH BbmpflMHTeJIHMIf
B fj B- 2 . B, H B4! a 3aTeM nocrynaer Ha YCJ-IJIHTe.1H nOCTOflHHoro TOKa,
lJOCrpOel1l1bIe Ha Tpal13HCTOpax T" T" 1', H T., K KOJIJIeKrOpaM, a B
HeKoropblX CJIY4aHX H K 3MHTTepaM KoropblX MorYT 6blTb IJ01\KJII04el1b1
RHellll1l1e IJ.eIJl1, CBH3aHI1b1e C J\elllH<jJparopOM. 4r06bl ocyrnecrBHTb
82

cpaBHeHHe 4aCTOT HanpHJKeHHii, B03HHKa!OHX Ha KOJle6aTeJIbHblX
KOHTypax, ypOBeHb CHrHaJIa Ha 3TH X KOHTypax l\OJlJKeH 6b!Tb OrpaHH-
4eH. <l>YHKl.\HH OrpaHH4eHHH BblilOJlHHeT B l\aHHOM CJlY4ae TpaH3HcTop
1 5 , peJKHM nHTaHHH KOToporo nOl\6HpaeTcH C TaKHM paCqeTOM, 41061>1
TOR B UenH KOJtJteKTOpa H HanpH>KeHHH Ha KOJIe6,ne.JtbHhIX KOl-iTypax
He MOrJIH npe-SOCXOD.HTb onpeD.eJIeHHbIX, 33.QaHHbIX BeJIHtIHH. 4ro6bl
.[J,eHCl'BHe BHeWHHX q,aKTopOB He MOrJIO cymecTseHHO H3MeHHTb B ry
HJIIf HHYIO CTOPOHY ycr3HOBJreHHbIii peiKHM orpaHHLleHHH, pe:mHM ITH-
TaHHH TpaH3HCTopa Ts cra6HJ1H3HpOB3H npH1e4eHHeM repMocl'a6HJtb"
HOH: cxeMbl YCHJtHreJIH H HaD.JteiK311l.HM Bb!6opOM conpOTHBJI€'EHH pe31f-
CTOpOB R.2, R3 H R5; YCHJIep.He H BXO.Hoe conpOTHBJleHHe 3TOH YCH,'H-
TeJ1bHOH cxeMbT Cra6HJIH3HpOSaHhi pe3HcTopOM R!.
nOCKOJIbKY peJKHMY orpaHH4eHHH TOKa KOJlMKTOpa l\O." JKII bl COOT-
BeTCTBOB3Tb OD.HHaKOBbIe HanpHMeHIUl pa60LfHx 43er01' Ha seex KOJIe-
6aTMbHbIX KOHTypax, 3TH KOHTYpb! .OJlJKHbl HMeTb Ol\HHaKOBble pe30-
HaHCHble conpOTHBleHHH
R =Q''''o,L, =Q.'".,L. =QS'"OsL3 =Q,,,,.,L,, (I "-24)
rile Q, -l\06POTHOCTH KOHT}POB;
Lt - HHD.YKTHBHOCTH KOHTypOB, 06TeKaeMbJe TOKOM KOJI.rJeKTOpa;
IDol - pa60lJHe qaCTOTbJ.
Bbl60p napaMeTpOB KOIiTypOB.l\OJIJKeH 6bITb Ci\e."aH TaKJKe C yqe-
TOM ooeCneqeHHH OHHaKOBOH CKOpOCTH HapaCTaHHH HanpHeHHH H3
JJ., RM
11., T, R"
j' C, 31 1/1
TJ U, --u
u, 32 --u
R,
" T, H2
11., 11., R., R'l
R,
Rz R.
U
RJ R, n, R"
C'T TC>O /1, R"
C J fJ 33 KJ
U U u, -_u
u, 34 -_u
T. K4
C,
/I., 11.8 R"
Pnc. Ill.7. CxeMa AeMoAy.1HTOpa c qeTl>ipbMH pa604HMH 4aCTOTaMH
83

KOHType IJpH nOHB."eHIJIJ B uenH KOJlJleKTOpa !lMIJYJlbCa TOKa pe30HaH-
CliOH LI8CTOTbI C npHMoyro"lbHOH ofl46aiOUleff.
HanpH)KeHlle B 3TOM c."yae B03panaeT npH6J1!13HTeJlbHO IJO 3a.
KOHY
t
U=IR (I-e '),
Q
fAe t= - - nOnOHHH3H BpeMeH!I IiOHT)'pa'
/1)0
Il'JcJ\oJIbKY CKOpOCTb HapaCT3HI151 CUHlaJ13 onpe;J.eJ:lHerCH HCK.110'"
IIHTeJIbHO BeJIHLIHHOH nOCT05lHHOH BpeteHH, nocr3B.l1eHHoe Bblille Tpe6o..
BaHlle MOJKeT 6bITb Bblp3JKeHO p3BeHCTEO'\
,,= 2Ql = 2Q, = 2Q = 2Q' =COIJSL (1II-25)
\<)01 t<,)02 (0)03 (!J OI
MeTOAHKa Bbl60pa Be."H4HHbJ T (n3 BeJlU4HHa 06b14HO B 2-3 pa-
3a npeBbllliaeT MHHHMa:ribHYIO ,.QJIHTe.1JbHOCTb 3JIeMeHTapHoro HMITy.lb
ca B IIpHHHMaeMoM C!lrH3"e) 3peCb He paCOlaTpJlBaeTCR. 3HaH Be,lll-
qLlHbJ R H T, MOJKHO OIJpeAe,'HTb L !I Q A,'H KaJKAOrO KOHT)'pa no
q,opMYJlaM:
" 2R
L=;
wo":
1
Q=-2(U O T.
(in-26)
TaKHM 06pa30M, A06pOTHOCTb KOHT)'pa C YBeml4eHHeM paGo4HX
qaCTOT ;J.OJDKHa B03pacr8Tb nponopti.HOJ-lam:;Ho '--!acToTe, a HHD.YKTHB"
HOCTb YMe!lbllIaTbCH 06paTHo npOIJOp!(HOfla.1bHo KBa!!paTY 'JaCTOTbI.
npH H3J1HLJH}.f Beero ABYX pa60LJHX tlaCTOT cxela, npe,n,cra o BJIeHH3H
!la p!lc. 111-7, YIJpOlliaeTcH 3a C'leT flCJlOJlb30Baflfl? ."Hillb !!BYX KOflTY-
pOB C OTHOCHUlHMHCH K HH:\l YC}.fJnnelHMH nOCTOHHHoro TQKa. B 3TOM
CJlY4ae IJp!l Bb160pe IJ3paMeTpOB KOHTypOB Tpe60BaHHe (111-24) H'BJlH-
eTCH 6e3YCJlOBflbIM, 3 Tpe60B3HIle (l1l-25) MO>KeT 6blTb fleCKOJlbKD
BH;J.OH3MeHeHO H 3aMeHeHO Tpe6oB3HHCM, LJTo6bI HanpHMeHHH Ha KOH.
ypax IJpll npHeMe CflrHa,1a c pe30H3HCHOH qaCTOTOH )lpyroro KOIIypa
(jblJlfl O)lHHaKOBblMH.
3aBHCIIMOCTb flaIJp5lJKeH1lH fl3 KOIlType 01' qaCTOTbl
U(UJ) IR
. ( '" "'0 )
liJQ ---
(0)0 (,]
f)le R - pe30H3HCIloe COIJPOTIIB.1ume Konrypa;
(1)0 - peaOHaHCH3.fI Y3CTOT8.
Bbl;JiBIlIlYToe Bb111Ie Tpe60B31llle MO>KeT 6blTb C<jJOpMYJ1l1pOBaHO B
BII!!e paBeHCTBa:
Q 1 "', "'" \ Q I '", ''''" I
1 --- = 2 --- .
(001 (1)2 (020 w 1
(111-27)
110CKOJlbKY p3604"e 'I a CTOTbJ COBna!!aiOT C pe30flaflcflbiMfi qaCTO-
TaMil KOfiTypOB, T. e. "'I =<0" H ",,=<002, COMHOJKHTe.1H IJp!l Q, H Q,
OKa3blBaiOTCH O)lllfl3KOBbIMII, 11 paBeflcTBo (111-27) Bb1IJOJlIIHelCH npll
YCJlObHfI Q,=Q,=Q II,'H "":' = "'O' =Q. Be,"flqHHa Q MOJKeT 6b1Th
84

onpepeeHa qepe3 nOCTOHHHY BpeMeHH pnH pe30HaHCHOH qaCTOTM
Wm= V W01W ot :
, - 2Q
V W OI W 02
I
Q=T'q W01WC.1
I (m-28)
HHPYKTHBHOCTb KOHTypOB
R
L'=- Q ;
wOl
R
L'=- Q .
w"
(1IJ-29)
LJYBCTBHTebHOCTb peMoPy."lTopa onpe:.\e.1HeTCH qYBCTBHTenb-
HOCTb YCHnHTenH nOCTOHHHoro TOKa (TpaII3HCTOpbl T I , T2' T, H T, Ha
pHC. 111-7). DPH OTCYTCTBHH CHrHana TpaH3HCTOpbl OTKpblTbI TOKOM,
npOXOpHll\HM qepe3 nepexop 3MHTTep-6a3a H pe3HCTOp R 6. TpaH3H-
crop HaX0ltHTCH B CQCrOHHHH rJIy6oKoro HaCblw.eHHH, a n03TOMY nOBbI-
l1leHHe HanpsDKeHHH CHfHaJla i-Ia BXOIte AeMO;tYJ1HTOpa AO HeKOTOpOH:
B€JIJ14HHlX U H3, npA KOTGpOH H2.'--IH1inerCfI 33KpbITIIe rpaH3HCTopa, He
J13MeHHer COCTOHHHH noc:re;:urero, H3MeHHI J!Hlllb creneHb HaCbIUleHHH.
KOfJl.a HanpsDKeHHe Ha BX0lte ,D.OCTHraer U 113 , rpaH3HCTOp nOJIHOCTbJO
3aKpbIBaerCH; BeJIW-IHHa 3Toro HanpmKeHHH onpeJl.eJIHer '--IYBCTBH-
Te,1bIIOCTb peMopynHTopa_
OTHorueHHe k. = u u HO MO)KHO Ha3BaTb K03IjJIjJHHHeHrOM B03Bpara
no
peMOPY,1HTOpa.
npH pa.1bHeHll\eM nOBhIll\eHHH HanpHJKeHHe BXOpa pOCTHraeT no-
pOrOBOrO 3HaLIeHHH U Ol'p ; YCHJIHTe.lb nepeMeH:--I.OrO TOKa np" 3TOM
BXO,D.HT B pe>KHM OrpaHHlleHHH, KOr,D.a HapaCraHUe HanpH>KeHHH Ha
KOHTypax npeKpall\aeTCH_ ECTeCTBeHHO, qTO U ocp > V n,. LJeM HHJKe
U orp , TeM JIY'--Illle 3aw.Hw.eH lteMOJlYlHTOP OT }J,t'HCTBHH IIMnYJIbCHbIX
110M ex CO CnJIOlllHbrM cneKTpOM l.J:3CTOT, 06JI3.IJ,3IOW.HX cocraBJtHlOw.H-
MH qaCTOTaMH, Ha KOTopbre HaCTpoeHbr KOHTYPbl .Qe"oPYJIHTJpa_ Oil-
HaKO HeJIb3H CJIHlllKOM npH6JlHM3Tb U orf) K U fiCl, T3K KaK 3TO CHH-
)!{aeT HapeJKHOCTb npHeMa none3Horo CHrHaJIa. Ue.1ecaaGpa3 l jQ BhI6u-
paTb U orp H8CTOJIbKO BbJille lJ fi3 , HaCKOJIbKO paC'--IeTHOe MHHHM3JIb"
HOe H3npH>KeHlfe CHfH3JI3, BbI6pat-lHOe H3 YC,'lOBHH H3,Qe>KHOCTH
I1pHeM3 CHrH3JI3, npeBbI1ll3eT U fl3 , onpe}JeJlHIOUlee '--IYBCTBH-
Te.%HOCTb peMopynHTopa. npaKTHqeCKH npHxopHTCH 06eCneqHBaTb
Uo,p =(1,6-'-1,8)U n ,_
.IJ:nH YBH3KH C pellIHIjJpHPYll\HMH uenHMH HCnOJIb3YTCH rJIaB-
HhIM 06pa30M KonMKTopHble HenH TpaH3HCTOpOB B YCHnHTenHX no-
CTOHHHOro TOKa_ Ha pHC. III-8,a nOKa3aHa cxeMa nO.QK.''IeHHH " 1\e-
MopynHTOpy HMnYbCHbIX pene 1\nH ynpaBneHHH pe'leHHO-KOHTaKTHblM
pellIHIjJpaTopOM. nOHHJKeHHe HanpHJKeHHH lIB KO.1.,eKTope Ol\l!oro H3
TpaH3HCTOpOB npH nocTynJIeHHH COOTBeTCTBYIOm;ej'f pa6011eil I1:JCTOTbI
npHBOpl!T K npOTeKaHH TOKa Qepe3 06MOTKH pe.'e 011, onpepenH-
%

11) " if c ""
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'PHC. Ill-B, CxeMa nO.lJ;K.11OQeHHH K .I1.eMO.l1YJHITOpy Bb1XO.l1HbIX ueneH;
..a - Bb1XOjJ.HblX pen.e; 6 - BblXO.IJ,HbIX 'rpaH'3HCTOpOB
llJ,ero, K KaROM H3 D.BYX nap tJaCTOT OfHOCHTCH rrpHHHT3H tJ3CTOTa; pe-
Jle 111 (HJlH 211), onpe,1\eJlHIOll(erO, "aKaH HMeHHO H3 qacror i\aHHOii
napbl nOCTYIJHJla, H qepe3 nepexo,1\ 9MHTTep-6a3a TpaH3HcTopa T,,06e-
(:ne'IHBalOll(erO B03dYJKi\eHHe peM AI1 IJpH nocTynJIeHHH JlI060ii H3
ra6o'lHx '!aCTOT. Ha pHC. 111-8,6 nOKa3aHa aHaJloru'!HaH cxe.\!a lV]1(
ynpaBJleHHH pa60Toii 6ecKoHTaKTHoro l\elUH<jJpaTopa, B Korcpoii 06-
:MOTKH peM 011 3aMeHHIOT TpaH3HcTopbI T" H T.. onpe1\eJlHIOll(He,
1'\ K3KOH H3 )J,syx nap tJaCTOT OTHOCHTC5I npHHHMaeM3H qaCTOra, T. e.
pa3JtHtJ3IOw.He HMrrYJIbCbI C HeqeTHbIMH H tJeTHbTMH HOMepaMH; B JIIO-
(jOM cJly'!ae TpaH3HCTOpbl 06eCIJe'!I1BaIOT 'B036Y'''1\eHHe peJle AI1, <jJHK-
CHpYIOll(ero nocrynJleHHe CHfHaJla C JlI060ii 113 pa60qHX qacror. U,enH
.3MHTrepoB TpaH3HcropoB T, !! T. HcnoJlb3YlOTCH 1\JlH YIJpaGJleHHH
pa60roii cxeMbI cqera HMnY,'bcoB.
nocTyrrJIeHHe qaCTOr c aKTHBHbIM HMnYJIbCHbIM npH3H3KOM
{II !!JlH [,) OTMeqalOT TpaH3Hcropbl T" H T ,. (pHC. 1I1-9), nepexo1\bI
9MHTTep-6a3a KOTOpblX BBe1\eHbl n l\eIJH nHTaHHH 3"HTTepoB rpaH3H-
.cTopon B YCH."HTeJlHX nOCTOHHHoro TOKa (ro'!"H 31 H 33, CM. pHC.
1I1-7). HOpMaJlbHO TpaH3Hcropbl orKpblTbl TOKOM. npOTeKalOlI\HM qepe3
pe3HCTOpbl ROq H Ro. (CM. pHC. 111-9). 3aKpblTHe HX npoHcxO,1\HT B
MOMe!!T n01\a'!!! H3 cxeMbl 1\eIUH<jJparopa IJOJlOJKHTeJlbHOro HMnYJlbCa
B TO'!KY K npH YCJlOBHH npHeMa B 9TOT MOMeHr aKTHBHOii qaCTOrbl,
KOr,1\a npeKpall(aeTCH nporeKaHHe TOKa qepe3 rO'!KY 31 !!JI!! 33.
CYll(eCrBeHHblM 9J1eMe!!rOM 1\eMo1\YJlHrOpa HBJlHeTCH YCIWHTeJlb
u rrOCTOHHHoro TOKa D.JtH YBeJIH-
tJeHHH MOlltHOCTH CHfRaJIa,
CHHMaeMoro C KOJIe6aTeJIb.
HblX KOHrypoB 1\eM01\YJlHTopa
H np01\ereKrHpoBaHHoro 1\0
BeJIH4HHbI, D.OCT3TOQHOM D.JtH
yrrpaBJleHHH pa6oToH rrOCJle-
AYIOw.HX JIOfHQeCKHX cxeM.
K.poMe Toro, n c.xeMe YCHJtH-
TeJI5I rrOCTOHHHor0 TOKa npo-
H"
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 UCOHX npoBepKH KaqeCTBa
6
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HCXO)],HT Bbi.iI.eJIeHHe ca- a.j
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UHie pe3y.rlbTaTbi. no cTa6HJ1bHOCTH 'LJ.aCTOTbI npR MeJ1.JIeHHOM H3MeHe-
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npCl\ycMOTpCHHbIX B 6JIOKaX I\CMOl\yJIHTOPOB nOCTa J],l\, 3Ha'lllTeJIbHO
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1960, 2250 H 2550 ZIj, pa3paooTaHHblH AIIH CHCTeMbI 4.aU.66.
feHepaTopbl KaHallOB IC (pHC. IV-4). B 6JIo({e reHepaTopa pa3Me-
ll\alOTeH ABC CPYHKl\HOHallbHO He eBH3aH/lble MeJKAY C060H exeMbl - re-
HepaTop qaCTOT KaHallOB TC II reHepaTop TaKTOBI5!X HMny.1bcoB. nep-
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crBYIOll\HX B rroeTpoeHHH CllrHaJIa Te. aHa COCTOllT H3 reHepaTopa
'laCTOT T" MCAy.1HTopa qaCTOTbl T3, KIIIOqeBOH cxeMbI 3aOYCKa reHepa-
Ullll T6 II T,. BbIXOAHoro YClllIHTellbHoro KaeKaAa T5.' BTOpaH cxeMa
cpopMHPyeT TaKTOBbIe HMOYllbCb:, OpHBOAHll\lle '8 AeHeTBHe Ha ."HHeH-
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TenepaTOp qaCTOTbl eHrHalla TC {)Pll 3aKpbIToM COCTOHHllH Tpall-
3llcTopa T3 reHepHpyeT qaCToTY f 2.. feHepal\llH OpOHCXOAHT oJIarOAa-
pH /lallIIqlllO B KOlllleKTopHOll l\errH Tpa/l3HCTOpa T, 3aAal0ll\erO KOH-
Typa 3K. HaCTpoeHHoro Ha qaCTOTY h., II rro.nOJKHTellbHOH OOpaTIIOH
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TOK 1 II 111 TpaHccjJopMaropa Tp3. 4aCTOTa fl. 00pa3yeTcH C yqaCTll-
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104

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MeHHbIX nepeHanplDKeHHH B JIHHet'mOH lIenH.
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pa. nnarOl\apH KBapueBOMY pe30HaTOpy OTK.I0HeHHC qaCTOThI KOJieoa.
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105

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1I0JimKeIfHe, COOTBeTCTBylOll\ee paooeMy COCT051HllJO J\eJiHTe.151.
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reHepaTopbl MorYT OblTb npHMeHeHbI B KaqeCTBe JiHHeflHblX, pe.e I(
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109

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Tpa.06MoTKa 11/ TpaJlc<jJopMaTopa Tp. HaMOTaHa Mejj{I\Y 06,roTUK
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T. e. HKOpH peJle nepe6pacbIBalOTcH QJ TO HJJH HHoe nOJIOjj{eHH8 nOli
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rpynrroBoro pacnpel\eJIHTeJI>I.
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