/
Текст
m:=: [ 1E: T]
5
:Jft
;ff * £f :if
CAKA3 BArAUYMA
TOPY APV1V1.Q3YMV1
IPA)t( AHCKOE
nPABO
nOHV1V1
(B ,D,BYX KHHraX)
KHl-1r A BTOP A
nepeBOA C SInOHCKOro
KaHAHAaTa IOpHAH4ecKHx HaYK
B. B. 6aTypeHKo
nOA peAaKLI,HeH H
co BCTynHTenbHoH CTaTbeH
AOKTopa IOpHAH4ecKHx HaYK
p, 0, Xan<pHHoH
..
PeAaKTOp A. K. Ky.;r,UT>08
!
Pep,aKII.HJI JIHTepaTypbI IIO BOIIpOCaM r,OCyiTBa H IIP8B8
@ llepeBoA Ha PYCCKHR JIabiK C HaMeHeHHHMH H BCTynHTeJIbHaH CTa-
, TbH, HaAaTeJIbCTBO «IIporpecc», 1983.
1206000000-617
JB 55--83
006(01)-83
BCTynHTenbHa.A CTaTb.A
Bo BTOpOH KHHre Kypca rpam)];aHCKOrO npaBa HnOHHH OC-
BelQaIOTCH CJIe)];YIOIIwe HHCTHTYTbI rpam)];aHCIwrO IIpaBa: )];0-
rOBOp, HHble OCHOBaHHH B03HHKHOBeHHH 06H38TeJIbCTB (Be-
)];eHHe 'IymHx )];eJI 6e3 IIopyqeHHH, HeOCHOBaTeJIbHOe 060ra-
eHHe, l eJIHKl'), ceMeHHoe IIpaBO H HaCJIe)];CTBeHHoe. IIpH
paCCMOTpeHHH 8THX HHCTHTYTOB 'IeTKO IIpOCJIemHBaeTcH HX
CBH3b e OCHOBHbIMH 06 HMH IIOJIOmeHHHMH rpam)];aHCKOro
npaBa HrroHHH, pacKpbITbIMH B IIepBoH KHHre. 3HaKoMcTBO C
)];aHHbIMH HHCTHTYTaMH IIOMoraeT YBH)];eTb IIpeTBopeHHe 06-
III,HX IIpHHII.HIIOB H IIOJIOmeHHH HIIOHCKoro rpamf);aHCKOro
npaBa B KOHKpeTHbIX )];eTaJIHX peaJIbHOH npaBoBoH mH3HH.
BMecTe C TeM B HeKOTopbIX CJIY'IaHX MomHO OTMeTHTb H )];e-
KJIapaTHBHbIH xapaKTep pH)];a 06IIWX IIOJIOmeHHH.
.n;aHHaH KHHra Ha'IHHaeTCH C paccMoTpeHHH 06IIWX IIO-
JIOmeHHH )];OrOBOpHoro IIpaBa H OT)];eJIbHbIX BH)];OB )];OrOBopOB.
CJIe)];yeT HMeTb B BH)];Y, 'ITO B rpam)];aHCKOM IIpaBe HIIOHHH (H
HeKoTopblX )];PyrHx cTpaH) )];OrOBOp )];eHcTByeT He TOJIbKO B
ccpepe HMYlQeCTBeHHbIX OTHomeHHH rpam)];aHCROro 060pOTa,
HO H B ccpepe ceMeHHbIx H JIH'IHbIX oTHoIIIeHHH,Talmx, HanpH-
Mep, KaK 6paK H YCbIHOBJIeHHe.
.n;oronop Tpa)];HII.HOHHO paccMaTpHBaeTcH KaK BH)]; C)];eJIKH,
COrJIaCOBaHHoe BOJIeH3 HBJIeHHe )];BYX HJIH 60JIee KOHTpareH-
TOB. ABTOpbI BHOBb B03BpalQaIOTCH K BonpocaM CB060)];bl ;rJ:0-
rOBopa, KOTopaH paccMaTpHBaJIaCb HMH H B nepBoH I\HHre B
CBH3H C IIoHJJ;THeM BOJIeH3 HBJIeHHH. OHH IIo)];p06HO OCBe-
IT\aIOT ee OrpaHH'IeHHH, YCTaHOBJIeHHbIe 3aKOHOM H OCHOBbI-
BaIOlQHecH Ha CT. 25 ROHCTHTYD;HH HnoHHH, npe)];YCMaTpH-
RaIOlQeM 06eCIIeQeHHe Kamll:OMY QeJIOBeKY lI:OCTOHHbIX YCJIO-
BHM CYlQeCTBOBaHHH. R peaJIbHbIM OrpaHH'IeIIHHM lI:OrOBopa
OTHoeHTeH 06H3aHHoeTb npell:IIpHHTHH, 3aHHMaIOlQHX MOHO-
5
IIOJIbHOe nOJIOmeHHe B c<pepe 06CJIymHBaHHH rpaml]:aH (B 06-
JIaCTH 3JIeI\TpO- II ra30cHa6meHIIH, TpaHcnopTa, CKJIal]:CKoro
l]:eJIa II T. n.), a TaKme JIHD; onpel]:eJIeHHbIX npo<peccHH (HO-
TapHycoB, Bpa'IeH, aKYlliepOB, Mel]:CeCTep) He rrpeKpam;aTb
pa60TbI 6P3 Ha): JIemam;HX OCHOBaHIIH H He OTKaablBaTbCH 0'1'
BbIIlOJIHellIm CBOHX <PYHKD;HH. K OrpaHH'IeHHIO l]:OrOBOpHOH
CB06ol]:bI OTHOCHT TaKiRe npaBO Tpe60BaHIIH B0306HOBJIeHHR
n;orOBopa, HMeIOm;ero l]:JIHTeJIbHbIH xapaI\Tep, B 'IaCTHOCTlf
apeHl]:bI 3eMJIH, mHJIoro nOMem;eHHH H pHl]:a l]:pyrHX.
PHl]: 3aKOHOB npel]:YCMaTpHBaeT KOHTpOJIb 3a n;eHaMH, 3e-
MeJIbHOH peHTOM, pa3MepaMH KBapTIipHOM rrJIaTbI, pa3MepOM
rrpOD;elITOB no l]:eHeiRHbIM 3aMMaM H l]:p.
KaK H B l]:pyrHx 6ypmya3HbIx CTpaHax, B HrrOHHH Ha COB-
peMeHHOM ::)Tarre 60JIbllIOe pacnpOCTpaHemIe nOJIY'IHJIH TaR
Ha3bIBaeMbIe CTaHl]:apTHbIe THnbI l]:OrOBOpOB, B ROTOpbIX MO-
HOnOJIHH YCTaHaBJIHBaeT Bce yCJIOBHH, a KOHTpareHT MomeT
TOJIbRO JIH60 npHCOel]:HHIITbCH, JIH60 OTKa3aTbCH OT l]:OrOBO-
pa. Ho nOCKOJIbKY OTKa3 OT YCJIyr MOHonOJIHH npHHeceT eMY
onpel]:eJIeHHbIe TPYl]:HOCTH, y Hero, no cym;eCTBY, HeT peaJIb-
Boro EbI60pa H OR BbIHyml]:eH nOl]:'IHHHTbCH ee yCJIOBHHM.
IllHpoKoe pacnpOCTpaHeHHe TaKHX CTaHl]:apTHbIX THnOB l]:0-
I'OBOpOB B pHl]:e 6YPiRya3HbIx CTpaH rrOpOl]:IIJIO CIICTeMY «aB-
TOHOMHoro 3aKOHOl]:aTeJIbCTBa», Hepel]:KO 3aMeHHIOm;ero 0<pH-
D;HaJIbHOe 1.
B HrrOHHH HMeeTCH CHCTeMa rOCYl]:apCTBeHHoro KOHTpOJI1I
Hal]: I1pel]:!IpHHTHHMH, 06CJIYiRHBaIOm;HMH HaCeJIeHHe, pHl]: aa-
KOHOB npel]:YC IaTpHBaeT pa3pellIHTeJIbHbIM nopHl]:OK C03l]:aHHJl
TaKHX rrpel]:npHHTHM H KOHTpOJIb Hal]: yCJIOBHHMH H3l]:aBaeMbIX
HMH CTaHII;apTHbIX THnOB l]:OrOBopOB.
B Kypce rpaml]:aHCKOro npaBa rrpHBOl]:HTCH H l]:pyrHe <pop-
MbI rOCYl]:apCTBeHHoro BMellIaTeJIbCTBa B l]:OrOBopHbIe OTHO-
llIeHlJlI, HanpaBJIeHHbIe Ha 3am;HTY 8KOHOMIf'IeCRII CJIa60H CTO-
pOHbI. CJIel]:yeT, Ol]:HaRO, OTMeTHTb, 'ITO B YCJIOBHHX rocYl]:ap-
CTBeHHO-MOHOrrOJIIIC.TH'IeCKOrO KamnaJIH3Ma <pOpMbI ROHTpOJIH.
HeYl]:06HbIe l]:JIH MOHOnOJIHH, ycnemHo HrHopHpyIOTCH rrOCJIel]:-
HHMH, a npel]:YCMOTpeHHbIe 3aKOHOM JIbrOTbI HHOrl]:a 060pa-
'IHBaIOTCH npOTHB HHTepeCOB Tex, Koro OHII npII3BaHbI 3am;II-
m;aTb.
B KHHre nOAP06HO, C Y'IeTOM npaKTHRH, a HHorl]:a H CO-
D;HaJIbHbIXnOCJIel]:CTBHH aHaJIH3HpYIOTCH Bce 13 BHl]:OB l]:0-
t CM.: International Encyclopedia of Comp.arative Law. Vol. VII.
ch.3.
6
rOBopOB, perYJIIIpyeMbIx rR HrroHIIII: )];apeHIIe, KyrrJIH-rrpO-
)];ama, MeHa, 3a6M, Oe3B03Me3)];HOe rrOJIb30Bamie IIMym;ecTBoM,
l'J:Mym;ecTBeHHbIH HaeM, )];OrOBOp JIII'IHOrO HaHMa, rrO)];pH)];, rro-
pY'leHHe, xpaHeHIIe, )];OrOBOp 0 COBMeCTHOH )];eHTeJIbHOCTII, )];0-
rOBOp rromH3HeHHoro CO)];epmaHHH, M:IIpOBOe COrJIameH:IIe. ::h:II
JJ;orOBOpbJ, op;HaIW, He IIC'IeprrbIBaIOT Bcero Kpyra )];OrOBOpHbIX
OTHOIIIeHHH. IIOMIIMO TaKIIX, KaK IIX HHOr)];a :IIMeHYIOT, q,op-
MaJIII30BaHHbIX )];OrOBOpOB, rrpH yCJIOBIIII COOTBeTCTBHH YCTa-
HOBJIeHHbIM 3aKOHaM, OOm;eCTBeHHOMY rrOpH)];KY, MOpaJIII:II
T. rr. B03MOmHbI JIIOObIe COrJIameHHH, Ha3bIBaeMble oe3bIMHH-
HbIMH p;orOBopaMII. O)];HaKO, XOTH rrpaBO HrrOH:IIH He rrp:II3HaeT
3aMKHYToro Kpyra )];OrOBOpOB, B rrO)];aBJIHIOm;eM OOJIbm:IIHCT-
Be CJIY'laeB Ha rrpaKTIIKe OHH COOTBeTCTBYIOT O)];HOMY II3 YCTa-
HOBJIeHHbIX TIIrrOB.
HaIIoo,rree pacrrpOCTpaHeHHbIM BII)];OM )];OrOBOpa HBJIHe'fCH
KyrrJIH-rrpO)];ama. B HeKOTopbIX CJIY'laHX HrrOHCRoe rocy)];apCT-
BO rrbITaeTCH YCTaHaBJIIIBaTb B OTHOilieHIIH OT)];eJIbHbIX YCJIO-
BIIH 3Toro )];OrOBOpa OrpaHH'IeHHH. B '1aCTHOCT:II, )];eJIaIOTCH
rrOrrbITKH OrpaHII'IHTb n;eHbI, yCTaHOB:IITb pa3peIIIIITeJIbHbIH
rrOpH)];OK rrpII 3aKJIIO'IeHHH ,I(orOBopa B OTHOmeH:IIH OT)];eJIbHbIX
BII)];OB TOBapOB, HarrpIIMep B3pbIB'IaTbIX Bem;eeTB, HeKOTopbIX
JIeI\:apCTBeHHbIX Cpe)];CTB H T. rr. Ho 3TH MepbI, KaK rrOKa3bI-
BaIOT aBTopbI KHHrII, rrpIIMeHHIOTCH JIIImb B :IICKJIIO'IIITeJIbHbIX
CJIY'laHX H He MorYT orpaH:II'IIITb CTHXl1HHbIH xapaKTep TOp-
rOBoro ooopOTa. ,
B OTHomeHIIII perYJI:IIpOBaHIIH RYIIJIH-rrpO,I(aam: rrOJIome-
HIIH rpamp;aHCKoro rrpaBa HrrOHIIH MaJIO '1eM OTJIII'IaIOTCH 0'1'
HOpM rpam)];aHCKOro rrpaBa p;pyrIIx KarrIITaJIIICTII'IeCKHX
CTpaH. B03bMeM B Ka'leCTBe rrpIIMepa )];OrOBOp KyrrJIH-rrpO)];a-
mIl B paccpO'lKY. TaKaH, TeCHO CBH3aHHaH C yCJIOBIIHMII COB-
peMeHHoro KarrIITaJIIICTH'IeCKOrO ooopOTa, q,opMa rrpO)];a}KH
IUHpOKO rrp:IIMeHHeTCH KaK B HrrOHH:II, TaK :II B )];pyr:IIX oyp-
iRya3Hblx CTpaHax, IIOO ee YCJIOBHH HarrpaBJIeHbI B rrepBYIO
O'lepe)];b Ha ooeCrre'leHIIe HHTepeCOB rrpO)];aBn;a - OObI'IHO
I\pyrrHoM ToprOBOM q,IIpMbI.
TaK, B )];OKYMeIITe, BpY'laeMOM rroKyrraTeJIIO rrpII rrpo)];ame
B paccpOt:IKY, )];OJImHa ObITb YKa3ana CTOIIMOCTb TOBapa npH
yrrJIaTe naJIH'InbIMII:II CTOHMOCTb TOBapa rrpII rroKyrrKe B pac-
CpOt:IRY, II3 '1ero CJIe)];yeT, '1'1'0 rrpH rrpo)];ame B paccpOt:IKY
n;eHa BI>IIIle, '1eM rrpII yrrJIaTe HaJIII'IHbIMH. IIpaBo COOCTBeH-
HOCTH y)];epmIIBaeTCH rrpO)];aBn;OM )];0 BbIIIJIaTbI rrOJIHOH CTOII-
MOCTH TOBapa. HeT Ha)];OOHOCTII )];OKa3bJBaTb, HaCKOJIbKO Ta-
KIIe YCJIOBHH BblrO)];HbI q,IIpMe II HeBblrop;HbI IIoKyrraTeJIIO.
7
BaiI\HOe MeCTO B 8KOHOMHKe H IOpHlUI'IeCKOM rrpaKTHK&
HrrOHHH 3aHHMaeT HHCTHTYT 3aMMa. Bo BCTyrrHTeJI:bHOM CTa-
T:be K rrepBOM KHHre 6:bIJIH paCCMOTpeHbI rrpH'IHHbI, 06ycJIo
BHBillHe oc060e rrOJIOmeHHe «f>HHaHcoBOrO KarrHTaJIa B 8KOHO-
MHKe HrrOHHH H 3Ha'leHHe C;rJ:eJIOK, rrpe;rJ:MeTOM KOTOpbIX HBJIH-
IOTCH ;rJ:eHbrH. ABTOPbI KHHrH rrO;rJ:'1epKHBaIOT BamHYIO «f>YHK-
n;HIO 8TOrO HHCTHTYTa, OXBaTbIBaIOm;ero H rrpHBJIe'leHHe Ka-
rrHTaJIa KpyrrHbIMH rrpe;rJ:rrpHHTHHMH, H rrOrrOJIHeHHe rpam;rJ:a-
HaMH He.u;OCTaTKa Cpe;rJ:CTB K Cym;ecTBOBaHHIO. B 'IaCTH OTHO-
illeHHH Mem;rJ:Y KPyrrHbIMH rrpe;rJ:rrpmITHHMH, KOMrraHHHMH"
6aHKaMH H ;rJ:p. ;rJ:orOBOp 3aHMa perYJIHpyeTcH B 3Ha'IHTem,HOM:
Mepe TOprOBbIM KO;rJ:eKCOM HrrOHHH H pH;rJ:Ol\l aKTOB TeKym;e-
ro 3aKOHO;rJ:aTeJIbCTBa. BMeCTe C TeM rrpHHHT pH;rJ: 3aKOHOB, Ha-
rrpaBJIeHHbIX Ha OXpaHY 8KOHOMH'IeCKH CJIa6bIX 3aeMm;HKOB ,
Cym;eCTBYIOT 3aKOHbI 06 OrpaHH'IeHHH CCY;rJ:Horo rrpOn;eHTa, 0,
KOHTpOJIe 3a KarrHTaJIOBJIOmeHHHMH, ;rJ:en03HTOM H rrpOn;eH-
TaMH, 0 BpeMeHHbIX Mepax rro perYJIHpOBaHHIO rrpOn;eHTOB }I'
l(p. Crren;naJIbHbIM 3aKOH perYJIHpyeT JIoM6ap;rJ:HbIe orrepan;HH.,
O;rJ:HaKo Bce 8TH 3aKOHO;rJ:aTeJIbHbIe aKTbI He J\IOrYT rrpOTHBO-'
CTOHTb BOJIHe crreKYJIHn;HH Ha ;rJ:eHemHOM pbIHKe, pa3JIH'IHOro'
pO;rJ:a «f>HHaHcoBbIM MaXHHan;HHM H a«f>epaM, CHCTeJ\IaTH'IeCKO-
MY 06xo;a;y 3aKOHOB.
EOJIbillOe COn;HaJIbHOe ,3Ha'leHHe HMeeT H .u;orOBOp HaHMa r
;rJ:eHcTBHe KOToporo OXBaTbIBaeT pa3JIIf'IHbIe 06JIaCTH mH3HlI'
06m;ecTBa. R HeMY OTHOCHTCH apeH;rJ:a 3eMJIH, HaeM mHJIbIX
rrOMem;eHHH, rrpaBO rrepe;rJ:a'lH B rrOJIb30BaHHe H T. rr. B OTHO-
illeHHHX HaHMa HarJIH;rJ:HO rrpOHBJIHIOTCH rrpOTHBOpe'IHH Me-
m;rJ:Y c06CTBeHHHKOM, rrOJIY'IaIOm;HM B03Harpam;rJ:eHHe TOJIhKO'
3a TO, 'ITO OH HBJIHeTCH TaKOBbIM, H HaHHJ\IaTeJIeM. Oc06eHHO'
OCTpoe rrOJIOmeHHe CJIomHJIOCb B c«f>epe apeH;rJ:bI 3eMJIH, rrpH'
KOTOPO!I apeH;rJ:aTOp BKJIa;rJ:bIBaeT CBOH TPY;rJ: H CBOH cpe;rJ:CTBa,
HMeH JIHillb orpaHH'IeHHOe H He Bcer;rJ:a 3am;Hm;aeMoe rrpaBO'
Ha HMyrr(eCTBO, He rrpHHap;JIemam;ee eMY. HCTOpH'IeCKH CJIO-
mHJIOCb, '1TO 3aKOH B rrepBYIO O'lepe;rJ:b oxpaHHeT HHTepeCbI'
co6CTBeHHHKa. H3BeCTHO, CKOJIb CHJIbHble COn;HaJIbHbIe 6ypH'
npOHOCHJUICb no pa3HbIM KOHTHHeHTaM BCJIeD;CTRHe 60pb6bI
Tex, KTO 06pa6aTbIBaJI 3eMJIIO, 3a npaBO Ha Hee. H B HrrOHHlf
3aKOH ;rJ:O cpaBHHTeJIbHO He;rJ:aBHero BpeMeHH OXpaHHJI B nep-
BYIO O'lepe;rJ:b npaBa 3eMe.lIbHOrO c06CTBeHHHRa, '1TO B H3BeCT-
HOH Mepe 6bIJIO 3aKpenJIeHO II B fR. HaHHMaTeJIb rrpaKTHqe-
CKH B JII060H MOMeHT Mor JIHlUHTbCH apeHAyeMoH Hep;BIIiI\H-
MOCTH 6e3 KaKOH-JIH60 Hap;emD;bI Ha B03J\Iem;eHHe BJIOmeHHbIX
HM B Hee cpe;rJ:CTB H TpY;rJ:a. HeCOOTBeTCTBHe rrO;rJ:06Horo nOJIO-
8
jReIUIH H3MeHHBIIHIMCH YCJIOBHHM, OCTpaH IIOJIHTIPIeCRaH
,60pb6a OIIpep;eJIHJIH He06xop;HMOCTb pa3BHTHH 3aROHOp;aTeJIb-
CTBa, OXpaHHIOIIJ,erO IIpaBa HanHMaTeJIeH, OC06eHHO B OTHorne-
IIHH apeHp;bI 3eMJIH. Ha'lHHaH C 1909 r. 6bIJI IIplIHHT pHP; 3a-
ROHOB, 3aRpeIIJIHBrnHX H3BeCTHYIO cTa6H.llbHOCTb IIOJIOiReHHH
:apeHp;aTopa, B03MOiRHOCTb B03BpaIIJ,eHHH BJIOiI\eHHbIX B apen-
P;yeMYIO 3eMJIIO cpep;CTB II HHoe.
AHaJIOrH'IHbIe IIpo eCCbI pacrnHpeHIIH IIpaB apeHp;aTopOB,
'HeIIocpep;CTBeHlIO HCIIOJIb3YIOIIJ,HX 3eMJIIO P;JIH C8JIbCROX03HH-
,CTBeIIHoro IIpOH3Bop;CTBa, xapaRTepHbI H P;JIJI pHp;a ,n:PyrIIx
fWIIHTaJIHCTH'leCltIIX CTpaH, H60 IIpep;CTaBJIHIOT C060H OfJ:HY
'H3 I}>OPM a,!l;aIITaJWH OTHorneHHH B cl}>epe CeJIbCROrO X03HHCT-
Ba R COBpeMeHHbIM YCJIOBHHM rocyp;apcTBeHHO-MOHOIIOJIHCTH-
qeClWfO RaIIHTaJIH3Ma.
To iRe B H3BeCTHOM CMbICJIe OTHOCHTCH II R IIOIIbITRaM
rocyp;apcTBeHHoro perYJIHpOBaHHH OTHorneHHH rRHJIHIIJ,HOrO
'naHMa, B oc06eHIIocTH RBapTHpHoH IIJIaTbI. Cxo;rJ;HbIe C IIPH-
HHTbIMII B HIIOHHH 3aROHbI H3p;aHbI II B HeROTopbIX 6YPiRya3-
'nbIX CTpaHax. Op;llaRo OIIbIT IJORa3bIBaeT, 'ITO B YCJIOBIIHX Ra-
IIHTaJIHCTH'IeCROrO 06IIJ,eCTBa OHH MaJIO 31}>I}>eRTHBHbI.
o 6JIH30CTH HIIOHCRoro 3aROHOp;aTeJIbCTBa R 3aROHop;a-
TeJIbCTBY ,!I;pyrHx 6ypmya3Hblx CTpaH CBHp;eTeJIbCTByeT If npH-
'MeHeHHe R HaHMY cTpOHTeJIbHOH TeXHHRH H P;PYJ:OH P;BHiRH-
MOCTH HOpM, 061.ep;HHHeMbIx (p;ame B TepMHHOJIOrH'leCROM
'oTHorneHHH) nOHJITIIeM «JIH3HHr».
B CHCTeMe p;orOBopOB aBT'opbI BbIp;eJIHlOT 'IeTbIpe HX BII-
,!I; a, 06'be,!l;HHHeMblx 06IIJ,HM II01UITIIeM ,!I;OTOBOpOB 0 BbIIIOJIHe-
'lUIH pa60T: p;orOBOp JIH'IHOrO HaHMa, IIOp;pHp;, IIOPY'IeHHe If
xpaneHHe. Cop;epmaHHe p;aHHbIX BHP;OB ,!I;OrOBOpOB OTHOCIITCH
R TPY,!l;OBOH ,!I;eHTeJIbHOCTH op;Horo H3 HX Y'IaCTHHROB. Han6o-
JIee IIOJIHO Tpyp;onoH xapaRTep oTHorneHHH IIpOHBJIHeTCH B
p;orOBope JIH'IHOrO HallMa, rp;e OCHOBHbIe yqacTHIIRII - pa60-
TO)];aTeJIb II pa60THIIR. B OCTaJIbHbIX Tpex BII,!I;aX p;orOBopOB
TpYP;OBbIe OTHorneHIIH BbICTYIIalOT 3JIeMeHTOM ROMIIJIeRCHbIX
B3aHMoOTHorneHnii ROHTpareHTOB. ITo p;orOBOPY IIop;pHp;a IIO;rJ;-
PHP;'IHR, BbIIIOJIHHH Tpe60BaHHH 3aRa3'IHRa, caM opraHH3yeT
'CBOIO p;eHTeJIbHOCTb, OTBe'IaeT 3a rOTOBbIH pe3YJIbTaT, a HHO-
rp;a H 3a MaTepHaJIbI, ROMIIJIeRTYlOIIJ,He H3p;eJIHH H T. n. EIIJ,e
MeHee HarJIHp;HO BbICTYIIalOT Tpyp;OBbIe OTHorneHHH B p;orOBO-
pax IIopyqelIHH H xpaHeHHH. ABTOpbI cnpaBe,!{JIlIBO OTMe'la-
'101', '11'0 B HeROTopbIX CJIyqaHX TPYP;HO pa3rpalIH'IHTb 3TH
BHP;bI p;oroBopa. TaR, TPYP;HO YCTaHoBlfTb, R RaRoMY p;oroBo-
iPY MomHO OTIIeCTH pa60TY lIa YCJIOBHHX Cp;eJIbHOH OIIJIaTb1,
9
oco6eHHO eCJIH pa60Ta BbIllOJIHHeTCH Ha )];OMY, -:h )];orOBOpy
JIH'IHOro HaHMa HJIH K nO)];pH)];Y.
BKJIIO'IeHHe B rPi. )];OrOBOpa JIH'IHOro HaHMa npe)];CTaBJIH-
eTCH B HaCTOHm;ee BpeMH H3BeCTHbIM aHaxpOHH3MOM. AKTHB-
HaH 60Pb6a pa60'lero KJIaCCa npHBeJIa K C03)];aHHIO TpY)];OBOrO
3aKOHO)];aTeJIbCTBa, perYJIHpYIOm;ero IllHpOKIIH Kpyr OTHOTlIe-
HHH. B03HHKJIO nOHHTHe Tpy)];OBOrO )];orOBOpa, npH3HaHHoro
OC06bIM BH)];OM )];OrOBopa. BbI)];eJIHJIaCb caMOCTOHTeJIbHaH OT-
paCJIb TpY)];OBoro npaBa. PH)]; 3aKOHOB peryJIHpyeT npHMeHe-
HHe Tpy)];a, ero YCJIOBHH, B03Mem;eHHe Bpe)];a B pe3YJIbTaTe-
npOMbIIllJIeHHOrb TpaBMaTH3Ma, neHCllOHHoe 06eCrre'leHHe R
HHoe. CneIl,HaJIbHble 3aKOHbI 06YCJIOBJIHBaIOT nOJIOmeHHe R
)];eHTeJIbHOCTb npocpCOI030B. ABTOpbI npH3HaIOT, 'ITO npaKTH-
'IeCKH Bce acneKTbI JIH'IHOro HaHMa nepeIllJIH B ccpepy TPy-
)];OBOrO 3aKOHO)];aTeJIbCTBa, II paCCMaTpHBaIOT JIllIllb Te Bonpo-
CbI, KOTopble HenOCpe)];CTBeHHO CBH3aHbI C )];OrOBopOM JIH'IHO-
ro HaHMa. IIpH aTOM, OCHOBbIBaHCb Ha 3aKOHO)];aTeJIbCTBe,
OHH PHCYIOT Ha nepBbIH B3rJIH)]; BeCbMa onTllMHCTH'IHyIO Kap-
THHY perYJIHpOBaHHH TPY)];OBbIX OTHOIIIeHllll.
O)];HaKO CJIe)];yeT HMeTb B BH)];y, 'ITO peaJIbHOe nOJIOmeHHe
)];aJIeKO He BCer)];a COOTBeTcTByeT MO)];eJIH, yeTaHOBJIeHHOH
3aKOHO)];aTeJIbeTBOM. Bcero TpeTb HnOHCKHX pa60'lHX COCTOHT'
B npocpcoI03HbIX opraHH3aI HHX. O'leHb MHorlle MemOle npe)];-
npHHTHH, C06JIIO)];aH Tpe60BaHHH 3aKOHa, He MOrJIH 6hI coxpa-
HHTb KOHKypeHTocnoco6HOCTb H noaTOMY nOCTOHHHO Hapy-
IIIaIOT HX. Pi.poMe Toro, 3aKOH (B TOM 'IHCJIe H HOpMbI rPi.) He-
06eCne'lHBaeT rJIaBHOrO - YCTaHOBJIeHHH rapaHTHH cTa6HJIb-
HOCTH TPY)];OBbIX OTIIOIIIeHHH. PH)]; HOpM perYJIHpyeT pac-
TopmeHlle )];OrOBOpa JIH'IHOrO HaHMa KaK npH YCTaHOBJIeHHlIi
onpe)];eJIeJIHOro cpOKa, TaK II npH HeOnpe)];eJIeHHOM cpOKe.
IIepe'leHb OCHOBaHHll )];JIH npeKpam;eHHH aTHX OTHOIIIeHHll no
Tpe60BaHHIO HaHHMaTeJIH )];OCTaTO'lHO IIIHpOK, a eCJIH )];OrOBOp
6bIJI 3aKJII01JeH 6e3 onpe)];eJIeHlIH cpOKa, TO )];JIH aToro Bonce
He Tpe6yeTcH Ha)];JIemam;I1X OCHOBaHHll. IIo)];o6HbIll no)];XO)];
K peIIIeHllIO Bonpoca B YCJIOBllHX KanWraJIIICTll'leCKOH aKO-
HOMHKH C ee nOCTOHHHO YBemI'IIIBaIOm;eIICH pe3epBHOH apMI1-
ell 6e3pa60THbIX HeH36emeH.
, ,7J;PyrHe BH)];bI )];OrOBOpOB TaKme BO MHorOM CXO)];HbI C CO-
OTBeTCTBYIOm;HMH Tpa)];IfiI,HOHHbIMH )];OrOBOpaMH 6ypmya3Ho-
I'O npaBa. BMeCTe C TeM B HHX OTpamaeTCH oc06oe MeCTO,
3aHHMaeJ\lOe )];eHeil\HbIMH 06H3aTeJIbCTBaMH. TaK, )];OrOBOp xpa-
HeHHH paCCMaTpHBaeTCH rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M B CBH3H C )];eHem-
HbIMH OTHOIIIeHHHMH: npHHHTHeM 6aHKaMH )];eHemHbIX BKJIa-
10
P;OB, XpaHeHHeM p;eHemHDIX CYMM B CBH31I C IIHDIMII OTHome-
HIIHMH (ynpaB.rreHHeM HMy ecTBoM, ceMeHHDIMII OTHome-
HIIJIlIIlI H T. rr.). MHOrO'IHCJIeHHDIe 3aROHO,lJ;aTeJIbHDIe aRTbI
HarrpaBJIeHbI Ha o6eCrre'IeHlIe IIHTepeCOB BRJIap;'IIIROB 6aHROB
n p;pyrHx <pIIHaHCOBDIX yqpemp;eHIIH. 8TII BRJIap;bI paCCMaT-
plIBaIOTCH RaR ;rJ;orOBOp xpaHeHIIH C 06e3JIII'IeHlIeM. B PYCCROH
p;openOJIIOD;IIOHHOH IOplI.D;II'IeCROH JIIITepaType 3TO Ha3bIBaJIOCb
npperYJIHpHOH rrORJIameH. '
K OCHOBanlIHM B03HHKHOBeHIIH 06H3aTeJIbCTB, IIOMIIMO ,lJ;O-
rOBopa, OTHOCHTCH ne,lJ;eHlIe 'IymHx ,lJ;eJI 6e3 nopyqeHIIH, He-
OCHOBaTeJIbHOe 060ra eHlIe II p;eJIIIRT. B CBH31I C Be,lJ;eHlIeM
'IymorQ p;eJIa 6e3 rropY'IeHIIH B03HIIRaeT npaBO Ha B03Me e-
HHe 1I3.D;epmeR. O.D;HaRO HrrO!lCRIIH 3aROHOp;aTeJIb He CJIHmKOM
nOO pJIeT TaRYIO ,lJ;eHTeJIbHOCTb. Be,lJ;y IIH nO,lJ;06Hoe ,lJ;eJIo
IIMeeT rrpaBo rrOJIY'lHTb B03Me eHHe rrOHeceHHDIX IIM 1I3p;ep-
meR, HO He MomeT Tpe60BaTb n03Me eHIIH rrpou;eHTOB Ha
H3.D;epmRII, a TaIOKe rrOHeceHHoro rrplI aTOM y ep6a.
He OTJIII'IaIOTCH cy ecTBeHHDIMII oc06eHHocTHMII nOJIO-
meHIIH rK HnoHIIH H no Borrpocy 0 HeOCHOBaTeJIbHOM 060ra-
eHIIII. BOJIee rrO.D;p06HO rK perYJIlIpyeT p;eJIIIRTHYIO OTBeT-
'CTBeHHOCTb. 3.D;eCb MomHO 06HapymlITb 1I3BeCTHoe BJIIIHHlIe
<ppaHD;Y3cRoro fK rK HrroHHH YCTaHaBJIHBaeT 06 ee npa-
BIIJIO 06 06JI3aHHOCTH Jilm;a, rrplI'lHHIIBIUero Bpe,lJ; C YMDICJIOM
HJIII rro HeOCTopomHOCTII, B03MeCTIITb ero. BMecTe C TeM npe-
,lJ;YCMaTpIIBaIOTCH Crren;lIaJIbHDIe CJIyqalI OTBeTCTBeBHOCTII: OT-
neTCTBeHHOCTb mIn;a, ocy eCTBJIHIO erO Ha,lJ;30p 3a Hep;eeCno-
<C06HbIM, 3a Bpep;, rrplI'IIIHeHHDIH rrOCJIe,lJ;HIIM; OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb
'C06cTBeHHIIRa cTpoeHIIH, rrOCJIymlIBmero rrplI'IIIHOH Bpe,lJ;a;
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb BJIa.D;eJIbn;a mlIBOTHoro, rrpH'IHHIIBmero Bpen.
B 3TIIX CJIY'laJIX Tpe60BaHIIe HaJIII'IHH BIIHDI RaR oCHoBaHIHr
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTII cy ecTBeHHO CMHr'IaeTCH.
O,lJ;RaRo B YCJIOBHHX TeXHH'IeCROrO nporpecca ,lJ;eJIIIRTHOe
npano HrroHlIII (TaR me, RaR II <ppaHD;Y3CRoe) nO,lJ;BeprJIOCb
3IIa'lIlTeJIbHDIM H3MeHeHHHM. BonpOCbI B03Me eHHH Bpep;a,
npH'IHHeHHOra Ha rrpe.D;rrpHHTHH, perYJIHpYIOTCH HopMaMH Tpy-
JJ;OBoro npaBa. B pH.D;e CJIY'IaeB, oc06eHHO rrpH IICnOJIb30Ba-
IIIIH COBpeMelIHDIX Cpe,lJ;CTB TpaHcrropTa H ,lJ;pyrlIx BH,lJ;OB Tex-
BHRII, OTBeTCTBeHHVCTb YCTaHaBJIIIBaeTCJI He3aBIICHMO OT
BHHDI.
PHP; HOpM 0 B03Me eHIIII Bpe,lJ;a YCTaHOBJIeH 3aROHaMII,
npHHHTbIMH B ROHD;e 60-x rO.D;OB B CBH3H C oxpaHOH oRpymaIO-
II
:rn;eii Cpe bI. Bo BCeX CJIY'laHX 3arpH3HeHHH aTMoc4>epHoro
B03 yxa, BO bI, a TaRme PyrHx BH OB y:rn;ep6a, npH'lIl.HeH-
HorO oRpymaIO:rn;eii cpe e, OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb npe YCMaTpHBa-
eTCH He3aBHCHMO OT BHHbI. Ha npe npHHHMaTeJIeii B03JIara-
eTCH OOH3aHHOCTb C03 aBaTb cnen;HaJIbHble 4>OH bI JIH Herro-
cpe CTBeHHoro B03Me:rn;eHHH Bpe a, npH'lHHeHHOro nOCTpa aB-
mHM OT 3arpH3HeHHH oRpymaIO:rn;eii cpe bI.
H3MeHeHHH eJIHRTHOro npaBa Hepe RO npOTHBOpe'laT
Tpa HIr;HOHHbIM nOJIOmeHHHM 0 ero COOTHomeHHH C orOBOp-
HbIM. Pe'lb H eT 0 TaR Ba3bIBaeMoii «OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH npOH3-
BO HTeJIH» (product liability). ,lJ;eJIo B TOM, 'ITO B yCJIOBHHX
HaY'lHO-TeXHH'leCROii peBOJIIOrr;HH npHMeHeHHe HOBbIX BH OB
TOBapOB, H3MeHeHHH B TeXHOJIOnm: npOH3BO CTBa, 3aMeHB:
perr;enTYP H T. n. npH He OCTaTO'lHOH npOBepRe OJIHmaHmHX
H OT;r:r;aJIeBBbIX pe3YJIbTaTOB ObIBaIOT CBH3aBbI C rrpH'IHHeHHeM
Bpe a, Mory:rn;ero HHor a npHHHTb xapaRTep RaTacTpo4>bI.
TaR, H3BeCTHbI CJIY'laH MaCCOBbIX OTpaBJIeHHH HenpoBepeH-
HbIMH JIeRapCTBaMH, nH:rn;eBbIMH rrpo YRTaMH H T. n.
B yCJIOBHHX RanHTaJIHCTH'leCROH aRoHoMHRH, Ror;r:r;a Ram-
bIii rrpoH3Bo;r:r;HTeJIb MaRCHMaJIbHO 3aHHTepecoBaH B cRopeii-
meM HCrrOJIb30BaHHH HOBHHRH JIH nOJIY'IeHIfH CBepxnpHObI-
JIH, Ha JIema:rn;aH npOBepRa 6e30naCHOCTH HOB},IX cpen;CTB
aJIeRO He Bcer a ooeCrre'IeHtI., nOCROJIbRY B03MOmHOCTb npe -
BapHTeJIbHOrO ROHTpOJIH Ha CTa;r:r;HH rrpOH3Bo;r:r;CTBa npH 'laCT-
Hoii coocTBeHBocTH Ha cpe;r:r;cTBa npoH3Bo;r:r;cTBa npaRTH'leCRlI
HCRJIIO'leHa. IIoaToMY 3aRoHO aTeJIbCTBO If npem;r:r;e BCerQl
npaRTHRa pH a oypmya3HbIx cTpaH nOmJIH no nYTH rrpH3Ha-
HHH HHcTHTYTa OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH npoH3BO HTeJIH. ECJIH Bpe;r:r;:
npH'lHIIeH BCJIe;r:r;cTBIfe npHeMa JIeRapCTBa, nH:rn;H, HCnOJIb30-
BaHHH rrpe;r:r;MeToB TexHHRII, HOBOH ROIlCTpYRrr;IIII If T. ;r:r;., II
T. n., TO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a Hero HeceT He rrpo;r:r;aBerr; (JIHrr;O,
Y ROToporo aHHbIe npe;r:r;MeTbI ObIJIH RynJIeHbI). a npOH3BO-
HTeJIb (rrpe;r:r;npHHTHe, ROTopoe BbIIIYCTHJIO aHHYIO rrpo;r:r;YR-
rr;mo, pa3paOOTaJIO 'IepTemH, cxeMbI II T. n.). Cyp:eOHaH npaR-
THRa IIHor a pacrrpOCTpaBHeT aTY OTBeTCT'BeHBOCTb ;r:r;ame He'
Ha rrpOH3BO HTeJIH, a Ha Toro, RTO npo;r:r;aJI JIHrr;eH3HIO Ba npo-
H3BO CTBO TaROH npo;r:r;YRrr;HH. IIo o6HaH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb
rrpOH3BO HTeJIH npH3HaeTCH ;r:r;eJIHRTHoii.
ABTOpbI OTMe'IaIOT, 'ITO npH pemeHHH paCCl\1aTpHBaeIlIOro'
Borrpoca HnOHCRaH HaYRa 'IaCTHOro npaBa HCnbITaJIa 3Ba'IH-
TeJIbHOe BJIHHHHe HHOCTpaHHbIX HaY'IHbIX ORTpHH, cy e6-
Hoii npaRTHRH H 3aROHO aTeJIbCTBa, 'ITO OTpa3HJIOCb H Ha
HnOHCROM 3aROHO aTeJIbCTBe. B HeM pa3JIII'IaeTCH OTBeTCT'-
12
BeUHOCTb 3a ROHCTPYRTHBHble eq,eRTbI, 3a npOH3BO CTBeHHbIe
He)];OCTaTRH H 3a eq,eRTbI YRa3aHHH no HCnOJIb30BaHHIO npo-
YRn;HH. IIo MHeHHIO aBTopOB, B OTHomeHHH TOBapOB Macco-
Boro cnpoca TaRaR OTBeTcTBeHHOCTI. OJImHa B03JIaraTbCR
He3aBHCHMO OT BHHbI. TaRHM oopa30M, H B rpam aHcROM
npaBe .f.[rroHHH npOHCXO HT npon;ecc pacmHpeHHR eJIHRTHOH
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a C'<IeT orOBopHOH.
rR .f.[rroHHH perYJIHpyeT H CeMeHHIJe OTHOIIIeHHR, nOCBR-
m;aR ceMellHOMY npaBY Cnen;HaJIbHbIll pa3 eJI. B aTOll oOJIa-
CTH B HaHOOJIee 3Ha'<IHTeJIbHOll Mepe CRa3bIBaIOTCR HCTOp1JtIe-
CRHe YCJIOBHR pa3BHTHR ceMbH, '<ITO He Y HBHTeJIbHO, HOO pa3-
BHTHe cq,epbI JIH'<IHbIX OTHomeHHll B ropa3 O OOJIbmeH CTe-
neHH nO Bep}ReHO BJIHIDIHIO Tpa Hn;HH, CJIOmHB!IIHXCR CTe-
peOTHrrOB, '<IeM PyrHe cq,epbI mH3HH OOm;eCTBa. )J;JIR ceMen-
Horo rrpaBa .f.[rroHHH ObIJIO xapaRTepHO JIHTeJII.HOe coxpaHeHHe
OOJIbmOll ceMbH, maBa ROTOpOll OOJIa aJI OCOObIMH npaBaMB
B OTHomeHHH pyrHx ee '<IJIeHOB. C aROHOMH'<IeCRHM H nOJIH-
TH1JeCRHM pa3BHTHeM OOm;eCTBa OOJIbmaR ceMbR paCnaJIaCb.
B HaCTORm;ee BpeMR OCHOBHOll RBJIReTCR HYRJIeapHaR ceMbR,
O)];HaRO HeROTopbIe CJIe bI CTepeOTHrrOB, CJIOmHBmMXCR B OOJIb-
mOH ceMbe, MomHO irpOCJIe HTb H B COBpeMeHHbIX YCJIOBHRX.
.f.[noHcRoe npaBO YCTaHaBJIHBaeT mHpORHll Rpyr pO CT-
BeHHHROB, RaROBbIMH C'<IHTaIOTCR RpOBHble pO CTBeHHHRH O
meCTOll CTeneHH pO CTBa, cynpyrH, CBOllCTBeHHHRH O TpeTb-
en CTerreHH pO CTBa. PO CTBO BJIe'<IeT 3a COOOll pR npaBOBbIX
rrOCJIe CTBHll, pa3JIH1JaIOm;HXCR B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT ero CTeneHH.
TaR, OOR3aHHocTb B3aHMHoll nOMOm;H B03JIaraeTCR Ha RpOB-
HbIX po cTBeHHHRoB no npRMOH JIHHHH H COBMeCTHO npomH-
BaIOm;HX po cTBeHHHRoB. IIpaBO nO a'<IH 3aRBJIeHHR 0 IIPH-
3HaHHH He eecnocooHbIM HJIH OrpaHH'<IeHHO eecnocooHbIM
HMeIOT po cTBeHHHRH )];0 '<IeTBepToll CTeneHH po cTBa. Bce
po cTBeHHHRH HMeIOT rrpaBo TpeOOBaHHR aHHYJIHpOBaHHJl
opaRa HJIH YCbIHOBJIeHHR, npaBo TpeOOBaHHR JIHmeHrrR PO)];H-
TeJIbCImX rrpaB, rra3Ha'<IeHIIR HJIH oTcTpaHeHHR OT )];OJImHOCTB
oueRYHa, rrOlle'<IHTeJIR H T. II. 'YrOJIOBHOe npal'O H npon;ecc ye-
TaHaBJIHBaIOT JIR po cTBeHHHRoB PR)]; H3'bRTHH B CJIY'<IaRX
yrOJIOBHOrO rrpeCJIe)];OBaHHR. TaRHe me H3'bRTHR npe ycMaT-
pHBaIOTclI H yrOJIOBHO-npou,eccyaJIbHbIM, a MHHHcTpaTHBHbIM,
TPY)];OBbIM, HaJIOrOBbIM H pyrHMH OTpaCJIIIMH npaBa.
COBpeMeHHoe ceMellHoe npaBO HIIOHHH cym;ecTBeHHo H3-
MeHHJIO npemHHll cTepeoTHrr ceMbH. B OOJIbmOll ceMbe Bce
13
BonpOCbl pellIaJI ee rJIaBa; meH HH:bI, BXOJ];HBmHe B ceMbIO,
6:bIJIH HepaBHorrpaBHbI. COBpeMeHHoe aaROHOJ];aTeJJbCTBO, oc-
1I0B:bIBaJICb Ha ItOHCTHTYD;HH, ynpa3J];HHJIO cTapyIO ceMeMHYIO
HCTeMY H YCTaHOBHJIO paBeHCTBO npaB Myma H meH:bI, qTO H
Q:bIJIO 3aRpenJIeHO B HOBOM peJ];aRD;HH fR. IIpaBJ];a, aBTOp:bI
"OTMeqaIOT, qTO, HeCMOTpJI Ha :no, MHorHe OTHOmeHHJI B ceMbe
perYJIHpYIOTCJI 06blqaeM H HopMaMH MOpaJIH. fIt me YCTa-
lIaBJIHBaeT JIHllIb HeROTopble, HaH60JIee BamH:bIe nOJIOmeHHJI:
paBH:bIe npaBa cynpyroB npH B:bI60pe 06 eM !f>aMIIJIHH, 06JI-
3anHOCTb COBMeCTHoro npomIIBaHHJI, COTpYJ];HHqeCTBa H B3a-
HMHOH nOMO H, perYJIHpyeT HMy ecTBeHH:bIe OTHOmeHHJI.
TaKHe nOJIOmeHHJI HOBOM peJ];aKD;HH fIt, KaK paBeHCTBO
npaB H 06JI3aHHOCTeM cynpyroB no COBMeCTHOMY npomHBa-
lIHIO, COTpYJ];HHqeCTBY H B3aHMHOM nOMO H, no coxpaHeHHIO
cynpymecKoM BepHOCTH; onpeJ];eJIeHHe 06 ero MeCTOmHTeJIb-
CTBa cynpyroB no HX B3aHMHOMY COrJIaCHIO; onpeJ];eJIeHHe
06 eM !f>aMHJIHH (KOTOpOM MomeT 6:bITb JIH60 !f>aMHJIHJI Myma,
JIH60 meH:bI) CTopOHaMH B MOMeHT 3aKJIIOqeHHJI 6paKa, cy e-
CTBeHHO MeHHIOT CKJIa)];:bIBaBllIHeCJI BeRaMH TpaJ];HD;HH. HMY-
eCTBeHHble OTHOmeHHJI cynpyroB MorYT 6:blTb onpeJ];eJIeH:bI
B 6paqHOM J];orOBope, HO, KaK 'YKa3:bIBaIOT aBTOp:bI, CJIyqaH 3a-
RJIIOqeHHJI TaKHX J];orOBopOB OqeHb peJ];KH, H npH HX OTCYT-
CTBHH 3aKOH HCXOJ];HT H3 na3J];eJIbHOCTH HMy ecTBa cynpy-
rOB. OJ];HaKO B OTHOllIeHHH TpeTbHX JIHD; B onpeJ];eJIeHH:bIX
npeJ];eJIax npH3HaeTCJI npHHD;Hn COJIHJ];apHOM OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH
cynpyrOB.
COBpeMeHHoe JInOHCKOe npaBO npeJ];OCTaBJIJIeT cynpyraM
mHpOKHe B03MomHOCTH B OTHomeHHH pa3BO}J;a. ECJIH OHH 06a
COrJIaCH:bI, TO npHBeJ];eHHJI HMII KaKHX-JIH60 OCHOBaHHH He
Tpe6yeTCJI. IIpH HaJIHqHH HeCOBepmeHHOJIeTHHX J];ereM B 3a-
JIBJIeHHH 0 pa3BOJ];e J];OJImHO 6:bITb YKa3aHO, KTO H3 cynpyroB
6YJ];eT ocy eCTBJIJIT:b pOJ];HTeJIbCKHe npaBa B OTHomeHHH pe-
6eHKa. B 3aJIBJIeHHII 0 pa3BOJ];e MomeT 6:blT:b YKa3aHO, KaK
CTOpOHbl COrJIallIaIOTCJI pa3J];eJIHTb HMy ecTBo, HO, eCJIH Ta-
KHX YKa3aHHH HeT, iJTO He npenJITCTByeT pa3BOJ];Y.
IIpeJ];ocTaBJIJIJI mHpOKHe B03MomHOCTH pa3BOJ];a no corJIa-
meHHIO CTOpOH, 3aKOH YCTaHaBJIHBaeT TaKme OCHOBaHHJI }J;JIJI
npH3HaHHJI HeJ];eMcTBHTeJIbHOCTII pa3BOJ];a. TaKHM OCHOBaHHeM
MomeT 6blTb 06MaH HJIH npHHymJ];eHHe, a TaKme OTCYTCTBHe
y CTOpOH nOJ];JIHHHOH BOJIH K pa3Bo)];y.
3aKoH npH3HaeT TaKme !f>aKTHqeCKHM pa3BOJ];, ECJIH cyn-
pyrH npHllIJIH H comameHHIO 0 pa3BO}J;e, npOmHBaIOT pa3-
J];eJIbIIO, HO He nOJ];aJIH COOTBeTcTByIO ero 3aJIBJIeHHJI H ceMeM-
14
HaH mH3Hb ;a;ellCTBHTeJIbBO lIMlI IIpe:KpaI.'qeB8, «p8:KTlI'(IeC:KlIll
pa3BO;a; lIMeeT Te me IIOCJIe;a;CTBlIH, 'ITO II 06bI'IBbIll.
ECJIlI CTOpOBbI He npllIIIJIH :K CorJIaIIIeHlIIO no nOBo;a;y P83-
BO;a;a, O;a;HB 1I3 cynpyroB MomeT npe;a;'bHBHTb B cy;a;e liCK AJIH
pa3BO;a;a no cy;a;y 3a:KOB YCTaBaBJIlIBaeT «popMaJIbBbIe OCBOBa-
HHH, Ta:KHe, :Ka:K HapYlIIeHHe cynpymeC:KOll BepBOCTH, Be;a;06-
pOCOBeCTHoe OCTaBJIeBlIe, OTCYTCTBlIe CBe;a;eBlIll 0 JIHn;e B Te-
'IeBlIe Tpex II 60JIee JIeT, BeH3JIe'IlIMaH THmeJIaH ;a;YlIIeBHaH
60JIe3Bb, HaJIH'IHe ;a;pyrHx npH'IlIB, ;a;eJIaIOI.'qUX BeB03MomHbIM
npO;a;OJImeHHe 6pa:Ka.
CJIe;a;yeT OTMeTHTb, 'ITO 3a:KOB U IOpll;a;lI'IeC:KaH npa:KTlI:Ka
npU3BaIOT «pa:KTH'IeC:KHll 6pa:K, npH :KOTOpOM Be 6bIJIO CBa-
;a;e6Boro 06pH;a;a UJIH C06JIIO;a;eHHH lIHbIX «popMaJIbBOCTell, o;a;-
Ha:KO lIMeIOTCH «pa:KTH'IeCRlI CJIOmHBlIIlIeCH ceMellBbIe OTBO-
lIIeBHH. CDa:KTH'IeC:KlIll 6paR BJIe'IeT 3a C060ll B OCBOBBOM
Ta:KlIe me nOCJIe;a;CTBUH, 'ITO U Ha;a;JIema:rn;e o«popMJIeBHbIll.
IIpH3BaBaH «pa:KTH'IeC:KUll 6pa:K, 3a:KOB BMeCTe C TeM pa3JIlI-
'LaeT 3a:KOHHopom;a;eHHbIX II BBe6pa'IHbIX ;a;eTell. Ta:Koe pa3JIlI-
'Ille OTHOCHTCH npem;a;e BCerO:K B03MomHOCTlI ;a;JIH pe6eB:Ka
npllBHTb «paMHJIHIO OTn;a. BBe6pa'IBbIll pe6eBO:K 06JIa,IJ;aeT Ha-
CJIe;a;CTBeHBbIMH npaBaMlI B OTHOlIIeBHII OTn;a, O;a;Ha:KO ero Ba-
CJIe;a;CTBeBHaH ;a;OJIH MeBblIIe, 'LeM ,IJ;OJIH ;a;eTell, pom;a;eBHbIX B
6pa:Ke. PO;a;HTeJIbC:KHe npaBa B OTHOIIIeBHH pe6eH:Ka, pom;a;eB-
Boro BBe 6pa:Ka, npllHa;a;JIemaT MaTepH, O;a;Ba:KO OTen; MomeT t
He BCTynaH C MaTepbIO B 6pa:K, np1l3HaTb pe6eHKa II BeCTU OT-
n;OBC:KHe npaBa H 06H3aBBOCTH. 3a:KOB ;a;onYC:KaeT H cy;a;e6Hoe
YCTaBOBJIeBlIe OTn;OBCTBa.
IIOCJIe,IJ;BHll pa3;a;eJI rl\ nOCBH:rn;eB BaCJIe;a;CTBeHBoMy npa-
BY. B ;:nOll 06JIaCTH Ta:Kme npOH30IIIJIlI CYI.'qeCTBeBHI>Ie 1I3Me-
HeBIIH B CBH3H C lIepexO;a;OM OT 60JII>IIIOll ceMbll :K BY:KJIeap-
HOll. IIo CTapOMY 3a:KOBO;a;aTeJIbCTBY Bce HMym;ecTBo lIepexo-
,IJ;lIJIO 110 HaCJIe;a;CTBY :K CTaplIIeMY CbIBY, :KOTOpbIll CTaHOBHJI-
CH TaRHM 06pa30M rJIaBOll ceMbll. B HaCTOH:rn;ee BpeMH
naCJIe,IJ;CTBeHHoe rrpaBO o-rpamaeT HOBbIll nail ceMeIIHbIx OT-
HOlIIeBull. B IIp8Be HIIOHHH, Ra:K H B IIpaBe ;a:pyrHx CTpaB,
pa3JIH'IaeTCW HaCJIe;a;OBaHHe 110 3a:KOHY H 110 3aBe:rn;aBuIO. O;a;-
HaRO HIIOHCIl:aH TeopHH rpam;a;aHC:KOrO IIpaBa pacCMaTpHBaeT
3aBem;aHHe Ra:K OC06bIll a:KT, 1I0pom;a;aIO:rn;Hll orrpe;a;eJIeHBbIe
IIpaBa H 06H3aHBOCTH, HO He npeBpam;aIO:rn;Hll YllpaBOMO'LeH-
Hoe JIHn;O B BaCJIe;a;BlI:Ka. Ra:K IIHIIIYT aBTopbI, JIHn;O, Ha3BaH-
Hoe B 3aBe:rn;aHHH, IIpupaBHHBaeTtH :K BaCJIe;a;HH:KY, BO Be
15
CTaHOBll:rCf.( llM. Ep;llHCTBeHHIdM OCHOBaHlleM HaCJIep;OBaHHR
HBJIHeTCH, TaRllM OOpa30M, RaR rrpllpOp;HOe RpOBHOe pOP;CTBO,
TaR II YCTaHOBJIeHHOe 3aROHOM B CJIy>Iae YCIdHOBJIeHllH. Op;
HaRO B ROHRpeTHoe ll3JIOmeHlle aBTopbI BRJII01JaIOT II HaCJIe
p;OBaHlle no 3anem;aHllIO. ,IJ;eHcTBllTeJIbHO, nopHp;OR npllHHTllH
HaCJIep;CTBa, pa3p;eJIa llMyrn;ecTBa, OTBeTCTBeHHOCTll rro p;OJIraM
HaCJIep;Op;aTeJIH II pHP; p;pyrllX rrOJIOmeHllH B paBHOH Mepe OT
HOCHTCH RaR R HaCJIep;HllRaM rro 3aROHY, TaR II R TeM, RTO
ObIJI YRa3aH B 3aBem;aHllll.
3aROH YCTaHaBJIllBaeT TPll 01Jepep;ll rrpll3BaHllH R HaCJIe
p;OBaHHIO. B nepBYIO 01Jepep;b BXOp;HT RaR pop;HIde, TaR H YCId-
HOllJIeHHbIe p;eTH. CJIep;yeT, op;HaKO, OTMeTllTb, 1JTO YCIdHOBJIeH-
HbIe p;eTH coxpaHHIOT HaCJIep;CTBeHHbIe rrpaBa II B OTHomeHllll
CBOllX RpOBHIdX pOp;llTeJIeH. Bo BTOpyIO 01Jepep;b rrpll3IdBaIOTCH
pOp;llTeJIll YMepmero, B TpeTbIO 01Jepep;b - opaTbH II ceCTpId.
Ocoooe rrOJIOmeHlle 3aHllMaeT rrepemllBmllH cyrrpyr. OH HB-
JIHeTCH, eCJIll MomHO TaR BIdpa3llTbCH, «CROJIb3Hm;HM HaCJIep;-
HllROM», T, e. HaCJIep;yeT BMeCTe C HaCJIep;Hll:«aMll TOH oqepe-
P;H, ROTopaH rrpll3bIBaeTCH R HaCJIep;CTBY, TaKHM oopa30M, OH
He OTCTpaHHeT HHRoro ll3 HaCJIep;HllROB, HO nOJIY1JaeT rrpll1Jll-
TaIOm;YIOCH eMY P;OJIIO. IIpll 3TOM, 1JeM p;aJIbme 01Jepep;b rrpll-
3IdBaeMIdX R HaCJIep;CTBY, TeM OOJIbllIe P;OJIH cyrrpyra. ECJIll
HaCJIep;yIOT p;eTll, rrpll3bIBaeMIde B rrepByro 01Jepep;b, P;OJIH cyn-
pyra COCTaBJIHeT rrOJIOBllHY; eCJIll rrpll3bIBaIOTCH HaCJIep;HllRll
BTOpOH 01Jepep;ll - pOp;llTeJIll, P;OJIH cyrrpyra - p;Be TpeTll;
eCJIll rrpH3IdBaIOTCH HaCJIep;HHRH TpeTbeH 01Jepep;ll - opaTbH II
ceCTpId, TO P;OJIH cynpyra COCTaBJIHeT TPll 1JeTBepTll.
,IJ;eHcTBHTeJIbHbIH Kpyr HaCJIep;HllROB IlIllpe, 1JeM JIHn;a, rre-
pe1JHCJIeHHIde BbIllIe, rrOCROJIbKY 3aROH YCTaHaBJIllBaeT HaCJIe-
p;OBaHlle no npaBY rrpep;CTaBJIeHllH. TaKoe npaBO HOCllT P;O-
BOJIbHO IlIllpORHH xapaRTep. TaK, eCJIll KTO-JIllOO ll3 p;eTeH
HaCJIe)1,Op;aTeJIH YMep P;O ero CMepTH, TO BHYRll rro rrpaBY
rrpep;CTaBJIeHHH MorYT nOJIy>IllTb TY P;OJIIO, ROTopaH rrpll1JHTa-
JIaCb HX YMepllIeMY pOp;llTeJIIO. IIo rrpaBY rrpep;CTaBJIeHllR
MorYT HaCJIep;OBaTb II rrJIeMHHHHRll, eCJIll R HaCJIep;CTBY rrpll
3IdBaeTCH TpeTbH 01Jepep;b II RTO-JIllOO ll3 OpaTbeB llJIll ceeTep
yMep )1,0 CMepTll HaCJIep;O)J;aTeJIH. Ero llJIH ee ;n;eTll TaKme MO-
ryT HaCJIep;OBaTb rro rrpaBY rrpep;CTaBJIeHllH.
HacJIeD;HllKll npHoopeTaIOT Te llMyrn;ecTBeHHble rrpaBa 11
oOH3aHHocTll, ROTl?pble rrpllHap;JIemaJIll HaCJIe;U;O;u;aTeJIIO, He
n;epexop;HT rro HaCJIep;CTBY Te rrpaBa II oOH3aHHocTll, ROTopbIe
HOCllJIll JIll1JHIdH xapaRTep II ObIJIll Herrocpe)J;cTBeHHo CBH3a
IIM C JlH1JHOCTbIO YMepllIero.
1,6
B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3aKOHOM HaCJIep;HHK HJIH HaCJIep;HHKH,
npHHHBIIIHe HMyrn;eCTBO, OTBe'IaIOT 1I0JIHOCThIO 1I0 06H3aTeJIh.
CTBaM YMepIllero. BMeCTe C TeM p;OlIYCKaeTCH lIpHHHTHe Ha.
oCJIep;CTBa C orOBopKOH 0 TOM, 'ITO HaCJIep;HHK HeceT OTBeTCT'
BeHHOCTh no 06H3aTeJIhcTBaM YMepIllero TOJIhKO B lIpep;eJIax
1I0JIY'IeHHOrO B HaCJIep;CTBO HMyrn;eCTBa. ECJIH TaKaH orOBOp,
Ra He Cp;eJIaHa, TO HaCJIep;HHK, lIpHHHBIllHH HaCJIep;CTBO, OTBe.
IaeT 1I0 BceM 06H3aTeJIhcTBaM, B TOM 'IHCJIe H CBOHM JIH'IHhIM
HMyrn;eCTBOM. ,[{JIH Toro 'IT06hI He OKa3aThCH B TaKOM 1I0JIO.
meHHH, HaCJIep;HHK MomeT JIH60 OTKa3aThCH OT HaCJIep;CTBa,
JIH60 lIpHHHTh ero C YKa3aHHoH oroBopKoH.
3aKoH OCTaBJIHeT HaCJIep;HHKaM IllHPOKYIO B03MomHOCTh B
COOTBeTCTBHH C p;OJIeH Kamp;oro caMHM paClIpep;eJIHTh Ha.
CJIep;CTBeHHoe HMyrn;ecTBo, opraHH30BaTh ero oxpaHY, 06ec.
ne'IHTh BhIIIOJIHeHHe 06H3aTeJIhcTB. ECJIH HaCJIep;HHKH lIpll.
HHJIH HMyrn;eCTBO, TO HHKaKHX Mep 1I0 ero oxpaHe He YCTa.
HaBJIHBaeTCH. llHoe p;eJIO, eCJIH He BhIJICHeHO, cyrn;eCTBYIOT JIB
HaCJIep;HHlm H lIPHMYT JIH OHH HaCJIep;CTBO.
llMYIllecTBo B 3TOM CJIY'Iae paCCMaTpHBaeTCH KaK IOpHP;H'
"IeCKOe JIHD;O, H CeMeHHI,IH cyP; 1I0 Tpe60BaHHIO 3aHHTepeCOBaH'
HhIX JIHU HJIH lIpoKypopa Ha3Ha'IaeT YlipaBJIHIOrn;erO HaCJIep;.
CTBeHHhIM HMyrn;eCTBOM, KOTOphIH B Te'IeHHe YCTaHOBJIeHHOrO
cpOKa 06H3aH H3BeCTHTh Kpep;HTopOB H P;PyrHX 3aHHTepeco.
BaHHhIX JIHD;. I1pH HeHBKe HaCJIep;HHKOB 1I0 HCTe'IeHHH IlleCTH.
MeCH'IHOrO cpOKa HMyrn;eCTBO lIepexop;HT JIH60 K 6JIH3KHM
HaCJIep;Op;aTeJIH, npomHBaBIllHM BMeCTe C HHM (HalIpHMep, R
cpaKTH'IeCKOH meHe) , JIH60 K JIHD;aM, XOTH H He npomHBaBIllHM,
HO ocyrn;eCTBJIHBIllHM 1I01Ie'IeHHe H yxop; 3a HHM H T. II. ECJIlI
Tpe60BaHHH CO CTOpOHhI 3THX JIHD; He 6hIJIO H ceMeHHhIH cY'!:!
He YKa3aJI JIHD;O, KOTOPOMY p;OJImHO 6hITh lIepep;aHO HMyrn;eCT.
BO, TO HaCJIep;CTBO lIepexop;HT K rocyp;apCTBY.
HaK YKa3hIBaJIOCh BhIIlle, 3aBern;aHHe paCCMaTpHBaeTCH B
Ka'IeCTBe OP;HOCTopOHHeH Cp;eJIKH. I1pH 3TOM 3aBern;aTeJIh MO-
meT OTCTpaHHTh OT HaCJIep;OBaHHH Tex HJIH HHhIX HaCJIep;HHKOB
no 3aKOHY, YCTaHOBHTh HHhIe HaCJIep;CTBeHHhIe P;OJIH, 'IeM
llpep;YC IOTpeHO 3aKOHOM, OlIpep;eJIHTh JIHD;, KOTOphIM OCTaB-
JIHeT HMyrn;eCTBO, XOTH 6hI OHH He BXOP;HJIH B 'IHCJIO HaCJIep;.
HHKOB 1I0 3aKOHY. 3aBern;aTeJIh MomeT TaKme YCTaHOBHTh
clIoc06hI pa3p;eJIa HaCJIeACTBeHHoro HMyrn;ecTBa, YKa3aTh JIH-
D;O, ROTOPOMY 1I0pY'IaeTCH pa3p;eJI, 3alIpeTHT.h pa3p;eJI HMyrn;e-
CTBa H T. p;., H T. II.
B OTHorneHHH 3aBern;aHHH rrpHMeHHIOTcH 06rn;He lIpaBHJIa
OTHOCHTeJIhHO YCJIOBHH p;eHCTBHT eJIhHOCT H Cp;eJIKH. rH YCTa-
..-"". - , - -
2 38K8a Nt 1264
17
lIaBJIHBaeT TaIORe nOJIOmeHHe 06 06H3aTeJIbHOH: J(OJIe HeROTO-
pbIX HaCJIeJ(HHROB no 3aIWHY. IIpaBo Ha 06H3aTeJIbHYro
J(OJIIO npeJ(OCTaBJIHeTCH naCJIep;HHRaM nepBOH: H BTOpOH: o'le-
peJ(II H nepemHBnreMY cynpyry. 3aROH He YCTaHaBJIHBaeT
RaRHX-JIH60 J(onOJIHIITeJIbHbIX YCJIOBHH J(JIH npH3HaHHH npana
Ha 06H3aTeJIbHYIO J(OJIIO. ,1];JIH Toro 'IT06bI B MaRCHMaJIbHOH:
CTeneHII 06eCne'IHTb npaBO Ha 06H3aTeJIbHYIO J(OJIIO, 3aROH
YCTaHaBJIHBaeT, 'ITO COBepllIeHHbIe npH mH3HH HaCJIeJ(OJ(aTe-
JIH aRTbI J(apeHHH HMym;ecTBa MorYT 6bITb npH3HaHbI HeJ(eH:-
CTBHTeJIbHbIMH, eCJIH ORameTCH, 'ITO OHH YMeHbllIaIOT 06H3a-
TeJIbHYIO J(OJIIO; B COCTaB HMym;ecTBa YMepmero BRJIIO'IaeTCH
H TO, ROTopoe 6bIJIO nOJ(apeHo J(pyrHM JIHIJ;R1v1 nepeJ( CMepTbIO
HaCJIeJ(oJ(a TeJIR:.
<1>. 8HreJIbC YRa3bIBaJI Ha TO, 'ITO npaBOBbIe HOpMbI He
ncerJ(a HBJIHIOTCH TO'IHbIM OTpameHHeM 3ROHOMH'IeCRIIX YC-
JIOBHH:, H B Ra'IeCTBe npHMepa npHBOJ(HJI nOJIOmeHHH HaCJIeJ(-
CTBeHHoro npaBa 1. HaCJIeJ(CTBeHHoe npaBO HnOHHH OTpamaeT
3ROHOMII'IeCRnC YCJIOBHH COBpeMeHHoro pa3BHTHH CTpaHbI II
BMeCTe C TeM HeceT Ha ce6e CJIeJ(bI CJIOiRHBllIHXCH 06bI'Iaen
H TpaJ(HD;HH:.
I
COJ(epmaHlIe BTOpOH: RHHrH HaCTOHm;ero Rypca paCRpbIBaeT
B no.u;p06HOCTHX H J(eTaJIHX He TOJIbRO OTHOllIeHHH 8ROHOMH-
'IeCROrO 060pOTa, HO H CJIOmHeH:myIO 06JIaCTb CeMeH:HbIX II
JIH'IHbIX oTHOllIeHHH:. Y CJIOBHH rocy.u;apcTBeHHo-MOHOnOJIHCTH-
'IeCROrO RanHTaJIH3Ma ORa3bIBaIOT BJIHHHHe Ha Bce CTOpOHbI
iRH3HH 06m;eCTBa. BMecTe C TeM CJIeJ(yeT oTMeTHTb, 'ITO n
pHJ(e CJIY'IaeB pellIeHHe 3THX CJIOmHeH:llIHX rrp06JIeM HeceT Ha
ce6e RaR CJIeJ(bI 3RCnJIyaTaTopclmx TpaJ(HD;IIH:, TaR H CJIeJ(bl
HeROTopbIX rYl\IaHHbIX, YCTOHBllIHXCH B BeRax HapOJ(HbIX OObI-
'IaeB. BOJIbmyIO pOJIb B IIOJIOmHTeJIbHOM pa3BHTHH rpam)];aH-
CRoro npaBa nrpaeT J{OBCTHTYD;HH HnoHHH 1946 ro)];a, 3a-
'KpenHBmaH pHJ( J(eMoRpaTH'IeCRHX, rYMaHHbIX npHnlJ,IIITOB.
OJ(HaRo, RaR 06 3TOM CRHJ(eTeJIbCTBYIOT aBTopbI, J(aJIeRO He
Bce ROHCTHTYD;HOHHbIe npHHD;HnbI peaJIH3YIOTCH B nOBceAHeB-
HOH: mH3HH.
P. Xa.!ujjuna,
npo eccOp,aonTopWpUau ecnux
nay"
I CM.: Mapnc K., 9neMbc i!J. C06p. CO'I., T. 37, c. 418.
Pa3Aen III. 05S13ATEnbCTBEHHOE nPABO
fn8B8 9. AOrOBOP
i 1. 061L1He nOnO>KeHHSI
73. IIOHJITHe ,IJ,orOBopa. ):(orOBOp He TOJlbRO BamHeHIIIee
OCHOBaHHe B03HHRHOBeHHH 06H3aTeJlbCTBa, HO H HHCTHTYT,
I1rparom;HH nepBOCTeneHHYro pOJlb B 'IaCTHOnpaBOBbIX OTHO-
meHHHX COBpeMeHHoro 06m;eCTBa. C TO'lRH 3peHHH CBoero
IIpaBOBoro xapaRTepa OH npe,IJ,CTaBJlHeT C,IJ,eJlRY, 3aRpenJlHro-
.m;yro COBna,IJ,eHHe BOJleH3'hHBJleHHH ,IJ,BYX H 60Jlee ROHTpareH'
'fOB. IJ;eJlbro ,IJ,OrOBOpa 06J,I'IHO HBJlHeTCH B03HHRHOBeHHe 06H.
3aTeJlbCTBa (CM.: 06m;aH 'IaCTb - 77). O,IJ,HaRO no,IJ, nOHHTHe
,IJ,OrOBOpa IIO,IJ,IIa,IJ,aroT H Te BH,IJ,bI C,IJ,eJlOR, ROTopbIe He CTaBHT
p;aHHYro D;eJlb. TaROBbI, HanpHMep, ,IJ,OrOBOpbI 0 3 aR.TIro 'Ie HH1i1
6paRa HJlH 06 YCbIHOBJleHHH, npeCJle,IJ,yrom;He D;eJlb YCTaHOBJle-
HHa 6pa'lHbIX HJIH pO,IJ,CTBeHHbIX OTHOIIIeHHH. Cym;ecTByroT
TaRme ,IJ,OrOBopbI 06 YCTaHOBJleHHH Bem;HbIX npaB: nepeXO,IJ,e
npaBa c06cTBeHHocTH, yeTaHOBJleHHH cyneP<PHD;HH, HnOTeRH
H T. ,IJ,. O,IJ,HaRO B ,IJ,aHHOM pa3,IJ,eJle MbI orpaHH'JHMCH paCCMOT-
peHHeM JlHIIIb Toro Rpyra ,IJ,OrOBOpOB, rJlaBHaH D;eJlb IWTOPbIX
COCTOHT B B03HHRHOBeHHH 06H3aTeJlbCTBa. M em;e O,IJ,HO 3aMe-
'IaHHe. IIpH Y'1pem,IJ,eHHH RopnopaD;HH MbI HMeeM ,IJ,eJlO He C
COBna,IJ,eHHeM npOTHBOCTOHm;HX BOJlb, a C COBna,IJ,eHHeM BOJlb,
HanpaBJleHHbIX Ha ,IJ,OCTHmeHHe e,IJ,HHOH D;eJlH, n03TOMY nO,IJ,06-
Hoe COBna,IJ,eHHe BOJlb OTHOCHTCH R RaTeropHH 06'he,IJ,HHeHHOii
(corJlaCOBaHHoii) C,IJ,eJlRH. O,IJ,HaRO fIt paCCMaTpHBaeT Y'lpem-
p;eHHe RopnopaD;HH B RR'leCTBe O,IJ,HOrO H3 BH)J;OB )J;oroBopoB.
ItaR yme OTMe'laJlOCb, npHHD;Hn CB060,IJ,bI ,IJ,OrOBOpa C'IH-
TaeTCH OCIIOBHbIM npHHD;HnoM npaBa HOBoro BpeMeHH, He
YTpaTHBIIIHM CBoero 3Ha'leHHH H no ceii ,IJ,eHb. O,IJ,HaRO COBpe-
MeHHoe npaBO CTpeMHTCH B nepBYro O'lepp,IJ,b 06eCne'lHTb
Ram)J;OMY 'IeJlOBe'leCRHe yCJlOBHH Cym;eCTBOBaHHH (CM. CT. 25
ItOHCTHTYD;HH HnoHHH). a yme 3aTeM MaRCHMaJlbHO ,IJ,ony-
CTHMYro CB060,IJ,y JlH'IHOCTH. MMeHHo n03TOMY H 6bIJlH YCTa-
HOBJleHbI 3Ha'lHTeJlbHbIe OrpaHH'IeHHH B OTHOIIIeHHH npHH-
D;Hna CB060,IJ,bI ,IJ,OrOBOpa, BamHeiiIIIHe H3 ROTOpbIX MbI ceii'lac
nepe'lHCJlHM.
2*
19
1) CBOOO));a aaRJIIO'leHlIJI ));OrOBOpa II ee orpaHH'IeHHJI.
ITpHHIJ;Hrr cB060.n;bI .n;orOBopa BRJIIO'IaeT B ce6H CBOOO));y ero
3aRJIIO'IeHHH, a HMeHHO CBOOO));y 3aRJIIO'IaTb HJIH He 3aRJIro-
'IaTb ));OrOBOp.
a) OOJlaaHHOCTb aR enTa. OObI'IHO rrpH IIOJIY'IeHHH rrpe));-
JIOmeHHH OT orrpe));eJIeHHOrO JIHn;a rpam));aHHH BOJIeH rrpHHHTb
HJIH He rrpHHHTb no rrpe));JIOmeHHe. BMeCTe C TeM 3aROHO));a-
TeJIbCTBO rrpe));YCMaTpHBaeT PH)); HCRJIro'IeHHH, yCTaHaBJIHBaro-
m;HX OOJlaaHHOCTb npllHJlTb npe));JIOmeHHe. Bo-rrepBbIX, YCTa-
HaBJIHBaeTCH rrYOJIH'IHO-rrpaBOBaH 00H3aHHOCTb He rrpeRpa-
m;aTb paOOTbI oe3 Ha));JIemam;HX OCHOBaHHH CJIe));YIOIUHM rrpe));-
rrpHH1'HHM H JIH aM CJIe));yrom;HX rrpO<peCCHH: npe));rrpHHTHHM.
3aHHMarom;HM MOHOrrOJIbHOe IIOJIOmeHHe B OOJIaCTH 3JIeRTpO- H
ra30CHaomeHHH, TpaHClIopTa, CRJIa));CROrO ));eJIa H T. rr. (CM.
CT. 85 Y Ra3a 0 rrpe));IIpHHTHHX OOm;ecTBeHHoro HHTepeca,
C'I'. 16 3aRoHa 0 rrpe));rrpHHTHHX ra30CHaomeHHH, CT. 6 3aRoHa
o meJIe3HbIX ));oporax, CT. 19 3aRoHa 00 aBTO));OpOmHOM TpaHC-
rropTe, CT. 10 3aRoHa 0 CRJIa));CROM ));eJIe H ));p.), HOTapHycaM
H ));pyrHM JIH aM, 3aHHTbIM Ha OOm;ecTBeHHoM cJIym6e (CM.
CT. 3 3aRoHa 0 HOTapHycax), Bpa'IaM, aRYIUepaM, Me));CeCTpaM
H ));p. (CM. II. 1 CT. 19 3aRoHa 0 Bpa'laX, CT. 39 3aRoHa 06
aRyIUepax H Me));CeCTpax). BO-BTOpbIX, rrpe JIomeHlIe orrpe)];e-
JIeHHbIX JIHU; He MomeT ObItb OTBeprHYTO ROHTpareHTOM rrpH
OTCYTCTBHH OCHOBaHHM, orrpe)];eJIeHHbIX B 3aROHe. B RRqeCTBe
IIpHMepa MomHO rrpHBeCTH TpeOOBaHHe B0300HOBJIeHHH )];0-
rOBopa, HMerom;ero )];JIHTeJIbHbIM xapaRTep - apeH)];bI 3eMJIH.
mHJIOrO rrOMem;eHHH H T. II. (CM. rr. 1 CT. 4 3aRoHa 00 apeH));e
3eMJIH, CT. 12 3aRoHa 0 HaMMe mHJIbIX IIOMelQeHHM), - a TaR-
me TpeOOBaHHe IIpHOOpeTeHHH CTpoeHHM, IIpe)];YCMOTpeHHoe
3aROHOM 00 apeH)];e 3eMJIH (II. 2 CT. 4, CT. 10 YRa3aHHoro 3a-
ROHa), H TpeooBaHHe rrpHoopeTeHHH MeOJIHpOBRH, IIpe)];YCMOT-
peHHoe 3aRoHoM 0 HaMMe mHJIbIX rrOMem;eHHM (CT. 5 YRa3aH-
Horo 3aRoHa), B-TpeTbHx, YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH 00H33HHOCTb
3aRJIro'IeHHH )];OrOBOpa IIPH IIocTyrrJIeHHH npe.n;JIOmeHHH co
CTOpOHbI OlIpe.n;eJIeHHbIX JIHU; IIOCJIe COOTBeTcTByrom;ero 06cym-
.n;eHHH .n;aHHoro IIpe.n;JIOmeHHH CTopOHaMH. IIpH OTRa3e ROHTp-
areHTa rrOCJIe.n;CTBHH .n;orOBopa HacTyrraroT IIO peIUeHHro COOT-
BeTcTByrom;ero rocy.n;apCTBeHHOrO opraHa. B03bMeM, HalIpn-
Mep, yCTaHOBJIeHHe rrpaBa IIOJIb30BaHHH CeJIbCROX03HMCTBeH-
HbIMH yro.n;bHMH (CT. 26 H CJIe.n;. 3aRoHa 0 CeJIbCROX03HMCT-
BeHHbIX 3eMJIHx). ,n;aHHbIM BH.n; .n;orOBopa Ha3bIBaeTCH IIpURa3-
HbIM (op.n;epHbIM) H 3Ha'IHTeJIbHO OTJIRQaeTCH OT .n;orOBopa B
'1HCTOM BH.n;e, o.n;HaRO, HCXO.n;H H3 Toro, 'ITO IIpU .n;aHHOM BH.n;e
20
.o;orOBopa HeOOXO)J,HMO npe)J,BapHTeJIbHOe oocym.o;eHJIe, ero>
TaKme MOJKHO OTHeCTH K rpynne )J,orOBopOB, TpeOYIOm;HX CO-
rJIaCHJI (aKn;eIlTa) KOHTpareHTa. IIonYTHo OTMeTHM, 'ITO npe-
.o;YCMOTpeHHaJl TPY)J,OBhIM npaBOM (CM. CT. 7 3aKoHa 0 npolJ>ec-
CHOHaJIbHhIX cOI03ax) 00H3aHHocTb paooTo)J,aTeJIH BeCTIr
IWJIJIeKTHBHhIe neperOBophI He BKJIIO'IaeT 00H3aHHOCTb 3aKJIIO-
'IeHHH )J,orOBopa.
0) OOH3aHHOCTb npe)J,JIOmeHHH (olJ>epTbI). IIpHMephI, npe-
.o;YCMaTpHBaIOm;He 00H3aHHOCTb npe)J,JIOmeHJIH, HeMHOrO'IHC-
JIeHHhI. TaK, B YCJIOBHHX BoeHHoro BpeMeHH C n;eJIbIO pan;HO-
naJIbHOrO pacnpe)J,eJIeHHH pecypCOB YCTaHaBJIHBaJIaCb 00Jl3aH-
HOCTh npOH3BO)J,HTeJIeH H BJIa.o;eJIbn;eB onpe)J,eJIeHHhIX Bem;en
npO)J,aTb HX COOTBeTCTBYIOm;HM Y'Ipem)J,eHHHM, HHa'Ie rOBopH"
OOH3aHHOCTb no nOCTaBKe rOCY)J,apCTBY. B HaCTOHm;ee BpeMH
.o;aHHaH npaKTHKa COXpaHHJIaCb JIHrnb B OTHorneHHH BamHeH-
lIIHX npO)J,YKTOB nHTaHHH (CM. CT. 3, n. 2 CT. 11 3aKoHa 0
I\OHTpOJIe Ha)J, npo)J,oBOJIbCTBHeM).
2) CBooo)J,a onpe)J,eJICHHH cO)J,cpmaHHH )J,oroBopa H cc or..
paHH'ICHHH. B03MomHocTb CBooo)J,Horo onpe)J,eJIeHHH JIHn;aMH,
3aKJIIO'IaIOm;HMH )J,orOBOp, ero co.o;epmaHHH npe)J,cTaBJIHeT co-
oon O UH H3 BamHenIDHX BJIeMeHTOB npHHn;Hna CBOOO)J,LI )J,O-
rOBopa. BMecTe C TeM B HaCTOHm;ee Bpe!\1H B 3TOH clJ>epe CY-
ru;eCTBYIOT MHOrO'lHCJIeHHbIe OrpaHH'IeHHH. Bo-nepBT>lx, B:
COOTBeTCTBHH C YKa3aMH 0 KOHTpOJIe 3a n;eHaMH H KOHTpOJIe'
3a 3eMeJIbHOH peHTOH H KBapTHpHOH nJIaTOH QrpaHH'IHBaeTCH
CBOOO)J,a onpe)J,eJIeHHH COOTBeTCTBYIOm;HX n;eH. 3HaqHTeJIbHhIe
OIpaHHt:JeHHH B OTHorneHHH npOn;eHTOB eO)J,epmaTCH B 3aKO-
nax 00 orpaHHT-IeHHH CCY)J,Horo npOn;eHTa H 0 BpeMeHHhIX Me-
pax no perYJIHpOBaHHIO npOn;eHTOB. BO-BTOpbIX, B )J,orOBopax
Mem.n;y JIHn;a m, 3KOHOMHQeCKOe nOJIOmeHHe KOTOpbIX pe3KO'
OTJIH'IaeTCH, He npH3HaIOTCH nYHKThI, npe)J,YCMaTpHBaIOm;He
'Ipe3MepHYIO BbIro.n;y )J,JIH 3KOHOMHQeCKH npeBOCXO)J,flm;ero JIH-
lW. IIo)J,ooHoro pO)J,a OrpaHH'IeHHH cO)J,epmaTCH B 3aKOHe 00'
apeH)J,e 3eMJIH (CT. 11), 3aKoHe 0 HaHMe mHJIhIX nOMem;eHHH
(CT. 6), 3aIWHe 0 CeJIbCKOX03HHCTBeHHhIX 3eMJIHX (n. 6 CT. 20)
II 3aKOHe 0 TPY,IWBbIX CTaH)J,apTax (CT. 13). B-TpeThHX, )J,O-
rOBophI CTaH)J,apTHoro xapaKTepa, r)J,e O)J,HOH CTOpOHOH BhICTY-
naeT B OOJIbrneH HJIH lIleHbrneH CTerreHH MOHOrrOJIHCTHQeCKoe.
npe)J,rrpHHTHe, a KOHTpareHTOM - Macca pH)J,OBbIX rpam)J,aH"
T. e. r)J,e O)J,Ha CTopOHa npHHHMaeT perneHHe, a )J,PyraH BbI-
nym.o;eHa COTJIarnaTbCH C )J,aHHhIM perneHHeM, lJ>aKTH'IeCKH He-
npH3HaIOT CBOOO)J,Y H3MeHeHHH cO)J,epmaHHH )J,orOBopa nOTpe-
6HTeJI!IMH. IIpHMeHHTeJIbHO K )J,aHHhIM CJIYQaHM 'IaCTO YCTa-,
21
HaBJIImaeTCH CHCTeMa KOHTpOJIH rocy,rt;apCTBa Ha,rt; npe,rt;npHH-
THHMH OOm;eCTBeHHOrO XapaKTepa (CM. CT. 39 ¥Kaaa 0 npe,rt;-
npHHTHHX 06m;ecTBeHHoro HHTepeCa, CT. 17 3aKoHa 0 npe,rt;-
IIpHHTHHX ra30CHa6iReHHH, CT. 21 3aKoHa 0 MeCTHbIX iReJIe3-
HbIX ,rt;oporax, CT. 8 3aKoHa 06 aBTO,rt;opomHOM TpaHcnOpTe,
'CT. 1 3aKoHa 0 CTpaXOBOM ,rt;eJIe H ,rt;pyrHe aKTbI). IIo,rt;06HaH
me TeH,rt;eHIJ;HH npOHBJIHeTCH H B Tpy,rt;OBOM ,rt;oroBope, npH KO-
TOpOM OT,rt;eJIbHbIe Tpy,rt;OBbIe ,rt;orOBopbI ,rt;OJIiRHbI COOTBeTCTBO-
BaTh 06m;eMY KOJIJIeKTHBHOMY ,rt;orOBOpy (CT. 16-18 3aKoHa
'0 npocpeccHOHaJIbHbIX cOI03ax). B-'1eTBepTbIx, B CJI)T'Iae pea-
Koro Herrpe,rt;BH,rt;eHHoro H3MeHeHHH ::JKOHOMH'IeCKOrO nOJIOiRe-
HHH rrOCJIe 3aHJIIO'IeHHH ,rt;orOBopa 6YKBaJIbHoe ,rt;eHcTBHe ,rt;o-
rOBopa XOTH H npH3HaeTCH, HO B COOTBeTCTBHH C TaR Ha3bIBae-
MOH oroBopRoH 06 «H3MeHHBmnxCJI 06CTOJlTeJIbCTBax» 3a
,O,rt;HOH H3 CTOpOH ,rt;orOBopa npH3HaeTCH npaBO Ha ero paCTOp.
iRenHe (CM. pellIeHHe BepxoBHoro cy,rt;a OT 6 ,rt;eKa6pH 1944 r.)
,Jm60 npaBO Ha H3MeHeHHe COOTBeTCTBYIOm;HX cTaTeH ,rt;orOBO-
:pa. l1epBOHa'laJIbHO ,rt;aHHbIH npHHIJ;Hrr npH3HaBaJICH cy,rt;e6-
HOH npaRTHKoH B OTHorneHHH nOBbIrneHHH 3eMeJIbHOH peHTbI,
RBapTrrJIaTbI H OrpaHH'IeHHH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH JIH'IHOro nopy-
''1HTeJIH, 3aTeM 6bIJI npH3HaH aaKOHo,rt;aTeJIbCTBOM (CM. CT. 12
:3aKoHa 06 apeH,rt;e 3eMJIH, CT. 7 3aKoHa 0 HaHMe iRHJIbIX no-
:Mem;eHHH, CT. 3 H 4 3aKoRa 0 JIH'IHOM rropY'lHTeJIbCTBe, CT. 23
:3aKoHa 0 CeJIbCKOX03HHcTBeHHbIx 3eMJIHX H ,rt;pyrHe aKTbI).
B-nHTbIx, ,rt;orOBOp MomeT 6bITb nepeCMOTpeH H 6e3 H3MeHe-
HHH 06cToHTeJIbcTB B CJIY'lae HepaIJ;HOHaJIbHOCTH ero co,rt;ep-
,maHHH. O,rt;HaKo, eCJIH CTopOHa BbIpa3HJIa COrJIaCHe, ,rt;orOBOp
:B COOTBeTCTBHH C 06m;HM npHHIJ;HnOM «pacta sunt servanda»
p;OJImeH HCnOJIHHTbCH. B-rnecTbIx, COrJIaCHO aHTHTpeCTOBCIW-
MY 3aKOHO,rt;aTeJIbCTBY (3aKOH 0 3arrpem;eHHH '1aCTlIOH MOHO-
nOJIHH H 06 ooeCne'leHHH cnpaBe,rt;JIHBbIX C,rt;errOK OT 1947 r.)
,B IJ;eJIHX «co,rt;eHcTBHH crrpaBe,rt;JIHBOH H CB060)];HOH KOHKypeH-
IJ;HH, oxpaHbI HHTepeCOB PH)];OBbIX rroTpe6IITerreH H )];eMOKpa-
1'H'IeCKOrO H 3,rt;opOBoro pa3BHTHH HaIJ;HOHaJIbHOH ::JKOHOMHKH»
3arrpeIIJ;aeTcH «'1aCTHaH MOHOrrOJIHH H OrpaHH'IHBaIOTCH ne-
,Ha)];JIemam;He C)];eJIKH» (CT. 3 YKa3aHHoro aaRoHa). KOMHTeTY
no 06eCrre'IeHHIO CrrpaBe)];JIHBbIX Cp;eJIOK npep;OCTaBJIeHbI rrOJI-
IIOMO'lHH YCTaHaBJIHBaTb 3arrpem;eHHe B OTHorneHHH ,rt;orOBO-
'pOB, HapyrnaIOm;Hx rrorromeHHH aHTHTpeCTOBCKoro 3aKOHo,rt;a-
TeJIbCTBa, H npe,rt;npHHHMaTb He06xo,rt;HMbIe MepbI no YCTpaHe-
HHIO HapyrneHHM (CT. 7 YKa3aHHoro 3aKoHa). KOMHTeT YCTa-
,HaBJIHBaeT rrpaBHJIa B OTHorneHHH no,rt;Be,rt;OMCTBeHHOCTH pac-
<CMOTpeHlUl TaKHX ,rt;err (CT. 76 YKa3aHHoro 3aKoHa), a TaKme
:22
onpe)];eJIHeT, KaKHe C)];eJIKH CqHTaIOTCH HeCnpaBe)];JIHBbIMII (n.7
CT. 2, CT. 72 YKa3aHHoro 3aKOHa). 8TH nOJIOmeHHH npe)];CTaB-
JIHIOT C060H HOBYIO C<pepy OrpaHlI'IeHHH CB060)];bI )];OrOBopa.
II HBJIHIOTCH BamHbJM 06'beKTOM HCCJIe)];OBaHHH HaYKH X03HH-
CTBeHHoro npaBa.
3) CBo6o)];a cPOpMbI )];orOBOpa H ee orpaHHqeHHJI. II pHHIJ;HIf
CBo6o)];bI )];OrOBOpa, npH3HaIOru;HH YCTaHOBJIeHHe npaBOOTHO-
rneHHH Ha OCHOBe BOJIH CTOpOH, npe)];YCMaTpHBaeT H CBo6o)];y
B OTHorneHHH <POpMbI )];OrOBopa. IIOHHTHO, qTO B CJIyqae 'B03-
HHKHOBeHHH cnopa OTHOCHTeJIbHO cyru;eCTBOBaHHH )];OrOBopa-
HJIH ero CO)];epmaHHH <paKTbI, Ha KOTopbIe CCbIJIaIOTCH, )];OJImHbJ1
6bITb )];OKa3aHbI, H B aTOM CMbICJIe nHCbMeHHaH <pOpMa )];OrOBO-
pa HaH60JIee y)];06Ha. O)];HaKO )];OKa3aTeJIbCTBO MOmeT 6bITb.
npe)];CTaBJIeHO H )];pyrHM nYTeM, n08TOMY Heo6xo)];HMOCTb co6-
JIIO)];aTb Onpe)];eJIeHHYIO <POPMY )];OrOBOpa OTCYTCTByeT. IIo)];o6-
HOe H Ha3bIBaeTCH npHHD;HnOM CBo60)];bI <pOpMbI )];OrOBOpa, It,
OTHorneHHH KOToporo, O)];HaKO, cyru;eCTBYIOT MHOrOqHCJIeHHbI&
OrpaHHqeHHH. 8TH orpaHHqeHHH BbITeKaIOT 1I3 CJIOmHOCTR:
8KOHOMHQeCKHX oTHorneHHH B cOBpeMeHHoM 06ru;eCTBe, CJIY-
maT cTa6HJIbHOCTH, onepaTHBHOCTH H onpe)];eJIeHHOCTH c)];e-
JIOK, a TaKme cnoco6CTBYIOT 60JIbrneH BHHMaTeJIbHOCTH CTO-
pOH npH 3aKJI10qeHHH )];OI'OBopa. HanpHMep, B OTHorneHHW
u;eHHbIX 6YMar - BeKCeJIeH, aKD;HH, KOHocaMeHTOB H HHbIX-
YCTaHaBJIHBaIOTCH Heo6xo)];HMbIe nYHKTbI)];OrOBOpa (CT. 1 3a-
ROHa 0 BeRCeJIHX, CT. 225, 571 TIt H )];pyrHe aKTbI). IIOJIHam
)];eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTb C)];eJIOK no nOBO)];y H3MeHeHHH Beru;HbIX
npaB B OTHorneHHH He)];BHmHMOCTH HacTynaeT JIHrnb npH pe-
rHCTpaD;HH (CT. 177 fIt). ,[(apeHHe, COBeprneHHoe 6e3 co6mo-
)];eHHH nHCbMeHHOH <pOPMbI, MomeT 6bITb' aIIHYJIHpOBaHO'
(CT. 550 fIt). B KaqeCTBe HOBeHrnHx npHMepOB )];aHHbIX orpa-
HHqeHHH MOiKHO npHBeCTH TaKme Tpe60BaHHe 3aKJIIOqeHHH
KOJIJIeKTHBHoro )];OrOBOpa B nHCbMeHHOH <popMe (CT. 14 3aKo-
Ha 0 npo<peccHOHaJIbHbIX cOI03ax); )];OrOBOpbI apeH)];bI 3eMJIIr
(CT. 25 3aKoHa 0 CeJIbCKOX03HHCTBeHHbIX 3eJ\IJIHx) H CTpOH-
TeJIbHOrO nO)];pH)];a (CT. 19 3aKoHa 0 cTpOHTeJIbCTBe) TaKme.
)];OJImHbI COCTaBJIHTbCH B nHCbMeHHOM BH)];e (XOTH 8TO H He
HBJIHeTCH YCJIOBHeM HX )];eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH).
IIo)];po6Hee )];aHHbIH Bonpoc 6y)];eT paCCMOTpeH B rJIaBaX,
nOCBHru;eHHbIX KOHKpeTHbIM BH)];aM )];OrOBopOB.
74. BIf)];bI )];orOBopOB. ,[(oroBopbI MorYT KJIaCcH<pHI HpO-
BaTbCH no pa3JIHqHbIM OCHOBaHHHM. BamHenIJIHMH BHn;aMH
)];OrOBOpOB HBJIHIOTCH CJIe)];YIOru;He:
1) )J;BYCTOPOHHHH H O HOCTOpOHHHH MrOBopbI. ;1];BYCTO-
l'0HHHM orOBopOM HBJIHeTCH TOT, npH ROTOpOM Ha Ram)];OH
(CTOpOHe JI8maT 06H3aHHOCTH II Ram)];aH nOJIY'IaeT COOTBeTCT-
BYI<nn;ee B03Harpam)];eHHe. CIO)];a OTHOCHTCH RyrrJIH-npO)];ama,
'.HMYIn;eCTBeHHbIH HaeM H )];PyrHe. B OTJIH'IHe OT 3Toro )];OrOBO-
pbI, B03JIaralOIn;He 06H3aHHoCTb TOJIbRO Ha O)];HY CTOPOHY (Ha-
nplIMep, )];apeHHe) HJIII B03JIaralOIn;He 06H3aHHOCTH Ha 06e
'CTOpOHbI, HO TaRHe, ROTopbIe npe)];CTaBJIHIOT MaTepHaJIbHYIO
n;eHHOCTl> TOJIbRO )];JIH O)];HOH CTOpOHbI (HanpHMep, 6e3B03Me3)];-
'Hoe rrOJIb30BaHHe, nplI KOTOpm.I HaHMO)];aBen; HeceT 06H3aH-
'HOCTb no npe)];OCTaBJIeHHIO BeIn;H B rrOJIb30BaHHe, a HaHIIMa-
-:reJIb - no ee B03BpaIn;eHHIO, O)];HaKO B03MeIl\eHHe Mem)];y
-CTopOHaMH OTCYTCTByeT), Ha3bIBalOTCH O)];HOCTOPOHHHMH. :::lTa
'RJIaccmlmKan;HH HMeeT 3Ha'IeHHe )];JIH rrpHMeHeHHH npaBa
'1!03pameHHH B OTHOIIIeHHH O)];HOBpeMeHHoro HCrrOJIHeHHH HJIH
'lIpHHn;Hrra pacrrpe eJIeHIIH pHCRa CJIY'IaHHOH rHOeJIH (CT. 533-
-536 rR).
2) R03Me3 HbIii II 6e3Bo3Me3 HbIii oroBopLI. ,l(aHHaH
"KJIaCcH<pHKan;HH OCHOBaHa Ha HaJIH'IIIH npe)];OCTaBJIeHHH,
;l'[MelOIn;erO MaTepIIaJIbHOe 3Ha'IeHIIe )];JIH 06eHx CTOpOH. Bce
..J];BYCTopOHHHe )];OrOBOpbI HBJIHIOTCH B03Me3)];lIbIMH, o;g;HaRo
'rrOHHTHe B03Me3)];HOrO orOBopa IIIHpe rrOHHTHH )];BYCTopOHHe-
TO ;g;oroBopa. HanpHMep, XOTH )];OrOBOp 3aHMa C rrpOn;eHTaMH
rrpe)];CTaBJIHeT c060H O)];HOCTOPOHHHH )];OrOBOp (II60 ero )];eHCT-
"BHTeJIbHOCTb HacTynaeT C MOMeHTa BpY'IeHIIH 3aHMO)];aBIJ;eM
.)];eHer 3aeMIn;HKY (CM. CT. 587 rR), nOCJIe 'Iero Y rrOCJIe)];HerO
'B03HHRaeT 06H3aHHocTb no B03BpaIn;eHHIO eHer), OH TeM He
:MeHee OTHOCIITCH R RaTeropHH B03Me3)];HbIX.
3) PeaJIbHbIH II ROHceHcyaJIbHbIH orOBopbI. ITO)]; ROHceH-
'cyaJIbHbIM )];OrOBOpOM nOHHMaeTCH TaKoH, )];JIH 3aRJIIO'IeHHH
KOToporo )];OCTaTO'IHO JIHilib COrJIaCHH CTOpOH. ECJlII me )];JIH
'3-3RJIIO'IeHHH )];OrOBOpa He06xo)];HMa nepe)];a'Ia BeIn;H HJIH HHO-
ro rrpe)];OCTaBJIeHHH, MbI HMeeM )];eJIO C peaJIbHbIM )];OrOBopOM.
1\ peaJIbHOMY )];OrOBOpy OTHOCHTCH 3aeM (CM. CT. 587 rR),
;6e3B03M83)];HOe rrOJIb30BalIHe (CM. CT. 593 rR), xpaHeHHe (CM.
CT. 657 fR) H )];pyrH8. ITpH OTCYTCTBHH peaJIblfOH rrepe)];a'In
BeIl\H )];OrOBOp He npH3HaeTCH 3aRJIIO'IeHHbIM. O)];HaKO )];aHHaH
'KJIaCCH<pHKan;HH HOCHT CRopee HCTOpH'IeCRHH, 'IeM rrpaKTH'Ie-
CRHH xapaRTep. ITo)];p06Hee MbI OCTaHOBHMCH Ha )];aHHOM BO-
'rrpoce IIPH paCCMOTpeHHH )];OrOBOpa 3aHMa (CM.: 06H3aTeJIbCT-
'BeHHoe rrpaBO - 107).
4) JlMeHHoH (THIIH'IHbIH), Oe3bIMJlHHbIH (I1eTHIIH'IIIbIH)
'II CMemaHHbIH )];OrOBopbI. 13 BH)];OB )];OrOBOpOB, perYJIHpyeMblx
'24
HOpl\IaMH fR, Ha3:&IBaIOTCH IIMeHH:&IMH OrOBOpaMH, BCe OC.
TaJIbH:&Ie OrOBOp:&I - 6e3:&IMHHHbIMH. RpOMe 3TOro, HMeeTCft
I\aTerOpHH TaK Ha3:&IBaeM:&IX CMemaHH:&IX orOBopOB, T. e. Tex,.
KOTOp:&Ie coe HHHIOT IIO CBoeMY xapaKTepy Ba H 60JIee HMeH-
H:&IX orOBopa (HaIIpHMep, orOBOp IIO H3rOTOBJIeHHIO Bem;n
IIO 3aKa3Y n IIpo ame ee IIpe CTaBJIHeT C060H 06'be HHeHHe
IIo pH a H KYIIJIH-IIpo amH). CTOpOHbI CB060 H:&I 3aKJIIO-qaTb
orOBOp C JII06:&IM co epa-\aRHeM H He CBH3aH:&I He06xo HMO-
CTbIO IIO BO HTL OroBOp IIO KaKOH-JIH60 THII, IIpe YCMOTpeH-
H:&IH fR. O HaKO rrpH HeIIOJIHOTe HJIH HeHCHOCTH co epma-
HHH 3aItJIIO-qeHHoro orOBopa B03HHKaeT He06xo HMOCTL O-
IIOJIHeHHH IIJIH TOJIKOBaHHH ero co epmaHHH. 3 eCL RJIaCCH-
tPIIKa lIH, aBaeMaH fR rrplIMeHHTeJIbHO K 13 naH60JIee,
pacrrpOCTpaHeHH:&IM THIIH-qH:&IM orOBopaM CJIymHT KpHTe-
plIeM TOJIKOBaIIHH, XOTH 3TO HH B KoeH Mepe He 03Ha-qaeT,
qTO BH :&I orOBopOB orpaHHqeHbI JIIImb BKJIIO-qeHH:&IMR
B fK
75. 06m;He nOJIOmeUIIJI B OTuomeUIIH /J;oroBopoB.
1) 1 maB:&I 2 pa3 eJIa «06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHoe IIpaBO» fIt
YCTaHaBJIHBaeT 06rrt;He IIOJIOmeHHH B OTHomeHHH 3aKJIlo-qeHHII:
orOBopa, ero IIOCJIe CTBHH H paCTopmeHHII.
a) IIo BOIIPOCY 0 3aKJIIOqeUHH orOBopa CT. 521-532 fIt
rJIaBH:&IM 06pa30M perYJIHpYIOT CJIyqaH 3aItJIIOqeHHH /J;orOBO-
pa Ha OCHOBaHHH COBIIa eHlIH BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHIIH CTOpOH, T. e.
OtPepT:&I H aK eIITa. IIOMHMO KOHKpeTHLIX IIOJIOmeHlm, YCTa-
HaBJIHBaIOrrt;Hx, B KaKHX CJIyqaHX orOBOp CqHTaeTCH 3aKJIIO-
qeHH:&IM, fR co epmHT TaKme HOpM:&I B OTHomeHHH YCJIOBHH-
YCTaHOBJIeHHH H IIOCJIe CTBlIH 06'bHBJIeHHH 0 KOHKypce, pac-
CMaTpHBaH OTHomeHHH Mem y YCTpOHTeJIeM KOHKypca H HC-
nOJIHHTeJIeM (yqaCTHHKoM KOHKypca) KaK BH orOBopa,
6) IIOCJIe CTBHH orOBopa pemaMeHTHpYIOTCH CT, 533-
539 fR, KOTopLle B:&I eJIHIOT TpH MOMeHTa. Bo-nepBblx, IIpa-
BO B03pameHHH B OTHomeHlIH O HOBpeMeHHoro HCIIOJIHeHHH
B ByCTOPOHHHX orOBopax (CT. 533 fR), BO-BTOpbIX, paCIIpe-
eJIeHHe pHCKa CJIyqalIHOH rII6eJIH Mem y CTOpOHa1\IH BY-
CTopOHHero orOBopa (CT. 534-536 fR) H, B-TpeTblIx. oco-
6eHHocTH nOCJIe CTBHH orOBopa B IIOJIb3Y TpeTbero JIlI a
(CT. 537 -539 fR). XapaKTepHO, qTO OT eJIbH:&IX IIOJIOmeHHH
B OTHomeHIIH 06rn;ero eMCTBHH orOBopa fR He co epmHT.
B) IIp06JIeMe pacTopmeHHH oroBopa IIOCBHrn;eHbi
CT. 540-548 fR, perJIaMeHTHpYIOrn;He YCTaHOBJIeHHe IIpana
25,
paCTopmeHHH, ero OCYJ::QeCTBJIeHHe, rrOCJIe)l;CTBHH paCTOpme-
HHH H rrpeKpaJ::QeHHe rrpaBa paCTopmeHHH.
2) IIOMHMO BbImerrpHBe)l;eHHI>lX rrOJIOmeHHH, crpyrrrrHpo-
BaHHbIX B O)l;HOM rraparpacpe, fit perYJIHpyeT BorrpOCbI 3a-
RJIIO'I, eHlIH rrOCJIe)J;cTBIUI, npeKpaJ::QeHlIH )l;OrOBopOB H B COOT-
1!eTCTBYIOru;HX CTaTI.HX, rrOCBHJ::QeHHbIX Kam)l;OMY H3 i 3 THrrH'I-
l!hIX )l;OrOBopOB. HeKoTopI.Ie H3 HHX HOCHT 06J::QHH xapaKTep.
TaKoBbI, HarrpHMep, HOpMbI, RacaIOJ::QHeCH rrpe)l;BapHTeJII.HOrO
COrJIameHHH H 3a)l;aTKa, 1l0MeJ::QeHHbIe B f:K B rJIaBe, perYJIH-
pYIOJ::Qen KyrrJIIO- rrpO)l;amy.
a) 06S3aTeJIbCTBeHHbIe )l;orOBopI.I. B HacToHJ::QeH rJIaBe MhI
paCCMaTpHBaeM )l;OrOBopI.I, rrOpOm)l;aIOJ::QHe 06H3aTeJII.CTBa.
OHH OTJIH'IaIOTCH OT BeJ::QHbIX )l;OrOBOpOB, eJII. KOTOpI.IX - H3-
MeHeHHe BeJ::QHbIX rrpaB, H )l;OrOBOpOB rpam)l;aHCKoro COCTOH-
HHH, KacaroJ::QHXCH pO)J;CTBeHHbIX OTHomeHHH. CO)l;epmaHHe
o6H3aTeJII.CTB orrpe)l;eJIHeTCJI BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHHeM CTOpOH )1;0-
rOBopa, rroaTOMY B Kam)l;OM KOHKpeTHOM CJI)T'Iae HMeIOTCH
CBOH oc06eHHocTH.
6) 'Y CJIOBHS )l;eHCTBIITeJII.HOcTH. }J;JIH B03HlIKHOBeHHH Ha
OCHOBaHIiH )l;OrOBOpa 06JI3aTeJII.CTBeHI.Ix OTHOIIleHHH He06xo-
)];HMO, 'IT06bI 06H3aTeJII.CTBO 6bIJIO 3aKOHHbIM, He rrpOTHBope-
QHJIO rry6JIII'IHOMY rrOpH)I;KY H )l;06PI.IM HpaBaM, a TaKme 6bI-
JIO oCYJ::QecTBHMo orrpe)l;eJIeHHo. ItpoMe Toro, Tpe6yeTcH,
'IT06bI caM )l;OrOBOp He HapymaJI 06JI3aTeJII.HbIX rrpe)l;llHcaHHii
3aKOHO)l;RTeJII.CTBa. HarrpHMep, rrpO)l;ama HMYJ::QeCTBa CBoeMY
3HaKOMOMY C eJII.IO 06xo)l;a HopMaTHBHbIX rrpe)l;rrHCaHHH HJIH
oCB060m)l;eHHH OT rrpHHY)l;HTeJII.HOrO HCrrOJIHeHHH (CM. CT. 96 2
YIt) JIH60 rroKyrrKa, H3-3a HeKOMneTeHTHOCTJ1[ KOHTpareHTa,
)J;oporocToHJ::QeH BeJ::QH rro HeorrpaB;o;aHHo HH3KOY n;eHe C TO'1KH
3peHHH YCTaHOBJIeHIIH 06H3aTeJII.CTBa He HBJIHeTCH He3a-
KOHHOH, HO caM )l;OrOBOp C'IHTaeTCJI He)l;eHCTBHTeJII.HbIM Ha
OCHOBaHHH HapymeHHH rry6ml'IHoro rrOpH)I;Ka H )l;06PbIX
HpaBoB.
B) HeOCTOpO>KHOCTI. npH 3aKJIIO'IeHHH )l;orOBopa. B O)l;H01\l
H3 rrpe;O;bI)I;yJ::QHX rrpHMepOB MI.I paCCMaTpHBaJIH CJIY'IaH, KOr)l;a
;o;a'Ia cropeJIa HaKaHYHe 3aKJIIO'IeHHH Mem;o;y A H B ;o;oroBopa
o ee KYIIJIe-rrpO)l;ame. TaKoH )l;OrOBOp He MomeT C'IHTaTI.CH 3a-
KJIIO'IeHHbIM, rrOCKOJII.KY peaJII.HaJI rrepe)l;a'Ia Bem;H OKa3aJIaCh
HeB03MomHOH. IIoaTOMY He B03HHHaeT H rrpaBO rpam)l;aHHHa A
Tpe60BaTI. yrrJIaTbI rroKyuHoH eHbI 3a ;o;aqy, H B e.lIOM )l;en:-
CTBHe )l;OrOBOpa KyrrJIH-rrpO;o;amH He B03HHKaeT (CM.: 06H3a-
TeJII.CTBeHHoe rrpaBo -5, 80). HeB03MomHo TaI{me H B03Me-
J::QeHHe yJ::Qep6a, nOHeceHHOro rpam;o;aHHHoM B B pe3YJII.TaTe
26
Toro, qTO OH He IIOJIyqUJI YKa3aHHYIO ]];aqy (y ep6 OT HeB03-
10mHOCTH HCIIOJIb30BaHHJI ]];aqH, YTpaTa BliIrO]];1iI OT IIepeIIpo
]];amH ]];aqH rpam]];aHHHY B). IIpH paccMoTpeIIHH ]];aHHOH
cHTyaIJ;HH B03HHKaeT BOIIpOC, 06H3aH JIH rpam]];aHHH A B03-'
MeCTHTb y ep6, IIOHeceHHIiIH rpam]];aHHHOM B B pe3YJIbTaTH
'foro, qTO IIOCJIe]];HHH omH60qHO IIOBepHJI B ]];eHCTBHT,eJIbHOCTb
]];orOBOpa, HeB03MomHOCTb HCIIOJIHeHHH KOToporo B03HHKJIa
IIO He6pemHocTH A? I HBHJIHCTIiI Ha3bIBaIOT 8TO HeOCTopom-
HOCTbIO IIpH 3aKJIIOqeHHH ]];OrOBopa. 1I0CKOJIbKY rR He co]];ep-
mITT coOTBeTCTBYIO HX IIOJIOmeHHH, MHeHHH yqeHliIx pa3p;e-
JIHJIHCb, O]];HaKO B IIOCJIe]];Hee BpeMH Bce 60JIbmee HX qHCJI(}
CKJIOHHeTCH K IIpH3HaHHIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH JIlIII;a, IIPOHBHB-
mero HeocTopomHocTb, XOTH H He IIO O]];HHaKOBIiIM OCHOBa-,
HHHM. 1I0 HameMY MHeHHIO, IIpH BCTYIIJIeHHH B ]];OrOBopHliIe'
OTHomeHHH c ]];PyrHM JIHIJ;OM CTopOHa ]];OJImHa y]];eJIHTb ]];0-
CTaTOqHOe BHHMaHHe TOMY, qT061iI ero KOHTpareHT He IIOHec
y ep6a OT 3aKJIIOqeHHH Heocy ecTBHMoro ]];OrOBOpa, H 8TO'
IIpOHCTeKaeT H3 Tpe60BaHHH 06 ero IIpHHIJ;HIIa 06H3aTeJIbCT-
BeHHoro IIpaBa - IIpHHIJ;HIIa ]];06POH coBeCTH. 1I08TOMY IIPH
OTCYTCTBHH TaKoro BHHMaHHH y ep6, IIOHeceHHIiIH KOHTpareH-
TOM, OillH60qHO IIOBepHBlliHM B ]];eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTb ]];OrOBOpa"
]];OJImeH B03Me aTbCH.
r) OroBopKa 06 H3MeHHBmHXCH 06CTOHTeJIbCTBaX npHMe-
HHeTCH He TOJIbKO K 06H3aTeJIbCTBaM B qHCTOM BH]];e, HO H K'
)];OrOBOpHIiIM OTHomeHHHM. RaK OTMeqaJIOCb paHee, orOBopKa
o TOM, qTO ]];OrOBOp coxpaHHeT CHJIY ]];0 Tex IIOp, IIOKa He H3-
MenHJIOCb waKTHqeCKOe rrOJIOmeHHe, HamJIa CBoe KOHKpeTHoe,
IIpOHBJIeHHe B IOpH]];HqeCKOH IIpaKTHKe MHorHX 3apy6emHliIx
CTpaH, KOr]];a B pe3YJIbTaTe pe3Koro H3MeHeHHH 8KOHOMH-qe-
CKOH cHTyaIJ;UH B rO]];1iI IIepBOH H BTOpOH MHpOBIiIX BOHH )];0-
rOBopliI JIH60 YTpaqHBaJIH CHJIY, JIH60, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT'
06CTOHTeJIbCTB, CO]];epmaHHe )];orOBopOB MeHHJIOCb IIO pemeHHIO'
cy]];a. B HIIOHHH cy]];e6HaH IIpaKTHKa IIpH3HaJIa IIpaBO pac-
TopmeHHH ]];OrOBOpa Ha OCHOBaHHH H3MeHHBmHXCH 06CTOH-
TeJIbCTB TOJIbKO IIOCJIe BCTYIIJIeHHH B CHJIY 'YKa3a 0 KOHTpOJIe
Ha]]; IJ;eHaMH (pemeHHe BepXOBHoro cy]];a OT 6 ]];eKa6pa
1944 r.), B ]];aJIbHeHmeM me 8TO 6liIJIO rrpH3daHO B KaqeCTBe.
(l6w;ero IIpHHIJ;HIIa (CM. pemeHHe BepxoBHoro cy]];a OT 28 HH-
BapH 1954r.).
t 2. 3aKnlO'IeHHe AoroBopB
76. Y CJIOBHJI H nOpJlp;OK aaKJIlOqeHHJI p;orOBopa. RaK Mbl
yme OTMeqaJIH, )];orOBOp npep;CTaBJIHeT C060H corJIaCOBaBHe
HeCKOJIbKHX npOTHBOCTOHm;HX BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHHH. 06blqHO p;aH-
Hoe COrJIaCOBaHHe BbIpamaeTCH B TOM, qTO op;Ha CTopOHa 06-
pam;aeTCH K p;pyrOH C npep;JIOmeHHeM (o4>epToH), a p;pyraH
BbIpamaeT COrJIaCHe C HHM (aKn;enT). 04>epTa H aKn;enT npep;-
.cTaBJIHIOT c060ii caMOCTOHTeJIbHbIe BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHHH, n03TO-
MY HX cop;epmaHHe onpe)];eJIHeTCH nYTeM TOJIKOBaHIIH COOT-
BeTCTBYIOm;ero BOJIeII3'hHBJIeHIIH. MMeeT 3HaqeHHe TOJIbKO
4>opMaJIbHOe COBna)];eHHe o4>epTbI H aKn;enTa, a He COBna)];eHIIe
.cO)];epmaHHH BHYTpeHHHX BOJIb o4>epeHTa H aKn;enTaHTa.
a) B HaYKe rpam)];aHCKOro npaBa CqHTaeTCH, qTO P;JIH 3a-
KJIIOqeHIIH )];orOBOpa He06xo)];HMO COBnap;eHHe He TOJIbKO cy6'b-
eKTHBHoro cop;epmaHHH BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHIIH, HO H 06'beI\TIIBHoro,
T. e. HaJIIIqHe COOTBeTCTBYIOm;ero BOJIeH3'bH3BJIeHHH Y 06eHx
.cTOpOH no 3aKJIIOqeHHIO p;orOBopa )];pyr C p;pyrOM. C TeopeTH-
qeCKOH TO'lKH 3peHIIH 3TO BnOJIHe 060cHoBaHHo H HMeeT oco-
ooe 3HaqeHHe npH paCCMOTpeHHH Bonpoca 06 YCTaHOBJIeHHH
.n;orOBopa Ha OCHOBaHHH TaK Ha3bIBaeMoH BCTpeqHOH o4>epTbI.
ITop; BCTpeqHOH o4>epToH nOHHMaeTCH TaKaH cHTyan;HH,
,
Korp;a, HanpIIMep, A p;eJIaeT npe)];JIOmeHHe B 0 npo)];ame npH-
Ha)];JIemam;HX B qaCOB 3a 20 TbIC. HeH, a rpaiR)];aHHH B B CBOIO
Oqepe)];b p;o nOJIyqeHHH )];aHHOH o4>epTbI BbIcTynaeT C npe)];JIO-
meHHeM KynHTh y Hero qaCbI 3a 20 TbIC. HeH. ITpH 3TOM BO-
JIeH3'bHBJIeHHe B He )];OJImHO paCCMaTpHBaTbCH KaK aKD;enT,
nOCKOJIbKY nop; aKD;enTOM nOHHMaeTCH OTBeT Ha onpep;eJIeH-
Hoe npep;JIOmeHHe. BCTpeqHaH iRe o4>epTa 03HaqaeT nepece-
qeHHe npep;JIomemm.
6) ITOMHMO 06bIqHbIX o4>epTbl H aKn;enTa, a TaKme BCTpeq-
HOH o4>epTbI, )];OrOBOp MomeT YCTaHaBJIHBaTbCH nYTeM TaR
Ha3blBaeMbIX KOHKJIIO)];eHTHbIX p;eHCTBHH. HanpHMep, B CJIY-
'1ae, Korp;a A nOCbIJIaeT B KHHry, npep;JIaraH npO)];aTb ee 3a
500 HeH, H B HaqHHaeT qHTaTb 3TY KHHry, )];aHHOe p;eHcTBHe
paCCMaTpIIBaeTCH KaK aKn;enT. ITpHMeHHTeJIbHO K 1l0)];06HbIM
CJIyqaHM (KOr)];a rpam)];aHHH A He Hym)];aeTCH B H3Beru;eHIIH
06 aKn;enTe) JIHOO npH HaJIHqHH 06bIqaH, comaCHO KOTOPOMY
He Tpe6yeTcH TaKoro H3Bem;eHHH, p;orOBOp CqHTaeTCH 3aKJIIO-
qeHHbIM nYTeM KOHKJIIOp;eHTHblX p;eHCTBHH (II. 2 CT. 526 rR).
OT 06bIqHbIX CJIyqaeB 3aKJIIOqeHHH p;orOBopa p;aHHbIH cnoc06
OTJIHqaeTCH OTCYTCTBHeM He06xop;HMOCTH H3Bem;aTL KOHTpa.
reHTa 06 aKn;enTe.
28
77. 3aKJIlO'IeHHe )l,OrOBopa Ha OCHOBe o<f>epTbl If aKqenTa.
1) O<f>epTa. CJIe yeT oc060 Bbl eJIHTb nOHHTHe nOJIY'Ie
HIIJI oq,epTbl. JIHn.O, nOJIY'IHBrnee oq,epTY, MomeT aKn.enTOBaTb
JIJIH He a!n enTOBaTb ee. IIpH a!{n.enTe orOBOp C'IHTae'ICfl
3a.KJIlO'IeHHbIM C caMoro Ha'laJia. Oq,epTa He 06H3aTeJIbHO
OJImna 6bITb 06pam;eHa K KOHKpeTHOMY JIHn.Y, OHa MomeT
6bITb 06pam;ena H B n.eJIOM KO BceM. Ha 3TOT C'IeT fIt CO)l,ep
mHr nOJIOmeHHH B OTHorneHHH nYOJIH'IHOrO oOeIqaHHJI Harpa
bI If OO'bJlBJIeHIfH KOHKypca (CT. 529-532 fIt).
a) C KaKoro MOMeHTa eii:cTByeT oq,epTa? JJ;eii:cTBHe oq,ep-
"fbI, 06pam;eHHoii K KOHKpeTHoMY JIHn.Y, HacTynaeT C MOMeHTa
ee oBe eHHH o CBe eHHH KOHTpareHTa. B 3TOM OTHorneHHH
oq,epTa He OTJIH'laeTCH OT 06m;ero BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHHH (n. 1
CT. 97 fK). O BaKo eCJIH oq,epeHT B npOMemYTKe Mem y OT-
rrpaBJIenIIeM oq,epTbI H ee nocTynJIeHHeM K KOHTpareHTY YMH-
paeT HJIH TepHeT )l,eeCnOC06HOCTb, TO B OTJIH'IHe OT 06bI'IHOrO
BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHHH, npH KOTOpOM aHHble 06CTOHTeJIbCTBa He
OKa3aJIH 6bI HIIKaKoro BJIHHHHH Ha eii:cTBHTeJIbHOCTb BOJIe-
H3'bHBJIeHHH (CM. n. 2 CT. 97 fIt), eii:cTBHe oq,epTbI JIH60
npeKpam;aeTcH H3-3a cMepTH oq,epeHTa, JIH60 nO JIemHT aH-
HYJIHpOBaHHlO H3-3a ero He eecnoc06HOCTH (CT. 525 fIt). O -
HaKO 3TO nOJIOjJ{eHHe fIt npHMeHHeTCH TOJIbKO K nepHO Y
BpeMeHH C MOMeHTa HanpaBJIeHHH oq,epTbI o MOMeHTa ee )1,0-
Be eHHH )1,0 KOHTpareHTa. II03TOMY B CJIY'Iae CMepTH oq,epeH-
Ta nOCJIe OBe eHIIH oq,epTbI o KOHTpareHTa B03HHKaeT
np06JIeMa npaBonpeeMcTBa cTaTyca oq,epE)HTa ero HaCJIe HII-
I\aMH. IIpaBonpeeMcTBo )l,aHHoro cTaTyca He HacTynaeT JIHllIb
Ii TOM CJIY'Iae, eCJIH 3Toro He n03BOJIHeT co epmaHHe oq,epTbl.
YTpaTa eecnoc06HOCTH oq,epeHTOM nOMe OBe eHHH oq,ep-
TbI O KOHTpareHTa He OKa3bIBaeT HHKaKoro BJIHHHHH Ha )l,eii-
CTBHe oq,epTbI.
6) IIMnepaTJlBHblii xapaKTep o<f>epTbl. MomeT JIH oq,epeHT
OT03BaTb oq,epTY? IIoHHTHo, 'ITO nOCJIe aKn.enTa KOHTpareHTa
no 06HbIii: OT3bIB HeB03MomeH. O HaKO H B nepHO)l, )1,0 aaKJIIO-
<JeHHH orOBopa nYTeM aKn.enTa, nOCKOJIbKY 06bI<JHO KOHTpa-
reHTY Tpe6yeTcH onpe eJIeHHOe BpeMH )l,JIH 06 YMbIBaHHH
I1pe JIOmeHHH, OT3bIB oq,epTbI He OJImeH )l,OnYCKaTbCH. 8TO H
na3bIBaeTCH HMrrepaTHBHbIM xapaKTepoM oq,epTbI. ComaCHO
fI-i oq,epTa, B KOTOpOii: onpe)l,eJIeH CpOK )J;JIH aKn.enTa, He MO-
iRer 6bITb OT03BaHa B Te<JeHHe aHHoro cpOKa (n. 1 CT, 521
fIt). B CJIY<Jae OTCYTCTBHH onpe eJIeHlIJI cpOKa o<f>epTa
MOiReT 6bITb OT03BaHa JIHrnb no nporneCTBHH pa3YMHoro ne-
pHo a BpeMeHH, He06xo)l,HMOrO JIH nOJIY<JeHHH aKn.enTa
29
(CT. 524 rR). OT3:bIB oif>epTl>l He C03.n;aeT npaBOB:bIX nOCJIe.n;CT-
BHH .n;ame B TOM CJIY'lae, eCJIH no HCTe'leHHH YKa3aHoro pa-
3YMHoro cpOKa 6:bIJIO HanpaBJIeHO YBe.n;OMJIeHUe 06 OT3bIBe,
KOTopoe, o.n;HaKO, .n;OIIIJIO .n;o KOHTpareHTa yme nOCJIe Toro, KaK
OH OTnpaBHJI YBe.n;OMJIeHUe 06 aKII;enTe, HBJIHIOm;eeCH aKTOM
3aKJIIO'leHHH .n;orOBopa (n. 1 CT. 526 fR). Ho He HapYiliaeT'
JIH npHHn,Hn .n;06POH COMCTH 3anpem;eHHe OT3bIBa oq,epT:bI B
Te'leHHe pa3YMHoro nepHo.n;a BpeMeHH, He06xo.n;UMoro .n;JIH aK-
uenTa? ECJIH npe.n;JIOmeHHe c.n;eJIaHO B JIH'lHOH 6ece.n;e C KOH-
TpareHTOM, BeCbMa 'laCT:bI cHTyan,HH, Kor.n;a oq,epTa .n;eHcTByeT
JIHilib Ha nepHO.n; .n;aHHOH 6ece.n;:bI H aKn,eUT .n;OJImeH 6:bITb
c.n;eJIaH HMeHHO B 3TO BpeMH. B .n;aHHOM CJIY'lae aKn,enT, cJJ;e
JIaHH:bIii: nOCJIe OKOHTJaHHH JIHTJHOH 6ece.n;bI, He Be.n;eT K 3aKJIIO-
TJeHHIO .n;orOBopa (CM. CT. 507 TR).
B) ,l];en:CTBJlTeJIbHOCTb aKu;eUTa. PaCCMOTpJIM Bonpoc 0 TOM,.
.n;o KaKoro BpeMeHH B03MomeH aKn,enT .n;aHHOH oq,epT:bI. IIo-
mITHO, TJTO MOMeHTOM HaTJaJIa .n;eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH aKn,eUTa'
HBJIHeTCH B03HHKHOBeHHe oq,epT:bI. ECTeCTBeHHO H TO, TJTO
npH npaBOMepHOM OT3bIBe oq,epT:bI B03MOmHOCTb aKn,eUTa
npeKpam;aeTCH. O.n;HaKO .n;o KaKoro MOMeHTa npo.n;OJImaeTCJI
.n;eii:cTBHTeJIbHOCTb aKI:{enTa, eCJIH oq,epTa He OT03BaHa? Co-
rJIaCHO fR .n;eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTb aKn,eUTa cym;ecTByeT JIHilib B
.
npe.n;eJIax onpe.n;eJIeHHOrO 3aKOHOM cpOKa H YTpaTJHBaeTCH npu'
HenOCTYITJIeHHH aKl{enTa K oq,epeHTY B YKaaaHHbIH uepHO
BpeMeHH (n. 2 CT. 521 f:K). ECJIH no KaKHM-JIII60 npHTJHHaM
aKl{enT nOJIYTJeH oq,epeHToM C on03.n;aHHeM, .n;orOBOp He CTJH
TaeTCH 3aKJIIOQeHHbIM, .n;ame eCJIH oq,epeHT Mor npe.n;BH.n;eTb,
no.n;06Hoe ono3.n;aHHe (CT. 522 fR). IIpHMeHHTeJIbHO K CJIY-
TJaHM OTCYTCTBHH oupe.n;eJIeHHH cpOKa .n;JIH aKIJ;eUTa fR He co-
.n;epmHT nOJIOmeHHH 0 TOM, .n;o KaKoro BpeMeHH npo.n;OJImaeTCH'
.n;eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTb aKn,enTa. IIOHHTHO, TJTO .n;eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTb
aKn,enTa He MomeT npo.n;OJImaTbCH 6eCKOHe'lHO. B nopH.n;Ke-
TOJIKOBaHHH C'lHTaeTCH, TJTO .n;eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTb aKU;enTa npo-
.n;OJImaeTCH B TeTJeHHe pa3YMHoro IIepHo.n;a BpeMeHH, onpe.n;e-
JIHeMorO 06bITJaeM B OTHOIIIeHHH ToprOBbIX c.n;eJIOK H npUHU;H-
nOM .n;06poii: COBeCTH (CM. II. 1 CT. 508 TR).
2) IIo.n; aKu;eUTOM nOHHMaeTCH BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHHe, Be.n;ym;ee-
B cOBoKymIOcTH C oq,epToH K 3aKJIIOTJeHHIO ):\oroBopa. MomHo
B:bI.n;eJIlITb TpH oc06eHHocTH aKn,enTa: .n;orOBOp C'lHTaeTCH 3a-
KJIIOTJeHH:bIM nOCJIe aKu;errTa; aKu;enT 06pam;eH K oq,epeHTY;
aKn,enT ocym;eCTBJIHeTCH a.n;pecaTOM oq,epTbI. RaK yme OTMe-
TJaJIOCb, .n;JIH 3aKJIIO'leHHH .n;orOBopa Tpe6yeTcH KaK cy6'beK-
THBHoe, TaK H 06'beKTHBHoe COBna.n;eHHe oq,epT:bI H aKu;enTa.
30
a) CBo6o,ll;a aK enTa II ee OrpaHH'IeHIIJI. CBo6o,ll;a B OTHO.
meHlIlI npHHJITHJI HJIH HenpHHJITHJI a;u;pecaToM OcPePThI npe;u;
JIOmeHHJI B HaCTOJIm;ee BpeMJI BO MHorHX CJIY'IaJIX OrpaHH'IH'
BaeTCJI. IIOMHMO OrpaHH'IeHHii: CO HaJIbHO-3ROHOMH'IeCIWrO
xapaRTepa, Hl\mepaTHBHOCTb 3aRJIIO'IeHHJI ,ll;OrOBOpa pacnpOCT-
paHJIeTCJI H Ha CJIY'IaH npe.n;BapHTeJIbHOrO corJIameHIDI 0 3a
RJIIO'IeHHH ,ll;orOBopa B 6Y;U;ym;eM (CM. CT. 556, 559 fR). Rpo.
Me Toro, TR YCTaHaBJIIIBaeT, 'ITO OTCYTCTBHe H3Bem;eHHJI 06
aRlJ;enTe co CTOpOHbI ROHTpareHTa, HaXO;U;JIm;erOCJI B nOCTOJIH-
HbIX ToprOBbIX CBJI3JIX C ocPepeHToM, paCCMaTpHBaeTCJI RaR
aRll,enT (CT. 509 TR), H60 C TO'lRH 3peHHJI TR na HopMa BhI-
pamaeT nplIHlI,Hn ;u;06poii: eOBeCTH H HanpaBJIeHa Ha 06ecrre'le.
HHe onepaTHBHOCTH C,II,eJIOR. 3a HCRJIIO'IeHlIeM YRa3aHHbIX
CJIY'J:aeB, a,ll;peCaT OcPepTbI He HeceT 06JI3aHHOCTH aR enTa,
paBHblM 06pa30M Y Hero OTCYTCTByeT H 06JI3aHHOCTb OTBe-
qaTb 0 npHHJITHH HJIH HenpHHJITHH ocPepThI.
6) C KaRoro BpeMeHU ;u;eii:cTByeT aK enT? fIt onpe;u;eJIJIeT,
<{TO a!{lI,enT ;u;eii:cTByeT C MOMeHTa ero OTnpaBRH (n. 1 CT. ,526
fR), a CJIe,ll;OBaTeJIbHO, ;u;oroBOp C'IHTaeTCJI 3aRJIIO'IeHHbIM
HMeHHO C norD MOMeHTa. G,II;HaRO, eCJIH 6bIJIO YCTaHOBJIeHO
onpe,ll;eJIeHHOe BpeMJI ;U;JIJI aR enTa H nOCJIe.n;HHii: B Te'leHHe
3Toro BpeMeHH He nOCTynHJI, ,ll;OrOBOp He C'IHTaeTCJI 3aRJIIO-
qeHHbIM (n. 2 CT. 521 fR). B nOpJI,II;Re TOJIROBaHHJI nOJIaralOT,
'ITO B CJIY'Iae, ROr,ll;a ,ll;JIJI aR enTa He YCTaIIOBJIeHO onpe,ll;e-
JIeHHOe BpeMJI, ,ll;OrOBOp C'IHTaeTCJI 3a:fiJIIO'IeHHhIM npH OT-
npaBRe aRlI,enTa OcPepeHTY BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH OT nOJIY'IeHHJI
HM ,ll;aHHOrO aR enTa.
B) AK enT, BHOCJI IIii: H3MeHeHHe B CO,ll;epmaHHe ,ll;OrOBO-
pa. IIoCROJIbRY aR enT ,ll;OJImeH COBna,ll;aTb C cO,ll;epmaHHeM
OcPepTbI, TO BHeceHHe B OcPepTY ,ll;OrrOJIHHTeJIbHhIX YCJIOBHii:
lIJIII IIHbIX H3MeHeHHii: He Be;U;YT K 3aRJIIO'IeHHIO ,ll;OrOBopa.
IIpIIMeHHTeJIbHO R ,ll;aHHOMY CJIY'IalO fIt, npH3HaBaJI ero RaR
OTplI aHHe OcPepTbI, onpe,ll;eJIJIeT nO,ll;06HbIii: aR enT RaK HO-
RYIO ocPepTY (CT. 528 rK).
r) IIpocpo'leHHbIii: aR enT. RaR OTMe'laJIOCb paHee, aR-
n;enT ;U;OJImeH 6hITb C;u;eJIaH B Te'leHHe YCTaHOBJIeHHOro Bpe-
lIIeHH. G,II;HaRO B nOpJI.n;Re HCRJIIO'IeHIDI .n;eii:cTBHTeJIbHOCTb
aRn;eIITa MomeT COXpaHJITbCJI H npH ero npOC]JO'lRe (CT. 522
rK), a OcPepeHT 6Y,II;eT paCCMaTpHBaTb npOcpO'leHHblii: aR enT
KaK HOBYIO OcPepTY (CT. 523 fR). fR npe,ll;YCMaTpHBaeT H
HCKJIIO'IeHHe, no ROTOPOMY ,ll;eii:cTBHe aR enTa He HacTynaeT
B CJIY'Iae OTnpaBRH aR enTa ,11;0 nOJIyqeHHJI aRI enTaHTOM H3-
Bem;eHHJI 06 OT3bIBe OcPePThI (CT. 527 fR).
31
3) 3aUJII01JeHHe )];orOBOpa Ha OCHOBe KOHKypeH HH. iho
IIOHHTHe npe)];nOJIaraeT npOBe)];eHHe aYRn;Hona HJIH nyoJIlI'I-
HDIX 'roproB npH ROHRypeHn;HH HeCROJIbRHX JIHn; 3a 3aRJIlO'le-
HHe )];OrOBOpa H 3aRJIIO'IeHHe p;orOBopa Ha HaHOOJIee BbIrop;-
HLIX YCJIOBHHX H3 npe)];JIaraeMDIX. ITPH aYRn;HOHe ROHRypeHT
MOJReT 3HaTb CO)];epJRaHHe YCJIOBHH, npe)];JIaraeMDIX )];pyrHMH.
ITYOJIH'IHLIe ToprH nop;ooHoe 3HaHHe HCRJIIO'IaIOT. CJIep;yeT
Y'lHTblBaT:b, '1TO caM aYRn;HOH MOJReT ODITb P;BYX BH)];OB. B nep-
BOM CJIY'Iae Ha3bIBaeTCH onpe)];eJIeHHaH n;eHa, ROTopaH 3aTeM
CHHJRaeTCH )];0 Tex nop, nORa He HaH)];eTCH nORynaTeJIb (no
HanOMHHaeT MeTO)];DI YJIH'IHOH TOprOBJIH). Bo BTOpOM CJIyqae
ueHa He Ha3bIBaeTCH H )J;orOBOp YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH C JIHn;OM,
Ha3BaBlliHM MaRCHMaJIbHYIO n;eHY.
t 3. ny6nHilHoe 06el1\aHHe HarpaAbI H 0610JlSneHHe
KOHKypca
78. ITYOJIlI'IHOe ooem;aHHe Harpap;bl.
1) ITo)J; nYOJIH'IHbIM 06e aHHeM Harpa)J;DI nOHHMaeTCH
nYOJIH'IHOe BDIpaJReHHe BOJIH B OTHOllIeHHH neonpe)J;eJIeHHOrO
'1HCJIa JIHn; npe)J;OCTaBHTb onpe)J;eJIeHHOe B03HarpaJRp;eHHe TO-
MY JIHn;y, ROTopoe COBepllIHT onpe)J;eJIeHHOe )J;eHCTBHe, HanpH-
Mep ooe aHHe Harpa)J;DI B 10 MJIH. HeR TOMY, RTO B30H)J;eT Ha
ihepeCT. ITOHHTHO, '1TO B aTOM CJIY'Iae JIHn;O, BDIcTynHBlliee c
TaRHM ooe aHHeM, HeceT OOH3aHHOCTb no B03HarpaJR)];eHHIO
JIHn;a, COBepllIHBllIero )J;aHHoe )J;eHCTBHe, O)J;HaRO C TeOpeTlI'le-
CROH TO'lRH 3peHHH 3)J;eCb HMeIOTCH onpep;eJIeRHDIe npOOJIeMbI,
TaR, JIHn;O, 06e aBruee Harpa)J;Y, HeceT oOH3aHHocTb no npe-
)J;ocTaBJIeHHIO B03IIarpam)J;eHHH, OOYCJIOBJIelIlIYIO OTJIaraTeJIb-
RDIM YCJIOBHeM, T. e. rrpe)J;ocTaBJIeHHe B03JIarpaiI\)J;eHHH CBH-
3aHO C cOBepllIeHHeM ReM-JIHOO onpe)J;eJIeHHOrO )J;eHcTBHH. ITo
aToMY OCHOBaHHIO nYOJIII'IHOe ooem;aRHe JIarpa)J;bI MOJRHO
OTHeCTH R RaTeropHH O)J;HOCTOpOHHHX c}J;eJIOR. BMecTe C TeM
MomHO paccMaTpHBaTb )J;aHHYIO cHTyan;HIO H nO)J; )J;pyrHM yr-
JIOM 3peHHH, nOJIaraH, '1TO nYOJIH'IHOe ooem;aHHe Harpa)J;bl
HBJIHeTCH o1>epTon, a cOBeprueHIIe ReM-JIHOO onpe)J;eJIeHJIOrO
p;eHCTBHH - aRn;enTOM. ,o;orOBOp 3aRJIIO'IaeTCH, TaRHM oopa-
30M, npH COBepllieHHH COOTBeTcTByIO ero )J;enCTBHH, nOCJIe
'1ero B03HHRaeT OOH3aHHOCT:b no npe)J;OCTHBJIeHHIO Harpa)J;bI.
B nepBOM CJIY'Iae JIHIJ;O, COBepllIHBllIee )J;enCTBHe, npeA)'CMOT-
peHHoe YCJIOBHHMH nYOJIH'IHOrO ooe aHHH Harpa)J;DI, npHOO-
peTaeT npaBO TpeOOBaHHH Harpa)J;DI, )J;ame eCJIH B MOMeHT
32
COBepIlleHIIJI YKa3aHHOrO f:WffCTBIIJI OHO He 3HaJIO 0 cym;ecTBo-
BaHIIII nYOJIII1IHOrO OOem;aHIIJI Harpa)l,bI. B npOTIIBOnOJIOm-
HOCTb nOMY npII BTOpOM CJIY1Iae COBepIlleHIIe )J;ellCTBIIH )J;ony-
CKaeTCH JIIIIllb npH YCJIOBUII 3HaHUH JIIIIJ;a 0 HaJIHqIIH nyomI1I-
lwro ooeIT\aHHII Harpa)J;bI, nOCKOJlbKY B ,n;aHHOM CJIY1Iae npe,n;-
nOJIaraeTCH cym;ecTBoBaHHe aKIJ;enTa co CTOpOHbI JIHIJ;a.
COBepIllUBIllero TpeoyeMoe )J;ellCTBHe. fK HnOHHII, cO)J;epma-
U H{I nOJIOJHemm OTHOCHTeJIbHO nYOJIH'IHOrO ooem;aHIIH Ha-
rpa)J;bI, B rJIaBe, nOCBIIm;eHHofI )J;orOBOpy, paCCMaTpHBaeT
TaKoe ooem;aHHe KaK OCOObIll BU)J; o4JepTbI II, nO)J;OOHO rep-
MaHCKOMY rpaiR)J;aHCKOMY npaBY, He YCTaHaBJIIIBaeT OOH3aH-
nOCTR no npep:OCTaBJIeHUIO Harpa)J;bI JIHIJ;y, COBepIllIIBIlleMY
TpeoyeMoe )J;ellCTBHe, BHe CBII3II C nYOJIH'IHbIM ooern;aHIIeMHa-
rpa)J,bI. O)J;HaKO B JIIOOOM CJIY1Iae HeooXO)J;HMbIM YCJIOBHeM Tpe-
OOBaHHH Harpa)J;bI HBJIHeTCH COBepllleHIIe )l,eiiCTBHJI (CT. 529
[K). ITpH aTOM )J;OCTaT01IHO JIHIllb TpeoyeMoro )J;eiiCTBHH, HO
ne nOCJIe)J;YIOm;ero OCOOOTO II3Bem;eHHH 0 )J;aHHOM q)aKTe JIIIIJ;a.
ny6JIH'IHO ooem;aBIllero Harpa,n;y.
2) OT3bIB nYOJIlI1IHOrO ooem;aHIIH Harpa)J;bI TaKme pery-
JlHpyeTcli fIt ITOHHTHO, '1TO npH HaJIH'IHII B nYOJIH1IHOM ooe-
.ru;aIIHII Harpa)J;bI orOBOpKJI 0 TOM, 1ITO )J;aHHoe ooem;aHHe He-
OY)J;eT OT03BaHO, ero OT3bIB HeB03MomeH (orOBopKa n. 1:
CT. 530 fK). Onpe)J;eJIeHHe cpOKa )J;JIH COBepIlleHHH Tpeoye-
lOro )J;ellCTBHII paCCMaTpHBaeTCII KaK OTKa3 OT npaBa OT3bIB3'
(n. 3 CT. 530, CM. TaKme n. 1 CT. 521 fR). ITo IICTe1IeHHH
)J;aHHoro cpOKa )J;eiicTBIITeJIbHOCTb ooem;aHIIH npeKpam;aeTCH.
Bo Bcex OCTaJIbHbIX CJIY1IaHX OT3bIB MomeT ocym;eCTBJIHTbCH
CBOOO)J;HO, O)J;HaRO cnocoo ero COBepIlleHIIH )J;OJImeH ObITb
anaJIOrH1IeH cnocooy nYOJIH'IHOrO ooem;aHIIH Harpa)J;bI. OT3bIB.
ocy.ru;ecTBJIeHHblii IIHbIM cnocoooM, TaKme nopom)J;aeT npaBO-
BbIe nOCJIe)J;CTBHH, HO He B OTHOIlleHHII TpeTbHX JIIIIJ;, He 3HaB-
IllHX 00 OT3bIBe (n. 1 H 2 cT.530 fK).
3) B CJIY1Iae COBepIlleHIIH Tpe6yeMorO )J;eiicTBIIH HeCKOJlb-
KII),fH JIUIJ;aMH npaBO Ha nOJIY'leHHe Harpa)J;bI npHoopeTaeT
JIJIIllb JIHIJ;O, COBepIllIIBIllee )J;aHHoe )J;eHcTBHe nepBbIM (n. 1
CT. 531 fR); ,n;orOBOp C1IHTaeTCH 3aKJII01IeHHbIM JIIIllIb C YKa-
33IUlbTM .1IIlIJ;0!\I. ITpII O)J;HOBpeIlIeHHOM COBepIllemIII Tpeoye-
!\Ioro )J;eiicTBHH HeCKOJIbKIIMII JIIIIJ;aMII Harpa)J;a pacnpe)J;eJIH-
eTCH Memn;y HInIH B paBHbIX )J;OJIHX, O)J;HaKO, Ror)J;a Harpa)J;3
no CBoeMY xapaRTepy Hepa3)J;eJIIIlIIa HJlH Ror)J;a npH nYOJIH'I-
BO),I 06eu aHHR Harpa)J;bI cneI IIaJIbHO orOBapHBaJIOCb, '1TO ee
no.:rY'laeT JIJIIllb Oi'\HO JIHIJ;O, OHO onpe)J;eJIHerCH no mpe6HIO
(n. 2 CT. 531 fR). ITOJIOmeHHH n. 1 U 2 CT. 531 fK, O)J;HaRO,
3 3aKaa N. 1264
3.1
He npHMeHHIOTCH, eC.TIH npH ny6JIH'IHOM 06e aHHn Harpa,ll;bI
YCTanOBJIeHO HHoe.
79. 06'bJlBJIeHlIe KOHKypca.
1) 06'bHBJIeHHe KOHKypca npe,ll;CTaBJIHeT C060H O,ll;HH H3
BJI,lI;OB rry6JIH'IHOrO o6e aHHH Harpa,ll;bI, H ero oco6eHHocTb
COCTOHT B TOM, '1TO npeMHH npe,ll;OCTaBJIHeTCH n06e,ll;HTeJIIO
I\OImypca, onpelJ.eJIeHHOMY H3 '1HCJIa HeCKOJIbKJIX JIHl , COBep-
UlIIBIIIIIX Tpe6yeMoe ,lI;eHCTBHe. IIO:nOMY nOCJIe BblIIOJIHeHHJI
,lI;elICTBHH yqaCTHHKH KOHKypca ,lI;OJImHbI C006 HTb 0 ero pe-
SYJIbTaTaX ocpepeHTY. ¥ CJIOBHe COBeprneHHH ,lI;eHCTBHH aHaJIO-
rHqHO CJIyqalO ny6JIHqHOrO 06e aHHH Harpa,ll;bI, O,ll;HaKO npn
06'bHBJIeHHH KOHKypca COBepIIIeHHe ,lI;eHCTBHH ,lI;OnYCKaeTCH H
6e3 3HaHlm 0 KOHKypce, a TaKme ,lI;O 06'bJlBJIeHHH KOHKypca.
¥ CTpOHTeJIb KOHKypca HeceT 06H3aHHOCTb no onpe,ll;eJIeHHIO
n06e,ll;I1TeJIH H rrpe,ll;OCTaBJIeHHIO eMY B03Harpam,ll;eHHH.
2) IIpH 06'bHBJIeHHH KOHKypca o6H3aTeJIbHO Tpe6yeTcJI
YCTaHOBJIeHHe ero cpoKa (n. 1 CT. 532 rR), n03TOMY OT3bIB
ero HeB03MomeH (K ,lI;aHHOMY CJIY'lalO npHMeHJleTCH nOJIome-
HHe II. 3 CT. 530 rl\').
3) Onpe,ll;eJIeHHe n06e,ll;HTeJIH ocym;eCTBJIHeTCH mlOpH HJIH
caMHM YCTpOHTeJIeM KOHKypca, eCJIH CneII,HaJIbHOe mlOpH He
Ha3HaqaeTCH (n. 2 CT. 532 rl\'). PerneHHe mlOpH HJIH YCTPOH-
TeJIH KOHKypca He MomeT 6bITb ocnopeHO yqaCTHHKaMH KOH-
Kypca (n. 3 CT. 532 rl\'), O,ll;HaKO B03pameHHH MorYT nO,ll;a-
BaTbCH B OTHOIIIeHHH npOII,e,ll;ypbI KOHKypca HJIH ero He,ll;eHCT-
BHTeJIbHOCTH BCJIe,ll;CTBHe nO,ll;,lI;eJIKH. ,D;onycTHMo JIH Heorrpe-
.rreJIeHHe n06e,ll;HTeJIH KOHKypca? TeOpeTHqeCKH 3TO He,ll;Ony-
CTHMO, 3a HCKJIIO'IeHHeM CJIyqaeB, KOr,ll;a ,u;aHHoe 06CTOHTeJIb-
(',TBO crreI HaJIbHO orOBopeHO npH 06'bHBJIeHHH KOHKypca, rro-
CKOJIbKY 06'bJIBJIeHHe KOHKypca npe,ll;nOJIaraeT npe,ll;OCTaBJIe-
HIIe rrpeMJIH n06e,ll;HTeJIIO, onpe,ll;eJIHeMOMY Ir3 '1HCJIa Y'laCTHIr-
KOB KOHKypca. BMeCTe C TeM CJIe,ll;yeT HMeTb B BH,!:\y, '1TO B
HeKOTopbIX ynHBepCJITeTaX npOBOJJ;HTCH emerO,ll;HbIe KOHKYP-
CbI Ha JIyqrnylO CTY,ll;eHqeCKYIO pa60TY H rrpH :nOM cym;eC1'ByeT
06bIqaH npIlcym,ll;aTb rrpeMHIO JIHIIIb TeM pa60TaM, KOTopbIe
()1'Be-qaIOT orrpe,ll;eJIeHHbIM 06'beKTHBHbIM KpHTepHHM. TaKaJl
.me rrpaK1'HK3 cy ecTByeT H Ha HaY'lHbIX KOHKypcax.
IIpH paBHOII,eHHOCTH JIyqrnJIX pa60T HeCKOJIbKIrX y'IaCTHH-
ROB npeMIIJI ,lI;eJIJITCH B paBHbIX ,lI;OJIHX Mem,ll;Y n06e,ll;JITeJIH.\o1H
JIu60 rro6e,!:\HTeJIb onpe,ll;eJIHeTCH no mpe61I1O, KaK H B CJIyqae
ny6JIH'IHOrO 06e aHHJI Harpa,ll;bI (n. 4 CT. 532 rl\'). B rrOpH,lI;-
34
Ke TOJIIWnaHHH C'IHTaeTCH, 'ITO n CJIY'Iae, ROr a YCTpOHTeJIL
IWHRypca He onpep;eJIHJI no6ep;HTeJIH, Y'IaCTHHRH MorYT rro-
Tpe60naTb ero orrpep;eJIeHHH n cyp;e6HoM rropHp;Re.
t 4. npaBo B03paHCeHNSI B OTHoweHNN oAHoBpeMeHHoro
NcnonHeHNSI N pacnpeAeneHNe pNCKB
80. Cne H«pH'IeCKHe nOCJIe CTBHH BYCTopOHHero orOBO-
pa. HaR OTMe'IaJIOCb paHee, rrpH p;nYCTopOHHeM p;oronope 06e
CTOpOHbI HeCYT P;Pyr rrepep; P;PyroM 06H3aTeJIbCTna no npep;o-
CTaBJIeIUIIO onpe eJIeHHOH MaTepHaJIbHOH eHHOCTH (HanpH-
Mep, npH orOBope RynJIH-npop;amH). ,[(aHHbIe 06H3aTeJIbCTna
R3allMo06ycJlonJIeHbI, T. e. op;no 06r13aTeJIbCTnO cy ecTByeT
JIllIlIb IlOCTOJIbRY, nOCROJIbRy cy ecTByeT p;pyroe. 8TQ BbI3bI-
BaeT cIIe ll(IJH'IeCRHe nOCJIep;CTnHH P;BYCTopOHHero p;oronopa
no cpaBHeHHIO C p;pyrHMH BHp;aMH p;oronopOB. Bo-nepnbIx, ec-
JIll n MOMeHT 3aRJIIO'IeHHH oronopa OP;HO 06H38TeJIbCTBO He
B03HHRaeT H3-3a HeB03MomHOCTH HCnOJIHeHHH (HanpHMep,
rn6eJIb nel H naRaHYHe 3aRJIIO'IeHHH p;oronopa), p;pyroe (p;e-
IIemHoe) 06H3aTeJIbCTnO TaRme He n03HHRaeT H p;oronop He
;:\ei.J:cTnyeT. B HaYRe rpam aHCRoro npaBa TaRaH cHTyaJJ;HH
lra3bIBaeTCH B3aHM03aBHCIIMOCThlO no 3aKJIIO'IeHHIO. BO-BTO-
pbIX, npu HeHCnOJIHeHHH op;Horo 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, npeAYCMOT-
pelIHoro P;BYCTOPOHHHM p;oronopOM, MomeT He HCnOJIHHTbCH II
Pyroe, H 3TO Ha3bIBaeTCH B3aHM03aBHCHMOCThlO no HCnOJIHe-
HIlIO, ROTopaH COCTaBJIHeT np06JIeMY npaBa B03pameHIIH B OT-
nomeHHU op;HoBpeMeHHoro HCnOJIHeHHH. B-TpeTbHx, npep;-
CTOHT OTBeTHTb Ha Bonpoc, npeRpa aeTcH JIH o6H3aTeJIbCTBO,
eCJIH IIOCJIe YCTaHOBJIeHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTn no nycTopoHHeMY
I\orOBopy APyroe 06H3aTeJIbCTnO npeRpa aeTcH Ha OCHOBaHHH
}\eH:CTBHH HenpeOAOJIHMOH: CHJIbI. HanpHMep, CJIep;yeT JIH Ae-
JTeiImoe 06H3aTeJIbCTBO no P;BYCTopoHHeMY Aoronopy cYP;b6e
o6fI3aTeJIbCTna npo aBII;a, eCJIH nOCJIep;HHH oCBo60mp;aeTcH OT
o6fI3aTeJIbCTna B CBH3H C TeM, 'ITO AOM, HBJIHnIlIHHCH npep;Me-
TO l o6H3aTeJIbCTBa, cropeJI nOCJIe 3aRJIIO'IemUI AoroBopa? 8Ta
npo6.TIeMa IIOJIY'lH:JIa Ha3BaHHe B3anM03aBHCHMOCTH no cyn e-
('TBoBaHlno. fI\ npH:3HaeT pa3JIH'IHble nOCJIeACTBHH n 3aBHCII-
IOCTH: OT BH:Aa ABYCTopoHHero AorOBopa, ROTOpbJe o6'beAH:HH-
ID1'CfI nOHHTH:eM pacnpeAeJIeHHH pncKa.
81. ITpaBo B03pameHHH B OTHomeHHH op;HOBpeMeHHoro HC-
nOJIHeHlIH. Op;Ha H3 CTOpOH P;BYCTopoHHero p;orOBopa ,MomeT
:3*
3S
CTRa311BaTb B nCrrO.JIHeHHH COOCTBeHHorO I 00H3aTe.JIbCTBa l];0
Tex rrop, IIOKR 'KoHTpareHT He HCrrO.JIHIIT CBoero 00H33T€.JIHCT-
Ba (CT. 533 fR). 8TO Ha3bIBaeTCH.np3BOM B03pameHHH B OT-
HorneHlI1I Ol];HOBpeMeHHoro IICrrOJIHeHIIH. ,lJ;aHHoe rrpaBO OC-
HOBaHO Ha rrpHHII,Hne CrrpaBel];.JIHBOCTH H rro CBoeMY xapaRTepy
aHaJIOrnqHO rtpaBY Yl];epmaHHH(tM.: Beltl;Hoe npaBO -76).
1) Y CJIOBHH YCTaHOBJIenHH npaBaBo3pameHHH.
a) HacTynJIeHHe cpOIm HCnOJIHeHHH o6H3aTeJIbCTBa Kon-
TpareHTa. ITpH Ii'aJIJIqHtI CneD;HaJIbHOrO comarneHlIH 00 HC-
nOJIHeHHH coocTBeHHoro 'bOH3aTe.JIbCTBa paHee HCrrOJIHeHHfl
oOH3aTeJIbCTB3 ROHTpareHTa rrpaBO 'B03pameHlIH B OTHorneHHH
Ol];HOBpeMeHHoro HCrrOJIHeHHH OTCYTcTByeT (orOBopR3 CT. 533
rR). KfiaHHOM RaTeropHJt OTHOCHTCH Ryrr.1IH-rrpOl];ama B,pac-
'CpO IRY c emeMeCHqHOM BbInJIaTO'M B3HOCOB.
0) IIlm rrpel];OCTaB'JteIIHII 'qaCTlIqHOrO HCrrOJIHeHHH Ol];HOM
JI3 CTOpOH, HanpHMep npH npel];OCTaBJIeHIIH rrpOl];aBD;OM JIHrnb
qaCTII 3aKa3aHHorO'TOBapa, ROHTpareHT He MomeT OTRa3aTb B
yrrJI3Te 3'a l];aHHYro qaCTb TOBapa, eC.JIH npel];OCT3BJIeHlIe no
i{acTHM It03BOJIHT l];OCTlIqb IJ;eJIII OOH3aTeJIbCTBa. B npOTHBHOM
'CJIyqae, T. e. eCJIH npel];OCTaB.JIeHHe rro qaOTHM Bel];eT R YTpa-
-ore BamHoro aJIeMeHTa D;eJIII OOH3aTe.1IbCTBa, KOHTpareHT MO-
'mei orf\a3aTb B yrrJIi{Te 3a qaCTb rrpe}J;OCTaBJIeHHOrO TOBapa.
"CJIel];yeT yqHT'bIBaTb, qTO COOTBeTcTByroru;He RpHTepHII npII
aTOM l];OJImHbI H30Hpa TbCH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Raml];oro. KOH-
' :p:eTHoro CJIyqaH II Iia OCHOBe rrpHHD;HrrOB l];OOPOM COBeCTII II
;cnpaBe;::VJHBOCTII. .
2) IIocJIel];cTBHH npaBa B03pameHHH.
a) ECJIII ROHTpareHT OOJIal];ileT rrpaBoM B03pameHJJH"B OT-
'HorneHHII Ol];HOBpeMeIUtbrO HCrrOJIHeHHH, rrp!7Rparu;eHHe l];aH-
noro rrpaBa MomeT ObITb l];OCTHI'HYTO HCnO.JIHeHIreM 00R3a-
TeJIbCTBa l];pyroM CTOPOHOH .JIIIOO npel];JIOmeHHeM elO IICnOJIHe-
HIIH. B rrpHHD;Hne rrpel];JIOmeHlIe l];O.JImHO ObITb pea.JIbHbIM,
-ol];HaKO B rropHl];Ke HCRJIroqeHHH OHO MomeT ObITb Cl];eJIaHO II
B BHl];e H3Beru;eHHH (CT. 493, CM.: OOH3aTeJIbCTBeHHoe rrpaBO -
57). BMecTe C TeM rrplI rrpel];'bHBJIeHlIH IICRa 00 nCnOJIHeHHH
oOH3aTeJIbCTBa ROHTpareHTOM oe3 rrpe)::\JIOmenHH nCrrOJIHeHHfl
nCTD;oM HCR He MomeT ObITb OTRJIOHeH Ha OCHOBaHHH npaBa
B03pameHHH Rpel];HTOpa H CYl]; npHMeT perneHHe, COl];epmaru;ee
rrpHRa3 oTBeTqHRY ocyru;eCTBHTb IICrrOJIHeHlIe HCTU;y B OOMeH
Ha ero npel];OCTaBJIeHlIe (CM. perneHHe BepxOBHoro cYl];a OT
11 l];eRaOpH 1911 r.). IIoJIyqHB Ha OCHOBaHHH rrOl];ooHoro pe-
'meHHH IIcno:rIHHTeJIbHbIM JIHCT, HCTeI\ MOmeT npHcTynlITb R
rrpOD;el];ype rrpHHYl];HTeJIbHOrO HCrrOJIHeHIIH, ocyru;eCTBHB npel];-
'36
BapHTeJIbHO HcnOJIHeBHe CBOerO 06H3aTeJIbcTBa HJIH.. Cp;eJlaB
COOTBeTCTBYIOm;ee npe)J;JIOmeHHe HCnOJIBeHHH, Y)J;OCTOBepeHHOe
He06xo)J;HMbIMH p;ORYMeHTaMH (CM. n. 2 CT. 529 fIlEt),
6) I10CROJIbRY B cO)J;epmaHHe npaBa B03pameHHH 06 O)J;-
HOBpeMeHHOM HCnOJIHeHHH BXO)J;HT nOJIOmeHHe 0 HeB03Mom
HOCTH npe)J;'bHBJIeH1IH TpeooBaHIIH, R ROHTpare,H1'Y"" 6e3p:pe)J;'
;rromeHHH HCrrOJIHeHHH c06cTBeHIWf,O 06H3aTeJIbcTBa, np P;'b
fIBJIeHIIe TaKoro Tpe60BaHHH )J;OJImHO B nOPMRe TOJIROBaHHH
paccMaTpHBaTbcH RaR H RJIIO'IaIOm;ee npocpotIRY HcnOJIHeHHH
C'fOpOHOii:, npe)J;'bHBHBIIIeii: Tpe60naHHe. I1pocpotIRa HCnOJIHe-
HHH ROHT pareHTOM HMeeT 60JIbIIIOe 3Ha'IeHHe, npH paCTopme-
HHH )J;orOBopa. I1PH HeHCnOJIHeHHH ROHTpareHTOl\l 06H3aT JIb-
CTBa ,o;PyraH CTopOHa MomeT HanpaBHT eMY COOTBeTCTBYIOnwe
upe)J;ynpem)J;eHHe, onpe)J;eJIHB ,CpOR P;JIH m;:qoJIHeHHH. ECJIH
me 06H3aTeJIbcTBo He HCnOJIHenO KOH'fpar 1'OM II n0CJIe 3TO-
ro, CTopona MomeT paCToprHYTb )J;oroJ)op, npeRpaTHB TeM ca-
MbIM Bce ero nOCJIe,o;C'J;BHH. B. 3TOM CJIy."lae paCTopm-eHHe, no
cym;eCTBY, npe,o;CTaBJIHeT c060ii: OrJ}eTCT,BeHBOCTb 0)J;HOii: H3
CTOpOH sa npOCpO'IRY. I1P14 nanpaBJIeH,IDI YKasaHHoro npe-
P;ynpem)J;eHHH CTOpOHa. )J;OJImHa npe)J;JIOmHTb HCnOJIHeHHe coo-
CTBeHHoro 06HaaTeJIbcTBa.
82. Pacnpe)J;eJIeHHe pHCRa.
1) B pe3YJIbTa Te, HanplJMep" rH6eJIH' )l,OMa,' HBJIHBIIIerOCH
npe)J;MeTOM RYUJIH-npO)J;amH, B pe3YJIbTaTe nomapa nOCJIe 3a-
RJIIO'IeHHH. COOTBeTCTBYIOm;ero )J;orOBopa HJIH HeB03MOmHOCTH
BblcTynJIeHHH onpe)J;eJIeHHoii: TpynnbI Ha c eHe MeCTHOrO'1:e-
<lTpa H3-3a Oc,TaHOB}\HTpaHcnopTa (TaRme nOCJIe 3aRJIIO'IeHHJI
,D;OroBopa) 06H3aTeJIbcTBO O)J;HOii: CTOpOHbI,BbITeRarOrn;ee H3
,D;BYCTopoBHero ,!/,orOBopa, npeRparn;aeTCH BCJIe)J;CTBHe HeB03-
MOiI\HOCTH HCnOJIHeHHH. CJIe)J;yeT JIH npH HeB03MomHOCTH
IICnOJIHeHHH O)J;Horo 06H3aTeJIbcTBa He no, BHHe )J;OJImH1IRa
BTOpoe 06f1saTeJIbc1Bo, no ynJIaTe B HaIIIeM npHMepe )J;eHer
nJIH BOBHarpam)J;eHHH, cY)J;b6e nepBoro? ECJIH OHO TaRme' npe-
llpanweTCH, CJIe)J;YH cY)J;b6e rrepBoro, TO yrn;ep6 OT npeRparn;e-
HUH o,o;Horo HS 06H3aTeJIbCTB )J;BYCTopOHHero )J;orOBopa (HeB03-
l\IOmHOCTb Tpe60BaHHH npO)J;aB OM YllJlaTbI' )J;eHer HJIH HeB03-
l\!OmHOCTb Tpe60BaHHH Tpynnoii: npe)J;OCTaBJIeHHH B03Harpam-
)J;enHH) BOSJIaraeTCH Ha ,u,OJIlliHHRa B npeRpaI eHHOM 06H3a-
Te,TbCTBe (npO)J;aB a, TpYlmy). ECJIH me, HanpOTHB, O)J;HO H3
)J;O:rrOBbIX OOH3aTeJIbCTB Bce me npO)J;omRaeT cyrn;ecTBoBaTb,
YIl\ep6 B03JIaraeTCH Ha Rpe)J;HTopa (noRynaT,eJIJI HJIH BJIa)J;eJIb-
f(a MeCTlIoro TeaTpa), nOCROJIbRY npO)J;aBe MomeT Tpe60BaTb
37
yrrJIaTbI p;eHer, a Tpyrrrra - rrpep;OCTaBJIeHHH B03Harpamp;eHHJI.
IIepBaH cHTyan;HH OXBaTbIllaeTCH rrOHHTlfeM pHCKa Ha CTopOHe
p;OJImHllKa, BTopaH - pHCKa Ha CTOpOHe Kpep;HTOpa. Borrpoc
BbI60pa op;Horo H3 3THX DOHHTHH COCTaBJIHeT rrp06JIeMY pac-
rrpep;eJIeHHH pHCKa.
2) PIICK Ha cTOpoHe Kpep;IITopa B OTHOIIIeUHII HHP;HBHP;Y
aJIbHO-Onpep;eJIeHHOH BeIIJ;ll. rR HrroHHH B n;eJIOM C'IHTaeT,
'ITO pHCK JIemHT Ha CTopOHe p;OJImHHKa, op;HaKO rrpH KymIe-
rrpop;ame H HHbIX JJ;orOBopax rro rrOBOAY HHp;HBHAYaJIbHO-Orr-
pep;eJIeHHOH Bern;H pHCR Haxop;HTCH Ha CTopOHe Kpep;HTopa,
II03TOMY B rrpHBep;eHHOM BbIIIIe rrpHMepe Tpyrrrra He MOme1'
Tpe60BaTb B03Harpamp;eHHH, HO rrpop;aBen; 06JIap;aeT rrpaBOM
Tpe60BaHHII yrrJIaTbI p;eHer.
a) Ha KaKHX me OCHOBaHHHX p;orrycKaeTcH B03MomHOCTb
Tpe60BaHHH yrrJIaTbI rroKyrrHoH n;eHhI, HeCMOTpH Ha OTCYTCT-
BHe peaJIbHOH rrepep;a'IH Bern;H H3-3a ee rH6eJIH? Bo-rrepBblx,
nOKyrraTeJIb orrpep;eJIeHHOH Bern;H B pe3YJIbTaTe op;Horo JIHIIIb
3aKJIIO'IeHHH p;orOBopa KyrrJIH-rrpOp;amH rrpH06peTaeT BhImp;y,
rrpOHCTeRaIOrn;yIO H3 B03MomHOCTH rreperrpOJJ;amH p;aHHoH
Bern;H TpeTbeMY JIHn;y, rr03TOMY BrrOJIHe eCTeCTBeHHO, 'ITO II
ym;ep6 (rH6eJIb Bern;H, ee nOBpemp;eHHe) B03JIaraeTCH HMeHHO
Ha Hero. BO-BTOpbIX, rrpH RyrrJIe-rrpop;ame HHp;HBIIp;yaJIbHO-
onpeJJ;eJIeHHOH Bern;H op;HOBpeMeHHO C 3aKJIIO'IeHHeM p;orOBopa
rrpaBO co6CTBeHHocrH rrepeXOJJ;HT R rroKyrraTeJIIO, rr03TOMY
rrOBpemp;enHe HJIH rH6eJIb 0 rHOCHTCH K Bern;H, rrpaBO c06cTBeH-
HOCTH Ha ROTOPYIO rrepemJIO R rroRyrraTemo, 'ITO raKme
BrrOJIHe onpaBp;aHHO npHBop,IIT R B03JIOmeHHIO pHCRa Ha nORy-
naTeJIH. ECJIIf me nORynaTeJIb npH06peraeT rrpaBO c06cTBeH-
HOCTH JIHIIIb Ha OCHOBaHHIl 2aRJIIO'IeHHH p;orOBopa RyrrJIII-
rrpop;amH. HO He MomeT npOTHBOCTOHTb TpeTbeMY JIHUY II3-aa
OTCYTCTBHH perHCTpan;HH IIJIH peaJIbliOH rrepep;a'IH Bern;H, B03-
JIOmeHIIe pHCRa Ha rroRynareJIH B nOJIHOM o6'beMe He BcerJJ;a
6yp;eT crrpaBep;JIHBhIM.
6) Co BpeMeH CTaHOBJIerrHH pHMCRoro rrpaBa H rrOHbIHe
saROHOJJ;aTeJIbCTBa cpaBHHTeJIbHO 60JIbIIIOro 'IHCJIa CTpaH OT-
IIOCJIT pHCK CJIY'IaHHOI1: rH6e.lIH rrpII RyrrJIe-rrpop;ame orrpeJJ;e-
.1IeHHOH Belf\H Ha CTOPOHY RpeJJ;HTopa, 'ITO, C HaIIIen- TO'll\H
3pemm, BeCbMa rrpo6.lIeMarn'IHo. He 6bIJIO 6bI 60JIee crrpaBep;-
,ITIIBO paccMaTpHBaTb rrpeRl)arn;eHne OJJ;Horo o6JI3aTeJIbcTBa
II3-3a ero Heocyrn;ecTBIIMOC'lll RaR OCHOBaHIIe JJ;JIJI rrpeRpam;e-
HIIJI II IJTOP0:-O 06JI3aTeJIhcTBa II, CJIep;OBaTeJIbHO, OTHOCIITb
pnCR Ha CTOPOHY JJ;OJImHIIRa BHe 3aBHCHMOCTII OT BIIp;a P;BY-
CTopOHIlero JJ;orOBopa? B HaYRe H cyp;e6Hoii rrpaRTHRe OTMe-
38
tfaeTCH TeH.a;eHIJ,JIH R TOJIKOBamHO CT. 534 rK B Y3ROM CMI>IC-
JIe, T. e. ccpepa ee npUMeHeHHH orpamPIUBaeTCH JIUllIl> paMRa-
llnI ToproBbIX c.a;eJIOR no nOBO.a;y HH.a;uBu.a;yaJII>HO-onpe.a;eJIeH-
nOM Benm H pacllIupeHHoro TOJIROBaHUH .a;aHHaH CTaTI>H He
1I0JIY'IaeT.
3) HeB03MomHocTb RCnOJIHeHR1I 06Ji3aTeJIbCTBa no BRHe
o.r\noH I13 CTOpOH. STOT Bonpoc npe.a;CTaBJIHeT COOOi'l n;eHTpaJII>-
noe 3BeHO npOOJIeMbI pacnpe.a;eJIeHUH pUCRa.
a) I1pu HeB03MOiRHOCTU UCnOJIHeHUH 00H3aTeJII>CTBa no
BIlHe .a;OJIiRHHRa (B HallieM npUMepe rH6eJII> .a;OMa B pe3YJII>-
TaTe nOiRapa, B03HHRllIero no HeOpeiRHOCTH npo.a;aBn;a, HJIH
neB03MOiRHOCTI> BbIcTynJIeHHH H3-3a HeOpeiRHOCTH TpynnbI)
aHO lIe npeRpam;aeTCH, a TpaBccpopMHpyeTcH B 00H3aTeJIbCTBO
1I0 B03Mem;emIIO ym;epoa. I1pH 3TOM np06JIeMa pacnpe.a;eJIe-
IIIJH pHCKa He B03HHRaeT. KI'OMe TOro, HeHCnOJIHeHHe 00H3a-
TeJILCTBa O.a;HOM CTOpOHOH B .a;aHHoM CJIY'lae He OKa31>IBaeT
HlIflaKoro BJIHHHHH Ha OOHaaTeJII>CTBO .a;PYI'OH CTOpOHbI, a
lDIelllJO Ha .a;eHeiRHOe 00H3aT8JII>CTBO nORynaTeJIH HJIH 00H3a-
reJIhCTBO BJIa.a;eJII>n;a TeaTpa no npe.a;OCTaBJIeHHIO B03HarpaiR-
)leBJIH. BMeCTe C TeM o.a;Ha CTopOHa MOiReT paCToprHYTI> .a;o-
rouop Ha OCHOBaHHH HeB03MOiRHOCTH HCnOJIHeHHH 00H3aTeJII>-
CTM APyrolI CTOpOHOM (npH 3TOM 3a HeM OCTae'ICH npaBO
TpeooB8HHH B03Mem:eHHH ym;epoa) (CM. CT. 543 rK).
0) I1PJi HeB03MOiRHOC'IH HCnOJIHeHHH no BHHe RpeJ).HTopa,
IlClITpHMep npH rHOeJIH .a;OMa B pe3YJII>TaTe nomapa, B03HHR-
lUefO no BHHe nOKynaTeJIH, HJIH HeB03MOiRHOCTH BbIcTynJIe-
HUH TpYIInbI no BHHe BJIa.a;eJII>n;a TeaTpa, .a;OJIiRHHR (npo.a;aBelJ,
H.1m Tpynna) OCBOOOiRJ).aeTCH OT 00H3aTeJIbCTBa II B03HHKaeT
rrpOOJIWlfa pacnpe.a;eJIeHHH pHCKa. I10CROJIbKY B .a;aHHOM CJIY-
'Iae pnCK JIeiRHT Ha CTopOHe RpeJ).HTopa, TO npoJ).anen; HJIH
Tpynna He YTpa'lHBaeT npaBa TpeOOBaHHH ynJIaTbI nORynHoM
I elTbI IIJIH B03HarpaiRJ).eHHH.
If) I10JIOiReHHH fK, a TaKiRe npaRTHKa TOJIKOBaHHH no
rrOlJOJI,y pacnpeJ).eJIeHHH pUCRa CBO.a;HTCH K CJIe.a;yrom;eMY.
a) IT pH .a;BYCTOPOHHHX AoroBopax, HMerom;nx CBoeM n;eJIbIO
YC'TanOBJIeHne UJIn nepexOA Bem;HbIX npaB Ha IIHJJ;UBu.a;yaJIbHO-
onpe eJIeHHYIO Bem;b, pHCR JIeiRHT Ha CTopOHe Rpe.a;HTopa
(n. 1 CT. 534 rK). AaHHoe nOJIOiReHHe HaHOOJIee BaiRHO J).JIH
l,y ru lll-rrpoAamn onpe.a;eJIeHHOM Bem;H (CM. pellIeHHe BepxoB-
Horo cYAa 0'1' 31 MaH 1949 r.). OHO npHMeHHeTCH BHe 3aBH-
('II,\!OCTU 0'1' Toro, nOnIOJIa JIH Bem;b (nOJIHaH HeB03MOiRUOCTb
HCifo.1JneHUH) IIJIn TOJIbRO nOJIY'lHJIa nOBpeiRAeHue ('1aCTII'I-
lIan JIeB03MOiRHOCTb HCnOJIHeHHH), a TaKiRe OT Toro, no '1beH
39
RIme B03HHRJIa HeB03MomHOCTb HCnOJIHeHHJI. lJ;OJImHHR 06hl'I
HO He YTpa'IHBaeT npaBa Tpe60BaHHJI npe)];OCTaBJIeHHJI B nOJI
HOM 06'beMe. B CJIY'Iae nOBpem)];eHHJI BeID;H nOBpem)];eHHaa
qaCTb )];OJImHa npe)];OCTaBJIJITbCJI. EcJII'[ me mm;o BCJIe)];CTBH&
OCB060JR)];eHIDI OT 06JI3aTeJIbCTBa nOJIY'IaeT BhlrO)];Y, HanpHMep
B CJIY'Iae, ROr)];a pHCR HaXO)];HTCJI Ha CTopOlle Rpe)];HTOpa (no-
RynaTeJIJI) npH rH6eJIH )];OMa B pe3YJIbTaTe nomapa, a )];OJIm
Hl1R (npO)];aBen;) nOJIY'IaeT CTpaXOBYIO npeMHIO, nORynaTeJIb-
o6JIa)];aeT npaBOM B OTHorneHHH npO)];aBn;a Tpe60BaTb npe)];o
CTaBJIeHHJI eMY (noRynaTeJIIO) )];aHHOH BbIrO)];bI B npe)];eJIax,
CBJI3aHHbIX C HeB03MomHOCTbIO l1cnOJIHeHHJI 06JI3aTeJIbCTB&
(pemeHl'£e BepXOBHoro cy)];a OT 23 )];eRa6pJI 1966 r.). 3m
npOHCXO)];HT H3-3a Toro, 'ITO B 06bI'IHbIX YCJIOBHnX, T. e. npB
B03MO}RHOCTH HCnOJIHeHHJI 06JI3aTeJIbCTBa, )];OJImHHR (npo)];a-
Ben;) He nOJIY'IHJI 6bI YRa3aHHOH BbIrO)];bI.
6) IIpH )];BYCTOPOHHHX )];orOBOpax, HMeIOID;HX CBoeH n;e'-
JIbIO YCTaHOBJIeHHe HJIH nepeXO)]; BeID;HbIX npaB Ha BeID;b, on-
pe)];eJIeHHYIO PO)];OBbIMH npH3HaRaMH, pHCR JIeiRHT Ha CTOpOH8'
)];OJImHHRa, O)];HaRO C MOMeHTa HH)];HBH)];yaJIH3an;HH BeID;H.
rrpe)];YCMOTpeHHOH nOJIOmeHHeM n. 2 CT. 401 fR, pHCR nepe-
XO)];HT Ha CTOPOHY Rpe)];HTOpa (n. 2 CT. 534 rR).
RpoMe Toro, npH HaJIH'IHH OTJIaraTeJIbHOrO YCJIOBIUI B )];BY'-
CTopoHHeM )];OrOBOpe, R ROTOPOMY 06bI'IHO npHMeHJIeTCJI npHH-
I1;Hn pHcf;a Ha cTopoHe Rpe)];HTOpa (HanpHMep, B )];OrOBOpe ()
npo)];ame )];OMa, 06YCJIOBJIeHHOH nepeXO)];OM ero BJIa)];eJIbn;a H3'1
HOBYIO )];OJImHOCTb), B cJIY'Iae rH6eJIH HJIH nOBpem)];emm BeID;It'
)];0 HacTynJIeHHJI npe.l{YcMoTpeHHoro YCJIOBHJI Bonpoc 0 pac-
npe)];eJIeflHH pHcRa pemaeTCJI no-pa3HoMY B 3aBHCHMOCTH' 011'
Toro, HacTyrrIDIa JIH rH6eJIb BeID;l'C HJIH OHa 6bIJIa TOJIbRO IIO'.
Bpem)];eHa. IIpH rH6eJIH BeID;H pHCR JIemHT Ha CTOpOH8'
)];OJImHHRa ()];ame npH HacTynJIeHHH YCJIOBl1JI, HanpHMep npm
Ha3Ha'IeHIIH Ha HOBYIO )];OJImHOCTb, ynJIaTa )];eHemHOH CYMM:&J
He np0l13BO)];HTCJI (n. 1 CT. 535 rR)). IIpH nOBpem)];emm Be
m;H pHCR .JIemHT Ha CTopOHe Rpe)];HTOpa (npH Ha3Ha'IeHHH Ha
HOBYIO )];OJImHOCTb OCYID;eCTBJIneTCJI nepe)];a'Ia )];OMa B nOBpem-
)];eHHOM BH)];e H ynJIaTa )];eHeJf\HOH CYMMbI (n. 2 CT. 535 rR) )
OrpaHH'IeHHn, YCTaHOBJIeHHbIe B OTHomeHHH rrpHMeHeHH
npHHIYUna pHCRa Ha CTopOHe Rpe)];HTopa rrpH )];BYCTopOHHe
)];OrOBOpe no nOBO)];Y Bem;H, onpe)];eJIeHHOH PO)];OBbIMH rrpH3Ha
RaMH, H )];BYCTopOHHeM )];OrOBOpe, 3aRJIIO'IeHHOM no)]; OTJIara
TeJIbHbIM YCJIOBIleM, OCHOBaHbI Ha TOM, 'ITO B )];aHHbIX CJIY'IaJI
BhIrO)];a B OTHomeHHH npe)];MeTa )];OrOBOpa He nplIHa)];JIem
Rpe)];HTOpy. BMeCTe C TeM, no HameMY MHeHHIO, paSJIR'IHe
40 ;
:O:pOBOi'J;HMOe MemlJ;Y rHOeJIbIO H nOBpemi'J;eHHeM neru;H, He
.BIIOJIHe OOOCHOBaHHO.
B) IIplIMeHHTeJIbHO K i'J;BYCTOPOHHHM i'J;orOBOpaM, HMeIO-
I1{MM HHLIe, nOMHMO BbIffieYKa3aHHLIx, n;eJIH, npei'J;ycMoTpeHo
CJIei'J;YlOlIJ;ee:
Bo-nepBLIx, npH rHOeJIH HJIH nOBpemi'J;eHHH Be:ru;H no BHHe
ooeMx cropoH pHCR JIemHT Ha cTopoHe i'J;OJImHHRa, a HMeHHO:
npH I'HOeJIH Be:ru;H npaBo TpeOOBaHlIJI BCTpe1JHOrO HcnO.IHe-
HUJI nOJIHOCTbIO npeRparu;aeTCJI, a npH nOBpemp;eHHH Beru;H
upaBo Tpe60BaHlIJI BCTpe1JHOro HCnOJIHeHHJI YMeHbmaeTCJI CO-
,OTBeTCTBeHHO pa3Mepy nOBpemlJ;eHHJI (n. 1 CT. 536 fK).
BO-BTOp1>IX, npH rHOeJIH HJIH nOBpemlJ;eHHH Beru;H no BHHe
Rpe,n;uTopa pMCR .rremHT Ha ero CTopOHe, a MMeHHO: THO em,
:MJIM nOBpe.iRlJ;eHHe Be:ru;H He ORa3LIBalOT B.rrHJIHHJI Ha npaBO
TpeOOBaJU:IJi£ 'BCTpe1JHOrO HCnOJIHeHHJI, op;HaKO B CJIY1Jae nOJIY-
'leHHJI )J;O.1IJKIIlIROM BbIrop;bI OT OCBOOOmp;eH1IJI OT OOJI3aTeJIb-
,CTBa JJ;aHHaJI BbII'Oi'J;a nOi'J;JIemHT nepelJ;a e Rpe,I{HTOpy (n. 2
,CT. 536 rK).
j 5. AoroBop B nonb3Y TpeTbero mcqa
:83. nOHJlTHe p;orOBopa B DOJII,ay TpeTl,ero JIHI(a.
1) ECJIH B COOTBeTCTBHR C )J;orOBopOM Mem)J;Y ARB rpam-
.;o;aHHH B npHHHMaeT oOH3aTeJIbCTBO no npep;OCTaBJIeHHIO
TpeTbeMY JIMn;y B 10 TblC. HeH, B npHoopeTaeT npano Tpeoo-
naHHJI B OTHomenHH B Ha CYMMY B 10 TLIC.. HeH. B paccMaT-
pHBaeMOM BHlJ;e JJ;OI'OBOpa B npHoopeTaeT YRa3aHHoe npaBo C
MOMeHTa CBoero BOJIeH3'bJIBJIeHHH 0, nOJIY1JeHIDl BbIralJ;bI, He
BCTynaH UpH aTOM B lJ;OrOBOp (CT. 537 fK). OObI1JHO TaROH
nMJJ; JJ;oronopa lIa3bIBaeTCH JJ;orOBopOM B nOJIh3Y TpeThero JIR a.
O,n;HaRO era cOlJ;epmaHHe He OrpaHH1JHBaE3TCH TOJIbRO npe)J;o-
CTaBJIeHUeM TpeTbeMY JIH Y 'onpelJ;eJIeHHOrO, npaBa TpeOOBa-
HIiH. B03MomHO H TaRoe COlJ;epmaHHe )J;orOBopa, npa ROTOpOM
A npe)J;ocTaBJIHeT onpei'J;eJIeHHbIH TOBap B, a B YUJIa1JHBaeT
CTOIL\IOCTh lJ;aHHOI'O TOMpa B. B 3TOM CJIY1Jae MemlJ;Y A a B
cyru;eCTByeT JJ;orOBOp RYUJIH-npOi'J;amM, a ynJIaTa )J;eHemHoM
CYMl\IhI B npe)J;CTaBJIHe'I' COOOH ClIe RaJIhHOe COrJIameHue.
PacOIOTpHM TaKme ,l),OrOBOp lJ;enOHMpOBaHHH MemlJ;Y A H B,
no l\OTOPOMY A npei'J;Oc-raBJIJIeT B 10 TLIC. HeH, a B ocyru;ecT-
BJIHeT HX xpaHeHHe H npep;OCTiUJJIeHHe TpeTbeMY JIH Y B.
31J;eCb R paccMaTpHBaeTcll RaK JIa o, ynpaBOM01JeHHOe IIOJIY-
qIiTb xpaHHMoe HMyru;eCTBO, H caM lJ;orOBOp B nOJIb3Y TpeTL-
41
ero JIH a 6y,n:eT He OC06:bIM BH,n:OM ,n:orOBopa, cym;eCTBYIOI HM
HapJI,n:y C TaK Ha3hIBaeM:bIMH TIIIIIPIH:bJMH ,n:orOBopaMII (,'J.O
rOBopOM KynJIH-npo,n:aiRH, xpaHeHHJI H T. n.), a Bcero JIHrn:b
cne H(pIPIecKoii <popMoii B03HHKHOBeHHJI npaB TpenerO mIl a,
2) Y C.IIOBlUI 3aKJIIOQeHlUI ,n:orOBopa B nOJI:b3Y TpeT:berO
JIH a He CBO,n:JITCJI JIHrn:b K 06JI3aTeJI:bCTBY B nepe,n: A 06 ocy
m;eCTBJIeHHH npe,n:OCTaBJIeHHJI TpeT:beMY JIH Y B, a BKJIIO'laIOT
H 061I3aTeJI:bCTBO Henocpe,n:CTBeHHO B OTHorneHHH TpeT:berO
JIH a.
TaK, eCJIII 6aHK A no nopY'leHHIO rpaiR,n:aHHHa B OCY-
m;eCTBJIJIeT nepeBO,n: ,n:eHeiRHOii CYMM:bJ B oaHK B Ha MMJI rpaiR-
,n:aHHHa r, 6aHK B HeceT 06JI3aHHOCn nepe,n: 6aHKoM A no
B:bIDJIaTe rpaiRjJ.aHHHY r CYMM:bI nepeBo,!],a, O,!],HaKO OH He He
ceT 06JI3aHHOCTH Henocpe,n:CTBeHHO nepe,n: rpaiR,!],aHHHOM r, a
'CJIe,n:OBaTeJI:bHO, ,n:aHH:bJii ,n:orOBOp He OTHOCHTCH K KaTeroplI1I
,n:orOBopa B nOJI:b3y Tpenero JIII a (perneHHe BepXOBHoro cy-
,n:a OT 5 ,n:eKa6pJI 1968 r.).
84. llOCJIe,n:cTBIIR orORopa B nOJI:b3Y TpeT:berO JIHqa.
1) llpaBOB:bIM nOCJIe,n:CTBHeM TaKoro ,n:oroBopa JIBJIJIeTCB
npH06peTeHHe TpeT:bHM JIII OM npaBa Herrocpe,n:CTBeHHO B OT-
HOllIeHHH JIH a, 06JI3aHHoro nepe,n: HHM.
a) 8TH nOCJJe,n:CTBHII B03HHKaIOT no,n: OTJIaraTeJI:bH:bJM yc-
JIOBHeM, TaK KaK He06xo,n:HMO BOJIeH3'bIIBJIeHHe co CTOpOHbl
TpeT:berO JIH a OTHOCHTeJI:bHO nOJIY'leHHJI B:bJro,n::bJ OT ,n:OJIiR-
HHKa (n. 2 CT. 537 fR). BMecTe C TeM YKa3aHHoe B:bJrne ,.n:e-
nOHHpOBaHHe B BH,n:e HCKJIIO'leHHJI He Tpe6yeT BOJIeH3'bJIBJIe-
HHJI no nOBO,n:y nplIHJITHJI B:bJro,n::bJ. R ,n:aHHOMY HCKJIIO'leHHIO
OTHOCJITCJI TaKiRe YCTaHOBJIeHHe ,n:OBepIITeJI:bHOii c06CTBeHHO-
CTII (CM. CT. 7 3aKoHa 0 ,n:oBepHTeJI:bHOii c06cTBeHHocTH), ,n:o-
rOBOp:bJ CTpaXOBaHHJI, r,!],e nOJIY'laTeJIeM cTpaxoBoii npeMHH
JIBJIHeTCJI Tpene JIHIW (CM. CT. 648, 675 TR), II ,n:Pyrue,n:o-
rOBOp:bI. Ao MOMeHTa B03HHKHOBeHHII npaBa TpeT:bero JIlI a
Ha OCHOBaHHH ero BOJIeH3'bIIBJIeHHJI 0 npHHJITHn B:bJro,n::bI CTO-
pOH:bJ ,n:orOBopa He MorYT npOH3BOJI:bHO 1I3MeHJI1 b IIJIH npeKpa-
m;aT:b YKa3aHHoe npaBO (CT. 538 fR).
6) nOCKOJIbKY npaBO TpeTI>ero JIII a B03HHKaeT EaK npa-
BOBoe nOCJIe,n:CTBHe ,n:orOBopa MeiR,n:y CTOpOHOii, B:blrOBOpHBrneiI
npaBO ,n:JIII TpeTberO JIH a, H CTOpOHOii, 06JI3aHHOii nepe,n:
TpeT:bHM JIH OM, BTOpaJI CTopOHa MOiReT npe,n:'bJIBIIT:b TpeT:b-
eMY JIlII Y B03paiReHIIJI, OCHOBaHH:bIe Ha ,!],orOBope MeiR,!],y A
H B (CT. 538 flt). B npHBo,n:HMOM HaMH npH1tJepe, eCJIH no-
, Kyna'l'eJIb B 061I3aH YUJIaTHTb ,!],eHeiRHYIO CYMMY B 10 T:bJC. HeR
42
B, B MOmeT npe 'bHBJIHTb B B03pameHHH B OTHomeHHH O HO-
BpeMeHHoro HCnOJIHeHHH O Tex nop, nORa npo tBen; A He
npe OCTaBHT Tpe6yeMbIii TOBap (CT. 533 rK).
B) Co epmaHHe npaB, npHo6peTaeMbIX TpeTbHM JIHn;OM,
orrpeiJ,eJIHeTCH iJ,OrOBopOM. AOBOJIb.HO 'IaCTO B HaYI\e rpam aH-
CKoro npaBa BeiJ,YTcH HCRYCCHH 0 TOM, MomeT JIH 3aRJIIO'IaTb-
CH iJ,orOBOp, npeiJ,OCTaBJIHIOm;Hii TpeTbeMY JIHn;y Bem;Hoe npaBO.
no HameMY MHeHHIO, Heo6xoiJ,HMOCTb B oco6oii nOCTaHOBRe
np06JIeMbI 3 eCb OTCYTCTByeT. HanpHMep, eCJIH no iJ,OrOBoPY
MemiJ,Y A H B A ynJIaqHBaeT B eHemHYIO CYMMY B 10 TbIC.
HeH 3a orrpe eJIeHHYIO Bem;b, ROTOpyIO B OJImeH npeiJ,OCTa-
BHTb TpeTbeMY JIHn;y B, iJ,aHHoe COrJIallIeHHe iJ,eiicTBHTeJIbHo,
H npH BOJIeH3'bHB;IeHHH B B OTHOllIeHHH npHHHTHH BbIrO bI B
He TOJIbRO upMo6p()1'aeT npaBO Tpe60BaHHH nepeXOiJ,a npaBa
co6CTBeHJJOCTIl Ha YKa3arrHYIO Bem;b, HO H npaBO co6CTBeH-
HOCTH. oro CBH3aHO C TeM, 'ITO orOBOp B nOJIb3Y TpeTbero
JIuu.a 06bI'IHO HanpaBJIeH Ha npe OCTaBJIeHHe eMY npaB, npH-
Ha):{JIeJI\am;HX CTopOHaM HJIH o):{Hoii H3 CTOpOH orOBopa. IIo-
3TOMY, nOCROJIbRY nOKynaTeJIb A MomeT no orOBOpy RynJIH-
npOiJ,amH npHo6pecTH npaBO co6cTBeHHocTH, nOCTOJIbRY 3TO
B03MOIRHO H ):{JIH TpeTbero JIHn;a.
2) npH orOBope B rrOJJb3Y TpeTberO JIHn;a BbIroBopHBllIHii
npaBO )J,JIH TpeTberO JIHu.a npHo6peTaeT B OTHOllIeHHH iJ,OJImHH-
Ka npaBO Tpe60BaHHH HCrrOJIHeHHH o6H3aTeJIbCTBa TpeTbeMY
JIHu.Y. O HaRo iJ,aHHOe npaBO HanpaBJIeHO JIHllIb Ha CTHMYJIH-
pOBaHHe OCTHmeHHH u.eJIH nYTeM YCTaJioBJIeHHH npaBa
TpeTbero JIHn;a. II03TOMY rrpH HCnOJIHeHHH iJ,OJImHHROM 06H-
3areJIbCTna TpeTbeMY JIHn;y npaBO BbIrOBopHBllIero npaBO iJ,JIH
TpeTbero JIHu.a npeRpam;aeTcH. IIpH OTRa3e me TpeTberO JIHn;a
OT nOJIyqeHHH BbIroiJ,bI HCnOJIHeHHe o6H3aTeJIbCTBa CTOpOHOii,
o6H3aHHoii nepeiJ, TpeTbHM JIHn;OM, CTaHOBHTCH HeB03MomHbIM,
HO ROliTpareHT MomeT orrpeiJ,eJIUTb HHoe TpeTbe JIHn;O JIlIOO
rroTpeooBaTb HCnOJIHeHHH oOH3aTeJIbCTBa B OTHOllIeHHH ceoH.
BbI60p OiJ,Horo H3 3THX napHaHTOB onpeiJ,eJIHeTCH co epma-
HHeM iJ,oroBopa.
6. PacTopHCeHHe AoroBopa
85. nOHHTHe paCTopmeHHH.
1) no paCTopmeHHeM nOHHMaeTCH npeRpameHHe BOJIe-
H3'bHBJIeHHeM OAHoii H3 CTOpOH iJ,eiiCTBHH yme BCTyrrHBmero
B CHJIY iJ,oroBopa H B03HHRHOBeHHe TaRHX rrpaBooTHollIeHHii,
43
I<aK 6Y To ObI orOBOp He cy ecTBOBaJi C caMoro Ha'IaJla' (B03-
Bpa eHHe K rrepBOHa'IaJIbHOMY 1I0JIOmeHHlO). IToaTOMY, Kor a
CTOpOHbI He IIPHCTYIIHJIH K HCIIOJIHeHHIO 06H3aTeJIbCTB, 1I0
pomAeHHbIX orOBopOM, OHH IIpeKpa alOTCH IIPH paCTopme-
HHH orOBopa, H CTOpOHI>IHe MorYT Tpe60BaTb HX HCIIOJIHe-
HHH. ECJIH me pac¥bpmeHHe oroBopa IIpOHCXO lIT 1I0CJIe 'Ia-
CTH'IHOrO HJIH 1I0JIHOrO HCIIOJIHeHHH o6H3aTeJIbCTB, HCIIOJIHeH-'
Hoe KaiR o:ii 113 CTOpOH lIoWIemlIT B03Bpa eHlIlO, 1I0CKOJIbKY
aTO HellOJIHeHHe Hecy ecTBylO HX 06H3aTeJIbCTB. KaK m8'
IIpHMeHHeTCH aHHaH CHCTeMa Ha rrpaKTHKe? HallpHMep, IIPH
3aKJIIO'IeHllH orOBopa KYIIJIH-rrpO amH 110 1I0BO Y He BHmH-
MOCTH HHCTHTYT paCTopmeHHH' orOBopa MomeT HCIIOJIb3G-
BaTbCH Ha TOT CJIyqa:ii, 'eCJIH B 6y eM O Ha H3 CTOpOH 3a-
XO'leT BOCCTaHOBHTb IIpemHee COCTOHHHe (CM.: 06H3aTeJIbcT-
BeHHoe IIpaBO - 103). HaH60JIee a.p.peKTHBHo aHHmr.
HHCTHTYT IIpHMeHHeTCH KaK cpe CTBO oxpaHbI' HHTepeCOB
OAHOH H3 CTOpOH B CJIY'Iae ,'HeHCIIOJIHeHlIH 06H3aTeJIbcTBft
ROHTpareHTOM. HallpHMep, eCJIH IIpo aBeu;' He' OCYlII,eCTBJIHe
peaJIbHYIO ,lIepe a'lY Be H" 1I0KYII3:TeJIb MOmeT 1I0Tpe6oBaTb.
HCIIOJIHeHlIH, a TaKiRe B03MelIl,eHHHy ep6a H-a OCHOBaHHH He-
HCIIOJIHeHHH 06H3aTeJIbcTBa H 061ITbCH peaJIH3aU;HH CBoero'
Tpe6oBaHHHo cpe eTBa.MH IIpHHy nTeJIhHOrO HCIIOJIHeHHH ( CM.
eT. 414 H 415 rK), O HaKO 'lIpH 3TOM 1I0KYllaTeJIb He oCB06om-
aeTcH OT o6H3aHHocTH HCIIOJIHeHHH t06cTBeHHoro 06H3aTeJIb-
CTBa. ITpH pacTopmeHlIH oroBopa 1I0KYllaTeJIb IIpeKpa aeT
c06eTBeHHoe '06H3aTeJIbcT,Bo: B cJIY'Iae YIIJIaTbI, HM 1I0KYUHOif.
u;eHbI Tpe6yeT ee B03Bp'a eHHH,' a eCJIH He 6bIJIO YUJIaTbI-
oCB060iI, aeTcH' OT TaRdH 06HaaHHocTH. B aJIbHeHilleM 1I0KY-
lIaTeJIb Mome.T KYIIHTb cOOTBeTCTBYro ylO Be b' Y aHHOr()
IIpo aBU;a. ITpaKTH'IeCKOe 3Ha'I'eH'Ile HHCTHTYTa pa.CTopmeHHH
OrOBopa '1pe3BbI'IaHHO BeJIHKo'oc06eHHo JIH BYCTOPOHHHX
p;orOBOpOB, 1I0CKOJIbKY eOrJIaCHO rK BCJIep;CTBHe pacTOpiKeHHH'
orOBopa Ha OCHOBaHHH HeHCIIOJIHeHHH o6H3aTeJIbcTBR:
KOHTpareHToM' CTopOHa He TOJ:lbKO IIpeKpa aeT c06cTBeHHoe'
o6H3aTeJIbcTBo, HO H coxpaHHeT 3a c060H IIpaBO Tpe60BaHHH
B03Me eTIHH y ep6a Ha OCHOBaHHH HeHCIIOJIHeHHH o6H3aTeJIb-
CTBa.
2) HHCTHTYTbI, HalloMHHaro ue paCTopmeHHe.
a) ITpeKpa eHHe IIpO OJImHTeJIbHbIX orOBopHbIX OTHO-
IlIeHHH (IIMy ecTBeHHoro H' JIl'I'IHOrO HaiiMa, 1I0pY'IemIH
H T. II.) He HBJIHeTCH paCTopmeHHeM orOBopa, 1I0CKOJIbKY B:
aHHOM CJIY'Iae He B03HHKaeTTaKHX 1I0CJIe;O;CTBlIH, KaK 6YATO<
6bI )J.orOBOp He cy ecTBOBaJi C caMoro ,na'laJIa. rH TaKme yrro-
44
Tpe6JIHeT TepMHH «paCTapmeHHe» B. aTHameHHH 3Tara BHp;a
p;araBapaB, .KOTap Iji"i' ap;uaKQ, B p;aHHaM KaHTeKCTe HeT()'{e :
(CM. CT. 620, 626, 630; 65t, 652 fR). HaYKa rp.amp;anCKaro-
rrpaBa pa3rpaHH'IHB.aaT: pTH ,p;Ba I1aHHTHH, Ha3:bIBall 'BTapae-
Y8ep;o.MJIeIIUeM a II pa eHHH. CJIeP;yeT HMeTJ> B BUP;Y, T()
B rR I1peKpa eHue I1pap;aJI HTeJIl;>H:bIX p;araBapaB C HeaIlp "
;J:eJIeHHbIM cpaKaM p;eHcTBHH HMeHyeTcH HHarp;a H aHH), Po.-
BaHHeM p;o.ro.Bo.pa (CM. CT. 617, 618, 627 fR).
6) CTopaHbI MarYT TaKme 3aKJIIO'IHTb CIIeI HaJIbHae carJIa-
I1IeHHe a npeKpa eHHH p;eHcTBHH p;arOBapa I1PH HaCTYIIJIeHHH
aIlpep;eJIeHH:bIX ca6bITHH, KaTapae I1pep;CTaBJIHeT CBaera pap;a
YCJIaBHe paCTapmeHHH H 06:bI'IHa Ha3bIBaeTCH I1aJIameHHeM 0.6
YTpaTe I1a HaMa'IHH. HacTYIIJIeHHe aIlpep;eJIeHH:bIX Ca6:bITHll
rrpHB,O,IJ;HT K TaKHM I1aCJIep;CTBHHM, KaK 6YP;TO 6:bI J(araBap He
cy ecTBaBaJI C caMara Ha'IaJIa (CM. II. 3 CT. 127 fR). Op;Ha-
Ka H 3TaT CJIyqaH aTJIH'IaeTClI aT paCTapmeHHH, H60 aHa aCHa-
BaHa Ha BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHHH ap;HOH H3 CTapaH, B TO. BpeMH Ka:R
I1aJIameHIIe 0.6 YTpare I1pJIffOMa'IHH aT p;aHHara BaJIeH3'bHBJIe-:
HHH He 3aBHCHT. " . '
B). HaKaHen;, I1peItpa eHHe, p;araBapa C calVIOr<:> Ha'IaJIa
MomeT 6:bITb B:bI3BaHa ,3aKJIIO'I;eHHeM, CTapaHaMH RQBara p;ara
Bapa. ::ha, UMeHyeTcR p;o.ro.Bo.Po.M 0. pac:-':o.RmeHIJH (BCTpe'l;H:bIM
Aara apaMl. IIpH Ca6JII01.1JJHHH'fpe6QBaHHH 3aKaHa CTapaHbJ
BIIaJIHe,CBa6ap; Jd arrpe,n;eJIHTb cap;epmaHHe p;aHHara p;araBo-
pa, ap;HaKa era 3aKJIIO'IeHHe 1:W p;omKHa HapYllIaTb I1paB TpeTb-
IIX JII:IJ;t;, (pemeHHe BepxaBHara ,cyp;a aT, 21 <peBpaJIH 1963 r.).
OT paCTapmeHHH, I1peP;YCMO'fpeHHaro fR, p;aI,lHbIH HHCTHTYT
aTJIH'Iae'J;CHi TeM, 'ITa 3p;eCb nea6xo}:WMO: BaJIeH3.'h BJIeHHe (l6
rrx cTapoH.
. ' ,
" 86. ' ri p'aBo. paCTo.pmeHH " YCTaH BJIeH Oe 'Aor Bo.Po.M. IIo
CKOJIbRY p;ellcTBHe pa(1TapmeHHHi nopamp;aerCH, ilaJIeH3'bHBJIe
HHeM ap;HaH CTapaHbI, aHa AaJImJ;Ia a€)JIap;aTh caQTBerCTBYIO-
ru;HM I1paBaM, KaTapae AeJIaeT paCTapmeHHe Ba3MamHbIM. AaH-
Hae rrpaBO MameT Ba3HHKaTb Ha aCBOBe p;araBapa CTapaH (CM.
Cr. 540 fR) H ,Ha3bIBaeTCH npaBOM paCTo.pmeHIlJl, YCTaHo.B-
;IeHIII>lM p;o.ro.Bo.Po.M. B Ka!1eCTBe npUMepaB lIfOmHa Ha3BaTL
npaBa paCTapmeHHH I1YTeM Ba3Bpa eHH& 3ap;aTKa (CM.
CT. 557 fI'{) IDIH I1pa:BQ pacrapmeHHH I1YTeM BbIKYIla
(CM. CT, 57,9 fR).
TIpaBa paCTapm HHH, YCTaHaBJIeHHae, p;oraBapaM, He a6H-
3aTeJIbHa p;aJImHa 6bLT.b aa<p:HKCllpaBaHa B ap;HaM H3 nYHKTaB
aCHaBHa;ra p;araBapa, a MameT B03HHKaTb H f[a aCHaBaHHB
45
p;pyroro ,lI;OrOBOpa, 3aRJIroQeHHOrO rr03iRe (CJIe,ll;yeT YlfHTbI-
B3Tb, O,ll;HaRO, oc06oe rrOJIOiReHHe, YCTaHaBJIHBaeMOe CT. 579
rH, CM.: 06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHoe rrpaBO - 104).
IIpH rrpaBe paCTOpiReHHH, YCTaHOBJIeHHOM ,lI;orOBOpOM, OT-
CYTCTByeT rrpaBO Tpe60BaHHH B03Mern;eHHH yrn;ep6a BCJIe,ll;CT-
BHe HeHCrrOJIHeHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa rro rrpHlfHHe paCTOpiReHHH
,lI;orOBopa (CM. rr. 2 CT. 557).
87. 3mwHHoe npaBO pacTOpmeHHJI B03HHRaeT Ha OCHOBe
COOTBeTcTByrorn;HX rrOJIOiI\eHHH 33ROHO,ll;aTeJIbCTBa. IIpHMeHH-
TeJIbHO R pa3JIHlfHbIM BH,lI;aM ,lI;OrOBopOB rrpe,ll;YCMOTpeHbI CBOH
CrreIJ,H<pH'IeCRHe RaTeropHH rrpaBa paCTOpiReHHH, 06rn;HM iRe
OCHOBaIIHeM B03HHRHOBeHHH 3aROHHoro rrpaB3 paCTopmeHHH
,lI;JIH Bcex BH,lI;OB ,lI;orOBopOB HBJIHeTCH HeHCrrOJIHeHHe 06H3a-
TeJIbCTBa. O,ll;HaRO, RaR YRa3bIBaJIOCb paHee, 06rn;ee rrOHHTHe
HeHcrrOJIHeHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa BRJIrolfaeT TPH BH,lI;a: rrpocpOlfRY
HCrrOJIHeHHH, HerrOJIHOe HCrrOJIHeHHe H HeB03MOiRHOCTb HCrrOJI-
HeHHH. COOTBeTCTBeHHO pa3JIHlfaroTcH H OCHOBaHHH B03HHRHO-
BeHHH 3aROHHoro rrp3Ba paCTOpiReHHH. HpOMe Toro, CY,lI;e6HaH
rrpaRTHRa rrpH3HaeT B03HHRHoBeHHe rrpaBa paCTOpiReHHH Ha
OCHOBaHHH H3MeHHBllIHXCH 06CTOHTeJIbCTB. CJIe,ll;yeT YRa3aTb
TaR me H Ha TaRYlO ,lI;HCR.YCCHOHHYro rrp06JIeMY, RaR npH3Ha-
HHe rrpaB3 ,lI;OJIiRHHRa Ha pacTopiI\eHHe ,lI;orOBopa Ha OCHOBa-
lIHH rrpocpOlfRH Rpe,ll;HTOpa B rrpHHHTHH.
1) B03HHRHoBeHHe 3aROHHoro rrpaBa paCTopmeHHH Ha
OCHOBaHHH npocpolfRH HcnO HeHHJI CJIe,ll;yeT paCCMaTpHBaTb
rrpHMenHTeJIbHO R ,lI;BYM BH,lI;aM rrpOCpOQRH HenOJIHeHHH.
a) OObilfHaJl npocpolfRa HcnO HeHHJI. 3,l1;eCb rrpaBO pac-
TOpmelTHH B03HHRaeT rrOCJIe COOTBeTCTBYIOrn;eIO rrpe,ll;yrrpemJ],e-
HHH ROHTpareHTa 0 HeHcrrOJIHeHHH HM 06H3aTeJIbCTBa B
TelfeHHe cpORa, YRa3aHHoro B ,lI;aHHOM rrpe,ll;yrrpeiR,lI;eHHH
(CT. 541 rH). IIpH npHMeHeHHH 3Toro rrOJIOiReHHH B03HHRaeT
pH,lI; rrp06JIeM.
Bo-rrepBblx, rrORyrraTeJIb ,lI;OJIiReH rrpe,ll;yupe,ll;HTb rrpO,ll;aBIJ,a
o He06xo,ll;HMOCTH HCrrOJIHeHHH, orrpe,ll;eJIHB ,lI;JIH HCrrOJIHeHHH
paaYMHhIii CpOK, rrpo,ll;OJIiRHTeJIbHOCTb ROToporo 3aBHCHT OT
ROHRpe HoH cHTyaIJ,HH H orrpe,ll;eJIHeTCH cO,ll;epmaHHeM 06H3a-
TeJIbCTBa, a TaRiRe 06bIlfaHMH H rrpHHIJ,HrroM ,lI;06pOH BOJIH. IIo-
CROJIbRy rrpe,ll;rroCbIJIROH B03HHRHOBeHHH rrpaBa paCTOpiReHHH
HBJIHeTCH HacTyrrJIeHHe cpoRa HCrrOJIHeHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa,
CpOR, orrpel!;eJIHeMbIH B rrpel!;yrrpem,ll;eHHH, HClfHCJIHeTCH He
cpa3Y C l\IOMeHTa HacTyrrJIeHHH cpORa HCrrOJIHeHHH, a BRJIro-
46
.meT R CeOH II BpeMH P;JIH OCYlI\eCTBJIeHIIH nop;rOTOBKII K IIC-
110JIHeHIIIO. TpYP;HocTb me COCTOIIT B TOM, 'ITO npH HeonpaB-
IWHHO KOpOTKOM cpOKe HeHCHO, p;OJImeH JIll B nOBTopHOM
I1pep;yrrpemp;eHIIII onpep;eJIHTbCH HOBblH CpOK IIJIII no IICTelIe-
HIIII p;eHCTBIIT8JIbHO He06xop;IIMOrO BpeMeHII CTopOHa [QmeT
uenocpep;CTBeHHO nplIcTynlITb K paCTopmeHHIO p;orOBopa. Cy-
,a:e6HaH npaKTIIKa Tpe60BaJIa nOBTopHoro npep;ynpemp;eHIIH,
n C ee TOlIKOH 3peHIIH corJIarnaJIHCb KpynHble cneD;lIaJIIICTbI B
06JIaCTII rpamp;aHCKoro npaBa. Op;HaKO BnOCJIep;CTBIIII B cyp;e6-
HOll npaKTHKe Bce 60JIee OTlIeTJIIIBO HalIaJIa npOHBJlHTbCH npo-
TIIBOnOJIOmHaH TeHp;eHD;IIH (CM. perneHlIe BepXOBHoro cyp;a
OT 2 lj>eBpaJIH 1927 r.). BOJIee Toro, CTaJIa nplI3HaBaTbCH B03-
MomHOCTb HeMep;JIeHHOrO paCTopmeHIIH p;orOBopa B CJIYlIae
xymn3HcTBa KBapTlIpOC'beMlI\IIKa (perneHlIe BepxoBHoro cyp;a
OT 25 anpeJIH 1952 r.) .
BO-BTOpbIX, nOCKOJIbKY OCHOBaHlIeM P;JIH npOCpOlIKII IIcrrOJI-
HeHIIH p;OJImHO 6bITb HelICnOJIHeHHe 06H3a TeJIbCTBa npo:a;aB-
l\OM, Tpe6yeTcH, lIT06bI npOCpOlIKa IICnOJIHeHIIH npOlI30rnJIa
110 BIIHe p;OJImHIIKa IIJIII HBHJIaCb 6bI CJIep;CTBlIeM He3aKOHHoro
,a:ellcTBIIH C ero CTOpOHbI. 8TII Tpe60BaHIIH npep;CTaBJIHIOT co-
60ll YCJIOBHH npOCpO'lKII HCnOJIHeHHH B 06lI\eM nJIaHe, npHMe-
HHTeJIbHO me K paCCMaTplIBaeMOMY Bonpocy nop;06Hoe 03Ha-
'meT, lITO rrplI HaJIlIlIlI1I y CTOpOH npaBa B03pameHIIH B OTHO-
rneHIIH op;HOBpeMeHHoro HCnOJIHeHIIH paCTopmeHlIe p;orOBopa
He MomeT 6bITb OCYlI\eCTBJIeHO 6e3 npep;OCTaBJIeHHH HCnOJIHe-
HIIH co6CTBeHHoro 06H3aTeJIbCTBa. IIpH TOJIKOBaHHII KOHKpeT-
HOll clITyaD;1I1I paCTopmeHIIH p;orOBopa He06xop;IIMO TlI\aTeJIb-
Hoe 1I3Y'IeHlIe n031ID;IIH 06elIx CTOpOH. TaR, cTopoHa, HaMepe-
BaIOlI\aHCH pacToprHYTb p;oroBop, B TelIeHlIe cpoKa, onpep;e
JIeHHOrO B cooTBeTcTBYIOlI\eM npep;ynpemp;eHHH KOHTpareHTY,
1I0JImHa caMa HaXOp;IITbCH B rOTOBHOCTII K HCnOJIHeHIIIO. AaH-
Hoe Tpe60BaHlIe, op;HaKO, HecnpaBep;JIIIBO npH Hep;06poCOBeCT-
HOCTH KOHTpareHTa, n03TOMY nOCJIe npe)J;JIOmeHIIH IICnOJIHe-
UHH CTopOHa MomeT IICnOJIb30BaTb onpep;eJIeHHOe BpeMH Ha
Dop;rOTOBffY K HCnOJIHeHHIO co6CTBeHHoro 06H3aTeJIbCTBa (pe-
UIeHlIe BepXOBllOro cyp;a OT 28 aBrYCTa 1959 r.). ECJIII me
IWHTpareHT He npOCTO npOCpOlIlIJI HCnOJIHemIe, a npHMO OTKa-
3aJICH OT Hero, JIHD;O, Cp;eJIaBrnee COOTBeTCTBYIOlI\ee npep;ynpem-
):(eHHe 06 HCnOJIHeHIIH, MomeT, IICXOP;H 1I3 nplIHl\lIna P;06POH
COBeCTH, COKpaTIITb c06cTBeHHoe npep;OCTaBJIeHlIe IICnOJIHeHIIH,
a B onpep;eJIeHHbIX CJIYlIaHX p;aHHoro npep;OCTaBJIeHIIR: He Tpe-
6yeTcH BOBce (CM. perneHHe BepXOBHoro cyp;a OT 22 MapT3
1966 r.).
47
B-TpeTbHX, rrpaBO paCTOpmeHHH B03HHRaeT rrpH HeHCrrOJl
HeHHH ROHTpareHTOM 06H3aTeJlbCTBa B rrpe eJlax CpORa, YRa-
3aHHOro B rrpe yrrpem eHlIH 06 HCrrOJlHeHHH. O HaRo rrpH
OTCYTCTBHH BOJIelI3'bHBJleHHH 0 paCTopmeHHH H B cJlyqae
rrpe OCTaBJIeHHH co CTOpOHbI ROHTpareHTa, BRJlIOqalO erO :it
B03Me eHHe y ep6a BCJIe CTBHe 'rrpOCpOqRH HCrrOJlHeHHH,
rrpaBO aHHYJIHpOBaHlIH C'lHTaeTCH rrpeRpa eHHLIM.
B-qeTBep'l'bIX, cy ecTByeT rrpOCpO'lRa HCnOJlHeHHH JIHillb
qaCTlI 06H3aTeJlbCTBa. ECJlH HCrrOJIHeHHe qaCTH 06H3aTeJlbCTBa
TOJlbKO 'laCTlI'IHO OCTHraeT eJlH 06H3aTeJlbCTBa, paCTopme-
JIHe orOBopa B OTHOIlleHHH OCTaBilleMCH qaCTH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa
B03MOII\H0. ECJIH me qaCTHqHOe HCrrOJlHeHHe He o6eCrreqHBaeT
p;OCTHmeHHH HHRaRHX eJIeM 06H3'aTeJI:bCTBa, paCTopmeHHe
B03MomHO B OTHOIlleHHH Bcero 06H3aTeJIbCTBa B eJIOM. ECJIlI
me OCTaBIllaHCH qaCTb 06H3aTeJIbCTBa RpaMHe He3HaqIITeJIbHa
rro cpaBHeBHlO C 06 HM 06'beMOM 06H3aTeJIbCTBa,paCTopme-
HHe B OTHOIlleHHH oCTaBllfeMcH qaCTH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa He O-
rrYCRaeTCH. l(aHHoe IlOJlOmeHHe aHaJIOrHqHO perYJIHpOBaHHlO
rrpaBa B03pameHHH B OTH'OIlleHHII O HOBpeMeHHoro HCrrOJIHe-
HHH H OCHOBbIBaeTCH Ha Tpe60BaHHHX' I1pHH Hna p;06POMCO-
BeCTH.
6) llpOCpO'lKa HCnOJlHeHlUI oOS3aTeJlbCTBa, TpeoYIO el'o
CBoeBpeMetlHoro HCnOJlHeHHH. R <)TOM RaTeropHH 06J13aTeJIbCTB
OTHOCHTCH Te, HCrrOJIHeHHe ROTOpLIX C rrpOCpOqROM HCKJIlO'laeT
)l,JIH Rpe HTOpa ;a;OCTHmeHHe eJIeM o6H3aTeJIbCTBa. IIo 06Horo
po a o6H3aTeJIbCTBa co epmaT, HarrpHMep, OroBOpbI 0 rrpe o-
CTaBJIeHHH 6JIlO JIH TOpmeCTBeHOrO 6aHReTa, BeToB P;JIH
BPyqeHHH OT'be3maro HM, BeepoB, BpyqaeMbIX' ToproBI1.eM
CBOHM rrOCTOHHHblM RJlHeHTaM B Ra'leCTBe rro apRa no CJIY'lalO
npa3)J.BHRa BOH *, II T. tr: Bo Bcex <)THX CJIyqaHX HCnOJlHeHHe
o6H3aTeJIbCTBa B03MOmHOTOJIbRO B CpOR. IIoCROJIbRY 3 eCb
HarrpaBJIeHHe npelU'npemp;eHHH 06 HCnOJIHeHHH C npe OCTaB-
neHHeM ROHTpareHTY OnOJIHHTeJIbaOro cpORa AJIH HCrrOJIHe-
HHH 6eCCMbICJIeHHO, TO paCTopmemte]J;orOBopa onYCRaeTCH
oe3 YRa3aHHoro npep;ynpem;a:eHHH (CT. 542 fR). IIOMHMO P;O-
rOBopOB, KOTopbIe fR OTHOCHT R <)TOM KaTeropHH, HCXO)J.H H3
ca IOro HX xapaKTepa, B Hee BXt>P;HT Te, ROTopbIe onpe eJIeHbI
TaROBbIMR BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHHeM CTOpOH. B HayRe nepBaH rpynna
rrOJIY'IHJIa Ha3BaHHe C eJlOR, a6COJIIOTHO Tpe6YIOIU;Hx CBOeBpe-
* IIpa31!;HHIt BOH perYJIJIpHO OTMe'IaeTCJI B HnOHHH B Cepel!;HHe
Cel!;hMoro MeCJIIIa IIO JIYHHOMY KaJIeHl!;apIO (mo'JIb) H IIO TpatJ;HD;HH co-
npOBOml!;aeTCJI 06MeHoM nO)J,apKaMH. -llpuM. nepeu.
48
MeHHoro IICrrOJIHeHIIJI, a BTopaff - C)J;eJIOR, OTHOCUTeJIbHO Tpe-
6ylO ux CBoeBpeMeHHoro UCrrOJIHeHUJI. KpOMe HeOOXO)J;UMOCTII
npe)J;yrrpem)J;eHUH, K paCTopmeHUIO )J;aHHoro BUAa )J;orOBopOB
npe)J;'bHBJIHIOTCH Bce Te TpeOOBaHUH, KOTOP])Ie rrpe)J;YCMOTpeHbI
1\ OTHOllieHUU OObIqHOH rrpOCpoqKU.
2) B03HuKHoBeHue 3aKOHHoro rrpaBa pacTopmeHuH Ha
OCHOBaHlIU HerrOJIHOro UCrrOJIHeHUJI. AaHH])IH CJIyqaH He Tpe-
oyeT rrpe)J;BapUTeJI])HOrO HarrpaBJIeHUH rrpe)J;yrrpem)J;eHUH 00
HCrrOJIHeHUU (CT. 543 rK), qTO aHaJIOrU'lHO cUTyan;UII HeB03-
!MOmHOCTU UCrrOJIHeHUH rro BUHe )J;OJImHUKa )J;O HacTyrrJIeHUa
cpOKa UCrrOJIHeHUH. rK rrpHMO rOBopUT JIUlli]) 0 B03HUKHOBe-
HUU rrpaBa paCTopmeHIIH rrplI qaCTU'lHOH HeB03MomHOCTU
MCrrOJIHeHIIH, O).\HaKO rrplI B03MOiRHOCTlI pa3)J;eJIeHIIH npe).\MeTa
]];OrOBOpa paCTopmeHlIe )J;orOBopa B03MomHO JIlIlli]) B qaCTII,
COOTBeTC-TBYIOm;eH HeB03MomHOCTlI IICrrOJIHeHIIH, II, KpOMe
Toro, rrplI He3Ha'lII'IeJIbHOCTII qaCTII )J;orOBopa, IICnOJIIIeHlIe
KOTOpOH HeB03MomHO, qaCTlIqHOe paCTopmeHlIe He )J;orryc-
KaeTCH.
88. Ocy eC'IBJIeHHe rrpaoa pacTOpmeHHJI.
1) II paBO pacTOpmeHIIH peaJIlI3yeTcH BOJIeII3'hBBJIeHHeM
B OTHOmeHHJf KOHTpareHTa (rr. 1 CT. 540 rK). By).\y'IlI ocy-
eCTBJIeHH])IM, rrpaBo paCTopmeHUH He MomeT 0])11']) OT03BaHO
(rr. 2 CT. 540 rR). 8TO CBH3aHO C TeM, qTO rrpaBO Ha paCTOp-
meHHe OTHOCHTCH K KaTeroplUI rrpaB Ha <pOpMupOBaHlIe rrpaBO-
OTHOllieHIIH (CM.: 06 aH 'laCTb - 138) II, nOCKOJIbKY peaJIII-
3an;IIH ).\aHHoro rrpaBa eCTeCTBeHH])IM 00pa30M BbI3bIBaeT
npaBOBbIe rrOCJIe)J;CTBIIH, CBOOO)J;H])IH OT3])IB rrpaBa paCTopme-
HHH MOT ObI rrplIBeCTII K HapYllieHIIIO IIHTepeCOB KOHTpareRTa.
2) B rropH)J;Ke TOJIKOBaHIIH CqIITaeTCH, qTO peaJIlI3an;IIH
rrpaBa paCTopmeHIIH He MomeT 6bITb YCJIOBHoii. 8TO CBH3aHO
C He).\orrYCTIIMOCT])IO YCTaHOBJIeHIIH YCJIOBIIH B OTHOllieHIIU
O)J;HOCTOpOHHIIX C)J;eJIOK II C TeM, qTO rrO)J;OOBoe rrOJIomeHlIe
rrplIBeJIO 0])1 K Heorrpe)J;eJIeHHOCTII rrpaBOOTHOllieHIIH II HeHa)J;-
JIemam;eH HeB])Iro).\e )J;JIH KOHTpareHTa. AaHHoe rrOJIOmeHlIe
3HaJIOrU'CJHO 3a'CJeTY, KOTOp])IH'TaKiRe lie ).\orrycKaeT KaKIIX 0])]
TO HII O])IJIO YCJIOBIIH (CM. rr. 1 CT. 506 fR). O)J;HaKO rrplI Ha-
IIpaBJIeHIIH KOHTpareHTY rrpe)J;yrrpem)J;eHIIH 00 IICrrOJIHeHIIB
)J;orOBOp CqlIraeTCH paCToprHYTbIM II 6e3 rrOBTopHoro BOJIe-
1I3'hHBJIeHIIH 0 paCTopmeHIIH, eCJIII KOHTpareHT He ocym;ec-TBIIJI
HCrrOJIHeHlIe 00H3aTeJI])CTBa B TeqeHlIe O)J;HOH He)J;eJIII rrOCJIe
YKa3aHHOTO rrpe).\yrrpem)J;eHIIH.
3) II plI MHomeCTBeHHOCTII JIlIn; B )IOrOBO pe rrplI3HaHlIe
4 3aKaa NIl 1264
49
apaBa paCTOpmeHHH JIHlIIb 3a 'laCTbIO JIHU; npHBeJIO 6bI H 'lpe3
MepHOH 3anYTaHHOCTH npaBOOTHOllIeHHH, n08TOMY fK YCTa
HaBJIHBaeT, 'lTO B CJIY'lae MHOmeCTBeHHOCTH JIHU; Ha CTOpOHe,
paCTOpraIOru;eH .u;orOBOp, paCTOpmeHHe .u;OJImHO ocyru;eCT-
BJIHTbCH 0'1' HJl.IeHH HX Bcex, a B CJIY'lae MHomeCTBeHHOCTH JIHU;
Ha CTopOHe, Ha HOTOPYIO HanpaBJIeHO npaBO paCTopmeIIHH,-
no OTHOllIeHHIO HO BceM .u;aHHbIM JIHu;aM (n. 1 CT. 544 fK).
8TO Ha3bIBaeTCH npHHU;HnOM Hepaa.u;eJIbHOCTH npaBa paCTOp-
meHHH. IIpH npeKpa eHHH npaBa paCTopmeHHH B OTHOlIIeHHH
o.u;Horo H3 MHomeCTBa JIHI npaBO paCTopmeHHH npeHparu;aeTCH
.u;JIH Bcex JIHU; (n. 2 CT. 544 fK), H Ha060poT, npH B03HHKHO-
BeHHH npaBa paCTopmeHHH B OTHOlIIeHHH o.u;I-IQro H3 MIIOJIW.
CTBa JIIII .u;aHHoe npaBO B03HHKaeT .u;,llH Bcex JIHU;.
89. llOCJIe.u;cTBHH paCTopmeHHH. PacTOprKeHHe npHBO,!l;HT
K TOMY, 'lTO .u;orOBOp C'lHTaeTCH Hecyru;eCTBYIOru;HM C caMoro
Ha'laJIa, o.u;HaHO npH aTOM npH3HaeTCH 06HaaHHOCTb B03Meru;e-
HHH yru;ep6a, npH'lHHeHHoro B pe3YJIbTaTe HeHCnOJIHeHHH 06H-
3aTeJIbCTBa.
1) IIpH3HaIIHe .u;orOBopa Hecy eCTBYIO HM C caMoro Ha-
'laJIa 03Ha'laeT npeHpa eHHe B nopH.u;Ke 06paTHoro .u;eHCTBHH
Bcex npaBOBbIX nOCJIe.u;CTBHH, B03HHKlIIHX H3 .u;orOBopa. Pac-
CMOTpHM .u;aHHbIH Bonpoc Ha npHMepe .u;orOBopa, HynJIH-npO-
.u;amH no.u;p06Hee.
IIpH paCTopmeHHH .u;orOBopa B YCJIOBHHX, Hor.u;a HH npo.u;a-
nen; A, IUI nOHynaTeJIb B He npHcTynHJIH H HCnOJIHeHHIO 06H-
3aTeJIbCTB, A oCB060m.u;aeTcH OT 06H3aHHocTH no nepe)I;a'le B
npaBa c06cTBeHHocTH Ha Beru;b, a B - OT YIIJIaTbI nOKynHoH
u;eHbI. 06H3aHHocTb me no H03Meru;eIIHIO co CTOpOHbI JIHn;a,
OTBeTCTBeHHoro 3a C03,!{aHHe OCHOBaHHH .u;JIH paCTopmeHHe
.u;orOBopa, COCTaBmreT npe.u;MeT oc060ro paCCMOTpeHHH.
TaH, eCJIH A paCTopraeT .u;orOBOp B YCJIOBHHX, HOr)I;a, IIe-
CMOTpH Ha HCnOJIHeHHe HM CBoero c06cTBeHHoro 06H3aTeJIb-
CTBa, B He HCnOJIHHJI OOII3aTeJIbCTBa no ynJIaTe nORynHoH
n;eHbl, TO B 06H3aH BepHYTb A nOJIY'leHHYIO Beru;b, TaR KaK y
Hero He 6bIJIO OCHOBaHHii AJIH ee npH06peTeHHH. ECJIH iRe A
paHee nOJIY'lHJI 'laCTb .u;eHemHoH CYMMbI, OH TaKme )I;OJImeH
BepHYTb ee B, 'lTO Ha3bIBaeTCH BOCCTaHOBJIeHUeM npemHero
nOJIc.meHHH Ha OCHOBaHHH paCTopmeHHH )I;orOBopa (n. 1
CT. 545 fK). ECJIH me npe.u;MeTOM HynJIH-IIpo.u;amH 6bIJIa He-
.u;BHiRHMOCTb H ocyru;eCTllJIeHa ee perHCTpaIJ;HH Ha HMH B HJIH
peaJIbHaH nepe.u;a'la, TO B HeceT 06H3aHHOCTb no COTpY)I;HH'le-
CTBY B .u;eJIe BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH npemHero nOJIOmeHHH. IIpe)I;cTa-
5(:
BHTeJIH' HaYRH rpam)J;aHCKOro npaBa He npHnIJIH R e)J;HHOMY
MHeHHIO no Bonpocy 0 H3H Mem)J;y 06H3aHHOCTbIO BOCCTaHOB-
JIeHHH upemnero UOJIOmeHHH H H3MeHeHHeM Be HbIX npaB.
PH)J; y'IeHbIX YTBepm)J;aIOT, 'ITO UpH paCTopmeHHH )J;orOBopa
RYUJIH upO)J;amH uepeIlIel llIee R E upaBO c06CTBeHHOCTH He
B03Bpa aeTCH R A caMO uo ce6e, a B03HHRaeT JIHilib 06H3aH-
HOCTb B uo B03Bpa eHHIO A upaBa c06cTBenHocTH. )J;pyraH
ROHu.eUIJ;HH, uO)J;)J;epmHBaeMaH cy)J;e6HoH upaRTHRoH, B IlOpH)J;-
Re TOJIROBaHHH rR OTpnu;aeT He06xo)J;HMOCTb caMOCTOHTeJIb-
Horo BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHHH uo nOBO)J;y H3MeneHHH Be HbIX upaB n
C'IHTaeT, 'ITO, UOCROJIbRY upn paCTopmeHHH )J;orOBopa RYUJIH-
npO)J;aiRH Ha B B03JIaraeTCH 06H3aHHOCTb no B03BpaIl enHIO
npaHa c06CTBeHHOCTH, nOCTOJIbRy me B Ra'IeCTBe npaBOBoro
nOCJIe)J;CTBHH B03JIOmeHHH Ha B YRa3aHHOH 06H3aHHOCTH R A
B03Bpa aeTCH H npaBO co6cTBeHHocTH (pellieHne BepxoBHoro
cY)J;a OT 17 MaH 1922 1'.). 3)J;ecb pacTopmeHHe )J;orOBopa
ne OTJIH'IaeTCH 0'1' ero aHHymlpoBanHH no RaRHM-JIH60 npH-
'IHHaM.
ITo i)TOH ROnIJ;enIJ;HH UpH nepe)J;a'le Be H B TpeTbeMY JIHI Y
)J;O pacTopmenHH )J;orOBopa RynJIH-npO)J;amH rrOJIY'laeTCH, 'ITO
ono B pe3YJIbTaTe paCT0l'meHHH )J;orOBopa TaRme TepHeT rrpa-
BO Ha )J;aHHYIO Be b. fR me C'IHTaeT, 'ITO paCTopmeHlIe )J;oro-
Bopa He )J;OJImno pacnpOCTpaHHTb Ha TpeTbe JIHIJ;O conpHmeH-
HbIX C i}THM neBblrO)J;, nO;JTOMY on H yCTaHaBJIHBaeT npaBlIJIO,
'ITO paCTopmeHlle )J;orOBopa He )J;OJImHO napYIlIaTb upaB TpeTb-
lIX JIHIJ; (orOBopRa n. 1 CT. 545 rR, lICRJIIO'IenH8 COCTaBJIHIOT
rrOCJIeJI,CTBHH aHHYJIHpOBRHHIl Ha OCHOBaHlIH He)J;eecnoco6-
nocTH). ITo rR B )J;aHHoH cHTyaIJ;lIH npaBO c06cTBeHHoeTlI
B03Bpa aeTCH R A JIlIllib nplI HaJIlI'IlIlI YCJIOBlIH, lICRJIIO'IaIO-
HX npe)J;'bHBJIeHlIe npeTeH3HH co CTOpOHbI TpeTbHX JIlIIJ; (He-
ocymeCTBJIenlIe perHCTpaIJ;lIH lIJIlI peaJIbHOH nepe)J;a'llI).
ITpH RynJIe-npo)J;ame, HanplIMep, nlI eBbIX npO)J;YRTOB,
ROTOpbIe ORa3aJIHCb nOTpe6JIenHbIMlI nORyuaTeJIeM, HJIH co-
BepmeHlIlI orrpe)J;eJIeHHOH pa60TbI B nopH)J;Ke HCnOJIHeHHH )J;O-
rOBopa rrO)J;pH)J;a B03Bpan eHlIe peaJIbHOH Be lI B pe3YJIbTaTe
pacTopmeHHH )J;oroBopa neB03MomHO. Ha npaIiTHRe 8TO CJIY-
'IaeTCH RpaHHe pe)J;RO, O)J;EIaRO C TeOpeTH'IeCROP TO'lRH 3peHHH
B03HIIRHOBeHlIe nO)J;06HOH ClITYaI HlI BnOJIHe B03MOmHO.
BMeCTO peaJIbHbIX Be eH B )J;aHHOH clITyaIJ;HU )J;OJImHa 6bITb
B03Bpa eHa HX )J;eHemHaH CTOlIMOCTb.
Ha1I60JIee 'IaCTO B PC3YJIbTaTe paCTopmeHlIH )J;orOBopa
B03Bpa aeTCH nORynHaH IJ;eHa. 06bI'IITO 8TO CJIY'laeTCH, Kor)J;a
nORynaTeJIb ynJIaTHJI )J;enbrlI 1I He nOJIY'llIJI 0'1' npO)J;aBIJ;a TO-
4*
51
Bap. TYT npO,o:aBen;, nOMHMO nOJIY'IeHHOH CYMMbI, 06H3aH Bep'-,
HYTb H npOn;eilTbI C MOMenTa nOJIYtJ;eHHH ,o:aHHOH CYMMbI (H. 2.
CT. 545 rR),
2) I1pH pacTOpmeHHH ,o:oroBopa CTopOHa, OTBeTCTBeHHaH
3a HeHcno.1J:HeHHe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, HeceT 06H3aHHocTb no B03-,
MerqeHHID yrqep6a (n. 3 CT. 545 rR). TeOpeTH'IeCRH, no-
CROJIbRy B peaYJIbTaTe paCTOpmeHHH nOCJIei'J,CTBHH ,o:orOBopa:,
npeRparqaIDTcH C 06paTHoH CHJIOH, ,o:OJImHbI npeRparqaTbCH R.
nOCJIe,o:CTBHH HeHCnOJIHeHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa. Oi'J,HaRO npaRTH-
Ra n03BOJIHeT He pacnpOCTpaHHTb nOCJIe,o:CTBHH paCTOpmeHHJI
Ha 06H3aHHOCTb no B03:r,{erqeHHIO yrqep6a (CM. pemeHHe Bep-
XOBHOI'O cY)I,a OT 24 weBpaJIH 19331',).
I1pH paCCMOTpeHHH CBH3H Me1i\,o:y paCTOpmeHHeM H B03Me-
rqeHHeM yrqep6a CJIe,o:yeT Y'IHTbIBaTb CJIe,a:YIDm:ee. Bo-nepBhIx,
yrqep6 npH paCTOpmeHHH ,o:orOBopa 0 npe,a:OCTaBJIeHHH BeIq1l
H3-3a HeHCnOJIHeHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa ,a:OJIiReH HC'IHCJIHTbCH no
IWRaM Ha ,o:aHHYID Berqb B MOMenT paCTopmeHHH ,o:orOBopa,
a He no n;eHaM Ha MOMeHT cpORa HCnOJIHeHHH 06JI3aTeJIbCTBa
(pemeHHe BepXOBHoro cYi'J,a OT 18 ,o:eRa6pH 1953 r.). BO-BTO-
pbIX, pa3Mep oCB060m,o:eHHH JIHn;a, ocyrqecTBHBJIIerO npaBO
paCTOpmeHHH, (:IT 06H3aTeJIbCTBa ,o:OJImeH Y)I,epmHBaTbCH H3
06rqero 06'beMa B03MerqeHH!I yrqep6a. HaripHMep, 6bIJia OCY-
rqecTBJIeHa RynJIH-npo,o:ama TRaHH CTOHMOCTbID B, 100 ThIC.
HeH, o,o:HaRO ,o:orOBOp 6bIJI paCToprHYT TOI',o:a, Ror,o:a npo.a;aBe
erqe He nepe.a;aJI TOBap nORynaTeJIIO, a TOT B CBOID O'Iepe.a;b He
ynJIaTHJI npo,o:aBn;y nORynHYID n;eHY, AonYCTHM, B MOMeHT
paCTOpmeHHH ,o:orOBopa n;eHbI Ha ,o:aHHYID TRaHb pe3RO B03-
pOCJIH H npH HOBbIX n;eHax :na TRaHb yme CTOHJIa 150 TbIC.
HeH. CYMMa B03MerqeHHH ynwp6a, TaRHM 06pa30M, COCTaBHJIa
150 TbIC. HeH, o.a;HaRO H3 ,o:aHHoH CYMMbI CJIe.a;yeT BbPleCTb
tOO ThIC. HeH, T. e. pa3Mep oCB060m.a;eHIIJI OT 06JI3aTeJIbCTBa.
PaccMoTpHM .a;pyrYID cHTyan;HID. AoroBop paCTOpraliJTC}I npo-
)];aBn;OM npH YCJIOBHHX, ROT.a;a n;eHbI ,Ha TRaHb yni:l.JJ.H ,0:0
60 TbIC. HeH, a nORynaTeJIb erqe He YIIJIaTHJI nORynHYIO n;eHY
('100 ').',bIC. HeH). B .a;aHHOM CJIY'Iae C;YMMa B03Mell eHHH yrqep-
68. COCTaBHT 100 TbIC. HeR nJIIDC npOn;eHTbI 3a npOCpO'IRY
(CM. n. 1 CT. 419 rH,), o.a;HaRO H3 ;nOH CYMMbI He06xo.a;I1l\-IO
BbI'IeCTb pa3Mep oCB060m.a;eHHH npo.a;aBn;a OT 06H3aTeJIbCTBa
no npe,o:OCTaBJIeHHID TRaHH B n;eHax no COCTOHHHIO Ha MOMeHT
paCTOpmeHHH ,a:orOBopa, T. e. 60 TbIC. HeH.
3) 06H3aHHOCTb no BOCCTaHOBJIeHHID npemHero 1l0JIOme-
HIIH H no B03MerqeHHID ym:ep6a B pe3YJIbTaTe paCTopmeHIIH
.a;orOBopa MOm8'l' B03JIaraTbCH Ha 06e CTOpOHbI. B ,o:aHHOM c.JIY-
52
qae npHMeHHeTCH nOJIOmeHHe, npe,o;YCMOTpeHHOe B OTHome-
HHH o,o;HOBpeMenHoro HCnOJIHeHHH (CT. 546 rK).
90. Cneo;mpH'IeCIQ!MH OCHOBanHJlMH npeRpaIo;ennJl npaBa
paCTOpmeHHJI HBJIHIOTCH CJIe,o;YIO He:
a) ITpe,o;ynpem,o;eHHe 06 HCnOJIHeHHH co CTOpOHbI ROHTp-
areHTa (CT. 547 rK). ::ho nOJIOmeHHe '1aCTO npHMeHHeTCH npm
IIpaBe paCTopmeHHH, YCTaHOBJIeHHOM ,o;OTOBOpOJ\L
6) IIoBpem,o;eHHe npe,o;MeTa ,o;orOBopa ,o;encTBHeM HJIH' He-
opemHocTblO JIHo;a, 06JIa,o;alO ero npaBOMpaCTopmeHHH, He-
B03MOmHOCTb B03Bpa eHHH Be H, npeBpa eHHe 11M ,o;aHHoit
Be H B ,o;pyrylO B pe3YJIbTaTe nepepa60TKH HJIH peROHCTpYR-
qHH (CT. 548 rK). B ,o;aHHbIX CJIY'laHX B03MomHO BOCCTaHOB-
JIeHHe npemHero nOJIOmeHHH B03Bpa eHHeM CTOHMOCTHoro-
8RBHBaJIeHTa. O,o;HaRO 8TO He C'IHTaeTCH }J;OCTaTO'lHOH oxpaHoit
HHTepeCOB ROHTpareHTa.
B) IIpe}J;JIomeHHe HCnOJIHeHHH nOCJIe B03HHRHOBeHHH npa-
sa paCTopmeHHH Ha OCHOBaHHH npOCpO'lRH HcnOJIHeHHH"
a TaRiRe, B CJIY'Iae MHomecTBeHHOCTH"JIHo; na o}J;Hon H3 CTO-
pOH ,o;orOBopa, npeRpa eHHe, npaBa pacTopmeHHH B OTHome-
HHH O}J;Horo H3 ,o;aHHbIX JIHo;.
r) 'TIpaBo paCTopmeHHH He HBJIHeTCH 06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHbIM;
npaBoM, a npe,o;cTaBJIHeT COOOH O,o;RB. H3 BH,o;OB npaBa Ha q,op-
MHpoBaHHe npaBooTHomeHHH. O,o;Ha1W ,o;aHHoe npaBO He 06JIa-
}J;aeT caMOCTOHTeJIbHbIM, OTJIH'IHbIM OT npaBa aHHYJIHpOBaHHJr
CpOROM cy ecTBoBaHHH, nO::JTOMY CpOR HCROBOH }J;aBHOCTH npa-
Ba Ha paCTopmeHHe COCTaBJIHeT 20 'JIeT (CM. n. 2 CT. 167 rK).
r naB a 10. AOrOBOP AAPEHHSI
91. )J;oroBop ,o;apeHHJI 3aRJIIO'IaeTCH npH BbIpameHHH BOJIH1
O}J;HOH CTOpOHbI (}J;apHTeJIH) 6e3B03Me3}J;Ho nepe,o;aTb on-
pe,o;eJIeHHOe HMy ecTBo ROHTpareHTY H COrJIaCHH Ha 8TO'
ROHTpareHTa (o}J;apHeMoro) ( CT. 549 rK). )J;aHHbIII ,o;orOBOp'
HBJIHeTCH THIIH'IHbIM, 6e3B03Me3,o;HbIM H O,o;HOCTOpOHHHM. B Ra-
TeropHIO ,o;oroBopa ,o;apeHHH BXO,o;HT TaRme B ,o;oroBopbI, 06yc-
JIOBJIHBalO He ,o;apeHHe B03JIOmeHHeM Ha o,o;apHellIOro onpe,o;e-
JIeHHOH OOH3aHHOCTH, He HMelO elI MaTepHaJIbHOrO 3Ha'leHHH.
XOTH rK rOBopHT TOJIbRO 0 6e3B03Me3,o;HoM nepe,o;a'le np:re
,o;apeHHH COOCTBeHHon Be H, rrpH06peTeHHe HMy ecTBa ,o;PY-
rom JIHo;a H nepe,o;a'la ero 0}J;apHeMO'l\1Y TaRme BeP:YT R 3aRJIIO-
1:JeHHID ,o;apeHHH.
53;
TIPH 3aKJIIOQeHHH .u;OrOBOpa .u;apeHHH .u;apHTeJIl, HeCeT 06H-
3alIHOCTl, no nepe.u;a1Je .u;apa. ECJIH iRe npe.u;MeTOM .u;apeHHH
HBJIHeTCH HH.u;HBH.u;yaJIl,HO-onpe.u;eJIeHHaH Bem;l" TO Ha OCHOBa-
HHH .u;orOBopa .u;apeHHJI K op;apHeMoMy B npHHlwne nepexop;HT
H npaBO C06CTBeHHOCTH Ha Hee (CM.: Bem;Hoe npaBO - 10).
IIo<lToMY 06H3aHHocTl, p;apHTeJIH 3aRJII01JaeTCH B peaJIl,HOII
nepep;a1Je p;apa HJIH ee perHcTpan;HH.
92. IIocJIep;cTBHH .u;apeHHH.
1) 3aKJII01JeHHe p;oroBopa p;apeHHH He Tpe6yeT onpep;eJIeH-
HOH <pOPMbI, op;HaKO IIPH p;apeHHH, COBeprneHHOM He B nHCl,-
MeHlIOH <popMe, HeHCIIOJIHeHHaH 1JaCTl, 06H3aTeJIl,CTBa MOiReT
6bITh aHHymlpoBaHa I\aiRp;OH II3 CTOpOH (CT. 550 fR), II no-
<lTOMY JIY1Jrne, eCJIH BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHHe p;apHTeJIH <pHKcHpyeTcH
IIIICl,MeHHO. IIpH p;apeHHH iRe Hep;BHiRHMOCTH B CBH3H C pe-
TIIcTpan;HOHHOH nOllTJIHHOH COCTaBJIHeTCH p;oronop KynJIH-npO-
;n;aiRH. llpH p;apeHHH He Tpe6yeTcH 06H3aTeJIl,HOrO COCTaBJIe-
HIIH p;orOBopa (p;apHTeJIl, MOiReT Bl,Ipa3HTl, CBoe HaMepeHBe
B nIICl,Me, a op;apHeMbIH aKn;eUTOBaTb <lTO B YCTHOH <popMe).
BMeCTe C TeM H B CJIY1Jae p;apeHHH, He o<popMJIeHHOrO nHCl,-
1\leHHO, 3aBeprneHHe HcnOJIHeHHH He MOiReT 6l,ITl, aHHyJIHpO-
BaHO. IIpH p;apeHHH P;BHiRHMOCTH 3aBeprneHHeM HCnOJIHeHHH
1JHTaeTCH peaJIl,HaH nepep;a1Ja p;apa. OTHOCHTeJIl,HO p;apeHHH
Hep;BHiRIIMOCTH 3aBeprueHHeM HCnOJIHeHHH cyp;e6HaH npaRTH-
Ra C1JHTaeT peaJIl,HYIO nepep;a1JY 3p;aHHH, em;e He 3aHeceHHO-
ro B perHCTpan;HOHHl,le KHHrH (perneHHe BepXOBHoro cyp;a OT
27 HHMpH 1956 r.), HJIH perHCTpan;HIO H3MeHeHHH npaBa Ha
lIep;UIIiRHMOCTl" 3aHeceHHYIO B perHCTpan;HOHHbIe KHHrH, p;aiRe
oe3 ee peaJIbHOH nepep;a1JH (perneHHe BepxoBHoro cyp;a OT
26 MapTa 1965 r.).
2) OTBeTCTBeHHocTb p;apHTeJIH. RaKYIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb
neceT p;apIITeJIb npII Ha.'TII1JIIII B Bem;II HJfH npaBe, HBJIHIOm;HX-
CH npep;MeTOM p;apeHHH, nopOKOB HJIH Hep;ocTaTKoB? B cJIY1Jae
;n;apa, npep;CTaBJIeHHOro Bem;l,IO, onpep;eJIeHHOH pOP;OBl,I1\lH
npH3HaKaMH, p;apHTeJIb HeceT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a ero nopORH.
ECJIH iRe p;apOM HBJIHeTCH HHp;HBHp;yaJIl,HO-onpep;eJIeHHaH
Bem;b, TO p;apHTeJIb He HeceT HHKaKOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a
YIliep6, npH1JHHeHHl,IH op;apHeMOMY ee nopOKaMH, 3a HCKJIIO-
'leHUeM CJIY1JaH, Rorp;a p;apUTeJIl, 3HaJI, HO He co06m;HJI 06 <lTHX
IIopOKax (n. 1 CT. 551 fR). BMecTe C TeM npH p;apeHHH, co-
npOBOiRp;aeMOM 06H3aHHocTbIO op;apHeMoro, p;apHTeJIb HeceT
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a Hep;OCTaTKH Bem;H, aHaJIorH1JHYIO OTBeT-
CTBeHHOCTH np<:J,ItaBn;a, B npep;eJIax Toro 06H3aTeJIl,CTBa, ROTO-
1>4
poe nplUIIIMaeT O)J;apHeMbIH (n. 2 CT. 551 rK). ITo 3TOMY
:)CHOBaHlUO YRa3aHHbIH )J;orOBOp )J;apeHlIH CJIe)J;yeT OTHOCIiTh
K RaTeropIIII B03Me3)J;Horo )J;orOBopa (CM. CT. 559 rK).
,-,
93. nOJIOmeHllH B OTHomeHHll oco6b1x BII)J;OB )J;apeHlIH.
1) apeHHe B03JIaralOm;ee Ha o)J;apHeMoro 06J13aHHocTb.,
IJOMIiMO YRa3aHHoH BbIllie OTBeTCTBeHHOCTIi )J;apHTeJIH 3a He-
)J;OCTaTRll Bem;H (rr. 2 CT. 551 fK), Ha )J;aHHbIH Bll)J; )J;apeHllFi
B II,eJIOM pacnpOCTpaHHIOTCH nOJIOmeHllH, npe)J;YCMOTpeHHbIC"
B OTHOilieHlIll )J;BYCTOPOHHllX )J;orOBopOB (CT. 553 rK), a CJIe-
)J;OBaTeJIbHO, ilCnOJIHeHlle O)J;apHeMbIM co6CTBeHHoro 06H3a-
TeJIbCTBa conpOBom)J;aeTCH ero npaBOM B03pameHllH B OTHOIIle-
HIiH O)J;HOBpeMeHHoro llCnOJIHeHllH (CM. CT. 533 rK). Ecmf
rrpn )J;apeHllil llH)J;IlBll)J;yaJIbHO-onpe)J;eJIeHHOH Bem;ll llCnOJIHe-
Hile CTaHOBIiTCH HeB03MomHbIM BCJIe)J;cTBlie Herrpeo)J;OJIIiMOH
CIiJIbI, )J;apllTeJIb MomeT Tpe60BaTb llCnOJIHeHllH TOJIbRO o6H3a-
TeJIbCTBa o)J;apHellwro (CM. CT. 534 rK). O)J;HaRo rrpaBO B03pa-
meHllH B OTHOllIeHllH O)J;HOBpeMeHHoro llCnOJIHeHllH OTCYTCT-
ByeT, eCJIIi )J;apeHlle 06YCJIOBJIeHO npe)J;BapllTeJIbHbIM npe)J;o-
CTaBJIeHlleM )J;apllTeJIeM )J;apa. KpoMe Toro, eCJIIi cO)J;epmaHllC"
o6H3aHHocTH OlI;apHeMoro 3aRJIIOqaeTCH B llCrrOJIb30BaHHH BhI-
rO)J;hI, nOJIY1J:aeMOH llM, B onpeAeJIeHHhIX II,eJIJlx, TO HeB03Mom-
HOCTb llCrrOJIHeHllH )J;apeHllH npllBO)J;HT R HeB03MomHOCTH HC-
nOJIHeHllH 06J13aTeJIhCTBa O)J;apHeMoro.
2) Cp01J:HOe )J;apeHHe. a peHlle, 06YCJIOBJIeHHOe orrpe)J;e-
JIeHHOH )J;aToH, YTpaqllBaeT CBoe )J;eHcTBlie B cXY'lae CMepTn
)J;apllTeJIH llJIIi O)J;apHeMoro (CT. 552 rK).
3) apeHHe B CJIyqae CMepTIi. Oco6eHHOCTb )J;aHHoro Bll)J;a
)J;apeHllH COCTOIiT B TOM, qTO )J;orOBOp 3aRJIIOqaeTCH npll mll3Hll
)J;apllTeJIH, a nOCJIe)J;CTBIiH )J;orOBopa HacTynaIOT nOCJIe era
CMepTH. TaRoe )J;apeHlle perYJIlipyeTcH HopMaMll, RaeaIOm;Il-
MHCH JIeraTa (3aBem;aTeJIbHOrO oTRa3a) (CT. 554 rK). JIeraT
npe)J;CTaBJIHeT C060H O)J;HOCTOpOHHIOIO c)J;eJIRY (CM.: HaCJIe)J;CT-
BeHHoe npaBo - 56) II C TOqRll apeHllH ee xapaRTepa OTJIH-
1J:aeTCH OT )J;apeHllH B cJIY1J:ae cMepTIi. BMecTe C TeM 06m;IlM
AJIH 3TIIX )J;BYX llHCTIiTYTOB JlBJIHeTCH TO, qTO COOTBeTCTBYIO-
m;lle npaBa B03HHRaIOT B CJIyqae CMepTIi )J,d.pllTeJIH, BCJIe)J;CTBllC"
1J:ero )J;aHHbIe OTHOllIeHllH perYJIllpYIOTCH O)J;HIIMII HopMaMH,
XOTH Ha )J;apeHlle B CJIyqae CMepTIi II He pacrrpOCTpaHHIOTCH
rrOJIOmeHIUI B OTHOilieHlI1l <pOpMbI 3aBem;aUIIH (CT. 967 II CJIe)J;.
rK), )J;eecrroco6HOCTIi (CT. 961 rK) II APyrne. 3aBem;aHlle,
He COCTaBJIeHHOe B orrpe)J;eJIeHHOH <popMe, C'IlITaeTCH He)J;eHCT-
BllTeJIbHbIM, a )J;apeHlle B CJIyqae CMepTIi rrpll )J;aHHbIX YCJIO-
55
fBHHX COXpaHHeT )];eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTb. CJIe)];yel' HMeTb B BH)];Y,
"ITO rrOJIOmeHHH, rrpe)];YCMOTpeHHbIe B OTHorneHHH YCJIOBHH
B03HHRHOBeHHH, )];eHCTBHH (CT. 994 rR), 3aROHHOH )];OJIH Ha-
'CJIe)];CTBa (CT. 1028 rR H cJIe)];.), ocym;eCTBJIeHHH JIeraTa
(CT. 991 H CJIe)];. rR) H HHoro, perYJIHpYIOT H )];apeHHe B CJIY-
«Jae CMepTH.
r naB a 11. AOrOBOP KynnH-npOAAH<H
t 1. 0611.\He nonOHCeHHSI
94. ,IJ;oroBop RyrrJIlPrrpo)];amn 3aRJIIO'raeTCH Ha OCHOBaHHH
.ooem;aHHH O)];HOH CTOpOHbI (rrpO)];aBIJ;a) rrepe)];aTb ROHTpareHTY
,HMym;ecTBeHHoe rrpaBO H ooem;aHHH ROHTpareHTa (rroRyrraTe-
.JIH) yrrJIaTHTb 3a 3TO orrpe)];eJIeHHYIO )];eHemHYIO CYMMY
(CT. 555 rR). ]J;aHHbIH BH)]; )];OrOBOpa HBJIHeTCH THrr.II'fHbIM,
-B03Me3)];HbIM H lJ,BYCTOPOHHHM. OcooeHHOCTb RyrrJIH-rrpO)];amH
'COCTOHT B TOM, 'fTO B Ra'feCTBe CTOHMOCTHoro 3RBHBaJIeHTa
:3)];eCb HCrrOJIb3yeTcH yrrJIaTa rroRyrrHoH u;eHbI, Be3 3Toro
.)];OrOBOp OYlJ,eT OTHOCHTbCH B RaTeropHH )];Or01 Opa MeHbI
(CT. 586 rR).
RaR H rrpH )];apeHHH, rrpH )];OrOBOpe RyrrJIH-rrpO)];amH rrpaBO
.coocTBeHHocTH Ha ee rrpe)];MeT rrepeXO)];HT R ROHTpareHTY.
HOpMbI, RacaIOm;HeCH rrpe)];BapHTeJIhHOro corJIarnenHH H
:3alJ,aTRa, npHBe)];eHbI rR B 'faCTH, rrOCBHm;eHHOH )];OrOBOpy
yrrJIH-rrpO)];amH, HOO HaHOOJIee 'faCTO )];aHHble MHCTHTYTbI
rrpHMeHHIOTCH B 3TOM CJIY'fae. O)];HaRO Te me rrOJIOmeHHH rR
acrrpOCTpaHHIOT CBoe )];eHCTBHe H Ha Bce OCTaJIbHble, rrOMHMO
Ryrrmr-rrpO)];amIf, B03Me3)];HbIe )];OrOBOpbI (CT. 559 rR).
B COBpeMeHHOM OOm;eCTBe )];OrOBOp RyrrJIH-rrpo)];amH HaH-
."6OJlee BameH rrpH pacrrpe)];eJIeHHH MaTepHaJIbHbIX u;eHHOCTeH
:H TOBapOOOMeHe. B rrpou;ecce RyrrJIH-rrpO)];amH Ha OCHOBe COOT-
'HOllIeHHH crrpoca H rrpe)];JIOmeHHH cpOpMHPYIOTCH u;eHbI. O)];Ha-
RO, RaR H CBOOO)];a )];orOBOpa B u;eJIOM, CBOOO)];a RyrrJIH-rrpo)];aiRH
'rrOlJ,BepraeTCH pHlJ,Y OrpaHH'feHHH.
1) B CJIYlfae HeXBaTRH TOBapOB rrepBoH HeOOXO)];HMOCTH H
cC03)];aHHH TaROH cHTyaU;HH, rrpH ROTOpOH HX rrpHoope-reHHe
OI>a3bIBaeTCH B03MOiRHbIM TOJIbRO )];JIH 3ROHOMH'feCRH CHJIbHbIX
IfJIeHOB oOm;ecTBa, rocy)];:tpCTBO oepeT yrrpaBJIeHHe MaTepHaJIb-
HbIMH u;eIIHOCTHMH B CBOH PYRH H ocym;eCTBJIHeT TaR Ha3bI-
:BaeMOe HOpMHpOBaHHoe pacrrpe)];eJIeHHe. RaR H3BeCTHO, )];aH-
HaH CHCTeMa )];eMCTBOBaJIa B HnOI-IHH B rO)];bI BTOpOH MHpOBOH
:56
BOHHbI n :a '1'e-qenne nepBoro nOCJIeBOeRHoro ;n;eCHTHJIeTlIH
B 05JIaCTH pacnpe;n;eJleRHH npO;n;OBOJIbCTBeHIIbIX TOBapOB IIep-,
BOH He05xo;n;HMOCTII ;n;o CIIX nop ;n;eHcTByeT 3aIWH 0 KOHTpOJIe'
Ra;n; npOD;OBOJIbCTBHeM 1944 r. (CM. CT. 3 H CJIe;n;. YKa3aHHoro.
3aKoHa), XOTH HeO;n;HOKpaTHO CTaBHJICH Bonpoc 0 ero OTMeHe.
focy;n;apcTBo, perYJIHpYH pacnpe;n;eJIeHlIe MaTepHaJIbHbIX n;eH-
HocTeH, YCTaHaBJlIfBaeT orpaHH'IeRHH B OTHOIIleHHH KOHTp-
areHTOB KynJIII-npO;n;aa\H, KOJIH'IeCTBa npe;n;OCTaBJIHeMbIX no.
;n;orOBOpy MaTepHaJIbHbIX n;eHHocTeH H HX n;eHbI, TO eCTb orpa-
HH'IeHHH pacnpOCTpaHHIOTCH Ha Bce CO;n;epmaHHe ;n;orOBopa
KynJIH-npO;n;amH. ECTeCTBeHHO, 'ITO ;n;aHHble OrpaHH'IeHHH no,
nOBo;n;y MaTepHaJIbHbIX n;eHHOCTeH, B KOTOpbIX o y aJICH He-
;n;OCTaTOK, HaH50JIee IIlHpOKO npHMeHHJIHCb B rO,rt;bI BOHHbI, a B
HaCTOH ee BpeMH TaKOBbIX, KpOMe OrpaHH'IeHHH, npe;n;ycMoT-
peHHbIX 3aKOH01\l 0 perYJIHpOBaHHH ;n;eHemHoro 05pam;eHHa:
1953 1'., He OCTaJIOCb.
2) B cpaBHHTeJIbHO IIlHpOKHX MacIIlTa5ax 05'beKTOM KOHT--
pOJIH rocy;n;apcTBa CTaHOBHTCH n;eHbI ('YKa3 0 KORTpOJIe 33
n;eHaMII 1946 1'., C 1952 I'. npH05peJI CIIJIY 3aKoHa), npJIqe r
He TOJIbKO Ha MarepHaJIbHbIe n;eHHOCTH, HO H CTOHMOCTb IIepe-
B03KH, nJIaTa 3a xpaHeHHe, CTOHMOCTb nepepa50TKH H HHoe.
3) B 3aBHCH1\I0CTH OT xapaKTepa MaTepHaJlbHOH n;eHROCTH
IIJIH ToproBoH C;n;eJIKH orpaHH'IHBaeTCH Kpyr JIHn;, MorY HX
5bITb CTOpOHOH ;n;orOBopa KynJIH-npO;n;amH. IIpHMep IIepBoro'
OCHOBaHHH orpaRH'IeHHH - pa3peIIlHTeJIbHbIH nopH;n;OK npH'
3aKJIIO'IeHHH ;n;orOBopa no nOBo;n;y B3pbIB'IaTbIX Be eC'I'B II
onpe;n;eJIeHHbIX BlI;n;OB Me;n;HKaMeHTOB (CT. 3 H CJIe;n;. 3aKOHa
o KOHTpOJIe 3a BapbIB'IaTbIMH Be eCTBaMH, cr. 5 H CJIe;n;. 3a-
.KOHa 0 KOHTpOJIe 3a HapKOTH'IeCKHMH cpe;n;CTBaMH), a BTOpO-
1'0 - BBe;n;eHHe lIHCTHTYTa 'IJIeHCTBa Ha q,oH;n;oBbIX H HHbIX
5Hpmax (CT. 80 H CJIe;n;. 3aKoHa 0 q,oH;n;oBbIX 5Hpmax, CT. 23
II CJIe;n;. 3a.KOHa 0 TOBapHbIx 5npmax). Tho I\aCaeTCH ceJI:bCI\O-
X03HHcTBeHHbIx aeMeJIb, TO TYT He TOJIbKO HX RynJIH-npO;n;a-
IRa, HO II YCTaHOBJIeHIIe npaBa IIX IICnOJIb30BaHIIH B npIIH-
n;I1rre Tpe5YlOT COOTBeTCTBYIOm;ero pa3perneHUH ry5epHaTopa
rrpeq,eKTYPbI (CT. 3 3aKona 0 CeJIbCKOX03HlIcTBeHHbIx 3eM-
JIHX) .
4) ,n;.lIH npe):(OTBpam;eHHH YCTaHOBJIeHHH l\IOHonOJIbHbIX
u;eH C ;n;aBHHX nop eym;ecTByeT npaKTHKa Bl\IeIIlaTeJIbCTBa 1'0-
cy;n;apcTBa B npou;ecc orrpe;n;eJIeHHH ypOBHH n;eH, Kor;n;a MOHO,
rrOJIbHaH n;eHa onpe;n;eJIHeTCH xapaKTepOM npOH3BO;n;CTBa.
B nepBYIO O'IepeD;b 9TO KacaeTCh 3aKJIIO'IeHHH D;orOBopOB no
nOBOD;y :weKTpo- H ra30CHa6meHJIH (CT. 39 'YI\a3a 0 npe;n;-
57
npHHTHHX OOru;eCTBeHHOrO HHTepeCa, CT. 17 H CJIe)J;. 3aRoHa
o npe)J;npHHTHHX ra30cHaomeHHH).
5) HMeIOTcH CJIY'IaH YCTaHOBJIeHIIH MOHonOJIHH rocY)J;ap-
CTBa Ha onpe)J;eJIeHHbIe C)J;eJIRH, Hcxo)J;Hru;eD: H3 xapaRTepa Ma-
'TepHaJIbHOD: D;eHHOCTH, a TaRme no !fJHHaHcoBbIM cooopame-
HHHM. llpHMepoM nepBoro HBJIHeTCH MOHonOJIHH rocY)J;apcTBa
Ha npOH3BO)J;CTBO H CObIT HH'IeR meJIROBH'IHOrO '1epBH, a BTO-
poro - TaOa'lHaH MOHOnOJIHH. MOHonOJIHH rOCY)J;apCTBa Ha
np0)J;amy a.TJROrOJIbHbIX HamITROB IICXO)J;HT RaR II3 nepBoro,
'TaK H H3 BToporo coo6pameHHH.
95. llpe)J;B8pUTeJIbHOe COfJI8meHHe.
1) qeTbIpe BHAa npe)J;BapHTeJIbHOfO COfJIarneHHH. I1PH,
HanpHMep, npe)J;BapHTeJIbHOM COrJIameHHH 0 KynJIe-npo)J;ame
JRHJIOro )J;OMa CTOHMOCTbIO 1 MJIH. HeH B03HHKaIOru;He npaBO-
OTHomeHHH MorYT 6b1Tb )J;BYX pO)J;OB. Bo-nepBbIx, eCJIH O)J;Ha
CTopOHa COBepmaeT o!fJepTY 0 3aKJIIO'IeHHH )J;orOBopa, TO )J;PY-
TaH npHHHMaeT OOH3aTeJIbCTBO no aKD;enTY. ECJIH npaBO o!fJep-
TbI npHHa)J;JIemHT JIHIIIb OAHOD: CTopOHe, MbI HMeeM )J;eJIO C OA-
HOCTOpOIlHHM npe)J;BapHTeJIbHbIM COfJIarneHUeM, eCJIII me )J;aH-
HbIM npaBOM OOJIa)J;aIOT ooe 'CTOpOHbI, TO C )J;SYCTOPOHHlIM
npeABapUTeJIbHbIM COfJIarneHHeM. BO-BTOpbIX, HMeIOTCH CHTya-
D;HH, Kor)J;a )J;orOBOp 3aKJIIO'IaeTCH JIHmb npH HaJIH'IHH BOJIe-
H3'bHBJIeHHH O)J;HOD: CTOpOHbI 6e3 HeOOXO)J;I1MOCTH aKD;errTa
)J;PyrOD:. ECJIH npaBOM Ha OKOH'IaTeJIbHOe 3aKJIIO'IeHHe )J;orOBO-
pa B pe3YJIbTaTe co6CTBeHHoro BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHHH OOJIa)J;aeT
O)J;Ha CTopOHa, MbI HMeeM )J;eJIO C npeABapHTeJIbHbIM COfJIarne-
lIlleM OAlloii CTOpOHbI, a B CJIY'Iae, Kor)J;a )J;aHHbnI npaBOM
pacnOJIaraIOT ooe CTOpOHbI, - C npeABapHTeJIbIlbIM COfJIarne-
HueM BYX CTOpOH.
2) IIpH npe)J;BapHTeJIbHOM COrJIarneHHH O)J;HOD: CTOpOHbI
He OOH3aTeJIbHO Tpe6yeTcH YKa3bIBaTb KOHKpeTHbIe YCJIOBIIR
)J;orOBopa. B )J;aHHOM CJIY'Iae ocyru;eCTBJIeHHe BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHIIH
no OTHomeHHIO K KOHTpareHTY BbI3bIBaeT 3aKJIIO'IeHHe )J;orOBO-
pa KynJIH-npO)J;amH (n. 1 CT. 556 fIt). IIpH HeYCTaHOBJIeHIIH
cpOKa peaJIII3aD;HH npaBa Ha 3aKJIIO'IeHHe )J;orOBopa npe)J;Ba-
pHTeJIbHbIM COrJIameHHeM O)J;HOD: CTOpOHbI KOHTpareHT MomeT
nOTpeooBarb onpe)J;eJIeHHH 3Toro cpolla H nOJIY'IeHHH HCHoro
OTBeTa Ha Borrpoc 0 3aKJIIO'IeHHH )J;orOBopa, HenOJIY'IeHHe Ta-
Koro OTBeTa B Te'leHHe YCTaHOBJIeHHOrO cpolla BbI3bIBaeT YTpa-
TY npaBa Ha OKOH'IaTeJIbHOe 3aKJIIO'IeHHe )J;orOBopa npe)J;BapH-
TeJIbHbIM comameHHeM (n. 2 CT. 556 fIt). ::ho nOJIOmeHHe
nanpaBJIeHO Ha H30aBJIeHHe KOHTpareHTa OT )J;JIHTeJIbHOrO He-
58
onpe)];eJIeHHOrO COCTOHHHH. ECJIH me )];aHHOe rrpaBO peaJIH3Y'
eTCH B BH)];e npe)];BapHTeJIbHOH perHCTpan;HH, OHa )];aeT B03
MomHOCTb ocnopHTb npHTH3aHHH TpeTbero JIHn;a, ROTopoe
yme nOCJIe perHCTpaIJ;HH npHOOpeJIO Bem;noe npaBO Ha )];aHHylO
He)];BHmHMOCTb. AJIH :noro )];OCTaTO'lHO BHeceHHH COOTBeTCT
BYIOm;eH 31\nHCH 0 nepexon;e npaBa B npe)];BapHTeJIbHYIO perH-
CTpan;HIO, HaJIH'lHH me YCJIOBHH, HCRJIIO'laIOm;HX npe)];'bHBJIe-
HHe npeTeH3HH CO CTOpOHbI TpeTbHX JIHn;, RaR 8TO npe)];YCM01'
peHO npH YCTynRe TpeOOBaHHH, He TpeoyeTcH (CM. perneHHe
l-IepxoBHoro cy)];a OT 24 HOHOpH 1960 r.).
96. 33)];31'OR. 3a)];aTROM npH3HaeTCH )];eHemHaH CYMMa HJIR
HHble n;eHHOCTH, BpY'laeMble C1'OpOHOH ROHTpareHTY npH 3a-
RJIIO'leHHH )];OrOBopa. IIpH RynJIe-npo)];ame 3a)];aTOR OObl'lHO
ynJIa'lHBaeT nORynaTeJIb. BpY'leHHe 3a)];aTRa npeCJIe)];yeT pa3-
JIH'lHble IJ;eJIH. IIpH Be)];eHHH neperOBopOB 0 3aRJIIO'leHHR
)];orOBOpa ero BpYlJeHHe CJIymHT nO)];TBepm)];eHHeM )];eHCTBH-
TeJIbHOCTH HaMepeHHH 3aRJIIO'lHTb )];OrOBOp. IIpH HeHCnOJIHe-
HHH )];OrOBOpa 3a)];aTOR BbITIOJIHHeT CPYHRIJ;HIO HeycToHRH, JIHOO
CJIymHT npHoopeTeHHIO npaBa paCTopmeHHH )];OrOBOpa n;eHoH
YTpaTbl aa)];aTRa. B COOTBeTCTBHH C OObl'laHMH, cym;eCTBYIO-
IIJ;HMH B HnoHHH, npaBO Ha paCTopmeHHe )];OrOBOpa npHoope-
'raeT CTopOHa, BpY'lHBrnaH 3a)];aTOR B pa3Mepe OT 5% )];0 20%
CTOHMOCTH TOBapa. fR TaRme paccMaTpHBaeT 3a)];aTOR RaK
YCJIOBHe npHoopeTeHHH npaBa pacTopmeHlIH, n08TOMY cy)];eo-
HaH npaRTHRa npH3HaeT B03MomHOCTb pacTopmeHHH )];OrOBOpa
lIO HHHIJ;HaTHBe JIIOOOH H3 CTOpOH - npH HHHn;HaTHBe nORy-
naTeJIH 8TO paccMaTpHBaeTcH RaR ero OTRa3 OT 3a)];aTRa, a nplf
HHHn;HaTHBe npOn;aBn;a na Hero B03JIaraeTCH OOH3aHHOCTb
B03BpaTFITb 3a)];aTOK B ,LJ;BOHHOM pa3Mepe (CM. perneHHe Bep-
XOBHorO cy)];a OT 4 ORTHOPH 1949 r.). BMecTe C TeM, ROf)];a
KOHTpareHT npHcTynHJI R HCnOJIHeHHIO )];OrOBOpa, paCTopme-
HHe ero HeB03MomHO.
RaR H OObI'IHOe paCTopmeHHe )];OrOBOpa, nO)];OOHOe paCTOp-
meHHe TaKme npeRpall\aeT )];OrOBOp C oopaTHoH CI1JIOH, O)];Ha-
I;:Q, RpOMe CJIY'laeB paCTopmeHlIH Ha OCHOF.amHl HeHCIIOJIHe-
lum oOH3aTeJIbCTBa ROHTpareHTOM, npOOJIeMbI B03Mell\eHHH
yrnepoa 3iJ,eCb He B03HHRaeT (II. 2 CT. 557 fK). HCIIOJIHelHle
)];OrOBOpa IIOpOil\)];aeT npaBO TpeOOBaHHH B03Bpall\eHlIH 3a)];aT-
KH, O)];HaKO OObl'JHO 3aiJ,aTOR Y'lIlTbIBaeTCH IIPII YIIJIaTe IIORy-
naTeJIeM nORYlIHOH IJ;eHbI. lIHCTHTyT 3a)];aTRa 'laCTO HCnOJIb-
::JyeTcH B nOBCeL\HeBHOH FKH3HH, a HOpMbI fH' B OTHorneHHH
5q.
a}:\aTKa paCnpOCTpaHHIOTCH R Ha }:\pyrRe B03Me3j\Hble, nOMR-
, .Ma }:\oraBopa KYIIJIH-npa}:\aiJ<H, }:\araBapbl.
97. 1I3}:\epilmIl, CBJ13aHHble C }:\orOBopOM "R)'IIJ.IH-npo}:\ailur.
',I13}:\epmKH nO' aaKJIIO'leHRIO JJ;arOBapa KynJIR-npo}:\aiIDl,
.a HMeHHa nO' OlJ;eHKe Bem;H H H3}:\epmKR.na CaCTaBJIeHHe J aKY-
'.MeHTaB, npH aTCYTCTBHH Cnen;HaJlbHara carJIamemlH }:\eJIHTCH
napaBHY Mem}:\y CTapaHaMH (CT. 558 fIt). IIpH aTaM H3}:\epm-
, [(II, CBH3aHHbIe C nepe}:\a'lell npa}:\aBn;aM TaBapa HJIH C ynJIa-
'rall naKynaTeJIeM naKynHall n;eHbI, a TaKme H3}:\epiHKH Ha
perHcTpan;HIO H3MeHeHHH npaB B aTHarneHHH He}:\BHiHHMaCTH
'lHTaIOTCH pacxa}:\aMH nO' HCnaJlHeHHIO aOH3aTeJIbCTB H He
. Bxa}:\HT B KaTerapHIO H3p;epmeK 110' 3aKJIIO'leHHIO }:\araBapa
< CM. CT. 485 fIt).
t 2. nOcneAcTBHS1 AoroBopa KynnH-npoAaHCH
98. IIpo}:\aBen; HeeeT OOJI3aHHOCTb no nepe}:\a'Ie JIMYIIJ;eCT-
'BeHHoro npaBa Ha 7 TaBap, nO' CaCTaBJIeHHIO }:\aKYMeHTaB, HC-
KJIIO"IaIOm;HX npeA'bHBJleHHe ripeTeH3Hll cO' CTapaHbI TpeTDera
mm;a, nO' peaJIbHall nepe}:\a"Ie Bem;R cO' BceMH AaKYMeHTa1\{ll
Ha Hee, a TaKiRe nO' caBeprneHHIO HHbIX }:\ellcTBJrii, aOeCne'lH-
BaIOID;RX naJiHae Ima}:\eHHe naKynaTeJIH Bem;bIO. ECJIR npaBa
. Ha TaBap npHHa}:\JIeiRHT }:\pyraMY JIHn;y, npa}:\aBen; aO.JI3aH
npHaopecTH }:\aHHae npaBa H nepe}:\aTb era naKynaTeJIIO
, (CT. 560 fIt). Bce aTa aCHaBHble aOH3aHHacTH npa}:\aBlJ;a.
IIJIa}:\bI, naJIY"IeHHbIe }:\a peaJlbHaH nepe}:\a"IH BeIT(H, OY}J;yT
'caocTBeHHacTbIO npa}:\aBn;a (n. 1 CT. 575 fIt). Aa naJIyqeHHH
TaBapa naKynaTeJIb He .HeceT aOH3aHHaCTH nO' ynJIaTe npa-
n;eHTaB (n. 2 CT. 575 fR). AaHHble m)JIaiReHHH HanpaBJleHI>I
Ha' ynpam;eHIIe aTHarneHHH MeiRp;y npa}:\aBn;aM H naKynaTe-
JIeM (CM. perneHHe BepxaBHara cyp;a aT 24 ceHTHopH 1925 r.).
99. OTBeTcTBeHHocTb npo}:\aBn;a. ItaKHe naCJIe,[lCTBHH Ha-
cTynaIOT, HanpHMep, eCJIH npJI 3aKJIIO"IeHHH }:\araBapa KynJIH-
npa}:\aiRH iRJIJIara 3,[1aHHH IIJJOm;a}:\bIO B 100 n;yoa * H CTaH-
MaCTbIO B 20 MJIH. HeH era nJIam;a}:\b B }:\eHcTBHTeJIbHaCTH aKa-
3bIBaeTCH paBHaM JIJIrnb 90 n;yoa HJIH eCJIH npII KynJIe-npa}:\ame
iRHJIara ,[laMa 3a 10 MJIH. HeH aH aKaiReTCH C TaKHMH }:\ecpeK-
TaMH, npH KaTapbIX' naAaoHaH n;eHa: oy}:\eT HBHa 3aBblrneH-
* IJ;y6o - Mepa nJIOlI\a)J,H, paBHaJI 3,3 RB. M. - IIpuM. nepeB.
60
'HOM? B TaKHX cHTyau;HHx rR BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH OT YMMCJIa,
HeOCTOpOiRHOCTH HJIH HHOrO B03JIaraeT Ha npop;aBl a Cepbe3-
HYIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb, Ha3MBaeMYIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTbIO npo-
jJ;aBI,J;a 3a Hep;OCTaTKH Beru;H.TeopeTH'IeCKH B03JIOiReHHe Ha
;'IIpop;aBlW 'OTBeTCTlleHHOCTH B03MOiRHO JIHllIb B CJIY'Iae ero
neOCTOpOiRHOPTH npH 3aKJIIO'IeHHII p;orOBopa, H60 p;e.peKTM
Beru;H cyru;eCTBYIOT C caMoro Ha'laJIa KynJIH, 'ITO 'BM3MB8.eT
1I3Ha'IaJIbUYIO 'IaCTH'IHyIO HeB03MOiRHOCTb HC.JlOJIHeHIIJI 06J13a-
7eJIbCTBa. Op;HaKo cooTBeTcTBYIOru;He nOJIOjJ{eHHH rR HCXOP;HT
83 npHHap;JIeiRHOCTH KynJIH-npOp;aiRH K KaTeropHH B03Me3p;-
HMX ;a:orOBopOB' H HanpaBJIeHbI Ha 06eCne'IeHHe cnpaBep;JIH-
BOCTH. OCHOBHbIl\I 'BHP;OM OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a Hep;OCT8.TKH
Beru;H HBJIHeTCH paCTopiReime p;orOBopa H B03Meru;eHHe yru;ep-
6a. ROHKpeTHO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb onpep;eJIHeTCH KaK CTeneHbIO
Hep;OCTaTKa TOBapa, TaK H 3HaHHeM nOKynaTeJIH 0 HeM. Cno-
pM B03HHKaIOT B OTHOllIeHHH pellIeHHH Bonpoca 06 06'beMe
B03Meru;eHHH yru;ep6a. 3p;ecb HMeIOTCH TPH TO'IKH 3peHHH. lIo
nepBoM, nOKynaTeJJb MomeT Tpe60BaTb B03Meru;eHHH yru;ep6a
B 'nOJIHOM pa3Mepe JlRe 3aBHCHMOCTH OT P;06poCOBeCT'HOCTH HJIH
Iiep;06pocoBecTHocTH npop;aBl1;a. BTopaH p;onYCKae!l' B03MOiR-
Hocn Tpe60BaHIIH B0311temeHHJI J1HllIb ymep6a, CBH38HHoro C
OllIH60'IHOMBepoM nOKynaTeJIH B p;eMCTBHTeJIbHOCTb p;orOBopa
(rJIaBHbJM 06pa30M H3p;epmeK Ha 3aKJJIO'IeHHe p;oroBopa) .
11, HaKOHe , TpeTbH npep;YCMaTpHBaeT KaK B03MomHOCTb Tpe-
QOBaHHH B03Mern;eHHH JJHlllb yru;ep6a, CBH3aHIIoro C 01lIH60'I-
HOM BepoH nOKynaTeJJH B p;eMCTBHTeJJbHOCTb p;orOBopa npH
P;06pocoBecTHocTH J[pop;an a, TaK H B03MomHOCTb Tpe60BaHHH
B03Meru;eHHH yru;ep6a B nOJJHOM pa3Mepe rrpH Hep;06pocoBecT-
HOCTH npop;aB a. B HaCTOHru;ee BpeMH 60JJbllIHHCTBO Y'IeHbIX
npHp;epiRHBaIOTCH BTOpOM TO'II\H 3peHHH, op;HaKO, no HallIeMY
MHeHHIO, HaH60JJee nOJJHO npHH Hny cnpaBep;JJHBOCTH OTBe'Ia-
eT TpeTbH.
1) OTBeTcTBeHHocTb npop;aB a 3a nopOKH npaBa.
a) PaccMoTpHM p;Re cHTya Hlf. lIPH rrepBoH npaBO nOJI-
HOCTbIO npHHap;JJemHT TpeTbeMY JJH y H npop;aBe He MomeT
rrpn06peCTH ero H rrepe;a:aTb nOI\ynaTeJJIO, I\OTOpMM MOiReT
Tor;a:a paCToprHYTb p;orOBOp H npH HaJJH'IHH ;JJ,06pOCOBeCTHOCTH
Tpe60BaTb B03Meru;eHHH yru;ep6a (CT. 561 rR). lIpH p;06poco-
BeCTHOCTH me npo;a:aB a paCTOpiReHHe p;orOBopa B03MOiRHO
II C ero CTOpOHbI. ECJJH B aTOM CJJyqae II nOKyrraTeJJb 6bJJJ :qo-
6pocoBeCTHbJM, npop;aBe 06H3aH B03MeCTHTb rroHeceHHI.IH
nepBbIM yru;ep6, 'lero, op;HaKO, He Tpe6yeTcH rrpn: He:q06po-
eOBeCTHOCTn: nOI\ynaTeJJH (CT. 562 rR). lIOHHTHO, '11'0 p;aHHbIe
61
nOJIOmemUl OXpalIjtiOT HH'fepeCLI rrpO}J;aBIJ;a H He HMeIOT OTHO-
llIeHHH K np06JIeMe ero OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a IIOpOKH TOBapa.
IIpH BTOPOH cHTyaII.HH rrpaBO JIHllib 'laCTH1J:HO npHHa,a;JIemHT
TpeTbeMY JIHU;Y, H TYT nOKynaTeJIb MomeT Tpe60BaTb YMeHb-
llIeHHH rroKyrrHoH u;eHLI B COOTBeTCTBKH C 06'beMOM qaCTH,
npHHa,a;JIemaIIJ,eH TpeTbeMY JIHU;Y, 1J:TO Ha3LIBaeTCH 1J:aCTH1J:HbIM
pacTopmeHHeM ,a;oroBopa. IlpH ,a;06pOCOBeCTHOCTH rroKynaTeJIH
OH MomeT Tpe60Ban B03MeIIJ,eHHH YIIJ,ep6a. BMecTe C TeM,
Ror}J;a rroKyrraTeJIb He 3aKJII01J:HJI 6LI ,a;orOBopa KynJIH-rrpo,a;a-
mH, eCJIH 6bl maJI 0 TOM, '11'0 K HeMY He nepeH;:I,eT 'laCTl, npa-
Ba, rrpHHa,a;JIemaIIJ,aH TpeTbeMY JIHII.Y, OH MomeT aHHYJIHpOBaTb
,a;orOBOp B nOJIHOM 06'beMe H, KpOMe Toro, Tpe60BaTb B03Me-
IIJ,eHHH YIIJ,ep6a (CT. 563 fK). YKa3aHHoe npaBO nOKynaTeJIH
,a;OJImHO 6LITb peaJIH30BaHO B Te1J:eHHe o,a;Horo ro,a;a C TOro MO-
MeHTa, KaK OH Y3HaJI 0 HeB03MomHOCTH nOJIY'JeHHH rrpaBa B
rrOJIHOM 06'beMe, rrpH ,a;06pOCOBeCTHOCTH C ero CTOpOHLI HJIH B
Te'leHHe o,a;Horo rop;n C MOMeHTa 3aKJII01J:eHHH ,a;oroBopa npH
ero He,a;06pocoBecTRocTH (CT. 564 fK).
6) He,a;ocTaTO'lIlOCTb npaBa. IIpH He,a;OCTaT01J:HOCTH TOBa-
pa B KOJIH1J:eCTBeHHOM OTHOllIeHHH (rrpHBe,a;eHHbIH BbIllIe npH-
Mep KyrrJIH-rrpo,a;amH ,a;OMa nJIOIIJ,a,a;bIO B 100 n;y60, Kor,a;a pe-
3JIbHaH nJIOIIJ,a,a;b ,a;OMa COCTaBHJIa Bcero JIHllib 90 u;y60) JIH60
rrpH 1J:aCTH'lHOM YMeHbllIeHHH BeIIJ,H eIIJ,e ,a;o 3aKJIIO'leHHH , o-
rOBopa npo,a;aBeu; HeceT TaKYIO me OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb, KaK H
npH HeB03MomHOCTH rrepe,a;a1J:H 1J:aCTH npaBa, npHHa,a;JIema-
lIJ,eH TpeTbeMY JIHU;y, TO eCTb rrpH3HaeTCH npaBO rroKynaTeJIH
Tpe60BaTb YMeHbllIeHHH 110KyrrHoH II.eHLI, COOTBeTCTBYIOIIJ,eH
He,a;OCTaIOlIJ,eH 1J:aCTH TOBapa, JIH60, rrpH ,a;06pOCOBeCTHOCTH no-
KynaTeJIH H HeB03MomHOCTH ,a;OCTHmeHHH TaKHM 06pa30M
u,eJIH ,a;orOBopa, ero npaBO paCTopmeHHH H npaBO Tpe60BaHHH
B03MeIIJ,eHHH YlI\ep6a. 3,a;eCb ,a;06pOCOBeCTHOCTb nOKynaTeJIH
npe,a;CTaBJIHeT C060H He06xo,a;HMoe YCJIOBHe (CT. 565 rK).
B) OrpaHH'leHUe B03MomHOCTH HcnOJIb30B8HHH BeW;H B
CBH3H C HaJIH'lHeM IIpaB TpeTbHX JIHU;. HaJIH'lHe TaKHX IIJ.}aB
B OTHOllIeHHH ne,a;BJlmHMOCTH (HBJIHIOIIJ,HXCH npe,a;MeTOM KYI1-
.JIH-npo,a;amH cynepqHlII.HH, 3M<pHTeB3Hca, cepBHTYTa, IIpaBa
y,a;epmaHHH, 3aKJIa,a;a He,a;BHmHMOCTH, a TaKme 3apenICTpH-
pOBaHHoro npaBa HMYIIJ,eCTBeHHoro HaHMa) npenHTcTByeT ee
HCnOJIb30BaHHIO nOKynaTeJIeM. I1pH ,a;06pOCOBeCTHOCTII nOKY-
rraTeJIH on MOiI\eT Tpe60BaTb B03MeIIJ,eHHH YIIJ,ep6a; eCJIH me
YKa3aHHLIe 06CTOHTeJIbCTBa npenHTCTBYIOT ,a;OCTHmeHHIO u;eJIII
KynJIH-npo,a;amH, OR MomeT paCToprHYTb ,a;orOBOp (n. 1 H 2
CT. 566 fl-\'). Bo Bcex IIepe'lHCJIeHHLIX CJIY1J:aHX l10KynaTeJIb
62
)];OJUReH peaJIH30BaTh CBoe npaBO B Te'IeHHe rO)1;a C Toro MO-
MeHTa, RaR on Y3HaJI 0 CYlll,eCTBOBaHHH BblIIlenpHBe)1;eHHbIX
06CTOfITeJIbCTB (n. 3 CT. 566 fR).
r) OrpaHlI'IeHHJI B CBJI3H C HaJIH'IHeM npaB Be:m;Horo ooec-
ne'leHlfJI. HaJIII'IHe, HanpHMep, HnOTeRH B OTHomeHHH He)1;BH'
iRHMOCTH, HBJIHIDlll,eHCH npe)1;MeTOM RynJIH-npO)1;aiRH, caMO
no ce6e He npetlHTcTByeT HCnOJIb30BaHHID )1;aHHOH He)1;BHiRH-
MOCTH rroRyrraTeJIeM. ECJIH me rroRyrraTeJIh YTpa IHBaeT rrpaBO
c06CTBeHHOCTII B pe3yJIbTaTe peaJIH3aIl,HH YRa3aHHoro npaBa
lIrrOTeKH, on 1\lOmeT paCToprHYTb )1;OrOBOp H Tpe60BaTb B03Me-
:m;eHHH Ylll,ep6a (rr. 1 H 3 CT. 567 fR). ECJIH me nORyrraTeJIb
nYTeM O'fHCTRH HJIH HHbIX cpe)1;CTB coxpaHHeT 3a C060H rrpa-
BO c06cTBeHHocTH, OH MomeT Tpe60BaTb OT npO)];aBII,a B03Me-
lll,emIH 3aTpa'IeHHbIX HM cpe)1;CTB H B03MeIII,eHHH ylll,ep6a
(II. :2 H 3 CT. 567 fH). B )1;aHHOH cIITyaIl,HH pa3rpaHH'IeHHe
MelliAY )1;06pOCOBecTHocTbID H He)1;06poCOBecTHocTbID nORyrra-
TeJIH rre npOBO)1;HTCH.
2) OTBeTcTBeHHocTb npO)];aBII,a 3a He)];OCTaTKH TOBapa.
II [lHBe)];eHHblH paHee npHMep 06HapymeHHH nORynaTeJIeM
,AecPP1>TOB B llilIJIOM )];OMe, CYlll,eCTBOBaBmHX elll,e )1;0 3afmID'Ie-
HIIH }J,orOBopa KynJIH-npO)1;amH, OTJIH'IaeTCH OT CJIy'IaH nopORa
npana II Ha3bIBaeTCH He)1;OCTaTKOM BeIDT!, a OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb
rrpo;HIBII,a - OTBeTC'l'BeHHOCTbID 3a He)1;OCTaTOR BeIII,H. TYT HeT
OTCYTCTBHH npaBa HJIH OrpaHH'IeHHH B OTHomeHIIH ero cO)1;ep-
iRli !lTIR H He)1;OCTaTOR CBH3aH Henocpe)1;CTBeHlIO C TOBapOM.
n,)I! neiJ,OCTaTROM nOHHMaeTCH OTCYTCTBHe R&'IeCTB, 06bIqHO
rrplJcyuwx )1;aHHOMY TOBapy. LJ;JIH B03HlIRHOBeHHH OTBeTCTBeH-
HPC'fII npO)1;aBII,a He06xo)1;IIMO, 'IT06bI )1;eweRTbi Belll,H 6bIJIll
CKpbITblMH, 'ITO 03Ha'IaeT OTCYTCTBHe HeOCTopomHOCTH nORY-
rIa remI npH nORynRe. OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb npO)1;aBll,a 3a He)1;O-
C,TaTh:1I Belll,H CBO)1;HTCH R B03MomHOCTH npeIl,'hHBJIeHHH no-
RYIJaTeJIeM Tpe60BaHHH 0 B03Melll,eHHH ylll,ep6a, a TaRme R
B03MOJI\HOCTH nORynaTemI paCToprHYTb )1;OrOBOp, eCJIH II,eJIb
RYIlJIH-npO)];amH He MomeT 6bITb )1;OCTHrHYTa H3-3a He)1;OCTaT-
hOB BeIII,II. LJ;aIIHoe npaBO )1;OJImHO 6bITb peaJIH30BaHO nORY-
IIUH'JIeM B TeqeHlIe O)1;HorO rO)1;a C MOMeHTa 06HapymerrHH HM
ne)J,OCTaTROB Belll,H. CJIe)1;yeT Y'lHTbIBaTb, O)1;rraRO, qTO B OTHO-
/JJeHIIH RyrrJIII-rrpO)1;amH, nO)1;na)1;aIDlll,eH nO)1; )1;eHCTBHe TR,
HMeIDTCH oc06ble rrOJIOmeHHH (CT. 526 TR). II plI'IHHeHHe
nORyrraTelIID He)1;OCTaTRaMH TOBapa BTOpH'lHOrO ylll,ep6a CO-
CTaBJIHeT OTJIII'lHYID OT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH rrpO;:J,aBII,a 3a He)1;O-
CTaTRH Belll,1I np06JIeMY (CM.: 06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHoe npaBO-
175) .
63
3) Oc06ble nOJIOmeHHJI B OTHomeHHH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH
npo aBJ: a npH npHHY HTeJIbHOM aYK HOHe.
TI PH IIpO ajHe HMy ecTBa OJIiHHHRa C aYRJJ;Hona B no-
pH Re peaJIH3aJJ;HH npaBa Rpe HTopa oc060e BHHMaHHe CJIe-
;J;yeT 06pa aTb Ha TO, RTO B aHHOM CJIY'1ae HeceT OTBeTCT-
BeHHOCTb 3a He OCTaTRH Be1Il;H. 3 eCb 3a1Il;HTa IIoRynaTeJIH
(Y'1aCTHHRa aYRJJ;HOHa) MeHee CHJIbHa no cpaBHeHHIO C 06bl'1-
HblMH CJIY'1aHMH RynJIH-npO aiHH, H60 OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb rrpo-
aBJJ;a 3a He ocTaTRH Be H He npe YCMOTpeHa (orOBopRa
CT, 570 fit). B CJIY'1ae nopORa IIpaBa nORynaTeJIb MOJHeT
Tpe60BaTb paCTopiHeHHH orOBopa HJIH YMeHbIIIeHHH IIoRyrr-
HOll eHbl, RaR H IIPH 06bI'1HOll RynJIe-npo aiHe (n. 1 CT. 568
fit); Tpe60BaHHe iHe B03Me eHHH y ep6a MOiHeT npe 'hHB-
JIHTbCH, JIHIIIb Ror a OJIiHHHR 3HaJI 0 nopORe IIpaBa, HO He
co061I1;HJI 0 HeM JIH60 Ror a Rpe HTOp, 3HaH 0 IIopORe rrpaBa,
rroTpe60BaJI ay:KJJ;HOHa, YRa3aHHoe Tpe60BaHHe MOiHeT npe 'h-
HBJIHTbCH H R JIH y, onYCTHBIIIeMY HeOCTopOiHHOCTb (n. 3
CT. 568 rH). TIPH paCTopiHeHHH orOBopa HJIH YMeHbIIIeHHH
IIoRynHOll eHbl Tpe60BaHHe ee B03Bpa eHHH B nOJIHOM 06'h-
eMe HJIH 'IaCTH'1HO B IIepBYIO O'1epe b OJImHO npe 'hHBJIHTb-
CH R )l,Ol.!iHHHRY, a npH ero HeCOCTOHTeJIbHOCTH R Rpe HTopaM,
Y'1aCTBOBaBIIIHM B pacnpe eJIeHHH eHeiHHOll CYMMbI, BblPy-
'IeHHOll B nopH Re aYRJJ;HOHa (n. 2 CT. 568 fH).
4) ;r:J:ellcTBHe cne I1aJIbHOro corJIamenHJI 06 OTBeTCTBenHO-
CTH npo aB a.
a) TIOJIOiHeHHH 06 OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH IIpo aBJJ;a MorYT YC-
TaHaBJIHBaTbCH no COrJIaIIIeHHIO CTOpOH, ROTOpbIM OTBeTCT-
BeHHOCTb MOiHeT RaR OCJIa6JIHTbCH, TaR H YCHJIHBaTbCH. O Ha-
RO B OTHOIlleHHH TaRoro COrJIaIIIeHHH fH YCTaHaB.lIHBaeT oWIO
orpaHH'IeHHe. ,l];aiHe npH HaJIH'1HH cIIeJJ;HaJIbHOrO CorJIame-
HHH 0 nOJIHOM OTCYTCTBHH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH npo aBJJ;a npo-
aBel' He MOiHeT oCB06orR aTbcH OT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH, eCJIH OH
3HaJI 0 nopOR8X, HO He C006 IIJI 0 HHX, a TaI\iI\e npH YCTa-
HOBJIeHHH HM npaBa JIH TpeTbero JIHu;a HJIH nepe a'1e aH-
Horo npaBa TpeTbeMY JIHU;Y (CT. 572 fH).
6) TIpH RynJIe-npO aiHe IIpaBa Tpe60BaHHH IIpo aBeq
HeceT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a IIOpOKH aHHoro IIpaBa, O HaRO Ha
Hero He B03JIaraeTCH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a IIJIaTemeCIIoc06HOCTb
OJImHHRa. TIo 06HaH OTBeTCTBerrHOCTb B03HHRaeT JIHIIIb B
eJIY'1ae cneJJ;HaJIbHOll orOBopKH 06 iJTOM. TIOCROJIbKY B crre-
JJ;HaJIbHOM COrJIaIIIeHHH He 06H3aTeJIbHO OJIJHHO YRa3bIBaTb-
CH BpeMH, B Te'1eHHe ROToporo npo aBeJJ; HeeeT OTBeTCTBeH-
HOCTb 3a COCTOHTeJIbHOCTb OJImHHRa, fH YCTanaBJIHBaeT, '1TO
64
npR 06ecne'leHRR npO;rJ;aBn;OM COCTOHTeJIhHOCTH ;rJ;OJImHRKa B
MOMenT 3aKJIID'IemIH ;rJ;orOBopa npO;rJ;aBen; He HeceT OTBeTCTBeH-
HOCTH 3a H3MeHeHHH B COCTOHTeJIhHOCTH ;rJ;OJImHHKa, npOHe-
rn8;rJ;rnHe 1I0CJIe 3aKJIID'IeHHH ;rJ;orOBopa KynJIH-npo;a.amH; eeJI11
m8 npo;a.aBen; 06eClIe'lHBaeT 6y;a.ym;YID COCTOIITeJIbHOCTh )];OJIm-
HHKa B OTHorneHHH 06H3aTeJIhCTBa, CpOK HCnOJIJI8HHH K01'O-
poro em;e He Ha<xrynHJI, OH HeceT OTB8TCTBeHHOCTh 3a COCTOH-
TeJIhHOCTb ;rJ;OJImHHKa TOJIbKO Ha MOMeHT HCnO,TIHeHHH 06H3a-
T8JIbCTBa (CT. 569 fH').
5) qacTo npH pacTopmeHHH ;rJ;oroBopa HJIH IIpe;a.'bHBJI8HHH
Tpe60BaHHH YMeHhmeHHH nOKynHoH n;eHbI B nopH;rJ;Ke OTBeT-
CTB8HHOCTH npo;a.aBIW 068 CTOpOHbI ;rJ;oroBopa HecYT 06H3aH-
HOC1'H. II pHMeHHT8JIbHO K ;rJ;aHHoH cHTyan;HH npH3HaeTcH npa-
BO BoapameHHH B OTHomeHHH O));HOBpeMeHHoro HCnOJIHeHHB
(CT. 571 fH').
100. CBHab HHCTIITYTa OTBeTCTBeHIIOCTJI npo;rJ;aBn;a C ));PY-
rU H npaBOBbIMH HHCTHTYTaMII. MbI paCCMOTpHM CeH'IaC ));Be
CJIOmHbI8 np06JIeMbI. Bo-nepBbIx, CBH3h 01'BeTCTBeHHOCTH IIpO-
));aBIW H 3a6JIym));eHHH H, BO-BTOpbIX, OTBeTCTB8nnOCTH npo-
));aBn;a H HeHCnOJIHeHHH 06H3aTeJIhcTBa.
1) qacTo npo;rJ;ama npaBa HJIH Bem;H C ));8<peKTaMH CBH3aHa
C BBe;rJ;eHueM nOKynaTeJIH B aa6JIym;a.eHHe. lIMeeTcH TO'lKa
3P8HHH, no KOTOpOH ocnapHBaHH8 ));OrOBOpa Ha OCHOBaHHH
0JJ;HOBP8M8HHO KaK 3a6JIym;rJ;eHHH, TaK H OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH
npO));aBn;a HeB03MomHO, nOCKOJIbKY 3a6JIym));eHHe B8));eT K rrpH-
3naHHID ));oronopa He));8HCTBHTeJIbHbIM, a np06JIeMa OTBeTC1"
BeHHOCTH npO));aBn;a CTpOHTCH Ha np8;rJ;nOCbIJII\e ));eHCTBHT8JIb'
HOCTH ;rJ;orOBopa. O));HaKO CJIe));yeT Y'lHTbIBaTb, 'ITO OTB8TCT-
BeHHOCTb npO));aBn;a B CJIY'lae nopOKa npaBa HJIH He));OCTaTKa
B8m;H YCTanaBJIHBaeTCH Bne 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HaJIH'IHH CBH3H
M8m;rJ;y nopOKOM H OCHOBHbIMH ;3JIeMeHTaMH C;a.8JIKH, B TO Bpe-
MH KaK rrpH aa6JIym)];8HHH ;rJ;aHHaH OTB8TCTB8HHOCTb YCTaHaB-
JIHBa8TeH TOJIbHO npH CBH3H OCHOBHbIX 3JI8M8HTOB C;rJ;8JIKH C
3a6JIym));eHH8M. Ha npaKTHKe me 'IaCTO 'Ipe3BbI'IaHHO CJIom-
HO pa3rpaHH'IHTb 3TH ));Ba nOHHTHH. Cy)); C'IHTa8T, 'ITO HaJIH-
<rIle 3a6JIym)];8mm B OCHOBHbIX &JI8M8HTax )]0roBopa YCTpa-
HHeT ));eHCTBH8 nOJIOmeHHH, np8.n;YCMOTpeHHbIX B OTHom8HHH
O1'B8TCTB8HHOeTlI npO));aBn;a 3a nopOKH npaBa HJIH He)];OCTaT-
I\H Bem;H (eM. p8meHHe B8pXOBHoro cy));a OT 14 HIDHH 1958 r.) ,
XOTH, no Harn8;\fY MH8HHID, 6bIJIO 6bI 60JIee onpaB));aHHO C'IH-
TaTb, 'ITO npH HaJIll<rHH OCHOBaHHH ;rJ;JIH OTBeTCTB8HHOCTR
npO;rJ;aBn;a ));OrOBOp He MomeT ocnapHBaTbCH Ha OCHOBaHHH 3a-
5 3SK83 M 1264
65
6JIYiR,a;eHHH, H B 8TOM CMbICJIe nOJIOiReHHH 0 3a6JIYiR,a;eHHIr
.aaMeHHIOTCH nOJIOiReHHHMH 06 OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH npo,a;aBIJ;a.
2) IIo Bonpocy 0 CBH3H OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH npo,a;aBIJ;a II
neUCDOJIHeHHH o6H3aTeJIbCTBa MOiReT B03HHRHYTb CJIe,a;yIOIl\aH
,a;HJIeMMa. ,AonycTHI\1, B Mara3HHe 6bIJI 3aRa3aH CJIOBapb, o,a;-
HaRO B DOJIY'leHHOM 8R3eMDJIHpe ORa3aJIHCb nponYCIUI. By,a;eT
JIH B B03HHRIIIeM cHTyaU;HH CYIl\eCTBOBaTb OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb
npo,a;aBu;a, nOJ],na,a;aIOIl\aH no,a; ,a;eMCTBHe CT. 570 fIt, HJIH 8TO
6YJ],eT HenOJIHbIM HCnOJIHeHHeM 00H3aTeJIbC'IBa? B nepBOM
CJIY'lae B Te'leHHe OJ],Horo ro,a;a C MOMeHTa oOHapYiReHHH He-
,a;OCTaTRa BeIl\H nORYlIaTeJIb MOiReT paCToprHYTb J],orOBOp II
npe,a;'bHBHTb Tpe60BaHHe B03MeIl\eHHH YIl\epoa, OJ],HaRO OH He
MOiROT nOTpe60BaTb 3aMeHbI 8R3el\1nJIHpa, 'lTO B03MOiRHO BO
BTOpOM CJIY'lae. PaCTOpiReHHe ,a;orOBopa H TpeOOBaHHe B03-
Me eHHH y ep6a ,a;OJIiRHbI CJIe,a;OBaTb 06Il\HM nOJIOmeHHHM:
npH paCTopmeHHH Tpe6yeTcH npeJ],ynpeJKJ],eHHe 00 HCnOJIHe-
HHH (CT. 541 fIt), a npH Tpe60BaIIHM B03MeIl\eHHH y ep6a
:neooxo,a;HMO npeJ],'bHBJIeHHe OCHOBaHHI1: OTBe'ICTBeHHOCTH
TIpOJ],aBu;a (CT. 415 fIt). O,a;HaRo OrpaHHQHBaeTCH JIH OTBeT-
,CTBeHHOCTb npo,a;aBu;a 3a He,a;OCTaTRH Be H JIHIIIb KynJIerr-rrpo-
,a;aiReM HH,a;HBH,a;yaJIbHO-onpe,a;eJIeHHbIX BeIl\eM HJIH OHa pac-
npOCTpanHeTCH Ha BeIl\H, onpe,a;eJIeHHble pO,a;OBbIMH npH3Ha-
KaMH? IIOCROJIbRY HHCTHTYT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH npo,a;aBU;a
YCTarraBJIHBaerCH JIHIIIb npHMeHHTeJIbHO R CJIY'laHM H3Ha-
qaJIbHOM He,a;OCTaTOqHOCTH TOBapa, BnOJIHe 060CHOBaHHO ero
HenpHMeneHHe R RynJIe-npo,a;ame BeIl\eM, onpe,a;eJIeHHbIX pO-
P;OBbUr1H npH3HaRaMH.
BMeCTe C TeM 1JaCTb yqeHbIX BbIcTynaeT npOTHB 8TOM TOq-
RH 3peHHH. COrJIaCHO HX ROHU;enU;HH, npeJ],OCTaBJIeHHe nORY-
naTe.lIlO COBepIIIeHHO HHoro TOBapa (HJIJIIOCTpHpOBaHHoro
aJIb60Ma BMeCTO 3aRa3aHHoro CJIOBapH) He HBJIHeTCH HCnOJI-
HeHHeM 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, H n08TOMY nORynaTeJIb MOJKeT Tpe-
60BaTb nepe,a;a1JH eMY ,a;eMCTBHTeJIbHOrO npeJ],MeTa ,a;orOBopa.
IIpH npeJ],OCTaBJIeHHH ,a;aHHoro npeJ],MeTa (CJIOBapH, XOTH H C
npOITYCRaMH) HCnOJIBeHHe 6y,a;eT HenOJIHbIM, II npH npHHH-
THH ero nORynaTeJIeM B03MOiRHO npHMeHeHHe nOJIOJKeHHM,
RaCaIOIl\HXCH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH npOJ],aBu;a (CM. pellIeHHe Bep-
XOBRoro cy,a;a OT 13 MapTa 1926 r.).
101. OOH3aHJIOCTb DOKYDaTeJIH.
1) 06H3aJIHOCTb YDJIaT DOKYDHOH u;eHbI. ¥ CTaHOBJIeHHe
cpOKa rrepe,a;a1JH BeIl\H YCTaHaBJIHBaeT ]I aHaJIOrH1JHbIM CpOK
,J],JfH yrrJIaTbI nOKynHoM D;eHbI (CT. 573 fIt). IIpH oJ],HoBpeMeH-
'66
HOCTl1 nepe)J;a'Ili TOBapa Ii ymIaTbi nOKynHoH n:eHbI nOCJIe)J;-
IUJJI )J;OJImHa ocym;eCTBJIHTbCH no MeCTY nepe)J;a'lli TOBapa
(CT. 574 fK). IIpon:eHTbI B OTHOllIeHHH nOKYIJHOH n:eHbI YC-
TaHaBJIHBaIOTCH C MOMeHTa nepe)J;a'lli Bem;H; eCJIH me BpeMH
YIIJIaTbi rroKynHoH n:eHbI YCTaHOBJIeHO n03me )J;aTbI nepep;a-
lflI Bem;H, rroKynaTeJIb ne HeceT 06H3aHHocTH no ymraTe npo-
IWHTOB ;0:0 HacTyn.n,eHlIH p;aHHoro cpOKa (CT. 575 fK).
3a nOKynaTeJIeM npH3HaeTCH rrpaBO OTKa3a OT ynJIaTbI
rrOKYUHOM n:eHbI B ;O:BYX CJIY'laHX. Bo-nepBbIX, Kor)J;a npaBO
B OTBOllIeHlIli Bem;H ocnapHBaeTCH TpeTbHM JIH.u;OM Ii cym;ecT-
nYIOT onaceHHH, 'ITO nOKynaTeJIb B nOJIHOM 06'beMe HJIlI 'lac-
TH'lHO YTpaTHT npaBO Ha TOBap. IIpH aTOM 06'beM OTKa3a OT
ynJIaTbI p;OJImeH COOTBeTCTBOBaTb PHCKY YTpaTbI npaBa
(CT. 576 fK). IIpH npep;OCTaBJIeHHH COOTBeTCTBYIOm;ero 06ec-
l1elfellHH npop;aBn:OM nOKynaTeJIb 06H3aH ocym;ecTBHTb yn..
JIaTY (orOBopKa CT. 576 fK). KpOMe foro, nplI Tpe60BaHRR
npop;aBn,a 0 p;enOHHpOBaHlIlI nOKynHoH n,eHbI OHa p;OJImHa
6bITb ;o:enOHHpOBana (CT. 578 fK). BO-BTOpbIX, npH HaJIH'lHR
npaBa npelIMym;ecTBa, 3aKJIa)J;a lIJIH HnOTeKH B OTHOllIeHHH
Hep;BHmHMOCTlI, HBJIHIOm;eHCH npep;MeTOM p;orOBopa KynJIIi-
npop;amH, a Tame npH HaMepeHHH nOKynaTeJIH ocym;ecTBHTb
O'lHCTKY (CM. CT. 378 H CJIep;. fK, a TaKme: Bem;Hoe npaBO -
104) (CT. 577 fK). Op;HaKo H TYT nplI Tpe60BaHHH npOp;aBI\i:t
o ;o:enOHHpOBaHHH ynJIaTa )J;OJImHa ocym;eCTBJIHTbCH B COOT-
BeTCTBHH C HHM (CT. 578 fK). ECJIH me npo;o:aBen, npe)J;'bHB-
JIHeT K nOKynaTeJIIO Tpe60BaHHe HeMe)J;JIeHH01'O ocym;eCTBJIe-
HHH O'IHCTKH Hep;BlImlIMOCTH, nOKynaTeJIb p;OJImeH 06paTHTb-
CH K COOTBeTC'fBYIOm;eH npon,e)J;ype O'llICTKH (CT. 577 fK).
HeHCUOJIHeHHe Tpe60BaHHH npop;aBn,a B nopH;O:Ke TOJIKOBaHHH
paCCl\!3TpHBaeTCH KaK YTpaTa npaBa OTKa3a OT ynJIaTbI nOKyn-
HOH l,eHbI.
2) 06H3aH JIH nOKynaTeJIb npHHHTb npep;MeT ;O:01'OBopa
KynmI-npop;amH? B 3aKonOp;aTeJIbHOH npaKTHKe )J;pY1'Hx CTpaH
MomBO HaMTH npHMepbI npH3HaHHH p;aHHoH 06H3aHHOC'fH,
Op;HaKO He06xo)J,HMOCTb crren,HaJIbH01'O pe1'ymlpoBaHHH aT01'O
Borrpoca OTCYTCTByeT, eCJIH TaKYIO 06H3aHHocTb paCCMaTpH-
BaTb E\aK 06m;yIO 06H3aHnocTb Kpe)J,Hropa no rrpHHHTHIO 06H-
3aTeJII,CTBa.
102. KymUl-npo)J;ama B paCCpO'lKY cocrOHT B BhIITJIaTe
rroKyuHOH n,eHbI 'laCTHMH 'lepe3 onpe)J;eJIeHHble rrpOMemYTKlf
Bpel\WHH (B HrrOHHH 06bI'lHO pa3 B MecHn,). TOBap npH aTOM
rrepe)J;aeTCH nOKynaTeJIIO O;O:HOBpeMeHHO C 3aKJIIO'leHHeM )J;O-
5'
67
rOBopa RYIIJIH-npOAamH. IIpH RYITJIe-rrpOAame mRJIbH HCrrOJlb-
3yeTcH CHCTeMa RyrrJIH-rrpOAamH B paCCpOtIRY C rrepBOHa'laJIb-
HbIM B3HOCOM: rroRyrraTeJIb BHOCHT OrrpeAeJIeHHYJO 'laCTb
rroRyrrHoH u;em.I H rrOCJIe 3aBeprneHHH CTpOHTeJIbCTBa rrOJIY-
'laeT mHJIbe. C u;eJIbJO oxpaHbI HHTepeCOB nORyrraTeJIen B
1961 rOAY ObIJI rrpHHHT 3aRoH 0 TOprOBJIe B paCCpO'lRy, RO-
TOpbIM rrpeAycMoTpeJI YCHJIeHHe ROHTpOJIH 3a rrpeArrpHHHMa-
TeJIHMH. 3aRoH cOAepmHT cJIeAYJOrn;He rrOJIOmeHHH, pa3BH-
BaJOrn;He HOpMbI fIt
a) OropoHa, BeAyrn;aH TOprOBJIJO B paCCpO'lRY, oOH3aHa
BPY'lHTb rrOKyrraTeJIJO AORYMeHT, B ROTOpOM HCHO YRa3aHbI
CTOHMOCTb TOBapa rrpH yrrJIaTe HaJIH'lHbIMH, CTOHMOCTb TOBa-
pa rrpH rroRyrrRe B paCCpO'lRY, CpOR rrJIaTema H ROJIH'leCTBO
BbIIIJIaT, pa3Mep ROMHCCHOHHbIX, crrocoObI rrJIaTema, CpOK rre-
peAa'lH TOBapa, YCJIOBHH paCTopmeHHH AGrOBopa, CpOR rrepe-
xOAa rrpaBa c06cTBeHHocTH H T. A. (CT. 3 H 4 3aRoHa 0 TOp-
TOBJIe B paCCpO'lRY).
6) UpH rrpOCpO'lRe ynJIaTl.I O'lepeAHOro B3Hoca rrpOAaBeIJ;
1-Ie MomeT cpa3Y pacToprHyTb AorOBOp Ha OCHOBaHHH rrpo-
CpO'lRH, a AOJImeH nHCbMeHHO rrpeAynpeAHTb rroRyrraTeJIH 06
YIIJIaTe, onpeAeJIHB eMY CpOK He MeHee 'leM B 20 AHeM AJIH
:BHeCeHHH O'lepeAHOro rrJIaTema (CT. 5 YRa3aHHoro 3aRoHa).
IIoMHMo aToro, 3aROH COAepmHT AeTaJIbHbIe OrpaHH'leHHH B
'OTHorneHHH CYMMbI B03Mern;eHHH yrn;epoa, rrpeA'bHBJIHeMOM
npOAaBlJ,OM R nORyrraTeJIJO rrpH paCTopmeHHH AorOBopa C co-
'6JIJOAeHHeM YRa3aHHoM rrpou;eAypbI (CT. 6 YRa3aHHoro 3a-
KOHa) .
B) IIpaBo COOCTBeHHOCTH OCTaeTCH y npeAnpHHHMaTeJIH
nnJIOTb AO MOMeHTa BbIrrJIaTbI rrORyrraTeJIeM rrOJIHOM CTOHMO.
<'-TH TOBapa (CT. 7 YRa3aHHoro 3aRoHa).
t 3. BWKyn
103. TIoHHTHe BbIKyna. IIOMHMO CHCTeMbI Bern;Horo ooec-
ne'leHHH, npH3HaBaeMoM fR, HMeeTCH CHCTeMa ooeCrre'leHHH
Ha OCHOBe rrepexoAa rrpaBa (CM.: Bern;Hoe rrpaBO -115).
B HeM cyrn;eCTBYJOT «POpMbI, 3aHMCTBOBaHHbIe Y HHCTHTYTa
RyrrJIH-rrpOAamH, B 'laCTHOCTH y HHCTHTYTa BbIRyrra. B rnHpo-
ROM CMbICJIe rrOA BbIRyrroM rrOHHMalOTCH pa3JIH'lHbIe rrpaBOBbIe
cpeACTBa OOMeHa rrOJIyqeHHoro TOBapa Ha yrrJIa'leHHYJO Ae-
HemHYIO CYMMY. TaR, rrpH 3aRJIJO'leHHH AoroBopa RyrrJIH-rrpO-
,AamH B Hero MomeT BKJIJO'laTbCH YCJIOBHe B03Bparn;eHHH
()8
npo)J;aBJ:J;y rrpe)J;MeTa )J;OrOBOpa rrpll paCl'Opmenllll )J;orOBOpa B
TeqeHlle orrpe)J;eJIeHHOro CpOKa llJIll me YCJIOBlle 0 B03MO RHO-
TH rroKyrrKll rrpOAaBn;OM rrpOAaHnoro HM rrOKyrraTemo TOBa.
pa B Teqenlle orrpe)J;eJIeHHOrO cpOKa. TIepBoe y)J;06HO rrpu
rrpllMepHOM paBeHCTBe BbIKyrrHoH H rroKyrrHorr n;eHbI, rrpll CBO-
60)J;HOM me orrpe)J;eJIenllll BMKyrrHoH n;eHbI rrpllMeWIeTCH BTO-
poe. CTOpOHbI BqJIbHbI 3aKJIroqaTb )J;orOBOp B JIro60H <popMe
rro rrOBO)J;y JIro60ro TOBapa, rrO TOMY B KamAOM KOHKpeTHOM
CJIyqae B03MomHO C03)J;aHlle COOTBeTcTByrom;ero 06eCrreqeHllH.
rK rrO)J;p06HO perJIaMeHTllpyeT BMKyrr B Y3KOM CMMc.lIe, rroA
KOTOpbIM rrOHllMaroTcH cpe)J;CTBa y)J;epmaHllH rrpaBa paCTOp'
if;eHllH )J;orOBopa rro rrOBO)J;y ne)J;BHmllMOCTll, YCTaHaBJIllBaH
rrpll aTOM orrpeAeJIenHMe YCJIOBllJl. O)J;HaKO ll3-3a CTpOrOCTIt
IT Herll6KOCTH CBOllX YCJIOBllH llHCTllTYT BbIKyrra, rrpe)J;YCMOT-
peHHMH rI,-, He HailleJI IllllpOKoro rrpHMeHeHllH Ha rrpaKTllKe.
104. Y CJIOBBS B rrOCJIeACTBBJI BLIRyrra.
1) Y CJlOBIIJI. B:bIKyrr YCTaHaBJIllBaeTCH rro rrOBOAY He)J;Bll-
mllMOCTll H rrpe)J;CTaBJIHeT C060H YAepmaoBe rrpaBa paCTOp-
meHHJI Ha OCHOBe Crren;llaJIbHorO COrJIaIlleHllH, 3aKJIroqaeMOrO
O)J;HOBpeMeHHO C )J;orOBopOM RyrrJIll-rrpO)J;amll. CYMMa BbIKyrr3
He MomeT rrpeBbIIllaTb 06m;eH CYMMbI rroKyrrHoH n;eHbI TOBapa
H ll3)J;epmeK Ha aaKJIroqeHlle AoroBopa. Cpon, rrpeAycMoTpeo-
ObIH )J;JIJI BbIKyrra, He AOJImeH rrpeBMIllaTb 10 JIeT, a B CJIyqae
rrpeBbIIlleHllH OH COKpam;aeTCH )J;O 10 JIeT, BY)J;yqll pa3 YCTa-
HOBJIeHHbIM, )J;anHMH CpOK He MomeT 6bITb rrpO)J;JIen. TIpll He-
YCTaHOBJIeHIfll cpOKa BMKyrra OH CqllTaeTCH paBHbIM 5 rO)J;a:M
(CT. 580 rK).
2) nOCJIe)J;cTBHs BbIKyrra B OTHOIlleHllll TpeTbllX JIlln; B03-
nllKaroT rrpll perllcTpan;llll Crren;HaJIbHOrO COrJIaIlleHllH 0 BbI-
Ryrre OAHOBpeMeHHO C perHcTpan;HeH AorOBopa KyrrJIll-rrpo)J;a-
mH (rr. 1 CT. 581 rK, CT. 37 3aKoHa 0 perlleTpan;llll He)J;Bll-
mHMOH c06cTBeHHocTH). TIO TOMY rrpll rrepe)J;aqe He)J;BHmHMO-
CTH 1'peTI>eMY JIlln;y rrpo)J;aBen; MomeT ocym;ecTBHTb rrpaBO
Bbmyrra B O1'HOIlleHllll )J;aHHoro TpeTbero JIlln;a, II TO ocym;ecT-
EJlerrHe AOJImnO 6MTb HarrpaBJIeHO TOJIbKO Ha TpeTbe JIHn;O
(CM. peIlleHHe BepxoBHoro cY)J;a 01' 30 MaH 1966 1'.). KpoMe
Toro, B CJIyqae rrpll06peTeHllH KeM-JIH60 rrpaB B OTHOIllenllll
He)J;BHmHMOCTll OHll He MorYT rrpOTllBorrOCTaBJIHTbCH JIlln;y,
06JIa)J;arom;eMY rrpaBOM BbIKyrra. 8TO rrOJIOmeHHe rrpe)J;cTaB-
JIHeT C060H HCKJIroqeHHe H3 rrOCJIe)J;CTBllH pacTopmeHllH )J;O-
rOBopa, TIOCKOJIbKY IIPH 06MqHOM p>1.CTOpmeHllll ero IIOCJIe)J;-
C1'BHH ne pacilpocTpaHHroTcH Ha TpeTbllX JIlln; (orOBopI\a II. 1
69
CT. 545 rK), H HanpaBJIeHO Ha YKpenJIeHl'Ie n03HIWH 06JIa,a;a-
TeJIH npaBa BDIKyna. BMeCTe C TeM HaHHMaTem, He,a;BHlliHMO-
CTH npH COOTBeTCTBYJOm;eH perHCTparI,HH HMym;ecTBeHHOrO
HaHMa MOllieT COXpaHHTb CBoe npaBO B Te'IeHHe o,a;Horo ro,a;a
nOCJIe HCTe'IeHHH cpOKa BDIKyrra, 'ITO He OTHOCHTCH, o,a;TtaKO.
K CJIY'IaJO, Kor)J,a HMym;ecTBeHHDIH HaeM 6bIJI ocym;eCTBJIeH C
u;eJIbJO npH'IHHeHHH Bpe,a;a JIHU;y, 06JIa,a;aJOm;eMY npaBoM BbI-
Kyna (n. 2 CT. 581 rK). To llie caMoe npe,a;ycMaTpHBaeT 11
CT. 395 rK, KacaJOm;aHCH HnOTeKH.
105. Ocym;eCTBJIeHIfe npaBa BbIKyna.
1) AJIa peaJIH3aU;HH npaBa BbIKyna npo,a;BBeu; ,l];OJIllieH B
Te'IeHHe cpOKa BbIKyna ocyru;eCTBHTb BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHHe B OT-
HOlIIeHHH nOKynaTeJIH HJIII JIHu;a, KOTopoe npH06peJIo Bem;H B
IIopH,a;Ke nepenpo,a;alliH, C npe,a;CTaBJIeHHeM nOKYilHoM u;eHbJ
H pacxo,a;OB Ha 3aKJIJO'IeHHe ,a;orOBopa (n. 1 CT. 583 rK). 8TO
Be,a;eT K paCTopilleHHJO ,a;orOBopa KynJIH-npo,a;alliH II B03Bpa-
ru;eHIlJO npaBa c06cTBeHHocTH Ha He,a;BHlliIIMOCTb K npo,a;aBU;Y.
ECJIH H:MeJOTCH pacxo,a;bI, nOHeceHHDIe B OTHOlIIeIum ,a;aHHOM
He,a;BHilllIMOCTH nOKynaTeJ1eM HJIH JIHU;OM, npH06peTlIIHM npa-
BO Ha Hee B nopH,a;Ke nepenpo,a;alliH, npo,a;aBeu; B COOTBeTCTBHR
co cr. 196 rI-t 06H3aH B03MeCTHTb HX. fIpH aTOM cy,a; no Tpe-
60BaHHJO npo,a;aBu;a MOilleT npe,a;OCTaBHTb eMY ,a;OIlOJIHIITeJIb.
HbIll: CpOK ,l];JIH B03Meru;eHHH ,a;aHHbIX pacxo,a;oB (n. 2 CT. 583
rK).
2) 3aMem;eHHe. TaR KaK npaBo BDIRyrra OTHOCIITCH K Ka.
TeropHH HMyru;ecTBeHHbIx npaB, KpeJJ,HTop JIHu;a, 06JIaJJ,aJOm;e-
fO npaBoM BbIRyna, MOllieT 3aMeru;aTb ero npH peaJIH3aU;IIR
npaBa BbIKyna, eCJIH aTO npaBO He CBH3aHO Henocpe,a;CTBeHHO
C JIH'IHOCTbJO npo,a;aBu;a (CT. 423 rK). HanpIIMep, A np0,a;ae1'
B He,a;BHillIIMOCTb 3a 30 MJIH. HeH, orOBaplIBaH nplI aTOM npa-
BO BbIKyna. ECJIH no n;eHaM Ha MOMeHT BbIKyna CTOHMOCTb
He,a;BlIllilIMOCTlI B03paCTaeT ,a;o 50 MJIH. HeH, npop;aBeu; B pe-
::JyJIbTaTe BbIKyna nOJIY'IaeT BbIrop;y nplIMepHO B 20 MJIH. HeH.
3aMeru;aH A, era Kpe,l];lITOp B HCnOJIHHeT CBoe npaBO Tpe60.
BaHHH, oJJ,uaKo B ,l];aHHOM cJIY'Iae OH cTpeMlITcH rrOJIyqHTb He
caMY HeiJ,BlIilllIMOCTb, a JIlIlIIb yKa3aHHYJO BbIfOP;y B 20 MJIH.
lIen. B ;nOM clITyaU;lIlI fK nplI3HaeT 3a nORynaTeJIeM E npa-
BO coxpaHIITb 3a c060ll: Hep;BHilllIMOCTb, ynJIaTlIB Ha3BaHHYIO
DbIrop;y. Ou;eHm;IIR, Ha3Ha'IeHHbIll: Cyp;OM, ou;eHHBaeT Hep;BH-
JKHMOCTb, 3aTeM H3 ee CTOHMOCTH BDIqHTaJOTCH nOKynHaa
neHa, ynJIa'IeHHaH B, II lI3p;eplliKH Ha 3aRJIJOqeHTIe p;oroBopa
RYIIJIlI-npOp;allilI (p;onycTlIM, 50 TDIC. HeH), a OCTaTOR Hp;eT B
70
IIcrrOJIHeHIIe Tpe60BaHIIJI Kpell;IITOpa B, II TaKIIM 06pa30M
rrpaBO Bbmyrra rrpeKpam;aeTCJI. ECJIII lI;eHeiKHaJl CYMMa Tpe60-
RaHIm Kpell;IITopa B MeHbme YKa3aHHoro OCT aTKa, pa3HIIIJ;a
rrOll;JIeiKIIT rrepell;a'Ie rrpOll;aBIJ;y A (CT. 582 fR, CT, 84 3aKoHa
o rrpOIJ;ell;ype paCCMOTpeHIIJI lI;eJI B rrOpJlll;Ke oc060ro rrpOII3-
BOll;cTBa) .
3) BbIKyrr lI;OJIII. B OTHomeHIIII COc06cTBeHHocTII, lI;orry-
CTIIM, A, E II B YCTaHOBJIeH:bI CrreIJ;IIaJIbH:bIe rrOJIOiHeIIIIJI Ha
CJIY'IaH rrpOll;aiKII CBoeH lI;OJIII, HarrpIIMep, A rroKyrraTe,lIIO r C
oroBopKoH 0 rrpaBe B:bIKyrra. BO-rrepB:bIX, eCJIII COc06cTBeHHII-
HII E, B II r ocym;eCTBJIJlIOT pa3l1;eJI 3eMeJIbHOrO Y'IaCTKa IIJIII
ero rrpOJJ;aiKY B rropHlI;Ke aYKIJ;IIOHa C IJ;eJIbIO pa3l1;eJIa nOJIY-
'IeHHOH lI;eHeiKHoH CYMMbI (CM. CT. 258 fR), A lI;OJIJKeH 6:bITh
II3Bem;eH 06 aTOM. ITpH OTCYTCTBIIII TaKoro II3Bem;eHl[JI A II
rrOCJIe pa3l1;eJIa COc06cTBeHHocTII MOiKeT HaCTaIIBaTb IIa rrpo-
JJ;OJIiHeHHII cym;ecTBoBaHIIJI ee OTHomeHIIH II B:bIKyrrIITb lI;OJIIO,
rrpIIHall;JIeiKam;yIO r. BO-BTOp:bIX, A MoiKeT B:bIKyrrIITb 'IaCTb
Hell;BIIiKIIMOCTII IIJIII lI;eHeiKHoH CYMM:bI, rrOJIyqeHHoH IIJIH rrpII-
'IIITarom;eHCJI r B pe3YJIbTaTe pa3l1;eJIa COc06cTBeHHocTH
(CT. 584 fR). B-TpeTbIIX, eCJIII Ha YKa3aHHOM aYKIJ;IIOHe r
CTaHOBIITCJI rroKyrraTeJIeM BceiI Hell;BIIiKIIMOCTII, A MOiKeT
B:bIKyrrIITb Hell;BIIiKIIMOCTb B rrOJIHOM 06':beMe, YIIJJaTIIB ee aYK-
IJ;IIOHHYIO IJ;eHY II paCXOll;:bI, rrpell;YCMOTpeHH:bIe rrpII BbIKyrre
(rr. 1 CT. 585 fR). ECJIII iKe ayKIJ;IIOH rrpOBOll;IITCJI rro Tpe60-
BaHIIIO lI;pyrIIx, rrOMIIMO r, COc06cTBeHHIIKoB II r Ha p,aHHOM
aYHIJ;IIOHe CTaHOBIITCJI rroKynaTeJIeM, A He MOiKeT B:bIKyrrIITh
JIIImb Oll;HY lI;OJIIO COc06CTBeHHOCTII (rr. 2 CT. 585 fIt), 'ITO
npoJJ;IIKToBaHo CTpeMJIeHIIeM Orpall;IITb r OT HeYll;06cTB, CBJI-
3aHH:bIX C nepcrreKTIIBoiI BHOBh OKa3aTbCH B nOJIOiKeIIIIH co-
c06cTBeHHIIKa,
r naB a 12. AOrOBOP MEHbI
106. ITo lI;oroBopy MeHbI KaiKlI;aJl H3 CTOpOH 06H3yeTcH rre-
pell;an lI;pyroH CTopOHe IIMym;ecTBeHHoe rrpaBO (CT. 586 fR).
HCTOpII'IeCKII MeHa rrpell;meCTBOBaJIa KYIIJle-rrpOll;aiKe, Oll;HaKO
B HaCTOHm;ee BpeMH ee <PYHKIJ;HII BeCbMa OrpaHII'IeHHhI. CeiI-
'lac MeHa BCTpe'IaeTCH rrpII rrpoBell;eHIIII paIJ;IIOHaJIII3aIJ;IIII
CeJIbCKOrO X03HllcTBa IIJIII rrpII OT'IYiKlI;eHIIII 3eMeJIb, Korll;a
COOTBeTCTBeHHO rrpoIIcxoll;lIT JIII60 06MeH 3eMeJIhH:bIMII Y'IaCT-
Kat.1H, JIH60 rrpell;OCTaBJIeHIIe HOBoro Y'IaCTKa B3aMeH OT'IYiK-
71
naeMoro. Ha CJIY'IaH, KOnJ;a Op;Ha na CTOpOIf, nOMllMO nMYIIJ;e-
CTBa, OORaaHa npep;OCTaBHTb Onpep;eJIeHHYro p;eHeilmyro CYM-
MY, rH. pacrrpOCTpaHReT p;eHCTBHe HOpM, rrpep;YCMOTpeHHbIX
B OTHorneHHM rroKyrrHoH n;eHbI (n. 2 CT. 586 rH.), HarrpHMep
nOJIOmeHlIH B OTHorneHHH yrrJIaTbI rrpon;eHTOB rrOCJIe nepe-
p;a'IH TOBapa (CT. 575 rH.) HJIH rrpeIIMYIIJ;eCTBeHHoro npaBa
rrpn KyrrJIe-npo)J,ail\e (CT. 322, 328 rH.). ITplIMeHaroTcR n rro-
JIomemm, peryJIHpyroIIJ;IIe KynJIro-rrpop;amy KaK OP;HH 113 BH-
P;OB B03Me3p;Horo p;orOBopa (CT. 559 fH.). ITo Borrpocy 0 TOM,
RBJIaeTCR JIH pa3MeH p;eHer MeHOH, TO'lKlI 3peHHH Y'IeHbIX
pa3p;eJIHJIHCb. MbI me C'IlITaeM, 'ITO, RBJIRRCb pa3HOBHp;HOCTbIO
oe3bIMHHHoro )J;orOBopa, p;aHHaH cHTyan;lIH p;OJ1mHa perYJIH-
pOBaTbCR KaK HopMaMlI B OTHorneHHlI l\yrrJIH-rrpO)J,ail\H, TaK R
HopMaMH B OTHorneHHH MeHLI,
r naB a 13. AOrOBOP 3AAMA
107. llOHJlTUe 3a8Ma.
1) ITo p;orOBOpy 3aHMa 3aeMID;HK rrpIIHIfMaeT OT 3aHMo)J;aB-
n;a orrpe)J,eJ1eHIlYro p;eHeil\IlYIO CYMMY HJ1JI )J,pyrHe 3aMeHJIMbI8'
BeID;H C oOR3aTeJ1bCTBOM BepHYTL paBHoe KOJ11I'IeCTBO BeID;eH
Toro me pO)J,a H l\a'IeCTBa (CT. 587 rH.).
B rnlIpOKOM CMbICJ1e HMeIOTCH p;Ba BHp;a 3aHMa. ITpH nep'"
BOM BHp;e 3aeMID;JIK, nplIoopeTaR rrpaBO COOCTBeHHUKa Ha-
rrpep;MeT 3aHMa, OOJ1ap;aeT rrOJ1HOMO'IHeM no paCrrOpRiI\eHlIID
p;aHHbIM rrpep;MeTOM, a B03BpaIIJ;eHHe rrpe)J;MeTa 3aHMa oCYIIJ;e-
CTBJ1ReTCR 3a C'lJeT p;pyroH BeIIJ;lI, paBHOH rro CHoeR n;eHHOCT1J'
nOJ1Y'IeHHOH. ITpH BTOpOM BHp;e 3aeMIIJ;HK He npHOOpeTae'l'
npaBO COOCTBeHHOCTII Ha rrpep;MeT 3aHMa, HO MomeT HCnOJIL-
30BaTb BeIIJ;b II 1I3BJ1eKaTb JI3 Ilee BbII'O)J,Y, a rrpH B03BpaIIJ;eHHH:
3aIIMop;aBn;y )J;OJ1i1\Ha ObITb rrepep;aHa IIMeHHO BeIIJ;b, rrOJ1Y-
'IeHHaR 3aeMID;HI\OM npII 3al\J1IO'IeHHH p;orOBopa 3aHMa. K rrep-
BOMY BH)J,y OTHOCIITCR p;orOBOp 3aRMa, 1\0 BTOPOMY - )J,orOBOp'
6e3B03 le3i'J,HOrO rrOJIb30BaHHR HMyIIJ;eCTBOM H )J,OI'OBOp lIMY-
m,eCTBeHHoro HaHMa. TaKIIM oopa30M, oc06eHHOCTbIO COOCT-
BeHHO p;orOBopa 3allMa RBJ1ReTCR TO, 'ITO 3ae;UIIJ;HK rrpH06pe-
TaeT rrpaBO pacnopRmeHIIR II lIIOmeT B03BpaTHTb p;pyryIO'
BeID;b. J]:eHemHbJi-'I 3aeM TaKme OTHOCHTCR K :KaTerOpIIH p;oro-
Bopa 3aRMa, O)J,JIaI\O rrpe)J,OCTaBJIeHHe orrpep;eJIeHHbIX )J;eHem-
HbIX Kyrrrop )J,JIR ;:mcrrOHIIpOBaHlIH, HarrpliIMep, Ha BbICTaB:Ke'
yme He OTHOCHTCR 1\ aTOH KaTeropIDI. Onpep;eJIeHHbIe COM He-
72
1f1IH BbI3I.IBaeT OTHB'CBHIIe K p;OrOBOpy 3aHMa rrepep;a'IH B 3aeM
JJ;eUHbIX 6YMar, O)J;HaRO 3aeM n;eHHbIX 6YMar Ha rrpep;'I.HBH
!feJIH B TI;eJIHX 3aMeH1>I rropY'IHTeJIbCTBa BrrOJIHe 060CHOBaHHO
MomIIO OTUeCT;!;[ R P;OroBOPy 3aHMa.
2) «I>YHKU;HH aaiiMa Hero perYJIHpOnaHHe.
a) IIHCTJITYT 38.HMa Hrp8.eT BamHYIO pom, B 06m;ecTBe;
OeT8.TO'lUO C1\8.38.Tb, 'ITO rrocpep;CTBOM ero RpyrrHbIe rrpep;
npJlHTHH npHBJI KaIOT KarrHTaJIbI, a pJIp;OBbIe rp8.mp;aue Boe
nOJIHHIOT Hep;ocfaToK epep;CTB K cym;ecTBOBaHHIO. CHcTeMa
nOJIY'IemHl RarrIIT8.JIOB KpyrrHbIMH rrpep;rrpHHTHHMH (KoMrra-
IIHHMII, 6aHh8.MH H p;pyrHMH) Crren;II8.JIbHO perYJInpyeTCJI TI\
II 8.KT8.MH TeKyru;ero 38.KOHOp;aTeJIbCTB8..
6) BMemaTeJIbCTBO rocyp;apcTBa He 060illJIO CTOpOHOH H
HHCTHTYT 3a1I1\18.. Bo-rrepBblx, C n;eJIbIO OXP8.HbI :mOHOMII'IeCKH
-CJI8.6bIX 3aeMIIJ;HKoB 6bIJ1H rrpHHJITbI: 3aKoH 06 yrrpaBJIeHHH
JIOM68.pP;8.MII, 38.KOII 06 Orp8.HH'IeHHII ccyp;Horo npOI eHTa,
38.KOH 0 KOHTpOJIe 38. KanHTaJIOBJIOmeHHHMH, p;err03HT8.MH H
npOn;eHTaMH, 3aKOH 0 KOHTpOJIe Hap; HeHap;JIemam;IIMH p;oro-
-BOp8.MH no rrOBOp;y p;en03HTOB (1957 r.), 3aKoH 0 BpeMeHHbIX
Mepax rro perYJIHpOBaHHIO rrpon;eHTOB (1947 r.) H p;pyrHe. Bo-
'BTOpbIX'J C n;eJIbIO rrpep;OCT8.BJIeHHJI Hymp;aIOm;HMCJI B03Mom-
-HOCTH rrOJIY'IeUHH p;eHemHbIX cpep;CTB C03P;8.IOTCJI oc06ble q,1I-
HaHCOBbIe Y'Ipemp;eHIIH, BBOP;HTCH KOHTpOJIb B OTHOilleHHH
yme cym;eCTBYIOru;IIX rrop;06HbIX Y'Ipemp;eHHH, a HHorp;a ocy-
'm;eCTBJIJIeTCJI Herrocpep;CTBeHHoe rrpep;OCTaBJIeHHe cpep;CTB
'l'ocyp;apcTBOM rrop; HH3KHe rrpOIJ;eHTbI.UOCJIC BTOpOH MHPOBOH
'BOHHbI B 06JIaCTH rrpOII3Bop;CTBeHHoro Kpep;HTa HaMeTIDI8.Cb
'TeHp;eHI HJI K YCTpaHeHHIO rocyp;8.pCTBeHHoro KOBTpOJIH H 61>1-
JIH rrpllHHTbI MepbI rro rrpeBpam;eHHIO TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX crre-
TI;IIaJIbHbIX 6aHKoB, p;JIHTeJIbHOe BpeMH cym;ecTBoBaBillHX B
HrroHHH, B 06bJ'IHbIe 6aHKH, op;HaRO BrrOCJIep;CTBIIlI p;aUHaH
TeHp;eHIJ;HH HeCKOJIbKO oCJIa6JIa (B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3aKoHoM
06 8KcrropTHo-HMrropTHoM 68.HKe HrrOHIIH OT 1952 r., 3aKOHoM
-0 BaHKe pa3BHTHH 01' 1951 r. II p;pyrHMH aKT8.MH 6bIJIlI C03
'p;aHbI CrreIJ;HaJIbHbIe 6aHKH, rrOJIY'IHBillHe CTaTYC IOpHp;H'Ie-
,CKHX .1IHIJ;). B 06JI8.CTH rroTpe6HTeJIbCKOrO Kpep;HTa H q,HHaH-
'CIIpOB8.HHH Ha MaJIble CYMMbI, nOMHMO cym;ecTBoBaBIIIHX 3a-
KOHa 06 06ru;eCTBeHHbIX JIoM6app;ax 1927 r. H 3aRoHa 0
l(eHTpaJIbHOM 6aHKe P;JIH ToprOBbIX H rrpOMbICJIOBbIX Koorre
,paTHBOB 1936 r., 6bIJ1H rrpHHHTbJ: 3aKoH 0 Hapop;HoH q,HH8.H-
-COBOH KOprrOp8.QIIH (1949 r.), 38.KOH 0 I\OprrOpaIWH Kpep;H-
TOBaHHH mHJIHru;I10rO CTpOHTeJIbCTBa (1950 r.), 3aKoH 0 Kpe-
;}J;HTOBaHHlI mIIJIHru;noro CTpOHTeJIbCTBa P;JIH rrpOMbIillJIeHHbIX
73
pa60'IlIX (1953 r.), 3aROH 0 Hoprropan;HH Rpep;lIToBaHHH
CeJIl>CROro II JIeCHorO X03JIHCTBa II phI60JIoBcTBa (1952 r.),
3aROH 0 rrop;p;epJRRe II Rpep;lITOBaHlIlI RpeCTbJIIICRlIX X03JIIICTB
(1955 r.), 3aRoH 0 Hopnopan;lIlI Rpep;lITOBaHlIJI cpep;HHX II
MeJIRHX npep;rrplIJITlIH (1953 r.) H P;Pyme. B-TpeTbHX, B n;e-
JIJIX ynopJIp;O'IeHlIJI p;OJIrOBhIX 06JI3aTeJIl>cTB H oCB060mp;eHlIH
p;OJImHlIROB OT THmeJIOrO 6peMeHlI 06H3aTeJIl>cTB B rreplIOp;
Rp1I31Ica 30-x rop;OB 6IJJIlI rrpHHHThI COOTBeTCTBYIOm;lIe 3aRO-
HOp;areJIl>HhIe aRThI; B HaCTOHm;ee me BpeMH B p;aHHoH c<i>epe
p;eHcTByeT TOJIl>RO 3aRoH 06 ap61ITpame rro rpamp;3HCRlIM p;e-
JIaM 1951 r.
108. 3aRJIIO'IeHlIe P;OTOBopa 3aiiMa.
1) PeaJIbHOcTb. 3aeM 3aRJIIO'IaeTCH rrOJIY'IeHlIeM 3aeMm;1I-
ROM p;eHemHOH CYMMl>I HJIH HHOH Bem;H. BCJIep;CTBlIe 3TOrO
B03HlIRaeT JIHrnl> 06H3aHHoCTl> 3aeMm;HRa rro B03Bpam;eHHIO,
op;HaRO 06H3aHHoCTb 3aHMop;aBn;a no rrepep;a'Ie p;eHemHOH CYM-
MhI HJIlI HHOH Bem;lI OTCYTCTByeT. ll03TOMY p;aHHhIII p;orOBOp
OTHOCIITCH R RaTeroplIlI OP;HOCTopOHHero p;orOBopa, a rrplI YC-
TaHOBJIeHlIlI rrpOn;eHTOB - II R RaTeropHlI B03Me3p;Horo P;O-
rOBopa, OCTaBaHCl> TeM He MeHee OP;HOCTOpOHHHM. llO'IeMY me
3aeM C'IlITaeTCH peaJIl>Hl>IM p;orOBopOM? B HacTOHm;ee BpeMs
HlIRaRlIX pan;HOHaJIl>HhIX OCHOBaHHH P;JIH 3Toro, 3a lICRJIIO'Ie-
HlIeM lICTOplI'IeCRHX, He cym;ecTByeT. Ha rrepBhIH B3rJIHn
peaJIl>HOCTL p;orOBopa 3aHMa CJIymHT 3alI\lITe 3aeMm:HRa, no-
CROJIl>RY, HarrplIMep, rrplI 3aRJIIO'IeHHH p;orOBopa 3aHJ\Ia Ha
CYMMY B 100 TIJC. lIeH II rrplI peaJIl>HOM rrOJIY'IeHHH 3aeMm;R-
ROM 3a Bl>I'IeTOM rrpOn;eHTOB H ROMHCClIOHHhIX 60 Tl>IC. HeR
peaJIl>HOCTl> p;orOBopa rrpHBop;HT R TOMY, 'ITO CYMMa 3aHMa
CHlImaeTCH p;o 60 TIJC. lIeH. Op;HaRO 3TO He 6yp;eT Hap;emHOB
3am;HTOH 3aeMm;HRa, rrOCKOJIl>RY, p;ame rrepep;aB 3aeMm:IIKY
nOJIHYIO CYMMY (100 TIJC. HeH), 3aIIMop;aBen; MOif\eT He3aMep;-
JIlITeJIl>HO B3l>ICRan C Hero BhICORlIe npOu;eHT:bI (40 TIJC. lIeH) ,
B 3TOH CBH3lI 60JIee pan;HOHaJIl>HM II p;eHcTBeHHM orpaHH'Ie-
HlIH, YCTaHaBJIlIBaeMMe 3aRoHoM 06 Orp3HH'IeHHlI CCYAHoro
rrpOn;eHTa, H rrOJIOmeHHH rH 0 HapyrneHIIH rry6mI'IHOrO rro-
pHp;Ra II p;o6rTilx HpaBOB.
2) CMJIT'IeHUe rpe60BaHIIH peaJIbHOCTlI 3aHMa. HaR B Ha-
YRe, TaR II B cyp;e6HoH rrpaRTlIRe Ha6mop;aeTcH TeHp;eHI HH R
nOCTeneHHOMY CMHI''IeHHIO Tpe60BaHHH peaJIl>HOCTlI 3aHMa.
Bo-nepBMx, TepMHH (<IIOJIY'IeHHe npep;MeTa P;orOBopa» CTaJ!
TOJIROBaTl>CH B TOM CMMCJIe, 'ITO P;JIH 3Toro )J;OCTaTO'IHO rrepe-
)J;a'IlI, HMelOm;ea 3ROHOMlI'IeCRYIO n;eHHOCTl>, HarrpHMep nOJIY-
74
qeHHe cOeperaTeJIbnOM KHHmKH H JIHqHOH ne'laTH'" HJIH BeK
<ceJIH. BO-BTOpbIX, npH3HaeTCH B03MOmHOCTb OfJ;HOBpeMeHHOrO
YCTaHOBJIeHHH HnOTeKH. B-TpeTbHX, Cym;ecTByeT npaKTHKa
BHeCeHHH B HOTapHaJIbHOe YfJ;OCTOBepeHHe 3anHCH 0 3aRMe
,6e3 peaJIbHOH nepefJ;a IH fJ;eHemnOH CYMMbI, H npH nOCJIeAYIO
m;eiI nepefJ;a'le fJ;aHHOH CYMMbI, T. e. npH OTCY'fCTBHH <pHKTHB-
'lIOCTH, fJ;aHHOe YfJ;OCTOBepeHHe C'IHTaeTCH fJ;eHCTBlITeJIbHbIM
(CM. peIIIeHHe epXOBHOrO cYfJ;a OT 16 HIOHH 1936 r.). HaKo-
sen" B03HHKaeT Bonpoc, B03MomHO JIH 3aKJIIO'IeHHe KOHCeH.
cyaJIbHOro fJ;OrOBopa 3aHMa, T. e. Ha OCHOBe JIHIIIb 06em;aHlIH
3aHMOfJ;aBn,a nepe,I\aTb fJ;eHeiImyIO CYMMY, a 3aeMm;HKa-Bep-
nYTb ee. CYfJ;e6HaH npaKTHKa H 60JIbIIIlIHCTBO n,HBHJIHCTOB
'OTpHn,aIOT fJ;aHHYIO B03MomHOCTb. BMeCTe C TeM, no HallieMY
MHeHHIO, ee nplI3HauHe BnOJIHe fJ;OnYCTHMO.
3) KBa3113aeM. fR fJ;onYCKaeT B03MomHOCTb H3MeHeHHH
,fJ;OJIrOBOro o6H3aTeJIbCTBa 3aeMm;HKa Ha 3aeM (CT. 588 fR),
Ha3bIBaeMbIH rpamfJ;aHCKO-npaBOBOH HaYKOH KBa3H3aHMOM.
'CTporo rOBopH, B fJ;aHHOM CJIY'Iae fJ;OrOBOp 3aHMa He MomeT
3aKJIIO'IaTbCH, 1I6o 6e3 nOJIY'IeHHH 3aeMm;HK He MomeT Bep-
HYTb fJ;eHemHYIO CYMMY, OfJ;HaKO npon,efJ;ypa nOJIY'IeHHH 6YfJ;eT
'TYT COBepllIeHHO H3JIIIIIIHeH, '1TO H npH3HaeTCH I\OfJ;eKCOM.
fR pa3pelliaeT 3aKJIIO'IaTb fJ;OrOBOp KBa3H3aHMa B CJIY'IaHX,
'KOrfJ;a 3aeMm;HK HeceT 06H3aTeJIbCTBO no HHbIM, nOMHMO fJ;O-
TOBopa 3aHMa, OCHOBanHHM. HanpHMep, 06H3aHHOCTb nOKY-
naTeJIH no ynJIaTe nOKynHoH n,eHbI MomeT 6bITb TpaHC<pOP-
:lompOBaHa B 06H3aTeJIbCTBO no B03Bpam;eHHIO fJ;eHemHOH CYM-
MbI Ha OCHOBaHHH fJ;OrOBOpa 3aHMa.
4) llpefJ;BapllTeJIbHOe COrJIameHlle 0 3aHMe. IIpH HaJIHqHII
TaKoro COTJIaIIIeHHH 3aeMm;IIK npHo6peTaeT npaBO Tpe6oBaTI,
3aKJIIOqeHlIH fJ;orOBOpa, a 3aHMOfJ;aBen, HeceT COOTBeTcTByIO-
m;yIO o6H3aHHocTb. OfJ;HaKO npH OTCYTCTBHH nepefJ;a'lH npefJ;-
:MeTa fJ;orOBopa fJ;OI'OBOp He 3aKJIIO'IaeTCH. ECJIH B nepHOfJ; no-
CJIe npefJ;BapHTem.Horo COrJIaIIIeHHH H fJ;O 3aKJIIO'IeHHH fJ;O-
rOBopa nacTynaeT HeCOCTOHTeJIbHOCTb OfJ;HOH H3 CTOpOH,
TIpe;a;BapHTeJIbHOe COrJIaIIIeHHe YTpa'lHBaeT CHJIY (CT. 589 fR).
109. OTBeTcTBeHHocTb 3aHMO;a;aBI a. B c.IY'Iae o6Hapyme-
IHHH nopOKOB BeIIl,H npH 3aHMe, 06YCJIOBJIeHHOM npon,eHTaMH,
3aIIMO;a;aBen, HeceT o6H3aHHocTb no 3aMeHe fJ;aHHOll: Bem;lI,
* a aHa'leHHII JIII'IHOH IIe'IaTH B JIIIO'IICKOM IIpaBe II IIoBce HeBHoH
HaHH CM.: II H a K 0 . COBpeMeHHoe IIpaBo RIIOHIIH. M., «IIporpecc»,
1981, c. 222-224. -llpuM. peiJ.
75
O)J;BaRO 00H3aBBOCTb rro B03Mem;eBHIO ym;epoa rrpH aTOM OT-
CYTCTByeT (rr. 1. CT. 590 rK). IIPH oecrrpou;eBTBOM 3aHMe
YRa3aBBaH OTBeTCTBeHBOCTb 3aHMO)J;aBu;a BacTyrraeT, JUIIlIb
eCJIH OB 3BaJI 0 BaJUf'IHH )J;e!fleRTa, BO Be COOOm;HJI 0 BeM 3a-
eMm;HRY.
110. 06H3aHHocTH 3aeMIqHRa.
a) IIpH YCTaBOBJIeBHH cpORa B03Bpam;eBHH 3aeMm;HRO I
Bem;H OB )J;OJImeB BepBYTb ee rro BacTyrrJIeBHH cpORa. ECJIH
me CpOR Be YCTaBaBJIHBaeTCH, 3aeMm;HR MomeT BepBYTb Bem;b
B JIIOOOe BpeMH, a 3aHMO)J;aBeu; MomeT TpeOOBaTb B03Bpam;e-
BHH, YCTaBOBHB )J;JIH Bero pa3YMBLIH CpOR (CT. 591 rK).
0) 3aeMm;HR 00H3aB BepBYTb 3aHMO)J;aBU;Y paBBoe HOJIH-
'1eCTBO Bem;eH Toro me pO)J;a H Ra'leCTBa, '1TO H rrOJIyqeBBLIe
B 3aeM. ECJIH me rro RaRHM-JIHOO rrpH'IHHaM Bem;b Be MomeT'
OLITb B03Bpam;eBa, B03BHRaeT 00H3aBBOCTb B03Mem;eBHH CTOH
MOCTH )J;aBHOH Bem;H Ba MOMeBT BeB03MomHOCTH ee B03Bpa-
m;eBHH. IIPH rrpOBe)J;eBHH )J;eBemBOH pe!flopMbI 3aeMm;HR OOH-
3aB BepHYTb 3aHMO)J;aBU;y nOJIY'IeBHYIO CYMMY B HOBbIX )J;e-
HemBbIX 3BaRax (CT. 592, rr. 2 CT. 402 rK).
B) qacTo 3aeMm;HR BeceT 00H3aBHOCTb no ynJIaTe rrpo-
u;eBTOB, ycraBOBJIeHHbIX CrreU;HaJIbRbIM COTJIameHHeM HJIH Ba
OCHOBaHHH HOpM 3aROHO)J;aTeJIbCTBa (HarrpHMep, CT. 513 TK).
Ha )J;aHHYIO cHTyaU;HIO pacrrpOCTpaHHeTCH )J;eHCTBHe 3aROHa
00 OrpaBH'leHHH CCY)J;Boro rrpou;eHTa H rrOJIOmeHHH 0 3aROB-
BOH rrpOIJ;eHTHOH CTanRe.
r n is B is 14. AOrOBOP 5E3B03ME3AHOrO
nOflb30BAHHSI HMYIl-'ECTBOM
111. Be3Bo3Me3)J;Hoe nOJIb30BaHHe HMym;ecTBoM rrpe)J;IIO'-
JIaraeT oe3B03Me3)J;HYIO rrepe)J;a'lY Bem;H )J;PyrOMY JIHU;Y B u;e..
JIHX rrOJIb30BaHHH H 1I0JIY'IeHHH BbIrO)J;bI. IIoCROJIbRY )J;aHHbIH
BH)J; )J;orOBopa 3aRJIIO'IaeTCH rrpH HaJIH'IHH OCOObIX OTHOIlIeHHH
Mem)J;Y CTopOHaMH )J;orOBopa, COIJ;HaJIbHaH !fIYHRIJ;HH )J;aHHoro
)J;orOBopa HeBeJIHRa.
IIPH )J;orOBope oe3B03Me3)J;Horo rrOJIb30BaHHH HMym;ecTBO:M'
BaHHMaTeJIb He rrpHoopeTaeT rrpaBa COOCTBenHOCTH Ba rrpe)J;-
MeT )J;orOBopa, H rroaTOMY B03Bpam;eHHIO rrO)J;JIemHT HMeHHO
Ta Bem;b, ROTopaH ObIJIa nOJIY'IeHa rrpH 3aR.'IIO'IeHHH )J;orOBO-
pa. B aTOM OTHOIlIeHHH )J;aHHbIH BH)J; )J;orOBopa OTJIH'laeTCH OT
)J;orOBopa 3allMa H anaJIOrH'leH )J;orOBOpy IIMym;ecTBeHHoro>
76
HaHMa. Mem}J;Y TeM BMym;ecTBeHHI:.IH HaeM OTHOCHTCH R Ra
TeropHH B03Me3}J;Horo }J;orOBopa, }J;orOBOp me 6e3B03Me3}J;Horo
rrOJIb30BaHHH HMym;ecTBOJ\l JIBJIJIeTCH 6e3B03Me3p;HI:.IM p;orOBO
pOM H TeM OTJIHqaeTCH OT }J;orOBopa HMym;ecTBeHHoro HaHMa.
RpOMe Toro, fR paCCMaTpHBaeT p;orOBOp 6e3B03Me3p;Horo
I10JIb30BaHHH HMym;ecTBoM RaR peaJII:.HI:.IH (CT. 593 fR). Op;
HaRO B OTHomeHHH p;aHHoro rrOJIOmeHHH MorYT 6I:.ITI:. rrpHBe
}J;eHI:.I TaRHe me ROHTpaprYMeHTI:.I, RaR H rrpH p;orOBope 3athra.
)
112. 06J13aHHOCTH HaHMo}J;aTeJIH. HaHMOp;aTeJII:. HeceT rre
pe}J; HaHHMaTeJIeM 06H3aHHocTI:. }J;03BOJIeHHH HCIIOJII:.30BaHHR
H rrOJIyqeHHH BI:.IrOp;I:.I H3 rrpe}J;MeTa }J;oroBopa. Op;HaRo, RaR H
rrpH p;orOBope HMym;ecTBeHHoro HaHMa, HaHMO}J;aTeJII:. He He
ceT aRTHBHOH 06H3aHHOCTH, HarrpHMep 06H3aHHocTH rro pe
MOHTY Bem;H H rrpe}J;ocTaBJIeHHIO ee B rrOJII:.30BaHHe HaHHMa-
TeJIIO.
IIOCROJII:.RY paccMaTpHBaeMI:.IH p;oroBop HBJIHeTCH 6e3B03-
Me3p;HI:.IM, B OTHomeHHH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH HaHMOp;aTeJIH rrpn-
MeHHeTCH rrOJIOmeHHe CT. 551 fR 06 OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH }J;apn-
TeJIH (CT. 596 fR).
113. IJpaBa HaHHMaTeJIJI.
a) HaHHMaTeJII:. HMeeT rrpaBO Ha HCrrOJII:.30BaHHe H rrOJIY-
qeHHe BI:.IrO}J;I:.I. B orrpe}J;eJIeHHOM CMI:.ICJIe 8TO 03HaqaeT Herro'"
cpep;CTBeHHoe BJIap;eBHe Bem;bIO, op;HaRO, fR He rrpH3HaeT
p;aHHoe rrpaBO caMOCTOHTeJII:.HI:.IM Bem;HI:.IM rrpaBOM. IIo}J;p06-
Hee }J;aHHI:.IH Borrpoc 6Y}J;eT paCCMOTpeH B rJIaBe, I10CBHm;eHHOH
HMym;ecTBeHHOMY HaHMY (CM.: 06H3aTeJII:.CTBeHHoe rrpaBO-
119) .
6) IIpH rrOJII:.30BaHHH H H3BJIeqeHHH BI:.IrO}J;I:.I HaHHMaTeJII:.
06H3aH H36HpaTI:. B COOTBeTCTBHH C cO}J;epmaHHeM )J,orOBopa
HJIH xapaRTepOM Bem;H COOTBeTCTBYIOm;He crroc06I:.I. RpoMe
Toro, 6e3 COrJIaCHH HaHMo}J;aTeJIH }J;aHHaH BeIT\I:. He MomeT
6I:.ITI:. rrpe}J;OCTaBJIeHa B rrOJII:.30BaHHe TpeTI:.eMY JIlm,Y. IIpn
HapymeIIHH 3THX OrpaHHqeHHH HaMMO}J;aTeJII:. MomeT paCTOp-
mYTh )J,orOBOp (CT. 594 fR) H Tpe60BaTI:. B03)\[err eHHH ym;ep-
6a, qTO, O)];HaRO, )];OJImHO 6b1TI:. peaJIH30BaHO L TeqeHHe O)];HOro
rO)J,a C MOMeHTa B03BpaIT\eHHH Bem;H HaHMO)J,aTeJIIO (CT. 600
fR).
114. 06J13aHHOCTII HaHHMaTeJIJI.
a) HaHHMaTeJII:. He HeceT 06H3aHHocTH rro yrrJIaTe HaeM-
HOM rrJIaTI:.I, O)J,HaRO 06H3aH ocym;eCTBJIHTI:. xpaHeHHe BeID;1l
77
co BHHMaHHeM XOpOIllerO YIIpaBJUIrom;ero (CT. 400 fR). XOTlI
fR HHqel'O He rOBopHT 0 )J;orOBope oe3B03Me3)J;Horo IIOJIb30-
BaHHH HMym;ecTBoM, OOYCJIOBJIeHHOM B03JIOmelIHeM 00fl3a-
TeJIbCTBa Ha HaHHMaTeJIfl, BIIOJIHe eCTeCTBeHHO, qTO HaHH-
MaTeJIb HeceT OOH3aHHOCTb no HCnOJIHeHHro )J;aHHoro OOH3a-
TeJIbCTBa.
0) HaHHMaTe,'Ib HeceT JIHIllb OObPIHble HeOOXO)J;HMbIe H3-
)J;epanm, CBH3aHHbIe C IIpe)J;MeTOM )J;orOBopa, IIPH HaJIHqHH me
HHbIX H3)J;epmeK OH MomeT B COOTBeTCTBIIH C OIIpe)J;eJIeHRbIMII
npaRnJIilMII TpeOOBaTb HX B03Mem;eHIIfl (CT. 595 fR). ,[(an-
Hoe rrO,TIOmeHHe OTJIHqaeTCH OT COOTBeTcTByrom;HX HOpM, rrpe-
)J;YCl\IOTperrHbIX rrpH HMym;ecTBeHHOM HaHMe (CM. CT. 608 fR).
BMeCTe C TeM npaBO TpeoonaHHH B03Mem;eHHfl H3)J;epmeK
)];OJIiI,HO ObiT!. peamI30BaHO B TelJeHI-Ie O)J;Horo rO)J;a nOCJIe B03-
Bpam;eWIH Bem;H HaHMo,rraTeJIro (CT. 600 fR).
B) II pH OKOHqaHHH cpOKa oe3B03Me3JJ;Horo IIOJIh30BaHHH
IIMYIl\eCTBOM HaHHMaTeJIb 00fl3aH BepHYTb npeJJ;MeT )J;orOBO
pa. IIpH aTOM OH )J;OJImeH BOCCTaHOBIITb Bem;h B npemHeM
COCTOflHHH, T. e. yopaTb C)J;eJIaHHbIe HM )J;onOJIHeHHfl K Bem;H
HJIH JIHKBH)J;HpOBaTb ee 1I3MeHeHHfl, 'ITO HBJIHeTCH KaK npa.
BO I, YaK H 00fl3aHHocTbro HaHIIMaTeJIfl (CT. 598 fR).
115. npeKpa eHHe )J;orOBopa 0e3Bo3Me3JJ;Horo nOJIb30Ba.
HUK IIMy ecTBoM ocym;eCTBJIHeTCH IIO OCHOBaHHHM: HCTeqe.
nlIH cpOKa )J;orOBopa (CM. II. 1 CT. 597 fR), npeKpam;eHHH
nOJIb30BaHHH IIJIII 1I3BJIeqeHlIH BhIrO)J;hI nplI 3aKJIroqeHHH )];0.
rOBopa oe3 YKaaaHHH cpOKa (n. 2 CT. 597 fR), CMepTII HaHH-
MaTeJIH (CT. 599 fR), paCTopmeHlIfl )J;orOBopa O)J;HOH 113 CTO.
pOH.
HanMOJJ;aTeJIb OOJIaJJ;aeT npaBOM paCTopmeHHII )J;orOBopa,
aaKJIroqeHHOrO oe3 YKa3aHHfl cpOKa, HO C onpe)];eJIeHHeM n;e.
.rrH nOJIb30BaHlIfl HJIH 1I3BJIe'IeHHfl BbIrO)J;I>I, no HCTe'IeHHH
cpOKa, )J;OCTaTOqHOrO )J;JIfl nOJIh30BaHHH HJIII H3BJIeqeHHH BbI"
rO)J;bI H3 npe)J;MeTa )J;orOBopa (orOBopKa n. 2 CT. 597 fR). IIpH
OTCYTCTBHII onpe)J;eJIeHIIH B )J;orOBope KaK cpOKa, TaK II n;eJIeH
naiiMO)J;aTeJIh MomeT pacToprHYTb )J;orOBOp B JIroooe BpeMR
(n. 3 CT. 597 fR). To me OTHOCHTCH H K CJIY'Iaro OTKJIOHeHHR
aaHHMaTeJIII OT n;eJIH )J;orOBopa (II. 3 CT. 594 fR). CJIe;J;yeT
yqHTbIBaTb, 'ITO npe)J;'bflBJIeHHe TpeooBaHHfl B03BpaIl\eHHR
BeIl\H paCCMaTpHBaeTCH KaK npeKpam;eHHe )J;orOBopa. RpoMe
Toro, B nopH)J;Ke TOJIKOnaHHfl CqHTaeTCfl, 'ITO paCTopmeHHe
IJ;orOBOpa He HMeeT OOpaTHOH CHJIhI (CM. CT. 620 fR). HaHH'
MaTeJIb MomeT paCToprHYTb )J;orOBOp B JIroooe BpeMfl.
78
r naB a 15. AOrOBOP HMYUJ.ECTBEHHOrO HAAMA
116. nOHHTHe If 3HaqeHHe uMyw;ecTBeHHoro HaiiMa. HaK
II }:(orOBOp 6e3B03Me3}:(Horo nOJIb30BaHHH HMym;ecTBoM, }:(oro-
BOp HMyru;eCTBeJ-IHOrO HaMMa npe}:(nOJIaraeT nepe}:(aTJY Bem;H
B IIOJIb30BaHHe }:(JIH 1I3BJIe'IeHHH BbIrO}:(bI HaHHMaTeJIeM 6e3
npe}:(OCTaBJIeHIIH eMY npaBa c06CTBeHHOCTH Ha )l;aHHYIO Beln;b,
r::PH aTOM HaHH laTeJIb 06H3aH BepHYTb HMeHHO TY Beru;b, KO-
TopaH 6bIJIa OJIY'IeHa npH 3aKJIIO'IeHHH }:(orOBopa. Pa3JIHQHe
me COCTOHT Ii TOM, 'ITO npH }:(orOBope HMyru;eCTBeHHoro HaMMa
YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH 06H3aHHocTb HaHHMaTeJIH no ynJIaTe RaeM-
HOM nJIaTbI. B OTJIlI'IHe OT }:(orOBopOB 3aMMa H 6e3B03Me3}:(Horo
nOJIb30BaHHH HMym;ecTBoM }:(orOBOp IIMyru;eCTBeHHoro HaMMa
C'IlITaeTCH fWHceHcyaJIbHbIM.
COIJ;Ha.llbHble <PYHKIJ;HH, BbITIOJIHHeMble HbIHe IIHCTlIrYTOM
HMyru;eCTBeHIIOTO HaMMa, 'Ipe3BbI'IaMHO 06nmpHbI. CTOJIb me
Bemm II Kpyr Bem;eM, HBJIHIOm;HXCH npe}:(MeTOM }:(aHHoro n;o-
rOBopa: aTO H }:(BHmHMOCTb, TaKaH, KaK o}:(em}:(a, aBTOM06HJIII,
CTpOHTeJIbHOe 060pY}:(OBaHHe, H He}:(BHmHMoCTb - 3}:(aHHH H
3eMeJIbHble Y'IaCTKH pa3JIH'IHOrO Ha3I1a'IeHHH. B OTHorneHIIH
3CMeJIbHbIX Y'IaCTKOB no):( CTpoeHHH H CeJIbCKOX03HMCTBeHHbIX
3eMeJIb rH npe}:(YCMaTpHBaeT B03MomHOCTb YCTaHOBJIeHHH CY-
nep<PHIJ;HH H aM<pHTeB3HCa (CM.: Bem;Hoe npaBo - 54, 61),
O}:(HaKO B peaJIbHOM mH3HH }:(aHHble <pOPMbI npHMeHHIOTCH
b"paMHe pe}:(KO H COOTBeTCTBYIOru;He OTHorneHHH perYJIHpYIOT-
CH rJIaBHbIM oopa30M HHCTIITYTOM HMyru;eCTBeJIHoro HallMa.
BMecTe C TeM B fIt no nOBO}:(y perYJIHpOBaHHH IIMym;ecT-
BeHHoro HaMMa He}:(BHmHMOCTII cyru;eCTBOBaJIH H HeKOTopbIe
np06JIeMbI. CooTBeTcTBYIOm;He nOJIOmeHHH fIt He oXBaTbIBaJIlI
HaeM 3eMeJIbHbIX Y'IaCTKOB no):( cTpoeHHH H JIeCHbIX Y'IaCTKoB.
B OOJIaCTH HaMMa mHJIHm;a H CeJIbCKOX03HHcTBeHHbIX 3eMeJIb,
HMCIOru;ero }:(JIHTeJIbHbIH xapaRTep, rapaHTHH }:(JIHTeJIbHOCTII
nOJIb30BanHH H oxpaHa nOJIOmeHHH HaHHMaTeJIH 6bIJIH He-
)l;eflCTBeHHbI, a Te HeMHorue nOJIOmeHHH, KOTopbIe Bce me
HMeJIIICb B Ro}:(eKce, 6bIJIII HBHO He}:(ocTaTO'IHbI. IJoaToMY II
nOCJIe npHHHTHH fH HaHIIMaTeJIb Mor npaKTH'IeCKH B JIIOOOM
MOMeHT JIIIrnIiTbCH apeH,[];ye IOiI 11M He,[];BIIJEIIMOCTH 6e3 BCHKIIX
Ha):(e/E}:( na B03Bparu;eHHe 3aTpa'IeHHbIX HM cpe}:(CTB H TpYJJ:a.
IIOIlHTHO, '11'0 no}:(06Hoe nOJIOmeHne He MOrJIO npo}:(OJIrr;:aTbCH
}:(OJITO, II yme B I1a'IaJIe XX BeKa XOTH H Me}:(JIeHHO, HO Bce me
Ha'IaJICH rrpOIJ;eCC nplIHHTIIH cneIJ;HaJIbHOrO 3aKOHo}:(aTeJIbCTBa
no Bonpocy HaMMa He)l,BHmHMOCTII, 3aRpenJIHIOru;ero nOJIome-
HIIH B OTIIorneHHH cpORa HaMMa, YCJIOBHM, nCKJIlOtJalOm;IIX
79
tlpe;O;'bflBJIeHHe npeTeH3HH co CTOpOHbI TpeTbHX JIHD;, a TaHme
B03MomHOCTH H cnOCOOOB B03BpaII\eHHfl BJIOmeHHblX B apeH-
AyeMYIO He;O;BHlliHMOCTb cpe;O;CTB H npH;o;aIOII\erO AaHHblM no-
JIOmeHIIeM ;o;eHCTBHe, 6JIH3KOe K ;o;eHCTBHIO BeII\HOrO npaBa.
XOTfl H B Cnell,HcPH'leCKOH cPopMe, 6b1JIa Bce me npH3HaHa
rrepe;o;aBaeMOCTb npaBa Ha apeHAyeMYIO 3eMJIIO. TaK Ha'laJICfl
rrpOll,eCC npH;o;aHHfl npaBY HMYII\eCTBeHHoro HaHMa He));BHmH-
MOC'fH BeIll,HO-npaBOBoro xapaKTepa.
ITo O('\'beKTY HaHMa npHHHToe 3aKOHO)J;aTeJIbCTBO MomHO
pa3)J;eJIIITb Ha C.JIe;O;YIOII\He rpynnbI: 3aKOHO;o;aTeJIbCTBO 00
apeHJW 3eMeJIbHOrO yqaCTKa no)); CTpoeHHe, BI{JIIO'laIOII\ee 3a-
ROH 06 oxpaHe 3;o;aHHH (1909 r.), 3aKoH 06 apeH;o;e 3eMJIH
(1922 r.), 3aKoH 06 ap6HTpame no BonpocaM apeH;O;b1 3eMJIH
If mHJIHnw (1923 r.) ; 3aIWHo;o;aTeJIbCTBO 06 apeH;o;e mlIJIHrn;a,
BKJIIO'laIOrn;ee 3aKoH 0 HaHMe mHJIbIX nOMern;eHHH (1922 r.),
3aKOH 0 BpeMeHHbIX Mepax no BonpocaM apeH;O;b1 3eMJIH H
mHJIbH (1925 r.), rrpllHHTbIH rrOCJIe pa3pYIlIHTeJIbHOrO 3eM-
JIeTpHCeHHfl 1923 r., 3aKOH 0 BpeMeHHbIX Mepax B OTHome
HHH apeH;O;b1 3eMJIH H HaHMa mHJIblX nOMern;eHHH B ropo;o;ax,
nOCTpa)J;aBllIHX OT CTHXIIiiHbIX 6e;o;cTBHH (1946 r.); 3aKOHO-
p;aTeJIbCTBO 00 apeH;o;e CeJIbCKOX03HHcTBeHHoH 3eMJIH, BKJIIO-
qaIOrn;ee 3aKoH 06 ap6HTpame no BonpocaM apeH;O;b1 CeJIbCKO-
X03HHcTBeHHbIx 3eMeJIb (1925 r.), 3aROH 0 perYJIHpOBaHHl1
BeMJIenOJIbBOBaHHH (1938 r.), KOTOpblH B 1947 r. 6b1JI BaMe-
HeH 3aKoHoM 0 CeJIbCKOX03HHcTBeHHblx 3eMJIHX. B COOTBeTCT-
BHH c npHHHTbIMH 3aKOHaMH 3Ha'lHTeJIbHaH 'laCTb COOTBeTCT-
BYIO X nOJIOmeHHH r1\ 6bIJIa nepeCMOTpeHa. 06'be;O;HHHIO-
rn;HM MOMeHTOM TeKyrn;ero 3aKOHo;o;aTeJIbCTBa no BonpocaM
MaHMa He;O;BH1KHMOCTH CTaJIO orpaHH'leHHe npHHlI,Hna cB060-
AbI ;o;ormwpa. B HacTOHrn;eH rJIaBe MbI paCCMOTpHM COAepma-
HHe ;o;aHHoro 3aKOHo;o;aTeJIbCTBa JIHmb B TOM acneKTe, B KaHOM
OHO Henocpe;O;CTBeHHO HBMeHHJIO nOJIOmeHHIl fR 06 HMyrn;ecT-
BeHHO:'.1 HaHMe.
ITpHMeHHTeJIbHO K HaMMY CTpOHTeJIbHOH TexHHKH H )J;PY-
rOH )J;BHiIHIMOCTH B HnoHcKoM HaYKe rpam)J;aHCKoro npaBa yrro-
TpeOJIHeTCH aHrJIHHCKHM TepMHH «lease», IIMeIOIlI,HH ;O;Be OCO-
6eHHocTH. Bo-nepBbIX, ;o;aHHbIH BH;o; HMym;ecTBeHHoro HanMa
'laCTO conpOBom;o;aeTCH onpe;o;eJIeHHblMH ,lJ;eHemHbIMH OTHO-
llIeHHHMH. HanpHMep, npH npOBe;r:J;eHIIH rpam;o;aHHHOM CTpOH-
TeJIbHbIX pa60T CTpOHTeJIbHYIO TeXHHKY npH06peTaeT rpaiR-
AaHHH B, KOTOpbIH rrepeAaeT ee B HaeM A, OT'lHCJIHIOrn;eMY
H3 nocTyrrJIeHHii OT HCnOJIb30BaHHH TeXHHKH HaeMHYIO rrJIaTY,
BKJIIOtJarorn;yIO H llJlaTY 3a aMopTHBall,HIO TeXHHKH. BO-BTOPbIX,
80
B HallieM npHMepe )J;aHHbIM BH)]; HMYIIJ;eCTBeHHOrO HaMMa
npe)];nOJIaraeT COCTaBJIeHHe CneIJ;HaJIbHOrO COrJIallIeHHH 0 TOM,
qTO paCXO)];bI Ha peMOHT TeXHHKH HeceT HaHHMaTeJIb, KOTO-
pbIM, KpOJ\le TOro, 06H3aH 3apaHee ynJIaTHTb onpe)];eJIeHHYIO
CYMMY Ha CJIyqaM nOBpeiK)];eHHH HJIH rH6eJIH TeXHHKH (pa3Mep
::)TOM CYMMbI YMeHbllIaeTCH no Mepe npH6JIHiKeHHH cpOKa OKOH-
qaHHH )];OrOBOpa HMYIIJ;eCTBeIfHOrO HaMMa).
117. CpOK HMy ecTBeHHOl'O HaMMa.
1) COJIJIacHo fK CpOK )];OrOBOpa HMYIIJ;eCTBeHHoro HaMMa
He MOiKeT npeBbIllIaTb 20 JIeT H npH npeBbIIlleHHH YKa3aH-
Horo cpOKa OH COKpaIIJ;aeTCH )];0 20 JIeT. lloCJIe OKOHqaHHH
cpOKa )];OrOBOp MOiKeT 6bITb B0306HOBJIeH, HO Ha nepHO)]; He
CBbIllie 20 JIeT (CT. 604 fK). OTHOCHTeJIbHO MHHHMaJIbHOrO
cpOKa apeH)];bI fK He YCTaHaBJIHBaeT OrpaHH'IeHHM. llpH 3a-
RJIIOqeHHH )];OrOBOpa HMYIIJ;eCTBeHHoro HaMMa JIHIJ;aMH, HMeIO-
IIJ;HMH npaBO Ha ynpaBJIeHHe HMYIIJ;eCTBOM, HO He 06JIa)];aIO-
.lIt;HMH )];eeCnOC06HOCTbIO H KOMneTeHIJ;HeM no pacnopHiKemlIO
HMYIIJ;eCTBOM (orpaHH'IeHHO ,TJ,eeCnOCo6HbIM H npe)l;CTaBHTe-
JIHMH C HeOnpe)l;eJIeHHbIMI1 nOJIHOMOqHHMH) (CM. n. 9 CT. 12,
CT. 103 fK), YCTaHaBJIHBaIOTCH oco6bIe, COKpaIIJ;eHHbIe MaK-
CHMaJIbHO )l;OnYCTHMbIe CpOKH apeH)I;bI (CT. 602 fK). 06HOB-
JIeHHe )];aHHblX CpOKOB .a;onYCKaeTCH JIHIllb naKaHYHe OKOHqa,
HHH cpOKa nepBOHaqaJIbHOrO )l;OrOBOpa (CT. 603 fK).
2) 3aKoH 06 apeH)];e 3eMJUI YCTaHaBJlHBaeT 3Ha'IHTeJIbHO
60JIee npO)l;OJIiKHTeJIbHble CpOKH npaBa apeH)I;hI 3eMJIH ()];aH-
Hoe nOHHTHe 06'be)l;HHHeT cynepqlHIJ;HM H npaBO HMYIIJ;eCTBeH-
Horo HaMMa), a HMeIIHO: npH OTCYTCTBHH cneIJ;HaJIbHOrO CO-
TJIallIeHHH - 60 JIeT )l;JIH apeH)I;bI 3eMJIH no)]; KanHTaJIbHOe
CTpoeHHe H 30 JIeT )l;JIH apeH)I;bI 3eMJIH no)]; Bce HHbIe CTpoe-
HHH. llpH OTCYTCTBHH cneIJ;HaJIbHOTO COTJIaIlleHHH 0 cpOKax
HMYIIJ;eCTBeHHoro HaMMa 3aKOH YCTaHaBJIHBaeT MHHHMaJIb-
lIbIe CpOKH - 30 JIeT )l;JIH nepBoro CJIyqaH H 20 J{JIH BToporo
(CT. 2 YKa3aHHoro 3aKoHa). ,D;aHHble nOJIOiKeHHH aHaJIOrH'I-
HhI perYJIHpOBaHHIO cyrrepqlHIJ;HH, CBH3aHHoro C HaJIHqHeM Ha
3eMJIe CTpoeHHH, HaXO)l;HIIJ;erOCH B co6cTBeHHocTH cyrrep<pH-
IJ;HapHH (CM.: BeIIJ;HOe npaBO - 56).
3) 3aKoH 0 HaMMe mHJIbIX nOMe eHHM OrpaHHqHBaeT
B03MOiKHOCTb paCTopiKeHHH )l;OrOBOpa HMYIIJ;eCTBeHHoro HaM-
Ma rrpH KpaTKOCpOqHOM apeH)I;e Ha CpOK MeHee O)l;HOrO rO)l;a,
paCCMaTpHBaH ero KaK HeOrrpe)l;eJIeHHbIM CpOK )];OrOBOpa (CT. 3 2
YKa3aHHoro 3a1\OHa; CM., O)];HaKO, CT. 8 3aKoHa 0 HaMMe a\H-
JIoro nOMeIIJ;eHHH B IJ;eJIHX BpeMeHHoro nOJIb30BaHHH).
6 3aKa3 N2 1264
81
118. 06J13aHHOCTb HaiiMO)1;aTeJIJI. HaHMO)1;aTeJIb rreceT aR-
THBHVJO 06J13aHHOCTb no 06eCne1J:eHHJO nOJIb30BaHHJI H H3BJIe-
1J:eHH BbIrO)1;bI HaHHMaTeJIeM H3 npe)1;MeTa HaHMa (CT. 601
rR), ROTOpaJi COCTOHT H3 06J13aHHOCTH no PCMOHTY (n. 1
CT. 606 rI-\') H 06J13aHHOCTH no B03Me eHHIO II3)1;epmeR, no-
HeceHHbIX HaHHMaTeJIeM. qTO RacaeTCH nOCJIe)1;HeH 06J13aH-
HOCTH, TO H ee 06'1>eM, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT xapaRTepa H3)1;epIReR,
H cpOIm B03Mem;eHHJI, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT cHTyaII;HH, pa3JUI1J:-
HbI (CT. 608 rH'). 3)1;eCb, RaR H npH )1;OrOBOpe 6e3B03Me3)1;HOrO
nOJIb30BaHHJI HMym;ecTBoM, YCTaHaBJIIIBaJOTCH CORpam;eHHbIe
CpORH B03MOIRHOCTH peaJIH3aII;HH npaBa HaHHMaTeJIH Ha B03-
Mem;eHHe H3)1;epmeR (CT. 622, 600 rR), Y CTaHOBJIeHHe npII
HMym;ecTBeHHOM HaMMe )1;aHHbIX 06H3aHHOCTeii HaHMO)1;aTeJIH
B OTJIH1J:He OT npe)1;YCMOTpeHHbIX B OTHomeHHH HaHMO)1;aTeJIJI
no )1;OroBOPy 6e3B03Me3)1;HOrO nOJIb30BaHHH HMym;ecTBoM npo-
HCTel.aeT H3 B03Me3)1;HOro xapaRTepa )1;OrOBopa HMym;ecTBeH-
Horo HaD:Ma.
119. llpaBa HaHHHaTeJIJI.
1) XapaRTep npaB HaHHMaTeJIJI. HaHHMaTeJIb 06JIa)1;aeT
rrpaBOM Ha nOJIb30BaHHe HH3BJIe1J:eHHe BbIrO)1;bI H3 npe)1;MeTa
HaHMa. ,lJ.aHHoe npaBO He Tpe6yeT npH 3TOM onpe)1;eJIeHHblX
)1;eHC'rEIlD: ROHTpareHTa, RaR npe)1;yCMOTpeHO rrpIIMeHHTeJIbHO
R CTaTYCY rroRyrraTeJIJI HJIH nOBepeHHoro, H HaHHMaTeJIb MO-
meT ocym;eCTBJIHTb npJlMOH ROHTpOJIb Ha)J; Beru;bJO. BMeCTe C
TeM rR He npH3HaeT 3a )1;aHHbIM npaBOM Ra1J:eCTBa HCKJIJO-
1J:HTeJIbHOCTII, H )J;JIJI nepeHaHMa HJIH nO)J;HaHMa Tpe6yeTcJI CO-
rJIaCHe HaHMO)J;aTeJIJI (CT. 612 rR), n03TOMY OHO He MOIReT
paCCMaTpHBaTbCJI RaR Beru;Hoe. CneII;Ham.Hoe me 3aROH0.1J;a-
TeJIbCTBO B 3TOM ccpepe rrOCTeneHHO npH3HaeT 3a rrpaBOM Ha-
HHMaTeJIJI xapaKTep HCRJIJ01J:HTeJIbHOCTH: YBeJIH'IHBaJi CpOH
HaHMa He)J;BHIRHMOCTH, rrpJlMO HJIH lWCBeHHO )J;onYCRaJi rrepe-
HaeM H rrO)1;naeM, 1J:TO, neCOMHenHO, Bce 60JIee npH)J;aeT
npany HMyII\eCTBeHHoro HaMMa BelI\HbIH xapaRTep. CY)J;e6aaJl
rrpaIlTHRa B CBOJO 01J:epe)1;b npH3HaeT npaBO Tpe60BaHIlJl YCT-
paHOHHJI rrperrJlTCTBHM B OTHomenHH npaBa HanHII1aTeJIJI rrpn
naMMe 3eMJIH H IRHJIbJl.
2) LJ:eiicTBHc rrpaBa HaHIIMaTeJIJI B OTHomelUUI TpeTbHX
JIHII;.
a) PerHCTpaD;HJI HaMMa He)J;BHIRHMOCTH HClmJO'IaeT B03.
I\IOJRHOCTb ocnapHBaHHJI rrpaBa HaHHMaTeJIJI JIHD;OM, rrplI06peT-
mHM Bem;Hoe npaBO B OTHomeHHH )J;aHHoM He)1;BHJRHlIfOCTH B
nepHO)J; rrOCJIe YRa3aHHOD: pemCTpaII;HH (CT. 605 rH'). Anan:o-
82
1'\I'I'InbIM )];eMCTBlIeM 06JIa)];aeT II npe)];BaplITeJIbHaJl perlICTpa-
qHJI (CM. pellIeHlIe BepXOBHOrO cy)];a OT 11 HIOJIJI 1922 r.).
O)];BaIW, nOCROJIbRY HaMMO)];aTeJIb He HeceT 06J13aHHoCTH B OT-
HomeHlI1I perIICTpan;IIH, HaHIIMaTeJIb He 06JIa)];aeT npaBOM
oOCYln;eCTBJIeHHJI npe)];BaplITeJIbHOn perlICTpan;HH B O)];HOCTO-
pOHHeM nOpJl)];Ke, 'ITO npOIICTeRaeT 1I3 OTCYTCTBIIJI IICRJIIO'IH-
'TeJIbHOCTII npaBa HaHIIMaTeml.
6) 3aRoH 06 oxpaHe 3)];aHIIM nplI)];aeT npaBY HaHIIMaTeJIJI
oOnpe)];eJIe HYIO IICKJIIO'IlITeJIbHOCTb npii HaMMe 3eMJIlI no)];
.cTpoeHlIe Ha npaBe c06CTBeHHOCTII, a IIMeHHO npH YCJIOBIIH
perlICTpan;IIH 3)];aHHJI npaBO HaHIIMaTeJIJI Ha 3eMeJIbHbIn Y'Ia-
CTOI{ He l\lOiKeT 6bITb OCIIopeHO TpeTblIMII JIIIn;aMII)];O Tex nop,
rrOKa cym;ecTByeT )];aHHOe 3)];aHlIe (CT. 1 YRa3aHHoro 3aKoHa).
ITOJIJlTHO, 'ITO B aTOM CJIY'Iae perlICTpan;IIJI 3)];aHIIJI MOiKeT
oOCYlI\eCTBJIJlTbCJI II 6e3 RaRoro 6bI TO Hii 6bIJIO CO)];eMCTBIIJI
c06cTBeHHlIRa 3eMeJIbHoro Y'IaCTRa. O)];HaRO YRa3aHHbIM 3aKOH
pacnpOeTpaHJleT CBoe )];eMCTBlIe TOJIbRO Ha cIiTyan;HIO, ROr)];a
Ha apeH)];yeMoM 3eMeJIbHOM Y'IaCTRe HaXO)];IITCJI 3)];aHlIe, 3a-
perHcTpHpoBaHIIoe Ha IIMJI HaHIIMaTeJIJI. I1PII aTOM cy)];e6HaJl
rrpaKTIIRa C'IHTaeT, 'ITO perlICTpan;IIJI 3)];aHIIJI Ha IIMJI, HarrplI-
Mep, )];eTen HaHIIMaTeJIJI Be)];eT R YTpaTe rrpaBOM HaHHMaTeJIJI
Ka'IeCTBa HeocrroplIMOCTII CO CTOpOHbI TpeTblIX JIHn; (CM. peme-
HHe BepxoBHoro cy)];a OT 27 arrpeJIJI 1966 r.), O)];HaKO rro)];06-
HaB rr031ID;IIJI BbI3bIBaeT COMHeHIIJI no rrOBO)];y ee 060cHoBaH-
HOCTH.
B) COrJIaCHO 3aROHY 0 HanMe iKHJIbIX nOMem;eHlIn Heoc-
IIOplIMOCTb rrpaBa HaHIIMaTeJIJI co CTOpOHbI TpeTbHx JIlIn; CO-
XpaHJleTCJI II rrpH rrepeHanMe iKlIJIHm;a ( CT. 1 YRa3aHHoro
8aRoHa) .
r) AHaJIOrlI'IHOe rrOJIOiKeHHe B OTHomeHHH 3eMeJIbHbIX
y'IaCTROB arpapHoro Ha3Ha'IeHlIJI CO)];epiKlIT H 3aKoH 0 CeJIb-
CKOX03J1nCTBeHBbIx 3eMJIJlX (CT. 18 YKa3aHHoro 3aRoHa).
)];) 3aRoH 0 BpeMeHHbIx Mepax B OTHomeHlI1I apeH)];bI 3eM-
JIH II HanMa iKlIJIbIX rroMem;eHlIn B ropo)];ax, rrOCTpa)];aBmHX
OT cTHxlInHbIx 6e)];cTBHn, rrpeAycMaTplIBaeT coxpaHeHlIe B Te-
'IeHlIe orrpeAeJIeHHOro BpeMeHH Ka'IeCTBa HeocrroplIMoCTII co
CTOpOHbI TpeTblIx JIlIn; rrpaBa HanMa 3eMJIlI II cyrrep<PIIn;IIJI rrpii
1'1I6eJIlI 3)];aHlIn, HaXO)];IIBmIIXCJI B c06cTBeHHocTH HaHIIMaTe-
JIJI, B pe3YJIbTaTe cTlIxlInHbIx 6e)];CTBlIn, T. e. rrpii OTCYTCTBIIH
perlIcTpan;HII 3)];aHHn (CT. 10 YKa3aHHoro 3aRoHa).
3) KaK II rrplI )];OrOBOpe 6e3B03Me3)];HOrO rrOJIb30BaHlIH
HMyru;eCTBOM, IICrrOJIb30BaHlIe Bem;1I II 1I3BJIe'IeHlIe H3 Hee DbI-
1'0)];bI )];OJIiKHbI CJIe)];OBaTb YCJIOBIIJlM Crren;lIaJIbHorO corJIame-
6*
83
HlIll II Ha3Ha"leHIIIO BeIIW (CT. 616, II. 1 CT. 594 rK). Hapy-
rneHlIe }WHHOrO Tpe60BaHHH paCCMaTplIBaeTCH B Ka"leCTBe
HelICIIOJIHeHIIH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa HaHIIMaTeJIeM, II HaHMO,lJ;aTeJlb
IIOCJIe COOTBeTCTBYIOIIwrO IIpe,lJ;YIIpem,lJ;eHIIH HaHIIMaTeJUI
MOmeT paCTOprHYTb ,lJ;OrOBOp II rrpe,lJ;'bHBIITb Tpe60BaHIIe B03Me-
eHIIH y ep6a (CT. 541, II. 3 CT. 545 rK). KaK II IIPII 6e3-
B03Me3,lJ;HOM IIOJIb30BaHIIII IIMy ecTBoM, rrpaBO Tpe60BaHIIH
B03Me eHIIH y ep6a ,lJ;OJImHO 6bITb peaJIII30BaHO HaHl\IO,lJ;a-
TeJIeM B Te"lemIe OIIpe,lJ;eJIeHHOrO CpOKa (CT. 622, 600 rK).
4) IIepeHaeM II rrO,lJ;HaeM.
a) 3arrpe eHIIe rrepeHaHMa II rro,lJ;HaHMa 6ea paapemeHIIH
HaiiMo,lJ;aTeJIJI. rK YCTaHaBJIIIBaeT, "ITO IIepeHaeM IIJIH IIO,lJ;naeM
MomeT 6bITb ocy eCTBJIeH JIlIllIb C COrJlaCIIH BaHMO,lJ;a TeJIH
(rr. 1 CT. 612 rK). B IIOpH,lJ;Ke TOJIKOBaHIIH C'lIITaeTCH, "ITO
rrepeHaeM II IIO,lJ;HaeM 6e3 CorJIaCIIH HaHMO,lJ;aTeJIH He HBJIHIOT-
CH He,lJ;eHCTBIITeJIbHbIMII, OHII ,lJ;eHCTBIITeJIbBbI B OTHollIeHJiJlX
Mem,lJ;Y HaHIIMaTeJIeM II IIepeHaHIIMaTeJIeM (IIO,lJ;HaHIIMaTeJIeM),
HO MorYT 6bITb OCIIopeHbI HaHMO,lJ;aTeJIeM. IIepe,lJ;a"la IIpe,lJ;Me
Ta HaHMa B IIepeHaeM IIJIII IIO,lJ;HaeM TpeTbeMY JIHQY HBJIHeTCH
ocnOBaHlIeM ,lJ;JIH paCTopmeHIIH ,lJ;OrOBopa HaHMO,lJ;aTeJIeM (II. 2
CT. 612 rK). IIplI TOJIKOBaHlI1I ,lJ;aHBOro IIOJIOmeHHH rK cY,lJ;e6-
HaH IIpaKTIIKa BBO,lJ;IIT ,lJ;OIIOJIHIITeJIbHOe YCJIOBlIe - 3JIOYIIO-
Tpe6JIeHIIe ,lJ;OBeplIeM. II03TOMY ,lJ;ame IIPII BaJIII"IHII <pOpMaJIb-
HbIX OCHOBaHIIH ,lJ;JIH paCTopmeHIIH ,lJ;OrOBOpa, IIpe,lJ;YCMOTpeH-
HbIX rK, rrpaBO HaHMO,lJ;aTeJIH Ha paCTopiKeHlIe ,lJ;OrOBopa He
rrplI3HaeTCH IIPII OTCYTCTBIIII 3JIOYIIOTpe6JIeHIIH CO CTOpOHbJ
HaHIIMaTeJIH ,lJ;OBeplIeM (CM. pellieBlIe BepXOBHoro cY,lJ;a OT
25 ceHTH6pH 1953 r.). IIplI IIepeHaHMe IIJIII IIO,lJ;HaMMe 6e3
COrJIaCHH HaHMO,lJ;aTeJIH IIOCJIe,lJ;HIIH MomeT paCToprHYTb ,lJ;0-
rOBOp II rrpe)J;'bHBHTb Tpe60BaHHe K HaHHMaTeJIIO, IIepeHanHMa-
TeJIIO IIJIII IIO)J;naHHMaTeJIIO OTHOCIITeJIbHO B03Bparn;eHHH IIpe,lJ;-
MeTa HaHMa, KpOMe Toro, OH MomeT coxpanlITb B i'J,eMCTBIIII
iWrOBOP IIMy ecTBeHHoro HaHMa II IIOTpe60BaTb OT rrepenaHII-
MaTeJIH HJIH rrO)J;HaHHMaTeJIH B03Bpa eHHH IIpe;rweTa HaIIMa.
PH)J; IIpaBOBe)J;OB TOJIKYIOT IIOCJIe,lJ;HIOIO clITyaQIIIO KaK rrepen:a-
'IY IIpe)J;MeTa HaMMa HaHIIMaTeJIIO, O)J;HaKO cY)J;e6naH rrpaKTHKa
paCCMaTplIBaeT 3TO KaK Tpe60BaHIIe B03Bpa eHlIll rrpe)J;MeTa
HaHMa HaHMO,lJ;aTeJIIO (pellieHlIe BepXOBHoro cYi'J,a OT 27 aII-
peJIH 1951 r.).
6) IIOCJIe,lJ;CTBliJi rrepeHarrMa II rro,lJ;HaiiMa C comaCIIJI Haii-
MO}1;aTeJIJI. IIplI IIepeHaHMe C COrJIaCIIH HaMMOi'J,aTemr HaHII-
MaTeJIb BbIXOi'J,IIT 113 ,lJ;OrOBOpHbIX OTHOllIeHHH C HaIIMOi'J,aTeJIeM
II ,lJ;orOBOpHbIe OTHOllieHIIH rrpOi'J,OJImaIOTCH l\IeiKi'J,y HaHlIIO,lJ;a-
84
TeJIeM H nepeHaHHMaTeJIeM. I1pH nO)];HanMe C COrJIaCHH Han-
MO)];aTeJIH )];OrOBOpHbJe OTHOllIeHHH MeiR)];Y HanMO)];aTeJIeM II
HaHHMaTeJIeM COXpaHHIOTCH H B03HHRaIOT HOBbie OTHOllIeHHH
lIMynwcTBeHHO HanMa Mem,!l.Y HaHHMaTeJIeM H nO)];HaHHMaTe-
JIeM. B aTOM CJIy'Iae OTHOllIeHHH nO)];HanMa He MorYT 6bITb.
ocnopeHbI IIaHMO)];aTeJIeM, O)];HaRO HenOCpe)];CTBeHHbIX npaBO-
OTHOmeHnH Memp;y HanMO)];aTeJIeM H nO)];HaHIIMaTeJIeM He B03-
mmaeT. B n;eJIHX ynpOIn;eHlIH npaBOOTHOllIeHHn rR npe)];yc-
MaTpIIBaeT, I'ITO nO)];HaHHMaTeJIb HeceT 06H3aHHOCTb Henoc-
pe)];CTBeHHO )nepe)]; HanMO)];aTeJIeM, noaTOMY HanMO)];aTeJIb OT-
HOCIITeJIbHO HaeMHon nJIaTbI MOJIWT npe)];'bHBJIHTb Tpe60BaHII&
HerrOCpe)];CTBeHHO R nO)];HaHIIMaTeJIIO.
B) OCOObIe nOJIOmeHHH B OTHomeHIIII npaBa HaHIIMaTeJIJt
aeMJIH. 110 )];aHHOMY Bonpocy CJIe)];yeT paCCMOTpen )];Ba MO-
MeHTa. Bo-nepBbIX, npaBO Tpe60BaHHH nORynRII cTpoeHHn.
TaR iRe Hal{ H rR, 3aROHbI 06 apeH)];e 3eMJIH H HanMe iRlIJIbIX
nOMern;eHHH OCHOBbIBaIOTCH Ha npHHn;Hne HeB03MomHOCTH ne-
peHaHMa II nO)];HaHMa 6e3 COrJIaCHH HaHMO)];aTeJIH, O)];HaRO'
npH nepeHaHMe HJIH nO)];HanMe 3eMJIH TpeTbHM JIHn;OM, R010-
poe npH06peJIo Y HaHHMaTeJIH npaBo c06cTBeHHocTH Ha cTpoe-
HHe, HaXO)];Hrn;eeCH Ha apeH)];yeMoM 3eMeJIbHOM Y'laCTRe, II,
OTRa3e HanMO)];aTeJIH B YRa3aHHoM COrJIaCHH npII3HaeTCH'
npaBo HaHHMaTeJIH Tpe60BaTb OT HaHMO)];aTeJIH nORynRH )];aH-
Horo cTpoeHHH, RaR H )];pyron He)];BHiRIIMOCTH, npHHa)];JIema-
rn;eit HaHHIVIaTeJIIO H HaXO)];Hrn;eHCH Ha JJ;aHIIOM 3eMeJIbHOlVt
Y'laCTRe, no n;eHaM Ha MOMeHT npe)];'bHBJIeHHH Tpe60BaHHH'
(CT. 10 3aRoHa 06 apeH)];e 3eMJIH).
BO-BTOpbIX, nepe)];aBaeMOCTb npaBa HaHHMaTeJIH 3eM.lIH.
TaR, eCJIH )];JIH HaHHMaTeJIH 3eMJIH OTnaJIa He06xo,!l.HMOCTb B,
nOJIb30BaHHH 3)];aHHeM, HaXO)];Hrn;IIMCH Ha apeH)];yeMoM 3e-
MeJIbHOM Y'IaCTRe, OH cB060)];eH B nepe)];a'le BHaeM )];aHHoro'
3)];aHHH. B aTOM CJIY'lae HaHIIMaTeJIb 3eMeJIbHOrO Y'laCTRa
\WiReT BRJIIO'IaTb B HaeMHYIO nJIaTY 3a apeH)];y 3)];aHHH H Ha-
elVWYIO nJIaTY 3a apeH)];y 3eMeJIbHOrO y'lacTRa. I1p06JIeMbI,
B03HHRaIOrn;He B )];aHHOH cHTyan;IIII, 6bIJIH Y'lTeHbI npH nepe-
CMOTpe 3aRoHa 06 apeH)];e 3eMJIH B 1966 r., a IIMeHlIO B TeKCT
3aKOHa 6bIJIH BHeceHbI )];OnOJIHIITeJIbHbIe CTa1bH 9 2 -94, ROTO-
pbIe rrpH3HaJIH ocyrn;eCTBJIeHIIe nepeHaHMa H nO)];HaHMa B cy-
p;e6HoM IJOpHp;Ke.
IIpe)];ycMoTpeHHbIH 3aRoHoM 06 apeH)];e 3eMJIH cyp;e6HbIii<
rropHp;OR ocyrn;eCTBJIeHIIH nepeHaHMa H nO)];HaHMa B YRa3aHHoH
cHTyan;HII II npII OTCYTCTBHH COrJIaCI1H c06cTBeHHHRa 3eMeJIb
Horo Y'laCTRa 3aRJIIO'IaeTCH B paccMoTpeHHH )];eJIa CY)];OM no-
85
::3aHBJIeHIUO HaHHMaTeJIH 3eMeJIbHOro Y'IaCTRa H BbI,IJ;a'tJe COOT
!BeTCTBYJOIIJ;erO pa3peIIIeHHH rrpH YCJIOBHH, 'lTO rrepeHaeM HJIH
nO,IJ;HaeM He C03,IJ;aeT HeBbIro,IJ; ,IJ;JIH HaHMO,IJ;aTeJIH. TaKoe pas.
peIIIeHHe 3aMeHHeT CorJIaCHe HaHMO,IJ;aTeJIH. IIpH paCCMOTpe-
HHH KOHKpeTHOH cUTya HH CY,IJ; BrrpaBe BneCTH orrpe,IJ;eJIeH.
Hble H3MeHeHHH B yCJIOBHH HaHMa (HarrpHMep, rrOBbICHTb ypo
BeHb 3eMeJIbHOH peHTbI). KpOMe Toro, rrpH BCTpe'lHOM 3aHB-
JIeHJIH HaHMO,IJ;aTeJIH OTHOCHTeJIbHO ero HaMepeHHH HCrrOJIb30.
BaTh CTpoeHHe cy,IJ; rrpH3HaeT ero rrpeHMYIIJ;eCTBO rrepe,IJ;
'TpeTbHM JIHqOM H MomeT orrpe,IJ;eJIHTb KOHKpeTHYJO eHY HJIB
yCJIOBHH rrO,IJ;HaHMa. YKa3aHHaH rrpoqe;a;ypa rrpHMeHHeTCH B
!K CJIY'laHM npH06peTeHHH 3,IJ;aHHH, HaXO,IJ;HIIJ;erOCH Ha apeH'
JJ;yeMoM Y'IaCTKe, TpeTbHM JIH OM B rrOpH,IJ;Ke aYKqHoHa (CT. 9 3
3aKoHa 06 apeH,IJ;e 3eM.JIH), a TaRme K OTHOIIIeHHHM Mem,IJ;Y rre-
peHaHHMaTeJIeM 3eMeJIbHOro Y'laCTKa H HaHMO,IJ;aTeJIeM (CT. 9 4
YKa3aHHoro 3aRoHa).
120. OOJl3aHHOCTL HaHlIMaTeJIJI.
1) OOJl3aHHOCTL 110 YIIJlaTe HaeMHoii nJlaTLI. CTOPOHbI ,IJ;O.
TOBopa BrrpaBe CB060,IJ;HO orrpelIeJIHTb crroc06bI H pa3MepbI Ha.
eMHoH llJIaTh1. 3TO OTHOCHTCH H K Sa)\;aTKY, H K AOIIOJIHHTeJIh.
nOH rrJIaTe. BMecTe C TeM CYIIJ;eCTBYJOT CJIe,IJ;YJOIIJ;He orpaHR.
qeHHH.
a) ROHTpOJlL 3a HaeMHoii IIJlaToii. Bo-rrepBbIx, 3eMeJIbHaH
peHTa H KBapTrrJIaTa eIIJ;e B ,IJ;OBOeHHbIH rrepHO,IJ; perYJIHpOBa-
JIIICb YKa30M 0 KOHTpOJIe 3a 3eMeJIhHOH peHTOH H KBapTrrJIa-
'IOH 1940 r., B 1946 r. rro,IJ; TeM me Ha3BaHHeM 6hIJI rrpHHHT
1JIOBbIH aRT. Orrpe,IJ;eJIeHHhIe rrOJIOmeHHH no ,IJ;aHHOMY Borrpocy
-CO;LJ;epmaTCH B 3aROHe 0 BpeMeHHhIX MepaX B oTHOIIIeHHB
:apeH,IJ;hI 3eMJIH H HaHMa mHJIhIX rroMeIIJ;eHllH B ropo,IJ;ax, no-
-cTpa,IJ;aBIIIHX OT CTHXHHHhIX 6e,IJ;CTBHH (CM. CT. 17 YRa3aHHoro
_'3aRoHa). BO-BTOphIX, comaCHO HopMaM 3aKOHa 0 CeJIhCKOXO-
:3HHCTBeHHhlx 3eMJIHX apeH,IJ;HaH rrJIaTa 3a 3eMJIH arpapHoro
Hi;t.3HaQeRHH ,IJ;OJImHa yrrJIa'lHBaThCH TOJIhKO B ,IJ;eHemHOM BHAe,
.corJIaIIIeHIIH 0 rrJIaTeme HJIH rrpHHHTHH IIJIaTema B HHOH «pop.
Me, rrOMHMO ,IJ;eHemHOH, C'IHTaJOTCH He,IJ;eHCTBHTeJIhHhIMH
(CT. 21 YKa3aHRoro 3aRoHa). BOJIee Toro, 3aROH 3arrperr aeT
yrrJIaTY 3eMeJlhHOH peHThI B HROH «POp Me, rrOMHMO ,IJ;eHemHOH,
11 rrpe,IJ;YC 1a'rpHBaeT caHKqHH 3a HapYllIeHHe ,IJ;aRHoro rrpaBH-
,JIa (CT. 22, 93 YRa3aHHoro 3aRona).
6) 113MeHeHHe pa3Mepa HaeMHoH IIJlaTLI. BechMa 'laCTO
BCTpe'laJOTCH cHTyaqHH, Kor,IJ;a yCTaHOBJleHHaH HaeMHaH nJIaT8,
n03me YBeJIH'IHBaeTCH HJlH YMeHLIIIaeTCH B CBH3H C H3MeHe-
86
HHeM 06CTOHTeJIbCTB. Bo-rrepBbIX, rrpH '1aCTH'IHoii: rH6emI'
IIpe;:J;MeTa HallMa He rro BHHe HaHHMaTeJIH rrOCJIe;a;HHll 06JIa;a;aeT'
rrpaBoM Tpe60BaTb COOTBeTCTBeHHoro YMeHbIIIeHlIH HaeMHoK
IIJIaTbI (II. 1 CT. 611 rR'). BO-BTOpbIX, IIPH YMeHbIIIeHHH'
BCJIe;a;CTBHe HerrpeO;a;OJIHMOll CHJIbI pa3Mepa rrOJIY'IaeMOll BbI-
rO;a;bI OT apeH;a;bI 3eMJIH, HCIIOJIb3yeMoll B HHbIX II;eJIflX, rrOMII-
MO CBH3aHHbIX C mHJIbeM, ;a;o YPOBHH, MeHbIIIero pa3Mepa Ha-
eMHoll rrJI aTbI , HaHHMaTeJIb HMeeT rrpaBo Tpe60BaTb YMeHbIIIe-
HHH HaeMHop rrJIaTbI;a;O ypOBHH rroJIY'Iae?lOll BbIrO;a;bI (CT. 609'
rR'). J(aHHoe rrOJIOmeHHe rrpHMeHHeTCH rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M:.
IIPH Heypomae. O;a;HaRo OHO rrpHMeHHeTcH RpaMHe pe;a;RO 11
OrpaHH'IHBaeTCH JIHIIIb apeH;a;OH JIeCHbIX Y'IaCTROB, rrOCROJIbRY
B OTHOIIIeHHH arpapHbIx 3eMeJIb ;a;ellcTBYIOT rrOJIomeHIIH 3a-
ROHa 0 CeJIbCROX03flllcTBeHHbIx 3eMJIHX, rro ROTOpbIM B CJIY-
'1ae, Ror;a;a 3eMeJIbHaH peHTa rro OTHOIIIeHHIO R IIOJIY'IeHHOMY
ypomaIO rrpeBbIIIIaeT orrpe;a;eJIeHHOe COOTHOIIIeHHe (B 3aBHCH-
MOCTII OT cHTyaU;HH 15 % HJIH 25 %) H3-3a HeypOiuaH HJIH
CHIImeHHH u;eH Ha CeJIbCROX03HllcTBeHHYIO rrpo;a;YRU;HIO, 3e-
MeJIbHaH peHTa ;a;OJImHa COOTBeTCTBeHHO YMeHbIIIaTbCH (CT. 24
YRa3aHHoro 3aRoHa). B-TpeTbHx, Tpe60BaHHe YMeHbIIIeHHH
HaeMHOll rrJIaTbI MomeT OCHOBbIBaTbCH H Ha H3MeHHBIIIBXCH
06CTOHTeJIbCTBaX (H3MeHeHHe u;eH II T. rr.). Cy;a;e6HaH rrpaRTH-
Ra yme ;a;aBHO IIpH3HaJIa 06bI'IaH, cy.ru;eCTBOBaBIlIlIe B TORHO'
II ;a;PyrHx panoHax, rro ROTOpbIM pa3Mep 3eMeJIbHOII peHTbI,
VBeJIH'IIIBaJICH B COOTBeTCTBHH C H3MeHeHHeM 3IWHOMH1JeCKOll
HTyaU;HH. J(aHHoe rrOJIOmeHHe BrrOCJIe;a;CTBHH 6bIJIO 3aRperr-
JIeHO B 3aKoHe 06 apeH;a;e 3eMJIH (CT. 12), 3aRoHe 0 HallMe-
mHJIbIX rroMe.ru;eHHll (CT. 7) H 3aRoHe 0 CeJIbCROX03HllCTBeH-
HbIX 3eMJIHX (CT. 23), IIPH 3TOM He TOJIbRO B rrJIaIIe rrOBbIIIIe-
IIHH, HO H rrOHlImeHMH HaeMHOll IIJIaTbI.
B) OTHOCIlTe,IIbHO CpOI\a YIIJIaTbI HaeMHOll IIJIaTbI rrpH OT-
CYTCTBHIl CIIen;HaJIbHOrO COrJIaIIIeHHH IIpH3HaeTCH rrpHHU;HII'
1I0CJIe;a;YIO.ru;ell yrrJIaTbI, a HMeHHO: B OTHOIIIeHHII ;a;BMmHMO-
CTH, CTpoeHMII H 3eMJIH rro;a; CTpoeHHHMH - yrrJIaTa B ROHn;e'
Kam;a;oro MeCHn;a, a B OTHOIIIeHMM ;a;pyrHx 3eMeJIbHbIX Y'laCT-
hOB - B ROHn;e Ram;a;oro ro;a;a. BMeCTe C TeM yrrJIaTa HaeMHow
IIJIaTbI rrOCJIe OROH'IaHHH ce30Ha c60pa ypomaH He paCCMaT-
pHBaeTCH RaR IIpOCpO'lRa (CT. 614 rR').
2) 06J13aHHOCTb no xpaHeHIIIO npe;a;Mera HaiiMa. HaHHMa-
TeJIb 06H3aH xpaHHTb npe;a;MeT HallMa co BHHMaHHeM xopo-
IIIero yrrpaBJIHIO.ru;ero (CT. 400 rR'). R'poMe 3Toro, HaHHMaTeJIb
06H3aH 6e3 rrpOMe;a;JIeHHH C006m;aTb .fallMO;a;aTeJIIO 0 He06xo
;a;HMOCTII peMOHTa IIpe;a;MeTa HallMa H 0 rrpe;a;1,HBJIeHHH rrpe-
87
'TeH3HH R rrpep;MeTY HaHMa TpeTblIMH JIlIIJ;aMII (CT. 615 rR).
HaHl'IMaTeJIb OOH3aH TaRme He 'IIIHIITb rrpemlTCTBIIH p;eHCT
BIUIM HaHMOp;aTeJIH rro coxpaHeHHIO rrpep;MeTa HaHMa (rr. 2
C1'. 606 rK). ECJIH me HaHIIMaTeJIb He meJIaeT COBepmeHIIH
:raRIIX p;eHCTBIIH JIH60 TaRHe p;eHCTBHJI C03p;a1OT HeB03MomHOCTb
)WCTHmeHHJI n;eJIeH IIMyru;eCTBeHHoro HaHMa, OH MomeT Ha
,p;aHHOM OCHOBaHHH paCTopmYTb p;orOBOp (CT. 607 rK).
,3) OOJl3aHHOCTb no B03Bparu;emno npep;MeTa HMy ecTBeH'
'Horo HaiiMa. KaR H rrplI 6e3B03Me3p;HoM rrOJIb30BaHlIlI IIMY
:ru;eCTBOM, BBHHMaTeJIb 06H3aH BepHYTh rrpep;MeT HaHMa HaH
'MOp;aTeJIIO rrpH rrpeRparu;eHlIH IIMyru;eCTBeHHoro HaHMa, a TaR
:me 06JIap;aeT rrpaBOM II HeceT 06JI3aHHOCTb rro BOCCTaHOBJIeHHIO
JBeru;1I B rrpemHeM rrOJIOmeHHII (CT. 616, 598 rR). Op;HaRO Ha
'rrpaRTHRe p;ame rrplI peaJIH3an;HII p;aHHoro rrpaBa HaHHMaTeJIb
'1aru;e Bcero He MomeT BepHYTb Bcex BJIOmeHHbIX 11M cpep;CTB,
'11, KpOMe Toro, ocyru;eCTBJIeHlIe ::!Toro rrpaBa corrpmueHO C
:rrplI'1HHeHHeM TaR na3bIBaeMoro COn;HaJIbHOrO yru;ep6a BCJIep;-
'CTBlIe rrplI'IIIHeHIIJI Bpep;a 06'beRTHBHOH n;eHHOCTII rrpep;MeTa
'HaHMa. B CBJI31I C 3THM CJIep;yeT 06paTHTb BHHMaHlIe Ha rrplI
'3HaHHe 3aRoHoM 06 apeHp;e 3eMJIH rrpaBa Tpe60BaHlIJI rroRyrr-
'KH mHJIOrO CTpOeHIIJI (rr. 2 CT. 4 YRa3aHHoro 3aRoHa) II 3a
'ROHOM 0 HaHMe mHJIbIX rrOMeru;eHHH rrpaBa Tpe60BaHlIJI rro
'KyrrKH Me6JIlIpOBRlI (CT. 5 YRa3aHHoro 3aRoHa).
4) 3ap;aToK. KaR rrpaBlIJIO, yrrJIaTa 3ap;aTRa OqJopMJIHeTCJI
'Crren;lIaJIbHbIM COrJIameHlIeM. IIpHMeHIITeJIbHO R RBapTlIpHoH
rrJIaTe pa3Mep 3ap;aTRa 06bI'1HO paneH RBapTlIpHoH rrJIaTe 3a
'TplI MeCHn;a (rrOCJIep;Hee BpeMJI OH 6bIBaeT H BbIIIIe). IIplI rrpe-
'Rparu;eHHH HMyru;eCTBeHHoro HaHMa B03HHKaeT rrpaBO Tpe60Ba-
'HHJI B03Bparu;eHHJI 3ap;aTRa rrplI OTCYTCTBIIH y HaHHMaTeJIJI
,p;OJIrOBbIX 06JI3aTeJIbCTB, CBJI3aHHbIX C rrpOCpO'IROH ymIaTbI
IKBapTHpHoH rrJIaTbI, B03Meru;eHlIeM yru;ep6a, rrpHQHHeHHOro
mHJIbIO, H HHbIM (CM. peIlIeHHe BepxoBHoro cyp;a OT 12 HIOJIJI
1926 r.). ECJIII CYMMa 3ap;aTRa rrpeBbIlliaeT CYMMY 06JI3aTeJIb-
'CTBa, pa3HHn;a rrOp;JIemHT B03Bparu;eHHIO HaHHMaTeJIIO, rrpH 06-
;paTH"IH cHTyaU;HII pa3HHn;a BbIrrJIa'1HBaeTCH HaHMOp;aTeJIIO
'HaHIIMaTeJIeM (CM. CT. 489, 491 rK). IIpH HeyrrJIaTe HaHHMa-
'TeJIeM HaeMHOH rrJIaTbI HaHMOp;aTeJIb MomeT BbI'1eCTb COOT-
BeTCTBYIOru;ylO CYMMY H3 3ap;aTRa, op;HaRO :no He JIBJIJIeTCJI
'06JI3aHHOCTblO HaHMOp;aTeJIJI. HaHMOp;aTeJIb MomeT TaRme
Tpe60BaTb yrrJIaTbI rrpOCpO'IeHHOH Hae IHOH rrJIaTbI B rrOJIHOM
pa3Mepe. IIpH H3MeHeHHH p;OMOBJIap;eJIbu;a B rreplIOp; p;eHCT-
nHJI p;orOBopa HaHMa mllJIOrO rrOMeru;eHHH p;orOBopHbIe OTHO-
:llIenHH BMeCTe C 3ap;aTROM rrepeXOp;JIT K HOBOMY p;OMOBJIa-
:88
D;eJlbn;y (CM. pemeHHe BepXOBHoro cY)J;a OT 27 HOH6pH 1936 r.);:
eCJlH iRe Y HaHHMaTeJlH HMeJlaCb 3a)J;omKeHHOCTb rro KBapTllp-
HOll: rrJlaTe rrepe)J; rrpeiRHHM )J;OMOBJla)J;eJlbEJ;eM,. rr&CJle)J;HHll: MO-
iReT BbPleCTb 3a)];OJliReHHOCTb H3 CYMMbI 33:J];a'EHa H rrepe)];aTb
HOBOMY )];OMOBJla)];eJlbn;y JlHmb OCTaTOK.
5) AOnOJIHIITeJIbHaJl nJIaTa. llacTo rrpll 3a'I\JIIO'IeHHH )];0-
rOBopa apeH)];bI 3eMJlH HJlH Hall:Ma iRHJlOrO rrOMem;eHHH, rro-
MHMO 3a)];aTKa, YCTaHaBJlHBaeTCH )];OrrOJlHl'ITeJlbHaH rrJlaTa,
'ITO oc06eHrO pacrrpOCTpaHHJlOCb C 060cTpemIeM iRHJlHm;Ho:ii
rrp06J1eMbI.i OTHOCHTeJlbHO rrpaBOBoro xapaKTepa )];aHHOll:
rrJlaTbI cym;ecTByeT MHoro BorrpOCOB, Bo-rrepBbIx, B3HMaHlle'
)];OrrOJlHHTeJlbHOll: llJlaTbI B n;eJlHX 06xo)];a rrOJlOiReHHii YKa3a'
o KOHTpOJle 3a 3eMeJlbHOll: peHTOll: H KBapTllJlaTOM HBJlHeTCH,
HapymeHHeM, rro)]; KaKHM 6bI Ha3BaHHeM )];aHHaH )];onOJlHII-
TeJlbH3H llJIaTa HH B3HMaJIaCb (CT. 12, 12 2 , 18 Ha3BaHHoro YKa-
3a). Ha 3TOM OCHOBaHHH HaHHMaTeJlb MOiReT Tpe60BaTb B03--
Bpam;eHHH )];OllOJIHHTeJlbHOll: llJlaTbI. BO-BTOpbIX, B03HHK3eT'
np06J1eMa llpaBOBbIX llOCJle)];CTBHll: )];OrrOJlHIITeJlbHOll: llJlaTbI B;
CJlY'IaHX, He llO)];lla)];aIOm;HX llO)]; )];eHCTBHe YKa3a 0 KOHTpOJle'
3a 3eMeJlbHOH peHTOll: II KBapTrrJlaTOH. B KaiR)];OM KOHKpeTHOM'
cJlY'Iae llpll BbIHCHeHHH Borrpoca, llO)];JleiRIIT JlH )];aHHaH )];0-
rrOJIHHTeJlbHaH llJlaTa B03Bpam;eHHIO HaHHMaTeJlIO llOCJle rrpe-
Kpam;eHHH HMym;eCTBeHHOro HaMMa, He06xo)];HMO Y'IHTbIBaTb.
CpOK )];ell:CTBHH ;:J;oroBopa, BeJIH'IHHY )];OnOJlHIITeJIbHOH llJlaTbr
OTHOCHTeJlbHO eiReMeCH'IHOll: HaeMHOH llJlaTbI II MHoroe }];py.
roe. IIpH HeHCHOCTH CJle}];yeT paCCMaTplIBaTb )];OrrOJlHHTeJlb-
HYIO llJlaTY KaK llJlaTY, HMeIOm;yIO rapaHTHHHbIll: XapaKTep n:
Ha aTOM OCHOBaHHH llO}];JleiRalI\YIO B03Bpam;eHIlIO HaHHMa-
TeJlIO,
121. IIpeKpam;eHlIe IIMYII eCTBeHoro HaiiMa. IIOHHTHO, 'ITO
BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH OT YCTaHOBJleHHH cpOKa }];orOBOpa HMym;ecT-
BeHHoro Hall:Ma OH MOiReT 6bITb llpeKpalI\eH COrJlameHHeM'
o6eHx CTOpOH. IIpH aTOM, O}];HaKO, CJle}];yeT Y'IIITbIBaTb PHA
llCKJIIO'IeHHll, COlJ,epiRam;nXCH B crren;naJlbHOM 3aKOHOlJ,aTeJlb-
CTBe.
1) OCHOBaHIIJI npeKpam;eHIIJI, npe)];YCMOTpeHHble rK.
a) IIplI onpe;:J;eJleHHOM cpOKe }];OrOBOpa IICTe'IeHHe }];aHHO.
TO cpOKa, eCTeCTBeHHO, HBJIHeTCH OCHOBaHHeM npeKpam;eHIIH
}];OrOBOpa (CT. 616, 597 fK). IIpH aTOM CJle)];yeT Y'IeCTb, 'ITO
rrpO}];OJliReHlle nOJlb30BaHHH HaHHMneJleM llpelJ,MeTOM HaiiMa
rrocJle HCTeqeHIIH cpOKa }];OrOBOpa npH OTCYTCTBHII B03paiRe-
89'
.llmM OCBe)J;OMJIeHHOrO 0 )J;aHHOM <paKTe HaMMO)J;aTeJIJI paCCMaT-
plIBaeTCJI KaK OCyrn;eCTBJIeHlIe HaMMa Ha yCJIOBIIJIX, aHaJIOrlI'I-
HbIX npemHeMY )J;OrOBOpy, H Ha3bIBaeTCJI MOJI1JaJIH8bIM 80306.
H08JIeHIIeM. O)J;HaKO II nOCJIe noro paCTopmeHHe )J;orOBopa
B03MomHO npH YCJIOBHH rrpe)J;OCTaBJIeHIIJI )J;onOJIHIITeJIbHOrO
pOKa, npe)J;YCMOTpeHHoro Ha CJIY1JaM, Iwr)J;a CpOK IIMyrn;ecT-
BeHHoro HaMMa He onpe)J;eJIeH. B0306HOBJIeHIIe )J;orOBopa no-
;U;06HbIM 06pa30M He Be)J;eT K npO)J;OJImeHHIO )J;eMCTBIIJI JII060ro
06eCne'leHHJI, nOM lIMO 3a)J;aTKa (CT. 619 fR).
ECJIJI nplI )J;orOBope C YCTaHOBJIeHHbIM CpOKOM 06e CTOpO-
HbI 06JIa)J;aIOT UOJIHOMO'IH}JMII no paCTop,KeHIIIO )J;orOBopa )J;O
.lICTe'Iemm )J;aHHoro cpOKa, 3TO pacnpOCTpaHJIeTCJI H Ha ne-
plIO)J; )J;eMCTBHJI )J;oroBopa nOCJIe ero MOJI'IaJIIIBorO B0306HOB-
JIeHIIJI (CT. 618 fK).
6) ECJIH CpOK orOBopa He onpe eJIeH, TO Kam aJI H3 CTO-
pOH MomeT paCToprHYTb )J;OroBOp B JIIo60e BpeMJI, O)J;HaKO )J;O-
rOBopHbIe OTHOIlIeHIIJI npeKparn;alOTCJI JIIIIIIb no HCTe'IeHlI1I
Dnpe)J;eJIeHHOro )J;onOJIHIITeJIbHOrO cpOKa C MOMeHTa BOJIeII3 -
JIBJIeHIIJI 0 paCTopmeHlI1I )J;orOBopa. fK onpe)J;eJIJIeT CJIe)J;YIO-
rn;He )J;onOJIHIITeJIbHbIe CpOKH: )J;JIJI 3eMeJIbHblX Y'IaCTKOB-
1 rO)J;, )J;JI}l cTpoeHlIM - 3 MeCJIn;a H )J;JIJI mHJIbIX nOMern;e-
HIIM 11 )J;BlImIIMOCTH - O)J;HH CYTKH (CT. 617 fK), IIpHMeHH-
TeJIbHO K CeJIbCKOX03JIMCTBeHHbIM 3eMJIJIM paCTopmeHHe
;u;orOBopa B03MOiHHO C MOMeHTa OKOH'IaHHJI ce30Ha y60pKH
ypomaJI H )J;O Ha'IaJIa eeJIbeKOX03JIMeTBeHHbIX pa60T eJIe ylO-
rn;ero rO)J;a (n. 1 eT. 617 fK); TaKIIM o6pa30M, HaHIIMaTeJIb
lIMeeT B03MomHoeTb B Te'IeHlIe )J;onOJIHIITeJIbHoro epOKa ern;e
O)J;IIH pa3 y6paTb ypomaM.
B) TIpn HaJIH1JIrn onpe)J;eJIeHHbIX OCH08aHHH paeTopme-
HHe )J;orOBopa B03MomHO BHe 3aBIIeHMoeTH OT Toro, onpe)J;eJIeH
JlH CpOK, 'ITO 03Ha'IaeT HeMe)J;JIeHHOe npeKparn;eHlIe HMyrn;e-
eTBeHHoro HaMMa. OeHOUaHHJIMII )J;JIJI paCTOpmeHIIJI )J;orOBopa
HaHIIMaTeJIeM JIBJIJIIOTCJI: npOBe)J;eHlIe HaHMO)J;aTeJIeM )J;eileT-
BIIH no coxpaHeHlI1O npe)J;MeTa HaMMa npOTIIB BOJIH HaHHMa-
TeJUI ( eT. 607 fK), nOJIY'IeHHe BeJIe)J;eTBHe Herrpeo)J;OJIIIMOH
CHJIbI B Te'IeHlle )J;BYX JIeT no pJI)J; MeHbIlIeH BbIro)J;bI, 'leM
eYMMa Hae !HOM nJIa TbI ( eT. 610 fK), 'IaCTII'lHaJI rH6eJIb
rrpe)J;MeTa HaHMa He no BHHe HaHHMaTeJIa H HeB03MomHOCTb
J];OCTlImeHII}l n;eJIeM IIMyrn;eeTBeHHoro HaHMa 3a e'leT oeTaB-
I1IeMeJI IaeTH (n. 2 eT. 611 fK), IIpHMeHIITeJIbHO K B03MOiK-
HOCTH paeTOpmeHHJI )J;oroBopa HaMMO aTeJIeM npe)J;yeMaTpH-
BalOTeJI eJIe)J;ylOrn;lIe oeHOBamm: npe)J;oeTaBJIeHlle 6e3 eor.T[a-
ella HaHMo)J;aTeJIJI npe)J;MeTa HaHMa B nOJIb30BaHlle )J;JIJI H3BJIe-
90
'1eHHH BbIrOJ];hI TpeTbeMY JIHU;Y (II. 2 CT. 612 rK), 6aHKpoT-
CTBO HaHIIMareJIH (B J];aHHON,t: CJIY'1ae, OJ];HaKO, He06xoJ];HMO>
IIpeJ];ocTaBJIeHHe J];OIIOJIHHTeJIbHOrO cpOKa, aHaJIOrH'1HOrO 06bI'1-
HOMY CJIY'1aIO, KorJ];a CpOK HaHMa He OIIpeJ];eJIeH, KpOMe Toro,.
B 3TOM CJIY'1ae HH OJ];Ha H3 CTOpOH He 06JIaJ];aeT IIpaBOM Tpe-
60BaHHH B03Mern;eHHH yrn;ep6a) (CT. 621 rK), HapymeHHe'
HaHIIMaTeJleM IIpeJ];YCMOTpeHHbIX CIIoc060B IIOJIb30BaHHH IIpeJ];-
MeTOM HaHMa, IIpOCpO'1Ka YIIJIaTbI HaeMHOH IIJIaTbI H 1I1-IOe.
HeHCIIOJIHeHHe 06H3aTeJIbCTB (B J];aHHOM CJIY'1ae paCTopmeHHe'
J];orOBopa II9J];'1HHHeTCH 06rn;eMY IIPHHU;HIIY He06xoJ];HMOCTH
COOTBeTCTBy1orn;ero IIpeJ];YIIpemJ];eHHH HaHHMaTeJIH HaHMOJ];a-
TeJIeM) (CT. 541 rK). qTO KacaeTCH IIOCJIeJ];Hero OCHOBamm"
TO CYJ];e6HaH npaKTHKa He IIpH3HaeT paCTOpJl\eHHH J];orOBopa'
IIMyrn;ecTBeHHoro HaHMa JIHllIb IIO IIpH'1HHe HeHCIIOJIHeHHH'
TOro HJIH HHoro 06HaaTeJIbCTBa, IIOCKOJIbKY J];O IIpOHBJIeHHR
HaHHMaTeJIeM HBHoro HemeJIaHHH IIpOJ];OJImaTb OTHomeHHR
IIMyrn;ecTBeHHoro HaHMa HeHCIIOJIHemIe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa He.
paCCMaTpHBaeTCH KaK pa3pYllIaIOrn;ee J];OBepHTeJIbHbIe QTHOllie-,
HHH MemJ];Y CTopOHaMH (CM. pellIeHHe BepXOBHoro cYJ];a OT
28 HIOJIH 1964 r.).
2) Orpam11JeHIIH B OTHomeHHH rrpeKpaw:eHIIH HMyru;eCT"
BeHIIOro HaiiMa, rrpeJ];ycMoTpeHHLIe crreqH3JILHLIM 3aKOHOJ];a.,
TeJII>CTBOM.
a) IIpll orrpeJ];eJIeHHOM cpoKe. IIpoJ];OJImeHHe HCIIOJIb30Ba-
HIIH HaHHMaTeJIeM rrpeJ];MeTa HaHMa IIOCJIe IICTe'1eHIIH CpOKa-
J];orOBopa I1PH OTCYTCTBHH B03pameHHH Ha:llMoJ];aTeJIH paCCl\IaT-
pHBaeTCH 1\aK B0306HOBJIeHIle J];oroBopa (CT. 6 3aKoHa 06.
apeHJ];e 3eMJIH, CT. 19 3aKoHa 0 CeJIbCKOX03HHcTBeHHbIx 3eM-
JIHX, II. 2 CT. 2 3aKoHa 0 HaHMe mHJIbIX IIoMern;eHHH). IIpH'
Tpe60BaHHH HaHHMaTeJIH 0 B0306HOBJIeHHH /J;oroBopa IIOCJIe.
HCTe'1eHHH cpoKa HaHMa 3eMeJIbHOrO Y'1aCTKa, Ha KOTOpOM
HaXOJ];HTCH CTpoeHHe, IIpIlHaJ];JIemarn;ee eMY Ha IIpaBax C06CT-
BeHHOCTH, H IIPH OTCYTCTBHH HeMeJ];JIe1fHbIX B03pame1fHH HaH-
MOJ];aTeJIH 0 Heo6xoJ];HMOCTH J];a1fHoro Y'1aCTKa J];JIR ero JIlI'1-
noro IIOJIb30BaHHJI HJIH no HHbIM HaJ];JIemal1.\HM OCIIOBaHHJIM'
.n;orOBOp C'lHTae7'CH Boa06HOBJIeHHb1M (II. 1 CT. 4 3a1\OHa 06.
apeHJ];e ael\IJ'III). B CJIY'lae me HeBo306HOBJIeHHJI J];orOBopa Ha-
HHMaTeJIb MomeT nOTpe6oBaTb OT HaHMoJ];aTe,1JI (c06cTBeHHH-
Ka aeMJIH) nOKyrrKII npHHaJ];JIemal1.\ero naHHMaTeJIIO CTpOeHHJI'
(n. 2 CT. 4 YKaaaHHoro aaKoHa).
6) I1pn HeOIIpeJ];eJIeHHOM cpOKe. ):(eHcTBHe HaHMa mHJIbJI'
no 3aKoHY 0 Haihre m1IJIbIX nOMel1.\eHHH HCTeKaeT CIIYCTR
6 MeCHu;eB IIOCJIe 3aHBJIeHHH 0 pacTopmeHHH J];orOBopa (II. 1
91!
T. 3 YKa3aHHoro 3aKoHa). JIIOobIe npe BapHTeJIbHI:Je cOl'JIa
meHHH, HTHOpHpYIOm;He aHHI:JH OnOJIHHTeJIbHI:JH CpOK, He
HMeIOT CHJIbI (CT. 6 YKa3aHHoro 3aKoHa). RpoMe Toro, OTKaa
naii:MOll.aTeJIH OT B0306HOBJIeHHH lI.orOBopa onycKaeTcH B CJIY
'me HeOOXOll.HMOCTH eMY mHJIbH lI.JIH coocTBeHHoro nOJIb30Ba
HHH, a TaKme no HHI:JM Hall.JIemam;HM OCHOBaHHHM. PaccMaT-
pHBaH KpIITepIIH npH3HaHHH OCHOBaHHH Hall.JIemam;HMH, CJIe-
;n;yeT 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha cym;ecTBeHHoe H3MeHeHHe
n03HIJ,HH cYll.eOHoii: npaKTHKH B CBH3H C KOHKpeTHbIMH COIJ,H-
8.JIbHI:JMlI HBJIeHHHMH B nOCJIeBOeHHOH flnoHHH, a HMeHHO B
CBH3H C OCTpOH HeXBaTKOH mHJIbH B nOCJIeBOeHHI:JH nepHOll..
TaK, HCX0ll.H H3 OYKBbI 3aKOHa, 3aHBJIeHHe Haii:MOll.aTeJIH 0
HeOOXOll.HMOCTH mHJIOH nJIOm;all.H lI.JIH ero coocTBeHHoro nOJIb-
30BaHHH Yj-Ke caMO no ceoe HBJIHeTCH H3l1.JIemam;HM OCHOBa
HHeM lI.JIH OTKa3a OT B0300HOBJIeHHH lI.orOBopa. Oll.HaKO nepell.
JIHn;OM oCTpeii:rneii: mHJIHJJ.1;Hoii: npOOJIeMI:J B YKaaaHHblH ne-
pHOll. cy H3YTIaJI CTeneHb nOTpeoHocTH B mHJIbe KaK HaHMO-
;n;aTeJIH, TaK H HaHHMaTeJIH H 'IaCTO CTaHOBHJICH Ha aam;HTY
HaHHMaTeJIH. C oCJIaOJIeHHeM B CTpaHe iHHJIHm;Hoii: npOOJIeMI:J
CYlI.I:J CTaJIH oopam;aTb MeHbrne BHHMaHHH Ha CTeneHb Hym-
;n;aeMOCTH HaHMo;zJ.aTeJIH H CTeneHb HCKpeHHOCTH HaHHMaTeJIH
(CM. perneHHe BepxoBHoro CYlI.a OT 14 <fJeBpaJIH 1950 r.), a
3aTeM BamHbIM aJIeMeHTOM onpell.eJIeHHH Toro, HBJIHIOTCH JIH
OCHOBaHHH HaHMOll.aTeJIH Hall.JIemam;HMH, CTaJIa npH3HaBaTb-
CH YIIJIaTa HaHMOll.aTeJIeM OTcTynHblx H3HHMaTeJIIO (CM. pe-
rneHHe BepxoBHoro cy]I;a OT 25 HOHOpH 1971 r.).
3) llOCJIell.CTBHJI DpeRpa eHlIJI HMy ecTBeHHoro HaiiMa.
Bo Bcex paCCMOTpeHHI:JX CJIY'IaHX lI.OrOBOp HMym;ecTBeHHoro
HaHMa npeKpam;aeTCH TOJIbKO Ha oYlI.ym;ee BpeMH, 'ITO 03Ha-
'laeT OTCYTCTBlle oopaTHoii CIIJIbI (CT. 620 fR). IT pH nOM fR
ocooo orOBapHBaeT, 'lTO aHHoe nOJIOmeHHe He paCIIpOCTpa-
HHeTCH Ha TpeOOBaHHe B03Mem;eHHH ym;epoa, npIf'lHHeHHOro
no BHHe O HOH H3 CTOpOH (orOBopKa CT. 620 fR),
r naB a 16. AOrOBOP nHLfHOrO HAAMA
122. llOHJlTIIe JIH'lHOrO HaiiMa.
1) ;r(oroBop JIH'lHOrO HaiiMa II oroBOp 0 BblllOJIHeHIIII pa-
001'. ITpH orOBope JIH'lHOrO HaHMa O Ha H3 CTOpOH (paooT-
HHK) oOH3yeTcH BbITIOJIHHTb OIIpe eJIeHHYIO paooTY, a PyraH
92
oCTopOHa (pa601'O)J;aTeJIb) - rrpe)J;OCTaBHTb B03HarpaiK)J;eHHe
33 31'0 (CT. 623 fH). ,D;aHHLIM BH)J; )J;OrOBOpa JIBJIJIeTCJI IWHCeH-
ocyaJIbHbIM, B03Me3)J;HbIM H )J;BYCTOPOHHHM. HaTerOpHH )J;OrOBO-
pOB 06 HCrrOJIb30BaHHH qyiKoro TPY)J;a ()J;oroBopbI 0 BblllOJIHe-
HHH pa6oT) BKJIlO'laeT 4 BH)J;a )J;orOBopOB. Bo-rrepBLIx, )J;orOBOp,
rrpe)J;ycMaTpHBalOrrWM rrOJIHOMOqHH HarrpaBJIHTb TPY)J; pa60T-
HHKa Ha orrpe)J;eJIeHHbIe n;eJIH. H )J;aHHOMY BR)J;Y OTHOCHTCH
jl;OroBop JIH'IHOI'O HaHMa. BO-BTOpbIX, )J;orOBOp. cTaBHID;HM n;e-
.JIblO rrOJIHOe OCYID;eCTBJIeHHe orrpe)J;eJIeHHOM pa60TbI 1'PY)J;OM
)J;Pyrnx HJIH ))J;Pyroro JIHn;a (pa601'HHK BbIIIOJIHHeT pa60TY B
UOJIHOM 06'IAJMe, rro CBoeMY YCMOTpeHHlO H Ha c06cTBeHHbIH
pHCK). 81'01' BH)J; Ha3LIBaeTCH )l,oroBOpoM llo)J;pH)J;a. B-TpeTbHx,
'Be)J;eHT1e orrpe)J;eJIeHHOro e)J;HHoro )J;eJIa Ha OCHOBaHHH C06CT-
BeHHoro YCMOTpeHHH pa60THHKa HBJIHeTCH rrpe)J;MeTOM ));0'
1'0BOpa llopY'IeHHH. B-qe1'BepTbIx, BLIrrOJIHeHHe crren;H<pHqe-
CKOM pa60TbI rro xpaHeHHlO BeID;H, rrpHHa)J;JIemaID;eM )J;PyrOMY
.JIHn;y, rrpe)J;YCMaTpHBaeTCH ));OrOBOpOM xpaHeHIIJI. qeTKoe pa3-
rpaHH'leBHe rrepBbIX Tpex BH)J;OB )J;orOBopOB qaCTO BeCbM3
oCJIOmHO. HarrpHMep, K KaKOMY BH)J;Y )J;orOBopa OTHeCTH BbI-
rrOJIHeHHe pa60TbI Ha YCJIOBHHX C)J;eJIbHOM OrrJIaTLI, oc06eHHO
eCJlH pa601'a BbJrrOJIHJIe1'CH He B rrpOH3BO)J;CTBeHHOM rroMeID;e-
HHH, a Ha )J;OMY, -- I, JIHqHOMY HaMMY HJIH IlO)J;pJI)J;Y? HpOMe
'foro, rropyqeHHe B CJIyqae, Kor)J;a )J;OBepHTeJIb 06JIa)J;aeT 60JIb-
mHMH pacrropH)J;H1'eJIbHbIMH nOJIHOMOqHJIMH, a rrOBepeHHbIM
HaXO)J;H1'CH B 3aBHCHMOM OT Hero rrOJIOmeHHH, CHJIbHO Harro-
MHHae1' JIHqHbIM HaeM.
2) TpY));OBOH ));OrOBop.
a) B CBH3H C rrpHBe,qeHHoM KJIaCcH<pHKan;HeM )J;orOBopOB
o BLIIlOJIHeHHH pa60T He06xo)J;HMO O1'MeTHTb, '11'0 C pa3BHTHeM
KanHTaJIH3Ma BLI)J;eJIHJIOCb rrOHHTHe TpY)J;OBoro )J;oroBopa. IIo-
CKOJJbKY pa3pbIB Mem,qy 3KOHOMHqeCKHM rrOJIOmeHHeM pa60To-
,qaTeJIH H pa60THHKa Bce 60JIee YBeJIHqHBaJICH, pa60THHR
CTaHOBHJICH Bce 60JIee 3aBHCHMbIM OT pa60To)J;aTeJIH. BCJIe)J;cT-
BHe 3Toro )J;orOBOp 0 BbIIlOJIHeHHH pa601'bI IlpH06peJI Ka'le-
CTBO 3aBHCHMblX TPY)J;OBbIX OTHomeHHH H OTHorneHHH Mem)J;Y
CTopOHaMH )J;orOBopa yme He MOrJIH 6bJTb paBHbIMH. qTO rro-
Tpe60BaJIO HeK01'oporo BMernaTeJIbCTBa B HHX rOCY)J;apCTBa.
6) B rrepHO)J; HOBoro BpeMeHR, HCXO)J;H 1:13 oc06eHHOCTeH
3aBHCHMbIX 1'PY)J;OBbIX OTHorneHHH, TpY)J;OBOH )J;orOBOp 6bIJI
rrpH3HaH oc06bur BH)J;OM )J;orOBopa H BO Bcex CTpaHax CT3JI
06'beKTOM CrreU;IIaJIbHOrO 3aKOHO)J;aTeJIbCTBa. C pa3BHTHeM
rrpOMbJrnJIennOH peBOJIlOn;HH YBeJIH'lHBaJICH 06'beM ));aHHOrO
3aKOHO)J;aTeJIbC1'Ba H B HrrOHHH, r)J;e 6bIJIH IlpHHHTbI: 3aKOH 0
93
tPa6pH'IHO-3aBo.n;CROM npe.n;npHHTHH (1911 r.), 3aRoH 0 neH-
CHOHHOM B03paCTe HH.n;YCTpHaJIhHbIX pa60'IllX (1923 r.), 3a-
ROH 0 ropHOM .n;eJIe (1905 r.), IIpaBHJIa 0 nOMOII\Jf maXTep-
CROMY TPY.n;y (1916 r.), 3aRoH 0 MaTepHaJIhHOH nOMOII\If
pa60'IHM, nOCTpa.n;aBlliHM OT HeC'IaCTHbIX CJIY'IaeB Ha npOll3-
Bo.n;CTne (1931 r.), 3aRoH 06 06H3aHHocTll ORaaaHJIJI MaTe-
pHaJIhHOH nOMOII\H pa60'IHM npH HeC'IaCTHbIX CJIY'IaHX Ha
npOH3Bo.n;CTBe H 0 cTpaxoBaHHH pa60'IHX (1931 r.), 3aRoH 06
:mHnamax Cy.n;OB (1937 r.), 3aRoH 0 Mara3HHax (1938 r.) If
.n;pyrHe. Co.n;epmaHHe 3THX aRTOB 6bIJIO BeChMa pa3Ho06pa3-
HbIM, o.n;HaRO HX 06'he.n;HHHJIO npH3HaHlle Tpy.n;OBoro .n;orOBopa
caMOCTOHTeJIhHbIM BH.n;OM .n;orOBopa. IIocJIe BTOpOH MHpOBOH
BOHHbI aaROHo.n;aTeJIhCTBO no .n;aHHOMY Bonpocy B onpe.n;eJIeH-
HOH CTeneHH no.n;BeprJIOCh RO.n;HtPHRaD;HH, H B HaCTOHII\ee-
BpeMH Tpy.n;OBhIe OTHOllieHHH perYJIHpYIOTCH B HnoHHH TpeMJI'
BamHeHlliHMH 3aROHaMH: 3aRoHoM 0 npotPeccHOHaJIhHbIX co-
I03ax (B nepBoH pe.n;aRD;HH 1945 r., 3aMeHeHHOH B 1949 r. HO-
BbIM 3aRoHoM), 3aRoHoM 0 perYJIHpOBaHHII Tpy.n;OBbIX OTHO-
meHHrr (1946 r.) H 3aRoHoM 0 Tpy.n;OBhIX CTaH):(apTax
(1947 r.). B pe3YJIhTaTe R HaCTOHII\eMY JJpeMeHH npaRTH'Ie-
CRH Bce acneRTbI JIH'IHOro HaHMa perYJIHPYIOTCH TPy):(OBbIM'
3aROHo.n;aTeJIbCTBOM H HCCJIe.n;YIOTCH HaYRoH Tpy):(onoro npaBa.
llO'aTOMY Mbl orpaRH'IIIMCH JIHllib paCc'MO'IpeHHeM OC,HOBHblX
MOMeHTOB .n;orOBopa JIH'IHOrO HaHMa. KCTaTH, nOlIHTHe «TPY-
.n;OBOH .n;orOBOp» 03Ha'IaeT .n;orOBOp JIH'IHOrO nallMa, nO):(Ila):(aIO-
rn;HH no):( .n;eHcTBHe 3aRoHa 0 TPy.n;OBhIX CTaH):(apTax.
B) CYTb TpY):(OBoro 3aROHo):(aTeJIbCTBa COCTOHT B tPOPMH-
pOBaHHH Ha.n;JIemaII\HX TPy.n;OBbIX OTHOllieHHH.
3aROHo):(aTeJIbCTBO no oxpaHe Tpy.n;a yc,TaHaBJIHBaeT onpe-
.n;eJIeHHbIe CTaH):(apTbI YCJIOBHH Tpy.n;a H CTpeMHTCH nO):(THHYTh-
co):(epmaHHe Tpy.n;OBhlX .n;orOBopOB .n;o YCTanOBJIeHHOrO MHHIl-
MaJIblIOI'O ypOBHH. IIpHMep 3Toro - 3aROH 0 Tpy.n;OBbIX CTaH-
.n;apTax, npHHHTbIH BO HCnOJIHeHHe n. 2 CT. 27 KOHCTHTYU;Illl'
HnoHHH, rJIaCHII\ero, 'ITO «3apaOOTHaH nJIaTa, paoo'Iee BpeMH.
OT):(bIX H .n;pyrHe YCJIOBHH Tpy):(a onpe):(eJIHIOTCH 3aROHOM». IIo-
MHMO BonpOCOB, HeIlocpe):(CTBeHIIO CBH3aHHhIX C Tpy.n;OBbIM ):(0-
rOBopOM, a HMeHHO Borrpocon Tpy.n;OBoro ):(oronopa, 3apa60T-
HOH IlJIaTbI H pa6o'Iero BpeMeHH, 3aRoH 0 Tpy,n:OBhIX CTaH.n;ap-
Tax perYJIHpyeT BOIlpOCbI TeXHHRH 6e30IlaCIJOCTH H rHI'HeHbf
Tpy.n;a, Tpyp;a melIII\HH H IlO):(pOCTROB, IlpOtPeCCIlOHaJIbHOrO
06Y'IeHHH, 06II\emHTHH ):(JIH pa60'IHX H MHorIIe p;pyrHe, YC-
TaHaBJIHBaH OOH3aTeJIbHbIe npe.n;IlHcaHHH. KpOMe Toro, B OIl-
pe.n;eJIeHHOH CTeIleHH :;'3.ROH YCTaHaBJIHBaeT Oll:HOCTOpOHHIDID
94
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb pa60TO)];aTeJIH rro ORa3aHHIO MaTepHaJIbHOH
rrOMOm;H pa60'IIIM rrpII HeC'IaCTHbIX CJIY'IaHX Ha rrpOH3BOP;CT
Be II rrpocpeCCIIOHaJIbHbIX 3a60JIeBaHHHX, )];ame ROT)];a OHH rrpo
HCXO)];HT He rro BIIHe pa60TO)];aTeJIH. C u;eJIbIO 06eCrre'IeHHH
HCrrOJIHeHIIH )];aIIHOM 06H3aHHOCTH pa60TO)];aTeJIH rrpHHHT 3a
ROH 0 ROMneHcaU;IIII rrpII HeC'IaCTHbIX CJIY'IaHX Ha rrpOII3BO)];
CTBe H 0 CTpaXOBaHIIII pa60'IHX (1947 r.), YCTaHaBJIHBaIOm;IIH
npIIHY)];IITeJIbHbIM xapaRTep TaRoro CTpaXOBaHIIH. Ha rrpe)];rrpII-
aHMaTeJIeM B03JIOmeHa 06H3aHHocTb rro COCTaBJIeHIIIO rrpaBIIJI
BHYTpeHHero 1PY)];OBoro paCrrOpH)];Ra Ha Ram)];OM npe)];rrpHH-
THH, co)];epmaIlHe ROTOpbIX He )];OJImHO rrpOTHBOpe'IHTb 3aRO.
BY 0 TPY)];OBbIX CTaH)];apTaX II COOTBeTCTBYIOm;IIM ROJIJIeRTIIB-
[{bIM AorOBOpa I. ,l];eMcTBIIe YRa3aHHbIX rrpaBIIJI rrpIIpaBHeHO
R )];eMCTBIIIO rrpaBOBbIX HOpM.
3mWHO)];aTeJIbCTBO CO)];eMcTByeT YCTaHOBJIeHIIIO Ha)];JIema-
III,HX TPY)];OBbIX OTHOllieHIIM B Ram)];OM ROHRpeTHOM CJIY'Iae
na OCHOBe ROJIJIeRTIIBHbIX rreperOBopOB pa60'IIIX H npe)];rrpH'
HHMaTeJIen. CT. 28 KOHCTIITYU;IIII HrroHIIH rapaHTHpyeT aTO
RaR O)];HO II3 OCHOBHbIX rrpaB, a 3aRoH 0 rrpo<peccIIOHaJIbHbIX
COI03ax H 3aRoH 0 perYJIIIpOBaHIIH TPY)];OBbIX OTHOllieHIIM )];e-
TaJIbHO perJIaMeHTHPYIOT np06JIeMbI )];aHHOrO Rpyra. YRa3aH.
Hble HopMaTIIBHbIe aRTbI He TOJIbRO rapaHTIIpYIOT ocym;ecT-
BJIeHIIe OCHOBHbIX rrpaB pa60'IIIX - rrpaBa Ha 06'be)];IIHeHIIe,
rrpaBa Ha ROJIJIeRTIIBHble rreperOBopbI II npaBa Ha ROJIJIeRTIIB-
HbIe )];eMCTBIIH, - HO H CO)];eMCTBYIOT 06'be)];IIHeHIIIO pa60'IIIX
11 3)];OPOBOMY pa3BIITHIO rrpo<peCCIIOHaJIbHbIX COI030B. C 0)];-
HOM CTOpOHbI, 3aROHO)];aTeJIbCTBO 3arrpem;aeT C03)];aHIIe rrpe)];-
rrpIIHIIMaTeJIHMH rrpenHTCTBIIH 06'be)];IIHeHIIIO pa60'IIIX B rrpo<p-
COI03bI II ROJIJIeRTIIBHbIM )];eMCTBIIHM pa60'IIIX II rrpII3HaeT
CrreU;IIaJIbHYIO rrpOU;e)];yPY B OTHOllieHIIII HapYllieHIIH )];aHHOrO
nOJIOiReHHH (cT.7, 27 3aRoHa 0 rrpo<peccIIOHaJIbHbIX cOI03ax),
a C )];PyroH - rrpH B03HIIRHOBeHIIII TPY)];OBbIX ROH<pJIHRTOB 0
HHbIX ROJIJIeRTIIBHbIX )];eMCTBIIM pa60'IIIX rrpII3HaeT 3a HHMO
IImpoRIIe CB060)];bI H rrpeIIMym;ecTBa II CTpeMIITeH R YJIaiRH-
BaHIIIO B03HIIKIlJIIX ROH<pJIIIRTOB rrOCpe)];CTBOM RG.JIJIeRTIIBHbIX
rreperOBopOB pa60'IIIX H rrpe)];rrpIIHIIMaTeJIeM (rr. 2 CT. 1, CT. 8
YRa3aHHoro 3aRoHa). 3a ROJIJIeRTIIBHbIMII )];OrOBOpaMH rrpH-
3HaeTCH 60JlbllIOe 3Ha'IeHHe B rrpaBOBOM perYJIHpOBaHIIH OT-
)];eJIbHbIX TPY)];OBbIX )];OrOBOpOB (CT, 16 YRa3aHHoro 3aKoHa).
r) Ha TpY)];OBOM )];OrOBOp pacrrpOCTpaHHeTCH )];eMCTBHe
Tpex rpyrrrr rrpeArrIIcaHIIM. Bo-rrepBbIx, CTaH)];apTOB, orrpep;e-
JIHeMbIX 3aRonoM 0 TPY)];OBbIX CTaH)];apTaX, BO-BTOpbIX, IJOJIO-
meHIIH ROJIJIeRTHBHoro )];OrOBopa, 3aRJIIO'IeHHOTO IJpO<pCOI030M
95
g npe;O;CTaBRTeJIHl\1R a;o;l\1HHRCTpa:IJ.RR, R, B TpeTbRX, npaBRJI
BUYTpeIIHero TpY;O;OBoro pacrropH;o;Ra *.
123. CpOKH JIH'IHOrO HaiiMa.
1) MaKCIIM3JIbHh1e CpOKII. fIt He co;o;epmHT rrpHl\1bIX orpa-
HH'IeHHM B OTHomeHHH l\1aRCHl\1aJIbHbIX CpOROB JIH'IHorO HaM-
Ma, O;O;HaRO rrOJIOmeHHe fIt 0 TOM, 'ITO npH npeB:bImeHRR
CpOROM JIH'IHOrO HaMl\1a 5 JIeT (B rrpOl\1bImJIeHHOCTH R TOp-
rOBJIe 10 JIeT) RJIH rromR3HeHHOM ero epORe )J,JHI o;o;Hoii R3
CTOpOH ;o;oroBopa HJIH ;o;JIH TpeTI>ero JIHu;a ;o;oroBop l\10meT 6bITI>
pacToprHYT B mo60e BpeMH no rrpomeCTBHH 5 (10) JIeT, CJIe-
;rJ;yeT paCCMaTpHBaTI. RaR ROCBeHHoe orpampIeHHe MaRCHl\1aJII.-
Horo cpORa JIH1JHOrO HaHMa (CM. CT. 626 fIt).
B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3aROH0l\1 0 TPy;o;OBI.IX cTaH;o;apTax CpOR
TpY;O;OBoro ;o;orOBopa He MomeT rrpeBI.ImaTI. O;O;Horo ro;o;a, 60JII.-
mHM me CpOR YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH JIHmI. npR Heo6xo;o;Hl\10CTR
saBepmeHHH IWROrO-JIH6o npe;o;rrpHHTHH, HarrpHMep CTpOH-
TeJIbCTBa (CT. 14 YRaaaHHoro aaRoHa). TIpRl\1eHRTeJIbHO R npo-
!f>eccHOHaJII.HoMY 06Y'IeHHIO }J;onYCRaeTCH npO;O;JIeHHe ;o;aHHO-
ro cpORa;o;o 4 JIeT (CM. CT. 70 YRa3aHHoro aaROHa, CT. 34 2
TIpaBlifJI 0 BBe}J;eHHH B )l,eMCTBlIe 3aRoHa 0 TPy;o;OBbIX CTaH-
)l,apT8x) .
2) MHHHMaJII.HI.lii CpOR JIH'IHOrO HaMMa aaROHO;o;aTeJII.CT-
BOM He orrpe;o;eJIeH. TIOHHTHO, 'ITO 9TOT CpOR MomeT HC'IHC-
JIHTI.CH Bcero JIHmI. O;o;HHM ;O;HeM, a ;o;orOBOp Mo»,eT eme;O;HeBHO
Boa06HOBJIHTI.CH, O}J;HaRO, eCJIH !f>aRTH'IeCRHe OTHomeHHH JIH1J-
Horo Haiil\1a ROCHT npO;o;OJImHTeJII.HI.IH xapaKTep, HCnOJIbaO-
BaHHe !f>OPMI.I eme;o;HeBHoro HaMl\1a l\10meT 6I.ITI. pacu;eHeHO
TOJII.RO RaY< HeaaROHHoe ;o;eHCTBHe.
* CJIe,!\yeT YQHTbIBaTb, 'ITO aBTopbI OrpaHH'IHBaIOTCJI paCCMOTpe-
HneM JIIlIDb OCHOB TpY,!\OBoro aaKoHo,!\aTeJIbCTBa HIIOHHH. BMeCTe C TeM
peaJIbHOe nOJIOmeHHe B aTOll 06 aCTH l\aJIeKO He COOTBeTcTByeT npa-
BOBbiM IIpe,!\IIHcaHHJIM. RapTIlHa «,!\o mHoro» B COOTBeTCTBHlI C Tpe-
60BaHHfiMH OCHOB TpY,!\OBoro aaKOHo,!\aTe bCTBa B 3HaqIlTe bHOll Mepe
HCKafKaeTCJI TaKIlMH <paKTopaMH, KaK HaJIH'IHe aaKOHo,n;aTe bCTBa, JIH-
malOlI\ero (IIOJIHOCTblO HJIH qaCTHqHO) pa60'IHX H c:rYfKalI\HX rocYl\ap-
CTBeHHoro ceKTopa aKOHOMHKIl OCHOBHbIX npaB, npel\ rC fOTpeHHbIX CT.
28 KOHCTHTY HH HIIOHHH, OXBaT IIpo<pcolOaaMH TOJIbKO 1/3 BCex pa60-
'IHX, CYlI\eCTBOBaHHeM B 3KOHOMHKe CTpaHbI COTeH TbICJI'I Me KHX 11
Me b'IallmHX npe,!\npIIJITHll, OCHOBOll KOHKypeHTocnoc06HOCTlI KOTOpbIX
JIBJIJIeTCJI HMeHHO Hec06 IO,!\eHHe IIpe,!\IIHcaHHH TpY,!\OBoro aaKOHO}J;a-
TeJIbCTBa, H MHorHMH l\pyrHMH. - DpUM. pev.
96
124. 06H3aHHocTH pa6oTHlIKa.
1) Pa60THHK o6H3aH JIHQHO BbIllOJIHHTb pa60TY B COOT-
ReTCTBHII C CO,D;epmaHHeM ,D;orOBOpa, Be3 COI'JIaCHH pa6oTo-
,D;aTeJIH He ,D;OIIYCKaeTCH IIepe,D;a'Ia HCIIOJIHeHHH pa60Tb1 TpeTb-
eMY JIlIII;Y. IIpH HapYllieHIIH ,D;aHHoro nOJIOmeHIIH pa60TO,D;a-
TeJIb MomeT pacTopmYTb ,D;oroBop (n. 2 H 3 CT. 625 rR),
2) rR He IIpeIIHTcTByeT YCTaHOBJIeHIIIO HeYCToiiKH npH
ne6pemHOCT1I IIJIII 01lI1I6Ke B pa50Te, O,D;HaKO COrJIaIlleHHH,
IWTopbIe CIIeIJ;lIa.lIbHO npe,D;YCMaTp1IBaJ11I 6b1 B03M()JI\IIOCTb I1C-
IIOJIHeHHH 06H3aHHOCTH pa60TO,D;aTeJIH no BbIllJIaTe 3apa60T-
nOll IIJIaTbI nopH,D;1l:e 3a'IeTa CYMMb1 HeYCTOllKII, C'IIITaIOTCH
He,D;ellCTBIITeJIbHb1MH. CJIe,D;yeT Y'IIITbIBaTb TaKme, 'ITO TPY,D;O-
Boe 3aKOHO,D;aTeJ1bCTBO 3anpem;aeT YCTaHOBJIeHHe HeYCTOllKR
M B03Mem;eHHH ym;ep6a Ha OCHOBaHHH nelICnOJIHeHIIH 06H3a-
TeJIbCTBa no TPY,D;OBOMY ,D;orOBOpy (CT. 16 3aKoHa 0 TpY,D;OBbIX
CTaH,D;apTaX, CT. 33 3aKoHa 06 cJKHIIamaX CY,11;OB).
3) Pa60THHK neceT 06H3auHocTb IIO BblllOJIHeHHIO pa60TbI
TO.TIbKO nepe,D; paoOTO,D;aTeJIeM. 8TO 03Ha'IaeT, 'ITO pa60TO,D;a-
TeJIb He MomeT 6e3 COrJIaC1IH pa60TH1IKa nepe;o;aTb npaBO Tpe-
6C)BaHIIH BbIIIOJIneHIIH pa60Tb1 TpeTbeMY JIHIJ,Y (II. 1 CT. 625-
rK). HapyrneHHe ;o;aHHoro npe;O;IIHcaHHH Be;o;eT K He;o;ellCTBH-
TeJIbHOCTH nepe,D;a'IlI, HO He OKa3bIBaeT HHKaKoro BJIHHHHH Ha
cym;eCTBYIOm;lIe OTHOIlleHIIH JIH'IHorO HaHMa.
125. 06H3aHHocTli pa60TO,D;aTeJIH.
1) 06H3aHHocTb BbITIJIaTbI B03Hal'paiK;o;eHHH.
a) rR YCTaHaBJIllBaeT 06H3aUHOCTb pa60TO;o;aTeJIH no Bb1-
nJIaTe B03Harpam;o;eHHH, OIIpe,D;eJ1eHHOro ;o;oroBopoM (CT. 623,
rK). OTlIOCIITeJILHO cpOKa BblllJIaTb1 B03Harpam;o;eHHH B nplIH-
IJ;lIrre rrpHMeHHeTCH CHCTeMa rrOCJlep,YIOm;eiei: BbIIIJIaTbI, rro-
CKOJIbKY 06H3aHHOCTb IIO BbIIIJIaTe B03uarpam;o;eH1IH YCTa-
HaBJIIfBaeTCH JIHIIIb IIO IIToraM pa60TbI. BMeCTe C TeM IIPH
YCTaHOBJIeHIIH nepIIO;O;II'IeCKOM BbIllJIaTbI 3apa60THOll IIJIaTbI
OHa ;o;o.rrmna BbIrrJIa'II1BaTbCH;o;o 3aBepllIeHHH pa60Tb1 IIO HCTe.
'IeHIIII OIIpe;o;eJIeHHOrO CpOlW (CT. 624 fK). OrpaHH'IeHIIH B
OTHOllieHIIH BII;o;OB B03Harpam;o;eHHH He npe;o;ycMoTpeHbI.
6) IIpH HaJIH'IJIH TpY;O;OBoro JJ:orOBopa 3apa60THaH IIJIaTa
II ,D;PyrHe BHJJ:b1 OIIJIaTb1 TpYJJ:a YCTaHaBJIIIBaIO'l'CH nO.lIOffieHHH-
Mil KOJIJIeKTHBHoro ;o;orOBopa II IIpaBHJIaMII BnYTpeHHero Tpy-
;O;OBoro paCIIopH;O;Ka (CT. 16 3aKoHa 0 npo eCCHOHaJIbHb1X co-
I03ax). IIpII YCTaHOBJIeHlI1I C;o;eJIbHOM OnJIaTb1 Tpy;o;a paoOTo-
,D;aTeJIb 06H3aH o;o;HOBpeMeHHO IIpe;O;YCMOTpeTb rapaHTHpOBaH-
Hb1H 3apa60ToK Ha OCHOBe nOBpeMeHHOH elICTeMbI (CT. 27
7 3aKaa Hi 1264
97
3aRona 0 TPYP;OBbIX CTaHp;apTaX) H B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3aRo
HOM 0 MIIHHMaJIbHOM ypOBHe 3apa60THOH IIJIaTDI (1959 r.).
Pa601JHM RpaHHe Bai:I\Ha rapaHTHpOBaHHOCTD Hap;JIei:I\aru;eH
BblmJaTDI 3apa60THoH IIJIaTbI. IIo8ToMY 3aRoH 0 TPYP;OBDIX
CTaHp;apTax Ollpep;eJIHeT, 1JTO 3apa60THaH IIJIaTa p;OJIi:KHa BDI-
IfJIa1JHBaThCH He pei:Ke OP;HOfO pa3a B MeCHU;, 110 Ollpep;eJIeH-
IIbIM ,1].lIflM, B IIpHHU;Hlle B ,1].eHei:KHOH q,opMe, Hellocpep;CTBeH-
HO pa60TIIHRY H B IIOJIHOM 06'DeMe (CT. 24 YRa3aHHoro 3aRO-
Ha). He p;onYCRaIOTCH HHRaRHe BDI1JeTDI H3 3apa60THoH IIJIaTbI,
3a HCRJII01JeHHeM, pa3YMeeTCH, aBaRca, paBHbIM 06pa30M RaR
H lIepep;a1Ja 3apa6OTHOH lI,rra'fDI pa601JHX IWROMY-JIH60 OP;HO-
My IIpep;CTaBHTeJIIO. IIpH Herrpep;BHp;eHlIbIX pacxop;ax pa60-
1Jero, CBH3ilHHDlX C 60JIe3HbIO, CTHXHll:HDIMH 6ep;CTBHHMH H
T. II., 3apa60THaH IIJIaTa 3a oTpa60TaHHDIH lIepHOp; p;OJIi:KHa
HbIIlJIa1JUBaTbCH ,1].0 YCTaHOBJIeHHOH p;aTDI BDlp;a'IH 3aprrJIaTbJ
(CT. 25 YRa3aHIIOfO 3aRoHa). IIpu (<upocToe B pa60Te 110 BHHe
pa60TOp;aTeJIH» nOCJIep;HHH 06H3aH BbIIlJIaTHTb rroc06He (<B
pa3Mepe lIe MeHee 60 % OT cpep;HeH 3apa60THoH IIJIarbI pa60-
<Jero 3a lIepHOp; npOCTOH» (CT. 26 yRa3aHHoro 3aRoHa). C Teo-
peTH<JecRoH T01JRH 3peHHH p;aHHaH 06H3aHHocTb pa60TOp;aTeJIH
Ifpep;CTaBJIHeT C060H IIpHMeHeHue 06ru;ero IIpHHU;Hlla pacrrpe-
,I:\eJIeHHH pHCRa rrpH HeB03MOi:KHOCTH HCrrOJIHeHHH 06H3aTeJIb-
CTBa 110 J];BYCTopOHHeMY P;OfOBOpy 110 BUHe Rpep;HTopa (CM.
n. 2 CT. 536 fR). BMecTe C TeM orrpep;eJIeHHe Toro, p;eHcTBH-
TeJIbHO JIH IIpOCTOH B pa60Te 6bIJI J];Ollyru;eH no BHHe pa60To-
p;aTeJIH (HallpHMep, rrpH HeXBaTRe MaTepHaJIOB HJIH 1JaCTH<J-
ROH 3a6acToBRe), 1JaCTO BeCDlIIa 3aTpyp;HHTeJIbHO. HapyrneHHe
YRa3aHHbIX rrpep;rrucaHHH RapaeTCH nITpaq,oM no 100 TbIC. HeR
(CM. CT. 1-19 H 120 YRa3aHHoro 3aRoHa), IIoraCIITeJIbHaH p;aB-
BOCTb B OTHOllIeHHH IIpaBa Tpe60BaHHH 3apa60TllOH IIJIaTl>I
YCTaHOBJIeHa B p;Ba rop;a (CM. CT. 1-15 3aRoHa 0 TPYP;OBDIX
CTaHp:aprax, CT. 174 rR).
2) 06H3aHHocTb no OKa3aHHIO MaTepH:aJILHOll nOMoru;H.
a) Ha :3TOT C1JeT rR He COp;epi:KIIT COOTBeTCTBYIOru;HX no-
JIOi:KeHlIli, op:HaRO p;aHHaH 06H3aHHOCTb rrpH3HaBaJIaCb eru;e B
Te npeMeua, Rorp:a MerK,1].Y pa60Top:aTeJIeM H pa60THHROM CY-
ru;eCTBOBaJIII TeCHble JIH1JlIble OTIIOllIeHllH, XOTH co npeMeHeM
aa6JIIOp;aJIOCb 1I0CTerreHHoe OCJIa6JIeHHe rrpn3ITaHlIH TaROll
06H3aHHocTH pa60TOp;aTeJIH.
6) II060'IHDlM HBJIeHHeM MarnHHH3a:qUH COBpeMeHHoro
J[pOH3Bo cTBa C1aJI IIpOH3Bop;cTBeHHbIH TpaBMaTH3M. YBeJIH-
1JeHHe 'IHCJIa HeC'IaCTHblX CJIY'IaeB Ha npOH3Bop;CTBe B ROHe<J-
HOM C1JeTe rrpHBeJIO R rrOHBJIeHHIO Ronu;ellU;HU B03JIO}UeHHH
98
Ha pa60'I'0.D;aTeJIH O1'BeTC1'BeHHOC1'II rro B03Me eHIIIO 6e3 BIIHbI.
KOHRpeTHo ;n:aHHaH ROHu;enU;IIJI BOrrJIOTIIJIaCb B ;n:eHCTBYIOIf.(eM
3aROHe 0 1'py):\OBbIX CTaH.D;apTaX B BII;n:e CIICTeMbI ROMrreHca-
U;IIff rrpH HeC'IaCTHbIX CJIY'IaJIX: B CJIY'Iae rrpOII3BO.D;CTBeHHOH
TpaBMbI IIJIII rrpoqJeCCIIOHaJIbHOrO 3a60JIeBaHIIH pa60To;n:aTeJIb
HeceT 06H3aHHOCTb rro JIe'IeHIIIO II rrORpbITIIIO COOTBeTCTBYIO-
m;IIX H3;n:epiI\eR pa6o'Iero (ROMrreHCaU;HJI JIe'IeHIIH), 06H3aH
YIIJIaTII1'b rroc06IIe 3a rrepepbIB B pa60Te, BbI3BaHHbIH He06xo-
):\HMOCTbIO JIe'IeHIIH, B pa3l\Wpe He MeHee 60% OT 3apa60THoH
fiJIaTbI pa60'Iero (ROMrreHcaU;IIH rrpocToH), a rrpH rrOTepe 1'PY-
.D;oCrrOc06Ho,tTII rrpe;n:OCTaBIITb cooTBeTcTBYIO Y1D KOMrreHca-
IJ;IIIO (RoMrreHcau;uH rrOTepH Tpy;n:ocrroco6HoCTH) (CT. 75-77
yRa3aHHoro 3aI\ORa). KpoMe Toro, B CJIyqae CMepTII pa60'Iero
B pe3YJIbTaTe HeC'IaCTHOro CJIY'TaH Ha npOII3Bo;n:CTBe pa60To-
):\a1'eJIb, rrOMIIMO OrrJIaTbI pacxo;n:OB Ra rroxopOHbI, 06H3aH rrpe-
.D;OCTaBIITb COOTBeTCTBYIOn\yIO ROMrreHcaU;HIO ceMbe II IIiI\;n:H-
BeRu;aM rrOROll:HOrO, HBJIJIBIIIIIMCH TaROBbIMII Ra MOMeHT CMep-
TH pa60'Iero (RoMrreHCaU;IIJI ceMbe rroRoHHoro) ( CT. 79 II 80
YRa3aHHoro 3aRoHa), C I eJIbIO o6eCrre'IeHIIH He3aMe;n:JIHTeJIb-
Horo H Ha;n:JIeiI\am;ero HCrrOJIHeHHH pa60TO.D;aTeJIHMH YRa3aHHOll:
06H3aHHocTII rro .D;aHHOMY Borrpocy rrpIIHHT CrreU;IIaJIbHbIH 3a-
ROH 0 ROMrreHcaU;HII npH HeC'IaCTHblX CJIy'IaHX Ha rrpOII3Bo;n:-
CTBe H 0 CTpaXOBaHIIH pa60'IHX (1947 r.). C'IIITaeTCH, 'ITO
06JI3aHHOCTb pa60TO.D;aTeJIH rro ORa3aHHIO MaTepIIaJIbHOH rro-
MOIT\H pa50THIIRY ):\OJIiI\Ha pacrrpOCTpaHHTbCH II Ha JIIII\, He
rrO.D;rra.D;aIOIT\IIX rro;n: ;n:ell:CTBHe 3aROHa 0 Tpy;n:OBbIX CTaH.D;apTax,
HarrpffMep Ha npIICJIyry II T. rr.
126. JIH'IHOe nopY'IHTeJIbCTBo.
1) JIII'IHbIH HaeM 'IaCTO COrrpOBOiI\.D;aeTCH JIII'IHbIM rropy-
'IIITeJIbCTBOM HJIH JIII'IHOll: rapaHTHeH, Ira rrpaRTHRe 9TH ;n:Ba
TepMIIHa He BCer.D;a pa3JIII'IaIOTCH, XOTJI C HaY'IHOll: ToqRll
3peHIIH rro;n: JIH'IHbIM nOPY'IIITeJIbCTBOM rrOHHMaeTCH rropyqH-
TeJIbCTBO rrepe;n: pa60To;n:aTeJIeM rro B03Mem;eHIIIO Bpe;n:a, rrpII-
'IHHeHHOro eMY HeIICrrOJIHeHHeM 06H3aTeJIbCTBa rro BIIHe pa-
601'HHRa. IIpII JIIl'IHOH rapaHTHII rropY'IHTeJIbCTRO pacrrpOCT-
paHHeTCJI He TOJIbRO Ha CJIY'IaII HeHCrrOJIrrenUJI 06H3aTCJIbCTBa
rro BIIHe pa60THIIRa, HO II Ha TaRIIe c.rry'IaII, RaR 60JIe3Hb pa-
60THIIRa II T. rr. HeCM01'pH Ha orrpe;n:eJIeHHOe pa3JIII'IIIe 9THX
;n:BYX rrOHH1'Hlr, OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb rropY'III1'eJIH IIJIII rapaHTa TeM
He MeHee o;n:IIHaROBO 'Ipe3MepHO BeJIIIRa. KpoMe Ha3BaHHbIX,
IIMeeTCH H e e O;n:IIH BII;n: JIII'IHOrO rropY'IllTeJIbCTBa, rrpn ROTO-
pOM rropyqIITeJIb y.D;OCTOBepHeT HaJIII'IIIe He06xo;n:IIMbIX crro-
7-
99
C06HOCTe.u Y pa60THHRa rrpH rrpHHHTHH rrOCJIel(HerO Ha pa60TY.
ECJIH IRe pa60TOl(aTe,1JI" rrOBepHB B l(aHHOe Yl(OCTOBepeHHe,
rrpOl(BHraeT pa60THHRa rro cJIym6e HJIH Ha3Ha'IaeT Ha TaRHe
l(OJIIRHOCTH, RaR RaCCHp, yrrpaBJIHIOm;HM qJHJIHaJIO 1 !II ara3ITII;1,
HO pa60THHK He CrrpaBJIHeTCH C HOBOM pa60TOH H T. II., IJ;!-
3Ha L leHHe pa60THHRa ITa YRa3aHHI,le l(OJIIRHOCTH paCCMaTpn-
BaeTCH RaR 0llIH6Ra pa60TOl(aTeJIH H rropy'IHTeJII, He Hecer
HHRaKOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH.
2) Cyp;e6Harr upaRTHRa B CBoe BpeMH YCTaHOBHJIa CJI8-
lXYIOm;He IIOJIOIReHHH B OTHomenHH JIU'IHoro rropy'IHTeJII,CTBa,
Bo-rrepBI,IX, 3a rropY'IHTeJIeM 6I,IJIO rrpH3JIaHO rrpaBO paCTOp-
IReHHH p;orOBopa Ha ocrrOBaIlHH H3MeHHBIIIHXCH 06CTOJI-
TeJII,CTB. )J;aHHoe rrpaBO BIIOCJIep;CTBHH rrOJIY'IHJIO rrpH3HaHHe II
B CrreIl,HaJII,HOM 3aROHOl(aTeJII,CTBe. BO-BTOpbIX, l(0 B03HHRHO-
BeHHH ROIIH:peTHOH oTBeTcTBeHRocTH craTYC 110pyqHTeJIH He
MOIReT 6bJTI, rrpeeMCTBeH. XOTH l(aHHoe rrOJIOIReHHe II He 6bJ-
J10 3aRperrJIeHO crreII,HaJII,HbIM 3aROHOp;aTeJII,CTBOM, 060crrOBaH-
HOCTI, ero naCTOJII,RO OqeBHl(Ha, 'ITO CYl(e6RaH rrpaRTIIRa
HCnOJII,30BaJIa ero H rroc.'Ie Toro, RaK 3aKOH 0 JIR'IHOM rropy-
'IHTeJII,CTBe OCJIa6HJI OTBeTcTBennocTI, rropY'IHTeJIH (CM. pe-
IIIeHHe BepXOBIIOro cyp;a OT 10 ceHTH6pH 1943 r.).
3) 3aKoH 0 JIHqHOM rropYQHTeJIbCTBe 3aKpenHJI CJIep;yIO-
m;He IIOJIOiIWHHH.
a) ECJIH B l(OrOBOpe JIH'IHOrO rropY'IHTeJII,CTBa CpOR He
YCTaHOBJIeH, TO OH C'IHTaeTCH paBHI,IM 3 rOl(aM, a npH rrpo-
<peccHoH3.JII,HOM 06Y'IeHHR - 5. IIpH HaJIH'IHII CrreIl,HaJII,HOrO
COrJIaIIIeHHH CpOR rropY'IHTeJII,CTBa He l(OJIIReH rrpeBbIIIIaTh
5 JIeT. B0306nOBJIeIIHe p;orOBopa p;orrYCRaeTCH, HO Ha CpOK He
CBI,lme 5 JIeT (CT. 1 II 2 YKa3aHIIoro 3aRoHa).
6) Pa60TOp;aTeJII, 06H3aH HeMel(JIeHHO YBel(OMHTI, JIH'IHO-
ro nopY'IHTeJIH 0 IIpH3HaRax lIeCOOTBeTCTBHH pa60THHKa 3a-
HHMaeMOH HM P;OJIIRIIOCTH, ROTOpI,Ie l\WrYT BbI3BaTI, OTBeTCT-
BeHIIOCTb rropY'IRTeJUI, a TaKme 06 H3MeHeHHHX B COl(epIRaHHH
CJIyme6HI,lx 06H3aHHocTeH pa60THHKa HJIR ero Ha3Ha'IeHHH
Ha IIOBYIO l(OJIIRHOCTI" 'ITO BI,I3I,IBaeT IIOBI,IJrreHIIe OTBeTCT-
BeHROCTH IIopY'IHTeJIH, H 0 TOM, 'ITO ROHTpOJII, 3a l(eHCTBHHMH
pa60numa ORa3aJICH CJIOmIIbIM (CT. 3 YKaaaHHoro 3aKoHa).
llOJIY'IHB p;aRHoe II3BeIIl,eHHe, IIopY'IUTeJII, MOIReT paCToprHYTb
)];OrOBOp (CT. 4 YRa3aHHoro 3aRoHa).
B) IIpa BI,IHcneHHH Borrpoca 06 OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH JIlI'IHOrO
IIopY'IHTeJIH H 06'beMe ero OTBeTCTBeHHOCTll He06xop;IIMO upn-
HHMaTI, BO BHHMaHIife ocym;eCTBJIeHHe ROHTpOJIH pa60TOl(aTe-
JIeM H Bce IifHI,Ie 06CTOHTeJII,CTBa (CT. 5 YHa3aHHoro 3aRoHa).
100
r) Bce Cne1l,HaJIbHhie COrJIarneHHH, BJIeKY l!Ie )J;JIH nopy-
'lllTe.TJ:IT 60JlbrnylO neBblrop;y, 'IeM npep;YCMOTpeHO B 3aKOHe
o JlIl'lHOM nopY'il:lTeJIbCTBe, HBJIHIOTCH Hep;eMCTBHTeJIbHbIMH
( CT. G YKa3anHoro 3aKOHa).
.\ ....r
127. IIpeKpa eHIIe JIlPIHOro HaMMa.
1) IIpll onpe,fl,eJIennOM epOKe ,!];orOBopa.
a) COrJIaCHO 1'K IICTe'IeIIHe cpOKa ,!];orOBopa eCTeCTBeH-
lIb!M 06pa30M BbI3bIBaeT npeKpa eIIlIe ,!];orOBopa JIH'IliOrO
naihvw, op;Harw eCJIll rrOCJIe HCTe'IenHH p;alIuoro cpOKa pa60Ta
I
npop;(WmaeT BfimOJIIIHTbCH, TO, KaK M npH HMYIT('eCTBeHlIOM
HaMMe, nplI3HaeTCH MO.'PIaJIllBOC B0300HOBJIeHlle ,!];orOBopa.
fIpM aTOM Ha B0306HOBJIeUHbiM p:orOBOp He nepexop:HT HHKa-
KHe BHP;bI 06eCne'ieIIHH, I{POIVIe p;eHemnoro (cr. 629 1'K).
6) CPOK p;eMcTBHH Tpyp;OBoro p;orOBopa YCTalIOBJIeH B
1 ro)];. IIpH npeBbIlIleHHH YCTaHOBJIeHHOro cpOKa p;orOBOp B
aTOM qaCTM C'illTaeTCH Hep;eilcTBHTeJIbHbIM (CM. CT. 14, 70, 13
3alwHa 0 TPYP;OBbiX cTaHp;apTax).
2) IIpll Heonpe,!];eJIenIlOM epOKe p:orOBopa.
a) B ,!];aHHOM CJIY'Iae J'K p;onycKaeT paCTOpiHeIJHe p;orOBO-
pa Kam,!];OII H3 CTOpOH B JIlO60e BpeMH. AorOBOp npeKpaIT('aeT-
CH no HCTe'IeHlIll P;BYX Hep;eJIb nOCJIe YBep;OMJIeIUm 0 ero
paCTopmeHHH (n. 1 CT. 627 1'K). ECJIH B03Harpamp;eHHe YC-
TaHaBJIHBaeTCH 3a onpep;eJIeHHbIM CPOI{ pa60TbI, pacTopmeHHe
;rJ;orOBopa B nepBoII IIOJIOBIIHe p;aHlIoro cpOKa p;OJIiImO OTHO'
CIITbCH KO BropoiI ero nOJIOBHHe (n. 2 CT. 627 1'1\). HanpH-
Mep, npH YCTaHOBJIeUHH emeMeCH'IIIOrO B03Harpamp:eHHH,
eCJIlI YBep;OMJIeHlle 0 paCTopmeHllH p;orOBopa He HanpaBJIenO
)];0 15 'IMCJIa MeCHu;a, YBOJIbUelIHe pa60THIIKa C ua'IaJIa CJIe-
JJ:YIOIT('erO M8CH1I,a neB03MomHO. HanpaBJIeHH8 YBep;OMJIeHHH
HOCJIe 15 'IHC,JIa M8CHu;a n03BomreT YBOJIHTb pa60Tmma ne C
16 'IHCJIa CJIe.a:yIOmero MeCHu;a, a JIHrnb C Ha'IaJIa CJIep;ylOn ero
3a CJIep;YIOIT('llM 1I18CHu;eM. ECJIH me B03Harpamp;8nue YCTa-
HaBJIHBaeTCH 3a nepHOp; pa60TbI CBbIrne 6 MeCHueB, paCTopme-
lIne p;orOBopa B03Momno C Ha'IaJIa CJIep;YIOIQero cpOKa, npH
::JTOM YB8p;0l\1JIeHIIe ,!];OJImno 6bITb nanpaBJIenO ne MeHee '1eM
3a Tpn MeCHu;a p:o npeKpaIT('eHHH ,!];OI'OBOpa (n. '2 CT. 627 1'K).
6) B OTHorneHHH YBep;OMJIenHH 0 paCTopmeHllH p;orOBopa
co CTOpOHbI pa60TOp;aTeJIH 3aKoH 0 TPyp;OBbIX CTaHp;apTax
YCTaHaBJIlIBaeT cepbe3Hble OrpaHH'IenHH. IIpH OTCYTCTBHll
TaKHX oCHoBaHllH, KaK CTHXHMHoe 6ep;cTBlle, HeHCnOJIHeHHe
Q6H3aTeJIbCTBa no BHHe pa60THHKa H.TJ:ll CneU;HaJIbHOe pa3pe-
ffienHe ap;MHHHCTpaTHBHbIX opraHoB, pa60TOp;aTeJIb 06H3aH
101
HanpaBIITb yBe)J;OMJleHlIe 06 YBOJlbHemllI He MeHee '!eM sa
30 )J;Hell: )J;O YBOJlbHeHHJI JlH60 BMrrJlaTHTb pa60THHRY rroc06ne
B pa3Mepe 3apa60TRa 3a 30 pa60qux )J;Hell: (CT. 20 YRa3aH-
Horo 3aRoHa). RpoMe Toro, pa60THHR, nOJlyqllBllIIIJI npoR3-
BO)J;CTBf HHYIO TpaBMY HJlH Haxo)J;JlIIJ;Hll:CJI Ha 1I3JIe'IeHHH, a
TaRme He pa60TaIOIIJ;Hll: B CBJl3H C npOCToeM npOIl3BO)J;CTBa, He
MomeT 6MTb YBOJIeH B Te'IeHHe )J;aHHoro cpORa H 30 nOCJIe-
)J;YIOIIJ;IlX )J;Hell: (CT. 19 YRa3aHHoro 3aRoHa).
3) lIpn HaJIHqHH COOTBeTCTBYIOIIJ;IIX oCHOBaHIIll:.
a) l'R )J;onYCRaeT paCTopmeHIIe )J;orOBopa BIle 3aBIICIIM0-
CTH OT ero cpORa no OCHOBaHIIJlM: BMnOJIHeHIIJl pa60TbI )J;PY-
rHM Jllll\OM BMeCTO pa60THIIRa 6e3 corJlaCIDl Ha TO pa60TO)J;a-
TeJIJI (n. 3 CT. 625 fR), 6aHRpOTCTBa pa60To)J;ltTeJIJI (B ,D;an-
HOM CJIY'Iae YCTaHaBJlHBaeTCJI )J;OrrOJlHllTeJlbHbIll: CpOR, RaK
rrpH Heonpe)J;eJleHHOM cpORe )J;orOBopa, HO HH o.a;na H3 CTOpOH
He 06JIa.a;aeT npaBOM Tpe60BaHIIJl B03MeIIJ;eHHJI YIIJ;ep6a)
(CT. 631 fR), B03HHRllIHM BCJIe.a;CTBlle Henpeo.a;OJIHMOll: CllJIM
(eCJlH me OCHOBaHHe B03HHRJIO no BIIHe O.a;HOll: 113 CTOpOH, Ha
Hee Bo:maraeTCJI OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb no B03MeIIJ;eHHIO YIIJ;ep6a)
(CT. 628 fR), HHMX cJlyqaeB HeHCIIOJlHeHHJI pa60THHROM 06J1-
3aTeJlbCTB (rrpH aTOM pa60THHR Momer 6MTb YBOJIeH JIHJTIh
nplI HanpaBJleHHH eMY COOTBerCTBYIOIIJ;erO rrpe.a;ynpem)J;eHIIJI
pa60To.a;aTeJleM, RaR no npe,D;yCMOTpeHO 06IIJ;HM npllHn;Hno r
06J13aTeJIbCTBeHHOrO rrpaBa) (CT. 541, 543 fR),
6) IIOMHMO OrpaHHqeHIIll, onpe.a;eJIeHHMX rR, TpY,D;OBOe
3aROHO)J;aTeJlbCTBO YCTaHaBJIHBaeT B OTHOllIeHHH pa60ro.a;aTe-
JIJI )J;onOJIHHTeJIbHble OrpaHHqeHHJI. TaR, pa60To.a;aTeJIb lie MO-
meT YBOJIIITb pa60THHRa HJlH C03)J;aTb eMY IleBblro.a;HMe YCJIO-
BIIH Tpy.a;a H3-3a ero qJIeHCTBa B npO<pCOI03e, HaMepeHHJI BCTY-
nHrb IIJIH C03.a;aTb npO<pCOI03, a TaRme H3-3a Be.a;eHHfI
Ha.a;JIemaIIJ;ell: npo<pCOI03HOH pa60TM (CT. 7 3aRoHa 0 npo<pec-
CHOHaJIJ:,nMX cOI03ax). IIpH YBOJIbHeHHH C HapynreHHeM )J;aH-
HMX npe.a;IIlIcaHHll: YBOJleHHMll: Momer 06paTIITLcH B ROMHC-
CUIO no TPY.a;y (CM. CT. 27 If 28 YRa3aHHoro 3aRoHa) JIH60'
rrpe.a;'bJlBHTb B CY)J; HCR 0 npH3HaHHH He.a;eJICTBIITeJIbHOCTIf
YBOJILHeIIHJI. ECJIII B ROJIJIeRTHBI10M )J;OIOBope co.a;epmHTCH
rrYHRT 0 TOM, qTO npH YBOJIbHeHIIH 'IJIena npo<pCOI03a He06-
xo.a;HMa upe.a;BapHTeJIbHaJl ROHCYJIbTan;HH C rrpo<pCOI030M IIJIlt
ero CorJIaClIe Ha YBOJIbHeHlle, pa60TO)J;aTeJIb He MomeT YBO-
JlHTb pa60THHRa - qJleHa npo<pCOI03a 6e3 YRa3aHHoro corJIa-
CHJI HJIH ROHCYJIbTan;HH. IIpH HapymeHHH aToro YBOJlbHeHHe
CqHTaeTCJI He.a;eHCTBHTeJlbHMM. IIpH Hamftfl'lH OrpaHIf'IHTeJIb-
Horo CliHCRa OCnOBaHl'IH )J;JlH YBOJIbHeHIDI pa60THHKa YBOJIb,..
102
HeHHe ero no OCHOBaHHHM, He BRJIIO'leHHbIM B .a:amIbIH cnHCOR,
fleB03MomHO. HapYIIIeHHe :noro nOJIOmeHHH TaRme npHBO-
,n;HT R He.a:eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH YBOJIbHeHHH. Heo6xo.a:HMO OCO-
DeHHO TlIJ;aTeJIbHO paCCl\faTpHBaTb OCHOBaHHH YBOJIbHeHHH
pa60THlIRa B .a:HCD;HlIJIHHapHOM nopH.a:Re, lIOCROJIbRY lIpH Ta-
r\OM YBOJIbHeHHH BbIxop;Hoe lIoco6He He BbIlIJIa'lHBaeTCH,
Cyp;e6HaH lIpaRTHRa H 60JIbIIIlIHCTBO D;HBHJIHCTOB C'lHTalOT,
QTO YBOJIbHeHHe pa60THHRa, CpOR .a:oroBopa C ROTOpbIl\f He
6bIJI OlIpe)J;eJIeH, He Tpe6yeT Ha.a:JIemaru;HX OCHOBaHHH:, o.a:Ha-
1\0 lIPH OTCYTCTBlIR 3aMe'laHHH: no pa60Te HJIH npOH3Bo.a:CT-
BeHHOH: Heo6x )J;HMOCTH YBOJIbHeHHe TaRoro pa6o'lero pac-
CMaTpHBaeTCH RaR 3JIoyrroTpe6JIeHHe lIpaBOM Ha YBOJIbHeHlIe.
B) Bo Bcex paCCl\1OTpeHHbIX CJIY'laHX lIpeI paru;eHHe JIIPI-
Horo HaH:Ma He 06JIa.a:aeT 06paTHOH CHJIOH: (CT. 630, 620), no-
CROJIbRY npHpaBHHBaeTCH R CJIY'IaIO npeRparu;eHHH .a:orOBopa
Ha OCHOBaHHH HeHClIOJIHeHHH o6H3aTeJIbCTBa.
r naB a 17. AOrOBOP nOAPSlAA
128. IIoP;pHP;, RaR JIH'lHbIll: HaeM H lIopY'leHHe, OTHOCHTCH
K rpynne f];OrOBOpOB 0 BbIIIOJIHeHHH pa6oTbI. Ero oco6eHHOCT:b
COCTOHT Bnpe)J;OCTaBJIeHHH pe3YJIbTaTOB 3aBepIIIeHHOll: pa50TbI
{CT. 632 fK), ROToparr MomeT 6bIT:b RaR MaTepH3JI:bHOH:, TaR
II HeMaTepHaJI:bHOll:. ,LI,oroBop lIop;pH.a:a - ROHceHcyaJIbHbIll:,
B03Me3p;HbIll: H )J;BYCTOPOHHHll:. B OTHOIIIeHHlI p;orOBopa lIOP;PH-
;:r;a Ha CTpOHTeJIbCTBO Tpe6yeTcH nHCbMeHHaH cpopMa,' XOTH
11 6e3 Ree p;orOBOp He C'lHTaeTCH Hep;eHCTBHTeJIbHbIM (CT. 19
3aRoHa 0 cTpOHTeJIbCTBe).
129. OOH33HHOCTH nO)J;pJl)J;'IlIKa.
1) 06J133HHOCTb BbIITO;JIHeHHJI pa6oTbI. IIo.a:PHP;'IIIR He
HeceT 06H3aHHOCTH BbIIIOJIHHT:b pa60TY co6CTBeHIIbIMlI CHJIa-
MH, RpOMe Tex CJIY'laeB, Rorp;a 3TO lIpeP;YCMOTpeHO ClIeD;HaJI:b-
I'hIM COrJIarneHHeM HJIH npOHCTeRaeT U3 xapaRTepa pa60TbI.
IIOP;pHP;'IIiR MomeT HCnOJIb30BaT:b nOMoru;HllROB, a TaRme npH-
BJIe'Ib cyonop;pJlp;1JIIROB. IIpH 3TOM OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a )J;eH:-
C'TBHH, COBepIIIeHHbIe lIO BHHe lIOMoru;HHRa HJIH Cy6lIOP;pHA'IH-
I,a, HeceT lIO)J;pH)J;'lHR, rrOCKO.;JbRY rrpe.a:MeTOM .a:orOBopa nop;-
pnp;a HBJIHeTCH B:bIIIOJIHeHlIe pa60TbI. CJIe13:yeT OTMeTHTb, 'ITO
p;aHHOll: TO'lRH 3peHHH B OTHorneHHH rro.a:pHp;a rrpH)J;epmHBa-
IOTCH H Te Y'leHbIe, ROTopble He npH3IIaIOT O,BeTCTBeHHOCTII
103
OJDRHHRa rrpH HCrrOJIHemIlI lIM 06H3aTeJIbCTBa 1Jepea rroMorq-
HlIRa. II plIMeHHTeJIbHO R rrOp;pH Ha CTpOHTeJIbCTBO rrplI
OTCYTCTBHH CrreD;HaJIbHOrO COrJIarneHHH 3arrperqaeTcH rrepe-
aBaTb cy6rroP;pHp;1JHRY rrO pH B rrOJIHOM 06'beMe ( CT, 22
3aRoHa 0 cTpOHTeJIbCTBe), RpoMe Toro, 3aRa31JHR MomeT Tpe-
60BaTb H3MeHeHHH cy6rro,IJ;pHp;1JHRa, rrpH3HaHHoro HeHap;JIe-
marqHM (CT. 23 YRa3aHHoro 3aRoHa).
a) ECJIH rrpep;MeTOM rrop;pHp;a HBJIHeTCH H3rOTOBJIeHH
BerqH, rrOp;pHp;1JHR HeceT 06H3aHHocTb rrepep;aTb H3rOTOBJIeH-
HYIO Berqb B YCTanOBJIeHHbIH CpOR. Borrpoc 0 '1'01\1, KTO nOCTaB-
JIHeT MaTepHaJI, orrpep;eJlJIeTCH p;orOBopOM. AaHlihIli Bonpoc
0'I8Hb nameH, nOCKOJIbRy B 3aBllCHMOCTH 0'1' rrocTaBrqHRa Ma-
TepHaJIa onpep;eJIHeTCH rrpaBO c06cTBeHHocTII Ha H3rOTOBJIeH-
HYIO Berqb. ECJIH MaTepHaJI B rrOJIHOM 06'beMe rrOCTaBJIHeTCH
rrop;pHp;'IHROM, H3rOTOBJIeHHaH Berqh HBJIHeTCH ero c06cTBeH-
HOCTblO H rrpaBO c06cTBeHHocTH rrepexop;HT R 3aKa3'IHRY nplI
peaJIhHOH rrepep;a'Ie BerqH (perneHHe BepxoBHoro cyp;a 0'1'
24 MaH 1915 r.). IIOaTOMY p;o rrOJIY'IeHHH rrOp;pHp;'IHROM B03-
Harpamp;eHHH OH MomeT yp;epmJ2EBaTb Berqb R3.R CBOIO C06CT-
BeHHOCTb, lI, eCJIlI B Te'leHHe 3Toro BpeMeHH HacTynaeT 6aH-
RpOTCTBO 3aRa31JlIRa, rro pHp;1JHR He 06H3aH rrepep;aBaTb p;aH-
HYIO Berqb Rpep;HTOpy 3aRa31JHRa. B rropHp;Re TOJIROBaHlIH
e1JHTaeTCH, 1JTO rrpH yrrJIaTe B03Harpamp;eHHH rro '1aCTHM rro
Mepe rrpop;BHmeHHH CTpOHTeJIbHhIX pa60T rrpaBO co6CTBeHHO-
CTH Ha CTpoeHHH rrpHHap;JlemHT 3aRa3'IlIRY C :MOMeHTa 3aBep-
rneHHH CTpOHTeJIbCTBa P;O peaJIbHOH rrepe)];a1JlI 06'beRTa (pe-
rneHHe BepXOBHoro cyp;a OT 12 ceHTH6pH 1969 r.).
ECJIH me MaTepHaJI B rrOJIHOM 06'beMe rrOCTaBJIHeT 3aRa3-
'IHR, Berqb C caMoro Ha'laJIa rrplIHap;JIemHT eMY (pernemI&
BepXOBHoro cyp;a 0'1' 9 MaH 1932 r.), ECJIlI B p;aHHOM CJIY1Ja
o rrepep;a1JH BerqH HacTyrraeT ee rH6eJIb, rrO)l,pHp;'1HR HeceT
06H3aHHocTb rro rrOBTopHOMY H3rOTOBJIeHHIO BerqlI H3 BHOBh
rrOCTaBJIeHHbIX MaTepHaJIOB 3aRa31JHHa.
IIpH nOCTaBRe MaTepHaJIOB 06eH IH CTopOHaMH c06cTBeH-
HHR orrpep;eJIHeTCH Ha OCHOBaHHH COOTBeTCTBYlOrqHX rropM
rR 0 rrepepa60TRe (CM. rr. 2 CT. 246 rR) .
6) PaclIpep;e.lIeHHe pHcRa. Ao 3aBeprneHHH pa60ThI pHCK
CJIY1JaHHOH rH6eJIH BerqH HeceT rrop;pHp;'1HR. B CJIY1Jae rH6emr
BerqH rrop;pHrt;'1HR 06H3aH BHOBb lICrrOJIHIITb Tpe6yeMYlO pa-
60TY H rrpII OTCYTCTBHH CrreD;HaJIbHoro corJIarneHIIH He MomeT
Tpe60naTb YBeJIH'IeHlIH CYMMbI B03Harpamp;eHIIH. IIpH HeB03-
MomHOCTII HCIIOJIHeHHH p;orOBOp rrpeRparqae'ICH, op;HaRO plICK
B03JIaraeTCH Ha rrop;pHWIHKa (rr. 1 CT. 536 rR).
104
2) OrncTcrncHHocTb no,a:pH,a:'1HKa.
a) fIt ,a:eTaJIbHO perJIaMeHTHpyeT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb no,a:
pJJ,a:'1HKa. C O,lJ;HOH CTOpOHbI, no,a:pJJ,a:'1HK BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH
OT Toro, no ero HJIH HeT BHlIe B03HHKJIH ,a:ecpeKTbI pa60TbI, He
ceTOrrpe,lJ;eJIeHHYIO OTBeTCTBeIIHOCTb. C ,lJ;PyroH - rrpH3HaIOTCH
OIIpe,lJ;eJIeHnble orpaIIH'IeHHJJ ero OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH, ,a:aiRe
eCJIII ;rJ,e<peKTbI pa60TbI npOH30mJIII no BIIHe rrO,lJ;pH,lJ;'IHKa.
6) CO,lJ;epmaHHc OTBCTCTBCHHOCTH no,a:pH,lJ;'1HKa 3aKJIIO'Ia-
eTCH B npHo6peTeHHH 3aKa3'1HKOM CJIe,a:YIO HX npaB: npaBa
Tpc60BaHHH HCnpaBJICHHH ,a:cq.CKTa ( onpe,a:eJIHB pa3YMHbIH
CpOK, 3aKa3'1HK MOiReT Tpe60BaTh yCTpaHeUHH ,a:e<peKTa, a ec
JIH ,a:ecpeKT 3Ha'lliTeJIeH H YCTpaHeHHe Tpe6yeT onpe,lJ;eJIeHHbIX
,lJ;OnOJIHHTeJIbHbIX H3,a:epi-KeK, 3a 3aKa3'1HKOM npH3HaeTCH JIHmb
npaBO Ha B03Me eHHe 'y ep6a) (n. 1 CT. 634 fIt), npaBa
TpcooBaHIIH B03Mc eHHH y ep6a (3aKa3'IHK MOiReT Tpe60-
BaTh B03MeIl\eHHH y ep6a KaK O,lJ;HOBpeMeHHO C YCTpaneUHeM
,lJ;ecpeKTa, TaK H BMeCTO YCTpaHeHHH ,lJ;ecpeKTa) (n. 2 CT. 634
1'1\,), npaBa pacTopmcHHH ,a:orOBopa (,lJ;aHHoe npaBo npH3Ha-
eTCH 3a 3aRa3'IHKOM JIHmb npH cepLe3HOM ,lJ;e<peKTe, nopOiR-
,I(aIO eM HeB03MOiRHOCTb ,lJ;OCTHiReHHJI n;eJIH ,lJ;OrOBopa, O,lJ;lIa-
KO B nOpH;qRe TOJIKOBaHIIH C'IIITaeTCH, 'ITO npH B03MOiRHOCTH
YCTpaHeHHJI ,lJ;e<peKTa 3aKa3'IHK ,lJ;OJIH\eH npeiR,lJ;e nOTpe60BaTb
ero YCTpaHeHHH) (CT. 635 fit). IIPH nO,lJ;pH,lJ;e me Ha CTpOH-
TeJIbHble H 3eMJIeYCTpOHTeJIbIIble pa60TbI par,TOpiReHHe )J;O
rOBopa He ,a:onYCKaeTCH.
ECJIH iRe ,lJ;ecpeKT B03HHK no BHHe 3aKa3'1HKa, a HMeHHO
H3-3a Ka'leCTBa nOCTaBJIeIIHbIX H I MaTepHaJIOB HJIH KaK CJIe,lJ;
CTBHe ero YKa3aHHH, nO,lJ;pH,lJ;'IHK He HeceT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH,
RpO:\IC CJIY'IaeB, Kor)..(a OH 3HaJI 0 HeHa,lJ;JIeiRam;el\I xapaKTepe
1IiaTepHaJIa HJIH YKa3anHII 3aRa3'IHKa, HO He C006 HJI 06 8TOM
(CT. 636 fK).
B) B OTHomeHHH cpOKa OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 1I0,lJ;pJI,lJ;'1HKa
YCTaHODJIeHbI onpe,lJ;eJIeHHble OrpaHH'IeHHH, II OH orrpeJ.(eJIeH
B 1. ro,lJ; nOCJIe nepe,lJ;a'lH Be II HJIII 3aBepmeHHH pa60T (CT. 637
fH). B OTHomenHII ,lJ;e<peKTOB 3eMJIeYCTpOHTeJIbHbIX pa60T II
CPYH,lJ;3MeHTOB ,lJ;aHHbIII CpOK YCTanaBJIHBaeTCJI B 5 .TleT, 3J a-
nUll - B 10. ECJIII iRe B pe3YJIbTaTe ,lJ;ecpeKTa pa60T lIaCTYlraeT
rn6eJIL HJIH nOBpeiR,lJ;eHHe CTpOeHHJI, CpOK OTBeTCTBeUHOCTII
nO,lJ;pH,lJ;'1HKa YCTaHaBJIIIBaeTCJI B 1 ro,lJ; (CT. 638 fH). BMeCTe
C TeM CJIeAyeT Y'IHTbIBaTb, 'ITO, RpOMe nOCJIe,lJ;HerO CJIY'laH,
CpOR OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH nO,lJ;pH,lJ;'IHKa MOiReT npO,lJ;JIeBaTbCH
Cnen;HaJIbHbIM corJIameHHeM ,lJ;0 C6bI'IHOro pa3Mepa cpOKa
JJ;aBHOCTH, T. e. AO 10 JIeT (CT. 639 fIt).
]05
r) CnewmJIbHble CorJIarueHHH, HCKJIro'larom;He OTBeTCTBeH-
HOCTb nO));pH));'lHKa, ));eMCTBHTeJIbHbI, O));HaKO H B 3TOM CJIyqae
nO));pH));'lHK He MomeT ObITb OCBOOOm));eH OT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH,
eCJIH OH 3HaJI, HO He COOOm;lIJI 00 OOCTOHTeJIbCTBaX, KOTopbIe
BnOCJIe));CTBHH BbI3BaJIlI ));e<I>eKT paOOThI (CT. 640 fK).
130. 3aKaaqlIK HeceT o6H3aHHocTb no nocJIe));yrom;eM BbI-
ITJIaTe B03Harpam));eHHH (CT. 633 fK). CneIJ;HaJIbHbIe COrJIa-
meH:lIH 00 aBaHCHpOBaHHlI HJIH ynJIaTe no qaCTJIM ));ellCTBII-
TeJIbHbI, O));HaRO B CJIyqae He3aBepllIeHHH paOOT aBallC IIJIH
ymIa'leIIHaH CYMMa nO));JIemaT B03Bpam;eHlIIO.
131. ITpeKpam;eHlIe nO));pH));a ocym;eCTBJIHeTCH no CJIe));yIO
:ru;HM OCHOBaHHHM.
1) 3aKa3qHK MomeT ));0 3aBepllIeHHH paooT B JIIOOOe Bpel\DI
pacToprnyrb ));OrOBOp C B03MeUJ;eHHeM yrn;epoa, npIITfHlIeHlW-
ro paCTopmeHlIeM ));OTOBOpa nO));pH));TflIRY (CT. 641 fIt).
2) IIpH oaHKpoTcTBe 3aKa3qHRa npaBOM Ha pacTopmeHue
));OrOBOpa oOJIa));aeT nO));pH));qHR, a TaRme ynpaBJIHIOrn;lIM HMY-
:ru;ecrBOM HeCOCTOHTeJIbHorO P;OJIlRHHKa (CT. 642 fK).
3) AOToBop MomeT ObITb paCToprHYT 3aRa3TfHKOM Ha oc-
HOBaHHH cepbe3HOCTlI ));e<I>eKTa Bern;H.
CJIe));yeT yqHTbIBaTb, qTO B OTJIHqlIe OT ));OTOBOpa JIHqHOrO
HaHMa paCTopmeHHe ));orOBOpa nO));pH));a oOJIa));aeT oopaTHoti
CHJIOM.
r naB a 18. AOrOBOP nOPY'IEHHSI
132. IToHHTlIe DopyqeHHH. KaR OTMeqaJIOCb paHee, ));0-
rOBOp nopyqeHHH OTHOCIITCH K pa3pH));y ));OrOBOpOB 0 BhInOJI-
HeHIIlI paooTbI, a ero ocooeHHocTb COCTOHT B nopyqeHHH Be-
));eHI'IH onpe));eJIeHHOrO ));e.11a. II03ToMY nOBepeHHhIM B onpe-
\eJIeHHbIX rpanHn;ax 06JIa));aeT CBOOO));OM YOfOTpeHHH II
HaXO));lITCJI C p;OBepH'reJIeM B onpegeJIemIOro pO,J,a ));OneplITeJII,-
nbIX OTHomemmx. rIO)); Be));eHlIel\I ));eJIa nOHIlMaeTCH COBepllie-
HHe KaR IOplI));lIqeCRHX, TaR H Bcex IIHbIX ));eMCrBIIM. COBepme-
HIre HeIOpH));lIqeCKlIX geMcTBHM lIa3bIBaeTCH KnaalIDopyqeHIfel\J
(CT. 643, 656 fK). IIpH nopyqeHHH COBepllIeHHH ropH));Hqe-
CKHX ));eMCTBlIM ));OrOBOp nopyqeHHH qaCTO conpOBOJ-R));aeTCR
rrpe));OCTaBJIeIIHeM IJOJIHOMOqlIM no npe));CTaBHTeJIbCTny.
AoroBop nopyqeHHH HBJIHeTCH oe3B03Me3));HhIM. BhInJIaTa
onpe));eJIeHHorO rOHopapa He paCCMaTpHnaeTCH RaR B03Ha-
106
rpallip;elIHe. BMeCTe C TeM npHMeHHTeJIbHO R p;orOBOpy nopy-
'leHHH p;onYCRaeTCH Hero B03Me3p;HOCTb (CT. 648 rR.). B Ha.
CTomn;ee BpeMH p;allie npH OTCYTCTBIIH HBHoro YRa3aHHH Ha
B03Me3p;HOCTb nopY'leHHH YCTaHOBJIeHHe ero B03Me3p;HOCTn
qaCTO TOJIRyeTcH Ha OCHOBaHHH 06bI'laH H MOJI'IaJIIIBOrO BOJIe-
1I3'bHBJIeHHH. R nop;06nOH RaTeropHH p;orOBopOB nopY'feHHH
OTHOCHTCH nopy'leHHe ap;BORaTY Bep;eHHH p;eJIa B cYAe. R.po-
Me Toro, H36paHHe P;OJIlliHOCTHbIX JIHn; ROMnaHHH H IOpHp;H'le-
CRHX JIHn;, yupaBJIHIOm;IIX HMym;ecTBoM, oneRYHOB II APyrII'"
OTHOCHTCH R AorOBOpy nopY'leHHH HJIII HanOMHHaeT ero no
eBoeMY xapaI9Tepy, XOTff Ha npaRTHRe He Bcerp;a ynoMHHaeT-
'CH 0 6e3B03 i:e3AHoM xa paRTepe p;aHHbIX OTHonrenHH (CM.
CT. 862 fI-\, CT. 269, 280 rR.). IIpH YCTaHOBJIeHHH 6e3B03-
Me3}J;HocTII p;oroBop nopY'leHHH 6yp;eT OP;HOCTOpOHHHM, anpn
B03Me3p;HocTII - P;BYCTOPOHHHM, HO B 060HX CJIY'IaHX ROHceH-
cyaJIbHbIM. 'Y CTaHOBJIeHHe 6e3B03Me3p;HocTH p;oroBopa nopY'le-
HHH ne 06H3a'reJIbHO AOJIlliHO BeCTH R oCJIa6JIeHHIO OTBeTCT-
BeHHOCTH nOBepeHHoro.
OTHonreHHH no Bep;eHlIIo }J;eJI P;Pyroro JIHn;a cym;ecTBYIOT
II BHe p;oroBopa nopY'leHHH, op;HaRo rR. pacnpocTpaHHeT Ha
J];aHHble OTHornenHH nOJIOllieHHH, npep;ycMoTpeHHbIe }J;JIH p;o-
rOBopa nopyqeIlHH, oc06eHHo OTHOCHTeJIbHO 06H3aHHocTeH
nOBepeHHoro (CT. 644-647 rR.) H Cnen;HaJIbHbIX Mep npn
npeRpam;eRHH nopY'leHHH (CT. 654 H 655 rR) (CM. CT. 831,
1012,665,671 H p;pyme).
133. OOJl3aHHOCTH nOBepeHHoro. IIoBepeHHbIH B COOT BeT-
CTBHH C cOAepmaHHeM nopY'leHHH p;omRelI BeCTH p;eJIa co
BHIfMaHneM xopomero ynpaBJIJlrom;ero (CT. 644 rR). IIpn
paCCMOTpeHHH Bonpoca npH3HaHHH 06ff3aHlIOCTH nOBepeHHoro
CJIep;yeT npIIHH raTb BO BIIHMaHHe He TOJIbRO n;eJIb ;o:orOBopa II
XapaI{Tep p;eJI, HO H KOIIRpeTHbIe OTHorneHHH, cym;eCTBYIOm;He
JlleJl\AY p;OBepHTeJIeM II nOBepeHubIM. TaR, BHe 3aBIICIIMOCTH
01' naJIH'lHH B03Harpamp;eIIHH npH3HaHHe 06H3aHHoCTII nOBe-
peHHoro OCHOBbIBaeTCH Ha cym;ecTBoBaHHH AOBepIITeJIbHbIX
OTlJOllieHIIll MemAY HHM II gOBepIITe.1JE'M (CM. pemeHIIH Bep-
XORHoro cyp;a OT 23 arrpeJIH 1921 r. H 01' 26 MaH 1961 r.).
IIOMHMO OCHOBHOH 06H3aHrrocTH, nOBepeHHbIM: IIeceT 3Ha-
'IJITeJIbHOe 'lHCJIO p;onOmUITeJIbHbIX. Bo-nepBblx, 06H3alIIIocTb
;a:OJ\JIap;bIBaTb no Tpe60BaHHIO p;OBepHTeJIH 0 COCTOHIIIIII AeJI, a
Ta "me npep;CTaBHTb p;OImap; rrOCJIe rrpeRpam;eHHH p;orOBopa
IwpY'leHHII (CT. 645 rR). BO-BTOPbIX, 06H3aHIJOCTh 110 nepe.
107
[(a'ie rrOJIY'IeHHbIX rrpn Bep;eHHH p;eJI p;eHer II HHbIX Be eH, a
nlJORe HX rrJIop;OB (rr. 1 CT. 646 fIt). B-TpeTbIlx, 06H3aHHocTb
rro rrepep;3'Ie p;OBepHTeJIIO rrpaB, rrpH06peTeHHbIx rrpH Ben;e-
mIH p;eJI n3 CBoe HMH (rr. 2 CT. 646 fIt). (IIpIl ocy eCTBJIe-
UHrr rrOBepeHHbIM IOpHp;H'IeCKHX p;eHcTBHH B rropHp;Ke rrpep;-
CTaBHTeJIbCTBa rre06xop;HMOCTb rrepep;a'IH rrpaB OTCYTCTByeT.
rrOCKOJIbKy B p;aHHOM CJIY'Jae rrpaBa eCTeCTBeHHbIM 06pa30M
rrpIIHap;JIenWT ):(oBepIITeJIIO.) B-'IeTBepTblx, 06H3arrHocTb rro
YI1JIaTe rrpou,eHTOB H B03Me errHIO y ep6a B CJIY'Iae paCTpaTbl
rrOBepeHHbIM B c06cTBeHHbIx HIITepeCax p;ener, rrop;JIema HX
rrepep;a'Ie )J;OBepHTeJIIO, HJIH p;ener, rro)J;JIema HX HCrrOJIb30Ba-
J1HJO )J;JIH BhlrO)J;bI p;OBepHTeJIH (CT. 647 fR).
134. 06H3aIUIOCTII p;OBepIITeJIH. RaK OTMe'IaJIOCb paHee.
)J;OBepIITeJIb He HeceT o6H3amrocTH rro BbmJIaTe B03IIarpamp;e-
l1HH, on;mmo OH 06H3an CO)J;eHCTBOBaTb TOMY, 'IT06bI ocy ecT-
RiIelm:e npe,ZJ:CTaBHTeJIbCTBa He rrpIPIHIIHJIO rrOBepeHHOMY HH-
h:aKOrO y ep6a. ROHKpeTHO p;aHnaH OOH3aHHOCTb BKJII01:J:aeT
CJIeP;YIO IiJe: 06H3aHHOCTb rro rrpe}:(BapHTeJIblfOH yrrJIaTe H3-
)J;epmeK (CT. 649 fIt); 06513aH1lOCTb B03Mern;eHlUI H3)J,epiJ3,eK
(II rrpou;enToB), rrOHeceHHblX rrOBepeHHbIM rrpH ocy eCTBJIe-
HHH p;orOBopa rropY'IeHHH, rrpII YCJIOBHH HX He06xo)J;HMOCTH
H rrpOHBJIeHHH co CTOpOHbI rrOBepenRoro BHHMaHHH xopomero
YTIpaBJIHIO erO (rr. 1 CT. 650 fR); 06fI3aIlHOCT'b, rrpH rraJIH-
1:J:IIH BbIllIeYK33amfOro yCJIOBHH, HCrrOJIrreHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTB,
rrpHIUITbIX rrOBepeHHbIM, a TaJ(me 06H3aHHocTb rro rrpe)J;OCT3B-
JleHHIO 06eCrre1:J:eHHH (rr. 2 CT. 650 fR); oTBeTCTBeHHOCTb ITO
B03MeuwnHlO y ep6a, rroneceHHoro rrOBeperrHbIM He rro cBoei'r
BHHe (rr. 3 CT. 650 fIt).
IIpH IIaJIH'IIIII crrell,HaJIbHOrO COrJIameIIHH 06 06H3aHHocTII
n;OBepHTeJIH rro yrrJIaTe B03Harpan,p;enIIfI rrpHMeHHeTCH nplIH-
n,nn nOCJle)1,YIOIII,eH yrrJIaTbl, T. e. I,aK 11 n])H )1,orOBO])e JlII1:J:HOrO
naHMa, yrrJIaTbI B03Harpam)J;enIIJI no HCTe1:J:CIIIIH YCTanOB-
JIeHHOrO cpORa. Op;HaKo B OTJIH1:J:ne 0'1' nop;pH)J;a npH npeKpa-
ru;eHlIH OTnomenHH nopY1:J:eHIIH He no BIIIIe rrOBepeHJIOrO rro-
CJIe)J;HIIli MomeT Tpe60BaTb 1:J:aCTIFIlIo:ii yrrJIaTbI B03Harpam-
)J;eHHJf COOTBeTCTBenno 06'beMY BbIl10JIHeHHOH pa60TbI (CT. 648
rR). B rrOpHp;'he TOJI'hOBaHHH C1:J:llTaeTCH, 'ITO, eCJIli rropY1:J:e-
HHe rro CBoeMY xapaRTepy rrpH6JIIlmaeTCJf R TPYP;OB01IY P;O-
rOBOpy, Ha Hero pacrrpOCTpalIHIOTCH rrOJIOmeHHH, rrpe,ZJ:YCMOT-
peHHble 3aRorrOM 0 Tpyp;OBbIX CTaH)J;apTax, H p;OBepHTeJIb
HeceT 06H3aHHOCTH, yRa3aHHbIe B p;aHHOM 3aROHe.
108
135. llpeKpam;eHHe nopyqeHHH.
1) OcoOeHHOCTb nopyqeHHH COCTOHT B TOM, 'ITO JIIO-
OaH H3 CTOpOH MOmeT OCym;ecTBHTb HeMe)J;JIeHHOe paCTOpme-
lIIIe )J;OrOBOpa B JIIOOOe BpeMH. O)J;HaRO, eCJIH paCTopmeHHe
)J;orOBopa B orrpe)J;eJIeHHblii CpOR npH'IHHHeT HeBblro)J;y ROH-
TpareHTY, CTopOlm HeceT 00H3aHHOCTb no B03Mem;eHIIIO ym;ep-
oa, ROTopaH CHIIl\raeTCH JIHllIb npH HaJIH'IHII HenpeO)J;OJIHMoii
CHJIbI RaI\ OCHOBaHIIH )J;JIH paCTopmeHHH )J;orOBopa (CT. 651
fK; CJle.u:yer npHIUIMaTb BO BHHMaHHe, O)J;HaRO, OrpaHH'IeHHH,
rrpe)J;ycMorp Hnble 3aRoHoM 0 TPY)J;OBbIX CTaH)J;apTax, eeml
)IorOBOp nopyqeHHH nO)J;na)J;aeT nO)J; ero )J;eHcTBHe). )J;aHHoe
1I0JlOmeHHe HCXO)J;HT H3 Toro, 'ITO nopY'IeHIIe OCHOBaHO Ha
.u:OBepHTeJlbHbIX OTHOllIeHHHX. O)J;HaRo OHO He rrpHMeHHeTCH,
eCJlH D;eJlbIO )J;orOBopa nopY'IeHHH HBJlHJlOCb npe.u:OCTaBJleHHe
Bblro.u:bI nOBepeHHOMY (CM. pellIeHHe BepXOBHoro cY)J;a OT
24 arrpeJlH 1920 r.). KpoMe Toro, nO)J;ooHo HMYII\eCTBeHHOMY
H JlH'IHOMY HaiIMY, pacTopmeHHe )J;orOBopa rropY'IeHHH ne 00-
Jla)J;aeT OOpaTHOH CHJlOM (CM. CT. 652, 620, 630 fK).
2) I10MIIMO H3Bem;eHHH 0 paCTopmeHHH )J;orOBopa, noPY-
'IeHHe npeRparu;aeTCH H3-3a: CMepTH )J;OBepHTeJIH HJlH nOBepeH-
noro, oaHRpoTcTBa )J;oBepHTeJIH IIJIII rrOBepeHHoro, npH3HaHHH
rrOBepeIIHoro He)J;eecnocooHbIM (CM. CT. 653 fK).
3) C D;eJIbIO npe.u:OTBpaII\eHHH rrpH'IHHeHHH YII\epoa O)J;HOH
H3 CTOpOH npu rrpeRparu;eHHII )J;orOBopa nOPY'IeHHH fK npe-
.u:YCMaTpHBaeT CJIe.u:YIOII\He IIOJlOJReHHH. IIpH HaJIH'IHH 'Ipe3-
BbI'IaihrOM cHTyaD;HH B CJlY'Iae npeRpaII\eHHH .u:oroBopa nopy-
'IeHHH nOBepeHHbIH, ero npeeMHHR HJlH 3aROHHblii npe)J;CTa-
BHTeJlb )J;OJlmHbI rrpO)];OJlmaTb Be)];eHIIe )];eJl)];O Tex nop, nORa
)];OBepIITeJlb, ero npeeMHHR HJIII 3aKOHIIbIM npe)];CTaBHTeJlb He
oy.u:eT B COCTOHHHH caM rrpHcTyrrHTb K Be)J;eHIIIO )J;eJl (CT. 653
fK). PaCTOpmeIJIIe )];OrOBOpa nopY'IeIIHH He MomeT ObITb npo-
THBonOCTaBJleHO HII O.u:HOH H3 CTopon )];0 Tex nop, nOKa OHa
He OYAeT II3BeIII,ena HJIH He Y3naeT 0 AaHIIOM OCHOBaHml
(CT. 655 fK).
r naB a 19. AOrOBOP XPAHEH....SI
136. ITo )J;OI'OBOpy xpaHeHHH o.u:no mnw - xpaHHTeJlb-
npHHHMaeT BeII\b, 00H3YHCb rrepe.u: gpyrHM .ITUD;OM - rrOKJIa-
fRe.u:aTeJleM - xpaHHTb ee (CT. 657 fK, CM. pemeHHe BepxoB-
Horo cy)];a OT 20 HOHOpH 1937 r.). Ha xpaHeHHe MomeT ObITb
nepe)J;aHO RaK )J;BHmHMoe, TaR H ne)J;BHmHMoe HMyII\eCTBO.
109
lIo)J; XpaHeHHeM rrOHHMaeTCH KOHTpOJIl, XpaHHTeJIH lla)J; BerqbIO.
)J;OrOBOp XpaHeHHH OTHOCHTCH K KaTerOpHII )J;OI'OBOpOB rro
BbIrrOJIHeHHIO paOO'fbI, TaK KaK 3)1,eCb HCrrOJIb3yeTcH Tpyn;
JJ;pyroI'O JIHn;a. OcooeHHOCTb )J;aHHoro BH)J;a )J;orOBopa COCTOHT
B ero cpaBHHTeJIbHO OrpaHII1JeHHbIX u;eJIHx. AHaJIOI'H'IHO 3aH-
MY H oe3B03Me3)J;HOMY rrOJIb30BaHHIO HMyru;eCTBOM rK orrpe-
)J;eJIHeT )J;orOBOp xpaHeHIIH KaK peaJIbHbIH. Crreu;IIaJIbnaH KOH-
n;errU;HJI, OOOCHOBbIBaIOru;aH 00H3aTeJIbHOCTb peaJIbHOI'O xapaK-
Tepa xpaHeHHH, OTCYTCTByeT, o,a,HaKO npOOJIeMbI 3TO He
COCTaBJIHeT. 110CKOJIbKY B peaJIbHOH mH3HH xpaHeHHe, ocy-
ru;eCTBm:reMoe CRJIa,a,aMH, rOCTIIHHn;aMII, peCTOpaHalllH II HHbIMII
npe)J;rrpHHTHJIMH, rro,a,rra)J;aeT rro)J; ,a,eHCTBHe HOpM TK, IIHCTHTYT
xpaHeHHH, rrpe)J;YCMOTpeHHl,uJ: rK, He CJIHiliROM pacrrpOCTpa-
Hen. XpaIleHIIe l\olOmeT ObITb RaR B03Me3)J;HbIM, TaR H oe3B03-
Me3)J;Hl,IM. B rrepBOM CJIY1Jae lIfbI OY)J;eM HMeTl, )J;BYCl'OpOHHHIr
)J;OI'OBOp, BO BTOpOM - O,a,HOCTOpOHHIIH. B 3aBHCHMOCTII 01' 31'0-
ro H3J\ICHHIOTCH H OOH3aHHOCTH xpaHHTeJIH.
137. OOJlS8HHOCTH xp8HHTeJlJl.
1) rJIaBHOH 00H3aHHOCTbJ9 xpaHHTeJIH HBJIHeTCH OOHsaH-
HOCTl, rro xp8HeHHIO HMy ecTB8. lIpH B03Me3)J;HOM xpaHeHHH
xpaHHTeJIb 00H3aH rrpOHBJIHTb BHHMaHHe Xopomero ynpaB-
JIJIIOrr eI'O (CT. 400 rK), a rrpH oe3B03Me3)J;HoM )J;aHHaH OOH-
aaHHOCTb CBO)J;HTCJI K Heooxo,a,HMOCTH rrpOHBJIJITb BHHMaHMe,
paBHoe OTHOIIIeHHIO R coocTBeHHoH Beru;H (CT. 659 rK; CM.,
O)J;HaRO, CT. 593 TK). K I'JIaBnOll: OOH3aHHOCTII xpaHIITeJIH rrpII-
MbIKaIOT TPII rrpOII3BO)J;HbIe. Bo-rrepBbIx, OOH3aHHOCTb oe3 COI'-
JIaCHH rrOl\,'lame,a,aTeJIH He rrepe,a,aBaTb HMym;ecTBo B rrOJlb30Ba-
HHe IIJIH xpaHeHHe TpeTbeMY JIHU;y (rr. 1 CT. 058 rK). lIpn:
rrepe,a,a1Je Beru;H Ha xpaneHHe TpeTbeMY JIHn;y e COI'JraCHH rro-
KJIaJHe)J;aTeJIJI xpaHHTeJIb HeceT OTBeTCTBenHOCTb JIIIIIIb 3a BbI-
60p )J;aHHOI'O JlHu;a B l\a'IeCTBe HOBOI'O xpaHHTeJIH H rro
KOHTpOJIIO 3a ero )J;eHcTBIfHMH, co cBoeii: CTOpOHbI YKa3aHHoe
JIHn;O oOJIa)J;aeT B OTHOIIIeHHH rrORJIame,a,aTeJIH II TpeTbHX JIHn;
npaBal\1H II 00H3aHHocTHMH, paBHbIMH TeM, ROTOpbIMII pacrroJla-
raeT OCHOBHOIl xpaHIITeJlb (H. 2 CT. 658, CT. 105, n. 2 CT. 107
rK). BO-BTOpbIX, xpaHHTeJIb 00JI3aH lIel\ie,a,JIeHHO coooru;aTb
rrORJIame;a;aTeJIIO 000 Bcex CJIY1JaHX rrpe;a;'bJIBJIeHIIH HCRa TpeTb-
HMII JIHn;aMH rro rrOBO)J;y rrpaB Ha xpaHHMoe HMym;ecTBo II 00
YCTaHOBJIeHHH apeCTa Ha HMyru;eCTBO (CT. 660 rK). B-TpeTb-
HX, anaJIDrH'IHO )J;OI'OBOPy rropY1JeIJIIH, xpaHIITeJIl, 00H3aH rre-
pe)J;aTb Bce )J;eHbI'H H HHoe HMyrr:(eCTBO, rrpHoopeTeHHoe rrpl1
xpaHeHHH, HOIwame)J;aTeJIlO, pamIbIM 00pa30M 31'0 OTHOCHTCH
110
Ii K npHOOpeTeHHbIM npaBaM. KpoMe TOrO, npH nOTpeOJIeHHH
x.paHHTeJIeM ;a:eHer B COOCTBeHHbIX HHTepeCaX Ha Hero B03JIa-
raeTCH 00H3aHHOCTb ynJIaTHTb npou;eHTbi H B03MeCTHTb ym;epo,
npH'IHHeHHbIH nOKJIame;a:aTemo (CT. 665, 646, 647 fK).
2) 06a3aHHocTb xpallHTeJIH no B03Bpam;eHHIO HMym;ecTBa
COCTOHT B TOM, 'lTOObI BepnYTb HMeHHO TY Bem;b, KOTOpaJ'l
ObIJIa nepe;a:aHa eMY Ha xpaHeHHe. OTllOCHTeJIbHO MeCTa B03
Bpam;emIIT npHHHT npHHnHn B03Bpam;eIIHH HMym;ecTBa no
MeCTY ero xpaHeHHH, o;a:HaKO npII nepeMem;eHHH HMym;ecTBa
xpamlTeJIeM I no Ha;a:JIemaII HM OCHOBaHHHM B03Bpam;eHHe MO-
meT ocym;eCTBJIHTbCH no MeCTY Haxom;a:eHHH HMym;ecTBa
(CT. 664 fIt). CJIe;a:yeT Y'lIITbIBaTb, '1'1'0 npH YCTaHOBJIeHHII
B03Me3;a:HOCTH ;a:orOBopa xpaHemIH xpaHHTeJIb oOJIaAaeT npa-
BOM y;a:epmaHHH xpaHHMoro HMym;ecTBa ;a:o nOJIY'leHHH COOT-
neTCTBYJOm;ero B03Harpam)];eHHH nOKJIame;a:aTeJIH.
138. 06a3aHHocTH nOKJIame}J;aTe.Jla.
1) I101\Jlame;a:aTe.Jlb COOTBeTCTBelIlIO 06a3aH B03l\leCTHTb
Bce Hc06xo)J;IIMbIe pacxo;a:bI, CBH3aHHbie C xpaHeHIIe!\1 IIMym;e-
CTBa, '1TO npe,il;nOJIaraeT R03JIOmenHe Ha Hero C.Jle;a:YJOm;HX
00H3anHOCTeH. Bo-nepBblX, 00H3anHocTH no npe;a:BapWre.JlbHOii
YIIJIaTe H3;a:epmeK Ha xpaHenHe H R03Mem;eHHJO H3;a:epmeK, no-
neCeHllI>IXXpaHHTe.JleM (CT. 665, 649, n. 1 CT. 650 fK), a
TaKme 00H3aHHocTH no HCnOJIHeHHJO oi'hmaTeJIbCTB, n03HHK-
IIIHX no nOBo;a:y XpaInIMOrO HMym;ecTBa,H no npeL(OCTaBJIe-
IUfJO oOeene1JeRHH (CT. 665, n. 2 CT. 650 fK). BO-BTOpbIX,
OOH3aIIHOCTH no B03Mem;eHHJO ym;epoa, npH'lHIIeHHOro xpa-
IIHTemo xapaKTepOM HJIH ;a:erPeKTaMII xpaHHMoro HMym;ecT-
Ba, KOTopaH B03HHKaeT .JlHIIIb R CJIY'lae, KOr)];a xpaHHTeJIb He
3HaJI 0 xapaKTepe BemH HJIH ee ;a:erPeKTe no HeopemHOCTH
rrOKJIame;a:aTeJIH (CT. 661 fK).
2) I1pH Ha.JlII'IHH cne:U;Ha.1JbHOrO comaIIIenHH 00 00a3aH-
HOCTlJ nORJJame;a:aTe.Jla no yn.JlaTe B03Harpam)J;eHHa Borrpoc
peIIIaeTCR R rropHARe, ana.JlOrH'IHOl\I )];OrOBOpy nopY'lemIJI
(CT. 665, 648 fK).
139. lllleRpam;eHlJe ;a:orOBopa xpaHeHlHI; I10CKOJIbKY HH-
CTHTYT xpaHelIHH oOeCrreQHBaeT npe;a:OCTaBJIeHHe Bbrfo;a:bI no-
KJIaa>e;a:aTemo H npe)];nOJIaraeT oopam;eIIHe K ;a:aHHOMY HIICTH-
TYTY JIH:U;, oOJIa;a:aJOm;HX npO'lHbIM 3KOIIOMH'IeCRHM CTaTYCOM,
fK BeCbMa cKyno perYJIHpyeT npeKpam;eHHe Jl,OrOBopa xpa-
rremIH. 3;a:ecb neT ;a:eTaJIbHOH penIaMeHTa:U;HH npo:u;eAypbI rrpe-
I\:pam;eHHH ;a:orOBopa (HanpaBJIeHHe KOIlTpareHTY H3Bem;eHHH
I I
o paCTOpmemIlI )J;OrOBOpa II npeRpa:u:t;eHHe )J;orOBopa no IICTC-
'IeHHH onpe)J;eJIeHHOro CpOI{a IIOCJIe YRa3aHHoro H3Be:u:t;eHHH),
RaR:no IIMeeT MeCTO nplI HMY:u:t;eCTBeHHOM HJIH JIH'InOM HaH-
Me. fK rOBoplIT JIlIllib 0 B03Bpa:u:t;eHHH xpaHHMoro HMyru;eCTBa,
op;HaRO aTO, RaR II npH 6e3B03Me3)J;HOM nOJIb30BaHHH HJ\Iyru;e-
CTBOM, npe)J;nOJIaraeT npep;BapHTeJIbHOe HarrpaBJIemre ROHTp-
areHTY YBep;OMJIeHHH 0 pacTopmeHHH.
1) ITpH HeOnpep;eJIeHHOM cpoKe )J;orOBopa rrORJIamep;a-
TeJIb BrrpaBe B mo60M MOMeHT nOTpe60BaTh B03Bparu;eHHH HMY-
II\eCTBa (CM. CT. 662 fK), paBHhIM 06pa30M H xpaHHTeJIb B
mo60H i\fOMeHT MomeT BepHYTb xpaHIIMoe HMyru;eCTBO (n. 1
CT, 663 fK),
2) IIpH CpO'lHOM )J;oroBope nORJIamep;aTeJIh BnpaBe B JIIO-
60H MOMeHT rrpep;'bHBHTb Tpe60BaHlIe B03Bparu;eHHH IIMY:u:t;e-
CTBa (CT. 662 fK), ynJIaTIIB npH aTOM B CJIY'Iae B03Me3)J;HOCTII
p;orOBopa B03Harpam)J;eHHe 3a peaJIhHhIH nepHOp; xpaHeHHH.
XpaHHTeJIL TaRme MomeT BepHYTb Beru;h )J;O HacTynJIeHHH CpO-
Ra rrpeRpa:u:t;eHHH )J;orOBopa npH B03HlIRHOBeHHH Henpep;BH-
)J;IIMhIX B MOMeHT ero 3aRJIIO'IeHHH II HenpeO)J;OJIIIMhIX 06CTOH-
TeJIhCTB (rr. 2 CT. 663 fK).
140. 06e3JIII'leHHOe xpaHeHHe.
1) II pH p;aHHOM BIlp;e xpaHeHHH IIMYJ.I(eCTBa xpaHHTeJIh
MomeT rroTpe6JIffTh xpaHHMoe IIMY:u:t;eCTBO H HeCeT TOJIhRO
06H3alIHOCTh B03BpaJ.I(eHHH paBHoro ROJIH'leCTBa Beru;eH Toro
me pop,a H Ra'leCTBa. ITpI1MepOJ\I TaRoro xpaHeHHH HBJIHeTCH
npHHHTHe 6aIIRaJ\IH p;eHelImhIx BRJIap;OB. IIOCROJIhKY B p;an-
HOM c.lIY'lae 6aHK, HBJIHIO:u:t;HIICH xpaHHTeJIeM, rrpH06peTaer
npaBO c06CTBeHlIOCTII Ha rrpep;MeT xpaHeHHH H nOJIHOMOqHJl
no ero HCnOJlh30BaHHIO, BMeCTO yrrJIaThI B031Iarpamp,eHHJl
nOIwan,ep;aTeJIeM 3p,eCh rrpep,YCMaTpHBaeTCH YIIJIaTa npOIJ,en-
TOB 6mmOM. B 31'011 OTHOllieHUH 06e3JIU'leHHOe xpaneHue
anaJIOrH'lHO 3aiillIY, rroaTOMY Ha p;aHHhr:fI BHP; xpaneHHJI fIJ{
pacrrpocrpaUHeT p,eiiCTBHe nop1I, npeP;YCMOTpenHhIx P;JIJI p,0-
rOBopa 3aiiMa (CT. 666 fK).
2) YCTaHOBJIeHUe H nOCJIep,CTBIIJI. ITo ITOROll:Y Toro, 6YiJ,er
JIn uepep,a'Ia iJ,ener, npHlrap,JIemaru;Hx P,PyrOllIY JIIln;y (paBUhIlII
06pa30l\I II HHhLX 3a1IemIMhlX Beru;eii), xpaHelIHeM, perYJIHpye-
MhIM p;orOBopOM xpaneHHH, IIMeIOTCH HeI{OTOphIe np06JIeJ\IhI.
TaR, npHnJITIIe p,omKHocTHhIMH JIHn;aMH Ropnopan;HH H Y'I-
pemp;eHHH:, ynpanJIHIO:u:t;HMH HMyru;ecTBoM II p;pyrHMH B npo-
l(eCCe HCrrOJIneHMJI HMH CBOHX 06H3aHHocTeH Ha xpaHeHH8
onpeiJ,eJIenUhIX p;eHemHhIx CYMM p;oJImno paccMaTplIBaThcR
112
KaK Be eHHe eJI, H Ha aHHbIe ClITyaU;HII OJIlKlIbI pacrrpo
CTpalUlTbCII HOpMbI rR B OTHOrneHlIlI ).J,OrOBOpa nOpY'IeHHH.
XpaneHlle me eHer HeCOBeprneHHOJIeTHHX 'melIOB ceMbH po"
HTe,TUIlIIH HJIIl IlHblMH COBeprneHHOJIeTHHMIl 'IJIeHaMH ceMbii
paCCMaTpHBaeTCH KaK 06bI'IHOe xpaHeHHe. 81'0 HCKJIIO'IeHHe
BbI3BaHO TeM, '11'0 rrpH 06e3JIH'IeUHOM xpaHeHHH pIlCK (Ha
rrpHIIWp, 6aHKpoTcTBO !f>HHaHcoBoro Y'IpeiR eHHH) JIeiKHT Ha
xpaHHTeJIe H, I\pOMe Toro, 3a xpaHHTeJIeM B YKa3aHHoH CH"
Tyau,IIH He npH3HaeTCH rrpaBO HCrrOJIb30BaHHII eHeiRHbIX
cpe CTB B HHTepecax c06CTBeHHOH BbII'O bl.
Cne1w!f>I1'IeCKOe rrOCJIe CTBHe orOBopa 06e3JIII'IeHHorO
xpaneHlUl B TOM, '11'0 B OTJIH'IHe 01' 06bI'IHOrO xpaHeHHH B aH-
HOlli CJIY'Iae pHCK rH6eJIH Beru;H BCJIe CTBHe HerrpeO OJIHMOH
CHJIbI HeceT xpaHllTeJIb. RpOMe Toro, B OTJIH'IHe OT orOBopa
saiiJIia npH rrepe a'Ie eHer 6e3 orrpe eJIeHHorO cpOKa Ha
xpanemle 6aHKY Tpe60BaHHe B03Bparu;eHHH MOiReT 6bITb
rrpe).J,'bHBJIeHO B JII0601I MOMenT (orOBopKa CT, 666 rIq.
3) l1paBoBoe perYJIIfpOBaHIIe OOe3JIH'IeHHOrO xpaHemIH.
C u;eJTbIO oxpaHbI HHTepeCOB MaCCbI pH OBbIX BKJIa 'IHKOB B
Hrromm 6bIJIH rrpHHHTbI MIIOrO'IHCJIeHHble 3aKOHO aTeJIbHble
aKTbI II ocyru;eCTBJIHeTCH COOTBeTCTBYIOru;ee a MHHHCTpaTHBHoe
PYI{OBO)];CTBO 6aHIwlIiH II HHbIMH !f>HIIaHcoBbIMH Y'IpeiK)];eHHH-
MIL I1pn aTOM C03).J,aHa TaRaH Tru;aTeJIbHO npO YMalInaH Cll-
CTellra, ROTopaH npaI\TH'IeCI\H HCI\JIIO'IaeT B03l1iO/KHOCTb ne-
Sall1eTHO 060HTH YCTaHOBJIeHHbIe rrpe IIHcaHHH. TaI\, B 1949 r.
6bIJI rrpHHHT 3aI\OH 0 I\OHTpOJIe 3a pOCTOBru;H'IeCTBOM, 3aMe-
HeHllblfi B 1954 r. 3aKoHoM 0 I\OIITpOJIe 3a RarrHTaJIOBJIOme-
HllJHm, BRJIa aMH H rrpou;eHTaMH, paClIIHpHBrnHM c!f>epy ro-
cy apCTBeHHoro ROHTpOJIH. J];JlH rrpeCe'IeHHH HeHa JIeJI<aru;HX
eneiRHbIX c eJIOI\ B c!f>epe BRJIa OB rrpHHHMaeTCH 3aI\OH 0
KOHTpOJIe 3a HeHa JIeiRaru;HMH orOBopaMH ITO rroBo y eHe/K-
HbIX Blma)];OB (1957 r.). BMecTe C TeM HMeIOTCH orrpe eJIeHHble
CO:WleHHR OTHOCHTeJIbHO Toro, B rrOJIHOH JIH Mepe rrpHHeCJIH
aHHble aI\TbI iReJIaTeJIbHbIH pe3YJIbTaT.
R'pollle Toro, cyru;eCTByeT II IIHCTHTYT TaR ua3bIBaeMbIX
BIIyrpn!f>IlpMeHHbIX BI\JIa).J,OB, rrpe YCMOTpeHHblii: 3aI\OHOM 0
TPY;WBhIX CTaII)];apTax. IIpH rrpHHHTHH I\OMnaHHeH elIemHblx
Br;.lilD,OB 01' CBOUX pa60'IHx YI\a3aHHbIH 3aI\OH YCTaHaBJIHBaeT
no:[();.r;ellJifH B OTHorneHHll elIeiRHblx CYIl1M, npoI enToB H ra-
pal mIll B03Bparu;eHHH BI\JIa OB (CT. 18 YI\a3alIHoro 3aI\OHa).
8 3aKa3 N, 1264
]13
r naB a 20. AOrOBOP 0 COBMECTHO
AESITEnbHOCTH
141. IIoHHTHe cOBMecTHoii ));eHTeJIbHOCTH.
1) TIO)); ));OrOBOpOM 0 COBMeCTHOH ));eRTeJIbHOCTH ());OrOBO-
pOM TOBapHm;eCTBa) nOHHMaeTCH TaIWH ));OrOBOp, no ROTOpO-
MY HeCROJIbRO JIHn; 06H3YIOTCR ));eHCTBOBaTb co06m;a B n;eJIRX
Be)];eHHR 06m;ero npe)];npHRTHR (n. 1 CT. 667 fIt). B OTHOIIIe-
HHH xapaRTepa ( OBMeCTHoro npe)];npHHTIIH OrpaHH'IeUHR He-
rrpe)];YCMOTpeHbI; OHO MomeT 6bITb HeROMMep'leCRHM H Bpe-
MeHHbIM. Op;HaHO BbIrO)J;Y OT 06m;ero npe)J;npHRTHR )J;OJIiHHb]
TIOJIY'IaTb Bce '1JICHbI TOBapHm;eCTBa. TIpHMeHHTeJIbHO R JIO-
HHTIIIO )J;eiicTBoBaTb coo6m;a fIt ynoTpe6JIHeT TepMHH
«B3HOC», O)J;HaRO CJIe)J;yeT Y'IIITbIBaTb, '1TO )J;aHHbIH B3HOC He-
OOHaaTeJIbHO npeJJ;nOJIaraeTCR B )J;eHmRHOH IIJIH IIHoi'r MaTeplI-
aJIbHOH cpop;l-re, OIl MomeT ocym;eCTBJIRTbCH II B BII)J;e TPY)J;O-
Boro Y'IaCTHH (n. 2 CT. 667 fIt).
2) TOBapnm;ecTBo npe)J;cTaBJIReT c06011 06'be)J;IIHeHne, Be-
)J;ym;ee COBMeCTHoe npe)J;npHHTlIe. J}.aHlIbIe 06'be)J;IIHeHHR.
RaR OTMe'laJIOCb panee, MorYT 6bITb nOll.pa3)J;eJIeHbI na Ropno-
pan;1I1I II aCCOU;HaIJ,HII (npOCTble TOBaplIm;ecTBa) (CM.: 06m;aH
'IaCTb - 43). BHYTpeHuHH CBJI3b TOBapnm;eCTBa 3aMeTIIO CJIa-
6ee no cpaBHemno C RopnopaU;HeH. ItopnopaU;HJI 06JIap;aeT
06'beRTnBlIbIM, neaaBHCHMbIM OT BOJIII ee '1JIeHOB cym;ecTBo-
BaHneM H BCJIell.CTBHe ;:)Toro COXpaHJIeT e)];IIHCTBO, neCAfOTpH
Ha 1I3MeHeHHe CBnero COCTaBa. TIpocToe me TOBapHm;eCTBO
cym;eCTByeT Ha OCHOBe 06m;eH BOJIII CBOIIX '1JIeHOB, II )];JIH
rrplIcoe)J;IIHeHIIH IIJrH BbIxo)J;a H3 TOBaplIm;ecTBa Tpe6yeTcJI CO-
rJIaClIe Bcex ero 'lJIeHOB. Be)J;eHHe )J;eJI 1\0pnOpaU;HII ocym;ecT-
BJIReTCJI 'Iepea ee opraHbI (1:JJIeHbI RoprropaU;HII npIIHIIJ\IaIOT
Y'lacTne JIIIIIIb B npHHHTlI1I peIIIeIIHH), B TO BpeMJI I<aR B TO-
BaplIm;eCTBe )J;eJIa Be)J;YTCH RajH)J;bIM 1I3 elO '1JIeHOB, a Be)J;eHIH
.n;eJI O)J;HH'M 1I3 '1JIeHOB ocym;eCTBJIJIeTCR ua OCHOBe lI.orOBOp-
HOTO rrpe)J;CTaBIITeJIbCTBa. Ihrym;ecTBo RopnOpau;nJI JIBJIReTCJI
ee c06CTBeHHOCTblO ('1J1enbI He HlIfelOT CBOlf.\. )J;OJIeii 11 He He-
CYT Henocpe)J;CTBeHHYIO OTBeTCTBenHOCTb no .n;OJIrOBbIM 06a-
aaTeJIbCTlJaM IwpnopaU;IIII). B npOCTOM TOBaplIm;eCTBe IIMY-
m;eCTBO II 06R3aTeJlbCTBa TOBaplIm;eCTBa n8rrocpe.n;CTBeHIW
COCTaBJIRIOT 06'beRT npaB II 06JI3aHHoCTeH '1JIenOB. TIO:3TOMY
rrpe)J;OCTaBJIeHHe IwpnopaU;IIH cTaTyca IOplI)J;II'IeCIWTO .JIHu;a
onpaB)J;aHHO BO Bcex C.lIY'IaJIX, B CJIY'Iae me npOCToro TOBaplI-
IU;eCTBa )J;eJIO 06cTolIT IIHa'le.
I1A
142. OCOOeHlJOCTU )J;orOBopa 0 COBMecTHoii: )J;eflTeJIbHOCTIf.
1) COBMecTHocfb )J;cncTBnii. }J;oroBop 0 COBMeCTIIOii: )J;eH-
TeJIbHOCTH YCTaHaBJUlBaeTCH Ha OCIIOBaHIIII 06H3aTeJIbCTBa
KaiK,n;oii H3 CTOpOIJ ocym;eCTBJIHTb COBMeCTHoe rrpe)J;npIIHTIIe,
)J;eJIaH cooTBeTcTBYIOm;Ilii: H3HOC co CBoeH CTOpOlIbl. 06bPIHO B
TaKOM )J;orOBope orrpe)J;eJIHIOTCH ll,eJIII TOBapIIm;eCTBa, B3HOC
KaiK)J;oro 'IJICHa, CTPYKTYPY TOBapIIm;ecTBa, rropmJ;OK Be)J;CHIiH
06m;nx )J;eJI, a TaIm,e YCJIOBIIH II3MeHeHIIH )J;orOBopa. XapaK-
Tep ,n;amroro TUIIa ,n;orOBopa MOiKIlO onpe)J;eJIIITh IIOHRTnellI
COBMeCTHOCTH )J;eHeTBIIH, IIOCKOJIbKY rrpaBO KaiK)J;oro 'IJIeHa
TOBapIIIIIeCTBa Tpe60BaTb COTpY)J;HII'IeCTBa OT )J;Pyroro 3aKJIIO-
'IaeTCH He B oot.reHC BbIrO)J;aMII, IIMelOm;IIMH II30JIHpOBaHHoe
3Ha'IeUIIC )J;JIR KaiK)J;oro OT)J;eJIbHOrO 'IJIeHa TOBapIIm;eCTBa, a
B npe)J;ocraBJIeHHH B3Hoca BO IIMH 06m;eH BbIrO)J;bI Bcex 'tJ.JIe-
HOB, IIMelOm;eii )J;JIH KaiK)J;oro e)J;IIHoe 3Ha'IeHIIe. B CBH3H C 3TIIM
pH}J; OOm;HX IIOJIOiKCHIIH f1\. 0 }J;orOBopax B rrpHHll,JInC HerrpII-
MeHIIl\f B OTHOIIIeHIIII )J;orOBopa 0 COBMeCTHOll )J;eHTeJIbHOCTII.
XapaKTepHO, 'ITO aiKe CTOpOHHIIKII OTHcceHIIH p;orOBopa 0
COBMeCTHOll }J;eHTeJI bIlOCTII K KOHceHcyaJIbHhIM, B03Me3}J;HbIM
H }J;BYCTOPOHHHM npII3HalOT orrpe)J;eJIeHHble OrpaHII'lemIJI B
OTHOIIIeHnH pacrrpOCTpaHeHIIJI Ha Hero 06m;JIx IIOJIOiKeHHlr 0
B03l\Ie3)J;HbIX H }J;BYCTOPOHHIIX }J;orOBopax. IIpIIBc}J;eM OOm;IIe
IIOJIOiKE'IUIJI f1\. 0 )J;orOBopax, KOTopble HC lIforYT 6hITb pac-
npocTpaneHhI 'Ha }J;orOBOp 0 cOBMecTHoM p;eHTeJIbHOCTII.
a) IIpaBo B03paiKeHIIH 06 O)J;HOBpeMeHHOM IICrrOJIHeHHII
(CT. 533 f1\.).
6) PacIIpe:n;eJIeHlIe pIICKa (CT. 536 f1\.). B CJIY'lae, I-IarrpII-
Mep, IIeB03MoiKHOCTH HCIIOJIHeHIIH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa rro B3HOCY
13 BII,1J;e IIH,1J;IIBH,1J;yaJJbBO-oIIpe,1J;eJIeHHOH Bem;II BeJIe,1J;CTBIIe He-
rrpCOp;OJIIIMO:ll CIIJIbI IIpIIMeHCIIIIe II. 1 CT. 534 f1\. (pIICK Ha
CTopOHe Kpe}J;HTopa) HCKJIIO'laeTCH II 'lJIeH TOBapIIm;eCTBa H3-
3a IIeB03MOiKHOCTII nOJIHOrO ocym;eCTBJIeHIIH B3Hoca BbIObI-
BaeT n:3 TOBapIIm;CC.'rBa. IIpII 3TOM paCTopiKeHHe ,1J;OrOBopa
DCJIe)J;CTBHe He,1J;OCTIIiKeHIIH ero ll,eJIII II3-3a HeB03MOiKHOCTII
lICIIOJIHeHHH 00H3aTOJIbCTBa O}J;HHM H3 'lJIeHOB TOBapHm;eCTBa
COCTaBJIHeT OCOOYIO JIpOOJICMY (CM. CT, 682 f1\.) ,
B) HOpMbI, perYJmpyIOm;He KynJIIO-IIpO}J;a :y II npe}J;CTaB-
JIRIOm;He Oom;n:e nOJIOmeHHR B OTHOIIIeHIIH B03Me3}J;Horo )1;0-
rOBopa (CT. 559 f1\.), HaIIpHMep rrOJIOmeHHe 00 OTBeTCTBeHHO-
CTH IIpO}J;aBll,a (CT. 561-572 f1\.), npIIMeHHIOTCH, O}J;HaKO He
rrpII3HaIOTCH OCHOBaSHHMII IIpaBa paCTopmeHIIH }J;orOBopa.
r) IIOJIOmeHHH 0 paCTopmeHHII ,1J;0rOBopa (CT. 540-548
f1\.). IIpn: B03HIIKHOBeHHII OCHOBaHH:ll }J;JIH paCTopmeHHH )J;O-
8"
115
rOBopa BOrrpOC pernaeTCJI rrYTeM IICKJIIO'IeHIIJI IIJIII BbIXOp;a
lIS TOBapHll eCTBa, a TaKme POCllYCKOM TOBapIIm.ecTBa.
2) IIopoKIf p;orOBopa 0 cOBMecTHoM p;eIlTeJlbHOcTIf. II pH
Hep;eecnoco6HOCTII, saOJIymp;eHIIH, OOMaHe IIJIH npIIHym)J;eHIIH
B CBJlSII C BOJIeII3'bJlBJIeIUIeM O)J;Horo 113 'lmeHOE TOBapIIm. e -
CTBa BOSHIIlweT npOOJleMa rrpaBOBblX rrOCJI8p;CTBIIM )J;orOBopa
o COBMeeTHOM p;eJlTeJIbHOCTII. TaK, p;o MOMeHTa ocym.ecTBJIe-
HHJI conMeCTHoro rrpep;IIpHJlTHJI rrOCJIep;CTBHJI YKasaHHblX 06-
CTOJlTeJIbCTB aHa,'IOrH'IHbl CJIY'IaIO OObl'IHOrO p;oroBopa. ECJIH
me 3TII OOCTOJlTeJIbCTBa BOSHHKJIH rrOCJIe COBeprneHIIJI C)J;eJIOK
C TpeTblIMII JI11ll,aMH, P;OroBOp 0 COBMeCTHOM p;eJlTeJIbHOCTII He
aHHYJIHpyeTCJI na OCHOBaHHH rropOKa BOJIeIIS'bJlBJIeHHJI O)J;Horo
lIS 'IJIeHOB TOBapIIm.eCTBa, no )J;aHHbIM 'IJIeH MomeT OblTb Bbl-
Be)J;eH H3 TOBapIIm.eCTBa. IIpH 3TOM B OTHorneHIIH TpeTbHX
mIll" C KOTOpblMH TOBapIIm.eCTBO CBJlSaI-IO C)J;eJIKaMII, )J;aHHbIM
'lJIeH TOBapIIru,eCTBa, 3a IICKJIIO'IeHIIeM CJIY'IaeB ero ne)J;ee-
errOCOOHoeTH, HeeeT paBUYIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb, KaK II rrpH
OObl'IHOM BbIXO!J.e lIS TOBapIIru,eCTBa.
3) OCOObIe nOJIOmeHlUl B OTHorneHHH OOH3aHlIOCTII no p;e-
HemHOMY B3HOCY. tIJIeH TOBapIIIIJ,eCTBa, He HCIIOJIHJlIOIIJ,lIir
oorrsaHHOCTII no )J;enemHOMY BSHOCY, OOJlSaH He TOJIbKO YIIJIa-
TIITb rrpOll,eHTbl sa rrpOCpO'IKY, HO H B03MeCTHTb YIIJ,ep6, npII-
qHHeHHblll TOBapIIIIJ,eCTBY HeIIerrOJIHeHHeM OOJlSaTeJIbCTBa
(CT. 669 fK). TaKoe HCKJIIO'IeHHe lIS 06bl'IHOrO rrOpJlp;Ka pe-
rYJIIIpOBaHIIJI neHCrrOJIHeHIIJI )J;eHemHoro OOJlSaTeJIbCTBa HC-
XO)J;IIT HS Crrell,mpII'IeCKOrO xapaK1epa )J;orOBopa 0 coBMecTHoM
)J;eJlTeJIbHOCTII (eM. rr. 1 CT. 419 fR, a TaKme: OOJlSaTeJIbCT-
BeHHoe npaBO - 19).
143. BHYTpeHHlIe OTHorneHUII B TOBapIlIIJ,eCTBe. Ramp;blM
'IJIeH TOnapHIll,eCTBa oOJIa)J;aeT rrpaBO:\I II HeceT oorrsanHocTb
lIO Be)J;emlIO OOIIJ,IIX )J;eJI TOBapIIIIJ,eCTBa. iho CB}lSaHO C TeM,
'ITO B OTJIII'IIIe OT KOprrOpall,HII !J.JIJI rrpOCTblX TOBapIIIIJ,eCTB
xapaKTeptIO Sna'leHHe HH)J;HBH)J;yaJIbHorO Y'IaCTIIJI Kam)J;oro
'IJIeHa. IIepe)J,a'Ia rrpaB II oOJlsaHHocTeii JIIIrnb KaIwii-UIIOY)J;b
O)J,HOM 'lIaeTH 'IJIeHOB TOBapuru,eCTBa BOS:\IOama, oll:mmo :no
TpeoyeT COrJIaeIIJI Bcex 'IJIenOB.
1) ECJIII IIpaBO Ha Be)J,eHIIe OOIIJ,IIX )J,eJI TOBapIIru,eeTBa
rrplIua)J,JIemIIT BceM 'IJIeHaM, perneHIIJI rrpIIHIIMaIOTeJl rrpOCTbIM
OOJIbrnIIHCTBml rOJIOCOB (CT. 670 fR). IIpH 3TO:\1 Be)J,eHIIe 06-
IIJ,HX )J;eJI TOBapIIIIJ,eCTBa )J;onYCKaeTCJI B e!J.HHOJIIIqHOM rropJlJ];-
Ke Kam)J;blM H3 ero 'IJIenOB B CJIY'Iae OTCYTCTBIIJI BospameHIIM
)J,Pymx (rr. 3 CT. 670 fR).
116
2) ECJIH B COOTBeTCTBUH C YCJIOBHHMH p;orOBopa 0 COB-
MeCTHOH p;eHTeJIbHOCTH Bep;eHHe oom;HX p;eJI B03JIaraeTCH Ha
TJaCTI, TJJIeROB TOBapHm;eCTBa, perneRHH npHHHMaroTcH npo
CTbIM OOJIbmHHCTBOM HX rOJIOCOB (n. 2 CT. 670 rR), IIpH
:nOM, KaK H B npep;bl)];ym;eM CJIY'Iae H C TOH me orOBopKOH.
p;onYCKaeTCH ep;IIHOJIH'IHOe Bep;eHHe OOm;HX p;eJI TOBapIIlI\eCTBa
OP;HHM H3 ero TJJIeHOB, BXOP;HlI\HM B Ha3BaHHYro 'IaCTb (n. 2
CT. 670 rR). CTaTYc p;anHbIX 'IJIeHOB HanOMHHaeT nOJIOmeHHe
rrOBepeIIuoro, rroaTOMY rR B rrOJIHOM OO'beMe pacrrpOCTpaHHeT
1Ia HHX rrOJIOmeHUH, rrpeP;YCMOTpeHHbIe B OTHomeHHH era
rrpaB H OOfI aIIROCTeH (CT. 671,644-650 rR). IIpH BOaJIOme
HIUI Bep;emIH OOm;HX p;eJI Ha 'IaCTb 'IJIeHOB P;PyrHe 'IJIeHbI He
OOJIap;aIOT YKa3aUIIOH IWMIIeTeHIJ,HeH, op;HaKO HMeroT npaBO
Ha paCCJIep;OBaIIue p;eJI H UMYlI\eCTBeHHoro rrOJIOmeHHH TOBa
pnm;eCTBa (CT. 673 rR).
3) B03MOJRHO TaI\me ll03JIOi!{eHHe Bep;enUH OOlI\HX p;eJI If
Ha TpeTbe JIHIJ,O. OP;HaJ{O OTHomeHHH Memp;y TOBapHlI\eCTBOM
II :nIIM TpeThIlM JIHIJ,OM perYJIIlpYIOTCfI OObI'IHbIM p;orOBOpOl\f
rropYTJeUHH.
144. BHelUHue OTHomeHIIH TOBapHIlJ;eCTB3.
1) IOpHp;H'IeCKUe p;ellcTBuH, COBepmael\lbIe BHe TOBapH-
m;eCTBa, OCYlI\eCTBJIHIOTCH cooolI\a BCeIl'm ero 'IJIenaMH JIHOO
'IaCTbIO TJJIeItoB II IIOpHp;I\e IIpep;CTaBHTeJIbCTBa. IIoCI\oJIbKY
IIpOCToe TOBapIlm;eCTBO He OOJIap;aeT CTaTYCOM ropHp;H'IeCKOrO
JIHIJ,a H rrpaBa H OOH3aIUIOCTII TOBapHm;eCTBa B KOne'lHOM c'Ie-
Te HBJIHIOTCH IIpaBaMII H OOH3aIIHOCTHMH Kai!{p;Oro H3 ero
'IJIenOB, P;JIH B03IIHKIIOBeHHH npaBOBbIX 1I0CJIep;CTllHll IOpHP;H-
'IeCKHX p;elICTBIlII TOBapUm;eCTBa TpeoyeTcH, 'ITOObI Kamp;bIH
TJJIeH .'1H<II10 UJIII TJepea npep;CTaBIITeJIH BbIcTyrraJI B KaTJeCTBe
On;HOII lIS CTOpOH COOTBeTCTBYIOm;eH cp;eJII{u. B rrOCJlep;Hee Bpe-
MH cyp;eouaH rrpaKTHKa, OCHOBbIBaHCb Ha KopnopaTHBHOM
xapaKTepe TOBapHlI\eCTna, HCXOP;HT lIS Toro, 'ITO BHeIIIHee
IIpep;CTaBHTe.'lbCTBO TOBapIlIIWCTBa OCYlI\eCTBJlHeTCH Ha OCHO-
Be perneIIUll, npmUIMaelllbIX npOCTbIM OOJIbmIIIICTBOM rOJIOCOB
ero 'IJIeUOB (Cl\1. perneHIIe BepXOBHoro cyp;a OT 7n;eKa6pH
1960 r.). 8Ta TO'lKa speHIIH OTpamaeT cuoTBeTcTBYIOlI\HH
npHInWll BeAenHfI OOlI\IIX p;eJI TOBapHm;eCTBa.
2) BOSl\lOffWa TaKme ,'J;H<Ja rropYTJeRIIH TpeTbeMY JIHIJ,Y
P;JlH ocym;eCTBJlellIIH IOplI)J;I1TJeCKIIX p;eiicTBuH B rropHp;Ke rrpep;-
CTaBUTe;rbCTBa. B p;aIIIIOM CJIY'Iae MbI Hl\1eeM oom;ylO npoo-
JIeMY Ha)J;eJIeUUH Tpenero JIHIJ,a nOJlHOMOTJUHMH no npep;CTa-
BHTeJIbCTBY.
1.!.7.
145. IIMYDJ;ecTBeHHhIe OTHOmeHHJI TOBapH ecTBa.
1) AI(TIIB HMy ecTBa TOBapH eCTBa HaXO)l,HTCJI B oo eiI
coocTBeHHocTH Bcex ero 'IJIeHOB (CT. 668 fIt). O)l,HaKO p;aH-
HaJI COcoocTBeHHocTb B OTJIH'IHe OT ee OO@'IHoro BHp;a O'fHO-
CHTCJI K KaTerOpHH oJIeBoii coocTBeHHocTH (CM.: Be Hoe
ItpaBO - 49), HarrpaBJIeHHOiI Ha )l,OCTHiReHHe OO HX n;eJIei1
TOBapH eCTlla, H COCTaBJIJIeT HMy ecTBo TOBapH eCTBa, 00-
JIa)];aJI)];O orrpe)l,eJIeHHOll CTerreHH aBTOHOMHbIM xapaKTepoM.
a) IIMy ecTBeHHhIe npaBa. B OTHomeHHH HMy ecTBa,
UMeIO ero HeMaTepHaJIbH@ll xapaKTep, fR YCTaHaBJIHBaeT
CJIe)l,YIO He orpaHH'IeHlIJI: oe3 CorJIaCHJI Bcex 'IJIeHOB OT)I,eJIb-
I1Rll 'IJIeH TOBapH eCTBa He MOiReT TpeOOBaTb pa3)];eJIa HMY-
m,eCTBa TOBapH eCTBa)];o ero JIHKBIl)];an;IlH (rr. 2 CT. 676 fR,
CM. CT. 256 rIt); KaIK)];@II 'IJIeH TOBapH eCTBa MOlKeT OCY-
m;eCTllJIJITb paCrropHiReilIle CBoell )];OJIell B OOm;eM HMym;ecTBe,
O)];HaKO TaKoe pacrropHlKeHIle MOiI<eT ObITb ocrropeHO p;pyrHMH
'IJIeHa1>1H JIIIOO TpeTbIlMH JIlIn;aMH, CBJI3aHIIbIMH C)];eJIKa?v1H c.
TonapIl eCTBOM (rr. 1 CT. 676 fR).
0) Tpe60BaHIIJI TOBapH ecTBa TaKIKe npHHa)];JIeiHaT BceM
.ero 'IJIeHaM Ha OCHOBe )];OJIeBOro y'IaCTIlH. II03TOMY O)];IlH H3
'IJIeHOB TOBaplIl:n;eCTBa He MOiHeT TpeOOBaTb 'IaCTR'IHoro HC.
rrOJIHeilHIl 00H3aTeJIbCTBa COOTBeTCTBeilHO c.Boell )];OJIe B3I10c.a.
PaBHbIM 00pa30M He p;orrYCKaeTCJI rrpeKpa eHHe 00JI3aTeJIb-
'CTBa 'IJIeHa TOBapH eCTBa rrepep; )l,OJIiHHHKOM TOBapH eCTBa
B rrOpJI)I,Ke 3a'IeTa. IIpH Bhlxop;e O)];Horo ll3 'IJIeHOB TOBapH-
m;eCTBa HMy ec.TBO nOCJIe)];Hero, BKJIIO'IaJI H TpeOOBaHHJI, B
'rrOJIIIOM OO'beMe OCTaeTCJI B )l,OJIeBOll COOCTBeilHOCTH OCTaB-
,IDnXCJI 'IJIeHOB. PacrrOpJIiReHHe, ocy eCTBJIeilHOe O)];HHM Il3
'IJIeHOB B OTHorneHIlH COOCTBeIIHOll )];OJIH B TpeOOBaHHH, MOiReT
'O@Th ocrropeHO )];pyrHMH 'IJIeIlaMH HJIH TpeTbIlMH JIHn;aj\1H,
CBJI3aHHbIMH C)];eJIKaMIl C TOBapH eCTBOM (rr. 1 CT. 676 fR).
.lJ;OJIiHIIHK TOBapIl eCTBa He MOiReT B nOpJI)];Ke Sa'IeTa rrpe-
KpaTIlTb CBoe )];OJIrOBOe OOJI3aTeJIbCTBO rrepe)]; TOBapIl eCTBOM
sa C'IeT rrpaBa TpeOOBaHIlH, IlMeIO erOCJI B OTHOllieIlHH O)];Horo
H3 'IJIeHOB TOBapIl eCTBa (CT. 677 fR).
2) IIaccllB I1My ecTBa TOBapIl eCTBa, TO eCTb OOH3aTeJIb-
'CTBa no B03Bpam,emlIO )];eneiImbIx CYMM, rrOJIY'IeHIIbIX y oaH-
KOB, lIJIH 00H3aTeJIbCTBa rro B03Me eIlHIO y epoa, rrpH'IH-
'HeHHoro B CllH3Il C ocy eCTBJIemleM )];eJI TOBapH eCTBa, n
:HII@e BH)];bI 00H3aTeJIbCTB TaK}Ke B )];OJIeBOM OTHorneHHH pac-
npe)];eJIJIIOTCH MeiH)];Y BceMIl 'IJIeHaMIl TOBapH eCTBa. CJIe)];yeT
y'IeCTb, 'ITO, Bo-rrepB@x, 3TIl 00H3aTeJIbCTBa )];ame rrpH IlX
eJIHMOCTH He rrO)];JIeiHaT rrpH IlX IlerrOJIHeHlI1l pa3)];eJIeHHIO Ha
U8
OT,o:eJIbHbIe CYMMbI Mem,o:y llJIeHaMH TOBapHIT(eCTBa H BCer,o:a
BbIcTyrraIOT KaK ep;HHbIe. lIHbIMH CJIOBaMH, p;OJIrOBbIe oOJI3a
Te.TIbCTBa TOBapHIT(eCTBa rrOp;JIemaT HCrrOJIHeHHIO lI3 ero OOIT(e-
ro HMyIT(eCTBa (CM. pellIeHHe BepXOBHoro cyp;a OT 25 q>eBpaJIJI
1936 r.). BO-BTOpbIX, HapJIp;y C BbIllIeYKa3aHHbIMH p;OJIroBbIMIl
OOJI3aTeJIbCTBaMH Kamp;bIM llJIeH TOBapHIT(eCTBa MomeT HeCTIt'
HHp;HBHp;yaJIbHYIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb H3 coocTBeHHoro HMYIIJ;e
CTBa. B p;aHHOM CJIYllae Kpep;HTOp TOBapHm;eCTBa MomeT Tpe-
oOBaTb rrCilOJIHeHHJI OOJI3aTeJIbCTBa H3 oom;ero HMy:m;eCTBa
TOBapHm;eCTBa HJIH H3 HMym;ecTBa Kamp;oro H3 llJIeHOB TOBa-
pHm;eCTBa B pTp;eJIbHOCTH COOTBeTCTBeHHO HX ,o:OJIe B3Hoca.
HaKoHeI , IIplI HaJIHllHH CIIen;HaJIbHOro COrJIameHHJI Memp;y"
llJIeHaMH TOBapHm;eCTBa 0 paCIIpep;eJIeHHH HCIIOJIrreHHJI OOJI3a-
TeJIbCTB Kpep;HTOp TOBapHIl1;eCTBa TeM He MeHee MomeT Tpe-
OOBaTb HCrrOJIHeHHJI OOJI3aTeJIbCTBa B paBHbIX P;OJIJIX OT Kam-
p;oro llJIeUa TOBapH:m;eCTBa, eCJIH OH He 3IIaJI 0 CYIT(eCTBOBa-
HHH nOP;OOHoro Crren;HaJIbHoro CorJIallIeHHJI (CT. 675 fIt).
qJIeH TOBapHm;eCTBa He MomeT ObITb OCBooomp;eH OT OOJI3a-
TeJIbCTBa, rrop;JIemam;ero HCrrOJIHeHHIO H3 ero JIH'IJwro HMym;e-
CTBa, p;ame rrpH BbIxo,o:e H3 TOBapHm;eCTBa HJIH ero pocrrYCKe.
B 3TOM CMbICJIe llJIeH TOBapHm;eCTBa HeceT ueorpaHHlleHHYIO"
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb B OTHOllIeHHH ,o:OJIrOBbIX o6JI3aTeJIbCTB TOB<l-
pHm;eCTBa.
3) Pacnpep;eJIeHHe y:m;ep6a II BblfOP;bI ocyru;eCTBJIJIeTCJI B:
COOTBeTCTBHH C CYMMOM B3Hoca I\am,o:oro 'IJIeHa TOBapnm;eCT-
Ba rrpH OTCYTCTBHH Crren;HaJIbHOrO CorJIallIeHHJI Ha 3TOT C'JeT.
ECJIH me rrOpJlp;OK pacrrpep;eJIeHHJI YCTaHOBJIeH TOJIbKO P;JTJI
YObITKOB HJIH TOJIbKO P;JIJI BbIrOP;bI, CllHTaeTCJI, 'ITO p;aHubIIf
rrOpJlp;OK p;eMcTByeT P;JIJI OOOHX CJIYllaeB (CT. 674 fIt).
146. BbIXOP; H npHcoep;HHeHHe.
1) BbIXOP; H3 TOBapIl:m;eCTBa. C TOllKn 3peHHJI TeOpJIII Bbl-
KO,o: llJIelra H3 TOBapHru;eCTBa n.JIH rrpHcoe,n:IIHeHHe K TOBapn-
ru;eCTBY HOB oro llJIeHa p;OJImHbI rrpHBop;HTb K YTpaTe TOBapH-
m;eCTBOM Ka'IeCTBa ep;IIHCTBa, o,o:HaKO fIt rrpH3HaeT B03MOfK-
nOCTb BbIxo,o:a 'IJlenOB M3 TOBapHm;eCTHa 6e3 YTpaTbl TOBapH-
ru;eCTBOM ero ep;HHCTBa, 'ITO BrrOJIHe OoocHoBaHHo, UCKO,o:JI Ha
KoprropaTHBHoro xapaKTepa TOBapHm;eCTBa.
a) BbIXOP; H(3 TOBapHm;eCTBa MomeT ObITb KaK P;OOPOBOJIb-
HbIM, TaK H He,o:oopOBOJIbHbIM. )J;06pOBOJIbHbIii BbIXO,rJ; rrpe,o:-
CTaBJIJIeT coooii H3Bem;elIHe BCCX llJIeHOB TOBapHm;eCTBa 0
pacTopmeuHH p;orOBopa. IIpH 3TOM CJIep;yeT YllHTbIBaTb, 'LITO
rrpH HeOrrpep;eJIeHHOM cpOKe p;eMCTBHJI p;orOBopa 0 COBMeCT-
119
'ilOH lI.eHTeJILHOCTH IIJIII IIPH YCTaHOBJIeHHH IIOiRH3HeHHOrO
'CpORa ero p;eIICTBHH no OTUOIIIeHHIO R RaRoMY-JIII6o 'IJIeHY
'fOBapFUn;eCTBa JII060H 'IJIeH MOiReT BbIHTH H3 TOBapIIrn;eCTBa B
JII060e Bpel\IH, 3a IICI\JIIO'IeHIIeM CJIY'IaH, ROT/W nop;o6HbIH BbI-
XOP; B onpep;eJIeHHbIH IIepHOp; npH'IHHIIT TOBapIIrn;eCTBY Bpep;,
a OCHOBaHIIe P;JIH BbIxop;a He HOCHT HeIIpeOp;OJIHMOrO xapaK-
'Tepa. B OTJIII'IHe OT norD IIPH CpO'IHOM p;orOBope BbIXOP; H3
l'OBapHrn;eCTBa B03MoiReH TOJIbRO IIPH UaJIH'IHH OCHOBaHIIH He.
rrpeOp;OJIHMOrO xapaRTepa (CT. 678 rR). OCHOBaHHHMII He-
AOOpOBOJIbUOro BbIxop;a HBJIHIOTCH CMepTb HJIH 6aHRpoTcTBO
QJIeHa, IIpII3HaHHO ero Hep;eecrroco6HbIM HJIH HCKJIIO'IeHHe H3
TOBapHrn;eCTBa (CT. 679 rR). Oco6eHHo CTporHe YCJIOBHH IIpe.
AYCMOTpeHbI B OTuorneHHH IICRJIIO'IeHIIH JIHn;a H3 'IJIeHOB TO.
Bapnrn;eCTBa. TaI\, P;JIH 3Toro Heo6xop;HMO HaJIH'IHe Hap;JIe-
man Hx oCHoBanIIII II COrJIaCIIe Bcex 'IJIenOB TOBapHrn;ecTBa.
IIpII Hecoo6rn;eHIIH JIHI,Y 0 tjJaRTe ero IICI\JIIO'IeHHH nocJIep;nee
MomeT 6bITb ocnopeHo HCI\JIIO'IeUHbIM (CT. 680 rR).
6) TOBapHJJJ,eCTBO o6 I3auo yperYJIHpOBan. HMyrn;ecTBeH-
Rble OTHornemm C BbIIIlep;IIIIIM 'IJIeHOM TOBapHII ecTBa (B CJIY'
'lae CMepTII 'IJIena TOBapHrn;eCTBa - C ero HaCJIep;HHI\aMH).
;r:J;aHllOe yperYJIHpOBaHHe COCTOHT B Bblp;eJIeUHII II3 aI\THBa
IIMyrn;ecTBa TOIW pnrn;eCTBa P;OJIH BbIXOp;Hrn;ero 'IJIeHa. Op;HaKO
nop;o6Hoe II3'bHTHe 'IaCTH IIMyrn;ecTBa II3-nop; IWHTpOJIH TOBa.
'pHrn;eCTBa lIiOiReT nOBpep;UTL ero p;eHTeJIbHOCTH, n03TOMY rH
p;onYClweT B03Bparn;eIIFIe P;OJIII BbIXOp;Hrn;ero 'IJIeHa B p;enem.
nOlI tjJopMe Bue 3aBHCIIMOCTH OT BIIlI.a ero B3I10Ca (II. 2 CT. 681
TR). B nOpHp;I\e TOJII\OBaHIIIT C'IIITaeTCH, 'ITO B OTHorneUIIH
Tpe60BaJIFIH TOBapIIln;eCTBa yperYJIHpOBaUIIe IDlyrn;ecTBeUHbIX
'OTIIomeHHH C JIIIn;OM, BbIXO)\mn;IIM II3 TOBapIIrn;eCTBa, p;OJliRHO
3aRJIIO'IaTbCH He B nepelI.a'Ie eMY 'IaCTII Tpe6oBaJIIIH, COOTBeT-
CTBYIOrn;eH pa3Mepy B3IIoca, a B ynJIaTe eMY TOBapIIrn;eCTBOM
COOTBerCTBYIOrn;eII lI.eHemlIOH CYlIIMbI. CorJIacno rK Bce YI\a.
3aHHbIe paC'IeTbI ocyrn;eCTBJIHIOTCH, HCXOP;H H3 HMyrn;ecTBeH-
HOTO rrOJImKeHIIH TOBapIIrn;eCTBa Ha MOMeHT BbIXO;:W (II. 1
CT. 681 rI\). PaC'IeTI>l no p;eJIaM TOBapIIrn;eCTBa, Haxop;Hrn;HM'
CH B npon;ecce ocyrn;eCTBJIeHIIH, npOII3BO}J,HTCH nOCJIe ll\ :1a.
BepIIIeHHH (n. 3 CT. 681 rK). qTo KacaeTCH }J,OJITOBbIX o6H'
'3aTeJIbCTB TOBapIIrn;eCTBa, TO, nOCI\OJIbI\Y OHn paCCMaTpIIBa-
IOTCH RaR OOH3aTeJIbCTBa I\aiI\p;OrO H3 'IJIenOB TOBapUrn;eCTBa,
JIHn;O, BblIIIe}J,IIIee H3 TOBapIIln;eCTBa, npop;OJImaeT HeCTH IIX If
nOCJIe BbIxop;a H3 TOBapHrn;eCTBa.
2) IIo Bonpocy npncoeAIIueuHH R TonapHrn;eCTBY rl He
'Cop;epmIIT COOTl5eTCTBYIOrn;IIX nOJIOmeUHH, op;HaRO H cyp;e6HaH
.120
npaKTHKa, H HayqHaH OKTpHHa CqHTaIOT, qTO, nOCKOJIbKY
rPi. onYCKaeT BhIXO n:3 TOBapn:m;eCTBa, nOCTOJIbKY AonYCTH-
MO n: npHcoep;UHeHne K HeMY. IIpHcoep;HHemJe Tpe6yeT COI'JIa-
CIIH Bcex qJIeHOB TOBapHm;eCTBa. IIpHcoep;HHHBIlIHHCH 'IJIeB:
rOBapHm;eCTBa CTaHOBHTCH p;OJIeBbIM c06CTBeHHHKOM HMym;e-
CTBa TOBapHm;eCTBa H p;OJImHHKOM no OJIrOBbIM 06H3aTeJLbCr-
HaM TOBapHm;eCTBa, B03HHKllIHM nOCJIe ero npn:coep;IIHeHlIH It
TOBapHm;eCTBY.
147. PocnycR H JIHKBH aqHlI.
1) TOBapHm;ecTBo npeKpam;aeTcH BCJIep;CTBHe ero pocnyc-
Ita. OCIIoBaHIIH jPocnycRa TOBapHm;eCTBa CJIep;YIOm;ue: ycnem-
noe 3aBepmeHHe COBMeCTIJOrO npep;npHHTHH HJIH HeB03Mom-
nOCTb 3Toro (CT. 682 fPi.), Tpe60BaHHe pocrrycKa qJIeHaMK
TOBapHm;eCTBa (P;JIH 3Toro, op;HaKO, Tpe6yeTcH HaJIlPIHe He-
npeOp;OJIHMbJX npH'IHH) (CT. 683, 684, 620 rPi.), B03HHRHOBe-
HHe OCHOBaHHM p;JIH pocnYCKa, npep;YCMOTpeHHblX B orOBope'
o COBMeCTHO:M p;eHTeJIbHOCTH, COrJIaCHe Bcex 'IJIeHOB H pyrHe.
2) JIHKBHp;aqnH COCTOHT B yperYJIHpOBaHHH HMym;ecTBeH-
HbIX OTHomeHHH pacnym;eHHoro TOBapHm;eCTBa H HanOMHHaeT'
JIHKBHp;a:O;HIO IOpH HqeCKOrO JIH:o;a.
a) TJHKBHp;aTopaMn: MorYT 6bITb Bce qJIeHbI TOBapHm;eCT-
Ba, qaCTb qJIeHOB, onpep;eJIeHHbIX p;orOBopoM 0 cOBMeCTHOI[
eHTeJIbHOCTH, JIH60 CneIl,HaJIbIIbIH JIHKBHp;aTOp, Ha3Ha'Iae-
MbIH 60JIbllIHHCTBOM ro::rOCOB 'IJIeHOB TOBapHn eCTBa (CT. 685,
687 rK).
6) MCnOJIHeIlHe p;e.lI no JIHKBHp;a:O;HH TOBapnm;eCTBa H no-
JIOmeHIIe JIHKBHp;aTopa perYJIHpYIOTCH HopMaMH, npep;ycMoT-
peHHbI!lJlJ B OTHomeHHH ocym;eCTBJIeHHH 06m;HX p;eJI TOBapH-
m;eCTBa (CT. 686, 670, 687, 672 fPi.).
B) Pi.pyr 06H3aHHOCTeM JIHKBHp;aTopa Hero IWMneTeH:O;:wr
TaKHe me, KaK y JIHKBHp;aTopa IOpIIp;HqeCKOrO JIH:o;a (n. 1
CT. 688 rPi.).
r) MMym;ecTBo, OCTaBllIeeCH nOCJIe JIIIKBHp;a:O;HH TOBapH,-
m;eCTBa, nOp;JIemHT pacrrpep;eJIeHHIO Memp;y ero qJIeHaMH B co-
OTBeTCTBHH co B3HOCOM Kamp;oro (n. 2 CT. 688 rK),
r naB a 21. AOrOBOP nOH<H3HEHHOrO
COAEPH<AHHSI
148. IIo oroBopy rromH3HeHHoro co epmaHHH op;Ha CTO-
pOHa 06H3yeTcH perYJIHpHO npep;OCTaBJIHTb p;eHbrH HJIH HHbIe.
Bem;H KOHTpareHTY HJIH TpeTbeMY JIH:O;y B TeqeHHe Bcero ne-
12)
pHO)J;a BpeMeIJH)J;O C06CTBeHHOH CMepTH, CMepTH KOHTpareHTa
RJIH TpeTberO JIHn;a (CT. 689 fK). IIpHMepOM nO)J;06HOrO )J;O-
1'0BOpa HBJIHeTCH oOH3aTeJIbCTBO A ynJIaqHBaTb emeMeCHllHO
100 TbIC. HeH rpam)J;amlHY B, npopa60TaBIIIeMY )J;JIHTeJIbHOe
.npe:ml B Mara3HHe, npHHa)J;JIema eM rpam)J;aHHHY A, JIH60
'CJIY1JaH, Kor)J;a rpam)J;aHHH B nepe)J;aeT r onpe)J;eJIeHHYIO CYM-
MY )J;eHer, a rpam)J;aHHH r 06R3yeTcR emeMeCRllHO BbIllJIallH-
,BaTb U3 Hee no 100 TbIC. HeH rpam)J;aHHHY A, npHlleM B 060HX
,yr.:<l3aHHbIX c;ryqaHX npe)J;nOJIaraeTCH nomH3HeHHaH BbIllJIaTa
.,!I;eHelliHbIX CYMM. OTJIH1JHTeJIbHOH llepTOH )J;orOBopa nomH3-
HeHIIOro cO)J;epmaHHH, TaKHM 06pa30M, 6Y)J;eT B03HHKHOBeHHe
,06H3aTeJIbCTBa IIOmH3HeIIHOH perYJIHpHOH BbIllJIaTbI )J;eHem-
.IIbIX CYMM. ECJIH )J;aHIIoe 06R3aTeJIbCTBO IIpHHHMaeTCH 6e3
IIOJIY1JeHHH KaKOrO-JIH60 B03Harpam)J;eHHH, MbI HMeeM ).J:orOBOp
p;apeHlIH, B IIpOTHBHOM CJIY1Jae - ).J:orOBOp KyrrJIH-npO).J:amH,
noaTOMY, XOTH fK H onpe).J:eJIHeT ).J:orOBOp nomH3HeIIHoro co-
.)J;epmaHlIH KaK caMOCTORTeJILHbIH, on MaJIO OTJIWraeTCH OT
,,!{Pyrux ).J:orOBopOB. KpoMe Toro, He06xo).J:HMO Y1JHTbIBaTb, 1JTO
,CHCTeMa UOi:I\H3ueIIHoro cO).J:epmaHIIH IIpe).J:YCMOTpeHa 3aKO-
HOM 0 neHCHRX pa60THHKOB IIOt:fTOBOH CJIym6bI (1949 r.), 3a-
IWHOM 0 3).J:paBooxpaHeHHH, IIeHCHRX H CTpaxonaHHH (1941 r.) ,
3aKolIoM 0 rocY).J:apcTBeHHbIx IIeIICHRX (1959 r.) H ).J:pyrHMII
aKraMH. CHcTeMa COIl,HaJIbHOrO CTpaXOBaHHR Ii ooeCne1JeHHR n
p;aHHOM CJIY1Jae ocy eCTBJIReTCH rOCY).J:apCTBeHHbIMH, MYHH-
D;HIIa.TlbHbIMU H HHbIMH CIIell,HaJIbHbIMH opraHaMH. IIo CBoeMY
xapaKTepy OHa B 60JIbIIIeH HJIH MeHbIIIeH CTeIIeHH OTJIHllHa
OT IIomH3HeHHoro cO).J:epmaHHR, IIpe).J:YCMOTpeHHoro HOpMaMJI
fK. YKaaaIIHoe 3aKOHO).J:aTeJIbCTBO CO).J:epmHT ).J:eTaJIbHOe pe-
rYJIHpOBaHIle ).J:eHCTBHR IIeIICHOHHoro 06R3aTeJIbCTBa, n03TO-
MY ).J:JIH ).J:eHCTBHH IWpM fK IIpaKTHqeCKU He OCTaeTCH MeCTa.
06H3aTeJIbCTBO nomH3ueHHoro cO).J:epmaHHH MomeT B03-
HHKaTb TaKme Ha OCHOBaHHH 3aBe aHHH. B ).J:aHHOM CJIY'Iae
YCJIOBHH YCTaHOBJIeHHR IIo).J:06Iwro 06R3aTeJIbCTBa perYJIHpy-
IOTCH HopMaMH 0 HaCJIe).J:OBaHHH IIO 3aBe aHHIO, a ero ).J:eiIcT-
BHe - HopMaMH 0 )J;orOBope IIOmH3HeIUlorO cO).J:ep}I\aHUH
{CT. 694 f1\).
149. IIocJIe)J;cTBIUI )J;orOBopa IIomll3HeHHoro cO)J;epmaHlUI.
IIPH paCCMaTpHBaeMOM BH).J:e ).J:orOBopa ).J:OJImHHK HeceT
o6R3aTeJIhCTBO no IIomH3HeHHOMY H perYJIHpHOMY npe)J;o-
CTaBJIeHHIO onpe)J;eJIeHHOMY JIHD;Y ).J:eHemHbIX CYMM H (WUI)
HHbIX Be eH. ITpH 3TOM 06 ee 06H3aTeJIbCTBO IIpe).J:CTRBJIHeT
c060ii COBOKynHocTh OT)J;eJIbHbIX oOR3aTeJIbCTB IIpHMeHHTeJIb
122
IIO K KaiHP;OMY OTp;eJIbHOMY nepHOP;Y npep;OCTaBJIeHHH p;eHem.
IIOll CYMMbl, KOTOpbIe HMeIOT CBOH IIe3aBHCHMbIe CpOKH nora.
CHTeJIbHOM p;aBHOCTH. COOTHOllieHHe MelliP;Y OO HM H OTp;eJIb-
H:&lM OOJI3aT8JIbCTBOM B p;aHHOM CJIY'fae aHaJIOrH'IHO paCCMOT-
peHHOMY paHee COOTHOlIIeIIHIO OCIIOBHoro npOn;eHTHoro
OOH3aTeJI:&CTBa H OOH3aTeJIbCTBa no YlIJIaTe IIpOn;eHTOB rrpHMe-
HHreJIbHO K KajHp;OMY OTp;eJIbHOMY nepHOP;Y (CM.: OOJI3aTeJIb-
CTBeHHoe npaBO - 9).
rR cop;eplliHT Crren;HaJI:&HbIe rrOJIOllierrHH JIHllib B OTIIOllie-
HHH IIpeKpa eHHH oOH3aTeJIbCTBa nOlliH3IIeIIIIoro cop;epma-
IIHH Hero CpOKOB.
1) IIpH nOJIY'IeHHH p;OJImIIHKOM KanHTaJIbIIOl1: p;eHejI\IIOH
CYMMbI H npeHeopemeHHH HM oOH3aTeJIbCTBOM no perYJIJIpIIOH
BbInJIaTe onpep;eJIeHIIOM p;eIIemIIOll: CYMMbI HJIH HIIbIMH OOJI-
3aIIIIOCTHMH KOHTpareIIT MomeT TpeooBaTb B03Bpa eHHJI Ka-
IIHTaJIbHOM p;eIIemIIoM CYMMbI. IIpH IIOJIY'IeHHH me KOIITp-
areIITOM pHp;a perYJIHpHbIX p;eIIemHbIX CYMM HX oo aJI CYMMa
IIOp;JIemHT B03Bpa eHHIO P;OJIJI\HHKY 3a BbI'IeTOM npOn;eHTOB
IIa KarrHTaJIbIIYIO CYMMY p;oma (n. 1 CT. 691 rR). TpeooBa-
HHe B03Bpa eIIHH KarrHTa.rrbIIOM CYMMbl CJIep;yeT paCCMaTpH-
BaTb KaK OP;HII H3 BIIp;OB paCTopmeIIHH p;orOBopa, a HMeHIIO
Kalt paCTopmeIIHe Ha OCHOBaIIHH rrpOCpO'IRH HCIIOJIIIeIIHH
(CT. 541 rR), pa3JIH'IaH IIPH ::!TOM YCJIOBHH H npaBOBbIe no-
CJIep;CTBHH. IIo3TOMY rrapHP;Y C TpeooBanIIeM B03Bpa eIIHH
KanHTaJIbIIOM CYMM:&l p;OJIra npH3HaeTCH H TpeooBaHHe B03-
Me eIIHH y epoa (n. 2 CT. 691 rR), a COOTHOllieIIHe yKaaaH-
IIbIX P;BYX BHP;OB TpeooBaIIHM C TpeooBaHHeM p;OJImIIHRa 0
B03Bpa eHHH B:&IIIJIa'IeHIIOM KOHTpareIITY CYMMbI perymlp-
IIbIX nJIaTemeM IIop;IIap;aeT nop; p;eMcTBHe HOpM B OTHOllieIIHH
op;HOBpeMeIIIIoro HCrrOJIHeIIHH (CT. 692, n. 3 CT. 545, CT. 546
fR).
2) B CJIY'Iae cMepTH JIJln;a, npOp;OJImHTeJI:&HOCTb j-KH3HH
ROToporo HBJIHeTCH KpHTepHeM cpoKa p;eMcTBHH p;orOBopa
IIOlliH3HeIIIIoro cop;epmaIIHH, no BHIIe P;OJIlliHHKa cyP; MomeT
no 3aJIBJIeIIHIO Kpep;HTopa JIJIH ero IIpeeMHHROB BbIIIeCTH pe-
JIIeHHe 0 npOp;OJImeIIHH p;eHcTBHH p;orOBopa B Te'IeIIIIe pa-
3YMIIoro rrepHop;a BpeMeHH (n. 1 CT. 693 fR:.
3) ITpH IIpeRpa eIIHH p;orOBopa nomH3IIeIIHoro cop;ep-
lliaIIHH p;o HCTe'IeIIHH cpORa O'Iepep;Horo perYJIHpHOrO IIJIaTe-
ma p;eHeJI\IIaH CYMMa, nop;JIema aH IIpep;OCTaBJIeHIIIO, OIIpe-
p;eJIHeTCH HCXOP;H H3 pa3Mepa nJIaTema 3a KatKp;bIH )l,eIIb
(CT. 690 rR).
]23
r naB a 22. MHPOBOE COrnAWEHHE
150. MHpoBoe corJIameHHe rrpep;CTaBJIHeT COOOM p;orOBOp,
CTOpOHhI KOToporo 06H3YIOTCH npeKpaTHTh enop, cym;eCTBYIO
m;IIM Mem)J;Y IUIMI1, nYTeM B3aUMIlblX YCTynOl, (e1'. 69.5 fK).
B OTHOllIeHllll Bll)J;OB enopOB fIt ne npe)J;ycMaTpHBaeT orpa
HII'IeRIIM, O)J;RaKO CJIe)J;yeT Y'IllTbIBaTb, 'ITO MHpoBoe COrJIallIe
RIIe ReB03Momno no nOBo)J;Y npaBooTnollieRIIM, KOTOphIe Re
MorYT 6bITb 06'heHTOM pacIlOpHmeIlIIH CTOpOR. IIOMllMO lIaJIII-
1JIIH cnopa, )J;PyrnM neooxo)J;HMbIM YCJIOBHeM MHpoBoro eo-
rJIallieHIIH JIBJIHIOTCJI B3aJnmble YCTynRH CTopon. II03TOMY
MIIpoBoe COrJIallIeIIIIe He npll3HaeTCH, eCJIII OHO )J;OCTHrHYTO
3a C'IeT O)J;HOCTOpOHHHX YCTyrrOR. IIpe)J;YCIIWTpeHO TaKme MH
pOBoe CorJIallieRIIO B eY)J;e6ROM nopH)J;Re, B OTHomeHHH KO-
Toporo fIIK rrpeP;ycMaTpIIBaeT ocoooe )J;eMCTBIIe (CM. CT. 136,
356, 203, 560 fIIK).
151. I1oCJIep;CTBH1I MHpOBoro COrJIallIeHH1I. ,l];orrYCTHM, Me..
iR)J;Y A n B B03HIIK crrop rro rrOBO)J;Y rpaHIIU; 3eMeJIbHOrO Y'Ia-
CTRa. A YTBepmp;aeT, 'ITO )J;eMcTBHTeJIbHaH rpaRHIW Memp;y
3eMe:IbHbIMII Y'IaCTKaMII P;OJImHa OTCTOHTh Ha 2 MeTpa B
rJIyouny Y'IaCTKa, rrpIIHap;JIemam;ero B, OT cym;eCTBYIOm;ero
orpaiR)J;eIlHH; B me 3aHBJIHeT, 'ITO orpam)J;eHIIe rrpoBep;eHo
TO'IHO no rpaHIIu;e Mem)J;Y Y'IaCTKaMII. B pe3YJIbTaTe MIIpO-
Boro CONIallIeRHH rpaHIIU;y OTO)J;BIIraIOT Ha 1 MeTp B rJIyoHHY
3eMeJILHOrO Y'IaCTRa B, YCTaRaBJIIIBaH TaKHM 06pa30M rrpe-
)];eJIbI rrpaBa 3eMeJIbROM coocTBeRHocTll ooeHx CTOpOH. ECJIll
,JIe rrOCJIe p;OCTIImeHIIH MHpOBoro COrJIallIeHHH B HallieM rrpIf-
Mepe o6uapymIIBaeTcH, 'ITO rrpemHHH rpaHIIu;a Memp;y 38-
MeJILnbIMH Y'IaCTI{aMH Bce me ObIJIa npaBIIJIbHOII, 3TO He
BJIHHeT na rrOCJIe)J;CTBHH MIIpOBoro COrJIallIeHHH II YKa3aHHoe
IIilMeneHIIe rpaHII1 l>I paCCMaTpIIBaeTCH B Ka'IeCTBe rrepe)J;a'IIl
COOTBe1'CTBYIOm;eM lIJIOm;a;a;H 3eMeJIbHOro Y'laCTKa rpam)];aIIII-
Hy A (CIIL CT. 696 fK). G)J;HaKO eCJIII B cO)J;epmaHIIH MllpO-
Boro COrJIallIeHHH 6y)J;eT 3aq,IIKCHpOBaHa Heorrpe)J;e:IeHHOCTL
rpaIIIIU;, TO rrpH I10CJIe)J;YIOm;eM rrOHBJIeHHII )J;OKa3aTeJIhCTB
HOOOOCHOB8HHOCTH I!3MOnOIIHH JIIIITIIII rpaJIIIJ bI ::ITO rrpnBO-
)J;eT K rrpeKpam;eIIHIO rrpaBOBbIX rrOCJIe)J;CTBIIM MHpOBoro CO-
rJIallielIHH. BMeCTe C TeM 3TO He pacrrpOCTpaHHeTCH Ha CJIY-
'IaH, hor)],a CTOpOHbI H3'hHBIIJIH BOJIIO K p;OCTIImeHHIO MIIpO-
Boro COrJIallieHIIH, <(JTeCIIIOTpH Ha B03MomHoe pacxom)J;eHIIe
pe3YJIhTa TOB p;aHHoro COrJIallIeHHH C )J;eMCTBIITeJIbHbIM nOJIO-
meHIIeM».
124
Ha nO)];06HDIe cHTyan;HlI nOJIOiReHHe CT. 95 rK 0 3aOJIYiR-
)];eHHH He pacnpOCTpamIeTCH. ho He OTHOCHTCH, OD;HaKO, K
cHTyan;MHM, KOr)];a 3a6JIYiI,)];enHe CBH3aHO C caMHM 06'beKTOM
cnopa (HanpHMCp, B nOpH)];Ke MHpOBoro COrJIarneHHH YJIaiKlI-
BaeTCH cnop, npH KOTOpOM 06e CTOpOHbI MMeJIM B BH)];y )];Ba
COBepmenHO pa3HDIX 06H3aTeJIbCTBa) HJIR HnbIM npe)];MeTOM,
HBJIHIOIIUIMCH npeAnOCbIJIKOll MHpOBoro COrJIarneHHH (CM. pe-
rneHMe BepXOBHoro cy,!];a OT 18 cenTH6pH 1917 r.).
MMpoBaH CAeJIKa, npMMeHHeMaH npM yperYJJHpOBaHHH cno-
pOB, CBH3aHHblX C aBToTpancnopTHbIMR npOHcrneCTBlIHMH,
npe,!];cTaBJIHeT C060ll pa3HOBH,!];HOCTb MMpoBoro COrJIarneHHH,
O)];HaKO ona He 03Ha'laeT OTK,a3a OT npaBa Tpe60BaHHH B03Me-
m;eHMH yru;ep6a, eCJIH AOnOJIHHTeJIbHDIll ym;ep6 06napYiRH-
BaeTCH cnYCTH onpe)];eJIeHHOe BpeMH nOCJIe yperYJIMpOBaHHH
cnopa MMpOBOll CAemWll (CM. perneHMe BepXOBHoro cy)];a OT
15 MapTa 1958 r.).
r naB a 23. BEAEHHE "IY>KHX AEn &E3 nOPY"IEHHSI
152. IIoHHTIIe Be,!];eUIIH '1YiRIIX ,!];eJI oe3 nopY'IeHHH.
1) ho nOHHTMe 03Ua'laeT ynpaBJIeHMe )];eJIaMH )];pyroro
JIHn;a TeM, Ha Koro ,!];anrIaH 06H3aHHOCTb He 6DIJIa B03JIOiReHa.
JIlIn;o, He 06JIa)];aIOm;ee HH npaBaMM, nH 06H3aHHocTHMH BMe-
rnHBaTbCH B )];eJIa )];pyroro JIHn;a, He )];OJIiRHO )];eJIaTb aToro no
c06CTBeHHOMY YCMOTpeHHIO. G,!];HaKO BCTpe'laIOTCH cHTyan;HlI,
KOr)];a nO)];06Hble AellCTBMH, cOBeprueHHble C A06pDIMH n06YiR-
)];eHMHMH, )];OJIiRIIbI B onpe)];eJIeHHOll Mepe npH3HaBaTLCH.
B aTOM OTHorneHMH rK, C O)];HOll CTOpOHbI, npH3HaeT npaBO
TaKoro JIHn;a (areHTa) npO)];OJIiRaTb Be)];eHRe '1yiRMX ,!];eJI B Torr
CTeneHM, B KaKorr aTO COOTBeTcTByeT HnTepecaM ynpaBoMO-
'leHHOrO (npHHn;HnaJIa), a C )];pyroll CTOpOHbI, B03JIaraeT Ha
nOCJIe)];HerO 06H3aHHOCTb no B03Mem;emno II3,!];epiReR, nOHe-
ceHHbIX areHTOM. CTaTYC arenTa lIaIIOMlIIIaeT IIOJIOiReHMe
nOBepeHHoro, O)];HaRO B OTJIHtJIIe OT rrOBepeHJmro on ne MO-
iReT Tpe60BaTb B03Mem;eHIIH rrpOn;eUTOB Ha 1I3,!];epiRRM M YllIep-
6a, noneceHHoro npM ocyru;eCTBJIeHIIM <rymMx )],eJI (CM. CT. 650,
n. 1 H 2 CT. 702 fl\).
2) B onpe)];eJIeHIlbIX cluyan;MHX Be,!];elIHe 'lyiRHX )];eJI 6e3
rropY'leHMH ,!];aiKe rroOrn;pHeTcH. TaR, no 3aRoHY 06 YTepHH-
HDIX Belliax JIHn;O, Harne,!];ruee YTepHHHYIO Bern;:b, MOiReT Tpe-
60BaTb B03HarpamAeHHH B pa3Mepe OT 5% )];0 20% CTOlIMO-
CTH Bern;H (CM. CT. 4 YRa3aHHoro 3aKoHa) . KpoMe Toro,
125
OOHapYiKHBmHH TeprrJI HX 6ei'/;CTBHe Ha MOpe JIHD; HJIH Tep4
rrJI ee oe,n:CTBHe Cy,n:HO 00JI3aH ORa3aTI, HM COOTBeTCTBYIOIIJ;Yro
rrOMOIIJ;b, l{TO TaRiKe JIBJIlIeTCJI rrpH3HaHHeM OOJI3aHHOCTH no
BeAeHHIO l{yiKHX AeJI 6e3 rropYl{eHHJI.
153. Y CJIOBIIJI YCTaHOBJIeHIIJI Be,n:eHlIJI l{ymIlx ,n:eJI 6ea no.
pY'leIIlIJI.
a) Heo6xo,n:HMblM YCJIOBIIeM JIBJIJIeTCJI Hal{aJIO Be,n:eHHfJ
qymHx i'/;eJI 6ea cooTBeTcTByrom;eii 06JIaaHHocTIi. IIoHJITHa
,n:eJI OXBaTblBaeT rrpaRTHl{eCRH rrOqTII Bce mII3HeHHbW cHTya 4
D;HII. ]J;orrycRaeTCJI TaRme H pa30Boe ocym;eCTBJIeHHe RaRmo.
JIH60 ,n:eHcTBHJI. IIpH MHomeCTBeHHOCTH JIHD; Ha O,I\HOR CTO.
pOHe ,n:orOBopa pacTopmeHHe ero Oi'/;HHM H3 YRaaaHHbIX JIHq
paccMaTpHBaeTCJI RaR Bei'/;eHIIe l{ymHx ,n:eJI oe3 nopYl{eHHH,
Oi'/;HaRO rrpII HenOJIYl{eHHH BrrOCJIei'/;CTBIIH o,n:oopeHHJI APyrHx
JIHD; paCTOpmeHHe i'/;OrOBOpa He OYi'/;eT C'IHTaTbCH ocymeCTBJIeH.
HhIM BceMII JIHD;aMH (CM. perneHHe BepXOBHoro cy,n:a OT
10 IIIOJIJI 1918 r.). IIo,n: nOHJITHe Be,n:eHHH l{ymHx ,n:eJI oe3 no.
PY'leHIIH rroi'/;rrai'/;aeT TaRme H cHTyaD;HJI, Ror,n:a arenT He HeceT
06H3aHHOCTII rrepei'/; rrpHHD;HnaJIOM, HO Ha Hero B03JIOmeHa
OOH3aHHOCTb TpeTberO JIIID;a. Be,n:eHHe l{ymHx i'/;eJI oe3 rropy.
'WHIm MomeT B03HHRHYTb TaRme II npH HCnOJIHeHHH nyo.
JIIIl{HO-rrpaBOBOH oOHaaHHocTII,
6) BO-BTOphIX, TpeoyeTcH, l{TOObl Be,n:eHHe i'/;eJI ocym;eCT.
BJIHJIOCb B HHTepecax ,n:pYl'Oro JIHD;a. CJIeAyeT Hl\IeTb B BH,n:y,
qTO HaMepenHe ocym;ecTBHTb ,n:apeHHe, He nOAIIa,n:aIO ee no
YCJIOBHJI 3aRJIIOl{eHHJI i'/;OrOBOpa ,n:apeHHH, He COCTaB.;meT Be,n:e.
HHJI l{ymHx i'/;eJI oe3 rropyqeHIIJI.
B) B-TpeTbHX, TpeoyeTCJI, l{TOObl BeAeHHe l{ymHx p;eJI ObI.
JIO BbUOi'/;HO rrpHHD;HrraJIY H He npOTIIBOpel{HJIO ero BOJIe. Op;.
HaRO BOJlfI npHHD;HrraJIa He p;OJImHa rrpOTHBOpel{HTb nYOJIHq1
HOMY nopJI,n:RY H ,n:OOphIM HpaBaM, rroaTOMY He,n:ony eJme
caMOYOHHCTBa CJIe,n:yeT paCCMaTpHBaTb RaR Bei'/;eHHe l{ymHX
i'/;eJI oea nopyqeHHJI, HeCMOTpJI Ha TO qTO ono ocym;eCTBJIJI.
JIOCb npOTHB BOJIH JIHD;a.
154. IIoc.'Ie,n:cTBHJI Be,n:eHlIJI l{ymIIx p;e.'1 6ea nopYl{eUJlJI.
1) Be,n:eHHe qYiKHX ,n:eJI oe3 nopYl{eHHJI HBJIHeTCJI 3aKOH.
HbIM, II areHT He HeceT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTII no B03Me eHHIO Ha
OCHOBaHHH p;eJIHRTa. rR He rOBopHT 06 aTOM rrpHMO, o,n:HaRO
aTO BblTeRaeT H3 rrpH3HaHHH 3aROHHOCTH ,n:aHHoro HHCTHTYTa.
2) 06JIaaHHOCTH areHTa. AreHT HeceT 00JI3aHHOCTb rro
rrpo,n:OJImeHHIO Ha'IaTOrO Bep;eHHJI i'/;eJI. OHa ,n:OJImHa ocym;ecT
126
B.JUITbCH at eHTOM f];0 TeX rrop, rrOKa rrpHHIJ;HrraJI (ero rrpeeM-
HlIK HJIH 3aKOHHbIH rrpef];CTaBHTeJIb) He 6Yf];eT caM B COCTOH-
HHII ocym;eCTBJIHTb yrrpaBJIeHlIe. ECJIH me CTaHOBlITCH O'Ie-
BHf];HbIM, 'ITO f];aJIbHeBIIIee rrpOf];OJImeHHe Bef];eHHH f];eJI
rrpOTIJBOpe'IHT BOJIe rrpHHIJ;HrraJIa HJIH HeBbIrOf];HO eMY, Bei(e-
II lIe f];eJI f];OJImHO ObITb rrpeKpam;eHO (CT. 700 fK). MeTOf];bI
Bef];eHIIH f];eJI f];OJIiKHbI B rrepBYIO O'Iepef];b CJIef];OBaTb iKeJIae-
MbIM co CTOpOHbI rrpHHIJ;HrraJIa, a rrpH HeHCHOCTH 3Toro-
xapaKTepy f];eJIa H ooeCrre'IeHHIO HaHOOJIbIIIeH BbIrOf];bI f];.llH
rrpHHIJ;HIIaJIa (CT. 697 fK). B 'Ipe3BbI'IaHHOH CHTyaIJ;HH )J:JIH
JIH'IHOCTH, HMeHH HJIlI HMym;ecTBa IIpHHIJ;HrraJIa areHT HeceT
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb JIlIIIIb 3a Hef];OOpOCOBeCTHOCTb HJIH cepbe3-
HYIO neopeiKHOCTb (CT. 698 fK), B OCTaJIbHMX iKe CJIy<raHX
HeceT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a OTCYTCTBHe co CBoeH CTOpOHbI BHlI-
MaHHH xopOIIIero yrrpaBJIHIOm;ero. B Ka'IeCTBe corrYTCTBYIO-
m;eH Ha areHTa B03JIaraeTCH 00H3aHHOCTb rro YBe)J:OMJIeHHIO
o Ha'IaJIe Bef];eHHH f];eJI (CT. 699 rR), a TaKiKe 00H3aHHOCTb
(KaK H f];JIH rrOBepeHHoro) rro rrpOH3Bef];eHHIO paC'IeTOB C rrpHH-
IJ;lIrraJIOM (CM. CT. 701, 645-647 rR),
3) Oos3aHHocTH nplIHIJ;HnaJIa. COrJIaCHO rK rrplIHIJ;HrraJI
oOH3aH B03MeCTHTb areHTY rrOJIHYIO CYMMY HeOOXOf];HMI>IX
M3f];epiKeK (rr. 1 CT. 702 fK), ocym;ecTBHTb HCrrOJIHeHHe OOH-
3aTeJIbCTB, rrpHHHTbIX areHTOM, a TaKiKe IIpef];OCTaBHTb Heoo-
XOf];HMOe ooeCne'IeHHe (rr. 2 CT. 702, n. 2 CT. 650 fR). IIo-
BlIf];HMOMY, CIOf];a CJIef];yeT f];OOaBHTb TaKiKe H B03Mem;eHHe
ym;epoa, He rrpeBblIIIaIOm;ero pa3Mepa BblrOf];bI, rrOJIY'IeHHOH
rrplIHIJ;HlIaJIOM. II pH Bef];eHHH f];eJI rrpOTHB BOJIH rrpHHIJ;HlIaJIa
YKa3aHHbIe rrOJIOiKeHlIH rlt npHMeHHIOTCH TOJIbKO rrpH rrOJIY-
"leHHlI rrplIHIJ;HrraJIOM BblrOf];bI (rr. 3 CT. 702 rR).
4) P acrrpOCTpaHHIOTCH JIH IIOCJIef];CTBHH f];eHCTBHH areHTa,
COBepIIIaeMbIX OT lIMeHlI rrpHHIJ;HrraJIa, HerrOCpef];CTBeHHO Ha
rrOCJIef];Hero? Cym;ecTByeT TO'IKa 3peHHH, rro KOTOpOH rrplI
f];eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH Bef];eHHH 'IYiKHX f];eJI oe3 rrOJIHOMO'IlIH
areHT oOJIaf];aeT rrpaBOM rrpef];CTaBHTeJIbCTBa. Of];HaKO CJIei'J:YeT
HMeTb B BHi'J:Y, 'ITO rrpef];CTaBHTeJIbCTBO H Bef];eHHe f];eJI HBJIH-
IOTCH pa3JIH'IHMMlI rrOHHTHHMH H oe3 IIOCJIef];YIOm;ero of];oope-
HHH f];eHCTBHH co CTOpOHbI rrpHHIJ;HIIaJIa rrOCJIef];CTBHH f];eHCT-
BIIH rro Bef];eHHIO 'IYiKHX f];eJI He HacTyrraIOT, ? CJIef];OBaTeJIbHO,
f];eHCTBlIH areHTa He BbI3bIBaIOT nOCJIef];CTBlIH f];JIH npHHIJ;HlIaJIa.
155. KBa3HBeAeHIIe 'IymHx f];eH oe3 nopY'IeHlIH. MOiKeT Jill
rpaiKf];aHHH A B cHTyaIJ;HH, KOrf];a E, HCrrOJIb3YH lIaTeHTHOe
npaBo A, lIOJIY'IHJI OOJIbIIIYIO BbI.Of];Y, TpeOOBaTl> OT E IIpOH3-
,127
Bep;eHHH C HHM paC'IeTa II nepep;a'IH eMY nOJIHoii CYl\IlIIbl Bnr
fOP;bl 3a Bbl'IeTOM H3p;epmeK? ITOCKOJIbKY p;eiiCTBHH E COCTaB
JIHIOT HeOCIIOBaTeJIbHOe oOOram;eHHe H p;eJIHKT, HCHO, 'I TO A
MO}[{eT TpeooBaTb B03Bpam;eHIUI Bblrop;bl H B03Mem;eHHH ym;ep
oa. Op;HaKo 'IaCTO BeCbMa Tpy;a;HO CKa3aTb, rrOJlY'IHJI JlIl Obi A
BhlfOP;Y IlpH OTCYTCTBIIH p;eiICTlIllH co CTOpOHbl E. 11 pn npR
3HaIIHH n,eHcTBHH E Be;a;eHlIeM 'IymHx p;eJI 6e3 nopY'IeUHR
ocym;eCTBJIeHHe TpeooBaHHH A He 6yp;eT CJIOmnbL\I (CM.
CT. 701, 645-647 r1\.). Op;naKO P;JlH OTHeceHIIH p;eflCTBldi E
K YKa3aHHOMY Bep;eHHIO 'lymHx p;eJl oe3 nopY'IeHHH Tpe6y
eTCH, 'ITOObl y Hero HMeJIOCb naMepeHHe ,lI;eHCTBOBaTb BO IIMR
IUlTepeCOB A. B CBH3H C CJTHM 'IaCTb Y'IeHblX BBO;a;IIT nOIlHTHe
KBa3HBep;eHHH 'IymHx p;eJl 6e3 nopy'IeHHH, no KOTOPOMY p;Jm
B03HHKHoneHHH npaBOBblX nOCJle,ll;CTBHH Bep;eHHH 'IymHx p;eJI
oe3 nopY'IeHHH p;OCTaTO'IHO JlHllIb npH3HaHHH Toro, 'ITO OHB
ocym;eCTBJIHJlHCb P;JIH npHHIJ,HnaJIa, H OJiarOp;apH aTOMY p;aH.
HaH KOHn;enn;HH CJIymHT oxpane n03Hn;HH npHHn;HnaJia.
ITo HallieMY MHeHHIO, BnOJIHe onpaBp;aHHO npHMeHeHHe
h YKa3aHHOH cHTyan;HH HOpM, npep;YCMOTpeHHbIX B OTHOllie.
IUIH HeOCHOBaTeJIbHOrO oooram;eHHH H p;eJIHKTa. TaK, npR He.
P;OopOCOBeCTHOCTH npH HeOCHOBaTeJIbHOM 060ram;eHHH H p;e.
JlUKTe Bblfop;a, nOJlY'IeHHaR areHTOM, MomeT paCCMaTpHBaTbCR
KaK ym;epo HJlH Bpep;, npH'IHHeHIIbIH npHHn;HnaJlY. Ero He.
B03Bpam;eHHe p;onYCTHMO JlHllIb B CJIY'Iae, Korp;a nOJlY'IeHRe
rrpHObIJiH n;eJlHKOM 3aBHCeJlO OT cnOCOOHOCTeH areHTa. ECJIB
me npHIln;HrraJi npH3HaeT TaK Ha3bIBaeMoe KBa3HBep;eHHe 'IY.
mHX p;eJI oe3 nopY'IeHHH, TO p;eHCTBHH areHTa CTanYT OObf'I.
HbIM Bep;eHHeM p;eJI oe3 nopY'IeHHH (CM. pellieHIle BepXOBHoro
cyp;a OT 19 p;eKaopH 1918 r.), nepeCTaHYT paCCMaTpHBaTbCJI
KaK HenpaBOMepHbIe H Ha npHHn;HnaJia oyp;eT B03JIOmeHa
00H3aHHocTb no B03Mem;eHHIO H3p;epmeK, a caM OH CMOiReT
Tpe60BaTb B03Mem;eHHH nOJlIIOH CYMMbI BblrO;a;bI, nOJIY'IeHHOH
areHTOM.
r naB a 24. HEOCHOBA TEnbHOE 060r AU4EHHE
156. IIHCTHTYT HeOCHOBaTeJIbHOrO o60ram;eHIIH perYJIR.
pyeT OTHOllIeHHH, B03HHKalOm;He npH nOJIY'IeHHH JIHn;OM oe3
Hap;JIemam;HX OCHOBaHHH onpep;eJIeHHOH npHObIJiH HJIH RbII'O.
P;bl, npHHap;JIemam;eH p;pyrOMY JIHn;y. B COOTBeTCTBHH C 8TRM
RHCTHTYTOM B03HHKaeT 00H3aHHocTb B03Mem;eHHH p;aHHoH
npHObIJiH HJIH Bblrop;bl JIIIn;y, IIOHeCllIeMY ym;epo. HanpRMep,
128
A rrepe)];aeT Ha OCHOBaHHJI )];orOBOpa 3aHMa 100 ThIC. JIeH
rpam)];aHHHY B, O)];HaRO )];aHHhIH )];OrOBOp C caMoro Ha'faJI3
HBJIHeTCH He)];eHCTBHTeJIhHhIM JIJIJI aHHYJIJIpyeTcH BrrOCJIe)];CT-
BHH. TIpH OTCYTCTBHH YMhICJIa HJIH HeopemHOCTH B aTO He
)];OJImHO paCCMaTpHBaThCH RaR )];eJIHRT (CM. CT. 709 rR). BMe
CTe C TeM OCTaBJIeHHe )];aHHOH CYMMhI rpamp;aHHHY B oy)];eT
rrpOTJIBOpe'fHTh IIpHHU;Hrry CrrpaBe)];JIHBOCTH. J1HCTHTYT Heoc-
HOBaTeJIhHOrO oooram;eHHH RaR pa3 H HarrpaBJIeH Ha ooecrre-
'feHHe CrrpaBe)];JIHBOCTH rrYTeM YCTaHOBJIeHJIH 00H3aTeJIhCTBa
(B HalleM rrpHMepe rpam)];aHHHa B) B03BpaTHTh rrOJIY'feHHYIO
CYMMY (rpam)];aHHHY A). J1HCTHTYT HeOCHOBaTeJIhHOrO 000-
ram;eHHH OXBaTbIBaeT H oOJIee CJIOmHbIe cHTyaU;HH, ROr)];a, Ha-
rrpHMep, JICrrOJIHeHHe 00H3aTeJIhCTBa RBa3JIBJIa)];eJIhU;Y rrpaB3
TpeooBaHHH HJIH p;epmaTeJIIO pacrrHCRH B rrOJIY'feHJIH C'fHTaeT-
CH )];eHCTBHTeJIhHhIM H )];OJImHHR oCBOOOm)];aeTCH OT 00H3aHHo-
CTH (CM. CT. 478, 480 rR, OOH3aTeJIhCTBeHHoe rrpaBO - 59).
B aTOM CJIY'fae )];eHCTBHTeJIhHhIH Rpe)];HTOp, He HMeIOm;JIH
B03MomHOCTH TpeOOBaTh OT )];OJImHHRa JICrrOJIHeHJIH 00H3a-
TeJIhCTBa, MomeT B Ra'feCTBe rrOTeprreBllero TpeOOBaTh OT rro-
JIY'fHBllero HCrrOJIHeHHe B03Bpam;eHHH BbIrO)];bI. l\poMe Toro,
KOr)];a' B pe3YJIhTaTe rrpHpam;eHHH COOCTBeHHOCTb rpam)];aHJI-
Ha B BXO)];HT B coocTBeHHocTh A, B MomeT Tpe60BaTb OT A ee
B03Bpam;eHHH Ha OCHOBaHHH HeOCHOBaTeJIhHOrO oooram;eHHH.
O)];HaRO rrpHpam;eHHe He 00H3aTeJIhHO HBJIHeTCH CJIe)];CTBJIeM
)];eHCTBHH JIH'fHOCTH.
157. 06m;JIe YCJIOBJIJI HeOCHOBaTeJIbHOro o6oram;eHHJI.
1) TIpem}:\e Bcero HeOOXO)];HMO HaJIH'fHe JIHu;a, rrOJIY'faIO-
m;ero Bhlro)];y (BbIrO)];OrrOJIY'faTeJIH) H3 'fymoro HMym;ecTBa
JIJIH Tpy)];a,
2) BTOpbIM YCJIOBHeM HBJIHeTCH rrplI'IJIHeHJIe YRa3aHHbIM
)];eHCTBHeM ym;epoa )];PyrOMY JIHU;Y, rrpH aTOM ym;epo MomeT
BbIcTyrraTh RaR B BH)];e YMeHhlleHJIH HMym;ecTBa )];pyroro JIJI-
U;a, TaR JI B BH)];e ero HeB03paCTaHHH.
3) HeOOXO)];HMO JI HaJIII'IHe rrpH'fHHHO-CJIe)];CTBeHHoH CBH-
3H Mem)];y rrOJIY'feHHeM BhlrO)];hI H rrplI'IHHeHHeM ym;epoa.
4) HaRoHeu;, HaHOOJIee Bai:I\:HOe YCJIOBJ'e - OTcyTCTBHe
npaBOBoro OCHOBaHHH )];JIH rrOJIY'feHHH BhlrO)];hI.
158. IToCJ1e)];CTBHJI HeOCHOBaTeJIhHOro o6oraII eHIIJI. Heoc-
HOBaTeJIhHhIH rrpHoopeTaTeJIh HeceT oOH3aHHocTh rro B03Bpa-
IIJ;eHHIO rrOJIY'feHHOH BhlrO)];hI. 3a l1CRJIIO'feHHeM CJIY'faH, ROr)];a
aToro He rr03BOJIHeT caM xapaRTep BhlrO)];bI (HanpHMep, rro-
9 3aKaa N. 1264
129
JIYlJeIme BLIrOALI H3 lJymoro TPyp;a), HeOCHOBaTeJIbHLIH rrplI-
OOpeTaTem, OOH3aH BepHYTL HMeHHO TY Bern;L, ROTOpaH ObIJIa
HM rrOJIYlJ8Ha. IIpH aTOM CJIeAyeT pa3JIHlJaTL AOopOCOBeCT-
HOCTL HJIH HeAoopOCOBeCTHOCTL BLIrOAOrrOJIYlJaTemr, T. e. rro-
JIYlJeHIIe f.IM BLIrOALI rrpH He3HaHHH Toro, lJTO AJIH aToro
OTCYTCTByroT rrpaBOBbIe OCHOBaHHH, HJIH C OC03HaHlIeM aToro
(CM. perneHHe BepXOBHoro CYAa OT 8 HroJIH 1936 r.). ECJUI
B rrepBOM CJIYlJae Bonpoc pernaeTCH B03BpameHHeM BLIrOALI
nOTepneBrneMY, TO BTopaH cHTyaU;HH nOAnaAaeT nOA KaTero-
pHro AeJIHKTa.
1) OOH3aHHocTb AOOpOCOB8cTHoro BbIrOAorrOJIY'IaTeJIH no
B03Bparn;eHlIIo. ,IJ;oopocoBecTHLIH BLIrOAOnOJIY'IaTeJIb 00H3aH
B03BpaTHTL BbIrOAY B rrpeAeJIax HMerorn;ellcH B HaJIH'IHH
(CT. 703 fR). ,IJ;aHHoe nOJIOmeHHe CJIymHT oxpaHe HHTepeCOB
AOopocoBecTHoro BLIrOAOnOJIY'IaTeJIH npH YMeHLmeHIIH nOJIY-
'1eHHOll HM BLIrOALI. ::ho, OAHaKO, He OTHOCHTCH K cHTyaU;HH,
RorAa nOJJ;OOHoe YMeHLrneHHe BbIrOALI HacTynHJIO H3-3a OT-
CYTCTBHH CO CTOpOHLI BIJTOAOnOJIY'IaTeJIH BHHMaHHH, aHaJIO-
I'H'IHOrO npOHBJIHeMOMY K COOCTBeHHOll BemH. KpoMe Toro,
npH paCCMOTpeHHH npOOJIeMLI 00H3aHHOCTH AOopOCOBeCTHoro
HeOCHOBaTeJILHOrO npHoopeTaT8JIH CJIeAyeT BLIHCHHTL Bonpoc
o TOM, 1\TO (HeOCHOBaTeJILHLIii: npH06peTaTeJIL HJIH rrOTepneB-
rnHii:) HeceT 60JILllIYro OTBeTCTBeHHOCTL 3a B03HHKHOBeHHe
H80CHOBaTeJILHOrO ooora:rn;eHHH. B CBH3H C aTHM YKameM Ha
CJI8Ayro:rn;IIe MOMeHTLI.
a) B03Bparn;eHHe rrOJIY'IeHHOH Bern;lI. IIpH HaJIH'IHH npH-
oopeTeHHOll BLIrOJJ;LI B nepBOHa'laJILHOM BHAe HeOCHOBaTeJIL-
HLIll npHoopeTaTeJIL 00H3aH BepHYTL BLIrOAY HMeHHO B TaKOM
BHAe.
0) B03Bpam;eHHe CTOIIMOCTHoro 3RBlIBaJIeHTa. IIpH HeB03-
MOiRHOCTH B03Bpa:rn;eHHH BLIrOAbI B rrepBOHa'laJILHOM BHAe
HeOCHOBaTeJILHLTH nplIoopeTaTeJIL 00H3aH BepHYTL CTOHMOCT-
HLIM 3KBHBaJIeHT nOJIY'IeHHOH BLIrOALI. HeB03MonmOCTL B03-
BpameHIIH BLlrO \bI B nepBOHa"laJIbHOM BIIAe MOiReT B03HHK-
HYTL BCJIeACTBHe IIOJIY"IeHIIH BLlrOALI 1I3 '1ymoro TpYAa, no-
TpeOJIeHHH nOJIY'IeIIHorO HeOCHOBaTeJILHLIM nplioopeTaTeJIeM,
rHOeJIII HJIII nOB pea'AemlJI BemIl no BIme npIIoopeTaTemr, a
TaRiRe nepe;J,a'lH HM YKa3aHIIOM Be:rn;H TpeTLeMY JIHU;Y. PaHee
C'IlITaJIOCh, 'ITO npII rlIOeJIII Be:rn;1I 00H3aHHOCTL no B03Bpa:rn;e-
HHro He B03HHKaeT, a npH rrOBpemAeHHH Be:rn;H AOCTaTO'lHO ee
B03Bpa:rn;eHHH B nOBpemAeHHOM BHAe. B HaCTOH:rn;ee BpeMH
TO"lKa 3peHHH Ha AaHHYro npOOJIeMY H3MeHHJIaCL H npH rH-
OeJIH Be:rn;H ITO BHHe npHoopeTaTeJIH OH OOH3aH BepHYTL ee
130
CTOIIMOCTHbIH 3RBHBaJIeHT, a npH nOBpemp;eHHII (npH paBHbIX
YCJIOBHHX) - CTOHMOCTHbIH 3RBHBaJIeHT nOBpemp;eHHOH 'IaCTH.
IIPII 3TOM CTOHMOCTHbIH 3RBlIBaJIeHT HC'IHCJIHeTCH no ypOBHIO
u;eH Ha MOMeHT B03Bpam;eHHH.
B) llJIOAbI H BbIrop;a OT HCIIOJIb30BaHHJI Bem;H. II pH B03-
Bpam;eHHH Bem;H B nepBOHa'IaJIbHOM BHp;e P;06pOCOBeCTHbIH
HeOCHOBaTeJIbHbIH npH06peTaTeJIb He 06H3aH B03Bpam;aTb no-
JIY'IeHHble nJIop;bI p;aHHOH Bem;H H BbIroP;Y OT ee HCnOJIb30Ba-
HHH (CM. CT. 189 rR). IIpH B03Bpam;eHHH me CTOHMOCTHOrO
3RBHBaJIeHTa, HanpHMep npH HeOCHOBaTeJIbHOM nOJIY'IeHHH
p;eHemHOH CYMlIIbI, HeOCHOBaTeJIbHbIH npH06peTaTeJIb 06H3aH
B03BpaTHTb HMeIOm;YIOCH B HaJIH'IHH H nOJIY'IeHHYIO BbIrop;y
OT HCIIOJIb30BaHHH Bem;H npH YCJIOBHH, eCJIH OHa 6bIJIa eCTe-
CTBeHHbIM 06pa30M IIOJIY'IeHa IIPH OTCYTCTBHH HeocHOBaTeJIb-
IIoro 060ram;eHHJI nOTepneBIlIHM (CM. pellieHIIe BepXOBHoro
cyp;a OT 24 p;eRa6pJI 1963 r.).
r) BCTpe'IHOe IIpep;OCTaBJIeHHe B MOMeHT IIOJIy'IeHHJI Be-
II U. IIpH HeAeHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH p;orOBopa RynJIH-npOp;amH
IIIemAY rrpop;aBU;OM A H nORynaTeJIeM B HeOCHOBaTeJIbHOe 060-
ram;eHHe HacTyrraeT RaR P;JIJI A, TaR H P;JIJI B. B p;aHHOH cHTya-
U;HH A MomeT Tpe60BaTb B03Bpam;eHHJI TOBapa, eCJIH B03Bpa-
m;eHHe Bem;H B nepBOHa'IaJIbHOM BHp;e em;e B03MomHO, a B -
B03Bpam;eHHJI ynJIa'IeHHOH HM nORynHoH u;eHbI, npH 3TOM
06a JIHU;a HaXOp;JITCJI B OTHOllIeHHJIX op;HoBpeMeHHoro HCnOJl-
HeHHJI (CM. pellIeHHe BepxoBHoro cyp;a OT 7 CeHTJI6pJI 1972 r.) .
IIpH HeB03MomHOCTH B03Bpam;eHHJI TOBapa B nepBOHa'IaJIbHOM
BHp;e B03Bpam;eHHIO nOp;JIemHT JIHllIb pa3HHu;a Memp;y CTOH-
MOCTHbIM 3RBHBaJIeIlTOM Bem;H Ha MOMeHT B03Bpam;eHIIJI II
nOI{yrrHoH u;eHoH.
2) 06J13aHHOCTb Hep;06pocoBecTHoro BMrOp;OIIOJIY'laTeJUI He
:1aBHCHT OT lIaJIH'IHJI BblrOAbI na MOMeHT B03Bpam;eHHJI, H He-
P;06pOCOBeCTHblii HeOCHOBaTeJIbHbIH npH06peTaTeJIb 06JI3aH
BepHYTb He TOJIbRO nOJIHbIH 06'beM nOJIY'leHHOH Bblrop;bI, HO
H npoU;euTbI, a npH npH'IHHeHHH Bpep;a - B03MeCTHTb H
ym;ep6, npH'IHHeHHbIH nOTepneBllIeMY (CT. 704 fIt). CJIep;yeT
HMeTb B BHAY, 'ITO HeA06poCOBeCTHOCTb npH06peTaTeJIJI nOHII-
MaeTCH B CMbICJIe 3HaUHH JIM 06 OTCYTCTBHII rpaBOBbIX OCHO-
BaHHH P;JIJI nC)JIY'IeHHJI BbIrOP;bI, op;HaRO B 3TO nOHHTHe He
BXOP;HT HeOCTopomHOCTb BblrOp;OnOJIY'IaTeJIJI. II03TOMY TaRaJI,
nanpHMep, cHTyaU;HJI, Rorp;a onpep;eJIeHHOe JIHU;O, npOJIBJIJIH
neOCTopomHOCTb, rrpop;aeT Ben b,- 01lIH60'lHO nOJIaraJI, 'ITO OHa
rrpHHaAJIeiI\HT eMY, COCTaBJIHeT p;eJIilRT, HO' He OTHOCHTCJI R Ra-
TeropHH nep;o6pOCOBeCTHOro. J;IeOCHOBaTeJIbHOrO 060rilm;eHHH.
g*
131
B CBH3K C OTBeTCTBeHHocTbro He,'J;OOpOCOBeCTHOrO HeOCHO-
BaTeJIbHOrO npHOOpeTaTemI CJIe,'J;yeT OOpaTHTb BHHl\IaHHe Ha
CJIe,'J;yrom;He MOMeHTbI.
a) RaR H npH ,'J;OopOCOBeCTHOCTH npHoopeTaTeJIH, He,'J;OO-
pOCOBeCTHbIll: npHoopeTaTeJIb 00H3aH BepHYTb Bem;b B nepBO-
Ha'laJIbHOM BH,'J;e, a npH HeB03MomHOCTH 8Toro - ee CTOH-
MOCTHbIll: 8RBHBaJIeHT.
6) B03Bpam;eHHe npou;eHTOB npe,'J;ycMaTpllBaeTcH JIHllIb
npH B03Bpam;eHHH CTOHMOCTHoro 8RBHBaJIeHTa. IIpou;eHTHaH
CTaBRa HC'lHCJIHeTCH no 3aROHHOll: npou;eHTHOll: CTaBRe (5 % ) ,
O,'J;HaRO npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH BbIrO,'J;bI B ROMMepqeCRHX u;eJIHX
OHa HCqHCJIHeTCH no TOprOBOll: npou;eHTHOll: CTaBRe (6 % ) .
B) ECJIH B03Bpam;eHHe nOJIyqeHHOll: BbIrO,'J;bI He B03Mem;aeT
ym;epoa, npHqHHeHHoro nOTepneBllIeMY, He,'J;oopOCOBeCTHbIll:
HeOCHOBaTeJIbHbIll: npHoopeTaTeJIb 00H3aH ocym;ecTBHTb ,'J;O-
nOJIHHTeJIbHOe B03Mem;eHHe ym;epoa. CpOR HCROBOll: ,'J;aBHOCTH
npaBa TpeOOBaHHH B03Mem;eHHH ym;epoa onpe,'J;eJIHeTCH Ha
OCHOBaHHH OOm;HX nOJIOmeHHll: fR (n. 1 CT. 167 fR).
159. CneqH<pH'IecRHH BH,'J; HeOCHOBaTeJIbHorO oooram;e-
HHH - IIcnOJIHeHHe oea OOJlaaTeJIbCTBa-HMeeT TPH pa3HOBH,'J;-
HOCTH.
1) IICnOJIHeHHe oea OOJlaaTeJIbCTBa B yaRoM CMbICJIe. ECJIH
TIPH OTCYTCTBHH 00H3aHHocTH HCnOJIHeHHH 00H3aTeJIbCTBa
JIHU;O ,'J;OOpOBOJIbHO HCnOJIHHeT ero, TO, 3a HCRJIroqeHHeM CJIY-
qaH npeRpam;eHHH 00H3a TeJIbCTBa Ha OCHOBaHHII HCTeqeHHH
cpORa HCROBOH ,'J;aBHOCTH, 8TO COCTaBJIHeT HeOCHOBaTeJIbHOe
oooram;eHHe nOJIyqHBllIerO HCnOJIHeHHe. O,'J;HaRO npH OCBe,'J;OM-
JIeHHOCTH HCnOJIHHTeJIH 00 OTCYTCTBHH 00H3aHHOCTH HCnOJI-
HeHHe 00H3aTeJIbCTBa paCCMaTpHBaeTCH RaR npll3HaHHe OOH-
SaTeJIbC-TBa ,'J;OJImHHROM (CT. 705 fR).
2) ,IJ;ocpO'lHOe IICnOJIHeHlle. OObIqHO ,'J;OcpOqHOe HCnOJIHe-
HHe He ,'J;OJImHO paCCMaTpllBaTbCH RaR HeOCHOBaTeJIbHOe 000-
ram;eHHe Rpe,'J;HTopa. TpeOOBaHHe B03Bpam;eHIIH HeOCHOBa-
TeJIbHorO oooram;eHHH MomeT npe,'J;'bHBJIHTbCH Rpe,'J;HTOpy
JIHllIb npH ,'J;OCPOqHOM HCnOJIHeHHH BCJIe,'J;CTBHe 3aOJIym,'J;eHHH
,'J;OJImHHRa (CT. 706 fR).
3) IICnOJIHeHHe 'Iymoro OOJlaaTeJIbCTBa. ,[(aHHaH pa3HO-
BH,'J;HOCTb HCnOJIHeHHH oe3 00H3aTeJIbCTBa MomeT B03HIIRHYTb,
HarrpllMep, B TaROH cHTyaU;HII, Ror,'J;a npll HaJIHqHH 00H3a-
TeJIbCTBeHHbIX OTHomeHHH Mem,'J;y Rpe,'J;HTopOM A II ,'J;OJImHH-
ROM B rpam,'J;aHIIH B, OllIHOOqHO nOJIaraH, qTO IIMeHHO OH
HBJIHeTCH ,'J;OJImHIIROM A, ocym;eCTBJIHeT KCnOJIHeHlle 00H3a-
.132
TeJIbCTBa. B aTOM cHTyan;HH HCnOJIHeHHe 06HaaTeJIbCTBa C'IH-
TaeTCH He)J;eMCTBHTeJIbHbIM H COCTaBJIHeT OCHOBaHHe HeOCHO-
BaTeJIbHOrO o60ram;eHHH A. G)J;HaRO nO)J;06Hoe HeOCHOBaTeJIb-
Hoe o60ram;eHHe He ORaabIBaeT BJIHHHHH Ha npaBO Tpe60Ba-
HHH A R )J;OJImHHRY B. BMecTe C TeM, eCJIH Rpe)J;HTop nOCJIe
lICnOJIHeHHH 06HaaTeJIbCTBa B, nOBepHB B )J;eMcTBHTeJIbHOCTI:.
HCnOJIHeHHH H )J;eMcTBYH )J;06pocoBecTHo, YHH'ITOmHJI COOTBeT-
CTBYIOm;He )J;ORYMeHTbI, OTRaaaJICH OT 06eCne'IeHHH HJIH YTpa-
THJI npaBO Tpe60BaHHH BCJIe)J;CTBHe HCROBOM )J;aBHOCTH, C n;e-
JIbIO oxpaHbI HHTepeCOB Rpe)J;HTopa fR. YCTaHaBJIHBaeT HeBoa-
MomHOCTb npe)J;'bHBJIeHHH R HeMY Tpe60BaHHH co CTOpOHbI B
OTHOCHTeJIbHO BoaBpam;eHHH HeOCHOBaTeJIbHOrO 060ram;eHHH
(n. 1 CT. 707 fR.). BCJIe)J;cTBHe 8Toro HeOCHOBaTeJIbHOe 060-
ram;eHHe nepeXO,D;HT Ha )J;OJImHHRa B H B MomeT npe)J;'bHBJIHTb
COOTBeTCTBYIOm;He Tpe60BaHHH R HeMY (n. 2 CT. 707 fIt).
160. IIpe)J;ocTaBJIeHHe Ha HeaaKOHHOM OCHOBaHHH. YnJIa-
Ta )J;eHer npOHrpaBIIIHM HrpOROM B aaapTHoM Hrpe C'IHTaeTCH
npe)J;OCTaBJIeHHeM 6ea aaROHHoro OCHOBaHHH, nOCROJIbRY )J;O-
rOBOp 06 aaapTHoM Hrpe HBJIHeTCH He)J;eMcTBHTeJIbHbIM Ha
OCHOBaHHH ero npOTHBOpe'IHH ny6JIH'IHOMY nopH)J;RY H )J;06-
pbIM HpaBaM (CM. CT. 90 fR., pemeHHe BepxoBHoro cY)J;a OT
9 MaH 1908 r.). B )J;aHHOM CJIY'Iae fR. He npHaHaeT npaBO
JIHn;a, ocym;ecTBHBmero npe)J;OCTalmemJe Ha HeaaROHHOM OC-
HOBaHHH, Tpe60BaTb BoaBpam;eHHH )J;aHHoro npe)J;OCTaBJIeHHH
(CT. 708 fR.). aTO IIOJIOmeHHe He pacnpOCTpaHHeTCH, O)J;HaRO,
Ha CJIY'IaH, Ror)J;a YRaaaHHoe HeaaROHHoe OCHOBaHHe CJIymHT
o60ram;eHHIO JIHmb nOJIY'IaTeJIH BblrO)J;bI, H B TaROM cHTyan;HH
"paBO Tpe60BaHHH BoaBpam;eHHH BbIrO)J;bI npHaHaeTCH (oro-
BopRa CT. 708 fIt).
r naB a 15. AEnHKT
1. 06aqHe nonOHCeHHSI
161. IIoHJITlle )J;CJIIIKTa. ,I(eJIHRT npe)J;CTaBJIHeT C060M He-
3aROHHoe )J;eMcTBHe, npH'IHHHIOm;ee Bpe)J; )J;PyrOMY JIHn;y, Ha
OCHOBaHHH 'Iero BoaHHRaeT 06HaaHHocTb npH'IHHHBmero Bpe)J;
BoaMeCTHTb ero. IIpH'IHHeHHe Bpe)J;a BoaMomHO H B peaYJIb-
TaTe HeHCnOJIHeHHH 06HaaTeJIbCTBa O)J;HOM Ha CTOpOH p;orOBO-
pa, O,[J,HaRO TaRHe OTHomeHHH perYJIHpYIOTCH HopMaMH 0 )J;O-
f'OBOpHOM OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH. IIHCTHT T1,' me )J;eJIHRTHOM OTBeT-
133
CTBeHHOCTH HanpaBJIeH Ha yperYJIHpOBaHHe OTHOIIIeHHH
MemAY JIHD;aMH, He cmmaHHDIMH AorOBopHbIMH OTHOllIeHHHMH,.
H npeAYCMaTpHBaeT npH onpeAeJIeHHbIX YCJIOBHHX B03Meru;e-
HHe yru;ep6a, npH'IHHeHHOro nOCTpaAaBllIeMY, rrpII'IHHBTeJleM
BpeAa.
MCTOpIIII 'IeJlOBe'IeCTBa H3BeCTHbI CJleAYIOru;He MepbI pea
rIIpOBaHIIH Ha CJlY'IaH HapYIIIeHHH 06ru;eCTBeHHoro nopHARa
H npHqIIHeHHH BpelJ,a APyrOMY JlHD;Y: H3Ra3aHHe npH'IHHHTe-
JlH BpeAa, YAOBJleTBOpeHIIe nOTepneBIIIero, B03Meru;eHHe no-
TepneBIIIeMY yru;ep6a, BOCCTaHOBJleHHe 06ru;eCTBeHHoro no-
pHARa, npeAOTBparu;eHHe aHTHCOD;HaJIbHbIX AeiIcTBHM H APyrHe.
IIpH 3TOM CJIeAyeT pa3JIH'IaTb yrOJIOBHO-npaBOBYIO H rpam,.
AaHCRo-npaBOBYIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb, H eCJIH yrOJlOBHaH OTBeT-
CTBeHHOCTb rJlaBHbIM 06pa30M CBH3aHa C HaRa3aHHeM npH'IH-
HIITeJlH BpeAa H BOCCTaHOBJIeHHeM 06ru;eCTBeHHoro IIopH,W{a,.
TO OCHOBHaH D;eJlb rpamAaHCROH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH - B03Me-
ru;eHHe yru;ep6a, npII'lHHeHHOro nOCTpaAaBIIIeMY. Mp;eOJlorH'Ie-
CRIIe YCTaHOBRH Ha'laJlbHOrO 3Tana CTaHOBJleHHH rpamAaH-
CROl'O 06ru;eCTBa, npH3HaBaBIIIHe CB060AY AeHTeJlbHOCTH JIII'I-
HOCTH B MaRCIIMaJlbHO AonYCTlIMbIX npeAeJlax, CTporo
perYJlIIpOBaJIH YCJlOBIIH YCTaHOBJleHIIH AeJIHlI:THOH OTBeTCTBeH-
HOCTH H Tpe60BaJlH MHHHMaJlbHOrO BMeIIIaTeJlbCTBa rOCYAap-
CTBa. COOTBeTCTBYIOIu;He nOJlomemrH rR (CT. 709 H p;aJlee)
OTpamaIOT IIMeHHO 3TY HAeOJIOrHIO. OAHaRo C pa3BHTHeM npo-
MbIIIIJIeHHOH peBOJIIOD;IIH B HnoHHH H YCJIOmHeHHeM COD;HaJlb-
HOH mII3HII npOII30IIIJlH 3Ha'IHTeJlbHbIe H3MeHeHHH H B HAeo-
.TIOrH'IeCROM clJ>epe, ORa3aBIIIHe 60JlbmOe BJIHHHHe Ha COAep-
maHHe IIHCTHTYTa AeJlHRTHOM OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH. CJleAyeT AO-
oaBIITb, 'ITO HeMaJIbIe H3MeHeHHH B OCHOBbI HHCTHTYTa
AeJlHl\THOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTII BlIeCJlO rrpHHHTHe CrreD;HaJlbHorO
3aROHOp;aTeJlbCTBa, OTpa3HBIIIero cepbe3HbIe II3MeHeHHH, rrpo-
HcmeAIIIIIe B HrrOHCROM 06ru;ecTBe B pe3YJlbTaTe CTpeMHTeJlb-
HbIX TeMrrOB rrOCJIeBOeHHoro 3ROHOMH'IeCROrO pa3BHTHn.
162. CO IIaJIbHbIe 113MeHeHHK H p33BHTHe 3aROHOAaTeJlb-
CTBa 0 p;eJIIIRTHOii OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH. IIHCTHTYT p;eJIIIRTHOH OT-
BeTCTBeHHOCTII eru;e no BpeMeHa OTCYTCTBIIH 'leTROro paarpa-
HH'IeHIIH yrOJlOBHOrO H rpam}J;'aHCRoro rrpaBa rrpH3HaBaJ:t
rrpaBO rrOTeprreBIIIero Tpe60BaTb B03Mem;eHHH BpeAa, rrplI'IH-
HeHHoro eMY He3aROHHbIMH AeHcTBHHMH APyroro JIHD;a, OA-
HaRo OCHOBHbIMH 06'beRTaMH ym;ep6a HIIJlHJIHCb IJ>H311'1eCROe
COCTOHHHe .'IeJlOBeRa II MaTepHaJIbHOe HMyru;eCTBO. Rpyr cy6'b'-
eRTOB HHcTHTYTa AeJIllliTgOR OTBe'J:CTBeEBOCTH HbIHe 3Ha'Uf-
134
"TeJIbHO paCllIHpeH H BRJIIO<J:aeT He TOJIbRO OT)];eJIbHbIe JIH<J:-
HOCTH, HO H D;eJIbIe ROJIJIeRTHBbI, Morym;He 6bITb RaR rrpH<J:JI-
HHTeJIHMH Bpe)];a, TaR H 1I0TeprreBllIHMH.
rK HrrOHHH C<J:HT,leT 06m;HMH yCJIOBHHMH YCTaHOBJIeHlJH
)]eJIHRTHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH YMbICeJI lJ HeOCTopomHOCTb. IIo-
MIIMO CT. 709, YCTaHaBJIHBaIOm;eH HHCTHTYT )];eJIHRTHOH OTBeT-
CTBeHHOCTH, rK rrpe)]YCMaTpHBaeT em;e rrHTb CrreD;HaJIbHbJX
HHCTHTYTOB, ROTopbIe MomHO paCCMaTpHBaTb RaR paSHOBH)];-
IIOCTH 06m;ero HHCTHTYTa OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH sa rrpaBoHapYllIe-
HHH, npH aTOM B <J:eTbIpex HS HHX, a HMeHHO B HHCTHTYTe
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH JIHD;a, ocym;eCTBJIHIOm;erO ROHTpOJIb sa )];eii:-
CTBUHMH He)];eecrroc06Horo (CT. 714 rK), OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH
;rmD;a, HCrrOJIbSYIOm;ero TPY)]; )];PyrHx JIHD; (CT. 715 rK), OTBeT-
CTBeHHOCTH JIHD;a - C06CTBeHHHRa CTpoeHHH (CT. 717 rK),
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH BJIa)];eJIbD;a mHBOTHoro (CT. 718 rK), Ha6-
JIIO)];aeTCH orrpe)];eJIeHHOe CMHr<J:eHHe B OTHOllIeHlIH Tpe60Ba-
HHi!: YMbICJIa H HeOCTopomHOCTH RaR YCJIOBHH )];eJIHRTHOH
'OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH. TaR, rrpH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH BJIa)];eJIbu;a
cTpoeHHH rrpHsHaeTcH rrpHHD;Hrr OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 6es BHHbI,
rrpH pacllIHpUTeJIbHOM TOJIROBaHHH ROToporo MomHO B orrpe-
)];eJIeHHOH CTerreHH Hs6emaTb Tex rrOCJIe)];CTBHH, ROTopbIe BbI-
SbIBaIOTCH YHHBepCaJIbHbIM rrpHMeHeHHeM rK rrpHIID;Hrra OT-
BeTCTBeHHOCTH TOJIbRO rrpH HaJIH<J:HH BHHbI. BJIarO)];apH )];aII-
HOMY TOJIROBaHHIO BOSMomHO rrpHsHaHHe llIHpOROH OTBeTCT-
BeHHOCTH RpyrrHbIx rrpe)];rrpHHTHH sa, rrpaBoHapYllIeHHJI,
cOBepllIeHHbIe JIHD;aJl,1H, pa60TaIOm;HMH Ha aTHX rrpe)];rrpHHTHHX,
a TaRme OTBeTCTBeHIIOCTH RpyrrHbIx rrpe)];rrpHHTHH rro )];eJIHR-
TaM, CBHS3.HHbIM c' HaXO)];Hm;HMHCH B c06CTBeHHOCTH TaRHX
rrpe)];rrpHHTHH 06 eRTaMH.
BMeCTe C TeM CJIe)];yeT OTl\oIeTHTb, <J:TO rro Borrpocy Bpe)];a,
rrpH<J:HHHeMoro paSJIH<J:Horo po)];a rrpOHCllIeCTBHHMH (HarrpH-
Mep, aBTOTpaHcrropTHbIMH) H HeC'IaCTHbIMH CJIY<J:aHMH (Ha
npOHSBO)];CTBe HJIH :mOJIOrH<J:eCRoro xapaRTepa), O)];IIHM JIHllIb
TOJIROBaHHeM HOpM rK lIeBOSMOmHO 060CHOBaTb CrrpaBe)];JIlJ
Boe pacrrpe)];eJIeHHe BOSMem;eHHH Bpe)];a Mem)];y JIHU;a:MH, OT-
BeTCTBeHIIbIMH sa ero rrpH<J:HHeHHe, HJIH BOSJIOmeHHe TflROH
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH na JIHD;, HSBJIeRaIOm;HX BblfU)];Y HS Toro, <J:TO
HBJIHeTCH HCTO<J:HHROM BOSHHRHOBeHHH YRasaHHbIX rrpOHC-
IlIeCTBHH H HeC<J:aCTHbIX CJIY<J:aeB. IIoaTOMY OTHOCHTeJIbHO
paSJIH<J:HOfO po)];a HeC<J:aCTHbIX CJIY<J:aeB rrpHHHTO CrreD;HaJIbHOe
SaROHO)];aTeJIbCTBO, OCHOBaHHoe Ha rrpHHD;Hrre OTBeTCTBeHHO
CTH 6es BHHbI. 3)];eCb rrpem)];e Bcero CJIe)];yeT HaSBaTb TPY)];O-
Hoe SaROHO)];aTeJIbCTBO, saRperrHBllIee rrpHHD;Hrr BblIIJIaTbI
135
KOMneHcaIJ;l1l1 paOO'll1M, nOCTpa)J;aBIIIHM npl1 HeC'laCTRbtX C1Iy...
'laHX Ha IIpOH3BO)J;CTBe, a)J;MHHHCTpaIJ;HeH npe)J;IIpl1HTHH. He-
06XO)J;HMO oopaTHTb BHHMaHHe H Ha IIPHHY)J;HTeJIbHOCTb COIJ;H-
aJIbHOrO CTpaXOBaHHH, 3aKpeIIJIeHHYIO B 3aHoHe 00 00H3aHHo-
CTH no OHa3aHHIO MaTepHaJIbHOH IIOMO H paOO'lHM IIPIl'
HeC'laCTHDIX CJIY'laHX Ha IIpOH3BO)J;CTBe H CTpaXOBaHHH paoo-
'lHX 1947 r. OTHOCHTeJIbHO Bpe)J;a, IIpH'lHHHeMOro IIpe)J;IIpHH-
THHMH BOBHe, IIPHHIJ;HII OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH oe3 BHHbt BIIepBbt&
ODIJI 3aHpeIIJIeH IIPH IIepeCMOTpe B 1939 r. cTaporo 3aHoHa.
o ropHOM )J;eJIe (B 'laCTH, KacaIO eHcH OTpaBJIeHHH PY)J;HbIMl1.
ra3aMH), :3TOT me IIpHH:qHII ODIJI BOCIIpHHHT H ROBbtM 3aRo
HOM 0 ropHOM )J;eJIe (CT. 109 H CJIe)J;. YKa3aHHoro 3aKoHa). IIpli
aBTOTpaHCIIopTHDIX IIpOHCIIIeCTBHHX OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb IIpIf'IH-
HHTeJIeH Bpe)J;a B CJIY'lae CMepTH HJIH YBe'lHH IIOCTpa)J;aBIIIHX
rrpHOJIHmaeTCH H 6e3ycJIoBHOH (CM. CT. 3 3aHoHa 0 HOMIIeH-
caU;HH y epoa, IIpH'lHHeHHOro aBTOTpaHCIIOpTHbtMH cpe)J;CT-
BaMH). B OOJIaCTH HCIIOJIb30BaHHH aToMHoH 3HeprHH TaKme'
IIpH3HaH IIPHHIJ;HII OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH oe3 BHHbt (CT. 3 3aKoH
o B03Me eHIIH Bpe)J;a, BDI3BaHHoro HCIIOJIb30BaHHeM aToMHoH'
3HeprHII) .
XOTH IIpHBe)J;eHHaH CllCTeMa e e )J;aJIeKa OT COBepIIIeRCT
Ba, O)J;HO OOCTOHTeJIbCTBO CJIe)J;yeT IIO)J;'lepKHYTb ocooo, a
HMeHHO IIPHHY)J;HTeJIbHOCTb CTpaXOBaHHH Ha cJIyqaH IIpH'lH-
HeHHH Bpe)J;a. PaHee MDI yme YIIOMHHaJIH 0 HOMIIeHca:qHH IIp1l'
HeC'laCTHbIX CJIY'laHX Ha IIpOH3BO)J;CTBe II CTpaXOBaHHH paoo-
'lHX, IIpe)J;ycMoTpeHHoH O)J;HOHMeHHMM 3aHoHoM. AHaJIOrH'l'-
HbIe CHCTeMM IIPHHY)J;l1TeJIbHOro CTpaXOBaHHH cy eCTBYIOT 11'
Ha aBTOTpaHCIIopTe, r)J;e 3aIIpe aeTCH IICIIOJIb30BaIme aBTO-
TpaHCIIopTHbIX cpe)J;CTB oe3 3aHJIIO'leHHH )J;oroBopa' CTpaXOBa-
HHH Ha cJIY'laH IIpH'lHHeHHH Bpe)J;a (CT. 5 3aHoHa 0 HOMneH-
ca:qHH y epoa, IIpH'lHHeHHoro aBTOTpaHCIIopTHbIMH cpe)J;CTBa-
MH), B OOJIaCTH HCIIOJIb30BaHHH aToMHOH 3HeprHH H HHbIX.
B CBH3H C 3ROJIOrH'leCKHM 3aKOHO)J;aTeJIbCTBOM, IIOJIyqHBIIIHMI
fl IIOCJIe)J;Hee BpeMH 3Ha'lHTeJIbHOe pa3BHTHe, YHameM, 'lTO'
OCHoBHOH 3aROH 0 Mepax B OTHOIIIeHHH aarpH3HeHHH OHPY-
maIO eH cpe)J;DI 1967 r., 3aHoH 0 IIpe)J;OTBpa eHHH aarpH3He-
HUH aTMOc<pepHoro B03)J;yxa 1968 r., 3aKoH 0 IIpe;a;OTBpa eHInI
aarpH3HeHIIH BO)J;DI 1970 r. II )J;PyrIIe COOTBeTCTBYIO IIe aHTbI
He TOJIbHO 3aRpeIIIIJIH IIpHHIJ;IIII OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 08a BIIHhI;,
HO H IIpe,'l;YCMOTpeJIH C03)J;aHHe CIIe:qHaJIbHDIX <pOH)J;OB, o6pa-
ayeMbIx H3 cpe)J;CTB IIpe)J;IIpHHHMaTeJIen, ;a;JIH HeIIocpe)J;CTBeH-
Horo B03Me eHIIH Bpe)J;a, IIpH'lHHeHHOro IIOCTpa)J;aBIIIHM OT
3arpH3HeHIIH oRpymaIO eH cpe)J;M. IIpe.n;npHHIIMaIOTCH TaRme-
136
1II0IIbITIUI naY'IHOrO 060CHOBaHlUI rrplI3HaHlHI aHHOro rrplIH-
l\Hna II n OTHOIIIeHlflI Bpe a, rrplI'IIIHHeMOrO ne 06pOI\a'IeCT-
BeHHOll: rrpO YRu.Hell:.
rrpe OTBpaIl\eHlIe rrplI'IIIHeHIIH Bpe a, rrOMOIl\b rrOTeprreB'
.illHM, ype:rYJIlIpOBaHlIe OTHOIIIeHIIll: MeJR Y rrOTeprreBIIIHM n
rrplI'IHHIITeJIeM Bpe a HeB03MOJRHO OCYIl\eCTBlITb JIlIllib na OC-
HOBe RHCTIITYTa eJIlmTHOll: OTBeTCTBeHHOCTlI, rrpe ycMoTpeH
HOll: 'IaCTHbIM rrpaBOM. YRa3aHHbIe U;eJIII MOrYT 6bITb OCTlIr-
nYTbI JIIIIIlb rrplI ROMrrJIeRCHOM rro xo e R rrp06JIeMe, TO eCTb
He TOJIbKO rrplI 3aRperrJIeHlIlI rrplIHl\lIrra OTBeTCTBeHHOCTII 6e3
'BIIHbf, lIO II nplI B03JIOJReHlIlI Ha rrpe rrpIIHIIMaTeJIell: 06H3aH-
HOCTl! nplIHHTIIH Mep rro rrpe OTBpall\eHlnO rrplI'IIIHenlIH Bpe-
a, C03 aHIIH Cnel\lIaJIbHbIX cpOH OB rrOMOIl\1I rrOTepneBililIM,
nplI OCYll\eCTBJIeHHII Mep a MHHIICTpaTIIBHoro xapaRTepa,
.BbIXO HIl\lIX 3a paMRII 'IaCTHOro npaBa.
t 2. 06"",He ycnoBHSI YCTBHoBneHHSI AenHKTHoH
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH
163. YMblCeJI U HeOCTopomHOCTb. AJIH YCTaHOBJIeHlUI e-
,JIIIRTHOll: OTBeTCTBeHHOCTlI rrpeJR e Bcero Tpe6yeTcH HaJIII'IlIe
nplI rrplI'IlIHeHlIII Bpe a YMbICJIa IIJIII HeOCTopmRHOCTII (CT. 709
'fH', CM. pemeHHe BepXOBHoro cy a OT 22 eRa6pH 1916 r.).
1) IToHHTHe YMblCJI8 03Ha'IaeT OC03HaHlIe JIIIIJ;OM, COBep-
waIOIl\IIM orrpe;:J;eJIeHHOe ell:CTBlIe, Toro, 'ITO aHHoe encT-
:BlIe rrplI'IlIHlIT Bpe PyroMY JIIIU;Y. ITplI 3TOM ROHe'IHOll:
l1;eJIbIO ell:CTBIIll: He 06H3aTeJIbHO OJIJRHO 6bITb rrplI'IlIHeHlIe
.Bpe a.
2) HeocTopomHocTb 03Ua'IaeT rrpeHe6peJReHlIe Tpe6yeMbIM
3aROHO aTeJIbCTBOM BHlIMaHlIeM. B rropH Re TOJIROBaHIIH C'III-
TaeTCH, 'ITO HeOCTOpOJRHOCTb RaR YCJIOBlIe eJIIIRTHOll: OTBeT-
'CTBeHHOCTII 3aKJIIO'IaeTCH B OTCYTCTBlIlI BHIIMaHIIH, rrpOHBJIHe-
Moro 06:bI'IHbIM 'IeJIOBeROM, - «BHlIMaHHH xopomero yrrpaB-
JIHIOIl\erO\) .
AeJIIIRTHaH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb rrplI IICrrOJIHeHlI1I rrpoq,ec-
CHOlIaJIbHbIX 06H3aIIIIOCTell: rrpe rrOJIaraeT B Ra'IeCTBe RplITe-
'pIIH rrplI RBaJIlIcpIIKaIJ;HII HeOCTOpOJRHOCTlI ell:CTBHH 06blQHOrO
crreI.\HaJIHCTa B cooTBeTcTBYIOIl\ell: 06JIaCTII. HarrplIMep, Heoc-
TOpOJRHOCTb Bpa'Ia 03Ha'IaeT rrpeHe6peJReHlIe ROHRpeTHbIM
Bpa'IOM nplI JIe'IeHIIII 60JIbHOrO TeM BHlIMaHueM, ROTopoe
Q6bI'IHO OJIJReH rrpOHBJIHTb BpaQ. AHaJIOrlI'IHO IlOJIOmeHlIe
IH P;JIH JIlID; P;PyrHx rrpocpecClIll:. IT plI 3TOM C pa3BlITlIeM HayRD
137
H TeXHHRH ypOBeHb Tpe60BaHHH, npe):\'bHBJIHeMbIX R 06bI1IHOMY
CrreU;HaJIHCTY B TOH HJIH HHOH 06JIaCTH, rrOBbImaeTCH, a CJIe-
):\OBaTeJIbHO, H3MeHHeTCH H RpHTepHH ou;eHRH HeOCTOpOiR-
HOCTH.
3) ,l];JIH orrpe):\eJIeHHbIX rrpaBoHapYlIIeHHH YCJIOBHeM HBJIH-
eTCH HaJIH'IHe YMbICJIa (HarrpHMep, rrpH 06MaHe HJIH npHHYiR-
):\eHHM), B ):\PyrHx CJIY'IaHX (HaHeceHHH nOBpeiR):\eHHR: HMY-
II(eCTBY, TeJIeCHbIX rrOBpeiR):\eHHH) pa3JIH'IHe MeiR):\Y YMbICJIOM:
H HeOCTOpOiRHOCTbIO He rrpoBo):\HTCH.
4) BpeMH ):\OKa3aTeJIbCTBa HaJIH'IIIH YMbICJIa HJIH HeOCTO"
pOiRHOCTH JIeiRHT Ha HCTu;e. B pH):\e CJIY'IaeB HaJIH'IHe HeOCTO-
pOiRHOCTH O'IeBH):\HO H3 caMoro xapaKTepa ):\eJIa. RpOMe Toro
HHor):\a rrpH3HaeTCH B03JIOiReHHe 6peMeHH ):\OKa3aTeJIbCTBa
HaJIH'IHH HeOCTOpOiRHOCTH Ha rrpHqHHHTeJIH Bpe):\a (HarrpH
Mep, rrOCTopOIIHHH 'IeJIOBeK MOiReT ):\OKa3aTI" qTO CTO'IHbIB-
BO):\bI 3aBo):\a 3arpH3HeHbI, O):\HaKO rrpe):\OCTaBJIeHHe HM ):\OKa
3aTeJIbCTB Toro, KaKoe rro):\pa3):\eJIeHHe rrpe):\rrpHHTHH H KaKoe'
ROHKpeTHoe JIHU;O OTBeTCTBeHHO 3a :no, rrpaKTH'IeCKH HeB03-
MOiRHO). B aTOM OTHomeHHH cHTyan;HH npH6JIHiRaeTCH It
rrpHHU;Hrry OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 6e3 BHHbI.
164. BMeHIIMocTb HBJIHeTCH BTOpbIM YCJIOBHeM YCTaHOB-
JleHIIH ):\eJIHKTHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH. JIHU;O, He 06JIa):\aIO ee-
HOpMaJIbHbIMH YMcTBeHHbIMH cnoc06nOCTHMH, He HeceT OT-
BeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a CBOH ):\eHCTBHH. CJIe):\yeT pa3JIHqaTh ):\Ba.
CJIyqaH HeBMeHHMOCTH:
a) Bo-rrepBbIX, aTO ):\eHCTBHe HeCOBepmeHHOJIeTHHX, He 06:.
JIa):\aIOII\HX ):\OCTaTO'IHbIMH YMCTBeHHbIMH cnoc06HoCTHMH ):\JIJI
OC03IIaHHH CBOHX ):\eHcTBHH (CT. 712 ITi.). ,l];aHHbIH Borrpoc
):\OCTaTO'IHO CJIOiReH, H KOHKpeTHoe cym):\eHIIe B03MomHO JIIImb.
Ha OCHOBaHHH aHaJIH3a MHorHX <paKTOpOB: B03paCTa HeCOBep-
llIeHHOJIeTHerO, ero oKPymeHIIH H T. ):\. Cy):\e6naH rrpaKTHK1t
B aTOM OTHornemm ):\aeT pa3JIHqHble rrpIIMepbI, HarrpIIMep
MOiRHO rrpHBeCTH pemeHHe cy):\a 0 rrpH3HaHHH HeCOBepmeH-
HOJIeTHerO (B03pacT 12 JIeT 2 Mec.) Hecrroc06HbIM HeCTII OT-
BeTC'fBeHHOCTb B CJlyqae, Kor):\a ):\aHHbIH rro):\pOCTOR H3 ):\yxo-
Boro PymbH paHHJl 'IeJIOBeKa (CM. pemeHHe BepxoBHoro CY):\1t
OT 30 arrpeJIH 1917 r.). B TO iRe B peMH ):\pyrHM cy):\e6Hbu,F
pemeHHeM rro):\pOCTOK (B03paCT 11 JIeT 11 Mec.) 6bIJl rrpH3HaH
cnoc06HbIM HeCTH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb, Kor):\a OH, npeBbICHB CRO-
pOCT!> Ha BeJIOCIIrre):\e, COBepmHJI Hae3):\ na nemexo):\a H HaHec'
eMY TeJIeCHble rrOBpem):\eHIIH (CM. pemelme BepXOBHoro cy):\a
01' 12 MaH 1915 r.).
138
6) BO-BTOpbIX, BTO JJ:eiIcTBIIe, cOBepmeHHoe B COCTOHBlIlI
EeBMeHHeMOCTH. IIpH nOM lIe Tpe6yeTcH, 1J:To6bI HeBMeHHe-
MOCTh 6hIJIa HOpMaJIhHhIM COCTOHHHeM JIHn;a, JJ:OCTaT01J:HO,
1J:To6hI JIHo;O HaXOJJ:HJIOCh B HeBMeHHeMOM COCTOHHHH B MOMeHT
npH1J:HnenHH BpeJJ:a. BpeMH AORa3aTeJIhCTBa B AaHHOM CJIY1J:ae
JIemHT Ha npH1J:HHHT-eJIe BpeAa. ECJIH me BpeMeHHoe COCTOH-
lIRe HeBMeHHeMOCTH B03HHRJIO BCJIeACTBHe YMhICJIa HJIlI no
HeOCToponmOCTII, npH1J:HHHTeJIh BpeAa He oCBo60mAaeTCH OT
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH (CT. 713 rR).
II pHMeHHTeJIhHO R OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH co6CTBeHHHRa 3a Ae-
{peRThI CTpOeIIHH, npH1J:HHHBmIIe APyrHM JIHn;aM BpeA (n. 1
CT. 717 rR), II HHhIM nOA06HhIM CIITyan;HJIM Borrpoc 0 BMe-
-HHMOCTH He B03HHRaeT, nOCROJIhRY TYT AeJIHRTHaH OTBeTCT-
J3eHHOCTh rrpH3HaeTCH BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH OT noro.
165. HenpaBoMepHocTb AeiicTBlIii npn: HapymeHHH npaB II
npH1J:HHeHHH BpeAa.
1) npll3HaHHe HenpaBoMepHocTH AeiicTBHii. O,n;HHM H3
YCJIOBHH YCTaHOBJIeHHH ,n;eJIHRTHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH rR on-
peAeJIHeT HapymeHHe npaB (CT. 709 rR), ROTopoe B pacmII
:pHTeJIhHOM CMhICJIe CJIe,n;yeT TOJIROBaTh RaR HerrpaBOMepHoe
,IJ;eHCTBHe. ;D:JIH npH3HaHHH HenpaBOMepHoro xapaRTepa ,n;eH-
CTBHH CJIe,n;yeT paCCMaTpJIBaTh RaR HaHeceHHbIH y ep6, TaR
II ,n;eIICTBIIe no HapyrueHHIO. TaR, eCJIH HapymeHo npaBO co6
'CTBeHHOCTHHJIH ,n;pyrHe Be HhIe rrpaBa, AeHcTBHH rro HX
napYllIeHHIO 06hI1J:HO COCTaBJIHIOT ,n;eJIHRT. OlwaRo, eCJIH Ha-
pYllIeHHoe 6JIaro CBH3aHO C npaBoM Ha onpe,n;eJIeHHhle 3amI
THH HJIH ,n;pyrIlMH lIe 'IeTRO onpe,n;eJIeHHhIMH rrpaBa [H, Tpe6y-
,eTcH, 1J:To6bI AeHCTBHH no IlX HapymeHHIO 6hIJIH neHaAJIema-
HMH. HeHCHOCTh COCTaBJIHIOT cHTyan;HH, Ror):(a AenCTBIIe
rro HapymeHHIO cpopMaJIhHO COOTBeTcTByeT peaJIH3an;HH npaB
H CBo60A, a naHeceHHhIH y ep6 He HMeeT 1J:eTRO onpeAeJIeH-
HhIX rpaHHn;. HanpHMep, rrpH3HaeTCH cB060Aa HHcpopMan;HH,
O)J;IIaIW cpe)J;CTBa MaCCOBOH HHcpopMaO;HH He AOJImHbI Hapy-
maTh npaBO Ha oxpaHY HerrpHROCHOBeHHOCTH JIH1J:HOH mH3HH.
,Cym:eCTByeT TaRme II Bonpoc 0 TOM, B RaRHX npeAeJIax JIHn;O,
BC;:J;y ee aRTIIBHYIO COn;HaJIhHYIO )J;eHTeJIbHOCTb, 06JIa)J;aeT
npaBO I na oxpaHY HenpHROCHOBeHHOCTH JIH1J:HOH mH3HII,
MomHo rrpIIBeCTII H APyrHe np06JIeMhI rroAo6Horo pO)J;a, Ha-
npHMep CTpOHTeJIhCTBO Ha 3aROHHbIX OCHOBaHHHX 3AaHIIH,
BeAeH1Ie RaROrO-JIH6o rrpOH3BOACTBa, OAHaRO B nepBOM CJIY1J:ae
3AaHlle 6YAeT HaCTOJIhRO BhICOl:HM, 1J:TO CTaHeT 3aTeHHTh CO-
<ce)J;HIIe ytJaCTRII H CTpoeHIIH, a BO-BTOpOM - rrpOH3BOACTBO
139
6Y)J;eT C03)J;aBaTb 1Jpe3MepH:bIii mYM HJIH flBJIflTbCfl HCT01JHH
ROM nOB:bImeHHoro ,meRTpOMarHHTHoro H3JIY1JeHHfl.
2) npaBouapymeuu1I MorYT 6:bITb RJIaCcUcpHn;IIpOBaH:bI Ha
)J;Ba BH)J;a: HapymeHHe HMynwcTBeHIIbIX rrpaB H HapymeHHe
JIII1JHbIX npaB.
a) U1rl eCTBeuubIe npaBa BRJII01JaIOT npaBO c06cTBen
HOCTH If )J;pyrHe BeID;H:bIe npaBa, H HX HapymeuHe Be)J;eT K
npH3HaHHIO HenpaBoMepHocTH )J;eiicTBHfl no HapymeHHIO (CM.
pemeHHe BepxoBHoro cY)J;a OT 18 Mafl 1918 r.). ::ho, O)J;Ha-
RO, He OTHOCHTCfl R CJIY1JaflM OrpaHH1JeHHfl BeID;H:bIX npaB H3
HUTepeCOB o6ID;ero 6JIara, noaTOMY )J;eHCTBHfl, COBepmaeM:bI
B ccpepe .n;aHHbIX OrpaHH1JeHHii H BHemHe flBJIflIOm;HeCfl napy-
meHHflMH, He MorYT 6bITb onpe)J;eJIeH:bI RaR HenpaBOMep-
n:bIe.
IIpaBo Tpe60BaHHfl paccMaTpHBaeTcfl RaR O)J;HH H3 BH)];OB
HMYID;eCTBeHH:bIX npaB, noaTOMY ero uapymeHHe TpeTbHMR
JIHn;aMH TaRme flBJIfleTCfl uenpaBOMepHbIM.
6) JIU'IUbIe npaBa. <l>H3H1JeCROe HaCHJIHe, HapymeHHe CBO-
(0)];:bI H 1JeCTH rJ\ TaRme ROCBeHHO npH3HaeT RaR npOTHBO-
npaBU:bIe )J;eiicTBHfl no HapymeHHIO (CT. 710 fJ\).
nORymeuHe ua >KU3Ub npOTHBonpaBHO caMO no ce6e If
COCTaBJIJIeT )];eJIHRT He TOJIbRO no OTHomeHHIO R norn6meMY,
HO H R ero pO)J;HTeJIflM, nepemHBmeMY cynpyry, )];eTflM (6JIH3-
RHM pO)];CTBeHHHKaM).
O)];IIaRO no Bonpocy )];eJIHRTHOii OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH uerro-
Cpe)];CTBeHHo no OTHomeHHIO R norH6meMY B HaYRe cYID;ecT-
BYIOT pa3JIH1JH:bIe T01JRH 3peHHfl. rOCnO)];CTBYIOm;aJI OTpHn;aeT
HaJIlPIHe )];aHHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH Ha TOM OCHOBaHHH, 1JTO
CMepTb nOCTpa)];aBmerO npHBO)];HT R npeKpaID;eHHIO CYID;eCT-
BOBaHHfl cy6'beRTa npaB, a CJIe)];OBaTeJIbHO, norH6mHH He flB-
JIfleTCfl cy6'beRToM npaBa Tpe60BaHHfl B03MeID;eHHfl yID;ep6a,
H HaCJIe)J;HHRH MorYT HaCJIei'J;OBaTb JIHmb rrpaBa, ROTOpbIMH
06JIai'J;aJI HaCJIei'J;O)J;aTeJlb. ITo nOBO)];y YCTaHOBJIeHHfl )J;eJlHRT-
Hoii OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH B OTHomeHHH pOi'J;HTeJleii, nepemHBluero.
cynpyra II i'J;eTeii rJ\ COi'J;epmHT Cnen;HaJIbHYIO CTaTbIO (CT. 711
rJ\), B COOTBeTCTBHn C ROTOpOH npH1JHHHTeJIb Bpei'J;a HeceT
06fl3aHHocTb no B03Mem;eHHIO RaR MaTepH8.JIbHOrO, TaR H MO-
paJIbHorO yID;ep6a.
IIpH1JHHeHHe TeJIeCH:bIX nOBpem)J;eUHii TaRme, Bne BCflRH:x\.
COMHeHHii, COCTaBJIfleT npOTHBonpaBHoe i'J;enCTBHe. 06'beRTOM
B03Mem;eHHfl B i'J;aHHOM CJIY1Jae flBJIflIOTCJI pacxOi'J;:bI Ha JIe1Je-
HHe, no-repfl i'J;OXOi'J;a, MOpaJlbH:bIe CTpai'J;aHHfl, B03MeID;eHHe
YTpaTbI TPYi'J;ocnoc06HocTH. ITo Bonpocy 0 B03Mem;enIDI ym;ep
140
6a, npH'IHHeHHOrO B ;r:J;aHHOM CJIY'Iae 6JIHmaHrnHM pO;r:J;CTBeH-
HHRaM, HanpHMep rrOHeCeHHbIX HMH paCXO;r:J;OB Ha JIe'leHlle,
CY;r:J;e6HaH npaRTHRa npH3HaeT npe;r:J;'bHBJIeHHe Tpe60BaHHH
RaR OT HMeHH HenOCpe;r:J;CTBeHHO nOTepneBrnerO (CM. perneHHe
BepXOBHOrO cY;r:J;a OT 12 weBpaJIH 1937 r.), TaR II OT HMeHH
era 6JIHmaHrnHX pO;r:J;CTBeHHHROB (CM. perneHHe BepXOBHoro
CY;r:J;a OT 9 anpeJIH 1938 r.) .
HapyrneHHe cBo6o;r:J;bI BRJIIO'IaeT B ce6H HapyrneHHe RaR
WH3H'IeCROH, TaR H MOpaJIbHOH CB060;r:J;bI. B nepBOM CJIY'lae
HapyrneHHe CBo60;r:J;bI He 06H3aTeJIbHO ;r:J;OJImHO 6bITb rrpe;r:J;CTaB-
JIeHO B BH;r:J;e apeCTa HJIH 3a;r:J;epmaHHH JIlIu;a, nO;r:J; ;r:J;aHHYIO Ra-
TeropHIO nO;r:J;na;r:J;aeT H nperrHTCTBHe npoxo;r:J;Y. HapyrneHHe
MOpaJIbHOH CB060;r:J;bI MomeT OCYIIJ;eCTBJIHTbCH nocpe;r:J;CTBOM
06MaHa HJIH npHHym;r:J;eHlIH.
IIoRyrneHHe Ha meHCKYIO '1eCTb TaRme HBJIHeTCH Hapyme-
HHeM JIHQHOH CB060;r:J;bI, npH aTOM H3HaCHJIOBaIme COCTaB-
JIJIeT OCHOBaHHe ;r:J;eJIHRTHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH He TOJIbRO no
OTHorneHHIO R meHe, HO H R Mymy. B ;r:J;aHHYIO rpynny npaBO-
HapyrneHHH B HaCTOHIIJ;ee BpeMH BRJIIO'IaeTCH H npeJII060;r:J;eH-
HHe meHbI HJIH Myma (CM. nn. 1 n. 1 CT. 770 rR), npH'IeM
cY;r:J;e6HaH npaRTHRa pacnpOCTpaHHeT aTO nOJIOmeHHe II Ha
meHy npH He3aperHcTpHpoBaHHoM 6paRe (CM. pemeHHe Bep.
XOBHoro cY;r:J;a OT 12 MaH 1919 r.). B nOpHJU,e TOJIROBaRlIH
C'IHTaeTCH, '1TO cynpyr, OTBeTCTBeHHbIH 3a pa3pyrneHHe 6pa-
Ka, HeceT no OTHorneRHIO R ;r:J;pyrOMY cynpyry OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb
no B03MeIIJ;eHHIO yIIJ;ep6a, O;r:J;HaRO, no HarneMY MlIeHHIO, ;r:J;aH.
HbIH: Bonpoc 6bIJIO 6bI 60JIee YMeCTHO perYJIHpOBaTb HoplllaMH,
RacaIOru;HMHCH pa3;r:J;eJIa HMyru;eCTBa npH pa3BO;r:J;e (CT. 768,
771 rR).
3arrperu;eHHe nORyrneHHH Ha qeCTb JIH'IHOC-TH BOCXOP;HT
eIIJ;e R BpeMeHaM weO;r:J;aJIH3Ma H nopom;r:J;eHO 3anpeIIJ;eHueM
KPHTHRlI B a;r:J;pec weo;r:J;aJIa. CJIe;r:J;yeT Y'lHTbIBaTb, '1TO B nOHH'
THe '1eCTH BXO;r:J;HT He TOJIbRO '1eCTb OT;r:J;eJIbHOH JIH'IHOCTH, HO
n '1eCTb IOpH;a;II'IeCROrO JIHIJ;a H HHbIX 06'be;r:J;HHeHHH. II09TOMY
TIPH nORyrneHHH Ha '1eCTb RaROrO-JIH60 06'be;r:J;HHeHHH OHO
MomeT Tpe60BaTb B03Meru;eHHH yIIJ;ep6a HJIH BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH
cBoeII '1eCTII (CT. 723 rR). B nOHHTHe HapYlliemIJl '1eCTII
BXO;r:J;HT H RJIeBeTa, HanpHMep B OTHorneHHH TeXHll'leCKOrO
060pY;r:J;OBaHHH IIJIH penYTaU;HH ;r:J;aHHoro 06'be;r:J;HHeHHH.
HaROHeu;, CJIe;r:J;yeT YRa3aTb Ha TaRoe JIH'IHOe npaBO, RaR
npaBO Ha HenpIlKOCHOBeHHOCTb JIH'IHOH mmmll, 'Ibe Hapyrne-
HHe HerrpaBOMepHO. HaH60JIbrnee pa3BHTHe 9TO npaBO nOJIY-
'1H.lIO RaR B 3aROHO;r:J;aTeJIbCTBe, TaR H B cy;a;e6HoH npaKTHRe
141
ellA, XOTH H B fIrroHHH iWJIa, CBH3aHHble C ero HapyrneHHeM,
TaIOKe paCCMaTpllBaJIHCb B cY}J;ax.
B CBH3H C }J;eJIHRTHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTbIO 3a HapyrneHHe
YRa3aHHoro rrpaBa CJIe}J;yeT OTMeTIITb }J;Ba MOMeHTa: Bo-nep-
nbIX, rrpll Be}J;eIH'I1I JIHn;OM OOm;ecTBeHHoH }J;eHTeJIbHOCTH ny6-
Jlrt'IHOrO xapaRTepa OHO YTpa'IIIBaeT B }J;aHHbIX rrpe}J;eJIax
rrpaBO na HerrpHROCHOBeHHOCTb JIII'IHOH mH3HH, II, BO-BTOpbIX,
HapymeHIIe YRa3aHHoro rrpaBa BCJIe}J;CTBIIe Ha}J;JIemam;ero
ocy:rn;eCTBJIeHIIH nYOJlH'IHOH BJIaCTII He COCTaBJIHeT npOTHBO-
rrpaBIIOCTIf (XOTH He Bcer}J;a HCHO, HBJIHIOTCH JIH }J;eHCTBIIH
ny6JIH'IHOH BJIaCTII Ha}J;JIema:rn;IIMII).
3) BU}J;bI rr;eiicTBIfH no HapymeHIIIO. IIpII 3Ha'II'ITeJIbHOH
npOTHBorrpaBnOCTII }IeHCTBIIH o6H3aTeJIbcTBo no B03Mem;eHHIO
Bpe}J;a B rropH}J;Re }J;eJIHRTHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH rrpH3HaeTcH It
B TOM CJIY'Iae, eCJIII HapymeHHoe rrpaBO HBJIHeTCH rro CBoeMY
xapaRTepy CJIa6bIM.
a) HaH60JIhmIIH rrpOTIIBorrpaBHbIH XapaI{Tep rrpH3HaeTca
3a }J;eHCTBIIHMH, HapymalOIqHMH npe}J;nHcaHHH yrOJIOBHOrO
npaBa. HarrpHMep, pacrrpOCTpaHeHIIe JIOmHbIX CJIYXOB npep;-
CTaBJIHeT co6oH rrpecTyrrJIeHIIe, rrpe}J;YCMOTpeHHoe CT. 233 YR,
rroaTOMY OHO BJIe'IeT }J;eJIIIRTHYIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb.
6) HapymeHlIe o6H3aTeJIbHbIX npe}J;nHcaHIIii 3RKOHO}J;a-
TeJIbCTBa, oxpaHHIOm;IIX HHTepecbI p;pyrIIx JilIn;, TaRme pac-
CMaTpIIBaeTCH RaR rrpOTIIBonpaBHoe II BbI3bIBaIO:rn;ee }J;eJIIIRT-
HYIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb. CIO}J;a MomHO OTHeCTII, nanpIIMep,
nO}J;}J;eJIRY }J;HpeRTOpal\fH ROMnaHIIH }J;ORYMeHTOB.
B) HapymeHl'le ny6JIH'lHOrO nopH}J;Ka H }J;06pbIX HpaBOB
DJIe'IeT 3a co6oH }J,eJlIIKTHYIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb Aame npII OT-
CYTCTBI'III HapymeHHH ROHKpeTnbIX HOpM aaKOHO}J;areJIbCTBa.
r) 3JIoynoTpe6JIeHlIe npaBOM. IIpem}J;e npaBOBaH }J;ORTpII-
Ha He }J;onYCRaJIa npII3HaHHH aa peaJIIIaan;HeH npaBa Ra'IeCT-
Ba npOTHBonpaBHOCTII, O}J;HaRO B lIaCTOHm;ee BpeMH 3aRpenJIeH
rrpHHn;lIn CJIe}J,OBaHHH peaJIH3an;IIII npaBa 06m;eMY 6JIary II
He}J;onym;eHIIH 3JIoynOTpe6JIeHIIH rrpaBOM (CM. CT. 1 rR).
IIpn 3JIOynoTpe6JIeUHH npaBoM 3aROH CTOHT He Ha CTopOHe
ynpaBOMO'IeHHOrO JIIII],a II Bonpoc 0 }J;eJIHKTROII OTBeTCTBeHHO-
CTII pemaeTCH Ha ocnOBe H3Y'IeHHH xapaRTepa napymeHHoro
npaBa. IIpHHn;Hn ne}J;onYCTHMOCTII 3JIoynorpe6JIeITIIH npaBOM
JIer B nOCJIe}J;nee Bpe 'IH B OCIIOBY pH}J;a HOBbIX npaB, HanpII-
Mep npaBa Ha COJIne'IHhIH CBeT, npaBa ua oRpymaIO:rn;yIO cpe}J;y
H APyrHx, H60 nO Mepe pOCTa ypoaHII3an;IIH B HnOHHH, CTPOII-
TeJIbCTBa MHoroaTamHbIX 3}J;aHIIH, YBeJIH'IeHHH 'IIICJIa rrpOMbIm-
JIeHHbIX rrpe}J;IlpHHTlIii, CTpOIITeJIbCTBa CROpOCTHbIX meJIe3HbIX
142
I'[ aBTOM06HJIbHbIX Aopor, a3poAPOMOB B03HHRml npOOJIeMbI
aaTeHeHHH COCeAHIIX Y t IaCTIWB, ruYMa, BH6pan;HH, aaAblMJIe-
HHH H T. rr. OAHaRO 3TH HOBbIe rrpaBa HaXOAHTCH em;e 13 rrpo-
n;ecce CBoero CTaHOBJIeHHH, H fiX cOAepmaHHe He BcerAa HCHO.
A) HaRoHen;, HeCROJIbIW rroA APyrHM yrJIOM apeHHH OT-
MeTHM T3RYlO rrp06JIeMY, RaR npwulHeHHe BpeAa TpeTbHxI
JInn;aM Ae<peRTaMH Bem;H. B cTpaHax CHCTeMbI 06m;ero rrpaBa
C<pOpMJIpOBaJIHCb HOpMbI 13 OTHOlIIeHHH orraCHbIX Bem;ell, npH.-
'1MHHlOm;HX ym;ep6 TpeTbHM JIHn;aM, HanpHMep HeA06pORa'Ie-
CTBeHlIOro 060pYAoBaHHH, i\WIIIHH, rrHm;eBhIx rrpoAYRTOB, Me o
AHRaM8HToB, H, CJIeAOllaTeJIbHO, rrpH3HaeTcH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb
rrpoH3BOAHTeJIH aa YRaaaHHbIll ym;ep6.
4) OCBo60mAeHHe OT AeJIIIKTHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH. IIpn
HaJIH'IIIH OC06bIX OCHC)BaHHll JIHl\O oCB060mAaeTcH OT AeJIHRT-
HOll OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH aa !J:ellcTBHH, ROTopble, HCXOAH H3 HX
xapaRTepa H HapyllIeHHoro 6JIara, rrpHaHalOTCJI AeJIHRTOM.
a) HaH60JIee BamHblM OCHOBaHHeM JIBJIJIeTCJI Heo6xo,a;n-
Man 060pOHa. BblHymAeHHoe npH'IHHeHHe BpeAa C n;eJIblO aa-
m;HTbI ce6JI HJIH TpeTbero JIHn;a OT npaBOHapYllIeHHJI APyroro
JIHn;a He 6YAeT npOTHBonpaBHbIM. IIpH 3TOM AonYCRaeTCJI
rrpH'IHHeHHe BpeAa C n;eJIblO caMoaam;HTbI He TOJIbRO Heno-
cpeACTBeHHOMY npaBonapYIIIHTeJIlO, HO H TpeTbeMY JIHn;y, Ha-
rrpHMep AJIH aam;HTbI OT HanaAeHHH A MomHO BCTynHTb Ha
aeMeJIbIIYlO c06cTBeHIIOCTb rpamAaHHHa E. CJIeAyeT Y'IHTbI-
BaTb, '1TO AaHHaH He06xoAHMaH 060poHa HeCROJIbRO OTJIH'IHa
OT npH3HaBaeMoll 'YH (CT. 36 'Y1\.) . B HalIIeM npHMepe rpaiK-
AaHHH E rrpH06peTaeT rrpaBO Tpe60BaTb OT A B03Mem;eHHH
ym;ep6a (n. 1 CT. 720 f1\.).
6) KpaHHHH Heo6xo,a;HMOCTb. IIoBpeiKAeHHe Bem;H C n;eJIbIO
Ha6eiKaTb _HCXO!J:Hm;en OT Hee RpanHell orraCHOCTH He 6Y!J:eT
rrpOTHBorrpaBHbIM. IIpHMep - y6HllCTBO rpaiKAaHHHOM HanaB-
lIIell Ha Hero c06aRH (n. 2 CT. 720). OAHaRo 13 AaHHOM CJIyqae
He AorrYCRaeTCJI BCTynJIeIlHe Ha aeMeJIbHYlO c06CTBeHHOCTb E.
B) XOTH 13 f1\. OTCYTCTBylOT COOTBeTCTBYlOm;He nOJIOiKe-
HHII, OAHaRO ocym;eCTIIJIeHHe npaB, nplI3HaHHoe HaAJIemam;HM,
He 6YAeT rrpOTHBorrpaBHLIM. II03TOMY, HanpHMep, aa6aCTOBRa
He HBJIJIeTCH rrpanOIIapYlIIeIlIIe}'1 (CT. 28 HOHcTHTyn;HH Hrro-
HHH, rr. 2 CT. 1, CT. 8 3aRoHa 0 npo<peccHOHaJIbHbIX cOlOaax).
PaBHbIM 06pa30M no OTHOCHTCJI H R AellcTBHHM, COBepllIeH-
IIbIM rrpH HCrrOJIHeHHH CJIyme6Hblx 06H3aHHocTell.
r) IIpH BeAeHHH qymnx AeJi oe3 nopyqeHIIH ar8IIT TaRiKe
oCB060mAaeTcH OT AeJIHRTHOll OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a AaHHYIO
!J:eHTeJIbHOCTI>,
143
A) E e OAHO OCHOBaHHe - COBepIUeHHe BpeAOHOCHOrO
neiiCTBHfl C COrJIaCHH nOTepneBIUerO npH YCJIOBllH, eCJIH AaH-
Hoe COrJIaCHe He npOTlIBOpe'IHT HopMaM 3aKOHOAaTeJIbCTBa, a
TaKllie ny6JIH'IHOMY nopflAKY II A06pbIM HpaBaM. ,IJ;aHHoe OC
HOBamre oCB060lliAeHHfl OT AeJIHKTHOff OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH MOlli
HO 06'bflCHHTb Ha nplIMepe HaHeceHHfl TeJIeCHOrO nOBpelliAe-
HHfl 3pHTemo 6effC60JIbHOrO MaT'Ia BblJIeTeBIUHM C IIOJIH
Mfl'IOM.
e) BpeAoHOCHbIe effCTBHfl, npH3HaHHbIe nYOJIIf'lHbIM no-
pfl KOM H 06pbIMII HpaBaMH, TaKme He 6Y YT npOTHBonpaB-
Bbum, HanpHMep HaKa3aHHe pe6eHKa B BocnHTaTeJIbHbIX
:QeJUIX pO HTeJIeM, He 06JIa aIO HM pO HTeJIbCKHMH npaBaMH.
ITpH}'fepbI nOA06HbIX effCTBlIff 'IaCTO BCTpe'IaIOTCfl B 06rraCTH
cnopTa.
5) BpeMfl AOKa3bIBaHHfl npOTHBonpaBHOCTH Bpe OHOCHbIX
effcTBllii JIemHT Ha nOCTpa aBIUeM. Bonpoc 0 HapYIUeHHH
npaBa, 0 TOM, HapYIUaeT JIH onpe eJIeHHOe effCTBHe ny6JlJf'I-
HbIff nopfl OK H 06pbIe HpaBbI, peIUaeTCfl CY OM, O HaKO Ma-
TepnaJIbI H «PaKTbI JIH aHHoro peIUeHHfl OJImeH npe CTa-
BHTb nOTepneBIUHff. IIOHflTHO, 'ITO 6peMJI OKa3bIBaHHfl HaJIH-
qHfl OCHOBaHHff JIH oeB06olli eHHJI OT eJIHKTHOff OTBeTCT-
BeHHOCTH JIellillT Ha npH'IHHllTerre Bpe a.
166. B03HHKHoBcHHe Bpep;a - O HO H3 YCJIOBHff YCTaHOB-
JIeHHfl eJIHRTHOff OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH (CT. 709 fR). fR BRJIIO-
'IaeT B 1T0HflTHe Bpe a RaK HMy ecTBeHHbIii, TaR H MOpaJIb-
HbIff Bpe (CT. 710 fR). Y ep6 MomeT 6bITb KaK aKTHBHbIM,
TaK H naCCHBHbIM. Pa3 erreHHe y ep6a Ha aRTHBHbIff H nac-
CHBHblff B aHHOM CJIY'lae aHaJIOrH'IHO cHTya:QllH npll HeHC-
nOJIIIeHlIH o6fl3aTeJIbCTBa (CM.: 06fl3aTeJIbCTBeHHoe npaBO-
22). B03HHRHoBeHHe Bpe a OJIlliHO 6bITb ORa3aHO nOTep-
neBIUHM, O BaKO npH nOBpem eHHH Be H, TeJIeCHbIX nOBpem-
neHHflX H T. n. HaJIH'Ille Bpe a O'leBH HO H OCTaeTCfl JIHIUb
np06JIeMa onpe eJIeHHfl ero B eHelliHOM BbIpameHHH. CIO a
me OTHOClITCfl H MOpaJIbHbIff Bpe , npH'IHHeBHbIff 6JIHmaffIUHM
pOnCTBeIIHHKaM, B CJIY'lae CMepTH nOTepneBIUero.
167. llplI'IHHHaJl CBJl3b. ,IJ;eJIHKTHafl OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb He
YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCfl IIPH OTCYTCTBIIH peaJIbHOii npH'IHHHOff
CBfl3H Melli Y npOTlIBonpaBHbIM neffCTBHeM, COBepIUeHHbIM
npH'IHHHTeJIeM Bpe a, H Bpe OM, nOHeceHHbIM nOTepneBIUHM.
HaJIH'IHe naHHOff CBfl3H OJImHO 6bITb OKa3aHO HCT:QOM (no-
TepneBIUHM). 06bI'IHO OHa O'IeBH Ha, H OKa3aTb ee cpaBHH-
144
TeJIbHO HeCJIOmHO (HanpHMep, npH TeJIeCHbIX nOBpem eHHHX),
KpOMe TOrO, eCJIH CTO'IHbIe BO bI 3aBo a A callfH no ceoe He
HBJIHIOTCH HCTO'IHHKOM Bpe a, HO, CMemHBaHCb co CTO'IHbIMH
Bop;aMH 3aBo a B, C03 aIOT ero, OKa3aTeJIbCTBO Toro, 'ITO ooa
3aBo a HBJIHIOTCH HCTO'IHHKaMH npH'IHHeHHH Bpe a, HeCJIOm
HO. Bonpoc me 0 TOM, KTO H3 HHX HeceT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb no
B03Mem;eHHIO, COCTaBJIHeT caMOCTOHTeJIbHYIO npOOJIeMY.
CJIOmHOCTb B03HHKaeT npH MHomeCTBeHHOCTH pa3JIH'IHbIX
no CBoeMY xapaKTepy HCTO'IHHKOB Bpe a. ,r:J;onYCTHM, rpam
, aHHH nO BeprCH H30HeHHIO H ObIJI OCTaBJIeH B OOJIbHHUY,
r e CKOH'IaJICH OT mORa nOCJIe C eJIaHHOrO YKOJIa. TYT OBOJIb
HO CJIOmHO OKa3aTb, 'ITO nepBOHa'IaJIbHOe npH'IHHeHHe Bpe
, a HBHJIOCb npH'IHHOH CMepTH nOTepneBmero. AHaJIOrH'IHaR
npOOJIellIa B03HHKaeT H B cHTyaD;HH, Kor a, HanpHMep, 3aBO
'copaCbIBaeT B peKY onpe,l1;eJIeHHOe KOJIH'IeCTBO H OBIfTbIX Be
ID;eCTB, r e OHH, CMemHBaHCb C nona aIOm;HMII Ty a CO CTO'I-
HbIMH Bo aMH repOHD;H aMH, BbI3bIBaIOT paCCTpOHCTBO 3 0-
pOBbH JIHD;, HCnOJIb3YIOm;HX BO bI ,l1;aHHOH peKH, H xapaKTep
aHHoro paCCTpOHCTBa npH aTOM He npHcym; nOCJIe CTBHHM
Tex H OBHTbIX BellIeCTB, KOTopbIe copaCbIBaIOTCH 3aBO OM
(Bpe MomeT BbI3bIBaTbCH repOHD;H aMH). MomHO npHBeCTH
TaKme MHOrO'IHCJIeHHbIe npHMepbI H3 OOJIaCTH Me HD;HHbI,
KOr,l1;a O'IeHb CJIOmHO ,l1;OKa3aTb HaJIH'IHe npH'IHHHOH CBR3H
Memp;y OOJIe3HbIO H ynoTpeOJIeHHeM OOJIbHbIM onpe eJIeHHOrO
JIeKapCTBeHHoro npenapaTa.
i 3. nOcne.qcTBMSI .qenMKT8
168. CnocoObI B03Mem;eHHJI Bpe,l1;a. IIOCJIe CTBHe ,l1;eJIHKT-
HOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH COCTOHT B B03JIOmeHHH Ha npH'IHHH
TeJIH oOH3aHHocTH no B03MemeHHIO Bpe,r:J:a nOTepneBmeMY
(CT. 709 rK).
1) llpHHl1;lIn ,l1;eHeamOro B031uem;eHHfI. XOTH cnocoobI B03-
Mem;eHHH Bpe a, npH'IHHeHHOro eJIHKTOM, MorYT ObITb BOH-
Koro pO,l1;a - KaK BOCCTaHOBJIeHHe npemHero nOJIOmeHHH, TaK
H eHemHoe B03Mem;eHHe, - rK, aHaJIOrH'IHO B03Mem;eHHIO
ym;epoa npH HelICnOJIHeHHH oOH3aTeJIbCTBa, YCTaHaBJIHBaeT
npHHD;lIn eHemHoro B03Mem;eHHH (CM. n. 1 CT. 722, CT. 417
rK, OOH3aTeJIbCTBeHHoe npaBO - 22). IIo HameMY MHeHHIO,
npHMeHeHHe aHHoro npHHD;Hna B OTHomeHHH HeHCnOJIHeHHJl
oOH3aTeJIbCTB BnOJIHe OoocHoBaHHc; 'ITO me KacaeTCH eJIHKT
HOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH, TO, nO OOHO repMaHCKOMY rpamp;aH
10 3aK3a N. 1264
145
CKOMY rrpaBY, CJIe,lJ;OBaJIO 6bI B Ka'IeCTBe OCHOBHoro rrpHHIJ;Hrra
YCTaHOBHTb rrpHHIJ;Hrr BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH rrpemHerO rrOJIOmeHHa
H JIHillb rrpH HeB03MomHOCTH BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH Tpe60BaTb ,lJ;e-
HemHoro B03MeIIleHHH.
2) B rropH,lJ;Ke HCKJIIO'IeHHH TeKym,ee 3aKOHO,lJ;aTeJIbCTB()
rrpH3HaeT npHHIJ;Hn BOCCTaHOBJIeHHJI npemHero nOJIOmeHHJI.
COrJIaeHO rR rrpII rrpH'IHHeHHH Bpe,lJ;a 'IeCTH rpam,lJ;aHHHa CYA
rro 3aHBJIeHUIO rroTeprreBillero MomeT Tpe60BaTb BMeCTO HJIH
HapH,IJ;y C B03Mem,eHHeM Bpe,lJ;a BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH 'IeCTR
(CT. 723 rH), H3rrpHMep rrOMem,eHHH H3BHHeHHH rrOTepneB-
IIleMY lIa CTpaHHIJ;aX rre'IaTIL AmmOrlI'IHOe rrOJIOmeHHe cO}.J;ep-
mlIT rr. 3 CT. 1 2 3aKoHa 0 rrpe)IOTBpam,eHHH He,lJ;06poCOBeCT-
HOH KOHKypeHIJ;HH. IIpHMeHHTeJIbHO K ym,ep6y, BbI3blBaeMoMY
}.J;06bI'Ieli rrOJIe3HbIX HCKorraeMbIx, 3aKoH 0 ropHoM ,lJ;eJIe yCTa-
HaBJIHBaeT rrpHHIJ;Hrr }.J;eHemHoro B03Mem,eHHH, O,lJ;HaKO ,lJ;orry-
CKaeT H BoceTaHOBJIeHlIe rrpemHero rrOJIOmeHHH, eeJIH TaKOBoe
oeym,ecTBHMo 6e3 cym,ecTBeHHbIx H3,lJ;epmeK rro cpaBHeHHIO C
CYMMOH B03Mem,eHHH (CT. 111 YKa3aHHoro 3aKoHa).
169. Bpe,lJ;, nO,lJ;JIemam,HH B03Mem,eHHIO.
1) BU,lJ;bI Bpe,lJ;a.
a) RaK OTMe'IaJIOCb paHee, 06'beKTOM B03Me:w:eHHH MomeT
6bITb KaK HMym,eCTBeHHbIH, TaK H MOpaJIbHbIH ym,ep6. llpR
3TOM eJIe}.J;yeT lIMen B BH,lJ;Y, 'ITO HMym,eCTBeHHbIll ym,ep6 1\10-
meT B03HHKaTb He TOJIbKO rrpH rrOTepe MaTepHaJIbHOrO xapaR-
Tepa, HO II npH MOpaJIbHOM ym,ep6e H rrpH rroKyrneHHH H3
JIH'IHbIe rrpaBa. IIpH IIMy:w:eCTBeHHOM y:w:ep6e B03Mem,eHHID
rrO}.J;JIemHT CTOHMOCTHbIH 8RBIIBaJIeHT HapyrneHHoro HMy:w:eCT-
BeHHoro rrpaBa, a rrpH MOpaJIbHOM - HMeHHO ,lJ;3HHbIH MOpaJII.-
HbIH y:w:ep6. IIOCKOJIbKY MOpaJIbHbIe CTpa}.J;aHHH HeO}.J;H03Ha'I-
IIbI ,lJ;JIH pa3HbIX JIIO,lJ;eH, HC'IHCJIeHHe MOpaJIbHOrO yrn;ep6a
BeCbMa CJIomno. 06bI'IHO OHO ocym,eCTBJIHeTCH, HeXO,lJ;H lf3'
MepbI CTpa,lJ;aHHH, rrpH'IHHHeMoro pH,lJ;OBOMY rpaa{,lJ;aHHHY, a
TaKa,e na OCHOBe 06bPIaH H rrpHHLI,Hrra crrpaBep;JIHBOcTH.
6) 'Ym,ep6 rrO,lJ;pa3,lJ;eJIHeTCIT Ha aKTHBHbIH H rraccHBHbIH,
O,lJ;HaKO 06a OHH rrO,lJ;JIemaT li.!ia Iem,eHHIO.
2) HC'lucJIeuue CYMM1J Bpe,lJ;a II npll'I1IHHaJl CBJl3b. ;D;orry-
CTHM, rrOCTpa,lJ;aBrnHH rro lYQHJI JIerl\He TeJIeCHbIe rrOBpem,n;e-
HHH, O)];HaKO, nOTpaTHB lipeMH Ha JI8'IeHHe, OH yrrYCTHJI B03-
MMKHOCTL 3aKJIIO'IHTb BbIro}.J;HbIH ,n;orOBOp, a cnYCTH HeKOTopoe
BpeMH CKOH'IaJICH BCJIe,lJ;CTBHe 3apameHlU[ KpOBH. B TaKOJvB
CJIY'Iae 06m,aH CYMMa yrn;ep6a MomeT ,n;OCTHrHYTb neCI\OJIbKHX'
LJ;eCHTROB MIIJIJIHOHOB HeH, H B03Mern;eHlIe Bcei5: ;noif CYMMb.
146
ObIJIO 6bi HeBOSMomHblM AmI np:wnnnITemI BpeAa, a TaKme
npOTlIBOpe'lHJIO 6bl rrpHHI:I;HIIY crrpaBeAJIHBOcTH. IT03TOMY
BosMe eHHIO rrOAJIemHT JIIIIIIb y ep6, HaxoAH HHCH B Herro-
,cpeACTBeHHOH rrpH'lHHHOH CBHSH C BpeAoHocHbIM AeHCTBHeM,
a HMeHHO HSAepmKH Ha JIe'leHHe, MOpaJIbHblH y ep6 H y ep6
QT BbIHymAeHHoro rrporYJIa. B 3TOH CBHSH rrOJIOmeHlie CT. 416
fR OTHOCHTeJIbHO HeHCrrOJIHeHHH 06HSaTeJIbCTBa rrpHMeHH-
,eTCH H K rpamAaHeKOMY rrpaBoHapyrneHHIO. OAHaKO B OTJIH-
'IRe 01' HeHcrrO.JIHeHHH 06HSaTeJIbCTBa, rAe Jl:OJImHHK, Haxo-
)];HCb B orrpeAeJIeHJIOH CBHSH C KpeAHTopOM, 'laCTO SHaeT Bce
CrreIJ,IIqJH'IeCKHe 06CTOHTeJIbCTBa, rrpH AeJIHKTe CTOpOHbI BC'fY-
TIaIOT B eBHSb 06bI'IHO rrpH ocy eCTBJIeHHH BpeAOHocHoro AeH-
rCTBHH, H rrpeABHJl:eTbBCe CrreIJ,HWH'IeCKHe 06CTOHTeJIbCTBa sa-
paHee rrpaKTH'IeCKII HeBOSMomHO.
ITpHBeAeM rropHJl:OK HC'IHCJIeHHH y ep6a rrpHMeHHTeJIbHO
R HaH60JIee THrrH'IHbIM cHTyaIJ,HHM. ITpH rH6eJIH HJIH rrOBpeiR-
;n;eHHII BelIJ,H BOSMem;eHHIO rrO)J;JIemHT ee rroKyIIIIaH IJ,eRa,
pacxOAbI Ha YCTpaHeHHe AeweKTa H T. A. ECJIH me B peSYJIb-
TaTe 3Toro 6bIJIa ynym;eHa BblrO)J;a 01' rrepenpO)J;amH BelIJ,II
}IJIH rH6eJIb (rrOBpem)J;eHHe) Bem;H AOCTaBHJIa SHa'IHTeJIhHbIe
MOpaJII,Hble CTpa)1aHIIH B CBHSH C TeM, '11'0 OHa, HarrpHMep,
ObIJIa rraMHTbIO 0 nOKOHHOM, 31'0 TaKme paCCMaTpHBaeTCH
KaK ym;ep6. B eJIY'Iae CMepTH rrOTeprreBrnero BOSMem;aeTCH
HMYlI\eCTBeHHbIH ym;ep6 B paSMepe rrpeArrOJIaraeMOro 3apa-
OOTKa rrOKOHHoro sa rrepHOA AO ero BosMomHoH eCTecTBeHHoH
cMepTH, HcxoAH HS cpeAHeH rrpOAOJImHTeJII,HOCTH mHSHH H sa
BLI'IeTOM cpeAcTB K cym;ecTBoBaHHIO. HpOMe Toro, B 3TOM
(\JIY'Iae 6JIHSKHM rroKoHHoro AOJImHa rrpeAOCTaBJIHTbCH H Ae-
HemlIaH KOMrreHcaIJ,HH (CM. perneHHe BepxoBHoro cYAa 01'
24 HIOHH 1964 r.). ITPH rrpH'IHHeHHH BpeAa SAOpOBhIO BOSMe-
IIJ;aIOTCH paCXOJl:bI Ha JIe'IeHHe, OAHaKO rrpH YTpaTe TpYAocrro-
C06HOCTH HJIH rrpH rrpH'IHHeHHH MOpaJIbHbIX cTpaJJ;aHHH, CBH-
saHHblX C HHBaJIHAHOCTbIO, AOJImeII BOSMem;aTI,CH H AaHHbIH
ym;ep6. ITpH'IIIHeHHe BpeAa 'IeCTH rpamAaHHHa paCClIIaTpHBa-
eTCH KaK MOpaJIbHbIH ym;ep6.
Bo Bcex YKasaIIIIbIX CJIY'IaHX 'IHCTO MaTeMaTII'IeCKOe HC-
'IHc.:reIIHe pasMepa BOSl\1em;eIIlIJI 'IaCTO BeCI,;\Ia saTpYAHHTeJIb-
HO, n03TOMY OKOII'IaTeJII,HOe orrpeAeJIeHHe BOSMem;eHHH AOJIiR-
HO DCIIOBbIBaTI,CJI na Y'IeTe H TaKHX WaKTopOB, KaK COIJ,HaJIb-
Hoe nOJIOmeHHe, POA SaHJITHH H HMy ecTBeHHoe rrO;JJOmeHHe
nOTeprreBrnero II npH'IHHHTeJIH BpeAa, CTeneRI, yMbICJIa IIJIH
aeocTopomHocTH npII'IIIHHTeJIH BpPAa, CTerreHb ocymAaeMocTH
Bpe!.(oIIocHoro AeHCTBHJI C MOpaJIbHOH TO'IKH speHHH, a TllKiRe
10'
147
CJIep;OBaTb cyp;e6HbIM npen;ep;eHTaM II npIIHn;IIny CnpaBep;JIlI-j
BOCTII.
3) 3a 1 IeT HeOCTopomHOCTII. TIpH HaJIH'IIIII HeOCTopomHO-
CTII nOTepneBrnero cyp; MomeT Y'IeCTb:no npII onpep;eJIeBHB<
pa3Mepa B03Mem;eHIIH Bpep;a (n. 2 CT. 722 fH). ,l],aHHoe no-,
JIOmeHIIe II3BeCTHO nop; Ha3BaHIIeM 3a'IeTa HeocTopomHocTH.
Op;HaKo B OTJIII'IIIe OT HeIICnOJIHeHIIH o6H3aTeJIbCTBa B pac-
cMaTpIIBaeMoH cHTyan;IIII cyp; MomeT KaK npIIHHTb, TaK II He
npHHHTb BO BHIIMaHIIe HeOCTopomHOCTb nOTepneBrnero, XOTB
060CHOBaHHOCTb npOBep;eHIIH TaKoro pa3rpaHII'IeBIIH II BbI3bI-
BaeT COMHeHIIH (CM.: 06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHoe npaBO - 23) .
4) 3a'IeT BpeJ1;a H BblrOJ1;bI. IIMeIOTcH cHTyan;IIH, KorJJ;a op;-
HOBpeMeHHO C Bpe;IJ;OM p;eJIHKT npIIHOCIIT nOTeprreBrneMY II BbI-
rO;IJ;Y. Pa3YMeeTcH, B TaKHX CJIY'IaHX npII B03Mem;eHHH H3
CYMMbI ym;ep6a p;OJImHa BbI'IIITaTbCH cYMMa BbIrO;IJ;bI. CJIe;IJ;yeT,
o;IJ;HaKO, HMeTb B BIIP;Y, 'ITO cTpaxoBaH npeMIIH, nOJIY'laei\IaB
IJOTepIJeBIIIHM IJpH TeJIeCHbIX nOBpemp;eRHHX, He HBJIHeTCB
06'beKTOM npIIMeHeHHH nOJIOmeHIIH 0 3aqeTe Bpe;IJ;a H BbIrOp;I>I.
IIpH aTOM CTpaXOBaTeJIb MomeT 3aMeIIWTb IIOTepIIeBIIIero B
npeJ1;'bHBJIeHHII Tpe60BaHIIH B03Mem;eHIIH ym;ep6a K IIPH'IIIBII-
TeJIIO Bpe;IJ;a B npe;IJ;eJIax pa3Mepa CTpaXOBoro IIpep;OCTaBJIeHHH
(CT. 632 TH). 8TO me pacIIpocTpaHHeTcH H Ha IIpeJJ;ocTaBJIe-
HIIe co CTOpOHbI CHCTeMbI COn;IIaJIbHOrO CTpaXOBaHIIH.
5) ITpaBo JIIu a, B03MeCTHBmero Bpep;. TIPH B03Mem;eHIIII
IIOJIHOH CTOIIMOCTII, HaIIpIIMep, IIOBpemp;eHHbIX 'IaCOB rrpaBO
co6cTBeHHocTII Ha p;aHHbIe 'IaCbI p;OJImRO IIpIIHap;JIemaTb JIH-
n;y, B03MeCTIIBIIIeMY Bpep;. TIoaToMY IIHCTHTYT 3aMelI(eHJUI,
rrpep;ycMaTpIIBaeMbIH B OTROIlIeHIIII HeHCIIOJIReRHR o6H3a-
reJIbCTBa (CT. 422 fH), paCIIpOCTpaHHeTCH H Ha p;eJIIIKT.
170. Oco6eHHocTH IIpaBa Tpe60BaHHH B03Mem;eHIIH ymep-
6a Ha OCHOBaHHH p;eJIHKTHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH.
1) Oco6bIe nOJIOmeHHH B OTHomeHHH nJIop;a B YTpo6e Ma-
repH. B CBH3H C rrpaBOM Tpe60BaHHH B03Mem;eHHH yrrwp6a
ua OCHOBaHHH p;eJIIIKTHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTII rrJIOp; B YTpo6e
MaTepII paCCMaTpIIBaeTCH KaK yme POJJ;HBIIIHllCH pe6eHoK
(CT. 721 fH).
2) 3anpem;eHHe 3a'IeTa. ,l],OJImHIIK o6H3aTeJIbCTBa no B03-
Mem;eHIIIO Bpe,'w Ha OCHOBaHIIH p;eJIHKTHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTR
He MomeT rrpeKpaTIITb IIJIII YMeHbIlIIITb TaKoe 06H3aTeJIbCTBO
rrYTeM ero 3a'Iera co6CTBeHHbIM IIpaBOM Tpe60BaHHH B OTHO-
I1IeHHII IJOTepneBIIIero (CM. CT. 509 fH, 06H3aTeJIT,CTBeHHoe
rrpaBO - 69).
148
3) IIoracHTeJIbHaJl aBHOCTb. IIpaBo TpeooBaHHfl B03Me-
eHHfl Ha OCHOBaHHH eJIHKTHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH HMeeT'
cpaBHHTeJIbHO KopOTKHe CpOKH aBHOCTH, a HMeHHO 3 ro a
C TOro MOMeHTa, KaK nOTepneBnmH IDIH ero 3aKOHHbIH npe -
CTaBHTeJIb Y3HaJi 0 npHqHHeHHOM Bpe e H JIHqHOCTH npHqH-
HHTeJIfl Bpe a, HJIH 20 JIeT C MOMeHTa npaBoHapyrneHH}[
(CT. 724 fR).
t 4. Oco6ble BNAb! AenNKT8
171. OCOObIC BH bI eJIHGTa COCTaBJIflIOT rrpaBoHapyme-
HHfl, YCJIOBHfl YCTaHOBJIeHHfl eJIHKTHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a'
KOTopbIe OTJIHqaIOTCfl OT OOmHX.
,I:(eJIHKTHYIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb B TaKHX CJIyqaflX MOmH(}'
pa3 eJIHTb Ha Be pa3HOBH HOCTH: Bo-nepBbIX, OTBeTCTBeH-
HOCTb 3a Ymepo, npHqHHeHHbIH npaBoHapyrneHHflMH TpeTl>HX
JIHn; (CM.: OOfl3aTeJIbCTBeHHoe npaBO - 172), BO-BTOpbIX, OT-
BerCTBeHHOCTb BJIa eJIbn;a HJIH coocTBeHHHKa 3a Ymepo, npH-
'IHHeHHbIII BembIO HJIH ynpaBJIeHHeM eIO (oTBeTcTBeHHOCTb-
BJIa eJIbn;a HJIH coocTBeHHHKa CTpoeHHH (CT. 717 fR), mH-
BOTHbIX (CT. 718 fR». RpoMe Toro, fR co epmHT nOJIOmEmHe'
B OTHorneHHH TaK Ha3bIBaeMoro COBMeCTHoro eJIHRTa, cOBep-
rneHHoro HeCROJIl>KHMH JIHll,aMH (CT. 719 fR), npeAycMa TPH-
BaIOmee onpe e.lIeHHble HCKJIIO'IeHHfl H3 ooID;ero nOJIOmeHHfl'
OTBerCTBeHHOCrH no npHHn;Hny BHHbI. OCOObIH xapaKTep e-
JIHKTHOII OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH onpe eJIfleTCfl cnen;mpHqeCKHMH
YCJIOBHflMH B03HHRHOBeHHfl Bpe a. IIoClToMY B03HHRHOBeHHe'
cnen;mpHqeCKHX BHAOB Bpe a, CBfl3aHHoro C cOBpeMeHHbIM,
pa3BHTHeM TeXHHKH H npOMbIrnJIeHHOCTH, nopomAaeT HOBbie-
BH bI ocoooro )J,eJIHKTa. OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb, YCTaHaBJIHBaeMa}[
Crren;HaJIbHbIM 3aKOHO)J;aTeJIbCTBOM npH HeCqaCTHbIX CJIyqaflX
B CBfl3H C aBTOTpaHcnopTHbIMH npOHcrneCTBHflMII, 3arpfl3He-
IIIIeM OI\pymaIOmeH cpe)J;bI npOMbIrnJIeHHbIMH npe)J;npHflTHflMH'
H T. n., C O)J;HOH CTOpOHbI, npHOJIHmaerCfl K OTBerCTBeHHOCTH
6e'! BHHbI, a C )J;pyroH - CYID;ecTByeT napaJIJIeJIl>ITO C raImMH
MepaMH OKa3aHlIfl nm.WmH nOTepneBnlHM, Kah OOJI3aTeJIbHOe
CTpaXOBaHHe, n )J;pyrHMH OJIH3RHMH K HeMy HHCTHTYTaMH.
172. OTBeTcTBeHHocTb 3a npaBoHapyrneHHfl cOBeprneuHbIe:
ApyrHM JIHll,OM.
1) OTBeTCTBeHHocTb JIlIll,a, OCYIl\eCTBJIJlIOI.qero GOHTpOJIb
149
':3a JIHn;OM, He OOJIa aIOm;HM cnOCOOHOCTbIO R BMeHeHHIO
(CT. 714 fR).
Ror a onpe eJIeHHOe JIHn;O He MOiKeT HeCTH OTBeTCTBeH-
HOCTII 3a cnOH eHCTBHH, nOCJIe HHH B03JIaraeTCH Ha Tex, Ha
'ROM JIeiKHT 06H3aHHOCTb ROHTpOJIH 3a YRa3aHHbIMH JIHn;aMH.
'CIO a OTHOCHTCH JIHn;a, OOJIa aIOIIJ;He pO HTeJIbCRHMH npaBa-
MH, oneRYHbI, PYROBO HTeJIH eTCRHX Y'IpeiK eHHH H PyrHe.
,JIx OTBeTCTBenHOCTb, O HaRO, He npe CTaBJIHeT C060H OTBeT-
'CTBeHHOCTH 6e3 nHHbI, nOCROJIbRY npH npe CTaBJIeHHH HMH
ORa3aTeJIbCTB Toro, 'ITO OHH Ha JIeiKaIIJ;HM oopa30M HCnOJI-
HHJIH CBOIO 06H3aHHOCTb no ROHTpomo, OHH MorYT 6bITb OCBO-
,60iK eHbI OT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH. 3 eCb 6peMH ORa3aTeJIbCTBa
He JIeiKHT Ha nOTepnenllleM. RpOMe Toro, 3 eCb, TaRiKe B OT-
,JIH'IHe OT OObI'IHOH eJIHI{THOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH, np06JIeMa
neOCTopOiKHOCTH CBH3aHa He C Bpe,IJ;OHOCHbIM ;o;eHCTnHeM, a C
J>.OHTpOJIeM.
IIpH npH3HaHHH 3a eHCTBHHMH He eecnoc06Horo Ra'Ie-
'-c'TBa BMeIIHMOCTH nOJIOiKeHHe CT. 714 fR He rrpHMeHHeTCH.
Itpo Ie TOro, npH HaJIH'IHH HeOCTOp()}I{HOCTH JIHn;, OCYIIJ;eCT-
,BJIHIOIIJ;HX ROHTpOJIb 3a He eecnoc06HbIMH, HanpHMep IIPH
BpY'IeHHII 15-JIeTHeMY no pOCTRY orHeCTpeJIbHoro OPyiKHH,
113 ROToporo rrOCJIe,IJ;HHH paHHJI 'IeJIOBeRa, YRa3aHHbIe JlI'In;a
,HeCYT OTBeTCTneHHOCTb Henocpe CTBeHHO Ha OCHOBaHHH
' T. 709 fR, YCTaHanJIHBaIOIIJ;eII 06IIJ;He IJOJIOiKeHim B OTHOllIe-
,HHH eJIHRTa.
2) OTBeTcTBeHHocTb JIlIn;a, lICnOJIb3YIOm;ero 1J:YiROH TPY
\(CT. 715 fl\).
a) JIcnOJIb3YIOIIJ;Hll 'IYiKOll TPY JIH onpe eJIeHHOll eH-
',TeJIbHOCTH HeceT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a Bpe , npH1J:HHeHHbIll Ha-
'HHTbIM HM JIHIWM npH HCnOJIHeHHH oOH3aHHocTeII TpeTbeMY
,JIHl\Y. PaBHbIM 06pa30M BMeCTO HaHHMaTeJIH no 06HaH OT-
,BeTCTneHHOCTb MOiKeT B03JIaraTbCH H Ha JIHn;O, ROHTpOJIHpyIO-
IIJ;ee eHTeJIbHOCTb pa60THHKOB (n. 2 CT. 715 fR, CM. pellIeHHe
BepxoBHoro cy a OT 11 <l>eBpaJIH 1964 r.).
6) YCJIOBHJlMH YCTaHOBJIeHlIJI OTBeTCTBeHHOCTII HaHHMa
,TeJIH HnJIHIOTCH CJIe,IJ;yIOIIJ;He.
Bo-nepnblx, IICnOJlb30BaHHe HaHllTorO Jllln;a ,IJ;JIH OCYIIJ;eCT-
'BJIeHHH onpe eJIeHHOH eHTeJIbHOCTH. ,[(aHHoe nOJIOiKeHHe
'MOIf,eT TOJII\OnaTbCH B IlIHpOKOM CMbICJIe (CM. pellIeHHe Bep-
XOBHoro cy a OT 15 HIOHH 1927 r.), nonOMY B03MOiKHO eJ;H-
:HOBpeMenHoe HCrrOJIb30naHHe pa60THHRa HJIH OTCYTCTBHe B
.ocYIIJ;eCTBJIHeMOH eHTeJIbHOCTH KOMMep'IeCKorO xapaKTepa.
ftpoMe Toro, OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb npH3HaeTCH H npH He,IJ;eHCTBH-
a50
TeJIbHOCTlI ,u;OrOBOpa, Ha OCHOBaHHH KOTOpOrO HaHHMaTeJIh.
HCrrOJIb3yeT qymoii TPy,u;.
BO-BTOpbIX, rrpHqHHeHHe Bpe,u;a BO BpeMH HCnOJIneHlIJI Ha ,
HHTblM JIHrWM CBOHX 06H3aHHOCTeii. ]J:aHHOe rrOJIOmeHHe CXO-
me co CT. 44 I'K, orrpe,u;eJIHIOm;eii O,u;HHM H3 YCJIOBHii YCTa
HOBJIeHHH p;eJIHKTHOii OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH IOpH,u;HqeCKOrO JIHn;a'
HCrrOJIHeHHe ero p;HpeKTopOM CJIyme6HbIx 06H3aHHocTeii, KO-
ropblMlI rrpH3HaIOTCH He TOJIbKO ,u;eiiCTBHH Herrocpe,u;CTBeHHO'
rro ocym;eCTBJIeHHIO cJIYiI<e6HbIX 06H3aHHOCTeii, HO H CBH3aH-,
Hble C HHMH (CM. perneHHH BepXOBHoro cy,u;a OT 22 ,u;eKa6pH
1955 r. HOT 130KTH6pH 1926 r.).
B-TpeTbHx, Bpep;OHOCHble ,u;eiicTBHH HaHHToro JIHn;a caMU.
rro ce6e OTBeqaIOT 06m;HM YCJIOBHHM YCTaHOBJIeHHH ,u;eJIHKT
Hoii OTueTCTBeHHOCTH, B HHX p;OJImeH 6bITb YMblCeJI HJIH He--
OCTOpOiKHOCTb. CJIe,u;yeT, op;naKO, yqHTbIBaTb, qTO B03MeCTHB-'
rnHii ym;ep6 HaHHMaTeJIb 06JIa,u;aeT HpaBOM 06paTHoro Tpe60-
BaHHH K HaHHTOMY JIHn;y (rr. 3 CT. 715 fK).
11, HaKOHen;, B-qeTBepTbIX, HaHHMaTeJIb oCB060m,u;aeTcH OT'
OTBeTCTueHHOCTH rrpH rrpep;CTaBJIeHHH p;OKa3aTeJIbCTB HaJIHqHH'
C ero CToponbI Hap;JIemam;ero BHHMaHHH K Ha3HaqeHHIO pa.
60THHKa Ha p;OJImHOCTb H KOHTpOJIIO 3a ero ,u;eHTeJIbHOCTbIO"
a TaKme Toro, qTO HaHRJIlaTeJIb He Mor rrpep;OTBpaTHTb rrpH-'
'IHHeHHe Bpep;a, HeCMOTpH Ha Hap;JIemam;ee BHHMaHHe C er\),.
CTOpOHbI.
B) COOCTBennaJl OTBeTCTBennOCTb nanJlTOrO JIHn;a. ]J:ame-'
npH B03JIOmenHH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH Ha HaHHMaTeJIH HJIH JIHn;O,
ocym;eCTBJIHIOm;ee KOHTpOJIb 3a HanHTbIMH JIHn;aMH, HaHHToe'
JIHn;O - rrpHqHHHTeJIb Bpep;a He oCB060m,u;aeTCH OT c06CTBeH--
lIoii OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH. 8TO BblpamaeTCH B TOM, qTO HaHHMa-
TeJIb, B03MeCTHBIIIIlii ym;ep6, MomeT Tpe60BaTb B03Bpam;eHHH'
CYMMbI B03Mern;eHHH OT HaHHToro JIHn;a (rr. 3 CT. 715 rK;
CJIe,u;yeT yqHTbIBaTb, qTO MHorHe yqeHbIe OTpHn;aIOT ,u;aHHO&'
rrpaBO rrpH 3JIoyrrorpe6JIeHHH HM). KpoMe Toro, cJIymam;Hii
rry6JIH'lHOii BJIaCTII HeceT c06cTBeHHYIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb JIHIIIb,
rrpH rrpHtyHueUHH HM Bpep;a rrpH HCrrOJIHeHHH CBOHX cJIYi-Ke6--
HhIX 06H3aHHocTeii BCJIep;CTBHe YMbICJIa HJIH rpy6011 HeOCTO-
pOiRHOCTH (rr. 2 CT. 1 3aKoHa 0 rocyp;apcTBeIIHoir KOllmerrca-
n HH ).
3) OTBeTcTBeHHocTb 3aKaaqUKa no ,u;orOBOpy no,u;pJlP;a.
(CT. 716 rK).
IIOCKOJIbKY 3aKa3qHK rro ,u;OroBOPY rro,u;pHp;a B rrpon;ecce'
pa60TbI He ocym;eCTBJIHeT KOHTpO.lIb H PYKOBOP;CTBO ,u;eiiCT-
BHHMH rro,u;pH,u;qHKa, a JIHllIb rrpHHHMaeT 3aBepIIIeHHYIO Bem;IV
15t;
(CM. CT. 632 rK), OH He HeceT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH aa ym;ep6,
IIpHtJHHeHHbIii nO)];pH)];tJHKOM TpeTbeMY JIHU;Y B npOU;ecce OCY
m;eCTBJIeHlUJ pa60TbI. PaaYMeeTCH, <!TO He OTHOCIITCH K CJIY-
"laIO HaJIHqHH HeOCTopomHOCTH B caMOM aaKaae (CM. perne-
IIHe BepXOBHoro cy)];a OT 24 )];eKaOpH 1968 r.). CJIe)];yeT HMeTb
iB BH)];y, tJTO Hepe)];KO <POPMY )];OrOBOpa nO)];pH)];a npHHIIMaIOT
I()THOrneHHH JIlItJHoro HaiiMa, a TaKme aaBHCHMbIe OTHorne-
RIIH. iho npOHBJIHeTCH, HanpHMep, B OTHorneHHHX Mem)];y
1I0APH)];tJHKOM H cyonO)];pH)];tJIIKOM. 3)];eCb OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb
(f"JIRBHOTOI nO)];pH)];'lHKa no B03Mem;eHHIO ym;epoa, npHtJIIHeHHO-
TO TpeTbHM JIIIu;aM cyonO)];pH)];qHKOM, )];OJImHa nplIaHaBaTbCH.
173. npHMeHIITeJIbHO K OTBeTCTBeHHOCTIl BJIa)];eJIbI a n:m
co6CTBeHHIIKa 33 Bpe)];, nplI'IlIHeHHbIH Bem;bIO, rK YCTaHaBJIII-
BaeT )];Ba BH)];a OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH.
1) OTBeTcTBeHHocTb BJIa)J;eJIbu;a HJIH cooCTBeHHlIR3 CTpoe-
HHH (CT. 717 rK).
a) TaK, HanpHMep, npH paHeHHII npoxomHX B pe3YJIbTa-
"fe OOBaJIa CTpoeHHH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb B nepBYIO O'lepe)];b He-
-eel' BJIa)];eJIeu; )];aHHOrO CTpoeHHH, )];OnYCTIiM ImapTlJpOC'beM-
TIJ;HK. O)];HaKO OH OCBooOm;rI.aeTCH 01' OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH npR
npe)];CTaBJIeHHII HM )];ORaaaTeJIbCTB Toro, 'lTO OH y)];eJIHJI He-
-oOXO)];HMOe BHHMaHHe npe)];OTBpam;eHHIO B03HlIKHOBeHlIH
iBpep;a. B no)];ooHoii cHTyaU;HH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb BOaJIaraeTCH
Ha COOCTBeHHHKa, rrpHtJeM B OTHorneHlI1I COOCTBeHHIIKa npaK-
'TH'leCKH He npH3HaIOTCH OCHOBaHHH ero OCBOOOm)];eHHH OT
'OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH H TaKHM oopaaOM YCTaHaBJIIIBaeTCH OTBeT-
'CTBeHHOCTb oea BHHbI (CM. perneHHe BepXOBHoro cy)];a OT
7 HIOJIH 1928 r.). ,l];aHHbIii BII;o; OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH MomHO Ha
3BaTb OTBeTCTBeHHOCTbIO 33 pIICK. CJIe)];yeT OTMeTHTb, 'ITO,
1'0BOpH JIHrnb 0 CTpoeHHHX, rK OTCTaJI 01' BpeMeHII, nOCKOJIb-
Ky, 110MHMO CTpoeHHii, B COBpeMeHHOM OOm;eCTBe HMeIOTClI
TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIe onaCHbIe TOBapbI II T. 11. YKaaaHHoe nOJIO-
iReHHe rK, TaKHM oopaaOM, CJIe)];YeT TOJIKOBaTb pacrnHpH-
'l'eJIbHO.
0) YCJIOBHHMII YCTaHOBJIeHHH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH B paCCMaT-
pImaeMOM CJIYtJae HBJIHIOTCH CJIe;O;YIOm;He.
Bo-nepBbIX, B03HHKHOBeHHe Bpe)];a, CBH3aHHoro CO CTpoe-
HHeM. nO)]; CTpoeHHeM B )];aHHOM CJIytJae rrOHHMaeTCH rnHpo-
KHii Kpyr Bem;eii: 3)];aHHH, MOCTbI, meJIeaHbIe )];OpOrlI, 0110pbI
JIHHIIH <!JIeKTpOnepe)];atJ, T. e. Bce coopymeHIIH, HenOCpe)];CT-
BeHHO CBHaaHHbIe C aeMJIeH (CM. perneHHe BepXOBHoro cy)];a
OT 1 HIOHH 1916 r.). B )];aHHYIO KaTeropliIO BXO)];IIT TaKme
152
60JIbmaH qaCTb 060pYJJ;OBaHnH maXT, 3aBOJJ;OB n T. JJ;. (CM, pe-
llIeHne BepXOBHoro cYJJ;a OT 26 anpeJIH 1962 r,).
BO-BTOPbIX, HaJInqne JJ;e<peRTa B pacnOJIOmeHnn HJIH co-
xpaHHOCTn TaRnx coopymeHnH. ]J;e<peRT nOHnMaeTCH He TOJIb-
RO B MaTepnaJIbHOM, HO n B <PYHKIWOHaJIbHOM CMbICJIe. IIo-
HHTHO, qTO B 3TOM CJIyqae He Tpe6yeTcH B03HnRHOBeHna
JJ;e<peRTa BCJIeJJ;CTBHe YMbICJIa HJIn HeOCTopomHOCTH.
B-TpeTbnX, He06xoJJ;nMO, qT06bI BpeJJ; B03HnR BCJIeJJ;CTBne
p;aHHoro JJ;e<peRTa, OJJ;HaRO He 06H3aTeJIbHO, qT06bI JJ;e<peRT HB-
JIHJICH eJJ;HHCTBeHHOH npnqnHOH B03HnRHOBeHna BpeJJ;a.
B) II pn HaJInqHn JJ;pyrnx JIn , OTBeTCTBeHHbIX 3a JJ;e<peRT,
HanpllMep nOJJ;pHJJ;qnRa, BJIaJJ;eJIe nJIn c06CTBeHHnR, B03Me-
CTnBmnH y ep6, 06JIaJJ;aeT npaBOM 06paTHoro Tpe60BaHlUl
B OTHomeHnn JJ;aHHbIX JIn (n.3 CT. 717 fR). TaRoe rrpaBO
npn3HaeTCH TaRme n B CJIyqae JJ;e<peRTa B coxpaIIHOCTn cTpoe-
HHH no BnHe BJIaJJ;eJIb a.
2) OTBeTcTBeHHocTL BJIaJJ;eJILQa mHBOTHLIX (CT. 718 fIt).
BJIaJJ;eJIeQ mnBOTHbIX nJIn mm;o, ocy eCTBJIHIO ee YXo)t
3a mnBOTHbIMn, HeceT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb no B03Me eHnIO Bpe-
JJ;a, npnqnHeHHOro mnBOTHbIMn JJ;pyrnM JIn aM. OH, OJJ;HaRO,.
oCB060mJJ;aeTCH OT oTBeTcTBeHHocTn npn npeJJ;CTaBJIeHnn JJ;O-
Ra3aTeJIbCTB HaJJ;JIema ero C TOqRn 3peHHH BnJJ;OB mnBoTHbIx
BHnMaHnH c ero CTOpOHbI. ]J;aHHoe nOJIOmeHne fR nMe-
eT B 3HaqUTeJIbHOH CTerreHn JInmb nCTOpnqeCROe 3Haqe-
HHe.
174. COBMecTHbIn JJ;eJInKT (CT. 719 fR).
1) MomHo rrpnBeCTn Tpn BHJJ;a COBMeCTHoro npaBOHa-
pymeHnH.
Bo-rrepBbIx, npn COBMeCTHOM pa3pymeHnn HeCROJILRnMIf'
JIn aMn JJ;OMa JJ;eHcTBne RamJJ;oro 6YJJ;eT COCTaBJIHTb JJ;eJInRT.
::ho Ha3bIBaeTCH COBMeCTHbIM JJ;eJIHRTOM B Y3ROM CMbICJIe.
fR YCTaHaBJInBaeT COJInJJ;apHYIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb RamJJ;oro-
n3 cOrrpnqnHnTeJIeH, n03TOMY rrpn HerrOJIHOM B03Me eHnn
y ep6a OJJ;HnM n3 COnpnqHHnTeJIeH Tpe60BaHne B03Me eHHH
MomeT rrpeJJ;'bHBJIHTbCH R JJ;pyrnM (CM. pemeHne BepXOBHOI'O-
cYJJ;a OT 20 JJ;eRa6pH 1935 r.). CJIeJJ;yeT yqn'"bIBaTb, qTO rrpn
npnqHHeHnn BpeJJ;a 3JJ;OPOBbIO rpamJJ;aHnHa BCJIeJJ;CTBne 3a-
I'pH3HeHlUl B03JJ;yxa nJIn BO,!l;bI Borrpoc 06 OTBeTCTBeHHOCTIf'
JInQa, B HaRMeHbmeH CTerreHH BnHOBHoro 3a 3arpH3HeHne,
pemaeTCH rro yCMoTpeHnIO cyJJ;a (CT. 25 2 3aKoHa 0 rrpeJJ;oTBpa-
eHlnr 3arpH3HeEJUI aTMOc<pepl:!oro B03JJ;yxa, CT. 20 3aRoHa
o rrpeJJ;OTBpa eHHU 3arpH3HeHHH BOJJ;bI).
153:
BO-BTOpbIX, rrpH rpynrroBoM H36HeHHH Op;HOrO mm;a BCe
.-COnpH'IHHHTeJIH HeCYT COJIHp;apHYIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb JIHrnb
rrpH HeB03MOiRHOCTH YCTaHOBJIeHHH JIH'IHOCTH COrrpH'IHHHTe-
.JIH, HaHeCrnerO rrOTeprreBrneMY HaH60JIee THiReJIOe TeJIeCHOe
rrOBpeJRp;eHHe.
B-TpeTbHX, fR npH3HaeT TaRJRe COJIHp;apHYIO OTBeTCTBeH-
HOCTb rrOp;CTpeRaTeJIeH H rrOCo6HHROB, XOTH OHH If He COBep-
,nraJiH Herrocpep;CTBeHHoro Bpep;OHOCHoro p;eHCTBHH COBMeCTHO
-c rrpH'IHHHTeJIeM. IIop;cTpeRaTeJIbCTBO CJIa60YMHOfO HJIH YMa-
JIHrneHHOro He COCTaBJIHeT COBMeCTHoro p;eJIHRTa, a paCCMaT-
pHBaeTCH RaR Bpep;OHOCHoe p;eHCTBHe caMoro rrop;CTpeHaTe.lIH,
HCrrOJIh30BaBrnero YRa3aHHbIX JIHn; HaR opYP;He rrpaBoHapyrne-
,HHff.
2) BCTpe'IaIOTCH CJIY'IaH, Rorp;a H30JIHpOBaHHbIe p;eHcT-
nHH Ramp;oro H3 HeCROJIbRHX JIHn; He COCTaBJIHIOT p;eJIHRT,
,op;HaRO, COBeprneHHbIe coo6m;a HeCROJIhRHMH JIHn;aMH, OHH
rrpHo6peTaIOT Ra'IeCTBO HerrpaBOMepHOCTH. BMeCTe C TeM, XO-
TH TaRHe p;eHCTBHH, RaR 3a6aCTOBRH HJIH 60HROT CO CTOpOHbI
pa60'IHX, .popMaJIhHO rrop;rrap;aIOT rrop; ()TY ROHCTpYRn;HIO, OHn
,He TOJIhRO He COCTaBJIHIOT p;eJIHRTa, HO H He rrOpOJRp;aroT OT-
,BeTCTBeHHOCTH Ha OCHOBaHHH HeHCrrOJIHeHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa,
,rrOCROJIbRY rrop;rrap;aIOT rrop; ocym;eCTBJIeHHe rapaHTHpOBaHHoro
rocyp;apcTBOM rrpaBa Ha ROJIJIeRTHBHbIe p;eHCTBHH (CM. CT. 28
ROflcTHTyn;HH HrrOHHH, CT. 8 3aRoHa 0 rrpo.peccHOHaJIbHbIX
.coI03ax) .
175. JJ;pyrMe BMp;bI oco6oro ;::r;eJIHKTa. IIOMHMO YRa3aHHbIX
,BH)];OB p;eJIHKTHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH, perYJIHpyeMoH rR, B
HrroHHH rrpHHHT pH;::r; HopMaTHBHbIX aKTOB, KacaIOm;HXCH p;aH-
soro Borrpoca.
1) 3aKoH 0 rocyp;apcTBeHHoii KOMneHCan;I1I1.
IIpaBoBaJI CHCTeMa ;::r;oBoeHHoH HrrOHHH He )];onYCKaJ a
npep;'bHBJIeHHH Tpe60BaHHH B03Mem;eHHH ym;ep6a B 'IaCTHO'
npaBOBOM rropHp;Re B OTHorneHHH rocyp;apcTBa H MeCTHbIX
ny6JIH'IHbIX 06m;HH (MYHIm;HrraJIHTeTOB), rrpH3HaBaH JIHrnb
MaTepHaJIbHYIO rrOMOm;h 'IaCTHbIM JIHn;aM B rropH)J;Re ap;MHHH-
CTpaTHBHoro rrpon;ecca rrpH rrpH'IHHeHHH HM Bpe)J;a He3aROH-
HbIMH p;eHCTBHHMH p;OJImHOCTrrbIX JIHn; rrpH ocym;eCTBJIeHHH
.pYHRIJ,HH rry6JIH'IHOii BJiaCTH. BOJIee Toro, B rrOpH)];Re TOJIKO.
BaHHH ()TO pacrrpOCTpaHHJIOCh H Ha rrpep;'bHBJIeHHe Tpe6oBa-
HHH H caMHM rry6JIH'IHbIM P;OJIiRHOCTHbIM JIHn;aM, eCJIH HHoro
He rrpep;YCMaTpHBaJIO 3aROHOp;aTeJIbCTBO. AaHHaH CHCTeMa
CHOBbIBaJIaCb Ha rrpe;::r;CTaBJIeHHH, 'ITO ocym;eCTBJIeHHe rry6-
J5A
JIH'IIIaH BJJaCTH He MameT 6bITb npaTHBanpaBHbIM. KaHCTHTY....
I HH HnamHI 1947 r. B CT. 17 YCTaHaBIIJIRnpaBO Tpe6aBaRHH:
BaaMern;eHHH ym;ep6a B p:aHHbIX CJIY'IaHX, ,a 3aKoH 0 racyp:ap-
cTBeHHall RaMUeHCaIl,HH RaHRpeTII3HptHlRJI' no naJIameHHe
KaHCTHTYII,HH, aupep:eJJHB, 'ITa I'acyp:apCTBO' H MYHHII,IIUaJIH--
TeTbl HeCYT paBHYro C HaHHMaTeJIeM aTBeTCTBBHHaCTb, npep:y-
CMaTpeHHYro CT. 715 rK, «B CJJY'Iae, Karp:a ny6JJH'lHae p:aJJm-
HaCTHae JIHII,a npH HCrraJJHeHHH ny6JJH'IHOH BJJaCTH B CBHaB:
Co' CBaHMII CJJyme6HbIMH aOHaaHHacTHMH' nO' YMblCJIY IIJIH He-
6pemHacTH rrpaTHBanpaBHa UpH'IIIHHeT Bpep: P:PyraMY JJHII,Y».
IIpep:'bHBJJeHIIe Tpe6aBaHHH R ny6JJH'IHbIM p:OJJmHOCTHbIMr
JJHII,aM B napHp:Re perpecca BaaMamHa JJHmb rrpH YMbICJJe HJJH
rpy6aH HeaCTapamHaCTH e HX CTapaHbl (CT. 1 3aRaHa a ra-
cyp:apcTBeHHall KaMneHcaI HH, n. 3 CT. 715 rK). KpoMe Tara"
ny6JJH'lHble p:aJJmHaCTHbIe JJHII,a HeCYT aTBeTCTBel:!HaCTb, npe-
P:YCMaTpeHHYro CT. 717 rK, B aTHameHHH npH'IHHeHHH yrn;ep-
6a P:PYI'HM JJHII,aM, BaaHHKmeI'a B peaYJJbTaTe p:ecpeRTaB pac-
naJJameHIIH HJJH yrrpaBJJeHIDI caapymeHHHMH ny6JJH'IHara'
xapaKTepa (CT. 2 YRaaaHHaI'a aaKaHa).
2) OTBeTcTBeHHacTb BJIaAeJIbqeB aBToTpaHcIlopTHblX
cpep:CTB.
3aKaH a BaaMern;eHHH yrn;epoa, npH'IHHeHHaI'O aBTOTpaHC-
nap1'HbIMH cpep:CTBaMH (1955 r.), YCTaHaBI1JI OTBeTCTBeHHaCTb,
HX BJJap:eJJbn;eB, OJIHaKYro K aTBeTCTBeHHaCTH 6ea BHHbl (CT. 3
YRaaaHHara aaKaHa), a TaRme BBeJJ CIICTeMY a6HaaTeJIbHarO'
CTpaxaBaHHH aB'l'aTpaHCrrapTHbIX cpep:CTB (CT. 5 11: CJJep:. YKa-
aaHHaI'a aaKaHa).
a) Cy6'beKT aTBeTCTBeHHaCTH - BJJap:eJJbIl,bI aBTaTpaHC-
napTHbIx cpep:CTB; AaHHae uaHIITHe BeC:bMa mHpaRa H BKJIro
'IaeT caOCTBeHHHKaB, HaHHMaTeJIeH H Bcex HHbIX JJHII" a6JIa-
p:arorn;HX cpaKTH'IeCKHM rocnop:CTBaM Hap: cpep:CTBaMH.'
aBTaTpaHcrrapTa. IImnoMY B RaTerapHro lIJIap:eJJbIl,eB aBTa-
TpaHcrrapTHbIX cpe,a.CTB BKJIro'IaroTcH pap:HTe1J.H HecaBepmeHHa-
JJeTHHX p:eTeH, xaTH rraCJJep:HHe H MarYT 06JJap:aTb rrpaBaM
ca6cTBeHHocTH Ha aBTaTpaHcnapTHbIe cpep:cTBa (CM. pemeHHe'
BepxaBHaI'a cyp:a aT 16 IIroJJH 1974 r.), HaHMap:aTeJIlI, npep:a-
CTaBJIJlrorn;ne aBTOTpaHcrrapTHbIe epep:CTBa HarrpaKa l' (CM. pe-
meHHe BepxaBHaI'a cyp:a aT 26 JlHBapJl 1971 r.). Gp:HaKa JJH-
II,a, Bep:yrom;ne rrpap:amy aBTaTpaHcrrapTHblX cpep:cTB B pac-
Cpa'IRY, xaTH aHM II y,B,epmnBaroT rrpaBO ca6cTBeHHacTH p:a Ma-
MeHTa aIIJIaTbl naJJHaH CTOHMaCTup:aHHbiX cpep:CTB, He BRJJro-
'IaroTGH B KaTeropHIO ux BJJaAeJJ:bfl,eB' (CM. pemeHHe BepxaBHa-
ra cYAa aT 26 HHBapH 1971 r.). IIpH y..cTaHOBJIeHHH BJIap:e'JlI'II,a
15&,
aBTOTpaHCrrOpTlIOrO Cpep;CTBa, rrOMHMO p;pyrHx <!>aKTOpOB, rrpH-
HHMaeTCH BO BHHMaHHe, KTO OrrJIa'lHBaJI paCXOp;bI Ha peMOHT
II ropIO'Iee.
6) OP;HHM H3 YCJIOBHH yCTaHOBJIeHHH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH B
aHHoH cHTyan;HH C'IHTaeTCH rrpH'IHHeHJle Bpep;a BCJIep;CTBHe
BHmeHJIH aBTOTpaHcrropTHoro cpep;CTBa, HHbIMII CJIOBaMII,
BHmeHHH aBTOTpaHcrropTHoro cpep;CTBa B HHTepecax ero
BJIap;eJIbn;a.
B) ,IJ,pyrHM Tpe60BaHHeM HBJIHeTCH rrpH'IHHeHHe CMepTH
lIJIll Bpep;a 3P;OpOBbIO p;pyrOMY JIHn;y, nplI'IHHeHHe Bpep;a HMY-
m:eCTBY, '1TO perYJIHpyeTcH COOTBeTCTBYIOm;HMH HopMaMH fK
(CT. 4 YKa3aHHoro 3aKoHa).
r) ,IJ,JIH oCB060mp;eHHH OT OTBeTCTBeHI-IOCTH neo6xop;HMO
npep;CTaBJIeHHe BJIap;eJIbn;eM CJIep;YIOm;HX p;OKa3aTeJIbCTB: OT-
e.YTCTBHH HeBHHMaTeJIbHOCTH rrpH p;BHmeHHH aBTOTpaHcrropT-
Horo cpep;CTBa C ero CTOpOHbI HJIH co CTOpOHbI BOp;HTeJIH, Ha-
JIII'IHH YMbICJIa HJIH HeOCTopomHOCTH rroTeprreBllIero HJIH
TpeTbero, rrOMHMO BOp;HTeJIH, JIHn;a, HaJIH'IHJI rrpOH3Bop;CTBeH-
IIbIX p;el!>eKToB B KOHCTpYKn;HH HJIH I!>YHKn;HOHHpoBaHHH CH-
CTeM aBTOTpaHcrropTHoro cpep;CTBa.
p;) OOH3aTeJIbHOe cTpaxoBaHHe 8BToTp8HcnopTHMX
cpep;cTB ( CT. 5 YKa3aHHOro 3aKoHa) . OCHoBHbIe MOMeHTbl
BToro HHCTHTYTa CBOP;HTCH K CJIeP;YIOm;eMY. Bo-rrepBbIx, rro-
TeprreBllIHH MomeT rrpep;'bHBJIHTb Tpe60BaHHe B03Mem;eHHH
ym;ep6a HerrOCpep;CTBeHHO cTpaxoBoH KOMrraHHH (rr. 1 CT. 16
YI\a3aHHoro 3aKoHa). BO-BTOPbIX, pa3Mep CTpaXOBoro B03Me-
m;eHHH HC'IHCJIHeTCH no TapHl!>aM, YCTaHOBJIeHHbIM 'YKa30M
o BBep;eHHH B p;eHcTBHe 3aKoHa 0 B03Mem;eHHII ym;ep6a, npH-
'tfHHeHHOro aBTOTpaHcrropTHbIMII cpep;CTBaMH. B-TpeTbHx, npM
Heo6HapymeHHH BJIap;em,n;a aBToTpaHcrropTHoro cpep;CTBa, BH-
HOBHoro B rrpOHcrneCTBHII, rrOTeprreBrneMY rro ero Tpe60BaHHIO
BbIrrJIa'lHBaeTCH orrpep;eJIeHHaH CYMMa H3 Crren;HaJIbHOrO rocy-
p;apCTBeHHoro 1!>0Hp;a (CT. 72 YKa3aHHoro 3aKona).
3) OTBeTcTBeHHocTb 3a y epo, H8HeceHHbIH B CBH3H C p;o.
ObI1JeH nOJIe3HbIX IICRonaeMbIX.
BrrepBl:'Ie rrpHHn;Hrr OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 6e3 BHHbI B 06JIaCTB
ropHoro p;eJIa 6bIJI 3aKpenJIeH B 1939 r. rrpH rrepeCMOTpe CTa-
poro 3aKoHa 0 ropHOM p;eJIe. BrrOCJIep;CTBHII BTOT rrpHHn;Hrr rre-
perneJI H B HOBbIH 3aKOH 0 ropHOM p;eJIe 1950 r. 'Ym;ep6, rrop;-
JIemam;HH B03Mem;eHHIO, BKJII01JaeT nplI'l1meHIIe Bpep;a KaR
3P;OpOBbIO, TaK H HMym;ecTBY rpam}J;an.
4) OTBeTcTBeHHocTb 3a Bpep;, npnQIIHeHHbIH nCnOJIb30Ba
HHeM 8TOMHOH 3HeprIIH.
156
,D;aHHbIH BH)]; OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH perYJIHpyeTClI 3aKOHOM 0
BOaMern;eHHH Bpe)];a, rrpH'IHHeHHOrO HCrrOJIbaOBaHlIeM aTOM
HOH :meprHH (1961 r.). AToMHbIe ::!JIeKTpOCTaHIJ;HH H HHbIe
npe)];rrpHlITHlI, CBlIaaHHble C HCrrOJIbaOBaHHeM aToMHoH :mep
rHH, HeCYT HeOrpaHH'IeHHYIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb aa Bce BH)];bJ
yrn;ep6a, rrpH'IHHeHHOro pa60ToH aTOMHoro peaKTopa, aa HC
RJIIO'IeHHeM CJIY'IaeB 'IpeaBbI'IaHHO paapymHTeJIbHbIX CTHXHH
HbIX 6e)];CTBHH H COIJ;HaJIbHbIX rrOTpllCeHHH (CT. 3 YKaaaHHoro
2aKoHa) .
B CBlIaH C TeM, 'ITO yrn;ep6 rro)];06Horo pop;a MomeT P;OCTH
raTb aCTpOHOMH'IeCRHX BeJIH'IHH, aaKOH YCTaHaBJIHBaeT 0611'
aaHHOCTb a)];MHHHCTpaIJ;HH aTOMHbIX ::meRTpocTaHIJ;HH H HHbIX
rrpe)];IIpHlITHH, CBlIaaHHbIX C HCIIOJIbaOBaHHeM aTOMHOH :mep-
rHH, aaRJIIO'IaTb cooTBeTcTBYIOrn;HH )];OrOBOp co CTpaXOBbIMH
ROMrraHHJlMH (CT. 7 YRaaaHHoro aaKoHa). CJIY'IaH, He rrpep;y-
-CMOTpeHHbIe TaRHM )];OrOBOpOM, lIBJIlIIOTClI 06'beKTOM CTpaxo-
BaHHlI co CTOpOHbI rocy)];apCTBa (CT. 10 YRaaaHHoro aaKoHa).
5) OTBeTcTBeHHocTL 3a y ep6, CBJl3aHHLIii C 3arpJl3He-
HlIeM oKpymalO eii cpep;LI.
B peaYJIbTaTe rrpOMbImJIeHHOH peBOJIIOIJ;HH Cpe)];H Bern;eH,
-COa)];aHHbIX 'IeJIOBeROM, peaRO BOapOCJIa )];OJIlI MamHH, rrpo-
.)I,YRIJ;HH XHMH'IeCKOH rrpOMbImJIeHHOCTH H HX BJIHlIHHe pac-
npOCTpaHHJIOCb KaK Ha mHTeJIeH paHoHoB, HerrOCpe)];CTBeHHO
rrpHMbIRaIOrn;HX K rrpOMbImJIeHHbIM rrpe)];rrpHlITHflM, TaR H Ha
Bce HaCeJIeHHe, rrpH'IeM TaRoe BJIHlIHHe BRJIIO'IaeT B ce6f1 H
ope)];, rrpH'IHHlIeMbIH rpam)];aHaM. B peaYJIbTaTe BOaHHRJIa
rrp06JIeMa HaXOm)];eHHlI BaaHMOrrpHeMJIeMOro 6aJIaHca Memp;y
BbIrO)];aMII MamHHHOH IJ;HBHJIHaaIJ;HH H rrpH'IHHlIeMbIM eIO me
Bpe)];OM. HarJIlI)];HOe BbIpameHHe ::ITa rrp06JIeMa rrOJIY'IHJIa B
3arpllaHeHHH oKpymaIOrn;eH Cpe)];bI. Ee pemeHlIe Tpe6yeT
ROMrrJIeRCHOro rro)];xo)];a, BbIXOp;lIrn;ero aa HaOJIHpOBaHHbIe paM-
KH TOJIbRO 'IaCTHOro HJIH rry6JIH'IHoro rrpaBa, 60JIee Toro, Mom-
HO cRaaaTb, 'ITO ::ITa rrp06JIeMa HMeeT rJI06aJIbHbIH MacmTa6.
B HrrOHIIH, HaqHHall C rrpHHlITHlI B 1967 r. OCHoBHoro aaKOHa
o Mepax B OTHomeHHH aarpllaHeHHlI oRpymaIOrn;eii cpep;bI )];0
HaCTOllrn;erO BpeMeHH, rrpHHlITO 13 COOTBeTCTBYIOrn;HX aaKOHOB.
He ,CTaBlI CBoeH IJ;eJIbIO p;aTb paaBepHYTbIH aHaJIHa ::ITOrO aa-
KOHO)];aTeJIbCTBa, OTMeTHM JIHllb Te ero rrOJIOmeHHlI, ROTopbIe
CBlIaaHbI C rrp06JIeMoH )];eJIHRTHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH.
Bo-rrepBbIx, p;eJIHRTHall OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb npep;rrpIDITlIlI,
HBJIlIIOrn;erOClI HCTO'IHHROM aarpllaHeHHlI oKpymaIOrn;eH cpe-
D;bI, HacTyrraeT BHe aaBHCHMOCTH OT Toro, rrpe)];BH)];eJIO JIH OHO
HJIli Momo npe)];BHp;eTb rrop;06HbIe rr060'IHbIe peaYJIbTaTbI CBO-
157
eM eHTeJIhIIOCTH. IIpo oJImeHIfe npoH3BO CTBa B cJIY'Iae,
eCJIH IIpe IIpHHTHe IIpe BH eJIO 3arpH3HeHHe oKpymaIOm;eH
cpe bI, paccMaTpHBaeTcH KaK YMbICeJI, a B cJIY'lae, eCJIH OHO
JIHllIb MOrJIO IIpe BH eTb YKa3aHHbIe IIOCJIe CTBIIH HJIH eCJIBJ
npH cOBpeMeHHoM ypoBHe TeXHHKII rrpe oTBpam;eHHe rrplI'IR-
HeHHH Bpe a HeB03MomHO, - KaK HeocTopomHocTb.
BO-BTOpbIX, oOm;ecTBo OJImHO IIpOHBJIHTb TepnHMocTb I\
ym;eMJIeHHIO onpe eJIeHHbIX npaB o OIIpe eJIeHHbIX rrpe e-
JIOB. IIpH YCTaHOBJIeHHH TaKHX npe,l];eJIOB CJIe,l];yeT HCXO HTb
H3 MHorHX cpaKTopoB: KaKOBO HapYllIeHHoe oJIaro, KaKOB
xapaKTep 3arpH3HeHHH C TO'IKH 3peHIDI ero B03,l];eMCTBHH H3J
3 opOBbe rpam aH, BKJIIO'IaH KaK HX cpH3H'leCKOe, TaK H MO-
paJIbHOe COCTOHHHe, ocooeHHOCTH MeCTHOCTH (HH,l];YCTpHaJIb
Hble HJIH mHJIble 30HbI) ,
6) O1"Be1"c1"BeHHoc1"b npoH3BO H1"eJI1I.
MomHo BbI,l];eJIHTh CJIe,l];yIOm;He BH,l];bI OTBeTCTBeHHOC1"R
rrpOH3BO HTeJIH: 3a KOHCTPYKTHBHbIe ,l];ecpeKTbI; 3a npOH3-
BO C1"BeHHble He OC1"aTKH H 3a ecpeKTbI PYKOBO,l];CTBa no HC-
rrOJIb30BaHHIO npO,l];YKll,HH (HanpHMep, HerrpaBHJIbHOe YKa3a-
HHe 03HpOBKH IIpHeMa JIeKapcTB), HaHOCHm;He IIoTpeoH1"emo
HMym;ecTBeHHhIM ym;epo HJIH rrpH'IHHHIOlI\He Bpe ero 3 O-
pOBbIO, B STOM CBH3H YKameM Ha CJIe YIOm;He MOMeHTb!.
Bo-nepBbIx, HBJIHeTCH JIH HeocTopomHocTb IIpOH3BO HTeJIJJ
HeooxO,l];HMbIM YCJIOBHeM YCTaHOBJIeHHH ero O1"BeTCTBeHHO-
CTH? OOm;aH TeopHH OTBe'IaeT Ha STOT Bonpoc nOJIOmHTeJIbHO
'ITO BnOJIHe onpaB aHHO. O,l];HaKO, no HallieMY MHeHHIO, B
OTHOllIeHHH Tex TOBapOB MaCCOBoro cnpoca, Henocpe CTBeH-
HaH npOBepKa Ha,l];emnOCTH KOTOpbIX HeB03MomHa, CJIe yeT
npH3HaTb npHHll,Hn OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH oe3 BHHbI.
BO-BTOpbIX, OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb B03JIafaeTCH Ha npOH3BO,l];H-
TeJIeM II onTOBbIX npO aBll,OB. TIPOH3BO,l];HTeJIII KaKOM-JIHOO
qaC1"H H3fOTOBJIeHHOM npO,l];YKll,HH HeCYT OTBeTCTBeHHOC1"b
JIHllIb 3a ,l];ecpeKTbI ,l];aHHOM 'IaCTH.
B-TpeTbHX, OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb npOH3BO HTeJIH HacTynae1" C
MOMeHTa nepe a'IH TOBapa nOTpeOHTeJIID.
B-'IeTBepTbIX, npOH3BO,l];HTeJIh HeceT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb H&
TOJILKO nepe,l]; nOTepneBIlIHM, no H nepe,l]; mIll,OM, HCnOJIb30-
-BaBIlIHM ecpeKTHYIO npO,l];YKll,HIO.
B-nHTbIX, IIpOH3BO,l];HTeJIb He OTBe'Iae1" 3a IIpH'IllHeHHbIH
Bpe,l];, eCJIH nOTepneBIlIHH HfHopHpOBaJi npe,l];ynpem,l];eHlIe 0
.B03MOmHOC1"H B03HHKHOBeHHH Bpe a npH HenpaBHJIbHOM HC-
IIOJIb30BaHHH Bem;H. PaBHbIM 00pa30M 31"0 OTHOCH1"CJI H It
lICIIOJ}:b30BtlHHIO Bem;H He IIO Ha3Ha'IemIiO.
J58
7) BpaqeOHhIe omHoKH.
B rrOCJle,D;Hee BpeMH pe3KO B03pOCJlO qHCJlO cJlyqaeB rrpe,D;'b
:JIBJleHHH TpeooBamiM B03Me eHHH Bpe,D;a, rrpHqHHeHHOro Bpa-
'qeOHbIMH omHolwMH. OCTaBJlHH B CTopOHe Borrpoc 0 TOM,
'CJle,D;yeT JlH mHTaTb BpaqeOHble omHOKH crreU;HqmqeCKHM BH-
,D;OM ,D;emIKTa, C,D;eJlaeM HeKOTopble 3aMeqaHHH.
a) OTHomeHHH MeiR,D;Y BpaqOM H rraU;HeHTOM YCTaHaBJlH-
BaIOTCH Ha ocrrOBaHHH ,D;OrOBopa. O,D;HaKO eCJlH B pe3YJlbTaTe
.npaqeOHOM omHORH HacTyrraeT CMepTb rraU;HeHTa HJlH ero
3,D;OpOBbIO lIaHOCHTCH Bpe,D;, TO <lTO BO MHorHX CTpaHax pac-
-CMaTpHBaeTCH He IWR HeHCrrOJlHeHHe HJlH HerrOJIHOe HCrrOJl-
HeHHe ,D;OrOBOpa, a RaR rpaiR,D;aHCROe rrpaBoHapymeHHe, Ta-
ROM iRe TOqRH 3peHHH rrpH,D;epiRHBaeTCH H HrrOHCRoe rpaiR-
,D;aHcROe rrpaBo, o,D;HaRo HbIHe MbI HaOJlIO,D;aeM YBeJlHqeHHe
ROJlHqeCTBa HCROB 0 B03Me eHHH Bpe,D;a (rrpHqHHeHHOro Bpa-
"IeOHbIMH omHoRaMH) Ha OCHOBaHHR HeHCrrOJlHeHHH oOH3a-
'TeJlbCTBa, a TaRiRe pOCT qHCJla CY,D;eOHbIX pemeHHM, rrpH3HaIO-
III;HX OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb Bpaqa HMeHHO Ha OCHOBaHHH HeHC-
rrOJlHeHHH HM 00H3aTeJlbCTBa.
0) PaCCMaTpHBaH YCJlOBHH npH3HaHIfH HaJlH'IHH Bpa\feO-
HOH OIDHOKH, CJle,D;yeT rrpeiR,D;e Bcero yqeCTb, qTO OTBeTCTBeH-
HOCTL Bpa'la rrpH3HaeTCH He TOJIbRO B CJIyqae rrpHqHHeHHH
Bpe,D;a 3,D;OpOBbIO HJIH IKH3HH rraU;HeHTa B rrpou;ecce JIeqeHHH,
HO H lIP!! OTKa3e Bpaqa OT Me,D;HU;HHcKoro OCBH,D;eTeJIbCTBOBa-
HHH rraU;HeHTa (rr. 1 CT. 19 3aRoHa 0 Bpaqax). )J;aJIee, iJ,JIH
YCTanOBJIeHHH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH Bpaqa TpeoyeTcH HaJIH'IHe
C ero CTOpOHbI lIeOCTOpOiRHOCTH, Borrpoc 0 ROTOpOH }J;OJIllieH
pemaTbCH Ha OCHOBe IWMrrJIeRCHOro rrO,D;XO,D;a, HCKO,D;H H3 ypOB-
HH pa3BIITUH Me,D;UU;UHbI rrpUMeHHTeJIbHO K orrpe,D;eJIeHHOMY
BpeMellH H MeCTY, a TaKiRe Ha OCHOBe BbIHCHeHHH Toro, rrpo-
HBJIHJI JIU Bpa'l B rrpo<peccUOHaJIbllOM OTHOIIleHHU BHUMaHue
xopoIIlero yrrpaBJIHIO ero. IIpoHBJIeHHH HeOCTopOiIHIOCTU MO-
rYT ObITL pa3JIHqHbI: rrOCTaHOBRa HerrpaBUJIbHOrO ,D;uarH03a
H BCJIe,D;CTBHe <lTOrO HerrpaBHJIbHOe JIeqeHHe, HeOCTOpOiRHOCTb
rrpH rrpaBUJIbHOM JIe'leHUH, ocy eCTBJIeHUe JIeqeOHbIX Mepo-
rrpuHTuu IIpOTHB BOJIU rraU;UeHTa U T. II. O,D;HaRo C pa3BHTueM
Me}J;UlI,HHbI Te JIeqeOHble MepOllpHHTIIH, ROTopble paHee CqH-
TaJIUCb COBepmeHHbIMU, C TeqeHUeM BpeMeHU CTaHOBHTCH YC-
TapeBmUMU. IIpu 3TOM ou;eHKa ,D;OCTaTOqHOCTU UJIU He,D;OCTa-
TOqHOCTII JIeqeHHH BeCbMa CJIOiRHa.
IIpH rrpHqHHeHHH Bpe,D;a rraU;HeHTY ,D;euCTBHHMH Cpe,D;HerO
HJIH MJIa,D;II1ero Me,D;HU;HHCRoro rre;':>COlIaJIa OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a
3TO Ha OCHOBaHHH CT. 715 rR 00 OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH HaHHMaTe-
159
JIH TeM He MeHee HeCYT Bpa'I HJIH a,1J;MHHHCTpa HH JIe'Ie6HOro
Y'Ipem,1J;eHHH.
B) ,lJ;JIH ocym;eCTBJIeHHH Bpa'IOM JIe'Ie6HbIX MeponpHHTHH
Tpe6yeTcH npe,1J;BapHTeJIbHOe nOJIY'IeHHe HM COrJIaCHa naI\H-
eHTa. B 06bI'IHbIX CJIY'IaHX (HanpHMep, Ha3Ha'IeHHe HH'beR-
IWii) OTCYTCTBHe B03pameHHH na HeHTa paCCMaTpHBaeTCH
KaK ero COrJIaCHe, O,1J;HaKO npH, HanpHMep, xHPyprH'IeCKOii
onepa HH Heo6xo,1J;HMO COrJIaCHe na HeHTa, BbIpaiReHHOe B
aKTHBHoii .popMe. CJIe,1J;yeT Y'IHTbIBaTb, 'ITO npH npOBe,1J;eHHH
JIe'Ie6HOrO MeponpHHTHH 6e3 COrJIaCHH na HeHTa OTBeTCTBeH-
HOCTb no B03Mem;eHHro MOpaJIbHOro ym;ep6a MomeT 6bITb B03-
JIOiReHa Ha Bpa'Ia H npH 6JIarOnpHHTHOM HCXO,1J;e TaKoro Me-
ponpHHTHH. R na HeHTaM OTHOCHTCH TaKme MaJIOJIeTHHe
,1J;eTH, npeCTapeJIbIe, YTpaTHBmHe cnoco6HOCTb caMOCTOHTeJIb-
Horo npHHHTHH pemeHHH, JIH a, CTpa,1J;arom;He nCHXlI'leCKHMB
paccTpoiicTBaMH, YMaJIHmeHHble. B CBH3H C :nHM B03HHRaeT
np06JIeMa onpe,1J;eJIeHHH Rpyra JIH , 06JIa,1J;arom;HX npaBOM ,1J;a'IB
COrJIaCHH BMeCTO BbImeYKa3aHHbIX na HeHTOB. HaKOHe , He-
06XO,1J;HMO HM8Tb B BH,1J;Y, 'ITO COrJIaCHe na HeHTa He oCB06om-
;p;aeT Bpa'Ia OT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a BpaQe6HYro omH6RY.
Pa3Aen IV. CEMERHOE np ABa
r naB a 1. O& ASI IfACTb
1. Co,u:epmaHHe paa,u:eJIa «CeMeiiHoe npaBO». ,lJ;aHHDIii, 'IeT-
BepTblii pa3,u:eJI rR (CT. 725-881) COCTOHT H3 meCTH rJIaB:
«06 aH 'IaCTb», «EpaK», «Po,u:HTeJIH H ,u:eTH», «Po,u:HTeJIbCKHe
rrpaBa», «OrreKa», «I1iKp;HBeHHe». C TeOpeTlI"IeCKOii TO'IKD
3peHHH JIH'IHbIe HeHMy ecT13eHHbIe OTHOnIeHHH MOiKHO paa-
6HTb Ha TPH rpyrrrrDI: OTHomeHHH MeiK,u:y cyrrpyraMH, OTHO-
rneHHH MeiKp;y po,u:HTeJIHMH H ,u:eTbMH H ceMeHHDIe OTHorne-
HHH. «06 aH 'IaCTb» orrHCDIBaeMoro pa3p;eJIa rR cop;epiKHT
ot5 He nOJIOiKeHIDI 0 perYJIHp013aHHH ceMeiiHDIX oTHornemm,
B lJaCTROCTH 06 HX B03HHKHOBeHHH H rrpeKpa eHHH. rJIaBa
«l1iKp;HBeHHC» YCTaHaBJIHBaeT OCHOBHDIe lJepTDI p;aHHoro HH-
CTHTYTa, rJIaBa «EpaK» - aaKJIIO'IeHHe, ,u:eiicTBHe H rrpeKpa-
eHHe 6paKa, rJIa13a «Po,u:HTeJIH H p;eTH» - YCTaH013JIeHHe H
rrpeKpa eHHe OTHorneHHii MeiKp;y pOp;HTeJIIIMH H pOP;HbIMH
p;eTbMH, pOp;HTeJIHMH H YCbIH013JIeHHbIMH (YP;OlJepeHHDIMH)
p;eTbMH, rJIaBa «POp;HTeJIbCKHe rrpaBa» - HaH60JIee BaiKHIJle
p;eiicTBHH p;aHHoro HHCTHTYTa KaK 13 OTHomeHHH pOP;HDIX p;e-
Teii, TaK H YCbIHOBJIeHHbIX, HaKOHen;, rJIaBa «OrreKa» - rrOJ1O
iKeHHH B OTrromeHHH oxpaHDI HeCOBepmeHHOJIeTHHX, He:
HMeIO HX pOp;HTeJIeii, H JIHn;, rrpH3HaHHbIX Hep;eecrroc06HDIMH.
B HaCTOH eii rJIaBe MbI paccMoTpHM o6 He BorrpocDI ce-
MeHHblx oTHomeHHH: 6pa'IHo-ceMeHHDIe oTHomeHHH, HX OCO-
6eHHOCTH, ceMeHHbIe rrpaBa, oco6eHHocTH 6palJHo-ceMeiiHbIx
Cp;eJIOK, nOHHTHH <paMHJIHH H noceMeHHOH 3arrHcH, 6pa'IHo-
ceMeHHble cnopDI H HX pa3pemeHHe.
2. Bpa'lHO-CeMeiiHDIe OTHOmeHHJI.
1) CeMelmoe npaBO perYJIHpyeT 6pa'lHO-CeMeiiHbIe H pO)J;-
CTBeHHbIe OTHomeHIIJI.
B n;eHTpe ceMeHnoii iKII3HH Ha BceM rrpOTHiKeHHH HCTOpHH
'IeJIOBe'IeCTBa HaXOp;HJIHCb OTHomeHHH MeiKp;y cynpyraMH H
OTHorneHHH Memp;y pOp;HTeJIHMH H p;eTbMH. Op;HaKo Ha paH-
HHX HCTopH'IeCKHX 3Tarrax ceMeiiHDIe OTHomeHHH yCTaHa13JIH-
11 38K8S M 1264
16J
BaJUICb JIH60 B paMKaX 60JIbIIIHX KpOBHOpOp;CTBeHHbIX 06'bep;II-
HeHHH (pop; II T. n.), JIH60 B paMKaX Onpep;eJIeHHbIX COn;IIaJIb-
HbIX KJIaCCOB (COCJIOBHH). BCJIep;CTBHe 3TOrO OTHOIIIeHHH
Memp;y cynpyraMII II OTHOmeHHfl Memp;y pOp;HTeJIHMII H p;eTb-
MII nOp;BepraJIHCb CTporlIM OrpaHWIeHIIHM YKa3aHHbIX KPOB-
HOpO)J,CTBeHHbIX 06'bep;IIHeHHH JIH60 COCJIOBUbIM orpaHWle-
HIUIM. II03TOMY OTHOIIIeHHH Memp;y pOp;HTeJIHMH H p;eTbMH,
1I1emp;y MymeM H meHOH Be 6bIJIH OTHOIIIeHHRMH Memp;y 01'-
,p;eJIbHbIMH JIHTfHOCTflMH B TfHCTOM BHp;e II OCHOBbIBaJIHCb Ha
OTHOIIIeHHHX rocnop;CTBa. C YCTpaHeHHeM COCJIOBHbIX OTHO-
lIIeHIfH H pOP;OBOH ceMbH OTHOIIIeHHH rocnop;CTBa Bce me npo-
p;OJImaJIH OKaabIBaTb CBoe BJIHHHHe B paMKax coxpaHHBIIIeHCH
cpep;ueH If MaJIOH ceMbH, op;uaKO BnOCJIep;CTBHH OHH TaKme
npeKpaTHJIH CBoe cyrn;ecTBoBaHHe H ceMeiiubIe OTHOIIIeHIIH
CTaJIH OCUOBblBaTbCH Ha OTHOIIIeHHHX MymTfHHbI H meHIII;IDlbI
H Ha BepTIIKaJIbUbIX KpOBHOpop;CTBeHHbIX OTHOIIIeHHHX Memp;y
pOp;HTeJIHMH H p;eTI>MH B paMKax MaJIOH CeMbII. II pH aTOM
OTHorneHHfl Memp;y cyupyraMH CTaJIH OTHOIIIeUHHMH paBHbIX
JIHn; H B 3TOM CMbICJIe npeBpaTHJIHCb B p;OrOBOplIble. B OTHO-
IIIeHHHX Memp;y pOp;HTeJIHMH H p;eTbMH npaBO rocnop;CTBa
pOp;HTeJIeH Hap; )J,eTbMH TaKme 6bIJIO YCTpaHeHo, H OUH CTaJIH
TpOHTbCH Ha OCHOBe 06H3aHHOCTH pOp;HTeJIeH no KOHTpOJIIO,
3arn;HTe H BocnHTaHHIO p;eTeH.
OTMeTfeHHaH TeHp;eHIWH HaIIIJIa CBoe OTpameHHe H B Hno-
HHH. ECJIH pop;OBbIe OTHOIIIeHHH npeKpaTHJIH CBoe cyrn;ecT-
BOBaHlIe B HnOHHH ern;e B OTp;aJIeHHOM npOIIIJIOM, TO COCJIOB-
HbIe 6apbepbI cOXpaHHJIIICb BUJIOTb P;O neplIop;a peCTaBpan;IIH
M3HP;3H, a OTHomeHHfl Iocnop;CTBa B paMKax ceMeHHbIX OTHO-
llIeHHH - B TeTfeHHe p;JIHTeJIbHOrO BpeMeHH UOCJIe peCTaBpa-
n;HH M3Hp;3H. IIepBoHaTfaJIbHaH pep;aKn;HH fK 3aKpenJIHJIa He
TOJIbKO npaBO rocnop;CTBa rJIaBbI 60JIbIIIOH ceMbH, HO H npaBO
rocnop;CTBa rJIaBbI MaJIo!i: ceMbH B OTHOIIIeHHH meHbI H p;eTeH.
B peaYJIbTaTe KopeHHoro nepeCMOTpa paap;eJIa ceMeHHoro
rrpaBa fK B nOCJIeBOeHHbIH nepHOp; TaKHe OTHomeHHfl rocrrop;-
CTBa 6bIJIH YCTpaHeHbI, II B HaCTOHrn;ee BpeMR ceMeHHbIe 01'-
HOIIIeHHR CB060)J,HbI 01' rocnop;CTBa KaK B paMKax 60JIbIIIOH,
u " u
TaK n MaJIOn ceMblI, npeJJ;CTaBJIHH COOOH OTHorneHHH paBHbIX
KOHT pareHToB.
2) rOpH30HTaJIbHble OTHOmeHHJI.
'- PaccMaTpHBaH CeMeHHbJe OTHOIIIeHHH BO BpeMeHHoM ac-
neKTe, MomHO CKaaaTb, [TO HX YCTaHOBJIeHHe HanpaBJIeHO Ha
coxpaHeHHe pO)J.a B 6YAYw;eM. ¥CJIOBHO IIX MomHO pa3p;eJIIITb
Ha ropH30HTaJIbHbIe II BOpTIIKaJIbHble.
162
fOpH30HTaJIbHbI8 OTB01lI8HHH BKJIRFlaIOT B c86H CJI8 IO-
ru;H8.
a) OTH01lI8HlIH Mem)\y CYIIpyraMH. OTlI01lI8HHH M8m.D;y
Mym8M II m8HOM np8.D;CTaBJIHIOT C060M HaH60JI88 npaKTH'l8CKII
3Ha'lHMYIO q,OPMY C8M8Muoro COI03a C TO'lKH 3P8HHH COBM8CT-
HDrO B8.D;8HHH X03HMCTBa.
6) OTHOllIeHllH Mem.D;Y pO.D;I1TeJIHMH II .D;eTbMII. BCJIe.D; 3a
OTH01lI8HHHMH M8m.D;Y cyapyraMH aTII OTH01lI8HHH np8.D;CTaB-
JIHIOT C060M TaKm8 HaIl60JI88 BamHblM aJI8M8HT c8M8i'moro
COI03a H 3aIWIO'laIOTCH B IIp8.D;OCTaBJI8HHH P;8THM Onp8.D;8JI8H-
IlbIX MaT8pHaJIbHbIX YCJIOBHM cyru;8CTBOBaHHH (cO.D;8pmaHHII
p;8T8M), nOn8'l8HHH 0 HHX H HX BocnIITaHIIll. B nO,l.l;aBJIHIOm;eM
60JIbllIHHCTBe CJIY'Ia8B aTO np8,l.1;rrOJIaraeT COBM8CTH08 npOiRH-
BaHH8 pOJJ,HT8JI8M H .D;8T8H, O.D;HaKO C .D;OCTHm8HH8M ,l.I;8TbMg
cOBep1lI8HHOJI8THH, BCTyrrJI8HH8M HX B 6paK llJIH caMOCTOHT8JIb-
HbIM B8P;8HH8M HMH X03HI1:CTBa .D;8TII nOCT8n8HHO Ha'lIIHaIOT
063aBO,l.l;HTbCH COOCTB8HHblM .D;OMOM. BCJI8,l.1;CTBH8 ,noro OTHO-
1lI8HHH M8m,l.l;y pO.D;HT8JIHMH H .D;8TbMH OCJIa68BaIOT H no CBO-
8MY xapaKT8py npII6JIHm<tIOTcH H pO.D;CTB8HHbIM OTHom8HHHM
B Y3KOM CMbICJI8.
B) PO.D;CTBeHHbIe OTHomeHHH B Y3KOM CMbICJIe. .n; aHHLIM
BH.D; OTH01lI8HlJM H8 np8.D;IIOJIaraeT COBM8CTHoro Be.D;eIIHH XO-
3HMCTBa, O.D;HaKO 'IJIeHLI TaKoro COI03a 06'b8.D;HH8HbI KpOBHO-
PO,l.l;CTB8HHbIM II .D;YXOBHbIM 8P;HHCTBOM, B3aHMHO nOMoraIOT
,l.I;pyr .D;pyry.
PaH88 B HrrOIIHH, nOM HMO Tp8X yKa3aHHbIX BH.D;OB OTHO-
1lI8HHII, rrpH3HaBaJIHCb H TaK Ha3blBa8MbI8 C8M8lIHbI8 OTH01lI8-
HHH, T. 8. C8M8HHbI8 COI03bI, 06'be.D;HH8HHLI8 8,l.1;HH011: rrOC8MeM-
HOM 3arrHCbIO H q,aMHJIH8ii. fJIaBa TaKOM C8MbH Ha.D;eJIHJICH
llIHpOKlIMH nOJIHOMO'lHHMII. RpOM8 Toro, B paMKax rr8pBbIX
Tp8X BH.D;OB OTH01lI8HHM npII3HaBaJICH TaKOM Cn8IJ,Hq,H'leCKHH
HHCTHTYT, KaK «C8M8MHbIM COB8T», a TaKme HaJIH'IIIe T8CHLIX
CBH3eM pO.D;HT8JI8M .D;am8 C .D;8TbMH, B8.D;ym;HMH caMOCTOHTeJIb-
H08 X03HMCTBO. IIOCIWJIbKY ,l.I;aHlIbI8 HHCTHTYTbI 6bIJIH conpH-
m8Hbl C HrnopHpoBaHH8M CB060.D;bI JIH'lHOCTH, nOCJI8 rrpIIHH-
THH HOBOM KOHCTHTYIJ,HH OHH 6blJIH rr8p8CI\IOTp8HbI.
CJI8,l.1;Y8T CKa3aTb H8CRt)JlbKO CJIOB 0 TaROM nOHHTuH, KaR
«COBM8CTH08 n8p;8HH8 XO:IHMcTBa». J];aHH08 rrOHHTH8 JIHllIb
KOHcTaTHpY8T q,aRT B8,l.1;8HlIH COBM8CTHDrO X03HMCTBa, HO He
rrp8.D;nOJIaraeT COOTB8TCTBYIOm;8iI 06H3aHHocTII.
3) BepTIfKaJIbHbIe OTllomeHIIH.
Ram.D;blM H3 Tp8X paCCMOTp8 IHLIX BH,l.I;OB OTHOIII8HIIM,
nOMHMO OTpam8HHH cyru;8CTBYIOm;8ro na onpe.D;eJI8HHLIM n8-
II'
163
pHO)J; BpeMeHH nOJIOmeHHII, HanpaBJIeH H Ha 6Y)J;y ee. POAH"
TeJIH HBJIIIIOTCH OCHOBOH cy ecTBoBaHHH ceMbH, a )J;eTH-
ee npO)J;OJImeHHeM. B noil CBH3H BepTHIWJIbHbIe OTHOmeHHJI
npOHBJIHIOTCH B BH)J;e HaCJIe)J;ouaHHJI. IIpH aTOM nO)J; HaCJIe)J;o-
BaHHeM nOHHMaeTCH He TOJIbIW nepe)J;a'la onpe)J;eJIeHHOrO HMY-
m;eCTna, HBJI.HIOm;erOCH aKOHOMHqeCKOH OCHOBOH ceMbII, HO H
TaKHX nOHHTHM, IWK «rPaMHJIbHaH qeCTb», «KYJIbT npe)J;Kom>,
a TaKme nOJIOmeHHH rJIaBbI ceMeHHoro COI03a. ll.o cpaBHH-
TeJIbHO He)J;aBHero BpeMeHH B HnOHHH npH3HaBaJIOCb caMO-
CTOHTeJIbHOe 3HaqeHHe HaCJIe)J;OBaHHH, HanpHMep nOJIOmeHHll
rJIaBbI ceMbH, O)J;HaKO B pe3YJIbTaTe nOCJIeBOeHHoro nepe-
CMOTpa rK 3TO 6bIJIO ynpa3)J;HeHO (CM.: HaCJIe)J;CTBeHHoe npa-
BO - 4).
3. OcooeHHocTH Opa'lHO-CeMeHHblx oTHomeHHii.
1) CeMeHHbIe COlO3bl 06pa3YIOTCH He AJIH )J;OCTHmeHHH
lWKOH-JIHOO O)J;HOH KOHKpeTHOH OOm;eH n,eJIH. IIoaToMY B OT-
JIHqHe, HallpHMep, OT HMym;ecTBeHHbIX OTHOIlleHHH (CM.. )J;O-
rOBOp JIHqHOrO HaHMa (CT. 626 rI{) , )J;orOBOp HMy ecTBeHHO-
ro HaHMa (CT. 604 rK), )J;orOBOp TOBapHm;eCTBa (CT. 678 rR.)
H )J;pyrHe), npH KOTOpbIX He npH3HalOTCH )J;JIHTeJIbHbIe orpa-
HHqeHHH, ceMeHHbIe OTHOllIeHHH, C03)J;aHHbIe no BOJIe CTOpOH,
lIe )J;onYCKaIOT YCTaHOBJIeHHH KaKHX-JIHOO CpOKOB HJIH YCJIO-
BRH. ITpeKpam;eHHe TaKHX ceMeHHbIX OTHomeHHH B03MomHO
JIHmb no OOOIO)J;HOH BOJIe CTOpOH HJIH npH HaJIHqHH 3aKOHHbIX
OCHOBaHHH, HO He B O)J;HOCTopOHHeM nopH)J;Ke.
2) IIOMHMO Toro, qTO n,eJIH ceMeHHoro COlO3a BbIXO)J;HT 3a
CTporo OqepqelIHbJe paMKH, OpaqHO-CeMeHHbIe OTHomeHHH
oOJIa)J;aJOT OO'beKTHBHbIM perYJIHpYIOm;HM )J;eHcTBHeM, He3aBH-
CHMbIM OT BOJIH cropOH. IIoHHTHo, qTO caM rPaKT BCTynJIe-
HHH B opaK onpe)J;eJIHeTCH CTopOHaMH, O)J;HaKO, CTaB MymeM
H melIoH, cynpyrH BCTynaIOT B OTHOllIeHHH, He 3aBHCHm;He OT
nx BOJIH. B aTOM CMbICJIe MHorHe lIOpMbI CeMeHHOI'O npaBa
HOCHT xapaRTep OOH3aTeJIbHbIX npep,nHcaHHH.
3) TIoCKOJIbKY Opa'lHO-CeMeHHbIe oTHOllIeHHHQpe3BbIqaH-
HO pa3HoOOpa3HbJ H KOHKpeTHbJ, HX BbIpameHHe B aocTpaKT-
HOH rPopMe neB03MomHO.
4) Bpa'lHO-CeMeMHbJe OTIIOIlleHHH npep,CTaBJIHJOT COOOM
OCHOBY pa3BHTHH Han,HH II HCTO'lHHK p,BHmym;eH CHJIbJ Hapo-
)J;a, noaTOMY rOCY)J;apCTBO He MomeT OCTaBaTbCH oe3yqaCTHbIM
H )J;OJImHO 3aOOTHTbCH 0 npaBHJIbHOM H 3)J;OpOBOM pa3BHTHI!
ceMbH. rOCY)J;apCTBO 3aOOTIITCH 0 TOM, qTOObJ B ceMeHHOH
mH3HH He npOHBJIJIJIOCb HeHa)J;JIemam;ee rocnO)J;CTBO Ha)J; BO-
164
neH H JIHqHOCTbIO O,[l'HOI'O H3 'IJIeHOB CeMbH, 'IT06bI 'IJIeH
ceMbH He ORa3aJICH JIHIlIeHHbIM nOMo.ru;H P;PYI'HX ee 'IJIeHOB.
BMeIlIaTeJIbCTBO I'ocyp;apcTBa npOHBJIHeTCH B He06xop;HMOCTH
nOJIY'IeHHH pa3peIlIeHHH ceMeHHoro cy,n;a Ha YCbIHOBJIemre
necoBepurenHOJIeTHerO (CT. 798 1'1\), OWOpMJIeHHH OTRa3a OT
HaCJIep;CTBa B cyp;e6HoM nopHp;Re (CT. 938 1'1\, CM.: HaCJIep;CT-
BeHHoe npaBO - 40), B BbI60pe H Ha3Ha'IeHHH oneRYHOB TaR-
me nocpep;CTBOM ceMeMHoro cyp;a (CT. 841, 845 1'1\).
1\poMe TOTO, COBpeMeHHoe I'ocyp;apcTBO He p;OJImHO p;ony-
CRaTb COU;HaJIbHOI'O HJIH 3ROHOMH'IeCROI'O He6JIaI'onOJIYQHH
p:ame op;noro H3 CBOHX I'pamp;aH. STOH u;eJIH cJ[ymHT CHCTe-
l\m COIl;HaJIbHOrO 06eCne'IeHHH, ROTopaH npHMeHHTeJIbHO R
6pa'IHO-CeMeHHbIM OTHOIlIeHHHM npep;CTaBJIeHa 3aROHOM 0
OJIarOCOCTOHHHH p;eTeM (1950 1'.), 3aRoHoM 06 oxpaHe mH3HlJ
(1950 r.) H p;pyrHMH aRTaMH.
4. Cel\IeHHbIe npaBa 03Ha'IaIOT Te nOJIHOMO'IHH, KOTOpbIMH
nap;eJIeH Ramp;bIII H3 'IJIeHOB ceMeHHOI'O COJ03a COOTBeTCTBeH-
HO CBoeMY nOJIOmeHHIO B HeM. HanpHMep, pO,[l'HTeJIbCRHe npa-
Ba OXBaTbIBaJOT BeCb ROMnJIeKC npaB H 06H3aHHOCTeM POP;H-
TeJIeii B OTHOIlIeHHH p;eTeH (CM. CT. 820 1'1\). Ocy.ru;eCTBJIeHHe
p;aHHbIX npaB B03MomHO TOJIbRO caMHM npaBOMO'IHbIM JIHU;OM;
npep;CTaBHTeJIbCTBO, paBHO RaR p;06poBoJIbHaH nepe,n;a'Ia p;aH-
HbIX npaB P;PYI'OMY JIHU;y HJIH HHoe pacnopHmeHHe HMH, B
p;aHHOM CJIY'Iae He p;onYCRaeTCH. 3a 3THMH npaBaMH npH3Ha-
eTCH Ra'IeCTBO HCRJIJO'IHTeJIbHOCTH, H npH HX HapYIlIeHHH
B03HHRaeT npaBO Tpe60BaHHH YCTpaHeHHH npenHTcTBHH, a
'TaRme npaBo Tpe60BaHHH B03Me.ru;eHHH y.ru;ep6a.
5. OcooeHHocTH opa'lHo-ceMeiiHbIX Cp;eJIOR. 1\aR OTMe'la-
JIOCb paHee, 6pa'Ino-ceMeMHbIe OTHOIlIeHHH peI'yJ[HpYJOTCH
06'beRTHBHbIMH HopMaMH, op;HaRO HeCOMHeHHO H TO, 'ITO Wop-
MJIpOBaHHe, H3MeHeHHe H npeRpa.ru;eHHe p;aHHbIX OTHomeRHH
onpep;eJIHeTCH TaRme H BOJIeM 3aHHTepeCOBaHHbIX JIHU;. ,1];eH-
CTBHH no H3MeHeHHJO 6pa'IHo-ceMeHHbIx OTHomeHHH, OCHOBbI-
BaJOIIJ;HeCH Ha BOJ[e JIHU;, Ha3bIBaJOTCH 6pa'IHO-CeMeHHbIMH
'Cp;eJIRaMII. IIpHMepaMH Cp;eJIOR TaROI'O pop;a PBJIHIOTCH 3aRJIJO-
'IeHHe 6paRa (CT. 731 H CJIep;. 1'1\), YCbIHOBJIeHHe (CT. 792 H
CJIep;. 1'1\), npH3HaHHe BHe6pa'IHoI'o pe6eHRa (CT, 779 H CJIep;.
1'1\), H3MeHeHHe waMHJ[HH pe6eHRa (CT. 791 1'1\) H MHome
;n;pyrHe p;eHCTBHH.
IIpHMeHHTeJIbHO R 6pa'lHo-ceMeHHbIM Cp;eJIRaM TaRme cy-
rqecTBYJOT np06JIeMbI p;eecnoc06HOCTH, npep;cTaBHTeJIbCTBa,
165
nopOHOB BOJIH, 06MaHa, npHHYiR]J;eHllJI H T. n. CJIe]J;yeT y'IHTLI-
Ban, 'ITO aHaJIOrlI'IHbJe nOJIOiReHllJI (<Oom;en: 'IaCTH» rR, pe-
rYJIHpYIOm;He C]J;eJIHH HMym;ecTBeHHoro xapaHTepa, HenplIMe-
HHMbI H 6pa'iHO-ceMen:HbIM C]J;eJIKaM.
1) ;rJ:eecnoc06HoCTb. «II pHaHaHHbIe nep;eecnocooHbIMH» :If
«orpaHH'IennO ]J;eecnocooHbIe» - TepMHHbI, CBH3anHbIe C HMY-
m;ecTBeHHon: ]J;eecrroC06HOCTbIO. ,D;eecnoC06HOCTf> B HMym;ecT-
BeHHbIX C]J;eJIHaX HacTynaeT no ]J;OCTH1IWHHH JIHU;OM 20-JIeTHero-
B03pacTa. ECJIH iRe JIHU;O He 06JIa]J;aeT ]J;ocTaTO'IHon: ]J;eecno-
C06HOCTblO, OHO MOiReT ,n;en:CTBOBaTb 'Iepe3 npe]J;CTaBHTeJIH.
B ccpepe 6pa'iHO-ceMen:HbIX C]J;eJIOH nOJIOiReHHe B 3Ha'iIITeJIb-
HOn: Mepe HHoe. TaH, 3]J;eCb 'IaCTO He ]J;orrYCHaeTCH ]J;en:CTBHe'
'Iepe3 npe]J;CTaBHTeJIH, 'ITO B TO iRe BpeMH He rrpenHTcTByeT'
npH3HaHIIIO ]J;eecnoc06HOCTII B 6pa'iHO-ceMen:HbIX C]J;eJIHaX npK
OTCYTCTBHH ]J;eecnoc06HOCTH B C]J;eJIHaX HMynwcTBeHHbIX.
3]J;eCb ]J;eecnoc06HOCTb ]J;OJIiRHa YCTaHaBJIHBaTbCH He Ha OC-
1I0BaHHH npHMeHeHHH COOTBeTCTBYIOm;HX nOJIOiReHHn: (<06.
lI\en: 'IaCTH» rR, a HCXO]J;H H3 xapaHTepa IOpH]J;H'IeCHoro ]J;en:-
CTBHH H HOHHpeTHon: cHTyaU;HH.
a) ,D;eecnoC06HOCTb ]J;JIH 3aHJIIO'IeHHH 6paHa HacTyrraeT'
]J;JIH MYiR'IHH no ]J;ocTHiReHHH HMH 18-JIeTHerO B03pacTa, iRelI-
m;HH - 16-JIeTHero B03pacTa (CT. 731 rK), ]J;JI5I yCbIHOBJIe-
HHH - no ]J;OCTlIiReHHH YCblHOBHTeJIeM 20-JIeTHerO B03paCTa
(CT. 792 rR). IIpHMeHHTeJIbHO K YCbIHOBJIeHHIO H HaMeHeHR[(}
cpaMHJIHH pe6eHHa B rropH]J;He TOJIHOBaHHH C'IHTaeTCH, 'ITO
]J;eecnoc06HOCTb HacTyrraeT rro ]J;OCTHiReHHH HM 15-JIeTHerO'
B03paCTa, nOCHOJIbHY B ]J;aHHbIX CJIyqaHx npH3HaeTCH ocym;e-
CTBJIeHHe IOpH]J;H'IeCRHX ]J;eHCTBHn 'Ie pea npe]J;CTaBHTeJIH, ecmr
pe6eHOR H MOMeHTY COBepIIIeHHH ]J;aHHoro ]J;enCTBHH He ]J;O-
CTHr 15-JIeTHerO B03paCTa (CT. 797, 791 rK). RpOMe Toro,
]J;JIH BCTynJIeHHH B 6paK H YCbIHOBJIeHIIH He Tpe6yeTcH CorJIa-
CHH OneI\YHOB JIHU;, npH3HaHHbJX He]J;eecnoc06HbIMH, a npHMe-
HHTeJIbHO R OrpaHH'IeHHO ]J;eecnoc06HbIM He Tpe6yeTcH CO-
rJIaCHH nOrre'IlITeJIH (CM. CT. 738, 799 fR). ,D;JIH npH3HaHIIH
OTU;OBCTBa He Tpe6yeTcH COrJIaCHH aaKOHHbIX npe]J;CTaBHTeJIen
He]J;eecnoc06Horo (CT. 780 rR). TaHlIM 06paaOM, BO Bcex
YHaaaHHbIx CJIY'JaHx npH3HaeTcH ]J;eecnoc06nocTb no cOBep-,
IIIeHHIO 6pa'lHO-CeMenHbIX C]J;eJIOH.
Pacc raTpHBa5I ]J;aHHYIO np06JIeMY no HEblM ymoM ape-
HHH, oTMeTHM, 'ITO npH cOBepIIIeH11H 6pa"IHO-ceMen:HbIx c]J;e-
JIOK B 'lrrCTOM BH]J;e npe]J;cTaBHTeJIbCTBO HeB03MOiRHO. OHO
rrpH3EaeTCH JIHIIIb RaR HCRJIIO'leHHe npHMeHI1'TeJJbHO H YCbI-
rrOBJIelIHIO JIHIJ;, He ]J;OCTHrIIIHX 15-JIeTHeJ'O BoapaCT3, II pac-
166
TopmeHHIO YCbIHOBJIeHHH ;D;eTen, TaRme He ;D;OCTHrmHX YKa.
saHHoro B03paCTa (CT. 797, 811, 815 fR). IIOMHMO 3Toro,
rrpe;D;cTaBHTeJIbCTBO B03MomHO JIHmb B CJIY'IaHX, oco6o orOBO.
peHHbIx B fR (CM. CT. 791, 775, 787, 804 fR).
,IJ;PyrHM npHHn;HnOM HBJIHeTCH OTCYTCTBHe Heo6xO;D;HMOCTII
nOJIY'IeHHH COrJIaCHH TpeTbHX JIHn; Ha COBepmeHHe Opa'IHO-Ce-
MeHHOH C;D;eJIRH. 8TO OTHOCHTCH R npH3HaIIHIO OTn;OBCTBa, a
'TaRme R 3aRJIIO'IeHHIO 6paRa H YCbIHOBJIeHHIO co CTOpOHbI
JIlIn;, npH3HaHHbIX He;D;eecnoco6HbIMH. BMeCTe C TeM CJIe;D;yeT
Y'IH:TbIBaTb, 'ITO B pH;D;e CJIY'IaeB npH 3aRJIIO'IeHHH 6paRa He-
COBepmeHHOJIeTHHMH Tpe6yeTcH CorJIaCHe HX pO;D;HTeJIeH
(CT. 737 fR), a npH YCbIHOBJIeHHH HeCOBepmeHHOJIeTHerO
neo6XO;D;HMO pemeHHe ceMeFIHoro CY;D;a (CT. 798 fR).
6) B OTJIH'IHe OT paCCMOTpeHHbIX cHTyan;HH ;D;JIH npHo6-
peTeHHH cTaTyca JIHn;a, o6JIa;D;aIOIIJ;erO pO;D;HTeJIbCRHMH npa-
BaMH, HJIH oneRYHa Heo6xo;D;HMO COOTBeTCTBHe Tpe60BaHHHM
{<06IIJ;eH 'IaCTH» fR OTHOCHTeJIbHO ;D;eecrroco6HoCTH (CM.
CT, 833, 818, 846 fR),
B) ,IJ;PyrHe IOpH;D;H'IeCRHe ;D;eHCTBHH 6pa'IHO-CeMeHHoro
xapaRTepa - 6pa'IHbIH }J;orOBOp (CT. 755 H CJIe;D;. fR), onpe}J;e-
.rreHHe JIHn;a, OCYIIJ;eCTBJIHIOIIJ;erO ;D;HCn;HnJIHHapHYIO BJIaCTb
IIa;D; pe6eHRoM nOCJIe pa3BO;D;a (CT. 766, 771, 788 fR), npn:-
3HaHHe H OTRa3 OT HaCJIe;D;CTBa (CT. 919 fR), OTRa3 OT 3aROH-
HOH ;D;OJIH HaCJIe;D;CTBa (CT. 1043 fR) H HHble - CBH3aHbI C
orrpe;D;eJIeHHbIM CTaTYCOM B 6pa'IHO-CeMeHHblx OTHomeHHHX,
n03TOMY onpe;D;eJIeHHe ;D;eecnoco6HoCTH B Ram;D;OM H3 YRa3aH-
IIbIX CJIY'IaeB 3aBHCHT OT cTaTyca JIHn;a. TaR, npn: npHHHTIIII
IIJIH OTKa3e OT HaCJIe}J;CTBa ;D;eecnoco6HoCTb onpe;D;eJIJIeTCH Ha
OCHOBaHHH rr. 2 CT. 91 fR, nOCROJIbRY nOJIOmeHHe JIHn;a, Ha-
CJIe;D;YIOIIJ;erO HMYIIJ;ecTBo, CBH3aHO C HMYIIJ;eCTBeHHbIMII HHTe-
pecaMH ;D;PyrHx JIHn;.
2) I1opoRII BOJIH, o6MaH H npHHym;D;eHHe.
a) IIOCKOJIbKY 6pa'IHO-CeMeHHbIe C}J;eJIKIi OCHOBaHbI Ha
BOJIe JIHn;a, OTCYTcTBHe BOJIH Be;D;eT R He}J;eHcTBHTeJIbHOCTH
C}J;eJIKH. CooTBeTcTBYIOIIJ;He nOJIOmeHHH npe}J;ycMoTpeHbI B
OTHorneHHH 3aRJIIO'leHHH 6paRa II YCbIHOBJIeHHfl (nn. 1 CT. 742,
un. 1 CT. 802 fR), O;D;HaKO 3TO nOJIOmeHHe B nopH;D;Ke TOJI-
KOBaHHH MomHO pacnpocTpaHHTb H Ha ;D;PyrHe C;D;eJIRH 6pa'I-
I10-CeMeHHoro xapaRTepa, IIpII 3TOM HymHo Y'IHTI.IBaTb, 'ITO
B OTHorneHHH nOCJIe;D;CTBIIH He MorYT npHMeHHTbCH HOpMbI
«06IIJ;eH 'laCTH» fR (CT. 93-95 fR), a Bonpoc ;D;OJImeH pe-
IIlaTI.CH, HCXO;D;H H3 oco6eHHOCTeH 6pa'IHO-CeMeHHbIX C;D;eJIOK.
B npOTHBHOM CJIY'IaB npH3HaHHe B onpe}J;eJIeHHbIX cHTyan;HHX
167
He)J;eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH C)J;eJIRH npHBe)J;eT R HemeJIaTeJIbHblM
nOCJIe)J;CTBHHM.
6) B OTHOllIeHHH 06MaHa H npHHym)J;eHHH, CBH3aHHbIX C
3aRJIIO'IeHHeM 6paKa, pa3Bo)J;oM. YCbIHOBJIeHHeM Hero paCTOp-
meHIleM, HMeIOTCH cnen;HaJIbHbIe nOJIOmeHHH (CT. 747, 764.
808, 812 fIt). B OTHOllIeHHH aHHYJIHpOBaHHH TaKHX C)J;eJIOK
orpaHlPIeHHH, npe)J;ycMoTpeHHbIe B n. 3 CT. 96 fIt, He npH-
MeHHIOTCH. B nopH)J;Ke TOJIKOBaHHH 3TO nOJIOmeHHe pac-
npOCTpaHHeTCH H Ha )J;pyrHe BH)J;bI 6pa'lHO-CeMeHHbIX c)J;e-
JIOK.
3) BnOJIHe nOHHTHO, '1TO 6pa'lHO-CeMeHHbIe C)J;eJIKH He'
)J;OJImHbI npOTHBOpe'lHTb ny6JIH'IHOMY nopH)J;KY H )J;06PbIM
HpaBaM, a TaKme 06H3aTeJIbHbIM' npe)J;nHcaHHHM 3aKOHO)J;a-
TeJIbCTBa. B npOTHBHOM CJIY'lae OHH npH3HaIOTCH He)J;eHCT-
BHTeJIbHbIMH. BMeCTe C TeM npH pellIeHHH KOHKpeTHbIX np06-
JIeM CJIe)J;yeT npHHHMaTb BO BHHMaHHe H q,aKTopbI COn;HaJIb
Horo H HHoro nopH)J;Ka. TaK, BTOpOH 6paR npH cym;ecTBoBa
HHH nepBoro He)J;eHCTBHTeJIeH, TaK RaK )J;BoemeHCTB<t-
npOTHBOpeQHT ny6JIH'IHOMY nopJl)J;KY H )J;06PbIM HpaBaM, O)J;-
HaKO B CJIyqae q,aKTH'IeCKOrO B03HlIRHOBeHHH )J;BoemeHCTBa
rrpH3HaHHe BToporo 6paKa He)J;eHCTBHTeJIbHbIM BbI30BeT He-
meJIaTeJIbHbIe nOCJIe)J;CTBHH )J;JIH pe6eHKa. pO)J;HBlIIerOCH BO'
BTOpOM 6paKe, rr03TOMY fIt npe)J;YCMarpHBaeT aHHYJIHpOBa
lIHe BToporo 6paKa, npH'IeM nOCJIe)J;CTBHH TaKOro aHHYJlHpO
BaHHH He 06JIa)J;aIOT 06paTHOH CHJIOR (CT. 744, 748 fIt).
4) IOpH)J;H'IeCKHe )J;eHcTBHH B cq,epe 6pa'lHO-CeMeHHbIx
OTHOllIeHHH '1aCTO Tpe6YIOT HX oq,opMJIeHHJI B onpe)J;eJIeHHou:
q,opMe. TaK, npH 3aKJIIO'IeHHH 6paKa, pa3BO)J;e, YCbIHOBJIeHHR
Hero paCTopmeHHH Tpe6yeTcH COOTBeTCTBYIOm;ee 3aHBJIeHHe,
OTBe'laIOlI.(ee nOJIOmeHHHM 3aKOHa 0 noceMeRHOR 3anHCll
(CT. 739, 764, 799, 812 fIt). 8TO CBH3aHO C TeM, '1TO 6pa'lHO
ceMeHHbIe OTHOllIeHHH BXO)J;HT B cq,epy 06m;ecTBeHHoro no-
pH)J;Ka H OKa3bIBaIOT BJIHHHHe Ha TpeTbHx JIHn;.
6. aMHJIHH.
1) fIt ycraHaBJIHBaeT CJIe)J;yIOm;R8 rrOJlOmeHHH B OTHOllIe...
HHH q,aMHJIHH.
a) 3aKoHHopom)J;eHHbIH pe6eHoR HOCHT q,aMHJIHIO pO)J;H-
TeJIe-H. Pe6eHoK, pO)J;HBllIHHCH nOCJIe pa3BO)J;a, HOCHT q,aMHJIHID
pO)J;HTeJIeR Ha MOMeHT pa3BO)J;a. BHe6pa'lHbIH pe6eHoK HOCHT
q,aMHJIHIO MaTepH (CT. 790 fIt), XOTH" 3TO' He 03Ha'laeT, 'ITO'
HpH rrpH3HaHHH OTn;OB'CTM q,a!lnlJIlfJI pe6eHKa aBTOMaTlI'IeCRR
MeHHeTCH Ha q,aMHJIRID OTn;a. Ec.1IR pe6eH()K HOCHT HHYIO, '1eM
168
'VTen; HJBIMaTb, cpaMHlliUO, OH C pa3pemeHHH CeMeHHOrO cY)J;a
MOmeT IIOMeHHTb ee Ha cpaMHJIHIO O1'n;a HJIH MaTepH (CT. 791
TR).
6) Cynpyrn HOCJIT06IIJ;yIO cpaMHJIHIO (CT. 750 rR). IIpH
9TOM TaROH cpaMHJIHeH MOmeT 6bITb TOJIbRO cpaMHJIHH Myma
JIJIH meHb!. 06m;aH cpaMHJIHH onpe}J;eJIHe1'CH no COrJIameHHIO
'cynpyrOB. B CJIY'Iae pa3BO}J;a cpaMHJIHH cynpyra, H3MeHeHHaH
nPH aaRJIIO'IeHHH 6paRa, MeHHeTCH Ha }J;06pa'IHYIO (n. 1
CT. 767, CT. 771 rR) ,O}J;HaRO CJIe}J;yeT HMe1'b B BH}J;y H HCRJIIO-
'IeHHH, npe}J;ycMo1'peHHI>Ie )J;onOJIHeHHeM K rR OT 1976 r.
(CM.: CeMeHHoe npaBO - 30). AHHYJIHpOBaHHe 6paKa npH-
paBHHBaeTCH K pa3BO}J;y (CT. 749 rR). RpoMe TOro, B cJIy-qae
cMepTH cynpyra nepemHBmHH cynpyr, H3MeHHBmHH CBOIO
tPaMHJIHIO npH 3aKJIIO'IeHHH 6paRa, MomeT npHHHTb r.r;06pa'I-
HYIO cpaMHJIHIO (CT. 751 rR).
B) Y CbIHOBJIeHHbIH pe6eHOK HOCHT cpaMHJIHIO YCbIHOBH-
TeJIeH (CT. 810 fR). llpH paCTopmeHHH YCbIHOBJIeHHH <paMH-
JIHH YCbUIOBJIeHHOrO H3MeIIHeTCH Ha ero cpaMHJIHIO }J;O YCbI-
HOBJIeHHH (CT. 816 fH), M3MeHeHHe <paMHJIHH YCbIHOBJIeH-
Horo B nO}J;06HOH cHTyan;HH He BJIeqe1' aBTOMaTH'IeCRH
JI3MeHeHHe <paMHJIHH ero r.r;eTeH. AHHYJIHpOBaHHe YCbIHOBJIe-
HHH npHpaBHHnaeTCH R ero paCTopmeHHIO (n. 2 CT. 808 rH').
2) B npemHeH pe}J;aKn;HH fR H3MeHeHHe ipaMHJIHH ObIJIO
Henocper.r;CTBeHHO CBH3aHO C H3MeHeHHeM npHHa}J;JIemHOCTH
K «ceMbe» B ee }J;OBoeHHOM nOHHMaHHH, 'ITO BbI3bIBaJIO 3Ha'IH-
TeJIbHble nOCJIe}J;CTBHH B cipepe pO}J;CTBeHHbIX oTHomeHHH.
C nepecMoTpoM rR ipaYHJIHH CTaJIa 03Ha'IaTb JIHIDb HaHMe-
HOBaHHe onper.r;eJIeHHOH JIIT'IHOCTH, H ee H3MerreHHe He IIMeeT
HIIRaROH CBH3II C npaBOBbIMII nOCJIe}J;CTBIIHMH B cipepe pO}J;CT-
BelIHbIX oTHollieHIIH. TaR, II3MeHeHHe cpaMIIJIHH Ma1'epH no-
{;JIe pa3BOna IIJIH CMep1'H cynpyra He OKa3bIBaeT BJIHHHIIH Ha
-ee CTa1'YC KaK JIHn;a, 06JIap;aIOm;ero pO}J;HTeJIbCRHMH npaBaMH
-B OTfIomeHHH pe6eHRa. PaBHbIM 06pa30M 31'0 OTHOCHTCH K
'OTHOllIeHHHM nepemHBmero cynpyra C pO}J;CTBeHHHKaMII no-
ROHHoro cynpyra.
113 YRaaaHHoro rrOJIOmeHIIH rR npep;ycMaTpHBaeT Or.r;HO HC-
1WIOqeHHe, a HMeHHO, eCJIHJIHn;O, H31vWHIIBllIee paHee ipaMH-
,mrIO B peayJIbTaTe 3aRJIIO'IeHIIH 6paKa IIJIII YCbIHOBJIeHHH,
3aTeM npHHHMaeT rrpeiKHIOIO, BonpocbI HaCJIer.r;OBaHHH IIM
npe}J;MeToB, CBH3aHHblX C OTnpaBJIeHHeM KYJIbTa nper.r;KoB, pe-
waIOTCH no COrJIameHHIO aaHHTepecoBaHHbIx JIIIn; (CM. CT. 769,
':771,817, n. 2 CT. 751 fIt). ::ho CBH3aHO C MHeHIIeM, 'ITO OT-
IJpaBJIeHIIe R'yJIbTa npe}J;ROB r.r;OJImHO ocym;eCTBJIHTbCH JIIIn;aMH,
169
HOCH HMH OAHY <paMHJIHIO C rrOMHHaeMbIMH rrpeAKaMH, XOTSl
rroA06HaH TO'lKa 3peHHH H BDl3bIBaeT 3Ha'lHTeJIhHYIO KPHTHKY
(CM.: Cel\mllHOe rrpaBO - 30).
7. IIoceMeiiHaa sanHCb KaK cpeACTBO rJIaCHOCTH pO CT-
BeHHbIX cBHsen.
1) 3Ha'leHHe noceMeiiHon aanIlcII II JlCTOpIlH paaBHTHH
}J;aHHoro HHCTIITYTa.
a) Ha,TIH'IHe pOACTBeHHDlX CBH3en MemAY orrpeAeJIeHlIbnnr
JIHIJ;aMH HMeeT BamHoe 3Ha'leHHe He TOJIbRO AJIH nHX, HO :II
AJIH TpeTDHX JIHIJ,. MHCTHTYT peTHCTpaIJ,HH pOIJ,CTBeHHbIX CBH-
aeM B TOM HJIII HlIOM <popMe AaBHo YCTaHOBHJICH BO Bcex cTpa-
flax, B RrrOHHH me STOT HHCTHTYT C<pOpMHpOBaJICH B BHA8'
rroceMeMHOM aarrHCH.
6) PaHee HHCTHTYT noceMeMHOM 3anHCH B RnoHHH CJIY-
mMJI TJIaBHDIM 06paaoM aAMHHHCTpaTHBHbIM n;eJIHM, a HMeHHO
n;eJIHM peTYJIHpOBaHIIH HaJIOTOOOJIOmeH:IIH, npH3DlBa Ha BoeH-
nyIO cJIymoy, rrOAAepmaHHH oom:ecTBeHHoM 6eaonaciiocTIf
H T. rr. OAHaRo C BMAeJIeHHeM HaJIOTOBOM CHCTeMDl H OpTanOB:
rrO,1mepmaUHH oo ecTBeHHoM oeaonacHocTH B caMOCTOHTeJIb-
HbIe HHCTHTYTbI IIoceMeMHaH 3aIIHCb CTaJIa BMcTyrraTb B '1IIC-
TOM BHAe KRK JIHCTHTYT HOTapHaJIbHOro YAOCTOBepeUHH ce-
MeMHMX H pOACTBeHHbIX OTHorneHHM.
3aKOH 0 IIoceMeMHOM aanHCH B RIIOHHH BCTYIIHJI B CHJIY
O}J;HOBpeMeHHO C fR 16 HIOJIH 1898 T., a B 1914 r. ObIJI IIepe-
CMOTpen. B TO BpeMH STOT HHCTHTYT CTpOHJICH Ha rrpHHn;H-
IIax CTapOM ceMeMHOM CHCTe1liM H MeCTO IIoceMeMHOM aanHCJr
«ceMbH» H ee '1JIeHOB '1aCTO HMeJIO MaJIO 06 eTo C peaJIbHbIM
MeCTOM mHTeJIbCTBa H <paRTH'IeCKHM COCTaBOM ceMLH. C rro-
CJIeBOeHHMl\f rrepeCMOTpOM fR CTapaH ceMeMHaH CHCTeMa 6MJIR
YIIpaaAHeHa, HHCTHTYT noceMeMHOM 3aIIHCH IIepeCTaJI CBH3M-
BaTbCH C «CeMbeM» B CTapOM ee rrOHHMaHHH H rrpeBpaTHJICH
B cpeACTBO HOTapnaJIbHOro YAOCTOBepeHHH pOn\}J;eIIHH H POA-
CTBeHHMX CBHaeit. B COBpe1lieHHOM BHAe 8TOT IIHCTHTYT CTpO-
liTCH Ha IIpHHn;HIIe penICTpan;HH B Oi'lHOl\I Mene cynpyrOB:II
HX XOJIOCTbIX ):I;eTeM, HOCH HX O):l;UY C nmm <pal\1HJIHIO
(CT. 6, 16 3a1WHa 0 noceMelUIoM aamlcH).
2) COCTaBJIeHHe II cO):l;epmaHUe noceMeiiHoll 3anHcn.
a) COTJIaCHO HOBOM CHCTeMe rroceMeihrOH aarrHCH perHCT-
pan;HH IIOAJIemaT TOJIbKO pO}J;HTeJIH H HX }J;eTH, HHMMH CJIO-
BaMH, O}J;Ha rroceMeMuaH aaIIHCb He MomeT BKJIIO'IaTb O):l;HO-
BpeMeHHO TPH rrOKOJIeHHH. IIepBMM B rroceMeMHYIO aarrHCb
BHOCHTCH cynpyr, He H3MeHHBlliHM CBOIO <paMHJIHIO rrp:ll aa:-
170
'KJIIO'lemm: 6paRa, SaTeM H!J;eT ero cynpyr H p;aJIee p;eTH B CO-
-DTBe1'CTBHH co BpeMeneM pOiRp;enHJI (CT. 14 3aRona 0 noce-
MeHnoH sanHcH). B CJIY'lae BCTynJIenHJI p;eTeH B 6paR, a TaR-
me nOJIBJIenHJI y nHX Bne6palJnblX HJIH YCbIHOBJIenn:bIX )J;eTeH
Ha o6pasoBaBmYIOCJI ceMbIO HJIH pOp;HTeJIJI H pe6eHRa saBO-
,IJ;HTCJI nOBaJI noceMeHnaJI sanHCb (CM. CT. 16 H 17 yRasan-
Horo HaRona) II 3TH JIHu;a HCRJIIOlJaIOTCJI HS TIOCeMeHHOH aa-
TIHCH CBOHX pOAHTeJIeH. IIoceMeHHaJI sanHCb aaRpbIBaeTCJI co
<CMBpTbIO pOAHTeJIeH nOCJIe HCRJIIOlJeHHJI lIS nee ,IJ;eTeH. 'Y Cbl-
HOBJIeHH:bIH, ne HMeIOm;HH cyrrpyra, BnHCbIBaeTCJI B noceMen-
HYIO sarrHCb YCbIHoBHTeJIeH. IIpH HaMeneHHH waMHJIHH pe-
,6enRa na waMHJIHIO 1aTepH lIJIH OTu;a B CJIYlJRHX, RorAa ero
4aMHJIHJI OTJIHlJaJIaCb 0'1' waMHJIHH MaTepH HJIH OTu;a, 3'1'0'1'
pe6enOR BnHCbIBaeTCJI B rroceMeHUYIO sarrHCb MaTepH HJIH OTU;a
IIPH YCJIOBHII, eCJIH on ue HMeeT cyrrpyra (CT. 18 yRasannoro
<aaRona). KpoMe Toro, rrpH BOSBpam;enHH R rrpeiRneH waMH-
JIHH rrOCJIe paaBO,IJ;a HJIH paCTOpiReUHJI YCbIHOBJIenHJI JIHU;O,
ORasaBmeeCH B TaROH cHTyaU;HH, B rrpHnU;Hrre rrO,IJ;JIeiRHT saHe-
enHIO B ,IJ;06palJnyIO rroceMeHuyIO sarrHCb HJIH noceMeHuym
3anHCb ,IJ;O YCbIHOBJIenHJI, O,IJ;naRO rro Tpe60BanHIO 3Toro JIHu;a
Ha Hero MOiReT 6:bITb SaBe,IJ;ena nOBaJI noceMeHnaJI sanHCb
(CT. 19 H 20 fK).
Ii) IIoceMelluaJI aanHCb CO,IJ;epiRHT TaRiRe nO,IJ;p06nble CBe-
)J;enHJI 0 RaiR,IJ;OM HS sanecennblX B nee JIHU;, a HMenHO Wa-
MHJIHJO H HMJI, AaTY pOiR,IJ;enHJI, ocnOBanHe H ,IJ;aTY BUeCeHHJI
B )J;alIHYIO noceMeHnyIO sanHCb, waMHJIJm H HMeua pO,IJ;n:bIX
OTu;a H MaTepH H ,IJ;p. (CT. 13 YRasannoro saRona).
3) BHeceHHe CBe,IJ;eHllH B noceMeHnyro aamlCb.
a) BnecenlIe CBe,IJ;enHH B rroceMeHnyIO sarrHCb ocym;ecT-
EJIJIeTCn no aaHBJIelUlIO JIHU;, BKJIIOlJenn:bIX B ,IJ;annyIO sarrHCb
(CT. 15 YRaa3UHoro saRoHa). 3aJIBJIeUHe MOiReT OblTb HSBe-
m;aIOII:(1IM JI YCTaUaBJIHBarom;HM. K rrepBOMY BIIAY OTUOCJITCJI
SaJIBJIenHJI, COOOm;aIOn IIe 0 waKTax, yme BblaBaBUlHX npaBO-
Bble rrOCJIe,IJ;CTHHJI, HarrpHMep pOiRAenHH, CMepTH, paSBO,IJ;e H
paCTOpiRerrHH YCbIIIOBJlemlJI B cY,IJ;eOnOM rropH,IJ;Re. CIOAa iRe
OTHOCIITCH H rrpHSHanHe OTU;OBCTBa rro saBem;auHro (n. 2
{:'l'. 781 fI{, CM.: Ce 1eiIll'oe npaBO - 42). PecoOom;enHe YKa-
3anIIblX CBe,IJ;eIIHii BJIelJeT HaJIOiRenIIe IlITpawa nR oOfisanHoe
JIHU;O (CT. 120 YRaaaHIIOro aalwna). K YCTanaBJIIIBaIOm;UM
aaHBJIenHHM OTnOCHTCH Te, ROTopble rrOpOiR,IJ;aIOT npaBOBble
rrOCJIe,IJ;CTBHH na OCHOBaHHH caMoro waKTa S3HBJIenlIH. K 3TO-
MY BHAY SaHBJIenHH OTHOCHTCH HaHBJIenHH 0 SaR.JIIOlJeHHH opa-
1\3, YCbIHOBJIeBHH, pasBOAe H p3CTopmeHHH YCbIHOB.lIerrHfJ IrO
171
COfJlameHHIO, a TaRme 0 npHmH3HeHHOM npH3HaHHH OTn;OB-
CTBa, npeKpam,eHHH OTHomenHH CBOHCTBa II HROM.
6) HeBepHDIe CBep;eHHH, BHeceHHDIe B noceMeiiHYIO 3a-
rrHCb, He BbI3bIBaIOT npaBOBbIX nOCJIep;CTBHii. B p;aHHOM CJIY-
qae 3aHHrepeCOBaHHble JIHIJ;a MorYT 06paTHTbCH R npon;ep;ype
H3MeHeHHH HeBepHbIX CBep;eRHH, a npH B03HHRHOBeHHH COM-
HeHHH 06H3alIbI rrpep;OCTaBHTb COOTBeTCTBYIOID;He p;ORa3a-
TeJIbCTBa.
8. EpaqHO-CeMeHHble cnopbI H HX paaperneHI1e. qacTo npB
B03HHRHOBemm CHOpOB Memp;y cynpyraMH, pOp;HTeJIHMH If
p;erbMH, a TaRme Memp;y ;o;eTbMH paCCMOTpeHHe aTHX cnopOB
B OTRpbITOM cyp;e6HoM npon;ecce HemeJIaTeJIbHO P;JIH 3aHHTe-
peCOBaHHhIX JIIHJ;. B CBH3H C aTHM npep;YCMOTpeHO paCCMOT-
peHHe .a;aHHoro po.a;a .a;eJI Cnen;HaJlbHbIMH ceMeHHbIMH cy.a;aM!H;
B nopH.a;Re 3aRpbIToH cyp;e6Hoii HpOn;e.a;ypbI. IIpH aTOM CJIe
.a;yeT HMeTb B mlp;y, qTO He Bce 6paqHO-CeMeiiHble cnopbI OT-
HOCHTCH it IOpHC.a;HRn;HH ceMeHHoro cy.a;a. IIcxop;H U3 xapaR-
Tepa crropa, PH) 6paQHO-CeMeHHbIX crropOB paCCMaTpHBaeTca
06DIQHbIJ\JH CYP;C1MH.
1) K IOpHCp;IIRn;HH 06bIQHbIX CYP;OB OTHOCHTCH CJIep;YIOID;He
CHOpbI: HCRH 0 npH3HaHHH He.a;eHcTBHTeJIbHOCTH HJIH almYJIH-
pOBaHHH 6paRa (CT. 744, 747 fK, CT. 1 3aRoHa 0 npon;eccy-
aJIbHOH npon;ep;ype paCCMOTpeHHH JIHQHbIX p;eJI), 0 pa3Bop;e
(cr. 770 fK), 06 aHHYJIHpOBaHHH pa3Bo.a;a (CT. 764 fK).
HCRH, CBH3aHHbJ e C YCbIHOBJIeHHbIMH H YCbIHOBJIeHHeM ( CT.
804-808 fK), 0 HenpH3HaHHH OTn;OBCTBa (CT. 775 fR), 0
rrpH3lIaHHH OTn;OBCTBa (CT. 787 fK), 0 Hep;eiicTBHTeJIbHOCTll
HJIH allHYJIHpOnaHHH npH3HaHHH OTU;OBCTBa (CT. 786 fR.
CT. 29 3aRoHa () npou;eccyaJIbHOH npon;ep;ype paCCMOTpeHHJI
JIHQHbIX p;eJI), 06 YCTaHOBJIeHHH OTn;OBCTBa (CT. 773 fIt) lJ
.a;p. CJIep;yeT YQHTbIBaTb, QTO nepep; rrpep;'hHBJIeHHeM HCRa B
06bIQHbIH cy.a; MCTen; 06H3aH npemp;e 06paTHTbcH C 3aHBJIe-
HHeM B ceMeHHbIH cyp; 0 paCCl\lOTpeHJ1H HCRa B nopHp;Re nplI-
l\IHpHreJIbHOH npOn;ep;ypbI. IIpH OTCYTCTBHH aTom 06bIQHblii
cyp; MomeT HanpaBHTb .a;eJIO B ceMeHHbIH CYA P;JIJI ero pac-
cMoTpeHHH B TaJWM nopH.a;Re (CT. 18 3aRoHa 0 cyn;e6HoM pac-
CMorpeHHH ceMoHHbIX p;eJI).
2) K IOpHCp;llRn;HH ceMeMHoro cy.a;a OTIIOCHTCH nCRU, YRa-
3aHHDIe B CT. 9 3aRoHa 0 cyp;e6noM paCCMOTpeHHH ceMeHHDIX
p;eJI, a TaRme npep;YCMOTpeHHble APyrHMH aRTaMH 3aROHop;a-
TeJIbCTBa (HarrpIIMep, CT. 28 3aRoHa 0 6JIarOCOCToHHHH p;eTeH.
CT. 345 3aRona 0 6aIIKpoTcTBe). ,D;aHHoro PO)J;a HCRH nOApa3-
172
;a;emIIOTCH Ha ;a;Be rpynnbI. K nepBOH rpynne OTHOCHTCH Te,
no KOTOpbIM He ;a;onYCKaeTCH npHMHpRTeJIbHaH npou;e;a;ypa,
HanpHMep npH3HaHHe Re;a;eecnoc06HbIM HJIH Ha3Ha1J:eHHe one-
KYROB. Ko BTOpOH rpynne OTHOCHTCH HCKH, ;a;onYCKarom;He
COrJIameHHe CTOpOH, a CJIe;a;OBaTeJILHO, H npHMHplITeJIbHYro
rrpo:u;e;a;ypy, HanpHMep pa3;a;eJI HMym;ecTBa rrplI pa3BO;a;e, a
TaKme IICRH, CBH3aHHble C CO;a;epmaHHeM HmAHBeHu;a.
PaCCMOTpeHile ;a;eJI B ceMeHHOM cy;a;e ocym;eCTBJIHeTCH
cy;a;beH B npHCYTCTBHH CneU;HaJIbHbIX COBeTHHKOB, H36lIpae-
MbIX H3 pH;a;OBbIX rpamAaH H co06m;arom;HX CBoe MHeHHe CYAbe
(CT. 3 3aKoHa 0 cy;a;e6HoM paCCMOTpeHHH ceMeHHbIX AeJI).
B OTJIll'IlIe OT 06bI'IHOH npou;e;a;ypbI paCCMOTpeHHe AeJI B ce-
MeHHOM cy;a;e J!eAeTCH B 3aKpbITOM nopHAKe, 6e3 YCTHoro
COCTH3aHHH, a raKme Ha OCHOBe cpaBHHTeJIbHO mHpOKoro
npaBa YCMOTpeJIIIH CYAbH. CTOPOHbI MorYT OCnOpHTb peme-
Hue ceMeHHoro cy;a;a B Te1J:eHHe ;a;BYX He;a;eJIb nOCJIe BbIHeceHHH
pemeHHH (CT. 1 i YKa3aHHoro 3aKoHa). BMeC'fe C TeM peme-
Hlle cYAa, 06H3bIBarom;ee OTBeT1J:HKa YIIJIaTHTb AeHemHYro
CYMMY HJIlI nepeAaTb Bern;b, MomeT 6bITb HCnOJIHeHO HeMeA-
JIeHHO (CT. 15 YKa3aHHoro 3aKoHa).
3) IIpH lHpHTeJIbHaH IIpoU;e;a;ypa. ITo MHOl'HM HCKaM 6pa1J:-
Ho-ceMeHHoro xapaKTepa YCTaHOBJIeH npHHU;Hrr npe;a;BapH-
TeJIbHOrO o6pam;eHHH K npHMHpHTeJIbHOH npoU;e;a;ype. ITpHMH-
pHTeJIbHaH KOMHCCHH COCTOHT 1I3 cy;a;bH ceMeHHoro cy;a;a H He
MeHee ABYX 1J:JIeHOB, Ha3Ha1J:eHHbIX Cel\reHHbIM cy;a;OM (rr. 2 H 3
CT. 3, CT. 22 3aKoHa 0 cYAe6HoM paCCMOTpeHHH ceMeHHblx AeJI).
ITpH ueCOrJIaCHH CTOpOH C pemeHHeM npllMHpHTeJIbHOH
KOMHCCHII HCK B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT ero xapaKTepa nepeAaeTcH
JIH60 B ceMeHHbIH, JIH60 B 06bJ1IHbIH cy;a;.
r n B B B 2. POACTBO
! t. nOHHTHe pOACTBB
9. 3Ha1J:eHHe H cOAepmaHHe pOAcTBa.
1) 06bI1J:HO JIroAH CBH3aHbI C APyrHMH JIHu;aMH onpe;a;e-
JIeHHbIMII pO;a;CTBeHHbIMH OTHomeHHHMH: no KpOBH, B CHJIY
3aKJIro1J:eHHH 6paI{a H T. II. AJIH onpe;a;eJIeHHH Kpyra JIHU;.
06'be;a;HHeHHblx pO;a;CTBOM, npaBO YCTaHaBJIHBaeT COOTBeTCT-
Byrom;He KpHTepHH. TaK, BbI;a;eJIHeTCH KpOBHoe pO;a;CTBO, KpOB-
Hoe POACTBO no 3aKOHY (B03HHKaeT npH YCUHOBJIemlH) II
CBOHCTBO (OTHomeHHH, YCTaHaBJIHBaeMbIe B pe3YJIbTaTe aa-
173
KJIIO'IeHHH 6paKa). IIpH aTOM BO Bcex Tpex rpynrrax K Kpyry
JIHn;, CBH3aHHhIX PO)];CTBOM, OTHOCHTCH JIHrnb 'fe, KOTophIe Ha-
XOn;HTCH B onpe)];eJIeHHOH CTeneHH pO)];CTBa.
2) CorJIaCHO fR pOACTBeHHHRaMH C'IHTaIOTCH KpOBHhIe
pO)];CTBeHHHKH )];0 rneCTOH CTerreHH pO)];CTBa, cyrrpyr H CBOHCT-
BeHHHKH )];0 TpeTbeH CTerreHH pOACTBa (CT. 725 fR),
a) RpOBHbIe pOACTBeHHIIRH }J;O llIeCTOH CTeneHH pO)];CTBa.
CJIeAyeT Y'IIITbIBaTb, 'ITO B )];aHHYIO KaTeropHIO BKJIIO'IaIOTCR
H pO)];CTBeHHHKH, rrpH3HaIIHble TaKOBhIMH rrpaBOBbIMlI aKTaMH,
T. e. YCbIHOBJIeHHhIe H yCbIHoBIITeJIH. B CTapOH pe)];aKn;HH fR
rrpH3HaBaJIOCb KpOBHoe PO)];CTBO Mem)];y BTOpOH meHoH Myma
H pe6eHKoM ero rrepBoH meHhI, a TaKme Mem)];y meHoH H BHe-
6pa'IHbIM pe6eHKoM Myma (CT. 728 cTapoH pe)];aKll,HII fR).
IIocJIe rrepeCMOTpa fR CTaJI paCCMaTpHBaTb OTHOllieHIIH OTMe-
"feHHbIX JIHn; JIHllIb KaK OTHOllIeHHH CBOHCTBa.
B IICqIICJIeHHH CTerreHH pO)];CTBa H3BeCTHbI )];Ba cnoco-
oa - pOl\IanCKaH H KaHOHII'IeCKaH CHCTeMbI. B HrroHHH rrpH'
HHTa pOMaHCKaH CHCTeMa, KOTopaH 3aK.lIIO'IaeTCH B rrOAC'IeTe
'IHCJIa rrOKOJIeHHH rro BOCXO)];HII{eH H HHCXO)];HIll,err JIHHHHM.
TaK, OTHOllIeHHH MemAY pOAHTeJIHMH II AeTbMH onpep;eJIH-
IOTCH nepBoH CTerreHbIO pO}J;CTBa, Mem)];y BHYKOM 1I )];e)];OM 11
oaoKoH - BTOpOH, 'ITO KacaeTCH 60KOBhIX pO)];CTBeHHHKOB,
OTHOrrIeHHH 6paTbeB H ceCTep orrpeAeJIHeTCH BTopoH CTerreHbIO
pOn;CTBa, a AHAH H TeTH C rrJIeMHHHIIKaMH - TpeTbPH CTerreHbIO
(CM. CT. 726 fR). B OTHOllIeHHII pOACTBeHHIIKOB, HaXOAH-
HXCH B rrpHMOH JIHHHH pOACTBa, fR YCTaIIaBJIHBaeT 06JI3aH-
HOCTb cOAepmaHHH HMH APyr Apyra (CT. 877 fR), a BHe
3aBHCHMOCTll OT COBMeCTHOCTH rrpomllBaHHH - 06H3aHHocTb
OKa3aHHH rrOMOIll,H (CT. 730 fR).
Pa3AeJIeHHe pOACTBa Ha BOCXOAHm;yIO II HHCXOAHIll,yIO JIH-
HHH, a TaKme Ha npHMYIO H 60KOBYIO JIHHHII HMeeT 3Ha'IeHHe
AJIH orrpeAeJIeHHJI rrOpH)];Ka rrpH3BaHHH K HaCJIe)];OBaHHIO
(CT. 889 fR) H )];JIH YCTaHOBJIeHHH rrperrHTcTBHH K 3aKJIIO'Ie-
H1IIO 6paKa H YCbIHOBJIeHHIO (CT. 736, 793 fR). KpoMe Toro,
B COOTBeTCTBHH C ¥R y6HHCTBO pO)];CTBeHHHKa no BOCXO)];H
In;eH JIHHHII BJIe'IeT 60JIee cTporoe HaKa3aHIIe no cpaBHeHHIO
C 06bI'IHhIM y6HHCTBOM (CT. 200 YK, or. pelllemm BepxoBIIoro
CYAa OT 20 4>eBpaJIH 1957 r. H OT 4 arrpeJIH 1973 r.).
6) Cynpyr. Mym'IIIHa H meHm;Ima, BCTyrrIIBIIIIIe B 6paR,
Ha3hIBaIOTCH cyrrpyraMH. JIHn;a, HaXO)];HIll,:IIeCH B He3aperHcT-
pHpoBaHHoM 6paKe, He HBJIHIOTCH cyrrpyraMH. B OTHOllIeHHH
cyrrpyra He rrpIlMeHJIIOTCH TaKHe nonHTHH, KaK KpOBHoe pO}J;
CTBO ImH CBOHCTBO, a TaKme CTeneHb pO}J;CTBa.
174
B) CBOnCTBeHHHKH P;O TpeTLen CTeneHIf pop;CTBa. CBOHCT-
BeHHHKaMH cyrrpyra HBJIJUOTCH KpOBHLle pop;CTBeHHHKH p;py-
fOrO cyrrpyra. CJIep;yeT HMeTL B BHP;y, '11'0 KpOBHLle pOP;CT-
BeHHHKH Kamp;oro H3 cyrrpyroB Memp;y C060H He HBJIHIOTCH
cBoiIcTBeHHHKaMH, a cyrrpyr H CBOHCTBeHHHKH p;pyroro cyn-
pyra He Haxop;HTCH Memp;y C060H B OTHOmeHHJIX CBoHcTBa.
I1c'JHCJIeHHe CTerreHH pop;cTBa Memp;y CBoHcTBeHHHKaMH ocy-
m;eCTBJIHeTCH Ha OCHOBe paccMoTpeHHH cyrrpyroB KaK ep;HHo-
ro u;eJIoro. CJIep;yeT HMeTL B BHP;y, '11'0 rrOHHTHH rrpHMoH HHC-
XOp;Hm;eH JIHHHH H rrpHMoH BOcxop;Hru;eH JIHHHH B OTHomeHHH
CBOHCTBa He rrpHMeHHIOTCH (CM. CT. 887, 889 rR').
2. H3MeHeHHe pOAcTBeHHblx OTHoweHHH
10. B03HlIKHoBeHHe pop;CTBeHHLIX OTHorneHHH. OCHoBaHHH
B03HHKHOBeHHH pop;CTBeHHLIX OTHorneHllii pa3JIH'JaIOTCH B 3a-
BHCllMOCTH 01' BHp;a p;aHHLlX OTHoIlIeHHii.
1) ECTecTBeHHoe KpOBHoe pOp;CTBO. B03HHKHoBelule p;aH-
HLIX OTHOIlIeHHH orrpep;eJIHeTCH TeM, KTO HBJIHeTCH MaTe pLIO
H OTI OM pe6eHKa. OTeu; H MaTI, orrpep;eJIHIOTCH aa'J<1TUellf H
pomp;eHHeM pe6eHKa. B COOTBeTCTBUII C 3THM JIHU;O BCTyrraeT
B pO)J;CTBeHHI,le OTHOIlIeHHH C pop;HTe:IHMIf H HX pO)J;CTBeHHII-
KaMH. ECJIH y)J;OCTOBepeHHe pom}J:eIIHH cpaBHHTeJILHO He-
CJIOmHO, TO )J;OKa3aTeJII,CTBO 3a'JaTHH npe}J:CTaBJIHeT TPY}J:HYIO
rrp06JIeMY. B :nOM OTHOIlIeHHH rrpllIIHTO rrOJIOmeHHe 0 TOM,
'11'0 rrpH pom}J:eHHH pe6eHKa 01' pO}J:HTeJIeI:i, COCTOHru;llX B 6pa-
Ke, pe6eHOK C'JHTaeTCH pO)J;HBIlIllMCH 01' MYif{a, eCJIH 06paTHoe
He 6Y}J:eT }J:OKa3ano B CY}J:e6HOM rropH}J:Ke. BHe6pa'JHI,lii pe6e-
HOK OT JI\eHIIJ;HHI,I, ne COCTOHru;en B 6paKe, HaXO}J:HTCH B OTHO-
llleHllHX eCTeCTBeHHoro KpOBHoro pop;CTBa C MaTepbIO H ee
pO}J:CTBeHHHKaMH, 'JTO me KacaeTCH OTu;a Hero pO)J;CTBeHHH-
KOB, TO, }J:ame eCJIH OTeu; pe6eHI\a H3BeCTerr, MemJl:Y BIle6pa'J-
HbIM pe6eHKOllI H OTU;OM B npaBOBOM OTIIOIlIeHHH He B03HHKaeT
KpOBHoro pO)J;CTBa. ,[(JIH B03HIIKHOBeIIIIH YKa3aHIIbIX OTIIOIlIe-
mIii Tpe6yeTcH rrpU3HaHHe OTU;OBCTRa. ITpll Ha.7Ill'1IIll TaRoro
rrpH3HaHHH OTHOIlIeHllH eCTeCTBeUHoro KpOBHoro pO)J;CTBa
MeiI\}J:Y OTU;OM H pe6eHKOM C'IHTaIOTCH B03HIIKIlIHMII C :\IOlIIeH-
Ta pOiI\p;eHlIH pe6eHKa (CT. 784 rR').
2) KpoBIIoe pOP;CTBO no 3aKOHY. 81'01' Bll}J: pop;CTna B03-
HllKaeT B pe3YJII,TaTe YCI,IHOBJIeHHH. 'Y CbIHOBJIeHHI,IlI rrpHo6-
peTaeT CTaTYC 3aKOHHOpOiI\p;eHHOro C MOllIeHTa YCbIlIOBJIeHHH
(CT. 809 rR'), C :noro MOMeHTa B03HHKaIOT H pO)J;CTBeHIII,H>
175
OTHomeHlIH, aHaJI0rH'IHbIe OTHomeHHHM eCTeCTBeRHoro KPOB-
Horo pop;CTBa C pop;CTBeHHHKaMH YCbIHOBHTeJIeH (CT. 727 rR).
CJIeP;yeT Y'IHTbIBaT:b, 'ITO npH YCbIROBJIeRHH pop;CTBeRH:bIe
OTHomeHlIH MeiKP;Y yC:bIROBIITeJIHMH H HX pop;CTBeHHHKaMH
H eCTeCTBeHHbIMH KpOBHbIMH pop;CTBeRHHKaMH YCbIHOBJIeRRO-
1'0 pe6eRRa He BoaHHKaIOT. B nopHp;Ke TOJIKOBaHlIH C'IHTaeTCH,
qTO p;eTH, pop;HBmHeCH Y YCbIROBJIeRROrO nOCJIe YCbIHOBJIeHHH,
HaXO)];HTCH B KpOBROM pop;CTBe C YCbIROBJIeHHbIMH, YCbIROBH-
TeJIHMH H HX KpOBHbIMH pop;CTBeHHHKaMH (CM. pemeRHe
BepXOBHoro cy;a;a OT 26 p;eRa6pH 1917 r.).
11. IIpeKpam;eHHe pop;CTBeHHbIX OTHomeHHii. OOIn;HM oc-
ROBaRlieM npeKpam;eHHH pop;CTBeHRbIX OTHomeRHH HBJIHeTCH
CMepT:b. 3TO oaRa'IaeT, 'ITO co CMepTbIO, HanpHMep, rpaiKp;a-
RHHa A npeRpam;aIOTCH ero pop;CTBeHHhIe OTHomeRIiH C ero
OTn;OM B, YCbIROBJIeHHDIM B, cynpyroM r H T.;a;. Op;RaKo aTO
He OaHa'IaeT, 'ITO pop;CTBeHRbIe OTHomeHHH MeiKP;Y B, B H r
npeKpam;aIOTCH co CMepTbIO rpaiKp;aHHHa A. B OTJIH'Ilie OT
3TOTO HCKYCCTBeHHO C03p;aHHbIe OTHomeHHH HpOBHoro pop;-
CTBa II CBOHCTBa, B03HHKmHe B peaYJI:bTaTe YCbIHOBJIeRHH HJIH
aaRJIIOTleHHH 6paRa, npH HX npeKpam;eHHII B peaYJI:bTaTe pac-
TopiKeHIIH YChIROBJIeHHH HJIII paaBop;a BbI3hIBaIOT o6m;ee npe-
Rpam;eHlIe BCex OTHomeHIIH, B03HHKmHX Ha HX OCHOBe. Pac-
MOTpHM ;a;aHRbIH Bonpoc Ha npHMepe paaJIII'IHbIX BH)];OB pop;-
CTBeHHbIX OTHomeHHH.
1) OTRolIIeHIIH eCTeCTBeHHoro KpOBHoro pop;CTBa He MorYT
ObITb npeKpam;eHbI HH no KaKHM HHbIM OCHOBaHHHM, KpOMe
cMepTH.
2) RpoBHoe pO;a;CTBO no aaKOHY.
a) }(poBRbIe OTRomeRHH no 3aKOHY MeiKP;Y YCbIHOBJreH-
HbIM II YCbIHOBHTeJIeM npeI{pam;aIOTcH co CMepTbIO OP;HOH Ha
TOpOH. RpoMe Toro, nOCJIe cMepTIi YCbIROBHTeJIH YCbIHOBJIeH-
HbIH MOiKeT C pa3pemeHHH ceMeHRoro cyp;a npeKpaTHT:b Bce
pop;CTBeHHbIe OTRomeHIIH MeiKP;Y HHM H KpOBlIbIMIi pO;a;CTBeH-
HHKaMH YCbIHOBIITeJIH. CJIeP;yeT Y'IHTbIBaTb, 'ITO ocym;eCTBJIe-
HHe p;aRROII npOn;eP;ypbI nOCJle CMepTiI YC:bIHOBJIeHlloro He
.n;onycKaeTcH.
6) )J;pyrlIM OCHOBaHHeM npeKpam;eHHH KpOBHoro POP;CT-
Ba no aaKOHY HBJIHeTCH pacTopiKeHHe yC:bIHOBJIeHHH. B aTOM
JIyqae C MOMeHTa YKaaaHHoro aKTa npeKpam;aIOTCH He TOJIb-
RO OTHomeHHH YCbIROBJIeHHOro C yCbIHOBHTeJIHMH H HX KpOB-
HbIMH pop;CTBeHHHKaMH, HO H pop;CTBeHHbIe OTHomeHHH JIHD;,
HaXOp;Hm;IIXCH B pop;CTBe C YCbIHOBJIeHHbIM no npHMOH HHCXO-
176
'J{H eiI JIHHHH (rrpH YCJIOBHH, eCJIH aHHbIe OTHOrneHHH B03-
UHKJIH rrOCJIe YCbJ:HOBJIeIIHH), C YCbJ:HOBHTeJIHMH H HX KpOB-'
HbIMII pO CTBeHHHKaMH (CT. 729 rK),
:3) CBOHCTBO.
:a) Co CMepTbIO O HOrO cyrrpyra, HarrpHMep Myma, rrpe-
Rpa aIOTCH cyrrpymecKHe OTHOrneHHH Mem,LJ;y MymeM H me-
HOH, a TaIOOe OTHOllIeHHH CBOHCTBa Mem,LJ;y MymeM H KpOBHbJ:-
MH pO,LJ;CTBeHHHKaMH meHbJ:. IIpOOJIeMY COCTaBJIHeT Borrpoc,
npeKpa aIOTCH JIH B ,LJ;aHHOM CJIY'Iae OTHOllIeHHH CBOHCTBa
Mem,LJ;y nepemHBIIIeH meHOH H KpOBHbIMH pO,LJ;CTBeHHHKaMH
Myma. COrJIaCHO nOBOH pe,LJ;aKIJ;HH rK YKa3aHHb1e OTHOllIeHHH
B ,LJ;aHHml CJIY'Iae He npeKpa aIOTCH aBTOMaTIr'IeCKH, O,LJ;HaKO
nepemIIBllIHH cynpyr MOiHeT B JIIOOOe BpeMJI npeKpaTHTb OT-
nOllieHIIH CBOHCTBa C KpOBHbIMK pO,LJ;CTBeHHHKaMH rrOKOHHoro
yrrpyra (n. 2 CT. 728 rK). B npOTHBOnOJIOmHOCTb 9TOMY
npeKpaIll,eHHe OTHOllIeHHM CBOHCTBa KpOBHbIMH pO,LJ;CTBeHHH-
RaMH nOKOHHoro cynpyra He ,LJ;OnYCKaeTCH. IIpeKpaIll,eHHe
YKa3aHHbIX OTHOllIeHHII nepemHBllIHM cynpyroM ,LJ;OJImHO
O<jJOpMJIHTbCH COOTBeTCTBYIOIlI,HM 3aHBJIeHHeM B opraHbI noce-
MeHHOH sarrHCR (CT. 96 3aKoHa 0 rroceMeHHOH 3arrRCH). Kpo-
Me Toro, I_aK OTMel:faJIOCb paHee, nepemHBllIHH cynpyr, H3Me-
HHBIIIHH CBOIO <jJaMHJIHIO B pe3YJIbTaTe 3aKJIIO'IeHHH opaKa,
MomeT nOCJIe CMepTH cyrrpyra H3MeHHTb CBOIO <jJaMHJIHIO Ha
p;OOpa'IHYro (n. 1 CT. 751 rK). O,LJ;HaKO CJIe,LJ;yel' yqHTbIBaTb,
'ITO ,LJ;aHHbIH Bonpoc COBepllIeHHO He CBH3aH C rrpeKpaIll,eHHeM
()THOllieHIIH CBOHCTBa.
0) ,ZJ;pyrHM OCHOBaHHeM npeKpaIll,eHHH cynpymecKHx OT-
HornenHH H OTHOllIeHHH CBOHCTBa HBJIHeTCH pa3BO,LJ;. B 9TOM
JIY'Iae B OTJIH'IHe OT CMepTR O,LJ;HOrO H3 cyrrpyroB rrpeKpa e-
UHe cyrrpymecKHx OTHomeHHH Be,LJ;er K npeI{paIll,eHHIO Bcex
B03HIIKllIHX Ha OCHOBe 3aKJIIO'IeHIDI opaKa OTHOllIeHHH CBOH-
CTBa (n. 1 CT. 728 rK). ECTecTBeHHo, 'ITO pe'Ib H,LJ;eT JIHllIb
() npeKpameHHH OTHorneHHH CBoHcTBa, HO He pO CTBeHHbIX
()THOllIeHHH C ,LJ;eTbMH, ,LJ;ame B TOM CJIY'Iae, Kor,LJ;a ,LJ;eTH npomH-
.aaIOT C ,LJ;pyrHM pO,LJ;HTeJIeM H HOCHT ,LJ;pyryIO <jJaMHJIHIO.
AHuymlpoBanIIO opaKa npHpaBHIIBaeTCH K paSBO,LJ;y H TaK-
me HBJIHe rCH OCHOBaHHeM npeKpaIll,eHHH OTHOllIeHHH CBOH-
(jTBa.
B) II peKpaIll,eHHe KpOBIIOro pO,LJ;CTBa no 3aKOHY Ha OCHO-
BaHIIH paCTopmeHHH YCbIHOBJIeHHH Be,LJ;eT K npeKpaIll,eHHIO
()TIIOmeIHlff CBOffCTBa, B03HHKllIliIX Ha OCHOBaHHH YCbIHOBJIe-
HHH. KOHKpeTIIO 9TO 03IIa'IaeT npeKpaIll,eHHe TaKHX OTHO-
IDenHH Mem,LJ;y YCbIHOBHTeJIHMH, HX KpOBHbIMH pO,LJ;CTBeHHH-
12 3aKa3,N, 1264
177
lWMM, C OJ\HOM CTOpOHbI, H cynpyroM YCbIHOBJIeHHOrO, a TaK-
me era PO)(CTBeHHHKaMH no npFlMOH HHCXO)];JHIWH JIHHHU U UK
cyrrpyroB, C )];pyroH (CT. 729 fR'), H T. n.
t 3. npaBOBble nocneACTBHSI pOAcTBa
12. IIpaBoBbIe nOCJIe)];CTBHH pO)];CTBeHHblX OTHomeHHH MO-
rYT 6:blTb pa3JIHqHbI B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CTerreHU pO)];CTBa If
HHbIX OCBOBaHHM. ITo CO)];epmaHUlO HX MomHO pa3)];eJIHTb H3;
CJIe)];YlOIIJ;He rpynnbI.
a) CJIYQaH npH3HaHHH HenOCpe}];CTBeHHblX aKTHBHblX no-
CJIe}];CTBHH (npaBa H o6H3aHllOcTH):
06H3aflHOCTb no B3aHMHOM nOMOIIJ;H (CT. 730 fK). HecyT'
KpOBHble pO}];CTBeHHHKH no npHMOM JIIIHHH H COBMeCTHO npo-
mHBalOIIJ;ne pO)];CTBeHHHKH;
06JI3aIlHOCTb no CO)];epmaHHlO (CT. 877, 752 fR'). HecyT'
KpOBHble pO)];CTBeHHHKH no npHMOM JIHHHH, 6paTbFl H ceCTpbE
(B KaQeCTBe HCKJIlO'IeHHFI H pO)];CTBeHHHKH )];0 TpeTbeM CTerre-
HH PO)];CTBa, a TaKme cynpyru) (CT. 752 fIt);
HaCJIe tCTBeHHbIe npaBa (CT. 887, 889 rIll). 06JIa}];alOT'
KpOBHbIe pO)];CTBeHHHKH no npFlMoM JIHHHH, a TaKme cynpyrH.
6) CJIY'lall npH3HaHlIH nOJIHOMOQHM no KOCBeHHOMY BMe-
maTeJIbCTny B 6paQHO-CeMeHHble OTHomeHIIH KOHTpareHTOB:
npaBO IlO)];a'lH 3aFlBJIeHHFI 0 npH3HanHH ne)];eeCnOC06HbIM
HJIII OrpaUH'IelnIO )];eeCnOC06H.bIM (CT. 7, 13 fR'). 06JIa}];alOT'
pO)];CTBeHHHKH )];0 'IeTBepToM CTeneHH pO)];CTBa;
npaBO Tpe60BauHH aHHYJIHpOBaHHFI 6paKa IIJIH YCbIHOB-
JIeHHFI (CT. 744, 805-807 fIt). 06JIa)];alOT Bce pO)];CTBeHHHKH;
npaBO Tpe60BaHHFI JIHllIeHHH HJIH aHHYJIHpOBaHHH pO}];H-
TeJIbCKIIX npaB (CT. 834-836 fR'). 06JIa)];alOT Bce pO}];CTBeH-
HHKH;
npaBO Tpe60BaHHFI Ha3HaQeHUFI HJIH JIHmeHHH CTaTYC3;
oneKYHa, oneKYHa-6JIlOCTHTeJIFI, nOne'IHTeJIH ( CT. 841, 845,
n.1 CT. 847, CT. 852 fIt). 06JIa)];alOT Bce pO)];CTBeHHHKH;
npaBO npe)];':bFlBJIeHllH HCKa 0 HenpH3HanlIH pe6eHKa, po-
}];IIBllIerOCH nOCJIe CMepTH OTIJ;a (CT. 29 3aKona 0 npol(eccy-
aJIbHOH n pOl(e)];ype paCC;\WTpeHHH JIII'IHbIX )];eJI). 06JIa)];alOT
KpOBHble pO)];CTBeHHHKH )];0 TpeTbeII CTeneHH pO)];CTBa.
B) CJIYQan npl13HaHlIH naCCIIBHblX OrpaHHQeHlIii:
3anpeIl(eHlle 6paKOB Meil,)];y 6mI31UIl\Ill pO)];CTBeHHlma-
MIl (CT. 734-736 fIt). PacnpocTpaHFleTcH Ha pO)];CTBeHHH-
KOB no npHMoH JIIIHHH II KpOBIIbIX PO}];CTB8HHHKOB no 60KO-
178
BOH JIIIHHH AO TpeneH CTerreHII pO)];CTBa;
3arrpeHJ;eHHe YCbIHOBJreHHH pO)];CTBeHHIIROB no BOCXO)];HI eH
.JIHHHH (CT. 793 rK). PacnpOCTpaUHeTCH Ha BOCXO)];HIJJ;HX PO)];-
.cTBeHHHROB no npHMOH H 60ROBOH JIHHHHM;
HeB03MomHOCTb na3Ha'leHHH oneRYHOM, CBH)];CTeJIeM 3aBe-
I aHIIH H nOIIHTbIM npII COCTaBJIeHHII 3aBeru;aHIIH (nn. 5
.cT. 846, nil. 4 CT. 974 rR). PacnpocTpaHHeTcH Ha cynpyra H
HpOBHbIX pO)];CTBeHHIIROB no npHMoH JIHHHH;
HeB03 !On\HOCTb na3IIa'leHHH oneRYHoM-6moCTHTeJIeM
(CT. 850, 852 rK). PacrrpOCTpaHHeTCH Ha cynpyra oneRYHa,
ero HpOBHbIX pO)];CTBeHIIHROB no npHMOH JIHHHII, 6paTbeB H
.ceCTep.
13. llpaBOBbIe nOCJIe)];CTBHJI pO)];CTBa, npe)];YCMOTpeHHbIe
HHbIMH OTpaCJIJlMH rrpaBa, 3aRpenJIHIOTCH CT. 104, 147, 244,
251, 255, 257 YR, CT. 20 H CJIe)];., 147, 231-233 YIIR H
CT. 35 H CJIe)];., 280 rIIK
IIOMHMO YRa38HHhIX OTpaCJIeH, npaBOBbJe nOCJIe)];CTBHH
rrpe)];YCMaTpHBaIOTCH a)];MHHHCTpaTHBHbIM, TPY)];OBbIM, HaJIOrO-
BbIM rrpaBOM, rrpaBOM COn;HaJII>Horo o6eCne'leHHH H )];pyrHMII
OTpaCJIHMH npaBa.
rnaBa 3. &PAK
1. 0611.\He nOnO)l(eHHSI
14. Cyn(HOC'Ib H pa3BHTHe IIHCTHTYTa 6paKa.
1) Bpa'lHOe rrpaBO. JIHCTHTYT 6paKa C Cal\lOrO Ha'faJIa
.cBoero B03HHKHOBeHHH perYJIHpOBaJICH orrpe)];eJIeHHbIMH npa-
BHJIaMH, B rrO)];aBJIHIOru;eM 60JIbIIlHHCTBe CJIY'Iaell 06bI'IaHMH,
peJIHrH03HbIMH npe)];nHCaHHHMH 'H HopMaMH MOpaJIlI. COI03bI
Mem)J;Y Mym'lHHaMH H meHm;HHaMH, nO)];'1HHHBIIlHeCH )];aHHbIM
rrpaBHJIaM, COCTaBJIHJIH HHCTHTYT 6paRa, a KOr)];a )];aHHbIe npa-
BHJIa HOCHJIH npaBoBoH xapaRTep, !JJOpMHpoBa.1JOCb 6pa'lHOe
rrpaBo.
2) JI3MeHeHHe HHcTHTYTa 6paKa. C pa3BHTHeM 'feJIOBe'le-
'CTBa HHCTHTYT opaKa npeTepneJI 3Ha'lHTeJIbHbIe H3MeHeHHH.
a) B OTHomeHlIH HaH60JIee paHHeH !JJOpMbJ 6paKa B Hay-
He cyru;eCTBYIOT pa3HOrJIaCHH, cyru;eCTBOBaJIH JIH 6e36pa'lHbIe
'CBH3H IIJIH HMeJICH rpyrrnoBoH 6paK, XOTH MHorHe Y'feHbIe 0'1'-
pHn;aIOT cyru;eCTBOBaHHe YRa3ahHbIX !JJOPM 6paKa H YTBepm-
)];aIOT, '1TOerO HCTOpHH Ha'lHHaeTCH C MOHoraMHH. B BOCTO'l-
12*
179
TJOM 06ru;eCTBe ;a;o CpaBHHTeJIbHO He;a;aBHerO BpeMeHH cyru;eCT-
BOBaJIO MHOrOmeHCTBO H B I\paMHe He3HR'lHTeJIbHOM "lHCJI6'
CJIY"laeB MHoroMymecTBO.
6) C TO'lI\H 3peHHH 3aKJIIO'leHHH 6pal\a ero RHCTHTYT rrpo
lIIeJI rrYTb OT HepaBHorrpaBlUl meHru;HHbI rrpH 3aI\JIIO"leHRIt
6pal\a ;a;o COBpeMeHHoro 6pal\a, OCHOBaHHoro Ha B3aHMHOM co
rJIaCHH CTOpOH.
B) HeCMOTpH Ha YCTaHOBJIeHHe MOHoraMHOM <pOpMbI 6pal\a:
II rrpHHIJ;Hrra 3aI\JIIO'leHHH 6pal\a rro B3aHMHOMY COrJIaCRIO-
CTOpOH, ;a;o cpaBHHTeJIbHO He;a;aBHero BpeMeHH HHCTHTYT 6pa-
I\a B HrrOHHH He rrpe;a;CTaBJIHJI C060M cB060;a;Horo COI03a paB-
HorrpaBHbIx Mym'lHHbI H meHru;HHbI. i:ho 6bIJIO CBH3aHO rrpe-
m;a;e Bcero C cyru;ecTBoBaHHeM cTapoM ceMeMHoM CHCTeMbI.
B HaH60JIee I\paMHHX CJIY'laHX Borrpoc 0 3aI\JIIO"leHHH 6pal\a
pelIIaJICH He caMHMH ero CTopOHaMH, a rJIaBaMH ceMeM, 1\ 1\0-
TOpbIM 3TH CTOpOHbI rrpHHa;a;JIemaJIH. Aame Tor;a;a, I\or;a;a BOJIJ!
1\ BCTyrrJIeHHIO B 6pal\ BbIpamaJIaCb caMHMH ero CTopOHaMH,
;a;eMCTBHTeJIbrrOCTb 3aI\JIIO'leHHH 6pal\a YCTanaBJIHBaJIaCb JIHIIIb-
rrpH COrJIaCHH rJIaBbI ceMbH HJIH pO;a;HTeJIeM. RpOMe Toro, R
6pa"lHbIX OTHOlIIeHHHX Mem;a;y Mym'lHHOM H meHru;HHOM OT-
CYTCTBOBaJIO paBeHCTBO. Hail60JIee THrrH"lHbIMH rrpHMepaMI11
3Toro HBJIHJIHCb He;a;eecrroc06HOCTb meHbI, a Tal\me B03JIOme-
HHe 06H3aHHOCTH coxpaHeHHH cyrrpymecl\oM BepHOCTH JIHIIIb-
Ha meHY. Bce 3TH rrpaBHJIa, CTaBHBIIIHe meHY B HepaBHoe rro
OTHOlIIeHHIO 1\ Mymy rrOJIOmeHHe, 6bIJIH YCTpaHeHbI H3 rR B()
BpeMH ero rrOCJIeBOerrHoro rrepeCMOTpa, H B l\a"leCTBe OCHOBO
rrOJIaraIOru;HX 6bIJIH 3al\perrJIeHbI rrpHHIJ;HrrbI YBameHHH JIH'I-
HOCTH H rrpHHIJ;Hrr paBeHCTBa Mym'lHHbI H meHru;HHbI.
15. CO;a;epmaHHE' 6pa"lHOrO npaBa perYJIHpyeTcH B rJI. 2
pa3;a;eJIa «CeMeihJOe rrpaBO}) rK rJIaBa nO;a;pa3;a;eJIHeTCJI Ha:
TpR "laCTH: 3aI\JIIO'leHHe 6pal\a, rrOCJIe;a;CTBHH 6pal\a H npe
I\paru;eHHe 6paI\a. OTHolIIeHHH Mem;a;y pO;a;HTeJIHMH H ;a;eTbMH,
a HMeHHO rrpaBa H 06H3aHHocTH pO;a;HTeJIeM rro CO;a;epmaHHIO,
rrOrre"leHHJO H BocrrHTaHHIO ;a;eTeM, perYJIHpYIOTCH HopMaMR,
rrOMeru;eHHbIMH B rJIaBaX 3 H 4 pa3;a;eJIa «CeMeMHoe rrpaBO».
HaCJIe;a;CTBeHHbIe OTHOlIIeHHH Mem;a;y cyrrpyraMH perYJIlIpy-
IOTCH B pa3;a;eJIe «HaCJIe;a;CTBeHHoe rrpaBO».
a) B OTHOlIIeHHH 3aI\JIIO"leHHH 6pal\a rR npe;a;YCMaTpHBaeT
pH;a; <paI\TH'leCI\HX H <p0pMaJIbHbIX YCJIOBU. Bpal\, He OTBe..
'IaIOru;HM ;a;aHHbIM YCJIOBHHM, HBJIHeTCH He;a;eMCTBHTeJIbHbIM
HJIH rrO;a;JIemHT aHHYJIHpOBaHHIO. BMeCTe C TeM CJIe;a;yeT Y'lH-
ThIBaTL, 'ITO 'laCTO 6pal\ YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH <paI\TH'leCI\H, 6e3
180
C06mO,lJ;eIlHH YCJIOBHH, rrpe,lJ;YCMOTpeHH:bIX B fIt B aTHX CJIY-
'WHX fK YCTaHaBJIHBaeT rrpHHlJ;Hrr ero aHHYJIHpOBaHHH (B'
KpaHHe OrpaHHqeHH:bIX CHTya:rJ;HHX ,lJ;OrrYCKaeTCH rrpH3HaHHe'
He,lJ;eHCTBHTeJI:bHOCTH 6paKa). IIpH aTOM ,lJ;aHHOe aHHYJIHpo-
BaHHe B OTJIHqHe OT CHTya:rJ;HH, rrO,lJ;rra,lJ;aIOm;HX rro,lJ; ,lJ;eHCTBHe
«06m;eH 'laCTH» fK, He 06JIa,lJ;aeT 06paTHOH CHJIOH. KpOMe
Toro, cY,IJ;e6I1aH rrpaKTHKa H HaY'IHaH ,lJ;OKTpHHa CTaJIH rrpH-
3HaBaT:b TaK Ha3:bIBaeM:bIH He3aperHCTpHpOBaHH:bIH 6paK B Ka-
qeCTBe rrpHpaBIIeIlHoro K 6paKY, rrpe,lJ;ycMoTpeHHoMY fK.
6) IIOCJIe,lJ;CTBHH 6paKa B:bICTyrraIOT B BH,IJ;e H3MeHeHJIJI Wa-
MHJIHH, 06H3aHHOCTH COBMeCTHoro rrpomHBaHHH H rrOMOm;H
,lJ;Pyr ,lJ;pyry, B JIHqH:bIX neHMym;ecTBerrH:bIX oTHoruenHHx :Ii HMY-
m;eCTBeHH:bIX oTHorueHHHx Mem,lJ;y cyrrpyraMH. qTO KacaeTCH
rrOCJIe,lJ;HHX OTHOrrIeHHM, TO HX CO,lJ;epmaHHe MomeT perYJIH-
pOBaT:bCH 6paqH:bIM ,lJ;orOBopOM Mem,lJ;y cynpyraMH, O,lJ;HaKO B
CBH3H C TeM, qTO B oTHorueHHH 6paqHOrO ,lJ;OrOBOpa YCTaHOB--
JIeH:bI BeC:bMa CTporHe YCJIOBHH, na rrpaKTHKe OIl rrpaKTHqeCKH
He rrpHMeHHeTCH, H rrOCJIe,lJ;CTBHH 6paKa, TaKHM 06pa30M, B
rrO,lJ;aBJIHIOm;eH CBoeH qaCTH orrpe,lJ;eJIHIOTCH 3aKOHOl\L
B) EpaK B rrpHHlJ;Hrre CTaBHT IJ;eJI:blO C03,1J;aHHe rromH3HeH-
Horo COI03a MymqUH:bI H meHm;HH:bI, O,lJ;HaKO cyrrpymecKHe OT-
HorueHHH Mem,lJ;y MymeM H menOH Hepe,lJ;KO waKTHqeCKH pac-
rra,lJ;aIOTCH. IIo Borrpocy rrpaBOBoro rrpH3HaHHH ,lJ;aHHOrO pac-
rra,lJ;a 3aKOHO,lJ;aTeJI:bHaH rrpaKTHKa pa3JIHqH:bIX CTpaH BeC:bMa
pa3I1oo6pa3Ha If HCrr:bIT:bIBaeT rrpH aTOM BJIHHHHe 06:bIqaeB :Ii
peJIHrH03H:bIX ,lJ;orMaToB. fK RrroHHH B ,lJ;aHHOM Borrpoce CTOHT
Ha rrpe,lJ;rrOC:bIJIKe ynpam;eHHoro rrOpH,IJ;Ka pacTopmeHHH 6paKa
rrpH HaJIHqHH COrJIaCHH o6eHx CTOpOH. IIpH I1eCOrJIaCHH O,lJ;
Hora H3 cyrrpyroB 6paK MomeT O:bIT:b pacToprHYT B cy,lJ;e6HOM
rrOpH,IJ;Ke JIHru:b rrpH HaJIHqHH orrpe,lJ;eJIeHH:bIX OCHOBHHH. II pH
aTOM fK He CO,lJ;epmHT rrOJIOmeHHH OTHOCHTeJI:bHO IfHcTHTyra
pa3)J;eJI:bHOrO mHTeJI:bCTBa cyrrpyroB, rrpH3HaBaeMoro B pH,IJ;e'
CTpaH B KaqeCTBe rrpe,lJ;BapHTeJI:bHOH CTa,lJ;HH pa3BO,lJ;a.
2. 3aKnlO'feHHe 6paKa
16. )J;oroBop 0 aaKJIIO'IeHIIII 6paKa. EpaK 3aKJIIOqaeTCH
'IaCTHorrpaBOBhIM ,lJ;OrOBOpOM CTOpOH rromH3HeHHoro xapaK-
Tepa.
BO-rrepB:bIX, 6paK B HaCTOHm;ee BpeMH 3aKJIIO'laeTCH CTOpO-
HaM:Ii. KaK OTMe'laJIOC:b paHee, rrepBOHa'laJI:bHaH pe,lJ;aKIJ;HH,
fK rrpe,lJ;ycMaTpHBaJIa B03MOmHOCT:b ,lJ;eHCTBHTCJI:bHOrO 3aKJIIO-'
18r
"IeHHH 6paIm JIHllIb npH YCJIOBHIf COrJIaCIIH rJIaBbI CeMbH II
pO)];HTeJIeii. XOTH II no ceM )];eHb Ha OCHOBaHHH 06bPJaH rrpH
- aRJnO'IeHlIH 6paIm Y'IHT'bIBaeTCH BOJIH H )];Py1'llx, rrOMllMO
BCTyrraIOIIJ;HX B 6paR, JIHn;, O)];HaRO C rrpaBOBOH TO'IRll 3peHHH
«6paR OCHOB'bIBaeTCH TOJIbRO Ha B3aHMHOM COrJIaCHH 06eHX
CTOP0H» (CT. 24 KOHcTHTyn;HH RrrOl'lHH).
BO-BTOpbIX, 6paR rrpe)];CTaBJIHeT C060H 'IaCTHOrrpaBoBoii
Jl;OrOBOp. PaHee oq,opMJIeHHe 3aRJIIO'IeHHH 6paRa OTHOCllJIOCb
R HCRJIIO'IHTeJIbHOM rrpeporaTHBe n;epRBll, O)];HaRO C OT)];eJIe-
HlleM n;epRBH 01' rocy)];apCTBa )];aiKe n;epROBH'bIe 6paRll CTaJIlI
HOCHT'b xapaRTep )];OrOBOpa CTOpOH. B RrroHHH )];0 CHX rrop
'IaCTO rrpaRTHRyeTcH 06'bI'IaM n;epROBHoro 6paI{a, 'ITO, O)];Ha-
RO, He MeHHer e1'o xapaRTepa RaR 'IaCTHOrrpaBOBoro )];OrOBopa.
B aTOM CEH3H CJIe)];yeT oTMeTHTb, 'ITO C q,opMaJIbHOM TO'IRH
3peHHH 6paR 3aRJIIO'IaeTCH JIHIIIb rrpII rro)];a'Ie cTopoHaMH
3aHBJIeHHH, rrpe)];ycMoTpeIIHo1'o 3aRoHoM 0 rroceMeMHoM 3a-
rrHCH.
B-TpeTbHx, RaR H BCHRHM )];OrOBOp, 6paR 3aRJIIO'IaeTCH rro
B3aHMHOMY COrJIaCHIO CTOpOH. O)];HaRO B OTJIH'JHe OT 06'bI'IHO-
TO )];OrOBOpa rrpe)];CTaBHTeJIbCTBO rrpll 3aRJIIO'IeHHH 6paRa He
)];OnYCRaeTCH. ,D;aiKe JIHn;a, rrpH3HaHHble HeJl;eecrroc06H'bIMH,
MorYT caMOCTOHTeJIbHO BCTyrraTb B 6paR, H C01'JIaCHH orreRYHa
rrpH aTOM He Tpe6yeTcH (CT. 738 rK),
B-'IeTBepTbIX, rrOCROJIbRY n;eJIbIO 6paRa HBJIHeTCH nOiKII3-
HeHH'bIH COBMeCTH'bIH COI03, YCTaHOBJIeHHe RaRHX-JIH60 YCJIO-
BllH HJIH CpOROB rrpH ero 3aRJIIO'IeHHH He )];OrrYCRaeTCH.
17. llOMOJIBRa rrpe)];CTaBJIHeT C060H )];OTOBOP 0 6y)];yIIJ;eM
BCTyrrJIeHllH B 6paR.
1) IIo HrrOHCRHM 06'bI'IaHM rrOMOJIBRa corrpOBOiK)];aeTCH
06pH)];OM 06Mena rrO)];apRaMH, XOTH MOiKeT COBeplIIaTbCH H 6e3
TaRoro n;epeMOHHaJIa. O)];HaRO COBepIIIeHHe )];aHHOrO 06pH)];a
06JIer'IaeT rrpe)];OCTaBJIeHHe )];OKa3WreJIbCTB COBepmeHHH no-
MOJIBRH rrpH rrpe)];'bHBJIeHHH Tpe60BaHHH B03MeIIJ;eHHH yIIJ;ep6a,
rrpH1JHHeHIIOrO ee pacTopiKeHHeM.
2) IIpH napYllIenHH )];OrOBOpa nOMOJIBRH O;:l:IIOH H3 CTOpOII
ee rrpHHY;:l:IITeJIbHOe HCrrOJIHeHHe He )];OnYCRaeTCH. O)];HaRO
HapYIIIeHIIe nOMOJIBRH 6e3 na)];JIeiKaIIJ;HX Ha TO OCHOBaIIHH no-
pOiK)];aeT 06H3aTeJIbCTBO B03MeIIJ;eHHIl yIIJ;ep6a, npH'IHHeHHOro
)];pyroH CTopOHe. TaRoe nOJIOiKeHHe rrpH3HaeTCH HnOHCRHM
rpaiK)];aHCRllM rrpaBOM B rrOpJI)];Re TOJIROBaHHH npH yCJIOBH!I
O'IeBll)];HOCTH CYIIJ;eCTBOBaHHH nOMOJIBRH. KpOMe Toro, C8HTa-
..eTCH, 'ITO 06H3aHHOCTb rro B03MeIIJ;eHHIO YIIJ;ep6a B nopH):\Re
182
;r.t;eJIHRTHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH HeCeT H TpeTbe JIHIJ;O, HeHa;r.t;JIe-
mam;HM OOpaaOM HapYIIIHBmee nOMOJIBRY.
3) OOMeH nop;apRaMH, cOBepllIaeMbIH npH nOMo.1JBRe,
npep;CTaBJIHeT COOOH ;r.t;apeHlIe onpep;eJIeHHbIX Bem;eii: HJIH
cpep;CTB P;JIH oy;r.t;ym;eH cynpymecRoii: mHaHH. ECJIH me rro-
MOJIBRa He aaRaH'IHBaeTCH opaROM, rrO;r.t;OOHoe ;r.t;apeHHe BCJIe;r.t;-
CTBne Hep;OCTHmeHHH CBoeH II;eJIH oyp;eT HeOCIIOBaTeJIbHbIM
oooram;eHHeM H BHe aaBHCHMOCTH OT Toro, Ha ROM JIemHT OT-
BeTCTBeHHOCTb aa HeaaRJIIO'IeHHe opaRa, ;r.t;apHTeJIb MomeT rro-
TpeOOBaTb OT O;r.t;apeHHoro BoaBpaIII;eHHH rrO;r.t;apRa. B rrpOTIlBO-
nOJIOmHOCTb aTOMY B cHTyaII;HH, Ror;r.t;a rrOMOJIBRa aaBepma-
eTCH ;r.t;ame HenpO;r.t;OJImHTeJIbHbIM opaROM, BpY'leHHe rrO;r.t;apRa
npn ee aaRJIIO'IeHHH He MOiReT C'IHTaTbCH neoCIIOBaTeJIblIbIM
oooraIII;eHHeM (HOO II;eJIb nOMOJIBRH ;r.t;OCTHrHYTa) H ;r.t;apHTeJIb
He MOiReT TpeOOBaTb BOaBpam;eHHH CBoero nO;r.t;apRa (C;\I, pe-
llIeIIHe BepXOBIlOro cy;r.t;a OT 4 cellTHopH 1964 r.).
18. 3aHBJIeHHe 0 BCTyrrJIemm B 6paK KaK <popMaJIbHOe
YCJIOBHe ero p;eiiCTBHTeJIbHOcTH.
1) COrJIaCHO TpeOOBaHHHM 3aHoHa 0 rroceMeiTI-IOH aaIIIICH
p;eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTb opaRa HacTyrraeT JIHllIb IIPH HIJ.JIH'IHII COOT-
BeTCTBYIOm;ero nHCbMeHHoro aaRBJIeHHR (II. 1 CT. 739 I'K).
a) 3aHBJIeHHe ;r.t;OJIiRHO rro;r.t;aBaTbCR B MYHHIJ;UrramJ:TeT B
OTp;eJIbI rroceMeHHOH aanHCH ooeHMH CTopOJla III H aa ITO;r.t;ITH-
CHMH He MeHee '1eM ;r.t;BYX COBepmeHHOJIeTHHX CBIIp:eTeJIei'I HJIH
B HX npHCYTCTBHH (CM. rr. 2 CT. 739 I'll', CT. 29, 33 3aRona
o noceMeHHOH aanHcH). B aaRBJIeHHH YRaabIBaIOTCR H36paH-
HaH BCTyrraIOm;HMH B opaR OOm;aH <paMHJIHH, ;r.t;aTa CBa)l;b6bI
(eCJIH TaROBaH rrpoBo;r.t;HJIacb), <paMHJIHH pO;r.t;HTeJIeii mIll;, BCTY-
rraIOm;HX B opaR, H HHbIe CBe;r.t;eHHH, TpeoyeMble IIoJIoiReHueM
o BCTynJIeHHH B CHJIY 3aKoHa 0 rroceMellHoii aaIlIlCH (c:\1.
CT. 74 YRaaaHHoro aaKOHa, CT. 56 IIoJIOiReHHH 0 BCTYllJIenUH
B CHJIY 3aRoHa 0 noceMeHHoH aanHcH). 3aRBJIeHHe :\fOa\eT
ObITb rro;r.t;arro RaK rro MeCTY HaXOiR;r.t;eHHR RHHr rroceMeiinoiI
aanHcn, TaR H no MeCTY iRUTeJIbCTBa OYP:YIII;ero Myma IIJII!
iReHbI (CT. 2.5 3aRona 0 noceMeihIOH aarrncn). IIpIl aaKJIIO'le-
HHH opaRa BO BpeMH npeobIBaHHR HOBOOpa-'IlibIX sa rpauuIJ;eii
aaHBJIeHHe MomeT rrO;r.t;aBaTbCH B nOCOJIbCTBO HJIII KOHCY.'IbCTBO
HnoHIIH B cooTBeTcTBYloIII;eii CTpaHe (CT. 741 I'H,).
0) Map ropo;r.t;a (noCeJIRa), CTapOCTa ;r.t;epeBHn HJIU ITOCO.l
(ROHCYJI), nOJIY'lHB aaHBJIeHUe 0 BCTYIIJIeHHH B opaR, ;r.t;o.'Iffien
rrpe;r.t;BapHTeJIbHO y;r.t;OCTOBepHTbCR B COOTBeTCTBHH ;r.t;aHHoro aa-
HBJIeHHH TpeoyeMoH aaROUOM <popMe H OTCYTCTBHH rrpeIlRT-
18:1'
1(;TBIIH 1J;JIH aaKJIIOTJeHHH 6paKa (CT. 740 II 741 fR). 01J;HaKo
iBHeceHHe B KHHry rroceMeHHoH aarrHCH aarrHCH 0 aaKJIIOTJe-
HHH 6paKa caMO rro ce6e em;e He HBJIHeTCH ero perHCTpan;lIeH,
1I60 He rrpe)];CTaBJIHeT Hoo6xo}J;HMoro YCJIOBHH, rrOCKOJIbKY }J;eH-
CTBHTeJIbHOCTb 6paKa HacTyrraeT cpaay me rrOCJIe rrpHHHTHH
Ha}J;JIemam;ero aaJIBJIeHHJI 0 BCTyrrJIeHHH B Hero.
2) Bo MHorHX CTpaHax }J;JIH rrpHaHaHHJI Ha}J;JIemam;ero C
'COIl,HaJIbHOH TOTJKH apeHHJI 6paTJROrO COIOaa Tpe6yeTcH C06JIIO-
}J;eHlIe onpe}J;eJIeHHbIX <popMaJIbHOCTeH, orrpe}J;eJIeRHoro o6pJI-
}J;a (HarrpHMep, peJIHrlIOaHoro), C TOTJKH apeHHJI 6paTJHOrO
aaKOHO}J;aTeJIbCTBa COOTBe'fCTBYIOm;HH 06PH}J; 6bIJI rrpHaBaH CJIY-
JRHTb rapaHTHeH aaKOHHOCTH 6paKa, cpe}J;cTBoM rJIaCHOCTH ero
3aKJIIOTJeHHH. C OT}J;eJIeHHeM me6paKa OT I1,epKBH H rrpeBpa-
m,eHHeM ero B rpam}J;aHcKo-rrpaBoBoH }J;oroBop HHCTHTYT rroce-
MeHHoH aarrHCH C'faJI HaH60JIee 8tPtPeKTHBHbIM cpe}J;CTBOM
rrpH}J;aHHJI rJIaCHOCTH aaKJIIOTJeHHIO 6paKa. BOT rrOTJeMY B COOT-
BeTCTBHH CO CT. 739 rK }J;eHcTBHTeJIbHOCTb 6paKa BOaHHI\aeT
:Ha OCHOBaHHH rrpHHHTHH COOTBeTcTByIOIII,HMH JIHII,aMH aaJIB-
JIeHHH, rrpe}J;ycMoTpeHHoro 3aKoHoM 0 rroceMeHHOH aanHCH.
19. llpenHTcTBIIH }J;JIH BCTynJIeHHH B 6paK. IIpH rrepe}J;aTJe
aaHBJIeHHH 0 BCTyrrJIeHIIH B 6paK COOTBeTCTBYIOm;HM )];OJIm-
.HOCTHbIM JIHIWM rrOCJIe}J;HHe 06HaaHbI y}J;OCTOBepHTbCH He
'TOJIbRO B npaBHJIbHOCTH tPOpMbI }J;aHIIOro 3aHBJIeHHH, HO II B
C06JIIO)];eHHH YCJIOBHH, rrpe}J;YCMOTpeHHbIX B CT. 731-737 rK
(CM. CT. 740 fR). Heco6JIIO)];eHlIe RaROrO-JIH60 H3 HHX }J;ame
rrpH OITIH6oTJHOM rrpHHHTHH 3aJIBJIeHHH B pH}J;e CJIYTJaeB CJIY-
.JRHT OCHOBaHIIeM }J;JIJI aHHyJIHpOBaHIIH 6paRa. HapyrrreHHe
YKaaanHblx YCJIOBHH 6y)];eT npenJITCTBHeM )];JIH BCTyrrJIeHIIH B
opaR, a HX C06JIIO)];eHHe - tPaKTHTJeCRHM YCJIOBHeM }J;JIH BCTyn-
JIeHHH B Hero.
1) BCTyrrJIeHlIe B 6paK HeBOa1lfOmHO )];0 }J;OCTlImeHHH Boa-
-pacTa 6paTJHOrO cOBepmeHHOJIeTIUI COCTaBJIHIOm;ero 18 JIeT
}J;JIH Mym<rHH H 16 JIeT )];JIH meHm;HH (CT. 731 fK).
2) JIHII,O, HBJIHIOm;eeCJI Ha MOMeHT 3aRJIIO'IeHHJI 6paI\a
cyrrpyroM, He I\fOmeT BCTynHTb B Hero (CT. 732 fR). PaaYMe-
,eTCH, TepMHH «JIHII,O, HBJIHIOm;eeCH cynpyrOM» rrOHHMaeTCH B
rpam}J;aHCRo-npaBOBOM CMbICJIe. IIpH B03HHKIIOBeHHH }J;Boe-
meHCTBa rrOCJIe}J;HHH 6paR rrO}J;JIemHT aHBYJIHpOBaHHIO (CT. 744
fR, B OTHOITIeHHH me rrpe}J;bI}J;ym;ero 6paRa }J;BoemeHCTBO co-
CTaBJIJIeT OCHOBaHHe }J;JIH ero pacTopmeHHH). IIpH He}J;o6po-
COBeCTHOCTH }J;BoemeHII,a K HeMY rrpHMeHJIIOTCH caHKII,HH, npe-
}J;YCMOTpeHHble yrOJIOBHbIM rrpaBOM (CT. 184 'YR).
J84
3) C eJII.IO BHeceHIDr HCHOCTII B Bonpoc 0 TOM; RTO HBJIH'-
eTCH OTIJ;OM pe6eHRa, npeP;YCMOTpeH nepHOp;, B Te'leHHe ROTO-,
poro 3anpem;aeTCH BCTynJIeHHe B nOBTopHbIO: opaR. iI\€Hm;Hua:
MOiReT BCTynHTb B Bero JIHrnb no IICTeqeHHH rneCTH MeCHIWB-
nOCJIe paCTOpiReHIIH IIJIH aHHYJIHpOBaHIIH npep;bIp;ym;ero 6pa-
Ra (n. 1 CT. 733 rR). IIpH 3aRJIIO'IeHIIH opaRa C napyrneHHeM'
3Toro YCJIOBHH B Te'IelIHe rneCTH MeCHIJ;eB C MOMeHTa pacTop-
iReHHH npep;bIp;ym;ero opaRa nOCJIep;YlOIIJ;HH opaR MOiReT ObITb-
aHHYJIHpOBaH no 3aHBJIeHHIO onpep;eJIeHHbIX JIHn; (CM.: CeMeo:-
Hoe npaBO - 22).
4) 3anpem;eHIIe opaRoB Memp;y OJIH3RHMH pO;rJ;cTBeHHIIRa-
MH OCHOBblBaeTCH Ha OOCTOHTeJIbCTBaX P;BYX BHp;OB.
Bo-nepBbIx, no coOOpaiReHHHM eBreHHRH. 3aRJIIO'IeHH -
6paRa He p;onYCRaeTCH MeiRp;y pop;CTBeHHHRaMH no npHMoiJ-
JIHHHII RpOBHoro pop;CTBa H MeiRP;Y RpOBHbIMH pop;CTBeHHHRa-,
MH no OOROBOO: JIHHHII P;O TpeTbeo: CTeIIeHH pop;CTBa (CT. 734
rR). B OTHorneHHII pop;CTBeHHHROB Ha'lumaH C 'IeTBepTOH-
CTeneHII pop;CTBa He npep;yCMOTpeHO HHRaRHX OrpaHII'IeHHH.
BO-BTOpbIX, no MOpaJIbHO-3TH'IeCRHM C006paiReHHHM. 8TII
OrpaHH'IeHHH OTHOCHTCH npeiR;rJ;e Bcero R npH3HaHHbIM TaRO-
BbIMH npaBOBbIM aRTOM pop;CTBeHHHRaM, HanpHMep R YCbIHO-
BHTeJIIO II YCbTHOBJIeHHOMY (CT. 734, n6 rR).
5) HecoBepmeHHOJIeTHHe.
a) ,IJ;JIH BCTynJleHIIH B opaR HeCOBeprneUHOJIeTHero Tpeoy-
eTCH COrJIaCHe ero pO;rJ;HTeJIeo: (n. 1 CT. 737 fR). BMecTe C
TeM npH HeCOrJIaCHH O;rJ;Horo II3 HHX p;OCTaTO'lHO COrJlaCIIR
p;pyroro. 8TO iRe OTHOCIITCH II R CJIY'IaHM, Ror;rJ;a MeCTOHaXOiR-
eHHe op;IfOro H3 pO;rJ;HTeJIeH HeH3BeCTHO, a TaInE,e R CJIY'Iaaw
CMepTH op;Horo H3 pOp;IITeJIeii IIJIH ero Hecnoc06HOCTH OCYIIJ;e-
CTBIITb BOJleH31>HBJIeHIIe (n. 2 CT. 737 rR).
6) ¥Ra3aHHoe nOJlOmeHHe HanpaBJleHO Ha C03p;aHHe p;o-
nOJIHIITeJIbBOro YCJIOBHH B BHp;e nOJIY'IeHHH COrJlaCIIH Ha 6paR
COOTBeTCTBYIOIIJ;lIX npaBOMO'IHbIX JIHn; npH BCTYIIJIeHHH B 6paR'
JIH , nep;OCTaTO'IHO 3peJIbIX C TO'IRII 3peHHH nOJIHOrO OC03Ha-
BIIH IIMH nOCJIep;CTBHH CBOlIX ;u;eiicTBHii. BJ\leCTe C TeM B Ha-
CTOHm;Hii MOMeHT, Ror;rJ;a Opa'IHbIii B03paCT nOBbIllieH II BCTyrr-
J1eHHe B opaR HeCOBeprneHHOJIeTHHX rrpHpaBHHBaerCH R
p;OCTIIiReHHIO HMH cOBeprneHHOJIeTHH (CT. 753 rR), He06xo;rJ;H-
MOCTb cym;ecTBOBaHHH nO;rJ;06Horo OrpaHH'IeHHH ;rJ;JlH BCTynJIe--
BIIH B opaK Bbl3DIBaeT COMHeHHH.
t 3. HeAeHcTBMTenbHocTb M aHHynMpoB8HMe 6p8K8
20. Oom,Be nOJIOiKeHBH. IIpH HaJIH'IHH nopOKa B )l,orOBope
.1IMym;ecTBeHHoro xapaKTepa, HanpHMep IIPH KynJIe-npo}];ame,
OH OO'bJIBJIJIeTCJI He}];eHCTBHTeJIbHbIM, a IIPH aIIHYJIHpOBaHHH
}];OrOBOpa }];JIJI ooeHx CTOpOH cym;eCTByeT B03l\IOmHOCTb BOC-
CTaHOBJIeHHJI npeamero nOJIOmeHHJI. qTO me IWCaeTCJI TaKHX
}];JIIITeJIbHbIX oTHoIlleHHH, KaK opaK, TO B )J;aHHOM CJIY'Iae BOC-
,CTaHOBJIeHHe npemHero nOJIOmeHHJI B oYKBaJlbHOM CMbICJIe
HeB03MomHO, ocooeHIIO npH pom)J;eHHH B opaKe )J;eTeii:. IIo:no-
MY npaBOBoe OTpHIWHHe <paKTH'IeCKH CJIOmHBIIIHXCJI cynpy-
meCKHX OTHOIlleHHH TpeoyeT MaKCHMaJIbHOH CTeneHH BHHMa-
HHJI. PaCCMaTpHBaJI opaK KaK )J;orOBOp, fIt npH3Haer C OIIpe-
p;eJIeHHbIMH OrpaHH'IeHHJIMH B03MomHOCTb npH3HaHHH ero He-
p;eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH Hero aHHYJIHpOBaHHJI.
B OTHOIlleHHH He)l,eHCTBHTeJIbilOCTH H aHHYJIHpOBaHHJI
'opaKa cym;eCTBYIOT H OrpaHH'IeHIIJI HCTOpH'IeCKOrO IIOpJI)J;Ka.
21. He)J;eiicTBHTeJIhHOCTh opaKa.
1) COrJIaCHO CT. 742 fR 6paK JIBJIJIeTCJI neAeHCTBHTeJIb-
HhIM B CJIeAYIOm;HX CJIY'IaJIx.
Bo-nepBblx, npH oTcyrcTBHH BOJIH K BCTynJIeHHIO B opaK.
lIpH OTCYTCTBHH TaKoH BOJIH, HanpHMep npH JIaJIH'IHH OlliHOKII
,B OTHOIlleHHH JIH'IHOCTH APyroH CTOpOIIbI, opaK C'IHTaeTCJI
lIeAeHCTBHTeJIbHbIM )J;ame npH nO)J;a'Ie 3aJIBJIeHHJI 0 BCTynJIe-
lIHH B opaK (nn. 1 CT. 742 fIt). Ha :nOM OCHOBaHHH opaK
'C'IHTaeTCJI He)J;eHCTBHTeJIbHhIM H B CJIY'Iae, KorAa 3aJIBJIeHHe
'0 opaKe nO)J;aBaJIOCb pOp;HTeJIJIMH H O)J;Ha H3 CTOpOH He 3IIaJIa
,)I,pyryIO (CM. penreHHe BepXOBHoro cYAa OT 18 CeHTJIOpJI
1920 r.). IIO)J;OOHbIM me oopa30M TOJIKyeTCJI II cHTyaU;HJI, IIPH
KOTOpOH OAHa H3 CTOpOH nOAnHCaJIa 3aJIBJIeHIIe 0 BCTYIIJIeHHU
B opaK, HO )J;O nO)J;a'IH 3aJIBJIeHHJI B COOTBeTCTBYIOm;ee Y'Ipem-
.p;eHHe OT03BaJIa nopY'IeHHe TpeTbeMY JIHU;y 0 ero npeACTaB-
JIeHIIH Typ;a. TaKHM o6pa30M, OTCYTCTBHe BOJIH K BCTynJIeHHIO
B opaK )l,ame lIPH HaJIH'IHH 3aJIBJIeHHJI 0 Bc.TynJIeHHH B nero,
BHe BCJIKHX cOMHeHHH, pac.c.MaTpHBaeTCJI B Ka'Iec.TBe Oc.HOBa-
HHJI lIep;eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH opaKa.
Bo-BTOpbIX, lIPB OTCYTCTBHH 3aJIBJIeHHJI 0 BCTYlIJIeHHH B
'opaK. IIpH OTCYTCTBHH 3aJIBJIeHHJI CTOpOH 0 BCTynJIeHHH
B opaK OR C'IHTaeTCJI Hep;eHCTBHTeJIbHbIM )J;a}Ke lIPH HaJIB'IHH
BOJIH K BCTynJIeHBIO B opaK B Be)J;eHHH <paKTH'Iec.KOH cynpy-
meCKOH mB3RH (nn. 2 CT, 742 fR). CJIep;yeT Y'IHTbIBaTb, OA-
HaKO, '1TO, XOTJI fIt npBMeHJIeT K p;aHHoH cHTyan;BH TepMHH
186
(<HeAeHCTBHTeJIbHbIii», HaYKa rpaiR;o;aHCKOro npaBa paCCMaT-
pHBaeT ee KaK CJIYlJaH He3aKJIIOlJeHHH opaKa.
2) He;o;eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTb opaKa MOiI\eT ocnapHBaTbCH He
TOJIbKO ero CTopOHaMH, HO H JIIOObIM 3aHHTepeCOBaHHbIM JIH-
D;OM B JIIOOoe BpeMH, B TOM lJHCJIe H nOCJIe CMepTH OP;HOH HJIH
ooeHX CTOpOH. IIpH 3TOM B OTJIlf'IHe OT aHHYJIHpOBaHHH opaKa
P;JIH OO'bHBJIeHHH erO He;o;eHCTBHTeJIbHbIM He TpeoyeTcH peme-
HHH OObIlJHOrO cy;o;a. IIpH npe;o;'bHBJIeHHH ;o;pyrHx HCKOB, Ha-
rrpHMep HCKa, CBH3aHHoro C HaCJIe;O;OBaHHeM, B KalJeCTBe npe;o;-
rrOCbIJIKH MOiKeT ocrrapUBaTbCH Borrpoc 0 He;o;eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH
opaKa. To me MomeT ocym;eCTBJIHTbCH H npH rrpe;O;'bHBJIeHHH
HCKOB 0 npH3HaHHH, a HMeHHO rrpH3HaHHe He;o;eIICTBHTeJIbHO-
CTH opaKa MomeT ocym;eCTBJIHTbCH B nOpH;O;I\:e npHMHpHTeJIb-
HOH npOn;e;o;ypbI B ceMeHHoM cy;o;e, a TaKme pemeHHeM CaMOro
ceMeHHoro cy;o;a (CT. 23 3aKoHa 0 cy;o;eoHoM paCCMOTpe-
HHH ceMeHHbIX ;o;eJI). IIpH BbIHeceHHH pemeHHH 0 He;o;eHcT-
BHTeJIbHOCTH opaKa no 3aHBJIeHHIO HCTn;a HJIH JIHn;a, oopa-
THBmerOCH K npHMHpHTeJIbHOH rrpon;e;o;ype B ceMeHHOM cy;o;e,.
COOTBeTCTBYIOm;ee H3MeHeHHe ;o;OJIiKHO BHOCHTbCH B KHH-
ry noceMeHUOH 3arrnCH (CT. 116 3aKoHa 0 rroceMeHHOH 3a-
mICH) .
22. AHHYJIHpOBaHHe opaKa B03MomHO rrpH HaJIHlJlI.ll onpe-
;o;eJIeHHbIX OCHOBaHHH no 3aHBJIeHHIO onpe;o;eJIeHHbIX JIH:O;. IIo-
CJIe;O;CTBHH aHHYJIHpOBaHHH pacnpOCTpaHHIOTCH TOJIbKO Ha
6y;o;ym;ee.
1) OCHoBaHHH aHHYJIHpOBaHHH. BpaK MomeT ObITb aHUY-
JIHpOBaH npH HaJIHlJHH CJIe;O;YIOm;HX oCHoBaHHH. Bo-rrepBbIx,
rrpH He;O;OCTHmeHHH O;o;HOH CTOpOHOH HJIH ooeHMH cTopoHaMH
OpalJHOrO B03pacTa (HapymeHHe CT. 731 fR), npH Haxom;o;e-
nHH O;o;HOH HJIH ooeHX CTOpOH B ;o;pyroM o<pHD;HaJIbHOM opaKe
(HapymeHHe CT. 732 fR), npH BCTyrrJIeHHH meHID;HHbI B 0 paK
B nepHO;O;, B TelJeHHe KOToporo BCTynJIeHHe B nOBTopHbIH opaK
aanpem;aeTCH (HapymeHHe CT. 733 fR), a TaKme npH 3aKJIIO-
lJeHHH opaKa Mem;o;y OJIH3KHMH pO;O;CTBeHHHKaMH (HapymeHHe'
CT. 734-736 fR).
BO-BTOpbIX, rrpH 3aKJIIOlJeHHH opaKa rrocpe;O;CTBOM ot);VIaHa
(BRJIIOlJaH H OOMaH co CTOpOHbI TpeTberO JIHua (CM. n. 2
CT. 96 fR)) H npnHyj{ ;o;eHIIH. CJIe;o;yeT YlJHTbIBaTb, O;O;HaKO,
qTO aHHYJIHpOBaHHe opaRa no 3THM OCHOBaHHHM HeB03MOiRHO
nOCJIe CMepTH O;o;HOH H3 CTOpOH (CM. oroBopRy n. 1 CT. 744 fR,
CT. 2 3aKoHa 0 npo:o;eccyaJIbHOli npo:o;e;o;ype paCCMOTpeHHH
JIIPIlIbIX J\CJI).
18T
2) JIH a, 06JIa alO He npaBoM aHHYJIHpOBaHHH. RaK OT-
"JdelIaJIOCb paHee, 6paK MOiReT 6bITb aHHYJIHpOBaH no Tpe60-
BaHHIO onpe eJIeHHbIX JIHn;, HanpaBJIHeMoMY B cy . I1pH Hapy-
meHHH onpe eJIeHHbIX aaKOHOM npenHTcTBHH K BCTynJIeHHIO
B 6paR ero aHHYJIHpOBaHHe B03MomHO H B TOM CJIyqae, Korp;a
CTOpOHbI HaMepeHbI npop;OJImaTb p;aHHbIH 6paR. B TaROH CH-
Tyan;HH npaBOM aHHYJIHpOBaHHH 06JIap;aIOT, nOM HMO Kamp;OH
H3 CTOpOH, HX pop;CTBeHHHRH, a TaKme npORYpop. B CJIyqae
iRe 3aRJIIOlIeHHH 6paRa B pe3YJIbTaTe 06MaHa HJIH npHHymp;e-
HHH npaBo aHHYJIHpOBaHHH npH3HaeTcH TOJIbRO 3a ero CTOpO-
,HaMH (n. 1 CT. 747 I'R).
3) Tpe60BauHe aUUYJIHpOBaUHH Hero IWIITpareUTbI.
AHHYJIHpOBaHHe 6paRa ocy eCTBJIHeTCH no HCRY, npep;'bHBJIH-
eMOMY B 06bIlIHbIH cyp;. B OTJIHlIHe OT Hep;eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH
Tpe60BaHHe aHHYJIHpOBaHHH 6paRa He MomeT conpOBOiRp;aTb
p;pyroH HCR, npep;'bHBJIHeMbIH cyp;y, lITO CBH3aHO C npHHn;HnOM
OCTopomHoro OTHomOHHH R H3MeHeHHIO JIHlIHbIX neHMy ecT-
,BeHHbIX OTHomeHHH H HBHOCTH p;aHHbIX H3MeHeHHH.
I1epelIeHb ROHTpareHTOB Tpe60BaHHH aHHYJIHpOBaHHH 6pa-
Ra onpep;eJIeH B 3aROHe 0 npon;eccyaJIbHOH npon;ep;ype pac-
CMOTpeHHH JIHlIHbIX p;eJI (CT. 2 YRa3aHHoro 3aRoHa). I1pH
IIpep;'bHBJIeHHH HCRa Op;HHM H3 cynpyroB TaRHM ROHTpareHTOM
HBJIHeTCH p;pyroH cynpyr, a npH npep;'bHBJIeHHH HCRa nOCJIe
CMepTH cynpyra - npORypop (3a HCRJIIOlIeHHeM CJIYlIaeB
,aHHYJIHpOBaHHH Ha OCHOBaHHH 06MaHa HJIH npHHymp;eHHH).
I1pH npep;'bHBJIeHHH HCRa po cTBeHHHRaMH CTOpOH ROHTp-
,areHTOM HBJIHIOTCH cynpyrH, a B CJIYlIae HX CMepTH - npORY-
pop. ECJIH me HCR npep;'bHBJIHeTCH npORypOPOM, YRa3aHHbIM
ROHTpareHTOM CTaHOBHTCH 06a cynpyra (rrpH CMepTH op;Horo
,H3 cynpyroB npORYpoP He MomeT 6bITb HCTn;OM).
4) RaK OTMelIaJIOCb paHee, aHHYJIHpOBaHHe 6paRa He
MomeT pacnpOCTpaHHTbCH Ha npomJIoe (n. 1 CT. 748 I'R). I1pH
BbIHeceHHH pemeHHH 06 aHHYJIHpOBaHHH 6paRa nOCJIep;CTBHH
'TaROrO pemeHHH HanpaBJIeHbI Ha 6yp;y ee, n03TOMY, Bo-nep-
BbIX, aHHYJIHpOBaHHe 6paRa He H3MeHHeT nOJIOmeHHe pe6eH-
Ra, 3alIaToro P;O aHHYJIHpOBaHHH, RaR aaROHHopomp;eHHoro
(CM. CT. 772 fR). BO-BTOpbIX, nOCJIep;CTBHH aUUYJIHpOBa-
BHH 6paKa npHpaBIIHBalOTCH R nOCJIep;CTBHHM pa3Bop;a
(CT. 749 I'R).
BMeCTe C TeM CJIep;yeT YlIHTbIBaTb, lITO, HeCMOTpH Ha YRa-
.aaHHoe npHpaBHHBaHHe, MeiRJ(Y aHHYJIHpOBaHHeM 6paRa H
ero paCTOpiReHHeM cy eCTBYIOT pa3JIHlInH, OCHOBaHHble Ha
TOM, lITO OCHOBaHHH p;JIH aHHYJIHpOBaHHH npep;meCTBYIOT 3a-
188
'RJIIOqeHHIO OpaKa, HCK 00 aHHYJIHpOBaHHH MOmeT rrO)J;aBaT!>Ca
'IIHbIMH, rrOMHMO cynpyroB, JIIID;aMH, aHHYJIHpOBaHHe OCym;ecT-
.BJIHeTCH Ha OCHOBaHHH pemeHHH OO:WIHOrO HJIH CeMeHHOrO
'cY)J;a H MOmeT ObIT!> OCym;eCTBJIeHO nOCJIe CMepTH O)J;HOrO 113
.cyrrpyrOB. RpOMe TOrO, B OTJIlf'IHe OT paaBO)J;a JIH:qO, IJOJIyqHB-
mee onpe)J;eJIeHHOe HMym;ecTBo B peaYJIbTaTe opaKa, npH ero
,R.HHYJIHpOBaHHH OOHaano BepHYTb 8TO HMym;ecTBo,
t 4. nOcneAcTBHSI 6paKa
23. 06m;IIe nOJIOmeHHJI. B peaYJIbTaTe aaKJIIOqeHIIJI opaKa
Mem)J;Y CTopOHaMH YCTaHaBJIHBaIOTCJI cyrrpymecKHe OTHome-
nHH H cynpyrII CTaHOBHTCJI CBHaaHHbIMH OOm;eH ceMeHHOH
,mHaHbIO. COrJIaCHO rrepBOHaqaJIbHOH pe)J;aK:qHH rR TaKoe
o e)J;IIHeHHe cyrrpyroB He OCHOBbIBaJIOCb Ha rrpHH:qHne pa-
BeHCTBa CTOpOH H nOJIOmeHHe Myma B ceMbe ObIJIO rocno)J;-
-CTBYIOm;HM. ROBaH ROHCTHTy:qHH HnOHHH B n. 1 CT. 24 onpe-
p;eJIHJIa, qTO «OpaK OCHOBbIBaeTCH TOJIbKO Ha BaaHMHOM
COrJIaCHH ooeHx CTOpOH H CTpOHTCH Ha BaaHMHOM COTpY)J;HlI'le-
TBe, B OCHOBY KOTOpOI'O nOJIOmeHO paBeHCTBO Myma H me-
RbI>}. RpOMe Toro, n. 2 YKaaaHHoH CTaTbH npOBOarJIarnaeT, qTO
Bce aaKOHbI, CBHaaHHbIiJ C opaKoM, «)J;OJJmHbI COCTaBJIHTbCH,
,HCXO)J;H Ha npHH:qHna YBameHHH JIH'IHOCTH H paBeHCTBa no-
JIOB>}. B COOTBeTCTBHH C )J;aHHbIMH nOJJ:omeHHHMH HOBaH pe-
p;aK:qHH rR ynpaa)J;HHJIa rrpemHIOIO CHCTeMY KaK npOTHBope-
'"<Iam;yIO rrpHH:qHny YBameHHH JIH'IHOCTH, a TaKme rocnO)J;CT-
ByIOm;ee nOJIOmeHHe Myma H nO)J;'IHHeHHOe nOJIO}KeHHe meHbI
B opaKe. ECTecTBeHHbIM CJIe)J;CTBHeM 8Toro HBHJIOCb BOaJIOme-
lIRe B paBHOH Mepe KaK Ha Myma, TaK H Ha meHY 06HaaHHO-
CTH coxpaHeHHH cyrrpymecKoH BepHOCTH (nn. 1 CT. 770 rH,) ,
onpe)J;eJIeHHe MeCTOmHTeJIbCTBa ceMbH no COrJIameHHIO Myma
n meHbI, a TaKme yrrpa:1)J;HeHHe He)J;eecnocooHoCTH meHbI H
upaB Myma Ha ynpaBJIeHHe ee HMym;ecTBOM.
CJIe)J;yeT OTMeTHTb, O HaKO, 'ITO aHa'IHTeJIbHaH 'IaCTb OT-
HomeHHH Mem)J;y MymeM H menOH perYJIHpyeTcH 06bIqaHMH
II HopMaMH MOpaJIH, rR me orpaHlfIIHBaeTCJI BonpocaMH 06-
m;eH <I>aMHJIHH cynpyroB, HX 06HsaHHocTH COBMeCTHoro npo-
mHBaHHJI, COTpY)J;HlI'leCTBa H BaaHMHOH nOMOm;H, )J;OCTHmeHHH
cOBepmeHHOJIeTHH B peaYJIbTaTe aaKJIIO'IeHHJI opaKa, rrpaBa
aHHYJIHpOBaHHJI )J;orOBopa Mea,)J;y cyrrpyraMH H BonpocaMH
HMym;ecTBeHHLIX oTHomeBHH Mem)J;y HIIMH.
189
24. 06:m;ue nOCJIe)l,CTBUJI 6pa«a.
1) Cynpyru HeCYT 06J13aUHOCTb no COBMeCTHOMY npoiKu-
BaHuIO, COTpY)];Hu<mCTBY U B3aHMHoH nOMo:m;u (CT. 752 I'K).
06 ee MeCTOmUTeJIbCTBO onpe)];eJIHeTCH no COrJIarneHHIO cy-
npyroB (CM. CT. 789 cTapoH pe)];31m;UH rK). ECJIU iRe n()
KaKUM-JIH60 npU<JHHaM O)J.IIH H3 cynpyroB OTKa3bmaeTCH OT
COBMeCTHoro rrpomHBaHUH, 3'1'0 paCCMaTpHBaeTCH KaK OCHOBa-
Hue )];JIH pa3BO)Ia (nn. 2 n. 1 CT. 770 I'K). 06JI3aIIIIOCTb no-
B3aUMHOMY COTpY)];HH<IeCTBY U rrOMO U )];pyr p;pyry paCCMaT-
pHBaeTCH KaK )];YXOBHoe, q,u3U<IeCKOe H 3KOlIOMIFleClwe co-
TpY)];HU<JeCTBO.
2) CyrrpyrH HeCYT B3aUMHYIO OOJl3aHHOCTb no coxpaHe-
HHIO cynpymecKoH BepHocTu. rK He perYJIHpyeT Herrocpep;-
CTBeHHO )];aHHYro 06H3aHHOCTb, O)];HaKO OHa eCTeCTBenno BbITe-
H:aeT II3 XapaH:Tepa 6paKa, U ee HapyrneHHe paCCMaTpHBaeTCH
KaR OCHOBaHlIe )];JIH pa3BO)];a (nn. 1 n. 1 CT. 770 rK). B rro-
pH)I,Re TOJIROBaHUH C<JUTaeTCH, <JTO Ramp;bIH U3 cyrrpyroB
06JIa)l,aeT npaBoM Tpe60BaTb 0'1' )];pyroro cyrrpyra coxpaHeHHH
cyrrpymecRoH BepHocTH, a B CJIY<Jae nORyrneHIIH Ha aTO
rrpaBO TpeTbero JIn a )];eiiCTBHe nOCJIe)];HerO COCTaBHT p;eJIHRT.
ROBaH pe)l,aK HH rK YCTpaUHJIa HepaBeHCTBO Mem)];y MymeM
H meHoH B cq,epe oCHOBaHnH )l,JIH pa3BO)];a, a TaKme YCTaHO-
mIJIa rrOJIOmeHUe, npn ROTOpOM HapyrnenHe cynpymecROl'j
BepHOCTU RaK co CTOpOUbI Myma, TaK H meUbI He COCTaBJIHeT
yrOJIOBHO naKa3yeMoro )];eHHIDI.
3) CyrrpyrH 06H3aTeJIbHO HOCHT 06:m;yIO .paMliJIlIKI. AaH-
lIaH q,aMHJIHH orrpe)];eJIHeTCH CTopOHaMH B MOMenT 3aKJIIO<Je-
HIIH 6paKa II HBJIHeTCH q,aMHJIHeM Myma IIJIH meHM
(CT, 750 rK). IIpH 3TOM He )];OrrycKaeTcH BbI60p hahOii-JIu60
TpeTheM q,aMUJIUU.
IIOCKOJIbhY cyrrpyrH B 6paKe HOCHT 06lI\YIO q,aMHJIHIO, TO
rrpu H3MeHeHHH rro KaKHM-JIH60 rrpH<JHHaM q,a mmlH Myma
3'1'0 aBTOMaTH<JeCKH npHBO)];HT K H3MeHeHHIO q,aMHJIHH meHbI.
B CBH3H C 06 eM q,aMHJIHen cynpyroB CJIep;yeT YKaSaTJ, lIa
cy ecTBeHHoe pa3JIH<JHe Mem)];y rrepBOHa<JaJIbHOM H HOBon pe-
)];aK HHMH rK. IIpemHHH pe)];aK HH fK 3aKpenJIJIJIa npHH IIII
06 eM rrpHHa)];JIeiRHOCTII cyrrpyroB K O)];IIOMY )];OMY H llOHII-
MaHUU CTapOM ceMenHOM CHCTeMbI HnOHHH, rr03TOMY 06H3a-
TeJIbHOCTb 06 eM q,aMIIJIHH cynpyroB 6bIJIa JIHrnb CJIep;CTBHeM
fJ;aHHoro 06 ero rrpHH Hrra, B OTJIH<JHe 0'1' :3Toro rro HOBOM
pe)];a:K UU rK q,aMHJIHH CJIymHT TOJIbKO )];.1fH HaIlMeHOBaHUH
JIH<IHOCTU II npHH Hrr 06 HOCTH q,aMIIJIHH cyrrpyroB I1MeeT
OTJIU<JHbIe, <JeM npemp;e, OCHOBaHHJI. AaHHbIe OCHOB3HIDI
19J
tIIpO}J;I:IKTOBaHbI coOOpameHI:IJlMH yp;OOCTBa, OObI'IaeB, Cym;ecT-
BYIOm;HX B HrrOHlIH, H p;pyrHMH OOCTOJlTeJIbCTBaMH.
4) BCTyrrJIeHl:le HeCOBepmeHHOJIeTHHX B opaK rrpHpaBHH-
,BaeTCJI K p;OCTHmeHHIO I:IMH COBepmeHHOJIeTHJI (CT. 753 rR).
3aKJIIOlleHHe opaKa HeCOBepmeHHOJIeTHI:IM TpeoyeT COrJIaCHJI
ero pOP;HTeJIeH, op;HaKO rrOCJIe 3aKJIIOlleHHJI opaKa ocym;eCTBJIO-
Hl:le B OTHomeHHII HeCOBepmeHHOJIeTHerO pOp;HTeJIbCKHX rrpaB
He p;HKTyeTcJI Heooxop;HMOCTbIO. IIop;ooHoe rrOJIOmeHHe MomHO
HaHTH B 3aKoHo}J;aTeJIbHOH rrpaKTHKe p;pyrHx cTpaH (rr. 2
T. 14 mBeHu;apcKoro rR, CT. 476 <ppaHU;Y3cKoro rR). BJIaro-
p;apJl rrpH3HaHHIO B pe3YJIbTaTe 3aKJIIOlleHHJI opaKa COBepmen-
HOJIeTHJI HeCOBepmeHHOJIeTHHe o"opeTaIOT p;eecrrocooHoCTb
(CM. CT. 4 rR).
BMecTe C TeM paCCMaTpHBaeMoe rrOJIOmeHHe rR He CJIe-
eT TOJIKOBaTb B TOM CMbICJIe, llTO YKa3aHHbIe JIHu;a rrpHpaB-
IIIIIBaIOTCJI K JIHu;aM, p;OCTHrmHM 20-JIeTHerO B03paCTa. TaK,
Ha HI:IX rro-rrpemHeMY pacrrpOCTpaHJleTCJI p;eHCTBHe 3aKOHa 0
3arrpem;eHHH yrroTpeOJIeHHJI HeCOBepmeHHOJIeTHHMI:I crrHpTHbIX
Harrl:lTKOB 1:1 3aKOHa 0 3arrpem;eHHH KypeHI:IJI HeCOBepmeHHO-
JIeTHI:IMI:I (CM, CT. 1 Kamp;oro H3 YKa3aHHbIX aaKoHoB), OHH He
npl:lOOpeTaIOT 1:130HpaTeJIbHbIX rrpaB (CT. 9 3aKoHa 0 BbIoopax
rryOJIlIllHbIX p;OJImHOCTHbIX JIHII,). YK 1:1 )J;pyroe 3aKOHO}J;aTeJIb-
CTBO rryOJIl:IllHO-rrpaBoBoro xapaKTepa rro-rrpemHeMY paCCMaT-
pl:lBaIOT p;aHHbIX JIHIJ; KaK HeCOBeprneHHOJIeTHI:IX.
5) IIpaBO aHHYJIHpOBaHHJI p;orOBopa Memp;y cyrrpyraMII.
ilpl:l 3aKJIIOlleHHH }J;orOBopa Memp;y cyrrpyraMH OH MomeT
OLITb aHHYJIHpOBaH Kamp;bIM H3 cyrrpyroB B JIIOOOe BpeMJI
(CT. 754 rR). B OTJIlI1JHe OT rrpaBa aHHyJIHpOBaHHJI p;orOBopa
p;apeHHJI, COBepmeHHoro He B rrHCbMeHHOH <popMe (CT. 550 rK),
p;aHHbIH p;orOBOp MomeT ObITb aHHYJIHpOBaH He TOJIbKO P;O MO-
MeHTa ero I:ICrrOJIHeHHJI, HO H rrOCJIe HCrrOJIHeHHJI. iho, op;HaKO,
He )J;OJImHO HapymaTb rrpaB TpeTbHX JIHIJ; (orOBopKa CT. 754
rK). TaK, rrpH p;apeHHH MymeM meHe Hep;BHmHMOCTH H rrepe-
p;a'Ie meHOH p;aHHOH Hep;BHmHMOCTH TpeTbeMY JIHU;y Mym He
MomeT, aHHYJIHpOBaB p;apeHl:le, TpeOOBaTb OT TpeTbero JIHI a
B03Bpam;eHHJI Hep;BHmHMOCTH.
25. MMYIIl;ecTBeHHbIe OTHomeHHJI MeiKp;y cyrrpyraMII
BKJIIOllaIOT B ceoJl BorrpOCbI pacrrpep;eJIeHI:IJI pacxop;OB Ha COB-
MeCTHYIO mH3Hb cyrrpyroB, rrpHHap;JIemHOCTH I:IMym;ecTBa, rrOJI-
HOMOllHH rro yrrpaBJIeHHIO HMym;ecTBoM 1:1 HHLIe. HarrpHMep,
RaKoe BJIHJlHHe OKa3bIBaeT opaK Ha HMym;ecTBo cyrrpyroB,
HaXOp;Jlm;eeCJI B HX coocTBeHHocTH p;o 3aKJIIOlleHHJI opaKa?
f91
HaXO)l,HTCH JIH llMynwcTBo, rrpH06peTeHHoe cynpyraMH B 6pa-
Re, B c06CTBeHHOCTH Myma, meHM, HX 06IQeii c06CTBeHHOCTH
llJIll B paSp;eJILHOH C06CTBeHHOCTH Myma II meUM? BosJIara-
IOTCH .JIll pacxop;M Ha COBMeCTHYIO mll3Hb n;eJIHROM Ha Myma
HJIH meHY, pacrrpep;eJIHIOTCH JIll OHll nponopn;IfOHaJIbHO HX
llMy eCTBY, HeceT J1H Mym ep;HHOJIH'IHYIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTL
rro 06HSaTeJIbCTBaM, He06xop;llMMM P;JIH COBMeCTHOH mHSHll,
rrepep; TpeTLHMH JIHn;aMH HJIll cyrrpyrH HeCYT COJIHp;apnyro
oTBeTcTBeHHocTb?
COrJIaCHO fK HrroHllll Bce 8Tll BorrpOCbI MorYT orrpe,n;eJIHTb-
CH cyrrpyraMH B 6pa'IHOM p;orOBope, rrpll OTCYTCTBHH me
6pa'IHOrO p;orOBopa llMy ecTBeHHbIe OTHomeHllH Memp;y cyrrpy
raMH CJIep;YIOT rrOJIOmeHllHM, YCTaHOBJIeHHbIM fK. CJIe,n;yeT
OTMeTHTb, op;HaRO, 'ITO rrpHMepbI 3aRJIIO'IeHllH 6pa'IHbIX p;oro-
BOpOB B HrroHcRoH rrpaRTHRe RpaiiHe pep;Rll, rr08TOMY HMy e-
CTBeHrrbIe OTHomeHllH Memp;y cyrrpyraMH B IIop;aBJIHIO eM
60JIbmHHCTBe CJIY'IaeB perYJIllpYIOTCH HopMaMH fR.
1) Bpa'IHMH p;orOBOp.
a) CTOpOHM MorYT cB060P;HO orrpep;eJIHTb COlJ:epmaHHe Ta-
Roro p;orOBopa, op;HaRO R ero <popMe rrpep;'bHBJIHIOTCH CTporlle
Tpe60BaHllH, a HMeHHO 6pa'IHbIH p;orOBOp p;eHCTBllTeJIeH JIHIUI.
B CJIY'Iae era 3aRJIIO'IeIIHH p;o MOMeHTa rrOp;aQH 3aHBJIeHHHO
BCTyrrJIeHHH B 6paR (CT. 755 fK). orOBOp, SaRJIIO'IeHHbIH
rrOCJIe BCTyrrJIeHllH B 6paR, rro,n;JIemHT aHHYJIHpOBaHlllO, H Tor-
,n;a llMy ecTBeHHble OTHomeHllH Mem)];y cyrrpyraMll perYJIHpy-
IOTCH HOpl\iaMll fIt 3aRJIIO'IeHHbIH 6pa'IHbIH )];OrOBOp ,n;OJImeH
6bITb 3aperllCTpHpOBaH (CT. 118 II c.rre)];. 3aRoHa 0 rrpOI e,n;ype
paccMoTpeHllH ,n;eJI B rrOpH)];Re oc060ro rrpoll3Bo,n;CTBa), B rrpo-
TUBHOM CJIY'Iae, coxpaHHH )];eiiCTBHTeJIbHOCTb B OTHomeHlIHX
Mem)];y cyrrpyraMlI, OH MomeT 6bITb ocrropeH rrpaBorrpeeMHlI-
RaMH cyrrpyroB HJIH TpeTblIMH JIlIn;aMH (CT. 756 fJ\). MHO-
cTpaHen;, 3aRJIIO'IlIBmlIH OTJIlI'IHblii rro cO)];epmaHHIO OT COOT-
BeTcTBYIO HX IIOJIOmeHHH fK HrrOHHH 6pa'IHblH )];OrOBOp n:
rrpHHHBmlIH IIOCJIe BCTyrrJIeHlIH B 6paR rpam)];aHCTBO HrroHlIn:
HJIlI rrepeexaBmHH B RrrOHHIO Ha mlITeJIbCTBO, )];OJImeH B Te'Ie-
nHe o,n;Horo ro)];a 3aperHcTpHpoBaTb 6pa'IHbIH )];OrOBOp, ROTO-
pbIH B rrpoTHBHOM cJIY'Iae Momer 6LITb ocrropeH Ha TeppHTO-
pHIl HrrOHlIlI rrpaBorrpeeMHlIRaMH O)];Horo lIS cyrrpyroB HJIH
TpeTbHMlI JIHIyaMH (CT. 757 fK).
6) IIocJIe rrO)];a'IH 3aHBJIeHlIH 0 BeTyrrJIeHHlI B 6paR 6pa'I-
HbIH )];OrOBOp He MomeT ObITb H3MeHen, Ero 1I3MeHeHlIe )];orryc-
RaeTCH JIlImL B CJIY'Iae, eCJIH caM )];OrOBOp COD;epmlIT rrOJIOiI{e-
HHe 0 rropH)];Re CBoero lISMeHeHlIH H BHOClIMbIe H3MeHeHHH
192
COOTBeTCTBYIOT YCTaHOBJIeHHOMY nOpJJ)J;KY. CJIe)J;yeT Y'IHTbI-
BaTI" O)J;HaKO, 'ITO npH H3MeHeHHH ynpaBJIRIOm;ero HMYIIWCT-
BOM HJIH )J;OJIeH B 06m;eM IIMym;eCTBe B COOTBeTCTBHH C nOJIO-
meHHRMH 6pa'IHOrO )J;OrOBOpa HJIH no pellIeHHIO ceMelmoro
cY)J;a, HO npii OTCYTCTBHH penICTpaU;HH TaI\HX HSMeHeHITit ,n;oro
BOp MomeT ObITb ocnopeH npaBonpeeMHHKaMH cynpyroB IIJIH
TpeTbHMH JIHu;aMH (CT. 759 fIT).
2) CHcTcMa HMym;CCTBCHHbIX OTHorncHIfH Mcm)J;y cynpy-
raMlI, npc)J;ycMoTpeHHaH fR. ITpH OTCYTCTBHH 6pa'IHOrO P;OTO-
Bopa, 3aKJIIO'IeHHOrO )J;O nO)J;a'IH SaRBJIeHHR 0 BCTynJIeHHII B
opaK, HMym;ecTBeHHbIe OTHOllIeHH,H Memj:J;y cyrrpyraMH pery-
JIHPYIOTCR nOJIOmenHRMH CT. 760-762 fK (c r. CT. 755 rH,).
CTapaR pe)J;aKU;HR fK XOTR H npHSHaBaJIa paS)J;eJIbHOCTb lIMY-
m;eCTBa cynpyroB, O)J;HaKO Ha)J;eJIRJIa Myma npaBOM ynpaBJIe-
HHR HMym;ecTBoM meHbI, I{pOMe Toro, Mym nec Bce pacxoj:J;bJ
no Be)J;eHHIO COBMeCTHOH mHSHH H oOJIa)J;aJI npaBOM nOJIbSOBa-
HHR H H3BJIe'IeHHR BbIrOj:J;bI HS HMym;ecTBa meHbI. llOCKOJIbKY
Mym paCCMaTpHBaJICR KaK OTBeTCTBeIIHOe JIHU;O no Bej:J;emno
COBMeCTHOH cynpymecKoH mIISHH, men a B IIOBcej:J;HeBHbIX j:J;e-
JIax RBJIRJIaCb JIHllIb npej:J;CTaBHTeJIeM Myma (CM. CT. 798-
803 npemHei'I pe)J;aKU;HH fK). HOBaR pej:J;aKU;HR fK, npH3ua-
BaR npHHU;Hrr paBeHCTBa cynpyroB, npHHRJIa CHCTeMY pas-
)J;eJIbHOCTH HMym;ecTBa Myma H meHbI, HO B OTHOllIeHHH TpeTb-
HX JIHU; B onpe)J;eJIeHHbIX npe)J;eJIax npH3HaJIa npHHU;Hn COJIH-
p:apHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH cynpyrOB. ITo CBoeMY cO)J;epmaHHIO
)J;aHHaR CHCTeMa BeCbMa npOCTa H He HMceT aHaJIOrOB B saKO-
HOj:J;aTeJIbHOH npaKTHKe j:J;pyrHx CTpaH.
a) IIpHHaj:J;JIemHOCTb H ynpaBJIeHlIe IIl\Iym;ccTBO I. Ihry-
rn;ecTBo cynpyroB, nplIlIaj:J;JIema:[u;ee HM j:J;0 SaKJIIO'IeIIHR opm\a
H npHoopeTeHHoe HMH B opaKe na coocTBeHHoe HMR, IIaXOj:J;IIT-
CR B oT)J;eJIbHOH coocTBeHHOCTlI Kamn;oro H3 cynpyroB, IIHa'I8'
rOBopR, COCTaBJIReT I1X JIH'IHOe HMym;ecTno (n. 1 CT. 762 n-q.
CooTBeTcTBeHHo Kamj:J;bIH HS cynpyroB oOJIaj:J;aeT npanm.r na
ynpaBJIeHHe H nOJIY'IeHHe BbIrO)J;bI HS CBoero JIH'IIIOrO HMym;e-
CTBa. Bce OCTaJIbHOe HMym;ecTBo, T. e. HMym;ecTBo, B OTnOllIe-
HHH IWToporo ero npHHa)J;JIemHOCTb K OJ:J;HOMY HS cynpyroB
HeRcna, OTHOCHTCR K COBMeCTHOMY HMYll eCTBY (n. 2
CT. 762 fK). 8TO BIIOJIUe OTpamaeT peaJIbHOe IIo..on..:eUH8'
Bem;eH, OJ:J;HaKO npOOJIeAIa SaKJIIO'IaeTCR B TOM, 'ITO B cHTya-
UHH, Korn;a Mym Y'IaCTByeT B oorn;eCTBeuno nOJIeSIlOii j:J;eRTeJIb-
JIOCTH II 110JIY'IaeT sa ::no COOTBeTCTBYIOm;HII j:J;OXOP:, a ,KeHa
OKaSbIBaeT Mymy Henocpe)J;CTBeHHoe CO,!J;eHCTBHe, TaKoe CO-
)J;eHCTBHe meHbI He HaXO)J;HT npRMoro OTpameHHR B onpej:J;eJIe-
13 3aKa3 N. [264
193
HHH npHHap;JIemHOCTH HMy ecTBa. fH' BOSJIaraeT perneIlHe
:non npOOJIeMbI B nepHOp; p;enCTBHH OpaRa Ha HOpMbI MOpaJIH,
a TaRme 'lYBCTBO JIIOOBH, HO npep;YCMaTpHBaeT HeROTopbIe
IIOJIOmeHHH Ha CJIyqaH npeRpa eHHH opaRa (B CJIyqae CMep-
TU MYjf{a meHa Hl\1eeT npaBO Ha HaCJIep;OBaHHe (CT. 890, 900
fK), a npli paCTopmeHHH OpaI{a rrpaBO TpeOOBaHHH pasp;eJIa
Hl\1YIIJ;eCTBa (CT. 768 fK).
CJIep;yeT Hl\1eTb B BHP;y, 'lTO meHa l\10meT rropyqHTb ynpaB-
JIeHlle CBOHM Hl\1y ecTBoM l\1ymy, H B p;aHHOl\l CJIyqae MbI
6yp;eM HMeTb p;orOBOp nopY'leHHH Memp;y cynpyraMH, ROTO-
pbIH MomeT ObITb B JIIOOoe BpeMH aHHYJIHpOBaH.
0) Pacxop;bI Ha Bep;eHHe COBMeCTHOll mHSHH pacnpep;eJIH-
IOTCH l\1emp;y MymeM H meHon B COOTBeTCTBHH C HX HMym;e-
CTBOM, P;OXOP;OM H HHbIMH OOCTOHTeJIbCTBaMH (CT. 760 fIt),
'lTO eCTeCTBeHnbIM oopaSOM EbITeRaeT HS CHCTeMbI paSp;eJIbHO-
CTH nMy ecTBa cynpyrOB. IIoHHTHe pacxop;OB B p;aHHOM CJIY-
'we BRJIIO'WeT B ceoH pacxop;bI Ha COBMeCTHYIO mHSHb, pac-
XOP;bI Ha COp;epjfmHHe H BOCllHTaHHe p;eTell, pacxop;bI Ha JIe'le-
HHe H HHbIe. IIpH HeBHeceHHH COOTBeTCTBYIOIIJ;HX cpep;CTB B
ceMellHbIll oIOp;meT OP;HHM HS cynpyroB p;pyroll cynpyr MomeT
QOpaTHTbcH B ceMellHbIll cyp; (RaR B nepHOp; opaRa, TaR H
nOCJIe paSBop;a) (CM. CT. 9 3aRoHa 0 cyp;eoHoM paCCMOTpeHHH
Cel\1eIIHbIX p;eJI). IIoHHTHo, 'lTO npH OTCYTCTBHH y op;Horo HS
cynpyroB ImR HMy ecTBa, TaR H p;oxop;a Bce pacxop;bI HeceT
p;pyroll cynpyr. IIpH :nOM nepBbIll cynpyr He OCBooomp;aeTCH
OT OOHsaHHOCTH ORasaHHH cop;ellCTBIIH BTOPOMY.
B) COJIll,!I;apHaH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb, CBH3aHHaH C nOBcep;HeB-
HbIMH ceMeiiHbIMIf p;eJlaMH. 3aRpenHB npHHIJ;Hn paSp;eJIbHOCTH
HMy ecTBa cynpyroB, fK op;HOBpeMeHHO YCTaHOBHJI H rrpHH-
IJ;Hn HX COJIHp;apHOll OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH no 06HSaTeJIbCTBal\1,
npHHHTbIM OP;HIIM HS cynpyroB nepep; TpeTbHMH JIHIJ;aMH B IJ;e-
mIX, CBHsaHHbIX C nOBcep;HeBHbIMH ceMeiIHbIMII p;eJIaMH
(CT. 761 rK). IIpH 8TOM COJIHp;apHaH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb He
MomeT ObITb YCTaHOBJIeHa no OOHSaTeJIbCTBaM, He CBHsaHHbIM
C nOBcep;neBIIbIMH ceMeJ1HbIl\IH p;eJIal\1II (HanpH:\Iep, ne l\IOa,eT
6bITb YCTaHOBJIeHa COJIllp;apHaH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb meUbI no
OOHSaTeJIbCTBaM l\Iyma, CBHSaHHbIl\1 C Be)].OMbII\I JiM Ae.;:rOM, )];a-
me eCJIH )];aHHOe p;eJIO npHHOCHT )];OXO)]; B ceMeJ1IlbIll OIO)];meT).
COJIHp;apHaH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb He HacTyrraeT TaRme, eCJIH B
MOMeHT npHHHTHH OOHSaTeJIbCTBa, CBHsaHHoro C rrOBCe)];HeB-
HbIMH ceMenHbIMH p;eJIaMH, O)];HHM HS cyrrpyroB crreIJ;I1aJIbHO
orOBapHBaeTcH HepacnpocTpaHeHHe OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH na APY-
roro cynpyra (orOBopRa CT. 761 rK).
194
5. npeKpalL\eHHe 6paKa
IIpeKpa eHHe 6paKa 03HaQaeT npeKpa eHHe p;eHcTBH-
TeJIbHOro 6paKa, H B 8TOM MM HaXOAHM ero KopeHHoe OTJIH-
'me OT aHHYJIHpOBaHHH 6paKa Ha OCHOBaRHH nopoKoB, HMeB-
mHXCH B HeM C caMoro HaqaJIa, fR HnOHHH npII3RaeT ABa
OCHOBaHHH AJIH npeKpa eHHH 6paKa - CMepT:b cynpyra
(K 8TOMY OCHOBaHIIIO npIIpaBHHBaeTcH II npH;maHHe era 6e3-
'BeCTRO OTCYTCTBYIO IIM) H pacTopmeHIIe 6paKa (pasBoA),
26. TIpeKpaII\eHIIe 6paKa Ha OCHOBaHHH CMepTH cynpyra
HJIlI npH:JHaHHlI ero 6e:mecTHo OTCYTCTBYIOII\HlU.
1) B CJIy ae CMepTII 0AHoro H3 cynpyroB 6paK npeKpa-
II\aeTCH eCTeCTBeHHMM o6pasoM. A IIMeHHO nepemHBmHH cy-
npyr npHo6peTaeT CTaTYC JIIIu;a, Re CocToH ero B 6paKe, ero
o6H3aHHocTH no COBMeCTHOMY npomHBaHHIO, OKasaHHIO co-
p;eHcTBIIH II nOMO H, a TaKme no C06JIIOAeHIIIO cynpyrKecKoH
BepHocTH npeKpa aIOTcH, H Oil MomeT BCTynIITb B nOBTopHblH
6paK (npII co6moAeHIIII orpaH}'[qeHHH, npeAycMoTpeRHMx B
CT. 733 H 735 fR). RpoMe Toro, nepemHBmIIH cynpyr OCBO-
60mAaeTcH OT orpaHH eHIIH, npe)l,YCMOTpeHHMX 6pa RMM AO-
rOBopOM, a caM 6pa HblH AorOBOp YTpa HBaeT CIIJIY.
2) IIpH3HaHHe OAHoro HS cynpyroB 6e3BecTHo OTCYTCTBY-
IO IIM BMSMBaeT nOCJIeACTBHH, aHaJIOrH'IHble ero CMepTII.
BMecTe C TeM SAeCb CJIeAyeT YKasaTb Ha naJIII'IIIe pmxa HCKJIIO-
eHHH, 06 IIM AJIH KOTOpbIX HBJIHeTCH TO, 'ITO npII BOSBparn;e-
HHH 6eSBeCTHO OTCYTCTBYIO ero ero npIISHaRIIe TaKOBbIM
aHHYJIHpyeTcH II npeKpa eHIIe 6paKa no AaHHOMY OCHOBaHHIO
YTpa IIBaeT CBOIO CHJIY C caMoro Ha aJIa.
3) IIpeKpa eHHe 6paKa no np}'[qHHe CMepTH 0ARoro HS
cynpyrOB B OTJIII IIe OT paSBOAa He OKa3MBaeT BJIHHHIIH Ha
OTHomeRHH nepemHBrnero cynpyra C pOACTBeHHHKaMH nOKOH-
Horo cynpyra H Ha ero 4>aMIIJIIIIO. Bonpoc 0 co6cTBeHHoH
4>aMIIJIIIH B AaRHOM cJIy ae pernaeTcH caMIIM cynpyrOM (n. 1
CT. 751 fR), TaK, OH MomeT OCTaBIITb cy eCTBYIO YIO 4>aMH-
JIHIO HJIH IISMeHIITb ee Ha Ao6pa HYIO.
IIpH npeKpa eHHII oTHorneHIIH C pOACTlJeHHIIRaMH nOKO I-
Horo cynpyra IIJIH IISMeHeHHII 4>aMHJIIIH nepemHBrnHM cynpy-
rOM Bonpoc 0 npHHaAJIemHOCTII HaXOAH HXCH y nepea{HBllIe-
ro cynpyra npeAMeTOB, CBHsaHHbIX C KYJIbTOM npeAKOB, perna-
eTCH no COrJIarneHHIO C 3aHHTepeCOBaHHbIMH JIIIu;aMH, a npH
HeAOCTHmeHHH nOAo6Horo COI JIarneHHH - ceMeHHbIM CYAOM
(n, 2 CT, 751 fR),
13-
195
27. OOm;He nOJIOmeHlIJI 0 pacTopmeHllll opmm (paaBoAe,.
1) Pa3BoA 03Ha'laeT npeKpaIl\eHHe 6paKa, ocym;eCTBJIHe-
Moe rro BOJIe OAHoro HJIH 060HX cynpyroB npH HX mH3HII. IIo-
HHTHO, '1'1'0, HCXOAH H3 n;eJIeM 6pa'lHOrO COIOsa Memp;y lIfym'III-
HOM H meHIl\HHOH KaK rromH3rrenHoro, paCTop}J eJIlIO 6paKa
npil lliH3HH cynpyrOB rrpOTHBOpe'lHT ero CYIl\HOCTII. Op;naKo
npaBOBoe coxpaHeHHe epaKTII'leCKII pacnaBIllerocH 6paKa II
rrpIIHymAemJe K ClTOMY cyrrpyroB 6hIJIO 6h1 6eCnOJIe3HhIM n
BpeAHbIM )J,eJIOllf. II03TOMY IInCTIITYT pa3BOJJ,a npIl3J!aH BO Bce.\:
CTpaHax.
2) Pa3BlITue IlHCTUT)'Ta pa3BOAa. B HnoBllll paaBoA 6bIJI
npH3HaH AOBOJILHO AaBHO, op;naKO B YCJIOBHHX CYIl\eCTBOBD.-
HUH npH epeOAaJIH3Me ceMeMHolf CHCTeMhI, OCHOBaHHOM na IIC-
RJIIO'lHTeJIhHOM npaBe OTn;a, pa3BOA npeACTaBJIHJI C060M HHCTlj-
TYT, oCHoBaHHbIiI TOJIhIW Ha npaBe Mym'lHHLI. Bne 3annCH1W-
CTH 0'1' ocnOBaHHM BbIABHmeHHe Tpe60BaHHH pa3BOAa meHoir
He npH3HaBaJIOCh. JIHrnL B 1873 r. npH HaJIII'lHII YCJIOBuiI,
C'lIITaBrnHXCH HeBbIHOCHMbIMH, pa3BOA BrrepBbIe 6hIJI rrpH3HalI
no HHHn;HaTHBe meHbI B cYAe6HOM nopHAKe. BMeCTe C Te:\1
CJIeAyeT OTMeTIITh, '1'1'0 TaKaH epopMa pa3BOAa, KaK pa3BOp; no
COrJIarneHIIIO, 6hIJIa rrpH3HaHa eIn;e paHhrne. IIepBOHa'laJIhHaH
peAaKn;HH fK BOCnplIHHJIa CITY JIHHHIO 11, C o)J,noII CTOpOHh1,
YCTaHOBHJIa ynpom;eHHYIO rrpou,eAYPY pa3BOAa no CorJIarne-
HHIO, a C APyroM - 3aKpenHJIa pa3BOp; 'lepe3 cyp; npII HaJIH'lIIIl
onpep;eJIeHHbIX OCHOBaHIIM. IIo cpaBBeHHIO C npep;meCTBYIO-
m;IIM nepHOAOM n03HD;HH meHbI B Bonpocax pa3BOAa YKpenn-
JIHCh, nOCKOJIhKY npH naJIH'lIIH onpeAeJIeBHLIX B 3aKOHe OCHO-
BaHHM OHa MOrJIa 3aHHMaTh aKTIlBHYIO n03IIn;HIO, rrpeA'hHB-
JIHH B CYA HCK 0 pa3BOAO. IIpIl aTOM, OAHaKO, cym;ecTBOBaJIO
HepaBeHCTBO MemAY MymeM II meHoM B cepepe 06H3anHocTII
c06JIIOAeHHH cyrrpymecIwM nepHocTH, a TaKme npH3HaBaJIOCL
BMernaTeJIhCTBO pOAcTBeHHIIKoB B Bonpocb1 pa3BoAa. HOBaH
pep;aKD;HH fK cOXpaHHJIa no/l,Xop; npemHeM pe)J;aKn;IIH fK J{
rrp06JIeMe pa3Bop;a no cOrJIameHHIO (CT. 763 fK). B nepno;(
nepecMoTpa fK BIJABHraJIaCb Hp;eH nOCJIep;YIOIIJ;ero rrpH3na-
HHH pa3BOAa no COrJIarneHHIO ceMeMHhIM CYP;OM, KOTopaH,
op;HaKO, 6hmD. oTBeprnYTa KD.K napymaIOm,aH TIpIIIII nrr CBO-
60AhI pa3BOi'J,D.. B OTHomeHIIIl pa3noAa 'lepe3 CYA HOBaH peAar.:-
D;HH fIt 3aKperrIIJIa paBencTBo lIIOmAY Mym'lHHOll II If\eHIl\Il-
HOM B 06H3anHocTH C06JIIOAeHHH cynpYJReCKOM BepnOCTII,
YCTpaHHJIa BMemaTeJIbCTBO pOAcTBeHIIIIKoB B BorrpOChI pasBo-
Aa H A06aBIIJID. rrOJIOiI\eHIIO 0 pacrrap;e ceMhII KaK OCHOBaHHH
P;JIH pa3Bop;a.
196
28. Pmmo)J, no corJIameHlno npe,n;YCMaTpHBaeTCH CT. 763
rK. I1pH aTOM He Tpe6yeTcH HHKaRIIX OCIIOBaHHn, a JIHllIb
<;OrJIaCHe CTOpOH Ha paCTOpiReHlIe HX 6palfIloro COI03a. BMeCTe
.C TeM ,n;JIH ,n;enCTBlITeJIbnOCTn pa3Bo,n;a no corJIamenHIO Heoo-
XO,n;HMO C06JIIO,n;eHHe CJIe,n;yIOm;HX YCJIOBHn.
1) 3aHBJIeHlfe 0 pa3Bo)J,e.
KaR II npH 3aRJIIO'IeHHH opaKa, pa3BO,n; ITa COrJIaUJeHHIO
DqJOpMJIHeTCH COOTBeTCTBYIOm;HM 3aHBJIemreM. XapaKTep ,n;aH-
lIoro 3aHBJIeHIIH aHaJIOrH'IeH 3aHBJIeHHIO a BCTynJIeHIIII B
6paR, no iRe OTHOCHTCH H K npoD-e,n;ype no,n;a'IH 3aHnJIemIH,
a HMeHHO '3aHBJIeHHe a pa3Bo,n;e no COrJIaIIIeHIfIO ,n;OJIJ-ItHO no-
p;aBaTbCH 06eHMH CToponaMH H B npHCYTCTBIIH He Menee ,n;BYX
COBepllIeHHOJIeTHHX CBH;a;eTeJIen HJIH 3a HX Ho,n;nHCHMH
(CT. 764, 739 rI(). Be3 co6mo,n;emIH ,n;annoii (pOpMaJibIIOCTH
6paK He MomeT ObITb paCToprnYT ,n;am:e npH COrJIaCIIII na pa3-
EO)J, ooeIIX CTOpOH.
2) ITpenHTcTBlUI K pa3BO)J,Y.
B OTHOllIenHH 3aKJIIO'IeHHH opaKa npe,n;YCl\lOTpeUbI MHO-
rO'IHC.TIeHHbIe npenHTCTBHH, 'ITa me 1>aCaeTCH pa3Bop:a, TO CO-
OJIIO,n;eHHH OCOOO CJIOmHbIX YCJIOBHii He Tpe6yeTCJI. 3p:ecI,
OObI'IHO B03HHKalOT npOOJIeMbI B OTHOllIeHHII ,n;eTen H HMyn e-
<;TBa. ECJIH Ha MOMeHT pa3Bo,n;a CTOpOHbI HMeIOT HeCOBepIIleII-
HOJIeTHIIX ,n;eTen, Tpe6yeTcH YKa3aTb B 3aHBJIenHH a pa3nO;a;e
na TO, RaRaH H3 CTOpOH OY)J,eT ocym;eCTBJIHTb po,n;HTeJIbCRHe
npaBa B OTlIOllIeHJ1H pe6eHKa (n. 1 CT. 819 rK, CT. 76 3aKoHa
o noceMenHon 3anHcH). Be3 COOJIIO,n;eHHH )J,aHlloro YCJIOBHH
pa3BO;a; He O<popMJIHeTCH. qTO KacaeTCH HMym;ecTBeHHhIX OT-
nOIlleHHH, TO ObIBIllHn cynpyr OOJIa,n;aeT B OTHomeHHH IWHTp-
areHTa npaBOM Tpe60BaHHH pa3p:eJIa HMym;eCTna (CT. 768 rH') .
O,n;HaRO, nOCKOJIbKY 3TO npaBO MomeT ocym;eCTJJJIHTbCH caMH-
MIl CTopOHaMH H I10C Ie pa3Bo,n;a, ,n;aHHoe Tpe60BamIe <popMaJIb-
ao He HBJIHeTCH npeIIHTCTBHeM ,n;mI pa3Bo,n;a. TIOMIIl\IO YKa3aH-
IIbIX, rK He npep:yoraTpnBaeT HHKamIX HIIhIX nperrHTCTBUII K
pa3BO,n;y no COrJIameHHIO.
3). He;a;ellCTBIITe:IbHOCTb II aHHYJIIIpOBaHJIe pa3BO,fJ,a no
eOrJIaIIIeHIIIO.
a) TIoCKOJIbKY ,n;eHcTBHe pa3Bo,n;a no COrJIameHIIIO HaCTY-
llaeT Ha OCHOBaHHH 3aHBJIeHIIH, BbIpaiRaIOm;erO e,n;HHYIO BOJIIO
CTOpOlI, TpeoyeTcH, 'ITo6bI BOJIH CTOpOlI ObIJIa CBOOO,n;HOii. EcmI
me B ;a;enCTBHTeJIhHOCTH y CTOpOH OTCYTCTBOBaJia BOJIH K pa3-
BO)J,y H 3aHBJIeHHe a pa3BO;a;e OhIJIO nO;a;aHO CTopOHaMH C D-eJihIO
JIII60 II3MeHellHH <paMHJIHII, JIH60 o6MaHa Kpe;a;HTOpOB, pa3BO;a;
npII3HaeTcH He,n;eHcTBHTeJIhHbIM H opaK IIpo)J,OJIiRaeT coxpa-
197
RHTbCH. lIHbIMH CJIOBaMH, q>aKTWIeCKOe npop;OmReHlIe OpaK
03Ha1JaeT Hef);eHCTBIITeJIbHOCTb pa3BOf);a.
0) TIpll nOf);atIe 3aHBJIeHlIH 0 pa3BO,!!.e nYTeM OOMana IIJIH
npHHymf);eHIIH cynpyr, B OTHOrneHlI1I KOTOpOrO ObIJI HCnOJIh-
30BaH OOMan HJIII npIlHYjI{f);eHHe, MOmeT B cYf);eOnOM nopHf);Ke
nOTpeOOBaTb aHHYJIlIpCHaHHH pa3Bop;a, IIMeH B Ka1JeCTBe KOHTp-
areHTa f);pyroro cynpyra (CT. 764, n. 1 CT. 747 rK), )J;aHHoe
npaBO npeKpa:rn,aeTCH no IICTe1JenHII Tpex MeCHu;eB C MOMeHTa,
oOHapymeHIIH oOMaHa HJIII oCBOOOmf);eHIIH OT npHHym)];eHIUI
(CT. 764, n. 2 CT, 747 rK).
B) TIpH3HaHHe nef);eHCTHIITeJIbHOCTH pa3Bo)];a, a TaI,me ero,
aHHymlpoBaHHe n CYf);eOHOM nOpHf);Ke f);OJlmnbI CJIef);OBaTb no-
JIOmeHHHM 3aKona 0 npou;eccyaJIbHOH rrpOU;e,!!.ype paCCMOT-
peHIIH JIII1JHbIX ,!!.eJI IIJIII 3aKOHa 0 CYf);eOHOM paCCMOTpeHHH,
ceMeHHbIX p;eJI (CM. COOTBeTCTBeHHO CT. t II n. 2 CT. 23 YKa-
3aHHbIX 3aKoHoB). B OTJIII1JHe OT aHHYJIHpOBaHIIH opaKa npn,
aHHYJIlIpOBaHIIH pa3Bop;a era )];eHCTBHe HMeeT oopaTHYlO ClfJIY,.
a HMeHHO paHee pacTopmYTbIH opaK npOf);OJImaeT cyrn;eCTBO-'
BaTb.
4) «I>aKTH1JeCKHH pa3BOf);.
<l>aKTII1JeCKIIM pa3Bop;OM Ha3bIBaeTCH nOJIOmeHlIe, npll KO-
TOpOM ooe CTOpOHbI npllrnJIH K comarneHIIIO 0 pa3BOf);e, npo-
mlIBalOT pa3p;eJIbHO II Memp;y HIIMH nOJIHOCTblO OTCYTCTByeT
oOIIl;aH cynpymecKaH mH3Hb, op;HaRO 3aHBJIeHlIe 0 pa3BO,l:(e'
He ObIJIO HMH nOAaHO. TaKYlO clITyaU;IIIO KpaHHe CJIOmHO OT-
JIH'lHTb OT pa3f);eJIbHoro npomlIBaHlIH cynpyroB B pe3YJIbTaTe'
pa3MOJIBKII. 3f);eCb CJIep;yeT nplIHIIMaTb BO BHIIManlle q>OPMY
pa3p;eJIbHOrO npomllBaHIIH, ero CpOK II f);pyrHe q>aKTopbI. TIo
HarneMY MHeHlIlO, q>aKTII1JeCKIIH pa3BOf); f);OJImeH IIMeTb TaKHe.
me nOCJIef);CTBIIH, KaK II OObI'IHbIH pa3BOf);, T. e. npeKpa:rn,e-
HHe 00H3aHHOCTlI no COBMeCTHOMY npomHBaHHlO, COTpYf);HII1Je-
CTBY H coxpaHemllO cynpymecKoH BepHOCTH.
29. Pa3BOf); B cyp;e6HoM nopHf);Re.
1) TIpH HaJIII1J1I1I 3aKOHHbIX OCHOBaHHn O)];IIH 113 cynpy-
rOB MomeT npep;'bHBIITb liCK 0 pa3BOf);e (CT. 770 fK). fK Hrro-
HIIII npll3HaeT CJIef);YlO:rn,lIe OCHOBaHHlI )];JIH pa3BOf);a.
a) HapymeHue cynpyroM cynpymecKoii BepHOCTII (nn. 1
n, 1 CT, 770 rK). CJIef);yeT OTMeTHTb, 1JTO HapyrneHHe cyrr-
pymecKoH BepHOCTII - nOHHTlIe OOJIee rnHpOKoe, 1JeM npe-
J1IOOOp;eHHlIe, H BKJIlO'laeT HeHOpMaJIbHOe ceKcyaJIbHoe nOBe-
f);eHlIe,
6) Hep;o6pocoBecTHoe OCTBBJleHHe (nn. 2- n. 1 CT. 770 rK).
19B
J];aHHoe 1I0HHTlIe OSHaqaeT OTKaS oes Ha)];JIeiHam;IIX IIPHqHH
'()T BbIlIOJIHeHIIH OOHSaHHOCTII 110 COBMeCTHOMY IIpOiHIIBamHO,
COTpY).I.HnqeCTBY II 1I0MOm;1I (CT. 752 rR). Ollpe).l.eJIeHlIe «He-
AOOpOCOBeCTHOe» BKJIIOqaeT aKTIIBHbIll MOpaJIbHbIll :meMeHT.
ITo).l. «OCTaBJIeHlIeM» 1I0HlIMaeTCH He TOJIbKO BpeMeHHoe HeIIC-
1I0JIHeHne OOHsaHHOCTII 110 CO).l.eplliaHIIIO II paS).I.eJIbHOe IIpO-
mlIBaHlIe, HO B onpe).l.eJIeHHOH CTelleHII II OTKas 01' CYllpyllie-
<CKOll mIISHII.
B) OTCYTCTBlIe CBe).l.eHHH 0 cynpyre B Te'1eHlIe Tpex II
oOJIee JIeT (1111. 3 II. 1 CT. 770 rR). ITplI ).I.aHHOM OCHOBaHIIII
IIplI'1IIHbI.OTCYTCTBIIH CBe).l.eHIIH 0 cynpyre He IIMeIOT SHaqe-
BIIH, II TpeXJIeTHIIH CpOK IICqlICJIHeTCH C MOMeHTa nOJIyqeHIIH
1I0CJIe)];HIIX CBe)];elllIll 0 HeM. B 1I0pH).I.Ke TOJIKOBaHIIH C'1IITaeT-
<CH, '11'0 npe)];'bHBJIeHlIe nCKa 0 paSBO).l.e Ha ).I.anHOM OCHOBaHlI1I
HeBOSMOiHHO, eCJIII 110 IICTeqeHlI1I Tpex JIeT nocTynaIOT CBe).l.e-
HIIH 0 llilISHII IIJIII CMepTII cynpyra. CJIe).l.yeT OTMeTIITb, qTO
BOSBpam;eHlIe cynpyra 1I0CJIe BbIHeceHIIH pemeHIIH 0 paSBO).l.e
He Be)];eT K aBTOMaTII'1eCKOMY B0300HOBJIeHlIIO opaKa.
r) HeII3JIe'1IIMaS ).I.ymeBHas OOJIe3Hb TSmeJIOH CTeneHII
(nIl. 4 II. 1 CT. 770 rR). ,r:(aHHoe OCHOBaHne TpeoyeT, '1TOObI
JGIIIeBHaH OOJIeSHb ObIJIa THllieJIOH II HeIISJIe'1IIMOH, noaTOMY
BpeMeHHaH IIJIII ).I.YIlIeBHaH OOJIeSHb B JIerKOH q,opMe He HBJIH-
eTCH OCHOBaHlIeM )];JIJI paSBO)];a. Ollpe).l.eJIeHlIe THllieCTII II He-
J'lSJIe'1HMOCTII OOJIeSHH OCHOBbIBaeTCH Ha SaKJIIOqeHlI1I Bpaqa.
ITplI aTOM CJIe)];yeT Y'1IITbIBaTb, qTO na OCHOBaHlI1I n. 2
.cT. 770 rR cy)]; MOllieT OTKJIOHIITb lICK 0 pa3BO).l.e, nplIHIIMaH
BO BHIIMaHlIe COBOKynHocTb Bcex OOCTOHTeJIbCTB, npllMeHII-
TeJILHO K )];aHHOMY CJIY'1aIO - nOCJIe).l.YIO ero JIe'leRIIH 60JIb-
Boro, YCJIOBIIH ero iHIISIlI! lIT. ).I..
).I.) HaJlII'1l1e ).I.pyrnx BamHbIX npn'1I1H, l eJIalOlIWX HeB03-
MomHblM npO).l.OJImeHIIe 6paKa (nn. 5 II. 1 CT. 770 rR). B OT-
JIHqne 01' qeTbIpex BbImeYKa3aHHbIX OCHOBaRHii ).I.aHHOe OCHO-
BaIllIe IIMeeT a6CTpaIUlIbIii II OTIIOCIITeJIbHbIH xapaKTep. ROH-
I{peTlIOe pemeHIIe 1'01'0, '11'0 HBJIHeTCil namHori npwIlIHoii,
)];eJIaIO ell: HeB03MOiRRbIM npO).l.OJIiHelllIe 6paHa, orrpep,eJIHerCH
CY).I.QM. ITOCKOJIbKY crapaH pe)];aK IIH rh' CO).l.epiHaJIa KOHKpeT-
Ho-OrpaHIIqIITeJIbHbIH lIepeqeHb oCHoBanlIH TJ;JIH paSBO).l.a, ero
nplIMeHeHlIe Ha IIpaKTIIKe BbISbIBaJIO HeY).l.OoCTBO, II rrpn rrepe-
cMoTpe rR B CT. 770 ObIJI BHeceH )];OnOJIHIITeJIbHbIll: 1I0).l.rrYHKT,
npe).l.yCMaTpIIBaIOm;IIll: nO).l.ooHOe aocTpaKTHoe OCHOBaHlIe. IIpn
IIpe)];'bHBJIeHIIII IICKa 0 paSBO).l.e Ha ).I.aHHOM OCHOBaHlI1I cyP,
paCCMaTplIBaeT BCIO cOBoKynHoc' 'b oCRoBamrlf, HanplIMep q,II-
aH'1eCKyro II )];YXOBHYIO COBMeCTIIMOCTb, MaTepIIaJIbHOe 1I0JIO-
199
meHlIe II )l,pyrlIe (CM. pemeHlIe BepxaBHara cy.n:a aT 25 anpe-
JIJI 1961 r.).
2) OTKJIOHeHJIe TpeooBaHHR 0 pa3Bo.n:e.
IIplI paccMaTpeHlI1I IICRa a pa3Ba.n:e na nepBbIM 't{eTblpeM
RaHRpeTHbIM aCHaBaHIIJlM cy.n:, lIay<I1IB Bce a6cTaJlTeJIbcTBa
MameT npHilT1I R nplIaHaHIIIO BaaMamHaCTII caxpaHeHHJI 6pa-
Ra II aTRJIaHHTb Tpe6aBaHlIe a paaBa.n:e (n. 2 CT. 770 fK). Ore-
neHb cy.n:e6Hara YCMOTpeHHH rapa3.n:a 6aJIee ITIJrpaRa B CBH311;
C nJlTbIM, a6cTpaRTHbIM aCHaBaHlIeM .n:JIJI paaBa.n:a.
3) IIpHMHpHTeJIhHaR npou,eJl,ypa.
MCR a paaBa.n:e npe,a;'bJlBJIJleTCH B a6bI't{IIbIH cy.n:, ap:HaKO
nepe.n: 3THM CTapaHbI .n:aJImHbI npai'rTH npHMHpHTeJIbHYIO nPa-
n;e.n:ypy B ceMeHHaM cy.n:e (CT. 17, n. 1 CT. 18 3aRaHa a cy-
.n:e6HaM paCCMaTpemm ceMeHHblX .n:eJI). HecMaTpJl Ha HaJIH'IHe'
pJl.n:a HCRJIIO't{eHHH, Bce .n:eJIa a pa3Ba.n:ax npH npe.n:'bHBJIeIIHH
IICRa Henacpe.n:CTBeHHa B cy.n: nepe.n:aIOTCJI .n:JIH npaxam.n:eHIIJI
npHMHpHTeJIbHaH npan;e.n:ypbI B ceMeHHaM cy.n:e (n. 2 CT. 1&
YRaaaHHara aaRaHa). Ha npaRTIIRe paapemeHHe 6aJIbmlIH-
CTBa cnapaB a paaBa.n:e aaBepmaeTCJI .n:aCTIImeHHeM CarJIaClIlI
CTapaH a paaBa.n:e IIMeHHa Ha .n:aHHaH CTa.n:IIII. IIpII .n:aCTlIme-
HIIII a6aIO.n:Hara CarJIaCHJI Ha CTa.n:HII nplIMHplITeJIbHaH npau,e-
AYpbI ceMeHHbIH cy.n: nplI HaJIH'IIIH caaTBeTCTBYIOm;IIX aCHa-
BaHIIH MameT nplIHHTb pemeHlIe a paaBa.n:e (CT. 24 yRaaaH-
Hara 3aRaHa), ECJIH B Te't{eHlIe .n:BYX He.n:eJIb naCJIe nplIHHTHH
pemeHIIH a pa3BaJl,e He 6y.n:eT aaHBJIeHa BoapameHIIH B aTHa-
meHlI1I .n:aHHara pemeHIIH, pemeHJre ceMeHHaro cy.n:a BCTyna-
eT B aaRaHHYIO CHJIY (CT. 25 YRa3aHHara aaRaHa). ITpH HaJIH-
't{1I1I Ba3pameHHH pemeHlIe ceMeHHara cy.n:a YTpa't{HBaeT CHJIY
(CM. CT. 25, n. 2 CT. 26 YRaaaHHara aaRaHa) II .n:eJIa nepe.n:a-
eTCH B a6bI'1HbIH cy.n:, r.n:e paccMaTplIBaeTcH na aCHaBaHHlJ
naJIameHIIH 3aRaHa a npan;eccyaJIbHaH npau,eAYpe paccMoT-
peHIIH JIII't{HbIX .n:eJI (CT. 1 II CJIe.n:. YRaaaHHora aaRana).
4) Pa3BOJl, II noceMeHHaR 3aIIHCh.
IIa BCTynJIeHIIH pemeHHH a paaBa.n:e B aaRaHHYIO CHJIY
IICTen; a6H3aH B Te'leHHe 10 .n:HeH HanpaBHTb caaTBeTcTByIO-
m;ee 3aHBJIeHHe .06 H3MeHeHHII B KHlIry naceMeHHaii aanlICII.
30. IIOCJIe.n:CTBHR paaBOJl,a.
1) PaaBa.n: nplIBa.n:IIT R pacTapmeHIIIO 6paKa, II 3Ta HBJIH-
eTCH aCHaBHbIM naCJIe.n:CTBHeM paaBa.n:a, BblabIBaIOID;IIM npe-
Rpam;eHlIe Bcex npaB II a6H3aHHaCTeH, napom.n:eHHblx 6paRaM.
2) Mym nJIII meHa, lIaMeHIIBmlIH <f>aMIIJIIIIO npH 3aRJIIO't{
HHH 6paRa, naCJIe pa3Ba.n:a upIIHIIMaeT. p:06pa'luyIO <f>aMHJIHI()
200
{CT. 767 PI\.) ,1.JTO KaCaeTCH rrOCeMeHHOH 3arrJilCJiI, TO AaHHLIM
Gyrrpyr BrrJilCLIBaeTCH B AOOpa 1 IHYIO rrOCeMeHHYIO 3arrJilCb JilJlJiI
me rro ero iReJlaHJilIO Ha Hero 3aBOAJilTCH ROBaH rroceMeMHaH
3arrJilCb (rr, 1 CT. 19 3aKoHa 0 rroceMeHHoH 3arrJilCJiI). B CBH3Ji1
C TeM, 'ITO B TeOpeTJiI'IeCKOM n rrpaKTJiI'IeCKOM rrJlaHe OTCYT-
CTBYIOT KaKJile-JlJilOo OCHOBaHJilH, rrperrHTCTBYIO IIe OCTaBJleHIIIO
'cyrrpyroM, Jil3MeHJilBIIlJilM CBOIO q,aMJilJlJilIO rrpJil 3aKJlIO'IeHJiIJiI
-6paKa, CBoeii: q,aMJilJlJilII, rrpJilHHTOH B 6paKe, B 1976 r. K
CT. 767 fI\. 6bIJi AOOaBJleH rr, 2, KOTopLIfr AorrYCKaeT OCTaBJle-
HJile q,aMJilJlJilJiI, rrpJilHHTOH B opaKe, rrpJil YCJlOBJiIJiI oq,opMJleHIIJI
.3TOrO B 'l1peXMeCH'IHLIM CpOK rrocJle pa3BOAa B rropHAKe, rrpe-
P;ycMoTpeHHoM 3aKoHoM 0 rroceMeMHOM 3arrHCJiI.
3} I\.orAa MyiR HJlH iReHa, Jil3MeHIIBIIlnH CBOJO q,aMIIJlJilIO
B pe3YJlLTaTe 3aKJlIO'IeHJilH 6paKa, B rrepnOA HaxomAeHJilH B
,6paKe CTaHOBHTCH rrpeeMHJilKOM rrpeAMeTOB, CmI3aHHLIX C
KYJlbTOM rrpeAKOB CBoero cyrrpyra, TO rrpn pa3BOAe rrpIIHaA-
.JIemHOCTb AaHHbIX rrpeAMeTOB orrpeAeJiHeTCJI COrJlaIIleHJileM
Mem)l,y CTopOHaMn JiI APynlMJiI 3alIHTepeCOBaHHbIMH JIIIlI,aMII.
IIpJil HeAOCTIImeHJiIJiI rrOAOOHoro COmaIIlemfJI Borrpoc pelliaeT-
>CH ceMeHHbIM CYAOM (CT. 769 fI\.).
31. PmmoA pOAIITe;aeii II AeTU. PacTOpmeHJile 6paRa rrpII
'HeB03MOmHOCTII Aa;abHeHIIleM cOBMecTHoM mII3HJiI AJiH cyrrpy-
rOB HBJlHeTCH HeJil30eamOM MepOM, a AJiH AeTeM AaHHbIX POAJiI-
'TeJleM - THiReJibIM 6peMeHeM. HpoMe Toro, o6 ecTBo He
MomeT rr03BOJlIITb OCTaBHTb MaJlOJleTHIIX lJ;eTeM Ha rrpOJil3BOJI
CYAb6bI. B aTOM CBH3II fH Tpe6yeT OT pa3BoAH IIXCH cyrrpy-
rOB orrpeAeJleHJilH JlIIlI,a, ocy ecTBJlJIIO ero pOAIITeJlbCKIIe npa-
Ea, a TaKme JlIIlI,a, na 'IbeM rrOne'leHMH 6YAeT HaxoAHTbCH
pe6eHoK. IT pII OTCYTCTBMH AaIIHoro COrJlallieHIIJI 9TJiI JlJillI,a
'0npeAeJiHIOTCH ceMeMHbIM CYAOM.
1) JIIIqa, OCYIqeCTBmnOIlwe POJ\HTe;abCKJile npaBa. I\aK
'0TMe'IaJlOCb paHee, pa3BOA no corJlameHnlO He MOme! 6LITb
-oljlopMJleH npJil OTCYTCTBIIJiI orrpeAeJleHHH JlJillI,a, ocy ecTBJlHIO-
ero pOAJilTeJlbCKIIe npaBa B OTHOnIeHHII AeTeM (CT. 765, n. 1
CT: 819 fI\.). ihoro, OAHaKO, He Tpe6yeTcH 11 OTHOllIemHI ;a:eTeu,
HaXOAJI JilXCH B YTpo6e MaTepH Ha MOMeH'I' pasBoAa, rrOCKo.rrb-
RY B rroAo6HOM cJilTyall,HH MaTb ocy ecTBJlHeT po;a:HTeJIbCRHe
JIpaBa (rr. 3 CT. 819 fI\.). ITpH pa3Bo;a:e 'Iepe3 CYA ;a:aHHoe
JIJillI,O orrpeAeJlJIeTCH Cy;a:OM (n. 2 CT. 819 fH, n. 5 CT. 15 3aRo-
Ha 0 rrpoll,eccyaJlbHoM rrpOll,eAype paCCMOTpeHlIH JlII'IHbIX AeJl) .
IIpJil pa3BOAe B nopHARe rrpJilMIIpJilTeJlbHOI1 rrpOll,eAypbI HJIlI B
ceMeHHOM cYAe pellieHIIe 0 HeM npJilpaBHJilBaeTCH COOTBeTCT-
201
BeHHO K paaBOA)T nO COrJIameHHIO HJIH paaBOP;Y 'Iepea 061>1"1-
HLlii cyp;. ECJIH nOCJIe onpe,n:eJIeHHH JIHu;a, ocym;eCTBJIHIOm;erO
po,n:HTeJII>CKHe npaBa B OTHOllIeHHH ,n:eTeii, 06HapYil\HBaeTCH
HeHa,n:JIemam;Hii xapaKTep ,n:aHHoro onpe,n:eJIeHHH, H3MeHeHHe-
YKaaaHHoro JIHu;a MomeT ocym;eCTBJIHTbCH no COrJIallIeHlIlO
CTOpOH (CT. 78 3aKoHa 0 noceMeiiHOH aanHcn) HJIH no peme-
HHIO ceMeiiHoro cy,n:a (CM. CT. 79 YKaaaHHoro aaKoHa). HORaE
pep;aKU;HH rK, ynpa3,n:HHB cTapyIO ceMeHHYIO cHcTeMY, onpe-
p;eJIHJIa, 'ITO OTeu; H MaTI> p;OJImHbI COBMeCTHO ocym;eCTBJUlTb-
po,n:HTeJII>CKHe npaBa, IIpH pa3Bop;e me TaKoe COBMeCTHoe ocy-
m;eCTBJIeHHe po,n:HTeJIbCKHX npaB BeCI>Ma aaTpy,n:HH'feJIbIIO.
nOaTOMY B 3TOM CJIyqae Tpe6yeTcH onpe,n:eJIeHHe JIHU;OM, ocy-
m;eCTBJIHIOm;HM pOp;HTeJIbCKHe npaBa, TOJIbKO op;Horo H3 cy-
npyroB,
2) JInu;o, ocym;eCTBJIHIOm;ee nOne'leHHe 0 pe6eHKe. Bo'
MHorHX CJIY'laHX nOne'leHHe 0 pe6eHKe ocym;eCTBJIHeTCH
JIHU;OM, Ha,n:eJIeHHLlM no OTHOllIeHHIO K neMY po,n:HTeJIbCRHMII
npaBaMH, o,n:HaKO, HCXO,n:H H3 HHTepeCOB ,n:eTeii, meJIaTeJIbIIO
onpe,n:eJIeHHe JIHu;a, ocym;eCTBJIHIOrn;ero nOne'leHHe 0 _pe6elm8'
BHe aaBHCHMOCTH OT HaJIH'lHH pOp;HTeJIbCKHX npaB. IIo3To:\[y
rK YCTaHaBJIHBaeT, 'ITO npIi pa3Bo,n:e no COrJIameHHIO AaIIIIoe-
JIHU;O onpe,n:eJIHeTCH COrJIameHHeM Mem)w OTU;OM H .MaTepbIO.
a npH ero He,n:OCTHmeHHH - CeMeHHI>IM CYP;OM (n. 1 CT. 9,
CT. 52-55 3aKoHa 0 cy,n:e6HoM paCCMOTpeIIHli ceMeiiHI>lX Ae,TI).
B OTJIH'IHe OT onpeAeJIeHHH JIHu;a, o6JIa,n:alOm;ero pOp;HTeJIbCKH-
MH npaBaMH, onpe,n:eJIeHHe JIHu;a, ocyrn;eCTBJIHIOm;erO none [1e-
HHe 0 pe6eHHe, B03MomHO H UOCJIe no,n:a'lH aaHBJIeHHH 0 pa3-
Bop;e. IIpH paaBOAe 'Iepe3 cy,n: npou;eA)Tpa OnpeAeJIeIIIIH:
p;aHHoro JIHu;a aHaJIOrH'IHa onpe,n:eJIeHHIO mru;a, ocyrn;eCTBJIHJO-
m;ero po,n:HTeJIbCKHe npaBa (CT. 15 3aKoHa 0 rrpou;eccyaJIbHOll
npou;ep;ype paCCMOTpeHHH JIH'IHLlX ,n:eJI). Bo Bcex CJIY'laHX
06bI'IHO npeArrOJIaraeTCH, 'ITO TaRHM JIHil,OM CTaHeT JIH60 Mwrb"
JIH60 OTeu;, o,n:HaRO B aaBHCHMOCTII OT cHTyaIJ,Hli ::ITO MOil eT
6L1TL nopyqeHo H TpeTbeMY JIHU;Y. KpoMe Toro, npH Bb1Hcne-
HHH HeHa,n:JIemarn;ero xapaKTepa yKa3aHHoro orrpe,n:eJIemut
ceMeiiHblH cy,n: MomeT I13MeHHTb JIIIIJ,O, ocym;eCTBJIHJ01IJ,ee IlO-
ne'leHHe, a TaRme npeAnHcaTb IIHbI8 Heo6xOAIIMbI8 Mepb1 B:
OTHOllIeHHH nOrre'leHHH 0 p;eTHX (n. 2 CT. 766, CT. 771 rK.
n. 1 CT, 9 3aKoHa 0 cy,n:e6HoM paccMOTpeHHH ceMeHHb1X
p;eJI) .
'YRaaaHHoe comallIeHHe HJIH pellIeHHe ceMeiiHoro CYAa
OTHOCHTeJII>HO nOrre'leHHH He OKa3bIB3JOT BJIHHHHH Ha HHbI8'
npaBa H 06H3aHHOCTH po,n:HTeJIeH.
2[2
3) fPaMRJIHJI ;o;eTei:i. Pa3Bop, pOp,HTeJIen He OI,a3blBaeT EII-
lI.aRoro BJIHHIIHJI Ha q,aMHJIHIO p,eTen. ECJIH R MOMeHTY pa3BO-
p;a peoeHOR em;e He pO;o;HJICH, MaTb, I,aR OTMe'laJIOCb paHee,
eCTeCTBeRHbIM oopa30M rrpHoopeTaeT pOp,HTeJIbCRHe npaBa
B OTHorneHHU p,aHRoro pe6mma, op,HaRO peoeHOR 6yp,eT
HOCHTb <J.>aMHJIHIO pO)IIIT8JIen Ha MOMeHT pa3Bop,a (CT. 790
fR).
32. Pa3p,eJI IIMym;ecTBa. Op,HH H3 pa3Bep,eHHbIX cynpyroB
'MOJReT npep,'hHBHTb R p,pyrOMY cynpyry Tpe60BaHHe 0 pa3)Ie-
.JIe HMym;ecTBa (n. 1 CT. 768, CT. 771 rK).
Pa3Mep II cnoco6bI p33p,eJI3 lIMymecTB3. Borrpoc 0 TOM,
nOp,JIeanIT JIR HMym;ecTBo pa3)];eJIY, a TaRme pa3Mep H cnoco-
.obI pa3p,eJIa onpep,emIIOTCH COrJIarneHHeM CTOpOH, a npH He-
B03M01RHOCTH TaIWrO COrJIarneHHH - ceMenHbIM CYP;OM no IIX
TpeoOBaHHIO. CJIep;yeT, op,RaRO, Y'lHTbIBaTb, 'ITO 3TO Tpeoo-
JlaHHe MomeT ObITb peaJIII30BaHO JIHrnb B Te1J:eHHe )IBYX JIeT
C MOMeHTa pa3Bop,a (n. 2 CT. 768 rK). ITOJIY'lHB YRasaHHoe
Tpe6onaHHe, ceMenHbIff cyp, rrpemp,e Bcero BbIHCHHeT Bonpoc
,0 TOM, nOp,JIemHT JIH HMym;ecTBo pa3p,eJIY, H 3aTeM onpep,eJIH-
eT pa3Mep H cnocoobI pa3p,eJIa (n. 3 CT. 768 rR). IIpH 3TOM
'C8MeHHbIH cyp, nplIHHMaeT BO BHHMaHHe He TOJIbKO pa3Mep
lIMym,eCTBa, nOJTY'leHHoro OOOHMH cynpyraMH B pesYJIbTaTe
COTpyp,HH'IeCTBa, HO H Jlce HHbIe OOCTOHTeJIbCTBa, nop, ROTO-
pbIMH rrOHHMaeTCJI rrpOp,OJImHTeJIbHOCTb cynpymecRoii JI\H3HH,
MaTepHaJIbHOe nOJIOmeHHe, rrpo<J.>eCCHH CTOpOH, CTeneHb HX
COTpyp,HH'IeCTBa, Bonpoc 0 TOM, RaROH P,OXOP, op,Horo H3 cyn-
pyrOB (OObI'IHO meHbI) ObIJI YTpa'leH B pe3YJIbTaTe OCTaBJIe-
HHJI 11M paOOTbI rro rrpH'IHHe BCTynJIeHHH B opaK, pa3Mep
IIop,apKOB, Cp,eJIaHHbIX Op,HOH H3 CTOpOH BO BpeMH opaKa, nep-
cneRTHBbI 1RH3HH nOCJIe paSBop,a H T. p,. IIpHHHMaeTCH BO BHH-
Mamie TaRme OOCTOHTeJIbCTBO HapyrneHHH cynpymecRoM Bep-
HOCTH (CM. pemeH11e BepXOBHoro cyp,a OT 21 <J.>eBpaJIH 1956 r.).
'LITo RaCaeTCJI rrOCJIep,HerO OOCTOHTeJIbCTBa, TO HapHp,y C Tpe-
.60BaHHeM pa3p,eJIa HMym;ecTBa B cyp, MomeT npep,'hHBJIHTLCH
:lICR 0 B03Mem;eHHH ym;epoa, BbI3BaHHoro pa3Bop,OM (CM. perne-
JIlle BepXOBHoro cyp,a OT 26 MapTa 1908 r.).
To, RaRHMH cnocooaMH 6yp,eT OCYID,PCTBJIHTbCH pa3,IJ;8JI
1IMym;ecTBa - B ;o;eHemHoH <J.>opMe HJIH HaTypaJIbHOH, ep,HHO-
BpeMeHHoH BbIl1JIaTOH HJIH BbIIIJIaTOM B paCCpO'lRY, - pernaeT-
CH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT ROHRpeTHbIX OOCTOHTeJIbCTB. B nopHp,Re
TOJIROBaHHH C'IHTaeTCH, 'ITO rrpH BbIIIJIaTe nepHOp,H'IeCRHMH
llJIaTemaMH npH H3MeHeHHH OGCTOHTeJIbCTB, HanpHMep B CJIY-
203
'Iae pe3ROro YXy,lI;IneHHJJ MaTepHaJIbHOro nOJIOmeHIJH )];OJImHH-
IW HJIH, HanpOTHB, 3Ha'IHTeJIbHOrO oooram;eHHH npaBOMO'InO-
ro JIHu;a, COrJIaIIIeHHe CTOpOH, )];OCTHrIIYToe B lIfOMeHT pa3BO)];a,
HJIH peIIIeHHe ceMeiiHoro cy)];a MOJReT ObITb aHIIYJIHpOBaHO
IIJIH H3MeHeHO (CM. CT. 880 rR).
¥IwsaHHaH npOIJ;e)];ypa ocym;eCTBJIHeTCH Ha ocnOBaHHII
peIIIeHHH ceMeiiHoro cy)];a, O)];HaRO npH paSBO)];e 'Ie pes cy)];
OHa MOmeT ObITb peaJIH30BaHa H B COOTBeTCTBHH C peIIIeHHeM
OObI'IHOrO cy)];a. B )];aIIIIOM CJIY'Iae COOTBeTCTBYIOm;He nOJIome-
HHJI BKJIIO'IaIOTCR B TeKCT OCHOBHoro peIIIeHHH OObIfluoro cy)];a
(n. 1 H 3 CT. 15 3aROJla 0 rrpou;eccyaJIbHOii npoIJ;e)];ype pac-
Cl\10TpeHHH JIH'IHbIX )];eJI).
6. CDaKTH"IeCKHH 6paK
33. IIoHHTHe <paRTHQeCROrO 6paRa. ITO)]; cpaRTU'IeCRUM
6paRoM nOHHMaeTCH TaRoe COCTOJIIUIe, rrpH ROTOpOM OOm;ecT-
BOM npHSHaeTCH HaJIH'IHe cynpymeclwro COIOsa, O)];IraRO
BCJIe)];CTBHe OTCYTCTBHH npaBoBoii npOIJ;e)];ypbI ero oqJOpMJIe-
HHH, a HMeHHO HaJIH'IHH SaHBJIeHHH 0 BCTynJIeHHH B opaR,
CTOpOHbI )];aHHOrO COIOsa C rrpaBoBoii TO'IRH speHHH He npn-
3HaIOTCH cynpyraMH. IIepBoHa'IaJIbHO <paHTH'IeCHHH opaR He
BbISbIBaJI HHRaRHX npaBOBbIX nOCJIe)];CTBHii, O)];HaRO B 1915 r.
BepxoBHbIM CY)];OM HnOHHH ObIJIO npHHHTO peilleHlJe, BOSJIaraB-
IIIee oOHsaHHocTb no BOSMem;eHHIO Bpe)];a Ha JIHIJ;O, HeHa)];JIe-
mam;HM oopasoM HapYIIIHBillee OTHOIIIeHHH lfJaHTH'IeCKOrO opa-
Ra (CM. peIIIeHHe BepxoBHoro cy)];a OT 26 HHBapH 1915 r.).
BnOCJIe)];CTBHH cy)];eOHaH npaRTHRa nOCTerreHHO upHIII.ITa R
TOMY, 'ITOObI ypaBHHTb CTOpOHbI <paRTH'IeCIWrO opaRa C cyn-
pyraMH C <popMaJIbHOii TO'IRH 3peHHH. ITpH aTOM cy)];e6Haff
npaRTHRa CTaJIa paCCMaTpHBaTb <paRTH'IeCRHii opaR B Ra'IeCT-
Be ooem;aUHH SaRJIIO'IeIIHH o<pHU;UaJIbHOrO opaRa. XOTH CTOpO-
IIbI II He MorJIH ObITb npHHym)];eHbI R nO;n;a"Ie SaHBJIeHUH 0
BCTynJIeHHH B opaR, HO npH Hena)];JIemam;el\1 UeHCnOJIHeHIIH
p;aHHoro pO]J,a )];orOBopa O)];HOH H3 nHX npOTHBHaJI CTopOHa
MOrJIa rpeOOl!aTb BOSMem;eHHH ym;epoa. BMeCTe C TeM CJIe)];yer
OTMeTHTb, 'ITO npe)];CTaBJIeIIHe <paRTU'IeCROrO opaKa ooem;aHH-
eM o<pHIJ;HaJIbHOrO opaRa BeCbMa )];aJIeRO OT peam,HoH )];eii-
CTBHTeJIbHOCTH. XOTH )];aHHaH nOSHIJ;HH ObIJIa OnpaB)];aHHa
OTHOIIIeIIHH YCTaHOBJIeHHH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTll JIHIJ;a, HeHa)];JIe-
mam;HM oopaaOM HapYIIIHBillero <paRTH'tfeCRHH opaR, OHa He-
MOrJIa ObITb npHHHTa B Ra'tfeCTB8 060CHOBaHHH pacnpOCTpa-
204
HeHHH na rrpO)J;OJImHTeJIbHLIe OTHOllIeHHH tPaJ.<TIPI8CROrO 6pa-
Ra Tex me rrOCJIe)J;CTBHiI, RaR H OtPJoID;HaJIbHOrO 6paRa. BCJIe)J,-
CTBJoIe 3Toro 60JIee rr03)J,HHH CY)J,e6HaH npaRTHRa JoI HaY HaH
)J,ORTpHHa CTaJIJoI paCCMaTpHBaTb tPaRTH ecRH:it 6paR RaR CBoe-
1'0 pO)J,a RBa3HOtPHD;HaJIbHbIH 6paR, B03HHRlTlHH Ha CTbIRe
06LI aH H MOpaJIH, 06ID;eCTBa JoI rrpaBa, H no B03:-'WJI\HOCTH
rrbITaJIHCb rrpHpaBHHTb tPaRTIPIeCI\HH 6paR R otPUD;UaJIbH01\1Y.
B pe3YJIbTaTe rro)J,06HoiI rr03HD;HH B 3aROHO)J,aTeJIhCTBe, BbIXO-
)J,HIIWM 3a rrpe)J,eJILI rpam)J,aHCRoro rrpaBa, HarrpIIMep B 3aI:O-
HO)J,aTeJIbCTBe 0 COD;HaJIbHOM 06eCIIe 8I1JoIH, tPaRTH 8CRHi,j: 6paR
aCTO CTaJI rrpHpaBHHBaTbCH R OtPHD;HaJIbHOMY.
34. Y CTaHOBJIeHHe cJ>aRTH ecRoro 6paRa oCYID;eCTBJIHeTCH
Ha OCHOBaHHH COrJIaCHH CTOpOH H rrpH HaJIJoI HH COBM8CTHOH
mH3HH CTOpOH RaR tPaRTH ecRHx cyrrpyrOB. Y CTaHOBJIeHHe
tPaRTH ecRoro 6paRa He Tpe6yeT cBa)J,e6Horo 06pH)J,a HJIH CO-
6JIIO)J,eHHH HHbIX tPopMaJIbHOCTeH, O)J,HaRO 3)J,eCb Heo6xo)J,JoIMO
rrpOBO)J,HTb pa3rpaHIPIeHHe Mem)J,y tPaRTH eCRHM 6paROM H
HCTO JoIHTHMHOH CBH3bIO, KpOMe Tom, B03HIIRa8T rrp06JIeMa
YCTaHOBJIeHJoIH tPaRTH eCRoro 6paRa Mem)J,y JIJoID;aMH I1PH Ha-
JIH HH y rrOCJIe)J,HJoIX rrpeIlHTcTBHii )J,JIH 3aImIO eHHH 6paRa.
IIpJoI rro)J,a e 3aHBJIeHHH 0 3aJ{JIIO eHHH 6paRa cTopoHaMH
tPaRTJoI eCROro 6paRa OHH C rrpaBoBoH TO RII speHHH CTaHO-
BHTCH cyrrpyraMH, o)J,HaRo, paccMaTpIIBaH nOJIOmeHHe, rrpH
ROTOpOM TaRoe 3aHBJIeHJoIe He nO)J,aeTCH BBH)J,y naJIH'IIIH npe-
rrHTCTBHH R 3aRJIIO eHHIO 6paRa, MmRHO C HTaTb, TO )J,aHHble
OTHOllIeHHH He OTBe aIOT YCJIOBHHM OtPHD;HaJIbHo1'O 6paRa JoI
rr03TOMY He MorYT Ha3bIBaTbCH 11 tPaRTIPleCJ.<HM 6paROM. O)J,Ha-
RO BCJIe)J,CTBHe Toro, TO tPaRTH 8CRM cyrn;eCTBYIOID;JoI8 cyrrpy-
meCRHe OTHOllIeHHH B pH)J,e CJIy a8B BblSbIBaIOT Te me
nOCJIe)J,CTBHH, TO H OtPHD;HaJIbHhIH 6paR, n806xo)J,IIMO npH6e-
raTh R YRa3aHHOMY Y3ROMY TOJIROBanHIO tPaRTH eCRoro 6pa-
Ra, npH3HaBaH B CBH3H C ero rrOCJIe)J,CTBUHMJoI OTHOCHTeJIbHOCTb
ero CYID;eCTBOBaHHH. OROH aTeJIbHOe pelTl8HU8 Borrpoca 0 pac-
rrpocTpaHeHHH rrOCJIe)J,CTBHH, npe)J,ycMoTp8HHhlX )J,JIH OtPJoID;H-
aJIblIOrO 6paRa, Ha tPaRTH eCRHH 6paI\ )J,omRHo OCHOBblBaTbCH
Ha )J,8TaJIbHOM paCCMOTpeHHH Ram)J,oii IWIIT{P8THOii cIITyaD;HII.
HanpHM8p, B cIITyaD;HH, Ror)J,a tPaRTH eCRIrH 6paR cyID;eCTBY-
eT M8m)J,y 6JIH3RHMH pO)J,CTB8HHHRalluI, no lIarneMY MHeHHIO,
He MomeT BbI)J,BHraTbCH Tpe6oBaHH8 B031\1ern:eHHH YID;ep6a,
B03HHRllIero BCJIe)J,CTBJoIe HapymeHJoIH )J,anIIbIX OTHOlIIeHHH, O)J,-
lIaRO )J,OJImHbl rrpH3HaBaTbCH Tpe60BaHIIH pa3)J,eJIa HMYID;e-
CTBa.
205
35. nOCJIe CTBHJI «paRTH'IeCKOrO 6palm.
1) HaH60JIee BamHbIM rrOCJIe CTBHeM <paKTH'IeCKOrO opa-
Ra JlB JleTCJI OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb HerrpaBoMepHoro HapYIIIHTeJIJI
aHHbIX oTHolIIeHHH. IIo ooHbIH HapYIIIHTeJIb HeceT OTBeTCT-
BeHHOCTb rro B03Me eHHIO rrOJIHOH CYMMbl MaTepHaJIbHOrO 11
MOpaJIbHOrO y epoa (CM. pelIIeHHe BepxoBHoro cy a OT
26 JlHBa pJl 1915 r.). PelIIeHHe me Borrpoca 0 TOM, JlBJIJlIOTCJI
JIH p;eHCTBHJI HapYIIIHTe JI HerrpaBOMepHbIMH, p;OJImHO OCHO-
BbIBaTbCJI Ha paCCMOTpeHHH rrpH'IHH aHHoro HapylIIeHHJI,
xapaRTepa <paRTH'IeCROrO opaRa (JlBJIJleTCJI H OH opaROM
Memp;y OJIH3RHMII pop;CTBeHHHRaMH HJIH rrpeP;CTaBJIJleT COOOll
p;BoemeIICTBO), a TaRme Toro, 3arrpe elIbI H p;eHCTBUJI Hapy-
IIIHTe JI 3aKOHOM,
2) JIH'IHbIe HMy ecTBeHHbIe OTHOlIIeHHJI, xapaRTepllbIe
P;JIJI 3aROHHoro opaRa, TaRme rrpH3HaIOTCJI 3a <paKTH'IeCKHM
opaKoM, a HMeHHO COBMeCTHoe npomHBaHHe, COTpY HH'Ie-
CTBO H B3aHMHaJl nOMO b, a TaRme OOJlSaHHOCTb 110 coxpa-
HeHHIO cyrrpymecIwH BepHOCTH. PJlP; cyp;eoHbIx pelIIeHJIII BbI-
BHraeT B Ka'IeCTBe rrpep;nOCbI KH B03HHKHOBeHHe JIH'IHbIX
HeIIMy ecTBeHHbIX OTHOlIIeHHH Memp;y cynpyraMH B <paKTH-
'IeCKOM opaKe. BMecTe C TeM CJIep;yeT YKaaaTb Ha TO, 'ITO
):\OBOJIbHO CHJIbHbIe n03HJJ;UH HMeeT KOHJJ;eUJJ;HJI OTpHJJ;aHHH rrpa-
Ba Ha aHHY HpOBaHHe p;orOBopa Memp;y CTopOHaMH <paKTH-
'IeCKOrO opaKa (Cl\I. CT. 754 1'1\). 1\poMe Toro, cynpyrH B Ta-
KO:\! opaKe He l\WrYT H3MeHJlTb <paMH HIO (CM. CT. 750 I'K),
a BCTynJIeHUe B <paKTH'IeCRHH opaR He npHpaBIIUBaeTCH R
OCTHmeHHIO COBeplIIeHHOJIeTHJI (CM. CT. 753 rI{). IJ epBbIH
MOMeHT CBJl3aH C TeM, 'ITO JIJI H3MeHeHJIJI <paMHJIHH TpeoyeT-
CJI rrop;a'Ia 3aJlB eHHJI B COOTBeTCTBHII C 3aRoHoM 0 noceMeli-
HOM 3arrHCH, a BTOpOH - C TeM, 'ITO <lTO ORa3bIBaeT BJIHJlHHe
Ha Cp;eJIRH, cOBeplIIeHHbIe C TpeTbHMH HJJ;aMH.
3) IIoHJlTHo, 'ITO rrpH <paRTH'IeCKOM opaRe He rrpH3HaeTCJI
3aK IO'IeHHe Opa'IHOrO p;orOBopa; 'ITO me RaCaeTCJI p;pyrnx
IIMy ecTBeHHbIX OTHOlIIeHHH Mem y CTopOHaMH, TO Bce HHbIe
1I0JIOmeHHJI, rrpep;YCMOTpeHHbIe B OTHOlIIeHHH o<pHJJ;HaJIbHOrO
opaRa H CBJl3aHHbIe C HMy ecTBeHHbIMH OTHOlIIeHHHMU Memp,y
cyrrpyraMH, pacnpOCTpaHHIOTCJI H na <paKTUqeCKlIII opah-
HeceHHe pacxop;OB Ha COBMeCTHYIO mH3Hb (CM. CT. 760 rIq,
COJIH apHaJl OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb no OOJl3aTeJIbCTBaM, CBH3aHHbIM
C rrOBce HeBHbIMH ceMeHHbIMH eJIaMII (CM. CT. 761 1'1\),
IIpe3YMrrJJ;IIJI rrpHHap; emHOCTH IIMy ecTBa, IIpaBO cooCTBeH-
HOCTII Ha KOTopoe HeHCHO, R oo e:iI cooCTBeHHOCTH cynpyroB
(CM. n. 2 CT. 762 1'1\).
206
4) Bce IIHbIe rrpaBooTHorueHHJJ, CBJJ3aHHbIe C o<pHI HaJIb-
HbIM 6paROM, He pacrrpOCTpaHJJIOTCJJ na CpaRTH'IeCRHH 6paR, a
HMeHHO eTII, pomp;eHHble B TaROM 6paRe, He C'IHTaIOTCJJ
3aROHHopom eHHbIMII, rroaTOMY OHH HOCJJT <paMHJIHIO MaTe-
pH (rr. 2 CT. 790 fR) H pOAHTeJIbCRHe npaBa B oTHorueHlIn
IIX OCYIIJ;eCTBJIHIOTCH MaTepblO (n. 1 CT. 818 fIt). RpoMe Toro,
3a cynpyroM He npH3Hae-rCH CTaTYC HaCJIeAHHRa APyroro
cyrrpyra. He rrpH3HaeTCH TaRiRe HamPIHe pOACTBeHHbIX OTHO-
rueHHH C pO CTBeHRIIRaMH cyrrpyra.
5) CJIeAyeT IIMeTb B BIIAY, 'ITO 3aROHOAaTeJIbCTBO, BbIXO-
HIIJ;ee 3a rrpe eJIbI rpamAaHCRoro rrpaBa, B pHAe CJIY'IaeB rrpH-
MO rrplIpaBHIIBaeT cyrrpyroB B <paRTH'IeCROM 6paRe R 3aROH-
RbIM cyrrpyraM, a B pH e CJIY'IaeB OCYIIJ;eCTBJIHeT aTO J';OCBeH-
RO. ,IJ;aHRoe 3aROHO aTeJIbCTBO rJIaBHLIM 06pa30M OTHOCHTCH
R c<pepe CO lIaJIbHOrO CTpaXOBaHHH H CO HaJIbHOrO 06ecne-
lJeHIIH.
36. npeKpa eHHe q,aKTHQeCROrO 6paRa. cDaRTH'IeCRHH
6paR rrpeRpaIIJ;aeTCH co CMepTblO op;noro 113 cyrrpyroB, a TaR-
me rrplI 0601OAHOM COrJIaCHII cyrrpyroB Ha <paRTH'IeCRUH pa3-
BO . RpOMe Toro, ;!I,aHHbIH BHA 6paRa rrpeRpam;aeTcH II rrpII
OTRa3e O;!l,HOH 113 CTOpOH 0'1' rrpOAOJImeHIIH <paRTII'IeCI;Oll COB-
MeCTHOH mH3HH BHe 3aBIICIIMOCTH 0'1' nOBo a 1\ AaHHOUY onw-
3Y. CJIe yeT Y'IHTbIBaTb rrplI aTOM, 'ITO, rroA06Ho O(pII IIa.lIb-
HOMY 6paRY, BO Bcex CJIY'IaHX rrpeRpaIlJ,eHHH <paRTII'IecRoro
6paRa, RpoMe CJIY'IaH cMepTH oAHoro H3 cyrrpyroB, B 3aBHCH-
MOCTII OT clITya IIH OJImHO npH3HaBaTbcH npaBo Tpe60BaHHH
pa3AeJIa IIMYIIJ;eCTBa. IIpHMepoM TaRoro nop;xop;a HB.7JHeTCH
npHMeHeHlIe rro aHaJIOrHII 0AHHM H3 CYP;OB CT. 768 fR, rrpH-
lJeM perueHlIe aToro cYAa 6bIJIO nOAAepmaHo Ha ypoBHe BbICO-
ROID CYAa (CM. perueHHe BbICORoro cYAa XIIpOCU Ia 0'1'
19 IIIOHH 1963 r.).
r naB a 4. POAHTEnH H AETH
1. 0611\He nOnO)l(eHHSI
37. CyrqHOCTb H HCTOpHH pa3BHTIUI OTHomeHUH luemAY
pO HTeJIHMIIII AeTbMH.
1) CO epiRaHlIe MaJIOJIeTHIIX AeTeii H rrOrre'IeHUe 0 HIIX
HBJIHeTCH eCTeCTBeHHOH <pYHRIi;Heii pOAHTeJIeH, H60 ceMeihIbIii:
C0103 HMeeT He TOJIbRO roplI30HTaJIbHble, HO II Bep'l'HRa.i1hIIbIe
207
CBH311. Be3 BblIIOJIReRlIH YKa3aHHOR <PYHKD;lIH pOp;HTeJIeR
pa3BlITHe 'IeJIOBe'IeCKoro 06m;eCTBa 6bIJIO 6bI HeB03MOmRO,
n03TOMY B pa3JIlI'IUbIX CTpaRaX BOrrpOCbI cOp;epmaHlIH p;eTeR
II nOne'IeRlIH 0 HIIX, RaCJIep;OBaHlIH fI.eTbMlI lIMym;ecTBa pOP;II-
TeJIeR perYJIlIPYIOTCH He TOJIbKO MOpaJIbIO II 06bI'IaHMH, HO II
HopMaMlI rrpaBa. B IICTOplI'tf8CKOM acrreKTe MomHO BbIp;eJIlITb
pHP; STarrOB TaIWl'O perYJIlIpOBalHIH. B rreplIO}J; rrp1I3RaHlIH
IICKJIIO'tflITeJIbHbIX npaB OTua TOJIbKO OH Hap;eJIHJICH pOp;HTeJIb-
CKHMH rrpaBaMH B oTHorueHlIlI pe6eHJ\.a, op;naKO C YCTaHOB-
JIeHlIeM paBeHCTBa OTl1a II MaTeplI 06a OHII CTaJIll 06JIap;aTb
pO}J;HTeJIbCKlIMlI rrpaBaMlI, ocym;eCTBJIHeMbIMlI COBMeCTHO. 3a-
KOHOp;aTeJIbCTBO, perYJIlIpyrom;ee OTHOllieHHH MeiRP;Y pop;HTe-
JIHMII II p;eThMlI, npOlliJIO nyn OT paCCMOTpeHlIH p;eTeR KaK
IIMym;ecTBa p;o np1I3HaHIIH JIlI'IHOCTlI pe6eRKa II <pHKclIpoBa-
RHH rrplIHD;lIrra, 'ITO pOp;IITeJIbCKlIe rrpaBa ocym;eCTBJIHIOTCH
B ero HHTepecax,
2) B CBH3H C OTHOllieHlIHMlI Mem}U7 pOp;lITeJIHMlI H p;eTMHI
MomHO YKa3aTb Ha HeKOTopble BOrrpOCbJ.
a) CJIY'Iaii, Korp;a pOp;HTeJIH He COCTOHT B aaKOHHOM 6pa-
IW. IIpH ocym;eCTBJJeHlIH <PYHKl1lIlI pOp;HTeJIeR no COp;epiRaHlIIO
,n;eTeR II rrOrre'leHHIO 0 HlIX Ha6JIIOp;aIOTCH cym;ecTBeHHble pa3-
JIlI'IHH B 3aBlIClIMOCTlI OT Toro, COCTOHT Jill pOp;IITeJIlI B 0<p1I-
111IaJIbIIOM 6paKe lIJIlI HeT. ECJIlI oTeD; II MaTI, rro aaKOHY HBJIH-
IOTCH cyrrpyraMlI, TO TYT rrp06JIeM He B03HlIKaeT. B OTJIH'lHe
01' 31'01'0 B clITyaD;fIlI, Korp;a pOp;lITeJIlI He HBJIHIOTCH O<PlIQU-
aJIbHO cynpyraMlI, pe6eHOK eCTeCTBeHHbIM oopa30M CBH3an B
OCROBHOM C MaTepbIO, OT KOTOpOR nOJIY'IaeT cop;epmaHHe H
nOrre'IeHHe 0 HellL OTHOllieHlIH iRe C OTQOM rrpu 3TOM He Ta};:
rrpOCTbI. Bo-nepBbIX, CBH3b Memp;y OTl10M II pe6ernWM He Tal,
O'IeBlIp;Ha, BCJIep;CTBlIe 'lero B03HlIKaeT rrp06JIeMa rrpII3HaIUIH
OTI10BCTBa. BO-BTOpbIX, p;ame rrplI O'leBlIp;HOCTH CBH31I MeiR;:J:Y
OTl10M II pe6eHKOM Ha oTD;a He MomeT 6bITb B03JIOmena Ta};:an
me OTBeTCTBeHIIOCTb B OTHOllieHIHI pe6eHKa, IWK rrpu aaKon-
HOM 6paKe, 'ITO BbI3bIBaeT neooxop;HMOCTb orrpe)J,eJIeHHR rpa-
HlID; TaKOR OTBeTCTBenHOCTlI.
6) IIHCTJIT)'T YCbIllOBJIeHlIH. I1paKTlma rrpnHHTHH 'lymux
JI:eTeiI na CO}J,epmauue II IIOrre'IClnre rropO)J,UJla IInCTUTYT YCbI-
HOBJIeHIUI. AaHIIbJR IIHCl'IITY'f HMeJI Baamoe 3ua'leHIIe B CIl-
TyaUIIHx OTCYTCTBIIH B ceMbe JIlID;a, 06.1Jap;aIOm;ero npaBOM
HaCJIe}J;OBaHWI cTaTyca rJIaBbI ceMbrr. BMeCTe C TeM CJIep;yeT
Y'IlITbIBaTb, 'ITO OTl\18Ha cTapoR ceMeRHOH CHCTeMbI He rrplIBe-
JIa K YCTpaHerrlIIO HnCTlITYTa YCbIHOBJIeHHH, KOTOpbIH npop;OJI-
iRaeT <pynI\IJ,HOHHpOBaTb H B HaCTOHr:u;ee BpeMH. ECTeCTBeHHO,
208
D;eJIH )];aHHOrO HHCTffTYTa H3MeHHJIHCb, H eCJIH paHbllIe OH 6bIJI
nO)];'1HHeH HHTepeCaM pO)];a, TO, npOH)];H CTa)];HlO <PYHRU;HOHH-
pOBaHHH B HHTepeCaX pO)];HTeJIeH, HbIHe OH )];eHcTByeT Upem)];e
BCerO B HHTepeCaXl.I;eTeH,
38. CO)];epmalIHe aaROHO)];aTeJIbCTBa, perYJInpYIOru;el'O no-
J10meHHe )];eTeH.
1) IIoHHTHe «,L\eTH» BRJIIO'IaeT B ce6H PO)];HbIX H YCbIHOB-
J1eHHbIX )];eTeH, UpJI aTOM nepBaH RaTeropHH nO)];pa3)];eJIHeTCH
Ha saROHHopom}J;eBHbIX H BHe6pa'lHbIX }J;eTeH. CBH3aHHbIe C
aTHM BonpOCbI perYJIHpYIOTCH B rJI. 3, «Po}J;HTeJIH H )];eTH»,
pas)];eJIa «CeMeHHoe upaBo» fIt
2) PerYJIHpOBaIIHe OTHollIeHHH no CO)];epiI{aHHIO ,L\eTeH H
IIOUe'leHHIO 0 HHX aaHHMaeT rJIaBHOe MeCTO B paCCMaTpHBae-
MOM pa3)];eJIe saROHO}J;aTeJIbCTBa. IIOJIOmeHHH Ha 3TOT C'IeT
cO)];epmaTCH B rJI. 4, «PO)];HTeJIbCRHe npaBa», Toro me pas}J;e-
JIa fIt IIpH OTCYTCTBHH Y MaJIOJIeTHHX )];eTeH pO,L\HTeJIeH
(JIHU;, 06JIa)];aIOru;Hx pO)];HTeJIbCRHMH upaBaMH) BOSHHRaeT He-
06XO)];HMOCTb HaSHa'leHHH JIHU;, ROTopbIe 6bI ocyru;eCTBJIHJIH
co)];epmaHHe H UOne'leHHe 0 TaRHX }J;eTHX, a HMeHHO oneRY-
HOB. O}J;HaRO HHCTHTYT oneRH BbllIOJIHHeT H 60JIee llIHpORHe
<PYHRU;HH, BRJIIO'Iaroru;He H nOne'leHHe JIHU;, npHSHaHIlbIX He-
)];eeCnOC06HbIMH. 8TH BOUpOCbI perYJIHpYIOTCH B rJI. 5, «One-
Ka», pas)];eJIa «CeMeHHoe npaBO».
3) .D:ocTHmeHHe )];eTbMH caMOCTOHTeJIbHOCTH He MeHHeT
cyru;eCTBa pO}J;CTBeHHbIX OTHOllIeHHH Mem)];y HHMH H pO}J;HTe-
JIHMH, H OCHOBHoe cO}J;epmaHHe }J;eHCTBHH pO}J;CTBeHHbIX OTHO-
meHHH UpH aTOM SaRJIIO'IaeTCH BO BsaHMHOM CO)];epmalIlIH }J;Pyr
)];Pyra, IIo}J;06HbIe BOUpOCbI perYJIHpYIOTCH B rJI. 6, (dhI{}J;HBe-
HHe», pa3)];eJIa «CeMeHHoe npaBO». BorrpocbI HaCJIe}J;OBaHHH
TaRme BXO)];HT B cO}J;epmaHHe OTHOllIeHHH Mem)];y pO,L\HTeJIHMH
II }J;eTbMH, O)];HaRO Rpyr HX OTHOllIeHHH perYJIHpyeTcH cneu;n-
B.JIbHbIM pa3)];eJIOM fIt «1-IaCJIe)];CTBeHHoe npaBO».
t 2. POAHble AeTH
39. Ooru;ne nOJIOmeHIIH. IIoHHTHe «pO}J;Hble )];eTH» BRJIIO'Ia-
eT B ce6H }J;Be RaTerOpHH - saROHHopOiK}J;eHHbIX H BHe6pa'l-
HbIX }J;eTeH. Mem}J;y )];BYMH 3TIIMH RaTeropHHIIIH cyru;eCTBYIOT
8Ha'lHTeJIbHbIe paSJIH'IHH C TO'lRH speHHH YCTaHOBJIeHHH OT-
HomeIIHH Mem}J;y pO}J;HTeJIHMII II )];CTbMH, a TaRme CO)];epmaHHH
THX OTHOllIeHHH.
14 3aKaa J\l'2 1264
209
40. 3alwHHOpOm]];eHHbIe ]];eTH.
1) 1I0HJlTue. 1I0]]; saKOHHOpOiR]];eHHbIM peoeHKoM nOHIIMa-
eTCH peoeHOK, pOm]];eHHbIH OT Mym m:lIbI II meHIU;IIHbI, Haxo-
,!:\Hn1;IIXCH B o<pIIU;IIaJIbHOM opaKe ]];pyr C ]];pyroM. IIHbIMII CJIO-
BaMII, 3TO peoeHoK, Sa'laTbIH meHoH OT Myma B IIX Opal{e.
CJIe]];yeT Y'lIITI>IBaTb, '1TO ]];eTII OT <paKTII'IeCKOrO opaKa He'
C'IIITaIOTCH saKOHHOpOm]];eHHI>IMII. PeoenOK, Sa'laTI>IH B opa-
Ke, HO PO]];IIBI1IIIHCH nOCJIe paSBO]];a, C'IIITaeTCH saKOHHopOlH-
]];eHHI.IM. II HanpOTIIB, peoeHOK, PO]];IIBI1IIIHCH B opaKe, HO 3a-
'1aTbIH ]];0 ero SaKJIIO'IeHHH, He HBJIHerCH saHOHHOpOm]];eHHbIM,
XOTH Ha 3TOT C'IeT cym;ecTByeT HeMaJIO npOOJIeM.
2) IIpeaYMnn;lIJi aaI{OHHopom)J;eHHocTII. .D:JIH npIISHaHIUl
peoeHIm saKOHHOpOm]];eHHbIM TpeoyeTcH COOJIIO]];eHIIe CJI8-
]];YIOm;IIX YCJIOBIIH.
Bo-nepBbIx, MaTb peOeHI{a ]];OJImHa HMeTb CTaTYC KeH]'{.
BO-BTOpbIX, peoeHoK ]];OJImeH ObITb Sa'laT B opaKe. .D:aHHoe
OOCTOHTeJIbCTBO YCTanaBJIIIBaeTCH nYTeM BbUIcHeHIIH, HaXO]];II-
JIIICb JIII pO]];IITeJIII B opaKe B nepIIO]]; npe]];nOJIaraelVIOro sa'Ia-
TIIH peoeHKa. rR onpe]];eJIHeT, 'ITO saKoHHopofKAeHHbIM peoerr-
KOM C'IIITaeTCH TOT, KOTOpbIH PO]];HJICH cnYCTH He MeHee
200 ]];Hell nOCJIe SaKJIIO'IeHHH opaKa IIJIII 300 ]];IIeM nOCJIe pac-
TopmeHIIH IIJIII aHHYJIIIpOBaHIIH opaKa (n. 2 CT. 772 rR). IIpa
3TOM MOMeHT SaKJIIO'IeHIIH H paCTopmenHH opaKa YCTaHaBJIll-
BaeTCH no ]];aTe nO]];a'lII COOTBeTCTBYIOm;ero SaHBJIeHIIH.
3) lICK 06 YCTanOBJIemm: OTIWBCTBa. ECJIII B YKasaHHhIu
B n. 2 CT. 772 nepIIO]]; meHm;IIHa BCTynaeT B nOBTopHbIH ]];eli-
CTBIITeJIbHbIH opaK, BOSHHKaeT npOOJIeMa YCTaHOBJIeHIIH OT-
U;OBCTBa. Ha :nOT C'IeT rR npe]];YCMaTpIIBaeT meCTHMeCH'IHUH
CPOK, B Te'IeHIIe KOToporo meHm;IIHe sanpem;aeTCH BCTynJIe-
HIIe B nOBTopHbIH opaK (CT. 733 rR). ECJIII me no KaKII I-
JIIIOO npII'IIIHaM nOBTopHbIH opaK Bce me SaI{JlIO IaeTCH B na-
pYllieHIIe ]];aHHOrO nOJIOmeHHH, OKOn'laTeJIbHOe onpe]];eJIeHIIe
OTU;OBCTBa ocym;eCTBJIHeTCH CY]];OM Ha OCHOBanIIII paCCMOTpe-
HIIH BceH cOBOKynHocTII OOCTOHTeJIbCTB (CT. 773 rK, CT. 27.
30-32 3aKoHa 0 npon;eccyaJlbHoH npOu;e]];ype pacClVIOTpemm
JIII'IHbIX ]];eJI). IIpII OTCYTCTBIIH cnopa Mem]];y CTopOHaMH
YCTaHOBJIeHIIe OTn;OBCTBa MomeT ocym;eCTBJIflTbCH pellieHII8lVf
ceMeHHoro cy]];a (CT. 23 3aKoHa 0 cy]];eOnOM paCCMOTpeHIIII
CeMeHHI>IX ]];eJI.) .
4) lICK 0 HenpIIaHaHIflI aaKOHHOpOm]];eHHOCTlI pe6emm.
HenpIIsHaHIIe saKOHHOpOm]];eHHOCTII peoeHKa, nO]];na]];aIOm;ero
no]]; ]];eHCTBIIe npeSYMnU;IIII saKOHHOpOm]];eHHOCTII, MomeT ocy-
m;eCTBJIHTbCH TOJIbKO B cy]];eOnOM nOpH]];Re.
21('
a) B rrplIHD,Hne HCTD,OM no HCKY AaHHoro pOAa HBJIHeTCH
TOJIbKO OTeD, (CT. 774 fR), OAHaKO B rropH)J;Ke HCI\JIIO'IeHHH
)J;orrYCKaeTCH npeA'bHBJIeHlIe HCKa orreKYHO;\H5JIIOCTHTeJIeM,
KorAa OTD,OM HBJIHeTCH rrpH3HaHHbIM He)J;eecrrocot5IIbIM, HJIII
npeA'bHBJIeHHe HCKa 3aHHTepeCOBaHHbIMH JIHn;a:MH H KpOBHbI-
J\1H pOACTBBHHHKaMH AO TpeTbeM CTerreHH pOACTBa nOCJIe CMep-
TH OTn;a (CT. 28 H 29 3aKoHa 0 rrpoD,eccyaJIbHOM rrpOD,eAype
paCCMOTpeHHH JIH'1HbIX AeJI). ,[(aHHoe rrOJIOil<BHHe CBH3aHO
C npHIIn;JIJIOM HeAorrYCTHMOCTH BMemaTeJIbCTBa TpeTbHX mru;
B npo6.'le11bI, cym;eCTBYIOm;He MemAY MymeM H iReHOM.
15) ROHTpareHToM HCKa 0 HerrpH3HaHHH 3aKOHHopom)J;eH-
HOCTH pet5eHKa MOiReT ObITb KaK caM pet5eHoK, TaK H MaTb,
ocym;eCTBJIHIOm;aH B OTHorneHHH ero pOAHTeJIbCKHe rrpaBa.
IIplI OTCYTCTBHlI MaTeplI, ot5JIaAaIOm;eM B OTHorneHHH pet5eIIKa
pOp;HTeJIbCKHMlI rrpaBaMH, ceMeMHbIM CYA AOJIiReH Ha3Ha'1HTh
Cnen;HaJIbHOro rrpeACTaBHTeJIH pet5eHKa (CT. 775 fl\', II. 1 CT. 9
3aKoHa 0 cYAet5HoM paccMoTpeHHH ceMeMHbIX AeJI).
B) MCK 0 HerrpH3HaHHlI AOJIiReH ObITb nOAaH B Te'1eHHe
OAHoro rOAa C Toro MOMeHTa, KaK OTen; Y3HaJI 0 pOiRAeHIHf
pet5eI-IKa (CT, 777 fR). 8TO rrpOAJIKTOBaHO coot5paJKeHHHMH
HeAorrYCTJfMOCTJI )J;JIlITeJIbHOrO rrOJIO/I\eHHH HeorrpeAeJIeHHOCTH,
a TaKlhe BorrpOCOM coxpaHHOCTH AOKa3a'reJIbCTB.
ECJIII JIOCJIe pOiKAeHHH pet5eHKa OTel npII3HaeT ero 3aKOH-
HopomAeHHbIM, <JTO BeAeT K rrpeKpam;eHHlO npaBa OTn;a Ha He-
rrpH3HaHIIe pet5eHKa (CT. 776 fR).
5) IIpII TOJIKOBaHHH C<pePbI rrpHMeHeHHH npe3YMnn;HH
3aKOHHopomAeHHOCTII CJIeAyeT rrpOHBJIHTb MaKCHMaJlbHyIO
'OCTopomHOCTb.
Bo-rrepBbIx, )J;aHHaH rrpe3YMrrn;HH pacrrpOCTpaHHeTCH JIHlllb
'Ha AeTeM, pOiRAeHHbiX OT JIHn;, COCTOHm;HX B o<pIIU;IIaJIbHOM
opaKe, B rrpOTHBHOM iRe CJIY'1ae Bonpoc pernaeTCH He HCKOM
o HerrpH3HaHHH 3aKOHHopomAeHHOCTH pet5eHKa, a Ot5bI1J.HbiM
HCKOM 0 npH3HaHIIII OTCYTCTBHH OTHorneHHM MemAY pOAHTe-
,JIeM H peoeHKOM (CM. perneHHe BepXOBHoro cY)J;a OT 15 HIOJIH
1970 r.).
BO-BTOpbIX, npn paCTopmeHHH t5paKa no rrpIIqIIHe rrprr-
3HaHIIH MyiRa t5caBecTHo OTCYTCTBYIOm;IIM YKaaalIflaH rrpe-
3YMrrn;HH He HMeeT CHJIbI )J;aiRe rrpH pOil\AeHHH pet5eHKa B Te-
'IeHIIe 300-AHeBHoro cpOKa rrOCJIe paCTopmeHHH t5paKa. B rro-
pHAKe TOJIKOBaHHH 8TO me pacrrpOCTpaHHeTCH H Ha cIITyan;IIIO,
KorAa Mym He Mor ObITb OTn;OM pet5cHKa me UbI rro ot5'beKTIIB-
lIbIM ot5cToHTeJIbCTBaM, HarrpHMej.J B CJIY'1ae )J;JIHTeJIbHOrO
lIaxomAeHHH Myma 3a rpaHHn;eM.
14*
211
41. Bue6pa'lUbIH pe6euoK.
1) Bue6pa'lUIdH pe6euoK Hero OTHomeHHJI C pO,[l;IITeJIJI-
MH. ,D;ame B CJIY'Iae pOm,[l;eHIUI pe6eHKa BHe 6paHa HaJIU'Ille
npaBOOTHOllieHUR MemAY HUM U ero OTn;OM U MaTepbIO ,[I;OJImHO
npH3HaBaThCH. O)];HaKO ocyrn;ecTBUTh B )];aHHOM CJIY'Iae npU3Ha-
HUe He TaK npOCTO. B OTJIlPIHe OT OTHOllieUHR BHe6pa'lHOrO
pe6eHKa C ero MaTephIO, r,[l;e caM <paKT PO)];OB CBU)J;eTeJIhCTByeT
o cyrn;ecTBoBaHUU CBH3U Mem,[l;Y pe6eHKOM U MaTephIO, YCTa-
HOBJIeHHe CBH3II Mem,[l;Y )];aHHhIl\1 pe6eHKOM U OTn;OM 'IaCTO
6hIBaeT 3aTpY,[I;HHTeJIhnhIM.
2) OTHOmeHUJI C MaTepblO. AnaJIOrU'IHO cUTyan;uu 3aKOH-
HOpOm,[l;eHHOCTU pe6eHKa OTHOllieHIIJI Mem,[l;Y BHe6pa'lHhIM pe-
6eHHoM U MaTephIO YCTaHaBJIUBaIOTCH Ha OCHOBaHUU <paRTa>
PO)];OB. HaJIU'IHe CBH3U Mem,[l;Y MaTepbIO U BHe6pa'lHhIM pe6eH-
KOM, O,[l;HaKO, He CTOJIhKO O'IeBH,[I;HO npu OCTaBJIeHUU pe6eHKa
MaTephIO. B 3TOM CJIY'Iae Y,[I;OCTOBepeHHe CBH3H Mem,[l;Y l\1a-
TepbIO U pe6eHKOM B03MomHO Ha OCHOBaHUH )];OKa3aTeJIhCTB
caMoro <paKTa OCTaBJIeHUH 3TOR MaTephIO pe6eHKa.
3) OTUOmeHHJI C OT:qOM. OTHollIeHHH Melli,[l;Y BHe6pa'IHhIM
pe6eHHoM U OTn;OM YCTaHaBJIUBaIOTCH Ha OCHOBe npU3HaHHH:
OTn;OBCTBa. IIoHHTHO, 'ITO npu OTCYTCTBUH peaJIhHhIX OTno-
llIeHUR Mem)];y HUMH )];aHHoe npH3HaHue paCCl\1aTpHBaeTcH HaK
He,[l;eRCTBUTeJIhHoe.
42. IIpu3HaHIIe OT:qOBCTBa. Bonpoc 0 TOM, HTO HBJIHeTCH:
OTn;OM pOm)];eHHOrO meHrn;UHOR BHe6pa'IHOrO pe6eHKa, BeCbMa
)];eJIHHaTeH U MomeT 6hITh pellieH A06pOBOJIhRbIM npU3HaHHeM
MYiR'IUHOR CBoero OTn;OBCTBa. Panee npHHY)];HTeJIbHOe OTn;OB-
CTBO He )];OnYCKaJIOCh, 'ITO COOTBeTCTBOBaJIO npHHn;Hny He)];O-
nYCTUMOCTII p03hICKa OTn;a. BnepBble B03MOJ-KHOCTb rrpe)];'hHB-
JIeHHH TpeOOBaHHH 0 npII3UamHI OTn;OBCTBa npII HaJIH'IHIf
COOTBeTCTBYIOrn;HX )];OKa3aTeJIhCTB 6hIJIa SaKpenJIena B CTapOM
pe)];aHn;UU TR, O)];HaKO B ero COOTBeTcTByrorn;ux nOJIO)t,eHUHX
Bce ern;e ObIJIa CHJIhHa KOHn;eIII HH ocyrn;eCTBJIeHHH I(aHHOrO
npH31IaIIIUJ Ha ocnOBaHHU BOJIeH3'hHBJIenHH OTn;a. CYAeOHaH
npaKTIIKa He )];OnYCKaJIa npe,[l;'hHBJIeHHH TpeGoBaHuR 0 npH-
3I-IaHUH OT1WBCTB<l rrOCJIC CMepTII OTn;a. u'InllIh B 1942 r. B TIt
6hIJIO BHeceHO U3MeHeHue, )];OnYCKaIOrn;ee B03MOiRHOCTh npe)];'h-
HBJIeHUH TaKUX Tpe6oBanuiI.
1) .D:06pOBOJIbHOe npH3HaHlle OT:qOBCTBa (MaTepHHcTBa).
a) OTen; HJIH l\1aTb MorYT ,D:06pOBOJIbHO npu;maTb BHe6pa'I-
Horo pe6eIIKa (CT. 779 TH), rrpu 3TOM game B CJIY'lae ux
ne)];eeCnOCo6HoCTH COfJIaCHH 3aKOHHhlX npe)];CTaBUTeJIeR He
212
rpe6yeTcR (CT, 780 rK). B npHHIJ;Hne npH3HaHHe ocyrn;ecTB-
JIHeTCH BHe 3amICHMOCTH OT BOJIH pe6eHKa, op;HaKO IIPH p;o-
CTHmeHHH HM COBepmeHHOJIeTHH npH3HaHHe HeB03MomHO 6e3
ero COrJIaCHH (CT. 782 rK), KpOMe Toro, npII HaJIII'IHH COTJIa-
CHH MaTepH B03MomHO IIpH3HaHHe ern;e He pO)J;HBIuerOCH
pe6eHKa (n. 1 CT. 783 rK). B OTHomeHIIH CpOKOB YKa3aHHO-
ro IIpH3HaHHH OrpaHH'IeHHH He rrpe/1J;YCMOTpeHbI, op;HaKO B CJIY-
'Iae CMepTH pe6euRa npH3HaHHe OTIWBcTBa B03MomHO ;rrHmb
npH IIaJIH'IHH pop;cTBeHHHKa )J;aHHoro pe6eHRa no npHMoll HIIC-
Xop;Hrn;eH JIHHHH. ECJIH 3TH pop;CTBeHHHKH p;OCTRrJIII COBep-
meHHOJIeTHH, p;OnOJIHHTeJIbHO Tpe6yeTcH HX COrJIaCHe Ha npH-
3HaHHe OTIJ;OBCTBa (n. 2 CT. 783 rK).
6) IIpH3HaHHe OTIJ;OBCTBa ocyrn;eCTBJIHeTCH COOTBeTCTBYIO-
rn;IfM 3aHBJIeHHeM B COOTBeTCTBHH C Tpe60BaHHHMH 3aKOHa 0'
noceMeHHOH 3anIfCH (n. 1 CT. 781 rI(, CT. 60 H 61 YRa3aH-
Horo 3aKoHa). Be3 TaKoro 3aHBJIeHIIH npH3HaHHe OTIJ;OBCTBa'
He HMeeT 3aKOHHOH CHJIbI. BMeCTe C 1'eM )J;onYCKaeTCH IIPH-
3HaHHe OTIJ;OBCTBa no 3aBem;aHHIO (n. 2 CT. 781 rK), op;HaKO
II B 3TOM CJIY'Iae Tpe6yeTcH COOTBeTCTBYIOm;ee 3aHBJIeHHe co
CTOpOHIJ HCnOJIHIfTeJIH 3aBem;aHHH (CT. 64 3aKoHa 0 noceMeH-
HOH perHCTpaIJ;HH).
B) ECJIH IIPH P;06POBOJIbHOM npH3HaHHH OTIJ;OBCTBa HaJIH-
'IRe CBH3H MeiRp;y OTIJ;OM H pe6eHROM He 6y)J;eT OTBe'IaTb pe-
aJIbHbIM q,aKTaM, TaKoe npH3HaHHe He HMeeT 3aKonHOH CHJIbI
(CT. 786 rK), op;naKO COOTBeTCTBYIOm;ee HcnpaBJIeHHe B KHII-
re noceMeHHOH 3arrHCH He MOllieT 6bITL Cp;eJIaHO 6e3 YCTaHOB-
JIeHIfH Hep;eMCTBHTeJILHOCTH npH3HaHHH OTIJ;OBCTBa B cyp;e6HoM,
nopHp;Ke (CT. 786 rK, CT. 27, 31 3aROlIa 0 npOIJ;eccyaJIL-
HOH npoIJ;ep;ype paCCMOTpeHHH JIH'IHLIX p;eJI). JIHIJ;O, npH3HaB-
mee OTIJ;OBCTBO, HO MOllieT aHHYJIHpOBaTb p;annoe npH3HaHIIe
(CT. 785 rK). Paaee B nopHp;I:e TOJIKOBaHHH C'IHTaJIOCL, 'ITO
nOJIOmeHHe p;aHHOH CTaTLH He npenHTcTByeT aIIHYJIHpOBaHHIO,
npH3HaHRH OTIJ;OBCTBa Ha OCHOBaHHH nopOKOB BOJIeH3 HBJIe-
HHH, op;HaKO B HaCTOHm;ee BpeMH nOJIOmeHHe p;aHHOH CTaTLH
B nOJIHOH Mepe pacrrpOCTpaHHeTCH H Ha CJIY1J:aH npH3naHHH
OTIJ;OBCTBa, Cp;eJIanHlJe BCJIep;CTBIIe o6Mana mIll npHHymp;e-
HHH.
2) IIpUHYP;IITCJIbHOe npmmaHIIe OTll,OBCTBJ..
a) IIPH HenpJf3HaHHH OTIJ;OBCTBa (MaTepIUIcTBa) OTIJ;O:lI
(HJIH MaTe pLIO ) B P;06POBOJILHOM nopHp;Re TaKoe rrpH3HaHHe
MomeT ocyrn;eCTBJIHTLCH 'fepe3 ceMeHHLII1: cyP; (CM. CT. 23 3a-
KOHa 0 cyp;e6HoM paCCM01'peHHH CeMeHHIJX p;eJI). B p;aHHOM
CJIY'Iae HCTIJ;OM HBJIHeTCH caM pe6eHoK, ero pO)J;CTBeHHHKH na,
213
<npHMoii HlICXO.u;H eii JIlIHlIlI,a TamRe 3aKOHHble npe.u;CTaBlI-
TeJIlI (CT. 787 rI\). B pOJIlI OTBeT'IlIKa BbIcTynaeT npe.u;no-
..rraraeMblii OTen; (lIJIH MaTh) (CT. 29 2 3aKoHa 0 npOn;eccyaJIb-
Hoii npon;e.u;ype paCCl\IOTpeHlIH JIlI'IHbIX .u;eJI). B cJIY'lae cMep-
TII OTn;a lIJIH MaTeplI KOHTpareHToM HBJIHeTCH npoKYpoP (n. 2
CT. 32, n. 3 CT. 3 3aKoHa 0 npon;eccyaJIbHOii npon;e.u;ype pac-
MOTpeHlIH JIlI'IHblX .u;eJI). BMecTe C TeM CJIe.u;yeT Y'lHTbIBaTb,
'1TO npe.u; HBJIeHlIe lICKa 0 nplIHy.u;lITeJIbHOM np1I3HaHlIlI OT-
n;OBCTBa HeB03MOiRHO no lICTe'leHlIlI 3 JIeT C MOMeHTa CMepTlI
{)Tn;a lIJIlI MaTeplI (orOBopKa CT. 787 rI\).
6) ITplI paCCMOTpeHlIlI lICKa 0 nplIHy.u;lITe.lIbHOM np1I3Ha-
HlIlI OTn;OBCTBa cy.u; nplIHlIMaeT perneHlIe Ha OCHOBaHlIlI c06-
CTBeHHoro paCCJIe.u;OBaHlIH II YCMOTpeHlIH, nOCKOJIbKy B .u;aH-
HOM CJIY'lae npe3YMnn;lIH 3aKOHHopom.u;eHHOCTlI OTCYTCTByeT.
Cy.u; nplIHlIMaeT BO BHlIMaHlIe .u;aHHYIO npe3YMnn;IIIO JIlIrnb
nplI yCJIOBlIlI, '1TO OTBeT'IlIK Ha MOMeHT pom.u;eHlIH pe6eHKa
Haxo.u;lIJICH B iPaKTlI'IeCKOM 6paKe C ero MaTepbIO (CM. peme-
HlIe BepxoBHoro cy.u;a OT 21 HHBapH 1954 r.).
3) IIocJIe.u;cTBIUI npH3HaHIUI OTn;OBCTBa. OCHoBHoe no-
JIe.u;CTBlIe np1I3HaHlIH OTn;OBCTBa COCTOlIT B B03HlIKHOBenlllI
po.u;CTBeHHbIX oTIIorneHlIii Mem.u;y OTn;OM (MaTepbIO) II pe6en-
HOM. B nopH)J;Ke 06paTHoro )J;eiicTBlIH 3TlI OTHomeHlIH C'IIITa-
IOTCH B03HHRmHMII C MOMeHTa pom.u;eHHJI pe6eHKa (CT. 784
rI\). COOTBeTCTBeHHO C 3Toro me MOMeHTa YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH
06H3aHHOCTb OTn;a (MaTeplI) no co.u;epmaHlIIO pe6eHKa II
none'leHllIO 0 HeM. BMeCTe C TeM 06paTHoe .u;eiiCTBlIe npll3Ha-
lIIIH OTn;OBCTBa He ]:(OJImHO HapymaTb npaB, npll06peTeHHbIX
TpeTbllMlI JIlln;aMII .u;o yKa3aHHoro npll3HaHIIH OTD;OBCTBa (0'1.'0-
BopKa CT. 784 rI\).
IIp1I3HaHlle OTIWBCTBa He Be.u;eT aBTOMaTll'leCRH K 113Mene-
HlIIO JIlIn;, Ha.u;eJIeHHbIX po.u;IlTeJIbCKIIMII npaBaMH H ocy ecTB-
JIHIO lIX nOne'leHHe 0 .u;eTHX. Po.u;HTeJIbCRHe npaBa B OTHO-
IIleHlIlI BHe6pa'lHOTO pe6eHRa ocy eCTBJIHeT MaTb (n. 4
CT. 819 rI\), O)J;HaKO no COrJIarneHHIO CTOpOH nOCJIe np1I3Ha-
lIHH OTn;OBCTBa HJIll no perneHHIO ceMeiiHoro cy.u;a B Ka'leCT-
Be JIlIn; a, ocy:ru;eCTBJIHIO erO po.u;lITeJIbCKHe npaBa Ha.u; pe6eH-
ROM, MomeT 6bITb onpe.u;eJIeH OTen; (n. 4 H 6 CT. 819 rR).
B OTHorneHHH JIHn;a, ocy eCTBJIHIO ero nOIIe'leHlIe 0 peoeH-
fie, KaK II IIPII pa3Bo.u;e, Bonpoc MomeT pernaTbCH no corJIarne-
HlIIO po.u;lITeJIeii lIJIlI IIO perneHHIO ceMeiinoro cy,a:a (CT. 788,
766 rR). IIocJIe np1I3HaHlIH OTD;OBCTBa pe6eHoK no-npemHe-
MY HOCIIT iPaMIIJIHIO MaTeplI, HO MomeT 1I3MeHlITb ee Ha iPaMlI-
JIlIIO OTn;a (n. 2 CT. 790, CT. 791). CJIe,a:yeT Y'liiTbIBaTh, '1TO
14
8TO He CBH3aHO C TeM, KTO HBJIHeTCH JIHIJ,OM, OOJIa)];aIOIIJ,HW
pO)];HTeJIbCKHMH npaBaMH, HJIH JIHIJ,OM, OCYIIJ,eCTBJIHIOIIJ,HM
nOne'IeHHe 0 peoeHRe. Pacnpe)];eJIeHHe paCXO)];OB no CO)];epiI,a-
HHIO peoeHKa pernaeTCH no COrJIarneHHIO CTOpOH, a npH OTCYT-
CTBHH TaKOI'O COI'JIarneHHH - B COOTBeTCTBHH C HX nJIaTeiRe-
cnOCOOHOCTbIO. B OTHorneHHH YiRe BbIIIJIa'IeHHOii 'I aCT II pac-
XO)];OB Ha CO)];epiRaHHe peoeHKa npH3HaeTCH npaBO oopaTHOro.
TpeoOBaHHH.
43. erIITIIMaIJ,HJI BHeOpa'IHOrO peoeHKa.
IIpH BCTynJIeHHH pO)];HTeJIeii B SaKOHllbJ:II opaK CTaTYC BIle-
Opa'IHOrO peoeHKa HSMeHHeTCH na CTaTYC saKOnHOI'O. :::11"0,
Ha3bIBaeTCH JIeI'HTHMaIJ,Heii BHeOpa'IHOI'O peoeHKa. rK npH-
3HaeT )];Ba CJIY'IaH no)];ooHoii JIeI'HTHMaIJ,HII.
Bo-nepBbIx, B CJIY'Iae BCTynJIeHHH pO)];HTeJIeii B 3aKOHllbIH
opaK npH COCTOHBrneMCH cpaKTe npHSHanHH OTIJ,OBCTBa OTIJ,OM
(MaTepbIO) (n. 1 CT. 789 rK). JIeI'HTUMaIJ,HH B )];aHHOM CJIY-
'Iae HacTynaeT C MOMenTa SaKJIIO'IeHHH opaKa,
BO-BTOPbIX, npH BCTynJIeHHH pO)];HTeJIeJr B 3aKOHHbIII opaK
C nOCJIe)];YIOIIJ,HM npHsnaHHeM OTIJ,OBCTBa (n. 2 CT. 789 rI\).
B 8TOM CJIyqae JIeI'HTHMaIJ,HH HaCTynaeT C MOMeHTa npIIsna-
HHH OTIJ,OBCTBa. JJ;aHHaH cHTyaIJ,HH BKJIIO'IaeT ne TOJIbKO CJIY-
'Iall O)];HOBpeMeHHOI'O npHSHaHHH KaK OTIJ,ORCTBa, TaK H Ma-
TepHHCTBa (npH OCTaBJIeHHH peoeIIKa MaTepLIO), HO II CJIY'IalI
npH3HaHHH BHeOpa'InoI'o peoeHKa OTIJ,OM, BcrynHBrnHM B opaK
C MaTepbIO 8TOI'0 peoeHKa. CT. 62 3aKona 0 noceMeflIIoii sa-
nHCH YCTaHaBJIHBaeT, '11'0 B cHTyaIJ,IIHX, no)];na)];aIOIIJ,HX no,!];"
)];eiiCTBHe n. 2 CT. 789 rI\, no)];a'Ia pO)];IITeJIHMH 3aHBJIemm 0
pOiR)];enIIH peoeHKa BbISbIBaeT Te iRe nOCJIe)];CTBHH, '11'0 II npH-
3HaHHe OTIJ,OBCTBa, H Be)];eT K JIeI'HTIUraU;HH BHeOpa'IIJoro
peoeHKa.
3. YCblHosneHHble AeTH
44. OOIIJ,IIe nOJIOmemIH. B HCTOpHH 'IeJIOBe'IeCKOro oOIIJ,e-
CTBa ceMeHnbIe COIOSbI CKJIa)];bIBaJIIICb lIS .'IIIIJ" OO'be)];HnenHbIx
KpOBnbI'M pO,rr:CTBOM, 8TH COIOSbI HMeJIH CBOeI'O I'JIaBY, H naCJIe-
)];OBaHHe cTaTyca I'JIaBbI ceMeIInoro COIOsa ObIJIO cBH3ano c
OTHorneIIlIHMII MeiI,,rr:y pO)];H'remlMII H )];eTbMH. Ha 8TY MO)];eJIb-
CMeHbI nOKOJIenHII )];orrOJInIITeJIbHO nahJIa,rr:bIBaJICH H peJIHI'H-
03HbIH 8JIeMenT, CBHsaHHbIH C TeM, '11'0 I'JIaBa ceMbH OObPIHO
HBJIHJICH xpaHHTeJIeM npe)];MeTOB, OTnOCHIIJ,HXCH K }{YJIbTY
215-
'fipep;KOB, H T. rr. OTCYTCTBHe p;eTeM Y p;aHHbIX JIHIJ; eCTeCTBeH-
'HbIM OOpa30M rrOpOmp;aJIO HHCTHTYT YCbIHOBJIeHHH, OJIarOp;apH
KOTOPOMY OCym;eCTBJIHJIOCb rrpaBOrrpeeMCTBO HX cTaTyca.
MHCTHTYT YCbIHOBJIeHHH, TaKHM OOpa30M, rrepBOHR'IaJIbHO B03-
HHK B HIlTepeCaX CeMeMHorO COI03a. C TelfeHHeM BpeMeHH,
.op;HaKO, XapaKTep p;aHHoro HHCTHTYTa, KaK rOBopHJIOCb paHee,
,H3MeHHJICH.
45. Y CbIHOBJIeHIIe. Y CbIHOBJIeHHe rrpep;CTaBJIHeT C060M lfaCT-
HorrpaBoBoM p;orOBOp, rropO)I{p;aIOm;HM p;JIH YCbIHOBJIeHHbIX p;e-
'TeM Te me rrOCJIep;CTBHH, lfTO H p;JIH pOP;HbIX p;eTeM cynpyrOB.
Bo-rrepBbIx, p;orOBOp YCbIHOBJIeHHH 3aKJIIOlfaeTCH CTopOHa-
MH. B HaCTOHm;ee BpeMH Cp;eJIKH, CBH3aHHbIe C JIHlfHO-npaBO-
1!bIM CTaTYCOM, He rrpH3HaIOT rrpep;CTaBHTeJIbCTBa, op;HaI\Q B
p;aHHOM rrpIlHIJ;Hrre cym;ecTByeT BamHoe HCKJIIOlfemle. OHO CO-
'CTOHT B TOM, lfTO YCbIHOBJIeHHe pe6eHKa B B03pame p;o 15 JIeT
)l,OrrYCKaeTCH npH HaJIlIlfHH COrJIaCHH ero 3aKonHbIX npep;CTa-
BHTeJIeM (CT. 797 fIt).
BO-BTOpbIX, CJIep;yeT YlfHTbIBaTb, lfTO YCbIHOBJIeHHe HBJIH-
'eTCH lfaCTnorrpaBOBbIM p;orOBopOM.
B-TpeTbHX, YCbIHOBJIeHHe npep;CTaBJIJIeT C060M p;orOBOp,
3aKJIIOlfaeMbIM no B3aHMHOMY COrJIaCHIO CTOpOH. IIOA06HO 6pa-
KY, p;orOBOp YCbIHOBJIeHHH He p;orrYCI{aeT YCTaHOBJIeHHH KaKHX-
,JIH60 YCJIOBHM HJIH CpOKOB (HarrpHMep, YCbIHOBJIeHHH 6e3
npep;OCTaBJIeHHH HaCJIep;CTBeHHbIX rrpaB) .
46. 3aJlBJIeHHe 00 YCbIHOBJIeHHII.
a) IIop;06Ho 3aKJIIOlfeHHIO 6paKa, YCbIHOBJIeHHe He MomeT
!ObITb COBepIlIeHO 6e3 nop;alfH COOTBeTCTBYIOm;ero 3aHBJIeUHH,
rrpeP;YCMOTpeHHoro 3aKOHOM 0 rroceMeIIHOM 3arrHCH. <PopMa H
rrpOIJ;eP;ypa rrop;alfH p;aHHoro 3aHBJIeHHH aHaJIOrHlfHbI 3aHBJIe-
HHIO 0 BCTyrrJIeHHH B 6paK (CT. 799, 739 fK) .
6) qacTo rrpaKTHKyeTcH TaKOII crroco6, rrpH KOTOpOM cy-
rrpyrH, B3HB lfymoro rpyp;Horo pe6eHKa BCKope rrOCJIe pomp;e-
HHH, perHCTpHpYIOT ero KaK co6cTBeHBoro. B aTOM CJIYlfae
YCbIHOBJIeIIHe OTCYTCTByeT (CM. peIlIeHHe BepXOBHoro cyp;a
.()T 28 p;eKa6pH 1950 r,).
B rrepBOHalfaJIbHOM pep;aKIJ;HH fK rrpH3HaBa.'l B03MomHOCTb
YCbIHOBJIeHHH rro 3aBem;aHHIO, BbI3BaHHoro Heo6xop;HMOCTbIO
rrepep;alfH KOMY-JIHOO cTaTyca rJIaBbI ceMbH B ee Torp;aIlIueM
rrOHHMaHHH. C JIHKBHAaIJ;HeM aTOM ceMeHHoM CIICTeMbI HIICTIT-
TYT YCbIHOBJIeHHH rro 3aBem;aHHIO ObIJI yrrpa3p;HeH.
216
47. npenHTCTBHIl R YCbIHOBJIeHHIO;
ITOMHMO HaJIll'IlUI Y CTOpOH BOJIH K .n;eHcTBIITeJIbHoMY YCbI
HOBJIeHlIIO, rrOCJIe.n;Hee J];OJIillHO OTBe'IaTb CJIe):(yIOIJJ;eMY:
1) Y CbIHOBIITeJIeM MOilleT 6bITb JIHmb JIHU;O, ):(OCTllrrnee-
COBeprneHHOJIeTHH (CT. 792 fR), HO He o6H3aTeJIbHO COCTOH-
IJJ;ee B 6paKe. To, 'ITO rrOCJIe BCTyrrJIeHHH B 6paK HecoBeprneH-
HOJIeTHHH C'IHTaeTCH ):(OCTllrrnHM COBepmeHHOJIeTHH (CT. 753:
fIt), rropOill):(aeT CJIY'IaH YCbIHOBJIeHHH JIHU;a?1H, He ):(OCTHr-
mHMH BospaCTa 20 JIeT, O):(HaKO STH CJIY'IaH BbI3bIBaroT BilOJIHe-
nOHHTHYro KPHTHKY co CTOpOHbI 3Ha'IHTeJIbHOH 'IaCTH Y'IeHbIX.
2) YGbIHOBHTeJIb He MOilleT 6bITb MOJIOille YCbIHOBJIHeMO-
roo He .n;orrYCKaeTCH TaKille YCbIHOBJIeUHe pO):(CTBeHHHKa rro"
BOcxo):(HIJJ;eH JIHHHH (CT. 793 fR).
3) OrreKYH He )l;WilleT YCbIHOBHTb rro):(orre'IHOrO 6e3 COTJIa-
CIIH Ha TO ceMeHHoro cy):(a (CT. 794 fR).
4) ECJIH YCbIHOBHTeJIeM HBJIHeTCH JIHU;O, COCTOHrn;ee B 6pa-
Ke, TO YCbIHOBJIeHHe MOilleT COBeprnaTbCH JIHmb rro BOJIe 060HX
cyrrpyrOB (CT. 795 fR). IIpH Hecrroco6HOCTH O):(Horo H3 cyrrpy-,
rOB K BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHHIO (HarrpHMep, rrpH ero ):(ymeBHoH 6oJIe3-
HH) yCbIHOBJIeHHe .n;orrYCKaeTCH O):(HHM H3 cyrrpyrOB OT HMeHIf
060HX cyrrpyroB (CT. 796 fR). B rrOCJIe):(Hee BpeMH rrpH HaJIH-
'IHH oc06bIX 06cToHTeJIbcTB cy):(e6HaH rrpaKTHKa CTaJIa rrpH-
3HaBaTb ):(eHcTBHTeJIbHOCTb YCbIIIOBJIeUHH, COBepmeHIroro
JIHmb O):(HHM cynpyroM (CM. peIIJeHHe BepxoBlIOro cy):(a OT
12 arrpeJIH 1973 r.).
5) Y CbIHOBJIeHHe HecoBepmeHHOJIeTHerO ):(onYCKaeTCH':
JIHrnb C pa3pemeHHH ceMeHHoro cy):(a (CT. 798 fR). 8TO paB-
HbIM o6pa30M OTHOC-HTCH KaK K CJIY'Iaro YCbJIIOBJIeHHH .1IHu;a,
He ):(OCTHrmero 15-JIeTHerO BoapaCTa, Kor):(a ):(orrOJIHHTeJIbH()
Tpe6yeTcH COrJIaCHe Ha yCbIHOBJIeHlle ero aaKOHHbIX npe):(CTa-
BHTeJIeH, TaK H K CJIY'IaIO YCbIHOBJIeHHH JIHu;a B BoapaCTe CTap-
me 15 JIeT, Korn;a YKaaaHHoe COrJIaCHe Tpe6yeTcH Yille OT ca-
Moro YCbIHOBJIHeMoro. PaapemeuHe Cel\leHHOrO cy):(a Ha YCbI-
HOBJIeHHe ):(OJIillHO O<pOpMJIHTbCH COOTBeTCTBYIOIJJ;liM pemeHIleM
cy):(a, npHIHITbIM nOCJIe BceCTopOHHero HaY'IeHHH HHTepeCOB
YCbIHOBJIHeMOro (n. 1 CT. 9 3aKoHa 0 cy):(e6HoM paCCMOTpe-
HHH ceMeHHbIX ):(eJI). BM€CTe C TeM, nOeKO,lIbKY rrpH YCbIHOB-
JIeHHH YCbIHOBHTeJIeM CBOIIX pO):(CTBeHIllII\OB no rrpHMoH HHC-
xO):(Hrn;eH JIHRHH HJIH pO):(CTBeHRHKOB CBoero cynpyra no,
rrpHMoH HHcxo):(HIJJ;eH JIHHHH B npHHU;Hue OTCYTCTByeT onac-
HOCTb npll'IHHeHHH Bpe):(a HHTepecaM YCbIHOBJIHeMOrO, B ):(aH-
HOH cHTyaU;HH paapemeHHH ceMeiIIloro cy):(a He Tpe6yeTcH
(orOBopKa CT. 798 fR).
21i
48. HeAeiicTBIITeJIbHOCTb H aHHYJIHpOBaHIIe yCbIHOBJIeHlIH
!JIO CBoeMY xapaRTepy B IIpllHJJ;lllIe aHaJIorll'IIJbI HeAeHcTBll-
TeJIbHOCTH II aHHYJIHpOBaHllIO 6paRa.
1) HeAeHCTBHTeJlbHOCTb YCbIHOBJIeHllJl IIpll3HaeTCJI:
a) IIpll OTCYTCTBllH BOJIH R yCbIHOBJIeHHIO BCJIeACTBlle
OIIIII6RH OTHOCHTeJIbHO JIH'IHOCTH YCbIHOBJIeHHoro H HHbIX IIpII-
'JIm (IIII. 1 CT. 802 fIt).
6) IIpH OTCYTCTBHH 3aHBJleHHH 06 YCbIHOBJIeHUH. BMecTe
C TeM CHTyan;HH, IIPH ROTOpOH 3aHBJIeHHe 6bIJIO lIOAaHO, H0
He lIpHHHTO BCJIeACTBIIe ero neCOOTBeTCTBHH Tpe6yeMbIM
OpMaJlbHbIM YCJIOBllHM, He BbIablBaeT aBTOMaTH'IeCRH He)J;eH-
CTBlITeJIbHOCTH YCbIHOBJIeHHH (IIlI. 2 CT. 802 fIt).
2) AHHYJlHpOBaHIIe YCbIHOBJIeHHH. Y CbIHOBJIeHHe Mom.eT
6bITb aHHYJIIIpOBaHO JIHllIb lIO Tpe60BaHHIO JIHn;, 06JIaAaIOIII;Hx
npaBOM aHHYJlHpOBaHHH, H B IIpe)J;YCMOTpeHHOM aaKOHOM CY-
Ae6HoM lIopHARe (CT. 803 fIt).
a) It OCHOBaHHHM aHHYJIUpOBamIH OTIIOCHTCH CJIYl:JaU Ha-
PYllIeHHH IIpeAYCMOTpenHbIX aaROHOM aKTR'IeCI{llX YCJIOBHI]
YCbIHOBJIeHHH: HeAOCTumeHHe YCblITOBllTeJIeM conepmeHHOJIe-
TUH (CT. 804 fIt), YCbIHOBJIenHe CBoero pO)J;CTBeHHIIKa IIO BOC-
xO)J;Hm,eH JIUHHH HJIH JIHn;a, CTapmero lIO BoapaCTY (CT. 805
fH'), OTCYTCTBHe paapemeHHH ceMeHHoro cYJJ:a Ha YCbIHOBJIe-
Hue oneRYHOM nOp;OlIe'IHOrO (CT. 806 fIt), OTCYTCTBHe paape-
menuH ceMeHHOfO CYAa Ha YCbIHOBJIeHHe HeCOBepmeHHOJIeT-
HefO (CT. 807 fIt) , OCYIII;eCTBJIeHHe YCbIHOBJIeHHH nYTeM
06Mana HJIH lIpHHYiR)J;eHIIH (CT. 808, 747 fIt).lIa ::JTorocYIII;e-
cTByeT PHA HCRJIIO'IeHHH. TaR, YCbIHOBJIeHHe He MOiReT 6bITb
aHHYJIHpOBaHO IIO lIpH'IIIHe HeCOBepmeHHOJIeTHH YCbIHOBHTe-
JIH IIO HCTe'IeHHH 6 MeCHn;eB IIOCJIe )J;OCTHmeHHH nOCJIeAHHM
COBepmeHHOJleTHH HJlH lIPH lIo)J;TBepmp;eHllH HM yCbIHOBJIeHUH
IIOCJIe AOCTHiReHHH cOBepmeHHOJIeTHH (orOBopRa CT. 804 fIt).
IJoA06HaH orOBopRa lIpe)J;YCMOTpeHa II B c.rrY'Iae yCbIHOBJIeHHH
HecoBepmeHHOJIeTHerO 6ea COfJIaCHH ceMeHHOfO CYAa. TaRoe
YCbIHOBJIeHIIe He MOiReT 6bITb aHHYJIHpOBaHO IIO HCTe'IerrHH
6 MeCHn;eB C MOMeHTa AOCTHiReHHH YCbIHOBJIeHHbIM COBepllIeH-
HOJIeTHH IIPH IIO)J;TBepiRAeHHH llM YCbIHOB.rreHHH IIOCJIe )J;OCTH-
meHHH COBepmeHHOJIeTHH (orOBopRa CT. 807 fIt). IIpll pac-
CMOTpeHlIlI Bonpoca 06 aHHYJIHpOBaHHH YCbIHOBJIeHHH IIOP;O-
ne'IlIorO oneKYHOM, COBepmeHHOfO 6e3 paapemeHHH ceMeHHO-
ro cyp;a, orOBapIIBaeTCH, 'ITO TaRoe yCbIHOBJIeHHe He MomeT
6bITb aHHYJllIpOBaHO lIO IIpOmeCTBHH 6 Mecau;eB C MOMeHTa
OROH'IaHHH oneKH IIJIH lIPH HaJIH'IHH lIoATBepmAeHuH YCbIIIOB-
.JIeHHH )J;eecrroc06HbIM yCbIHOBJIeHHbIM lIOCJIe OI\OHl:JaHHH OlIeKH
218
(orOBopKa rr. 1 CT. 806 rR). ITpIIMemITeJIbHO K o6MaHY If:"
rrpHHYiR)J;eRIIIO npH YCbIHOBJIeHHH npe)J;ycMoTpeHo, 1:J:TO no lIC-
re1:J:emUI 6 MeCJI]: eB rrOCJIe rrpeKpam;eHIIJI )J;eHcTBIIJI o6MaHa
IIJIII rrpHHYiR)J;eHIIJI YCbIHOBJIeHHe He MoiReT 6bITb aHHYJIH-
pOBaHO (rr. 1 CT. 808 rR). B OTHomeHHII IfHbIX OCHOBaHHH
aHHYJIHpOBaHHJI YCblROBJIeHIIJI HCKOBaJI )J;aBHOCTb He npe)J;Y-'
CMOTpeHa (CM. pemeRHe BepXOBHoro cY)J;a OT 7 HIOJIJI 1923 r.).
6) JIH:u;aMH, OOJIa)J;aIO HMH npaBOM aHHYJIUpOBaHHH yCbl-
HOBJIeHHJI, HBJIJIIOTCJI OXpaHJIeMaJI 3aKOHOM CTopOHa II ero
PO)J;CTB@HHKH. TaK, npH HeCOBepmeHHOJIenrn YCbIHOBHTeJIJI
YKa3aHHblMH JIHJJ;aMH 6YAYT caM YCblHOBIITeJIb Hero 3aKOH-
Hble npe)J;CTaBIITeJIH, npH rrpHHa)J;JIeiRHOCTII YCbIHOBJIeHHOro K
pO)J;CTBeHHHKaM YCblHOBIITeJIJI no BOCXO)J;JIm;eH JIIIHlllI HJIH erO',
60JIee CTapmeM B03paCTe no cpaBHeHHIO C yCbIHoBHTeJIeM-
o6e CTOpOHbI H HX pO)J;CTBeHHHKH, npH YCbIHOBJIeHHH rro)J;o-
ne1:J:HOrO oneKYHOM - YCbIHOBJIeHHbIH Hero pO)J;CTBeHHIIKH,
npH YCblHOBJIeRHH HeCOBepmeHHOJIeTHerO 6e3 pa3pemeHHJI
ceMeHHoro cY)J;a - YCblHOBJIeHHbIH Hero pO)J;CTBeHHHKH, a
TaKiRe JIH:u;a, BbIpa3HBrnIIe COTJIaCHe Ha YCbUIOBJIeHHe BMeCTO
yCblHOBJIeHHOro ( CT. 804-807 rR). II pH YCbIHOBJIeHIIII rro-
cpe)J;CTBOM 06MaHa HJIH npHHYiR)J;eHHJI rrpaBO aHHYJIHpOBaHHJI
rrpHHa)J;JIeiRHT TeM JIHIJ,aM, KOTOpbIe rrO)J;BepraJIHCb TaKOMY
06MaRY H rrpIIHyiR)J;eHHIO (CT. 808, 747 rR).
B) TpeooBaHHe aHHYJIHpOBaHHH )J;OJIiRHO rrpe)J;'bJIBJIJITbCJI
cooTBeTcTByIOm;HMII rrpaBOM01:J:HbIMH JIHIJ;aMH B CY)J; (CT. 24 II
26 3aKoHa 0 npo:u;eccyaJIbHOH rrpo:u;e)J;ype paCCMOTpeHHH JIH'I-
RblX )J;eJI). BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHHe 06 aHHYJIIIpOBaHHH YCbIHOBJIe-
HHH, He rrpe)J;'bHBJIeHHOe B CY)J;, He HMeeT 3aKOHHOH CIIJIbI. ITo-
)J;06HO aHHYJIHpOBaHHIO 6paKa, Tpe60BaHHe aHRYJIHpOBaHHR
YCbIHOBJIeHHH npeiR)J;e Bcero HarrpaBJIHeTCH Ha rrpIIMHpHTeJIb-
HyIO npo:u;e)J;YPY B ceMeHHbIH CY)J; (CT. 17 H 18 3aKoHa 0
cY)J;e6HoM paCCMOTpeHHH ceMeHHbIX )J;eJI). IIpH He)J;OCTHiReRHH'
CorJIaCHH Ha )J;aHHoH CTa)J;HH Borrpoc MomeT 6bITb pernerr ce-
MeHRbIM CY)J;OM (CT. 23 H 24 YKa3aHHoro 3 aIW rra ) .
r) IIocJIe)J;cTBHH aHHYJIUpOBaHHH YCbIHOBJIeHIIH aHaJIOrH'I-
HbI rrOCJIe)J;CTBIIHM aHHYJIHpOBaHHH 6paIm. AurrYJIUpOBaHHe
YCblHOBJIeHHH He HMeeT 06paTHOH CIIJIbI, Bonpoc me 0 B03Bpa-
m;eHHH IIMym;ecTBa JIHD;OM, nOJIY'IHBmHM ero B peaYJIbTaTe
YCblHOBJIeHHH, pemaeTCH B 3aBHCIIMOCTII OT CTerreHH )J;06poco-
BeCTHOCTH )J;aHHoro JIH:u;a (CM.: 06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHoe npaBO-
158). IIp06JIeMbl H3MeHeHHH cpaMIIJIIIH YCbIHOBJIeUHOro H npH-
Ha)J;JIemHOCTH npe)J;MeTOB, CBH3aHHbIX C KYJIbTOM npe)J;KOB, eCJIK
TaKOBbIe HaXO)J;JITCJI Y YCbIHOBJIeHHorO, pemaIOTCH TaK me, KaK
2190
npH pa3BO)];e HJIH paCTOpmeHHH YCblHOBJIeHHH (CT. 808, 769,
816 fR).
49. llOCJIe)];CTBHH YCbIHOBJIeHIIJI.
1) Y CbIHOBJIeHHbIH npH06peTaeT CTaTYC 3aKOHHopom)..{eH-
Horo pe6eHKa YCblHOBHTeJIH C MOMeIITa YCblHOBJIeHHJI
(CT. 809 fIt); )];0 )J,OCTHIKeHHJI COBeprneHHOJIeTHa Ha YCbIHOB-
.JIeHHoro pe6eHIm pacnpOCTpaHJIIOTCJI pO)..{HTeJIbCKHe npaBa
npHeMHbIX pO)..{HTeJleH (n. 2 CT. 818 fK). )J.onOJIHIITeJIbIIO K
.aTOMY YCbIHOBeHHe nopom)..{aeT YCTaHOBJIeHHe po)..{cTBeHHbIx
oTHollIeHHH Mem)J,Y YCblHOBJIeHIIbIM II KpOBHbIMH po)..{cTBeHlIlI-
KaMH YCblHoBHTeJIeH (CT. 727 fIt), O)..{HaRO pO)..{CTBa MeIK)..{Y
YCblHoBHTeJIeM H RpOBIIbIMH po)..{cTBeIIHImaMH YCbUIOBJIeHHOrO,
BRJIIO'1aH Hero )];eTeH, PO)];HBllIHXCJI )];0 YCbIHOBeHHJI, He B03-
HHRaeT. CJIe)];yeT Y'1HTbIBaTb, '11'0 YCblHOBJIeHHe He OKa3bIBaeT
BJIHJIHHJI Ha OTHOWeHHJI YCbIHOBJIeHHOrO C I'pOBHbIMH pO)..{-
CTBeHHIIKaMII C ero CTOpOHbI (rr03TOMY OH He YTpa'1HBaeT
npaBa Ha HaCJIe)];OBaHHe B OTHOIIIeHHlI CBOHX RpOBHbIX PO)];-
CTBeHIIHROB) .
2) Y CblHOBJIeHHbIH npHHHMaeT cpaMHJIHIO YCblHoBHTeJIeil
(CT. 810 fIt). I1ocKOJIbK)' npHHJITHe cpaMHJIHH YCblHoBHTeJIeII
HBJIJIeTCJI rrOC;tIe)J,CTBHeM YCbIHOBJIeHHJI, TO IIOCJIe)..{YIOru;ee H3Me-
HeHHe <paMHJJHH YCbIHOBHTeJIJ[ lIe Be)];eT aBTo IaTH'1eCRH K H3-
MeHeHIlIO cpaMHJIHH YCbIHOBJIeHHoro.
50. PacTopmeHlIe YCbIHOBJIeHlIJI. ItaR H B OTHOIIIeHHH pa3-
BO)];a, fIt HnoHHH rrpH3HaeT B03MOIKHOCTb pacTOpmeHHJI YCbI-
HOBJIelIIIH no COrJIaIIIeHHIO H B cy)];e6HOM nOpJI)];Ke.
B cJIy'Iae cMepTH yCblHoBHTeJIH pO)];HTeJIbCRIIe npaBa H 01'-
HOIIIeHHJI IIIK)];HBemUI Melli)];Y YCbIHOBHTeJIeM H yCbIHOBJIeIIIIbIM
npeRparn;aIOTcH, '11'0, O)];HaKO, He ORa3bIBaeT BJIHHHIIH Ha 01'-
HOIIIeHHJI pO)];CTBa MeIK)];Y YCbIHOBJIeHHbIM H RpOBHbIMH pO,[(-
CTBeHHHRaMH nOROIn-lOro YCbIHOBIITeJIJI, H OTIIOilieHIIH IIII'JI,II-
BeHHJI H HaCJIe,[(OBaIIHH no-npemHel\fY CYTI\eCTBYIOT Mem,[(y
YCbIHOBJIeHHbIM II KpOBHbIl\fH pO,[(CTBeHHHRal\n!: IIOKOlUIoro
YCbIlIODIIT8JIJI no IIPfUIOl'I BOCXOiJ,JIII\CluI mUlIIH, a TaRme Mem,[(y
YCbIHOBJIeHHbIM H pO,[(HbIMH )J,eTbMH YCbIHOBHTeJIJI. PaBHbIl\[
Q6pa30M ::lTO OTHOCHTCJI H K CBJI3H MeiH,[(Y YCbIHOBHTeJIeM II
)];eTbMH YCbIHOBJIeHIIOrO, pO)J;HBIIIHMHCH nOCJIe YCbIHOBJIeHHJI,
B CJIY'1ae CMepTH YCblHOBJIeHHoro. BMeCT8 C TeM BIIOJIHe npa-
BOMepeH Bonpoc, BO Bcex JIH CJIy<IaJIX OTHOmemIJI KpOBIrOrO
pO)J;CTBa nOCJIe CMepTH YCbIHOBHTeJIH HJIH YCbIlIOBJIeHHOrO ,[(0.11-
mHbI OCTaBaTbCH neH3MeTIHbIMH? q TO I,:acaeTCH CIITYaI\IIII,
220
CBJI3aHHOH co CMepTbIO YCbIHOBJIeHHOrO, rIT He OCTaBJIHeT
BoaMomHOCTH ,D;JIH pacTopmemIH YRaaaHHbIX OTHomeHHH, O,D;-
HaRO B CJIy ae CMepTH YCbIHOBHTeJIH YCbIHOBJIeHHbIH CBOHM
O,D;HOCTOpOHHHM BOJIeHa'bHBJIeHHeM MomeT paCToprHYTb 3TH
OTHomeHHH. ,n:aHIIaH IIOaHll,HH BIIOJIHe OTBe aeT IIOJIOmeHHIO,
IIO ROTOPOMY YCbIHOBJIeHHe ocym;eCTBJIHeTCH B HUTepecax
YCbIHOBJIHeMoro.
51. PacTopmeHHe YCbIHOBJIeHIIH IIO COrJIameIIHIO.
1) CT9POHbI YCbIHOBJIeHHH MOfYT paCToprUYTb ero IIO co-
rJIameIIHIO (II. 1 CT. 811 rIT).
a) COfJIameHHe ,D;OJImHO 6bITb ,D;OCTHrHYTO caMHMH CTOpO-
HaMM. CaMoCTOHTeJIbHO y acTBOBaTb B paCTopiReHHH YCbIHOB-
JIeHHH MOfYT H HeCOBepmeUHOJIeTHHe, ,D;OCTHfmHe BoapaCTa
15 JIeT. IIpH aTOM aaMeHa YCbIHOBJIeHHOfO ero aaROHHbIM npe,D;-
CTaBHTeJIeM He ,D;OIIYCRaeTCH. I1HTepecbI YCbIHOBJIeHHOro, He
,D;OCTHfmero 15-JIeTHero BoapaCTa, npH paCTopmeHHH YCMHOB-
JIeHHH 06eCIIe HBaeT ero saROHHbIH npe,D;CTaBHTeJIb, Ha6Hpae-
MbIH IIO COfJIameUHIO C pO,D;IIbJMH lIiaTepbIO H OTU;OM YCbIHOB-
JIeHHOfO JIH60 onpe,D;eJIHeMbIH ceMeHIIbIM CY,D;OM (n. 3--5
T, 811 rIT).
6) ECJIH o,D;Hoii Ha CTOpOII COmaIIIeHHH 0 paCTOpmeIIlI1I
YCbIHOBJIeHHH HBJIHIOTCH CYIIpyrH, HaMepeHHble paCToprHYTb
YCbIHOBJIeHHe, IIOHHTHO, TO o6a OHH y aCTBYIOT B YRaaaHHOM
corJIamenHH. IIpo6JIeMa, O,D;HaRO, BoaIIHRaeT n TaROH ciiTya-
U;HH, ROf,D;a Mym, IIarrpHMep, COfJIaCeH Ha paCTopmeHHe YCbI-
HOBJIenHH IIO COrJIameHHIO, a meHa HeT. BoaMomHo JIH TYT
paCTopmeHHe YCbIHOBJIeHHH JIHmb IIPH y acTHH Myma n Ra'Ie-
CTBe O,D;HOH Ha CTOpOH? HofHe y eHbIe B rrOpH,D;Re TOJIKOna-
HHH rIT OTBe aIOT na aTOT Borrpoc IIOJIOmHTeJIbJlO, 'ITO, no
HameMY MHeHHIO, orrpaB,D;aHHO.
B) ,n:JIH Toro To6bI paCTopmeHHe YCbIHOKleIUIH: no COfJIa-
illeHHIO 6bIJIO ,D;eHCTBHTeJIbIIbIM, Tpe6yeTcJI llO,D;a'Ia COOTBeT-
CTBYIOm;ero aaHBJIeHHH, IIpe,D;YCMOTpeIlHoro al;oHOll1 0 Hoce-
MeHHOH aaIIHCH. ITaR H npH pernCTpaqIIII opal_a, nmoe aaHB-
JIeHHe ,D;OJImHO HMeTb rro,n:mICII ne IeIJee 'le I gBYX COBeprneH-
HOJIeTHHX CBH,n:eTeJICII II OTne-qaTb HHbIlI1 Tpe6oB.lHuH:M (CT. 812,
739 rIT, CT. 70-72 3aKona 0 noceMelIHoM aanHcH).
2) Y CbIHOBJIeHHbIII MomeT paCToprHYTb YCbIH OBJIeHHe II
nOCJIe CMepTH YCbIHOBHTeJIH, IIOJIY HB COOTBeTCTBYIOm;ee paa-
perneHHe ceMeHHoro cy,n:a (n. 6 CT. 811 rIT), ,n:JIH ocPopl\IJIe-
HHH pacTopmeHHH YCbIHOBJIeHHH B aTOM CJIyqae ,D;OCTaTO HO
JIlImb aaHBJIeHHH YCbIHOBJIeHHOrO C npHJIOmeHHeM IIHCbMeH-
221
floro pa3perneHlIH ceMeHHoro cy a (rr. 2 CT. 38, CT. 72 3aRo,
lIa 0 rroceMeiiHoH 3arrHcH). )J;aHHbIii BH paCTopmeHIUI YCbI'
HOBJIelIHH rro COrJIarneHHro MomHO Ha3BaTb O HOCTOpOHHH 1
paCTopmeHHeM YCbIHOBJIeHHH,
3) He eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTb H aHHymlpoBaUlIe paCTOpmeHII1I
YCbIHOBJIeHlIJI no COfJIameHHIO.
a) He eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTb H aHHYJInpOBaHlIe paCTOpmeITIIJJ
YCbIHOBJIeHHH rro COrJIarneHHro aHaJIOrH'IHbI Hep;eHCTBHTeJIb-
HOCTH H aHHYJIHpOBaHHro 6paRa, pa3Bop;a rro COrJIarneHHIO,
YCLIHOBJIeHHH, T. e. rrpH OTCYTCTBHH p;eHCTBHTeJIbHoII BOJIH R
paCTopmeHHro YCbIHOBJIeHHH, 3aHBJIeHHH 0 TaROM paCTopme-
HHH H T. . paCTopmeHHe YCbIHOBJIeHHH C'IHTaeTCH Ife ellcTBII-
TeJIbHbIM,
6) ITpH paCTopmeHHH YCbIHOBJIeHHH rrYTeM 06MaHa HJIll
rrpHHym eHHH JIHU;O, rrop;BeprmeeCH TaROMY 06MaHY HJIll rrpH-
Hym eHHro, MomeT rrpep;'bHBHTb B CY Tpe60BaHHe 06 aIIHymI-
pOBaHHH pacTopmeHHH YCbIHOBJIeHllH (CT. 812, 747 f1\'.). 8TO
rrpaBO p;OJImHO 6bITb peaJIH30BaHo B Te'leHHe 6 MeCHu;eB C MO-
MeHTa o6HapymeHHH 06MaHa IrJIH oCB06mp;eHHH OT rrpHHym-
}:(eHHH (orOBopRH CT. 812, rr. 1 CT. 808 f1\'.). PacTopmeHHc
YCbIHOBJIeHHH MomeT 6bITh aHHYJIHpOBaHo TaKme perneHHeM
ceMeHHoro cy a (rr. 2 CT. 23 3aRoHa 0 cyp;e6HoM paccMoTpe-
HHH ceMeHHbIx ;D;eJI). ITpaBoBLIe rrOCJIe CTBHH TaKoro aHHYJIH-
pOBaHHH HMeroT 06paTHYro CHJIY.
52. PacTopmeHHe YCbIHOBJIeHHJI B cyp;eoHoM nOpJl;D;Re.
1) MCR 0 pacTopmeHHH YCbIHOBJIeHHH MomeT 6bITb rrpe b-
HBJIeH B cy B cJIe yroru;Hx Tpex CJIY'IaHx. Bo-rrepBbIx, rrpn:
He 06pocoBecTHoM OCTaBJIeHHH. )J;aHHoe rrOHHTHe BKJIro'laeT
He TOJIbKO HeHCrrOJIHeHHe 06H3aHHOCTH rro co epmaHHIO B Ma-
TepHaJIbHOM CMbICJIe, HO H OTKa3 OT rrOrre'leHHH H COTpY HH'Ie
CTBa B P;YXOBHOM OTHorneHHII. BO-BTOpbIX, rrpH OTCYTCTBlIlI'
CBe eHIIii 0 cy}:(h6e yCbIHOBJIeHHOrO B Te'leHHe 60JIee 3 JIeT.
B-TpeThHx, rrpH HaJIH'IHH Pyrllx cepbe3HbIX oCHoBaHHH, 3a-
TPY HHroru;rrx rrpOp;OJImeHHe OTIIOllIeHl'Ill YCbIHOBJIerrIIfr. CJIe-
yeT Y'IHTbIBaTb, '1TO HCR 0 paCTopmeHHH YCbIHOBJIeHHH B
;D;aHHOM CJIY'Iae lIe MomeT rrpep;'bHBJIHTbCH JIHU;OM, OTBeTCTBeH-
HbIM 3a C03 aHHe YCJIOBHH, 3aTpY HHrom;IIX rrpO}:(OJImeHlIe OT-
HorneHHH YCbIHOBJleHHH (CM. perneHHe BepxoBHoro cY)J,a OT
4 aBrYCTa 1964 r.).
)J;ame rrpH HaJIH'IHH YRa3aHHbIX 06CTOHTeJIbCTB cy Htb
OCHOBaHHH H3Y'IeHHH BceH HX cOBoRynHocTH MomeT rrpH-
3HaTb p;orrYCTHMOC fb rrpO OJImeHHH OTIlOilleHUH YCbIIIORJIeHHH
222
iii OTKJIOHHTI" KaK <no npe;a;yCMoTpeHO H B OTHOIlleHHH paSBO-
a, HCK 0 paCTOpmeHHH YCbIHOBJIeHHH (n, 2 CT. 814, n. 2
,CT. 770 rK). PacTopmeHHe YCI,IHOBJIeHHH B cy;a;e6HoM nopH;a;-
IW ocym;eCTBJIHeTCH nocJle npe;a;'bHBJIemm HCKa. IIpOIw;a;ypa
,ero pacTopmeHHH 'I aKaH me, KaK H npH paSBO;a;e.
53. TIoCJIe;a;CTBJUI pacTOpmeHHJI yCbIHOBJIemUl.
1) BCJIe;a;CTBHe paCTopmemm YCbIHOBJIeHHH YCbIHOBJIeH-
HI,Ill YTpa'IHBaeT CTaTYC SaI\OHHopom;a;eHHoro pe6eHKa yCI,I-
HOBHTeJIH H OTHOllIeIIHH pO;a;CTBa Mem;a;y yCbIHOBJIeHHbIM II
I,pOBHbIMH pO;a;CTBeHHHKa1.1H YCbIHOBHTeJIH npeKpam;aIOTCH.
PaBHbIM 06pasoM :no pacnpocTpaHHeTcH H Ha cynpyra yCI,I-
HOBJIeHHOrO, 6paK C KOTOpbIM 6bIJI SaKJIIO'IeH nOCJIe YCbIHOB-
..rreHHH, a TaI"me Ha KpOBHbIX pO;a;CTBeHHHKOB YCI,IHOBJIeHHOrO
no npHMoll HHCXO;a;Hm;eH JIHHHH, pO;a;HBIIIHXCH nOCJIe YCbIHOB-
JIeHHH (CT. 729 rR). CJIe;a;yeT Y'IHTbIBaTI" 'ITO B CJIY'Iae, Kor-
;a;a YCbIHOBJIeHHbIH em;e He ;a;OCTDT COBepIlleHHOJIeTHH, paCTOp-
Jf\eHHe yCbIHOBJIeHHH npeKpam;aeT pO;a;HTeJII,CKHe npana YCbI-
HOBHTeJIH, no O;a;HOBpeMeHHO BOCCTaHaBJIHBaeT pO;a;HTeJII,CKH8
npaBa pO;a;HbIX OTn;a H MaTe pH YCI,IHOBJIeHHOro, eCJIH OHH
mHBbI.
2) I1pH paCTopmeHHH YCbIHOBJIeHHH YCI,IHOBJIeHHbIll npH-
()6peTaeT <l>aMHJIHIO, KOTOPYIO HOCHJI ;a;o YCbIHOBJIeHHH
(CT. 816 rK). B OTJIH'IHe OT paSBOiW rrpH paCTopmeHHH yCbI-
HOBJIeHHH YCbIHOBJJeHHbIH He MomeT coxpaHHTL npemHIOIO
4>aMHJIHIO, XOTH 060CHOBanHOCTb ;a;aHHoro nOJIOmeHHJI H BbI-
SbIBaeT COMHeHHe.
3) ECJIII B nepno;a; npO;a;OJImenHJI OTIIOIlleHHii YCbIHOBJI8-
nHH YCI,IHOBJIeHHbIH CTaHOBHTCa upeeMHHKOM npe;a;MeTOB, CBH-
38HHbIX C KYJIbTOM npe;a;KOB, npH paCTopmeHHH YCbIHOBJIeHHJI
Bonpoc 0 cy;a;I,6e <nI1:X npegMeToB peIllaeTCH no COrJIaIlleHllIO
aaHHTepeCOBaHHI,IX eTopOH, a npH HegocTHmeHHII TaKoro co-
TJIaIlleHHH - ceMenIfbIM CygOM (CT. 817, 769 rK).
4. cPaMHnHSI pOAHTeneH H AeTeH
54. COrJIaCHO gencTBYIOm;eMY B HnoHIIII salwnO;a;aTCJIb-
CTBY <l>aMHJIHH 0603Ha'iaeT JIlI'IHOCTI, 'IeJIOBeKa. B COOTBeT-
CTBHH C 06bI'IaJIMH CTpaHbI CYIIpyrH HOCHT 06m;yIO <l>aMHJIHIO,
a ;a;eTII - <l>aMHJIHIO pO;a;HTeJIen. ECJIH OTen; H MaTI, HOCHT 06-
m;yIO <l>aMHJIHIO, TO 11 gaHHon cnHSH IIp06JIeMbI He BOSHHKaeT.
ECJIH iI,e <l>aMHJIUn OTIW II MaTe:;JH paSJIII'IHbI, BOSHHKaeT BO-
npoc, <l>aMHJIHIO Kalwro pO;a;HTeJIH ;a;OJImeH HOCHTb pe6eHOK. Ha
223
STOT C'IeT B rR YCTaHOBJIeHI>I )J;Ba nOJIOiIWHIUI. Bo-nepBbIX, ecm!
pO)J;HTeJIH peOeHIta JJBJIHIOTCH cynpyraMH, peoeHOR IIOCHT cpa-
MHJIIfIO pO)J;HTeJIeH; B npOTHBHOM CJIY1J:ae, T. e. B cHTyaU;HH,
Ror)J;a pO)J;HTeJIIf He HBJIHIOTCH cynpyraMH, peOeHOY{ HOCHT
<paMIfJIHIO MaTepH. BO-BTOpbIX, B CJIY1J:ae, Rorp:a <paMI1JIHH OT-
u;a H MaTepIf CTaHOBHTCH OTJIH1J:HOH OT <paMHJIHII pe6em;a,
peoeHOR C pa3perneHIIH CCMeHHoro cyp:a MomeT npIITIHTb HO-
BYIO <paMHmuo OTu;a IfJIH MaTepIf. RaR Heop:nORpaTlIO OTMe-
1J:aJIOCb paHee, paSJIH1J:He <paMHJIHH pO)J;HTeJIeii If peoeHRa He
OItaSI>IBaeT BJIHHHIfH Ha pO)J;HTeJIbCKHe IIpaBa, IfIRp:HBeHHe If
HIlbIe npaBOOTHorneHIfH.
1) <l>aMHJIHJI peoeHRa Ha MOMeHT pmK)J;eHHJI.
a) 3aKOHHOpOiR)J;BHIlbIH peoeHoR IIpIfHHMaCT <paMIfJIlIIO
pO)J;IfTeJIeH If BnIfCI>IBaeTCH B noceMeHHYro 3anHCb pO)J;HTeJIeil
(n. 1 CT. 790 rR, CT. 6, n. 1 CT. 18 3aRoHa 0 noceMeihIOH 3a-
nHCIf) , B CJIY1J:ae pOiJ{)J;eHHH peoeHRa noc.'Ie pa3Bop:a pO)J;HTe-
JIeH OH npHHIfMaeT <paMHJIHIO pO)J;IfTeJIeH Ha MOMeUT pa3BO)J;a
(oroBopRa n. 1 CT. 790 rR).
0) BHeOpa1J:HI>IH peoeHoR npIfHIfMaeT <paMHJIHro MaTepn
(n. 2 CT. 790 rR) H BIIIfCblBaeTCH B noceMeHHYIO 3amrCb
:r.WTepIf (CT. 6,17, n. 2 CT. 18 3aROHa 0 noceMeHHOH sanIfCH).
B) B CJIY1J:ae OCTaBJIeHHH peoeHRa IIPH pom)J;eHHH <paMII-
JIHH H HMH eMY )J;aIOT(\H :r.mpOM ropo)J;a (noCeJIRa) HJIH CTapo-
CTOH )J;epeBHIf H Ha ,!Toro peoeHRa 3aBO)J;IITCH HOBaH noceMeii-
HaH 3anHCb. ECJIH me BnOCJIe)J;CTBHH BhIHCHHeTCH JIH1J:HOCTb
OTu;a HJIIf MaTepH TaRI)rO peoeHKa, )J;aHHaH eMY <pa:r.mJIHH H3-
MeHHeTCH Ha <paMIfJIHIO pO)J;IfTeJIeH HJIIf MaTepIf (CT. 57-59
3aKoHa 0 noceMeHHoH sanIfcH).
2) II3MeHeHHe tPaMHJIHH peoeHRa.
a) TIpH YCbIHOBJIeHHIf peoeHRa ero <paMHJIHH H3MeHHeTCH
Ha <paMIfJIIfIO YCbIHOBHTeJIH, a IIpIf paCTopiIWHHII YCbIHOBJIe-
HHH OH npHHIfMaeT CBOIO npemHIOIO lfJaMIfJIIfIO (CT. 810,
816 rR),
0) B CJIY1J:ae OTJIH1J:IfH <paMHJIHIf peoeIIKa OT <paMH.'lHH OT-
u;a HJIIf MaTepIf peOeHOI{ C pa3perneHIfH ceMeHHoro cY)J;a MO-
iI,eT npHHHTL <paMHJIHIO OTlI,a n.'lH MaTepn. B nopH,'J;I\O TOJIKO-
BaHHH, O)J;HaRO, nOCJIe cMepTIf OTu;a IfJIH MaTe pH :31'0 lIe )J;onyc-
RaeTCH. Ao )J;OCTHmeHIfH peoeHROM 15-JIeTHero B03paCTa )J;eH-
CTBHH no If3MeHeHIfIO ero tPaMHJIHH ocy eCTBJIHIOTCH 3aROH-
HhIM npe)J;CTaBHTeJIeM peoeHRa. TIpIf If3MeHeHHIf <paMHJIIfH
peoeHKa )J;O )J;OCTIfmeHIfH MM COBeprneHHO.JIeTHH (pe6eHKOM JIIf
JIIf1J:HO HJIIf ero saROHHbIM npe)J;CTaBHTeJIeM) nOCJIe)J;HHH B Te-
1J:eHIfe O)J;Horo rO)J;a C MOJlleHTa )J;OCTHiReHHH COBeprneHHOJIeTHH
224
MOill:eT BOCCTaHOBHTb CBOIO npemHIOIO <paMHJIHIO (CT. 791 rR).
AmI H3MeHeHHH <paMHJIHH pe6eHRa nO)J;aeTCH COOTBeTCTBYIO-
lI\ee 3aHBJIeHHe (CT. 98 H 99 3aRoHa 0 noceMeMHOH 3anHcH),
nOCJIe 'Iero pe6eHoR BnHCbIBaeTCH B noceMeHuyIO 3anHCb oTlJ;a
HJIH MaTepH, HOCHlI\HX O)J;HHaROBYIO C HHM <paMHJIHIO (n. 2
CT. 18 3aRoHa 0 noceMeHHOH 3anHcH). ECJIH me B )J;aHHOM
CJIY'Iae 3TO JIHD;O HBJIHeTCH cynpyroM, Ha Hero 3aBO)J;HTCH HO-
BaH noceMeHHaH 3anHCb (CT. 20 3aRoHa 0 noceMeiiHoH
3arrHcH) .
3) IIoMHMo nOJIOmeHHH OTHOCHTeJIbHO H3MeHeHHH <paMH-
mill, cO)J;epmall\HXCH B rR, BonpOCbI H3MeHeHHH <paMH HH pe-
rYJIHpYIOTCH TaRme 3aRoHoM 0 rroceMeHHOH 3anHCH, a HMeH-
HO npH HaJIH'IHH OC06bIX cepbe3HbIX OCHOBaHHH C pa3pellIeHlHl
ceMeHHoro cY)J;a JIHD;O MomeT H3MeHHTb CBOIO <paMHJIHIO HJIH
HMH (CT. 107 3aRoHa 0 noceMeHHOH 3anHcH). B )J;aHHOM CJIY-
'Iae Borrpoc He CTOHT 0 BbI60pe 'IbeH-JlH60 <pHMHJIHH, a JIHilib
c06cTBeHHo 06 H3MeHeHHH <paMHJIHH HJIH HMeHH.
i 5. POAHTenbcKHe npaBa
55. OOm;He nOJIOmeHHH. OTHollIeHHH Mem)J;y pO)J;HTeJIHMH
H )J;eTbMH BbI3bIBaIOT pa3JIII'IHble nOCJIe)J;CTBHH, ROTopbIe CBH-
3aHbI C HaCJIe)J;OBaHMeM (CT. 887-889 fR), npaBaMH H 06H-
3aHHOCTHMM no B3aUMHOMY cO)J;epmaHHIO (CT. 877 rR), He-
OOXO)J;HMOCTbIO cornaCHH pO)J;HTeJIeH Ha BCTynJIeHHe B opaK
HeCOBepllIeHHOJIeTHHX )J;eTeH (CT. 737 rR). B CJlY'Iae CMepTIf
6JIH3ROro pO)J;CTBeHHHRa no BHHe TpeTbero JIHD;a )J;pyrHe 6JIH3-
RHe pO)J;cTBeHHHRH 06JIa)J;aIOT npaBOM Tpe60BaHHH ROMneHca-
D;HH (CT. 711 rR). O)J;HaRO HaH60Jlee BamHbIM nOCJIe)J;CT8ueM
OTHOIlIeHHH Mem)J;y pO)J;HTeJIHMH H .a;eTbMH HBJlHeTCH cOBoRyn-
HOCTb npaB H 06H3aHHOCTeH pO)J;HTeJleH no cO)J;epmaHHIO, no-
ne'IeHHIO H BocnHTaHHIO CBOHX HeCOBepIlIeHHOJIeTHHX L(eTeii.
COBpeMeHHoe 3aROHO)J;aTeJIbCTBO HnOHHH ynpa3)J;HHJIO HIf-
CTHTYT HCRJlIO'IHTeJIbHbIX npaB rJIaBbI ceMbH H YTBep.a;H O
npHHD;Hn HeHTpaJIbHOCTH pO)J;HTeJIbCRHX npaB.
CO)J;epmaHlIe, nOne'IeHHe H BocnHTaHHe )J;eTeii pO)J;HTeJIHMH
npe)J;CTaBJIHIOT C060H BamHYIO 06H3aHHOCTb pO)J;HTeJIeii rrepe):{
06l1\eCTBOM H rOCY)J;apCTBOM. O)J;HOBpeMeHHO OHa nOHHMaeTCH
H RaR npaBa pO)J;HTeJIeH, B TOM CMbICJIe, 'ITO npH HCnOJIHeHHH
)J;aHHOH 06H3aHHOCTH He )J;onYCRaeTCH CBOeBOJIbHOe BMerna-
TeJIbCTBO )J;PyrHx JIHD;. CJIep;yeT, O HaRO, y'IHTbIBaTb, 'ITO 3JIO-
ynoTpe6JIeHHe pO)J;HTeJIbCRHMH npaBaMH npOTHBOpe'IHT npH-
15 3aKaa X. 1264
225
3HaHHOMY 3aROHOM ):(eiiCTBHIO :3THX npaB. ,D;aHHoe nOJIOJ-ReHHe
B :u;eJIOM XapaRTepHO ):(JIH BCeX npaB, O):(HaRO ):(JIH pO):(HTeJIb-
CRHX OHO HMeeT oc060e 3Ha'leHHe (CM. CT. 1 H 12 rl\).
KaR OTMe'laJIOCb paHee, rocy):(apCTBO He MOJ-ReT OCTanaTb-
CH 6e3Y'laCTHbIM R BbInOJIHeHHIO pO):(HTeJIHMII CBOHX 06H3aH-
HOCTeii no co):(epJ-RaHHIO, nOne'leHHIO H BocnHTaHHIO ):(eTeii.
CBII.n;eTeJIbCTBOM aToro CJIyJ-RaT TaRHe 3aROHo):(aTeJIbHble aR-
TbI, RaR 3aROH 0 6JIarOCOCTOHHHH ):(eTeii, 3aRoH 06 oxpaHe
.iRH3HH, 3aRoH 0 HeCOBeprneHHOJIeTHHX H .n;pyrHe, ROTopble
CTaBHT :u;eJIbIO 06eCne'lHTb Ha):(JIeJ-Raw;ee HCnOJIHeHHe 06H3aH-
HOCTeii pO):(HTeJIHMH, a TaRJ-Re npHMO HJIH ROCBeHHO co):(eiicT-
BYIOT HX HCnOJIHeHHIO.
56. CTOpOHbI npaBooTHomeHHH no ocy:rn;eCTBJIeHIIIO pO):(II-
TeJIbCKIIX npaB.
1) ,IJ;eTH. PO):(HTeJIbCRHe npaBa ocyw;eCTBJIHIOTCH B OTHO-
rneHHH HecoBeprneHHOJIeTHHX ):(eTeii (n. 1 CT. 818 rK). IIpH
):(OCTHJ-ReHHH ):(eTbMH COBeprneHHOJIeTHH po.n;lITeJIbCRHe npaBa
YJ-Re He MorYT pacnpOCTpaHHTbCH Ha HHX. 8TO OTHOCHTCH H R
CJIY'lalO BCTynJIeHHH HeCOBeprneHHOJIeTHHX ):(eTeii B 6paR, no-
ROJIbRY B ):(aHHoii cHTya:U;HH BCTynJIeHHe B 6paR paCCMaTpH-
BaeTCH RaR ):(OCTHJ-ReHHe COBeprneHHOJIeTHH (CT. 75:-3 rK).
B nopH):(Re TOJIROBaHHH YRa3aHHoe nOJIOmeHHe pacnpOCTpa-
HHeTCH H Ha CJIY'laH npeRpaw;eHHH 3aI\OHHOro 6paRa Heco-
BeprneHHOJIeTHHX ):(eTeii B pe3YJIbTaTe ero aHHYJIHpOBaHHH,
pa3Bo):(a, CMepTH cynpyra H T. n.
2) .JIHn;a, OCYIIJ;eCTBJIHIO:rn;He pO):(HTeJIbCKUe npaBa.
a) 06bI'IHO, Ror):(a pO):(HTeJIH J-RHBbI II HaXO):(HTCH B 3aROII-
ROM 6paRe, ()HlI ocYW;eCTBJIHIOT pO):(HTeJIbCRHe npaBa B OTHO-
meHlIH ):(eTeii COBMeCTHO (n. 1 H 3 CT. 818 rK).
6) O):(HaRo 1I3 :3TorO npaBHJIa npe):(YCMOTpeHbI H HCRJIIO'Ie-
RHH.
Bo-nepBbIx, nOCJIe YCblHOBJIeHHH pO):(HTeJIbCRHMH npaBa-
MH B OTHorneHHH YCbIHOBJIeHHOrO 06JIalJ,a1OT He ero RpOBI-Ible
pO):(lITeJIH, a YCbIHOBHTeJIH (n. 2 CT. 818 rK). ECJIH YCbIHO-
BHTeJIHMH HBJIHIOTCH cynpyrH, pO):(HTeJIbCRHe npaBa ocYW;e-
CTBJIHIOTCH HMH COBMeCTHO. B nopH):(Re TOJIROBaHHH :3TO pac-
IIpOCTpaHHeTCH H Ha cHTya:U;HIO, Ror.n;a YCblHOBJIeHHe ocyr:u;e-
CTBJIHeTCH JIHrnb O):(HHM H3 cynpyroB (HanpHMep, npH YCbI-
HOBJIeHHlI J-ReHoii pe6eHRa MYJ-Ra OT nepEoro 6paRa). IIpH pac-
'TOpJ-ReHHlI YCbIHOBJIeHHH BOCCTaHaBJIHBalOTCH pO):(HTeJIbCRHe
npaBa RpOBHbIX OT:u;a 1I MaTepH YCbIHOBJIeHHOrO, a npH HeB03-
:MOJ-RHOCTlI :3TOrO YCTaHaBJIlIBaeTCH oneKa.
226
BO-BTOpbIX, }];OnYCKaeTCH OCYlI.\eCTBJIeHIIe pO}];HTeJIbCKHX
npaB B e}];HHOJIH'IHOM nOpH}];Ke, T. e. JIH60 OTD,OM, JIH60 Ma-
TepbIO (orOBopKa n. 3 CT. 818 rR). )J,aHHaH CHTyaD,HH MomeT
B03HHKHYTb, eCJIH O}];HH H3 pO}];HTeJIeH npH3HaH He}];eecnoc06-
HbIM, JIHlIIeH pO}];HTeJIbCKHX npaB, CTpa}];aeT }];YlIIeBHoH 60-
JIe3HbIO JIH60 ero MeCTOHaXOm}];eHHe HeH3BeCTHO. :::ITO OTHO-
CHTCH TaKme H K CJIY'IaIO pa3BO}];a pO}];HTeJIeM. IT plI paaBO}];e
no COrJIalIIeHHIO Bonpoc 0 cTopoHe, oCYlI.\ecTBJIHIOlI.\eH PO}];H-
TeJIbCKHe npaBa, pelIIaeTCH COrJIarneHHeM pO}];IITeJIeH, a IIPH
HeB03MomHOCTH HJIU OTCYTCTBHH IIo}];06HOrO COrJrallIeHHH-
ceMeHHbIM CY}];OM no Tpe60BaHHIO OTD,a HJIU MaTepH (n. 1 U 5
CT. 819 rR, n. 1 CT. 9 3aKoHa 0 cy}];e6HOM paCCMOTpeHHH
ceMeHHbIX }];eJI). ITpH pa3BO}];e 'lepe3 cy}]; JIHD,O, OCYlI.\eCTBJIHIO-
lI.\ee pO}];HTeJIbCKHe npaBa, onpe}];eJIHeTCH pelIIeHlIeM 06b1'IHO-
ro HJIH ceMeHHoro cy}];a (n. 2 CT. 9 3alwHa 0 cy}];e6HOM pac-
CMOTpeHHH ceMeHHbIX }];eJI, n. 5 CT. 15 3aKoHa 0 rrpoD,eccy-
aJIbHOH npOD,e}];ype paccMoTpeHHH JIH'IHbIX }];eJI). CJIe}];yeT
Y'lHTbIBaTb, '1TO npH pOm}];eHHH pe6eHKa nOCJIe pa3BO}];a po-
}];HTeJIeH pO}];HTeJIbCKHMH npaBaMH Ha}];eJIHeTCH MaTb, '1TO,
O}];HaKO, He npenHTcTByeT onpe}];eJIeHHIO no COrJIalIIeHHIO pO-
}];HTeJIeH OTD,a B Ka'leCTBe JIHD,a, OCYlI.\eCTBJIHIOlI.\ero pO}];HTeJIb-
CKHe npaBa (n. 3 CT. 9 3aKOHa 0 cy}];e6HOM paCCMOTpeHHH
ceMeHHbIX }];eJI). B OTHOlIIeHHH BHe6pa'lHOrO pe6eHKa PO}];II-
TeJlbCKHe npaBa OCYlI.\eCTBJIHIOTCH MaTepbIO, }];ame npH YCTa-
HOBJIeHHH npaBooTHolIIeHHH Mem}];y OTD,OM H pe6eHKoM B pe-
aYJIbTaTe npH3HaHHH OTD,OBCTBa. O}];HaKO no COrJIalIIeHHIO
pO}];HTeJIeH YKaaaHHbIM JIHD,OM MomeT 6bITb orrpe}];eJIeH o TeD"
(n. 4 CT. 819 rR). ITpH He}];OCTHmeHHH TaKora comalIIeHHH
Bonpoc MomeT pelIIaTbCH ceMeHHbIM CY}];OM (n. 5 CT. 819 rR).
B) IT pH OCYlI.\eCTBJIeHHH pO}];HTeJIbCKHX npaB JIHlIIb 0 }];HOH
H3 CTOpOH ceMeHHbIH cy}]; no Tpe60BaHHIO PO}];CTBeHHHKOB pe-
6eHKa MomeT onpe}];eJIHTb B Ka'leCTBe JIHD,a, 06JIa}];aIOrn;erO
pO}];HTeJIbCKHMH npaBaMH, }];PyryIO CTOPOHY (n. 6 CT. 819 rR).
r) CJIe}];yeT HMeTb B BH}];y, '1TO pO}];HTeJIH, He OCYlI.\eCTBJIHIO-
rn;He pO}];HTeJIbCKHe npaBa B OTHOlIIeHHH pe6eHKa, TeM He Me-
Hee 06JIa}];aIOT B OTHOlIIeHHH ero onpe}];eJIeHHbIMH npaBaMll,
KpOMe CJIY'laeB, KOr}];a 3TO npOTHBOpe'lHT HHTepecaM ITorre'le-
HUH H CO}];epmaHHH }];eTeM.
3) ITOCKOJIbKY pO}];HTeJIbCKHe npaBa UMeIOT }];OBOJIbHO IIHI-
pOKoe CO}];epmaHlIe, BKJIIO'IaH orrpe}];eJIeHne JIll'lHO-npaBOBoro
cTaTyca }];eTeH H HX HMYlI.\eCTBeHHbIX oTHollIeHHM, B nopHJJ;K8
TOJIKOBaHlIH C'IHTaeTCH, '1TO He,IIeecnoc06HbIe He MorYT 06JIa-
JJ;aTb pO}];HTeJIbCKHMH npaBaMU.
15*-
227
57. npaBa H 06HsaHHOCTH no onpe e.'IeHIIro .JU1'lHO-npa-
DODoro cTaTyca eTeii.
1) JIHlI,a, ocym;eCTB.lIHlOm;IIe pOAHTeJIbCKHe npaBa, 06JIaAa-
lOT npaBaMH H HeCYT 06H3aHHOCTH no 1I0ne'IeHHlO (BKJIlO'IaJl
H COAepiKaHIIe) H BocnHTaHHlO AeTeH (CT. 820 rK). IT pH ocy-
m;eCTBJIeHHH ,IJ.aHHbIX npaB H 06H3aHHocTeH YKaaanHble JIHlI,a
MorYT, HanpHMep, onpeAeJIHTb MeCTOiKHTeJIbCTBO pe6eHKa H
T. n. IToA none'leHIIeM H BocnHTaHHeM pe6eHKa nOHHMaeTCH
ocym;eCTBJIeHHe nOA06HbIX AeHcTBHH, B TOM 'lHCJIe H B Ma Te-
pHaJIbHOM CMbICJIe. ITOHHTHO, 'ITO pacnpeAeJIeHHe paCXOAOB
Ha COAepiKaHHe H BocnHTaHHe AeTeH MeiKAY cynpyraMH He
06H3aTeJIbHO AOJIiKHO 6bITb paBHbIM H 3TH paCXOAbI BKJIlO'Ia-
lOTCH B 06m;He paCXOAbI Ha BeAeHHe COBMOCTHOii iKH3HH
(CT. 760 rK). ECJIH MaTepHaJIbHOe nO.IIOiKeHHe pOAHTeJIeH He
n03BOJIHeT ocym;eCTBJIHTb none'IeHHe H BocnHTaHIIe AeTeH, Ta-
RIle paCXOAbI B03JIaralOTCH Ha JIHlI" Hecym;HX aJIHMeHTHble
06H3aHHOCTH.
a) ITpH ocym;ecTB.lIeHHH nOne'IeHIIH II BocnHTaHHH AeTeH
JIHlI,a, HaAeJIeHHble pOAIITeJIbCKIIMII npaBaMH, MorYT onpeAe-
JIHTb HX MeCTOiKHTeJIbCTBO (CT. 821 rK). ITpII HapymeHIIH
TIpaBa Ha onpeAe.IIeHHe MeCTOiKHTeJIbCTBa pe6eHKa TpeTbHM
JIHlI,OM JIHlI,O, 06JIaAalOm;ee pOi];HTeJIbCKHMH npaBaMH, MOiKeT
pe60BaTb B03Bpam;eHHH pe6eHKa Ha npeiKHee MeCTOiKHTeJIb-
CTBO, eCJIH pe6eHOK He HMeeT BOJIecnoc06HOCTH (CM. pemeHHe
BepXOBHoro cYAa OT 19 AeKa6pH 1912 r.). ECJIH pe6eHoK
06JIaAaeT BOJIecnoc06HoCTblO (HeKoTopbIMH cYAe6HbIMH peme-
nHHMII BOJIecnoc06HbIMH npII3HaBaJIHCb 13-JIeTHIIe eTII),
JIHlI,a, 06JIaAalOm;He pOi];HTeJIbCKHMH npaBaMH, MorYT Tpe60-
BaTh YCTpaHeHHH HapymeHHH. ECJIH BOJIecnoc06HbIH pe6eHOK
IIO CBoeH BO.IIe npOiKIIBaeT C TpeTbHM JIHlI,OM, 3TO He paCCMaT-
pHBaeTCH KaK HapymeHHe pOAHTeJIbCKHX npaB TpeTbHM JIHlI,OM,
H noaTOMY 3i];eCb He npH3HaeTCH npaBO Tpe60BaHHH B03Bpa-
m;eHHH pe6eHKa HJIH YCTpaHeHHH HapymeHHH. B rroA06HOH
cHTyall,HH npaBO Ha onpeAeJIeHIIe MeCTOIKHTeJIbCTBa pe6eHKa
XOTH H npH3HaeTCH, HO cpeACTBa ero rrpHMoro npHHYAHTeJIb-
lIoro HCnOJIHeHHH He npeAycMoTpeHbI.
6) B lI,eJIHX nOne'IeHHH H BocnHTaHHH pe6eHKa JIHlI,O, 06-
JIaAalOm;ee pOAHTeJIbCKHMH npaBaMII, MOlKeT JIII60 caMO npII-
MeHHTb K pe6eHKY IIcnpaBHTeJIbHbIe MepbI, JIII60 C paapeme-
':1IHH ceMeHHoro CYi];a nOMem;aTb pe6eHKa B HcnpaBHTeJIbHble
Y'lpeiKAeHHH, CpOK HaXOiKi];eHHH pe6eHKa B HcnpaBHTe.IIbHOM
Y'IpeiKi];eHHH onpei];eJIHeTCH ceMeHHbIM Cy.u;OMH He MOiKeT rrpe-
BbIruaTb 6 MeCHlI,eB. ITo Tpe60BaHHlO JIHlI" ocym;eCTBJIHlOm;HX
228
pOp;HTeJIbCRHe npaBa, p;aHHbIM CpOR MOmeT B JII060e BpeMJI
6bITb CORpaIQeH (CT. 822 fR). B HaCTOJIIQHM nepHOp; Cnen;H-
aJIbHbIe HCnpaBHTeJIbHbIe yqpemp;eHlIJI, npep;yCMOTpeHHbIe B
n;eJIJIX HCnOJIHeHlIJI p;aHHOrO nOJIOmeHHJI fR, OTCYTCTBYIOT.
B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3aROHOM 0 HeCOBeprneHHOJIeTHHX, 3aROHOM
D 6JIarOCOCTOJIHHH p;eTeM H p;pyrHMII aRTaMH B HnOHHH C03p;a-
HbI HcnpaBHTeJIbHbIe yqpemp;eHHJI P;JIJI HeCOBeprneHHOJIeTHHX
11 TaR Ha3bIBaeMbIe (<BOCnHTaTeJIbHbIe yqpemp;eHHJI» (CT. 17
H 17 2 3aRoHa 0 HeCOBeprneHHOJIeTHHX, CT. 1 3aRoHa 06 He-
npaBHTeJIbHbIX yqpemp;eHHJIX P;JIJI HeCOBeprneHHOJIeTHHX,
CT: 44, 35 3aRoHa 0 6JIarOCOCTOJIHHH p;eTeM), op;HaRO nOMeIQe-
HlIe B HHX perYJIHpyeTCJI He HopMaMH fR, a npon;ep;YPOM, npe-
P;YCMOTpeHHOM COOTBeTCTBYIOIQHM Cnen;HaJIbHbIM 3aROHop;a-
TeJIbCTBOM. IIOMeIQeHlIe B HHX HeCOBeprneHHOJIeTHHX B03Mom-
HO JIHrnb C COrJIaCHJI HJIH no 3aJIBJIeHHIO JIHn;, 06JIap;aIOIQHX
pOp;HTeJIbCRHMH npaBaMH.
B) Pa3perneHHe Ha Bep;eHHe p;eTbMH npo<peCCIIOHaJIbHOM
eJITeJIbHOCTH (n. 1 CT. 823 fR). B p;aHHOM CJIyqae TepMHH
<mpo<peccHOHaJIbHaJI p;eJITeJIbHOCTb» npep;CTaBJIJIeT IIIIIpORoe
nOHJITlIe, BRJIIOqaJI B ce6JI H B03MomHOCTb 3aRJIIOqeHHJI p;o-
rOBopa JIHqHOrO HaMMa. BJIarop;apJI YRa3aHHoMy pa3perneHllIO
co CTOpOHbI JIlIn;, OCYIQeCTBJIJIIOIQHX pOp;HTeJIbCRHe npaBa, He-
cOBeprneHHOJIeTHHM npH06peTaeT p;eecnoc06HoCTb B npep;eJIax
Bep;eHHJI COOTBeTCTBYIOIQerO p;eJIa (n. 1 CT. 6 fR).
r) Cop;epmaHHe pOp;HTeJIbCRHX npaB perYJIHpyeTCJI II HHbI-
MH, nOMIIMO fR, 3aROHOp;aTeJIbHbIMH aRTaMH. TaR, JIHn;a, oCY-
IQeCTBJIJIIO e pOp;IITeJIbCRHe npaBa, HecYT 06JI3aHHOCTb no
D6ecneqeHHIO nOJIyqeHHJI p;eTbMH 06JI3aTeJIbHOrO rnROJIbHOrO
D6pa30BaHIIJI (CT. 4 OCHoBHoro 3aROHa 06 06paaoBaHHH, CT. 22,
23, 39, 40 3aRoHa 0 rnROJIbHOM 06pa30BaHHH). IIplI Hep;OCTa-
'TOqHOCTH II HeHap;JIemaIQeM xapaRTepe none'IeHHJI 0 p;eTJIX
IIO pacnOpJImeHIIIO Mapa ropop;a (nOCeJIRa), CTapOCTbI p;epeB-
RH H P;PyrHx JIHn; pe6eHOR MomeT 6bITb nOMeIn;eH B yqpemp;e-
Rile nOneqeHHJI 0 p;eTJIX, a TaRme B OTMe'IeHHbIe BbIrne (<BOC-
IIHTaTeJIbHbIe yqpemp;eHHJI» (CT. 23-33 3aRoHa 0 6JIaroco-
CTOJIHHH p;eTeM). JIHn;a, OCYIQeCTBJIJIIOIQHe pOp;IITeJIbCRlIe npa-
Ba, He p;OJIiKHbI npHHymp;aTb p;eTeM R c60py MHJIOCTbIHH, a
TaRme R Y'IaCTHIO B aRp06aTHqeCb:HX H n;HpROBbIX TpYIIllax C
n;eJIbIO YBeCeJIeHHJI ny6JIHRH (CM. CT. 34, 60 3aRoHa 0 6JIaro-
COCTOJIHHH p;eTeH). IIpH He06xop;HMOCTH HaqaJIbHHR yqpeiK-
p;eHHJI noneqeHHJI MomeT OCYIQeCTBJIJITb pOp;IITeJIbCRHe npaBa
B OTHorneHIIH JIHqHO-npaBOBoro CT'lTyca pe6eHRa (CT. 47 3a.:.
ROHa 0 6JIarOCOCTOJIHHH p;eTeM) .
229
2) IIpaBo npe cTaBHTeJIbCTBa no eiicTBIUlM, CBJI3aHHbIM
C JIH'IHO-npaBoBbIM CTaTYCOM eTeii.
a) JIH a, 06JIa aIO ee pa HTeJIbCKHMlI npaBaMH, MameT
acy eCTBJIHTb aHHbIe npaBa BMeCTO CBaera pe6eHKa B aTHa-
meHHH eTeii :3Tara pe6eHKa (CT. 833 fK). IIaHHTHa, 'ITa npIl
BCTynJIeHHH B 6paK HecaBepmeHHaJIeTnera aH paCCMaTpHBa-
eTCH KaK caBepmeHHaJIeTHHii H naaTaMY MameT caM acy e-
CTBJIHTb pa HTeJIbCKHe npaBa. YKaaaHHae naJIameHHe fK,
TaKHM a6paaaM, npHMeHHeTCH JIHmb K CJIY1JaHM HaJIH1JHH BHe-
6pa1JHbIX eTeii y HecaBepmeHHaJIeTHera pe6eHKa.
6) B Ka1JeCTBe aaKaHHara npe CTaBHTeJIH JIH a, a6JIa aIO-
ru;ee pa HTeJIbCKHMII npaBaMH, HMeeT naJIHaMa1JHH nO' npe -
CTaBHTeJIbCTBY eTeii, KaTapae acyru;eCTBJIHeTCH rJIaBHbIM 0'6-
pa3aM nO' BanpacaM, CBH3aHHbIM C HMyru;eCTBeHHbIMH anrome-
HHHMH. IIpHMeHHTeJIbHa K JIH1JHa-npaBaBaMY CTaTYCY eTeii
npe CTaBHTeJIb YKaaaHHara pa a npH3HaeTCH B Ka'leCTBe
KaHTpareHTa HCKa a HenpH3HaHHH aaKaHHapam eHHaCTH pe--
6eHKa (CT. 775 fK), nO' HCKaM a npH3HaHHH aTIJ;aBCTBa
(CT. 787 fK), npH HaMeHeHHH <paMHJIHH pe6eHKa (CT. 791 fK),
npH BbI a1Je CarJIaCHH Ha YCbIHaBJIeHHe (CT. 797 fK), no
Tpe6aBaHHHM aHHYJIHpaBaHHH YCbIHaBJIeHHH Ha aCHaBaHHH
HecaBepmeHHaJIeTHH YCbIHaBHTeJIH (CT. 804 fK), nO' Banpa-
caM npHaHaHHH H aTKaaa aT HaCJIe aBaHHH (CT. 917 fK) II
HHbIM.
58. IIpaBa H oOH3aHHocTH mu(a, OCYII(eCTBJIJIIO erO pO Il-
TeJIbCKHe npaBa B OTHomeHHH HMy ecTBa peoemm.
1) IIpaBo npe cTaBHTenbcTBa. JIH a, acyru;eCTBJIHIOru;ee
pa HTeJIbCKHe npaBa, a6JIa aeT npaBaM ynpaBJIeHHH HMy e-
CTBaM pe6eHKa H npe CTaBHTeJIbCTBa pe6eHI,a nO' C eJIKaM,
CBH3aHHbIM cera HMyru;eCTBaM. BMecTe C TeM, eC-JIH anpe e-
JIeHHble IOpH H1JeCKHe eiicTBHH napam):(aIOT JIH eTeii a6H-
aaTeJIbCTBa, JIH caBepmeHHH TaKHX eHcTBH:ii Tpe6yeTcH no-
JIY1JeHHe CarJIaCHH caMHX eTeii (CT. 824 fl\). Cne):(yeT Y'lH-
TbIBaTb TaKme, 'ITa 3aKaH a Tpy aBbIx CTaH apTax aanpe a-
eT npe CTaBHTeJIbCTBa Co' CTapaHbI mill;, acy eCTBJIHroru;HX
pa):(HTeJIbCKHe npaBa, npH aaKJIIO'IeHHH Tpy aBara araBapa"
a TaKme naJIY1JeHHe aapa6aTHaH nJIaTbI B napHARe TaKara'
npe CTaBHTeJIbCTBa (CT. 58 H 59 YKaa3'HHara aaKaHa).
a) IIpH acyru;eCTBJIeHHH JIH aMH, a6JIaA"aIOru;H m pa H-
TeJIbCKHMH npaBaMH, ynpaBJIeHHH HMy ecTBaM eTeii HJIH
JIpe CTaBHTeJIbCTBa nO' C eJIKaM, CBHaaHHbIM C HX lIMyru;eCT-
BaM, aTH JIH a a6H3aHbI npaHBJIJITL, T3KCle iRe BHHMaHHe, KaK
230
II npH COBeprneHHH aHaJIOrHqHbIX ,D;eHCTBHH B COOCTBeHHbIX
HHTepecax (CT. 827 rK). ITo cpaBHeHHIO C OO HM nOJIome-
HHeM 0 npe,D;CTaBHTeJIbCTBe B ,D;aHHOM CJIyqae npeAYCMaTpH-
BaeTCH HeCROJIbRO MeHbrnaH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb, O,D;HaRO npn
OTCYTCTBHH OTMeqeHHOH CTeneHH BUHMaHHH H npH npHqHHe-
UHH y epoa ,D;eTHM Ha npe,D;CTaBHTeJIH B03JIaraeTCH 00H3aH-
HOCTb no B03Me eHHIO y epoa.
0) ITpH ,D;OCTHmeHHH peoeHROM COBeprneHHOJIeTHH JIHn;O,
ocy eCTBJIHIO ee pO,D;HTeJIbCRHe npaBa, 00H3aHO He3aMe,D;JIH-
TeJIbHO npe,D;CTaBHTb OTqeT 00 ynpaBJIeHHH HMy ecTBoM, H B
aTOM CJIyqae paCXO,D;bI Ha CO,D;epmaHHe peoeHRa H Ha ynpaB-
JIeHHe ero HMy ecTBoM norarnaIOTCH B nOpH,D;Re 3aqeTa ,D;OXO-
,D;aMH OT YRa3aHHoro HMy ecTBa (CT. 828 rK).
B) B CJIyqae oe3B03Me3,D;HOrO npe,D;OCTaBJIeHHH peoeHRY
'I'peTbHM JIHn;OM RaROrO-JIHOO HMy ecTBa JIHn;O, ocy eCTBJIHIO-
m;ee pO,D;HTeJIbCRHe npaBa, MomeT OTRa3aTbCH OT ynpaBJIeHHH
J];aHHbIM HMy ecTBoM, H ynpaBJIHIO HH HMy ecTBoM MomeT
ObITb Ha3HaqeH ,D;apHTeJIeM. ITpH HeHa3HaqeHHH ynpaBJIHIO-
m;ero ,D;apHTeJIeM Bonpoc pernaeTCH ceMeHHbIM CYP;OM no Tpe-
OOBaHHIO caMoro peoeHRa, ero pO,D;CTBeHHHRoB HJIH npoRY-
popa.
r) IIpn npeRpa eHHH npaBa ynpaBJIeHHH BO Bcex BbIrne-
YRa3aHHbIX CJIyqaHX ynpaBJIHIO HH 00H3aH CJIe,D;OBaTb nOJIO-
meHHHM rK OTHOCHTeJIbHO npeRpa eHHH nopyqeHHH, rrpe,D;y-
CMOTpeHHbIM CT. 654 H 655 (CT. 831 rK).
,D;) llcRoBaH p;aBHOCTb no 00H3aTeJIbCTBaM Mem,D;y JIHIWM,
Qcy eCTBJIHIO HM pO,D;HTeJIbCRHe npaBa, H peoeHRoM, ROTO-
pble B03HHRJIH B CBH3H C ynpaBJIeHHeM HMy ecTBoM peoeHRa,
perYJIHpyeTcH Crren;HaJIbHOH CTaTbeH rK (CT. 832 rK), npe,D;y-
.cMaTpHBaIO eH, qTO B CJIyqae CJIOmHOCTH HCnOJIHeHHH 00H3a-
'I'eJIbCTBa B nepHO,D; ,D;eHCTBHH OTHornelIHH Memp;y pO,D;HTeJIHMII
n ,D;eTbMH TeqeHHe HCROBOH ,D;aBHOCTH npHOCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH.
2) )1eiicTBIIJi B cJIyqaJlx npoTIIBOpeqHJI HHTepecoB.
a) OTen; HJIH MaTh, ocy eCTBJIHIO He pOp;HTeJIbCRHe npa-
Ba, He OOJIa,D;aIOT npaBOM npe,D;CTaBHTeJIbCTBa peoeHRa H npa-
BOM rrpe,D;OCTaBJIeHHH COrJIaCHH Ha ero ,D;eHCTBHH, eCJIH HHTe-
peCbI ,D;aHIIbIX JIHn; H peoeHRa npOTHBOnOJIOmHbI. B aTOM CJIY-
qae YRa3aHHbIMII rrpaBaMH oOJIap;aeT Cnen;IIaJIbHbIH rrpe,D;CTa-
.BHTeJIb, Ha3HaqeHHbIH ceMeHHbIM CY,D;OM (n. 1 CT. 826 rK,
n. 1 CT. 9 3aRoHa 0 cyp;eoHoM paCCMOTpeHHH ceMeHHbIX ,D;eJI).
OTHeceHHe onpe,D;eJIeHHbIX ,D;eHCTBHH R RaTeropHH CJIyqaeB
npoTHBOpeqIIH HHTepecoB orrpe,D;e.T!HeTCH He TOJIbRO 4>OpMOH
oC,D;eJIRH, HO II ee cO,D;epmaHHeM. TaR, no,D; ,D;aHHYIO RaTeropHIO
231
ilo,n;na.n;aeT He TOJIbKO, HanpH1\1ep, npo)];aiRa JIIIUY, ocy ecTB'-
JIHIO eMY pO)];HTeJI:bCKIIe npaBa, IIMy ecTBa )];eTell:, HO II Ha-
3HR'IeHIIe pe6eHKa nopY'IIITeJIeM IIJIII Be HbIM nOpy1JHTeJIeM!
no )];OJIrOBbIM 06H3aTeJIbCTBaM pO)];IITeJIeii (CJl.1. perneHHe Bep-
XOBHoro cy)];a OT 8 oKTH6pH 1968 r.).
6) 'YKa3aHHoe BbIrne nOJIOiReHIIe pacnpocTpaHHeTcH H Ha:
CJIY'IaII npOTIIBOpe'IHH IIHTepeCOB HeCKOJIbKHX .n;eTell:, HanpH-
1\1ep npII nepe)];a'Ie II1\1y ecTBa O)];HOrO pe6eHKa )];pyro1\1Y pe6eH-
KY (n. 2 CT. 826 rR).
B) AeiicTBIIH JIHn;, ocy eCTBJIHIO HX pO)];HTeJIbCKIIe npa-
Ba, B HapyrneHIIe OTMe'IeHHhlX OrpaHII'IeHIIii paCCMaTpIIBaIOT-
CH KaK npe)];CTaBIITeJIbCTBO 6e3 nOJIHOMO'IHii H He BbI3blBaIOT'
nOCJIe)];CTBHii )];JIH )];eTeii. B nOpH)];Ke TOJIKOBaHlIrr, O)];HaKO, C'III-
TaeTCH, 'ITO no )];OCTIIiReHIIII COBeprneHHOJIeTHH )];eTII 1\10rYT-
nO)];TBep)];IITb TaKHe )];eiiCTBIIH (CM. perneHHe BepXOBHoro cy)];8t
OT 20 anpeJIH 1971 r.).
59. COBMecTHoe ocy eCTBJleHHe pO;:J;HTCJlbCKIIX npaB.
a) PO)];IITeJIH, COCTOH IIe B 3aKOHHOM 6paKe, ocy ecTB-
mIIOT pO)];IITeJIbCKIIe npaBa COBMeCTHO (n. 3 CT. 818 rR). ::ho
B paBHOll: CTemmH OTHOCHTCH KaK K )];eiiCTBIIHM, CBH3aHHbIM
C JIII'IHO-npaBOBbIM CTaTYCOM, TaK II C HMy ecTBeHHbIMH OT-
HorneHHHMII pe6eHKa. HeCOBna)];eHHe MHeHHii pO)];HTeJIeW
Be)];eT K HeB03MOiRHOCTII npe)];CTaBIITeJI:bCTBa )];eTeii H npe)];o-
CTaBJIeHHIT CBoero COrJIaCHH Ha IIX )];eiiCTBHH. IIpHMeHHTeJIbHO'
K TaKoii cHTyall,HH rR He CO)];epiKIIT COOTBeTCTBYlO HX nOJIO-
iKeHIIii, II npo6JIeMa MOiKeT 6bITb perneHa nYTeM BMernaTeJIb-
CTBa ceMeiiHoro cy)];a, KOTOpbIii CBOIIM perneHIIeM II36epeT MHe-
HHe O)];HOrO II3 pO)];IITeJIell:.
6) O)];HOCTOpoHHee npe)];CTaBHTeJIbCTBO O)];HOrO H3 pO)];HTe'-
JIeii npII HeCOBna)];eHIIH HX J\lHeHIIll: no onpe)];eJIeHHoMY Bonpocy
paCCMaTpHBaeTCH KaK npe)];CTaBIITeJIbCTBO 6e3 nOJIHOMO'IIIii, 'a'
)];eiiCTBHH pe6eH]{a npH COrJIaCIIH JIIIrnb O)];HOrO H3 pO)];HTeJIeii
B TaKoii cIITyan;HII MorYT 6bITb aHHYJIIIpOBaHbI KaK COBeprnen-
HbIe 6e3 COrJIaCHH 3aKOHHoro npe)];CTaBHTeJIH. BMecTe C TeM'
3)];eCb MorYT B03HHKHYTb cHTyaIl,HH, CBH3aHHbIe C rrOJIOiKeIIHITc.
MH rR 0 BHernHe BH)];HMOM npe)];CTaBIITeJIbCTBe (CT. 110 rK)._
60. JIIImeHlIe pO)];HTeJlbCKIIX rrpaB.
1) JInmeHIIe pO)];IITeJlbCKIIX npaB II npaBa ynpaBJICHHII,
IIMy eCTBoM pe6eHKa.
a) IIpII 3JIoyrroTpe6JIeHIIH pO)];IITeJIbCKIIMH rrpaBaMH OTn;OM
IIJIII MaTepbIO, a TaKiKe rrpH cepbC3HOM IIX YKJIOHeHIIH OT OCY'-
232
eCTBJIeHHJI pOAHTeJIbCKHX npaB CeMellHbIll: cy fro 'rpeOOBa-
HHIO pOiJ.CTBeHHHIWB pe6eHKa HJIH npoRypopa MOmeT npHHJlTb
:perneHHe 0 JIHrneHHH HX pO,lJ.HTeJIbCRHX npaB (CT. 834, n. 1
,CT. 9 3aKoHa 0 cy,lJ.e6HOM paccMoTpeHHH ceMeHHbIX ,lJ.eJI). CJIe-
,p;yeT y<IHTbIBaTb, 'ITO caM pe6eHoR B nO,lJ.06HOM CJIY'Iae He
oo6JIa,lJ.aeT npaBoM Tpe6oBaHHJI. 3aRoHoM 0 6JIarOCOCTOJlHHH
..n;eTeH npaBo Tpe60BaHHJI JIHrneHHJI pO,lJ.HTeJIbCRHX npaB npe-
..n;ocTaBJIJleTCJI TaKiKe pyRoBolJ;HTeJIIO ,lJ.eTcKoii IWHCYJIbTa:U,HH
(CT. 33 5 yRasaHHoro saRoHa).
IIocJIe JIHrneHHH o,lJ.HOrO HS pO,lJ.HTeJIeH pO,lJ.HTeJIbCKHX npaB
pO,lJ.HTeJIbCRHe npaBa ocym;eCTBJIJlIOTCJI ,lJ.pyrHM pO,lJ.HTeJIeM. Ec-
..JIH B pesYJIbTaTe JIHrneHHJI pO,lJ.HTeJIbCKHX npaB y peoeHRa He
.OCTaeTCJI JIH:u.a, ocym;eCTBJIJlIOm;erO pO,lJ.HTeJIbCKHe npaBa, Ha,lJ.
HHM YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCJI oneKa (CM. n. 1 CT. 838 rR).
6) ECJIH B peSYJIbTaTe HeHa,lJ.JIemam;ero ynpaBJIeHHJI HMY-
-IIl.eCTBOM pe6eHRa OT:u.OM HJIH MaTepbIO, ocym;eCTBJIJlIOm;HMH
pO,lJ.HTeJIbCKHe npaBa, COS,lJ.aeTCJI yrposa ,lJ.JIJI 8Toro HMym;ecTBa,
'TO ceMeHHbIH cY,lJ. no Tpe6oBaHHIO pO,lJ.CTBeBHHKOB pe6eBKa HJIH
npoRypopa MomeT npHHJlTb perneHHe 0 JIHrneHHH pO,lJ.HTeJIeH
npaBa Ha ynpaBJleBHe HMym;ecTBoM ,lJ.eTeH (CT. 835 rK, n. 1
T. 9 3aRoHa 0 cYAe6HoM paCCMOTpeHHH ceMeHHbIX ,lJ.eJI). ECJIH
B peSYJIbTaTe TaRoro perneHHJI o6a pO,lJ.HTeJIJI npH coxpaHeHHH
pO,lJ.HTeJIbCKHX npaB JIHIIIeHbI npaBa ynpaBJIeHHJI HMym;ecTBoM
..n;eTeH, HaSHa'IaeTCJI oneKYH, Ba,lJ.eJIeHHhIH TOJIbRO npaBOM Ta-
Koro ynpaBJIeHHJI.
B) IIpH YCTpaHeHHH 06CTOJlTeJIbCTB, JlBHBllIHXCJI oCHOBa-
'HHeM ,lJ.JIJI JIHllIeHMJI pO,lJ.HTeJIbCKHX npaB HJIH npaBa yrrpaBJIe-
HHJI HMym;ecTBoM pe6eHRa, cy,lJ. no Tpe6oBaHHIO caMoro pe6eH-
Ka HJIH ero pO,lJ.CTBeHHHKOB MomeT aHHYJIHpOBaTb perneHHe 0
..JIHrneHHH YRasaHHbIX npaB (CT. 836 rR, n. 1 CT. 9 3aRoHa
i) cY,lJ.e6HOM paccMoTpeHHH ceMeHHbIX ,lJ.eJI).
2) OTKaa OT pO,lJ.HTeJIbCKHX npaB H npaBa ynpaBJIeHHH
HMym;ecTBoM pe6eHKa.
IIpH HaJIH'IHH npH'IHH HenpeO,lJ.OJIHMOrO xapaRTepa OTe:u.
1l1JIH MaTb, ocym;eCTBJIHIOm;He pO,lJ.HTeJIbCKHe npaBa, C paspe-
'meHHJI Ce IeHHOrO CY,lJ.a MorYT CJIOmHTb C ce6J1 nOJIHOMO'IHJI
no ocym;eCTBJIeHlllO pO,lJ.HTeJIbCRHX npaB HJIH rrpaBa ynpaBJIe-
HHJI HMym;ecTBOM. ECJIll me nOCJIe ,lJ.aHHOrO OTRaaa ,lJ.eHCTBHe
npH'IHH, JlBHBrnHXCJI OCHOBaHHeM ,lJ.JIJI CJIOmeHHJI C ce6J1 nOJI-
HOMO'IHH, npeRpa]( aeTCJI, TO C pasperneHHJI ceMeHHoro cY,lJ.a
TaRHe npaBa MorYT 6bITb BOCCTaHOBJIeHbI (CT. 837 rR). Ha-
'npHMep, npH nOB'fopHOM BCTynJIeHHH B 6paK B,lJ.OB:u.a 'IaCTO
<JTRaa OT p0,lJ.HTeJII,CRHX npaB B OTHOllIeBHH ,lJ.eTeH OT nepBoro
233
6paKa OTBeqaeT KaK HHTepeCaM caMOTO Bp;OBI1;a, TaK Hero
p;eTen. qTO KacaeTCH Tpe60BaHHH rrOJIyqeHHH paapeIIIeHHH ce-
MenHoro cyp;a, TO aTO YCJIOBHe HarrpaBJIeHO Ha rrpep;OTBparu;e-
HHe HaHeceHHH Bpep;a HHTepecaM p;eTen BCJIep;CTBHe Heoop;y-
MaHHoro OTKaaa 01' pOp;HTeJIbCKHX 06HaHHHocTen.
3) IIocJIep;cTBlla JIHmeHHa pOp;IITeJIhCIWX npaB H npaBa
ynpaBJIeHHa HMyIqecTBoM pe6eHKa.
a) IIoCJIe JIHIIIeHHH pOp;HTeJIbCKHX rrpaB OTeI1; HJIH MaTh
YTpaqHBaIOT rrOJIHOMOqHH rro rrOrreqeHHIO H BocrrHTaHHIO pe-
6eHKa, rro yrrpaBJIeHHIO ero HMyru;eCTBOM, a TaKJI{e rrpaBa rrpep;-
CTaBHTeJIbCTBa pe6eHKa rro Cp;eJIKaM JIHqHO-rrpaBOBoro H HMY-
ru;eCTBeHHoro xapaKTepa. IIOCKOJIbKY rR B CBHaH C JIHIIIeHHeM
pOp;HTeJIbCKHX rrpaB HHqerO He rOBopHT 06 HHCTHTYTe CorJIa-
CHH pOp;HTeJIen Ha aaKJIIOqeHHe 6paKa HecoBepIIIeHHOJIeTHHMllI
p;eTbMH, aTO rropomp;aeT paaJIHqHbIe TOJIKOBaHHH rrop;06HoH
cHTyaI1;HH. RpoMe Toro, CJIep;yeT YQHTbIBaTb, qTO JIHIIIeHHe po-
p;HTeJIbCKHX rrpaB He rrpepbIBaeT KpOBHoro pop;CTBa rro rrpHMon
JIHHHH Memp;y pOp;HTeJIHMH H p;eTbMH, rroaTOMY 06e CTOpOHhI
rro-rrpemHeMY HeCYT 06HaaHHocTb rro BaaHMHOMY cop;epmaHIITO,
a TaKme 06JIap;aIOT COOTBeTCTBYIOru;HMH HaCJIep;CTBeHHbIMH
npaBaMH.
6) B CJIyqae JIHIIIeHHH OTI1;a HJIH MaTepH, ocyru;ecTBJIHIO-
ru;HX pOp;HTeJIbCKHe rrpaBa, rrpaBa yrrpaBJIeHHH HMyru;eCTBOM
p;eTen OHH, eCTeCTBeHHO, YTpaqHBaIOT p;aHHoe rrpaBo, op;HaKO
coxpaHHIOT pOp;HTeJIbCKHe rrpaBa, CBHaaHHble C JIHqHO-rrpaBo-
BbIM cTaTycoM pe6eHKa. OHH rro-rrpemHeMY 06HaaHbl ocyru;eCT-
BJIHTb rrOrreqeHHe H BocrrHTaHHe p;eTen, a TaKme 06JIap;aIOT
rrpaBOM rrpep;cTaBHTeJIbCTBa p;eTen rro Cp;eJIKaM JIHqrrO-rrpaBo-
Boro xapaKTepa. To me OTHOCHTCH H K COrJIaCHIO pOp;HTeJIen
Ha BCTyrrJIeHHe HecoBepmeHHOJIeTHHX p;eTen B 6paK. IIpH
YTpaTe rrpaBa yrrpaBJIeHHH HMyru;eCTBOM pe6eHK3: O')J;HHM H3
pOp;HTeJIen TaKOBoe ocyru;eCTBJIHeTCH B e,n;HHOJIHqHOM rropHp;Ke
p;pyrHM pOp;HTeJIeM.
r naB a 5. OnEKA
61. 06 He nOJIOmeHHa.
1) 3Ha'leHHe HHCTIITYTa oneKII. B YCJIOBHHX p;encTBHn:
cTapon ceMenHon CHCTeMbI B HrroHHH, lwrp;a rrpHaHaBaJIaCb
ep;HHOJIHqHaH BJIaCTb rJIaBbI ceMbH, HcrrOJIHHIOru;ero <PYIIlill;HH
rrOrreqeHHH H KOHTpOJIH Hap; p;pyrHMH ee qJI8HaMH, HHCTHTYT
orreKH 6bIJI He06xop;HM JIHIIIb B cHTyaI1;HH, Korp;a JIHI1;O, YHa-
234
CJIe,lJ;OBaBIIlee CTaTYC rJIaBbI CeMbH, 6bIJIO MaJIOJIeTHHM. VCTa-
HOBJIeHJre OIleKH B OTHOIlIeHHH 'IJIeHOB ceMbH He rrpe,lJ;YCMaT-
pHBaJIOCb. B HaCTOHm;ee BpeMH C JIHKBH,lJ;aIJ;HeM CTapOM ceMeM-
HOM CHCTeMbI HHCTHTYT orreKH CJIYiRHT HCKJIID'IHTeJIbHO IJ;eJIHM
pacrnHpeHHH Kpyra cy6'beKTOB pO,lJ;HTeJIbCKHX rrpaB H oxpaHbI
HHTepeCOB JIHIJ;, rrpH3HaHHbIX He,lJ;eecrroc06HbIMH.
IIpH CTapOM ceMeHHOH CHCTeMe opraHOM, KOHTpOJIHpOBaB-
mHM ,lJ;eHCTBHH orreKYHa, HBJIHJICH ceMeMHbIM COBeT. C Te'Ie-
nHeM BpeMeHH, O,lJ;HaKO, BO MHorHX CTpaHax TaKHe KOHTpOJIb-
HbIe <PYHKIJ;HU rrepernJIH K rOCY,lJ;apCTBY H COOTBeTCTBeHHO 6bI-
..ITH Y'IpeiR,lJ;eHbI orreKYHCKHe CY,lJ;bI. IIpeiRHHH pe,lJ;aKIJ;HH rR
JIrroHHH B CBH3H C KOHTpOJIeM Ha,lJ; orreKYHOM Ha rrepBoe Mec-
TO CTaBHJIa orreKYHa-6JIIDCTHTeJIH, Ha BTopoe - ceMeMHbIH CO-
BeT H JIHrnb na TpeTbe - CY,lJ;, KOTOpbIH BMernHBaJICH TOJIbKO
IIPH npOTHBOpe'lHH perneHHM ceMeHHoro COBeTa ,lJ;eHCTBOBaB-
meMY 3aKOHo,[(aTeJIbCTBY HJIH KOr,lJ;a ,lJ;aHHbIe perneHHH HOCHJIH
HeHa,lJ;JIeiRam;HM xapaKTep. IIpH 3TOM cy,lJ; Mor aHHYJIHpOBaTb
IIO,lJ;06HbIe perneHHH. AeMCTBYIDm;aH pe,lJ;aKIJ;HH rR yrrpa3,lJ;HH-
..ITa HHCTllTYT ceMeHHoro COBeTa, Ha3Ha'IeHHe orreKYHa-6JIIDC-
THTeJIH CTaJIO rrpe,lJ;YCMaTpHBaTbCH JIHrnb B He06xo,lJ;HMbIX CJIY-
'IaHX, a ceMeMHOMY cy,lJ;Y 6bIJIH rrpe,lJ;OCTaBJIeHbI aKTHBHbIe H
rrpHMbIe KOHTpOJIbHbIe rrOJIHOMO'IHH B OTHOnfeHHH orreKYHa.
2) Y CTaHOBJIeHHe oneRH rrpOHCXO,lJ;HT B CJIe,lJ;YIDm;HX ,lJ;BYX
CJIyqaHX:
a) Kor,lJ;a HeCOBepllIeHHOJIeTHHM He HMeeT JlHIJ;, ocym;ecTB-
..ITHrom;HX B OTHorneHHH ero pO,[(HTeJIbCKHe npaBa, a 'faKiRe Kor-
,u;a JIHIJ;O, 06JIa,lJ;arom;ee pO,lJ;HTeJIbCKHMH rrpaBaMH, He HMeeT
npaBa Ha yrrpaBJIeHHe HMym;ecTBoM HeCOBeprneHHOJIeTHerO
(rril. 1 CT. 838 rR);
6) Kor,lJ;a JIHIJ;O rrpH3HaHo He,lJ;eecrroc06HbIM (rrrr. 2
CT. 838 rR). ECJIH HecoBeprneHHOJIeTHHM, B OTHorneHHH KOTO-
para ocym;eCTBJIHIDTCH pO,lJ;HTeJIbCKHe rrpaBa, rrpH3HaH He,lJ;ee-
oCrroc06HbIM, 3TO He 03Ha'IaeT, 'ITO JIHIJ;O, ocym;eCTBJIHIDm;ee
pO,lJ;HTeJIbCKHe rrpaBa, eCTeCTBeHHbIM 06pa30M CTaHOBHTCH orre-
KyHOM. B ,lJ;aHHOM CJIY'Iae Tpe6yeTcH O'f,lJ;eJIbHOe na3Ha'IeHH8
orreKYHa, 'ITO, KOHe'IHO, He rrpemITcTByeT Ha3Ha'IeHHID TaKO-
BbIM OTIJ;a HJIH MaTepH.
62. OpraHbI oneRn.
1) OpraHaMH orreKH HBJIHIDTCH orreKYH H orreKYH-6JIIDC-
THTeJIb. OrreKYH BbIIIOJIHHeT HCrrOJIHHTeJIbHbIe <PYHKIJ;HH. IIo,lJ;o-
ne'IHbIH MOiReT HMeTb JIHrnb O,lJ;Horo orreKYHa (CT. 843 rR).
OrreRYH-,6moCTHTeJIb BbIIIOJIHHeT KOHTpOJIbHbIe <PYHKIJ;HH, rro-
235
9TOMY B KamJ];OM OTJ];eJIbHOM CJIYTfae MOrYT lra3HaTfaTbCH He'-
CKOJIbKO OneKYHOB-6JIIOCTHTeJIeH. 06bITfHO OneKYH-6JIIOCTHTem:>
BbInOJIHHeT CBOH 4>YHKD;HH 6e3Bo3Me3J];Ho, O.[ IIaKO C pa3peIlIe-
HHH CeMeHHOrO cYJ];a J];OnYCKaeTCH H B03Me3J];HOCTb YCJIyr one-
KyHa-6JIIOCTHTeJIH (CT. 862 rR). HaKOHen;, BamHYIO KOHTpOJIb-
HYIO 4>YHKn;HIO no OTHOIlIeHHIO K oneKYHY BbInOJIHHeT ceMeH-
HbIH CYJ];.
2) OneKYH.
a) OneKYH HecoBepmeHHOJIeTHero. Ror}];a pO}];HTeJIbCRHe
npaBa B OTHOIlIeHHH HeCOBepIlIeHHOJIeTHerO ocym;eCTBJIHeT'
JIHIlIb OJ];HO JIHD;O, oneKYH MomeT 6bITb Ha3HaTfeH no ero 3aBe-
m;aHHIO. TaKoe Ha3HaTfeHHe, OJ];HaKO, HeB03MomHO, eCJIH JIHD;0r
ocym;eCTBJIHIOm;ee pOJ];HTeJIbCKHe npaBa, He 06JIa}];aeT npaBOM
ynpaBJIeHUH HMym;ecTBoM HeCOBepIlIeHHOJIeTHero. ECJIH PO}];H-
TeJIbCKUe npaBa ocym;eCTBJIHIOTCH 060HMH PO}];HT, eJIHMH Ho.
O}];HH H3 HHX He HMeeT npaBa Ha ynpaBJIeHlIe UMym;ecTBoM
pe6eHKa, J];pyroH pOJ];HTeJIb MomeT no CBoeMY 3aBem;aHIIID
Ha3HaTfHTb oneKYHa (CT. 839 rK). IIpH YCTanOBJIeHHH oneKH
JIHn;O, YKa3aHHoe B 3aBem;aHHH B Ka'IeCTBe oneKYHa, 06H3aHo.
nOJ];aTb 3aHBJIeHHe, OTBe'Iarom;ee Tpe60BaHHHM 3aKoHa 0 nO-
ceMeHHOH aanHCH (CT. 81 YKaaaHHoro 3aKoHa).
IIpu HeHaaHaTfeHHH oneKYHa no aaBem;aHHIO oneRYH Ha-
3Ha'iaeTCH ceMeHHbIM CYJ];O.M no Tpe60BaHHIO pO}];CTBeH-
HHKOB nOJ];one'IHOrO UJIH J];pyrHx aaHHTepeCOBaHHbIX JI
(CT. 841 rR). TaKoe Ha3Ha'IeHHe Tpe6yeT COOTBeTCTBYIOm;ero
peIlIeHUH ceMeHHoro cYJ];a H 3aHBJIeHHH, npeJ];YCMOTpeHHOro.
3aKOROM 0 noceMeHHOH aanHCU.
6) OneKYH JIHn;a, npmmaHHoro Re)1;eeCnocooHbIM. IIpH:
npH3HaHHH OJ];Horo H3 cynpyroB He}];eecnoc06IIbIM ero oneRY-
ROM CTaHOBHTCH J];pyroH cynpyr (CT. 840 rR). ECJIH me He-
}];eeCnOC06HbIMH npH3HaHbI 06a cynpyra, oneRYRbI Ha3Ha'Ia-
IOTCH }];JIH Ram}];OrO Ha HUX. TaR me KaK H B OTHOIlIeHHH Heco-
BepIlIeHHOJIeTHHX, B }];aHHOM cHTyan;nH orreRYH HaaHa'iaeTClI'
ceMeHHbIM CY}];OM (CT. 841 rR).
B) OTKaa oneKYHa OT CBOIfX nOJIHOMOTfnH nero OTCTpa-
HeRue OT IIcnm:IHeUUH nOJIROl\lO'lUH no oneRe. IIpn naJIlFIllII
Ra}];JIemam;HX OCHOBaHHH oneKYH C paapeIlIeHIUI ceMeHHoro
cy}];a MomeT CJIOmHTb C ceOH rrOJIHOMOqHJl no oneRe-
(CT. 844 rR, n. 1 CT. 9 3aKoHa 0 cy}];e6HOM paccMoTpelIHH
ceMeHHbIX }];eJI). IIpH HeHa}];JIemam;eM IfCIIomreHHII IIJIII Henc-
nOJIHeHHH oneKYHOM CBOHX nOJIHOMO'IHH ceMeHHbIH cy}]; MO-
meT no Tpe60BaHHIO oneRYHa-6JIIOcTHTeJIH, pop;CTBeHHHROB.
nO}];One'IHOro HJIH npoKypopa OTCTpaHHTb oneKyna OT ero nOJI-
236
HOM01:IlIll. KpOMe TOrO, rrOCROJILRY OrreRYH 06JIa.u;aeT .u;OBOJlbHO
llIHpORHMH rrOJIHOMO'IHHMH, CBH3aHHbIMH C JIH'IHO-rrpaBOBbIM
CTaTYCOM rrO.u;Orre'IHOro HerO HMYI:I\eCTBeHHbIMH OTHomeHHH-
MH, fK yCTaHaBJIHBaeT orrpe.u;eJIeHH:bIe RpHTepHll, rrpH ROTO-
p:bIX JIHU;O He MomeT 6bITL Ha3Ha'IeHO orreRYHOM, a TaRme
nepe'IHCJIJIeT OCHOBaHHH, rrpH B03HHRHOBeHHH ROTOpbIX orre-
RYH YTpa'IHBaeT CBOll CTaTYC. OrreRYHaMH COrJIaCHO fIt He
MorYT 6bITb HeCOBepllIeHHOJIeTHHe, rrpH3HaHH:bIe He.u;eecrrocoo-
HbIMH H OrpaHH'IeHHO .u;eecrroco6Hble; 3aROHH:bIe rrpe.u;CTaBHTC-
JIH H rrOrre'IHTeJIH, OTCTpaHeHH:bIe OT CBOHX rrOJIHOMO'IHll rro
pemeHHIO ceMellHoro cy.u;a; 6aHRpOT:bI; JIHu;a, CBH3aHHble B Ha-
CTOHI:I\eM HJIH rrpomJIOM C rro.u;orre'IHbIM O.u;HHM cy.u;e6HbIM npo-
u;eCCOM, a TaRme HX cyrrpyrH H RpOBHble po.u;CTBeHHHRH rrO
rrpHMOll JIHHHH BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Toro, HBJIHJIHCb OHH
HCTu;aMH HJIH OTBeT'IHRaMH; JIHu;a, MeCTOHaxom.u;eHHe ROTO-
pLIX HeH3BeCTHO.
3) OneRYH -OJIIOCTHTeJIb.
a) OrreRYH-6JIIOCTHTeJIb MomeT 6bITb Ha3Ha'IeH no 3aBe-
I:I\aHHIO JIHU;a, 06JIa.u;aIOI:I\erO rrpaBOM Ha3Ha'IeHHH orreRYHa
(CT. 848 fK). KpOMe Toro, B cJIY'fae Heo6xo.u;HMOCTH orreRYH-
6JIIOCTHTeJIb MomeT 6bITb Ha3Ha'IeH ceMeMHbIM Cy.u;OM rro 3aHB-
JIeHHIO po.u;cTBeHHHRoB rro.u;orre'IHoro HJIH orreKYHa (CT. 849 fK,
rr.1 CT. 9 3aRoHa 0 cy.u;e6HoM paccMOTpeHHH ceMellHbIX .u;eJI).
6) IIopH.u;oR CJIOmeHHH orreRYHoM-6JIIOCTHTeJIeM CBOHX rrOJI-
HOMO'IHM, ero OTCTpaHeHHH OT BbIlIOJIHHeMblX rrOJIHOMO'IHM H
YCJIOBHH, rrpH ROTOp:bIX onpe.u;eJIeHHOe JIlm;o He MomeT 6bITb
Ha3Ha'IeHO oneRYHOM-6JIIOCTHTeJIeM, Te me, 'ITO H .u;JIH orreRY-
Ha. KpOMe Toro, rrpe.u;YCMaTplIBaeTCH, 'ITO orreRYHOM-6JIIOCTH-
TeJIeM He MomeT 6:bITb Ha3Ha'IeH cyrrpyr orreRYHa, ero RPOB-
H:bIe po.u;CTBeHHHRH no rrpHMOll JIHHHH, a TaRme ero 6paTbH H
CeCTp:bI (CT. 850 fK), rrOCROJIbRy 3TO He COOTBeTcTByeT rrOJIHO-
MO'IHHM orreRYHa-6JIIOCTHTeJIH RaR ROHTpOJIepa .u;ellCTBHM orre-
RYHa.
63. Co.u;epmaHHe oneRH.
1) XOTH fK rrpe.u;ycMaTpHBaeT .u;Ba BH.u;a orreRYHOB-
orreRYHoB HeCOBepllIeHHOJIeTHHX H orreRYHOB JIlIU;, rrpH3HaH-
HbIX He.u;eecrroco6HbIMH, - co.u;epmaHHe orreRH B 060HX CJIY-
'IaHX pa3JIH'IaeTCH JIHmb B Borrpocax JIH'IHO-rrpaBOBoro CTaTY-
ca rro.u;orre'IHOrO; rro BorrpocaM me HMYI:I\eCTBeHHoro xapaRTe-
pa co.u;epmaHHe .u;aHHbIX BH.u;OB oneRH He pa3JIH'IaeTcH.
2) OOJl3aHHOCTH oneRYHa npH BCTynJIeHHH B nOJIHOMO'IHJI.
a) C u;eJIbIO rrpe.u;OTBpaI:I\eHHH CMemeHHH llMYlI\eCTBa orre-
237
RYHa H HMym;ecTBa nO)];One'IHOrO npH BCTYIIJIeHHH B nOJIH0l\10-
'IHH OneRYH 06H3aH He3aMe)];JIHTeJIbHO npOBeCTH 06CJIe)];OBa-
HHe HMym;ecTBa nO)];One'IHOrO, SaBepllIHB ero B MeCH'IHbIH CpOR,
.II COCTaBHTb HHBeHTapHYIO onHCb HMym;ecTBa. ,lJ;aHHbIii CpOR,
'O)];HaRO, MomeT 6bITb no SaHBJIeHHIO oneRYHa YBeJIH'IeH pellIe-
nHeM ceMeHHoro cy)];a. ECJIH O)];HOBpeMeHHO C oneRYHOM Ha-
,3Ha'IaeTCH oneRYH-6moCTHTeJIb, 06CJIe)];OBaHHe HMym;ecTBa H
'COCTaBJIeHHe HHBeHTapHOH onHCH ocym;eCTBJIHIOTCH B npHCYT-
CTBHH oneRYHa-6JIIOCTHTeJIH (CT. 853 rR, n. 1 CT. 9 3aRoHa
o cy)];e6HOM paCCMOTpeHHH ceMeHHbIX )];eJI).
6) ECJIH oneRYH 06JIa)];aeT B OTHomeHHH nO)];One'IHOrO
npaBoM Tpe60BaHHH HJIH HeceT nepe)]; HHM )];OJIrOBOe 06H3a-
TeJIbCTBO, OH 06HsaH C006m;HTb 06 aTOM oneRYHy-6JIIOCTHTeJIIO
)];0 Ha'IaJIa 06CJIe)];OBaHHH HMym;ecTBa nO)];One'IHOro. ECJIH me
oneRYH 3HaJI 0 HaJIH'IHH y Hero npaBa Tpe60BaHHH B OTHOllIe-
HHH nO)];One'IHOrO, HO He C006m;HJI 06 aTOM <paRTe oneRYHY-
6JIIOCTHTeJIIO, aTO npHBO)];HT R YTpaTe npaBa Tpe60BaHHH
(CT. 855 rR), HO He BJIHHeT B CJIY'Iae OTCYTCTBHH oneRYHa-
6JIIOCTHTeJIH.
PaCCMaTpHBaeMYIO 06HsaHHOCTb oneRYH HeceT H npH npH-
06peTeHHH nO)];One'IHbIM HaCJIe)];CTBeHHoro HMym;ecTBa B nOJI-
HOM 06'beMe (CT. 856 rR).
3) KOMneTeHIJ;HJI oneRYHa B OTHomeHIIH JIH'IHO-npaBO-
Boro cTaTyca nOp;one'lHOro.
a) OneRYH HeCOBepllIeHHOJIeTHerO B c<pepe JIH'IHO-npaBO-
Boro cTaTyca nO)];One'IHOrO HeceT 06HsaHHocTH H npaBa, aHa-
JIOrH'IHbIe 06HsaHHocTHM H npaBaM JIHU;a, 06JIa)];aIOm;erO PO)];H-
TeJIbCRHMH npaBaMH. BMecTe C TeM npH HaJIH'IHH oneRYHa-
6JIIOCTHTeJIH )];JIH ocym;eCTBJIeHHH oneRYHOM CBOHX npaB B
)];aHHOH c<pepe )];OnOJIHHTeJIbHO Tpe6yeTcH COrJIaCHe nepBoro
(CT. 857 rR).
6) OneRYH JIHU;a, npH3HaHHoro He)];eeCllOC06HbIM, 06HsaH
CO)];eHCTBOBaTb JIe'IeHHIO nO)];One'IHOrO B COOTBeTCTBHH C nJIa-
Temecnoc06HoCTbIO nOCJIen;HerO (n. 1 CT. 858 rR). II pH aTOM
B MOMeHT HaSHa'IeHHH oneRYHa ceMeHHbIH cy)]; MomeT OT)];aTb
COOTBeTCTBYIOm;He pacnopHmeHHH OTIIOCHTeJIbHO JIe'IeHHH
nO)];One'IHOrO (CT. 84 IIOJIOmeHHH 0 BBe)J;eHHH B )];eHCTBHe
3aRoHa 0 cy)];e6HOM paCCMOTpeHHH ceMeHHbIX )];eJI). TIoMem;e-
HHe oneRYHOM JIHu;a, IIpHSHaHHoro He)];eecnoc06HbIM, B nCHXH-
aTpH'IeCRYIO JIe'Ie6HHU;Y HJIH HHbIe aHaJIOrll'IHbIe Y'Ipem)];eHHfl
Tpe6yeT paspellIeHHH ceMeHHoro cy)];a.
4) KOMneTeHD;HJI oneRYHa B OTHomeHHH IIMym;ecTBa no-
p;One'IHOro.
238
a) OneRYH ocy eCTBJUIeT ynpaBJIeHlIe HMy ecTBoM no-
lJ;one'IHOrO II npelJ;CTaBJUIeT nOlJ;Orre'IHOrO B ClJ;eJIRaX IIMYlQe-
CTBeHHoro xapaRTepa. IIpH B03HHRHOBeHHH AOJIrOBI>IX 06H3a-
TeJIbCTB B pe3YJIbTaTe COBeprneHHH nOlJ;06HbIX Cp,eJIOR Tpeoy-
eTCH COrJIaCHe nOlJ;One'IHOrO (CT. 859 H 824 fR).
IIoCROJIbRY oneRYH 06JIalJ;aeT AOBOJIbHO rnHpoRoll ROMrre-
TeHIJ;Hell B OTHorneHHH HMy ecTBa nOlJ;one'IHOrO, TO B OTJlWme
0'1' ROMneTeHIJ;HII JIHD;, ocy eCTBJIHIOIQHX pOlJ;HTeJIbCRHe npa-
Ba, 3lJ;eCb npelJ;YCMOTpeHbI onpelJ;eJIeHHbIe OrpaHH'IeHHH. I1pe-
mlJ;e Bcero, oneRYH 06H3aH ocy eCTBJIHTb ynpaBJIeHHe HMY-
m;eCTBOM, RaR 3TO npeAYCMOTpeHO H lJ;JIH nOBepeHHoro, C 3a60-
TOll xopornero ynpaBJIHIO erO (CT. 869,644 fR). IIpH
BCTynJIeHHH B nOJIHOMO'IHH oneRYH oOH3aH onpeAeJIHTb rOAO-
ByIO CYMMY paCXOlJ;OB Ha mH3Hb, 06Y'IeHHe (HJIH JIe'IeHHe)
nOAOne'IHOrO, a TaRme Ha ynpaBJIeHHe ero HMy ecTBoM
(CT. 861 fR). IIopHlJ;OR OTRa3a oneRYHa 0'1' npaBa ynpaBJIe-
IIHH HMy ecTBoM B OTHOlIIeHHH HMy ecTBa, nOlJ;apeHHOro
nOAOne'IHOMY TpeTbHM JIIID;OM, TOT me, 'ITO II B OTHorneHIIH
JIHD;, ocy eCTBJIHIO HX pOlJ;HTeJIbCIme npaBa (CT. 869,
830 fR). IIOJIHOMO'IHH oneRYHa OrpaHH'IHBaIOTCH, RaR H nOJI-
HOMO'IHH JIHD;, 06JIalJ;aIO HX pOAHTeJIbCKHMH npaBaMH, B CJIY-
'Iae lJ;ellCTBHll, CBH3aHHbIX C npOTHBOpe'IHeM HHTepeCOB one-
RYHa H nOlJ;One'IHOrO, a TaRme HeCROJIbRHX nOAOne'IHbIX. IIpH
naJIH'IHH oneRYHa-6JIIOCTHTeJIH HMeHHO OH ocy eCTBJIHeT
npelJ;CTaBHTeJIbCTBO nOlJ;One'IHOrO npH lJ;aHHbIX lJ;ellCTBHHX, a
npH ero OTCYTCTBHH - Ha3Ha'IaeTCH CneD;HaJIbHbIll npeACTa-
BHTeJIb (CT. 860, n. 4 CT. 851 fR). RpoMe Toro, npH BbIlJ;a'Ie
oneRYHoM COrJIaCHH Ha 3aHHTHe nOAOne'IHhIM npO<peCCHO-
naJIbHOll AeHTeJIbHOCTbIO npH HaJIH'IHH oneRyna-6JIIOCTHTeJIH
lJ;onOJIHHTeJIbHO Tpe6yeTcH H COrJIaCHe nOCJIeAHerO, H, HaRO-
HeD;, ClJ;eJIRH, BeAY He R B03HHRHOBeHHIO rrpaB TpeTbHx JIHD;
B OTHorneHHH HMy ecTBa nOlJ;one'IHOrO Hero JIH'IHO, MorYT
ObITb aHHYJIHpOBaHbI.
6) CeMellHbIll CYA Ha OCHOBaHHH H3Y'IeHHH HMYlQeCTBeH-
Horo nOJIOmeHHH oneRYHa H nOAOne'IHOrO, a TaRme HHbIX 06-
CTOHTeJIbCTB i\fOmeT ycraHoBHTb COOTBeTCTBYIOlQee B03Ha-
rpaiKAeHHe oneRYHY H3 HMy ecTBa nOAOne'IhOrO (CT. 862 fR) .
5) IIpH ocy eCTBJIeHHH oneRYHOM JIHIllb nOJIHOMO'IHll no
ynpaBJIeHHIO HMylQeCTBOM OH He 06JIalJ;aeT npaBallfH H He He-
ceT 06H3aHHOCTell B OTHorneHHH JIWlHo-npaBOBoro cTaTyca
HeCOBepllIeHlIOJIeTHerO, ROTopbIe IIO-npeJl\HeMY JIemaT Ha
JIll IJ, a X, OOJIalJ;aIOIQHX pOlJ;HTeJIbCRIIMH npaBaMH (CT. 868
rR).
239
6) KOMneTeH lIl1 oneKYHa-OJIIOCTHTNllI.
a) IIpII ocym;eCTBJIeHIIII orreRYHoM-6JIIOCTHTeJIeM CBOIIX
rrOJIHOMotJHH OH 06H3aH BbmOJIHHTb IIX C 3aooToH xopomero
yrrpaBJIHIOm;erO (CT. 852, 644 niL).
6) OrreRYH-OJIIOCTHTeJIb 06H3aH: ROHTpOJIHpOBaTb p,eHCT-
BHH orreKYHa (rrpH aTOM orreRYH-6JIIOCTIITeJIb B JII060e BpeMJ!
MomeT rroTpe60BaTb OT orreRYHa rrpep,CTaBJIeHHH OTQeTa 0 CBO-
trH p,eHTeJIbHOCTII IIJIH IIHBeHTapHoH orrlIclI IIMym;ecTBa, a TaR-
me npOBeCTII oOCJIep,OBaHlIe p,eHcTBIIH orreRYHa II IIMym;ecT-
BeHHoro rrOJIOmeHHH rrOmmetJHoro), rrpII rrpeRpam;eHHII orreRII
He3aMe,o;JIHTeJIbHO rrpep,'bHBJIHTb Tpe60BaHIIe 0 Ha3Ha'IeHHII
ceMeHHbIM Cyp,OM HOBoro orreRYHa, rrpe,o;upHHHMaTb He06xop,1I-
Mble MepbI rro yrrpaBJIeHIIIO IIMym;ecTBoM rrop,orretJHoro II rro
lIHbIM BorrpocaM, rrpII HaJIlItJHH tJpe3BbltJaHHoH clITyaU;HII rrpep,-
CTaBJIHTb rrOp,Orre'IHOrO rro Cp,eJIRaM, CBH3aHHbIM C rrpoTHBope-
tJlIeM HHTepecoB orreRYHa II rrop,orretJHoro, a TaRme HHTepecoB
HeCI<OJIbRIIX rro,o;orre'IHbIX (RaR OTMetJaJIOCb paHee, B ,o;aHRbIx
clITyaU;HHx orreRYH He MomeT rrpep,CTaBJIHTb rrop,orretJHoro
(CT. 851 rI{). IIpH OTCYTCTBHH orreRYHa-6JIIOCTMTeJIH Bce yRa-
3aHHbIe rrOJIHOMOtJIIH, 3a IICRJIIOtJeHHeM rrOCJIep,HerO, ocym;ecTB-
JIHIOTCH ceMeHHbIM Cyp,OM (B rrOCJIep,HeM me CJIytJae Ha3HatJa-
eTCH CrreU;HaJIbHbIH rrpep,cTaBHTeJIb).
7) KOHTpOJIb aa ;rI;ellTeJIbHOCTbIO oneRYHa. IIpH Ha3Ha'Ie-
HIIH orreRYHa-6JIIOCTHTeJIH ROHTpOJIb 3a orreROH ocym;eCTBJIHeT-
CH HM, a rrpH OTCYTCTBHII orreRYHa-6JIIOCTHTeJIH ROHTpOJIbHbIe
.pYHRU;HH BbIrrOJIHHIOTCH ceMeHHbIM Cyp,OM, ROTOpbIH B JIIOOOe
BpeMH wmeT rroTpeooBaTb OT orreRYHa rrpep,CTaBJIeHHH OT'Ie-
Ta 0 CBOHX p,eHcTBIIHX II HHBeHTapHoH onHCH HMym;ecTBa, a
TaRme npOBeCTII 06CJIe,o;oBaHHe ocym;eCTBJIeHHH orreRH 1I HMY-
rn.:eCTBeHHoro rrOJIOmeHIIH rrop,orretJHoro. AaHHbIe p,eHcTBHH
MorYT ocym;eCTBJIHTbCH ceMeHHbIM Cyp,OM II rrpH OTCYTCTBHII
Tpe60BaHHH RaRHX-JIH60 JIlII , eCJIH no BbI3bIBaeTCH He06xo-
p,HMOCTbIO (n. 1 CT. 863 rK).
CeMeHHbIH cyp, rro Tpe60BaHHIO orreRYHa-6JIlOCTHTeJIH, po,o;-
CTBeHHHROB rrOp,Orre'IHOrO H HHbIX aaHHTepecoBaHHblx JIHIJ;, a
TaRme B CJIytJae He06xop,HMOCTlI MomeT npep,nHcaTb ocym;e-
CTBJIeHHe orrpep,eJIeHHbIX Mep B OTHomeHlI1I yrrpaBJIeHHH HMY-
rn.:eCTBml rrOp,Orre'IHOrO H HHbIX BorrpOCOB orreRH (rr. 2
CT. 863 rK).
64. IIpeKpa eHHe oneKlI.
1) OrreRa rrpeRpam;aeTCH C ,o;OCTHmeHHeM COBepmeHHOJIe-
THH, npH BCTyrrJIeIIHH B 6paR HeCOBepmeHHOJIeTHerO, a TaRme
240
IIPH BOCCTaHOBJIemHr ]];eecrroco6HocTH JIHrr.a, rrpH3HaHHOrO He-
eecrroco6HbIM, B pe3YJIbTaTe aHHYJIHpOBaHHlI peIIIeHHlI 0 ero
IIpH3HaHHH TaROBbIM. CJIe]];yeT Y'IHTbIBaTI" 'ITO rrpeRpaIII.eHHe
IIOJIHOMO'lHH orreRYHa MomeT HacTyrraTb H ]];0 OROH'IaHHlI orre-
RH B pe3YJII,TaTe OTRa3a OT CBOHX rrOJIHOMO'lHH, ero OTCTpa-
HeHHlI OT rrOJIHOMO'lHH, B03HHRHOBeHHlI 06CTOlITeJII,CTB, He-
COBMeCTHMbIX CO CTaTYCOM orreRYHa, a TaRme ero CMepTH.
2) OT1JeT 06 ynpaBJIeHHH HMYIII.eCTBoM, npe]];CTaBJIJIeMI,lii
no OROH1JaHHH oneRH.
a) IIpH npeRpaIII.eHHH rrOJIHOMO'lHH orreRYHa OH HJIH ero
npeeMHHRH 061I3aHbI B 2-MeClI'IHbIH CpOR rrpe]];CTaBHTb OT'IeT
06 yrrpaBJIeHHH. ,l],aHHbIH CpOR MomeT 6bITb YBeJIH'IeH rro pe-
lIIeHHIO ceMeHHoro cy]];a (CT. 870 fR). IIpH H8JIH'IHH orreRY-
Ba-6JIIOcTHTeJIlI aTOT OT'IeT COC'faBJIlIeTClI B ero npHCYTCTBHH.
6) IIocJIe ]];OCTHmeHHlI rrO]];Orre'lHbIM COBepmeHHOJIeTHlI
p;orOBopbI Mem]];y HHM H orreRYHOM (HJIH ero rrpeeMHHRaMu)
p;o OROH'IaTeJIbHOrO COCTaBJIeHHlI OT'IeTa 06 orreRe MorYT 6bITb
aHHYJIHpOBaHbI.
B) Ha ]];eHemHbIe CYMMbI, rrO]];JIemaIII.He B03BpaIII.eHHIO rro-
]j;orre'lHOMY orreRYHOM H Ha060poT, C MOMeHTa 3aBepIIIeHHlI
COCTaBJIeHHlI OT'IeTa 06 orreRe YCTaHaBJIHBaIOTCll rrporr.eHTbI.
B CJIY'Iae HCrrOJII,30BaHHH orreRYHOM ]];eHemHbIX Cpe]];CTB rro]];o-
rre'lHOrO B c06cTBeHHbIx HHTepecax rrporr.eHTbI YCTaHaBJIHBa-
IOTCH C MOMeHTa TaRoro HCrrOJIb30BaHHff. IIpH rrpH'IHHemm
YIII.ep6a Ha orreRYHa B03JIaraeTClI OTBeTCTBeHHOCTI, rro ero B03-
MeIII.eHHIO (CT. 873 fR).
r) IIoraCHTeJII,HalI ]];aBHOCTI, B OTHOIIIeHHH 061I3aTeJIbCTB,
B03HHRIIIHX B CB1I3H C orreROH Mem]];y orreRYHOM (orreRYHOM-
OJIIOCTHTeJIeM) H rrO]];Orre'lHbIM, perYJIHpyeTClI rrOJIOmeHHlIMH
TR, rrpe]];YCMOTpeHHbIMH B OTHOIIIeHHH 061I3aTeJIbCTB Mem]];y
JIHrr.aMH, OCYIII.eCTBJIHIOIII.HMH pO]];HTeJIbCRHe rrpaBa, H HX ]];eTI,-
MH (rr. 1 CT. 875, CT. 832 fR).
65. IIOne1JHTeJII,CTBo.
1) IIHCTIITYT none'lllTeJII,CTBa CJIymHT rr.eJIlIM oxpaHbI HH-
TepeCOB OrpaHH'IeHHO ]];eecrroc06HbIX. B ROMrreTeHrr.HIO rrOrre'lH-
TeJIlI BXO]];HT JIHillb rrpaBO ]];aTb COrJIaCHe Ha COBepIIIeHHe orrpe-
p;eJIeHHbIX C]];eJIOR HMYIII.eCTBeHHoro xapaRTepa OrpaHH'IeHHO
p;eecrroco6HbIl\L IIpH aTOM rrOrre'lHTeJIb He 06JIa]];aeT rrOJIHO-
MO'lHlIMH rro COBepIIIeHHIO C]];eJIOR B rrOplI]];Re rrpe]];CTaBHTeJII,-
CTBa OrpaHH'IeHHO ]];eecrroco6Horo H, CJIe]];OBaTeJIbHO, He pac-
nOJIaraeT rrpaBOM Ha yrrpaBJIeHHe ero HMYIII.eCTBOM (CM.
CT. 11-13 fR, 06m;alI 'IaCTb - 32) ,
16 3aKa3 X. 1264
241
2) IIOne'lHTeJIL.
a) Ha3Ha'IeHHe JIHn;a nOne'IHTeJIeM aHaJIOrH'IHO Ha3Ha-
'IeHHIO oneRYHa JIHn;aM, npH3HaHHbIM He,II;eecnoc06HMMIf
(n. 1 CT. 847 rK, cr. 840 H 846 rK).
6) B ROMneTeHn;HIO none'IHTeJIH BXO,II;lIT JIHillb npaBO'
p;aTb COrJIaCHe Ha COBeprneHHe C,II;eJIOR. IIpH 3TOM CJIe,II;yeT'
Y'IHTMBaTb, 'ITO B CJIy'Iae npOTHBOpe'IHH HHTepeCOB nOne'IH-,
TeJIH H orpaHH'IeHHO ,II;eecnoc06Horo COrJIaCHe Ha C,II;eJIRH"
COBeprnaeMbIe OrpaHH'IeHHO ,II;eecnoc06HMM, ,II;aeT BpeMeHHbIH
none'IHTeJIb, Ha3HIl'IeHHMH ceMeHHMM CY,II;OM (n. 2 CT. 847 rK).
IIoraCHTeJII>HalI ,II;aBHOCTI> B OTHorneHHH 06H3aTeJIbcTB, B03-
HHRllIHX B CBH3H C none'IHTeJIbCTBOM Mem,II;Y nOne'lHTeJIeM If
OrpaHH'IeHHO ,II;eeCnOC06HMM, perYJIHpyeTCJJ Ha OCHonaHHIf
HOpM rK, npe,II;ycMoTpeHHMx B OTHorneHHH 06H3aTeJIbcTB, CBJl-
3aHHbIX C oneRoH (CT. 876, 875 rK).
r naB a 6. HH<AHBEHHE
66. 06 He nOJIOmeHHH. ,
1) B 06m;ecTBe BCer,II;a HMeIOTCH JIHn;a, B 60JIbrneH HJIlf
MeHbllIeH CTeneHH Hym,II;aIOm;HeCH B Cpe,II;CTBaX cym;ecTBoBa-
HHH. B nepHO,II;, ROr,II;a npOH3BO,II;HTeJIbHbIe CHJIbI 06m;ecTBa 6M-
JIH He,II;OCTaTO'IHO pa3BHTM, TaRHe JIHn;a ORa3MBamICb B COCTOH-
HHH RpaHHeH Hym,II;M, a B pH,II;e CJIY'IaeB nOIIpOCTY rH6mI H3-33J
HeBMHOCHMbIX YCJIOBHH mH3HH. C pa3BHTHeM npOH3BO,II;HTeJIb-
HMX CHJI nOne'leHrre H CO,II;epmaHHe TaKHX JIHII. CTaJIH paCCMaT-
pHBaTbCH RaR 061I3aHHocTb 06m;ecTBa, O,II;HaKO Bonpoc 0 TOM.
RTO ROHRpeTHO H3 'IJIeHOB 06m;ecTBa ,II;OJImeH 6bIJI HeCTII 3TY
06H3aHHocTb, pemaJICH no-pa3HOMY, B 3aBIICHMOCTH 01' MeCTa
H BpeMeHH. B n;OJIOM B nepHO,II; ,II;eHCTBHH cTapoH ceMellHOH
CHCTeMM C'IHTaJIOCb, 'ITO 3TY <pYHRn;HIO ,II;OJImHa BbIIlOJIHHTI>
ceMbH, a nepCOHaJIbHO - ee rJIaBa. BJIIIHHHe TaKOll TOT}KII 3pe-
nHH rrpOCJIemHBaeTCH B nepBOHa'laJIbHOH pe,II;aKU,HH fK, no
ROTOpOH rJIaBa ceMbH 6bIJI e,II;IIHCTBeHHMM c06cTBeHHIIROM Bce-
ro ee HMym;ecTBa H O,II;IIOBpeMeHHO 6bIJI 06H3aH CO,II;epmaTb
'IJIeHOB CeMbH. C pacna,II;OM cTapoH ceMeHHOH CIICTeMbI OTHO-
llIeHHH Mem,II;y pO,II;HTeJIHMH II ,II;eTbMH, cynpyraMII, 6paTMIMH H
ceCTpaMII BM,II;eJIIIJIHCb RaR caMOCTOHTeJIbHbIe H CO,II;epmaHHe
Hym,II;aIOm;HXCH craJIO COOTBeTCTBeHHO B03JIaraTbCH Ha JIHn;,
CBH3aHHMX TaRHMH OTHOllIeHHHMH. BMecTe C TeM 06H3aH-
HOCTb no CO,II;epmaHHIO JIHn;a, He CBH3aHHoro TaRHlIIH OTHOllIe-
HHHMH, CTaJIa B03JIaraTbCH Ha rOCY,II;apCTBO H Mymn IIIIaJIb-
242
HLIe OOm;HHbI. B OTJIH'IHe OT 00H3aHHOCTeH nepBOrO po}:(a,
QO'be}:(HHHeMLIX CHCTeMOH aJIHMeHTHOH 00H3aHHOCTH, 130 BTO-
pOM CJIY'lae MLI HMeeM nYOJIH'IHOe BcrrOMom;eCTBOBaHHe, HJIH
(',HCTeMY COll,HaJIbHOrO ooeCne'leHHH. G}:(HaRO H nepBoe H BTopoe
npe}:(CTaBJIHeT COOOH }:(Ba acneRTa O}:(HOH H TOIl: me npOOJIeMbI.
2) B MOMeHT CTaHOBJIeHHH rpam}:(aHCRoro OOm;ecTBa 13 Ra-
"'IeCTBe OCHOBHOii BLIcTynaJIa CHCTeMa '1aCTHOH aJIHMeHTHoH
oOH3aHHocTH, a nYOJIH'IHOe BcnOMOm;eCTBOBaHHe HOCHJIO xa-
paRTep COll,HaJIbnOH 3am;HTI>I. C C03}:(aHHeM rocy}:(apcTBa Bce-
oom;ero oJIaro}:(encTBHH OCHOBHOH 00H3aHHocTbIO rocy}:(apCTBa
CTaJIa npH3HaBaTbcH 00H3aHHocTb ooeCne'leHHH Ram}:(OMY '1JIe-
HY OOm;ecTBa '1eJIOBe'leCRHX YCJIOBHH cym;ecTBoBaHHH H COOT-
BeTCTBeHHO O}:(HJIM H3 OCHOBHbIX npaB '1eJIOBeRa ObIJIO npH-
3HaHO npaBO TpeooBaTb OT rocy}:(apCTBa ooeCne'leHHH Ha}:(JIe-
mam;HX YCJIOBHii: cym;ecTBoBaHHH JIH'IHOCTH. ::ha n03Hll,HH
OLIJIa 3aRpenJIena 13 nOCJIeBOeHHoH I\OHCTHTYll,HH HnoHHH,
npOB03rJIaCHBllIeH 13 CT. 25, '1TO «Bce HMeIOT npaBO Ha no}:(}:(ep-
maHHe MHHHMaJIbHOrO ypOBHH 3}:(OpOBOH H RYJIbTypHOH mH3-
HID). B ll,eJIHX ooeCne'leHHH }:(aHHoro npaBa R'OHCTHTYll,HH, C
O}:(HOH CTOpOHbI, rapaHTHpyeT npaBO COOCTBeHHOCTH (CT. 29
R'OHCTHTyll,HH), a C }:(pyroH - npaBO Ha TPY):( H npaBO Ha C03-
):(aHHe OO'be}:(HHeHHH (CT. 27 H 28 R'OHCTHTyll,HH). B COOTBeT-
(','lBHH C ClTHM JIHll,a, HMeIOm;He coocTBeHHocTb, CYIll,eCTBYIOT
3a ee C'IeT, a Tpy}:(ocnocooHbIe JIHIW oOeCne'lHBaIOT ceoH 3a
C'IeT coocTBeHHoro Tpy}:(a (eM. n. 1 CT. 4 3aRoHa 00 oxpaHe
mH3HH). BMecTo C TeM cym;ecTBoBaHHe JIHll" He OOJIa}:(aIOm;HX
HH COOCTBeHHOCTbIO, HH Tpy}:(ocnoCOOHOCTbIO, OOeCne'lHBaeTCH
:3a C'IeT nYOJIH1IHOrO BcnOMOm;eCTBonaHHH, ROTopoe HMeeT,
O}:(HaRO, BCnOMOl'aTeJIbHbIH xapaRTep no OTHomeHHIO R CHCTe-
Me 'IaCTHOH aJIIIMeHTHOH 00H3aHHOCTH Mem}:(y OJIH3RHMH pO}:(-
eTBeHHHRaMH.
67. Bo:mHKHoBeHHe aJIHMeHTHoH oOH3aHHocTII npe}:(ycMoT-
peHO npH COOJIKt}:(eHHH pH}:(a YCJIOBHH.
1) IIm}:(IIBeHll,bI. JIHll,O MomeT TpeOOBaTb co}:(epmaHHH OT
CBOHX po}:(cTBeHHHRoB JIJIllIb 13 c.1JY'lae HeB03MomHOCTH cym;e-
CTBOBaHHH aa C'IeT coocTBeHHoro HMym;ecTBa HJIH Tpy}:(a.
2) JIHll,a, HecY lIe aJIIIMeHTHym oOH3aHHocTb. Cnoco6-
HOCTb K ee HeceHllm.
a) JIHll,aMH, eCTeCTBeHHLIM oopaaoM Hecym;HMH aJIHMeHT-
HYIO oOH3aHHocTb, HBJIHIOTeH KpORHbIe po}:(cTBeHHIIKII no npJl-
MOH JlHHHH, a TaRme 6paTbH II cecTpbI Hm}:(HBeHll,a (n. 1
CT, 877 rR'). IIPH HaJIH'IHH HeCROJIbRHX JIHll" Hecym;HX aJIH-
16'
243
MeHTHYIO 06H3aHHocTL, C'IHTaeTCH, 'ITO BCe OHH B paBHOM
rrOpH)];Re HBJIHIOTCH 06H3aHHLIMH JIHu;al\1H, rrOCROJILRY 3aROH
He YCTaHaBJIHBaeT O'Iepe)];HOCTH.
6) MHLle pO)];CTBeHHHRH He HeCYT aJIHMeHTHLle 06H3aH-
HOCTH, O)];HaRO rrpH HaJIH'IHH oc06LIx 06cToHTeJILcTB ceMeMHLIH
cy)]; MOllieT B03JIOlliHTL aJIHMeHTHYIO 06H3aHHocTL Ha PO)];CT-
BeHHHROB )];0 TpeTLeii CTeneHH pO)];CTBa (rr. 2 CT. 877 fH').
CJIe)];yeT Y'fIITLIBa TL, 'ITO, B03JIOlliIIB Ha YRa3aHHLIX JIIIU; aJIII-
MeHTHYIO 06H3aHHocTL, ceMeMHLIM cy)]; MOllieT rrpH H3MeHe-
HHH 06cToHTeJILcTB OTMeHHTL CBoe perneUHe (rr. 3 CT. 877 fH').
BLIrneYRa3aHHLIe JIHu;a MorYT JIHrnL a6cTpaRTHo CTa'l'L JIH-
u;aMH, Hecym;HMH aJIHMeHTHYIO 06H3aHHocTL; )];JIH ROIIRpeTHOro
B03JIOllieHHH Ha HHX 8TOM 06H3aHHocTH OHH )];OJIlliHLI 06JIaJIaTb
crroc06HocTLIO R ee BLIllOJIHeHHIO: HX MaTepHaJILHOe nOJIOllie-
HHe )];OJImHO He TOJILRO 06eCne'IHBaTL HX c06cTBeHHoe cym;e-
cTBoBaHHe, HO H OCTaBJIHTL orrpe)];eJIeHHLIM H3JIHrneR.
3) B03HHKHoBeHIIe npaBa TpeooBaHHH CO)];epmaHHH.
B B03HHRHOBeHHH npaBa Tpe60BaHHH CO)];epllii1HIiH H COOTBeT-
CTBeHHO aJIHMeHTHOM 06H3aHHocTH CJIe)];yeT BLI)];eJIHTL )];Ba 8Ta-
rra - a6cTpaRTHLIM II ROHRpeTHLIM. ECJIH Ha rrepBOM 8Tane
YRa3aHHoe npaBO H 06H3aHHocTL B03HIIRaIOT BCJIe)];CTBHe
cym;ecTBoBaHHH Hlli)];HBeHu;a H JIHu;a, Hecym;ero aJIHMeHTHYIO
06H3aHHocTL, TO Ha BTOpOM 8Tarre ROHRpeTHoe CO)];epmaHHe
8Toro rrpaBa H 06H3aHHocTH orrpe)];eJIHeTCH COrJIarneHlIeM CTO-
pOH JIH60 perneHHeM ceMeMHoro cy)];a. IIepexo)]; OT nepBoro
8Tana RO BTOPOMY ocym;eCTBJIHeTCH 3a C'IeT peaJIH3au;mI npa-
Ba Tpe60BaHHH CO)];eplliaHHH, B pe3YJILTaTe ROTOpOll YCTaHaB-
JIHBaeTCH ROHRpeTHoe rrpaBO.
4) Ocym;eCTBJIeHHe npaBa TpeooBaHHH CO)];epmaHifH )];0-
nYCRaeTCH JIHrnL caMHM Hlli)];HBeHu;eM. l1pH aTOM B eJIY'Iae
HeHCnOJIHeHHH aJIHMeHTHOll 06H3aHHOCTH 06H3aHHLIM JIHU;OM
rrpe)];ycMaTpHBaeTCH ee rrpHHY)];IITeJILHOe HCnOJIHeHHe. IIpaBo
Ha CO)];eplliaHHe He nO.D;JIemHT HCrrOJIHeliHIO B nOpH)];Re 3a'leTa
(orOBopRa CT. 505 fH'), OHO He MOllieT 6LITL nepe)];aHO IIJIH OT-
)];aHO B 3aJIOr, He )];OnycRaeTcH TaRllie OTRa3 Hlli)];HHeHu;a OT
8Toro rrpaBa (CT. 881 fH'). H'poMe Toro, Rpe)];IITOp He WfReT
YCTalIOBHTL 3anpem;eHHH B OTHorneHHH npaBa ua CO)];epmaHHe
(nn. 1 n. 1 eT. 618 fIIH'); rrpaBO Tpe60BaHHH CO)];epmaIIHH,
npHHa)];JIelliam;ee 6aHRpoTY, HeRJIIO'IaeTCH II3 ero HMym;ecTBa
(n. 3 CT. 6 3aRoHa 0 6aHRpoTcTBe). YRa3aHHoe npaBO He
MOllieT 6LITL 06'LeRToM naCJIep,OBaHIIH (oroBopRa CT. 896
rH').
244
68. AmfMeHTHaJl OOJl3aHHOCTh H ee HCrrOJIHeHHe.
1) O'lepei'1;HOCTh OOJl3aHHhIX H npaBOMO'lHhIX JIIIQ. II pH:
HaJIH'IHH MHomeCTBeHHOCTH npaBOMO'IHbIX H 06R3aHHbIx JIHQ,
B03HHRaeT np06JIeMa, RTO H3 HHX rrpemp;e P;PyrHx HMeeT npa-
BO Ha nOJIY'IeHHe cop;epmaHHR H RTO H3 HIIX rrpeiHi'1;e Bcero
HeceT aJIHMeHTHYIO 06R3aHHocTb. Bo Bcex 3THX CJIY'IaRX BO-
npoc peIlIaeTCR no CorJIaIlIeHHIO CTOpOH, op;HaRO npH Hep;OCTH-
meHHH TaRoro CorJIaIlIeHHR HJIH ero OTCYTCTBHH OH peIlIaeTCR
ceMeMHbIM CYi'1;OM (CT. 878 rR, rr. 1 CT. 9 3aRoHa 0 cyp;e6HoM
paCCMOTpeHHH ceMeMHbIX p;eJI). IIpH 3TOM TaRoe CorJIaIlIeHHe
HJIII peIlIeHHe ceMeMHoro cyp;a He 06R3aTeJIbHo i'1;OJIJRHO
BbI!WJIRTb JIHIlIb OP;HO JIHU;O H3 MHomeCTBa rrpaBOMOqHbIX II
06H3aHHhIx JIHU;: aJIHMeHTHYIO oOH3aHHocTh MorYT COBMeCTHO>
HCrrOJIHRTb HeCROJIbRO mm;, TaRme MomeT orrpep;eJIHTbCH O'Ie-
pep;HOCTb nOJIY'IeHHH cop;epmaHHR.
2) Pa3Mep H cnocoobI cop;epmaHHJI. Pa3Mep cop;epmaHHff
YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCR B 3aBHCHMOC'I'H OT ROHRpeTHoM cHTyaU;HH M
onpep;eJIHeTCR rrpemp;e Bcero COrJIaIlIeHHeM CTOpOH, a rrpH OT-
CYTCTBHH HJIH HeB03MomHOCTH TaRoro COrJIaIlIeHHR - peIlIeHH-
eM ceMeMHoro cYi'1;a. IIpH onpep;eJIeHHH pa3Mepa cop;epmaHHH
He06xop;HMO npHHHMaTb BO BHHMaHHe CTerreHb Hymp;aeMoCTH
npaBOMO'IHOrO JIHu;a, rrJIaTemecrroc06HocTb 06R3aHHoro JIHu;a,
a TaRme cOBoRynHocTb HHbIX 06CTORTeJIbCTB (CT. 879 rR"
n. 1 CT. 9 3aRoHa 0 cyp;e6HoM paCCMOTpeHHH ceMeMHbIX p;eJI).
B nopRp;Re TOJIROBaHHR C'IHTaeTCH, qTO pa3Mep cop;epmaHHH
He 06R3aTeJIbHo p;OJImeH 06eCrre'IHBaTb npaBOMOqHOMY JIHU;y
ypOBeHb mH3HH, paBHbIM ypOBHIO mH3HH 06R3aHHoro JIH1\a"
JIH60 ypOBeHb, cooTBeTcTBYIO HM yCTaHOBJIeHHOMY 3aRoHoM
06 oxpaHe mH3HlI (CM. pemeHlIe BblCOIwro cYi'1;a OcaRa OT'
28 HIOJIH 1958 r.).
Crroc06bI cop;epmaHHR MorYT BbIpamaTbCR JIH60 B rrpHHR-
THH rrpaBOMO'IHorO JIHu;a Ha cop;epmaHHe, JIH60 B rrpei'1;OCTaB-
JIeHHH eMY p;eHer HJIH Be eM. Bo Bcex CJIY'IaRX Borrpoc peIlIa-
eTCR COrJIaIlIeHHeM CTOpOH HJIH perneHHeM ceMeMHoro cyp;a.
3) H3l\feneHlle OOCTOJITeJIbCTB. IIPH H3l\IeHemIII o6cToR-
TeJIbCTB rrOCJIe i'1;OCTHmeHHR COrJIaIlIeHHJI HJIH BbIHeceHHR pe-
IlIeHHR ceMeMHoro cyp;a 06 Oqepep;HOCTH npaBOMOQHbIX IWH 06R-
3aHHblX JIHU;, pa3Mepe HJIH crroc06ax cop;epmaHHH ce IeMHbIM
cyp; MomeT H3MeHHTb HJIH aHHYJIHpOBaTb YRa3aHHoe corJIarne-
HHe HJIH peIlIeHHe ceMeMHoro cyn;a (CT. 880 rR, rr. 1 CT. 9>
3aRoHa 0 cyp;e6HoM paCCMOTpeHHH ceMeMHbIX i'1;eJI).
Pa3Aen V. HACnEACTBEHHOE nPABO
r naB a 1. O&lJ.I,ASI LfACTb
1. CO)l,epmaHHe pa3)];eJIa «HaCJIe CTBeHHoe npaBo> . AaH-
JIbIH, nJlTbIH pa3)];eJI rR (CT. 882-1044) BRJIIO'laeT B ce6J1
S rJIaB: «06m;aJl 'laCTb», «HaCJIe)];HHRH», «HaCJIe)];OBaHHe »,
,«ITpHHJlTHe H OTRaa OT HaCJIe)];CTBa», «IIHBeHTapH3aU;HJI Ha-
'CJIe)];CTBeHHoro HMym;ecTBa», «OTCYTcTBHe HaCJIe)];HHROB»,
«SaBem;aHHe», «06J13aTeJIbHaJl )];OJIJI». ECTecTBeHHo, 'lTO ca-
Moe npJlMOe OTHOllIeHHe R HaCJIe)];OBaHHIO HMeIOT JIHilib nep-
Rble IIIeCTb rJIaB, nOCJIe)];HHe iRe )];Be no CBoeMY xapaRTepy
'OTJIH'lHbI OT HHX.
IImme CMepn'l. JI1'I.1],8 Bce nplliIa)];JIeiR8BTIl1'I.e eMY 1'I.Mym;e-
<CTBeHHbIe npaBa H 06J13aHHOCTH nepeXO)];JlT R l'I.HbIM JIHu;aM,
"leH Rpyr onpe)];eJIJleTCJI B rJIaBe «HaCJIep;HHRH». CVopMa H
nOCJIe)];CTBHJI rrpeeMCTBa rrpaB H 06J13aHHOC eH (B 'laCTHOCTH,
naCJIe)];CTBeHHbIe )];OJIH H pa3)];eJI HaCJIe)];CTBeHHoro HMym;ecT-
,Ba npl'l. HaJIHqHH HeCROJIbRHX HaCJIe)];HHRoB) perYJIHpyroTCJI
nOJIOiReHHJlMH rJIaBbI «HaCJIe)];OBaHHe». rJIaBa «ITpHHJITHe H
'OTRa3 OT HaCJIe)];CTBa» perJIaMeHTHpyeT npOu;e)];ypy H nOCJIe)];-
'CTBHJI YHHBepCaJIbHOrO H OrpaHH'leHHoro np8BonpeeMCTBa, a
TaRiRe IIOJIHOrO OTRa3a OT HaCJIe)];OBaHHJI. ITpou;e)];ypa o6oco6-
JIeHHJI HaCJIe)];CTBeHHoro HMym;ecTBa OT HMym;ecTBa HaCJIe)];-
HHROB H npOBe)];eHHJI paC'leTOB B HHTepecax Rpe)];HTOpOB Ha-
CJIe)];o)];a TeJIH onpe)];eJIJleTCJI r JIaBoii d1HBeHTa pH3aU;HJI
HaCJIe)];CTBeHHoro HMyIIl,eCTBa». TIOJIOrReHlIJI, RacaIOIII,HeCfI
CJIY'laJl HeJlCHOCTH HaJIH'lHJI HaCJIe)];HHROB, cOJJ;epiRaTCJI B rJIa-
Be «OTCYTCTBHe HaCJIe)];HHROB». 06m;He npHHU;HnbI no BceM
BbIllIeYRa3aIIHbIM BonpocaM H3JIaraIOTCJI 11 rJIaBe «06m;aJl
'laCTb» .
rJIaBa «SaBem;aHHe» perYJIHpyeT HHCTHTYT npH3HaHHJI no-
'CJIe)];CTBHH nOCJIe)];HeH BOJIH JIH'lHOCTH. IT pH aTOM CJIe)];yeT
Y'lHTbIBaTb, 'lTO, nOCROJIbRY rR HnOHHH He npH3HaeT Ha3H8-
'leHHJI HaCJIe)];HHROB no 3aBem;aHHIO, B cPopMaJIbHOM CMbICJIe
'246
Mem y HaCJIe OBaHHeM H 3aBe aHHeM OTCYTCTByeT CYUJ;HOeT-
HaH CBH3b. C Pyroii CTOpOHbl, OCHOBHble M01.ieHTbl 3aBe a-
HHH CBH3aHbI HMeHHO C rrepeXO OM HaCJIe CTBeHHoro HMynW-
CTBa; TaR, rro BorrpocaM oJIeii B HaCJIe CTBe Hero pa3;:J:ena
HaCJIe;:J:O;:J:aTeJIb MomeT YCTaHaBJIHBaTb Mepbl, OTJIH'IHbIe OT
rrpe;:J:YCMOTpeHHblX B OTHOIIIeHHH HaeJIe OBaHHH no 3aROHY
(CT. 902, 908, 914 H CJIe;:J:. fR), H 3;:J:eCb 3aBem:aHHe ):{orrOJI-
HHeT ero.
fJIaBa «06H3aTeJIbHaH OJIH» yeTaHaBJIHBaeT orrpe;:J:eJIeH-
Hble RpHTepHH Ha cJIY'Iaii ROH<pJIHRTa rrOJIOmeHHii fR 0 HaCJIe-
;:J:OBaHHH rro 3aROHY C nopH;:J:ROM HaCJIe;:J:OBaHHH HMy ecTBa"
rrpe;:J:YCMOTpeHHblM npHmH3HeHHblMH ;:J:eiicTBHHMU HaCJIe O;:J:a-
TeJIH HJIH ero 3aBe aHHeM. TYT fR, C O;:J:HOH CTOPOHbI, Tpe6yeT
HaJIH'IHH orrpe;:J:eJIeHHblX OCHOBaHHii ;:J:JIH OTCTpaHeHHH HaCJIe-
;:J:o aTeJIeM 06H3aTeJIbHblX HaCJIe;:J:HHROB OT HaCJIelJ;OBaHHH, a C
pyroii - rrpH3HaeT 3a HaCJIe;:J:O;:J:aTeJIeM cB060;:J:y pacrropHme-
HHH CBOHM HMy ecTBoM rro 3aBe aHHIO npH HeHapYIJleHHlI
YCTaHOBJIeHHblX fR pa3MepOB 06H3aTenbHbIX ):(OJIeH HaCJIe):(-
HHROB.
2. IIoHHTlle HHCTHTYTa HaCJIe):(OBaHIfH II Cl'O pa3BIfTlIe..
HaCJIe):(oBaHHe rrOHHMaeTCH B ):(BYX CMblCJIaX - IIIHpOROM H
Y3ROM. B IJlHpOROM CMblCJIe HaCJIe):(OBaHHe 03Ha'IaeT rrepc-
XO rrOCJIe CMepTH JIuu;a ero HMy ecTBeHHblX rrpaB H 06H3aH-
HocTeii R ):(pyrOMY JIHn;y. B :nOM CMbICJIe B rrOlfHTHe HaCJIe):(o-
BaHHH BRJIIO'IaeTCH H HaCJIe):(OBaHHe no 3aBe aHHIO. B Y3ROM
CMbICJIe HaCJIe):(OBaHHe 03Ha'laeT eCTeCTBeHHoe rrpeeMCTBO'
B COOTBCTCTBHH C aaROHOM HMy ecTBeHHblX rrpaB H 06H-
3aHHOCTeii JIJIn;aMH, COCTOH HMH C nOROHHblM B onpe):(eJIeH-
HblX pO):(CTBeHHbIX OTHOIIIeHHHX. Bo Bcex ):(aHHbIX CJIyqaHx
rJIaBHOii rrpe):(rrOCbIJIROii HBJIHeTCH Haxom):(eHHe lIMy ecTBa B
C06CTBCHHOCTH rroRoHHoro. C :noii TO'lRH 3peHHH B rrepHO):(.
cy ecTBoBaHHH CTapOH ceMeHHOH CHCTeMbI (Ror)J,a HMy ecT-
BO HaXO HJIOCb B c06CTBeHHOCTH Bceii ceMbH) HaCJIe OBaHHH
B HbIHeIJlHeM ero nOHHMaHHH He cy ecTBOBaJIO.
C JIHRBH):(an;nell CTapOII ceMeIUIolI cnCTeMbl II oCBo6om;:J:e-
HHeM JIH'IHOCTH H3-no):( ROHTpOJIH ceMbH ):(OXO):( RafR):(oro ee
qJIeHa CTaJI paCCMaTpJIBaTbCH RaR ero co6CTBeHHblIl, a ero'
HMy ecTBo - RaR JIH'IHoe. COBMeCTHaH mH3Hb cynpyroB,
pO):(HTeJIeii H eTeH CTaJIa 6a3HpOBaTbCH HMeHHO Ha TaROM rro):(-
xo):(e. CeMbH Ha'laJIa 3aBHceTb 0T HMy ecTBa H ):(oxo):(a cy-
npyra HJIH 6JIHmaHIJlerO po):(cTBeHHHRa, rro:nOMY cMepTb
1I0CJIe):(Hero BeJIa R yrp03e cy ecTBoBaHHH ;:J:pyrHx '1JIeHOB
247
'ceMbH. ,n:aHHOe 06CTOHTeJIbCTBO H rrOpOJJ;HJIO HHCTIITYT HaCJIe-
AOBaHHH HMym:eCTBa rrepemHBIIIHM cyrrpyroM H pacrrpeJJ;eJIe-
nHH HaCJIeJJ;CTBa MemJJ;y JJ;eTbMH. OJJ;HOBpeMeHHO C yrrpO'Ie-
nHeM HHJJ;HBHJ];yaJIbHOro XapaRTepa HMym;ecTBa Ha'IaJIa npH-
'3HaBaTbCH H cBo6oJJ;a aaBem;aHHH. 3aJJ;a'Ia me COBpeMeHHoro
naCJIeJJ;CTBeHHoro rrpaBa COCTOHT B C6aJIaHCHpOBaHHH rrpOTHBO-
pe'IHH MemJJ;Y aaBHCHMOCTbIO ceMbH H ee 'IJIeHOB OT rrpHHaJJ;-
.JIemam;ero RamJJ;OMY OTJJ;eJIbHOMY 'IJIeHY ceMbH rrpaBa co6.
{;TBeHHOCTH H cBo6oJJ;oll: pacrropHmeHHH 3THM rrpaBOM co6-
,cTBeHHOCTH.
3. OCHOBaHHJI HaCJIeJJ;OBaHHH. BrrOJIHe npaBOMepeH Borrpoc:
lIO'IeMY B CJIY'Iae CMepTH JIHu;a Te, RTO COCTOHJI C HHM B orrpe-
.J eJIeHHbIX OTHOIIIeHHHX, CTaHOBHTCH HaCJIeJJ;HHRaMH ero HMY-
m;ecTBa? ITocJIe yrrpa3JJ;HeHHH n pe3YJIbTaTe rrOCJIeBOeHHoro
IIepeCMOTpa rR HHCTHTYTa HaCJIeJJ;OBaHHH HCRJIIO'IHTeJIbHO
'CTapIIIHM CbIHOM H rrplI3HaHHH Heo6xoJJ;HMOCTH BbIJJ;eJIeHHH
:HaCJIeJJ;CTBeHHbIX JJ;OJIeH nepemHBIIIeMY cyrrpyry H BceM JJ;eTHM
rrOROll:HOro 60JIbllIHHCTBO HrrOHCRHX Y'IeHbIX npHllIJIH R MHe-
:HHIO, 'ITO Heo6xoJJ;HMOCTb HHCTHTYTa HaCJIeJJ;OBaHHH JJ;HRTyeTcH
<((rroTpe6HocTHMH COBMeCTHOll: CeMell:HOll: mH3HH B YCJIOBHHX
:JIHJJ;lIBHJJ;yaJIbHOll: co6cTBeHHocTH Ha HMym;ecTBO>). OJJ;HaRo B
tpaMRax 3TOll: o6m;ell: rr03HU;HH cym;eCTBYIOT JJ;Be rr03HU;HH. ITo
MHeHHIO OJJ;HOH rpyrrrrbI Y'IeHbIX, HaCJIeJJ;OBaHHe npoJJ;OJImaeT
BepTHRaJIbHbIe OTHOIIIeHHH COTpYJJ;HH'IeCTBa. BTopaH rpyrrrra
1iCXOJJ;IIT H3 Toro, 'ITO COBpeMeHHaH COBMeCTHaH ceMeRHaH
:mH3Hb BeJJ;eTCH B paMRax OrpaHH'IeHHOll: ceMbH, a HaCJIeJJ;O-
£'3.HHe rrpeJJ;CTaBJIHeT co6oll: JIHRBHJJ;aU;HJO HaCJIeJJ;CTBeHHoro
HMym;ecTBa CROH'IaBllIerOCH 'IJIeHa ceMbH C u;eJIbJO o6ecrre'Ie-
:nHH mH3HH OCTaBllIHXCH 'IJIeHOB 3TOR ceMbH.
ITo HallieMY MHeHHJO, rrpH paCCMOTpeHHH JJ;aHHoro Borrpo-
'ca CJIeJJ;yeT Y'IIITbIBaTb JJ;Ba 06CTOHTeJIbCTBa. Bo-rrepBblx, rrplI
CIICTeMe IIHJJ;HBIIJJ;yaJIbHOll: co6CTBeHHOCTII Ha HMyru;eCTBO Ram-
JJ;oe JIHU;O JJ;OJImHO rrOJJ;JJ;epmHBaTb CBOJO mH3Hb 3a C'IeT co6-
CTBeHHoro HMym;ecTBa. JRH3Hb RamJJ;oro JIHu;a B HaCTOHm;ee
BpeMH rrpOTeRaeT B paMRax TaR lIa3bIBaeMOll: HYRJIeapHOll:
ceMbH, H HHJ];HBHJ];yaJIbHOe HMym;ecTBo Ramgoro 'IJIeHa ceMbH
oCJIymHT rroJJ;JJ;epmaHHJO OTHOllieHIIll: COBMeCTHOll: mH3HH. Bo-
BTOpbIX, RamJJ;bIll: MomeT CBo6oJJ;HO pacrropHmaTbCH CBoelI co6-
{;TBeHHOCTbJO, BRJIJO'IaH B03MomHOCTb orrpeJ];eJIeHHH CYJJ;bObI
HMym;ecTBa rrOCJIe cBoeR CMepTH. B npH3HaHIIH l1HCTHTYTa
HaCJIeJJ;OBaHHH HaxOJJ;HT OTpameHHe HMeHHO CO'IeTaHHe 3THX
JJ;BYX 06CTOHTeJIbCTB,
248
4. PaaBilTifc HaCJIe CTBeifHoro iIpaBa B HnOluIIf. BnJlOTJ:.
o nepHo a «peCTaBpaQHH 8M aH» e HHoro HaCJle CTBeHHO-
fO npaBa He cym;ecTBOBaJIO. MMeJIOCJ:. OT eJIJ:.Hoe IIaCJIe CTBeH-
Hoe npaBO JIH caMypaeB H OT eJIJ:.Hoe - JIH npOCToro Hapo-
a. B HaCJIe CTBeHHOM npaBe caMypaeB eMCTBOBaJI HHCTH-
TYT e HHOJIH'lHoro HaCJIe OBaHHH CTapllIHM CblHOM. Cpe H
npOCTOHapO J:.H 8TOT HHCTHTYT XOTH H cym;ecTBOBaJI, HO He:
Bcer a HBJIHJICH rocnO CTBYIOm;HM. B ero cpe e OBOJIbHO
IIlHpOKO 6bIJIa pacnpocTpaHeHa CHCTeMa HaCJIe OBaIIHH HMY-
m;eCTBa ceMJ:.H caMJ:.IM MJIa IlIHM pe6eHKoM, a TaWKe CHCTeMa'
HaCJIe OBaHHH cTaTyca rJIaBbI ceMbH cTapllIeM O'lepJ:.IO. Cpe H
ropOiKaH npaKTHKOBaJIacJ:. CHCTeMa HaCJIe OBaHHH HMym;eCTBa:
HaH60Jlee nO XO Hm;HM JIHQOM H, KpOMe Toro, B 60JIJ:.llIeM HJIH
MeHJ:.llIeM CTeneHH ocym;eCTBJIHJlCH paa eJI HaCJIe}J:CTBa. TaKHM!
o6paaoM, CHCTeMa HaCJle OBaHHH HMym;ecTBa TOJIJ:.KO CTapllIHM
CJ:.lHOM He 6bIJIa TaK pacnpOCTpaHeHa, KaK 06bI'lIIO npelWTaB-
JIHeTCH.
IIepBoHa'laJIJ:.HaH pe aKQHH rK YCTaHOBHJIa cHcTeMY e n-
HOJIH'lHOrO HaCJIe OBaHHH cTapllIHM CbIHOM. JJ;aHnaH CHCTeMCl
HaCJIep;OBaHHH CJIyiKHJla rro epiKaIIHIO q,eo aJIJ:.Horo HHCTH-
TYTa HCKJIIO'lHTeJIJ:.HoM BJIaCTH oTQa, HBJIHBllIerOCH cOQHaJIJ:.HoH.
6aaoH a6COJlIOTHaMa B cTpaHe.
IIepecMOTp rK rrOCJIe rrpHHHTHH HOBOM KOHCTHTYII.HH
RnoHHH rrOBJIeK aa C060M KopeHHoe HaMeHeHHe HHcTHTYTa
HaCJIe OBaHHH. OCHoBHble HTorH rrepecMoTpa paa eJla d-Ia-
CJle CTBeHHoe rrpaBo» aaKJIIO'laJIHCJ:. B CJIe YIOm;eM.
a) HOBaH pe aKQHH rK rrOJIHOCTbIO ynpa3 HHJIa cTapyIO'
ceMeMHYIO cHcTeMY H HHCTHTYT rJIaBbI ceMbH. COOTBeTcTBeHHo'
rrpeKpaTHJI cym;ecTBoBaHHe H HHCTHTYT HaCJIe OBaHHH HMY-
m;ecTBa HCKJIIO'lHTeJIJ:.HO cTapllIHM CbIHOM. B HacTOHm;ee Bpe-
MH rrOHHTHH (<HMym;ecTBO ceMJ:.H» HeT B cq,epe, perYJIHpyeMoii
HaCJIe CTBeHHbIM rrpaBoM. BonpOCbI HaCJIe OBanHH rrpe Me-
TOB, CBH3aHHJ:.IX C KYJIJ:.TOM rrpe KoB, yperYJIHpOBaHbI OT eJIb-
HbIMH rrOJlOiKeHHHMH rK (CT. 897 rK).
6) MCXO H H3 YKa3aHHoro OCHOBHoro H3MeHeHHH xapaH-
Tepa HaCJIe OBaHIfH, aHHaH OTpaCJIb npaBa npeTeprreJIa H pH ,
CTPYKTYPHbIX If3MeHeHHM.
Bo-nepBbIX, HaCJIe OBaHHe B q,opMaJIJ:.Hml II q,aKTH'leCKOM
OTHOllIeHHH CTaJIO CBH3bIBaTbCH C If3MeHeHHeM TOJIJ:.KO If MY-
tnecTBeHHbIX npaBOOTHOllIeHIfII.
BO-BTOpJ:.IX, 6bIJIH ynpa3 HeHbI TaKHe HHCTHTYTbI, KaK CJIO-
iKeHHe rJIaBOII ceMbH C ce6H CBOHX rrOJIHOMO'lHM, 3aKJIIO'leHHe
6paKa C HaCJIe HHQeM C rrpHHHTHeM ee q,al\IHJIHH H HHbIe,
249'
'C,BHaaHHble paHee C HaCJIeJJ;OBaHHeM. EJJ;HHCT:BeHHbIM OCHOBa-
,HHeM OTH,pbITHH HaCJIeJJ;CTBa CTaJIa CMepTb HaCJIeJJ;OJJ;aTeJIH.
llpHmHaHeHHoe npeeMCTBO HMym;ecTBa JJ;pyrHMH JIHIWMH CTa-
.JIO BoaMomHbIM TOJIbRO Ha OCHOBaHHH JJ;apeHHH (JJ;ame npH ne-
peJJ;a'le ,)Toro HMym;ecTBa cynpyry HJIH JJ;eTHM).
B-TpeTbHX, npH HaCJIeJJ;OBaHHH RpOBHbIMH POJJ;CTBeIfHHRa-
MH 6bIJIa yCTaHOBJIeHa CJIe)];YIOm;aH O'lepe)];HOCTb: HaCJIe)];HHRH
nepBOM O'lepeJJ;H - JJ;eTH, BTOpOM - RpOBHbIe pOJJ;CTBeHHHRH no
npHMOM BOCXO)];Hm;eM JIUHHH, TpeTbeii - 6paTbH H CeCTpbI. llpH
MHomeCTBe JIHU; B Ram)];OM rpynne YCTanaBJIHBaeTCH COHaCJIe-
)];OBaHHe H HaCJIe)];CTBeHHoe HMym;ecTBo nOJJ;JIemHT paa)];eJIY
Mem)];y COHaCJIe)];HHRaMH.
B-'1eTBepTbIX, nOMHMO HaCJIe)];OBaHHH RpOBHbIMH pO)];CTBeH-
HHRaMH HaCJIe)];O)];aTeJIR, B Ra'leCTBe caMOCTOH'feJIbHOrO HHCTH-
TYTa 6bIJIO BBe)];eHO HaCJIen;OBaHHe rrepemHBllIHM cynpyroM, H
,HbIHe npH npHaBaHHH R HaCJIe)];OBaHHIO naCJIe)];HHROB Ram)];OM
1Ia Bcex yRaaaHHbIX O'lepe)];eu nepemHBllIHII cynpyr HMee-r
CBOIO YCTaHOBJIeHHYIO )];OJIIO.
B-nRTbIX, 6bIJIO YCTaHOBJIeHO, '11'0 HaCJIe.n;HHRaMH He MorYT
6bITb HHRaRHe HHbIe JIHU;a, nOMHMO BbIllIeyKaaaHHbIX. llpH
YRaaaHHH HaCJIe)];OJJ;aTeJIeM B aaBem;aHHH Ha nepeJJ;a'lY onpe-
JJ;eJIeHHOU )];OJIH HaCJIe.n;CTBeHHoro HMym;eCTBa )];pyrmIY JIHU;Y
nOCJIe)];HHU (JIeraTapHU) no CBoeMY CTaTYCY npHpaBHHBaeTCH
R HaCJIe)];HHRy (CT. 990 rK), HO H Ha ,)Toro He CJIfJ)];yeT, '11'0
OH CTaHOBHTCH HaCJIe)];HHROM.
B) KaR H npe)];bI)];ym;aH, HOBaH pe)];aRU;HJI rK He rrpHHHJIa
npHHU;Hn nOJIHOU CB060)];bI aaBem;aHHH, noaTOMY B OTHOllIeHHH
RpOBHbIX pOJJ;CTBeHHHROB no npHMOU HHCXO.n;Hm;eu H BOCXO)];H-
m;eu JIHHHRM H nepemHBllIero cynpyra npH3HaeTCH CHCTeMa
06HaaTeJIbHOU )];OJIH ()];aHHbIU HHCTHTYT He JJ;eucTByeT B 01'-
HorneHHH 6paTbeB H ceCTep HaCJIeJJ;OJJ;aTeJIH), O)];HaRO no CBoe-
MY xapaRTepy nepe'lHCJIeHHbIe HOBbIe HHCTHTYTbI B RopHe 01'-
JIH'IHbI OT npemHHX, CBHaaHHbIX C oc06eHHOCTHMH CTapou
ceMeUHOU CHCTeMbI. KpOMe Toro, 6bIJIa npHaHaHa nOJIHaH CBO-
60)];a npHHRTHH HJIH OTRaaa OT HaCJIe)];CTBa BHe aaBHCHMOCTH
OT xapaRTepa oTHorneHHu HaCJIe)];HHRa C HaCJIe)];O)];aTeJIeM.
5. OOID;He IIpHHII;HIIbI HaCJIe)];OBaHHH. rJI3Ba 1, «06m;aJI
'1aCTb», paa)];eJIa «HaCJIe)];CTBeHHoe npaBO» COCTOHT Ha '1eTbI-
pex cTaTeu, CBHaaHHblX C HHCTHTYTOM HaCJIeJJ;OBaHHH no aa-
ROHY, nOHHMaeMOM B yaRoM CMbICJIe.
1) B Ra'leCTBe OCHOBaHHH OTKpbITHH HaCJIe)];CTBa rK npH-
3HaeT TOJIbKO CMepTb JIHu;a (CT. 882 rK). TaK HaabIBaeMbIU
250
HnCTHTYT npHiI\H3ReRROrO RaCJIe;IJ;OBaRHH Re nOJIY'IHJI npK-
3RaRlIH B ROBOH pe,n;aRIJ;Inr fIt CJIe,n;yeT OTMeTHTb TaRme, 'ITO'
nOCROJIbRY npH3RaRHe mrn;a oe3BecTHo OTCYTCTBYIOm;HM npn-
paBRHBaeTCH R ero CMepTH, TO YRa3aRRoe rrpH3RaRlIe HBJIH-
eTCH OCROBaRHeM OTRpbITHH HaCJle,n;CTBa.
2) BpeMJI OTRpbITHJI HaCJIe,n;CTBa HacTynaeT C MOMeHTa:
cMepTH RaCJIe,n;o,n;aTeJIH. Co CMepTbIO HaCJIe,n;o,n;aTeJIH ero HMY-
m;eCTBO Re C'IIITaeTCH oecxo3RbIM (CM. CT. 896, II. 2 CT. 239,
CT. 951 fR), nonOMY He3RaHHe HaCJIe,n;HHROM 4>aRTa CM,epTlJ'
naCJIe,n;o,n;aTeJIH, a TaRme OTCYTCTBHe 3aHBJIeHHH, Tpeoye!roro,
3aRoRoM 0 noceMeHHOH 3anHCH, H cooTBeTcTBYIOm;eH perH-
CTpaIJ;HH Re npenHTCTBYIOT nepexo,n;y R RaCJIe;IJ;HHKY rrpaB H
oOH3aRRocTeH B Ka'IeCTBe rrpaBOBoro IIOCJIe,n;CTBHH OTRpMTHH
naCJIe,n;CTBa. Ha perneRHe Borrpoca 0 npHHHTlI1I HaCJIe,n;CTBa
fR npe,n;OCTaBJIHeT TpeXMeCH'IHbIH CpOK C MOMeRTa ero OT-
RpbITHH (npH Re3RaRHH RaCJIe,n;HHROM 0 4>aRTe OTRpbITHH'
naCJIe;IJ;CTBa - TpeXMeCH'IHbIH CpOR C Toro MOMeHTa, RaR Ha-,
CJIe,n;HHR Y3HaeT 0 ,n;aRROM 4>aRTe) (CT. 915 fR). 8TO nOJIO-,
meRHe pacnpocTpaRHeTcH TaRme H DR CJIY'IaH OTCYTCTBHHi
CBe,n;eRHH 0 HaJIH'IHH RaCJIe,n;HHROB B MOMeHT CMepTII RaCJIe-,
,n;o,n;aTeJIH H oORapymeHHH HX JIHIIIb cnYCTH orrpe,n;eJIeRHoe'
BpeMH (CM. CT. 955 fR). BpeMH OTRpbITIIJI HaCJIe,n;CTBa 'Ipe3-
BbI'IaHRO BamHO B CBH3H C perneRlIeM TaRIIX BorrpOCOB, RaR
YCTaROBJIeRHe Rpyra HaCJIe,n;RHROB, IIX ;IJ;eeCrrOCOOHOCTH, OO'be-
Ma RaCJIe,n;CTBeHHoro HMym;ecTBa II OOH3aTemmOH ,n;OJIH, a TaR-,
me AJIH Te'IeHHH HCROBOH ,n;aBHOCTH.
3) MecTo OTRpbITHJI HaCJIeACTBa eOOTBeTcTByeT MeCTY'
mHTeJIbCTBa RaCJIe,n;o,n;aTeJIH (CT. 883 fR.). AaHHoe nOJIome-
HHe OTROCHTCH JIHrnb R CJIY'IaHM paCCMOTpeHIIJI HaCJIe,n;CTBeH-,
HMX ,n;eJI B ceMeHHOM cy,n;e. ECJIH RaCJIe;IJ;CTBeHIIoe ,n;eJIO OTRO-
CHTCH R IOpHC,n;HRn;1I1I OObI'IROrO cy,n;a, Bonpoc 0 MeCTe OTRPbl-,
THH HaCJIe,n;CTBa pernaeTCH Ra OCROBaRHH COOTBeTCTBYIOm;HX
nOJIOmelIlIH fIIR (CT. 2,19,20 H CJIe,n;. fIIR).
4) HacJIeAcTBeHHOe HMym;ecTBo BRmO'IaeT B ceOH RaR HMY-,
m;eCTBeHHble npaBa, TaR H OOH3aHHOCTH, ROTOpbIMH HaCJIe,n;o-
,n;aTeJIb OOJIa,n;aJI Ha MOMeHT CMepTH. B ,n;aHHoe HMym;ecTBo He.
BXO,n;HT npe,n;MeTbI, CBH3aHHble C RYJIbTOM rrpe,n;ROB (CM..
CT. 897 fR).
5) Pacxo,n;bI CBH3aHHbIe C HaCJIe,n;CTBeHHbIM IUlym;ecTBoM.,
BbI'IHTaIOTCH H3 oom;ero OO'beMa RaCJIe,n;cTBeHHoH MaCCbl (n. 1
CT. 885 fR). B rnHpOROM nOHHMaHHH pacxo,n;aMH Ha RaCJIe,n;-
CTBeRHoe HMym;ecTBo HBJIHIOTCH Heooxo,n;HMble pacxo,n;bI Ha
ynpaBJIeRlIe IIM. TaR, B nepHo,n; cpoRa Ha nplIHHTHe HaCJIe,n;-
2511
(;TBa HaCJIep;HHK p;OJImeH yrrpaBJIHTb H3.CJIep;CTBeHHbIM HMym;e-
(;TBOM (CT. 918 rR). 8TY 06H3aHHOCTb HaCJIep;HHK HeCeT B
Te'IeHHe Orrpep;eJIeEIHOro rrepHOp;a BpeMeHH rrpH OrpaHH'IeHHOM
rrpeeMCTBe H rrpH OTKa3e OT HaCJIep;CTBa (CM. CT. 926,940 rR).
1l0p;06HaH 06H3aHHocTb OTCYTCTByeT rrpH YHHBepCaJIbHOM
npeeMCTBe, op;HaKO rrpH rrpep;'bHBJIeHHH Tpe60BaHHH pa3p;eJIa
HMym;ecTBa 06H3aHHocTb rro yrrpaBJIeHHIO HaCJIep;CTBeHHbIM
HMym;ecTBoM B03HIIKaeT C MOMeHTa rrpep;'bHBJIeHHH TaKoro
Tpe60BaHHH (CT. 050, 944 rR). IIpH OrpaHH'IeHHOM rrpeeM-
(;TBe H pa3p;eJIe HMym;ecTBa B03HHKaIOT TaKme pacxop;bI, CBH-
saHHbIe C rry6JIH1JHbIM 06'bHBJIeHHeM 06 OTKpbITHH HaCJIep;-
<CTBa, C peaJIH3aIJ;HeH H JIHKBHp;aIJ;HeH HaCJIep;CTBeHHoro HMY-
ru;eCTBa.
r naB a 2. HACnEAHHKH
6. HaCJIep;HHKH.
1) RaK OTMe'IHJIOCb paHee, HOBaH pep;aKIJ;HH rR YCTaHO-
BHJIa CJIep;YIOm;yIO O'Iepep;HOCTb rrpH3HaHHH K HaCJIep;OBaHHIO:
p;eTH; KpOBHbIe pop;CTBeHHHKH rro rrpHMOH BOCXOp;Hm;eH JIHHHH;
6paTbH H ceCTpbI. IIpH HaJIH'IHH HeCKOJIbKHX HaCJIep;HHKOB B
OP;HOH O'Iepep;H OHH rrpH3bIBaIOTCH K HaCJIep;OBaHHIO B paBHbIX
.n;OJIHX. B OTp;eJIbHYIO KaTeropHIO HaCJIep;HHIWB BbIp;eJIHeTCH
nepemHBIIIHH cynpyr, KOTOpbIH rrpH3bIBaeTCH K HaCJIep;OBaHHIO
BMeCTe C p;pyrHMH COHaCJIep;HHKaMH H HaCJIe)J,CTBeHHaH P;OJIH
KOToporo HC'IHCJIHeTCH B OC060M rropHp;Ke, 8TO CBH3aHO C TeM,
'ITO OTHOIIIeHHH rrepemHBiliero cyrrpyra C HaCJIep;Op;aTeJIeM
(paBHorrpaBHoe COTpyp;HH'IeCTBO H B3aHMHaH rroMOm;b) HMeIOT
Ka'IeCTBeHHoe OTJIHQHe OT OTHOIIIeHHH HaCJIep;Op;aTeJIH C KPOB-
HOpop;CTBeHHbIMH HaCJIep;HHKaMH. RpoMe Toro, B OCHOBaHHH
rrpH3HaHHH 3a rrepemHBIIIHM cyrrpyroM HaCJIe.n;CTBeHHbIX rrpaB
JIemHT TaKme H aJIeMeHT TaK Ha3bIBaeMoro CKpbIToro B3aHM-
HOTO rrpep;OCTaBJIeHlIH B rrepHOp; cyrrpymecKHx OTHOIIIeHHH.
2) IIpH COBnap;eHHH B OP;HOM JIHu;e CTaTYCOB HaCJIep;HIfKOB
no HeCKOJIbKIfM O'Iepep;JlM (rrpH YCbIHOBJIeHIIH pOP;HbIM p;ep;Ol\[
IIJIH 6a6KOi1: C06CTBcHHoro BHYKa, BCTyrrJIeHIIII B 6paK pOP;HO-
ro H YCbIHOBJIeHHOrO p;eTeH H T. rr.) aTO rropomp;aeT H COBrra-
p;eHHe CTaTYCOB HaCJIep;HHKa. 3a HCKJIIO'IeHHeM OC06bIX 06CTOH-
TeJIbCTB, p;aHHbIe JIHIJ;a 06JIap;aIOT HaCJIe.n;CTBeHHbIMH rrpaBaMH
B COOTBeTCTBHH C Kamp;bIM H3 CBOHX CTaTYCOB HaCJIep;HHKa,
BbI6opO'IHO me OHH MorYT OTKa3aTbCH OT npHHHTHH HaCJIep;-
CTBa rro KaKoMY-JIH60 CTaTYCY (CJIe;ryeT Y'IHTbIBaTb, 'ITO Ha
252
3TOT C'IeT HMeeTCH H HHaH TO'IRa 3peHHH), O HaRO B nOpH Re
'TOJIROBaHHH C'IHTaeTCH, 'ITO YTpaTa npaB no O HOMY CTaTYCY
BbI3bIBaeT npaBOBble nOCJIe CTBHH H JIH HaCJIe CTBeHHbIX
npaB no PyrOMY.
7. KpOBHopo cTneHHbIe HaCJIe HlIKH H O'Iepe HOc'rb nx
npn3BaHHJI K HaCJIe CTBY.
1) llepBaJl O'Iepe b. HaCJIe HHRaMH nepBOll: O'Iepe H f1\
YCTaHaBJIHBaeT eTeH HaCJIe O aTeJIH (CT. 887 f1\). IIpH ;)TOM
He npOBO HTCH pa3rpaHH'IeHHH Mem y pO HbIMH H YCbIHOB-
JIeHHbIMH, Mem y 3aKOHHopom eHHbIMH H BHe6pa'IHbIMH eTb-
MH (XOTH aTO H OTpamaeTCH Ha HaCJIe CTBeHHOll: OJIe - CM.
'orOBopRY nn. 4 CT. 900 r1\). Ha npHHa JIemHOCTb eTell: R
HaCJIe HHRaM nepBoii: O'Iepe H He BJIHHeT TaRme HX B03paCT,
nOJI H CeMell:HOe nOJIOmeHHe. Y CbIHOBJIeHHe eTell: H npH06pe-
TeHHe HMH cTaTyca HaCJIe HHROB YCbIHOBHTeJIell: He OTpama-
IDTCH Ha HX nOJIOmeHHH RaR HaCJIe HHROB pO HbIX pO HTe-
JIell:. IIpH aTOM He HMeeT 3Ha'IeHHH 06m;aH cpaMHJIHH C Ha-
JIe O aTeJIeM HJIII COBMeCTHoe npomHBaHHe CHUM. PaBHbIM
Q6pa30M aTO OTHOCHTCH H R cpaRTY HaJIH'IIIH HnOHCRoro rpam-
aHCTBa.
IIpH HaJIH'IHH Y HaCJIe O aTeJIH HeCROJIbRHX eTell: OHH
CTaHOBHTCH COHaCJIe HHRaMH. O HaRO B CJIyqae pa3JIH'IllH CTa-
Tyca eTell: C TO'IRH 3peHHH 3aROHHopom eHHOCTH HX HaCJIe -
CTBeHHble OJIH pa3JIH'IHbI, 'ITO COCTaBJIHeT OC06yIO np06JIeMY.
CJIe yeT 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha cym;ecTBeHHYIO norrpaBRY,
BHeceHHYIO B f1\ B 1962 r., no ROTOpOll: RpOBHble po cTBeH-
HHRH no npHMOll: HHCXO Hm;ell: JIHHHH HlIme BHYJ{OB He C'IH-
TaIOTCH HaCJIe HHRaMH B Ra'IeCTBe RpOBHbIX pO CTBeHHHROB
no npHMOll: HHCXO Hm;ell: JIHHHH. ,1];0 BHeceHHH YRa3aHHOll:
IIonpaBRH HaCJIe HHRaMH nepBOll: O'Iepe H onpe eJIHJIHCb RPOB-
HbIe pO CTBeHHHRII no npHMOll: HHCXO Hm;ell: JIHHHH, R HaCJIe-
,IJ;OBaHHIO me npH3bIBaJICH TOT H3 HHX, RTO COCTOHJI B 60JIee
6JIH3ROM pO CTBe C HacJIe olJ;aTeJIeM. TaR, IIPH HaJIH'IHH eTell:
H BHYROB R HaCJIe OBaHHIO npH3bIBa.lIHCb )l,eTII. B cJIY'Iae, Ror-
,IJ;a, HanpHMep, eTII YMepJIH, R HaCJIe OBaHHIO npH3bIBaJIHCb
BHYRII HaCJIe)J,o)J,aTeJIH B Ra'IeCTBe RpOBHbIX po cTBeHHHRoB
no npHMOll: HHCXO Hm;eH JIHHHH BTOpOH CTeneHH po cTBa, npH-
'IeM HX HaCJIe CTBeHHble OJIH 6bIJIH paBHbI. B pe3yJIbTaTe BHe-
ceHHH nonpam'H B cooTBeTcTBYIOm;ee nOJIOmeHHe r1\ BHYRH
CTaJIH paCCl\laTpHBaTbCH He RaR HaCJIe HHRH Bcero HMym;ecTBa
HaCJIe O aTe.'IH, a JIHllib RaR HaCJTe IlHRH TOll: OJIH, ROTopaH
nplI'IHTaJIaCb 6bI IIX pO HTeJIIO B CJIY'Iae, eCJIH 6bI OH 6bIJI mHB
253
(HaCJIeJJ;OBaHHe no npaBY npe)l;CTaBJIeHHH). B CBH3H C BKJIIO-
'1eHHeM B CT. 887 rK nOJIOa{eHHH 0 HaCJIe)l;OBaHHII no npaBY
npe)l;CTaBJIeHHH CJIe)l;yeT oopaTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha TpH MOMeHTa.
Bo-nepBI.lx, Ha TO, '1TO BHeceHHe B TeKCT n. 1 CT. 887 rK
TepMHHa «)I;eTII» (nonpaBKa 1962 r.) BMeCTO (<KpOBHbIe pO)l;-
CTBeHHHKH no npHMoll HHCXO)l;Hm;ell JIHHHH» npH OOI.I'IHOll CH-
Tyan;HH ()I;eTH HaCJIe)l;O)l;aTem[ mHBI.I B MOMeHT ero CMepTH)
He BI.I3BaJIO H3:M8HeHHH nopH)I;Ka HaCJIe)l;OBaHHH.
BO-BTOpbIX, Ha TO, '1TO B CJIY'Iae OTKa3a peoeHKa OT npH-
HHTHH HaCJIe)l;CTBa ero )l;eTH, a HMeHHO BHYKlI HaCJI8)1;O)l;aT8JIH.
yme He MorYT CTaTI. HaCJIe)l;HHKaMH, B TO BpeMH KaK )1;0 BHe-
ceHHH YKa3aHHOll nonpaBKH OHH MOrJIH npH3I.IBaTI.CH It Ha-
CJIe)l;OBaHHIO B Ka'leCTBe KpOBHbIX pO)l;CTB8HIHIKOB no npHMOH
HHCXO)l;Hll\8H JIHHHH BTOpOll CTeneHH pO)l;CTBa npH OTKa3e Bcex
)l;eTell OT npHHHTHH HaCJIe)l;CTBa.
B-TpeTI.HX, Ha TO, '1TO C npHHHTHeM paCC:MaTpHBaeMOll no-
npaBKH H3MeHHJIOCI. CO)l;epmaHHe HaCJIe)l;OBaHlIH no npaBY
npeJJ;CTaBHeHHH, TenepI. B CJIY'Iae CMepTH opaTI.eB H C8CTep
HaCJI8)1;O)l;aTeJIH HaCJI8)1;HHKaMn no npaBY np8)1;CTaBJIeHHH C'IH-
TaIOTCH TIJI8MHHHHKn (Cl\1. p8rneHne BI.ICOKoro cY)I;a cDYKyoKa
OT 16 HIOJIH 1957 r.).
2) BTopaJl O'lepe)l;b. llpH OTCYTCTBHH )l;eTell H JIHn;, 3aMe-
m;alOm;HX )l;eTell B nOpH)I;Ke HaCJIe)l;OBaHHH no npaBY npe)l;CTaB-
HeHHH (BKJIIO'IaH H CJIY"laH OTKa3a )l;eT8H OT npHHHTHH HaCJIe)l;-
CTBa npH HaJIH"lHH BHYKOB), It HaCJIe)l;OBaHHIO B Ka"leCTBe H
CJIe)l;HHKOB BTOpOll 0"l8p8;:::H npH3I.IBalOTcH KpOBHI.I8 pO)l;cTBeH-
HHKH HaCJIe)l;O)l;aT8JIH no npHMoll BOCXO)l;Hm;ell JIHHHH (nn. 1 n. t
CT. 889 rK). llpn aTOM pa3JIlI"lHH M8m)l;Y pOJJ;HI.IMH pO)l;HT8-
JIHMH H yCI.IHoBHTeJIHMH He npOBO)l;lITCH. llpH HaJIH"lHH B )l;aH-
HOM KaTeropHH KpOBHI.IX pO)l;CTBeHHHKOB JIHn;, HaXO)l;Hm;HXCH
C HaCJIe)l;O)l;aTeJIeM B pa3JIH"lHOll CTen8HH pO)l;CTBa, K HaCHe-
)l;OBaHHIO npH3bIBalOTCH Te, KOTopbIe no CT8n8HH pO)l;CTBa Ha-
XO)l;HTCH OJIHme K HaCJI8)1;O)l;aTeJIIO. TaK, npH lJaJIH"lHH TOJIbI(O
l\1aT8pH H pOp,HTeJIeH OTn;a K HaCJI8)1;OBaHlIIO npH3I.IBa8TCH
MaTI.. I1pJI OTCYTCTBHH OTn;a H MaTepH K HaCJI8)1;OBaHHIO C ca-
Moro Ha"laJIa rrpH3I.IBalOTCH IlX pOp,HT8JIH. B ,IJ;aHHOM CJIY"lae-
He npH3HaeTCH npHHn;Hn HaCJI8p,OBallHH no npaBY npeJJ;CTaB-
JIeHHH. HanpHMep, npH HaJIH"lHH pO)l;HOll MaTepH H YCI.IHOBH-
TeJIell Bce OHH HBJIHIOTCH COHaCJIe)l;HHKaMH.
3) TpeTbJl O'lepep,b. llpH OTCYTCTBHH HaCJleWIHKOB BTOpOll
O"lepep,H K HaCJIe)l;OBaHHIO B Ka"leCTBe HaCJIe)l;HIfROB TpeTI.8ll
0'l8pe)l;H npH3I.IBaIOTCH OpaTbH H ceCTphI (nn. 2 n. 1
CT. 889 rK). IIpH HaJIH"lHH H8CKOJII.KHX OpaTbeB H cecTep BC
254
'OHH HBJIHIOTCH COHaCJIe)];HHKaMH O)];HOH O'lepe)];H (XOTH HX Ha-
'CJIe)];CTBeHHbIe )];OJIH He BCer)];a MorYT 6bITb paBHbIMH).
B CJIY'lae CMepTH 'laCTH HJIH Bcex 6paTbeB H ceCTep, a TaK-
me YTpaTbI HMH HaCJIe)];CTBeHHbIX rrpaB K HaCJIe)];OBaHHIO rrpH-
3bIBaIOTCH HX KpOBHbIe pO)];CTBeHHHKH rro rrpm.lOn HHCXO)];H-
:I:qen JIHHHH Ha OCHOBe HaCJIe)];OBaHHH rro rrpaBY rrpe)];CTaBJIe-
HHH. B )];aHHOM rrOJIOmeHHH CHTYRQHH perYJIHpyeTcH, no)];06
HO rrpe)];YCMOTpeHHon )];JIH )];eTen I{aK HaCJIe)];HHKOB rrepBon
'O'lepe)];H (rr. 2 CT. 889 rR).
8. IIepemHomHH cynpyr.
1) IIepemIIBllIIIn cyrrpyr HaCJIe)];O)];aTeJIH rrpH npH3BaHHII
K HaCJIe)];OBaHHIO Kam)];On H3 YKa3aHHblX o'lepe)];en HaCJIe)];HH-
KOB CTaHOnIITCH COHaCJIe)];HIJKOM, a npH OTCYTCTBHH HaCJIe)];HH-
ROB Bcex Tpex O'lepe)];en HBJIHeTCH e)];HHOJIH'lHbIM HaCJIe)];HH-
ROM ( CT. 890 rR). HaCJIe)];CTBeHHaH )];OJIH rrepemHBllIero
,cyrrpyra H3MeHHeTCH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Toro, HaCJIe)];HHKH
RaKon O'lepe)];H rrpH3bIBaIOTCH K HaCJIe)];OBaHHIO (CM.: HacJIe)];-
.cTBeHHoe rrpaBO - 20). IIo cpaBHeHHIO C rrepBOHa'laJIbHOn
pe)];aKII;Hen rR HhIHe HaCJIe)];CTBeHHbIe npaBa rrepemHBIIIero
.cyrrpyra 3Ha'lHTeJIbHO pacllIHpeHbI ()];O rrOCJIeBOeHHoro rrepe-
.cMoTpa rR C TO'lKH 3peHHH O'lepe)];HOCTH rrpH3BaHHH K HaCJIe-
OBaIIHIO cTaTyca rJIaBbI ceMbH rrepemHBilIaH cyrrpyra CJIe)];o-
BaJIa 3a 6paTbHMH H cecTpaMH HaCJIe)];O)];aTeJIH, a B OTHOIIIe-
HHH HaCJIe)];CTBeHHoro HMY:I:qeCTBa rrpH3bIBaJIaCb K HaCJIe)];OBa-
HHIO JIHllIb rrpH OTCYTCTBHH KpOBHbIX pO)];CTBeHHHKoB HaCJIe-
)l,O)];aTeJIH no rrpHMon HHCXO)];H:I:qen JIHHHH).
2) IIoCKOJIbKY HaCJIe)];CTBeHHbIe rrpaBa rrepemHBIIIero cy-
IIpyra HMeIOT OTJIH'lHbIn OT HaCJIe)];CTBeHHbIX npaB Bcex KPOB-
HOpO)];CTBeHHbIx HaCJIe)];HHKOB, 3a HCKJIIO'leHHeM )];eTen, xapaK-
-rep, HHKaKHe 06CTOHTeJIbCTBa, B03HHKllIHe B CBH3H C
RpOBHOpo)l,CTBeHHhIMH HaCJIe)];HHKaMH, COrJIaCHO rrpHHlJ;Hrry
He3aBHCHMOCTH cTaTyca rrepemHBmero cynpyra He BJIHHIOT
Ha HaCJIe)l,CTBeHHbIe rrpaBa rrOCJIe)];Hero.
CaTon TO'lKH 3peHHH OTKa3 O)];HOrO H3 KpOBHOpO)];CTBeH-
HbIX COHaCJIe)];HHKOB OT rrpHHHTlIH HaCJIe)];CTBa He OTpamaeTCH
Ha HaCJIe)];CTBeHHon )];OJIe rrepemHBllIero cynpyra. ECJIH me
IIPH OTKa3e OT rrpHHHTHH HaCJIe)];CTBa BCeMIi. HaCJIe)];HHKaMH
O)];HOn O'lepe)];H K HaCJIe)];OBaHHIO rrpH3bIBaIOTCH HaCJIe)];HHKH
CJIe)];YIO:I:qen O'lepe)];H, HaCJIe)];CTBeHHaH )];OJJH rrepemHBllIero
cyrrpyra YBeJIH'lHBaeTCH.
255
9. HaCnel(oBaHHe no npaBY npel(CTaBJleHHJI.
1) DOHJlTHe.
KaK OTMe'IanOCb paHee, Hacnel(HllKaMll nepBOll: O'Iepel(H
JlBnJlIOTCJI l(eTll Hacnel(Ol(aTenJl. AonycTllM, Hacnel(Ol(aTenb
lIMen l(BYX p:eTell: - A H B, H3 KOTOpbIX Ha MOMeHT OTKpbITHJI
Hacnep:CTBa OCTanCJI B mllBbIX nllllib B. B CBOIO O'Iepep:b Y
CKOH'IaBllierOCJI A TaKme OCTanOCb p:Boe J{eTell:. IIpllMeHllTenb-
HO K l(aHHOll: cHTyaIJ,IlH rK YCTaHaBnllBaeT, 'ITO 3TH l(eTH npH-
3bIBaIOTCJI K Hacnep:OBaHllIO Ha npaBax COHacnep:HHROB BMec-
Te C B B paBHOll: C HllM O'Iepe)];H (n. 2 CT. 887 rK), op:HaRO
nllllib B TOll: 'IaCTll Hacnep:CTBeHHoro HMym:eCTBa, KOTOpaJI
npH'IllTanaCb 6bI A. Ecnll me Ha MOMeHT OTRpbITllJl HaCne,l.(-
CTBa B mllBbIX He OCTanOCb Hll A, Hll B II llMenOCb nHllib p:Boe
)1eTell: A H Ol(IlH pe6eHoK B, K Hacnel(OBaHllIO npll3bIBaIOTCJI
Bce TPII BHYKa Hacnep:op:aTenJl, op:HaRO p:eTll A Hacnep:yIOT
TonbKO TY 'IaCTb Hacnep:CTBeHHoro llMYIIJ,eCTBa, ROTOpaJl npH-
'IHTanaCb 6bI llX pop:llTenIO A, a pe6eHoK B - COOTBeTCTBeHHO
TY 'IaCTb, ROTOpaJl npll'IllTanaCb 6bI B. AaHHbIll: nOpJlp:OK Ha-
3bIBaeTCJI Hacnel(OBaHlleM no npaBY rrpep:cTaBneHllJl. 3TOT
HHCTllTYT npll3HaeTCJI He TonbRO npll npH3BaHHH R Hacnep:o-
BaHllIO p:eTell:, HO H 6paTbeB H ceCTep KaK Hacnep:HllKOB TpeTb-
ell: O'Iepel(ll.
2) Y CnOBHJI,
a) CMepTb Hacne,l.(HllRa p:o MOMeHTa OTRpbITllJl Hacnel(-
CTBa llnll YTpaTa llM Hacne,l.(CTBeHHbIX npaB. CneP:yeT llMeTb
B BllP:Y, 'ITO B nOHJlTlle YTpaTbI Hacnep:CTBeHHbIX npaB ne
BKnIO'IaeTCJI OTKa3 OT npllHJlTHJI Hacnep:CTBa. 3TO nOHJlTlIB
OXBaTbIBaeT nllllib cnY'IaH nop:nap:eHllJl nllIJ,a no,l.( Op:HO 113
ycnOBllll:, Bep:yIIJ,IlX K YTpaTe llM cTaTyca Hacnep:nllRa (CM.
CT. 891 rK), llnH OTCTpaHeHllJl 3Toro nllIJ,a OT Hacne,l.(OBaHllH
(CM. CT. 892 H 893 rK). Hacnep:oBaHHe no npaBY npep:CTaB-
neHllJl OTCYTCTByeT npn: CMepTH HaCJIe,l.(HllRa Hocne OTKpbITllH
Hacnep:CTBa, H B p:aHHOM cnyqae BRnIO'IeHllIO B tJHCJIO Hacnep:-
HllROB nO,l.(nemllT cynpyra CROHtJaBInerOCJl Hacnep:nllRa. Op:-
HaRO npH op:HOBpeMeHHOCTlI C IepTll Hac;rrep:op:aTenJl H Hacnep:-
HHRa (CM. CT. 32 2 rK) HaCJIep:oBaHlIe OCYIIJ,eCTBJIJleTCR: no
npaBY npe,l.(CTaBneHllJl.
6) AnJl npll3HaHHJI HaCJIep:HHROM no HpaBY npep:CTaBJIe-
HllJl Tpe6yeTcJI <p1l311'IeCROe CYIIJ,eCTBOBaHHe p:aHHoro JIHIJ,a Ha
MOMeHT OTRPbITHJI HaCJIep:CTBa (B OTHOllieHHlI pe6eHRa, Haxo-
l(JlIIJ,eroCJI B YTp06e MaTepH, npmWHJleTCJI HOJIOmeHlle n. 1
CT. 886 rK).
256
B) HaCJIeJl,HHK no npaBY npeJl,CTaBJIeHHJI Jl,OJIiReH Haxo-
AnTbcH He TOJIbKO B KpOBHOM pOJl,CTBe no npHMOH HHCXOJl,H-
m;eH JIIIHIIH C JIIID;OM, YTpaTHBlIIHM HaCJIeJl,CTBeHHbIe npaBa,
HO H B KpOBHOM pOJl,CTBe no npHMOH HHCXOJl,Hm;en HHHH C
HaCJIeJl,OJl,aTe eM (B CJIyqae npH3BaHHH R HaCJIeJl,OBaHHID Jl,e-
TeM) HJIH B KpOBHOM pOJl,CTBe C HHM no 60ROBOH HHCXOJl,Hm;eH
JIHHHH (B CJIY'Iae npH3BaHHH R HaCJIeJl,OBaHHID 6paTbeB H
ceCTep) (n. 2 CT. 887, n. 2 CT. 889 fIt).
r) HaCJIep,HHRaMH no npaBY npep,CTaBJIeHHH He MorYT
6I>lTb RpOBHble pop,CTBeHHHRH HaCJIep,Op,aTeJIH no npHMOH HHC-
XOp,Hm;eH JIHHHH HHiRe BHYROB.
JI,) HaCJIeJl,OBaHHe no npaBY npeJl,CTaBJIeHHH npH3HaeTClI
TOJIbRO npHMeHHTeJIbHO K HaCJIep,OBaHHID RpOBHbIMH PO,a;CT-
neUHHRaMH no npHl IOM HHCXOJl,HIIJ;eH JIHnHH, 6paTbHMH H
ceCTpaMH. B OTHOlIIeHHH lIaCJIeJl,OBaHHH KpOBI-IbIMH pop,CTneH-
mmaMH no npHMOM BOCXOJl,HIIJ;en JIHHHH npano npep,CTaBJIeHHlI
He npH3HaeTCH. TaR, eCJIH mHB OJl,HH H3 pop,HTeJIelJ HaCJIep,o-
p,aTeJIH, nOJIOmeHHe 0 HaCJIep,OBaHHH no npaBY npeJl,CTaBJIe-
HHH He pacnpOCTpaHHeTCH Ha pOp,HTeJIen nORollHoro pOJl,HTeJIlI
nacJIep,Op,aTeJIJI. KpoMe Toro, nepemHBlIIHH cynpyr TaRme He
MomeT HaCJIep,OBaTb no npany npeJl,CTaBJIeHHJI, Hero HaCJIeJl,-
CTBeHH@e npaBa He MorYT nepexop,HTb R Jl,pyrOMY JIHn;y no
npaBY npeJl,CTaBJIeHHH. TaR, npH HaJIH'IHH y HaCJIeJl,o,a;aTcJUI
p,nyx p,eTeH, A H B, B CJIY'Iae CMepTH Jl,0 OTKp@THH lIaCJIeJl,-
CTna A, Haxop,HBlIIerOCH B 6paRe C B, H OTCYTCTBI1H Y Hero
p,eTeH Bce HaCJIep,CTBeHHoe HMYIIJ;eCTBO HaCJIen;Op,aTeJIlI nepe-
XO)J.HT R HaCJIep,HHKY B, a cyrrpyr B CROH'IaBlIIerOCH A He
06JIap,aeT HaCJIep,CTBeHHbIMH rrpaBaMH.
10. Cnoco6HoCTb R HaCJIe)J.OBaHIlIO He pop,lIumerOCH Ha
MOMeHT OTRpbITHH HaCJIe)J.CTBa pe6eHRa.
1) IIPH Haxomp,eUHH Ha J\1OMeHT OTRpbITHH naCJIe,a;CTna
pe6eHRa B YTp06e MaTepH OH paccMaTpllnaeTcH KaK pop,Hn-
lIIHHCH H 3a HHM npH3IIaIDTCH HaCJIerrCTneHHble npaBa
(CT. 886 fIt).
2) B OTHOlIIeHHH naCJIe)J.OBaHHH no rrpany npep,CTaBJIe-
IIHH aTOT pe6eHoR TaRiRe paccMaTpHBaeTcH I,3K pO)J.HBllIlIIICH.
IIpH aTOM Tpe6yeTcH, 'IT06bI TaROH pe6enOR IIMeJICH Ha MO-
MeHT OTRp@THH HaCJIe)J.CTBa, HO He 06JI3aTeJIbIIO Ha MOMeHT
YTpaT@ HaCJIe)J.HHKOM HaCJIe)J.CTBeHHbIX npaB.
11. YTpaTa cTaTyca HaCJIe)J.HH8a.
1) IToHJlTJle H OCHOBaHIIJI. 3aROH He MOIIWT )J.orrYCTHTb
17 3SKa3 No 1264
: 251
HaCJIe.a;OBaHHH JIHn;OM, COBepmHBmHM IDUI HaMepeBaBmHMCJI
COBepmHTb B CBHSH C HaCJIe.a;OBaHHeM HesaKOHHbIe .a;eHCTBHJI
C n;eJIbIO nOJIY'IeHHH He.a;06poCOBeCTHOH BbIro.a;bI. IIOMHMO
yrOJIOBHO-npaBOBbIX, B OTHomeHHH no.a;06HbIX JIHn; npHMeHH-
IOTCH H rpam.a;aHCKo-npaBOBbIe caHKn;HH, SaKJIIO'IaIOm;HeCH B.
JIHllIeIIHH TaKHX JIHn; HaCJIe.a;CTBeHHbIX npaB no OCHOBaHHHM:
ocym.a;eHHH JIHn;a sa nOKYllIeHHe Ha mHSHb HaCJIe.a;o.a;are-
JIH, a TaKme B CBHSH C nOKYllIeHHeM Ha mHSHb HaCJIe.a;HHKOB
BbIcmeH HJIH paBHOH O'Iepe.a;H HJIH sa HaMepeHHe COBepllIHTb
no.n;06Hoe nOKymeHIIe (nn. 1 CT. 891 fR);
neco06m;eHHH HJIH HeBos6ym.a;eHHH .n;eJIa B CJIY'Iae, eCJIH
JIHn;O pacnOJIaraJIO CBe.a;eHHHMH 06 y6HHcTBe HaCJIe.a;o.a;aTeJIH.
aHHoe nOJIOmeHIIe He pacnpOCTpaHHeTCH, o.n;HaKO, Ha CJIY-
'IaH, Kor.a;a JIHn;O He 06JIa.a;a8'f ne06xo.a;HMbIMII YMcTBeHHbIMH
cnoc06HoCTHMII HJIH Kor.a;a y6HHn;eH HaCJIe.a;o.a;aTeJIH HBJIHJICH
cynpyr npe.a;nOJIaraeMOro HaCJIe.a;HHKa HJIH ero KpOBHblH po.a;-
CTBeHHHK no npHMOH JIHHHH po.a;cTBa (nn. 2 CT. 891 fR);
cos.a;aHHH npenHTcTBM nYTeM 06MaHa HJIH npHHym.a;eHHJJ
.a;JIH COCTaBJIeHHH HaCJIe.a;o.a;aTeJIeM saBem;aHHH, OTMeHbI HJIH
HSMeHeHHH ero (nn. 3 CT. 891 fR)
npHHym.a;eHHH HaCJIe.a;o.a;aTeJIH nYTeM 06MaHa HJIH npH-
Hym.a;eHHH K COCTaBJIeHHIO saBem;aHlUl, ero OTMeHe HJIH HS-
MeHeHHIO (nn. 4 CT. 891 fR);
no.a;.a;eJIKH, HSMeHeHHH, YHH'ITOmeHHH HJIH COKpbITIIH saBe-
m;aHHH HaCJIe.a;o.a;aTeJIH (nn. 5 CT. 891 fR).
2) IIOCJIe.a;cTBHJI YTpaTbl cTaTyca naCJIe.n;HHKa. JIHn;a, co-
BepmHBmHe .n;eHHHH, no.n;na.n;arom;:n:e no.a; O.n;HO HS nepe'IHC-
JIeHHbIX BbIllIe, YTpa'IHBaIOT HaCJIe.n;CTBeHHbIe npaBa 6e3
KaKOH-JIH60 cy.n;e6HoH npOn;e.n;ypbI (CT. 891 fR), a TaKme He
MorYT 6bITb HaCJIe.n;HHKaMH no saBem;aHHIO (JIeraTapHHMH)
(CT. 965 fR). ITpH aTOM CJIe.n;yeT HMeTb B BH.n;y, 'ITO nOCJIe.n;-
CTBHH YTpaTbI HaCJIe.n;CTBeHHbIX npaB HOCHT OTHOCHTeJIbHbIM
xapaKTep, OHH He npenHTCTBYIOT ocym;eCTBJIeHHIO TaKHMH
JIHn;aMH HaCJIe.n;CTBeHHbIX npaB B OTHomeHHH HMym;ecTBa .n;py-
rHX HaCJIe.n;o.n;aTeJIeH. RpOMe Toro, YRasaHHbIe nOCJIe.n;CTBHH
pacnpOCTpaHHIOTCH TOJIbKO Ha YTpaTHBllIHX HaCJIe.n;CTBeHHbIe
npaBa, HO He npenHTCTBYIOT naCJIe.n;OBaHHIO no npaBY npe
CTaBJIeHHH HX KpOBHbIMH po.n;CTBeHHHKaMH no npm.IOH HHCXo-
.n;Hm;eH JIHHHH npH HaJIlPIHH TaKOBbIX. HaKOHen;, npH npom;e-
HHH aTOM KaTeropHH JIHD; HaCJIe.n;o.n;aTeJIeM, KOTopoe B HBHOH
<popMe BbIpameHo B ero saBem;aHHH, cnoco6HoCTb .n;aHHhtX JIHQ
K HaCJIe.n;oBaHHro BOCCTaHaBJIHBaeTCR.
258
12. OTcTpaHeHHe OT HaCJIe;a:OBaIlHJI.
1) IIoHJlTue. BCTpeqaIOTCH CHTya:U,HH, Ror;a:a naCJIe;a:o;a:a-
TeJIb He lKeJIaeT HaCJIe;a:OBaHHH CBoero HMym;ecTBa onpe;a:eJIeH-
HbIM JIHU;OM, ROTopoe 3a OTCYTCTBlIeM npe;a:YCMOTpeHHblX rR
OCHOBaHlIH He MOlKeT 6bITb JIlIIIIeHO HaCJIe;a:CTBeHHbIX npaB.
ECJIlI B no;a:06HOH clITyaU;lIlI npe;a:nOJIaraeMbIH HaCJIe;a:IIlIK
OTHOClITCH R HaCJIe;a:HHRaM TpeTI,eH Oqepe;a:H, B OTHOIIIeHlIlI
ROTOpbIX He npH3HaeTCH 06H3aTeJIbHaH ;a:OJIH, np06JIeMa pe-
IIIaeTCH npOCTO - nYTeM npHIK1I3HeHHoro pacnopHmeHHH
CBOlIM lIMym;ecTBoM HaCJIe;a:o;a:aTeJIeM lIJIlI ero 3aBem;aHHeM.
O;a:HaRO B CJIyqae, Ror;a:a ;a:aHHbIH npe;a:nOJIaraeMbIH naCJIe]J.-
HlIK HBJIHeTCH RpOBHbIM po;a:CTBeHHHROM HaCJIe;a:o;a:aTCJIH no
npHMOH HlICXO;a:Hm;eH lIJIlI BOCXO)J;Hm;eH JIlIHlIH lIJIH ero cynpy-
rOM, cpaRTlIqeCROe OTCTpanenue ero OT nOJlY'l8HlIH npM'llITaIO-
m;eHCH 06H3aTeJIbHOH }J;OJIH uaCJIe}J;CTBeHHoro HMym;ecTBa
nYTeM nplIm1I3HeHHoro ;a:apeHlIH HaCJIe}J;CTB8HHoro MMym;ecT-
Ba ;a:pyrOMY JIlIU;y lIJIH 3aBem;aTeJIbHblM pacnopHmeHMeM He-
B03MOIKHO (CT. 964 fI{). AJIH JIlIIIIeUlIH YRa3aHHoro JIlIu;a
HaCJIe;a:CTBeHHbIX npaB Tpe6yeTcH oc06aH npou;e}J;ypa JIlIIIIe-
nlIH :noro JIlIIW npaBa Ha 06H3aTeJIbHYIO }J;OJIIO, Ha3bIBaeMaH
OTCTpaHeHlIeM OT HaCJIe}J;OBaHHH.
2) Y CJIOBIIJI. OTcTpaHeHlIe HaCJIe}J;HIIRa OT HaCJIe}J;OBaHHH
}J;onYCRaeTCH rR JIlIIIIb nplI HaJIlIqlIlI O}J;Horo 1I3 cJIe}J;YIOIu;Hx
oCHoBaHHH.
Bo-nepBbIx, nplI lKeCTOROM OTHOilieIllIH HaCJIe}J;HIIRa K
HaCJIe}J;O}J;aTeJIIO lIJIlI nplI Cepb83HOM oCRop6JIeHlIlI HaCJIe}J;O}J;a-
TeJIH HaCJIe}J;HlIROM,
BO-BTOpbIX, B CJIyqae He6JIaroBlI}J;HbIX nocTynROB npe}J;no-
JIaraeMOro HaCJIe}J;HlIRa (CT. 892 rR).
3) IIpoqe}J;ypa. OTcTpaHeHlIe OT HaCJIe}J;OBaHHH MomeT
OCYIu;eCTBJIHTbCH RaR nplIm1I3HeHHoH nO}J;a'l8II COOTBeTCTBYIO-
ru;ero Tpe60BaHlIH B ceMeHUbIH cy;a: (CT. 892 rR, n. 1 CT. 9
3aRoHa 0 cy}J;e6HoM paCCMOTpeHlIlI ceMeHHbIX }J;eJI), TaR H no
3aBem;aHlIIO (CT. 893 rR). B nOCJIe,J;HeH clITyaU;lIlI lICnOJIHH-
TeJIb 3aBeru;aHlIH 06H3aH 6e3 rrpOMe}J;JIeHlIH npe}J;CTaBlITb Tpe-
oOBaHIIe 06 oTcTpaHeHlIII OT HaCJI8}J;OBaHlIH B ceMeHHbIH cy;a:.
D mo60M CJIyqae ceMeHubIH CY}J; Tru;aTeJIbHO 1I3yqaeT Bonpoc
o TOM, HMeIOTCH JIll OCHOBaHHH }J;JIH OTCTpaHeIIHH OT HaCJIe;a:o-
liaHHH,
4) IIOCJIe;a:cTBHJI. C MOMeHTa BbIHeceHlIH peIIIeHlIH ceMeH-
noro cY}J;a 06 oTcTpaHeHlIH OT HaCJIe}J;OBaHlIH HaCJIe;a:HHR
YTpaqHBaeT HaCJIe;a:CTBeHHbIe npaBa. IIoHHTHo, qTO nplI BbI-
17'
259
HeceHHH COOTBeTCTBYIOm;erO perneHHH ceMell.Horo cYJ];a nOCJIe
OTRpbITHH naCJIe,u:CTBa no Tpe60BaHHIO, OCHOBaHHOMY Ha 3aBe-
m;aHHH, nOCJIe,u:CTBHH OTCTpaHeHHH OT HaCJIeJ];OBaHHH J];ell.cTBY-
IOT C MOMeHTa OTRpbITHH HaCJIe,u:CTBa (CT. 893 fR). AHaJIO-
rH'IHbIe nOCJIeJ];cTBHH HacTyrraIOT H B cJIY'Iae, Kor,u:a HaCJIe,u:o-
J];aTeJIb rrpe,u:'bHBHJI YKa3aHHoe Tpe60BaHHe eUJ;e npH mH3HH,
o,u:HaRo perneHHe ceMell.Horo cy,u:a 6bIJIO BbIHeceHO yme nOCJIe
ero CMepTH.
5) OTMeH3 OTCTpaHeHHH OT H3CJIe,u:OBaHIIJi ,u:onYCKaeTCH
npH npOm;eHHH HaCJIe,u:HHRa HaCJIe,u:o,u:aTeJIeM, B TOM 'IHCJIe H
no 3aBem;aHHIO, 6e3 YKa3aHHH KaKHx-mr60 oeHoBaHHll. ,u:JIH
npOm;eHHH. IIpo e,u:ypa OTMeHbI aHaJIOrH'IHa npe,u:ycMoTpeH-
HOll. B OTHorneHHH oTcTpaHeHHH OT HaCJIe,u:oBaIIHH (CT. 894 H
895 fR). IIoHHTHo, 'ITO npH OTMeHe OTCTpaHeHHH OT HaCJIe-
J];OBaHHH ,u:ame nOCJIe eMepTH HaCJIe,u:o,u:aTeJIH C'IHTaeTCH, 'ITO
OTCTpaHeHHH OT HaCJIe,u:OBaHHH He cym;ecTBOBaJIO C caMoro
Ha'IaJIa (CT. 893 H 894 fR). BMecTe C TeM CJIe,u:yeT HMeTh
B Blr,u:y, 'ITO Tpe60BaHHe OTMeHHTb OTeTpaHeHHe He MomeT
npe,u:'bHBJIHThCH 3aHHTepeCOBaHHbIM HaCJIe,l],HHROM.
r naB a 3. HACnEAOBAHHE
t 1. 06 He nOnO)l(eHHSI
13. IIepexo,u: HMYIqeCTB3 no H3CJIeJ];CTBY.
1) C MOMeHTa OTRpblTHH HaCJIeJ];CTBa K HaCJIeJ];HHKY nepe-
XOJ];HT He TOJIbKO Bce npaBa, HO H 06H3aHHOCTH, CBH3aHHble C
llMym;ecTBoM HaCJIeJ];o,u:aTeJIH (CT. 896 fIt), a npH HaJIH'IHH
HeCKOJIbKHX HaCJIe,u:HHKOB HMH ocym;eCTBJIHeTCH COBMeCTHoe
npaBonpeeMCTBO. YRa3aHHble IIMym;ecTBeIlHble npaBa H 06H-
3aHHOCTH He BKJIIO'IaIOT npaB H 06H3aHBocTell. ceMell.Ho-npaBo-
Bora xapaKTepa. BMeCTe C TeM B HHX BKJIIO'IalOTCH He TOJIhRO
cym;eCTBYIOm;He npaBa H 06H3aHIIOCTH (Bem;nbIe npaBa, npaBa
Tpe60BaHHH H J];OJIrOBbIe OOH3aTeJIbCTBa), no H OTBeTCTBeH-
HOCTh no 06eCne'IeHHIO B Ka'IeCTBe npOJ];aB a (CM. eT. 560 H
CJIeJ];. fR), CTaTYC JIH a, nOJIY'IllBITIerO npe,u:JIOmeHHe (aKTWIT-
TaHTa), a TaKme npaBOBbIe nOCJIeJ];CTBlIH HeJ];oopocoBecTHocTH
HaCJIeJ];OJ];aTeJIH *. 8TH npaBa H OOH3aHIIOCTH eCTeCTBeHHbIM
06pa30M H B nOJIHOM 06'beMe nepexOJ];HT R HaCJIeJ];HHRY. IIo-
* 3Aecb HMeIOTCJI B BH)J;Y TaK Ha3bIBaeMble <mpaBa omHAaHHJI»
(warterechte) KaK BRA ceKYHAapHbIX npaB R COOTBeTcTBYIOII\He HM
06JIaaHHocTH. - IlpuM. peu,
260
3TOMY MOmHO CRa3aTb, 'ITO HaCJIe}J;HHR ocy eCTBJIHeT rrpeeM-
CTBO }J;OrOBOpHblX rrpaB H OORaaHHOCTeH HaCJIe}J;O}J;aTeJIH Hero
HMy ecTBeHHo-rrpaBOBoro cTaTyca. B rropH}J;Re TOJIROBaHlIR
C'IHTaeTCH, 'lTO C MOMeHTa OTRpbITHH HaCJIe}J;CTBa R HaCJIe}J;-
HHRY eCTeCTBeHHbIM oopaaOM rrepeXO}J;HT H q,aRTH'IeCRHe rrpa-
Ba HaCJIe}J;O}J;aTeJIH, TaRHe, RaR BJIa}J;eHHe.
2) lI3 }J;aHHoro rrpHHD;Hrra, O}J;HaRO, cy ecTByeT BamHoe
HCRJIIO'IeHHe, rrpe}J;yCMaTpHBaIO ee TO, 'ITO R rraCJIe}J;HHRY He
rrepeXO}J;HT rrpaBa, rrpHCY He HCKJIIO'IHTeJIbHO HaCJIef],Of],aTe-
JIIO, CBHaaHHble C ero JIH'IHOCTbIO H MorY He rrpHHa}J;JIemaTb
TOJIbRO eMY (orOBopRa CT. 896 rR). IIOHHTIIO, 'ITO OROn'Ia-
TeJIbHOe cym}J;eHHe MomeT ObITb BbIHeceHO JIHllIb Ha OCHOBa-
HHH ROHRpeTHoro H3Y'IeHHH rrpaB H 06R3aHHocTeH. BMeCTe C
TeM rro }J;aHnOMY Borrpocy rrpH3HaIOTCH H CJIep;YIOnwe OO He
RpHTepHH.
Bo-rrepBbIX, MHorHe H3 rrpaB H OOH3aHHOCTeif, OCHOBaHHbIX
Ha rrepCOHaJIbHOM }J;OBepHH CTOpOH, rrpHHaf],JIemaT R rrpHCY-
HM HCRJIIO'IHTeJIbHO lIaCJIe}J;O}J;aTeJJIO. IIpHMepOM nol'o
MomeT CJIymHTb CTaTYC rropy'IHTeJIR HJIH rrOBepeHHoro
(CT. 653 rR). COOTBeTCTBeHIIO He MomeT HaCJIef],OB:1TbCR
CTaTYC rrpe}J;CTaBJIReMOro H rrpe}J;CTaBHTeJIH (CM. CT. 111 rR).
PaBHbIM oopa30M 3TO OTHOCHTCR H R C'IaTYCY 'IJIeHa Roprropa-
D;HH, a TaRme R CTaTYCY JIH'IIWrO rropY'fHTeJIH (CM. pelliCHIle
BepXOBHoro cY}J;a OT 10 ceHTH6]JR 1943 r.).
BO-BTOpbIX, rrpHHa}J;JIemHOCTb MHorHX rrpaB H oOH3amIO-
CTeH R RaTeropHH CBH3aHHbiX C JIH'IHOCTbIO HaCJIe}J;O}J;aTeJIH
BO MHorHX CJIY'IaHX orrpef],eJIHeTCH caMHM yrrpaBOMO'IeHHbIM
JIHD;OM. IIpHMepoM 3Toro MomeT CJIymHTb TpeooBaHHe ROMrreH-
caD;HH 3a MOpaJIbHbIH y ep6. BMeCTe C TeM B rrOCJIe}J;Hee
BpeMH cY}J;eoHaR npaRTHRa C'1IITaeT, 'fTO rrpaBO Tpe60BaHHH
ROMrreHcaD;HH 3a rroRyrueHHe na mH3Hb, 3a HCRJIIO'1eHHeM oco-
6bIX CJIY'IaeB, rrepeXO}J;HT rro HaCJIt AC'IBY (CM. pellienHe Bep-
XOBHoro cY}J;a OT 1 HOH6pfI 1967 1'.).
B-TpeTbIIx, B rropH}J;Re HaCJIef],OBaIlIIH }J;OJIrOBbIe oOH3a-
TeJIbCTBa rrepeXO}J;HT R HaCJIe}J;HHRY, Of],HaKO Te H3 HHX, HCrrOJI-
HeHIIe ROTOpbIX HeB03Momno 6e3 JIH'InOrO rrpe}J;OCTaBJIeHHH
rrpemHHM }J;OJI/RHIIROM (HaCJIe (oAaTeJIeM), OTHOCHTCH K KaT8-
ropHH rrpHIIa)J;JIema HX HCRJIIO'lHTeJIbHO eMY. ITpHMep TaRoro
oOH3aTeJIbCTBa - 06H3aTeJIbcTBo HaCJIe)J;O)J;aTeJIH rro C03}J;aHHIO
xy}J;omeCTBeI1HbIX rrpoH3Be)J;emu1:. IIpe)J;MeToM HaCJIe)J;OBaHHH
He MomeT 6bITb TaKme CTaTYC HCrrOJIHHTeJIH no )J;orOBOpy JIH'I-
Horo naHMa (CM. CT. 625 rR). P OTJIn'Ine OT 3Toro B rropH}J;Re
TOJIROBaHHH C'lHTaeTCH }J;orrYCTH:'fbIM HaCJIe)J;OBaHHe cTaTyca
261
HaHHMaTeJUl npH OTCYTCTBHH OCOObIX OOCTOHTeJIbCTB (CM,
CT. 506 TK).
B-'IeTBepTbIX, npe,n;MeTOM naCJIe,n;OBaHHH He MorYT ObITb
npaBa HaCJIe,n;o,n;aTeJIH, npHcym;He eMY KaK 'IJIeny orrpe,n;eJIeH-
HOll OOm;HOCTH, OCHOBaHHOll Ha JIH'IHbIX OTHoIlleHHHX.
KpOMe Toro, Bonpoc 0 HaCJIe,n;OBaHHH He B03HHKaeT B OT-
HOIlleUHH TpeOOBaHHll H ,n;OJIrOBbIX 00H3aTeJIbCTB, rrpe,n;YCMOT-
peHHbIX 3aKOHo,n;aTeJIbCTBOM HJIH ,n;orOBopalVIH CTOpOH H ,n;ell-
CTBYIOm;HX JIHillb IIPH mH3HJI Kpe)J..IITopa HJIH )J..O JIm IJIIKa,
nOCKOJIbKY OHH npeKpam;aIOTCH CO OIepTbIO IIOCJIe,n;HHX (CM.
CT. 689, 693, 552 H ,n;p. fK) .
14. IIpeeMcTBo npe,n;MeToB, CBH33HHbIX C KYJIbTOM "pe,n;-
ROB,
1) 113 npHHlJ;Hna IIepexo,n;a K HaCJIe;IJHHKY Bcell COBOI{yn-
aOCTH npaB II 00H3aHHocTeM, CBH3aHHblX C HMym;ecTBoM Ha-
cJIe,n;o,n;aTeJIH, npe,n;ycMoTpeHo ern;e o,n;no BamHoe HCKJIIO'IeHHe.
OHO HMeeT OTHOIlleHHe K IIpaBY COOCTBeHHOCTH Ha npe,n;MeTbI,
CBH3aHHble C KYJIbTOM npe,n;KOB, a HMeHHO Ha reHeaJIOrH'Ie-
CKHe KHHrH, nOMHHaJIbHble IIpe,n;MeTbI, 3axopoaeHHH. TaKHe
Bem;H He BXO,n;HT B HaCJIep;CTBeHHYIO Maccy H aaCJIe,n;YIOTCH
JIHn;aMH, ocym;eCTBJIHIOm;HMH COOJIIO,n;eHHe IIOMHHaJIbHbIX 00-
pH,n;OB (II. 1 CT. 897 fK).
2) Co,n;epmaHHe ,n;3HHoro HHCTHTYT3.
a) Ha Bem;H, HCKJIIO'IaeMbIO H3 HacJIe,n;cTBeHHoM MaCCbI H
CBH3anHbJe C KYJIbTOM IIpe,n;KOB, pacnpOCTpaHHeTCR IIpaBO
coocTBeHHocTH. TIo,n; reneaJIOrH'IeCKHMH KHHraMH rrOHHMaeT-
CH 3aIIHCb pO)J..OCJIOBHOM ceMbH, Ha'IHHaIOm;aHCH C OCHOBaTeJIH
po,n;a, IIO,n; nOMHnaJIbHbIMH IIpe,n;MeTaMH - TaOJIH'IKH C no-
CMepTHbIMH HMeHaMII YCOIIIIIHX, oomHHn;bI, a no)J.. 3axopOHe.
aHeM - MOrHJIbHbIe IIaMHTHHKH, 3eMeJIbHble Y'IaCTKH IIO,n; MO-
rHJIY H T. II. CJIe,n;yeT Y'IHTbIBaTb, 'ITO B OTHOIlleHHH MeCT 3axo-
pOHeHIIH YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH He TOJIbKO IIpaBO COOCTBeHHOCTH,
HO II Y3Y<PPYKT.
0) B IIopH,n;Ke HaCJIe,n;OBaHHH TaKHe IIpe,n;MeTbI IIepexo,n;HT
K JIIln;aM, ocym;eCTBJIHIOm;nM COOJIIO,n;eHHe IIOMHHaJIbIIbIX 00-
pH,n;OB. AaHHbIe JIIln;a orrpe)J..eJIHIOTCH JIlIOO caMHM HaCJIe)J..o,n;a-
TeJIeM, JIHOO B COOTBeTCTBHII C OObI'IaeM (II. 1 CT. 897 fK).
ECJIH me pacnopHmeHHe naCJIe,n;o,n;aTeJIH Ha 3TOT C'IeT OTCYT-
cTByeT, a MHeliHe OObI'IaH IIpnMeHHTeJIbHO K KOHKpeTHoM CH-
Tyan;HH HeHCHO, BOIIpOC peillaeTCH ceMellRbIM CY)J..OM (II. 2
CT. 897 fK, II. 1 CT. 9 3aKoHil 0 cy,n;eoHoM paccMoTpeHHH
ceMellHblx ,n;eJI).
262
B) IIOCROJIbKY rrpe,n;MeTbI, C BJISaHHbre C KYJIbTOM rrpe,n;KOB,
He BXOP;JIT B HaCJIep;CTBeHHYIO Maccy, npH orpaHH'IeHHOM npe-
eMCTBe OHH He IIOp;JIemaT peaJIHSaIJ;HH (CM. CT. 929 rR), a rrpH
ocym;eCTBJIeHHH HHBeHTapHsaIJ;IIH HaCJIep;CTBeHHoro IIMym;e-
CTBa HCKJIIO'IaIOTCJI HS Hero (CM. CT. 948 rR). IIpH IIC'IHCJIe-
HHH 06JISaTeJIbHOH P;OJIH OHH Be Y'IJITbIBaIOTCJI B 06TI eH Ha-
-cJIep;CTBeHHOH Macce (CM. CT. 1029 rR).
r) IT paBOrrpeel\ICTBO Ha YKasaHHbIe rrpep;MeTbI He HaxO-
WITCJI B npJIMOH CBJISH C HaCJIep;OBaHHeM, rr03TOMY HaCJIep;-
IUIK, OTKasaBIIIHCb OT npHHJITHH HaCJIep;CTBa, MomeT rrpHIIHTb
JIHIIIb rrpe,n;MeTbI, CBJISaHHbIe C HYJIbTOM rrpep;KOB. RpOMe Toro,
IWK OTMe'IaJIOCb paHee, rrpeeMCTBO rrpaBa Ha 3TH upep;MeTbI
HacTyrraeT H rrOMHMO CJIY'IaJI OmpMTHJI HaCJIep;CTBa, a HMeH-
no rrpH paSBop;e, paCTopmeHHH YCbIHOBJIeHIIH, CMeHe cpaMH-
JIHH. B 3THX CJIY1:J:aJIX npaBorrpeeMHIIK orrpep;eJIJIeTCJI rro CO-
rJIaIIIeIIHIO Mem,n;y saHHTepeCOBaHHbIMH JIHIJ;aMII, a rrpH Hep;o-
-CTHmeHHH HJIH OTCYTCTBHH TaKoro COrJIaIIIeHHJI - ceMeRIIbIM
CYP;OM (CM. CT. 769,771,817 rR).
15. COHaCJleJ\OBa1IHe.
1) II pH HaJIH'IHH e,n;HHCTBeIIHOro HaCJIep;HIIKa K He MY rre-
peXO,rt;HT BCJI cOBoRyrrHocTb rrpaB H 06JISaHHOCTen, CBJISaHHbIX
C HaCJIep;CTBeHRbIM HMym;ecTBOM. ECJIH me HaCJIep;HHKOB
HeCKOJIbKO, HaCJIep;CTBeHHoe HMym;ecTBo HaCJIep;yeTCJI HMII
cOBMecTHo, H B 3TOM cJIY'Iae B03HHKaeT rrp06JIeMa pasp;eJIa
HaCJIep;CTBeHHoro HMym;ecTBa B COOTBeTCTBHH C HaCJIep;CTBeH-
HbIMH P;OJIJIMH. ROHKpeTHO 3TO OSHa'iaeT Heo6xop;HMOCTb pas-
,n;eJIa Memp;y HaCJIep;HHKaMH BceR cOBoKynHocTH npaB H o6JI-
3aHHOCTeR, CBJISaHHbIX C HaCJIep;CTBeHHbIM HMym;ecTBoM.
B 3TOR CBJISH MomHO YRa3aTb na p;Ba OCHOBHbIX crroco6a
pasp;eJIa HaCJIep;CTI'IeHHOro HMym;ecTBa Memp;y conaCJIep;HHRa-
MH. IIpH nepBOM cnocooe HaCJIep;CTBeHlIOe HMYII eCTBO He rre-
pexop;HT cpasy me OT HaCJIep;Op;aTeJIJI K HaCJIep;HHKaM. CHa'Ia-
JIa HaCJIep;CTBeHHoe HMym;ecTBo rrocTyrraeT rrop; ynpaBJIeHHe
CneIJ;HaJIbHOrO ynpaBJIJIIOm;ero H JIHIIIb nOCJIe COOTBeTCTBYIO-
m;IIX Mep B OTHOIIIeHHH ero pacrrpep;eJIJIeTCJI Memp;y COHaCJIep;-
HHKaMH. I1peIIMym;ecTBo 3Toro crroco6a COCTJHT B orrpep;eJIeH-
HOCTH rrpaB H 06JISaHHOCTen, CBJISaHHbIX C HaCJIep;CTBeHHbIM
HMym;ecTBOM. BTOpOR cnocoo SaKJIIO'IaeTCJI B TOM, 'ITO Ha-
CJIep;CTBeHHOe HMym;ecTBo rrepBOHa'IaJIbHO rrepexop;HT B
COco6CTBeHHOCTb COHaCJIep;HHKOB, a saTeM pacrrpep;eJIJIeTCJI
Memp;y HHMH B COOTBeTCTBHH C HaCJIep;CTBeHHbIMJI P;OJIJIMH.
MMeHHO 3TOT crrocoo S3KperrJIeH B rR HrrOHHH.
263
2) rR rro)J;p06HO perJIaMeHTHpyeT KpHTepHH, npon;e)J;YPY
H rrOCJIe)J;CTBHH pa3)J;eJIa HaCJIe)J;CTBeHHoro HMyrn;ecTBa. Bce
aTH BorrpOCbI 6Y)J;YT paCCMOTpeHbI HaMH B Crren;HaJIbHOM rrapa-
rpa4>e. B )J;aHHOM CJIyqae OTMeTHM JIHIIIb O)J;HY 06rn;yIO rrpo-
6JIeMY, 3aKJIIO'IaIOrn;yroCH B TOM, B KaKOll: 4>opMe ocyrn;ecTB-
JIHeTCH rrpeeMCTBO COHaCJIe)J;HHKaMH HaCJIe)J;CTBeHHoro HMyrn;e-
CTBa B rrepHO)J; C MOMeHTa OTKpbITHH HaCJIe)J;CTBa )J;O
3aBepIIIeHHH pa3)J;eJIa HaCJIe)J;CTBeHHoro HMyrn;ecTBa. llnbIMH
CJIOBaMH, B KaKoM CBH3H B YKa3aHHbIM nepHOJJ; HaXO)J;HTCH CO-
naCJIe)J;IIHKH C HaCJIe)J;CTBeHHbIM HMyrn;ecTBoM, BKJIIO'IaH He)J;BH-
mHMOCTb, )J;BHmHMOCTb, n;eHHbIe 6YMarH, Tpe60BaHHH, )J;OJIro-
Bble 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, )J;orOBOpHbIe OTHOIIIeHHH? ITOJIOmeInIH rR
Ha aTOT C'IeT BeCbMa CKY)J;Hb!. I10MHMO 06rn;ero rrpHHn;Hrra:
«CO BpeMeHH OTKpbITHH IIaCJIe)J;CTBa K HaCJIe)J;HHKY rrepeXO)J;HT
Bce rrpaBa H 06H3aUHOCTH, rrpHna)J;JIemarn;He HMyrn;eCTBY Ha-
CJIe)J;O)J;aTeJIH}> (CT. 896 rR), rK )J;orrOJIIIHTeJIbHo YCTanaBJIH-
BaeT: «IT paBa H 06H3aHHOCTH HaCJIe)J;O)J;aTeJIH rrepeXO)J;HT K
Kam)J;OMY COHaCJIe)J;HHKY COOTBeTCTBeHHO ero HaCJIe)J;CTBeHHOM
)J;oJIe}> (CT. 899 rR), a TaKme TO, '1TO HaCJIe)J;CTBeHHoe HMY-
rn;eCTBO rrpHIIa)J;JIemHT COHaCJIe)J;HHKaM Ha rrpaBax COc06CTBeH-
HOCTH (CT. 898 rR). C )J;PyrOll: CTOpOHbl, rR orrpe)J;eJIHeT, '<J.TO
rrOCJIe)J;CTBHH pa3)J;eJIa HaCJIe)J;CTBeHHoro HMyrn;ecTBa B rropH)J;-
Ke 06paTHoro )J;eHCTBHH pacrrpOCTpaHHIOTCH Ha BpeMH OTKpbI-
THH HaCJIe)J;CTBa (CT. 909 rR). B Borrpoce me 0 xapaKTepe
COc06CTBeHIIOCTH COHaCJJe)J;HMKOB na HaCJIe)J;CTBeHHoe HMyrn;e-
CTBO co BpeMeHH OTKpbITHH naCJIe)J;CTBa )J;O ero pa3)J;eJIa II03H-
n;HH cy)J;e6HOH rrpaKTHKH H naY'lHOll: )J;OKTpHHbI He COBIIa)J;aIOT,
a cpe)J;H Y'IeHbIX cyrn;eCTBYIOT pa3JIH'IHble TO'lKH 3peHHH.
16. COcoocTBeHHocTb Ha HaCJIe)J;CTBeHHoe UMyrn;ecTBO. ITo-
HHTHO, '1TO npH npH3BaHHH K HaCJIe)J;OBaHHIO HeCKOJIbKHX
COHaCJIe)J;HHIWB B OTHOIIIeHIIH naCJIe)J;CTBeHHoro HMyrn;ecTB3
B03HHKaeT COc06CTBeHHOCTb B IIIHpOKOM CMbICJIe. G)J;HaKO rR
He rrpH3HaeT YCTaHOBJIemur npaBa c06CTBeHHOCTH B )J;aIII!OM
cHTyan;HH na)J; lIaCJIe)J;CTBeI:UbTM HMyrn;ecTBoM KaI\ e)J;IIIIbIM
n;eJIbIM. COc06CTBeHHOCTb, UJIU 06rn;aH nplIHa)J;JIemnoCTb (B
CJIY'Iae UHbIX, rrOMHMO rrpaBa c06cTBeHHoCTH, Bern;HbIX rrpaB,
a TaKme 06H3aTeJIbCTB II )J;DrOBOpHbIX oTHOIIIeHHll:), rrpH3HaeT-
CH JIHIIIb B OTHOIIIeHHH uaCJIe)J;cTBeHHoH MaCCbI KaK cOBOKyrr-
HOCTH oT)J;eJIbHbIX HaCJIe)J;cTBeHHblx HMyrn;ecTB. B aToll: CBH3H
B03HHKaeT rrp06JIeMa: KaKoe BJIHHHHe OKa3bIBaeT e)J;HHCTBO
HaCJIe)J;CTBeHHOH MaCCbI Ha xapaKTep COc06CTBeHIIOCTH OT-
)J;eJIbHOrO HaCJIe)J;CTBeHHoro HMyru;eCTBa? )J:aHHbIll: Borrpoc Ha
264
upOTHmeHHH p;JIHTeJIbHOrO BpeMeHH P;HCKYTHpyeTcH B HnOH-
CKOH HaYKe rpamp;aHCKOrO npaBa.
17. COHaCJIep;OBaHlIe p;OJIrOBhIX oOH3aTeJIhCTB.
1) IIpH nepexop;e K neCKOJIbKHM COHaCJIep;HHKaM p;OJIro-
BbIX oOHSaTeJIbCTB uaCJIep;Op;aTeJIH (CM. CT. 896 fIt) BoaUH-
KaeT npOOJIeMa: KaKHM oopasoM p;aHHbIe p;OJIrOBbIe oOHSaTeJIb-
CTBa CBHSbIBaIOT Kamp;oro OTp;eJIbHOro COHaCJIep;HHKa? HecYT
JIH COHaCJIep;HHKH COJIHp;apuyIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb, KaR 3TO npe-
P;YCMOTpeHO B repMaHCKOM rpamp;aHCKOM npaBe? CooTBeTcT-
BYIO He nOJIOmeHHH Ha 3TOT C'IeT B HnOHCKOM fIt OTCYT-
CTBYIOT.
2) IIoHHTHo, 'ITO Kpep;HTOp HaCJIep;Op;aTeJIH MOIKeT Tpeoo-
BaTb OT Bcex HaCJIep;HHKOB HCnOJIHeHHH nOJIHOH CYMMbI oOHsa-
TeJIbCTB HaCJIep;Op;aTeJIH HS HaCJIep;CTBeHHoro HMy ecTBa, He-
p;OmHp;aHCb OKOH'IaTeJIbHOrO paSp;eJIa HMy ecTBa. Op;HaKO
MOmeT JIH Kpep;HTOp HaCJIep;Op;aTeJIH npep;'bHBJIHTb TpeOOBa-
nHe HCnOJIHeHHH nOJIHOH CYMMbI OOHSaTeJIbCTBa HaCJIep;Op;a-
TeJIH HS HaCJIep;CTBeHHOH MaCCbI P;O pasp;eJIa HMy ecTBa K Op;-
IIOMY HS COHaCJIep;HHKOB? Cyp;eoHaH npaKTHKa C'IHTaeT, 'ITO
npH p;eJIHMOCTH OOHaaTeJIbCTBa Ramp;bIH COHaCJIe,I(HHK HeceT
OOHsaHHOCTb no p;aHHOMY npaBY Tpe60BaHHH JIHllib B npep;e-
JIax, COOTBeTCTBYIO X ero saKOHHOH HaCJIep;CTBeHHOH p;OJIe.
ECJIH me p;OJIrOBOe OOHSaTeJIbCTBO no CBoeMY xapaKTepy HJIH
p;orOBOpy Hep;eJIHMO, npHMeHHeTCH nOJIOmeHHe CT. 430 fIt B
OTHOllieHHH p;aHHoro pop;a oOHSaTeJIbCTB.
3) CTaTYc HaCJIep;Op;aTeJIH no ero p;orOBopHbIM OTHOllie-
HHHM nepexop;HT KO BceM COHaCJIep;HHKaM. Bce npaBa B OT-
UOllieHHR YKasaHHbIX p;orOBopOB p;OJImHbI ocy eCTBJIHTbCH
COHaCJIep;HHKaMH COBMeCTlIO. 8TO paBHbIM oopasoM OTHOCHTCH
H K ocy eCTBJIeHHIO onpep;eJIeHHbIX npaB no OTnOllieHHIO K
COHaCJIep;HHKaM. Cnen;lIaJIbHOe nOJIOmeHHe fH' npeP;YC faTpH-
BaeT JIHllib B OTHOllieHHH npaBa paCTopiKeHHH p;orOBopa
(CT. 544 fIt, CM. pellieHHe BepXOBHoro cyp;a OT 22 p;eKaopH
1961 r.).
2. HacneAcTBeHHasr Aonsr
18. OO He nOJIOmeHlIH. B CJIY'Iae HaCJIep;OBaHllH HeCKOJIb-
KHMH HaCJIep;HlIKaMH oOHSaTeJIbHO BOSHHKaeT npOOJIeMa onpe-
p;eJIeHHH P;OJIH Kamp;oro .naCJIep;HHKa B OTHOllieHlIH naCJIep;-
CTBeHHOH MaCCbI. IIplIMeHHTeJIbHO K COHaCJIep;OBaHlIIO 3TH
18 3aKas M 1264
26Q
)J,OJIH Ha3bIBaIOTCJI HaCJIep:CTBeHHbll\IH. Pa3Mep HaCJIep:CTBeIlHO-
ro HMym;ecTBa, nepexop:JIm;erO K Kamp:OMY H3 COHaCJIep:HHKOB,
onpep:eJIJIeTCJI COpa3MepHO ero naCJIep:CTBeHHOM p:OJIe. B Teo-
peTH'I8CKOM nJIaHe MomHO pa3JIH'IaTb a6CTpaKTHbIe H KOH-
HpeTHbIe HaCJIep:CTBeHHbIe p:OJIH.
HaCJIep:CTBeHHaJI p:OJIJI onpep:eJIJIeTCJI JIH60 no 3aBem;amlIO,
JIH60, npH ero OTCYTCTBHH, nOJIOmeHHJIMH fH.. IIepBaJI Ha3bl-
BaeTCJI HaCJIep:CTBeHHOM p:oJIeiI no 3aBem;aHHIO, a BTOpaJI-
3aKOHHOM nacJIep:cTBeHHoI1: p:OJIeM. IIoCKOJIbKY B peaJIbHOH
npaKTHKe 3aBem;aHHe MaJIO pacnpOCTpaneHO B HnOHHH, npH
HaCJIep:OBaHHH '1am;e Bcero npHxop:JITCJI HMeTb )J,eJIO C 3aKOH-
HblMH HaCJIep:CTBeHHbIMH p:OJIJIMH, a HaCJIep:CTBeHHble p:OJIH
no 3aBem;aHHIO JIBJIJIIOTCJI B 3Ha'lHTe.JIbHOM Mepe HCKJIJO'leHH-
eM. Op:HaKO B CBJI3H C TeM, '1TO nOJIOmeHHJI fK 0 HaCJIep:CTBeH-
HOM p:OJIe no 3aBem;aHHIO npep:IllecTByIOT nOJIOmeHHJIM 0 3a-
KOHHOM p:OJIe, H3JIOmeHHe Bonpoca Mbl Ha'lHeM HMeHHO C nep-
Boro BHp:a HacJIep:cTBeHHoM p:OJIH.
19. HaCJIep:cTBeHHaH p:OJIH no aaBeUWHHIO.
1) HaCJIep:op:aTeJI'b CBaHM 3aBe.m;aHHeM MomeT onpep:e-
JIHTb HaCJIep:CTBeHHYIO p:OJIJO Kamp:oro HaCJIep:HHKa (n. 1
CT. 902 fK). HanpHMep, COOTHOIIIeHHe HaCJIep:CTBeHHbIX p:o-
JIeM Tpex COHaCJIep:HHIWB MomeT BblrJIJIp:eTb KaK 3 : 2 : 1.
a) Onpep:eJIeHHe HaCJIep:cTBeHHOJI p:OJIH caMHM HaCJIep:op:a-
TeJIeM B03MomHO JIHIllb B ero 3aBem;aHHH; onpep:eJIeHHe Ha-
CJIep:cTBeHHoM p:OJIH npHmH3HeHHblM p:eMCTBHeM He p:onycKa-
eTCJI.
6) Onpep:eJIeHHe HaCJIen;CTBeHHoM p:OJIH ocym;eCTBJIJIeTCJI B
BlIp:e yKa3aHHJI '1aCTH 06.m;ero HaCJIep:CTBeHHoro HMYlqecTBa.
B) KOHKpeTHoe YKa3aHHe Toro, KOMY KaKoe HMyIlJ;eCTBO
nepexop:HT (HanpHMep, aKlJ;HH - cynpyry, Hep:BHmHMOCTb-
CTapIlleMY CbIHY, p:eHemHble BKJIap:bI - MJIap:IlleMY CblHy H
T. n.), He JIBJIJIeTCJI YCTaHOBJIeHHeM HaCJIep:CTBeHHOM p:OJIH.
r) HaCJIep:op:aTeJIb MomeT nopY'lHTb onpep:eJIeHHe HaCJIep:-
CTBeHHbIX p:OJIeM TpeTbeMY JIHqy (n. 1 CT. 902 fK). ::ho
nOJIO}IWHHe rK HMeeT npaKTH'IecKyIO qeJlHocTb npHMeml-
TeJIbHO K CHTyalJ;HH H3MeHeHHJI 06CTOJITeJIbCTB nOCJIe COCTaB-
JIeHHJI 3aBem;aHHJI. B nOpJIp:Ke TOJIKOBaHHJI C'IHTaeTCJI, '1TO
.;n;aHHoe nopY'leHHe p:OJImHO cop:epmaTbCJI B TeKCTe caMoro
3aBem;aHHJI. ECJIH me nOBepeHHblM OTKameTCJI OT HCnOJIHe-
HHJI nopY'leHHJI HJIH He CMomeT HCnOJIHIITb ero, Kamp:bIM H3
COHaCJIep:HHKOB nOJIY'lHT npH'IHTaIO.m;YIOCJI eMY 3aKOHHYIO na-
'CJIep:CTBeHHYIO )J;OJIIO.
266
;a;) HacJIe;a;O;a;aTeJIl, MomeT no aaBem;aHHIO onpe;a;eJIHTb HJIH
nopY1J:HTb onpe;a;eJIeHHe TaKHX ;a;OJIeH TpeTbeMY JIHIJ;Y JIHilib B
OTHOIlIeHHH 1J:aCTH COHaCJIe;a;HHKOB. B aTOM CJIY1J:ae HaCJIe;a;-
CTBeHHaH ;a;OJIH ;a;pyrHx COHaCJIe;a;HHKOB orrpe;a;eJIHeTCH COOTBeT-
CTBYIOm;HMH IIOJIOmeHHHMH rH 0 aaKOHHOH HaCJIe;a;CTBeIfHOH
;a;OJIe (n. 2 CT. 902 rH).
2) Onpe;a;eJIemIe HaCJIe;a;O;a;aTeJIeM HJIH ero nOBepeUH.bIM
HaCJIe;a;CTBeHH.bIX ;a;OJIeH He ;a;OJImHO HapYIlIaTb 06HaaTeJIbH.bIX
;a;OJIeH HaCJIe;a;HHKOB (orOBopKa n. 1 CT. 902 rH). IIpH HamI-
'IHH TaKoro uapYIlIeHHH onpe;a;eJIeHHe HaCJIe;a;CTBeHHbIX ;a;OJIeH
ue npHaHaeTCH He;a;eHCTBHTeJIbUbIM, no HaCJIe;a;HHK, aaKOHuaH
naCJIe;a;CTBeHHaH ;a;OJIH KOToporo 6bIJIa HapYIlIeua, npH06peTa-
eT npaBO Tpe60BauHH YMeHbIlIeHHH HaCJIe;a;CTBeHHoH ;a;OJIH no
aaBem;aUHIO ;a;Pyroro UaCJIe;a;HHKa (CT. 1031 H CJIe;a;. rH).
3) IIpH HC1J:HCJIeUHH KOHKpeTH.bIX HaCJIe;a;CTBeHH.bIX ;a;OJIeH
Ha OCHOBaHHH YKaaaHHoro B aaBem;aHHH BO BUHMaHHe npnHH-
MaeTCH CTOHMOCTb npHmHaHeHHblX ;a;apeHHH uaCJIe;a;O;a;aTeJIH
HaCJIe;a;HHKaM (CT. 903 H 904 rH). BMecTe C TeM Ha OCUOBa-
HHH BOJIH HaCJIe;a;O;a;aTeJIH ;a;onycKaeTcH H HCKJII01J:eUHe Ha ;a;aH-
HOro npaBHJIa.
4) B nopH;a;Ke TOJIKOBaHHH CT. 899 rH C1J:HTaeTCH, 1J:TO
onpe;a;eJIeHHe B aaBem;aHHH HaCJIe;a;CTBeHnbIX ;a;OJIeH pacnpo-
CTpaHHeTCH H Ha ;a;OJIH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH uaCJIe;a;UHKOB no 06H-
aaTeJIbCTBaM uaCJIe;a;O;a;aTeJIH, XOTH B 3TOM Bonpoce H HMeIOTCH
;a;HCKYCCHOUH.bIe MOMeHTbI. TaK, COrJIaCHO KOUIJ;enIJ;HH, ;a;onyc-
KaIOm;eH B03MomHOCTb Tpe60BauHH 01' K3m;a;oro Ha naCJIep;HH-
KOB nOJIHOrO HCnOJIHeHHH 06HaaTeJIbCTBa HaCJIep;Op;aTeJIH npH
ero Hep;eJIHMOCTH, Bonpoc paap;eJIa HaCJIep;CTBeHHoro HMym;e-
CTBa OTHOCHTCH K KaTeropHH BHYTpeHHHX OTHOIlIeHHH Memp;y
COHaCJIep;HHKaMH.
20. 3aKoHHaJl HaCJIe;a;CTBeHHaJl ;a;OJIJI.
1) ECJIH HaCJIep;CTBeHHaH P;OJIH ue onpep;eJIeHa B aaBelJ:(a-
HHH, OHa YCTanaBJIHBaeTCH Ha OCUOBaUHH nopM fH. Hac)lep;-
CTBeUH.bIe P;OJIH COUaCJIep;HHKOB O;a;UoH 01J:epe;a;H B npHHD;Hne
paBH.bI. ECTecTBeHuo, C YBeJIH1J:eHHeM 1J:HCJIa JIHIJ;, npHabIBae-
MbIX K HaCJIe;a;OBaUHIO, BeJIH1J:HHa aaKOIIHOH ,daCJIe;a;CTBeuHoH
;a;OJIH YMeHbiliaeTCH (n. 4 CT. 900 rH). Pa3Mep aaKoHuolr
HaCJIe;a;CTBeUuoH ;a;OJIH nepemHBiliero cynpyra YCTaUaBJIHBaeT-
CH a6COJIIOTHO H He aaBHCHT 01' 1J:HCJIa JIHIJ;, npHabIBaeMbIX K
HaCJIe;a;OBaUHIO. IIpH npHaBaUHH naCJIe;a;UHKOB nepBOH 01J:epe-
;a;H aaKOHHaH HaCJIe;a;CTBeHHaH ;a;OJIH nepeJl\HBiliero cynpyra
YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH B paaMepe Ih, HaCJIe;a;HHKOB BTOpOH O'Iepe-
18-
267
)J;H - B paaMepe 1/ 2 II HaCJIe)J;HHKOB TpeTbeH O'lepe)J;H - B paa-
Mepe 2Ja HaCJIe)J;CTBeHHOro HMym;ecTBa *.
IIpH OTCYTCTBHH nepemlIBllIerO cynpyra BCe HaCJIe)J;CTBeH-
HOe HMym;ecTBO nO)J;JIemHT paa)J;eJIY Mem)J;y HaCJIe)J;HIIKat.UI
paBHOH O'lepe)J;H.
2) HaCJIe)J;cTBeHHaH )J;OJIH HaCJIe)J;HHKOB no npaBy npeTJ;-
CTaBJIeHHH.
KaK OTMe'laJIOCb paHee, B CJIY'lae CMepTH HaCJIe)J;HHKOB
nepBoH O'lepe)J;H HJIH YTpaTbI HMH HaCJIe)J;CTBeHHbIX npaB )J;O
MOMeHTa OTKpbITHH HaCJIe)J;CTBa )J;eTH 3THX HaCJIe)J;HHKOB (BHY-
KH HaCJIe)J;o)J;aTeJIH) CTaHOBHTCH HaCJIe)J;HHKaMH no npaBY
npe)J;cTaBJIeHHH CBoero CKOH'laBllIerOCH HJIH YTpaTHBllIero Ha-
CJIe)J;CTBeHHble npasa pO)J;HTeJIH (n. 2 CT. 887 rK). II pH na-
lI'lHH HeCKOJIbKHX COHaCJIe)J;HHKOB no npaBY npe)J;CTaBJIeHHH
1JX aaKOHHbIe HaCJIe)J;CTBeHHbIe ):(OJIH B ):(OJIe (aaKOHHOH HJIII
110 aaBem;aHHIO) CBoero pO):(HTeJIH onpe):(eJIHIOTCH Ha OCHona-
HHH nOJIOmeHHH rK, KacaIOm;HXCH HaCJIe):(CTBeHHbIX ):(oJIeiI
HaCJIe):(HHKOB nepBOH O'lepe):(H (n. 1 CT. 901 rK). AHaJIOrH'l-
HbIH nopH):(OK npe):(ycMoTpeH H B CJIY'lae CMepTH HaCJIe,l:t;HHKOB
TpeT:beH O'lepe):(II (6paTbeB H cecTep HaCJIe):(o):(aTeJIH) HJIH
YTpaTbI HMH HaCJIe):(CTBeHHbIX npaB ):(0 MOMeHTa OTKpbITHH
HaCJIe):(CTBa (n. 2 CT. 889, n. 2 CT. 901 rK).
21. I1C'lHCJIeHHe KOHKpeTHoii HaCJIe;:1;cTBeHlIOH ):(OJIH.
1) HaCJIe):(cTBeHHaH )J;OJIH HaCJIe)J;HHKoB, nOJIY'lHBIUIIX OT
naCJIe)J;O)J;aTeJIH HMyro;eCTBO B nopH)J;Ke OOI>I'lHOrO )J;apeHHH HJIH
no aaBero;aHHlO. 06bI'lHO KOHKpeTHaH HaCJIe)J;CTBeHHaH )J;OJIH
Kam)J;oro Ha COHaCJIe)J;HHKOB onpe)J;eJIHeTCH nYTeM )J;eJIeHHH
CTOHMOCTH HMeIOm;erOCH Ha MOMeHT cMepTH HaCJIe)J;O)J;aTeJIH
* B 1980 r. nonpaBKoi K CT. 900 rK paaMep aaKoHHoi HaCJIeiJ,CT-
BeHHorr iJ,OJI.II nepeJlmBinero cynpyra 6bIJI nOBbIilleH. YKaaaHHaJI no-
rrpaBKa BCTyrr.IIJIa B C.lIJIY C 1 JIHBapJI 1981 r., H B HaCTOJIlI\ee BpeM5I
aaKOHHaJI HaCJIeiJ,CTBeHHaJI iJ,OJIJI nepeJKHBillerO cynpyra npH IIpH3Ba-
HH.II K HaCJIeiJ,OBaH.lI1O HaCJIeiJ,H.lIKOB nepBoii O'lepeiJ,II COCTaBJIJIeT liz,
HaCJIe)J:I1HKOB BTOpoi o'lepe)J:.II - 2/3 .II HaCJIe,lJ;HHKOB TpeTben: oqepe-
iJ,H - 3/ 4 HaCJIeiJ,CTBeHHoro HMYlI\eCTBa. COOTBeTCTBeHHO aaKOHHaJI
HaCJIe CTBeHHa51 iJ,OJI5I BCCX HaCJIeiJ,H.lIKOB nepBon OqepeiJ,H COCTaBJIJIeT
l/z, BToporr O'IepeiJ,.II - 1/3 .II TpeTbei Oqepe}J;H - 1/4 HaCJIe}J;CTBeHHoro
HMYlI\eCTBa BHe aaB.lIC.lIMOCTII OT IIX 'l.IICJIa. 8TH }J;OJIH npH HaJIHq.II.II
HeCKOJIbKHX HaCJIe}J;H.lIKOB (KpOMe rrepeJKHBillerO cyrrpyra) nO}J;JIemaT
pa3}J;eJIY Mem)J;y HHMH B paBHbIX npOrrOPIIHJIX, aa }J;BYMJI HCKJIIO'leHHJI-
M.II. A lIMeHHO BHe6paqHbIe )J;eTH HaCJIe}J;YIOT 1/ 2 )J;OJIH aaKOHHopOmiJ,eH-
HbiX ,I:J;eTei, 3TOT JKe paaMep yCTaIIOBJIeH H B OTHOilleHHH aaKOHHon:
HaCJIe)J;CTBeHHon: )J;OJIH CBO}J;HbIX 6paTbeB H ceCTep (CM. n. 4 CT. 900
rK). - IIpuM. peo.
268
IIMynwcTBa (3a BbI'IeTOM 3aROHHO:ll HaCJIe)J;CTBeIIHO:ll )J;OJIll ne-
pemllBIUero cynpyra) Ha TJ:HCJIO COHaCJIe)J;HllROB. O)J;HaRO eCJIH
Cpe)J;H COHaCJIe)];HllROB HMeeTCH Cnen;HaJIbHbI:ll BblrO)J;OnOJIYTJ:a-
TeJIb, T. e. JIHn;O, yme nOJIYTJ:HBrnee OT HaCJIe)];O)];aTeJIH onpe)J;e-
JIeHHOe HMy ecTBo B nopH)J;Re 06blTJ:HOrO )];apeHHH HJIH no
3aBe aHHIO, nO)];06Hbl:ll nopH)J;OR onpe)J;eJIeHHH ROHRpeTHO:ll
HaCJIe)J;CTBeHHO:ll )J;OJIH 6y)];eT HBHO HecnpaBe)J;JIHB no OTHome-
HHIO R )];pyrllM COHaCJIe)J;HHRaM. IIpHMeHHTeJIbHO R TaRHM CH-
Tyan;HHM fIT YCTaHaBJIHBaeT CJIe)];YIO ee.
Bo-rrepBblx, HMy ecTBo, nOJIYTJ:eHHOe OT HaCJIe)J;O)J;aTeJIH
no 3aBe aHHIO, a TaRme B nOpH)];Re 06bITJ:HOrO npHmH3HeHHO-
ro )];apeHHH (nO)];apRH no CJIYTJ:aIO BCTynJIeHHH B 6paR, YCbl-
HOBJIeHHH H rro HHblM nOBO)];aM), paCCMaTpHBaeTCH B RaTJ:e-
CTBe HMy ecTBa, npH06peTeHHoro B nopH)J;I{e HaCJIe)];OBaHHH,
II ero CTOHMOCTb BblTJ:HTaeTCH H3 HaCJIe)J;cTBeHHO:ll )J;OJIH, ROTO-
paH npHTJ:HTaeTCH TaROMY Cnen;HaJIbHOMY BbIrO)J;onOJIYTJ:aTeJIIO
{no 1 CT. 903 fIT).
BO-BTOpbIX, eCJIH CTOHMOCTb YRa3aHHoro HMy ecTBa paB-
Ha HJIH npeBblrnaeT HaCJIe)];CTBeHHYIO )];OJIIO Cnen;HaJIbHOrO
BblrO)];onOJIYTJ:aTeJIH, OH JIHrnaeTCH CBOe:ll naCJIe)];CTBeHHO:ll
)];OJIH (n. 2 CT. 903 fIT).
B-TpeTbHx, HaCJIe)];O)J;aTeJIb CBOe:ll BOJIe:ll MomeT H3MeHHTb
nopH)J;OR HCTJ:HCJIeHHH HaCJIe)];CTBeHHO:ll )];OJIH Cnen;HaJIbHOrO
BbIrO)];OrrOJIYTJ:aTeJIH, O)];HaRO 3TO He )];OJImHO HapyrnaTb 06H3a-
eJIbHO:ll HaCJIe)];CTBeHHO:ll )J;OJIH )J;pyrHx COHaCJIe)];HHROB (n. 3
CT. 903 fIT).
2) HaCJIe)J;cTBeHHa1l )];OJI1I JIHq, nOJIYTJ:HBIJIHX onpe)J;eJIeH-
Hble MaTepHaJIbHbIe cpe)J;CTBa B CB1I3H co CMepTbIO HaCJIe)J;O-
JJ;aTeJI1I. Bonpoc 0 pa3Mepe HaCJIe)];CTBeHHOH )];OJIH TaRHX
HaCJIe)];HHROB pernaeTCH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT xapaRTepa nOJIYTJ:eH-
HbIX Cpe)];CTB. TaR, nOJIYTJ:eHHe cTpaXOBO:ll CYMMbl no cTpaxo-
BaHHro Ha cJIYTJ:a:ll cMepTH H BbIXO)];HOrO noco6HH HaCJIe)];O)];aTe-
.JIH npHpaBHHBaeTcH R nOJIYTJ:eHHIO HMy ecTBa no 3aBe aHHIO
HJIH me R nOJIYTJ:eHHIO Cpe)];CTB H3 HaCJIe)];CTBeHHoro HMy e-
.cTBa HaCJIe)];O)];aTeJIH. IIOJIYTJ:eHHe neHCHH no c.rrYTJ:aIO nOTepR
ROpMHJIbn;a )];OJImHO paccMaTpHBaTbcH RaR BH)]; aJIllMeHTlIOM
o6H3aHHocTH. q TO RacaeTCH TaR Ha3hlBaeMbL\. npHHOrneHH:ll
ceMbe nORO:llHOrO B 3HaR YBameHHH ero naMHTH, TO 3TOT BO-
npoc Bo06 e He CBH3aH C HaCJIe)];OBaHHeM, perYJIHpyeMblM
nopMaMH fIt
22. BRJIa)]; HaCJIe)J;HHRa B HaCJIe)];CTBeHHoe JlMym;ecTBO.
qacTo nplI HC,TJ:HCJIBHHH ROHRpeTHO:ll HaCJIe)];CTBeIIHO:ll )];OJIH Ha
269
npaKTIIKe BO'3HlIKaeT BO'npO'C 0'6 Y'IeTe BKJIap;a O'p;HOrO' H3 co,..
HaCJIep;HIIKO'B B HaCJIe)],CTBeHHO'e HMym;eCTBO'. HanplIMep, O'P;HH
H3 p;eTeH HaCJIep;O'p;aTeJIJI B Te'IeHHe p;JIHTeJIbHO'rO' BpeMeHH BeJ]'
erO' p;O'MallIHee XO'3J1HCTBO'. ECJIH 6bI Memp;y HaCJIep;O'p;aTeJIeM
H TaKIIM HaCJIep;HHKO'M cym;eCTBO'BaJI CO'O'TBeTcTBYIOm;Hii: P;O'-
rO'BO'P, HaCJIep;HHK MO'r 6bI Tpe6O'BaTb HeBbInJIa'IeHHO'H 3apa-
6O'THO'H nJIaTbI HJIH BO'3Harpamp;eHHJI, O'p;HaKO' nO'p;O'6HbIe p;O'rO'-
BO'PbI npaKTH'IeCKH He BCTpe'IaIOTCJI. C npaBO'BO'H TO''IKH 3pe-
nHJI TaKYIO cHTyan;HIO CJIep;yeT paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK p;apeHHe'
PO'p;HTeJIIO, O'cym;eCTBJIeHHO'e B BIIp;e TpYP;O'BO'rO' Y'IaCTHJI, a
CTO'HMO'CTHbIH 8KBHBaJIeHT 8TO'rO' p;apeHHJI BbI'IHTaTb H3 CTO'H-'
MO'CTH HaCJIep;CTBeHHO'rO' HMyrn;eCTBa B nO'JIb3Y TaKO'rO' p;apH-'
TeJIJI.
IIO' BO'npO'cy me 0' BKJIap;e cynpyra ('Iarn;e BCerO' meHbI) B:
HaCJIep;CTBeHHO'e HMym;eCTBO' cym;ecTByeT llIHPOKO' pacnpO'-
CTpaHeHHaJi KO'Hn;enn;HII, nO' KO'TO'PO'H, 3a HCKJIIO}le.HlIeM O'CO'-
6bIX O'6CTO'JlTeJIbCTB, BKJIap; cynpyra B HaCJIep;CTBeHHO'e HMY-
m;eCTBO' yme Y'ITeH B erO' 3aKO'HHO'H HaCJIep;CTBeHHO'H p;O'JIe.
BMeCTe C TeM, nO' HameMY MHeHHIO, npH p;JIHTeJIbHO'CTH cy-
npymeCKO'H mH3HlI C HaCJIep;O'p;aTeJIeM BKJIap; cynpyra B Ha-
CJlep;CTBeHHO'e HMym;eCTBO' CJIep;yeT Y'IHTblBaTb O'Tp;eJIbHO', 6YP;h
TO' B BHp;e HCKJIIO'IeHHJI H3 HaCJIep;CTBeHHO'rO' Hluym;ecTBa O'npe-
p;eJIeHHO'H erO' CTO'HMO'CTH Ha O'CHO'Be KpHTepHeB, CBJI3aHHbIX
cO' CTameM cyrrpymeCKO'H mH3HH, JIH6O' B B1crp;e nO'llbUIIeHHH:
BeJIM'IRHbI 3aKO'HHO'H lIaCJIep;CTBeHHO'H P;O'JIH cynpyra.
23. ITepep;a-'Ia H BbIKyn HaCJIep;CTBeHlIOii fJ;OJIH. IIO'HJlTHO,
'ITO' P;O' pa3p;eJIa HaCJIep;CTBeHHO'rO' HMym;ecTBa CO'HaCJIep;HHK
He MO'meT O'cym;eCTBJIJlTb ep;HHO'JIH'IHO'e paCnO'PJl1ReHHe O'T-
p;eJIbHbIMH BenWMH, BXO'p;Jlm;HMH B O'6Iln'IO HaCJIep;CTBeHHYIO'
Maccy. BO'npO'c me 0' BO'3MO'mHO'CTH pacnO'PJlmeHHJI B TaKO'H:
cHTyan;HH a6cTpaKTHO'H p;O'JIeH JlBJIJleTCJI P;HCKYCCHO'HHbIM' B
JlnO'HCKO'H HaYKe rpamp;aHCKO'rO' npaBa. CJIep;yeT O'TMeTHTb,
O'p;HaKO', 'ITO' rK p;O'nycKaeT nepep;a'IY HaCJIep;CTBeHHO'H P;O'JIH
O'P;HMM H3 CO'HaCJIep;HMKO'B BHe BCJlKO'll CBJl3H C p;pyrHM. AaH-
HO'e nO'JIO'meHMe npep;YCMO'TpeHO' Ha TO'T CJIY'IaII, KO'rJJ;a 'IaCTh
CO'HaCJIep;HHKO'B CTpeMHTCJI KaK MO'mHO' CKO'pee peaJIH3O'BaTh
CBO'IO HaCJIep;CTBeHHYIO P;O'JIIO. ECJIII O'Ha rrepeJJ;aeTCII ,n:pyrO'MY
CO'HaCJIep;HHKY, HaCJIep;CTBeHHaH P;O'JIJI rrO'CJIep;HerO' YBeJIH'IH-
BaeTCJI, H HHKaKHX MHbIX npO'6JIeM TYT He BO'3HHKaeT. CHTya-
n;MJI O'CJIO'mHJleTCJI, KO'rp;a JIaCJIeJJ;CTBeHHaJi P;O'JIJI nepeJJ;aeTCJI
TpeTbeMY JIHU;y, nO'CKO'JIbKY CO'BepmeHHO' llO'CTO'PO'HHee JIHn;O
p;O'JImHO' 6bITb p;O'nym;eHO' K neperO'BO'paM 0' pa3p;eJIe HaCJIep;-
270
CTBeHHoro JIMym;ecTBa. Ha aTOT CJIytJaH rR cnen;JIaJIbHO orOBa-
pJIBaeT npaBO BbIRyna HaCJIe));CTBeHHOH ));OJIJI. Eho npaBO lIWi:I\eT
ObITb peaJIH30BaHO O));HHM H3 COHaCJIe));HHROB ero O));HOCTOPOH-
HHM BOJIeH3 HBJIeHHeM, OHO He TpeoyeT aRn;enTa ROHTpareH-
Ta, O));HaRO OHO ));OJImHO ObITb peaJIH30BaHO B TetJeHHe O));HOrO
MeCHn;a C MOMeHTa H3Bem;eHJIH 0 nepe));atJe npaBa Ha HaCJIe));-
.CTBeHHYIO ));OJIIO TpeTbeMY JIHn;y (CT. 905 rI\).
! 3. P83Aen H8cneAcTBeHHoro MMYl1\eCTB8
24. Y np3BJIeHJIe H3CJIe));CTBeHHbIM JIMym,eCTBOM.
1) C MOMeHTa CMepTH HaCJIe));O));aTeJIH npaBa Ha HaCJIe));-
CTBeHHoe HMym;ecTBo nepeXO));HT R HaCJIe));HHRaM, a caMO HMY-
m;eCTBO ORa3bIBaeTCH no)); HX ynpaBJIeHHeM. Ao Toro, nOR a
HaCJIe));HHR He orrpe));eJIJIT, rrpHHJIMaeT JIH OH HaCJIe));CTBO, Ha
Hero B03JIaraeTCH 00H3aHHOCTb no ynpaBJIeHHIO HaCJIe));CTBeH-
HhIM JIMym;ecTBoM C TaROH me 3aOOTOH, RaR JI no OTHOllIeHHIO
R COOCTBeHHOMY (n. 1 CT. 918 fR). Eha oOH3aHHocTb rrpeRpa-
m;aeTCH JIHllIb npH YHUBepCaJIbHOM npaBonpeeMCTBe, BO Bcex
OCTaJIbHbIX CJIytJaHX - npH orpaHHtJeHHOM npaBonpeeMCTBe,
OTRa3e OT HaCJIe));CTBa, HHBeHTapH3alWH HaCJIe,II,CTBeHHoro
HMym,eCTBa - OHa coxpaHHeTcH.
2) IIpH HaJIH'IHH HeCROJIbRHX HaCJIe));HflROB OHH coooIu;a
HaCJIe));YIOT JIMym;ecTBo, cooom;a ynpaBJIHIOT JIM H COOom;a
HeCYT 00H3aHHOCTb no TaROMY ynpaBJIeHHIO. O));HaRO no BO-
npocy B3aHMHbIX OTHOIIIeHHH Mem));y conaCJIeJJ;HHRaMH rR He
CO));epmHT HHRaRHX nOJIOmeHJIH. ::ho me OTHOCHTCH H R OTHO-
llIeHHHM Mem)J;y TOH tJaCTbIO COHaCJIe));HHROB, ROTopaH npHHU-
MaeT HaCJIe)J;CTBO npH OTRa3e OT Hero ));pyroH tJaCTH. IIpaR-
THRa ));aeT HaM npHMepbI cnopOB, CBH3aHHbIX C HaJIHtJHeM
'OOCTOHTeJIbCTB, )1,eJIaIOm;HX HeB03MomHbIM ynpaBJIeHHe Ha-
CJIe));CTBeHHbIM HMym;ecTBoM co CTOpOHbI tJaCTH conaCJIe)J;HH-
ROB, a TaRme C orCYTCTBHeM COrJIaCHH Bcex COHaCJIe,a;HHROB
no BonpocaM TaRoro ynpaBJIeHHH. Bce aTO ));ORa3hIBaeT Heoo-
XO));HMOCTb cneU;UaJIbHorO npaBOBoro perYJIHpOBaHHH ));aHHOrO
Rpyra OTHOIIIeHHH. B HaCTomD;HH me MOMeHT aTH OTHOIIIeHHH
perYJIJIpYIOTCH HopMaMH, npe)J;YCMOTpeHHbIMH )J;JIH ynpaBJIe-
HUH COCOOCTBeHHOCTbIO JIJIJI ynpaBJIeHHH HMym;ecTBoM ROp-
nopaU;HH.
25. IIpaBoBoH xapaKTep pa3}\eJIa HaCJIef{CTBeHHoro HMY
IU;eCTBa.
1) KpHTepHH pa3}\eJIa HaCJIe}\CTBeHHoro HMYlI\eCTBa.
a) ll,o ero pa3 eJIa HaCJIe,r(CTBeHHoe HMyru;eCTBO B Ka'le"-
CTBe e,r(HHoH HaCmJ,r(cTBeHHoH MaCCbI nplIHa,r(JIemHT BceM co,..
HaCJIe,r(HHKaM, O,r(HaKO TaKaR <popMa COc06cTBeHHocTH HOCHT
nepexo,r(HMH xapaKTep II npeCJIe eT eJIb cnpaBe,r(JIHBOrO It
Ha,r(JIemaru;ero paClIpe,r(eJIeHHR aKTHBa H naCCHBa HaCJIe,r(CT-
BeHHoro IIMyru;eCTBa MeiK,r(y COHaCJIe,[(HHKaMH II COOTBeTCrnlI1t
C HX HaCJIe,r(cTBeHHoH ,r(OJIeH. IIpo e,r(ypa TaKoro pacnpe,r(eJIe-
nHR Ha3bIBaeTCR pa3,r(eJIOM HaCJIe,r(CTBeHHoro HMy-lI\eCTBa'.
6) B HaCTORru;ee BpeMR pe,r(KO 6MBaeT, '1TOOM HaCJIe,r(CT-
BeHHoe IIMyru;eCTBO npe,r(CTaBJIRJIO COOOH HeKoe opranJl'leCKoe-
eJIoe H BbIcTynaJIO B pOJIH e,r(IIHoro npeMpHRTHR. TeM He Me-
He cyru;eCTBOBaHlIe onpe,r(eJIeHHOH SJIOCTHOCTII HaCJIe,r(CTBeH-
Horo HMyru;eCTBa, nYCTb ,r(ame H He B BII,r(e e,[(HHoro rrpe,r(npHR-
TIIR, Bce me BCTpe'laeTCR. Pa3,r(eJI nO,r(OOHoro HMyru;eCTBa
YMeHbllilIJI ObI ero I eHHOCTb II Obm ObI HeBMrO,r(ffiI He TOJIbKO
HaCJIe,r(HIIKaM, HO IJ ooru;eCTBY B eJIOM. C ,r(pyroH CTOPOHbI.
HeB03MomHO KaK 3anpeTHTb naCJIe,r(HHKY pa3,r(eJI HaCJIe,r(CT-
BeHHoro IIMyru;eCTBa, TaK H nepe,r(aTb HaCJIe,r(CTBeHHoe HMyru;e-
CTBO B MOHOnOJIbHOe BJIa,r(eHHe JIlIllib onpe,r(SJIeHHOH '1aCTIt
HaCJIe,r(HH:KOB. 3a,r(a'la HHCTIITYTa pa3,r(eJIa HaCJIe,r(CTBeHHoro
IIMyru;eCTBa, nOMHMO Bcero npO'lero, COCTOIIT B npHMHpeHHII:
,r(BYX 3TlIX npOTIIBOpe'lHH. TaK, CT. 906 fIt npe,r(ycMaTpHBasT.
'1TO «pa3,r(eJI HaCJIe,r(CTBeHHoro HMyru;eCTBa ,r(OJImeH npOBO-
,r(IITbCR C Y'leTOM BIJ,r(a II xapaKTepa Beru;eH HJIII npaB, OTHOCR-
ru;IIXCR K HaCJIe,r(CTIIeHHOMY IIMYlI\eCTBY, pO,r(a 3aHRTHH Kam-
,r(oro HaCJIe,r(HHKa H IIHMX OOCTORTeJIbCTB». IIo,r(oOHMH pa3,r(eJI
OTJIII'IaeTCR OT pa3,r(eJIa OOM'IHOH COCOOCTBeHHOCTH, 1I00 He
00R3aTeJIbHO ,r(OJImeH npOBO,r(IITbCR B BH,r(e HaTypaJIbHOrO, no-
CKOJIb:KY nplI HaJIII'IIIH COOTBeTCTBYIOru;ero COrJIallieHHR Mem,r(Y
COCOOCTBeHHlIllaMII e,r(HHOJIH'IHOe npaBO COOCTBeHHOCTII H8
HaCJIe,r(CTBeHHoe HMyru;eCTBO MOJKCT ObITb YCTaHOBJIeHO O,r(HIIM
1I3 HHX, a ,r(pyrHe nOJIY'laT CBOII ,r(OJIII B BII,r(e ,r(eHe}KHOH KOMneH-
ca HII. IIplI pa3,r(eJIe me HaCJIe,r(CTBeHHoro HMyru;eCTBa ,r(onyc-
KaeTCR KaK HaTypaJIbHMH pa3,r(eJi no COrJIallieHIIIO, TaK II nepe-
XO,r( BceH HaCJIe,r(CTBeHHOH lIfaCCM K O,r(HOMY 1I3 COHaCJIe,r(HIIKOB,
KOTOpbIH O,r(HOBpeMeHHO nplIHHMaeT Ha ceOH 00R3aTeJIbCTB()
rrepe,r( OCTaJIbHMMH COHaCJIe,r(HIIKaMII B03MeCTlITb Kam,r(OMY
COOTBeTCTBylOlI\YIO HaCJIe,r(CTBeHHYIO ,[(OJIIO. RpOMe Toro,
nplI paCCMOTpeHHH Bonpoca 0 pa3,[(eJIe HaCJIe,[(CTBa B ceMeH-
272
ROM cy;a;e TIOCJIe;a;IDJll npHHHMaeT BO BHHMaHHe KOHKpeTHbIe
06CTOHTeJIbCTBa, CBJl3aHHbIe C Kam.n;bIM COHaCJIe.n;HHKOM, H npH
HaJIH'lHH .n;OCTaTO'lHbIX OCHOBaHHll MOmeT BbIHeCTH perneHHe
o nepep;a'le Bcero HaCJIep;CTBeHHoro HMy eCTBa. O,D;H0MY HJIll
"1aCTH COHaCJIe.n;HHKOB C COOTBeTCTBYIOrn;HM B03JIOmeHHeM Ha
HHxo6H3aTeJIbCTB nepe)]; OCTaJIhHI>IMH COHaCJIe)];HHKaMH. qTO
KacaeTCH .n;eJIHMI>IX ,o:OJIrOBI>IX 06H3a1'eJIbCTB HaCJIe)];o,o:aTeJIH,
TO npH pa3,o:eJIe HaCJIe.n;CTBeHHoro HMyrn;ecTBa B03MomeH KaK
fiX rrepexop; II: KaiR.n;OMY H3 COHaCJIep;HHKOB B COOTBeTCTBHH C
ero HaCJIe.n;CTBeHHOll ,o:OJIell, TaK H B03JIOmeHHe OCHOBHOll 'lac-
TH 06H3aTeJIbCTB Ha o,o:Horo H3 COHaCJIe,o:HHKOB B 06MeH Ha
npe,o:OCTaBJIeHHe eMY 60JIbrnell 'laCTH HaCJIe,o:CTBeHHoro HMY-
m;eCTBa.
2) CBo60.n;a paaJJ;eJIa HaCJIe,o:CTBeHHoro IIM eCTBa II ee
OrpaHH'leHHH. Kam, bIll H3 COHaCJIe.n;RHKOB MomeT B JII060e
BpeMH Tpe60Ba Tb pa3,o:eJIa HaCJIe.n;CTBeHRoro HMyrn;ecTBa (n. 1
-CT. 907 fIt). IIo,o:a'la COOTBeTCTBYIOrn;ero 3aHBJIeHHH XOTH 61>1
O,o:HHM H3 COHaCJIe,o:HHKOB nopom,o:aeT o6H3aHHocTb OCTaJIb-
HI>IX COHaCJIe,o:HHKOB BCTynHTb B neperOBOpl>l C n;eJIbIO ,o:OCTH-
jlWHHH corJIarneHHH 0 pa3,o:eJIe HaCJIe,o:CTBa. IIPH He,o:OCTHme-
HHH no.n;o6Horo COrJIarneHHH Bonpoc pernaeTcH CeMellHI>IM
c.y,o:OM. BMecTe C TeM, eCJIH no 3aBern;aHHIO pa3.n;eJI HaCJIe,o:CT-
BeHHoro HMyrn;ecTBa B nOJIHOM o6'bel\o'Ie HJIH 'laCTH'lHO 3anpe-
rn;eH Ha CpOK, He npeBbIrnaIOrn;HM 5 JIeT co BpeMeHH OTKpl>lTHH
HaCJIe)];CTBa (CT. 908 fIt), HJIH eCJIH CeMeHHI>IH cy,o: npH Ha-
.JIH'lHH COOTBe'ICTBYIOrn;HX oCHoBaHHll BI>IHOCHT perneHHe, 3anpe-
rn;aIOrn;ee pa3,o:eJI HaCJIe,o:CTBeHHoro HMyrn;ecTBa B Te'leHHe
{)npe,o:eJIeHHOrO cpOKa (n. 3 CT. 907 fK), TO cBo6o.n;a pa3,o:eJIa
TaKoro HMyrn;ecTBa OrpaHH'lHBaeTCJI.
26. Cnoco6bI paa,o:eJIa HaCJIe,o:CTBeHHoro HMym;ecTBa.
1) Paa,o:eJI no aaBem;aHHIO.
a) B CBoeM 3anern;aHHH HaCJIe,o:o,o:aTeJIb MomeT onpe,o:eJIHTh
'cnoco6 pas,o:eJIa HaCJIe,o:CTBeHHOrO HMyrn;ecTBa (CT. 908 fK).
IIoHHTHO, 'lTO B ::)TOM CJIY'lae pa3.n;eJI ,o:OJImeH npOBO)];HTbCH II
.cOOTBeTCTBHH C 3aBern;aHHeM. HacJIe,o:o,o:aTeJIb MomeT TaKme
nopY'lHTb onpe,o:eJIeHHe cnoco6a pa3,o:eJIa HaCge,o:CTBa TpeTbe-
MY JIHn;y, KOTopoe, o,o:HaKO, He MomeT H3MeHHTb paHee YC1'a-
HOBJIeHHl>le naCJIeACTBeHHl>le ,aOJIH npH OTCYTCTBHH Ha TO no-
pyqeHHH HaCJIe,o:O)];a1'eml.
6) RaK OTMe'laJIOCb paHee, HaCJIe,o:o,o:aTeJIb B CBoeM 3aBe-
m;aHHH MomeT 3anpeTHTb npOBe.n;eHHe B Te'leHHe onpe,o:eJIeH-
noro cpoKa pa3,o:eJIa Bcero HJIH 'laCTH HaCJIe,o:CTBeRHoro HMY-
273
ru;eCTBa. O HaRO :3TOT CpOR He omKeH rrpeBbIllIaTb 5 JIeT co
BpeMeHH OTRpbITHR JIaCJre) CTBa. IT pII rrpeBbIllIeHHH OH co-
Rpam;aeTcR o 5 JIeT.
2) Pa3 eJI no COfJIameHIIIO.
a) ECJIH cIIoc06 pa3 eJIa HaCJIe CTBa He OIIpe eJIeH B
3aBem;aHHH, pa3 eJI MomeT ocym;eCTBJIRTbCR no COrJIallIeHHro
COHaCJIe HHROB. COrJIallIeHHe 0 pa3 eJIe HMYII eCTBa eHCTBH-
TeJIbHO JIHllIb B TOM CJIY'Iae, eCJIH B IIeperOBopax 0 HeM yqaCT-
BOBaJIH Bce COHaCJIe HHRH H Bce OHH rrpHIlIJIII R e HHOMY MHe-
HHIO. B IIpOTHBHOM CJIY'Iae COrJIallIeHHe 6y eT He)).eHCTBHTeJIb-
HbIM. B 3TOH CBR3H CJIe yeT YRa3aTb Ha )).Ba 06CTORTeJIbCTBa.
BO-IIepBbIX, pe6eHOR, HaXO)).Rm;HHCR B YTpo6e MaTepH"
paCCMaTpHBaeTCR B CBR3H C HaCJIe OBaHHeM RaK pO)).HBIlIHHCll
(CT. 886 rR). O HaRO HellCHO, OJImeH JIH 3aROHHbIH IIpe :-
CTaBHTeJIb 3Toro pe6eHRa Y'IaCTBOBaTb B pa3)).eJIe HaCJIe CTBa.
ITo HallieMY MHeHHIO, pa3 eJI HaCJIe CTBeHHoro HMym;eCTBit
OJImeH 6hIT:b OTJIOmeH O pom)).eHHll pe6eHKa HJIH Ha31-Ia'Ie-
HHH ero aaROHHoro (B 60JIbllIHHCTBe CJIY'Iaen Crre HaJIbHoro)
lIpe CTaBHTeJIll. ECJIH me B CHJIY HeOTJIOmHbIX 06CTOllTeJIbCTB
paa eJI HMym;ecTBa IIpOBO HTCll )).0 pom)).eHHll pe6eHRa, TO Tpe-
60BaHHe 0 TaROM pa3 eJIe OJImHO IIpe llBJIllTbCll B ceMeH-
HbIH cy .
BO-BTOpbIX, B03MomHa cHTya Hll, npH ROTOpoii pO CTBeH-
HhIe OTHOllIeHHll B Ra'IeCTBe He06xo HMOH rrpe)).rrOCblJIKII )).JIH
IIpH06peTeHHJI cTaTyca HaCJIe HHRa ocrrapHBaIOTCJI. HarrpH-
Mep, B MOMeHT OTRpbITHH HaCJIe}J;CTBa IIpe}J; HBJIeH HCR 0 He-
rrpH3HaHHH aaROHHopom eHHOCTH pe6eHRa HaCJIe}J;o aTem£
(II. 3 CT. 29 3aRoHa 0 IIpo eccyaJIbHOH lIpo e}J;ype paCCMOT-
peHHJI JIH'IHbIX }J;eJI) HJIH IIpemHJIJI meHa HaCJIe}J;O}J;aTeJIR
lIpe JIBJIJIeT HCR 0 He eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH pa3BO}J;a (rr. 3 CT. 2
YRa3aHHoro aaRoHa). .u:OJImHbI JIH YKa3aHHbIe JIHIJ;a rrpIIHH-
MaTb Y'IaCTHe B rreperOBopax COHaCJIe HHROB 0 pa3}J;eJIe Ha-
CJIe CTBeHHoro HMym;ecTBa? ITOCROJIbRY rrpHOCTaHOBKa pa3-
eJIa HaCJIe CTBa o MOMeHTa OROH'IaTeJIbHOro BbIHeceHIIH
cy}J;e6Horo pellIeHHJI 6hIJIa 6hI JIJI }J;pyrHx HaCJIe}J;HHKOB KpaH-
He HemeJIaTeJIbHa, IIpo e}J;ypa pa3}J;eJIa, IIO lIallieMY MHeHIIIO"
OJImHa IIpO OJImaTbCJI, OCHOBbIBaJICb Ha c,'!e}J;YIOm;eM rrOJIome-
HHH, IIPH ROTOpOM B IIepBOM CJIY'Iae YKa3aHIIOe muJ,O rrpHHH-
MaeT Y'IaCTHe B IIeperOBopax, a BO BTOpOM neT. ECJIH B rrep-
BOM CJIY'Iae pe6eHOR rrpH3HaeTCJI 3aROHHopom}J;eHHbIM, TO CO-
rJIallIeHHe 0 pa3 eJIe CTanOBHTCJI He)).eiicTBHTeJIbHbIM U-
HaCJIe HHKH OJImHbI lIPHHTH R HOBOMY cOrJIaJIIeHHIO.' fIpR
rrpH3HaHHH me BO BTOpOM CJIY'Iae pa3Bop;a He}J;eHCTBHTeJIh-
274
HbIM aaHHTepeCOBaHHOe JIHU;O MOmeT npe}];'bHBHTb Tpe60BaHlle
BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH HaCJIen;CTBeHHbIX npaB.
6) I1pH neperoBopax 0 paa}];eJIe HaCJIep;CTBa COHaCJIep;HHKH
}];OJImHbI CJIep;OBaTb rrOJIOmeHHIO CT. 906 rK, a HMeHHO npH-
HHMaTb BO BHHMaHHe BHP; H xapaKTep Be:Il\eH HJIH rrpaB B OT-
HOllIeHHH HaCJIep;CTBeHHoro HMY:Il\eCTBa, pop; aaIlHTHll Kam}];O-
1'0 HaCJIe}];HHKa H HHble 06CTOHTeJIbCTBa. O}];HaKO Ha CTa}];HH
paa}];eJIa HaCJIe}];CTBa HHKaKHe HaMeHeHHH HaCJIe}];CTBeHHbIX
}];OJIeH He p;onycKaIOTcH.
3) P3a}];eJI no pemeHJIIO ceMeHHoro Cy}];3. I1pH Hep;OCTH-
:jJWHHH COrJIallIeHHH Mem}];y COHaCJIe}];HHKaMH, a TaI\JfW npH
HeBoaMomHOCTH COOTBeTCTBYIO:Il\HX neperOBopOB BCJIe}];CTBHe
OTCYTCTBHH CBe}];eHHH 0 MeCTOHaXOm}];eHHH 1.IaCTH COHaCJIe}];-
HHKOB O}];HH Ha COHaCJIe}];HHKOB HJIH Bce OHH BMeCTe }];OJImHbI
npe}];'bHBHTb Tpe60BaHHe 0 paa}];eJIe naCJIe}];CTBa B ceMellHbIll
.cy}]; (n. 2 CT. 907 rK).
4) y q3CTUe a3HHTepeCOB3HHbIX JIHI . B nOpH}];Ke TOJIKOBa-
nHH B pa3}];eJIe HaCJIe}];CTBeHHoro HMY:Il\eCTBa CqHTaeTCH }];O-
nYCTHMbIM yqaCTHe aaHHTepeCOBaHHbIX JIHU; (CM. n. 1
CT. 260 rK). Paap;eJI HMY:Il\eCTBa, npOBe}];eHHbIll C OTKJIOHe-
lIHeM OT Tpe60BaHHH TaKoro yqaCTHH, MomeT 6bITb ocrropeH
YKaaaHHbI;MH 3aHHTepeCOBaHHbIMH JIHu;aMH.
2.7. llOCJIe}];CTBlUI paa}];eJIa HaCJIep;CTBeHHoro HMy ecTB3.
1) B nOpH}];Ke Oop3THoro }];eHCTBHn: nOCJIe}];CTBHH paa}];eJIa
'HaCJIe}];CTBa BoaHHKaIOT C MOMeHTa ero OTKpbITHH (CT. 909 fK).
HanpHMep, eCJIH HaCJIep;CTBeHHoe HMY:Il\eCTBO COCTOHJIO Ha ae-
:MeJIbHOrO yqaCTKa, CTpoeHHH H }];eHemHOro BKJI.ap;a H B peaYJIb-
TaTe paa}];eJIa HaCJIe}];CTBa A nOJIyqHJI aeMeJIbHbIH yqaCTOK,
B - CTpoeHHe, a B - }];enemHbIH BKJIa}];, cqHTaeTCH, qTO YKa-
:aalIHble COHaCJIe}];HHKH rrOJIyqHJIH COOTBeTCTBYIO:Il\ee HMY:Il\e-
CTBO nerrOCpe}];CTBeHHO OT HaCJIe}];O}];aTeJIH. ECJIH me }];O paa-
-p;eJIa HaCJIep;CTBa COHaCJIe}];HHK B nepep;aJI aeMeJIbHYIO c06-
'CTBeHHOCTb TpeTbeMY JIHU;Y B Ka'IeCTBe CBoeH a6cTpaKTHoH
'}];OJIH HJIH Kpe}];HTOp HaCJIe}];HHKa B YCTaHOBHJI aarrpem;eHHe B
OTHOllIeHHH ;nOll aeMeJIbHOll c06cTBeHHocTH, y'\.aaaHHaH nepe-
p;a'Ia HJIH aanpem;eHHe C'IHTaIOTCH He}];ellCTBHTeJIbHbIMH, no-
'CKOJIbKY }];aHHbIH aeMeJIbHbIH Y'IaCTOK paCCMaTpHBaeTCH KaK
npHHa}];JIemam;HH C caMoro HaqaJIa HaCJIe}];HHKY A H He CO-
,CTaBJIHIO:Il\HH KOHKpeTHOH }];OJIH HaCJIe}];HHKa B. TIOCKOJIbKY
nO}];06HaH cHTyaU;HH MomeT npH'IlIHHTb ym;ep6 TpeTbeMY JIH-
U;y, rK orOBapHBaeT, 'ITO 06paTHoe }];eHCTBHe paa}];eJIa HaCJIe}];-
iCTBa He MomeT Ha PYllIaTb npaB TpeTbHX JIHU; (orOBopKa
275
CT. 909 fR). IIoaToMY, IICXo.a;JI 113 YRa3aHHOM orOBopRII, pac-
rrOpJIjl\eHlIe HaCJIe.a;HHROM CBoeM a6CTpaRTHOM .a;OJIeM .a;o pa3-
.a;eJIa HaCJIe.a;CTBa IIJIII YCTaHOBJIeHlIe 3anpem;eHHJI Rpe.a;IITOpOM
HaCJIe.a;HIIRa B OTHorneHHH ero .a;OJIH .a;o yRa3aHHoro MOMeHTa
He YTpa'IIIBaIOT CIIJIY.
2) IIpaBo Tpe60BaHliJI JIHqa, B OTHomeHHH KOToporo
OTqOBCTBO HaCJIe.a;o.a;aTeJIJI 6MJIO YCTaHOBneHO nocne paa.a;ena
HaCJIe.a;CTBa. B03MomHO B03HIIRHOBeHIIe TaROM clITyaqlIH, Ror-
.a;a rrOCJIe CMepTIi HaCJIe.a;o.a;aTeJIJI cy.a; YCTaHaBJIHBaeT ero OT-
qOBCTBO B OTHorneHlI1I orrpe.a;eJIeHHOrO JIHqa (CM. CT. 787 fR).
IIoCROJIbRY rrOCJIe.a;CTBIiJI rrplI3HaHliH OTll,OBCTBa B rrOpJI.a;Re
06paTHoro .a;encTBIiJI HacTyrraIOT C MOMeHTa pom.a;eHHH pe6eH-
Ka (CT. 784 fR), rrOCJIe.a;HIIM CTaHOBIiTCH naCJIe.a;HIIROM co
BpeMeHII OTRp:blTHH HaCJIe.a;CTBa. ECJIH me rrpH nOM pa3.a;eJI
HaCJIe.a;CTBeHIIoro IIMym;ecTBa .a;pyrHMII COHaCJIe.a;HHRaMIi yme
rrpOlI3Be.a;eH (BRJIIO'IaJI CIO.a;a H pa3.a;eJI rro perneHIIIO ceMeMno-
ro cy.a;a), B03HIIRaeT Borrpoc: CJIe.a;yeT JIll npOBo.a;IITb HOBMM
pa3.a;eJI HaCJIe.a;CTBeHHoro IIMym;ecTBa? IIpliMeHIITeJIbnO R no-
.a;06H:blM CJIY'IaHM fR He rrpe.a;YCMaTpliBaeT npOBe.a;eHIIJI no-
BTopHoro pa3.a;eJIa HaCJIe.a;CTBa, o.a;naRO IIplI3HaeT 3a YRa3aH-
HhIM 3aHHTepeCOBaHII:blM JIIIll,OM npaBO Tpe60BaHliJI 01' .a;pyrHx
COHaCJIe.a;HHROB yrrJIaTM .a;eHemIIoro aRBIiBaJIeHTa CBoeM Ha-
CJIe.a;CTBeHHon .a;OJIIi (CT. 910 f1\.). IIpli aTOM CJIe.a;yeT Y'IIiTbI-
BaTb, 'ITO .a;aHHoe rrpaBO Tpe60BaHliH IIMeeT rroraCHTeJIbHYIO
)IaBHOCTb, npe.a;YCMOTpeHHYIO CT. 884 fK.
3) OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb COHacne.a;HlIKOB no 06eCne'leHHIO. IIo
CBoeMY xapaRTepy pa3.a;eJI HaCJIe.a;CTBa npe.a;CTaBJIHeT O.a;HY H3
pa3HoBH.a;HocTeM MeHhI, a TaRme B03Me3.a;nyIO c.a;eJIRy. B aTOM
OTHorneHIIH fR rrplI3HaeT OTBeTCTBenHOCTb COHaCJIe.a;HIIROB
rro 06ecne-qeHHIO.
Bo-rrepBMx, Ram.a;:blM COHaCJIe.a;HHR HeceT rro OTHorneHHIO K
.a;pyrlIM COHaCJIe.a;HIIKaM OTBeTCTBeIIHOCTb no 06eCne'IeHIIIO
COOTBeTCTBeHHO 06'beMY CBoen HaCJIe.a;CTBeHIIoii .a;OJIH (CT. 911
fR, CM. CT. 560-572 f1\., 06JI3aTeJIbCTBeHHoe rrpaBO - 99).
BO-BTOphIX, rrpli rrplI06peTeHHII COHaCJIe.a;UIIROM rrpaBa
Tpe60BaHHJI B pe3YJIbTaTe pa3.a;eJIa HaCJIe.a;CTBa .a;pyrlIe COHa-
CJIe.a;HIIRH 06eCrre'IIIBaIOT rrJIaTemecrroc06HoCTb .a;OJImHIIRa B
MOMeHT pa3.a;eJIa HaCJIe.a;CTBa COOTBeTCTBeHHO CBoerr HaCJIe.a;-
CTBeHHOM .a;OJIe (n. 1 CT. 912 f1\.). ECJIH CpOR HCrrOJIHeHIIJI
TaRoro 06JI3aTeJIbCTBa em;e He HaCTaJi Mil OHO corrpOBom.a;aeT-
CH OTJIaraTeJIbHbIM yCJIOBlIeM, .a;pyrlIe COHaCJIe.a;HHRII .a;OJImHbI
06eCne'IHBaTb rrJIaTemecrroc06HOCTb .a;OJIiRHHRa Ha MOMeHT
HCnOJIHeHIIJI 06JI3aTeJIbCTBa (rr. 2 CT. 912 f1\.).
276
B-TpeTbIIX, eCJIII COHaCJIep;HHK He o6JIap;aeT nJIaTemeCno-
COOHOCTbIO, )];OCTaTo-qHOH )];JIH HeceHIIH YKa3aHHOH OOH3aHHO-
CTH no ooecne-qeHHIO, Heooecne-qeHHaH -qaCTb nOp;JIemIIT ooec-
ne-qeHHIO co CTOpOHbI caMoro COHaCJIep;HHKa, Tpe6YIOru;ero
B03Mem;eHHH, H p;pyrHx nJIaTemecnoc06HbIX HaCJIep;HHKOB
nponOpIJ:HOHaJIbHO HX HaCJIep;CTBeHHbIM JJ.OJUIM (CT. 913 rI\).
4) AOJIrOBble oOH3aTeJIbCTBa B03JIaraIOTCH Ha CORaCJIeJJ.-
HHKOB COOTBeTCTBeHHO HaCJIe):l;CTBeHHbIM P;OJIHM IIOCJIep;HHX.
CJIe):l;yeT y-qHTbIBaTb, -qTO JII06bIe H3MeHeHHH p;OJIH OTBeTCTBeH-
HOCTH COHaCJIe):l;HHKOB no TaKHM oOH3aTeJIbCTBaM ne oOJIap;a-
IOT oOH3aTeJIbHOH CHJIOH B OTHOlIIeHHH Kpep;HTopa.
4. npaBo Tpe6oBamu1 BOCCTaHOBneHJU1
! HacneAcTBeHHblx npaB
,!
."
28. 06IqHe nOJIOmeHlUl.
1) ECJIH JIHD;O, He OOJIap;aIOm;ee CTaTYCOM HaCJIe):l;HHKa
(CT. 891 rR) (JIHD;O, OTCTpaHeHRoe OT HaCJIep;OBaHHH
(CT. 892 rR), HJIH COBeprneHHO nOCTopOHHee), 3aBJIap;eBaeT
HaCJIe):l;CTBeHHbIM HMym;ecTBoM, OHO TeM caMbIM HapyrnaeT
npaBa p;eHCTBHTeJIbHbIX HaCJIe):l;HHKOB. B nop;OOHOH cHTyaD;HH
p;eHCTBHTeJIbHbIH HaCJIep;HHK MomeT npep;'bHBHTb K JIHD;y, npH-
cBOHBrneMY ceoe cTaTYc HaCJIep;HHKa, TpeooBaHHe BOCCTaHOB-
JIeHHH CBOHX HapyrneHHbIx HaCJIep;CTBeHHblx npaB, HHbIMH
CJIOBaMH, TpeooBaHHe BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH ero B Ka-qeCTBe Ha-
CJIep;HHKa.
2) OCHoBHoe cop;epmaHHe npaBa Tpe60BaHHH BOCCTaHOB-
JIeHHH HaCJIep;CTBeHHbIX npaB 3aKJIIO-qaeTCH B CJIep;yIOru;eM.
a) O)];HOBpeMeHHo C OTKpbITHeM HaCJIep;CTBa K HaCJIep;HHI{y
nepexo):l;HT Bce npaBa H 06H3aHRocTll B OTHomeHHH HaCJIe):l;-
CTBeHHoro IIMyru;eCTBa (CT, 896 rR). IIoHHTHo, -qTO IIPH na-
pymeHHH }J,aHHoro npaBa HaCJIe}J,HHKa OH MomeT npe}J,'bHBJIHTh
Tpe60BaHHH BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH Kam}J,oro H3 npaB, CBH3aHHbIX
C HaCJIe}J,CTBeHHbIM HMym;ecTBoM, B OT}J,eJIbHOCTH, H B aTOM
CJIy-qae, Ka3aJIOCb 6bI, HeT He06xo)];HMOCTH n,nmmaBaTb npaBo
TpeOOBaHHH BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH HaCJIe}J,cTBeHHbIx npaB caMO-
CTOHTeJIbHbIM. BMecTe C TeM HMeIOTCH BeCKHe OCHOBaHHH }J,JIJI
npH3HaHHH ero TaKOBbIM. BO-nepBI>lX, HMyru;ecTBo, npH06pe-
TaeMoe B pe3YJIbTaTe HaCJIe}J,oBaHIIH, 3a-qacTYIO )];OBOJIbHQ
CJIOmHO no cBoeMY cocTaBY, II npH 3aBJIa}J,eHHH aTHM HMyru;e-
CTBOM JIHD;OM, npHcBoHBlIIHM ce6e npaBa HaCJIe):l;HHKa, ):I;eii-
CTBHTeJIbHoMY HaCJIe)];HIIKY )];OBOJIbHO TPY}J,HO BbIHCHHTh
277
peaJIbHbIH 06'beM HaCJIep;CTBeHHOH MaCCbI. IIpaBo me Tpe6o-
BaHHH BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH HaCJIep;CTBeHHbIX rrpaB n03BOJIHeT
OXBaTHTb BeCb 06'beM HaCJIep;CTBeHHOH MaCCb!. BO-BTOpbIX,
rrpH rrpep;'bHBJIeHHH Tpe6oBaHHH, OCHOBaHHoro Ha )];aHHOM rrpa-
Be, HCTen; He p;OJImeH p;ORa3bIBaTb THTYJI HaCJIep;O)];aTeJIH.
B-TpeTbHX, B CJIY'Iae rrpeBpam;eHHH HMym;ecTBa B p;eHejfWYIO
ROMIJeHcan;HIO ym;ep6a OT ero rH6eJIH HJIH B )];eHejfWOe 06H3a-
TeJIbCTBO B pe3yJIbTaTe pacrropmf\eHHH HMym;ecTBoM JIHn;OM,
npHCBOHBIIIHM ce6e rrpaBa HaCJIe)];HHRa, paCCMaTpHRae lOe
rrpaBO Tpe60BaHHH MOjf\eT 6bITb HCrrOJIHeHO H B OTHOlIIeHHH
U3:>WHeHHOH <POpMbI HaCJIe)];CTBeHHoro HMynWCTBa.
6) ;I!,JIH rrpaBa Tpe60BaHHH BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH HaCJIe)];CTBeII-
HbIX rrpaB rR YCTaHaBJIHBaeT CORpam;eUHbIe CpOKH rroraCH-
TeJIbHOH )];aBHOCTH, '1TO CBH3aHO co CTpeMJIeHHeM H36emaTb
cHTyan;HH, rrpH ROTOpOH p;JIHTeJIbHOe COCTOHIIHe HeOrrpe)];eJIeH-
HOCTH MorJIO 6bI rrOBpep;HTb cTa6HJIbHOCTH c)];eJIoR. TaR, rrpaBO
Tpe60BaHHH BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH HaCJIep;CTBeHHbIx rrpaB He MomeT
6bITb peaJIH30BaHO rro HCTe'leHHH 5 JIeT C Toro BpeMeHH, RaR
p;eHCTBHTeJIbHbIH HaCJIe)];HHK UJIU ero 3aROHHbIH rrpe)];CTaBH-
TeJIb Y3HaJI 0 <paRT ax HapYlIIeHHH CBOHX HaCJIe)];CTBeHHbIX
npaB. Bo Bcex HHbIX CJIY'laHX CpOR rroraCHTeJIbHOH p;aBHOCTH
YCTaHOBJIeH B 20 JIM co BpeMeHH OTKpbITHH HaCJIep;CTBa
(CT. 884 rR).
29. CTOpOHbI cnopa 0 BOCCTaHOBJIeHIIH HaCJIep;CTBeUHbIX
npaB.
1) IIcTe . 06bI'IHO JIHn;OM, Tpe6YIOm;HM BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH
HaCJIe)];CTBeHHbIX rrpaB, BbICTYIIaeT p;eiicTBHTeJIbHbIH HaCJIep;-
HHR.
2) OTBeT'IHK. IIpaBo Tpe60BaHHH BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH Ha-
CJIe)];CTBeHHbIX rrpaB rrpe)];'bHBJIHeTCH JIHn;y, rrpHCBOHBlIIeMY
ce6e rrpaBa HaCJIep;HHRa H 3aBJIap;eBlIIeMY HaCJIe)];CTBeHHbIM
UMym;ecTBOM. IIoHHTHo, '1TO OTBeT'IHROM MomeT 6bITb H co-
HaCJIe)];HHR, HapYIIIHBIIIHH HaCJIep;CTBeHHbIe rrpaBa p;pyrHx
COHaCJIep;HHROB. JJ:HCRYCCHOHHbIM MOMeHTOM HBJIHeTCH Boa-
MOiI\HOCTb rrpep;'bHBJIeHHH YRa3aHHoro Tpe60BaHHH R TpeTbfMY
JIHn;y, rrpHo6peTIIIeMY HaCJIep;CTBeHHoe HMym;ecTBo Y JIrrn;a,
rrpHCBOHBlIIero ce6e rrpaBa HaCJIep;HHRa. IIpn COHaCJIe)];OBaHHII
p;orrYCRaeTCH RaR ocym;eCTBJIeHHe paccMaTpHBael\lOrO Tpe6o-
BaHHH HeCROJIbRHMH p;eHCTBHTeJIbHbIMH HaCJIe)];HHRaMH, TaR
H rrpep;'bHBJIeHHe 8Toro Tpe60BaHHH B OTHOllIeHHH op;Horo 113
COHaCJIep;HHROB, rrpHCBOHBlIIero ce6e 8TH rrpaBa. Bo Bcex CJIY-
'1aHX paHee rrpOBep;eHHbIH paap;eJI HaCJIe)];CTBeHHoro HMYm;eCT-
278
Ba C'IIITaeTCH HeAeMCTBIITeJIbHhIM II BCe AeMCTBIITeJIbHble
HaCJIeAHIIKH AOJImHbI BHOBb BCTynlITb B neperOBophI C IJ,eJIblO
OCTlImeHIIH COrJIaIIIeHIIH 0 HOBOM pa3AeJIe HaCJIeACTBa.
30. IIocJIeACTBIIJi npaBa Tpe60BaHJIJI 0 BOCCTaHOBJIeHlll1
HaCJIeACTBeHHhlX npaB.
a) COAepmaHlIe Tpe60BaHlIH 0 BOCCTaHOBJIeHlI1I HaCJIeA-
CTBeHHblX npaB COCTOIIT B Tpe60BaHlIlI YCTpaHeHIIH Hapyme-
HIIM co CTOpOHhI OTBeT'IIIKa B OTHOIIIeHlI1I Bcex IIMy ecTBeH-
HbIX npaB, KOTOpT,Je AOJImHbI nplIHaAJIemaTb IICTn;y KaK Ha-
c.rreAHIIKY. B nopHAKe TOJIKOnaHIIH C'IIITaeTCH, '11'0 IICTen;
MomeT He YKa3blBaTb KOHKpeTHO CBOIl HapymeHHh1e npaBa
(CM. peIIIeHlIe BepXOBHoro CYAa 01' 28 MapTa 1919 1'.). B 3a-
BIICIIMOCTII 01' BII)J;a HaCJIeACTBeHHoro IIMy ecTBa aTO MomeT
6hITb Tpe60BaHlIoM B03Bpar:u;eHIIH npaBa c06cTBeHHocTlI Ha
IIHAIIBIIAyaJIbHO-OrrpeAeJIeHHble Ber:u;1I JIlI60 Tpe60BaHlIeM rre-
pe.IJ;a'IlI 06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHbIX AOKYMeHTOB, a TaKil\e l'peDOBa-
HlIeM B03Bpar:u;OHIIJI aKn;HM.
PaccMaTplIBaeMoe Tpe60BaHlIe peaJIlI3yeTcH nYTeM npeA"b-
HBJIeHIIH HCKa B CYA.
6) lIcTen; He AOJImeH nOATBepiK)J;aTb TIITYJI HaCJIeAOAaTe-
JIH B OTHorneHlI1I I!aCJIeACTBeHHoro IIMyr:u;eCTBa, npeA'bHBJIHTb
)J;OKa3aTeJIbCTBa (',y ecTBoBaHIIH npaBa C06CTBeHHOCTII, npa-
Ba apeHAbI II IIHbIX rrpaB HaCJIeAOAaTeJIH B OTHOIIIeHIIII onpe-
AeJIeHHOrO HaCJIenCTBeHHoro IIMy eCTBa.
B) IIplI06peTeHlIe HaCJIeACl'BeHHOro IIMyn ecTBa l'peTbIIM
JIIIn;OM 01' JIIIn;a, nplICBOIIBmero ce6e npaBO HaCJIeAHIIKa, C'III-
TaeTCH HeAeMCTBIITeJIbHbIM, II TpeTbe JIIIn;O HeceT 06H3aIIHocrb
no B03Bpar:u;eHIIIO aT oro IIMyr:u;eCTBa, ec.JIII clITyan;IIH He nOArra..
Aael' nop; AeMcTBlIe nplIHn;lIna ny6JIII'IHOM BepbI (CM.: Ber:u;Hoe
npaBo - 27) .
r naB a 4. nPHHSlTHE H OTKA3 OT HACnEAcTBA
1. 06 He nOnO)l(eHHSI
31. CBo6o)J;a nplIHJITIIJi II OTKaaa 01' HaCJIep;CTBa. B yCJIO-
BIIHX cTapoM ceMeMIIOM CIICTeMbI cB060Aa 3aBe aHIIH HaCJIe-
AOAaTeJIH B 3Ha'IIITeJIbHOM CTeneHII orpaHIPIIIBaJIaCb, a cB060-
p;a OTKa3a 01' HaCJIeACTBa He npII3HaBaJIaCb Bo06r:u;e II HaCJIe-
AOBaHlIe paCCMaTplIBaJIOCb He TOJIbKO KaK npaBO, HO II KaK
06H3aHHOCTb. C ynpa3AHeHlIeM aTOM CHCTeMbI cB060p;a 3aBe-
279
aHHH B 3Ha'IHTeJIbHOii CTeneHH paCIIIHpHJIaCb, a HaCJIep;OBa-
HHe CTaJIO 3aBHceTb H OT BOJIH caMoro naCJIep;nHRa. ITOCROJIb-
RY HaCJIep;OBaHHe npep;rrOJIaraeT He TOJIbRO rrepexop; rrpaB, HO
H B03JIOiReHHe Ha HaCJIep;HHRa 06H3aTeJIbCTB HaCJIep;Op;aTeJIH,
TO comaCHO 06 eMY rrpHHD;Iwy 'IaCTHOro rrpaBa 06H3aHHOCTlI
He MorYT B03JIaraTbCH Ha JIHD;O rrpOTHB ero BOJIH. B CBH31I
C 3THM nOCJIeBOel1HaH pep;aI{D;HH rR YCTaHOBHJIa, 'ITO HaCJIe)J;-
HHR MOiReT JIH60 BOBce OTRa3aTbCH OT HaCJIep;CTBa, JIH60 OCY-
m;eCTBHTb orpaHHlJeHHOe rrpeeMCTBO, T. e. npHHHTb rrpaBa Ii
06H3aHHOCTH C TeM YCJIOBHeM, 'ITO 06H3aTeJIbCTBa HaCJIep;Op;a-
TeJIH 6YP;YT HCrrOJIHeHbI JIHmb B npep;eJIax HaCJIe;n;CTBeIiHOrO
HMym;ecTBa H OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb no HX HCnOJIHeHHIO He 6yp;eT
pacrrpOCTpaHeHa Ha c06CTBeHIIOe HMym;ecTBo HaCJIe)J;HHRa.
HeBbIp;BHiReHHe YKa3aHHbIX YCJIOBHii B Te'IeHHe cpORa rrpIIHH-
'THH paCCMaTpHBaeTCH RaR YHHBepCaJIbHOe rrpeeMCTBO.
32. OO He npHH HnbI npHHHTHH H OTKaaa OT HaCJlep;CTBa.
KaR OTMe'IaJIOCb paHee, C OTRpbITHeM HaCJIep;CTBa HaCJIep;-
CTBeHHoe HMym;ecTBo rrepexop;HT R HaCJIe)J;HHRaM H Haxop;HT-
CH rro;a; HX yrrpaBJIeHHeM. ITpH 3TOM YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH orrpep;e-
JleHHbI,iI CpOR rrpHHHTHH HaCJlep;CTBa, p;a6bI HaCJIe;n;HIIRH MOrJlH
npoBecTII 06CJIep;OBaHHe HaCJIe;n;CTBeHHoro HMym;eCTBa H pe-
linTb Bonpoc 06 OTRa3e HJIH npHHHTHH naCJle;n;CTBa, B nOCJIe;n;-
HeM me CJIY'Iae - 06 orpaHWIenHoM HJIH YHHBepeaJIbHOM
npeeMcTBe.
1) B CBH3H C ;n;eiicTBHHMH HaCJ[e;n;HHRa no npHHHTIIIO HJIII
OTRa3Y OT HaCJIe}J,CTBa YRaiReM Ha HeROTopbIe MOMeHTbI.
a) ITOCROJIbRY rrpHHHTHe HJIH OTRa3 OT HaCJIep;CTBa rrpep;-
CTaBJIHIOT c060ii IOpH)J;H'IeCRHe p;eiicTBHH lIMym;ecTBeHHoro
xapaRTepa, HaCJIep;HHR p;OniReH 06JIap;aTb p;eecnoc06HoCTbIO
(CM.: 06m;aH 'IaCTb - 23), T. e. rrpH COBepmeHHII YRa3aHHbIX
p;eiicTBHii HeCOBepmeHHOJIeTHHe ;n;OJIiRIIbI nOJIYlJHTb COrJIaCHe
aaROHHoro npe;n;CTaBHTeJlH (CT. 4 rR), a OrpaHHlJeHHO p;ee-
cnoc06HbIe - COrJraCHe nOnelJHTeJIH (nn. 6 II. 1 CT. 12 rR).
B rropHp;Re TOJIROBaHHH C'IHTaeTCH, lJTO npH3HaHHbIe He;n;ee-
cnoc06HbIMH He MorYT ep;HHOJIHlJHO npIHIHTb IIJIII OTKaaaTbCfl
OT HaCJIep;CTBa p;ame npH BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH HX BOJIecrroco6-
HOCTH.
6) 3aRoHHbIe rrpep;CTaBHTeJlH MorYT BMeCTO Hep;eecrroc06-
'HbIX ocym;ecTBHTI. rrpHHHTHe HJ[H OTRa3 OT HaCJIep;CTBa. ITpH
HaJIH'lIIH orreKYHa-6JIIOCTHTeJIH orreRyn He MOiReT COBepmaTb
YRa3aHHbIe )J;eiiCTBHH 6e3 comaCIIII nOCJIep;HerO (CT. 864,
nrr. 6 rr. 1 CT. 12 I'R).
:280
JIIIu;a, 06JIa aIOm;IIe pO IITeJIbCRIIMII IIpaBaMII, OCym;ecTB-
JIHIOT rrpIIHHTIIe I1JIII OTRa3 OT HaCJIe CTBa BMeCTO CBOIIX He-
COBepmeHHOJIeTHHX eTeH, HO C IIX COrJIaCIIH. B 3TOM eJIY'Iae
He06xo IIMO BbIHCHIITb, He rrpOTIIBOpe'IaT JIII HHTepeCbI pO II-
TeJIeH II eTeH, a TaRme IIHTepeCbI HeCROJIbRIIX eTeM pyr
;n;pyry (HarrpIIMep, B cIITyaU;IIII, Ror a OTRa3 OT HaCJIe CTBa,
ocym;eCTBJIeHHbIH MaTepbIO B rropH Re 3aROHHoro rrpe CTaBII-
TeJIbCTBa CBoero pe6eHRa, YBeJIII'lIIBaeT ee HaCJIe CTBeHHYIO
;n;OJIIO). IIpII rrpOTIIBOpe'IIIII IIHTepeeOB He06xo HMO Ha3Ha'Ie-
HHe CrreU;IIaJIbHOrO rrpe CTaBIITeJIH. ;:ho paBHbIM 06pa30M OT-
HOCIITCH H R cIITyaU;IIII, Ror a orreRYH II nO Orre'IHbIH HBJIH-
roTCH COHaCJIe HIIRaMH.
IIpIIHHTIIe HaCJIe CTBa He Tpe6yeT caMoeTOHTeJIbHOrO
aRTIIBHoro BOJIeII3'bHBJIeIIIIH, a HMeHHO rrpII HaCJIe OBaHIIII rro
saROHY OTCYTCTBIIe B Te'leHIIe cpORa rrpIIHHTIIH HaCJIe CTBa
BOJIeII3'bHBJIeHIIH HaeJIe HIIRa paCCMaTpIIBaeTCH RaR ynIIBep-
CaJIbHOe rrpeeMCTBO. ITpII IIo 06HOM 6e3 eiicTBHII neCOBep-
meHHOJIeTHerO HJIII rrO Orre'lHOrO B CJIY'lae rrpOTHBOpe'IIIH ero
lIHTepeCOB IIHTepecaM JIIIU;, ocym;eCTBJIHIOm;IIX pO IITeJIbCRIIe
npaBa, IIJIH orreRYHOB YHIIBepCaJIbHOe rrpeeMCTBO 6y eT C'lII-
'raTbCH He eHCTBIITeJIbHbIM, eCJIII 3aROHHbIe rrpe CTaBIITeJIH
lIMeIOT, HarrpHMep, rrpaBO Tpe60BaHIIH B OTHomeHIIH HaCJIe O-
;n;aTeJIH, pa3Mep ROTOporo rrpeBoeXO IIT CTOIIMOCTb HaCJIe CT-
seHHoro HMyIQeCTB3.. B IIo 06HbIX cHTyaU;IIHx He06xo IIMO Ha.
3H3.'IeHIIe CrreU;HaJIbHOrO rrpe CTaBIITeJIH.
B) B COOTBeTCTBIIII C rrOJIOiI\eHHHMII «06m;eH 'laCTII » rl\
npHHHTIIe IIJI1I OTRa3 OT HaCJIe CTBa MorYT 6bITb He eHcTBII-
'reJIbHbIM IIJIM nO JIemaTb aHHYJIIIpOBaHIIIO rrpII HaJIII'IHII Ta-
IDIX oCHoBaHIIM, RaR He eecrroc06HOCTb, 3a6JIym eHIIe, 06Marr,
IIpHHYm eHHe, II IIHbIX. B COOTBeTCTBIIII C rrorrpaBROll: R rl\
QT 1962 r. 3aHBJIeHIIe 06 aHHY JIIIpOBaHIIII OJImHO rro aBa Thca
B CeMeMnbIM cy (rr. 3 CT. 919 rK). B rropH Re rroraCIITeJIb-
HOll: aBHOCTH rrpaBO aHHYJIIIpOBaHIIH rrpeRpam;aeTCH rro IICTe-
qeHIIH 6 MeCHu;eB C MOMeHTa B03HIIRrrOBeHIIH B03MomHOCTII
nO TBepm eHIIH eHCTBIITeJIbHOCTII COBepmeHHoro eiIcTBIIH
IIJIH rro HCTe'IeHHH 10 JIeT C MONIeHTa cOBepmeIlHH eiIcTBIIH
{rr. 2 CT. 919 rK).
r) He OIlYCRaeTCH YCTaHOBJIeHIIe RaRIIX-JIH60 YCJIOBIIM
'UJIII CpOROB B OTHomeHIIII rrpIIHHTIIH IIJIII OTRa3a OT HaCJIe -
CTBa (orpaHII'IeHHOe rrpeeMCTBO rrpe CTaBJIHeT C060H OC06yIO
IIp06JIeMY). ,1];eHcTBIITeJIbHOe BbIpameHIIe rrpIIHHTHH IIJIH OT-
Ra3a OT HaCJIe CTBa rropom aeT HaCJIe CTBeHHbIe OTHomeHHH.
OT3bIB OTRa3a HJIII rrpIIHHTIIH rrpH 3TOM He J];orrYCKaeTCJI J];ame
19 3aKa3 N, 1264
281
B Te eHHe 3-MeCH HOrO CpOKa rrpHHHTHH HaCJIe)'];CTBa (rr. 1
CT. 919 rK).
)'];) IIpH OTKa3e HJIH orpaHH eHHoM rrpeeMcTBe Tpe6yeTcH
C06JIIO)'];eHHe orrpe)'];eJIeHHOn rrpou;e),];ypbI, OTCYTCTBYIOm;en npll
YHHBepCaJIbHOM rrpeeMcTBe. Bce YKa3aHHbIe )'];encTBIIH )'];oJIm-
HbI ocym;eCTBJIHTbCJI rrOCJIe OTKpbITIIH HaCJIe)'];cTBa; O)'];HOCTO-
pOHHHe c)'];eJIKH, )'];oroBopbI H IIHbIe <pOpMbI BOJIeII3'bHBJIeHHJI"
cOBeprueHHbIe )'];0 OTKpbITHH HaCJIe)'];cTBa, He)'];eIIcTBIITeJIbHbI.
2) IIC'IHCJIeHHe CpOK3 npUHJlTIIJI HaCJIe)'];CTBa. HaCJIe)'];HII-
KY )'];aeTCH 3-MecH HbIn CpOK )'];JIH rrpHHHTIIH HaCJIe)'];CTBa, B
Te eHlIe KOToporo OH 06CJIe)'];yeT HaCJIe)'];CTBeHHoe HMym;ecTBo
(rr. 2 CT. 915 rK) II peruaeT Borrpoc 06 YHHBepCaJIbHOM IIJIlI
orpaHII eHHOM npeeMCTBe, a TaKme 06 OTKa3e OT HaCJIe)'];CTBa.
Te eHHe )'];aHHoro cpOKa HacTynaeT C Toro MOMeHTa, Kor)'];3
HaCJIe)'];HHK Y3HaeT 06 OTKpbITIIH HaCJIe)'];CTBa (CT. 91f) rK).
ECJIH HaCJIe)'];HHKOM HBJIHeTCH He)'];eecrroc06HbIn, Ha aJIO CpO-
Ka rrpHHHTHH HaCJIe)'];CTBa orrpe)'];eJIHeTCH MOMeHTOM, Kor)'];a 0
<paKTe OTKpbITHH HaCJIe)'];CTBa CTaHOBHTCJI H3BeCTHO 3aKOIIHO-
MY rrpe)'];CTaBIITeJIIO He)'];eecrroc06Horo (CT. 9'17 rK). ECJIll
HaCJIe)'];HHK B Te eHHe YKa3aHHoro cpOKa y:r.mpaeT, 3TOT CpOK
B0306HOBJIHeTCH C MOMeHTa, Kor)'];a HaCJIe)'];HIIK )'];aIIHOrO Ha-
CJIe)'];HHKa Y3HaeT 06 OTKpbITIIH HaCJIe)'];CTBa (CT. 916 rK).
CJIe)'];yeT y HTbIBaTb, TO CpOK rrpHHHTHH HaCJIe)'];CTBa rrpH
He06xo)'];HMOCTH MomeT 6bITb YBeJIH eH rro Tpe60BaHIIIO 3aHH-
TepeCOBaHI-IbIX JIHU; HJIII rrpOI\ypopa.
33. OOH3aHHocTb HaCJIep,IIlIKOB no ynpaB.JIeHHIO HaCJIep,-
CTBeHHblM HMy",ecTBoM.
1) C MOMeHTa OTKpbITHH naCJIe)'];CTBa HaCJIe)'];CTBeIIHoe
IIMym;ecTBo rrepeXO)'];HT K HaCJIe)'];HHKaM, O)'];HaKO B Te eHIIe cpo-
Ka rrplIHHTHH HaCJIe)'];CTBa OHO COCTaBJIHeT o60c06JIeHIIYJO OT
c06cTBeHHoro HMym;ecTBa HaCJIe)'];HHKa Maccy. B Te1f8HIIe 3TO-
ro cpOKa HaCJIe)'];CTBeHHoe lI:\Iym;eCTBo HaXOJJ;HTCH rro)']; yrrpaB-
JIeHlIeM HaCJIe)'];HIIKOB, KOTopbIe )'];0 peIIIeHHJI Borrpoca 0 rrplI-
HHTHH HJIH OTKa3e OT HaCJIe)'];CTBa B OTHOru8HIIHX C 3aHIITepe-
COBaHHbIMH JIIIu;aMII HeCYT 06R3aHHocTb rro ynpaBJI8HIIIO )'];aH-
HbIM IIMym;ecTBoM C 3a60Ton, paBHon 3a60Te 0 c06CTBeHHOM
IIMym;ecTBe (rr. 1 CT. 918 rK). IIoHHTHo, TO o6H3aHHOCTb rro
yrrpaBJIeHHIO OTCYTCTByeT rrplI yHHBepCaJIbIIOM IIpee:\ICTBe,
TaK KaK B 3TOM CJIy ae HaCJIe)'];CTBO B rrOJIHO:\I 06'beM8 rrepe-
XO)'];HT K HaCJIe)'];HHKY. IIplI orpaHH eHHoM rrpee:\ICTBe yrrpaBJIe-
HlIe HMym;ecTBoM B rrOpHp,I\e 06H3aHHocTH HaCJIe)'];HIII\a )'];OJIm-
HO rrpO)'];OJImaTbCJI )'];0 MOMeIITa OI\OH aTeJIbHOrO pac eTa C
282
:Rpep;HTOpaMH HaCJIep;Op;aTeJUI. IIpII OTRa3e OT HaCJIep;CTBa of HI-
'3aHHOCTb no ynpaBJIeHHIO HaCJIep;CTBeHHbIM HMym;ecTBoM
lIpOp;OmlweTcH p;o MOMeHTa nepep;a'IH ero p;pyroMY HaCJIep;-
HIIRY HJIH COHaCJIep;HHRaM (CT. 940 rR). M3p;epmRH Ha ynpaB-
JIeHHe HaCJIep;CTBeHHbIM HMym;ecTBoM MorYT nORpbIBaTbCH 3a
C'IeT aToro HMym;ecTBa. CeMeMHbIM cyp; no Tpe60BaHHIO 3aHH-
1'epeCOBaHHblX JIIIn; IIJIH npoRypopa B JII060e BpeMH C n;eJIbIO
-coxpaHeHHH HaCJIep;CTBeHHoro HMym;ecTBa MomeT npep;nHcaTb
ocym;eCTBJIeHHe He06xop;HMbIX Mep (n. :2 CT. 918 rR), Ha3Ha-
'IHTb Cnen;HaJIbHOrO ynpaBJIHIOm;erO HaCJIep;CTBeHHbIM HMY'
m;eCTBOM, nOJIHOMO'IHH ROToporo perYJIHpYIOTCH nOJIOmeHlUl-
MH, npep;YCMOTpeHHbIMH B OTHOllieHIIH ynpaBJIHIOm;erO HMY-
m;eCTBOM OTCYTCTBYIOm;ero (n. 3 CT. 918 rR).
2. YHHBepcanbHoe npeeMcTBo
34. IIOHlITHe YHlIBepCaJIbHOrO npeeMCTBa.
1) IIop; YHIIBepCaJIbHbIM npeeMCTBOM nOHHl\1aeTCH BO.'1e-
II3 HBJIeHHe HaCJIep;HHRa 0 HeOrpaHII'IeIlHOM TIPHHHTHII npaB
11 06H3aHHOCTeM HaCJIep;Op;aTeJIH, lIHbIMII CJIOBa1vlH, 0 nplIHHTIIH
nOJIHOM OTBeTCTBeHHOCTII B OTHOllIeHHH p;OJIrOBbIX 06H3a-
TeJIbCTB HaCJIep;Op;aTeJIH 3a C'IeT c06CTBeHHoro HMym;ecTBa
(CT. 920 rR). rR paCCMaTpHBaeT YHHBepCaJIbHOe npeeMCTBO
B Ra'IeCTBe OCHOBHOM <pOpMbI HaCJIep;OBaHHH, H OTCYTCTBHe
BOJIeH3 HBJIeHHH HaCJIep;HHRa 06 OrpaHH'IeHHOM npeeMCTBe
IIJIH OTRa3e OT HaCJIeACTBa B Te'IeHHe cpORa ero npIIHHTIIH
npH3HaeTCH YHHBepCaJIbHbIM npeeMCTBOM (nn. 2 CT. 921 rR).
B nopHARe TOJIROBaHIIH nOJIaraIOT, 'ITO BOJIeH3 HBJIeHHe 06
YHHBepCaJIbHOM npeeMCTBe He Tpe6yeT 3aHBJIeHHH B OTp;eJIbI
noceMeMHOM 3anIICH HJIH ceMeMHbJM cyp; II MomeT 6bITb ocym;ecT-
BJIeHO B JIl060M <popMe. Ha npaRTIIRe B nOp;aB.1U1IOm;eM 60JIb-
mHHCTBe CJIY'IaeB ocym;eCTBJIHeTCH TaR Ha3blBaeMoe MOJI'Ia.
,mIBoe YHHBepCaJIbHOe npeeMCTBO, BbIcTynaIOm;ee B BIfp;e OT-
,CYTCTBIDI aRTIIBHoro BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHHH B Te'IeHHe cpORa
npHHHTIIH HaCJIep;CTBa.
2) YHIIBepCaJIbHOe npeeMcTBo Bep;eT R y IpaTe HaCJIep;CT'
BeHHblM HMym;ecTBoM 060c06JIeHIJOCTH, H OHO CMellIHBaeTCH C
c06cTBeHHbIM HMym;ecTBoM HaCJIep;HHRa (Tpe60BaHHe Rpep;H.
1'opa 0 npoBep;eHHH IIHBeHTapH3an;HH IIMym;ecTBa COCTaBJIHeT
OTp;eJIbHblM Bonpoc). BCJIep;CTBHe aToro Rpep;HTopbl HaCJIep;O-
JWTeJIH MorYT ocym;eCTBJIHTb rrpHHyp;HTeJIbHOe HCnOJIHeHIIe
o6H3aTeJIbCTB II3 HaCJIep;CTBeHHoro HMym;ecTBa nOCJIe ero
pa3p;eJIa.
]9"
283
35. 3aKoHHoe YHHBepCaJIbHOe npeeMCTBO. ECJIH HaCJIe)];HHK
CMernaeT RaCJIe)];CTBeHHoe H c06cTBeHHoe HMyru;eCTBO HJIII
paCrrOpJl)];HTCJI HaCJIe)];CTBeHHbIM HMyru;eCTBOM, a rrOCJIe 3Toro
Bblpa3HT HaMepeHHe 06 OrpaHH'IeHHOM rrpeeMCTBe HJIH OTKa38'
OT HaCJIe,!J;CTBa, Kpe)];HTOpaM HaCJIe)];O,!J;aTeJIJI HJIH HaCJIe,!J;HHKaM
cJIe)];yroru;eH O'lepe)];H MomeT 6bITb rrpH'IHHeH yru;ep6. B 3TOH
CBJl3H fIt YCTaHaBJIHBaeT pJl)]; oCHoBaHHH, rrpH HaJIH'IHH KOTO-
pbIX HaCJIe)];HHK He MomeT ocyru;eCTBHTb HH OrpaHH'IeHHOrO
rrpeeMCTBa, HH OTKa3a OT HaCJIe)];CTBa. AaHHbIH HHCTHTYT
Ha3bIBaeTCJI 3aKOHHbIM YHHBepCaJIbHbIM rrpeeMCTBOM.
1) PacnopameHHe HaCJIe)];CTBeHHblM HM)'IIWCTBOM. Pacrro-
pJlmeHHe HaCJIe,!J;HHKOM BceM HJIH '1aCTbro TaKoro HMyru;eCTBa
paCCMaTpHBaeTCJI KaK YHHBepCaJIbHOe rrpeeMCTBO (rrrr. 1
CT. 921 fIt). ,D;aHHoe rrOJIOmeHHe rrpOHCTeI\aeT, Bo-rrepBbIX"
H3 rrpe3YMrrrt;HH cooTBeTcTByroru;eH BOJIH HaCJIe)];HHKa; BO-BTO-
pbIX, H3 B03MomHOCTH rrpH'IIIHeHHJI yru;ep6a Kpe)];HTOpaM
HaCJIe)];O)];aTeJIJI, COHaCJIe)];HHKaM HJIH HaCJIe)];HHKaM CJIe)];yro-
ru;eH O'lepe,!J;H rrOCJIe)];yroru;HM OTKa30M OT HaCJIe)];CTBa HJIH
OrpaHH'IeHHbIM rrpeeMcTBoM; B-TpeTbHX, H3 3aru;HTbI HHTepe-
COB TpeTbHX JIHrt;, rrOBepHBillHX B )];eHC'IBHTeJIbHOCTb )];eHCTBHW
HaCJIe)];HHKa rro pacrrOpJlmeHHro HMyru;eCTBOM; B-'1eTBepTbIX,
H3 CJIOmHOCTH ocyru;eCTBJIeHHJI rrpOrt;e)];ypbI, CBJl3aHHOH C orpa-
HH'IeHHbIM rrpeeMCTBOM, BCJIe)];CTBHe CMerneHHJI HMyru;eCTBa.
C TO'lKH 3peHHJI TOJIKOBaHHJI 3Toro rrOJIOmeHHJI MomHO BbI)];e-
JIHTb pJl)]; MOMeHTOB.
a) ,D;JIJI Toro '1T06bI pacrrOpJlmeHHe HaCJIe)];CTBeHH],IM
HMyru;eCTBOM MOrJIO paCCMaTpHBaTbCJI KaK YHHBepCaJIbHoe-
rrpeeMCTBO, TaKoe pacrrOpJlmeHHe )];OJImHO ocyru;eCTBJIJlTbCJI
rrpH 3HaHHH HJIH )];OCTOBepHOM rrpeJJ;BH)];eHHH waKTa OTKpbITHH
HaCJIe)];CTBa (CM. perneHlle BepXOBHoro cy)];a OT 27 arrpeJIH
1967 r.). It )];eHCTBHJlM rro pacrrOpJlmeHHro HaCJre)];CTBeHHbIM
HMyru;eCTBOM, BbI3bIBaroru;HM YKa3aHHble rrOCJIe)];CTBHJI, OTHO-
CJlTCJI JIHrnb ocyru;eCTBJIeHHble )];0 OrpaHH'IeHHOrO npeeMCTBa
HJIH OTKa3a OT HaCJIe)];CTBa. B OTHorneHHH pacrrOpJlmeHHJI, ocy-
rqecTBJIeHIIOrO rrOCJIe OrpaHH'IeHHOrO rrpeeMCTBa HJIH OTKa3a
OT HaCJIe)];CTBa, HaCJIe)];HHK HeceT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb no B03Me-
ru;eHHro yru;ep6a rrepe)]; Kpe)];HTOpaMH HaCJIe)];O)];aTeJIJI, COHa-
CJIe)];HHKaMH HJIH HaCJIe)];HHKaMH cJIe)];yroru;eii: O'lepe,!J;H.
6) ¥Ka3aHHoe pacrrOpJlmeHHe )];OJImHO 6bITb peaJIbHbIM 11
H3MeHJlroru;HM COCTOJlHHe HJIH xapaKTep HaCJIe)];CTBeHIIOro
HMyru;eCTBa (KaK, HarrpHMep, rropy6Ka JIeca Ha KOpHro, CHOC
)];OMa) HJIH Be,!J;yru;HM K rrepe)];a'le HMyru;eCTBa (HarrpHMep, rrpo-
,!J;ama JIeca Ha KOpHro, 3aKJIa)]; aKrt;HH).
284
ECJIlI .u;en:CTBIIH no pacnopHmSHIlIO HaCJIe.u;CTBeHHbIM JlMY-
m;eCTBOM YTpaqllBaIOT .u;en:CTBIITeJIbHOCTb IIJIII aHHYJIllpYIOTCH:
Ha OCHOBaHlI1I He.u;eecnoc06HOCTII HaCJIe.u;HHKa, rropOKOB BOJIII
II T. n., OHII He .u;OJImHbI paCCMaTpHBaTbCH KaK yHIIBepCaJIb-
Hoe npeeMCTBO (rrpH He.u;en:CTBIITeJIbHOCTII) JIII60 B rropH.u;Ke'
06paTHoro .u;en:cTBHH HX rrOCJIe.u;CTBIIH CqHTaIOTCH HHqTOmHIJMH
C caMoro HaqaJIa (npll aHHYJIllpOBaHIIII). IIoCKOJIbKY HaCJIe.u;-
HHK HeceT 06HaaHHocTb no ynpaBJIeHHIO II coxpaHeHIlIO Ha-
CJIe.u;CTBeHHoro HMym;ecTBa H B nepHo.u; cpOKa npHHHTUH
H3CJIe.u;CTBa (CT. 918 rK), rrpH HCnOJIHeHHH :)Ton: 06HaaHHO-
CTH OH MomeT ocym;eCTBJIHTb .u;en:CTBHH no coxpaHeHHIO IIMY-
m;eCTBa, a TaKme aaKJIIOqaTb .u;orOBOplJ KpaTKOCpOqHOn: apeH.u;IJ,
(CT. 602 rK), KOTOplJe He 6y.u;YT rro.u;na.u;aTb no.u; paccMaTpH-
BaeMoe pacnopHmeHHe HaCJIe.u;cTBeHHbIM HMym;ecTBoM. PaB-
HIJM 06paaoM :)TO OTHOCHTCH H K pacxo.u;aM Ha HaCJIe.u;cTBeH-
Horo HMym;ecTBa Ha nOXOpOHIJ H K pH.u;y HHIJX pacxo.u;oB.
B) Ma TeKCTa COOTBeTCTBYIOm;en: CTaTbH rK HeHCHO, MO-
rYT JIH .u;pyrHe COHaCJIe.u;HHKH ocym;ecTBHTb OrpaHHqeIIHOe'
npeeMCTBO, eCJIH .u;en:CTBHH o.u;Horo Ha HUX rro pacnopHmeHHIO
HaCJIe.u;CTBeHHIJM HMym;ecTBoM paCCMaTpHBaIOTCH KaK YHHBep-
CaJIbHOe npeeMCTBO. B nopH.u;Ke TOJIKOBaHHH Ha :)Ty cHTyaIJ,HIO
pacnpOCTpaHHeTCH .u;en:CTBHe CT. 937 rI{, npe.u;YCl\1OTpeHHon: B
OTHOIIIeHHH OrpaHHqeHHOrO npeeMcTBa (CM,: HaCJIe.u;cTBeHHoe
npaBo - 37).
2) COKpbITHe II nOTpe6JIeHlle HaCJIe.u;CTBeUlIoro IIMYIIJ,e-
CTBa. COKplJTHe Bcero HJIH qaCTH HaCJIe.u;CTBeHHoro HMym;ecT-
Ba, HCnOJIbaOBaHHe ero B JIHqHbIX IJ,eJIHX, a TaKme HeBHeceHH8
ero B IIHBeHTapHYIO onHCb nOCJIe OrpaHHqeHHOrO npeeMcTBa'
IIJIH OTKaaa HaCJIe.u;HHKOM OT HaCJIe.u;CTBa paccMaTpHBaIOTcH
RaK YHHBepCaJIbHOe npeeMCTBO (nn. 3 CT. 921 rK). B CBHaH
C JTHM nOJIOmeHlIeM YKameM Ha CJIe.u;YIOm;He MOMeHTbI.
Bo-nepBlJx, COKpbITHe HMYIIJ,eCTBa, ocym;eCTBJIeHHOe .u;o
OrpaHHqeHHOrO npeeMCTBa HJIH OTKaaa OT HaCJIe.u;CTBa, TaKme
rro.u;na.u;aeT no.u; .u;en:cTBHe JTOrO nOJIOmeHHH.
BO-BTOpbIX, COmmeHHe nOCTeJIbHbIX npHHa.u;JIemHocTen:
nOKon:Horo B COOTBeTCTBHH C 06bl'IaHMH HJIII no co06parReHH-
HM rHrHeHbI He no.u;rra.u;aeT no.u; .u;en:CTBHe YKaaaHHoro nOJIO-
meHHH .u;ame npH CKpbITHOCTH ero ocym;eCTBJIeHHH.
B-TpeTbHX, Bonpoc 0 COCTaBJIeHHH HHBeHTapHon: onHCH-
BoaHHKaeT JIHIIIb npH OrpaHHqeHHOM npeeMCTBe (CT. 924 rK).
II .u;JIH paCCMOTpeHHH He.u;06poCOBeCTHoro HeBHeCeHHH IIMym;e-
CTBa B HHBeHTapHYIO onHCb B KaqeCTBe YHIIBepCaJIbHOrO;
npeeMCTBa Tpe6yeTcH, qT061J no.u;06Hoe HeBHeceHHe ocym;ecTB-
28$".
JUlJIOCb C n;eJIblO COKpbITHH HMyru;eCTBa OT Kpe HTOpOB HaCJIe-
O)];aTeJIH. B aTOH CBH3H aHaJIOrH'IHble )];eHCTBHH co CTOpOHbI
3aKOHHbIX rrpe)];CTaBHTeJIeH BbI3bIBalOT rrOCJIe)];CTBHH H )];JIH
rrpe)];CTaBJIHeMbIX HaCJIe)];HHKOB.
3) IIOMHMO BYX BblIIIeYKa3aHHbIX aKTHBHbIX OCHOBaHHH
3aKOHHoro YHHBepCaJIbHOrO rrpeeMCTBa, rK rrpe)];ycMaTpHBaeT
H rraCCHBHoe OCHOBaHHe - rrpOCpO'IKY cpOKa rrpHHHTHH Ha-
,CJIe)];CTBa (rrrr. 2 CT. 921 rK).
'I 3. OrpaHHlfeHHoe npeeMcrBo
36. IToHJlTHe orpaHH'IeHHOro npeeMCTBa. IIo HHM rromi-
MaeTCH TaKaH tPopMa HaCJIe)];OBaHHH, rrpH KOTOpOH HaCJIe HHK
ocyru;eCTBJIHeT rrpeeMCTBO 06H3aTeJIbCTB HaCJIe)];O)];aTeJIH H HC-
rrOJIHeHHe JIeraTOB (3aBeru;aTeJIbHbIX oTKa30B) JIHilih B rrpe)];e-
JIax 06'beMa HaCJIe)];CTBeHHoro HMyru;eCTBa (CT. 922 rK).
IIoHHTHo, 'ITO rrpH He)];OCTaTO'IHOCTH HaCJIe CTBeHHOrO HMY-
meCTBa )];JIH rrOKpbITHH 06H3aTeJIbCTB H JIeraTOB HaCJIe)];HHK
MOmeT rrpOCTO OTKa3aTbCH OT HaCJIe)];CTBa. I1HCTHTYT me orpa-
HH'IeHHOrO rrpeeMCTBa paCC'IHTaH HMeHHO Ha cHTyan;HIO, KOr)];a
)];aHHbIH Borrpoc HeHceH. IIOCKOJIbKY HaCJIe)];HHK )];OJImHHKa He
CBH3aH C)];eJIKOH C Kpe)];HTOpOM HaCJIe)];O)];aTeJIH, HaCJIe)];HHK
MomeT rrpHHHMaTb peIIIeHHH 06 OrpaHH'IeHHOM rrpeeMCTBe B
e)];HHOJIH'IHOM rrOpH)];Ke.
37. ,1];JIJI ocy:w;eCTBJIeHIIJI OrpaHH'IeUlIorO npeel\lCTBa Ha-
CJIe HHK )];OJImeH B Te'IeHHe cpOKa rrpHHHTHH HaCJIe)];CTBa
COCTaBHTb HHBeHTapHYIO orrHCb HaCJIe)];CTBeHHoro HMyru;eCTBa
H rrpe)];CTaBHTb ee B cy)]; BMeCTe C 3aHBJIeHHeM 06 OrpaHH'IeH-
HOM rrpeeMCTBe (CT. 924 rK). IIoHHTHo, 'ITO orpaHH'IeHHOe
rrpeeMCTBO He orrYCKaeTCH rrpH rrpOCpO'IKe cpOKa rrpHHHTHH
HaCJIe)];CTBa, a TaKme rrpH B03HHKHOBeHHH B Te'IeHHe 8Toro
cpOKa OCHOBaHHH )];JIH 3aKOHHoro YHHBepCaJIbHOrO rrpeeM-
CTRa.
IIpH HaJIH'IHH HeCKOJIbKHX COHaCJIe)];HHKOB OrpaHH'IeHHOe
rrpeeMCTBO B03MomHO JIHilib rrpH YCJIOBHH ero rrpeeMCTBa Bce-
MH COHaCJIe)];HHKaMH (CT. 923). ECJIH me rrOCJIe OrpaHH'IeHHO-
ro rrpeeMCTBa BceMH COHaCJIe)];HHKaMH B OTHOIIIeHHH 'IaCTH
nHX JIHn; B03HHKaeT 3aKOHHoe YHHBepCaJIbHOe rrpeeMCTBO, OHH
HeCYT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb KaK YHHBepcaJIbHble rrpaBorrpeeMHH-
KH JIHilib COOTBeTCTBeHHO CBoeH naCJIefl,CTBeHHoH )];OJIe
(CT. 939 rK).
:286
38. IIocJIe,a:cTBHlI OrpaHH'IeHHOro npeeMCTBa.
1) OTKpbITue npou;e,a:ypbI JIUKBu,a:aU;UH HaCJIe,a:CTBeHHoro
HMym;ecTBa. OrpaHH'IeHHOe rrpeeMCTBO rrpep,CTaBJUIeT COGOM
O,a:HH Ha BH,a:OB HaCJIe,a:OBaHHH, rrpH KOTOpOM K HaCJIe,a:HHKY
rrepexo,a:HT Bce HMym;ecTBeHHble rrpaBa H oGHaaHHocTH HaCJIe-
,a:o,a:aTeJIH, o,a:HaKO HaCJIe,a:HHK HeceT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb rro HC-
rrOJIHeHHIO oGHaaTeJIbCTB H JIeraTOB JIHllIb B rrpe,a:eJIax H3JIH'I-
Horo HaCJIe,a:CTBeHHoro HMym;ecTBa. IIoaToMY HaCJIe,a:CTBeIIHoe
HMym;ecTBo H HMym;ecTBo HaCJIe,a:HHKa CYIl\eCTBYIOT oGocoG-
JIeHHO, H rrpou;e,a:ypa JIHKBH,a:aU;HH ocym;eCTBJIHeTCH JIHllIb B
OTHOllIeHHH HaCJIe,a:CTBeHHoro IIMym;ecTBa. B CBHaH C aTHM
YKameM Ha CJIe,a:YIOm;ee.
Bo-rrepBbIx, rrpH OrpaHH'IeHHOM rrpeeMCTBe rrpaBa H OGH-
aaHHOCTH, KOTOpbIMH GbIJIH CBHaaHbI HaCJIe,a:HHKH H HaCJIe,a:o-
,a:aTeJIb, He CMeIlIHBaIOTCH, a rrpo,a:OJImaIOT caMOCTOHTeJIbHOe
cym;ecTBoBaHHe (CT. 925 fIt).
BO-BTOpbIX, OrpaHH'IeHHbIH rrpaBorrpeeMHHK oGHaaH rrpo-
,a:OJImaTb yrrpaBJIeHHe HaCJIe,a:CTBeHHbIM HMym;ecTBoM C TaKOH
me CTerreHbIO aaGoTbI, KaK H coGcTBeHHbIM. B aTOM OTHOllIe-
HHH ero CTaTYC aHaJIOrH'IeH cTaTycy rrOBepeHHoro (CT. 926 fR).
II pH HaJIH'IHH HeCKOJIbKHX HaCJIe,a:HHKOB yrrpaBJIeHHe HMym;e-
CTBOM ocym;eCTBJIHeTCH O,a:HHM Ha HHX, HaaHa'leHHbIM ceMeM-
HbIM Cy,a:OM B Ka'leCTBe yrrpaBJIHIOm;ero (rr. 1 CT. 936 fIt).
BMecTe C TeM rrpH HaJIH'IHH orrpe,a:eJIeHHbIX oGcToHTeJIbCTB
ceMeMHbIH cy,a: MomeT HaaHa'lMTb yrrpaBJIHIOm;MM HaCJIeACT-
BeHHbIM HMym;ecTBoM HHoe, rrOMHMO HaCJIe,a:HHKOB, JIHU;O (rr. 2
CT. 926, rr. 2 H 3 CT. 918 fIt), KOTopoe oGHaaHo yrrpaBJIHTb
HMym;ecTBoM C aaGoTJIHBOCTbIO xopOlliero yrrpaBJIHIOm;ero.
2) Ocym;eCTBJIeHHe npoU;e,a:ypbI JIHHBIf,a:aU;IUf HaCJIe,a:cTBeH-
Horo HMym;ecTBa. IIoCKOJIbKY HHCTHTYT OrpaHH'IeHHOrO rrpe-
eMCTBa BbIrop,eH HaCJIe,a:HHKaM TeM, 'ITO HCrrOJIHeHHe oGHaa-
TeJIbCTB HaCJIe,a:o,a:aTeJIH ocym;eCTBJIHeTCH He Ha HX HMym;ecT-
Ba, rrpOTHBHoe BoaMomHO JIHllIb rrpH rrpH'IHHeHHH KpeAMTOpy
HeBblro,a:bI HeHa,a:JIemam;HM ocym;eCTBJIeUHeM rrpOJw,a:ypbI JIMI,-
BH,a:aU;HH HaCJIe,a:CTBeHHoro HMym;ecTBa HaCJIe,a:HHKoM. IToaTo-,
MY rrpoU;e,a:ypa JIHKBH,a:aU;HH perYJIHpyeTcH GOJIee CTporM IH
rro cpaBHeHHIO C JIHKBH,a:aU;HeH IOpH,a:H'IeCKHX JIHU; rrOJIOmeHH-
HMH, HO GOJIee rrpoCTblM oGpaaoM, 'IeM rrpH 6aIIKpoTCTBe. llpM-
MeHHTeJIbHO K paCCMaTpHBaeMOMY Borrpocy CJIe,a:yeT YKaaaTb
Ha CJIe,a:YIOm;He MOMeHTbI.
B Te'IeHHe 5 p,HeM HaCJIep,HMRH HJIn yrrpaBJIHIOm;Me HaCJIep,-
CTBeHHblM HMym;ecTBoM ,a:OJImHbI HarrpaBHTb BceM Hpep,HTopaM
HaCJIe,a:ol\aTeJIH H JIeraTapHHM I13Bem;eHIf1l oG OrpaHM'IeHHOM
287
rnpeeMCTBe, a TaKJRe 0 He06xo)J,HMOCTH npe)J,CTaBJIemUI 11M11 B
'Te'IeHHe onpe)J,eJIeHHorO cpOKa, KOTOpbIH He MOJReT 6bITb
'MeHee 2 MeCJIn;eB, CBOHX Tpe60BaHHH (n. 1 CT. 927 rR). Ha
:YKa3aHHbIe I13Bem;eHHH pacnpOCTpaHJIIOTCH nOJIOJReHHH n. 2
'H 3 CT. 79 fR B OTHomeHHH JlHKBH.n;an;HH ropH.n;H'IeCKHX JIHn;
(n. 2 CT, 927 rR; CM,: 06m;aH 'IaCTb - 61).
JIHKBH)J,an;HH HaCJIe)J,CTBeHHoro HMym;ecTBa ocym;eCTBJIH-
,eTCH B nOpJI)J,Ke 06bI'IHOH peaJIH3aJWII, O)J,HaKO npIl Heo6xo-
)J,HMOCTH npo.n;aJRH HaCJIe)J,CTBeHHoro HMym;ecTBa C n;eJIbIO HC-
nOJIHeHHH 06JI3aTeJIbCTB nepe)J, Kpe)J,HTopaMH HaCJIe)J,O)J,aTeJIJI
,OHO .n;OJIJRHO 6bITb peaJIH30BaHO B nopH.n;Ke aYKn;HOHa
(CT. 932 rR). BMeCTe C TeM naCJIe)J,HHKH MorYT JIH'IHO npH-
'06peCTH HaCJIe)J,CTBeHHoe HMym;ecTBo l(eJIHKOM HJIH 'IaCTH'IHO
no n;eHaM, KOTopbIe onpe.n;eJIHIOTCH :mcnepTOM, Ha3Ha'IeHHbIM
<ceMeHHbIM CY)J,OM (orOBopKa CT. 932 rR). .D:aHHaH orOBopKa
yCTaHOBJIeHa Ha TOT CJIY'IaH, eCJIH HaCJIe)J,HHK He JReJIaeT,
'1To6bI HMym;ecTBo HaCJIe.n;O)J,aTeJIJI nepemJIO B '1yJRHe PYKH.
Rpe)J,HTopbI HaCJIe.n;o.n;aTeJIJI H JIeraTapIlH MorYT Y'IaCTBOBaTb
B YKa3aHHOM aYKn;HOHe HJIH On;eHKe HMym;ecTBa 3a CBOH C'IeT.
AYKn;HOH HJIH On;eHKa HMym;ecTBa, npOBe.n;eHHbIe 6e3 Y'IaCTHJI
'OTMe'IeHHLIX Kpe.n;HTopOB 11 JIeraTapHeB, HeCMOTpH Ha HaJIH-
"IHe HX Tpe60BaHHH 0 )J,aHHOM Y'IaCTl'IH, MorYT 6bITb ocnope-
HbI HMH (CT. 933, II. 2 CT. 260 rR).
.D:o HCTe'IeIIHJI cpOKa, YKa3aHHoro B H3Bem;eHHH 0 JIHKBH-
fJ:an;HH HaCJIe.n;CTBeHHoro HMym;ecTBa, IIaCJle.n;HHK MOJReT OTI"a-
saTb Kpe)J,HTOpy B HCnOJIHeHlIH o6H3aTeJIbCTB, ):\alRe eCJIH CpOK
I1X HCnOJIHeHHH HacTynHJI (CT. 928 rR), a IIPH OIIpe)J,eJIeHHbTX
'06CTOHTeJIbCTBaX OH 06JI3aH OTKa3aTb B TaKOM HCIIOJIHeHHH
(CM. II. 1 CT. 934 rR). 06JI3aTeJIbCTBa B OTHOIlleHHH Kpe):\H-
'TOpOB, no):\aBIIIHx 3aHBJIeHHe, a TaKJRe H3BeCTIIbIX HaCJIe):\IIH-
KY, HCnOJIHHIOTCH IIO OKOH'IaHHH OTMe'IeIIHOrO cpOKa. ECJIH
HaCJIe):\CTBeHHoe HMym;ecTBo He MOif,eT y):\OBJIeTBOpHTb Bce
06H3aTeJIbCTBa, HX HCnOJIHeIIHe ocym;eCTBJIHeTCH nponopn;HO-
'HaJIbIIO pa3Mepy KaJR)J,oro, 3a HCKJIIO'IeHHeM Tex Kpe)J,HTopOB,
KOTopLIe 06JIa):\aIOT IIpaBOM npeHMym;ecTBa (CT. 929 rR).
:CJle):\yeT HMeTb B BH):\y, 'ITO IIO HCTe'IeHHH cpORa, YKa3aHHoro
'B H3Bem;eHHH 0 JIHKBH):\an;HH HaCJIe)J,CTBeHHoro HMym;ecTBa,
lICrrOJIHeHHIO nO):\JIeJRaT H Te 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, CpOK HCnOJIIIeUHH
'KOTOpbTX em;e He HaCT3JI (rr. 1 CT. 930 rR). 06YCJIOBJIeHHbIe
06H3aTeJIbCTBa H 06H3aTeJIbCTBa C IIeonpe):\eJIeHHbIM CpOKOM
kICnOJIHeHHH nO):\JIeJRaT HCrrOJIHeHHIO no n;eHaM, cyru;eCTBYIO-
m;HM Ha )J,aHHbIH MOMeHT H onpe)J,eJIeHHbIM ::mcrrepTOM, Ha3Ha-
'IeHHbIM ceMeHHblM CY)J,OM (n. 2 CT. 930 rR). IIocJIe y)J,OBJIe-
:288
TBopeHHH TpeOOBaHHH Kpe HTOpOB HacneAoAaTenH oCy eeTB
nHeTCH HCnOnHeHHe B OTHOilleHHH neraTapHeB (CT. 931 fR)_
RpeAHTOpb1 H neraTapHH, He npeACTaBHBillHe CBOH TpeOOBa-
HHH B Te'IeHHe OTMe'IeHHOro nepHoAa H neH3BeCTHb1e HaCJIeA-
HHKY, MorYT nonY'IHTb YAOBneTBopeHHe TonbKO H3 OCTaBille-
rOCH HMy ecTBa. ::ho, OAHaKO, He OTHOCHTCH K TeM KpeAIITO-
paM H3 YKa3aHHOH KaTeropHH, KOTopb1e oonaAaIOT npaBOM>
crre HanbHoro ooeCne'IeHHH H B cHny aroro ne YTpa'IHBaIOT.
npaBa Ha npeHMy ecTBeHHoe HcnonHeHHe (CT. 935 fR).
HacneAHHKH, HapYillHBillHe YKa3aHHYIO BhIille rrpo:u;e y-
PY H He HcnonHHBillHe TpeOOBaHHH B OTnOilleHHH Kpe)J;HTopOB,
H neraTapHeB, HeCYT rrepe)J; YKa3aHHhIMH JIH al\1H OTBeTCTBeH-,
HOCTh no B03Me eHHIO y epoa (n. 1 CT. 934 fR).
3) OKOH'IaHHe npo e)J;yphI O1'paHlI'IeHIIoro npeeMcTBa.,
OOb1'IHO npH HClIonHeHHH no BceM oOH3arenbcTBaM JIHOO'
OCTaeTCH 'IaCTb Hacne)J;CTBeHHoro HMy ecTBa, nHoo, )J;ame rrpll
peanH3aIJ;HH Bcero HMym;ecTBa Hacne)J;O)J;aTenH, oOHaaTenbcTBa:
Bce me OCTaIOTCH HeY)J;OBneTBopeHHhIMH B nomIOM OO'beMe.
B nepBOM cnY'Iae OCTaTOK Hacne)J;CTBeHHoro HMym;ecTBa nepe-
XO)J;HT K Hacne)J;HHKY H OHO npeKpam;aeT ooocooneHHoe cym;e-
CTBOBaHHe. Bo BTOpOM cnY'Iae OCTaIOTCH HeHcno.rrHeHHb1&
oOH3aTenbcTBa, B OTHOllIeHHH KOTOpbIX OrpaUH'IeHHIJii: npaBO-
npeeMHHK ne HereT OTBeTCTBenHOCTH no YAOBneTBopeHHIOi
Kpe)J;HTopOB. aTO COCTaBnHeT OCHOBHoe nocne CTBHe orpaUH:-'
'IeHHOrO npeeMCTBa.
i 4. OTK83 OT HaCneACTBa,
39. IToHJlTHe II CO HaJIhHaJi q.YHK HJf OTKaaa OT HacneA'"
CTBa.
1) lIo)J; OTKa30M OT Hacne)J;CTBa nOHHMaeTCH )J;eHcTBHe Ha-
cne)J;HHKa no HenpHHHTHIO B :u;enOM Bcex npaB H oOHaaHHo-
CTeH, CBHaaHHb1X C Hacne)J;cTBelIHb1M HMym;ecTBoM. lIOCKOJIbKY
B COOTBeTCTBHH C HOBOH pe)J;aK1 HH fIt Hacne OBaHHe CTano
npe)J;CTaBnHTb coooii: nepexo)J; HMym;ecTBa HaCJI8)J;0)J;aTenH, TO
npH npeBbIilleHHH aKTHBa HR)J; naCCHBOM OTKaa OT Hacne)J;CTBa'
He )J;1IKTyeTcH HeOOXO)J;HMOCTbIO. lIPH HeHCHOCTH COOTHOilleHHH
aKTHBa H naCCHBa Hacne)J;HHK MOif\eT npHoerHYTb K HHCTHTY-
TY OrpaHH'IeHHorO npeeMCTBa. YCTaHOBneHHe me HHCTHTYTa,
OTKaaa OT Hacne)J;CTBa CBHaaHO C TeM, 'ITO )J;ame npH npeBhIille-
HHH aKTHBa Ha)J; naCCHBHOM nepexo)J; Hacne)J;CTBeHHoro HMY-
eCTBa K HacneWIlIKY He n()nmen ocym;eC.TBnHTbCH rrpOTHB e1'o
2891
BOJIH. MMelIHO ::n0 OCHOBaHHe )];HKTyeT rrpH3HaHHe CB060)];:bJ
OTKa3a 01' HaCJIe)];CTBa. CJIe)];yeT Y'IHT:bIBaT:b, 'ITO OTKa3 01'
HaCJIe)];CTBa B rrO.[b3Y )];pyroro COHaCJIe)];HIIKa lIe BbITe-
KaeT II3 xapaKTepa )];aHHOrO HHCTHTYTa H He rrpH3HaeTcH
fIt
2) MCXO)];H H3 rrpaKTHKH, MOJRHO BbI)];eJIHT:b TpH BH)];a
OTKa3a OT HaCJIe)];CTBa, HCrrOJIb3yeMbIe C lI,eJIbIO oaxo)];a rrOJIO-
JReHHH 3aKOHO)];aTeJIbCTBa. IIocJIe BCTyrrJIeHHH B )];eHCTBHe
nOCJIeBOeHHOH pe)];aRlI,HH fR OTKa3 OT HaCJIe)];CTBa OCYIll,eCTB-
JIHJICH COHaCJIe)];HHRaMH C lI,eJIbIO C03)];amIH cHTyall,HH e)];HHO-
JIH'IHOrO HaCJIe)];OBaHHH, B OOJIbrnHHCTBe CJIyqaeB B nOJIb3Y
CTaprnero CMHa HJIII JIHlI,a, HaCJIeaOBaBrnero cpaKTHqeCKHM
CTaTYC rJIaBbI ceMbH (nepBbIH BHa OTKa3a OT lIaCJIe)];CTBa).
C BHeceHHeM COOTBeTCTBYIOIIJ,eH rrorrpaBKH B 3aKOH 0 HaJIOre
Ha HaCJIe)];CTBO rrepBbIH BH)]; OTKa3a OT HaCJIe)];CTBa CTaJI HeBbI-
rO)];eH, rrOCKOJIbKY Ha e)];HHOJIHqHOe HaCJIe)];OBaHHe YCTaHaB.lIH-
BaJIHCb rrOBMrneHHble pa3MepbI HaJIOra rro cpaBHeHHIO C COHa-
CJIe)];OBaHHeM. BCJIel CTBHe noro rrpH no)];06HbIX cHTyall,HHX
cpopMaJIbHO COXpaHHJIOCb COHaCJIe)];OBaHHe, O)];HaKO cpaKTHqe-
CKH Bce HaCJIe)];CTBeHHoe HMym;ecTBo rrepeXOJ];HJIO K O)];HOMY
JI3 COHaCJIe)];HHKOB, H )];pyrHe COHaCJIe)];HHKH He ocrrapHBaJIll
3Toro (BTOpOH BH)]; OTKa3a OT HaCJIe)];CTBa). Ha COBpeMeHHOM
me 3Tarre KOHlI,eHTpall,HH HaCJIe)];CTBeHHoro HMYIll,eCTBa B 0)];-
HHX pYKax CTaJIa OCYIIJ,eCTBJIHTbCH rro COrJIarneHHIO COHaCJIe)];-
lIHKOB (TpeTHH BH)]; OTKa3a OT HaCJIe)];CTBa).
40. ITOPS)];OR OTR333 01' H3CJIe)];CTB3.
a) OTRa3 OT HaCJIe)];CTBa OcpopMJIHeTCH COOTBeTCTBYIOIIJ,HM
3aHBJIeHHeM B ceMeHHbIH cy)];, rrpe)];':bHBJIHeMbIM B TeqeHlIe cpo-
Ra rrpHHHTHH HaCJIea;CTBa (CT. 938 fR). IIpn HaJIHqHH He-
CROJIbRHX HaCJIe)];HHlWB OTRa3 OT HaCJIe)];CTBa MOJReT OcpOPM-
JIHTbCH HMH B caMOCTOHTeJIbHOM rrOpH)];Re. CJIe)];yeT yqHTDI-
BaTb, qTO B TeqeHHe cpORa npHHHTHH HaCJIe)];CTBa HaCJIe)];HHRH
J\lOrYT rrpOH3BO)];HTb 06CJIe)];OBaHHe HaCJIeJ];CTBeUHoro lIMYIIJ,e-
CTBa, O)];HaRO rrpH HCTeqeHHH CpOl\a HJIH paCrrOpHJReHIIH HMY-
IIJ,eCTBOM HaCJIe)];HHRaMH Hac1'yrraeT 3aKOHHoe YHHBepCaJIhHOe
rrpeeMC1'BO II O1'Ka3 OT HaCJIe)];CTBa YJRe He )];OrrYCHaeTCH (nrr. 1
CT. 921 fR). 3aHBJIeHHe 06 OTRa3e OT HaCJIe)];CTBa, rrpe)];':bHB-
JIHeMOe B ceMeHHbIH cy)];, )];OJIJRHO OTBeqaTb orrpe)];eJIeHHOH
Q)opMe. ,.TJ;eHc1'BHTeJIbHOCTh O1'Ra3a OT HaCJIe)];CTBa B03HHRaeT
C MOMeHTa rrpHHHTHH 3aHBJIeHHH CeMeHHbJM CYJ\OM, rrOCJIe qero
OT3MB OTRa3a He )];OrrYCRaeTCH. 06bIqHO )];JIH Toro, qTOabI Y)];O-
CTOBepHThCH B HCTlIHHOCTH BOJIH HaCJIe)];HHRa rrpH OTKa3e OT
290
HaCJIe CTBa, CeMeHHbIH CY Tpe6yeT ero JIH'lHOH HBKH (CM
pellIeHHe BepXOBHoro cy a OT 21 ,l];eKaOpH 1954 1'.).
0) B CBHSH C nOpH,l];KOM o4JopMJIeHlIH OTKasa OT HaCJIe,l];-
CTBa CJIe,l];yeT OTMeTHTb, '1TO OTKas OT HaCJIe,l];CTBa op;Horo HS
COHaCJIe HHKOB, ocooeHHo KOr,l];a B HaCJIe CTBeHHYIO Maccy
BXO,l];HT SHa'lHTeJIbHbIH OO'beM OJII'OBbIX oOHSaTeJIbCTB, npH-
BO,l];HT K COOTBeTCTBYIO:rn;eMY YBeJIH'IeHHIO ,l];OJIH oOHaaTeJIbCTB,
nepeXO,l];H:rn;HX B nOpH,l];Ke HaCJIe,l];OBaHHH K ,l];pyrOMY COHaCJIe,l];-
HHKY. O HaKo, HecMoTpH Ha ,l];aHHoe OOCTOHTeJIbCTBO, saKOHO-
,l];aTeJIbCTBO He TpeoyeT YBe,l];OMJIeHHH pyrHx COHaCJIe,l];HHKOB
00 OTKase OT HaCJIe,l];CTBa, '1TO, no HarneMY MHeHHIO, HBJIHeTCH
cy:rn;eCTBeHHbIM He,l];OCTaTKOM ,l];eHCTBYIO:rn;ero saKOHO,l];aTeJIb-
CTBa (norrYTHO OTMeTHM, '1TO B SaHBJIeHHH 00 OTKaae OT
HaCJIe,l];CTBa He TpeoyeTcH ,l];ame YKasaHHH 4JaMHJIHH H MeCTO-,
mHTeJIbCTBa ,l];PYI'HX COHaCJIe,l];HlHWB) .
41. llOCJIe,l];CTBKH OTKaaa OT HaCJIe,l];CTBa.
1) JIHD;o, OTKasaBllIeeCH OT HaCJIe,l];CTBa, B CBHSH C HaCJIe-,
,l];OBaHHeM paccMaTpHBaeTcH B Ka'leCTBe JIHD;a, He HMeBrnel'O
cTaTyca HaCJIe,l];HHKa co BpeMeHH OTKpbITHH HaCJIe,l];CTBa'
(CT. 939 rK). KaK OTMe'laJIOCb paHee, HaCJIe,l];HHK He MomeT
OTKasaTbCH OT HaCJIe,l];CTBa B nOJIbsy KaKOrO-JIHOO onpe,l];eJIeH-
Horo COHaCJIe,l];HHKa, O,l];HaKO nepe,l];a'la CBoeH HaCJIe,l];CTBeHIiOH
,l];OJIH ,l];pyrOMY COHaCJIe,l];HHKY, npe,l];YCMOTpeHHaH CT. 905 fK"
BbISbIBaeT nOCJIe,l];CTBHH, aHaJIOrH'IHbIe oTKasy OT HaCJIe,l];CTBa"
2) HecMoTpH Ha OTKas OT HaCJIe,l];CTBa, Ha HaCJIe,l];HHKa,..
ocy:rn;eCTBHBllIel'O ero, no-npemHeMY BOSJIal'aeTCH oOHsaHHOCTlY
no ynpaBJIeHHIO HaCJIe,l];CTBeHHbIM HMy:rn;eCTBOM C saooToH.,
npOHBJIHeMOiI, KaK H B OTHorneHHH coocTBeHHOI'O HMy:rn;eCTBa,..
BnJIOTb ,l];0 Toro MOMeHTa, nOKa ,l];pYI'He COHaCJIe,l];HHKH: HJIH Ha-
CJIe,l];HHKH cJIe,l];YIO:rn;eiI O'lepe,l];H He CMorYT npHcTyrrHTb K yrr-
paBJIeHHIO HaCJIe,l];CTBeHHbIM HMy:rn;eCTBOM (n. 1 CT. 940 f'K)
'YKasaHHaH oOHaaHHocTb aHaJIOI'H'IUa cooTBeTcTBYIO:rn;eH OOH-
aaIlHOCTH Ol'paHH'IeUHOI'O npaBorrpeeMHHRa.
r naB a 5. IItHBEHTAPllt3AL\IItSI HACnEAcTBEHHOrO
IItMYUJ.ECTBA
42. 06 He nOJIo»mHHH.
1) I1HBeHTapHsaD;HH HMy ecTBa HaCJIe,l];O,l];aTeJIH CJIymHT
D;eJIHM npe,l];OTBpa eHHH CMerneHIIH HaCJIe,l];CTBeUHOI'O HMy:rn;e-
CTBa H HMy:rn;eCTBa HaCJIe,l];HHKa, a TaKme D;eJIHM ocy:rn;eCTBJIe-
291l
nHH JIHKBHAan;HH HaCJIeACTBa nOCpeACTBOM BbIAeJIeHHH Ba-
CJIe,a;CTBeHHOrO I:IMyro;eCTBa B OOOCOOJIeHHYIO HMyro;eCTBeHHYIO
Maccy. CMemeHHe HMyro;eCTB HaCJIeAO,a;aTeJIH H HaCJIeAHHKa
MOmeT npH'1HHHTb HeBblrO,a;y KaK Kpe,a;HTOpaM HaCJIeAHHKa,
TaK H KpeAHTOpaM HaCJIeAOAaTeJIH. I1HCTHTYT me HHBeHTapH-
3an;HH HaCJIeACTBeHHoro HMYIQeCTBa n03BOJUIeT coxpaHHTb
caMOCTOHTeJIbHOCTb HMYIQeCTBeHHbIX OTHomeIIHH HaCJIeAOAa-
'TeJIH H HaCJIeAHHKa C TpeTbHMH JIHn;aMH. I1nBeH'l'apH3an;HH
HaCJIeACTBeHHoro HMYIQeCTBa nanOMHHaeT HHCTHTYT orpaHH-
'tJeHHoro npeeMCTBa, OAHaKO MemAY HHMH CYIQeCTByeT H KO-
peHHoe pa3JIH'1He, COCTOHIQHe B TOM, 'lTO OrpaHH'leHHOe npe-
'€MCTBO ocyro;eCTBJIHeTCH no HHHn;HWI'HBe HaCJIeAHHKa, B TO
BpeMJI KaK HHBeHTapH3an;HJI - no HIIHn;Ha'l'HBe KpeAHTopOB
HaCJIeAo,a;aTeJIJI HJIH HaCJIeAHHKa. OOIQee MemAY 3THMH ABYMJI
HHCTHTYTaMH 3aKJIIO'1aeTCJI B npeAOTBparo;eHHH CMemeHHJI
HMYIQeCTB HaCJIeAOAaTeJIJI H HaCJIeAHHKa.
2) I1HBeHTapH3an;HJI HaCJIeACTBeHIwro HMyro;ecTBa oCYIQe-
'CTBJIJIeTCJI JIHOO no TpeooBaHHIO KpeAHTopoB HaCJIeAOAaTeJIJI
H JIeraTapHeB (nepBbIH BH,a; HHBeHTapH3an;HH), JIHOO no Tpe-
OOBaHHIO KpeAHTopOB HaCJIeAHHI\a (BTOpOH BHA HHBeHTapH3a-
n;IIH). IIpon;eAypa 3THX ABYX BHAOB HHBeHTapH3an;HH HMeeT
.onpeAeJIeHHbIe pa3JIH'1HJI, HO OOro;HM MOMeHTOM JIBJIJIeTCJI TO,
'1TO npH JIHKBHAan;HH HaCJIeACTBeHHoro HMyro;eCTBa npemAe
Bcero YAOBJIeTBOpJIIOTCJI TpeOOBaHHJI KpeAHTopOB HaCJIeAOAa-
TeJIJI H JIeraTapHeB.
C TeopeTH'1eCKOH TO'1KH 3peHHJI HHCTHTYT HHBeHTapH3a-
n;HH HaCJIe,a;CTBeHHoro HMYIQeCTBa, HeCOMHeHHO, HMeeT OCHOBa-
HHJI AJIJI cyro;eCTBOBaHHJI, OAHaKO CJIeAyeT Y'1HTbIBaTb, '11'0 B
peaJIbHOH npaKTHKe OH npHMeHJIeTCJI B HnOHHH KpaHHe
peAKO.
43. IIepBbIH BnA HHBeHTapm aU;1I1I lIaCJIeACTBeHHoro m\lY-
m;eCTBa.
1) B Te'1eHHe 3-MecwIHoro cpOKa Co BpeMeHH OTKpbITHH
HaCJIeACTBa KpeAHTOp HaCJIeAOAaTeJIH HJIH JIeraTapHH MomeT
npeA'bHBHTb B ceMeIIHbIH cy,a; TpeooBaHHe npOBeAeHHH HHBeH-
TapHaan;HH HaCJIeACTBeHHoro HMYIQeCTBa C n;8JIbIO OoocooJIe-
HHH ero 01' HMYIQeCTBa HaCJIe,a;HHKa. 'YKa3aHHoe TpeooBaHHe
MomeT npeA'bHBJIHTbCH H no HCTe'1eHHH 3-MecH'1Horo cpOKa,
eCJIH K MOMeHTY npeA1>JIBJIeHHH 3Toro TpeooBaHHH CMeIIIeHHe
HMyro;eCTB HaCJIe,a;OAaTeJIH H HaCJIeAHHKa eIQe He HacTynHJIO
(n. 1 CT. 941 rK, n. 1 CT.\) 3aROHa 0 CYAeOHOM paCCMOTpe-
HHH ceMeHHbIX ,a;eJI). PaCCMaTpHBaeMoe Tpe60BaHHe MomeT
292
6DITb npe 'bHBJIeHO H B CJIyqae CMeilleHHH HMym;ecTB B Teqe-
lIHe 3-MeCHqHoro CpOKa nOCJIe OTKpDITHH HaCJIe CTBa. IIpH
::ITOM CJIe yeT y'IHTbIBaTb, 'ITO Te'IeHHe TaKOrO CpOKa HaqHHa-
eTCH TOJIbKO CO BpeMeHH OTKpbITHH HaCJIe CTBa H HaqaJIO
TeqeHHH cpOKa C Toro MOMeHTa, KaK JIHn;O Y3HaJIO 0 <paKTe
-oTKpbITHH HaCJIe CTBa, 3 eCb He npe YCMOTpeHO, nOaTOMY B
60JIbillHHCTBe CJIyqaeB HCTeqeHHe 3-MeCHqHOrO cpOKa npe 'b-
HBJIeHHH Tpe60BaHHH HHBeHTapH3an;HH HacTynaeT paHee HCTe-
qeHHH cpOKa npHHHTHH HaCJIe CTBa. Ha npaKTHKe, O HaKO,
::ITO pa3JIHqHe Hecym;ecTBeHHO, TaK KaK Tpe60BaHHe HHBeHTa-
pH3an;HH HaCJIe CTBa MOiReT npe 'bHBJIHTbCH H no HCTeqeHHH
3-MeCH'IHOrO cpOKa, eCJIH K ::ITOMY MOMeHTY em;e He HacTynHJIO
MellIeHHe HMym;ecTB HaCJIe O aTeJIH H HaCJIe,lJ;HHKa.
IIo Tep1\1HHOM «CMellIeHHe», ynoTpe6JIHeMDIM B paccMaT-
pHBaeMOM KOHTeKCTe, He nOHHMaeTCH TaK Ha3DIBaeMoe CMe-
llIeHHe npaB. CMellIeHHe nOHHMaeTCH 3 eCb KaK COCTOHHHe
BeB03MOiRHOCTH npOBe eHHH pa3rpaHH'IeHHH MeiR y HMym;e-
TBaMH BYX JIHn;.
2) 'IIPH npe 'bHBJIeHHH Tpe60BaHHH npOBe eHHH HHBeHTa-
pH3an;HH HaCJIe CTBeHHoro HMym;ecTBa aJIbHeMlIIaH IJpOI e y-
pa BbIrJIH HT CJIe YIOm;HM 06pa301\1.
a) IIpH npH3HaHIIH He06xo HMOCTH TaKOM HHBeH1'apH3a-
QUH ('ITO ocym;eCTBJIHeTCH Ha OCHOBe paCCMOTpeHHH COCTOHHHH
IIMym;ecTB HaCJIep;op;aTeJIH H HaCJIep;HHKa) ceMeMHDIli cyp;
npep;nHcbIBaeT ee npoBep;eHHe. B TeqeHHe 5 p;HeM nOCJIe BbI-
HeceHHH pellIeHHH 06 HHBeHTapH3an;HH HaCJIep;CTBa ceMeMHbIM
yp; 06H3aH H3BeCTHTb 0 HeM Bcex Kpep;HTopOB HaCJIep;Op;aTe-
JIH H JIeraTapHeB C YKa3aHHeM Ha He06xop;HMOCTb npep;'bHBJIe-
HHH HX 3aHBJIeHHM 06 Y'IaCTHH B pa3p;eJIe HaCJIep;CTBeHHoro
HMym;ecTBa B Te'IeHHe onpep;eJIeHHOro cpOKa, KOTOpbIM, op;Ha-
RO, He MOiReT 6DITb MeHbllIe 2 MeCHn;eB (n. 2 CT. 941 fIt).
C MOMeHTa BbIHeceHHH pellIeHHH ceMeMHoro cyp;a 06 HHBeH-
TapH3an;HH HaCJIep;CTBeHHoe HMym;ecTBO npeBpam;aeTCH B 060-
06JIeHHYIO HMym;ecTBeHHYIO Maccy, KOTopaH He MOiReT 6bITb
06'beKTOM CB060P;HOro paCnOpHiReHHH CO CTOpOHbI HaCJIep;HH-
Ka. B OTHOllIeHHH Hep;BHiRHMOCTH npep;YCMOTpeHa ne06xop;H-
MOCTb perHCTpan;HH OrpaHH'IeHHH paCnOpHiReHHH, npH OTCYT-
TBHH KOTOpOM TpeTbe JIHn;O, nOJIY'IHBlIIee npaBa Ha TaKYIO
nep;BHiRHMOCTb, MOiReT ocnopHTb nOCJIep;YIOm;He p;eMCTBHH
HHDIX JIHn; B OTHOlIIeHHII Hep;BHiRHMOCTH (CT. 945 fIt). B CBH-
3H C HaqaJIOM npOn;ep;ypDI JIHKBHp;an;HH HaCJIep;CTBeHHoro
HMym;ecTBa Ha HaCJIep;HHKa B03JIaraeTCH 06H3aHHocTb ynpaB-
JIeHHH ::ITHM HaCJIep;CTBOM C 3a60ToM, paBHOM 3a60Te 0 c06-
293
CTBeHHOM HMyru;eCTBe, npH'IeM TaKMI olhl3aHHOCT:& ;cr;omroIa
OCYlI\eCTBJIHTbCH HaCJIe;cr;HHKOM H nOCJIe ero YHHBepCaJIbHOrO
rrpeeMCTBa (n. 1 CT. 944 rR').
R'poMe Toro, npH He06xo;cr;lIMOCTH ceMeMHbIM cy;cr; MomeT
npe;cr;rrHcaTb ocyru;eCTBJIeHHe onpe;cr;eJIeHHbIX Mep B OTHOllieHllH
ynpaBJIeHHH HaCJIe;cr;CTBeHHbIM HMYlI\eCTBOM (CT. 943 rR').
B '1HCJIO 3THX Mep MomeT BXO;cr;HTb Ha3Ha'leHHe ynpaBJIHIOlI\e-
ro HMyru;eCTBOM. B 3TOM CJIY'Iae HaCJIe;cr;CTBeHHoe HMYlI\eCTBO
rrocTynaeT rro;cr; ero ynpaBJIeHHe (CT. 944 rK).
6) B Te'leHHe cpOKa, yKa3aHHoro B H3Beru;eHHH, HaCJIe;cr;-
HHK MomeT OTKa3aTb B y;cr;OBJIeTBOpeHHH Tpe60BaHlIM Kpe;cr;H-
TOpOB HaCJIe;cr;o;cr;aTeJIH HJIH JIeraTapHeB (CT. 947 rK). no HCTe-
'1eHHH YKa3aHHoro cpOKa HaCJIe;cr;HHK 06H3aH ocylI\eCTBHTb
HCnOJIHeHHe 06H3aTeJIbCTB nepe;cr; Kpe;cr;HTopaMH HaCJIe;cr;o;cr;aTe-
JIH H JIeraTapHHMH B COOTBeTCTBIIH C pa3MepOM HX Tpe60Ba-
HlIM. ::ho, o;cr;HaKO, He ;cr;OJI1I\HO napYlliaTb npaB Kpe;cr;HTOpOB,
06JIa;cr;aIOII\HX npaBOM npeHMYlI\eCTBa (n. 2 CT. 947 fK). Pea-
JIH3aU;HH HaCJIe;cr;CTBeHHoro HMYlI\eCTBa ocyru;eCTBJIHeTCH npo-
Be;cr;eHHeM aYKU;HOHa. IIpH y;cr;OBJIeTBOpeHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTB-
Kpe;cr;HTopbI HaCJIe;cr;o;cr;aTeJIH HMeIOT npeHMyru;eCTBO nepe;cr;
JIeraTapHHMH. B OTHOllieHHH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH HaCJIe;cr;HHKOB
3a HapYllieHHe npou;e;cr;ypbI HCnOJIHeHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTB H HHoro
;cr;eMcTBYIOT HOpMbI, npe;cr;YCMOTpeHHble B OTHOllIeHHH orpaHH-
'1eHHOrO npeeMCTBa (n. 3 CT. 947, CT. 930, 934 rK).
3) MCnOJIHeHHe 06H3aTeJIbCTB nepe;cr; Kpe;cr;HTopaMH HaCJIe-
;cr;O}J;aTeJIH Ha OCHOBe paCCMOTpeHHOM BbIllie npou;e;cr;ypbI BbI3bI-
BaeT CJIe;cr;YIOII\He nOCJIe;cr;CTBHH.
a) JIHu;a, npe;cr;"bHBHBlliHe Tpe60BaHHe 06 HHBeHTapH3a-
U;HH HMYlI\eCTBa, a TaIOKe Kpe;cr;HTopbI HaCJIe;cr;o;cr;aTeJIH H JIeraTa-
pHH, no;cr;aBlliHe 3aHBJIeHHe 06 Y'IaCTHH B pa3;cr;eJIe HMYlI\eCTBa"
II OTHOllieHHH y;cr;OBJIeTBOpeHHH CBOHX Tpe60BaHHM H3 HaCJIe;cr;-
CTBeHHoro HMYlI\eCTBa 06JIa;cr;aIOT npeHMYlI\eCTBOM nepe;cr; Kpe-
;cr;HTOpaMH HaCJIe;cr;HHKa (CT. 942 rR'). 3TO npaBO npeHMyru;e-
CTBa pacnpOCTpaHHeTCH Ha ;cr;eHbrH H HHble Beru;lI, KOTopbIe
H8CJIe;cr;HHK ;cr;OJImeH 6bIJI nOJIY'IHTb Ha OCHOBaHHH upO l,amH"
c;cr;a'lH B apeH;cr;y HJIH rH6eJIH HMYlI\eCTBa, Bxo;cr;HlI\ero B Ha-
CJIe;cr;CTBeHHYIO Maccy (CT. 946, 304 rR').
6) B OTHOllieHHH HaCJIe;cr;CTBeHHoro HMYlI\eCTBa, OCTaBllie-
rOCH nOCJIe y;cr;OBJIeTBOpeHIIH Tpe60BaHHM YKa3aHHbIX BbIllie
Kpe;cr;HTopOB HaCJIe;cr;o;cr;aTeJIH H JIeraTapHeB, MorYT Ha paBHbIX
OCHOBaHHHX npe;cr;"bHBJIHTbCH Tpe60BaHHH Kpe;cr;HTopOB HaCJIe-
;cr;o;cr;aTeJIH, He no;cr;aBlliHX aaHBJIeHHH 06 Y'I8CTHH B pa3;cr;eJIe'
HaCJIe;cr;CTBeHHoro HMYlI\eCTBa, H Kpe;cr;HTopoB HaCJIB;cr;HHKa_
294
ECJIH me HaCJIe,IJ;CTBeHHoe HMyrrJ;eCTBO He,IJ;OC'faTO'lHO ,IJ;JIH y,IJ;O-
BJIeTBOpeHHH Tpe60BaHHH rrepBOH rpyrrrrM Rpe,IJ;HTopOB H
,JIeraTapHeB, OHH MorYT ocyru;eCTBHTb HCrrOJIHeHHe H3 c06-
'CTBeIIHoro HMyru;eCTBa HaCJIe,IJ;HHRa, O,IJ;HaRO B aTOM
'CJIY'lae Rpe,IJ;IITOpbI HaCJIe,IJ;HHRa 06JIa,IJ;aIOT rrpeHMyru;eCTBOM
(CT. 948 fK).
4) HaCJIe,IJ;HHR MomeT rrpe,IJ;OTBpaTHTb rrpOu;e,IJ;YPY IIHBeH-
TapH3aU;HH HCrrOJIHeHHeM 06H3aTeJIbCTB rrepe,IJ; Rpe,IJ;HTOpaMH
HaCJIe.u.O,IJ;aTeJIFl H JIeraTapHHMH H3 c06cTBeHHoro HMyru;eCTBa,
a TaRme rrpe,IJ;OCTaBJIeHHeM COOTBeTCTBYIOru;ero 06eCrre'leHHH.
aTo, O,IJ;HaRO, lIeB03MOmHO rrpH HaJIH'IHH B03pameHHll Rpe,IJ;H-
TOpOB HaCJIe,IJ;HHRa, rrpe,IJ;CTaBHBIIIHX ,IJ;ORa3aTeJIbCTBa Toro, 'ITO
rrO,IJ;06HOe rrpe,IJ;OTBparu;eHHe rrpOu;e,IJ;ypM HHBeHTapH3aU;HH
HaCJIe,IJ;CTBeHHoro HMyru;eCTBa rrpHBe,IJ;eT R rrpH'IHHeHHIO HM
yru;ep6a (CT. 949 fK).
44. BTOpoii BII,IJ; HHBeHTapnaaU;HU HaCJIeiJ,CTBeHHoro IIMY-
IqeCTBa.
1) Kpe,IJ;HTOpbI HaCJIe,IJ;HHRa B rrepHO,IJ;, ,IJ;OrrycRaIOrrJ;HII
'OrpaHH'IeHHOe rrpeeMCTBO, HJIH ,IJ;O CMeIIIeHHfl HMyru;eCTB Ha-
CJIe,IJ;O,IJ;aTeJIH H HaCJIe,IJ;HHRa MorYT rrpeiJ, HBHTb B ceMeHHMH
CY,IJ; Tpe60BaHHe HHBeHTapH3aU;HH HaCJIeiJ,CTBeHHOI'O HMyru;e-
()TBa (rr. 1 CT. 950 fK). aTO Ha3MBaeTCfl BTOpbIM BH,IJ;OM HH-
BeHTapH3aU;HH HaCJIe,IJ;CTBa.
2) CrreU;HaJIbHMe rrOJIOmeHHH B CBH3H C rrpou;e,IJ;ypoii JIIIK-
BH,IJ;aU;HH HHBeHTapH30BaHHoro HMyru;ecTBa YCTaHOBJIeHbI
.JIHIIIb B OTHOIIIeHHH He06xo,IJ;IIMOCTH cooTBeTcTBYIOrr ero H3Be-
ru;enHH ,IJ;pyrHx Rpe,IJ;HTOpOB H JIeraTapHeB 0 JIHRBH,IJ;aU;IIH
HaCJIe,IJ;CTBeHHoro HMyru;eCTBa JIHu;aMU, npe,IJ; HBHBIIIHMH Tpe-
oOBaHHe 0 npOBe,IJ;eHHH HHBeHTapH3aU;HH. I-Ia Bce HHMe
BonpOCbI pacnpOCTpamleTCH ,IJ;eI1CTBHe nOJIOmeHHll fK, npe-
Jl:ycMoTpeHHblx B OTHOIIIeHIIII OrpaHH'IeHHOrO npeeMCTBa
II nepBoro BII,IJ;a HHBeHTapH3aU;HH HaCJIe,IJ;CTBa (rr. 2 CT,
950 fK).
3) BTOpOll BH,IJ; HHBeHTapH3aU;HH HaCJIe,IJ;CTBeHHoro HMY-
ru;eCTBa BbI3bIBaeT CJIe,IJ;YIOru;He rrOCJIe,IJ;CTBHH:
a) Rpe,IJ;HTOpM H JIeraTapHH, rrpe,IJ; flBHBIIIHe 3aHBJIeHHe 06
Y'IaCTHH B pa3,IJ;eJIe HaCJIe,IJ;CTBeHHoro HMyru;eCTBa, HMeIOT npa-
BO Ha rrpeHMyru;eCTBeHHoe y,IJ;OBJIeTBOpeHHe H3 Hero;
6) neY,IJ;OBJIeTBOpeHHaH 'IaCTb Tpe60BaHHll Rpe,IJ;HTOpOB
naCJIe,IJ;O,IJ;aTeJIH MomeT 6MTb HCrr0JIHeHa H3 c06cTBeHHoro HMY-
ru;eCTBa HaCJIe,IJ;HHRa, O,IJ;HaRO B aTOM CJIY'lae Rpe,IJ;HTOpM
HaCJIe,IJ;HHRa HMeIOT rrpeHMyru;eCTBO.
295
4) B OTHOllIeHHH BToporo BH)];a HHBeHTapH3aD,HH HaCJIe)];-
CTBa He rrpe)];YCMOTpeHa B03MOJRHOCTb rrpe)];OTBpaID,eHHH aTOll
npOD,e)];ypbI HaCJIe)];HHKOM.
r naB a 6. OTCYTCTBHE HACnEAHHKOB
45. IIOUJlTHe OTCYTCTBHJI uaCJIe)];UHKOB. I10)]; OTCYTCTBHeM
TaKOBMX rrOHHMaeTCJI COCTOHHHe Heorrpe)];eJIeUHOCTH B OTHO-
IIIeHHH CYID,eCTBOBaHHH HaCJIe)];HHKOB, a HMeHIlO TaKoe COCTO-
HHHe, KOr)];a HHKTO H3 )];eTeH, KpOBHMX pO)];CTBeHHHKOB rro
rrpHMoll BOCXO)];HID,ell JIHHHH, 6paTbeB H cecTep HaCJIe)];O)];aTe-
JJH, a TaKJRe ero cyrrpyr He 3aHBHJI 0 CBOHX rrpaBax Ha HaCJIe)];-
CTBO, O)];HaKO HX cym;ecTBoBaHHe B03MOJRHO. B aTOll CBH3H
CJIe)];yeT pa3JIH1J:aTb OTCYTCTBHe HaCJIe)];HHKOB H HeH3BeCTHOCTb
HX MeCTOHaXOJR)];eHHH. B rrepBOM CJIY1J:ae B03HHKaeT He06xo-
)];HMOCTb p03McKa HaCJIe)];HHKOB, a TaKJRe yrrpaBJIeHHH HaCJIe)];-
CTBeHHMM HMym;ecTBoM )];0 rrOHBJIeHHH HaCJIe)];HHKOB H y)];OB-
JIeTBOpeHHH Tpe60BaHHH Kpe)];HTOpOB HaCJIeAo)];aTeJIH. II pH
OTCYTCTBHH HaCJIe)];HHKOB B cpopMaJIbHO-JIOfIPIeCKOM rrJIaHe
TPY)];HO 06'bHCHHTb, Koro rrpe)];CTaBJIHeT yrrpaBJIHIOID,HH HaCJIe)];-
CTBeHHMM HMym;ecTBOM. I10aTOMY rR B 3TOM CJIY1J:ae rrpHpaB-
HHBaeT HaCJIe)];CTBeHHoe I1MYID,eCTBO K IOpH)J;H1J:eCKOMY JIHU;y,
a yrrpaBJIHIOID,ero HM paCCMaTpHBaeT KaK rrpe)];CTaBHTeJIH )];aH-
Horo IOpH)];H1J:eCKOrO JIHIW (CT. 951 rK).
46. YnpaBJIeUHe uaCJIe)];CTBeUHbIM HMYIqeCTBOM KaK IOpH-
i'-\H1J:eCKHM JIHU;OM.
1) Ha3Ha1J:eUHe ynpaBJIJlIOm;ero. I1pH HeHCHOCTH Borrpoca
o CYID,eCTBOBaHHH HaCJIe)];HHKOB HaCJIe)];CTBeUHoe HMYID,eCTBO
aBTOMaTH1J:eCKH paCCMaTpHBaeTCH B Ka1J:eCTBe IOpH)];H1J:eCKOrO
JIHu;a (CT. 951 rK). I1pH B03HHKHOBeHHH rrO)];06HOH cHTyaU;HH
ceMellHbIH cy)]; rro Tpe60BauHIO 3aHHTepeCOBaHHblx JIHU; HJIH
npOKypopa 06H3aH Ha3Ha1J:HTb ynpaBJIHIOID,erO HaCJIe)];CTBeH-
HbIM HMYID,eCTBOM H He3aMe)];JIHTeJIbHO ocym;ecTBHTb COOTBeT-
CTBYIOID,ee ny6JIH1J:HOe H3BeID,eHHe (CT. 952 rK, rr. 1 CT. 9 3a-
KOHa 0 cy)];e6HOM paCCMOTpeHHH ceMellHMX )J;eJI).
B npHHU;Hne rrpaBa H 06J13aHHOCTII TaKoro ynpaBJIHIOm;ero
aUaJIorH1J:HM npaBaM H 06H3aHHocTHM ynpaBJIHIOID,ero HMY-
ID,eCTBOM OTCYTCTBYIOm;ero (CT. 953, 27-29 rK). KpoMe
Toro, yrrpaBJIHIOm;HH 06H3aH no Tpe60BaIIHIO Kpe)];HTOpOB
HaCJIe)];O)];aTeJIH H JIeraTapHeB rrpe)];OCTaBHTb )J;OKJIa)]; 0 COCTOH-
HHH HaCJIe)];CTBeHHoro HMYID,eCTBa (CT, 954 rR). rK YCTaHaB-
JIHBaeT CJIe)];YIOm;yIO rrpOu;e)];ypy OCYID,eCTBJIeUHH yrrpaBJIHIO-
ID,HM CBOHX rrOJIHOM01J:HH.
29(!
Bo-rrepBbIX, B TelJeHHe 2 MeCHn;eB rrOCJIe Ha3HalJeHHH ce-
MeHHbIM CYP;OM yrrpaBJIHIOm;ero HaCJIep;CTBeHHbIM HMym;ecTBoM
H COOTBeTCTBYIOm;ero H3Bem;eHHH 06 aTOM TaKOH yrrpaBJIHIO-
Il Hii ocym;eCTBJIHeT yrrpaBJIeHHe HaCJIep;CTBOM B omHp;aHHH
rrOHBJIeHHH HaCJIep;HHKOB H rrpon;ep;ypa JIHKBHp;an;HH HaCJIep;-
CTBemIOro IIMym;ecTBa He HalJHHaeTCH (rr. 2 CT. 957,
CT. 928 rR).
BO-BTOPbIX, rro HCTelJeHHH YKa3aHHbIX 2 MeCHn;eB yrrpaB-
JIHIOm;IIH p;OJImeH HarrpaBHTb BceM Kpep;HTopaM HaCJIep;Op;aTe
JIH H JIeraTapHHM H3Bem;eHHe 0 rrpHHHTIiH B TelJeHHH orrpep;e-
JIeHHHOro cpOKa (COCTaBJIHIOm;erO He MeHee 2 MecHn;eB) Tpe-
60nanHH B OTIIOlIIeHHH naCJIep;CTBeuHoro HMym;ecTBa (CT. 957,
rr. 2 CT. 79 rR).
B-TpeTblIx, no HCTelJeUlI1I cpOKa, YKa3anuoro B H3Bem;e-
nHH yrrpaBJIHIOm;ero, HalJlIHaeTCH yP;OBJIeTBOpeHHe Tpe60Ba-
HHH Kpep;HTopOB HaCJIep;Op;aTeJIH 1I3 HaCJIep;CTBeHHoro HMY-
m;eCTBa, rrpHlJeM crroc06bI JIHKBHp;an;1I1I HaCJIep;CTBeHHoro HMY-
m;eCTBa perYJIlIpYIOTCH HopMaMH rR, rrpep;YCMOTpeHHbIMH B
OTHOlIIeHIIH OrpaHlIlJeHHOrO rrpeeMCTBa (rr. 2 CT. 957, CT. 929-
935 rR). CJIep;yeT HMeTb B BHl1Y, lJTO p;o nepexop;a OCTaBllIe-
rOCH HMym;ecTBa K rocyp;apCTBY Kpe;r:l,UTOpbI HaCJIep;Op;aTeJIH,
He rrop;aBIIIHe CBoeBpeMeIIlIO Tpe6yel\IOrO aaHBJIeHHH, MorYT
rrOJIYlJHTb yP;OBJIeTBOpeHHe H3 aTorO HMym;ecTBa ( CT. 935,
959 rR).
B-lJeTBepTbIX, IIPH ueHBKe HaCJIep;nHKOB rro IICTelJeHHH
cpOKa, YKa3aHHoro B H3Bem;eHHH Kpep;HTopaM uaCJIep;op;aTeJIH"
yrrp&BJIHIOm;HH p;OJImeH rrpep;'bHBHTb Tpe60BaHHe B ceMeHHbIH
cyp; 0 IIOBTOpHOM rry6JIHlJHOM II3Bem;eHIIH, 06pam;eHHOM K Ha-
CJIe,lUIHKaM, C YKa3aUlieM orrpep;eJIemIOro cpOlm (COCTaBJIHIO-
m;ero He MeHee 6 MeCJIn;eB) P;JIH 3aHBJIeHHJI 0 CBOHX IIpaBax
Ha HaCJIep;CTBO (CT. 958 rR).
47. IIpeKpam;eHIIe uaCJIep;CTBeHHoro I1Mym;ecTBa KaK IOpH-
.' lIqeCKorO JIHn;a.
1) B CJIYlJae HBKII HaCJIep;IIIIKa. II pIl JIBKe HaCJIep;nIIKOB
na JIl060II CTap;HII YKa3aHIIOii BbIlIIe IIpOIJ;ep;ypbI H npIlUJITHH
IIMH uaCJIep;CTBa uap;06HocTb B cym;ecTBOBam=H naCJIe):(CTBeH-
HorO IIMym;ecTBa KaK IOpnp;HlJeCKoro JIIIIJ;a OTJIap;aeT. B aTOM
CJIYlJae IOplIp;lIlJeCKOe JlIIIJ;O paCCMaTpliBaeTCH KaK He cym;e-
CTBOBaBlIIee C ca IOro Ha'laJIa (CT. 955 fK), 'lTO, op;HaKO, He
OTpamaeTCH Ha p;eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH p;eHCTBnH yrrpaBJIHIOm;ero.
COBeplIIeHHbIX B rrpep;eJIax ero KOMrreTeHIJ;IIH BrrJIOTb P;O HBKH
rraCJIep;HHKa. C rrpHHHTHeM HaCJIep;HHKOM HaCJIep;CTBa rrOJIHO-
297
MO'IHH yrrpaBJIHIOrn;ero rrpeRparn;aIOTCn H OH 00H3aH rrpe)J;CTa-
:BHTb HaCJIe)J;HHRY OT"leT 00 yrrpaBJIeHHH (CT. 956 rK).
2) B cnY"lae HeJlBI H HaCJIe)J;HHKOB.
a) lIo HCTe'IeIIHH 6-MeCH"lHOrO cpORa, YRa3amlOro B rro-
'CJIe,[{HeM, TpeTbeM H3Bern;eHHH, ooparn;eHIIOM R IIaCJIe)J;HHRR.M,
npH lIeHBRe HaCJIe)J;HHROB (a TaRIRC rrpH HBRe, HO HenpHHH-
THH naCJIe)J;CTBa) npaBa HaCJIe)J;HHROB, paBJIO RaR H Bcex
OCTaBillHXCH HeH3BeCTHbIMH yrrpaBJIHIOrn;eMY Rpe)J;HTopOB Ha-
.cJIe)J;O)J;aTeJIH H JIeraTapHeB, rrpeRparn;aIOTCH (CT. 958 2 rK).
0) ,[(0 1962 r. C rrpeRparn;eHHeM YRa3aHHbIX BbIille rrpaB
JIaCJIe)J;CTBO cpa3Y IRe nepeXO)J;HJIO R rOCY)J;apCTBY, O)J;HaRO C
BHeceHHCM B TeRCT rK CT. 958 3 STOT rropH)J;OR ObIJI H3MeHeH,
a HMeHHO CTaJI )J;onYCRaTbCH rrepexo)J; OCTaBIueHCH qaCTH Ha-
CJIe)J;CTBeHHoro HMyrn;ecTBa R OJIH3RHM HaCJIe)J;O)J;aTeJIH, npo-
,mHBaBillHM BMeCTe C HHM (HarrpHMep, cpaRTH'IeCROH IReHe,
.cpaRTH'IeCRH YCbIHOBJIeHHbIM )J;eTHM), HJIH JIHIJ;aM, XOTJI H He
rrpOIRHBaBillHM BMeCTe C HaCJIe)J;O)J;aTeJIeM, HO ocyrn;eCTBJIHB-
.illHM rrOrre"leHHe H YXO)J; 3a HHM, a TaRIRe ItHbIM JIHIJ;aM, CO-
-CTOHBillHM B aHaJIOrH'IHbIX OTHOilleHHHX C HaCJIe)J;O)J;aTeJIeM.
lIpH HaJIH"lHH COOTBeTCTBYIOrn;HX TpeOOBaHlIH TaRHX JIHU; B
'Te'ICnHC 3 MCCHIJ,CB C MOMcnTa npCRpa:m;em'IJI naCJIC)J;CTBCHHlJX
npaB HaCJIe)J;HItROB ceMeHHbIH CY)J; MOIReT rrpHHHTb peilleHHe
o rrepe)J;a"le Bcero HJIH "laCTH HaCJIe)J;CTBeHHoro HMyrn;ecTBa
STHM JIHu;aM (CT. 958 3 rK). CJIe)J;yeT OTMeTHTb, "lTO B 1966 r.
.aHaJIOrH"lHOe no cO)J;epIRaHHIO nOJIOIRCHHe ObIJIO BHeceHO B
,3aRoH 0 HaHMe IRHJIbIX rroMe:m;eHHH rrpHMemITeJIbHO R rrpaBY
:Ha apeH)J;Y IRHJIH:m;a (CT. 7 2 yRa3aHHoro 3aROHa).
B) lIepexo)J; HaCJIC)J;CTBa K rOCY)J;apCTBY. lIpH OTCYTCTBHH
YRa3aHHbIX BIcJille TpeooBaHHH OJIH3RHX naCJIe)J;O)J;aTeJIH, a TaR-
me rrpH Herrpe)J;ocTaBJIeHHH TaHHM JIHu;aM HaCJIe)J;CTBeHHoro
HMyrn;ecTBa ceMeHHbIM CY)J;OM rrOCJIe)J;Hee rrepeXO)J;HT R rocy-
.)J;apCTBY. <PaRTH"lecRYIO rrepe)J;a'IY HaCJIe)];CTBeHHoro HMyrn;c-
-CTBa ocyrn;eCTBJIHeT yrrpaBJIHIO:m;HH IIM C O)J;HOBpeMeHHbIM
rrpe)J;cTaBJIeHHCM OT'IeTa 00 yrrpaBJIeHHH (CT. 959, rr. 2
<CT. 956 rK).
r naB a 7. 3ABElJ.!,AHHE
t 1. 06lqHe nOnO)l(eHHSI
48. I1HCTHTYT aaBerrWHHJI. 3aBern;aHHe I1pe)J;CTaBJIHeT co-
UOH O)J;HOCTOpOHHIOIO C)J;eJIRY, rrpe)J;ycMaTpIIBaIO:m;yIO B03HHR-
HOBeHHC orrpc)J;eJIeHHbIX rrOCJIe)J;cTBHH co CMCpTbIO 3aBe:m;aTe-
298
JIH, IIOCIWJIbKY OCHOBHbIe .JTanbI pa3BlITHfl AaHHoro HHCTHTY-
Ta paCCMaTpHBaJIHCb paHee B CBfl3H C 06Ill,HMR np06JIeMaMH
HBCTHTYTa HaCJIeAOBaHHfl, OTMeTHM JIHllib, '11'0 cOAepmaHHe
nOCJIeAHen BOJIH JIH a He 06fl3aTeJIbHO CBfl3aHO TOJIbKO C BO-
npocaMH pacnopflmeHHfl HaCJIeACTBeHHbIM HMYIll,eCTBOM,
OAHaKO c<pepa JIH'IIIO-npaBOBbIX OTHOllieHHH, perYJIHpyeMbIx
npaBOBbIM HHCTHTYTOM 3aBeIll,aHHfl, BeCbMa OrpaHH'IeHHa.
B nOAaBJIflIOIll,eM 60JIblliHHCTBe CJIY'IaeB aTH BonpOCbI pery-
JIHPYIOTCfl HopMaMH MOpaJIH.
49. COAepmaHHe 3aBe aHHJI OrpaHH'IeHO CJIeAYIOru;HM
I\pyroM BonpocoB.
1) BonpocaMH, CBJl3aHHbIMH C HaCJIeAOBaHueM. R HX 'IHC-
JIY OTHOCflTCJI BonpOCbI oTcTpaHeHHfl OT HaCJIeAOBaHHfl H 01'-
MeHbI TaKoro OTCTpaHeHHfl (CT. 893, n. 2 CT. 894 rR), YCTa-
HOBJIeHHfl HaCJIeACTBeHHbIX AOJIeii: H nopY'IeIIHfl TaKoro YCTa-
HOBJIeHHfl (CT, 902 rR), YCTaHOBJIeHHfl HacJIeACTBeHHoH AOJIII
Cne HaJIbHoro BbIrOAOnOJIY'IaTeJIfl (n. 3 CT. 903 rR), YCTa-
HOBJIeHHfl cnoc06a pa3AeJIa HaCJIeACTBeHHoro HMYIll,eCTBa JI
nopY'Iemm TaKoro YCTaHOBJIeHHfl, 3anpeIll,eHHfl pa3AeJIa Ha-
CJIeACTBa (CT, 908 rR), YCTaHOBJIeHHfl OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH co-
BaCJIeAHUKOB no 06eCne'IeHHIO, CBfl3aHHOMY C pa3AeJIOM Ha-
CJIeACTBa (CT. 914 rR), YCTaHOBJIeHHfl cnoc060B YMeHbllieHHfl
JIerara (CT. 1034 rR).
2) BonpocaMH, CBJl3aHHbIMH C pacnOpJlmeHUeM JIeraTOM
(CT. 964 rR), Y'IpeAHTeJIbHbIM aKTOM (n. 2 CT. 41 rR), YCTa-
HOBJIeHHeM AOBepHTeJIbHOH c06cTBeHHocTH (CT. 2 3aKoBa 0
AOBepHTeJIbHOH c06cTBeHHocTH).
3) BonpocaMH JIH'IHO-npaBOBoro XapaI\Tepa - npH3HaHH-
eM OT OBCTBa (n. 2 CT. 781 fR), Ha3Ha'IeHHeM oneKYHa H
DneKYHa-6JIIOCTHTeJIfl (CT. 839, 848 rR).
4) BonpocaMH, CBJl3aHHbIMII C HCnOJIHeHHeM 3aBe a-
HHJI, - Ha3Ha'leHHeM HCnOJIHHTeJIfl 3aBeru;aHHfl H nOPY'IeHHeM
<raRoro Ha3Ba'IeRJlH: (CT. 1006 rR).
50. 06 He npHH HnbI HHCTHTYTa 3aBe aHHJI npeAnOJIa-
l'aIOT B03HHKHOBeHHe npaBOBLIX nOCJIeACTBHH Ha OCHORaHHH
HBHO BblpameHHolI H nOCJIeAHeH BOJIH 3aBeru;aTeJIJI. B CBfl3H
C 06ru;HM xapaKTepOM 3aBeru;aHHfl YKameM Ha CJIeAYIOll He
MOMeHTbI.
1) CnocooHoCTb I\ 3aBe aHHIO. IIoCKOJIbKY aaBeru;aHHe
npeAcTammeT C060H OAHY H3 <popAl BOJIeH3'bJlBJIeHHfl, TO, CO-
CTaBJIeHIIOe JIH OM, He 06JIaAaIOru;HM BOJIecnoc06HOCTbIO, OHO
299
He HBJIHeTCH p;eMCTBHT8JIbHbIM p;ame IIPH C06JIIOP;HHHII <pop-
MaJIbHbIX YCJJOBHM. BM8CTe C TeM CJI8P;yeT Y'IHTblBaTb, 'ITO D
MOMeHT p;eMCTBHH saBern;aHHH saB8rn;aT8JIH yme HeT B mHBbIX.
B CBHSH C 3THM OTrrap;aeT He06xop;HMOCTb IIpHM8HeHHH R sa-
B8rn;aHHIO CTporHX IIOJIOm8HHM, rrpeP;YCMOTpeHHbIX HHCTHTY-
TOM H8p;eecrroc06HOCTH C D;8JIbIO oxpaHbI JIHD;a, COBepllIaIOrn;8-
ro IOpHp;H'IeCK08 p;eMCTBH8. RpOMe Toro, CMHr'I8HlI8 YRasaH-
HbIX rrOJIOm8J1HM BrrOJIH8 COOTBeTCTBY8T rrpHHD;HIIY YBaiReIlHH
rrOCJIep;I1eM BOJIH JIH'IHOCTH. B COOTB8TCTBHH C 3THM HOpMIif
CT. 4, 9 H 12 fR He pacrrpOCTpaHHIOTCH Ha saBern;aHHH
(CT. 962 fR). BM8CTe C TeM, rrOCROJIbRY saB8rn;aHHe rropoilUJ;a-
eT rrpaBOBbIe rrOCJIep;CTBHH, TP86Y8TCH, 'ITo6bI OHO 6bIJIO OCHO-
BaHO Ha Hap;Jlemarn;8M BOJIe JIHD;a, rr03TOMY fR YCTaHaBJIIIBa-
eT, 'ITO H8COB8prn8HHOJIeTHH8 IIpn06p8TaIOT cIIoc06noCTb H sa-
Bern;aHHIO rro p;OCTHmeHHH 15-JI8TIIero BospaCTa, saBern;aHHH
me JIHD;, He p,OCTHrrnHX 3Toro BospaCTa, HBJIHIOTCH Hep;eMCTBH-
TeJIbHbIMH (cr. 961 fR). RpOM8 Toro, P;JIH p;eMCTBHT8JIbHOCTH
aaB8rn;aHHH JlHD;, rrpHsIIaHHbIX Hep;88crroc06HbIMH, Tpe6yeTcH
ero COCTaBJI8HHe B rrpHCYTCTBHH He MeHe8 'I8M P;BYX JIHD; HS
'IHCJIa Mep;HIJ;[IHCRorO IIepCOHaJIa (CT. 974, II. 1 CT. 973 fR).
2) llpoD;eAypa COCTaBJleHHR aaBem;aHHR. IIoCHOJIbRY aa-
Bern;aHHe rrpep;CTaBJIH8T C060M paSHOBHp;HOCTb Cp,8JIRH, Ha H8ro
pacrrpOCTpaHHIOTCH IIOJIOmeHHH fR OTHOCHreJIbHO rropOROB
BOJIH, a HM8HHO rrpH HaJIH'IHH sa6JIymp;8HHH saBern;aHHe C'IH-
Ta8TCH H8p;eMCTBHTeJIbHbIM, a rrpH 06 IaHe HJIH rrpllHym)l;eHHH
Mom8T 6bITb aHHYJIHpOBaHO HaCJIep,HHROM B COOTB8TCTBHH co
CT. 96 fR. O)l;HaRO YCTaHOBJI8HHe rropOROB BOJIH B 3THX CJIY-
'IaHX B8CbMa saTpyp,IIHTeJIbHO Hs-sa oTcyrcTBHH aaB8rn;aTeJIH
B mHBbIX.
IIoCKOJIbRY )l;8MCTBHe saBern;aHHH HacTyrraeT Ha OCIIOB8
rrOCJIep;HeM BOJIH saB8rn;aTeJIH, 011 Mom8T or03BaTb COCTaBJI8H-
Hoe paH88 saBern;aHHe.
B CBHSH C TeM, 'ITO saBern;aHHe rrpep;C'faBJIJIeT C060M O)l;HO-
CTOpOHHIOIO cp;eJIRY, rrpH COCTaBJI8IIHH saBern;aHHH He C06CT-
BeHHopY'IHO Tp86yeTcH rrpHcYTcTBHe CBII,lJ,8TeJIeii Ii TaR Ha3bI-
Ba8MbIX «rrpHCYTCTBYIOrn;HX». TaROBbIMH lIe MorYT 6bITb
H8Ae8CIIoc06HbIe, a TaRm8 sanHTepeCOBaHHbIe JIHD;a, a HMeHHO:
HeCOBeprneHHOJIeTIIH8, rrpHsHaHHbIe n8)1;eeCIIOC06HbIMIi, orpa-
HH'IeHHO p;88crroc06HbIe, rrpep,1I0JIaraeMbIe IJaCJI8WIHKH, JIera-
TapHH, HX cyrrpyrH Ii RpOBIIbI8 pO)l;CTBeIlIIHIm rro rrpH IOH
JIHHHH, cyrrpyr HOTapHyca, pO)l;CTBeHHHRH saB8rn;aTeJIH P;O '18T-
BepTOM CTerreHH pO)l;CTBa, ero C8KperapH H JIHD;a r pa60TaIOID;ne
Y Hero rro HaMMY.
300
3) COCTaBJIeHHe 3aBeIqaHHH B onpe1(eJIeHHOH q,opMe.
C n;eJIbIO ooeCne'leHHH Toro, 'lTOObI 3aBem.aHne npep;CTaBJIHJIO
.coooft BOJIIO HMeHHO 3aBem.aTeJIH, 'lTOObI p;aHHaH BOJIH ObIJIa
HBHO BbIpaiReHHOH H p;eHCTBHTeJIbHO nOCJIep;HeH BOJIeH, 3aBe-
ID;aHHe P;OJIiRHO ObITb COCTaBJIeHO C COOJIIOp;eHHeM CTporHX
YCJIOBHH B OTHOlIIeHHH ero <pOPMbI (CM. CT. 960 I'R). 3aBem.a-
HHH, He OTBe'laIOm.He YCTaHOBJIeHHOH <popMe, He BbI3bIBaIOT
npaBOBbIX nOCJIep;CTBHH. To iRe OTHOCHTCH H K BHeceHHIO H3Me-
HeHuH B p;eHCTBHTeJIbHOe 3aBem.aHHe H K ero aHHYJIHpOBaHHIO.
,a HMeHHO npH HeCOOJIIOp;eHHH YCTaHOBJIeHHOH <POpMbI (n. 1
CT. 968, n. 2 CT. 970, CT. 982, 1022 H CJIep;. fR) H3MeHeHHe
,HJIU 8HHYJIHpOBaHHe 38BeII1'aHUJI C'lUT8eTCJI nep;eHCTBHTeJIb-
HbIM U npaBOBbIe nOCJIep;CTBHH HacTynaIOT Ha OCHOBaHHH nep-
nOHa'laJIbHOrO 3aBem.aHHH.
4) 3anpem.eHHe COBMeCTHbIX aaBem.aHHii. 3aBem.aHHe P;OJI-
:mHO COCTaBJIHTbCH OP;HHM JIHn;OM B BHp;e ep;HHoro p;OKYMeHTa
(CT. 975 fR). 3aBem.aHHH, COCTaBJIeHHbIe HeCKOJIbKHMH JIHn;a-
MH B BHp;e ep;HHoro p;OKYMeHTa, C'lHTaIOTCH Hep;eHCTBHTeJIb-
HbIMH.
5) TOJIKOBaHHe aaBem.aHlIH. IIoCKOJIbKY 3aBem.aHHe OTHO-
<eHTCH K pa3pJIP;Y Cp;eJIOK, OCHOBaHHbIX Ha BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHHH,
B03HHKaeT Heooxop;HMOCTb ero TOJIKOBaHHH. rR TpeoyeT, 'lTO-
()bI COp;epiRaHHe 3aBem.aHHH ObIJIO HBHO BbIpaiReHHbIM, COCTaB-
JIHJIOCb no onpep;eJIeHHOH <popMe, H npep;ycMaTpHnaeT MHOro-
'lHCJIeHHbIe iReCTKHe KpHTepHH B OTHOlIIeHHH ero TOJIKOBa-
HHH. TaK, npH KOJIJIH3HH nepBOHa'laJIbHoro H nOCJIep;YIOm.ero
3aBem.aHHH IIOJIOiReIIHH nepBOHa'laJIbHoro 3aBem.aHHH B COOT-
BeTcTBYIOm.eH 'laCTH paCCMaTpHBaIOTCH KaK OTMeHeHHbIe
(CT, 1023 rR); eCJIH np8.B8., YK8.a8.HHbIe B aaBeII1'8.HUU, H8. MO-
MeHT CMepTH 3aBem.aTeJIH He BXOP;HT B HaCJIep;CTBeHHYIO
Maccy, TO 3aBem.aHHe B STOH CBoeH 'laCTH He lIopOiRp;aeT no-
CJIep;CTBHH (CT. 996 rR), H T, n. BMecTe C TeM CJIe,lJ,yeT YKa-
saTb, 'lTO B RnoHHH 3Ha'lHTeJIbHOe 'lHCJIO aanem.aHHH COCTaB-
JIHeTCH Henocpep;CTBeHHO nepep; CMepTbIO aaBen a TeJIH H no-
3TOMY 'laCTO COp;epiRHT HeMaJIO HeHCHbIX MOMeHTOB. IIOSTOMY
npH TOJIKOBaHHH 3aBem.aHHH cyp;e6HaH npaKTlIKa p;OJIiRHa
oopam.aTL BHHMarIIIe ne TO,ITbr,O Ha BHelIIHIOIO <POPMY
BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHHH, no II na rrOp;JIlIHHYIO BOJIIO aaBem.a-
TeJIH.
301
t 2. CPopMa 3aBeaqaHHSI
51. OO lIe nOJIOmeUHH.
1) IToCROJIbRY 3aBeru,aHHe BbI3bIBaeT nOCJIeACTBHH nOCJIe
CMepTH 3aBeru,aTeJIH, B03pameHHH B OTHomeHHH AaHHbIX no-
CJleACTBHH HeB03MomHbI, paBHO RaR H npoBepKa HC'IllHHOM
BOJIH 3aBeru,aTeJIH 3aHHTepeconaHHbIMH JilIn; aM II. B CBH3H C
aTIIM 3aROHOAaTeJIbCTBO MHorHX CTpaH Tpe6yeT OT 3aneru,a-
HHJI onpeAeJIeIIHOH q,OpMbI. rK HnOHHH nOApa3JJ;eJIHeT 3aBe-
ru,aHHH Ha ABe rpynnbI: 3aBeru,aHHH 06bI1JHOii q,OpMbI H 3ane-
ru,aHHH Cnen;HaJIbHOH q,OpMbI. 3aBeru,aHHH me, COC'IaBJIeHHbIe
6e3 c06mOAeHHJI YCTaHOBJIeHHOH q,OpMbI, C'IHTaIOTCJI HeAeH-
CTBHTeJIbHbIMH (CT. 960 rK), ITOHJI'IHO, 1JTO AaRHbIH npHH-
n;Hn COAepmHT B ce6e H He6JIarOnpHHTHble AJIH 3aBeru,aTeJIH
MOMeHTbI, OAHaRO ero YCTaHOBJIeHHe 6bIJIO He06xoAIIMO AJIH
o6eCne1JeHHH JlBHOCTH HCTHHHOH nOJIH 3aBeru,aTeJIH, a TaKme
rrpeAoTBparu,eHHH cnopoB.
2) B rpynne 3aBeru,aHHH 06bI1JHOH q,OpMbI rK YCTaHaBJIH-
BaeT TPH BHAa 3aBeru,aHIIH, a B rpynne Cnen;HaJIbHOH q,0PMbI-
'IeTbIpe, K 3aBeru,aHHJlM 06bI1JHOH q,OpMbI OTHOCHTCH c06-
cTBeHHopY'IHble 3aBeru,aHHH, 3aBeru,aHHH, COCTaBJIeHHbIe B q,op-
Me ny6JIH1JHOrO aRTa, H TaHHble 3aBeru,aHHH. BTopaH rpynna
3aBeru,aHHH 06'beAHHHeT Te, ROTopble COCTaBJIHIOTCH B RpIITH-
'IeCRHH MOMeHT AJIH mH3HH 3aBeru,aTeJIH, a HMeHRO: 3aBeru,a-
HHe, COCTaBJIeHHOe npH HenocpeACTBeHHOH yrp03e mH3HH,
3aBeru,aHHe, COCTaBJIeHHOe Ha 60PTY CYAHa, TepnJlru,ero 6ep;-
CTBHe, 3aBeru,aHHe, COCTaBJIeHHOe B HHq,eRn;HOHHOM H30JIHTO-
pe, H 3aBeru,aHHe, COCTaBJIeHHOe Ha 60PTY CYAHa, HaXOp;Jlru,e-
rOCH B nJiaBaHHH. Bce 3TH 3aBeru,aHHH YTpa'IHBaIOT CBOIO p;eH-
CrBHTeJIbHOCTb no HCTe'IeHHII 6 MeCHn;eB C MOMeRTa npeRpa-
ru;eHHJI p;eHcTBHH 'Ipe3BbI1JaHHblX 06CTOHTeJIbCTB, e JIH 3aBe-
lD;areJIb OCTaeTCH B mHBbIX (CT. 983 rK).
ITpH COCTaBJIeHHII 3aBeru,aHHH JlnOHCRIIM rpamp;aHHHOM 3a
rpaHIIn;eH OHO MomeT 6bITb COCTaBJIeHO KaR B COOTBeTCTBHH C
3aROHOM CTpaHbI MeCTa COBepmeHHH, TaR H no cpopMe, npep;y-
ClIfOrpeHlIOIr rK HnonlIII. B 3rHX CJIY1JaJIX 06H3aHHOCTH H()-
TapHyca HCnOJIHHeT ROHCYJI (CT. 984 rK).
52. OObI1JUaH tPopMa 3aBe aUHH.
1) CoocTBeuHopY1JHOe 3aBe aHHe. ITO)]; AaHllbIM BIIAOM
3aBeru;aHHH nOHHMaeTCH 3aBeru,aHHe, 1I0JIHbIH TeKCT ROToporo,
p;aTa II nop;nllCb HanIIcaHbI c06cTBeHHopY1JHO 3aBeru,aTeJIeM II
302
R ROTOPOMY IIpHJIOmeHa ero JIHqBaH IIeqaTb (II. 1 CT. 968 rR),.
IIpH OTCYTCTBHH O)];I1oro H3 Tpe6yeMblx peRBH3HTOB Bce 3aBe-
aBHe C'IHTaeTCH He)];eiicTBHTeJIbHbIM. I{polVIe Toro, BHeceHHe
JIl06bIX )];OIIOJIHeBHii H H3MeI-IeHHii B co6cTBeHHoPyqBO&
3aBe aBHe /J:OJImHO COOTBeTCTBOBaTb YCTaHOBJIeBHOMY IIOPH/J:-
RY (II. 2 CT. 968 rR),
2) 3aBe aHlle, COCTaBJleHHOe B <popMe ny6JIHqHOrO aI'Ta.
XOTH C06CTBeHHopyqHOe 3aBe aHHe H HBJIHeTCH IIPOCTOii,
<popMoii 3aBe aHHH C TOqKH speHHH ero COCTaBJIeHHH, O/J:Ba-
KO OBO MOmeT 6bITb YTepHHO, a ero TeKCT HCIIOpqeH, H, RpOMe
Toro, COCTaBJIeBlle TaKoro 3aBe aBHH HeB03MomHO, eCJIH 3a-
Be aTeJIb He MomeT I1aIIHCaTb ero C06CTBeIIIIopyqHO. B aTOM
CJIyqae 3aBem;aTeJIb MomeT 06paTHTbCH K )];Pyroii <POp Me 3a-
Be aHHH, a HMeHHO !{ 3aBe aHHIO, COCTaBJIeHBOMY B <pOpMa-
IIy6JIHqHOrO aKTa, KOTopoe Tpe6yeT:
a) IIPHCYTCTBHH He MeHee qeM /J:BYX CBH)];eTeJIeii;
6) YCTBoro H3JIOmeHHH HOTapHYCY CO)];epiHaHHH 3aBe a-
UHH 3aBe aTeJIeM (B IIOpH)];Ke TOJIKOBaHHH )];OIIYCKaeTCa.
YCTHoe H3JIOmeBHe C HaIIHcaBHoro TeKCTa, HO He IIepe/J:aqa
aToro TeRCTa 6e3 3aqTeBHH ero BCJIYX);
B) 3aIIHCH BOT a PHYCOM CKa3aHHoro 3aBe aTeJIeM II IIpO-
qTeHHH BCJIYX 3aIIHcanHoro )];JIH 03HaKOMJIeIIHH C TeKCTOM
3aIIHCH 3aBe aTeJIH H CBH)];eTeJIeii;
r) BbIpameHHH COrJIaCHH C COCTaBJIeHHbIM TeKCTOM 3aBe-
aTeJIH H CBH)];eTeJIeii IIOJIyqeHHH HX IIO)];IIHCeii H OTTHCROB-
IIeqaTeii;
p;) BBeceHHH BOTapHYCOM )];OIIOJIHHTeJIbHOii 3aIIHCH 0 CO-
CTaBJIeBHH 3aBe aHHH B COOTBeTCTBHH C YRa3aHHbIMH BbIma-
<popMaJIbHOCTHMH, a TaKme ero IIO)];IIHCH H OTTHCKa IIeqaTII
(CT. 969 rR).
3aKoB 0 HOTapHycax Tpe6yeT COCTaBJIeHHH 06 HX BOT a-
pHaJIbBbIX )];OKYMeHTOB B BOTapHaJIbBOii KOIlTope (II. 2 CT. 18
YRa3aHBoro 3aKoHa), O/J:HaKO B OTHomeHHH 3aBe aHHH, co-
CTaBJIeHHOrO B <popMe IIy6JIHqHOrO aKTa, TaKoe OrpaHHqeBHe
He YCTaHOBJIeHO (CT. 57 YRa3aHHoro 3aKona), IIoaTOMY OBO
MomeT 6bITb COCTaBJIeHO Ha )];OMY 3aBe:rn:aTeJIH HJIH B 60JIb-
HIm; e.
3) TaliBoe 3aBe aHHe COCTaBJIHeTCH B cJlyqae, Ror/J:a 3a-
Be aTeJIb meJIaeT B TeqeHHe cBoeii mH3BH coxpaHHTb cO/J:ep-
maBHe 3ane aHHH B TaiiHe. IIPH aTOM Beo6xo)];HMO:
a) COCTaBJIeBHe 3aBe aTeJIeM TeKCTa 3ane aHHH C IIPH-
JIOmeHHeM cBoeii II0/J:IIHCH H IIeq3TH (co6CTBeBBoPyqBOrO Ha-
IIHcaBHH TeKCTa 3aBe aHHH He Tpe6yeTcH, p;OIIOJIBeBHH II
303
l:IaMeHeHIIJI B aaBem;aHIIe BHOCHTCH, KaK H npH C06CTBeHHO-
PyqHOM aaBem;aHIIII) (n. 2 CT. 970, n. 2 CT. 968 rl{);
6) qT06bI aaBem;aTeJIb aaneqaTaJI aaBem;aHlIe B KOHBepT,
<meqaTaHHbIH TOH me neqaTbIO, KaKOH 6bIJI aaBepeH TeKC1
aaBem;aHIIH;
B) npe.a;CTaBJIelIHe aaBem;aTeJIel\f KOHBepTa C aaBem;aHHeM
HOTaplIYCY B npHCYTCTBHn CBu.a;eTeJIeii C YlmaaHHeM na TO, '1TO
3TO ero aaBem;aHHe, a TaKme (pal\fHJIHH II l\feCTOmHTe.TJbCTBa
aaBem;aTeJIH;
r) npOCTaBJIeJIHe HOTapHYCOl\f .a;aTbl llOJIyqellHH aaBem;a-
HIIH II aanlICb aaHBJIeHHJI aaBem;aTeJIJI, a TaKme llO.a;llHCH II lle-
qaTII aaBem;aTeJIH H HOTapHyca (CT. 970 fK).
IIPII HeCOOTBeTCTBHH TaHlloro saBem;aHHJI o.a;nOl\fY lIa YKa-
saHHbIX peKBHSHTOB OHO JIBJIJIeTCH He.a;eHCTBHTeJIbHbIl\f, o.a;na-
KO eCJIH npH aTOl\f OHO 06JIa.a;aeT peKBHaIITal\fH c06cTBeHHo-
PyqHOrO saBem;aHHJI, TO paCCl\faTpHBaeTCJI KaK TaKOBoe
(CT. 971 rR).
53. Cne lmJIbHaa .popMa aaBeI aHHa. ECJIII qpeSBbIqaHHbIe
06CTOJITeJIbCTBa saTpY;:J;HHIOT HJIII ;:J;eJIaIOT HeBoaMomHbIM co-
CTaBJIeHHe aaBem;aHIIH B 06bIqHOH cpopMe, nplIaHaeTCH aaBe-
m;aHHe, BblpameHHoe B Cnen;lIaJIbHOH cpopMe. TaKoe aaBem;a-
HHe YTpa'lHBaeT CHJIY no IICTeqeHHII 6 l\feCHn;eB C Toro l\f0-
MeHTa, KaK saBem;aTeJIb OKaaaJICH B COCTOHHIIH COCTaBIITb
saBem;aHHe B 06bIqHOH cpopMe, eCJIH OH OCTaJICH B mlIBbIX
(CT. 983 fK). CJIe.a;yeT yqlITbIBaTb, qTO npOCTaBJIeHlIe .a;aTbI
He HBJIHeTCH yCJIOBlIel\f ;:J;eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH saBem;aHIIH cnen;lI-
2.JIbHOH cpOpl\fbI, nOaTOl\fY .a;ame saBem;aHHJI C HenpaBHJIbHO
npOCTaBJIeHHOH ;:J;aTOH CqlITaIOTCH .a;eHCTBHTeJIbHbIl\f1I (CM. pe-
illeHHe BepXOBHoro cy.a;a OT 1 MapTa 1972 r.).
1) 3aBem;aHHa, COCTaBJIeHHbIe nplI qpeaBbJ1miiHblX OOCTO-
:HTeJIbCTBax. B aTY no.a;rpynny saBem;aHIIH cnen;HaJIbHOH cpop-
l\fbI BXo.a;HT .a;Ba BII;:J;a: saBem;aHHe, COCTaBJIeHHOe npH Heno-
cpe.a;cTBeHHoH yrpoae mIISHH, II aaBem;aHJle, COCTaBJIeHHOe Ha
60PTY cy.a;Ha, TepnHm;ero 6e;:J;cTBlIe.
a) 3aBem;aHHe, COCTaBJIeHHOe rrpH Herrocpe.a;cTBeHHoii
)'rpoae mU3HII. TaRoe saBem;aBHe COCT8BJIHeTCH B npHCYT-
CTBIIII Tpex CBH;:J;eTeJIeH (He Tpe6yeTcH, qT06bI OHH HBJIHJIHCb
.JI1In;al\f1I Me.a;HU;IIHCKoro nepCOHaJIa, - CM. pellIeHHe BepxOB-
Horo cy.a;a OT 10 Mall 1955 r.); nplI aTOM aaBem;aTeJIb YCTHO
C006m;aeT O.a;HOMY lIS cBH.a;eTeJIeH cO;:J;epmaHHe CBoero saBe-
lII;aHIIH, nOCJIe.a;HIIH aanHCbIBaeT CKasaHHoe, SaqlITbIBaeT TeKCT
aaBem;aTeJIIO II ;:J;pyrlIM CBlI)I,eTeJIHM, II nOCJIe no.a;TBepm.a;eHHH
304
rrpaBIIJlbHOCTII TeKCTa CBII));eTeJlII rrO));IIIICbIBaIOT ero II CKperr-
JlHIOT IIe'laTHMH (IIO));IIIICb II IIe'laTb aaBem;aTeJlH He BXO));HT
B '1IICJlO OOHaaTeJlbHbIX YCJlOBlIii). B Te'leHHe 20 ));IJeii C Mo-
MeHTa COCTaBJleHlIH aaBem;aHIIH aaHHTepeCOBaHHoe JlHIJ;O 06H-
aaHO 06paTIITbcH B ceMeMHbIii cY)); C Tpe60BaHHeM YTBepm));e-
HIIH ));aIJHOrO aaBem;aHIIH, oea TaKoro yTBepm));eHIIH aaBem;a-
HlIe He BbIabIBaeT IIOCJle));CTBlIii (rr. 2 CT. 976 fR).
6) 3aBem;aHlIe, COCT3BJleHHoe Ha OOPTY CY));Ha, TepIIHm;ero
Oe));CTBlIe. B II;eJlOM IIpOII;e));ypa COCTaBJleHIIH TaKoro aaBem;a-
HIIH aHaJlorlI'IHa IIpOII;e));ype COCTaBJleHIIH yKaaaHHoro BbIme
aaBem;aHIIH (II. 1 CT. 979 fR). BMecTe C TeM B HeKOTopbIX
MOMeHTax He06xo));IIMbIe YCJlOBIIH CMHI''1eHbI, a IIMeHHO Tpe6y-
eTCH IIplICYTCTBlIe JlIIIIIb ));BYX CBII.!I:eTeJleii, COKpam;eHa rrpo-
II;ep;ypa IIIICbMeHIJOrO COCTaBJleHHH aaBem;aHIIH, a TaKme B
nOpH));Re IICKJlIO'IeHIIH ));OnYCRaeTCH clITyaII;IIH OTCYTCTBIIH nOJl;-
mrceii H OTTHCROB IIe'laTeii (CT. 981 fR). TaRoe aaBem;aHHe
TaKme IIO));JlemIIT YTBepiR));eIIIIIO ceMeiiHbIM CY));OM, O));HaKO B
));aHHOM cJlY'Iae ));JlH ero YTBepm));eHHH He YCTaHaBJlHBaeTCH
OlIpe));eJleHHLIii CpOK, a HeOOXO.!l:lIMa JlHmb HeaaMe));JlHTeJIbHaH
IIo));a'la COOTBeTCTBYIOm;ero Tpe60BaHHH IIOCJle IIpeKpam;eHHH
));eiiCTBIIH '1peaBbI'IaiiHbIX 06CTOHTeJlbCTB (II. 2 CT. 979 fIt).
2) 3aBem;aHlul Jilin;, HaxOJl;Hm;HXCH B H30JlHn;HII. ,IJ;aHHaH
IIo));rpynlIa TaRme CO));epmHT ));Ba BH));a: aaBem;aHHe, COCTaB-
J!eHHoe B IIH<peKII;HOHHOM HaOJIHTOpe, H aaBem;aHlIe, COCTaB-
JleHHOe Ha 60PTY CY));Ha, HaXO));Hm;erOCH B IIJlaBaHlIlI,
a) 3aBem;aHHe, COCTaBJleHHOe B HH Kn;HOHHOM H30JlJlTO-
pe, MOmeT COCTaBJIHTbCH B npHCYTCTBHH O));HOrO IIOJIHII;eii-
CKoro II O));HOro CBH));eTeJIH (CT. 977 fR), B ));aHHOM cJlY'Iae
Tpe6YIOTcH IIO));IIIICH aaBem;aTeJlH, JlHIJ;a, HalIHcaBIIIero TeKCT
aaBem;aHHH, IIplICYTCTBOBaBIIIHX H CBH));eTeJIeii (CT. 980 fR).
6) 3aBem;aHHe, COCTaBJleHHOe Ha OOPTY cY));Ha, HaXO));JI-
m;erocJI B rrJlaBaHHH, MomeT 6bITb COCTaBJIeHO B IIpHCYTCTBHH
RalIHTaIJa Ropa6JIH HJIH '1JIeHa ROMaH));HOro COCTaBa H ));BYX
CBH));eTeJleii (CT. 978 fR). 8TOT BII)); aaBem;aHIIH IIO CBOHM
peRBHaHTaM aHaJlOrH'IeH yKaaaHHOMY BbIIIIe, aa IICRJIIO'IeHlIeM
He06xo));IIMOCTH HaXOm));eHHH IIpHCYTCTBYIOm;ero (IIOJIHII;eii-
CRoro) B MOMenT COCTaBJIeHIIH aaBem;aHHH.
54. OT3bIB 3aBem;aHIIH.
1) CBOOO));a OT3bIBa. IIHcTHTYT aaBem;aHHJI, OCIJOBaHHbIll
Ha YBameHHH IIOCJIe));Heii: BOJIH JlHIJ;a, ));OIIYCRaeT CBOOO));HbIH
OTablB Bcero HJlH '1aCTH aaBem;aHHH oea RaRHX-JlHOO OCOObIX
oCHoBaHlIii (CT. 1022 fR) IIPH mlIaHH aaBem;aTeJIH.
20 381[83.Nt 1264
305
B CBHaII C OT3LtBOM aaBeJJJ;aHHH CJIe)1;yeT paaJIIPlaTb ero aH-
HYJIllpOBaHHe Ha OCIIOBaHHH OOMaHa HJIH npHHym)1;eHHH nplJ
COCTaBJIeHHH aaBeJJJ;aHHH. B aTOM CJIY'Iae npaBO aIlHYJIHpOBa-
HHH npHHa)1;JIemHT lmR caMOMY aaBeJJJ;aTeJIIO, TaR H HaCJIe)1;-
HHRaM.
2) IIopH)1;oK OT3hlBa. XOTH aaBern;aTeJIb oOJIa)1;aeT CBOOO-
)1;011 B JIIoooe BpeMH OToaBaTb aaBern;aHHe, OH OOHaaH npH aTOM
COOJIIO)1;aTb YCTaHOBJIeHHbIM nopH)1;OR OTabIBa. O)1;HaRO aTO He
TpeoyeT COOJIIO)1;eHHH TOM me npon.e)1;YPbI, nOCpe)1;cTBOM ROTO-
POM ObIJIO COCTaBJIeHO npe)1;bI)1;yrn;ee aaBern;aHHe. TaR, aaBeJJJ;a-
lIlle, COCTaBJIeHHOe B cpopMe nYOJIH'IHOrO aKTa, MomeT ObITh
OToaBaHO COOCTBeHHOPY'IHbIM aaBeJJJ;aHHeM HJIII aaBeJJJ;aHHeM
cnen.HaJIbIIOM cpOpMbI.
3) IIpe3YMnqHH OT3hlBa. fIt npe)1;ycMaTpHBaeT CJIe)1;YIO-
IQHe 'IeTbIpe OCHOBaHHH npeaYMnn.HH OTabIBa aaBern;aHHH.
Bo-nepBbIX, npH npoTHBOpe'IHH npe)1;bI)1;yrn;ero H nOCJIe-
)1;YIOJJJ;ero aaBern;aHHM OToaBaHHbIMH C'IHTaIOTCH npOTHBOpe'Ia-
rn;He )1;Pyr )1;Pyry 'IaCTH aaBeJJJ;aHHM (n. 1 CT. 1023 fIt). ITO)1;
npoTHBOpe'IHeM nOHHMaeTCH HeCOBMeCTHMOCTb OOOHX aaBern;a-
HHM, cHTyalWH me, npH ROTOpOH nOCJIe)1;YIOJJJ;ee aaBeJJJ;aHHe
OOYCJIOBJIHBaeT npe)1;bI)1;yJJJ;ee, He OTHOCHTCH R CJIyq:aIO npo-
THBOpe'IHH.
Bo- BTOpbIX, npH npOTHBOpe'IHH CO)1;epmaHHH aaBern;aHHH
1'1 nOCJIe)1;YIOrn;nx npHmHaHeHHbIX IOpH)1;H'IeCRHX )1;eMCTBHM aa-
BeJJJ;aTeJIH (n. 2 CT. 1023 fIt). ECJIH, HanpHMep, npe)1;Mer
onpe)1;eJIeHHorO JIeraTa nepe)1;aeTCH TpeTbeMY JIHU,y, TO B aTOM
'IaCTH aaBern;aHHe C'IHTaeTCH OToaBaHHbIM.
B-TpeThHX, npH YMbIillJIeHHOM YHH'ITOmeHHH TeRCTa 3aBe-
JJJ;aHHH aaBeJJJ;aTeJIeM (CT. 1024 fIt). CJIe)1;yer HMeTb B BH)1;y,
'ITO, nOCROJIbRY npH aaBern;aHHH, COCTaBJIeHHOM B cpopMe ny6-
JIH'IHorO aRT a, aaBeJJJ;aTeJIb HMeeT JIHIllb RonHIO aaBeJJJ;aHHH
(opHrHHaJI xpaHHTCH B HOTapHaJIbHOM ROHTope), ymf'ITOme-
HHe aTOM RonHH lie paCCMaTpHBaeTCH RaK OTabIB aaBeru;amm.
B )1;aHHOM CJIY'Iae OTabIB MomeT ObITb ocyrn;eCTBJIeH HHbIM
cnOCOOOM, HanpHMep COCTaBJIeHHeM COOCTBeHHopY'IHOrO aa-
Bern;aHHH.
B-'IeTBepTbIX, npH YMbIIllJIeHHOM YHH'ITOmeHHH aaBeru;aTe-
JIeM npe)1;MeTa JIeraTa (CT. 1024 fIt).
4) IIOCJIe)1;CTBHH OT3hIBa. ITpH OTabIBe aaBern;aHHH OHO C'IH-
TaeTCH He CYJJJ;eCTBYIOJJJ;HM C caMoro HaqaJIa. fIt He )1;onyc-
RaeT BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH aaBeJJJ;aHHH nOCJIe ero OTahIBa )1;ame B
'TOM CJIyq:ae, ROr)1;a )1;eMCTBHH no OTabIBY aaBern;aHHH aHHYJIH-
PYIOTCH HJIH paCCMaTPHBaIOTCH RaR He)1;eMCTBHTeJIbHbIe, 8TO
206
He OTHOCHTCH, O]];HaKO, K aHHYJIUpOBaHHIO OT3bIBa 3aBem;aHlIH
Ha OCHOBaHHH rrpHMeHeHHH OOMaHa HJIH rrpuHym]];eHHH
(CT. 1025 rR).
3. nOcneAcTBHSI 38Bel1\8HHSI
55. 06m;He nOCJIe]];CTBHH.
1) BpeMJI BoaHHRHOBeHHJI nOCJle]];CTBHii aaBem;aHHH. 3aBe-
m;aHHe COCTaBJIHeTCH rrpH mH3HH 3aBem;aTeJIH, a ero rrOCJIe]];-
CTBHH B03HHKaIOT C MOMeHTa CMepTH 3aBem;aTeJIH (rr. 1
CT. 985 rR), 'ITO BbITeKaeT H3 xapaKTepa 3aBem;aHHH KaK
rrOCJIe]];HeM BOJIH 3aBern;aTeJIH. RpoMe Toro, B03HHKHOBeHHe
rrOCJIe]];CTBHM 3aBem;aHHH C l\fOMeHTa CMepTH 3aBem;aTeJIH oe3
KaKOM-JIHOO Crren;HaJIbHOM npOn;e]];ypbI oTBeqaeT xapaKTepy
3aBem;aHHH KaK O]];HOCTOpoHHeH C]];eJIKH (BOJIeH3'hHBJIeHHe oe3
KOHTpareHTa). B03HHKHoBeHHe rrOCJIe]];CTBHM CO]];eprKaHHH 3a-
Bem;aHHH TaKme He TpeoyeT Crren;HaJIbHOH rrpOn;e]];ypbI.
2) He]];eiicTBHTeJIbHOCTb H aHHYJIHpOBaHHe aaBem;aHHJI.
II pOOJIeMa He]];eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH HJIH aHHYJIHpOBaHHH 3aBe-
m;aHHH B03HHKaeT JIHIIIb rrOCJIe CMepTH 3aBem;aTeJIH. 3aBem;a-
HHe, COCTaBJIeHHOe He rro rrpe]];YCMOTpeHHOH fR 1>opMe, 3aBe-
m;aHHe, COCTaBJIeHHOe JIHn;OM, He OOJIa]];aIOm;HM crrOCOOHOCTbID
K 3aBem;aHHIO, 3aBem;aHHe, B CBoeM CO]];epmaHHH HapYIIIaIO-
m;ee rrYOJIU'IHbIM rropH]];OK H ]];OOpbIe HpaBbI, a TaKme 3aBem;a-
HHe, B CBOHX OCHOBHbIX ::meMeHTax CocTRtlJIeHHOe Ha OCHOBe
3aOJIym]];eHHH, C1JHTaIO'I.'CH He]];eHCTBHTeJIbHbIMH. 3aBem;aHHH.
COCTaBJIeHHbIe BCJIe]];CTBHe OOMaHa HJIH rrpHHym]];eHHH, MorYT
ObITb aHHYJIHpOBaHbI KaK caMHM 3aBem;aTeJIeM ('ITO He co-
CTaBJIHeT OT3bIBa 3aBem;aHHH - CM. orOBopKY CT. 1025 rR),
TaK H HaCJIe]];HHKaMH. Bce aTH BorrpOCbI OTHOCHTCH K 3aBem;a-
HHIO Bem;Ho-rrpaBOBoro xapaKTepa. OTHOCHTeJIbHO BorrpOCOB
ceMeHHo-rrpaBoBoro xapaKTepa, BXO]];Hm;HX B CO]];epil\aHHe 3a-
Bem;aHHH, MomHO YKa3aTb Ha ]];Ba H3 HHX - rrpH3HaHHe
OTn;OBCTBa H OTCTpaHeHHe HaCJIe]];HHKa OT HaCJle]];OBaHHH. IIo
nepBOMY Borrpocy rrpH COBrra]];eHHH rrpH3HaHHH OTn;OBCTBa C
peaJIbHOM ]];eHCTBHTeJlbHOCTbIO npOOJIeMbI He;:\eHcTBHTeJIbHO-
CTH HJIH aHHYJIHpOBaHHH He B03HHKaeT (CM. CT. 785 rR).
Borrpoc me 00 OTCTpaHeHHH OT HaCJIe]];CTBa MomeT paccMaTpH-
BaTbCH ceMeHHbIM CY]];OM, KOTOpbIH rrpHHHMaeT peIIIeHHe Ha
OCHOBaHHH BbIHCHeHHH HaJIH'IHH HJIH OTCYTCTBHH OCHOBaHHH
]];JIH aHHYJIHpOBaHHH, a TaKme H3Y1JeHHH BOJIeH3'hHBJIeHHH 3a-
Bem;aTeJlH C TO'IKH 3peHHH HaJIH'IHH B HeM rropoKoB.
3) Cnen;naJIbHl>le OCHOBaHHJI He]];eiicTBHTeJIbHOcTH. CocTaB-
20'
307
JIeHHOe nO)l,OneqHI:>IM )1,0 OKOHqamIJl oneKH aaBem;aHHe B nOJIb-
ay OneKYHa, ero cynpyra HJIH KpOBHbIX pO)l,CTBeHHHKOB no
npJDfOH JIHHHH CqHTaeTCR He)l,eHCTBHTeJIbHbIM (n. 1
CT. 966 rK). 8TO He OTHOCHTCH, OJ],HaKO, K TeM cHTyall,WIM,
KorJ],a oneKYHOM HBJIReTCH cynpyr aaBem;aTeJIH, KpOBHbIH pO)l,-
CTBeHHHK no npHMOH JIHHHH, a TaKme ero 6paT HJIH ceCTpa
(n. 2 CT. 960 rK).
56. JIeraT.
1) IIo)l, JIeraTOM nOHHMaeTCH 6eaBOaMea)l,HOe npeJ],OCTaB-
JIeHHe HMym;ecTBa no saBem;aHHIO. IIpH aTOM J],orrycKaeTcH
BOaJIOmeHHe Ha JIeraTapHH onpe)l,eJIeHHbIX 06HaaHHOCTeH. OT
06bIqHOrO npHmHsHeHHoro )l,apeHHJl JIeraT OTJIHqaeTCH TeM,
qTO ocym;eCTBJIHeTCJl B CJIyqae CMepTH, a OT )l,apeHHH Ha CJIY-
qaH CMepTH - xapaKTepOM C)I,eJIKH KaK O)l,HOCTOpoHHeH.
2) JIeraT HMeeT )l,Ba BU)I,a: YHHBepCaJIbHbIH 11 HH)I,HBII)I,y-
aJIbHO-Onpe)l,eJIeHHbIH (CT. 964 rK). YHHBepCaJIbHbIH JIeraT
BKJIIOqaeT B ce6Jl KaK aKTIIB, TaK H naCCHB HaCJIeJ],cTBeHHoH
MaCCbI; HH)I,HBHJ],yaJIbHO-onpe)l,eJIeHHbIH HBJIJleTCJl npeJ],OCTaB-
JIeHHeM KOHKpeTHoH HMym;ecTBeHHoH BbIrO)l,bI. C TOqKH ape-
HHJl nOCJIe)l,CTBHH aTHX )l,BYX BH)I,OB JIeraTOB MemJ],y HHMH HMe-
IOTCJl cym;ecTBeHHbIe paaJIHqHH.
3) JIeraTapHii: H HCnOJIHHTeJIb JIeraTa. JleraTapHeM HaabI-
BaeTCH JIHll,O, YKaaaHHoe B aaBem;aHHH B KaqeCTBe nOJIyqaTe-
JIJl JIeraTa. JIel'aTapHeM MomeT 6bITb KaK <FHaHqeCKOe, TaK II
IOpH)I,lIqeCKOe JIHll,O, paBHO KaK H HaCJIe)l,HHK aaBem;aTeJIJl (CM.
CT. 903 rK). B OTHOIIIeHHII JIeraTapHJl npe)l,YCMOTpeHbI Te me
OCHOBaHHH YTpaTbI cTaTyca, qTO H )l,JIJl HaCJIe)l,HHKa (CM.
CT. 965, 886, 891 rK). KpoMe Toro, CTaTYCOM JIeraTapHH He
MomeT 06JIaJ],aTb JIHll,O, YMepillee (npeKpaTHBillee CBoe cym;e-
CTBOBaHHe - J],JIH IOPH)J;H'IeCKHX JIIIll,) )J;O CMepTH aaBem;aTemI.
IICnOJIHIITeJIeM JIeraTa HaabIBaeTCH JIHU;O, Hecym;ee 06H-
3aHHOCTb no ero I1CnOJIJleHHIO, 06blqHO HM HBJIHeTCH HaCJIe)J;-
HHK, o)J;HaKo HCnOJIHHTeJIeM JIeraTa MomeT 6bITb TaKme H YHH-
BepCaJIbHbIH JIeraTapHH (CT. 990 rK) HJIII ynpaBJIHIOI1J;HH Ha-
{ JIe)J;CTBeHHhTM HMym;ecTBoM KaK IOpH)J;HqeCKHM JIHll,OM
(CT. 952, 957 fK). MCilOJIHHTeJIb ille aaBem;aHHH MomeT HC-
nOJIHHTb JIeraT B nopH)J;Ke npe)J;CTaBHTeJIbCTBa (n. 1
CT. 1012 rK).
4) IIpHIDITHe H OTKaa OT JIeraTa. HCXOJ],H Ha xapaKTepa
JIeraTa KaK O)l,HOCTopoHHeH C)J;eJIKH, nOCJIe)J;CTBHH KOTOpOH Ha-
cTynaIOT nOCJIe CMepTH aaBem;aTeJIH (CT. 985 rK), npHHHTHe
JIeraTa JIeraTapHeM He JlBJIJleTCJl 06HaaTeJIbHbIM. JIeraTapUH
308
oOna)l,aeT CBOOO)J;OH rrpHHRTb HnH OTKaaaTbCR OT neraTa
(CT. 986 rK). C )J;pyroH CTOpOHbI, HCrrOnHHTenb neraTa H HHhIe
SalIHTepeCOBaHHbIe nlIIW Ha)J;enRIOTCR rrpaBOM HarrpaBneHHR
sarrpoca K neraTapHIO C u;enbIO BbIRCHeHIIR, rrpHHHMaeT nil OH
JIeraT HnH OTKaahIBaeTCR OT Hero (CT. 987 rK).
5) llOCJIC)J;CTBHR YTpaThI )J;eHcTBHTCJIbHOCTJI JIcraTa. llplI
YTpaTe neraTapHeM CBoero CTaTyca H HeBoaHHKHOBeHHH rro-
cne)J;cTBIIii: neraTa rro HHhIM OCHOBaHHRM, a TaroRe rrplI OTKaae
JIeraTapHR OT rrpHHRTIIR neraTa rrpe)J;MeT neraTa rrO)J;nemlIT
nepexo)J;y K Hacne)J;HHKaM. 8TO He OTHOCIITCR, O)J;HaKO, K CII-
TyaU;HH, Kor)J;a aaBem,aTenb crreU;HanbHO orOBapHBaeT BoaMOiH-
HOCTb rrepexo)J;a neraTa K )J;pyrOMY neraTaplIIO rrpII HerrpHHR-
'THH neraTa rrepBhIM neraTaplIeM (CT. 995 rK).
57. YHHBCpCaJIbHhIH JICraT.
1) llo)J; YHHBepcanbHhIM neraTOM rrOHIIMaOTCR, KaK OTMe-
anOCb paHee, rrepexo)J; K neraTapHIO KaK aK1HBa, TaK H rrac-
elIBa Hacne)J;CTBeHHoro HMym,eCTBa. TIpHMepoM TaKoro neraTa
HBnReTCR BbI)J;eneHHe rro aaBem,aHHIO 1/3 Hacne)J;CTBeHHoro HMY-
m;eCTBa <!>aKTII'leCKOH iHeHe HnH BbI)J;eneHHe BHeOpa'lHbIM
p;eTRM Hacne)J;CTBeHHOH )J;onH, paBHOH Hacne)J;CTBeHHOH )J;one
saKOHHopom)J;eHHhIX )J;eTeH,
2) rK YCTaHaBnHBaeT, 'lTO <meraTaplIH oona)J;aeT paBHhI-
10111 C Hacne)J;HHKaMH rrpaBaMH II oORaaHHocTRMH» (CT. 990 rK).
.H rrocne)J;CTBHRM neraTa OTHOCHTCR, Bo-rrepBhIX, TO, 'lTO nera-
'TapIIH, KaK II Hacne)J;HHK, ocym,eCTBnReT rrpeeMCTBO Bcex
npaB II OORaaUHOCTeH B OTHorneHHII Hacne)J;CTBeHHoro IIMY-
m;eCTBa, aa HCIWIO'leHHeM rrplIcym,HX IICKnIO'lHTenbHO nIr'lHO-
,CTII aaBem,aTenR (CT. 896 rK). IIpeeMcTBo neraTapHR HaCTY- '
rraeT aBTOMaTHqeCKH co CMepTbIO aaBem,aTenR, npII aTOM rrpo-
-oneMbI IICrrOnnHTenR neraTa He BOaHHI{aeT. BO-BTOpbIX, rrpH
HanlI'lHH Hacne)J;IBmOB HnH )J;pyrHx YHHBepcanbHbIX neraTa-
plIeB YHHBepcanbHbIH neraTapnH HaXO)J;HTCR C HHMH B OTHO-
meHHRX COHaCJIe)J;OBaHHR, 'lTO B CBOIO O'lepe)J;b rropom)J;aeT
.{)THorneHHR COCOOCTBeHHOCTII (CT. 898, 899 rK) II neooxo)J;H-
MOCTb )J;OCTHmenIIR cor,rrarueHHR 0 paa)J;ene lIaCne)J;CTBa (rr. 1
.cT. 907 rK). B-TpeTblIx, BorrpOCbI rrpHHRTIIR H OTKaaa OT ne-
:raTa perynlIpYIOTCR rronomeHHRMH CT. 915 II 940 rK, rrpe-
.)J;YCMoTpeHHbIJ\1H B OTrrorneHHH Hacne)J;HHKOB (a cne)J;OBaTenb-
no, rrplI3HaeTcR II OrpaHII'leHHOe rrpeeMcTBo). Bce aTO rrplI-
BO)J;IIT K TOMY, 'lTO Mem,LJ;y CTaTYCOM YHHBepcanbHoro neraTa-
plIlI H Hacne)J;HIIKa C TO'lKII apeHIIR cO)J;epmaHHR rrpaB II 0011-
aHHocTeH rrpaKTH'leCKH He CYIneCTByeT HIIKaKHX pa3nlI'lIIH
309
(3a IICRJIIO'IeHlIeM OTCYTCTBHH Y JIeraTapHH 06H3aTeJIbHOD
,l];OJIII, B03MOmHOCTH YCTaHOBJIeHHH YCJIOBHll: B OTHOllIeHHH JIe-
raTa H YTpaTM JIeraTa B pe3YJIbTaTe CMepTH YHIIBepCaJIbHOrO
JIeraTapHH ,l];0 OTRpMTHH HaCJIe,l];CTBa BCJIe,l];CTBHe HerrplI3HaHII1I'
B OTHOllIeHHH JIeraTa HHCTHTYTa HaCJIell:OBaHHH rro rrpaBY
rrpe,l];CTaBJIeHHH) .
58. IIH,l];HBH,l];yaJILHO-Onpe,l];eJIeHHblii JIeraT.
1) lIH,l];IIBlHJ;yaJIbHo-orrpe,l];eJIeHHMll: JIeraT IIMeeT CBOIIM'
npe,l];MeTOM ROHRpeTHYIO Be b, HarrpHMep npe,l];OCTaBJIeHHe rro
3aBe aHHIO CTapllieMY CMHY orrpe,l];eJleHHOll: He,l];BlImHMOCTH,
a MJIa,l];rneMY - ,l];eHemHOll: CYMMM B 1 MJIH. HeH. CJIep;yeT Y'lH-
TMBaTb, '1TO rrOHHTHe HH,l];HBII,l];yaJIbHO-orrpe,l];eJIeHHOrO JIeraT8I
BRJIIO'IaeT B ce6H RaR rrpe,l];OCTaBJIeHHe HHp;HBH,l];yaJIbHO-Orrpe-
,l];eJIeHHOii Be H, TaR II Be lI, onpe,l];eJIeHHOll: pOP;OBMMII rrplI,..
3HaRaMH. C TO'lRII 3peHHJI rrOCJIe,l];CTBHll: MemAY ,l];BYMH aTlIMm
BH,l];aMH JIeraTa HMeIOTCH pa3JIH'IHH.
JIeraTaplIii no HH,l];IIBH,l];yaJIbHO-Orrpep;eJIeHHOMY JIeraTY B:
OTHorneHHH IIH,l];HBH,l];yaJIbHO-Orrpe,l];eJIeHHOrO HMy ecTBa 06JIa-
,l];aeT TeM me CTaTYCOM, '1TO H O,l];apHeMMll: rro ,l];orOBOpy ,l];ape-
HHH. B OTHOllIeHHH BpeMeHH rrepexop;a HMy ecTBa R JIeraTa-
pHIO, 06H3aHHOCTH H OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH HCrrOJIHHTeJIH JIeraTat
rro rrepe,l];a'le rrpep;MeTa JIeraTa JIeraTapHIO, a TaRme cHTyaqlIw
H3MeHeHHH BH,l];a IIMy ecTBa (Be Hoe 3aMelI\eHHe) fR CO,l];ep-
mHT oc06Me nOJIOmeHIIH.
IIoCROJIbRY rrpHHHTHe H OTRa3 OT HH,l];HBHP;yaJIbHO-Orrpe,l];e-
JIeHHOrO JIeraTa rro CBoeMY xapaRTepy OTJIH'IHbI OT npHHHTHH'
H OTRa3a OT YHHBepCaJIbHOrO JIeraTa, aTH BorrpOCM perYJIH-
PYIOTCH OT,l];eJIbHMMH rrOJIOmeHIIHMII fR.
2) TIoCJIe,l];CTBIIJI.
a) B03HHRHoBeHHe ,l];ell:CTBHH 3aBelI\aHHSI aBTOMaTH'IeCRlf
Be,l];eT R rrplI06peTeHHIO JIeraTapHeM rrpaB, a HMeHHO rrpH HH-
,l];HBH,l];yaJIbHO-Orrpe,l];eJIeHHOM npe,l];MeTe JIeraTa HacTyrraeT rre
pexo,l]; Be Horo rrpaBa. ECJIH rrpe,l];MeT JIeraTa rrpep;CTaBJIeH
BelI\bIO, orrpe,l];eJIeHHOll: pO,l];OBMMH rrpH3HaRaMH, TO YCTaHaB-
JIHBaeTCH rrpaBO Tpe60BaHHH.
6) CTaTYc HCrrOJIHHTeJIH JIeraTa B rrepHOp; C MOMeHTa B03-
HHRHOBeHHH ,l];ell:CTBHH 3aBelI\aHHH ,l];0 3aBeprneHHH peaJIbHOll:
rrepep;a'lH BelI\H B OCHOBHOl\I HarrOMHHaeT CTaTYC ,l];apHTeJIH,
Hecy ero 06H3aHHocTb no nepep;a'le p;apa. BMecTe C TeM rrpH-
MeHHTeJIbHO R HH,l];HBH,l];yaJIbHO-Orrpe,l];eJIeHHOMY JIeraTY fIt
YCTaHaBJIHBaeT pH,l]; crreqlIaJIbHMX nOJIOmeHI1ll:.
Bo-nepBMx, ,l];0 MOMeHTa HCnOJIHeHIIH oOH3aTeJIbCTBa JIera-
310
'TapHii: MOiIWT Tpe60BaTb OT HCnOJIHHTeJIH JIeraTa COOTBeTCTBY-
rom;ero 06eCne'IeHHH (CT. 991 rK). IIJIo):{bI, nOHBHBmHeCH C
'Toro MOMeHTa, KaK OKa3aJIOCb B03MomHbIM Tpe60BaTb HCnOJI-
HeHHH JIeraTa, npHHa):{JIemaT JIeraTapHIO (CT. 992 rK), C ):{PY-
:rOM CTOpOHbI, eCJII1 HCnOJIHHTeJIb JIeraTa nOHec B OTIwme-
HHII npe):{MeTa JIeraTa H3):{epmKH, OH MomeT Tpe60BaTb OT
.JIeraTapllH B03Me eHllH B nOpHf);Ke perpeeea (CT. 993,
299 rK).
BO-BTOpbIX, nOCJIe):{CTBHH 3aBem;aHHH He HacTynaIOT, eCJIH
IIIH):{HBH):{yaJIbHO-onpe):{eJIeHHbIe HMym;ecTBeHHbIe npaBa, HB-
.JIHIOm;HeCH npe):{MeTOM JIeraTa, Ha MOMeHT CMepTH 3aBem;aTeJIH
He BXO):{HT B HaCJIe):{CTBeHHYIO Maccy.
B-TpeTbHX, HCnOJIHHTeJIb JIeraTa He HeceT OTBeTCTBeHHO-
oCTH no 06eCne'IeHHIO B CJIY'Iae, eCJIH HH):{HBH):{yaJIbHO-onpe):{e-
.JIeHHaH Bem;b HJIH npaBO, COCTaBJIHIOm;He npe):{MeT JIeraTa,
HBJIHIOTCH npe):{MeTOM npaBa TpeTbero JIHn;a, Kor):{a HHoe He
IDpe):{YCMOTpeHO 3aBem;aTeJIeM (HanpHMep, npH YCTaHOBJIe-
nHn B OTHomeHHH 3eMeJIbHorO Y'laCTKa cynep<flHll,HK IDlH
IInOTeKH B nOJIb3Y TpeTbero JIHn;a) (CM. CT. 1000, 566,
.567 rK).
B-'IeTBepTbIX, eCJIH npe):{MeTOM JIeraTa HBJIHeTCH Bem;b,
onpe):{eJIeHHaH pO):{OBbIMH npH3HaKaMH, TO HCnOJIHHTeJIb JIe-
raTa HeceT paBHYIO C npo):{aBn;OM OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb no 06ecne-
'WHllIO npH nepe):{a'Ie Bem;H. IIpH 06HapymeHHH me ):{e<fleKTa
B nepe):{aHHoM Bem;H HCnOJIHHTeJIb JIeraTa ):{OJImeH 3aMeHHTb
.ee Ha Bem;b 6e3 ):{ecpeKTa (CT, 998 rK).
B) Bem;Hoe aaMem;eHI1e. B CJIY'IaHX, Kor):{a JIeraTapHM
o6JIa):{aeT npaBoM Tpe60BaHHH KOMneHcan;HH OT TpeTbero JIHn;a
Ha OCHOBaHHH rH6eJIH HJIH H3MeHeHHH npe):{MeTa JIeraTa, npe-
.aYMHpyeTcH, 'ITO 3TO npaBo Tpe60BaHHH COCTaBJIHeT npe):{MeT
.JIeraTa (n. 1 CT. 999 rK),
3) ITpHHJlTHe H OTKaa OT HH):{HBH):{yaJIbHO-onpe):{eJIeHHOrO
JIeraTa. JIeraTapHM no HH):{HBH):{yaJIbHO-onpe):{eJIeHHOMY JIe-
raTY B JII060e C MOMeHTa B03HHKHOBeHHJI ):{encTBHH 3aBem;a-
HHH BpeMH MOiKeT OTKa3aT1>CH OT Hero, H B nOpHf);Ke 06paTHoro
eMCTBHH nOCJIe):{CTBHH 3Toro OTKa3a 6YP:YT pacnpOCTpaHHTbCH
Ha MOMeHT CMepTH 3aBem;aTeJIH (CT. 986 rl:). TaKHM 06pa-
.aOM, B 3TOM CJIY'Iae He YCTaHaBJIHBaIOTCH BpeMeHHbIe orpaHH-
'IeHHH, npe):{ycr.IOTpeHHbIe B OTHomeHHH HaCJIe):{OBaHHH HJIH
YHHBepCaJIbHOrO JIeraTa. B nopH):{Ke TOJIKOBaHHH C'IHTaeTCJI,
'ITO no):{06HbIM OTKa3 MomeT ocym;eCTBJIHTbCH BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHH-
eM B OTHOllIeHHH HaCJIe):{HHKa. C ):{pyrOM CTOpOHbI, OTCYTCTBHe
TBeTa JIeraTapHH Ha 3anpoc HCnOJIHHTeJIJI JIeraTa H ):{pyrHX
311
aaHHTepeCOBaHHbIX JIHn; B TelJeHHe Onpep;eJIeHHOrO cpORa pac:...
CMaTpHBaeTCJI RaR npHaHaHHe JIeraTa (CT. 987 rR).
59. IIop; o6peMeueuubIM JIeraTOM nOHHMaeTCJI B03JIaraIO:...
IIJ;HH Ha JIeraTapHJI 06JI3aHHOCTb no onpeAeJIeHHOMY npeAo-
CTaBJIeHHIO. aTa RaTerOpHJI JIeraTa He nOApa3AeJIJIeTCJI Ha: YHII-
BepCaJIbHbIH H HHp;HBHAyaJIbHO-onpe)J,eJIeHHbIH. 06JI3aHHoCTb-
no TaROMY JIeraTY He 06H3aTeJIbHO AOJlmHa 6MTb CBJIaaHa c-
ero npeAMeTOM. He YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCJI TaRme OrpaUHlJeHHH B.
OTHomeHHH BbIrOp;OnOJIY1JaTeJIeH, lIMH MorYT 6bITb HaCJIeAHHK,.
TpeTbe JIHn;O H T. n. IIpaBoM Tpe60BaHHH HCnOJlHeHHH 06JIaAa
IOT JIHmb HaCJIeAHHK H HCnOJIHHTeJlb 3aBeIIJ;aHHH (CM..
CT. 1027 fR).
JIeraTapHH no 06peMeHeHHOMY JIeraTY HeceT OTBeTCTBeH-,
HOCTb no HCnOJIHeHHIO B03JIOmeHHOH 06JI3aHHOCTH JIHmb Eo
npeAeJIaX CTOHMOCTH npeAMeTa JIeraTa (n. 1 CT. 1002 fR).,
IIpH YMeHbmeHHH CTOHMOCTH TaRoro JIeraTa B pe3YJIbTaTe'
OrpaHHlJeHHOrO npeeMCTBa (CT. 931 fR) RJIH B CBH3H C AeH'-
CTBHeM nOJIOmeHHH 06 06H3aTeJIbHOH AOJIe (CT. 1031 fR)
JIeraTapHH oCB060mAaeTcH OT B03JIOmeHHOH Ha Hero 06H3aH:'"
HOCTH nponopn;HOHaJIbHO TaROMY YMeHbmeHHIO, eCJIH HHoe He'
YCTaHOBJIeHO B aaBeIIJ;aHHH (CT. 1003 TIt).
IIpH OTRaae JIeraTapHH OT JIeraTa npep;nOJIaraeMbIe BbIro
AOnOJIY1JaTeJIH MorYT caMH CTaTb JIeraTapHHMH, eCJIH :3TO He-
3anpeIIJ;eHO 3aBeIIJ;aHHeM (n. 2 CT. 1002 fR).
IIpH HeHCnOJIHeHHH JIeraTapHeM BOaJIOmeHHOH Ha Hero-
06H3aHHOCTH HaCJIeAHHR HJIH HCnOJIHHTeJlI> 3aBeIIJ;aHHH MorYT'
B cYAe6HOM nopHARe Tpe60BaTb npHHYP;BTeJIbHOrO HCnOJIHe-
HHH. RpOMe Toro, npH HeHCnOJIHeHHH JIeraTapHeM YRa3aHHOff
06H3aHHOCTH B npeAeJIaX npeAOCTaBJIeHHOrO eMY cpORa na-
CJIeAHHR HJIH HCnOJIHHTeJIb 3aBeIIJ;aHHH MorYT npeA'I.HBJIHTI..
Tpe60BaHHH B ceMeHHbIH CYA 06 aHHYJIHpOBaHHn: COOTBeTCTBy'-
IOIIJ;eH lJaCTII aaBeIIJ;aHHH (CT. 1027 rR).
i 4. HcnontieHHe 3aBe aHHJI
60. Yp;ocToBepeuHe aaBeIIJ;aUHJI. B CJIY'Iae CMepTH 3aBe'-
IIJ;aTeJIH JIHn;O, OCYIIJ;eCTBJIHBmee XpaHemIe 3aBeIIJ;aHHH IIJIII 06-
HapymHBmee 3aBeIIJ;aHHe, 06JIaaHO nOCJIe Toro, RaR OHO Y3Ha-
JIO 06 OTRpbITHH HaCJIeACTBa, He3aMeAJIHTeJIbHO npeACTaBHTb,
:3TO aaBeIIJ;aHHe B ceMeHHbIH cyP; II nOTpeOOBaTb ero YP;OCTO-
BepeHHH (n. 1 CT. 1004 fR). ,n:aHHoe nOJIomeHHe CBH3aHO C
Heo6xo)l,HMOCTblO npOBepRH HCTHHHOCTII COeTaBJIeUH11 3aBeIIJ;a-
312
tIHH 3aBem;aTeJIeM, npe)J;OTBpam;eHIIH ero H3MeHeHHH II o6ec-
ne'IeHHH coxpaHHOCTH. Y CTaHaBJIHBaeTCH TaKiRe Cnen;IIaJIb-
aaH npon;e)J;ypa BCKpbITHH II H3Y'IeHHH 3aBem;aHHH. Henpe)J;-
CTaBJIeHHe 3aBem;aHHH B ceMeHHbIH CY)J;, HCnOJIHeHHe 3aBem;a-
nHH oe3 npe)J;BapHTeJIbHOH npOn;e)J;ypbI ero Y)J;OCTOBepeHHH, a
'l'aKiRe BCKpbITHe KOHBepTa C 3aBem;aHHeM BHe ceMeHHoro cY)J;a
aaKa3bIBaIOTCH llITpaqlOM (CT. 1005 rK), IT pon;e)J;ypa Y)J;OCTO-
BepeHHH He npe)J;YCMOTpeHa JIHmb B OTHomeHHH 3aBem;aHHH,
.cOCTaBJIeHHbIX B cpopMe nYOJIlI'IHOro aKTa, nOCKOJIbKY )J;aHHbIH
eH)J; 3aBem;aHHH perHcTpHpyeTcH B HOTapHaJIbHbIX KOHTopax
(n. 2 CT. 1004 rK).
61. HCnOJIHeHHe saBem;aHHJI 03Ha'iaeT )J;eHcTBHH no pea-
JIH3an;HH cO)J;epmaHHH 3aBem;aHHH nOCJIe B03HHKHOBeHHH ero
:fiOCJIe)J;cTBHH. CJIe)J;yeT Y'IHTbIBaTb, 'ITO TaKHe nOJIOiReHHJI
<CO)J;epiRaHHH 3aBem;aHHH, KaK YCTaHOBJIeHHe HaCJIe)J;cTBeHHoH
.J];OJIH H HHbIe, He TpeOYIOT Cnen;IIaJIbHOro HCnOJIHeHHH. HcnoJI-
.aeHHe Heooxo)J;H'MO JIHllIb B CJIY'IaHX, HanpHMep, HH)J;HBH)J;Y-
-8JIbHO-onpe)J;eJIeHHOro JIeraTa. 3aBem;aHHe JlWiReT ObITb HC-
'lIOJIHeHO B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT ero cO)J;epiRaHHH HaCJIe)J;HHKOM
HJIH HCnOJIHHTeJIeM 3aBem;aHHH.
62. HCnOJIHHreJIb saBem;aHHJI.
1) HaSHa'leHIIe, OTCTpaHeHHe OT 00JI3aHHocTeH H CJIome-
lHe C ceoJl nOJIHOMO'IHH HCnOJIHHTeJIJI S8.Bem;aHHJI. 3aBem;a-
TeJIb B CBoeM 3aBeIn;aHHH MOiReT Ha3Ha'IHTb O)J;Horo HJIH
aeCKOJIbKlIX HCnOJIHHTeJIeH 3aBem;aHHH, a TaKiRe nopyqHTb
TaKoe Ha3Ha'IeHHe TpeTbeMY JIHn;y (n. 1 CT. 1006 rK). TIpH
'<>TKPbITHH HaCJIe)J;CTBa JIHn;O, KOTOPOMY nopY'IeHO TaRoe Ha-.
,:ma'IeHHe, )J;OJIiRHO He3aMe)J;JIHTeJIbHO Ha3Ha'IHTb HCnOJIHHTeJIJI
2aBeIn;aHHH H COOOm;HTb 00 aTOM HaCJIe)J;HHKaM (n. 2
CT. 1006 rK). YKa3aHHoe JIHn;O MOiReT OTRa3aTbCH OT HCnOJI-
HeHHH nopyqeHHH, O)J;RaKO B aTOM CJIY'Iae oao TaRiRe He3aMe)J;-
.1IHTeJIbHO )J;OJIiRHO COOOm;HTb 00 aTOM HaCJIe)J;HHKaM (n. 3
>CT. 1006 fK).
I1cIIOJIHHTeJIeM 3aBem;aHHII MOiReT ObITh Ha3Ha'ieH HaCJIe)J;-
HHK. BMecTe C TeM nO)J;ooHoe Ha3Ha'IeHHe ue )J;OIIYCKaeTCH B
.oTHOllIeHHH He)J;eecilocooHbIX H oaHKpoToB (CT. 1009 rK).
TIpH HeHCnOJIHeHHH aTHM JIHn;OM CBOHX oOH3aHHocTeH 3aHH-
'TepeCOBaHHbIe JIHn;a MorYT npe)J;'bHBllTb B ceMeHHbIH CY)J; Tpe-
.{)oBaHHe 00 OTCTpaHeHHH HCnOJIHHTeJIH 3aBem;aHHH (n. 1
oCT. 1019 rK). C pa3pellIeHHH ceMeHHoro cY)J;a H npH HaJIH'IHH
na)J;JIeiRam;HX OCHOBaHHH npe)J;ycMoTpeHa TaKiRe B03MOiR-
313
HOCTIo CJIOmeHHH C ce6H nOJIHOM01JHH HCnOJIHHTeJIeM 3aBe a-
HHH (n. 2 CT. 1019 fR).
2) 06J13aHHOCTH H nOJIHOM01JHJI I1CnOJIHHTe,IJI 3aBe aHlIJI.
a) IIpH COrJIaCHH mru;a Ha Ha3Ha'IeHHe ero HCrrOJIHHTeJIeM
3aBe aHHH OHO He3aMe)];JIHTeJlbHO )];OJImHO npHcTynHTb l\ Bbl-
nOJIHeHHIO CBOHX 06H3aHHOCTeH ( CT. 1. 007 fR), a HMeHHO
COCTaBHTb HHBeHTapHYIO onHCb HaCJIe)];CTBeHHoro HMym;ecTBa
(npH HaJIH'IHH Tpe60BaHHH HaCJIe)];HHROB 0 HX JIH1JHOM npH-
CYTCTBHH npH 3TOM HJIH 0 COCTaBJIeHHH onHCH HOTapHYCOMJ
06eCne1JHTIo BbIllOJIHeHHe 3THX Tpe6oBaHHH) H BPY'IHTb e
HaCJIe)];HHRaM ( CT. 1011 fR). IIOMHMO 06H3BHHOCTeH, CBH-
3aHHbIX C HaCJIe)];CTBeHHbIM HMy ecTBoM, Ha HCnOJIHHTemJ
3aBem;aHHH B03JIaraeTCH 06H3aHHOCTb rro ocym;eCTBJIeHHIO.
Bcex )];eHCTBHH, YRa3aHHbIX B 3aBem;aHHH (n. 1 CT. 1012 fR).
IIpH 3TOM fR pacrrpOCTpaHHeT Ha )];eHCTBHH HCnOJIHHTeJIRI
3aBe aHHH nOJIOmeHHH, npe)];YCMOTpeHHbIe B OTHOllIeHHII
nOBepeHHoro (n. 2 CT. 1012, CT. 1020 fR). 06H3aHIwcTH
HCnOJIHHTeJIH 3aBem;aHHH )];OJImHbI ocy eCTBJIHTbCH HM JIH'I-
HO, op;HaRO, eCJIH nO)];06HOe )];OnYCRaeTCH 3aBe aHHeM, a TaR-
me npH RpaHHeH He06xo)];HMOCTH, B rrOpH)];Re nopY'IeHHH 3TH
06H3aHHOCTH MorYT HCnOJIHHTbCH H TpeTbIIM JIHIJ;OM (n. f
CT. 1016 rR). Bo BTOpOM CJIY1Jae IIcnOJIHHTeJIb 3aBe aHHHi
HeceT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb rro ROHTpOJIIO 3a )];a:HHbIM TpeTbHM
JIHD;OM (rr. 2 CT. 1016 fR). IIpH Ha3Ha1JeHHH HeCROJIbRHX HC-
nOJIHHTeJIen e)];HHOJIH'IHbIe )];enCTBHH O)];HOrO H3 HHX )];OnYCRa-
IOTCH JIHllIb B D;eJIHX coxpaHeHHH HaCJIep;CTBeHHoro HMy ecT-
Ba, B HHbIX me cHTyaD;HHx Tpe6yeTcH COOTBeTCTBYIOm;ee pe-
llIeHHe HCnOJIHHTeJIen, npHHHToe 60JIbllIHHCTBOM rOJIOCOB
(CT. 1017 fR).
6) B OTHOllIeHHH HaCJIe)];CTBeHHoro HMym;ecTBa HCnOJIHH-
TeJIb 3aBemaHHH 06JIa)];aeT HCRJIIO'IHT8JIbHbIM npaBOM ynpaB-
JIeHHH: B Ha)];JIemam;HX npe)];eJIax OH o6JIa)],aeT IIOJIHOMO'IIIH-
MH no ocy eCTBJIeHHIO Bcex )];enCTBHn, CBH3aHHbIX C ynpaB-
JIeHHeM HaCJIe)];CTBeHHbIM IIMy ecTBoM (n. 1 CT. 1012.
CT. 1015 fR). B npe)];eJIax 3THX nOJIHOMO'IHi"I HaCJIe)];HHRH'
YTpa'IHBaIOT npaBO Ha ynpaBJIeHHe HaCJIe)];CTBeHHbIM HMym;e-
CTBOM (CT. 1013), a MepbI no pacnopHmeHHlO HM, npe)];rrpHHH-
Tble HaCJIe)];HHRaMH, C1JHTaIOTCH He)];enCTBHTeJIbHbIMH (pellIe-
HHe BepxoBHoro cy)];a OT 16 HIOHH 1930 r.).
B) BbIITOJIHeHHe 06H3aHHOCTen HCnOJIHIITeJIH 3aBem;aHHH
B npHHD;Hrre HBJIHeTCH 6e3B03Me3)];HbIM, O)];HaRO MomeT 6bITb
H B03Me3)];HbIM, eCJIH nOCJIe)];Hee YCTaHOBJIeHO B 3aBem;aHHH, a
TaRme eCJIH ceMenHbln cyp; Ha OCHOBaHHH H3Y'IeHHH COCTOH-
314
!HllJI HaCJIe CTBeHHOrO IIMYIIJ;eCTBa II IIHbIX o6cToHTeJIbcTB
npliMeT COOTBeTCTBYIOm;ee perneHlIe. BbIIIJIaTa B03HarpaiK e-
HIiH IICIIOJIHIITeJIIO 3aBem;aHIiH ocym;eCTBJIHeTCH o6bITIHO IIOCJIe
.BbIIIOJIHeHIIH 11M CBOHX o6H3aHHocTeH (CT. 1018, 648 fIt).
r) 1I3 epiKRII Ha IICIIOJIHeHlIe 3aBem;aHHH IIORpbIBaIOTCH
3a CTIeT HaCJIe CTBeHHoro IIMym;ecTBa, 'ITO, O HaRO, He OJIiK-
IHO YMeHbrnan. o6H3aTeJIbHoH OJIIi HaCJIe HIIROB (CT. 1021
TIt).
r naB a 8. O&Sl3A TEnbHASI AOnSi
63. 06m;lIe nOJIOmeHIIJI. IIo o6H3aTeJIbHoH OJIeH nOHH-
MaeTCH Ta TIaCTb HaCJIe CTBeHHoro IIMym;ecTBa, ROTopaH OTXO-
HT onpe eJIeHHbIM 6JIlI3RlIM pO CTBeHHIIRaM HaCJIe O aTeJIH
.BHe 3aBliCliMOCTli OT ero nplliKlI3HeHHoro pacrropHiReHHH
illMym;ecTBoM IIJIIi 3aBem;aHIiH.
a) B COOTBeTCTBHII C eHcTBYIOm;Hl\I HnOHCRIIM 3aROHo a-
'TeJIbCTBOM IIH IIBII B npllHn;lIne MOiKeT cBo6o Ho RaR pacrro-
rPHiKaTbcH CBOIiM HMym;ecTBoM, TaR II orrpe eJIHTb ero npll-
.Ha JIeiKHOCTb IIOCJIe CBoeH CMepTII.
BMeCTe C TeM B OTHorneHHII YRa3aHHoro npllHn;lIna YCTa-
:HOBJIeH pH OrpaHIiTIeHIIH. Bo-nepBbIX, 3aROHO aTeJIbCTBO
.o6eCneTIliBaeT nOJIYTIeHlIe JIIIn;aMII, 3aBliCliMbIMli OT IIMym;e-
.CTBa nOROHHoro, orrpe eJIeHHOH ero TIaCTIi. BO-BTOpbIX, B CJIY-
'TIae, Ror a B IIMym;ecTBe nOROHHoro CRpbITO npllCYTCTByeT
qaCTb IIMym;ecTBa pyrllx JIlin;, npll JIIIRBH an;1I1i HaCJIe CTBeH-
Horo IIMym;ecTBa Heo6xo IIMO C eJIaTb STY TIaCTb HBHOH B nJIa-
lIIe ee npIlHa JIeiKHOCTH onpe eJIeHHbIM JIIIn;aM II 06eCneTIIITb
;1IM nOJIYTIeHlIe STOH TIaCTII. TaRoBbI npliTIIIHbI, nopo IIBrnlie
HHCTIITYT o6H3aTeJIbHOH OJIII.
6) IIo 06m;eMY npllHn;lIrry o6H3aTeJIbHaH OJIH 03HaTIaeT
YCTaHOBJIeHlIe OrpaHlitIeHIIH JIlillib B OTHOllieHIIII HaCJIe CT-
BeHHoro HMym;ecTBa. BMeCTe C TeM C'IIiTaeTCH, TITO Hapyrne-
iUIIe IIHCTIITYTa o6H3aTeJIbHoH OJIIi apeHlIeM, ocym;eCTBJIHe-
MbIl\I Herrocpe CTBeHHO rrepe CMepTbIO, He OJIiKHO
..n;orrYCRaTbCH, nOSTOMY B orrpe eJIeHHbIX rr;Je eJIax fIt pac-
rrpocTpaHHeT rro o6HbIe OrpaHIiTIeHIIH II Ha OTHorneHIIH rrpll-
'3\II3HeHHoro apeHIIH. TaR, YCTaHaBJIIiBaeTCH, TITO o6H3aTeJIb-
lIhIe OJIIi IICTIIICJIHIOTCH Ha OCHOBe cOBoRyrrHocTIi HaCJIe CT-
seHHoro IIMym;ecTBa, IIMeIOm;erocH B HaJIIiTIli1i rrpll OTRpbITIIH
HaCJIe CTBa II rrpHiKlI3HeHHbIx ilpeHHH (CM. CT. 1029 fIt).
B) HapyrneHlIe rrplliKlI3HeHHbIM apOM IIJIIi JIeraTOM o6H-
315
JaTeJIbHOH P;OJIH HaCJIe)];HHROB He Be)];eT aBTOMaTlI'IeCRH K
He)];eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH TaRoro )];apeHHH IIJIH saBeJ::qaHHH ()];ame-
npeJJ;oCTaBJIeHIIe Bcero IIMYJ::qeCTBa nOCTopoHHHM JIflII;aM He-
C'IHTaeTCH He)];eHCTBHTeJIbHbIM Ha OCHOBaHHH napymeHIIJII
ny6JIH'IHOrO nOpH)];Ra II )];06pbIX HpaBOB - CM. pemeHHa Bep-
XOBHoro cYJJ;a OT 28 anpeJIH 1950 r.), a HaCJIep;HIIK nOJIY'lae1J
JIHmb npaBO Tpe60BaHHH npeRpaJ::qeHHH nOCJIe)];CTBHH p;apemIJ1:
HJIH 3aBeJ::qaHHH B '1aCTH, HapymaIOJ::qeH 06H3aTeJIbHYIO JJ;OJlIO.
64. JIHn;a o6JIa)];aroJ::qHe npaBoM Ha 06J13aTeJIbHYro p;OJlIO
(o6J13aTeJIbHbIe HaCJIep;HHRH) H xapaKTep 3Toro npaBa.
1) II paBOM Ha o6H3aTeJIbHYIO JJ;OJIlO 06JIap;aroT HaCJIeJJ;HH-
RH nepBoH H BTOpOH O'lepe)];H (CT. 1028 rR), a HMeHHO )];erR
(BRJIro'laH H HaCJIe)];HHROB no npaBY npe)];CTaBJIeHHH), RpOB-
HbIe p0JJ;CTBeHHHRII no npHMoH BOcxoJJ;HJ::qeH JIHHHH H nepe-
mlIBmHn cynpyr HaCJIe)];O)];aTeJIH.
2) IIpaBo Ha rrOJIY'leHHe 06H3aTeJIbHOH )];OJIH yCTaHaBJIII-
BaeTCH co BpeMeHH OTRPbITHH HaCJIeD;CTBa. Jb:n;o, 06JIaJJ;aro:rn;ee'
rrpaBOM Ha o6H3aTeJIbHYro )];OJIro, MomeT OTRa3aTbCH OT Hee p:o-
OTRpbITHH HaCJIe)];CTBa (n. 1 CT. 1043 rR), O)];HaRO B OTJIl:pnre'
OT CJIY'laH OTKa3a OT HaCJIep:CTBa (CM. CT. 939 rR) OTKa3'
op;Horo H3 COHaCJIe)];HHKOB OT 06H3aTeJIbHOH )];OJIH He Bep:eT R
YBeJIH'IeHHIO 06H3aTeJIbHOH )];OJIH )];pyrHx COHaCJIe)];HHKOB:
(n, 2 CT. 1043 rR).
B nOpH)];Ke TOJIKOBaHHH C'IHTaeTCH )];OnYCTHMbIM nepeXO)];
R )];pyrOMY mru;y HaCJIe)];CTBeHHon )];OJIH HaCJIe)];HHRa BMeCTe c'
ero 06H3aTeJIbHOH )];OJIeH, op:HaKO nepeXO)]; TOJIbRO 06H3aTeJIb-
HOH p:OJIH HeB03MomeH.
65. IIopJlp;oK HC'IHCJIeHHJI 06J13aTeJIbHOH JJ;OJIH.
1) II pH HC'IHCJIeHHH 06H3aTeJIbHOH P;OJIH npem)];e BCer0>
YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH Kpyr JIHn;, 06JIa)];aro:rn;IIX npaBOM Ha ee nOJIY-
'1eHHe (CT. 1028 rR). IIpH HeCKOJIbKHX HaCJIe)];HlIKaX pa3Mep
KOHKpeTHOH 06H3aTeJIbHOH )];OJIII Kam)];OrO HC'IHCJIHeTCH ua
OCHOBaHHH nponopn;HH, npe)];YCMOTpeHHbIX B OTHomeHIDI 3a'-
ROHHOH HaCJIeJJ;CTBeHHOH p:OJIH (CT. 1044, 900, 901, n. 2:
CT. 887 rR).
IIplI HaJIIf'IIIH Cpe)];H naCJIe)];HHKOB, npH3IiIBaeMbIX R Ha-
CJIe)];OBaHHro, HaCJIeJJ;HHROB nepBoH O'lepep:H, a HMeHHO KpOB-
HbIX pO)];CTBeHHHKOB no npHMOI1: HHcxo;r:t;HJ::qeH JIHHHH, 06J::qHW
06 eM 06H3aTeJIbHOH )];OJIH Bcex HaCJIe)];HHROB YCTaHaBJIHBa'-
eTCH B pa3Mepe 1/ 2 , BO BCCX HHbIX CJIyqaHX - B pa3Mepe-
'/3 HaCJIe)];CTBeHHoro HMyJ::qeCTBa (CT. 1028 rI\). PaCCMOTpHM
316
9TO nOJIOiReHHe Ha KOHKpATHbIX npl'lMepax. TaK, npH HaJIH-
qHH JIHllIb HaCJIe HHKOB nepBOH Oqepe H pa3Mep OOH3aTeJIb-
HOH OJIH BCeX HX oy eT paBeH 1/ 2 , HaCJIe HHKOB nepBOH
O'Iepe H H nepeiRHBrnero cynpyra - 1/ 2 , HaCJIe HHKOB TOJIbKO
BTOpOH O'Iepe H - 1/ 3 , HaCJIe HHKOB BTOpOH O'Iepe H H nepe-
iRHBllIerO cynpyra - 1/3, TOJII,KO nepemHBllIero cynpyra - 1/ 3 ,
nepeiRHBllIerO cynpyra H HaCJIewrHKOB TpeTbeH O'Iepe H-
1/3 HaCJIe CTBeHHoro HMy eC'rBa (npH 9TOM BCH 06H3aTeJIbHaH
OJIH nepeXO HT K nepeiRHBllIeMY cynpyry, nOCKOJIbKY Ha-
CJIe HHKH TpeTbeH O'IepeWI He 06JIa aIOT npaBOM Ha Hee).
IIpH HaJIHqHH TOJIbKO HaCJIe HHKOB TpeTberr Oqepe H OOH3a-
TeJIbHaH OJIH He YCTaHaBJIHBaeTcH.
2) CYMMa, H3 KOTOpOH IICqHCJIHeTCH 06H3aTeJIbHaH OJIH.
CKJIap;bIBaeTCH, H3 CTOHMOCTH HaCJIe CTBeHIIOro HMy ecTBa,
HMeIO erOCH B HaJIH'IHH npR OTKpbITHH HaCJIep;CTBa, H CTOH-
MOCTH npHmH3HeHHbIX p;apeaHii 3a BbI'IeTOM 06 eH CYMMbJ
OJIrOBbIX oOH3aTeJIbCTB (n. 1 CT. 1029 rR). B CBH3H C 9THM
YKameM Ha pHP; MOMeHTOB, 3aCJIymHBaIO HX BHHMaHHH.
Bo-nepBblx, B 06'beM HaCJIe CTBeHHoro HMy ecTBa, HMeIO-
erOCH Ha MOMeHT OTKpLITRH HaCJIep;CTBa, He BKJIIOqaeTCH
HMy ecTBo, Haxop;HBllIeeCH 13 HCKJIIOqHTeJIbHO JIK'IHOM nOJIb-
30BaHHH HaCJIep;op;aTeJIH, a TaKiRe npep;MeTbI, CBH3aHH:bIe C
KYJIbTOM npep;KOB. CTOHMOCTHbIH 9KBHBaJIeHT 06YCJIOBJIeBBbIX
npaB H npaB C HeOnpep;eJIeHIIbIM CpOKOM p;eHCTBHfl onpep;eJIfl-
eTCH 9KcnepTOM, Ha3Ha'IaeMLIM ceMeHHbIM CYP;OM (n. 2
CT. 1029 rR).
BO-BTOPbIX, B CYMMY, Ba OCHOBaHnH KOTOpOH HC'IHCJIfleTCH
oOfl3aTeJIbHaH P;OJIfl, BKJIIO'IaeTCH CTOHMOCTb Bcex p;apeBHii,
cOBepllIeHH:bIX B TeqeHHe op;Horo ro,a:a p;o OTKp:bITHfl HaCJIe.n;-
CTBa. CTOHMOCTb iRe .n;apOB, nepe.n;aHHbIX .n;o aToro BpeMeBII,
BKJIIO'IaeTCH B yKa3aHByIO CYMMY, JIHllIL eCJIII B MOMeBT no-
p;ooHoro .n;apeHHfl ooe ero CTOpOITbI oC03HaBaJIH, 'ITO TeM
caMbIM npK'IHBflIOT y epo JIHlI;aM, OOJIa.n;aIO HM npaBoM Ha
oOfl3aTeJIbHYIO .n;OJIIO (CT. 1030 rR).
B-TpeTbHX, CTOHMOCTb .n;apOB BaCJIe o.n;aTeJIH BaCJIe.n;Bl'lKaM
BbI'IHTaeTCfl H3 HX OOfl3aTeJIbHOii .n;OJIH (CT. 1044, 903,
904 rR).
B-qeTBepTbIX, B nopHp;Re TOJIKOBaHHH CqHTaeTCH, 'ITO B
OO YIO CYMMY .n;OJIrOBbIX OOJI3aTeJIbCTB BXO.n;HT BaJIOr Ba Ba-
CJIe.n;CTBO H .n;pyrHe HaJIOrn, a TaKiRe pacxop;bI Ba noxopOBLI.
66. Y MeHbllIeHHe JIeraTa Ha OCHOBaHlII1 o6H3aTeJIbHOii
J];OJIH.
1) IIpaBo Tpe6oBaHJ:lH YMeHbllIeHHH JIeraTa Ha OCHOB8.HIIII
o6H3aTeJIbHOH J];OJIH CTOpOHbl 3Toro Tpe6oBaHHH.
a) IIpH YMeHbnIeHHH 06JI3aTeJIbHOM J];OJIH B pe3YJIbTaTe
IIpHiKH3HeHHoro J];apeHHJI HJIH HaCJIeJ];OBaHHJI no 3aBem;aHHIO
JIH a, 06JIaJ];aIOm;He npaBOM Ha 06JI3aTeJIbHYIO J];OJIIO (06JI3a-
'1'eJIbHbIe HaCJIeJ];HHJm), H HX npaBonpeeMHHKH MorYT Tpe60-
BaTb COOTBeTCTBYIOm;ero YMeHbllleHHJI pa3Mepa J];apa HJIH JIera-
'1'a (CT. 1031 rR). 3TO Ha3bIBaeTCJI npaBOM Tpe60BaHHJI
YMeHbrneHHJI Ha OCHOBaHHH 06JI3aTeJIbHOM J];OJIH. AJIJI ocym;e-
CTBJIeHHJI )J;aHHoro npaBa J];OCTaT01JHO JIHlllb BOJIeH3'bJIBJIeHHfI
B OTHOllleHHH O)J;apfIeMoro HJIH JIeraTapHfI (CM. pellleHHe Bep-
XOBHoro cY)J;a OT 14 HIOJIJI 1966 r.).
6) YKa3aHHoe npaBO MOiKeT 6bITb peaJIH30BaHo 06JI3a-
TeJIbHbIMH HaCJIe)J;HHKaMH H HX npeeMHHKaMH. KOHTpareHTa-
MH JIBJIJIIOTCJI JIeraTapHM, o)J;apJIeMbIM, a TaKiKe HX HaCJIe)J;-
HHKH.
2) Y MeHbllIeHHe JIeraTa.
a) B pe3YJIbTaTe ocym;eCTBJIeHHJI paCCMaTpHBaeMoro
npaBa o)J;apJIeMbIM CTaHOBHTCJI 06JI3aHHbIM B03BpaTHTb rrpe)J;o-
CTaBJIeHHOe eMY HMym;ecTBeHHoe rrpaBO B rrpe)J;eJIax rrOJIY-
'IeHHOrO )J;apa. IIpH rrpe)J;'bfIBJIeHHH COOTBeTCTBYIOm;ero Tpe60-
BaHHJI JIeraTapHM )J;O HCrrOJIHeHHJI 3aBem;aHHJI YTpa1JHBaeT
npaBO Ha JIeraT, a rrpH rrpe)J;'bJIBJIeHHH noro Tpe60BaHHJI rro-
CJIe HCrrOJIHeHHJI 3aBem;aHHJI 06fI3aH B03BpaTHTb rrpe)J;MeT JIe-
raTa. Bce B03HHKlllHe rro aTOMY rrOBO)J;Y crropbI pernaIOTCJI B
nOpJI)J;Ke 06m;eM rpaiK)J;aHcKo-rrpo eccyaJIbHOM rrpo e)J;ypbJ.
B OTHOllleHHH crropoB MeiK)J;y COHaCJIe)J;HHKaMH 110 )J;aHHOMY
Borrpocy Bce 60JIblllee 1JHCJIO Y1JeHbIX B rrOCJIe)J;Hee BpeMJI CKJIO-
HJIIOTCJI K perneHHIO aTOM rrp06JIeMbJ B paMKax rrpo e)J;ypbJ
pa3)J;eJIa HaCJIel:J;CTBeHHoro HMym;ecTBa.
6) B CBJI3H C rrOJIOiKeHHeM rR 06 YMeHbrneHHH JIeraTa
(HJIH )J;apa) B pa3Mepax, (<He06xo)J;HMbIX )J;JIJI 06eCrre1JeHHJI
06JI3aTeJIbHOM )J;OJIH» (CT. 1031 rK), CJIe)J;yeT HMeTb B BH)J;Y,
1JTO rrpH He)J;eJIHMOCTH JIeraTa (HarrpHMep, iKHJIOrO )J;OMa)
JIeraTapHM MOiKeT H36eiKaTb HCrrOJIHeHHJI Tpe60BaHHJI B03Bpa-
m;eHHJI JIeraTa BbIrrJIaTOM 06JI3aTeJIbHOMY naCJIe)J;HHKy COOT-
BeTCTBYIOm;eM )J;eHeiKHOM CYMMbI (n. 1 CT. 1041 rK).
B) IIpH HaJIH1JHH Y orrpe)J;eJIeHHoro JIH a H )J;apa H JIeraTa,
nO)J;JIeiKam;HX YMeHbrneHHIO, B rrepBYIO 01Jepe)J;b )J;OJIiKeH 6bJTb
YMeHbrneH JIeraT. ECJIH H 110CJIe noro 06JI33TeJIbHaH )J;OJIJI He
6Y)J;eT BOC110JIHeHa B rrOJIHOM 06'beMe, YMeHbIlIeHHIO rrO)J;JIeiKHT
'318
,n;ap (CT. 1033 fK). Kor,n;a JIeraTapHn 06JIa,n;aeT ,n;BYMH H 60-
JIee JIeraTaMH, Bce OHH rro,n;JIemaT YMeHbIlIeHHIO B Heo6xo,n;H-
MbIX pa3Mepax, eCJIH HHoe He rrpe,n;YCMOTpeHO B 3aBeIIl,aHHH
( CT. 1034 fK). IT pH HaJIHlIHH Y JIHIW HeCRO.'IbRHX ,n;a pOB
YMeHbnIeHHe HalIHHaeTCH C I10CJIe,n;Hero no BpeMeHH
(CT. 1035 fK).
r) ITpH HaJIHlIHH HeCROJIbRHX 06H3aTeJILHbIX naCJIe,n;HH-
ROB 06H3aTeJIbHaH ,n;OJIH Ram,n;oro H3 HHX HBJIHeTCH He3aBH-
CHMon, B TOM lIHCJIe H C TOlIRH 3peHHH nOJIYlIeHHH. IIonmIY,
RaR OTMelIaJIOCb paHee, OTRa3 lIaCTH 06H3aTeJIbHbIX HaCJIe,n;-
HHROB OT 06H3aTeJIbHOn ,n;O.'IH He Be,n;eT R YBeJIHlIeHHIO TaROll
,n;OJIH ,n;PyrHx 06H3aTeJIbHbIX HaCJIe,n;HHROB.
3) IIOCJIe,n;cTBliJi YMellbmeHlIJi JIeraTa.
a) OCHoBHoe rrOCJIe,n;CTBHe COCTOHT B npeRpaIIl,eHHH ,n;encT-
BHH ,n;apeHHH HJIH HaCJIe,n;OBaHHH rro 3aBeIIl,aHHIO B rrpe,n;eJIax,
He06xo,n;HMbIX ,n;JIH 06eCrrelIeHHH 06H3aTeJIbHOn ,n;OJIH. HMYIII,e-
CTBeHHbIe npaBa, rrpH06peTeHHbIe COOTBeTCTBYIOIII,HMH JIHu;a-
MH Ha OCHOBaHHH ,n;apeHHH HJIH HaCJIe,n;OBaHHH no 3aBeIIl,aHHIO,
rrepexo,n;HT R 06H3aTeJIbHoMY HaCJIe,n;HHRY, rronOMY 3aBeIIl,a-
HHH B 'IaCTH, RaCaIOIII,ellCH ynoMHHYToro JIeraTa, He no,n;JIe-
maT HCrrOJIHeHHIO. IIpH npe,n;'hHBJIeHHH paCCloIaTpHBaeMoro
Tpe60BaHHH rrOCJIe HCrrOJIHeHHH 3aBeIIl,aHHH o6H3aTeJIbHbIll
HaCJIe,n;HHR MomeT Tpe60BaTl, nepe,n;alIH eMY npe,n;MeTa JIeraTa
(paBHbIM 06pa30M :3T0 OTHOCHTCH H R ,n;apy). IIJIo,n;bI JIeraTa
HJIH ,n;apa B TOll lIaCTH, ROTopaH no,n;BeprJIaCb YMeHbIIIeHHIO,
nOCJIe TaRoro YMeHbIIIeHHH rrpH3HaIOTCH rrpHHa,n;JIemaIIl,IlMH
06H3aTeJIbHOMY HaCJIe,n;HHRY (CT. '1036 fK). ECJIH me YMeHb-
IIIeHHIO no,n;BeprJIHCb B03Me3,n;HbIe c,n;eJIRH, cOBepilieHIu,re rro
HeorrpaB,n;aHHo HH3RHM u;eHaM, 06H3aTeJIbHbIM HaCJIe,n;HHR
MomeT Tpe60BaTb OT ROHTpareHTa B03MeIIl,eHHH peaJIbHOn
CTOHMOCTH (CT. 1039 fK). IIpH nepe,n;alIe ,n;apa HJIH JIera-ra
TpeTbeMY JIHU;Y HJIH YCTaHOBJIeHHH npaBa TpeTbero JIHu;a Ha
3TH BeIIl,H JIeraTapHn 06H3aH BepUYTb o6H3aTeJIbHo IY Ha-
CJIe,n;HHRY ,n;eHemHI,rM 3RBHBaJIeIfT. YIII,ep6 OT HeBo3MomHOCTH
OCYIII,eCTBJIeHHH YMeHblIIeHHH ,n;apa H3-3a HeCOCTOHTeJIbHOCTH
o,n;apHeMoro OTHOCHTCH IIa C'IeT 06H3aTeJILIIOrO IIaCJIefJ,IIIma
(CT. 1037 fK).
6) O,n;apHeMhIM HJIH JIeraTapHM MomeT oCBo6o,n;HThCH OT
06H3aHHocTH no nepe,n;alIe ,n;apa HJIH JIeraTa o6H3aTeJIbHoMY
lIaCJIe,n;HHRY nYTeM ynJIaTbI COOTBeTCTBYIOIII,erO ,n;eHemHoro
3RBHBaJIeHTa (n. 1 CT. 1041 fK).
67. llpeKpam;euHe npaaa TpeooBaHHlI yueHbweHHlI JIe-
raTa.
IIpaB0 II'pe60llilHHlI YMeHbmeHlI1l JIeraTa B nOpH)I,Re nora-
CilTeJIl:'HOH AaBHOCTB: npeRpam;aeTCH no HCTe'leHHH OAHoro
rop;a C Toro MOMeHTa, RaR 06H3aTeJIl:'HbIH HaCJIeAHHR Y3HaJI 06
OTRpbITHH HaCJIep;CTBa H 0 HaJIH'IHH p;apa HJIH JIeraTa, nop;JIe-
ma HX YMeHbmeHHIO, a TaRJRe no HCTe'leHHH 10 JIeT C MOMeH-
Ta OTRpbITHH HaCJIeACTBa (CT. 1042 rK).
npeAMeTHWH YKa3aTenb K nepBOH H BTOpOH KHHraM
(PHMCKHe LJ,H<ppbl YKa3blBalOT HOMep pa3Aena, apa6-
CKHe - nYHJ<Tbl COOTBeTCTBYIOw,erO pa3Aena)
ARqeIIT - III, 73, 76, 77.
ABHYJIHpOB8.HHe: A. AencTBltiI no YMblmJIeHHoMy npH'lHHeHHIO Bpe-
;rt;8. - III, 29; aaKOHHoe npHaHaHHe - I, 116; JIHqa, 06JIaAaroID;H6
IIpaBoM A, - I, 112; OTJIH'llle A. OT HeAenCTBllTeJIbHOCTH - I, 107,
111; npaBoBbie nOCJleACTBHJI A. - I, 114; npHaHanHe C;rt;eJIOK, nOAJIe-
lI\a HX A. - I, 115; CAeJIKH, nOAJIemaII\HeA.-I.111; cIIoc06 A.-
I, 113; YTpaTa npaBa A. - I, 117.
AHTIiTpecToBcRoe saRoHOAaTeJIbCTBO - III, 73.
BeSBeCTHoe OTCYTcTBHe: aHnYJIHpOBaHHC npHaHaHHJI B. O. - I, 20;
nOHJITHe O. - I, 39; IIOCJIeACTBRJI npHaHaHHJI B. 0, - I, 20; npH3Ha-
HHe B. O. - I, 20; ynpaBJIeHHe HMYlI\eCTBOM B. O. - I, 40.
EeaBOSMeSABOrO IIOJIbSOBaHHS HMyw;ecTBoM JJ;oroBop: OOJIaaHHOCTH
HauMo;rt;aTeJIJI - III, 112; 06JIaaHHOCTH HaHHMaTeJIJI - III, 114; oc-
HOBaHHJI npeRpalI\eHHJI AorOBopa - III, 115; IIOHJITHe AoroBopa
B. II. II. -III, 111; npaBa HaHIiMaTeJIJI - III, 113.
BpaR: aHHYJIHpOBaHHe B. - IV, 22; 6pa'lHbIiI AoroBop - IV, 25; Bcryn-
JI6HHe B B. HecoBepmeHHOJIeTHHX - IV, 19, 24; ABoemeHCTBO - IV,
i9; AoroBop Mem)J;Y cYIIpyraMH - IV, 24; AoroBop 0 aaRJIIO'leHHII B.-
IV, 16; aaJIBJIeHHe 0 BCTynJIeHHH B B. - IV, 18; HMYlI\eCTBeHlIble
OTHOmeHIIJI MemAY cYIIpyraMH - IV, 25; HHCTHTYT B. - IV, 14; KBa-
Hoq,IIIIHa.1IbHbliI B. - IV, 34; HeAeiIcTBHTeJIbHOCTb E. - IV, 21; 06JI-
aaHHOCTH cYIIpyroB - IV, 24; nOMOJIBRa - IV, 17; nOCJIeACTBHH
8.HHYJIHpOBaHHJI B. - IV, 22; nOCJIeACTBHJI B. - IV, 23; IIpenJITCTBRJI
AJIJI BCTyn.lIeHHJI B B. - IV, 19; pacxoAbI cynpyrOB - IV, 25; COB-
M6CTHoe HMYlI\eCTBO B B. - IV, 25; coAepmaHHe 6 f a'lHoro npaBa-
IV, 15; cOJIHAapHaJI OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb CYIIpyroB - V, 25.
BpaR q,aRTH'leCRHu: nOHJITHe <D. B. - IV, 33; YCTaHOBJIeH1'!e <D. B.-
IV, 34; nOCJIeACTBHJI <D. B. - IV, 35; npeKpalI\eHHe <D. B. - IV, 36.
Bpa'lHO-CeMeuHbIe O'l'HOmeHHJI: BepTHKaJIbHble O. - IV, 2; ropnaoH-
TaJIbHble O. - IV, 2; AeecIIoco6HOCTb AJIJI aaKJIIO'IeHHJI 6paKa - IV,
5; OCOOCHIIOCTII 6pa'IHO-CCMCllHblX oTHomeHHiI - IV, 3; oco6eHHo-
CTH 6pa'JRO-CeMCllHbIX CAeJIOK - IV, 5; IIOpOKH BUJIH, 06MaH II IIpH-
nYlliAeHIIc-1V, 5; noceMeHHaJI aanHCb - IV, 7, 29, 30; npHMHpHTeJIb-
HaJI IIPoIlcAypa-IV,8; paapemeHHe 6pa'lHO-CeMeiIHbIx cnopoB -IV,
8; pOAcTBeHHble OTHOmeHHJI - IV, 2; ceMeiIHbI npaBa - IV, 4.
B IIOJIbay TpeTbero JIHI\3 AoroBop: nOHJITHe - III, 83; nOCJIeACTBHJI-
III, 84: YCJIOBHJI 3aKJIIO'leHHJI - III, 33.
Be;rt;eHHe 'lY»:IIX AeJi 6es nopY'leHHs: RBaaHBeAeHHe - III, 155; 0611-
aannOCTU areHTa - III, 154; 06JIaaHHOCTH npHHqHnaJIa-III, 154;
21 3al'a3 No 1264
321
nOHHTHe - III, 152; IIOCJIe)J;CTBHJI - III, 154; YCJIOBHJI YCTaROBJIe-
nHII - III, 153.
Bem;H: B. npHHOCJIm;He IIJIO)J;bI - I, 73; rJIaBHaJI B. H npHHaIl;JIemHOCTb-
I, 71; BHmHMhIe B. - I, 70; KJIaCcHIl>HKaIJ,HJI B. - I, 67, 68; He BH-
mHMbIe B. - I, 69; nOHJITIIe B. - I, 66; npHHa JIemHOCTb IIJIO;:I,OB-
I, 74; npaBoBoH pemHM npHHa)J;JIemHOCTH - I, 72.
BeIU;Hoe IIpaBo: BH)J;bI B. II. - II, 7; )J;eHCTBHe B. II. - II, 9; )J;IIHaMH-
Ka B. II. - II, 2; HHCTHTYT HCnOJIbaOBaHHJI ael\fJIII - II, 5; HHCTH'rYT
3aJIOra - II, 6; 06ecne'lemIe oCYlI\eCTBJIeHHII B. II. - II, 3; nOJIHOe
rOCnO)J;CTBO Ha)J; BelI\bIO - II, 4; npHHIIHnbI B. II. - II, 2; CYII\HOCTb-
B. II. - II, 8.
Bem;HbIX IIpaB HaMeHeHHe: BH)J;bI perHcTpaIlHH He)J;BIDKHMOCTH-
II, 12; III, 95; )J:eiicTBHTeJIbHOCTb HaMeHeHHJI - II, 11; 061I\enpHHJI-
TbIe cpe)J;cTBa perHcTpaIlHH - II, 15; nOHIITHe II3MeHeHIfJI - II, 10;
COBna)J;eHHe - II, 16; YCJIOBHJI, HCKJIIO'IaIOII\He npe)J:'bHBJIeHHC IIpe-
TeH3HH co CTOpOHbI TpeTbHX JIHII B OTHomeHHH B. II. n. no llOBO)J;Y
He)J;BHmHMOCTH - II, 13; yCJIOBHJI, HCKJIIO'IaIOII\IIe npe)J;'bIIBJIeHHe
npeTeHanu co CTOpOHbI TpeTbHX JIHII B OTHomeHHH B. II. M. no IIO-
BO)J:Y )J;BH}KHMOCTH - II, 14.
BJiHa - III, 19, 81; OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 6ea B. - III, 162, 163.
BJIa eHHc: BH bI B. - II, 19; )J;06pocoBecTHbiu BJla eJIeIl - II, 25; aHa-
'1eHHe npaBa B. - II, 17; He)J;06pocoBeCTHbIIT BJIa)J;eJleIl - II, 25;
OCHOBaHHJI npeKpalI\eHHJI B. npH Y'IaCTHH npe)J;cTaBHTeJIJI - II, 31;
OCHOBaHHJI npeKpalI\eHHJI JIH'lHOrO B. - II, 30; OTHOmeHHJI MeJR)J;Y
BJIa)J;eJlbIleM H JIHIIOM, Tpe6YIOII\HM BOCCTaHOBJIeHHJI npaBa - II, 26;
nepBOna'laJIbHOe npH06peTeHHe B. - II, 20; nOHJITlIe B. - II, 18;
npaBO Ha HCK B 01'HOmeHHH B.- II, 29; npH06peTeHHe npaBa B.-
II, 27; npH06peTeHHe mHBOTHbiX nocpe)J;cTBoM B. - II, 28; npH06pe-
TeHHe npaBa B. B nOpJI)J;Ke npeeMcTBa - II, 21; npeayMIIIWII safWH-
HOCTH BJIa)J;eHHII - II, 24; cneIlHIl>HKa nOCJIe)J;cTBIIH npeeMCTBa IIp a-
Ba B. - II, 22.
BMeHHMocTb - I, 22; III, 164.
BOJIeHa'bSBJIeHHe: a)J;pecaT B. - I, 93; aHHYJIHpOBaHHe B. - I, 89, 90
91; B. C I1eJIbIO H3MeHeHHJI BelI\HbIX npaB - II, 10; )J;OBe)J;eHHe B. ()
KOHTpareHTa - I, 92; aa6JIym)J;eHHe - I, 89; He)J:encTBHTeJIbHOCTb
B. - I, 89; HeCOOTBeTCTBHe B. BOJIe - I, 87; nOHJITHe B. - I, 77, 85;
nopOKII B. - I, 90, 91; TOJIKOBaHHe B. - I, 86; IfJIIKTHBHoe B. - I, 88
BOJIeCIIOC06HOCTb - I, 22; IV, 57.
BpeMs: BbIrO)J;bI BpeMeHH - I, 123; HC'IHCJIeHHe CpOKOB - I, 125; Ha-
cTynJIeHHe CpOI{a - I, 122; nOHJITHe B. - I, 121; nOH5ITHe cpoKa-
I, 16, 124; npeCeKaTeJIbHbIll CpOK - I, 127; CpOK B03pacTa -I, 24;
CpOK HCnOJIIIeHHJI - I, 137.
rpam aHclmu Ro eRC: HCTOpHJI npHHIITHJI rK - B, 1, 2, 3; 06II\eCTB()
II rK - B, 2. 3, 4; nepeCl\!OTp rK - B, 4. 5, 8; cneIIHa.llbHble 3aKOHbI
II rK - B, 7; CTpYKTypa rK - B, 6; I, 13; II, 1; III, 1; IV, 1; V, I;
TOJIKOBaHHe rK - B, 8.
rpam aHcRoe IIpaBo: )J;ellcTBHe r. II. BO BpeMeHH - B, 10; )J:eIIcTBH6
r. II. no KPYTY OTHorneHlIII - B, 9; )J;eucTBHe r. II. no KPYTY JlHI\-
B, 11; )J;encTBHe r. II. B npocTpaHcTBe - B,12; PyKoBO;:I,HlI\lIe npnn-
I1HnbI r. II. - B, 8; 1, 13; CneIlHaJIbHbIe 3aKOJIbI B cll>epe r. n.-
B, 7.
322
J];apeBHH ;1I,OrOBOp: IIOHHTHe )J;. )J;. - III, 91; IIOCJIe}J;CTBHH )J;. - III, 92;
,D;. B cJIY'lae cMepTH - III, 93; oco6ble BH}J;bI )J;. - III, 93; OTBeTCT'
'BeBHOCTb p;apHTeJIH - I II, 92.
J];eecooco6HOCTb: )J;. IIpe}J;cTaBHTeJIH - I, 102; BCT)'IlJIeBHe B upal{ II
)J;. - IV, 24; HaCJIe)J;OBaHHe H )J;. - V, 32; IIOBHTHe )J;. - I, 22; IV, 5;
npHaHaBHe )J;. - I, 22.
J];eHUKT: BHP;bl Bpep;a - III, 169; BH}J;bl }J;encTBHH no BapyrneHHIo-
III, 165; BH}J;bI IIpaBoBapyrneBHH - III, 165; BoaHHKHOBeHHe BpeJ a-
III, 166; lJpe}J;, IIOp;JIemaII\HllBoaMelI\eBHIO-I1I.169;Bpa.lc6Hble
ornH6KH - III, 175; aa'leT neocTopomHocTH - III, 169; aa'leT Bpep;a
H BblrO,!(bl - III, 169; HBCTHTYT p;eJIHKTHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH - III,
3, 163; HenpaBOMepBOCTb }J;eHcTBHH IIPH BapyrnemIH IIpaB H IIpH'!:H-
neBHH Bpe}J;a - III, 165; OTBeTCTBeBBOCTb 6ea BHBbl - III, 162, 163;
()C06eHBocTH IIpaBa Tpe60BaBHH BoaMelI\eHHH YIIJ;ep6a Ha OCHOBa-
HHH ,!(eJIHKTHOH OTBeTCTBeBHOCTH - II I, 170; oc06bIe BH}J;bl )J;.-
III, 171; OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a rrpaBoHapymeHHH, cOBeprnep.Bble )J;PY-
I'HM JIHJJ;OM - III, 172; OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb BJIa}J;!'JIbIla HJIH c06cTBeB-
BHKa aa Bpe}J;, rrpH'lHHeHHbIH Bem;blO-III, 173; OTBeTCTBeBBOCTb
8a pHCK - III, 173; OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb rocyp;apcTBa - III, 175; OTBeT-
CTBeBBOCTb BJIap;eJIbJJ;eB aBToTpaHcIIopTHblX cpe}J;cTB - III, 175; OT-
BeTCTBeBHOCTb aa ym;ep6, HaHeceHHblH B CBH3H C p;06b1'leii IIOJIe3HblX
HCKOIIaeMMX - III, 175; OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb aa Bpep;, IIpH'lHHeBHbI1I
HCrrOJIbaOBaHHeM aToMHoH :meprHH - III, 175; OTBeTCTBeHBOCTh aa
YlI\epu, cBiI3aHHblii C aarpHaHeHHeM oKpymalOm;en cpep;bl - III, 175;
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb IIpOHaBOp;HTeJIH - III, 175; IIOHHTHe )J;. - III, 161;
oCl!060m}J;eHHe OT p;eJlHKTHOH OTBeTCTBeBHOCTH - III, 165; BaJII2PIHe
npH'lHBHOH CBHaH - III, 167; cOBMecTHblH )J;. - III, 174; CIIoc06b1
BoaMelI\eHHH Bpep;a - III, 168.
J];eooHHpOBaHlle: IIOHHTHe )J;. - III, 162; YCTaHOBJIeHHe )J;. - III, 63;
nOCJIe}J;CTBHH )J;. - III, 64.
J];OroBOp: BH}J;bl)J;. - III, 73, 74; aaKJIIOQeBHe )J;. Ha OCHOBe ocpepTbl H
aKIIeIITa - III, 77; aaKJIIO'leHHe )J;. Ha OCHOBe KOHKypeHJJ;BH - III,
73; KOBKJIIOp;eHTHbie p;eHcTBHH - III, 76; 061I\He IIOJIOmeHHH B OTHO-
meHHH )J;. - III, 75; OrpaBH'leBHH npHHIIHIIa cB060}J;bl )J;. - III, 73;
()rOBOpKa 06 <maMeBHBrnHXCH 06CTHTeJIbCTB8X» -III, 73, 75; IIOHH-
'rHe )J;. - III, 73; nOCJIe}J;CTBHH )J;BYCTopOHHero )J;. - III, 80; YCJIOBHH
)J;eiicTBHTeJIbHOCTH )J;. - III, 75; yCJIOBHH H rropHp;ol\ aaKJIIO'ltJHHH
)J;. - III, 76; CPYHKJJ;HH lJ:. - III, 3.
J];oroBopa pacTopmeHHe: aaKOHBoe IIpaBo pacTopmeHHH - III, 87; HH-
CTHTYTbI, HaIIOMIIIIalOlI\He pacTopmeHHe - III, 85; ocym;eCTBJIeHHe
IIpaBa pacTopmeHHH - III, 88; IIOHHTHe pacTopmeHHH )J;. - III, 85;
IIpaBO pacTopmeHHH, YCTaHOBJIeHHOe )J;. - III, 86; IIpeKpam;CHHe
npaBa paeTopmeHlIH - III, 90; IIpOCpO'lKa HCrrOJIHeHHH - III. 87;
IlpHHJJ;HII Hepaap;e.1J:bHOCTH rrpaBa pacTopmeHHH - III, 88; rrOCJ1I?,TJ;CT-
BHH pacTopmeHHH - III, 89.
3aBe aHHe: aHHYJIHpOBaHHe 3. - V, 55; BH}J;bI CPOpMbl 3. - V, 51; HH-
CTHTYT 3. - V, 48; HCIIOJIBHTeJIb 3. - V, 62; Bep;eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTb
3. - V, 55; 061I\He IIPHHJJ;HIIbI HBCTHTYTa 3. - V, 50; 06bI'lHaH cpop-
Ma 3. - V, 52; 061I\He IIOCJIe}J;CTBHH 3. - V, 55; OTabiB 3. - V, 54;
nOHHTHe HCIIOJIHeHHJI 3. - V, 61; cO}J;epmaHHe 3. - V, 49; CrreIlHaJIb-
Hble cpOpMbl 3. - V, 53; y}J;ocToBepeHHe 3. - V, 60.
21*
323
3aUMa )J;OrOBOp: 3aKJIIO'leHHe )J;orOBopa 3. - III, 108; KBa3H3aeM - III.,
108; 06JIaaHHOCTH 3aeMII\HKa - III, 110; OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3aHMO,,\aB-
I1a - III, 109; nOHJITHe 3. - III, 107; <PYHKIIHH 3. - III, 107.
3aKJIa)J;: 3. npaB - II, 85, 95; 3. )J;BHmHMOCTII: - II, 93; 3. He)J;BIDHH-
MOCTH - II, 94; 06JIaaHHOC'fH aa.rrorO)J;epmaTeJIJI - II, 92; 06'beRTbI'
3. - II, 89; nOHJITHe 3. - II, 85; IIepe3aKJIal\ - II, 91; npaBa aaJIO-
rOl\epmaTeJIJI - II, 90; npeKpam;eHHe 3. - II, 96; c<pepa 06JI3aTeJIb-
CTBa, 06eCne'lHBaeMOro 3. - II, 88; YCTaHOBJIeHHe 3. - II, 87; xa-
paKTepHCTlIKa 3. - II, 86; <pHl\YI\HapHbIH 3. - II, 116.
3aMeHa IICnOJIIIeHHJI - III, 65, 66.
3a'leT: nOHJITHe 3. - III, 68; CJIY'laH He)J;onYCTHMOCTlI 3. - III, 69;
Cpel\CTBa H IIOCJIel\CTBHJI 3. - III, 70; yCJIOBHJI 3. - III, 69.
IIm)J;HBeHHe: IICIIOJIHeHHe aJIHMeHTHOH 06JI3aHHOCTH - IV, 68; 061I\1Ie'
IIOJIOmemiJI - IV, 66; YCJIOBIIJI B03HlIKHOBeHHJI aJIHMeHTHoH 06JI3aH-
HOCTH - IV, 67.
IIMym;ecTBeHHoro HaMMa l\orOBOp: 3al\aTOK IIPH M. H. - III, 120;
MOJI'laJIHBOe B0306HOBJIeHHe M. H. - III, 121; 06JIaaHHOCTb HaHMol\a-
TeJIJI - III, 118; 06JI3aHHOCTb HaHHMaTeJIJI - III, 120; nOHJITHe
M. H. - IU, 116; IIpaBa HaHHMaTeJIJI - III, 119; nepeHaeM II: nOl\-
HaeM - III, 119; npeKpalI\eHHe M. H. - III, 121; paaMep HaeMHoif
nJIaTbI H CpOK ee yIIJIaTbI - III, 120; CpOK M. H. - III, 117.
JlrroTeKa: Bem;HbIH IIoPY'lIITeJIb - II, 99; BHl\bI OC060H M. - II, 107;
)J;eHcTBHe MaKCHMaJIbHOH M. - II, 110; HMnepaTHBIIbIH: xapaRTe'[)
M. - II, 102; 061I\aJI MaKCHMaJIbHaJI M. - II, 113; 06WIHaJI M. - II,
96-106; 06m;aJI M. - II, 103; 06JI3aTeJIbCTBa, o6eCne'lHBaeMbie H.-
III, 100; 06'beKTbI HnOTeKH - II, 101; oc06aJI M. - II, 107-114;
O'lHCTKa Hel\BHJRHMOCTH - II, 104; III, 99, 101; oxpaH8 HHTepecoJt
TpeTbHx JIHII, CTaBmHX npH06peTaTeJIJIMH - II, 104; IIcpexop; H npe-
eMCTBO 06JI3aTeJIbCTB, 06eCne'lHBaeMbix MaKCHMaJIbHOH M. - II,
111; IIOHJITHe M. - II, 97; nOHJITHe MaKCHMaJIbHOH M. - II, 99, 108;
IIpeKpam;CHHe M. - II, 106; npeHMYlI\eCTBeHHoe Yl\OBJIeTBOpCHHe
06JI3aTe.lIbCTBa Ha OCHOBe M. - II, 103; pacnOpJImeHHe M. - II, 105;
paCIIOpJImeHHe MaKCHMaJIbHOH M. - II, 112; YCTaHOBJIeHHe H H3Me-
HeHHe MaKCHMaJIbHOH M. - II, 109; YCTaHOBJIeHHe M. - II, 99; <pHR-
caIlHJI MaKCHMaJIbHOH M. - II, 114; xapaKTepHcTHKa M. - II, 98.
IIcKoBaJI )\aBHOCTb: IIOHJITHe M. )J;. - I, 16, 126; nepepbIB M. )J;. - I,
131; IIoc.lIep;CTBHJI M. )J;. - I, 128; III, 90; nOCJIep;CTBHJI rrepepbIB8
M. )J;. - I, 132; IIpcCeKaTeJIbHblfI CpOK - I, 127; IIpHKa3 IIJlaTema-
I, 131; npHHJITHe 11. )J;. - I, 129; npHoCTaHOBJIeHHe Te'leHHJI cpoRa
M. )J;. - I, 133; OTKa3 OT BblrOl\ M. )J;. - I, 130.
RBaaHBJI8p,eHHe - II, 32, 33.
ROHKYPC - III, 79.
RyrrJIH-IIpOp;amH )J;oroBop: BBep;eHHe nOKyIIareiIJI B sa6JIyml\eHHe-
Ill, 100; BbIKyII l\OJIH - III, 105; aaMem;eHHe npH BbIKyIIe - III, 105;
3ap;aTOK - III, 95; H3l\epmKH no aaKJIIO'leHHIO l\OroBopa H.-II.-
III, 97; It.-II. B paCCpO'lKY - III, 102; 06JI3aHHOCTb nOKyIIaTeJIJI-
III, 101; 06JI3aHHOCTb npO)WBIIa - III, 98; OrpaHH'leHHe cB060lIbi l\0-
rOBopa It-II. - III, 94; OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb IIpo)J;aBIIa-III, 99; OT-
BeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a nopoKH npaBa - III, 99; OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 38
ne;J;OCTaTKH TOBapa - III, 99; OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb npH npmIYl\HTeJIb-
HOM aYKI.\HOHe - III, 99; COrJIameHHe 06 OTBeTCTBeHHOCTlI np O I1;aR-
324
I1a-III, 99; nOHJITHe l\orOBopa R-ll.-III, 94; nOHJITHe BbIKyna-
III, 103; nOCJIe)J;CTBHJI BbIRyna - III, 104; npel\BapHTeJIbHOe corJIa-
meHHe, ero BHl\bI - III, 95; peaJIH3aIlHJI npaBa BI,IRyna - III, 105;,
CpOR Bbmyna - III, 104; YCJIOBHJI BbIRyna - III, 104.
JIeraT: Hlll\HBHl\yaJIbHO-OIIpel\eJIeHHbIH JI. - V, 58; 06peMeHeHHblw
JI. - V, 59; nOHJITHe JI. - V, 56; YHHBepCaJIbHbIH .1. - V, 57.
JIH'IHOro HauMa )J;orOBOp: emel\HeBHbIH HaRM - III, 123; JIH'lHaJI ra-
paHTHJI - III, 126; JIH'lHOe nopY'lHTeJIbCTBO - III, 126; 0 BbIIIOJIHe-
HHn pa60T )J;oroBop - III, 122; 06JI3aHHOCTH pa60THHRa - III, 1'24;
06H3aHHOCTH pa6oTo)J;aTeJIJI - III, 125; nOHJITHe JI. H. - III, 122;
npeKpam;eHHe JI. H. - III, 127; CpORH JI. H. - III, 123; TPYl\OBOii"
)J;oroBop - III, 122.
MeHbI l\oroBOp - III, 106.
MeCTO'KIITeJIbCTBo: BpeMeHHoe M. - I, 38; aHa'leHHe M. - I, 36; Me-
CTO npoIIMcRH - I, 35; onpel\eJIeHHe M. - IV, 57; rrOHJITHe M. - I,
35; pe3Hl\eHIIHJI - I, 37.
MHpoBoe cornamCHHe - III, 150, 151.
Hacnc)J;oBaHue - oTcTpaHeHIIe OT H. - V, 12; nepexo)J: HMym;ecTBa no,
HaCJIe)J;cTBY - V, 13; IIpeeMcTBo IIpel\MeToB, CBJI3aHHbIX C RyJIbTOM
npe)J;KoB - V, 14; COHac.lIe)J:OBaHHe - V, 13, 15; COHaCJIel\OBaHHe ;,,\OJI-
rOBblX 06JI3aTeJII,CTB - V, 17; COco6cTBeHHocTb Ha HaCJIel\CTBeHHoe
HMym;ecTBo - V, 16; YTpaTa cTaTyca HaCJIe)J;HHRa - V, 11.
HaCne,l1'OBaHHJI OCHOBHbIC IIOJl'OmCHHJI: MeCTO OTRpbITH!I Hac.rre;qcTBa -
V, 5; HaCJIel\HHKH - V, 6; H. IIO npaBY IIpel\CTaBJIeHHH - V, 9; oc-
HOBaHHJI H. - V, 3; OCHOBaHH!I OTKpbITHJI HaCJIe)J:CTBa - V, 5; BpeMJI'
OTKpbITH!I HaCJIe)J:CTBa - V, 5; O'lepe)J;HoCTI, npH3BaHMJI R HaCJIep;CT-
BY - V, 7; IIOIIJITIIe HHcTIITYTa H. - V, 2; rrepemHBillHH cynpyr-
V, 8; IIpnIIIIHIII,I HaCJIe)J:OBaHHJI - V, 5; pa3BHTHe lIHCTHTYTa H.-
V, 2, 4; crroC06HOCT!> K H. He pO)J;HBillerOCJI Ha MOMeHT OTRpbITHJI'
HaCJIe)J:CTBa pe6eHRa - V, 10.
Hacne)J;cTBeHHaH l\onH: a6cTpaRTHble H ROHRpeTHble H. )J;. - V, 18;
BRJIa)J; HaCJIe)J;HHRa B HaCJIe)J;CTBeHHoe HMym;ecTBo - V, 22; aaKOH-
FlaJI H. ,I(. - V, 20; HC'lHCJIeHHe ROHRpeTIIOll: H. )J;. - V, 21; H. )J;. IIO'
3aBem;aHHIO - V, 19; IIepeAa'la H BbIRyn H. )J;. - V, 23.
HaCJIel\CTBCHHoro HMYID;ecTBa HHBeHTapHaan;HH - V, 42-44.
HacneAcTBcHHoro HMYID;ccTBa paaAeJI: RpHTepHH pa3)J;eJIa - V, 25; rro-
CJIel\CTBHJI pa3l\eJIa - V, 27; cnoco6bI pa3l\eJIa - V, 26; ynpaBJIeHHC
H. M. - V, 24.
HaCJICl\cTBeHHbIe IIpaBa: IIpaBO Tpe60BaHIIJI BOCCTaHOBJIeHHJI H. II.-
V, 28-30.
HaCJICl\cTBO. llpIIIIHTHe H OTRaa OT H.: 3aKOHIIoe Y'lHBCpCaJIbIIOe npe-
eMCTBO - V, 35; 06m;He npHHIIHllI,I npHH!ITH!I II OTRa3 OT H. - V"
32; ocym;eCTBJIeHHe OrpaHH'leHIIOrO IIpeeMcTBa - V, 37; IIOHJITHe or-
paHH'lCHHOrO rrpeeMcTBa- V, 32, 36; IIOH!ITHe OTKa3a OT H. - V. 39;'
nOHJITHe YHHBepca.lIbHOrO IIpeeMcTBa - V, 32, 34; IIOCJIe)J;CTBHJI OT-
Ra3a OT H. - V, 41; rrOCJIe):\CTBHJI OrpaHH'leHHOrO IIpeeMcTBa - V, 38;
IIOpJI)J;OH OTRa3a OT H. - V, 40; cBofo)J;a npHHJITHJI H OTRa3a OT H. -
V, 31; CpOR npHHJITHJI H. - V, 32; ynpa'BJIeHlle HaCJIel\CTBeHHbur
HMYII\eCTBOM - V, 33.
3250
lIaCJIe)J;HIIKH. OTCYTcTBHe H.: rrepexoA HacJIeAcTBa K rocY)J;apcTBY-
V, 47; rrOHJITHe OTCYTCTBHJI H. - V, 45; ynpaBJIeHHe HaCJIeACTBeH-
!IbIM HMYlI\eCTBoM KaK IOpHAH'leCKHM JIHIIOM -IV, 46; rrpeKpalI\eHHe
HaCJIeACTBeHHoro HMym;ecTBa KaK IOpHAH'leCKOrO JIHIIa - V, 47.
fIep,eecIIocooHbIe (CM. TaKme HecoBepmeHHOJIeTHHe): aHUYJIHpOBaHHe
IIpH3HaHHH H. - I, 27; aHHYJIHpOBaHHe rrpHaHaHHJI OrpaHl'I'leHO ee-
'crrOCOOTIbiM - I, 30; 3alI\HTa I'IHTepeCOB KOHTpareHTOB H. - I, 33;
'o6MaH co CTOpORbI H. - I, 34; OCHOBaHHH rrpHaHaHHJI OrpaHHqeUHO
AeecIIoc06HbIM - I, 30; OCHOBaHHH rrpHaHaHHJI H. - I, 27; orreKY-
'IIbI H. - I, 29; IV, 60; rrOHJITHe HeAeecIIoco6HOCTH - I, 22, 23; rro-
:IIe'lHTeJIH H. - I, 32; IV, 65; rrpoIleAypa rrpHaHaHHJI OrpaHH'leUHO
,)J:eecrrocooHbIM - I, 30; IIpoIleAypa rrpHaHaHHH H. - I, 27; rrOCJIeA-
'CTBHJI rrpUaHaHHJI H. - I, 28; IIOCJIeACTBHJI HeAeecrroco6HoCTH - I,
22; 'laCTlIQHaJI Aeeerroco6HoCTb OrpaHH'leHHO Aeecrroco6HbIX - I, 31.
HeAeuCTBHTeJlbHOcTb: IIOHHTHe H. CAeJIOK - I, 108; rrepeBo)J; HeAeHcT-
BHTeJJbHbIX CAeJIOK - I, 110; rrpHaHaHHe HeAeHCTBJITeJIbHbIX CAeJIOT{-
I, 109; pa3JIH'llIe H. H aHHYJIHpOBaHHJI - I, 107, 111.
.HeocHOBaTeJlbHOe oooram;eHlle: HCrrOJIHeHHe 6ea 06JI3aTeJIbCTBa - III,
159; IIOHJTTHe H. O. - III, 156; rrOCJIeACTBHJI H. O. - III, 158; npe-
AOCTaBJJeUHe Ha HeaaKOHHOM OCHOBaHHH - III, 160; YCJIOBHJI H. 0.-
III, 157.
HecoBepmeRHOJIeTHHe (CM. TaKme HeAeecrroco6HbIe): BCTyn;reHHe H.
B 6paK - IV, 19; BoapacT cOBepmeHHOJIeTHJI - I, 24; )J:eecIIoco6-
HOCTb H. - I, 25; aaKOHHbIe npeACTaBHTeJIH H. -- I, 25, 26; IV, 15,
145; V, 32; rrpeArrpHHHMaTeJIbCKaJI AeJITeJIbHOCTb H. - I, 25; IV, 57.
1:IeocTopomHocTb - III, 19, 75, 162, 163, 169.
HOB/W;HH - III, 65, 67.
JlopMHpoBaHHoe pacIIpe)J;eJleHHe - III, 94.
OOJllaH: IIOHHTHe O. - I, 90; O. co CTOpOHbI HeAeecrroco6HbIX - I, 34.
IOOIqHHHOro 'lJleHCTBa IIpaBO: OCliOBaHHJI rrpHo6peTeHI'IJI H YTpaTbI rrpa-
Ba O. 11. - II, 75: rrOBJITH8 O. 11. - II, 72; YCTaHOBJIeHHe II COn;lJp-
maHHe IIpaBa O. 11. - II, 74; xapaKTep rrpaBa O. 11. - II, 73.
<OoHaaTeJIbHaJI )J;OJlH: o651aaTeJIbHbIe HaCJIeAHHKH - V, 64; rrOHJITHe
O. )J;. - V, 63; rrOpJIAOK HC'lHCJIeHHJI O. )J;. - V, 65; rrpeKpaIIleHHe
.rrpaBa TpeOOBaHHJI YMeHbmeHHJI JIeraTa - V, 67; YMeHbmeHHe JIe-
raTa Ha OCHOBaHHH O. )J;. - V, 66.
'OTCYTCTBYIOID;HC: rrOHJITHe O. - I, 39; ynpaBJIeHHe HMYlI\eCTBOM O. -
I, 40.
OfiHaaTeJIbCTBo. 06Ufue noJto:m:eliUR 6 OTliOU1eIiUU o6RaaTeJtbCT6: aJIb-
TepHaTI'IBHOe O. - III, 11; AeHelliHoe O. - III, 8; O. 0 rrepeAa'le IIH-
;.\HBHAyaJIbHO-OIIpe;:1eJIenHbIX nem;eii: - III, 6; O. 0 IIpe)J:ocTaBJIeHHH
HeIl\eii, orrpe)J;eJIeHHbIX pOAOBblMH rrpHaHal\aMIi - III, 7; OrpaHHQe-
lIHe CCY)J:Horo rrpoIleHTa - III, 9; OCHOBaHHJI BoaHHKHOBeHHJI 0.-
III, 3; IIpoIleHTHble O. - III, 9; COIlHaJIbHaJI CPYHKIIHH O. - III, 2;
CYII\HOCTb O. - III" 4; YCJIOBHJI YCTaHOBJIeHHJI O. - III, 5; cpaKYJIb-
TaTUBHoe O. - III, 11; I1eJIH O. (IIpeAOCTaBJIeHHe) - III, 5.
/l,eiicT6ue 0.: HapyrneHHe O. TpeTbHM JIHIIOM-III, 15; HaTypaJIb-
Hoe O. - III, 13; O. H OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb - III, 14; rrOHJITHe AeiicTBHH
O. - III, 12.
:326
1{eiicTflUe O. no OTI/.Ol1UI/.UIO -,;, TpeTbUM .l!ULfaM: aHHYJIIIpOBaHIIe-
}:(eiicTBHlf rro YMbIlIIJIeHHOl\1Y rrpH'IHHeHHIO Bpe}:(a - III, 29; IIOHHTIIe
}:(eiicTBIIJI O. IIO OTHomeHIIIO K TpeTbIIM JIIIIIaM - III. 27; rrpaBO Kpe-
)J;IITopa Ha aaMem;eHIIe - III, 28; CTOPOHbI BHemHero }:(eiicTBIIJI O.
IIO OTIIomeHHIO K TpeTbIIM JIUIIaM - III, 27.
lfcno.l!l/.el/.ue 0.: BII}:(bI rrpe}:(ocTaBJIeHIIJI-III, 57; aaMelI\eHIIe IIC-
IIOJIHIITeJIJI - III, 58; IICrrOJIHIITeJIb O. - III, 58; IIOHJITIIe HCrrOJIHe.
HIIJI O. - III, 55; rrOCJIe}:(CTBIIJI rrpe}:(OCTaBJIeHIIJI - III, 57; rrpe.!:(O'
CTaBJIeHHe IICrrOJIHeHIIJI - III, 57; rrpe}:(HaaHa'leHIIe IICrrOJIHeHHH-
III, 60; rrpIIHJITIIe IICrrOJIHeHIIJI - III, 59; cIIoc06bI IICIIOJIHeHHJI O. -
III, 56; Y}:(OCTOBepeHIIe IICrrOJIHeHIIJI - III, 61.
MI/.OJICecT6el/.1/.0CTb .l!ULf 6 0.: BII}:(bI 06JIaaTeJIbCTBeHHbIx OTHome-
HIIii C MHOJReCTBeHHOCTbIO JJIIII - III, 30; )J;OJIeBOe O. - III, 30, 31;
KBa3IIcoc06cTBeHHocTb - III, 30; O. B II}:(eaJIbHbIX }:(oJIJIx-III, 30;
COBMeCTHoe O. - III, 30.
H e8e.l!UMoe 0.: He}:(eJIIIMOe rrpaBO Tpe6oBaHIIJI-III, 32; He)J;eJIII-
MaJI 06JIaaHHOCTb - III, 33.
OC606oJIC8el/.ue OT O. - In, 71.
llpuI/.y8uTe.l!bl/.Oe ucno.l!l/.el/.ue O. - III, 16, 17.
llpe-,;,pa/lfel/.ue O. - III, 54.
llpocpo'l.I>a npUI/.J/,TUJ/, ucno.l!l/.el/.uJ/, 0.: rrOHJITIIe rrpOCpO'lKII - III
25; rrOCJIe}:(CTBIIJI rrpOCpO'lKH - III, 26.
CO.l!u8apl/.oe 0.: B03MelI\eHIIe MeJR}:(Y COJIII}:(apHbIMII }:(OJIJRHIIKaMff
B rrOpJI}:(Ke o6paTHoro Tpe60BaHIIJI - III, 37; }:(eiicTBIIe COJlII}:(apHoro
O. - III, 36; OCHOBaHIIJI BoaHIIKHOBeHIIJI COJIII)J:apHoro O. - III, 35;
OTHOmeHIIJI, CXO}:(Hble C COJIII}:(apHbIMO. - III, 38; rrOHJITIIe COJIII ap-
Horo O. - III, 30, 34; rrpaBO o6paTHoro Tpe60BarrIIJI - III, 37; rrceB-
}:(OCOJIH}:(apHoe O. - III, 38.
Tpe606al/.ue 603Me/lfeI/.UJ/, Y/lfep6a I/.a OCl/.06al/.UU l/.eucnO.l!/ie/iuJ/, 0.:'
BII}:(bI HeIIc.rrOJIHeHIIJI O. - III, 18; BII}:(bI YII\ep6a - III, 22; 3aMelI\e-
HIIe rrpH BOaMelI\eHIIII YII\ep6a - III. 24; IICKJIIO'leHIIJI B OTHOIIJe-
HIIH ym;ep6a, rro}:(JIeJRalI\ero B03MelI\eHIIIO - III, 23; IIC'llICJIeHIIe'
CYMMbI BoaMelI\eHIIJI - III, 22; HeB03MOJRHOCTb IICrrOJIHeHIIJI - III,
21; yCJIOBIIJI rrpOc.pO'lKII IICrrOJIHeHIIJI - III, 19; YCJIOBIIH HerrOJI-
Horo IICrrOJIHeHIIJI - III, 20; ym;ep6, IIO)J;J1eJRaII\IIii: BOal\1em;eHIIIO-
III, 22.
OIIeKa: KOMrreTeHI(HH orreKYHa- IV, 613; KOHTpOJIb aa geJITeJIbHOCTbIO'
orreKYHa - IV. 63; orreKYH - IV, 62; oIIeKyH-6JIIOCTIITeJIb - IV, 612;
oprllHbI O. - IV, 62; rrOHJITIIe O. - IV, 61; rrOrre'lIITe:IbCTBO - IV,
64; rrpeKpalI\eHIIe O. - IV, 64; cogepJRaHIIe O. - IV, 63; yCTaHoB-
JIeHHe O. - IV, 61.
O<JIepTa: - III, 73, 76, 77.
IIepeBoA Ao.JIra: i1:0rOBOp 0 n. g. - III, 51; IIOHHTlIe n. Jl,. - III, 50;
rrapaJIJIe.TlbHbli'r II. )J;. II rrepeBO):( IICrrOJIHeHIIJI - III, 52; rrpeeMc.TBo'
cTaTyca rro }:(oroBopy - III, 53.
IIepexo)1; IIpaBa. 06eCIIe'leHHe 06JI3aTeJIbCTB Ha OCHOBe II. II.: BHem-
Hee }:(eiicTBIIe o6eCrre'leHIIJI Ha OCHOBe II. II. - II, 120; BHYTpeHtIee'
ge:'IcTBHe 06eCIIe'leHIIJI Ha OCHOBe n. n. (OT!WmeHIIH l\1CmAY aa!IO-
rO!(epmaTeJIeM II iJ,OJJJRHIIKOM) - II, 119; i1:eHcTBHTeJJbHOCTb ooecrre-
'leHIIJI Ha OCHOBe II. II. - II, 118; 06eCIIe'leHIIe Ha OCHOBe rrepe}.(a'lff
rrpaBa - II, 116; IIpeKpalI\eHIIe 06eCrre'leHHJI Ha OCHOBe IIepC)J;a'1l1'
IIpaBa - II, 121; CIICTel\1a o6eCne'leHIIJI Ha OCHOBe II. n. - II, 115;
327
YCTaHOB.lleHlie 06eCIIe'leHllJI Ha OCHOBe nepella'lH IIpaBa - II, 117;
<PHP;YI HapHbIH 3aKJIap, - II, 116,
JIoracHTMbHaH aBUOCTb: II. )J;. B OTHomeHHH OOJIaaTeJIbCTBeHlIblx
IIpaB - I, 137; II. )J;. B OTHomeHHH HHbIX (KpoMe 06JIaaTeJIbCTBeH
HbIX) HMYlI\eCTBeRHblx npaB - I, 138; Te'leHHe II. )J;. - I, 136; III,
170.
nOAPJI a oroBop: nOHJITHe AoroBopa II. - III, 128; npeKpam;eHHe
II. - III, 131; 06JIaaHHOCTH aaKaa'lHKa - III, 130; 06H3aHHOCTH J10 -
pall'lHKa - III, 129; cy6nollpJIp,'lHKH - III, 129.
:JJomH:JHeHHoro cop,epmaHHJI oroBop: nOHJITHe oroBopa II. C. - III,
148; nOCJIe CTBHJI lIoroBopa II. C. - III, 149; npeKpalI\eHHe II. C. -
1m, 149,
TIoPY'leHHJI oroBop: ImaaHIIopY'leHHe - III, 132; nOHJITHe AoroBopa
II. - III, 132; IIpeKpalI\eHHe II. - III, 135; 06H3aHHOCTH lIoBepiITe-
JIJI - III, 134; 06JIaaHHOCTH nOBepeHHoro - III, 133.
nOpY'lHTeJIbCfBo: ,[IOrOBOp II. - III, 40; HaJIH'lHe HeCKOJIbKHX lIOJIm-
HHKOB - III, 42; oIIpelleJIeHHe lIOJIeH conopY'lHTeJIJI - III, 44; no-
'BJITHe II. - III, 39; nOPY'lHTeJIb 6ea nOPY'leHHJl - III, 42; npaBa
IIopY'lHTeJIJI - III, 41; OCHOBaHHJI npaBa o6paTHoro Tpe60BaHHJI
'IIopY'IIITeJIJI - III, 42; COBMeCTHoe II. - III, 44; COJIH apHOe n.-
III, 43.
:npaBo BoapameHHJI B OTIIOmeHHH o HoBpeMeHJIOrO HcnOJIHeHHII-
III, 81.
:npaBoClloco6HOCTb: B03HHKHOBeHHe n. - I, 17; IIpeKpalI\eHHe II, - I,
19; II. HHocTpaHIIeB - I, 21; II. npellCTaBJIJIeMOrO - I, 103; II. JIJIO-
)J:a - I, 17, 18.
pe,[lBapnTeJIbHaJI perHCTpa HJI: ,[IeHCTBHe 06eCIIe'leHHJI 06JIaaTeJIbCTB
na OCHOBe n. P. - 11, 124; o6eCne'leHHe 06JIaaTeJIbCTB Ha OCROBe
,H.P. - II, 123; nOHJITHe II. P. - II, 122; npeKpalI\eHHe o6ecne'le-
'HHJI OOJI3aTeJIbCTB Ha OCHOBe II. P. - II, 125.
llpe,[lCTaBIITeJIbCTBo: BHelIIHe BH,[IHMOe II. - I, 105; ,[IeecIIoc06HOCTb
npe,[lCTaBHTeJIJI - I, 102; ,[Ie <peKTbI npe,[lCTaBHTeJIbCKHX ,[Ie:ii:cTBHH:-
I, 101; aaKOHHoe II. - I, 95; aalwHHbIH IIpe,[lCTaIJHTeJIb necoBepmeH-
'HOJIeTHerO - I, 25, 26; aaKoHHr,rH IIpe,[lCTaBHTeJIb IIpRaHaHHoro He-
lIeecIIocooRbIM - I, 29; KOCBeHHoe IT. - I, 94; OCHOBaHHJI B03HHKHO-
BeHHJI npaBa II. - I, 97; OCHOBaHHJI IIpeKpalI\eHHJI IIpaBa O. - I, 99;
'OCHOBaHHJI BoaHHKHOBeHHJI aaKOHHoro II. - I, 95; IIOHJITHe II. - I,
,94; II. no lIoBepeHHocTH - I, 95; II. IOpHlIH'leCKOrO JIHu;a - I, 94;
nepe,[lOJlepIIe - I, 96; npe,[le.1JbI II. - I, 98; nOCJIe)J:CTBIIH II. - I, 103;
IIpJIHIIHII JIJlIlOCTH II. - I, 100; II. 6ea nOJIHOMO'lHH - I, 104, 106;
COBJlIeCTHOe II. - I, ,98.
UpcHluYII ecTBa npaBO: BH,[IbI II. II. - II, 81; nOHJITHe II. II. - II, 80;
cop;epmaHHe II. II. - II, 83; cIIeIlH<pH'leCKHe OCHOBaHHJI npeKpaIIJ;e-
HHJI II. II. - II, 84; cy60PllHHaIlHJI II. II. - II, 82.
npHHym eHHe - I, 91.
npHo6peTaTeJIbHaJI ,[IaBIIOCTh - I, 134, 135.
ny6JIH'lHOe o6em;aHHe Harpa)J;bI - III, 78.
ffiy6JIH'lHOe npaBo - B, 9; I, 45.
'PaaBO,[l: aHHYJIHpOBaHHe P. IIO COrJIameHHIO - IV, 28; aaHBJIeHHe 0
P. _ IV, 28; ue,[leiICTBHTeJIb'HOCTb P. no comameHIIIO - IV, 28; OCHO-
:.328
1IaHIUI l\JIH P. - IV, 29; npenHTcTBHH R P. - IV, 28; npeRpameHH&-
6paRa Ha OCHOBaHHH cMepTH cYIIpyra - IV, 2B; IIpHMHpHTeJIbHa '
IIpoIlep;ypa - IV, 29; IIOCJIe,a:CTBHJI P. - IV, 30; p. (061I\He rro.rrome-
HUH U UCTOpHH) - IV. 27; P. IIO COrJIameHHIO - IV, 27, 28; P. B'
cYl\e6HOM IIopH)J;Ke - IV, 29,; P. H IIoceMeHHaH 3aIIHCb - IV. 29; P:
pO HTeJIeD: U )J;eTH - IV, 31 1 ; paa)J;1JJI lIMYII\eCTBa IIpU P. - IV" 32;
q,aKTH'lecKHD: P. - IV, 128, 36..
PaCIIpel\eJIeHHe pHcRa - III, 82.
PO)J;HTeJIH H l\eTH: BHe6pa'lHbID: pe6eHoR - IV, 41; 3aKoHHOpoml\eHTIble
,II:eTH - IV, 40; HCK 0 HeIIpn:3HaHHH aaKoHHOpOm,II:eHHOCTH - IV, 40;
HCK 06 yCTaHOBJIeHUH OTIIoBCTBa - IV, 40; HCTOpnJI paaBHTHH OTHQ-
meHHD: Mem)J;y P. H )J;. - IV, 37, 38; JIerHTHMaIlHH BHe6pa'lHOrO pe-
6eHKa - IV, 43;. IIOHHTHe (fpOl\HbIe l\eTH» - IV, 38, 39; IIpe3ynMIIHJI'
3aKoHHopOml\eHHoCTH - IV, 40; IIpH3HaHHe OTIIOBCTBa - IV, 42..
POi1;llTeJII>CRKe "paBa: 061I\ue IIOJIOiKeHHH IV, 55; l\eTH - IV, 56
JIHu;a, OCYlI\eCTBJIHIOlI\He pOl\HTeJIbCRHe IIpaBa - IV, 515; JIHmeHHe'
P. II. - IV, 60; oIIeKya, ynpaBJIHIOD1;Hii HMYII\eCTBoM )J;1JTeH - IV, 60;
OTKa3 OT P. II. - IV, 60; OTKa3 OT IIpaBa ynpaBJIeHHH HMYm:eCTBOM
pe6eHKa - IV, 60; IIpaBa H 06H3aHHocTH pOl\HTeJIeii IIO oIIpel\eJIeHHI()<
JIHqHO-IIpaBoBoro cTaTyca ,II:eTeD: - IV, 57; rrpaBa « 06R1taHHOCTH mI-
lia, OCYlI\eCTBJIHIOlI\ero P. II. B OTHomeHHH HMYII\eCTBa pe6eHRa-IV,
58; CJIyqaH IIpOTHBOpe'lHH HHTepeCOB - IV, 58; COBMeCTHoe oCYlI\e-
CTBJIeHHe P. II. - IV, 59.
PO)J;CTBO: BHl\bI P. - IV, 9: B03HHKHOBeHHe P. - IV, 9, 10; eCTeCTBeH-
Hoe KpOBHoe P. - IV, 10; RpoBHoe P. IIO aaROHY - IV, 10; IIOHHTHe
P. - IV, 9; IIpeRpalI\eHHe P. - IV, 11; IIOCJIel\CTBHH P. - IV, 1,2;
IIOCJIe CTBHH P., npeAycMoTpeHHbIe HHbIMU oTpacmIMH npaBa - IV"
1,3; cBoiicTBO - IV, 9; CTCIIerrH P: - IV. 9; cYIIpyr - IV, 9.
PmK)J;eRHe - I, 17.
C)J;eJIIW: 6e30IIacHocTb C. - I. 23; BHl\bI C. - I, 77; III, 73; IIOHH-
THe C. - I, 75; IIpHTBopHble C. - I, 83; cB060Aa C. - I, 76; C., npo-
THBOpeqalI\He 06JI3aTeJIbHbIM IIpel\II'Q:caHHHM - I, 82; C., IIpoTHBope-
qaII\Ue IIy6JIHqHOMY IIOpHAKY n l\06pbIM HpaBaM - I, 84; TOJIKOBa-
HHe C., - I, 78, 79, 80, 81.
CeMeuHblu cY - I, 40; IV, 8, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 42, 47, 53, 58, 62; V,
14, 26, 38, 40.
CepBHTyr: BUAbI C. - II, 68; eiiCTBUTeJIbHOCTb C. - II, 70; OCHOBaHHft
IIpeKpalI\eHHH C. - II, 71; IIOHHTHe C. - II, 67; npH06peTeHHe C.-
II, 69.
CMepTb - I, 19.
Co6cTBeHHocTI>. [Jpa6o C.: xapaRTep IIpaBa C. - II, 34; cOl\epmaHHe.
IIpaBa C. - II, 35.
[Jpuo6pereuue npa6a C.: 3aBJIa)J;eHHe 6ecx03HiiHOii BelI\bIO - II, 45;
KB83H061I\aH C. - II, 53; KJIal\ - II, 47; OCHOBaHHH IIpH06peTeHH1t'
IIpaBa C. - II, 44; OTHOmeHHJI Meml\Y COco6cTBeHHuKallIH - II, 51;
061I\aH C. - II, 49; IIpHcBoeHHe IIoTepHHHoii Bem;H - II. 46; IIpupa-
lI\eHlIe - II, 48; xapaKTep 061I\eD: C. - IL, 50; pa3l\eJI 061I\eD: C. - II,
52.
COBMecTHaH eHTeJIbHOCTI>. t);OroBOp !} C. )J;. ( oroBop TOBapHm;ecTBa):
BbIXO H3 TOBapHlI\eCTBa - III, 146; BHYTpeHHHe OTHomeHHH B TO-
BapUm;ecTBe - III, 1.43; BHemHHe OTHOlIIeHHH TOBapHlI\eCTBa - III,
329"
144; )J,OJIeBaJI c06cTBeHHocTb - III, 145; HMYlI\eCTBeHHbIe OTHomeHHH
TOBapmn,eCTBa - III, 145; JIHKBH)J;aIlHJI TOBapHlI\eCTBa - III, 147;
oc06eHHocTH )J;oroBopa 0 C. )J;. - III, 142; IIOHJITHe C. 11.. - III, 141;
npllcoe).\IIHeHlle K TOBapllli1ecTBY - III, 146; POCIIYCK TOBapHlI\eCT-
Ba - III, 147.
COBlIap,eHHe p,OJl2KHHRa H RpelJ,HTOpa B Op,H01ll JlIII e - III, 72.
Coce)J;cTBa npaBo: IIOHJITHe IIpaBa C. - II, 36; OTHOmeHHJI Mem)J,Y
c06cTBeHHIIKaMH KOJIJIeKTIIBHoro p,OMOBJlap,eHHJI - II, 37; OTHOmeHHJI
C., CBJI3aHHbIe C BO)J;oii - II, 40; OTHOmeHHJI C. B CBJIaH C rpaHHIIaMH
3eMeJIbHbIX yqaCTKOB - II, 41; OTHOmeHHJI C. B CBJIaH C BeTBJIMH H
ROpHJIMII p,epeBbeB, BbIXO)J;JIII\IIX aa IIpe)J;eJIbi yqaCTKa - II, 42; OT-
HOmeHIIJI C. B CBJIall co cTpOHTeJIbCTBOM - II, 43; IIpaBO aaxo.IJ:a Ha
coee)J;HlIll yqaCTOK - II, 38; IIpaBO IIpOXO)J;a Qepe3 IIpHJIeralOlI\Hll
yqaCTOK - II, 39.
CynepqJHIIHii: aaKoHHbIll C. - II, 103; OCHOBaHHJI IIpeKpalI\eHIIJI C.-
II, 59; IIOHJITlle C. - II, 54; npH06peTeHHe C. - II, 55; IIpO.IJ:OJI2KII-
TeJIbHOCTb C. - II, 56; IIOCJIe)J;CTBHJI - C. - II, 57; perHCTpaIlIlJI C.-
II, 55; YIIJIaTa aeMeJIbHOll peHTbI - 11, 58; qaCTHqHbIii C. - II, 60.
TpeooBauHH npaBo. IIepep,aqa npaBa T.: HMeHHbIe Tpe60BallllJI-I1I, 49;
IIepe.IJ:aBaeMOCTb IIpaBa T. - III, 45; YCTynKa HMeHHoro Tpe6oBaHHJI-
III, 46; YCTynKa op)J;epHbIX Tpe60BaHHii - III, 47; YCTynKa Tpe60-
BaHHJI IIO eHHbIM 6YMaraM Ha npep,'bJIBHTeJlJI - III, 48.
Yp,ep2KaIUlH IIpaBO: IIOHJITHe npaBa Y. - II, 76; npeKpalI\eHHe Jlpa-
Ba Y. - II, 79; cO)J;ep2Kamre IIpaBa Y. - II, 78; YCJIOBHJI BoaHHKHO-
BeHHJI IIpaBa Y. - II, 77.
Y lbICeJI - 111, 19, 29, 162, 163.
YCJlOBHH. YCJlOBHMe Cp,eJlKH: BH}J;M Y. - I, 118; naC'l:ynJleHHe y, - I,
119; IIOHJITHe Y. C.IJ:eJlOK - I, 118; Y. IIpaBa - I, 120.
Y CbIHOBJleHHe: aHHy.lJHpOBaHHe Y. - IV, 48; aaJIBJleHHe 06 y, - IV, 46;
061I\He IIOJlO2KeHHJI Y.-IV, 44; IIOHJITHe Y. - IV, 45; nOCJle}J;CTBHJI
Y. - IV, 49; nOCJle}J;CTBHJI pacTOpmeHHJI Y. - IV, 53; pacTopmeHHe
Y. - IV, 50; paCTOp2KeHHe Y. no COrJIameHHIO - IV, 51; paCTOp2Ke-
HHe Y. B cY)J;e6HoM IIOpJI)J;Ke - IV, 82; He)J;eiicTBHTeJIbHOCTb Y.-
IV, 48; YCJIOBHJI Y. - IV, 47; Y. no aaBelI\aHIlIO - IV, 46.
aMHJlHH - IV, 6, 24, 26, 31, 49, 53, 54.
cJ}HaHqeCRne JlH a - CM.: IIpaBocIIoc06HOCTb, )J;eecIIoc06HOCTb, He-
)J;eecnoc06HbIe, OTCYTCTBYIOII\Be.
XpaHeHHJI )J;orOBOp: IIOHJITHe X. - III, 136; 06e3JIH'leHHOe X. - III,
140; 06JIaaHHOCTH IIOKJIa2Ke}J;aTeJlH - III, 138; 06JIaaHHOCTH xpaHH-
TeJlJI - III, 137; IIpeKpalI\eHHe )J,oroBopa X. - III, 139.
D;eHHble oyMarn - III, 45.
tJacTHoe IIpaBo: IIOHJITHe q. II. - B, 9; 06'beKTbI q. II.-I, 15; cne-
I1HaJIbHbIe OTpaCJIII q. II. - B, 9; cy6'beKTbI 'l. II. - I, 15; IOpH)J;H-
qeCKHe JlHIIa q. II. - I, 45.
3111«l1HTenaHc: IIOHHTlle H CYII\HOCTb 8. - II, 61; 06J1aaHHOCT BbIllJIaTbl
apeH)J;HoH IIJIaTbi - II, 65; OIIpep,eJleHHe paaMepa apeH)J;HoH nJIaTbi -
II 65' OCHOBaHHJI IIpeKpalI\eHHJI 8. - II, 66; CpOK 8. - II, 63; IIO-
pa')J;OK'IIpHo6peTeHHJI 8. - II, 62; YCJIOBHJI p,eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH 8.-
II, 64.
330
IOpH H'leClrne eiiCTBHH - I, 16, 94, 109.
IOpHp,H'lecRDe JIDI\a: BH)J;bI 10. JI. - I, 45; eecIIoco6HOCTb 10. JI.-
I, 55; )J;HpeRTop 10. JI. - I, 57; )J;eJIDKTHaH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 10. JI.-
I, 56; )),oBepDTeJIbHaJI co6cTBeHHocTb B 06m;ecTBeHHbIX DHTepecax -
I, 44; H3MeHeHDe YCTaBa RopIIopaqnH - I, 49; DaMeHeHDe Y'lpe)J:H-
TeJIbHOrO aRT a Y'lpem}:(eHHJI - I, 50; HHocTpaHHbIe 10. JI. - I, 64, 65;
KopnopaqHH - I, 41; KopIIopaqHD, He 06JIa}:\alOm;He npaBOCIIOCo6HD-
CTbIO - I, 43; KopIIopaqHD, IIpe}:\cTaBJIJIIOm;De 06m;ecTBeHHbID: DHTe-
pec - I, 45, 47; JIHKBH)J;aqDJI 10. JI. - I, 60, 61; JIDRBH}:\aTOp 10. JI.-
I, 61; MeCTOHaxom}:\eHDe 10. JI. - I., 52; Ha aop aa 10. JI. - I, 62;
o6nwe co6paHHe 10. JI. - I, 59; IIOHJITDe 10. JI. - I, 14, 41; IIpeKpa-
lI\eHDe HaCJIe}:\CTBeHHoro DMYlI\eCTBa RaK 10. JI. - V, 47; IIpaBocIIo-
C06HOCTb 10. JI. - I, 54; IIpe CTaBHTeJIbCTBO 10. JI. - I, 94; peBD-
aop 10. JI. - I, 58; pernCTpaIlHJI -10. JI. - I, 51; caHKqIlH B OTHO-
meHDH opraHOB 10. JI. - I, 63; CYII\HOCT.b 10. JI. - I, 42; cIIoco6bl
o6paaOBaHDJI 10. JI. - I, 46; III, 73; Y'lpeJK eHHJI - I, 41; Y'lpem}:\e-
HHJI, npe}:\cTaBJIJIIOII\De o61D;eCTBeHHbIU DHTepec - I, 45, 48; ynpaB-
JIeHHe HaCJIeACTBeHHbIM DMYlD;eCTBOM KaK IOpH)J;H'leCKDM JIHIIOM-
V, 46..
IOpH D'lecKDe l}IaKTbI - I, 16.
OrnaBneHHe
BCTynHTOJIbHaa CT8TbH ....
Paap,eJI III. 06HaaTeJIbCTBeHHOe npaBO
rJIaBa 9. )J;oroBop
9 1. 06 e nOJIOmeHHH
9 2. 3aKJIIO'leHHe p,oroBopa . . .
9 3. IIy6JIH'lHoe o6elI\aHHe Harpap,bI .; o6'b';re;e He' K H:
Kypca . . ..............
9 4. IIpaBo BoapameHHH B OTHomeHHH op,HoBpeMeHHoro
HCnOJIHeHIIH H pacnpep,eJIeHHe pHCKa
9 5. )J;oroBop B nOJIbay TpeTbero JIHqa
9 6. PacTopmenne p,oroBopa
rJIaBa 10. )J;oroBop p,apeHHH
TJIaBa 11. )J;oroBop KynJIII-npOp,amH
9 1. 061I\He nOJIOmeHIIH. . , ,
9 2. IIOCJIep,CTBIIH p,oroBopa KynJIH-npOp,amII
9 3. BbIKyn
TJIaBa 12. )J;oroBop MeHbI
rJIaBa 13. )J;oroBop
fJIaBa 14. )J;oroBop
CTBOM
aanMa
6eaBoaMeaIJ,HorO nOJIbaOBaHHH HMYlI\e-
5
19
19
19
28
32
35
41
43
53
56
56
60
68
71
72
rJIaBa 15. )J;oroBop HMYlI\eCTBeHHoro HaHMa
rJIaBa 16. )J;oroBop JIII'lHOrO HanMa
rJIaBa 17. )J;oroBop nOllPHp,a
rJIaBa 18. )J;oroBop nopY'leHHH
rJIaBa 19, )J;oroBop xpaHeHHH
rJIaBa 20. )J;oroBop 0 COBMecTHoH p,eHTeJIbHOCTH
rJIaBa 21. )J;oroBop nomHaHeHHoro cop,epmaHHH
rJIaBa 22. MHpoBoe corJIameHHe . . . .
76
79
92
103
106
109
114
121
124
332
rJIaBa 23. Bep,eHHe 'lymHX p,eJI 6ea nopY'leHHH 125
rJIaBa 24. HeocHOBaTeJIbHOe o60ralI\eHHe 128
rJIaBa 25. )J;eJIHKT . . . . . . . 133
9 1. 061I\He nOJIOmeHHH . 133
9 2. 061I\He YCJIOBHH YCTaHOBJIeHHH p,eJIHKTHOH OTBeTCT-
BeHHOCTH . , 137
9 3. IIocJIep,cTBHH p,eJIHKTa 145
9 4. Oco6bIe BHp,bI p,eJIHKTa 149
JPaap,eJI IV. CeMeHHoe npaBO 161
rJIaBa 1. 061I\aJI 'laCTb 161
rJIaBa 2. POp,CTBO 173
9 1. IIoHJITHe pop,cTBa . ..... 173
9 2. MaMeHeHHe pop,cTBeHHbIX OTHomeHHH 175
9 3. IIpaBoBbie nOCJIep,CTBHH pop;cTBa 178
rJIaBa 3. BpaK 179
9 1. 061I\He nOJIOmeHHH 179
9 2. 3aKJIIO'leHHe 6paKa ........ 181
9 3. Hep,eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTb H aHHYJIl!poBaHHe 6paKa 186
9 4. IIocJIep,cTBHH 6paKa 189
9 5. IIpeKpalI\eHHe 6paKa 195
9 6. ([IaKTH'leCKHH 6paK 204
rJIaBa 4. POp,HTeJIH H p,eTH 207
9 1. 061I\He nOJIOmeHHH 207
9 2. Pop,HbIe p,eTH 209
9 3. YCbIHOBJIeHHbIe p,eTH . . 215
9 4. ([IaMHJIHJI pO)J;HTeJIeH H p,eTeH 223
9 5. POp,HTeJIbCKHe npaBa 225
rJIaBa 5. OneKa 234
rJIaBa 6. Mm)J;HBeHHe 242
Paap,eJI V. HaCJIep,CTBeHHoe npaBo 246
r JIaBa 1. 061I\aJI 'laCTb 246
rJIaBa 2. HaCJIep,HHKH 252
rJIaBa 3. HaCJIep,OBaHHe 260
9 1. 06II\He nOJIOmeHHH 260
9 2. HaCJIep,CTBeHHaH p,OJIJI . . . . . . . . . .. 265
9 3. Paap,eJI HaCJIe)J;CTBeHHoro HMYlI\eCTBa . . . . .. 271
9 4. IIpaBo Tpe60BaHIIJI BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH Hac::ep,CTBeHHbIX
apaB . . . . . . 277
rJIaBa 4. IIpHHJITIIe H OTKaa OT HaCJlep,CTBa 279
9 1. 06II\He nOJIOmeHHJI . . 279
9 2. YHHBepCaJIbHOe npeeMCTBO 283
9 3. OrpaHH'leHHOe npeeMCTBO 286
9 4. OTKaa OT HaCJIep,CTBa . 289
333
rJlaBa 5. MHlleHTapnaaIlHJI HaCJlelJ,CTBeHHoro HMYlI\eCTBa 291
rJlaBa 6. OTcYTcTBne HaCJlelJ,HHKOB 29&
rJlaBa 7. 3aBelI\aHHe . 298
1. 06II\He IIOJlOmeHHJI 298
2. ([I0pMa aaBelI\aHHJI . 302
3. IIocJle,n:cTBHJI aaBelI\aHnJI 307
4. MCIIOJlHeHHe aaBelI\aHHJI 312'
rJlaBa 8. 06JIaaTeJlbHaJI )J;OJlJI 315
IIpelJ,MeTHbIH YKaaaTeJIb K nepBoH H BTOpOH KHHraM 321
CAKA3 BAr ALI,Y MA
TOPY API;1I;1,lJ,3YMI;1
rp AH<AAHCKOE
nPABO
SmOHHH
HE No 11337
Pel\aKTOp A. R. RYJtunoe
XYI\OlliHHK H. C. RJteuuapfl
XYI\OllieCTBeHHbIil pel\aKTOp B. A. nyaaunoe
TeXHll'IeCKHe pel\aKTOpbI C. A. P.II6uuu1ia, r. B. JIa-
aapeea
HoppeKTop H. H. Mopoa
Cl\aHO B Haoop 05.04.83. IIOI\IIHCaHO B IIe'!aTb
12.09.83. <l>opMaT 84x 108'/32. EYMara THlIorp. No 1.
rapHHTypa 00. HOBaJI. IIe'!aTb BbiCOKaJI. YCJIOBH.
lIe'!. JI. 17,64. YCJI. lip. OTT. 17,64. Y'!.-H3.n;. JI. 17,70.
THpalli 3000 aK3. 3aKa3 No 1264. IJ;eHa 1 p. 60 K.
H31\. No .34919.
Opl\eHa TPYI\OBOrO HpacHoro 3HaMeHH H3.n;aTeJIb-
CTBO «IIporpecc» rocy.n;apcTBeHHoro KOMHTeTa
CCCP 110 l\eJIaM H3.n;aTeJIbCTB, IIOJIHrpaWHH H
KHHlliHOJI TOprOBJIH.
MocKBa, 119021, 3YOOBCKHil oYJIbBap, 17.
MOcKOBCKaJI THIIOrpaWHJI No 11 COI03IIOJIHrpaw-
lIpOMa IIpH rOCYl\apCTBeHHOM KOMHTeTe CCCP 110
l\eJIaM H31\aTeJIbCTB, IIOJIHrpaWHH H KHHlliHOil TOp-
rOBJIH. MocKBa, 113105, HaraTHHCKaJI, 1.
I13.lI.A TEJIbCTBO «I1POfPECC»
BbIlliJIa B CBeT
XI1MEHEC .lI.E APEqAf A 3. COB-
peMeHHoe Me1K)I,YHapO)l,HOe npaBo:
l1ep. C Hcrr.
KHHra 1i3BeCTHoro MeKCIiKaHCKoro Y'leHO-
ro rrOCB5IIU;eHa IiCCJle,n:OBaHIiIO rrporpeCCIiBHoro'
pa3BIiTIi51 Me2K,n:YHapo,n:Horo rrpaBa rrocJle BTO-
pOM MilpOBOM BOHHN. B HeM rrOKa3aHH OCHOB-
HbIe TeH,n:eH Hil TaKOro pa3BIiTIi51 B ,n:eJle 3a-
IU;IiTbI Mlipa Ii 6e30rraCHoCTIi, o6eCrre'leHIiE
MlipHoro pa3perneHIi51 Me2K,n:YHapo,n:HHx KOH-
qWHKTOB, YKperrJleHil51 ,n:pY2KeCTBeHHHx OTHO-
llICHilH Me2K;J.y rocy,n:apCTBaMIi.
ABTOp paCCMaTpilBaeT BorrpOCH, CB5I3aH-
HHe C Me2K,n:YHapo,n:HHMH ,n:orOBopaMil, MOp-
CKIiM rrpaBOM, rrpaBoBHM pe2KIiMOM B03,n:yrnHO..
ro Ii KOCMI!'IeCKOro rrpOCTpaHCTBa, il rrpo6J1e-
MH Me2K,n:YHapo,n:HoH oTBeTcTBeHHocTIi.
PeKoMeHAyeTc5I HaY'lHHM pa60THIiKaM,.
rrperro,n:aBaTeJl5lM, acrrlipaHTaM Ii cTy,n:eHTaMJ
BY30B.