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ISBN: 5-343-01225-6
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"";]51 CHCTeMa .D,peBHero 3noca HeH3MeHHO BCTynaml 13 npOTIIBOpC-
II)le C HOB IMH 06pa3arv!H H COAep2KaIIHeM (CM., Hanp., 6bI,TIHHbI A. .M.
I, pIOKOBOH H <D. A. KOHarnKOKt, PYCC1'Y1O CKa3Ky «A.TIbIH ll.BeTOK» II
IH'KOTOpble .D,pyrne TeKCTbI, C06paI-IHbIe 13 CBOAe «TBOpqeCTBO Hapo-
il,oB CCCP»).
, HeMaJIO nOJIOLKHTeJlbHbIX npHMcpOB A. )J,aeT cpO,TIbKJIOp BcmII'OIi
( ITe L lecTBelmori BOHHb!. Cpe)J,II HHX 113BeCTHaH Bce;VI BOCTOqHbIM c, a-
mllidM neum «B.D,OByrnKa» (<<Y)!{ Com-Ill.e 32KaTH.'IOCb 3a TCMHbIe
liT:]»), OTHOCHII.:(aHC5I K CTapbIM COJIAaTCKH?v1 rreCHHM II npHo6peT-
111:151 13 HOBbIX YC.TIOBHHX aAeKBaTHoe H;VI 3BY'IaHHe.
1111(jn ; . IJt CaTWB A A' 1 JI. COEpeMeHI-IbIll cpOJIbKJIOp MOCKOECKHX pa60qHX II C3.
'. ' a KUH . 1>. PYCCKa51 !jJpaSeOJlOrH5I, ee pa3BuTHe HCTOtJIIHKI! H !leR-
I ,1I:'( ? 't'HqeC 51 pa3pa60TKa. J1., 19G8; JIe6uH 10. 11. CeMaIlT lqeCKa51 CTPVK;' a
1,\' (I,OH 3 ra;lK II Tp. rro 3HaROEbIM CHCTeMaM. VI. TapTv 1973' III Y1>wiJa H)
I ,\"laCHa IIlceHHtCTb CJIOB'51HCb:{UX Hapo.ll:iB. KIllE, 1981. J' ,. ..
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l\JIJ1EfOPH5I p., AJIEfOPbI5I 6., AJ1EfOPUI y.- IIHOCKa3a-
IIII\', cnoc06 XYAO}KeCTBemIoro H306pa2KtHH5J a6cTpar-:THoro nOHHTHH.
II il,I'1l 'Iepe3' KOHKpeTHbIH 06pa3, KOTOpblff COOTHOCHTCH C 3TIlM nOHH-
IIII'M rro KaKHM-TO CO OCTaDn!vIbI!I[ IW'IeCTBaM HJIH lpYHKll.IUBI H 3a-
"IH'II.I15ICTCH Tpa.D,Hll.Hen, 'ITa npHAaeT eMY «Y3HaBaeMOCTb», CMbICJIO-
IIV[() onpe.D,eJIeHI-IOCTb B pa3.'1IIqHbIX XYAOLI(eCTBeHHbIX npOlI3Be)J,e-
III1HX.
/\. BCTpCLweTCH 130 !."!HOnIX }KaHpaX BOCTO'IHOC,naB5UICKoro <jJO,TIbK-
.!llIpa. A,TI,TIerOpH'IeCKliI! xapalnep, Hanp., HMeeT rrOCJIOBHlLa «Harn,TIa
hllCI rra KaMeHb», II3BeCTHafl II 6e,TIOpycaM, II PYCCKHM, II YI-;pamI-
11;1 M. B rreceHHOM TBOp'IcCTBe II npWIIITaHHHX 13 aJIJIerOpIl'IeCKIIX
III'p;I;;ax H306pmKaeTCH CMepTb (CMepTb-CBa.D,b6a). B 6aT.TIefIKe II
''''p'l'l'ne aHa npeACTaeT 13 BIIAe KOCTJIHBOH CTapYXII C KOCOII.
(k06eIIHO npoLLYKTHBHO A. HCrrO,TIb3yeTcH 13 CKa3Kax 0 )KIIBOTHbIX.
111111/'111' nepCOH31iOI KOTOpbIX CTaJIII .D"TIH C,TIyrnaTe.TJCli BOII.'10II.:(elIIIeM
1111 PI',/('JleI-Il-IbIX qe,TIOBel:eCKIlX KaqeCTB 11 npII3HaKOB - XIITPOCTII.
I IIII:qwrna, XaII1KeCTBa (mica), MYAPOCTH (KOT), rJlynOCTiI (BO,TIK)
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III" "II"I"{;I, .'(apbKOB, 1844; AHUKUH B. JI. I1CKYCCTBO nCHXOJl0mqecKoro H306pa:
8
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1KeHIIH B CKa3KaX 0 )(GIBOTHbiX II 1'!>0JlbKJIOp KaK IlC1\YCCTBO CJIOBa. M., 1969; Eax-
TIlHa B. A. PYCCIGlH lIapO}(fIa51 CKa3Ka 0 )KIIBOTllbiX II aJIJIerOpUH II COBpeMt;.HHbIe
np06JIeMLI ( o.nhKJlOpa, BOJIor} a, 1971; J'L1Nlit1 II. C. TIa3TbIKa 6e.napycKau Ha-
pO.lLHaii JIiPIHi. Mil., 1975.
N. /I. J)/lXTllIJA, K. n. KAEAllIHHKOlJ
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AHEKflOT /,., II., !I. (I'pl"\. ;lIwl,do[os lIeIl:!) HllbIH, Heorry6-
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06bI L IHOM COOhlTlIll, ClI'I'Y<lIUIII, 'Il'pn' xapal\Tcpa 'IC.1I0B IW HJIH er?
rrOCTYII K\', :1<1 lW(I III a 10111.11 ikn lIl'Oil\ Il) a II 110 i'l I\OM 1!'ICCIWil pa3BH3KOH
(13 TalWM :;11;1'(('111111 H'(lMllll 1I01Il('.1l II c.1l0I\OYIlOT(w6JIeIlHe C cepe)J..
XIX B.). OCIlOIlIIOl' CO) l'j))KaIIIIC A. IlCPC) KO CI{PhlTO II ,D,OMbICJIHBaeTCH
CJIYIllilTl'JIl'M. ()cO()CIIIlO 60JIbrnoii I\OIlYJln(llIOCTblO nOJIb30BaJIHCb Y
HapO) a A. C()I lla,JII,II()-6bITOBOro CO) CP}IG:lIlIIH, a TalOKC 06 H3BeCT-
HbIX HCTOPII'll'CKIlX )\CHTeJIHX. ,LLm-l 1lI1X xapaK cpua OCTpoYMHa5I
KpHTI\JGI IICJ';ITllllllbIX HBJIeHHH 13 06II.:(CCTBCHHOH 2KU3HH, OCMe5IHHe
'IeJIOBC'ICl"I'dl x llOpOlWB. CaTHpa II lOMOp A. 13 60JIbIlIHHCTBe CJIY'IaeB
HOC5IT Ol'TPhlii 06JIlPIHTeJIbHbIH xapaKTep, Hepe,D,l(Q cO)J.ep)!{aT ,D,06po-
,D,yrnlIYlo naCMCUlKY. 4aII.:(e Bcero B03HIIlWlOT A. crrOHTaHHO, orrepa-
THBHO CJTpa}K;HI 3JI060,D,HeBHbIe 2KH3HeHIlbIe np06JIeMbI, IlIHpOKO HC u -
nOJIb3Y5I npHeMbI C03,D,aHHH I(QMH3Ma. B A. rrpOHBJIHeTCH TBOp'IeClmH
TaJIaHT HapoAa, era OCTpOYMHe, HaXO,D,'IHBOCTb. ,MeTI(aH 06pHcoBKa
KOMH'IeClmX 06pa30B, 60raTbIH apCeHaJI HCnOJIb3yeMbIx H306pa3H-
TeJIbHbIX cpe,D,CTB rrpHcyII.:(H 3TOMY 2KaHpy. A. 6JIH3lm l( «2KapTaM»,
lOMopecKaM COll.HaJIbHO-6bITOBbIM CKa3IWM, HMelOT TeH)J.eHll.HIO K
lI.IIlWH3all.H . 3aTyxaHHe Tpa)J.Hll.HH, XapaI(TepHOue )J.JIH HeKoTopbIX
iPOJIbKJIOpHbIX 2KaHpOB, He 3aTpoHyJIO A., I(QTOPbIH HBJI5IeTC5I O,D,HHM
H3 BeJWII.:(HX 2KaHpOB cOBpeMeHHoro cpOJIblWopa.
J1I1T.: Eepesaiiclwii B. C. AHe1\.lLOTLI ApeBHIlX rrOllieXOH eB. CTI6. 1798;. rHa-
TIOK B. raJIlI bKo-PYCbKi aIleK.lLOTU II ETH. s6. 1899. T. 6; Bec JIlIH OrrOB1.lLaq I
YnopH;J:. E. rpinqeHKO. KIIIB, 1913; )KapTbI aHeK.lLOTL rYMap3cKl, 1984; neflbT-
u,ep A. TIpoIlCXOJK.1-(CHHe aHeK.lLOTa B PYCCKOII lIap0.ll:HOH CJIOBCCllocTH./1 C6. Xapb-
KOBCKorO IICT.-!jJUJIOJI. O-Ba. XapbKOB, 1899. T. 11; CYliU(06 H. ?,., )2pacOlita-
HOB M. AHeK; OTLI 0 rJIyrr ax II TaM 1Ke; CU8Cflblill1WB B. M. H.lLeIlHo-xYJJ:01KeCT-
BeIlIIaH clle HllmKa PYCCKoro i-Jap0.1-(HOrO aHeK.lLOTa II Tp. IlIl-Ta J],PYJK6bl Hapo,n:oB
HM. TI;lTpuca J1yMYM6bI. 1\<1., 1964. T. 4, BLITI. 1.
A.C.C/JE)20CHK
AHOHHMHOCTb p., AHAHIMHACUb 6., AHOHI.MHICTb y.
(OT rpe'I. anonymos - 6e3bIMHHHbIH) - TepMIlH, 0603BaqalOII.:(HH
6e3bIM5IHHOCTb 60JIbllIHHCTBa npOH3Be,D,euuii <jJOJIbKJIOpa. IO. .M. Co-
IWJIOB C'IHTaJI A. «qnCTO BHernHHM» npII3IIaKoM HapO,D,HOrO TBOp'Ie-
CTBa. BbIcTyna5I rrpoTHB TeopHH «6e3JIWIHOcTU», OH YTBep2KAaJI,
'ITa A. HBJIHeTC5I CJIe,D,CTBHeM He3al(perrJICHHOCTIl HMeHH aBTopa
cpO,TIblWOpHoro npOH3Be)J.eHHH, YCTIIOH rrepe)J.a'IH, a He OTCYTCTBHeM
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TaKOBoro. B. H. 4H'IepOB 06'bHCHHJI A. 13 HapO)J.HOH rr033HH cBoe06-
pa3HeM npOll.eCca YCTHoro 6bITOBaHHH rrpOH3Be,D,eHIUI H rrO,D,qepKHBaJI,
'ITO OHa HMeeT COBepIlIeHHO Apyroe OCHOBaHHe, 'IeM A. 13 JIHTepaType.
TIpH3HaHHe A. npOU3Be,D,eHHH HapO,D,HOrO TBOp'IeCTBa He CHnMaeT
Borrpoca a pOJIH HH,D,HBHAyaJIbHOrO Ha'IaJIa 13 cpOJIbKJIOpHOM rrpo-
ll.ecce.
J1I1T.: C01WflOB 10. M. PYCCKIIH !jJOJIbKJIOp. M., 1941; lIu'iepoB B. H. PyccKoe
napo.lLHOe TBOpqeCTBo. M., 1959; EeJIapycKaH BYCHarra3TbIqnaH TBOpqaC b MH.,
1988.
K. Jl. KAEAllIHHKOB
AHCAMEJIb <DOJIbI\JIOPHbIVI p., AHCAMEJIb <DAJIbK-
JIOPHbI 6., AHCAMEJIb <DOJIbKJIOPHI y. 1) B Tpa,D,Hll.HOHHOii
napo)J.HoH I(YJIbType - CJI02KHBIlIaHCH YCTOH'IHBaH rpynna HcnO.TIHH-
TeJIeH iPOJIbKJIOpHbIX rrpOH3Be,D,eHHH, CBH3aHHbIX C IWpOAHbIMH 06PH-
)J.aMH H npa3)J.HHI(aMH.
2) <DopMa cOBpeMeHIIOH xY)J.02KeCTBeHHoH CaMO,D,eHTeJIbHOCTlI,
13 IWTOpOH BocrrpoH3Bo)J.HTCH Tpa,D,Hll.HoHHOe HapO,D,HOe HCKYCCTBO
(neuIII, TaHll.bI, HHcTpYMeHTaJIbHaS-! MY3bma) npeHMyII.:(ecTBeHI-IO 13
Cll.eHH'IeCKHX YCJIOBHHX; O)J.HH H3 BH,D,OB cOBpeMeHHoro iPOJIbIWOPH3-
Ma (CM.). A. cpo 2-ro THna YTpaTHJIH CBOH nepBOHa'IaJIbHbIe CPYHl(-
lI.HH, 13 HHX iPOJIblWOP OTopBaH aT CBoeH Tpa,D,Hll.HOHHOH 6bITOBOH
npHypOqeHIIOCTH.
B COBpeMeHIIOH iPOJIbIWOpHCTH'IeClWH JIHTepaType BbI)J.eJIeHO He-
CIWJIblW THnOB A. cp.: a) aYTeHTH'IHble, HJIH T. Ha3. 3THorpaiPH'IeClme
aIICaM6JIH, 13 penepTyape IWTOPbIX coxpaHHeTCH onpe,D,eJIeHHa5!
JIOKaJIbHO-pernOHaJIbHaH Tpa)J.Hll.HH. JJ:JIH HHX xapaKTepHa ,D,HaJIeKT-
lIaS-! cpopMa HCrrOJIHHTeJIbCTBa. 3TH A. cpo reHeTH'IeCKH CBH3aHbI C Ha--
pO,D,HbIM 6bITOBbIM MY3Hll.lIpOBaHHeM, HX cOCTaB CPOpMHPYCTCH B
CeJIbCIWH cpe)J.e. HaH60JIee pacrrpOCTpaHeHHbIe HapOAHbIe Ha3BaHHH
UeBqeClmX A. iP.: «rypT» 13 EeJIapYCH, Ha YI(paHIle - «rypT», «KYT»,
«BY,TIHll.H», «xop-JIaHKa». A. iP. COCTOHT li3 HeCKO,TIblmX pamIOnpaB-
IIbIX B TBOpqeCIWM OTHOIlIeHHH neBll.OB, BbIIIOJIH5IIOII.:(HX onpeACJIeH-
UbIe CPYHl(ll.HH. Y'IaCTHIIK, KOTOpUH Ha'IHI-WeT (<<3aBOA3ill.b») neCHlO,
IIa3bIBaeTCH 3aneBaJIOH, «BHBO,D,'IIIlWM», neBll.bI, Be,D,yII.:(He HH)!{HHII
rO,TIOC,- «6acarv!i», BepXHHH - «rrO,D,BO,D,IWH». HCnOJII-IIITeJIbCIWl[
MaHepe A. iP. rrpHCYII.:(H HMnpOBH3all.HOHHOe Ha'Ia.TIO H OTCYTCTBHC
:WKpenJIeHHOCTH neBll.OB 3a CBOHMH rrapTHHMH. COBpeMeHIlbIe neBqe-
crme A. cpo COCT05IT 13 OCHOBHOM H3 2KeHII.:(IIH.
A. iP. HapO,D,HOH HHCTpYMeHTaJIbHOH MY3bIlm HMeJIH 13 6bITY pa3-
JIH'IHbIe Ha3BaHHSI (MY3bIKi, KaMnaHi5!, Kan3JIa, BHCeJIbI5I - 6eJI.,
TpoicTi MY3HKH, MY3IIlm - YI{p.). B npOrnJIOM 6bI,TIH nonYJIHpHbl
1\. cpo 13 COCTaBe ,D,Y,D,bI H CKpHmm, CI(pHnKH H 6aC3T,TIH, Tpex CI(pHnOK.
If ,D,p. CeH'Iac pacnpOCTpaHeHbI HHCTpYMeIITaJIbHbIe A. iP. KaK O)J.HOH
rpynrrbI HHCTpYMeHTOB, Tal( H pa3JIH'IHbIX no COCTaBY: CKpHmw H
If,IIM6aJIbI, CI(P.HnIW H rapMOHIIl(, rapMOHIIl( H ll.HM6aJIbI H MHorHe
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BepTKoa K. PyecKIIe napOjl,lIl>le My.1)'lhaJI"III e JlllI"l'pYMl'II'J" . ,II., 1!J'ifi; 'll/CTOB K. B.
HapOjJ,lIbIe TP<Jj\lIl(UIl II (1)l!,lIbI;JlOp. J1., 191-\(;; /lollll/i'I!/I, n. /I, (j)().I!hl;,!!OpnbIe KOJI-
JIeKTIIBbI IWl( (j><1hTOp (JGIIOB.llCnJI!I 'qw'(IIJI,IIii XY/lOilll'(.''I'I>''II'Wi'(J TBOpqeCTlJa II
HaUiIOHaJIbIIblC Tpaj(Hl(IIII II Jlpo ecc II11Tl'I"I:lH,IIOIl <1.1111.\<111,11 'I ,: l'(lwpe xYj,01KeCT-
BeHHoil j,YJIbTYJlLI. Klll'I , 1987; J'ycea n.. t:. cjJO.III,](.ru'plI,.Il' <l1I(",U;JGJII1 K<JK !jJOpM<J
cOBpeMemwro qJO,lIbK,1I0PIl:1M<J II TpaJJ,HIUlII II COl:pCMl'II:I()CTI. 1\ I!JOJlbK,JJOpe. M"
1988.
E. ll. IJUI1I/ff'I,YJ\, U. M. AJIflXHOBWI
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MOIl KOClO BapaHeHbld, II JJ:3e 2K MOH CbIHOK MaJIa)J.3eHbld? II Ui TbI
}lI'O Y BaHHe 3a6iy, IllJ.i TbI 5lro 3 BaHHbI 3ry6iy? If - Hi 51 Hro y
J1 llhle 3a6iy, II Hi 51 Hro 3 BaHHbI 3ry6iy, II all, 3ary6iJIi ll.E:MHbIH
1I0'lbI, II IllbIHlWpa'IKi qOPHbI BO'IbI». B YKpaHI-ICKOII )J.YMe nepeqHCJIH-
IOTCH II 3aTeM rrOO'Iepe.D.HO OTpHll.alOTCH pa3Hble rrpe.D.rrOJ101KeHHH,
lIo)J.TBep2KAaH BbIBOA A. H. JJ:eH, 'ITO A. c. eCTb BbICTpaHBaI-me pH.D. 3
)I,JI5I BbIAeJIeHHH ejJ:IIHcTBeIIHoro: «To COKiJI npHJIiTaE: -II A2K froro
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TC, 'IH He 6a'IHB 'I'll Moro COKOJIHTH, II iEe3pO.D.HOrO, 6e3,rr,OJIbI-IOrO
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'IY2K)J.a, IWK BlIAHM, 6bIJIHHaM H )J.YMaM, O)J.HaKO COCTaBJIHeT 13 HIIX
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KperrJIHeTC5I cpaKTopOM crreUHcpH'IeCKOH (H3bIKOBOH, CTHJIHCTH'IeCKOH)
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HbIIv! napOAIIbllv! A. (p. HBJIHeTCH rpyrrrra H3 Tpex Iv!Y3bIKaHTOB: CKpHrr-
Ka, rapMOHIII\, 6y6eH IIJIH rapMOHHl(, )J.Y)J.Ka, 6y6eH II .D.p.; 6) 3Kcne-
pH!vIeI-ITa,IIblIble A. cp., )J.JIH KOTOpbIX xapaKTepHo B03p02K.D.eHHe H
OCBoemle 2KaHpOB Tpa.D.HUHOHHoro cpOJIbKJIOpa. I1x )J.eHTeJIbHOCTb
npCJTeKaeT 13 Cp e)J.e , He CBH3aHHOH C Hap O.D.H all KYJl.bTypoi1. Tmme
A. (p. (qaCTO rOpO.lLClme, MOJIO)J.e2KHbIe, cTy; eH'IeClme) OTJIH'IarOTCH
YCTaHoBKoi'I Ha TOqHOe BocnpOH3BeAeHHe rrOLLJIHHHbIX AHa,IIel(THbIX
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2KeCTBeHHoro rrpoToTHna. PenepTyap YCBaHBaeTcH IIMn I.:(eJleHanpaB-
JIeHHO KaK pe3)'.i'lbTaT H3YLleHHH IIapo)J.HbIX TpaAHI.:(HH, 'IaCTO 13 rrpo-
ll.eCce caMo.'.!.eHTeJIbI-IOli C06HpaTl'JlbC'Koi-i pa60TbI. Y'IaCTHHKH TaKHX
A. cp. He HBJIHlOTC5I HOCHTeJIHMH onpe)J.e,IIeHI-IOi'r JIOKaJIbHoii: Tpa)J.H-
rUIII, HX TBopLleCTBO B03HHlWO H3 Illloii, B OT.IIII'IHe OT ayn: HTH'lIIbIX
CPO,IIbIWOPHbIX aHCaM6JIeH, COll.IWJlhIl()-JlCIIXO,IIOrH'IeCKOII H KYJIbTYP-
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OCHOBaH Ha 06pa60Tlwx npOII3Bl'JI.l'IIIIi-i Cl)OJlbKJIopa caMO)J,elTeJIb-
HbIMH II rrpocpeccHOHClJIbHbIMII KOMIlo::!I"l'OparvUI. )].JIH lIYiX xapaKTep-
Ha TpaHC(poprvWU:II51 cpO.IIbKJI0pa, I1:1) )UIaJICKTHa5J cpoplv!a era Bocnpo-
H3BeAeHW'I, nepeOCMbICJIeIIIle XY)I.01Kl'CTBCHIlbIX npoToTHnoB H
TpaAIII.:(HH. 3TH aHCalv!OJIII OpIIl'IITlfpyroTC J II3 C03LL3HIle YC.IIOEHo-Tpa-
)J.Hll.HOHI-IbIX, 0606II.:(eUIIbIX, OGII l'II;I! JlOII;t.llr,IIhIX cpOpM. OHII B03HHl{3-
JOT, KaI{ UpaBIfJlO, !Ie B OhlTOBoi"1 ("(IWpl' If !ll' IIYTCIv! npm'vIoro pa3BHTHH
JIOKaJIbHOIi TpaAlU HI!. PCIIl'pTyal' .:>'1'11)" KO.1J,IIehTIIBOB Ill' C'OBna.D.aeT
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np05IBJI5IIOTC'5I c.llaoo, 1I])]!'Il'M II OCI!OBlIOM II;! (,lOiK('T!I()-CO) l'p}KaTe.TJb-
HOM, a ]!e CTIIJICBOM ypOllIIC'.
AHTI1TE3A CJIJ\B7IHCI\A5I p., AHTbIT33i\ CJI1\B5IHCKA7I
6.. AHTHTE3A CJ10B'5IHCbI\A y.- ocoGhlii HIll), OTpIHU1TCJIbHO-
ro rrapaJIJIeJIII3Ma, CO'!l:'.TalOII.:(HH 13 cBoeii KOIvl/IO.:Illum: a) Ha6JIlo)J,e-
Hne; 6) BorrpOc-npe.D.rrOJI01KeIIHe: 'ITO 3TO T:JKOC?; B) OTpHll.aHHe
npe)J.HOJ1araeMOro H r) nOjI:JIHHHOe 06'b5It:ncnnc. B PyccKoii 6b1JIHHe:
«DoKa3aJIocb II!vI JJ:a A06pbIM MOJIO.D.I aM, 1/ IllTO ropuT-ropHT)J.a
TOpO.D. fa.TJHll.H, II A l(aK OCTOHJIHCe )J.a OCMOTpeJIlICe, II A He ropHT-TO
BeTb JJ:a ropo)J. ra,IIHll.H, II A BeJIHKOe-TO eCTe.D.a CHHHbHll.O: II KaK
J1I1T.: Bece_waCKuii A. H. l1CTopUqeCKa51 rr03TIIK<J. J1., 1940; nypun B.
CpIlCKoxpBaTcKa HapoJJ,Ha emma. CapajeBo, 1955; EocaTbcpeB JI. r. HeKoTopbIe
BorrpocbI CpamIl1TeJIbHOrO HsyqeHU5I 3rroca CJIamIHCKUX Hapo,L(oB: IV Me2K,L(yHa-
pOAHbIH C'be3,L( CJIaBIlCTOB. .IJ:oKJIa.ll:bl. M., 1958; Aq;alwcbeBa-KoJleaa A. I\'bM BO-
Hpoca 3a H5IKOH H306pa31JTeJIlIH Cpe.ll:CTBa B CJIaB5IHCJ;OTO H<Jpo;J.Ho-rrOeTIIQHO TBOP-
'ICCTBO (CJIaB5IHCKa aHTHTe3a) II CJIaB5IHcK<J <pIIJlOJIOrHH. Co!jJn5l, 1973. T. 14; ral{aI<:'
B. M. MeTa!jJopllqeCKa51 aHTIITe3<J B cpaBHHTeJIbHO-UCTOpnqeCKOM OCBelli,enUH II I1c
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. J1I1T.: ABepUHl{:B C. C. AHaJIUTHqeCKaH ncnxOJIOrIIH I\. r. IOHra U 3aKOHO-
MCpHOCTU TBOpqeCKOH !jJaHTa3IIU II a COBpeMeHHOH 6yplliya3HoH 3CTeTIIKe M 1972
Bhln. 3; MeJJeTuHcKUU E. M. rIo3THKa Mu!jJa. M., 1976; OH e. 06 ap eT e IIH:
1;',ccTa B !jJOJIbKJIOpHOH Tpa.ll:II. uII (oc06eHHo B repOIIqeCKOM Mu!jJe) /I cI>OJIbKJIOp H
rHOrpa!jJHH. JI., 1984; cPpeudeH6epc O. M. Mu!jJ H JIUTepaTypa .lI:peBHOCTII M
[978; JIponn B. H. PyccKaH CKa3Ka. JI., 1984; PYTKeBU'I. A. M. I\. r. IO r 06
; pxeTIIrrax KOJIJIeKTUBHoro 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO Il BonpOCbl !jJIIJIOCO!jJuu. 1988. N!! 1;
J )Hc K. r. 06 apxeTurrax KOJIJIeKTUBHoro 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO II TaM llie; 01-1 e.
I\pxeTIIn U CUMBOJI I COCT. H BCTyrr. CT. A. M. PYTKeBUqa. M., 1991.
A. B. THTOBEl.(
APXI1TEKTOHI1KA p., APXIT3KTOHIKA 6., APXITEKTO-
I IIKA y.--:- TepMHH, 13 cpOJIbKJIOpHC'rHKe MaJIoynoTpe6JI5IeMbIH. CHHO-
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lid': I-IHbIe 13 JlaKOHIIqHOH OTTOqeHHOH cpopMe. Ee H)J.PO COCTaBJI5IIOT
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P()J MeTIme H3peqeHHH )J.peBHHX rrHCaTeJIeH, cpHJIOCOcpOB, ny6JIHUH-
("TOB. A. H. nOCTOHHHO nOnOJIHHeTCH KpbIJIaTbIMH BbICKa3bIBaHHHMH
1I(,IJI,alOII.:(HXCH nHCaTeJIeH, )J.eHTeJleH KYJlbTypbI. B PYCCKYIO A. H. 130-
III.!lU MHorHe MeTKHe H3peqeHHH A. C. TIYlliKHHa, A. C. rpH60e)J.OBa,
II. A. KpbIJIOBa, A. TI. 4eXOBa, 13 YKpaHHCKYIO - T. f. llleBqeHIW,
II. 51. <DpaHKO, .IT. YKpaHHKH, M. PbIJIbCKOro 13 6eJIOPYCCKYlO-
I. KynaJlbI, 51. KOJlaCa, K. KparrHBbI H )J.p. TepMHH A. H. HHor)J.a
"1'()jK)J.eCTBJI5IeTCH C nOHHTH5IMH «MY)J.POCTb HapO)J.HaH», «KpbIJlaTOe
lI:qJO)J.Hoe CJIOBO» H T. n.
CM. TaK2Ke IloCJlOBuu,a, nOcoBopTW.
J I1T.: jJ,aJ/.b B. H. .qOc.;rOBU bI. pYCCKoro HapO.ll:a. M., 1862; HOMUC M. YKpa-
IWI.KI npl-IKa3KU, rrpUCJ!1B H 1 TaKe !Hllie I 36. O. B. MapKOBHqa i AP. Cfl6., 1864;
' ':('(J(I(I'I. H. C60pHuK.?eJIOPyccKUX rrOCJIOBUIl. Cfl6., 1874; rIpbIKa3Ki i npbIMaYKi:
:VI , ( KII. 1976; BblCJIoyl. 1979; MYAPoe CJIOBO .IJ:peBHeH PYCII (XI-XVII 1313.). M.,
I ':{' ;, TUMomeHKo H. E. J1IITepaTYPHbIe rrepBOUCTOqHUKU II rrpoToTurrbI TpexcoT
1'\' (I,IIX rrOCJIOBU U rroroBopoK. I\IIeB, 1877; AHUKUI-I B. JI. PyccKue HapO.ll:Hble
""('./lOBII bI, rroroBopKu. 3araAKU II AeTcKuii !jJOJIbKJIOp. M., 1957; HHKOyCKi M. A.
! 1.I'H'IoIKa 6eJIapYCKlx rrpbIKa3aK. MH., 1971; JIasflK M. M. YKpaiHcbKi rrpUCJIiB'H
1".1 II (IlTl\a3KH II rIp06JIeMH rrapeMiOJIorii Ta napeMiorpa!jJii. I\ulB, 1984.
TOPHH. KYJIbTypa, 3THorpa!jJU5I U !jJOJIbKJIOp CJIaB5IHCKUX HapoAoB: VII MelliAYHa-
pO.ll:HbIH C'be3A CJIaBUCTOB. .IJ:oKJIaAbl cOBeTcKoll .lI:eJIera uu. M., 1973 (c 6u6JIuorp.);
jJ,eii O. I. rIoeTHlw YKpalHcbKol HapoAHol rricHi. I\HlB, 1978.
ATIAB51JJ:AHHE BYCHAE 6.-- CM. PaCCTW3 YCTHblU.
APXETHTI p., y., APXETbITI 6. (aT rpeq. archetypos - rrpo06-
pa3) _ 13 cpOJlbKJIOpIICTHKe - npe)J.CTaBJleHIIe a npa.popMe, npOTO-
THne, nepBHLIl-IOM MOTHBe, ClO2KCTe; TeOpeTH'leCKH BepOHTHaH cpopMa.
060CHOBaHHe II onpe)J.eJIeHHe rpaImI TepMHHa npHHa)J.Jle2KHT lliBeH-
ll.apCIWMY nCHXOJIOry K. r. IOHry. A. OH nOHHMaJI KaK HCKJIIOqHTeJIb-
HO cpopMaJlblIOe HaqaJIO, 06peTaIOIl\ee cO)J.ep2KaTeJlbHYIO xapaKTepH-
CTHKY JIHrnb 13 C03uaHHH HH)J.HBH)J.a II HanOJIHHIOIl\eeCH rrpH 3TOM Ma-
TepHaJIOM C03HaTeJlbHOrO onblTa. A. BOCXO)J.HT K nepB06blTHOH
rraMHTII qeJIOBeLleCTBa (<<KOJIJleKTHBHOMY 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOMY») H 6Jla-
rO)J.apH CBoeu 6ecco)J.ep)!{aTeJIbHOCTH 06JIa)J.aIOT YHHBepCaJIbHOCTbIO
H Be3)J.eCYII.:(HOCTbIO npOHBJleHHH H BbIpa2KeHlI5I. Ba2KHO TaK2Ke IOH-
rOBCKoe MHeHHe a He06xo)J.HMOCTH pa3JIHqaTb «apxeTHn» H «apxeTH-
nHqeCIWe npe}J,CTaBJIeHHe». K Cnell.HcpWleCKHM cpopMaM Bblpa2KeHHH
A. K. f. IOHr OTHOCHJI MHcpbI H CKa3KH.
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Me2KYTOqHbIM 3BeHOM Ha nYTH YCTaHOBJleHHH A. 13 HaUHOHaJlbHOM
cpOJlbKJIOpe M02KHO paCCMaTpHBaTb HHBapHaHT (CM.). BblqJIeHeHHe
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xapaInepHCTlIIm.
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MeTO)J.IIKH BbUIBJleHHH A. Ha pa3JIHqHbIX ypOBHHX He CTaJla npe)J.Me-
TOM cneUHaJlbHbIX IICCJle)J.OBaHHH, XOTH OHa TaK HJIH HHaqe 3aTparH-
BaeTCH H oCBeII.:(aeTCH (0. M. <DpeH)J.eH6epr, E. M. MeJleTHHCKHH,
C. H. A36eJleB H )J.p.).
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reorpacpwlecImH MeTO)J. cpHHCKO:U: UlKOJlbI (CM. MeToiJ UCTOpU1w-ceo-
cpaqJU'leCTWU, lliTWJW CPUHCTWR). KaK oTMeqaJI B. 51. TIponrr, aHa-
JIH3HPY5I MeTO)J.HKY 3TOH lliKOJlbI, ee npe)J.cTaBHTeJIlI CqHTaJIH, 'ITa
«COBoKynHocTb HCKOHHbIX cpOpM MOTHBOB )J.aeT llCKOHHYIO CPOPMY
CI02KeTa, era rrpacpopMY, HJIH apxeTHn, T. e. CPOPMY, H3 KOTOpOH pa3-
BHJIHCb BapHaHTbI. H3yqeHHe MaTepHaJIa no HapO)J.aM Jl.aeT B03M02K-
HOCTb YCTaHOBHTb Hall.HOHaJlbHbIe H JIOKaJlbHbIe BepCHH (3KOTHnbI) ».
O)J.HaKO )J.aJlee yqeHbIH, OTMe'IaH He)J.OCTaTKll MeTO)J.a cpHHCKOH UlKO-
JIbI, cnpaBe)J.JIHBO YTBep2K)J.aJI, 'ITO «CI02KeTbI MorYT 3ap02K)J.aTbCH
He3aBHCHMO )J.Pyr aT )J.Pyra TaM, r)J.e )J.JIH HX B03HHKHOBeHHH C03)J.a-
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3HaqeHHH: 1) CKa3Ka. Bo Bcex BOCT01J:HOCJlaBHHCKHX Tpa)J.lIUluix R'
60JlbrnHHCTBe CJIY'IaeB OTHOCHTCH K He60JlbmHM lrpoH3Be)J.eHHHM )J.H--
)J.aKTH1J:eCKOrO 1I lOMOpHCTH1J:eCKOrO cO)J.ep:>KaHHH, K T. Ha3. )J.eTCKIiM
CKa3KaM, HO IIHor)J.a pacnpocTpaHHeTcH Ha He6bIJIHll.bI H no,rr,06Hble'
HM npoH3Be)J.eI-IHH 0 HeBepoHTHbIX C06blTHHX, a 13 pa60Tax YKpaHH-
CKHX cpOJlbKJIOpHCTOB XIX - Ha'l. XX B. cooTBeTCTByeT T3K}Ke Tep--
MHHY «6aCHH» 1I rnllpe - «CKa3Ka a 2KIIBOTHbIX».
2) KOJlbI6eJlbHaH neCHH (CM.). Bo BTOpOM 3Ha1J:eHHH 60Jlee yrroT-
pe6HTeJleH Y pyCCKHX; 13 6eJIOpyccKOH Tpa)J.Hll.HH 13 370M 3Ha'Ieru1H>
ynoTpe6JIHeTCH pe)J.KO, He HCnOJIb3yeTcH 13 YKpaHHCKOll.
JII1T.: YKpalHcbKi Hapo.n:Hi 6aHKM (3BipUHUH erroc). T. 1-2 13'i6paB B: rHa-
TIOK II ETiIOrpa!jJ. 36. 1916. T. 37-38; I\a3Ki npa JKbIBeJI i qapa).(3ellHbl5I Ka3EL
1971; I\a3KH rrpo TBapuH. 1976; KO/!MatT.eBcKuii JI. 3. !KUBOTHblH 9rroc Ha 3arra.n:e.
H Y CJIamlH. I\a3aHb, 1882; KOCT/oxu/-l E. A. THrrbl U !jJOpMbI JKUBOTHOro ,moca. M.,_
1987; . KpYK H. H. BOCTOqHOCJIaBHHCKue CKa3KH 0 JKUIJOTHLIX. MH., 1989.
A. /0. EPHl1.blHA
,I,
EAVIKAP y.- CM. ClCa30'lIiUlC.
EAJIAr AH p., 6., y.- 06bPlHO BpeMeHHoe coopY2Kelme )J.JIH no-
Ra3a 13 HeM UlIpKOBbIX H TeaTpaJIbHbIX npeD.CTaBJleHHH. PacnOJrara-
JIH E. npelIMYII.:(eCTBeHHO Ha pbIH01J:HbIX nJIOIl\a}J;HX, B6.nU31I MeCT
ropO)J.Clmx rYJI5IHHH. <DYHKll.HOHHpOBaJIH BO BpeMH 5IpMapOK, Ha
MaCJleHHUY, TIacxy. B penepTyape HapH)J.y C IIIIcuelmpOBKaMlI ne-
peBOD.HbIX pOMaHOB 6bIJIH pa3JIHLIHble MaTepnaJIhI H3 HapO)J.HOH
2K1I3HI1, lOMOpHCTH1J:eCKHe cueHKH, nOCTpoeHHhle Ha cpO.'lbKJIOpHOM
MaTepHaJle. E. 06bI'IHO HMeJI 6aJIKOH, r)J.e Me2K)J.y npe)J.CTaBJleHHHMR
BblcTynaJIH 6aJIaraHHble )J.e)J.bI, 3a3bIBaBrnHe rry6JIIIKY.
JIHT.: JIeiiq;epT A. B. EaJIaraHbl. rIr., 1922; PyccKaH Hapo).(Ha51 .n:paMa XVII--
XX 1313. I Pe.ll:., BCTyrr. CT., KOMMeHT. I1. H. EepKOBa. M., 1953.
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Bce, D.OBO.D.H HX 1J:HCJIO )J.O rneCTII. CTpOH - npeHMYIl\eCTBeHHo Ma-
}KOpHOe Tpe3BY1J:He, pe:>Ke )J.pyrne CTpOH. 3BYKoH3BJle L leHHe oCYIl\e-
CTB.'lHeTCH 6pHll.aHHeM, pe:>Ke 3aIl\HnbIBaHHeM OT)J.eJIbHbIX CTPYH,
qaII.:(e 60JlbrnHM rraJlbueM. PenepTyap - 1J:acTyrne1J:Hble, rrJIHCOBble,
TaI-rueBaJIbHble HaHrpblrnII.
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l paYlaTU1J:eCIme H TparH1J:eClme KOJIJIH3llH 13 ccpepe JIWIHOrO, ceMeH-
1I0ro H 06Il\eCTBeHHoro 6blTa qeJIOBeIW. B HapO)J.HOH cpe)J.e rreCHlL
'-;TOro }KaHpa Ha3bIBaJIHCb )J.JIHHHbIMH (6eJI.- )J.oyraH, YKp. - ,lJ,OB-
ra), neqaJIbHbIMH (6eJI.- CMYTHaH, YKp.- CMYTHa), 2KaJIOCTHbIMH
(6eJI.- 2KaJIOCHaH), CTHxaMH, CTapHHaMH - pyc. B ll.CHTpe BHHMa-
IIIIH C03)J.aTeJIeII E.- MOp3JlbHO-HpaBCTBeHHble TeMbI: npOTHB060p-
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IIJMeHbI, CTOHKOCTb 1J:eJIOBeKa 13 TparWleClmx cHTyaUHHx no)J. y)J.apa-
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1878. LI. 1-3; PyccKaH 6aJIJIaAa,fITpeAIICJI., peA. H rrpUMeq. B. I1. LIepHbIllieBa.
BCTYII. CT. H. IT. AHApeeBa. M.; n., 1936; HapO.ll:Hble 6aJIJIa.ll:bl I BCTYII CT., 1I0}J.--
rOT. TeKCTa II rrpIIMeq. .IJ:. M. EaJIalliOBa. 06 . pe.ll:. ..A. M. ACTaXOBOH. M.; J1."
1963; YKpalHcbKa 6aJIaAa I YKJIaA. r. A. HY.lI:bra. H1B, .1970; E JIap.bl: Y 2 KH.,
1977. KH. 1; 1978. I\H. 2; 3 rip KaprraTcbKHx: YKpalHcbKl Hapo}J.Hl IIlCHl-6aJIa}J.1I I
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Y)Kropo , 1981; EaJIa)J.u: I\OXaJIHH Ta .lI:OlliJII06Hi B3aE.MIIHll. 1987; EaJJa}J.H: .Po-
AUHHo-rr06YToBU CTOCYHKH. 1988; EpacoMaHoB M. aTaJI II B.lI:OBa: P03B1}J. H
M. .IJ:paroMaHoBa rrpo YKpalHcbKY HapoAHY CJIOBeCHICTb 1 IIlCbMeHCTBO. u J1bBIB,_
1900. T. 2; EalIatlWB E. M. ITocTaHoBKa Borrpoca 0 6aJIJIaAe 13 PYCCKOU Jj 3a-
IIa}J.HoH !jJOJIbKJIOpUCTIIKe II Tp. I\apeJIbCKOrO qmJIuaJIa AH CCCP. fleTp03aBo}J.cK,
1962. BblII. 35; 3eMl{OBClwii H. H. EaJ]JIaAa 0 }J.OqKe-IITalliKe'// PI'!>. 1963. BbIII. 8;
OH e fleCHH-6aJIJIaAbI II COB. MY3bIKa. 1966. oN!.' 4; CM11.DHOB 10. U. CJIaBHHCKHe
3IIU'JeC He TpaAu uu. flp06JIeMbI 3BOJIIO UU. M., .1974; CaliaBeii.. JI. : EeJIapyc.:,
Ka51 Hapo}J.Ha51 6aJIa}J.a. MH., 1978; rpu/{a c. Fl. MeJIoc YKp 1HCbKOI Hapo)J.HOI
errir:u. KHlB, 1979; Eeii O. 1. YKpalHcbKa Hapo}J.Ha 6aJIalia. KUlB, 1986; CMUpH06
10. H. BOCTOqHOCJIaBHHCKue 6aJIJIaAbi U 6JIH3KHe UM {jJOpMbI. M., 1988.
JI. M. COJIOBEFf
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.fT. M. EeJIapycKi51 ricTapbIqHblH 6aJIaAbI II Bec i AH ECCP. Cep.' rpaM .lI:. HaBYK._
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J1ET.: I-IapoAHi 6aJIa.ll:II 3aKaprraTT5I. Y.>Kropo.ll:, 1959; EaJIa}J.Hi rricHi. I\UlB"
1%9; EaAalUOB 11.,. M. I1CTOPU5I pa3BUTlI5I .>KaHpa pyccKoii HapoAHoii 6aJIJIa,n:bl.
IIeTp03aBO.ll:CK, 1966; JIoMepaHI{eBa 3. B. EaJIJIa,n:a U JKeCTOKHH pOManc 1/ PI'!>. J1."
1!174. T. ]4; KYAacuHa A. B. PyccKa51 HapO.ll:Ha51 6aJIJIa,n:a. M., 1977; KonaHe6a
II. JI. HOBa51 6aJIJIa.ll:a: )I(aHpoBbIe rpaHu bI. CIOJKeTbI II 1'!>0JIbKnOp Hapo}J.oB
I'C<1)CP. Y!jJa, 1983; OHa e. a JIHTepaTypHOM rrpOUCXOJK.lI:eHHU PVCCKOH HOBOll'
lIapO.ll:llOli' 6aJIJIa.ll:bI 1/ BeCTH. J1eHuHrpa.ll:CKOrO yn-Ta. 1984. BbIII. 3. .N2 14.
II'
EAJIJIAJJ:A I-IOBA5I p') l'JAJ1AJJ:A HOBA5I 6.) EAJ1AJJ:A HOBA
y.- rr03,iJ,HmI }KaHpOnaf! cpopMa HapO,lJ,HOii 6aJIJla)J.bI C OCTpOJLpaMaTII-
qeCKIIM JI1060BHbHvI IIJIII ceMeIIHO-6bITOBbIM pa3BIITbIM 3aBcprneHHbIM
ClO}KeTOM, 'IaCTO JIIITCpaTypHoro rrpOHCXO}K)J.eHmI. B PYCCKOM rreceH-
HaM perrepTyapc IIIHporW BCTpeqaeTCf! C KOHll.a XIX-Haq. XX B.
Han60JIbUIYIO rrorrYJIHpHOCTb nOJIyqIIJIII neCIIII «Ha 6epery CH)J.UT
)J.eBIIll.a; , «I\.aTH-nacTyrnKa», «00 JJ:OHY rYJUIeT», «Xac-6YJlaT Y)J.a-
JIoib>, «ExaJIII co.'I)J.aTbI co CJlY2K6bI )J.oMoib>, «B ca)J.Y nI'O)J.a-Ma.lIHIW»
H )J.p. OCTpbIii ClO}KeT, )J.paMaTH3M CIITyall.uii, 6bITOBble KOHcpJIHKTbI
C6JIH}K3.lOT B. H. C 6aJIJIa)J.OII Tpa)J.,Ull.IIOHIIOH. O,rr,HaKO 13 OT"lII'II1e aT
TparJIIleCIWro KOHcp.TII1KTa CTapOH 6aJIJIaAbI B HOBOH OH MCJIO)J.paMa-
TWleCImii, co crYII.:(eHHeM }KeCTOKHX C06bITUH (y6IIIICTB, caMoy6HHCTB
Ha rrO'IBe JI106BII H peBHOCTH), 'laCTO - C MOpaJIH3aTOpCKOH KOHQOB-
ROH. 3aBeprneHllbIII CIO)KeT OTJIHqaeT E. H. aT pOMar-Ica.
H.JI.KOJIAHEBA.
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Mt'IIT, HcnoJlb3yeMbIH HapHAY C K0630H YKpaHHcKHMH Hapo,rr,HbIMH.
IlcBuaMH-K063apHMH. KJIaCCH'leCKaH )J.HaTOHHqeCKaH E. HMeeT 5 6YH-
1'011 II 18 npHcTpYHKOB. E. OTJIHqaeTCH aT K063'bI no cpopMe Koprryca
II I(()HCTPYKll.HH: <popMa K063bI npaBHJlbHaH rpyrneBH)J.HaH, nJIOCKaH,
;1 1.). neCKOJIbKO )J.ecpopMHpOBaHa H BbmYKJIaH. Ho caMbIe CYII.:(eCTBeH-
IIhle pa3JIHqHH cO)J.ep2KaTCH B CTpoe H npHHll.Hrre HrpbI: aKKop)J.hI Ha
hou:;e Ha6IIpalOTCH Ha rpHcpe npH2KaTHeM CTPYI-I naJIbll.aMII JIeBOR
/lVlm; Ha E.- I10Cpe)J.CTBOM 06eHX PYK Ha 6YHTax H rrpHCTpYHKax.
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(B. KYllIrreT) rro)J.TBep}K)J.aIOT CBH3b E. C )J.peBHepycCKoH (rYCJIH),
:a K063bI C BOCTO'IHOII (K06Y3, K06bI3) H 33rra)J.HoeBporreHclwH (JlIOT-
1m) TP3)J.Hll.lUIMH.
CYII.:(eCTBYlOT )J.pyrHe BepCHH rrpOHcxmK)J.eHHH H CPYHKll.HOHHpOBa-
HHH )J.aHHbIX THrrOB HHCTpYMeHTOB: JIHHI'BHCTHqeCKaH, OT02K)J.eCT-
BJIHlOIl\aH 06a TIIHa H pa3JIHqaIOII.:(3H HX JIHrnb TepMHHOJIOrHqeCKH, H
3BOJIIOll.HOHHCTCKaH, paCCMaTpHBaIOIl\aH K063Y KaK HeKHH CTapHHHbIH
npOTOTHrr, KOTOpbIH 13 rrpouecce «06paCTaHHH» rrpHCTpYHKaMH «pa3-
BHJICH» 13 COBpeMeHHYlO E.
COBpeMeHHaH E. rrpOH3BO)J.CTBa 4epHHrOBCKOH cpa6pHKH MY3bI-
-KaJIbHbIX HHCTpYMeHTOB HMeeT 12 6acoB H 52 rrpHcTpYHKa. CTpOH
"OCHOBHOro 3BYKopH)J.a - COJIb-Ma2KOp. 3BYKOpH.lJ. E. C rrepeKJIIO'IaTe-
.JI5IMH TOHaJlbHOCTeH M02KHO rrepecTpaHBaTb 13 JII06yIO TOHaJIbHOCTb.
B KarreJIJle 6aH)J.ypHcTOB r. JJ:eTpoiha (CIllA) rrpHMeHHIOT ycoBep-
meHCTBOBaHHble E. xapbKOBCKOI'O THrra, 06JIa)J.aIOII.:(He YHHBepCaJlb-
HbIMH TeXHHIleCKHMH B03MmKHOCTHMH. 3TOT THrr HHcTpYMeHTa rrep-
crreKTHBHee rro cpaBHeHHIo C OCTaJlbHbIMH, rrOCKOJlbKY rr03BOJI5IeT
HCrrOJIb30BaTb Bce cYIl\eCTBYlOIl\He crroc06bI HrpbI H K TOMY 2Ke MaK-
-cHMaJIbHO rrpH6JIH2KeH rro KOHCTPYKUHH, 3ByqaHHIO H crroc06aM HCrrOJI-
HeHHH K Tpa)J.HUHoHHbIM K063aM H E.
3KpaHOB, Ha KOTOpbIX B03HHK3JIH (rro THrry TeHeBoro TeaTpa) H30-
Dpa2KeHHH OT)J.eJlbHbIX 3rrH30)J.OB «Uap5I Hpo.lJ.a». «)I(JI06» 6bIJI HaH-
60JIee KOHcepBaTHBHbIM TeaTpoM C KaHOHH'IeClmM peJIHI'H03HO-MH-
CTepHaJlbHbIM perrepTyapoM H BeCbMa OrpaHHqeHHOH qHCTO
CJIY2Ke6HOH CPYHKll.HeH KYKOJlbHHKa. '
Pa3Hble THrrbI E. nMeJIH CBOH KOHCTPYKTHBHble CHCTeMbI KYKOJI.
H3BecTHbI rrJIOCKHe, Bblpe3aHHble H3 2KeCTH HJIH KapToHa TeHeBble CPH-
rypKH (<<2KJI06»), MapHoHeTKH, rrepqaTOqHble KYKJIbI, HO HaH60JIbrnee
pacrrpocTpaHeHHe rrOJlyqHJIa KYKJla CTep2KHeBOrO THrra. TaKHe KYKJIbI,
3aKperrJIeHHble Ha AepeBHHHoM HJ1H MeT3JIJIHqeCKOM CTep2KHe, 6aT-
JIeeqHHK BO)J.HJI rro rrpope3HM 13 rrOJIY CI eHbI. B pe)J.KHx CJIyqaHX npH-
MeHHJIHCb )J.Ba BpaIl\aIoIl\HxCH )J.HCKa (HH2KHHH IT BepxHHH), K KOTO-
pbIM rrpHKperrJIHJIHCb HerrO)J.BH2KHble KYKJlbI.
JJ:paMaTyprHH E. )J.eJIHTCH H3 TPH 'laCTH: cueHbI peJIHI'H03HOro
cO)J.ep2KaHHH, MHCTepHaJIbHYlO )J.p3MY «Uapb Hpo)J.» H Hapo)J.Hble HH-
TepMe)J.HHHbIe Cll.eHbI (H3BecTHbI CJIyqaH, Kor)J.a 13 E. HCrrOJIHHJICH IT
«Uapb MaKCHMHJIHaH»). TIpe)J.cTaBJIeHHe 13 E. HOCHJIO cHHTeTHqeCKHH
xapaKTep, qTO 06YCJIOBJIeHO 2KaHpOBO-CTHJIHCTHqeCKHMH oc06eHHo-
CTHMH perrepTyap3. JJ:HaJIOI', MOHOJIOr, rreCHH, TaHell. - OCHOBHble
KOMrrOHeHTbI )J.paMaTypI'HH E. KYIWJIbHHK, BblcTyrralOII.:(HH He TOJlbKO
13 Ka 'leCTBe OCHOBHOro (HO qaCTO II e)J.HHCTBeHHoro) HCrrOJIHHTeJI5I
6bIJI O)J.HOBpeMeHHO aBTopOM, XY)J.mKHHKOM, pe2KHCCepOM CBoer
TeaTpa.
B KOHll.e XIX H Haq. XX B. OT)J.eJIbHble Cll.eHbI E. rrepernJIH 13 perrep-
Tyap 2KHBbIX HCrrOJIHHTeJIeii. 3TOT BH)J. rrpe)J.cTaBJIeHHH rrOJIyqHJI Ha3-
BaHHe «6aTJIeH», «2KHBOH 6aTJleHKH». TIoCJIe)J.HHe rrpe)J.cTaBJIeHH5!
5. COCTOHJIHCb 13 MHHcKe (1915), MocKBe (1923) H )J.. EeJIeBHqH
CJIYll.KOrO p-Ha (1962).
CM. TaK2Ke Bepren, Bepren YKpaUliC1WU.
J1I1T.: 3peMU'l H. 3. OqepKH 6eJIOPyccKoro flOJIeCbH. BUJIbHa, 1868; Eecco-
11?6 JI. EeJIOPyccKue rreCHU. 1871; llieiiH JI. B. MaTepuaJIbl. 1902. T. 3; POMaHoB
I;. P. 1912: B III. 8; KapcKuii J!. CPo EeJIOPycbI. M., 1922. T. 3, BblII. 3; EapblLUay
1. I;, CaHHl wy A.uK. EeJIapycKl Hap0.ll:HbI T3aTp «6aTJleHKa». MH., 1962; CT3IIbMaX
!(. Y. C 3HlqHae YBaca6JIelIHe HapO.ll:HaH .lI:paMbI II Bec i AH ECCP. Cep. rpaMa.ll:.
lIaBYK. 1982. .N 6; KalIa8siHcKi M. A. EeJIapycKi I'IapO}]HbI T=JaTP 1/ HapoAHbI
J"-'3Tp. MH., 1983.
J1I1T.: XOTKeBU'l r. MY3UqHi iHcTpYMeHTl! YKpalHcbKoro napo.ll:Y. I\HlB, 1930;
.J(oJ!ecca CPo M. MeJIo.ll:ii YKpalHcbKux HapO.ll:HUX .lI:YM. I\HiB, 1969; JIuceHKo M. B.
.JCapaKTepucTuKa MY3UqHUX OC06JIUBOCTeH YKpalHCbKux HapO,lI:HHX .lI:YM i rriceHb Y
.1JUKOHaHHi K063ap51 Bepeca5I. KUlB, 1978.
M. H. XAJ1
EAT JIEI/IKA 6.- BH)J. 6eJloPyccKoro Hapo)J.Horo KYKOJlbHOrO TeaT-
pa. B03HHK 13 XVI B. H CBoe Ha3BaHHe rrOJIyqHJI aT rrOJIbCKOH TpaHC-
:KpHrrll.HH ropo)J.a BHcpJIeeMa, I')J.e, COrJIaCHO eBaHI'eJlbCKOMY rrpe)J.aHHIO,
pO)J.HJICH XpHCTOC. E. H3BeCTHa TaK2Ke rro)J. H33BaHHHMH «BHcp-
JleeM», «5IceJ1I-i:a», <oKJI06». H3HaqaJlbHO E. B03HHKaeT KaK TeaTp pe-
.JIHI'H03HO-MHCTepHaJIbHbIH, rr03)Ke rrpeBpaII.:(aeTCH 13 HapO)J.HhIH TeaTp.
B EeJlaPYCH 6bIJIH H3BeCTHbI HeCKOJIbKO KOHCTPYKTHBHbIX THrrOB Te-
lTpa KYKOJI; 0.lJ.H03Ta2KHaH, )J.BYX3Ta2KHaH II TpeX3Ta2KH"3H E. CBoe-
06pa3HO OTpa3HJIII apXHTeKTypHYIO 3BOJllOll.IIlO TeaTpa, CBH3aHHYlO C
-CYIl\eCTBeHHbIMH H3MeHeHlI5IMH 13 ero perrepTyape. JJ:JI5I 0)J.H03Ta.iKHOH
E. xapaKTepeH HCKJIlOLIHTeJIbHO peJIHI'H03HbIii perrepTyap. JJ:PyrHe
THrrbI TeaTpa HCrrOJIb30BaJIH 13 CBOHX rrpe)J.CTaBJIeHHfIX H HapO)J.Hble
lIHTepMe)J.HII. TIpHHll.HrrHaJIbHO OTJIUqHbIM TIIrrOM TeaTpa 6bIJI «2KJI06»,
nOJlyqHBllIHH HaH60Jlbrnee pacrrpOCTpaHeHHe I-Ia BIITe6Il\HHe. OH rro-
BTOpHJI apXHTeKTypHbIH 06pa3 TpexKyrrOJIbHOI'O xpaMa, HMeJI HHOH,
-qeM y 60JIbrnUHCTBa E., rrpHHQHrr pa3MeIl\eHHH Cll.eH. 3)J.ecb Ha cMeHY
BepTHKaJIbHoMY, rrpHllIe)J.rneMY H3 MHcTepHH rrpmIll.Hrry pa3MeII.:(eHHfI
Cll.eH (He60, 3eMJIH, a)J.) rrpHllIeJI ropH30HTaJIbHbIH rrpHHll.Hn Cll.eH-
M.A. KOJIOEHHCKHJ1
EJIArOTIO)KEJ1AHHE p., 3bI43HHE 6., TIOEA)KAHI-I5I 3H-
I EHI-I5I y.- O,LLHa H3 pa3HoBH)J.HocTel! cpOJlbKJIOpHOrI MaJIOH ni)03bI.
I '. . 'eHeTHqeCKH CBH33HbI C Bepor1 B MarHqecKYlO CHJIY CJIOB3, C ce-
Ml'IIHbIMH H KaJleH)J.apHbIMH 06pH)J.aMH. BE., rrpHypOqeHHbIX K Ka-
Ill'II)J.apHbIM rrpa3)J.HHKaM KOJIH)J., MaJIaHKH, TIacxH, NlaCJleHHll.bI H
II,p., Bblpa2KaJIOCb rrmKeJI3HIIe AOCTaTKa ceMbe, 3)J.OpOBbH, 06HJIbHOI'O
vp02KaH, rrpHrrJIo)J.a CKOTY H T. rr. E. rnHpoKo HCrrOJIb3YIOTCH 13 rrOBceA-
Ill'lHIOM 6bITY Hapo)J.a. TIy6JIHKYlOTCH, KaK rrpaBHJIO, 13 COCTaBe c60p-
III1KOB pa3JIHIIHbIX rrapeMHH (CM.).
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E. 06bILIHO 06Jle'leHbI B CTPYKTypHbIe CPOPMYJIbI, HaCbIII.:(alOTC5r
3KcnpeCCHBHbIMH 06pa3aMH.
JU1T.:' Ea.l!b B. H. I10CJIOBIJUbI pyco;oro HapO}J.a. M., 1862; HOMliC M. YKpa-
IHcbKi rrplfKa3Ku, rrpIJc.1IiB'51 i TaKe imue 136. O. MapKOBllqa i }J.p. CIT6., 1864;
HOCOBU'l 11. C60pmm 6e.'IOPycCKIIX rrOCJIOnlilt CIT6., 1874; CPpaHKo f. raJll-1 bKO-
PYCbKi Hapo}J.Hi npHrroBi}J.KH: B 6 Bun. JlbBiB, 1901-1910; rpwl6JWT M. H. BbI-
CJIoyi II Bb!cJIoyi. 1979; JIaSfiK M. M. YKpai'HcbKi rrpIICJIiB'51 Ta rrpllKa3Ku II I1p06-
neMU rrapeMioJIorii, Ta napeMiorpacpiI. KUlB, 1984.
EH CBOHCTBeHHO CO'IeTaHHe 3CTeTlI'IeCIWH H I-IHcpopMaTHBHOH CPYHK-
IUIH, )J.OMHHHpOBaHHe nOCJleJl.HeH. B OTJIHqHe aT 6JII13KOII no cO)J.el)2Ka-
HHlO 6bIJIH'lKH (MeMopaTa) (CM.) nOBeCTBOBaHHe 13 E. HMeeT xapaK-
Tep cpa6YJIaTa (CM.) H HepeAKO Be,lJ,eTCH aT TpeTbero JIIIIIa. B E.
TeKCT cyeBepHoro paCCKa3a, YTpaTHB oc06eHHOCTII BocnOMHHaHHH
)J.eHCTBYlOII.:(erO JIHua -O'IeBH)J.ll.a, 06peTaeT caMOCTOHTeJlbHOe 6bITOBa-
HHe H OTHOCI1TeJIbHYIO CI02KeTHYlO YCTOH'lHBOCTb 13 YCTHbIX BalHlaH-
Tax. JJ:JIH E. xapaKTepHa 0606II.:(eHHOCTb H cpa6YJIbHOCTb, CBH3b C
TpaAHll.HOHHbIMH BepOBaHHHMH H )J.eMOHOJIOrHqeCKHMH npe)J.CTaBJIe-
HHHMH, JIOKaJIbr-ra5I npnypO'Ier-rr-rOCTb. Nlr-rorHe CI02KeTbI BOCTO'Ir-rOCJIa-
BHr-rCKHX E. cOBna)J.aIOT, a OTJl.eJlbr-rbIe H3 HHX BOCXO,rr,fIT K cpOJIbKJrop-
HOMY CPOr-rAY r-re TOJIbKO CJIaBHr-rCKHX, r-ro H }J,pyrHX r-rapO)J.OB.
M. M. JIA3HK
EO)KEA p., y., EA)KEA (j.- TOp:iKeCTBer-rr-roe YBepeHI-Ie, KJI5JTBa
Hlv!er-reM Eora, npU3bIBaeMoro 13 CBIIAeTeJIH H MorYIl\ero HaKa3aTb 3a-
r-reBepr-rOCTh, nenpaB)J.Y. B E. npOHBlIJIaCb Bepa JllO)J.eii 13 MarHqeCKYlO'
CI-wy CJIO,B3. ECTb CBlI)J.eTeJIbCTBa, 'ITO PYCbI, nO)J.nHCbIBaH )J.orOBopbI C
BH3aHTniIIJ,aMII, KJI5IJIHCb TIepYHOM n BeJIeCOM. COBpeMer-rHaH E. B
CBOHX TeKCTax COXpaHHJIa nepBoe HMH, HO YTpaTlIJIa BTopoe. EO)!{aTC5f
TaK2Ke .J;I.eTbMH, ceMbeH, 3)J.opOBbeM, qeCThfO H rrp.: «Einvle, EmKe»
(YKp.), «JJ:aJIb6or» (6eJI.), «5IK nepa)J. EoraN! Ka2KY» (6eJI.), «Eli-,
Eory» (pyc.), «XaIi M5IHe D2PYH 3a6'e» (6eJI.), «l\a6 5I 3 r3Tara
MeCll.a He cbIHrnoy» (6eJI.), «BOT Te Ear» (pyc.) H )J.p.
J1I1T.: Ma.1IoPyccKHe HapOAHbIe rrpe}J.aHU5I II paCCKa3bI: CBO}J. MlIxauJIa .IJ:pa-
TOMaIlOBa. I\ueB, 1876; MaKCUlitoB C. B. HeqUCTa5l. HeBe,lI:OMaH U KpeCTHa51 CUJIa.
CIT?, 1903; HUKUrpOpOBC1Wii H. H. HeqHCTHKU: CBO.ll: rrpocTOHapO.ll:HbIX 13 BHTe6-
KOIJ: EeJIOPyccHIl cKa3aHIIH 0 HeqUCTOii CUJIe. BHJIbHO, 1907; 3e.l!eHUH E. K. Oqep-
XH PYCCKOH MH!jJOJIOmH. I1r.. 1916. Bbm. 1; JIOJ epaHI{e6a 3. B. MmpoJIomqecKue
nepCOHaJKU 13 PYCCKOM !jJOJIbKJIOpe. M., 1973; MmpoJIoruqecKue paCCKa3b1 PyccKoro
,HaCeJIeHHH BOCTO<IHOH Cu6upu I COCT. B. fl. 3mroBbeB. HOBOCu6IIpCK, 1987.
A. fO. EPHIlbIHA
J1I1T.: Ea.l!b B. H. ITOCJIOBU bl PyccKoro HapoAa. M., 1962; BbICJIOYi. 1979;
flpuCJIiB'51 Ta rrpuKa3KII. 1991; JIaSfiK M. M. YKpalHcbKi npnCJIiB'51 Ta rrpuKa3KIi I r
ITp06JIeMU rrapeMioJIoril Ta rrapeMiorpa!jJii. KUlB, 1984.
EbIJ1HHA p., EbIJ1IHA 6., EHJ1I1I-IA y.- 1KaHp PYCCKOH Ha-
pO,lJ,HOH 3IIIFleCIWli n033HH. TepMHH E.- KHH2KHOrO npoHcxmK)J.eHHH,
YTBep,lJ,I1BLUlUlcH 13 HaYKe C cepe)J.. XIX B. B Hapo)J.HoH cpeAe eMY
cooTBeTcTByeT TepMHH «cTapHHa», «cTapHHKa». OCHOBHOli (KJiaC-
'CrrqeCKHI"I) TIm E. 06JIa)J.aeT YCTOHqHBbIMII npH3HaKaMH: HaJIHqneM
pa3pa60TaHHoro 3nHLleCKoro ClO2KeTa H THnOBbIX 3nH'leCImX nep,co-
IIa2Kefi, Ha60pOM xap aKTepHCTHK II onHcaHlIH 3nHqeCKOrO MHp a (CO-
l!,nYM, npOCTpaHCTBeHHO-BpeMeHHbIe KaTeroplIH, npe)J.MeTHbIH cpOH)J.),
pa3BepHYToil nOBeCTBOBaTeJIbHol'i CHCTeMOH, OC06bIM 3nH'IeCKHM
{ THuJIeM (3rrHLleCKHM H3bIKOM), Cnell.HcpHqeCKOH MY3bIKaJIbHOH cpop-
Morr. E. 3Toro T ma rnHpOIW 6bITOBaJIH BnJIOTb )J.O cepeA. XX B. Ha
PY,OCKOM CeBepe, 60JIbrnOe HX 'InCJIO 6bIJIO 3anHcaHO aT HeCKOJIbKHX
IJOKOJIeI-IHi-'I CKa3HTeJIeH B paHOHax KapeJIHH, TIe'IOpbI, Me3eHH, TIH-
lIem, rr06epe}KbH EeJIOrO MOpH, BOJIOrO)J.CKOH 06JI. B pa3Hoe BpeMH
(HaqI-IHaH C XVIII B.) E. 3annCbIBaJInCb 13 paHOI-IaX CTap02KHJIbqe-
IWro HaCeJIemI5I Cn6HpH, a TaK2Ke Ha YpaJIe H Ha BOJIre. OC06bIH
TlUl E.- KpaTKoii neceHHoii cpOpMbI, c yrrpOII.:(eHHOII H )J.ecpopMHpO-
Ham-roH CI02KeTIIKOH -,OTMe'IeH'B Ka3aqbHX paHOHax JJ:OHa, TepeKa,
IIII.ameII BOJI,m, YpaJIa H )J.p.
I-IaYKe H3BeCTHO OKOJIO CTa 6bIJIHHHbIX ClO}KeTOB, 60JIbrnHHCTBO
I OTOpbIX 3acpHKCHpOBaHO 13 pa3Hoo6pa3HH BapnaHTOB, peAaKQHH,
!lc'pCHiL KillKAaH E., KaK npaBHJIO,- O)J.HOClO2KeTHOe 3aKOHqeHHOe
caMOCTOHTeJIbI-IOe npOH3BeAeI-me (rJIy6HHa era cO)J.ep2KaHHH nOCTn-
1':lCTC5I 'Iepe3 cOBoKyrrHocTb BapHaHToB). B npaKTHKe cKa3HTeJIeH
IIIwrAa E. a AeHHHHX O)J,Horo repoH KOHTaMHHHpOBaJIIICb 13 O)J.HH
M.M.JIA3HKJI.M. COJIOBEH
EP5IIJ.AHHE p.- npHeM 3BYKOlI3BJIeqeHHH Ha lll.HnKOBbIX xop-
)J.ocpoHax, I1PII KOTOpOM PYKa HcnOJIHHTeml (60Jlbrncii 'IaCTblO npa-
BaH) O)J.HHM )J.BlUKeHHeM npoBOLI.HT HeCKO.lIbKHMII HJIH BceMII naJlb-
ll.aMH no HeCKOJIbKHM HJIH BceM cTpYHaM HHcTpYMeHTa. TIpHMeHHeTC5I
Hapo)J.HbIMII HCnOJIHHTeJIHMH KaK OCHOBHOH npIIeM nrpbI Ha 6aJIa-
JIalIKe H rYCJI5!X, IIHOr,lJ,a Ha rHTape. Pa3HbIe pHTMH'leCKlIe pncYHKK
)J.OCTHralOTCH pa3JIH'IHbIMH KOM6HHall.HHMH Y)J.apoB BHH3 H BBepx.
/0. E. EOHKO
EbIBAJlbill.HHA p., EbIBAJ1bIll4bII-IA 6., EYBAJ1bill.HHA
y.- 2KaHp HeCKa30qHOH np03bI. 1) CyeBepHbIII paccKa3 a C06bITHHX,
CBH3aHHblX C nepCOHa2KaMH H3 pa3pH)J.a r-rH3rne1I IvIHcpOJIOrHH (JIe-
llIHH, BO)J.HHOii, PycaJIKH, )J.OMOBOH, 6ar-rr-rHK, OBHHI-IHK H T. n.), a )J.eMO-'
HH'IeCKHX cYII.:(eCTBaX, Ha)J.eJler-rHbIX CBepX'beCTeCTBeHHbIMI1 cnoc06Ho-
CTHMH (Be)J.bMe, 060poTr-re, BOJIKOJIaKe), a nOKoi-'IHI-IKaX, a BOJlrne6HbIx
KJIa)J.ax, IJ:epTHx.
2) PaccKa3-6bIJIb C YCTaHoBKoH Ha )J.ocToBepIIocTb, nepe)J.aIOII.:(HH:
peaJIbHbIH cpaKT 11 HCnOJIb3YlOIl\HH xY)J.OLKecTBeHHbIH BbIMbICeJI.
E.- paccKa3 06 HCKJlIOqHTeJlbHOM, He06bI'Ir-rOM npoHcrnecTBHH..
23
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TeKCT. TIpH BHYTpeHHeH H BHernHeH He3aBHCHMOCTH 60JIbrnHHCTBa-
CI02KeTOB eCTb OCHOBaHHe )J.JIH rpYIIIIHpOBKH HeKOTopbIX H3 HHX B,
ll.HKJIbI: lIO 06IIJ;IIM repoHM (E. 06 HJlbe MypOMll.e, JJ:06pbIHe I-Imm-
TH'le, BaCHJIHH EYCJIaeBe H )J.p.), C06bITHHM (E. 06 oT6HTOM TaTap-
CKOM HarnecTBHH). I-IaJIWIHe )J.BYX pa3Hblx HCTOpH'leCKHX (3lIll'le-
CKHX) ll.eHTpOB, BOKpyr KOTOpbIX pa3BopaLIHBalO cH C06bITHH 13 E...
)J.aeT rrpaBo crpYlIlIHpoBaTb OCHOBHOH MaOCHB CI02KeTOB 13 )J.Ba QHKJIa:
KHeBcKHH H HOBropoAcKHH. KJIaCcHcpHIWll.HH E. rro xapaKTepy co
)J.ep2KaHHH Ha repowleclme (BoHHcKHe), HOBeJI,JIHCTH'IeCKHe, CKa30'l-
Hble )J.OCTaTOqHO YCJIOBHbI. BbI)J.eJIeHHe lIO THlIY repoeB E. 60raTblp-
CKHX He BlIOJIHe Y'lHTbIBaeT rnHpOTY H HCTOpH'IeCKYlO CJI02KHOCTb
3lIHqeCKOrO cpeHOMeHa 60raTblpCTBa. HaH60JIee 060CHOBaHa H lIpO-
)J.YKTHBHa rpymmpoBKa E. lIO ClO2KeTHO-TeMaTWleCKHM rrpH3HaKaM:
E. a CTaprnHX 60raThlpHX; a 60pb6e C qY)J.OBHII.:(aMH; 0 60pb6e C HHO-
3eMHbIMH Bpa'raMH; a BCTpeqaX H ClIaceHHH pO,lJ,HbIX; 06 3lIHqeCIWM:
CBaTOBCTBe H 60pb6e repoH 3a 2KeHY; 06 3ITHqeClmX COCTH33HHHX.
OT)J.eJlbHYIO He 'I'OJlbKO ITO TeMaTHKe, HO H ITa BceMY 06JIHKY rpynITY
COCTaBJI5IlOT E.-lIapO)J.i'IH H He6bIJIHll.bI. TIO)J.06HaH rpYIIIIHpOBKa,
BbIHBJIHeT 13 E. OITpe)J.eJIHlOII.:(HH HX cO)J.ep2KaHHe ClO2KeTHO-TeMaTHLle-
CKHH cpOH)J. H YCTaHaBJIHBaeT era COOTBe'I'CTBHe CPOH)J.Y CI02KeTOB H
ClO2KeTHbIX TeM HapO)J.Horo 3lIoca (CM.) EBponbI H A3HH, 'ITa rr03BO-
JI5IeT BBeCTH E. 13 Me2K)J.YHapO)J.HbIH KOHTeKCT 3lIHqeCKOrO TBOp'leCTBa
H pernaTb lIpo6JleMbI HX HCTOpHH, xY)J.02KeCTBeHHOH ClIell.HcpHKH, HCTO-
pH3Ma H )J.p. Ha OCHOBe TeopHH COBpeMeHHoro 3lIOCOBe)J.eHHH (CM.)._
060CHOBbIBalOlQeH HCTOpH'leCKYlO THlIOJIDrHlO H CTa)J.HaJIbHYlO 3aKO-
HOMepHOCTb 3lIHqeCKOrO TBOp'IeCTBa, E. paCCMaTpI1BalOTCH KaK 3lIOC
KJIaCCHqeCKOrO THrra, B03HHKalOII.:(HH 13 Y'CJIOBHHX cpOpMHpOBaHlUI
)J.peBHepYCCIWH HapOAHOCTH, paHHeH PY'CCKOH rOCY)J.apCTBeHHOCTH"
cpeO)J.aJIH3Ma. E. BblpaCTalOT H3 lIpeArneCTBYlOII.:(eH 3'IIH'leCKOH Tpa,lJ,H-
ll.HH (apXaH'leCKHH THrr) ITYTeM Tp3HccpopMall.HH, OTpIIll.aHHH, 06pa-
II.:(eHHH K HOBbIM COll.HaJIbHbIM, 6bITOBbIM, HCTOpH'leCKHM KOJIJIH3HHM._
KOHll.elIll.HH THlIOJIOmqeCKOl'i lIpeeMCTBeHHOCTH (CM.) E. ITa OTHorne-
HIIlO K apX3HqeCKOMY 3lIDCY BITOJIHe 06'bHCHHeT H 06II.:(HH xapaKTep
HX, HaJIHqHe rYCToro CJIOH cpaHTaCTHKH, MHcpOJIOrHqeCKHX peMHHHC-
ll.eHQHH, CJle)J.OB MarHH H aHHMH3Ma, H MHorHe ClO2KeTHble oc06eHHO--
CTH, lIo)J.po6HOCTH, MOTHBbI, BOCXO)J.HlQHe K 3lIH'IeCKOH apxaHKe H
COll.HaJIbHbIM OTHorneHHHM, 6bITY, lIpe)J.CTaBJleHHHM lIepB06bITH006-
lQHHHOrO CTpOH. yicTOpH'leCKaH peaJlbHOCTb, HCTOpH'leCKHH OITbIT
HapO,lJ,a lIpe06pa3YIOTCH 13 E. 13 )J.yxe 3lIH'IeCKHX npe)J.CTaBJIeHHH H'
3lIH'leCIWH 3CTeTHKH, CTaHOBH'I'CH OpraHH'leCKHMH 3JIeMeHTaMn e)J.H-
HOH 3nH'leCKOH CHCTeMbI. JJ:aJIbHeHrnee )J.BH'}KeHHe 3lIoca K HCTOPH3MY
HOBoro THna peaJIH3yeTcH 13 2KaHpe HCTOpH'leCKHX neceH (CM.). Ta-
KOMY rrOHHMaHHIO E. npOTHBOCTOHT KOHll.enll.HH HeOHCTOpH'leCKOH
rnKOJIbI, COrJIaCHO KOTOpOH E. lIepBOHa'laJlbHO B03HHKaJIH KaK no-
BeCTBOBaHHH a KOHKpeTHbIX C06bITHHX H JIHll.aX peaJIbHOH HCTOpI1H,
a 3aTeM 13 lIpOll.eCCe 3BOJIlOll.HH lIpeBpaII.:(aJIHCb 13 rrpOH3Be)J.eHHH Taro
TlIIIa, KaKOH H3BeCTeH lIO E., 3alIHcaHHbIM 13 XVIII-XIX 1313. lJ,eJlbIO'
lICCJle)J.OBaHHH E., C TO'lKH 3peHHH HeoHCTOpH'leCKOH rnKOJIbI, HBJIH-
lOTCH YCTaHOBJIeHHe HCTOpHqeCKHX lIpoToTHnoB repoeB E. H KOHK-
peTHO-c06bITHHHOH OCHOBbI HX CIOIKeTOB H peKoHcTpYKll.HH rrepBo-
Ha'laJIbHbIX HX cpOpM.
J1HT.: ACTaXoBa A. M. PYCCKUH 6bIJIHHHblH <moc Ha CeBepe. fleTp03aBoAcK,
1948; JIponn B. H. PYCCKUH repOUqeCKHH 3rroc. M., 1958; ACTaxoBa A. M. Ebl-
.JIHHbI: I1Tom U rrp06JIeMbI u3yqeHH5I. M.; J1., 1966; As6eJleB C. H. I1CTOpu3M
VbI.1UH H CIIe u!jJuKa !jJOJIbKJIOpa. J1., 1982; CeJlUBaHOB CPo M. XY.lI:01KeCTBeHHbIe
<rpaBHeHU5I PyccKoro 3rroca: CucTeMaTHqeCKUH YKa3aTeJIb. M., 1990.
E. H. JIYTHJIOB
EbIJU1HOBEJJ:EHHE p., EbIJ1IHA3HAYCTBA 6., EHJ1HI-IO-
3HABCTBO y.- OTpaCJIb cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKH, HCCJIeAYIOII.:(aH 6bIJIH-
]-IbI (CM.). TIOJITOpa CTOJIeTH5! HHTeHCHBHa5! pa60Ta Be,lJ,eTCH 60JIee
Bcero Y'leHbIMH POCCHH H YKpaHHbI, 13 MeHbrneH CTeneHH - 13 )J.PyrHx
cTpaHax (repMaHHH, JJ:aHHH, TIOJIbrna, CiliA). BOSHHKHoBeHHe Ha-
Y'IHOro E. 13 cepe)J.. XIX B. 06H33HO I1pe2KAe Bcero TpY)J.aM <D. H.
6YCJIaeBa. EMY npHHa)J.JIe2KHT pH)J. KpynHblx pa60T no E., 3Ha'leHHe
lWTOPbIX )J.aJIeKO BbIXO)J.HT sa paMKH YMepeHHoro MHcpOJIOrH3Ma, xa-
paKTepHoro ,lLJIH 06II.:(eH cpOJIbKJIOpHCTH'leCIWH KOHll.enll.HH aBTopa.
EYCJIaeB 3aJI02KHJI OCHOBbI H CpaBHH'TeJIbHOrO, H HCTOpnqeCKOrO H3Y-
'leHHH 6bIJIHH. 3TH ,lJ,Ba HanpaBJIeHHH E. 3aTeM pa3BHBaJIHCb lIapaJI-
,JleJlbHO H 130 B3aHMO,lJ,eHCTBHH. TIepBoe B03rJIaBJIHJI A. H. BeCeJIOB-
'CKHH, BTopoe - B. <D. MHJIJIep (Y'leHHKH EYCJIaeBa). HCTOpH'leCIWe
HaITpmWeHHe npe06JIa)J.aJIO 13 E. AO 1936 r. (pa60TbI E. M. COKOJIO-
Ba H )J.p.) H B03pO)J.HJIOCb 13 50-60-e rO)J.bI (pa60TbI JJ:. C. J1HXa'leBa,
E. A. PbI6aKoBa H .lIp.). B cepe.lI. XX B. 13 TPY.lIe B. 5L TIpolIna 3aH-
BHJIO 0 ce6e cpaBHHTeJlbHO-THrrOJIOrH'leCIWe HalIpaBJIeHHe, lIPOAOJI-
2KeHHOe E. H. TIYTHJIOBbIM H ITo)J.LlepKHYTo rrpoTHBolIocTaBHBrnee
ce6H HeoHCTOpH'leClwMY Harrpa13JIeHHIo. JJ:HCKYCCHH Me2KAY Y'leHbIMH
)J.BYX HalIpaBJleHHH npoAoJI,)!{aeTCH H HbIHe. H3yqeHHe 06lQeH lI03-
TIIKH 6bIJIHH, reHe3Hca HX OT)J.eJIbHbIX rrpoH3Be)J.eHHH, Ha'laTOe HHTeH-
,CHBHO eII.:(e <D. I1. EYCJIaeBbIM Hero Y'leHHKOM B. <D. MHJIJlepOM 13
XIX B., lIpO)J.0.1I2K3JIOCb A. D. CIWCPTbIMOBbIM, A. B. MapKOBbIM H
/IpyrHMH HCCJIeAOBaTeJI5IMH, a 13 lIOCJle.lIHee BpeM5! - B. TI. AHHKH-
HbIM, <D. M. CeJIHBaHOBbIM, B. M. rall.aKOM H )J.p., 13 pa60Tax KOTOpbIX
IICCJIe,lJ,YlOTCH xY)J.02KeCTBeHHaH cpopMa 6bIJIHH, IIX COOTHorneHHe C
iICTopHeH BOCTO'lHbIX CJIaBHH H C 3lIocaMH )J.PyrHx HapO)J.OB, BKJIIO'laH
l'BH3H C 3fIH'leCKOH apxaHKOH, HCKYCCTBO 6bIJIHHHbIX lIeBll.OB.
JII1T.: BeceJloBcKuii A. H. I01KIWPYCCKue 6WIHHbI. CIT6., 1881-1884; JIo6o-
"Ja A. M. PYCCKHH 60raTbIpcKHH 3rroc: OrrbIT KpHTHKO-6n6JIlIOrpacpHqeCKOrO 0630pa
TPY.lI:OB rro PYCCKOMY 60raTblpcKOMY 3rrocy. KueB, 1896; MUJlJlep B. CPo OqepKII
PYCCKOH HapoJJ,Hoii CJIOBeCHOCTH. M., 1897-1910. T. 1-2; M.; J1., 1924. T. 3;
J1C1'aXOBa A. M. EbIJIUHbI: I1Tom U np06JIeMbI II3yqeHU5I. M.; J1., 1966; JI ponn
B. H. PYCCKUH repOUqeCKHH 3rroc. 2-e U3.l1:., ucrrp. M., 1968; JIYTUJlOB E. H. PYCCKUH
II 100KHOCJIaB5IHCKUH repOUqeCKUH 3rroc. M., 1971; AHUKUH B. JI. TeopII5I !jJOJIbK-
,IIOpHOH Tpa.ll:U UII II ee 3Ha'leHue .lI:JI5I IICTOpUqeCKOrO UCCJIe.ll:0BaHH5I 6bIJIIIH. M.,
,
25
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1980; As6e_QeB C. H. I1CTOpH3M 6blJIHH H cne U(jJHKa !jJOJIbKJIOpa. n., 1982; fal{aT<;;
B. M. YCTHa51 3II11qeCK<!51 Tpa.ll:U H5I 130 BpeMeHu. M., [989.
KaK )KaHp !jJOJIbKJIOpa H ee cOBpeMeHHble cY.lI:b6bI II MH!jJoJIorHqecKHe paccKa3bI
PyccKoro naCeJIeHU5I BOCTOqHOH CU6UpH. HOBocu6upCK, 1987; Jl,MuTpueBa C. H.
<POJIbKJIOp H HapO.ll:HOe HCKYCCTBO PYCCKUX EBporreHcKoro CeBepa. M., 1988.
C. H. A3EEJIEB
JI.f.EAPAf
EbIJIH4KA p., EbIJII4KA 6., EHJIHIJ,5.1 y.- YCTHbIl'I paccKa3-
I'vIeMOpaT (BocrrOMHHaIme) a HK06bI HMeBrnnx MeCTO CBepX'beCTeCT-
BeHHblX HBJIeHIIHX: BCTpeqe, )J.paMaTlIIJ:HOM CTOJIKHOBeHHH caMoro-
i)aCCKa3qHKa HJIH 3HaKOMoro eMY IJ:eJIOBeIW C OJIHueTBOpeHHbIM )J.Y
XOM rrpHpo)J.bI (JIernmVI, BO)J.HlIbIM, pycammH, rrOTep'laTaMH, rrOJleBH-
KOM, rrOJIY)J.HHI.I,eii), )J.OMaIllHlIM i'!'yXOM ()J.OMOBbIM, KHKFrMOpOH, 6aH-
HHKOM, OBHHHHKOM, rYMeHHHKoM), )J.PyrHM )J.eMOHIIIJ:eCI,HM cYII.:(eCTBOM
(IJ:epTOM, 3MeeM, rrpOKJIHTbIM, yrrblpcM, BCTalOIl\HM Fr3 rp06a MepTBe-
ll.OM, IJ:eJIOBeKOM-060poTHeM, BaYKaJIaKaM (6eJl.), BOBKYJlaKOH (YKp.)
HJIH 3aKOJI)J.OB3IIHbIM KJIa)J.OM, rrpHHHMalOII.:(HM 2KHBOTHbIH II 'leJIOBe-
qeClmH 06JIJIK), 3 TaK)Ke C Be,'J,bMOII, KO.'1)J.YHOM II )J.Pyroi1 HeqlICTOii
CHJIOH. OT E. (MCMopaTa), JIllrnCHHOII ll.eJIOCTHOfi CIO}KeTHOII cpOPMbI.
OTJIH'IaerCH 6bIBaJIbII.:(IIHa-cpa6YJJaT (CM.), 13 KOTOpylO C TC'IeIIHervr
BpeMeHH Hepe)J.lm TpaHccpopMHpyeTcH E.
)Kar-JpOBbIe HCTOKII E. BOCXO)J.HT K IVIHcpOJIOrWleCKIIM rrpe)J.CTaBJIe-
IUlHM .l1.peBHOCTH, rrepeOCMbICJleHHbIM 13 BepOBaHHHX, eII.:(e He TaK )J.aB--
HO pacrrpOCTpaHeHHbIX 13 YCJIOBHHX rraTpHapXaJlbHOrO KpeCTbHHCKoro
6bITa BOCTOIIHbIX CJIaBHH H )J.pyrnx napO)J.OB. YCT3IJOBKa IJ3 ;'I,OCTO-
BepHOCTb paCCKa3blBaeMoro, He06bI'IIJOCTb II 3aHHMaTeJlbIJOCTb 5.
BbI3bIBaJII! HI-ITepec CJIyrnaTeJIeii. 3IJaIJ:HTeJIbIJbIM MOrJIO 6bITb 3CTeTH-
qeClme B03/1eiicTBI!e 3KcrrpeccIIBHoH TOHaJIbI-IOCTH rrOBeCTBOBar-rH51 a
JIHqIJO rrepC}KHTOM, aT }KHBOCTI1 H306paMCHIIH .3nH30)J.OB )J.elIc-rBHH,
XapaKTepIJble npOHBJIeIIHH rrO.3TIIqeClmrO 3HaIJ:eHIIH E. H 6bIBaJIbII.:(HH
13 IJapO)J.I-IOM 6bITY rro.7!Y'lUJIH oT06pmKelme B rrp01I3Be,neH!IHX ITIICaTe-
JIeii (Hanp., 13 rrOBeCT51X «1'V1al[cK3fJ HO'Ir,». «Bnil» rOrOJIH, B paCCKa3C
«Ee)!mH 'lyr» TypreIJeBa).
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CKHX E. li 6bIBaJIbill.HIJ )J.aTHpYIOTC51 He pal-ICe qe!\1 cepel!.. XIX B. 3a-
rrHCbIBalOTCH H rry6JIllI<YIOTCH Talme paccKa3bI II IIOHblHe.
YracaHHe TpaJ.!,Hll.IIOI-IHbIX Hapo)J.HbIX BepoBaIIHii 06YCiIOu.'1HBaeT
MeHbrnylO ahTIlBHOCTb 6hTTOB3HH51 cyeBcpI-IbIX paccK330B. 33IJ:acTYlo,
JIHIlIaHCb HCKOIJIJoii cBoeH 6bITOBOH CPYI-IKll.IIIl, no coxpaHH51 ClOlKCT-
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paccKa3bI C )J.OMHHHpYlOII.:(eii xY/'.l,02KeCTBeHHoH cpYHKll.Heii, CTII.'Ib IlX
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MOTHBIIpoBaIlHocTH l'.I,eiiCTBIIH. TI03TOMY E., }J<3HpOBaH CYIl\HOCTb KO-
TOpbIX TpaHC(jJOpMHpOnaJI3Cb, rrpo)J.OJI2KalOT 6bITOBaTb 13 HeKoTopbIX
pernoHax AO HaCTOHII.:(erO BpeMeHH.
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HaCeJIeHHH, HX eCTeCTBeHHaH 2KH3Hb 13 orrpe)J.eJleHHOM perHoHe, 13 3T-
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>IBJIHeTCH 13 HCrrOJIHeHHH cpOJlbKJIOpHbIX npOH3Be.LI.eHUH (cKa3bIBaHHH,
neIUlH, Hrpe, TaHll.e), 13 rrponecce KOToporo 06blqHO npoHcxo)J.HT BOC-
rrpHHTHe H YCBocHIIe (3arroMHHaHlIe) HX npucYTcTBYIOIl\HMH. HHTeH-
CJIBHOCTb E.- Ba2KHbIH rrOKa33TeJIb COCTOfIHlUl cpOJIbKJIOpHOH Tpa)J.H-
ll.HII: rrepcneKTHB ee pa3BHTHH HJIH 3aTyxaHHH. Oc06eHHocTH E.
tjJOJlbKJIOpa liCTopHIJ:eClm H 2KaHpOBO 06YCJIOBJIeHbI, 'ITO xoporno rrpo-
cMaTpIIBaeTcH B )KaHpaX, HMeIOII.:(HX IJ:eTIqIO CPYHKll.HOHa.'1bHYlO rrpH-
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KOJIJIeKTIIBHoro rrpOBe)J.eHHfI ,.'I.ocyra MOJIO)J.e2KJI (IIOCH)J.0mm (pyc.),
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11 'I a CTYiliIGI, paCCKa3bIBaJIHCb CKa3KH, 3ara)J.bIBaJIHCb 3ar3)J.KH H
T. II.). B TO )!<e BpeMH Ba)KHYlO po"'Ib IIrpaIOT MY3Hll.HpOBaHIIe, rrpe)K-
lJ.e Bcero rreHlle «l!.JIH ce6H», KOr.LI.a neCHel1 COrrpOB02K)J.aeTC5-I IWKa51-
JI!l60 pa60Ta (rrpH)J.eHlle, TKa'IeCTBO, rr.'1eTeHHe, lliUTbe II T. II.), a TaK-
}Ke Tp a l!.Hll.I1I1 CeMeHI-IOrO MY3HII,IIpOBaHIIH (!IeHne, IIrpa Ha MY3bI-
I<a,TJbHbIX HHCTpYMeHTax).
C pa3BIITHeM rreLlaTn, cpe)J.CTB MaCCOBoii HHcpopMarJ,HH 60JlbrnOe
pacrrpOCTpaHeHHe rrOJIY'lalOT Ha)J.KOHTaKTHble cpOpMbI nepe)J.aIJ:II YCT-
!-IOrr03TWleCKoro TBOpIJ:eCTBa - pa3JmqHble npOHBJleHHH cpOJIbKJIOpH3-
Ma (CM.), crroco6CTBYIOIl\He coxpalleHIllO H rrepe)J.aIJ:e cpOJIbKJIOpHOrO
RaCJIe;'.I,HH, HO He T02Kl!.eCTBeUHble eCTeCTBeIJHOMY E. cpOJIbKJ10pa.
nUT.: CfucTOB K. B. Hapo).(HbIe TpaLl,H!J:I1H H (jJOJ1bK,'10p. JI., 1986.
K. JI. KAEAlllHHKOB
J1IlT.: Eapai? JI. r. CKa30qIIaH cjJaHTacTuKa II napoAlIble EepOBaHH5I: no Ia-
TepUaJIaM 6eJIOpyccKoro !jJOJIbKJIOpa /1 CE>. 1966. N 5; JIo_llepaH!fe6a 3. B. L'\iH!jJO-
JIOrUqeCKne rrepcona)l{H 13 PYCCKOM <j)OJIbKJIOpe. M., 1973; 3UHOBbe6 B. JI. ELJJIlIqKa
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pHCTHKa 3< aeT HeCKOJlbKO rrO)J.XO)J.OB: a) AHaXpOHl'I'leCKHH, paccMaT-
pHBaIOIl\HH B. KaK rrpOHBJleHHe 2KH3HH rrpoH3Be)J.e IHH 13 pa3Hble 3rro-
XH, 13 pa3HoH cpe)J.e, KaK Bblpa2KeHHe pa3Ho06pa3Hblx TBOp'leCKHX H
He BOpIJ:eCKHX H3MeHeIIHH; 6) CHHXpOHI-IbIH, BbI)J.BHralOIl\HH Ha rrep-
Bb1r: rrJIaH rrOHHMaHHe B. KaK 3JIeMeHTa rrapa)J.HrMbI, rrpe)J.cTaBJIHlO-
Il\HH MHoro06pa3He ceMaHTHIJ:eCKIIX TpaKTOBOK; B) COqeT a IOII.:(H II )J.H-
axpoHHIO H CHHXpOHHlO, COrJlaCHO KOTOPOMY B. BblcTyrraeT 13 Ka'IeCT-
Be peaJUI3aUHH «xY)J.02KeCTBeHHoro 3aMbICJI3» (rro B. 5L TIpormy).
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06'b;MHOCTb Bblpa2KeHlIH, a C )J.pyroH - cnoc06CTBYlOT era HCTOpHqe-
CKOH 3BOJllOll.HH. B HCTOpHH cpOJlbKJIOpa H 13 npouecce era pa3BHTIIH'
Bce B. paBH03HaqHbI, XOTH Ka2K)J.bIH H3 B. 06JIaj],aeT CBoeH MepOH
rrOJIHOTbI, ll.eJIbHOCTH, xY)J.02KeCTBeHHOCTII, n03HaBa-reJIbHoi'I H 3CTeTH-
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HbIM )J.BH2KeHHeM. MY3bIKaJIbHbIH pa3Mep 3/4, pe2Ke 3/8, 6/8. TeMI1
YMepeHHo 6 bICTpbIIi. TIPOHCXO)J.IIT OT Hapo)J.HbIx KpecTbHHcKIIX TaH-
ll.eB ABCTPHH, I02KI-IOH fepMaHHII, LJexlUI THrra «JleH)J.JIepa», HJIH «He-
Mell.KOrO TaHll.a». B03HHK 130 BTOpOH rrOJI. XVIII B. TIorraB 13 ropo)J..
CTaHOBHTCH 60JIee rrJlaBHbIM, a TeMrr - 60JIee 6bICTpbIM. Orrpe)J.eJIH-
eTCH aKll.eHT Ha rrepBYIO )J.OJIlO TaKTa. B HaIJ:. XX B. B. npOIJ:HO 060c-
HOBaJICH 13 CeJlbCKOH cpe)J.e H CTaJI O)J.HHM H3 JlI06IIMbIX TaHll.eB 130-
CTOIJ:HbIX CJIaBHH. B. CTaHOBIITCH HeOT'beMJleMOH cpHrypOH, KOJleHOM
MHOrIIX TaHll.eB. B EeJIapYCH, Harrp., CYII.:(eCTBYlOT caMble pa3Ho06pa3-
Hble BapHaHTbI B.: B. «3 rra)J.MaHaM», B. «3 Ka30H», B. «3 Ka6bIJI-
KaH», B. «.'1aMaHbI» H T. )J.. BCTpeqalOTCH BapHaHTbI MHorocpHrYPHoro'
B., 13 KOTOpblH BXO)J.HT TaHll.eBaJIbHble ABH2KeHHH Tpa)J.Hll.HOHHbIX 6eJIO-
pycclmx TaHll.eB. NlecTHble 6e.'10pycclme Ha3BaHHH B.: BaJlell., BOJIbU"
BOJlb1J:bIK H T. J],.
B.E.rYCEB, E.H.JIYTHJlOB
BAPHATHBI-IOCTb p., BAPbI5ITbIYHACIJ.b 6., BAPIATI1B-
I-IICTb y.- OpraHHIJ:eClme H ymIBepCaJIbHOe CBOIICTBO cpOJIbKJIOpHOH
KYJlbTYPbI, Ba2KHellrnaH 33KoHoMepHocTb cpOJIhKJIOpHOrO TBOp'leCTBa.
B. CBH3aHa C OTCYTcTBHeM 13 cpOJIbKJIOpe 113Ha'laJIbHO )J.aHHbIX, e)J.IIH-
CTBeHHbIX, 3aKperrJIeHHbIX Tpa)J.Hll.HeH TeKCTOB, cnoc06oB H cpOpM pea-
JIH3all.HH 3aMbICJIOB; cpOJIbKJIOpHbIH npouecc H)J.eT npeHMYII.:(eCTBeHHo
qepe3 BapbHpoB3HHe ClO2KeTHbIX TeM, MOTHBOB, cHTyall.HH, THIIOBbIX
CTPYKTYP, 06pa30B, rr03THqeCKoro H3bIKa. JJ:Harra30H B. HCKJIlOqH-
TeJIbHO rnHpoK - aT He3HaqHTeJIbHblX pa3HOqTeHIIII )J.O Ka'IeCTBeHHbIX
TpaHccpopMall.lIH H ceM3HTHqeCKHX nepeKO)J.HpOBOK, npIIBO)J.HII.:(HX K
C03)J.aHHlO HOBbIX rrpOH3Be}J,elmii. B. OCHOBbIBaeTCH na 3aKOHax Tpa-
)J.Hll.HP; (YHlIBepCaJIHHX).
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BAP A)KEIT 6.- CM. 31wxapb.
BAPHAHT p., BAPbI5II-IT 6., BAPIAHT y. (OT JIaT. variale-
6bITb pa3JIHqHbIM, MeHHTbCH; varians, variantis - MeHHlOII.:(HHCH.
H3MeHHlOIl\IIIICH). TepMHH 13 cpOJIbIWOpHcTHKe npHMeHHeTcH 13 pa3Hblx
3HaqeHHHX: 1) K TeKcTY 13 ll.eJIOM, K OTj],eJlbHbIM H3MeHHlOIl\HMCH 3.'le-
MeHTaM C011.ep2KaHHfI, 06pa3a, MOTIIBa, KOMrr03Hll.HH, JIeKCHIUI, MeJIO-
)J.HKH, pHTMHKH, K BpeMeHHbIM H rrpocTpaHcTBeHHbIM xapaKTepHcTH-
KaM H T. rr., 13 rrpoTHBOnOJI02KHOCTb HHBapHaluy (CM.); 2) K o)J.HoKpaT-
HOMY HCnOJIHeHHlO rrpoH3Be)J.eHHH cpOJIbKJIOpa, OTJIHIJ:aIOIl\eMYCH aT
)J.pyrHx era HCnOJIHeHIIH (13 pa3Hoe BpeMfI, 13 pa3HbIX MeCTHOCTHX, R-
pa3HOH cpe,iJ,e, pa3HbIMH HCnOJIHHTeJIHMH, O)J.HHM II TeM 2Ke nCI10JUIH-
TeJIeM rroBTopHO); 3) K npoH3Be)J.eHHlO cpOJIbKJIOpa, 3amlcaHHoMY
(HJIH 3acpHKcHpOB3HHOMY HHbIM crroc060M), OTJIH'lalOII.:(eMYCH aT )J.PY-
rIIX ero 3amIceH (BocnpOH3Be)J.eHHH). TIo CTeneHH 6JIH30CTII H
)1.Harra30HY pa3JIHIJ:HII B. rpyrrrmpYlOTCH 13 pe)J.aKI HH H BepCHH (CM.).
B cpOpMIIpOBaHHH II 3aKpenJIeHHH KOTOpbIX HrpalOT pOJIb MeCTHble
J1I1T.: 3eJW{OBC1WU H. H. ITp06JIeMa BapnaHTa B CBeTe MY3b1KaJIbHoi,'I Tuno---
JIoruu: Onb!T 3THOMY3bIKa.1IbHoH nOCTaHOBKU Bonpoca II AKTyaJIbHbIe np06neMbI
COBpeMeHHou !jJOJIbKJIOpnCTHKn. JI., 1980; CfucToB K. B. HapoJ],lIbIe Tpa).(lI uu n-
(!JOJIbKJIOp. J1., 1986.
E. H. JIYTHJlOB
BEPCH.5I p., BEPCI.5I 6., y. (cpp. version aT JI3T. versare - BH)J.O-
H3MeHHTb) - cOBoKynHocTb cpOJIbKJIOpHbIX BapHaHTOB (13 OT)J.eJIbHbIX
CJIYLlaHX - e)J.IIHHIJ:HbIII TeI{CT), OTJIH'IalOII.:(HXCH aT )J.PyroH cOBoKyrr-
HOCTH TeKCTOB 3Toro 2Ke rrpOH3Be)J.eHHH pH)J.OM rrpHHQIInHaJlbHO 3HaIJ:H-
MbIX, CYII.:(eCTBeHHbIX npH3HaKOB. TIoHHTHe a B. 13 cpOJIbKJropncTHKe
cpOpMHpOBaJIOCb no Mepe OC03HaHIIH Y'IeHbIMH BapHaHTHOH rrpHpO)J.bI
YCTHorr03THqeClmX npOH3Be)J.eHIIH H 13 xO)J.e HaKOnJleHHH KOJIH'IeCTBeH-
Horo MaTepHaJra, n03BOJIHlOIl\erO 06'be)J.HHHTb TeKCTbI O)J.Horo npOH3-
29
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ClO2KeTa; B. 13 CBOlO Oqepe)J.b )J.eJIHTCH Ha pe)J.aKll.I1H (IIJIH H3BO)J.bI),
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neHbKa 13 IIepapXH'IeClwi'I JIeCTHHe,e.
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HJIH OKJIeHBaJIC5! UBeTI-IOH 6YMarOH. TIepe)J.HHH CTopOHa, 06paII.:(eHHaH
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pa3)J.BIH'aJICH, CTaBHH 6bIJIII pacnaXHYTbI. I1pII Be'IepHlIX l1pe)J.CTaB-
JIeHII5IX BHYTPII B. nO)J.BernHBaJIOCb HeCKOJIbKO ll.BeTIIbIX cpOHapmWB
AJIH OCBeII.:(eHHH Cll.eHH'IeCKOrO l1pOCTpaHCTBa.
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J eJlaJIHCb rrpope3II. KYIQlOBO)J., CTOH 3a HIl\HKOM, 06eIIMlI pYKaMH l1pH-
BO)J.HJI no}J, 110JIOM 13 )J.BII2KCHIIe CTep}KHH C HenO)J.mDKHO npHKpenJleH-
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I-Ia3Ha'IeHlHO Ka2Kj],oro 3Ta}Ka cOOTBeTCTBOBaJIO era O(}JOpMJIeHIIe II
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Goir 6YMarOM, Ha 3alJ,Heli CTeHe u306pa}KaJI3Ch Cll.eHa pmK;J,eCTBa IIJIH
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BII2KHble cpHrYPbI Maprm II BOCIIcpa, MJ1a)J.ClIll.a XpIICTa H }J,O:VlarnHIIX
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4JOJIhrOH, 6JIeCTKaMII, YKparnaJICH cycaJIhHbIM 30.'!OTO I, rrocpe)J.m-Ie
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MaTep'IaTYIO JIH60 6YMa:nmYIO O)J.e.iK,lJ,Y. KOJIIlqeCTBO KYKOJI B B. COQT-
BCTCTBOBaJIO KOJIIIqeCTBY rrepCOHa.iKeH, HHor)J.a npeBblrnaJIO )J.Ba )J.e-
nITKa (13 PYCCKOM B.) H )1.a1Ke CBhlrne TplI,lJ,ll.aTII (B YKpaIlHCKOM B.).
llau60JIee CTa6HJlbHble, 06II.:(lIe ]I,JI51 pyccKoro II YKpaIIHcKoro B. CPH-
rypbI: Hpo)J., )J.Ba aHre.la, TPH ll.apH H.'1H -rPH BOJIXBa, ,iJ,Ba rracTyx3.
JII1T.: CfuCTOB K. B. COBpeMeHHbIe np06JIeMbI TeKCTOJIOrUU PYCCKoro !jJO.'JbK-
,JIopa: .IJ:OKJI. Ha 3aCe.ll:aIIHU 3}J.H uoHHo-TeKcToJIornqecKojl KOMUCCUU V MeJK.lI:YHa-
pOAHoro C'be3.l1:a CJIaBHCTOB. M., 1963; JIYTUJWB E. H. COBJ;?eMeHHa51 cjJO.1IbKJIOpHC-
THKa II np06JIeMbI TeKCTOJIOrUU 1/ Pyc. JIUT. 1963. .N2 4; A30eAeB C. H. OCHoBHbIe
nOH5ITUH TeKCTOiIOrIlH 13 rrpuMeHeHHu K cpOJIbKiIOPIWMY MaTepUaJIY II flpHI-I Urrbl
TeKCTOJIOrUqeCKOrO u3yqeHU5I !jJOJIbKJIOpa. M.; J1., 1966.
T. r. H BAH OBA
BEPTETI p., y., EAT JIEVII\A 6. (CT3pOCJI. II )J.peBHepyc. Bep-
TeI1'b - neII.:(epa) - Hapo)J.HbIll KYKOJIbHblii TeaTp, r)J.e KYKJIbI nepe-
,ABHraJIHCb nocpe)J.cTBoM )J.epeBHHHbIX JIlI60 MeTaJIJ1IIqeClmX CTep2KHeH
(n03ToMY 13 HayqHOH JIHTepaType B. HHor)J.a onpe)J.eJIHeTCH KaK
«cTep2KHeBOH TeaTp»). I-Ia3BaHue B. IIpH06peJI, nOCKOJIbKY 3TOT TIIII
KYKOJIbHOrO TeaTpa rrpe)J.Ha3Ha'IaJICH )J.JIH l1pe)J.cTaBJIeHHH JJ:paMbI,
BocrrpOH3BO,lJ,I1BrneII eBaHreJIbCKHH MHcp 0 p02K)J.eHHH XpHcTa 13 ne-
[IJ.epe, r)J.e HarnJIH npHcTaHHII.:(e MapHH H HOCHcp (CM. Jl.paMa lWPOiJ-
31
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raH. Oc06emro pa3Hoo06pa3HbI 6bIJIH KYKJIbI-rrepCOHa2KH H3 6bITOBbIX
'Cll.eH, xapaKTepHble IJ:J'I5! YKpaHHCKoroo B. (3 a rroopmKeI.:(, reTMaH, rro-
,JI5IK-rnJIHXTJI'l, YHHaTCKHH rroorr, LI;MIK, napy60K, llIKOJIHp, rnHHKapKa,
Ka3aK, JIeKapb, eBpeH; B 3aKaprraTCKOOH YKpaHHe - M3A Hp, PYCHH,
Ma3YP H Ma3}ipK3, KpaKOOBHK H KpaKOBHHKa, rooprnKOOApan) H AJ'lH
PYCCKora B. (MY2KHK, CTapHK H ApHrneHbKa, cppaHT, Me}KeBOH H Me-
.i'KeBaH, KYTefIHHK, KpeCTbHHKH, 6apHH H «HOOBOMOlI.HbIe 6apbIHH»,
cO.'1)J,aT, «xpaHHTeJlb>' ). u.
OIIHCbIBaU.ibIH THrr KYKOJlI:;Horo TeaTpa B03HHK B 3arra,lIHOH EB-
pOOIIe rro)J. B03JJ:eUCTBHeM pOlK1IeCTBeHCKHX MHCTepHH. B03M02KHOO, rroo-
HBJ'leHHe era CB5I33HO C ;J:eHTeJIbHOCTblO <DpaHUHcKa ACH3CKoroo, KOO-
TOpUlI EBev'l KYKO.'1bHble npeACTaB.'1emIH B ll.epKBH (npOTOTHnOM Te-
-2TDa 6bl.'I HI1{HK, rrOMeli aBrnHHC5I 13 KOCTe.'laX, 13 r.'1y6HHe KOOToporo
-H3 6pa2KaJlaCb rreruepa co CBHTbIM ceMe:i1cTBOM). TI03AHee KYKOJIb-
Hble rrpe.LI,CTaB.lleHHH rrepem.nI-I li3 IJ,epKBH Ha II.'1OII.:(aAb H HmHK CTaJ'l
nepeHOCHLIM. 3TOT THn TeaTpa 6bl.JI H3BeCT€H H CJIaBHHCKHM Hapoo.z;aM,
BOCIIPIJI-IHBllIHM KaTOOJIH'IeCTBO (13 'iexHH, CJ'lOBaKHH, CJIOBeHHH, Xop-
naTHH, nO.'1brne, Ha TIpaBo6epe2KHOH YKpaHHe H B 3anaAHOH Eevla-
PYCH, BXO)J.HBlliHX B COCTaB PeqH TIocno.'1HToii). TIo Y!Bep)!{AeHHlO
K. BYln HIJ,Koro, 3TOT THn TeaTpa 13 11om.,rne ( 3BeCTHbIH IIO)J. Ha3Ba-
HH5IMH rnonKa H HCeJIKH) CJI02KJ!J'IC5I K KOHll.Y XVI B. TIo KOHll.em HH
H. 5L <DpaHKo, Y C.'1aBHHCKHX HapoAoB KYKO.'1bHbIH TeaTp B03HHK H
pa3BHBaJICH nepBOHa'I3.'1bHO KaK CBeTCKoe npeAcTaB.'1eHH: H JIHrnb B
XVI-XVII BB. rrpoH30rn.'l0 CJIHHHHe era C MHCTepHaJIbHOJI p02KAeCT-
BeHCKOH ApaMoH. Ha YKpaHHe H 13 Ee.'1apycH, rn;e OH nOJIyqH.'1 Ha3Ba-
Ime «6aTJ'leHKa», 3TOT THrr KYKO.'1bHOro TeaTpa pa3BHBaJlcH D IIpOll.eC-
ce B3aHMo)J.eiIcTBHH C rrOJIbCKOH rnorrKOH. B POCCHlO B. rrpoHHK 13 KOHll.e
XVII-Haq. XVIII B., rrepBOHaqaJIbHO B CH6HPb, 6JIarOAapH npH-
.e3)J.Y Ty.n. a BocnHTaHHHKOB KJIeBO-MorHJ'l HCKOH aKaAeMHH ,H "y pa-
,JIHll.eB-neBLIHx, a rr03)J.Hee HCrrbITaJI B03AeHcTBHe JI 6eJ'lOPYCCKOH oaT-
.JI€IIKJI (13 YCTpoikme B. B norpamlqHbIX C EeJ'lapYCblO ry6epHHH ,
:a 3aTeM H 13 peI{BH3HTe 6POAHqHX BepTenmHKoB H3 HOBropOACKOH
fy6epmm). B ll.eJloM B.- cBGe06pa3HbIH cHHTeTHqeCKHH BH,rr, Hapo/I,-
:Horo HCKYCCTB3 (TeaTpa.'IbHOrO H HapOAHOH apXHTeKTypbI H cKYJIbn-
rYPbI) .
TepMHH B. napHAY C OCHOBIlbIM 3HaqeI-IHeM (TIm KYKo.'IbHOrO
-"TeaTpa) 0603;-;a'Ia.;( 13 HapO)J,HOH pe'IH, a TaK)Ke B HeKOTopbIX orrHca-
HHHX Ii C3MO npe;J:cTaB.'1eHHe, Hrpy. Ikno.'1HeHJIe ApaMbI «IJ.apb
"Hpo)J.» He I\.YK.T.!aMH, a aKTepaMH cpO.'II>KJIOpHOrO TeaTpa nO.'1yqH.'lO
.H33BaHIJe {(MHBOii BepTen».
CM. TaIUKe 5aT.IleiiTw H BepTen YKpaUT-lCTwii.
J1HT.: ll£YKUH H. BepTen II BeCTH. UMrr. Pyc. reorpa!jJ. O-Ba. CI16., 1860.
....-1. 29; BUHocpa o0 6 H. H. BeJIUKoPYCCKUH BepTerr II H3B. OP5IC. Cn6., 1905. T. 10,
KH. 3; 1906. T. 11, KH. 4; ryce6 B. E. POMaHTu3M 13 I10JIbllie U KYKOJIbHbIH TeaTp
<CJIaB5IHCKUX HapoAoB /.1 HCTopu5I, KYJIbTypa, 3THorpaqm51 U 4>OJIbKJIOp CJIaB5IHClillX
sap0.ll:0B; Vll _Me1i{J!:YHap0,D;HbII1 c'be 3 .l1: CJIaBUCTOB. .IJ:OKJI. COB. .lI:eJIera uu. M., 1973;
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qJpet2oeH6epc O. M. Ce:vraHTHK3 apxlfTeKTypbI BepTemmro TeaTpa II .IJ:t;.KopaTuBHo
JICKYCCTBO CCCP. 1978. .N 2; HeKpblA06a A. <P., ryce6 B. E. PycCImu HapO.ll:HbIH
KYKOJIbHbIH TeaTp. J1., 1983 (pa3.l1:eJI «BepTerr H BepTerrHoe rrpe.ll:cTaBJIeHue» c
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06bI'IaH «XOLK.Llemm C KYKJIaMH» Ha YKpaHHe OTpa}KeH B IICTOllHHKax
XVI B. C i573 r. 113 coxpaHIIBrnHxCH 3acpHKcHpoBaHHblx rrpe)J,cTaB.'1e-
I-IHH B. y. HaH60JIee /I,pemlee AaTHpOBaHO 1771 r. ('I'. Ha3. COKHpHI-I-
CKlIlI B.). Ha JIbBOBmHHe 6bJTyeT H B HarnH AHH. KpoMe KYKO.'1bHOrO
B. pacnpOCTpaHeHHe 110J1yqHJl {()!UIBOH» B., TpaAHI.:(HH KOToporo 13 rro-
CJIe,rr,HHe rOLl,bI B03pO,rr,HJIHCb (pOJIH IIcrrOJ'lHHlOT J'llOAH; KYK.'1bI CTaTHq-
HbI; AOMHK Cll.eIIOH He C.ilY2KHT; 1IHaJIOr 60J'lee pa3BHT, lleM B ApaMe
KYKO.'IbHOro B.). Hap LI,Y C pa3BHToH BepTerrHoH 1IpaMOH H3BeCTHa
MHMo,LlpaMa (OTCYTcTByeT pa3Me)KeBaHHe peJ'lHrH03HbIX II CBeTCKHX
3.'1eMeHTOB, ;J.Ha.'1OrH II MOHO.'1OrH He CCPOpMHpOBaJIHCb; pOJIH HCnOJI-
H7I.TJJI KYK.'IbI no)J. IIeHHe xopa), a TaK)!{e KOM6HHHpOBaHHaH cpopMa
npeJl,CTaBJIeHII5I (Hrpa.'1H KYK.'1bI H .'1lOAH).
KYKOJIbHOe IIpeACTaB.'1eHHe Ha YKpaHHe pa3blrpbIBa.'10Cb B ABYX-
3T32KHOM XYD.01KeCTBeI-IHO OcpopM.'1eHHOM )J.OMHKe (CM. BepTen) H CO-
CTOH.'1O H3 )J,BYX 'IaCTeH. B rrepBOH Ha BepXHeM 3Ta}Ke pa3blrpbIBa.'1C5I
eBaHreJIbCKHH CIOLKeT - pO)!{AeHHe HHcyca XpHCTa, nOKJ'lOHeHHe eMY
rraCTblpei1: II ll.apeH-BO.'1XBOB, HCTpe6J'leHHe BHcpJ'leeMCKHX M.'1a!I-eHll.:B
no npHKa3Y Hpo,rr,3, 3a qTO CMepTb OTceKa.'1a eMY rO.'1OBY KOCOH. JJ:eH-
CTBHe conpOB02KAa.'1OCb IIeHJleM KOJIH)J.OK H KaHTOB (<<TIepecTaHb PbI-
)J.aTH, nellav'lbHaH MaTH», «IlieArnHe TPH ll.apH» HAp.), Ha KOTOpbIX
CKa3a.'1IICh Hapo,rr,HOIIeCeHI-IbIe B.'1HHHHH. Bo BTOpOH qaCTH (pa3blrpbI-
B3.'laCb Ha HH1KHeM 3Ta)Ke) Llepe)J.OBaJIHCb 6bITOBble Cll.eHKH C rreCHH-
MH It TaHll.aMH pa3HbIX HapO)J,HOCTeII. CBoe06pa3He KOMn03Hll.HH Bep-
TenHWx npe,rr,CTaBJIeHHH npOHB HJIOCb 13 CB060AHOM HaHH3bIBaHHH
3nu30AOB. B npOll.eCce nepeCTaHOBKJI Cll.eHoK H MY3bIKaJIbHO-XOpeo-
rpacplI'leCKHX HOMepOB, onYII.:(eHJI5I O)J.HHX H 110HBJIeHH5I HOBbIX IJ,e.'1OCT-
HOCTb npe)J.CTaB.'1eHIIH He Hapyrna.'1aCb. TIepCOHai'KII 110HB.'1H.'1IICb Ha
Cll.eHe H OCTaBmIJIH ee Bcer)J.a MOTHBJIpOBaHHO. JJ:eTeplVIHI-IHpOBaHHbIM
6bI.'I0 II fIX Cll.eHJIlleCKOe rrOBe,rr,eI-me. MY3bIKa.'1bHOe conpOB01K,rr,eI-IHe
OCyr.u€CTB.'15I.'l HHCTpYMeHTa.'1bHbIII aHcaM6.'1b, qame Bcero B THDIlqHOM
H3ll.HOHa.'1bHOM COCTaBe: COnJI.'IKa, CKpIInKa, 6y6eH, ll.HM6a.'1bI, HH r)J.a
II 6aCOJIH - B HX pa3.'lHllHbIX COlleTaHHHX. JJ:.'1H npeACTaBJIeHIIH
B. y. Me.IJ01IIIH Cnell.HaJ'lbHO He C03)J,3Ba.'1HCb, HcrrO.'1b30B3JIC rOTOBbIH
(TpaLl,IIll.HOHHbIII H.'1H HOBbIH) MY3bIKa.'IbHbIII MaTepHa.'1. IJ.eHTpa.'1b-
HbIII 3nH30)J, npe,rr,CTaB.'1eHHH - BbIXO)J. xpa6pora 3anOp02KIJ,a (OH )J.a-
Me no pa3MepaM 3Ha'IHTeJIbHO npeBOCXOn;H.'1 Ap. KYKJ'lbI). OH neJI
repOJIlleCKYID neCHlO «Ta He 6YAe JIY'Ille, Ta He 6YAe Kpar.ue, HK Y Hac
Ha BKpaiHi ...», BOeBaJI C BparaMII, 1106e2KAaH Bcex, 1Ia2Ke caMara
caTaHY. B era 60JIbrnOM MOHO.'1Ore BOCIIeBaeTCH HCTOpHH OCB060lI.II-
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Te.'IbHOH 60pb6bI YKpaHHCKoro Hapo.ua (CTPO'lKH H3 3Toro MOHOJIOra
HaXOAHM Ha MHOrOqHCJIeHHbIX HapO)J.HbIX KapTHHKax «K03aK Ma-
MaH»). TIOCTOHHHbIMH nepCOHa2KaMH 6bWH TaK2Ke AeA H 6a6a, COJI-
.uaT H «KpaCaBHll.a» JJ:apbH HBaHOBHa, ll.blraH C ll.blraHKOH, BeHrp c
BeHrepKOH, rn.'1HXTHq C rrOJIbKOH H CJ'lyroH, rnHHKapb-eBpeH, rnI1HKap-
Ka, YHH3TCKHH rroon, KpeCTbHHHH K.'1HM C K030lI, )J.bHK-6aKa.'1Hp Hero
yqeHI-IK, HHru:HH CaBOqKa, KOTopbIe AeHCTBOBa.'1H cor.'1aCHO CBoeMY
COll.HaJIbHoMy, Hall.HOHaJIbHOMY H npocpeCCHOHa.'1bHOMY xapaKTepy.
OOJ'lHK KYKJIbI, ee o)J.e)!{Aa, Cll.eHHqeCKOe rrOBe)J.eHIIe, peqb h)lKJIOBo)J.a
cnoc06cTBoBamI HHAHBHAyaJ'lH3all.HH 06pa30B. CocTaB nepCOHa2KeH
CBoeoopa3HO oTpa3Iw CTPYKTYPY YKpaHHclwro 06ru:eCTBa npe}KHHX
BpeMeH. B. y. 6bIJI 3aHeceH Ha TeppI-ITOpHlO MO.'1AOBbI II POCCHIL B
HeKoTopbIX paHOHax 3ana)J.HOH YKpaHHbI B. Ha3bIBaJICH rnonKoH. B.
CPYHKI HOI-raJIbHO CBH3aH C CHCTeMOII Hapo)J.liOH rrpa3AHHqHOCTH, qeM H
06YC.'10BJ!eH xapaKTep xYAOLKeCTBeHI-IOH MOAe.'1H B. KaK HBJ'leHHH Ha-
pomroro TBOpqeCTBa H nIHpe - Hapo)J.HoH h)lJIbTypb!.
CM. BepTen, EaT.lWUKa.
JIHT.: MapKeBu'l H. 06bIqaU, rrOBepb5l, KYXHH U HarrUTlm MaJIOpOCcH£H. KueB.
1860; rQ/wcaH r. JI. MaJIoPycCKuH BepTerr. KueB, 1882; MapKo6cb/Wt1 €. YKpa-
lHCbKUH BepTerr: P03BiAKU H TeKCTU. KUlB, 1929. Burr. 1; Kl/ciAb O. YKpalHcbKHH
TeaTp. I\UiB, 1968; ryce6 B. E. B3aUMOCBH3U PYCCKOH BepTerrHoH .n:paMbI C oeJIoPYc-
CKOH U YKpauHCKoH II CJIaB5IHcKuI'r 4>OJIbK.IIOp. M., 1972; t:PpaHKo I. .IJ:0 icTopil
YKpalHcbKoro BepTerry XVIII B. II 3i6p. TB.: B 50 T. KUlB, 1982. T. 36; <J>eaac
H. /0. YKpalHcbKuH HapollHuH BepTerr: B AOCJIi.ll::iKeHH5IX XIX-XX CT. KUlB, 1987.
H.E.<J>EJ1.AC
BEPTETIIlJ.HK p., EAT JIEP-IHIK 6., BEPTEDHHK y.- h)lK.'1O-
BOA B BepTene, 6aTJIeHKe. B J'lHTep3Type 3acpHKcnpOBaHbI H Apyrne-
Ha3BaHHH: KYKOJIbHHK, KYKJ'lOBOA, aKTep, CPOKYCHI-IK <-'weEl-Iee 3Haqe-
HHe CJ'lOBa «KYKOJ'lbHHK» - CPOKYCHHK). B 3aKaprraTbe KYKOJlbHHKa
Ha3bIBa.'1H «oaBIIJIH». CTOH 3a 5.lru:HKOM, B. npHBO/IJW B /I,BH)!{eHHe-
KYKO.'1, BO)J.5.I HX no npope3HM 13 no.'1Y HPYCOB BepTemroro )J.OMI1Ka.
TIpOH3HOCHJI TeKCT, H3MeHHH rOJ'lOC COOTBeTCTBeHHO xapaKTepy Ka2K-
Aoro nepCOIfa2Ka. OOblqHO OH 2Ke BJIaAe.'1ell. BepTerra H KYKO.'1.
B POCCHH, EeJIapYCII H Ha YKpaHI-Ie 3TO npocpeCCHOHa.'1bHble OpO-
AHqHe KYKO.'lbHHKH HJ'lH J'llOOI-ITe.'1H (KpeCTb5.lHe, COJIjl3TbI, cBHru:eHHo-
C.'1Y2KIITeJIH, Meru:aHe), pa3blrpbIBaBillHe BepTenHoe npe)],CTaB.'leHHe,
r.'1aBHbIM 06pa30M Ha CBHTKax (KOJIH)J.ax). Y BepTenru:HKOB Hepe)J.KO
HMe.'1IICb TeTpa)J.H C TeKCTOM OCHOBHbIX Cll.eH, HO B OOJIbIllHHCTBe C.'1Y-
qaeB OHH 3HaJ'lH rrpe,rr,CTaB.'1eHHe HaH3YCTb, BC5.lKHf'I pa3 BapbHpYH era
E 3aBHCHMOCTH aT YCJIOBHH BbIcTynJIeHHH. HaH60j1ee TaJIaHT.'1HBbIe B.
He TOJIbKO AaBa.'1H npeACTaBJIeHH5J, HO II caME )J.e.'la.'1H KYK.'1bI H D.O-
MHK BepTena. TaKOB, Hanp., COBpeMeHHbIII YKpaHHCKHH B. B. H. Ilia-
raJIa. H3BeCTHbI HMeHa APyrnx: C. C'1OBaqeBCKIIlI (XVIII B.), A. <D.
C'1HII.:(eHKO (I-51 nOJI. XIX B.), A. TI. ABrYCTI-II-IOBHq (2-51 no.'l. XIX B.)
MaKCHMeI-IKO (IwHell. XIX B.), KpeCTbHHHH HBaH no rrp03BHIUY Ca-
B
35
1I00KHHK (KoHell. XIX B.), <DeceHKo (Haq. XX E.), 11. A. BOJIOBHK, r. C.
fIaHaceHKO; 13 EeJIapYCH - TIoTymHK, H. JJ:bwa (Haq. XX B.), C. B.
JJ:Y)J.ap.
Civ!. TaK2Ke EaVWUKa, BepTen II J'lHT.
JII'IT.: <J>eaac H. /0. YKpalHcbKuH HapO.ll:HUH BepTerr: B .lI:OCJIi.ll::iKeHIfRX XIX-
XX CT. I\HlB, 1987.
A.<J>.HEKPUDOBA, H.E.<J>EJ1.AC
BEPIli JJ:YXOYHbI 6., BIPIli JJ:YXOBHHI1 y.- CM. CTUX oy-
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BEPIliACKJIAJJ:AHHE HAPOJJ:HAE 6., BIPIliYBAHH5I HA-
POJJ:HE y.- CM. CTUXOC.lWOfCeI-lUe ['lGpOOHoe.
B3AJ1MOOEOr AIlJ.EHHE p., Y3AEMAY3EAr N-I3HHE 6.,
B3AEM03EArN-IEHH5I y.- OAHa H3 3aKoHoMepHocTeH pa3BHTHH
4)QJIbKJIOpa, rrpoHB.'1HlOIUaHCH 13 nOCTOHHHOM B3aHMHOM rrorrO.'1HeI-IHH
'{)CHOBHOro cpO.'1bK.'1OpHOrO cpoHAa Ka2KLIOro HapoAa npoH3BeAeHHHMH,
ClO2KeTaMH, oopa3aMH, B03HHKrnHMH B HHOH 3THHqeCKOH cpe)J.e. 3TOT
npoll.ecc MO.iKeT ObITb KaK ABYCTOPOHHHM, TaK H MHorocTopOHHHM,
'OC06eIU-IO HIiTeHCIIBHO OH npoTeKaeT B 30Hax Henocpe)J.cTBeHHoro co-
IlpHKOCHOBeHH5.I pO)J.cTBeHI-IbIX 3THOCOB, Hanp. B TIoJ'leCbe, rAe o.'1aro-
f(ap5.1 COXpaI-IeHHlO Tpa)],Hll.HOHHbIX cpOpM 6bIToBaHHH npOHCXO)],HT AHcp-
(IJY3IIH H OpraIUlqeCKOe YCBoeHHe cpO.'1bKJIOpHbIX npoH3BeAeHHH COce)],-
IIHX BOCTOqHOC.'1aBHHCKHX HapoAoB. TIpH 3TOM 3aHMCTBOBaHHoe
IIpoH3Be)J.eHI-Ie M02KeT 6bITb nO.'1HOCTblO I-1J'IH qaCTHqHO rrepeBe,n:eHo Ha
H3bIK BocnpHHHMalOru:ero 3THoca, cOKparu:eHo, KOHTaMHHIIpoBaHo H
r. n. C BHe)J.peHueM cpe,rr,cTB MaCCOBOH HHcpopMall.HH B. nO.'1yqHJIO
nOBbIe IIMnY.'1bCbI, HOBbIe B03MO.iKHOCTH H HOBbIe cpOpMbI, BbIXO)J.Hru:He
a npe)],e.'1bI cpO.'1bK.'1OPHbIX.
CN!. TaK2Ke B3aUJYLOCBR3U H JIIIT.
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B3AHMOCB5!3H <DOJIbKJIOPHbIE p., Y3AEMACYB5I31
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iKalOT CTeneHb 06ru:HOCTI-I HJIH pe3YJIbTaT ABYCTopoHHero (MHorocTo-
porulero) B3aHMo)J.eHcTBIIH cpO.'IbKJIOpa pa3Hblx HapoAoB. B. cpo BKJIlO-
'lalOT B ceo5.1 H B3aHMooooraru:eHue 3THHqeCKOrO cpO.'1bKJIOpHOrO cpoH)J.a,
110 He OrpaHI-IqHBalOTCH IIM. OI-IH MorYT 6bITb pe3Y.'1bTaTOM 06II.:(-
IIUCTH rrpOHCX02K)J.eHHH )J.YXOBHOH KYJ'lbTypbI HapOAOB (reHeTHqeCKHe),
lIo3HHKaTb KaK C.'1eACTBHe 06ru:HX 3aKOHOMepHOCTeH pa3BHTHH cpOJ'lbK-
,'lopa 13 CXOD.HbIX HCTopWleCKHX YCJIOBHHX (THnO.'1OrHqeCKHe) .'1H60
kaK C.'lCjlCTBHe 3aHMCTBOBaHuH (KOHTaKTHble). B 3THHqeCKOM OTHO-
IlIt'HHII 13 cpO.'1bKJIOpe BOCTOqHbIX C.'1aBHH Cyru:eCTBYlOT 6eJIOPYCCKO-
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HbIe BOCTOqHOCJIaBHHCKHe B. cp., B3aHMOCBH3H C cpOJIbKJIOpOM )J.pynlx
CJIaBHHCKHX H HeCJIaBHHCKHX HapO)J.OB. B cpOJ'lbKJ'lOpHCTHKe paCCMaT-
pHBalOTCH TaK2Ke Me2K2KaHpOBble B3aHMOCBH3H H B3aHMOCBH3H cpO.'1bK-
JIopa H J'IlITepaTypbI, cpOJIbKJIOpa H )J.p. BH)J.OB rrpocpeCCIIOHa.'IbHOr
HCKYCCTBa. B. cpo HCTOPHqHbI, HX xapaKTep 3aBHCHT aT OC06eHl-IOCTeH
06II.:(eCTBeHHO-HCTOpHqeCKOrO H KYJIbTypHoro pa3BHTH5l HapO)J.OB.
J1I1T.: Bece./lOBCKw1 A. H. I1cTOpUqeCKa51 rr03TUKa. JI., 1940; }!(UPJetYHC1wz1
B. M. 8rrUqeCKOe TBOpqeCTBO CJIaB5IHCKUX HapoAoB U rrp06.1JeMbI. cpaBHJ;ITeJIbHOrO
II3yqeHU5I 3110ca. M., 1958; P03BUTOK i B3aeMTo .iAHolUeHH5I )JWHPlB CJIOB 51HCbKoro
4>OJIbKJIOPY I Bi,'<rroniA. pe)J:. B. A. I03BeHKo. KHIB, 1973; EllaTOB B. H. ITecHu 130-
CTOqHOCJIaB5IHCKoI1 06Il1,HOCTII. !vIH., 1977; OTpalKeHIie MelK3THWleCKHX I1po eccoB.
13 YCTHOH rrp03e. M., 1979; Me./lbHWW6 M. H. 1'!>0.'lbK,1JOpHbIe B3aIIMOCB5I3H BOCTOq-
HbIX CJIaB5IH Cu6Hpn. I-IOBOCH6upCK, 1988. Bbm. 1.
K. JI. KAEAllIHHKOB
B3AI1MOCB5I3H <DOJIbKJIOPHbIE EEJIOPYCCKO-PYC-
CKHE p Y3AEMACYB5I31 <DAJIbKJIOPHbI5I EEJIAPYCKA-
PYCKI5I" 6., B3AEM03B'5I3KH <DOJIbKJIOPHI EIJIOPYCbKO-
POCII1CbKI y.- npOHBJIeHHe 06II.:(HX qepT, B03HHKrnliX B TBOp'IeCT-
Be ABYX 6paTCKHX HapOAOB B pe3YJIbTaTe 06II.:(HOCTH npOI-ICX02K,n:eHI-I5I
HX AYXOBHOH KYJIbTypbI, KYJIbTypHbIX KOHTaKTOB (B3aHM0060raII.:(e-
HHH), pa3BHTHH B CXOAHbIX HCTOpHqeCKHX YCoJIOBIIHX. Ha6JIlO)J.alOTC5!
13 CHCTeMe cpOJIbKJ'lOpHbIX 2KaHpOB, 06pa3HOli CHCTeMe H rr03TI-IKe,
H)J,eHIiO-TeMaTHqeCKOM cO)J.ep2KaHIIH, 3aKOHOMCpHOCTHX cpO.'IbK.'1OP-
Horo rrpOll.ecca. Y)Ke <D. 11. EYCJIaeB, , A. H. AcpaI ac!:eB, !! 3aTeM
A. H. BeCeJIOBCKHH, <D. M. HCTOMHH, E. <P. KapCKIIII, L. B. LaB'IeHKO
H APynle yqeHbIe, HCCJIeAYH paHHlIe n.'1aCTbI HapO)J.HOH n033HII c.'1a-
BHH, 06paII.:(aJIH BHHMaHHe Ha 6e.'10pYCCKO-pYCCKHe napaJIJ'"I JnI B 06-
pHAOBOH n033HH, CKa30qHOM 3noce, BbI5IB.'1HH nx Ha caMbIX pa3JllIq-
HbIX ypOBHHX. JJ:. f. EYJ'lraKOBCKHH y6eAHTe.'IbHO noKa3aJI OOUU-IOCTb
n03THKH 6e.'lOPycCKHX H PYCCKHX neceH, rnHpoKoe yrroTpe6.'1eHHe B
HHX O)J.HHX H Tex 2Ke 3nHTeTOB (TpaBa rneJIKOBa5I, Ky6KH 30JIOTble,
CTO.'lbI TeCOBble, Mope CHHee, JIec TeMHbIII, nOJIe IIlHpOKoe, 'lHCTOe,
CBeqH Hpble) H /I,Pynlx rr03THQeCKHX cpe,n:CTB. A. 3aHKeBHq, cpaBHH-
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BTopHeMOCTb Y HHX OCHOBHbIX 3BeHbeB 06pH)J.a, a TaK.iKe 06UU-IOCTb
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13 qeM OH BHAeJI «eII.:(e OAHO ,n:OKa3aTe.'1bCTBO KpOBHoro pO)J.CTBa,-
cyw:eCTBOBaBillero, HY2KHO 3aMeTHTb, C aMbIX )J.peBIIIIX B eMeH,-
Me2K)J.Y BemIKopycaMH H Hace.'1eHHeM LeBepo-3ana)J.Horo Kpa5.l, H3-
BeCTHbIM B 3THorpacpHH rro)J. Ha3BamleM 6eJIOpycoB».
vb 3Toro CJIe)J.yeT, QTO B HaH60.'1ee ,n:peBIUIx n.'1aCT3X cpO.'1bK.'lOpa
npe06.'1a)J.alOT B3aHMOCBH3H reHeTI-IqeCKOrO xapaKTepa, XOTH He HC
JIlOQeHO, qTO MHorHe 6eJIOpYCCKO-pYCCKHe napa.'1JIeJIH 13 KaJIeH)J.apHOI-I
06pH)J.OBOH n033HH B03HHKJIH KaK pe3YJIbTa: coxpam;;HHH apeaJIa
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IIJIH HX 3aHMCTBOBaHHH PYCCKHMH (Hanp., BO.'10'Ie6Hble neCIIH). MHO-
rIle H3 BbIHBJ'leHHbIX napa.'1J'leJIeII HMelOT 06II.:(eBOCTO'lHOC.'1aBHHCKHH
xapaKTep, npOHBHJIHCb 13 CPOJIbK.'1Ope Tpex HapOAoB.
B nepHo,n: CPOpMHpOBaHHH PYCCKOH H 6eJIOPYCCKOH HapOAHOCTeH,
;] 3aTeM H Hall.HH Bce 60JIee aKTHBHO pa3BHBaJ'lHCb KOHTaKTHble B3a-
IlMOCBH3H (CM.). B 6e.'10pYCCKHII cpO.'IbK.'1OP OpraHHqHO BOrnJIH HeKO-
Topble PyccKHe HCTOpH'IeCKHe H COJ'lAaTCKHe neCHH (UHKJI neceH a
DJIaTOBe), cpOJIbKJIOpH30BaHHble neCHH .'1HTepaTypHoro npoHcxmK)J.e-
HHH (<<l(op06yrnKa» H. A. HeKpaCOBa, «Y3HHK» A. C. DyrnKIUla) H
lwyrHe npoH3BeAeHHH. B 06JIaCTH Hapo)J.I-IOro TeaTpa CJIeAyeT OTMe-
THTb onpeAeJIeHHOe BJIIIHHHe 6e.'10pYCCKOII 6aTJIeIiKH Ha pYCCImn
BepTerr, a TaK2Ke H pacnpOCTpaHeHHe PYCCKOH pa360HHHqbeH ApaMbI
B EeJIapycH. I\aK B PYCCKOM, TaK 11 13 6eJIOpYCCIWM cpO.'1bKJIOpe Y)Ke
(: XV-XVI BB. Ha6JIlO,n:aeTcH nOCTeneHHoe HapacTaHHe 13 pa3JIHqHbIX
.iKaHpaX COIJ,HaJIbHbIX MOTH BOB, 3aMeTHoe pa3BHTHe He06pH)J,OBoi:i
JUlpHKH, YCHJ'leHIle B3aHMOBJ'lHHHHH CPOJIbK.'1Opa H JIHTepaTypbl, rrpo-
I CCCOB B3aHMo060raII.:(eHI-I5I H T. rr. Bce 3TH HB.'1eHHH, OTpa3HBrnHe
06II.:(He 3aKOHOMepHOCTI-I pa3BlITHH 6e.'10pYCCKoro H PYCCKOro cpO.'IbK-
.nopa H 06YCJIOBJIeHI-Ible CXOACTBOM HCTOpIIQeCKHX nYTeH ABYX Hapo-
lI,OB, HMelOT xapaKTep THnOJIOrUQeCKHX CX02KAeHHH. C HaQa.'1a HbI-
lIeUlHero CTOJIeTHH B3aHMOCBH3H rrpH06peTalOT Bce 60JIee aKTHBHbIH
xapaKTep.
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JIHT.: AtjJaHacbe6 A. H. I103TUqeCKUe B033peHU5I C.1JaB5IH Ha rrpupo.ll:Y. M.,
1866. T. 1; 3aHKe6UtI A. EeJIOpyccKHe cBaJ1,e6uLle 06P5lAbI H rreCHU cpaBHUTeJIbHO
(' EeJIUKopYCCKllMU. CI16., 1897; E./laT06 B. H. I1ecHH BOCTOqHOC.lJaB5IHCKOll 06Il1,-
1I0CTH. MH., 1977; Ka6a wH iKafj K. JI. Ee.rrapycKi q)aJIblUlOp Y rrapaYHaJIbHblM aCB5IT-
.lll'lmi. MH., 1981; OH e. EeJIapYCKa-pycKi51 4>a.%KJIOpHLI5I CYB5I3i. MH., 1988.
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K. Jl. KAEAllIHHKOB
B3AHMOCB5I3H <DOJIbKJIOPHbIE EEJIOPYCCKO-YKP A-
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I\A-YI\PAIHCKI51 6., B3AEM03B'5I3KH <DOJIbKJIOPHI EIJIO-
PYCbI\O-YI\PAIHCbKI y. IIp05IBJIHlOTCH B pa3.'lHqHbIX 2KaHpax H
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t'KI-IX HapoAoB. N1HorHe 06WHe QepTbI B CHCTeMe .iKaHpOB, xy,n:02KeCT-
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111113, TI. llIeHH, IIpHBo,rr,Hsrnne YKpaHHcKHe napaJI.'1emI K 6e.'10pycCKHM
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AeHHli, npHlla)J..'1e}KaW:HX B paBIIOII Mepe Ka2K)J.OMY H3 BOCTOqHOCJIa-
BHHCKHX HapO)J.OB. A. PbIllHHCKHH conOCTaBJIHJ'l 6eJ'lOpYCCKHe H YKpa-
HHCKHe BapHaHTbI )J.eTCKHX rreceH (<<KYJIiK 'laHKY BH)J.3e 3a Qy6aIIKY»),
a TaK)!{e OTMeqaJI pa3HTeJIbHOe CXO)J.CTBO 6eJIOpYCCKHX neceH K
TaHI aM H YKpaHHCKHX KOJIOMbleK.
TIoCJIe pacna)J,a JJ:peBI-IepYCCKoro rocy)J.apCTBa H BKJIIOlleHHH 6e-
JlOPYCCKHX H YKpaHHCKHX 3eMeJIb 13 COCTaB BeJIHKOrO KHH2KeCTBa
JIUToBcKoro, a 3aTeM H PeqH TIocnO.'1HTOH CJI02KHJIHCb YCJ'lOBHH, 13
pe3YJIbTaTe KOTOpbIX cpOpMHpOBaBrnHeCH 13 TOT rrepHOD. Y 6e.'10PYCOB H
YKpaHI-II.:(eB 6a.'1JIa)J,bI, COI.:(HaJIbHO-6bITOBaH JIHpHKa H HeKOTopble npo-
H3Be)J.eHII51 Tpa]lHI.:(HOHHbIX 2KaHpOB, pa3BHBaHCb napaJI.'1e.'1bHO, 130-
6pa.'1H 13 ce6H ;V!Horo 06W:HX qepT. Oc06eHHO pe.'1becpHO B. cpo 6.-y.
npOCrv!aTpHBalOTC51 npH cpaBHeHIIH ClO2KeTHOrO COCTaBa H CTHJIeBbI
()C06eHHOCTeH 6aJl.'1aA. BbIHBJIeHHOe 3)J.eCb KOmlqeCTBO rrapa.'lJIeJIeH
CVII.:(eCTBeI-IHO npeBblrnaeT KO.'1HqeCTBO rIO)J.06HbIX 6eJIOpYCCKO-PYC-
C HX HJIH PYCCKO-YKpaHHCKHX CX02K)J,eHIIH. 5IPKHH npHMep B. cpo 6.-y.
13 3TOM )!.;:arrpe - «EOI-I)J.apOBHa». CHCTeMY neceHHbIX 2KaHpOB 6eJIo-
PYCCKoro II YKpaIIHCKOrO He06pHAOBoro cpOJIbKJIOpa OO'beAHI-I5IeT
npHCYTCTBHe Ka3aI KHX H qYMall.KHX rreceH; B 06pa3HoII CHCTeMe J'IIIpH-
'IeCKIIX neceH D.BYX HapO]lOB 3HallHTe.'1bHOe, XOTH H Heo,n:HHaKOBoe,
MeCTO 3aHHIvlaeT 06pa3 Ka3aKa.
B. cpo 6.-y. Ha pa3HbIX ypOBHHX np051BHJIHCb 13 06nmpHOM pernOHe
6ClIOPYCCKO-YKpaHHCKoro nOrpaIIH'IbH, I')J.e c<poprvmpOBaJIaCb 06II.:(aH
)J.YXOBHaH KYJIbTypa H rAe 13 O,rr,HHX C.'1yqaHX npe06JIa)J.aJ'la YKpaHH-
CE351, 13 APyrnx - 6e.'10pYCCKaH cpO.'IbK.'1OpHaH Tpa)J.HI HH, 13 TpeTb-
IlX - coxpaHH.'1OCb onpe)J.eJIemroe paBHOBeCHe.
.TIET.: EeCCOHOB JI. EeJIOpYCCKue rreCHU. 1871; IHTepHa ioHaJIbHe Ta Ha io-
HaJIbHe 13 cyqaCHoMY CJJ0I3'51HCbKOMY !jJOJIbKJIOpi I BiArrOBi.ll:. pe.n:. B. A. IShBeHKo.
I\HiB, 1977; Ka6aIllHu/;06 K. JI., 1lI yliwoa H. c., lOs6eHKo p. A. C¥qacH.uH ..!jJOJIbK-
.'lOp YKpalHcbKo-6iJIopycbKoro IIOrpaHll'lq51 II I-ITE. 981. .N£ 4; KaOaw.ftlKaJ! K. JI.
Ee.JIapycKi !jJaJIbKJIOp y rrapaYHaJIbHblM aCB5ITJIelIlil. MH., 1981; COJl06eU JI. M.
EeJIOpyccKa51 6aJIJIa.n:a 13 Me}K3THlIqeCKHX CB5I351X II CJIaB5IHCKUe KYJIbTYPbI U MH-
pOBOH Ky.JIbTYPHbIH rrpo ecc. MH., 1985; 06 ecTBeHHLIii, ceMeHHLIii 6bIT H AYXOB-
Ha5I "y.JIbTypa Hace.JIeHU5I flOJIeCb5l. MH., 1987.
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B3AI-IMOCB5I3H <pOJIbKJIOPHbIE fEHETHLJECI\HE 13.,
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3araAoK, nOCJIOBH , Hrp, XOpOBO,n:OB H Apyrne npoH3BeAeHH , KOTO-
pble 13 OlIHHaKOBOH Mepe npHHaAJ'le}KaT 6eJ'lOpycCKOMY, PYCCKOMY n
YKpaHHcKoMY HapoAaM, aKTHBHO 6bITOBaJIH H.'1H 6bITYlOT Y HIIX II 13
Ka2K)J.OM KOHKpeTHoM CJIYllae BocrrpHHHMalOTcH KaK HaIUIOHaJIbHbIe
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C.'1 BHH cYII.:(eCTBeHHO aKTHBH3HpoBaJ'l0 Bce )J.PyrHe BH)J,bI B3aHMOCBH-
3eH. '
J1I1T.: JKuphlYHC1WU B. M. 3rrUqeCKOe TBOpqeCTBO CJIaB5IHCKUX HapOllOB II
rrp06JIeMbI cpaBHUTeJIbHOrO U3yqCHU5I 3rroca. M. 1958. rOIll06 C KU 1 ' ! ' B H Y ,
Ha p . ,,' . . HCTOKOB
O.ll:HOll MYSbIKU CJIaB5IH. M., 1971; ClilUpHOB 10. H. CJIaB5IHCKUe 3rrUqCCIme Tpa-
.lI:H IIU. M., 1974.
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HcrrO.'1b3YlOTC51 xYA02KeCTBeHHble 3JIeMeHTbI CKa301lHOrO 3noca, a 13
CKa3Kax - 3arOBopHbIe CPOPMYJ'lbI. B CKa3Kax, rreCHHX, 3arOBopax
()TMeqeHbI II)],eHTH'lHble CPOPMYJIbI HeB03M02KHOro. OAHI-IaKOBO pac-
KpbIBaeTC51 CeMaHTIma 06pa3a BeHKa B 6 a.'1.'1a)J.ax, KaJ'leH,rr,apHoH H
cBa,n:e6Holi n033HH. OTqeTJIHBO npocMaTpHBalOTcH B. cpo M. 13 n03THKe
6bIJIlIH, HeI\OTopbIX )J.YXOBHbIX CTF!XOB H T. Ha3. cTaprnHx HCTOpI1lle-
CKHX neceH, a TaK2Ke B neCHHX H llacTyrnKax BOCTOllHbIX C.'1aBHH.
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pa6aTbIBaeMble 13 npOH3Be)],eHII5IX pa3JIHllHbIX 2KaHpOB, K KOTOpbIM
OTHOCHTCH o6pa3bI rOpH, JJ:OJIH, CY)J.b6bI, CqaCTbH, TIpaB)],bI, KPHB-
AbI.
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BbIMHpalOII.:(Hx 2KaHpoB. HeKoTopble qepTbI 06II.:(HOCTH C PYCCKHM 6bI-
.JIHHHbIM 3TIOCOM HMelOT .D.YMbI.
EJIH30CTb TeM H MY3bIKaJIbHOrO CKJIaAa HCTOpHlleCKHX neceH 06yc-
,IIOBJIeHa 06w:eH 60pb60H npoTHB TaTapo-MOHrOJIbCKOro Hra, Typell.-
KO-TaTapcKoro HarneCTBH5I, nOJIbCKOH rnJIHXTbI, KpenOCTHHqeCKOrO
rHeTa, caMo,rr,ep}KaBHH, cparnHCTCKOH arpeCCHH. B PYCCKHX H YKpaHH-
CKHX BapHaHTax Cyw:eCTBYlOT neCHH a TaTapCKOM nOJIOHe, a CbIHe
CTenaHa Pa3HHa, a 35ITHH XOTHHa, H3MaH.'1a, 011 arm 13 a BO BpeM5I
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CXO)!;:HMH HJU! TO)!{)J.eCTEeHHbIMH TeKCTaMH II HaneBaMH (Hanp., «5I
JIH 13 rro.'le Aa He TpaByrnKa 6bI.'la» H «l..hI 51 13 JIY3i He KaJII-IHa 6Y.'1a»);
2) C aHaJIOrHllHbIl\HI, CX02KHMH IWH TOi'KAeCTBeHHbIMH HaneBaMH H
pa3HbIMII TeKCTaMII (Hanp., «Cpe)J.H )J.O,'1HHbI pOBI-IbI51» H «TH ra,rr,aern,
M051 MaMKo»); 3) C aIla.'1OrH'-IHbIMH, cxmKHMH HJIII T01K,rr,eCTBeHHbIl\1H
TeKCTaMH H pa3HbIMH HaneBaMH (Hanp., «5-I ,rr,aBHO-AaBHO Y MaTyrnKH
6bwa» H «OH )J.aBHO, AaBHO 51 Y 6aTeHbKa 6YJIa»).
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lfeCTBO oc06eHHO 3aMenro 13 rO)],bI oCB060)J)ITe.'1bHbIX )],BH2KeHIIH. B
rO)],blupeBOJllOUHI1, HHocTpaHHoi1 HHTepBeHIJ:HH, rpa2K)J.aHcKoH H Be-
.rnmOH OTeL!eCTBeHHoH BOHH B3aHJvro06MeH ClO2KeTaMH, 06W:IIMH Te-
MaMH, HaneBarvlIl, II03THlleCKHMH H MY3bIKa.'1bHbIMH cpopMaMH aKTHBH-
3HpOBaJICH, H60 npI1BeJI 13 ,rr,BH}KeHIle 60JIbIIlHe MaCCbI HocHTe.'1eH
qJOJIl5J{JIOp a.
C 60pb6or1 YKpaIII-IbI 3a CBOlO caMOCTOHTe.'IbHOCTb CBH3aHO pmK-
Jl.eHHe T HX KaHpoB IX pa3yoBH,n:HocTeH necemroro cpO.'1bK.'1Opa; KaK
neCHH «Ll'IOBI», «cTpweIJ,bKI», «rroBcT3HCbKi», «TlopeMHi», «Ta6ipHi»,
I!CnOJIb30BaBIIIHe IIHOr)],a MeJIOJum PYCCKHX neceH. B TlOpbMax II JI3-
rep5J:x B03HHKaeT l\HI01KeCTBO YEpaHHcKHx nepepa60ToK PYCCKIIX ne-
ceH.
Ha YKparnre 6 bITOBa.'lIJ Bapn3HTbI PYCCKIIX ll,paMaTHqeCI<IIX
/l,ellcTB «Il,apb MaKCI1MIWlIaH», «TPOH», «JIO)],Ka». KYKO.'1bHbIH TeaTp
1I0.'1yqHJI pa3BHTue KaK Ha YKpmIHe (po2K.D.eCTBeHCKaH /l,paMa «Il,apb
Bpo)J.», HMeBrna5I Ha3BaHHe BepTerr), TaK II 13 POCCIIH (<<TIeTpyrnKa»,
paeK). B o)J.HHaKoBoH Mepe cBoticTBemla H PYCCKHM H YKpaHHll.aM
'IacTyrnKa.
B Bonpoce B. cpo y.-p., pa3mmaBrnHxcH B IJ,e.'1OM nOA 3HaKOM 060-
IO)J.Horo 06MeHa H B3aUMHoro o60raw:eHHH, CJIe)J,yeT oc060 nO)J.LlepK-
IIYTb HeraTI-IBHble rpaKTopbI. TIO.'1HTHKa PycHcpIIKall.HH, npOBo,rr,HB-
maHC5I BceMH ll.apcKHMH AHHaCTII5IMH, oc06eHHo 3KTIIBII3IIpoBaBrnaH-
OJ npH DeTpe I H EKaTepHHe II, npo)],o.'12KaJIaCb 13 rO)J.bI COBeTCKOH
B.'1aCTH H C OC06bIM pBeHIleM B 6pelImeBCKHe BpeMeHa. B YC.'1OBIIHX
J1HT.: E1eOflCKafi E. H. HeKoTopbIe 3aMeqaHilH 0 pO.lIil 3ara.ll:KU I3 CKa3Ke II
3THorpaq). 0603peHue. 1907. .N2 4; KOlwCflul{Kafi H. M. 3araAKa B CKa3Ke II Yq.
3an. J1emIHrpaAcKoro YH-Ta. 1941. 8w1. 12; ACTaXOBa A. M. HapoAHbIe CKaSKU
o 60raTbIpHx pyccKoro 3IIOca. N1.; n., 1962; P03BIITOK i B3aeilIOBi,D,HOllieHH5I man-
piB CJIOB'HHCbKoro !jJOJIbKJIOpy I Bi.ll:I10BiA. peA. B. A. I03BeHKo. I\ulB, 1973.
K. Jl. KAEAllIHHKOB
B3AIIMOCB5I3H <DOJIbKJIOPHbIE YI\PAHHCKO-PYC-
CKHE p., Y3AEMACYB5-I31 <DAJIbKJIOPHbUI YKPAIHCKA-
PYCKI5I 6., B3AeM03B'5I3KH <DOJIbKJIOPHI YKPAIHCbKO-
POCIPICKI y. CBOHMH MCTOKaMH BOCXO)J.5.lT K pOAOnJIeMeHHOH cpop-
MalUIH H rrpOCJIe}KHBarOTCH Ha Bcex 3Tanax HCTOpHH 3TIIX HapO)J.OB.
TIpHHa,rr,JIe2KHOCTb K O)J.HOII BeTBH BOCTOqHbIX CJIaB5.lH, CXO)J.Hble
HCTOpI-FleCKHe cY)J.b6bI onpe)],eJIHlIH 6.'1H30CTb 2KaHpOBOro COCTaBa HX
Ka.'1eH)J.apHo-06pH)J.oBoro TBOplleCTBa. Y PYCCKHX 3TO KOJIH)J.KH, BHHO-
rpa)J.H51, nO}1,6.'l1O)J.HbIe, MaCJIeI-IHllHble, BeCHHHKH, eropbeBCKHe, BblO-
HHrnHble, ceMHKOBbre, Tpomume, PycaJIbHble, KynaJIbCKHe, neTpOB-
CKHe, }KHHBHble, )J.02KHHOllHble, TO.'1OqaHCKHe. Y YKpaHHIJ,eB: KOJIH)J.KH,
w:e;r,piBKII, PHH)J.3iBKH (porYJIbKH), BeCHHHKH, raiBKH, pyca.'IbHi, ll.a-
pHI-IHi, Kyna.'1bCbKi, neTpiB 1 iaHi, c06iTKOBi, )KHiBapcbKi, TOJIOllaHcbKi.
MHoro 06r.uero rro cO/l,ep2KaHHlO, CPYHKUHOHaJIbHoMY Ha3HaqeHHlO,
rr03THKe B ceMeHHo-06pH)J.OBOM cpOJIbKJIOpe PYCCKHX H YKpaHHIJ,eB.
DbWHHbI, cTapIIHbI coxpaHH.'1HCb npeHMYII.:(eCTBeHHo B PYCCKHX
BapIIaHTax, O)J.HaKO 6bWHHbI KHeBCKoro ll.HKJIa, nOBecTBYlOI.UHe a
BpeMeHH KHH}KeHlI5I BJIa)J.HMupa, CBH)J.eTeJIbCTBYlOT a cyr.uecTBoBaHHH
3Toro )KaHpa 13 necemroH KYJIbType KHeBcKoH PYCH. 3aIIHcH 6bIJIHH
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)J.OCTaTKOM H CqaCTbeM.
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CBHTOIJ.HbIX 06XO)],HbIX neceH, IIcnO.'1H5IeMbIX )J..TIH OTJ],eJIbHbIX q.'leHOB
KpecTbHHcKOil ceMbH. OHH AeJIHTCH Ha ABe rpynnbI: «2KeHaTble» H
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CTbIe» - Ha «)J.eBbH» II «IIapIIHM». Ka2KJ],oII rpyrrne B. COOTBeTCTBO-
BaJI onpeJ],eJIeHHbTH Kpyr neCeHl-IbIX ClO.iKeTOB co cBa)J.e6Ho-6pa'IHOl1: H
ceMeIirmii Tel\I3THKOH. TIpe06.'1aAaHHe 6paqHO-CeMeilIIolI TeMaTfIKII B
B. BbI3BaHO TeM, 'iTa 3TH 06XO)J.Hble neCIHI IIMem1 M3rHIJ.eCKOe Ha3Ha-
'IeHlle: cnoc06CTBOBaTb 6.'1arOnOJIYIJ.HlO, C03):I,aHUlO 6paIJ.HOrO C0103a.
npo,a:omKeHIIIO po,rr,a 13 Y.iKe 3aKJIlOqeHHOM opaKe. OCHOBl-IbIMH I1cnOJI-
HHTeJIHMH B. 6bI.'IH )J.eByrnKH, HrpaBrnHe oco6ylO pOJIb B Ba)!urellrnHH
npe)],cBa)J.e6HbIH nepHO,L( - CBHTIUI.
JJ:JIH \'(!03)J.Hero rrepHOAa 6bITOBaHllH B. xapaKTepuo pacrnllpeHfle
Kpyra BemrIJ.aervrblx JIHIJ, (B)],OBa, 60raQ, ceCTpa C 6paTOM, rvr a ,'1 bIJ.H K,
/l,enOIJ.Ka II T. II.), OCJIaOJIeHlle Ka.!IeI-IlJ.apHo-06pH)J.OBofi <PYHKI.:(HII B. H
lIcrrO.'1HE'HIIe HX B KaqeCTBe BeJIHqaHH,l Ha MO.'lo)J.e2KHbIX nocH)J,e.lIKaX
B npe,n:cBa,a:e6ublii ce30U H Ha cBa)J.b6ax, rrepexo.'l. B pa3pH)], B. 6bI.'1HH
II HCTOpH'IeCKJIX neceH C BeJIHqaJIbHbIMII MOTIJB3MH.
AHi:WH3 CI{))KeTOB 11 I-WrrEBOE I103BOJI5!eT BK.JlIO'IHTb B. B Kpyr aHa-
.'1OrHqHbIX apX3IIIJ.HbIX neceH )J.pynlx C.'l3BHHCKUX rwp0J],oB.
CM. TarnKe RealR K.OJ7HiJ!lan H JIllT.
JIIIT.: HCTOpHqeCKUe rreCHU MaJIOPYCCKoro napO.ll:a C 06'b5ICIIeHU5IMU RI]. AH-
TOHOBHqa U M. .IJ:paroMaHOBa. I\ueB, 1874. T. 1; 1875. T. 2; lCTopHqHi rricni. 1961;
PyccKa51 HCTOpHqeCKa51 rreCH5I i BCTyn. CT., COCT., rroAroT. TeKCTa U rrpHMeq. J1. H.
EMe.!Jb5lHOBa. Jl., 1987; rpul{a c. H. YKpauHCKa51 rreCenHa5I omUKa. lVI.., 1990; JIpa6-
iJlOK O. A. PociHcbKo-YKpalHcbKi niceHHi 3B'5I3KU Ta ix BUCBiTJIenlI5I Y MY3WIHiH
<j)OJIbKJIOpUCTH i II HTE. 1976. oN!! 1; OH 3/ce. Mi)KIJa ioHaJIbni 3B'513KU B MY3UqHO-
MY q)OJIbKJIOPi. KHlB, 1982; Ca6ywKuHa fl. H. BorrpocbI n03TUKH HapO.ll:HOH ApaMbl
13 cpaBHuTe.IJbHOM u3yqenuu: 06lL\ee H oc06enIIoe 13 HapoAHoH .lI:paMe BOCTOqHbIX
CJIaB5IH Ii HCTOpH5I, KYJIbTypa, 3THorpa!jJH5I U q)OJILKJIOp CJIaS5IHCKIiX HapO.ll:OB:
VIII Me)!{.lI:YHapoAHbIH C'Le3.l1: CJIaBUCTOB. M., 1978; ll1y. raiJa H. C. CyqaC Ia rriceH-
HicTb C,10B'5IHCbKHX Hapo.ll:is. KUlB, 1981.
A. A. JIPABJl.IOK
BHJJ: <DOJIbKJIOPA p., BIJJ: <DAJIbKJIOPY 6., BI1LL <DOJIbK-
JIOPA y.- 1I1HOr03HaqHbIH HeynopH)J.OqeHHbIH KJIaCcHcpHK3ll.IIOHHbIH
TepiVHIH. B cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKe 1920-x rO)J.OB, KorAa upe06.'1a)J.aJIo npe)J.-
CTaBJICIUle a cpO.TlhKJIOpe KaK BcelI HapOJuroH )J.YXOBHOii KYJIT:>Type,
npe,a:.'1araJ1I1Cb /1,.TJ5I COCTaBJIHlOII.:(IIX era BH)J.OB «oupe,rr,cmne.'1bHbIe
3nHTeTbI - xy,n:O.iKeCTBeHHbI.ii, pemIrH03HbIH, lOpH)J.HIJ.eCKHII 11 T. n.»,
«YCTHbIii:, amI CJIOBeCHbIIi:», a TaK)KC «rrHCbMeHHbIII» (10. Nt COKO-
JIOB). B cOBpeMeHl-IOII HaYKe cpOJIbKJIOpHCTbI, KOTopble npH)],ep)KHBa-
lOTC5.I npe,n:cTaBJleHl-IH a cpO.'1bKJIOpe K3K Crrell.HcpH'IeCKOii rrOT:lCI1CTCMe
Hapoj],Hoii xy,rr,O)!{eCTBeIIHoH KYJIbTypbI, 'I,'1eHHT era I-Ia DH)J.bI: CJIOBeC-
HbIit, n eceHI-I bIll, MY3bIKa.'1bHbIH, xopeorpacprrIJ.eCKH1I, IIrpOBOH, /I,pa-
MaTlI'IeCKHII (no npe06JIa/l,alOII.:(eMY 3.'1eMeHTY xY/I,02KeCTBeI-IHOJ1 H30-
6pa3HTe.'1bHOCTH), Ha 06pH,a:OBblit H He06p5.l)J.OBbIH (no CPYH,KIUIOH3JIb-
HOH npHYPOIJ.eHHOCTH). C cepe/I,. 1930-x ro)J.OB, Kor)J, a C nOHHTHeM
«CPO,lIbK.'1OP» OT02K)J.eCTBJI5.leTCH YCTHoe HapO)],Hoe n03T!IIJeCKOC TBOp-
qeCTBO, npOH3BeJJ,eHHH cpOJIbK.'lOpa Tpa)],Hll.HOHHO rpyunn:pYIOTCH no
BH'[l,aM C.'1OBecHoro HCKyccTBa (Nt K. A3a)J.oBCKH!1, H. fl. AH,n:peeB,
10. M. COKO.'1OB HAp.). D03AHee B. 5L Oponn npe,'I,JIO.iIGW P0)J.hI na-
pOAHo-n03TIIqeCKOrO TBOpIJ.eCTBa )J.CJIIITb na mmbI, a I10CJIe)J.HIIe-
Ha }KaHpbI (no TIponny, Hanp., CKa3Ka, neCHH - He HOHp. a EllA).
DOmITHe B. cpo ynoTpe6JIHCTC5I TaK2Ke ITa OTI-IOrnemIrO K pa3JIIFIHbIM
cpoprvraM 06PH,'I,OBOrO (BH)J.hI KaJIeHAapno-06pHAOBoro <jJOJIbKJIOpa H
)J.p.), MY3bIKaJIbHOrO, HrpOBoro, xopeorp3cpHIJ.eCKOI'0, )J.paMaTHqeCKO-
ro HapO)J.Horo TBOpIJ.eCTBa, cpOJIbKJ'lOpHOrO TeaTpa. Bo MHorHX pa60Tax
B. cpo OTHOCHTCH K pa3HbIrvr <popMaM 3noca (neceHIIbIfi II np03allqe-
CKHII 3IIOC), YCTHOII np03bI (CKa30qHa51 II HeCKa30'lH35J np03a), a
TaK2Ke K MOpcpO.'1OrHIJ.eCKHJ\-! pa3HOBHAHOCTHM )KaHpa (BH)J.bI CKa3KH,
npeAaHHH, JIereH)J.bI, YCTHoro paccKa3a, oa.'1.'1a,'I,bI, ,'I,YMbI, IJ.aCTYIIlKH,
KOJIOMbIIIKH H T. n.).
Cu. TaK}Ke ICwccuqJUK.attUR CPO./tbK./wpa H J'lHT.
J1HT.: 3e,W!06c/wt1 H. H. 1970; 06pH,llOBa51 rr033H5I I Con., rrpeAuc.I]" rrpIIMeq.,
rrOArOT. TeKCTOB B. H. /KeKYJIHHOii, A. I-I. P030'3a. M., 1989; Cf1l'wpoB B. H. 3HM-
Hui-i rrepHO.ll:. 1957; EepHUITalil T. A., JIanuH B. A. BUHorpallbe - rreClI5I H 06P5IA If
PYCCKHH CeEep: I1po6.'1eMbI 3THOrpa<pHU H !jJ0'1bKJIOpa. J1., 1981; POS06 A. H.
K cpaBHHTeJIbHoMY H3YIJ.eHIIIO rr03TUKII KaJIeH,l(apHblX IIeceH 1/ PI'!>. J1., 1981. T. 21.
A.H.P030B
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HHlO: «Ba.'1aq06HiKi BaJIaqblJIicH, BaJ'laqbIJIicH, rraMa'IblJIic51...» B. HC-
nOJIH51.'1H pa3Hble CPYHKUHH 13 rpynnc: neBUOB (naqbIHaJIbHiK, naJ],-
xBaTHiKi-cn51BaJIbHiKi), MY3bIKaHTa Hm-r rpyrrrrbI MY3bIKaHToB, Mexa-
HornH (CM.). B. rpynm-rpoBamlcb no B03pacTHbIM npH3HaKaM (B3pOC-
.'1ble MY.iKqHHbI, lOHornH, rroAPocTKH) - rrpH HaJIH'lHH 60JIbrnOrO qHC-
JIa Y'laCTHIIKOB - HJIH COCTaBJ'lHJIH CMernaHHblC He3aBI-ICHMO aT 1303-
paCTa My.iJ(CKIIC rpynnbI. TO.'1LKO 13 OT/l,e.TJbHbIX palIOHax uelITpaJIbHOH
I3eJIapYCH BO.'1oqe6HHuaMH BblcTynaJIH AeByrnKH 130 BpeM51 npa3)J.HIIKa
CB. fcoprmr (<<Ha IOp'5J:»). B rrOC.'1e)J.HHe rOAbI 13 CB513H C pa3pyrneHH-
eM Tpa)J,IIIUIH, MaJIOqHCJIeHHOCTblO HOCHTeJIeli cpO.'1bKJIOpa BCTpeqa-
lOTC51 CMemaUHble rpyrrnbI B., BKJIlO'IalOII.:(He MY2K ' IHH I: )KeHI.UHH.
B. KaE HOCHTeJ1H II HcnO.'1HHTeJIH neceH II 06PH,rr,OBbIX /l,eikTBHII,
HMelOllu-rx )J.OMHHaHTHYlO MarHqecKylO CPYHKll.HlO, Bcer)J.a 2Ke.'1aHHble
rOCTH B )J.OMC, HX o}KH)J.a.'1II C HeTepneHHeM, o)J.apHBa.'1H npa3)J.HHqHbI-
MH npHnacaMH, yrOII.:(3JIII.
CM. T3lGKe flecliJl BO.lW'le6/-laJl II JIHT.
J1I1T.: I1pwIHTaHb51 CeBepHoro KpaH, c06paHIIbIe E. B. EapcoBblM. M., 1872-
1885. 4. 1-3; Muxaiill06 M. M. PyccKue rrJIaqu I\ape.lIuu. I1eTp03aBO,D:CK, 1940;
ACTaxoBa A. M. ITaM5ITU 3aOHeJKCKOH CKa3UTeJIbHlI bI I-I. C. EorAaHoBoH (HeKpo-
JIor) II COB. !jJOJIbKJIOp. 1941. T. 7; CfucToB K. B. I1puHa AH.lI:peeBHa l'!>e.ll:OCoBa:
I1CTOPUKO-KYJIbTYPHbIH OqepK. J1., 1988; OH e. M. K. A3aAoBcKuH U rrp06JIeMa
HCrrOJIHUTeJI5I B PYCCKOM q)OJIbKJIOpe XIX-XX BB. if C3. 1989. N2 2; Degh L. Bio-
10gie des Erzahlens /1 Enzyklopadie des Marchens. 1977. B. 2. Lief. 1/2; Pen-
tikGinen J. Oral repertoire and world view: An anthropological study of Ma-
rina Takolo's life history (Folklore Fellows Communications N 219). Helsinki,
1978.
1
npH'IHTaHIIH 2KeHII.:(HHbI yqHmICb npHLIHTbIBaTb C .n.eTcTBa, HrpaH 13
pO.'1eBbIe lIrpbI (<<CBa)J.b6y», <<llOXOPOHbI») H CJIyrnaH HCnOJIHeHHe
npIIqHTaHHH onbITHbIMH B. TaM, r)J.e 6bIJIH pa-cnpocTpaHeHbI CBa-
)],e6HbIe npHqIiTaHHH, HeBecTbI, rOTOBHCb K cBa.n.b6e, no BeqepaM
BMCCTe C nO)J.pY}KKaMII yqllJIHCb npHqHTbIBaTb. TIpH 3TOM OHH He
TO.TJbKO 060raUJ:aJIH CBOH 3anac TpaAHI.:(HOHHbIX CPOPMYJI, HO II OTpa-
,6aTbIBaJIH r-raBbIKII cpOpMHpOBaHHH CTHxa, rrpHeMbI HCrrOJIHCHHH
(Hanp., «BCX.'1HrrbI», rrepeKpbIBalOUJ:He rrOCJ'le)J.HHe )J.Ba cJ'lora Ka2K-
AOIi CTpOKH 13 PYCCKHX rrpHqUTaHIIHX, T. Ha3. «X.'1eCTaHHH», T. e.
rrOKJIOHbI H MCTaHH51, Bblpa2KaBrnHe OTqa51HIIe rrpHqHTbIBalOUJ:eH, H
)],p.). DO)J.PY2KKH, IIMHTHPYH 06PH)J., «YHHMaJ'lH» HeBeCTY.
HaH60.'1ee II3BCCTHbIC H BbIAalOUJ:HeCH B.- pYCCKHe H. A. <De-
AOCOBa (1831-1899), H. C. Eor)J.aHoBa (1855-1937), A. M. Darn-
KOBa (1866-1948), KapeJIKa JIapHH DapacKe (1833-1904).
TIy6JIHKall.lI5! E. B. EapcoBbIM 3arrHcei'r aT <DeAocoBOH CblrpaJIa 3Ha-
HTCJIbHYlO pO.'Ib B cpOpMHpOBaHlIH T. Ha3. PYCCKOH rnKOJIbI <pOJ'lb-
KJIOpHCTIIKII, 13 IJ,eHTpe BHIIMaHHH KOTOpOH 6bIJIa rrp06J'leMa HcrrOJ'lHH-
TeJIH Hero «JIHqHOrO rrOqHHa».
JI. /vI. COJIOBEPJ
It
BODJIEHHLI.A, TIJIAKAJIbIlJ.HLI.A, TIJIA LIE5I, DPH4ETHH-
LI.A, CTHXOBOJJ:HHLI.A, TIOJJ:fOJIOCHHLI.A p., TIJIAKAJIb-
IIlLIbILI.A, DJIA LIRA 6., TIJIAKAJIbHHLI.5I y.- HcnO.nHIITeJIbHH-
ll.a npIIqHTaHHH (rroxopoHHbIX, cBa)J.e6HbIx, PCKPYTCKIIX H.'1H BHe-
a 6p 5J:)J.0 13 bIX) (CM.). 06bIqHO 6blJIa pO)J.cTBeHlIiII.:(ei1: IIOKoliHoro
(rroKOHHOr'-I) IIJIH COCe)J,Koi'!, poJ],cTBeliHHll.efi peKpYTa. CBa;1e6IlbIe rrpII-
qHTaHHH rrpoII3HOCHJIHCb HeBecToH I-!JIll OT ce IIMeHH. Y HCKOTOpbIX
Hapo,rr,oB H3BeCTHbI T. Ha3. «rroArOJIOCHHQbI» - xoporno BJIa)J.elOUJ:He
Tpa)J.Hll.HeH B., KOTopble 13 oIIpe)J.eJIeIIHbre MOMeHTbI 06pH)J.a (OObI"l-
HO rrpH BbIBOAe HeBeCTbI K cBaAe6HoMY CTOJlY) IIpI!lIHTaJIH 3a He-
BeCTY H aT ee HMeIIH H.'1.H rr06Y2K.n.aJIH HeBeCTY K rrpHqHTbIB3HHlO
(B ceBeplropYCCKHX 06JIaCTHX II y KapeJI).
HCrrOJIHeIIHe rrpHqHTaHHH - rrpOI.:(ecc rrO)J.rOTOBJIeHIWH HMrrpOBII'
3all.HJ:r; B. aKTHBHO HcrrOJ'lb30BaJIH Tpa)J.Hll.HOHHble CJIOBeCHble cpop-
MYJIbI H u.eJIble CTHXH, Bblpa60TaHHble Tpa)J.HIJ,HeH. H03TOMY rr03TH-
qeCKIIe AOCTOHHCTBa npHqHTaHHII B 3HaqHTeJIbHOH Mepe 3aBHCeJIH
'OT 3arraca CPOPMYJI, KOTOpbIMH rrOJIb30BaJIaCb B., II aT ee YMeHHH
a)J.arrTlrpOBaTb HX K KOHKpeTHbIM cHTyall.HHM. DpHqHTbIBaTb 13 Tpa-
AHll.HOHHOH )J.epeBHe HJIH B Tpa)J.Hll.HOHHOH ropOACKOOII cpeAe )J.oJ'l2K-
HbI 6bIJIH YMeTb Bce 2KeHII.:(HHbI, HOO B. 06bIqHO Ha3bIBaJ'lH TOJIbKO
oc06eHHbIX 3HaTOKOB rrpnqeTH. B paHOllax pa3BHTbIX TpaAHll.HH
BPEM5I (<DOJIbKJIOPHOE) p., 4AC (<DAJIbRJIOPHbI) 6.,
LJAC (<DOJIbKJIOPHHVI) y.- o.n.Ha H3 YHHBepCaJIHH B cpOJIbKJIO-
pe, CBH3aHHaH C BocrrpHHTHeM MHpa H rrpHHll.HrraMH era H306pa2Ke-
HHH. B. cpo KaK CTPYKTYPHO-xYA02KeCTBeHHbIII cpeHoMeH CJI02KHbIM
06pa30M B3aHMoAeHcTByeT C peaJ'lbHbIMH BpeMeHHbIMH rrpe)J.cTaB-
JIeHHHMn, rrpeJ'lOMJ'lHHCb B Crrell.HcpHqeCKHX )J.J'lH pa3Hblx 2KaHpoB/
IICTOpHqeCKHX 'CTaAHII cpOJ'lbKJIOpa cpopMax. 06II.:(HMH )J.JI5! TpaAHll.H-
OHHOrO cpOJ'lbKJIOpa (XOTH H Bblpa2KalOII.:(HMHCH no-pa3HoMY) oco-
6eHHocTHMH B. cpo HBJIHlOTCH YCJIOBHOCTb, CBH3b C apXaHqeCKHMH
TeMrrOpaJIbHbIMH rrpeACTaBJIeHHHMH, HaJIHqHe 3J'leMeHTOB cpaHTacTH-
KH. B CTpYKType B. cpo pa3JIHqalOTCH: 1) 06UJ:He BpeMeHHbIe (TeM-
IIDpaJ'lbHble) xapaKTepHcTHKH orrHCbIBaeMoro, 3aJ'lD2KeHHble B caMHX
TCKcTax (B cpopMax rrpHMbIX yrroMHHaHHH JIH60 qepe3 rrpHHHTbIe
)QD)J.bI) HJ'lH 130 BHeTeKCTOBbIX KOMMeHTapHHx; qepe3 TaKHe xapaK-
TCpHCTHKH YCTaHaBJ'lHBaeTCH OTHorneHHe c03.n.aTeJ'leii!HcrrOJIHHTeJIeH
K BpeMeHHbIM/HCTOpnqeCKHM CBH3HM rrpoH3BeAeHHH; 2) crroc06bI
TeMrrOpaJIbHOrO pa3BepTbIBaHHH rrOBeCTBOBaHH5! (clO)!{eTa), cHTya-
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60TaHHbIX B COOTBeTCTBYlOIl{HX 2KaHpOBbIX CHCTeMax. B 3TOM CMbIC-
J'le M02KHO rOBopHTb a BpeMeHH CKa30 L IHOM, 3illlqeCKOM, BpeMeHR
npeAaHHH, 06p5!.n.OBbIX rreceH, JIHpHqeCKHX neceH II T. /1,. 06W:a5'I
TeHAeHI HH 13 cpOJIbKJIOpe - K BHe.n.peHHlO B B. cpo 3.'1eMCHTOB TeMno-
paJ'lbHOH 3MrrHpHKH.
J1HT.: PUTM, rrpOCTpaHCTBO U BpeM5I 13 JIUTepaType U HCKYCCTBe. J1., 1974;
EaXTUlt M. BorrpoCbI JIUTCpaTypbI U 3CTeTHKH: I1cCJIe,D:OBaHHfi pa3Hbls ,IICT. M.,.
1975; JIponn B. H. 1'!>0JILKJIOp U ,D:eikTBUTeJIbHOCTb. M., 1976; K06TYH A. I1poCTpaH-
CTBeHHO-BpeMeHHble CB5I3U 13 PYCCKOH U JIUTOBCKOH cBa,D:e6HOII 06p5l.ll,OEOii rreCHe II
J1HTepaTypa. 1980. .N XXII (2).
E. H. JIJiTHlIOB'
BPEM5I I1CTOPHl.JECI(OE p., l.JAC nCTAPbI4HbI 6., LIAC
ICTOPHl.JHHPI y. xapaKTepH3yeTC5:! YCTaHoBKoli Ha OnI-Icam-Ie co-
6bITHH, .'1Hll., ,coUHYMa H np. B KOHKpeTHo-3MrrHpH'-IeCKHX ejJOpMax.
TIpH 3TOM coxpaHHeTcH 3HaqHTeJIbH3H AOJ1H YCJIOBHOCTII ,I BbIMbIC-
JI3. B cpOJIbKJIOpe BOCTOqHbIX CJ'laBHH B. II. C Han60Jl:bIIlerr onpe,IT.e-
JIeHHOCTblO npOHBJIHeTCH B HCTOpHqeCKHX neCHHX (CM.) II B I103A-
HIIX npe)J.aHHHx. O)J.HO H3 Bblpa2KeHHH B. H.- TeH.n.eHll.HH K H306pa-
)KeHIIlO nCTOpI1I-1 13 ee ABH2KeHHIi Ii pa3Ho06pa3HII KOHcpJIHKTOB.
J1I1T.: JIYTU./lOB E. H. PYCCKUH uCTopm:o-rreceHImH q)O,lIbI{.I]0P !II-XVI
BeKOB. M.; JI., 1960; COKO./lOBa B. K. PyccKHe HcropUqeCKIIe rreCHH Xv l--XVIIl
BeROB. M., 1960; OHa 3/ce. PYCCKue UCTOpnqeCKlIe rrpe,D:aHlI5I. M., 1970.
E. H. JIYT H JI OB
BPEM5I MH<DOJIOrI1LJECKOE p., 4AC MIcPAJI1-\TP,IHbI
6., 4AC MI<DOJIOn4HHPI y.- KaTerOpH.H, CBOHCTBeHHa? MI1cpO-
.'1OrnqeCKOMY C03HaHHlO H nOJIyqalOw:aH peaJIIi3all.lI1O 13 MHcpax, PH-
TyaJ'laX, a TaK2Ke - 13 o6paw:eHHblx cpopMax - B pa3JII-I'-IHbIX )!;:aH-
pax cpOJIbKJIOpa pa3Hblx cTaAHH. B. M. TpaKTyeTcH K K BpeMH rrep-
BOC03)J.aHHH H ynopH)J.OqeHHH MHpa, qeJIOBeqeCKOrO oorueCTBa cera
COll.HYMOM, nOHBJIeHHH 2KH3HeHHO He06xo)J.HMbIX npe)J.MeToB, l-IOPM,
oTHorneHIIII, BpeMH .n.eHHHH nepBDnpeAKoB (KYJIbTYPHbIX repoeB).
CJIeAbI npeACTaBJIeHHH a B. M. npOHBJIHlOTCH 13 3IIMHHX H BecemIHX
06pHAax BOCTOqHbIX CJ'laBHH (HAeH YMHpalOII.:(IIx H BocKpecalOw:nx
BOnJIow:eHHII CIIJ'I npHpoAbI), 13 06PH)J.OBbIX neCHHX, B 6bIJIHHaX H
CKa3Kax.
J1HT.: rype6U1i A. H. I1CTOpU5I U cara. M., 1972; Tonop06 B. H. a KOCMO,IIO-
mqeCKHx HCTOqHUKaX paHHeUCTOpUqeCKUX OfIHcaHUH II Tp. rro 31IaKOiJblM CUCTeIvIa l.
TapTY, 1973. BbIII. 6; Me./leTUHCKw1 E. M. I103TuKa IHq)a. M., 1976; OH 3/ce. BpeM5I
Mu4>UqeCKOe Illvlu4>bI HapO,D:OB Mupa. M., 1980. T. 1.
E. If. JIYTHJIOB
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BPEM51 CKA30LIHOE p., 4AC KA3A LIHbI 6., 4AC I(A3I(O-
BI1PI y.- oc06aH 3CTeTWleCKaH KaTeropHH, He CBH3aHHaH C CHCTe-
MOH npe)J,CTaBJ'leHI:lrI a peaJIbHOM BpeMeHH Hero TeqeHHH. TID CPYHK-
IUIII H KaqeCTBeHHOMY CBoeD6pa3HlO pa3J'!IIqaeTCH BpeMH CKa30qHbIX
([aqa.'1 H KOHll.OBOK H' BpeMH BHYTpHCKa30qHOe, ClO2KeTHoe. EYAY'IH
06paM.TIeHHeM CKa3KH, HaLlaJIa H KDHll.DBKH cnoc06CTBYlOT BOBJIeqe-
IIIIlO CJ'lyrnaTeJ'lH B CKa30qHOe AeHCTBHe H 6bICTPOMY OTKJ'llOqeHHlO
,era. BpeMH 3)J.eCb Heonpe)J.e.'leHHO H )J.mITeJ'lbHO.
BpeM5I caMOH CKa3KlI rpaMMaTflqeCKH OTHOCHTCH K npOrnJIOMY,
HO HCTOpH'IeCKH - K Heonpe)J.eJIeHHOMY rrpOrnJIOMY. OHO «3aMKHY-
TO» paMKaMH ClO2KeTa II nOCJIeAOBaTeJIbHO ABH2KeTCH BnepeA BMe-
CTe C repoeM, HO IIHor)J.a «CKaqeT», B03BpaW:aHCb K HCXO)J.HDMY ABH-
:ir-;eHHlO, HmI 3arJIHAbIBaeT 13 6Y)J.yw:ee C rrOM0W:blO «nporpaMMbI
lJ,eHCTBHH», KOTOpylO pHcyeT repolO era nOMOII.:(HHK.
O)J.HH 3nH30)J. B CKa30 L IHOM ClO2KeTe M02KeT OT,a:e.'1HTbCH aT APY-
foro BpeMeHHoii rrpHMeTOH (TOqHOH - «Llepe3 TPH rO)J.a», «Beqe-
paM» HJIII Heonpe)J.eJIeHHOH - «AOJIrO JIH, KOpOTKO .'III», «HeKOTopoe
BpeMH» H T. )J..). He3aBHCHMO aT 3Toro BpeMH 13 CKa3Ke aCTa eTCH
3bI6KHM, aHa TO H)J.eT, TO IICqe3aeT, H TorAa C06bITHH COBeprnalOTCH
KaK 6bI B 6e3BpeMeHbe IIJ'IH C}KHMalOTCH AD cpaHTaCTU'IeCKHX npe-
)J.eJIOB «(TOTqac», «B O)J.HY HOqb»). TIpeACTaBJIem-Ie a BpeMeHII 13
CKa3Ke cpaHTaCTIIqHO.
B. c. TeCHO CMbIKaeTCH C HpaBcTBeHHO-3CTeTHqeCKHMH KaTero-
pnmvm: OCTalOII.:(HeCH AO.'1rHe rO)J.bI MOJIO)J.bIMH repOH CKa3KH Bblpa-
)KaIOT MbICJIb a KpaCOTe, He no.n.BJIaCTHOH BpeMeHH. <DH.'1OCOcpHH B. C.
DnleIHleT npe,rr,CTaBJIeHHe a era HeOTBpaTHMOCTH, a CB5I3aHHOM C
JIHM eCTeCTBeHHOM npOll.eCce CTapeHHH H YMHpaHHH.
BpeMH B CKa3Ke AaeT ABH2KeHHe ClO2KeTY, CTaHOBHTCH CBH3KOH
, - u
Me)!{AY OTAeJIbHbIMH 3nH3DAaMH, MOTHBHpyeT CKa30qHble AeHCTBHH.
TeCH a CBH3aHHoe co CKa30qHbIM npOCTpaHCTBOM, aHa CD3AaeT He-
IIDBTOpHMblii peaJIbHo-cpaHTaCTHqeCKHH CKa30qHbIH MHp, YTBep}K-
)J,alOW:Hii CHJIY H KpaCOTY qeJ'lOBeKa.
B CKa3Kax a 2KHBOTHbIX Ii 6bITOBbIX BpeMH Y3KOClO)!{eTHO, TeCH a
l'BH3aHO C npD)J.OJIIKHTeJIbHOCTblO 3rrH30Aa, AeHCTBHH.
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;[,CHUH 6bIJIHIIbI H CKa3KU II I1p06,lIeMbI CTIW5I, MCTO.ll:a U HarrpaBJIeHU5I 13 U3Y'ICHUU
II rrpcrrO.ll:aBaHUH XY.lI:OLKeCTBeHHOH JIHTepaTypbl. M., 1969; JIuxa1ieBII.. C. I103TuKa
.l\peBHepyccKoi\ .1JIITCpaTypbI. JI., 1971; llIaii;;uH A. A. XYAOlKecTEcHHOC BpeM5I
BOJIlIIeOHoiI CKa3KH (Ha MaTepHa,lIe Ka3axcKOH U PYCCKOH CKa30K) II H3B. AI-I
Ka3CCP. Ccp. 06",. HaYK, 1973. .N 1; EaxTUHa B. A. BpeM5I B BOJIlliC6HOH CKa3-
KellI1p06JIeMbI 4>OJIbK,lIopa. M., 1975; repaCw,wBa H. M. I1pocTpaHcTBeHHo-Bpe-
MCHHbIC l OPMYJIbI PYCCKOH BOJIllie6HOH CKa3KH /1 PI'!>. 1978. T. 18.
B. A. EAXTHHA
BPEM5I 3MTIHPH4ECI(OE p., 4AC 3MTIIPbI4HbI 6., l.JAC
EMTIIPH4HHPI y. B cpOJIbKJIOpe - BpeMH, HeOT.n.eJIHMOe 13 npe.n.-
CTaBJIeHHH H H306pa2KeHHH OT KOHKpeTHoro .n.eHcTBHH rrepCOOHa)!{a B
48
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HLIe He pernalOTCH n060pOTbCH C HH03eMHbIM rOCTeM H TO.TJbKO rrpo-
CTOH TIaTaHlOrnKa C ycrrexoM BbrnO.'lHHeT 3TO rropY'IeHHe. B J'lHpnqe-
eKDH n033HH B. e. OCYII.:(eCTBJIHeTC5! pa3JIHqHbIMH nYTHMH. CpeAM'
IIIIX - oT60p H 0600c06J'leHHe rrepCOHa)Ka, HB.'1eHHH, npe)J.MeTa; 060-
l'o6JIeI-rne repoH H npoTHBoIIocTaB.'1eIme era OCTaJIbHbIM nepcoHa-
}KaM; KOHI eHTpaI.:(HH, crYII.:(eHHe LlepT, KaqeCTB, AOCTOJ1HCTB nepco-
II32Ka, npe)J.MeTa. B OAHOII COJI.n.aTcKoH neCHe paccKa3bIBaeTC5! a TOM"
'ITa Bce nJIbIBYII.:(He Ha Kopa6J'le COJI,lIaTbI Bece.'1HTCH H TO.'1bKO O)J.HH
rpycTHT. Era neqaJIbHbIrI MOHOJIOr H CTaHOBlITCH rJIaBHbIM cOAep-
}KaHHeM neCHII. 3TOT 2Ke npHeM Ha6.'11O)J.aeM B JIUpIIqeCKOH (cBa-
/l,e6HoII) neCHe, BapHaHTbI KOTOpDII 1I3BeCTHbI 13 TBOpqeCTBe Bcex
BOCTOLIHbIX CJIaBHH: AeByrnKa c06pa.'1a CBOlIX rrO,lIPY:t-KeK, ycaAI'IJICl
HX Ha JIaBKH:
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pacna.n.eHHe ClO2KeTa Ha pH)J. 3aMKHYTbIX 3nII30)J.OB, HeB03MmKHOCTb.
OAHOBpeMeHHbIX C06bITHH Ha YAaJ'leHHhIX OAHH aT Apyroro TeaTpax
AeHCTBHH, cpaHTaCTHqeCKaH rrpOH3BOJIbHOCTb BpeMeHHOH )J.JIHTeJIbHO-
.cnI B npOMe2KYTKax Me2KAY 3nH30AaMH, HliOr)J.a HapyrneHHe rrpH-
BbIqHOH HaM J'lOrIIKlI H BpeMeHHOH nOC.'1e)J.OBaTeJIbHOCTH C06bITHli B
MHcpe, 6bWHHe, BOJIrne6HOH CKa3Ke H Apyrnx 2KaHpax.
J1I1T.: 3elluHcKuii (/J. (/J. 3aKoH XpOHOJIOrUqeCKOii HeCOBMeCTHMOCTH II KOM-
n03H H5I «I1JIUa,l(bI» II XapUCTepU5I I C6. CT. rro q)HJIoJIoruu H JIHHrBUCTuKe B qeCTb.
I'!>. E. Kopllia. M., 1896; JIponn B. H. 1'!>0JIbKJIOp U AeHCTBlUeJIbHOCTb II Pyc. JIHT.
1963. N£ 3.
BPEM5.I 3DHl..JECKOE p., l..JAC 3TIIl..JHbI 6., l..JAC ETIll..JHHYi
y.- OAHa lI3 Ba2KHeHrnHX YHHBepCaJIlIII, onpe)J.e.'1HlOIl.:(a5.1 cnell.lI<Jn-IKY
HCTopH3Ma repOHqeCKOrO 3noca. XapaKTep B. 3. COOTBeTCTByeT
. CTa)J.uaJIbHOMY COCT05iHHlO AaHHOrO 3nOca. B apXaHqeCKOM 3rrOce
B. 3. HenOcpe)J.CTBeHHO CBH3aHO C Tpa.n.Hll.HHMH BpeMeHH MHcpO.'1Orn-
qeCKOrO (CM.). B KJIaCCHqeCKOM 3nOCe (6bWHHbI) C06bITH5I, nep-
COHa2KH, COll.HYM H ApyrHe COCTaBJ'lHlOII.:(He 'CO)J.ep2KaHIIH OTHeCeHbJ K
HeKoeMy YCJ'lOBHOMY, rr03THqeCKH CKOHCTpYHpOBaHHOMY BpeMeHI-I,
B KOTOpOM TpaAHll.HH apXaHqeCKOrO 3nOCa CnJIaBJIeHbI C KOHKpeTHO-
HCTOpH'IeCKHM OnbITOM HapD)J.a. TaKOBO, Hanp., BpeMH BJIa)J.HMHpa.
K KOTOPOMY npHypOqeHbI MHOme C06bITHH 6bIJIHH.
A caMa ceJIa Bblrne Bcex,
HaK.'1OHFIJIa rOJIOByrnKY HH2Ke Bcex,
JJ:YMaeT AYMyrnKY Kpenqe Bcex.
11 )J.aJIee npHBOAHTCH «AYMyrnKa» AeByrnKII, 13 KOTOpOH roBDpHTC5i
I) ee TaCKe no MI-WOMY. TIYTeM oT60pa II 060c06JIeI-II1H nepCOHa)Ka.
BbI)J.eJIeHHH era H3 MaCChI nO)J.LlepKHBalOTCH )J.OCTOHHCTBa HeBeCTbI S.
6e,'10pYCCKHX cBa)J.e6HbIX neCI-I5IX:
5.I H nepaexay )J.a yce MeCTbI i d JIbI,
He HaHrnoy ca6e TaKoII A3eBaqKi BHCeJIalI.
, 1\
J1I1T.: JIponn B. H. PYCCKUH repOUqeCKUH 3rroc. M., 1958; MelleTlIHC1Wa E. M_
I1pouCXO)/{AeHUe repOUqeCKOrO 3rroca: paHllue !jJOpMbI H apXaU'IeCKHe fWMHTHHKH.
M., 1963; HeKIllOo06 C. lO. BpeM5I U rrpocTpaHcTBo 13 6LIJIUHe II CJIaB5IHCKHH !jJOJIbK-
JIOp. M., 1972; OH e. 3aMeTKu 06 3rrUqeCKOH BpeMeHlIOil CHCTeMe If Tp. no 3l:aKO-
BbIM CHCTeMaM. TapTY, 1973. BblII. 6; JIYTUIl06 E. H. fepou'!ecKHH 3noc H -"CllCT-
BUTeJIbHOCTb. J1., 1988.
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5.I nepaexay qaTblpbI 6apbI, n.HTYlO - BeCb,
He 3HaHrnoy TaKoH naHeHKi, HK TbI eCll.b.
BYCHACIl,b 6.- CM. YCTHOCTb.
BbIJJ:EJIEHHE EJJ:HHHl..JHOrO p., BbIJIYl..J3HHE AJJ:3IH-
KABArA 6., BIIJJ:IJIEHH5.I OJJ:I1HH4HOrO y.- KOMn03IIll.HOH-
HhIH npHeM, npH rrDMOIl.:(H KOToporo nO)J.qepKHBaeTC.H 3HaqeHHe BbI-
AeJIHeMOrO nepCOH3}Ka HJ'lH HBJIeHHH 13 npoH3Be)J.eHIIH, KOHll.eI-lTpH-
pyeTcH BHHMaHHe Ha HeM. B. e. HcrrO.'1b3yeTcH 13 pa3JIWIHbIX )!{aHpaX
cpOJIbKJIOpa. Hanp., 13 CKa3Kax H3 Tpex 6paTbeB BcerAa BbI)J.e.'1HeTCH
MJIa)J.rnHH, KOTOpbIH H CTaHOBHTCH HaCTOHII.:(HM repoeM. B 6bIJIHHaX
qaCTO BCTpeqaeTCH cHTyaI HH, KorAa EO BpeMH nHpa KHH3b B.'1a)J.H-
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corJIarnaeTCH BbII10JIHHTb T() HJ'lH HHoe nopyqeHHe H C qeCTblO cnpaB-
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Bd H6.'1YHbKH COJIOAeHbKi,
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BCH pOAHHa npH KynoHbll.i,
Ho 6paTa HeMa.
J1HT.: JIponn B. H. PYCCKHH repou'!eCKuH 3rroc. M., 1958; CKaq;TbutOB A. IT.
T10nuKa H reHe3UC 6bIJIUH /1 CKaq;TbvdoB A. JI. CTaTbu 0 PYCCKOH JIUTepaType.
CapaToB, 1958; /1.eii O. I. I10eTllKa YKpaiHcLKol Hapo.D:HOi rricHi. KuiB, 1978; JIa-
aljTtIH C. r. I103TuKa PyccKoro !jJOJIbKJIOpa. M., 1989; KOfJTYH B. CB5ITJIO HapO.ll:-
li::1ra CJIOBa. MH., 1984.
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CaJIK,ax. XapbKOB, 1893; rliaTIOK B. 3Ha.ll:06u .1(0 YKpalHcbKoi .lI:eMOHOJIorii. T. 1-
2 II ETIIorpa!jJ. 36. 1903. T. 15; 1912. T. 33; OHUW,YK A. MaTepiaJIII .1(0 rY YJIbCb-
KOl .I\eMOHOJIorij' 1/ MaTepiaJIII .lI:O YKpalHcbKo-PYCbKOI eTIIoJIorii. 1909. T. 11; M,u-
<po.nOrH;ecKIIc paCCKa3bI PYCCKoro HaCeJIeHH5I BOCTOII1Ioi1. Cu6IIpn. HOBocn6HpCK,
1987; K.ocTo_Hap06 H. II. CJIaB5IHCKaH MH!jJOJIOrH5I. I\ueB, 1847; MaKCU.1106 C. B.
HeqIJCTaf!, HeBC.lI,OMa51 U KpeCTHa51 CIJJIa. CI16., 1903; HUKUcjJOp06CKUii H. H. 1907;
3e/leHUH 11.. K. OqepKU PYCCKOH Mu!jJOJ10nm: 1. YMeplliue HeeCTecmeHHoij CMepTbIO'
IJ PycaJIKII. Dr., 1916; JIoJ}lepuHl{e6a 3. B. lV1H<pOJlOrIJqeCKlIe rrepcoHalKH B PYCCKOM
!jJOJIbKJIOpe. 1\1., 1975; CfepenaH06a O. A. MH!jJOJIOmqeCKaH JIeKCHKa PyccKoro Ce--
Bepa. ll., 1983; TOiwpe6 C. A. PaHIUle !jJOpMbl pCJIlImll. M., 1990.
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TypHbIX cpHryp, IIHTOHaUHOHHO-JIa)J.OBbIX CTepeOTHrrOB, Ka,rr,3Hc.oB.
CYII.:(eCTBeHHbIM KOMrrOHeHTOM .II,. M. .fIBmnOTCH KOHTeKcTya,JJbHble
cpe.n:CTBa - Crrell.HcpliLleCKaH apTIIKYJIHll.HH, arOrIIKa, TeMrro-pI1TMO-
BbIe H TeM6pOBble xapaKTepHCTIIKII (Harrp., JJ:. M. IlOOHe)KbH, rIo-
JIeCbH, fYll.y.TIbII.:(UHbI, JIeMKOBII.:(HHbI). JJ:. M.- IICTopWleCKa.fI K3Te-
rOpHH, CK.'1a.n:bIBalOII.:(aHCH rro.n: BJIllHHHeM reorp acpWleCKHX, COll.H-
aJIbHbIX cpaKTopOB )!\:H3HH .3THOCa Hero Cy6.3THOCOB, OTpa2K31OII.:(aH
BH)J.eHHe H BocrrpIIHTIIe HMII MHpa. B H3yqeHIIII JJ:. M. 60JIbrnOe 3Ha-
qeHHe !IMeeT CIlHXpoHDTlecKIIl1 acrreKT HCCJIe)J.O'BaHHH MY3bma.'lbHoiJ.-
KYJIbTYPbI .3THOCa, BbIBO)J.HII.:(HH Ha ee HCT.opwlecKoe pa3BHTHe. 06blq-
HO OH 3aI{aHLIHBaeTcH COCTaBJIeHHeM )J.uaJIeKTOJIOrHqeCKHX KapT H.1JH
MY3bIKa.l!bHbIX CTHJIeH cor.'1ac'HO YCTaHOBJIeHHbIM H30r.'10CCaM, rr03BO-
JIHIOII.:(HM oLlepTHTb rpaHHll.bI pacnpocTpaHeHHH JJ:. M. OmI MorYT
6bITb KopeHHbIMH, rrepHcpepHHHhIMH, apXaHqeCKHMH, HOBbIMH.
C. II. rPIIIl,A
)J,I1AJIOr PHTYAJlbHbIVI p., JJ:bI5IJIOr PbITYAJIbHbI 6.,
JUAJIOf PHTY AJIbHHVI y.- Ba2KHbIli CTPYKTYPHb H 3JIeMeHT 06-
PRAOB, 13 LlaCTHOCTH KaJIeH)J.apHbIx, paCI{phIBaIOII.:(HH!IX OCHOBHoe
,co)J.ep2KaHHe. TaK, 13 HOBorO)J.HHX 06pHAax BOCTOqHbIX CJIa'BHH 3a-
'cpHKcHpoBaH CJIe)J.YlOII.:(HII pI-ITyaJI: r JIaBa ceMbH, CH)J.H B KP aCHOM
yr.'1Y H rrpwlacb 3a XJIe6aMH, IHlporaMH, cnparnIIBaeT y LIJIeHOB
eMbH:
BIIAHTe JIH MeHH?
- HeT, He 'BII)J.HM.
- )J,all 2Ke Ear, LJTo6bI H Ha CJIe)J.YlOII.:(IIII ra.n: BbI MeHH He BH-
.n:e.'1II 3a XJIe6aMII, 3a rrHporaMH.
H. H. TO.'1CTOII, c06paBiliHII YHHKaJIbHYlO KOJI.'1eKll.II!O )J,. p. 13
CJI3BHHCKOM cpO.TJbKJIOpe, OTMeLlaJI, LITO OHH CBH3aHbI pH)J.OM CaKpaJIb-
RbIX )J.eHCTBHli, KOTopble OH 06'be.n:HHHJI 13 11 py6pHK: HCrrOJIHHTeJIH
npHTaJIHCb 3a rrHporaMH, x.'1e60M, BHHorpa)J.oM; KaTaJIHCb rro 3eMJIe,
BO.TJOLIHJIH no Hei'I rrpa3AHH L lHble HCTBa, HMHTHpoBa.'1H ceHHbe, MO-
JIOTb6y; rrocema.'1H )J.OM B pO.'1H «rro.'1a3HHKa», aHreJIa, Eora H )J.p.
Ka.'1eH,J,apHo Ll. p. 13 60JIbrnHHCTBe CJIYLlaeB rrpHypO'IeH K Co-
LJe.'IbHI-IKY, P02K)J.ecTBY, HOBO MY ro)J.Y. .
JUIT.: TO/lCTOii H. II. <J'>parMeHT CJIaB5IHCKoro 513bIqeCma: apXanqeCKUlI Pll-
TyaJI - .lI:HaJIOr II CJIaBHHCKHH U 6aJIKaHCKHII !jJOJIbKJIOp. M., 1984.
K. JI. KAEAfJJHI1KOB
59
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60
J1.
J1.
, YIH CTYI51 HCTIOJIHYITEJIEYI p., JJ:bIHACTbI51 BbIKA-
l-IAYLJ,AY 6., JJ:HHACTI51 BHKOHABLJ,IB y.- YCJIOBHOe 0603Ha-
qeHHe npeeMCTBeHHOCTH ceMeHHOH Tpa)J.Hll.HH B HcrrO.'1He'HHH cpOJIb-
KJIOOpHbIX npoH3BeLleHl1H (6UJIHH, AYM, neceH, CKa30K, 3aroBopOB.,
06PH)J.OB H np.). Hap.fl)J.Y C YCBoeHHeM OCHOE Tpa)J.Hll.HOHHOro Ma-
CTepCTBa nOTOMKaMH aT pOLlOHaLlaJIbHHKa ceMeHHOH TpaLlIIll.HH
B03M02KHO II OTIUIOHeHHe aT ceMeHHOII MaHepbI Ha 6a3e YCBoeHIIH
oc06e HOCTeH TBOpqeCTBa coceAHIIX ceJI, ropO)J.OB, KpaeB, )J.a2Ke
CJIr-JaHHOro 3HaKOMCTBa C )J.pyrHMH 3HaTOKaMH cpOJIbK.'1Opa. B ce-
MeHiHOH TpaAHll.HH II,. H. YC'POHLIHBO coxpaHHlOTCH MeCTHble JIOKa.'1b-
Hble Tpa)J.Hll.HII - CBGIICTBa CKa3HTe.'1bCKOrO H neBLleCKoro MaCTepCT-'
Ba (oc06eHHocTH KOMn03Hll.HH, CTH.'1H YCTHbIX npolI3Be)J.eHHH HAp.).
BapbHpOBaHHe TBopLleCKIIX MaHep B ceMeHHOH TpaAHll.HH M02KeT
OTpa2KaTb H pa3Hble THnbI TBOpqeCTBa, HCTOpHqeCKH BOCXO)J..flII.:(He K
npOrnJIbIM COCTOHHH.flM cpOJIbKJIOpa. H3BeCTHbI CKa3l1TeJIbCKHe AH-
Ha'CTHH (PH611HHHbI H CYPHKOBbI - B KU2Kax, KplOKOBbI - Ha 3HM-
HeM 6epery EeJIoro MOpH), AaBrnHe Han60JIee TaJIaHTJIIIBbIX IICTIOJI-
HHTeJIell; o)J.apeHHble cKa3HTeJIH, 3HaBrnHe no 10 H 60JIee 6bIJIHH,
6bIJIH 13 Ka2K)J.OM H3 rue3,rr, 3nH'IeCIWII Tpa)J.Hll.HH (M. JJ:. KpHBOrrOJIe-
HOBa - Ha TIHHere, B. 51. THpGCOB - Ha lV\.e3eHH, TI. P. TI03LleeB-
Ha TIeqope HAp.). TIpe)J.CTaBIITeJIH Ll. H. 6eJIOpYCCKHe - CKa30 L lHHK
TI. O. r JIeBWI Hero CbIH ll. TI. fYJIeBWI H3 4eqepclmro p-Ha fo-
MeJIbCKOH 06.'1., OT KOTOpbIX BeJIIICb 3anHCH B 1949, 1957 H 1978 rr.
IIHCpOpMaTopax H c06HpaTeJIHX, KO.'1HqeCTBe JIHCTOB ()J.JIH TeKCTOBbIX.
apxHBoB), KO.'1WleCTBe H xapaKTepHcTHKe 3anHceH ()J.JI.fl cp o.H 0- II
BH)J.eocpoH)J.oB), OTMeTKH a cpH3HqeCKOM COCTOHHHH e)J.IIHIIll. Xpa'HeHHH
(noBpe2K)J.eHHHx, CTeneHH coxpaBHocTH TeKCTa H np.), CKOpOCTH
BocnpoH3Be)J.eHHH, 'Ha.'1HqHH HeraTHBOB, KOJIWleCTBe 3K3eMTIJIHpOB H
Ap. OTMeTKH, AHKTyeMble Cnell.HcpHKoH perncTpnpyeMblx MaTepHa.'1OB.
Pa3JIWlalOT KHHrH OCHOBHoro H HayqHO-BCnoMOraTeJIbHoro cpOHAOB.
CPDPMYAflP eOW-lU/{bl xpwleliufl (pyc.), ljJapJYlYAJlp a03iliKi 3a-
XaBaliliJl (6e.'1.), ljJDPMYAJlp DOUliU/{i 36epe eliliJl (YKp.) (omlcb,
peeCTp) 'C-oAep2KHT CBe)J.eHHH a MaTepHaJIe (rpynne MaTepHa.TJOB),
COCTaBJIHlOII.:(eM 3TY e)J.HHHl y xpaHeH1I5I: 06II.:(eM KOOJIIILleCTBe BXO)J.H-'
II.:(HX 13 Hee 3anHceH (e)J.HHHll. cpO.'IbKJIGpHbIX), }ImHpOBoM COCTaBe,
BpeMeHII H MeCTe 3anHCH, HCnOJIHHTeJIHX, cD6HpaTe.'1HX, cpH3IILlecKoM
COCTOHHHH MaTepHaJIa. JJ:aHHble <D. e. x. no Ka)K)J.oII cpO.'IbKJIOpHOII
e)J.HHHll.e pa3HOCHTC.fl Ha KapTOqKH )J.JIH COOCTaB.'1eHI1H pa3JIHQHOrO
pO)J.a KaTaJIoroB H KapTOTeK.
Kliuca Bbloattu U ucnDAb3DBaliUfl apxuBliblX MaTepUaADB (pyc.),
Kliica BblOattbl i BblKapblcTalilifl apxiYliblX MaT3 pblJZAay (6e.'1.), KliU-
ca Buoa'ti apxiBliuX JrWTepiaAiB (YKp.) OTpa)KaeT ABlI1KeHHe Ma-
TepHaJIOB, cpHKcHpyeT AaTY HX BbIAaLIH H B03BpaTa, a TaK2Ke CHHTHe
KorrHH, npOH3'B0)J.CTBO BbIIIHCOK H ueJIb, C KOTOpOli 3TH KOI1IIH II BbI-
nHCKH C)J.eJIaHbI.
flYTeBDOUTeAb nD ljJDliOaJYl (pyc.), oaeeoliiK na ljJDlioax (6eJI.),
nYTieHUK nD ljJDlioax (YKp.) - CHCTeMaTHQeCKHii cnpaBOLlHHK, CO-
)J.ep.iKaII.:(HH OCHOBHble )J.aHHhle a xpaHHULHXCH B apXlme MaTepHa.TJaX,
a MecTe HX HaXO.iK)J.eHHH. C03)J.aeTCH B apXlIBax C 60JIbrnHM 061>-
eMOM e)J.HHHll. xpaHeHHH 13 ll.eJIHX rnHpoKoro 03HaKOMJIeHI1H rocy-
AapQ33eHHblx Y"lpe2K,rr,eHHH H HayqHbIX pa60THIIKOB C cO;J,ep2KaHHeM
cpOH)J.OB. llYTeBo,J,HTe.TJb MOllieT 3aMeHHTb IIaYQHO-CnpaBOQHa5I Kap-
TOTeKa, cJIY2KaII.:(aH LlJI.fl 3THX 2Ke ll.e.'1elI.
J1I1T.: ACTaX06a A. 1\1. EbI.JIHHLI. Ihorn H np06JIeMbl u3yqeHU5J. M.; J1., 1966;
Cfu l lepC;6 B. H. illKOJlb1 CKa3HTelIei! 3aOHen(b5l. M., 1982; Ka6alllHiKay K. JI.' Eap-
Ta1ll361 l 1 r. A. CYCTP3 I Ibi 3 Ka3KaH. ,MH., 1984; ral{aK B. M., YCTHaH 3rrHqeCKa51
TpalJ.u lI5I BO BpeMeHH. M., 1989.
B. JI. AHHKHH
JJ:OKYlV\.EHTA;.LH51 APXHBHOrO XPAHEHH51 p., LlAKY-
lV\.EIjTALJ,bI51 APXIYHArA 3AXABAHH51 6., JJ:OKYlV\.EHTAIJJ51
APXIBHOrO 3EEPE)I\EHH51 y. 06ecrre L IHBaeT YLleT, coxpaHHOCTb.
apXHBHbIX MaTepHaJIOB, 06JIer L laeT OpIIeIITal IIlO B CPOH)J.3X H )J.0CTyn
K HHM. B 3aBIICHMOCTH aT 06II.:(ero IWJIH'IeCTBa eAHHI1ll. xpaHeHHH
Ha3Ha'IeHI1H H Be.z:r:OMCTBeHHoii I1pIIHa)J.JIe2KHOCTII apXIIBa Ll. a. x:'
MO.iKeT BK.TJlOLI3Tb pa3.'1WIHble cpOpMbI Y'-IeTa, OCHOBHhIMlI H3 KOTOpbIX
5!BJIHlOTCH Klmra IIHBeHTapHaH, HJIII Klmra nocTyn.'leHIIH, CPOPMY.1Hp
HJIH peeCTp, CO)J.ep)KaHHH Ka2K)J.OH e)J.HHHll.bI xpaHeHIIH, KHHra BhI)J.a
LIII II HCrrOJIb30BaHIIH apXH'BHbIX MaTepIIaJIOB, nYTeBOAI-ITeJIb no CPOH-'
AaM.
_' l(liUca n cTynAeliua (pyc.), Kliica nacTynAeliliJlY (6eJI.) CJIY-
:ih.HT )J.JIH perl1CTpal HH, 3aKpen.TJeHIIH onpe)J.eJIeHHOrO HHBeHTapHoro
HOMepa u (rnHcppa) 3a Ka2K)J.bIM IIocTynJIeHIIeM B CPOH)J.bI (TeKCTOB,
MeJIO)J.HH, cpOTO- H KIIHOLlOKYMeHTOB, HOTHbIX pacrnHcppOBOK II T. n.).
K. n. CO)J.eplliHT )J.aHHhle a )J.aTe perIICTpall.HH, mIll.e, nepe)J.aBrneM
MaTepHa.'1, BpeMeHII II MeCTe cpOJIbKJIOpHbIX 3anHceH, C'Be)J.eHII5I 06
J1IlT.: MeTO.I1.UQeCKaH 3amiCKa ITO apXllBHOMY xpmleHHlO II CHCTeMaTH3a llf!.
!jJOJIbKJIOpHbIX MaTelmaJIOB. BllJIbHIOC, 1964; Ka6aulliilwy K. JI. MeTO.ll:bIKa 36i-
paHml 6eJIapYCKai'1 HapOIJ.HaH BYCHana3TblqHaH TBOpqac i. MH., 1978; I1HCTPYK HH
ITO yqeTY II xpaneHHIO MY3eHHblx eHHocTeH, HaXO.ll:51llJ,llXCfI B rocYIJ.apCTBeHlIblx.
MY3eHX CCCP. M., 1984; MOpOXUH B. H. MeToIJ.llKa c06llpaHll51 !jJOJIbKJlOpa. M.,.
1990.
E. 1\1. PAfiKOBA
LlPA3HHJIKA p., LlPA)KHIJIKA 6., JJ:PA)I\HYIJIKA, TIPO-
3YIBAJIKA y.- 2KaHp )J.eTCKoro cpOJIbKJIOpa; KpaTKIIe, npeIIMYII.:(eCT-
BeHHO O)J.HOCTpocpHbIe npOII3Be,rr,eHHH lOMOpHCTHqeCKOrO, pe2Ke
CaTIIpHqeCKOrO xapaKTepa HPKO Bblpa2KeHHOH CPYHKIJ,HOH3JIbHOi-i Ha-
npaBJIeHHOCTH. Ll. HMelOT reHeTWleCKYlO CBH3b C TBOpqeCTBOM B3pOC-'
.!JbIX. Hx nOOHBJIeHHlO H ocpopMJIeHHlO B KaqeCTBe caMOCTOHTeJIbHOrO
.iKaHpa cnoc06CTBOBaJIH TaKHe Tpa)J.Hl HlI H3pOLlHoli }KH3HII, K3K
rrocpaM.'1eHHe conepHHKa OCTpbIM CJIOBOM (lITO nOATBep.iK)J.aeTCH
6P
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cpaBHeHIleM TepMHHOB, 0603HaqalOII.:(HX 60pb6y BoopY2KeHHYlO H
CJIOBeCHYlO), a TaK)Ke Tpa)J.Hll.HH HMeH-np003BHII.:(, coxpaHIIBrnHeCH C
H3blqeCKHX BpeMeH. MmKHO npe)J.nO TJaraTb HaJIWme CPYHKll.HOHaJIb-
HOH 06II.:(HOCTH, JIe2KaII.:(eH B OCHOBe JJ:. H HeKOTopbIX ll.HKJIOB neceH
lOMOpHCTHqeCKOrO xapaKTepa, npHCYII.:(HX 06pH)J.aM H HapO)J.HbIM
.npa3,D.HHKaM. OTqeTJIHBaH CPYHKll.HOHaJII>HOOCTb JJ:. 'BO MHoroM onpe-
Ae.'1HeT HX CMbIC.'1 H CPOPMY. BeCbMa pe)J.KD B It OTpa2KalOTCH
HCTIfHHbIe cpH3HqeCKHe ne.n;OCTa'TKH H.'1H LlepTbI xapaKTepa. YCTOH-
''IHBOCTb HapO)J.Horo OTHorneHIIH K nOHHTHHM «CBOH» - «qY2KOII» IIO)J.-
.Aep2KHBaeT Tpa)J.Hll.HlO OCMeHHHH npeAcTaBHTeJIeii IIHbIX 3THOCOB,
rrpoocpeccHH, 2KHTeJIeH HHbIX MeCT.
«<DOPMYJIbI OCMeHHHH» (f. C. BHHorpa)J.oB), npe)J.cTaBJIHlOII.:(He
J[,OBOJIb'HO CTOHKHe CTHJIHCTHqeCKHe KOHCTPYKll.HH, 5IB.'1HlOT'CH TeM
cTpOHTeJIbHbIM MaTepHaJIOM, KOTOpbIII n03BOJIHeT C03)J.aBaTb HOBbIe
npOH3BeAeHIIH HJIH BapbHpOBaTb Y2Ke H3BeCTHbIe. PeqHTaTHBHoe
.CKa'H)J.HpOBaHHoe ncno.'1HeHHe, pHTM, pHcpMa - He06xo)J.HMble KOM-
nOHeHTbI 3THX npOH3'BeAeHHII. KOMH3M JJ:. CTpOHTCH Ha a6cYPAHO-
.CTlI ClITyall.Hr"I - HaH60JIee .n;OCTyrmoH )J.eT.flM cpop'Me CMernHoro.
.JJ:. npnCYII.:(H npeYBeJIWleHHH, JIHTOTa, HaCbIIl.:(eHHOCTb opaBHeHHHMH,
,ynoTpe6JIeHIle onpe)J.eJIeHHII-npHJI02KeHHiL 3CTeTWleCKoe 'HaqaJIO 13
)1,. He Bcer;'Ia ADCTaTOLIHO BblpmKeHO. B cO)J.ep2KaHHH H H3bIKe JJ:.
'OTpa3HJI'CH ypOBeHb 3TWleCKHX npe)J.CTaB.'1eHHH H 3CTeTWleCKlIX KPH-
'TepHeB, CBOllC'I'BeHHbIX onpe)J.eJIeHHOMY ::Hany pa3BHT11H )J.eTeH.
J1I1T.: B1LHOcpa006 r. .IJ:eTCKa51 CaTUpHqeCKa51 JIUpHKa. I1pKYTCK, 1925; Eap-
Tawa6i'l r. A. BepllianaHbI5I )/(aHpbI 6eJIapycKara .lI:3i 51qara !jJaJIbK,lopy. MH., [976;
11.06 eHoK r. B. YKpalHcbKuH .lI:HTHqHH <pOJIbKJIOP: BipllioBaHi }KaHpu. I\HlB, [981;
.Me/lbHUK06 M. H. PYCCKUH .lI:eTCKUH !jJOJIbKJIOp. M., 1987.
xapaKTepHCTHKax nepCOHa2KeH COqeTalOTCH Tpa)J.HIJ,HoHHoe II HMnpo-
BH3all.HOHHOe HaLlaJIa. CJI02KHbIH CTH.'1b JJ:. H. BKJIlOqaeT uepeMo-
HIla.'1bHble, .C06bITHIIHble, JIHpWleCKHe H KOMH'IeCKIIe CPOPMYJlbI, KO-'
TOpbIM CBoHCTBeHHbI )J.HHaMH3M, PHTMHqHOCTb H nOBTopbI, CBH3aH-
Hble C MaHepOH HrpbI Hapo)J.HbIX aKTepOB (CM. BblXOOKa).
J1I1T.: AKuMo6a T. 1\1. HapO.IJ:Ha51 .IJ:paMa B HOBblX 3arrHCHX II Yq. 3arr. Capa-
TOBCKoro yH-Ta. Bbm. !jJUJIOJI. 1948. T. 20; BCe60/l00CKUii-repH2pocC B. H. 1959;
BO/lOUlUH I. O. .IJ:2KepeJIa HapO.ll:Horo TeaTpy Ha YKpaiHi. I\ulB, 1960; rpul{uil M. C.
YKpalHcbKa .lI:paMaTypri51 XVII-XVIII CT. KHlB, 1974; Ku6111UHiKUy K. JI.' Eap-
Tawa6i'1 r. A. HOBbIH 3anicbI HapO.IJ:HaH .IJ:paMbI II I10l\1HiKi riCTOpbIi i K)'jIbTYPbl
EeJIapyci. MH., 1979. J\l'g 4; ryce6 B. E. PYCCKUH !jJOJIbJ{JIOPHblH TeaTp. 1980; Ca-
6ywKIlHa H. I/. PYCCKa51 HapO.ll:Ha51 .lI:paMa. 1988.
H. I/. CABYllIKI/HA
r. A. EAPTAllIEBI/Cf, r. B. 11.0BJKEHOK
JJ:PAlVlA PA3EOYIHH4b5I p., JJ:PAMA PA3EOPIHIU,KA5I 6.,
JJ:PAMA P03EIYIHHU,bKA y.- )! aHpOBO-TeMaTHqeCKaH pa3Ho-
BH)J.HOCTb HapoAHbIx nbec, H3BeCTHaH MHorHM Hapo)J.aM. B PYCCKOM
penepTyape npe)J.cTaBJIeHa ClO2KeTaMH «JIo)J.Ka», «llIalIKa pa360H-
HHKOB», «ATaMaH Eyp5I», «4epHbIII BOpOH» H )J.p. ClO)KeTHbIM 5I)J.pOM
«JIO)J.KH», H3BecTHoH 13 6e.'10PycCKOM H YKpaHHcKoM penepTyape,
HBJIHlOTCH MOTHBbI (3nH30)J.bI) oTnpaB.'1eHHH 'B noxo)J. pa360iiHIIKOB
Ha cY)J.He (13 JIo)J.Ke) H AHaJIOr aTaMaHa II ecaY TJa a rp03HII.:(IIX 11M
onaCHOCT5IX, BbIca)J.Ka 13 yca)J.b6e H BCTpeqa C AeBlIll.eii HJIII X035IH-
HaM (nOMeII.:(HKOM). TIpoCTeHrnaH BepCHH «JIOAKI-I» 6Jll13Ka )J.paMa-
TWleCKOII Hrpe-HHCll.eHHpOBKe neCHH «BHlI3 no MaTyrnKe no Bom'e».
C.'1OlliIIbIe BepCHH BK.'1lOLlaIOT MOTHBhI: npHeM B rnaH:KY HOBoro pa3-
60HHHKa Hero paCCKa3 0 'CBOelI cY)J.b6e, npIIHoc Ll06bFIII H nHpyrn-
Ka 13 CTaHe pa360IIHHKOB, .'11060Bb aTaMaHa K n.'1eHHor"I )J.eBlIll.e H ,rr,p.
JJ:. pj HCnbITaJIa BJIHHHHe JIlITepaTypbI (<<EpaTbH-pa360IIHI1KII»
A. C. IlyrnKHHa II Llp.), JIy60 L IHbIX pOMaHoB H nbec a pa360IIHHKax.
OT)J.e.'1bHble n03)J.l-IIIe BapHaHTbI HBJIHlOTCH npHMOH HX IIHCll.eHIIpOB-
KOH (<<MorHJIa MapIIH», «<Dopa- AbHBOJI» H T. ;'1.). TIeceHHbIH pe-
rrepTyap It p. 'BK.'1IOqaeT TeMaTIlqeCIHI 6 TJH3KIIe neCHH KaK JIlITepa-
TypHoro rrpOIICXO}K)J.eHH5I (<<4TO 3aTYMaHH TJaCb, 30peHbKa 5ICHa5I»,
«Cpe)J.H JIecOB )J.peMyqHX pa360lIHHqKH H)J.YT»), TaK H HapO)J.HbIe
(<<Xoporna Harna AepeBHH, TOJIbKO ymII1.a rpH3Ha», «4TO TY'lKH npH-
HaBHCJIH», «3a YpaJIOM, 3a peKaR» HAP.).
J1ET.: BCe6o/looClwil-replicpocc B. H. 1959; Ka6auLHilwfj K. JI. HapO.IJ: HhI
T3aTp Ii HapblcbI rra 6eJIapvcKaMY !jJaJIbKJIOpy. MH., 1963; KpynflHcKafi B. 10. Ha-
pOIJ,HaH .IJ:paMa «J10,lJ,Ka»: teIIe3Hc H JIUTepaTypHaf! HCTOpUH /1 CJIaB5IHCKHl'i !jJO.%K-
JIOp. M., 1965; ryce6 B. E. PYCCKHH !jJOJIbKJIOpHbIH TeaTp. 1980; Ca6ywKuHa if. 11.
PyccKaH napOJJ,lIa51 .lI:paMa. 1988.
LLPAMA HAPOLLHA5I p., 6., JJ:PAMA HAPOLLHA y.- pa3BII-
'TaH cpopMa HapO)J.Horo .n;paMaTwleCl oro TBOp'IeCTBa (CM.), CPYHK-
,ll.HOHHpOBaJIa B Cll.eHWleCKOM BOrrJIOII.:(eHHH. )KaHpoBbIH COCTa'B
,JJ:. H. pa3Ho06pa3eH, BKJIlOqaeT KOMWleCKHe H caTHpWlecKHe Cll.eH-
,KH H rrbeCbI (<<EapHH», «MHHMbIH 6apHH», «MaB'PYx», «TIaxoMyrn-
.Ka»), repOHKo-pOMaHTIFleCKHe )J.paMbI (<<JIo)J.Ka», «U,apb MaKcH-
.MH.'1HaH», «KaK cppaHll.Y3 MocKBY 6pa.'1»). 113 HIIX «U,apb MaKCH-
MHJIHaH» H «JIoAKa» rnHpOKG npe)J.CTaB.'1eHbI 13 T'BOpqeCTBe Bcex
,BOCTOLIHbIX CJIaB.flH. OCHOBHble ClO2KeTbI B03HHK.'1H B XVIII-XIX BB.
.Ha cTbIKe' cpOJIbKJIOpHbIX H JIHTepaTypHbIX Tpa)J.Hll.HII. B )J.aJIbHeHrnervr
,LL. H. HCnbITa.'1a 'B03AellcTBHe MaCCOBoro )J.eMoKpaTH'IeCKOrO HCKYC-
,CTBa (6a.'1araHa, .'1y6Ka). JJ:. H. 06JIaAaeT YCTOIlqIIBOH ClO2KeTHO-
.KoMn03Hll.HOHHOH CTpYKTYPOII, 3JIeMeHTaMH KOTOpOH HBJIHlOTCH BbI-
'XO)J.HOH MOHOJIOr, )J.HaJIOr H MaCCOBoe )J.eHcTBHe. Eo.'1brnylO pO.'1b B
.n;paMe HrpalOT neCHH, KOTopble c.'1Y2KaT pacKpbITIIlO COCTOHHHH nep-
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H. 11. CABYllIKI/HA
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7 HrpoBblx oTBepCTHH. EYP)J.oHHble Tpy6KH 3aKpenJIHIOTCH Ha HH2K-
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O. M. AJIEXHOBWi.
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:II3BJIeKaeTCH npH nOMOII.:(H CBHCTKOBoro npHcnoc06JIeHHH ()J.3eHll.a,
KOpaqaK, Ka.'1o)J.aLIKa). HMeeT MHOI'OLIHCJIeHHble .Ha. BaHH.51: cone.'1b,
COrrJIb, COneJIKa, corrHBKa, rrbI2KaTKa (pyc.); na.cBI ll.eJI, BlpaCll.e:'1Ka,
'caneJIKa CBicu;iJI, 2KaJIeHKa, rnaCll.Hpyxa, rYCJII, mrnq9JIl (6e.'1.), co-
niBKa, 'cpoHpKa, cpJIyepKa, cpJIyepa, cppiJIKa, cp.'1epKa, MaJIeHbKa
' oHpKa cpJIyepa 3 HacaAKaMH, AeHll.iBKa, nHII.:(aBKa (YKp.). B 6bITY
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AP BeC'HbIX nopoA, a TaK}Ke H3 MeTaJIJIWleCKHX Tpy60K. LL. )J.JIHHOH
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Ma2KOpHble, TaK H MHHopHble, pa3Hble no cBoeMY nDcTpoeHHlO H 06'b-
eMY HHTepBaJIOB. COBpeMeHHble ,LL. HMelOT ceMHCTyneHHble Ma2KOp-
HbIe 3BYKOPHAbI, qTD 06YCJIOBJIl1BaeTCH HX HCnOJIb30BaHHeM B aI- :
caM6JIHX C rapMoHHKaMH 6aHHaMH, KOTopbIe HMelOT 3aKpenJIeHHbIH
CTpOH. JJ:Hana30H 3ByqaH H ,lJ,. M02KeT 6bITb pacrnHpeH AO 2 OKTaB
JJ.
65
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.n:YBaHHH) HJIH HenO.'1HOrO rrepeKpbITHH HrpO'BbIX oTBepcTHH. OCHDB-
Hble npHeMbI HrpbI Ha LL.- npo)J.YBaHHe B03)J.yxa, 'ITa CDOTBeTcTByeT
rrpHeMY HrpbI JIeraTO, TOJIKaHHe H3bIKOM (CTaKKaTO) H 6bICTpoe
qepeADBa'HHe LLBYX 3BYKOB (TpeJIH). TeM6p JJ:. rYCTOH B HH)KI-IeM
pemCTpe, np03pa L IHbIH 13 cpe)J.HeM H pe3KHH B BbICOKOM. Ha LL. y)J.06-
HO HCrrOJIHHTb MeJIH3MbI: cpoprnJIarH, Mop)J.eHTbI, TpeJIH, rpynrreTTD
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ll.eBaJIbHble MeJIo)J.lIH. B EeJIapYCH 13 rrpGrn.'1OM Ha TeppHTopHH Mo-
rH.TJeBCKOH 06JI. HMeJIH pacnpOCTpaHeHHe T. Ha3. napHble JJ:.- )J.Be
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TOHHqeCKOro reKcaxopAa, KOTOpbIH npH pa3JIHqHbIX anrrJIHKaTYPHbIX
KOM6HHall.HHX H DKTa'B'HO-KBHHTOBbIX nepe)J.YBaHHHx YBe.'1WIHBaeTcH
AO 1,5 OKTaBbI; Hcrro.'Ib3yeTcH KaK COJIbHbIH HHcTpYMeHT )J..'1H HCrrOJI-
HeHHH o13LlapcKHx I-IaneBOB, neceHHblX H TaHll.eBaJIbHbIX KOJI.oMbleK;
6) C 6 HrpoBbIMH oTBepcnIHMH )J.JIHHOlO 346-400 MM (Ha 60JIbrneH
LlaCTII TeppHTopHH YKpaHHbI), C AHaTOHHLleCKHM 3BYKOOpH)J.OM '13 06'b-
eMe cenTlIMbI, paCrnHpHlOII.:(HMCH )J.D 2,5 GKTaBbI; .fIB.TJHeTCH COJIb'HbIM
(Hrpa «)J..TJH ce6H», «AJIH c.TJyrnaHlIH» )J.PyrHMH) H cOnpOB02K)J.alOII.:(HM
KOJIOMbIHKoBble MeJIO)J.IIH II'HCTpYMeHToM. 2) OTK'PbITaH - C 6 Hrpo-
BbIMH oTBepcTHHMH LLJIHHGlO 266-366 MM (Ha fYll.YJIbII.:(HHe), c
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HHeM ,rr,o 2,5 OKTa'BbI) H penepTyapoM, C.oCTOHII.:(HM H3 KOJIOMbIHKO-
BbIX, cBaLLe6Ho-o6pHAOBbIX, nporpaMMHo-HHcTpYMeHTaJIbI-IbIX, TaH-
I.:(eBaJIbHO-HHcTpYMeHTaJIb'HbIX Me.'1o)J.HH; HBJIHeTC51 COJIbHbIM H aH-
caM6JIeBbIM H'HCTpYMeI-ITOM - HeH3MeHHbIM yqaC11HHKOM Tpa)J.Hll.HOH-
I-Ioro aHcaM6.'1H «cBa)J.e6HoH KaneJIJIbI».
CM. TBoptleCTBO flapOOfloe UflCTpYJYleflTaflbfloe H JIHT.
O. M. AJIEXHOBJICf, E. II. HPEMKO
JJ:YMA ,0., 6., y.- rreceHHbIII 3noc YKpaHHcKoro HapoAa, .oAHiR
lI3 Hau60JIee H'PKHX H caM06bITI-IbIX 2KaHpOB YKP aHHCKOI'O cpOJIbK.'1O-
pa. JJ:.- MacrnTa6Hble, repowlecKoro cOAep2KaHHH CJIOBeCHo-MY3bI-
Ka.'1bI-Ible rrp OIl 3B e,rr,eI-I H5I, HaC'IHTbIBaIOII.:(He )J.O TpeXCOT H 60JIee CTH-
KOB, HCnOJIHHeMble naTeTHqeCKHM peqHTaTHBoM B conpO'B02KAeHHU
K063bI, 6aHAypbI, JIHpbI, IIiHorAa 6e3 MY3bIKaJIbHoro HHCTPYMeHTa.
DepBoe ynoMHI-IaHlIe a JJ:. BC'J1pe L laeTcH B «AI-IHaJIax» XpoHHcTa
C. CapHHll.KOrO (1587), nepBaH cpHKCall.HH LL. (clO2KeT «K03aK f.o-
JIOTa») OTI-IeCeHa K 1693 r. B LL. pa3JIHqalOT CTaprnHII H I-IOBbIH HCTO-
plIQeCKHe IIJI3CTbI. CTaprnHH nOBEcTByeT a 60pb6e rrpoTHB Typell.KO-
3. 3aK. 519
66
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TaTapCKoro. HarneCTBHH 13 XV-XVII 1313. (<<K03aK [o.'101'a», «TIpo
TpbOX 6p aTIB 030BCbKHX», «TI.'1aq HeBo.'1bHHKiB», «CaMHL'1o .Kirn-
Ka», «ATaMaH MaTHrn CTapHli», «MapYCH TIoniBHa EorYCJlaBKa»,
«<De)J.ip 6e3poO)J.HHII», «OJIeKciH TIonOBHq», «IBacb KOHOBqel-IKO»,.
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LlHTeJIbHOH 6opb6e YKpaIIHcKoroO Hapo)J.a npoHIB nO.TJbCKo-rn.'lHXeT-
CKoro meTa 1648-1654 rr. (<<XMeJIbHHll.bKHII i Eapa6arn», «Ha ne-
peMory KOOPCYHCbKY», «TIpo XMeJIbHHll.bKoro Ta BacH.'1H MOJl)J.aBCb-
Koro», «TIpo EiJIoll.epKiBCbKHH MHp II BiliHY 3 nO.'1HKaMII» II ,J,p.).
K npOMe2KYTOLJHOMY CJIOlO OTHOCHTCH COll.HaJIbHO-6bITOBble JJ:. (<<Ko-
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3all.bKe }KIITT.fl», «Ei)J..Ha B)J.OBa i TPII CHHH», «CeCTpa i 6paT» II .Jr.).
TBOpll.aMH II nepBbIMII HcnO.'1HHTeJIHMH JJ:. CLIHTalOT YLlaCTHIIKOB
Ka3aqbHX nOXO)J;OB. Co BpeMeHeM HMH CTa.'1H HapO)J.HbIe rrpocpec-
CHOHaJIbI - Ko63apH, mlpHHKH, KOTopble 06'be)J.HH5!.'rnCb 13 K063ap-
CKHe II JIHpHIIll.KHe ll.eXH, 6paTCT'Ba, npOCYII.:(eCTB013aBllUle .J.O HaLL
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06pa3ll.OB no CJIe)J.aM Ka3aqeCKHX BOHH. JIY'IrnHe HCnOJIHHTemI -
K063apH A. lllYT, O. Bepecali, .IV\.. Kpa'BLJeHKO, f. fowrapeHKO,
E. MOBqaH H )J.p., JIUpHHKH A. C.K06a, H. CKy6Hl'I, A. fpe6eHb II )J.p.
TI03TIIKa LL., ee MY3bIKaJIbHblfi CTHJIb 'COe,D)IHH.'11I 13 ce6e lIepTbI
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JJ:. qaCTbI )J.HaJIOrH, n03THqeCKHe napa.'1JIeJIH3MbI; rpaLlall.HH CIH-IO-
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npOTH2K'HbIM B03rJIaCOM «reH», «OH» Ha BeprnIIHe MY3bIKa.IJbHoiI:
cppa3bI (HapO)J.Hoe Ha3BaHHe «3anJIa L IKa»), B HaLIaJIe TeKCT3 Hepe)J.-
Ka cpHrypa «CJIaBHHCKoII aHTHTe3bP>: «relI, Y CBHTY lIeD.i.lJeHbKY 1'a
paHo-nopaHeHbKo», «reH, TO He qopHi XMapII IIaCTynaJIII, He ;r:pi6Hi
AOII.:(i HaKpana.'1H, reH, ToO He ciBii TYM3HH YCTaBav'Il-I, HK 'TPII 6paTII
3 Typell.bKOi, 6YCYPMaHbCKoi TmKKoi HeBOJIi, i3 ropo)J.a 03013a YTi-
Ka.'1H».
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HeLIHbIe «C.'1aBOCJIOBHH»: «EY)J.e CJI3'Ba CJIaBHa nOMe)!{ K03aKaMII"
nOMe2K )J.PY3HMH, nOMe2K pHll.3p.fIMH, nOMe>K Ll06pHMH MOJIO.iIll.51'l1II!
YTBep)J.H, E02Ke, JIlO)J.Y ll.apCbKOro, HapoAY XpHCTIUIIlCbKOro, BiikbK3
3anop03bKoro, )J.OHCbKoro 3 yciElO qepHlO )J.HinpOBOlO, HH30BOlO Ha
MHoraH .'1iTa, LlO KiHll.51 BiKa!» CB060)J.HbIH CHIX, B3aIIMO)J.eIICTEYH C
MY3bIKaJIbHbIM peqHTaTHBOM, nONIIIHHeT ero CBoeH aKll.eHTyamIII II
CHHTaKCWleCKOMY AeJIeHHlO Ha THpa)J.bl H rpynnhI THpaA - nepnO)J.bl
(<<YCTynhI» no HapO.D;HOII TepMHHo.'1OrIm). <DopMa neplIOLlOB aCTpo-
<p HqHa . JJ:JIH HaLIa.TJbHbIX cppa3 H OKOWIaHIIH «YCTyrrOB» xapaKTepHa,
opHaMeHTall.HH MeJIOCa, HaXO)J.5!II.:(aH CBoe pa3B1-ITHe II 'B IIHCTPY-
MeHTaJIbHOM conpOB02KAeHIIH )J.YM - 13 HHTepJIlO)J.HHx-«rrpOHrpblrnax»
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JJ:. CBOHCTBeHHa Ka'HOHWIHOC'Tb ClO2KeTOB H n03THKH. Ka2K)J.bIH
HCnOv'IHHTe.'1b BapbHpyeT HX nO-CBoeMY, He 'BbIXO)J.H, OO)J.HaKO, 3a paM-
KH Bblpa60TaHHOH Tpa)J.lIll.Heli AYMOBOII MO)J.e.'1H. B u.eJIOM JJ:. 06pa-
3yeT ll.HKJI «YCTynOB» - BapHaIJ,HH. 3HaKOBYIO CPYHKll.HlO 13 JJ:., 06'b-
eLlHHHlOII.:(YlO HX 'CTHJIb, BbIIIO.'1HHeT .'1a)J.O'BbIII MO)J.YC, )J.OMHHIIPYlOII.:(Hll
13 a6co.'1lOTHOM 60JIbrnHHCTBe )J.YMOBbIX peLIHTaTHBOB - )J.OpHIICKIIH
JIa..:r. C rrOBbIrneHHOII IV CTyneHblO. CTa)J.HaJIbHO 3aBeprneHHbIH 3II:H-
"-IeCKIIII }KaHp JJ:. peKoHcTpYHPYlOT 13 KOHll.epTHOM HCnOJIHH'reJIbCTBe,
pa3BIIBalOT B JIHTepaType, KOMn03HTopCKOM TBOpqeCTBe H np.
.,'1l1T.: AHTOH06UfI B., J1.pacoMaHoB 1\1. I1cTopUqeCKHe rreCHH MaJIOpYCCKOro
aapO.'La. I\HeB, 1874. T. 1; 1875. T. 2; JKuTel{KUii Jl. MbICJIH 0 HapO.ll:HbIX MaJIO-
PYCCKIIX ,l\YMax. KlIeB. 1893; KO/lecca CPo MeJIo.ll:il YKpalHcbKHx Hapo,l\HHX IWM:
l\iaTepia.!JH .lI:O YKpalHcbKol CTHOJIorii. .J1bBiB, 1910. T. 13; 1913, T. 14; rpywe6cb-
1m K. YKpalHcbKi Hapol-,Hi .lI:YMU. I\HiB, 1927. T. 1; 1931. T. 2; YKpaHHcKHe Ha-
pOJ,HbIe .lI:YMbI I I13,l\. nO,l\roT. E. I1. I\Hp.ll:aH. M., 1972; rpul{a c. H. MeJIoc YKpa-
iHcbKol Hapo.ll:HOi erriKII. I\HiB, 1979.
C. 11. rpl1Il,A
JIYMKA 6., y.- YCTa'peI5LlmH TepMHH )J.JIH 0603HaqeHHH neceH
He311IILJeCKoro xapaKTepa, JIHpHqeClmX (13 YE:paHHclmH cpOJIbKJIOpH-
":TIIKe) H .'1Hp03nWIeCKHx, 3JIerWIeCKHX (13 6eJIOpyccKoi.'r cpOJIbKJIO-
pIICmqeCKOH Tpa)J.lIll.HH). B YKpaHHcKoII CPOJIbK.'1DpHCTHKe TepMHHbI
«D.YMa» H «,rr,YMK3» C.'1Y>KHJIn ,rr,JIH p33)J.e.'1eHHH Crrell.HcpHTJeCKIIX 3nH-
lIeCKIIX neceH II 'Bcex npOqHX ()J.YMbI, )J.YMKH H rnYMKH), 13 6eJIopyc-
-c!mfi }Ke, npn OTCYTCTBHH aHaJIOrOB yKpaHHcKIlx 3nIFleCKHX AYM,
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E<lUIIH BJI. BepHrH «Dumki bialoruskie ze wsi GI bokiego...», rAe
06paHbI TO.'IbKO HapOAHbIe 6a.'1JIa)J.bI. 0 HapOAHbIX HCTOKax TepMJi-
Ha ]1. (II «AYMa») cmI)J.eTeJIbCTBYlOT BKJIlOQeHHH era B TeKCTbI neceH
(db BKpaiHY rrbMaH,rr,PYlO,/i PYCbKY )J.YMKY TaM nOqylO»). Ha-
:maHIle LL. rnnpOKO ynoTpe6.'1HJIOCb 13 CPOJIbK.'1OpHCTHKe H JIIlTepaTY-
pe TKpaHHbI, TIOJIbrnH H EeJIapYCH 3nOXH pOMaHTH3Ma (5IH 4e L IOT,
II. XpanOBJ-Ill.KIlH, O. Ko.TJb6epr II ,lIip.). B HaCTOHII.:(ee BpeMH JJ:. BbI-
reCHeHa H3 HaYLIHoro ynoTpe6JIeHHH TepMHHoM «6aJIJIa)J.3» (CM.
Ba,uaiJa), a BapHaHT «)J.YMa» npOLJHO 3aKpenHJICH 3a Cnell.IIcpwIecKII
)'I\paIIHCKIIM 3mlqeCKIIM 2KaHpoM.
.1ET.: Pycam;:a .IJ:HicTpOBa5l. Y EY.lI:IIHIl, 1837; Ca/la6eii JI. M. EeJIapycKa51
llapO,:.v-r351 6aJIa.ll:a. 1V1H., 1978; Kup'li6 P. CPo ETHorpa4JiqHo-!jJOJIbK.'I0PHCTUqHa l-,i-
;I.%HicTb «pycbIWI Tpii'I i». I\HlB, 1990; Dumki bialoruskie ze wsi GI bokiego
W po\\'iecie Lidzkim gubernii Wileiiskiej w r. 1885 spisane przez Wladyslawa
Weryh? II Zbior Wiadomosci do Antropologii I\rajowej. I\rakow, 1889: T. 13;
P"lska epika ludowa. Opr. Stanislaw Czernik. Warszawa; I\rakow, 1958.
P.CP.KI1PCfI1B, JI.M.COJIOBER
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O.D:HHM rOAOM, T. e. IWJIJIeKll.HlO. YCTaHOBJIeHHe 3a E. x. Taro HJIH
HHoro 06'beMa cpOJIbKJIOpHbIX MaTepHaJIOB orrpe)J.eJIHeTCH Tpe6oBa-
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CHcpHKaI.:(H5! HapO)J.HbIX rrbec: COI.:(HaJIbHO-6bITOBa5! KOMe)J.H5! (<<Ea-
pHH», «MHHMbIH 6apHH», «DaxoMyrnKa», «MaBPYX»), «pa360H-
HH'Ib5!» )J.paMa (<<JIO)J.Ka», «lllaHKa pa360HHHKOB»), THpaH060p-
'IeCKaH TparHKOMe)J.H5! (<<IJ.apb MaKCHMHJIHaH»). )KaHpoBO-CI02KeT-
HbIH COCTaB KYKOJIbHOro TeaTpa 60JIee O)J.HopO)J.eH: KOMe)J.H5! «TIeT-
PyrnKa» H MHCTepHaJIbHa5! )J.paMa «IJ.apb I1po)J.», a TaK2Ke IOMOPH-
CTH'IeCKHe H CaTHpH'IeCKHe CI.:(eHbI, TeCHO CBH3aHHbIe CO CKa30qHOH
Tpa)J.HI.:(HeH (<<l1paA3ia)J.a, CTapbI Pblrop i rn'IOraJIb», «<DpaHT i rra-
HeHKa», «MaI.:(eH i )J.OKTap»).
B rnHpOKOM CMbICJIe K )J.paMaTH'IeCKHM rrpOH3Be)J.eHH5!M OTHOC5!T
«)J.OTeaTpaJIbHble» 5I'BJIeHH5! - 06p5!)J.OBble HrpHII.:(a 11 )J.paMaTH'IeCKHe
HrpbI. HeKOTopble HCCJIe)J.OBaTeJIII HMeHHO HMH II OrpaHII'IHBaIOT
rrOHHTHe )J.paMaTWleCKoro pO)J.a B cpOJIbKJIOpe (CM.).
J1I1T.: BCe60JloiJcKUii-repHcpocC B. H. 1959; HapO.ll:HbIH TeaTp I C6. CT. J1.,
1974; ryce6 B. E. PYCCICUH !jJOJIbKJIOpHbIH TeaTp. 1980; HeKpbtJlOBa A, cp" ryce6
B. E. PyccKuii HapO,lJ,HbIH KYKOJIbHblH TeaTp. J1., 1983; fiCTOpblH 6eJIapYCKara
T9aTpa: Y 3 T. MH., 1983. T. 1; CaByw.KuHa H. H. PyccKa51 HapO,lJ,HaH .lI:paMa. 1988.
v
H. H. CABJ1ll1KHHA
B.E.rJ1CEB
)KAHPbI JII1PI14ECKI1E p., )KAHPbI JIIPbI4HbI5I 6., )KAH-
PH JIIPI14HI y.- rreceHHble 2KaHpbI, 13 KOTOpbIX OTHorneHIIe K
)J.eHcTBHTe bHocTH Bblpa2KaeTCH rrocpeAcTBOM nepeAaqH 'IYBCTB,
HacTpoeHHH, )J.yrneBHoro COCTOHHH5! JIHpH'IeCrmro rep05I. 06II.:(errpH-
H5!TOH 2KaHpOBOH KJIaCcHcpHKaI.:(HH Hapo)J;HoH JIHpHKH HeT. DpII
KJIaCcHcpHKaI.:(HH HapO)J.HbIX JIHpHqeCKHX neceH Ha 2KaHpbI Y'IHTbIBa-
IOTC5! HX cO)J.ep2KaHHe, rr03TH'IeCKHe H MY3bIKaJIbHble oc06eHHocTH,
YCJIOBH5! 6bITOBaHH5! H CPYHKI.:(HH.
00 YC OBH5!M 6bITOBaHHH JIHpH'IeCKHe rreCHH )J.eJI5!TCH Ha 06p5!-
)J.OBble (CM.) H He06pH)J;oBble (CM.). 06p5!)J.oBble neCHH )J.eJIHTCH Ha
KaJIeH)J.apHble H ceMeHHo-6bITOBble. DepBYlo rpynrry COCTaBJI5HOT
rreceHHble 2KaHpbI: KOJIH)J.KH, rreCHH rro)J.6JIIo)J.Hble, MaCJIeHWIHble"
BeCHHHKH, TpOHI.:(KHe, 2KHHBHble H )J.p. I1x rJIaBHOe Ha3Ha L reHHe -
cnoc06cTBOBaTb 6JIarOnOJIY L IHIO 13 l{peCTbHHcKOM X035!HCTBe. BTopaH
rpyrrrra COC'J10HT H3 2KaHpOB P0)J.HJIbHbIX H cBa)J.e6Hblx rreceH, BKJIIO-
LlaIOII.:(IIX 13 ce6H 2KaHpOBble' pa3HOBHAHOCTH: npwIHTaHHH HeBeCTbI,
neCHH yqaCTHHKOB cBa)J.e6Horo mlpa (puTyaJIbHble, BeJIlI'IaJIbHble
H KOpHJIbHble rrecHH). OC06bIMII }rWHpaMH 06pH)J.oBoro cpOJIhKJIOpa
HBJI5!IOTC5! peKpYTcKHe 'H noxopOHHble rrpHqHTaHHH.
J1I1T.: JIYTUJlOB E. H. ITp06JICMb! u3yqeHUH UCTOpUU pYCCKoro !jJOJIblrnOpa 1/
flp06JIeMbI cOBpeMeHIIoH !jJOJIblrnOpUcTHKU I ABTope!jJ. .lI:OKJI. J1., 1958; ryce6 B. E.
ITp06JIeMbJ TeopllH !jJoJIblrnopa II TaM 2Ke; JIponn B. H. )I\aHpoBblll COCTaB Pyc-
CKOro !jJOJIbKJIOpa fJ Pyc. JIUT. 1964. .N!! 4; OH e. ITpuH urrbl KJIaCcu!jJuKa Hu
!jJOJIbKJIOpHbIX )KaHpOB II C3. 1964. N!! 4; Tp. VII MI\A3H. M., 1964. T. 6 (pa3.l1:eJI
CUMrr0311YM 12. I\JIaCcu!jJuKaIJ,lIH YCTHorr09TUqeCKllX 2KaHpoB); AHUKUH B. JI. B03-
HUKHOBeHlle )KaHpOB B !jJOJIbKJIOpe II PI'!>. M.; J1., 1966. BbIIl. 10; 3eMl{06cKUii H. H.
)I\aHp, !jJYHl, ml, CllCTeMa J/ COB. MY3bIKa. 1971. .N!! 1.
)KAHPbI JJ:PAMATH4ECKI1E p., )KAHPbI JJ:PAMATbI4-
HbI5I 6., )KAHPI1 JJ:PAMATH4HI y. cpOJIbKJIOpa OTJIH'IHbI 01'
2KaHpOB rrpocpeccHOHaJIbHOH ApaMaTyprHH, COOTBeTCTBY5! rrpHpoAe
H THrraM HapOAHbIX TeaTpaJIbHbIX npeACTaBJIeHHH (TeaTp «2KHBbIX
HCrrOJIHHTeJIeH» - «2KHBOrO aKTepa», KYKOJIbHble - «TIeTpyrnKa» H
BepTerr, rraHopaMHbIH TeaTp - paeK).
74
)I(
)I(
He06p5!AOBble rreCHII COCTaBJI5!IOT ABe 60JIbrnIIe rpyrrrrbI: 1) rrec-
HH, CBH3aHHble C pa3JIII'IHbIMII BHAaMII MOJIO)J.e2KHbIX YBeCeJIeHIIH,
HcrrO.'1H5!eMble B )J.BH2KeHJIH (2KaHpbI HrpoBblx, XOpOBO)J.HbIX II rrJIH-
COBbIX rreceH), II 2) rreCHII «rOJIOeOBble», COCTaBJIHIOII.:(IIe 2Ka-npbI
npOTH2KHbIX II 'IaCTbIX rreceH. 3TH rreCl-III rro npeIIMYII.:(eCTBY KpeCTb-
5lHCKIIe. Ho CIO)J.a 2Ke BXOAHT rreCHII 6ypJIaI.:(KIIe, 5!MII.:(III.:(KIIe, COJI)J.aT-
CKlIe II pa60'IHe.
CBoe06pa3HbIM )KaHpOM PYCCKOH HapO)J.HOH: JIIIpIIKII 5!BJI5!eTCH
'IacTyrnKa (CM.). 00 oco6eHHOCT5!M cO)J.ep2KaHII5!, cpOpMbI H Ha3Ha-
'IeHHH K 'IaCTYlUKaM 6JIII3KII 6eJIOPYCCIme rrpbIIIeY"Ki (CM.) II YKpa-
HHCKHe rrpHcrriBKII II KOJIOMbIHKII (CM.).
Cl'iI. TaK2Ke CT. 06 OTAeJIbHbIX neceHHbIX 2KaHpaX H JIHT.
iII-IT.: KO.llecca CPo 1938; KO.llnaK06a H. Jl. 1962; JIponn B. fl. )l(aupoBbrH
COCTaB PyccKoro !jJO.1JbKJIOpa II Pyc. JIUT. 1964. .J\I'g 4; Ti.lleBi'i H. C. Hallia pOAHa51
neCHfi. MH., 1968; OH ;ce. ITa3TbiKa 6eJIapycKal! HapoAHaH JIipbIKi. MH., 1975;
Epe..llllHa B. 11. I(JIaccu!jJmcaQu5I Hapo.ll:Holr JIuf/UqeCKOH rreCHn B COBeTCKOH !jJOJIbK-
JIOpUCTUKe II PI'!>. J1., 1977. BblII. 17; lleii O. HapoAHoniceHHi )KaHpE. RUlB, 1977.
Bun. 1; 1983. Bnn. 2; OH e. flOeTHKa YKpalHcbKoI HapO.ll:I-IOI nicId. RElB 1978'
lllYliw(Ja H. CyqaCHa niceHHicTb CJIOB'51HCbKUX HapoAiB. RUlB, 1981; JIasy1'U C. r:
Pycclme HapO,lJ,Hble JIUpUqeCKUe nCCHI/, qaCTYlliKU If nOCJIOBIJ bl. M., 1990.
II 6bITOBblX, 13 'IaCTH rrpe)J.aHHII H JIereH)J. - K OTHOCHTeJIbHO He,J,aB-
HeMY 6bITOBOMY BpeMeHH. KOHcpJIHKTbI, JIe2KaII.:(ue 13 oeHOBe CI02Ke-
TOB /K. 3., B03HIIKaIOT rrpII B3aHMO)J.eHCTBIIH HJIII CTOJIKHOBemIH
repoeB C rrpe)J.CTaBI1TeJI5!MH CBepX'beCTeCTBemlbIX CHJI (BGJIrne6Hble
CKa3KH, JIereH)J.bI, 6bIJIII'IKH, )J.YXOBHble CTHXU), C BparaMH 3THoca,
rOCY)J.apCTBa, C rrpOTlIBHHKaMII lI3 )J.Pyroro ropo)J.a, COI.:(HaJIbHOrO
CJIOH, H3 )J.PyroH ceMbII (6bIJIHHbI, 6bITOBbIe CKa3KI1, HCTOpHqeCKIIe
rreCHII); «2KIIBOTHbIII 3nOC» (CKa3KII 0 2KHBOTHbIX, HapO)J.Hble 6aCHII,
'IaCTb rrpe)J.aHlIll 11 aHeKAOTOB) cera nepCOHaLKaMII -\ 3BepHMII,
rrTHI.:(aMII, HaceKOMbIMII - Ay6JIHpyeT (B CaTllplI'IeCKOM, IDMOPIICTH-
'IeCKOM, 06'beKTIIBHo-rrOBeCTBOBaTeJIbHOM rrJIaHe) LleJIOBeLlecKHe OT-
HorneHHH II B 3Ha L IHTeJIbHOli CTerreHII IIHOCKa3aTeJIeH. HeKOTopbIe
HCCJIe)J.oBaTeJIH K /K. 3. OTHOC5!T 6aJIJIa)J.Y (CM.).
J1I1T.: TyceB B. E. 3CTeTIIKa !jJOJIbKJIOpa. J1., 1967; JIponn B. fl. 1'!>0JIbKJIOp
U .lI:eHCTBHTeJIbHOcTb. 1976.
Icp. M. CEJI11BAHOBI
C. T. JIA3YT11H
)J:<.APT HAPO)1,HbI 6., /KAPT HAPO)1,HIIPI, HAPO)1,HA
YCMIIliKA y.- KopoTKoe 0)J.H03rrH30)J.Hoe IOMopIICTwlecKoe npo-
H3BeAeHlle, 6JIII3KOe K aHeK)J.OTY, Hepe)J.Ko )J.HaJ)"orHqeCKoI"I uq)OPMbI.
KaK H a HeK)J.OT, /K. H. MOLKeT 3aKaWIHBaTbC5I He02KH)J.aHHOH KOMII-
'IecKoII pa3B5!3Koil, HO HHKor)J.a He 6bIBaeT CaTIIpHqeCKHM. /K. H. 3a-
KJIIOLIaeT 13 ce6e .'1erKYlo, qaII.:(e Bcero 6e306II)J.HYIO HacMernKY. 4eT-
Koro oupe)J.eJIeHHH rpaHIII.:( }KaHpa TepMI1H He )J.aeT. fIpHMeHHeTC5!
)J.JI5! HOMHHaI.:(IIII rrpOlI3Be)J.eHJIH, OTpaLKaIou.r.IIX KOMH'IeCIme CTOpOHbI
)KII3HH II pHcyrOII.:(HX B OCHOBHO l 6bITOBble cHTyall.HH. IIHor;:J,a 060-
3HaLleHJle )K. H. CJIY2KIIT 13 KaLleCTBe 0606II.:(alou.r.ero rrOHHTHH, 06'b-
e)J.HHHIOII.:(erO pa3JIWIHble no KOlvIII03HI(IIOHHOlr CTpYKType II cO)J.ep-
2KaHHIO rrpoII3BeAeHHH «Ma.1blX» cpOpM, peaJIII3YloilUIX KaTeropIIlO
KOMlI'IeCKoro.
/KAHPbI MAJIbIE p., /KAHPbI MAJIbI5I 6., /KAHPI1 MAJII
y. TepMHH 06'be)J.IIHHeT pa3JIIIqHble no 2KaHpOBOH npHHa)J.JIe2KHOCTH
rrpoH3Be)J.eH!iH no HX BHernHeMY npII3HaKY - He60JIbrnoMY 06'beMY.
Clo)J.a 06bI'IHO OTHOCHTC5! nOCJIOBHI.:(bI (CM.), rroroBopKII (CM.), 3a-
ra)J.KII (CM.), 6JIarorr02KeJIa-nH5I (CM.) H )J.pyrne pa3HoBH)J.HOCTH Ha-
pO)J.HOH acpopIIcTHKH, a TaK2Ke IIWIIOCTpocpH'IeCKHe rrpoH3Be)J.eHH5I
neceHHoro cpOJIbKJIOpa.
K. Jl. K.4EAlllH11KOB
/KAHPbI 3fIH4ECKI1E p., /KAHPbI 3I114HbI5I 6., /KAHPI1
EfII4HI y.- Bce rrOBeCTBOBaTeJIbBble cpOJIbKJIOpHbIe 2KaHpbI, npo-
3aHIJ:eCKHe H rreceHIIo-cTHXOTBopHble. B )J:<'. 3. C06bITII5! npe)J.CTarOT
B BII,rr,e CIO)!{eTOB, 3BeHbH KOTOpbIX ocpopM.nHIOTCH KaK rrOCJIe)J.OBa-
TeJIbHbIH pHA 3rrH30AOB (CKa3KH, 6bIJlHHbI, 'laCTb AYXOBHbIX -C:TIIXOB,
HCTOpH'IeCKHX rreceH, AYM, 6aJIJIa)J.), HJIII 13 BHAe Hepa3Bep-nYTbIX
CI02KeTOB, COCTOHII.:(HX II3 O)J.Horo OCHOBHoro 3BeI-Ia, YKJIa)J.bIBaIDII.:(e-
rOC5I B O.lUIH 3fIII30jl, (rrpCAaI'IH5I, JIereH)J.bI, 6bIJIH{IKH, aHeK)J.OTbI,
'IaCTb )J.YXOBHbIX CTIIXOB, IICTOpU'IeCKHX rreceH). Bce H306pa2KaeMbre
B /K. 3. C06bITII5I (KpOMe CKa30'lHbIX) BocrrpIIHHMa.'1HCb KaK peaJIb-
olIO npOIICXO)J.HBrnHe. JJ:eHCTBHe 13 rrpOH3BeAeHII5!X Bcex /K. 3. OTHe-
ceHO K rrpOrnJIOMY: B BOJIrne6HbIX -C:Ka3Kax - K Heorrpe)J.eJIeHl-IO-OT-
AaJIeHHOMY, B 6bIJIHHaX, npe)J.aHH5!X, IICTOpII'IeCKIIX rreCH5!X - K
YCJIOBHO- IIJIM KOHKpeTHO-HCTOpII'IeCKOMY, B CKa3Kax 0 2KIIBOTHbIX
J1HT.: rHaT10K B. faJIImbKo-pYCbKi aHeK,lJ,OTll II ETHorpacjJ. 30. 1899. T. 6;
BeCeJIUH onoBi,lJ,aq I Yrrop5lA. E. rpiHqetIKO. RUlB, 1913; HapoJ],Ha caTupa Ta rYMop
AmKOBTHeBoro nepioJ],y IYnop5l.ll:. I'!>. I. J1aBpoB Ta I. IT. Eepe30EcbKHU. I\ulB, 1960;
)KapTbI. 1984; HapO.ll:Hi YCMilliKH. I(IJlB, 1986.
A. 10. EPHlJ,bIHA, A. C. CPEllOC11K
«/KYPABJ1b» p., «)KOPAY» 6., «/KYPABEJ1b» y.- Tpa,!I.I1Un-
OHHaH y BOCTOqHbIX CJIaBHH CB5!TO'IHa5! Hrpa C 3JIeMeHTaMH TeaTpa-
JIH3all.HII II pmKeHHH, HMeHyeMaH no Ha3BaHlIIO r.'IaBHOrO rrepcoHa-
2Ka. B02K)J.eHIIe /K. Ha KOJIH)J.bI 06bI'IHO COBMeUJ,aJIH -C: 06xo)J.aMII C
«K030H», «Me)J.BeAeM» H «KOHeM» (<<K06bIJIOli»). fOJIOBY /K. Ae.TIaJIli
H3 )J.epeBa, npIIcoe)J.HHHJIII K naJIKe. HH2Ke ro,nOBbI K rnee-naJIKe
npIIKpenJIHJIII, c06paB 13 C60PKY, KYCOK JIerKOH MaTepJIH. YI3BecTHbI
H )J.PyrHe KOHCTPYKI.:(HH MaCKII /K. HaH60JIbrnee pacrrpoCTpaHeHHe
75
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paJIH HCrrOJIHHTeJI5!, XopGrno BJIaAeIOII.:(erO HCKYCCTBOM rrJIaCTHqeCKOH
HMHTal.:(HH, cnoc06Horo y6eAHTeJlbHO rrepeAaBaTb xapaKTep ABH-
}KeHH5! rrTHl.:(bI. B CHCTeMe CB5!TO'IHbIX rrpe,lI,CTaBJIeHHH 3TOT rrep-co-
Ha}j{ OTJIH'IaeTC5! naHTOMHMH'IeCKHM xapaKTepOM HCrrOJIHeHH5!, BO
BpeMH rrOKa3a OH XOAHJI no .n;OMY, «KHpKaJI», KJIeBaJI 3pHTeJIeH.
B BOCTOqHOCJIaB5!HC OH Tpa)J.Hll.HH )1\.- 'IYAec'Ha5! nTHll.a 06JIa-
AaIOII.:(a5! OC060H cpepTHJIbHOH CHJIOH. CpaBHHTeJIbHbIH aHa H3 rro-
3BOJIHeT npeArrOJI02KHTb ApeBHIOIO CB5!3b )1\. C KYJIbTOM H3bI'IeCKOrO
pO)J.a H p02KeHHl.:(. B ToO 2Ke BpeM5! )1\. BbI-CTyrraeT MHcpWleCKHM no-
cpeAHHKOM, coe)J.HH5!IoOII.:(HM MHp 2KHBbIX H MHp MepTBbIX, 'ITG HarnJIO
OTpa. eHHe 13 YKpaHHCKOM rrOBepbe 0 6JIa2KeHHOH CTpaHe «BHpiH»
(<<Ipm»), KYAa YXO)J.5!T MepTBble H OTKY)J.a IBeCHOH rrpHJIeTaroOT 2KY-
paBJIH.
06pa3 2KypaBJI5!-OrrJIO)J.OTBopHTeJI5! CeMa'HTH'IeCKH 6JIH30K 06pa-
3Y aHCTa (6yceJI - 6eJI., 6YCbKO, JIeJIeKa - YKp.), KOTOpbIH Y YKpa-
HHl.:(eB H 6eJIOpYCOB 5!BJI5!eTC5! CHMBOJIOM ceMeHHoro 6JIarOrrOJIY'IH5!
H rrpOB03BeCTHHKOM p02KAeHH5! )J.eTeH. HepBa5! BCTpe'Ia C 2KypaBJI5!-
MH (aHCTaMH) BeCHOH CYJIHT Y)J.a'IY.
DOMHMO p02K)J.eCTBeHCKG-HOBOrOAHHX CBHTOK p5!2KeHbe )1\. H3-
B CTHO Y YKpaHHl.:(eB 13 CBaAe6HbIX H rroxopOHHbIX 06p5!)J.ax ('I'. Ha3.
«lrpH rrpH Mepl.:(i»). MOTHB )1\. rrorrYJI5!peH B KaJIeH)J.ap'HbIX (BeceH-
'HHX) rreCH5!X, rrpOCJIe2KHBaeTC5! B )J.PyrHx ll.HKJIaX H 2KaHpaX rreceH-
Horo, MY3bIKaJIbHOrO cpOJIbKJIOpa, B HrpOBOM perrepTyape AeTeH H
B3pOCJIbIX.
J1I1T.: POliWH06 E. P. 1912. Bbm. 8; Cfu'iepo6 B. H. 3HMHUH nepuoA. 1957.
M.A. KOJIOllHHCKHH,A. B. KYPOCfKHH
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3AEAY J15IHKA 6., 3AEABJ15IHKA y.- CM. flOTeWTW.
3Ar AJJ:KA p., 6., y.- KpaTKOe xY)J.02KeCTBeHHoe rrpOH3BeAeHHe,
OTHOCHII.:(eeCH K «MaJIbIM» 2KaHpaM cpOJIbKJIOpa, rrocTpoeHHoe Ha
HHOCKa3aHIIH, MeTacpope, aJIJIerOpHH, OTIHCaHHH rrpe)J.MeToB, 5!BJIe-
HHH, 2KHBbIX cYII.:(eCTB 13 3aMbICJIOBaTOH BorrpOCHTeJIbHOH HJIH YTBep-
JJ}ITeJIbHO-KOHcTaTHPYIOII.:(eH cpopMe (r)J.e 3TOT Bonpoc nOApa3YMe-
BaeTC5I) H Tpe6YIOII.:(ee pa3ra)J.KH, OTBeTa, pacrnHcppoBKH cnel.:(HaJIbHO
3aKo)J.HpoBaHHoH HHcpopMal.:(HH. 3. cO)J.eHcTByeT aKTHBH3al.:(HH rr03Ha-
BaTeJIbHOH ,lI,e5ITeJIbHOCTH, cpOpMHpoBaHHIO HaBbIKOB JIOrWleCKoro
MblrnJIeHHH, pa3BHTHIo co06pa3HTeJIbHOCTH, Ha6JIIOAaTeJIbHOCTH, HB-
JIHeTC5! cpe)J.cTBoM pa3BJIe L leHH5! U \ orrocpe)J.oBaHHoro BOCTIHTaHHH, a
TaK2Ke HCrrbITaHHH CMeKaJIKH H coo-6pa3HTeJIbHOcTH.
3. COCTOHT 1I3 )J.BYX 'IaCTeH: c06cTBeHHo 3ara)J.KH (3ara)J.bIBaHH5!)
H OTra,lI,KH. I1CTOKH cpOpMJI.pOBaHH5! 3. BOCXOA5!T K nepB06bITHOMY
06II.:(ecTBY, Kor)J.a aHa 6bIJIa TeCHO CB5I3aHa C KYJIbTOBbIMH 06p5!)J.a-
MH, 06bI'Ia5!MH ceMeHHo-po)J.oBoro Kpyra. HeKoTopble HCCJIe)J.OBaTe-
Jill OTMeLlalOT CB5!3b 3. C Tpa)J.Hll.H5!MH TaHHoH pe'IH.
JJ:JIH 3. xapaKTepHo cBoeo6pa3Hoe C6JIH2KeHHe )J.BYX, HepeAKo
)J.aJIeKHX )J.pyr aT APyra, rrpe)J.MeTOB, 5!BJIeHHH rrpHpOAbI HJIH 2KIIBbIX
CYII.:(eCTB. 3. OTJIH'IaIOTCH acpopHcTHLIHOCTbIO, l.:(eJIOCTHOCTbIO, 60ra-
TOH 3BYKorrHcblo. OHH Hepe)J.Ko pHTMH31IpoBaHbI, HMelOT BHYTpeH-
mOIO H BHernHIOIO PHcpMbI, KOTopble 11HOr)J.a CJIY2KaT TIoOACKa3KOH K
pa3ra)J.Ke.
3. KaK 2KaHp 6bITyeT caMOCTOHTeJIbHO, a TaK2Ke BCTpeqaeTC5I 13
KOHTeKCTe rrpoH3Be)J.eHHH )J.pyrHx 2KaHpOB - 06p5!,lI,OBOH TI033HH,
CKa3Kax, JIereH)J.ax H rrpe)J.aHH5!X, 6aJIJIa)J.ax. TeCHO CB5!3aHbI 3. C
rrOCJIOBHll.aMH H rroroBopKaMH, rrpHMeTaMH. B CBoeM eCTeCTBeHHOM
HJIH TpaHccpopMHpoBaHHoM BHAe 3. 'IaCTO HCrrOJIb3YIOTC5! 13 rrpoH3-
Be)J.eHH5!X xY)J.02KeCTBeHHoH JIHTepaTypbI.
J1I1T.: A. M. CeMeHT06CKUiL MaJIopoccHHcKue U raJIU KHe 3ara.ll:KH. I\HeB,
1851; Cfl6., 1872. 2-e U3.L\.; 3araAlill PyccKoro HapO.ll:a: C60pHUK 3araAOK, Bonpo-
COB, npHTq U 3aAaq I COCT. .IJ:. H. Ca.L\OBHUKOB. Cfl6., 1876 (CM. TO JKe U3A.: M.,
1959); Pbl6HuKo6a M. A. 3araAKu. M.; J1., 1932; 3ara.ll:Ku. 1962; YKpaiHcbKi Ha-
pOAHi 3ara.ll:KU I 3i6paB i yrrop5l.ll:. IBaH fYPUH. J1bBiB, 1963; 3araAKu I I13A. nOA-
rOT. B. 13. MUTpo!jJaHoBa. J1., 1968 (ITaM5ITHHKU !jJOJIbKJIOpa); 3ara.ll:Ki. 1972; Ha-
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pOiJ;fli 3araAKil YKpalH iB CxiAHOI CJIOBaqqlIHU I YrrOpH.L(., BCTyrr., rriC:lfi:'WBa T3'.
npUMeq. Ha.ll:ii BapxoJI. Dp5llliiB, 1985; Ti.lle6iQ H. C. fla3TblKa 6eJIapYCKix 3a-
ra.L(aK. MH., 1976: MUTpotjJaHoBa B. B. PyccKHe HapO,lJ,Hble 3ara.L(KH. J1., 1978.
l'UlleTaI-IHe CPOPMYJI. HaH60JIee yrroTpe6HTeJIbHbI HHHl.:(HaJIbHble H
3aKJllOLIHTeJIbHble CPOPMYJIbI, a TaK2Ke cpopMYJIbI: rrepe'IHCJIeHH5!;
I3pa1le6Horo cOBeTa; HeB03M02KHOrO; HeBbIIIOJIHHMOrO YCJIOBHH; 3a-
rpaM)J.eI-IH5! (qYAeCI-IOrO 0)J.eBaHH5!); YCTparneHHH; MeCTa H3rHaHHH
(IIJIII OTCbIJIKH B «HHOH MHp»); yrpo3bI; rrpOKJI5!THH; rr02KeJIaHH5!
H J1p.
YTlIJIIITapHaH HarrpaBJIeHHOCTb 3. JIe2KHT 13 OCHOBe HX KJIaCCH-
t!mKall.HH. 00 6bITOBOMY rrpHMeHeHHIO 3. rrpeD:CTaBJI5IIOT C060H
)'HIIBepCaJIbHblfI 2KaHp. OmI rrpHMeHHJ1Hcb 13 X03HHCTBeHI-IOII, JIllq-
HOi'I, COll.IIaJIbHOH ccpepax, rrpaKTH'IeCKH BO Bcex CJIytlaHX 2KH3HH.
OTcIO)J.a II pa3)J.eJIeHHe HX Ha rrpOMbICJIOBble (X03HHcTBeHHble), JIe-
Qe6HbIe, JIl060BHbIe II COll.HaJIbHO-6bITOBble (rr03)J.HeHrnee 06pa30Ba-
11l1e). Hau60JIee MHOrOLIHCJIeHHbI JIe L le6Hble 3.
XapaKTepHble 3JIeMeHTbI KOMrr03Hll.HH 3. ,He Bcer)J.a rrp!ICYTCT-
BYIOT 13 TeKCTe 13 nOJIHOM 06'beMe. CTPYKTYPHble 3JIeMeHTb! 3., KaK
H !IX 06pa3HocTb, OTpa2KalOT HCTopwlecIwe pa3BHTHe KaK caMoro
iKaHpa, TaK Hero rr03THKH, rrpeACTaBJI5!IOT CO'IeTaHHe pa3HOBpe-
MeHHbIX KOMrrOHeHTOB. I10CToHHHble 3JIeMeHTbI CTPYKTYPbI 3. CJIe-
.1J.YlOII.:(He: MOJIHTBeHHoe BCTyrrJIeHHe, 3a'IIIH, 3rrH'IeCKa5! 'IaCTb (omI-
'CaHHe 06PH)J.OBbIX )J.eHcTBHH, AeHCTBHTeJIbHbIX lIJIH CHMBOJIH'IeCKHX,
no E. r. KarapoBY), KOTopaH )J.orrOJIH5!eTCH Bblpa2KeHHeM }KeJIaHHH
{mlpH'IeCKa5! 'IaCTb, rro E. r. KatapoBY, HMrrepaTHBHa5! qaCTb, no
B. n. AHHKHHY), 3aKperrKa.
HecMoTpH Ha OTCYTCTBHe 13 3. caMoAOBJIeIOII.:(eH xY)J.02KeCTBeH-
Hofl 3a)J.a'IH, CTpeMJIeHHe YCHJIHTb CHJIY B03AeHCT13H5! CJI0]30M rrpe-
npaTHJIO HX B 06pa3ubI BblCOKoro rr03TH'IeCKOrO HCKYCCTBa.
Ji¥IT.: MaU'WB JI. H. BeJIUKopyccKue 3aKJIUHaHUH. CD6., 1869; EtjJu.MeHlw Jl.
C60pHlIK MaJIOpOCCIIHCKIIX SaKJIUHaHuH. M., 1874; HBaw,eHKo JI. C. CJIeAbl H3bl-
qeCKIIX BepoBaHIIH B IQ)KIIOPYCCKUX llierrTaHIIHX I I Tp. 3-ro apxeoJIOmqeCKOrO C'be3-
Aa. I\lIen, 1876; PmtW-I06 E. P. 1891. BbIIl. 5; meitH JI. B. MaTepuaJIL!. 1887. T. 1,
'1. 1; 1893. T. 2; BUHocpai)06 H. H. 3aroBopbl, 06epern, crraCHTeJIbHbIe MOJIIITBbl
H np. CD6., 1908; l(pyuteBCKuii H. 3aroBopbl KaK BUA PYCCKOH HapO.L(HOH n033HU II
BaplliaBcKue YHIlBepclITeTclcue U3EeCTIlH. BaplliaBa, 1876. ,N'g 3; MaHC/IKKa B.
npeACTaBHTeJIU 3JIOro Ha'IaJIa 13 PYCCKIIX 3aroBopax. CD6., 1909; KapcKuit E. <P.
Ee,!Jopycbl. 1916; JI oSHaHcKuii H. 3aroBopbl: OUblT ucc. e.IIOB aHurr rrpOUCXOR{.lI: eHU5I
II pa3BuTIHI 3aroBopHbiX !jJOPMYJI. Dr., 1917; ACTax06a A. M. 3aroBopHoe uc-
KYCCTBO Ha peKe DUHere II ¥ICKYCCTBO CeBepa. .T1., 1928; OHa e. XYAolliecTBeH-
HbIii 06pa3 U MUPOB033peHqeCKUH 3JIeMeHT B 3aroBopax. M., 1964; TonopoB B. H.
K 'peKoHcTPYKH.HU HH.lI:OeBporre.ikKoro pI11'yaJIa U pHTyaJIbHO-rr03TUqeCKUX cjJOPMYJI
(Ha MaTeplIaJIe 3aroBopoB) II Tp. rro 3HaKOBbIM CUCTeMaM. TapTY, 1969. IV; OH e.
3aroBopbl U MII!jJbl II MII!jJbl HapO.ll:OB Milpa. M., 1980. T. 1; E./lOK A. D033UH
3aroBopoB U 3aK,!JuHaHuif'/l C06p. co'!.: B 6 T. M., 1975. T. 5; KacapoB E. r.
CaOBeCH!,re 3JIeMeHTbI o6p5lAa II ¥I3 UCTOpllU PYCCKOH !jJOJIbKJIOPUCTUKU. J1., 1981;
TO./lC1'oii H. H. I13 Ha6JIIOAeHUH Ha.ll: rrOJIeCCKHMU saroBopaMIl /1 CJIaBHHCKuH U
6aJIKaHCKIIH !jJOJIbKJIOp. M., 1986; JI eTpoB B. JI. 3aroBopbl I I TaM llie; EapTalUiJ-
Bitt r. A. MariqHae CJIOBa. MH., 1990.
H. K. /1MI1TPEH1(O,
3AfOBOP p., 3AMOBA 6., 3AMOBJI5IHH51 y.-: pIIT:V!IFleCKIt
opraHH30BaHHble rrpOH3BeAeHII5! CPOPMYJIbHOrO xapaKTepa, KOTOPb!M
rrpHrrHCbIBaJIaCb CHJIa MarHqeCK:Oro B03AeHcTBIIH AJIH .n.OCTlI}KeHmt
pa3JIlI'IHbIX rrpaKTHqeCKHX l.:(eJIeH. MHOrO'IlICJIeHHb!e HapOAHb!e Ha--
313aHHH OTHOC5!TC5! KO BceM 3. HJIH OT)J.eJIb'HbIM era rpyrrrraM: HalO-
'BOp, 06eper, npHcyrnKa, oTcyrnKa, rnerrTaHHe, OTrrYCK (rracTyme-
CKHH), CJIOBO (pyc.); rn3rrTbI, CJIOBbI, 3aKJIiHaHHe, «JI106}KbI», a}J,-
CYUlKa, rrpbIcyrnKa (6eJI.); 3arOBopH, 3aKJIHHaHHH, 06epir, rrp11cyrn-
Ka, Bi.n.cyrnKa, rnerrTaHHH (YKp.). YrroTpe61ITeJIeH II TepMUH «3a-
KJIlIHaHlIH». YIHorAa pa3Me2KeBaHHe TepMHHOJIOrmI HCCJIe.rr.OBaTe,JIR-
MU CTaBHTC5! B 3aBHCHMOCTb OT rrpaKTwrecKoH Harrpa13JIeHHOCTU rrpo-
1I3BeAeHHH: 3aroBopaMH-3aKJIHHaHIIHM!I Ha3bIBaJIHCb qaII.:(e TeKCTbI,
CB5!3aHHble C TPY)J.OBOH, rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M CeJIbCKOX03HHcTBeHHon.
)J.eHTeJIbHOCTblO, rrpH JIe'IeHHH 60JIee yrroTpe6uTeJIeH TepMHH «3aro-
BOpbI».
K np06JIeMe 3aroBopa, era rrpO!IcX02K)J.eHH5!, CYUI,HOCTU, MOpCPO"
JIOrWleClwH CTPYKTypbI 06paII.:(aJIHCb rrpe)J.cTa13HTeJIH pa3Hblx rnKOJI.
MHcpOJIOrH BH)J.eJIH B HHX MHcpbI-MOJIHTBbI, 06paII.:(eHHble K )J.peBHIIIIT
H3bI'IeCI{HM 602KeCTBaM (<D. 11. EYCJIaeB, A. H. AcpaHacbeB, TI. C.
EcpHMeHKo H )J.p.). fHrroTe3Y ux (3aroBopbI - 06JIOMKII MD.'lUTB)
rrO)J.13epr KpHTHKe O. <D. MHJIJIep, B03130)J.H 3. K nepHoAY OOJlee
)J.pe13HeMY, )J.OMHcpOJIOrWlecKoMY H BbIBOA5! MOJIHTBbI 113 3arOBopOB..
fIpOTlIBOrrOCTaBJIeHHe 3. MOJIHTBe 060CHOBaJI H. KpymeBcKlIH, orrpe-
.rr.emmrnHII 3. KaK Bblpa2KeHHOe CJIOBaMII nmKeJIaHlIe, KOTopoe o--
}KeT coeAHHHTbC5! C 06P5!)J.OBbIMH )J.eHcTBH5!MH H AOJI2KHO 06H3aTeJlb-
HO HCrrOJIHHTbCH. BbI)J.eJleHHble HM B 3. Ba2KHble rrpH3HaKII - Bepa
13 B03M02KHOCTb HaBH3aTb CBOlO BOJIlO H 13epa 13 CIIJIY !I B03M02KUOCTII
LreJI013eLleCKoro CJI013a - CTaJIH oTrrpa13HbIMH MOMeHTaMH 13 rrOCJIe-
AYIOII.:(HX HCCJIeAOBaHHHX 3. HapoAHaH TepMHHOJIOnIH 130 MI-IOrnX
CJIYLlaHx OTpa)!WeT 3Ha'IeHHe CJIOBa 13 3. (HarOE-Op, CJIOBbI, rnerr-
TaHHH) .
Orrpe)J.eJIeHHe 3arOBopa KaK «CJI013eCHOro OTpa}KeH!lH cpaBHeHlI5I
)J.eHcTBlITeJIbHOrO HJIH Bo06pa2KaeMOrO 5IBJIeHFIH C }KeJIaeMbn1 C
ll.eJIb!O GCYII.:(eCTBJIeHHH rrOCJIe)J.Hero» (A. DOTe6HH) 13bI)J.eJI5.ieT 13 3.
cpaBHeHHe KaK oCHOBOrrOJIaraIOII.:(HH rrplIHll.Hrr. B TO }Ke BpeMH CY-
II.:(eCTB013aH!!e 3. 6e3 rrplIeMa cpaBHeHIIH CBH)J.eTeJIbCT13yeT a l\1Horo-
o6pa3HH cpOpM: 3.-06paII.:(eHHH; 3.-rrpocb6bI; 3.-cpOPMYJIbI rrOIKe,JIa-
HHH; 3-MOJIHTBbI; 3rrH'IeCKHe,3. C pa3BHTbIM ll.eHTpaJIbHbIM 06pa30M;,
3. T1:II1a a6paKa)J.a6p (no B. D. fIeTpoBY), a TaK2Ke 3.-)J.naJIorn;
3.-JIe'Ie6Hble COBeTbI H )J.p.
MHorHe 3. rrpeACTaBJI5!IOT C060H Ha60p H rrOCJIeAOBaTeJIbHOe,
r. A. EAPTAmEBI1Cf
3A3bIBAJIA, «JJ:EJJ:», «CTAPI1K», 3A3bIBAJIbllJ,I1K p., 3A-
3bIBAJIA 6., 3AKJIHKAJIbHHK y.- HerrpeMeHHbIH YLJaCTHHK 5!p-
79
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MapOLIHoro rrJIOII.:(aAHoro BeCeJIb5! (oc06eHHO ropO)J.CKHX HapO)J.HbIX
rYJIHHHH Ha MaCJIeHHll.Y H Dacxy). 3a3bIBaJI rry6JIHKY Ha rrpe)J.CTaB-
JIeHHH 13 6aJIaraHbI, LLHPKH, Ha Ka'IeJIH, KapyceJIH. BblcTyrraJI Ha Ha-
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rrpOH3HOCH pHcpMOBaHHble MOHOJIOrH, rrOCTpoeHHble Ha TpaAHll.HOH-
HbIX 06pa3ax H MeTacpopax, npH 3TOM )J.OCTaTOLIHO 3JI060)J.HeBHble
H, KaK rrpaBHJIO, He HMeIOII.:(He rrpHMoro OTHorneHHH K rrporpaMMe
6aJIaraHOB. B Ka'IeCTBe ce30HHbIX 3. BblcTyrraJIII OTCTaBHbIe COJI)J.a-
TbI, rrpHKa3'IHKH, MeJIKHe 'lHHOBHHKH, peMeCJIeHHHKH, 6bIBrnHe aKTe-
pbI. 3. HMeJI TpaAHll.HOHHbIH KOCTIOM (60po)J.a H YCbI H3 naKJII1, 3a-
JIaTaHHbIH KacpTaH, CTapaH KpyrJIaH rnJIHrra C 6YMa1KHbIM LLBeTKOM,
OHY'IH H JIarrTH, 60JIbllIHe pYKaBHLLbI), rOJIOC oxpHrrrnHH, CHrrJIbIH,
6YTacpopcKHe npe)J.MeTbI (rrOJIYIlITocp, orpoMHble 'IaCbI, KapHKaTYP-
HbIH rropTpeT «2KeHbI» H rrp.). TIepBble PyccKHe 6aJIKOHHble 3. (KO-
HeLL XVIII - Ha'I. XIX B.) nO)J.pa)KaJII1 eBporreHCKIIM naHll.aM, )J.e-
MOHCTpHpOBaJIH TpIOKH H CPOKYCbI, BblcTynaJIH 13 KOCTIOMe fIbepo.
TaJIaHTJIHBNe «)J.e)J.bI» O'IeHb ll.eHHJIHcb' qaCTO OT HHX 3aBHce
ycnex 6aJIaraHa, KapyceJIH. OC060H norrYJIHpHOCTbIO nOJIb30BaJIHCb
B 1820-80-e rO)J.bI. CJIaBHJIHCb «)J.e)J.bI»: 13 CaHKT-TIeTep6ypre OT-
cTaBHoH erepb E. EOM60B ('1830 - 50-e rO)J.bI), OTCTaBHble COJI)J.aTbI
I1. EBrpacpoB H r. Ka3aHLLeB (1860-70-e rOAbI), B Ka3aHH 5L Ma-
MOHOB (BTOpa51 rrOJI. XIX B.), B MOCKBe EpyceHLLoB, 6bIBrnHH orrep-
-HbIH rreBeLL A. EYT5IrHH. MHorHe rnYTKH H nplIeMbI «)J.eAOB» rr03)J.Hee
HCnOJIb30BaJIHCb KJIOYHaMH 13 LLHpKax.
HbIMi» (CM.). YTpaTa MarH'IeCKOH CPYHKll.HII rrpHBeJIa K nepexOAY
HeKOTopbIX 3. 13 )J.eTCKYIO aY)J.HTopHlO. 3TO 06paII.:(eHHe K COJIHll.Y,
)J.02K)J.IO, HaceKoMbI ? rrTHll.aM H T..lL. MH(poJl0rHqeCKITIJ nO)J.TeKCT
TaKHX rrpoH3Be)J.eHHH (Hanp., 3aKJIH'IKH 0 602KbeH KopoBKe) )J.aBHO,
3aCJIOHeH 6bITOBbIMH rrpeACTaBJIeHH5!MH.
C J1I1T.: AHU'lK 6 E. BeCeHH5IH 06p I.lI:OBaH rreCHH Ha 3arra.D:e H Y CJIaB5IH: B 2 T.
I16., 1903-1905, f!.0.llnaK06a H. JI. 1962; EapTalU86i'l r. A. BeplliaBaHbIH R{aH-
pbI eJIapYCKara .lI:Sl 51qara !jJaJIbKJIOPY. MH., 1976; H.Ilarafj B. I. MY3blKa 6eJIa-
PYCKlX BeCHaBblX rreceHb II BecHaBbIH rrecHi 1979' J1 06 eHoK r B Y .. u
H .. rt-. B . . ., . . KpalHcblillll
.II THqU 'l'0JIbKJIOp: IpllioBaHl ./KaHpu. I\ulB, 1981' MeJ1bHUlwB M H P ,"
j(eTCKHU !jJOJIbKJIOp. M., 1987. ' . . YCCIaIH
r. A. EAPT Alll EBWI
J1I1T.: I1eTep6yprcKue 6aJIaraHHbIe npu6aYTKu, 3arrucaHIlbIe B. I1. I\eJIbCUe-
BblM /1 Tp. 9THorpa!jJ. OT.lI:. UMII. O-Ba JIl06UTeJIeH eCTeCTB03HaHUH, aHTpOrrOJIOrHH If
9THorpa!jJm!. CI16., 1889. KH. 9; JIeiitjJepT A. B. EaJIaraHbI. CI16., 1922; KysHe-
l{OB E. I13 rrpOlliJIOrO PYCCKOH 9CTpa.ll:bl. M., 1958; ryce6 B. E. PYCCKUH cjJOJIbKJIOp-
HbIH TeaTp. 1980; HeKpbl.l106a A. <P. PyccKHe HapoAHble rOpO,lJ,CKUe IIpa3.D: HHKH ,
YBeCeJIeHHH U 3peJIurn.a: KOHe XVIII - HaqaJIO XX BeKa. J1., 1988.
3 KPETIKA p., 3AKP3I1KA 6., 3AKPIDKA y.- KOMn03Hll.H-
OHHbIH 3JIe"rvreHT, 3aroBopHaH KaHI.:(OBKa, KOTopaH 'IaCTO rrpe)J.cTaB-
JI5!eT c060I1 AOCTaTO'IHO YCTOHqHBYIO CPOPMYJIY. MHOrOqHCJIeHHble
Ha3BaHH! 3. paCKpbIBaIOT COAep2KaHHe TepMUHa: 3aKperrJIeHHe (Kpy-
rneBcKHH!, KJIIO'IeBble CJIOBa (KarapoB, ACTaxoBa), 3aKJIIO'IeHHe
(KapcKHH), 3aMbIKa-HHe (AcTaxoBa). TIo COAep2KaHHIO CPOPMYJIbl
3. He HMeIOT npHMoro COOTBeTCTBHH TeKCTY 3arOBopa, a CJIY2KaT
3aKperrJIeHHIO BbICKa3aHHoro 13 3ar,,{mope rr02KeJIaHII5I. Cpe)J.H 3. BbI-
)J.eJI5!IOTC5! CTaAHaJIbHO pa3HoBpeMeHHbIe G6pa30BaHH5!. K HCKOHHO
H3bI'IeCKHM HCCJIe.n:OBaTeJIH OTHOC5!T 3. C MOTHBaMH MarH'IeCKOH
CHJIbI CJIOBa, 3aMKa, KJIlOqa: «CJIOBa MGH KperrKH»; «HeT MOHM CJIO-
BaM m peroBopa H He)J.orOBopa»; .«TeM CJI'OBaM KJIIO'I II 3aMOK» HAp.
(pyc.), «H MOeMY CJIOBY. KJIIO'I I 3aMOK» (YKp.); «l eTbIM MaiM
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CTBHeM H 06paCTaHHH ee MeTacpopHLleCKHMH 06pa3aMH. JJ:JI5! 6eJIo-
PYCCKHX H YKpaHHCKHX 3arOBGpOB xapaKTepeH ApeBHeHIlIHH MOTHB
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TYLla), rrpe)J.cTaBHTeJIH 2KHBOl'HOrO HJIH paCTHTeJIbHOrO MHpa. 3a-
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MH, KaK 3aroBop, 06p5!)J.oBble npHroBopbI (THna KOJIHJJ.Horo rrpH-
rJIarneHH5! Mop03a). HHToHaQH5! KJIWIa, npH3bIBa HaH60JIee 5!pKO
Bblpa2KeHa 13 BeceHHHX 3., rnHpoKo rrpe)J.cTaBJIeHHbIX 13 6eJIOpyccKOM
cpOJIbKJIOpe. 06paII.:(eHHH (HJIH ynoMHHaHHH) K BeCHe 13 nepBoH
cTpocpe, AOrrOJIHeHHble KJIHKaMH «fy!» B KOHI.:(e Ka2K)J.oH CTpOcpbI,
HaH60JIee rrOJIHO BbI5IBJI5!1OT CPYHKI.:(HOHaJIbHYIO rrpe,lIiHa3Ha L lelIHOCTb
3THX 3.,.HMeHyeMblx 13 EeJIar>ycH «rrecHHMi-rYKaHH5!Mi», «rraKJIiKaJIb-
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MeHT, KOTopbIli onpe)J.eJIHeT AaJlbHel'rrnee pa3BHTue )J.eHCTBH5L 3.
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npeAnlIcbIBaeT nOpH.lLOK onpeAe.'IeHHbIX )J.el'ICTBYIH II T. n.). 5IBJ1H5IC
>O)J.HOII 1I3 cBoe06pa3Hblx IIOnbITOK ynopH)J.oLleHH5I B COI.:(II3JIbHO
ccpepe, 3. HeceT 'lepTbl pall.HOHaJIbHoro. KaK CIO}KeT006pa3yr-SJIlLHH
3JIeMeHT 3. HarneJI OTpa2KeHlIe BO MHorHX 2KaHpaX (POJIbKJIOpa:
CKa3Kax, .rrereHAax, 6bIJIHHaX, 3arOBopax, 6aJIJIaLl3X, a TaK2Ke 13
-o6pH)J.OBOH n033HH. B Ka2KAOM II3 %aHpOB 3. OTpa3IIJIC5I nO-CBoeMY.
HaH60JIee nOJIHO paCKpbITO cO)J.ep2KaHHe 3. Y B. 5I. TIporrna 13 rrpH-
MeHeHHII K CKa3Ke. Do)J. 3. OH rrOHIIMaeT OAHY 1I3 CPYHKI.:(IIII )J.eHCT-
BYIOIJ.:(HX m-IU, KOTOpa5I HaxOAHTCH 13 Ha l 13JIe CPYHKll.HOHaJIbHOrO p5lAa
BOJIrne6HbIX CKa30K H HMeeT HaH60JIbrnyr-0 3Ha'IIIMOCTb AJIH )J.aJIb-
Heiiwero pa3BHTHH CI02KeTa. THnHLIHble 3. BOJIrne6Hblx CKa30K: He
BbIXO)J.HTb 1I3 AOMa, He BrrYCKaTb HHKoro 13 )J.OM, He BXO)J.lITb B KOM-
.HaTY (LIYJIaH) II T. n. 3a 3. 065!3aTeJIbHO CJIe)J.yeT era HapyrneHHe.
3. YXO)J.HT CBOHMII KOpHHMH B rJIy6b MHcpOJIOrJ1lIeCKOro BocrrpHHTHH
Mlip a.
.rU1T.: JIponn B. H. MopcjJOJIOrnH CKa3KU. M., 1969; OH e. HCTOpHqeCKU
KOpHU BOJIllie6HOH CKa3KH. J1., 1986; H06U1W6 H. B. 06pa3bI BOCT01JHOCJIaBHHCKoH
Bo.flllie6HoH CKa3KH. J1., 1974; Kep6elluTe E. a npUqUHaX CIQ)KeTHOro CxoJ(CTBa
HeKoTopbIX .nUTOBCKHX U BOCTOqHOCJIaBHHCKHX CKa30K II EaJITO-CJIaBHHCKHe HCCJIe-
.lI:OBaHUfl, M., 1981.
KOTOpOH COCTaBJIHeT ymIBepCaJIbHbIH nepB03JICMeHT - nOtITII CJ1I1B-
rnHeCH BOeAHHO rJIarOJIbI <GIGIJIII-6bIJIH» (XOT5I L'le)J.yeT 3aMeTIITb,
LITO cpOpMaJIlI30BaHHaH CHHTarMa <OKIIJIH-6bI.'lII» AOMHI-IHpyeT B
PYCCKOM cpOJIbKJIOpe, 13 )!mBofi 5!3bIKOBOl u I CTHXIIII 6eJIOpYCOB II
YKpaHHI.:(eB OHa TpaHC(pOpMlIpOBaHa B COLleTaHIIII <OKbIY ca6e» «HK
6bIY», «6YB c06i», «HK 6YB»). 3. CKa30 L IHoro 3noca BOCTOLIHbIX' CJI3-
13HH MHoroCPYHKI.:(IIOHaJIbHbI. OHII He TOJIbKO npe06pa3YIOT rrpOCTpaH-
CTBeHHO-BpeMeHHYIO opneHTaI.:(HIO CJIyrnaTeJleH, HO Har:,eJIeHbI Ha
nO.lLI'OTOBKY pa3BHTH5I CKa30'IHOrO .lLeHCTBlIH, Hepe)J.KO COAep}KaT
3JIeMeHTbI TonOHHMII'IeCKOii, a IIHor)J.a n XpOHOJIOI'HqeCKOH .'IOK3-
JIH3all.HII. ECJIH B CKa30'IHOM 3noce 3Ta npIlypoLleHHOCTb HMceT X3-
paKTep OTBJIeqeI-IHOH AeTaJIl!3aI.:(HH, TO 13 6blJIHHaX II YCTHbIX CKa33X
J(OMlIHupyeT KOHKpeTHaH 3THOHCTopWleCKaH aTpH6YTIIKa.
Oc06eHHOCTblO CKa30qHOrO 3rroca HBJI5!eTCH npc)J.cpa6YJIbHOe IIC-
rrOJIb30BaHHe MOpaJIbHbIX ceI-ITem.LHII. B 3TOM C.'lYLlae 3.-napeMHH
CPOKYCHpyeT 13 ce6e OCHOBHYIO H)J.eIO npOH3Be)J.CHIIH, a caMO cO)J.ep-
:iKaHHe CKa3KII HJIJIlOCTplIpyeT IIJIIl nO)J.TBep}KAaeT TO'IHOCTb IIC-
rrOJIb30BaHHOH rrGCJIOBHI.:(bI.
06II.:(HOCTb reHeTlIqeCKHX HCTOKOB HeKOTopbIX }KaHpOB BOCTOqHO-
CJIaBHHCKoro cpOJIbKJIOp a rrpHBeJIa K B03HlIKHOBeHIIIO TIIIIII'IeCKHX
Me2K2KaHpOBbIX 3.-MapKepoB. HaRp., cpopMYJIa «Ha Mope Ha OKIIa-
He, Ha OCTpOBe Ha EYHHe JIe2KHT 6eJI-rOpIOLI KaMeHb AJIaTbIpb»
5!BJIHeTCH xapaKTepHbIM HaLlaJIOM II 3arOBOpOB, H CKa30K.
I1Hor)J.a 3. rrpe)J.rnecTBYloT rrpHcKa3KH B CKa3K::IX, 3aneBbI 13 6bl-
JIIIHaX, MOJIHTBeHHble BCTynJIeHlIH B 3arOBopax.
0, H. lllAPAH
J1ET.: KapCKuii E. (j;J. EeJIOpyCbI. 1916; HUKUl!JOP06 A. N. HapoAHaH .lI:eTCKa51
CKa3Ka J(paMaTUqeCKDrO iKaHpa. J1., 1928; JIOJilepaHl{e6a 3. B. PyccKa:n HapoJ(H351
CKa3I<a. M., 1963; Be8epHuKoBa H. M. PyccKa51 Hap0J(1Ia51 CKa3Ka. 1\'1., 1975;
rUpHK J\1. BCTYIIHi cjJOPMYJIU YKpalHcbKHx HapoAHux Ka30K CXiJ(HOi CJIOBaqqH1-IH Ii
HaYKoBHii 36ipHUK MY3eIQ YKpalHcbKol KYJIbTypH B CBUAHUKY. 1976. .N'2 7; AHUKUH
B. Jl. Pyc KaH'HapoJ(Ha51 CKa3Ka. M., 1977; repacUliwBa H. M. 1'!>0PMYJIbI PYCCKOH
BOJIllie6uOH CKaSKU: K np06JIeMe cTepeonlIIHocTu H BapuaTuBHocTU Tpa.ll:H UOH}IOH
KYJILTyphi II C3. 1978. .N'2 5; rplll{a c. Pi. MeJIOC YKpalHcbKol eniKII. I\U1B, 1979;
H 0611KOB H. B. I\ xY.lI:OlKeCTBeHHoi\ crre u!jJHI,e BOCToqHOCJIaBHHCKoii BOJIllie6HOH
Cha31CU: HaqaJlbHble U 3aKJIIOqUTeJIbHbIe !jJOPMYJIbI II0TpalKeHHe MelK3THUqeCKUX
npo ecco3 B YCTHOii rrp03e. M., 1979; HHlwfjCKi M. A. ITa3TbIKa 6e.napYCKaH Ha-
pOILllai\ IIp03B: H., 1983; Epil{IlHa O. 10. YKpaiHcbKa HapoJ(Ha CO iaJlbHO-rr06y-
Tosa Ka3Ka. Kum, 1989; PasYJilOBa 11. A. CnI.nUCTHqeCKaH 06pHAHOCTb PYCCIWH
BOJIllie6HOH CKa3KU. ITeTpo3aBoJ(cK, 1991.
3A411H p., y., 3N-IbIH 6. (cpopMYJIa HaqaJIa, lIHHll.UaJIbHaH
{pOpMYJIa) _ KOMII03Hll.HOHHbIH 3JIeMeHT, KOTOpbIM 06bILIHO Ha'III-
BalOTCH rrpoH3Be)J.eHHH pa3JIlI L IHbIX cpOJIbKJIOpHbIX 2KaHpOB, npelIMY-
II.:(eCTBemIO Tex, 13 OCHOBe KOTOpbIX JIe2KHT CI02KeTHoe rrOBeCTOOBaHlIe:
,6 bIJIlIHbI, CKa3KH, 3aroBOpbI, JIereH)J.bI. 3. HeoAHopOAHbI no CBoeMY
lIHcpopMaTIIBHoMY 06'beMY H CPYHKll.lIOHaJIbHOH HanpaBJIeHH CTH, He
130 Bcex 2KaHpaX JIerKO Bbl)J.eJI5!lOTCH H3 xYA02KeCTBeHHOII TKaHIl
llp01I3Be)J.eHIIH. B 'IaCTYWlWX H JIHpIPleCKIIX IIeCH5IX MorYT HMeTb
cpopMaJIbHbIII xapaKTep, B 6a:7IJIa)J.ax .cpOKYCHPYIOT CYIJ.:(HOCTb KOHCP
JIlIKTHOH cliTyaI.:(lIH (<<A2KaHIJIa MaIl) MaJIa)J.ora CbIHa, / / MaJIaAOH
B5!BeCTKi Be Y3JIl06iJ13»), B 3arOBopax onpe)J.eJIHIOT nopH)J.OK 06p5!-
AOBoro )J.eHCTBIIH H aKll.eHTlIpYIOT BHHMaHlIe Ha ero rr<:CJIe)J.OBaTCJIb-
HOCTH II 06maTeJIbHOH HarrpaBJICHHOCTII (<<CTaHY OJIaroCJIaBHCb,
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ll. 11. KPYK
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paJIH30BaHHoro KapHaBaJIa. 06bI'IHO 3. HMemI rneCTb JIYtleH, no
{)TJIHLlaJIHCb KOHCTpYKll.HeH H pa3MepoM: OT ne60JIbrnHX, KOTopble
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rnHHCTBe CBoeM JIYtIH 3. 6bIJIH rrO)J.BH2KHbIMH, H306pa}KeHHe 13 l.:(eHTpe
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XplIcTa. KOJIH)J.nyIO 3., KaK rrpaBHJIO, !-I3rOTOBJIHJIH H3 06bI'InOrO
perneTa (<<06HqaHKa»), K KOTOPOMY rrpH)J.eJIbIBaJIHCb <porH» (5, 6,
9, 10, 12). KOHCTPYKI.:(H5! G6KJIeHBaJIaCb pa3HOll.BeTHOH rrpOMaCJIeH-
HOH 6YMaroH, YKparnaJIaCb cpOJIbrOH, JIeHTaMH H KHCT5!MH. K 60KO-
BbIM CTeHKaM 3. 'IaCTO KpellHJIHCb KapnI'HKH Ha peJIHrH03Hble CIO-
2KeTbI, a B cepe)J.HHY BCTaBJI5!JIlI CBeLIKY, TaKHM 06pa3DM rrDJIYtIaJIOCb
HeKoe rro)J.06He BOJIrne6HOro cpoHap5I. B HaCTOHIl.:(ee BpeMH 13 OT-
AeJIbHbIX 6eJIOPyccKHX )J.epeBHHX cYII.:(eCTByeT 06bI'IaH YCTpaHBaTb
3. H30 JIb)J.a. Ee 06blqHO YCTaHaBJIHBaIOT Ha 060qUHe )J.oporH nepe)J.
rrepBbIM .lLepeBeHcKHM AOMOM H OKparnHBaIOT B KpacHbIH l.:(BeT CO-
'ROM HrOA. u
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KapHaBaJI 'pH2KeHbIX , HHOr.lLa COrrpOB02K)J.aJIH KOJ1H)J.OBII.:(lIKOB HJIH
6aTJIee'IHHKOB. 3Be3)J.apH HCrrOJIHHJIH CB5!TO'IHble rreCHH, a Kor)J.a
XD)J.HJIH OTAeJIbHO, rreJIH rrpeHMYII.:(eCTBeHHO AYXOBHble rrCaJIMbI H
KaHTbI.
He065!3aTeJIbHO. HapO,lIiHa5! rreCHH BeCbMa lJ:YBcTBHTeJIbHa K eCTeCT-
BeHHoH 3BY'IHOCTH Ka2K OH CTpOcpbI, 3BYKOBOH Bblpa3HTeJIbHOCTH
Ka2KAODO CJIOBa. 3BcpOHH'IeCKa5! HHcTpYMeHToBKa rreCHH rro)J.tIHHeHa
Bcer)J.a 3aAa'IaM BbI5!BJIeHH5! H)J.eHHO-XY)J.02KeCTBeHHoro, 3MOll.HO-
HaJIbHOrO ee cO)J.ep2KaHH5I. 3TO 'leTKO BOCrrpHl-IHMaeTC5! Aa2Ke rrpH
'-ITeHHH TeKcTa, HO 3BcpoHH'IeCKHH 3cpcpeKT MHoroKpaTHo YCHJIHBa-
eTC5! rrpH HCrrOJIHeHHH rreCHH B eCTecTBeHHoH cpe)J.e.
EDJIbrnOH 3cpcpeKT Bblpa3HTeJIbHOCTH ocTHraeTC5! rroBTopeHHeM
CJIOB, coxpaHHBrnHx 13 ce6e 3BYKOBOH 06pa3 5IBJIeHH5!, CJIOB, B03HHK-
mHX B pe3YJIbTaTe 3BYKorro)J.pa2KaHH5!:
JJ:bI crrpay TbI MHe TpbI Tpy6bI,
TpbI Tpy6bI cpa6paHbIH,
Tpbl TPy6bI cpa6paHbI5!,
4al.:(BepTYlO 33JIaT)'IO.
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pa3HTeJIbHYlO HHCTpYMeHToBKY rrecHH, cpHKcHpyeT BHHMaHHe Ha 006-
Il.:(eM HacTpoeHHH HJIH 3Ha'IHMbIX .l\ TaJI5!X:
JJ:a Mory, Mory 51, BeTep,
JJ:a Mory, Mory 51, BeTep,
JJ:a BeCb TOBap rrOAMOqHTH,
JJ:a BeCb TOBap nOAMO'IHTH.
JJ:a Mory, Mary 51, BeTep,
JJ:a Mory, Mory 51, BeTep,
JJ:a BeCb Hapo)J. rrOTDnHTH.
J1I1T.: Jl.06p060.llbCKU/1 B. H. 1903: LI. 4; P0J: .aT:06 E. . 1912. ..B bIIl . 8; Ky-
pO'iKiH O. B. HOBOpiqHi CBHTa YKpaIHlUB: TpaAU l1 1 cyqaCHlCTb. I\um, 1978.
M. A. KOJIOJl.J1HCKJ1Pf, A. B. KYPOCfKJ1H
AJIJIHTepal.:(HlO H aCCOHaHC 13 HapO)J.HOH rreCHe 06pa3YIOT cpOHeTH'Ie-
CKH 6JIH3KHe CJIOBa, 'IaCTO npOHCXOA5!Il.:(He aT O)J.Horo KOpHH HJIII
0603Ha'IaIOII.:(He rrOH5!THH OAHoro 1I 'Doro 2Ke CPYHKl.:(HOHaJIbHoro Kpyra:
DarHaJIa 6blqKi y )J.y6Hi'IKi
I KapoYKi y)J.y6pOYKi.
CYKaJIa mHypbI rnaYKoBbI5I,
lllbIJIa KarnYJIbKi 65!JIeBbI5I,
llIbIJIa-rnbIJIa, BblrnbIBaJIa.
3BOJJ: <DAJIbKJIOPHbI 6., 3BIJJ: <DOJIbKJIOPHI1PI y.- CM.
Ceoi) cjJO/l.bK/l.OpHbIU.
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OEPA3Y CTYDIH4ATE y.- CM. Cyaf(;eHUe o6pasa cTyneH'iaTOe.
3BYKODI1Cb p., fYKATIIC 6., 3BYKOTIHC y.- 3BYKoBble u no-
BTOpbI H 'Iepe)J.oBaHHH OAHHaKOBbIX 3BYKOB H 3BYKocoLleTaHHH 13
4JOJIbKJIOpHOM TeKCTe, YCHJIHBaIOII.:(He ero 6JIar03BY'IHOCTb, 3MDUHO-
HaJIbHYIO Bblpa3HTeJIbHOcTb. 3. BbI3bIBaeT CJIyxoBble H 3pHTeJlbHble
06pa3bI, aCCOl.:(Hall.HH, yrJIy6JI5!eT CMbICJIOBOe COAep}KaHHe rrpOH3Be-
AeHHH, 06JIerqaeT era BocrrpHHTHe, 3arrOMHHaHHe. Crrel.:(HcpH'IeCKHMII
BH)J.aMH 3. HBJIHIOTC5! aJIJIHTepal.:(HH, aCCOHaac, 3BYKorrOApa2KaHHe,
pHcpMa. 3TH cpeACTBa Bblpa3HTeJIbHOCTH 06bI'IHO T CHO COOTHOC5!T:
C5! C HHTOHall.HOHHO-CHHTaKCH'IeCKOH opraHH3al.:(HeH CTHXOTBOpHOH
CTpOKH, CTpOcpbI H npOH3Be)J.eHH5! B l.:(eJIOM. PHcpMa, BbITIOJIH5IlOII.:(aH
rrpe2KAe Bcero 3a)J.a'IH opraHH3al.:(HH TeKCTa, TaK2Ke yCHJIHBaeT erO
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Oc06eHHOO 'IeTKO 3BYKorrHCHa5! HarpY3Ka BbIAeJIHeTC5! B rrpHrre-
Bax. COCT05!II.:(HX H3 rrOBTOp5!IOII.:(HXCH HJIH 6JIII3KHX rro 3BY'IaHHlO
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I.:(HII MY3bIKaJIbHbIX cppa3: «Oil, .IJH, mI-JIH-JIH!», «Oi\:, JIH, 011, .T!lOmD>-
II Ap.
J1HT.: KOllnaK06a H. JI. 1962; rLW6i'l H. C. ITa9TbIKa 6eJIapycKaii HapO.llHaH
JIipbIId. MH., 1975; JIasYTuH C. r. ITo9TUKa pyccKoro !jJOJJbKJIOpa. Ivl., 1981.
JI. M. COJlOBEFl
3BYKODOJJ:PA;>KAHHE p., fYKAfIEPAI1MAHHE 6., 3BY-
KOHACJIIJJ:YBAHH5I y.- O)J.HO 1I3 cpe)J.cTB Bblpa3lITeJIbHOCTlI
rr03TH'IeCKOrO H3bIKa, HCIIOJIb3YIOII.:(ee IIMHTall.HIO 3BYKOB oKpY2KaIO-
II.:(eH AelICTBHTeJIbHOCTH; rpYIIIIa IIpoH3Be)J.eH HI1 (POJIbKJIOpa. no-
cTpoeHHblx Ha HMIITall.HII 3BYKOB npHpo)J.bI II HMeIOII.:(IIX qaCTO IOMO-
pHCTHqeCKHII, pa3B.'IeKaTeJIbHb1H xapaKTep. 3. OC06CHHO qaCTO
BCTpe'IaeTCH B ;.I,eTCKOM (POJIbKJIOpC (<<43- L I3-lf3/'lbI-1JbI- L lbI, capoEa,
rraJI5!ll.eJIa )J.aJ'1eKa ...»; «4bIKi-qbIKi, LlbIKaJIa'IKi, ceJIa 6a6a Ha ca-
HalfKi ...»; «KYKapbIKY, neTyrnoK ...»; «LIbIPbI-qbIPbI, CKpbIIIaqK3...»;.
«JIeTiB rop06ei\:tIHK: - JJ:}KIIB, )J.2KHB, A)!UIE, )J.2KIIB!»).
Oc06brlI IIHTepec npe)J.cTaB.'lHIOT TeKCTbI, ll.eJ1HKOM rrocTpoeHHble
Ha 3., B KOTOpbIX 6YATO 6bI )J.aeTCH pacrnHcppoBKa «peLIII» )IUIBOT-
HbIX, rreHI151 rrTIII.:(, 3BYKOB 0PYAIIII TpY)J.a II )J.p. B HHX AaHbI BeCbMa
KOJIOpHTHble 6bITOBble KapTHHKII C HaMeKOM Ha 06CTOHTeJlbCTBa.
6JU!3KHe II nOHHTHble KpecTbHHcKIIM AeTHM, IIacTYIllKaM. 3BYIOI MO-
JIOTb6bI I.:(eIIaMH OTLleTJIHBO YJIaB.'1I:1BaIOTCH 13 3ara)J.Ke: «JIeTHT YTKII"
)J.y60BbIe HOCKII, JIenIT-rOBopHT: TO-TO Mhl, TO-TO MbI». B nO.lLpa-
2KaHIIH II.:(e6eTY JIaCTOLIKH, CBJlCTY AP03Aa, KPHKY KOpOCTeJI5I (<<)J.pa-
Lla») II Ap. BbIHBJI5IeTCH 60JIbrnaH Ha6JIlO)J.aTeJIbHOCTb TBOpU,OB
cpOJlbKJIOp a, YMelme C rrOMOII.:(bIO TOLIHoro IIo)J.60p a CJIOB rrepeAaTb
Bce rrepeJ1HBbI nTHLlbero rreHH5! ()J.PyrHx 3BYKOB), era PHTMHKY, cpO-
HHKY:
CBiHiHa-rrciHa,
J],P03)J. - 3BHpbIHa,
Ka6 Hi cBiHoe caJIa,
Hi 6bIJIa 6 CMarnHa CTpaBa! (CBIICT )J.p03)J.a).
HHor)J.a 3. BKJIIOLIaIDTCH 13 K3HBY JIHpH'IeCKHX rreceH, neceHHblX BCTa-
BOK 13 CKa3Kax II Ap., LITO CJIY2KUT C03)J.aHHIO 60Jlee HpKIIX KapTIlH
npHpO)J.hl, 06pa30B repoeB, OTpmKeHHIO 06II.:(eli aTl\lOC(pepbI, Ha-
CTpoeHUH rrpOlI3Be)J.eHH5!. 3. MOIKeT CJIY2KHTb pecppeHoM B rreCHe:
Oi\:, Y BlIlliHeBoMY ca)J.O'IKY
TaM COJIOBeHKO Iu,e6eTaB,
BiTb-BiTb-BiTb, TbOX-TbOX-TbOX,
A-51-51, OX-OX-OX,
TaM COJIOBei\:Ko me6eTaB.
3
87
J1IlT.: JI.06p060ilbCKUii "B. H. 1903. 4. 4; .IJ:3i 51%I !jJaJIbKJIOp. 1972; Ka3Ku
upo TBapHH.. 19.16: .IJ:HTHqHII !}JOJIbKJIOp_ 1986; )KapTIIBJIUBi' Ta caTllplI<lHi nicHi.
1988; .IJ:HTHq] mCHl Ta peqUTaTI1Bi. 1991.
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npocpeccHOHaJIbHbIe IIJIH rrpocpeccIIOHaJIbHbIe HCnOJIHlITeJIH MarII'Ie-
CKH _ rrpueMoBII CJIOB (CM. 3aZ!?6op), crroc06HbIX, rro Hapo)J.HoMY
y6e1K.lLeHHIO, BbI3BaTb )!{eJIaeMblH pe3YJIbTaT. lllHpoK'oe 6bITOBaI-IHe
3aroBopoB II pa3Ho06pa3IIe CPYHKI.:(III-i: HX HCnOJIHHTeJIeII, 3aOBH)J.e-
TeJIbCTBOBaHHble Y2Ke rrepBbIMII rrIICbMeHl-IbIMH AOKYMeHTaMII, orrpe-
AeJ1HJIH MH02KeCTBeHHOCTb H pa3H006pa3I:1e Ha3BaHIIH 3aKJIHHaTeJIeH-
3Haxapefi Y BOCTOLIHbIX CJIaBHH: Be)J.bMap, BOJIXB, 3HaTOK, KOJI)J.YH,
BeAYH, rnerrTYH, KYAecHHK, «3HalOII.:(lle» JIIOAII, Be)J.bMa, BOp02KeH,
KOJI)J.YHb5I, 'IapOBHHll.a, 'Iapo)J.eHKa (pyc.); rneIITYH -BOPOIK6HT, Bi)J.b-
Ma, a aJIKa, 3;I3.THHK, 'IapiBHHK, tWpiiBHIIll.H (YKp.); B5!)J.3bMap,
'-IapaYHIK, LJapaYHlI.:(a, rnanTYH, rnanTyxa, BayxBiJIJIi, JIeKapKi (6eJI.).
He mrrneHO OCHOBaHII5! rrpeArrOJI02KeHlIe, LITO 3. B rrpocpeccHOHaJIb-
HGM CMbICJIe 5!BJIHlOTC5! rrpHMbIMH nOTOMKaMIJ ApeBHlIX 5!3bl L leCKIIX
«Be)J.YII.:(llX» (3HaIOII.:(Hx) JIIOAeH, COCTaBJI5I'BrnIIX 2Kpe'leCKOe COCJIO-
BHe, B CPYHKI.:(IUI 'l{OTOPbIX BXO)J.lIJIO ocymeCTBJIHTb pOJIb rrocpe)J.HH-
KOB Me:iK)J.Y CBeTJIbIMII IIJIH 3JIbIMII CHJIaMII II JIIO)J.bMII. CTaTYc 3.
orrpeAeJI5IJIC5! HanpaBJIeHHOCTbIO ero ,B03)J.eHcTBHH Ha )J.06po HJIH BO
3JIO: 3.- I.:(eJIIITeJIII, oCYII.:(eCTBJI5!IOII.:(IIe rrpHeMbI 6e.'10H MarHH, II
KOJ'1)J.YHbI u (Be)J.bMapbI, 'IapOBHIIKH II T. A.) - CJIY2KHTemI HeLIHcToH
CIlJIbI, AeHcTBHH IWTOPbIX 01'HOC5!TC5! K qepHOH MarIIJI.
B 3aBHCIIMOCTH OT nCTOqHIIKa H crroc06a nOJIY'leHHH MarHqeCKOH
CHJIbI -B Hapo)J.e pa3JIII'IaIOTCH 3. «rrpHpoAHbIe» ('I'. e. nOJ'1yqIIBrnHe
crroc0'6HOCTH OT He'IHCl'OH CIIJIbI, OBJIa)J.eBrneH IIMII B YTp06e Ma-
TepII,- CM. CBII)J.eTeJIb'CTBa E. P. POMaHOBa), «co 3HaTbeM» (DII-
ne2KCKa5! Tpa)J.Hll.HH, 3aCBH)J.eTeJIbCTBOBaHHa5! A. M. ACTaXOBOH) H
3. «HaYtIeHHble», «HaB'IeHi», «'Be)J.3bMaKi HaByqoHhI5I». DGCJIe)J.HHx
IVIH02KeCTOO, OHII BJIa)J.eIOT OrpaHI-IqeHHbIM 'IHCJIOM 3arOBopOB OT
IIeMHorHX OJIe3HeI: ()J.oMarnHIIe JIeKapH). CBH3b «KOJI)J.YHOB»,
«Be)J.3bMaKOY», «'IaplBHHI.:(b» C He'IHCToi\: CIIJIoi'r HarnJIa OTpa2KeHIIe
B 3aroBopax-06eperax cooTBeTcTBYloII.:(eH TeMaTHKH C IIorr.p06HbIM
nepe'IHeM CJIY2KIITeJIeH 3JIbIX CHJI (KOJI)J.YH, KOJIAYHb5!-'KOJI)J.YHIII.:(a,
ne)J.YH, Be)J.YHb5! H T. A.).
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MaTHqHbIH, HO Y)J.06HbIH rrpHHll.IIII 'KJIaCCHcpHKall.HH Hrp, XOT5! 13 OC-
HoOBY ero rroOJI02KeHbI pa3HopO)J.Hble rrpH3HaKH. YLleHbIH orrpeAeJIHJI
TPH OCHOBHble rpyrrrrbI Hrp: )J.paMaTH'IeCKHe, opHaMeHTaJIbHble H
'crIOpTIIBHble. CO'IeTaHlie 2Ke ApaMaTHqeCKoro )J.eHCTBH5!, opHaMeH-
TaJIbHOrO )J.BH2KeHlIH H pHCYHKa HrpbI, cnopTHBHOCTH H ,COCT5!3aTeJIb-
lIOCTH c03AaeT HeCKOJIbKO rrpOMe2KYTOLIHbIX THnOB, K KOTOpbIM npH-
Ha)J.JIe2KHT 3HaqHTeJIbHa5! 'IaCTb HrpoBoro perrepTyapa.
J1I1T.: HrpbI KpeCTbHHCKUX AeTen B KyrrHHcKoM ye3.l1:e XapbKOBCKon ry6ep-
H ll! C06p. IT. I1BaHoB C rrpe.n: CJI. H. I'!>. CYM OBa. XapbKoB, 1889; HUKUtjJOpOB-
CKUU H. H. OqepKll BllTe6cKoH EeJIOpyccllU: VI. I1rpbl U urpoKu II EhHorpa!jJ.
o603peHue. M., 1897. .NQ 3; POMaH06 E. P. 1912. BblII. 8-9; I1rpbI HapoAoB'1
CCCP I C? MaTepUaJIOB, COCTaBJIeHHblH B. H. BCeBOJIo.n:CKllM-repHrpoccoM, B. c.--
KOBaJIeBOll H E. H. CTcIIaHoBoH C BBe.n:eHlleM B. H_ BCeBOJIOACKOro-repHrpocca II
rrpeAUCJIOBUeM H. MaTOpuH.a. M.; J1., 1933; Irpu Ta nicHi. 1963; .IJ:3i H'lbI !jJaJIbK-
,JIOP, 1972; BecnaBbIH II CH1. 1979; TepeU(eHKo A. EblT pYCCKoro HapoAa. Cfl6.,
1847. 4. 4; [JOKP06CKUU E. A. .IJ:eTcKuc urpbI, rrpeuMy ecTBeHHo pycclrne. M.,
1895; JI.IleXaHOB r. B. HCKYCCTBO U JIl1TepaTypa. M., 1948.
.:,1.
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HAPOJJ:HA y.- TepMHH, 06'be)J.HH5!IOII.:(HH MHoro06pa3Hble 5!BJIeHH5I.
Tpa)J.HI.:(HOHHOH KYJIbTypbI, B OCHOBe KOTOpbIX JIe2KaT HrpOBble )J.eH-
CTBHH, CJI02KHBrnHeC5! :13 HeKYIO I.:(eJIOCTHOCTb, rrOA)J.ep2KHBaeMYIO Tpa-
)J.HI.:(HeH. ¥I. H. Bblpa3HTeJIbHO o60ca6JIHBaeTCH L1.32Ke B TOM CJIYLlae.
eCJIH oOHa COCTaBJIHeT 'laCTb CTPYKTypbI 06pH)J.a HJIH pHTyaJIa. MHO-
rHe 11. H. reHeTH'IeCKH CB5!3aHbI C 06P5!)J.OBbIMH I\'OMrrJIeWCaMH, 0 'IeM
cBH)J.eTeJIhCl1ByeT perJIaMeHTaI.:(HH HCnOJIHeHHH p5IAa Hrp Hapo)J.HbIM
KaJIeH)J.apeM. OAHaKo HbIHe rrpe06JIa)J.aIOII.:(ee 60JIbrnHHCTBo 11. H.
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U3 HHX He 5!BJIHeTC5! YHHBepCaJIbHbIM II HC'lepnbIBalOII.:(HM.
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pO)J.a 06P5!)J.HOCTblO. HaH60JIee rnHpoKo B cpOJIBKJIOpe BOCTOqHOCJI3-
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JIeHHOCTb KOToporo 13 PY)J.HMeHTapHoH cpopMe 06HapY)KHBaeTC5! 13
n03THKe Hrp. B HCrrOJIHeHHH Hrp rrpH rroKoHHHKe rrpOCJIe2KHBaeTC5I.
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«TorrOJIH» H «MapeHa» Y YKpaHHll.eB, rrpoBoAbI pycaJIKl!.
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o6peTaeT xapaKTep ;I,OMI1HHPYIOlllet! (0. f. EoraTblpeB).
HfPA CDOPTHBHA5I p., fYJIbH5I CI1APTbIYHA5I 6., IfPA
CI10PTOBA y.- MHOrmmCJIeHI-Ia5! rpynrra Tpa)J.Hl.LIIOIIHblX nrp, OT-
JIH'IIITeJIbHOii 'IepTOll KOTOpbIX HBJI5!eTC5! 'COCTH3aTeJIbHOCTb, YCTa-
HOBKa Ha n06e)J.Y H YTBep2K)J.eHHe npeBOcxO).I;CTBa. H. c. 06'beKTIIBHO
CJIY2KHJIH cpe)J.cTBoM cpH3wlecKoH TpeHHpoBKH AeTeii II MOJl0)J.e2KlI.
pa3BHTHH co06pa3IITeJIbHOCTH, Ha6JIID)J.aTeJIbHOcTII.
MHorne 11. c. npeACTaBJIHlOT C060H nO)J.pa2KaHIIe (IIHor)J.a cxe-
MaTH3upoBaHHoe )J.O HeY3HaBaeMocTH) KaKHM-JIH60 (TPYAOBbIM. BO-
eHHbIM, 6bITOBbIM) ,!I.eHCTB115!M. B Hrpe «CBlIHKa» yra)J.bIBaeTC5I.
TpYAoBaH TeMa, JIID60B.l-IO-cBa)J.e6HbIII CMbICJI 3aMCTeH B IIrpax C OT-
ra)J.bIBaHHeM, rrpoTiIB060pCTBO pa3Hblx CTOpOH - 13 IIrpax «fopoA-
KII» (Pyc.), «CKpaK.'Ii» (YKp.), «IllYJIHK» (6eJI.).
COCT5!3aHUe 13 YI. c. 6bIBaeT IIpOCTbIM II YCJIOlKHCHHbIM IIcnO.:rb-
30BaHHeM KaKoro-.'1H60 IIHBeHTap5I. COCT5I3aI-IHe B 6ere, npbI}Imax.
)J.ora)J.,J1HBOCTH - OCHOBHoe cO)J.ep2KaHIle H. c. H. C., B KOTOpbIX
IICrrOJIb3yr-oTCH rra.1KII pa3Horo pO)J.a II Ha3Ha L IE'HIlH, l\IH'IH, mapbI.
KOCTH, KaMeIllKII, Tpe6yr-oT pa3BHTbIx HrpOBbIX HaBbIKOB, JIOBI\OCTIi
HrpoKoB. TaKHe HrpbI Y2Ke MaKCIlMaJIbHO npII6JiII)!{eHbI K cnopTY,
H nrpalOT B 60JIbIlIIUICTBO II3 HHX Ma.'!bLmKII, rroJJ.pocTKH II IOHOIlIH
B E. c. HaH60JIee pa3Ho06pa3HbI cnoc06bI pacrrpeAeJIeHIIH pO,J1en
II YCTaHOBJIeHHH Oqepe)J.HocTII - pa3JlwIHble )!{epe6beBKII, CLllITaJI-
KIl. 3TOH 2Ke ll.eJIH HHorAa CJIY}KHT rrpe,n,BapIITe.'IbHOe COCT5I3aHlle
(HaIIp., MeTaHIIe rraJIKH). B HeKoTopbIX H3 HIlX npaKTHKYE'TCH Ha-
Ka3aHHe 1l06e)KAeHHOro H.1l1I npoHrpaBrnnx.
CM. Hcpa fwpoonafl n .'lHT.
YIfPl-IIll,E p., IfPbIlllLJA 6., IfPHIJJ,E y. - lJa3BaI-IIIe Hapo.J,-
HbIX )J.OxpIICTIraHCKHX 06p5!AOB, BIIepBbIe yrroMIIHaIOnr. eec5I eIlIe B
;r,peBl-IepyccKoM JIeTOTIlICaHHII «(:TIoBecTb BpeMeHHblx JIeT»). B Ta-
KOM 3HaqemIII C oCY2K)J.eHHeM yrroTpe6mIJIOCb )J.O XVIII B. 13 0(1)11-
ll.IIaJIbHbIX ,!I.OKYMeHTax CBeTCKHX H u,epKoBHbIX BJIaCTerr. fI03..'l.Hee
CJlOBO npn06peJIo :>mor03Ha L IHbIII CMbICJI: «Hapo,n,Hble C60pHII.:(a LJ.,'15!
3a6aBbI, YBeceJleHHH», «rrOCH)J.eJIKH, Be'IOpRU, oc06eHHo CBHTOLIHble».
«BC5!KOe IIpe)J.cTaBJIeHHe, JIHll.eAeikTBo B TeaTpe, 13 6aJIaraHe II rrpoq.»-
(B. 11. JJ:aJlb). DbITOIIHCaTeJIlI II 3THOrpa4JbI XIX B. H. H33bIBa.lH BCe-
BH)J.bI Hapo)J.Hoi1 3peJIIlliJ,HO-IIrpoBoi:'r KYJIbTypbI, B!{JIIDLI35I. HapoAHYIO
ApaMY, qTO IIpHH5ITO II HeKOTopbIMH aBTopaMII .?C X B. (B. H. BceBO-
JIOACKHII-fepHrpocc, TI. H. EepIwB). fI. B. lllelur OTHOCIIJI TepW-IH K
XOpOBO)J.HbIM nrp3M BO BpeMH rrOCIIAeJIOK rrJIII 06PH)J.OB. B cOBpeMeH-
HOlI 3THOrp ac l)WlecKor't n (PO,J1bKJ'10pHCTH'IeCKOII JIIITepaType TepI\1I1H
3aKpenJ'leH ;r,JIH 06p5!AOBOrO KOMnJICKCa, «13 KOTOpOM opraHwlecKII
CJIIIBar-oTCH rreCHI-I, IIJIHCKa, pH)!{eHbe, IIrpbI, raAaHIIH II T. n.» (B. YI.
LJU'lepoB) .
JJ:0 HaLl. XX B. 11. COIIpOB01K)J.a,J1H y BOCTOLIHOCJIaB5!HCKIIX Hapo-
;r,OB MHOrIle Ka. eH)J.apHbIe npa3,l,HHKH (CBHTKH, MaCJIeHIIll.Y, pyca.'Ib-
.rIHT.: lIy6uHcf,uu Jl. Jl. 187"2. T. 3; llIeii1i JI. B. MaTepnaJIbl. 1887. T. 1, q. 1;
Uli I(e. BCJUIKOPYC. 1898. T. 1. Bbm. 1; AHll'UCOB E. B. 5l3blqCCTBO n PYCb. CI16.,
1!!14; 5!ljWWPC1WU E. J\:l. «lVlaJIaHEa» KaJ{ BII,'J. CBHTOqHOrO 06p5l.ll:0BOro urpulIJ,a II
-'['I!l)rpa(l). o603peHHe. 1914. .N 1-2; Cfu'iep06 B. H. 3UMHlIll rrepuoA. 1957; ryce6'
n. E. IIcToKH PYCCKOro HapO} Horo TeaTpa. .rI., 1977; OH e. Hapo,!{Hble urpbI,
92
Ii
M
.lI:paMa II TeaTp 11 EhHOrpa!jJII51 BOCTOqHbIX CJIaB5IH: OqepKll Tpa.ll,llI.(UOHilOH KYJIb-
Typbl. M., 1987.
3arOBopHaH (PYHKIJ}I5I HLJ,eaJII13aUHI1 OT'IeTJIIIBO BblcTyrraeT TaK-
:iKe 13 3aroBop ax (CM.); 13 LJ,eTCKOM (POJIbKJIOpe (CM.); rreCHe cBa)J.e6--
HOH, BeJIW13JIbHol'i (CM.); KOJI51LJ,Ke, OBceHe (TayceHe) (CM.); II.:(eLJ,-
pOBKe; rreCHe BOJIOLle6HoH (CM.); rreCHe MaCJIeHWIHOH (CM.). I'ILLeam-r-
3all.HH 13 JIHpHqeCKOH rreCHe rrpOHBJIHeTCH 13 orrHcaHHH BHeLUHocTH,.
OLJ,e2K)J.bI, HO rrpe2K)J.e Bcero - «xapaKTepa» (HLJ,eaJIbHOH HpaBcTBeH-
HOCTH): «rLJ,e )J.eBHll.a LUJIa, TYT TpaBa pocJIa, rLJ,e )J.eBHll.Y BeJIII, ll.Be-
TbI aJIble pOCJIII».
CM. TaK)Ke Memo f/JO/l.bK/l.Opa xyooJlcecT6eHHbtu.
B. E. rYCEB
I1JJ:EAJ1H3AIJ.I1}I B <DOJ1bI\JIOPE p., IJJ:3AJII3AIJ.bI5I "Sf
<DAJ1bKJ10PbI 6., I,l],EA,,113AIJ.I5I Y <DOJ1bKJIOPI y. - OAHa H3
KaTeropHH 3CTeTHKH, 06YCJIOBJIeHHa5! Crrell.HcpHKoH xY)J.02KeCTBeHHoro
HapoAHoro C03HaHH5I. B Heii Bblpa2KaeTCH cBoe06pa3He OTHOLUeHlI5!
(POJIbKJIOpa K AeikTBHTeJIbHOcTH. XapaKTep 11. 13 (p. orrpe)J.eJIHeTCH
06II.:(HMH 3aKoHoMepHocTHMII (POJIbKJIOpHOrO HCKYCCTBa, 13 LlaCTHOCTI-I
rnHpoKoH THrrH3all.HeH 06pa30B rrpII OTCYTCTBHH HX HHAHBHLJ,yaJIII3a-
ll.HH, H Bblpa:iKaeTC51, KaK rrpaBHJIO, 4>OPMYJIbHO. XapaKTep H (POP-
MYJIbHOCTb 11. 13 4>. HaXO)J.HTCH TaK}Ke 130 B3aHMOCBH3H C cOLJ,ep2Ka-
TeJIbHOH rr03THKOH KOHKpeTHoro )!{3Hpa, XOTH rrpHHll.Hrr 11. 13 (p. O)J.HH:
HAeaJIH3HpyeTC5! TOJIbIW rrOJIO:iKHTeJIbHbIH repoH. 11. 13 (p. M02KeT Ka-
caTbCH BHernHOCTH, OLJ,e2K)J.bI, 2KHJIbH, X03HHcTBa, 0PY2KHH H T. II. m-r60
KaqeCTB HJII-I CBOHCTB rrepCOHa2KeH. B CKa3Ke (CM.) HLJ,eaJIH3 a IJ,HH
rrpOHBJI5!eTC5! rro-pa3HoMY. B CKa3Ke BOJILUe6HOH repoH M02KeT 6bITb
qYLJ,eCHOrO rrpOHCX02KLJ,eHH5! (aT C'beAeHHOH ropOLUHHbI, pbI6bI 1-1
T. rr.) JIH60 Y1Ke rrpH p02KLJ,eHI-IH Haj],eJIeH qY)J.eCHbIMH CBOHCTBaMH:
«rro JIOKOTb PYKH 13 cepe6pe, rro KOJIeHO HOnI 13 30JIOTe». ,l],Pyrne rrep-
COHa2KH - «He rrO)J.alOII.:(He HaAe)!{)J.»: I1BaHyrnKa-LJ,ypaqOK, rra)J.qepH-
ll.a, EMeJI5!. TepeuIKO H )J.p.- I1peBpaII.:(alOTCH 13 H)J.eaJIbHbIX repoeB B
rrpoll.ecce pa3BHTH5! ClO2KeTa (<<KOHTpaCTHa5! HAeaJIH3all.IIH»- MeJIe-
THHCKHH, c. 253).
B H)J.eaJIH3all.HH 3rrHqeCKOrO rrepCOHa2Ka (CM. 3noc HapoOHbtU)
OTpa3HJIHCb HapoAHble rrpe)J.cTaBJIeHHH a 60raTblpcTBe. OTClOLJ,a BOC-
rreBaHHe TaKHX KaqeCTB, KaK CHJIa, paTHa5! A06JIeCTb, a TaK2Ke H,D,ea-
JIH3HpOBaI-IHOe H306pa2KeHHe BHernHOCTH repoH, era 0PY}KII5I. Y MH-
KYJIbI CeJIHHHHOBwla KYLJ,pH, KaK «CKaTHbli'I )KeMLlyr», rJIa3a «HCHa
COKOJIa», 6pOBH «qepHa c060JI51», Carr02KKH «3eJIeH Ca(pb5!H», «Kalp-
TaHqHK H3 qepHa 6apxaTa»; xapaKTepHbI LJ,eTaJIII 60raTblpcKoro CHa-
pH2KeHH5!: «ceLJ,eJIbILUKO qepKaccKoe», «cTpeMeHa 6YJIaTHble», noLJ,-
rrpyrH «qHCT'a cepe6pa», «rrpmKKH-rnrrHJIbKH KpacHa 30JIOTa». E.'ll-l-
30K 3rrWleCKOMY xapaKTep H,D,eaJIH3all.HH repoH HCTOpHqeCKIIX rreceH
(CM.) .
B 06pHLJ,OBOM (POJIbKJIOpe HAeaJIH3all.HH, KaK rrpaBHJIO, HOCHT 3a-
KJIHHaTeJIbHbIH xapaKTep: 2KeJIaeMOe H306pa2KaeTCH KaK H,D,eaJIbHOe,
)J.eHcTBHTeJIbHoe: 2KeHHX - «MOJIOAOII KHH3b», HeBeCTa - «KHHrHHH»,
«qepBOHHa51 KpaJIeqKa, HaJIHTOe CJIaAKOe 5!6JIOqKO»; Ha I10LJ,BOpbe
MOJIO)J.bIX - «BopoTa CTeKOJIPlaTble», «cTOJI6bl rr030JIOqeHHble, rroLJ,-
BOpbH cepe6pHHble» H rrp. 11. 13 cpo rrpOHBJIHeTCH no 3TOMY npHHll.Hrry
13 6JIaron02KeJIaHHHx: «LJ,ai'1 Ear TOMY, KTO 13 3TOM LJ,OMY, eMY p02Kb
rYCTa, pO:iKb Y2KHHHcTa: eMY C KOJIOCa OCbMHHa, H3 3epHa eMY KOB-
pHra, H3 rrOJIY3epHa - IJ[rpor»; IIT06 3TOMY AOMY «TpHcTa KOpOB,
nOJITOpaCTa 6bIKOB, CKOJIbKO CBeLleK, CTOJIbKO OBeLleK, CKOJIbKO OCH-
HOLleK, CTOJIbKO CBHHOqeK».
JII1T.: BUfLOcpaooB r. c. PYCCKHH AeTCKHH !jJOJIbKJIOp. I1PKYTCK, 1930; Melle-
TUHCKUU E. M. repOH BOJIllie6IIOH CKa3Kll: flpOHCXOiI()leHlle 06pa3a, M., 1958;
JIponn B. H. PyccKHe arpapHble npa3JlHllIm. JI., 1963; ryceB B. E. 3CTeTHKa
!jJOJIbKJIOpa. J1., 1967; JIYTUIlOB E. H. PYCCKHH H IOm:HOCJIaB5IHCKllH repOllqeCKllii
3noc. M., 1971; KpYTb /0. 3. XJIi60p06CbKa 06p51JlOBa noe3i51 CJIOB'51H. KHlB, 1973;
30JIOTOCJIOB: flOeTUqHllH KOCMOC .IJ:aBilbol Pyci. KlllB, 1988; .Hic A. C. BaJIa1J06--
Hbl51 necHi. MH., 1989.
E. H. ll1ACTHHA
113Y4EHHE <DOJ1bKJIOPA p., BbIBY43I-IHE <DAJIbKJIOPY
6., BI1B4EHH5I <DOJIbKJIOPY y.- COBOKYI1HOCTb Cpe,D,cTB, MeTO-
AOJIOn-rqeCKHX H MeTO)J.WleCKHX rrOLJ,XOLJ,OB rr03HaHHH (POJIbKJIOpa-
era 6bITOBaHHH, Crrell.mpHKH, COCTaBa H HCTopr-m - 13 )J.BYX acrreKTax:
yqe6HOM 11 I-ICCJIeLJ,OBaTeJIbCKOM. I1epBble HaqaJIa 11. (p. BOCTOLIHbIX
CJIaBHH (n 130 MHOroM aHaJIOrWIHO - LJ,PyrHx eBporreHcKHx HapOLJ,OB)
OTHOCHTCH K XVIII - rrepBoH nOJI. XIX B., Crrell.HaJIH3all.IIH era orrpe-
LJ,eJ1HeTCH H pa3BHBaeTC5! 13 I10CJIe,D,YlOII.:(ee CTOJIeTHe. COOTBeTCTBeHHO
rrpO(pHJIlO HaY'IHbIX )J.HCll.HrrJIHH, 3aHHMaI-GIlJ.HXCH (POJIbKJIOpOM, pa3-
JIIFJaeTCH 11. (p. (pHJIOJIOrHqeCKOe (JIHTepaTYPOBeLJ,LleCKOe, JIIIHrBIIC-
TWleCKoe), MY3bIKOBeLJ,LIeCKOe H xopeorpa(lmqecKoe, 3THOrpa(pIIIIeC-
Koe, 3THOJIHHrBHCTHqeCKOe H )J.p., a TaK2Ke KOMrrJIeKCHOe (HHTepLLl1C-'
UJIIIJIHHapHoe) (CM.), opHeHTHpOBaHHoe Ha era I10JIHBaJIeHTHOCTb.
B TeopeTHKO-MeTOLJ,OJIOrHqeCKOM OTI-IOrneHHH IICCJIeLJ,OBaTeJIbCKa5I"
I1paKTHKa H ee nCTopHH OXBaTbIBaIOT II. (p. HCTOpHKo-cpaBHnTeJIbHOe"
reHeTHLleCKoe, THI10JIOrWIeCKoe (CM.), HCTopHKo-rr03THLlecKoe, CTPYK--
TypHo-ceMHoTHLlecKoe H LJ,p., orrpeLJ,eJIHlOII.:(He cooTBeTcTBYlOII.:(He Ha-
npaBJIeHHH H LUKOJIbI. ,l],mp(pepeHll.HpOBaHHocTb KOHKpeTHblx rrp06JIeM
II rrO,D,XOLJ,OB OTpa2KalOT TepMnHbI H. (p. apea,1JbHOe, perHOHaJIbHOe
(CM.), )J.HaxpoHHoe (CM.), CHHxpoHHoe (CM.), CHCTeMHoe (CM.), (PYHK-
II.HOHaJIbHOe, TeKCTOJIOrWleCKoe, COll.HOJIOrHqeCKOe H LJ,p.
J1HT.: flp06JIeMLI !jJOJIbKJIOpa. M., 1975; JI ponn B. H. 1'!>0JIbKJIOp II AeHcTBH--
TC'JJbHOCTb. 1976; JIYTUIl06 E. H. MeTo.ll:OJIOmH. 1976; 1'!>0JIbKJIOp: flO3TllqeCKaH
"JlCTeMa. M., 1977; 3apy6em:HLIe llCCJIe.ll:OBaHllH rro ceMllOTllKe !jJOJIbKJIOpa. M."
1985.
B. M. rAII.AK. K. JI. KAEAll1HHKOB:
93'
II
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H
M
95
113YLlEHlIE <DOJ1bI\JIOPA KOMI1JIEKCHOE p., BbIBYLl3H-
HE <PAJ1bK';IOPY KOJv1I1JIEKCHAE 6., BI1BLIEHH5I <DOJIbK-
JIOPY K01V\TJJIEKCHE y.- HCCJIe)J.OBaHIIe (POJIbKJIOpa KaK rrOJIII-
3JIeMeHTHoli CTPYKTypbI H KaK rrOAcnCTeMbI 13 CHCTeMe Hapo)J.HoH
KYJIbTYpbI. H. <J). K. HMeeT ll.eJIbIO rr03HaTb (POJIbK.'1OP KaK OC06ylO
u.eJIOCTHOCTb C rrpHcYII.:(HMH ell BIIYTpeHHHMH ,D,IIHaMlI'IeCKHMII B3a-
HMOCBH3HMH COCT3BJIHIOII.:(IIX ee 3JIeMeHTOB (CJIOBa, MY3bIKH, ,D,ei:i-
CTBHH, TaHua, HrpbI), paCKpbITb B3aHMOCB5I3II OT,D,eJIbHbIX BH,D,OB H
2KaHpOB (POJIbKJIOpa (YCTHoil rrp03bI, rreceHllbIX )!GmpOB, IIHCTpYMeH-
TaJIbIIOH MY3bIKH, 06pH,D,OBbIX )J.eikTB, urpoBblx II xopeorpa(pUIJ:eCKHX
(POPM, YCTI-roll ApaMbI 1I q)OJIbK.'1OpHOrO TeaTpa), B33UMOCBH31I (POJlbK-
JIopa C )J.PynlMH BH,D,aMH Hapo)J.Horo HCKyccTBa II C IIHcTHTYTaMII
HapO)J.HOH KYJIbTypbI, C MmpOJIOrHei'I, peJII-IrH03HbIMlI B033peHIU.IMH,
:pIITyaJIaMlI, 06bILlaHMH, 06bIIJ:HbIM rrpaBoM, HapO,D,HOii rre)J.aroruKOI"I H
MC,D,Hll.HHOH, C (pOpMaMII Hapo;'J,Horo car-.lOyrrpaBJIeHIIH II )J.p. 11. (p. K.
npeArrOJIaraeT HccJIeAOBaHHe era reHe3Hca II pa3BlITIIH 13 KOHTeKCTe
IICTOplI'IeCKHX, COll.HaJIbHbIX, rrOJIIITHLleCKfIX H HCTOpIIKO- KYJlbTypHbIX
rrpOll.eCCOB B ll.eJIOM. Q>OJIbKJ10p rrpHBJIeKaeT BHIIMaI-nre MnorHX
HaYK - 3THOrp3(pIlII, HCKyccTBOBe,D,CHIIH, JIIITepaTypoBe)J.eIUU.I, JIl!Hr-
_BHCTHKH, MY3bIK03HaHHH, TcaTpoBe)J.emI5I, KYJIbTypOJIOrUH, COunaJIb-
Hail rrCHXOJIOrHH, ceMHOTHKII H ,D,p. KaK 06'bCKT IICCJIe)J.OBaHIIJ:! 3TlIX
HaYK (POJIbKJIOp BIU!lOIJ:aeTCH B KOMIT.'leKCHOe H3YQeHUe B KalJ.eCTBe
.O,D,HOrO H3 (pCHOMeHOB, IJ:aII.:(e Bcero rrepHq)epHHHbIX, COCTaBJIHlOLIJ.IIX
IIHbIe CHCTeMbI )J.,I!51 pemeHIIH Crrell.HaJIbHblX rrp06,lleM Ha3BaHHbIX
HaYK. OT KOMTIJICKCHbIX KYJIbTypOJ10rlI'leCKHX, 3THOrpa(plI'IeCKUX,
3THOJIH HrBIICTHlJ. eCKHX, ECKYCCTBOBe,D, qeCKHX, COll.II a TI CHXO,'l OrlI'leCKIIX
.II T. rr. rrO)J.XO)J.OB CJIeAYCT OTJIWlaTb c06CTBeHHO (POJIbKJIOpHCTHIJ:eCKOe
H. cpo K., rrpn KOTOpOM .(PO.'IbKJIOp rrpe)J.CTaeT KaK ll.eHTpaJIbHblii rrpe,D,-
MeT IlCCJIe}J,OBaHUH. B q)OJIbKJIOpHCTlIKe 11. (p. K. HarrpaBJIeIW Ha rJIY-
6UHHoe II BceCTopOIUlee rr03HaHue rrpnpO,D,bI cpOJlbKJIOpa KaK Crrell.lI--
(pWleCKoro pO)J.a TBOpIJ:eCKOii )J.e5ITeJIbHOCTH HapO)J.a. 3TOli )Ke ll.eJIll.
CJIY}KHT II rrpUMeHelme pa3JIWlHblX crrell.naJIbHhIX MeTO,D,OB II MeTO-
,rr,HK ,D,PyrHx, CMe)KHbIX fI,TlH IIHLlX, HaYK B KaLleCTBe rrplIKJI3)J.HLIX AJI5!
(POJIbKJIOplICTIIKH, ll.CJIeHarrpaBJleHHO npHBJIeK3eMblX ,D,JIH OCYII.:(eCT--
B.'leHIU.I KOHEpeTHbIX THrrOB KOMrrJIeKcHoro II3YLleHHH (POJIbKJIOpa.
H. (p. K. OCyruCCTBJI5ICTC5! 13 rrpOll.eCce rroJIeBoii pa60TbI (Ha OCHOBe
Crrell.IIaJIbHbJX rrporpaMM II BorrpOCHIIKOB, rrocpe)J.CTBOM COIleTaHHR
Ha JIlO,D,eHIlii HerrocpeACTBeHHoro rrpOlI,eCca llCrrOJIHCH!!5! rrpOH3Be,D,e-
HUH q)OJIbKJIOpa C UX ClIHXPOHHOi'I (PHKC3L\IIei-i cpe)J.CTBaMH 3BVK03a-
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.Tla ,D,OJI2KHbI B TaKOM CJIY1IaC BocrrpOH3BO)J.HTb Bce (jJOpMbI era (pHKCa-
LJ,EH. H. (p. K. npeATIOJIaraeT C03)J.3Hue 0606LIJ.alOLIJ.HX CiIHTeTW[eCKIIX
HCCJIe}IOBaHHH, TIpe)J.npIIHHM eMbIX 13 COTpY)J.HIJIleCTBe cpOJIbKJIOpHC-
TaB pa3HbIX CrreLJ,lIaJIbHOCTeu (epHJIOJIOrOB, MY3bIKOBe)J.OB, IIHCTPY-
MeHTOBe)J.OB, xopeorpaq)OB, TeaTpOBe,D,OB), 13 COTpY,D,HHGeCTBe (POJIbK-
.fIopaCTOB II HCEYCCTDOBe,D,OB - Crrell.HaJIIICTOB B 06J1aCTH HapO,D,I-IOro'
jLeKOpaTlIBHO-npHKJla,D,HOrO HCKYCCTBa, a TaK1Ke 13 COTpY,D,HHQeCfBe
qJO.TlbKJIOpHCTOB co cneLJ,lIaJIlICTaMII 13 06JlaCTlI 3THOrpa(pmI, 3THO-
.1lIIHrBlICTlIKH, COIIJlaJIbHOii rrCIIXOJIOrIIlI II )J.PyrIIx 06JIaCTeil 3HaHH5!.
Cn:1. TaK)E:e C1l1-lKpeTll3Al, 3CTeTllKa qJOAbKAOpa, c]JYH Kl{U01W/1 b-
HOCTb.
H3YLJEHJIE ("pOJIbKJIOPA JJ:I1AXPOHHOE p., BbIBY43H-
HE <PAJ1bI\.TIOPY LLbI5IXPOHHAE 6., BI1B L lEIU-I5I <DOJIbKJIO-
PY LLIAXPOHI-IE y. (rpeLI. dia - 'Iepe3, CKB03b H chronos - Bpe-
1\'[51). I1oH5!T11e )J.uaxpOHHoro II3Y L leHHH BBe,D,eHO 13 (plIJIOJIOrHlO 11 ce-
MI10TUKY <D. Ae COCCIOpOM AJI5! BbI5!BJIeHHH H3MeHeHHIl CHCTeMbI 130
BpeMeHII. B (POJIbKJIOpHCTHKe HMeeT CBOHM rrpe)J.MeTOM IiCCJIe)J.OBa-
HIJe CHCTeMbl HapO,D,HOrO TBopLleCTBa (COBoKyrrHocTH 2KaHpOB HJIH
J{a}K,D,OrO H3 HlIX 13 OT)J.eJIbHOCTH, (POJIbKJIOpHOrO npOH3Be,D,eHHH H
T. rr.) 13 rrOCJIe,D,OBaTeJIbHOCTH 3TanOB, HCTopWleCKHX B3alIMOOTHome-
mrlI H CBH3HX TIlIIOB Ii (POpM. B OCHOBe 11. 4>. ,D,. JIe2KHT aHaJIH3 ,D,HHa-
MIIKH CHCTeMbI Ha pa3JIWIHbIX ypOBH5!X. JJ:naJIeKTlJlleCKII CBH3aHO C
CHHXpOHHbIM (CM.) II3Y L leHHeM, LITO 06YCJIOBJIeHO Tpa)J.Hll.lIOHHOCTblO
qJOJIbKJIOpa H oc06eHHOCTHIvIH era (PYHKll.HOImpOBaHHH KaK CHCTeMbI
B paMKax Toii I1JIH HImfi 3rrOXII HCTOpHKO-K)'.TlbTypHOro pa3BHTHH.
J1I1T.: EocaTblpeB JI. r. BonpocbI Teopun HapO.ll:Horo nCKyccTBa. M., 1971;
q>OJIbKJIOP: flO3TH'IeCKa51 CUCTe11a. M., 1975; JI ponn B. fl. CTpYlnypHoe U UCTO-
pnqeCKOe If3Y1IeHue BOJIllie6110ii CKa3Kn 1/ I'!>OJIbKJ10p H AeikTBI1TeJIbIIOcTb. M., 1976.
A. B. THTOBEll,
, JI :.: nporpa,,!:'11 j.(JIH KOMTIJIeKCHbIX ljJOJJblUJOpHblX 3Kcnej.(1I Hij IOT3. pe,.lI:.
E. E. :.. ycen. J1., 19/1, EOcllTblpeB n. r. BonpocbI TeoplIH Hapoj.(lloro UCKYCCTB3.
'l., 1911; ryceB B. E. MeToAuKa KOMnJIeKCHOro H3YlJeHlI51 !jJOJIbKJIOpa: Rad XVII
l o"gresa Saveza Folklorisla Jugoslavije (Porec, 1970). Zagreb, 1972; 011 ;'IlCe.
hli!.!l1JIeI{CHOe 1I3YlJeHI!.e ejJOJlhl{JlOpa Ii rIpOOJIeMbl MY3b!KaJJbHoro !jJOJIbKJIOpa Ha-
pO,aOB CCCP. M., 19/3; 01-1 J1ee. COcToHHlIe II nepcneKTHBhI KCJi\lII,'JeKCHOI'O 1I3V'le-
JlIIH !jJOJILIuJOpa II Y; o}KeCTBeHHOe TBOplJeCTBo. J1., 1986; Q J arJec6a H. E. CrPYK-
Typa !jJOJlbK.'Jopa: h. Bonpocy 0 CB5I351X .!1.BYx !jJOpM IIapoAHoro TBOplJeCTB3 If AI;-
ryaJlbIIble rrp06,J]eMbl cOBpeMemwii !jJOJIbK!lOPlICTIIKlI. JI., 1980; HeKpacri6a iH. A.,
] IapoJ,Hoe IICKYCCTBO K<l1{ lJaCTb f:YJIbTypbl. Nt, 1988.
B. E. rJ'CEB'
II3Y4EHHE CPO.TIbKJ10PA PEfHOHAJl:bHOE !J., BbIBY-
! IcH-IHE <PA.TIbKJ10PY P3rI51HAJlbHAE 6., BIlB4EHH5I
l[)OJlbKJ10PY PErIOHAJ1bHE y. PemOHa,!IbHblfi rro,D,XO,D, Ha1I60-
.I[ee rrOCJIe,D,OBaTeJIbHO rrpOHBJIHeTCH 13 C06I1paHHII II rry6JIHKall.HH
(!)(J.!lhEJIOpa (perHoHa.'lbHble 3KCne,D,lIll.IIlI H c60pHlum). 3Ha L lHTev'IbHOe
111! :-110 HCCJIe,D,OBaI-llIn rrOCBHllJ,aeTC5! (POJIbKJIOpHbLM TpaAHIl)IHM Kpa5!"
paJ[ona, rrOCeJleHl-IH, xapaKTeplIcTHKaM IlX oc06eHHocTerI (MecTl-Iue'
dllI-':O.TJbI»), B3aHMHbIM OTHomemIHM II CBH35!M, OTHorneHIllO HX K 06-
(l l'lfapOAHbIM Tpa)J.Hll.H5!M. TarwH rro)J.xo)J. 06YCJIOBJICH TeM, LITO,
(1)()JlbKJIOp }KIlBeT II 4>YHKll.HOHHpyeT H€TIOCpeJl.CTBeHHO Ha perIiOHa.'lb--
H
96
HaM (JIOKaJIhHOM) ypoBHe. B 06II.:(eTeOpeTWleCKOM nJIaHe aKTyaJIhHbI-
MH OCTaIOTC5! rrp06JIeMbl perHOHaJIbHOH crrell.HcpHKH cpOJIhKJIOpa, llC-
TOKOB perHOHaJIbHOCTH, ee CBH3eii C 9THWleCKHMH H 3THOKYJIhTYP-
HbIMH npoueccaMH, OTHOLUeIIHH K 06II.:(eHapO)J.HOH cpOJIbKJIOpHOH
KYJIbType.
J1ET.: PYCCKUH CeBep: Dp06JIeMbl 3THOKYJIbTYPHOll UCTOpUH, 3THorpa!jJuu,
!jJOJlbKJlOpUCTHKH. J1., 1966; Mo eii1W 3. DeceHIIa51 KyJIbTypa 6eJIopYCCKoro Do-
.lICCb5l. 1\I\.H., 1971; MUluanU'l C. B. DiceHHa KYJIbTypa pa}J.mIcbK ro ceJIa: Ha Ma-
TepiaJIax C. Dorpe6um e BiHHu bKOI 06JIacTi. 1920-1970 pp. I\UIB, 1977; CJIaB51H-
CKUH U 6aJIKaHCKllii !jJOJIbKJIOp: )JYXOBHa51 KYJIbTypa DOJIecbS} Ha OOlll.eCJIaB51IICKOM
4Jo lle . M., 1986; llI.ypOB B. M. 10}!{HOPyccKa51 rreceHHa51 TpaAUlI. U51 . 1\1\.., 1987.
E. H. llYTHJlOB
H3Y4EHHE <DOJIbKJIOPA CI1HXPOHHOE p., BbIByq3H-
HE <DAJIbKJIOPY CIHXPOHHAE 6., B11BqEl-IH5I <pOJIbKJIO-
PY CI1HXPOHHE y. (rpe'I. synchronos - O;.I.HOBpeMeHlIbIH). TIo-
H5!TIie BBe)J.eHHoe 13 cpHJIOJIOrHIO H ceMIiOTHKY <P. Ae COCCIOpOM H xa-
p aKTe l)H3YIOII.:(ee COCT05!HHe onpe)J.eJIeHHOH CHCTeMbI 3a O;.I.IUI nepHoA
BpeMeIIll. B cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKe OCHOBY H. cpo c.: COCTaBJIHeT aHaJIIi3
CTpYKTypbI KaKoII-mr60 CHCTeMbI 13 KOHKpeTHbIll rrepHo)J. BpeMeHH. Ha
npaKTHKe rrpe)J.rneC'fByeT H3yqeHHlO AIiaxpoHlIOMY (CM.), XOT5! B CH-
..rry cBoe06pa3HH CPYHKll.HOHHpOBaHH5! cpOJIbKJIOpa KaK CHCTe bI He
npOTHBonOCTaBJIHeTCH, a opraHH'IeCKH C HHM B3aHMOAeHcTByeT.
11. cpo C. Ii )J.HaxpOHWleCKoe IlCCJIe)J.OBaHHe cpOJIbKJIOpHOrO 5!BJIeIIHH
npe)J.CTaBJIHlOT )J.Ba rrOCJIe)J.OBaTeJIbHbIX H B3aHMOCB5!3aHHbIX 3Tana
CHCTeMHoro H3yqeHHH.
J1ET.: EOcaTblpe6 ll. r. BorrpocbI TeopUH Hapo.ll:Horo UCKYCcTBa. 1\1\.., 1971.
A. B. THTOBEll.
113yQEHI-1E <DOJIbKJIOPA C11CTEMHOE p., BbIBY43HHE
'<DAJ1bKJIOPY CICT3MHAE 6., BHBQEHH5I <DOJIbKJ10PY
,CHCTEMHE y. (rpe'I. systema - ueJIoe, CocTaBJIeI-IHOe H3 'IaCTei-i;
,coe)J.HHeHHe). I1ccJIe)J.oBaHHe BHernHHX H BHYTpeHH Hx CTPyKTypHbIX
'cBH3ei-i ueJIOCTHbIX 5!BJIeHHH ClUlOHHM:WJl{O rrOHHTlUO «cHcTeMIlblll
IIO)J.XO)J.». B cpOJIbKJIOpHCTliKe KaK MeTOA Cnell.HaJIbHO-HayqHOrO HC-
cJIe)J.oBaHIi5! n05!BHJIC5! B rroCJIeAHeH TpeTH XX B. TIpHMeHeHHe ero
06YCJIOB.'leHO 06'beKTHBHbIM rrOHHMaHHeM CYII.:(HOCTH cpOJIbKJIOpa KaK
<:JI02KHOrO ll.eJIOCTHOro 06'beKTa IlCCJIe;.I.OBaHH5! - CHCTeMbI HJIH, TOq-
Hee, CHCTeMbI CHCTeM. <DOJIbKJIOP npe)J.CTaBJI5!eT C060H CJIa 2KHylo
B3aHMoCBH3aHHYlO )J.HaJIeKTWlecKYlO CHCTeMY ll.eJIOCTHoCTeH: cpOJIbK-
,JIOpHbIX pO)J.OB; BH)J.OB; 2KaHpOB; oT)J.eJIbHOrO )KaHpa; pa3HoBHAHOC-
TeH; oT)J.eJIbHOH pa3HoBH)J.HOCTH; rpymlbI npoH3Be)J.eHHi-ij oT)J.eJIbHor?,
::I1pOH3Be)J.eHH H ; 06pa30 B ; oT)J.eJIbHOrO 06pa3a; CPYHKll.Hll; oTAeJIbllOlI
,q,YHKU HH ; n03TIi'IeCKorO H3bIKa; pHTMHKO- HHToHauHoHHoro, JIeKCHKO-
H
97
I
rpaMMaTWleCKoro CTpOH; 3MOll.HOHaJIbHO-qYBcTBeHHoro (3cTeTHqeC-
Koro) OCBoeHH5! MHpa; YPoBHeH KOMMYHHKall.HH, BKJIlOQaH CBH3H co
CMe2KHbIMH C(pepaMH HapO;.I.HOI1 KYJIbTypbI H 6bITa 9THoca B ll.eJIOM,
npOHBJIeHH5! Me2K3THHQeCKHX KOHTaKTOB H B3aHMO;.I.eHCTBHH. TIpe.z:r.-
MeTOM 11. (p. c. HB.'l5!eTCH KaK caMa cOBoKynHocTb ll.eJIOCTHocTei-i, TaK
H ee OT)J.e.'lbHble COCTaBHble.
, AKTyaJIbHOCTb 11. cpo C. 06'b5!CH5!eTCH He06xo)J.HMOCTblO pacKpbI-
THH BHeLUHHX H BHYTpeHHHx cBH3eH, cooTHorneHHll TOH HJIH HHOH co-
BOKynHocTH HBJIeHHH (CTPYKTYP), CB5I3eH Me2K)J,Y oT)J.eJIbHbIMH co-
CTaBHbIMH 'IaCTHMH CHCTeMbI. CYII.:(HOCTb CHCTeMbI pacKpbIBaeTcH Lle-
pe3 nocpe)J.cTBo OC03HaHHH ee MeCTa 13 CHCTeMe B3aHMo)J.eHcTBYlOII.:(HX
5!BJIeHlIH HJIH CHCTeM. CJI02KHOe ll.eJIoe HJIH CHCTeMa CHCTeM, KaKoBoH
5!BJIHeTC5! (POJIbKJIOp, He paBH03Ha L lHO Ii He CBOAHTC5! K CJI02KHOCOC-
TaBHOMY ll.eJIOMY, OTClO)J,a c.'le)J,yeT, QTO Crrell.H(pHKa TaKara CJI02KHOrO
06'beKTa, KaK cpOJIbKJIOp, He HCQepnbIBaeTC5! oc06eHHOCT5!MH HJIH xa-
paKTepHCTHKaMH COCTaBJIHlOII.:(HX era KOMnOHeHTOB (CTPYKTYP), a
,3aKJIlOQaeTCH rrpe)!{)J.e Bcero B xapaKTepe CB5!3ell H OTHorneHHH Me2K-
AY onpe;.I.eJleHHbIMH (KOHKpeTHbIMH) 3JIeMeHTaMH. UeJIOCTHOCTb CHC-
TeMbI CHCTeM (cpOJIbKJIOpa) KOHKpeTH3HpyeTcH Qepe3 nOHHTHe CBH3H
(reHeTWleCKOII, THrrOJIOrWIeCKOH, CPYHKll.HOHaJIbHOH, 3CTe'r:WleCKOll H
T. )J..), KOTopaH MO)!{eT H BbICTyrraeT KaK CHCTeMo06pa3YlOII.:(aH. Ha-
,TIH'IHe 13 cpOJIbK.'Jope pa3JIH'IHbIX CHCTeM, CBH3eH, OTHorneHHH Me2K)J.Y
HHMH rrpHBO)J.HT K rrOHHTII5!M CTPYKTypbI CHCTeMbI, ee opraHH3all.HH.
CTpYKTypa CIICTeMbI M02KeT xapaKTepII30BaTbCfI KaK no ropH30HTa-
JIH, TaK H no BepTHKaJIH, QTO npHBO)J.HT K rrOH5!THlO YPOBHeH CHCTeMbI
Ii HepapXHlI 9TH X YPOBHeH.
IllHpOTa npHHll.HnOB Ii OCHOBHbIX rrOHHTHH 11. cpo C. CTaBHT era 13
TeCHYlO <:,BH3b c. )J.PyrIIMH MeTO;.I.OJIOrnqeCKHMH HanpaBJIeHHHMH COB-
peMeHHO H HaYKII - co CTpYKTypaJIH3MOM H CTPYKTYPHO-(PYHKll.HO-
HaJIbHbIM aHaJIH30Jl,1.
XOTH H. cpo C. -- r;pHHll.lmHaJIbHO HOBaH n03HaBaTeJIbHaH cHTya-
ll.HH )J.JIH cOBpeMeHHon HaYKH, BKJIlO'IaH cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKY, Bce 2Ke
l-IaLlaJIa H nO)J,xo)J.b! era BCTpeQaIOTC5! Y OT)J.eJIbHbIX (POJIbKJIOpHCTOB
XIX - HaLl. XX B. (Harrp., Y A. I-I. BeCeJIOBCKOro, <D. KOJIeCCbI )J.p.).
<DopMHpoBaHHe nOHHTHl1HOrO, MeTOAOJIOrWleCKoro annapaTa CHCTeM-
Bora HCCJIe)J.OBaHHH 13 cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKe npo)J.OJI2KaeTCH II B HaCTOHII.:(ee
npeMH.
. J1ET.: BeceJlOBCKuii A. H. I1cTOpUqeCKaH rro3TUKa. JI., 1940; ryce6 B. E.
,-)CTeTlIKa !jJOJIbKJIOpa. J1., 1967; KpaBu,DB H. N. CUCTeMa }!{aHpOB PYCCKoro !jJOJIbK-
,/lopa. M., 1969; JIponn B. H. 1'!>0JIbKJIOp U AeHCTBUTeJILHOcTb. 1976; 1'!>0JIbKJIOp:
Ilo3TH lecKa . CHCTeMa. M., 1977; lliYMaiJa H. C. CY1JaCIIa rriceHHicTb CJIOB'HHCbKHX
lI:JpOAlB. KIllE, 1981; 3eJleHUn fl.. K. BOCTOlIHOCJIaB5IHCKa51 3TIIorpa!jJII5I. J1., 1991.
A. B. THTOBEll.
. 113YLIEHl-'JE <DO.J1bKJIOPA THTIOJ10fI1QECKOE p., BbIBY-
IL-=>HHE <DAJIbKJIOPY TbII1AJIAn4HAE 6., BI1BQEHH5I
II>O.lIbKJIOPY T11TIOJIOn14HE y. - pa3JIWlHble HanpaBJIeHHH B
.1. :-{:IlC 519
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99
cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKe, OCHOBaHHble Ha rrpH3HaHHH 13 (POJIbKJIOpe THrrOJIO-
rWleCKOH nOBTopHeMOCTH H pa3HbIX (POPM H30MOp(pH3Ma. OCHOBHbI-
MH HarrpaBJICHHHMH 5!BJIHlOTCH: 1) HCTOpHKO-TliIIOJIOrIiLleCKHll MeTa)].
(CM.); 2) CTPYKTypHo-THrrOJIOrHqeCKHe HCCJIe)J.OBaHHH, paccMaTpH-
BalOII.:(He HBJIeHHH THrrOJIOrH'IeCKHX OTlIOrneHHfI 13 CHHXpOHHOM rrJIaHe
H HarrpaBJleHlIbIe 13 rrepBYID O'Iepe)].b Ha paCKpbITIIe rJIy6HlIHbIx CTPYK-
TypHo-ceMaHTHLlecKHx cBH3eH; 3) pa60TbI, CTaBHII.:(He rrpe1KAe Bcero
3a)J.a'In Y'IeTa H CHCTeMaTH3all.HH THrrOJIOrH'IeCKHX AaHHbIX (YKa3a-
TeJIH CW2KeTOB, MOTH BOB, «THnOB», CJIOBapH H T. )J..).
CM. TaIDKe MeTOD UCTOpuKO-TUnO./102U'leCKWl, MeToD CTPYKTYP-
liO-TUnO./102U'leCKUU, TWZO./102UJl 6 £jJO./lbK/lOpe H JIHT.
E. H. JIYTHJIOB
Bcer)].a YLIHTbIBaJIHCb HBJIeHHH, Y2Ke HMelOII.:(HeCH 13 pe3epBe CPOJIb-
KJIOpHOii Tpa)].Hll.HH. KJIlO'I K rrOHHMaHHID rrpHpO)J.bI H xapaKTepa 11. 13
pa3HbIX :tKaHpax cpOJIbKJIOpa AaIOT pa60TbI, CBH3a;IHble C rrp06.'leMa-
MIl KOMMYHHKaTHBHOH CHCTeMbI, 06ecrre L lHBalOII.:(eH (PYHKUHOHHpOBa-
HHe cpO.'lbKJIOpa (K B. 4HCTOB), C BonpocaMH a «(POJIbKJIOpHOM 3Ha-
HHH» HJIH <<3rrWleCKOM 3HaHHH» (E. H. TIYTHJIOB, B. M. fall.aK H )J.p.).
B OCHOBe 11. MHorHe (paKTOpbI. TYT H «(POJIbKJIOpHOe 3HaHHe», KOTO-
poe rrpe)J.rrOJIaraeT He TOJIbKO 3HaHHe TeKCTOB, HO H Bcero, LITO rr03BO-
JI5!eT HX BocrrpOH3BOAHTb (3HaHHe 3aKOHOB ClO2KeTOCJI02KeHH5!, MO-
TIIBOB :II 3aKOHOB HX CJIOBeCHOH peaJIH3aUHll, rrpHeMOB COqeTaHH5!
(POPMYJIbHbIX cerMeHTOB TeKCTOB C He(pOpMYJIbHbIMH H T. )]..), H pa3-
JIWI:IIH KOHKpeTHOH KOMMYHHKaTHBHOH cHTyall.llH (rro 4HCTOBY), KY)J.a
BXO)J.HT MHorne MOMCHTbI, H, 'ITa He MeHee Ba2KHO, crroc06bI H rrpaBH-
JI3 3arrOMHHaHHH H BocrrpOH3Be.aCHHH TeKCTOB. DocJIe)J.HHe pa3JIHLIHbI
)J.JIH pa3HbIX 2KaHpOB H rpyrrrr aT TOLIHOro 3arrOMHHaHHH (3arOBopbI,
rrOCJIOBIlll.bI H rrorOBopKH, HeKOTopble BH)J.bI XOpOBbIX u rreceH, Harrp.,
cBa)J.e6HbIX H )J.p.) .ao BocrrpOH3BeAeHIiH BeCbMa 06II.:(eH KOMrr03Hll.HOH-
Hall cxeMbI H AOBOJIbHO CBOOO)J.HO rrOHHMaeMoro cO)J.ep2KaHHH rro )J.o-
CTaTO'IHO 06II.:(HM rrpaBH.'laM (rrpHLlHTaHIiH). B 3aBHCHMOCTH aT TaKllX
rrpaBHJI MOlKHO paCCMaTpHBaTb 2KaHpbI rro CTerreHH HMrrpOBH3aUHOH-
HOCTH. K HMrrpOBH3aUHOHHbIM OTHOCHJIa TPH 2KaHpa PYCCKoro CPOJIbK-
JIopa ACTaXOBa - 'IacTyrnKH, rrpI1 T lHTaHHH H KOJIbI6eJIbHble rreCHH.
I1pHMeHHTeJIbHO K OCTaJIbHbIM 2KaHpaM CTerreHb HMrrpOBH3all.HOHHOC-
'I'll pa3JIWIHa. He)J.orrYCTHMOCTb HMrrpOBH3all.HH 13 CaKpaJIbHbIX TeK-
CTax (3arOBopbI, 06pH.aOBbIe rreCHH) CBH3aHa C rrp )].CTaBJIeHll M a
rrOTepe MarWleCKHX Ka'IeCTB. K 2KaHpaM C HapO'IHTOH YCTaHOBKOH Ha
HMrrpOBI-I3all.HlO OTHOCHT rrpHrOBopbI cBa)J.e6IIOro APY2KKH, 3a3bIBaHHH
II BbIKpHKH HpMapOLIHbIX ToprOBll.eB, 6aJIaraHHbIX «)J.e)J.OB», paernHH-
KOB H )J.p. (K B. 4HCTOB). Ho H 3AeCb 11. orrHpaeTCH Ha onpe.aeJIeH-
HbI I 3arrac peqeBbIX «3arOTOBOK»- (POPMYJI, pHcpM, MeTpHLleCKHX KO-
JIO.aOK, pa3Hoo6pa3HbIX caTIIpHLleCKHX rrpHeMOB H T. )J..
J1HT.: ACTaXOBa A. M. HMrrpoBU3aJ.(U5I B PYCCKOM !jJOJIbKJIOpe: Ee !jJOPMbI H
rDaHH LI B pa3Hbix )KaIIpaX II PI'!>. M.; J1., 1966. T. 10; CfuCTOB K. B. HapO.ll:HbIe
TpaAu Hu II !jJOJIbKJIOp. J1., 1986.
r. A. EAPT All1 EBHCf
JUiT.: lvIeJteTuHC1Wii E. M. CpaBIIUTeJIbHaH TIIrrOJIOrmJ !jJOJIbKJIOpa (HCTOpH'le-
CKa51 H CTPY!(TYP"a51 II Philologica. HccJJe.ll:. rro 513. H JIHT. I1aM5ITH aKaJJ.. B. M_
)KHPMYHCKOro. M., 1973; THITOJIorH5J HapO.IIIIoro 'moca. M., 1975; THnOJlOrH1JeCKHe
UCCJIeAOBalUl5J rro !jJOJIbK.TIOPY I C6. CT. naM5ITH B. 5L TIponna. M., 1975; IlYTu.fI.oB
E. H. MeTO.ll:OJIorHH. 1976; CYC. 1979.
I1MDPOBH3AIl.I15I p., IMDPABI3AIl.bI5I 6., IMI1POBI3A-
Il.I5I y. - (JIaT. irnproviso - Herrpe.aBH)J.eHHo, BHe3arrHo) - COLHIHe-
HHe cpOJIbKJIOpHOrO rrpoH3Be.aeHI'IH 13 MOMeHT HCrrOJIHeHII5!, 6e3 rrpe.a-
BapHTeJIbHOH rrOArOTOBKH HJIH BocrrpoH3Be)].eHHe era C CHlOMIIHYTHbIM
C03.aaHHeM HjHJIH H3MeHeH:IleM OT.aeJIbHbIX era 'IaCTeH, 06pa30B, HH-
TOHall.HOHHOro CTpOH. Ba2KlIaH pOJIb HMrrpOBH3all.HH 13 B03HIIKHOBe-
HHH H pa3BHTHH CJIOBeCHo-MY3bIKaJIbHOrO HCKyccTBa CJIaB5!H rro.aTBep-
:tK)J.aeTCH Ha6JIlO)J.eHHHMH Ha)J. (POJIbKJIOpHbIM TBOplJeCTBOM Hapo.aoB.
Y KOTOpbIX .aOJIbIIIe cOXpaHHJIHCb HCKoTopble (POPMbI KYJIbTY-
pbI paHHHX CTyrreHeH 06II.:(eCTBeHIIOro pa3BHTHH. HMrrpOBII3all.liH rrpH-
cYII.:(a BOCTO'lHOCJIaBHHCKOMY (POJIbKJIOPY Ha Bcex CTa)].IIHX era pa3BH-
THH, H60, 06eCrre'IHBaH BapHaTHBHOCTb, TeM caMbIM COCTaBJIHeT OA-
HY H3 Crrell.H(pHLleCKHX 'IepT (POJIbKJIOpa. CYII.:(eCTBywT pa3Hble TOJI-
KOBaHH5! CTeneHH rrp05!BJIeHHH 11. H ee xapaKTepa. HeKOTopble rrCCJIe-
AOBaTeJIH (A. M. ACTaxoBa) 60JIbrnOe 3Ha'IeHHe rrprr.aaroT TBopLlec-
KOH rrpHpOAe, O)J.apeHHOCTn HcrrO.'lHHTeJIH II era OTHorneHlllO K IICrrOJI-
HHeMoMY, a C ApyroH CTOpOHbI, BH)J.HT 3aBI-ICIIMOCTb H. aT Crrell.Hcpmm:
HCrrOJIHHeMbIX 2KaHpOB, «KOTopaH TO CTaBHT orrpeAeJIeHHble rpaHHll.bI
llMrrpOBH3all.HH, TO paCKpbIBaeT .aJIH Hee .aOBOJlbHO LIIHpOKIle B03MOlK-
HOCTII H 06YC.'lOBJIHBaeT TaKHM 06pa30M OC06bI I xapaKTep II oc06ble
(POPMbI ee npOHBJIeH:IIH». CYII.:(eCTBeHI-IaH pOJIb OTBO)].IlTC5:I HeCOBep-
rneHCTBY LleJIOBeLleCKOH rraMHTH HJIH Hecrroc06HOCTH TO'IHO BocrrpOH3-
BeCTH cpOJIbKJIOpHOe rrpOH3BeAeHHe, 'ITa M02KeT HMeTb MeCTO, HO He
onpeAeJIHeT 11. B pa60Tax rrOCJIeAHHX JIeT pOJIb IICrrOJIHHTeJIH pac-
CMaTpHBaeTC5! rrpnMeHHTeJIbHO KO MHorHM }KaHpaM, LITO rrpIIBeJIO K
rrepeCMOTpy HeKOTopbIX YCT05:IBLIIHXC5:I rrOJIOlKeHHIT a HOBaTopCTBe HJI:II
HOBall.HHX, 'ITa CBH3bIBaJIOCb TO.'JbKO C HCrrOJIHeHHeM. DpH 3TOM He
I1MTIPOBI13ADI15I -- COBMeII.:(eHHOe 13 OAHOM aKTe C03)].aHHe H
IICrrOJIHeHIIe MY3bIKa.'lbHOrO rrpOH3Be)J.eHHH JIH6,? era (pparMeHTa.
BCHKaH II. MbICJIHTCH TOJIbKO 13 .aHaJIeKTH'IeCKOH B3aHMOCBH3H C orr-
pc.aeJIeHHbIM KaHOHOM; HX COOTHorneHIIe 13 pa3JIH L lH!,IX c(pepax MY3H-
IlIlpoBaHHH Heo.aHHarWBO. MexaHH3M 11. 13 Hapo)J.HoH MY3bIKe COCTOHT
II IICrrOJIb30BaHHH H3 orrpe)J.e.'leHHOrO, 13 3aBHCHMOCTH aT 2KaHpa, Ha-
napa BepcnH 3JIeMeHTOB pa3JIHLIHOrO MacrnTa6a - aT MHKporroneBOK
IlO ypOBHH KpyrmOllcpopMbI 13 ll.eJIOM - rrpH orrope Ha orrpeAeJIeHHYlO
l'XeMY, perrpe3eHTHpywII.:()'1O AaHHbIH 2KaHp.
/0. E. EOf1KO
,t-
100
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I1HBAPHAHT p., I IBAPbI5IHT 6., IHBAPIAHT y. KaTeropHH
11. KaK cOAep2KaTeJlbHOl.I, CTPYKTypHOH, CTfIJIeBOH H )J.p. eLJ,HHHlJ,bI no-
JIyqaeT CMbICJI Ha (pOHe 06H3aTeJIbHOrO HaJIWIHfI BapHaHToB (CM.).
11.- 3TO 0606II.:(eHHe cYII.:(eCTBeHHblx BapHaHTHblx rrpH3HaKoB 13 OT-
BJIe'IeHHH OT 13 a pH a HTlro i:i KOHKpeTHKH. KaTeropHH vI. npHJI02KHMa KO
BceM THnOBbIM 5IBJIeHHHM JI106bIX YPOBHeH (POJIbKJIOpa. BbIHBJIeHHe
HlIBapHaHTHoro HaqaJIa - Ba)!meHlIIee Tpe60BaHHe cpaBHHTeJIbHOrO
aHaJIH3a (POJIbKJIOpa rrpI1 reHeTWleCKIIX, HCTopHLleCKHX, CTPYKTypHbIX
H ceMaHTH'IeCKHX HCCJIe)J.OBaHHHX. OTKpbITbIM aCTa eTCH Borrpoc: Ha-
CKOJIbKO rrpaBOMepHO rOBopHTb 06 11. KaK HBJleHIiH, 06'beKTHBHO CY-
II.:(eCTBYlOII eM 13 (POJIbKJIOpe, 13 C03HaHHH era HOCliTeJIeii Ii B03LJ,eikT-
BYlOII.:(eM Ha peaJIbHbrli TBopLlecKHH rrpoll.ecc.
I\OTopoe rroJ'lyqHJIO Ha3BaHIre «PYCCKO:fI IHKO.'lbI» H KOTopoe OTJIWIa-
.7IOCb rrocToHHHOH pa3pa60TKoH np06JIeMbI 11. H. (p. Ha3BaHIIe 3TO
YCJIOBHO H HBHO O)J.HOCTopoHHe.
I1p06JIeMa 11. H. cp., )J.JIHTeJIbHOe BpeMH pa3pa6aTbIBaBmaHcH Pyc-
CIWH cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKOH H rr03)!\:e - (POJIbKJIOpHCTHKOll )J.pyrHx Hapo-
LJ,OB, BXOLJ,IIBrnHX B COCTaB COBeTcKoro C0103a, rrOJIyqHJIa OTKJIIIK B
CJIaBHHCKHX cTpaHax Y2Ke 13 HaLl. XX B., a 13 3arraLJ,HOeBpOrrellcKHx
,CTpaHax - npeHMYII.:(eCTBeHHo HaLIHHaH C 20-30-x rO)J.OB. I1pII 3TOM
rrpH3HaBaJIOCb oc06eHHoe BJIIIHHHe KHHrH M. K. A3a)J.oBCKoro «CH-
6HpcKaH CKa30 L IHHll.a H. O. B:IIHoKypoBa», orry6JIHKOBaHHoH 13 1926 r.
Ha HeMell.IWM H3bIKe H 13 3HaqHTeJIbHOH Mepe Borne)J.IIIell 13 npe)J.HCJIO-
BHe K LJ,BYXTOMHHKY «PyccKaH CKa3Ka: 1136paHHble MacTepa» (1932).
ECJIH 13 paHBI-IX HCCJIeLJ,OBaHHHX pOJIH 11. H. (p. 13 (POJIbKJIOpHOM rrpo-
ll.eCce HHOH pa3 CKa3bIBaJICH HaHBHbIH 6IWrpa(pH3M, TO n032Ke 6bIJIa
Bblpa60TaHa MeTOLJ,HKa corrOCTaBHTeJIbHOrO H3Y L leHHH BapHaHTOB,
rIOBTOpHO 3arrHcaHHbIX aT OLJ,HOrO HCrrOJIHHTeJIH, aT YLIHTeJIH (YLIHTe-
,Hell) II IeHIIKa, aT npe)J.CTaBHTeJIell pa3HbIX «06JIaCTHbIX rnKOJI»,
OCMbICJIeHHH COUIIaJIbHOrO KOHTeKCTa ('I'. Ha3. KOHTeKcTyaJIH3M),
rrpOHHKHOBeHH5! 13 MHKpOHCTOpHlO KpeCTbHHCTBa COOTBeTCTBYlOII.:(erO
perIlOHa. O)J.HOBpeMeHHO COBepmeHCTBOBaJIaCb THrrOJIOrHH IICrrOJIHH-
TeJIbCTBa. I1cc.ne)J.OBaHHH nOKa3aJIH, qTO H. H. (p. rrpOHBJIHeTCH LlaII.:(e
Bcero 13 HH)J.HBHLJ,yaJIbHOM HJIH rpyrrrroBoM BbI60pe BapIIaHTOB H306-
pa3IiTeJIbHbIX CpeLJ,CTB, HaKOrrJIeHHbIX Tpa)J.IIll.Hell. 3TO, pa3YMeeTC5!,
He CHHMaeT rrp06JIeMbI HCTopHIleCKH H COll.IIaJIbHO 060CHOBaHHOH )J.H-
HaMHKH (POJIbKJIOpHOrO TeKCTa, KOTopaH TQ}Ke rrpe2KLJ,e Bcero CBH3aHa
C rrpOHBJIeHHeM H. H. (p. KaK BapbIIpOBaHue, TaK II )J.HaxpOHHLIeCKHe
II3MeHeHHH MorYT CKa3aTbCH H 13 Bep6aJIbHOII CTpYKType TeKCTa, U 13
c(pepe MeJIOAH'IeCKOH, UHTOHall.HOHHoi:'r, lKeCTHKYJIHll.HOHHOi:'r, MIIMH-
LleCKOH II T. )J.. 3aMeqeHO, LITO CJIIIIIIKOM pernHTCJIbHble npOHBJICHIIH
«JIWIHOrO nOLIHHa» HHOH pa3 IICKJIIOqaJIH TeKCT H3 )J.aJIbHellrnero 6bI-
TOBaHHH (cp. KJIaCCH'IeCKHll npmVlep H3BeCTHoro neBll.a 6bI.l!IlH B. TI.
IUero.'leHKa) .
I1peYBe.'lWleHHe 11. H. 4>. np:IIBOLJ,H.'lO HCKOTOpbIX HCCJIe)J.OBaTe.'lell
K OTpHll.aHIllO 06YCJIOB.'leHHOCTH era Tpa)J.HUHell, OTpHll.aHIIlO KOJIJIeK-
TIIBHOi:'r npHpO)J.bI cpOJIbKJIOpHOrO TBopLleCTBa, CTHpaHIIIO pa3JIWIHll
Me:tKLJ,y HCIIOJIHIITeJIeM (POJIbKJIOpa H npmpeCClIOHaJlbHbIM JIIITepaTO-
pOM HOB oro BpeMeHH. 113yqeHHe MexaHH3Ma Bocnp0I13Be)J.eHIIH (POJIbK-
.1I0pHoro TeKCTa npHBo;:r,HJIO TaK2Ke K nOTepe HHTepeca K caMOMY TeK-
l'TY, Bome)J.rneMY 13 Tpa)J.Ull.HlO. TIpH 3TOM Haqy!HaeT CTHpaTbCH pa3-
,II1l1IHe Me2KLJ,Y pa30BbIM TeKCTOM, 06CJIY2KHBalOII.:(HM orrpe)J.eJIeHHYIO
I\OMMYHHKaTHBHYlO cHTyall.IIlO, II Tpa)J.Hll.I10HHbIM, HO BapbHpYlOII.:(IIM
IUIII H3MeHHlOII.:(HMCH TeKCTOM (cp. CPOPMYJIY «p aCCKa3 H.'lU CKa3Ka,
IIl'CHH II T. A. - 3TO rrpOll.eCC paCCKa3bIBaHHH»). TaKaH TOqKa 3peBI-I5I
pa3BHJIaCb 13 cTpatlax, 13 KOTOpbIX K XX B. KJIaCCHqeCKHe 2KaHpbI
(IHJ.llbKJIOpa HMeJIH Y:tKe HBHO OCJIa6mylO TpaLJ,IIll.HlO (Harrp., CIlIA).
YJJ.a1IHbIM OrrbITOM COqeTaHHH Bblpa60TaHHblx paHee npe)J.cTaBJIeHIIIf
() 1 I. H. 4>. H cOBpeMeHHblx nOHHTHll TeopHH KOMMYHHKall.lIH COIJ,HaJIb-
E. H. JIYTHJlOB
I1HJJ:I1Bl1jl,YAJlbHOE HAl-IAJIO B <DOJIbKJIOPE p., IHJJ:bI-
BI,I:LYAJIbHbI DA4ATAK Y <DA.llbKJIOPbI 6., IH,I:LHBI,I:LYAJIb-
HI1V1 TIU4ATOK Y <DOJIbKJIOPI y., KaK H 13 nHcbMeHHoli JIHTepa-
Type, Bcer)J.a COLleTaJIOCb C KOJIJICKTIIBHbIM, TpaLJ,Hll.IIOHHbIM HaLlaJIOM,
6bIJIO OLJ,HHM H3 CpeLJ,CTB H cnoc060B era Bblpa2KeHHH. Pa3JIWIHe - 13
HeH3MepHMO 60JIbIllei'r CHJIe Tpa..'I)lll.HH (oc06eHIIO eCJIH JIMeTb 13 BH)J.Y
JIHTepaTYPY HOBoro BpeMerm) H MeHbrneM «npOCTpaHCTBe» npOHB-
JIeHHH 11. H. (p. B 3TOM CMbICJIe Tpa)J.Hll.HH Bcer)J.a 6bIJIa opraHHLleCKHM
COqeTaHHeM cTa6HJ1bI-roCTH H BapHaTIIBHOCTH.
B nepHO)J. (POpMIIpOBaHHH Hall.IIOHaJIbHOrO caMOC03HaHHH (<<HC-
TopwlecKoro» :II .'lHTepaTypHoro pOMaHTII3Ma) 06pameHIIe K (PO,HbK-
JIOpy 06bI L IH0 06'bHCHHeTCH nOHHMaHHeM era KaK ll.ermei:'rrneIi Ha-
ll.HOHaJIbHOH Tpa)J.Hll.HH, HMeIOII.:(eH r.'ly60KHe HCTopWleCKHe KOpHH.
I1crrOJII-UiTeJIH cpOJIbKJIOpa H HX pOJIb 13 (PYHKIl.IlOHHpOBaHHH (POJIbK-
JIopa npH 3TOM He BbI3bIBaJIH Crrell.Ha.'lbHOrO HHTepeca, OHH CLIHTaJIHCb
npOCTO XOpOliIHMH I1JIH nJIOXHMH xpaHHTeJIHMH «npeAaHHfI»- Tpa-
LJ,Hll.HH. B POCCHH cpaBHHTeJIbHO paHO C(POpMHpOBaJICH HHTepec K
11. H. (p., LITO CTHMYJIHpOBaJIOCb CTpeMJIeHHeM K n03HaHHlO KpeCTbHH-
CKoro 6bITa H TaK HJIII HHaqe 6bIJIO CBH3aHO C )J.BluKeHHeM 3a OCBO-
602K)J.eHHe KpeCTbHH aT KpenOCTflOii 3aBHCHMOCTH. B 3TOM CMbICJIe
xapaKTepHO nOHBJIeHHe ll.eJIOH raJIepeH 06pa30B HCI10JIHHTeJIei:j
(POJIbKJIOpa 13 xYLJ,02KeCTBCHHOH JIHTepaType 40-50-x rO)J.OB XIX B.
(TypreHeB, fOrOJIb, JJ:aJIb HAP.) II 13 60-e rOLJ,bI - nepBbIx ny6JIHKa-
ll.HH, CB5I3aHHbIX C Ha L laBrnHMC5! H3YlJeHHeM np06JIeMbI 11. H. (p. (<<3a-
nHCKH c06HpaTeJIm D. II. PbI6HI1KoBa, C60PHIIK A. <D. fHJIb4>epLJ,HH-
ra «OHe2KcKHe 6bIJIHHbI» H )J.p.). fH.'.Iblpep)J.HHr nepBbli-i BBOLJ,HT 13
ynoTpe6JIeHHe TepMHH «JIWIHbIH nOqHH», paBHOll.eHHbIII COBpeMeHHO-
MY nOHHTHlO 11. H. (p. OH 2Ke rrpeLJ,JI02KHJI rrepBYIO TIIIIOJIOrHlO CKa3H-
TeJIeH no 3TOMY rrpII3HaKY (CTerreHb IIMnpOBH3HpOBaHHOCTII TeKCTa,
IIHLJ,IIBHLJ,yaJIbHbli:'r Ha60p cTepeOnIITHbIX (POPMYJI H BCTaBHbIX 'laCTHll.
H LJ,p.), paCrrOJI02KHJI TeKCTbI rIa HCIIOJIHIITeJIHM II oIIy6JIJIKOBaJI KpaT-
KHe CBeAeHHH a HHX H 3a.'101KHJI TeM caMbIM OCHOBbI I-IarrpaBJIeBI-:IH,
101
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K. B. CfHCTOB
I1HTOHALlI15I p., IHTAHAIJ.bI5I 6., IHTOHAIJ.I5I y. - MHoro-
aHaLIHbIH Teprv1l1H MY3bIK03HaHHH H 3THOMY3bIK03HaHIUI. B lVIY3bIKaJIb-
Ho-ceMaHTHqeCKOM 3Ha L leHH11 BBe)J,eH 13 HaYKY E. JI. 5IBOpCKHM H E. B.
AcacpbeBbIM. I1MeeT TPI1 B3aHMOCBH33HHbIX 3Ha'leHI1H: 1) 3BYKOBbI-
COTHaH, pHTMwlecKaH, TeM6poBaH, T. e. KOHKpeTHaH oprmm3aI.:(HH MY-
,3bIKaJIbHbIX TOHOB; 2) «KaLleCTBO OCMbICJIeHHOrO npoH3HOrneHlI5!»
(E. B. AcaqJbeB) 13 MY3bme, T. e. UHToHBpoBaHHe; 3) OTHOCIlTeJlbHO
caMOCTOHTeJIbHaH ceMaHTHLleCKaH e)J.l1HHll.a 13 MY3bIKe, T. e. MeJl0LJ,H-
LleCKaH rroneBKa, xapalnepHblii MeJIOLJ,WleCKnH 060POT IIJIH rapMoHH-
LleCKoe COqeTaHHe. H3BecTHbI H npOH3BOLJ,Hble TepMIIHbI: «IIHTOI-Ia-
ll.HOHHbIll CJIOBapb» (B. B. AcacpbeB), «IIHToHaUHoHHbIll KO!V!I1.'IeKC»
(3. B. 3BaJIb)J.), «HHTOHaI.:(HOHHblii Te3HC», «llHTOHall.HOHHOe nOlle»
(11. 11. 3eMll.OBcKHi'r), «paHHecpOJIbKJIOpHOe HHToHHpoBaHHe» (3. E.
AJleKceeB), pHTMoHHTOHall.HH, TeM6poHHTOnall.H5!, a TaKIKe J1IIpnqeC-
KaH HHTOHall.HH, 3nII'IeCKa5!, 06pH)J.oBaH, CKa30BaH H T. n. 11., I-Iarrp.
«npa3LJ,HHqHaH 11.» (<D. A. Py6ll.OB).
Hall nClIXOJIOrHH H T. n. CJIeAyeT npH3HaTb T. Ha3. MeTO)J.HKY «yrJIy6-
JIeHHbIX IlCCJIeAOBaHHH» (<DHHJIHH)J.HH, 10. DeHTHKHHHeH).
CM. TaK2Ke Bon./leHUl1a, CiW30liHUK H JIHT.
J1IlT.: AsaooBclwii M. K. PycClcue CKa30qHUKU Ii PyccKHe CKa3KU: Ii36paHilbIe
MaCTcpa. n., 1932; Cfu'tepoB B. H. TpaAIi u5I U aBTopcKoe IJaqaJIO B !jJOJIbKJIopell
C8. 1946. J\1! 2; raliaK B. M. 8mf1JecKutl neBel.( U ero TeKCT: TeKCTOJIOrH'leCKOe
H3yqCHHe :moca. M., 1971; CfepHJleBa H. r. OnbIT u3yqeHUH 3rrUqeCKOfj naM5ITU:
TurroJIonI5I II B3aUMOCBJ/3U !jJOJIbKJ10pa I1apO.ll:oB CCCP. M., 1980; Ilponn B. H.
bbITOBaJme CKa,nm: PyccKa51 CKa3Ka. J1., 1984; K. JI. Ka6alUHiKay, r. A. EapTalUa-
Bi'l. CYCTp3'lbI 3 Ka3Kaii. MH., 1984; CfucToB K. B. M. K A3a.ll:OBcKUii U rrp06JIeMa
I1CnO.!JHIfTe.TIH B PyccKoii !jJOJIbKJIOpUCTUKe XIX-XX BB. 1/ C8. 1989. N2 2.
IIHTEPMELLH5I p., IHT3PMEJJ:bI5I 6., IHTEPMEJJ:I5I y. (JIaT.
intermedius - Haxo)J.HII.:(HHCH nocpe)J.HHe) - He60JIbLUaH Cll.eHKa KO-
MeLJ,HiiI-!Oro xapaKTepa, pa3blrpbIBaeMaH Me2KAY AeHcTBHHMH )J.paMa-
TWleCKoro npoII3Be;:r,eHHH. B03H!1KJIH II. 13 cpe)J.HeBeKoBblx MHcTepHHx
KaK C eLJ,CTBIle npoHHKHoBeHHH CBeTCKoro 3JIeMeHTa 13 )J.YXOBHYlO
)J.paMY. HaUOOJIblIIee pacnpoCTpaHeHHe 11. nOJIYQHJIa 13 rnKOJIbHOH
ApaMe, 13 BepTene 11 6aTJIerme. B 11. IJ'aCTO BKJIlOQaJIHCb Hapo)J.Hble
neCHII I-I TaHIJ.bI. LleHTpaJIbHbIM nepCOHalI{eM 11. 6bIJI OCTPOCJIOB-
KpecTbHHIIH, HaLJ,CJIeHHbIU: He3ayp5!LJ,HbIM QYBCTBOM lOMopa. XpHC-
TnaHCTBO perJIaMeHTnpOBaJIO HCnOJIb30BaI-IHe 11. 13 rnKOJIbHOH )J.pa-
Me, OHB OTCYTCTEOBaJUi 13 ApaMax rraCXaJIbHOrO ll.HKJIa. B KOJIH)J.HbIX,
Ma('JleHi: LIHbIX II «KaHHKYJI5!pHbIX» LJ,paMaX AorrYCKaJIHCb He60JIbrnHe
KOMe)J.HfIHble Cll.eHKH.
1.1. HapO)J,Horo TeaTpa KYKOJl (6aTJIeHKa, BepTen) BOCXO)J.HT K
CPOJIbK.TfOPHOii TpaLJ,HUHI1 BOCTOQHOCJI3BHHCKHX HapOLJ,OB. OHH COCTaB-
JI5IlOT OTLJ,eJIbHYIO lJaCTb KYKOJIbHOrO npeACTaBJIeHHH, 13 KOTOpOM ne-
peLJ, 3jJlfTeJleM npOXO..'l:H.'l pHLJ, 2KH3HeHHO )J.OCTOBepHbIX 06pa30B. MHO-
rIle H. 3Toro TcaTpa UMeJIH CaTHpHlJeClmCI xapaKTep. HaH60JIee no-
nY.!J.HpHbIMII HapOLJ,HbIMH Cll.eHaMI1 6aTJIeHKH 6bIJIH «MaTell II )J.OKTOp-
rnap,TJaTaH», «AHTOH C K030ii H AHTOHHxa», «IJ.bIraH H ll.blraHKa»,
«E3pKa-KOp'IMapb», «Ka3aK 11 Ka3aQKa», «<Dpmn H naHeHKa»,
«BOJlbCKnfI, Kynell. nOJIbCKHii» II LJ,p. 06pa3bI-MaCKH Tpa)J.HUHOHHoro
TeaTp a KYKOJ1 6bIJIH HCnOJIb30BaHbI npocpeCCHOHaJIbHbIMH )J.paMaTYP-
raJVIH.
J1IlT.: IlepeTI{ B. H. K IiCTOpliU rrOJIbCKoro U PYCCKoro HapoAiloro TeaTpa if
I-I3B. OP5!C. CTI6., 1905. T. 10, KII. 1; POhtaH06 E. P. 1912. Burr. 8; BOSHfiK M.
TIo1JaTl-::r YKpalHcbKol KOMe.ll:il 1619-1819. J1bBlB, 1919; KapcKuii E. CPo EeJIopycLI.
fIr., 1922.. T. 3; YKpalHcbKi iHTepMe.ll:ii XVII-XVIII CT. I\HlB, 1960; EapblulUy
r. !., CaflHi1wfj A. K. EeJIapYCKi I1apO.ll:UbI 'f3aTp 6aTJIeHKa. MH., 1962; ryceB B. E.
B3aIlMOCb5I3U PYCCIWH BepTCIJIIOH J1,paMbI C 6CJIOPYCCKOH U YI(paUIICKoH II CJIaBHH-
CKllli qJOJJbK:lOp. M., 1972; Oft e. POMaHTu3M B flOJIbllie Ii Ky'KOJIbIlbIH TeaTp CJIa-
B5IHCKIIX napoJJ.oB II Hc-fOpll5l, KYJIbTypa, 3THorpa!jJuH U !jJOJIbKJIOp CJIaB5IIICKUX I1a-
pOJJ.OB: VII lVlelKAYHapo.ll:HLIH C'be3.l1: CJ1aBlfCTOB. LI.OKJI. COB. .lI:eJ1era uu. M., 1973;
<PpaHJW !. PycbKo-YKpalHcbKuli TeaTp: ICTopH'IHi 06PUCH II CPpafllw !. 3i6paHl{H
TBOpiB. KlflB, 1981. T. 29; fiCTOpbIH 6eJIapycKara T3aTpa. MH., 1983. T. 1.
M.A. KOJIOJl.HHCKHFf
J1HT.: 3Ballbo 3. B. CO HaJIbilOe rrepeOCMblCJICilUe lKHUBHbIX neceH Ee:!Opyc-
CKOro TIOJIeCb51 II C8. 1934. N2 5; Py6l{OBI CPo A. I1IIToHaWIOHilble CB5I3U 13 lIeceHlIOM
TBOp1JeCTBC CJlaB5IIICKUX HapoAoB. J1., 1962; OH e. CTaTbu 110 lIIY3bIKaJIbHoMY
!jJOJIbKJIOPY. J1., 1973; lliaxHasapoBa H. r. «H ToHa uoHIIbIH CJIOBapb» II, rrp06Jle-
lI'Ia napoAHocTIl IIIY3LIKU. M., 1966; 3ehuioBcKUlI Ii. H. a !,leTOAOJIOrH'ICCKOII cyrn.-
HOCTU HIITOHa UOHiloro aHaJIU3a II COB. MY3bIKa. 1979. ;N2 3, 12; Oft Jlce. E. B.
Aca!jJbeB U MeTO.ll:OJIOrH'ICCKUe OCilOBbI lIIITona uoHiloro ailaJIU3a napo.ll:Hoii IIIY3 b I:
Kif 1/ I\punlKa U MY3bIK03Hailue. J1., 1980. BbIll. 2; AcwjJbeB E. B. a HapoAHolI
MY3bIKe I COCT., BCTynuT. CTaTb51 U KOMMeHTapuu H. II. 3eM oBcKOro U A. E. I\y-
HaII6aeBOH. J1., 1987.
H. Ii. 3ElltlLi;OBCKHl1
I1H<l>OPMATOP, I1I-I<DOPMAHT p., IH<DAPMA TAP, IH<DAP-
lV1AHT 6., IH<DOPMATOP, IH<:!)OPMAHT y. - JIlIll.O, )J.alOII.:(ee IIH-
(pOpMall.HlO. B cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKe H. - TOT, KTO BbICTynaeT 13 KaqeCT-
Be HCnOJIHHTeJIH npOH3Be)J.eHHH YCTHon03TWleCKoro, MY3bIKa.1:bHOrO,
)J.paMaTWleCKoro, xopeorpacpHLleCKoro HapOLJ,HOrO TBopLleCTBa )J.JIH
(pIIKCall.HH 3THX npOH3Be)J.ermH 13 HaYlJHbIX JIH60 KYJIbTypHo-rrpOCBe-
THTe.'lbCKHX ll.eJIHX. HapO)J.Hble rreBll.bI, paCCKa3 L IIIKH, CKa30 L IHlIKH.
TaHll.OpbI IICnOJIHHIOT cpOJIbKJIOpHble npOH3Be)J.eHHH 13 eCTeCTBeHHbIX
YCJIOBHHX, HepeLJ,KO CBH3bIBaH CBOII BbICTynJIeHHH C? CTapIIHHbIMH II
COBpeMeHHbIMH 06pHAaMH, npa3LJ,HHKaMH, TPY)J.OBOH AeHTeJlbIIOCTblO
II OT)J.bIXOM J11O.aeH. B 3THX OOCTOHTeJIbCTBaX aT H. MO)!UIO nOJlymTb
IIau60JIee nOJIHble CBe)J.eHHH, 'lTO He HCKJIlOlJaeT H Crrell.HaJlbHOfi IIH-
JU 1BH )J.yaJIbI-IOM pa60TbI cpOJIbKJropHcTa C 11. BbI5IBJIHH 11., 13 pOJIH
'I\OToporo MOLKeT BblcTyrraTb KaK OTLJ,eJIbHOe JIIII.:(O, TaK II rpynI1a IIC-
IIOJIHlITeJIeI1, HCCJIeLJ,OBaTeJIb PYKOBOAcTByeTcH CBOHMII 3a,rr,a l laMH"
IIPH 3TOM Y'IHTbIBaH MaCTepCTBO, Crrell.HlPlIKY HCnOJIHeHI1H, perrep-
Tyap, nOJIOB03paCTHble H )J.p. )J.aHHble. B HCCJIe)J.OBaHHHX B I,rr,eJ1HlOT
I1l'l'KOJIbKO THnOB HOCHTeJleH rreceH, CKa30K H npOII3Be)J.emIlJ, )J.pyrnx
IIGlHpOB cpOJIbKJIOpa (Harrp., LleTblpe B03paCTHbIe rpynrrbI IICrrOJIHH-
M
104
M
JlO)!{HMO nOHHTHe 11. cpo H 130 BTOpOM 3Ha L lemm era. TIo y6e)KLJ,eHHlO
jKe OI1ITOHeHTOB «HCTOpHqeCKOH mKOJlbI» H ee COBpeMeHHbIX nOCJIe-
llOBaTeJIell, 11. (p. npHJI02KHM K 3nocy TOJIhKO B nepBOM 3HaqeHl1H
TepMHHa.
TeJIeH YCTlIOrO HapOLJ,HOrO TBOp1.[eCTBa 13 COBpeMemroi:'r BJIa)J.HMHpCKOH
LJ,epeBHC - CM. Tpa)J.Hll.HOHHbIH 4JOJIbKJIOp B.'laLJ,HMHpCKOH )J.epeBHH.
M., 1972). DOLJ,p06Hble CBeAeHHH 06 11., KOTopble )J.OJI2KHbI cO)J.ep-
,2KaTbCH 13 nacnopTe (CM.) 3arrHcaHHoro npoH3BeAeHHH, HBJIHIOTCH
He06xo)J.I1MbIM MaTepHaJIOM LJ,JIH H3yqeHHH COCTOHHHH (POJIbKJIOpHOH
TpaLJ,HUHH 11 )J.p. np06JIeM.
J1HT.: EycRaeB CPo H. HCTOpUqeCKUe OqepKH PyccKOH HapoAHoii CJIOBeCHOCTU
H HCKYCCTBa. CTI6., 1861. T. 1; Oft :Jfce. HapoAIIa51 n033H5I. CI16., 1887; MUJ/Jwp
B. CPo OqepKH PYCCKOH HapoAIIoH CJIOBeCHOCTll. CTI6., 1897. T. 1; M.; J1., 1924.'
T. 3; CPpaHlw I. H. CTY.lI:il IIa.ll: YKpaiHcbKlllllll IIap0.ll:IIUMU nicIIHMU 113HTlll. 1901.
T. 75, KH. 1; T. 76, KH. 2; T. 78, KH. 4; BeceRoBcKUu A. H. C06p. COq. CTI6., 1913.
T. 1-2; CyMljOB M. CPo C.TJ06i.ll:CLKo-YKpalIIcbKi iCTOPUqHi rricHi. LIepKacbI, 1918;
JIponn B. H. PYCCKUH repOU1JeCKui'l 3noc. M., 1958. 2-e H3.l1:., UCHp.; OH :Jfce. I'!>OJILK-
JIOp H AeiiCTBHTeJIbHOcTb. 1976; EeJIapycKi 3rrac. 1959; KupiJan E. JI. YKpauHcKue
HapoAHbIc AYMbI. h1., 1962; Oft :Jfce. YKpaHIIcKuH HapoAllbIH 3noc. M., 1965; JIilIl-
ceq1wii M. M. B3aUMOCB5I3U PYCCKOro U YKpauHcKoro repOUqeCKoro 3noca. M.,
1963; Pbl6aTWB E. A. .llpeBIIHH PYCb: CKa3aHHH. EbIJIHHbI. J1cTOmJCu. M., 1963;
MeJlbHUK B. M. ICTOpH'I1Ia rrpaBj(llBicTL !jJOJIbKJIOPY XVI-XVII CT. J1LBiB, 1968;
JIyTUJWB E. H. MeTOAOJIOmH. 1976; JIuxu'teB jJ,. C. «EAlIHUqHLIH HCTopwlecKui'1
!jJaKT)} U xYAmKecTBeIIIIoe 0606meHue B PYCCKUX 6L]JIUHaX II CJIaBHHe II PYCL:
I\ 60-JleTuIO aKaAeMUKa E. A. PbI6aKoBa. M., 1968; AHUlWft B. JI. TeopH5I !jJOJILK-
JIopnoii TpaAu uH H ee 3IIaqeIIUe .lI:JIH HCTopUqeCKOrO HccJIeAOBaHUH 6b1JIHH. M.,
1980; As6eJlee C. H. Hc-roPU3M 6bIJIUn U cne u!jJHKa !jJOJIbKJIOpa. J1., 1982; 1'!>0JIbK-
JIOp: TIp06JIeMbI UCTOpu3Ma. M., 1988.
B. H. MOPOXHH
I1CTOPI13Jv1 <DOJIbKJ10PA p., nCTAPbI3Jv1 <DAJIbKJIOPY
6., ICTOPH3Jv1 <DOJIbKJIOPY y. TepMHH ynoTpe6JIHeTCH 13 rnHpo-
KOM H 13 Y3KOM 3Ha L leHI1HX. 1) I1cTopwlecKaH 06YCJIOBJIeHHOCTb Bcex
51 BJIeHIu'i, npHHa)J.JIe2KaIIJ.HX K 06JIaCTH (POJIbKJIOpa, HX cOLJ,ep2KaTeJIb-
HaH COOTHeceHHOCTb C llCTopHLlecKHMH 3noxaMH 06II.:(eHapo)J.Horo
.,6 bIT II 51, HaJIH'IHe 130 Bcex (POJIbKJIOpHbIX TeKCTax (c 60JIbrneH HJIH
MeHbHIeIl OTqeTJIHBOCTblO) npHMeT nOpOLLI1BmerO HX nepHOAa HCTO-
pfm Hapo)J.a. 2) OT06pa2KeHHe HCTopwlecKHx C06UTHH 13 l}>OJIbKJIOp-
HbIX npoH3Be)J.eHHHx, peaJIbHbIX HCTopWlecKHx )J.eHTeJIeH - 13 06pa-
3ax (POJIbKJIOpHbIX nepcoHa2Keii. Do)J. HCTopIFlecKHMH C06bITHHMM II
)J.eHTeJIHMH HMelOTCH npH 3TOM 13 BH)J.Y (paKTbI H mO)J.H, OCTaBI1BrnHe
)J.ocToBepHbIe CJIe)J.bI 13 nHCbMeHHblX HCTOpH'IeCKHX HCTOLIHHKax. TIo-
HHMarme HCTopH3Ma 3IIoca npHcYTcTByeT Y2Ke 13 TpYAax <D. 11. Eyc-
JIaeBa, KOTOpbIll nHca.'l (0 6bIJIHHax): «CoBpeMeHHIlKH BOCneBaJIH
rpoMKHe IIMeHa H BeJIHKHe C06bITHH CBoero BpeMeHH II nepe)J.aBaJIH
HX IOHOMY, Hap02KLJ,aBmeMycH nOKOJIeHHIO, KOTopoe, CBHTO coxpaHHH
3aBeII.:(3HHYlO aT OTUOB CTapI1HY, npHJIaraJIO K HeH 6bIJIIIHbI CBoero
BpeMeIIH»; A. H. BeCeJIOBCKHH YTO'lHHJI H 0606II.:(aJI: «... CJIaraeTCH
3nHQeCKaH neCHH a nOLJ,BHraX II repOHX, HO peaJIbHbIII (paKT nO)J.BHra
H 06mIK HCTOpII'IeCIWrO repOH YCBaIIBaeTCH neCHeH CKB03b npH3MY
Tex 06pa30B II cxeMaTWleCKHX nOJI02KeHIlll, 13 (pOpMaX KOTOpbIX npH-
BbIKJla TBOpHTb (paHTa3HH». Bo BTOpOM CBoeM 3Ha L leHHH TepMHH
IIMeeT pa3HOBHLJ,HOCTb: KOHKpeTHbTH IlCTOpII3M. 3TO npaBLJ,IIBaH (TOLI-
He<=: CKa3aTb, npaBLJ,onoLJ,06HaH) no npeHMYII.:(eCTBY HHcpopMall.II5I a
TOM, 'ITa 6bIJIO HJIH JliIOrJIO 6bITb 13 LJ,eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH - 6e3 Mmpo.'lO"
rWleCKOll cpaHTaCTHKH, rHrrep60JIH'IHOCTH orrHcaHHH H T. rr. KaK Be)J.Y-
llI,lIX KOMnOHCHTOB nOBeCTBOBaHH5! a peaJIbHbIX JIIIll.ax 11 C06bITHHX.
BTopoe 3Ha L leHHe TepMHHa HMeeT 13 BH)J.Y HapOLJ,HYIO HCTopWleCKYlO
naMHTb, OT06pa31IBIIIYIOCH 13 (POJIbKJIOpe C TOIl HJIH HHOH CTeneHblO
KOHKpeTHocTII - cooTBeTcTBeHHo 2KaHpOBOH II Bll)J.OBOH Cnell.mpHKe
Tex I1JIH HHbIX np0I13Be)J.eHIIII era. KDHKpeTHbIII llCTOp1l3M HaH60-
JIee xapaKTepeH LJ,JI51 IICTOpH'IeCKHX npe)J.aHIIIl H IICTopWleCKHX neceH.
B MeHbmeii cTyrreHII OH npIIcyII.:( )J.YMaM. EbIJIIIHbI nOLITH JIHmeHbI
KOIIKpeTHoro I1CTopH3Ma (OH 3LJ,eCb M02KeT rrpOHBJIHTbCH rJIaBHbIM
06pa30M Ha ypoBHe BTopOCTeneHHblx )J.eTaJIeH rrOBeCTBOBaHHH). Ok
HaKo, COrJIaCHO BbIBo)J.aM HCCJIeLJ,OB3TeJIeH «HCTOpHQeCKOH rnKOJIbI»,
6 bUIHHbI oT06pa3HJIU peaJIbHO 6bIBrnHe cpaKTbI H )J.eHTeJIhHOCTb llC-
TopWleCKHX mIll. H n03TOMY K nepCOHa}KaM H ClO2KeTaM 6bIJIHH npH-
C. H. A3EEJIEB
J.1CTOPI10fPA<DH5I <DOJIbKJIOPI1CTI1KH p., nCTAPbI5I-
fPA<DI5I <pAJIbKJIAPbICTbIKI 6., ICTOPIOfPA<pI5I <DOJIbK-
JIOPI1CTI1KI y. -- OTpaCJIb (POJlbKJIOpHCTHKII, KOTopaH II3YQaeT HC-
Topmo c06HpaHHH, rry6JIHKaIJ.HII II H3yqeHHH (PO.'lbKJIOpa 13 ueJIOM HJIH
era OT)J.eJIbHbIX 2KaHpOB H BllLJ,OB, CTaHOBJIeHUe H pa3BHTHe CaMOll:
HaYKH, B03HIIKHOBeHHe UlKOJI H HanpaBJIeHUH 13 HCCJIeLJ,OBaHHII (POJIbK-
,napa. B BOCTOQHOCJIaBHHCKoH (POJIbKJIOpIICTHKe XIX - Ha'l. XX B.
II3BeCTHbI HCTopHOrpa(pHqeCKHe TPY)J.bI A. H. DbII1HHa, H. <D. CYM-
ll.oBa, A. AH)J.pIIeBcKoro, M. JJ:paroMaHoBa, Jv1. fpymeBcKoro, JI. ,IVt
JI060)J.bI, C. B. CaBLleHKo, A. C. ApXaHreJIbCKOrO, Jv1. H. CnepaHcKo-
roo Pa3BHTHIO 11. cpo 13 nOCJIeLJ,YlOIIJ.He rOLJ,bI crroc06CTBOBaJIH pa60TbI
Jv1. K. A3a)J.oBcKoro, E. M. COKOJIOBa, 11. D. Eepe30BcKoro, B. E. fy-
ceBa, K. TI. Ka6aIlIHHKoBa, JI. 11. EMeJIbHHOBa, Jv1. 5I. MeJIbIJ., A. A.
DpaBLJ,lOKa, !vi. 5I. fpHH6JIaTa, A. 11. JJ:eH, 1\;1. 11. 3eMll.OBCKOro, A. C.
<De)J.ocHKa H )J.p.
CM. CPOilbl\JlOpUCTUKa 6e/wpyccKaJl, CPO.ilbKAOpucTUKa pyccKaJl,
CPO/lbK/WpucTUKa YlcpaU1-lCKaJl H JIHT.
JIHT.: [J.blnUH A. H. HCTOpHH PYCCKOH 3THorpa!j.JHu. CI16., 1890-1892. T. I-
I; flcu't H. B. I1CTOplIH CJIaBHHCKoH !jJIlJIOlIOI'llII. CTI6., 1910; l13aooBc1wU M. K.
HCTOplIH PyccKoil!jJoJIbKJIOPUCTUKU. M., 1958. T. 1; 1963. T. 2; CJIOB'jjHCKa !jJOJILK-
lIOpHcTuKa. I\uIB, 1988.
A. C. q)EjJ,OCHK
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rro KBaLJ,paTY HJIH 13 LJ,Ba pHLJ,a, 06MeH H nepexOAbI napTHepOB, per-
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K. HepeLJ,KO BXO)J.HT rrOJIbKa 13 3KCn03Hll.HH, KaKoii-HH6YLJ,b Tpa,rr,IIunOH-
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13 Ha3BaHIIHX KOTOpbIX qaCTO OTpa2KalOTCH oc06eHHOCTfI rrOCTpoeHHH
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HOBH)J.HOCTb KOHTp)J.aHca. B KpecTbHHcKOM 6bITY BOCTOqHbIX CJIaBHH
n05!BIWaCb C KOHll.a XIX B. KaK TpaHccpopMall.HH 6aJIbHbIX 06pa3ll.OB.
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MHO)!{eCTBO BapH3HToB H cpOpM - 13 xopeorpacpHH, BOKaJlbHOM H HH-
CTpYMeHTaJIbHOM cOnpOB02K)J.eHHH. Ha !:(epeBeHcKHx npa3)J.HHKax
rnHpoKo HCnOJIHHJIaCb AO 1950-60-x rOLJ,OB. B HaCTOHII.:(ee BpeM5!
n0 1 ITlI YWJIa H3 06HxoAa: HCnOJIHHeTCH npeHMYII.:(eCTBeHHo Ha KOH-
ll.epTHOH Cll.eHe caMO)J.eHTeJIbHbIMH H rrpOlpeCCHOHaJIbHbIMH CPOJIbK-
JIOpHbIMH aHCaM6JIHMH H KOJIJIeKTIIBaMH Hapo)J.HoH neCHH H nJI5!CKII.
BocnpHHHB aT ropOACKOH K. nOCTpoeHHe H PHCYHOK TaHll.a, OC-
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CTbHHCKaH K. npII06peJIa Crrell.HlpWleCKIIe (POPMbI 13 pa3HbIX eV 0JIbK -
JIOpHbIX TpaLJ,Hll.HHX. MeCTHble pa3JIWIHH 13 xopeOrpa(pHII CKa3bIBaIDT-
CH 13 oc06emIOCTHX paCnOJIOIKelUIH nap (13 ABe .'lIIHHH, KBaApaTOM, no
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JIeKCHKa LJ,BH2KeHHH. 4aCTO Ha6JIlOLJ,aeTCH BJIHHI-IHe TpaLJ,Hll.HOHHOH
xopeOrpa(pIUI - XOpOBOAOB H nJIHCOK. PaHlIHe H n03)J.HHe eVOpMbI MO-
rYT cOCYII.:(eCTBOBaTb 13 OLJ,HOH MeCTI-IOCTH.
Pa3BIiTHe K. BeJIO K YBeJIWleHHlO 'lHCJIa cpHryp. MY3bIKaJIbHOe
conpOB02KAeHIle MeHHJIOCb aT neceHI-roro (13 paHHHX K) K HHCTPy-
MeHTaJIbHOMY, HepeLJ,KO C qaCTYWKaMH. OCHOBa MY3bIKaJIbHOrO CO- ,
npOB02KAeHHH K. - MeCTHble nJIHCOBble neCHH H HaHrpbIIIIH; MOrJII-I
BKJIlOLlaTbC5! BapHaHTbI rnHpOKO pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIX neceH «CeHH»,
«Bo caAY JIH», «51 Ha ropKY IKJIa», «BbIi-iLJ,Y JIb 51 Ha peqeHbKY», «Ko-
p06yrnKa», «J1eTeJIII ,']:Be nTWIKH», HaHrpbIWI-I «KoMapHHcKoH», «Ea-
J1I1T.: 1l0pH A. rpaMMaTHKa TaII eBaJIbIIOrO I1CKYCCTBa II xopeorpa!jJHU.
OAecca, 1890; BCe60JlOOCKUii-repHcpocC B. KpeCTb5lHCKHH TaHe II I\peCrb51HCKOe
lICKYCCTBO B CCCP: I1CKYCCTBO CeBepa. J1., 1928. T. 2; HBaH06cKui1 fl. EaJIbHbIii
TaHe XVI-XIX BeKOB. J1.; M., 1948; BaCUJlbe6a-PwlCoecTBeHcKafi M. IIcTopm o-
OblTOBOH TaIle . M., 1963; BopoHuHa H. I1cTopmm-6blToBOii Talleu. M., 1980; AtjJa-
HaCbeBa A. a KaApUJIbHbIX neCIIHX PyccKoro CeBepa II MY3bIKaJIbIIOe I1CEYCCTBO
l\apeJIllH. n., 1983; CfypKo 10. M. EeJIOpyccKlIii xopeorpa!jJHqeCKIIH !jJOJILKJiOp. MH.,
1990.
A. E. .4cJ>AHACbEBA, /0. AI. CfYPKO
KA3KA 6., y. - CM. CKa3Ka.
KA3KA3HAYCTBA 6., KA3K03HABCTBO y. - CM. C1C03KO-
aeoeHue.
KAJII1KH (KAJIEKI1) DEPEXO)I\HE p., KAJIIKI DEP AXO-
)K,bI51, BAHLLPOYHbI51 6., KAJIII(I1 I1EPEXO)I(l y. - cTpaHHH-
KH, naJlOMHHKII no CBHTbIM (xpHcTHaHcKHM) MeCTaM II MOHacTblpHM,
C03LJ,aTeJIH H HCnOJIHHTeJIH LJ,YXOBHbIX CTIIXOB H .'1ereHLJ,. B JJ:peBHelI
PYCII KaJIHKaMH (Ha BpeMH HJIH nocToHHHO) CTaHOBHJIHCb JIIOLJ,II H3
I3cex COCJIOBHH. CaMbIii )J.aJIbHHii H rrOLleTIlblii nYTb K. -13 IIepyca-
./IHM, 3a HUM no 3Ha L leHl1l0 rnJIII rpeLleCKHe (BII3aHTIIHCKue) II PYC-
CKHe CBHTble MeCTa. K. XOLJ,HJIli nOOLJ,HHOqKe HJIII 06'beLJ,IIH5i,llHCb 13
apTemI (BaTarH). EbIJIHHbI 3H31OT K.-O)J.HHOqeK (<<I1JIbH II I'1LLOJIH-
lI e/» H Ka.'IHqbH BaTarH 130 rJIaBe C 3TaMaHOM (<<COpOK KaJIIIK»).
Ilo)J.06HbIe CBeAeHl15I eCTb II 13 )J.peBHepYCCKHX JIeTOnHCHX. B nOCJIeLJ,-
107
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KAPABAI1HHIl.A p., KAPABAl1.HIIl.A 6., KOPOBAI1HI1IJJI
y. - cBa)J.e6HbIII LIHH; yqaCTHHll.a 06pH)J.a rrpHrOTOBJIeHIU.I cBaLJ,e6HO-
foxJIe6a. KaK rrpaBHJIO, 6JIH3KaH pOACTBeHHHll.a IIJIH COCeLJ,Ka HeBec-
TbI (HJIH 2KeHHXa, eCJIli KapaBaH rreKJIH II Y Hero), HerrpeMeHl.IO 3a-
,MY2KHHH, HMeIOII.:(aH LJ,eTeH, 6JIarorrO.'lY L IHYlO ceMbIO, OTJIHLlalOII.:(aHCH
)J.OMOBHTOCTblO H orrpHTHOCTblO. MorJIa BbICTyrraTb 13 pOJIH CTapmeH
KapaBaHHHll.bI (rraLlbIHaJIbHiubI - 6eJI.), KOTopaH PYKOBO)J.IIJIa BceM
rrpOll.eCCOM rrpHrOTOBJIeHHH KapaBaH, rrpOH3HOCHJIa He06xo)J.HMble 13
06pH)J.e crreUHa.'lbHble (POPMYJIbI-rrpOCb6bI, rrepBOH HaLIHHaJIa Ka2K)J.UH
3Tarr 06pH)J.a (CbIIIaJIa MYKY, BJIHBaJIa BO)J.Y, MeCHJIa TeCTO H T. LJ,.).
CTaprnaH K HMeJIa 06bI'IHO xopornHH rOJIOC, 3HaJIa rreceHHbIli perrep-
Tyap 06pHLJ,a H HalIHHaJIa Ka2K)J.ylO HOBYlO rreCHlO, KOTopble 13 60JIbrnOM
KOJIHlfeCTBe IICrrOJIHHJIHCb 130 BpeMH II3rOTOBJIeHHH cBaLJ,e6HOrO xJIe6a.
,06pa3 K HarneJI rnHpOKoe OTpa2KeHHe 13 cBaLJ,e6HbIX BeJIWlaJIbHbIX H
KOpHJIbHbIX rreCHHX.
J1I1T.: BHCeJIJIe. TIecHi. 1981. T. 2; Kapc1wu E. CPo EeJIOpycbl. 1916; HUKOJlb-
C1Wli H. M. TIpoucxQ)K.lI:eIIHe H HCTOpH51 6eJIOpyccKOii cBa.ll:e6Hoi'1 06PHAHOCTH. MH.,
1956.
T. K. TflJIKOBA
Me)! )J.YHapO)J.HbIH xapaKTep, OLJ,HaKO HapHLJ,Y C HHM TaKoH rrpa3AHHK
113BeCTeH rroLJ, )lPyrHMH Ha3BaHHHMH: Y Bcex BOCTOLIHbIX CJlaBHH -
MaCJIeHHII.a; Pyc. MaCJIHHa; 6eJI. CbIpHill.a, cblpHa HH)J.3eJIH, 3arrycTbI;
YKp. MacHHl!.H, MaCJIHHa, MaCJIHHHll.H, KOJIOLJ,Ka; 60JIr. CHpHe rrOKJIa-
)J.H, opaTa, OpaLJ,He, CHpHIIUa; cep6. CHpHIIll.e; MaKe)J.. cHpHHll.a; XOpB.
rnasopust, pust; CJIOBeHCK. pust; rrOJIbCK. zapusty; lfernCK. H CJIOBall.K.
mesopU'st (KpOMe Taro, LleLUCK. fasank, CJIOBall.. fasiand); cep60-JIY-
lKHll.K. zapust, postnice. feHeTH'IeCKH cBH3aHHbIH C apxawlecKHM
arpapHo-MarwlecKHM 06PHLJ,OM, rrp0LJ,Yll.IIPYlOII.:(HM rrJIo)J.opo)J.He, K
OTLlaCTH HaCJIeLJ,OBaJI HeKoTopble TpaLJ,Hll.HH LJ,peBHepHMcKHX rrpa3)J.HH-
KOB (caTYPHaJIHH), HO (POpMHpOBaJICH Y HapO)J.OB EBporrbI II rrpH06-
pe.1 xapaKTepHble lfepTbI 13 rropy rr03)J.Hero Cpe)J.HeBeKoBbH. B ll.eJIOM,
HBJIHHCb CHMBOJIWleCKIIM OTpa2KeHHeM CMeHbI BpeMeH rO)J.a, K. rrpH-
o6peJI aM6HB3.1eHTHbIII CMbICJI (<<cMepTb, lfpeBaTaH 2KII3HblO» -
Nt EaxTHH). 3THM 06'bHCHHlOTCH pHLJ, 06bIlfaeB, cOrrpOB02K)J.alOIIJ.HX
I(., 06HJIbHaH pHTyaJIbHaH eLJ,a, 3HaKH rrJIO)J.opO)J.HH, 06JIHK rrepCOHa-
lKelI rrpa3)J.HHKa. Il.eHTpaJIbHbIH 06pa3 K - lfaII.:(e CHMBOJIWleCKaH
cpHrypa (qyqeJIo), pe)Ke - pH)!{eHbIH qeJIOBeK; 06pa3 HaLJ,eJIeH rpo-
TecKHoi'r xapaKTepHcTHKOH (TOJICTHK - 062Kopa C rHrrepTpocpHpoBaH-
HbIMH rrpH3HaKaMH MY2KCKOrO rrOJIa JIi160 CTapHK HJIH cTapyxa, OJIH-
ll.eTBopHlOII.:(He 3HMY). 3aMeTHYlO pOJIb 13 K HrpaJIII rnYTbI H pa3JIHlf-
HbIe TIIrrbI pH2KeHblx. B rrpa3LJ,HIIKe rrpe06JIa)J.aJIH 3pOTWIeCKaH II 4>ap-
COBaH CTHXHH. 3TOMY crroc06CTBOBaJIH 6y(pcpoHHble Cll.eHbI «po2K)J.e-
HHH» K, H36paHHH «KOpOJIH» K (paHee TaK2Ke - «KOpOJIH rnYToB»),
«cYLJ,a» Ha)J. K., era 06JII1 L IHTeJIbHble MOHOJIOrH, 06paII.:(eHHble K
«CYLJ,bHM», H «3aBeII.:(aHHH» K rry6JIHKe. KYJIbMHHall.HH rrpa3LJ,HHKa-
Cll.eHa rr06eLJ,bI I10cTa Ha)J. K rrpH Y'IaCTHH CMepTH II JJ:oKTopa, 3rrH-
30A rrpOBOLJ,OB (Ka3HH, C2KHraHHH, rrOTOrrJIeHHH) K HJIII rrapOLJ,HHHaH
ClJ,eHa «rroxopOH» K rro ll.epKOBHOMY 06PH)J.Y. K rrpa3)J.HHKY rrpHYpo-
qHBaJIHCb pa3JIHLIHble ApaMaTHLlecKHe rrpe)J.CTaBJIeHHH, He CBH3aHHble
Herrocpe)J.CTBer.IHO cera CMbICJIOM (Cll.eHbI cornrnedia dell' arte 13
vl'faJIHH, KYKOJIbHbIII TeaTp, 6aJIaraHbI 13 POCCHH H T. rr.). B COBpe-
MermOH JIIlTepaType Ha PYCCKOM, 6eJIOpyccKOM H YKpaHHcKoM H3bI-
Kax TepMHH K pacrrpoCTpaHHeTcH H Ha )J.pyrHe, He rrpHypOqeHHbIe K
MaCJIeHIIUe MaccoBble rrpa3LJ,HHKH, COrrpOB02K)J.alOII.:(HeCH MaCKapa-
)laM H meCTBHHMH pH2KeHbIX. B. EeJIbrIIH (r. EeHrn) (PYHKIJ,HOHHpyeT
Me)!(LJ,YHapO)J.HbIH MY3eH KapHaBaJIa H MaCKH, KYJIbTHBHPYlOII.:(HH
Tpa)J.Hll.HOHHbIH K
HIIe BeKa PYCCK0I1 HCTOpHH KaJIHLlbe 3BaHHe 3aKperrHJIOCb TOJIbKO 3a
HHII.:(HMH, y60rHMH, rrpeHMYII.:(eCTBeHIIO 6POAWIHMH CJIerrll.aMH, LJ,06bI-
BaIOII.:(HMH CpeLJ,CTBa K CYII.:(eCTBOBaHIUO neHHeM )J.YXOBHbIX CTHXOB.
OHH rreJIH CTIIXH 13 CeJIeHHHX rro).!. OKHaMH, Ha ll.epKOBHbIX rrarrepTHX
H 06bIlfHO YCTpeMJIHJIHCb TY)J.a, rLJ,e rrpOXO)J.HJIH MHOrOJIlO)J.Hble HpMap-
KH,B MOHaCTblpH 130 BpeMH xpaMOBbIX rrpa3)J.HHKOB.
J1ET.: CpesHe6cKuu N. N. PyccKHe KaJIHKU ApeBIIero BpeMeHU II 3an. UMn.
AI-I. CTI6., 1862. T. 1; KH. 2; BeCeJI06C1WU A. If. I\aJIHKH nepexoRme U 60roMllJIL-
CKHe cTpaIIHHKH II BecTII. EBpOITbI. 1872. .N' 4; JIpbl OB H. HumHe IIa CB5ITOH
Pycn: MaTepHaJIbI AJI5I HCTOpUH 06mecTBeHilOro II HapoAl-lOro 6LITa B POCCIIH. I\a-
3aHb, 1913.
ICP. M. CEJIHBAHOBI
KAP AfO)], 6.- CM. XOpOBOiJ.
KAPHABA.n: p., 6., y. (HT. carnavale, (Pp. carnaval, Hcrr. carna-
valito). TepMHH pOMaHOH3blqHOrO rrpOIICX02K)J.eHHH. 3THMOJIOrWleC-
KH, B03MOIKHO, CBH3aH C JIaT. carrus-navalis (Ko.'leCHHll.a-KOpa6JIb),
rrOCKOJIbKY 13 K. H 13 )J.peBHHx pHTyaJIaX, aHaJIOrWIHblX K., HCrrOJIb30-
BaJIaCb KYJIbTOBaH rroB03Ka-KOpa6JIb (cp. caHH-KOpa6JIb 13 PYCCKOH
MaCJIeHHue). Hapo)J.HaH 3THMOJIOrHH B03BO)J.HT Ha3BaHHe K. K JIaT.
caro, HT. carne (M5!CO); cp. MHcoeA - rrepHO)J. Me2K)J.Y rrOCTaMH, MH-
corrYCT - )J.eHb HJIH CpOK, KorAa 3arrpeIIJ.eHO yrroTpe6JIeHHe MHCHOH
rrHII.:(H; rrOCJIe)J.Hee Ha3BaHlie 3aKperrHJIOCb 3a HeLJ,eJIeH rrepeLJ, BeJIH-
,KHM rrOCTOM. K - MaCCOBbIH HapO)J.HbIH rrpa3AHHK, rrpHypOLleHHbIH
K 3TOI1 He)J.eJIe H rrOCBHII.:(eHHbIII rrpOBO)J.aM 3HMbI. TepMHH rrpH06peJI
JII1T.: lvIuJlJlep B. CPo PycCKaH MacJIeHI1 a H 3ana.ll:IIOeBpOnellCKHH KapIIaBaJI.
M., 1889; JIponn B. fl. PyccKue arpapHbIe npa3.l1:HUKH. J1., 1963; EaxTuH M. M.
I'!>pallcya Pa6JIc H HapOAlla51 KYJIbTypa Cpe.ll:HeBeKOBb51 H PeIIeccaHca. M., 1965;
JI6WIOB B. B. 113 3aMeTOK 0 cTpoeIIHH H IjJYHK UHX KapIIaBaJIbIIoro 06pa3a II
I1p06"eMb! n03THKU 11 UCTOpIIII JIHTepaTypbI. CapaHcK, 1973; JIuXa'teB fl.. c., JIaH-,
'teHKO A. M, {(C exoEoii MHp» .llpeBIIcH Pycu. J1., 1976; I\aJIeH.n.apHbIe 06bl'lau H
06P51iJ,bI B c-rpanax 3apy6eJ!CHoH EBponLl: I\oIIe XIX-HaqaJIo XX B. BeceHIIHe
npa3AIUIKH 1VI.., 1977; COi:OJlOea B. K. 1979; J],apKe6u't B. JI. HapO.ll:lla51 KYJIbTypa
CpeAHeBeKoBbH. M., 1988; Masopustni tradice. Brno, 1976.
B. E. rYCEB
110
K
K
111
KAPHABAJIbHOCTb p., KAPHABAJIbHACIl.b 6., KAPHA-
BAJIbHICTb y. - 1) cOBoKyrrHocTb npI13HaKOB, BocnpOH3BOLJ,HII.:(HX
aTMoccpepy KapHaBaJIa cera MaCCOBOCTblO, YJIWIHbIMH rneCTBHHMH,
MacKapaAoM, TaHIJ,aMH, TeaTpaJIH30BaHHbIMH HrpaMH, Bece.'lbIM BOJIb-
HbIM CMeXOM, oII.:(yII.:(eHfleM BCeHapOLJ,HOrO npa3)J.HHKa; 2) OTpa2KeHHe
oc060ro B}i)J.eHH5.1 MHpa:, npHcYII.:(ee HapOLJ,HOH ((POJIbKJIOpHOH H cpeLJ,-
HeBeKoBoH) nJIOII.:(aAHOH KYJIbType, 13 OCHOBe KOTOpOH JIe2KHT npe,D,-
CTaBJIeHHe a e)J.HHCTBe nOJI5.IpHbIX npOTHBonOCTaBJIeHIIH (p02K)J.e-
HHe - CMepTb, Bepx- HH3, XBaJIa - 6paHb, nJIaq - CMex H T. n.),
BocnpHlIHMaeMbIX CKB03b npH3MY MHpOC03epuaTeJIbHOrO, YHHBep-
CaJIbH rO CMexa. JJ:JIH KapHaBaJIbHOCTH xapaKTepHbI: CHCTeMa Tpa-
BeCTHH (nepeO)J.eBaHHH, MHCTmpHKall.HH) H HHBepCHH (rrepeCTaHOBKH
HepapXHqeCKHe, pOJIeBble; npOTHBOCT05II-me ocpHll.HaJIbHOMY rrOBeAe-
HHlO H 06pa3Y 2KH3IIH), HapymeHHe npOnOpll.HH, OTCYTCTBue qHCTOrO
OTpHll.aHHH, aM6HBaJIeHTHbII1 CMex (BeCeJIbIe n060H, pa3BeH L 13HHH,
CHH2KeHI15I), aJIOrH3MbI, HaJIWIHe 06pa30B 3eMHoro H TeJIeCHOrO HH-
3a, cpaMHJIbHpHOCTb.
CM. TaK2Ke KapHa8a.ll H JIHT.
I: (j)OJIbK.TIOpHbIX apXIlB3X, 06blqHO 13 BHAe KapTOTeK. JJ:JIH COCTaBJIe-
111111 K. npHMeHHlOTCH CTaH)J.apTHble KaTaJI02KHble KapTOLIKH. CYII.:(eCT-
nYIOT K, H3)J.aHHble 13 BH)J.e KHHr (HHor)J.a C KapTaMH, HJIJIlOCTpall.HH-
1\111 H np.), BKJIlOqalOII.:(He 13 ce6H BeCb Hall.IWHaJIbHbJH MaTepHaJI Taro
11./111 HHoro 2KaHpa.
I1pHHIUiIT COCTaBJIeHMH K )J.HKTyeTcH Cnell.mpHKOli MaTepHaJIa H
IIOCTaB.1eHHbIMH 3aAa L laMH. ):LJIH (POJIbKJIOpHbIX apXHBOB reHepaJIb-
III.IM CLlIITaeTCH K., rrOCTpoeHHbri-i no )KaHpOBOMY npHHUlmy. JJ:onOJI-
IIIITeJIbHO K HeMY COCTaBJIHlOTCH K. TeMaTWleCKHe, reOrpa(pHLleCKHe,
!'o6upaTeJleH, HCnOJIHHTeJIeii H )J.p. COBoKynHocTb pa3JIIILIHbIX K 06-
pa3yeT cHcTeMY, paCC'IHTaHHYIO Ha LJ,aqy MaKCHMaJlbHO rrOJIHbIX CBe-
1I.'-'HHii a IIMeIOUHIXCH 13 apxHBHbIX (l)oH)J.ax MaTepHa.'lax.
J1ET.: Nl.eTOJ\UqeCKa51 3anUCKa no apXUBIIOMY xpaIIeHHlO U CUCTeMa'rII3a UU
'IHI,lIbKJiOPHhlX MaTepUaJIOB. BUJIbIIIOC. 1964.
E. M. PAf1KOBA
E. M. PAl1KOBA
KATEfOPI151 HCI10JIHHTEJIEYI p., KAT3fOPbI51 BbIKA-
IIAYUAY 6., KATEfOPI51 BI1KOHABUIB y. - rpynna (POJIbK-
,II0pHbIX I.ICnOJIHHTeJIeii, BbI)J.eJIHeMaH Ha OCHOBe cOBoKynHocTH orrpe-
}ll'JleHHbIX 06II.:(HX rrpH3HaKOB. TepMHH OcpOpMliJ1CH 13 3rrOCOBeLJ,eHHH 13
CBH3!I C orrHcaHHeM crreUHcpUKH HCrrOJIHeHI15I H caMHX HCnOJIHIneJIeH
tll,IJIHH, CKa30K; rr03)i-\:e 6bIJI HCrrOJIb30BaH rrpH H3yqeHHH YKpaHHCKHX
) YM, rrpHLIHTalmlL B HaYLIHbIH 060POT BBeLJ,eH A. M. ACTaXOBOH 13
(iO-e rOLJ,bI XX B. HapHLJ,Y C K. 11. yrroTpe6JIHlOTCH 0603HaqeHHH «THrr
IICrrOJIHHTeJIeH (CKa3HTeJIeH, HH!j)OpMaTopOB) », «rpyrrna HCrrOJIHHTe-
.lIeIr (CKa3HTeJIeli) ».
B HCTOpHH BOCTOLIHOCJIaBHHCKOli (POJIbKJIOpHCTHKH HMeJIH MeCTO
TCU)J.eHll.HH pa3rpaHHLleHHH HCnOJIHHTeJIeH no COll.HaJIbHO-3KOHOMH-
'ieCKOMY rrpH3HaKY C jT'-IeTOM 3apa60TKa cpe)J.CTB K CYII.:(eCTBOBaHHlO
IICrrOJ1HHTeJIbCKHM HCKYCCTBOM (rrpmpeCCHOHaJIbI, HerrpmpeCCHOHa-
.llhl); no oc06eHIIOCTHM xapaKTepa JIWIHOCTH, BbI60pa MaTepHa.'la
11)151 HcrrOJ1HeHHH (<<3nHK», «6aJIaryp)), «aKTep», «)J.HAaKTHK», «Me-
MyapHCT» H T. rr.);' rro OTHomeHHlO K TeKCTY Hero BocrrpOH3Be)J.eHHlO
{<wcnOJIHHTeJIH-nepe)J.aTLIHKH», «nepeocpopMHTeJIH HJIH peAaKTopbI»,
TBUPll.bI-HMrrpOBH3aTOpbD) H ,D.p. CJI02KHOCTb BbI)J.eJIeHHH H xapaK-
l'l'IHlCTHKH K. H. CBH3aHa C YLleTOM pa3JIWIHOrO Ha60pa npH3HaKOB 13
l\;nKJI,OM KOHKpeTI-IOM CJIyqae. B03MOIKHa TepMHHOJIOrWleCKaH rrYTa-
1111II,a, KaK, Harrp., 13 CJIyqae C HCrrOJIHHTeJIHMH-npocpeCCHOHaJIaMH, BbI-
/ll'./iSleMbIMI1 C YLleTOM TO TBOpqeCKOrO rrOTeHll.HaJIa JIWIHOCTH, TO CO-
1IIIaJlbHOro cTaTyca HHlpopMaHTa.
1 Iau60JIee y)J.atIHLiM H JIOrWleCKH BbI)J.ep)KaHHbIM npe)J.cTaBJIHeTCH
,"ryucwI3Toe» pa3LJ,eJIeHfre K. H. (CM., Harrp., A. 11. HHKI-HpOpOB)
II P II 113!! aLraJIbHOM BbI)J.eJIeHIiIT «rrpmpeCCHOHaJIbHbIX TBOpll.OB», C(pop-
.'d IlpoBaBwHx CBOH 06UIHpHbIII penepTyap Ha OCHOBe cpOJIbKJIOpHOrO
'1"III)la, Ii «xpaHHTeJIeii (POJIbKJ10pHOII Tpa)J.Hll.HH» C HX rrOCJIe)J.YlOII.:(eH
A. CPo HEKPbIJIOBA
KAPTOTEKA p., y., KAPTAT3KA 6.- cOBoKyrrHocTb Y'IeTHbIX
KapTOqeK, 06'beLJ,HHeHHblx 06II.:(HM cOAep2KaHHeM II pacnOJI02KeHHbIX B
cHcTeMaTH3HpoBaHHoM nOpH,D.Ke. 06blqHO HBJIHeTCH LlaCTbIO 06II.:(ero
KaTaJIOra, a 13 He60JIbrnHX apxHBax 3aMeHHeT era. B (POJIbKJIOpHbIX
apxHBax cYII.:(eCTBYlOT KapToTeKH TeKCTOBbIX, (POTO-, cpOHO-, BH)J.eo-,
KHHO-, HOTHbIX H )J.p. MaTepHaJIOB. DpHHll.HrrbI CHCTeM3TII3all.IUI, KOMrr-
JIeKTOBaHHH, 06pa60TKH H HCnOJIb30BaHH5I rrpOH3BeLJ,eHHII (POJIbKJIOpa
Ka2K)J.oro Hapo)J.a pa3pa6aTbIBalOTcH I-Ia OCHOBe KOI-IKpeTHOro Hall.HO-
I-Ia.'lbHOrO MaTepHaJIa.
JJ:JIH K <pOJIbKJIOpHbIX npOH3Be)J.eHHit OnTHMaJIbHO nOMeII.:(eHIIe I-Ia
KaTaJI02KHYlO KapTOLIKY BMeCTe C nacnopTOM nOJIHOrO TeKCTa (nec-
HH, npOH3BeLJ,eHHH MaJIbIX )KaHpOB). IlpOH3BeLJ,eI-IIIH KPYIII-IbIX l}>OpM-
3nHqeCKHe, JIHp03rrWleCKHe, ApaMaTHLleCKHe aHHOTHpYIOTCH. B Kap-
TOTeKe OTpa2KaeTCH TaKoe HBJIeHHe, KaK KOHTaMHHall.HH: I-I3 KOHKpeT-
Hoe np H3BeAeHHe BMeCTe C OCHOBHOH SarrOJIHHIOTCH KapTO'IKH I-Ia
Ka)!{AbIII H3 KOHTaMHHHpOBaHHbIX ClO2KeTOB.
J1I1T.: MeTO,lJ.UqeCKaH 3anUCKa rro apxUBHoMY xpaHeHHlo U cUcTeMan13a uiI
!jJOJIbKJIOPUbIX MaTepUaJIOB. BUJIbHIOC, 1964.
KA TAJIOf p., 6., y. - cHcTeMaTH3upoBaHHbIH crrIICOK, nepeLleHb
(POJIbKJIOpHbIX MaTepHaJIOB, PYKonHceH, KHHr, (POHO-, (POTO-, KHHOLJ,O-
.KYMeHTOB 1I T. n., XpaHHII.:(HXCH 13 apXHBe. K ynpOII.:(aeT HaX02K)J.eHI.Ie
eLJ,HHHll. xpaHeHHH H npeACT3BJIHeT C060H cBoe06pa3HbIH cnpaBOLIHHK
112
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K
113
B. H. XAPHTOHOBA
\'nell.HaJIbI-IaH )J.JIH Ka2K)J.OII U3 I-Ia3BaHHbIX cpOpM). HaH60JIee aBTopH-
TCTI-Ia5! cpHJIOJIOrIfIleCKaH K. cpo B. 51. Dporrna 13 OCHOBY KJIaCcHcpHKa-
1I,1I0HHOrO )J.eJIeI-IHH KJIa)J.eT rr03THKY 13 COLleTar-Il-.!H co BTOpII'lHbIMH
KpluepHHMH - cpopMoil HCrrOJII-IeHHH H OTqaCTH OTHOrneHI-IeM Bep-
tJaJIbHOrO TeKCTa K My3bIKe. B. 51. Dporrrr YTBep}K)J.aJI, qTO «pO)J.OBble
1I0HHTHH 3rrHKH, JIIIpHKH H )J.pmilaTIIKu MorYT 6bITb npHMeI-IHMbI K 06-
,!IaCTH cpOJIbKJIOpa»; 13 O)J.HHX CJIytlaHx pO)J.bI rro)J.pa3)J.eJIHlOTCH aBTO-
paM Ha 2KaHpbI, 13 )J.PyrHx - Ha BH)J.bI, KOTopble COCTOHT H3 2KaHpOB.
06II.:(aH HCKYCCTBOBe)J.'IeCKaH K. cpo T3IOKe npII3HaeT 13 Ka'IeCTBe OC-
1I0BHoro IwaCCHcpIIKarU-IOHHoro npIIHll.Hrra LIJIeHeHHe cpOJIbKJIOpa Ha
pO)J.bI, HO He 13 JIHTepaTypOBe)J.tleCKOM, a 60JIee rnHp KOM, HCKOHHOM
::TIaLleHIUI rrOHHTH5I «pO)J.», BOCXO)J.HII.:(eM K aHTHLIHOH 3CTeTHKe, r)J.e
OlIO npHMeHHJIOCb K CJI02KHOMY «MYCIFleCKOMY HCKyCCTBY», T. e. pac-
IIpOCTpaHHJIOCb He TOJIbKO H3 CJIOBeCHble, HO H Ha MY3bIKaJIbHble (ne-
ceHHble), xopeorpacpli'leClme H HrpOBble cpOpMbI. HeKOTopble CPOJIbK-
JlOpHCTbI eIT.. M. EaJIarnOB) OTpUr.:(alOT rrpaBOMepHOCTb p acrrpoCT-
paHeHHH Ha cpOJIbKJIOp rrOHHTHH «)J.paMaTH'IeCIUIII pO)J.», CTaBH Ha era
MCCTO 06PH)J. KaK TpeTblO pO)J.OBYIO KaTeropHIO. JJ:eJIeHHe Ha pO)J.bI
HBJI5!eTCH 13 H3BeCTHOH Mepe OTHOCIITeJIbHbIM, rrpII 3TOM B03MO)!{HbI H
IqJOMe}KYTOLII-Ible, rrepeXO)J.Hble cpOpMbI, r)J.e HMeeT MeCTO Ta HJIH HHa5I
!;OM6IIHall.HH pO)J.OBbIX npH3HaKOB (JIIIp03rrHLleCKIle cpOpMbI, )J.paMa-
TII3IIpOBaHHble cpOpMbI 3rroca, JIIIpHQeClme cpOpMbI, conpOB01K)J.alO-
IIUJeCH HrpOBbIMH )J.eIICTBHHMU H )J.p.). 06bILIHO rrpHHHTO pO)J.bI H:no-
l'pC CTBeHlIO )J.eJIIITb Ha 2KaHpbI. O)J.HaIm 13 06II.:(eH HCKYCCTBOBe)J. Iec-
Iwii K. cp., nOCKOJIbKY aHa HMeeT )J.eJIO C nOJIH3JIeMeHTHbIMH cpopMa-
1\1111, BTOpbIM )J.CJIeHIIeM r.:(eJIeC006p33HO BBeCTII pa3pH)J.bI rro xapaKTe-
py KOM6Imall.HH CTPYKTypHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB cpOJIbKJIOpa: CJIOBO - MJI-
I\I1I1Ka - 2KeCT; CJIOBO - My3bIKa; MY3bIKa - TaHer.:(; CJIOBO - MY3bI-
1\<1 _ TaHell.; ClIOBO - MY3bIKa - TaHer.:( - )J.eHCTBHe. B TaKOM
(',lJyqae rrepBbIII pa3pH)J. 06'be)J.IIHHeT rrp03aII'leCKHe )!{3HpbI,
II",;>POH - neceHHble, TpeTII I - MY3bIKaJIbHO-XOpeorpacpu.;reCKIIe,
'1I'TDepTbIll- rreceHHo-xopeorpacpHqeCKHe 2KaHpbI, rrHTbIH - 06-
p:T}l\>BbIe )J.eHCTBa, HrpLI, cpOJIbKJIOpHbIH TeaTp. )I(aHpbI )J.e-
,1IHTCH Ha BH)J.bI (rroCKOJIbKY CJ10BO «2KaHp», B3HToe H3 cppaHll.Y3cKoro
:.I::,\.IKa, 03HatiaeT He BH)J.OBYIO, a 60JIee rnHpOlqlO KaTeropHIO). B He-
hOTOpLJX pa60Tax BH)J.bI rrO)J.pa3)J.eJIHIOTCH I-Ia eII.:(e 60JIee )J.p06Hble
Q(Jpa30B3HHH - pa3HOBH)J.I-IOCTH (no 3THorpacpWleCKHM, COll.IIaJIbHO-
I \' V IIIlOBbIM, rrOJIOB03paCTHbIM KpluepHHM JIH60 rro p a3JIII'lHbIM MOp-
,1"UWfWleCKHM rrpU3I-IaKaM). 06II.:(a5I HCKYCCTBOBeNleCKaH K. cpo
lI:qJhllpyeTcH npl1MeHIITeJIbHO K pa3JIII'lHbIM Har.:(HOHaJIbHbIM Tpa)J.lI-
11,11\11\11, ()1'pa)!\:aH cner.:(ncpHKY CTPYKTypbI \jJOJIbKJIOpa Ka2K)J.oro lrap01J. a ,
PI':l.1lhlIUC COOTHomeHHe pO)J.OB, }KaHpOB II BH)J.OB, IHTbIBaH KOI-IKpeT-
111,(1' (\H),JIbKJIOpHble cpOpMbI H HX HOMeHKJIaTYPY.
CI\I1. TaK2Ke Poa YCTflOfW3Tu t ieCK020 TBop'-leCTea, )!(at-lp tP°.ll bK -
IlIf1f/lrtt'i. Bua tPO.llbK.IlOpa, lleCt-lfl, llpo3a YCTt-lafl, /l.paJiw YCTt-lafl,.
{('lITf! tjJU.IlbK.Il0PHbi(.i, 3noc.
rp rrmlpOBKOH, LITO corrpHraeTCH C H3yqeHHeM ll.eJIOCTI-IOII cpOJIbKJIOp-
Hon Tpa)J.Hr.:(IlII H cnoc060B XpaI-IeI-IHH, nepe1J.a L IH, HCnOJIHeHHH (BOC-
rrpOH3Be)J.eHHH) TeKCTOB pa3JIIILII-IbIX 2KaHpOB 13 Hell. '
CM. TaK2Ke CfW3U1'e.llb, CKa30'-lt-lUK H JIHT.
JlIIT.: rUJ7bcjJepiJuHc A. qJ. OJIOHe Ka5! ry6epHH5! H ee HapO.ll:Hble panCO.ll:bI II
OIIelKCKHe 6b1JIHHbl, co6paHHble A. I'!>. [HJIb!jJep.ll:HHroM. CI16., 1873; 3eJ7eHuH 11.. 1(.
Koe-'lTo 0 CKa30'lHHKax H CKa3Kax EKaTepHH6yprcKoro ye3.l1:a I1epMcKoH ry6ep-
HH II 3eJ7eHuH JI.. 1 . BeJIu opyccKHe CKa3KH I1epMcKoH ry6epH!1H. flr., 1914;
I(BITKa 1(11. f!P?<peCl\?HaJIbHl I apO.ll:Hi cniB i MY3bIKaHTH Ha YKpalHi II I1porpaM-
Ma .lI:JI5! .lI:OCJI1.l1:1 IX .lI:151JIbHOCTl II n06YTY. KHlB, 1924; KapHayx06a H. B. CKa3Ku
II CKa30qHUKH 13 3aoHelKbe II KpeCTb5lHCKOe UCKYCCTBO CeBepa. J1., 1927. T. 1;
HUKUcjJOpOB A. H. K Bonpocy 0 3a.ll:aqaX H MeTO.ll:aX HayqI-lOro co6HpaI-IH5! npoH3-
Be,a,eHHI1: YCTlIOli HapoAHoH CJIOBeCHOCTH II l-i3B. I1pro. J1., 1928. T. 60, BblII. 1-2;
AC1'axoea A. !vI. EbIJIUHbI: I1TOrH H np06JIeMbI H3yqeHH5I. M.; J1., 1966; JIaepoB
qJ. I. K063api j HapHCH 3 iCTopil Iw63apcTBa YKpalHi. KUlB, 1980; CfucT06' /(. B.
PyccKHe CKa3HTeJIH KapeJIuu: OqepKH H BocnOMHHaHH5I. I1cTp03aBO.ll:CK, 1980; ra-
l{aI( B. !vI. YCTIJa5! 3nHqeCKa5! TpaAH H5! BO BpeMeHH. M., 1989.
KJ1ACCH<DHKALUUI <D0J1bKJ10PA p., KJ1ACI<DIKADbI5I
<DAJ1bKJ10PY 6., K.ilACI1<DIKADI51 <D0J1bKJ10PY y. B pa3JIHLI-
HbIX rnKOJIaX H HanpaBJIeHHHX cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKH npHHHTbI pa3HbIe
THnLI K. cp., OCHOBbIBalOII.:(HeCH Ha KOI-Ill.erITyaJIbHbIX rrpe)J.CTaBJIeHHHX
06 06'beMe nOI-IHTHH «tP0JIbKJIOp». DpH MaI{CHMaJIbHO pacrnHpHTeJIb-
HaM nOHHMaHHH cpOJIbKJIOpa KaK MaTepnaJIbHOII H )J.YXOBHOII Tpa)J.H-
ll.HOHI-IOll KYJIbTypbI HapO)J.a K. cpo OXBaTbIBaeT Bce ee BH)J.bI H cpOpMbI
(KJIaCCHcpHKall.IIH IlI.-C. BeH, n. CeHTIma, A. T3lIJIopa, P.-VI. CaH-
'Ieca, E. XaKOBeJIbH, 3. KapHeiipo, M.- K. )J.e MapTIIHeCa, K Mo-
rnHHbCKoro, cD. KOlleccbI, E. rocpMaH-KpaHepa H )J.p.). B pacrrpocT-
paHeHHoH 13 cOBpeMeHHoII HaYKe KOHll.errr.:(HI-I, 06'be)J.I-H-IHlOII.:(eII rrOHH-
THeM «cpOJIbKJIOp» HapO)J.HYID )J.YXOBHYlO KYJIbTYPY, K cpo BKJIlOqaeT
cOBoKyrrHocTb Bcex ee BH)J.OB. TaK, Ha COBeII.:(aHHH rrpaBI-ITeJIbCTBeH-
HbIX SKcrrepTOB no COXpaHeHI-110 cpOJIbKJIOpa rrpH IDHECKO (Da-
pH21\:, 1 MapTa 1985 r.) era CTpYKTypa 0603Ha'leHa KaK «H3bIK, YCTHaH
JII.ITepaTYP a, MY3bIKa, TaHr.:(bI, HrpbI, MHcpOJIOrIm, 06PH)J.bI, 06bltlaH,
peMeCJIa, apxHTeKTypa H APynle BII1J.bI xY)J.02KeCTBeHHoro TBOp'IeCT-
Ba». B 3CTeTHKe H HCKYCcTB03HaHIIH rrpe)J..'102KeHO paccMaTpHBaTb
OJIbKJIOp KaK cHcTeMY Hapo)J.HoH xY)J.O)!{eCTBeHHoH KYJIbTypbI H
qJIeHHTb ee Ha )J.Be rrO)J.CHCTeMbI: «Mycl1qeCKHII tPO./IbKJIOp» II «rrJIac-
TWlecIUIH cpOJIbKJIOp» (M. C. KaraH, ,1>1. E. <Da)J.eeBa) IIJIII «CJIOBeCHO-
MY3bIKaJIbHbJIi cpOJIbKJIOp» II «H306pa3HTeJIbHbIII cpOJIbKJIOp» (TPY)J.bI
IICKyccTBoBe)J.oB). B cpOJIbKJIOpHCTII'leCKOIi JII.UepaType Ha PYCCKOM,
6eJIOpyccKOM H YKpaHHcKoM H3bIKax rrpHMeHHIOTcH )J.Ba nrrra K cp.-
cpHJIOJIOrIIQeCKaH (IICXO)J.HlilaH 113 rrpe1J.CTaBJIeHHH a cpOJIbKJIOpe KaK
06 HCKyccTBe CJIOBa) H IlCKyccTBoBe)J.qeCKaH (JII.I60 06II.:(aH -06'be-
)J.H!-IHIOJn:aH CJIOBeCHble, My3LIKaJIbHLle, rreceHHble, xopeorpacpH'IeCIUIe,
HrpoBble, )J.paMaTI1qeCKIle H TeaTpaJIbHble cpOpMbI cpOJIbKJIOpa, JII.I60
114
K
115
K
T J1I1T.: C01W/lOB 10. M. Oqepe.IiHbIe 3a.ll:aqIl I13yqeH!:1H PYCCKoro !jJOJIbKJIOpa II
XY.lI:o:iKeCTBenHbIH (PO,JJbKJIOp. I. M., 1926; KO/lecca <P. 1938; ,MeJ7eTUHC1Wii E. M.
o He.3H,ce I 7nynix .lI:II(p!jJepeII I1a III1 3II1IqeCKUX )KaHpOB II PI'!>. M.; J1., 1960.
:. 0, K.o."nww{Ja c fl.. JI. OnbIT K.JJaCcII!jJHKa I1U Tpa.IiIIIJ;I10HHOH KpecTbHHCKOi! JIUPIl-
KU II CE>. 1964. 2' 4, JIponn B. H. npIlH unbI KJIaCcII!jJIIIw UII !jJOJIbKJIOpHbIX >I<an-
pOB II Tal\! :a,e; PH e. )KaHpoBblH COCTaB PYCCKoro !jJOJIbIWOpa II Pyc. JIIIT. 1964.
N2 ; UCTOB K. B. K Bonpocy 0 npuH unax KJIaCcII!jJIIKa III1 :iKaHpOB YCTI-roi! Ha-
pO.JJJOH np03bl. M., 1964; AHUKUH B. JI. B03HHKHoBeHue )KaHpOB B !jJO,JJbK.JJope II
PI'!>., '\1.,; , ., 1966. T. 10; ryceB B. .E. .? TeTIIIw !jJOJIbK,JJOpa. J1., 1967; rpUlla
C. if., Jl.eu O. J. npIII-I l!.nu KJIaCII!jJ1Ka ll 1 HaYKOBoro BII.lI:aHH5i YKpalHcbKol CJIO-
BeC -IO- Y3I1'mOi napO.ll:HOl TBOP'WCTi Ha cyqaCHoMY eTani. KUlB, 1968; TpYAbl VII
Me 2K .lI:YHapo,;J,Horo Konrpecca aHTpOnOJIOrnqeCKUX II 3THorpa!jJUqeCKIIX I-layK. M.,
1969. T. 6 (pa3.l1:eJI CIIMn03I1YM 12. I\JIaCcII!jJIIKa I1H YCTHono3TH'IecKIIx R<aHpOB)'
Ea!aluoe l}.. 11/1. a pO.ll:OBOH I1 BU.lI:OBOH CUCTeMaTII3a III1 !jJOJIbKJIOpa II PI'!>. M.; J1.:
19/7. T. 1/; <PaiJeeBa H. E. CTpYKTypa !jJOJIbKJIOpa: K Bonpocy 0 CB5I3HX .lI:BYX
c!jJe Hapo.ll:Horo TBOp'I CTBa II AKTyaJlbHble np06JIeMhl COBpeMCIIHOH !jJOJILK.JJOpIl-
CTIIhIl.JI:, 1980; <PJliJoCI/( A. C. flpbIH bmbl. KJIaci!jJiKa bIi i BbIAaHH5I !jJaJIbKJIOpI-IbiX
TBopay _ y lliMaTTOMHbIM 3BO.ll:3e 6eJIapycKaI! HapoAHaH TBOpqaclli. MH., 1983; Ka-
6azUHUKOB I(. JI. I1pUH I1!Ibl I13.l1:aHUH HapO.ll:HbIX neceH B CBO.ll:e 6eJIOpycciwro
<jJOJILK.JJopa II HapO.ll:HOe neceHHoe HaCJIe.ll:Ue II cOBpeMeHHocTb. PIIra, 1984. 4. 2.
B. E. rYCEB
I.JlllIIIlbIX 6aCOBbIX CTPYH (6YHTOB), rrpH2KHMaeMbIX rrpH Hrpe rraJIb-
II,:IIVIII JIeBOH pyrUI K rpHCPY, a TaK2Ke 6 KOpOTKHX, pa3MeII.:(eHHbIX Ha)J.
I \I'pxHelI )J.eKoH (rrpHCTPYHKOB), HCrrOJIb3yeMblx HCKJIlOtlIUeJIbHO )J.JIH
1Il'1I0JIHeHHH MeJIO)J.IUr.
JIET.: XOTKeeU'1 r. MY3I1qHi iHcTpYMeHTH YKpalHcbKoro HapO.ll:Y. KIIlB, 1930;
'//I/('('HIW M. B. Xapa!nepIlCTuKa MY311qHUX OC06JIIIBOCTeH YKpalHcbKIIX -,\)'M i ni-
""lIb y BliKoHaHHi Ko63ap51 BepecaH. KIIlB, 1978; KupiJaH E., OJ.le/lbtLeHKO A. Ha-
I'"/(lii cniB i-MY3I1KaHTH Ha YKpalHi. KIIlB, 1980; JIaBpoB <P. I\o63api. KlllB, 1980.
M. H. XAFl
KJU1IllE p., KJ1IIll3 6., KJ1IIllE y. - 1) OAHO H3 TepMHH0J10-
TI-I'IeCKHX 0603Ha L leHHII YCTOIILIHBoro CJIOBeCHOro KOMrrJIeKca. 11crrOJIb-
3yeTcH CHHOHHMHLIHO rrOHHTHHM «CTHJIHCTHLlecKHH cTepeoTHrr», «06-
II.:(ee MeCTO», «Tpa)J.IHJ;HoHHaH cpopMYJIa» (6oJIee Y3Koe 3Ha L leHI-Ie).
.KJInrnHpOBaHHocTb, HJ1H CTepeOTImHH CTHJ1H, OTJIHLlaeT 3rroc, CKa3-
KY, 06PH)J.OBYIO rr033HIO, Hapo)J.HYIO JIHpIIKY, T. Ha3. «MaJILle» MaHpbI.
CTI-IJIIICTIIIleCKOe K. xapaKTepH3yeTcH CTpYKTypHO-CMbICJIOBLIM e)J.I-IH-
CTBOM H cTa6uJIbHOCTblO, 3Ha L IIITeJIbHOH CJ10BeCHOii YCTOIlqHBOCTblO,
BapHaTHBHocTblO KaK crroc06mi! cYII.:(eCTBOBaHHH. BbIrrOJII-I5IeT CPYHK-
ll.HH cTa6HJIH3aUHH H cpe)J.cTBa BocnpoH3Be)J.eHHH cpOJIbKJIOpHOrO
TeKCTa.
2) 06II.:(aH TeopHH K. HaXOAHT era Ha ypoBHe ll.eJIbHLIX CJIOBeC-
HbIX npoH3Be)J.eI-IHII pa3JII-ILIHLIX cpOJIbKJIOpHbIX }KaHpOB (rrOCJIOBHU H
noroBopoK, 6acHH, cKa3KH) IJ YCTaHaBJII-IBaeT YHIIBepCaJIbHLIe 3aKO-
HOMepHOCTI-I CPYHKUHoHHpoBaHHH cooTBeTcTBYIOII.:(HX TeKCTOB.
JII1T.: JIep, tJl1We r. JI. aT norOBopKII .lI:O CKa3Kn: 3aMeTKII rro 06HJ;eH Teopiin
IWIIllie. M., 1970.
«K03A» p., y., «KA3A» 6. - 1) DorrYJIHpHLIH aJIJIerOpnqeCKnH
IICpCOHaLK 13 Hapo)J.HbIX CKa3Kax, 06pH)J.oBo-HrpoBblx rreCHHX, )J.eMOHO-
.IIIn'WleCKHX paccKa3ax, JIereH)J.ax H )J.Pyn-IX 2KaHpaX YCTHorr03TH'IeC-
I,Oro TBOpqeCTBa. 2) 300MopcpHaH MacKa-rrepCOHaM 13 COCTaBe HC'
1I0.IIHIUeJIeH Tpa)J.lmHOHHbIX 06PH)J.OB KaJIeH)J.apHoro II ceMelmoro
II,IIKJIOB. MacKa K, H3BeCTHa MHorHM CJIaBHHCKHM II HeCJIaBHHCIUIM
lI:qJO)J.aM. Ee rrpOHCX02KlI.eHIle CBH3aHO C TOTeMH3MOM, 300JIaTpHelI H
:ll'papHO-MarHqeCKHMH KYJIbTaMH. B cpOJIbKJIOpe BOCTOLIHbIX CJIaBHH
"OXjWHHJIHCb OTrOJIOCKH rrpe)J.cTaBJIeHIIH )J.peBHHx HH)J.oeBponelIUeB
I) K03e (K03JIe) KaK XTOHHLleCKOM, CaKpaJIbHOM, }KepTBeHHoM LI{I1BOT-
I(()M, 06pa3 KOToporo aCCOUJII.IpOBaJICH C 2KH3HeHHbIMH CHJIaMII rrpn-
pOJ [,L Ha 3TOII MbICJIHTeJ1bHOH OCHOBe 6a3HpyeTcH MHcpOJIOrHLleCKaH
'I'paKTOBKa K. - CHMBOJIa IJ CTIIMYJIHTOpa rrJIO)J.opO)J.H5I.
PH2KeHbe K. BeCbMa xapaKTepHO )J.JIH YKpaI-IHueB H 6eJIOpYCOB, B
1VJ('llbrneH CTerreHH - )J.JIH PYCCKIIX (coxpaHlIJIOCb 13 3arra)J.HbIX, ll.eHT-
P:lJlbHbIX H I02KHbIX pen-IOHax). 4aII.:(e Bcero MaCKa K. - Ba2KHbIH
),/lCMeHT p02K)J.eCTBeHCKO-HOBOrOJl.HHX CBHTOK, pluyaJIbHLIX 06XO)J.OB
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p:ll'lTJIeHHH BOCTOqHbIX CJIaBHH K. BO)J.HJIH 13 HaqaJIe BeCHbI, Ha Mac-
,II\'IIIIUY. Ha YKpaI-IHe MaCKa K. cpHrYPHpOBaJIa TaK2Ke 13 cBa)J.e6HOM
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.Inl./I If OJIHrnKH IIJIH rryroBHUbI. 113 )J.epeBa, JI03bI HJIH }KrYTOB cKPyLleH-
lIoii ('OJlOMbI )J.eJIaJIH para. Bo MHorHX CJIY'IaHX MaCKa K. HMeJla )J.BH-
thYII YIOCH HIDKHIDIO qeJIIOCTb C 60pO)J.lmlI - JIHrry (6eJI.) KOHCTPYK-
IIIlIIIYJO OCHOBY y6paHcTBa K. Hepe)J.KO COCTaBJIHJIH: yrrpHMHaH )J.yra,
"")',SYOhle BHJILI, CHTO, BeHIIK, Torrop II )J.Pynle 6bITOBble rrpe)J.MeTbI.
Y ri{',1I0PYCOB H3BeCTHbI K. 13 BH)J.e 60J1brnoli KYKJIbI Ha naJIKe.
Yhp;JIIIIlJ;bI EYKOBHHbI MaKeT ro.fjoBbI K. HOCHJIH Ha rneCTe ()J.JIIIHOH
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ffbIX CJIaBHH, HO oc06eHHo HpKO H MaCCOBO rrpe)J.cTaBJIeH 13 cpOJIbKJIOp-
HOH Tpa)J.HI.:(HH YKpar-UII.:(eB H 6eJIOpycoB. JJ:oCTaTOLII-IO MOHOJIHTHbIH
apeaJI 6bITOBaHHH 06pH1J.a K em.e cpaBHHTCJ1bHO He)J.aBHO (KoHell.
XIX - Haq. XX B.) COCTaBJ1HJIa 30Ha DOJIeCbH.
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CBH3aHHbIM H CHHXpOHl-I3HpOBaHHbIM 130 BpeMeHl-I rrJIHCOM-rraHTOMH-
Mall. BOCTO'IHOCJIaBHHCIuIH 06pH1J. K. H3Ha L laJIbHO HMeJI TpeXqJIeH-
HYlO CTPYKTYPY HcrrOJIHI-neJIeH (}KepTBeHHoe 2KHBOTHOe - KopHcpeH
( «JJ:e)J.») - Xop) .
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CKaH LIaCTb MOJI01J.e2KH - rro)J.pocTKH H He2KeHaTble rrapHH, opraHII-
30BaHHble 13 KOJIH)J.I-Ible rpyrrnLI (<<rYPTbI», «BaTarH», «rrapTI-IH») no
,TeppHTOpHaJIbHoMY npHHI.:(Hny. DeHTpaJIbHbIM MOMeHTOM 06PH)J.OBO-
fa 1J.cikTBa 6bIJI TaHell. K., ee «YMHpaHl-Ie» H «BOCKperneHIIe», CHMBO-
JIH3HpOBaBrnIIe I.:(HKJIHqeCIUIII KpyroBopoT BpeMeHII, rrpHXO)J. HOBoro
rO)J.a H B03pmK).!,eHIle rrpHpO)J.LI. ArpapHO-MarWleCKaH HarrpaBJIeH-
,HOCTb 06XO)J.OB C K HpKO paCKpbIBaeTCH 13 TeKCTe rreCHII, r)J.e 13 rH-
rrep60JIII3HpOBaHHbIX 06pa3ax pHcyeTcH KapTI1Ha 6Y)J.YII.:(ero II.:(e)J.poro
ypmKaH.
C pa3JI02KeHIIeM pr-nyaJIa HeCJI02KHbIII CIO}KeT aKI.:(HOHaJIbHOrO
)J.eHCTBa K. Bce 60JIbIlle OTXO)J.HJI aT CBoero rreceHHoro aHaJIOra,
paCrnHpHJICH Kpyr Tpa)J.HIJ;HOHHbIX rrepCOHa)!{eII-MaCOK. Cpe)J.H Hl-IX,
nOMHMO JJ:e)J.a, rrOHBJIHlOTCH Ea6a, DbIraH, EBpeH, TypOK, J1eKapb,
Ka3aK, TIOJIIII.:(eHCImH, fOHqap, IDpHCT H )J.p. JJ:ecaKpaJIII3aI.:(HH H
npeBpamgHHe 06pH.n;a 13 6bITOBYlO HapO)J.HYlO HHTepMe)J.HlO crroc06CT-
BOBaJIH ero KOHTaMHHaIJ;HH C 1J.PYOIMH cpopMaMH TeaTpaJIbHO-3pe-
JIHIl\HOH KYJ1bTYPbI. OT)J.eJIbHble CI.:(eHIUI C K BOrnJIH 13 COCTaB Hrpo-
BbIX rrpe)J.CTaBJIeHIrii CKOMOpOXOB, a TaK2Ke 13 perrepTyap 6eJIOpYCCKOII
6aTJIeHKH H YKpaI1HCKOrO BepTena.
II. :OlLl.peHHOro, 6pOCKoro; Tor)J.a TeprvrHHbI K. H «)J.BH2KeHIIe» CHHOHH-
l\'lll'IIIbI.
CM. C/JU2ypa TaflUp H JIHT.
A. A. COKOJIOB-KAMHliCKHli
KOJ1JlEKTllBHOCTb p., K.AJlEKTbIYHACDb 6., KOJ1J1EK-
n IBHICTb y. - cYIl\ecTBeHHaH oco6eHHocT!" cpOJIbKJ10pHOro rr o-
1 I'Lca COCTOHlUaH 13 COTBoptlecTBe rrOKOJIeHi-IH npH C031J.aHHH rrpoII3-
1II')J.eH'HH Ha OCHOBe Tpa)J.I-IIUIH. DOHIIMaHHe KOJIJIeKTHBHoro xapaK-
Tl'pa cpOJIbKJIOpa CKJIa)J.bIBaJIOCb rrOCTerreHHO, HO YlI\:e 13 XIX B. aHa
IIOJIYLIHJIO 060CHOBaHHe 13 TPY1J.aX A. A. AcpaHaCbeBa, O. <D. MHJIJIe-
pa H )J.p. HCCJIe)J.OBaTeJIeH. EYCJIaeB HeO)J.HOKpaTHO rrHCaJI a Hapo)J.-
lIoii rr033HH, HapO).!,HbIX BepOBaHHHX, MHcpOJIOrHtI CKHX, HaqaJIaX
(\lpe1J.CTaBJIeHl-I5IX), )J.BoeBepI-IH KaK HBJIeHHHX, CBOHCTBax 06II.:(eHa-
p 0 1J. HOro rropH)J.Ka, rrpHCY lIX BceMY Hapo)J.Y. 3 KJIIOLlaH 0630p 3rrH
'ICCKI1X <}JOpM MaJIOpyccKOH rr033HH, OH OTMetIaJI. «Bce 03HaqeHHLle II
pa306paHHbIe HaMH Bblpa2KeHl-I5I ... rrpIlI-Ia)J.JIe}KaT BceMY H ?O)J.y, a
IICKJIIO'IHTeJIb50 TOMY HJIH )J.pyrOMY nCBI.:(y; 13 HHX Bblpai:h.aeTCH a
lI ee Hap 0 1J. HOe B033peHHe Ha MHp H qeJIOBeKa, a He JIH'lHble MbICJIH
()} I-I ro COqHHIITeJIH; OHH COCTaBJIHlOT CJIor I.:(eJIoro HapO)J.a, a He H3-
I\l'CTHoro JIHll.a» (C. 113).
, 3TH rrOJImKeHH5! rrOJIyqIIJIII )J.aJIbHeHrnee pa3BHTI-Ie 13 TpY)J.ax
tl)OJIbKJIOPHCTOB XX B. 13 TOM, LITO KacaeTCH COOTHorneHHH !WJ1JIeKTHB-
\Iura H HH)J.UBH)J.yaJIbHOrO, CYIl\HOCTH nOHHTHH K. II rrYTen ce peaJIH-
:WIJ;HH 13 TBopLleCKOM rrpOI.:(ecce. <DOJIbKJIOpHOe rrpOII3Be)J.eHHe pa -
CMaTpHBaeTCH KaK CHHTe3 KOJIJIeKTHBHoro H HH)J.HBH)J.yaJIbHOrO H -
'IaJI, OCHOBaHHbIII Ha YCTOIILIHBbIX Tpa)J.HuI.:(HHX. K. He HCKJIlOtraeT JIHq-
\Iura BKJIa)J.a 13 C03)J.aHHe rrpOH3Be)J.eIII-IH cpOJIbKJIOpa, HO rrpe)J.rrOJIa-
raeT CJIe)J.OBaHHe CJIO}KHBrnHMCH HapO)J.HbIM rrpC)J.CTaBJIeHIIHM H rrpHH-
'I IIIIaM cpOJIbKJIOpHOH rr03THKH, 06pa3IIOCTI-I, CTPYIUYPHO-CTHJIHCTH-
'ICCKoro CKJIa)J.a.
JIET.: H/J{YP UHCi uii Xp. POR(.lI:eCTBeHcK3H IIHTep:.!t'.lI:IIH (lC03a) II KueBCt aH
, CTapIIHa. 1898, OKT.; 3auwiJa Ii. «K03a» /'1 MaTepiH I'1 .lI:O eTHo.jloril i'! aHTpOrrOJIO-
riL J1bBiB, 1919. T. 21--- 2, q. 1; EeJlel{Ku:l A. CTapIlI-IHbIH Te.np B POCCIIH. .M.,
1923; Cfw-IepoB B. H. 3UMHIIH rrepIIO.ll:. 1957; BOJWlUUH I. O. .IJ:)KepeJIa HapoAHoro
1eaTpy Ha YKpalIIi. KIIlB, 1960; I(YPOfIKiH O. B. HOBOpiqHi CBHTa YKpalH iB: Tpa-
AHl(il i cyqacHicTb. KIIlB, 1978; fiCTOpbl51 6e.1IapycKara T3aTpa. .MH., 1983. T. 1;
Cfyp/w 10. M, Ee.T!OpycCKIIi'! xopeorpa!jJ!:1qeCKIIH !jJO.1IbKJIOp. MH., 1990.
J1I1T' MUJIJ7ep O. <P. l1.1IbH MYPoMe U 60raTblpcTBO KIIeBcKoe: CpaBHUTe.1Ib-
IIO-KPIITII C!me Ha6JIIO.lI:eHII5I HaA CJIOeBbIM COCTaBOM HapoAHoro YnKoro oJW'
CIl6 1869' BeCeJl06c/wii A. H. I1cTOpIIqeCKas: n03TIIIW. J1., 1940, .. onoe .
11 1 )0 "rre5IKi 'rrIITaHHH Teopil aapOAHOI TBOpqOCTl II HaYKOBbl 3arr. K :BCbKoro B .lI:e H P
'"' .' 6 No 7 K "'B 1955 T 14 BIIrr. 1; '1/l'lepOB . .
il\al3Horo yHlBepClTeTY. I'!>IIJIO.1I. 3. - . HI, .' M' 1959' AHU/(UH B. JI.
BonpocbI TeopHII H IICTOpIIII HapO.ll:Horo TBOpqeCTBa. ., E eB JI r
'!'OJIbKJIOP I,aK KOJI.1IeKTUBHoe TBOpqeCTBO HapO.ll: . JIM., Hb 69 1 I'!> C:::;iop H ei'!
BonpocL; TCOpHH Hapo.ll:Horo HCKyccTBa. M., 1971, ponn M . 19'82' Cf 6 K B
("TBHTe,'lbHOCTb. 1976; 1'!>0JlbK.1IOp: 03THKa H TpaAIIIjr 1986' EY Jlae c . H.' 06
11 apO.ll:Hble Tpa.ll:H HH II !jJO.1IbKJIOp. OqepKU TeopHII.." 11
m 14eCKlIX BbipaiKeHII5IX YKpaIII-ICKOH rr033IIH II <P. Eyc/wee. a .1IIITepaType: CC.1Ie-
'(OBaI-IH5I. CTaTbu. M., 1990.
A. B. KJlPO[I/(HH
KOJ1EHO (KOJIEHLLE) p., KAJlEHA 6., KOJ1IHO y. - CTPYK-
TYPHbIH 3JleMCHT IIJ1HCKH, IIeImH I.:(eJIOCTHbIII 6J10K, COCTOHII.:(HH, KaK
npaBHJIO, H3 HCCKOJIbKHX )J.BH2KeHHII. B03M02KHOCTb pa3pa60TIm, pa3-
BHTHH H COOTBeTCTBeHllO HMrrpOBH3aI.:(HH He HCKJIlOqeHa. Pe}Ke K. co-
CTOHT H3 O)J.Horo 1J.BH}KeI-II-I5I, 06blqHO 3aMbICJIOBaTOro, TeXHHtleCIUI
B. Jl. AHHKHH, K. Jl. KAEAlliHHKOB
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K0J10IvlbII1KA p., KAJ1AMbII1KA 6., K0J10MYIHKA y.-
xY)J.O}KeocTBeHHo 3aBeprneHHaH rreCeHl-IaH M!IHlWTlOpa - )J.BYCTlIrnHe;
Ka2K)J.bIH Cn-IX COCTOHT H3 14 CJIOrOB (4+4+6) C ue3YPoH rrOCJIe
BOCbMoro CJIora. 3nHilOJIOrHH CBH3aHa C 06II.:(eCJ1aBHHCKHM CJIOBOM
«KOJIO»- Kpyr, nOCKOJIbKY H3Ha L IaJIbHO K corrpOBOIKAaJIa KpyroBoK
TaHeu. Brroc ,e)J.cTBHH K CTaJIH caMOCTOHTeJIbHbIMH rreceHKaMH. Ex
TeMaTHLleCKHII )J.Harra30H OqeHb rnHpOK: aT KpaTKoro OTKJIIIKa Ha
Ba2KHOe C06bITIIe 06II.:(eCTBeHHOII )!UI3HH AO «MOMeHTaJIbHOrO CHHMKa»
KaKOrO-JII-r60 aKTa u IIJ1H cI1Tyall.HH 6bITOBOrO xapaKTepa. 3MOUHO-
HaJIbHO-3CTeTH'I CKIUI xapaKTep K pa3Ho06pa3eH: aT can-IpbI )J.O BbI-
pa2KeHlI5I TOHLIaHrnHX 3JIeOlqecKI-ix rrepe2KIIBaHlfi1. OmI CJIY2KaT TaK-
2Ke cpe)J.CTBOM orrepaTI1BHOII YCTHOH ImcpopMaUHlI.
EOJIbrnHHCTBO K. CTpOHTCH no npI-IHUIIIIY rrClIXOJIOrWleCKoro rra-
paJIJIeJIH3Ma, r)J.e 13 rrepBOM cn-Ixe 3arreqaTJIeH 06pa3 npHpo)J.bI, 130
BTOpOM - OCHOBHaH MbICJIb, HacTpoeHl-re. K. IIMIIpOBII3HPYIOTCH, HO
06H3aTeJIbHO B pycJIe Tpa.z:U--IUHH. J1yqrnHe K rrpII06peTalOT rnIIpoKYIO
rronYJIHpHOCTb, pacrrpocTpm-I5IHCb rro BceiI TeppIITOpHII YKpaHHbl r
y)J.ep2KHBaHcb 13 naMHTH HeCKOJIbKIIMII rrOKOJIeHlI5IMH. rJIaBHble OqaOI
c03)J.aHHH, pacnpoCTpaHeHlI5I - 3arra)J.HbIII penloH pecrry6JIHKH. JJ:JI5I
K. xapaKTepHbI JIaKOH1I3M, 3KOHOMHoe H BMeCTe C TeM pa3Ho06pa3-
Hoe IICrr0J1b30BaHHe TponOB, rrOCTOHHHbIX 3a'Im-lOB. OHII MorYT 06pa-
30BaTb MHorOCTpocpHYlO JIHplPleCKYIO rreCHIO, rpynnHpYHCb rro O)J.II-
HaKOBbIM 3a'IIIHaM, 6JII-r3Koi.j TeMaTIIKe H )J.p. aCCOUHaTHBHbIM CBH-
35IM. K. Ha3bIBarOT TaK2Ke HapoILHbIe HHCTpYMeHTaJIbHble nbeCbI.
. J1I1T.: CYMljOB Ii. gJ. KOJIOMblHKU !/.KHeBcKa51 cTapHHa. 1886. N 4; rHa-
T101, B. I\O.1IOMHHKH / ,ETHorpa!jJ. 36. J1bBlB, 1905-1907. T. 17-19; 3a l LUHfieB A.
!< BO':.POCY 0 K oMbIHKaxll 3 . OP5I AH. 1907. T. 12, KH. 1; cJ>paHKo I. H.)]'o
lCTOpll K?JIOMHH1'C,mor:0 P03MIPY I YKpalHa. 1914. KH. 1; JKiHKUH M. KOJIOMHHKlI II
ep"BoHHH lliJI5IX. 1926. N 10; TpLH I leH1w M. If. KOJIOMUHKH: Bu6paHe. KIIIB, 1959;
;J, u 0: I.. r:rCp.1IHIIH Ka .naTcbKoro KpalO: KO.TIOMHIIKH. J1bBiB, 1962; lllYMaoa H.
I11ceHHl lIi1aTlOpU YKpalHcbKoro HapO.IiY II KOJIOMHHKH. KIIIB, 1969; rHaTIOK B. M.
BH6paHHl TaTTl rrpo. Hap .lI:HY. TBOp:iCTb. KHlB, 1966; KOJTecca gJ. YKpalHchlm
Ha O.ll:Ha rriCH5I B HaHHOBUllliHH !jJa31 c oro p03BHTKY II 1'!>0JIbK.1JOPUCTHqHi npa i.
KH1B.' 1970; m.y, taiJa H. I1oXO.l;PKeHHH,l p03BHTOK KO.1IOMHHKH HK R,aHpy II P03BH-
TOK 1 B3a(;MOBIAHOllieHHH LKaHplB CJIOB 51HCbKOro !jJOJIbKJIOPY. KHlB, 1973.
H. C. WYMAJ1.A
KOJ15IJJ:OBAHYIE p., KAJ15IJJ:ABAHHE 6., KOJ15IJJ:YBAHH5I
y. - CBHTOqHbIH 06PH)J. rrOCeII.:(eHlI5I )J.OMOB rpyrrrraMH yqacTHHKOB
(KOJIHILOBIUHKOB, KOJIH)J.HHKOB), KOTopbIe n03)J.paBJIHJIIr X03HeB 1I
HCnOJIHHJIH KOJIH)J.Hble rreCHII (CM.), rrOJIyqaH 3a 3TO B03Harpa2K)J.eHHe
13 BI-IAe rrpO)J.YKTOB HJIH )J.eHer. 06pH)J. COBepmaJICH rr03)J.HHM BeqepOM
(pO)!{ILeCTBeHCKoe KOJIHAOBaHIIe) HJIII paHHHM YTPOM (HoBoro)J.Hee
KOJ1HILOBaHHe) C UeJ1blO 06ecne t lem-m )J.OCTaTKa 1I 6J1arOrrOJIy t lIIH xo-
3HeBaM )J.OMa. TIpH6JII-r3HBrnHcb k )J.OMY 1I rrOJIY'IHB aT X03HeB pa3p -
rneHHe, KOJI5I)J.OBIllJIKH (CM.) HCrrOJIHHJIH 130 )J.Bope no)J. OKHaMII 6JIa-
rorrO}KeJIaHHe (CM.) lIJIH KOJIH)J.KY, 3)J.peCOBaHHYlO Bcei'I ceMbe 13 ll.e-
K
119
IIIIM, rrOCJ1e Llero IIM BbIHOCII"lII «KOJIH)J.HbIII )J.ap» (XJIe6Hble II3)J.eJIIIH,
11!1()!WKTbI), OHH }Ke npOH3HOCHJIII 6JIarO)J.apCTBeHHbIe CPOPMYJIbI H
111./111 K CJIe)J.YIDII.:(eMY )J.OMY (KOJIH,[f,OBaHHe 0606II.:(eHHOrO TI.IIJa).
1\ YKpaHHCKO-6eJIopYCCKOII 30He 60JIee THrrH'IHbIM 6bIJIO IICrrOJIHeHlle
l'IH'IJ;IIaJIbHbIX KOJIH)J.HbIX rreceH 13 a)J.pec Ka2KILoro 'IJIeHa ceMbH (KO-
.lIHJJ.QBaHHe )J.HcpcpepeHIJ;lIpOBaHHoro TI.IIJa). TmmH pa3BepHYTbIII 06-
PH) 06bI t IHO rrpolIcxo)J.HJI 13 ILOMe H cOrrpOB02K)J.aJICH MY3bIKOH, TaH-
II,:IMH, COBMeCTHbIM yrOII.:(eHl-reM. f1pH OTKa3e o)J.apHTb HJIH npu rrJIO-
\I'M o)J.apHBaHHlI 13 a)J.pec X03HeB MOrJIH rrpoH3HoCHTbCH CPOPMYJIbI
\ "p03 H rrpOKJIHTHII. HapH)J.y C IICrrOJIHeHIIeM KOJIHILOK II 6JIarorro2Ke-
,";lJmlI pa3Hble CpOpMbI K MOrJIH COilpOB02K)J.aTbcH MarHqeCKlIMU )J.eH-
('I BIIHMII (<<noceBaHHe» 3epHoM, IueJIKaHbe 6IFIOM, 6HTbe BeTKaMH
'I ) p.) HJIH pa3blrpbIBaHIIeM ILpaMan-I3HpoBaHHblx CIJ;eHOK CPOJIbK-
.'I())HIOrO HJIH peJII-rrlI03Horo xapaKTepa (CM. Maclw, «/(03W), /l.paJvw
/'1 ),I/(:oecT6el-lCKQfl).
JIET.: [ltl'Lepoe B. H. 3HMIlHti nepuo.ll:. 1957; rypcKuii A. H. 3HMHH5I II033H5I
'U',1I0pyCOS: no 3anHCHM XIX-XX 1313. MH., 1980; BUHocpaiJ06a JI. Ii. 3UMH5I5I
',",IIClI,lJ,apHa51 n033H5I 3arra.IiHbIX H BOCTOqHbIX CJIaBHH: reHe3HC H THrrO.1IOrH5I KO.1I5I-
"OIl:1II1I5I. M., 1982.
JI. Ii. BlIliorPAJ1.0BA
KOJl5I,.QOBIlJ,YIK p., KAJ15-lJJ:OYIlll..JbIK, KAJ15IJJ:HIK 6., KO-
.IIHJlHYIK y. - IaCTHHK rpyrrrrbI HCnOJIHHTeJIei'I 06pH)J.a KOJI5I)J.O-
1I:IIIIiH (CM.), COCT05IIUeH 1I3 3-7 II 60Jlee qeJIOBeK (qaCTO rrpe)J.CTa-
BIITCJIelI MY2KCKOH MOJIO)J.e2KlI, HO - no pa3HbIM BapHaHTaM - II
,'MClUaHHOfO COCTaBa, H )J.eTCKHX KOJIJIeKTHBoB), 13 LIHCJIe KOTOpbIX:
1!\)(')IBO,lJ,IITe.TJ.b rpyrrrrbI (YKp.- 6epe3a, 6eJI.- IIaqbIHaJIbHiK); HCIIOJI-
IIIIT(,J1H KOJIH)J.HbIX rreceH (cM.)-rreBUbI, 3aneBaJIbI, rrO)J.XBaTHIIIm; Me-
""II<>lIla, HOCHllIHU MernOK C npo)J.YKTaMII, c06paHHbIMH B rrpoll.ecce
Idl,/IHILOBaHII5I; HHor)J.a II My3bIKa, H «rrJIeCaKH» ('I'. e. TaHuopbI), H
PiljJ,:cHbIe. B 3aBHCHMOCTH aT TIIfIa KOJIHILOBaHHH (HapO)J.Horo HJIH
pl'.lIllrH03Horo) K HOCHJIII C c060i'I 06PH)J.OBbIH peKBH3HT: «3Be3)J.y»,
"IWCT, 3BOHOK, «cKap60HKY» )J.J1H )J.eHer IIJIH BO)J.IIJIH «K03Y», «Typa»
II T. n.
CM. /(OAfl006amte II JIHT.
JI. H. BHliorPAJ1.0BA
1(0ME.D.YI5I p., KAMEJJ:bI5I 6., KOMEJJ:I5I y.- )J.paMaTIIqeCIWe
1I1'()1l: Be)J.eHIle, 13 BeCeJIOM, CMeIliHOM CBeTe BbICTaBJIHIOII.:(ee 06II.:(eCT-
1"'lIllbll' lInn 6bIToBbIe nopoKH; rrpe)J.CTaBJIeHHe TaKara rrpOH3Be)J.eHIIH
11:1 clleue.
I( liJOnbK.TIOpHaH HaCbIllleHa MY3bIKa.rlbHbIMH BCTaBKaMH (nemIe,
1,11111,101 OT}JgJIbHbIX repoeB H Bcex yqaCTHHKOB rrpeILCTaBJIeI-III5I), rro-
1,lnlBKaiYllI; cpaMI-IJIbHpHbIMH, CKOpOMHbIMH rnYTKaMII II 2KeCTaMH;
120
K
rnHpOlW rrpm.1eHHeTCH HMrrpOBH3a HH (
pa), rrp03aWleCKaH peLlb rrepeMe ll. 13 paMKax Tpa)J.IlI.:(HH If 2KaH-
131010 rhOJIbI'JIO pHa a V rnaeTC5! paernHbIM CTIIXOM. KaK n p a-
, ,}' 'I. " ,. He 3HaeT AeJ1eHHH Ha r ,
He upe.ll.rrOJIaraeT nOAMOCTKOB.' aKTbI, Cll.eHbI, HBJIem15I;
aKTHBHO pearlipYlOII.:(ero )J.a !aCCqI-ITaHa Ha «3HalOII.:(ero» 3pIITeJIH,
KpoMe rrpeACTaBJIeHI-IH a3b KJIlOqalOII.:(e1'OCH 13 )J.eIICTBHe.
TenaMH v rh o JI ' ' P pbIBaBrnuxCH HenOcpe.ll.CTBeHHo aK-
1" , ,. 't' bhJIOpHaH 3aHHMaJIa Ba .
,KYKOJIbHOro TeaTpa (6aTJIeHKH Be )HO Me TO 13 rrOCTaHOBKax
HOCTeii HBJIHJIaCb TaK2Ke «MeAB )Kb! :X » (C ). H3 ee pa3HOBIl)J.-
J1I1T.: JIeTpoB [-f II OqepKH
XVIII BeKon: I\ueBcK H CKYCCTBe::a;C :II YKpaIIHcKOH JIIITepaTypbl XVII II
qeCKa5l. KHeB, 1911' BOSHfiK lvI I1 paT¥pa, rr eIIMymeCTBeHHo ApaMaTIl-
J1bBiB, 1919; MapK 6CblWii 6. YKpa =HYKpmHCbKOl.. KOMeAii (1619-1819).
TpaIII-IbIM HapO.ll:IIbIM CJIOBaM' Ca . BepTerr. I\IIIB, 1929; </JJlOOCiK A. C.
" ' TLlpa 1 rYMa p Y 6eJIa pYCK 0 "
pOAHa!,1 .lI:paMe. MH., 1971; CoqJpOHOBa JI All' aM BYCIIaH na33ii i Ha-
nepBOH nOJIOi3HHbI XVIII B. M., 1981' C e 'Ut .03THK C.'IaB5IHCKOro TeaTpa XVII-
Ma. 1988; HCKpbLJWea A. Cae IUruH . Y KUHa o h. H. PyccKaH HapO.ll:HaH .lI:pa-
JIOpHbli'! TeaTp. M., 1988. y, h. PYCCKIIII !jJOJIbKJIOpIIbIJ'i TeaTp II I'!>OJIbK-
A. </J. HEKPblJIOBA
KOMTI03I1IJJUI p., KAMTIA3IDbI5I 6 KO
rroCTpoelme, era npIUIll.HnbI HX ea ., MD03HLU5I y.-
,AeHIlH. KOMnoHeHTbI, CPOP HPY UXHJ1:I I.:(HH 13 KO Kf ) eTHOM rrpoH3Be-
CJIOBeCHble CPOPMYJIbI (13 TOM qHCJ1e ., pa3HbIe. 06II.:(He MeCTa.
ll.OBIUI), MOTHBbI _ rrpH rrpoe H' KJIHrnHpOBaHHble 3aqHHLI H KOH-
rneCTBY101U:YIO H corrYTCTBYIOII.:( OBaHH!J rrpOH3Be)J.em15I Ha npeA-
HbH C06bITH5! __ rrpH BbIHBJIemm OC :bKJIOP YIO Tpa)J.HI.:(IIlO; 2) 3Be-
2KeTa ) ' 3) , HHOCTeII era pa3BHTHH ( K. CIO-
, CMeHa TOLleK 3peHIIH IIa II 6
rrOTOKa (rroBecTBoBaHHe OllIIcaHIle 30 pa)KaeMOe H cpOpM petleBoro
)!(aHpOB CBOH oc06eHHO TII K B .' MOH0J10r, AIIaJIor). B K3)KAOM H3
H3Be.ll.eHHHX (rrp03aHqeClme ..T" aHp 3 b ?H 6 q b eCKHX H ApaMaTWleCIUIX rrpo-
fl' ", IJI II I-IbI 'IaCTb 1T\TXOB
XOB H HCTopWleCKHX rreceI-I HapOLl,HaH ) " "'J HbIX CTH-
CH H3 pHAa 3BeHbeB (C' I- ApaMa C06bI IIe CKJIa)J.bIBaeT-
.80 BpeMeI-IH), 06pa3YIOII.:( i: :y : IIeM nepCOHa)!{eH H rrepepbIBaMH
PyeMbI 13 Tpex Ha3BaHHbIX acrreK:a;' OTOPbI I\WrYT 6bITb aI-IaJIH3H-
3a'laCTYlO HeT C06LITuiiHOro pH a . t JIHph IeCKIIX rrpOH3Be.ll.eHHHX
JIHeTCH TOJIbKO 13 peLlax O.ll.HOrO :13 '.x )J.1:;aMliKa cO)J.ep)!{aHHH rrpOHB-
K paCCMaTpHBaeTCH 06bILIHO 1-;.1 H 3 Tpex rrepCOHa.II{elf - 3.l1.eCb
HHHX pH)J.a )!{aHpOB Bo06II.:(e HeT CMeHbI 'I' M ,acneKTax. B rrpoH3Be)J.e-
Be)J.eTCH aT O)J.Horo JIHll.a ( 3a1'OBO qe!{ 3peHHH, BbICKa3bIBaHIIe
T y rneK ) .n IIP ' pbI, rrpH'UITaHl15I, 60J1brnHHCTBO qac-
. ,03nHLleCKHe 2KaHpbI COBMeII.:(' co
J1HpnqeCKIIX H .:)IJWleCKHX 2KaI-IpOB. aI01 13 CBoeH K. KaqeCTBa
.nET.: )l(UPli1YliC/(uii B lvI K
1921; XOAOaOB E r v oMrr 3II ' oMrr03H II M 5I JIIIpUqeCKHX CTUxoTBopeHIIH. I1r
.. . .., IU15I .lI:paMbI 1957' JIas y C r 1< .,
PYCCKOU HapO.l\I-IOH JIHpIIqeCIWH neC!IU if PcD M" J1 i96 'TUH _' . OMrr03H HH
CIO.iKeT, !jJa6YJIa, KOMn03II II5I 1/ Teopu5I JIII;e a' ". O. Bbm. b; KOa/CUli06 B. B.
pHqeCKOM ocaemeIUfII PO.ll:bI II TaH p ypbI. OCIIoBI-Ible np06JIeMbI B IiCTO-
. " pbl .1JUTepaTypbl. M., 1964. T. 2; YcneHcKldi
K
121
I;. A. I103TIIKa KOMn03II IIII: CTPYKTypa xY.lI:OR,eCTBeHHoro TeKCTa II TIIrrOJIOrII5I
I-."Mrro3H IIoHHOH !jJOPMbl. M., 1970; KJwcce II. a KOMrr03II IIU qaCTYlliKU 1.1 PI'!>.
.1L, 1971. BbIlI. 12; lllnaKofjc/(i I. C. I1pbIH bIlIbI i cpOpMbI JIipbIqHaH KaMrra3i bli II
i/I,!/pafjJ7efj B. JI., lllnaKo[jcKi I. c., HCKeBiri A. C. flbITaHHi na3TblKi. MH., 1974;
'{<'ii O. I. I10eTIIKa YKpalHcbKol Hapo.ll:Hol nicHi. KIIlB, 1978.
1<1). M. CEJIHBAHOHI
KOMD03HlJ.H5I TAHlJ.A p., KAMDA3IlJ.bI5I TAHlJ.A 6.,
I\OMD03HlJ.I5I TAHlJ.IO y. - a) CTpYluypa TaHI.:(a H rrpIIHI.:(HnbI ee
IIpraHI-I3aI.:(HVI; 6) pa3BepTbIBaHHe qaCTeH rro OTHorneHHlO K I.:(eJIOMY
1111 BpeMeI-IH H rrpocTpaHcTBe. B K. T. rrpOHBJ1HeTCH oc06eHHocTb TaH-
II a KaK rrpOCTpaI-ICTBeHHo-BpeMeIIHoro HBJIeHHH. BKJIlOqaeT 13 ce6H
IIOHHTHH )J.paMaTypnm H apx:YITeKTOHHKH TaHI.:(a. DpocTpaHCTBeI-IHYIO
IWMrr03IIUHlO HHor)J.a Ha3bIBalOT PHCYHKOM TaHll.a (CM.).
CM. Xope02pa£jJUR, TaH.el{, flJlRCTW H JIHT.
A. A. COKOJIOB-/(AMIIHCKIIJ1
KOHKA TEHAlJ.I15I p., KAHKA T3HAlJ.bI5I 6., KOHKA TEHA-
I U5I y. (aT JIaT. catena - ll.enb)- Me2KCTHXOBOH rrOBTOp-IIO.ll.XBaT,
pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIII 13 TeKCTe Ha )J.Be H 60JIee rrapbI CTHXOB (HJIH
!IJpa3 - 13 np03e). He06xo.ll.HMOCTb OTJIHLIaTb nO)J.06I-Ioe «YABoemle»
(rr pa30Bora H Ha3BaTb era K 060CHOBaJI (BCJIe)J. 3a Ee03e) cppaH-
II,Y3CKI1H cpI1JI0J10r D. <DoHTaHbe 13 CBoeH KJIaCCHqeCKOH «TporroJIonrn»
(1821). B CJIaBHI-ICKOM MY3bIKaJIbHO-rreceHHoM cpOJ1bKJIOpe K. BbI.lI.e-
,/1 H lOT <D. M. KOJ1ecca (OH CCbIJIaeTCH Ha 60raTbIH CJIyqaHMH rrOHBJIe-
IIlIii K. c60pmIK K. B. KBVITI{H «YKpalHcbKi Hapo)J.I-li MeJlo)J.ii»,
I !)22 r., H Ha3blBaeT, 13 'laCTHOCTH, rreCHlO «Ta 3a6iJIliJIH CI-lirH»),
K. MOrnI1HbCKliH (c rrOJIbCKHMH rreceHHbIMH rrpHMepaMH), C. H. fpH-
11,;1 H IICCJIe)J.OBaHHH a MeJIOCe YKpaHHCKoro 3rroca rrpH xapaKTepHCTH-
1,(' I\OHTpaCTI-IbIX MeJIO.ll.lIqeClmX rrOBTopOB (aBTopoM OTMeqaeTCH rrpH-
IlI'mIaH rrpHpO)J.a K., OTLleTJIHBO BblcTynalOII.:(aH 13 YKpaHHCKHX MHO-
l'ol'OJIOCHbIX rreCHHX, r)J.e aHa 06pa3yeT cBoe06pa3HbIII TlIrr «uerrOLI-
IIlIii npocpbI», KaK 13 6aJIJIa)J.HOH neCHe a CMepTH COJI)J.aTa: rrepBbIII
I" I'IIX rroeT O)J.HH - «3arnYMiJIH Bep6H, II.:(e II )J.i6poBOHbKa», Bce rrolO-
111,111' nO)J.xBaTbIBalOT «Ill e II )J.i6poBoHbKa» H T. )J..).
B 6eJIOpYCCKOH KOJIH)J.HOII neCHe K KaK 6bI )J.y6mlpyeTCH: 13 Ka2K-
II,YH) napy CTHXOB C rro)J.xBaToM BKJIHHHBaeTCH eII.:(e OAHI-I CTIIX, cOAep-
'h;lIlI,ntl CKB03Hoe rrpHneBHoe CJIOBO «KaJIH)J.a» H COLleTaI-IHe rrepBoro
,'I'll xa, KOTopoe BHOBb rroBTopHeTcH 3aTeM Y2Ke 13 KaLleCTBe rrepBOII
'1;1('1'11 l'.TI1Xa, CTaI-IOBHII.:(erOCH TpeTbHM: «Oil, Hrn t l3 paHei1 faHHaqKa
,i,"r:1.1Ia, II KaJIH)J.a, faHHaqKa )"CTaJIa, II faHHaLIKa YCTaJIa, KOCKY
Y'I;I!':\JW, II KaJIHAa, KOCKY YLIacaJIa; II KOCKY )TtlacayrnbI, rraBbI rra-
111;),11;)>> II T. A., Bce1'O 11 pa3, LITO rrpH)J.aeT TeKCTY cBoe06pa3HYlO KY-
1\1 V.l1 H I'IIBIIOCTb. CXO)J.HYIO rro uerrHOMY rrOBTOpy PYCCKYlO rreCHlO C
11I1,I1,\II:rraMH qrrceJI, Ha3bIBaeMbIX 13 rrpe)J.bI)J.YII.:(eM CTHxe (<<...Y)J.aJIH-
122
K
JIaCb-OTOrnJIa 3a LleTblpe pOBHO CTa 113
)J.BeHa)J.ll.aTb ro p orrOB II 3a ' a <reTblpe, 3a IIHTbCOT 33-
o '"" ABena)J.ll.aTb "a T p II '
HbIH ropOlI. 130 Moclmy») B :G III ' v 0 HHaAll.aTb, B CJlaB-
«rro 3aKOHaM rr.'leTeHKII».'M ;3bI oBeKJI BCKHII C'IHTaJI nocTpoeHHOIi
AOBRJI «ll.errHYIo CTPOCPIIKY») A. M. JJ:06pOBOJIbCKHH HCCJIe-
JIlIHrBHCTHIleCKYIO CBH3b rrowi%CCKHX neceH, a E. E. ApTeMeHKo-
BO)J.IIMbIMH H HerrOBTOpHIOII.:(Inil: :II:o COLIHHeHHH Me}KlI.Y BocrrpOH3-
TYP 13 «ll.errHOM rroBTope». rrOHeHTaMI1 CTHXOBLIX CTPYK-
J1I1T.: lllKAOBC1Wii B. CB513b npueMOB -
c: JI5I 1/ fI03TUKa. I1r., 1919. Bbm. 1-2' OMeTOCJI LK;IIH5I C 061l\HMH npueMaMH
Pycc":I!X n. po HbIX necen II PI'!>. J1., 196f P J7bC1"1l1l E. M. IJ.enHa51 CTpo!jJI!Ka
npaw. KHlB, 1970; ApTe,nemw E E C' . _ ' I(oA, cca <P. M. MY3HK03HaBqi
r JIHpHqeCKO lIeCHU B acneKTe XYA02j{ CT ' IIqeCKIIII CTpoi'1 pyccKoi'1 HapO.IiHOH
pllt{a C. PI. MeJlOC "K p alH C " _" U opratlll3a!..(HU. BopoHeLK 19 7 7'
J bKOl HapoAHOI eIIlKU. KUlB, 1979. "
B. M. r AIl,AK
KOHTAiVU1HALU1 G V Al
TTIG Y ( F1 P:, L,.-ITAMIHALLbI5I 6. KOHTAl\1P-': IA -
LJ., F1 . aT JIaT. contammatro rr ' 1.
CMernemle) 13 cpOJ1bKJIOpe _ cae -;H pIIBe)J.eI-IHe 13 corrpHKOCHOBeHHe"
A02KeCTBeHHOM rr p OII3Be rr eHIIII !' BY eHHe, 6 06 'beAIIHeHHe 13 O)J.HOM XY-
o '"' "'"' X HJIH OJIee rr p o 0
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HHH (13 Y CTHOIi ne pe rr aqe) A cpI1KCIlpOBaHbI B 2KHBOM 6bITOBa-
'"' HJIH KaK caMOCTO .
CTaBHble pa3HbIX rrpOH3BeAeHHH. B a I-IIIX' 5I1eJIbI-Ible, HJIH KaK co..
CMaTpHBaTb KaK TBOpqeCKHH rr 0' )J. CJI IaHX K M02KHO pac-
KaK MexamILleCKoe coe)J.HI-IeHH ll.ecc HJIH erO o pe3YJlbTaT, 13 )J.Pynlx--
3aBHCHT aT 3CTeTHIleCIwro 'I Tb5frrpOH3Be,.z:r.eHIIH HJIH HX qaCTeH - Bce'
TeJIelI. JJ:eHCTBHTeJIbHO eCT: ' XYAo eCTBeHHoro orrbITa HCrrOJIHH-
npH3HaKOM pa3Pyrnem{H 3a6BHeMaJIO 't'aKTOB, IwrAa K HBJIHeTC5I
pWleCIwi:j: rreCHH B TO 2 e 13 e :HH TeKCTOB, oco6eHHO 13 2KaHpe JIH-
KaI.:(IIH BOCTOtlHO J1aBHHCKort CPOJI O OqIIC.'leHHbI 3arrHCH II rry6JIH-
HarnHX AHel1 y6e)!{)J.alOT LITO' _ _ pa C nepBOH rrOJI. XIX B. H )J.O'
LleCKoro rrpOll.ecca KorA rrYT ' M lI,eT 6LITb H pe3YJIbTaTOM TBOp-
2KeTOB, MOTHBOB 03)J.aeTC5! e :H a 'beAIIHeHHH ABYX HJIH 60JIee CIO-
IJ;eJIOe. B CKa30'IHOM ::moce BO TOL :b HerroBTopHMoe xY)J.02KeCTBeHHoe'
Hble K., CT3BIllHe TpaAHI.:(HOHHbIMII K JIaLB5!H cYII.:(eCTBYlOT nocToHH
CI02KeTllbIX T H I 1 0B C 'P C 1 .n . !IX mCJIY CJIe)J.yeT OTHeCTH T1"
- _ .y «Hca KpaAeT 6 L'.,
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. , ca a Ma3bIBaeT rOJIOBV V
ClO2KeTarvr Iu-ror)J.a rrpncoe)J.IIHHeTcH ClOlI{eT CYC 15;ec;{0M». ., 3THM'
Y JIHCbI». B BO.TlIue6Hblx CKa3Kax THnWIHbI K . CYC 3 2 B H 13 caHHX
lI(eH»+CYC 154 «EJIarolI.apHble ," 1 «MepTb Ka-
HCLle3HYBrnYIO HJIH YKpaAelfHYIO I: y T: + blecy2\C 02 400 T l\1Y)K Hmn
ryrnKa» II .n.p. «LJ.,apeBHR-JIH-
K Me2K)!{aHpOBbIM CJIe)J.yeT OTHe I ' 6
neCHI-I Ha rrp ' CTH ' , ' aJI.'1aAbI H JIHpHqeClwii
. ., BCT) nJIeHHeM KO MHOnIM 6
BapnaHTaM 6a.rrJIa)J.bI «JJ:oLlb-rrTarn eJIOpyccKHM H YKpaHHCKHM
«4aMY He rrpbIHlliOY» 11c Ka» HBJ1HeTCH .TIIlpIIIleCKa5I neCHH
MaTHqeCKoro CXOACTB 0 6 C p J a le 3 )J. H o b B I aTeJIH pa3JIWlalOT K. Ha OCHOBe Te.-
, X CHCTeM nAp.
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123
.. .nI1T.: Be8eplilUwea H. M. I\oHTaMUHa U5I KaK TBOpqeCKHi'1 npueM B BOJIllie6-
1111" CKa3Ke II PI'!>. .n., 1972. T. 13; KOHTaMuHa uu CIOR(eTOB-MOTUBOB, Tpa.ll:U UOH-
1I"1l' .lI:JI5! BOCTO'IHOCJIaB5!HCKUX CKa30K II CYC. 1979; MaT6eeBa P. JI. KOHTaMUHa-
IIIIH KaK TBOpqeCKUli npo ecc 13 CU6UpCKOM CKa3UTeJIbCTBe (Ha MaTepUaJIe BOJIllie6-
lll.IX CKa30K) /I PYCCKUH !jJOJIbKJIOp CU6IIpII: 3JIeMeHTbI apXIITeKTOHIIKII.
I !OBOCII6HPCK, 1990.
K. Jl. I(AEAlllHlIKOB
KOHIJ.OBKA p., KAI-U1.0YKA 6., KIHLLIBKA y. (cpHHaJIbHaH
'I)(JpMYJIa) - cTPYK'rypHbIll 3JIeMeHT, 3aBepliialOII.:(Hll KOMrr03Hll.HlO
HIIIKo-nOBeCTBOBaTeJIbHbIX rrpoH3Be)J.eHHu. XY)J.o:iKeCTBeHHaH CPYHK-
11,1151 K oIIpe)J.eJIHeTCH He06xo)J.milocTblO cHMMeTpHqeCKOll opramI3a-
IUIll cpOJIbKJIOpHOrO npOH3BelI.eHIIH, JIOrWleCKoro 3aBeprneHHH rrOBe-
1'l'BOBaHIIH H BbIBOl1.a CJIyrnaTeJIell H3 CrreI.:(HcpHqeCKOrO KOMMYHHKa-
TlIBHOrO COCTOHHHH_ K. YKa3bIBaeT Ha pa3perneHHe KOHcpJIIIIUa, )J.aeT
IllleHKY rrpoHcxo)J.HBlliHM C06bITHHM II 06blrpbIBaeT H3MeHeHHe HCXO)J.-
lIoii CIITYalLHH, 0603Ha L IeHHoil 3a L IHHOM. 00 CTerreHlI cTa6HJIbHOCTH
1\. MorYT HMeTb He1)opMYJIbHbIU IJ CPOPMYJIbHbIU (rroBecTBOBaTeJIbHbIH
"TcpeOTlIII) xapaKTep. BapnaTiIBHocTb cpHHaJIbHbIX CPOPMYJI 06yc-
,II0BJIeHa CneUI-IcpHKoti CIO}KeTa, rr03THLleCKHM TaJIaHTOM HOCIITeJIeU
IIJOJIbKJIOpa H rrOJIOB03pacTHbIMH oc06eHHocTHMH CJIyrnaTeJIeu. <DYHK-
1I,I10HaJIbHOe MHoro06pa3He K. 3Ha L IHTeJIbHO rnHpe, LleM 3aqHHOB.
lIau60J1brnee pa3BHTue (!mHaJIbHble CPOPMYJIbI rrOJ1Y L IHJIH 13 BOCTOLIHO-
\'.I13BHHCKOM CKa30'InOM 3TIOce. KaK rrpaBHJIO, HX OCHOBY COCTaBJIHeT
IIIpa3eMa «CTaJIH )!UITb-rrO:iKHBaTb», a )J.aJIee 3TOT CTep2KHeBOH cer-
MeHT )J.orrOJIH5!eTCH )J.eTaJIHMII KpecTbHHcKoro 6bITa, C03)J.aBaH H)J.HJI-
.IIIIqeCKYIO I.. a pTIIHY OTHorueHHH Me:iK)J.Y rrepCOHa2KaMH: «11 CTaJIH OHH
ilmTb lI.a rrmKHBaTb, YMa H3>KHBaTb, a JIHXa H36bIBaTb». HecpopMYJIb-
II hIe K. aKI.:(eHTIlpYIOT BHIIMaHHe CJIyrnaTeJIeii Ha caMOM Ba2KHOM
MOMeHTe CKa3KH, YKa3bIBalOT Ha CLlaCTJIHBbIll HJIH He6JlarOrrpHHTHbIH
II,.IIH rJIaBHbIX rrepcoHa2Ke i cpIIHaJI, cO)J.ep2KaT OT3BYKH i!IIcpOJIOnlqeC-
Iwro 3TIIOJIOrH3Ma. OpHeHTaI.:(HH CKa30K Ha AeTCKYIO aY)J.IITOpHlO
II plmeJIa K B03HHKHOBeI-IHIO K., 3aKJIlOqalOIl\IIX 13 ce6e MOpaJIbHble
\'l'I-ITeHI.:(HH (<<CTapaH XJIe6-COJIb 3a6blBaeTCH»). TeHlI.eHll.II5I 3aBep-
IIlaTb CKa3KY rrOCJIOBIIll.ei1-MOpaJIlITe oc06eHHO xapaKTepHa )J.JIH 3rro-
";I YKpaHHIJ;eB. 3. B. TIoMepaHIJ;eBa BbIABHHYJIa rrpe)J.rrOJI02Kemle, LITO
1\. C rnlipOKHM HCrrOJIb30BaHHeM B03M02KHOCTeH CKa30Boro CTIIXa 1303-
UIIKJIH 13 cpe)J.e rrpocpeCCHOHaJIbHblX CKa30 L IHHKOB, a TIOTOM TIOJIyqHJIH
II1IIpOIwe pacrrpOCTpaHeHue.
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I\('TpeqRIOTCH H B lI.pynlx cpOJIbKJIOpHbIX 2KaHpax. O)J.HaKO CPYHKI.:(HH
I: JInx 3HaLIIITeJIbHO pKe. B 6bIJIlIHaX H 6aJIJla)J.ax K. rrpe2K)J.e Bcero
IIhlIIOJIHHlOT pOJIb KOMrr03Hll.IIOHHOJ I aHTIITe3bl, T. e. ypaBHoBernHBalOT
("rpYKTYPY rrpOII3BelI.eHHH, rrpU)J.aBaH ell 3aKowreHHocTb, a TaK2Ke
IlulKcnpYH 3aBeprneHHocTb 13 pa3BHTIUI KOHcpJIHKTa. K. HeKoTopbIX
filVIIIH H )J.YM CJIaBHT repoeB rroBecTBoBaHHH, 6JIarOAapHT cJIyrna-
1't',nelI (<<CJIaBY rrOlOT BeK H rro BeKY II A H CJIaBa eMY He MHHyeTCH»).
124
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OHI1 uHB31HlOTCH cBoe06pa3HOH rrCHXOJIOrWleClwn )J.OMHHaHTOH, 13 KO-
TOpOH KOHI.:(eHTpHpyeTcH CHJIa B03)J.el1CTBHH 3arOBopa, a c06CTBeHHoe
«51» HaxapH Ka!{ 6bI paCTBopHeTCH HJIH CJIIIBaeTCH C I.:(eJIHTeJIbHOH
CHJIOl1 (,lI.06pmil) Bcero MHp03,l1.aHI-I5I. CXOAHYlO CPYHKIJ;Hor-raJIbHYlO
r-ranpaBJIeHHOCTb HMelOT K 130 MHorHX 2KaHpaX 06PHAOBOi'I rr033HH
oc06eHHO B KOJIHAHbI H BOJIOtle6HbIX rreCHHX. <DHHaJIbHble CPOPMYJIb;
MHOn-IX rrpOH3Be)J.eHIIH HarrOMHHalOT a He06xo)J.HMOCTH )J.apeHHH 3a
BbIrrOJIHeHHLle 06pHAOBble 6JIaron03102Ke31aHHH.
, JII1T;: EpooClcut'i Ii. JI. CJIeAbI npo!jJeCCUOHa.1JbHbIX CKa30qHIIKOB B PYCCKUX
Cha3Kax 1/ 3THorpa!jJ. 0603petlHe. 1904. J\l2 2; BOJ7Koe P. M. CKa3Ka: Pa3bICKaHlI5!'
no CIO}KeTOCJIO,lKeHlIlo HapO.ll:HoH CKa3KII. O.ll:ecca, ,1924. T. 1; JI oMepaHtieBa 3. B.
PyccKa51 HapO ia51 CKa3Ka. N1., 1963; POLUURIIY h. Tpa.ll:U I10HHbIe !jJOPMYJIbl CIW3-
KII. M., 1974; Eapac JI. r. EeJIar,:ycKaH Ka3Ka. MH., 1969; BeoepHuKoBa H. M..
PyccKa51 Hap 0 .ll:I-Ia51 CKa3Ka. M., 19/5; EJwCl/cec B. B. I1pucKa3KII: 3aKoH KOMn03H-
1(I10HI-lOro KOHTpaCTa II 1'!>0.1JbKJIOP Ypa.1Ia: HapoAI-Ia51 np03a. CBep.ll:JIOBCK, 1976"
AHU/(U,T;l B. JI. PY,cCKa5! Hapo;J.Ha5! cKa3 .a. M., 1977; liOBUlWB Ii. B. I( xY.ll:OR(eCT '
BeIlI-I0I1 CnC I1!jJIIKe BOCTOqHOCJIaB5IHCKOIl CKa3KH: Haqa.1IbHbIe II 3aKJIIOqIlTeJIbHbIe
!j:J°PMY.1Ibl II OTpa)KCHHe MelK3TIIIIqeCKIIX rrpo eccoB 13 YCTHOH np03e. M., 1979;
-!!asYTUH c:: r. fl03T Ka PYCCKOro !jJOJIbKJIOpa. M., 1981; HHlWf)CKi M. A. I1a3TbIKa
oeJIapycKaii HapO.ll:HaIi rrp03bl. MH., 1983; I(PY1'- H. H. BOCTOqHOCJIaB5!HCKIIe CKa3KH
o lKIIBOTHbIX: 06pa3bl. l(oMrr03H H5I. MH., 1989.
J/. H. KPYK.
«KOHb» p., 6., «KAEbI.nA» 6., «KIHb» y.- CBHTOtlHaH Hapo)J.-
HaH Hrpa. 06pa3 K 13 cpOJlbKJIOpe BOCTOLIHbIX C31aBHH rrOJII1CeMaHTH-
qeH H I-IMeeT rJIy60KHe HCTopwlecKHe KOpHH. HaH6031ee apxaWleClme
rrpe)J.cTa JIemI5I .Tpa2KaIOT CBH3b 3Toro 2KHBOTHOro C aCTpaJIbHO-KOC-
MHqeCKOH ccpepOII, COJIHeqHbIMH H He6eCHbIMH 6mKecTBaMH - rrOKpo-
BHTeJIHMH paCTHTeJIbHOro MHpa H 3eMJIe)J.e31HH ()],a2K60r, Xopc, De-
PYH, 5IPHJIO,.- .na)J.a, MOKOIUL, «BeJIHKaH 60rHHH»). DOA06HO )J.PYrHM
HHAoeBponeHCKHM HapO)J.aM BOCTOtlHbIM CJIaBHHaM 6bIJI II3BeCTeH
KY31bT K.: era rrpHHOCHJIH 13 )!{epTBY, XOpOHl1JIH BMeCTe C YMeprnHM
BOHHOM CLIHTaJIH npeCTH1KHLIM ,lI.apoM. I1306pa}I eHHe K - O)J.HH H3
,lI.peBHeHIIII-IX MOTHBOB Hapo)J.Horo HCKyccTBa BOCTOqHbIX CJIaBHH. OHO
BCTpetlaeTCH Ha Kpblrnax H 13 IIHTepbepe }KHJIHII.:(, Ha BblrnHBKax
rrpHJIKaX, KOBrnax, rpe6HHX, H3pa3I.:(ax, HKOHax, JIy60tlHbIX KapnIH
Kax, 3arre t laTJIeHO 13 rJIHHHHOI1 H ,lI.epeBHHHoiI IIrpYIUKe, 06pHAOBOM
neqeHbe H T. .'1.. '
K KaK cpOJILKJIOpHbIH rrepCOHa2K OTHOCHTCH K KJIaccy HH3lliHX
MHcpOJIOn1qeCKHX CYII.:(eCTB. COrJIaCHO rrOBepbHM, K. - CBHII.:(eHHOe,
BeIl.:(ee 2KHBOTHOe, 06JIa,ll.alOII.:(ee )J.apOM 060pOTHIILleCTBa, crroc06Hoe
JIeTaTb urro,ll. He6ecaMH H pa3rOBapHBaTb qeJIOBeqeCKHM rOJIOCOM.
B TaKOII HrrOCTaCH OH BblcTynaeT 13 ::moce, CKa3Kax, JIereHAax KOJIHA-
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1\(1,11, a rrOTporrel1 H JIeqe6HOe cpe)J.CTBO. lUHpoKoe pacrrpOCTpaHeHHe
IIMCJIO pH2KeHbe K., H3BeCTHoe 130 MHorHx BapHaHTax H pa3HOBH)J.-
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.1111 pBaHYlo OAe2K)J.Y. DOKa3 K. orpaHHLIHBaJICH He60JIbrnOII CI.:(eHKOl1,
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,I!I'M. Ha DOJIecbe K. AeJIaJIH 60JIee OCHOBaTeJIbHO. HaKaHYHe CrIJIe-
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\I:OCT, rpHBY, O)J.eBaJIH Y3,l1.e L IKY, Ha rnelO nO)J.BernHBaJIH KOJIOKOJIbtIHK.
I I ('1I0JIHHTeJIb HaXO)J.HJICH 13 cepe)J.I-IHe KapKaca H 6bIJI HaKpbIT )J..JIIIH-
III.IMII 6eJIbIMH rrorrOHaMH. ¥I3BeCTHO r-reCKOJIbKO BapHaHTOB rrOKa3a
(IO,lIbUlOH K. B O,ll.HOM YLlaCTBOBaJIH K., )J.e)J. H I.:(blraH. BOI1)J.H 13 )J.OM...
1I,1,lraIl rrpe)J.J1araJ1 ,lI.e)J.Y KynHTb K. HatIHHaJICH HMrrpOBH3HpOBaHHbIH
TOI)!'. IJ,bIraH XBa,,'lHJI K., )J.e)J. CLIHTaJI 3arrporneHHYlO I.:(eHY CJIHrnKOM
111.I('OIWii H HaXO)J.HJI Y K pa3HbIe H3'bHHbI. HaqI-IHaJICH crrop, KOTO-
jll,lii IIepeXO)J.IIJI 13 nOTaCOBKY. 3aKaHtIHBaJIaCb CI.:(eHa rrpHMHpeHHeM
('I' V'HlCTHHKOB H yrOII.:(eHHeM, KOTopoe )J.aBaJI X03HlIH AOMa. B )J.PyroM
1:.:q-III:lIlTe nOCJIe rrpHrJIarneHHH 13 )J.OM rnJIH rreBI.:(bI (10-12 qeJIOBeK),
(',/II'JlOM I.:(bIraH C K., C3a)J.H 01mI.:(ep, 6apbII-IH H MY3bIKaHT..- DeJIacb
1lI',llll'laJlbr-raH KOJI5I)J.Ka, 3aTeM TaHI.:(eBaJIH ocpHll.ep C 6apbII-IeH. IJ,eHT-
11 0M Tc:npaJIH30BaHHoro rrOKa3a 6bIJIO BbICTYIIJIeHHe I.:(blraHa. OH
II II IIt'Ta Ba31 K X03HHr-ry ,lI.OMa H 3pI-ITeJIHM, npe)J.JIara rrOMeHHTbC 310-
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JJ:LIK 6YAmi! MHHHI.:(b!» BblcTynJIeHlle 3aKaH L lHBaJI MeXOlmrna, KOTO-
PbII! 06paII.:(aJICH K X035IIU-IY C rrpocb60H 06 yroIl.:(emm. CI.:(eHbI C 1(.
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3JIeMeHT aKTepcKoro rrepeBOrrJIOIl.:(eHHH OCHOBH X HCnOJIHHTeJIeH
pOJIefi.
11'1 3JIHMH3IOTKa) rrHTyrnKa (MH3IOTIW). MaJIble rrpH)J.YBaJIbHble -
II; '1 'Y)J.Ka, CI-Ipe.ll.HH H rro)J.rrHTyrnKa; 60JIbrnHe npHAYBa bH:le Ha
(" ':llbIIlOII rY)J.eHb (cy6KBapTa), rY)J.eHb H rro)J.rY)J. Hb. I1rp e BOH
" JlOqTH HCKJIIOLII-neJIbHO 2KeHII.:(HHbI. HCrrOJIHl ( I1 JIb1 HI.:(a ) p Pe
II;;PTIU! cOrrpOB02K)J.aeT Hrpy 3BYKaMH rOJIoca «'t'H'l'KaHbe». -
III'pTyap - rrJIHCOBble HaHrpbIIIIH.
.HUT.: Py8HeBa A. KypcKue TaHKU Ii Kaparo.ll:bl. M., 1975.
J1IlT.: OnblT onucm-mH M01'HJIeBcKoH ry6epHIiu I fIo.ll: peA. A. C. .IJ:eM60Be -
ROro. MomJ1eB-Ha-.IJ:Herrpe, 1882. KH. 1; gJaMuHt{UH A. C. EO:llieCTBa .lI:peBHux CJIa-
B5IH. CI16., 1884; PO,MaHoB E. P. 1912. Bbm. 8; JIponn B. H. I1cTOpUqech-ne I<OpHH
BOJIllie6HOH CKa3KH. J1., 1946; KplOKoea A. BOR(.lI:eHHe «pycaJIKH» B ceJIe OCbKuHe
BOpOHNKCKOii 06JIacTH II C3. 1947. Ng 1; [Iu'lepoB B. H. 3UMHUH rrepuo.ll:. 1957;
KYPO'I1;iH O. B. HOBOpiqHi CBHTa YKpalH iB: Tpa.ll:u ii: i cyqacHicTb. I\I1lB, 1978;
HapO.ll:HbI naTp I YKJIa;J;., YCTyrr. apT. i KaMeHT. M. A. KaJIa.ll:3iHCKara. MH., 1983;
fiCTOpblH 6eJIapycKara naTpa. MH., 1983. T. 1; BO/lut{bKa I. B. TeaTpaJIbHi eJIe-
MeHTbl B Tpa;J;II ii{HiH o6pH.lI:OBOCTi YKpai:H iB KapnaT IdH 51 XIX-rroq. XX CT.
I\I1lB, 1992.
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KYDJ1ET p., 6., y. (cppaHll.. couplet, aT couple -napa)- ABYX-
( qeTblpex- pe2Ke TpeXCTpOqHaH pHcpMoBaHHaH HJIH PIITMI130BaH-
"I I HI pO f1--. a TJ xa p aKTe p eH HeKOTopbIM 2KaHpaM rr03)J.HeTp a .ll.III.:(HOH-
11,1\1 CT 't'. I'. e p a
lIoii JII-IPHIUI, B03HHKrnHM rro)J. Herrocpe)J.c:,BeHHbIM BJIHHHH ) eM JIHT -
I VIJJIOH Tpa)J.Hll.HH (pOMaHCY, pa60'IeH rreCHe H )J.p. , a TaK2Ke
IIU)JlbKJIOpII30BaHHbIM neCHHM JII-ITepaTypHoro rrpOHCX02K)J.eHHH Tpa-
'1IlI IIOHHbIM 06PH)J.OBbIM H He06pH)J.OBbIM neCHHM KynJIeTHaH 't'opMa
(:poiicTBeHHa 13 MeHbrneH CTerreHH. YCTOIILII-IBYIO KyrrJIeTHYIO opraHH-
'1'; II IlIa HMelOT 06bIIlHO rreCHH C rrplmeBOM. PHTMOMeJIO)J.HLleCKaH
;':I'P'YKTypa Bcex I(. rreceHHoro TeKCTa O)J.HHaKOBa, y rrplmeBa OHa, KaK
IIpamIJIO, HHaH.
,HIlT.: KYJW1W6CKUii J1. CTpoeHIIe KyrrJIeTHOH neCHII. .M., 19'39.
T. K. THJlI(OBA
M. A. KOJIOJJHliCKHH, A. B. I(JlPO[Il(HH
KOCMOPAl\-lA p.- pa3HoBHAHOCTb rraHOpaMbI. B POCCI-III C
XVIII B. nOJIb30BaJ1HCb rrorrYJIHpHOCTblO 60JIbrnHe KocMopaMbI (AJIIIH-
HaH KapTIIHa 60JIbrnHX pa3MepoB, rrOMeIl aeMaH Ha CTeHe Crrell.HaJIb-
Horo Kpyr.TlOro 3)J.aHHH, 13 I.:(eHTpe KOToporo HaXO)J.HTCH 3pHTeJIb; 13
HeKoTopbIX BHAax rraHopaM 3plneJlb OCTaBaJICH Herro)J.BI'I2KHbIM, Bpa-
maJIaCb lKe JIeHTa C KapTIIHaMH). TIepBble I(. 6LIJIH rrpHBe3eHbI raCT-
pOJIepaMH H3 3arra)J.HoII EBporrLI, 13 HHX )J.eMoHCTpHpOBaJIHCb BH)J.bI ro-
pO.ll.OB, cperrepBepKoB, He6ecHbIfi CBO)J. H rrp. I103)J.Hee 13 I(. CTaJIH rro-
Ka3bIBaTb DH)J.bI PYCCKIIX ropoAOB H MOHacTblpeH, ABOpI.:(OB H 3aMKOB,
HHTepbepbI 3HaMeHHTblX C060pOB, 3rrH30)J.bI H3BeCTHblX cpmKeHIHi,
3eMJIeTpHCeHHH H Kopa6JIeKpyrneI-II-IH. He MeHbrnHH ycrrex HMeJIa Ma-
JIaH, rrOTernHaH 1(., paeK (CM.), KOTOPYIO BJIa)J.eJIbI.:(bI rop.ll.O Ha3bIBaJIII
«BceMHpHaH KocMopaMa», 3arreqaTJIeB 3TO Ha3BaHHe Ha rrpIIKperr-
JIeHHOM K paernHoMY HII.:(HKY cpJIare. 3Aecb rrOKa3bIBaJIII JIy60QHble
KapnIHKH, corrpOB02KAaH HX cepbe3HbIMH HJIH BeCeJlbIMH KOMMeHTa-
pHHMH paernHHKa.
J1I1T.: KOHe'IHbtii A. !vI. PaeJ( - HapO.ll:Ha51 sa6aBa II .IJ:eKOpaTHBHOe UCKYCCTBO.
1986. J\l'g 9; lie;-;pbtJ70Ba A. gJ. PyccKIIe HapO.ll:HbIe rrpa3.l1:HHKU, YBeCeJIeHUH U 3pe-
J1!:1ll.\a. .11., 1988.
A. CP. HEKPbIJIOBA
KyrI1r J1bI, KYBI1KJ1bI, KYBHLIKI1, ,lLY.LLKI1, JJ:YJJ:ALIKI1,
TPOCT5IHKI1, DEBKI1 p. - PYCCKIIH HapO.ll.HbIII HHCTpYMeHT Tlma
cpJIeHTbI TIaI1a. BbIHBJIeH 13 KYPCKOH H EpHHCKOH 06JI. TpaAlIrJ;HOH-
HbIH aHcaM6JIb K COCTOHT H3 Tpex rrapnIII: «HrpaIOII.:(He» (<<rrapa»),
MaJIble H 60JIblllHe rrpH)J.YBaJIbHble. 3BYKOPH)J. «HrpalOII.:(Hx»- rrpe-
HMYII.:(eCTBeHHO Ma2KOpHbIH rreHTaxop)J.. Ha3BaHHH )J.YAOK: rY.ll.eHb,
nOArYAeHb (rrO)J.rY)J.Ka), cHpeAHHH (TpeTHKa), rroArrHTyrnKa (LleTBep-
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)J.JIH LJTeHH5!) - TepMl1H, 3aHMcTBoBaHHbIH H3 JIHTepaTypoBeAeHHH;
nepBOHaLlaJIbHO - )!{HTHe CB5!TOrO, HanHcaHHoe AJIH LJTeHH5! B AeHb
era rraM5!TH. B q,OJIbKJIOpHCTHKe 0603Ha L laJI YCTHble npoH3BeAeHHH,
CBH3aHHble C xpHcTHaHcKoH rrHCbMeHHOCTblO. TI03AHee npH06peJI
pacrnIIpeHHoe 3Ha'IeHHe, OTHOCHTCH K rrp03awlecKHM npoH3Be)J.eHH5!M,
cpaHTacTHLlecKH OCMbICJIHlOIl(HM (Ha OCHOBe pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIX 13 Ha-
pOAHOH cpeAe peJIHrH03HbIX, HCTopWleCKHX, COll.HaJIbHO-YTorrWleCKHX,
3TWleCKHX B033peHHH) C06bITH5!, OTHOCHII.:(HeCH K HBJIeHH5!M He2KHBOH
l1pHpO)J.bI HJIH K MHPY paCTeHHH, 2KHBOTHbIX, JIlO)J.eH (rrJIeMeH, Hapo-
AOB 11 OT)J.eJIbHbIX JIHqHOCTeH), CBepX'beCTeCTBeHHbIX cYII.:(ecTB (Ear,
CBHTble, aHreJIbI, Heql1CTble AYXU). JI. BocnpHHHMaeTcH paCCKa3LJH-
KOM H CJIyrnaTeJIHMH KaK AocToBepHoe nOBeCTBOBaHHe. 06'b5!CHH-
TeJIbHaH II HpaBoyLJHTeJIbHa5! q,YHKll.HH HBJIHlOTCH B JI. OCHOBHbIMH.
B OTJIWme aT MHcpa, nOlJ,LIHHeHHoro pHTyaJIY H 06paII.:(eHHOrO K AO-
HCTOpHLJeCKOMY MHq,OJIOrWleCKOMY BpelVleHH, JI. He3aBHCHMa aT PH-
TyaJIa, 06paII.:(eHa rrpeHMyII.:(ecTBeHHo K UCTopwlecKoMy npOrnJIOMY
(H3pe)J.Ka K npeAbICTOpHLJeCKoMY, Hanp., 6H6JIeHCKoMY BpeMeHH).
JJ:eHcTBHe HeKoTopbIX JI. npoHcxoAHT B HaCT05!Il(YlO 3noxy, HHorAa (13
3CXaTOJIOrWleCKoH H YTorrwleCKOH JI.) 13 6YAYIl(eM. Do cpaBHeHHlO C
npeAaHlleM (CM.), nOBecTBYlOII.:(HM JIHrnb a naMHTHOM HapoAy rrporn-
JIOM H OTHOCHTeJIbHO rnHpoKo OXBaTbIBalOIl(HM HCTOpHqecKYlO H 6bI-
TOBYlO np06JIeMaTHKY, JI. MeHee rrOJIHO BOCC03AaeT HCTopwlecKYlO H
6bITOBYlO 06cTaHoBKY AeHcTBHH. B CJIY'IaHX, KorAa 13 JI. rrOJIyqaeT
cB060)J.lwe pa3BHTHe xY)J.02KeCTBeHHbIH BbIMbICeJI, aHa C6JIH2KaeTC5! B
2KaHpOBONI OTHorneHHH co CKa3KOH. HeKOTopble JIereHlJ,apHble ClO2Ke-
TbI HMelOT CBH3b C KHH2KHbIMH HCTOqHHK8MH. B BOCTOLIHOCJIaBHHCKoi'!
cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKe npHHHTa CJI€AYlOII.:(aH KJIaCCl1cpHKall.HH BIIAOB: KOC-
MorOHHLleCKa5J, TorrOHIIMHLJeCKa5J, 3THOJIOrHLleCKa5!, 3THorOHHLleCKa5!,
300rOHHqeCKaH, peJIHrH03HaH (anOKpHcpnLJeCKaH), HCTOpHqeCKaH, CO-
ll.HaJIbHO-YTOIIlIlJeCKaH HAp.
J1I1T.: J1.pacwwH06 M. MaJIoPyccKue Hap0.ll:Hble rrpe;J:aHuH U paCCKa3bI. I\ueB,
1876; AcpaHaCbe6 A. H. HapO.ll:HbIe PyccKue JIereH.lI:bl. M., 1916; J1ereH.lI:bI i rra.ll:aHHi.
1983; J1ereH.lI:U Ta rrepeKa3u. 1985; BeceJ706CKUii A. H. OrrbITbI rro UCTOpliU pa3BII-
TU5I XpUCTlIaHCIWH JIereH.lI:bI//)KMHI1. 1875. N2 4-6; 1876. N2 2-3; 1877. N2 2,
J1
129
!i; rHaTlOK B. raJIU bKo-PYCbKi Hapo;J:Hi JIereH.lI:H. T. I, 2 Ii ETHorpa!jJ. 36. 1902.
T. 12, 13; As6eJle6 C. H. OTHOllieI-me npe.ll:aHU5I, JIereH.lI:bl U CKa3KU K .lI:eHCTBU-
TCJIbHOCTll/1 CJIaB5IHCKHH !jJOJIbKJIOp U UCTOpUqeCKa51 .lI:eHCTBUTeJIbHOcTb. M., 1965;
IfuCT06 J(. B. PyccKue napO.ll:HbJe CO UaJIbHo-YTorrWJeCKUe JIereH.lI:bI XVII-XIX 1313.
M., 1967.
JI. r. EAPAr
JIEKCHKA TAHlJ.A p., .n,EKCIKA TAHlJ.A 6., JIEKCHKA
TAHlJ.IO y. - Ha60p ABH2KeIUrH, 2KeCTOB, n03, onpeAeJIHlOII.:(HX CY-
I eCTBO H cBoe06pa3He AaHHoro THna JIH60 KOHKpeTHoro 06pa3ll.a
TaHll.a. JJ:aeT npeACTaBJIeHHe 0 TaHll.eBaJIbHOM MaTepHaJIe, xapaKTe-
PH3YH oT60p ABH2KeWleCKHX cpeACTB. To 2Ke, LITO «xopeorpaq,Wlec-
KaH JIeKCHKa». Ka2KAa5! Hall.HOHaJIbHa5! TaHll.eBaJIbHaH KYJIbTypa
06JIaAaeT onpe)J.eJIeHHbIM KOMrrJIeKCOM JIeKCHKH U Crrell.Hq,HLJeCKOH
MaHepOH HX HCrrOJIHeHH5!.
JJ:JIH JI. T. BOCTOqHbIX CJIaBHH xapaKTepHa nJIaCTH'IeCKaH Bblpa3H-
TeJIbHOCTb Bcero TeJIa: rapMOHWleCKoe COLleTaHHe ABH2KeHHH rOJIOBbI,
PYK, rrJIeLJ, Kopnyca C ABH2KeHH5!MH Hor, KOTOpbIM YAeJI5!eTC5! OCHOB-
Hoe BHHMaHHe KaK cpe)J.CTBY, TaHIl(eMY B03M02KHOCTb BapbHpOBaHH5!
11 pa3pa60TKH. JJ:BH2KeHH5! PYK H Koprryca, KaK npaBHJIO, AOnOJIHHlOT,
Oq,OpMJIHlOT ll.eJIoe. MHoro06pa3He ABH2KeHHH Hor, 60raTCTBO HMeH-
HO 3TOH TaHll.eBaJIbHOH TeXHHIm B H3BeCTHOH Mepe CBH3aHbI C rrpOCT-
paHCTBeHHOII rnl1pOTOH, CBOHCTBeHlWH TaHll.aM BOCTOLIHbIX CJIaBHH.
B HeKOTopbIX ApeBHHX BH)J.ax TpalJ,Hll.110HHOH TaHll.eBaJIbHOH KYJIb-
TYPbI, Hanp. 13 MeAJIeHHbIX XopOBO)J.ax, JIeKCHKa TaHll.a M02KeT 6bITb
OLleHb cKyrra, CBOlJ,HTC5J no CYllI.eCTBY K pa3HOBHAHOCTHM rnara, on-
peAeJIeHHbIM 06pa30M COOTI-ieCeHHOro C MY3bIKaJIbHbIM corrpOB01KAe-
HIleM HJIH HaneBOM. TorAa OCHOBHbIMII BbIpa3HTeJIbHbIMH CpelJ,CTBa-
MH CTaHOBHTCH perJIaMeHTHpOBaHHoe nOBeAeHHe 11 nJIaCTHKa TaH-
ll.YlOIWIX, a TaK2Ke PHCYHOK HX rrepeMeIl(eHHH (CM. PUCYHOK TaHl{a).
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HHTeJIb nOlJ,CKaKHBaeT Ha o)J.lIoii Hare, nOAHHMaH cnepeAH ApyrylO
Hory, corHYTYlO B KOJIeHe, Ii CTaB5! ee n03aAH onopHOH HorH. B. BbI-
nOJIHHeTCH B pa3JIWIHbIX BapHaHTax. B PYCCKOM, yKpaHHcKOM H 6eJIo-
PYCCKOM TaHll.e B. OTJIWlaeTC5J aKll.eHTaMH B UCnOJIHeHHH.
BpauWt'lUe (pyc.), Bflp t l3HHC (6eJI.), 06epraHHfl (YKp.)-nOJIHbIH
nOBopOT HCrrOJIHIITeJI5! BOKpyr ce6H B TY HJIH HHYlO CTOPOHY, HCnOJI-
H5!eTCH B 6bICTpOM H Me)J.JIelUiOM TeMne, Ha MeCTe H 13 npO)1BH2KeHHH.
BapHaHTbI B. OLfeHb pa3Hoo6pa3HbI: Ha O)1HOH Hare, Ha AByX, B nolJ,-
CKOKe, rrpbI2KKe, rrpl1CHlJ,Ke, B. napTHeprnH rrOA PYKOIi y rrapTHepa H
T. A. Do cnoc06y HCnOJIHeHH5! B. AeJIHTCH Ha COJIbHOe H napHoe.
COJIbHOe qaIl(e BCTpeLJaeTCH 13 TpaAHll.HOHHbIX II HMnpOBH3all.IIOHHbIX
5. 3aK. 519
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rrbI TpalJ,Hll.HOHHbIX TaHll.eB, a TaK)! e nOJIeK, Ka)J.pnJIeH, rOpOlJ,CKHX
6bITOBbIX TaHll.eB. B. CJIY2KIIT C03)J.aHl1lO HpKoro XY)J.OMeCTBeHHoro
06pa3a, KaK, Hanp., 13 TaHll.e «lVleTeJIHll.a».
Fa./lOn (pyc., 6eJI., YKp.). TaHll.eBaJIbHOe lJ,BII)! eHIle, npl1 KOTOpOM
HCnOJIHIITeJIb )J.eJIaeT 60KOBOlI mar O)J.HOH HOrOI1:, alJ,pyraH Hora c60-
KY rrOlJ,611BaeT onopHYlO Hory II CTaBHTCH Ha ee MeCTO. JJ:BI12KeHHe
BblIIOJIHHeTCH C npOlJ,BH2KeHl1eM BrrpaBO HJIlI BJIeBO, no rrp5!MOlr IlJIH
no Kpyry. XapaKTep HCnOJIHeHH5I - lfeTKIIii, JIerKHH, CTpeMHTeJIbHbIH.
r. 5!BJ1HeTCH xapaKTepHbIM )J.BII2KeHIleM )J.J15! PYCCKoro, YKpal1HCKOrO
11 6eJIOpYCCKoro TaHll.eB.
FO.lly6cl{ (pyc.), za.lly6cl{ (6eJI.), zO.lly6el{b (YKp.). I1crrOJIHIITeJIb
BO BpeM5! nO)J.CKOKa 13 B03)J.yX2 nOlJ,6IIBaeT OnOpI-IOH HorolI pa60TalO-
Il(YlO Hory, oT6paCbIBa5! ee B CTOPOHY, npH 3TOM OTKJIOHH5ICb 13 CTO-
POHY, rrpOTIlBOnOJI02KHYlO nO)J.HHTOI"r Hare. r. rnHpOKO pacrrpOCTpaHeH
B YKpaHHCKOM TaHll.e, HBJIHeTC51 xapaKTepHbIM )J.BH:iKeHIleM )J.JIH TaH-
ll.eB 3ana)J.HbIX 06JIaCTeI1 EeJIapycl1. lIcnoJIHeHHe r. 13 PYCCKOM TaHll.e
CYIl(eCTBeHHO OTJIHLlaeTCH aT YKpaHHCKoro II 6eJIOPYCCKoro BapHaH-
TaB.
lI.OpO C1W (Pyc.), oapo C1W (6eJI.), aOpi C1W (YKp.)- )J.BlI1KeHHe,
HCnOJIHHlOIl(eeCH LlaII.:(e Bcero B CTOPOHY, 130 BpeMH KOToporo O)J.Ha HO-
ra CTaBHTC5I TO cnepe)J.H, TO C3a)J.H HaKpeCT )J.pyrolI.
B TaHll.aX H XopoBo)J.ax BOCTOLIHbIX CJIaB5!H cYII.:(ecTByeT 60JIbrnOe
pa3I-I006pa3Ile JJ:. EOJIbrna5! LlaCTb BapHaHToB JJ:. HMeeT CBOII Ha3Ba-
HII5I: B PYCCKOM TaHll.e npocTaH MeJIKaH HerrpepbIBHaH lJ,p06b C 0lJ,11-
HapHbIM Y)J.apoM Ka6JIYK3, nOOqepelJ,HO TO C O)J.HOH, TO C lJ,pyrOlr HorH,
Ha3bIBaeTCH )J.p06HOH )J.opolImoii:, 13 YKpaIIHCKOM TaHll.e rrpHna)J.aHIle
13 CTOPOHY rro 3-H n03Hll.l1Il Hal' - lJ,OphlmOI"r rrJIeTeHOiL BCTpelfalOTC5I
BapHaHTbI JJ:. B coe)J.I1HeHHH C )J.pyrHMIl )J.BlI1KeHII5IMl1.
lI.po6YtUlw (pyc.), OP06HtJi XOO (6e.'l.), opi6ywIW (YKp.) - )J.BH-
2KeHHe, npH KOTOpOM HCrrOJIHI1TeJIb y)J.apHeT HoraMII 06 nOJI B onpe-
lJ,eJIeHHOM MY3bIKaJIbHOM pHTMe. M02KeT 6bITb rrpocTaH, C Y)J.apoM
Ha CIIJIbHYro JIH60 CJIa6ylO )J.OJIlO MY3bIKaJIbHOrO TaKTa, CJI02KHa5!,
KOrlJ,a TaHll.YlOIl(HII )J.eJIaeT HeCKOJIbKO y)J.apoB Ha O)J.HY MY3bIKaJIbHYlO
)J.OJIlO, KOM6HHHpoBaHHaH. BapnaHTbI nCnOJIHeHHH JJ:. O'IeHb pa3Ho-
06pa3HbI: Ha MeCTe, B rroBopoTe, B npo)J.BHlI\:eHIIII (lJ,p06HbIIi xO)J.).
B COJIbHO-HMnpOBlI3all.HOHHbIX TaHll.aX nOJIYIIlIJIO I1lIlpOKOe pacnpocT-
paHeHIle cHHKomlpOBaHl1e - BbI)J.eJIeHl1e cJIa60ii MY3bIKaJIbHOH )J.OJIII.
flepcclwK (pyc., YKp.), ncpaCKOK (6eJI.) C o)J.HOIi HorH Ha )J.PY-
rylO, C )J.Byx Hor Ha O)J.HY, C OlJ,HOH Horn Ha 06e HorH BXOlJ,HT COCTaB-
HOH lfaCTbIO B TaHll.eBaJIbHble .3JIeMeHTbI, HB.TI5IeTCH CBH3YlOII.:(HM 3Be-
HOM Me.lK)J.y pa3JIWIHbIMl1 TaHQeBaJIbHbIMiI )J.BH:tKeHIIHMH B PYCCKOM,
YKpaHHCKOM H 6eJIOpYCCKOM TaHQe.
fl punaoat-lUe (pyc.), npbilW0at-lHC (6eJI.) - )J.BI12KeHUe, BO BpeM51
KOToporo HCnOJIHHTeJIb, BbIHOC51 pa60TaJOIl(YlO Hory 13 3alJ,3HHOM Ha-
npaBJIeHHH, )J.eJIaeT Ha Hee :iKe yrrop. I1crrOJIHHeTC5! D. qaIl(e Bcero C
rrpo)J.BH)KeHHeM B CTOPOHY, Ha rvrecTe HJIH 13 rroBopoTe.
JII1PA p., JIIPA, JIEPA, 1-"3JI51 6., JIIPA, P!1JI51, PEJI51 y.-
Ilapo)J.HbIH CTPYHHbIH q,pIIKQHOI-IHbIH MY3bIKaJIbHbUJ HHCTpYMeHT. 00-
,J1YLIlIJI rnIlpoKoe pacnpocTpaHemre B EeJIapycH II Ha YKpaHHe, 3-
IwCTeH 13 POCCHH. JI. HMeeT )J.epeB5!HHbIH Kopnyc, IIa e OBaJIbHOH II
JlOCbMepKo06pa3HoH q,OpMbI, )J.Be AeKH, KOPOTKYlO rneHKY C KOJIKaMH,
Bo BpeMH BbITIOJIHeHHH D. B lJ,BH2KeHHH rOJIOBa nOBopa L IHBaeTC5!
1\ CTOPOHY rrpo)J.BH2KeHH5!. B 3aBHCl1MOCTH aT xapaKTepa TaHll.a H MY-
:3bIKII D. MorYT BblIIOJIHHTbCH nJIaBHO, M5!rKO, KaK, Hanp., B XOpOBO-
) ax, HJIH 6bICTpO, 3HeprwIHo - B TaHll.ax.
B Ka:tK)J.oH TaHll.eBaJIbHOlr Tpa)J.Hll.mI BOCTOlfHbIX CJIaBHH D. HMeeT
CBOH oc06eHHocTH. B D. B YKpal1HCKOM H 6eJIOpyccKOM TaHll.e rrplI-
ce)J.aHH5! MeHee 3aMeTHbI, 'IeM B pyCCKOM. B HeKoTopbIX 2Ke BapHaH-
Tax D. BbIIIOJIHHeTC5! Ha CB060lJ,HbIX KOJIeH5!X, COBceM 6e3 npHCelJ,a-
.HHH. B PYCCKOM TaHll.e BCTpellalOTcH BapHaHTbI D., HCrrOJIHHeMble C
nOlJ,'beMOM Ha nOJIyrraJIbll.bI HJIH C nO)J.'beMOM na nOJIynaJIbll.bI II )J.BYMH
nOCJIe)J.YlOIl(HMH ylJ,apaMH nOJlynaJIbll.aMH. B 6eJIOpyccKOM TaHll.e
BCTpeLlaeTcH D. C BbIHOCOM HorH Ha Ka6JIYK.
flpucfloKa (pyc., YKp.), npblcfloKa (6eJI.)- )J.BH2KeHHe, npH KO-
TOpOM l1CnOJIHHTeJIb npHce)J.aeT, oTpbIBaH rr5!TKl1 aT nOJIa H crH6a5!
HorH B KOJIeHHX. I1crrOJIH5!eTC5!, KaK npaBHJIO, Ha O)J.HY )J.OJIlO MY3bI-
KaJIbHOrO TaKTa. BapHaHTbI HCnOJIHeHH5! D.: 6e3 BbIHoca HorH (MH-
lfHK), rrpH CJIerKa corHYTblx B KCJIeHHX Horax (nOJIyrrpHC5!)J.Ka), C BbI-
JIOCOM HorH Ha Ka6JIYK, B nOBopoTe, D.-pa3Ho2KKa H T. lJ,. HaH60.'1b-
mee pacnpoCTpaHeHHe nOJIYLIHJIa B UMupOBH3all.HOHHbIX H Tpa)J.H-
ll.HOHHbIX TaHll.ax.
flpuTonbl (pyc.), npblTynbl (6eJI.), npuTonYBaHHfl (YKp.) BbinOJI-
HHlOTCH CHJIbHbIMH y)J.apaMH Hor 06 rrOJI, BXO)J.HT nOLITH B JI1060e
lJ,p06HOe ,rr,BH}KeHIIe H HBJIHlOTC51 O)J.HOH H3 COCTaBHblX LlacTeH )J.P06H.
O)J.HaKo D. MorYT 6bITb H ca OCT05!TeJIbHbIMH 3JIeMeHTaMII 13 TaHIJ,e,
nJIHCKe. B CBoeM 60JIbrnHHCTBe D. CJIY2KaT )J.JIH 3aBeprneHH5! xopeo-
rpacpUqeCKOrO npe)J.JI01KeHHH, KOJIeHa HJIII Bcero TaHll.a. I1cnOJIHHlOT-
CH TI. JIlIXO, C 3alJ,OpOM, HO B HeKoTopbIX BapIIaHTax XOPOBO)J.OB-
MHrKO, C nOJIynpHce;.J,aHHeM. CYII.:(eCTBYlOT caMble pa3Ho06pa3Hble D.:
o)J.HHapHble, )1BOHHble, TpOIIHl1Ie, C nO)J.CKOKOM, C o)J.HoBpeMeHHbIM co-
CKOKOM Ha )J.Be HorH H T. lJ.,.
J1I1T.: Bepx06uHel{b B. M. Teopi51 YKPualHcbKoro !lapO.ll:Horo TaH IO. I\HlB:
1963; rOJwt1s06C1wii K. H. 06pa3bI PYCCKOI1 HapO.ll:HOU xop orpa9mu. M.,. 1964.,
TIWtteHKO T. Hapo;J.HbIH TaHe . M., 1967; rYl>!eH1o/\' A. YKpalHcbKl HapO.ll:Hl TaH 1.
KUlB, 1969; BacUJteHKO J(. J1eKcuKa YKpaluHcbKoro Hapo,'J:Horo C eHW1HO O TaH IO.
KHlB, 1971; OH OIce. YKpauHcKuH HapO.ll:HbIH TaHe . M., 1981; rpe6eHUI,UKOB C. M.
C eHIIqeCKIIe 6eJIOpyccKue TaH bI. Mil., 1974; OH OIce. EeJIOpyccKa51 HapO.ll:HO-C e-
IIlf'H'CKaI! xopeorpa!jJuH. MH., 1976; AAeKCIOT06UtI JI. K. EeJIOpyccKue HapO.ll:Hble
TaHIJ,bl. .MH., 1978; IC71U'd06 A. OCHOBbI pyccKoro HapO.ll:Horo TaH a. M., 1981;
If YP1\O /0. 11'1. EeJIOpyccKHH xopeorpa!jJIiq eCKHH !jJOJIbKJIOp. Mil. , 1990.
C. B. rJlTI(OBCI(AH, IC. B. I(JIHMOBHCf I, Ir. J(. KOJIEJ1.AL
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10-13 KJIaBHIll. 3BYK H3BJIeKaeTCH TpeHIleM no CTpYHaM HaTepToro
KaHH(j)OJIblO AepeBHHHoro KOJI Ca, KOTopoe HaXO)J.HTC5! BHYTPH Kopny-
ca, 13 HII2ImeH LlaCTH, BblcTyrraH 060)J.OM lIepe3 npope3b 13 AeKe, H rrpH-
BO)J.IITCH B Aei1cTBHe pyqKOII. 15 6eJIOPyccKOH JI. 6YPJJ:OHbI HacTpaII-
BaJIHCb B KBHHTY, a MeJIOAIIqeCKa51 cTpYHa - 13 oKTaBY rro OTHorne-
HIlla K HII2KHeMY 6YP)J.OHY. 3BYKOpH)J. MeJIo)J.IFlecKoH CTPYHbI - JJ:Ha-
TOHHqeCKHH. n. 6bIJIa HHcTPYMeHToM JIHPHHKOB-CTapll.eB H HIIIl(IIX,
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1937; A6!Jee6 A. )1,. Dpoucxo:iK.lI:eHUe TeaTpa. lVl., 1959; ryce6 B. E. aT 06p5lJJ.a K
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pRALl U 06p5l,J,OBbIH CpOJILKJIOp. M., 1974; OH :lice. HCTOIUI PYCCKOro HapOl\HOrO
TeaTpa. J1., 1977 (pa3.l1:e.'J «PH:iKeHLe»); Cep06 C, H. Hapo.n:hl DllpeHelicKOrO rrOJIY-
nCTpoBa II I\aJIeHJJ.apHLle 06b1qall H 06P5l.ll:LI 13 CTpaHax 3apy6e2KHOH EBpOI1bI: Be-
CCHHue npa3.l1:HHKlI. M., 1977; fiCTOpbI5I 6eJIapYCKara T3aTpa. MH., 1983. T. 1;
HClCpblJ70Ba A. CPo PyccKlIe Hapo.n:HbIe rop0.n:cKlIe rrpa3.l1:HlIKlI, YBeCeJleHUH 1I 3peJIII-
lI a. J1.,.1984; RapKe611 t l B. JI. I-lapoJJ.HaH KYJIbTypa cpeWIeBeKoBbH. .M., 1988;
AypOt!Kl/i O. B. HOBOpiqHi CB5ITa YKpalH iB: Tpa.ll:u ii i cyqacHicTb. I\U'iB, 1978;
ON lce. .IJ:0 npOOJIeMII eTHorpacpiqIIoro BHBqeHHH Tpa.ll:lI i01-IHX HapO.ll:HUX olaeOK Ha
YKpalHi 1/ HTE. 1988. .Nh 6; OH :lice. EYKOBuHcbKa HOBOpiqHa «llepe6epiH» II TaM
;J,e. 1992. .N2 3.
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paBJIH, EbIKa, KOH5!, CBH3aHHbIe C KYJIbTOM npe)J.KOB MaCKII J],e)1a II
I)a6bI, )J.eMOHOJIOrHLleCKHe 06pa3bI qepTa H CMepTH, a TaK2Ke MHoro
J pyrHx COll.HaJIbHO-6bITOBbIX H Hall.HOHaJIbHbIX rrepCOHa2KeH.
JJI1T.: BepxpaTcbKllii I. flpo «MaJIaHKY» IlflpaB.lI:a. J1bBiB, 1876. 4. 2; Ee-
.IOYc 1'vf. H. .MaJ1aIlKa: Hapo.n:HL1H 06xo.ll. 13 HaBeqepHe CB. BaCUJIH5I II HOBOro ro.ll:a.
!\OJIOMblH, 1900; HI{llhWPClwii E. M. «MaJIaHKa» KaK BU.lI: CB5ITOqHOrO 06p5l.ll:0BOrO
jJ5ILKeHHH 1/ 3THorpa!jJ. 0603peHHe. 1914. .N' 1-2; K611TKa K. DecHu YKpaHHcKux
'<I!MIHIX 06pH.lI:OBblX rIpa3.l1:HHKoBIIH36p. Tp.: B 2 T. M., 1971. T. 1; KypOtlKiH O. B.
IloBopiqHi CB5ITa YKpalH iB: Tpa.ll:H il i cyqaCHicTb. I\ulB, 1978; Cnarapy r. I.
llapo.ll:Ha .lI:paMa «.MaJIaHKa»: ii TIInu Ta Bepcil II lITE. 1982. N , 1; EocTaH r. 1(.
TIInoJIOrUqeCKOe COOTHOllieHue U B3aUMOCB5I3U MOJI.lI:aBCKOro, PycCKoro II YEpauH-
('"oro !jJOJIbKJIOpa. KUlliHHeB, 1985; 3acpaiJcKafi C. r. fleceHHo-mpoBble oco6eHHo-
C'rn Ky6aHcKoi-i «NlaJIaHKlI» / / 1'!>0JIbKJIOp: DeceIlHoe HaCJIe.ll:Ue. J1., 1991; KypO'l-
Kin O. EYKOBHHCbJ{a HOBOpiqHa «rrepe6epi5l» II HTE. 1992. N 3.
30BaBIlllie 06II.:(Hl'I C PYCCKHMH penepTyap nplJTOBOpOK H «HoMep0B».
M. HepeAKo CJIbIJIH 'Iapo)J.eHMH, KY)J.ecHHKaMH, HX npHrJIarnaJIH AJI5!
JIe L leHII5I HeKOTopbTX 60JIe3HeH, oTBe)J.eHHH 6e)J.bT, HaAeJIeHHH 6JIaro-
nO.'1yqlIe I If T. rr.
f10BO,rr,blpH C MeABeAHMH XOAH.TJlI B O)J.HHOqKy II apTeJIHMII, HeKO-
Topble BJIa)J.eJIH HeCKOJIbKIIMII .lKHBOTHbIMH H Tor)J.a oT)J.aBaJIH IIX B
apeHAY. TIpoMbICeJI 6bIJI, KaK rrpaBHJIO, HaCJIe)J.cTBeHHbIM.
CM. TaK)!(e [JOTexa JHed6e:J/Cbfl H JIHT.
{IHT.: Ko/Ue.lzc6 B. B. I\ Bonpocy 0 Me.ll:Be.ll:ql1KaX, MeJJ.Be.ll:HI1KaX 1J CKOMOpO-
xax II 3pe.1Uill.I10-urpoBbIe !jJOPMbI EYJlbTYPbl. J1., 1991.
«l\1EJIAHKA», «MAJIAHKA» y.- 1) 6bITOBOe Ha3BaHfle KaHYHa
HOBoro rOAa B arpapHoM KaJIeHAape YKpaHHQeB. I1POHCXO)J.HT aT
IIMeHII CB. MeJI3HUII, npa3AHHK KOTOPOI!, COrJIaCHO npaBOCJIaBHbIM
C 5!TQa:\!, OTMe'IaeTCH 31 AeKa6pH no CT. CT. HJIH 13 HHBapH no H. CT.;
2) repOHI-UI YKpaHHcKHx HOBorO)J.HHX IIJ.e)J.poBoK ('I'. Ha3. MeJIaHKOBbIX
rreceH), rj],e nenm a M. COCTaBJIHlOT OTAeJIbHbIH TeMaTwIecKHH
ll.IIKJ1, H;VreIOII.:(UII CBOIl ClO.lKeTHble H rvre.'10)J.HqeCKHe pa3HoBH)J.HOCTH.
J],peEHlOlO 06pa3Ho-CHMBOJIWIecKYlO OCHOBY JIyqrne cOXpaHHJIlI rrpaBo-
6epe)!{HbIe n03THLleCKue BapIIaHTbI (oc06eImo B J],HeCTpoBcKo-I1pH-
KapnaTcKoM peolor-Ie), B TO BpeMtI KaK JIeB06epe2KHble OTpa2KalOT
3HaIJrITe.'lbHOe JIH5IHlIe xpHCTlIaHCKo-arrOKpuq,WleCKHX MOTHBOB
(Harr?: MeJIamSI npe6araTa, )J. JIa IIa ll.epKBY cpi6JIa, 3.'laTa»). M.-
CJImhHbIlI, KOHTaMUHIIpOBaHHbIH cpO.'1bKJIOpHbIH 06pa3. fHnOTeTWJ:e-
CKII era MO)KHO TpaKTOBaTb KaK 06pH)J.OBoe 3aMeII.:(eHHe B HapO)J.HOM
C03HaHIIIT MaImUIH - rJlaBHOro )KeHCKOro 60}KeCTBa B H3bIIJeCKOM
rraHTeOH )J.peBHHX CJIaBHH. OCHOBaHHe AJIH TaKHX HCTOplIIJeCKHX
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MaHTI1'leCKHX npH3HaKOB, IIpnCYIIJ.HX MHq)OJIOrWleCKOMY H q,OJIbKJIOp-
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JIOrWIHbIlI nepCOHa2K eCTb B MO.'l)J.aBCKOM q,OJII)KJ10pe). COrJIaCHO
06bI IaIO, <;ny PC:JIb HCnO.iIH5IJI He2KeHaTbIH napeHb, nepeo)J.eTbIH B )KeH-
CKHI1 Hapo)J.HbIII KOCTlOM. 06bIqHO TpaBeCTIlpOBaHHatI M. TpaKToBa-
JIaCb rnap2KHpOB3HHO IWK MOJIOAatI x03Hi-'IKa, )J.eJIalOII.:(aH Bce r-reBno-
na)1. Pe2Ee BCTpelIaJIaCb «cepbe3Ha5!» MaCKa, MOJI'IaBrnaH H He npH-
HIIMaBrn35I aKTI-IBHOrO YLlaCTHH 13 BeCeJIbe. XapaKTepHble aTpII6YTbI
.M. COCT3.B<'IHJIH: BepeTeHO C KOHOrrJIHHOH rrp5!)!(ei'r, KYKJIa-«MJIaAeHell.»,
BeHI!K, roprnOK C pa36aBJIeHfIOH rJIIIHOH H )J.p. KapHaBaJIbHbIM cnYT-
HHKOM ,1\1. IJaIJJ,e Bcero BblcTynaeT KpaCaBell.-rrapeHb BaCHJIb. BMeCTe
OHI! 06pa3YlOT YCTOHlIIIBYlO 06PH)J.OBYlO napy, CIIMBOJIHKa KOTOpOH
paCKpbIBaeTCH 13 acneKTe 6HHapHbIX onrr03HQHH (2KeHIJJ,HHa-MY)K-
qHHa, HeBeCTa-2KeHHX, npHXa-3eMJIe)J.eJIeQ, KOHell. - HaqaJIO Ka-
JIeH)J.apIfOro rO)J.a); 4) Tpa)J.Hll.IIOHHbIII HOBoro)J.HHH 06PH)J., apxauqe-
A. B. KJlPOCfKHH
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IIOJIOrI5I y.- MeTO)J. MY3bIKaJIbHOH cpOJIbKJIOpHCTIIKU, HarrpaBJIeH-
\lbllI Ha onpej],eJIeHHe OCHOBHbIX MeJIO)J.HqeCKHX THrrOB (MT) BHyTpII
II aHpa, 06pH)J.oBoro ll.HKJIa rreceH, JIOKaJIbHOH neceHHoH Tpa)J.ull.IIU H
-qJ. MT - HHBapliaHT, peaJIbHO cYII.:(eCTBYlOIIJ.HH H Y3HaBae:\!bIII KaK
BapHaHT, KOHll.eHTpHPYlOIJJ,IIH 13 ce6e OCHOBHble qepTbI cTporo oLlep-
'1l'IIIIOH rpyrrnbI BapHaHToB (q,opMa MeJIOCTpoq,bI, ee pHTMHqeCKa5! II
\lllTOI-IaQHOHHaH CTpYKTypa, CJIOrOpHTMWleCKa5I cpopMYJIa, CIICTeMa
.lla) OBbIX KOHCTaHT, ClO2KeTHbIH THII H T. rr.). Ha60p 3TH X LlepT (HJIII
I\lJMIIOHeHTOB) M02KeT 6bITb pa3JIHIJHbIM B Ka2K)J.OM KOHKpeTHOM CJIY-
'1:le C rronpaBKOH Ha MeCTHYlO neB'IecKYlO Tpa)J.Hll.HlO. EJIarOAapH
138
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139
JI. A. ECPPEMOBA
1\' I Ti\MOP<D03A, 11EPEBOTIJIOlll,EHI1E p., MET AMAP<D03A,
III PAYBACAEJIEHHE 6., METAMOP<D03A, 11EPEBTIJIEHH5I
II. pacnpoCTpaHeHHbIH ClO2KeT006pa3YlOII.:(IIH q,OJIbKJIOpHbIH MOTH ..
''''llonaHHblii Ha apXaIFleCKHx npe)J.cTaBJIeHHHXqeJIOBeKa a Bce06meu
I: ;:lIIMOCBH3H B OKPY}KaIOII.:(eH npHp01J.e H Bepe B B03M02KHOCTb npe-
1',P:III(CHIlH, rrepexo)J.a O,lJ,HHX cymHocTelI 13 )J.pyrHe. M. lle}KHT B OCHOBe
1I:1j)(»)J.HbIX KOCMOJIOrHqeCKHX npe)J.cTaBJIemrii, COrJIaCHO KOTOpbE\1
, :l'M,lIH, JIYHa, COJIHIJ,e 06pa30BaJIHCb II3 HeKHX HHbIX cpOpM HJIH 6ec-
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IIIIM IIX COCTOHHlIeM HJIII rrocTynKaMli (vlOla trrcolor - )KemITb60II
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",IIl'JI,CTBUeM qero 5!BHJIOCb rnHpoKoe pacnpocTpaHeHHe 3eMHOBO,lJ,HbIX,
:1\1l'ii H T. )J..).
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'll"ooemIO 13 6aJIJIa)J.ax, Ha6JIlO)J.aeTcH BTopHLIHoe HCnOJIb30BaHHe M.
I: XY)J.01KccTBeHHblx ll.eJIHX )J.JI5! YCHJIeHH5! 3MOll.HOHaJIbHOH H CMbICJIO:
lIoii Bblpa3HTeJIbHOcTH. TaKHM npe1J.CTaeT rrpeBpameHHe IOJIO,lJ,OH
,h,'IIIUHHbI B KYKyrnKY (<<)J.OqKa-rrTarnKa»), HeBeCTKH - B pH6I-IHY, Ka-
.'llIIIY, TOnOJIb, CbIHa - 13 5!BOp H )J.p.
M. B q,OJIbKJIOpe H Hapo)J.HblX BepoBaHHHx BbIC!ynaeT KaK 06pa.
'I'll MbIIl HJIli He06paTHMbIH aKT, KaK He3aBeprneHHbIH, IlpOMe2KYTOqHbIlI
)'ran B ll.enH CKa30qHbIX H IIHbIX npeBpaII.:(emIH. TaK, npe)J.cTaB.1JeHHH
() «BaYKaJIaKax», «Be)J.3bMax» H )J.p. OCHOBbIB31OTCR Ha Bepe 13 1303-
IvlO/KHOCTb «060POTHbIX» rrpeBpameHHH, B TO BpeMH KaK MHorHe ne-
""IIHble, 6aJIJIa1J.Hble ClO2KeTbI CTpOHTCH npeH!\ilymecTBeHHO Ha MeTa-
MOlHl)03e He06paTHMOH. 11peBpaII.:(eHHHM nO)J.BepralOTCH B pe3YJIbTaTe
('a MOIlpOII3BOJIbHbIX npoueCCOB (13 KOCMOrOHHqeCKHX MHq,ax), 13 pe-
;Y.llhTaTe HapyrneHlI5I COll.HaJIbHbIX Ta6y (CM. 3anpeT), no CJIOBY
IillblX JIHIJ;, npOK.'1HTlIlO pO)J.HTeJIeH H 13 pe)J.KHX CJIyqa5!X rr c06CTBeH-
lIoii BOJIe (KaK cnoc06 BbIXO)J.a H3 6e3BbIX01J.HbIX cHTyall.HlI). M. no)J.-
lIl'pralOTCH KaK OT)J.eJIbHble 06'beKTbI H HX qaCTH, TaK H rpyrrrrbl 061>-
{'II:TOB 061>e)J.lIHeHHbIX 06II.:(HM HaLlaJIOM (KOHb, Bca)J.HlIK, ce)J.JIo, Ha-
1':liiKa', cBa,lJ,e6HbIH rroe3)J., q JIOBeK C yrrpH2KKOII BOJIOB H ,lJ,p.). M.-
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1I1,lii )J.mI MI-Hl)oJIorHqecKoro TBOpqeCTBa Bcex Hapo)J.oB, npoHH3bIBalO-
11 llii MHorne .iKaHpbI q,OJIbKJIOpa, cBH3YlOmee 3BeHO Me.iK1J.Y MHcpOJIO-
l'lldi II 60JIee rr03)J.HHM YCTHorr03THqeCKHM TBOpqeCTBoM.
OC060H KOHcepBaTHBHocTH MY3bIKaJIbHOro KOMnOHeHTa cpOJIbKJIOpa
orrpe,lJ,eJIeHHe )IWHPOBbIX, ll.lIKJI1I1leCKHx, JIOKaJIbHO-reorpacpHqeCKIIX
MT Be,lJ,eT K MeTaMeJIOTHnOJIOrHH - YCTaHOBJIeHIHO reHeTllqeCKOrO
pO,lJ,CTBa l'vlT Ha Me2K2KaHpOBOM, Me2Kll.HKJIWleCKOM, Me2K)J.HaJIeKTHOM
H Me}KHall.IIOHaJIbHOM ypOBHHX, a B KOHeqHOM HTore - K TeopeTIILle-
CKOMY 0606meHHlO reHe3lIC3 MY3bIKaJIbHOro MblrnJIeHII5I 13 pa[\lIKaX
Toil HJIli HHOH 3THOKYJIbTYPbI.
J1ET.: 3ehllloBc1Wli H. H. MeJIo.ll:uKa KaJIeH.lI:apHbIx neceH. J1., 1975; Mo euKo
3. H. I\aJIeH.lI:apHO-rreceHHaII KYJIbTypa EeJIOpyccUH: OnbIT CHCTeMHO-THrrOJIOm'le-
clmro HCCJIe;J:OB aHH5I. MH., 1985.
MEMOPAT p., y., MEMAPAT, YC11AMIH 6. (JIaT. memoria-
rraM5ITb, BocnoMHHaHIIe) - yTTHb!H paccKa3, rrepe)J.alOII.:(Hr"I c06cTBeH-
Hble BocrrOMIIHaHlI5I HCnOJIHlITe.'1H a q)aKTaX H3 era }KH3HH, T. e. a
C06bITH5IX, yqaCTHHKOM HJIII OqeBII)J.ll.eM KOTOpbIX 6bIJI caM paccKa3-
LIlIK. 060cHoBal-IHe TepMHHa 1J.aHO K. B. CII,lJ,OBbIM; rro era TOJIKOBa-
HlllO, M. He OTHOCIITCH K 06JIaCTH YCTHOH Tpa)J.Hll.HH H npe,L\CTaBJIHeT
HHTepec npe}K)J.e Bcero KaK CBH)J.eTeJIbCTBO a caMHX C06bITHHX, nepe-
)!{HTbIX HapOD,OM, H a TOM, KaK Hapo)J. 3TH C06blTl1H BocnpHHIIMaJI H
OCMbIC.'15IJI. O)J.HaKO 13 Tex CJIyqaHX, Kor)J.a HHTepec K M. OKa3bIBaeTC5!
)J.OCTaTOqHbIM 1J.JIH nepe1J.aLIlI II3 YCT 13 YCTa, OH M02KeT rrepeX01J.HTb 13
Tpa)J.lIll.HlO. ECJIH nO)J.06HaH rrepe,rr,aqa npOlICXO)J.HT, paCCKa3 nO)J.Bep-
raeTCH, KaK rrpaBIIJIO, 3Ha'IHTeJIbHbIM CTHJIHCTlIqeCKHM H3MeHeHH5!M
BCJIe)J.CTBue onYII.:(eHHH Taro, 'ITa rrpe)J.CTaBHJIOCb MeHee HHTepeCHbIM
HOBO MY paCCKa3 L IHKY; M02KeT npOHCX01J.IITb II H3MeHemle CO)J.ep}KaHHH
B COOTBeTCTBlIlI C npe)J.CTaBJIeHHHMH cpe)J.bI, r)J.e paCCKa3 HaqHHaeT
6blTOBaTb. B pe3YJIbTaTe :')Toro JIHqHOe BocnOMHHaHHe npeBpamaeTCH
13 rrpe)J.aHHe. B cpopMe M. IIHor)J.a nepe)J.alOTCH paCCKa3bI, KOTopble
cpaKTH'IeCKH He OCHOBaHbI Ha c06CTBeHI-IbIX BocrrOMHHaHlIHX HcnO.'1HH-
TeJIH a TOM, LITO 6bIJIO C HHM, HO Bbl)J.alOTcH HM 3a nOBecTBoBaHHH a
(!06bITHHX, OqeBH,lJ,ll.eM HJIH Y'IaCTHIIKoM KOTOpbIX OH 6bIJI ('I'. Ha3.
KBa3II-MeMopaTbI). Oc060e MeCTO cpe)J.1I M. rrpIIHa)J.JIe2KIIT 6bIJIWI-
KaM (CM.), r)J.e qaCTO C006II.:(alOTCH q,aKTbl, KOTOpbIX He MOrJIO 6bITb B
)J.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH, XOTH paCCKa3qlIK BepHT, 'ITa C006II.:(aeMOe CJIY-
qHJIOCb C HHM caMHM (BCTpeqa C JIernHM, pycaJIKOH H T. n.).
CM. TaK2Ke Ebl.llU t l1W II JIIIT.
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1 )!i7; TOIwpe6 C. A. PaHHHe !jJOpMbI peJIHmu. M., 1964; CTe6J7UH-KaMeHcKllll M. H.
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JI. M. COJIOBEfl
140
M
I
METO)J, HCTOPI1KO-fEOfPA<DHLJECKI1fi p., META,IL fI-
CTOPbI!\A-fEAfPA<DILJHbI 6., METO)J, ICTOPI1KO-fEOfPA-
<D ILJHHfi y.- HayqHbIH MeTO,rr IIpe,rrcTaBHTeJIeH cpHHCKOH rnKOJIbI
(CM. IliKo/la QJlll'[C1Wfl). B BOCTOqHOCJIaBHHcKotI q,O.'IbKJIOpHCTHKe
HapH)J.y C TeplVIHHoM M. H.-r. ynoTpe6JI5!1OTCH, XOTH H He CTOJIb rnHpo-
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CKHH. 'I'
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reorpacpH'IeCKO-KapTorpacplIqeCKHH MeTO,rr. TI03.iKe 6blJI pa3BHT H
YTOqHeH era CbIHOM K.. KpOl-IOM H BlI)J.He irnHM yqeHIIKOM KpOHOB
A. AapIIe H CTaJI HHTepnpeTIlpOBaTbcH KaK M. H.-L CYII.:(I-IOCTb MeTo)J.a
COC: BJIHeT nOHHMaHHe IICTOpHqeCIWro pa3BHTHH cpOJIbKJIOpa KaK
ABH.ih.eIIH5I 01' npocTbIX H HCHbIX q,OpM (rrpaq,opM) K yCJI02KHeHHbIM
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perrlOHax, II Ha OCHOBaHHH HX nOBTopHeMocTII KpOHbI IIbITaJIHCb BbI-
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H HanpaBJIeHH5I MHrpaUHH KOHKpeTHoro q,OJIbKJIOpHOro HBJIeHI15I B
pa60Tax IIOCJIe)J.oBaTeJIeH cpHHCKOH rnKOJIbI 3a L lacTYlO 06JIeKaJIOCb 13
TeOpeTHqeCKH npe)J.nOJI02KHTeJIbHYlO CPOPMY. M. H.-L HMeeT TOqKH
conpHKoCHOBeHII5I C MeTo)J.oM KYJIbTYPHO-HCTOpHqeCKOH rnKOJIbI HJIH
)J.HcpCPY3HOHHCTCKoro HarrpaBJIeHHH.
)J,JIH M. H.-r. xapaKTepHbI qeTKa5! pa3pa60TKa MeTo,rrIIKH HCCJIe,rro-
BaH H, onepI-IpOBaHHe 3Ha l IHTeJIbHbIM KOJIHqeCTBOM MaTepHaJIa.
Me2K)J.YHapO)J.I-Ioe rrpHMeHeHHe HaIllJIa THnOJIOrH3all.IIH CKa30qHbIX
ClO.iKeTOB, pa3pa60TaHHaH cpHHCKOH IllKOJIOH. B BOCTOqHOCJIaBHHCKoH
G;>OJIbKJIOpHCTIIKe M. H.-r. He IIOJIyqHJI 60JIbrnOrO pacnpOCTpaHeHII5I,
era BJIHHHHe 3aMeTHO 13 TpY)J.ax H. 11. AH)J.peeBa, 11. f. JIeBHHa.
J1 / I1 / T.: AHopeec H. JI. K MeTO.ll:OJIOnm U TeXHUKe u3yqeHU5I HapO.ll:HOH CJIOBeC-
HOCTU I:I0B,oe .lI:eJIo. I\a3aIIb. 1922. BblII. 3; OH e. CncTeMa AapHe II KaTalIorH-
3a H5I P)CCI' X CKa30K II CKa30qHaH KOMUCCUH B 1924-25 rr. J1., 1926; OH :lice.
YKa.3aTeJIb .cKa30qHbIX ClO)KeTOB no CHCTeMe AapHe. J1., 1929; C01WJ706 10. M. Pyc-
CKHII !jJOJ1bKJIOp. M., 194 ; I(olCKbJlpa }1,:lIc. I1CTOpu5I CPOJIbKJIOPUCTUKU 13 EBpone M
1960; Asao06c1wii AI. J(. I1CTOpUH pyccKoii CPOJIbKJIOPUCTUKU M 1963 T 2' T' - .
pe6 C. A. I1CTOPUH 3apy6en<HOH 3THor p art-.uu M 1978' CY ' C .' 1979 : I1 . P ' 6 0Ka
. ' II '" 't' .., , . . 0 JIeMa
TO)K.lI:eCTBa CIO)KeTa ....OJIbKJIOp: DpOOJIeMbI UCTopu3Ma. M., 1988.
A. B. THTOBEIJ
METO,D, I1CTOPI1KO-TI1110JIOfI1LJECKI1fi p., META,IL fI-
CT?PbI!<A-TbITIAJIAfILJHbI 6., j'ViETOJJ: ICTOPI1KO-TH110JIO-
fI IHHfi y.- MeTO)J. COBpeMeHHOH cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKH, OCHOBbIBalO-
- --- ------===----- ---- -
-
M
141
IIUIHC5! Ha rrpH3HaHHH orrpe)J.eJIHlOIl(eH pOJIH 3aKOHOB THnOJIOrlUI,
CXO,rrCTB 13 HCTOpHH cpOJIbKJIOpa. M. H.-T. rrpe)J.IIOJIaraeT KaK 06H3a-
T('JIbHOe YCJIOBHe ycnernHoro HCCJIe)J.OBaHH5! B03M02KHO 60JIee nOJIHbIH
Y'leT H HayqHYlO CHCTeMaTH3all.HlO cpaKToB, OTHOCHIl(HXCH K YCTaHOB-
.JlCHHlO THnOJIOrHLleCKHX napaJI.'IeJIeH II3yqaeMOrO HBJIeHIUI B MaCIll-
-ra6ax Me2KHall.HOHaJIbHbIX; o,rrHaKO rJIaBHOH ueJIblO HCCJIe)J.OBaHHH
IIbIcTynaeT BOCC03)J.aHHe 3TanOB H MOMeHTOB IICTOpIIKO-q,OJIbKJIOpHO-
1'0 npoll.ecca, rrpOqTeHHe cpOJIbKJIOpHbIX TeKCTOB B HX CeMaHTI-IIleCKOM
MIIoro06pa3HH H HCTopHLlecKHx CBtI3HX, 13 HX reHe3Hce H 3BOJIlOUHH.
CpaBHHTeJIbHbIH aHaJIH3 TeKCTOB H IIX COCTaBJIHlOIl(HX M. H.-T. Ha-
npaB.'1HeT Ha BOCC03,rraHHe oTHornemIH THnOJIOrWleCKoH nOCJIe,rI.OBa.
TC.'1bHOCTH H THnOJIOrWleCKoH rrpeeMcTBeHHocTH (CM.) KaK rJIaBHbIli
IIYTb YHcHemI5I HCTOpHH il\:aHpOB, ClO2KeTOB, MOTH BOB, 06pa30B, 3JIe-
MeHTOB cpO.'1bKJIOpHOrO H3bIKa. OTClO,rra rrepBOCTeneHHoe BHHMaHHe
lie K cpaKTaM npHMoro CXO)J.CTBa IIJIH COBna,rreHHH, HO K «C)J.BHHYTbIM»
t'OOTBeTCTBHHM, )J.alOIl(HM HaH60JIee 6JIarO)J.apHbIH MaTepHaJI )J.JI5I Bbl-
HB.'1emm HCTopWleCKOII ,rrHHaMHKH B q,OJIbKJIOpe. M. H.-T. CTpeMHTCH
eoe)J.HHHTb 3a,rraQH BbI5IBJIeHHH 06II.:(HX 3aKOHOMepHOCTeii, yCTaHOBJIe-
IlII5I THIIOJIOrHqeCKHX CTa,lJ,HH, THrrOJIOrWleCKOH KJIaCCHcpIIKall.HH C 3a-
WIIlaMH 06'b5ICHeHHH OT)J.eJlbHbIX cpaKTOB Hall.HOHaJIbHOrO cpOJIbKJIOpa.
rIpH 3TOM BHKaK He HrHopHpyeTcH np06JIeMa oc06eHHoro, HenOBTO-
pHlVioro B cpOJIbKJIOpHOM TBOpqeCTBe, HO 13 CBeTe M. H.-T. OHa no.'IY-
'weT 60JIee y6e)J.HTeJIbHOe OCBeII.:(eHHe. COBpeMeHHbIH CTPYKTypHO-
-rIIrrOJIOrIIqeCKH i no)J.xo)J. He npOTHBOpeqHT rrpHHUHrraM M. H.-T. H B
pH,rre CJIyqaeB 3q,cpeKTHBHO no,rrrOTaBJIHBaeT perneHHe 3a,rraq HCTOPH-
KO-TIIIIOJIOrHqeCKOrO nopH)J.Ka: TaKaH rr03HUHH OCHOBbIBaeTCH Ha npH-
::rraHHH HCTOpWIHOCTH cpO.'IbKJIOpHbIX CTPYKTYP.
Ba2KHeHrnHM 3JIeMeHTOlVi M. H.-T. HBJIHeTCH orropa Ha )J.OCTH2KeHHH
-1.'OBpelVieHHbIX HCTOPHKO-THnOJIOrHqeCKHX HCCJIe)J.OBaHHli 13 ccpepe 3T-
lIorpacpmr H Ha rrpHHUIIIIHaJIbHble nOJI02KeHH5I a TeCHeHrnHX CBH35IX
TI!l10JIOrHH cpOJIbKJIOpHbIX npoueCCOB H THnOJIOrHH npOll.eCCOB 3THO.
('OUIIOKYJIbTYPHbIX. B HCCJIe)J.OBaHH5IX, OCHOBaHHbIX Ha M. H.-T., 3Ha-
'lIlTeJIbHOe lVieCTO 3aHHMaeT aHaJIH3 reHe3Hca, ceMaHTHKH, CPYHKll.Hll
Ij)(),J1bKJIOPHbIX HBJIeHHH qepe3 06HapY2KeHHe HX 3THorpaq,WleCKHX
l'IIH3eH. M. H.-T. rr03BOJIHeT Y)J.OBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHO 06'bHCHHTb MHoro-
'lIlCJICHHbIe cpaKTbI «caM03apO)!1:)J.eHHH» MOTHBOB H ClO2KeTOB H COOT-
IICCTH q,aKTbI 3aHMCTBOBaHHH, TBOpqeCKOrO 06MeHa B q,OJIbKJIOpe C
':;1 I\OHOMepHOCTHMH cpOJIbKJIOpHOH THnOJIOrHH.
M. H.-T. 065I3aH CBOHM 3apmK,lI,eHHeM TpY)J.aM COBeTCKHX yqeHbIX
;;O-40-x rO;J,OB (B. M. )I<..r-rpMYHCKHH, 11. I1. TOJICTOH, 11. NL TpOH-
chilli, H. f. <DpaHK-KaMeHeUKHH, O. M. <DpeH,lJ,eH6epr, B. 5L 11poIIn,
I':. M. MeJIeTlmCKHH H )J.p.), oIIIIpaBrnlIxcH Ha Tpa,rrHll.lUI A. H. Bece-
,JIIlBl'I\Oro, 1I CcpOpMHpOBaJIC5I B 50-GO-x ro,rrax rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M Ha
1)\'IIOnC 1I3yqeIUI5I 3noca HapO,lJ,OB MHpa.
CN!. TalOKe TunO./lOcUfl 6 l/JO./lbK./lOpe, I13y t let-lUe l/JO./lbK./lOpa Tuno-
/rI,'/i'[('ClWe, MeToo CTPYKTYPI-W-TUfW./lOcU4.eClwii.
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J1I1T.: TO/l.CTOii H. H. CTaTbH 0 !jJOJIbKJIOpe. M.; J1., 1966; TurrOJIOmqeCIme
UCCJIe.ll:OBaHIIH rro !jJOJIbKJIOPY. M., 1975; THIlOJIOm51 HapO.ll:Horo ,moca. J1., 1975;
JIponn B. H. 1'!>0J1bKJIOp II .lI:eHCTBUTeJIbHOcTb. 1976; JIYTlI/l.06 E. H. MeTo.ll:oJIorIIR.
1976; CliWpH06 10. H. COBpeMeHHbIe np06JIeMbI UCTOplIqeCKOH rr03TUKH 13 CBeTe
HCTOPHIW-TIInOlIOmqeCKOH Teopuu II 1'!>0JIbKJIOp: D03TUqeCKa51 CUCTeMa. .M., 1977;
OH :lice. BOCTO'lHOCJIaB5IHCKUe 6aJIJIa.ll:bI U 6JIU3KUe IIM <pOpMbl. .M., 1988; lKllPMYH-
c1cuii B. M. CpaBHUTeJIbHOe JIUTepaTypoBe.ll:eHue. J1., 1979; Kep6eJ711Te E. I1CTOpU-
qeCKOe pa3BHTae CTPYKTYP If ceJVIaHTHKU CKa30K. BUJIbHlOC, 1991.
E. H. JIYTHJIOB:
NlETO,IL <D0J1bKJ10PA XY,ILOIKECTBEHHbIl1 p., META)J,
,N\JlbKJIOP 1 MACTAUKI 6., NlETOL!. <DOJIbKJ10PY XYJJ:O/K-
! IlVI y._ TepMHH, 0603Hat.JalOIIJ.HH cBoikTBeBHhle q)OllbKJIOPY aK
Oc()60MY BH)J.Y TBOpqeCTBa (D. f. EoraTblpeB, P. O. 5IK06cOH) pHH-
1I,l!ITbI oT60pa H OLJ,eBKH cpaKToB lJ,CHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH, cnoc06bI HX «XY-
1,02KeCTBE'IIHOl'O nepeC03lJ,aI-IHH ), 3aBI1CHlII.iIe aT lVmpOB033peHlI5I H 3C-
Tl'T!-P-IeCKHX B3fJIHJ],OB HapOlJ,a Ba TOM HJIH HHOM on ane era pa3BHTIIH.
B BOCTO'IHOCJI3BHHCKOH cpOJIbKJIOpnCTHKe BeT 0lJ,H03Ha l IHoro 110-
ilHMaHHH KaI< CYII.:(HOCTH caMara rrOHHTHH M. cpo X., TaK Hero cBoe06-
pa3UH EO cpatJHeIJHlO C MeTOII,aMH npocpeCCHOHaJI HO-aBTopCK X BH-
!l(JD TBOp'leCTila. PH)J. q,OJIbKJIOpHCTOB (E. H. TIYTHJIOB, JI. H. EMeJIb-
>11108 a jlp.) C'HIT3IDT, 'ITa Heo6xolJ,UMO OTI<a3aTbCH OT IIp,H :Be H 13
d>OoITLKJlOpHCTlIK€ «.'1HTep aTypOBelJ,qeCKHX» onpe,r.,CJleHHli X} )J.O,li CT-
1{('[{HOrO MeTOJ],a HapO)J.Horo TBOp'IeCTBa (peaJII13M, pOMaHTH3M).
(HHahO 6bI.ilO 6bI HerrpaBH.1!bHO 06me3CTeTU'Ie:KJ:re TC .I',n n)I _?THO
.'IITL .1IIiUb K .,..!HTepaTYpe. KpoMe Taro, HHKaKOH )J.PyrmI T,,-p1VIllt-IOJIO
11111 )J.,J15J 0603iiaQeHHH M. q,. x. rrpe)J.JI02KeHO He 6bIJIO.
B TO iKe BpeMH 060CHOBbIBaJIaCb MbICJIb a nenpaBOMOIIHOCTH pac-
IIpOCTpaHeHl1H 1-1a BeCb <pOJIbE:JIOP O)J.Horo KaKOrO-JIH60 XYlJ,02K T-
Bl'HIloro leTO -loa HCXO)J.H U3 3BOJIlOllHH cpOJIbKJIOpa H cBoeoopaJ1I5I
Toro H.'lII HI-IO,Q 2K(1Hpa. TIpe)J.JI01KeHO pa3J1WIaTb MeTO)J.bI MHcpOJ10rl!,-
'I CCKuii, repoy. KO-'tP aHTaCTHLIECKHi'I, xp HCTHaHCKO- MIHpO.'lOI-.Il '-IeCKHH,
i'Ca.JHCTWJeCK;.Ii-i H }I.p. (E. E. f'yceB) .:moo M lcpOJlOrWleCJ m , napo)J.-
IIO-pOM3HTII'lCChni1, HapO;J,H0-peaJ1HcTwlecKHH (A- H. J ac,alJeB).
B lle.TJOM cuoeo6p33He xY)J.02KeCTBeHHoro Me' o)J.a qJO.TJbKJlopa 0-
IlpeJ'K)J.e Bcem D OC060M U)J.eaJIH3HpYlOm eM t!-I. I. q pHbl eBcK.HH)
POjI.OBOM, < cy6,qHMJ1pYlOII.:(eM» (B. fl. AHHKHH) xapaKlepe xy,J,OII ecT
:WI'IHOrO 0606 u,eHIlH U OTJIWIHOM aT JIHTCpaTypHoro .;:crro,:06e H3Me-
oIl'HHH 06pd3a» ti\. A. DOTe61'm). OTpa1KaH peaJIbHYlO ,iI.eHCTBHT m :
iloCTb, lIapO;I.HblH TBopell. nepeOC bICJl5:!eT, nepec03,iI.ae ' ec B JJ.yx
,'I\ocro n.a.eaJIJ., rrpc)J.cTaBJIHH H306pa}KeHne repoeB K3h, HOCIITeJIe.i
Oil pelJ,c:;eIIHblx Ka 'IeCTB (<<n03HTHBHbIX» HJIH «HcraTHDIIb X»-- B. _D.
'\IIJ!E.lHI). Pa3JJ3lJ, Me1KlJ,Y lJ,eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTbIO H HJ],ea.'IOlVl rrpeO,iI.o.;le-
\\;I<'TC5! 110Cpe)lLTBOM BOOOpa1Kemm: 3.fIO 06HSaTeJlbHO HaK 3bIBae:icH,
'IO(jpO TOp}Kec'!ByeT. B H306pa3HTeJIbI-IOM rrJIaHe "m ll'Jecl\oe MnLrn-
,d('lIne C;\JemJC10I 130 BpeMeHH n03TWleCKHM (1\. . \. LOTe61-15I).
M. cp. X. lJ,OKJlaccoBoro o6IllecTBa, CBH3aHHbUJ C MucpOJIOrWJeCKlIM
M I.iJH,neHHCM ;r.peBHIIx CJIaBHH, M02KBO orrpe)J.eJIHTb KaK IVu1cpOJIOrHQe-
'.'hllii. H,lJ.eaJI 13 YCJIOBHHX «H3HqeCTBa» nepcOHf IC lmll.HpOBaJIC5J B 06pa-
:;1 X 60rOB H po)J.OJweMeHHblx repocB. 3TOT rvreTOlJ, oTpa3H.'1C51 B ap-
,\;III'ICCI\JIX BHD.aX CPOJIbK.l0pa BOCTOLIHbIX CJIaBHIl. 0 .
{ IO}i(eTbJ, !<O.'1JJH3I1H rreBll.bi H CKa3HTeJIH cpeo)J.a.lbHoH l noxIl 6pa-
.'111 1(,_; peaJlbHoH )! H3HH BOCTOIJHOCJIaB5!HCKllX Ha??)J.oB. a «peaJ1h
11;1>1 i1W3Hb» npe06pa/Ka.'laCb B cpOJlbK.'lOpe, BblpaIKa5I I-IaHBHYlO yTO
111I'Il'l"I';Y'O MeClTY KpecTbHHHHb. a qY)J.CCHO:\ 06pcTeHHH, 'IaCTbH. O -
P,I.:IIYIO ;wpH6YTHJ\Y TB0t:llI.LJ CKa30K, 6bI:',lIIH II np. TO.the 6paml "I
:"1 :1111, B Boo6paiKeHllH npnNiepmI Ira CeOH BCJlIII\.OJIenHe 605lpCKHX
E. H. JIYTl:lJIOB
METOL!. CTPYKTYPHO-THTI0J10fI1LJECKHvI p., METAL!.
CTPYKTYPHA-TbIDAJIAn4HbI 6., METOJJ: CTPYKTYPHO-TI1-
D0J10n4HHI1 y. 13 cOBpeMeHHoH q,OJIbKJIOpHCTHKe nO.'1Y'IIIJI oco-
6eHHoe pa3BHTHe B rrOCJIelJ,HHe J],eCHTHJIeTHH. OCHoBaH Ha rrpH3HaHHH
npIIHll.HrrHaJIbHOH Ba2KHOCTH CIJHXpOHI-IOrO aHaJIH3a CTPYKTypbl
cpOJIbKJIOpHbIX TeKCTOB. CcpOpMHpOBaJIC5! no)J. 3Ha L IHTeJIbHbIM B03)J.eH-
CTBHeM CTpYKTypnoH JIIIHrBHCTHKII, CTPYKTYPHOfi 3THOJIOrHH H ceMIIO-
THKII. CTOpOHI-IHKII M. C.-T. HCXO)J.5!T H3 Taro, 'ITa HBJIeHIIHM q,OJIbK-
.nopa KaK KOJ!JIeKTHBHoro, YCTHoro, BaplIaTHBHOro IICKYCCTBa rrplICY-
II.:(H cTa6HJIbHble CTPYKTypbI, aHaJIH3 KOTOpbIX rr03BOJIHeT, C O)J.HOH
CTOpOHbI, BbI5IBHTb BHYTpeHHHe 3aKOHOMepHOCTH COOTBeTCTBYlOIllIIX
2KaHpOB, ClO2KeTOB, MOTHBOB H )J.p., nOCTpOHTh HX HHBapHaHTHble MO-
)J.eJIH II paCKpbITh rJIy6lIHHYlO ceMaHTIIKY TeKCTOB H nx 3JIeMeHTOB, a
TaK2Ke onHcaTb HX CPym{ll.lIOHaJIbHble CBH3H, a C )J.pyroH - npOJIO-
:iImTb nYTb K HCTopWJ:eCI<OMyireHeTHqCCKOMY Il3Y L leHI-110 COOTBeTCT-
BYlOIllHX cpaKTOB qiOJIbiWopa. B)J.eH e)J.HHCTBa CTPYKTypHO-THnOJ10rH-
'IeCKOrO H HCTOpnqeCKOrO nOJ],XO)J.OB IIOJIYlfHJIa BnepBble peaJIH3allHlO
13 pa60Tax B. 51. TIporrna, KOTOpbIi'I CHa'IaJI'i! OTKpbW CTPyKTYPY BOJI-
llle6HOH CKa3KH (<<1Vl0pq,oJIorII5! CKa3Kf-D>, 1928), a 3aTeM npelJ,JI02KH.'l
OnbIT 3HaJIH3a HCTopwlecKHx KopHelI :iIWHpa (<<I1cTOpn'IeCKHe KOpHH
BOJIrne6HOH CKc:3KH», 1946).
Hm,r6oJIee OII.:(yTHMbIC pe3YJlbTaTbI npHMeHeHlle CTPYKTypHo-THno-
.TJOJ WleCKOI"O MeTOJI,a ,'I.c:JIO 13 1I3Y L leHHlI nOBeCTBOBaTeJIbHOrO CPOJIbK-
.Dopa. 3;recL ycneJIlHO B3auMo)J.eHcTBYIOT J],Ba OCHOBHbIX nOJ],XOlJ,a:
«cHHTarMaTwlecKHib> (HanpaBJIeHHbIH 13 nepBYlO O'IepClJ,b Ha aHaJIH3
CTPYKTYIJbI rroBecTBoBamm) H «rrapa.!J.HrMaTHlfecKHII» (BbI51BJI51lOII.:(HH
JIOrHKY nOBeCTE,OBaHH>l n CeMaI-ITWleCKIie CB513H B ClO)!u:Tax). 3TOT
BTOpOH n0,1I.x0!l-' B LlaCTHOCTH, I1lHp IIW npIIMeHHeT MeTOJ],HKY BbI5JBJIe-
HH5I KOlLOB II OJmapI-IbIX orrl103Hlli1H.
CIVr. TaIGKe Meu)i) !,/CTOpU1w-TunoJ/oc;ttt I CCKUii.
J1I1T.: JIponn B. H. Mop!jJo,JIom51 CKa3KH. M., 1969; EocaTblpeB JI. r. Bonpo-
CbI TeopmI HapO.ll:I-IOrO UCKYCCTBa. M., 1971; MeJ7eTllHCKlltl E. M. CTPYKTYPHa51 TUnO-
.10mH U CpOJIbKJIOp II I\mlTeKcT. M., 1973; H6aH06 B. B., Tonop06 B. H. CJIaBHH-
CKue 513bIKO_ bIe MO.ll:eJIHpYIOill.ue ceMHOTU'IeCKUe CIICTeMbl: .IJ:peBHIIH rrepuo.ll:. M.,
1965; OHli :lIce. HCCJIe.ll:OBaHU5I 13 06JIaCTU CJIaB5IHCKHX .lI:peBHocreH. M., 1974. JIe611-
CTpOC K. CrPYInypHa51 aHTpOrrOJIOmH. M., 1983; 3apy6eJKHbIe UCCJIe.ll:OBaHUH no,
ceMUOTHI,e !jJOJIbKJIOpa. M., 1985.
144
M
M
145
O.LI,e}KA, ?OraTOe y'6paIICTBO rOCIIO,rrCKHX }KHJIIiW:, ll.epKOBHbIX XpaMOB
11 T. IT. he CJIyqaIfHO 13 1paJJ,Hll.HOIIHOil KpecTbfIHcKOH cBa)J.b6e 2KeHHX
,jJM HOBaJICH K,HH3eM, H Bec a - KHHr HeH. LIa1Ke peaJIbHbIH lVIHp
,:p_IIPO,!J,bI.. 13 KpecTb HcKOH nO:J3HI1 rrpeoopa;'KaJIC5I, npH06peTaH CHMBO-
..I.!-lIIeCKHH CMbIC,JI. .vIHorJla B cY)J.b6y cpOJlbK.nOpHbIX repoeB BMernHBa-
CTCH «BoJIrne6rIa5I CHJIa»: «'IY)J.ecHble notvIOW:HHKH)'.>, «Hapo)J.Hble 3a-
C1'YIIHHKH», cpaHTaCTH'IeCKHe rrepCOHa}KII - )J.06pble H 3JIble. I1x HC-
TO'lHHKH - cTapaH cpOJIbKJI?pHaH TpaD.P'I1,H5I, U)J.yw:aH H3 rJIy6HHbI
eKOB aT )J.peBHeCJIaBHHC}\.OlI l\HlcpOJIOrI1H. Ho xY.LI,02KeCTBeHHaH q,YHK-
l\HH c MH<fOJlOrUqeCKHX 00p330B 13 3IIOXY cpeO)J.aJIlI3Ma CTaHOBHTCH
lIH0I1, IIpl1crroco6.'leHHOH K Hy'1K)J.aM COll.HaJIbHO-YTorrHLleCKoro MHpO-
B033peHHH, K pO IaHTlIqeCKOH 3CTeTHKe CPOJIbKJ!Opa: MHcp-Bepa rrpe-
BpaII.:(aeTCH 13 MHq) - XY)J.01KeCTBCHHbIH BbIMbICeJI. BOT IIOqeMY M.
cpo X. 3IIOXH cpeOJl,aJJH3Ma l\eJIeC006pa3I-ro IIMeHOBaTb Hapo)J.Ho-poMaH-
THqeCKHM.
B «HOBOM cpO,.'l?KJIOpe», nOSTe?eHHO cpoplVnrpOBaBIIIeMCH Ha IIpO-
TH2KeHHH KOHl\a X\- III---Bcero XIX B., Y}Ke BOCTOp1KeCTBOBaJIH peaJIH-
CTH'IeCKHe rrpHHIl,HnbI II306pa2KeHI15I )J.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH. BbIpa3HJIOCb
3TO rrpe2K,!J,e Bcero B OTKa3e aT H,iXeaJIH3all.HH KaK cpe)J.CTBa xY)J.02KeCT-
BeHHoro 0606II.:(eHI1H. «):(06PbIH MOJIO,!J,ell.» YCTynaeT MeCTO 06pa3Y
qe OBeKa C onpe)J.eJIeHiI H COl\HaJIbHO-HCTOpH'IeCKOH xapaKTepHCTH-
KOH (HaIIp., 3TO pa60 r un'i ITapeHb, y KOToporo py6arnKa «0 ceMH)J.e-
CHT 3arrJIaT», a CarrOrI1 <,6e3 rrO)J.MeTOK»). Bblpa3HJIOCb 3TO H 13 TOM,
'ITa 2KaHpbI Tpa)J.I1l\HOHHoro CPOJIbKJIOpa, CTpOHBrnHeCH 13 OCHOBHOM
Ha H)J.eaJIH3aUHH,- 6bIJIHHa, BOJIrne6HaH CKa3Ka, 06PH)J.OB35I n03-
3HH - CTaHOB5ITCH HerrpOJl,YKTHBHbIMII, 2KHBYT 13 HapO)J.e JIHrnb rro
«HHepu. HH 6hITOBaHlIH» (OTClO)J.a Ka2KymeecH cocyw:eCTBOBaHHe pa3-
JIWIHbIX MeTO)J.OB). LIpyrHe 2KaHpbI TpaHccpopMHPYlOTCH, rrpHcrroca6-
JIHBaHCb K 3CTeTHKe peaJ1H3Ma (JIHpHqeCKaH rreCHH), a nopaH rropo2K-
}.I,a5I HOBbIe 2KaHpbI (qacTyrnKa, ropO)J.CKOH pOMaHC, YCTHbIH paCCKa3).
COXpaHH5I pO)J.OBble KaqeCTBa CPuO_'lbKJIOpHOrO npOH3Be)J.eHHH, HOBbIe,
IIeCHH, qacTyrnKH OTpa}KalOT )J.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTb, KaK aHa eCTb. He
cpa3y HapO.LI,Hble TBOPll.bI OBJIa,!J,eJIH THIIH3all.HeH 5IBJIeHHH H xapaKTe-
pOB; CHaqaJla HX IJHTepeCOBaJIa }f TpOraJIa «rOJIHMaH IIpaB,rr,a» B,
H306pa2KeHHII }{(H3HH (OTCfO,iXa HaTypaJIH3M paHHIlx pa60qlIX rreceH,
«2KeCTOKHX pOMaHC()1j»). O,!J,HaKO rrOCTerreHIIO B IIX TBOpqeCTBe rrpo-
IICXO,rr,IIJIO 606w:eHHe q)aKTOB )J.eHcTBHTeJIbHOCTH, 6JIaroJJ:apH qeMY
TBOpqeCKHH IIpOll.eCC 13 cpOJIbKJIOpe 130 MHOrDM COBIIaJI C JIlITepaTYP-
HbIM rrpOll.eccoM (KOJIJIlI3HH pa3peillalOTcH 13 COOTBeTCTBHH C }KH3HeH-
HbIMH peaJIHHMH, HOBbIe rreCHH, qacTyrnKH CKJIa)J.bIBalOTCH rro CHJIJIa-
60-TOHHqeCKOMY rrpHHQHrry). npH 3TOM pO)J.OBOll rrpHHll.HII CPOJIbK-
opHoro 0606IueHHH -- «Macca-repOH», 13 KOTOpOM H306pa2KalOTCH
'He qepTbI KaKOrO-JII160 KOHKpeTHoro xapaKTepa, a KaqeCTBa, rrOCTYII-
KH, IIO bICJIbI Bcero HapO)J.a,- coxpaHHeTcH. BOT IIOqeMY xY)J.02KeCT-
BeHHbIlI MeTo)J. «HOBoro CPOJIbKJIOpa» M02KHO oxapaKTepH30B3Tb KaK
Hapo)J.Ho-peaJIHCTHqeCKHH. '
J1I1T.: JIponn B. H. 1'!>0JIbKJIOp U .lI:eHCTBUTeJIbHOCTb II Pyc. JIUT. 1963. N!? 3;
Ra6J7eT06 A. H. 1'!>0JIbKJIOp KaK BU.lI: UCKYCCTBa. M., 1966; ryce6 B. E. XY.lI:OJKeCT-
IIl'HHbIH MeTOA !jJOJIbKJIOpa 1/3cTeTuKa !jJOJIbKJIOpa. J1., 1967; EocaTblpe6' JI. r.,
}h06cOH P. O. 1'!>0JIbKJIOp KaK oc06a51 !jJopMa TBOpqeC'fBa II EOcaTblpe6 JI. r. Bon-
pOCbI Teopuu HapO.ll:HorO UCKyccTBa. M., 1971; AHUlCllH B. JI, TBOpqeCKa51 rrpupo.ll:a
Tpa.ll:U UH U Bonpoc 0 cBoe06pa3Hu xY.lI:OR{eC'fBeHHoro MeTO.l(a 13 !jJOJIbKJIOpe If
rIp06JIeMbI !jJOJIbKo1opa. M., 1975; JIoTe6HfI A. A. 3cTeTuKa U rr03TUKa. M., 1976;
.!lasape6 A. H. a xY.D:OJKeCTBeHHOM MeTO.ll:e !jJOJIbKJIOpa. I1PKYTCK, 1985.
JI. H. JIA3APEB
METOLIHKA COEI1PATEJIbCKOI1 PAEOTbI p., METOLIbI-
KA 3EIPAJIbHIUKAl1 nPAUbI 6., METOJJ:I1KA 3EHPAJIb-
HI1UbKOr POEOTI1 y. (aT rpeq. methodika -- cOBoKynHocTb crro-
C060B ll.eJIeC006pa3Horo rrpOBeJJ:eHH5! KaKOH-JIH60 pa60TbI) - Hayq-
IIO 060CHOBaHHble rrpHeMbI c06HpaHH5! H 3arrHCH rrpOH3BeJJ:eHHlI
q)OJIbKJIOpa, KOTOpbIMH nOJIb3YlOTCH rrpocpeCCHOHaJIbHble HCCJIe)J.OBa-
TeJIH H JI106HTeJIH cpOJIbKJIOpa. OT)J.eJIbHble npI1Hll.HnbI c06HpaHHH
cpOJIbKJIOpa BrrepBble BbICKa3aHbI B. H. TaTlIII.:(eBbIM 13 30-e rO)J.bI
XVIII B. B XIX-XX BB. HayqHble OCHOBbI c06HpaHHH H 3arrHCH
(POJIbKJIOpHbIX rrpoH3Be)J.eHHH 3aJI02KeHbI f. <D. MHJIJIepOM, n. B. KH-
peeBcKHM, H. M. 5!3bIKOBbIM, 11. 11. Cpe3HeBcKHM, H. A. LI06poJIlO-
60BbIM, n. H. PbI6HHKOBbIM, n. B. llleHHoM, B. H. TeHHrneBbIM. B
,lJ,aJIbHeHrneM IIp06JIeMaTHKoH M. c. p. 3aHHMaJIlICb E. M. H IO. M.
COKOJIOBbI, 1\11.. K. A3a)J.oBcKHH, A. 1\11.. ACTaxoBa, n. f. EoraTblpeB,
3. B. I1oMepaHll.eBa, H. n. KOJIrraKOBa, K. B. 4HCTOB, B. E. fyceB,
A. fpbIHeBwI, K. n. Ka6arnHI1KOB, <D. 11. JIaBpoB H )J.p. cpOJIbKJIOpH-
CTbI. M. C. p. YCTaHaBJIHBaeT ee 3aJJ:a L IH, OqepqHBaeT ccpepy )J.eHTeJIb-
HOCTH c06HpaTeJIeH, a TaK2Ke onpe)J.eJI5!eT opraHH3all.HoHHble ee cpop-
MbI, cnoc06cTByeT OBJIa)J.eHHlO c06HpaTeJI5!MH TeXHHKOH 3aIIHCH
cpOJIbKJIOpa. B KaqeCTBe 3a)J.a'I M02KeT 6bITb IIOCTaBJIeHO CPPOHTaJIb-
Hoe (CIIJIOrnHoe) 06CJIe)J.OBaHHe perHOHa, T. e. BbI5IBJIeHHe H 3aIIHCb
q)OJIbKJIOpHbIX rrpOlI3Be)J.eHHH Bcex BHJJ:OB H 2KaHpOB, 6 bITYlOW:H X
3)J.eCb; BbI5IBJIeHIle H 3aIIHCb ITpOH3Be)J.eHHH OJJ:Horo HJIH HeCKOJIbKHX
}KaHpOB; rrOBTopHaH 3arrHCb H T. IT. K opraHH3all.HOHHbIM cpopMaM
CJIeJJ:yeT OTHeCTH KOMIIJIeKCHYlO, cTaUHoHapHYlO, 3Kcrre)J.Hll.IIOHHYlO
II )J.p. B pa60Te C HHcpopMaHToM c06HpaTeJIb M02KeT HCITOJIb30BaTb
IIIITepBblO, OIIpOC, aHKeTHpoBaHHe, TeCTbI, orrHcaHHe H )J.pyrHe rrpH-
CMbI.
B M. c. p. BXOA5!T Tarme rrOHHTHH, KaK aHKeTlIpOBaHHe, 3amICb
(POJIhKJIOpHaH, 3arrHCb rrOBTopHaH, 06CJIe)J.oBaHHe perHoHa, pacrnlIcp-
pOBKa (HoTHpoBaHHe), cpHKCall.HH H T. )J..
J1I1T.: a c06upaHHlI naM5ITHUKOB HapO,lJ.HOro TBOpqeCTBa .lI:Jl51 U3.l1:aBaeMoro
/\Ka.ll:eMUeH Hay" 6eJIOPYCCKOro C60pHUKa I1. lIleHHa. CD6., 1889; rpblHe6i'l A.
1\6 3b6ipaHbHi MY3bIqHai1: HapO.ll:HaH TBOpqaCb i II CaB. EeJIaPYCb. MH., 1925.
;Nh 141; JIon06 Jl. .IJ:0 mITaHHH rrpo cnoc06H 36upaTu !jJOJIbKJIOpHi MaTepia.Jmli/
ETlIOrpacp. BicHlIK. 1926. KH. 2; JIa6po6 CPo I. Doci6HUK 3anHcYBaqa Hapo.ll:Hol
lIueTw1Hol TBOpqOCTi. I\UlB, 1957; l'aHwopa r. 3anHCKH 36Hpaqa !jJOJlbKJIOpy.
1\11113, 1958; IIHCTPYK HH rro c06upaHlIlO rrpOU3Be.ll:eHUH YCTHorr03THqeCKoro HapO,l(-
M
147
146
M
B. H. MOPOXHH
1,( IMOCTeH npo rpOMa;UIH i 36ipKH ci.JIbcbKol MOJIO,r]j» (MaTepiaJIH
I,ll YKpalHcbKol eTHOJIorii. 1900. T. 1. C. 1-15) II )J.p.
B 20-e rOlJ,bI XX B. K. KBHTKOlI 6bIJIa rrpe)J.JI02KeHa CPYH)J.aMeH-
T:IJlbHaH KOMnJIeKCHa51 nporpaMMa, BKJIlOqalOIl(aH 60JIee )J.BYX TbICHq
,:oUPOCOB lJ,JIH c06HpaHHH cpOJIbKJIOpHbIX lJ,aHHbIX a )J."eHTeJIbHO TH
IIpocpeccHOHaJIbHbIX Hapo)J.HbIX My3bIKaHToB (K063apeH, JIl!PHHKOB.
('hplmaLleH, ll.HM6aJIHCTOB If JJ,p.).
0606II.:(eHHble pe3YJIbTaTbI IICCJIe)J.OBaHH5I cpOJIbKJIOpHOrO MaTe-
IlIf:lJIa MeTO)J.OM A. 6bIJIH rrpe)J.cTaBJIeHbI D. r. EoraTbrpeBbIM B ero
p;rooTax (20-40-e rO)J.bI), KOTopble OTH CHTCH K TaKOII 06JIaCTH Ha-
PO)O-IOII KyJIbTypbI, KaK cpOJIbKJIOpHOe )J.eHCTBO. 3TOT MeTO)J. HCCJIe)J.O-
1::IIHI5I rr03BOJIHJI D. r. I>oraTbIpeBY nOKa3aTb cOBpeMeHHoe COCTOH-
IIlre 06PH)J.OB, H3MeHLIHBOCTb HX cpOpM H CPYHKUHH, npoH3BecTH nx
Idl:lCcHcpHKall.HlO. u
B 70-Ha L I. SO-x rOLWB YKpaHHcKHM 3THOMY3bIKOJIO:OM c. 11. rpH-
1II'ii 6bIJIH npe,rr,npHHHTbi 3Kcne)J.Hll.HH Ha HOBocTpmIKH YKpaHH I
((!J75, 1977, 1983) C neJIblO rrpOCJIeJJ,HTb Bl!H HIle yp6aHH3HpoBaHHoH
('pl'J bI Ha q,OJIbKJIOp Ii OTI-IOllleHIle K HeMY. KpoMe c60pa cpOJIbKJIOpa
r: ::a)J.aqH 3Kcrre;r.HuHII BXO;r.HJIO A. pa60THHKOB 3TH X 06'beKTOB.
PH)J. MeTo;r.H"IeeKHX peKOMeH)J.all.HH no 3anHCH cpOJIbKJIOpa, Bbmy-
III,l'rrHbIX B XX B., CO)J.epij{HTCH B pa6 Tax E. M:. H 10. M. COKOuJIOBbIX,
II. E. OWIYKOBa, NL A. PbI6HI-IKOBOH. OCI-IOBOH )J.JIH C03lJ,aHHH Bon-
poeIIlIKOB, rrpmVleH5IeMbIX B A., MO)!{eT C Y}KHTb ((DpOrpaMM JJ,JIH
hoMrrJIeKCHblX cpOJlbKJIOpHbIX 3Kcne)J.Hll.HII», nO)J.rOTOBJIeHHa5I KOlVIHC-
('fil'li KOMrrJIeKCHOro H3YQeHII5I xYJJ,02KeCTBeHHoro TBOpqeCTBa rrpH
i 1;IYl.J:HOM COBeTe rro HCTOpHH MHpOBOH KYJIbTYPbI AI-{ CCCP (M.,
( In).
.TIHT.: EOcaTblpe6 JI. r. HapO.ll:HbIlj TeaTp qeXOB U CJIOBaKOB: MarnqecKue .n:eH-
,"lIml, 06P5l.ll:bI H BepOBaHH5I 3aKapnaTbH II BonpocbI Teopuu IIal o lJoro UCKYCCTBa.
M., 1971; rplll{a C. ff. 1'!>0JIbKJIOp Y npOMnCJIOB.oMY cepe.ll:oBuill.I//!.-Iapo?-Ho-rroe
'1I'IlIa TBOpqicTb 13 i.ll:eHHO-eCTeTUqHoMY BUXOBaHHl pa.l\HHCbKHX JIIO.lI:en. I\H1B, 1978.:
(:"lu,oJ10rnqeCKOe HarrpaBJIeHHe 13 3THOMY3bIKOJIOrnH II llp06JIeMbJ MY3blKaJIbHOU
",\,/II.rypLI. Knen, 1987; K611T1W K. llpo!jJeccUOHaJIbHble HapO.ll:Hble rreB bI n M Y 3bI / -
LalIT,.! Ha YKpaUHe: llporpaMMa .lI:JI5I UCCJIe.ll:0BaHU5I nx .lI:e5lTeJIbHOCTU U 6bITa I
II ' .' B 2 ' ]V . 19 73 T. 2' 3THor p a'+'uH U CMe)KHbIe .lI:UC HrrJ1UHbl. 3THorpa-
,01'. 1p.. 1'.1., ., 't' M 1988
'I"",('clme cy6.n:Hc IIIIJInHbl. IllKOJIbI U HanpaBJIeHn5l. MeTo.ll:bl.., .
B. H.MOPOXHH, B. H. HOBHffCfYK
Horo TBOpqeCTBa 10TB. pe.ll:. A. M. ACTaxoBa. rOpbImH, 1960; CfllCT06 K. B. COBpe-
MeHHoe JIapO.ll:1lOe TBOpqeCTBO, ero c06upmme U H3yqeHue. M., 1963; rycee B. E.
MeTO.ll:IlKa rrOJIeBLIX uCCJIe.n:oBaHuH PYCCKOro !jJOJIbKJIOpa II PI'!>. M., 1964. BbUI. 9;
MeTo.ll:JI'IecKaH 3amlCKa no apxuBHoMY xpaHeHHlo U CUCTeMaTU3a nu !jJOJIbKJIOpHbIX
MaTepnaJIOB / aTE. pe.ll:. B. 5L I1ponrr. BnJIbHIOC, 1964; llporpaMMa .lI:JI5I KOMrrJIeKC-
HbIX lpOJIbKJIOpHbIX 3KCrre.ll:U UH I OTB. pe.ll:. B. E. fyceB. M., 1971; Ca6YlluWHa
fl, H. a c06upamm !jJOJIbKJIOpa. M., 1974; I(a6alllHiKafj K. JI. MeTO.ll:bIKa 36ipaHHH
6eJIapycKaH Hapo.ll:Haii BycHana3TbIqHaH TBOpqac i. MH., 1978; JIpa6alOK O. MeTo-
.n:nKa 3arrucYBamIH MY3UqHOrO !jJOJIbKJIOPY. I\UlB, 1981; MeTo.ll:uqHi peKOMeH.lI:a ii
,AJIH 36ipaHIIH !jJOJIbKJIOpHO-3THorpa!jJiqHoro MaTepiaJIY rrpo YKpalHcbKi HapO.ll:Hi
MaCKII. I\nlB, 1987; MOPOXlifi E. fl. MeTo.ll:uKa c06upaHu5I !jJOJIbKJIOpa. M., 1990.
AfiKeTuposat-lue (pyc.), at-lKeTaSaWie (6eJI.) , afiKeTYSat-{f-{f{
(YKp.) - 3aHMCTBOBaHO C cppaHll.. - enguete - paCCJIeAOBaHHe, aH-
KeTa, penOpTa2K. A.- O)J.HH H3 cnoc060B c06IIpaHHH cpOJIbKJIOpHOrO
MaTepHaJIa HJIH cBeJJ,elmH a HeM rro 3apaHee COCTaBJIeHHOH nporpaM-
Me HJIH BOnpOCI-:UlKY, KOTopoe rrOJJ,LIHHeHO H3Y'IeHHlO COBpeMeHHblX
llpOll.eCCOB. TIpu nOMOII.:(H A. c60p Bep6aJIbHOH nepBHqHOH HHcpopMa-
IJ,HH oCYII.:(eCTBJI51eTC5I, KaK npaBHJIO, 6e3 Herrocpe)J.cTBeHHoro KOHTaK-
Ta IICCJIelJ,OBaTeJIH H pecnoH)J.eHTa (HHq,opMaTopa).
B Hapo)J.oBe)J.qeCKHX lJ,IICll.HIIJII-IHax A. OCHOBbIBaeTCH Ha H3yqeHHH
)J.yxoBHoro MHpa JIlO)J.eH, nCIIXOJIOrIm, 3CTeTHqeCKHX BKYCOB. B H3Y-
l.J:eHIm cpOJIbKJIOpa A. npHHa)J.JIe2KHT oc06aH pOJIb HHcTpYMeHTa,
MaTepHa.'lbHO 3aKpenJI5I1OII.:(ero 3THOrrCHXOJIOrHqeCKHe, 3CTeTHqeCKHe
oc06eHl-IocTH H cBoe06pa3He Hall.HOHaJIbHOrO MeHTaJIHTeTa, aHa )J.aeT
60raTbIH MaTepHaJI )J.JIH H3yqeHHH 3THOKyJIbTypHbIX rrp06JIeM, COOT-
HorneHHH Tpa)J.Hll.HH H HOBaTopCTBa, q,YHKll.HOHHpOBaHIIH cpOJIbKJIOpa
13 06Ill.eCTBe, oc06eHHOCTeH era BocnpHHTHH H rroTpe6JIeHHH pa3JIWI-
HbIMH COll.HaJIbHbIMII rpynrraMH, era ll.eHHOCTHoro 3HaqeHHH.
O)J.HIIM H3 nepBbIX K A. KaK crroc06y rrOJIyqeHHH CBelJ,eHHH rro
cpOJIbKJIOPy 06paTI-IJICH B. H. TaTHII.:(eB B nporpaMMe «Dpe)J.JI02KeHHH.
o COqlIHeIUIH HCTOpHII H reorpacpHII POCCHHCKOH» (1737). DpHeMbI
A. npe)J.JI alOT H nporpaMMbI c06HpaTeJIbCKOH pa60TbI pro, «ETI-IO-
rpacpiqHIIH 36ipHiK» (JIbBOB), «ETHorpacpiqHHH BicHHK» (KHeB). B
1868 r. 6bIJIa oIIy6JIlIKOBaHa rrporpaMMa D. B. llleHHa «Dpocb6a»,
KOTopaH Heo)J.IIoKpaTHo nepeneqaTbIBaJIacb. 06II.:(HH THpa2K ee )J.O-
CTIlr 10 000 3K3.
COll.HOJIOrHLleCKOe BI-IAeHHe cpOJIbKJIOpa B YKpaHI-ICKOH q,OJIbKJIOpH-
CHIKe CKJIa)J.bIBaJIOCb eIl(e 13 KOHll.e XIX-HaLL XX B. 13 TpY)J.ax rrpe)J.-
CTaBHTeJIeH HCTOpHKo-cpaBHHTeJIbHoro HanpaBJIeHHH - 11. <DpaHKo,
<D. KOJIeCCbI, K. KBIITKII. I13BecTHbI rrOrrbITKH H3yqeHHH cpOJIbKJIOpa
Hero CPYHKQUH B pa3JIHl.J:HbIX 2KH3HeHHbIX 06CTOHTeJIbCTBaX C no-
MOII.:(blO Crrell.HaJIbHbIX nporpaMM-BorrpOCHHEOB - npOTOTHrrOB COBpe-
MeHHbIx COIJ,HOJIOrI-IqeCKIIX aHKeT. 3TO «DporpaMa )J.O 36I1paHH5I Bi-
JJ,OMOCTeII rrpo YKpalHcbKo-PYCbKHH KpaH II Hapi)J., yJI02KeHa qJIeHaMH
HaYKOBoro TOBaprrCTBa iM. T. r. lUeBqeI-IKa», (ETHorpacpiqHrri'! 36ip-
HIIK. 1895. T. 1. C. 1--16); J],HKapiB M. «DporpaMa lJ,0 36HpaHHH Bi-
3!lIlUCb l/JOil.bTUWPTiWl (pyc.), 3anic cjJaJlbTUlOpT-lbl (6eJI.), 3anuc
'1 '11 // ('; JlOfJl-tUa (YKp.) - 1) OCYII.:(eCTBJIHeM35i TeM HJII-I HHbIM crroco-
," 1M <]JIlKcall.HH CJIOBeCHOro, MY3bIKa.fI;:,Horo, xopeorpacpHq:CKoro,
'11';1 M a J'WJeCKoro H )J.p. npOH3B )J.eIIHH <j:!O.'1bK,fIopa. KHpeeBClmH: 5I3bI'-
hoB II .x:OMHKOE B «fTecer-lHOH npOKJIaMall.lIH» (1838) BbICKa3aJIH
1.!I.IBllf.\l' TDe6oBaHHH, npc)J.'b5IBJI5IeMble K 3. cp., KOTopble JIe aT B oc-
11111:(' l'ovuiJaTe.TJT.:>cKOH: pa60TbI C TOH nO}JbI H )J.O HarnHX )J.HelI. CYTb
Ii:-' (' BI)) IlTCH K TOIUIOi'!, aJJ,eKB3THoH cpHKCall.Ht-I cpOJIbKJIOplmrO npoH3:
1\1 '1.l'fllll!, coxpaHeHHlO Bcex era MeCTHblX )J.Ha.'leKTHbIX oc06eHHocTeII
148
M
M
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H rroJqJooHoIl nacnOpTTI3all.IHI. BMeCTe C Tel\'I cOBpeMeI-IHaH 3. cpo rrpo-
Ii3BO}UUC5I na 60Jlee cOBepmeHHoi'i MeTO)J.OJIOrH'leCKOH OCHOBe, C
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-II 'IeTKa5I rraCrrOpTlI33ll.II51 (CM.) 3anHC3HHbIX TeKCTOB, Ha,lJ,Jle}KaII.:(HH
TCXHH'IeCKHii ypOBeHb 33IIlICII. CJIYXOBaH 3aIIIIC"b Me.1JO,lJ,HH K TO MY )Ke
.HHT.: ral{aK B. M. CKa30qHUK U ero TeKCT: I\ pa3BuTHIO ::JKCrrepHlv!eHTaJIbiIOrO
HanpaB.lleHHH B !jJOJIbKJIOpe II I1p06JIeMbI !jJOJIbKJIOpa. .M., 1975; Off e. 3"UqeCKHH
rreBe II ero TeKCT II TeKCTo.10rHqecKoe H3yqeIIHe ::moca. .M., 1978; CfepHJleBa H. r.
OrrbIT u3yqeIIHH 3rrHqeCKOH rraMHTII (lla MaTepHaJIC 6bIJIUH) II TUrrOJIOrHH H B3aH-
MOCBH3H !jJOJIbKJIOpa HapO.ll:OB CCCP. .M., 1980; /(a6alllHi1wy /(. JI., EapTatu3Bitt
r. A. CYCTP3%! 3 Ka3KaH. .MIL, 1984; EpilluHa O. 10. YKpalHcbKa HapO.ll:Ha co i-
aJ1bHo-rr06YToBa Ka3Ka. I\UlB. 1989.
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HbIX HBJIeI-J:HH rrOCBHII.:(eI-IbI 3THOJIOrIlqeCKHe M. B pa3BHTbIX MHcpOJIO-
rHHX aHa CBH3bIBaeTCH C TBopeHHeM, rrpHrrHCbIBaeMbIM )J.eMHypry-
152
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rnHeCH B 06pH,lJ,aX H MHcpOJIOrHqeCKHX paCCKa3aX-6bIJIH'IKaX BOCTOq-
HOCJIaBHHCKHX HapO,lJ,OB ('I'. Ha3. «HH3rnaH MHcpOJIOrHH»). Ho 6bUIII'IKH
He MorYT 6bITb B03BeAeHbI I-Ierrocpe)J.CTBeHIIO K rJIy60KoH ,lJ,peBHO-
CTH: JIernHe II ,lJ,OMOBble COBpeMeHIIbIX 6bUIHqCK - pe3YJIbTaT rrOCJIe-
,lJ,YlOII.:(ei1 TpaHccpopMaUHH ,lJ,peBHHX MHcpOJIOrrr'IeCKHX rrpe)J.CTaBJIeHHH.
EOJIee Ha,lJ,e2KHbIM HCTOqHHKOM HX peKOHCTpYKll.HII C'IHTalOTCH 06PH-
,lJ,bI II CBH3aHI-IbIe C HHMH MaJIble cpOpMbI cpOJIbKJIOpa (3arOBopbI, 3a-
KJIHTHH, a TaK)Ke ,lJ,eTCKHH cpOJIbKv'lOp). B JII060M CJIY'Iae ll.eJIOCTHaH
CHCTeMa M. I-Ia CJIaBHHCKOH rroqBe e)J.Ba .1H M02KeT 6bITb BOCCTaHOB-
JIeHa, H pe'Ib MmKeT HATH JIUrnb 06 OT,lJ,eJIbHbIX ee 3JIeMeI-ITaX, a T.
Ha3. MHcpOJIOreMaX H MHcpOJIOrH'IeCKHX MO,lJ,eJIHX, coXpaHHlOII.:(HxCH 13
cOBpeMeHHoH HapoAHoH KYJIbType.
") IIlIKe DepYHa C BeJIeCOM HMeeT H KGCMOrOHWleCKoe cO)J.ep)!."aHHe:
,:;(eCb 06'bHCHHeTcH ITpOHcxmK)J.eI-IHe rp03bI, CITOC06cTBYlOII.:(eH rrJIO-
' ()PO)J.HlO 3eMJIII H -ocB06mK)J.eI-IHlO 'CKOTa. XpHcTHaHcKHe M. K. OTpa-
,:IIJIIICb 13 arroKpHcpax, Hapo)J.HbIX JIereHAax II AYXOBHbIX CTHxax, KOM-
Ml'HTIIPYlOII.:(HX rneCTb ,lJ,I-IeII TBOpeI-IHH.
CM. l\1urp H JIHT.
E. A. KOCTIOXHH
E. A. KOCTIOXHH
MI1<D 3CXATOJIOfH4ECKHI1 p., MI<D 3CXATAJIAn4HI;:I
II MI<D ECXATOJIOn4HHI1 y. (rpeLI. eschatos - rrOCJIe)J.I-IIIH,
1' ;HeqHbIH) - MUcpbI a KOI-Ill.e MHpa, era ITOCJI )J.YlOII.:(HX cY)J.b6ax . H
() 3arp06HoH )KH3HI1 LleJIOBeKa. B apXaH'IeCKOH MHcpGJIOrHII 3,cxaTO-
,IIorHH pa3pa6OTaI-Ia cJIa60 (roBopHTCH a HaqaJIe Mllpa H pe)J.Ko-
\) era KOI-Ill.e). B 60JIee pa3BHToH MHcpOJIOrIIH (HH)J.YHcTcKaH, repMa-
lIo-cKaH)J.IIHaBcKaH) rpHAYII.:(eH MHpOBOH KaTaCTpocpe AaeTCH 06bI'I-
110 3TlIqeCKaH Oll.eHKa: KpyrneHHe MHpa 03I-IaMeI-IyeTcH rrOJIHbIM
lIa)J.eHIleM MOpaJIH. XpHcTHaHcKaH 3CXaTOJIOrHH (ArrOKaJIHrrcHc),
IIpe)J.cTaBJIHH ITOCJIe)J.HHe )J.HH, YTBep)K)J.aeT ,13 TO )Ke BpeMH H)J.elO
l'uaceHIIH rrpaBe)J.HHKOB H Ha,cTyrrJIeHHH TbICH'IeJIeTHerO ll.ap TBa
XpHCTOBa.
KpoMe KaHOHH'IeClmH xpHcTHaHcKOH 3CXaTOJIOrrm (KHHra rrp.o-
I'0Ka ,[LaHHHJIa, OTKpoBeHIle HoaHHa EOrOCJIOBa) rnHpoKoe ac-
II)JOcTpaHeHHe Y BOCTO'IHbIX CJIaBHH rrOJIyqHJIH arroKplIcpbI 3cxaTO-
.11 orrr'IecKOrO cO)J.ep)KaHHH (OTKpoBe.mle Mecpo)J.HH DaTapcKoro,
XO)!{)J.eHlIe Eoropo)J.Hll.bI ITO MYKaM, BorrpocbI HoaHHa 130rocJIoBa
focrro)J.V Ha rope <DaBopclmH). Pa3pa6aTbIBaeMble 13 HHX MOTHBbI
paccTaJiaHlIH )J.yrnH C TeJIOM, MbITapcTB AymH, a)J. KHx MYK JIerJIII 13
nCHoBY Hapo)J.HbIX )J.YXOBHbIX CTHXOB (<<0 rp rnHoH )J.yrne», «CT arn-
IIbIH 'cY)J.» «0 rpernHOH pa6e H ee rrpaBe)J.HGH )J.O'IepH», «DJIa'I 3eM-
.III!» H AP ), r)J.e aKll.eluIIpyeTcH H,lJ,eH He.oTBpaTHMoro HaKa3aHHH 3a
rpexH.
JJ:oxpncTnaHcKHe 3,CXaTOJIOrrI'IeCKHe rrpe)J.cTaBJIeHlIH 'CJIaBHH OT-
pa3IIJIHCb ,B rroxopoHHbIX 06pH,lJ,aX II rrpH'IHTaHHHx, OT'IaCTH - 13 Ha-
p01J.HOH )J.eMOHOJIOrIIII (pycaJIKH H KHKUMOpbI KaK )J.yrnH YTGrrJIeI-I-
HIIll. H HeKpeII.:(eI-IbIX MJIa)J.eHll.eB). Dpe)J.cTaBJIeHHH a 3arp06HoM
lI,apcTBe, oT)J.eJIeI-IHOM B.oAHbIM rrpocTpaHcTBoM, 06bI'IHbI He TOJIbKO
)VIH rrpWIIITaHHll, HO II )J.JIH CKa30K H I-raXO)J.HT COOTBeTCTBue 13 MII-
(!JOJIonm MI-IOrIIX HapO)J.OB. B TO )Ke -BpeMH 3arp06HaH CTpana rro-
XOpOHHbIX rrpH'IHTaHUH XOTb II AOCTaTOLIHO MpaqHa, HO 3TO He XpH-
CTIIaHCKUH a)J., a H)J.eH B03Me3)J.HH 3a rpeXH 13 nOT}TTopDI-IHeM MHpe
;VI5I rrpWIHTaHHII LIY)K)J.a.
J1IlT.: CaxapOB B. 3CXaTOJIOrnqeCKIIe CO'IHHCHI!H II CIW3aHII5I B ApeBHCPYCCKOH
IIIICbMC[!HOCTH II BJIII5IHHC I1X Ha Hapo.iJ:IILIe .lI:yxOBHble CTIIXII. TYJIa, 1879; Bece/IOB-
I'/;IIU A. H. Pa3blcKaHuH B 06JIaCTU PyccImx .n:YXOBHbIX CTlIXOE. CI16., 1880-1891.
(3hIII. 1-6.
J1I1T.: KocToMapoB H. H. CJIaB5IHC!W5I MH!jJOJIOnl5I. KlICB, 1847; AcpaHacbeB
A. H. I103TlIqCCKlIC B033pCH1I5I CJIaB5IH Ha rrpHpO.ll:Y. .M., 1865-1869; cfJa>HllHl{blH A.
EmKccTBa JlPCBHlIX CJIaB5IH. CI16., 1884; AHUttKoB E. E. 5I3bIqCCTBO II .lI:peBH5I5I
PYCb. CI16., 1914; TOKapeB C. A. PeJIlIrn03HbIe BepOBaH1I5I BOCTOqHOCJIaB5IHCKI!X
Hapo.ll:OB XIX-Ha'L XX B. 1\.1.; J1., 1957; HBaHoB B. B., TonopoB B. H. CJIaB5IHCKUe
5!3bIKOBbIe MO)l,CJIl!pYIOlUlIe CCMlIOTl!qeCKHe ClICTeMbl. lvI., 1965; OHU e. I1CCJIC.lI:O-
BalilIH B OOJIaCTH CJIaBHHCKHX .lI:pCBHOCTCH. 1\.1., 1974; Me/teTuHcKUii E. M. I103THKa
MH!jJa. 1\.1., 1975; JIoMepaHl{eBa 3. B. .MH!jJOJIOrHqeCKHe rrepcoHaRIH 13 PYCCKOM
!jJOJIbKJIOpe. .M., 1975; MH!jJOJIOrnlI .lI:pcBHero MHpa I COCT. C. I-I. I\paMep. .M., 1977;
Pbl6aKoB E. A. 5I3bl'lCCTBO .lI:peB!!I!x CJIaBHH. 1\.1., 1981; HBaH06 B. E., TonopoB
E. H. CJIaBHHCKaH MH!jJOJIOrH5I II MH!jJbI HapO.ll:OB Mupa: 3II I!KJIOrrC.lI:HH. 1\.1., 1982_
T. 2; YcneHClwii E. A. l'!>uJIoJIOrnqCCKHe pa3bIcKaHHH 13 06JIaCTH CJIaBHHCKHX .lI:PCB-
HocTeH: PeJIlIKTbI 513b1qeCTBa B BOCTOqHOCJ1aB5IHCKOM I{YJIbTe HHKOJIaH MllPJII1KIIH-
CKOro. 1\.1., 1982; JIonoBu'/ M. .MHpoB033peHHe .lI:peBIIHX CJIaBHH. I\l!eB, 1985; Pbl-
6aKoB E. A. 5I3bl'ICCTBO .lI:peBHcH Pycu. .M., 1987; 30JIOTOCJIOB: I10eTHqHHH KOCMOC
.IJ:aBllbOI Pyci. KIIIB, 1988; CJIaB5IHCKIIH, II 6aJIKaHCRUH !jJOJIbKJIOp: PCKOHCTPYK 1I5I
.lI:pcBHeH CJIaBHHCKOH .lI:YXOBIIOH KYJIbTypbI: HCTOqHUKH II MeTO.ll:bl. M., 1989 (u 60-
JICe paIfHHe C60PHHKH cTaTeH C TeM jRe Ha3BaHueM); Taii/lOp 3. E. I1epB06b1THaH
KYJIbTypa. 1\1., 1989.
MI1<D KOCMOfOHH4ECKI1I1 p., MI<D KACMAfAHI4HbI
6., MI<D KOCMOfOHI4HHI1 y. (rpeq. kosmos - YCTPOHCTBO, rro-
pHJI;OK) - MHcpbI a MHPOYCTPoH'cTBe. MacrnTa6bI MHPOY'CTpoHcTBa B
M. K. KOJIe6JIlOTCH 13 3aBHCHMOCTH aT ypOBHH pa3BHTHH MHCPOJIOrII-
'IeCKHX npeACTaBJIeHUH - aT YCTpOHCTBa JIaH)J.rnacpTa, Cpe,lJ,bI 06H-
TaHHH rrJIeMeHH (aBCTpaJIHHCKIIe MUcpbI) )J.O KOCMorOHIUI. COOTBeT-
CTBeHHO MeHHeTCH xapaKTep MHPOYCTpOeHI-IH: aT cnOHTaHHbIX
rrpeBpaII.:(eHHH nepBorrpe,lJ,KOB B rrplIpO,lJ,Hble cpeHOMeHbI ,lJ,0 C03HaTeJIb-
Horo TBopeIUIH, rrpe06pa30BaHHH xaoca 13 KOCMOC, opraHH3all.HH rrplI-
pO,lJ,bI H 06II.:(eCTBa, rrpHrrHCbIBaeMbIX )J.eMuypry. BpeMH TBOpeI-IIIH
(<<Ha'IaJIa») rrpHHll.HrrIIaJIbHO rrpOTImOnOCTaBJIeHO BpeMeHII «HCTO-
pH'IeCKOMY», KaK CaKpaJIbHOe - rrpocpamIOMY. OHO BocrrpOII3BO)J.IIT-
CH B 06pH,lJ,aX, CaHKll.HOHHPYlOII.:(HX YCTaHOBJIeHHbIH MHponopH)J.Oh.
KOCMOrGHHqeCKHe MOTHBbI 13 CJIaBHHCKOH MHcpOJIOrrnI HCCJIe)J.O-
BaHbI I-Ie,lJ,OCTaTO'IHO. Dpe,ZLITOJIaraeTCH, 'ITa «OCHOBHOli MHCP» a rro-
E. A. KOCTIOXHH
154
M
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155
MI1<D 3TI10JIOrHYECKHVI p., MI<D 3TbI5IJIAfIYHbI 6
MI<D ETIOJIOfIYHHVI y.- MHcpbI, 06'bHCHHlOII.:(He rrpoHcxOIK)J.eI-II1
pa3.H006pa3HbIx cpeHoMeHoB rrpHpOAI-IOH H COll.HaJIbHOH .iKII3HI1: aT
06'bHCI-IeHIIH, rrOLleMY Y JIHCbI KOH'IHK XBOCTa 6eJIbIH, .D:O rrpOHcxmK-
)J.emIH C0ll.HaJIbHbIX IIHCTHTYTOB. Bce MIIcpbI - 3TO 3THOJIOrIIqeCKHe
paCCKa3bI, H 06blqHO MHcp Ha3bIBalOT 3TH0J10rII'IeCKHM B TOM CJIY'Iae,
Kor)J.a OH Y.iKe TepHeT CBoe HCKGHHOe CO.D:ep.iKaHHe, BbI.rra.D:aeT H3 CH-
CTeMbI, coxpaHHH JIHrnb «06'bHCHHTeJIbHYlO CPOPMYJIY». C1Je,lIiOB a-
TeJIbHO, c06c:.meIUIO M. 3.- 3TO 3aKJIlOQHTeJlbHa5I CTpaIIHll.a HCTOpUH
rrepB06bITHOH MHcpOJIOrHH, Kor)J.a MIIcpOJIOrIFleCKHe paCCKa3bI TepH-
lOT CaKp JIbHOe 'CO.D:ep.iKaHIIe H rrepeXOAHT B pa3pH.D: paCCKa30B C
HeCTporOIl )J.OCTOBep HOCTblO.
BOCTOqHOCJIaBHHCKIIe M. 3. CBH3aHbI ,C arrOKpHcpaMII II JIereI-I.D:a-
MIl KOCMOrOHH'IeCKOro CO)J.ep.iKaHIIH, rAe Ear H CaTaHa BblCTvrralOT
KaK rrapa .D:eMHyproB H TpIIKcTepoB, II3 KOTOpbIX O)J.HH Bce eJIaeT
«HopMaJIbHO», a )J.Pyroii rropnn CO)J.e5I.I-IHoe. 3JIeMeHTapHble M. 3.
a rrpUMeTax }KHBOTHbIX OCTaBHJIH CJIeA B CKa3Kax rAe 3TIIOJIOrHH
rrp!106peJIa rnYTOLlHbIIi xapaKTep. '
E. A. KOCTIOXHH
.KepTBbl 13 roCY.lI:apCTBeHHo-UCTOpHqeCKOM C03HaHHH .MOCKOBCKOro apcTBa II.Me-
xall113Mbl KYJIbTypbl. .M., 1990.
A. JI. TOJIOPKOB
MHOrOrOJIOCHE p., IllMATrAJIOCCE 6., EorATOrOJIOC-
err y.- BH.D: MY3bIKaJIbI-roH cpaKTypbI (CM. CK.Ila8 JVlY3blKa.llbHblu),
Oc.HoBaHHbIH Ha o)J.HoBpeMeHHoM CO'IeTaHHH HeCKOJIbKHX rOJIOCOB.
Pa3JIlPlHble cpOpMbI MHOrOrOJIOCHH G6pa3YlOTcH BCJIe.D:c.TBHe H3MeHe-
I!IIH xapaKTepa corrO)J.qHI-IeHIIH rOJIOCOB (CM. Ilo.llu£jJoHUH. no82o.ll0-
rO'lHafl, Ilo.llu£jJoHUH. TWHTpaCTHaH., MH0202o.llocue 6yp8oHHoe).
Tpa.D:Hll.HH H3yqeHHH H rry6JIHKall.HH 06pa3ll.OB Hapo)J.Horo MHoro-
rOJIOCUH BOCXO.D:HT K KOHll.Y XIX B. HCrrOJIb30BaHIIe cpOI-IOrpacpa 13
1I0JIeBOH rrpaKTHKe c06HpaTeJIeH rrO)J.HHJIO 3TY pa60TY I-Ia HOBbIH
IlpocpeccHOHaJIbHbIH ypoBeHb. HOBbIH 3Tarr Ha'IaJICH C rrOHBJIeHHeM
TeXHHKH MHorOKaHaJIbHOH 3amICH, rr03BOJIHlOII.:(eH B rrpoll.ecce XOpO-
Bora HCrrOJIHeHHH cpHKCHpOBaTb MeJIO)J.HqeCKYlO JIHHIIlO Ka.iK)J.oro
rOJIoca.
MH<DOJIOrEMA p., I<DAJIArEMA 6., MI<DOJIOrEMA y._
e)J.HHHll.a MHcpOJIOr:lqeCKOH cHcTeMbI, HMelOII.:(aH caMoCTOHTeJlbHYlO
CeM3I-IuIKY. C O)J.I-IOH M. M02KeT CBH3bIBaTbCH HeKHH orrpe)J.eJIeI-IHbIM
MIfcp, II B 3THX 'CJIYQaHX 'rrOHHTHe NL CHHOH MH'II-IO rrOHHTHlO «MIIcp»,
JIH60 pH)J. MHcpOJIOrnqeCKHX rrpeACTaBJIeHIIH (I-Iarrp., M. COJIHll.a B
HapO.D:!lbIX BepOBaHI-IHX H B JIHTepaTYPHoii ll.epKoBHoIJ H arroKpHcpH-
qeCKOH Tpa.D:Ifll.UHX BOCTO'IHbIX CJIaBHH BKJIlO'IaeT rrpe.D:CTaBJIeHHH a
COJIHll.e KaK a KOJIeCe H orHe, 'leJIOBeKe II ar-IreJIe, JIIIll.e Bora H OT-
6JIeCKe 60)!{eCTBeHHoro CUHHHH H .D:p.). TepMIUI J-ICrrOJIb3veTCH He
TOJIbKO rrpII HCCJIe)J.OBaHIHI MHcpOJIOrIIH, HO H rro OTHoiueHHlO K
cpOJIbKJIOPY H XY.D:O.iKeCTBeHHOll JIHTepaType.
B cpOJIbKJIOpe M. MmKeT cpopMaJIbHO COBrraAaTb C MOTHBOM (CM.),
HO B OTJIWnre OT MOTHBa, KOTOpbIH He rrepeCTaeT 6bITb TaKOBbIM
rrpH YTpaTe caMOCTOHTeJIbHOIi ceMaHTHKH, M. CVII.:(eCTBVeT TOJIbKO
rrOCTOJIbKY, rrOCKOJIbKY ee coxpamleT. Ha3bIBaH WTHB M., rro)J.pa-
3YMeBalOT, LITO 01-1 HeceT B ce6e HeKIIii MHcpoJlorH'IeCKUH CMbICJI.
HaH60JIee pacrrpoCTpaI-IeIUroH cpOpMOH «rrp06Y}K.D:eHHH» TaKoro
CM ICJIa B MO!IIBe HBJIHeTCH aKTyaJIH3all.IIH a pxeTIma (CM.). B xY-
)J.02KeCTBeHHOII JIHTepaType II CTaJLHaJIbHO n03)J.HeM cpOJIbK.nope H3-
BeCTHbI MI-IOrOqIICJIeHHble IICKyccTBeHHble M. BTopIILIHoro 06pa30Ba-
I-IIIH, cIIHTe3HpYlOII.:(He Tpa)J.Hll.HOHHbIe MHcpOJIOrHLlecKIIe H cpOJlbKJIOp-
HbIe 06pa3bI C 3aHMCTBOBaHHHMH II3 KHIDKHOr"I KYJIbTypLI.
JJ.I1T.: <oJI e poB B: liToJIo eMa «COH H» YKpalHcbKHx HapO.ll:HHX BipYBaHH5Ix
;-a B13aHflIlCbKO-reJIJI1HICTH'JHHH KYJIbTypHHH HK.'I If ETIIOrpa!jJ. BicHHE. 1927.
<H. 4; Pa6uHoBll'l E. r. MH!jJOJIOreMa HeKTapa - OITblT peKOIICTpYKD:Hl1 1/ I1aJIeo-
OaJIKaHUCTHKa H aHTIIqHOCTb. .M., 1989; JI/l10XaH06a .iH. B. .MH!jJOJIOreMa CbIHOBHeii
J1I1T.: Me/lbcYHoB 10. PycCKue rreCHH, nerrocpe.n:cTBeHHo C rOJIOCOB HapO.ll:a
:WIlIIcamIble. NJ.., 1879. BbIrr. 1; JIa/lb t tUlW6 H. KpecTbHHcKue necHH, 3arrucaHHble
1\ ceJIe HHKOJIaeBl\a .MeH3eJIHHcKoro ye3.l1:a Y!jJHMCKOH ry6epHHH, M., 1888; JIuHe-
1111 E. BemmoPycCKl!e rreCHH 13 napoAHoH rapMOHH3aI.(UH. CI16., 1904. Bbm. 1; 1909.
Bblll. 2; JIucTonaooB A. I1eCHl! .n:OHCKHX Ka3aKOB. .M., 1949-1954. T. 1-5; Pyo:
/lCBa A., ll.(YPOB B., JIYUI1WHa C. PyccKIIe HapoAHble rreCHH 13 MHOrOMI-IKpoqJOHHOH
':anUCl!. M., 1979; KacTa/lbcKwl A. OCHOBbI HapoAHoro MHororOJIOCHH. .M.; J1.,
1948; KY.f1GKOBC1Wii JI. a PYCCKOM HapO.ll:HOM MHOroroJIOCUH. M., 1951; Eep!;llao-
t'/;aJl T. OCHoBIIbIe KOMn03l! HOHHbIe 3aKoHoMepHocTH MHOroroJIOCII5I PYCCKOU Ha-
P0,'\HOH KpecTbHHcKOH rreCHH. J1., 1961; HCTOMUH H. MeJIOAUKO-rapMOHHqeCKOe
npoeHHe PYCCKOH HapoAHoH rrenIH. .M., 1985.
A. /1,. TPOHllKAH
MHOrOrOJIOCHE EYPLI,OHHOE p., IllMATrAJIOCCE EYP-
JJ:OHHAE 6.- BH)J. MHOroroJIOCHH (CM.), CGqeTalOII.:(Hii 13 ce6e qep-
'I'Ll KOI-ITpaCTHOH (CM.) H rro)J.rOJIOCO'IHOH rrOJIHcpOHHH (CM.): MaJIO-
HOJLBIDKUOMY 6acy rrpOTHBOCTOHT MeJIO)J.H'IeCKH pa3BHTble BepXHIle
rUJIoca. HCTOpH'IeCKH 'CBH3aH C KaHTOBbIM pacrreBOM H BCTpeLIaeTCH
lIa TeppHTopHII era pacrrpoCTpaHeHHH.
A. /1,. TPOHllKAH
MOHOLI,H5I p. (rpe'I. monos - O)J.HU, ode - rreHHe) - MY3bI:
1\<l,nbHbIH CKJIa)J. (CM.), B KOTOpOM JIOrIIKY P a3BIITHH MY3bIKaJIbHOH
MbICJIH orrpe)J.eJIeHeT )J.BH.iKemle MeJIo)J.HLlecKoH JIHHHH. <DaKTypa II3-
.IW.iKeHIIH - O)J.HoroJIOCI-Ie (CM.), HJIH YHHCOH.
A. /1,. TPOHll,KAH
156
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157
MOHOCTPO<DA, MOHOCTPO<DHLIECKA5I <DOPMA p MA-
HACTPA<DI4HA5I <DOPMA 6., MOHOCTPO<DILIHA <DOPMA y.
(aT rpeq. monos - COCTOHII.:(Hll H3 OlLHOH CTpOcpbI) -J MaJIaH CTH-
XOTBopI-IaH cpopMa, rrpHCYII.:(aH HeKOTopbIM JIHpH'leCKHM rreceHHbIM
2KaHpaM. COXpar-IHH OT)J.eJIbHble oc06eHHOCTH 'rr03THKII, MeJIO)J.HKH II
CPYI-IKll.HOHaJIbHOrO rrplIKperrJIeHHH B cpOJIbKJIOpe Ka2KlLGrO Hapop.a.
BOCTOqHOCJIaBHHCK e MOHOCTpocpH'IeCKHe 2KaHpbI HMelOT II 06lI1.IIe
'IepTbI: I-Ie60JIbrnOH 06'beM, KOMrr03Hll.HOHHYlO 3aMKHYTOCTb ()J.Ba-
qeTbIpe CTIIxa), JIaKGHH3M H3JIOLKeHIIH, HMrrpOBII33ll.HOHHOCTb, TeMa-
TH'IeCKOe pa3Ho06pa3He; orrepaTIIBHOCTb pearnpOBaHI1H Ha COBpe-
MeHHble 'C06bITHH; orrTHMHCTHLleCKIIii 3MOll.IIOHaJIbHbIH HaCTpOH;
CKJIOHHOCTb K Hpor-III3IIpOBaHHlO; HCKpeHHOCTb H OTKpbITGCTb B 1130-
6pa2KeHHH 'IYBCTB;CBH3b C TaHll.eM H HHCTPYMeHTaJIbHOH MY3LIKOH.
B PYCCKOM cpOJIbKJIOpe HaH60JIbrnee pacrrpOCTpaHeHHe rrOJIY'IH-
JIa 'IaucTyrnKa, 13 6eJIOpYCCKOM - npHrreBKa, B YKpaHHCKOM - KO-
JIGMbIHKa.
CM. TaK)!{e JIpuneBTW, lfaCTYUlTW, KO.llOJvtbtUKa II JIUT.
-:rI1T.: I. K. J.l,illl'taHIW. Ee:,apycKaH qaC'rY lIKa: I1bITaHHi reHe3icy RiaHPY. MH.,
1971, IllYliwua fl. C. Cnel\HCjJ1IW KOpOTIG1X IIlceHIIUX JKaHpiB cyqaCHoro CJIOB'51H-
CbKoro !jJOJIbKJIOPY. I\HlB, 1973.
1:,1,.. N. Y., 1951; ON e. Motif-Index of FoI -Literatu e. 6 yol . Copenhagen;
1;1(J(J1l1ington, 1955-1958; Dundes A. From Ehc to Emlc Umts 111 the Structu-
,,,I study of Folktales II Journal of American Folklore. 1962. N 296; JIapnYJlo-
"" J/. 3a C'bA'bp)KaHUeTO Ha TepMlma MOTHB B'bB !jJOJIbKJiOpUCTIiKa II E-bJIrapCEH
'IH)"IKJIOp. CO!jJH5I, 1976. KH. 3-4.
E. H. nYTlfJIOB
H. C. IllY MAil.A
MY3hIKA HAPOLI,HA5I, <DOJIhKJ10P MY3hIKAJIhHhlfI p.,
MY3hIKA HAPOLI,HA5I, <DAJIhKJIOP MY3hILIHhI 6., MY3HKA
IIJ\.POLI,HA, <D0J1hKJ10P MY3HLIHHfI y.- rrpeHMYII.:(eCTBeHHo
IIl'CeI-IHOe ('I'. e. MY3bIKaJIbHO-no::nwlecKoe), HHcTpYMeHTaJIbHOe,
I\OKaJIbHO-HHcTpYMeHTaJIbHOe H MY3bIKaJIbHO-TaHlteBaJIbI-roe TBOp-
'Il'CTBO HapoAa. Ero orrpe)J.eJIHlOII.:(HH rrpH3HaK - 6ecrrHcbMeHHaH (a
110 lICTOKaM - AorrHcbMemlaH) Tpa)J.Hll.HOHHOCTb. M. H. CJIe)J.yeT
paccMaTpHBaTb KaK 13 paMKax Bce06II.:(eii MY3bIKaJIbHOH KYJIbTypbI,
!'al\: H rrpe2K)J.e Bcero 13 COCTaBe cpOJIbKJIOpa. M. H. cYII.:(eCTByeT Ha
1)1lpe)J.eJIeluroH TeppHTopHH H B KOHKpeTHoe IICTOpH'IeCKOe BpeMH,
'1'1'0 C03)J.aeT CHCTeMY MY3bIKaJIbHo-cpOJIbKJIOpHbIX AHaJIeKTOB B Ka2K-
,/I,oii Hapo)J.HoH MY3bIKaJIbHOH KYJIbType. B THrrOJIOrnH M. H. pa3JIU-
'lalOTCH HBJIeHHH, 06II.:(He rrO'ITH )J.JIH Bcex MY3bIKaJIbHbIX KYJIbTYP
('I'. Ha3. MY3bIKaJIbHbIe YHHBepCaJIIIH), 06II.:(He TOMY HJIII m-roMY pe-
I'IIOHY, rpyrrrre KYJIbTYP ('I'. Ha3. apeaJIbHble oc06eHHocTu), II JIO-
l\aJIbHble ('I'. Ha3. )J.HaJIeKTHble oc06eHHocTH).
OCI-IoBHble BIIAbI M. H.- rreCHH, rreceHHaH HMrrpoBII3all.IIH, rreCHH
Cll'3 CJIOB, 3ITIU'IeCKOe CKa3aI-IHe, TaHll.eBaJIbHble MeJIO)J.HH, rrJIHCOBble
I Ij)lIIIeBKH, HHCTpYMeI-ITaJIbHble rrbeCbI H HaHrpbIrnu (curHaJIbI, TaH-
11,1.1). HaH60JIbrnee pa3BIITIle TIOJIY'IHJIa M. H. B JIIIpH'IeCKUX 2KaHpax.
()()o6II.:(aH MY3bIKaJIbHYlO CTHJIHCTHKY Bcex rreceHHblX 2KaHpOB, M02K-
110 BbI)J.eJIHTb OCHOBHbIe MY3bIKaJIbHO-HHTOHall.HOHHble CKJIa)J.bI Tpa-
/I,IIlJ)IOHHOH (KpecTbHHcKOH) M. H.: rrOBeCTBOBaTeJIbHbIH, pacrreBHbIII,
'I'aIIll.eBaJIbHbIH H CMernaHHbIH. Hx KOHKpeTI-IOe HarrOJIHeHlle, a Ta'K-
il,e COqeTaI-IlIe HeYHHBepCaJIbHO. BbPIJIeHHeTCH H 'CrrelJJlcpULleCKHii
('lwa)J. pluyaJIbHbIX HarreBOB-cpOPMYJI 3aKJIIIHaTeJIbHOrO xapaKTepa.
M. H. CYII.:(eCTByeT B O)J.HOroJIOCOH (COJIbHOH), aHTHcpOHHOli, aI-IcaM6-
"leBOR, XOpOBOH U H-HCTPYMeIUaJIbHOH cpopMax.
COOTI-IOrneHHe MY3bIKaJIbHOrO U HeMY3bIKaJIbHOrO B M. H. ,1J.Ha-
.lll'KTIPleCKH CJIOLKI-IO: «MY3bIK3JIbHaH HHTOHaIUIH HI-IKO rlL a He
'/'l'!J5IeT CBH3H HH co CJIOBOM, HH C TaI-Ill.eM, HH C MUMHKOH (rraHTOMH-
Moii) TeJIa 'IeJIOBeLleCKoro, HO «rrepeOCMbICJIHBaeT» 3aKOHOMepHO-
("I'll !IX cpOpM H COCTaBJIHlOII.:(HX CPOPMY .:weMeHTOB 13 CBon MY3bI-
ha,TIbHble cpe)J.CTBa Bblpa.iKeI-IHH» (13. B. AcacpbeB). DpHMeHeI-IlIe
'!'l'X I1JIH UHbIX MY3bIKaJIbHbIX Bblpa3HTeJIbHbIX cpe)J.CTB )J.eTepMHHH-
pouaHO He 'CTOJIbKO I-Ierrocpe)J.CTBeHHO 2KaI-IpOM, CKOJIbKO TIIrrOM UH-
!'OllIIpOBaHHH KaK O)J.HHM H3 MHHHMYM rneCTH rrpOMe2KYTO'IHbIX
::Ul'lIhCB B eW-IlIOH ll.errO'IKe: cpopMa MY3Hll.HpOBaHHH (m-IlLHBHlLyaJIb-
lIa\! IIJIII KOJIJIeKTHBHaH) - 2KaHp - 3THWleCKIIH 3BYKOH)J.eaJI-
MOTHB p., y., MA ThIY 6. B cpOJIbKJ10pnCTlIKe TepMIIH HMeeT
HeCK JIbKO 3HaqeI-IHH. OAHO H3 OCHOBHbIX: M.- CTPYKTypo06pa3Y-
lOII.:(HH 3JIeMeWf 'ClO.iKeTOCJID1KeHHH B cpOJIbKJIOpe. M. KaK cTepeo-
TllIIHble HCTopwlecKH CJI02KHBrnHeCH CGlLep2KaTeJIbHble e)J.IIHIIll.bI (HX
OCHOEHble THrrbI: M.-lLCHCTBHH, IV'L-cHTyall.HII, M.-xapaKTepHcTHKH,
M,.-ODHCa.IIHH, M.-pe'IH) 'COCTaBJIHlOT cO)J.ep.iKaTeJIbHYlO TKaHb II
CTPYKTypHYlO OCHOBY rrpoII3Be)J.eHHH, OHII 06JIalLalOT KOHCTPYKTHB-
HbIMH c102KeTo06pa3YlOII.:(HMH CBoHcTBaMH, 06eCrre'IHBalOII.:(HMII JIOrH-
KY rrOBeCTBOBaTeJIbHOrO JJ:BH2KeHHH. OJJ:HoBpeMeHHo M. BblCTvnalOT
KaI{ Ba}lnrel'IrnIIe CJIaraeMble xYJJ:02KeCTBeHHoro H3bIKa, 'ITa 06YCJIOB-
JIlfBaeTCH HaJIHqHeM B HHX YCTOH'IHBbIX rJIy6HHHbIX 3Ha'IeI-HlH. Crro-
C06HOCTb M. K BapbIIpOBaHIIlO II CeMaI-ITHqeCKIIM TpaHccpopMall.HHM
06ecrre l IlIBaeT B03M02KHOCTH pa3BIITHH CTapLIX H C03)J.aHII51 HOBbIX
ClO}KeTOB 13 paMKax TpalLHlI,lIlI. C-fepeOTHrrHbIH C102KeTHbIH COCTaB
.iKaHpOB orrpeJJ:eJI5ICT'CH, B 'IaCTHOCTH, HaJIHLIHeM JJ:JIH Ka.iKlLOrO 2KaHpa
CBoero HCTOPHq CKH CJIOLKIIBrnerOCH cpOH)J.a M, II CBOlIMH rrpaBIIJIaMH
lIX B3aHMOCBH3elI.
MY3bIKaJIbHbIH ]\11.- xapaKTepHaH 'IaCTb MY3blKaJIbHOIi TeMbI,
MeJIOlLlIH, HaneB.
J111T.: BeceJloBcKu(1 A. H. HCTOpHqeCKaH n03THKa. ,n., 1940; JIYTU-
"1OB E. fl. MOTHB KaK CIOJKeT006pa3YIOlll.HH 3JIeMeHT II TunoJIorIIqecKHe HCCJIe)J,OBa-
HIIH rro !jJOJIbKJIOPY. M., 1975; HeKJl1ouoB C. /0. a HeKoTopbIX acneKTax I1CCJIeAO-
BalIHH !jJOJIbKJIOPHLIX !\10TUBOB. II 1'!>0JIbKJIOp H 3TlIorpa!jJHH: Y 3Tnorpa!jJnqeCKUX
HCTOKOB !jJOJILKJIOpHbIX CIOJEeTOB II oopa30B. J1., 1984; Thompson! St. The Folk-
J\1.
159
158
M
110 BXOAHJIH CKpHITKa, ll.HM-6aJIbI, 6y6eH; C'KpHrrKa, rapMOI-Ib, 6y6eH;
!I,I:C CKpHrrKH H 6aC3TJIH.
CM. TaK)Ke AHCQ.Jvt6.1lb.
THrr HHToHHpOBaHHH -- CTHJIb HHToHHpoBaHHH -- MY3bIKaJIbHO-BbI-
pa3HTeJIbHbIe cpe)J.cTBa. EOJIbrnOe 3Ha L leHHe HMeeT TpaAHll.HOHI-IbIH
3BYKoH.JJ:eaJI (TepMHI-I <Dp. E03e) Ka)K.JJ:oH 3THHqecKOH KYJIbTypbI,
HeKaH HHTGHall.HOHHO-TeM6pOBaH MO)J.eJIb, G606II.:(alOII.:(aH crrell.HcpH-
LJeCKHe 3JIeMeHTbI BOKaJIbHbIX H HHcTPYMeHTaJIbHbIX CTHJIeH. Dpo-
ll.ecc :HGIBOrO HHTOI-IHpOBaHHH 13 M. H., MaHepa 3BYl{OH3BJIeqeHHH H
TeM6p, HBJIHHCb Ba2KHeHrnHMH cpopMo06pa3YlOII.:(HMH cpaKTopaMH,
06YCJIOBJIHBalOT cBoe06pa3He MY3bIKaJIbHOII HHToHaUHH, YCTHOi'r rro
npHpO)J.e, H HecBO)J.HMOCTb ee K HOTHOH 3arrHCH. 3THM, a TaK)Ke
oCrrell.HcpH'IeCKH cpOJIbKJIOpHOH «TexHHKoH» MY3bIKaJIbHOH CPOPMYJIb-
HOCTH G6'bHCHHeToCH H TOT cpaKT, LITO MY3bIKa rreCHH, Harrp., CBH3aHa
He C KOHKpeTI-IbIM CO)J.ep)KaI-IHeM ee CJIOB, a C ee ll.eJIeBOH YCTaHOB-
KOH, HCnOJIHI1TeJIb'CKHM KOHTeKCTOM H MaI-IepOII HCrrOJIHeI-IHH, COOT-
BeTCTBYlOII.:(eH 3TOH ll.eJIH. Harrp., B PYCCKOH M. H. CPOPMYJIbHOCTblO
OTMeLIeHbI rrG'ITH Bce Tpa)J.Hll.HOHHble rreceHHble }KaHpbI: HX M02KHO
)J.HcpcpepeHll.HpOBaTb H orr03HaTb rro MeJIO)J.IIKe.
B M. H. 3a BeKa ee CYII.:(eCTBOBaHIIH Bblpa60TaHbI OCG6bIe rrpHH-
ll.HrrbI MY3bIKaJIbHOrO MblrnJIeHHH, COCTaBHBrnHe CPYH)J.aMeHT MY3bI-
KaJIbHOrO HCKYCCTBa Bo06II.:(e H rrJIOJJ:QHGCHII.:(He rrOHbIHe.
J1I1T.: JIllceHKo M. HapO.ll:Hi MY3HqHi iHcTpYl\IeHTU Ha YKpalHi. I\HlB, 1955;
f'1/lilCH10K A. /. YKpalHcbKi HapoJJ.Hi MY3UqHi iHcTPYMeHT . I\UlE, 1967; Mal{lle6-
("/:uil If. B. rY YJIbCKUe cKPxIDHqHbie KOMn03HUHH. J1., 1970; KBuTKa K. B. I136p.
'-p.: B 2 T. M., 1973. T. 2.
E. If. HPEMKO
J1I1T.: EapToK E. 3aqeM U KaK cooHpaTb HapO.ll:HYIO MY3bIKY. .M., 1959; 1'!>0JIbK-
JIOp U !jJOJIbKJIOpHCTHKa. J1., 1971-1980. BblD. 1-8; 3e.JI!l{OBc1Wii If. HapO.ll:HaH
MY3bIKa II.MY3bIKaJIbIIa51 9HUHKJIOrreAHH. .M., 1976. T. 3; raJlul{Kafi c. JI. TeopeTH-
qeCKl!e Bonpocbl MOHO.ll:HH. TalliKeHT, 1981; AcacpbeB E. a HapO.ll:HOH MY3bIKe f
COCT., BCTYII. CT. H KOl'tD1eHT. H. I1. 3el\l OBcKOro II A_ E. I\YHaH6aeBoii. J1., 1987.
If. If. 3EM/1,0BCKlffi
t
MY3hIKA TPOI1CTA5I p., MY3bIKA TPAICTA5I 6., MY3I1KA
TPOrCTA y. (MY3HKa, 6ypca - EOHKOBII.:(Ima; BeciJIbHa KarreJIa,
BemIKa MY3HKa -- fYll.YJIbII.:(HI-Ia; rYAaKH, rycJIHrni, 6aI-I)J.H - 3a-
KaprraTbe). Tpa)J.Hll.HOHHbIH HapO)J:HbIH aI-ICaM6JIb C pa3Ho06pa3HbIM
COCTaBOM MY3bIKaJIbHbIX IIHCTpYMeHTOB, B OCHOBe KOToporo JIe}KIIT
rrpHHll.IIrr CO'IeTaHHH Tpex MY3bIKaJIbHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB: 1) MeJIO.JJ:II'Ie-
CKoro (c era B003MOIKHbIMH reTepocpoHHbIMII BaplIaI-ITaMII H MeJIH3-
MaTHqeCKHMH YKparneHIIHMH); 2) CTPYKTypHo-rapMOI-IH'IeCKGrO II
3) y)J.apHo-MeTpH'IeCKoro. HaH60JIee HPKHM Bblpa3HTeJIeM MeJIO)J.H-
LJeCKOrO 3JIeMeHTa HBJIHeTCH rrapTHH cKpHrrKII (<<cepll.e MY3IIKH»)
'II COrrHJIKII (<<CYCPJIbOP», HJIII «rri)J.TpHMYBaq MY3IIKH»), CTPYKTYPHO-
rapMOHH'IeCKOrO - rrapTHH ll.HM6aJI (<<KoMrraHbHOI-I MY3HKH»),
Y)J.apHo-MeTpwlecKoro -- rrapTHH 6y6Ha (<<KOpOJIb MY3HKH»). Tpa-
AHll.HOHHbIH COCTaB HapO)J.HGrO aHCaM6JIH, BKJIlO'ImOII.:(HH cKpHrrKY,
ll.lIM6aJIbI, COrrHJIKY, 6y6eH, M0)KeT 6bITb AOrrOJI,HeH JIOKaJIbHbIMH II
rrpHBHeceHHbIMH HHcTpYMeHTaMH: «reJIHrOHKoH», «Kap)J:OI-IaMII»,
«cpJIOYTOH», «6acoM». B rrOCJIe)J.Hee ABaAll.aTIIJIeTHe Tpa)J.Hll.HoHHblii
COCTaB pacrnHpHeTcH rrYTeM BBe.JJ:eI-IHH ,KJIapHeTa, Tpy6bI, TpOJl. 60HD,
rapMornKH, 6aHHa, aKKop.JJ:eoHa. Ha EeJIapycH B COCTaB M. T. 06bI'I-
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HAHrPbIII1 p., HAVIrPbIII1 6., HArp ABAHHE y.- MeJIO)J.HH,
HCrrOJIHHeMaf! Ha MY3bIKaJIbHOM JIHCTpYMeHTe. Pa3JIH'IalOT H. co-
rJIaCHO HHCTpYMeHTaM, Ha KOTOpbIX GHH HCrrOJIHHlOTCH (cKpHmI'I-
HbIH, 6aJ13JIae'IHbIH, 6aH)J.ypHbIH), rro )KaHpOBbIM (rreceHHbIII, TaH-
ll.eBaJIbHbIH, LJaCTyrne'IHbIH, KOJIOMbIHKOBbIH), CPYHKll.HOHaJIbHbIM
(cHnraJIbHbIH, Manr'IeCKHH, TPY.D:OBOH) H )J.p. rrpH3HaKaM.
J1ET.: TKpauHcKue napO.ll:HbIe HaHrpbIlliU I COCT. B. ry aJI. BCTyrr. CT.
C. rpH bl. Jvl., 1986; EeJIOpyccKHe Hal!rpbIlliH I COCT. II. Ha3IUIa. .M., 1986.
M.lf.XAfi
HADEB p., HADEY 6., HACDIB y.- MeJIO)J.HH, rrpe)J.Ha3Ha-
qemIaH )J.JIH BOKaJIbI.roro IICrrOJIHeHHH. B neceHHOM cpOJIbKJIGpe -
THnOJIOrIILJeCKII 3aBep rnemIaH MY3bIKaJIbHaH cpop Ma, rrpe.D:Ha3Ha'IeH-
HaH )J.JIH IIHTOI-mpOBaHIIH CTPYKTypHO ocpop MJIeHHbIX e)J.Inmll. PHT-
MH'IeCKII opraHlI30BaHI.roH pe'IH. B Hapo,rr,HOH MY3bIKe BGCTOLIHbI
CJIaBHH lIaII.:(e Bcero BCTpeLlalOTCH ,rr,Be pa3HOBII)J.HOCTH - CTHXGBOH
(O)J.HOCTpO'II.IbIH), OCHOBaHHbIH Ha rrpHHll.Hrre COOTBeTCTBHH MeJIo)J.H!I
CTIIXY (cTpoKe) n03THLJeCKOrO TeKCTa; CTpocpH'IeCKIIH (CTpOcpOBOH,
qaII.:(e .D:BYOCTpOLJHbIH). H.- MeJIG)J.HH, OXBaTbIBaIOII.:(aH CTpOcpy n03-
TH'leCKOrO TeKCTa.
H ane8 Tun080U (Pyc.), Haney Tbln08bl (6eJI.), Hacni8 Tun08uii
(YKp.).- MeJIo)J.HH, npeAHa3Ha'IeHHaH )J.JIH IIHTormpoBaHIIH pa3JIWI-
HbIX no cO)J.ep)KaIIHlO, HO 06II.:(HX rro ll.eJIeBOMY Ha3Ha'IeHHlO rr03TH-
'IeCKIIX TeKCTOB B Ka'KOM-JIH60 )!{aHpe rreceHHoro cpOJIbKJIOpa (rrOJIlI-
TeKcTOBblii HaneB).
H anee-rjJoplvlY.lla (pyc.), Haney-rjJopJ11Y.lla (6eJI.), Hacni8-rjJopJllY-
.Ita (YKp,).- pa3I-IOBH)J.HOCTb THrrOBoro HarreBa, HecYII.:(aH ceMaHTII-
'IecKYlO HarpY3KY. H.-cp. B03HHKJIH 13 pe3YJIbTaTe xY)J.02KeCTBe< IHoro
o606II.:(eHI1H nepBlIqHbIX HHTOH all.H II, 'CBH3aHHbIX C G6pH)J.OBOH Ma-
rIlel'!. B rrcceHHOM cpOJIbKJIOpe BOCTO'IHbIX CJIaBHH aIm IIrpalOT Ba2K-
HeHrnylO pGJIb B MY3bIKe norpe6aJIbHOH, ceMellHOH H KaJIeI-IAapHOH
06PH)J.HOCTH.
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161
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.lIIIT.: Acacpbce E. B. MY3bIKaJIbHa51 !jJopMa KaK rrpo ecc. J1., 1971; 3Ba/ibO
.;. H. I1ecHH EeJIOpyccKoro I10JIeCb5l. .M., 1979; Py6l{06 CPo A. I1HToHa HOHHb[
"">I"HI 13 neceHHOM TBOpqeCrne CJIaBHHCKUX Hapo.n:oB: OrrblT IICCJIe.n:OBaHH5I. J1., 1962,
./;'.Hl1'06 B. If. MeJIOAWIeCKHe OCHOBbI oeJIOpyccKOH HapO.ll:HOll MY3bIKU. MH., 1970;
::",1U106C1CUU If. If. .MeJIOAHKa KaJIeHAapHbIx rreceH. J1., 1975; Mo eiiKo 3. H. I\a-
,/Il"lI)J,apHo-rreCeHlm51 KYJIbTypa EeJIOpyccHH. .MH., 1985.
EO. If. MAPCfEHKO
HADPABJIEHHE, II1KOJIA p., HADPAMAK, II1KOJIA 6.,
I IADP5IM, II1KOJIA y.- TepMHHbI, TeOpeTHqeCKH He orrpe)J.eJIeH-
IIble 13 cpOJIbKJIGpnCTHKe, yrroTpe6JIHlOTCH LJaCTO Ka'K CHHOHHMbI,
YCJIOBHO 0603HaLJalOII.:(He pHA HJIH rpyrrIIY HCCJIe)J.OBaTeJIeH, qbH
:rPY)J.bI OCI-IOBaI-IbI 'Ha 06II.:(eH .D:JIH HHX cpHJIOCOcpCKOH, 3CTeTHLJeCKOH,
COll.HOJIOrHqeCKOH, KYJIbTYPOJIOrH'IeCKOH H HHGH'HayqHOH KOHll.enll.HH,
exo)J.HbI rrG rrp06JIeMaTHKe II MeTo)J.OJIOrHH, XOTH H OTJIH'IalOTCH Te-
MaTlIKOH H KOHKpeTHbIMH BbIBo)J.aMH rro 1'OH HJIH HHOII np06JIeMe.
3a O)J.HHM H3 TaKHX pHAoB HCCJIe)J.oBaTeJIeH 3aKperrHJIOCb Ha3BaHHe
«HarrpaBJIeHHe» ()J.eKa6pnCTCKoe, peBOJIlOll.HOHHO- )J.eMoKp a THqeCKOe,
CJIaBmrocpHJIbCKOe, Hapo)J.I-IWIeCKOe, MapKcHcTcKooe, COUHOJIOrlIqe-
cKoe, nCHXOaHaJIHTH'IeCKOe, ceMHOTH'IeCKOe, CTpYKTypaJIHCTCKOe H
T. n.), 3a )J.PyrnM pH)J.OM H'CCJIe)J.oBaTeJIeH - «rnKOJIa» (MHcpOJIOrn-
'IecKaH; aHTpOnOJIOrII'IeCKaH, HJIH 3THorpacpHqeCKaH; MHrpall.IIOOH-
HaH; rrCHXOJIOrH'IeCKaH, HJIH 3THOrrCHXOJIOrH'IeCKaH; 'KYJIbTypHO-IICTO-
pHqeCKaH; HCTOpHLJeCKaH, HJIH PyccKaH HCTOpHqeCKaH; cpHHcKaH;
pHTyaJIbHO-MHcpOJIOrlI'IeCKa5!, IIJIII HeOMHcpOJIOrWlecKaH). B HeKOTO-
'PbIX CJIVLJaHX rnKOJIa Ha3bIBaeTCH rro HMeHH ee OCHOBaTeJIH HJIH
rJIaBbI (rnKOJIbI A. H. BeCeJIOBcKoro, B. <D. MHJIJIepa, H. 5I. Mappa,
<D. KOJIeCCbI, K B. KBHTKH, M. LI,paroMaHOBa, E. B. AcacpbeBa,
r. P. II1HpMbI H )J.p.). C HeKoTopbIMII rnKOJIaMH CBH3bIBaeTCH Ha-
3BaHIle Tall HJIH HI-IOH TeopHII (TeopHH caM03apOIKAeI-mH ClO)KeTOB -
C aI-ITpOrrOJIOrH'IeCKOH, HJIH 3THorpacpHLJCCKOH; TeopHH 3aHMCTBOBa-
HHH - C MUrpall.HOI-IHOH; TeopHH apHCTOKpaTWlecKoro rrpOHcxmKAe:
HHH - C IICTOpH'IeCKOH; HI-ITOI-Iall.IIOHHaH TeopHH - eo rnKOJIOH
E. B. AcacpbeBa), XOTH 3TH rnKO.lIbI H HarrpaBJIeHHH MorYT He orpa-
HHLJHBaTbCH OAHOll TeopneH. HlIOr.D:a I-Ia3BaI-me rnKOJIbI HJIH HarrpaBJIe-
HUH rrepCHOCHTCH Ha TeopHlO (MHcpOJIOrH'IeCKaH TeopHH, aI-ITponOJIO-
rHLJeCKaH, IIJIH 3THorpaqmLJeCKaH, TeopHH - Y A. H. BeCeJIOBCKOro,
10. M. COKOJIOBa H ,rr,p.; MapKCHCTCKaH TeopHH, COll.HOJIOrIILJeCKaH
TeopHH, 3THOrrCHXOJIOrH'IeCKaH TeopHH, rrCHxoaHaJIHTH'IeCKaH
TeopHH - Y MHornx COBpeMeHHbIX cpOJIbKJIOpHCTOB). TpaAlIll.lIOHHO
nCTopHH cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKH paCCMaTpHBaeTC5! KaK rrOCJIe)J.OBaTeJIb-
HaH CMeHa HajIIpaBJIeHIIH H rnKOJI (10. M. OOKOJIOB, M. K A3a)J.OB-
CKHH), HeKOTopble HCCJIe,rr,OBaTeJIH paCCMaTpHBaIOT IICTOpHlO CPOJIb-
KJIOpH'CTUKII II03TaIIHO, KaK )J.HHaMHLJeCKYlO CIICTeMY cOCYII.:(eCTBYlO-
II.:(HX rnKOJI II HarrpaBJIeHlIII (aBTopbI KHHrn «CJIOB'HHCbKa cpOJIbKJIO-
pnCTHKa»). B HeKOTopbIX HCTopHorpacpH'IeCKHX TpY)J.ax B 3HaLJeHHH
HarrpaBJIeHHH ynoTpe6JIHlOTCH Ha3BaHHH: AeKa6pJICTCKaH cpOJIbKJIO-
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pHCTIIKa, peBOJIlOll.HOI-rr-ro-AeMOKpaTI1'IeCKaH cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKa, Ha-
pO)J.I-IHLleCKaH CPOJIubKJIOpIICTHKa, MapKCHCTCKaH cpOJIbKJIOpUCTIIKa
(M. K. A3a)J.OBCKHH, B. K. ApXaHreJIbCKaH, A. A. TIpaB)J.lOK H .D:p.).
J1I1T.: KO/lecca P. 1938; Bece/loBcKuii A. H. I103THKa CIOJKeTOB 1/ I1CTopUqe-
CKa rr03TUKa. J1., 1940; COKO/IOB 10. M. PYCCKHH !jJOJIbKJIOp. .M., 1941; ASaa06-
C1WU M. K. IICTopH5I PYCCKOH !jJOJIbKJIOpHCTHKU. .M., 1958. T. 1; 1963. T. 2; ryceB
B. E. 06 H3 qeHUU HCTOpUH PYCCKOH !jJOJIbK.'IOpHCTHKH II 1.1313. A1-I CCCP. OT.lI:.
JIHT. H 513. 19;)6. T. 15, BblII. 3; AKa.ll:eMUqeCKHe lliKOJIbi 13 PYCCKOM JIHTepaTypoBe-
.lI:ermu. .M., 1975; CJIOB'HHCbKa !jJOJIbKJIOpHCTI-lKa. I\HlB, 1988.
(/\. MeTJIHHCKHH, n. KYJIHrn, M. 3aKpeBCKHH II )J.p.). B EeJIapycH
" ,11:1po)J.HH'IeCKHM )J.BH2KeI-IHeM 6bIJI CBH3aH A. E. 130r)J.aHOBHq.
.TII1T.: Jl btnUN A. H. I-!ap0.lJ,HUqeCTBo: CTaTbH rrepBa51 II BecTHHK EBporrbI.
1004. N2 I; ON e. I-Iap0.ll:HHqeCTBO: CTaTb51 BTopaH II TaM JKe. N2 2; CKa6U'teB-
/'1'-/1/1, A. EeJIJIeTpIICTbJ-Hap0.ll:HUKH. CI16., 1888; ryceB B. E. MapKcu3M U ycCKaH
(1)(,,1lbKJIOpHCTHKa KOH a XIX-HaqaJIa XX BeKa. M.; J1., 1961; ASaaOBCKUU M. K.
Iln'opHH PYCCKOH !jJOJIbKJIOpHCTHKH. M., 1963. T. 2; COKO/IOB H. If. PyccKaH JIUTe-
p:JTvpa H Hap0.ll:HUqeCTBo: J1HTepaTypHoe .lI:BU)KeHUe 70-x ro.ll:OB XIX BeKa. J1.,
IIIG8; ApXaNce/lbCKafi B. K. OqepKH HapOAHUqeCKOH !jJOJIbKJIOpHCTHKH. CapaToB,
I !)76; CJIOB'51HCbKa !jJOJIbKJIOpHcTuKa. I{HlB, 1988.
B. E. rYCEB
A. B. TlfTOBElI,
HADP ABJ1EHI1E PEB0J1I011.I10HHO-,LLEMOKP A TI1YE-
CI(OE p., HADPAMAK P3BAJ1I011.hIVIHA-,LL3MAKPATbIYHbI
/;., HADP5IM PEB0J1I011.IVIHO-LLEMOKPATI1YHI1VI y.- Tep-
MIII-I yrroTpe6JIHeMbIH HapaBI-Ie C rrOHHTHeM «peBOJIlOll.HOHHO-)J.eMo-
hpa;wlecKaH cpOJIbKJIO'pHcTHKa» (M. K. A3a,D:OBCKHII). B POCCHH-
("[WH cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKe pa3JIIILlaIOTCH TPH nepHO)J.a HCTOpHH H. p.-)J..
IlepBbIH rrepHO)J.: 30-40-e rO)J.bI XIX 13.- )J.e5ITeJIbHOCTb EeJIHH KO-
1'0 H MOJIO.D:Oro repueHa, HX KpHTHKa pOMaI-ITHqeCKHX B033peHHH Ha
lIapO.D:HYlO rr033HlO II oc06emro Tlpe)J.cTaBHTeJIeH peaKI.:(HOHHOH Teo-
pun «ocpHll.HaJIbHOH Hap O)J.H OCTlI». BTOpOH rrepHO)J.: 50-e - rrepBaH
1I0JI. 60-x rO)J.OB XIX B.- )J.eHTeJIbHOCTb LJepI-IbIrneBCKoro, .LL06po-
,/lI060Ba, repll.eHa, OrapeBa, HX KpHTIIKa MHcpOJIOrHQeCK'OH rnKOJIbI,
YTBep)K)J.eHHe rrpHHll.HrrOB HCTopH3Ma 13 H3YQeHHH HapoAHoll rr033HH.
TpeTHH nepHO.D:: cepe)J.. 60-x-70-e rO)J.bI XIX 13.- OTCTaHBaI-IHe
lIaY'I'HbIX H)J.eH H. p.-)J.. B KpHTwlecKoH H rry6mIUHCTHQeCKOH .D:eH-
TeJIbHOCTH CaJITbIKoBa-llJ,e)J.pIII-Ia H I-Ia CTpaI-IHll.aX «CoBpeMeI-IHHKa»
][ «OTe'IeCTBeHHbIx 3arrHCOK». H)J.eH peBOJIlOll.HOHHbIX )J.eMoo,KpaToB
oKa3aJIH rrOJIOIKHTeJIbI-roe B03)J.eHcTBHe Ha cpOJIbKJIOpHCTWlecKHe
B3rJIHAbI B. CTacoBa II A. CepoBa, Ha pa3BHTHe c06HpaTeJIbCKOH
pa60TbI B 06JIacTH cpOJIbKJIOpa H 3THorpacpHH (I1. DpbDI\'OB, I1. Xy-
]l,HKOB, D. PbI6HHKOB, TI. 5IKYlliKHI-I), Ha cpOJIbKJIOpH3M PYCCKIIX
lllICaTeJIell cepe)J.. XIX B. H. p.-.D:. rrpe)J.cTaBJIeHO 13 'cpOJIbKJIOpII3Me
YKpaHHcKHx llHCaTeJIeH H B .D:eHTeJIbHOCTH YKpaHHcKHx cpOJIbKJIOpH-
nGB (T. llleB'IeI-IKO, M. BOB'IOK, D. MHPI-IbIll, H. <DpaHKO, TI. rpa-
OOBCKHH, J1. YKpauHKa, M. KOll.106HI-ICKHH, H. MamKypa, I1. PY)J.-
lICHKG, 10. <De)J.bKoBwI, J1. )l(eM'IYLIuIHKOB, M. J1bICeI-IKO HAP.), 13
([>OJIbKJIOpH3Me 6eJIOpYCCKHX rrHCaTeJIeH (<D. EoryrneBwI, A. rypH-
IIOBWI H )J.p.).
OCHOBHble QepTbI H. p.-.D:.: H3Y'Iemle cpOJIbKJIOpa 'KaK OTpaLI{eHHH
IICTOpH'IeCKH KOHKpeTHOH AeH'CTBHTeJIbHOCTII, KaK MaTepHaJIa )J.JIH
II03HaHHH I-I ap o)J.a, era )KH3HH, 6bITa, MHpOB033peHHH, era 3CTeTHLle-
CKoro H)J.eaJIa; oc060e BHHMaHlIe K rraTpHOTHQeCKoMY H cB060AO-
.JII06HBOMY cO)J.ep2KaHHlO I-rapo)J.HoH rr033HH 13 KOHTeKcre cOBpeMeH-
lIoro COCTOHHHH 06II.:(eCTBeHHblx OTI-IOrnemIH; KplITHQeCKOe OTHorne-
IIIIe K KOHcepBaTHBHbIM 3JIeMeHTaM cpOJIbKJIOpa, HBHBrnHMCH CJIe)J.-
HADPABJ1EHHE HAPO.LU-II1LJECKOE p., HADPAMAK HA-
P0JJ:HIll.KI 6., HADP5IM HAPOLLHI111.bKHVI y.- cpOJIbKJIOpH-
CTHLleCKoe Te'IeI-Ule BTOpOH rrOJI. XIX B. HapHAY C TepMHHoM H. H.
B HaYKe rrpHHHTo u rrOHHTHe «Hapo)J.I-I1I'IeCKaH cpOJIbKJIOpIICTIIKa»
(M. K. A3aAoBcKHH, B. K ApXaHreJIb'CKaH); MeI-Iee yrroTpe6HTeJIb-
HO nOHHTHe «pa3HO'IIIHCKaH HapO.D:HH'IeCKaH cpOJIbKJIOpIICTHKa»
(B. K ApXaHreJIbCKaH).
H. H. I-Ie 6bIJIO cTporo HayqHOH )J.HCll.HrrJIHHOH. <DOpMHpOBaHHe
era npOHCXO.D:HJIO B }KaI-IpaX HCTOpHKO-3THorpacpHLlecKIIX, JIHTepa-
TypHO-3THorpacpH'IeCKHX O'IepKOB, pell.eH3eHTcKIIx BbICTVn,TIeHHH
6eJIJIeTpnCTIIKH. B JIHll.e CBOIIX JIY'IrnHX Irrpe)J.cTaBHTeJIeH H". H. Oll.e
HHBaJIO CPOJIb JIOpHble H 3THorpacpH'IeCKHe TPY)J.bI B aKTyaJIbHOM AJIH
06II.:(eCTBeHHOH )KH3HH POCCIIH acrreKTe, paccMaTpHBaJIO cpOJIbKJIOp
KaK 'IaCTb COBpeMemroH HapO.D:HOH KYJIbTypbI II YKa3bIBaJIO npH 3TOM
HJ. era uOpraHI1qeCKYlO CBH3b C TPY)J.OM KpecTbHHcTBa, era nOBce-
AHeBHOII 2KH3HblO; BocrrpHHHMaJIO Hapo)J.Hoe TBOpqeCTBO 13 Ka'IeCTBe
O.D:I-roro H3 Ba)KHbIX HCTO'I'HHKOB 1I3Y L leHHH Hapo)J.a; OTKa3aJIGCb aT
B3rJIH.D:a Ha cpOJIbKJIOp KaK Ha apXaIIKY; rrOCJIe)J.OBaTeJIbHO BbICKa-
3bmaJIOCb 3a TO'IHOCTb cpOJIbKJIOpHO-3THorpacplIqeCKHX 3arrHcelI, I-Ie-
JI;OrrYCTHMOCTb HX o6pa60T'KH rrpH rry6JIIIKall.HH; 06paII.:(aJIo BHHMa-
I-IHe Ha MeCTHYlO Crrell.HcpIIKY cpOJIbKJIOpa II Crrell.HcpHKY era rr03THKH.
HapO.D:HHKH BHAeJIH B cpOJIlYKJIOpe )J:ocTynHoe H HI-ITepeCHOe )J.JIH
Ka)KAOro KpeCTbHHHHa HCKYCCTBO - A. CKa6H'IeBCKHH, B. B. EepBII
(H. <DJIepOBcKHii). DpOTHB CJIaBHI-IoCPIIJIbCKOH KOHll.enll.HII 06
HOK:!lOqHTeJIbHOCTH PyccKoro Hapo)J.a BblcTynaJI H. K MIIXaHJIOB-
CKHH. 01-1 BblCKa3bIBaJI opHrHHaJIbHble cY)KAeHHH rro pa3JIH'IHbIM
rrp06JIeMaM cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKH.
Ha cpoHe KpH3IIca Hapo)J.HwlecKoH H.D:eOJIOrHH BbIAeJIHlOTCH rrpo-
rpeccHBHble B3rJIH)J.bI 'I-ra cpOJIbKJIOp r. I1. YcrreHcKoro (<<HoBbIe
napO)J.I-IbIe rreCHH», 1888; «<Da6pH'IHaH n033HH», 1895). K cnell.ucpH-
LleCKH HapO)J.HwlecKHM HBJIeHHHM B JII1TepaType OTHOCHTCH rrporra-
raH)J.HCTCKlIe CKa3KH, HCTOpH'IeC'KIle rrOBeCTBOBaHHH, arHTall.IIOHHble
neCHII, C03)J.aHHble KaK cpOJIbKJIOpHbIe CTIIJIII3all.HII (H. I1. COKOJIOB).
BJIII5!HHeM H)J.eH rrpocBeTHTeJIbCKOH pa60TbI cpe)J.H HapO.D:a 06y-
CJIOBJIeHa aKTHBH3all.HH cpOJIbKJIOpHCTII'IeCKOH pa60TbI Ha YKpaHHe
(,1'
164
H
H
165
B. E, rJlCEB
IIUX CJIaBHH'OcpHJIOB ll.eHHJIH H. f. qep blrneBCKHH, M. E. Ca.'1TbIKOB-
II Le)J.pHH, A. H. fepll.eH. DOCJIe)J.I-IHH YCMaTpHBaJI CHJIY CJIaBHHO-
IIHIJIbCKOrO ABH2KeI-IHH B nOCTaHOBKe Borrpoca a pOJII1 HapO)J.a B
IICTOpHH H '0 3Ha'IeI-IHH H CYII.:(HOCTH HapO)J.Hoi'r rr033HH. O)J.HaKO 3TH
1I03HTHBHbIe LlepTbI H. C. HeJIb3H paCCMaTpH aTb H30JIIIpOBaHHO aT
I\ceH HCTOPUKO-KYJIbTYPHOH CJIaBHHocpHJIbCKOH KOI-Ill.eIIlJ,HH 13 ll.eJIOM
II BI-Ie YLleTa )J.aJIbI-IeHrnHX CY.D:e6 CJIaBHHocpHJIbCTBa. TI'O MHeI-IHlO
M. K. A3aAOBCl{OrO, 06II.:(HM TepMHHOM «CJIaBHHo<pHJIbCKaH CPOJIb-
'\JlOpHCTHKa» AOJI)KHO 0603Ha L IHTb )J.eHTeJIbHOCTb 13 06JIaCTII CPOJIb-
I(JlOpHCTHKH He TOJIbKO pam-IHX CJIaBHI-rocpHJIOB, HO H HX rrorrYT'IH-
IWB H BocrrpHeMHHKOB H3 peaKll.HOHHbIX KpyroB PYCCKoro 06m,eCTBa.
J1I1T.: CnepaucKllii M. H. fl. B. I\upeeBcKHH If ero coupaHHe rreceHJI.I1 cHu,
t"IIupaHHbIe I1. B. I\upeeBCKUM: BOBaR cepu5I. .M., 1911- BblII. 1; ASaa06CT.llll ,/I. . I<;:
IIIlCbMa fl. B. I\HpeeBcKoro K 5I3bIKOBY. M., 193;:1; OH lCe. I1CTOpIlH P)CCKOIi
'1"'.llbKJIOpUCTHKU. .M., 1958. T. 1; Ou e. CTaTbu 0 JiliTepaType o H !jJO.1IbKJIOpe. M.;,
,II., 1960; JIapll/iOBa r. !i., COUMOHOB A. p. I1. B. I\IIpeeBcKHH II c06pallHble HM
IIl'cHII/lflecHH, c06paHHbIe rrUCaTeJIHMU: HOBbie MaTepIWJIbI U3 apXUBa n. B. KH-
I'CCBCKoro. J1uTepaTypHoe HaCJIep:CTBO. M., 1968. T. 79.
CTBHeM ynleTeHIIOro rrOJIWKeHHH HapO)J.a; H3Y L leHIle cpOJIbKJIOpa B
CBH3H C rrp06JIeMoil HapoJJ:HocTH HCKyccTBa. H. p.-}I,. He JIllrneHO
OrpaHH'IeI-IHOCTH H CJIa6bIX CTOpOI-I, 06'bHCHHlOII.:(HXCH HCTOpH'IeCKH-
MH YCJIOBHHMH .D:eHTeJIbHOCTH ee rrpe)J.CTaBHTeJIeH; Oll.eHKa era rrpeA-
CTaBHTeJIHMH .D:Pyrnx I-IarrpaBJIeI-IHH COBpeMemroi'r IIM cpOJIbKJIOpII-
CTHKH HOCHJIa rro)J.'Iac O)J.HOCTOpOHIIHIi xapaKTep. B ll.eJIOM H. p.-)J..
coxpaHHeT CBoe 3Ha L leI-IHe B HCTOpHII cpOJIbKJIOpnCTHKH .II I-Ie YTpa-
qHBaeT HaY'IHYIO ll.eHHOCTb.
J1I1T.: AsaaO .CKUii M. /(. I1CTOpII5I pycCKoii !jJOJIbKJIOpUCTHKII. M., 1958. T. 1;
1963. T. 2; YKpalHcbKa HapoAHa rrOeTUqHa TBOpqiCTb. I\UlB, 1958. T. 1; ryceB
B. E. PycCKue peBOJIIO HOHHbIe AeMoKpaTbI 0 HapoAHoH rr093HH. M., 1955; Ou e.
I1p06JIeMbI !jJOJIbKJIOpa B IICTOpHil 9CTeTI1KII. .M.; J1., 1963; CJiOB'51HCbKa !jJOJIb-
J{JIOpHCTHKa. I\IIlB, 1988.
HADPABJ1EHHE CJ1AB5IHO<DHJ1bCKOE p., HADPAMAK
CJ1AB5IHA<DIJ1bCKI 6., HADP5IM CJ10B'5IHO<DIJ1bCbKHfI y.
OcpOpMHJIOCb K 40 M rO)J.aM XIX B. OCHOBbI CJIaB5'IHocpHJIbC!{OH
cpOJIbKJIOpHCTlI'IeCKOH KOHll.errll.HH 6bIJIH CCPOPMYJIHpOBaHbI 13 nHCb-
Max D. B. KHpeeBcKoro, A. C. XOMHKOBa. HeKOTopble ee rrOJIo)!(e-
'HHH BCTpeLlalOTCH 13 pa60Tax 10. H. BeHeJIHHa, O. M. 50)J.HHCKoro,
13 CTaTbHX H pell.eH3HHX, orry6JIIIKOBaHHbIX B «MOCl{OBCKOM Ha6JIlO-
.D:aTeJIe» H «MOCKBHTHHHHe».
OCG6eHHOCTH CJIaBHHocpHJIbCKOrO rrOHHMaHHH HapO)J.Hol'I n033UH
H 3a.D:a'I II MeTO)J.OB ee H3yqeHHH BbITeKalOT H3 U.D:eH a caMOCTOHTeJIb-
HaM rrYTH pa3BHTHH POCCHH H pOJIH PYCCKoro HapO)J.a 13 MUpOBOM
HCTO'pWleCKOM rrpOll.ecce. H!!-eaJIH3all.HH .D:OrreTpOBCKoro nYTH pa3-
BHTHH, B3fJIH)J.u Ha «rrpOCTOH Hapo)J.» KaK HOCHTeJIH II xpaHHTeJI5!
ApeBHep CCKOH 06pa30BaHH'OCTH H ApeBHepYCCKOH KYJIbTypbI, rrpH-
MaT H)J.eH peJIllrII03HOCTH H MeeCHaHCTBa caMbIM Herrocpe)J.CTBeH-
HbI1\! 06pa30M CKa3aJIHCb Ha nOHHMaHHH CJIaBHHocpHJIaMH xapaKTe-
pa «rrpoC'roro HapO.D:a» Hero XY)J.WKeCTBeHHoro TBOpqeCTBa.
HaH60JIee 3Ha'IHTeJIbHbIH rraMHTHH'K H. c.- )J.IIccepTall.HH K. C.
AKcaKoBa 0 M. J1oMoHocoBe, r.D:e CKOI-Ill.eHTpIIpoBaHbI OCHOBHble
H.D:eH CJIaBmrocpHJIbCKOH cpOJIbKJIOpHCTWIecKoH KOHll.errll.IHI. 3I-IaLIH-
TeJIbI-IOe BHHMaHH: B elI Y)J.eJIeHO HapO.D:Hoii rreCHe, B KOTOPO}! 313-
Tap BHAeJI Ba)KHeHrnIIH HCTO'IHHK cpHJIOcocpCKoro rr03HaHHH HapO)J.a.
K. C. AKcaKOB BbI)J.eJIHJI TPH OCHOBHbIX pa3.D:eJIa PycCKoli HapO.D: HOH
rr033HH: )J.YXOBHble CTHXH, HCTopIILleCKHe rreCHH H JIHpH'IeCKHe ce-
MeHHble (rro era CPOPMYJIHpOBKe, «'IaCTHbIe») rreCI-IH.
3aCJIyraMH H. C. CJIe.D:yeT CLIHTaTb: )J.eHTeJIbHYlO rrporraraH)J.Y CO-
6HpaHHH H H3Y'leHIIH HapO)J.I-roII rr033HH; 060CHOBaHHe HCTopWle-
CImro 3Ha'IeHHH cpOJIbKJIOpa; c03)J.aHHe rrepBoro 60JIbrnOrO Bceo6'b-
eMJIlOII.:(ero c06paHHH rreceH D. B. KHpeeBCKoro, CJIOBap5I )KHBOro
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xY.D:0)!{eCTBeHHbIX ll.eJIHX. O)J.HIIM II3 3cpcpeKTHBHbIX rrYTeH OCYII.:(eCTB-
JIeHIIH 3TIIX 3a)J.a'I HBJIHeTCH 003)J.aI-IHe HaY'IHbIX CBO)J.HbIX H3.D:aHIIII
OT.D:eJIbHbIX )KaHpOB, TeMaTH'IeCKHX ll.HKJIOB II T. )J.., rr03BOJIHlOII.:(IIX
npe)J.CTaBJITb 13 HaH60JIee nOJIHOM BH)J.e OT)J.eJIbHbIe pa3)J.eJIbI H. cpo
pernOHOB H HapO)J.OB.
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ll.HCPIIKH cpOJIbKJIOpa KaK oc06eHHoro, I-IerrOBTopIIMoro cpeHOMeHa
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JIeKTHqeCKOe e)J.HHCTBO, rrpOHBJIHeTCH Ha pa3JIllqHbIX ypOBHHX H co-
OTHOCIITC KaK 'Iacnroe H 06II.:(ee. DpH 3TOM IIHTepHall.HOHaJIbHOe He
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naJIbHOrO, HCTOpWIHO (pa3JIII'IHH B G6pH)J.ax, 06blqaHX, cpOJIbKJIGpe
OTMeqaJIHCb eII.:(e Y rr.leMeI-I 13 )J.ocpeO)J.aJIbHYlO 3rroxy), HO TOJIbKO C
«pOpMIIpOBaI-IHeM Hall.HH aHa rrpII06peJIo CBoe HaH60JIee rrOJIHOe BbI-
pa)KeHIIe. B TO )Ke BpeMH B cpOJIbKJIOpe Ka)K)J.oro I-IapO)J.a B TOH HJIII
HHOH Mepe OTpa)KeHbI 06II.:(e'IeJIOBe'IeCKHe )J.YXOBHble ll.eHHOCTH:
rrO'IHTaHIIe Irrpe)J.KOB, rraTpIIOTH3M, TPY)J.OJI106He, YTBep)!{AeI-IHe CO-
J1I1T.: ryce6 B. E. CJIaB5IHCIme rrapTU3aHCKue rreCHH. .n., 1970; Ha HOHaJIb-
lIoe U IIHTepHa UOHaJIbHOe B JIUTepaType, !jJOJIbKJIOpe 11 513blKe. I\uIIIHHeB, 1971;
1IlTepHa iolIaJIbHe Ta Ha ioHaJIbHe B CYlIaCHOMY CJIOB'51HCbKOMY !jJOJIbKJIOpi. I\UlB,
1977; Ka6aumiKag K. JI. IHT3pHa bIHHaJIbHae i Ha bl5IHaJIbHae Ba ycxoAHeCJIaBHH-
maii na33ii BHJIiImH AH'lbIHHaH BaHHbI. MH., 1982; CfucToB K. B. Hapo)J,Hble Tpa-
iUIU,11H H !jJOJIbKJIOp. J1., 1986.
/(. Jl. KAEAWHHKOB
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.JJI1D5I, HICEHITHHu'5I y.- rrpoH3Be)J.eHH51 pa3JIH'IHOH )!{aHpOBOH
JlpIIHa)J.JIe)KHOCTH, H306pa)KalOII.:(He )J.eHcTBHTeJIbHOCTb C rrpe)J.HaMe-
pl'IIHbIM HapyrneI-IHeM xpmroJIOrHLlecKoH uroCJIe)J.OBaTeJIbHOCTH C06bI-
Tnii, rrpII'IIIHHO-CJIe)J.cTBeHHbIx cBH3eH II T. )J.. II C03)J.alOII.:(Ue IlOJIHYro
168
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CTaBJI5!Tb C060H caMOCTOHTeJIbHOe rrp03aHqeCKOe nOBeCTBOBaHHe,
O.D:HaKO 13 p5!.D:e CJIY'IaeB BKJIlO'IaeTCH 13 CKa3KY KaK ee 'IaCTb. O.D:HOH
lI3 cpOpM HCnbITaHHH C rrOMOII.:(blO TpY)J.HOH 3a.D:a L IH 5!BJIHeTCH Tpe60-
BaRlle paCCKa3aTb «'CKa3KY 6e3 CJIOBa npaB.D:bI» JIH60 «rrOJIHYlO 60'I-
KY JI)!UI» (CYC 852, CYC 1920 C, CYC 1920 H*). 3JIeMeHTbI H.
MorYT rrpIIcYTcTBoBaTb TaK2Ke B CKa30 L IHbIX 3aQHHaX H KOHI.:(OBKax.
YKa3aTeJIH CKa30 L IHbIX ClO2KeTOB CPHKCHPYlOT ClO2KeTbI II MOTHBbI H.
no)J. N! 1875-1999 (CM. CYC 1979). CTHXoTBopHaH H., KaK H rrpo-
3aH'IeCKa5!, TaK2Ke H306pa2KaeT C06bITHH HapO'IHTO HepeaJIbHO, O.D:-
HaKO efi 13 MeHbrnei1 Mepe CBoHcTBeHHa ClO2KeTHOCTb, OTJIWIalOII.:(aH
60:!brn!IHCTBO rrp03aUqeCKHX H. OCHoBHoe cO.D:ep2KaHlIe CTHXOTBOp-
HOJI H. COCTOHT 13 nrpe Heco06pa3HocTHMH, B03HHKalOII.:(HMH npH
nepecTaHoBKax (MeTaTe3e) pa3JIH'IHOrO xapaKTepa H G6'beMa OT
OT.D:eJlbHbIX, CJIOrOB 13 CJIOBaX .D:O 'C03.D:aHH5I «rrepeBepHYToih> KapTH-
HbI MIIpa (<<HecKJIa.D:yxa», IrrepeBepTblrn). CTHXOTBopHble H., «He-
6bIJIIIL\bI -CKOl\lOpOrnHHbI» Hepe)J.Ko rrOlOTC5!.
J1IlT.: H6.1e6a JI. M. CKOMOpOlliHl-IbI: 06IHHe rrp06JIeMbi H3yqeHHH Ii CJIaBHH-
CKlIii !jJO<1bImop. M., 1972; CJ>eoop06a B. JI. He6blJIU bI II TIp06JIeMbi u3yqeHII5I
PycCKoro HapoJJ:Horo TBOpqeCTBa. M., 1975. BblII. 1; EapTat.U86i t l r. A. BeplliaBa-
HblH R{aHpbl 6eJIapyclmra .lI:3i Hqara !jJa,llLKJIOpy. MH., 1976.
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TOM O. MorYT 6bITb rrpOH3Be.D:eHHH HapO.D:HOrO TBOp'IeCTBa pa3JIH'I-
IIbIX 2KaHpOB - rr03THLleCKoro, MY3bIKaJIbHOro,. xopeorpacpH'IeCKOrO,
Jl.paMaTWleCKoro.IIIHpOKoe pacrrpOCTpaHeHHe 13 XIX H XX 1313. rro-
,aY'IIIJIH O. HapoAHb1X O.D:HOroJIOCHbIX rreceH H MeJIO.D:Hi1. KaK O.D:Ha
lI3 cpOpM cOBpeMeHHoro cpOJIbKJIOpH3Ma O. Tpa.D:lmHOHHbIX MY3bI-
KaJIbHbIX npoH3BeAeHHi1 HCrrOJIb3YlOTCH HapO.D:HbIMH xopaMH, 130-
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IIaHeMeHTa Ha TOM HJIH HHOM MY3bIKaJIbHOM HHCTpYMeHTe Ha3bIBalOT
rap MOHH3aI.:(HeH. OQeHb 'IaCTO TaKHe O. BbIXOART 3a rrpe.D:eJIb1 rrpo-
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CKUX RapO.D:HbIX rreceH M. J1bIceHKa, M. J1eoHToBWla, f. BepeBKH,
,J!. PeBYI.:(KOrO HAp. O. HHOr.D:a Ha3bIBalOT apaH2KHpOBKH, rrepeJIO-
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111>1(' .D:JIH HCrrOJIHeRlIH Ha .D:PyroM HHCTpYMeHTe HJIII .D:PYrHM COCTa-
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1110.lHeIIIlaHO, BbI.D:eJIHlOTCH T. Ha3. TpaHCKpHrrI.:(HH, 13 KOTOpbIX pa3-
1111 BaCTCH BHpTy03Hoe Ha'IaJIO. CyII.:(eCTBYlOT O. HapO.D:HbIX MeJIO.D:HH:
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11:1 ONlY UJIH HeCKOJIbKO HapO.D:HbIX MeJIO.D:HH.
II pII O. HeKOTopbIX rrpOH3Be.D:eHIIH, Hanp. KaJIeH.D:apHO-06p H .D: 0 -
III.IX ueceH, Hepe.D:KH rrOTepH. ABTOp O. .D:OJI2KeH coxpaHHTb crreI.:(H-
1111I'Il'nWe )KaHpOBbIe QepTbI HapO.D:HOH rreCHH. 3HaHHe HM CPOJIb-
170
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pernalOII.:(ee 3Ha L leHHe.
J1HT.: 06pa60Tlm HapOAHblX rreceH II I1CTOpHH PYCCIWH COBeTCIWH MY3bIKU.
M., 1959-1963. T. 2-4.
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C BeceHHHM paBHOAeHCTBHeM). TIoCJIeAHHH HCrrOJIH5!JICH CTpOro MY2K-
l'KHMH rpyrriIIaMH, KOJIHAHbIH - cMernaHHbIMH; yqaCTHHuaMH 6eJIo-
pyccKoro H YKpaHHcKoro KycToBoro O. 6bIJIH HCKJIlOLIHTeJIbHO )J.e-
ByrnKH HJIH 2KeHII.:(HHbI. MarwlecKoe AeHCTBHe O. HarrpaBJIeHO Ha
RaII.:(HTY CeJIbCKOH 06II.:(HHbI aT pa3JIHLIHbIX Bpa2KAe6HbIX CHJI, Ha AO-
eTH2KeHHe 6JIarOrrOJIYLIHH (npe,lIipeLleHHe 60raTbIx yp02KaeB, rrpH-
IIJIo)J.a AOMarnHHx 2KHBOTHbIX, MeAoHocHOCTH WleJI, 3AOpOBbH Hcex
'IJIeHOB ceMbH H ,rr,06POH CJlaBbI X03HHKe) H ycrrernHoe perneHHe
cCMeHHblx 3a60T - 2KeHHTb6a cbIHOBeH, 3aMY2KeCTBO AOLlepeH, a
TaK2Ke rrOJIYLleHHe A06pOH AOJIH rrpH pG2KAeHHH (rrYTeM coxpaHeHHH
OC06bIX oTHorneHHII C 6a6KoH-nOBHTYXOH, KOTopaH oAaplIBaeT Ma-
J'WleCKHM rroAalpKoM - KpacHbIM HHUOM Ka2KAOro CBoero «BHYKa»).
O. corrpOB02KAaJICH rreHHeM BeJIHqaJIbHbIX H 3aKJIHHaTeJIbHbIX rreceH
(oBceHb, BOJIGLle6HbIe, KOJIH,rr,Ka, KOJIeAa, II.:(eApiBKa). 06p5!AOBbIe
0., rnHpoKo paorrpoCTpaHeHHbIe y Bcex BOCTOq'HOCJIaBHHCKHX Hapo-
J OB AO KOHll.a XIX B., COBepllIaJIHCb 13 EeJIapYCH H Ha YKpalnre AO
IIeAaBHero BpeMeHH, a Koe-rAe 6bITYlOT H 13 HarnH AHH. JJ:peBHlOlO'
clJOpMY 06p5!AOBbIX O. Y BOCTOqHbIX CJIaBHH, KaK H Apyrnx HapoAoB,
BepGHTHO, rrpeACTaBJIHJIH pHTyaJIbHbIe rneCTBHH C yqaCTHeM CaKpaJIb-
JIbIX 2KHBOTHbIX (2KHBOH 6bIK, KOHb, K03a) HJIH MacKHpoBaHHblx aK-
TepoB, rrpeACTaBJIHBrnHX 60roB, ,rr,YXOB rrpeAKoB, MHcpOJIOrHqeCKHe II
J\eMOHOJIOrWleCKHe cym.ecTBa.
O. M. AJIEXHOBJfCf
OEP5IJJ:HOCTb CKA30LIHA5I p., AEPAJJ:HACUb KA3ALI-
HA5I 6., OEP5IJJ:HICTb KA3KOBA y.-,coBoKyrrHoCTb HaH60JIee
xapaKTepHbIx n03TWleCKHX rrpHeMoBII xYA02KeCTBeHHblx cpeA'cTB,
rrpHAalOII.:(MX CKa3Ke ee HerroBTopHMbIH 06JIHK; cBoe06pa3HbIH «rr03-
THqeCKHII 3TMKeT» CKa3KH (rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M BOJIrne6HoH), BKJIlO-
qalOII.:(HH rroBTopbI, CPOPMYJIbI II Ap. YCTOHqHBble rrpHMeTbI. HapHAY
C HHHUMa.TIbHbIMH, MeAHaJIbHbIMII H cpI1HaJIbHbIMH cpopMYJIaMH, Tec-
HO CBH3aHHbIMH C ClO2KeTOM, 13 O. C. BXOA5!T BHeClO2KeTHHe rrpHcKa3KH
H rrpH6aYTKII.
TIoMHMO cTepeOTll'rrHH O. c. C03AalOT H HHbIe xapaKTepHble AJIH
rroBecTBOBaTeJIbHOH MaHepbI CKa3KH cpeAcTBa. 3TO TpoeKpaTHble
rroBTopbI, HMelOII.:(He pa3HYlO CPYHKUHlO (ycHJIeHHe rrpH3HaKoB,
CBOHCTB, )J.eHcTBHII repoH/rrpGTMBHMKa), 06H3aTeJIbHble aHTHTe3bI
(repoH H rrpoTHBHHK, CBoe rrpocTpaHcTBo H LlY2KOe H T. A.), rr03TH-
qeCKHe TporrbI - rHrrep60JIa,. 3rrHTeTbi (rrOCTOHHHbIe H oc06eHHble),
cpaBHeHHH H T. A.
O. c. T5!rOTeeT K KaHoHY, HO HMeHHO nG3ToMY 13 HeH 3aJI02KeHbI
Bce B03M02KHOCTH TBopLlecKoro HaqaJIa (Ha ypoBHe HaUHOHaJIbHOrO,
perHOHaJIbHOrO, Y3KOJIOKaJIbHOrO H cyry60 HHAHBHAyaJIbHoro).
J1HT.: E1eOHCKaR E. H. HeKoTopble 3aMeqaHHH rro rroBoAY CJImKeHHH CKa-
30K: 3aroBopHbie !jJOPMYJIbl B CKa3Ke /1 3THorpa!jJ. 0603peHue. 1912. I\H. 92/93;
rHaTIOK B. M. YKpalHcbKa HapoAHa CJIOBeCHicTb. J1LBiB, 1916; KaSaT-IC1Wll E. B.
06p5l.ll:HOCTL 3rrHqeCKOH rreCHU II H3B. J1ry. 1928. T. 1; BO./lK06 P. M. K Borrpo-
cy 0 CKa30qHOH 06pHAHOCTH PYCCKOH HapoJJ:Hoi'r CIm3KU II Tp. O.ll:eCCKOro YH-Ta.
1940'. T. 1: C6. !jJUJIOJI. !jJaK.; OH e. PyccKaH CKa3Ka: K Borrpocy 0 pOJIH CKa-
30qHUKa 13 C03JJ:mmu CKa30qHOH 06p5lAHOCTH II Hayq. 3arr. OJJ:eccIwro rreJJ:. HH-Ta.
1941. T. 6; Eapac JI. P. EeJIapYCKaH KaSKa. MH., 1969; Ka6alUHi1wfj K. Jl. LIapa-
A3eHHbIH Ka3Id II LIapaJJ:3eHHblH Ka3Ki. MH., 1973. LI. 1; POlUURI-IY H. TpaJJ:u H-
OHHbIe !jJOPMYJIbl CKa3KU. M., 1974; AiJ.1eii6a /1,. H. He!jJopMYJIbHO-rrOBecTBOBaTeJIb-
Ha51 cTepeOTUrrU5I 13 BOJIllie6HOH CKa3Ke II Turro,llorHH H B3aUMOCBH3H !jJOJIbKJIOpa
HapoJJ:oB CCCP: TI03TlIKa U CTUJIUCTUKa. M., 1980; EOpK06CKUii B. Jf. CUHTaKcuc
CKa30K: PyccIw-6eJIoPyccKue rrapaJIJIeJIH. M., 1981; PasYM06a H. A. CTUJIHCTUqe-
CKaH 06pHJJ:HOCTL PYCCIWH BOJIllie6HOH CKamm. TIeTp03aBOAcK, 1991 (c 6u6JIHOrp.).
.. J1I1T.: CfUttep06 B. Jf. 3UMHHH rrepuoJJ:. 1957; /1,eii O. E. BeJIiqaJILHi rriCHi YKpa-
IIICLKOrO HapoAY 1/ KO,llHAKU Ta m;eApiBKU. I\UlB, 1956; KypottKi1-l O. B. HOBOpiqHi
CBHTa Y'{palH iB: TpaAH ii i cyqacHicTb. I\UiB, 1978; JIic A. C. KyrraJILCKiH rrecHi.
MIl., 1985; 01-1 lCe. BaJIaq06Hbl51 rrecHi. MH., 1989.
JI. M. COJIOBEH, A. B. KYPOCfKJfH
B. A. EAXTHHA
OBCEHb, TAYCEHb p.- HCrrOJIHHBrnaHCH 130 BpeMH CBHTOLI-
nLIX 06XGAOB KpecTbHHcKHX ABOpOB KaJIeHAapHo-06pHAOBaH BeJIH-
'IaJIbHO-rr03ApaBHTeJIbHaH necHH, Ha3BaHHaH no rrpHrreBY, HMelOII.:(e-
MY CPOPMY BOCKJIHUaHHH (<<OBceHb!»). KaK OTMeLlaJI B. H. LIWle-
pOB, apeaJI 0.- MOCKOBCKaH, BJIa,rr,HMHpCKa5!, HM2KeropoAcKaH,
P5I3aHCKa5I 06JI. 3TH rreCHlI HeH3BeCTHbI HH Ha BeJIHKopYCCKOM
CeBepe, HH 13 EeJIapYCH, HH Ha YKpaI1He. <DYHKUHOHaJIbHO, TeMaTH-
'IeCKH, KOMII03HUHGHHO O. 6JIH3KH K KOJIHAKaM H BH-HOrpaAblO.
CM. TaK2Ke BU1iOcpaoue, flec/if/. KOJl.JlOH.aJl H JIHT.
OEXOJJ: p., AEXQJJ: 6., OEXIJJ: y.- TpaAHUHoHHoe 06pHAoooe
rroceII.:(eI-IHe Ka2K.L!.OH yca)J.b6bI CeJIeHHR HJIH OKpyra CneUHaJIbHbIMH
rpyrrrraMH yqaCTHH oB 06pHAa 13 DrrpeAeJIeHHbIe AHM KaJIeHAapHbIx
rrpa3AHHKoB C 6JIarorr02KeJIaHH5!MH, rr03ApaBHTeJIbHO-BeJIWIaJIbHbIMH
rreCH5!MH H MY3bIKOH. O. Hap5!AY C rrOMHHaHHeM rrpeAKoB 6bIJI Ba2K-
or J1ACOBKA p.- crreUHcpwlecKHH rrpHeM BOKaJIM3aUHH n03TH-
'Iel'KOrO TeKCTa 13 rreHHH, 3aKJIlOLIalOII.:(HHCH 13 rrpOCJIaHBaHHH A06a-
171
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2KOHa»). TIo CYII.:(eCTBYlOII.:(eH TOLIKe 3peHHH O. HBJI5!1OTCH rrepe2KHT-
KOM rro.TIHOLTIaCHH, coxpaHHBrnHMCH ,13 PYCCKOM cpOJIbKJIOpe, oc06eH-
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paccKa3e H. IIIMeJIeBa «PyecKa5! rreCHH».
IIIIH. TIpHeM 3TOT LJaCTO rrpHMeHHJIC5! rreTpyrneqHHKaMH (0. pa3ro-
BapHBaJI C TIeTpyrnKoH), 6aJIKOHHbIMH 3a3bIBaJIaMH, a T K2Ke B UIIP-
KC (.rr:JIH pa3roBopa C KJIoYHaMH). BneLJaTJIemle ,rr,eHcTBHTeJIbHO
lIenpHHY}K.rr:eHHoH 6ece.rr:bI C03)J.aBaJIOCb 13 TOM CJIYLJae, eCJIH rrOHYKaJI
UbIJIO HeCKOJIbKO.
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YHKl(!IlI II CJIaB5IHCIWe H3bm03HaHue. M., 1963; H1W6cofi P. O. a COOTHOllieHUU
Me)Ki:!S rreCemIOl[ II pa3rOBopHOH peqbIO II Borrp. H3bIK03H3HUH. 1962. N2 3;
Tpy6c1(/wii H. C. TpY.lI:bJ rro IjJMJIOJIOmu. M. 1987.'
0)JJ1HI1U5I 3EEPE)I(EHH5I y.- CM. EOW-lUtta xpal-leI-lU51.
OJJ:I1HI1ll.5I <DOJIbKJIOPHA y.- CM. EOUI-lutta cpO/lbK/lOpl-la51.
OJJ:HOrOJIOCI1E p., AJJ:HArAJIOCCE 6., OJJ:HOrOJIOCC5I
y.- BH.rr: MY3bIKaJIbHOH cpaKTypbI (CM. CK/laO .MY3blKa/lbl-lblu), CBO-
,rr,5!II.:(eHcH K O.rr:HOH MeJIO)J.HH, H3JIaraeMOH rreBUOM-CO.TIHCTOM HJIH MY-
3bIKaHTOM-H'HCTYMeHTaJIHCToM. B Hapo.rr:HoII MY3bIKe BCTpeLJaeTcH 13
COJIbHbIX 2Kanpax, CPYHKll.HH KOTOpbIX 'COCTOHT 13 AOHeceHHH CMbIC-
JIOBOrO HJIH 3MOll.HOHaJIbHOrO 3Ha L leHHH TeKCTa AO CJIyrnaTeJIH: 3nH-
LleCKH,e HarreBbI (6bIJIIIHbI H .rr:YXOBHbIe CTHXH); rrpHLIHTaHHH ( cBa .rr:e6-
HbIe H nOMIfHaJIbHble), a TaK2Ke 'HeKOTOpble 2KaHpbI HHcTpYMeHTaJIb-
HOH MY3bIKH (,naCTyrnbH HaHrpblrnH).
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.C KeM-.TIJI60 H3 .rr:eHcTBYlOII.:(HX JIHU .pa3bIrpbIBaBrnerocH npe.rr:cTaBJIe-
n
175
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OLITOBaHHH. CpaBHeHHe TeKCTOB, 3acpHKClIpOBaHHbIX 13 JIeTOIIHCHX H
)(Pynlx rraM5!THIIKaX JJ:peBHeH JIlITepaTYPbI, C 3arrHCHMH IIOCJIeJJ:HHX
.neT CBHJJ:eTeJIbCTByeT a 60JIbrnOH rJIy6HHe TI. cp., H3MepHeMOH MHorH-
MH CTOJIeTHHMH, LITO 13 3Ha L IHTeJIbHOH Mepe orrpaBJJ:bIBaeT npHBJIeLle-
IIHe cpOJIbKJIOpHbIX MaTepHaJIOB, 3arrHcaHHbIX 13 XIX-XX BB., AJIR pe-
KOHCTPYKl(HII cpOJIbKJIOpa rrpeJJ:rnecTBoBaBrnHx ,:JIIOX.
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MbJ !jJOJILKJIOpa. M., 1975; As6e.1e6 C. H. a crre H!jJHJ(e TBOpqeCKOrO rrpo ecca B
I!JOJIbJ(JIOpe U JIUTepaType II PI'!>. J1., 1979. T. 19.
B.JI.AHHKHH,K. JI.KAEAWHHKOB
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XBaTbIBaH TpaJJ:Hll.HOHHbIH IIp neB BeJIWIaJIbHOH rreCHH (<<XpbICTOC
Bac p9c, CbIH E02KbI!», « .HJIeHb! HB. p KYJJ:paBbI!», «BHcHa KpacHa
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a eXOJJ:Hble CTPYKTypbI.
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l"uI1uCTaBlI5IeMbIX C Te\'ll )Ke cy6'beKTOM.
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3YJIbTa1'e rrapaJIJIeJIbHOrO, 06oc06JIeHHOrO pa3BHTHH qJIeHOB corro-
CTaBJIeHHH. KOMrr03HUHOHHOMY D. CBOHCTBeHHbI TeMaTWleCKa5!, CHH-
TaKCHLleCKaH CHMMeTpHH H CHMMeTpHH BHYTpeHI-IeH .D:HHaMHKH. K:aK
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B 3nWleCKHX 2KaHpaX C rrOMOII.:(blO TI. rrepe.D:aeTCH rrCHXOJIOrH'IeCKaH
peaKll.HH H OH CJIY2KHT AJIH C03.D:aHHH BHernHeH H306pa3H1'eJIbHOCTH.
J1I1T.: l}oTe6HR A. A. 113 3arrII<;'OK rro TeopHH CJIOBeCHOCTU. XapLKoB, 1905;
BeCe/l06CKUU A. H. TIcuxoJIOmqeCImU rrapaJIJIeJIH3M Hero !jJOpMbI 13 OTpa)J{eHUII
rr03TUqeCKOrO CTUJIH II I1cTOpUqeCImH rr03TIIKa. J1., 1940; JlX06 JI. /1,. a THrrHqe-
CKHX MeCTax (loci communes) B PYCCKUX HapO.ll:HblX rreCHHX II BecnIHK Mry.
Cep. IICT.-!jJUJIOJI. M., 1957. N 7; E02aTblpe6 JI. r. HeKoTopble Oqepe.ll:Hble Borrpo-
Cbl cpaBHUTeJILHOrO u3yqeHIIH ,moca CJIaBHH II OCHoBHble rrp06JIeMbI 'moca BOC-
TOqHblX CJIaBHH. M., 1957; 3U/lUHCKUii O. TIcHXOJIOmqeCImi'r rrapaJIJIeJIUSM U ero
MeCTO 13 pa3BuTIIu rreceHHoro CTUJIH II Slawia, 1963. N 1; JI.1uCel{lcuii M. M. TIo-
JIo)J{uTeJIbHO-OTpU aTeJIbHOe corrOCTaBJIeHIIe, oTpII aTeJIbHOe cpaBHeHue II rrapaJI-
JIeJIII3M 13 CJIaBHHCKOM !jJOJILKJlOpe II CJIaBHHCIml1 !jJOJIbl{J]Op. M., 1972; ral{aK
B. M. MeTa!jJopUqeCKaH aHTUTe3a 13 cpaBHIITeJILHO-UCTOpHqeCKOM OCBemeHUU II
I1CTOpUH,. KYJIbTypa, 3THorpa!jJHH II <£OJIbKJIOP CJIaBHHCKUX HapoAoB: VII Me}KJJ:Y-
HapO.ll:HbIH C"be3A CJIaBUCTOB. M., 19/3; KpaBl{06 H. E. I103TIIKa PYCCKIIX HapoA-
HbIX JIUpIIqeCKllX rreceH. M., 1974. LI. 1; Moszyftski K. I\ultura Iudowa s!owian
I\rak6w, 1939. .
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IIl'CHH HaLIHHaeTCH C Borrpoca. JJ:JIH Hero OTHorneHHe np01'HBOrrOJIO-
II,CHH5! 6bIJIO 60JIee rr03.D:HeH cTyrreHblO rr03TWleCKoro MbIrnJIeHHH.
BeCeJIOBCKHH 1'aK2Ke C'IHTaJI, qTO 3Ta cpHrypa HBJIHeTCH BTOpWIHOII
110 OTHorneHHlO K rrCHXOJIOrHQeCKOMY rrapaJIJIeJIH3MY, r.D:e YCTpaH5!eT-
(:5I ABOHCTBeHHOCTb, BbIAeJIHeTC5I OC06b. «31'0 KaK 6bI rrO.D: Hr C03Ha-
IlII5!, BbIXO)J.HII.:(erO H3 CMYTHOCTH CnJIbIBrnHXCH BrreLJa1'JIeHHH K YTBep-
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JI. A. ACTAcpbEBA,
DAP AJIJIEJII13M DCI1XOJIOfI1QECKI1J/I p., TIAP AJIEJII3M
llCIXAJIAnYHbI 6., DAPA.TIEJII3M TICI1XOJIOfI1YHI1J/I y.-
corrOCTaBJIeHHe cy6'beKTa H 06'beKTa .D:eHCTBHH rro KaTeropHH .D: BH2Ke -
HHH KaK rrpH3HaKa BOJIeBOH )!{H3He.D:e5!TeJIbHOCTH. PacKpbIBaH CY1'b
'-)Tall cpopMymlpoBKH, A. H. BeCeJIOBCKHH ONlepKHBaJI, LITO «.D:eJIO
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lIe a CpaBHeHI-IH, rrpe.D:rroJIarmOII.:(eM C03HaHHe pa3.D:eJIbHOuCTH CpaBI-IH-
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He 6eJIaH 6epe3Ka HanI6aeTcH,
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JJ:06PbIH MOJIOAeu KpYLIHHOH y6HBaeTcR (pyc.).
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178
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rnaT ee. TaKHe KOHCTPYKUHH 06pa3YlOT rrpHeM CMbICJIOBOrO KOJIbua.
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HbIX KOHTaMHHall.HH JIII60 pa3HocHTyanIBHbIX pa3pa60TOK O,rr,HOH Te-
MbI, KOr.LI:a O.LI:H H Ta }Ke rrapaJIJIeJIb 130 BCTynJIeHHH (JIH60 B 3aLIHHe)
BJIe'IeT 3a C060H pa3Hoe pa3BIJ:THe TeMbI.
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DAPOHOMA3115I p.- coce.LI:CTBO ABYX pa3HbIX, HO 3BYLlaII.:(HX
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l"OH, BrrepBbIe BbI5IBHBrnHi1 TI. 13 CJIaBHHCKOH HapO.LI:HOH rr033HH, 3a-
MeTHJI, '-I TO 13 PYCCKOM rreceHHOM CTHxe JIeTaJl COK031UK COK031
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1I0JIHeHa rOMeorrTOTOHOM (rrapa CJIOB co CXO.LI:HbIM OKOHqaHI::eM) 8bl-
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IJa/lEKO - TI. AOrrOJIH5!eTCH II rOMeorrToToHoM, H BTOpWIHbIM C6JIH-
Ili:eHHeM rrOCJIe.LI:HHX CJIOrOB CJIOBa COKO/lUK C rrOCJIeAHHMH CJIOraMH
lJa/leKo. 3Ta TI., C'IHTaJI 5IK06cOH, Y2Ke 13 .LI:aJIeKOM rrpOrnJIOM 6bITO-
lIaJIa 13 PYCCKOH rr03TwlecKoH Tpa.LI:HUHH. B rrecHe, 3arrHcaHHoH .LI:JIH
PIIqap.LI: a JJ:2KeHMCa 13 1619 HJIH 1620 r., HaXO.LI:HM CTPOKY: 8blCOKO
COK031 nOOltJl/lCfl, a 13 rrOX02KeM Ha rrOCJIOBHUY CTHxe 118 «CJIOBa
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tll>lCOKO nTUl{b 8'036u8aeTb; TYT eCTb eII.:(e ,rr,orrOJIHHTeJIbHaH TI.
I\031u - COK031'O H HPKHH rOMeOTeJIeBTOH (CXO.LI:HOe OKOWJaHHe)
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TJILIHOCTb ABYX uerrOLleK (COK031 - ...COKO 31...); rro era Ha6JIlO-
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II /lUCTY tuuPOKE, 8 8epxy Kyopl18e, a 8 Tix Kyoepl{lX CI1B COKI31
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P. O. 5IK06cOH 06HapY2KHJI, LITO MHorne TI. - 06II.:(He .LI:JI5! rr033HH
1Il'l'X CJIaBHHCKHX Hapo.n.OB. OH YKa3bIBaJI, 13 'IaCTHOCTH, Ha C6JIII2Ke
1111(' rJIarOJIOB piti H pHi (nuTb H neTb). TI., 3aKJIlO'IeHHaH 13 LlernCKOII
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'!l'T nOKa era rrOBOJIOKYT»), rrHCaJI 5IK06cOH, Haxo,rr,HT COOTBeTCTBHe
II PyccKOIi HapO.LI:HOH 3ara.LI:Ke cTpax Ten/lO BO.TIOLJ:i!T, rAe cpoHeM-
TIAPAJI.JlEJIH3M <DOPMA31bHbIH p., OAPA31E31I3M <DAP-
MA31bHbI 6., TIAPA.TIE31I3M CDOPMA31bHI1VI y.- corrOCTaBJIe-
Hfle, OCHOBaHHoe Ha BHernHHX rrpH3HaKax: Ha pHTMwlecKHX C03BY-
'-IH X, Ha rrapaJIJIeJIII3Me cHHTaKCH'IeCKOH CTPYKTypbI (cHHTaKcwlec-
KHH). 3TO M02KeT 6bITb COOTHeceHIle CHHTaKCHLleCKHX CTPYKTYP, r)J.e
CTHX nOBTOp5!eT OCHOBHYlO MbICJIb 13 O.LI:HHaKoBoH cHHTaKCHqeCKOH
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Y KOTopoBa .LI:eHer HeT,
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Y TOBO 2KeHY B03bMeT (Pyc. .
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MbI TBalO .LI:aLIKY yxorriM (6eJI.).
B TI. cpo pHTMWI CKOM rrpH..ocJIa6JIeHIIH COOTHOrneHII5I Me2KAY )J.e-
TaJIHMH rrapaJIJIeJIeH OCHOBHOH aKll.eHT rra.LI:aeT Ha corrOCTaBJIeHHe
HTMHqeCKOr pHcYHKa. D., <p. OC06eHtIO pacrrpocTpaHeH B LIaCTyrn-
Kax, rrpHrreBKax, 13 E:OJIOMbIHKax, rAe pHTM 5IBJIHeTC5! rJIaBHbIM cpop-
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Y B.LI:OBbI KpacHBbli1 CbIH.
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Y B.LI:OBbI JIl06HTb 6010Cb (Pyc.).'
O)J.HOH H3 rrpHqHH B03HHKHOBeHH5! D. cp., rro MHeHHlO BeCeJIOBCKO-
ro, 5!BJIHeTCH «YMOJIqaHHe 13 OAHOM H3 LIJIeHOB rrapaJIJIeJIH LlepTbI JIO-
rH'leCKH BbITeKalOII.:(eH H3 ero cO.LI:ep2KaHH5! 13 COOTBeTCTBHH C Ka oH-
180
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HbI COCTaB rJIarOJIa 80JtOtleT rrO.D:CKa3bIBaeT OTBeT - 80JtK (cp. 80Jt-
tLUU). AKTyaJIbHa 3a,rr,a L Ja HC'IeprrbIBalOII.:(ero H3YQeHHH Ha60pa YCTOH-
'IHBbIX D. B CJIaB5!HCKHX YCTHbIX Tpa.D:HUH5!X, CLIHTaJI P. O. 5IK06cOH.
JUIT.: HK06cOfl P. Pa60TbI rro rr09TUKe. M., 1987.
nAPEMI10J10 I1.5I p., DAP3MI5IJ10fI5I 6., DAPEMI0J10-
fI5I y. (rpe'I. parOlillJa - rrpHHa, logos - CJIOBO, YLleHHe) - OT-
paCJIb CP,?JIbKJIOPHCTHKH, HCCJIe.D:YlOII.:(aH MaJIble 2KaHpbI HapOAHo-rr03-
TWleCKOH np03bI - rrOCJIOBHUbI, rroroBopKH, rrpUMeTbI, Ka.rraM6ypbI
H )J.p. Y2Ke 13 aHTWIHOM MHpe COCTaBIITemI napel\1HHHbIX CJIOBapeH
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rpacpHeH) KOMMeHTHpYIOT OT)J.eJIbHbIe 06pa3UbI. B JJ:peBHeH fpeUHlI
CJIOBapH acpopII3MOB 6bIJIH COCTaBJIeHbJ ApHCTOTeJIeM, DJIYTapxoM
(I-II 1313. H. 3.) .D:p. B 3rroxy B03p02K.D:eHlI5! rrOrrYJIHpHbIM 6bIJIO
c06paJUle napeMHH nO.D: Ha3BaHHeM «Adagia» 3pa3Ma POTTep.D:aM-
CKOro (l-e H3.D:.- 1500), BbIAep:iKaBrnee MHoro H3.D:aHHH H Bce BpeMH
rrOrrOJIHHBrneeCH HOBbIMH TeKCTaMH.
B BOCTOQHOCJIaBHHCKOII cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKe H3YLleJUle rrapeMHH Ha-
LIHHaeTC5! oAHOBpeMeHHo C H3AaHHeM C60pHHKOB nOCJIOBHU H rrorOBO-
pOK, COCTaBIITeJIH KOTOpbIX corrpOB02K.D:alOT HX rr'pe)J.HCJIOB HMH, KOM-
MeHTHpYlOT OT.D:eJIbHble TeKCTbJ. HaH60JIee H3BeCTHbIMH rrapeMHHHbI-
MH H3.D:aHH5!MH 13 XIX B. 6bIJIH C60pHHKH rrOCJIOBHll. 11. CHenlpeBa
B. lIaJIH, I1. HJIJIlOCTpOBa - B PyccKoi1 cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKe; M. HOMH
ca, H. 3aKpeBcKoro, 11. <DpaHKo - 13 YKpaHHcKoH; H. HOCOBH'Ia
E. J15!UKOrO, D. illmIJIeBCIWro - 13 6eJIOpyccKofi. DepBble MOHorpa
<pwlecKHe HCCJIe.D:OBaHH5! 13 06JIaCTH TI. rrOHBJIHlOTCH 13 KOHue XIX 13.-
«OrrbIT nCTOpH'IeCKOrO H3yqeHlI5I MaJIOpOCCHHCKHX rroc.rrOBHU»
H. CYML\OBa (1896), «BH3aHTIn'i:cKHe rrOCJIOBHll.bI H CJIaBHHCKHe na-
paJI.rreJIH K HHM» 11. THMorneHKo (1895), «J111TepaTYPHble HCTOLIHHKH
H rrpOTOTHrrbI TpexCOT nOClIOBHll.» (1897), «113 HCTOpHlI nOCJIOBHU:
HCTOpHKO-JIHTepaTYPHble 3aMeTKH n MaTepHaJIbI» B. DepeTll.a
(1898), «H3 JIeKll.IUI no TeopmI CJIOBeCHOCTII: EacHH. flOCJIOBHll.a.
TIoroBopKa» A. DOTe6HH (1894; 2-e H3)J..- 1914), «MaTepHaJIbI .D:JIH
II3YLleHHH TBOpqeCTBa II 6bITa 6eJIOPycoB: TIOCJIOBHll.bI, rroroBopKH
3ara.D:KH» E. J1HUKoro (1898) II .u:p. '
B ya60Tax XX 13. Hcc.rre.D:OBaJIOCb npOHCX02K)J.eHlle H pa3BlITHe rra-
peMHIl, HX CBH3H C MHcpOJIOnreH (HCCJIe)J.oBaHHH B AHlIKHHa
M. fpHI-I6JIaTa, E. DYTII.rroBa, A. )KHrYJIeBa, J1. TIyrnK peBa). ll
.}KaHpO ble pa3HOBH.D:HOCTH, rr03THKa (pa60TbI E. KHp)J.aHa J1' Mo-
030BOH, H. 5IHKoBcKoro), CTPYKTypHble oc06eHHocTII, Km;rnHpOBa-
He H T..D:. (f. DepMHKOB) 1 B3aUMOCB5!3H Me:iKAY rrapeMHHMH pa3HbIX
Hapo,rr,oB (3. KOKape, K fpHrac, A. K:pHKMaHH) HAp.
J1I1T' ATpax06iti l( ( 1' . I - .
1927 No 6" A . B . '\panlBa \aHJlpaT). EeJIapycKl51 npbIKa3Ki II Y3BbIlliIlIa.
eTc uH-,1,' HUKUfl . JI. yccKHe HapO.ll:HbIe rrOCJIOBH bI, noroBopKu, 3ara.ll:KH n
J1, ,¥OJIbKJIOp. M., 195/; JIonoe Jl. If. I1pHCJIiB'51 i rrpHKa3Kn II YKpalHcbK<J
n
181
",'1""(11<1 rrOeTHqHa TBOpqiCTb. I\niB, 1958; JIeplitfU 06 r. JJ:, qT rrorOBopKU AO
, '.,1 ,KII (3aMeTKu rro 06 eii Teopuu KJIHI e). M., 19/0; HHr:0!jCKl M. '. I1a9Tbma
'''',/I:q'YCIdx rrpblKa3aK. MH., 1971; rpbll-lO.1aT.. M. !1pbmaS!,\ 1 rrpblMaYKl II I1pbl-
, " ,hi j npblMaYKi. 1976; JIaSfiK .TH. M. YKpalHCbK1 rrpnCJIlB 51 Ta rrpliKa3Kn: I1po-
'''1'' 1II napeMioJIorii Ta rrapeMiorpa!jJii. I\niB, 1984.
M. M. JIA3HK
flAPE;\lI15I p., DAP3MI5I 6., DAPEMI5I y. - pO.D:OBOe rrOH5!THe
'IHI,lIbKJIOPHOI'i acpopHCTwlecKolI MaJIOH rrp03bI (nOCJIOBHUbI, rrorOBOp-
hll, 3ara)J.KH H .D:p.). B rrepBOHaqaJIbHOM 3HaQeHIIH - LITeHHe rrpHTLI
II ; CBHToro TIHcaHH5!, rrpoH3HocHMoe 13 uepKBH Ha BeLlepHeM 60ro-
..',!IY}KemIH HaKaHYHe rrpa3.D:HHKoB. KmlrH, cO.D:ep2KaII.:(He rrpHTLIH, Ha-
:1,I-BaJIllCb napeMHoHHKaMH. B cOBpeMeHHoH <pOJIbKJIOpHCTHKe TI.
,.f)03I-IaLIaeT TO :iKe, LITO H nOCJIOBHUa 13 rnHpOKOM 3HaqeHHH CJIOBa.
( )iOlaKO 13 BOCTO'IHOCJIaB5!HCKOH cpOJIbKJIOpHCTIIKe rrpe06JIa.D:aeT yrroT-
pdJJIemle Tpa)J.HU.HOHHoro TepMHHa - «nOCJIOBHUa» (pyc.), «rrpli-
t',lIiB'5I» (YKp.), «rrpbIK33Ka» (6eJI.). OT TepMHHa TI. 06pa30BaHbI
IIPOH3BO)J.Hble TepMHI-IbI: «napervIHOJIOrHH» (HCCJIe.D:OBamle nOCJIOBHU)
II «napeMHorpacpH5I» (HaYKa a C06HpaI-IHH H CHCTeMaTH3aU.HH rrOCJIO-
IIIII ) .
CM. TaK)!{e IlapeMuo/lOcUJ/.) IlocJto8u/{a H JIHT.
J1I1T.: I1apeMUOJIOrHqeClmH C60PHHK. I10CJIOBn a. 3araJJ:Ka: CTpyKTypa,
"MbICJI, TeKCT. M., 1978.
M. M. JIA3HK
TIAPO,LLI15I p., TIAPOJJ:bI5I 6., DAPOJJ:I5I y.- cpOJIbKJIOpHOe
II p01I3Be.D:eHHe, OCHOBbIBalOII.:(eeCH Ha rrO.D:pa}KaHllH, CTHJIH3aUHH cpop-
IVIbI KaKoro-mr60 rrpoH3Be)J.eHHH. B CHJIY crreUHcpHKH rrpOHBJIeI-IHH KO-
rvlIIqeCKOrO B cpOJIbKJIOpe H oc06eHHocTeH cpOJIbKJIOpHOrO CMexa D. 13
(IJOJIbKJIOpe qaCTO MO.iKeT 6bITb HarrpaBJIeHa He Ha CaTIlpWleCKoe
oCMbIc.rrer-Hle cpOpMbI H CO.D:ep)!{aHHH rrapO.D:HpyeMoro npOU3BeAeHHH, a
Ira orrpe)J.eJIeHHble 06II.:(eCTBeHHble HBJIeHHH H 13 3TOM CJIyqae npH6mI-
iKaeTCH K CaTHpH'IeCKOMY rreperreBY. XOTH rrapO.D:HpOBaI-IHe CTIIJI5! 13
([JOJIbKJIOpHOfi TI. 3aHHMaeT BTopOCTeneHHoe MeCTO, aHa BCTpe'IaeTC5!
,H pH.D: e rrpOH3Be.D:eHHH. 06'beKTOM 06bIrpbIBaHHH 13 TI. Hepe)J.KO 5113-
./r5IIOTCH xoporno H3BeCTI-Ible Tpa.D:HUHOHI-Ible cpOpMbI, KOTopbIe npH
l!ap O .D:HpOBaHHH rrOJIYLI3lOT HemIm.D:aHHOe CMbICJIOBOe HanOJIHeHlle,
lIepe)J.KO npHMO rrpOTHBOpeqaII.:(ee HX Tpa.D:Hll.HOHHOMY c O .D: e p2KaHHlO.
C03)J.alOII.:(HHCH npH 3TOM 3cpcpeKT «y3HaBaI-IHH», conOCTaBJIeHH5! C XO-
porno H3BeCTHbIM rrpOH3Be.D:eHHeM HJIH 2KaHpOBOH cpopMoii 5!BJI5!eTC5!
nerrpeMeHHbIM yc.rrOBHeM BocnpHHTHH TI. B rrapO.D:HHHOM OCMbICJIemIH
Tpa.D:HUHOI-IHbIX cpOpM Hepe.D:KO BH.D:5!T rrpH3I-IaK canlpWleCKoro, KPH-
TIl'leCKOrO OTIrorneHHH K napo;r:HpyeMOMY npOH3Be.D:eHHlO Hero CO-
.' ep2KaHarO, 13 TO BpeM5! KaK CMbICJI TI. COCTOHT Y2Ke 13 caMOH CJIOBeC-
!lofi «nrpe» C H3BeCTHoH CpOpMOH, rrO.LI.LlaC C ueJIblO ee .D:HCKpe.D:IITau.HH.
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J1I1T.: rpywe6cbKa K. Ha 6iqHHX CTe2KKaX Im63apcLKoro MUCTe TBa II
TIepBicHe rpOMa.ll:HHCTBO. 1929. Burr. 2; cpRoociK A. C. TIpa6JIeMbi 6eJIapycKaH lIa-
pOAHaH caTbIpbi. MH., 1978; llIYMaoa H. C. CyqaCHa rriceHHicTb CJIOB'51HCbKUX
HapoJJ:iB. I\UIB, 1981; Jluxa'te6 /l,. c., JIaH'IeHKO A. M., JIOI-lblpKO H. B. CMex 13
.IJ:peBHeH Pycu. J1., 1984; Simonides D. Wsp6lczesny folklor slowny dzieci i
nastolatk6w. Wroclaw; Warszawa, 1976.
'1,\'JI .LI:apOB H .LI:p.- pernalOTcH BceMH YLlaCTHHKaMH cOBMecTHO, rro
rpa)J.HU HH .
CM. TaK2Ke JIeCHJl KO/lflaHaJI, JIeCHJl 80/l0 t le6Hafl H JIHT.
JI. M. COJIOBEPf
A. /0. EPHIl,bIHA
TIA33I5I XP3CbEIHHA5I 6.- CM. JIeCHJl KpeCTU/lbHaJl.
TIEPEBEPTbIIII - CM. Ii e6bl/lul{a.
TIEPEKA3 y.- CM. JIpeaaHue.
TIEPEDEB p., TIEP ATIEN' 6., DEPECfIIB y.- cpO,/IbKJIOpHOe
II pOH3Be.LI:eI-IHe, C03.LI:aHi-IOe Ha OCHOBe xoporno H3BeCTHoro cpOJIbKJIOp-
1I0ro 06pa3ua. B OTJIWme aT rrapo)J.HH rrepeneB He npeCJIe)J.yeT ueJIll
I\OMHqeCKOrO H CaTllpHqeCKOrO OCMbICJIeRIm rrpOII3Be.LI:eHH5!-rrepBOOC-
1I0BbI. DpH C03.LI:aHHH D. rrpor-rCXO)J.HT rrpouecc aKTyaJIH3,:u HH , HBJIHlO-
II HHCH O.LI:HOH H3 cpOpM TBOpqeCKOH )KH3HH rrpOH3Be.LI:eHHH Ha pa3JIHLI-
IlbIX HCTOpHqeCKHX 3Tarrax CPYHKUHotmpOBaHHH cpOJIbKJIOpa. I13BecT-
I!bI MHOrOLIHCJIeHI-IbIe aBTopCKHe H cpOJIbKJIOpHbIe rrpOH3BeAeHHH, KO-
Topble 6,IJaro.LI:apH rrepeneBaM 06peTaJIH HOBYIO TI OpqeCKYlO 2KH3Hub
(<<PaCKHHYJIOCb Mope rnHpOKO», «KaTlOrna», «CHHHH rrJIaTO'IeK», «OH,
I!a ropi BorOHb ropHTb», «ubIBaHue 3.LI: a pOBbI» H ,rr,p.).
A. /0. EPHIl,bIHA
TIACTIOPT TEKCTA p., DAiliTIAPT T3KCTY 6., DACTIOPT
TEKCTY y.- cOBoKyrrHocTb )J.aHHbIX, cO)J.ep2KaII.:(HX HHcpopMall.HlO 0
c06HpaTeJIe (cpaMHJIHH, HM5!, oTLlecTBo), BpeMeHH cpHKcauHH CPOJIbK-
JIOpHOrO rrpOH3Be.LI:eHHH (.LI:aTa), MeCTe era 3arrHCH (.LI:epeBHH, ropo,rr"
paHoH, 06JIaCTb), CBe.LI:eHHH 06 HHcpopMaTope (cpaMHJIHH, HMH, OT-
qeCTBO, B03pacT, HaUHOHaJIbHOCTb, rrpocpeccHH, 06pa30BaHHe, OTKY.LI:a
pO.LI:OM, KaK .LI:OJIro rrp02KHBaeT 13 AaHHoH MecTHocTH). B D. T. YKa3bI-
BaeTCH MeCTOHaXQ;-K.LI:eHHe .LI:aHHOrO cpOJIbKJIOpHOrO rrpoH3Be,rr,eHHH
(Ha3BaHHe apxHBa, era CPOH.LI:, onHCb, HOMep .LI:eJIa H T. .LI:.). B TI. T.
.LI:OJI2KHbI cO.LI:ep)!{aTbCH orrpe.LI:eJIeHHe 2KaHpOBOH rrpHHa.LI:.rre2KHOCTH
cpOJIbKJIOpHOrO rrpoH3BeAeHH5!, a TaK2Ke CBe.LI:eHHH 0 HeM, C006II.:(eHHbIe
HCrrOJIHHTeJIeM (HapO.LI:HOe Ha3BaHHe 2KaHpa, CPYHKuHOHaJIbHaH npH-
ypOqeHHOCTb rrpOH3Be.LI:eHH5I, KOr.LI:a H aT Koro YCBoeHO 3TO rrpOH3Be.LI:e-
RIle H T. .LI:.), rrpHMeLJaHHH c06HpaTeJIH (0 MaHepe HCrrOJIHeHH5!, OTHO-
rneHHH HCnOJIHHTeJI5! H CJIyrnaTeJIeH K rrpOH3Be.LI:eHHlO HAP.). TOJIbKO
rrpH HaJIH'IHH TI. T., KOTOpbIH pa3MeII.:(aeTCH nOCJIe TeKCTa, cpOJIbKJIOp-
Hoe rrpOH3Be.LI:eHHe HapHAY C npaKTH'IeCKOH rrpH06peTaeT H HaY'IHYIO
ll.eHHOCTb.
CM. MeToaUKa co6UpaTe/lbCKOil pa60Tbl H JIHT.
TIEPETIJI5IC p., TIEPADJ15IC 6.- 1) THrr rrJI5!CKH COCTH3aTeJIb-
HOro xapaKTepa. COCT5!3aHHe M02KeT pa3BOpa'IHBaTbCH Me2K)J.Y ABY-
MH HCrrOJIHHTeJI5!MH, .LI:BYMH rpyrrrraMH IIJIH rrooLlepe.LI:HO BCTyrralOII.:(HM
60JIbrnHM KOJIH'IeCTBOM YLlacTHHKoB. B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3THM D. pa3-
JIH'IaeTC5!: rrapHbrit, KOJIJIeKTIIBHbIH, MaccoBbIH. u
TI. - 2KH3HepaAocTHbIH, 3a.LI:OpHbIH TaHeu, .LI:alOII.:(HH rnHpOKHe 1303-
M02KHOCTH AJI5! HMrrpOBH3aUHH. JJ:eMOHCTpHpYH C06CTBeHI-IOe TaHue-
BaJIbHOe MaCTepCTBO H H306peTaTeJIbHOCT , era yqaCTHHK rrO.LI:.LI:ep-
:LKHBaeT cBoe06pa3HbIH pHTMOrrJIaCTHqeCKIIH .LI:HaJIOr C correpHHKOM,
OTKJIHKaHCb Ha ero BbI)J.YMKH H BbI30B. B TI. rnHpOKO rrpHMeHHlOTC5!
BceB03MO)!{Hble .LI:P06H. OH MO)!{eT BXO.LI:HTb 13 KaqeCTBe cpparMeHTa 13
)J.pynle rrJIHCKll H TaHUbI.
2) Ha3BaHHe KOHKpeTHoro TaHua TaKara THrra.
J1I1T.: T1W'IeHlW H. HapOAHbIH TaHe . M., 1967; rYMeHIOK A. E. YKpalHcbKi
HapO.ll:Hi TaH i. I\lIlE, 1969; AJ!eKCIOT06U'1 JI. K. EeJIOpycCI<He HapoAHble XOpOB -
AbJ, TaH bI, Hrpbi. MH., 1978; KJlUlitO.6 A. OCHOEbJ pyc Imro HapoAHoro TaH a.
M., 1981; [I ypKO EO. M. EeJIOpyccKUII xopeorpa!jJUqeCKHU !jJOJILKJIOp. MIl., 1990.
A. A. COKOJIOB-KAMHHCKHPf
M. M. JIHC
TIA qbIHAJ1bHIK 6., «EEPE3A» y.- rJIaBHOe AeHcTBYlOII.:(ee JIH-
ll.O rpynrrbI (rYPTa) KOJIH)J.OBII.:(HKOB, BOJIo'Ie6RIIKOB; COJIHCT, HCnOJI-
H5!1OII.:(HH 130 BpeM5! e2KeroAHblx 06p5!.LI:OBbIX 06XO.LI:OB ABOpOB OCHOB-
I-roH TeKCT BeJIH'IaJIbHbIX rreceH H npoH3HOCHII.:(HH 3aBeprnalOII.:(ee rr03.LI:-
paBJIeHHe a.LI:pecaTY rreCRII - x03HHHy, x03HHKe, .LI:OLIKe, CbIHY, B TO
BpeMH KaK OCTaJIbHbIe 'IJIeHbI rpyrrrrbI (rra.LI:XBaTHiKi, CrrHBaJIbHiKi) HC-
rrOJIH5!1OT pecppeHbI, rrOMoraIOT D. rreTb. 06p5!.LI:OBaH pOJIb D. 13 rrporn-
JIOM 6bIJIa eII.:(e 60JIbrneH. 3.LI:eCb rrpocMaTpHBalOTcH CPYHKll.llH H3bI L lec-
Koro :LKpeUa, 06XO.LI:HII.:(ero CBOlO 06II.:(HHY C HOBOro.LI:HHMH .J.npH BeceH-
HeM, a n03)!{e-3HMHeM npa3)J.HOBaHHII HOBoro rO.LI:a) rr02KeJIaHHHMI1
3.LI:OpOBbH H 6JIaronOJIYLJHH. TI. )J.OJI2KeH 6bIJI He TOJIbKO 6bITb OTJIHLI-
HbIM neBll.OM, HOCHTeJIeM TpaAHll.HH, HO H YBa2KaeMbIM 'IeJIOBeKOM,
xopornHM X035!HHOM H ceMbHHHHOM. D. BbIIIOJIHHeT rJIaBHYlO pOJIb 13
opraHII3aUHH rpyrrrrbI yqaCTHHKOB 06XO.LI:OB, npOBO.LI:HT perreTHUHH-
crreBKH, XOTH MHOrI1e .LI:pyrHe BorrpOCbI - pacrrpe.LI:eJIeRIle pOJIe'H, BbI-
60p MaprnpYTa, opraHH3all.HH COBMeCTHOH 06pH.LI:OBOH Tparre3bI, pa3-
TIEPCOHA/K (cD0J1bKJ10PHbIVI) p., TIEPCAHA/K (<I:AJIbK-
J10PHbI) 6., TIEPCOHA/K (cD0J1bK:Jl0PHI1fI) y.- .LI:eHCTBYlO-
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II.:(ee .TIHUO cpOJIbKJIOpHbIX npOH3Be,lJ,eHlIM, 13 Ka'IeCTBe KOToporo MorYT
BblcTynaTb 06bILIHbIH qeJIOBeK mI60 qeJIOBeK, Ha.LI:eJIeHHbIH CBepX'beC-
TeCTBeHHbIMH KaqeCTBaMH H CBOHCTBaMH, aHTporrOMopcpHble H 300-
MopcpHble CYII.:(eCTBa, qY.LI:OBHII.:(a, rrpeACTaBHTeJIH 2KHBOTHOro Mnpa
HAp. O.LI:HOH H3 xapaKTepHbIX oc06eHHOCTeH D. cpo 5IBJIHeTCH OTCYT-
CTBHe 'IeTKO BbIpa2KelmOH HH.LI:IIBHAyaJIH3all.HU. JJ:Pynle oc06eHHOCTH
orrpeAeJIHlOTCH Crrell.HcpHKOH 2KaHpa, 13 paMKax KOTOpOro C03AaH TI. cpo
JU1T.: EepKoB JI. H. PycCKaH HapollHa!I ,a:paMa XVII-XX BeKOB. M.; J1.,
1953; HOBUK06 H. B. 06pa3bI BOCTOqHOCJIaBHHCIWH BOJIllie6HOH CKa3Kll. J1., 1974;
1'!>0JILKJIOp U 9THorpa!jJIiH: Y 9THorpa!jJIiqeCKUX IiCTOKOB !jJOJIbKJIOpHbIX CI01KeTOB
Ii 06pasoB. J1., 1984,
K. JI. KAEA/JJHJfKOB
DEPCOHA)K EbI.J1I1HHblPI p., DEPCAHA)K EbIJ1IHHbI 6.,
DEPCOHA)K EI1J1I1HHI1PI y. peaJIH3yeTcH TOJIbKO 13 KOHcpJIHKTaX
C .LI:PyrHMH rrepCOHa2KaMH, 130 B3aHMO.LI:eHcTBHu C HHMH, T. e. 13 CHC-
TeMe TI. 6., KOTopble rrpoTHBoCTOHT )J.pyr Apyry KaK rrpeAcTaBHTemI
pa3HbIx HapoAoB, rocY.LI:apCTB, ropO.LI:OB, COCJIOBHtI, ceMeH. KaK 3a-
II.:(UTHHKaM PYCCKOH 3eMJIH H KHeBa D. 6. (60raTbIpHM) rrponmo-
CT05!T 3001\1OpcpHble LlYAoBHIlW, HH03eMHble ll.apH C BOHCKOM, O.LI:HHO'I-
Hble 60raTblpH. KOHcpJIHKT pa3pernaeTcH Cpa2KeHHeM H YHHLIT02Ke-
l-IHeM Bpara-LIY.LI:OBHII.:(a; n06e2K.LI:eHHbli:i: uapb rrplI3HaeT CBOH nO.LI:,rr,aHH-
qeCKHe OTHOrneHlI5! K K:HeBY. K:otlcpmIKTbI COUHaJIbHoro H 6bIToBoro
TI.TlaHa He HCK.TJIOqalOT HCTpe6JIeHHH npOTHBHHKa (<<XQTeH EJIY.LI: O -
BULl», «BaCHJIHH EYCJIaeB»), HO OHH 06bILIHO pa3pernmOTCH CopeBl-IO-
BaHHeM, COCTH3aHHeM. OOJIO}KHTeJIbHbIe D. 6., KaK rrpaBH.TJO, He CBH-
3aHbI co CBepX'beCTeCTBeHl-IbIMH CI1JIaMH, a 3TO 3Ha L IHT, LITO AJIH no-
6eAbI OIIH caMH )J.omKHbI 06JIa.LI:aTb .LI:OCTaTOLIHbIMH B03MO)!{HOCTHMH
(O.LI:HH 60raTblpb 0603peBaeT C ropbI BClO PYCCKYlO 3eMJIlO, Cpa2KaeT-
CH C HeCMeTHbIM Bpa2KeCKHM BOHCKOM H n06e2K.LI:aeT ero). HCK.TJIOLIH-
TeJIbHble cnoc06HOCTH 60raTblpeH rrpOHBJIHlOTCH TaK2Ke 13 MY3bIKaJIb-
HaM HCKYCCTBe (CaAKO), 13 HHTeJIJIeKTe (rrpH Hrpe B rnaXMaTbI, OTra-
.LI:bIBaHHH 3ara)J.OK), 13 60raTCTBe. B H306pa2KeHHH «CBOHX» H «QY2KHX»
TI. 6. - pe3Koe rrpoTHBorrOCTaBJIel-IHe: H)J.eamI3all.I-I5I nepBbIx, rrpe-
AeJIbHOe CHII2KeHlle 06pa30B BTOpbIX ('IY.LI:OBHII.:(a, yp0)J.bI, 3JIO.LI:eH).
TIpH BceH 0606II.:(eHHocTH D. 6. B rrpeAeJIax 3rrWIeCKOH CHCTeMbI AOC-
nlrHYTa orrpeAeJIeHHaH CTerreHb HHAHBlIAyamI3aUIIH: MY.LI:pbIii, BeJIH-
KO.LI:yrnHbIH, crroKOIiHbIII, rrpe.LI:ycMoTpHTeJIbHbIH I1JIbH MYPoMeu H
MHTYII.:(HHCH, He BepYlOIlI.HIi «HH 13 COH, HH B LIOX», 6blOII.:(UH_ rrpaBoro
H BHHoBaTOro, KOII.:(YHCTBYlOII.:(HH, KalOII.:(HI1c5! H CHOBa OCKBepHHlOII.:(uii
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185
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p 11.11 a TIJIeHKOBHLI If CTerreHHbIH, rop.LI:bUI CBOUM KpeCTbHHCKIIM TPY-
'1,OM MI1KYJIa CeJIHHUHOBU'I. 3TO YHUKaJIbHhle 13 0 CBoeM PO.LI: e L THrrb!
1'.1/aBHbIX TI. 6., H Ka2K.LI:bIH H3 HHX 13 rrpe.LI:eJIbHOU, IIIIep60JIH reCKOH
,'T('rreHlI BOnJIOII.:(aeT OAHY If3 cYII.:(eCTBeHHblx rpaHeu HauHOHaJIbHOrO
xapaKTepa.
CM. TaK2Ke Eblflll1ta II JIHT.
J1I1T' JIponn B. H. PyccImii repOUqeCImH 9rroc. 2-e U3.l1:. M., 1958; JIeTP B
/' A. flpoTuBorrOCTaBJIeHUe rrepCOHa1KeH B 6bIJIUHaX II BorrpocbI 1K HPOB 6 py -
',1, M 1 0 72 ' CeJltWaT-I06 CPo M. I1306pa1Kelme qeJIOBeha B bIJIH-
"1.01'0 ,¥OJIbKJIOpa. ., " ,
II:tX II !:I>OJIbKJIOp: TI09TUqeCKaH CUCTeMa. M., 1977.
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olll)e.LI:eJIeHHbIH COUnaJIbHbIH TIIII HJIH aMnJIya, U3BeCTHble )J.pyrH,M
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I".II aBHbIX, BTopoCTerreHi-IbIX U BcrrOMOraTeJIbHblX. I1x 06pa3bI pacKpbI-
nalOTC5! B BbIXO.LI:HbIX MOHOJIOraX H .LI:HaJIOraX KaK cepbe3HOrO, TOp-
/1\C'CTBeHHoro, TaK H KOMHqeCKOrO xapaKTepa. J1upU'IeCKOMY CaMO-
paCKpbITUlO CJIY2KaT HCrrOJIHHeMble nepCOHa2KaMU rreCHlI, COOTBeTCT-
I:YIOIUHe cHTyall.HH.
.ITI1T' Eep1WB JI. H. PYCCKaH HapOAHa51 .lI:paMa XVII-XX BeKOB. M.; J1.,
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"'. MH., 1963; CPeoac Pl. EO. YKpalHcblrni'I Hapo,a:Huu BepTerr. AOCJI1.l1:.}KeHH5I
'.\\X:-XX CT. I\UlB, 1987; CaBytuKtlHa H. Jf. PyccKaH Hapo}J:HaH }J:paMa. XYAO
Ih('(:TBeHHoe cBoe06pa3Iie. M., 1988.
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cOBeTqHKOB BblcTyrralOT: 6a6a 5Ira (pyc., YKp.); 6a6a !Ora (6e.11.)-
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KOBapcTBo, HaCHJIHe, 3JIO. 3TO rrpe.LI:CTaBJIemle 0 HaJIHLIHH ABYX MH-
pOB JIe2KHT B OCHOBe KOMrr03HUHH BOJIrne6HOH CKa3KH II 130 MHorOM
orrp e .LI: eJI 5!eT 6IIHapHbIi'r xapaKTep TI. C. H HX aTpH6YTOB.
n
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B OTJIHqHe aT BOJIrne6HOH B COD.HallbHO-6bITOBOH H HOBeJIJIHCTHQe-
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,'T:lJlOBKe OCHOBHbIX n. C. JIe2KHT TOT 2Ke rrpHHUHII - rrOJIHpHOCTb.
1\:11\ npaBHJIO, 3TO - COUHaJIbHa5! rrOJIHpHOCTb. repOH - KpeCTbHHHH,
MYiKHK, COJI.LI: aT , 6aTpaK; JIOBKHM BOp, My.LI:paH .LI:eBa, 2KeHa; lllYT.
IlpOTHBHHK - nOMeII.:(HK, 6apHH, 60ra'I, rrorr, CY.LI: bH , pe2Ke - uapb.
Oc06bIe TeMaTH'IeCKHe rpyrrrrbI npe)J.cTaBJI5!1OT CKa3KH, 13 KOTOpbIX
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B CKa3Kax 0 )KHBOTHbIX OCHOBHbIMH TI. C. 5!BJIHlOTCH 2KHBOTHble.
l\pOMe HIIX 06bILIHO cpHrypHpYlOT H JIlO.LI:H, H cpaHTaCTWleCKHe CYII.:( -
'TBa (CYC 158, 159, 160). Oc06eHHocTH nOBe,rr,eHHH rrepcoHallieH-
IldIBOTHbIX, apXaH'IeCKaH cpopMa Bblpa)!{eHHH XHTpOCTH (KoMrr03H-
1I,I!OHHbIM CTep2KHeM TaKHX rroBecTBoBaHHH, KaK rrpaBHJIO, HBJIHeTCH
(JoMaH) rrpe.LI:rrOJIaralOT .LI:peBI-IOCTb rrpOHCXo2K.LI:eHlI5I CKa30K 0 )!{HBOT-
!I"IX H HX TI. c.
CM. TaK2Ke CrW3Ka H JIHT.
J1HT.: MeJleTUHCKUii E. M. fepOll BOJIllie6HOH CKaSlm: oI1poHCXO}KAueHUe 06-
1':I:1a. M., 1958; H06UKOB H_ B. 06pa3bI BOCTOqHOCJIaB5IHCKOH BOJI.llie6Holl CIW3KH.
.II., 1974; H06UK E. H. CncTeMa rrepCOH3}KeH PYCCKOll BOJIllie6HOH CIW3KU II Tu-
lIOJIOrH'ieCIme HCCJIeAOBaHHH rrO qJOJILKJIOpy. M., 1975; /l,YHaG6CbKa Jl. CPo YKp -
-illCbKa HapO,ll:I- Ja Ka3Ka. I(HlB, 1987; Epil{w-Ia O. 10. YKpalHcbIw HapoAHa Cow-
".11bHQ-rr06YToBa Ka3Ka. I\IllB, 1989; KpYK H. H. BOCTOqHOCJIaB5IHCKHe CIWSKH 0
i!(I[BOTHbIX. MH., 1989.
E. H. lllACTHHA
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D. ropo,n:cI{HX HH30B - T. Ha3. MeII.:(aHCKHC pOMaHCbI, HOBbie 6aJIJIa-
JI.bI. EOJIbrnOe MeCTO 13 Hapo)J.Ho-neceHHoM penepTyape 3aHHMaIOT
cpOJIbKJIOpII3HpOBaHHble D. Ha CTHXH rr03TOB.
B rrope(pOpMeHHoe BpeM5I 13 caMOCTOHTeJIbHbIH neceHHbIH }KaHp
OcpOpMJJ5ICTCH pyccKaH 'IaCTyrnKa H aHaJIOrn'IHbIe MOHOCTpocpHqeCKIIe
D. 6eJIOpYCCKoro II YKpaHHcKoro Hapo,n:oE. OTJIIFIaHCb aKTyaJIbHbIM
co,n:ep2KaHHeM, 3TH BH,n:bI D. nOJIYlfaIOT 60JIbrnOe pa3BHTHe y BOCTOlJ-
HOCJIaBHHCKI1X Hapo,n:oB E KOHll.e XIX - rrepBoH I10JI. XX B.
, J1I1T.: Cfy6wicKuii IT. Jl. 1872. T. 3; 1877. T. 4; PO,1WH06 E. P. 1886. Bun.
L2 ; 1901. BbIII. 7; 1912. BbIII. 8; llIeiili Jl. B. BeJIliKopyc. 1898. T. 1, BbIII. 1;,
I )()O. T. 1, BbIII. 2; rpUlilfeliKo E. /1,. 3THOrpaljJHqeCKHe lVIaTepHaJIbI, coopaHHble
I kpHHroBcKoH U coceAHHX C HeH ryoepHH5Ix. l-lepHuron, 1899. T. 3; Kupee6cKuu
/I. B. 1911. BbIII. 1; 1917. BbIII. 2, q. 1; 1929. BbIII. 2, q. 2; HYTPUXWi A. 11.
I kCHH PyccKlIx paOOqHX (XVIII - HaqaJIO XX BeKa). M.; J1., 1962. floTe6HJI A. A.
(!I,'b5lCHeHHH MaJIOpycCKHX H CpOAHbIX HapoAHbIX. rreceH. BaplliaBa, 1883. T. 1;
I HR7. T. 2; KOJlnaK06a H. Jl. 1962; KYJlaK06c1wU Jl. B. flecm!. Ee H3bI , <:TPy -
I'vpa. CYALObI. M., 1962; riJle6i'l H. C. fla3TbIKa OeJIapycKaH HapoAHaH JIlpbIKl:
I\ l!., 1975; EJlaT06 B. 11. flecHu BOCTOqHOCJIaB5IHCKOH 06rn:HOCTH. MH., 1977,
J-'c.tlerowski M. 1958. T. 5; 1960. T. 6; 1969. T. 7; 1981. T. 8.
C. r. JIA3YT11H
r1ECH5I AE)KbIHA4HA5I, AE)KbIHKABA5I 6.- CM. JIecflfl
( }OJICUflO'iflafl.
DECH5I AEXOJJ:HA5I 6.- CM. JIecflfl o6xo8flafl.
DECH5I ABTOPCKA5I p., DECH5I AYTAPCKA5I 6., DICH5I
t\BTOPCbKA y.- o,n:Ha H3 pa3HoBH,n:HocTeH cOBpeMeHHoro CPOJIbK-
.II()pa, c03,n:aTeJIeH KOToporo 13 ropoAax 'IaCTO Ha3bIBalOT 6ap,n:aMH.
(: Tpa,n:Hll.HOHHbIM cpOJIbKJIOpOM D. a. C6JIH}KaeT II3HaqaJIbI-ra5! CJIHT-
IIUCTb n033HH II MY3bIKH, TBOpLIeCTBa H HcrrOJIHeHHH. JJ:JIH HHcTpYMeH-
TaJIbHOrO conpoBoM,n:eHHH qaII.:(e Bcero HCnOJIb3yeTcH rHTapa. Dpo-
IlIlKaH 13 MaccoBbIH penepTyap, D. a. BapbHpyeTcH H 6bITyeT KaK aHO-
IIIJMHa5I. 3Ha L IHTeJIbHOe rpa2K,rr,aHcKoe 3BYLlaHHe D. a. 06peJIa 13 TBOp-
'Il'CTBe E. OKy,n:}KaBbI, B. BbIColl.KOrO, A. faJIWla, ID. BH360pa,
/\. EarnJIaqeBa H ,n:p. Cpe,n:H n. a. - neCHH reOJIOrOB, TypHCTOB, CTY-
,1I,('HLleCKIIe. OC06YIO pa3HoBH,n:HOCTb npe,n:cTaBJI5IIOT C060H D. a., co-
'IIIHCHHble COJI)J. aT a IVIH, BoeBaBrnHMH 13 AcpraHHC'raHe, HJIH nOCBHII.:(eH-
lIue C06bITHHM 3TOH BOliHbI.
D. a. Hepe,n:Ko Haxo,n:HJIaCb 13 onrr03HIUm no OTHOrneHI-IIO K OCPH-
Il,UaJIbHO nOOII.:(p5IeMOH MY3bIKaJIbHO-rr03THqeCKOH KyJIbType nOCJIe)J.-
IIUX ,n:eCHTHJIeTHH. DOJI02KeHHe 6ap,n:OB 13 EeJIapYCH H Ha YKpaHHe
ycyry6JIHJIOCb 13 CBH3H C nOJIHTHKOH PYCHcpHKall.HH H 60pb60H C «Ha-
IIIIUHaJIH3MoM >; 13 1960-70-x ro,n:ax aBTopCKaH neCHH CYII.:(eCTBOBa-
.i;a 3,n:ecb npeHMYII.:(eCTBeHHo KaK PYCCKOH3bILIHaH, HO co BTOpOi1 nOJI.
11J80-x ro,n:oB pa3BHBaeTCH Ha HaUHOHaJIbHbIX H3bIKax.
TBoplfeCTBO Hau60JIee 5IpKHX npe,n:CTaBHTeJIeH YKpaHHCKOH D. a.
hoceeHHO BOCXO,n:HT K HCKYCCTBY K063apeH H JIHpHHKOB, HO pa3BH-
IlaCTCH 13 HarrpaBJIeHHH aT CTHJIH3all.HH K063apCKoro HCKYCCTBa K ca-
Mo6bITHOMY OCMbICJIeHHIO Hall.HOHaJIbHOH cpOJIbKJIOpHOH Tpa,n:Hll.HH.
(:IH')J.11 TaJIaHTJIHBbIX rrpe,n:CTaBHTeJIeH ,noro HanpaBJIeHH5!-
IL )K,n:aHKHH H 3. JJ:paq, O. EOrOMOJIell.. Oc06aH pa3HoBH,n:HOCTb
YI\panHcKoH D. a. - T. Ha3. «crriBaHa noe3i5I», 13 KOTOpOli 6ap,n: C03-
'1,:ll'T MY3bIKY H HCrrOJIHHeT neCHH He Ha CBOH, a Ha TeKCTbI ,n:pyrI1X
III J')TOB (B. MOp030B). Bblpa3HTeJIb OCTpOCOBpeMeHHOH, CaTHpHqeC-
l,oj'l JII1HHH 13 TBopLleCTBe YKpaHHCKHX 6ap,n:OB - A. DaHqHrnHH.
1\ 6c.IIOPYCCKOi-i TI. a. BH,n:Hoe MeCTO npHHa,n:JIe}KIIT C. COKOJIOBY-
I\OIOIUY, C. JIaBHHKY, K H A. KOMOll.KHM, E. AKYJIHKY.
189
!. ;
, II
I!I
I
II
!
III
I
I, i;'1
190
n
n
191
J1I1T.: B03bMeMCH 3a PYKU, APY3b5l!: PacCKa3bI 06 aBTopCKOH rreCHe. M.,
1990.
_JI. C. CfEPKAllIHfIA
IIIIKOB - 6aTpaKOB. DpoTeCT 6aTpaKOB qaII.:(e Bcero 6bIJI rraccHBHbIM,
()II BbIpa2KaeTCH 13 }KaJI06ax H HapeKaHHHx Ha HeCqaCTJIHBYIO H ropb-
"YIO ,n:OJIIO, Ha HerrOCHJIbHbIH TPY,n: H rOJIo,n:, 'ITa xapaKTepHO ,n:JI5!
I L 6. Bcex BOCTOLIHbIX CJIaB5!H. D. 6. cKop6Hble, JIHpHKo-pecpJIeKCHB-
II "Ie, rrOBeCTBYIOII.:(He aT TpeTbero, pe2Ke aT rrepBoro, JIHll.a, Bcer,n:a
()Tpa2KalOT MO,n:yC MblrnJIeHH5J KOHKpeTHOH 3THOJIOKaJIbHOll cpe,n:bI, 3a-
Ile'IaTJIeHHbIH 13 rr03TWleCKOM, MY3bIKaJIbHOM H3bIKe, MHoro06pa3HbI
II nJIaHe HCTopWleCKHX HanJIaCTOBaHHH. C03,n:aBaJIHCb D. 6. Ha OCHO-
IIC Tpa,n:Hll.HOHHOH JIHpHKH, peaJIHCTWIeCKH OTpa2KaIOT ,n:eHcTBHTeJIb-
!lOCTb, cy,n:b6bI CBOHX repoeB.
DECH5I AJJ:bIXOJJ:HILLKA5I 6.- CM. JIecflfl OTXOaflUtteC1Wfl.
DECH5I AHTHKPEDOCTHHLJECKA5I p., DECH5I AHTbI-
DPblfOHHILLKA5I 6., DICH5I AHTHKPIDOCHI1LLbKA y.- Tep-
MHH, 06'be,n:HHHlOII.:(HH rro H,n:eHHo-TeMaTwlecKoMY rrpH3HaKY rreCHH,
H306pa2KarOII.:(He T5I}KeCTb no,n:HeBOJIbHOrO KpenOCTI-IOrO Tpy,n:a Kpe-
CTbHH H pa3JII1 L IHble cpOpMbI npOTeCTa rrpoTHB yrneTaTeJIeH-KperrocT-
HHKOB H Herrocpe,n:cTBeHHblx HCnOJIHHTeJIeH HX BOJIH - OT rrpOKJIHTHH
13 HX a,n:pec ,rr,o npH3bIBoB K cpH3wlecKoH pacnpaBe. Y2Ke ,n:opeBOJIIO-
ll.HOHHa5! OJIbKJIOpHCTHKa 06paTHJIa BHHMaHHe Ha 3TH npOH3Be,n:e-
HH5!, BbI,n:eJIIiB HX H3 rreceHHoro HaCJIe)J.HH. K 25-JIeTHIO OTMeHbI Kpe-
nOCTHoro npaBa D. B. llIeHH ony6JIHKOBaJI CTaTbIO «KpenOCTI-IOe
npaBO 13 Hapo,n:HbIX neCHHX» (PYCCKa5! cTapHHa, 1886, cpeBp., KH. 2),
13 .l!.BYX pa3,rr,eJIaX KOTOpOH c06paHbI neCHI!, PHcYIOII.:(He OTI-IOrneHHe
nOMeII.:(IIKOB K KpeCTb5!HaM Bo06II.:(e H K ,n:BOpOBbIM 13 OC06eHI-IOcTH.
D. a. BOCTOLIHbIX CJIaBHH 6bIJIH ony6JIHKOBaHbI H. JI. EpO,n:CKHM 13
C60pHHKe «K BOJIe: KpenocTHoe npaBo 13 Hapo,n:HoH n033HH» (M
1911), o,n:HaKO caM TepMHH BOrneJI B HaYLIHYlo JIHTepaTYPY 13 rrpe;
BoeHHble H nOCJIeBOeHHble ro,n:bI, Kor,n:a 13 cpOJIbKJIOpIICTHKe 3aMeTI-IOe
pacnpoCTpaHeI-IHe rrOJIYLHIJI COUHOJIOrWleCKHH no,n:xOA K H3yqaeMbIM
5!BJIeHHHM.
JJ:0 B03HHKHOBeHHH TepMHHa D. a. H napaJIJIeJIbHO C I-IHM ynoT-
pe6JIHJIHCb orrpe,n:eJIeHH5! «neCHH, H306pa2KaIOII.:(He TH2KeCTb KperrocT-
HI1qeCTBa», «rrecHH..O KpenocTHoH HeBOJIe» H T. n. OT60p neCeHI-IOrO
MaTepHaJIa no H,n:eI1HO-TeMaTwlecKoMY rrpHHll.Hny Hepe,n:KO npHBo,n:HT
K HapyrneHHIo 2KaHpOBbIX rpaHHll., BCJIe,n:CTBHe qero cpe,n:H TI. a. MbI
Haxo,n:HM H 06pH,n:oBble ecHH, 13 rrepBYIO Oqepe,n:b 2KaTBeHHble, H rrpo-
H3Be,n:eHHH He06pH,n:oBOH JIHpHKH, rrpoHHKHYTble COqYBcTBHeM K Kpe-
rrOCTHbIM H HeHaBHCTbIO K yrHeTaTeJI5!M.
J1I1T.: PycCKue rreCHU 113 c06paHH5I fl. VI. 5!KYlliKUHa. CI16., 1860; Kupee6-
I'!."flii Jl. B. 1918. LI. 1; HaHMlITcbKi Ta 6YPJIa bKi rricHi. 1975; CO iaJIbHO-rr06yTO-
IIi rricHi. 1985; Ca bIHJIbHa-6bITaBbIH rrecHi. 1987; JIeTp06cKaH r. A. EeJIoPYc-
"',lIe CO HaJIbHO-6blToBbIe rreCHU. MH., 1982.
C. H. rPH A,r. A. flETPOBCKAH
DICH5I «EIJIIJIbHHLLbKA» y.- YKpaHHCKHe rreCHH, HCrrOJI-
IIH('Mble BeCHOH npH 6eJIeHHH rrOJIOTHa H H3rOTOBJIeHHH «6iJIi»-
.I1"IIHHbIx HHTOK ,n:OMarnHerO npOH3BOACTBa 13 npH,rr,aHoe AeByrnKe.
,')Ta pa60Ta, Tpe60BaBrnaH BHHMaHHH H MaCTepCTBa H CBH,n:eTeJIbCT-
II()BaBrna5! 0 X03HHCTBeHHOCTH ,n:eByrnKH, BocneBaeTC5! 13 D. 6. B 60JIb-
!lllIHCTBe CBoeM D. 6. HMelOT JII060BHbIII xapaKTep, 13 HHX ,n:eByrnKH
"TapaJIHCb HanpOpOqHTb ce6e cY2KeHOrO no cepAll.Y, a TaK2Ke 6y,n:y-
1I1,\'e ceMeHHoe CLIaCTbe (<<OH TH, 6eJIe, 6eJIe Ta MaHeceHbKa», «OH
()j,IIHJIa )J.iBLIHI-IOHbKa 6iJIb, 6iJIb», «LJepe3 BO,n:II -,n:a H Ha CJI060-
}I,II!»). TIo TeMaTHKe H KOMrr03Hll.HH D. 6. 6JIH3KH BecHHHKaM (CM.).
J1I1T.: YKpalHcbKi HapO.ll:Hi rricHi 13 3arrucax 30piaHa .IJ:oJIeHnI-XOAaKoBcbKO-
'" I YrropH.lI:. O. .IJ:eH. I\UlB, 1974; YKpalHcbKi HapoAHi rricHi 13 3arrIIcax OCIma
I" (1)eJJ.opa EO.ll:HHCbKUX I Yrrop5lA. A. 5!ceHqYK. I\UlB, 1978.
K. n. KAEAllIHHKOB
E. /0. CfEEAH/OK
TIECH5I EYPJIALLKA5I p., 6., DICH5I EYPJIALLbKA y.- O,n:HH
II I BH,n:OB BHe06pH,n:oBOH COll.HaJIbHO-6bITOBOH JIHpHKH. B03HHKJIa 13
)II()XY cpeo,n:aJIH3Ma 13 CBH3H C n05!BJIeHHeM 6YPJIaqeCTBa. D. 6. oTpa-
II\:I.IIH rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M }K1I3Hb H TPY,n: 6YPJIaKOB - JIIo,n:eH, KOTopble
I'HIIYJIH BOJIOKOM npoTuB Te'IeHH5! rpy)!{eHbIe 6ap}KH. DecHHMH H PHT-
IV111'1eCKHMH BbIKpHKaMH 6YPJIaKH CTpeMHJIHCb 06JIerqHTb CBOH H3HY-
II IITl'JlbHbIH TPY,n:. D. 6. Ha3bIBaJIHCb TaK}Ke cTpyroBcKHMH. Cpe,n:H HHX
"(''1''' ueCHH JIHpWleCKHe, IOMOpHCTHqeCKHe (<<KaK rrOrnJIH HarnH 6yp-
,11:11\11», «Y2K TbI, XMeJIb, TbI, XMeJIb Ka3auKHH, npocToTa Harna 6yp-
,II;III,I\:I!» H ,n:p.). B 6eJIOPyccKOM H YKpaHHcKoM cpOJIbKJIOpe D. 6. H
(';I'I'I':lJume nOLITH He pa3JIWIaIOTCH no co,n:ep2KaHHIO (6YPJIaKaMH 13
I ;(',II:If)YCH Ha3bIBaJIH TaK2Ke HaeMHHKOB-6aTpaKOB, ce30HHbIX CeJIb-
"ldl'w:miicTBeHHbIX pa60 L IHX).
J1I1T.: YKpalHcbKa HapO.ll:Ha rrOeTH'lHa TBopqicTb. I\UlB, 1958; PycCKoe Ha-
pO.ll:Hoe rr031UqeCIWe TBOpqeCTBo. M.; J1., 1955. T. 2, KH. 1; EeJIapycKaH HapO,l(-
HaH BycHarra3TbIqHa51 TBOpqaC b. MH., 1967.
DECH5I EATPALLKA5I p., 6., DICH5I EATPALLbKA, HAfI-
MHTCbKA y.- BH,n: BHe06pH,n:oBOH COll.HaJIbHO-6bITOBOH JIHpHKH.
B03HHKJIa 13 3noxy cpeo,n:aJIH3Ma B CBH3H C npOll.eCCoM KJIaCCOBOro
paCCJIOeHHH 13 ,n:epeBHe H n05!BJIeHHeM HaeMH X pa60THHKOB H3 ca-
MbIX 6e,n:Hblx KpecTbHH. MaccoBoe pacnpocTpaHeHHe D. 6. nOJIyqHJIII
13 rrepHo,n: HHTeI-lCHBHOro pa3BHTHH KarrHTaJIH3Ma, KOTOpbIH 06YCJIOBHJI
eII.:(e 60JIbrnYlo rrpOJIeTapH3all.HIO KpecTbHH H BbI,n:eJIeI-IHe KJIaCCa CeJIb-
CKOH 6yp2Kya3HH, rnHpoKO rrOJIb3YlOII.:(eHCH HaeMI-IbIM Tpy,n:OM pa60T-
192
n
D. 6. C03AaBaJIHCb Ha OCHOBe rr03THKH TpaAHll.HOHHOll HapOAHOH
JIHpHKU; )J.JIH HHX xapaKTepHbI cpaBHeHH5! (MpaqHble KapnIHbI npI1-
pO,n:bI corrOCTaBJI5IIOTC5! C }KH3HblO 6YPJIaKa; BCTpelffieTCH H rrapaJI-
JIeJIH3M 13 3a'IHHaX neceH, He CB5!3aHHbIX C HX co,n:ep2KaHHeM). TeMa-
THKa, rr03TWleCKaH CTpYKTypa H xy,n:0)!{eCTBeHHa5! 06pa3HOCTb 6eJIo-
PYCCKHX H YKpaHHcKHx TI. 6. 80 MHorOM CXO}KH, XOTH 8 YKpaHHCKHX
rreCH5!X 60JIee pa3Ho06pa3Ha BapHaTHBHocTb.
J1I1T.: C060AeBC1wii A. H. BeJIUKoPyccKue HapOAHbIe rreCI-lH. CI16., 1900.
T. 6; llJA106cKi A. MaT3pbUlJIbI Aa BbIByq3HHH !jJaJIbKJIOpy i MOBbI Bi e6lliqbIHbI.
MH., 1927. LI. 1; I1ecHi 6eJIapYCKara Hap0.ll:a I CKJIaA. M. 5L rpbIH6JIaT. MH., 1940;
EaliU/i A. A. TpYAoBbIe apTeJILHbIe rreCHU II rrpurreBKu. M., 1971; HaHMuTCbKi Ta
3ap06inaHcbKi rricHi. 1975; JIeTp06c1WH r. A. EeJIOpyccKue COWIaJILHO-6bIToBbIe
rreCHU. MH., 1982.
r. A. JIETPOBCKAH
TIECH5I EJ-'PCAUKA5I p., 6., DICH5I EYPCAUbKA y.- rre-
ceHHoe TBOpqeCTBO 6ypcaKoB HJIH T. Ha3. 13 Hapo)J.e «MaH,n:piBHHX ,n:H-
KiB». Ha3BaHHe npOHCXO)J.HT aT 6YPCbI - 06II.:(e}KHTHH AJI5! 6e,n:HbIX
CTY)J.eHTOB 6paTCKHX rnKOJI, KHeBO-MorHJI5!HCKOH aKa,n:eMHH. Bo Bpe-
MH KaHHKYJI CTY)J.eHTbI rpynrraMH HJIH nOO)J.HHOLIKe pa36peAaJIHCb no
BceMY KpaIO 13 rrOHCKax 3apa60TKa Ha Y L le6y. MHorHe H3 HHX TaK H
He B03BpaII.:(aJIHCb 06paTHO, CTaHOBHJIHCb ce.TIbCKHMH yqHTeJIHMH
(,n:bHKaMH), CTpaHCTBYIOII.:(HMH yqHTeJIHMH-,n:bHKaMH. 3TO cBoe06pa3-
Hoe X02K)J.eHlle 13 Hapo,n: npH06peJIo 13 XVII B. oc06eHHO IllHpOKHe
MaCrnTa6bI. B TBopLleCTBe 6ypcaKoB opraHwlecKH COLleTaJIHCb 3HaHHH
rnKO.TIbHOH rrHHTHKH H Hapo,n:Horo TBOpqeCTBa. I1x BJIHHHHe Ha CPOJIbK-
JIOp YKpaHHbI KOHll.a XVI - cepe,n:. XVIII B. CLIHTaeTC5! 3HaLIHTeJIb-
HbIM. D. 6. - MaJIOH3Y L leHI-Ia5! 06JIaCTb Hapo)J.HoH KYJIbTypbI.
CM. TaK)!{e MaliapiBfli a5l1W.
J1HT.: )l(uTel{IWii Jl. MbICJIU 0 HapO.ll:HblX I\IaJIOpyCCKUX .lI:YMax. I\ueB, 1893.
C. B. MHllJAHHCf
DECH5I EbITOBA5I p., DECH5I EbITABA5I 6., TIICH5I 00-
EYTOBA y. TepMHH He HMeeT 'IeTKHX rpaHlIll.. HeKOTopble HCCJIe,n:o-
BaTeJIH (H. TI. KOJIrraKoBa) K TI. 6. OTHOC5!T KaJIeH,n:apHble, cBa,n:e6-
HbIe, HrpoBbIe, XOpOBo,n:Hble, nJIHCOB Ie, JIHpWleCKHe, rnYToLIHble H ca-
THpwlecKHe rreCHH, BbI,n:eJI5!H 13 3TOM maCCHBe qeTblpe rpyrrrrbI: 3aKJIH-
HaTeJIbHble, HrpoBble (CM.), BeJIHqaJIbHble (CM.) H JIHpWleCKHe (CM.).
COrJIaCHO ,n:pyroH TOqKe 3peHHH, TepMHH D. 6. OTHOCHTCH He CTOJIbKO
K 06PH,n:OBbIM, CKOJIbKO K nOBce)J.HeBHO HCnOJIHHeMbIM JII060BHbIM
(CM.), ceMeHHO-6bITOBbIM (CM.) H COUHaJIbHO-6bITOBbIM (CM.) rrec-
HHM.
J1HT.: KOAnWW6a fl. Jl. 1962.
JI. A. ACTACPbEBA
n
193
OECH5I BE.J1I1YA.J1bHA5I p., TIECH5I BE.J1IYA.J1bHA5I 6.,
I rrCH5I BE.J1I1LIAJIbHA y. AApecoBaHa orrpe,ll,eJIeHHoMY JIHll.Y H
lIanpaBJIeHa Ha era BOCX8aJIeHHe H B03BeJIHqeHHe. TI. B. reHeTHqeCKH
"BH3aHbI C 3aKJIHHaHHHMH H rrepBOHaLIaJIbHO rrpe,n:cTaBJIHJIH C060H
xBaJIe6Hble rreCHOneHH5! 13 LleCTb 602KeCTB, repoeB pOAa H T. ,n:. D03,'I,-
lice pHTyaJIbHO-ManlqeCKHe rreCHOneHH5! TpaHccpopMHpOBaJIHCb 13 rrec-
IITI BeJIWlaJIbHO-n03)J.paBHTeJIbHOrO xapaKTepa, OCHOBHoe Ha3HaqeHHe
I\OTOpbIX 3aKJIIOqaJIOCb 13 TOM, qT06bI rr02KeJIaTb 3)J.OpOBb5!, CqaCTbH,
o.TIarOrrOJIYLIH5!. HaH60JIee paHHHe 3amICH TI. B. OTHOCHTCH KO BTOpOH
1I0JI. XVIII B. IT. B. ny6JIHKaTOpaMH H HCCJIe)J.08aTeJIHMH 13 OC06bIH
,KaHp 06bILIHO He BbI,rr,eJIHJIHCb H OTHOCHJIHCb HMH K pa3JIWIHbIM
(IJOJIbKJIOpHO-3THorpacpH'IeCKHM ll.HKJIaM, LIaII.:(e K KaJIeH)J.apHoMy H
cBa,n:e6HOMY, OpraHHqHOH qaCTbIO KOTOpbIX D. B. H HBJIHlOTCH. Brrep-
Bble K8a.'lHcpHUI1pOBaJIa TI. B. KaK OT)J.eJIbHbIH MaHp H. D. KOJIrraKO-
na. YLleHble BbI)J.eJIHlOT D. B. KaJIeH,rr,apHo-06pHAoBble (KOJIH,lI,Hble,
IQe,n:poBcKHe, MaCJIeHHLIHble, BOJIoqe6Hble, TpOHll.KHe, 2KHHBHble); ce-
MeHHO-06p5!,n:08bIe (pO,n:HHHble, cBa,n:e6HbIe); HrpoBble (XOpOBOAHble,
I10,n:6JIIo)J.Hble, BbIOHHrnI-Ible). Pa3JIWIaIOTCH TI. B., aApeCOBaHHble o,n:-
J[OMY LleJIOBeKY (X03HHHY, X03HHKe, 2KeI-IHXY, HeBeCTe, CBaTY, KYMe
II rrp.) H 06II.:(I1e (ceMbe). T eCHble reI-IenI'IeCKHe H THnOJIOrn'IeCKHe
CB5!3H H CXO,n:CTBO CPYHKll.IIOHaJIbI-IOCTH KaJIeH,n:apHOH H ceMeHHo-06-
pH)J.OBOH rr033HH BOCTOqHbIX CJIaBHH 06YCJIOBHJIH HaJIHqHe MHorHX
06II.:(IIX LlepT 13 co,n:ep2KaHHH, rr03THKe, 06pa3I-IOH CHCTeMe TI. B. pa3-
I-IbIX THnOB. BMeCTe C TeM Me}K,n:y HHMH HMeIOTCH H orrpe,n:eJIeHHble
pa3JIWIHH. TaK, 13 KaJIeH,n:apHbIX TI. 13. npe06JIa,n:aeT 3eMJIe,n:eJIbqeCKaH
TeMaTHKa (rr02KeJIaHHH 60raToro ypO.iKaH, rrpIU1JIo,n:a CKOTY, rr03TH3a-
ll.HH 0PY,ll,HH TpYAa H T. A.), 13 ceMeHHblx H HrpoBblx - TeMbI JII06BH,
6paKa, ceMbH. TIpe,n:MeToM BeJIWlaHHH 13 KaJIeH,n:apI-IbIX TI. B. MorYT
6bITb aHTporrOMopcpHble 06pa3bI (KOJIH,n:a, MaCJIeHHll.a, CeMHK, KOCT-
pOMa H ,n:p.), qTO He CBOHCTBeHHO ceMeHHbIM H HrpOBbIM TI. B. Cne-
ll.HCPHKY 6eJIOPYCCKHX TI. B. COCTaBJIHIOT BOJIoqe6Hble H pO,n:HHHble Be-
JIHqaHHH, PYCCKHX - BbIOHHrnHble H MaCJIeHHLIHbIe. OCI-IOBHbIMH cno-
cu6aMH H rrpHeMaMH C03,n:aHHH 06pa30B 13 TI. B. HBJIHIOTCH rHnep60-
JIbI, 06paII.:(eHHH, MeTacpopbI, cpaBHeHHH, 3nHTeTbI, pa3JIHLIHble THnbI
nOBTopOB.
J1I1T.: KOAecca CPo 1938; KOAnww6a H. Jl. 1962; AHU/WH B. Jl. I\aJIeHAap-
lIaR U cBa.ll:e6HaH rr033IIH. M., 1970; rypcKuii A. H. 3UMHH5I rr033H5I 6e;'lOPycOB.
MH., 1970; KpycA06 /0. r. PyccKue 06pHAoBbie rreCHU. M" 1982; JJic A. C. Ba-
JIaq06HbUl rrecHi. MH., 1989.
T. K. THJIKOBA
l1ICH5I BEPEYHKOBA y.- CM. JIecflfl peKpYTC1Wfl.
DECH5I BECEHH5I5I p., TIECH5I BECHABA5I, B5ICHOBA5I
6., IUCH5I BECH5IHA, BECIHH5I y.- TepMHH, oXBaTbIBaIOII.:(HH
Bce I1eCHH BeceHHero ll.HKJIa. D. B. cOrrpOB02K,n:aloT OTHOCHTeJIbHO ca-
7. 3m'- 519
194
n
n
MOCTOHTeJIbHble, 3aBeprneHHble no cpopMe H co).:(ep2KaHHlO 06PHAbI,
npHypOLleHHble He Bo06II.:(e K BeceHHeH nope, a K ee OT).:(eJIbHbIM 3Ta-
naM, orrpe).:(eJI5IIOII.:(HM HaLIaJIO pa3HbIX CeJIbCKOX035!HCTheHHblx pa60T
,JJ:OMHHaHTHOH H,rr,eeti BeceHHHX 06PH).:(OB HBJIHeTCH H)J.eH B03po)K).:(e
HHH H 06HOBJIeHHH )KH3HeHHbIX CHJI, LITO C03).:(aeT }KH3Hepa).:(OCTHbIll
3MOll.HOHaJIbHbIH HaCTpOH TI. B. B COOTBeTCTBHH C 06pH)J.aMH BbI).:(e-
JI5IIOTCH neCHH-BeCHHHKH, BOJIo'Ie6Hble, BeJIHKO)J.Hble, IopbeBCKHe, HH-
KOJIbCKHe, TpOI1ll.KHe (c HX pa3HOBH).:(HOCTbIO - KYCTOBble), PycaJIb-
Hble (HJIH rpHHble). B nOCJIe)J.Hee BpeM5! HaMeTHJIaCb TeH,rr,eHll.HH BbI-
).:(eJIeHHH neceH, CB5!3aHHbIX C 06pH.).:(OJVI «noxopOH CTpeJIbI», HJIH «CY-
JIbI» (<<CTpe.'la», «CTpaJIa», «CTpIJIa»). HaH60JIee IIIHpOKO npe).:(-
CTaBJIeHbI y 6eJIOpYCOB, r,n:e COCTaBJI5IIOT pa3Ho06pa3HYIO B 2KaHpOBO-
TeMaTWleCKOM OTHorneHHH LlaCTb KaJIeH).:(a pHaro cpOJIbIWopa. EeJIo-
fYCCKHe D. B., ).:(OCTaT LIHO rrOJIHO coxpaHHlOT CJIe)J.bI Tex MHcpOJIOrH-
IeCKHX npe,rr,C1 aBJI !lHH, KOTopbIe YXO).:(HT KOpHHMH 13 rJIy60KYlO ).:(peB-
HOCTb. JJ:JIH PYCCKOI1 Tpa).:(HLI.HH xapaKTepHbI neCHH-BeCHHHIUI, IllHpOKO
npeACTaBJIeHbI TpOHll.KO-ceMHKCKHe, ).:(pyrHe 6bITYIOT 13 npHrpaHH'IHbIX
C EeJIapYCblO perHOHax. B YKpaHHCKOH cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKe 3THM Tep-
MHHOM ox; aTbIBaeTCH rnHpOKHH Kpyr neceH KaK 06pH)J.OBbIX (Bec-
HHHKH, rarBKH, pycaJIbHble), TaK H JIHpWleCKHX. CJIHHHHe, napaJIJIe-
JIH3M 06pH).:(OBoro H Bep6aJIbHOrO KOMrrOHeHTOB - xapaKTepHaH OCO-
6eHHOCTb 6eJIOpY CKoro BeceHHero ll.HKJIa. B TO 2Ke BpeMH TpaHCcpop-
Mall.HH 06PH).:(OBOH TpaAHUHH, YCHJIeHHe 3CTeTWleCKOro 3JIeMeHTa npH-
BO).:(HJIH K pacrnHpeH.HlO Kpyra neceH, npHMbIKaBrnHX K OCHOBHOMy
06pH).:(OBOMY 5!).:(PY. K TOMy )!{e O).:(Ha H3 rJIaBHbIX HAeIi BeceHHeH 06-
pHAHOCTH - H,n:e5I npo).:(OJI2KeHI15I pOAa - co).:(eHcTBOBaJIa npI1Coe).:(H-
He l1lO uK BeceHHeMY neceHHOMY ll.HKJIY npOH3Be)J.eHIIH JII060BHOH, ce-
,MeI1HOI1 TeMaTHKH, pacrnHpeHIIIO Kpyra 06pa3HOCTH, MeJIo,rr,HLleCKoro
.pa3Ho06pa3HH. .ILJIH 06pH).:(OBo-neceHHoro TBopLIeCTBa BeceHHero ll.HK-
JIa xapaKTepeH rrepexo)J. H3 O).:(HOH neceHHor pa3HOBH).:(HOCTH 13 ).:(py_
rYIO CJIOBeCHbIX CHMBOJIOB, MarrFleCKHX CPOPMYJI, 06pa30B (60raToro
yp02KaH, BeHKa 11 T. )J..).
Ka MYLIeHHKoB (9 MapTa), Ha EJIarOBeII.:(eHbe (25 MapTa). B YKpaHH-
CIWH TpaAl1ll.HH TepMHH OXBaTbIBaeT 60JIee rnHpoKHH .QHKJI neceH-
IJT paHHelI BeCHbI ,rr,o 3eJIeHbIX CB5!T (rrepexoAHoro 3Tarra aT BeceH-
lIero K JIeTHeMY UHKJIY) H BKJIlOLIaeT KaK 3aKJIWIKH H apxaWleCKHe
IIO CBoeH cynI XOpOBO).:(bI C rraHTOMHMOH, HrpaMH H TaHll.aMH, TaK H
()OJIee HOBbIe JIHpH'IeCKHe H rnYTJIHBble neCI-IH, I1cnOJII-I5IeMble I-ra npo-
TH2KeHHH BceH BeCHbI (CM. TaiBlw). HarreBbI HrpoBblx B. CTpOHTCH
IlpeHMYII.:(eCTBeHI-IO no npHHUHny M03aHLIHoro LlepeAoBaHHH HHTOHa-
JUWHHO-peLIeBblx noneBOK no THny cKaH).:(HpoBaHHH. HaneBbI TaHO'I-
JlLIX H xOpOBOLLHbIX BeCHHHOK rrO).:(LIlIHeHbI paBHoMepHoMy rnary HC-
JlOJIHHTeJIefI. JlUpHLIeCKHe B. TaK}Ke HMeIOT HeCKOJIbKO rpyrrnoBblx
lIaneBOB. HaH60JIee apxawlecKHe HaneBbI Ha6JIlO,rr,aIOTC5! 13 3aKJIHq-
IlbIX BeCHHHKax 30Hb! PYCCKo-YKpaHHCKO-6eJIopyccKoro TIOJIeCbH H
lIelwTopbIX IIrpoBblx C ceMH-, )J.eCHTI1CJI02KHbIM CTHXOM. EeJIOpyccKHe
If pyccKHe rrecHH, OTHOCHMble K B., MeJIOAHLleCKHMH xapaKTepHcTHKa-
MH H HcnO.1J:HeHHeM 6JIH3KH K ).:(peBHeHrnHM 3aKJIHHaHHHM-B03rJIaCaM,
J:bIKpHKaM, LITO CTaBHJIO HX 13 pH).:( pHTyaJIbHbIX MarWleCKHX )J.eHCTBHH
II n03BOJIHJIO HX HcnOJIHeHHe 130 BpeMH rrOCTa, Kor).:(a ApyrHe neCHH
IICTb 3anpeII.:(aJIOCb. B HeKOTopbIX MeCTax EeJIapYCH TaKHe rreCHH Ha-
::hIBaJIIICb «rraKJIiKaJIbHbIMi», «rYKaJIbHbIMi». B. C6JIH2KaIOTCH C
lopbeBCKHMH neCHHMH, 13 KOTOpbIX TO}Ke 3BYLlaT MOTI1BbI 3aMbIKaHH5!
:HIMbI, OTMbIKaHHH JIeTa, 3eMJIH, pOCbI.
CM. TaK2Ke lleCHfl eeceHHflfl H JIHT.
r. A. EAPTAIllEBHCf, JI. A. ECPPEMOBA, H. C. llIJ'MAp'A
DICH5I BE4EPI1H04HA5I, BE4EPI1HKOBA y.- CM. lleCHfl
f1oCUOe/lOIf.Hafl.
TIICH5I BIJJ:XIJJ:HI1LLbKA y.- CM. lleCHfl OTXOOHUlf.eCKafl.
TIECH5I BI-IEOEP5IJJ:OBA5I p') DECH5I TIA3AAEP AJJ:ABA5I,
<(.!\.I3bI-KA.nl», «Y .nIOEbI 4AC» 6.) DICH5I HEOEP5IJJ:OBA y.-
II('CI-IH pa3HoH }KaHpOBoH npHHa)J.JIe}KHOCTH H CPYHKll.HOHaJIbHOH npe)J.-
lIa:maqeHHOCTH, HCnOJIHeI-IHe KOTOpbIX He CB5J3aHO C KaJIeH)J.apHbIM
II.fIII ceMei1HbIM 06PH).:(OM.
D. B. 60raTa 13 TeMaTH'IeCKOM H }KaHpOBOM OTHorneHHU. 3,rr,eCb
!V10,iKHO Bbr.n:eJIHTb neCIIII JIHpIILlecKHe, TaHll.eBaJIbHble, rnYToLIHble,
1Il"f'OpH4eCKHe 11 6aJIJIa,ll,bI. TIpeHMYII.:(eCTBeHHO BHe06pH)J.OBbIM 5JBJIH-
(''('('51 )J.eTcKHH cpOJIbKJIOp, XOTb qaCTb 06PH).:(OBbIX rreceH HCrrOJIH5IeTC5!
JI.I'TbMII. I1cCJIe)J.OBaTeJIH BbI)J.eJIHlOT JII060BHble, ceMeHHO-6bITOBble,
f'lIIWaJIbHO-6bITOBble TI. B., cpe).:(H rrOC.'le,rr,HHX - rpynnbI COJI).:(aTCKHX,
h;I::all.KHX, LIYMaLI.KHX, 6ypJIall.KHX H ).:(pyrHx rreceH.
B3aHMOCB5J3H D. B. C 06pH,rr,OBOH rreCHeli CJI02KHbI H MHoro06pa3-
111>1. 4aCTO 13 06pHLLOBbIe KOMrrJIeKCbI BXO).:(HT rreCHH, He HMelOII.:(He
IIplI::II3KOB neceH 06p5I,lI,OBbIX, HO HX HCrrOJIHeHHe rrpHBH3aHO K onpe-
1 "'.II(,IIIIOMY KaJIeH)J.apHOMY nepHO).:(y (BeCHa, JIeTO, oceHb) HJIH K ce-
M(.ii IIhIM 06pH,rr,aM. B rry6JII1Ka.QHHX cpOJIbKJIOpa HX OTHOCHT K rreCHHM
JII1T.: AliWIKOB E. B. BeceHHHH 06p5lAOBa51 rrenlH Ha 3arra.ll:e II y CJIaB5IH.
CI1o., 1903. LI. 1; 19q5. LI. 2; KapcKuii E. CPo EeJIOPYCbI. 1916; O. I. p'eii. 3BU-
qatBo-06p5I,n:oBa. rrOC3l5I TpY.lI:OBoro POKY 1/ Irpu Ta rriclIi. 1963; C01W/l06a B. K.
1979; EapTaw861t{ r. A. EeJIapycKaH HapoAHaH rra33i51 BeCHaBora bIKJIa i CJIa-
B HcKaH !jJaJIbKJIOpHaH TpaJIbI bl5l. MH., 1985; llIYlita8a H. C. HeIwTopbIe qepTbI
OOmHOCTU B BeceHImx nrpax U XopOBO.ll:ax IO)KHbIX n BOCTO'IHbIX CJIaBHH II MaKe-
AOHCKn !jJOJIKJIOp. CKorrje, 1989. rOAHHa, XXII, 6poj 43.
r. A. EAPTAllIEBI1Cf
BECH5IHKA p., 6., y.-- O).:(Ha H3 pa3HoBH,rr,HocTeH BeCeHHI1X rre-
ce BOCTOLIHbIX CJIaBHH. B PYCCKOH H 6eJIOpyccKOH HapOAHo-necen-
,HOH TpaAHll.Hr: K B. OTnOCHTCH neCHH, KOTOpbIMH BCTpeLla.'lH, 3aKJIII-
KaJII1 (<<rYKaJII») BeCHY, LITO 06bILIHO HaqHHaJIOCb C 1 MapTa no CT. CT.
(13 )J.eHb EBAOKHH), Ha COpOKH (pyc.), CapaKi (6eJI.)- 13 AeHb copo-
, .
195
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I II
. II
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196
n
n
rrpHypOqeHHbIM (<<rrpbIMepKaBaHbI5I» - 6eJI.). B pH,n:e CJIyqaeB OAHH
H Te Me neCHH HCrrOJIHHIOTCH H KaK 06pHAOBble, H 13 JI1060e BpeMH. B
6eJIOpYCCKOH cpOJIbKJIOPHOH Tpa,rr,Hll.HH, r)J.e CHJIbH TeH)J.eHll.HH yrro-
pH,n:OqeHHH rreceHHoro MaTepHaJIa 13 ro,rr,OBOM H ceMeHHOM ll.HKJIaX,
D. B. 13 Hapo,n:HOM perrepTyape TaK2Ke rrpHBH3aHbI K KOI-IKpeTHOMY
BpeMeI-IH. Harrp., 6ece)J.Hble rreCHH, KOTopble pa3pernaeTCH rreTb 13 JIIO-
60e BpeM5!, B )J.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH HCrrOJIH5IIOTC5! Bce }Ke 13 COOTBeTCT-
BYlOII.:(eM HX xapaKTepy CJIyqae (<<y 3aqorr'i», «y rriBe», «y n'HHll.bI»,
OHH H3BeCTHbI KaK «KipMarnOBbI5I», «6aHKeTOBbI5I», «KapqOMHbI5I»,
«3aCTOJIbHbI5I» H T. rr.). ECJIH yqeCTb, LITO 3aCTOJIbe y CJIaBHH (,n:peB-
HHH Imp) - 3TO H LlaCTb 06pHAa, TO rreCIIH, CBH3aHHble C 3aCTOJIbeM
H BocrrpHHHMaeMble HaMH KaK BHe06pH)J.OBble, rro CYII.:(eCTBY reHeTH-
LleCKH CB5!3aHbI C 06P5IlJ.OM. BHe06pHAOBbIMH HBJI5IIOTCH «rrOCTOBble»
rreCHH, HCrrOJIHHeMble 13 BeJIHKHH rrOCT, «DeTpOBKY», «CrraCOBKY»,
«<DHJIHnrrOBKy», XOTH 3Ta rrpHypOLleHHOCTb TaK2Ke HarrOMHHaeT 06PH-
,rr,OBYIO.
"()'IeTaIOTCH C B03BeII.:(eHHeM BOCKpeceHHH XpHCTa (<<BHCHa KpaCHa
11:1 YBeCb CBeT!», «3HJIeHbI HBap Ky,n:paBbI!», «3HJIeHbI ca)J. BirnHeBbI»,
IlLIpBOHa p02Ka, 3HJIeH HBap, )J.y6paBa!» HAp. H «XpbICTOC BaCKpoc,
( :blI-I E02KbI!», «XpbICTOC BaCKpoc Ha YBeCb CBeT!», «AJIeJIIOH!» H ,rr,p.).
IlecIIH qaC'fO rrpe)J.BeII.:(aIOT qeJIOBeKY He06bILIHO pa,n:OCTI-Ible C06bITHH
I: ero ceMeHHOM 6bITY - 60raTCTBO, CBa)J.b6bI, 3)J.opOBbe H pa,n:OCTb,
YKperrJIHH YBepeHHOCTb rrpI!rreBOM-3aKJIHHaHHeM «HHxaH TaK 6y,n:3e!
B neCHHX BblcKa3bIBaeTC5J Ha,n:e2K)J.a H rrOIKeJIaHHe Ha CqaCTJIHBbIH
('OIl H BCTpeqy 13 HOBOM ro)J.y 13 3TY rropy.
D. B. HBJI5IIOTCH rJIaBHbIM 3JIeMeHTOM BOJIOLle6Horo 06p5J,n:a. YqaCT-
IlIlIm ero He rrpHMeH5IIOT MaCOK (13 OTJIWme aT KOJIH,n:OBII.:(HKOB), crre-
1I,llaJIbHOH aTpH6YTHKH, KOCTIOMOB. CYII.:(eCTBeHHbIMH 3JIeMeHTaMH
T:!K2Ke HBJIHlOTC5J. )J.apeHHe yqaCTHHKOB H HX 6JIaro,n:apeHIle H Harro-
MIIHaHHH a )J.apax (CM. Pa4ai).
J1I1T.: BaJIaqOOHbIH rrecHi. 1980; JIic A. C. BaJIaqOOHbl51 rrecHi. MH., 1989.
JI.M.COJIOBEfl
J1I1T.: KOAecca CPo 1938; KOAnaK06a fI. Jl. 1962; fleTpoBcKafi r. A. EeJIo-
PyccIme CO HaJILHO-ObiToBbIe rreCHU. MH., 1982; EeJIapycKa51 BycHarr33TbIqHaH
TBOpq3C b. MH., 1988.
JI. M. COJIOBEFf
TIECH5I BOCEHbCKA5I 6.- CM. JIecHR oceHHRR.
DECH5I BbIOHHllIHA5I p.- rreCHH, KOTOpbIMH 13 cy660TY HJIH
BocKpeceHbe rrepBoH rrOCJIerraCXaJIbHOH He)J.eJIH rr03)J.paBJIHJIH MOJIO-
jl.LIX cyrrpyroB, 06BeH'IaBrnHXCH rrporne)J.rneH 3HMOH. KaK H rrpH KOJIH-
JLOBaHHH, MOJIon.e2Kb (<<oKJIHKaJIbHHKH») XO)J.HJIa rro n.BopaM, rreJIa
MOJIO)J.bIM cyrrpyraM BeJIWlaJIbHble rreCHH H 3a HX HCrrOJIHeHHe Tpe60-
BaJIa rro)J.apKH. D. B. rreJIHCb pa3)J.eJIbHO MY2KY-BbIOHll.y H 2KeHe-BblO-
IIHll.e, a TaK2Ke HM 060HM. OCHoBHoe cO)J.ep2KaHHe TI. 13.- rr02KeJIaHHe
MOJIO)J.bIM CqaCTJIHBOH ceMeHHoH 2KH3HH. 06pa3 rHe3,n:a - CHMBOJI
ceMeHHoro CqaCTbH - HBJIHeTCH ll.eI-ITpaJIbHbIM 13 TI. B., BCTpeqaIOTCH
B HIIX H 06pa3bI cBa)J.e6HbIX rreceH.
B 6eJIOpYCCKOH H YKpaHHcKOIi cpOJIbKJIOpHOH Tpan.HlJ.,IUI rreCHII,
:I;J.peCOBaHHble MOJIO,n:bIM cyrrpyraM, rrpHypOqeHbI K MaCJIeHHll.e (<<rnH-
POKOMY LleTBepry») H COCTaBJIHlOT 'IaCTb MaCJIeHII'IHOrO ll.HKJIa.
GJIH3KH rro BpeMeHH H MaHepe I1CrrOJIHeHHH TI. B. YKpaHHCKHe PHH-
j 3HBKH (CM.).
J1In.: 3elitl{OBC1Wii H. H. 1970; Kpa6l{06 H. H., JIasYTuH C. r. PyccKoe YCT-
Hoe Hapo.n:Hoe TBOpqeCTBo. M., 1983.
TIECH5I B0.J10LIEEHA5I p., TIECH5I BA.J1ALIOEHA5I (BE.J1I-
KOJJ:HA5I) 6., DICH5I B0.J10LIEEHA y.- BeJIHLJaJIbHO-n03,n:paBH-
TeJIbHble rreCHH BeceHHero 06pHAOBoro 06xo)J.a )J.BOpOB, HcrrO.'1HHeMble
On.HH pa3 13 ron.y - Ha rrepBbIH )J.eHb rJIaBHoro xpHCTHaHCKoro npa3)J.-
HHKa DaCXH - BHJIiKan.HH (6eJI.). <DHKCHPYIOTCH Ha 60JIbrneH LlaCTH
3THHqeCKOH TeppHTopHH EeJIapycH H YKpaHHCKO-6eJIopyccKOM H 6e-
.10PYCCKO-PYCCKOM rrOrpaHHqbe. D. B. M02KHO paccMaTpHBaTb KaK
HOBorO)J.HHe rreCHH, rrOCKOJIbKY y MHorHX HHn.oeBporreHCKHx HapO)J.OB
HOBbIH ran. OTMeqaJICH 13 AeHb BeceHHero paBHo,n:eHcTBHH, 13 MOMeHT,
Korn.a rrpOHcxo,rr,HJI rroBopoT Ha TenJIbIH rrp0)J.YKTHBHbIH rrepHOA ro-
,n:a - JIeTO (<<TIecHH crreTa rrpoll.i JIeTa ...»). B cpaBHeHHH C 3HMHHMH
KOJIH,n:HbIMH H II.:(e,n:poBaJIbHbIMH rreCHHMH D. B. 60JIee n.eTaJIbHO H30-
6pa2KalOT pa60TbI CeJIbCKOX03HHcTBeHHoro rO)J.a, CMeHY 3aHHTHii H
KaJIeH,rr,apb rrpa3)J.HHKOB. 3HaqHTeJIbHbIH pa3)J.eJI TI. B. COCTaBJI5IIOT
rreCHlI, a)J.peCOBaHHble X03HHHY )J.OMa, Mr-rorHe LleTKO opHeHTHpOBaHbI
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c.ne,rr,YlOII.:(He: «BoJI 6yrnye - BHCHY LIye», «A BHCHa, BHCHa, qY2KbI5I
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J1ET.: rHaT10K B. ralBKU II MaTepiaJUI AO YKpalHcbKol eTHOJIoriL J1bBiB,
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rraiJ,HYIO YKpaHHY 13 XVIII CTO.'1eTUU. O.ll:ecca, 1845; I\OJ1HUB UHa 13 rreCH5IX II I\u-
eBCKaH cTapnHa. 1882. Ng 2; KYAaTWBCb1Wii B. M. HapoA rrpo raHAaMa LKuH
pyx II HTE. 1967. N2 2; Jl.eu O. I. I\OJliiB UHa 13 Hapo,!J:HiH TBOpqOCTi /1 I\OJliiB-
UHa: i\1aTepiaJIH IOUiJlei'lHol HaYKoBol cecii, rrpHCBHqeHOi 200-piqqIO rrOBCTaHH5I.
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,n:aeHo-06pH)J.OBoro cpOJIbKJIOpa. B 6eJIOPYCCKOH H YKpaHHCKOH Hapo)J.-
HOH Tpa)J.Hll.HH TI. 2K. 06'be)J.HHHJIHCb Ha3BaHHeM «JIeTO». TeMaTWle-
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HBJIHIOTCH MOTHBbI: }KaJI06a Ha TH2K JIbIH TPY)J. Ha HHBe, 6eccep,n:e'I-
Hoe OTHorneHHe K 2KHee BJIa,n:eJIbll.a rrOJIH, nOMeII.:(HKa, OTCYTCTBHe CO-
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co CTOpOHbI CBeKpOBH H CBeKpa, 06pa3bI KOTOpbIX pe3KO KOHTpaCTH-
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HH «OH TbI, C?Hll.a, COHeHKa», «Y2KO y rroJIi 3MHpKaeuua», «JJ:06PbI
Beqap, Cll.IO 3eHaH xaTKa» PYCCKHe neCHH «HHBKy 2KHTa 51 )J.02Ka-
JIa», «He IIOlI)J.eM MbI )J.OMOH»; YKpaHHCKaH «A B}Ke COHll.e 3ana)J.ae») .
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«nOCTall.b» - rrOJIOca, 3aHHMaeMaH }KHHll.eH Ha HHBe 130 BpeMH pa60-
TbI). OCHoBHaH cpopMa JIHpWleCKoro BblCKa3bIBaHHH - MOHOJIOr KO-
TOpbIH Hepe,rr,Ko rrepeXOAHT 13 ,n:HaJIOr. 06paII.:(aHCb K npHpo)J.HbIM 'CTH-
XHHM, Herrocpe)J.cTBeHHbIM CBH)J.eTeJIHM ee TH2KeJIoro Tpy,n:a Ha HHBe,-
COJIHUY, BeTpy, TY L Ja.;l\1, D. 2K. pacKpbIBaeT )J.YXOBHbIH MHp, rnHpoKYIO
raMMy rrepe2KHBaHHH 2KeHII.:(HHbI-KpecTbHHKH. YCJIOBHH 2KaTBbI Ha
6apCKoH HHBe, nO)],HeBOJIbHbIH TPY)], rr03BOJIHJIH D. 2K. HPKO Bocrrpo-
H3BeCTH COll.HaJIbHhIe OTHorneHHH. TI. 2K. .I1aKOHHLIHO H BMeCTe C TeM
peJIbecpH OqepLIHBaloT COll.HaJIbHYIO nCHXOJIOrHIO nOMeII.:(HKa Hero
CJIyr: BOliTa, Ha,n:CMOTpII.:(HKa (<<rrpbIraHHTara»), a TaK2Ke caMOllypCT-
130 yrrpaBJIHIOII.:(erO H 6YPMHCTPOB (6eJIOpYCCKHe H PYCCKHe BapHaH-
TbI rreCHH «3aKaTIIJIOCb }KapKOe COJIHll.e 3a TeMr-reHbKHll JIec»). B He-
KO OpbIX I}. 2K. Hapo)], npOKJIHHaeT rocno)J. (6eJIOpYCCKaH neCHH «13a-
)J.aH naHY Y )J.Ba pbI CTparnHa»). B D. 2K. Bblpa2KeHbI He TOJIbKO 2KaJI06bI
TPY u 2KeHHll.bI' u 2KHe u H Ha COll.HaJIbHYlO HecrrpaBe,rr,JIHBOCTb, COll.HaJIb-
HbIH II ceMeHHbIH rHeT, HO H qYBCTBO c06CTBeHHoro )J.OCTOlIHCTBa. B
n03THKe D. }K. KpOMe 06pa30B 2KHeH, X03HHHa, X03HHKH, nOMeII.:(HKa,
Ha)],CMOTpII.:(HKa, 06pa30B MaTepH, OTll.a, CBeKpOBH, CBeKpa 3HaLIHTeJIb-
HO MeCTO 3aHHMalOT 06pa3bI npHpO)J.bI, HHBbI, COJIHll.a, BeTpa, Be'Iep-
HeH 3apH, pOCbI, 06pa3bI rrTHll. H 2KHBOTHbIX, oc06eHHO rrepeneJIKH, ce-
JIe3H5!, Me,n:BellH. .lVleJIOAHH D. 2K. neLlaJIbHa, OHH HCrrOJIHHJIHCb 13 Me,rr,-
JIeHHOM TeMrre, HX HaneBbI-cpOPMYJIbI yCJI02KHHJIHCb MeJIo,rr,H'IeCKOH
opHaMeHTHKOH, MY3bIKaJIbHble .ppa3bI MOrJIH rrpepbIBaTbCH «rYKaHb-
eM». TepMHH TI. }K. LlaCTO 13 HayqHOH JIHTepaType H 13 cpOJIbKJIOpIIbIX
ny6JIIIKall.HHX pacnpOCTpaHHeTC5! Ha J?ce BHlI.bI 2KaTBeHI-IbIX rreceH.
"II,llaCTli. M., 1966; KpYTb /0. 3. XJIi60p06cbKa 06pH}lOBa rroe3iH CJIOB'51H. I\UlB,
I ')73; Mo eiiKO 3. H. I\aJIeHAapHo-rreCeHHa51 KYJILTypa EeJIopycclm. 1\'1H., 1985.
A. C. JIHC
DECH5I )I(EHCKA5I p., DECH5I )I(AHOLJA5I 6., DICH5I )I(I-
110LJA y.- JIHpWleCKHe neCHH, C03,n:aTeJIeM, OCHOBHbIM HOCHTeJIeM H
IICI10JIHHTeJIeM KOTOpbIX 5!BJIHJIHCb 2KeHII.:(HHbI. BCJIell 3a BYKOM Ka-
pall)!UlqeM, pa3,n:eJIHBrnHM neceHHbIH cpOJIbKJIOp r-rapo,n:OB IOrOCJIaBHH
11<1 IIeCHH 2KeHCKHe H IOHall.KHe, K nO)J.06HOMY ,n:eJIeHHIO 13 YKpaIIHCKOH
(j)OJIbKJIOpHCTHKe rrpH6er M. MaKCHMOBHq. B D. )!C OH 3aqHCJIHJI Ka-
.!IeH,rr,apHO- 1I ceMeHHo-06pH)J.OBbIe neceHHble 2KaHpbl, rreCHII 0 J1106BH
JI ceMeHHOH }KH3HH, rnYTOLIHble neCHH. 3Ta KJIaCCHcpHKall.HH He npH-
,KHJIaCb 13 YKpaHHCKOH cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKe, He nO.'lYLIHJI rnHpOKoro pac-
npOCTpaHeHH5I TepMIII-I TaIOKe 13 6eJIOPYCCKOH cpOJIbKJIOpHCTIIKe. B
PYCCK0I1 cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKe D. 2K. BbI)J.eJIHJIHCb B OC06ylO rpyrrrry JIH-
IHIKII (KJIaCCHqeCKUll C60PHHK H. M. .nonaTHHa H B. D. TIpOKyI-UIHa).
TepMHH coxpaHHeTCH 13 pa60Tax HeKOTopbIX COBpeMeHHblx cpOJIbKJIO-
j>HCTOB-MY3bIKOBe,n:OB.
J1I1T.: MaJIopoccHHCKHe rreCHU, U3AaHHble M. MaKCHMOBUqeM. lVt, 1827; JIo-
II11TUli H. M., n POKYliUli B. n. C60pHIIK PYCCKIIX Hapo;J:HbIX JIlIpHqeClmX rreceH.
M., 1889. LI. 1, OTA. 3; LI. 2, OTA. 3 (rrepeH3.l1:.: M., 1955); )KaHqblHa Y 6eJIapycKaH
lIapo}lHaH TBopqac i. MH., 1940; CPpaflKo I. /KiHOqa HeBOJIH B PYCbKIIX rricH5IX
HapO.ll:HUx II CPpaHKo I. 3i6p. TB.: Y 50 T. I\UIB, 1980. T, 26.
C. B. MHllIAHHCf
J1I1!-: Irpu Ta rriCHi. 1963; 3eMlf06c1Wii H. H. 1970; /KHiYHbI5I rrecHi. 1974;
Kapc1wu E. CPo EeJIOPycbI. 1916; 36aAbO 3. B. CO UaJIbHOe rrepeOCl\lbICJIeIme
JKHIIBHLIX rreceH EeJIOp c Koro. TIOJIeCb51 I( C3. 1934. .N2 4-5; H/taTa[j B. I. JIa-
.lI:aBa-MeJIaAbl'lHbI5I aCaOJIlBaCm 6eJIapycK!X JKHiYHblX rreceHb II EeJI. MaCTa TBa.
MH., 1 60; Jl ponn B. H. PyccKlie arpapHbIe rrpa3.l1:HHIm: OrrblT UCTOpHKo-3THorpa-
!jJnqeCKOrO IIcc.JIeAOBaHlIliH. JI., 1963; C6uT06a K. HapO.ll:Hble rreCHH Ep5lHCKOii
DICH5I )I(OBHIPCbKA y.- CM. fleCHR CO/laarC1WR.
TIECH5I 3A)I(HHOLJHA5I (rro JJ:amo - 3a2KHHBHaH) p., TIECH5I
.1A)I(bIHKABA5I 6., TIICH5I 3A)I\l1HKOBA y.- rreCHH, COrrpOB02K-
i aBrnHe HaLJaJIO 2KaTBeHHOH CTpa,n:bI - T. Ha3. 3a2KHHKH. 06pH)J. 3a-
iKIUIOK npe,n:rneCTBOBaJI caMOH 2KaTBe 11 HMeJI Marr-r'IeCKOe r-ra3HaqeHHe
::aKJIHHaHHH ,n:YXOB HHBbI C ll.eJIblO npHYMH02KHTb YPo}KaH. B Be-
,lIapYCH OH COBeprnaJICH 130 BTOpHHK, qeTBepr HJIH 'IaII.:(e Bcero 13 cy6-
()(ny K BeLlepy. Ha YKpaHI-Ie npeHMYII.:(ecTBeHHo 13 TIeTpoB lleHb. 3a-
iKIIHaJIa 06bILIHO X03HHKa C HeBeCTKaMH HJIH )J.OqepbMH. )I(HeH 6paJIH,
(' C060H 13 rrOJIe Kparoxy xJIe6a, Cblp, COJIb, CBeLIY. DPH)J.H Ha HHBY,
::) OpOBaJIHCb C HeH: «JJ:a6pbI)J.3eHb, r-riYKa, H)J.paHoe }KbITa, 51 K Ta6e
IIpbI{IrnJIa». HmKaB nepBbIH CHorr, 2KHHUa CTaBHJIa era Ha )KHHBbe co
(',1I0BaMH: «CTaymo CHon Ha CTO Kon, Ha TbICH'IY MepaK!» (6eJI.).
:bTeM, nOJI02KHB CHorr, nO)J.KJia,n:bIBaJIa no,rr, Hero npHHeceHHblfI 13
y,!l'JIKe xJIe6, Cblp, COJIb. C2KaB He60JIbrnOH YLlaCTOK p2KH, He 60JIbrne
'll'M rra O)],HY 6a6KY, H 1335113 C C060H nepBbIH 3a2KHHO'IHbIH CHon, }KHH-
11,1.1 e rreCHHMH OTrrpaBJI5!JIHCb )J.OMOH. CHon CTaBIIJIII 13 KpaCHOl'vl yrJIY,
:1 IIpIIH-eceHHble C HHBbI rrpo,rr,YKTbI ynoTpe6JIHJIH 3a y}KIIHOM 13 'IeCTb
;:;If'UIHOK. B YKpaHHCKHX TI. 3. 3BY'IHT rrOXBa.'la rrepBoMy HaLKaTOMY
1
204
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HaqaTb pa60TY «Ta H Y ,lI,06pHH qac».
D. 3. 13 06II.:(eH Macce 2KaTBeHI-IOrO ll.HKJIa HeMHoro. B HHX OTqeT-
JIHBO 3BY L IHT MOTHB 3aKJIHHaHHH yp02KaH. )KHell.bI 06paII.:(arOTCH K
COJIHUY, Eory, rrOJIIO C rrpocb60H a HHCrrOCJIaHHH Ha 6Y)J.YII.:(ee JIeTO
yp02KaH JIYLlrnero, qeM 13 TeKYII.:(eM ro,ll,Y. B TI. 3. rr03TWleCKH HpKO
OTpa2KeHbI BCTpeIJH 2KHeH C HHBOH, 06paII.:(eHHe K «X03HHHY rrOJIeBO-
MY», rrO)J.IJepKHYTa TOp2KeCTBeHHOCTb C06bITHH (<<CaM Ear 2KbITa 3a-
}Kay»). OTAeJIbHYlO rpyrrrry COCTaBJIHlOT D. 3. BeJIWIaJIbHble. BeJIWla-
lOTCH X03HHH, X03HHKa, y KOTOpOH «HiYKa pa)J.JIiBaH, pYLIKa rnqaCJIi-
BaH», KoeH rroceMY H HaLIHHaTb 3a2KHHKH. B O. 3. rr03TH3HpyeTcH
C03peBrna5J HHB8 (<<JJ:a y}KO 2KbITa rraJIaBee») C HaJIHTbIMH 3epHaMH
xJIe6a (<<JJ:OCbIll.b, )J.OCbIll.b H,lI,paHOMY 2KbITY y rroJIi CTaHui»). CJIblrn-
Ha 13 HHX 3a60Ta 3eMJIe)J.eJIbll.a 0 xoporneH rrorO,ll,e KaK a HerrpeMeHHOM
YCJIOBIIH ycrrernHoro c60pa xJIe6a (<<JJ:aH, E02Ka, rrarO,ll,aLIKY»). B
TI. 3. rrOJIYLIHJIH XY)J.O}KeCTBeHHoe rrepeOCMbICJIeHHe 06pa3bI xpHCTHaH-
CKOH MIIcpOJIOrmI OeTpa, I1JIbH, Crraca. HeKOTopble TI. 3. HOCHT 6e-
Ce,ll,HbIH xapaKTep, 'ITa CPYHKll.HOHaJIbHO 06YCJIOBJIeHO Hx HCrrOJIHeHHeM
13 TOp2KeCTBeHI-IOM BeqepHeM 3aCTOJIbe. D03TH'IeCKaH CHCTeMa D. 3.
BKJIIOlfaeT 3JleMeBTbI MH.pOJIOrHIJeCKOH H peaJIHCTHIJeCKOH rr03THKH.
MeJIO,ll,HH D. 3. HMeIOT rrpeHMYII.:(eCTBeHHO pHTyaJIbHO-3aKJIHHaTeJIb-
BbIH xapaKTep.
CM. JJecHR caTBeHHaR H JIHT.
IIpaKTHKOH, rrpeHMyII.:(eCTBeHHO BeceHHeH. OHH HJIH rrpe,ll,Bap5IIOT Hrpy
(narrp., 13 Hrpe «K06bIJIKa»), HJIH COrrpOB02K)J.aIOT Hrpy aT HaLlaJIa )J.O
l,oHQa (Harrp., 13 Hrpe «l-IaYIJH MeHH, MaTH», «5III.:(yp»).
HeKOTopble TI. H. orrHCbIBarOT pa3JIWIHble rrO.'leBble pa60TbI HJIH
1"0rrpOB02K)J.aIOTCH HMHTall.HeH HX (Harrp., 6eJIOpYCCKHe H pYCCKHe Ba-
pI!aHTbI neceH «TIoceHJIH )J.eBKH JIeH», «BeHCH, BeHC5J, KarrYCTKa»,
YKpaHHCKHe BapHaHTbI rreceH «.J1bOH», «OBec», «fpeLIKa»). O,ll,HaKO
()UJIbrnHHCTBO D. H. rrOCBHII.:(eHO TeMe JII06BH, 13 HHX Hepe,rr,KO pa3bI-
rpbIBaeTCH CBaTOBCTBO.
OeI-IOBI-IOH 3MOll.HOHaJlbHbIH TOH D. H.- MmKopHbIH. fJIaBHble re-
pOH - MOJIO)1.ell. H )J.eByrnKa, KaK rrpaBHJIO, H,lI,eaJIH3HpYIOTCH. TaK,
MO.'lO)J.eu Ba3bIBaeTCH 13 HHX KHH3eM, ll.apCKHM CbIHOM H KOpOJIeBHqeM.
o ,rr,eByrnKe rOBopHTCH, LITO aHa }KHBeT 13 «BbICOKOM TepeMe», XO,ll,HT
«BO BceM 30JIOTOM», y Bee «2KeM'IY2KHbIe cepbrH» H T. )J..
B KOMrr03IIll.HOHHOM OTHorneHHH D. H. MorYT 6bITb O,rr,HOLIJIeHHbIMH,
.I BYIJJIeI-IHbIMH H MHOrOLIJIeHHbIMH.
J1I1T.: POlita1i06 E. P. 1886. T. 1, Bblrr. 1-2; llIeiiH Jl. B. BeJIliKopyc. 1898.
I'. 1, BbIIJ. 1; Kupee6c1wii Jl. B. 1911. BbIII. 1; lrpu Ta rricHi. 1963; KOAnaTW6a
II. Jl. 1962; KpaBl{oB fI. /1., JIasYTUli C. r. Pycclwe YCTHoe HapoAHoe TBOpqeCT-
110. M., 1983.
C. r. JJA3J'T/1fI
A. C. JI/1C
TIECH5I I1CTOPI1LJECKA5I p., TIECH5I nCTAPbILJHA5I 6.,
I IICH5I ICTOPI1LJHA y.- 3nHqeCKaH, JIHp03rrWlecKaH HJIH JIHpHqe-
l'Ka5J neCHH 06 HCTOpH'IeCKOM cpaKTe (HHOr,ll,a a COBoKyrrHocTH HX)
IIJIH HCTOpnqeCKOM JIHll.e, a KOTOpbIX ,lI,OCTOBepHO H3BeCTHO H3 rrHCb-
MCI-IHbIX HCTopwlecKHx HCTOqHHKOB. D. H. oT06pa2KaeT Hapo)J.Hoe
IICTOpn'IeCKOe C03HaHHe, OT3bIBaHCb Ha Te HBJIeHH5J HCTOpHH Hapo)J.a,
KOTopble rrpOH3BeJIH rJIy60Koe BrreLlaTJIeHHe Ha HX Y'IaCTHHKoB H
npe,ll,CTaBHJIH HHTepec )J.J1H rrOCJIe)J.YIOII.:(HX rrOKOJIeHHH HCrrOJIHHTeJIeH
II CJIyrnaTeJIelI. Ho OT)J.eJIeHHe TI. H. aT ,lI,pyrHx rreceH 13 3Ha L IHTeJIb-
IIOH Mepe YCJlOBHO, TaK KaK rrHCbMeHHble HCTOLIHHKH a )J.peBHHx Bpe-
MCHax HerrOJIHbI HJIH Bo06II.:(e OTCYTCTBYIOT. ECTb CJIyIJaH, KOr,ll,a rrec-
III! rroBecTBYloT a C06bITHHX, BepoHTHO, HMeBrnHX MeCTO 13 HCTOpHH,
110 I1HCbMeHHO He 3aCBH,lI,eTeJIbCTBOBaHHbIX. 00 y6e2K,lI,eHHIO 60JIb-
IIIIIHCTBa HCCJIe,ll,OBaTeJIeH TI. H. He COCTaBJIHIOT O,ll,HOrO 2KaHpa, a
OTHOCHTCH K HeCKOJIbKHM HJIH )J.a2Ke MHorHM 2KaHpaM; xY,ll,02KeCTBeH-
lIue cpOpMbI HX BeCbMa pa3Ho06pa3HbI. Y BOCTOLIHbIX CJIaBHH caMble
paIIHHe H3 3aI1HCaHHbIX cpOJIbKJIOpHCTaMH TI. H. nOCBHII.:(eHbI C06bI-
TIIHM XIII-XIV 1313. Ho KOCBeHHble ,lI,aHHble H TeKCTbI, Borne)J.rnHe B
11;1 M5JTHIIKH cpe)J.HeBeKoBoH rrHCbMeHHOCTH, rr03BOJI5IIOT rrpe,ll,rrOJIaraTb,
'ITO TI. II. CYII.:(eCTBOBaJIH H 13 rrpe)J.rnecTByIOII.:(He CTOJIeTHH. PaCll.BeT
II. 1I. Y BOCTOLII-IOCJIaBHHCKHX HapO)J.OB OTHOCHTCH K XVI-XVIII 1313.
()()II aH, Han60JIee xapaKTepHaH qepTa Bcex pa3HoBH)J.HocTeH HX-
hOIlKpeTIIbIH HCTOpH3M. 00 3TOMy rrpH3HaKY TI. H. OTJIHLlarOTCH aT
<t'hl.llllfI, aT .-J.pyrHx KJIaCCHqeCKHX naMHTHHKOB repOWleCKoro 3I10ca.
TIECH5I 3ATIYCHA5I 6.- CM. JIecHR JvtaC/teHU'iHaR.
DICH5I 3APOEITLJAHCbKA y.- CM. JIeCHJl OTXOaHUtteCKaR.
3AC5IBA.J1KA 6., DOCfBAJIKA, DOCI10AJIKA, 3ACIBA.J1KA
y.- rreCHll 6JIarorrO}KeJIaTeJIbHOrO xapaKTepa, HCrrOJIHHeMble Ha Ee-
JIapYCH H YKpaHHe ,lI,eTbMH YTPOM HOBoro rO,ll,a (Ha BaCHJIHH) 130
BpeMH 06xo}J:a )J.BOpOB pO,rr,HbIX H coce)J.eH. 3TO KopoTeHbKHe MarWle-
CKO-3aKJIHHaTeJIbHble rrpHroBopbI, HcrrO.'lHHeMble peLIHTaTHBoM, co-
npOB02K)J.aJIHCb rrOCbmaHHeM ,rr,Bopa X035!HHa 3epHoM, KOTopoe OH rro-
TOM c6eperaJI )J.O BeceHHero ceBa. B 3. 2KeJIaJIH X03HeBaM CIJaCTbH,
6JIarOrrOJIyqHH, 60raToro 6Y)J.yII.:(ero yp02KaH (<<CeTa, ceTa, Ha HOBae
JIeTa», «BbIH)J.3i, 30pa L IKa», «5IK r3TbI rripa2KOK» - 6eJI.; «CiIO, BiIO,
nociBalo», «CiHCH, pO,ll,HCH, }KI1TO, rrrneHHll.H ...», «XO,rr,HTb IJIJIH Ha Ba-
CHJIH» - YKp.).
J1I1T.: I\0_Q5l.ll:KII Ta IHe.ll:piBKU I 3i6paB BOJIO.ll:UMHP rHaTIOK II ETHorpacp. 30.
J1bBiB, 1914. T. 36; I\OJIHAKU Ta Jl\eJI;piBKU. 1965; 3iMOBbI5I rreCHi. 1975.
E. /0. CfEEAH/OK
TIECH5I I1fPOBA5I p., DECH5I fY.J1bHEBA5I 6., TIICH5I If-
POBA y.- rreCHI1, HCrrOJIHHeMble B 6bICTpOM TeMrre 80 BpeMH pa3-
.I1H'IHbIX MOJIO)J.e}l{HbIX rrrp, reHeTWIeCKH CBH3aHHbIX C 06pH)J.OBOH
206
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<D. 11. EYCJlaeB, a oc06eHHO A. H. BeCeJIOBCKHH, B. <D. MHJIJIep) pac
ll.eHHBaJIH BOCTOLIHOCJIaB5!HCKHe paHHHe TI. H. KaK HCTOLIHHK repOWle'
CKoro 3rroca, KaK HaqaJIbHYIO CTa,n:HIO era 3BOJIlOll.HH. 3TO MHeHHe B
npHHll.HIle pa3,n:eJI5IIOT MHorHe rr03,n:HeHrnHe npe)J.CTaBHTeJIlI HCTOpHqe.
CKoro, HanpaBJIeHH5I 13 3rrOCOBe)J.eHHH. JJ:PyrHe IICCJIe)J.OBaTeJIlI YCMaT<
pHBaJIH 13 D. H. HOBbIH 3Tarr 13 OCMbICJIeHHH HapO)J.OM CBoelI HCTOpHH,
rrpHHll.HrrHaJlbHO OTJIHLIHbIll aT OCMbICJIeHHH, OTpa2KeHHOrO 6bIJIHHaMII
H ,lI,aTHpyeMoro nepHO)J.OM rrOCJIe TaTapO-MOHrOJIbCKOrO HarneCTBHH.
J1I1T.: EeJIapYCKi 3rrac. 1959; HCTOpUqeCKUe rreCHU XIII-XVI BeKOB I I13.l1:,
rrOArOT. E. H. TIYTUJIOB U E. M. .IJ:06POBOJIbCKUH. M.; J1., 1960; ICTopuqHi rricHL
1961; I1CTopUqeCKUe rreCHU XVII BeKa I I13A. rrONOT. O. E. AJIeKCeeBa, E. M.
.IJ:06pOBOJIbCKUii, J1. I1. EMeJIbHHOB, B. B. I\oprY3aJIOB, A. H. J103aHoBa, E. H.
I1YTHJIOB, J1. C. llleIITaeB. M., J1., 1966; I1cTOpUqeCKUe rreCHU XVIII BeKa I I13A.
rrO.ll:rOT. O. E. AJIeKCeeBa U J1. II. EMeJIb5lHoB. J1., 1971; I1CTopUqeClme nenm
XIX BeKa I I13A. rrO.ll:roT. J1. B. .IJ:oMaHoBcKHH, O. E. AJleKCeeBa, 3. C. J1HTBUH.
J1., 1973; MUAAep B. CPo OqepKU PYCCKOH HapO.ll:HOH CJIOBeCHOCTH. M.; J1., 1924.
T. 3; ICTOpHqHUH erroc CXi.ll:HUX CJIOB'HH. I\UIB, 1958; flYTUA06 E. H. PYCCKUH
HCTopuKo-neceHHbIH !jJOJIbKJIOp XIII-XVI BeKOB. M.; J1., 1960; C01WA06a B. .
PycC!me HCTOpUqeCKUe rreCHU XVI-XVIII 1313. ., 1960; MeA HuK B. M: ICTOplH
3aKapnaTTH 13 YCHUX HapoAHHx rrepeKa3ax Ta lCTOPUqHHX IIlCH5IX. JIbBlB, 1970;
EaAalU06 P. M. a pOAOBOH U BU.lI:OBOH CHCTeMaTH3a UU !jJOJIbKJIOpa II PI'!>. J1.,
1977. T. 17.
C. H. A3EEJIEB
TIECH51 KA3ALLKA5I p., 6., TIICH5I K03AUbKA y.- 06rnHp-
HbIIi ll.HKJI YKpaHHCKHx H 6eJIOpyccKHX cOll.HaJIbHO-6bITOBbIX neceH 0,
}KH3HII H noxo)J.ax, 0 HeJIerKOH cY)J.b6e, 6bITe BoeHHoro CO JIOBH5!,
)J.eHcTBoBaBrnero 13 YCJIOBHHX HallHOHaJIbHO-OCB060,n:HTeJIbHOH 60pb-
6bI. TI. K. Ha YKpaHHe B03HHKJIH H HaqaJIlI rnn:pOKO 6bITOBaTb 13
XVI-XVIII 1313., 130 BpeMeHa paCll.BeTa 3arrOp02KCKOrO Ka3a L leCTBa.
DpOBO)J.bI Ka3aKa 13 BOHCKO, COBeTbI MaTepH, paCCTaBaHHe C pO,n:HbIMH,
JI106HMOH AeByrnKoH, rrpHMeTbI a ,rr,aJIbHeHrneH cy,rr,b6e repOH, Tpy)J.-
HOCTH, rro,n:cTeperalOII.:(He Ka3aKa Ha nYTH 13 3arropmKbe, CJIYLJaHHoe
era nJIeHeHHe, rrpe6bIBaHHe 13 TeMHHll.e, B CTaHe BparoB, n06er H3
HeBOJIH, HeycTpoeHHocTb rrOXOAHoro 6bITa, TOCKa no pO,rr,HOMY KpalO"
O)J.HHOqeCTBO, CMepTb 13 nOJIe BAaJIeKe aT pO,n:HHbI - xapaKTepHble
MOTHBbI MHorHX rrpOH3BeAeI-IHH ,lI,aHHOrO llliKJIa. Oc060e MeCTO 13 ll.HK-
JIe D. K. 3aHHMaeT 06pa3 KOHH - BepHoro .n:Pyra Ka3aKa. 00 xapaK-
Tepy 06pa3HOCTII, 06II.:(eMY 3MOll.HOHaJIbHOMY 3ByqaHHIO MHorne TI. K.
6JIH3KII K rreCHHM JIHp,HLleCKHM 60raTCTBOM CHMBOJIHKH, pa3JUI'IHbIMlI.
BHAaMII napaJIJIeJIIi3M'a; 13 TO }Ke BpeM5I BocrrpOH3Bo,n:HMbIe HMH Kap-
THHbI Ka3all.KOrO 6bITa, BOHHCKoro OKpY}KeHHH, MOTHBbI repOHIm
pO)J.HHT D. K. C HCTOpHqeCKHMH rreCHHMH.
D. K. rnHpOKO H3BeCTHbI H 13 EeJIapYCH, qeMy HMeJIHCb COOTBeTCT-
BYIOII.:(He HCTOpHqeCKHe npe,ll,rrOCbIJIKH. HCCJIe,n:OBaTeJII-I BbI)J.eJIHIOT 13'
TI. K. CJIe,n:YIOII.:(He TeMaTH'IeCKHe rpyrrrrbI: YXo,n: Ka3aKa Ha CJIY2K6y H
Ha BOHHY; rrpOllJ;aHHe Ka3aKa C 2KeHOH, MaTepbIO, HeBeCTOH; Ka3aK 13
Cpa2KeHHHX; B03BpaII.:(eHHe HJIH CMepTb Ka3aKa 13 6010. BO' MHorHX
\ ,
n
207
1I1',1I0PYCCKHX BapHaHTax 3acpHKcHpoBaHa rreCI-I5I a Ka3aqbeM ecaYJIe
I [eCTope Mop03eHKo, Ira 13 60.lIbrnHHCTBe CBoeM TI. K. rrpe)J.CTaBJIeHbI
II I3eJIapycH JIHpWleCKIIMH npoH3Be,n:eHHHMII, npoLIHo CBH3aHHbIMH C
IHICTOLIHOCJIaB5II-ICKOH H MeCTHOH rreceHHbIMH Tpa)J.Hll.HHMH.
J1I1T.: IcTOPUqHi rricHi. 1961; I\03a bKi rriCHi. I\UlB, 1969; JIeTp06C1WJI r. A.
I il'JIOpyccKue CO UaJIbHO-6bITOBbIe rreCHU. MH., 1982.
IH.JI. EEPE30BCKHHj. K.JI. KAEAlllHHKOB
TIECHH KA3A Yb5I p.--- 13 pacrnHpHTeJIbHOM 3Ha L leHHH - rrecHH,
tlbITYIOII.:(lIe 13 Ka3a L lbeH cpe,n:e; 13 60JIee TOLIHOM H crrell.HaJlbHOM 3Ha-
'II'IIHH TepMIIH OTHOCHM JIHrnb K qaCTH 06rnHpHoro rreceHHoro perrep-
'J'yapa Ka3aqeCTBa - IY;-KCKIIM neCHHM BHernHero (BoeHHoro) 6bITa,
('o3,a,aHHbIM 13 Ka3aqbeI'r cpeAe (<<C.lIY2KHBCKaH», «rreCHH 13 cJIY}K6e»
II )J.p.). Pa3rpaHWleHI-Ie perrepTyapa rro CPYHKll.HOHHpOBar-IHIO 130
'BI-IeillHeM» H «BHYTperIHeM» (AOMarnHeM) 6bITY H Ha MY2KCKOH H
'KCHCKHH HB.'lHeTC5I crremlcplFIecKHM ,n:JIH Bcex rpyrrrr Ka3aqeCTBa.
II. K. no cO)J.epiKaHHIO BoeHlro--HCTOpHqeCKaH, OTpa}KarOII.:(a5! Ba2KHeH-
Illue C06bITHH Ka3a L lbeH HCTOpHH (BbI60pbI aTaMaHa, 2KaJIOBaHHe Ka-
;ilKaM ll.apCKOII rpaMoTbI, TlOpeMHoe 3aTO'IeHlie aTaMaHa, noxo)J.bI
II )J.p.), ,a,aTHpyeTcH rrpeHMyII.:(ecTBeI-IHO XVI-XIX 1313. 3Ha L IHTeJIeH
IUlaCT JIHpWleCKHx rreceH (THroTbI CJIY2K6bI, patleHHe, CMepTb, npoBo-
'l,hI II B03BlJaII.:(eHHe co CJ1Y2K6bI). B XIX-XX BE. 6bIJIH pacrreTbI CTH-
-..:([ Ka3a%HX Il03TOB (E. fpe6eHKH, A. TYPoBepoBa). D. K. KaK }KaHp
MY3bIKaJIbHO-rr03TwlecKHH pacrrpoCTpaHeHa rrpeHMyII.:(ecTBeHHo 13
pacneBHoH cpopMe (<<rrpoTH2h.HaH», «THrOBaH», «THrJIaH», «BOJIOBaH»,
BOJIOKOBaH»). PacrreBa TcH KaK aKll.eHTHpyeMble CJIOrH rreceHHoro
('TIIXa, TaK H MHOrOqnCJlerIHue /J,onOJIHIITeJIbHble BCTaBHble CJ'lOrH Ii
1'.1I0Ba; CJIOBO, Ha KOTopoe na,a,aeT CTHxuBoe y,ll,aperme, pa3pbIBaeTC5I
p:l.:neBOM H rroBTopoM CJIora. IV1HorocerMeHTHa5! MeJIo,rr,H'IeCKaH CTpO-
II)a no ypOBHIO pacneTo TH corrOCT3BHM<1 JIHrnb C MY CKOH Tpa)J.H-
!I,IIE'll HCnOJIHeHHH rrpOnUI\:HOH rreCFilI (qaCTO peKpYTcKOH) Ha PYCCKOIvI
(:l'sepe, BepxI-IeH BOJIre H 13 HeK010pbIX 06II.:(HHax cTapo06pH)J.ll.eB.
II. K. rrpHcYII.:(e co<reT3HHe BblcoKopa3BHToH KOIvII103Hll.IIH npOTH)!\:HOH
IIl'CI-III, reHeTll'ieCKH CBH3al!HOH C ,n:peBI-lepyccKo?i ll.epKoBHoH MOHO-
,'i,lldi, H aHreMHTOHHOH OCH0BbI HaneBa, pa3BlIBaeMoro MHOrOrOJIOCHO.
MaHepy HHToHHpoBaHHH Ka3a L leCTBa lO2KHbIX Tpa)J.Hll.HH ()J.OHCKyIO
"yoaHcKYlO, m:mO'IaH 'IepHOMOpll.eB-YKpailHll.eB rro rrpOHCXO)!{,lI,eHHIO)
,\dpaKTepH3yeT TalOKe CO'IeTa.i-Hle ,n:eKJIaMall.HOHHOro CTHJI5I O)J.HHOq-
lIoro 3aneBa II MeJlO)J.WIeCKOrG pacneBa rpyrrrroBoro rrO)J.XBaTa.
OpOT5IiKH2.H TI. K. ,rr,orrOJ1H5:!eTC51 «qaCToH» (<<13 KOHHOM H rrerneM
" rpmo»). 3TH ilBa BH)J.a CTpoeBbIX rreceH OTJIWlaIOTCH rro pHTl\IY (rro-
\()/Ulblil a';WIOp II CTpoeBOH mar), rrpIPleM CTpoeBble «rrernHe» rreCHH
11.1111::1\1[ IIJIH H.:r,eHTHLIHbI COJI,rr,aTCKHM. 06e cpOpMbI reHeTHLleCKII BOC-
(1/I,jIT K Tpa,a,H1UlOHHbIM :iKaHpaM, HCrrOJIHHeMbIM C ,n:SH1KeHHeM (XO-
l'OIH)Jl, IlJ1SJCKcl). Hepe)J.KO O,n:HH H Te 2Ke rr03TH'IeCKHe -reKCTbI pacnpo-
208
n
n
209
CTpalleIIbI B ,LLBYX cpOpMaX - npOTH2KHOH H 'IaCTof.L I10XO,LLHhle CTpO-
eBbie nCCHlI CcpOpMHpOBaJII-ICb He paHee XVIII B., KOr,LLa Ka3aJ.IeCTBO
ceJIO «Ha KOHb» H 13 rrOCJIerreTpOBCKYlO 3rroxy OKor-rqaTeJIbI-IO BOrnJIO 13
COCTaB Hppery:'mpHbIX BOHCK.
I1ponljima5i I1 qaCTaH IT. K. COCTaBJIHiOT H,LLpO perrepTyapa. 06II.:(-
HOCTb rreCCIIHO 'O perrepTyapa pa3JIH'IHbIX JIOKaJIbHbIX Tpa,LLIIll.HI1 He-
0,LLIInaKOB3 .- OOJlhrnaH B COCTaBe CTpoeBbIX 'IaCTbIX, MeHhrnaH 13
rrpOTH:tKHbIX. l\,eHee Bcero COBrraAaeT perrepTyap CTapbIX BCTBeii PYC-
CKOro K3.3aqeC1Ba --lI.OHCKOro, ypaJIbCKoro. Bce ApyrHe TpaAHll.HH,
BKJIlOqaH TepCKYiO H I-IeKpaCOBCKYiO, B Toii I1JIH HI-roH CTeIIeI-IH COOT-
HOCiIMbI C )J,OIll:KOH, rrOCKOJIbKY cyrn.eCTBOBaBrnHe K KOHUY XIX B. 12
Ka3aqbHX BOH-.'K qlOpMHpOBaJIHCb 'IaCTH'IHO 3a CqeT rrepeCeJIeHHH
,LLOHCKHX Ka33KOB.
Berne OOJ!1JlIIHX rrpeAeJIaX KOJIe6JIeTCH COCTaB 2KaHpOB ,iI,OMarnHe-
fa ObITOBoro m Hlm. 3IIlFleCKIIe 2KaHpbI Bce crn.e <lKTyaJIbIIbI II rrpe,LL-
CTaBJIeHbI 6bIJiHnaMH KHEBCKoro H HOBrOpOlI.CKOfO ll.HKJIOB, 3rrHqeCKH-
M11 rreCHmvm a 3BQJ5IX, 6aJIJIa,LLaMH, 13 TOM qHCJIe 06meCJlaBHHCKHJvlH.
XapaKTCp HH1OllIIpOBaHHH 13 rrpe,LLeJIax O,LLHOH Tpa,LLHll.HH M02KeT CO-
xpaHHTb CBH3L C ,LLeKJIaMall.HOHI-IOli M3HepOH. HJIIi pacrreBaTbCH 13 TH-
IUI'IHOli ,LLJUI K3.3aKOB rrpOTH2KHOH cpopMe.
PerrepTyap JlIIpH'-IeCKI1X 6bITOBbIX rreceH 13 OCHOBHOM cOBrraAaeT C
PYCCKOH, OTqaCTH C YKpaHHCKoi1 H 6eJIOpYCCKOH 6bITOBOH JIlipIIKOH.
JIHpHqeCKHe rreCHH H Aa2Ke pOMaHCbI H ApyrHe rreCHI1 JIl1TepaTYP-
I-Ioro rrpOHCX02K,LLCHHH rro cpopMe pacrreBa MorYT 6bITb THrrHLII-IO Ka-
3aqbHMH. CpeAH LIaCTbIX I-IerrpHypO'-IeHHbIX rreceI-I HaH60JIee cBoe06-
pa3I-IbI HCrrOJIH5-IeMbIe !Ion: rrJIHCKY B Kpyry. qacTb HX TeKCTOB Ka3aqb-
era rrpOHCX02K,LLeHHH. B I-IIIX coxpaHHeTCH THrrH'IHaH cpopMa Ka3a L IberO
MI-IOrOrOJIOCHOrO pacrreBa. HaH60JIbUlIIe paCX02KAeHI15I 13 rreceH-
HaM perrepTyape pa3JIlFIHbIX rpyrrrr Ka3a'IeCTBa 06HapY)KHBaiOTCH B
COCTaBe 2KaHpOB, rrpHypO'-IeHHbIX K KaJIeHAapI-IbIM H pOAOBbIM 06PH-
,LLaM. B 3HaqIUeJIbHOH CTerreI-IH 3TO orrpeAeJIHeTCH rrpHHaAJIe2KHOCTblO
KOHcpeCCI-IH - rrpaBOCJIaBHOH HJIH cTapo06pH,LL'-ICCKOH. 06mHMII ,LLJIH
Bcex rpyrrrr Ka3a'IeCTBa HBJIHiOTCH KaJIeH,LLapHO-rrpHypoqeHHbIe XOpO-
BO,LLbI 06II.:(eCJIaBHI-ICKOrO perrepTyapa H opHaMeHTaJIbHbIe XOpOBO)J.bI
(<<TaHOK», «KPY2KOK», «Kpyr», «TaMorna >, «KpbIJIm», B TOM 'IHCJIe c:
rrpHrrJIHCbIBaHHeM. 3HMHHe 06XO,LLHbIe rr03ApaBJIeHHH-BeJI11qaHHH
rrpe,LLCTaBJIeHbI 06II.:(eCJIaBHHCKHMH pe,LLaKll.HHMH (KOJIH,LLKH, II.:(e,LLpOB-
KII H OBceHH). B a3HaTCKOH , 'IaCTH I-Iepe,LLKH MYTall.HOHI-IbIe cpOpMbI
(COqeTaHHe rrpH3HaKOB pa3Hbl-IC_2KaHpOB 13 O,LLI-IOH rreCHe).
B cBa,LLe6HOM pllTyaJIe HaH60JIee Bblpa)!{eHbI 3aHMCTBOBaHHH H
aCClIMHJIHll.HH, 'ITa He BCer,LLa YCTaHOBHMO. ITpH KapaBalIHOM TIme
plITyaJIa cBoc06pa3Ha pOJIb BoeHHOH MY2KCKOH 06II.:(HI-IbI, 3aMern.aiO-
II.:(eH 13 pH,LLe 06pH,LLOB pOA.
PeqHTall.HH (KOJIbI6eJIbHbIe, rroTernKH, rreCTOBaJIbHble, rrpHqHTaHIUI
06 YMeprnHx, 'IacTyrnKH), KaK H ,LLyxoBHble rreCI-IOrreHII5I (CTHXH"
nCaJIhMbI), K rreceHHoMY 2KaHpy B Ka3a'-IbeH cpe,LLe He OTHOCHT.
CM. TaK2Ke flecflfl fW3at{fWfl.
J1HT.: C60pHIIK cYH2KeHCKIIX BOeHHbIX neceH TepcKoro BOHcKa I TIOJI02KUJI
11:\ qeTblpe rOJIoca TepcKlIH Ka3aK D. rpaHa.D:qIIKOB. CD6., 1876; DecHII Ky6aHcKux
".a3aKOB AJIH O.D:Horo rOJIoca II xopa C aKKOMrr. !jJ-rr. c06paHbi A. EIIrAaeM. M.,
H\96-1898. Bbm. 1-14; DecHII ypaJIbCKUX Ka3aKOB 13arr. A. U B. )KeJIe3HoBbJ.
(:116., 1899. XVII; EbIJIUHbl II rreCHU aCTpaxaHcKIIx Ka3aKOB. .IJ:JIH O.D:HopO.D:HOrO
xopa c06paJI II Ha HOTbl rrOJI02KUJI A. A. .IJ:oraAIIH I DOA pe.D:. H. C. I\JIeHOBcKoro.
I\npaxaHb, 1911. Bbm. 1-2; EapaHoB CPo H. TIenm OpeH6yprcKIfx Ka3aKOB C
lI;meBaMU: B 3 BbITI. OpeH6ypr, 1913. Bbm. 1-2; EeapUH B. CPo TIeCHu CU6UpCKUX
"aaaKOB. CD6., 1916. Bbm. 1; JIuCTonaa06 A. M. TIenm AOHCKUX Ka3aKOB. M.,
I !),J9-1954. T. 1-5; PyccKue HapO.D:HbIe rreCHU KaSaKOB-I-IeKpaCOB eB, 3arr. T. H.
(:OTHIIKOBbIM B 1946 r. M.; J1., 1950; HapO.D:HaH YCTHaH rr033UH .IJ:mJa. POCTOB-
lIa-.IJ:oHY, 1963; Ka6aH06 A. C. MHororoJIocue II pUTMuKa rrpOT5I2KHOH rreCHU .D:OH-
n,ux Ka3aKOB II TIp06JIeMbI B3aIIMoAeHcTBIIH caMo.D:eHTeJIbHOrO If rrpo!jJeccUOHaJIb-
lIoro xY.D:02KeCTBeHHoro TBOpqeCTBa. C6. Hayq. Tp. N2 110 HHH KYJIbTYPbl. M.,
1982; COBpeMeHHoe COCTOHHIIe Ka3aqbeH rreCeHHOH TpaAII IIu U rrp06JIeMbI ee
1I::yqeHIIH: Te3. Hayq. KOH!jJ. M., 1983.
T. C. PYJI.J1CfEHKO
DECH KAHAITJI HA ,KAHAITEJIbHA , KAHAITEJIbKA
()., KOHOITJI HA, K EEPYTb KOHOITJII y.- rrecHH, cOrrpOB02K-
J aiOII.:(aH y60PKY H 06pa60TKY KOHOrrJIH. ITa BpeMeHH HCrrOJIHeI-IHH
IlTHOCHTCH K OCeHI-IeMY rrepHoAY KaJIeHAapI-I0-06pHAOBoro cpOJIbKJIOpa,
X-OT5I C KOHKpeTHbIMH 06pH,LLaMH He CBH3aHa. EJIH3Ka K JIbHHHbIM rrec-
IIHM. COCTaBJIHeT cpeAH I-IHX He60JIbrnyiO rro)J.rpyrrrry. IT. K. rrpeHMY-
JIleCTBeHHO IQMOpI1CTHqeCKHe, BblCJvleI1BaiOT HepaAHBbIX, rrpOC aBJIHlOT
TPY,LLOJIi06HBbIX X03HeK (<<Eepy, 6epy KOI-rorreJI e'-I KY», «qY2Kl 2KOHKH
JWHOrrCJIbKH 6epYTb», «TepI-IHLIKa, TepHH'IKa HI-Ie Tpe» - YKp.). OT-
) CJIbHbIe IT. K. HMeiOT JIHpWIeCKHH xapaKTep, rrepeAaiOT rrepe2KHBa-
111151 MOJIO,LLOH ,LLeByrnKH 13 KaHYH ee 3aMy2KeCTBa (<<lllTo 2K BbI, KaI-Ia-
I1CJIbKi, HC3HJIeHbI cTaiu.e?», «lllTo 2K TbI, KaI-IarreJIbKa, rnTO 2K Tbl 3e-
.1I 1HeHbKa?» - 6eJI.). B EeJIapYCH IT. K. 6bITYlOT rrpeHMyrn.eCTBeHHO 13
lorO-BoCTOqHOM perHOl-Ie.
CM. TaK2Ke flecflfl oceHflflfl.
J1HT.: HapoAHble IOlIUlopycCKue rreCHU I I13.D:. AMBpOCUH MeTJIIfHcKoro. I\ueB,
IR54; FpUH'lefIKO E. JI.. 3THorpa!jJUqeCKUe MaTepUaJIbl, c06paHHble. B. LIeptmrOB-
nWH If coce.D:HUX C Hei'I ry6epHIIHx. LIepHuroB, 1899. T. 3; BOCeHbCKIH 1 TaJIOqHblH
necHi. 1981.
E. 10, CfEEAHIOK
KAHT p., 6., y. (JIaT. cantus - rreHHe, rreCI-I5I) - CTapHI-IHaH MI-ro-
1'Ill'0JIOCHaH rreCHH HcrrOJIl-IHBrnaHCH 6e3 MY3bIKaJIbI-roro corrpoBo2KAe-
11m!. Ha YKparme'H B EeJIapycH nOJIY'-IHJI p3cnpoCTpaHcHHe 13 XVI-
XVIII BB., 13 POCCIH1 - B XVII-XVIII BB. CTaHOBJIeHHe K. CBH3aI-ro
\. UaIJJ10I-IaJIbHO-OCB060AllTeJIbHOH 60Pb60H, pa3Me2KeBaI-IHeM CBeT-
\'I\oii H ll.epKOBHoH KYJIbTYP, T. e. C rrpOll.eCCOM ceKYJIHpH3aurm HCKYC-
1''I'lIa, BbIABIDKelIHeM JIHqHOCTHoro HaqaJIa 13 xY)J.02KeCTBeI-IHoM TBOp-
'1l'l'TBe. I1cTOqHHKaMH K. HBJIHJIHCb eBporreHcKaH ,LLeMOKpaTHqCCKaH
1I\'l'IIH, AyxOBHbIe CTHXH, ll.epKoBI-roe H 3HaMeHHoe rreI-IHe, I-IapO,LLI-IO-rre-
, ,
210
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n
211
ceHHoe TBOp'IeCTBO. ABTopaMH H HCrrOJIHliTeJIHMH K. rrepBOHaqaJIbHO
HBJIHJIHCb rreBll.bI I.:(epKOBHbIX XOpOB, yqliTeJIH rreHHH 6paTCKHX rnKOJI,
CTY,LLeHTbI KOJIJIerHYMOB H KHeBO-MorHJIHHCKOH aKa,LLeMHH, «MaH,LLpO-
BaHi ,LL5IKH», rr032Ke - K063apH H JIlipHHKH, MaCTepOBble, COJI,LLaTbI,
IlIHpOKHe TPY,LLOBble MaCCbI. Cpe,LLH aBTopOB 6bIJIH H H3BeCTHble n03-
TbI (JJ:. POCTOBCKHH, <D. ITpoKorroBW1, C. 5IBOpCKHH H ,LLp.). B K.
npe06JIaAaeT cHJIJIa6I-F1eCIWe H cHJIJIa60-TOHH'IeCKOe CTHXOCJI02KeHHe,
CTpocpa - rneCTHCTpOqHaH (abcdcd), KOJIlF1eCTBO CJIOrOB - 12 HJIH
14. PeJIlirH03Hble ClO2KeTbI rrOCTerreHHO BbITeCHHJIHCb CBeTCKHMH
MOTHBaMH, a BCKope (oc06eHHo 13 rOpO,LLCKOH cpe,LLe) rr05IBHJIHCb K.
JIHpnqeCKHe, 3 a3,LLpaBHble, TaHll.eBaJIbHo-rnYTO'IHble, rraHenipHqeCKHe
«BHBaTbU>, 3aCTOJIbHble, rraCTOpaJIbHble, rrapO,LLHIIHbIe H ,LLp. C03,LLaH-
Hble TaJIaHTJIHBbIMII COqHHlUeJIHMH, COqeTalOU.:(IIMH B ce6e lI.apOBaUHe
rr03Ta H KOMn03IiTOpa, K. CTaHOBHJIHCb ,LLOCTOHHHeM rnHpOKHX CJIOeB
06II.:(eCTBa, cpOJIbKJIOpH30BaJIHCb H OKa3bIBaJIH 60JIbrnOe BJIHHHHe Ha
HapOAHYlO rreCHlO. K. HBJIHJIHCb 06H3aTeJIbI-IOH 'IaCTblO TeaTpaJIbHbIX
rrpe,LLCTaBJIeHI1H H B OC06eHlIOCTlI caMara AeMOKpaTHL1eCKoro H3 HIIX _
HapoAHoro BepTerra. ITepBbIe neqaTHbIe H3,LLaHHH K. C MY3bIKOH no-
HBHJIHCb 13 1750-e rO,LLbI (<<Me2KAY ,LLeJIOM 6e3,LLeJIbe» f. H. TerrJIOBa),
60JIbrnaH HX 'IaCTb COXpaHHJIaCb 13 PYKorrHCHbIX C60pHHKax.
eHH5I HOCHT JIOKaJIbHbIH xapaKTep), 06P5IAO-
n:IH (caM 06p5I,LL YKparn 'bIHOCOM era 13 KJIeTb HJIH KOMOPY, ,LLe-
1;I,ll' J eiicTBH5I, CBH3aHHble C B aKOHH3MOM YCTOH'IHBOCTblO CO-
'wllue KapaBaH. IT. K. OTJIHL1alOTCH JI ,
"\'p)KaHHH H cpOpMbI.
. . . . 1982 T 1 2' DaJIecKae
. 1981 T 2' BeClJIbHl mCHl. .."
,nET.: BHCeJIJIe. DecHl. ." U MH 1984' Kapc/wii E. CPo EeJIOPycb :
">lI"l'JIJIe/YKJIa}J:. i P3}J:. B. A. 3axap a ue UCTOIJIlH 6eJIOPYCCKOi1 cBa}J:e6Ho
I 'l l Ii' H UKO/lbCKUii H. M. flPOIICXO A blX CJIaB cr H ' O qe p KII T p a}J:II I10HHOU
' , 8' 3 aljJIIH BOCTOqH " . .. .
<I"PHAHOCTU. MH., 194, THorp B K BeciJILHi 3Bblqal Ta 06P5lAH Ha YKpanil.
"YJIf,rypbI. M., 1987; EopuceHlw . .
I'.IITH, 1988. T. K. THJlKOBA
':
C. B. MHllJAHHCf
ITECH5I KAPAfOJJ:HA5I 6.- CM. fleCHJl XOp0600flaR..
, KAJIbIXAHKA, JIIOJI5IlllbI 6.,
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6 neTCKOH KOJIbI eJIb u
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II,l'.lIblO - YCbIrrHTb pe6eHKa. 16eJIH npocTOTOH cO,LLep2KaHHH H KOM-
'l'l'lV!ne H pHTMe KaqaHHH, KOJIb BeA aH YTHJIHTapHO-6bITOBaH CPYHK-
Ilo:mll.HH, 3aHHMaTe bHoCTb aTeJI HOH H 3CTeTI-F1eCKOH. 113 IT., K.
II,IIH HX ,LLOnOJIHHeTCH Bocrr OK 2KalOU.:(eM MHpe, YCBaI1BaeT OCO-
I Il'6eHOK rrOJIYL1aeT cBeAeHH5I 06 PY 01 ' 0 0 3bI Ka rrOCTHraeT oc06eH-
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l'o.1IbKO oc06eHHOCTHMH HaI:o)J.HO ' ;IKll yqHTbIBalOII.:(HMH rrCHXHqe-
II Tpe60BaHHHMH HapoAHOH rre,LL e a3 HTlle ,LLeTeH pa3HbIX B03pa-
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(''1'013. ITa npOI1CX02K)J.eHHlO. HCPOJIOrI1qeCKHX rrpeACTaBJIe-
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Illlii (06pa3bI CHa, JJ:P;Mbl, OK 6 p eroB" MH rlle TeKCTbI HeCYT CJIe-
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B IT. K. BbI,LLeJIHlOTCH rreCHH-H OMrr03Hll.HOHlIO pa3JIl-r'IalOTCH
YCTOBTIHBbIM TpaAHll.HOHHbIM TeKCTOM. K ITP HC Y TTTHe IT. K. rrpHneBbI
. , 1 nHaJIOrHL1eCKHe......... ..
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I d3alO-6aH», «JIlOJIl -JIlOJIeI-I:K : T KaL1aHH , BblTIOJIHHlOT pa3HYlO
'l'OIIHOCTb H pa3MepeHHOCTb I.:(OBKOH CBH3YlOII.:(HM 3JIeMeHTOM
I'0Jib. OHlI MorYT 6blTb 3a Im e :aTeJIbH , a TaK2Ke BbIcTyrraTb B
tll'lI11 rreceH, liCnOJIHHeMbIX rr )J. Ll IT K X a p aKTe p Ha nepCOHllcpH-
, HbIX noneBOK JIH . .,
pOJIH caMOCTOHTeJIb u OK. 2KalOU.:(ero MHpa, Ha,LLeJIeHHe 2KH-
1\:Il(II5I rrpe,LLMeTOB H 5IBJIeHHH P )J.eH Iv\HorHe IT. K. HMelOT AH,LLaK-
IIOTlIbIX qepTaMH H KaL1eCTBaMII JI .
TIl'lCCKHII xapaKTep. 6bITyeT 13 CPYHKll.HH IT. K.
B YKpaI-IHCIWH TpaAlIll.HlI YCTO O H'I 6 H b B IT O OB bl X rreceH 6aJIJIa)J..
" 6 B bIX COll.HaJIbH - ,
I'\I) ceMeHHO- bITO ' IT HaH60JIee xapaKTepeH 'IeTbl-
JJ:JIH pIITI'vIlF1eCKoH' CTPYKTypbI . K.
J1ET.: cpuHaeiiseli H. OqepKU no UCTOpUU pa3BHTH5I MY3bmH 13 POCCUU C
ApeBHeHlliUX BpeMeH }J:O KOHua XVIII Be](a. M.; J1., 1928. T. 1; 1929. T. 2; JIu6a-
H06a T. A. PyccKaH MY3bmaJIbHaH "YJIbTypa XVIII B. 13 CBH3HX C JIUTepaTypOH,
TeaTpOM II 6bITOM. M., 1952. T. 1; Ke/iBblUi 10. B. PyccKaH MY3bma XVIII BeKa.
M., 1965; KOcTIOK06el{ JI. CPo I\aHTOBa51 "YJIbTypa 13 EeJIOpycCtIll. MH., 1975;
Op/l06a E. a Tpa}J:u IIHx KaHTa 13 PYCCKOH MY3bme /1 TeOpeTIIqeCKUe Ha6JIIOAe-
HUH Ha}J: UCTopIIeH MY3bII<H. M., 1978; /6'leliKO JI. B. YKpalHcbKHH KaHT i Hapo}J:-
Ha nicHH 1/ I-HE. 1988. N 3; ICTopiH YKpalHcbKol MY3UKII. KHlB, 1989. T. 1; Y](_
paiHcbKUiI KaHT XVI-XVIII CTOJIiTb. I\UlB, 1990.
ITECH5I KAPABATIHA5I p., 6., ITICH5I KOPOBATIHA y. CO-
CTaBJIHeT 3HaqHTeJIbHYlO H xapaKTepHYlO 'IaCTb cBaAe6Horo CPOJIbK-
JlOpa, cOrrpOB02KlI.aeT 06PH,LL npHrOTOBJIeHHH KapaBaH, TeCHO CBH3aHa
C HIIM CPYHKll.HOHaJIbI-IO H TeMaTI-F1eCKH. B 2KaHpOBOM OTHOrneHI1H cpe-
,LLH IT. K. M02KHO BbIlI.eJIHTb 3aKJIHHaTeJIbHble, BeJIl1qaJIbHbIe, lOMOPH-
CTH'IeCKHe. J],JIH HIIX xapaKTepHbI 'IeTKaH ,LLHcpcpepeHI.:(Uall.HH B paM-
Kax 06pH,LLa, Marr-F1eClmH, 3aKJIHHaTeJIbI-IbIH CMbICJI. IT. K. BblTIOJIHHlOT
pluyaJIbHYlO CPYHKI.:(HlO H 13 OCHOBHOM KOMMeHTHpYlOT ,LLeIICTBHe Ha
Bcex 3Tarrax KapaBaHI-IOrO 06p5!,LLa. B mIX oT06pa)KeH TPY,LLOBOH H
06II.:(eCTBeHHbII1 6bIT KpeCTbHHHHa, era 3CTeTH'IeCKHe H,LLeaJIbI. IT. K.
cBoikTBeHHO HaJIHLIHe MHorHX apXaHqeCKHX MHcpOJIOrH'leCKI1X qepT,
oc06eHHO 3TO KacaeTCH TIeCeH-3aKJIHHaHHH. EOJIbrnHHCTBO IT. K. no-
CBHII.:(eHO npOll.eccy npHrOTOB,,'leHHH KapaBaH, era BOCXBaJIeHHlO, a
TaK}Ke KapaBaHHliIJ,aM, MaTepH MOJIO,LLOH, ,LLpyrHM yqaCTHITKaM 06PH-
)J.a (KOJIW1eCTBO H COCTaB yqaCTHHKOB perJIaMeHTHpyeTCH MecTHoli
Tpa,LLHI.:(HeH). B OT,LLeJIbHblX rreCHHX H306pa2KalOTCH YKparneJ-IHe Kapa-
I
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212
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DECH5I KOPI1JIbHA5I p., TIECH5I JJ:AKOPJIIBA5I 6., DEPE-
i\OPI1 y.- 2KaHp 06pHAOBOH rr033HH BOCTOqHbIX CJIaBHH. I1crrOJIHH-
.!I:lCb npH COBeprneHliH ceMeHHblx H KaJIeHAapHbIx 06PHAOB, rrpeHrvry-
1I l'CTBeHlIO BeCeHHe-JIeTHeI'O ll.HKJIa, a TaK2Ke 130 BpervrH XOpOBO)J.OB H
IIrp. Ol.LHaKO TepMHH IT. K. 13 PYCCKOH cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHqeCKOH JIliTepa-
Type ynoTpe6JIHeTC51 60JIbrneH qaCTblO rrpHMeHliTeJIbHO K cBa)J.e6I-Iblrvr
1Il'\.HHM. B 6eJIOpYCCKHX H YKpaHHCKHX HCCJIe)J.OBaHHHX no cBaAe6-
IIOH 06pHAHOCTH H cpOJIbKJIOpy HapHAY C PYCCKHM TepMHHoM «KO-
pIIJIbHaH rreCI-I5I» HCnOJIb3YiOTCH TepMHI-IbI: ryrvrapbICTblqHaH, )KapToy-
lIaH, ,LLaKapaJIbHaH (6eJI.); ryrvropHcTHLIHa, 2KapTiBJIHBa, nepeKoplI,
lIepe,LLHpKH (YKp.) _ D. K., MarHqeCKHe no CBoeH CYII.:(HOCTH, BXOAHJIH
B 06pHA «Ha npaBax MHHMoro 3aKJIHHaHHH H rrpOKJIHTH5I Tervr, KTO
llJ],eT rrpOTllB BOJIH rvrHcpwlecKHx nOKpOBliTeJIeH ceMbH, pO,LLa - nJIervreHlU>
(E. D. AHl1KHI-I). <DYHKIlJIOHaJIbHaH I-IarrpaBJIeHHOCTb D. K. no rvrepe
',YTpaTbI MarHqeCKO-3aKJIHHaTeJIbH0I1 nepBOOCHOBbI 06pH)J.a H3MeHH-
JlaCb. OHH rrpeBpaII.:(aJIHCb 13 neCHH rnYTO'IHO-CaTHpHqeCKOrO cO)J.ep-
}KaHHH, B KOTOpbIX BbIcrvreHBaJIHCb yqaCTHHKH 06pH,LLa, B OTJIH'IHe aT
) pyrHx 06pHAOBbIX rreceH B COAep2KaHHH D. K. KaKHe-JIH60 KOHKpeT-
llble pHTyaJIbI-Ible AeHCTBHH OTpa2KeHHH He HarnJIH. fJIaBHbIH 06'beKT
IlX H306pa2KeHHH - 'IeJIOBeK. B IT. K. Bblpa2KaJIOCb OTpHQaTeJIbHOe
OTHorneHHe K TaKHM JIlO)J.CKHrvr rropOKaM, KaK nbHHCTBO, 2Ka)J.HOCTb,
./leHb, 06MaH, XBaCTOBCTBO H T. )J.. Ha cBaAb6e D. K. MOI'.TIH HCnOJI-
I15ITbCH B HaKa3aHHe KOrvrY-JIH60 H3 cBaAe6HbIX qHI-IOB HJIH rOCTeH,
OTKa3aBrneMYCH aT yrrJIaTbl 3a 06paII.:(eHHOe K HeMY BeJIH'IaHHe. Xop
lleBeCTbI H Xop 2KeI-IHXa qaCTO YCTpaHBaJIH rreceHHble nepe6paHKH,
r)J.e 3ByqaJIH IT. K. CPPHBOJIbI-IOrO cO)J.ep2KaHHH ('I'. I-Ia3. 6paXJliBbI5I).
OCHOBHble rro:,)THqeCKHe rrpHeMbI c03AaHlIH KOMH'IeCKO-CaTHpHqeCKHX
06pa30B IT. K.- rpOTeCK, HpOI-II15I, OKCiOMOpOH H ,LLp.
peXCTonHbIll xo p eH C' U U
C6JIl12KaeT 0 ' yceqeHI-IO:1 HJIH rrOJIHOH qeTBepTOH CTorrOH. 3TO
H nOHHTHOH.' K_ C pa3rOBopHOlI pe'IblO, )J.eJIaeT ee 60JIee AocTynHoH
JU1T.: BeTYX06 A. HapO.ll:HbIe KOJIbI6eJIbHbie M
PYCCKIIe HapO.ll:HbIe nOCJIOBU bI, norOBO rreCHlI.., 189 ; AliUKUIi B. JI.
1957' Ea p TaUl36i'l r A B PKU, 3ara.ll:KII U JJ:e1CKUU !jJOJIbKJIO p M
M ' . . eplliaBaHbl5I >KaH p bI 6eJIa p . . .,
H., 1976' MapTNH06a A H a YCKara JJ:31UHqara !jJaJIbKJIOPY
ceH.f/ C3: 1976. N 4; jJ,O liOKrr T BKJIaCcu'P.uKa u!, PYCCKU.X KOJIbI6eJIbHbiX rre
BaHl >KaHpu. I\UlB, 1981; MeJlbliU 06 . .t';KP}]1HCbKUU JJ: THqUII !jJ?JIbKJIOP: BiplliO-
1987. . . PYCCKUII JJ:eTCKUU !jJOJIbKJIOp. M.,
ITECH5I KOJI5IJJ:HA5I p., TIECH5I KAJI5IJJ:HA5I 6
'ece : B ;:JI AaPHO-06PH,LLOBOrO (CM.), 06 t t
,LLOBaHHH. HaH60JIee y TOH : e2K . CB TO'IHbIH 06PH,LL KOJIH-
CJIaBHH _ KOJIH)J.a KOJIH Ka" ,. a II.:(He )J.JI5! BOCTO'IHbIX
YKp.- II.:(eApiBKa.' 6eJI ' Pyc.-:- OBceHb (CM.), BI1HOrpa,LLbe (crvr.);
JIH,LLHOI'O erre' . rnqa)J.poYKa, rnqO)J.pbIK (CM.). OCHOBY KO-
: :I b I{ : O K 6 JI I C;:::bH ;O ;:pa e )JIca ; : e'IH ; I
, b qHO HMeiOII.:(He rrOCTOHHHblH cp
p H: HC K 'H pa rr C O H C O JIe 3e Ka2K,LL0 , H CTP O OKH (<<KOJIH)J.ab>, «OBEe e Hb1:,H, « :
- JIeHoe.» «H !T a U E ,' C
HAp.). " i--'o H 02Ke.»,« BHTbI Beqap!»
II.:(eC eC::b :I:,LL :; HHarrpaBJIeHHOCTH KOJIHAKH MorYT 6bITb 06-
pOBaHH" bIMH BceMY AOrvry, HJIH 'IeTKO Crrell.HaJIH3H-
CKHH» ; ) rro JIHll.aM: rreCHlI ,LLJI X03HHHa H X03HHKH (<<I'ocrro,LLap-
U ' rreCHH ,LLJIH HX )J.eTeH (<<MOJIOAe2KHbIH» ll.HKJI ) ClO2K
HbIH COCTaB KOJIH,LLOK rrepBo U , . eT-
C X03HHcTBeHHblrvr H ceMeHH:I Pl ;o : MOTHBb CBH3aHHble
;:= b ; B : H arorr02KeJI,aHHIMH. 3 H rv I
Bap aHTaMH rr:ceH, HBJIHe;c "3 :)J. : 1 : K 'IHCJIeHHblrvrH
HapO,LLHoH Tpa,LLHll.HH KOJIHn:HbIMH Ha3bIBalOTCH H .
OqHbIe rreCHH: KopoTKHe rr03,LLpaBHTeJIbHbIe «3aceBaJIK Y 0 ::-
Mble npH HOBOrO,LLHeM 06cbmaHHH 3epHOM. ,LLeTCKHe rrece KH co -
: rn..He rrpocb6bI On:apHTb; rreCHH, cOrrpOB 2K,LLalOII.:(He 06XOn: I «:
OH», KYMYJIHTHBHble rreceHKH BorrpocHo-oTBeTHoH CT
peJIl1I'H03Hble neCHH a p02K,LLeHI1H X p HCT a I x He ' PYKTypbI;
, KOTopble D.pyrHe.
JU1T.: I\OJIH.lI:I<H Ta eApiBKu 1965' 3'
3UMHUH rrepuo.ll:. 1957; Kl OitKili 0 ,1MO bI rrecHi. 1975;. If.U'lep06 B. If.
cyqacHicTb. I\UlB, 1978' rf/,;cKUll A . J. j-IOBOPlqHl CBHTa YKpa1H 1B: TpaJJ:u ii i
XIX-XX BB. MH., 1980; BUli02paiJ06 JlU 51H rr033UH 6eJIOPycoB: I10 3arrUCHM
rraJJ:HblX U BOCTOqHbIX CJIaBHH" reHe3U C II . . 3UMH5IH KaJIeH.lI:apHaH rr033UH 3a-
. TUrrOJIOm51 KOJIHJJ:OBaHU5I. M., 1982.
JI. H. BlfHOrPAjJ,OBA
J1I1T.: Irpu Ta rricHi. 1963; )KapTiBJIUBi rricHi. 1967; PaJJ:3hIHaH rra33iH. 1971;
i[(apTOYHblH rreclIi. 1974; BecHaBblH neCHi. 1979; J1ipbIKa 6eJIapycKara BHCeJIJIH I
YKJIaA. i p3JJ:. H. C. [iJIeBiqa. MH., 1979; BeciJIbHi ninIi, 1982. T. 1-2; I\yrraJIb-
('KiH i rrHTpoycKiH rrecHi. 1985; AHUKUIi B. JI. I\aJIeHAapHaH U cBaJJ:e6HaH n03-
:;1151. M., 1970; KOJlnaK06a H. Jl. J1upuKa PYCCKOH cBaJJ:L6'bi. M., 1973; KpycJl06
fO. r. PyccKlIe 06pHJJ:oBble rrecHU. M., 1982.
T. K. THJIKOBA
DECH5I KOCAPCKA5I p., DECH5I TIAKOCHA5I, KACEll.-
KA5I, CEHAKOCHA5I 6., TIICH5I KOCAPCbKA y. corrpoBo2KAa-
t'T KOCOBHQY, y60PKY TpaB: KOCb6y, cyrnKY H BbIB03KY ceHa. TI. K.
('oCTaBJIHlOT He60JIbrnylO rpyrrrry rreceH JIeTHeI'O ll.HKJIa KaJIeH)J.apHO-
<lGpHAoBoro cpOJIbKJIOpa. ITepeAalOT aTMoccpepy KOCOBHll.bI, }KeJIaHHe
l\peCTbHHHHa 6bICTpee CnpaiJ3H'TbCH C pa60TOH iHa JIyry. B frreCI-IHX
lIocrr0BaeTCH TPY)J. K'OCa'peH, HX CIIJIa .II CHopOBKa (<<Ka.capbI KOCHll.b,
IIeI ep rraBHBae», «TIaKaciJIi )Tce ropbI i )J.aJIiHbI» - 6eJI.):, a TaK2Ke
Bl'JIiHqalOTCH II.:(e)J.pble H pa60THII.:(He :N03HHH H X03HHKa (<<OH 'IHl TO
I\ocapi...», «Ham rraHO'IKY MOJIO)J.HH, 3a rrOKOCI-I 3aBeAH...», «011,
214
n
n
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XOAHJIH Kocapi...» - YKp.). B rreCI-IHX HarnJIH OTpmKe:I-IHe 2KaJI06a
Ha I-IeJIeI'I<JIll TPY)J. KocapH (<<Y 6aJIoll.e KaCell. IwciI.:(b» - 6eJI.), Ha-
peKaHHe Ha 6apIIHa-KperrOCTI-IIiKa (<<OH, 60KaM, XMapaqKa, 60KaM»-
6eJI.). BapHaH'TbI OTAeJIblHbIX H3 3THX rreceH nMelOT lOMOpHCTBTle-
CKiIIH OTTenOK. TeMaTHKa IT. K. BKJIiOLIaeT JI1060BHbIe MOTHBbI B
TOM qHCJIe 3JIerWleCKHe (<<BeTpbIK Bee, COHeIiKa rp3e >, «8H, )J.a' BbI-
cOKiH y rroJIi TpaBbI», «COXHe, B5II-Ie ;La TpaBa rraAKarnO'HaH» -
6eJI.) .
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J(:lIe H lliI-IHBHble rreCHH), rrecHH, corrpoBOlKAalOII.:(He ceMeHHO-6bI'W-
Hble 06PH)J.bI (cBa)J.e6HbIe rreCHH H noxopoHHble npHqHTaHHH), a TaK2Ke
IIJIHCOBble rrCCHIL K XVI B. cpOJIbKJIOpHCTbI OTHOCHT B03HHKHO-
BeHHe He06pH,lI;OBbIX rrpOTH2KHbIX neceI-!. I1x .ooAep2KaHHe rrpeHMY-
II CCTBeHHO 6bIToBoe. C XVIII B. B TI. K. rr'P'0HHKaI-OT COll.HaJIb.Hble
(aI-ITH6apCKHe H aHTHKJIepHKaJIbI-IbIe) MOTHBbI. B cepeA. XIX B.
IlpeHMYII.:(eCTBeHI-IO 'B KpecTb5IoHcKOH cpeAe B03HHKaeT HO'BbIH rreCeI-I-
IIbIi1 2Kar-rp - 'IacTymKa.
CM. TaK2Ke n eCt-lfl H JIII'T.
J1I1T.: Irpu Ta nicHi. 1963; )KHiYHbI5I rrecHi. 1974; KaJIeHJ(apIl0-06pHAoBa
rroe3iH. 1987; BHHOK 6eJIapycKix HapoAHbIx lIeCeHb I 3arr. Y. ParoBiqa. MH., 1988.
A. C. .'IHC, E. 10. CfEEAH10K
C. r. JIA3YTlfH
DECH5I KPECTI1JIbHA5I p., TIECI-I5I XP3CbEIHHA5I, P A-
JJ:3IHHA5I 6., ITICH5I XPECTI1JIbHA y.- OAHH H3 OCHOBI-IbIX
}KaHpOB ceMelir-ro-06pHAoBoro cpOJIbKJIOpa. D. K. OOpraHIPIeCKH 'BXO-
AHT B pO;LHHHbII-\: 06PH)J., Ha3Bar-rHe rrOJIyqHJIH aT 3aCTOJIbHDrO TOp-
2KeCTBa, KOTopoe rrpOBOAHJIOCb B LleCTb KpeII.:(eHIIH HOBOpo?KAem-IOro.
XopornD COXpa'HHJIHCb Y 6eJIOPYCOB. Cpe;LH IT. K. BbIAeJIHlOTCH: Be-
JIIIqaJIbHble rreCHlI, 113 KOTOpbIX BOCCJIaBJIHeTCH p02KeI-IIIll.a, OTeu. pe-
6eHKa, 6a6Ka, KYMa, KYM, BbICKa3bIBalOTCH rr02KeJIaHHH CqaCTbH
HOBOp02KAeH'I-IOMY; iOMOpHCTH'IeCKHe rreCI-UI C JIerKiOH I-IaCMernKOH
Ha)J. yqaCTHHKaMII KpeCTI-IH - KYMOM H KYMOH, 6a6KoiI, OTll.OM pe-
6eHKa; 6eceAHble rreCI-IH, HCill00JIHHBrnHeCH 130 rBpeMH 3aCTOJIbHOrO
1'Op)!{eCTBa no ,CJIYLIalO KpeCTIIH, TeMaTHqeCKII CBH3aHHble C yrOII.:(e-
HHeM yqacTHHKOB 'TOp2KeCT'Ba (AJIH HHX xapaKTepa-IO np'OI-IIFleCKoe
BOCXBaJIeHHe II.:(e)J.pOCTlI X03HeB, BbICMeI1BaHIie BbIIIHBOX, HepHX Ii
T. rr.). OCHOBHble 06PH)J.bI, corrpOB02KAaBrnHe KpeII.:(emle pe6eHKa, II
BXOAHII.:(He 13 HHX rreCHII AaBHO YTpaTHJIH CBoii CaKpaJIbHbIII xapaKTep,
MarH'IeCKYlO CPYHK HlO, KOTOpyiO OHIi BbIIIOJI'I-IHJIH 13 AaJIeKOM rrpGrn-
JIOM.
«KPYTYXA», «KPYUEJIKA», «M5IUEJIIUA > 6.- HapoAHble
lIa3Ba'HHH HeKoTopbIX 6eJIOpyccKHX TaHll.eB H cOrrpOOB02K)J.aiOU.:(Hx .HX
IIl'CeI-IOK-rrpHneBoK. Ha3Ba l HHH 06'bHCHHiOTCH OC06eI-II-IOCTHMH HaiH-
IJOJIee xapaKTepHblx )J.BH2KeHHH 3THX TaHll.eB: BpaII.:(eHHe «MJIbIH-
I\OM >, «BipKGM» - 'CTOHU.:(HMII 'pHAOM, 1-100 JIHll.aMH 13 rrpOTHBOnOJI02K-
110M HarrpaBJIeHI1H (<<HaMiTY'Cb », H B3HBrnHMHCH rro)J. PYKY; rrepe-
I\pyqHBa'HHe nap IC 06MeHOM rrapTHepaMH; TaHll.bI no Kpyry napaMH
(; O.lIlHOM HarrpaBJIeJHHH, rrOTOM 13 .rr:pyroM 1I Ap. R.. Ha3blrBaJIH rrOJIbKY,
,'JIHBOHixy» H .D.p. K.-rrpIlIIe'BKH HMelOT H'PKO Bblpa2KeHI-Ib!H Ta"HI.:(e-
BaJIbHbIH xapaKTep, OTJIHqaiOTCH IOMOp'IICTH'IeCKIIM BeCeJIbIM COAep-
Il\aHHeM, HMelOT 'IeTKYlO pHTMWleCKYlO CTPYKTYPY, 06YCJIOBJIeHHYiO
OOHOBHbIM CPYUKI.:(HOHaJIbHbIM 'Ha3Ha'IeHHeM. B ceBepHbIX paHOHax
I;CJIapYCH 1I3BeCTHa pa3HoBHAHrOCTb K.- «AaJIHBaH KpYTyxa».
J1h:T.: PYCCKUH !jJOJIbKJIOp 13 J1uTBe I I1ccJIeA. II ,rry6JIUKa UH H. K MI-lTpo-
IIOJIbCKOH. BIIJIbHIOC, 1975; MaKawuHa T. C. I'!>OJILIWOP U 06PHJ(bI PYCCKOro Ha-
""JleHIlH J1aTraJIuu. M., 1979; EeJIapycKaH I-wpoJ(Ha51 iI-lCTpYMeHTaJIbHa51 MY3bIKa I
CI,JlaA. I. .IJ:3. Ha3iHa. MH., 1989; Pederowski M. 1960. T. 6.
JI. M. COJIOBEf1
J1I1T.: CYlitl{06 H. a CJIaBHHCKUX HapO.ll:HblX B033PCI-lUHX Ha 1I0BOpOLKAeHI-lO-
ro pe6eHKa II )KMHll. 1880. LI. 212; KapcKuii E. CPo BeJIopyCbl. 1916; PaJ(3iHHaH
rra33iH. 1971; Fa6pU/l10K H. K. I\apTorpa!jJIIpoBaHile HBJIeHlIII J(YXOBHOii KYJIbTYPbI
no 1WTepUaJIaM pOJ(UJIbHOH 06PHAHOCTU YKpauH eB. I\ueB, 1981; CfucT06 K. B.
CeMellHbIe 06PH)J:bl U 06PHJ(OBbIH !jJOJIbKJIOp II 3ulOrpa!jJuH BOCTOqHhIX CJIaBHH.
M., 1987.
A. C. CPEllOClfK
«KPYTYXA JJ:AJI5IBA5I» 6.- PycCKaH xopoBOAr-raH rreCHH, 3a-
IleeeHHa51 Ha TeppI1Top,HiO EeJIapycIi rrepeCeJIeHll.aMH-'CTapoo6pHA-
II,a MI1 II3 POCCHH (<<cTapaBepbI», «M30CKaJIi»), BCTpe L IalOII.:(a5I>CH 13 6e-
.lIopy,OCKOM cpOJIbKJIOpiHOM perrep'Tyape ceBepI-IbIX ipaHOO'HOB pecrry6-
,/1111\1-1. K. ,rr,. HCrrOJIHHJIaCb Ha BeqepHHKax. Jvl0JIO;Le2Kb CH)J.eJIa Ha
.11:\ BKax, O,D:Ha ACBymKa, IIJpHrrJIHCbIBaH, :BbIX!OAHJIa Ha Kpyr H rrpH-
l.nauraJIa rrapHH, «rrepeKpY'I,HBaJIacb» C 'HI1M H YXO)J.lwa C Kpyra,
lIapC'IIb rrpHrJIarnaJI APyrylO AeByrnKY, npOrrJIHCbLBaJI C HeH H yxo-
/1,11. 1 1, a AeByrnKa rrpIIrJIamaJIa Apyroro rrapHH, H TaK npoAoJI2KaJIOCb,
1101\;\ Bee rrpHCYTCTBYlOII.:(He TaKHM G6pa30M He «rrepeKpYTIIJIHCb».
I) !'I'IO)J.:l 11 ca'MO Ha3'BaI-HIe «K'pYTyxa», a «AaJI5I'BaH», rro 06'bHCHe-
111110 II C'f>II ll., aHa rrOTOMY, qTO ee rrpOlI.OJI2KHTeJIb!HOCTb r-reorpaHIIqeH-
II:IH_ ::-ha HapoAHaH 3THMOJIOrHH rrrpOHCHHeTCH npH corrOCTaBJIeHIIH C
TIECH5I KPECTb5IHCKA5I p., DECH5I C5IJI5IHCKA5I 6., TIIC-
H5I CEJI5IHCbKA y.- rreOHII, c03AaHHble KpeCTbHHal'vII:! II HCnOJI-
HHeMbIe rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M 13 KpeCTbHHCK'OH cpe)J.e. TI. K. COCTaBJIH-
lOT OCHOBHOH MaCCHB BOCTOqHOCJIaB5IHCKOro Tpa)J.Hll.IIOHHOro
cpOJIbKJIOpa. B HIIX OTpa}KeHa 2KH3Hb H I'vIHpOB033pemle KpeCTb5IH.
HaH60JIee ,rr,peBHHMH IT. K. HBJ15IlOTC5I KaJIeH)J.apHbIe 06pH)J.OBble rreCHH
216
n
n
217
PYCCKHM cpOJIbKJIOpOM. TaK, T. C. MaKarnI1'I-Ia, aHaJIn3npYH CPOJIb-
KJIOPI-IbIH perrepTya'p COCe)I:HeH JI3'TraJIHH, IIlirneT: «lITO Ka,caeT'CH
JIHPIIqecKHX rrpOTH2KHbIX, T. I-Ia3. ,lIiOJIeBbIX, 'HJIH 'CHAHqHX, 110 13 oc-
I-IOBHOM 3TO rreCHn rr03AHero, qaCTO JIliTepaTypiHoro rrpOHCX02KAe-
I-IHH...» EeJIOOpYCC HH TepMHH «)J.aJIHBaH», OLIeBIIAI-IO, H13JIHeTCH cpO-
HeTliqeCKHM BapHaHTOM PYCCK0I10 «.1I:0JIe:BaH». T. C. MaKaIIIHHa
rOBO'pHT TaK2Ke a TaI-Ill.e «KpYTeHbKn >, 13 KOTOpOM «KaBaJIep 6a-
pbIlliHlO KPYTilIT» H KOTO'pbIH HCnOJIHHJIICH rroA necHlO, Dc06eI-IHO rro)J.
«3aH!HbKY», LITO BMeCTe HanOMH'HaeT K. A. TeMaTHqeCKH K. A.
6JII13KH K «CKaKyxaM» (rrpnneBKaM K TpaAHll.HOHHbIM 6eJIOpY'CCKiIIM
TaHll.aM) II «KpYll.e.'lKaM >. B HI1X TaK)!{e rrpe06JIaAalOT JIIO 6 OBI-I ble
MOTHBbI H TeMbI ,C 3JIeMeHTaMH cppH130JIbiHOCTII, perne'HHbIe B HrpII-
130M, iOMOpIICTHqeCKOM KJIlOqe. K. A. CTpOHJIHCb no ll.e:nHOMY npHH-
,QHrry: nOCJIeAHHe CTPOqKII Ka)!{AOH CTpOcpbI ICTa'HOBHJI,HCb ,HaLIaJIbI-IbI-
MH 13 CJIeAYlOU.:(eH (II'HOr)J.a 13apbHpynCb).
HeCMOTpH Ha onpe)J.eJIeI-IllYlO aAarrTall.IIlO 13 6eJIOpYCCKOH H3bI-
KOBOH cpeAe, 13 K. A. coxpaHHlOTCH D6pa3HOCTb H n03TlIKa PYCCKHX
rreceH.
lIac C5II'OHHH KyrraJIaLIKa» - 6eJI.). B ,QeJIOM 2Ke arpap'Hble MOT:IIBbI
B n. K. 3aHHMaiOT OTHOCHTeJIbHO He6oJIbrnOe MeCTO no CpaB'HeHIIlO
,,' .rr:pyrHMH KaJIeH)J.apHo-06pHAOBbIMH IJ;HKJIaMII. Cyrn.HOCTb D. K.
lI:ln60JIee rrOJIHO 13bIpa2KaeT JI1060iBHaH JIIrpHKa, xYA02KeCTBelHHO
IIcpeOCMbICJIH13rnaH 6YH'CTBO H KpaCOTY JIeTHeH npH:pOAbI 13 COOTHOO-
IIIeHHH C MHplOM qY13CTB H rrepe}KlIBa-HHH MOJIOAe2KH. KyrraJIbCKOH
I!033HeH C03Aa'HbI )J.eBWlbH 06pa3bI, HCrrOJIHe'HHbIe AyrneBI-IOli rap-
MOHI1H H KpaCOTbI (<<lJ,eMI-IaH HoqKa KyrraJIaqKa», «TIpadJIaCH fa-
pbICJIaYKa Y OHqaHbKi» - 6eJI., «OH, iBlipOCJIa 1'OnOJIH KpaH rrOJI5I»-
YKp.). HaH60JIee pacrrpOCTpaHeHHbIe MHcpOJIOrnqeCKHe nep-COHa2KlI
II. K.- MapHHKa, MapeHa, KocTpy6a. UeHTpaJIbHOe MeCTO c:pe,lIiH
'1IIIX 3aI-IHMaeT 06pa3 KynaJIITHKH, BblcTynalOII.:(eH nOKpOBI1'TeJIbHH-
!leH .rr.eByrneK. OiHa 'HO'IyeT 13 «qbICTbIM rroJIi, y 6YHHbIM 2KbI.Qe», rre-
'IeTCH a XioporneH rroroAe AJIH KynaJIbC OrO rYJIHHbH, 3a60THTCH a
IIbIAaqe ,LLe13yrneK 3aMY2K, rOTOBHT AOqKe rrpHAaHoe. B OTAeJIb'HbIX
lICCHHX KyrraJIHHKa - rrepCOHlicpHll.HpOBaHI-IbIH o6pa3 AeByrnKH-II3-
Cip3'lI:HHll.bI XopOBO)J.a, BbI<..'TyrralOII.:(eH pHAOM C KyrraJ]IIrneM PYKOBO-
) I1TeJIbHIIll.eH Hrp H rreceH y KyrraJIbCKorO KOC'Tpa. KaK 'BCHKoe )J.peB-
!lee 06pH.1I:0130e TBopLleCT130, TI. K. 6bIJIH ,BbIpa3UTeJIHMII Mopa,:ITbI-IO-
'HHLIeCKHX HOpM HapOAa. OHII MOAeJIIrp013aJIH onpeAeJIeHHbIH THrr
MOpaJIbI-IOro rrOBe)J.eHHH LleJIOO13eKa, opHeHTHipOIBaJIH Ha ,13bI60p pan:
!lOH napbI, TPY)J.OJI106He, Inpe)I:OCTeperaJIlI Ae13yrneK OT H3JIHrnHeH
,1 OBep'IH130CTH rro OTI-IOrneI-IHlO K rrap-HHM, 'ITa 6bIJIO aKTyaJIbHbIM I-Ia
KyrraJIbe.
CpeAH IT. K. eCTb 6aJIJIaAbI, CBH3aH'Hble C KynaJIbeM, ero rroBepb-
m'vIH, 06bILlaHMH (<<Ha 13YJIill.bI CKpbIIIKi HrpalO,Qb >, «Y KapaJIH CHpOlI.
) Bapa > - 6eJI., «MapHH O, MOH )J.iBKO», «lIHH 2Ke TO rOJIOC JIyroM
i}J;e» - )'Kp.). ATMDccpepy KyrraJIbCKHX TOp2KeCTB, !IX KapiHaBaJIb-
IlbIH xapaKTep OTpa3,HJIH iOMOpIICTlI L leCKI1e neCHII, YAe.TIb'HbIH Bec
I\:OTOpbIX 13 penepTyape upa3AHHKa 'I-IecpaBHeHI-IO 60JIbrne, qeM 13
JIIHbIX KaJIeH)J.apJIbIX ,QHKJIaX (<<A 'Ha ra.p3 Kyrrapoc» - 6eJI., «lrnJII1
l eB H Ha C06iTKY» - y p.). IllYTOqHble IT. K. (<<KyrraJIKi») HCnOJI-
IlHJIHCb '13 cpoopMe rreceHHoH nHKHp-013KH AeBqaT H 'napiHeH, a eII.:(e qa-
lI e - MOJIO)J.e)!{lI 0.D!H0I10 ,ceJIa C MOJIO)J.e2KblO ,coce.QHeH AepeBHH.
JJ:JIH IT. K. xapaKTepeH orrpeAeJIelII-IbIH THrr pecppeHa. )KaHpoBo-
olIpe,LLeJIHlOII.:(HMH HBJIHlOTCH rrpIlIIe13bI: «TOO-TO-TO», «KyrraJIa I-Ia PIBa-
lIa >, «OH, paI-Ia IHa PIBaHa», «CoHeHKa-coHeHKa». OTAeJIbHble li3
IIIIX He TOJIbKO nOB'wpHIOTCH nOCJIe Ka2KAOH 'CTpOOKII, 'HO H ynpe2K-
,1 ;lIOT HX, 06pa3YH, TaKIIM 06pa30M, cBoe06pa3Hoe rr03TH L leCi{Oe
ol\:aHMJIeHI-Ie rreCHII. Ha YKpaIlHe 06PHAbI KyrraJIbCKVH HOLIH CorrpG-
1I00K)J.alO11CH TaK2Ke KOpOT.KHMH 3aKJIHHaTeJIbHbIMII cpGpMYJIaMH,
lI'jJlIIneBKaMH TIlIIa: «CborOAHi KyrraHJIa, 3aBTpa I.BaHa >, «KynaHJIa
'l'pc6a cKyrraTH, y BO)J.i A06pe CXOBaTH», HCrrOJIHHeMbIMH 13 YHHCOH,
'I:I,\'TO peIIHTaTHBOM. B XOpOBO,lI,'HO-HrpOBbIX IT. K. oTMeLleHbI BOCKJIH-
1!,<1'TeJIbHble rrpHrreBbI: «Yb>, «O!», «fy!», «KyrraHJIa!» c 06H3aTeJIb-
'ilIoIM nOOBbIrneHI1eM TOHa 13 KOH,Qe 'BbIKpIIKa. CrreI.:(HcpuKa IKrrDJII-IeHHH
II. K. (.13 Xopo13o)J.e, rpyrrrroH rrpO'I1H:B rpyrrrrbI) IOTpa3'HJIaCb Ha IIX
J1I1T.: MmwLUUlW T. C. 1'!>0JIbKJIOp U 06PHJJ:bI pYCCKoro HaCeJIeHUH J1aTra-
JIHH. M., 1979.
JI. M. COJIOBEPf
TIECH5I KYTIAJIbCKA5I, I1BAHOBCKA5I p., ITECH5I KY-
TIAJIbCKA5I, KYITAJIKA, 5IHAYCKA5I 6., ITICH5I KYITAJIb-
CKA, COEITKOBA y.- rreCI-I5I, rrpHypG'leHHaH K ApelrHeMY H3bI'Ie-
CKOMY 130CTOqI-IOCJIaBHHCKOMY 06PHAY 'B LleCTb JIe'DHerO COJIHll.eCWH-
HHH - KyrraJIblO. IT. K. conp01302KAaJI'H Bce 3TarrbI KynaJIbCKOrO
rrpa3.D!HeCT13a, BXO,LLHJIH 13 era 06bIqaH II pHTyaJIbI, I-IaqHHaH 'C C06H-
paHHH TpaB II ,Q'BeTOB AJIH rrpa3,lJJHoBaHI1H II II3I10TOBJIeHHH BeHKOB,
pHTyaJIbHOrO ,npHrJIarneHlIH Ha rrpa3)J.HHK, 13 0'J10pGM .D!OJI2KHbI 6bIJIH
rrpHII-IHMaTb YLIaCTHe Bce CeJIb'Ia.ue (<<JJ:3eYKi, 6a6bI,- Ha KyrraJIb-
I-I1O > - 6eJI., «XTO ,I-Ie niAe Ha KynaJIa» - YKp.), II KOI-IqaH C2KHra-
HHeM qyqeJIa KyrraJIbI, MapeHbI (<<JJ:onaJIIIMOO Ta COJIOMOHbKY» -
YKp.) H 06XO,LLOM XJIe6HOrO nOOJIH (<<ITaHlI.3eM, lI.3eYKi, KpyroM 2KbI-
Ta» - 6eJI.). B YKpaH'HCKOH TpaAHll.IIH CJIeAYeT OTMeTH'Tb rreCI-IH,
nCIJiOJII-I5IeMbIe 130 BpeMH YCTaHOBJIe'HI-IH, YKparneHHH 06pHAo.Boro
AepeBa II 'B032KHI'3'I-IHH 06pH,lJ!OBOrO IWCTpa (<<ITocTaBJIlO 51 'Bep6y >,
«Ha CBHTOI'a 5II-Ia C06iTKY rraJIHJIH» - Yl{P.). Oc06eHHo MH0I10 rre-
ceH IICrrOJIHHJIOCb 130 13peMH BO)!{,LLeHHH XOpOBO,LLOB I1 Hrp MOJIOAe2KH
130Kpyr KyrraJIbCKOrO KocTpa. JJ:peBHHH CJIOH TI. K., KaK .II 06PHA,
HeceT 13 ce6e MHcpOJIOrHqeCKHe npe,lI;CTaBJIe'HHH a MEpe H npe)!{Ae
BCeI10 13 n03TH'IeCKGH cpopMe 13oonpoH313oAHT 13epoBaHHH a pa3I'YJIe
Bpa2K,LLe6HbIX LleJI013eKY lIppall.IIDHaJIbHbIX CHJI ,13 KyrraJIbcKYlO HOqb.
B O'TAeJIbHbIX TI. K. Bblpa2KaeTCH 3a6.oTa a coxpaHeHHH XJIe6013 KaK
pa3 HaKaHy.ue C03peBaHlIH ypmKaH (<<KJIaA3ill.e ami .13HJIiKiH», «A y
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TeH
YKpaI1HCKHe TI. K. HCrrOJIHHlOTC5! IrrpeHMYII.:(eCTBeI-II-IO 13. YHHCOH, H3-
pe)J.Ka MHOrOrOJIOCHO. qame Bcero 3arreBaeT O)J.Ha yqaCTlIHll.a, a XGp'
rrOAXBaTbI'BaeT MeJIO,QH10. I1HorAa opOBoe rreHlie 'COqeTaeTCH ,C pe-
LI'IITaTHBOM O)J.Horo HJIH :HeCKOJIbKHX yqaCTHHIWB KynaJIbcKoil HrpbI
( «KOCTpy6DHbKm> ) .
IT. K. xapaKTepH3YlOTCH YCTOHqH13.bIMU MY3bIKa.TJbHO-CTlIJIHCTHqe-
CKHMH qepTaMH. Ha OCHDBe BeAyII.:(HX MeJIG,LLHqeCKHX IIpH3!HaNOB
BbI5IBJIeHO ceMb THnOB 6eJIDpYCCKI-IX KyrraJIbCKHX HarreBOB, cpe)J.M KO-
TOpbIX BbI,LLeJIHeTCH rrHTb MeJIOA'IIKO-CMbICJ10BbIX rpyrrrr: rrp II 3 bI'B'HOO-'
MarlI'IeCWHe 3aKJIHHaHIIH; HarreBbI 06pH,lIJOBbIX Hrp.rrII.:( (XDpOBOAbI,
HrpOOBb!e BeJII-IqaHHH); rrGXOpOHHble 06pH,LLOBble rrJIaqH C H03,LLHeH-
rnHMII (JIiHpWIeCKHMH) rrepeOCMbICJIeHHHMH; rr03.il1paBIITeJIbHO-3aKlm--
HaTeJIbHble (06XOAHble) oHarreBbI; C06CTBe.tIHO JIHpHqeCKIHe KynaJIb-
,CKue rreCHII.
eMJIH" KTO rrOKOCHT «COq3BbI'I3I-IbKY > OKOJIO «KYCT a», TOT ycrrern-
'1,IlH 3. K T 06'beKTaMH BeJII1'IaHHH B rrepBYlO O'IepeAb
1\0 BbICBaTaeT AeB"y,rn ). 6JIar Y Lwem-IHWH rrpa3,n:HU-
II BJIHlOTCH 3eJIeHbUI «Kycn> - rrO)J.aTeJI ,' , ,-0'-
'. Dc06eHHO 'He06bI'IHOe AeBWlbe BOHCKO, pOAI-Ia.H AepeBHH, B
1:,1, u «XO orn3 K CTa 13.OAHTb». 3JIeMeHTbI 'BeJIUqaHHH 3HeB H HX
IOpOH . P Y IT K 3aKaHqHBaeTCH 'BeceHHHH ll.lIKJI Ka-
l[eTeli HeMH.or.oLIHCJIeHHbI. . .
,/\ (,HAapiHO-06pHAOBOH rr033HH.
. _ _ 'i ax' Ep3C KaH B06JIaC b. Tpa-
J1UT.: BeJIapycRl !jJaJILI,JIOP y cyqaCHbIX 3.arr l c 979 : K iT06a C. BOAiHHH KycTa
. M 1973' BeCHaBbI5I rreCHl. ,
'("' blllHbI5I }KaHpbl. H., , K P !vI V yc 10Bbie neCHH 13 CHCTeMe }IWH-
. . II I-ITE 19 72 No 3' 06aJle6a . . I'
II I I10JIlCCl . . - , 0 rr033111I II BeCTH EeJI. roc. YH-Ta
pOE 6eJIOpYCCKOii Ka.1jeHAI H 106p :?IlEapTalU.96i'l r. A. . EeJIapYCKaH Hapop:-
II I. B. 11. J1eHIIHa. CepliH '. H., HHC a51 'aJIbKJIOplJaH TpaALl blH. MH., 1985.
liaR rra33i51 BeCHaBora bIKJIa 1 CJIaB '¥
P. M. KOBAJIEBA
J1I1T.: Irpn Ta nicni. 1963; 3elitl{06CKUil 11. 11. 1970; KyrraJIbCKiH i rrHTpoy-
cKiH rrecHi. 1985; I\yrraJIbCKiH rricHi. 1989; JIic A. C. I\yrraJIbCKiH rreCHi. MH., 1971;
COKO/l06a B. K. 1979; Ta6/1all r. B. EeJIOpycCKoe I\yrraJIbe: 06p5lp:, rreCH5I. MR.,
1986; 3TlIOrpa!jJuH BOCTOqHbIX CJIaBHH: OqepK Tpap:u l1oHIIOH KYJIbTYPbI. M., 1987.
JIAJJ,KAHKA DACTYlliA y.- neCHH, IICIIOJIH e,;vrble EO' B'pe
IIC BOra BblrOHa 'CKOTa Ha rra,cT6HII.:(a :13 ropHbIX paHGHaX YKpam-r
\'I" X KaprraT. JI. rr. H 06PHAbI, lIMlI corrpOB02KAaeMble, rrpHypOqeI-IbI
h HiO IOpHH .II «3eJIeI-IHM CBHTaM». H HHbI II
OOHGBHbIMH HCrrOJIHIITeJIbHHI.:(aMH JI. n. 5!E.lIHlOTCH )!{e II.:( Te-
'[eByrnKH, H3peAKa MY2K L IH!HbhrraCTYXH. O:HH YKparnaJII KOp013.,
IIHT 6bfLI'KOB OBeI.:( pa3HOI.:(BeTI-IbIM'H JIeHTaMH, 13.eHKaMiH H3 UBeTOB H
'IIIIC' beB H deJIH rreCHli, 13 KOT,OPbIX 06paII.:(aJIHCb K 2KH,BOTHbIM rr,D
;1 eI-IH :iKeJIaJIH HM 3)J.OpOBbH, CHJIbI, np'HrrJIOAa, OPOIllHXM ;
H02Ke.n'aHIUI HMelOT HpKO Bblpa2KeHHYlO 3aKJI'HHaTeJIbHO-
,!)KpaCKY. 10 CTa p HHHbIe CBa-
JI 13 KaprraTCKOM perUOI-Ie TaK:;'Ke Ha3bIBa 'I'
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e06pa3HOH ManepOH HCllOJIHeHHH. ' ,
UIm H O JI. CBOH,CTBeHI-IbI >C"I1IIXDTBOpI-IaH cpO'pMa II 'pH'TMIFleCKaH
y (7+ 7 ) 'CLIn'TalOII.:(IIeCH G,ZI:HHMH H3 HaH60JIee )J.'P eBH [1X.
("f'PYKTypa ,
J1HT.: I\aJIeHAapHO-06pHJlOBi rricHi. 1987; KUp'ti6 P. CPo PeJIiKTU IOpiiBCLKOI
,oiipHAOBOCTi 13 YI<paiHCLKHX KaprraTax II HTE. 1985. N2 2.
A. C. JI11C, E. /0. CfEEAH10K
ITECH5I KYCTOBA5I p., TIECH5I KYCTABA5I 6., TIICH5I KY-
CTOBA y.- 2KaHpOOBaH pa3'HOBHAHOC'Tb IIOJIeCCKHX BeceHHHX rreceH.
I1crrOJIHHlOTCH Ha BTOpOH A6Hb npa3,LL'I-IHKa TpOHll.bI (CeMyxi - 6eJI.)
13.0 'BpeMH 2KeHCKDro G6 0,LL'Horo arpapHO-MarHqeCKOrO D6pHAa «B02K-'
AeHHH KYCTa» (YKparneHHoH I.:(BeTaMH, 'BeTOqKaMH JII-ITIbI, KJIeHa HJIH
6epe3bI )J.eBO'qKH, MOJIGAOH )J.eByrnKH, 3aMy:nmeii 2KeHilJ,HHbI) 'H 3a-
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PYCH H3BeCTHbI rrpeHMymecTBe'HHOO IRa TImruUIa-Ie [1 CMe2KHbIX 'paHO-
Hax, I-Ia YKpaI-IHe 3acpIIKCIIpOBaHbI 13 )J.. OBapbIll.eBIWH JJ:y6pOBUll.KO-
ro p-Ha POBeHCKOH 06JI. THrrOJIOrIFleCKI-I CXO,rr,HbI C TpOHI.:(KHMU
rreCHHMII, O,LLHaKO HMeiOT Cnell.HcpHqeCKHe MOTHBbI H 06pa3bI «KYCT»'
(<<fY'CT»), ero CBHTa (<<A3BOll.Kae BOIkKO», «mpbIll3BaJIHOqKi», «APY-'
2K3 L IKi» II AP.), 'IY,LL6C'HOOe AepeBO (<<q3p3rn3HbKa » ,Ha OTll.OBCKOM
,ZI:BOpe, COJIHeLIHaH nTHQa COK'OJI 'C CIIHlOII.:(HMH K'PbIJIbHMII, EbIJIeralO-
II.:(aH H3-rrOA ,LLepeBa, HAp. D. K.- He60JIbrnI-Ie rro pa3Mepy rrpO'II3-
Be,LLe'HHH, 13 K'OTOpbIX rrepellJIeTalOTCH 3aKJIHHaTeJIbHbIe H BeJII1qaJIb,
I-me MOOTHBbI. Oc060 BbIAeJIHlOTCH IT. K.- }KaJIo6bI na AOJIiO. K PII-
TyaJIbHbIM MOTHBaM OTHOCHTCH OrIHCaHHH KJIlOLleBblX MOMeHTOB 06-
pHAa - HapH2KeI-II1e «Ky,cTa», rneCTBI-Ie rro ceJIY, npocb6bI-0:6paII.:(e,.-
HHH 'K X03HeBaM BbIHTI-I K «KYCTY», II03BOJIHTb eMY 'CTaTb OKOJIO
KpbIJIbll.a, Harpa,rr:HTb «KYCT» H .HCrrOJI'HHTe.'lerr rreceH. 3aKlIHH3I-IIIe'
Halip aBJIeHO .Ha MaI'II'IeCKOe o6eCrreqeHl1e KaK yp02KaH . BOOOII.:(e'
(<<rraIIlHHI.:(bI»), TaK H p2KH, rrrneHHI.:(bI, JIbHa, C'IaCTJIHBoI-i CYAb6bI
MOJIOAbIX. B TI. K. I-Iepa3pbIBHo CBH3aHbI MDTHBbI 6paKa II iIIJIo)J.opo--
E. 10. CfEEAH10K
TIECH5I JIETH5I5I p., «JIETA» 6., «JII O» y.'- ll.HKJI KaJIeH-
)[;1pHO-06pH oBoro cpOJIbKJIOpa, rrpHypOqeHHbU1 'K JIeTHeMY rrepHoAY
,1\I13iHH 3eMJIe)J.eJIbll.a. BKJIlOqaeT ineCHH KyrraJIbCKne, rreTpoBcKI e"
T;1I{)!{e ,corrpoB.o2KJI,aBrnHe KOCOBHll.Y 'H 2KaTHY - rrOK?CHble (Kocap
ni:IIe) H 2KaTBeHl-Ible (3a:;'K:IIHOq'Hble, 2KHHBHble, A02K,lnroqHble, HJIU
OtJ}KHHOqHble). u _ }KaTBeI-IHble
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Ma», «JIa3apb », Ko'wpbIe A. EGl')J.3'I-IOB'II'I H E. Kap.CKHI1 AeJIHJIH
lIa .'HeCKOJIbIW r.pynn. JIH.pHHKaMH HCnOOJI.I-IHJIliCb TaK2Ke 6 bI'W'BbIe,
IOMop.HcTHqeCKHe H CaTI1pHQeCKI1e neCH,II. C06CTBeHI-IO JIJI'PHHIJ)rne
IICCHH, Ha3bIBaeMbIe 13 Hapo.zr;HoH cpeAe rrCaJIbMaMH, 6bIJIH OTrrGqKOO-
IIa1HHeM AaBHHX Ka'HTOB peJIHrH03IHO-lrrpOrroBe.zr;HIFIeCK'ODO -II MopaJIH-
:!a 1'0pOK'0- )J.H)J.a'KTH'IeCKOrO I-Ianp aBJIeI-IHH.
J1I1T.: EOp K06CKUii B. J1UPHuKH II KueBCKaH cTapuHa. 1884. N2 1; rpysun-
nwii A. E. 113 3THorpa!jJIIqeCKUX Ha6JI10AeHUH 13 PeqU KOM ye3Ae MUHCKOH r. II
:-)Tlmrpa!jJ. 0603peHIIe. M., 1891. N2 4; On e. .IJ:yxoBHble C1HXU (MuHCK. ry6.
Pe1IH K. y.) II 3THorpa!jJ. 0603peHue. M., 1898. N2 3; rnaTIOK B. J1iPHUKU II ET-
lIorpa!jJ. 36. J1bBiB, 1896. T. 2; JIepeTl{ B. H. OqepKU cnpHlIHoH MaJIOpyccI<OH
II033UU. CI16., 1903; JI.oManUl{IWii B. K063apu II JIIIpHIIKU I\ueBcKoH ry6epHuu 13
I!J03 rOAY. I\lIeB, 1904; rpU20pbe6 A. JI.. a JJ;yXOBHbIX CTuxax (UJIII rrCaJIbMaX,
pacnpOCTpaHeHHblX rro BceH POCCUU II B qaCTHOCTU rreBaeMblX B LIepHurOBCI<OH
l'y6.) II I13B. XIV apxeoJI. C'be3Aa B r. LIepHIIroBe 1-15 aBrycTa 1908 r. LIep-
IlI1roB, 1908; .IJ:yxoBHble rreCHU XVI BeKa: nCaJIbMbI, rreCHU JIUpHHI<OB U 6aHAYPu-
(TOB. I\ueB, 1916.
CrvI. TaiK2Ke neatfl KynaJlbCfWfl, neCl-tfl JlCaTBet.tt-tafl, II.UKJl JleT-
I-tuii H JIHT.
DECH5I JII1PI-14ECKA5I p., TIECH5I JIIPbI4HA5I 6., TIICH5I
JIIPI14HA y.- nOHHTHe pOJ1:0Boe. TIpe,lI!CTaBJIeI-Ia KaK B 06pH,lIiOBOOH
TaR H He06pH,lIiOB0I1 rr033HH. rJIaBROe Ha3'Haqe:Il'He TI. JI.- Bblpa
2KaTb MbICJIH, LIYBCTBa H Ha'CTpGeHHH. 3TO 01'pa2KaeTCH JI Ha rro3TH-
Ke IT. JI. B ,HHX Bblpa60TaHbI Cnell.HcpHqeCK'IIe npHeMbI KOMJJ103iJIll.HH
H n03THqeCK'Oro CTHJIH.
OJ1:.HHM H3 BeAYII.:(HX rrpHeMOB TI. JI. HBJIH€!TCH aCC'Oll.HaTHB'HO-ll.e-
nOL HaH CBH3b Kap'TH'I-I. OT)J.eJIb'Hble 06pa3bI 'H KapTH'I-lbI 'B HapO,LLHOIi
TI. JI. 'CJIe)J.YlOT APYl' 3a )J.PYl'OM :He KaK OTpa2K€!H:IIe HX 2KH3He'HlI-roH
rrOCJIeAOOBaTeJIbHOCTH, a rrG 06pa3HOH a<COOll.HaIJ;HH B -C:BH3H C Bblpa-
2KaeMbIMH MbICJIHMH II 'IYBCTBaMH. OJ1:HHM H3 BH,lI!OB TaK'OH 06pa3-
1-10011 aC-C:Oll.Ha ll.Hlf HBJIHeTCH rr03THqeCKHH napaJIJIeJIH3M.
JJ:JIH rr03T.HqeCK'OI 1 0 CTHJIH TI. JI. xapaKTepHO AOBOJIbHO rnHpOK'Oe
yrroTpe6JIeHHe JIeKOiKH ,II rrpHeMOB CHI-ITaKCnCa rrpeHMymecTBeHI-ro
3MOOll.H:OI-IaJIbIHO II-IaCbIII.:(e:HHbIX. B 3THX ll.eJIHX .13 IHHX rrpHM€!I-IHlOTCH
nOB'TOpeHHH, 06pameHHH (13 TOM qHCJIe H pHl'OpHqeCKHe), CJIOBa c
YMeI-IbrnHTeJIbHO-JIaCKaTeJIhHbIMH ICYCPcpHKcaMH. Bce 3T1I1 ,CTHJIHC"PH-
qCCI\'He rrpHeMbI ,crrOCG6CTBYlOT YCliJIeHI110 3MOIJ;HOI-IaJIbHOH Bblpa3H-
TeJIbHOCTH. Crrell.HcpHKY IT. JI. COCTaBJIHeT rnHpOKoe yrroTpe6JIeHHe
13 H'HX BCe:B03M02KHbIX CHMBOOJIOOB, KGTOpble He paCll1npHlOT TeMaT,IIKY
rreCHH, a rrOBblrnalOT ee n03TH1IHOOCTb H 3MOll.HGIHaJIb'HYlO Bblpa3H-
TeJIbHOCTb. B CBH3H 'C 0006eHI-IOCTHMII npOHC 02K)J.eI-mH, COAep2KaHHH,
xYA02KeCTBeHHOH cpOpMbI, YCJIOBHH 6bITOBaHHH ,II Ha3Ha L leHIIH TI. JI.
,LLeJIHTCH Ha M'HOl'He 2KalHpbI IH HX pa3HOBH.IT!I-IOCTH.
CM. TaK2Ke JKat-tPbt JlUpWieCKue II JIHT.
C. B. MHlliAHHCf
C. r. JIA3YTHH
ITECH5I JII1TEPATYPHOrO TIPOI1CXO)KJJ:EHI15I p., TIEC-
1I5I JIITAPATYPHArA TIAXOJJ:)KAHH5I 6., TIICH5I JIITEPA-
TYPHOrO ITOXOJJ:)KEHH5I y. IToHHTHe B03HHKJIO Ha OCHOBe
IICCJIe,LLOBaHHH HCTOqUHKOB napO,LLHbIX neceH 13 Ha'I. XX B. (B. H. TIe-
peTll., B. 11. 4ep'HbIrneB, H. H. Tpy6Hll.bliH, A. C. 5IKy6, H. <D. <DIl'H-
) eII3e:H). B Ka'IeCTBe TepMIIIHa, OT.HOCHmel'OCH K pacneTbIM H CPOJIb-
KJIOpH30B3HI-IbIM aBT0p'CKH'M TeK'CTaM, 3aKpen:r-rJIOCb B pa60Tax
I I. H. P03<.:.HOBa H B KH'Hl'e IO. M. COImJIOBa «PYCCKHH cpOJIbKJIOp»
(1941). TIpoll.ecc rrepexoAa JIiIITepaTyp'HbIX TeKCTOB 13 Y'CTHbIH pe-
llepTyap pa3JIH'II-IbIX COll.HaJIbHbIX rpyrrrr (LIepe3 cervIImapcKYlO H
ilypca.QKYlO cpe)J.Y) 13 POCCHl1, Ha YKpaHI-Ie H 13 EeJIapy'cH 6epeT
IJaLlaJIO C XVII B. (AyxooBiHbIe .II CBeTCKHe nCaJIbMbI, .B03HHKrnHe !lI3
HIlprneBoH rr033HH). B XVIII B. pa,crrpOCl'paHHlOTcH KalHTbI 'Ha CTH-
XI! CHMeoHa TIOJIOll.KOrO, <Deocp3Ha TIpoKonOBIFIa, A. KaHTeMIIpa,
[ . Tpe,LLHaKOBCK'OI:O, M. JIoMO.I-IOCOBa, r. CKOBOPO)J.bI, C. 5IBOpCKOl'O
II Ap. Co BTOpOH rrOJI. XVIII - 'B I-Iaq. XIX B. B rOpO.ll.iCIWH ope)J.e
lIonYJIHpROH CTa.'HOBHTCH T. Ha3. poccnH,cKaH IneCHH 'Ha TeKCTbI A. CY-
MapoKoBa, M. TIoIIoBa, H. HI1K!OJIeBa, IO. HeJIeAHHCKOro-MeJIe.QKo-
1'0, 11. JJ:MHTpHeBa, K. X.oBa'HCKOrO, H. KapaM3JIHa HAp. n03TOB-
l\.naOOHll.IK'110B H CeHTHM€!HTaJIHCTOB. Oc06eHHO rnHpGK'Oe pa'crrpOCT-
pa.ueHHe Qepe3 rreCe'HHHK'H TI. JI. n. rrpH06peTalOT B YCT-HOOM
peIIepTyape KpeCTbHH B XIX - HaLl. XX B. HCTOqHHKaMH TI. JI. n.
ol{a3bIBalOT-C:H I-Ie 1'OJIbKO -c:rrell.HcpH'IeCK'HH 2KaRp «PYCCKOH rreOHH»,
l\y.TIbTHBHpOO'BaBllIHikH rr03Ta'MH nepBOH rrOJI. XIX 'B., H APyrHe BHAbI
.II11I'TCpaTy'p'I-IbIX rrrecen (<<,BOJIhHble» neOUH, rycapcKHe rreCHH), HO
T:IJOKe JIHTepaTypHbIe pOMaHCbI, 6aJIJIaAbI, AYMbI, 3JIerHH H T. rr.
il\ a IIPbI. <DGJIbKJIGpH3HPYlO1'CH rrpOIlI3BeAeI-II1H KJIaCCH'IeCKOH rr033HH
('l'TIlXH A. TIyrnKH.I-Ia, M. JIepMoHTOBa, A. KOJIbll.OBa, 11. HHK'IfTHI-Ia,
J1I1T.: JIoTe6nJl A. a HeKoTopbIX CUJ\!BOJIaX 13 CJIaBHHCKoH HapO,1LHOll rr033UII.
XaphKoB, 1880; KO.llnaKOBa H. Jl. 1962; Kpa6l{o6 H. H. flmnm<a PYCCKOH HapoA-
H?H . JIUpII.:ecKoH rreCilH. M., 1974; JI.eii O. I. I10eTUKa YKpalHcbKol HapoAHol
mCH!. I\UlB, 1978; rU.Ile6U'l H. C. I1a9TbIKa 6eJIapycKaH HapoAHoH JIipbIKi. MH.,
1975; lliyMaiJa H. C. CyqaCHa rriceHHicTb CJIOB'HHCbKUX HapoAiB. I\uIB, 1981;
JIasYTuH C. r. I103TUqeCKaH ClIMBOJIUKa PYCCI<HX HapO,1LHbIX JIIIpUqeCI<HX rreceH II
JIasYTUI-I C. r. fl03TI1Ka pyccIwro !jJOJILKJIOpa. M., 1989.
DECH5I JII1PHI111.KA5I p., TIECH5I JIIPHIll.KA5I 6., TIICH5I
JIIPHI111.bKA y.- B rn'HpOKOM rrOHHMa.I-IHH - meCHH, BXOAHBrnIIe
13 perrepTyap JIHp'HHKOB, KOTGpbIH COCTOHJI 'I-I3: nCaJIb:MO'B, T. e. H3
c06CTBeHHO JIIlpnHll.K'HX AYXOBHG- MOpaJIH3a'Dop,CKHX rreceH; AYM;
6bITOBbIX JIlIpIIQeCKHX H JIHp03IIH'IeO,RHX rre-ceH; caTHp[ILJeCKHX H
lOMOPH'CTHQeCKHX rreceH. B EeJIapycH OCHOBY perrepTyapa JIlipHHK'OB
(cTapll.ay, 2Ka6paKoy) COCTaBJIHJIII AY OBiHble 01liXH (<<ITJIaq AAa-
222
n
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H. HeRpaCOBa, IT. K.oTJIHpeBCKoro, T. IlleB'Iem\'O, 11. <Dpa'HKO,
JI. YKpa I'HKH, M. EOI'AaI-lOOBH'Ia, 51. KyrraJIbI HAp.) H CTHXOTBOP-
HbIe npOH3BeAeHiIIH MII-IOI'O'IHCJIeHHbIX MaJIOH3BeCl'HbIX rr03TO'B. B npo-
ll.eoce YC'TJWH rrepe)J.a'IH TeKCTbI C11H OTBopeHHH, KaK npaBlIJIO, H3-
MeHHJIIICb, HHor)J.a CYII.:(eCTBeHHO, BapbHpOBaJIIICb H aKTyaJIII3.HpO-
'BaJIH'Cb B CBH3H ,C :H3MeH5!1OII.:(HMH'CH Y.CJIOBHHMH 2KiH3'HH I-IapOAa.
TepM'HH TI. JI. II. He BrrOJIHe TOLIHO DTpa2KaeT HX HCTOWIHKII H xa-
paKTep cpOJIbKJIOpH3all.HilI, nOCl{OJIbKY H II-Iarre'BbI HX qaCTO BOCXOAHT
K MY3bIKe npocpeOCHOHaJIbHbIX KOMrr03HTOpGB, 003AaHHOH HMH I-Ia
TeKCTbI TI. JI. Ill. (f. TenJIOBa, <D. JJ:y6HHCKOI'0, O. K03JIOB'CKOI'0,
JJ:. Kalin-IHa, A. )KHJIHHa, A. BepCTOBCl{OI'O, A. AJIH6be'Ba, A. Bap-
JIaMOBa, A. fy'pHJIeBa, H. A. H H. C. TH'WBbIX, M. fJI'HHKII, 6paTbeB
IT. II TI. EYJIaXOBblx, A. JJ:apDoMblmclwro 'H AP.). ABl'OpeTBO MY3bI-
KII 'l-IeKOTopbIX IT. JI. rr. OCTaeTCH HeH::meCTHbIM. Ho .EO 'Bcex 'CJIY'IaHX
pa,crreB TI. JI. n. OCYUJ;eCTBJIHJICH '13 Tpa)J.HI.:(HHX MY3bIKaJIb'I-IOro CPOOJIb-
KJIOpa (KpecTbHHclwro HJIH ropoAcKoro).
CM. TaK2Ke Ea/l/laoa flOBaH, POMat-lC, fleCt-lH aBTopclWH.
PY;CCKHe TI. JI. )J.eJIHTCH 'Ha 'IaCTbIe 'H npOTH2KHbIe. OHH pa3JIH'fHbI
III) cOAep2Ka'HHiO, rro TlIllY 1I3JI02KeHHH, xY,lIi02KeCTBeI-I(!IbIM cpe)J.cTBaM
II xapaRTepy HarreBa. ITpoTH2KHble IT. JI. 3JIeI'HqHbI rro TOHY H BbI-
p:l}KalO'T rpycTb, TOCKY, 06HAY. 11x cO)J.ep2Ka'H'lIe H3JIaI'aeTCH 13 :I3HAe
,!:I'KOHqeHHOI'O 3rrH30Aa, I'Ae eCTb HC)i)O HaH CH'TyaI.:(HH, ee pa3BliTUe
I' 1I0BaH, H3Me'HCHHaH cHTyall.HH, J1H60 13 BHAe HHTIIM'HbIX pa3)J.YMHH,
11\;lJIo6, Kor)J.a HCX'OAHaH cHTyaI.:(HH BbI3bIBaeT .D:B'II2KeiHHe qYBCT'B H
I MOll.HH. B qaCTbIX TI. JI, O'TI-IOrneHli5I BJI106JIeHHbIX pa3BOpaqHBalOT-
j'H Ha 6bITOBOM cpOI-Ie. KOMH3M CliTyall.HH nOAqepKI1BaeTCH CJIOBeC-
III,IMH H MY3bIKaJIbHbIMH cpeAcTBaMH. OOHoBHbIe 06pa3bI CBH3a'HbI
(' npHMbIM JIJIH CHMBOJIHqeCKHM 'lI306pa2K€HHeM )J.OBOJIbCTBa H pa-
II,OCTH. 11'Hor)J.a OiHH coe)J.HHHlOTCH He CMbICJIOBbIMH, a cpDHeTII'Ie:CKH-
M II aCCOll.IIall.HHMH.
J1UT.: I1ecHi rrpa KaxaHHe. 1978; flicHi KoxaHHH. 1986; JIasYTuli C. r. He-
h"Topble BorrpOCbI CO;:J:epMaHUH U !jJOpMbI Tpa;:J:II uoHHOH PYCC!WH JIUpUqeCKOH rrec-
III! If Tp. BOpOHe>KCKOrO roc. YH-Ta. BOpOHe>K, 1957. T. 59; JIponn B. H. a PYC-
l'hlJil Hapo;:J:HoH JIupUqeCI<OH rreCHe II HapO.ll:Hble JIUpllqeCKUe rreCHU. J1., 1961;
1\()jmuK06a H. JI. 1962; 01ia e. BOCTOqHOCJIaBHHCKa51 JIUpllqeCKaH rreCHH:
I :paBHUTeJIbHbIH aHaJIU3 rrO.!TIIKU II PI'!>. M.; J1., 1968. T. 11; AKUliw6a T. M.
() rr03TIIqeCIWH rrpupo;:J:e Hapo;:J:HoH JIUpUqeCKOH rreCHU. CapaToB, 196 ; qua :lice.
l'yccKaH HapO;:J:HaH rreCHH: OqepK llCTOpUU MaHpoB. CapaToB, 1987; rUte61'-l H. C.
llama pO.ll:Ha51 rreClI5I. MH., 1968; KpaOl{06 H. H. I103TuKa PYCCKHX HapO;:J:HbIX JIlI-
pll'leCKIiX rreceH: KOMrr03u uH. M., 1974. LI. 1.
J1I1T.: I1ecHu PYCCKUX rr03TOB: XVIII - rrepBa51 rrOJIOBUHa XIX BeKa I Pe.!l:.
CT. II KOMMeHT. H. H. P03aHOBa. J1., 1936; I1iCHi JIiTepaTYPHoro rrOXO;:J:MeHH5I I
Yrrop5lA. B. f. EOHKO (TeKcTII), A, I'!>. OMeJIbqemW (MeJIO.ll:ii), KIIIB, 1978; TIecHH
PYCCKIIX rr03TOB: B 2 1. I BCTyrr. CT., COCT., rrO.ll:roT. TeKCTa, 6uorpa!jJ. CrrpaBI<II II
rrpIIMeq. B. E. ryceBa. J1., 1988; Posali06 H. H. J1uTepaTypHbIIl UCTOqHllK rrorry-
JIHpHOH rreCHU I I X Y;:J:OM. !jJOJILKJIOp. M., 1926. BblII. 1; Oli e. aT Imuru 13 !jJOJIb-
KJIOp: I\aKlle CTUXU CTaHOBHTC5I rrorrYJI5IpHOH rreCHeH II J1llT. KpUTUK. 1935. N 4;
CUlitaK06 B. H. HapOAHbIe necHu, UX cocTaBUTeJIU U BapUaHTbI. M., 1929; lilu-
..!l06 A. Heu3BecTHbIe aBTopbI U3BeCTHbiX rreceH. M., 1961; FyaoluHuK06 H. H.
OqepmI HCTOpIIU PYCCKOH JIIiTepaTYPHoH rreCHU XVIII-XIX 1313. BOpOHe>K, 1972;
H06uK06a A. M. PyccKaH rr0331I5I XVIII - rrepBoH rrOJIOBIIHbl XIX B. U HapoA-
HaH rreCHH. M., 1982.
JI. A. ACTAcjjbEBA
B. E. FYCEB
fIECH51 MACJIEHH4HA51 p., ITECH51 MACJIEHI4HA51, 3A-
IIYCHA51 6., TIICH51 MACH114HA, MACJI51HA, KOJIOJJ:IPIHA
!/.- ll.HKJI rreceH, HCrrOJIli5IeMbIX '130 BpeMH MaCJIeHHll.bI H COCTaBJIHiO-
II IIX BMeCTe 'c 06PH)J.OBbIMH )J.eHcTBH5!MH eAlulbIH 06pH,LLOBbIH KOMrr-
.IIPKC, !rrpoBo)J.HBrnHHcH, rro MHeHHlO HeImTopbIx yqeHbIX (11. M. CHe-
I'I[peBa, H. D. BOJIKOBa), B qeCTb H3blqeCl{Oro 60ra BeJIeca II COBrra-
'IJlBmHH rro B'peMeHlI C MapTOBCKHM HOOBOJIeTlIervI.
Y PYCCKHX MaCJIeHHqHbIe npa3.D<HeCTBa nOJIyqHJIH rnH'pOKOe pa.c-
IlpOCTpaH€HHe, y 6eJIOPycoB AOJIroe 'BpeMH paccMaTpHBaJIHCb JIUrnb
1\:lI\: MapI'HiHaJIb'HOe HBJIeHlie, O)J.HaI{Q HaJII-FIHe rreceHI-Ioro H 3'THOrpa-
IjmqeCKOI'O MaTepHaJIa cBHAeTeJIbCTByeT 00 pacrrpDcTpaHeHHH IT. '!vI.
I: I.:(€HJ1paJIbHOH, ceBepo-BOCTOLI'HOH H lOrO-BOCTOqHOH 06JIaCTHX Ee-
,llapYCH. ITa Ha6_1iOAeHH5!M HCCJIe,LLOBaTeJIeH, MaC_1eHHll.a pacnpo-
J''I'jHlHeHa Ha YKpaHHe.
EOJIbrnHI-ICTBOO IT. M. OTpa2KalOT OCHOBHYlO HAelO npa3)J.HHKa,
IIjWACTaBJIHlOII.:(ero C060H «3BeHO», CBH3YlOII.:(ee 3HMY H BecHY (B. 11.
111I'ICpOOB),- rrpOII.:(aHHe C 3HMOH, npeAOII.:(yu.:(e!I-!IHe HOBOI'O rrepHoAa
1"II) a - BeCHbI.
H. 11. 3eMlI:OBCKHH BbIAeJIHeT LleTbIpe pa3HO'BH.D:HOOCTH D. M.:
I) neM'HOrOLI'HCJIeHHbIe rreC'HH «MaJIOH MaCJIeHwm>, ,cOrrpOBO)KAalO-
11I,1Il' 06XO,LLbI ABOpOB; 2) rreC:HH, paccKa3bIBalOII.:(He a BCTpe L le II npo-
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ITECH51 JIIOEOBHA5I p., DECH51 JIIOEOYHA51, ITPA K.A-
XAHHE 6., TIICH51 DPO K.OXAHH5I y.- TeMaTHqeCKaH pa3.I-IO-
BH,LLHOCTb 'BHe06pHAoBbIX JIII'pIIqeCKHX rrece'H, B rrpe06JIa,LLalOII.:(eM
60JIbrnHI-IcTBe AeBHqbHX. 11x oc06eHHoCTb - C03Aa'HiHe 06pa30B
JI'HpHqeCKHX repoeB, nepe)J.aLla LIYBCTB H MbIICJIeH, 'BbI3BaHHbIX OTHO-
rneHHHMH 'BJII06JIe!HI-IbIX. TI. JI. HMeiO'T CBOH Kpyr TeM H cH,cTeMY 06-
pa3'0B. B HHX H306pa2KalOTCH AeBYIlIKa, ee JI106HMbIH, noo,LLpyra, OTeI.:(,
MaTb, pa3JIY'I'HIIll.a; pacKpbIBalOTcH HX OT'HOrneHHH H 2KH3I-Ie'HHble
YCJIOBHH, B KOTOpbIX 311H nep'OoHa2KH AeHcTBYlOT. ITG::JT.I-I3all.Il5! np,H-
pOAbI, 6bITa, -o6JIHKa H KOCTIOMOB nep.cOlla2KeH rrOA'IHHeHa 3aAa'Ie
pacNpbITb ,cy6'beKTHBiHG-HAeaJIH3HpDBaHHbIi1 B3rJIHA 'Ha ,LLeikTBH-
TeJIbHOCTb, on03TH3up-oBaHHbIH H nponYII.:(eHHbIH Llepe3 rrpJi3:MY JIlO-
60'B'HbIX oTHorneHIiH. 3T'OMY onoc06cTBYlOT 3MOll.HO'I-IaJIb'HO- rrCHXOJIO-
rJiqeCKGe cOAep2KaHHe TI. JI. H xYA02KeCTBeHHbIe cpeAcTBa, rJIaBHOe
li3 NOTOpbIX - 'CHMBOJIHKa, HCrrOJIb3YiOII.:(aHcH )J.JIH rrepeAaqH qYBC'11B
H nepe2KHBa'HHH BJI106JIeHHbIX, HX nOBe)J.eHli5I H oTHornenmH.
224
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ll.HeH K rre.HHlO «Ha rope», '1310 'BpeMH KaTaIHHH; 4) rreCeH'HbIe rrp:r-meB-
WH, qacTyrnKH, BbIKpHKH. B003MG2KHO TaK2Ke n. M. paocMaTpHB3'Tb
no nOArpyrrrraM '13 COOTBeTCT13HH ,C nOCJIe)J.OB3'TeJIb'HOCTblO 06PH)J.OBbIX
AeHcTBHH: 1) rreCIHH 'BCTpe'IllI Ma.CJIeHI1QbI; 2) neCHH 06pHAOBbIX 06-
XO,lI;OB AOM'OB, 13 TOM qHCJIe H MOJIOOA02KeI-IOB (ClO)J.a M02KHO O'THeCTH
rreCHH, HCrrOJIHHeMbIe [lPH rrpHBH3bIBaHHH «KDJIOAKIU> y 6eJIOpYCOB
H YKp,aHIIQe'B); 3) rre0HH MaCJIeHWUlbIX Y'BeCeJIelH.IIH; 4) rreCHilI 3a-
BeprnalOU.:(ero 3Tarra rrpa3,lI;HHKa - npoBo)J.oB MaCJIeHHQbI.
C06CTBe'HHO 06PH)J.OO13bIX TI. M. 'OOXpaIJ-IHJIOCb II-IeMHOI1O. EOJIbrnaH
HX qaCTb COOAep2KHT MOTHIBbI rrpOCJIaBJIeH'HH MaCJIeHIIQbI, H306HJIHH
e)J.bI rrepeA BeJIHKiHM rrOCTOM. JJ:JIH MHorHX IT. M. xapaKTepHa -6pa L I-
HO-JI1060BHaH TeMa'THKa. OTAeJIb!I-IYlO rpyrrrry CaCT3'BJIHlOT 06xoA-
Hble neCHI1. JJ:JIH 6eJIOpyccKHX 13aplI13'Hl'OB xapaKTepHbI '06paII.:(e'HHH K
MOJIoAyxe, OCHOBHbIM MOTHBOIvI KOTOpbIX HBJIHeTCH BeJIHLIaiI-IHe MO-
JIO)J.G:tKeHOB H rr02KeJIaHHe rrOTOMC'J1Ba; rreCHH 3TOH rpYiIInbI ,cOAep2KaT
TaK2Ke OCMe5lI-I'IIe He 'BCTyrrHBrnHx 13 6paK.
Ha Yl{paH'He Ha MaCJIH'HOH HeAeJIe HCrrOJII-I5IJIH'Cb rreCHH, rrOCBH-
II.:(eH'HbIe KOJIGAHlO (KOJIOAKe), KOTOpbIH 13 rrO'HeAeJIbHHK 'pOO)J.'HJICH,
'130 .BTOpHIiK KpeCTIWCH, ''13 cpeAY eMY 'CrrpaIJ3JIHJIH rrocKpe6HHbI, '13
LIeTBepr -DH YMHpaJI, 13 rrHTiHHll.Y era XOpOHHJIH, a IJ3 ,cy66oTy' orrJI,a-
KH'BaJIH. KOJIO)J.IIHHble neC'I-IH 13 60JIbillHI-l'CTBe OBooeM 3pOTHqeCKOrO
H lOMOplI1CTHLlecKoro cOAep2KaJ-IH5! (<<51 I-Ia Te6e, KOJIOAilO, rrOJIOO)KJj-
JIa BClO HaAilO ... >, «Ha KOJID)J.KY OAHJIa, U.:(06 KarrycTa J3po)J.HJIa ...»).
TI. M., nocBHuJ;eHHble !rrpOII.:(a'HHlO C MaCJIeI-IHQeH, OOXpa'HHJI,H
MOTH'BbI ee 06pHAOBbIX noxopo'H .II B03p02K,LLeI-I:HH rrpHpo)J.bI. B 3TOH
rpyrrrre TI. M. MY3bIK01BeAbI OTMeqalOT COLIeTaH'He TeKCTOB BeCeJIOro,
rnYTJIHBOI'O cOAep2KaJ-IHH C nO'ITH l'parHqeCKHIvl'H MeJIOOAHHMH, 06'b-
HCI-IHH no aM6HBaJIeHTHbIM xapaKTepoM ,caMooro G6pHAa. B ceBepD-
BOOCTOLIHbIX 06JIaCTHX EeJIapycH - 3TO rnYTJIHBble npH'lHTa'HHH.
J1I1T.: Cnecupe6 H. M. PyccKue rrpocToHapo;:J:Hble rrpa3AHlIKu H cyeBepHbIe
06pHAbl. M., 1837-1839. BblII. 1-5; EeccoH06 JI. JI. EeJIOpyccKue rreCHU. 1871;
Cfy6uHcKuii JI. JI. 1872. T. 3; BOJlK06 H. JI. PyccKaH MaCJIeIm a U uCTOpUqeCKHe
;:J:aHHbIe 0 HeH. BJIaAUKaBKa3, 1897; Cfu'lep06 B. H. 3UMHUH rrepuo;:J:. 1957; 3elit-
l{06CKUii H. H. I1eceHHaH rr033U5I PYCCKUX 3eMJIe;:J:eJIbqeCKUX rrpa3;:J:HuKoB II fl03-
3UH I<peCTbHHcKUX rrpa3;:J:HHI(OB. J1., 1970; EOJlO/-le6 CPo CPo Hapo;:J:HbIH KaJIeHAapb
ceMeHcKux 3a6aHKaJILH. HOBocu611pCK, 1978; COKO/l06a B. K. 1979.
E. M. PAI1KOBA
ITECH51 MACCOBA51 p., TIECH51 MACABA51 6., ITICH51 MA-
COBA y.- rreOI-HI, .c03)J.aHI-IbIe rrpocpeocHOHaJIb'HbIMH rr03TaM'H .II KOM-
n0311TOpaMiH, 1II'vlelOU.:(He 'M30CC013ooe pacnpocTpaHeHHe. TI. M. MO)!{HO
'Ha3'BaTb cpOJIbKJI'OpHOH no 6bITOBaHHlO, olIO GHa iHe HBJI5IeTCH TaKOH rro
npmJ:-CX02KAeHnlO. lllHpoKoe pacnpOCTpaJ-Ie'HHe TI. M. 'nOJIyqHJIH IJ3
30-e rOAbI. Boo BpelvIH BeJIHKOH OTe L Jec11BeH'HOH BOIIHbI BceI-IapoAI-IOe
6bITOBa'HHe HMeJIH IT. M.: «CBHII.:(eHHaH BOHHa» (CJI. B. J1e6eAeBa-
KYMaqa, MY3. B. A. AJIeKCaH poBa), «OH, TYMaHbI, MOH pacTYMa-
n
22E
II hI» (CJI. M. I1caKoBcKoro, MY3. B. 3axapOBa), «OrOHeK» (CJI.
M. I1caK'OBCK'OI'O) II )J.p. IT. M. rnlipOK'O HCrrOJIb3YlOTCH '13 xYJ1:02KeCT-
la JIlI-roH caMOAe5!TeJIbHOCTH. HeKOTopbIe TI. 'M. cpGJIbKJIOpII30BaJIHCb,
1II'lI0JIHHlOTCH '13 'BapHaHTax H rrepepa60TKax.
J1I1T.: I1ecHu HallieH pO;:J:UHbI. M., 1957; EO'lap06 A. r. COBeTCKa51 MaCCOBaH
111'('1151. M., 1956; JIon06a T. B. a rreCHHX HalliUX ;:J:HeH. M., 1969.
C. r. JIA3YTHH
TIICH5I MICbKA Y.-ICM. lleCflR. 20pOOCKaR..
ITECH51 MY)KCKA51, M0J10JJ:EUKA51 p., ITECH51 MY)K-
I( b£HCKA51 6., TIICH51 Q0J10BIQA y.- neCHn, >C03)J.aTeJIHMH H
oCIIOB'I-IbIMH HCrrOJIHHTeJIHMH KOTOpbIX 6bIJIH MY2KqHHbI ("13 OTJIWme
(IT )KeHCKIIX rreceH). ClOAa OTHOCHTCH THIIiHqlHble AJIH MY2KCKGrO pe-
IIl'pTyapa 3rrHqeCKHe rrpOII3BeAeHHH (,LLYMbI), COQHaJIbHO-6b1TOBaH
.1I1I\HIKa (LIYMall.KIIe, Kas.all.KHe, peKpYTCKHe H COJI)J.aTCKHe, pa360H-
111I'lbH, raH)J.aMall.KHe, 'OnpHrnKOBCKIIe H T. II. rreOI-IH), rreOHH HCTOPH-
'Il'CKHe. B PYCCKOH cpOJIbKJIOpnCTHKe '13 GC06ylO rp)'iIIny BbI)J.eJIHJIHCb
'I':IJGKe «06II.:(eJIUpHLleCKHe MY2KCKHe rreClI-IH» (H. M. J1orr3'THH, B. IT.
IlpOKYHHH. C60p'HHK PYOCKHX ,I-IapO)J.HbIX JIHpiHqeCKHX rreceH. M.,
I H9). Pa3AeJIeHHe Ha TI. M. H 2Kmr-c'KHe rreCHH, ;6YA)T':I'lI YCJIOBI-IbIM,
IW YAep2KaJIOCb 'B YKpaHHcKoH cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKe KaK npI-iHll.IlII Ha-
Y'IHOH KJIaCcHcpHKall.HH, D,lI;I-IaKO ooxpaHHeTCH '13 pa60Tax !HeKOTOpbIX
('( )'BpeMeHHbIx PYCCKHX cpOJIbKJIOpHCTOB- MY3bmoBeAoB.
CM. TaK2Ke llect-lR. JlCet-lCKaR..
C. B. MHmAHHCf
TIECH51 HAEOPHA51 (<<CEOPHA51») p., 6., y.- KopO'TKHe
III'pOBble rreCHH, KOTopbIe nCrrOJII-I5!1OTCH nepeA HaLIaJIOM JCopoBO)J.a.
I L B. llleHH 3TH rreOHH Ha3BaJI «rrpHrJIaCHTeJIbHbIMH». I1x rJIa-BHOe
'1I;I:maqeHHe - npHrJIarnaTb '13 XOPOBO)J.., crroc06CTBOBa'Tb ero opra-
1I1I:{aI.:(HH. KaK rrpaBHJIO, TI. IH. 3aKaH'lH'BaJIHCb CJIOBaMH: «TI02Ka-
./lyiiTe B X'OpOBO)J.», «TI02KaJIYHTe ,13 KPY2KOK» H 'T. rr. IT. H. rro,rr:CKa-
::I.I,fjaJIlI MOJIO)J.ll.Y: «BbI6HpaH, 'napeHb, )J.eBHQY». 0.1-1 rrOAXOAHJI K
,1I,I ByrnKe H I'OBOpHJI: «51 Te6H m06JIlO, 13 X'OpOBGA 6epy». Llpyme
II. 'll. 6bIJIH 06pameHbI K AeByrnKe: «Eepn, AeBHQa, MOJIOAll.a». B KOH-
lI,l' XIX - 'Haq. XX B. CPYHKll.H:II TI. iH. 1-i1HOI')J.a BbIIIOOJI'H5IJIH qaCTyrnKH.
.lIUT.: meun JI. B. BeJIUKopyC. 1898. T. 1; BbIII. 1; Ea'lUHCKafi H. PyccKue
\"I'0IlO}J,hl II XOpOBo;:J:Hble rreCHU. M.; J1., 1951; KO/lnaK06U H. JI. 1962.
C. r. JIA3YTHH
I IICH51 HEOEP51JJ:OBA y.- CM. llect-lR. 6t-leo6pR.ooBaR..
IllCH51 OE)KI1HKOBA y,-'CM. llect-lR. OOJICut-lo'lt-laR..
l\. ,tal... fit!)
226
n
TIECH5I OEP5IJJ:OBA5I p., TIECH5I AEPALIABA5I 6., TIICH5I
OEP5IJJ:OBA y.- OpI'aHI1 L lecKaH ,COCTa'BHaH LlaCTb 'Tpa,LLHll.HOHHbIX
HapO,lI!HbIX 06PH,il:OB, Ape13HeHrnHH rrJIac'T MY3bIKaJIbHO-rr03TH'IeCKOrO
cpOOJIbKJIOpa 130CTOq'HbIX 'CJIaB5I'I-I. IT. o. pa3Ho06pa3HbI 13 2KaHp0130M
OT-I-IOrneHHH: 3aKJIHHaTeJIbHble, '13eJIHLlaJIb'Hble, JIII'pHqeCKHe, HI'p003ble,
XOpOBO,lI;Hble. B o6pa3HoH CHCTeMe, ClO2KCTaX II MOTHBax IT. o. Ha-
rnJIH OTpa2KeHiHe 3JIeMeHTbI H3bl'IeCKHX BepoBaHHH H 06PHAOB, a
TaK2Ke rr03.DiHeHrnHe HarrJIaCTOBa'l-IHH xpHCTHa'HCKDH peJIlII'lIU. Tec-
HaH B3aHMOC13H3b 06pHAOBOI'0 II 13ep6aJIbiHOrO K'OMrrOHeI-ITOB, HX
CPYHK.Q:IIOHaJIbHaH HarrpaBJIeHHOCTb orrpe)J.eJIHlOT COAep2KaIIHe IT. 0.,
HX CTpYKTYPY :II rr03THKY. BpeM5:I. nCrrOJIHemI5I IT. o. 'CTporo peI'JIa-
MelITHpyeTcH 06pHAOM. B 3a13HCHMOCTH aT ,lI:OMHHHpOBaHHH pI-ITY-
aJIbHOI'O HJIH 'CJIOBemroI'O 3JIeMeHTOB TI. '0. M02KeT 3a'HHMaTb 'B 06-
pHAe KaK 'CHJIbHYlO, TaK 'II CJIa6yiO n03Hll.H10. CYII.:(eCTBeHHoe 3Ha-
qeI-Ule 'HMeeT xap3'Inep HCrrOJIHeHHH IT. 0.: KTO HCnOJIl-I5IeT H KO'MY
aApecyeTcH rreCHH. TI. o. rrOJIHcpYI-IKll.HOHaJIbHbI, '13 'HHX COLleTalOTCH
MarHqeCKaH, YTHJIH'TapHO-rrpa'KTHqeCKaH, 3cTeTHqeCKaH II Ap. CPyHK-
UHH. Ha m03,lIiHeM 3Tane pa3BHTHH 06PH)J.HOCTH COOT'HOrneHIIe YTHJIH-
Ta.p.r-ro-MarHqeCKHX H xY)J.02KeCT13eHHblx 3JIeMeHT013 TI. o. MeHHJIOCb
13 CTOPOHY rrpe06JIa)J.aHIIH rrOCJIe,lI!HHX.
J1I1T.: Cfu'-lep06 B. H. 3UMHUH rrepuoA. 1957; KO/l/W1w6a H. Jl. 1962; JI ponn
B. H. PyccKIle arpapHble rrpa3,1LHUKH. J1., 1963; AHUKUI-l B. JI. KaJIeH,1LapHaH U
cBaAe6HaH rr033UH. M., 1970; KpYTb /0. 3. XJIi60p06cbKa 06p5l,1LOBa rroe3iH CJIO-
B'HH. I\UlB, 1973; rypcKuii A. H. 3UMHHH rr033UH e!eJIOpycoB. MH., 1980; KpY2-
/106 /0. r. PYCCKue 06pHAoBbIe rreCHU. M., 1982; JIic A. C. Kyrr3JILCKiH rrecHi.
MR., 1974; OH e. BaJIaq06HbI5I rrecHi. MH., 1989; EapTazueJ6i'-l r. A. BeJIapycKaH
HapoAHaH rra33iH BeCHaBora UblKJIa i CJIaBHHCKaH !jJaJILKJIOpHaH Tpa,1L bI ti blH . MrI.,
1985; 3THorpa!jJuH BOCTOqHblX CJIaBHH. MH., 1987.
T. K. THJIKOBA
TIECH5I OEXOJJ:HA5I p., ITECH5I AEXOJJ:HA5I 6., ITICH5I
OEXIJJ:HA y.- TepMHiH, BCTpeqalOII.:(HikH '13 COBpeMeI-IHOH cpOJIbKJIO-
,pHCTHqeCKOH JIl-iTepaType 'II 0603Ha L lalOII.:(HH rreOHH, HCrrOJIHHelvlble 130
BpeMH 06PH)J.O'BbIX 06XOA013 ABOp013, 'HO He orrpe.n.eJI5IiOII.:(Hli HX 2KaIH-
pOBOH rrpHpO;:LbI. 3THOMY3bIKo.TJ:OrH OTl'vleqaJIH HeKoTopble xapaKTep-
Hble oc06eHHocTH pHTMOMeJIOAWleCKoH CTPYKTypbI 06XO,LLHbIX rreceH,
006YCJIOBJIeHHble HX HCrrOJIHeHHeM 'B ABH}KeI-UlH. K 06 0,lI:HbIM rreCHHM
M02Kl-IG GTHeCTH KOJIHAHble (CM.), 'BoJIoLle6Hble (CM.), KycToBble
(CM.), PHH)J.3iBKH (CM.), ll.apI-IHHi (CM.), qaCTWIHO KyrraJIbCKHe (CM.)
HAp.
JI. NI. COJIOBEI1
ITECH5I OITPHIilKOBCKA5I p., TIECH5I ATIPbIIilKAYCKA5I
6., TIICH5I OTIPI111IR.IBCbKA y.- TeM3TH'IeCWHH .QHKJI rreceH Ha-
CeJIeHHH R.apnaT, OTpa2KalOII.:(HH OAI-IY H3 cpOpM Hall.HOI-IaJIbHO-OC'BO-
n
227
(II 1}(IITeJIb'I-IOH H ,coo.QHaJIbHOH 60pb6bI Ha Y'Kparme 11 pa3'BH13a13rnIIH'C5!
'1\ '(Jy,cJIe MecTHoH cpOJIbKlIOpiHOH Tpa,lI;Hll.HH. D. o. B03HHKJIH BMeCTe
t. 'caMHM ABH2KeHHeM OrrpHrnK'OBCTBa KaK D'I'pa2KeHHe Hapo,lI!HOrO
II pOTH130CTOHHHH HI-IOCTpa H-roH 3KcrraiHCIIH: Typell.KO-TaTapcKoH 'c
lora, aBcTpO-BeHI'epCKOII C iOI'0-3arraAa H rrOJIbCKO-lliJIHxeTCKoH C 3a-
(lalI.a TI. o. OXBaTbIBaeT Bce 2KaHpbI H 2KaHp013bIe pa3HoBHAHOCTH, 6bI-
I'OBa13rnHe 13 penIOHe,- 01' KOJIOMhIHKH ,LLO 3rrHqeCKHX rrcceH-xpoHHK H
tlaJIJIaA. OrrpHrnKoBcKaH TeMaTHKa OTpa3HJIaCb Aa2Ke 13 06pH)J.0130H
1II'CHe. IT. o. C03,LLaBaJIHCb 13nJIOTb )J.O 30-x rOAOB XX B., 13 Hapo)J.HoM
i JI>lTY 2KHBYT H cerOAHH.
J1I1T.: XO]J:UJIU orrpUlliKU I YrropHA., rrepe]J:MOBa Ta rrpuMiTKu I. M. CeHb-
,,:t. Y2Krop0]J:, 1983; II.e/le6U'-l /0. I10CJIi]J:Hi iclOPUqHi BicTi rrpo orrpIIlliKiB
\VlII BiKY II .IJ:iJIo. 1891. N 238, 240-242, 245, 248, 249, 251-253; FHaTlOK B.
( :JIOBa bKllli orrpllllioK 5IHolliiK 13 HapoAHiH rroe3ii II 3arr. HaYK TOBapucTBa
' L T. r. llleBqeHKa. 1899_ T. 31-32; lliyxeBU'-l B. rY YJIbIl(mJa. J1bBiB, 1904.
'L 5; rHaTIOK B. Hapo]J:Hi orroBiAaHHH rrpo orrpulliKiB II ETHorpa!jJ. 36. J1bBiB,
I!JlO. T. 26; rpa606el{bKuii B. HapoAHuH repoH OJIeJ(ca .IJ:oB6Ylli. J1bBiB, 1957;
'f"1I11{eHKO B. Hapo]J: rrpo CBoero repoH. Y2Krop0]J:, 1959_
C. B. MHlliAHHCf
ITECH5I OCEHH5I5I p., DECH5I BOCEHbCKA5I, «BOCEHb»
'1_, TIICH5I OCIHH5I y.- neCeHHbIH ll.HKJI KaJIeHAapHOO-06p5!AOBOI'0
(1)()JIbKJIGpa, cOrrpOB02KAaBrnIIH 3a13eprneHHe nGJIeBbIX pa60T. 06'beM
II,IIKJIa orrpe)J.eJIHeTCH pa3'I-IbIMH HCCJIe)J.OBaTeJIHMH HeO,lI.:H03Ha L IHO.
IleKOTOpble pYCCWHe a'BTopbI OTHOCHT K iI-IHM 2KaT13eHHble rreCHI! 13
tleJIOpYC<CKOH 'DpaAHIJ.!m BOcrrpn'RHMaeMble KaK JIeT-HHe (CM. n e t-lJl
;/IC1-lU61-t.aJl). YKp alfHCKHe cpOJIbKJIDpHCTbI rrOLITH iHe yrrGTpe6JIHlOT
n pMHH IT. O. (HCKJIlOqeHHe - C60'pHHK «HapOAl-Ible lO)!{I-IOpYCC:-KHe
III'CHH» A. MeTJI'lIHCKorO, I'Ae HeCKOJIbKO rreceH 0603HaqeHbI 'KaK
IH'CHHIIe). B KaJIeI-IAapHOM cpOJIbKJIOpe 6eJIOpYC013 TI. O. COCTaBJIHlOT
t" :tMOC'TOHTeJIbHbIH 'neCeI-IHbIH ll.aIKJI (CM. II. UK/lbl Ka/let-lOapl-lO-o6pJl-
t!060U n083UU). B OTJIHqHe aT 2KHH'BHbIX neceH, KOTopble conpDB02K-
,1I,aJIH 2KaTBY 03HMbIX CeJIbCKOX03HHeI1B0H1HbIX KYJII:>TYP, IT. O. HcrrOJI-
IIHJIHCb 13 npo.Qecce y60pKH HpOBbIX, JIbHa, 'K'OHDnJIH, OBca, a TaK2Ke
1:0 BpeMH c60pa HI'OA, I'pH60B, opeXOB, rrpH Kona-BiHI! KapTGcpeJIH.
B 6eJIopYCOK'OH HapO,lI!HOH TpaAMUH.n 3a n. o. 3aK'perrJIeHbI orrpe-
1(l'JIeHl-Ible Ha313aHH5!, 'COOT13eTCTBYlOU.:(He oceHiHHM pa60TaM: «HPbIH-
II 1,(5:1.», «HplHbIH», «HK a13ec 2KHYll.b», «aBHCell.», «iJIb'I-IHHblm>, «rrpbI
.lIi;rre», «KaHarreJIb'HbIH», «Hra)J.bI, rpbI6bI 6epyqbI». Oc06eHHOCTb
II. o. 3aKJIlOLIaeTCH 13 TOM, q'TO OHH, 6Y)J.yqH BKJIlOLleHHbIMH 'B TPY,lIiO-
I\uii 'KaJIeHAapb, 'C 06pH)J.aMH nOLITH He C13H3aHbI.
B TI. G. npe06JIaAaeT rrpe,lI;cBa)J.e6I-IaH TeMaTI-IKa. OOH'OBHbIe MD-
'1'11'111>1 - pa3AYMbH )J.e13yrnKH 00 rrpe,lI!CTOHII.:(eM 3aMY2KeCTBe, '0 !He-
.I11 l'KOii 2KH3'HH Y CBeKpa, a 'I-IOPOBHCTOH CBeKpOBlI, rpYCTb paCCTa-
11:1 IIUH ,C pOAHTeJIbCKHM )J.OMOM, r)J.e TaK BOJIbiHO H 13eCeJIO 2KHBeTCH
1\ }(eBWleCT13e. OTJIHqHTeJIbHOH LlepTOH TI. 00. HBJI5:l.e'DCH HX MH'HOp-
Hi'
228
n
HbIII TOH, C03ByqHbIH COCTOHHHlO YB5!.L(alOII.:(eH inpHpO.L(bI. HccJIe.L(o-
Ba'TeJIH OTMe"lalOT B HHX 6e3YCJIOBHOe npe06JIa.L(aHHe MHHOpHbIX JIa-
,rr,OB, 13 KOTOpbIX OC06ylO Bblpa3lITeJIbHOCTb npH06peTaeT HHTepBaJI
TOHIIqHOi1 KBH'HTbI, K'BH'HTOBbIH 3BYK JIaAa.
nET.: MeTJlUHClwii A. HapO.ll:HbIe 1O.iKllOPYCCKHe necHH. I(lIeB, 1884; BOCeHb-
CKi51 i TaJIOTIHbIH necHi. 1981; KpYTb 10. 3. XJIi60p06cbKa 06p H .lI:OBa nOe3H5I CJIO-
B'HH. I(UlB, 1973; E/iaTOB B. H. I1ecHlI BOCTOqHOCJIaB5IHCKOII 06II.(HOC1U. MH.,
1977.
lIL lIL JIHC
DECH5I OTXOJJ:HH4ECKA51 p., DECH51 AJJ:bIXOJJ:HIDKA51
6., DICH5I BI1I.XIJJ:HHDbKA, 3APOEITIIAHbCKA y._ I.:(HKJI coo
ll.HaJIbHG-6bITOBbIX rreceH, B03HHKrnHX 13 cpeAe pee'Tb5!H, YXO.L(HBrnHx
Ha BpeMeHHble H ce30HHble pa60TbI no HaI'iMY: Ha cOJIeA06bIBHble,
pbI60JIOBell.KHe, JIeCOCnJIaBHble H Apynle npOMbICJIbI, Ha CeJIbCKO-
X035!1J.CTBeHHble pa60TbI H 3aBO.L(bI. B BOCTOq'HOCJIaBH'HCKOM cpOJIbKJIO-
pe ll.IIKJI n. o. paCrnIIpIIJIC5! 13 'CB5!3H C aKTHBH3all.HeH OTXO.L(HHQeCTBa
rrOCJIe pecpopMbI 1861 r. H Co 06e33eMeJIHBaHHeM KpeCTb5!H. Depco-
Ha2KH D. 0.- 6ypJIaKM, QYMaKH, ce30HHble pa60THHKH 'Ha caxapHblx
3aBoAax, CTpOUTeJIbCTBe 2KeJIe3HbIX .L(opor M np. MOHOJIOrHQeCKHe
D. 0.- npeHMYII.:(ecTBe'HHO JIHP'I1KO-pecpJIeK'CHBHoro CKJIaAa (<<Ox,
HeMa riprn IHi' OMY, 5!K 6YPJIall.i M OJIO.lJ:O MY», «Ox TbI, ope.'l CH30-
KPbI,TIbIH»); rpyrrnoBble, 'HepeAKO CBH3aHHble C TpYAOBbIMII npOll.ec-
caMH (<<OI'i, pa3IIK B35!JIH, eII.:(e 'pa3IIK B3HJIH», «XTO 13 3aBOAi He
6YBaB»),- HMrrepa THBHble. D. O. B ll.eJIOM OTJIH'IalO'TC5! OCTpOTOIi H
Kp'HTHLlHOCTblO MHpOBOCrrpH5!TII5!, 'HOBGII HeTpaAHll.HOHHOli .'IeKCHKoI'i,
T5!rOTeHlIeM K ICHJIJIa6oTOHHKe, pa3Hoo6pa3HeM CTpOcpHKH, 13 Ka2K-
)J.OM KOHKpeTHOM 3THHQeCKOM BapHaHTe CB5!3ar.!bI C 3THOOJIOKRJIb'Hoii
cpeAoH HX c03AaTeJIeI'i H IHOCHTeJIer1:.
nET.: HaHMHTCbKi Ta 3ap06iTTlaHbCKi nicHi. 1975; CalJ,bI5I.1bHa-6bITaBbI5I
necHi. 1987; Ka6atuHiKag K. n. A.lI: Tpa.ll:bIlJ,bIIIHara qJaJIblwoPY iJ,a p::ma.11OIJ,bIHHaH
na33ii. MH., 1969; EaHuH A. TpY.lI:OBbIe apTeJIbHbIe neCHlI H npHneBim. M., 1971.
C. H. rPHll,A
DECH51 DAJJ:)f(bITH5151 6.- O,rr:HO lI3 HapO,lJ;HbIX Ha3BaHHH
JIeTH'lIX (,KynaJIbCKHx) rreceH, OTMeQeHHOe 13 ceBepO-3aJIaAHbIX paI'io-
Hax EeJIapycH (M5!AeJIbCKHH, DOCTa'B'CImH, BpaCJIaBCKHH, BepxHe-
,rr:BH'HCKHH HAp.). B IHa3BaHHbIX pai1:oHax Ha D. n. rrepeHOCHTC5!
CMbI'CJI 0130 i1: aKll.eHT 3'TGrO OTpe3Ka KaJIeHAapHO-06p5!AGBOrO ll.HKJIa.
D. II. HCrrO.'1H5!JIHCb 130 BpeM5! 06p5!AOBbIX X02KAemIH «rra,rr, 2KbITa»
B3pOOCJIoI'i MOJIOAe2KH rro BOCKpeCeHb5!M 13 neplIOA OT TpOHll.bI AO
KynaJIb5I. 00 nyn! Ha rrOJIe H 13 rrOJIe (Ha «Y3Me2KKY») AeBqaTa
rrem! rreOHH, nJIeJIH BeHIm, TaHll.eBaJIH. XapaKTepHble pecppeHbI D. 'rr.:
«Eo2Ka Ham!», «Eo2Ka MOH!», «KynaJI5!JIe», «TO-TO-TO!» 00 nepBO-
n
229
'IY npHneBY 3TH neCHH Ha3bIBaJIHCb II.:(e H «Eo2Ka Ham»: «Ta.L(bI Y2KO
I )02Ka 'Ham» rr5!eM»; «r9TbIH neCHI Ha3bIBaeM «Eo2Ka Ham».
D. rr. 13 OCHOB'HOM pa3pa6aTbIBalOT MOJI'OAe2KHYlO TeMaTIiKY.
1\ HHX rOBOpHTC5! 0 BbI60pe CY2KeHOII, a 6JIH3KOM 3aMY2KeCTBe, 0
"IIMBOJIaX AeBliqeCTBa (pYTa, BeHKH) H 2KeHOKHX 3a'H5!TH5!X 3Toro
IIqmGAa (-BbIIIaJIbIBaHHe JIbHa IH .L(p.). P5!A C102 eTOB D. rr. nOCTpoeH
11:1 rnYTJIHBOMCOCT5!3aHIIH AeByrneK J! napHeH: .L(eByrneK BOCXBa-
milOT, napHeH BbICMeHBalOT, 'ITO xapaKTepHO AJI5! BCerO MaCCHBa
"ynaJIbC'KHX neCeH. B 3TH neCHH eCTeCTBeHHO BKJIlO"leHbI KapTIIHbI
II' 06pa3bI ll.BeTYII.:(eI'i 6eJIOpYCCKOii rrpHpO.L(bI.
CM. TaK2Ke fleCHR nynaJlbC1WR II JIHT.
JI. M. COJIOBEl1
DECH51 TIA3AAEPAJJ:ABA51 6.-'CM. fleCltR 6lteo6p.<zdoeaR.
DECH51 DAJIOJIbHA51 6., DICH51 nOJIIJIbHHDbKA y. Hc-
lI'OJIH5!JIHCb rrpeHMYII.:(ecTBeH'H'O rrpII npOnOJIKe JIbHa H rrpoca. 00
'lpl'MeHH HCnOJIHeHlI5I rrpHMbIKalOT K rr03A,HeBeceHHIIM n H5!M 3eM-
,/I('lJ;eJIbLleOK'Oro KaJIeHAap5I. JIHpH'IHbI rro xYAO)!{eCTBeHHOH rrpHpoAe.
Bhl'pa)!WlOT rrepe2KHBaHH5! MGJIOAOH 2KeHII.:(IIiHbI 13 ceMbe MY2Ka, 2Ke-
.11 :lIlIIe 'B'CTpeQH C pO,lI.:HbIMH (<<OH, y rrooJIi, npbI ,rr,ap03e , «AMay
'I Hue MOH 'TaTaQKa», «all, 6pbIAY, 6pbIAY na KaJIeHaQKI y BaAY»).
( ) I' / e.'IbHble D. rr. 6aJIJIaAHOrO xapaKTepa (<<JJ:aH naexay MiJIbI y
'1.:I!Jory») pacrrpOCTpaHeHbI Ha BcelI 3THHLlecKOIi 6eJIOpYCCKOH Tep-
1"IT0p<I1H. EOJIee aKTHBHoe 6bITOBaHHe D. II. 3acplIKCIIpOBaHO 13 102K-
IIhlX paHOHax EeJIapYCII. YKpaWHCKIIe D. rr. OTJIIIQalOTC5! lOMOpOM
II L'aTIIpOH. TeMaTHKa H xYAO)!{eCTBeHHble 'cpeAcTBa 'C03AaHHH 06-
1':I:mOCTM HX rrepeKJIHIWlOTC5I co 2KHHBHbIMI1 (CM.), KocapcKHMH
(t'M.) 'II rpe60BHI.:(KHMII rreCHHMII.
J1I1T.: BeCHaBbI5I necHi. 1979.
A. C. JIHC, E. 10. CfEEAHIOK
IIECH51 DAPTH3AHCKA51 p., DECH51 DAPTbI3AHCKA51 6.,
III CI 151 DAPTH3AHCbKA y.- HeG.lI!HG3HaQRbII'i TepMIIH, OTHOC5!-
11I,lIiiL5I K MHGro06pa3HbIM rreceHHbIM BHAaM, c03AaHI'!,bIM !1 6bITO-
'I:IIIIIIIIM 13 napTII3aHCKOH cpeAe 13 J:10AbI rpa2KAaHcKoH 13 OIlH bl II 13
I/I/I,hl BTOp a II: MHpOBOH BOH'HbI. B pa60Tax HeKoTopbIX cpGJIbKJIOpII-
,'I'()II TepMlnI 03'H:aQaeT BeCb rreceHHbrJi .perrepTyap rrapTII3aH. O,lJ;Ha-
ho T:llwe OT02KAeCTBJIeHHe rroABeprHYTo KpIlTIIKe p5!AOM HCCJIeAO-
/I,II'(',IIl'ii. DeceHHbIH perrepTyap napTII3a l H BK.'1IOqaJI 06II.:(eHapO,lJ;Hble
"1'0Il:UH'.L(eHII5! Tpa,lI,J!ll.HOHHoro cpOJIbKJIOpa, l:cnOJIH5!BrnHeCH 6e,: lI3-
1I'111('llJIii, IIpoH3BeAeHH5! IIHTepHall.HoHaJIbHOH II Hall.HOHaJIbHOH pe-
III I.llloll.!lUll'IIOii n033HH, nonYJI5!pHble npOH3BeAeHII5I npocpeccHOHaJIb-
111.1 \ IIO:,)TOB II KOMrr03HTopOB, cppOHToBble (cOJIAaTcKHe) rreCH'lI, 'nee-
230
n
n
EH, c03AaHHble MeCT.HbIM HaCeJIeHHeM oKKyrrHpoBaHHbIX 'TeppWI'OpHH.
C06CTBeHHO D. rr.- rreCHH, 'B03HUKillHe B rrapTH3aHC OH cpeAe HJIH
'TBOp'IeCKH YCBOelHHble elO, rrOABeprrnlIeCH rrepepa60TKe rrpHMemI-
TeJIbHO K Crrell.HcpH'IeCKHM YCJIGBHHM 60pb6bI H 6bITa rrapTH3aH.
B C06CTBelHHO D. II. pa3JIH'IalOTCH rrpOOH3BeAeHII5I KOJIJIeKTHBHoro
TBOp'IeCTBa H rrpOH3BeAeHHH aBTopCKHe; rrepBble OOHOBaHbI Ha cpOJIb-
KJIOpHOH Tpa.lUIll.HH, BTopbIe COCTaBJIHlOT 'IaCTb HHAliBHAyaJIbHOrO
caMOAeHTeJIbH0J:10 TBOp'IeCTBa, HX U03THKa H CTHJIH'CTHKa oopHeHTH-
pOBaHbI Ha COBpeMeHHYlO npocpeCCHOHaJIb'HYlO rr033HlO H MY3bI I KY.
06a 3'THX THrra D. II. pa3BHBaJIHCb ,13 rrpOll.ecce B3ailIMOAeHCTBHH,
He OTopble aBTopClme D. n. CPOJIbKJI,opH30BaJIHCb. B cpOJIbKJIGpHCTH-
Ke (COBeTCKDII .II 3apy6e2KHOH) rrpeAJIOLKeHG ,HeCKOJIb'KO KJIaCCHcpH-
KalI!HH, D. n. B KOJIJIeKTHBHbIX MOHorpacpHHX «PYCCKHH CPOJIbKJI'OP
BemmoH OTe'IeCTBeHHOH 'BOHHbI», «EeJIapyoKi cpaJIbKJIDp B5!JIiKaH
AH'IbIHHaII BaIIHbI», «YKpa'iHcbKa HapGAHa nOeTH'IIHa TBOp'IicTb»
('I'. 2) BbIAeJI5!1OTCH: MaprneBble (rroXO,lI.:HbIe), JIHpH'IeCKHe (repoH-
LlecKHe), JIHp03mI'IeCKHe IH caTHpHLleCKI1e rreCHH; 'IacTyrnKH H KOJIO-
MbIHKJI1. Ha OCHOBe cpaBHHTeJIbHOrO 'H3Y'IeHHH D. n. CJIaBHHCKHX
HapoAoB 13 MOHorpacpIH1 B. E. ryceBa «CJIaB5!HCKHe napTH3aHcKHe
rreC:HH» pa3pa60TaHa CJIeAYlOII.:(a5! KJIaCmlcpHKaUH5!: rrapTH3aHC'Ka5!
3'lIHKa (II'HcpopMall.HOHHble neCHH-«tBeCTH», paTKHe nOBeC BOBaTeJIb-
Hble rreCHH, rrecHH-xpOHHKH); rrapTH3aHcKaH JIHp.HKa (rrecHH-KJIHLIH,
neCHH-KJI5!TBbI, rreCHH-CJIaBbI, HJIH rHMHbI, repOHqeCKIHe, 3JIerHqe-
CKHe, CaTHpHqeCKHe rreCHH; MO'HOCTpocpHqeCK'I1e rrGneBKH pa3JIWlHOH
3 MOll.oIIOHaJIbHOOH OK'p arneHHOCTH) ; rra p11H3aHCKHe mlp03rrH'IeCKHe
nenIH, 6aJIJIaAbI. CnCTeMa D. rr. AHHaMWIHa, AJI5! Hee Xapa-KTepHa
TpaHccpopMaI.:(HH oAHoro 2KaHpa 13 )J.pyroH: rreCHH 00 noxOAax (Map-
rnH) pa3BHBaJIHCb 13 KpaTKHe 3IIH'IeCKHe rreCHE HJIH 113 repOH'IeCKHe
6aJIJIaAbI, KpaT He 3rrII'IeCKHe neCHH - 13 rreoHH-xpOHHKH, MOHO-
CTpGcpWleCKJHe rrorreBKH ('IacTywKH, KOJIOMbIHKH) - 13 JIHpH'IeCKHe
ll.HKJIbI H T. rr. TeHAeHll.H5! pa3BH'TH5! Tpex OC!HOBHbIX THnOB D. rr.
y pa3Hblx HapO,lIiOB pa3JIHLUHa; rrBceHHbIH 3IIOC y BOCTO'IHbIX CJIaBHH
(13 OTJIHLIHe OT lO)!{HbIX CJIaB5!H) -cpaBHHTeJIbHO MeHee pacrrpocTpa-
HeHHaH cpopMa, rrpe06JIaAalOT KipaTKHe I10BeCTBOBaTeJIbHble .rreC'HH
(neCHH-xpOHHKH); rrapTH3aHCKa5! JIollpHKa nOJIY'IHJIa rrOBceMeCTHoe
H rrpoAYK11HBHoe pa3BHT.He; np05!BHJIaCb, oco6eHHo 13 EeJIapycH,
TeHAeHUHH K B03pmKAeHIIlO 6aJIJIaAbI. D. n. 13 UeJIOM - oAHa H3
caMbIX 3Ha L IHTeJIbHbIX xYA02KeCTB€HHbIX ueHHocTeH cpOJIbKJIGpa
BTOpOH MHpOBOH BOHHbI.
J111T.: TIicHi 3 J1icorpaiJ,Y I Coer. A. l'vlaJIlIlliKo. E. M., 1943; TIecHH 6eJIOPYc-
CKHX rrapTH3aH. E. M., 1943; TIecHu H 'IaC1yrnKH J1eHHHrpa.ll:CKHX napTH3aH I TIoA
pe,lI,. TI. H. BanIHa. J1., 1943; <POJIbKJIOp BiTq1I3H5II-IOi BiHHH I TIiJL peJL. aKa.ll:.
I'!>. I\OJIeCcH. J1bBiB, 1945; lllYMeJI CypOEO Ep5lHCKIIH JIec: TIecHIl napTH3aH Ep5lH-
CKIIX JIeCOB 13arr. n 1I0tJ:roT. K neqaTH TI. A!jJOHIIH. Ep5lHCK, 1946; )KHBa51 BO.ll:a:
YCTHorr03THqeCKOe TBOpqeCTBO C lOJIeHrn:HHbI 3nOXH BeJIHKOH OTe'IeCTBeHHoH BOH-
HbI / Co CT. H. PbIJIeHKoB. CMOJIeHCK, 1946; TIecHi 6apaJ b6bI 1360pHiK CKJIaJIa
M. C. MeepOBi'I rrphl ytJ:3eJIe C. I. I\apa6aH, L B. 3a3eKa. MH., 1946; YKpaiHcbKa
paJL5IHCbKa HapoAHa nicH5I ... / Ynop5l.ll:. O. .IJ:eH, M. HeTIHTaJIIOK. J1bBiB, 1950;
I\JlynJlHcKafi B. /0., MUI-/.l{ C. H. NlaTeplIaJIbI no lICTOpHU neCHIl BeJIHIWH OTe-
'H'CTBeHHOH BOHHbI. M., 1953; YKpalHcbKa HapO.ll:Ha noe3i51 rrpo BeJIIIKY Bi1qII3-
IIHIlY BiHHY I Ynop5lJL. M. POJLlIHa, M. CTeJIbMax. Bi.ll:rrOBi.ll:aJIbI-IHH peiJ,. M. PHJIb-
",mH. I\lIiB, 1953; Tpona llI Tae}/{I-IbIMH f BCTyn. CT., rrOArOT. TeKCTOB M nplIMeq.
(:. 11. I\pacHolliTaHOBa. Xa6apoBcK, 1964; TIecHi caBeI Kara qacy. MH., 1970; Crri-
u;I1IKU-XPOHiKlI. 1972; C6uT06a K. r. He3a6bIBaeMbIe ro.ll:bI: PYCCKlIH qJOJIbKJIOp
I\"JIHKOH OTe'IeCTBeHHoH BOHHbI 13 3arrHC5IX I\. r. CBUTOBOH. M., 1985; TIa33iH
lJapa b6bI. MH., 1985; rYTOp06 H. B. Eopb6a U TBOpqeCTBO HapOiJ,HbIX MCTUTe-
.'Il'ii. MH., 1946; PYCCKHH !jJOJIbKJIOp BeJIHKOH OTe'IeCTBeHHoH BOHHbl I 018. peJL.
I:. E. ryceB. M.; J1., 1964; MyxapuHc1wJI JI. C. EeJIOpyccKa51 Hapo}J.Ha51 napTH-
:;IlICKa51 rreCH5I. 1941-1945. MH., 1968; a HeKOTopbIX oc06eHHOCT5IX neceHHoro
TBOpqeCTBa nepHOAa rpa}/{JLaHCKOH BOHHbI Ha .IJ:aJIbHeM BOCTOKe II 9CTeTHqeCKMe
1Jl'06eHHOCTlI !jJOJIbIwopa. YJIaH-Y,lI,3, 1969; KysblituHa JI. JI. HapO.ll:HhlH M.lI:eaJI
IIO'J3MH rpa}/{iJ,aHCKOH BOHHbI BOCToTIHoii Cu6Hpn II PYCCEHH qJOJIbKJIOp CH6upH.
y,IIaH-Y.ll:3, 1971. Bbm. 1; Kup8aH E. JI. 06rn:ee H oc06eHHoe 13 neceHHOM qJOJIb-
",/lope BOCTOTIHbIX M 3arraiJ,HbIX CJIaB5IH rrepHoJLa BTOpOH MMpOBOH BOHHbI 1/ l1cTo-
1'1151, J(YJIbTypa, 3THOI'paqm51 H qJOJIbKJIOp c.TJaB5IHCKHX HapOiJ,OB: VllI Me}/{AYHa-
1'0) HbIH C'be3JL CJIaBIICTOB. .IJ:oKJIaiJ,bI cOBeTcKoH iJ,eJIeI'aJ HII. M., 1978; ryce6 B. E.
(:.IJaB5IHCKMe napTH3aHclme neCI-IH. J1., 1979; cf>J180ciK A. C, HapoAHa51 lIa33i51 6a-
l'a b6bI. MH., 1981; III Yhw8a H. C. TIicHi 60po1b61I i rrepeMOrII 1/ HTE. 1985.
N 3.
B. E. rJ1CEB
DECH5I DETPOBCKA5I p., DECH5I D5ITPOYCKA5I, D5IT-
J>OYRA 6., DICH5I DETPIBLIAHA, DETPIBKA y.- rreCHH, KOH-
II,l'HTpHpOBaBilliHeCH BOKpyr .L(peBHero aJ:1papHDro rrpa3,lI;HeCTBa DeT-
pa, DTMe'IaeM0J:10 29 HIDH5! CT. CT., Ha rrHTbIII AeHb rrOCJIe !\yrraJIbH.
1)l'JIOpYCCKHe D. n. 13 'TeMaTH'IeCKiOM rrJIaHe COCTaBJIHIOT cBoeo6pa3-
IHle npOAOmKeHHe KyrraJIbCKHX, 113 HHX npe06JIaAaeT JI106oB'HaH Te-
MaT.H-Ka. 06 II.:(H H KOJI Op'H 'I' D. II. He CTGJIb 5!pOK, KaK y KynaJIbCKHX.
:-),lIeMeHT 3.'1errPlJHOCTH 13 'HHX BHOC5!T ceMeHHble MOTHBbI, IIOJIyqIllB-
lime 13 D. II. 3HaqHTeJIbHOe pa3BIITHe. B OCHOBHbIX 6eJIOpYCCKHX
'I'rHOperHGHaX 'HapOAHGe orrpeAeJIBHHe 2KaHpa KyrraJIbCKHX H TI. II.
l'IIIIOHHMHLl'HD, HepeAKO KynaJIbCKHe H D. II. OTJIH'IalOTC5! TOJIbKO
,1l'PBOII CTpO'I OH «<lBaH3'Ba HOLIKa MaJIerHbKa», «D5iTpOBa HOqKa
M :tJleHbKa» ). B BDCTO'IHOH EeJIa PY'CH .«Ha DHTpO» COBep rnaJIC5! 06-
'I' IJ KYMJIeHHH. B 3TOT AeHb AeByrnKH 06MelHHBaJIHCb rrpeAMeTaMH
,'I\oero TyaJIeTa (cepbraME, K-OJIbll.aMH, rrJIaTKaMII) H CLIHTaJIHCb 13
n"Je.HHe rOAa KYMyrnKaMH. 06pHA KYMJIeHHH corrpOBOLKAaJICH yrro-
Tpl'6JIeHHeM pHTyaJIbHbIX 6JllOA, rYJIHHbeM. JJ:JIH HCrrOJIH5!eMbIX rrpH
J I'OM IIeceH xapaKTepHbI MOTHBbI raAaHHH .0 6YAYII.:(eII cYAb6e.
B YKpaHHcKoH cpOJIbKJIGpHGH TpaAHll.HII D. rr.- JIHplIIqeCKHe rrec-
1111, Il'CrrOJIHHeMble 130 BpeMH DeTpoBcKoro rrOCTa. TeMaTH'IeCKII M02K-
'110 BhIAeJI'HTb AeBHLnrH ll.HKJI D. n., 13 IWTOpOM BocrreiBalOTCH JIlO-
(ltmh K H36paHHHKY, CBHAa'HJIH C .fIHM H 13 TO 2Ke BpeM5! 3BY'IaT Ma-
I'qlll'lIcKoe rrpeAOCTepe2KeHHe H 3arrpeT .L(Gqepn rYJIHTb. 3TOT ll.HKJI
II. II. !l30 MHorOM rrep€KJIHKaeTCH 'CD cBaAe6HbIMII rreCHHMH, 13 HHX
IIIY'IIIIT TaK2Ke TeMa 6YAYII.:(erO rrpOII.:(aHII5! C pOJI:HTeJI5iMH, OTll.OB-
, 1\'11 M .L(OMOM H MOJIOAOCTblO (<<OH TH, rreTpiBKa rreTpiBLIarHa», «OH,
I ;(,/1<1 IIiLIKa neTpiBoLIKa»). )f(eHcKHH ll.HKJI TI. n. .oTpa)! aeT T5!)!{eJIOe
I'
II
231
,1.1
I
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f
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I
L
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I
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232
n
n
233
rrGJI02KeHHe MOJIOAOH 2KeHII.:(HHbI B ceMbe My)!{a (<<OH, BHHrnJIa MaTH
iHeBkTKH 3raH5!TH», «He crrirBarhe, Ta ni'B'HIIKH»). CpeL(!H D. n. BbI-
AeJIHeT'C5! TaK)Ke lOMOpH'C'I 1 WIeCKHH ll.HKJI, 13 KOTOpOM AeByrnKH BbI-
CMeHBalOT HeAoCToHHbIX 2KeHHXOB, JIeHHBblX H HepaAHBblx (<<OH
qHe ll.e 2KHTO ni;!: ropy He 2KaTe?», «OH 13 ropoAi KpOKOC nopoc»).
A. C. JIHC, E. /0. CfEEAH/OK
IIIJBTOp5!1OII.:('HHC5! rrOCJIe Ka2K.L(OrO ABy.cTHrnb5! (<<CJIaBa!», «CJIaiBa.
./la,lIiO MGe!», «HJIelO, HJIelO!» H nOA.). Hx HaneBbI, rrol MHeHHlO MY-
,;bIKGBeAOB, 06HapY)!{I1!13alOT CBH3H C rreCHHMH BeCeHHe-JIeTHero Ka-
./lcHAap5I. B 'COCTaBe pHTyaJIa raAaHH5! no.u:6JII.oAHble neCHH 'lI'crro -
IIHJIHCb 13 .orrpeAemmHGH rrOCJIeAOBaTeJIbHOCTH: 13 Ka'leCTBe nepB.oH"
J:cTyrrHTeJIb'HOH rreJIH T. Ha3. XJIe6HYI.o rreeHlO, '13 KOTOpOH B.o3)1,aBa-
./laCb 'lOCTb xJIe6y (rrpH 3TOM xJIe6 pa3JIaMb]BaJIH Ha KYCO'lKH II
I\JlaJIH 13 'larny BMeCTe C rrpeAMeTaMH), H JIHrnb 3aTeM rrepeXOAHJIH
1\ il-I'CrrOJIHeHIIlO caMIIX rrOA6JIlO,lI;HbIX rreceH, rrpeABeII.:(alOII.:(Hx 60raT-
l"TBO, YAaLlY, 6paK, a IIHorAa - ,rr,eBlIqeCTBO, HecLlacTbe II Aa2Ke
cMepTb. OC06ylO norrymJ.pHocTb rrplI06peJIo TaIwe CB5iTO'lHOe rre-
('CHHOe raAa'HlHe 113 XVIII-XIX BIB. 13 ropoA wOH cpeAe.
J1YIT.: FpuHtieHf>.'Q E. JI.. ::hHorpaqJHqeCKUe MaTepHaJIbI, c06paHHbIe 13 LIepHH-
rOBCKOH U COCe.lI:HHX C HeH ry6epHH5Ix. LIepHHroB, 1899. T. 3; POln,aH06 E. P.
1912. Bbm. 8-9; IrpH Ta nind. 1963.
DICH5I DOEYTOBA y.- CM. ileCflR 6blTOBaR.
TIECH5I DOfPEEAJIbHA5I p., DECH5I DAXABAJIbHA5I 6.,
DICH5I DOXOBAJIbHA y.- UIIKJI rreceH, HCrrOJIHHBmHXCH EO npe-
MH rroxopOH, a TaK)Ke Ha n.oMHHKax. MH'OrHe H3 3TIIX rreceH C03Aa-
BaJIHCb CeJIbCKIIMH .L(bHKaMH, n-crrOJIb30BaBrnHMII BCBoeM TBOp'leCT-
Be HapOAHo-neceHHYW rr03TIIKY, 06pa3HOCTb, MeJIO.L(HKY. B ll.eJIOM 2Ke
D. rr. BOCX'OAHT K Cpe.L(HeBeKOBOMY KaHTY II rrCaJIbMe. 00 cOAep2Ka-
HIIlO, 06II.:(eMY HarrpaBJIeHIIlO TI. rr. BbIAep)!{aHbI 13 CTI1JIe AYXOBHbIX
neceH, rrpHMbIKa51 npH 3TOM K npOTH2KHOH HapO.lJ.HOH JII1pH'leCKOH
neC'He. Ha rroxopoHax D. rr. IICrrGJIHHJIHCb 'BnepeMe2KKY C COll.IIaJIb'HO-
6bITOBbIMH neCH5!MH 0 cMepTII 'lYMaKa (Ka3aKa) 'BAaJIII OT pO,lI;HbIX
II nCaJIbMaMII (<<CIIpiTKa» 'II Ap.). D. rr. 6bITYlOT '13 'HeKiOTOpbIX apea-
JIax YK'paHHbI (13 KaprraTax, Ha DOJIecbe, TIO)J.OJIIUI II AP.) 'II 13 Harne
BpeM5!. 06bILIH.o 'OHH HCrrOJIH5!I.oTCH KOJIJIeKTIIBHO Ha 'HeCKOJIbKO ro-
JIOCOB, HO B03MOLKHO HCrrOJIHeIIHe OAHIIM H3 pO;:r:CTI3e1-I:HHKOB IIOKOH-
HOI'O KaK rrpH'lHTaIIHe.
J1I1T.: CfwiepoB B. H. 3m1HIIH nepHOiJ,. 1957; JIponn B. H. PyccKne arpap-
IIble rrpa3iJ,HHKH. J1., 1963; 3e,lll{oBCKUii H. N. MeJIOAHlW KaJIeHiJ,apHbIX neceH. J1."
1!)75.
JI. H. BHHOrPAllOBA
C. B. MHI/IAHHCf
TIICH5I DOJJ:EHllJ,HDbKA y.- CM. ileCflR 6aTpatfTWR.
TIECHH DOJIOH5IHOK p., DECHI f1AJIAH5IHAK 6., TIIC-
I IJ DOJIOH5IHOK y.- rpyrrrra rreceH BeJIIIKOH OTeqeCTBeHHoH
J:OllHbI, pa3Ho06pa3Hblx no COAep}KaHHlO, rrpoH'C 02KAeHIIlO II xY.lIJO-
iKecTBeHHoH cpG.pMe, 13 KOTOpbIX rroBecTBYeT'C5! a 2KII31HII 13 cparnIIcT-
n<OH He!BOJIe II Ha oKKyrrHpoBaHHOIi TeppIITOpJ1H, 06 Y2Kacax He-
IIOJIH II 3BepcTBax oKKyrraH1'OB H 13 TO )Ke BpeMH .0 MY2KeCTBe, LleJIO-
BCLleCKOM .lIiOCTOIIHCTBe )KeHII.:(JIH 13 3TO T5!)KeJIOe BpeMH. TI. n.
'ITJIWIalOTC5! no rrpOI-ICXOLK,lIeHIU.o: rrpOII3BeAeHHH, C03AalHHble 13 rrOOA-
pa2KaHIIe neCHHM COBeTCKHX rr03TOB H KOMrr03IITopOB (I1JII1 rrepepa-
t)OTKII 3TIIX neceH); IHapO,lJ;Hble rrepe,rr,eJIKII cTapoi.i TpaAIIll.lIOIUIOII
IIl'CHII, a TaK)Ke CTapbIX neceH KaToprII II CCbIJIKH; opHrHIlaJlbHble
IICCHH, C03AaHHble OTAeJIbHbIMII aBTOpaM'lIHJIH K'OJIJIeKTHBaMH. TIG
llJOIpMe 31"0 TaK2Ke pa3Ho06pa3Hble rrpoH3BeAeHHH: rreOHII-xpOIfIIKII"
IIOCJIeAGBaTeJIbHO rrOOBeC'I1BYlOII.:(IIe 0 2KH3HII ,u MYKax HeBOJIHHHll.;
IICCHII-nHCbMa Ha POAIIHY, 'B WOTOpbIX KpOMe orrHCaHII5! npeB:paTHO-
cTeii cY.L(b6bI 3BYLIHT rrpII3bIB K aCTaBrnIIMCH 13 PO,lI,HOM wpalO MCTHTb-
<1 1 ;1 IliHCTaM, Cpa)Ka'TbCH 13 rrapTH3aHCKI1X OTpHAax; neCHH-.o6paII.:(e-
111151 (K 'POAHOH 3eMJIe, K COBeTCK'OMY COJIAaTY, K Bpary 'CO CJIOBaMH
IHrcna II rrpGKJI5!TIIH). 4pe3iBblqaHHO pacnpOCTpalHeH 13 D. II. rr'P HeM
IIpoTHBOrrOCTaBJIeIHIIH: BOCnGMHHaHIIe a MHpHOM CqaCTJIHBOM rrpo-
III./I'OM - KapTIIHa IIOAHeBOOJIbHOII 2KII3'HII Ha 4JarnHcTcWOH KaTopre.
Pa3Hoo6pa3HbIMH 6bIJIH H nynI pacnpOCTpaHeHII5i D. II. 3TO II
Yl'Tlra5! nepeAaLla, nHCbMa iHa POAHHY ,II 'C POAHiHbI, AeBIILlbH aJIb60-
M hI, JliHeBHHKH. De'laTaJIHCb ORiH II Ha CTpaHIIll.aX rrapTH3aHcKIIx ra-
:1'T, pYKorrHcHbIX )!<ypHaJIOB, JIHTepaTypHbIX aJIbMaHaXOB.
.III IT.: J1HCTlI 3 qJalliHCTcbKOi' I<aToprH. I\UlB, 1947; rYTOpOB H. B. Eopb6a
II ""'p<ICCTBO HapOJLHbIX MCTHTeJIeH. MH., 1949; EeJIapycKi qJaJIbKJIOp B5IJIiKai'I
J1YIT.: T.'iaT10K B. DOXOPOHHi 3BUqai 06PH.lI:H II ETHorpaqJ. 36. J1bBiB, 1912.
T. 31-32.
DECH5I D01I.EJII01I.HA5I p. BXOOAIIT 13 perrepTyap 'PYCCKIIX
CB51TOLHIbIX neceH, HCrrOJIH5!eMbIX EO BpeMH OC06bIX «nOA6.'1IOAIJ-IbIX»
KOJIJIeKTHBHbIX raAaHHH, yqaCTHIlKI! KOTOpbIX OrrYCKaJIH 113 'larny C
BO.lIiOIi CBOH KO.'1bI.:(a, ApyrHe Memme npe)J.MeTbI IVIH HaKpbIBaJIII HX
6JIlOAOOM, rrJIaTKOM H 3aTeM BbITaCruI-IBa.'1H Hayra)J. no OAHOMY. CMbICJI
rrpe.lI<CKa3a'HHH 13 TaKHX KOpOTKIIX neceHKax-ra.n;aHH5!X paCKpbIBa-
eTC5! 'lepe3 Tpa)J.I!ll.IIOHHble MeTacpopnqeCKHe 06pa3bI H CHM;BOJIbI
(Harrp.: xJIe6, 3epno, CHorrbI, Ae)!<a 003HaqaJIH Y'POLKa r"I II 60raTCTBO;
606p C K)'iHHll.eH, 6epe3a C Ay60M, ABa rOJIy60'lKa - 'CBaAb6y; Kap-
KaHbe BOpOHbI - 6eAY; 6eJIoe nOJIOT.HO - CMe:pTb H T. n.). JJ:JIH
CTPYKTypbI THrrHQlIfbIX nO)J.6JII.oAHbIX neceH xapaKTe:pHbI 3aKJIlOQilI-
TeJIbHble CPOPMYJIbI (<<KOMY ,BbIHeTCH - TOMy c6YAeTCH», «KOMY
rreceHKa AOCTa'HeTC5! - 1'OMY 'C6YAeTC5!, He MH<HyeTC51») H pecppelH,
234
n
n
235
AH'IbIHHaH BaHHbl. MH., 1961; PycCImi'I !jJOJIbKJIOp BeJIHKOH OTeqeCTBeHHoH BOH-
HbI. M.; J1., 1964; XY.lI:mKHH KYJIbTypa KpalH CxiiJ,Hol Ta I1iBAewlOl €Bponu 13
60pOTb6i rrpoTH !jJalliU3MY. I\HIB, 1990.
J1I1T.: Cfy6uHcKuii JI. Jl. 1872. T. 3; CYlitl{OB H. .IJ:OCBeTKU II rrOcnAeJIKH It
Ii neBCKa51 cTapIIHa. 1886. T. 14; IIJellT-1 n. B. MaTepIIaJIbI. 1902. T. 3; PmwnoB
I:'. P. 1912. Bbm. 8.
r. A. EAPTAIlJ EBHCf
r. JI. IIJAJIOBAJIOBA
DECH5I DOCHJJ:EJIOLIHA5I p., DECH5I B5ILIOPKABA5I,
«HA BWI0PR:AX» 6., DICH5I «HA BE40PHHU5IX», «HA JJ:O-
CBITKAX» y.- rreCHH pa3Ho06pa3Horo perrepTyapa, KOTopble rreJIa
MOJIOAe)!{b Ha n'OCHAeJfKax (Be'IGpKaX, cyrrp5!AKaX, 6eceAax) oceH-
'HHMII H 3HMHHMH BeqepaMH, )J.JI5! 'Iero oTKyrraJIaCb y 0f'0-JIH60
(06bILIHO OAHHo oro) H36a 13 CKJIaA'IHHY. Ha'IHIHaJIHCb rrDCHAeJIKH
1 CeHT5!6p5! II AJIII.'IHCb BClO 3HMY AO EJIaI10BeII.:(eHbH (25 MapTa no
CT. CT.). JJ:eByrnKH rrpMXOAHmI Ha rrGCIIAeJIKH ,C KYAeJIeH, LIT06bI
rrp5!CTb, HJIH C B5!3aHbeM, IBblrnHiBaHbeM. D. rr., COnp'DBG2KAaBrnHe pa-
60TY, 6bIJIH rrpeHMYII.:(eCTBeHH'D JI1060BHble, ceMeHHble, T. Ha3. A'OJI-
rHe, JIHpM'IeCKHe. C MDMelHTa rrpIIXOAa Ha nOOHAeJI'KH na.p/HeH IHa'IH-
HaJIH 3ByqaTb rreCHH nJI5!COBble, «Ha6DpHble» (<<MHMO C a .n.Y-BI1HO.
rpaAY», «Ka-K y 6a6yrnKH K03eJI», «H3-rrOA Ay6a, H3-rrGA BH3a»),
Ha rrOCHAeJIKaX HCrrOOJIH5!JIHCb TaK2Ke rrecnH ,HrpOBble H X0p'0BOAHble
(<<1XrocTyrraeM MbI AO ac, MbI AO Bac», «MMJIbIII 6epe)!{I\iOM HAeT»,
«He 3a pe'IWOH BD caAY rrapa rYJI5!JIa» HAP.). B TaHll.ax oco60e
MeC1'O 3aHHMaJIH «Ka,lIipMJIb» (CM.) H «JIa-nCbe», HCrrOJI'HHBrnHeCH
rrOA neCHH, pa3H006pa3iHble rrOJIbKH (CM.), «KpYTYXH» MAp. DJIHCKa
2Ke HCrrOJIHHJI3'Cb nGA 'IacTyrnwH, KoropbIe BbITeCHHJIH 13 XX B.
neCHlO.
B penepTyape D. II. 60JIbrnDe MeC'TO 3a'mIMaJIH neCHn JIHTepa-
TYP.H0J:10 rrpOMCX02KAemI5I (CM.), 6bITOBaBrnHe 13 HapOAe KaK «CTa-
pIIHiHble»: «CKaKaJI Ka3aK 'Iepe3 AOJIHHY», «Be'Iop rrG3AHO H3 JIe-
CO'I:Ka», «CHAeJIM .n.Be rOJIy6KH» MAp., a TaK2Ke ropOACKOH (<<2KeCTO-
rmH») pOMa'HC (CM.) (<<4Y,lI;HbIH MeCHll. nJIbIIBeT HaA permlO», «Dpo-
II.:(aH, 2KH3Hb, pa,lI;OCTb MOH» H T. n.).
B EeJIapYCH rrDCHAeJIRCH (cyrrpaAKi, HaHa'IKi) IHaqHHaJTHCb 13
pa3JIH'IHble c-pOKH: 13 HeJ{01'OpbIX ye3Aax MIJ1'HCKOH ry6.- c 1 cen-
T5!6pH, KOI'Aa «2KaIHiJIi 'J{oMiH», T. e. LIHCTHJIH H YKpallIaJIII CBeTell.,
rDTOBH era AJI5! 3HMHero OCBeII.:(eHH5! H36bI; 13 MG.DHJI6BCJ{OH ry6.-
C 14 H05!6pH. «3a AJIHHHbIIi nOCHAeJIO'IHbIH rrepHoA,- rrncaJI E. P.
POMa'HOB,- AeByrnKM neperreBalOT BeCb perrepTyap neCelH, He npH-
ypO'IeHHbIX K KaKOMY-IHH6YAb orrpeAeJIeH'HOMY BpeMeHH HJIM K 06-
PHAY». HCrrOJIH5!JIOCb MHGrG neceH HrpoBblx, 'CorrpGBOLK.n.aBII.II1X
T.paAIIll.HOHHble HrpbI (<<)f(aHill.b6a UHp3rnKi»), nJIHCOOBbIX (<<XaJIi-
M'OH») H rrplmeBKH K pa3HbIM TaHll.aM. \
Ha YKpaJ-IHe «BeLIOpH>HIU1» na'IMHaJIHCb 'Ha oceHHero HlIJ{DJIa5!,
a AHH EKaTepHHbI '(7 AeKa6p5!) H AHApe5! (13 AeKa6pH) MMe.'1H
oo06oe 3:Ha'IeHHe. JJ:eBym H npH3bIBaJIH AOJIlO, raAaHHe oonrpoB02K-
AaJIOCb oooTBeTcTBYIOII.:(HMH nplmeBKaMH (<<AHApilO, AHApilO, 51 iHa
Te6e KOHOrrJIi dlO ...»), HCrrOJIHHJIaCb 06p5!AOBaH IIIrpa «KaJIHTa».
DECH5I DOCTOBA5I p., DECH5I DACTABA5I 6., DICH5I
IIOCTOBA y.- rreCH5! peJIHI'H03HOro, arroKpHcpH'IeCKOrO COAep2Ka-
JlIf5! nOY'IIfTeJIbHOrO xapaKTepa, HCnOJIH5ieMaH 130 BpeM5! rrOC1'OB
(BeJI:lIKDrO nocTa nepeA DacxooH, <DHJIHrrrrOBKH nerpe.n. P02KAeCTBOM,
p('2Ke DeTpOiB H, CnacoBKH). D. II. qa,CTO pa3pa6aTbIBaeT JIereHAarp-
Jlble TeMbI. Hanp., 13 [JeCIHe «UMOK» ll.eHTpaJIbHGH TeMoH HBJI5!eTC5I.
lIo6eAa IOpH5! HaA 3MeeM, iB ClO2KeTaX «CB, BapBapa», «CB. JJ:apo-
Ta» - 'BocrreBaHHe AY OBHbIX rro.n.BHrOB H CTpaAaiHHH 2KeHII.:(MH-
xpIICTMaHDK. K D. n. 13 HapOAHOM perrepTyape O'I'HeCeHG 3Ha L IHTeJIb-
lIoe J{OJIII'IeCTBO KJIaCCJ-I'IeCKHX ClO2KeTOB 6aJIJIaA H APy.rHX rrGBe-CT-
I OBaTeJIbHbIX rreceH nooyqH'TeJIbHDrO xapaKTep,a, JGOT5! OIHH HMelOT III
pH.n. .n.pyrnx rrp:HypO'IeHIIH (<<Ha norrpaAiKax», «KaJI5!AHa5!», «HK KY-
) 3eJIlO npaAYll.b», «y DiJIirraYKY»). 3TO He 5IiBJI5!eTC5! npOTIIiBOpe-
'lIIeM, TaR Ka'K :13 O,lI;HGM 'CJIY'Iae OTMe'IaeTC5! }Kanp rre0HH B Hap.O;ll.-'
nOM BOCnpHH'DIIM, 13 ApyroM - KOHKpeTHoe B'peM5! ee H'CnGJIHeHHH.
J1I1T.: Cfy6uHcKuii JI. JI., 1872. T. 3; 3iMOBbIH rrecHi. 1975; EaJIaJLbI. 1977.
1\11. 1; 1978. I\H. 2; KapcKuii E. CPo EeJIopyCbI. 1916.
JI. M. COJIOBEPf
DECH5I DOXOJJ:HA5I p., DECH5I DAXOJJ:HA5I 6., TIICH5I
I IOXOJJ:HA y.- OAHa H3 CPYHKUHOHaJIbHbIX pa3HoBH)J.HocTeH COJI)J.aT-
CKHX neceH, He OrpaHHqeHHaH, o.n.HaKO, MX Tpa.n.HUHOHHOH TeMaTHKOH
II o:crrOJIb3yeMaH He TOJIbKO 13 BoeHHDM 6bITY. BbI.n.eJIHeTCH MaprneBbIM
PUTMOM H DCD6eHHOCTHMM HarreBa, 06YCJIOBJIeHHbIMM CPYHKll.HOHaJIb-'
1I0H rrpeAHa3HaqeHHOCTblO. JJ:JI5! 60JIbrnOH rpyrrrrbI O. II. xapaKTepHbI
JlCJIeHHe Ha OCHOBHOH TeKCT, HCrrOJIHHeMbIH HHor.n.a TOJIbKO 3arreBa-
.1IOH, H XOpOBOH rrpHrreB. EOJIbllIHHCTBO D. rr.- 3TO rreCHM MCTopWle-
nme, BoeHHO-6bITOBble, 6aJIJIaAHble. K D. rr. OTHOCHTCH TaK2Ke CTpO-
l'Bble rrplmeBKH, BeCbMa pa3Ho06pa3Hble rro COAep2KaHHlO, HO 06'b-
l'J HHeHHble MaprneBbIM CTpoeM CTHxa M HarreBa. D. II. 3aHMMaeT
:3aMeTHoe MeCTO 13 BOCTO'IHDCJIaBHHCKOM rreceHHOM TBOp'IeCTBe rrepMO-
II,a BeJIHKOH OTe'IeCTBeHHOH BOHHbI.
J1ET.: EpeMuHa B. H. I\JIaCcH!jJnlm H5I napOJLHoH JIHplI'IeCKOH neCHH B co-,
II(''('CKOH qJOJIbKJIOpHCTHKe II PI'!>. J1., 1977. T. 17; JIoTJlBUHa H. B. a rrOJIHqJYHK-
1(,'OIJaJIbHOCTH PYCCKHX COJIAaTCKHX rreceH II I10JInqJYHK nOHaJIbHOCTb qJOJIbKJIOpa.
Ilouocn6npcK, 1983.
C. H. A3EEJIEB
236
n
n
237
DECH5I TIPADOYHA5I 6.- CM. fleCflR rpyiJoBaa.
DECH5I DPADOYHAff 3MlrPADbII 6.- CM. fleCflR rpyiJoBot1
8J1,mepatfutl.
DECH5I TIPOUUI(HA5I, DPOrOJIOCHA5J p., DECH5I DPA-
D5I)f(HA5J, rAJIACHA5I 6., DICH5I DPOT5I)f(HA, «f1POTErA-
HA» y. TepMHH B03HHK B rreBqeCKOH rrpaKTHKe, HM 0603HaqaJIHCb
rreCHH, KOTopbIe HCrrOJIHHJIHCb Me.D,JIeHHO, npOTH2KHO. B MY3bIKaJIbHOM
OTHOrneHlIlJ: D. n.-- caMbIH cOBeprneHHbIH 2KaHp BOCTOqHOCJIaBHHCKO-
ro neCeHHOrD <j:JOJIbKJIOpa; HM rrpHcYII.:(e MeJIOAHqeCKOe pa3Ho06pa3He,
BHYTPHCJIOrDBaH pacrreBHocTb. D. n. MorYT 6bITb COJIbHbIMH, xopo-
BbIMtI, MHOrOrOJIOCHbIMH. D. rr. OTJIHqalOTC5J TaK)!<e BbICOKHMH n03TH-
qeCKHMH KaqeCTBaMH. B HHX ycoBeprneHcTBoBaHbI MHorHe KOMrr03H-
ll.HOHHble npHeMbI H Bblpa3HTeJIbHble Cpe.D,CTBa H3bIKa - rr03TIJTleCKHe
rrapaJIJIeJIH3MbI, rrOCT05iHHble 3rrHTeTbI H rrp. D. rr. KaK 2KaHp B03HHK-
JIH 13 KpecTbHHcKOH cpe.D,e 13 KOHll.e XV-Haq. XVI B. H pa3BHBaJIHCb
13 rroCJIeJJ,YlOII.:(He CTOJIenm 13 rrpoll.ecce cpOpMHpoBaHHH PYCCKOH,
YKpaHHcKoH, 6eJIOPyccKOII Hall.HH. B cOAep2KaHHH paHHHx D. rr. rrpe-
BaJIHpYlOT TeMbI ceMeHHblx oTHornemui, JI106BH; 13 60JIee rr03.D,HHX
D. rr. HMelOT MeCTO COI.:(HaJIbHble, aHTH6apcKHe, oCB060.D,HTeJIbHble MO-
THBbI, KaK, Harrp., 13 Ka3all.KHX, 'IYMall.KHX, 6ypJIall.KHx, pa360HHHqbHX,
peKpYTcKHX, COJI)J.aTcKHx, TlOpeMHblx H rrp., 13 KOTOpbIX K KpecTbHH-
CKOH OCHOBe rrpHcoe)J.HI-lHJIHCb 3JIeMeHTbI CTHJIH ropOACKoro CPOJIbK-
JIopa.
Crrell.HcpIJTIHOCTb D. n. 13 cBoe06pa3HbIX HCnOJIHHTeJIbCKHX KaHO-
Hax, 13 qaCTHOCTH 13 cpopMax pacrreBa, OKOHqaTeJIbHO CcpOpMHpOBaB-
rnHXC5i 13 XVIII-XIX 1313. HaH60JIee HHTepeCHbI nOArDJIOCOqHO-nOJIH-
cpOHHqeClme TI. rr., 13 KOTOpbIX BbIAeJIHeTCH 3arreBaJIa, BbIBOALIHK
(pyc.), na}J,BO.D,Ka, rapaBiK (6e.'1.), rOp5!K (YKp.). rOJIOca 13 xope
paBI-IOrrpaBHbI, CB060.D,HbI 13 HMrrpOBH3all.HH. B paHHHX TIJIaCTax D. rr.
HMeeT MeCTO reTepocpOHH5i - COBMeCTI-IOe rreHHe 13 YHHCOH C He60JIb-
rnHMH OT Hero OTKJIOHeHHHMH. BH.D, rrpOTH)!{HOrO COBMeCTHoro rreHHH
Ha3bIBalOT 13 HapO.D,e «rypTOBbIM».
J1l1T.: KOAnaKoBa H. JI. 1962; Hw,eHKo JI. H. YKpalHcbKe HapoAHe 6araTO-
rOJIOCCH. I\IIlB, 1962; 3eMl{o6c1Wii H. PyccKaH npOTHlliHa51 rreCH5I. J1., 1967; ll,u-
TOBW-I r. H. a 6eJIOPYCCKOM neceHHOM !jJOJIbKJIOpe. MH., 1976; JIasYTuH C. r.
PyccKHe HapoAHbIe JIHpHTIeCKHe neCHH, TIaCTYlliKH H nOCJIOBHllbI. M., 1990.
./11.1 -- rreCHH TeKCTHJIbII.:(HKOB, ropHHKoB, rnaxTepOB, rOHqapOB H T. n.,
pa3JIWlalOII.:(HeCH 06pa3aMH, MOTHBaMH, ClO.?I<eTaMH, rrOp02K)J. HHbIMH
!'ncll.HcpI1KOII TpYAa H 6bITa HX c03AaTe.'1eH H HCrrOJIHHTeJIeH. JJ:JI5i
I I. p. xapaKTepHo H306pa)KeHlIe HeraTHBHbIX CTOpOH pa60qero 6bITa,
'1'1'0 rrp1maeT eH OC06YID cOI.:(HaJIbHYlO OCTPOTY. u
B TI. p. OpraHHqeCKH CJIHJIHCb Tpa.D,HI.:(HH KpecTbHHcKOli H ropo.D,:
('KOH neCHll (YCTHaH, cpOJIbK.'1OpHa5!) H rreceHHOH peBOJI!Dll.HOHHOH
II033HH (mICbMeHHaH, JIHTepaTYPHaH). TIepBaH u rrpe06JIa.D,aJIa paH-,
lIeH TI. p., BTopaH - 13 rr03.D,I-IeH (arHTall.HOHHOH, CaTHpHqeCKOH). TIo
xapaKTepy TBOp'IeCTBa TI. p.- rrpOMe2KYTOqHOe 3BeHO Me u 2K.D,Y CPOJIbK-
.IJOP0;V1 H HapO.D,HOH CaMO.D,eHTeJlbHOcTblO. I1MeHHo 13 HeH HaH60JIee
}IPKO rrpOHBII.'IOCh ynIJIeHIIe JIHLIHOrO, HH.D,HBHAYaJIbHOrO HaqaJla, q M
II 3Ha'IHTeJlbHOIl CTeneHH MO:tKHO 06'bHCHHTb KaK .D,OCTOHHcTBa, TaK H
1Il'.D,OCTaTKII TI. p., 13 TOM qHCJle HeBbICOKHH XY)J.mKeCTBeHHbIH ypo-
IIl'Hb pH.D,a npOH3Be.D,eHlIH.
D. p. CJIe)J.yeT OTJIHqaTb aT rreceHHoro perrepTyapa pa60qHX, KO-
rnpbIlr BKJIlOqaeT 13 ce6H D. p., HO, HBJIH Cb rrOHHTHeM 60JIee rnHpo-
I\lIM, He M02KeT 6bITb OT02KAeCTBJIeH C HeH.
J1I1T.: YCTHa51 n033U5I pa60 T IlIX POCCHU I C6. CT. no,n: pe.ll:. B. r. Ea3aHoBa M.j
.11., 1965; Ka6aumiKaf) K. JI. Ail, TpaAbIlibIlmara qJaJIbKJIOpy .lI:a p3BaJIIO bmHau
lIa33ii. MH., 1969; AAeKcecea O. E. YCTHa51 n033H5I PyCCKHX pa60 T Illx: OpeBOJIIO-
IIIlOHHbIH nepHo,n:. JI., 1971; Baxlfuua J7. K. CJI,aB5IIICKIIe pa60 T ilie neCHH. COIwaJIb-
lI'hllI KOHTeKCT, xYJl:OllieCTBeHHo-3CTeTHTIeCKIIe oc06eHHocTII. I\HeB, 198?; JIOAUW,YK
II. C. 1'!>0p mpoBaHue rreceHHoro penepTyapa Y PYCCKHX 13 COBeTCKHII rrepuoA II
rpa.ll:HIJ,HU H cOBpeMeHHocTb 13 !jJOJIbKJIOpe. M., 1988.
H. C. JIOJIHllJ,J1K
TIECH5J P A3EOPHA5J (<<P A3BOJJ:HA5I») p.- He60JIbrnHe
()J,lCTpOrO TeMrra HCrrOJIHeHH5i rreceHKH, KOTOpbIMH Hepe.D,KO 3aKaHLIH-
IW.IIIICb HrpbI H XOpOBO.D,bI. OTpa2KaH HrpOBble .D,eHCTBH , D. p., KaK
IIpaBHJIO, HMeJIII <<IIOll.eJIYHHble» KOHll.OBKH. TaK, 13 OAHOH H3 HHX MO-
"IJI)}J;ell. rDBOplI.'l .D,eByrnKe:
«51 Te65I, BapH, JI106JIlO,
DOll.eJIYlO, rrpOqb rrOH.D,Y».
C. H. rPHll,A, C. r. JIA3J1THij
HeKOTopbIe lI3 TI. p. rrpeACTaBJI5IJIH C060H OTpbIBKH H3BeCTHbIX
IIl'pOBbIX. rrJI5ICOBbIX H .D,p. rreceH.
.nUT.: IIleuH Jl. B. BeJlllKopyC. 1898. T. 1, BblII. 1; KOAnaKoBa H. JI. 1962.
C. r. JIA3J1THH
DECH5I PAEOLIA5I p., 6., DICH5J POEITHH4A y. OKOH'Ia-
TeJlbHO OcpopMJIHeTCH 13 3rroxy KanHTaJIH3Ma B XOAe pa3BHTHH rrpoJIe-
Tapr-raTa, TBOpqeCTBOM KOToporo OHa 5!BJI5!JIaCb. D. p. rrpornJIa AOJI-
rHH H CJI02KHbIH rrYTb pa3BHTHH aT rreCHH-2KaJI06bI AO rreCHH-npH3bIBa
K 60pb6e C yrHeTaTeJIHMH. OTJIHIUITeJIbHble oc06eHHOCTH ee - HCTO-
pH3M (rreCHH-xpOHHKH) H cBoe06pa3HbIH rrpocpeCCHOHaJIH3M, orrpe.D,e-
JIIIBrnJIH .D,eJIeHHe D. p. Ha rrpOH3BO.D,CTBeHHble (OTpaCJIeBble) ll.HK-
IIECH5J PEKPYTCKA5I p., TIECH5J P3KPYUKA5J 6., !lICH5I
1'1': I( P YTCbKA y. - BH}J, BHe06pH.D,OBOH cOll.HaJIbHO-6bITOBOH JIHpH u -
1.11. Bo:mlIIwa 13 XVIII-XIX 1313. rrOCJIe BBeAeHHH npHIlYAIITeJIbHOH
238
n
n
peKpYTCKOH nOBHHHOCTH. EOJ .ee HerrOCpe.D,CTBeHHO, 'IeM MHorHe .D,Py-
nle BH.D,bI H 2KaHpbI HapOAHOH JIHpHKH, CBH3aHa C .D,eHCTBHTeJIbHO-
CTblO. B D. p. HarnJIH OTpa2KeHMe Bce 3TarrbI Ha60pa 13 peKpYTbI; OT-
HorneHHe K peKpYTY H era ceMbe, rrpOII.:(aHHe peKpYTa C pOAHTeJIHMH
6paTbHMH, ceCTpaMH, 2KeHOH, HeBeCTOH; nOKa3bIBaeTCH ropbKaH .D,OJI
HOBO paHll.a. MHOrO'IHCJIeHHble D. p. Ha'IHHalOTC5! C MpaqHbIX OIII1-
CaHIIn rrpHpO}J,bI, KOTopbIe rrCHXOJIOnlqeCKH HaCTpaHBalOT Ha LITO-TO.
Tpe 02KHOe, He.D,06poe, npoHHKHYTbI rrpeA'IYBcTBHeM 6e.D,bI, Tparnqe-
CKOH CYAb6bI repoH, KOTOpOMy BbIIIaJIO HeCqaCTbe H.D,TH Ha BoeHHYlO'
CJIY}K6y. B D. p. HPKO Bblpa2KeH rrpoTecT rrpoTHB rrpHHY)J.HTe.'IbHOII
CJIy 6bI, COll.HaJIbHOrO HepaBeHcTBa H HecrrpaBeAJIHBOCTH rrpH Ha60pe
13 BOHCKO, rrpoTHB YHH2KeHII5I 'IeJIOBe'IeCKOrO AOCToHHcTBa. 3nI rreCHM
60raTbI CHMBOJIHKOH, rrapaJIJIeJIH3MaMH. B HeKoTopbIX rreCH5iX, Hanp.,
MaTb peKpYTa 13 06pa3e KYKyrnKH npIIJIeTaeT Ha MeCTO npHeMa H
2KaJIO HO rrpOCIIT 3a6paTb Bce, 'ITa Y Hee eCTb, HO TOJIbKO BepHYTb
)J.OMOH CbIHa-peKpYTa. JJ:opora HOB06paHll.a 13 ll.apCKOe BOHCKO T5!2Ke-
JIaH, OHa, KaK rrOeTC5! 13 6eJIOPYCCKOH D. p., «6iTa5!, CJIH3bMi 3JIiTaH».
D. p.- BbIC u OKOXY)J.02KeCTBeHHble HapOAHble npOH3Be.D,eHHH KaK C:
rr03THqeCKOH, TaK H C MY3bIKaJIbHOH CTOpOHbI.
CM. TaK2Ke nealfl COJ/.iJaTcTwfl H JIHT.
II., DICH5J PYCAJIbHA, fP5JHA y.- He60.'1brnaH rro cocTaBY rpyrr-
lIa KaJIeH.D,apHbIX rreceH, HCrrOJIHHeMblX (rrpeHMYII.:(eCTBeHHo AeByrnKa-
MH) B Teqemle PycaJIbHOH, HJIH fpHHOH, He.D,eJIH (CJIe.D,YlOII.:(eH 3a
TpOHUeH), TeMaTH'IeCKH CBH3aHHblX C rroBepHHMH a PycaJIKax HJIH
06blqaHMH 3Toro rrepHOAa, a TaK)!{e neCHH, corrpOB02KAaBrnHe 06PHA
«£IpOBO.D,OB PycaJIKH», KOTOpbIH cOBeprnaJICH 13 nOCJIeAHHH AeHb Py-
caJIbHOIi He,rr,eJIH HJIH 13 rrOHe.D,eJIbHHK cpa3Y rrOCJIe Hee. TeppHTopH-
:tJlbHO pycaJIbHble rrecmI cpHKcHpOBaJIHCb 13 paHoHax BOCTO'IHOrO 00-
.neCbH. B MY3bIKaJIbHOM OTHorneHHM pa3JIH'IalOTCH rro THrraM HarreBOB
pycaJIbHble-npOBO.D,Hble H pycaJIbHble-rp5iHble rreCHH. TIepBble HCrrOJI-
115!JIIlCb TOJlbKO 13 MOMeHT «BmK.D,eHHH pycaJIKH» (rrpH B03BpaII.:(eHHH
}lOMOH rrOCJle 3aBeprneHHH o6p5i.D,a HX rreHHe Y2Ke He AorrYCKaJIOCb) ;
naH60JIee THIII1 L IHaH H3 HHX - «DpOBe.D,y 51 pycaJIOqKY AO 60py». Py-
CaJIbHble-rp5IHble 'IaCTO corrpORmKAalOTCH THnHqHbIM AJIH BeceHHIIX
nrpOBbIX II XOpOBO.D,HbIX rreceH pecppeHOM «PaHo-paHO», «PaHo-pa-
lIeHbKO» II rro.D,., xapaKTepH3YIDTCH HeCKOJIbKO 66JIbrnHM TeMaTH'Ie-
CKHM pa3Ho06pa3HeM perrepTyapa, KOTOpbIH 'IaCTHqHO CMbIKaeTCH C
TpOHU KH fv1H (CM.), rreTpOBCKHMH (CM.) H KyrraJIbCKHMH (CM.) rrec-
1I5!MH.
J1l1T.: Jl.eii O. I1iceHHicTb BeCH5IIIO-JIiTHix KaJIeHAapHux 06p5lJ(iB Ta 3BfITWi'B If,
r lapOAHo-rriceHHi lliaHpH. KIflB, 1983; EapTaW3Bi'l r. A. EeJIapycKa51 HapO.ll:Ha51
lIa33i51 BeCHaBOI'a blKJIa i CJIaBHHCKaH !jJaJIbKo10pHa51 TpaiJ.bII bI5I. MH., 1985; Bu-
lIocpaiJoBa JI. H. lVh-I!jJoJIonrqecKHH acneKT rrOJIeCCKOH «pycaJIbHoH» TpaAHJ HU If
CJIaB5IHCKUH If 6aJ1KaHCKHH qJOJIbKJIOp. M., 1986; JIawuHa O. A. I\aJIeH.lI:apHbIe nec-
1111 BeCeHHe-.'IeTHerO HI{J]a 13 Ioro-BocTOTIHOH EeJIOpyccHH II TaM llie.
J1l1T.: Pe!<PYTCbKi Ta COJI.lI:aTCbKi nicHi. 1974; COI iaJIbHO-n06YToBi nicHi 1985-
CalJ,bI5IJIbHa-6bITaBbI5I necHi. 1987; JIcTp06cKaR r. A. EeJIOpyccKHe COI HaJIb 0-6bI:
TOBbIe rreCHH. MH., 1982.
r. A. JIETPOBCKAH
JI. H. BHHOrPAJl.OBA
«PHHJJ:3IBKA», «POrYJIbKA» y.- pa3HOBH.D,HOCTb BeceHHHX
KaJIeH.D,apHO-06pH.D,OBbIX neceH, 6JIH3KHX CPYHKll.HOHaJIbHO K KOJI5!A-
KaM H II.:(eApOBKaM, K 6e.'10pYCCKHM BOJIo'Ie6HbIM neCH5!M. 3TO BeJIH-
'IaJIbHble rrecHH-no3JJ,paBJIeHII5I C HOBbIM rO.D,OM, OTMe'IaBrnHMC5! 13
.D,peBHIIe BpeMeHa BecHoH. HaH60JIee rrOJIHO cOXpaHHJIHCb 13 3arraAHOH
YKpaI1He. 3.D,eCb 130 BpeMH rraCXaJIbHbIX rrpa3.D,HMKOB «napy60ll.KHe»
rpyrrrrbI (15-20 'IeJIOBeK) XOA5!T aT xaTbI K xaTe H rrOlOT P. AeByrn-
K M H MOJIOJJ,bIM )!{eHII.:(HHaM, nOJIY'Ia5! 3a 3TO 13 Harpa.D,y naCXaJIbHble-
5!Hll.a H AeHbrH. 3acpHKCHpOBaHbI CJIY'IaH HCrrOJIHeHHH aHaJIOrH'IHbIX
neceH AJI5! «rrapy6KOB». B DeHTpaJIbHOH YKpaI1He BeceHHHe rreCHH-
BeJIH'IaHHH 3acpHKCHpOBaHbI JIHrnb B .D,eTCKOM perrepTyape.
...J1I1T.:. falBKH /3i6paB BOJIO.ll:HMHp I:HaTioK II M TepiaJIH .lI:O YKpai'HCbIwi' eTHO-
JIO !1. J1bB B, 1909. T. 12; rpyw.eBcbKuu M. ICTopm YKpalHCbKol JIirepaTYPH
I\H1B; J1bBlB, 1923. T. 1, q. 1. .
TIECH5J CA THPHLIECKA5J p., DECH5J CA TbIPbI4HA5J 6.,
I IICH5J CATI1PHLIHA y. xapaKTepH3yeTcH OCTpOTOH KPHTHKH He-
I':tTHBI-IbIX 06II.:(eCTBeHHblx 5!BJIeHHH, 06JIH'IeHHeM JIlO.D,CKHX rropOKOB,
pa306JIa'IaeT nOJIHTH'IeCKOe H COll.HaJIbHOe HepaBeHCTBO 13 06II.:(eCTBe,
BLlcTyrraeT rrpOTHB HeCrrpaBe.D,JIHBOCTH, YTBep2K)J.aeT HapO.D,Hble H.D,ea-
.lIb!. n. C. rrpH3HaBaJIaCb KaK iKar-Ip 13 pa60'IeM cpOJIbKJIOpe B. 51.
IlporrnOM, BbI}J,eJ1HeTCH 13 Ka'IeCTBe CaMOCTOHTeJIbHOrO 2KaHpa 13 KJIaC-
cm!JHKaUHH rreCeHHOrO TBOp'IeCTBa B. E. ryceBbIM, A. H. JJ:eeM M .D,p.
(IHJ.'IbKJropHcTaMH. KOMHqeCKaH 06pHCOBKa COll.HaJlbHbIX THrrOB AO-
I'TIIraeTC5! 13 D. c. rrYTeM BbIHBJIeIIHH rrpOTHBOpeqHH Me2K.D,y TeM, LleM
olin XOTeJIH 6bI Ka3aTbCH, H TeM, qeM OHH HBJIHlOTCH 13 AeHCTBHTeJIb-
1I0CTH. COUHaJ'lbHble HBJIeHII5I 06JIHqalOTC5i HepeAKO C rrOMOII.:(blO eAKOH
IIpOIIlIlI, )J.OXO)J.HII.:(eH HHOr.D,a J],O capKa3Ma. TI. c. 'IaCTO 06XO)J.HTC5!
11(':: CIIMBOJIHqeCIUIX 06pa30B, rrapaJWeJIII3MOB, rr03TH'IeCKHX 06paII.:(e-
1111 ii. OCTpOTa OCMe5iHUH YCHJIHBaeTCH C rrOMOII.:(blO XYAOIKeCTBeHHoro
V'I'pnpOBaHHH O.D,HOH H3 xapaKTepHbIX 'IepT rrepCOHa2Ka, 'IeMY CO)J.eH-
I''I'Bya)T rpOTeCK, rImep60JIH3aUH5i H )J.pyrHe H306pa3IITeJlbHble cpe)J.-
('1'11;1 napO)J.HOH n03THKH. D. C. BbweJI5ilOTCH He TOJIbKO 130 BHe06pH-
JI,()II()ii J!lIpHKe, HO H 13 KaJIeH)J.apHo-06pH.D,OBOH H ceMeHHO-06pH.D,OBOH
C. B. MHIIlAHHCf
DICH5J P0JJ:HHHO-DOEYTOBA y.- CM. nealfl ceMeu1-lo-6bl-
TOBafl.
DECH5J PYCAJIbHA5J p., DECH5J PYCAJIbHA5J, rp AHA5J
239
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240
n
n
241
rr033HH. OHI1 OpraHWlHO BXOA5!T B 06PH.D,bI H BMeCTe C HI1MH BbIIIOJI-
H5iIDT orrpe.D,eJIeHHble CPYHKll.HH - YTHJIHTapHO-MarnqeCKYID, ll.epeMO-
HHaJIbHYlO, pHTyaJIbHYlO, pa3BJIeKaTeJIbHYlO H .D,p.,- AOMHHaHTHaH
pOJII;> KOTOpbIX MeH5ieTC5! 13 pa3Hble HCTOpHqeCKHe rrepHO.D,bI HX 6bITO-
BaHHH. Ba2KHeHrnHM OpY2KHeM caTHpbI B D. c. 5!BJIHeTC5! 06JIHLIHTeJIb-
HbIH CMex, KOTOpbIH BbI3bIBaeTC5! KOMHqeCKHMH cHTyaUH5!MH, H306pa-
2KaeMbIMH 13 rrpOH3Be.D,eHII5IX. Hall.HOHaJIbHbIH KOJIOpHT 13 D. c. Hepe)J.-
KO rrpOHBJIHeTC5i C rrOMOII.:(blO lOMopa, BXOAHII.:(ero 13 rrpmI3Be)J.eHHH
KaK O.D,HO H3 HaH60JIee pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIX cpeJJ,CTB CaTHpbI.
CM. [JeC1tH WYTO'lHaH H JIHT.
IllIxa rrpe06JIa.D,alOT BeJIHqaJIbHble H lOMOpHCnlqeCKHe rreCHH, BeCeJIble
l!eCHH-rrepe6paHKH CBax.
CM. CPOJ/.bTUz.op cBaiJe6Hblu H JIHT.
T. K. THJIKOBA
A. C. ifJEIWCHK
DECH5I CEMEVIHO-EbITOBA5I p., TIECH5I C5IMEVIHA-EbI-
TABA5I 6., DICH5I P0JJ:I1HHO-DOEYTOBA y.- O.D,HH H3 BH.D,OB
IIC06p5i)J.OBOH JIHpHKH. TeMaTHKa D. c.-6. OXBaTbIBaeT pa3JIWIHbI
ccpepbI ceMeHHOH 2KH3HH - B3aHMOOTHorneHHH cyrrpyroB, B3pOCJIbIX
'leTeH H pOAHTe.'1eH, 6paTbeB H cecTep, cBeKpoBH H HeBeCTKII, B.D,OBbIO
I; CHPOTCKYlO cY.D,b6y. UeHTpaJIbHbIM 06pa30M 60JIbrnHHCTBa neceH
HBJIHeTC5! 06pa3 2KeHII.:(HHbI 13 pa3JIHqHbIX HrrOCTaCHX - MaTepH, B)J.O-
BbI, 2KeHbI, HeBeCTKH, CeCTpbI. CID2KeTbI D. c.-6 CBH3aHbI rrpeHMYII.:(eCT-
BeHHO C ApaMaTHqHbIMH MOMeHTaMH 2KeHCKOH cY.D,b6bI. 3TO HarrOJI-
l!5ieT MHorHe rreCHH HaCTpoeHHeM 6e3bICXO.D,HOCTH H 06peqeHHocTH.
3HaqHTeJIbHO MeHbrne D. c.-6. 0 CqaCTJIHBOH ceMeHHOH }KH3HH, B3aH-
MonOHHMaHHH cyrrpyroB. CpeAH xYAo eCTBeHHbI rrpHeMOB H
cpe)J.CTB, c03AaHHbIX HapOAHo-rr03THqeCKOH TpaAHll.HeH, 13 D. c.-6.
JIlHpOKO HCrrOJIb3YlOTC5! pa3JIHQHble BH.D,bI rrapaJIJIeJIH3Ma, rrOBTOpbI.
J1I1T.: )KaH1JbIHa y 6eJIapYCKaii: Hapo Haii: TBOpqa.cI i. hili., 1 40; YKpaiH bKi
napoAHi nicHi: PO.ll:HHHO-rr06YTOBa JIipHKa I Yrrop5lA., m.D:rOT. !eKCTlB Ta npllMITKH
r. K CIIiJ.OpeI-II<O. I\IIiB, 1965. 1-1. 2; C5IMei'ma-6bITaBbI5I neCHl. 1989; KO/l.nG;lwBa
H. JI. 1962; Ti/l.eBi'l H. C. Hallia pO.D: a51 neCHH. M!1., 1968; ifJpaHlw I. ..)KlHOqa
neBOJI5I B PYCbKHX rricH5IX HapoAHlIx I, ifJpaliKo I. 316p. TB.: Y 50. T. . I\H1B, 1980.
T. 26; /ZoB:JfCeHOK r. B. flOeTfITIHlIII KOAeKC pO.ll:HHHHX B3aeMHH II I11cHl POAuHHoro
:iImTT5I. I\HlB, 1988.
DECH5I CBAJJ:EEHA5I p., DECH5I B5ICEJIbHA5I 6., DICH5I
BECIJIbHA y.- caMbIH 3HaQHTeJIbHbIH, HaH60JIee coxpaHHBrnHHcH
UHKJI ceMeHHOIi 06p5i.D,OBOH rr033HH BOCTOLlHbIX CJIaBHH. B TI. c.
HalliJIH OTpa2KeHHe X03HHcTBeHHble, COll.HaJIbHble, rrpaBoBble, MOpaJIb-
HO-3THQeCKHe, peJIlIrH03HO-MarHQeCKHe H 3CTeTIIQeCKHe B3rJIH.D,bI Ha-
pOJI.a, oc06eHHocTH pa3BHTHH 6paKa H ceMelIHblx oTHorneHHH Ha pa3-
HbIX 3Tarrax HCTOpHQeCKOrO pa3BHTH5! 06II.:(eCTBa.
D. c., rrepBOHa'IaJIbHO CB5!3aHHble C orrpe.D,eJIelmbIMH 06p5!.D,OBbIMII
.D,eIICTBHHMH II HMelOII.:(He rrpaKTwlecKoe Ha3HaqeHHe, HCrrOJIH5iJIHCb
Ha Bcex 3Tarrax CBa.D,b6bI, 5!BJI5!HCb HeOT'beMJIeMOH cocTaBHOH qaCTblO
Ka2K.D,OrO 06p5!)J.oBoro )J.eHcTBHH (Ha 3arroHHax, 3apYQI1HaX, .D,eBHQbeM
Beqepe, rrpH rreQeHHH KapaBaH, paCrrJIeTaHHH KOCbI, 130 BpeM5! rroca-
Aa, rrpH BCTpeqe, BbIIIpaBJIeH IH H nepee3Ae MOJIO.iI.bIX, 130 BpeMH CBa-
.D,e6Horo 3aCTOJIb5i H .D,p.).
CBaAe6HbIH ll.HKJI COCTaBJI5ilOT neCHH pa3HbIX 2KaHpoB: 3aKJIHHa-
TeJIbHbIe, cO)J.ep2KaHHe KOTOpbIX - MarWleCKHe rrmKeJIaHH5i 3)J.OpOBbH,
60raTcTBa, CqaCTb5i HOBOH ceMbe; pHTyaJIbHble - necHH, TeCHO CBH-
3aHHble C 06pH.D,aMH, cIIoc06cTBYlOII.:(He CPOpMHpoBaHHID, peaJIH3aUHH
06P5!)J.OB H 3aKperrJIeIHllO cpaKTa HX cBeprneIHI5! 13 C03HaHHH rrpHcYT-
CTBYlOII.:(HX; BeJIHLIaJIbHble, rr03TH'IeCI{U H.D,eaJIH3HPYlOII.:(He H rrpOCJIaB-
JI5ilOII.:(He MOJIO.D,bIX, cBa.D,e6HbIX QHHOB H rocTeH; lOMOpHCTHQeCKHe.
rrpmIHKHYTble TO .D,06p02KeJIaTeJIbHbIM lOMOpOM, TO HaCMernKOH H
capKa3MOM H a.D,peCOBaHHble TeM 2Ke cBa.D,e6HbIM nepCOHa)KaM, qTO
BOCXBaJIH.'1HCb 13 BeJIHqaHH5!X; JIHpHqeCKHe, 13 KOTOpbIX OTpa2KeHbI
MbICJIH H QYBCTBa HeBeCTbI, ee rrepe)KHBaHHH, CB5!3aHHble C rrpeA'lYB-
CTBHeM ropbKOH .D,OJIlI 13 qY2KOH ceMbe. TIecHI1 HeBeCTbI-CHpOTbI 13 CBa-
,rr,e6HOM cpOJIbKJIOpe He BbI.D,eJI5!1OTCH KaK 2KaHp H OTHOC5iTCH 06bILIHO
K 2KaHpy JIHpHQeCKHX.
TIepBaH nOJIOBHHa CBaAe6Horo 06pH)J.a (13 AOll/le HeBeCTbI )J.O OTD-
e3.D,a K 2KeI-IHXY) HarrOJ1HeHa .D,paMaTH3MOM rrpeACTOHII.:(erO paCCTaBa-
HHH .D,eByrnKH-HeBeCTbI C OTll.OBCKHM AOMOM, pO.D,HbIMH, rrOJJ,pyraMH.
3AeCb 3BYQaT rreQaJIbHble 9JIerHQeCKHe neCIHI (oc06eHHO Ha 3apYQH-
Hax, .D,eBWlbeM Beqepe), HeBeCTa rrpHLIHTbIBaeT. Ha 3aCTOJIbe Y 2Ke-
r. B. /ZOB}/(EHOK
TIECH5I CEMHKOBA5I (CEMHKCKA5I, CEMHUKA5I) p.,
ITECH5I CEMYIIlHA5I 6., DICH5I EMIUbKA y'-u rreCIHI, HCrrOJI-
II5iBrnHeCH Ha CeMHKoBoH, CeMHKcKoH He.D,eJIe (ce.D,bMOH He.D,eJIe nOCJIe
ITacnI). B QeTBepr Ha 3TOH HeAeJIe rrpa3AHOBaJICH CeMHK (6eJI.-
CeMyxa), a qepe3 TPII .D,HH, 13 BOCKpeceHbe - TpOHll.a. CYII.:(ecTBOBaJIH
H .D,PyrHe Ha3BaHHH 3TOH He.D,eJIlI: 3eJIeHaH He)J.eJI5I, 3e.'1 Hble CBHT-
KH - PYC., 3HJIeHbIH CB5iTbI, 3eJIHHell. - 6eJI., 3eJIeHa He.D,IJIH - YKp.
CeMHK 6bIJI rrpa3.D,HHKOM AemIQbHM, rrpa3.D,HOBaJICH 13 JI106ylO rrorOAY
13 ,JIecy, KY.D,-3 AeBymKH liIJIH BTaliHe aT rrapHeH, HeCH c06paHHYlO 13
CKJIa.D,qHHY pHTyaJIbHYlO e.D,Y: HHLIHHUY, rrHporn, Ka y H .D,p. uCTPYK-
TYPY 06p5I.D,OB COCTaBJIHJIH MaHHrrYJIHll.HH C MOJIO.D,OH 6epe3KOH, reHe-
TJI'IeCKII CBH3aHHble CO CJIaBHHCKHM KYJIbTOM .D,epeBa: BbI60p 6epe3KJI
13 Jlecy, BO)!(AeHHe BOKpyr Hee XOpOBOAOB, Tparre3a y ee OCHOBaHHH,
:;amIBaHHe Ha 6epe3Ke BeHKOB H ra)J.aHbe Ha lIHX, KYMJIeIIHe. Ee-
pe3a rrOqHTaJIaCb KaK rrOKpOmITeJIbHHUa AeBYllieK H )KeHn.;:HH, KOTO-
PYID 13 rreCH5!X rrpOCJIaBJIHJIH, BeJIH'IaJIH, 06paII.:(aJIHCb K HeH C rrpOCb-
oaMH, BbICKa3bIBaJIH JI1060BHble COMHeHHH, Ha.D,e2K.D,bI Ha 6Y.D,YII.:(ee
n
243
242
n
:'IaCTbe, Ha xopornHII yp02KaH (<<TbI, 6epe3a, TbI M05! 6epe3a», «110,
HO, 6epe3bIHbKa», «DoHAeM, .D,eBKH, JIOrOM» H .D,p.).
Ha TpOHll.Y AeByrnKH rnJIH B JIec CMOTpeTb CBOH BeHKH, BMeCTe C
rrapHHMM cpy6aJIH 6epe3KY, BHOCHJIH ee 13 CeJIeHHe, YKparnaJIH AOMa
BHYTPH H CHapY2KH BeTKaMH 6epe3KH. BOKpyr 6epe3KH Ha'IHHaJIH 130-
.D,HTb XOpOBOAbI, neTb neCHH: «CeMHK, Aa H TpOHll.a.!», «TIo JIyraM-
JIyraM .D,eBOqKH HrnJIH» HAp. D032Ke XOpOHHJIH CAeJIaHHble 13 CeMHK
«CeMHKa M CeMH'IHXY», «pycaJIKY», «KYKyrnKY» AJIH 06eCrreqeHHH
xopornero yp02KaH.
CM. TaK2Ke fleCflJl TPOtltflWJl, fleCflJl pycaJl.bflaJl.
'1'1'0 YKa3bIBaeT Ha B03M02KHYlO CBH3b 6bIJIMH cO.-c. HeKoTopbIe HC-
C,!lC.D,OBaTeJIII CTaBHT no)J. COMHemle cYII.:(eCTBOBaI-J:Ile D.-c. KaK )KaH-
P:I; 2) D. c. (xBaJIbI) B YKpaHHcKHx 3TIH'IeCKHX AyMax - nOCTOHH-
II hIe MeCTa, OKOHqaHHH, 13 KOTOpbIX rroeTCH CJIaBa repOHM, a TaK2Ke
c,JlaBa H rr02KeJIaHHH CJIyrnalOII.:(HM )J.YMY.
J1HT.: )KeJaflOB H. H. PYCCKa51 n033U5I 13 AOMOHI'OJIbCKYIO EJTIOXY II COqIIHeHII5I.
(:U6., 1904. T. 1; Ce/l.UBafiOB CPo M. 06meCTBeHHO-3CTeTHqeCKIIe !jJyHK Hli 6bI IIH II
IloJIH!jJYHK liOHaJIbHOCTb !jJOJIbKJIOpa. HOBOC1l611pCK, 1983; rpUl{q c. H. 313 5130K
vKpalHcbKol eniqHol TpaJ( ii 3 }J.aBHbopYCbKOlO II CJIOB'51HCbKe JI1Tep.aTyp03HaBCT-
;'IJ i q,OJIbKJIOpIICTliKa. I\UlB, 1976. N2 11.
Icp. M. CEJIHBAHOBI
J1HT.: EapTaw.aBi'l. r. A. EeJIapycKa51 HapoAHa51 na33iH BeCHaBora bIKJIa i
CJIaBHI-ICKa51 !jJaJIbKJlOpHaH Tpa.ll:bIl(bl5I. MH., 1985; 3Ti-IOrpa<jJHH BOCTOqHbIX CJIaB5IH:
O'IepKH Tp3AH 1I0I-IHOll KYJIbTypbI. Iv\., 1987.
DECH5I COJIJJ:ATCKA5I p., DECH5I CAJIJJ:AUKA5I 6., DICH5I
COJIJJ:ATCbKA y.- BHA BHe06pH.D,OBOH COUHaJIbHO-6bITOBOH JIHPH-
I\II. B03HHK nOCJIe BBe)J.eHMH peKpYTcKOH nOBHHHOCTH. CO.D,ep2Kamle
I r. C.- HeBbIHOCHMaH MyrnTpa 13 UapCKOH apMHH, TPYAI-IOCTH BoeH-
IIbIX nOXO)J.OB, Tparr-r'IeCKaH cYAb6a COJIAaTa, KOTOpbIH rrorM6aeT H
'1Y)K6HHe. 3Ha'IHTeJIbHbIH MHTepec rrpe.D,CTaBJIHlOT TI. c. HCTOpHqeCKOH
TeMaTHKH, OTpa3HBrnHe OTe'IeCTBeHHYlO BOHHY 1812 r., KpbIMCKYlO
IIOHHY HAp. C06bITMH. ECTb HeMHOrOqHCJIeHHble rnyTO'IHble D. c.
B D. C. 3ByqHT rrpOTeCT rrpOTHB COUHaJIbHOrO HepaBeHCTBa M He-
cnpaBe)J.JIHBOCTH 130 BpeMH Ha60pa H npOX02KAeHHH CJIY2K6bI, rrpOTHB
KpOBaBbIX BOHH. rJIy60KoII rre'IaJIblO npor-IHKHYTbI r;eCHH, B KOTOpbIX
OTpa2KeHbI LIYBCTBa .D,eByrnKM, 2KeHbI, rrpOB02KalOII.:(eH COJIAaTa, H OCo-
()eHHO Te rreCHH, rAe rOBOpHTCH 0 CMepTH COJIAaTa. 3TH rreCHH 60ra:
'l'bI Cpe)J.CTBaMH xY)J.02KeCTBeHHOH Bblpa3I-ITeJIbHOCTH: pa3H006pa3HOH
ClIMBOJIHKOH, rrapaJIJIeJIH3MaMH, CpaBHeHHHMH. COJI)J.aTCKaH CJIy2K6a
I'paBHMBaeTCH C rOpbKOH rrOJIbIHblO. rH6eJIb COJI)J.aTa u onJIaKHBaIOT He
'l'OJIbKO 6JIH3KHe, HO H BCH rrpHpOAa, nTHll.bI, BepHbIH KOHb. COJI)J.a:-
l"Ime rreCHH HaCbIII.:(eHbI rrOCTOHHHbIMH 3rrHTeTaMH (KOHb BOpOHOH.
BOpOH qepHbIH, KYCT paKHTOBbIH, 'IepHbIH opeJI, nOJIe LIHCToe HAP.).
MeTKHMH MeTacpopaMH, aHTHTe3aMH. MHorHe D. c. aKTHBHO 6bITOBa-
.JlII 130 BpeMH BeJIHKOH OTeqeCTBeHHOH BOHHbI, AOnOJIHHHCb HOBbIMH
o6pa3aMH, OTpa2KaH )J.pyrHe 06CTOHTeJIbCTBa, HO coxpaHHH BbICOKHe
XY)J.02KeCTBeHHO-3CTeTH'IeCKHe .D,OCTO;-IHCTBa. HeK Topble D. ., He-
lIocpeACTBeHHO CBH3aHHble C PYCCKOH cpOJIbKJIOpHOH TpaAHIJ.HeH, CTa-
.1111 AOCTOHHHeM 6eJIOpYCOB H YKpaHHll.eB (BapHaHTbI rreceH a DJIaTO-
lie).
r. r. lllAJIOBAJIOBA
DECH5I CK OP A5I (<<4ACT A5I») p.- He60JIbrnHe rreceHKH 6bICT-
poro TeMrra. JJ:JIH HMX xapaKTepHbI qeTKHH pHTM, KopOTKHe MY3bI-
KaJIbHble cppa3bI. CTHX rro npeHMYII.:(eCTBY XOpeH'IeCKHH. TI. c. HCnOJI-
HHJIHCb 130 BpeMH MOJIO}J,e2KHbIX YBeCeJIeHHH; OCHOBHYlO HX 'IaCTb CO-
CTaBJI5!1OT rrJIHCOBbIe rreCHH.
00 TeMaTHKe D. C. CXO)J.HbI C rrpOT5!2KHbIMH JIHpH'IeCKHMH rreCHH-
MIl, OAHaKO y HHX .D,PyroH 3MOll.HOHaJIbHbIH HaCTpOH. B CBeTJIbIX TO-
Hax, Hepe.D,KO C IOMOpOM, paCCKa3bIBaeTCH 0 JI106BH AesyrnKH H MO-
JIO.D,ua, 06 OTHOrneHlI5IX HeBeCTKH C ceMbeH My2Ka. OT)J.eJIbHble D. c.
HOCHT CaTHpH'IeCKHH xapaKTep; 'IaII.:(e Bcero 3TO - 6bITOBaH caTHpa
(BblcMeHBalOTC5! rrpe2K,'J,e Bcero JIeHb, HeYMeHHe BbIIIOJIHHTb KaKYlO-
JIII60 pa60TY), pe2Ke - COll.HaJIbHaH CaTI-Ipa (MOTHBbI aHTHKperroCT-
HIIqeCKHe H aHTHK,'1epIIKaJIbHble). B CaTI-IpH'IeCKMX D. c. rnHpoKo
HCrrOJIb3YlOTCH HpOHHH, rpoTecK H rHnep60JIa.
J1I1T.: .C060fieBcKuii A. H. BeJIIIKOPyccKlIe HapOAHble neCHH. CI16., 1902. T. 7;
Kupee6cKuu JI. B. 1911. Bbm. 1; JIb60B H., JIpa'i. H. C06paHue PYCCKIIX Hapo}I.HbIX
neCeH C ux I'OJIOCaMU. M., 1956; Ea'l.UflCKaH H. PycClme XOpOBOJ(bI H XOpoBOAHbIe
neCHII. M.; 0'"1., 1951; KO/l.naKOBa H. JI. 1962.
C. r. JIA3J1THH
DECH5I-CJIABA p., 6., y.- 1) xBaJIe6Hble (BeJIH'IaJIbHble) nec-
HH 13 'IeCTb BOHHoB-rr06eAHTeJIeH H KH5!3eH 13 JJ:peBHeH PYCII, HCnOJIHHB-
rnHeCH 130 BpeMH 06II.:(eCTBeHHblx pHTyaJIOB, O)J.HH H3 npeATIOJIaraeMblx
reHeTH'leCKHX npe.D,rneCTBeHHHKoB 3rrH'IeCKHX neceH. D.-c. yrroMHHa-
lOTCH 13 «CJIOBe a rrOJIKY HropeBe», 13 JIeTOnHCHX. HaH60JIee xapaK-
TepHble KOHll.OBKH 6bIJIHH: «C 'fex nop rrpo 60raTblpH cTapHHY CKa-
)KYT», «...CJIaBY rror T». «CTapHHa» H «CJIaBa» 13 AaHHOM cJIY'Iae CH-
HOHHMbI, HO rrepBbIH TepMHH aKll.eHTHpyeT BHHMaHHe Ha .D,peBHOCTH
COAep)KaHH5i, BTOpOH - Ha cpopMe coxpaHeHMH 3TOro COAep)KaHH5!,
J1HT.: PycCKHe neCHII li3 c06paHuH 11. 11. 5lKYlliKH ra.. C 16., 1860; upeeB-
",mii n. B. 1918. Bbm. 2, q. 2; PeKpYTcbKi Ta COJIJ(aTcbKl mcm. 1974; CO IaJIbHO-
lIoGYTOBi rricHi. 1985; CaUbI5IJIbHa-6bITaBbl51 rrecI-Ii. 1987; l!eTpoBcKafi r. A. EeJIo-
pvccKHe CO I1aJ1bHo-GbITOBb e rreCHII. MH., 1982; Ka6auIHIKay K. JI. EeJIapYCKa-
pycKiH q,aJIbKJIOpHbl51 CYBH31. NllI., 1988.
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TIECI-I5I CDAPbIIIIOBA5I 6.- CM. c. 295.
CDIBAI-IKA-XPOI-IIKA y.- )KaHp YKpaEHcKoII rreceHHOH 3rrHKH,
rnHpoKo pacrrpocTpaHeHHbIH 13 YKpaHHcKHx KaprraTax H DpHKap-
rraThe, rrOHbIHe npOJI,YKTHBHbIH. B 9TOM 2KaHpe CJI02KeH ll.HKJI KaprraT-
CKOH orrpHrnKoBcKoH HCTopwlecKoH 3rrHKH a Hall.HOHaJIbHO-OCB060AH-
TeJIbIIOH 60pb6e 13 XVII-XIX 1313. H ee repoHx A. JJ:oB6yrne, LX. Ma-
PYCHKe, JI. K06bIJIHUe H JI,p., COUHaJIbHO-6bITOBa5i 3rrHKa. THnHqHbIMH
CTPYKTYPHbIMH oc06eHHocTHMH c.-x. HBJIHlOTCH HX 3Ha'IHTeJIbHbIH
06'beM (JI,OCTHralOT CBblrne 200 CTHXOB), 3a L IHHbI (<<DOCJIyxaHTe, JIlO-
JI,e JI,06pi, II.:(O XO'IY Ka3aTII, a H XOqy rrpo JJ:oB6yrna crriBaHKY crriBa-
TH» ), nO)J.p06HOCTb peaJIHH orrIICbIBaeMblX C06bITHII, HaJIHqHe cTepeo-
THrrHblX OKOHqaHHH - CTHxoB-3rrHTacpHH Ha rraMHTb JIHll.aM, KOTOpbIM
rrOCB5iII.:(alOTCH C.-x. (<<IIITIIPH AOMH MaJIbOBaHi, AOpi2KKa 3JI02KeHa,
Ta VIBaHKoBi KpYTaHeBi crriBaHKa cKiHqeHa»), ccpparnaJI, C yrroMHHa-
HHeM JIHll., CJI02KHBrnHX TY HJIII HHYlO c.-x. (<<A XTO CHClO crriBaHO'IKY
JIMHTpeE:Bi 3JI02KHB? AJIe <DeJI,ip TaKH XHM'IaK, 60rAaH 2Ke BiH rrpo-
)KHB»). c.-x. CBOHCTBeHHbI rJIarOJIbHaH pHcpMa, 3rrH'IeCKHe TporrbI;
OHH HCrrOJIHHlOTCH pe'IHTaTHBoM, rpaHH'IaII.:(HM C rOBopoM, C ll.e3Y-
paMH rrOCJIe Ka2KJI,oro CTHXa-KOJIOHa, 3aBeprnalOII.:(erO MbICJIb, HJrH
rrOCJIe ABYCTHrnH5i. MeJIOAH'IeCKHH KOHTYP pe'IHTaTHBa npeHMYII.:(eCT-
BeHHO JIaKOHHqHbIH C OCTaTKaMH JI,peBHero rJIHCCaHAHpOBaHHH 13 06'b-
eMe MaJIOrO 3BYKOBoro rrpocTpaHcTBa - KBapTbI, KBHHTbI C He3arro.'1-
HeHHOH cy6KBapToH H np. PHTMHqeCKHH rrYJIbC c.-x. MepHbIH, «rrcaJI-
MOJI,H'IeCKHH», 130 MHorOM 3aBHCHT aT HHJI,HBHJI,yaJIbHOrO rrpOH3HeceHHH
CTHxa Ha MY3bIKe, JI,OJIH HMrrpOBH3all.HOHHOCTH, HMelOII.:(eH MeCTO
B pell.HTall.H5!X XpOHHK. Pe'IHTaTHB He3Ha'IHTeJIbHO pacrreT 13 KaJI,aHCaX
CTHXOBbIX CTpOK. CJIOBeCHble H MY3bIKaJIbHble oc06eHHOCTH c.-x. op-
raHI-IqeCKH CBH3aHbI co cBoe06pa3HbIM rr03TWleCKHM H My3bIKaJIbHbIM
CTIIJIeM cpOJIbKJIOpa KaprraT, a TaK2Ke C JI,pyrHMH 2KaHpaMH YKpaHH-
CKOH rreceHHOH 3rrHKH - 6aJIJIaAaMH, HCTOpHqeCKHMH rreCHHMH, AY-
MaMH.
IIO;rfBep)!{)J.aeTCH Ha3BaHHeM ropOJI,a UeHTpaJIbHOH YKp HHbI (CYM-
"ha5i 06JI.) - TaJIaJIalBKa H AOBOJIbHO pacrrpocTpaHeHHoH Ha YKpaH-
11(' cpaMII.'!IIei1 TaJIaJIalBCbKHH.
H. C. IllY MAJl.A
J1I1T.: r1WT10K B. DiceHHi HOBOTBOpH 13 YI<palHcbKo-PycbKiH HapoAHiH CJIO-
BeCHOCTi 113an. HaYK. T-Ba iM. T. IlleBqCI-IKa. J1bBiB, 1902. T. 50; CniBaHIm-xpoHi-
1m. 1972.
DECH5I TPOI1UKA5I p., DECH5I TPAEUKA5I 6., DICH5I
TPOrUbKA y.- BeCeI-IHHe rreCHH, CBH3aHHble C O)J.HHM H3 3aKJII 'IH-
TL',lIbHbIX 3TanOB BeCeHI-IHX 06pHJI,OB BOCTOqHbIX CJIaBHH - TpOHUbI
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'Il'CKIIli rrpa3JI,HHK (rr03JI,HeHrnee rrpHypO'IeHHe K xpIIcTHaHcKoH nHTH-
IL'CHTHI-Ill.e), rJIaBHaH EJI,e5! KOToporo - KYJIbT paCTHTeJIbHOcTH. Pa3-
1;I1TOCTb 06pHJI,OBbIX JI,eHCTBHH, rrapaJIJIeJIH3M 0u6pHJI,OBOrO H O.'IbK-
.!lOpHOrO TeKCTOB HaH60JIee xapaKTepHbI PYCCKOH H 6eJIOpyccKOH Tpa-
'1,1!lJ;HHM. Y HHX COBrraJI,alOT OCHOBHble 3JIeMeHTbI 06pHJI,a: 3aBHBaHHe
'lL'peBbeB, KYMJIeHHe )J.eByrneK, ra)J.aHHe. B TI T. BbIJJ,eJIHlOTCH rrpOH3-
1;L')J.eHHH, TeCHO CBH3aHI-Ible C 06pHJJ,OBbIMH JI,eHCTBH5iMII H T. Ha3. rrpH-
vpOqeHHble, CBH3b C 06pHJI,aMH KOTOpbIX TPYJI,HO BOCCTaI-IOBHTb. u Cpe-
,I.!I 06p5!JI,OBbIX pa3JIHqalOTCH HeCKOJIbKO rpyrrn, KOTopble 13 TOH HJIH
UIIOH CTerreHI-I COOTHOCHTCH C pa3HbIMH 3TarraMII, 3JleMeI-ITaMH 06pH-
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paJI,yilcH 6eJIaH 6Hp03a» - oeJI.); neCHI-I rrpH 3aBHBaHHH AepeBbeB
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.!llo60BHble (BbI60p rrapbI, 3aMY2KeCTBO, JI1060BHaH Bopo2K6a). Pa3-
IIOBH)J.HOCTblO D. T. HBJIHlOTCH KYCTOBble (6eJI., YKp.) (CM.),!! TaK)Ke
IIL'CHH 06pH)J.a «B02KAeHHH TOrrOJIH» (YKp.) (CM.). 06pH)J.OBbII1 xapaK-
TL'p D. T. HaH60JIee COXpaHHJIC5i 13 HaneBax H rrpHneBax. THrrH'IHble
! peBHHe rrpHrreBbI «JIo, JIO», «JIe-JIe», «JIeJIeMbe», «3JIeMJIlOJIH» BOC-
:\OJI,HT K H3bI'IeCKOH TpaJI,HUHH. K arpapHbIM MarWleCKHM 3aKJIHHa-
IIIIHM BOCXO)J.HT H rreceHHble CPOPMYJIbI (TIma «r)J.e JI,eByrnKH lliJIII, TYT
piKH rYCTbI» HAP.), KOTopbIe rrpOJIHBalOT CBeT Ha CMbICJI II CPYHKll.HlO
rpOHUKHX 06PH)J.OB.
CM. TaK2Ke JIeCflR CeJl-UlKOBWl.
J1HT.: KapcKuu E. CPo EeJIOpycbI. 1916; IIlanoBaAoea r. r. MaHcKHH IIK.
lIl'ceHHIIX 06P'H,llOB II 1'!>0,1bKlIOP H 3THOI'paIjJH5I.. J1., 1977; COIW/I.?6a .B. ,K. 19:9,
/iapTalU3Bi'l r. A. EeJIapycKa51 Hap0,llHa51 na33151 BeCHaBora bIKJJa 1 caaBHHCKaH
,1.:lJIbKJIOpHaH TpaAbI bI5I. MH., 198v.
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TIECH5I C5IJI5IHCKA5I 6., DICI-I5I CEJI5IHCbKA y.- CM. JIec-
HJl KpeCTbJlHCKaJl.
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HOCTHM.
TIECH5I TIOPEMHA5I, OCTPO)KHA5I p., DECH5I TYP3M-
IIA5I 6., DICH5I TIOPEMHA y.- TeMaTHqeCKaH rpynrra rr03.D,HeTpa-
JurUHOHHbIX JIHpHqeCKHX rreceH KaK cpOJIbKJIOpHOrO, TaK H JIHTepaTYP-
lIoro rrpoHcxOLKAeHHH. H. D. KOJIrraKOBa orrpe)J.eJIHeT CJIeAYlOII.:(HH
1\ Pyr TeM 3THX rrpOH3Be.D,eHHH: MOJIO.D,ell. 13 TlOpbMe rpycTHT - erO
cOKpyrnaeT .D,ypHaH, rrpHToM HarrpacHaH CJIaBa, OH HilleT .D,Pyra, KOTO-
PUH YTernHJI 6bI ero; MOJIO)J.ell. H3 TIOpbMbI nHrneT rrHCbMO P°)J.HbIM,
oIllI OTKa3bIBalOTCH aT Hero, OH rrHrneT BTopoe rrHCbMO JI106HMOH Ae-
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IIbI, aHa rOTOBa OTpaBHTb CY.D,blO. K 3TOH 2Ke rpyrrrre OTHOC5iTCH MHorO-
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":Y3HHK», H3BeCTHble BceM BOCTOqHbIM CJIaBHHaM, rreCHH «COJIHue
BCXO)J.HT H 3aXO.D,HT», «AJIeKCaH.D,pOBCKHH ueIITpaJI», «Ax TbI, .D,OJIH»
II .D,p. B YKpaHHcKoH cpOJIbKJIOpHOH Tpa.D,HUHH D. T. HJJ,eHTI-IcpHuHpy-
('TCH KaK neCHH HeBOJIbHHqbH, BOCXO)J.HII.:(aH CBOHMH KOpHHMH K rrepHo-
fl.Y MOHrOJIO-TaTapcKoro HarneCTBHH Ha KHeBcKYlO PYCb H rrpO.D,OJI-
Jl\aBrnaH CBoe 6blTOBaHHe 13 pa3JIHqHbIX cpopMax 130 Bce BeKa-
IIIUIOTb .D,O BeJIHKOH OTe'leCTBeHHoH BOHHbI. OC06bIH rro.D,pa3)J.e.'1
I I. T.- rrecmI, c03AaHHbIe 13 CTaJIHHCKOM fYJIAfe, 13 JIarep5iX 60JIee
II03.D,HerO BpeMeHH. OTJIHIIaeTCH TeMaTH'IeCKHM H CTPYKTYPHbIM pa3-
lIo06pa3neM.
J1l1T.: Ko/maKOBa H. JI. 1962; HOBuKoBa A. M. HapOiJ,HbIe Tl0p'eMHbIe neCHH
II'l'opoii nOJIOBHHbI XIX - HaqaJla XX B. II PI'!>. 1975. Bbm. 15.
K. JI. KAEAWHHKOB, C. B. MHWAHHCf
J1l1T.: ElCxep KapA. Pa60Ta u plUM. 1'V\., 1923; Cfu'l.epoB B. H. PyccKoe Ha-
pOiJ,HOe TBOpTJeCTBo. M.. 1959; rycea B. E. 3cTeTIma qJO.!!bKJIOpa. J1., 1967; JIponn
B. H. 1'!>0JIbKJIOp II .n.eHcTBHTeJIbHOCTb. 1976.
DECH5I <DPOHTOBA5I p., DECH5I <DPAHTABA5I 6., DICH5I
(I)POHTOBA y.- rreCHH, C03)J.aHHble 13 rO)J.bI BeJIHKOH OTeqeCT-
IWHHOH BOHHbI 60Hll.aMH H ocpHll.epaMH COBeTcKoH APMHH, HerrOCpe.D,-
nBeHHbIMH Y'IaCTHHKaMH 60eB C cparnHcTcKHMH 3aXBaTqHKaMH; OlUI
()[,ITOBaJIH TaK2Ke cpeAH rrapTH3aH H 13 COBeTCKOM TbIJIY.
DecHeTBOpqeCTBO cppOHTOBHKOB 13 2KaHpOBOM OTHornemm 6bIJIO
pa3I-I006pa3HbIM (MaprnH, 6aJIJIaAbI, caTHpH'IeCKHe, lOMOpHCTHqeCKHe
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./lIrCb 13 60eBbIX JIHCTKaX, rre'IaTaJIHCb 13 .D,HBH3HOHHbIX H apMeHCKHX
l'a::CTax) .
n. cpo c03AaBaJIHCb HH.D,HBH.D,yaJIbHO H KOJIJIeKTHBHO, Ha OCHOBe
I'paJI,Hll.HH rrHCbMeHHOlr rr033HH H cpOJIbKJIOpa. Oc06eHHO CHJIbHOe
II.JlIIHHHe Ha D. cpo OKa3aJIH rrpOH3Be)J.eHHH cOBeTcKHx rr03TOB H KOM-
1I{):mTopOB. MHorHe TI. cpo COqHHHJIHCb KaK rrO.D,TeKCTOBKII Ha H3BeCT-
111.1l' MeJIO)J.HH rrorrYJIHpHbIX rreceH «KaTlOrna», «CHHHH nJIaTO'IeK»,
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HAVI 3MlfPADbII 6., TIICH5I TPYJJ:OBOI EMlfPAUII y.-nec-
HH, B03HHKrnHe 13 cpeAe 3MHrpaHTOB, rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M YKpaHHll.eB
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pa30'IapOBaHHe, rOpe'Ib OT Hec6bIBrnHxcH Ha.D,e2KA, 2KaJI06bI Ha TH2K-
KHH TpYA, 60JIb pa3JIYKH C 6JIH3KHMH, C pOAHbIMH MeCTaMH. MHorne
rreCHH rrpe)J.yrrpe2K)J.aIDT Tex, KTO c06HpaeTcH 3MHrpHpoBaTb, OT orrpo-
MeT'IliBOrO rnara, rOBopHT 0 2KeJIaHHH BepHYTbcH )J.OMOH. D. T. 3.
C03AaBaJIHCb rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M KpeCTbHHaMH, H 3TO orrpeAeJIHJIO HX
6mI3KOCTb K rr03AHeTpa)J.Hll.HOHHOH JIHpIIKe, COll.HaJIbHO-6bITOBbIM
rreCHHM.
J1I1T.: ICTOPIIqHi nicHi. 1961; Ka6awHiKaf) K. JI. A.lI: TpaiJ,bll bIHI-Iara <j:>aJIbKJIO-
py Aa pEJBaJIlO blHHafl na33ii. MH., 1969.
K. JI. KAEAWHHKOB
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fJIaBHaH TelvIa D. cp.- TeMa 3amHTbI PO)J.IIHbI, cOBeTcKoH 3 elvIJIlI ,
KOTOpylO Ha3bIBaJIH CBHmeHHOH, pOj],HOH, Jl106HMOH. OHa opraHWleCKH
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rpacpHlI». OHa )I(e no rJIaBHbIM corrYTCTBYlOII.:(HM neHHIO 3JIeMeHTaM
I\I.I)J.eJIHeT LIeTblpe OCHOBHble pa3HOBH)J.HOCTH TI. X.: XOpOBO)J.Hble, KPY-
rOBbIe, HrpOBbIe, TaHO'IHble. B. E. fyceB, OTCTaHBaH 3CTe HLIeCKHe
IIplIHlI,HnbI rrpH KJIaCcncpHKalI,HH cpOJIbKJIOpa, He OTI-IOCHT TI. X. K }KaH-
py a C'IHTaeT HX (rrO)J.06HO HrpOBbIM, rrpOTmKHbIM HJIlI 'IaCTYUIKaM)
"C 60H neCeHI-IO-XOpeorpacpWleCKOH cpOpMOH, 13 KOTOpOH CYII.:(eCTBYlOT
pa3HbIe )I(aHpbI (OHH MorYT 6bITb TPY)J.OBbIMH, BeJIlI'IaJlbHbIMH, repOH-
'ICCKHMH, mYTO'IHbIMH, caTHpHqeCKHMH H T. )J..). B. 5L porrrr, YK 3bI-
BaH Ha TpY)J.HOCTH orrpe)J.eJleHHH TI. X., 06'be)J.Hl-I5IeT HX o 13 paMKax O)J.-
lIoro }KaHpa He06pH)J.OBOlr JInpHKH (<<... )J.JIH rrepBH'IHOH op eHTHpOB
KH IvIbI MQ}KeM BbI)J.eJIHTb CJle)J.ylOII.:(He )I(aHpbI KpeCTbHHCKOH JIHpH'Ie
CIWH He06pH)J.OBOH rreCIHI: 1) XOpOBo)J.Hble H HrpoBble; 2) rOJIOCOBble
'13CTble; 3) I'OJIOCOBble HeqacTble H B TOM LIHCJIe rrpOT5UKHbIe»).
00 CPYHKTI.HH 13 XopOBO)J.e n. X. npHHHTO pa3)J.eJI5ITb Ha TPH pa3-
pH)J.a: Ha60pHble, HJIH c60pHble; HrpOBble, HJIH rrpOXO)J.O'IHble; p 360p.-
IIble, HJIH pa3BO,il.Hble. TaKoe )J.eJIe!,lHe xapaKTepHO )J.JI5I PY C HX TI. X.
EOJIbIllIIHCTBO Hcc.iIe;:r,OBaTeJIei1 oTMeqaeT 06PH)J.OBbIH xapaKTep
rr X JJ:peBHOc.Tb rrpOHCXOlK)J.erIHH XOPOBO)J,OB H TI. X., CBH3b C 3aKJIH-
II;'Te'JIbHbIMH 06pH)J.aMH 06YC.'IOBHJIH TeMaT 1qecKYlO :rarrpaBJIeHHOCTb
YfHX rreceH. 31'0 MOTHBbI, CBH3aHHble C X03H CTB HHOH )J.eHTeJIbHOCTbIO
(<<Dpoco», «IviaK'7, «J1eHOK», «KanarreJIbRl», «3 HHbKa», «1<:'03a» H
Jlp.), H MOTHBbI JII060Bl-IO-6pa'IHble. TICCHH o TaKOH TeMaTHKH Bc: crrpo -
113BO)J.HT apxawlecrme cpOprvrbl rrpoMbIC.JIOBOH H 3eMJle)J.eJlb'IeCKOH )J.eH-
TC.lbHOCTH, cpOpMbI 6pa'IHbIX OTl-IOUIeI-IHH, a 13 soe)J.HHeHHH C Tpa)J.H:
IUIOHHblMl1 crroc06aMn )J.BH)I{eHHH Ii HMHTalI,Hen rrpoH3Bo)J.cTBeHHblx
npOlI,eCCOB BbIIIOJIHHlOT MarHLIecKYIO CPYHKlI,IHO, JIH60 rrp°)J.YlI,HPYIO-
1I1.yIO JIH60 rrpe)J.oxpaHHTeJlbHYlO. 113HaqaJlbHO CBH3aHHbIe C BeceH-
IIlIMI rrpa3,I.I.I-IHKaMH ('ITa HaH60JIee xapaKTepHO )J.JI5I YKpaHHCKHX H
UeJIOpVCCKHX TI. X.) XOpOBO)J.bI H TI. X. rrOCTerreHHO YTpaLIHBalOT ::ny
npIIypOqeHHOCTb, paCIllHpmOTCH 3a C'IeT rreceH JIHpHqeCKHX, BocrrpH-
IIIIMalOTCH HCrrOJUIHTeJIHMH KaK rrpOH3Be)J.eHHH pa3BJIeKaTe bHbIe, 'ITa
crroc06cTByeT rrpHBHeceHI110 13 HHX LIHCTO YKpaIllaTeJIbCKHX rr03.!Hqe-
tTHX 3JIeMeHTOB. TIPOHCXO)J.HT THrrH'IHbIH rrpOlI,eCC, xapaKTepHbIH )J.JIH
lI e rrpOH3Be)J.eHHH 06pH)J.OBO-MarH'IeCKOH HarrpaBJIeHHOCTH rrpH
IIcpeXO)le HX 13 Hrpy.
J1I1T' EatluHcKafi H. PYCCKIie xopoBOAbI Ii XOpOBO.ll:lIbIe rreCHIi. M.; J1., 1 95 1;
rnqnaJw H. n. 1962; ryceB B. E. 3CTeTI1Ka !jJOJIbKJIOpa. ., 1967; JIponn . .
.,j,;IHPOBbIH COCTaB PycCKoro !jJOJIbKJIOpa ill'!>oJIbKJIOp II .lI:eliCTBUTeJIMO b'Me ;
1976; XOpOBO.ll:Hble Ii urpoBble rreCHII CH6I1pu I Coc;. cPo cPo EO.WfLeB i987 .
/l1l1;OB. HOBOCH6upCK, 1985; AHUKUH B. 11. PYCCKlill !jJOJIbKJIOp. M., .
r. A. EAPT AWEBWI
J1I1T.: I'!>pOHTOBO i !jJOJIbKJIOp 13arr., BCTyrr. CT. Ii KOMNIeHT. B. 10. KpyrrHHcKoii.
Do.ll: pe.ll:. II C rrpe.ll:licJI. M. K. A3a.ll:OBcKoro. M., 1944; KpynJlHcKafi B. /0., MUHlf
C. Y. MaTepHaj[hl rro UCTOpUU rreCHl! BeJUlKOH OTe'leCTBeI-IllOii B01mb!. M., 1953;
YKpaiHcbIca HapO.ll:IIa rroe3iH rrpo Be.rn1KY BiT'JIl3HBHY Bii-'my. KIIlB, 1953; EeJIapvc-
Ki !jJaJIbKJIOp BHJIiKafI Ai1%II-IHaH BaHHbI. MIl., 1961; Da33iH 6apaU:b6bI. MH., 1985;
rYOOlllHUKOB H. Y. fleCtIH BeJIliKo i OTeqeCTBelUlOii BOHHb!: 5I3bIK II CTI!J1b. Bopo-
He)K, 1959; KupoaH E. JI. 06 06IlJ,eCTBeHHo-BocrriiTaTe"1bHOM 3HaqeHlIH !jJpOHTOBOii
rr033HH (1941-1945) II BonpocbI HapO.ll:HO-rr03THqeCKoro TBOp'leCTBa: flp06JIeMbl
COOTHOllienUH !jJOj(bK.!Jopa Ii ,l(eHCTBIITeJIbHocTU. M., 1960; OH /ce. 06mee U oco-
6elIHoe 13 rreceHHOM !jJOJIbKJIOpe BOCTOqHbIX Ii 3arra.ll:HbIX CjIaBHH rrepHO.ll:a BTOpOH
MUpOBOH BoiiHbI II I1CTOpHH, Ky.1bTypa, 3THorpa!jJuH II !jJOjIbI(J]0P C,!JaBHHCI<HX Ha-
pOlJ: OB : VIII j\;le)KJJ.YHap0lJ:HbiH C'be3,l( CJIaBIICTOB. 3arpe6-J1106JIHHa, ceHT. 1978 r.
(.IJ:oKJIa.ll:bI cOBeTcIwH ;J.e.1era HH). L'V1., 1978; OH 3/ce. EbIToBaHue PYCCKOro TpaAH-
WIOHlIOro II cOBpeMeHHoro !jJO.HbKJIOpa 13 rO.ll:bI BeJIIIKOH OTeqeCTBeHH01i BOHHbI II
C3. 1985. .]\11 3; PYC Klii1 OJIbK.JIOp BeJII1KOH OTeqeCTBemlOH BOHHbI I OTB. pe.n.
B. E. ryce6. 1'\1.; J1., 1964; [(a6muHuKoB K. JI. Ee.10pycCKaH HapOAtIaH rr033liB ne-
plioAa BemmOH OTeqeCTBeHHOH BOHHhl II C3. 1985. Ng 3; lllYllwoa H. C. DiCHi
60pOTb61i H nepeMOrH il HTE. 1985. J\l'g 3; XY.lI:O)KHH IrynbTypa KpalH CXi.nHOi T3
DiBlJ:eI-UlOI EBporrII B 60pOTb6i npoTH !jJalliu3I11Y. KIIlB, 1990.
E. JI. KYPjI,AH
TIECH5I XOPOBOJJ:HA51 p., TIECH5I KAPAfOJJ:HA5I 6., TIIC-
H5I XOPOBOJJ:HA y.- TepMHH, He HMelOII.:(HII e)J.HHoro TOJIKOBaHHH,
KOTOpbIM 0603Ha'IalOTCH pa3Hble rro )I(aHpOBbIM npH3HaKaM rrpOH3-
Bej],eHHH, HCnOJIHHlOII.:(HeCH 13 XopOBO)J.e. H. D. KOJIrraKOBa C'lHTaeT
He06xo)J.HlvIbIM pa3)J.eJIHTb rrOHHTHH rreCHH nrpOBOH II XOPOBQ)J.HOH (<<He
Ka2K,iI,aH HrpOBa51 rreCHH HBJIHeTCH XOpOBO)J.HOH II He Ka)!{)J.aH XOpO-
BO)J.Ha51 - HrpOBOH»), HO He )J.aeT KOHKpenroro orrpe)J.eJleHII5I HIvI.
B. D. AHHKHH 3alvIeqaeT, 'ITO «rrpH umpOKOM TOJIKOBaHHII K XOPO-
BO)J.HbIM rreCHHM rrpHqHCJ1HlOTCH Bce neCHH, KOTopble HCrrOJIHHlOTCH 13
«KaparOj],e». B TO 2Ke BpelvIH TaKoe paCUmpI1TeJlbHOe rrOHHMaHHe OIl
orpaHWII1BaeT YTBep2K)J.eI-IHeM, 'ITO «rrO)J.JIHHHaH XOpOBO)J.HaH rrecml
Bcer)J.a HrpOBaH rro rrpOHCXO)l()J.eHHlO - aHa B03HHKJIa BMeCTe C 1Il'-
pOBbIM )J.ei'rcTBHel\1. DOMIIMO Tpa)J.HlI,HOHHOro XOIK)J.eHHH IIrpalOII.:(IIX
«KpyraIvIH», «BOCbMepKOH», «ll.errbIO» H )J.Pyn1MH «cpHrypaMH», no) -
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JCH5I «DAPHHHA» y.- rreCI-IH, HCrrOJIHHelVlbIe rrpH' 06xo '
:ee I: :I aC ::: II.:( :JI C:: b p : I 6 He)J.eJleH, cBoe06:
}KaH aT 6 P b u ' bIJIO 3aII.:(HTHTb ypo-
6 y, rpa)J.a, JIlIBHeH H BeTpoB. TIo cBoeMY xapaKTepy 0
JIH3KH KOJIH)J. aM pHT!vIlIKOH CTHxa, HeKoTopbIMH TeMalVlH H MOTH
!vIII _( <C60POM I)J.eMO, rrOJIOH HeceMO ...», «Ell 13 JIici 13 Jlici ») B co
)J.ep)!\'aHHH TeKCTOB TI. ll.. npOCJle)l(lIBaeTCH apxaH eCKaH bI ec -
oCHoBa, CBH3b C MarHqeCKHMH 3aKJIlIHaHHHMH. ' KaH
J1I1T.: HapO.ll:HbIe rrenm faJIU rOuf Y u P
BaI:(KUM. M., 1878. LI. 3; Irpu Ta rrin i.ll 63.ropeKou yeu, e06paHHbIe 51. I'!>. fOJIo-
4AEAPAlllKA, 4EEEP5I4KA y.- CTapHHHbIH 6bITOBOH TaHelI,
II rnYTO'IHaH rrpHrreBKa K TaHll.Y. MY3bIKaJIbHbIH pa3Mep 2/4. B HaYKe
II. 'IeTKOrO orrpe)J.eJleHHH He rrOJIY'IHJIa, XOTH COCTaBHTeJIlI C60pHHKOB
IIOCTOHHHO rrO)J.'IepKHBarOT Jla)J.OBO-HHTOHalI,HOHHYlO H pHTMH'IeCKYlO
OJIH30CTb 4. C Ka3aqKOM.
J1I1T.: rpUHIWHKO E. CJIOBapb YKpalHcbIcoro 513blKa. KUlB, 1909. T. 4; ryMe-
triO/{ A. Xopeorpa!jJiqHi Ta MY3WIHi OCHOBU TaH IOBaJIbHUX rriceHb II TaH IOBaJIbHi
Hind. KUlE, 1970.
H. C. WYMAjI,A
E. /0. CfEEAH/OK
TIECH5I 4YMADKA5I p., 6., TIICH5I 4YMADbKA y.- ClO}KeT-
1I0-TeMaTII'IeCKaH rpyrrrra 6bITOBbIX neceH, 13 KOTOpbIX OTpa3HJIlICb
,KH3Hb H 6bIT 'IYMaKoB. OCHOBHaH TeMaTHKa - }KaJI06bI Ha T5I}KeJIYlO
('Y)J.b6y 'IYMaKoB, 60Jle3Hb H cMepTb 13 )J.opore, rrHprnecTBo rrOCJle y)J.a'I-
1I0ro 3aBeprneHHH pa60TbI. TI. 'I. B03HHKJIlI 13 XV B., HaH60JIbrnee pac-
I1pOCTpaHeHHe rrOJIY'IHJIlI 130 BpeMeHa paCll.BeTa qYMalI,KOrO rrpOMbIC-
Jla _ XVIlI-rrepBaH TpeTb XIX B.; BXO)J.HJIlI 13 perrepTyap K063apeH
II JIHpHHKOB, HX qaCTO HCrrOJlb30BaJIlI 13 YKpaHHCKOH KJlaCCH'IeCKOH
.I(paMaTyprHII. EOJIbIllHM 3HaTOKOM H rrpeKpaCHbIM HCrrOJIHHTeJleM
r1. LI. 6bIJI TI. K. CaKcaraHCKHH, aT KOToporo HX HeMaJIO 3arrHcaHO
(orry6JI. JJ:. M. PeBYUKHM). H3BeCTHbI MHOrOqHCJleHHble 3arrHCH TI. 'I.,
C)J.eJlaHHble DaHacoM MHpHbIM Hero 6paTOM HBaHOM PY)J.qeHKO,
H. B. J1blceHKO H )J.p. CO)J.ep}KaI-IlIe H MeJIO)J.HH TI. 'I. HCrrOJIb30BaJIlI
1l03TbI, KOMrr03HTOpbI (<<OH, He rr'lOTbCH rIlIBa-Me)J.H» T. r. llleB'IeHKO,
«XycTHHa» JJ:. M. PeBYll.KOro) H )J.p. TI. q. 6bITOBaJIlI H 13 EeJlapycH.
D5IP3111KI 6.- rreCHH HCrrOJIHHlO 6
OM 06pH)J.OBOM HrpHII.:(e «)I(aHiQb6a I%H; ::r ». e ot ; )I I;
;;: :;C;I : f £Oc b;'t"! 6 A ':.H: :c ; 20 6; :
D ' ClO2KeTI-IylO H xy.rW)lceCTBeHHYlO Crrell.HcpH-
KY. . npe)J.Ha3Ha'IeHbI )J.JIH HCnOJIHeHHH 13 )J.BH)lCeHHII HO He 13 TaHll.e
(::O ;i:rr B:H. CKa ) K II, a 13 cBoe06pa3HOM xmK)J.eHllH no)J. MY3bIKY
HeM» . LJ,. HCnOJIHHIOTCH Ha xapaKTepHYlO «lI,H 3rnKa u
Y » !v eJIO)J.HlO, BblcTyrralOII.:(YIO 13 pa3HbIX BapHaHTax a HI; 6JIII3Xr
BoeH rrp ( HpO)J.e K CBaAe6HbIM (HIYTOqHble BeJIII'IaH H) rreCHHM H
npHneBKaM OKOJIO 40% H3BeCTHblX TeKCTOB - qeTblpexcT O'IHble
KyrrJIeT!'I), HO 3TO cBoe06pa3HbIII opHrHHaJlbHbIII )lWHP CCPO MHPO
BHIHHCH H pa3BHBaBHIHHCH caMOCTOHTeJlbHO 13 rrpOlI,ec e 6bITOBaHH
pH)J.OBoro HrpHII.:(a. TIpH Ka2KYII.:(eHCH HMrrpOBH3alI,HOHHOCTII )J.aHHorD
2KaHpa 13 HeM Bce )Ice orrpe)J.eJI5IIOII.:(HM HBJI5IeTCH YCTOHqHBbIII Ha60p
MOTH B, KOTopble BblcTynalOT 13 pa3JIIIqHOH KO!vITIaHOBKe. EOJlbIllHH-
CTBO LJ,. HCnOv'IHHeTCH caMHMH yqaCTHHKa (
: a»,«6a6YJIbKa») HJIII nPHCYTCTBYIO!v;H: rH H; I i: :
) \, HHaMH uOT HMeHH 9THX yqaCTHHKOB. 4aCTb ClO}KeTOB D-
KOM;eHTapI!H IIrpOBoro AeHCTBHH, OTMeqalOII.:(HH Bce ero 9Tarr'bI 9TO
e)J.yII.:(eH 13 D. HBJI5IeTCH MOJIO)J.e)l(HaH TeMaTHKa ' .
13 lOMOpHCTI-IqeCKOH TOHaJlbHOCTH. JJ:JIH HX rr09THKH aP p p bIB eMaH
TY03Hoe HCrrOJlb30BaHHe 3rrHTeTa H BHP-
HHOCKa3aHlIH, CHMBOJIIIKH. ' cpaBHeHHH, npOTHBonOCTaBJleHHH,
J1I1T.: WeiiH JI. B. MaTepua,1bI. 1887 T 1 q 1. Pouaflo E P
llhJlp_ ta P. EeJIapyCKi51 Hap O .ll:Hb151 rrend' Y 4 ' 1\1' '. 6.. 19.12. BbIII. 8;
eEm i a6paiJ,ay I YKJIa.ll:. i p3.l1: I-I C I ' . T. M H ., 1962. T.. 3; fleeHl HapO.ll:HbIX
EOc8af106U'l A. E. fle e2KHTK . n . lJIeBlqa. H., 1974; 31MOEbIH rrecHi. 1975;
1895; Ma 3ii1,a 3 H hend 6eil.ll:Pt; Hero Mupoeo ep aHU5I y 6eJIOpyeOE. fpO.ll:HO,
MaTbIBb M I lliJII06y 3i'MOBaiJr a6 :: r a f7/ B e :"1I- 8 ; c E c a p PT c aUl36i'l r. A.
HaBYK. H., 1988. . ep. rpaMa.ll:.
J1I1T.: py8'leHKO N. H. LIyMa KHe IIapOiJ,Hble rreCHU. KueB, 1874; Pe6Yl{KUii 11..
YKpalHcbId iJ,YMU Ta rrieHi UCTOpH'lHi. KUlB, 1919; LIYMa bKi rriCHi. KuiE, 1976;
ITeTp06CKaJl r. A. EeJIOpyeeKue eo ua,1bHO-6blTOBbIe neeHU. MIL, 1982.
A. /0. HCEHCfYK
TIECH5I llIAXTEPCKA5I p., TIECH5I lllAXDEPCKA5I 6., TIIC-
[UI lllAXTAPCbKA y.- TeMaTH'IeCKaH rpyrrrra pa60'IHX rreceH, ne-
ceHHoe TBOpqeCTBO HIaxTepoB yrJle)J.06bIBalOII.:(HX H COJIHHbIX HIaXT.
K Hell 6JIII3KO rrpHMbIKaeT rpyrrrra rrpHHCKOBbIX rreceH. DepBble TI. HI.
1I0HBH.1HCb 13 XVIII B. 13 CH6HpH H Ha YpaJle, 13 XIX 13.- Ha JJ:OI-I6ac-
ce 13 rrepHO)J. OTKpbITHH lI,eJIoro pH)J.a HIaXT H PY)J.HHKOB. OTXO)J.HHKH
npHHeCJIH HX H 13 EeJlapycb. TI. HI. 13 60JlbHIHHcTBe CBoeM coxpaHHlOT
t'BH3b C rreceHHoH cpOJlbKJIOpHOH Tpa)J.HlI,HeII, npHBHoCH 13 cTapylO
(I)OpMY HOBoe cO)J.ep}KaHHe, oTpmKalOII.:(ee H3MeHHBHIHeCH YCJIOBHH
TpY)J.a H }KH3HH 6bIBIllHX KpecTbHH, rrepeCeJIlIBHIHXCH 13 HIaxTepcKHe
ropo)J.a H rrOCeJIKH. O)J.HOH H3 xapaKTepHblx OC06eHI-IOCTeH TI. Ill. 5113-
,,/IHeTCH )J.eTaJIII3alI,HH rrpocpeccHOHaJlbHOII CrrelI,HcpHKH CBoero TpY)J.a,
HBe)J.eHlle 13 TeKCT pH)J.a TepMHHoB H nOHHTHH, CB5I3aHHbIX C xapaKTe-
[10M rrpOH3BO)J.CTBa.
JI. M. COJIOBEIT
251
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J1I1T.: .EiJwl{lJKa. B. /0. llIaXTapCbKi rrind II EnlOrpa!jJ. BicHUK. 1927. KH. 5;
JI J1CK06CKUli A. B. Ko,1,1eKTuBHaH rrpO:1eTapCKaH n033I!5I: fleCHI! .IJ:oH6acca. M.;.
J1., 1:27; r!lpe6l1<1. A. flenm YCTHble pacCKa3bI pa60 l IHx CTapoH CIi6upIi. I1p-
KYTCK, 1940, EUPIOK06, B. fl. paJI B ero jKUBOM C.!JOBe. CBep.ll:.IJOBCK, 1953; fleCHlI
Ii CKa3H pOH6acca I C6. A. B. I1oHoBa. CTa,1uHo, 1960; I(a6auLHi1wfj l(. JI. AJ1,
Tpa.ll:bI blHHar-a !jJaJIbKJIOPY .lI:a p3BaJIIO bIHHaj'I rra33ii. MH., 1969; HapO.ll:IIaH n03-
3H5I pa60qux Cn6IipIi I COCT., BCTyn. CT. II rr p 'HMeq. J1. I1. T'" Y "3bIlIHHOH YIJaH' Y.n: '"
1974. l' .. J,
TIECH5I 3TIH4ECKA5I p., TIECH5I 3TII4HA5I 6., TIICH5I
I nI4HA y.- pa60qHII TepMHH, 3KBHBaJIeHT )J.JI5I 0603Ha'IeHHH KOHK-
peTHbIX rreCeHl-IbIX npOH3Be)J.eI-mH 9nHqeCKHX 2KaHpOB; npHMeHHeTCH
11 KaK 06II.:(ee Ha3BaHHe 3THX )!(aHpOB. HaH60JIee nOJIHO OCHOBHble
up1I3HaKH D. 9. rrpOHBlIJIHCb 13 HCTopHKo-repOHqeCKOM 9rrOCe (6bIJIH-
JIbI, IOHaIJ,KHe neCHII). 00 A. H. BeCeJlOBCKOMY, TI. 9. pa3BHBalOTCH
U3 JIHp09rrHqeCKHX KaHTHJleH, 3apO)J.HBrnHXCH 13 06pH)J.e. B03MQ}KeH
II 06paTHbIH npOIJ,ecc: Y BOCTOqHbIX CJIaBHH 2KaHpbI, CcpOpMHpOBaB-
mHeCH KaK 3rrHqeCKHe (6aJIJIa,!I,bI, )J.YMbI, )J.yxOBHbIe CTHXH, HCTOpH'Ie-
eKHe rreCHH), rrOCTerreHHO CTaHOBHJIIICb JIHp09rrHqeCKHMH. B OTJIHqHe
OT JIHpHqeCKHX rreCeH, nemUHXC5I KOJIJIeKTHBHO H «)J.JI5I Ce6H», TI. 9.
IICrrOJIHHJIHCb OT)J.eJlbHbUvIH CKa3HTeJIHMH, K063apHMH, 6aH,iI,ypHCTaMH,
./HlpHHKaMH HJIH rpyrrrroH HX H )J.JI5I 60JIee HJIH MeHee 06mHpHOH aY)J.lI-
TOpHH; I1eHHe MOrJlO COrrpOB02K)J.aTbCH HrpOII Ha rYCJI5IX, 6aH)J.ype,
.IlHpe HJIH )J.pyrnx MY3bIKaJIbHbIX HHCTpYMeHTaX. JJ:BH2KeHHe TI. 3. K
Jmp09rrHqeCKHM - 9TO H nepexo)J. OT COJlbHOrO H<;rrOJIHeHHH K XOpO-
lIOMY: 13 Ka3aqbHX paHOHaX POCCHH )J.a)!(e 6bIJIHHbI, CTamUHe JIHpO-
'jIIl1qeCKHMH rreCHHIvIH, neJIH XOpOM. TI. 9. 13 60JlbrneH CTeneHH, qeM
06pH)J.OBbIe H JIHpHqeCKHe rreCHH, HMrrpOBH3aIJ,HOHHbI, a CJle)J.OBaTeJIb-
IIO, C HpKO Bblpa:tKeHHOH TeH)J.eHIJ,HeH K nOCTOHHHOMY 06pa30BaHHIO
BapHaHTOB; 9TO 06YCJlOBJIeHO HH)J.HBH)J.yaJlbHbIM xapaKTeI?,oM Hcrro.'1-
ueHH5I H OTHOCHTeJIbHO 06illHpHbIM 06'beMOM rrpOH3Be)J.emm:.
CM. TaIOKe Ebt/lUHa H JIHT.
JI. K. BAXHlfHA'
IllYMKA y.- O,!I,HO- HJIH )J.BYXcTpocpHaH rnyTOqHaH rreceHKa;
-o6bl 1 lHO HCrrOJIHHeTCH KaK rrpHrreBKa K TaHIJ,Y C TaKTOM 2/4. CTpocpa
COCTOHT H3 BOCbMH CJlOroB (4 + 4). PHTMHKa U CPYHKll.HH Ill. rrpe)J.o-
CTaBJIHlOT rnHpoKHe B03MO)!(HOCTH )J.JIH HMrrpOBlI3aIJ,HH. TeMaTHKa H
CO,!I,ep2Ka!me 06blqHO OrpaHHqeHbI KpaTKHMH lOMOpHCTHqeCKHIvIH 3a--
pIIcoBKaMH celvIeHHoro 6bITa. Ill. MorYT HCrrOJIHHTbCH KaK caMOCTOH-
TeJIbHble HHcTpYMeHTaJIbHble rrbeCbI. 3aIIIlcH Ill. H3BeCTHbI C XVII B.
J1I1T.: KO/lCcca cPo 1938; Jl.eu O. TaHlJJOBa,1bHi nind. KUlB, 1970.
H. C. my MAJl.A'
, TIECH5I IllYT04HA5I p., TIECH5I )I\APTOYHA5I 6., TIICH5I
/I\APTIBJIHBA y. rpyrrrra pa3H02KaHpOBbIX rreceH BbI,!I,eJIHeTCH rro
9CTeTHqeCKoMY rrpIIHIJ,Hrry. u TIeCHl! lOMOpHCTHqeCKOrO xapaKTepa
BKJIIOqaJIHCb 13 COCTaB ceMeHHblX H KaJleH,!I,apHbIX 06PH)J.OB, MOrJIH
HCrrOJIHHTbC5I H 13 JI1060e Y,!I,06HOe BpeMH. TI. rn. BXOAHJIII 13 perrep-
Tyap pa3JIHqHbIX B03pacTHblx rpyrrrr. B TI. ill., npe)J.rrOqlITaeMblx MO-
JIOAe2KblO, rrpe06JIa)J.aJIa JI1060BHaH TeMaTI-IKa, )J.JIH HHX xapaKTepHa
HaCMernKa Ha)J. He3a)J.aqJIHBbIMH )!(eHHXaIvIH H I-IeBeCTa!vIH. OCHOBHOII
TeMOH TI. m. 5IBJI5IlOTCH celvIelIHO-6bITOBble OTHomeHHH. B HlIX ocy)!(-
,!I,alOTCH JleHb, 6ecx03HHcTBeHHocTb, rrbHHCTBO, )!(a,!I,HOCTb, HeBepHocTb"
rJlyrroCTb. Cpe,rr,H BOCTOqHOCJIaBHHCKHX D. ill. M02KHO BbI)J.eJIIITb H€-
CKOJIbKO H,!I,ei'1HO-Tel\WTHqeCKHX rpynrr, 13 Ka:tK,!I,OH H3 KOTOpbIX KOMH3M
lIMeeT CBOH oc06eHHocTH. TaK, 13 C102KeTax COIJ,IIaJIbHOrO cO)J.ep}KaHHR
KOMHqeCKOe rrpH06peTaeT xapaKTep caTHpbI, 13 rreCHHX ceMeHHo-6bI-
TOBOH TelvIaTHKH CMex rropolI XOTb H lIe JIHilleH e,rr,KOCTH, HO He )J.OCTR-'
raeT CTerreHlI caTHpbI, HM CBOHCTBeH rrpeHMYII.:(eCTBeIIHO IOMOpHCTHqe-
CKHII HJIII HpOImqeCKHH TOH. Oc060 1vI0)!(H0 BbI)J.eJIHTb TI. rn., rrepco-,
HaLKaMH KOTOpbIX HBJI5IlOTCH )!(HBOTHble, rrTHIJ,bI, HaceKOMble, a TaK2Ke
3.:10rWlHble rreCHH - He6bIJIHll.bI, He6bIBaJlbII.:(HHbI.
J1I1T.: Hap0.ll:HO-rr03TUqeCKa51 caTupa. J1., 1960; lKapTiBJIUBi mCH!. 1967'
)KapTOYHbl5I neCHi. 1974; )I(apTiBJIHBi Ta CaTHpH'JHi niclli. 1988; MOAaaBcKI1l '
ll. M. PYCCIC3H HapO.ll:HaH caTupa. J1., 1967; cPJlOOCiK A. C. flpa6,1eMbI 6e.npycKaH
HapOJ1,HaH caTbIpbl. MH., 1978; BacuJlC6u'I. B. A. BOCTOqHOCJIaBHHCKaB 10MopHcTn'
qpCKaH rreCHB. MH., 1979.
I cP. If. CEJIlfBAHOB I
TIECH5I IOPbEBCKA5I, ErOPbEBCKA5I p., TIECH5I IOPAY-
CKA5I 6., TIICH5I IOPIIBCbKA y.- pacrrpoCTpaHeHHble npeHMY-
Ill.eCTBeHHO y 6eJlOpycoB BeceIIHHe rreCHH, CBH3aHHble C 06pH)J.aMH,
IlOCBHmeHHbIMH IOpHlO (CB. feoprHlO) - rroKpOBHTeJllO 3e!vIJle)J.eJIH5I
II CKOTa (23 anpeJI5I no CT.CT.). KaK H 13 06pH)J.ax, 13 TI. 10. B u bI)J.eJI5I-
IOTCH TPH OCHOBHbIX rrJIaCTa: rrpOH3Be)J.eHH5I 3eMJle)J.eJIbqeCKOH TeMa-
TlIKH, rrpOH3Be)J.eHHH, HarrOJIHeHl-Ible MOTHBaMH 06eCrre'IeHlIH ycrrexa
B CKOTOBO)J.CTBe, H rreCHH 6paqHOH (Jl1060BHOH) TeMaTHKH. TI. 10.
BCTpeqalOTCH TaK)!(e y YKpaHHll.eB H PYCCKHX - rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M 13
1I0rpaHHqHbIX C EeJlapYCblO 06JlaCTHX H 13 KaprraTax. Y 6eJIopYCOB
I'po)J.HeHII.:(HHbI H3BeCTHbI D. 10., HCnOJIHHeMble _ 130 BpeMH 06pH,!!,a
IIJpbeBCKoro BOJIoqe6HHqeCTBa (06XO)J.Hble). XapaKTepHaH oc06eH-
IIOCTb TI. 10.- HaJIH'IHe 3aKJIHHaTeJlbHbIX MarHqeCKHX CPOPMYJI. Y
PYCCKHX OHH HaH60JIee yrroTpe6HTeJlbHbI 13 rreCHHX 06pH)J.a «OKJIHKa-
IlIIff EropHH» (ceBepO-BOCTOqHbIH pernOH). Y 6eJIOpYCOB HaH60JIee
pacrrpOCTpaHeHbI C102KeTbI: «IOp'H a)J.MbIKae 3HMJllO, BbIIIYCKae pacy»,
<IOpbI rra nOJIi xO)J.3iIJ,b, 2KbITa pO)J.3ill.b», «Ha IOp'H pacy BbIIIycKa-
1()I b 6blqKa», «Pa3rYJI5IycH IOp'ey KOHb» H ,!I,p. B OTJIHqHe OT )J.pyrHx
II\'CCHHHX neceH IOpbeBcKolvIY ll.HKJIY rrpHcYII.:(H IOMOplICTHqeCKHe nec-
1111 c MOTHBaMH npoTHBorrOCTaBJIeHHH }KeHCKoro H MY2KCKOrO HaqaJIa,
B. A. BACHJIEBWI
253
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II\'Mll.bI, eBpeH. 06blqHO TI. pa60TaJI Ha rrapy C MY3bIKaHTOM (IIIap-
IVI:IHII.:(HK). HeKOTopbIe HMeJIII TeTpa)J.H C 3anHC5I!vIH TeKCTa KOMe)J.IIH,
l)oJIbIIIHHCTBO )I(e 3HaJIH KOMe)J.HlO HaH3YCTb. XOpOI1IHe TI., rrpHJLep-
il\IIBaHCb Tpa)J.HUHOHHoro Cll.eHapH5I, CMeJIO HMrrpOBH3HpOBaJIH 13 3amI-
('I!MOCTH OT YCJIOBHH BblcTyrrJIeHHH, OT aY)J.HTopHH, c06paBIIIeHCH
BOKpyr rnHpMbI. HaH60JIee H3BeCTHble TI.: CTapHK MeJIeHTbeB (1880-e
I'OJLbI), TI. H. Ce)J.oB (1833-1889), C. K. EYJIbIHKHH, H. A. 3aHueB
(1863-1936) .
CM. TaK}Ke Temp KYTWJlbHblii, neTpYUlKa H JIHT.
A. CPo HEKPbIJIOBA
'ITO HaXO)J.HT )J.aJIbHeHIIIee pa3BHTHe 13 KyrraJIbCKHX neCHHX. K. IOpb-
eBcKoMY ll.HKJIY OTHOC5!TCH TaK2Ke rracTYillecKHe JIa)J.KaHKH (CM.) ,
6bITYlOII.:(He 13 pernoHe YKpaHHcKHx K.apnaT.
J1I1T.: AHU'I. 06 E. B. BeceHHHH 06pH.lI:OBaH n cHH Ha 3arra.ll:e II Y CJIaBHH.
CTI6:, 1903. LI. I, COKoJ!o a B. 1(. 1979; EapTatU361'l. r. A. EeJIapycKaH HapO.ll:IfaH
?331H BecHaBo.r b!I{.n.? 1 CJI?BBHCKaH !jJaJI.bKIJOpHaH Tpa.ll:bI bIH. MH., 1985; Kup-
16 P. CPo PeJIIKTH IOpllBCbKOl 06pH.lI:OBOCTl 13 YK p alHcbKux F" a p naTax 1/ HTE
1986. N2 2.' .
TIECH5I 5IPbIHHA5I, 5IPHA5I 6.- OJLHa H3 pa3HoBH)J.HocTe1I
oceHHero rreceHHoro ll.HKJIa 6eJIOpycoB, COCTaBJIHlOII.:(aH HaII60JIee
KPyrrHY ero rpyrrrry. HCrrOJIH5!JIHCb 13 rrpoll.ecce y60pKH HpOBbIX CeJIb-
CKOX03HIICTBeHHblX KYJIbTYP 13 rrepHO)J. T. Ha3. OBC5!HOH 2KaTBbI - rro-
CJIe)J.HeH 3HaqHTeJIbHOH pa60TbI 13 rrOJIe. CaM rrpouecc TpY)J.a 13 HHX
He OTpa)l(aeTCH, a TOJIbKO Ha3bIBalOTCH BH)J.bI BbIIIOJIH51eMbIX pa60T.
3TO OTJIIIqaeT HX OT JIeTHHX 2KaTBeHHbIX rreceH.
D. H., rro MHeHHlO HCCJIe)J.oBaTeJIell: (B. EJIaTOB, A. JIHc, JI. My-
xapHHcKa51), JIIIPHqHbI rro CBoelI 2KaHpOBOH rrpHpo)J.e. B TeMaTHKe
TI. H. rrpeOOJIaJLalOT npeJLcBa)J.e6Hble MOTHBbI. OCHoBHa51 TeMa D. 51.-
pa3)J.YMb51 )J.eBYiliKH 0 rrpe)J.cTOHII.:(eM 3aMY2KeCTBe, 0 Tex rrepeMeHax
KOTopble O)l(HAalOT ee 13 HOBOH 2KH3HH. TeMa JII06BH, rrpHcYII.:(a51 BceIVry
oceHHe y ll.HKJIY, xapaKTepHa H )J.JI5I TI. H. H306pmKeHHe TH2KeJIOll:
B)J.OBbeII )J.OJIII TaK}Ke HBJI5IeTC5! OAHOH H3 HX TeM.
JJ:JIH rrepe)J.aqH BHYTpeHHHx rrepe)l(HBaHHH repoHHH 13 TI. H. HC-
rrOJIb3YlOTC51 06II.:(ecpOJIbKJIOpHble rr03TH'IeCKHe cpe)J.cTBa. B KaqeCTBe
OCHOBHO:,O TaKoro rrpHeMa 13 TI. 51. BblcTyrraeT )J.ByqJIeHHbIH rrCHXOJIO-
rHqeCKHH rrapaJIJIeJIH3M. TI. H. pe2Ke, qeM JIeTHHe )I(HHBHble, HCrrOJI-
HHlOTCH XOpOM, 13 HHX 3aMeTHa TeH)J.eHll.HH K HH)J.HBH)J.yaJIH3HpOBaH-
HOMY HcrrOJ'lHeHHlO.
TI. H. 6bITYIOT 13 pa3JIHqHbIX pernOHax EeJIapYCH, HO HaH60JIee
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JIIIKH.
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M. M. JIBC
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IVIY KYKOJIbHOMY TeaTpy (rro HMeHH ll.eHTpaJIbHOrO rrepCOHa)lW), HMe-
\'1' HeCKOJIbKO 3Ha'IeHHH.
1) TIep'IaTOqHaH KYKJIa; OCHOBY ee COCTaBJI5IeT TpeXrraJIaH nep-
'laTKa, 13 cpe)J.HlOIO qaCTb KOTOpOH BCTaBJIHlOT cpe)J.HHH H yKa3aTeJIb-
IIbIII rraJIbll.bI (rOJIOBa KYKJIbI), 13 KpaHHHe - 60JIbrnOH H 6e3bIM5!H-
IlbIH C MH3HHll.eM (PYKH KYKJIbI). TI. 06blqHO rrOKa3bIBalOT Ha IIIHpMe.
I'OJIOBKH Bblpe3aJIHCb H3 )J.epeBa HJIII )J.eJIaJIHCb H3 rrarrbe-Marne. Tpa-
.llIlUHOHHaH pe3b6a (JIerrKa) H paCKpaCKa rOJIOBOK )J.aBaJIH B03MO)l(-
1I0CTb npH MaJIeHIIIeM rrOBopOTe, HaKJIOHe rOJIOBbI HJIH Koprryca KYK-
,lib! )J.06IIBaTbCH 3cpcpeKTa MHMHKH (KYKJIa CMeHJIaCb, rrJIaKaJIa, He-
JlOYMeBaJIa H rrp.).
2) r JIaBHbIH nepCOHa}K PYCCKOH Hapo)J.HoH KYKOJIbHOII KOMe)J.HH.
IIMeHOBaJICH TaK)I(e TIeTp HBaHOBH'I YKCYCOB, TIeTp TIeTpOBHq Ca-
1VI0BapoB, Ha lOre - BaHH, BaHbKa, PYTlOTlO, PaTaTYH. XapaKTepHbIe
IICpTbI BHernHero BH)J.a TIeTpyrnKH: 60JIbIIIOH HOC «KplO'IKOM», CMelO-
Il HHCH pOT, BblcTyrralOwHH rro)J.60po)J.OK, rop6 HJIH )J.Ba rop6a (Ha
cIlIIRe H Ha rPYJLH). O)J.e)l()J.a COCTOHJIa H3 KpaCHOH Py6axH, KOJIrraKa
\" KHCTOqKOH, Ha Horax - II.:(erOJIbCKHe CarrO)l(KH HJIII H3 IIIYTOBcKoro
,1lI3Yll.BeTHOro KJIoYHcKoro HapH)J.a, BOpoTHHKa H KOJIrraKa C 6y6eHqH-
KaMH. KYKOJIbHHK rOBOpHJI 3a TI. C. nOMOII.:(blO rrHII.:(HKa (CM.).
3) C06cTBeHHo Hapo)J.HaH PyccKaH KYKOJIbHaH KOMe)J.HH. CaMbIII
1l0rrYJIHpHbIH H pacrrpoCTpaHeHHbIll: BH)J. KYKOJIbHOrO TeaTpa 13 POC-
('IlII XIX B., H3BeCTHbIll: TaK}Ke 13 ceBepHbIX paHOHax YKpaHHbI. C TI.
OOblqHO XO)J.HJIH )J.Boe - KYKJIOBOJL H MY3bIKaHT. TeaTp COCTOHJI H3
.IIITKOH CKJIa)J.HOH IIIHpMbI, 5!II.:(HKa C 7-20 KYKJIaMH, rnapMaHKH H
MC'JIKOII 6YTacpopHH (rraJIKa, )J.y6HHKa-TpeII.:(oTKa, MeTJIa H rrp.). JJ:e-
l\opauHH TeaTp TI. He 3HaJI. TIpe)J.CTaBJIeHHe COCTOHJIO H3 Ha60pa
I'Ill:'H - BCTpe'I TI. C pa3HbIMH rrepCOHa2KaMH, Cll.eHKII HaHH3bIBaJIIICb
,11,pyr Ha )J.Pyra 6e3 OC060H MOTHBHpOBKH H 3aKaHqHBaJIHCb rrocpaM-
,JIt'IIIleM, H3rHaHHeM HJIH y6HHcTBOM Bcex )J.ellcTBYlOWHX JIHU, C KaKH-
Mil D. BCTpeqaJICH 13 paMKax KOMe)J.HII, KpOMe C06aKH (4epTa, Ea-
p IlIIKa), YTaCKHBalOII.:(eH 13 KOHll.e rrpe)J.CTaBJIeHHH rJIaBHOro rep05!
J1I1T.: BoceH cKi51 i TaJIOqHbIe nenIi. 1981; MyxapuHcKafi JI." C. EeJIOPycCKaH
HapO.ll:tIaH neCHH: MCTopHqecKoe pa3BuTue. OqepKu. MH., 1977.
TIETPYlllE4HHK p.- 1) KYKJIOBO)J., HrpalOII.:(HH nepqaTO'IHbIMH
KYKJIaMH. B POCCHH qaCTO CHHOHHM CJIOBa «KYKOJIbHHK». TIepBbIMII
aKTepaMH, BblcTyrraBrnHMH C rrep'IaTO'IHbIMH KYKJIaMH, 6bIJIH, nO-BH-
..lI.HMOMY, CKOMOpOXH; 2) KYKOJIbHHK, pa3bIrpbIBaIOII.:(HH PYCCKYlO Ha-
P0)J.HYlO KOMe)J.HlO C TIeTPYIIIKoH. C06cTBeHHo TI. BbICTynaJIII Ha HP-
rvrapKax, rYJI5IHHHX, XOJLHJIII no ropo)J.aM H CeJIaM, BbIcTyrraJIH Ha YJIH-
256
n
BHII3, 3a nmpMY. CaMOCTOHTeJIbHbIe ClI,eHKII HHor)J.a BbICTpaIIBaJIHCb
13 rrpOCTeHrnIIH ClO}KeT, KOTOpbIH, BnpO'IeM, )J.orrYCKaJI pa3Hble rrepe-
CTaHOBKH, BblIIa)J.eHHe OT)J.eJIbHbIX ClI,eH HJIH 3rrH30)J.OB II rrpIIcoe)J.I1He-
lme HOBbIX. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TaJIaHTa KYKOJIbHIIKa H YCJIOBHH BbI-
cTynJIeHHH KOMe)J.HH rrpH06peTaJIa 'IepTbI 6e306II)J.HbIX KOMII'IeCKHX
'CTOJIKHOBeHHH HJm 3JIOH COlI,HaJIbHOH caTHpbI. OC06bIM ycrrexolvI rrOJIb-
30BaJIHCb ClI,eHbI II36IIeHH5I rrOJIHll.eHCKOro, ocpHll.epa, H3)J.eBaTeJIbCTBa
Ha)J. TOprOBlI,elvI, lI,bIraHOM; eCTb CBe)J.eHHH, 'ITO CYII.:(eCTBOBaJI cpHHaJI
ROMe)J.HH, Kor)J.a TI. He rrorH6aJI 13 JIarrax C06aKH, a n06e2K)J.aJI YepTa
JI ClvIepTb. 3cTeTHKa Tpa)J.HlI,HOHHOro HapO)J.Horo rrpe)J.CTaBJIeHH5I
npe)J.rrOJIaraJIa 6ecrrpepbIBHoe )J.BH}KeHHe (lvIeJIbTemelIHe) KYKJIbI; Y
xoponIHx KYKOJIbHHKOB CJIOBa H 2KeCTbI 6bIJIH HaCTOJIbKO COrJIaCOBa-
HbI, 'ITO c03)J.aBaJIaCb rrOJmaH IIJIJII03HH )J.eHCTBHTeJIbHOrO mKHBJI€HHH
RYKOJI. KOMe)J.HH 6bIJIa HaCbIII.:(eHa MY3bIKaJIbHbIMH BCTaBKaMII, KOTO-
pbIe, rrOIvIHMO Bcero rrpoqero, HeCJm H KO!vIHqecKYlO CPYHKlIJllO: rrapo-
]I.HpOBaJIII rrorrYJIHpHbIe TeKCTbI II MeJIO)J.IIH HJIH HcrrOJIb30BaJIHCb He
rro Ha3Hay:eHIIlO (rroxopOHbI rro)J. «KaMapHHCKYlO»). 06H3aTeJIbHbIH
KO!vIIIOHeHT HapO)J.HbIX rrpe)J.CTaBJIeHHII - rrpHMoe 06II.:(eHIIe co 3pHTe-
JIeM: pa3rDBOp IIMrrpOBH3alI,IIOHHbIH TI. C c06paBrnHMHCH Y rnHPMbI,
'06paII.:(eI-IHe MY3bIKaHTa K 3pHTeJI5IM 3a rrOIvIOII.:(blO (c60p cpe)J.CTB Ha
noxopOHbI HeMlI,a), aKTHBHaH peaKlI,HH rry6JIHKH, BrrJIOTb )J.O ee BMe-
maTeJIbCTBa 13 )J.eHCTBHe.
TI. 6bIJI OJIHlI,eTBOpeHHeM npa3)J.HHqHOH CB060)J.bI. Ero CJIOBa H
)J.errCTBHH rrpOTHBOpe'IIIJIH npIIHHTbIM HopMaM rrOBe)J.eHHH II MOpaJIH,
IIO HMeHHO 3THM OTKa30M OT «rrpaBHJI» KOMe)J.HH KaK 6bI BbIBOpaqIIBa-
JIa MHp HaII3HaHKY, BCKpbIBaJIa TaHHble rrpy}KHHbI H, BbIClvIeHBaH,
rrpeO)J.OJIeBaJIa BClO Mep30CTb MHpa, YTBep2K)J.aJIa pa)J.OCTHoe OII.:(yII.:(e-
HHe 2KH3HII, paCKperrOII.:(eHHOCTb qeJIOBeKa.
J1I1T.: P06UHCKUii /1,. A. PyccKue Hapo.ll:Hble KapTllHKll. M., 1881. T. 5; AJ!rjJe-
p06 A. fleTpYlliKa U ero rrpe.ll:Ku. M., 1895; JIepeTl{ B. li. I\YKOJIbHbIH TeaTp Ha
PVCll: I1cTOpWJeCImH OqepK Ii E)KerolJ:HUK UMrrep'aTopCKllX TeaTpOB. Ce30H 1894/95 r.
fl-pH'10)KeIme. M., 1895. KH. 1; CUMOH06U1I-ErjJu_ to6a H. H. 3arrllCIm rreTpYllieqHU-
Ka. J1.; M., 1925 (2-e 113.l1:.: M., 1980); 1I.exH06Ul{ep 0., EpeMUli If. TeaTp fleTPYlli-
RU. M.; 1927; EpIJOMil-l I. JI. «fleTpYlliKa» Ha YKpahIi /1 YKpalHa. 1927; Bce60J!oo-
CKUU-repHcpocc B. H. PyccKaH YCTHaH Hapo,IIJIaH ,n:p'aMa. M., 1959; CMupHo6a
H. If. COBeTcKuH TeaTp KyKOJI: 1918-1932. M., 1969; HeKpIJlA06a A. cP. Ce-
BepHopycCIme BapHaHTbI «IleTpYlliKU» II 1'!>0JIbKJIOp U 3THorpa<pllH PycCKoro CeBe-
-pa. J1., 1973; OHa e. LIepHiriBCbKi BapiaHTU pociHcbKol Hapo,n:Hol JIHJIbKOBOI BUC-
TaBU «neTpylliKa» II HTE. 1973. N2 4; OHa e. C eHWJeCKHe oc06eHHOCTH PYCCKO-
TO HapO.ll:HOro KYKOJIbHOrO TeaTpa «I1eTpYlliKa» II HapOAllbIH TeaTp. J1., 1974;
OHa e. I13 UCTOPUll !jJOpMupOBaHHH PYCCKOH HapoAHOi'I KYKOJIbHOH KOMe,n:lllI
«fleTpYlliKa» Ii B npo!jJecCllOIIaJIbHOH lliKO,1e KYKOJIbHHIca. J1., 1979; HeKplJtJ!06a
A. cP., ryceB B. E. PycCImi'I HapO.ll:HbIH KYKOJIbHbIH TeaTp: Yqe6HOe rroc06ue. J1.,
1983; HeKplJlJ!06a A. cP. PyccKHe Hapo,'\Hble ropo,n:CKue npa3.l1:HllKU, YBeCeJIeHllH 11
3peJIHI a. J1., 1988.
A. cP. HEKPbIJIOB/I
TIH1.I.LHK, rOBOPOK p.- rrpIIcrroc06JIelm:e, C rrOMOII.:(blO KOTO-
poro rOJIOC CTaHOBHTCH pe3KHM, BII3rJIIIBbIM, )J.pe6e3}KaII.:(IIM. TIplIMe-
HHJICH rreTpyme'IHHKaMH )J.JI5I 03ByqHBaHHH pOJIlI TIeTPyrnKH (3a
n
257
(ICTaJIbHbIX )J.eHcTBYlOII.:(HX JIlIlI, KOMe)J.HH KYKOJIbHHK rOBOpHJI CBOIIM
(TTeCTBeHHbIM rOJIOCOM, oTo)J.BHraH rrHII.:(HK 3a II.:(eKY). TIHII.:(HK H3rO-
TaBJIHBaJICH H3 )J.BYX KOCTHHbIX HJIH cepe6p5IHbIX rrJIaCTHHOqeK BHYT-
pII KOTOpbIX YKperrJI5IJIaCb Y3KaH rrOJIOCKa nOJIOTHHHOH JIeHTO KH.
A. cP. HEKPbIJIOBA
_ TIJIACTHY CKHH MOTHB p., TIJIACTbIYHbI MA TbIY 6.,
IIJIACTHYHHFi MOTHB y.- HaHMeHbmaH CTPYKTypHo-TelvIaTHqe-
CKaH e)J.HHHll.a TaHll.a (rrJIHCKH); COCTOHT, KaK rrpaBHJIO, H3 HeCKOJIb-
KlIX 2KeCTOB, )J.BIDKeHHH, rr03, MO}!(eT BKJIlOqaTb TaK}Ke 3JIeMeHTbI PH-
cYHKa TaHll.a (CM.). OCHoBa rrJIaCTHqeCKOH (TaHlI,eBaJIbHoH) TeMbI.
A. A. COI(OJIOB-KAMlfHCKlfPf
TIJI5ICK p. 1) JJ:peBHHH BH)J. Tpa)J.Hll.HOHHOH Hapo)J.HoH xopeo-
rpacpHqeCKOH KYJIbTypbI. J(BY3HaqHOCTb Tep!vIIlHa «TaHell.» 06YCJIOBH-
JIa onpe)leJIeHHble CJIO}!(HOCTH 13 COOTHeceHIlH TaHll.a C TI.: 13 nmpoKoM
3HaqeHHH 0.- pa3)J.eJI TaHlI,a, ero paHHHe cpOpMbI, H 13 3TOM KaqeCTBe
TeplvI HbI CHHOHHMHqHbI,. XOTH 06'belvI HX TeM He MeHee pa3JI!I'IeH
(TaHelI, BKJIlOqaeT TI., HO He HC'IepIIbIBaeTCH elO); 13 Y3KOM 3HaqeHHH
TI. rrpOTIIBOCTOHT TaHll.Y. TIpoTHBOrrOCTaBJIHlOTCH OTCYTCTBHe aBTOp-
CTBa 13 O)J.HOIvI CJIyqae H COqIIHeHHOCTb 13 APyroM, CTHXHIIHOCTb-
per JraMeHTllpOBaHHOCTH, a HlvIrrpOBH3all.HOHHOCTb'- 3aKpenJIeHHOCTH
«TeKCTa».
2) 06pa3elI, Tpa)J.HlI,HOHHOH Hapo)J.HoH xopeorpacpIIH, )J.BH}!(eHqe-
CKaH OCHOBa KOToporo )lOCTaTOqHO pa3BHTa H CJImKHa, He qY}K)la
HMrrpOBH3alI,HOHHOCTH, a 3MOll.HOHaJIbHOe COCTOHHHe HCrrOJIHHTeJIeH
nOCTerreHl-IO HarHeTaeTCH, )J.OCTHraH 3KCTaTHqeCKHX KYJIbMHHalI,HH.
CM. TaK}Ke TaHel{, XopeocpaqnlJl H JIHT. K HHM.
J1I1T.: Bce60AoOClWU-repHcpocC B. H. KpeCTb5lHCKUH TaHe II KpecTbHHcKoe
llCKYCCTBO CCCP: I1CKYCCTBO CeBepa. J1., 1928. T. 2.
A. A. COKOJIOB-KAMHHCKHPf
TIOEYTYBAHH5I y.- CM. EblToBaHlte.
TIOEbIBAJIbJlJ,HHA p.- CM. EblBaJlbU{UHa.
TIO TI B ? P PbE p., TIPbIMXI, TIPbIMXJIIDA, 3AEAEOHbI 6.,
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rrorrbITKH 06'bHCHlI:,b TaHHbI oKPy}!(alOII.:(eH )J.ellcTBHTeJIbHOcTH. TI. ox-
BaTbIBamI mHpoKHH Kpyr HHTepecoB qeJIOBeKa, Bce ccpepbI ero }!(H3HH
H )J.e5ITeJIbHOcT . B TI. OTpa3HJIlICb Hapo)J.Hble rrpe)J.cTaBJIeHHH 0 C03)J.a-
HHH Bce,'!eHHOIf, 06 oKpY2KalOII.:(eH nplIpo)J.e, 0 p02K)leHIIH, 2KH3HII II
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A. f/>. HEKPbIJIOBA
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TIOfOBOPKA p., TIPblMAYKA 6., TIPHI\.A3KA y.- }KaHpOBaH
pa3HoBH)J.HOCTb cpOJIbKJIOpHOH MaJlOH rrp03bI, 06pa3Hoe Bblpa)!(eHHe,
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BblpmKeHHYlO 13 9KcnpeccHBHoH cpopMe. TI. YKpalUaeT peqb, AeJlaeT ee
o6pa3HoH. TIo onpe)J.eJleHHIO B. H. J(aJIH, «rroroBopKa - OKOJlbHoe
Bblpa)!(eHHe, HO 6e3 npHTqH, 6e3 cY}K,iJ,eHHH, 3aKJIlOqeHHH, npHMeHe-
IIIlH». TI. TeCHO CBH3aHbI C nOCJIOBHIJ,aIvIH, HHor)J.a TI. HBJIHeTCH qaCTblO
1!0CJIOBHIJ,bI.
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j eHHH. Hx nOHBJIeHHe 13 peqH CB5I3aHO C 06pa3HbIM MbllUJIeHHelvI, )!(e-
JlaHHelvI qeJIOBeKa CpaBl-IHTb O)J.HH )!(lI3HeHHble HBJleHHH no npHHll.Hny
aHaJIOrHH C )J.PyrHMH, CXO)J.HbIMH C HHMH rro KaKHM-JIH60 npH3HaKaM.
TI. C06HpaJIHCb BMeCTe C nOCJIOBHIJ,aMH. Bce )J.00KTH6pbcKHe KJIaC-
CHqeCKIIe cpOJIbKJlOpHble C60PHHKH: H. CHernpeBa, B. JJ:aJI5I, M. Ho-
MHca, H. HOCOBHqa, H. <DpaHKO, M. <De)J.epoBcKoro H )J.p.- nOMe-
lI.:(alOT TI. BMeCTe C nOCJlOBHll.aMH, He BbI)J.eJIHH HX 13 caMOCTOHTeJIbHbIe
rpynnbI. COBpeMeHHble JIHHrBHCTbI -cppa3eOJlOrH H3 nOCJlOBIlLIHo-noro-
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peJ'vIHHHble 06pa3ll.bI, 6JIH3KHe K cppa3eOJIOrn3MaM.
TIo TeMaTHKe TI., KaK H nOCJlOBHIJ,bI, xapaKTepH3YlOT HBJIeHHH npH-
pO)J.bI, TPY)J.OBYlO )J.eHTeJlbHOCTb, nopTpeTHble xapaKTepHCTHKH qeJIO-
neKa, era BHYTpeHl-IHH H BHelUHHH MHp. MHorHe TI. CTpOHTCH no on-
pe)J.eJIeHHbllvI MO)J.eJI5IM. OHH MorYT HMeTb CPOPMY nOJIHOrO HJIH yce-
lIeHHoro KOMnapaTHBHoro 060pOTa, rJlarOJIbHYlO CPOPMY, coe)J.HHeH-
UYlO C HMeHeM CYII.:(eCTBHTeJlbHbllvI, coe)J.HHeHHe CYII.:(eCTBHTeJIbHOrO C
HeOnpe,iJ,eJIeHHOH cpOpMOH rJlaroJla, C OTpHIJ,aTeJIbHbIMH qaCTHll.aMH,
06CTOHTeJIbCTBeHHbIMH cpopMaMH H )J.p.
CM. TaK)!{e nOCJLOBUUp H JIHT.
J1I1T.: lI'fap e6U'1 H. O.,?bI'Iali, rroBepbH, KYXH5I U HarrUTICH MaJIOpOCcuml. KueB,
1860; Cfy6UlicKuu JI. JI. 18/2. T. 1; HUKUrjJOp06CKUii H. H. flpocToHapO,lJ:Hble rrpli-
MeTbI Ii rroBepbH. BUTe6cK, 1897; Federowski M. 1897. T. 1; Eeo06 E. cPo flpuMe-
TbI, rroBepbH [H 3aroBopbl] II )KHBan CTapUHa. 1901. BbIII. 3-4; 116aH06 JI. B.
)Ku3Hb U rroBepbH KpecTbHH (yrrnHcKoro ye3.l1:a XapbKoBcICOH ry6epHuu II C6. Xapb-
KOBCICOro HCT.-!jJUJIOJI. O-Ba. XapbKoB, 1907. T. 17; KOCTOA06CKUii 11. B. I13 rroBepuH
5Ip,?c".aBcIcoro KpaH {1.3THorpa!jJ. o603peHHe. 1913. KH. 96-97. N2 1-2; Cep ny-
TOYCKI A. K. I1pbIMXl 1 3a6a60HbI 6eJIapycay-rraJIemYICOY. MH., 1930; JIoTe6HJI A. A.
a MIi!jJHlJeCK?M 3HalJ, HUU HeKoTop X 06pH,lJ:OB U nOBepUH IILITeHHH O-Ba UCTOpHU
r9 eBHOCTeli pOCCHllCKHX. lvI., 186;); MUHb1W JI. 11. CyeBepHH H rrpUMeTbl. MH.,
M. M. JIA3HK
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rrJlaHe YCMaTpHBaJI 13 HeM CBH)J.eTeJlbCTBO «aHTHcpOHIlqHOCTH rreCHH,
ee :AOpOBOro r-ra'IaJIa)). CT. JJ:)!{y)J.)KeB HaXO)..(HJI, qTO KOMII03Hll.HOHHbIH
IIO)J.XBaT OTpa2KaeTCH H B MeJl0JLHH. OH Ha3BaJI «!v1Y3bIKaJIbHOII aHa-
)..(IIrrJI030H)) IIOBTopeHHC HeCKOJIbKHX pHTMHLleCKHX e)J.HI-HIlJ, 3aKJIlOqH-
TeJIbHOH LlaCTH MeJIO)J.HH rrplI rrOBTopeHHH ee 13 Ha'IaJIe CJ!e)J.YlOII.:(erO
I\YIIJIeTa HJIH CTpOcpbI. CYII.:(eCTBeHI-IO YTOqHeHHe a KOHTpaCTHOM xa-
paKTepe TI. MeJIO)J.IIH (c. H. fpHlJ,a). TI. 1'. EoraTblpeB rrOKa3aJI, qTO
11. (rraJIHJIOrH5I) Ha6JllO)J.aeTCH H 13 HerrOIOII.:(eMCH CTHxe - Harrp. 13
:wrOBopax; 6bIBaeT OH H 13 HapO)J.HOH rrp03e.
YKpaHHCKHe 9THOMY3bIKOBe)J.bI <D. M. KOJleCCa, C. 11. rpIIll.a, a
TaK)Ke rrOJlbCKHH 9THorpacp-CJlaBHCT K. MOI1IIIHbCKHII BbI)J.eJIHlOT
IIpeJLCTaBJI5IlOII.:(YlO OC06ylO pa3HOBH)J.HOCTb D. KOI-IKaTeHall.HlO (CM.),
1I0HHTHlO KOTOpOH cpaKTH'IeCKH COOTBeTcTByeT TepMHH pYCCKoro JUIHr-
BOcpOJIbKJIOpIICTa E. E. ApTeMeHKO «lJ,errHOH rrOBTOp)).
J1I1T.: Bece..w6c1wU A. H. I1CToplIqeCKaH rr03TUKa. J1., 1940; MUKJ!OUlU'I. cPp.
I1306pa3HTe,lbHble Cpe.n:cTBa CJlaB5IHCKoro ::moca (qIUaH.? B 3aC .lI:aHHH BeHCKO
:tKaJ]:eMUU Ha)f{ 3 HIOJ1H 1889 r.). M., 1895; Cun06clwu. B. B. MCTOpUH PyCCKoU
CJIOBeCHOCTU. T. 1: HapO,l(Ha51 CjIOBeCHOCTb. CTI6., 1906; Jl060eJa A. M. J1eK HH rro
napo.ll:Hoil CJ10BeCHOCTU. KueB, 1912; EypcapoT O. HOBbIe ropU30HTbI 13 06,!IaCTlI
IlCCJIe.ll:0BaHIUI nOiJTHqeCIWrO CTIW5I lnpIfH Hrrbl 3. 3JIbCTepa). Co BCTyrl. CJIOBOM
;umJ]:. B. H. flepeT a. KueB, 1915; CnepaHc1w1l M. PycCKaH ycnIa51 CJIOBeCHOCTb.
/\1., 1917; HKoeJ!<!6 1\{ A. Hapo,lJJlOe rrecHeTBop'lecTBo 06 aTaMaHe CTerraHe Pa311He.
n., 1924; Eo<!aTIJlpi:6 n. r. 3aroBopLI il PycCJ{oe HapoJ]:Hoe II03TUqeCKOe TBOpqeCTBO;
TIoc06ue .lI:JIj] BY30B. 2-e H3.l1:. lvI., 1956; ;I,]lcyiJ e6 C. Teopu5I Ha 6"bJlrapCKaTa Ha-
pOAl-Ia MY3HIza. T. 4; 06Il(1I BorrpocH Ha MY3uKamIaTa eTHorpaljJli5I. COIjJUH, 1961;
JI.uMuTPUjeBu!i P. Teopuja KHbIDKeBHOCTU ca rrpuMepHMa. EeorpaJ]:, 1962; K6.<1T-
1.06CKUii A. TI03THqeCKUH CJIOBapb. 1\,1., 1966; Kpa6l{o6 H. l!. TI03TuKa pyCCKuX
napo,n:Hblx .!IHpWleCKllx neceI-!. LI. 1: KOMrr03H HH. M., 1974; ApTe_ teHKO E. E. CHH-
TaKCUqeClmH cTpoii PYCCKOll napo.ll:Hoii JIHpU'IeCicoH rreCHH 13 acrreKTe ee xY.lI:0)KeCT-
BHIHOH opraH/narum. BOpOHe)K, 1977; HraBak J. PoetiKa. Praha, 1973; HK06coH P.
Pa60TbI IIO rr03TUKe. M., 1987,
B. M. r AII.AK
TIOJI11<DOHH51 p., TIAJiI<DOHI5I 6., TIOJII<DOHI51 y. (rpeq.
poly - MHoro, phone - 3BYK, rOJIoc) - MY3bIKaJlbHbIII CK.T1a)J. (CM.),
oCHoBaHHbIH Ha COqeTaHHH )J.BYX HJIl! 60JIee caMOCTOHTeJIbHbIX rvreJIO-
!U1qeCKHX JIHHHH. B cpOJlbKJIOpe BOCTOqHbIX CJIaBHH BCTpe'IalOTCH pa3-
,lIHqHble BH)J.bI TI.: IIo)..(rOJIOCOqHaH TI. (CM.), KOHTpacTHaH TI. (CM.),
6YP)..(oHI-IOe !vIIlorOrOJIOCHe (CM.).
CM. TaK}Ke MnOcOcO/lOcue.
A. jI,. T POI1 II.KAH
TIOJIH<DOH1151 KOHTPACTHA5I p., TIAJII<DOHI5I KAHTPAC-
IIA5I 6., TIOJII<DOHI51 KOHTPACHA y.- o)J.HoBpeMeHIJOe 3Byqa-
IIIIe )J.BYX HJIH 60Jlee MY3bIKaJIbHbIX IIoCTpOeHHII. KOInpaCT M02KeT
IIpOHBJI5ITbCH Jl106bIMH cpe)J.cTBa!vIH MY3bIKaJIbHOH Bblpa3HTCJlbHOCTH,
B TON! qHCJle MeJIO)J.H'IeCKI1, pHTMHqeCKH, cpaIUYPHO. BCTpe<raeTCH 13
06p5I,iI,OBOM cpOJIbKJIOpe: XopOBble aHTHcpOHbI 13 06PH)J.C rrOXOpOI-I
«CTpeJIbD) (EeJIapYCb), O)J.HOBpeMeHHoe HCrrOJIHeHHe cBa!J;e6HbIX rre-
l'l'H H rrpIIqHTaHHH HeBeCTbI ('I'. Ha3. OrreBaJIbHO-IIpH'IeTHbII I !<o mJIeKC.
CCBepHopYCCKaH CBa)J.b6a).
A. jI,. T POl! II.KAfl
262
n
n
263
A. JI,. TPOlfIl,KAH
IIIIaJIbHYlO, 9pOTHqeCKYlO CPYHKll.HH; Hall.HOHaJlbHYlO H perHOHaJIbHYlO;
B03paCTHYlO H COll.HaJlbHO-rrOJIOBYlO; rrpocpeCCHOHaJlbHYlO H COCJIOB-
nylO; rrpa3)J.HHqHYlO H rrOBce)J.HeBHYlO CPYHKll.HH. PH)J. HCCJle:n..OBaTeJIeH
BbI)J.eJI5IIOT KOMMYHHKaTHBHYlO, HJIH CPYHKll.HlO 06II.:(eHI15I, )J.H)J.aKTI:!qe-
CKYlO, HJIH BocrrHTaTeJIbHYlO, rr03HaBaTeJlbHYlO, HopMaTHBHYlO, 3TH-
KeTHYlO, opraHH3YlOII.:(YlO (TPY JJ,OBble rreCHH), MHeMOIIHqeCKYlO (13 .rreT-
CKOM cpOJIbKJIOpe) H )J.p. <DYHKll.HH cpOJIbKJIOpa paCCMaTpIIBaIOTCH 13
pa3BHTHH H 13 orrpe)J.eJleHHOH IIepapXIlH Ha pa3HbIX 3Tarrax 13 IICTOpHH
cpOJIbKJIOpa. Ha paHHHX CTa)J.HHX H 13 HeKOTopbIX }KaHpaX cpOJlbIWOpa
(13 06pH)J.OBOM cpOJIbKJIOpe) 13 HepapXHII CPYHKI.:(HH )J.OMHHlIpYlOII.:(eH
HBJI5IeTCH O)J.Ha H3 BHe9CTeTHqeCKHX CPYHKll.lIH, rr03)J.Hee, 13 TOM qIICJle
II 13 06pHAOBOM cpOJlbKJIOne, rrpOHCXO)J.HT rrepeMeII.:(eIIHe CPYHKll.H1I, H
.rrOMHHHpYlOII.:(eH OKa3bIBae'TCH 9CTeTHqeCKaH HJIH pa3BJIeKaTeabHaH
CPYHKI.:(H5I. B 9TOM CMbICJIe MO)!(HO rOBopHTb 0 «rrporpeCCHpYlOIlI.HX» H
«perpeCCHpYlOII.:(IIX» CPYHKLI,H5IX. TIPO)J.YKTHBHO rrpe)J.JIOfKeHHOe TI. r.
J30raTblpeBbIM rrOH5ITIIe «rryqKa CPYHKll.HH». B TOM HJIH HHOM )!(aHpe
CPYHKll.HH «pa3BeTBJI5IlOTCH», O)J.HII rrpH06peTalOT 60JIee Ba)!{HOe
3HaqeHHe, )J.pyrIIe - MeHee Ba2KHOe, O)J.HH OT!vIHpalOT, .rr,pyrHe
B03pO)!()J.alOTCH HJIH B03HHKalOT HOBbIe CPYHKILHII. Dpe,rr,CTaB-
JIHeTCH CYII.:(eCTBeHHbIM HapH)J.Y C rrOHHTHHMH «uepapXH5I
CPYHKll.HH», «CTpYKTypa CPYHKll.I:!H», «CHCTeMa CPYHKUHH» pa3JIlFlaTb
TaK)!(e «ypOBeHb CPYHKI.:(HOHaJIbHOCTH», «apeaJI CPYHKll.I:!H» II «rrOJIe
CPYHKll.HOHaJlbHbIX CBH3eH». DepBoe (<<ypoBeHb») OTHOCHTCH K THlIaM
CBH3eII, xapaKTepHbIX )J.JI5I pa3JIHqHbIX CTa)J.HaJIbHbIX KJIaCcucpnKaUH-
OHHbIX qJIeHCHHH (cpYHKI.:(HH Toro HJIH HHorQ BH)J.a, )!WHpa, cplIJIlIall.HH
2KaHpOB, Harrp., 13 06pH)J.e). BTopoe rrOHHTHe (<<apeaJI») 03HaqaeT
pa3JIHqHble TeppHTOpHaJlbHble, )J.eMorpacpHqeCKHe I:! COll.HaJIbHble CB5I-
3H B rrpeJJ,eJlaX JIOKaJlbHOII MeCTHOCTH, 9THorpacpHqeCKOrO perHoHa,
9THHqeCKOrO MaCCIIBa, Me)!(3THHqeCKHe CBH3H H T. rr. TpeTbC rrOH5lTHe
(<<CPYHKUHOHaJlbHOe rrOJle») no aHaJIOrHH C rrOH5ITHHMH «CHJIOBOe
rrOJIe», «9HepreTHqeCKOe rrOJle» 0603Ha'IaeT npOCTpaHCTBeIIHO-BpeMeH-
I-IDe )J.elICTBHe CPYHKI.:(HH, CTerreHb ee CHJIbI, HHTeHCIIBIIOCTFI, a TaJOKe
rrpOTH)!(eHHOCTH II CHJlbI B3aHMO)J.eIICTBHH orrpeJLeJIeHHbIX CPYHKUHH.
TI. HapHJJ,Y C THrrOJIOrnqeCKHMH qepTaMH, CBOHCTBeHHbIMH cpO.TJbKJIOpy
Jl1060ro HapO)J.a, xapaKTepH3yeTcH HaI.:(HOHaJlbHbIMH oc06eHHocTHMH
13 )!(H3HH H KYJIbType Ka)!()J.oro HapO)J.a; pa3JIHqHH rrpOHBJIHlOTCH 13 CH-
CTeMe CPYHKI.:(HH 6eJIOpYCCKoro, PYCCKoro H YKpaHHCKoro cpOJIbKJIOpa,
lITO rrO)J.JIe)KHT KOHKpeTHbIM HCCJIe)J.OBaHH5IM.
TIOJUI<DOHI151 DOJJ:fOJIOC04HA5I p., TIAJII<DOHI5I TIAJJ:-
f AJIOCA 4HA5I 6., TIOJII<DOHI51 TIIJJ:fOJIOCKOBA y.- BH)J. MHO-
roroJl:OCIIH (CM.), B03HHKaIOII.:(HH 13 XOpOBOM neHHH npH OJLHOBpeMeH-
HOM 3ByqaHHH HeCKOJlbKHX MeJIO)J.HqeCKHX BapHaHToB O)J.Horo HarreBa
(CM.). fOJIoca rrpH 9TOM pa3)J.eJIHlOTCH Ha Be)J.YII.:(HH II )J.orrOJIHHlOII.:(He
(CM. Ilo8cOJlOCOK). 3TH CPYHKll.HH MorYT coxpaHHTbCH HJIH nepe)J.a-
BaTbC51 lI3 rOJIOCa 13 rOJIOC Ha rrpOTH)!(eHHH MY3bIKaJIbHOH CTpOcpbI.
TI. rr. BCTpC'IaeTC5I rrOqTH 130 Bcex rreceHHbIX )!(aHpaX If pacrrpOCTpa-
HeHa Ha BCerI TeppIITOpIIH paCCeJleHHH BOCTO'IHbIX CJIaBHH. THnbI
rro)J.ro.'IOCKOB pa3JIH'IHbI: a) rro)J.rOJIOCOK, BapbHpYlOII.:(HII OCHOBHOH
HaneB, pa3B11BaeT IIJIH yrrpOII.:(aeT ero, 060rarn.aH MY3blKaJlbHYlO TKaHb
MHOrOrO,TIOCIIH, C03.iLaBaH rropOII rrpHXOTJIHBble 3BYKOBble COqeTaHHH;
O)J.HH lI3 BIIJJ,OB BapHaHTHoro rrOJLrOJIOCKa - pHTMHqeCKH CB060)J.HbIH,
opHaMeHTIIPYIOWHII BepXHIIH rro)J.roJIOCOK, MeJIO)J.HqeCKH 60JIee 60ra-
TbIii, qeM OCnOHI-IDH HarreB; BCTpeqaeTCH 13 rreceHHOH Tpa)J.HUHH JJ,OH-
CKIlX, aCTpaxaHCKHX H TepCKHX Ka3aKOB, Ha YKpaHHe H 13 lO)KHOH
EeJIapycn; 6) lIO)J.rOJIOCOK, )J.y6JIHPYlOII.:(Hi1 OCHOBHOH HarreB, HaCJlaII-
BaHCb na HerO KOHCOHHPYIOII.:(H!vIH C03ByqHHMH cBepxy HJIH CHH3Y
(BTopa); OC06bIH BII)J. BTOpbI - )J.BYX'bHpYCHoe !vIHorOrOJIOCIIe, rrpII
KOTOpO!VI OJLHH H3 rOJIOCOB )J.y6JIHpyeTcH OKTaBHbIM YJLBOeHHeM; pe3-
Koe 3Byqalme OKTaBHOH BTOpbI Ha rrpe)J.eJIe rOJIOCOBOro )J.Harra30Ha
rrpH,rr,aCT OC06bIH KOJIOpHT 3ByqaHHlO (xapaKTepeH )J.JI5I ceBepHopyc-
CKOro MY3blKaJIbHOrO CTIIJIH).
J1I1T.: HUjeHKO J7. YKpalHcbKe HapO.ll:He 6araToroJIOCCH. KUIB, 1962; 3eMl{06-
cKwllf. PyccKaH npOT5IiKHaH rreCHH. J1., 1967.
DOJII1<DYHKIJ,I10HAJIbHOCTb p., TIOJII<DYHKIJ,bI5IHAJIb-
HACIJ,b 6., TIOJII<DYHKIJ,IOHAJIbHICTb y., HJIH «MHoroCPYHK-
ll.HOHaJlbHOCTb» (TI. f. EoraTblpeB),- TepMHH, 0603HaqalOII.:(HH )J.HHa-
MHqecKYro cnCTeMY :vIHOIKeCTBeHHOCTII CPYHKll.HH cpOJlbKJIOpa. PH)J.
IICCJle;:r.oBaTeJIeH Tpa)J.Hll.HOHHO OrpaHHqHBalOTCH nOH5ITHeM «6HCPYHK-
ll.HOHa.TlbHOCTb», 0606II.:(eHHO OTMeqaH COqeTaHIIe rrpaKTHqeCKOII II 9C-
TeTHLIecKoH CPYHKll.UH (HJIl! 9CTeTHqeCKOH H BHe9CTeTHqeCKHX CPYHK-
UHf!) cpO.%KJIOpa. AMepHKaHCKHH cpOJIbKJIOpHCT Y. E9CKOM BbI)J.eJIHJI
qeTbIpe qJYHKlLIIH: pa3BJleKaTeJIbHYlO, pHTyaJlbHYro, BOCIIHTaTeJlbHYlO
II rrOBe.rreHQeCKYlO (<<6HxeBHpaJlbHYlO» - OT aHrJI. behave). MHOrHe
COBeTCKIIe cpOJIbKJIOpHCTbl BCJIeJL 3a TI. r. EoraTblpeBbIM CYII.:(eCTBeH-
HO pacnHlpHIOT rrOHHTlIC CPYHKI.:(IIOHaJIbHOCTH, YMH02KaIOT HOMeHKJIa-
TYPY CPYHKll.lIH, KOTopble pa3JIHqalOTCH He TOJIbKO KOJIHqeCTBeHHO, HO
H CBOCII KaqeCTBeHHOH orrpe)J.eJleHHOCTblO, rrOCKOJlbKY 0603HaqaIOT
pa3JllFIHbIH xapaKTep BHYTpeHHHX H BHernHIIX B3aIIMOCBH3eH cpOJlbK-
JIopa. D. f. EoraTblpeB BbI)J.eJIHJI 13 HapO)J.HOM HCKYCCTBe COUHaJlb-
HYlO, 9TlIqecKYlO, MarH'IeCKYlO, peJIHrH03HYlO, 06PH)J.OBYlO, I.:(epeMO-
J1MT.: EOcaTIJlpe6 JI. r. BorrpOCbI TeopHu HapoAHoro HCKycCTBa. M., 1971;
ryce6 B. E. I10JIH!jJYH IJOHaJIbHOCTb !jJOJIbKJIOpa Ii MaKe.ll:OHCKIJ !jJOJIK.lIOp. CKorrje,
1976. rO.ll:HHa IX, 6poj 18; OH JlCe. a nOJIH!jJYHK uoHa,1bHOCTH !jJO.TIbK.lIOpa II AKTY-
aJIbHbIe rrp06JIeMbi COBpeMeIJHOH !jJOJIbKJIOpUCTHKU. n., 1980; flOJIU!jJYHI{UIIOHa.TIb-
nOCTb !jJ0,1bK.'lOpa I C6. Hayq. Tp. HOBOCH6I1pCK, 1983; AJleKCee6 3. E. 1'!>0.1bKJIOP 13
KOHTeKCTe cOBpeMeHtIOH Ky.TIbTYPbI. M., 1988.
B. E. rJlCEB
n
265
264
n
TIOJU13JIEMEHTHOCTb <DOJIbKJIOPA p., TIOJII3JIEMEHT-
I-IACUb <DAJIbI\JIOPY 6., TIOJIIEJIEMEHTHICTb <DOJIbKJIO-
PY y.- cy6CTaHlLlIOI-IaJIbHbIH rrpH3HaK lJ,eJIOCTHOCTH H306pa3HTeJIb-
Hon CTPYKTypbI cpOJIbKJIOpa, KOMrrJIeKC ero xYAQ)KecTBeHHo-06pa3HbIx
o!vIIIoHeHToB (CJIOBa, IvIY3bIKH, MIIIvIHKH, )J.BH:tKeHH5I, TaHll.a, HrpbI) .
KOlVITI.1JeKC 3TI1X 3JICMeHTOB COOTBeTcTByeT rrOHHTHHM «xopeH» II «MY-
CHqeCKHe HCKyccTBa» B aHTHqHOH 3CTeTHKe. A. H. BeCeJIOBCKHH orrpe-
)J.eJIHJI ero CPOPMYJIOH «rreCH5I-CKa3-jJ,eHcTBO-rrJIHCKa». Pa3JIHqHble
COqeTaHHH 3THX 3JIeMeHTOB 06pa3YlOT pa3I-Ible 2KaHpbI H BH)J.bI cpOJlbK-
JIOpa: CJIOBO H MHMHKa - yCTHYlO rrp03Y; CJIOBO H MY3bIKa - rreceH-
Hue )!{3HpbI; TaHelJ, H MHMHKa - rraIITOMHMHqeCKHe xQpeOrpacpHqe-
CKHe BH)J.bI; TaHell. H MY3bIKa - MY3bIKaJIbHO-XOpeorpacpHqeCKHe BH-
)J.bI; MY3bIKa, TaHell., rreCHH - rreCeHI-IO-XOpeorpacpHqeCKHe BH)J.bI;
MH!vIIIKa H jJ,BH:tKeHHe-rraHTOIvIHMY; KO!vIIIJIeKC Bcex 3JIeMeHTOB-HaH-
60JIee CJIO:tKHble )!{aHpbI H BHjJ,bI (06pH)J.oBoe )J.eHcTBo, XOpOBo)J.bI-Hr-
pbI, cpOJIbKJIOpHbIH TeaTp). OCHOBHOH KO!vIIIJIeKC XY)J.Q)KeCTBeHHo-06-
pa3HbIX 3JIeMeHTOB cpO,JIbK.T10pa OCJIQ)KHHeTCH 13 HeKOTopbIX ero BHjJ,ax
BKJIIO'IeHUeM 3JleMeHTOB HapO)J.Horo rrJIaCTHqeCKOrO, )J.eKopaTHBHO-
npHK.'1a)J.Horo nCKYCCTBa (KOCTlOlvI, lvIaCKH, CHMBOJIHqeCKHe aTpH6YTbI,
KYK.1JbI 13 06pH,'J,OBbIX ,'J,eHCTBax, XopOBO)J.aX-Hrpax, cpOJIbKJIOpHOM Te-
aTpe). DepBli L IHa5I HepaCqJleHeHHOCTb 3JleMeHTOB xapaKTepHa )J.JI5I
CHHKpeTHqCClmX BH}J,OB cpOJIbKJIOpa, BTOpH'IHOe coe)J.HHeHHe HX 13 rrpo-
lJ,eCce B3aHMOCBH3eH pa3JIWIHbIX 2KaHpOB 06pa3yeT CHHTeTHqeCKHe
BH)J.bI.
CM. TaIOKe CUHf';;peTIl3.M.
pa3HbIMH 3JIelvIeHTaMH HalJ,HOHaJIbHOH JleKCHKH H CTaHOBHJIHCb Hapo)J.-
JlbIMH. O)J.Ha H3 calvIbIX H3BeCTHbIX 13 EeJIaPYOI cpOpM TI.- «Tpacyxa».
G Ha3BaHHHX 6eJIOpyccKHX TI. oTpa:tKalOTcH TeppIITOpHaJIbHOe pac-
lIpoCTpaHeHlle (<<EapblcaycKaH», «BiILH6JI5IHKa»), oc06eHHocTH xo-
peorpacpHqeCKOrO rroCTpoeHHH (<<PaccblIIyxa», «BH3aHKa»), xapaKTep
JleKCHKH H IICrrOJIHeHHH (<<KpYTyxa», «KiByxa», «JJ:pa6HcII !vla-
KY», «3 rrpblcIO)J.alvIi», «Ha rr5IlJ,e», «TIaBa2KHa», «l(aKeTKa»), 31vI0ll.IlO-
HaJIbHOe, qaCTO IOMOpnCTHqeCKOe, HacTpoeHHe (dI13JIbMa», «Pac-
ILH rr a» ), rrOBa)J.KH H ABH:tKeHHH }KHBOTHbIX, HBJIeHHH rrpHpo)J.bI (<<3aH-
qbIK», «Ea6aqKa», «JJ:OIK)J.}I{bIK», «BelJ,ep»), HMeHa )J.elICTBYlOII.:(HX
JIIHL H rrpe:tKHHx JIyqmHX Hcno.'lHHTeJIeH (<<51HKa», «AJlb6iHa», «)Ky-
KaYKa»), Ha3BaHHH cTapHHHbIX T lHll.eB, C KOTOpbllvIH CJIHJIaCb TI.
(<<Tpacyxa», «lVhi3yp-rrOJIbKa» H )J.p.).
J1I1T.: Eal{cp A., Pa6uH06u 1 1 E. PycCIcaH HapoAtIaH MY3blKa: HOTorpa!jJIIqeCKIIH
YKa3aTeJIb (1776-1873). M., 1984. 1-1. 2; /0. M. CfYPKo. EeJIOpYCCICUH xopeorpa!jJu-
qeCKUH !jJOJIbKJIOp. lVlJ.l., 1990.
A, E. A AHACbEBA,/O. M. CfYPKO
B. E. rYCEB
TIODEBKA p., TIATIEYKA 6., TIOCTIIBKA y.- MHOr03HaQHbIll
TepMHH 13 cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKe: 1) YCToHBIDnHC5I MeJIo)J.HqecKHII 060POT
rreceHHoro HarreBa; 2) rrpocTeHmaH MeJIO)J.HH THrra HarreBa )J.eTcKoli
3aKJIHqKH; 3) YCToHBHmHC5I MeJIO)J.HqeCKHH 060POT, 06JIa)J.alOII.:(HII ce-
rvraHTHKoH; 4) YCToHBmHllcH MeJIO)J.wlecKHII 060POT, coxpaHHIOII.:(HH B
BapHaHTax 3BYKOBbICOTHbIH KOCTHK H MeHHlOmHH pHTMHqeCKHe OTHO-
rneHHH Me:tIc)J.y 3BYKaMH, rrpo)J.OJI:tImTeJIbHOCTb 3ByqaHHH, 06muH co-
CTaB 3BYKOB. CTporo HayqHbIM CJIe,'J,yeT cqUTaTb HCrrOJlb30Bar-rue Tep-
IvIHHa TI. 13 .!lBYX rrOCJIe)J.HHX 3HaqeHHHX.
TI. KaK TeplvIHH MY3bIKaJlbHOH TeopHH nepBOHaqaJIbHO OTHOCHJICH
K 3HaMem-IOMY rreHHlO, a C Haq. XX B., rrOCJIe pa60T C. CMOJleHCKOro,
H. KOlvIIIaHeHCKoro H OC06eHI-IO E. AcacpbeBa,- K HapO)J.HOH MY3bIKe.
TIoCJle pa60T AcacpbeBa TI. 13 KaqeCTBe cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHqeCKOrO TepMH-
Ha CBH3bIBaeTCH co B3rJI5I)J.OM Ha HapO)J.HYlO MeJIO)J.HlO KaK Ha HeqTO,
caMopa3BHBalOII.:(eeCH H3 HHTOHall.HOHHO-3HepreTH'IeCKHX HMrrYJlbCOB.
Ho YCHJIHBIUeeCH H3yqeHHe pHTMHqeCKOH CTYKTypbI HapO)J.HOH peCHH,
B03MOIKHO, OrpaHHqHT He06xo)J.HMOCTb 06paII.:(eHH5I K TepMH,HY TI.
B 1960-e rO,'J,bI Ha BOCTOqHOCJlaBHHCKYlO cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKY 60.trbrnOe
BJIHHHHe OKa3aJIa TpaKTOBKa TI. KaK HOCHTeJlbHHlJ,bI ceMaHTEqeCKOH
HHcpopMalJ,HH (<D. Py6lJ,OB).
J1I1T.: BcccAo6cKwl A. Ii. 1'!cTOpHqeCKaH rr03TUKa. J1.. 1940; ryce6 B. E.
3CTeTIIKa !jJ0'1bKJ10pa. J1., 1967; EOcaTIJlpC6 JI. r. BorrpocbI TeopHu HapO,l(Horo HC-
RyccTBa. M., 1971; CPaoeCBa Y. E. CTPYKTyp,a !jJOJIbKJIopa/l AKTyaJIbHbIe rrp06JIe-
Mbl COBpeMeHHOH !jJOJIbK,!!OpnCTHKu. J1" 1980.
TIOJIbKA p., 6., y.- TaHell. )J.BY)J.OJIbHOrO MeTpa, 6bICTporo TeM-
rra, qemCKOro rrpoHcxOIK)J.eHlI5I (OT 'Iem. pulka - rrOJIOBI!HKa). TI.
6bIlla O,rr,HIIM U3 caMblX norrY.T1HpIIbIX TaHll.eB 13 6bITY eBponeHcKHx
ropo)J.oB B XIX B. (Hap51)J.y C BaJIbCO!vl H Ka)J.pHJIbIO). B KpecTbHHcKHII
06nxo)J, BOCTOlHIbIX CJIaBHH BHe)J.pHJIaCb C KOHll.a XIX B. TIo 3THorpa-
cpHqeCKII!vI MaTepnaJIaM, 13 EeJlapycH, 3arra)J.HoYKpaHHcKHx MeCTl-IO-
CTHX rrOHB.1J5ICTCH C 1880-x rO)J.OB, 13 cpc)J.HepyccKHX 11 ceBepHblx Tpa-
)J.lHLH5IX - C 191O-x rO)J.OB. OTHOCHTCH KpecTbHHalvIH K rpyrrrre «JIer-
KIiX» TaHl(eB. B PYCC!HIX )J.epeBlUIx 60Jlee pacrrpoCTpaHeHo )J.BH:tKeHHe
rrap no Kpyry rrOJIeLIHbIM marOM, He:tICeJIH JIHHeHHaH KOMrr03Hll.HH TaH-
lJ,a. MY3bIKaJIbHOe corrpoBQ)K)J.eHI-Ie - rrpeHMYII.:(eCTBeHHo IIHcTpYMeH-
TaJIbHOe, pe:n\:e - rrecemIOe, LlacTyrneqIIOrO THna. B pa3HbIx perHOHax
B03HHKa,TIH JIOKaJIbHble BapnaHTbI, KOTopble aCCHMHJIlipOBaJIHCb C
MeCTHbIM xopeorpacpHqeCKHM cpOJIbK.TIOpOM, YKparnaJIHCb pa3Ho06-
J1I1T.: G.'rtOAeHCKUU G. B. a 6JIUR<aiilliIIX rrpaKTIJLleCKHX 3a.ll:aqaX 13, HaY'IIIbIX
pa3blCKaHUHX B 06JIaCTU PYCCICOH epKoBHo-rreB'lecKoii apXeOJIOrnH. II DaMHTI-lHKH
ApeBHeii rrUCbMeHHOCTII U HCKYCCTBa. CHa., 1904; Ko.ltnaHeucKuii H. Y. ;XapaKTep-
Hble qepTbI BBnliKopycCKOH rreCHIi il Pyc. MY3. ra3. 1905. N 41-46; Py6i(06 . I1H-
TOHa UOHI-1bIe CB5I3U 13 rreCeHI-lOM TBOpqeCTBe CJIaBHHCKIlX IIapO.ll:OB: Orr"n HCCJIeAO-
BaHUH. J1., 1902; AcarjJIJe6 E. B. PeqeBaH UHTOHa HH. 1\1..; J1., 1965; JIq6aH06 M. A.,
HOBbie 3HaqeHUH CTaporo TcpMHHa II COB. MY3blKa. 1973. N 10. I
I
M. A. JIOEAHOB
/
266
n
TIOCJIOBI1UA p., TIPbIKA3KA 6., TIPI1CJIIB'51 y. TepMHH
ynoTpe6JIHeTCH 13 )J.BYX 3HaqeHHHX: KaK pO)J.oBoe rrOHHTHe :tKaHpa H
KaK EH)J.OBoe - c06cTBeHHo rrOCJIOBIIll.a. TI. 13 BH)J.OBOM 3HaqeHHH-
3TO caMoc:oHTeJIbHO ocpopMJIeHHble cY:tK)J.eHH5I, xapaKTepH3YlOII.:(HeCH
JIOrHqeCKOH 3aBeprneHHocTblO. TIpe)J.cTaBJIHlOT C060H rrpocTble HJIH
CJIO:tKH Ie rrpe)J.JIO"iKeHlI5I, HMelOII.:(He 3aMKHYTYlO CPOPMY KJmme. B
c:tKaTOH cpopMe TI. nO)J.bITOIKHBalOT Ha6JllOjJ,eHHH Ha)J. :tKH3HeHHbIMH
HBJIeHIIHMH, orrpe)J.eJI5IlOT 13 HHX xapaKTepHoe H oc06eHHoe ,LJ,alOT
0606II.:(eHHbIH BbIBO)J., KOTOpbIH MOIKeT 6bITb rrpHMeHeH rrpH x paKTe-
pHcTHKe aHaJIOrnqHbIX HBJIeHHH HJIH C06bITHH. YrroTpe6JIHlOTCH 13
npHMOrvr H rrepeHocHoM 3HaqeHHHX HJm TOJlbKO 13 rrepeHocHoM. TIpH
orrpejJ,enel-IHH TI. ee corrOCTaBJIHlOT C rroroBopKoH (CM.), CqIITaH D.
caMOCTOHTeJIbHbIM CY}KjJ,eHHeM, rrpHrOBopOM HajJ, orrpe)J.eJIeHHblMH
:tKH3IleHHbIMH 5IBJleHlI5IMH.
B HaH60JIee )J.peBHHX 06pa3lI,ax; TI. COXpaHHJIHCb OT3BYKH !vIHcpII-
qeCKHX urrpejJ,CTaBJleHllit II BepOBaHHH, 0602KeCTBJleHHe rrpHpO)J.bI H ee
HBJIeHlIH. OCHOBHaH HarrpaBJleHHOCTb 0.- 0606weHHe TpYjJ,OBoro H
COll.Ha.TlbHOrO OrrbITa JIlO)J.elI.
TeMaTHKa TI. MHoro06pa3Ha: 13 HHX oT06pa)!(eHO OTHOmer-IHe qe-
.JlOBeKa K rrpHpO)J.e, paCTHTeJIbHOMY H :tKHBOTHOMY !vIHPY, YTBep)!()J.a-
eTCH TPYjJ, KaK OCHOBa }KH3HH, xapaKTepH3YlOTC5I ceMeHHble OTI-IOIIIe-
HHH qeJIOBeKa, qepTbI ero xapa,KTepa, B3aHMOOTHomeHHH Me:tK)J.Y
JIlO)J.bMH H )J.p. TI. OTJIHqaIOTCH 60raTOH 06pa3HOCTblO, MeTacpopHq-
HOCTblO, MHorne H3 HHX nOCTpoeHbI Ha KOHTpaCTax, HMelOT rrpejJ,eJIbHO
onmmcpOBaHHYlO CPOPMY, OTJIHqalOII.:(YlOC5I CTporOH qaCTO CHMMeTpH-
-qeCKOH KOMrr03Hll.HeH. B HeKOTopbIX TI. HCrrOJlb3 y ro'TCH cpopMa rreceH-
Bora rrapaJIJleJIH3Ma, pHTMHKa, pa3Hble THrrbl pHcpM.
TI. nmpOKO HCrrOJlb3YlOTCH 13 rrpOH3Be)J.eHHHX xY)J.O)!(eCTBeHHOH
JIHTepaTypbI, r)J.e OHH BbIHOJIHHlOT pa3Hble H)J.eHHO-XY)J.OIKeCTBeHHble
<PYHKlI,IUI. B TO 2Ke BpeMH JIIITepaTypa HBJI5IeTCH Ba)!(HbIM HCTOqHHKOM
nOrrOJI eHHH rrOCJIOBHqHOrO cpOHjJ,a.
J1I1T.: JI.aAIJ, . I!0CJIOB':' bI PYCCKOro HapO.ll:a. M., 1862; HOll-IUC M. YKpalHcbId
rrpUKa3KH, rrpUCJIiB 51 1 TaKe !Hllie 136. O. B. MapKOBHqa H .lI:p. Cfl6., 1864; Hoco-
6Utt Y. .C60pHHI 6eJ:op'ycCKIIX nOCJI<;Bu . Cn6., 1874; cPpaHKo H. raJIU bKO-PYCbKi
HapO.ll:H1, rrpurroBl,n:KH. J 6 BblII. J1bBIB, 1901-1910; YJ!J1IOCTp06 H. )I(U3Hb PYCCKO-
ro Hapcl.ll:a 13 ero rrOCJIOBH aX H rroroBopIwx 2-e U3.l1:. CI16" 1910; PIJl6HUK06a M.
PYCCKU rrOCJlOBII bI H no!,oBopK,!: ,M., 1961; I10C,10BU b1, rroroBopKu, 3ara,n:KH 13
PYKorrII H.bI.X C60pH.HIcax XVIII-xX BeK?B. M.; J1., 1961; EeJIapycKi51 rrpbIKa3Ki,
npb MaYK! 1. ara,n:K!. MH., 1974; pblKa3Kl i rrpbI a..YId: Y 2 KH. MH., 1976; YKpalH-
CbK! npUC.II1B.51 Ta. rrpUKa3KII. KH B,.. 1984; flpUCJI1B'H Ta rrpHIca3Ku: flpupoAa. roc-
no.n:apcbKa ,n:lHJIbIllCTb ,1IO.lI:UHU. I\UlE, 1989; npHcJIiB'H Ta IIpmca3KH: J11O,n:UIJa. Po-
.lI:,!HHe )l{IITTH. P cu, xapaKTepy. KniB, 1990; I1PIIC,1iB'H Ta npuKa3KII: B3aeMIIHII
Ml)l{ JIIO,I(bl)'l'H. KHlE, 1991; JIoTe6HJI A. A. I13 ,1eK HH 110 TeopuH CJIOBeCHOCTW Eac-
HH. flOCJIO H a. flOroBOpIW. XapbKoB, 1894; TUliWUleHKO Y. J1uTepaTypHbIe epBo-
UCTOqHHKU II npoToTHrrbl TpexcoT PYCCKUX rrOC,10BU . KueB, 1897; AHUKUH B. JI.
PJ:ccKHe HapOlJJIbIe rrOCJIOBU bI, rroroBopKu U .lI:eTCKUH !jJOJIbKJIOp. M., 1957; HHKOY-
CKl M; . n f 3TbIKa 6eJIaPYCKix npblKa3aK.. MH.,...1971; JIasJI/!- M. M. YKpalHcbKi
npUCJIIB 51 Ta npHKa3KH: np06JIeMH rrapeMlOJIOrll Ta napel\i!lorpa!jJiL KUlB, 1984;
MOKlleHKO B. 'B rJIy6b 1i0roBOpKU. I\ueB, 1989.
M. M. JIA3HK
\
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J
n
267
TIOTEXA MEJJ:BE)I\b51 p., TIAUEXA, 3AEABA M5IJJ:3BE-
} )I\A51 6.- cTapHHHoe rrorrYJI5IpHOe Y BOCTOLIHblX CJIaB5IH YBeCeJIe-
!lire: BblcTyrrJlel-IHe yqeHOrO Me)J.Be)J.H rro)J. rrpH6aYTKn BO)!WKa (rroBo-
J blpH, Me)J.Be,'J,'IIma). 06yqaJIII Me)J.Be:tKaT Jm60 Herrocpe)J.cTBeHHo B
J OMax BO)!(aKOB (BepxHee TIoBoJnKbe), JIII60 13 C03)J.aBaeMbIX )J.JIH
'::>TOH ll.eJIH IIIKOJlaX, O)J.Ha II3 KOTOpblX IIIHpOKO H3BeCTHa 13 EeJIapycII
KaK «CMoproHcKaH aKa)J.e!vIHH». TIoCJle 06YQeHHH 3BeplO rrpo,rr,eBaJIH
CKB03b H03)J.pH KOJlblI,O, K KOTOPOMY rrpH)J.eJIbIBaJIII Qerrb, B3pOCJIbIM
Me)J.Be)J.HM rrO,'J,rrHJIIIBaJIH 3y6bI ()J.JI5I 6e30rracHocTII B02KaKa). OCHOBY
KOMe)J.HII COCTaBJIHJIO IICrrOJIHel-IHe MejJ,Be)J.eM HeCKOJIbKHX 3ayqeHHbIX
JJ,BH)!(eHHll rro)J. Tpa)J.HlI,HOHHbIH Ha60p KOMHqeCKHX, CanlpHqeCKHX
rrpH6aYToK X03HHHa. K 3TOMY A06aBJIHJICH TaHelI, Me)J.Be)J.H C «K030II»
(rroMoWHHK, cTyqa 13 6apa6aH, HacTyrraJI Ha 3BepH H rrO)J.)J.eBaJI erO
poraMH MaCKII, TOT orpbl3aJICH, OTrrHXHBaJI «K03Y», HaCKaKHBaJI Ha
nee) H 60pb6a ero C B01KaKOM. \
1\1e,'J,Be)J.qHKH YMeJIO HCrrOJIb30BaJIH CXO)J.CTBO CTOHII.:(erO Ha 3a)J.HHx
JIarrax Me)J.Be)J.H C qeJIOBeKOM, a TaK2Ke HeYKJl102KeCTb 3Bep5I 13 3TOM
nOJIOIKeHHH: cMexoBoH 3cpcpeKT )J.ocTHraJICH HeO)!(lI)J.aHHbIM corrOCTaB-
JIeHHeM 3JIeMeHTapHblx, KOCOJIarrbIX )J.BInKeHIIII Me)J.Be)J.H C qeJlOBeqe-
CKHMH rrocTynKaMH, rrpHBblqKaMH, rroBe)J.eHHeM.
<DHrYPbI, 3aMacKHpoBaHHble BO)!(aKOM H Me)J.Be)J.eM, Tpa)J.Hll.HOHHO
BXO)J.HJIH 13 COCTaB rrpOlI,eCCHH pH)!(eHblX, r)J.e pa3blrpbIBaJIH Cll.eHKH H3
perrepTyapa rro)J.JIHHHOH Me)J.Be:tKbeH rrOTeXH.
J1I1T.: ral{ucKuii A. C. flpuroBapuBaHbe rrOBO.ll:U,1bII(IIKa II HmKeropO.ll:CICUif
CGOpHHIc' H. HOBropO.n, 1867. T. 1; P06UHCKUU JI.. A. PycCIcue HapO,Tl,HbIe KapTuH-
KH. M., 1900. T. 2; MaKCUlI-106 C. B. Cepraq II MaKCUlI-106 C. B. C06p. CO'I.: B 20 T.
Cfl6., 1909. T. 13; Wepell-teTe6a M. E. Bo)!caICU Me.nBe,Tl,ei'I 13 Ka.nyre II C6. KaJIY)l{-
CKoro roc. MY3e5l. KaJIyra, 1930. Bbm. 1; H. I. CMaproHcKa51 aKa.ll:3MiH II EeJIapycb.
1946. N2 4; J1ixaiiAay I. l'vlH.lI:3Be.ll:)I{aH «aKaA3MiH» II EeJIapycb. 1965. N2 12; EeJ!-
KUH A. A. PyccIcue C"OMOpOXU. M., 1975; HeKplJlJ!06a A. cPo PycCKue HapoAHble ro-
p0.ll:CKUe npas,n:HllKu, YBeCeJIeHllH U 3peJIHIua. J1., 1988.
A. cPo HEKPbIJIOBA
TIOTEIllKA p., 3AEAYJI5IHKA, TIAUEIllKA 6., 3AEABJI5IH-
KA, YTIIllI\A y.- }KaHp )J.eTcKoro cpOJIbKJlOpa, KopoTKIIe CTHXO-
TBopHble rrpIIroBopbI IIJIH rreceHKH, cOrrpOBO)!(,'J,alOWHe HrpoBble )J.BH-
)!{eHHH HJIH qm3HqeCKIIe ynpa2KHem15I (rroTHrHBaHHe, pa3Be)J.eHHe'
PYK H T. ,'J,.), a TaK2Ke rrpIIMeHHeMble )J.JIH pa3BJIeqeHHH pe6eHKa.
[-IeKoTopble HCCJle)J.OBaTeJm pa3)J.eJI5IlOT 3TOT TIIII )J.eTCKoro cpOJlbK-
,nopa Ha ,iJ,Be rpyrrrrbI --. rreCTymKH H rrOTemKH (1'\t1. H. MeJIbHIIKOB,
M. 10. HOBHll.KaH), )J.pyrne CLIHTalOT TaKoe pa3AeJleHHe yCJIOBHbIM
(D. HOKHMaiiTeHe, r. A. EapTameBH'I, r. B. J(oB2KeHoK). <DYHKlI,II5I
11. orrpe,'J,eJI5IeT HX CPOPMY H oc06eHHo pHTM, CB5I3aHHblH C )J.BH)!(eHII-
eM. YCJIOBHO 13 TI. M02KHO BbI)J.emITb OT)J.eJIbHble rpyrrrrbl 13 3aBHCHMO-
CTn aT HrpOBbIX jJ,BInKeI-IHH. TI. e,iJ,HHbI KaK rro CBOHM OCHOBHbIM lI,e-
JIHM, TaK H rro XY.iJ.OIKeCTBCHl-IbIM npHHll.IIrraM. B HIIX lliHpOKHH npo-
n
269
268
n
!lIlCKH, 6bITOBaJIa H 13 ropoAe, H 13 AepeBHe, HcrrOJIHHJIaCb 130 BpeMH
!1,l'MOIICTpaLT.uii, 3a6aCTOBOK, MaeBOK Ha PYCCKOM, YKpaHHCKOM, 6e-
.!lopYCCKOM, rrOJIbCKOM 5I3bIKaX, rronOJIHHJIaCb npOH3BeAeHlIHMH KJIaC-
('IlKOB 6CJIOpycClmii H YKpaHHCKOH JIHTepaTypbI. OTAeJIbHble rrpOH3-
1Il')J.eHHH ll. p. CPOJIbKJIOPH3HpOBaJIUCb, BapbHpOBaJIHCb, CJIY2KUJIU
OCHOBOH ;'1..'151 C03)J.aHHH HOBbIX rrpOH3BeLI.eHHH. TaK, rro 06pa3LT.y «Map-
ceJIbC3bI» ObIJIH C03AaHbI «llpOJIeTapCKa5I MapCeJIbe3a», «llIaxTep-
CKaH MapCeJIbe3a», «KpeCTbHHCKaH MapCeJIbe3a» H )J.p. HaqHHa5I C
1920-x roLI.OB ccpepa 6bITOBaHU5I ll. p. 3aMeTHO CY3HJIaCb. CBOH arH-
Tall.HOHHO-nporraraH)J.HCTCKHe CPYHKll.HH TI. p. AOJIbrne coxpaH5IJIa 13
OCTaBanililIXC5I )J.O 1939 r. 13 rpaH'Ull.aX TIOJIbillU 3arraLI.HbIX 06JIaCTHX
13eJIapycH II YKpallHbI, rAe HapHAY C paHee U3BeCTHbIMH 6bITOBaJIll
npOH3BeLI.eHHH, B03I-IllKrnHe 13 HOBbIX uCTOpllqeClmX YCJIOBUHX, oTpa.
3UBrnlle cnemlcpllKY KJIaCCOBOH II HalUIOHaJIbHO-OCB060)J.llTeJIbHOH
60pb6bI 13 3TUX perlloHax (<<ATaMaH Myxa», «Hapa'IaHKa», «lleCH5I
Ilpa CHpre5I llPbLTbIlT.IWra»), HOBbIe KOJIH)J.KU, Il.:(eAPOBlm II BOJIoqe6-
rIbIe neCIUI, TpaLI.HIlllOHHaH cpOJIbKJIOpHaH cpopMa KOTOpbIX C ycrrexOM
IlCnOJIb30BaJIaCb )J.JIH BOrrJIOIlJ;eHll5I llAeH COll.llaJIbI-lOrO rrpoTecTa.
CTOp LI.JI5I HMrrpOBl[3aLT.llH. n. HaCbIIJJ.eHbI 3KcrrpeCCHBI-IO-3MoI.:(llOHaJIb-
HbIMH CJIOBaMH, peq,peHaMU, TO H )J.eJIO B03BpaIlJ;arDIlJ;llMH pe6eHKa
K onpe.u.eJIelIHoii MbIcm-r. )lJIH 60JIbrnelI AocTyrrHocTll B HllX rnllpOIw
BBO)J.HTC5I 3BYKorrO}1.pmKaHllH, MC2KLI.OMeTlHI, C.'IOBa H3 AeTCKOH peLIH.
B n. n05IBJI5IIDTC5I Y2Ke 3.JJeMCHTbI uHoCKa3aHllH, aJI.l1erOpuH. OHll rro)J.-
rOT3BJllIBaIDT nOLIBY A,IIH BocnpUHTllH 60JIee CJI02KI-IOrO Kpyra 06pa3- ,
HOCTH, xaparnepHoro )J.JIH ,.'I,pymx m.aHpoB Hapo)J.I-Ioro TBopLlecTBa.
J111T.: JIOKpOBc1Wii E. A. .IJ:eTcKue HrpbI, rrpeuMymecTBeHHO pYCCKue. M., 1916;
Kanul.fa O. H. .IJ:eTcKuH <pO,'1bKJIOp. J1., 1928; AHUKUH B. Jl. PycCKue nOc.1l0BHl bI, no-
rOBopKH, 3araAKU u AeTcKHH !jJOJlbKJIOp. M.. 1957; TiAe6i'l. H. C. Hallia pOAlla51
neCH5I. MH., 1968; EapTat1l36i'l. r. A. BeplliaBaHbI5I 2KaHpbI 6eJIapycKara .u3il 5111ara
<p a . 1lb K.'10PY. MH., 1976; Jl.06 eHolC r. B. YKpalllcbKHH AUT5I 1 1HH !jJOJIbKJIOp: BiplliO-
BaHi 2KaHpu. I\UlB, 1981; MeAbHuKoa M. H. PyccKnii AeTcKHfI <pOJIbK.1l0p. M., 1987.
r. A. EAPT AllI EBHCf
I
TI033H5J: HAPOJJ:HA5J: YCTHA5J: - CM. cfJO/lbK/LOP, TBOp'leCTBO
/-wpo()/-we.
llU33H5J: PEBOJIIOUHOHHA5I p., fIA3315J: P3BAJIIDUbIJ/I-
HA51 6., IlOE3I5! PEBOJIIOU1J/IHA y.- rreCHH, rHMHbI, Maprnll,
OCHOBHHM cO,J,ep2KaI-IHCM KOTOpbIX 5!BJIHeTCH KpuTHKa COLT.uaJIbHOrO
HepaBencTBa, 3KCnJIyaTaTopclmx KJIaCCOB, LT.apll3Ma, npll3blB K ux
CBep)!{(,HHlO peBOJ1l0LT.HOHHbIM rrYTeM II K nocTpoeHllID 06IlJ;eCTBa,
HCKJIIDqalOIlJ;ero 3KCrrJIyaTaLT.HID qeJIOBeKa 'IeJIOBeKOM. TI. p.- HBJIe-
Hne I1HTepI-lall.IlOI-I3JIbHOe, 06'beAlnmeT rrpoH3Be)J.eHHH, pa3JIUqHble rro
'rrpoI1cxOtKAerilJlO, no Bpe'MeI-Ill II MecTY B03HllKHOBeHll5I, 13 60JIbrnllH-
CTBe CBoeM He OTHOC5IIlJ;HeCH Herrocpe)J.CTBeHfIO K cpOJIbKJIOPy 13 CTpO-
rOM CMbICJIe 3Toro TepMHHa. B c60pHlIIm TI. p., I13AaBaBrnlleC5I KOMll-
TeTaMH PCJJ:Pll B POCCHl-\: H 3a rpar-Illll.CH, HapHLI.Y C «MapCeJIbe30H»,
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pacoBa, M. ropbKoro, CaTI-IpHqeClme npoll3BeAeHllH cpOJIbKJIOpHOrO
npoHcXOliUl,eI-iIl5I.
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TI1qeCKOe CO.QepJKaI-IHe. Bo BTOpOH nOJI. XIX B. 6bIJIll C03)J.aHbI rrpo-
I13Be)J.er-nIH ;:J,ervroRpaTI-l'ieCIWrO II YTorrHqeClm-COLT.HaJIlICTI1qeCIWrO co-
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qaH neCI-I5I», mn pOIwe pacrrpocTpaneHHe, nOJ1YLIlIJIa «MapCeJIbe3a».
OCHomroe HJ1.pU peBOiIlOIlI10IIHOii rr033I1H CJIQ1RlIJIOCb Ha py6e2Ke XIX
II XX BB., ImrJ1.a 6bIJIll c03AaHbI HJIH nepeBeAeHbI ll3BeCTHble npoJIe-
Tapclme rUMHbI H MapiliH «HI-ITepHaLT.lloHaJI», «CMeJIO, TOBapHIlJ;I-I, 13
Hory», «KpaCI-IOe 3HaMH», a TaK2Ke 6JIll3Klle llM rro HAelIHoII HarrpaB-
JIeHHOCTII npOI-I3seJ1.eHuH «MbI MllpHO CT05IJIlI rrpe)J. 3llMHllM ABOp-
1I.0M», «JJ:e.'1o 6bIJIO no)J. ApTYPOM» 1I Ap.
TI. p. pacnpoCTpaHHJIaCb 1I YCTHO, II Llepe3 rreLlaTb, 1I rrYTeM rrepe-
J111T.: PeBO.!JlO HOIma51 rr033H5I I COCT. A. .IJ:blMlliH . J1., 1954; pyccKa51 peBo-
JI!O UOHHa51 n033H5I. 1895-1917: AHTOJIOrHH I COCT. 11. 3BeHToB. J1., 1957; Jl.Pyc-
1WH M. pyccKa51 peBOJllO HOHHa51 rreCH5I: l1CCJIe.uoBaTe.1lbCKHH oqepK. M., 1954;
I10AUW,yK H. C. HAeHHbIe n xYA02KeCTBeHHbI oc06eHHocTH peBOJllo UOHHbIX pa-
001IHX neceH 1905--1907 rr. /IYq. 3an. MfY HM. M. B. JIoMoHoCOBa. 1958. BbITI.
196. OTA.-Hue JluTepaTypoBe.ueHu !jJu.:JOJI. <paK.; Cfu'l.ep06 B. I1ecHH n CTHXH npo-
JleTapuaTa B nepnoA MacCOBoro pa60'lero ABIJ} eHU5I . (1890-1907) II Bon,?ocbI
Teopuu U UCTOpHH HapO;J:Horo TBop'leCTBa. lv\., 19v9; JIlc . A. C. P3BaJIIO bIHHa51
napoAHa51 na33i51 3axOAH5IH EeJIapyci (20-51 raAbI) II Bec l Af.l. .CCP. Cep. rpa-
MaA. HaBVK. 1963. .N 2; Euorpa!jJuu neceH. M., 1965; Ka6awHlI c ay K. /1. A.u TP.a"-
.ubI bIHHai-a lpaJlbKJIOPy Aa p3Ba.1l1O bIHHaH rra33ii. MH., 1969; Hy8bca rpucopm,
c'1l0BO i nicH5I. KUlB, 1985; BaXHlma .J1. K. CJlaB5IHCKUe pa60 1 IHe necIUI. KueB,
1986.
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rr033UH. M., 1970; KpycAOB /0. r. PycCKue cBaAe6HbIe rreCHH. M., 1978; AKuliwBa
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.11. B. KYJIaKOBCKoro, K 51. rOJleH.30BCKO 0, B. J1. IornoBcKoro, C. H.
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, CCCIl' OH lCe 3nl:lqeCKUe nOl3TOpeHU5I KaK XpOHo.1l0ru<IeCKI:I1I MOMeHT, I )KM .
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II '"To p uqeCKue KO p HH BOJIllie6HOlI CKa3iUI. J1., 1946 (2-e U3A.. J!., 1986) 6 ' .
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:()BaHIlHX: CKa3Kax a 2KHBOTHbIX, BOJIrne6HbIX, 6bITOBbIX H HOBeJIJIH-
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CM. TarUKe 06;JR.a'-lOCTb CfW30'l1Wfl 11 JIHT.
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n
rCU10BCKUii B: Y UCTOKOB HapOAIIOH MY3bIKU CJIamIH. M., 1971; K6uTKa K. I136p.
Tp.: B 2 T. I OCT. H KOMJIileHT. B. J1. rOlliOBcKoro. 061H. pe.ll:. D. r. EoraTbIpeBa.
M., 1971. T. 1.; PaHHue !jJOpMbI UCKyccTBa. M., 1972; CMUpHOB 10. H. C,1laB!IHCKUe
3rrWIeCKHe TpaAH HH. Nl., 1974; EaxTuH M. BorrpocbI JIUTepaTypbl H 3CTeTHh'H. M.,
1975; OH e. I'!>paHcya Pa6,lle U HapO.ll:H351 KYJIbTypa Cpe.ll:HeBeKOBb51 n PeHecd'H-
ca. M., 19 0; I'!>OJIbK.1l0p: I103TwlecKaH CUCTeMa. M., 1977 (pa3.l1:eJI «I1p06.'1eMbl uc-
TopH<IecKoH II03THKH !jJOJIbKJIOpa»); JI peCHflKOB O. fl03THKa rr03HaHUH U TBOpqeC'i'-
Ba: TeopH5I CJIOBeCHOCTH A. A. I1oTe6HH. 1\1., 1980; OH JlCe. I1p06,1leMbI HCTopH3Ma
!jJn,llo,llorUq.ecKoM. Hac,llet.'HU A. A. I1oTe6HII If HaYKOBa crraAlHlIHa O. O. IToTe6Hi
1 C)"-IaCHa !jJWOJIOrI5I. KHlB, 1985; I1cTopwlecKa51 n03TUKa: I1Tom U rrepCrreKTUBbI
H3Y'IeHIIH. M., 1986; I\ 150-,1leTUIO co ,'J,HH pOR<AeHIUI A. H. Bece.1JOBcKoro. J1",
19 8 (6u6JIHorp. neq. II apx. IICTOqHHKOB); JIYTUJlOB E. H. repOHqeCKUH 3rroc II
.lI:enCTBUTeJIbHOCTb. J1., 1988; 1'!>0JIbKJIOp: !J1p06JleMbI HCTopu3Ma. M., 1988; ral{aK
B. M. YCTHa51 3THHqeC a51 TpaAH Il51 EO 'BpeMeHU: I1cTOpnqeCKOe UCC.1Ie.ll:OBaHHe
n03THKIl. M., 1989; KepoelluTe E. I1cTopll<IeCKoe pa3BI1THe CTP}'KTYP II ceMaHTHKH
CKa30K. BIlJlbHIOC, 1991. I
B. M. r AIJAK
TI03TI1KA TIECEHHA5I p., TIA3TbIKA TIECEHHA5I 6., TIOE-
THKA TIICEHHA y. B rrOI-IHTIIe TI. rr. BXO)J.HT Tarme KOMnOHeHTbI
KaK ClO2KeT, KOMn03IIll.IIH, rr03THqeCIUIH CTHJIb II oc06eHHocTII cTHxa:
3TI-I KOMnOHeHTbI B pa3JIH'IHbIX rreceHlIblX 2KaHpaX HMeIDT CBOlO cne-
UIICPHKY. Harrp., rJIaBHbIM cpe)J.CTBOM Bblpa2KeHHH cOJ(ep2KaHHH 6bIJIHH
HBJIHeTC5I 60JIee IIJIH MeHee pa3BIIToH ClO2KeT. B llX KOMn03IILT.HH HC-
nOJIb3YIDTCH TaKHe rrpHeMbI, KaK BbILI.eJIeHHe rJIaBHOrO repOH, rHnep-
60JIH3all.HH, rrOBTopeIUle OTJ(eJIbHbIX 3nH30AOB, IICnOJIb30BaHHe «loci
communes». B OTJIHLlIIe 0'1' 6bIJIHH Tpa)J.Hll.HOHHble JIHpHqeCIUle rreCHH,
KaK rrpaBHJIO, 6eCClO2KeTHbI. .QJIH HHX xapaKTepHbI TaIme KOMn03II-
ll.IIOHHble cpOpMbI, KaK MOHOJIOr, )J.HaJIOr II onHcaHHe. EOJIbrnIIHCTBo
JIIlpn'IeClmX neceH I1MelOT KOMrr03HlUIOHHYlO cxeMY «OHIICaTeJIbHO-rrO-
BeCTBOBaTeJIbHaH qaCTb+ MOIIOJIOr (IIJIH )J.HaJIOr) ». B JIIlpH'IeCKHX
rrec;,m-rx IICrrOJIb3YlOTCH TaKHe KOMn03HLTJIOHHble npIIeMbI, KaI{ 06pa3-
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HlUI, CJIOBa C YMeHbrnIITeJIbHbIMH cYCPcpI-mCaMH II }J.P.) 13 JIHpII'IeClmX
neCI-IHX BbmOnH5IIDT rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M BbIpa3HTeJIbHble, 3MOLTHO-
HaJIbHO-OUeHOqHble CPYI-IKll.HH. B OTJIH'Ilie aT )J.pynlx neceHHbIX aH-
pOB JIHpHqeClme rreCHH" rnIIpOlm IICnOJIb3YIDT CHMBOJIHKY. D03THKY
'IacTyrneK OTnHqaeT «JIHTepaTypHOCTb»: 06H3aTeJIbHaH CTpOcpIl'HIOCTb
(qaIl.:(e Bcero - 4 CTpmm), rrpeJ(HaMepeHHaH pHcpMa ('IaIlJ;e Bcero,
Tlma: a 6 13 6), cHJIJIa60-TOHHqeCIWe CTIlXOCJI02KeI-IHe (qaIlJ;e Bcero
LleTblpexcTonHbIH xopeH).
J1I1T.: rHaT/Of( B. M. YKpaiHCbKa HapOAHa cJ10BecHicTb. J1bBiB, 1916; HliKO!j-
,.,.; M. A. rIa3TbIKa 6eJIapycKaii HapOAI1aii rrp03bI. .MH., 1983; JIponn B. H. Pyc-
,'1':011 CKa3Ka. J1., 1984.
J1I1T.: 3b1P5l1-lOB Jf' B. IT03TIIKa PyccKoii qacTYlliKIl. DepMb, 1974; KpaBtfOB
H. H. D03TIlKa PYCCKHX HapO.ll:HbIX JIlIpUqeCKHX neceH. M., 1974' Tillesi'!. H. C.
ITa3Tb]K . 6":jIapycKa. HapoAHan JIipbIKi. MH., 1975; JI.eu O. I1oeT Ka YKpalHcbKol
HapoAHol" mCH!. KU!B, 1980; JIasYTuH C. r. IT03THKa PycCKoro !jJOJIbKJIOpa. M.,
1981; KOYTYH B. CB5ITJIO HapoAIIara C,1l0Ba. MH., 1984.
H. H. KPYK
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11/\51 6., DOETI1KA EBOJ1IDUIOHHA y.- )J.pyrae Ha3BaHHe HCTO-
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T. D. B pa60Tax A. H. B CeJIOBcKoro rrpeo)J.OJIeIIHe 06IlJ;HX HeJ(ocTaT-
KOB ,3BOJIIDll.HOHH3Ma JIeM.HT Ha rrYTHx rrOHCKOB CrreLT.HcpHIm HCRyccTBa
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RYJIbTypbI. I
J1I1T.: BeCCJlOBC1Wii J. H. I1cTOpHqeCKaH rr03TUKa. J1., 1940; ON e. Heu3-
.lI:aI-IHa51 waBa !l3 «I1CTop: ecKoi1 n03TIIKU» /1 Pyc. JIllT. 1959. N 2-3.
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THKA EDILJHA y.+ 13 rnHpOKOM rrJIaHe n03THKa Bcex 3rrHqeClmX
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Bce B03MD)!{HbIX MeCT .:inHqeClmrO )J.eHCTBIiH J(ocTyneH O)J.IIOMY re-
pOlO (HJIbH MypoMeLT. 0603peBaeT C ropbI BClO PYCb) HJIH nOBeCTBO-
BaTemQ (3arreB 6bIJIllHbI a COJIOBbe EYAHMlIpOBH'Ie); npocTpaHcTBeH-
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rnaeMdro IIMH. TIpeJ(cTaBJIeIIHe a xYA02KeCTBeHHoM MHpe 3noca CKJIa-
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era CK)2KeTlIOrp pa3BIITHH. Ollopa rrpH nOCTpOeI-Il1II TeKCTOB Ha 06IlJ;He
MecTa, CJIOBeCIIbIe CPOPMYJIbI )J.eMoHcTpHpyeT CBH3b 6bIJIlIHbI C rrpe)J.-
rnecTBoBaBrtreH II corrYTcTBoBaBrneH cpOJIbIWOpHOH TpaJ(Hll.Hel'L 3a-
MeL!.JIeI1HOCTb II )J.eTaJIbHOCTb nOBeCTBOBaHIiH )J.O H306pa2KeHHH pe-
rnalOIlJ;ero rroJ(BHra OTTeHHlOT era He3aypHJ(HoCTb H BeJIHqIIe. 3aJ(a'Ie
c03)J.aHHH HAeaJIbHO-B03BblrneHHblx H rrpeJ(eJIbHO CHH2KeHIlbIX 06pa30B
13 HX QpOTHB060pCTBe nOJ('IIIHeHbI H Bce H3bIKOBble cpeAcTBa 6bIJIIUI.
I II ..
J1I1T.: EYCJlaeB CPo 3rrUqeCKa51 rr033U5I I1cTOpl:J11eCKUe 011epKU PYCCKOH Ha-
pOAHOHi C,'10BeCHOCTH U UCKyccTBa. T. 1: PyccKa51 Hapo,UHa51 n033H5I. CI16.. . 861;
MUJlJlcp B. PyccKa51 6bIJIHHa, ee CJIaraTe.J1U U UCnOJIHHTe.J1U II OqepKII PYCCKOH Ha-
pOAI-IOll! CJ10BeCHOCTU. M., 1897. T. 1; CKarpTbulOB A. /1. IT03TuKa U reHe3UC 6bJ.1um.
1\1.; CapaToB, 1924; CeJlU6aHOB CPo M. fl03THKa 6bIJIHH: CHcTeMa H306paSHTeJIbHO-
BbIpa3liTeJIbHbIX cpeAcTB. M., 1977. LI. 1. __
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hI' TepMHH IIMeeT )J.Ba 3HaqeHII5I. 1) YCTHoe rrp03aHqeCKOe rr BeCTBO-
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I:O,;M02KHbIX, HO He oT06pa3lIBrnHXCH 13 J(orne)J.rnHX .lr.0 IHac IcbMeH-
II(,IX HCTO'IHHIWX, IIJIH )J.a2Ke a HeCOMHeHHO BbIMbIrnJIe -Il1bIX; ,rrOBeCT-
I\OSaIIl1e, BorneArnee 13 Tpa)J.Hll.Il1D (a He HCXO)J.HIlJ;ee HenocpeJ(CTBeIUIO
1)'1' OqeBHJ(ll.a IIJIH yqaCTHlma C06bITIIH) II rro cO)J.ep2KaI-Il1lO 6JIH3IWe,
III) RpaHHeH Mepe 13 OCHOBHOM, oT06pa2KeHIl1D )KH3HelmOH peaJIbHocr'H
('I'. e. 6e3 npe06JIaJ(aHHH cpaHTaCTIiKH 13 XY)J.OlKeCTBeI-Il10M BbIMbICJIe).
2) YCTHbIe CBe)J.eHHH a )J.aBHO rrporne)J.weM 3aBl CIIMO aT cpOpMbI
lIl'pe)J.aqH (OI-Ia M02KeT 6bITb II rreceHHOH). 3TO r{CTap Brnee 3Ha'Ielme
l\\'TpeqaeTCH npeIiMYIlJ;eCTBeHHO 13 pa60Tax XIX \13.- <D... I1. EYCJIaeBa,
1'l. H. BeCeJIOBclmro II J(p. DepBOHaqaJIbHO 3THM TepMHHoM 0603Ha-
'1a.JIOCb y xpHCTHaH TOJIbKO CBHIlJ;eHHoe rrpe)J.arn'je, OTJIHqHOe 0'1' CmI-
IllCHHoro TIlIcaHHH,- 3JleMeHTbI yqeHHH XpHcTa lJ' anOCTOJIOB, Hepe-
!I,aBaBrnHeCH CHaqaJIa YCTHO II 3anHcaHHble TOJIbK9 BrrOCJIe)J.CTBHH.
HaH60JIee pacrrpocTpaHeHHble BHJ(bI - HCToptIqeCIme TI. (CM.) II
Ml'CTHOe TI. (CM.) C HX pa3HoBII)J.HOCTHMH. K n9CJIeL!.HeMY BH)J.y He
IIcer)J.a OTHOCHTCH TorrOHHMHqeCIme TI.- a rrpOHpX02KAeHHII reorpa-
(1llIqeCImX Ha3BaIUIH (13 TOM 'lHCJIe rH)J.pOI-Il1MlIqec\me - a Ha3BaHlIHX
pl'K, 03ep II T. n.). BCTpe'IalOTCH TaK2Ke 3THorei;,eTH'IeCIme TI.- a
II POIICX02KL!.eHHH Ha,pOAOB H )J.p. BHJ(b!. D. a RJIa)J.ax' (CM.) CMbmalOTCH
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!I.Y TI. H JIereH)J.OH. MHcpOJIOrH'leCRlIe D. '( M.) - npOMe2KYTOLIHble
Ml')!{)J.y TI. II MHcpOM, oT06pa3HBrnHe 13 CHJIbHd;li CTerreI-Il1 MHcpOJIOrHqe-
\'Ime rrpeJ(CTaBJIeHHH. 3TlIOJIOrHqeCIme TI.- nO'ITH Bcer)J.a HBHO BbI-
M LIrnJIeHHbIe paCCKa3bI a rrpOHCX02KJ(eHHH }KHBOTHbIX, paCTeHlIH II
T. 11.; KYJIbTypOJIOrHqeCIme TI.- TaKara 2Ke pOAa paccKa3bI a npoHc-
XO:iKJ(eHHII )J.ocTmKeHIIII qeJIOBeLleclmH RYJIbTypbl, peMeCeJI, X03HHCT-
IH'IIHbIX HaBbmOBIi T. rr. TIo TeMaTHKe 3TH BHAbl TI. ClYIblKaIDTCH C aHa-
,JIOrHqHbIMH BII)J.aMH JIereHA. \
J1I1T.: 1\1aJIopYCCKue HapO,UHbIe rrpeAaHu5I II pacCKa3bI: CBO.ll: Muxau.J1a .IJ:pa-
I"IIM,mOBa. I\ueB, 1876; J1ereH.lI:bI i naAaHHi. 1983; XO.ll:H.1IH orrpulliKu I Ynop5lI!.., rre-
I"'/(M. Ta npl1MiTKH I. 1\1. CeHbKa. YlKropo,J., 1983; J1ereHAH Ta nepeKa3U. 1985;
I/AIf HuKoBa C. H. 06pa3 OCH.1lKOB B 6e.1l0pycCKHX npeAaHu5Ix U CKa3Kax 11 C3.
1!J(iO. N 4; Eapac Jl. «Aci.llKi» 6e,lOpyccKUX CKa30K H npe,UaI-IHI!: I\ Borrpocy o!jJop-
1Y1IIpoBaHuu BOCTOqHOCJIaB5IHCIWro 3!10Ca ii PI'!>. J1., 1963. T. 8; As6eJleB C. H.
IIpo6JIeMbI MelK.lI:YHapOA'-IOll CUCTeMaTU3a HlI npeAaHIIll H JlereHA: Cne H!jJHKa
'l'O.J1bKJIOPHbIX lKaHpoB II PI'!>. M.; J1., 1966. T. 10; COKOJl06a B. K. PYCCKU UCTO-
",I'll'CKHe npeA3HH5I. M., 1970. \
C. H. A3E£JlEB
\
TIPEJJ:AHHE HCTOPI1LJECKOE p., TIA.QAHHE nCTAPpILJ.
II1'lE 6., TIEPEKA3 ICTOPHLJHHJ/I y.- OAHH 1I3 ABYX rJIal}Hblx
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276
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I TeJIbCTB He MernaeT TI. 11. 3aI{JIIDqaTb 13 ce6e 3Ha L Il1TeJIbHYlO )J.OJIID
BbIMbIC a, IIHorJ(a rrpe06JIa)J.arDII.:(erO 13 06Il.:(eH cYMMe c006II.:(aeMOll
npeJ(aH eM HIIcpopMaLT.1I1I II BOCXO)J.HII.:(erO 06bI'IHO K Tpa)J.Hll.IIOHHbIM
MOTIiBaM, KoropbIe rrplIJIararDTCH R peaJIbHO 6bIBrnlIM cpaKTaM H pe-
aJIbHbIM HCTOpH'IeCIUIM JIHll.aM. 06bILIHO TI. 11. rrOCBHIlJ;eHbI IICTOplI'Ie-
CRHM HBJIeI-HIHM H IICTOplIqeCKIIM rrepCOHa2KaM, rrpe)J.CTaBJI5IIDIlJ;HM 13
TOH IIJIIi HI-IOH. CTeneIIH ci6IlJ;eHall.1IOHaJIbHbI1I IIHTepec. OTClOJ(a - rnlI-
pOKIiH. apea.'l 6bIToBaryliH TI. 11. 13 OTJIlIqlIe aT MeCTHbIX rrpe)J.aHlIH, XO-
TH rpaHb Me2K Y TeM II APyrlIMH HBJIHeTCH )J.OBOJIbHO 3bI6ImH.. K
06JIaCTlI TI. H. YCJIOB O M02KHO OTHeCTII 9MOLT.IIOHaJIbHO rrplIrrO)J.HHTbIe
repOlIqeCIUIe c'Ka3aHHH, HCXOLI.HbIM MaTeplIaJIOM IWTOPbIX HBIIJIIICb
)J.eHHIIH, BbI3BaBrnlie BOCXIIII.:(eHHe, CTaBrnlIe rrpe)J.MeTOM naTplIOTHqe-
CROll rop)J.OCTlI cOBpeMeHHIIKoB 11 HX nOTOMKOB. TaIme CIW3aHHH 13
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BY K c(pepe xYA02KeCTBeI-IHOH, a He c06CTBeHHO IIHcpopMaTIIBHOH. K
n. H. ?TlIOCHTCH reI-feaJIOrlIqeCIme, 13 'IaCTHOCTII J(IIHaCTHqeCIUIe npe-
J(aHIIHI 13 HbIHernHelV! 11 HeJ(aBHeM fcrrepTyape OHIi cO)J.ep2KaT HepeJ(KO
3HaqWreJIbHYID )J.ohID J(OMbIC.r.:OB, 06YCJIOBJIeHHbIX CTpeMJIeHlIeM
«Y)J.peh-HITb» IIJIII J06JIaropo:aHTb» rrpOIICX02K)J.eIIHe CBOIiX rrepcoHa-
2KeH. fro 13 )J.OTIlICbMeHI-IoM 06II.:(eCTBe reHeaJIOrlIqeCKIIe, a TOqHee CKa-
3aTb, pOLI.OBbIe rrpe)J.aHIiH CJ}Y2KIIJIII ll.eJIHM J(ocToBepHoH IIHcpopMall.HII
06 06IlJ;ecTBemto 3HaqlIMOM rrpOrnJIOM, 06JIa)J.aJIH BbICOKOH CTerreHblO
rrpaB)J.HBocTII'1I A 2Ke cpaKTlIqeCImH TOqI-IOCTlI.
J1I1T.: EeJIapycKi :mac. ;959; rpbIH61lGjT M. H. l'!>aJIbKJIOp Halliara HapoAa 6
6apa b6e s iUllia3eMHbiMi 3axorrHiKaMi II Ee.napycb. 1946. N 5-6; CO/COIlOBa B. K.
PycCKue UCTOpUqeCKUe npeAaHH5I. M., 1970; As6elleB C. H. 11306pa3UTeJlbHbIe cpeA-
CTBa repOUqeCKUX cKa3aHHH II PI'!>. J1., 1974. T. 14; OH e. XpmmKaT B ApeBHe-
PYCCKO\" !jJOJIbKJIOpe il PI'!>. J1., 1976. T. 16.
I C. H. A3EEJIEB
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PEK{\3 MICUEB11J/I y.- OLI.IIH 113 J(BYX rJIaBHbIX BIIAOB rrpeJ(aHHii.
TIpe MeTOM era HBJI5IIDTCH C06bITliH 11 rrepCOHa2K1I JIOKaJIbHOrO 3Ha-
qeHlI5r, rro 60JIbrneH 'IaCTII BOBce He oT06pa3lIBrnlIeCH 13 nlICbMeHHoii
IICTOpHII, HO aInyaJIbHbIe )J.JIH perlIOHa, 13 KOTOpOM 6bITyeT TaKoe rrpe-
)J.aHlIe: a MeCTIlbIX 60pll.ax 3a COll.HaJIbHYlO crrpaBeAJIHBOCTb, a ClIJIa-
qax, a360HHHKax 11 T. n. K TI. M. OTHOCHTCH 13 CBoeM rrOJ(aBJIHlOII.:(eM
60JIbIfIHHCTBe 3THOHIIMII'IeClme, TorrOHIIMII'IeCIUIe, rlI)J.pOHHMII'IeCKIH'
rrpe)J. [ HIIH, 06'bHCHHlOII.:(lIe 06bIqHO Ha3BaHHH MeCTHbIX reorpacpIILle-
CRHX II 3THII'IeCIUIX 06'beKTOB. Tarmro pOLI.a npeJ(aHIIH )J.alOT 13 rrpHII-
ll.lIne rrpaBAOnOLI.06HbIe, HO no 60JIbrneH 'laCTIi BbIMblrnJIeIHIbIe 06,],-
HClIe IIH, 06pa30BaHHbIe YM03pHTeJIbHO 1I3 caMara rrOHCHHeMoro II I.
3BaH H. B 3Ha'IIITeJIbHOH. CTerreHII TI. M. OCHOBbIBarDTCH Ha Tpa)J.IlIUl-
OHHb!X MOTIIBax, BOCXO,'!,HII.:(IIX HepeAKO eIlJ;e K MHcpOJIOrHqeCKilM
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"",1I,l'Koro !jJOJlbKJIOpa. CBep JIO CK, 1974; KPUHU'lHW: H. A. PYCCKa51 Hap .lI:Ha51 UC-
'''pll'leCKa51 rrp03a. J1., 1981; lV!umaHu'l C. B. YCHl HapO.ll:Hi I\IIlB,
I!JK(i.
. H. A3EEJIEB
TIPE.QAH11E MH<DOJIOr11LJECKOE p., TIA.QAHHE MI<DA-
.Jf nLJHAE 6., TIEPEKA3 MI<D0J10nLJI-IHJ/I y.- rpynna rrpeJ(a-
IIII : LT.eHTpaJIbHbIe 06pa3bI KOTOpbIX II IIX CPY?Kll.lIli '13 rrpe06JIa)J.aID-
lI l'lI CTeneI-HI COXpaH5IIDT <J:epTbI MHcpOJIOrlI'IeC HX apXeTIITIOB. TIpe-
1'1'IIJ(YlOII.:(He Ha IICTOplI'IHOCTb, 9TlI npe)J.aHHH TpaKTYI<?T no npelIMY-
IlleCTBY Bo06pa2KaeMble C06bITHH BeCbMa J(aJIeKOrO IIporn.'1Oro H C.'leJ(bI
T:lJmX C06bITliH 13 COBpeMeHHOCTH. 3TO npe)J.amI a BeJIIiKaHaX
1'1 nep60JIl1qeCKlie paCCRa3bI a CIIJIa'IaX, C006II.:(eI/IIH a npHpoAHbI
IllJ'beKTaX, 06H3aHHbIX CBOIIM nOHBJIeHIleM rrOLI.oqHblM nepCOHa2KaM,
II T. n. B 3aBliCliMOCTH aT y6bIBaI HH MIITOJIOnlqe KOrO Ha'-IaJIa Haxo-
'I.IITCH 3BOJIIDll.lIH TaKIiX npeLI.aHIIII, HanOJIHeHlIe /x c06CTBeHHO IICTO-
pU<J:eCKHM H peaJIbI-IbIM cO)J.ep)!{aHHeM, nepeBO).J,ftIlJ;lIe MHcpOJIOrWle-
"Klie no npOlICX01K)J.eHHlO ClO2KeTbI 13 rpynnbI IIctopH'leCKIiX 11 IeCT-
IlbIX npe)J.aHIIH. \ / \
J111T.: KOCTOjlWPOB H. CJlaB5IHCKa51 Mu!jJOJIOrH5I. l l1eB, '1846 (rrepeII3.l1:. 1930);
IlpaHacbeB A., H. I103TUqeCKUe B03 peHuH CJIaBf.1H Ha npupon;y. 1\1., 1865. T. 1;
I,H68. T. 2; 1869. T. 3; CeJ1teHT06CKUU A. M. EeJIopycpme ApeBHpCTlL CIT6., 1890.
'"LIll. 1; l1.eMud06U ' 1 JI. Jl. 113 06,1[ CTU BepOBaHUH \1/CKa3aHui'I 6e o , PYCOB II STHO-
I pa!jJ. 0603peHHe. 1896. N 1-3; /(pa6l{OB H. H. I1p06JleMbI CJIaB5!HCKoro !jJOJIbK-
"Iopa. 1\'1., 1972; KPUHU1lHllfl H, A. flepCOHaR{J1 npej( HIIH: CTanOBJIeHUe II ,)Bomo-
11.1151 06pa3a. n., 1988. \
C. H. A3EEJIEB
TIPE.QAH115I 0 3ACEJ1EHH11 11 OCBOEHHi}I KPA5I P.\ TIA-
JlAHHI AE 3AC5IJ1EHHI I ACBAEHHI KP AIO 6., I1EPERA311
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I) CeJIeHIIH npe)J.KoM-po)J.oHa'IaJIbHIIKOM, 2) J(BYX OJ(IIQ,l.IBOPHbI' no-
'IHHKOB coce)J.HMII, Y3HarDII.:(IIMH APyr a )J.pyre rro neHlIID rreTyxa, CTY-
I y Tonopa, rrJIbIBYIlJ;eMY no TeLIe!llIID rrpe)J.MeTY, 3) coceJ(HliX CeJI HIIH
tJpaTbHMII-9noHIiMaMH, 4) OJ(HOH HJIH HeCROJIbRHX )J.epeBeHb rp IUlOl'I
IIcpBOnOCeJIeHll.eB, a TaK2Ke TI. a cpeoJ(aJIbHOH II MOHacTbIpcIWII 'OJIO-
I1II3all.lIII 3eMeJIb. CIDAa 2Ke OTHOCHTCH II rrpe)J.aHll5I a BbIoope eCTa
/ JIH rrOCeJIeHIIH HJIIi AJIH nQcTpoemm 06'beKTa KYJIbTOBOro Ha3 a'Ie-
IIIIH nOCpeLI.CTBOM H3bI'IeCKOrO 06pHJ(a, 0 npliHeceHHII cTpoHTe noli
iKepTBbI. TonOHIiMlIqeCKHH MOTIIB, rrpe)J.cTaBJIeHi-IbIH pa3JIH'I
lIepclIHMII, 13 npe)J.aHIIHx 9T )r0 ll.HKJIa MmKeT HrpaTb ClO.lKeTO
,:YlOIlWlO PO,JIb JIlI60 3aIUIMaTb neplIcpepHHHoe rrO.1Q}KeIIlIe.
CM. flpeaaHue II JIHT.
278
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TIP .QAHH5I 0 KJIA.QAX p., TIAJJ:AHHI AE CKAPEAX 6.,
TIEPE A3H TIPO CKAPI3H y. BbILI.eJIHIDT 4 TllIIa: 0 KJIa;Iax «38-
KJIHTbIX , «3aQapOBaHHbIX» (<<3aKJIHTbIX» - 6eJI., «3aqapOBaHHX»-
YKp.), 9 aKJIIO 'IalOII.:(HX MarllqeCKYID CHJIY HX BJIa)J.eJIbll.eB; cpa Ta-
CTHqeCKHX, OCMbICJIHeMbIX KaK cpe)J.CTBO H36aBJIeHHH aT HY.lK)J.bI, a
\LT.eHHbD rrpe,Ll,MeTax - HaCJIe)J.IIH a60pHreHOB, LI.aBHHX npHIIIeJIbn eB H
rrp.; a KJIa)J.ax 13 C06CTBeHHOM 3HaqeHHH CJIOBa. B TI. a K. l1epBOfO TH-
rra OTpa)!{eHbI aHHMlICTlIqeClme rrpeACTaBJIeHlI5I: 3aKarrbIBaIIlIe KJIa)J.a
COnpOBO)!{J(aeTCH 06pHtIT,OM -:iKepTBOrrpHHOlIIeHlIeM II 3arOBopOM; Oll
rrepCOImcplILT.lIPyeTcH I? , 06JIHKe 2KCpTBeIlHoro :iKlIBOTHoro, orHH, qeJIO-
BeKa; KJIa)J. nperroPy4aeTcH 3aII.:(HTe 06epera - CBHIlJ;eHHoro J(epeBa
(JIeca), KaMH5j (rop I), BO)J.bI (lICTO'IHlIKa), n03J(Hee - LT.eplmlI, 'la-
COBHlI, lIKOHbI; OH He )J.aeTCH 13 PYlm KJIaAOlICKaTeJIHM, B rrpOTlIBHOM
CJIyqae ry6HT HX JIH60 TpaHccpopMHPyeTcH B IIe6JIaropOJ(Hoe BeII.:(eCT-
130. C ynlJIeI-IlIeM plICTlIaHCTBa 06pa3 KJIaJ(a HepeJ(KO CIUI2KaeTCH:
era xpaHHT HeqHCTaH ClIJIa. TIo Mepe pa3BHTIIH TOBapHO-)J.eHe)!{HbIX
OTHornelmH Bce qaIlte H306pa)KalOTCH K.n:")J.bI, lIMelOIlJ;He YTlIJIHTapHOe
Ha3Hatlelme. HarrOJIfIHHCb peaJIlIHM< I, 3flI TI. a l ; He YTpa'InBalOT I1pe-
eMCTBfIIHOlr CBH3H I Tpa)J.lIll.HOlH-IOH CTpYlnypOH )J.aHIloro UlIKJIa.
J1I:IT.: MaJIOpycc¥Ie l-IapOAHLJe npeAaHuH U pacCKa3bI: CBOA MuxallJIa .IJ:pa.:
rOMaHOBa. I\neB, 1876; H6aH06 K. HapoAHLle paCC!W3bI 0 K aJl.aX II Xap oBcKUII
c6. 1890. BbITI. 4; FTWTIOK B. 3H;b 06u AO YKpalIlcblw:PYCbKOl AeMOHOJIOrn. T. 1-:;-
2 II ETI10rpa!jJ. 36. )903: T. 15; t912. T. 33; H0611l.fKlIli H. /1. 3anOp0}/{CKUe n ran-
AaMaw me KJIa,J.bI:' MaJlOpYCCKue HapollHble rrpeAaHu5I, rrOBepb51 U paccKa3bI, c06-
paHi-lbIe B EKaTeiJlIHOCJIaBll HI-le. AJleKCm1ApoBcK, 1908; CeBepHbIe npellaHuH: Eeno-
MOpCKo-060He}/{CKUH pem:oH ('[13A. nOArOT. H. A. I\puHnqH351. J1., 1978; Co oAoBa
B. K. PyccKue UCTopUqeCKHel rrpeAaHIl5l. M., 1970; Kpw{lI'lHaJi H. A. PyccKaH Ha-
pOAHa51 HCTopwIeCKa51 np03at BonpocbI reHe3nca U CTPYKTYPbI. J1., 1987.
I H. A. KPHHHCfHAH
TI E.QMET qy JJ:ECHbU1:, BOJIIlIEEHbII/I p., TIP AJJ:MET UY-
JJ:O -1bI' llAP,AJJ:3EI/IHbI 6., TIPEJJ:MET llYJJ:ECHHI/I, llYJJ:O-
BH" y. BbIllOJIIl5IeT 13 CKa3Ke pOJIb nOMOII.:(HHKa rJIaBHoro repOH. B
CYII.:( OCTH HB.'lHeTCH AellcTBYlOII.:(HM JIlIll.OM, Ha KOTopoe rrepeHOCHTO\
Bce pH3HaK,r o)J.yrneBJIeHHOrO II pa3YMHoro cYIlJ;ecTBa, a npn naCClIB-
HOCTlI rJIaBHOrO repoH - Hero CPYHKll.lIlI. I1rpaeT Ba2KHYID pOJIb 13 CID-
2KCTe HBJIHHCb O)J.HHM H3 )J.BlIraTeJIeH era, CTlIMYJIHPYH XO)J. CKa3KH.
" 'i. pa3Ho06pa3HbI rro CBOHM BHYTpeHI-IlIM rrOTeHll.lIHM: caMO)J.elI-
CTBY II.:(lIe, «HelICTOIlJ;lIMble», D1KHBJIHlOII.:(lIe, YCbIllJI5IIOIlJ;He II y61IBa-
lOII.:(H , TpaHccpopMlIPYIDII.:(He H T. )J.. (CM. CYC 500-649).
I aK rrpaBHJIO, BOJIrne6llbIMH 13 CKa3Ke CTaHOBHTCH rrpeJ(MeTbI, oco-
60 M plmpoBaHHbIe 13 Hapo)J.HoH Tpa)J.Hll.lIlI KaK CaKpaJIbHble, MarHqe-
CKHe OHH )J.aIDT rrpeLI.CTaBJIeHHe a pa3HbIx BH)J.ax H TlIllaX Marllil
(lIM TaTHBHOlr (II.:(eTKa-JIec), rrapUHaJIbHOH (cMepTb KOIlJ;eH 13 H!'-
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n
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11l'IIGJIHHTeJIlI pacrrOJIaraJIHCb OOC11pbIM yrJIGM HJIlI t /rnepeHraM>lI. 3pn-
11',1l'H ,BeJIH ce6H 3-Rl1HIBHO, rrOAaBaJIlI perrJIlIKH, MOO JIH 6bITb BOBJIeLle-
111.1 13 TI. (MaCCOBble Cll.eHbI, neCHlI, rrJIHCKH). 11. cpOpMJIHJIHCb 13 00-
IITBeTCTBHH C HapO)J.HOH Tpa)J.Hll.HeH. TIpH OTC)\1'CTBHlI )J.eIWpaLT.nH,
()YTacpopHH H MlI'lIlIMYMe peKBH3HTa 60JIbrnYID ,' 'OJIb HrpaJIlI OJIGBO,
11\ I OTOpDM OIIl!CbIBaJIDCb MeCTO )J.eHer. HH, H! aCOLIH"bIH IIWCTlO, ,
1I:Il'D110BJIHBrnlIHCHcaMHMH ,UCnOJIHHTeJI5!MH HI HMeBrnHH Y'CJIOiB:HbIH,
'Iano 3HaKOBbIH xapaKTep. H repOHqedmM H KOMH , 'IeCKHM nepco-
II:UKaM npHAaBaJIlICb CHMBOOJIlI'IeCKHe aTpn6 TbI. Bc ,pOJIH (13 TOM
'IIICJIe II }KeHCKlIX rrepcoHa2Keii) lICrrOJIHHJIlI MY*'IlIHaMlI. MaHepa
IIl'pbI (rpOMI oe npOH3HeceHlle Tel CTa, MilI hl{3, )J.BH2KellHH, 2KeCTbI)
TaK2Ke onpe)J.eJIHJIaCb Tpa)J.Hll.Heii (CM. Bblxi';JOKa). TIocTploeHHe MH-
:aHCll.eH 6bIJIO YCJIOBHbIM H Tpa)J.mJ;HOHHbIM, OHII 6bIJIlI )J.!BYX 'J1H-
11013 - cTal1HqHble :IT )J.lI'HaMHq'Hble. TIG)J.rOTOBKa TI. rrpOHCXO)J.HJIa
nOA PYK!OBO)J.CTBOM Ha1I60JIee onbITHbIX CnOOJI\HHTe.1JeH. TeKCT' pOJIH
IIl'peJ(aBaJIC}I II 3ayqHBaJICH YCTlIO. HHOf)J.a rpaM01'HbIH pacrrO]pHLI.H-
I'l'JIb TI. Mor 06JIa)J.aTb PYKorrUCHbIM TeKC110M rrbeCbI, KOl'O'pbIH ! bIJI,
I,;m rrpaBHJIO, OBO)J.HbIM II 'lICrrGJIb30BqJICH BbI60pO,HO, B rrpo ecce
pl'nenIll.HH :II TI. BapbHpOBaJICH. OT,Z:y'eJIbHble Cll.e:HbI H 11. 13 ll. JI,OM
",OhPIHO 'Ha'IHHaJIHCb H 3aKaH1J.HBaJIH b XOpOBbIM rre:I-HleM, rrJIH KOH.
II. '13 'HapO)J.HGM KYKOJIbHOM TeaTpe ,HMeJIlI OBOH OOO6' iHHO'CTH ('CM.
l;aTfleuKa, Bepren, fleTpYUlKa). / \ I
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J1I1T.: EeAel{Kliu A. CTapUHHbIH TeaTp! B POCCHH. 3a 1 laTKH TeaTpa B Hap AHOM
"',i'!'Y II lliKO.'1bIlOM 06uXOAe IO}/{HOll pY'2J:) - YKpaUHbI. M., 1923; BeAel.f1wJI . H.
() neKoTopbIX cOBpeMeHHbIx !jJopMax 6b)TOBanU5I Hapo;J:Horo TeaTpa II COB MeH-
1I',Iii PYCCKIlH !jJO'lbKJIOp. M., 1966; OHa Jtce. .IJ:paMaTypmqeCKHe, rrOCTaHOBOq O-UC-
1II>.IIIIUTeJIbCKUe npUH unbI PYCCKoro HapOAHoro TeaTpa: HapOAHaS! ApaMa apb
M:lKCUMIIJIUaH» B nOC.J1eAHUH nepHO,J. 2KU3HU }/{aHpa II Tp. VII MI\A3H. M., 1969.
r G; EOi!aTblpeB Jl. r. 3aMeTKH 0 HapoAHoM TeaTpe II Acta Ethnographica Aca-
dl'llIiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 1970. T. 19; 01-1 JlCe. HapoAHbIH TeaTp qe B II
I'.IIIIBaImB II EOi!aTblpe6 JI. r. BorrpocbI Teopnu HapoAHoro UCKyccTBa. M., 971;
(:IIr<!llUKliHa H. II. PYCCKUH HapOAIlbiH TeaTp. M., 1976 (pa3AeJI «C eHUqeCKO 130-
1I,IIoweHlIe Ilap O i1JIOH ApaMbI»); ryce6 B. E. PYCCKIlH !jJOJIbKJIOpHbIH TeaTp. 980,
\ p;I.IAe.J1 «XY.Ii. O }/{CCTBeHHa51 crre u!jJnKa !jJOJIbKJIOpI-lOrO TeaTpa»); CT8AbMax . Y.
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1981. N22; fiCTOPW! 6eJiapycKara T3aTpa. IvlH., 1983. T. 1.
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06pa30B, pa3JI'WIHbIX 3JIeMeH1'OB H3bma H CTIIJ:n, CTPYKTYP, npeeM-
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1 M. TaK2Ke TunOfl02Wl B CPOflbKflope, HSY'lel-lue CPOflbKflopa TU-
nOfl U'leClwe.
I1T.: llYTII:106 E. H. a 1UnOJIOmqeCKoi1 rrpeeMCTBeHIIOCTIJ B 3noce CJlaB5I1I
CKIJX HapoAoB 11 Me)KCJIaBHHCKUe KY,1!bTypHbIe CB5I3I1. lvl., 1971; OH JlCe. fepOll'leC-
KIIIl OC II Aeiic1BIITe.1bIlOCTb. J1., 1988 (p33.l1:e.J] «CIOMeTH3H THllOJIOrlIH II Tuno.']()-
rUqen:aH npeeMcTBeHHocTb»).
E. H. JIYTHJIOH
PI1BETCTBI1E p., BITAHHE (PA3BITAHHE) 6., BITAI1
H5I .- CJIOBeCHaH cpopMYJIa 6JIamllmKeJIaHl1H rrpH BCTpe'Ie ('Pa -
CTa 'ImH), 13 NOTOpOH I1AYIlJ;UM BbIOKa3bIBaeTCH BCTpeq'I-IOOMY CB()('
A06 ooe pacrroJIo2Kmme, iBblpa2KeI-Hroe CJIOBaMII, 'HM6BrnllMH HeKOl'J a
3Ha elUle 3aKJIHHaHliH. B TI. OTpa2KaeTCH lliKa.'1a LT.eH!HOCTeH, rrpll
3Ha HbIX a6CGJIlOTHbIMl1 ()KII3Hb, 3,lI:OpOBbe, CLla'CTJIllBOe B'PeM}I,
y)J.a a, y,crrex H )J.p.): «JJ:06PbI A30Hb», «.Q06PbI Beqa'P», «3AipaiB('r-
\,i!
n
281
lIyiiTe», «LJ,06poe Y1'pm>, «,lJ;06poro 3JIiOPOBbH», «)J;06p-oro pa'HKY»,
JI,ooPH BeLIiip». B 'HI1X TaK2Ke np05J1BJIHIOTCH OOll.HaJIbHble OTHorne-
IIIIH JIlO)J.eH, IIX B003paCT!HaH H 'COI.:(HaJIbHaH ,cOnOAq'IN-IeHHOCTb (MJIa)J.-
Ifioilii npllBeTcTByeT cTaprneroo, rroAIIIIHeHHbIH - PYKOIBO.lI!I1TeJIH, 6eA-
,'I,lii npOC!IITeJIb - 60raTooro II T. rr.; iCy6'beKTbI IQ)J.HOH COll.IIaJIhHiOH
I pyrrrrbI MorYT 06XO,LJ.HTbCH npHBeTCTBHHMI1: «3)J.OPOB!», «BiTalOb>,
Mae BaM rnaiHaBa'HHe!», «qaJIOOM BaM!», «Q3Cll.b!»). PIITyaJIbHO-
1\1al'WleCKaH CPYiHKll.HH TI. oc006eHHo HaI'JIH)I!HG IBbI'cTyrraeT ,13 TeX, KG-
p()lpbIe 06paIlJ;eHbI K pa60TalOIlJ;eMY: «Bor ,13 IlOMOIlJ;b», «TIaMa2KbI,
I ;mKa», «GnapbI, E02Ka», «Bar nOMill, naMaralI6i» (,cKJIaAbIBalO-
'".('MY, 'HaCbIIIalOII.:(eMY) II T. rr., 3a KOTopbIe aApecaT 006H3aH 6JIaf\0-
1I,:IPHTb.
TI. iBep6aJIbHble qaCTO 'CGrrpOOB02K,Z:laJIHCb oonpeJ(eJIeHHbIMH )!{ec-
I'a MIl: nOKJJ'OHaMH, CKJIOHeHIIeM I10JIOBbI, 'CHHTHeM r0J10B'H0I'0 y60pa,
IIt"KIIAbIEaHlIeM, IIG2KaTHeM PYK HAP.
J1I1T.: BbICJiOYi. 1979.
JI. M. COJIOBEP/
I1PHrOBOPbI CBA.QEEHbIE p., DPbIrABOPbI B5ICEJ1b-
II LI5I 6., TIPI1MOBKI1 BECIJ1bHI y.- pHcpMO!B3'HIlbIe 11JI.11 PHT-
Ivlll30BaHHble rr03THqeCKIIe rrpOH3Be,LJ.eHllH cpGpMYJIbHOrO THlIa ,MarH-
'\l'(;NO-3aKJIILHaTeJIbHOrO nJIU n03)J.paBI1TeJIbHG- nOO2KeJIa TeJIbHOrO xa-
paKTepa, HBJI5IIOII.:(HeCH 'C'ocTaBHoH 'IaCTbID cBaAe6H'oroo o6pH)J.a.
110 06PH)J.OBO-CPYHKll.;JIOHaJIbHoMY Ha3Ha'Ie:HlllO II TeMaTwleCIwH
'iI:mpa!IWeHHOCTIl IBbI)J.eJIHIOTCH )J.Ba IBH,LJ.a TI. c. 1). Marl1qeCIW-3a-
h.IIIl'HaTeJIbHble - HaH60JIee )J.peBHHe, OCHGBa;HiHble Ha Bepe 13 MarH-
'i("l'KYlO CIlJIY CJIOBa. B HIIX HCHO rrpOCJIe)KHBael1cH 'CBH3b C 3-a'KJIH-
1I:IHI1HMH 11 3aroBopaMH. yicllOJ1HHJIHCb J(PY2KKoii, CBaTOM HJIII Tbr-
I'I1IJ,KIlM nepe,'!, iOrrpe)J.eJIeHHbIM pHTyaJIbHbIM )J.eIICTBHeM (oHarrp.,
lIl'peA O'HH'DHeM BeHKa y IHeBeCTbI) IlJIII O)IiHOBrpeMe'H.HO !C HI1M (06-
XOJ.\. ,cBa)J.e6Horo noe3)J.a H IQKpOrrJIeHIle eI10 IBO)J.OH, <OK 30Hi ll.b 6 a
1':I)J3JIKi» Y 6eJIOpYCOB II AP.). COAep2KalfHe Tarmx rrpnroBopoB
lIa,pbHpyeTcH B 3aBH'CHMOCTll OT 06pH)J.a. Hx r-ra3Haqerme - rrpeAo-
\'p,ItIUTb MOJIO)J.bIX H cBa)J.e6HYlO )I;py)!m'HY GT !OO3)J.eIICTBHH Bpe,lI,HbIX
,'II.l! H ,'!,YX'OB, COLI.eH,CTBOBaTb 6JIarOrrOJIYQHI'J 2KeHHXa H .HeBeCTbI, HX
l''IaCTblO, 3)I;OpOBblO, PO}KAe'IIHIO AeTeH. B D. ;C. 3Toro \!3II,'!,a coxpa-
IlIlJIUCb OT3BYKH ApeBHei1nIIIX cpOpM 3aKJIlO'IeHHH 6paKa.
2) D03JIipaBI1TeJIb'I-IO-rrOO:iKeJIaTeJIbHble TI. c. 'He CBH3aHbI IC KGH-
h pCTHbIMH pl1TyaJIbHbIMH AeHcTBEHMH. 3TO YCl1oi'IqHBble CPOPMYJIbI,
lI'OBTopHeMbIe APY2KKOH .130 IBcex 3TIII300AaX 'CBa)J.b6bI 6e3 II3Mer-reHHH,
a TalOKe rrpJIroOBOpbI-'HMrrpOBJI3all.HH ,C HCrrOJIb30BaHHeM Tpa)J.Hll.I10H-
III>IX CPOPMYJI. HCnOJI.1IHJII1Cb no pa3HbIM 'CJIyqaHM, 13 3aC1'OJIbe, LIaCTO
lIo'eH.JIll lOMOpHCTl1qeCKIIH xapaKTep. AJ(pecaTOM EX MOOrJIII 6bITb
1\10JIOJ(ble, 'YIX pOOAIITeJII1, cBa)J.e6Hble qrrHbI, rOCTII II T. A. CIO)J.a 2Ke
II)(()J.\.HT npHI'O'BopbI-rr02KeJIaHHH, npG1I3HOCnMble YLIaCTHHKaMII CBa)J.b-
1M OP!! pa3)J.eJIe KapaBa5! H ,'!,apeHHH MOJIOAbIX.
I
I
I
, I;
282
n
TI. C. X3'paKTepHbI )J.JIH CBaAe6Horo cpOJIblmOpa Bcex BOCTOqJ:IO-
CJIaBHHOKHX HapO}J)OB, O)J.HaKO HMeIOT onpe)J.eJIeHHYlO Hall.HOHaJIb-
HYIO Crrell.lIcpliKY. B Py,oClmH 'CBaAb6e OTJIWIHTeJIblHOH qepTOH HBJIH-
10 'DC 51 6aeHHble TI. 'c., a TaIGKe rrpnrOBopbI rrplI rrepeMeHe 6JIlO .
B 6eJI.opYOOKOM H ywpaHHcKOM cBaJ(e6HOM cpOJIbKJIOpe HaH60JIee
lliH'pOKO rrpeJ(CTalBJIeHbI TI. C. I1piH pa3)J.eJIe KapaiBaH H AapmmH MG-
JIOAbIX. TIo3TIIKa TI. C. 60raTa 1I pa3lHio06pa3Ha, 13 HliX HCrrGJIb30Ban
rrGLI'TH BeCb ap:ceHaJI cpOJIbKJIOpHbIX cpeJIiCTB H3006pmKeHHH: lIHOCKa-
3a\HHH, MeTacp'opbI, CpaB'HeHHH, rHnep60JIbI, CIIHOHHMHH II T. )J.. OC-
HOBHble KOMrrG31II.:(HOHHble rrplieMbI - 06paII.:(eHHH, CH!HTaKCJfqeCKIIii
rrap,aJIilleJIH3M. B OCHOBe TI. C. JIe)IQIT CIW30BbIH CTHX.
J1I1T.: BnceJlae. A6paA. 1978; PyccKa51 cBa.ll:e6Ha51 n033V->1 CU6HpH I COCT.
P. IT. I10TaHIma. HOBocu6upCK, 1984; MopeeBa A. /(. TpaJWi{UOHHbIe !jJOPMYJlbI
B rrpHroBopax cBa;J:e6HbIx Apy}/{eK /1 XY.ll.O}/{eCTBeHl1bIll !jJom:I('IJOp. M., 1927; Hu-
KO/lbC1Wii H. M. ITpoHCXO}/{AeHHe H HCTOpH5I 6eJIOpycC!WH cBa;J:e6HoH 06PHAHOCTH.
M,H., 1956; Beci.lJbHi nicHi. 1982.
T. K. THIlKOBA
fIPI1META p., TIPbII\META 6., TIPHKMETA y.- rrpH3Ha :
OC'lIOBaHHbIH Ha 06"beKT.IIBlI:IOII 3a'l"OHOOMepHOCTH H npOBepeH'HbIII
M!HOrOBeKOBbIM OnblTOM LHapOJ(a, rrpeJIiBeIl.:(alOII.:(HH Ra,KGe-JIH600 HBJIe-
HHe, c06bITlIe, AeHcTBHe. HapO)1!Hble TI. OTHOCHTCH qaIl.:(e Bcero K
rrpe)J.cTOHII.:(eH rroroJ(e, 02KH;J,aeMOMY yp02KalO, cpH3H'IeCKOMY COCTOH-
HHIO 'IeJIGBeK,a II! )KH.BOTHbIX 1I T. n. TI., o606IlJ;HBrnHe Ha6JIlOAa'TeJIb-
HOCTb M'HOrI-IX rrGKOJIeHTIH, rrOMGraJIli Hapo)J.Y !B ero 2K1I3JHI! II pa60Te.
OH'll n031BOJIHJIH LleJIOBeKY pall.HOHaJIbHO pacrrpeAeJIlITb CBOH 3aHH-
THH, cBoeBpeMe'H!HO rroceHTb IIJIII y6paTb TY lIJIH mHYlO arpa:p.HYlO
KYJIbTYPY, IIOO B03MGmHnCTI! y6epeQb ce6H H CBoe X03HfICTBO OT
IIpiH'pOJ('HbIX CTHXIIII. EbITYH 13 YCl'HOH cpopMe, IT. :HepeAI\iO coxpaHH-
JIHCb 13 rraMHTH 6JIaro)J.apH TOOILHO naHAeHHoMY H3bIKOBOMY OcpOP'M-
JIeHlIlO. I1cnOJIb3GBaIme 13 acpoplICTI!'IHbIX cppa3ax plIcpMbI, MeTKHX
Hap0Jl!HbIX .06pa30B c6JIu2KaJIo 3a'la-CTYlO ,TI. C nOCJIOBHll.aMlI I! HGrO-
BOpR,aMI!. B Tex CJIY'IaHX, KorAa 13 IIpeAC'Ka3aHHHx 06"beRTI!BHOCTb
npnqlI!H>HO-CJIe)J.cTBe'HIroH CBH3I! 1wpyrnaeTcH H ee rrO)J.MeHHeT BLI-
MbICeJI, nO,lI!06Hble Y11Bep2K)J.e'HH5! npaB'lI.'1bHee KBaJIlIcpmI;HpOBaTb He
KaK TI., a 'Ra'R rrOBepbH (CM.), XOTH IHepe,lIiKO 13 HapGAe 3TH ,'1,Ba no-
HHTHH He pa3JIlIqalOl1CH.
J1I1T.: JIe'i'PymeBcKuii A. 06mepycCKIIll AHemInK epKoBHbIX, HapoAHbIX, ce
MellHbIx npa3.l1.HHKOB H X03HllcTBeIIHbIx 3aH5ITHH, rrpllMeTbl U raA3HH5I. J1bBOU,
1865; EOPUC06 B., l.Jy6UHCiWii JI. I\a,1eHA3pb IOro-3anai1Jmro Kpa51 Ha 1873 r.
KHeB, 1872; HWWrpOpOBCKUii H. H. flpocToHapoAHble rrpuMeTbI H rrOBepb5I. BHTe6CK.
1897; HaaeJICou/i H. PyccKHe HapoAHbIe npHMeTbl: OqepK II .IKUBOnHcHaH POCCIUI.
1904. N2 24 (180); Ea/lOB A. B. qepTbI pyccKoro HapoAImro KaJIeHAap l:
.IJ:HH HeAeJIU B PYCCKHX IJaPOi1J{bIX BepOBaHH5IX II Pyc. apxHB. 1907. N2 1; CepJ/ CIl !l
TOYCKi A. K. npLIMXi i 3a6a60HbI 6eJIapycay-rr3nelliYImy. MH., 1930; MWibKO JI. 11.
CyeBepHH H npHMeTbI. MH., 1975; Pederows!?i M. 1897. T. 1.
B. A. BACHJIEBI1"
n
283
IIPHHLLI1TIbI Cl1CTEMATl13ALLl1l1 <DOJlbKJlOPHbIX MA-
IVPI1AJlOB p., TIPbIHLLbITIbI CICT3MATbI3ALLbII <DAJlb-
1,.JIOPHbIX MAT3PbI5IJlAY 6., TIPI1HLLI1TIH CI1CTEMATI13A-
IUT <DOJlbKJlOPHI1X MATEPIAJlIB y. OOHOBbIBalOTCH Ha C)J.H!H-
,'THC KplITeplIeB }lWHPOBO-BHJI:OBOro H BHYTplI2KaHpOBOro )J.eJIeHlIH
V'''1 1 IIon03THLleCKHX npOIf3Be)J.eHlfH, iHa BbIHBJIeHH'lI TaK'lIX qepT, I{OO-
IHpbIe onpe)J.eJIHlOT 'Cnell.lIcplIKY 60JIbWUX H MaJIbIX ,rpyrrrr rrpoH3Be-
II,t'linH 1I 06YCJIOBJIeHbI 3a)J.a L laMII nx :IWCJIeAOBa!HUH, ny6JIlIKall.IIH
11.11'11 XpaJ:IemIH. B cpOJIbKJIOpHC'TliKe 'IaII.:(e ncero H'CrrOJIb3YlOT'CH TI. C.
'I'. M.: 3THorpacpHqeOKI!H, UCTOpI!'IeCIUIH, 3CTeTHqeCIUIH, TeM3'THqe-
1'1, I I ii, CPYHKIJ:HOHaJIbHbIH, ,J{oMn03Hll.HOiHHO-'CTIIJIeBOH, pI!TMJI-KO- MeJIO-
1I,IILlecKIIH H .n:p. TIpH COCTaBJIe'HIIH 'CBOO)J.OB <Hapo)J.HOI'O TBOp'IeCTBa
IVIO)KeT 6bITb rrOJI02KeH 13 'OCHOBY /He O)J.HH, a HeC:ROJIbKO rrpH'HI.:(HnDB.
I; OBoAe «YKpaI!HCKOe 'HapG)J.Hoe TBOp'IeCTBo» nCrrGJIb30BaHbI CPY.HK-
11,IIOilIaJIbHbIli, TeMaTI!qeCIUIII, KOMII03Hll.H-OHHO-'CTI1JIeBOII II pHTMHKO-
IYH'JIOAWleCKHH. npHHll.lIrrbI. B CBo)J.e «EeJIOPY'ccKoe 'Hapo)JjHGe TBOp-
'i('CTBG» - 2KaHpOBO-3CTeTIIqecKHH, CPYHKll.lIOiHaJIbHO-TeMaTHqeCKliH H
IIII TMH'KO- MY3bmaJIbiHbIH. PyocKHe cpGJIbKJIOplICTbI p a3p a60TaJIH
1I.Ii<!H-npOCrreKT CBoAa Hapo)J.Horo TBOpqeCTHa, rAe 06IlJ;aH CHCTeMa-
IIUall.IIH npoBe)J.eHa rroo IceplIHM 2Ka'Hp-0BbIX %OMnJIeKCOB, a BHYTPH
!l\arrpOB - no peruO'HaJIbHO-reorpacpH'IeClwMY, 'ClO2KeTHO-TeMaTH'Ie-
I'I\OMY 1I .n:p. -npHlHll.HrraM. fIpH CHC'TeMaTH3all.lIII yeJ1HOrr03TlI'IeOKHX
IIp I Orr3lBe)J.eHHH TICrrOJIb3YlOTCH KaTaJIOrH 'ClO)KeTOB - YRa3aTeJIH ClO-
ihe"I'l-IbIX TI!rrGB 'CKa30K rro 'CHCTeMe Aap,He- TOMrrooHa, YKa3aTeJIlI
('IO)KeTOB 6aJIJIa)J..
,I
J1I1T.: I1p06,1[eMbI «CBoAa pYCCKoro !jJ0,1bKJIOpa» II PI'!>. J1., 1972. T. 18; rpu-
1(11 c. Fl., J1.eii O. /. I1p.HHl unH KJIaCcu!jJuKa ii H HaYIwBoro BUAaHH5I YKpalHcbKol
I',IIOBCCHO-MY3Hql-I01 Hapo!J:I-I01 TBOpqOCTi I-Ia cyqaCHOM eTarri. KIIlB, 1968; cpR-aoci/(
,I, c. npblH bIIIbI I(.1[aci!jJiKa bIi i BbIAaHHH !jJaJIb](JIOpHbIX TBopay y lliMaTTOMHbIM
IIIO)(3e 6eJ1apYCKaH HapoAuall TBOp<Iacu:i. M., 1983; EepesoBcbKUii /. JI. npHI{ U-
1111 BHAaHH5I Ka3KoBoro errocy B 6ar3ToToMHiH cepii «YKpalHcbKa HapoAHa TBOp-
'11'-1'1,»: IX Mi}/{HapO.ll:IUIll 3'i3A C.13BicTiB. ICTOpi5l, KYJlbTypa, !jJO.1!bKJIOP Ta eTHO-
'1",,[,iH C.1l0B'HHCbKHX HapoAiB. .IJ:orroBiAi. I\ulB, 1983; Ka6aulI-IUlwB K- JI. I1PUH-
111111"/ U3AaHU5I H3pO.ll:HblX rreceH B cBOAe 6e.nopyccKoro !jJOJIbKJIOpa II HapoAI-Ioe rre-
, ","roe HaCJIe.ll:He 11 cOBpeMeI-lHOcTb. Pur3, 1984. LI. 2.
II
II
II!'
A. C. CPEJ1.0CHK
I,
TIPHTIEB, PE<DPEH p., TIPbITIEY 6., TIPI1CTIIB y.- %OMIIO-
:111I,UOHiHbIH. rrplIeM; pHTMHqeCKlI rrOBTOpHlOIl.:(IreCH IIOiCJIe Ka2K,TJJOH
t'rpucpbI HJII! CTHxa CJIOBO, CTHX HJIlI rpyrrrra 'CTI!XOB, 'l.IaCl1O OTJII!qalO-
1IIIIIl'CH OOT OCHOB'Horo rreCeI-IHOrG TeKC'Ta CTI!XOOTBOpIHbIM pa3MepoM n
Mt"lIo)J.lIeH. TI. 06eCne'IIIBaeT Llenme Cl1pGcpI!LleC!KOe qJIeHe'Hlle rreceH-
'11'( ,\'() TeRCTa, rrOBbIrnaeT era CJIOBeCHO-,MeJIOAH'leCKYID Bblpa3IITeJIb-
II(WTb, KOHK'peTH3IIpyeT OCHOBHYlO MbICJIb OTJI:eJIbHoti CTpOcpbI HJIH
1I('(1!!H B I.:(eJIOM, orroc06cTByeT ee BOCIIpHHTHID 1I 3arrOMHIHa'HlIIO.
II. Ka'K rr03THqeCKIOe HBJIemle He)J.OC'Ta110 L IHO 1I3Y'IeLH, '13 HayqHOH
,II,II'/'('paType p'a!CCMaTplIBaJIlICb JI.IIrnb OTAeJIbHble acrreKTbI: rrp06JIe-
I
I
i
,
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,
284
n
MbI reHe3liCa, TlI'rIbI TI. 13 pa3JIIIqHbIX rrece:HHbIX 2K3JHpaX, pOJIb TI.
13 apXHTeKTOHlIKe rreOHH (BeCeJIOBCKHH, )l(lIPMYHCKHH, IlIlIrnMaperB,
CH)J.eJIbHilIKOB, paBll.OB, BlIIHOrpa,lI!QB, BBeAe'HCRaH, EJIaTOB).
TIo C'BOeMY 3HaqeHlIIO 13 CJIOBedHOOH II PHTMIIK:O-MeJIO)J.UqeOKOII
opraHH3all.iIlH rreCeHHGr:o TeKCTa TI. rrO)J.pa3AeJIHIOTCH ,Ha J(Ba BE)J.R:
B'Heill'Ime H BHYT.peHHlIe. HHeIlHme 13 CBOIO OqepeAb )J.eJI5fTCH Ha He-
pa3BepiHYTble (pecppeHbI-KJIUqH) 1I pa3Bep!HYTble (MY3bIKaJIbHble II
CMbICJIOBble). BHYTpelurne TI. BKJIIOqalOT ABa TIIrIa: rrpOCTbIe (irrpu-
rIeB-3aXBaT) U YCJI02KHeHHble (MY3bIKaJIbHbIH rrpHrreB + rrpHneB-3a-
XBaT) .
Pa3HbIM 2KaHpaM l1eCeHH0l10 cpOJIbKJIOpa cBO!kTBeH'Ea orrpeAe-
JIeI-U-Ia5! )J.HcpcpepelHll.lIall.UH pa3JIHqHbIX TurrOB TI. BIHYTptbrume rrpo-
CTble TI. xapaKTepHbI NOJIHJ(HbIM 'l1eOHHM (Hanrp.: «KOJI5IXr.a!», «Tay-
ceHb!», «CBHTbI Beqap!» H )J.p.). PecppeHbhKJIHqH COCTa'BJIHlOT crre-
ILlICPHRY BeceHHUX H )KHlIBHbIX rreceH. BiHYTpelIrIme YCJI02K'HeHHble D.
Han60JIee ynGTpe6uTeJIbHbI 13 KyrraJIbCRUX JI 'cBaAe6HbIX rreCHHX.
.QJIH Heo6pH)J.OBGH rr033HH Xapa>KTep'HbI BHernHHe pa3BepHYTble II
B'HYTpeHlme YCJI02KHeHHble TI.
"I
J1I1T.: )l(UP,IIYHClWil B. J1, I\oMn03U U5I JIHpUqeCKUX CTHxoTBOpeI-IlIiL I1r."
1921; BeceAoBcKuU A. H. HCTOpHqeCKaH n03TUKa. J1., 1940; CUaeAbHlllwB B, M. I10-
3TUKa PYCCKOI'i. HapOAI-IOtI JIHpHKU. M., 1959; EAaToB B. H. PUTMUqeCKUe OCHOBbI 6e-
JIOPYCCKOH HapOJJ,I1oi'I MY3bIKU. MH., 1966; KpaBlf06 H. H. ITo:nuKa PYCCKHX Ha-
pOAHbIX JIHpnqeCKHX neceH. LI. 1: KOMrr03u u5I. M., 1974; JI.eii O. I. IToeTIIIG1
YKp,alHcLKol Hapo.ll:Hol nicHi. I\ulB, 1978; rpil{a C. FI. Menoc YKpaiHcbKol eniKH.
I\HlB, 1979.
T. K. THJIKOBA
TIPI1TIEBKA p., DPbITIEYKA 6., DPI1CDIBKA y.- 1) To 2Ke"
"lITO H LIaiCTyrnKa, HapoAHbIH TepMH'H y iBcex BOCTOqHGCJIaBHHOKUX
sapoo)J.oB, ynoTpe6JIHlOII.:(HHCH 1I 113 HaYQHOII JIIlTepaTYipe. 2) He6oJIb-
rnaH l1eCHH, COOnpGB02K)J.alOII.:(aH Kmme-JIH60 AelkTBHH: a) TI. TPY-
)J.OBble ap-TeJIbHble - KpaT'IaHrnHe 06pa30BaHHH, COCTOHilUIe JIH60
lI3 CJIOBa KOMaH)J.bI C YCTOIl'lJ!!BO pacrro3iHaBaeMoII MY3bIKaJIbHOii
HHTOlHaD:IIeH, JIII60 H3 MY3bl'KaJIblHO-rrG3TH'IeClmH J(BYCTIIXOBOH CTpOO-
cpbI ,C rrpIlrreBoM, M06HJIlI3YlOII.:(lIM cpH3UqeClme YC'lIJIUH (<<)..Ly6HHYIII-
Ka», «XO)J.OM-BD,lI:OM»); nplIMeHHJIHCb 13 JIHMOLIHOM ,cYAOXO,lIiCTBC,
rrplI 'l10rpY30 L I'HO-pa3rpY300'IHbIX pa60Tax Ha peKax, rreperoHRe rrJI'O-
TaB U Ap.; 6) TI. HrpoBble, BeJIWIaJII>Hble, 6ece,lI:Hble U Ap.- He60JIb-
mIle rreC'HH Ha 3HMHHX rrOCHAeJIOqHbIX Hrpax (lceBe'P POCCHH, CpeJ(-
Hee TIo.BGJI:iKbe, ClI6upb), cO)J.ep2KaII.:(lIe pUTyaJIH30BaiHHble 3pOTWIC-
CIme KOMa'H)J.bI (<<TIGll.eJIyi'I, ({aTopy xornb», «TIOQeJIYIO pa3 rrHTO'K'>
1I np.) H oplIeHTupo,BaHHble 'rro MY3bmaJIbHOII CTHJI,uCTlI'Ke .7.1H60 lIa
C{{OMOpOIIIbe-rrJIHCoBYlO, JI1I60 'CTpocpHLleCKYlO XOpOBO)IjHYlO, JIn60
cBa)J.e6HYIO m CHIO. 3) JJ:HaJIeK11HGe (BOJIoroJl'CKaH 06JI. Ii ,il,p.) -
MeC'fIIWe Ha3BaHI:le cBaJ(e6Hblx BeJIHqaJIbHbIX rreceH. 4) MOHOCTpO-
cpaqeCKlIe npoH3BeAeHHH, IcOnpOB02KJ(aIOII.:(lIe TaHll.bI.
CM. TaK)!{e lJaCTYUlKa II JIJIT.
n
285
.DI1T.: JI.filu1pueBa E. 3aMeqaHHH 0 MY3bIKaJlbHOH CTopOHe qacTYllieK II C60p-
"'II, BeJIUKopyCCKUX qacTYllieK/I10A peA. E. H. E.lleOHCKOH. M., 1914; Ea1'luli A.
IPy}(oBbIe apTe.1lbHbIe neCHI1 H npHneBKH. M., 1971; HCTOlilU/-I H. TpYAoBbIe npu-
''''111(11 nJIOToroHOB. M., 1979; EaAatliOB JI.. M., Map'teH1W 10. H., KaA,IlbllWBa H. H.
I' yccKa51 cBRAb6a, M., 1985.
M. A. JIOEAHOB
TIPHCKA3KA p., DPbIKA3KA 6.- KOMrr03lII ,lIoHlHbIH 3JIeMeHT
('i\a3ml, rrpeJ(BapHlOIlJ;HH rrOBeCTBOBaHHe, IHenocpeACTBeiHHO He CBH-
;t:IHIHbIH C ee OCHGB'HbIM cO)J.ep2KaHneM. TI. rrpeJ('CTaBJIHeT C060H IOMO-
pIlCTlI'lleCKOe, HapOqHTOe coeJ(J1.HeHIIe 'HecoeAHIHIIMGrO, JIerKYlO sa-
('MernKY Ha)J. qYAecHbIM, CTpeMJIeHHe 3apoHHTb JIerImH CKerrClIC 13
(J')UIorneHIfH CJIyrnaTeJIeH K rrpe)J.cTOHII.:(eMY cpaHTaICTiWl( ClmMY pac-
{'h:a3Y. IlIYTJIIIBbIH Ha60p 'He6bIJIlIll. HMeeT ll.eJIblO rrepeKJIlOqlI'TI:i,
IIIIIIMaHHe CJIyrnaTeJIH 1I3 peaJIbHOrO 13 cRa30 L IHbIH MHp, c03)J.aTb
ol'o6bIH IHaCTpOH Ha BOC'IIp-IIHl'IIe CKa3Im. TI. Hepe,'l)KO 3aRaiHIIH'Bae'f1CH
,',IIOBaMH: «3TO He CKa3Ka, a rrpIICRa3Ka, a CKa3Ka 6Y)J.eT rrOCJIe
II (J e)J. a, rroeMrnH MHrIWrO xJIe6a ...»
J1I1T.: JIo.Mepa/-llfeBa 3. B. PyccKa51 HapoAHaH CKa3Ka. 1\1., 1963.
B. A. EAXTHHA
TIPHTLJA p., y., TIPbITLJA 6.- 2Ka\HpOHaH pa3HGBH,'l,HOCTb He-
('I\a30LI!HOH rrp03bI, 'THl'OTeIOII.:(aH K XiplIC'f.lIaHCKOH JIereH)J.e, 'HMelOII.:(aH
II O'CHOBe HpaB-CT,BeH!HO-iHaCTaB'HTeJIl)HGe cpaBHeHIle. B GTJIHqHe OT
Ilam-IH 6epeT MaTep.naJI )J.JIH cpaBHeHIIH TDJIBKO ill3 2KH3HH ,JIlOAeH,
IN) He H3 }KHBOOTtHOrO HJIII paCTlITeJIbHOrO MIIpa, 1I cpaBHHBaeT rro
"XO,lIiCTBY, a He rro WO'HTpa'CTY. ClO2KeTbI cpOJIbKJIOpHbIX TI. BOCXiO)J.HT
110 rr:pelIMYIlJ;eCTBY K KanOHlI'IeCKHM H arrOKplIcpHLleC:KIIM -upOII3Be)J.e-
IIIIHM Xp,uCTlI3>HCIWH KHH2KHOCTII, HO HHTeprrpeTIIpGBaHbI OOOTseTCT-
IIlmHG npe,!J:CTaBJIeHHHM, CBOHCTBeiHHbIM'I10H cpe)J.e, 13 KOTOpOII TI.
(JluyeT.
J1I1T.: PO,IlaH06 E. P. 1891. BblII. 4; ArpaHaCbeB A. H. HapOJJ;I1bIe PyccKue Jle-
l'I'II}(bI. ,'\It, 1914; LIapiBHa Top6a: YKpalHcbKi Hapo,lmi Ka3KE, ripUTqi, JlereHAU, rre-
1"'I,a3H, nicHi Ta rrpuc.1iB'51, 3amrcaHi BiA 1\1. I. 1ll0nJI5IKa-I\03aKa I YrropH.lI:., nepeA-
MOlla, npuMiTKfI Ta C.1l0BHHK I. M. CeHbKa. Y2Kropo,U, 1988.
I
C. H. A3EEJIEB
TIPI1LJHTAHI15I, TIPI1LJETb, DPHLJET, TIJ1ALJ, BOTI p., rA-
.lll\IlI3HHI 6., TIJ1ALJ, r0J10CIHH5I y.- 2KallIp, reHeTWleCKH
"BH3a'HHbIH C Tpa Hll.IIOHiHbIM rrox'OpoHHbIM 06pH,lI:OM 1I 1I3BecTHbIII
y OOJIbrnIIHCTBa .HapO,lIiOB ,MIIpa, pa3BH'TbIII 13 'pa3HoH oCTerrmm - aT
:rparWleClmx np03aHLleCKIIX BbmplIKOB )J.O BbICOKoopramI30BaiH'Hb ?,
I"TIIXOOTBOpHbIX TeKCTOB, l1pGCTpaiHHbIX 3JIerII'IeCWIIX JIaMeiHTall.HH,
I'I00KCTHbIX l1JIaqeH-rr03,M. CBHAeTeJIbC'TBa 00 TI. Y BOOCTOqHbIX 1CJIa-
IIHII COAep2KaTCH 13 )J.peB'I-IepYCCI{OOII nHCbMeHHOCTH.
I
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'TItB'HO nCrrOOJIb3GBaJIJiCb !HaKOrrJIeHHble l'pa)J.llll.l1eH CJIOBeC'Hble cpop-
MYJIbI, 'C:TPOWll llJIll rpyrrrrbI ICTpGK, .crpyrrrrllpOBa<H'Hble KaK rro XO)J.Y
06pH)J.a, TaK 1I ,13 3aBHCllMOOCTH lOT ,peaJIbHIOH 6bITOBOH CHTy a U Hll .
TparH3'M, 3MOll.HOHaJIb'HaH HanpH2KeHHOCTb (H Aa2Ke rrepeHarrpH2KeH-
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MOrllJIOH H T. rr.). TIoMH'HaJIbHble TI. (Ha COpOKOB'HiHbI, 13 PO)J.GBII.:(HiHY
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BJIHHHlleM oc06orG 3MOll.'lIOHaJII>HOrO COCTOH'HI1H rrpH'IHTblBaIDII.:(eH,
BCnOMllHaBrneH rrOKOOHHllKa.
Y Hapoo)J.oB, r)J.e Tpa)J.lIll.H5! TI. 6bIJIa oc06eHHo pa3BllTa, 6bITO-
iBaJIJI 'TaK2Ke cBaAe6Hble TI., IJ{OTOpbIe 'rrpOJI3'HOCllJIHCb llieBecToH HJIH
OT HMeHH HeBeCTbI (HHlOr)J.a ee Ma'TepblO llJIilI )J.pyrH'MilI 'P'O)J.CTBeJHHH-
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E OT,'!,eJIbHble 3arraJ(I-IOTIOpKCKHe rpyrrnbI). TIpH MeHee pa3BllTOii
Tpa-,lIJHll.HilI cBa)J.e6Hblx TI., Hanp. Y 6eJIOPycoB (BHTe6I.QllHa), OHn
JI010JIHHJIllCb TOJIbWO HeBecToII -CllprO'TOII.
C.Ba)J.e6HbIe TI., KaK npaBllJIO, llMnpOBII31lpOBiaJIllCb, G,lI,HaKO EX
TeRCTbI OTJIllqaJIHCb 60JIbrneH YCTOHqHBOCTbIO, TaK 'Ka'K ,ceTOBamuJ.
HeBeC'TbI 6bIJIH pHTyaJIbHO G6H3aTeJIhHbIMH, HG IHe Bcer)J.a MOTlIBII-
pOBaJJllIICb 3MOll.HOHaJIb!HbIM 'COCTOHHilleM :HeBeCTbI. OHll MOrJIH 1:IC-
nOOJIHHTbCH caMOH HeBeCTOH HJIll 'BMeC'Te 'C XOpO'M ee nO)J.pyr, a rrpII
BbIBOjJ:e ee K cBa)J.e6HOMY CTOJIY ;H IT. IHa3. rro)J.POJIOCHHll.eH (i!mrrp.,
y PYCCKHX). Y BOCTO'IHbIX CJIaBflI-I oc06m-mo ipa3 1 BHToH 6bIJIa 'ceBep-
iHopycoKaH Tpa)J.llll.lIH (BbI,'!,arOIlJ;lleCH ,06pa3ll.bI ee 6bIJIH 3anH'CaHhI
GT H. A. <De}I;OOOBOH, A. C. Eor)J.aHoBoH H ,'I.'p.).
113 13 ecT.!-J. bI TaK2Ke D. peKpY'l'CKlle H npH rrpO'BO)J.ax COJI)J.aT Ha
BOH'HY, a TaK2Ke TI. 'He06pH)J.OBble, CBH3aHHble IC pa3JIH'IiHbIMIli 6bITO-
BbIMII HeCqaCTbHM i (600JIe3Hb, 1IJ02K3p,HeYP02KaH, rra)J.e2K CKOTa),
B 'TGM qnCJIe H B.lI!OBbll, CMbIKalOI.QHeCH 'C nOMlIHaJII>HbIMH.
",,JIHT.: ITpUqI1TaHbH C BepHoro Kpa5l, C06paHl1bIe E. B. EapCOBb]M. Iv1., 1872-
1 "x". LI. 1-3; ABaJoBc1wu M. K. J1eHcKHe npUqHTaI-lu5I. LIuTa 1922' MuxaiiJlOB
:11 .. _ PycCKHe nJIa'lH I\apeJIHH. ITeTp03aBoAcK. 1940; I1pUqH;aHHH i COCT. E. E.
III( 10Ba, K B. LIHCTOB. J1., 1960; PyccKa51 HapoAHo-6bITOBa51 JIUpHKa: ITpUqHTaHH5I
I ,('lIc'pa.B 3arrUCHX . T. Ea3aHoBa H A. I1. PasYMoBoH. ,'lt1.; J1., 1962; ITaxaBaHHi.
11:'MIHKl. r Jlalli3HHl. ]986; CfucToB K. B. I1pHHa AHApeeBHa l'!>eAocoBa: I1CTopUKO-
I. y,lIbTypHblH oqepK. ITeTp03aBoAcK, 1988; Cp6CKe HapoAHe TY2K6a.1[u e U3 c36upKU
1.1. III aYJIHHa. EeorpaA, 1929; Mahler E. Die russische Totenklage. Leipzig, 1936;
(.I/Cll/W6UH B. !-"(pHoropcKe HapO.ll:He TY2K6aJm e. TUTorpa.ll:. 1970; Alexion M. The
nillal lament III Greek tradition. Cambridge, 1974; Nenola-Kallio A. The La-
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"'productIon III oral hteratur. Budapes\, 1980; Haas R. Die mittelerrglische To-
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K. R CfHCTOB
. TIP03A HAPO.QHA5I YCTHA5I p., TIP03A HAP0JJ:HA5I
I,YCHA5I 6., TIP03A HAPO.QHA YCHA y. rrpe.n:'CTaBJIHeT C0060H
('IIC'TeMY 2KarHpGB KaK y.HaCJIe.n:OBaHHbIX 'OT npOrnJIbIX 3rroox, TaR II
IIj)()AOJI2KaIOII.:(HX OCTaBaTbCH rrpo)J.YK,HBHbIM'H. OT paSOBbIX TeKC1'OB
1I00 TOHHHO IB03iHRKalOII.:(llX B .npOll.eCce rrOBceAHeBHGrO 06I.QeIUIH>
III J 03aHq,eClme cpOJIbKJIOpHble TeKCTbI -oTJIllqalOTCH Tpa)J.HI.:(nOH'HOCTblO
/V\e}KnOOKDJIeHHaH Tpa'HCM'UCCHH OCYI.QeCTBJIHeTCH He rrocpe.n:CTBOM
lI()pmKAeUllH pe'IH no Tpa)J.Hll.HOHiHbRM npalBHJIaM, a rrepe)J.aqeH II
I:Ol'npOH3Be)J.e1meM 'Te1{CTOB. 06I.Qee OTJIWIHe TI. 'H. y. OT rreceHHblx
,) \;\I -J.POB (HJIH C'UIXOTBOP:HbIX) - 'OrpaHlIILleHHbIH xapaKTep CllHKpe-
IlIlli!-J.OCTH - C-oqeTa\HHe CJIOBa ,He C MeJIGJJiHeH, 3 C ll'H1'OHaUlielI He
I" TaHll.eM, a 'C MHMlIKOOH JI 2KeCToM. BMeCTe 'C 'TeM 13 cpOJIhKJIOpe HO-
I'IIX IHapOAOB iB rrpG3aIIqeOlmX TeKC'TaX cpIIKC'l1PYIOTCH BCTaBHble CTH-
( TBOp'Hble cpparMeHTbI HJJ1H )J.a2Ke rreCe'HKII (13 CKa3IKa'X, rrpi03aIIqe-
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ll IKY1'Oq,HOe nOOJI02KeHlle Me2K)J.y np0030H :H CTHX3'MII (rreCHHMII) _
(}'/ HGCTpOqHble rrOCJIOBHll.bI IIJIH acpop113MbI, :pHTMII30BaiHHble 3arOBO-
! J. , KY.MYJIHTlIBHble CKa3,KH, pe'IermH pa'cnropHAHTeJIeHCIBa)J.b6bI, P,H-
I Y.dJIbHble JJillaJIOrH H T. ,rr. K:poMe 'Torn, 113 'CKa3Kax 06bNHO 3iHa'IU-
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I(BYXqaCDHble no CBoeMY rrOCTpOOeI-IHIO.
CpeAH TI. H. y. G6bNHO BbI)J.eJIHlOTCH: a) apXaHqeCiKlle MHcpOJIO-
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' Ka30qHbI 2Ka l HpbI (.BoJIrne6'Hble, 6bI'!10Bble, a 2KHBOTHbIX); r) npo-
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"1)]lfqH, 6bIJIHqKll, MeMopaTbI, cpa6YJIaTbI); .n:) He6bIJIHll.bI' e) rrpo-
";IlI'IeCIrne 2KanpbI, BKJIIOqeH'Hble 13 06pH)J.oBble KOMrrJI0IKbI;' :iK) npiO-
,1;I1J1IeC He 3ara)J.KII; 3) nOCJIOBIIll.bI H acpopII3MbI. B BOC1'O'IHOOCJIa-
IIH'"'l'IKOH lHapO)J.'lIOH :H HayqHOH Tpa)J.IIll.IIlI 13 iOTJIHqne OT 'IIeKOTOpbIX
jl'pyrHx 'HeT :-epMlIiHa, K01'OpbIH OOXBaTllJI 6bI Bce OCHOB'Hble :iKaiH'PbI
(I)(',II.I I{JIOPHOH rrp03bI, H HBJIHI?I.QHeCH CKaSKaMll (cp. 'HeMell.IWe
II pOI HBorrOCTaBJIelme Marchen-Sage, CpP3Hll.Y3clwe conte-legende
288
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np03aHLlecKHx 2KaHpO'B 6bIJIli TPH HX OC:HOB'Hble rpynnbI - OKa3KH,
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npH3HaKY JI;OCl'OBep'HOCTbjHe)J.ocToBe!pIHOCTb. Oe06e;HHocTb TI. 'H. y.
HeCKa300LIHoro xapaKTepa - ,lIiOCl'OBep-HGCTb IIOBeCTBOBaHHH C TOLI'J{H
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HJIII )J.a2Ke npOCTOO KaK TeKCTbI, 'HMelOII.:(He caMOC"DOHTeJIIYHOe :maLle-
'HlIe. TIO!3eCTBOBa'HHe 13 HHX np'oeI.:(HpyeTcH 06bI'IHO 13 n:pornJI{)' , l{0-
Topoe MbICJIH11CH ,Ka'K 'IlCTOp'llLleC,Koe, JIH60 OHO CB5!3aH'O C jJ,JIHlJ1H'MCH
HaCT05!II.:(HM BpeMeHeM (KJIa)J.bI, a nOHCKax KOOTOpbIX paCCKa: bIBa-
eTC5!, npG)J.OJI2KalOT CYII.:(eCTBOBaTb; «H36aBHTeJIb» npo)J.OJJ --KaeT
CKpbIBaTbC5!, 'HO )J.oJI2KeJH CKOpO 06'b5!BHThCH H T. )J..). iB OiTJIH'It,le lOT
CKa3KH )J.JIH TeKCTOB HeCKa30 L IHOH np'03bI xapaKTepHa TeH)J.eHldIH K
BpeMe'HHOH, JIOKaJIb'HOH H nepOOHaJIbHOII npilIYPOlfe!HHOCTH. B TOH
3aKOHOMep:HOCTH peaJIH3yeTcH 006blqrHO HeOC03Ha'HHOe 'CTpeMJ,' HlIe
pa:OOKa3'lIi'l{OB oK nOBblrneRlHlO 'CTeIIeHII )J.DCTOBepHOCT.H paCCi.a3a.
3TO He npOTHBOpe'IHT BMeCTe 'C 'TeM Me2K)I;YHapO.lI<H'OH pacnpOl rpa-
He'HHOCTH 60JIbrnlI'HCTBa ClO2KeTOB, HX pa3JIH'IHOH KOHKpeTH'OH "pill-
ypOqeHHOCTII (HaIIp., pa'CCKa3bI 00 TOM, LITO K.'la)J. :He lHaHTH, "-CJIl'I
HapyrnHTb IKaKOe-JIH60 YCJIOBHe; nocTynKli pa3JIII'IHbIX nepcomvKel1
MorYT 6bITb BeCbMa O\'O,rr:HbI, :KaK 'CXOJI!HbI 6brrBalOT ClO)!(eTbI aa-reKAO-
TOB, pacnpOC11pa'HeHHbIX y pa3HbIX 'HapG)J.OB, .II T. n.). TIo)J. BJIHHHHeM
nGJI;06HOH 3a'KOHOMepHOOCTH T, ,Ha3. HCTOpH'IeCKUe CKa3KH, T. e. CKa3-
KlI, 13 :l{OTOPbIX )J.eHCTBYlOT :H'CTopHqeCKlIe JIWIHOCTH B paMKax Tpa-
]LIIIJ,HOHHbIX CKa30'lHbIX ClO2KeTOB, npH06peTalOT CPYHKIliHlO 'llCTOpll]Tle-
Cl{oro npe)J.a:HH5I.
J1I1T.: .4s6cJwe C. H. OTI-IOllieIlIIe npe.ll.amI5I, JIereH.lI:bI II CI(a3KII K .lI:eHCTBII-
TeJIbHOCTII II CilaB5IHCKHH !jJOJIbKJIOp II IICTOpII'ieCKaH .lI.ei1:cTBIITeabHocTb. M., 1965;
ON e. flpo6JIeMbI MeIK.lI:YHapO.ll.IIOi'I CUCTeMaTII3a I1II npe.ll:aHIIH II JIereH.ZJ: II PI'!>. J1.,
1966. T. 10; rJucToe K. B. flp06JJeJ\1a KaTeropIIH YCTHOi'r HapO.ll.IIOH np03bI HeCKa30q-
Horo xapaKTepa i1 Fabula, 1967. T. 9; OH e. TIp03aIIqeCKIIe }j{aHpbJ B CHCTeMC
!jJOJIbKJIOpa /1 Ilp03aIIqeCKIIe }j{aHpbI !jJOJIbKJIOpa Hapo.ll:oB CCCP. MH., 1974; 3e.1t-
I!OeCKUii H. H. )I\aHp, !jJYHK IIH, cIIcTeMaii COB.My3bIKa. 1971. N2 1; JI ponn B. H.
n
289
<I'OJlbKJIOp II .lI.eiicTBIITeJIbHOcTb. 1976; KpycJlJlUloBa Boo JI. )KanpbI HeCKa30qHOH
1I1'03bI ypaJIbCKOrO ropH03aBo.ll:CKoro !jJOJIbKJIOpa. CBep.ll:JIOBCK, 1976; Bascom W.
Forms of Folklore: Prose Narratives II Journal of American Folklore. 1965.
T. 78; Ranke K. I\ategorienproblem der Volksprose I Fabula. 1967. T. 9, 19;
Ilun/w L. Gattungsproblem Encyklopadie des March s. J? 5. L. 2-3..1968
(Bibliographie); Twodimensional Sheme for the ClassIficatIon of NarratIve II
Journal of American Folklore. 1965. T. 78; Folklore Genre. Ed. by D. Ben-Amos.
L., 1967.
K. B. CfHCTOB
TIP03A KA3AqHA5I 6., TIP03A KA3KOBA y.-'CM. llpo3a
CIW301f./-la51.
TIP03A HAPOJJ:HA5I YCTHA5I HECKA30QHA5I p., TIP03A
] IAPOJJ:HA5I BYCHA5I HEKA3KABA5I 6., TIP03A HAPOJJ:HA
YCHA HEKA3KOBA y.- :pa3iHo06pa3HaH H o6rnHpiHaH 06JIa'CTb
IlIp003aH'leC'K!Oro cpOJIbKJIOpa, 06II.:(aH oc06eHHocTb KOl'OpOH, OOTJIH'IalO-
lI aH aT ee 'CKa30K H 6JI:H3KHX IHM 2KaHpOB,- )J.OBepiHe !H-CnOJI'HlITeJIeH
II CJIyrnaTeJIeH K HCTIIHHOCTH cO)J.ep2KaHHH paCCKa3bIBaeMoro.
I [eCKa30LIHaH IIp03a nO)J.pa3)J.eJIHeTCH Ha pa31H0BH)J.HDCTH no )J.BY,M
OOHOBHbIM KpHTepHHM.
1) OTHOllieHHe K jI,eHCTBHTeJIbHOcTH: OCHOBHble pa3HoBH)J.HOCTH
I I. :H. y. 'H.- npe)J.arrme (CM.) 1lI JIereH)J.a (CM.). MHolme llI'CCJIe OBa-
'I'l'JIH 'BbI)J.eJI5!1OT 'KaK caMOCTOHTeJIbiHble 2KaHipbI 6bIJI'HqKY (-CM.),
I'I\a3 (CM.); 060CHGBbIBaJIOCb TaK2Ke IBbIAeJIeHHe 6bIBa'JIbII.:(H1HbI (CM.)
II 'HewoTopbIX )J.Pymlx pa3'HOBH,lIiHOCTeH. Pa3JIH'IHe JI;BYX rJIalBHblX
OOJIaC'TeH TI. tH. y. IH. OC'HOBaHO 'Ha 110M, 'ITO G)JJHa flI:3 IHUX IHMeeT B
or'HOBe nOJIG2KHTeJIbHOe 3'HaHHe 06 06bI)J.eHHoM (H'CTHtH'HOe HJIH M1JiH-
Moe), )J.pyraH - BepOOBa'HHH H nOp02K)J.eHlHble 'BMH npe)J.fcTaBJIeHH5! a
"y)J.ecHDM. K nepBoH 06JIaCTH OTiHOCH'T'CH 'TaKHe KaTeropHH, KaK npe-
l aIHHe, CKa3, KO BTOpOH - JIereH)J.a, 6bIJIH'l'Ka. TIepllIcpepUH'HOe Me-
l'TO 13 nepBoH 006JIaCTH 3aH'lIMaIOT T. Ha3. MeMlOpaTbI (CM.). Hx no:
rpaHflI'IHOe nOJI02KeHHe :rvre2K)J.y C06CTBelHHO cpOJIbKJIOpOM H 6bITOBOH
YCTHOH KOMMYHHKaI.:(HeH 3a'Tpy,rr:HHeT II BbI)J.eJIeHHe 3)J.eCb 'oT)J.eJIb'HbIX
irpoH3Be)J.e'HHH. AHaJI'OrHq'Hble 6bITOBbIM MeMopaTaM 6bIJIIU'IKH 60JIee
oOOC006JIe!HbI. Bce 3TH pa3'HOBHJ!:HOC'TH JIHllib YCJIOBHO MGmHO IHa3bI-
Ba'Tb 2KaHpaMH, n60 npOH3Be)J.eHHH TI. H. y. 'H. He nMelOT y'CTOHLIH-
Boii cpOpMbI JI cTa6:HJIIYRbIX TeKCTOB, He Bcer)J.a 'OT'I'eTJIHiBIO O'T)J.eJIH-
IOTCH 13 pe'IeBOM n0"J10Ke lI'HcpopMa'HTa. u
2) MOPCPOJIDrHH: pa3HoBH,lI!HOCTH ,nOBeCTBOBalH!HH, no-pa3Ho-rvry
MorYII.:(HX rrepe)J.aJ3aTb cO)J.ep2KaHHe OJI;HOrO H Taro 2Ke npe)J.alHH51,
.lIt'relH)J.bI H T. n. fJIaBHble H3 'HHX - cpa6YJI3'T (OM.), xpOHHKaT
(eM.) - 06bI'lHG KpaTKHe ,CO 06 II.:(eHllI 51, OTHOOHMble K Ka'TerOpHllI
c.nyxoB H TOJI'KOB (CM.). CYII.:(eCTBYlOT 'lI )J.p. 'MopcpGJIOrH'leCK'He pa3-
IIOBIII,rr:HOCTH TI. H. y. H. Bblpa60Ta l Ha Me2K)J.Y'Hapoo)J.HaH 'cxeMa CHCTe-
Ma-r.II3aI.:(IIH TI. ,H. y. JR. 13 :pe3YJIbTaTe 'HeCKDJIb'K'HX ICOBeII.:(aHHH cpOJIb-
',,1I0pIICTOB MHOrHX C'I1paH.
10. ;-;aI\:. 519
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290
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IIPOKJI51THE p., TIP AKJIEH (<<KJI51TbI», «KJIEHlqbI») 6.,
III )OKJI51TT51, TIPOKJIIH y.- YCTOHLJHBble CJIOBeOHble CPOP'MY-
111,1 _ n02KeJIaUlIH HecLJaIC'THH J:I HaKa3alHHH 1.IeJIOIBeKY, :iI{!HIBOTHOMY,
1':H'TeHI-llO, npe)J.MeTaM. B YCJIOBHHX COI.:(HaJII>HDrO aiHTaroHH3 a, ce-
Ml'iiHbIX H Me2KJIHLIHOCTHbIX 'HeypH)J.HI.:( TI. 6bIJIO cBoe06pa3HoH cpop-
IVlOii nCHXOJIOrHLleCl{OH 3aII.:(HTbI, IICHJWJIOrH'IeCWOH Ipa3rPY3KH. OHO
,'.JIl')J.OBaJIO 13 OTBeT HaBpa2K)J.e6Hoe )J.eHC'IiBHe ,II ICTpOHJIOCb Ha npU-lH-
11,lIne )J.BYXqa01HDCTII; 13 G)J.HOOH LJaCTH ,6bIJIa l{OHCTa'TaDjHH 3'TOrO lfIe-
1':ITIIB'H0f10 )J.eIICTBHH, 13 )J.pyroH - II02KeJIaHHe nO)J.06Horo 06H)J.'InKY,
IIl'Hp.HHTeJIlO (<<BH)J.eJI TbI MeHH 13 ,TooeM oropo)J.e?! - LI'T06 TbI TaK
"\I'O'nx )J.eTelI BHAeJI!», «B3HJI TbI MOH ('BeII.:(H, )J.eHblrH) - QT06 TbI
II X 'Ila JIeKapCTBa O'T)J.aJI!»). EbITOBaJIiH O)J.HO'IaCTHble TI. « Ka6 I.:(5r6e
x:\,lIepa Y3HJIa», «Ka6 I.:(H6e Ka)J.YK 3a6pay», «ll1;06 'TH )J.OJI! He 3HaB»
II T. n.). ECJIH HeCLI3'CTbe 'IeJIOBeKaBbI3Ba:H0 6bIJ100 'cTHX'IIeH, npOKJIH-
1I:IJIaCb CT.HX'HH (13 peqKe YTDHYJI MHJIbIH, MHJIaH nip'OKJIHHaeT: «QT06
1'l'C)H, pe'IKa, neCK OM 3aHeCJIO, 'I'I106 'TbI "BbI'COX.'la, LITO 6 u TbI IIO)J., 3eM-
./110 yrnJIa»). TIpOlKJIHTHH )J.eJIHJIUCb no «CTeneHH B03,D;eHiCTBHH». JIer-
"IIC (<<Ka6 IHa I.:(H6e KarnaJIb») III CTpaillHble (<<Ka6 I.:(H6e 3SJlMJIH npa-
I ',lIblHYJIa!», «Ka6 na Ta6e HMa 3HBaJIa!»). EbIJIH npOKJIHTlUI- YTKH,
'IO,lIblKO no cpopMe HanGMH.HaIBrnHe Tal{OBble (<<Ka6 I.:(H6e KaqKI pa'c-
'I':\nTaJIi»). C'IHTaJIOCb, LITO 13 3aBHCHMOCTH GT BpeMeHll, GT MOMeH-
'1':\ (6JIarOnpHHTHoro HAH HeT) npOKJI5IT1IH «C6bIBaJIHCb» HJIH He
diLIBaJIHCb; HX MO)!mO 6bIJIO npe,lIiOTBpaTH Tb, nepeaApeCOBaTb «Ka6
'mae KJIHTbI Ta6e y 'IlHTbI», «COJIb 'Ta6e Y BOqbI, I'aJIaBeUIKa Y rop-
.1la»). TIOI HapOO)J.HbIM npeJI,CTaBJIeI-IHHM, 'HeOTBpaTHMO '.HcnOOJIHHJIOCb
IIpOKJI51T.He MaTepH: npOKJIHTbIH 'CbIH npeBpaII.:(aJI'CH B 5I:BOp, 'CBa)J.b-
\):\ -;13 KaMHH H )J.epeBb51 H T. n. HapO,/J)HaH 'MopaJIb He n03BO.'lHJIa
IlpOKJIH'HaTb )J.eTeH, )J.a2Ke eCJIH ORII 6bIJIH )J.,eTblMH 06n:)J.'I r HK3.
5l3bl'K IIpOKJIHTHH OTJI'llqaeTCH 3KCIIpeCCHBHOCTblO, 06pa3HOCTblO,
'1Il"rpoTOH C:p aBHeHHH.
J1I1T.: BbICJIOyi. 1979; I-IapO.ll:HbIH Ka3Ki-6aHKi, anaB5I.ILaHHi i MY.lI:pacJIoyi I
Y[wa.ll:. i P3J\. H. C. [jJIeBiqa. MI-l., 1983; I1pnc,,'liB'H Ta npHKa3KH. 1991.
JI. M. COJIOBEFf
J1ET.: CfllCT06 K. B. K Borrpocy 0 rrpI1H HnaX E:JIaCCH!jJHKa HH :iKaHpOB YCTIIOH
HapO,l\HOH rrp03bI. M., 1964; AHllKu1'I B. JI. XY,l\O.lKeCTBeHi-IOe TBOp<IeCTBO 13 .lKaHpaX
HeCKa30qHOH np03bI il PI'!>. J1., 1972, T. 13; l\a6aWH!IKOe K. JI. I1p03aH1JeCKHe .lKaH-
pbI 6eJIOpYCCKOrO !jJOJIbKJIOpa II TIp03aIIqeCKUe .lKaHpbI !jJOJIbKJIOpa HapO;:J:OB CCCP.
MH., 1974; rpUl-16/WT M. H. EeJIOpYCCKHe JIereIl,l\bI H flpe.ILaHIlH II TaM .lKe; CPeoocuK
.4. C. HeKoTopble Bonpocbl H3yqeHHH np03aIIqeCKIIX :iKaHpOB 6eJ10pYCCKoro !jJOJIbK-
J10pa II TaM .lKe; OH e. I1pbIH bmLl KJ1aci!jJiI<a bli i BbI.II:aHHH <paJIbKJ10pHbIX TBO-
pay Y lliMaTTOMHblM 3BO,l\3e 6eJIapYCKaJ;i Hapo.ll:lIaiI TBopqac i. MIL, 1983; .4s6e/le6
C. H. a nOJI.pa3;:J:eJIeHH5IX HecKa30<IHoiI np03bI II 1'!>0JIbKJIOp HapO.ll:OB PCcDCP. Y!jJa,
1978.
C. H. A3EEJIEB
TIP03A HAPOJJ:HA51 YCTHA51 CKA30QHA51 p., TIP03A HA-
POJJ:HA51 BYCHA51 KA3A QHA51 6., TIP03A HAPOJJ:HA YCHA
KA3KOBA y. K HeH IIpUHHTO O'THOCHTb paocKa3bI 0 He06bI L IHbIX co-
6bIT.HHX, IIPOHCXO)J.HII.:(HX C JIlO)J.bMH, :iKIIBO'I1HbIMH H cpa'HTaCTH'IeOKHMH
cYII.:(eCTBaMH. OCHOBHble 2Ka'HpbI - 'CKa3Ka '130 BiceM ee MHoro06pa-
3III1 cpOP'M, a HeK,l!.:OT, He6bIJTHI.:(a, 13 ,KaKOfr-'TO qaCTH JIereH)J,a 113 ee
nepeX'O,ITJHOH cpop,Me K CKa3Ke (-cKa3'Ka-JIereH)J.a). TI. E. y. C. 3apG2K-
)J.aeTCH 13 ,lIiOKJI3'CCOBOM 06II.:(eCTBe Ha OCHOBe peJIHrH03HO-'MHCPOJIorH-
qeCKIIX IIpe,D;CTaBJIeHHII a MJ1(pe, a TaK}Ke ApeBHHX cpOpM MbIlliJIeH'l-lH
H IICHX'OJIOrHH, 'C'B5!3aHHbIX 'C apXa,HQeCKHM 6bI"DOM H OOIJ,IIaJIbHbIMH
HECTIITYTaM.H IJ1p ornJI oro. TIepBiO'Ha'IaJIbEO 'CYII.:(eC'TBOBaBlliIIe paCC.Ka-
3bI CaKpaJIbHOI'O HJIH AH)J.aK'I1H'IeCKOrO IOO)J.ep2KaHHH BTIOCJIe)J.CTBlIH
nOJIYLlalOT YCTaHOBKY Ea :BbIMbICeJI H pa3BJIeKaTeJIbHbIrI xapaKTep.
)K3IHpOBOe OcpopMJI'eHHe TI. H. y. ,c. (3a HeKOTOpbIM IIC'KJllOLleHueM)
HaqUHaeTCH '13 nep,HO)..!, p33JI02KelHllIH IIepB06bIl1H006II.:('HHHOrO CTpOOH H
COTIpOB02K)J.ae'I1CH 110HBJIeHl-reM 13 HeH COIJ,UaJIbHO-6bITOBbIX MOTUBOB,
ocpOpiMJIeHHeM OOCHOBHbIX ClO2KeTGB H nepCOHa1KeH. 3CTeTH'IeCKOH
3al{OHOMepHOCTblO 1I0BeCTBOBaTeJIbHOII ICHCTeMbI TI. H. y. C. HBJIHeTCH
TaK2Ke ee xY,D;02KeCiTBeHHG-HcropU'IeCKaH ,cO)J.ep2KaTeJIbHa5! M'HOrO-
CJIGHtHOCTb, CJI02K,IIJ3rnaHCH 13 npOI.:(eCce MHO'rOBeKOBoro 6bITO'BaHHH:
13 'Hell, KaiK llpaBHJIO, O'Tpa2KaeTCH HCTopWleCKaH )J.efrC'TBHTeJIb'HOCTb
pa3'HbIX 3nox nG 3CTeTH'IeCKHM 3aKOHaM cpOJIbKJIOpHOrO 'lI'CKYCC11Ba.
TI. H. y. C. D6JIa)J.ae'T OC006bIM 'KOMII031II.:(HOHHO-CTHJIlICTH'Iec-KHM
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Hpqe Bblpa2KetHbI 13 BOJIllie6Ho-cpaH'T3>CTH'IeCKJlIX CKa3Kax. Oco6eHHO-
CT5!MH KOMn003HI.:(HII 1I CTHJIH OTJIH'IaeTCH GT CKa3KII a'HeKAOT. B TO 2Ke
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)J.OMUHaHTHaH pOJIb 3CTeTHqeOKOH CPY.HKII!IIH.
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tlpra!HH30BaHHooro MHpOBoro TIGpH}J:Ka. KOCMH'IeOKaH MO)J.eJIb MHpa,
l'l npOC'I1paHC'I1BeHHO-BpeMeHHble KOOpAH'HaTbI BOnJIOII.:(eHbI 13 06pa3e
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Hapo,n:HOH np03bI. 1\'1., 1964; Ka6awHllK06 K. JI. I1p03aHqeCKne .lKaHpbI 6eJIOpyccKo-
ro !jJOJIbKJIOpa II fIp03aHqeCKne .lKanpbI !jJOJIbKJIOpa Hapo,n:oB CCCP. SIR, 1974;
llIacTUlta E. H. CKa3KH, C[{a30qHHKH, cOBpeMeHHocTb. I1pKYTCK, 1981; JIponn B. H.
PyccKa51 CKa3Ka. J1., 1984; JIoJtwpaHl{eea 3, B. PyccKa51 YCTHa51 np03a. M., 1985;
JI.YHaeecbKa JI. CPo YKpalHcbKa HapO,'IHa Ka3Ka. KUlE, 1987; Kep6e.wTe E. Jl. I1c-
TOpHqeCKOe pa3BHTne CTPYKTYP H CeMaI-ITHKn CKa30R. BWIbHIOC, 1991.
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(II,IJI paOCKa3IJUK. P. y. OBOHCTBeHHa KOOHKpeTHOCTb, 006CT.o5fTeJIb-
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(ocD6eHHO B paCCKa3e Herrocpe.zr:CTBeI-IHOrO YIJaCTHHKa C06bITHH).
'IYTI<a5! opHeHTaI.:(HH Ha 'CJIYlliaTeJIeH, HMrrpOBI-I3aI.:(HOOHHOCTb, OTJ-IOCM-
1l',I!bHa5! YCTOHIJHBOCTb cpOpMbI 13 PYCJIe 'C03)J.aHHbIX Tpa)J.Hll.HeH pe-
'11'HbIX CTepeDTHrrOB, 60JIbillaH pOJIb aCC0ll.HaTHBiHbIX 'CB5!3eIi - ,KaK
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IIpC06JIa)J.aHUH HHcpoopMaTHBlHOH CPYHiKll.HH P. y. HMelOT )J.HAaKTHqe-
"I\YIO Harrpa'BJIeHHOCTb, a IIX 3CTeTHIJeCKHe KaIJeCTBa MoorYT WOJIe-
1,;ITbCH 13 )J.OBOJIbHO lliHpOKHX 'rpaHiHll.aX, 13 3aBHCHMOC'PII OT o,rr,apeiH-
IIOCTH ,pa I C'CKa3IJHKa, aT KOHKpeTHOH YCTaHOBKH rrOBeCTIBOBaTeJI5!.
I). y. Ka:K 0606II.:(eHHe COI.:(HaJIbHOOrO orrbITa )J.alOT OTBeT Ha 3JIo60-
'1:IIeBHble ,rrp06JIeMbI, BOJIIHYlOII.:(He CJIyrnaTeJIeH 13 )J.aHHbIH MOMeHT;
II\lIBOH KOHTa'KT C aY)J.HTopHeH 3aMeTl-IO BJIH5!eT He Tom"KO Ha CTHJIb-
IIoBeCl1BOBaHHH, 'HO H Ha cO)J.ep2Ka:I-IHe, oRa 'BbIIJJIeHe'HHe TOH iIIJIH .IIHOH
(I)YHK HH paCCKa3a Ka'K ,lIio.MHHaHT'HOOH. npeAMeTOM H306pa2KeHH5! 13
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I I ('peOI.:(eHHTb. JJ:OBepHTeJIbHOCTb .II I-ITOHaI.:(HH, HCKpeHH'OCTb rrOBeCT-
I\O HH5!, Herrocpe.rr;CTBeHiHoe 3MOll.lIOHaJIbHOe B03)J.eHCTBHe, MOpaJIb-
II 10m MaKCHMaJIH3M - Bce 3TO 'BJIH5!eT Ha CJIYlliaTeJIeH, y6e2K)J.aeT
II x 13 2KII3'HeiHHGH ,n:OCTOBepHOCT,H II rrCHXOJIOrHLleCKOH IIp'aB)J.HBOCT'H
II.:o6pa2KaeMoro. P. y. HHKorAa 'He BbIXO)J.HT 3a IIpeAeJIbI GC060H
IIH)PMbI D6pa3Horo iMblrnJIeHHH HapOAa, 13 'KOTOpOM CYII.:(eCTBYIOT )J.Be,.
l\a:H1JIOCb 6bI, B3aHMGHCKJIlOqalOII.:(IIe TeH)J.eHll.H'H: TeHAeI-Ill.HH K 006-,
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1IIoIX HBJIeRlIII H 'THI10TeHHe K MaK'CHMaJIIYHO TOIJI-IOH rrepeAaLIe KOH-
"1)( THbIX cpaKTopoB. 3cTeTHKa P. y., Il-IX cpoopMaJIbHble H d-IecpopMaJIb-
II loll' cpe,lIiCTBa H IIplIeMbI, rrpUHll.lIrrbI apxlITeKTOHJIKII, ICTIIJIH
IIIHIBJIHIOT TecHYlO C'BH3b 00 BceH CH'CTeMOii YCTHGH r-rapo)1JHoH KYJIb-
TypbI, 'C cpOJIb'KJIOpHOH rrp030ii rrpe2K)J.e Bcero. 06YCJIOBJIeHHble
11,/ l'OJIGPHqeC'K1I H CTPYK'TYPHO crreI.:(HcplIKoolI YCTHOH nOBeCT:BOBaTeJIb-
IIoii TpaAHll.HH YCTHbIe paccKa3bI rr03BOJI5!1OT paccMaTpHBaTb HX 13
1\'!)WreKCTe Bceii cpOJIbKJIOpHOH rrp03bI.
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PAEK, PAEIIlHA5I TIAHOPAMA, TEATP KAPTI1HOK p.,
PAE:K 6., PAfIOK y.- 1) 5III.:(HK, HMelOII.:(HH r-ra O)J.HOH H3 CTOpOH
YBeJIHIIHTeJIbHble CTeKJIa, BHYTPH Hepo rrepeMaTbIBaeTcH JIeHTa, .00-
CT05!II.:(a5! lI3 Ha60pa KapTlIHoK, rrpeHMYII.:(eCTBeHHo JIy60 I IHbIX, lI3D-
6pa2KalOII.:(HX BH)J.bI ropo)J.oB H MOHacTblpeH, rrorrYJIHpHbIX cpOJIbKJIDp-
HbIX (cKa30'IHbIX -II 6bIJIHHHbIX) H IICTOplI'IeCKHX repooeB, HeBep05!T-
Hble C06bITH5!, 6bIToBble, aHeK)J.OTHqeCKHe, cpp'I-IBOJIbHble Cll.eHKH.
5III.:(HK 06bI'IHO HPKD pacHHCbIBaJIC5!, YKpaIllaJI'C5I. 2) JJ:eMoHCTpaI.:(H5!
TaKIIX KapTHHoK, cOrrpOB02K)J.aeMa5! KOMMeHTapHHMH 13 cpopMe paern-
Horo CTHxa HJIll plITMH30BaHHoH pe'IH. 3) )KaHp IHapoo)J.Horo rrJI!{)-
II.:(a.llHOrO IHCKyccTBa, 'cBoe06pa3HbIH TeaTp O)J.HOPO aKTepa, rrpe)J.-
CTaBJI5!1OII.:(HH IC060I1 06'bHcr-reHIHJ K ,KapTHHKaM 13 paHKe (1), 6aJIa-
rYp'cTBo paernHHKa, paccIIHTaHHoe Ha Tex, KTO 2K)J.eT ,cBoeH OIJepe)J.H
K OKOrnI{aM paiiKa, IIpeArrOJIaralOII.:(HH Gc060e rroBeAeHlIe (3aHrpbI-
Barme, 3a)J.HpaHHe TOJIrrbI) H IBIIA (HpKIIH, '6pOCKHH) BJIaAeJIbll.a
paHKa, a TaK2Ke crreI.:(ncpHIJecKYlO MaHepy paccKa3bIBaHHH (Hapa-
crreB, pe'IHTaTHBGM HJIH HapOIJHTO MOHOTOH'HG). 06bILIHbIM 6bIJIO
HeCOBrra)J.eHlIe KapTIIHKH IC rrpH6aYTKoH, KOMMeHTapHeM. KapTHHKH,
KaK rrpaBHJIO, He 6bIJIH 'CBH3aHbI O)J.Ha C APyroH, Ir-re BbICTpaHBaJIHCb
13 ClO}KeT. EDJIblliHHCTBO KOMMeHTapHeB AaBaJIOCb '13 CMe}(!OBOM KJIlO-
'Ie, O)J.HaKD no GTHOmemrro K )J.YXOBHbIM, 'Harrp., 'Kap'THHKaM BbIAep-
}KHBa.1JC5! cepbe3HbIH TOH. 4) TIpoH3'Be)J.eHHe, HaIIHCa'HHOe HJIII rrpo-
H3HOCIIMoe 13 CTHJIe (cpopMe) paeIIIHHKa, paernHbIM CTHXGM.
J1ET.: rai{lICKUll A. C. Kor.ILa yro.ILUO (JIl-ITepaTypHLIe rrpH6aBJIeHII5I): 1. 5Ip-
MapO<1HbIe paHKu i / HHiKeropo,n:Ka: IlYTeBo.ll:HTeJIb II YKa3aTeJIb no HHn.meMY HOB-
ropo,n:y u HULKeropo.n:cKOH HpMapKe. H. HOBropoA, 1875; P06U1-ICKwll1.. .4. PyccKHe
HapOllIlbIe KapTIIHKH. 1\1., 1881. T. 5; JIeiujJepT A. B. 13 aJIaraHbI. Dr., 1922; PyccKaH
HapO.ll:HaH .lI:palVIa XVII-XX BeKOB: TeKcTL! rrLec 11 orrHcaHHH npe.ll:CTaBJleHHj:l I
Pe.ll:., BCTyn. CT. II KOMMeHT. fl. H. EepKOBa. M., 1953; 1'!>0JIbKJIOpHbIii TeaTp I COCT.,
BCTyrr. CT., rrpe,']JIC,'l. K TeKCTaM U KOMMeilT. A. I'!>. HeKpbIJIOBOH HI-I. 11. CaBYlliKII-
HOil. M., 1988; KOIiC'iHlJlii A. M. PaeK-Hap0.ll:HaH 3a6aBa/i .IJ:eIWpaTHBHoe HCKYC-
CTBO. M., 1986. J !! 9; flc"pbwoaa .4. <P. PyccKue Hapo,n:Hble rOpO.ILCKHe rrpa3.ILHUKU,
YBeCeJIeHHH Ii 3pe.!1lIln3. :1., 1988; OHa lCe. KOM:JqeCKHII 6aTaJlbHbIii ,qy60K B CO-
CTaBe paelliHoro OU03pCHHH II PI'!>. n., 1989. T. 25.
C. B. MHlllAHHCf
A. <P. HEKPbIJIOBA
PAYC p., 6., y. (aT HeM. heraus - HapY2KY, BHe) - 1) HapY2K-
11:1 H npnCTpoHKa, 06bI'IHO 13 BII)J.e 6aJIKOHa, a-Ia)J. BXO,lIiOM 13 6aJIaraH,_
298
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p
299
ll.HPK, KPblTYlO ImpyceJIb, KyJI.a BbIXOAHJI a'KTep (HJIlI lHeCKOJIb'KO
aKTepOB) rrepe)J. Ha'IaJIOM npe]I,CTaBJI6HH5! )J.JIH 3aBJIe'IeHHH ny6JIE-
KH; 2) Cll.eHl{3 (IJaII.:(e Bcero 'B cpopMe )J.uaJIora), pa3blrpbIBaeMaH
Ha 3T-IIX 6aJIl{OHax.
A. CPo HEKPbIJIOBA
I'! e Bce paBHbl. YCJIaBHH B03HIlE,HOBeHlle Kpyra 'KaK TaHIlg'BaJIbHO-
1'0 pHCY!-IKa CBH3bIBaeTCH C :'llpemIHMH COJI5!pHbI:MI-I KYJIbTa'MH. Kpyr
l;oo6II.:(e xapaKTepeH )J.JIH D6p5!)J.OBbIX HrpHII.:(. JJ:BH}KeHHe Kpyra, Ka
IlpaBHJIO, oCYII.:(eCTBJIHeTCH «no COJIHll.Y», a eCJIH BD3HHKaeT BTOpOH
1"P'yr BHYTPH nepBoro, 'I'D OH )J.BIlraeT,CH '13 npOTHBO:TIOOJIO}KHYlOCTO-
POHY.
BceM 'BOCTOLIHbIM CJImJ5!HaM H3BeCTHO paCnOOJImKeHlIe TaHI.:(YlO-
IIWX, B nJIaHe HanOMH'HalOII.:(ee KpecT. Y 6 eJIopYCOB, HaIIp., OT oc-
lI'OB'HOrOO P. T. KpecTa (KpbI2K) npOH30rnJIO Ha3BaHHe Tpa)J.Hll.HDHHOro
TaHI.:(a «KpbI2Ka'IOK». B py.cclmr"I xopeorpacp!!UI KpecT KaK 3JIeMeHT
([mrypbI rnHpoKo HCnOJIb3yeTcH B XopoB'O)J.ax (Harrp., «Eepe3Ka»'Il
T. )J..).
GM. TaK2Ke Tal-let{ H JIHT.
J1UT.: CliWpH06 l1. B. HCKYCCTBO 6aJIeTMeHcTep3. M., 1986; 3 a xapoe P. Co-
'IlIIleHHe TaHua: CTpaHHubI rre.ll:arOrUqeCKoro OTIbITa. 2-e 1I3.IL- M., 1989; Cae!lH B. 3.
I\OMn03H H5I H rrOCT3HOBK3 TaH a. 1\11., 1990; CfYP1W fO. M. EeJIOpyccKHH xopeo-
rpaljJnqeCKliH <pOJIbKJIOp. MH., 1990.
PAD31 CB5ITOLIHbI51 BIHlllABAJ1bHbI5I, APADbI5I 6. (OT
JIaT. oratio - TOp2KeCTBeHHa5! pe'lb, KpaCHOOpeq'Ile, opaTop-cKoe H3-
JI02KeHIIe) - MaJIbIH )!{aHp CJIaB51iHiClmro cpOJIbKJIOpa, IIPIICYTC'TBY-
lOII.:(HH 13 C!Ba)J.e6HoM H )J.Pyrnx 06pHAax, 'conYT-cTBYlOII.:(HII KOJI5!)J!HbIM
H BO.TIoqe6HbIM neCHHM. 3TO pHlpMOBaH:HOe npoH3Be)J.eH'Yle, G6paII.:(eH-
Hoe K onpe,rr,eJIeHHOMY JIHI.:(Y IlJIH rpynne JI.HI.:( C 6JIarOrr02Ke"laHH5J:MH
H 'IaCTO HarrOMHHaHH5IMH 0 Ha]I,JIe)!{aII.:(eM OAapHBaHHH npOI-I3HOC5I-
II.:(ero:
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rnKOJI5!p.cKOH 2KH3HblO, nOC'TaaOBKOH 13 llil OJIaX HHTepMe)J.HIi, C 06bI-
IJaHMH BocnHTaHHoH 13 TaKHX rnKOJIaX lliJIHXTbI. P. c. B. 13 cpOJIbKJIOpe
'laCTO TO.'1bKO lpOpMOlr IHano.MHHalOT «TOp2KeCTBe:HHble pe'IH», IIO
CYII.:(eCTBY, 31'0 npOH3Be)J.eHHH, npOnI-ITaHHble BeCeJIbeM, lOMOpOM,
rpOTeCKOM.
Ha 6eJIOpYCCKHe P. C. B. 'HeKDTopoe BJIIlHHHe OKa3aJIH nOJIbCKHe
npOH3'BeAeHHH 3Toro 2KaHpa, nOJIY'IHBlliHe B nOJIbCKOM cpOJIbKJIOpe
rnHpGKOe pacnpOCTpaHeHEe.
CM. TaK2Ke EJlQcOnO'JICeAa1-/.Ufl.
JI.M.COJIOBEPl
POJJ: YCTHOTI03TI1LIECKOfO TBOPLIECTBA p., POJJ: BYC.
IIATIA3TbILIHAl1 TBOPLIACDI 6., PIJJ: YCHODOETI1LIHOI
TBOPLIOCTI y.- KJIaCcHcpHKal.:(HOH:HbIH TepMHH, .0603Ha'IalOII.:(ER
JrauI60JIee KPYUHYID rpynnI-IpGBKY npOI-I3Be)J.eHEII cpOJI KJIOpa. TIOOHH-
TIle P. B'OCXO)J.HT K 3CTeTHKe ApIICTOTeJIH, OCHOBaiHHOH H «MY'CI-Iqe-
CKOM» iH1CKYCCTBe aHTHq'HOCTII, CHHKpeTUIJeCK'OM no CBoeH npHpO)J.e.
Pa3JIH'IaH TPE cnocD6a «nOO)J.pa)!{3dIHH», AplKTOTeJIb BbI)J.eJII:!JI 3no-c,.
,IIUPIIKY H ApaMY. B HeMeI.:(KOII KJIaCCH'IeCWOII 3CTeTiH'Ke KaTeroplIH
P. nOJI02KeHa 13 OCHOBY KJIaCCI-IcpHKaUI-IH JIHTepaTypbI. fere-JIb pa.3-
l'pa:HU'IHBaJI pO)J.bI no TIpHHl.:(Hny -cOOTHOIIleHHH 06'beKTa H -cy.6'beKTa
(o6'beKT - 13 3noce, cy6'beKT - fB JIHpJ-IKe, CIIHTe3 06'beKTa H cy6'b-
l'KTa - 13 ,rr,paMe). B PY.OCIWH 3CTeTHKe rere.'leBC'I<3H KOHuenll.HH
HOCnpHH5!Ta, pa3BHTa J:I KOHKpeTH3HpOBaHa B. f. EeJI'lIIHCKHM. I1c'Do-
pWleCKa5! n03TIIKa A. H. BeCeJIOBCKOro KaTeI,<?pll5IM:lI . 06'be)J.H-
inleT Hapo:ruHYlO n033HlO II .'1IITepaTYPY; PYCC'KHH yqe'HbUi pa3pa60-
-raJI OpHrHHaJIbHYlO TeopHlO «.rr:HcpcpepeHl.:(Hall.H'H n003TI-I'leCKHX po-
,II,OB» !I3 nepB06bl'DHOrG «XOpIILIeOKOrO, IIrp'OBoro 'cHHKpeTH3Ma».
n cOBeTcKoH cpOJIbKJIOpnCTHKe 'KaTer.opI-IH P. OTHOCHT-c5! npeHMYII.:(e-
,'TBe'HHO K YCTHOMY Hapo)J;HoMY n03TJIIJecKOMY TBOp'IeCTBY; KaTero.
plllI 3IIDca H JI:npI-IKH 06bILIHO paCIIpOCTpaH5!lOTCH H Ha MY3bI'KaJIbHbHI,
(IJOJIbKJIOp, a TaK2Ke Ha HeKoTopble xopeorpacpn'IeCKI-Ie cpOpMbl (COO-
IljH)B02K)J.alOII.:(HeCH neHHeM XOpOBO)J.bI). B. 5I. TIpoorrn CPOPMYJIHp'O'
II;I,TI: «PoAoBble 110HH'TH5! 3nHKH, JIHpHKH II )J.pa.MaTHKH MorYT 6bITb
"prIIlVIeiHI-IMbI K '06Jla-c'TH cpOJIbKJIOpa». K 3nH'IeCKoMY P. OTHOC5!TCH
II pOIl3Be)J.eHHH cpOJIbKJIOpa, 13 KOTOpbIX npe06JIaAaeT nIITH3'all.HH HB-
,lll"HHii (CO 6bIT:H H) AeHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH iHa)J. BbIpa2KeHHeM oTHomeHHs:r
J1ET.: BaJIaq06HbIH necHi. 1980; JIic A. C. BajIaq06HbIH necHi. MH., 1989.
PI1CYHOK TAHDA p., MAJ1IOHAK TAHDA 6., MAJ1IOHOK
TAHQIO y.- pa'cnOJI02KeHHe H nepeMeII.:(eHHe 'TaHl.:(YlOlllHX ,no nJIO-
II.:(a)J.Ke. P. T. opraHH3yeT ABH2KeHIIe ll'CnOJIHHTeJIeH, rpynnI-IpyeT I-IX.
CYII.:(eCTByeT MH02KeCTBO pa3JIHq'HbIX P. T., Ka2K)J.bIII (lI3 KOTOpbIX BbI-
pa2KaeT onpeAeJIeHHYlO MbICJIb.
Y BOCTOqHbIX CJIaBHH TaHl.:(eBaJlbHble pncYHKH )J.OCTaTOLIIHOO pa3-
Ho06pa3HbI (KBa)J.paT, JIHHHH, )J.HarDHaJII-I), HO HaH60JIbrnee pacnplO-
cTpaHeHHe nOJIyqHJTO KpyroBoe nocTpoeHHe TaHl.:(YlOru:HX, BCTpe'IalO-
II.:(eeCH npaKTWIeCKI1 130 ,ocex Ma-CCOBbIX 'TaHl.:(ax, B oo06e'HaocTH 13
XopoBo)J.ax.
Kpyr - Han60JIee )J.eMoKpaTIIqeCKOe nocTpoeHHe TaiHll.YlOII.:(HX,
300
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'HH , HaCTpG6HH5!, IJY:BC'TBa IJeJIOBeKa. Bblpa2KeHHe OOTHOrneHI-I5I K
)J.eHC'TB'HTem:>HoCTH 13 HrpOBOM )J.eH'CTBHH xapaKTe'pHO AJIH )J.paMaTH-
IJeCKOrO P.; no onpeAeJIeHHlO EeJI.!-IHCKOrO, 3AeCb «BHYTpe:r-mee,
H)J.eaJIbHOe (,cy6'beKTHBHoe) cTaHoBHT,CH BHernHHM, peaJIbHbIM (06'b-
eKTHBHbIM) ».
HeKOTopble cpGJIbKJIOpHCTbI (JJ:. M. EaJIalIIOB) OTpHll.alOT npa-
BOMepHOCTb pacnpOC'I'paH6HHH 'Ha CPOJIbKJIOP nOiH5!TH5! )J.rpaMaTHLle-
CKooro P., CTaB5! 'Ha e o MelCTO 006PH)J. KaoK OC06ylO pO)J.OBYlO KaTe-
r0p'HlO.
OM. TaK2Ke /(JWCCUqJU1Wl.{U51 cjJOJlbKJlOpa, POG GpaAWTU t teC1WU,
POG JlUputtecKuCi, 3noc l-tapOGl-lblCi.
I'IIMH )J.oTeaTpaJIb'HbIMH BH)J.aiMI-I P. A. CDCTaBJIHlOT YCTHaH HapO,lI!HaH
,lI,lpaMa H HapoAHaH ,KrOMe,rr,H51, H-CnOJIiHHBrnne'CH 13 cpOJIbKJIOpnOOM Te-
;I''l'pe «2KHBGrO aKTepa» (THna «EapHH H CJIyra», «JI'OAKa», «IJ,arpb
MaKCHMnJIHa » H ,lIip.) .II ,13 HapO,lIiHOOM KYKOJIbHOM TeaTpe (PYCCKI-IH
II y paHHCKI-IH IBepTen, 6eJIOpyccKaH 6aTJIeHKa, PYCCKHII II YKpa.I-IH-
(',K'.I-IH «TIeTPYlliKa»). Oco6oe IMeCTO '13 P. )J.. 3aHHMalOT cpOJIbKJIOpHble
'JJleMeHTbI 13 penepTyape 6aJIaraHOB H nepexoLLHble cpOpMbI DT CPOJIb-
I JIOpHOrO TeaTpa K HapO,lI;HoMY caMGAeHTem>HOMY 'TeaTpy. JJ:. M.
baJIauroB, O'TpHI.:(a5! ,HaJIHIJHe 13 cpOJIbKJIOpe P. )J.., pO)J.OBOH KaTero-
pnelI CLIHTaeT G6PH)J..
CM. TaK1Ke j],paAW l-lapOGl-la51, TeaTp cjJOJlbKJlOpl-lblU I-I JIHT.
J1UT.: EeJiU/-lCKUii B. r. Pa3.D:eJINIHe n0331UI Ha pO.ILbl U BH.lI:bI./1 flOJIH. C06D.
COq. M., 1954. T. 5; BeceJlo6clwii A. H. TpH rJIaBbI U3 HCTOpHqeCKOH rr03THIm "II
BeceJlo6cKuii A. H. I1CTOpHqeCKaH n03TUKa. J1., 1940; JIponn B. H. flpHH HnbI
KJIaCcH!jJHKa HH !jJOJIbKJIOpHbIX LKaHpOB 11 C3. 1964. .N!! 4; ra t LC6 r. COAepR\aTeJIb-
HOCTb xY.lI:O)/(eCTBeHHbIx !jJOpM: 3noc. J1HpHKa. TeaTp. M., 1968; EaJlatu06 /1,. M.
a pO.ll:OBOH H BH.lI:OBOH CHCTer.JaTH3aJIHH !jJOJIbKJIOpa II PI'!>. J1., 1977. T. 17.
J1I1T.: EaJlauwe /1,. M. .IJ:paM3 U 06p5l.ll:0BOe .lI:eHCTBo: K rrp06JIeMe jl,paMaTU-
'!L'CKoro pO,o:3 B !jJOJIbKJIOpe II I-IapO.ll:HbIII TeaTp: C6. CT. J1., 1974; rycee B. E.
Ilapo.n: HbIe HrpbI, .lI:paMbI II TeaTp 113nlOrpa!jJHH BOCTO<1HblX CJIaB5IH: OqepKH Tpa-
I(I!I HOHHOH KYJIbTYpbJ. M., 1988.
B. E.rYCEB
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(.Jl\al-lpbl Jlup W1.eCKUe ).
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H'DCHT,CH pa3JIHIJHble IIO npOOIICX02K)J.eHHlO .II no MDpcpOJIOOrH'IeCWI-I:M
npH3HaKaM 2KaHpbI H BH)J.bI. B HeM 'pa3JIH''lalOTCH )J.DTea'DpaJIbHble
cp.O MbI (<<npe)J.TeaTp), no B. B. HBa:aOBY) H C06CTBe\HHO CPOJIbK.'lOP-
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« OCTpOMa», lIJIH « oc11py6aHbKO»), a TaK2Ke XOpOOBo,rr;Hble HrpbI
C COI.:(HaJIbHbIMH MDTHBaMH nO)J.HeBOJIbHOH pa60TbI, HepaBlIoro 6pa-
Ka H )J.p. B P. A. B}(:OAHT TaK2Ke pa3JIHIJHble BHOO6rpH)J.DBble HrpbI
OOll.HaJIbHO-6bITOBOro 'CG)J.ep2KaHHH (6eJIOpYCCKJlIe «TIa'H», «CTapo-
CTa», «TIHcapb», «TIpblrYH», PYCCKHe «CKOMOpOXH», «l1rYMeH»,
YKpaHHCKue «MJIbm», «MaTh '.I-I )J.oLIKa»). Hap5!)J.y C 3THMH H )J.PY-
JIHT.: receJlb. JIeJ{I Hll no 3CTeTIIKe I COq. M., 1958. T. 14; EeJlllHcKuii B. T.
I':U}(C.!JeHHe n033HH Ha pO.ll:bI H BII.D:bl II EeJlllHcKuii B. r. C06p. COq.: B 3 T. M.,
I!t-IH. T. 2; BeceJ70ec1wii .4. Ii. HCTopwlecKaH n03THKa. J1., 1940; JIocneJl06 r. H.
p
302
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J1Hplma Cpe,n:H JIHTepaTypHbIX pO)J.OB. M., 1976; ryce6 B. E. 3cTeTima !jJOJIbKJIOpa_
J1., 1967; JIasYTuH C. r. PyccKHe Hapo,n:HbIe JIHpHqeCIme rreCIIH, qacTYlliKH u no-
CJIOBH bl. M., 1990.
HapH)J.Y C Tep'M'HlHOM P. 13 TOM 2Ke HJI'H 6JIH3'KOM 3Haqemnr yrro-
rpe6JI5!eTCH TepMHH P. ropOJl;CWOII. K 3'"J10MY 2Ke r'He3')J.Y OTHOCI1TCH
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t,(')Ke XIX-XX 1313. 13 cpe)J.e ropo)J.cKHX HH30B JIHpII'IeCK'He neC!l-nr,
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.IlCHHOCTb pH)J.a P. MeII.:(aHCKHX, npoHBHBrnaHC5! 13 HX nOBblrneHHo
'IYB'CTBIITeJIb'HOCTH, H3JIHrnHeil 3KcnpeocHBHoCTH, HeyrropHJl;O'IeHHOH
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P., 13 KOTOpOM )J.OMHHHPYlOT TeMbI ,H3MeHbI, perBHocTH, y6uHcTBa, ca-
Moy6uIICTBa II T. n. Pa3B'H'TOCTb H 3aBeprneHHocTb ClO2KeTa «2KeCTO-
1\0I10» P. ,c6JIII)!{aIOT era TaK2Ke C HOBOH 6aJIJIa)J.olr.
J1IlT.: fIicHi Ta pOMaHCH YKpalHcbKHx rroeTiB. 1956; YKpalHcbKi HapO,lJ,Hi po-
M3HCH. 1961: I1enm PYCCKHX rr03TOB: B 2 T.fBCTyn. CT., COCT., rrO,lJ,rOT. TeKCTa,
('Horp. cnp. 11 npHMeq. B. E. rycena. J1., 1988; HKy6 A. COBpeMNIHble HapO,lJ,HbIe
IICCCHHHKH. I1r., 1914; JIeoHoB E. A. POMaHc KaK lKaHp 13 JIHpllKe11 BonpocJ,J CTHJI5I
II }IGmpa B .'JHplI1(e. M., 1964; JIoMepaHl{eBa 3. B. EaJIjIa,lJ,a H lKeCTOKHH pOMaHc II
1'<1). J1., 1974. T_ 14; HKyHl{eea T. H. a ClOlKeTHO-KOMn03HImOHHbIX oco6eHHocTHX
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Jlwcr 1977 Ebm 3' ryiJoIUllll1;;06 H. H. rOpO.ll:CKOH pOI\WHC KaK CO HaJIbHOe H
; {(eCTBe Hoe BJI HHe II 1'!>0JIbKJIOp HapO,lJ,OB PCI'!>CP. Y!jJa, 1979. BblII. 6; 1\0-
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1 }85; 16GiWl(bi,uil A. YKpalHcbKa HapO,lJ,Ha MY3HqHa TBOpqlCTb. I\HlB, 1990.
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'ATI1PA HAPOJJ:HA5I p., CATbIPA HAPOJJ:HA5I 6., CATI1-
c Ha H3 cpOpM KOMllI'IeCK'OrD KaK 3CTeTH'Ie-
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('TerreHH. HeK!OTOpble CPOJIbKJIOP', ICTBllH C 3rrH'IeCNHM, JIHprr-Iqe-
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CBoe06pa3I1e PYCCKHX HapO.ILHbIX caTH-
J1I1T.: TapaceHK06a E. B. )KaHpoBo E M TBopqecTBo I'!>paHcya Pa6JIe,
P"'ICCKHX CKa30K II PI'!>. M.; J1., 1957. J';'Pe : ;:'Ica: M., 1965; /l,eii O. I. niceH-
II napO.ll:HaH KYJI Typa Cpe.ll:HeBeKOBb a TiBJIl-mi rricHi. 1967; JIponn B. f!. Dp06-
lII1ii rYMop YKpamcbKoro HapO.ILY /?t-! . _ 4 C Dpa6JIeMbI 6eJIapyCKaH Hapo.ll:-
JI('MbI KOMH3Ma H CMexa. M., 1976, JI OCIK .. .
lIaii caTbIpbI. MH., 1978.
A.C.(jJE/l,OC11K
CBOJJ: <D0J1bKJ10PHbIIT p., 3BOJJ: <DAJ1bKJ10PH_b l:
PH l1fI 'MHOrOTDMHOe IC06paHI-Ie rrpoM3Be)J.
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I\OMMe'HTa'pHeM, rreCHH, TaHll.bIH p H rt-- pO BKaMII IH xopeorpacpHLle-
U K ' H - JIO'THbIMH pacrn '1-" U
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l'KHMH orrncaHHHMIH. B 'CTPYKType . . HnrraHHH 'CBO)J.a O)ljHOro
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nO'CJIOBHll., norOBoopoK, JIereHA, 'CKa30K HAp. 2Ka'HpOB. H3)J.aIHHe rrpo-
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pO)J.Hoe TBOpqeCTBo». B ,ony6JIHKOBaHHbIx 40 TDMax 'cHCTeMa'fi1I3UpO-
Ba'HbI 'cKa3KH, KaJI6H)J.apHo-06p5I,lIioBble H ceMeHHo-'06p5!AOBble neCHI1,
npHqHTaHHH, 3araAKH, nOCJIOBIIll.bI, IIDroBopKH, MeTI{He 'HapOA'HbIC
II3peqeHII5I, 6aJIJIaAbI, Hapo)J.HO-'H'HCTPYMeHTaJIbfHble MY3bIKaJIbHble
npoH3Be)J.eHH5!, aHeK oTbI, 2KapTbI, npIIrreBK I II )J.p. TIO>ll.roTDBJIeHLI
K H3AaHHlO nepBble TOMa 6blJIHH CBo)J.a Pycclwro HapOA'Horo TBOp-
qeC'TBa. TIpHHI, HrraM era H3)J.aHHH, CTpYKT)"pe !II APyrHM Bonpoca'M
IIOCB5!II.:(e'H 'cneIJJIaJIbHbIH BbrnycK «PYC'CKOl'O cpO.'IbKJIDpa».
JU1T.: Dp06.'1eMbI «CBo.n:a PYCCKoro !jJOJIbKJIOpa» /1 PI'!>. J1., 1977. T. 17.
A. C. cJ;E/l,OCHK
CHMBOJ1HKA p., CIMBOJ1IKA 6., CHMBOJ1IKA y.- CHCTe-
Ma 'Tpa)J.HI.:(HGHHbIX 3aMeH o6pa30B, qYBC'TB H )J.eHC'I1BHH IffHDCKa3a-
TeJIbHbIMII, 'B35!TbIMII Ha OCHOBe CXOO.lI!CTBa H aOCOll.Har.r;HH H npG'IHIO
BorneAlliHMH 13 06nxo)l.. C. HCnOJIb3ye'PcH AJIH H306Ipa2KeHHH qeJIO-
BeKa, erD BHYTpeHHero COCTG5I'HHH, rroBe)J.eH'lIH, J33'aHMOOTiHGllieHHii,
A.'lH 0603HaqeHHH 2K1I3'HeHHbIX 5!BJIeHlllH. COOTBel'CT,BeHHo 3TOMY C.
HMeeT ABa DCHOBHbIX cpe)J.'CTBa nepeAaqH - 06pa3-CHMBOJI (O.-,c.)
H CIIMBOJIHLleeKYlO CiHryall.HlO (C.-c.), KOl'OpaH qaII.:(e BblcTynaeT n
tPopMe napaJIJIeJIH3Ma. B HeKOTopbIX 'CJIyqa5!X O.-IC. II c.-c. COeA'H-
H5!IOTCH iB CHMBOJIIIqeCKOH KapT'IIIHe.
O.-c.- YCTOIlqHBOe 11 O,U:H003Ha L IHoe 13 )J,aHHOlJ xYA!02KeC'TBeHHoii
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2Ka, rrpeAMeTa (BeII.:(H) C nOMOII.:(blO APyroro, 06blqHO paCTeHH5I,
n'DIIUbI, )!(HBOTHooro, nYTeM 'HX npHpaBIHHBa'H'IIH, 3aMeII.:(eHH5!, OT02K)J.e-
CTBJIeHH5!. TaK, B 'CBaAe6HbIX neCHHx iKaJIUHa CHMBOJIH3!!IpyeT HeBe-
CTY, a 13 JI1060BHbiX aHa 'CBH3bIBaeTCH ,C IneqaJIbHbIMH HBJIe'HHHMH iB
2K1I3H'll AeByrnKH. B JI 10 60BHO II JIHplIKe O.-c. KYKyrnKH 003HaqaeT
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'CTeH.
c.-c. 'CJIY2KHT )J.JIH H306pa2KeHHH OTHOrneHi.HII nepCO'Ha2KeH, HX
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1'(' rrpOIH3BO,lIJHble, n , u ( ee Ae-
' '' I ,, ) np H3HaKH CBOHCTB rrpe,iJ.MeTOB H HBJIeHHH 3eJIeHelOII.:( v
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M;IIH - co CJIe3aMH).
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J1I1T.: JIoTe6HJl A. A. a HeKOTopbIX CliMB J B I':a B He.ll:CTaB.'1eHlie 6paKa.
';IIII. XapbKoB, 1860; OH e. flepenpaBa qepe.ll:r IbIX neceH. XapbKoB,
M., 1868; OH e. 06'bHCHeHHe MaJIOpYCCKHX Ii CPO H '\fo Ii rrp03a. TponbI U
1 1 7; OH e. 113 3amlCOK rro Teoplili CJIOBeCHOC -Jt bKOB 1905; CYli!l{oe H. cJ;.
"1IIIrypbI. IvlbIlliJIe IHe n03TWleCKoe Ii MIi!jJliqeCKoe. lapbK B 1881' OH e. XJIe6
() C a.ll:e6HbIX 06p H .n: ax npeliMYie : }( ci2: ' H. H. H TOPliq CKOe 3HaqNIHe
II oop5l.ll:ax Ii rreCHHX. XapbKoB, D, C06 COq CD6., 1906. T. 21, KH. 8; /l,a-
IOiKI-lOpyccKoro HapoA lOro TBOpqeCTBa I( B paH;IcKliX HapO.ll:HbIX npli'IHTaHli5!x.
II/if/oe B. CliMBOJIliKa TH Ii p cTe.HH a OBbIH Ka CIi"MBOJI .lI:eBYlliKU H IOHOllili II
KIICE, 1907; Eocae6c I Kllu E. JI. .JIc;oaa:CKUll B. .4. CliMBOJIHKa BemlKopycCKliX
iKMHn. Cn6., 191 , OKT., q. B' THHK Ba lliaBa, 1914. .N'!! 1, 3-4; 1915. .N'2 1;
lIapO.l!-HbIX rreceH I I Pyc. !jJliJIOJI. ,e A [1 I clixoJIorHqecKliH rrapaJIJIeJIH3M Ii ero
1916. .N'!! 1-2, 3-4; BeCef/06CKll . CTl;JI5I 'I HCTOpliqeCKaH rr03TliKa. M., 1940;
II'OpMbI B oTpalKeHliHx nO r 3!liqe.cK 0 C I1a TblKa 6eJIapYCImH HapOA IaH JIipbiKi.
I\Of/naKOea H. JI. 1962; If/eelli . .
MH., 1975.
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n L' _ eHHbIH A. H. BeCeJIOHCWHM 13 TeopHlO
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P a60Ta'H'HYlO HM 13 . " .
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J Y K e :=I::P Q K! e :T i: 1 I .C;:
JIeJIHHO npO?JIeMa 'cH pe;3H:HKe» HeMell.KOOrO Y'IeHOrO B. IIlepepa
TeJIbHO Bblpa2KeHa, 13 TI , 'HH'KaMH BeCeJIOBCWOro H
(1888). HeIIOcpe,lI;CTBeHHbIMII rrpe)J. orpacpwlecKOH rnWOJIbI»
lllepepa 6bIJIH IeHble «HCTO, cpOH-J1HJIlleHKpO'H, J1. YJIaH)J.,
(K. MlO.'lJIeHrDcp, B. BaKKepHareJIb, P . pHII C BOCXO,iJ.5!T K npocBeTIH-
, f u P ) OAHaKo HCTOKII Teo, .
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II M Y 3bIKe ...», 1763 . n.lI.eH. A m. "\V rre IIlacTe-
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KaK «OO'IeTaHHe pHTMOBaHHbIX, opXeCTH'IeCKHX ABH2KeH:HH C rrecneH-
MY3bI-KOH H 3JIeMeHTaMH CJIOBa». B COOBpeMeH'HOH HaYKe TeplM'HiH
0603Ha'IaeT: 1) nepBII'InylO HepaC'IJIeHeHHOCTb paHHllx cpOpM C03'Ha-
HH5!, COe)I.'H'H5!BI1lHX B iOAHO ll.eJIoe AOpeJIIIrH03H'Oe HJI'H peJIHf'H03I-IOe
!H rrpeAxYAo2KeCTBeHHoe HJIH xY,lIi02KeCTBeHHoe MblrnJIeHlle (MIIcpOJIO-
rH5!); 2) HepaC'IJIeHeHHOcTb 3JIeMeHTOB CJIOBa, MY3bIKH, TaHll.a, rra'H-
TOM'HiMbI 13 TpaAHll.HOl:!JHbIX IJ3HAax cpOJIbKJIOpa (06p5!)I.'OBble AeHcTBa,
XOPO'BOAbI, rreceHHble H rreceHHO-OKa30Bble cpOpMbI 3noca, corrpo-
B02KAa!BmHeC5! 'lIrpOH 'Ha MY3bI-KaJIbHbIX HHcTpYMe'HTaX, 11paAHll.HOH-
Ha5! JIlipUKa, paHIUIe cpOpMbI cpOJIbKJIOpHOrO TeaTpa); 3) paHHHe
cpOpMbI CJIOBCCHOro HCKyccTBa, 13 KOTOpbIX 13 HepaC'IJIeHeHHOM co-
C'I'OmUIH HaXOOAHTC5! 3JIeMeHTbI JI'lIpHKiH, 3rroca, )J.paMbI. TepMHH C.
HeBep'HO OT02KAeCTBJIHTb C TepMHHa'MH «'cHHTeTH3M», «CHHTeTlI'Ie-
CKoe 'HC:KYCCTBO», 0603Ha'IalOIll,ilIM'Il 'ooeAIiHer-Hle Y2Ke BbIAeJIHBrnHXCH
H3 cHHKpeTH'ICCKOrO 'COCTOHH:II5! 'II caMO'CT05!TeJIbHO pa3:BImaBrnHx'cH
BHAOB HCK)liccTBa (Harrp., IHapG)I.'Ha5! rreCH5! JIIITepaTYPHoro rrpGHC-
X02KAeHlI5!, rr03JJ,HHe cpOpMbI HapOAHOf'O TeaTpa, npoocpeocHOHaJIb'HbIH
MY3bI'KaJIbHbIH TeaTp, KHHO- H TemmcKyccTOO). CM. TaK2Ke llOAU-
3AeMeHTHocTb.
" bI cOB p eMeHHoro !jJOJIbKJIopa II
1:. A. flpl!H HrrbI !jJOpMHpOBaHH5I LKaHpoBou CUCTeM
(:(JBpeMeHHLle CJIaBHHCKue KYJIbTypLI. KHeB, 1979. B. JI. AHIiKIiH
J1I1T.: BeCeJl06CKUii A. H. I1CTopHqecKa51 rr03THKa. J1., 1940; JIJleXaI-I06 r. B.
I1ucbMa 6e3 aApeca II JIJleXaH06 r. B. 1136paHHbIe !jJHJIOco!jJcKHe rrpoU3Be.ll:eHHH.
M., 1958. T. 5; ra'ie6 r. aT CHHKpeTH3Ma K xY.lI:OLKeCTBeHHOCTII II BorrpOCLI JIH-
TepaTypbl. 1958, ,N'g 4; AJleKCee6 M. JI. I13 HCTOpHH aHrJIHHCKOH JIIITepaTypLI. M.;
J1., 1960; ryce6 B. E. I1p06JIeMLI !jJOJIbKJIOpa 13 HCTOpHU 3CTeTHKH. M.; J1., 1963;
OH lCe. 3CTeTHKa !jJOJIbKJIOpa. J1., 1967.
CKA3 6 P03TIOBIJJ:b, OTIOBIJJ:b y.- TepMIIH, rrOJIY'IHB-
IlmH pacrrrfc; Tp. HeHlle 13 cpOJIbKJIOpHCTH e 13 1920-----:30-e ['OAbI rrP:H
MeHHTeJIbHO 'K !HeKOTopbIM BHAaM YCTHOOII napOAHoli np03bI, He o
J ep}KaIIJ;HM 3JIeMeHTOB cparHTaeI1HKH. TI03,lI;Hee BbITeCHeH TepM!llHO
."V'CTHbIH HapOAHbIH paCCiKa3». C.- cpOJIbKJIOpHa5! cpopMa, CT05!II.:(a
;;-a rpaHII 6bITOBOII pe'IeBOII rrpaKTHKII \H XYA02KeCTBeH oro TBOp-
'1eCTBa KO.l:e6JIlOII.:(aHCH OT rrpOOCToro BbrCKa3bIBaHHH,lIi0 OJIee HJIH
Me Hee 'O"'O p MJIeH'HOrO paCCKa3a a COBpeMe'HHOCTH HJIH 'He)J.aJIeKOM
't' l C rr p eB p aII.:(aTbC5! 13 npe)J.a-
IIpoorn.TIOM. C Te'IeI-IIIeM BpeMeHH . MorYT TIo
IIH5! JIereH)J.bI aHeKAOTbI HJIH )J.PyrrHe paCCJKa3bI a rrpOrnJIOM.
. MaHIIlO C rrO,lI,'pa3)J.eJI5!1OTC5! Ha «paCCKa3bI .0 CJIyqaHX», B KO-,
' b;X ar.z:r.eH pa CKa3a paOKpbIBaeTC5! '13 'He06blqHOM 3TIII30Ae, 'll «pa'c-
,('Ka3bI a repOHX».
J1I1T.: BlIHOcpa006 B. B. flp06JIeMa CKa3a B CTHJIUCTHK fl fl r aEJ ' bl:;
I(OJ 108C1WJl H. 11.. COBpeMeHHLIe CKa3LI II COB. !jJ OJIbKJIOP II ' P I,,, M' - J1' 1960. T. 5;
I1 - )I'eCTBeHHOCTH YCTHoro paccKa3a ..... ., .,
.II. Ii. pOO,TJeMa XY.lI: O , , ' II PYCCKUH !jJOJIbKJIOp BeJIHKOH OTeqeCTBeH-
/{ : ra,-I 8cK1I1' 1 .1!' j{ Y IA ;3 . H. COBpeMeHHble YCTHble paccKa3LI II P .
I/Oll BOHHLI. ,.,., , C B Y . Ha p onHi orroBi.ll:aHHH: fluTaHHH rroeTHKU.
M.; J1., 1964. T. 9; MwuaHlI'i . . CHl ,....
"niB, 1986.
K. B. CfIiCTOB
B.E.rJ1CEB
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MHH rrOJIY'IHJI 13 pa60Te H. H. KpaBll.OBa «Dpo6JIeMbI CJIaB5!'HCKOrO
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BHHCKue JIIUepaTypbl: V Me}K.lI:YHapOAHLIH C'be3.l1: CJIaBHCTOB. CO!jJUH, ceHT., 1963
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,H . oB,a.51 cepuH. M., 1953. T. 20; JIasapeB A. H. flpe.ll:aHH5I pa60qHX YpaJIa
IiaK XYJ(o:l,ecTBeHHoe 51BJIeHHe. 4ev1H6HHcK, 1970; KpYCJlRlIIOBa 'B. JI. /KaHpLI He-
CKa30qHOH rrp03LI ypaJIbCKoro ropH03aBoJ(CKoro !jJOJIbKJIOpa. CBep.ll:JIOBCK, 1974.
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J1I1T.: Ca6'ieHKO C. B. PyccKaH HapO.ll:HaH CKa3Ka: I1CTOpHH c06UpaHIJH H
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OHa lCe: PYCCKa51 YCTHaH np03a. M., 1985; T1WTIOK B. M. BIJ6paHi cTaTTi rrpo
HapoAHy TBOpqicTb. KHlB, 1966; Ka6allLHiKafj K. JI. EeJIapycKafl Ka3Ka y Ka3aqHblM
3nace CJIaBHH. MH., 1968; Eapac JI. r. BOCTOqHOCJIaBHHCKue CKa3KIl, IJX B3aUMO-
CBfl3U H Ha IJOHaJIbHOe cBoe06pa3IJe II 3rrHqeCKHe )KaI!PLI YCTHOro HapOAHoro TBOp-
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JIom51 CKa3KU. 2-e 1J3.l1:. M., 1969; H0611K06 H. B. 06pa3bl BOCTOqHOCJIaB5IHCKoH
BOJIllie6HOH CKa3KH. J1., 1974; AHtIKUH B. JI. PyccKaH HapO.ll:Hafl CKa3Ka. M., 1977;
CYC. 1979; JIponn B. H. PYCCK3H CKa3Ka. J1., 198,4; pYHal:6CKa JI. QJ. YKpalHcb-
Ka Hapo.n:Ha Ka3Ka. I\UlB, 1987; Thompson St. The Folktale. N.-Y., 19,46; LUthiM.
Das eurcpiHsche Volksmarchen. Munchen, 1974; Horalek K. Slovanske pohadky.
Praha, 1964; Enzyklopadie des Marchens. B.; N. Y., 1975-. .
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paM CKa3KaM ' . C a -H HBJI5IlOTCH :WX npHKJIlO'IeHqeCKHH
n03BOJI5I1OII.:(UMH BbIAeJIHT!, . . H' 'H60Jlee xapaKTepHbIX )J.JIH HEX
xapaKTep onpe)J.eJIeHHbIH Kpyr HHM
,- OB'n TeM 13 KOTOpbIX Ba)!\'Ha5! pOJIb OTBO,lI,HTCH nYTerneCTB, ,
ClO)!\.eT, aM H3 )J.OMa a TaK2Ke THn rJIaBHOrO
P a3JIHLIHbIM onaCHO'CTHM, 0 , TJIyqK , por o n p HKa3q'H'Ka
MeJIOrO HaXO)J.qHBOrO, X'lIT " ,
repOH - YMHoro, C , a B 11 qHqepOB onpe)J.eJI5!JI
EyneLlec oro CbIHa (KynI.:(a), COJI)J.aT. . qe HHX H C06bITH5!X ce-
9TH npOH3Be)J.eHHH KaK «CKa3KH a rrpHKJIlO C, a -H 13 CII-
'MeHHOH H JrHq'HOH )!UI3HH 'IeJIOOBeKa». TaKHM 06pa30M, . H,i.,H eCI{He
BocnpHHIlMalOT'C5! KaK crre,I.:( '}'
CTeMe CKa30 L IHbIX }KaHp013 . rn;He 13 }KaHp 6bITOOBOH
}IWHpOBbIe pa3HOBH)JJ-IOCTH, HJIH TM-nbI, BXO)J.H
CKa3EH. CKa3Ka fwseAAUCTUtteCKa5l
CM. TaIGKe CKa3Ka asaHTlOpHa5l,
II JIHT.
6 ' H CKa3KIJ M 1965; rycee B. E.
J1I1T.: JIo, tepal-ll!eBa 3. B. CY,lJ,b_bl p ccI¥ pvcCKa H;;pO,lJ,HaH CKa3Ka. M.,
3CTeTIJKa 1j"J0JIbKJIOpa. J1., 1967; A}-IlUWH .' 1976' 01-1 e. pycCKaH CKa3Ka.
1977; JI ponn B. H. 1'!>0JIbKJIOp U AeIJCTBHTeJIbHOCTb. ,
J1., 198.1.
E. A. KOCTIOXHH
CKA3KA ABAHT1OPHA5I p., KA3KA ABAHTYPHA5I 6.,
KA3KA ABAHTIOPHA y. 06blqHO paccMaTpHBaeTC5! 13 OAHOM P5IAY
C HOBeJIJIn'C'TII'IeCKOH, C KOTOpOH HMeeT MHoro D6II.:(HX npn3HaKoB,
HO HeKGTOpbIM'lI HCCJIe)I;OBaTeJI5!MH (Hanp., B. H. qHLlepoBbIM) BbI-
AeJI5IeTC5! H3 9Toro pH)J.a H onpeAeJIHeTC5! K3-K paccKa3 a nYTerneCT-
BH5!X H Heo6bIKHoBeHHblx npUKJIlOqeHII5IX rep'OeB, !IX JIo.BKHX npOAeJI-
Kax, npeO)J.OJIeHHH HMH BceB03M02KHbIX npen5!TCTBHH H orraCHeHrnHX
cHTyaI.:(IIH, II3 KOTOpbIX DHH HaXO)J.5!T BbIXO)J. 6JIarOAap5I JIOBKOCTH,
XHTpOCTH, YMY H ApyrHM JIWIHbIM Ka'IeCTBaM 6e3 BMernaTeJIbCTBa
BOJIrne6cTBa, 'CBepX'becTecTBeHHblx CHJI, 'IYAecHbIx nOMOII.:(HHKOB H
T. ,no TaRlI'M repoeM HepeAKD BblcTyrraeT COJIAaT, KOTOpbIH, Aa}Ke
norraB 13 3arp06HbIH MHp, 06MaHbIBaeT H rryraeT TaM H CB5ITbIX, H
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, u oli. a3MbITOCTb rpaHIII.:( Me)!{)J.y caTU
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rHMH 3DH30AaMH, DpeHMYII.:(eCTBeI-IHO 0 He06bIqHbIX CMernHbIX 'cog -
TH5! , CIITyall.HHX, 'ITa pOAHIIT c.-a. C caTHpHLleOKOII cKa3KOlf. 3a-
KaH UIBae;CH c.-a., KaK 11 aHeK)J.OT, HeO)!UIAaHHOH KOMH'IeClmH
pa3B5I3KOH. Ca,Tlr-pH'IeCKa5! HanpaBJIeHHOCTb c.-a. Hepe)J.KO CKpbITa
13 nO)J.TeKCTe. EeCrrOII.:(a)J.HO KPIITHKYlOTCH HeraTHBHhIe 5IBJIeHH5I BbI-
CMeHBalOTC5! BJIaCTb HMYII.:(He, 6IIqYlOTC5! JIlOACKHe nOpO'KII BOJIb-
rnIIHCTBO CPOJIbKJIOpHCTOB OTHOC5!T C.-a. K 6bITOBbIM CKa3K M HJIH
aHeK)J.OTaM.
j Jl4; )I(Up.UYHCKWl B. HapO.ll:HbIH repOHqeCKHH 9noc. M.; J1., 1962; PycCKHe Ha-
pU).(Hble CIW3KII CH6upu 0 60raTLIpHx j COCT. P. I1. MaTBeeBa. HOBocu6npcK, 1979.
K. JI. KAEAlllHHKOB
J1l1T.: JIponn B H "W"aH p ,"
oo 1 . TT ,. K B . . /" OBbIH COCTaB PyccKoro !jJ0.1bK.!Jo p a II Pyc. JIliT. 196 4
,,- ,,1ICI DB K Borr p oc y 0 -'
HapO,LJ,HOH np03bl.' M.: 1964. rrpIIH Hnax KJIaCcII!jJIIKa IIII 1KaHpOB YCTHolr
CKA3KA EbITOBA5I p., KA3KA EbITABA5I 6., KA3KA 00-
EYTOBA y.- )!{aHpOBa5! pa3HoBHAHDCTb CKa3KH, 06'beAHHHlOII.:(a5!
npO'II3BeAeHHH, 'rep05!MII 'KOTOpbIX HBJIHlO11C5! 06bIKHooBeHHble JIlOAH,
)J.eHcTBYlOII.:(He 13 06bI'IHOH 6bITOBOH 06cTaHoBKe. C. 6. npaBAH'BO,
OAHaKO rn11pOKO nprr6eraH 'K rrpeYBeJI11qeHHlO, rpoTecKY, H iHepeAKo
10MGpHCTHLlecKH OOTpa)!{alOT 06II.:(eC'meHHble H 'ceMelIHble HBJIeHII5I,
6bIT II )!(H3I-Ib HapoAa, BblCMeHBalOT JIlO)J.CKHe ,rropoKH, YTBep2KAalOT
HapoAHbIe UAeaJIbI. B OTJIH'I:ne aT BOJIrne6HOH CKa3KH 13 C. 6. OTCYT-
CTBYlOT cpaHTaCTH'IeCKHe qYAoBHII.:(a, pa3JIH'IHble CBepX'beCTeCTBeH-
HbIe cYII.:(eCTBa 'II BOJIrne6Hble npe)J.MeTbI. Ee repGH n06e.iK)J.alOT rrpo-
THBHHKOB yMOM, HaXOA'IIiBOCTblO, MY)J.p-OCTblO. H3 TeMaTH'IeCKOrO
pa3Hoo6pa31I5I C. 6. BbI)J.eJI5!1OTC5! ,rpynnbI rrpOH3Be.IJ. eHIIH a u.ape,
6apHHe, H MY2K'HKe, 6eAHoM H 60raToM KpecTbHHHHe, ,none H MY-
.rKHKe, XIITpOM Bope, rnYTHHKe, 'COJIAaTe, )J.ypaKe, rJIynoH HJIH He-
BepHoH )! eHe HAP. 3Ha'IHTeJIbHOe MeCTO 3aHHMalOT CaTllpHqecKHe
n lOMOp11CTUqeC'KHe CKa3KH, KOTopble MHOrHM'H HCCJIe)J.OBaTeJI5!MH
paCCMaTpHBalOTC5I KaK caMOCTOHTeJIbHble 2KaHpOBble pa3HOBH)J.HD-
<CTH. TIo oc06eHHOCT5!M xYA02KeCTBeHHoro BbIMbICJIa H cnoc06aM
,era peamI3all.HH C. 6. 6JI-H3KH K HOBeJIJIHC'TH'IeCKHM, aBaHTlOp:HbIM
CKa3KaM (CM.), aHeK)J.OTaM (CM.). B03HHKHYB n0032Ke )J.Pyrnx CKa-
30'IHbIX pa3HoBHAHocTeH, C. 6. MeHbrne BOCnpHH5!JIH MHcpOJIOrlI'Ie-
CKne o6pa3bI, peaJIUCTH'IHee OTpa2KaJIH 2KH3Hb, 3'KTHBHO 6bITOBaJIH
B DopecpopMeHHoH POCCHH H )J.a2Ke 13 nepBble )J.eCHTlIJIeTlI5I XX B.
J1IlT.: Ca6tLeHKO C. B. PYCCKaH HapO.ll:lIaH CKa3Ka. KIIeB, 1914; JIol,repaHl{eBa
3. B. CY).(b6bl PYCCKOH CKa3KU. M., 1965; /OOliH /0. H. PYCCIWH HapoAHaH 6LITO-
BaH CKa3Ka II HCTOpIIH II PI'!>. J1., 1976. T. 16; AHUKliH B. JI. PyccKaH Hapo).(HaH
oCKa3Ka. M., 1977; JIponn B. H. PyccKa51 CKa3Ka. J1., 1984; Epil{llHa O. /0. YKpa-
'iHCbKa HapoAHa CO iaJIbHO-n06YToBa Ka3Ka. KHlB, 1989.
A. C. cJ>EJI.OCHI(
CKA3KA EOrATbIPCKA5I 0 EOrATbIP5IX ..
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::I /6 :Ir : 6HtI a 3 0K 'M rep05IMH KOTOpbIX 5!BJI5!1OTC
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BarOH, rro e2KAalOII.:(He 13 6010 MHOrOrOJIOBOrO 3MeH Ko e5! H ' T-
rp03HbIX, paHee Hen06eAHMblx npOTlIBHIIKOB C B' C II.:( )J.p.
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qeCKHH 3noc H C 6 . . . PMYH'CKHII, paccMaTpIIBa5! repoH-
. . TlOpKCKHX .II MOHrOJIbC'KHX Hapo)J.oB 13 p
CJIY'IaeB np.oBoAHT napaJIJIeJIH co 'CJIaBHHCK'HMH CKa3Ka'MIJ I rep
Cl{IIM 3nOCOOM, B LIaCTHOCTH, cpaBHHBaeT MOTHBbI He06bIKHoBeHHo-
" p02K)J.eHH5! repo5I, 60raTblpoKoro cBaToBcTBa, 13 ,KOTOpOM repolO
nOMoralOT ero nOMDII.:(HHKH-6GraTblpH. B C60pHHKe «PvccKHe Ha-
pO,lIiHble CKa3KH CH6HpM a 60raTblp5!x» npeAC'TaBJIeHbI cKa3KH ClO-
2KeTHOrO Turra 300 «I106eAHTeJIb 3Me5!» 13 KOHTaMHHa UH '
ClO)!{eTHbIMI! TIIIIaMH 301 302 303 305 361 400 4 5 c 52 APynrMH
K C 6 Mor y 6 ""'" 11 T. A.
I ..' 'I' bITb OTHeceHbI TaK2Ke CKa3KH 'Ha 6bIJIHHHble ClO2KeTbI
1 ApyrHe npOH3BeAeHH5! .pa3JIH'IHbIX rrOATHrrOB 'ClO.iKeTHGro THna 650.
J1I1T.: CTieclipeB H M J1y60qHbIe K p
Mupe. M., 1861; EeccoH 6 II A flecHH a 6 TIIHKU PYCCKOro HapoAa 13 lvlocKoBcKoM
Ca6 t ieHKO C B P " , co paHHble KHpeeBcKuM. M., 1862. BWI 4'
. . yccKa51 HapOllHa51 CKa3Ka: I1CTOpII5I c06upaHuH II u3yqeHIIH. K eB:
A. C. cJ>EJI.OCHK
CKA3KA BOJUIlEEHA5I, BOJIlllEEHO-<DAHTACTH4E-
CKA5I, 4YJJ:ECHA5I p., KA3KA 4APAJJ:3EfIHA5I, 4APAYHI-
4A5I 6., KA3KA <DAHTACTH4HA, 4APIBHA y.- OCHOBHOH
.iKaHp CK3300qHOrO TBopLlecTBa. HMeeT ABH2KYII.:(eH npY)!UIHOH AeH-
CTB'H5! qYAecHoe, Bepa 13 KOTopoe :iKHBeT 13 rJI)'16IIHe TBDp'IeCKOrO
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rpaHH'Ibe peaJIbHOrO I! 'BoJIrne6HOro MHpOB, HeonpeAeJIeHHO r)J..e H
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AeJI'HJIHCb CPYHKll.HH AeHCTBYlOII.:(HX JIHIJ. C. 13.- rep05!-qeJIOBeKa, era
aHTarOHHCTa, nOMOII.:(HHKOB, JI02KHOrO repOH, a TaK2Ke TpaAHll.HOH-
Ha5! ee 'CTpYKTypa, cpopMa CKa3bIBaHM5I.
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CKHH 13 «3aMeTKax rro CJIaB5!HCKOH MH'cpOJIOrIIu», CB5!3,aHD C BeJIJmO-
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CPOP'MYJIbI «EYAeT Te6e Tonop )J.a nJIaxa, Aa CMepTHaH py6axa»
(POMaHOB E. P. 1901. Bbm. 6.). Bonpoc a npOHCX02K)J.eHIUI CPOPMY-
JIbI -n3G6pa2KeHH5! qYAecHblx AeTeH <D. H. EYCJIaeB CB5!3aJI C Tpa)J.H-
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'IHCTOM cepe6pe».
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CTpeMJIeHHHMII, OTpa3HJIa rrOHCKH rrYTeH 06JIerLIHTb CBOH TPY,rr" CAe-
JIaTb era 60JIee npoH3'BOAIITeJIbHbIM. 3THM aHa YBJIeKaTe.'1bHa II
nOY'IHTeJIbHa. B C. B. OpraHHqHO CO'IeTalOTC5! HaI.:(HOHaJIbHOe H Me)!{-
3THHLIeCKoe, TpaAHll.HOHHoe H HOBo06pa30BaHH5I, KOJI.'leKTHBHoe II
JIH'IHOCTHOe TBOp'IeCKHe Ha'IaJIa.
Tpa)J.HI.:(HOHHaH BOCTO'IHOCJIaB5!HCKa5! C. B. xapaKTepHa OTHOCH-
TeJIbHOII 3aMKHYJ10CTblO CBoeH KOMn03HI.:(HOHHOH :II CTIIJIHCTHqeCKOli
cpOOpMbI. B COBpeMeHHOM HepaBHOMepHOM npOI.:(ecce 3aTyxaHIHI
YC'THOH CKa30'IHOH TpaAHll.HH 3Ta 2KaHpDBa5! 3aMKHYTOCTb HapyrnH-
JIaCb. B Te'IeHHe npornJIoro ;li Ha'IaJIe HbIHernHero BeKOB ClO2KeTHbIH
penepTyap C. B. COXpaHHJIC5! 13 npe2KHHX CBOHX rpaHHI.:(ax, npWleM
TpaAHI.:(HOHHble ClO2KeTbI TBOpqeCKH nepeOCMbICJIHJIHCb, KOHTaMHHH-
pO'BaJIIl'Cb. CKa30qHJIKH CTaJIH npHMeH5!Tb HeCBOHCTBeHHble Tpa)J.H-
ll.HOOHHOMY CKa30 L IHOMY CTHJIlO rrpHHI.:(HnbI nCIIXOJIOrH'IeCKOH 'Bblpa3H-
TeJIbHOCTH - BHYTpeHHHe MOHOJIOrH, nOpTpeTHble H neH3a2KHble
3ap-nCOBKH. TpaAHI.:(IHI H HOBoo6pa30BaHH5!, Me}K3THHqeCKHe B3aUMO-
CB5!3H OOCTaBJI5!1OT CJIOIKHOe e.IJ.HHCTBOO 13 pa3HbIX cpopMax 'COBpe-
MeHHoro HapOAHODO CKa3KOTBOp'IeCTBa. DpH 3TOM, O,lI.:HaKO, 3aMeTHO
HeKOTopoe CHH2KeHHe xY,lIi02KeCTBeHHoro ypOBH5! 3anHcaHHbIX 13 rro-
CJIeAmle AeC5!THJIeTHH BOCTO'IHOCJIaB5!HCKHX C. B. cpaBHHTeJIbHO C:
60JIee paHHIIMH 3anHC5!MH, KOTopble HMelOTC5! 13 H3BeCTHbIX ny6JIH-
Kall.HHX XIX H Haq. XX 13. C. B. rrpOAOJI2KaIOT eII.:(e YCTHO 6bIToBaTb
13 Hapo)J.HoH cpeAe, a HX ny6JI1IKall.HH CTaHDB5!TC5! HerrpeXOA5IIll;HM
no KYJIbTYPHOOMY 3Ha'IeHHlO cpOJIbKJIOpHbIM HaCJIeAHeM.
,HIlT.: Hapo.n:HLIe IOR<HOpyccKHe CKa3KU II I13.l1:. I1. PY.lI:qeHKo. I\ueB, 1869-
I ';iO. BLm. 1.; Cfy611HCKlIii JI. Jl. 1878. T. 2; MaJIoPyccKHe CKa3KH; CKa3KH II npe-
'I.'I'IIH CaMapcKoro KpaH I C06p. U 3an. .IJ:. H. CaAOBHHK?BbIM II arr. pro. 884.:
I 12' POliWH06 E. P. 1887. BLIII. 3; rUpfiK M. YKpalHCbKl HapOAHl. Ka3KH CXI.l1;HO
':,/lOB qqUHU. EpaTicJIaBa; I1PHlliiB, 1965-1979. T. 1-7; fepolKo-!jJaHTaCnqHl
,,:I,;IUI. 1984; HapO.ll:HLIe pyccKue CKa3KH A. H. A aHacbeBa: B 3 T. I I13.l1:. nOAroT.
,II r Eapar U H. B. HOBHKOB. M., 1984-198v. T. 1-3; JIoMepaHl{e6a 3. B:
('Y'(h6LI PYCCKOH CKa3KH. M., 1965; JIponn B. H. Mop!jJoJIorHH CKa3KU. M., Il69.:
(;i/ lCe. PyccKaH CKa3Ka. J1., 1984; OH lCe. I1cTOpHqeCKUe KOI?HH BO,!Jllie HOll
<,"a3KH. 2-e U3.l1:. J1., 1986; Eapac JI. EeJIapyc aH Ka K, : flLITaHHl BblByq HHH He
1I;II bIHHaJIbHaH caMa6LITHaC i rrapaYIIaJIbHa 3 lHlliLIMl }CXO.ll:Ht;.CJIaBHHCKl"';,l Ka3Ka:
, MH 1969' OH e. COcToHHHe BOCTOqHOCJIaB5IHCKOU YCTHOU CKa30qHOH TpaAH
:\"\'Jj H oBpeM HHble HapoAHble CKa30qHUKU II Tpa.ll:H UH '! c BpeMe JI HH Tb 13 !jJ JIbK-
,;" )e / OTB e.ll:. B. K. COKOJIOBa. M., 1988; Ka6auLHIKay K. . '-lapa.n:.3euHbI5I
;,a,!3Ki II 4a' !A3eHHLIH Ka3Ki. MH., 1973. 4. 1; K?sBeHlw B. A. l'!>aHTaCTHqHl,Ka31m
I' enCTeMi P>KaHPiB !jJOJIbKJIOPy II CJIOB'HHCbKe JIITepaTyp03HaBcTBo Ta !jJOJIbKJIOpH-
':'I'1lKa. 1975. Bbm. 10; AHlIKlIH B. JI. PyccKa51 HapoAHaH 5Ka3Ka.. M., 1977; YC.
1 )79; pY1we6cbKa JI. QJ. YKpalHcbKa HapO.ll:Ha Ka3Ka. KI1lB, 1987, Federowskl M.
IH!J7-1903. T. 1-3.
JI.r.EAPAr
CKA3KA fEPOHKO-<DAHTACTI14ECKA5;{ p., KA3KA fEPA-
IlJHA-<DAHTACTbI4HA5I 6., KA3KA fEPOrKO-<DAHTACTH4-
ItA y., no onpe)J.eJIemllO YKpaHHCKoro Y'IeHOrO 11. TI. E,e p e30BcKo-
1"0 - CKa3Ka, 13 KOTOpOH «MHcpH'IeCKOe, cpaHT3-CTIIqeCKOe HaqaJIO
op'raHH'IHO CO'IeTaeTC5! C Ha'IaJIOM repOHqeCKHM». OT oC'TaJIbHbI
BOJIrne6Ho-cpaHTaCTMqeCKHX ,CKa30K C. r.-cp. OTJIH'IaeTCH CHCTeMOII
o6pa30B H rrG3TH'IeCK;HX cpe)J.CTB, npH nOMOII.:(H KOTOpbIX 3TO rep M-
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IIKJIlO'IalOT 13 ce65! npoH3Be)J.eHH5! ClO2KeTHbIX THnOB 300, 301, 302,
: 03, 650 H )J.p., H, no CYII.:(eCTBY, 3TOT TepMHH 130 MHOroM cOBnaAaeT
(' TepMHHoM «CKa3Ka 60raTblpCKa5!», (CM.).
J1I1T.: repolKo-!jJaHTacTHqHi Ka3KH. 1984.
K. JI. KAEAIIlHHKOB
KA3KA fYMAPbICTbI4HA5I 6., KA3KA fYMOPHCTI14HA
!/.- OM. C1W31W lOMOpUCTUtteC1W5l.
CKA3KA JJ:OKY4HA5I p., KA3KA JJ:AKY4HA5I 6., KA3KA
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'<I OJIrylO» 'cKa3KY. BrrepBble TepMHH BBeAeH A. H. AcpaHa beBbIM.
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fiecK:OHe'IHble npHCTaBaHH5I AeTeH «paCCKa3aTb CKa30'IKY», eCJIH Y
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318
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(YKp.) HAp.
C. ,lI,. eCTb B penepTyape Bcex BOCTOqHOCJIaBHHCKHX (H APyrHX)
HapOAoB.
J1I1T.: HiKirpopOB A- I. Pocii'rcbKa .n:oKY<IHa Ka3Ka /if ETlIOrpa!jJ. BicHUK. I\ulB,
1932. I\H. 19.
B. A. EAXTHHA
CKA3KA KYMYJI5!TI1BHA51 p., KA3KA KYMYJI51TbIYHA51
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pa3p5!A (B. 51. TIporrrr), BbIAeJIHeMbIH rro CrreI.:(HcpwlecKHM KOMrro-
,3HI.:(HOHHbIM H C'BHJIeBbIM oco6eHHOCT5!M. Ha3BaHHe npOH30rnJIO aT
JIaT. cumulare - HaKorr.i:r5!Tb, HarpOM02KAaTb, YBeJIWIHBaTb H OT-
pa2KaeT OCHOBHOH rrpHHUHrr nocTpOeHH5!: MHoroKpaTHoe HapacTalO-
II.:(ee rroBTopeHHe O)J.HHX H Tex 2Ke HJIH aHaJIOrHLIHbIX )J.eHcTBHH, KOTO-
poe KOHLIaeTCH BeCeJIOH KaTacTpocpoli HJIH paCrrJIeTeHHeM 06pa30BaB-
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O)!{HAaHHO 3aBeprnaeTC5I. Pa3JIHLIalOT ,rr:Ba OCHOBHbIX rrpHHI.:(Hna rrpH-
coeAHHeHH5! OTAeJIbHbIX 3BeHbeB CKa3KH Apyr K Apyry: 1) OAHO 3a
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e)J.HHeHHH HOBoro 3BeHa 'lI'OBTOpHlOTCH npe)J.bIAYII.:(He: a+ (a+ b) +
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rrpHHHMaTb rreceHHYlO CPOPMY) - «KoJIo60K», «TepeM MYXH», «Perr-
Ka» H T. II. J1 3rrll L leCKH cnoKoHHbIe - «BOJIK-AypeHb», «3BepH 13
5!Me», «MeHa» H rrp. KYMYJI5!I.:(H5! KaK rrpHeM LIaII.:(e Bcero BCTpeLIa-
eTC5! 13 CKa3Kax 0 2KHBOTHbIX, HO M02KeT 6bITb H 13 APy.rHX BH)J.ax
CKa30K H 2KaHpaX cpOJIbKJIOpa.
J1I1T.: JIponn B. fl. .I\YMYJI5ITHBHaH CKa3Ka II JIponn B. H. 1'!>0JIbKJIOp U .n:eH-
CTBllTenbI-:.ocTb, 1976; JIourep C. M. a JKaHpOBOH crre u!jJUKe KYMYJI5ITUBHOH CKa3-
KU II I1pOOJIeMbI u3yqeHUH PYCCKOro YCTHOro HapoAHoro TBOpqeCTBa. M., 1979.
Ebm.6.
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I\. TaKHM CKa3KaM, 3auHMalOII.:(llM 13 BOCTOLIHOCJIaB5IHCKOM cpOJIbKJIOp-
110M MaTepHaJIe 3HaqHTeJIbHOe MeCTO, OTHOC5!TC5I rro Me2KAYHapO)J.HO-
MY :II BOCTOLIHOCJIaB5IHCJ{OMY YKa3aTeJIHM ClO)!{eTHble THrrbI 750-849.
IJaC:Tb HX BOC:X:OAHT I{ HMelOII.:(HM YCTHoe rrpOHCX02K)J.eHHe neKaHOHH-
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I'L'MbI BeTxoro H HOBoro 3aBeTa EH6JIHH, Harrp., C'Ka3KH «Il,apb
(:OJIOMOH (oOJIAaT, KY3HeI.:() crraCaeTC5! H.3 a)J.a»-A T 804 B (11 pyc..
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il lTeJIbHble 06mecTBeHHble HBJIeHHH, COI.:(HaJIbHble THrrbI H JIlOACKIIe
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pOBOH pa3HooBH)J.HOCTH C. c. BbI)J.eJIHJIHCb eme O. <D. MIIJIJIepOM,
KOTOpblii: OTHOCHJI 3TH CKa3KH K rr03)J.HeHrnHM. C. C. HaH,60JIee HpKO
II peaJIIICTHLIHO OTpa3HJIa COI.:(HaJIbHble O'THorneHH5I, MbICJIH H HHTe-
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("Koe 06bI'IaO rrpHCYII.:(e npOOH3Be)J.eHHHM, B KOTOpbIX 06JIHqalOTCH
I:OpOKH caMIIX KpeCTbHH (Harrp., JIO)J.blpHH'IeCTBO, 2Ka)J.HOCTb, 'MO-
llJeHHWleCTBG, 2KeCTOKOCTb, G6Ma'H HAP.). 3nI 2Ke rropOKH Y roc-
IlO,iJ,CTBYIOII.:(HX KJIaCOOB 'H3G6pa2KaJIHCb 60JIee OCTpO, 6ecrrOII.:(a)J.HOO,
!-IOCHJI'lJ COI.:(HaJIb'HO-KOOMH'IeCKHH xapaKTep. TeMaTHKa C. c. pa3HG-
06pa3Ha, OXBaTbIBaeT Bce 'CTOpOHbI 061I.:(eCTBeHHOH II CeMeII:HOII
)jUI 3 HIL
J1I1T.: Ka3Ki rrpa 1KblB€JI. 1971; I\a3KII npo TBapuH. 1976; Jl.aul1<:e6u i l H. Jl.
BOIIpOC 0 rrpOHCX01K.lI:eHUIl U pa3BuTHH 3rroca 0 1KHBOTHbIX rro HCCJIe.ll:OBaHlIHM
rrOCJIe.ll:Hero TpHA aTHJIenl5I. I\ueB, 1904; Ca6 i leH1w C. B. PyccKa51 CKa3Ka: I1CTOpH5I
c06HpaHH5I U H3yqeHH5I. I\ueB, 1914; JIponn B. fl. PyccKaH CKa3Ka. N1., 1984; Ko-
CT10XUH E. A. Tunbl H CPOpMb! 1KUBOTHOro 3noca. M., 1987; Jl.YHae6clJ/w JI. <P.
YKpaIHcbKa HapoJ(Ha Ka3Ka. I\ulB, 1987; KpYK H. H. BOCTOqHOCJIaB5IHCKlIe CKa3KH
o 1KUBOTHbIX. MH., 1989.
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KA3KA TIPO TBAPI1H y.- CM. CKa3Ka 0 CUBDT1-lblX.
CKA3KA PEAJII1CTI1LIECKA51 p., KA3KA P3AJIICTbILIHA51
6., uKA3KA PEAJIICTI1LIHA y.- TepMHH, HepeAKo yrrOTpe6JIHe-
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CKHMH CKa3KH MorYT 6bITb Ha3BaHbI rrOTOMY, LITO )J.eHCTBYlOII.:(He
JmI.:(a 13 HHX - He IIOTYCTopO'HHHe cpa'HTaCTHLleCKHe CYII.:(eCTBa, a pe-
aJIbHble JIlO)J.H. Ho BMeCTe C TeM ... 3TH 'CKa3KH }.:(aJIeKII OT Taro, LITO
MbI Ha3bIBaeM peaJIH3MOM» (c. 245). HecMoTpH Ha OTMe'IeHHYlO
YLleHbIM HeK'OTopylO YCJIOBHOCTb, TepMHH C. p. rro)J.LlepKIIBaeT CBoe-
o6pa3He MeTO)J.a xY}.:(02KeCTBeHHoro OTpa2KeHHH )J.eHCTBIlTeJIbHOCTH
H 3THX rrpoH3Be)J.eHIJHX 13 OTJIHqHe OT )J.Pyrnx 2KaHpOB CKa30IJ:'HOrO
3rroca.
J1I1T.: YKpalHcbKa lJapO.ll:Ha caTllpa i rYMOp. I\HlB, 1940; TapaceH1w6a E. <P.
)KaHpoBoe cBoeo6pa3ue PYCCKHX HapO.ll:HblX CaTUpllqeCKUX CKa30K I I PI'!>. Iv\..; J1.,
1957. T. 2; .l>,10.'loa6cKuii /l,. PyccKaH HapO.ll:HaH caTHpa. J1., 1967; <PJlOOciK A. C.
Dpa6JIeMbI 6e.1JapycKaH HapoJ(HaH caTbIpbl. MIL, 1978.
CKA3KA COJIJJ:ATCKA51 p., KA3KA CAJIJJ:AIJ,KA51 6., KA3-
KA COJIJJ:A TCbKA y.- rpyrrrra COI.:(HaJIbHO-6bIT BbIX H HOBeJIJIH-
CTH'IeCKIIX CKa30K, r.lIaBHbIM rrepCOHa2KeM KOTOpbIX 5IBJIHeTCH COJI-
}.:(aT, LlaII.:(e Bcero JIOBKHH, Y)J.aLIJIHBbIII, OCTPOYMHbIH, Haxo)J.LIHBbIH,
crroc06Hbul rrepexHTpHTb JI1060ro rrpoTHBHHKa H TOJIbKO HHor,lJ,a Ka-
2KYII.:(HIICH HenpaKTHLIHbIM, 6e3paccY,lJ,HbIM, orrpOMeTIJ:HBbIM. C. c. Ha-
CbIII.:(eHa canlpoH H lOMOpOM. COJI)J.aT JIOBKO C03)J.aeT KOMHLleCKYIO
CIITyaI.:(HlO ,'.I,.JUI CBOHX rrpOTHBHHKOB, HO pe)J.KO rrorrap:aeT 13 CMernHoe
rrOJI02KeHHe caM.
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THH, ynooTpe6.lIHeMbIH ,13 rnHpOK'OM H 60JIee Y3KOM ero 3Ha'IeH1IH.
B rrepBoM Hepe)J.Ko BblcTyrraeT KaK 3'KBHBaJIeHT TepM:HHa, «CKa3Ka
6UTOBaH» (CM.), OXBaTbIBalOII.:(erO H OOI.:(HaJIbiHO-6bITOBble, ITI C06C'T-
BeaHO 6bITOBble CKa3K'H. Bo BTOpGM H 60JIee ,'TOLIHOM 3Ha L leHHII OT-
IIOCHTCH TOOJIbKO K CKa3KaM, oCY2K)J.alOII.:(HM CaIJ;HaJIb'HOe 'HepaBeHcT-
BO, yrHeTeHIIe H yrHeTa'TeJIeH, COI.:(HaJIbHbIH H )J.YXOBHbIH rHeT, J]
OXBaTbIBaeT aHT'H6apCKHe, aHTHrraIHCKIIe, aHT'JIKperrOCTHH'IeCWlIe,
ilHTIIrroorrOBOKIIe, aHTHKJIepHKaJIbHble, aHTllpeJIHI1II03Hble CKa3KH. Bce
J1I1T.: JIponn B. H. PyccKaH CKa3Ka. J1., 1984.
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CKA3KA CATHPI1LIECKA51 p., KA3KA CATbIPbILIHA51 6.,
KA3KA CATI1PI1LIHA y.- 3rrwlecKHH YCTHorr03THqeCKHii paccKa3,
B KOTOpOM 13 KpHTHLlecKH 3aocTpeHHoH cpopMe BblCMeIIBalOTCH oTpm-
324
325
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3TH rrp01I3Be)J.eHHH 06'beAHHHeT, pOMe HX 06II.:(eH H}.:(eHHOH HarrpaB-
JIeHl-IOCTII, CX'O}.:(CTBO HJIH T02K}.:(eCTBO rrp'HHUHrrG13 XY)J.D2KeCT13eHHDro
OTpa)!{eHH5! )J.eH'CTB'HTeJIbIHOCTH, rrpe}.:(rrOJI ara 10 II.:('lI X H306pa)!{eHHe
06bIKHOBeHHbIX JIlOAeH (,MY2KHKa, 6apHHa) 13 peaJIblIbIX HJIII 1303-
MOO2KHbIX 2KH3HeHHbIX CH'TyaUHHx, qTD )J.aJIO O'CHOBaHHe HeKOTopbIM
HCCJIe}.:(OBa'TeJIHM Ha3bIBaTb 3TH rrpOH3Be}.:(eHIIH peaJIIIC'TH'IeCKUMH
(CM.), a TaK2Ke caTHp'HLleCKoe 'OCMeHHHe aHTaI10IH:HCTOB rrpOCTbIX
JIlO)J.eH - rrOMeII.:(HKOB, 'CJIY2KHTeJIeH 'KYJIbTa, 13 CHJIY Llero Hepe}.:(KO
ClfHOHHMOM TepMHHa C. c.-6. BblcTynaeT TepMHH «CKa3Ka caTHpH-
qeCKaH» (CM.).
CneUHcplI'Ka C. c.-6. )J.aBHO 6bIJIa 3a'Me'IeHa IICCJIe,lJ,D13aTeJIHMJI.
B. f. EemmcKHII 'H H. A. JJ:06poJII060B rro}.:('lIepKH13aJIH IIX COOUlIaJIb-
HYlO OCTPOTY, rJIy60Koe OTpa2KeHHe :iKH3HH H Map amI KpeCTbHH.
3Ha L Ill'TeJIbHOe MeCTO 3TH rrpOH313e)J.eHHH 3alJI5IJIH 13 «PYCCKlIX Ha-
pOOAHbIX CKa3Kax» H «PYCCK<IIX 3aBeTHblX CKa3Kax» A. H. Acpa-
HaCbeBa, 13 oD6paHHHX 6eJIopycc oro <II YKpaHHcKoI1O cpOJIbKJIOpa
D. B. IlleH'Ha, E. P. PGMaHOBa, M. <De}.:(epoBicworo, A. K Cep2Krry-
TOBCI\OI1O, n. 4y6HHoKoro, B. fHaTlOKa, E. JJ:. fpnwleHKo H )J.p.
Ooo6eHHo HHTenCHB'HO c006HpaHHe, rry6JIHKaUHH H .rr.3YLleHHe C. c.-6.
pa313epHYJIOCb 13 1920-30-e rO}.:(bI. TGr}.:(a )I e rrOOJIYLiliJI pacnpoc'I'pa-
HeHHeH ,caM TepMHH.
CM. TaK2Ke C,W3,W 6btTOBWI, CKa3Ka caTUpUtteCKWI H JIHT.
J1I1T.: I10rr U MY)KUK II PyccKHe HapoAHbIe CKa3KU I I1o.ll: pe.ll:. U C IIpe.ll:Hcn.
10. M. COKOJIOBa. M.; J1., 1931; EapuH U My)KHK II PyccKHe HapO.ll:Hble CKa3KH I I1o.ll:
pe.ll:. U C rrpe.ll:HCJI. 10. M. COKOJIOBa. M.; J1., 1933; Ca bI5IJIbHa-6blTaBbl51 Ka3Ki.
1976; COKOR06 10. M. PYCCKUH Q.JOJIbKJIOp. M., 1941; YKpalHcbKa HapO.ll:Ha rrOeTHq-
Ha TBOpqicTb. I\ulB, 1958. T. 1; XRaHm I. B. I1puHIJ.Hnn KJIaculjJiKa ii i HaYKoBoro
BnJ(aHHH co ianbHo-rr06YTOBuX Ka30K II HTE. 1975. N 5; Kpa6l{06 H. M., JIa-
SYTUH C. r. PyccKoe YCTHoe HapOAHoe TBOpqeCTBO. M., 1983; Ka6aumil,aij K. JI.,
<PJlOOCiK A. C. i iHlli. 13eJIapycKaH B}'CHaIla3TbIqlIa51 TBOpqaC b. MH., 1983.
CKA3KOBEJJ:EHHE p., KA3KA3HAYCTBA 6., KA3K03HAB-
(:TBO y.- BbIAemIBrna5ICH 1I3 cpO.'IbKJIOpHCTHKH crrell.HaJIbHaH )J.HC-
1I,I\UJIHHa, npe)J.MeTOM KOTOpOli CTaJIa CKa3Ka 130 BceM ee }KaHpOBOM
MlIoro06pa3HH. <DopMHpoBaHHe ee C XIX 13.- CJIe)J.CTBHe HapaCTa13-
IIIcro pa3Maxa )J.eHTeJIbHOCTH rro C06Hpm-IlllO H H3}.:(aHHlO CKa30K Ha-
pO}.:(OB MHpa, a BMeCTe C TeM c03peBaHIIH rrpHHuHrroB x CHCTeMaTH-
:all.HH H HCCJIe)J.OBaHHH 13 pycJIax pa3Hblx HarrpaBJIeHHH HaYKH 0 Ha-
(lO)J.HOM TBopLlecTBe. u
3a L iliHaTeJIHMH C. 6bIJIH B. II 5L fPHMM, T. EeHcpeH, H. EOJIbTe,
1\. J1eBHc ocp MeHap 13 fepMaHHI-I, TI. Ce6HIlo, 3. KOCK3H, )I(. Ee)J.be,
11. CeHTHB 130 <DpaHUHH, a TaK2Ke pH)J. YLleHblx <DHI-IJIHH}.:(IIH, JJ:aHIIH,
LIexmI CJIOBaKHH, f10JIbrnH H )J.p. cTpaH. 113BecTHoe 3Ha L leHHe 13 CTa-
IIOBJIe HH BOCTO'IHOCJIaBHHCKoro C. HMeJIa cpOJIbKJIOpHCTWlecKaH
J1.e5ITeJIbHOCTb A. H. AcpaHacbe13a, <D. 11. EYCJIaeBa, A. H. BeCeJIOB-
l'KOro, H. A. XY)J.HKoBa, JJ:. H. Ca}.:(o13HHKoBa, H. E. OWIYKoBa, JJ:. K
3eJIeHHHa, IO. H M. COKOJIOBbIX, C. B. CaBLleHKo, B. M. fHaTlOKa,
M. H. JJ:paroMaHo13a, 11. 5I. PY)J.'IeHKO, TI. TI. l..Iy6HHcKoro, I1. I1.
MamKypbI, E. JJ:. fpHWJeHKO, A. I1. MaJIHHKH, IO. 5I. 51BopcKoro,
E. P. POMaHoBa, TI. B. IlleHHa, M. <De)J.epoBCKoro, A. K Cep2Krr -
TOBCKoro, B. H. JJ:06pOBOJIbCKOrO, O. KOJIb6epra, C. POKOCCOBCKOH,
51. lVlornHHbcKoII, B. BepHrH, 3. KmIxa, E. <D. KapcKoro. 3a)J.a L ili C.
'orrpe)J.eJIHJIHCb opraHHLrHbIM e)J.HHCTBOM 13 CKa3Kax HaUHOHaJIbHOrO H
Me}K3THHLleCKoro, )J.peBHero H H013oro, KOJIJIeKTH13r:oro H HMrrpoBH3a-
UHOHHoro TBOp'IeCKHX HaLIaJI, a TaK2Ke Crrell.HcpHKOH HCrrOJIHHTeJIbCKO-
ro CKa30LrHOrO TBop'IeCTBa, 060raII.:(aeMOrO rrYTeM 13apbHpoBaHH!1 H _
KOHTaMHHHpOBaHHH ClO2KeT013 H OT)J.eJIbHbIX MOTHBOB, B3aHMO)J.eHCT-
BHH CKa30'IHbIX 2KaHpOB C }.:(pyrHMH )!wHIlaMH - cpOJIbKJIOpHbIMH H
JIHTep aTypHbIMH.
OpraHH30BmulbIH Me2K)J.YHapo)J.HbIH xapaKTep cpa13HHTeJIbHO-HC-
TOpHqeCKOe H3YLleHHe CKa30K rrpHHHMaeT nOCTerreHHO 13 XX B. aMeT-
HaH pOJIb 13 3TOM OTHorneHHH rrpHHa)J.JIe2KaJIa yqeHbIM cpHHCKOH rnKO-
JIbl cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKH. B 1907 r. 13 XeJIbCHHKH 6bIJIa OCHOBaHa Me2K-
)J.yHapo}.:(HaH cpe}.:(epaUIIH cpOJIbKJIOpHCTOB (FFC), KOTopaH C 191 q r.
no HaCTOHII.:(ee BpeMH H3,lJ,aeT rreplJ.o)J.wlecKYlO cepHlO MOHorpacpHH H
YKa3aTeJIelr THrr013 CKa30K pa3Hblx Hapo}.:(oB.
B 1924-1929 rr. rrpH PYCCKOM reorpacpH'IeCKOM 06II.:(eCTBe pa60.:
TaJIa CKa30 HaH KOMHCCHH. Oco6eHHo )J.eHTeJIbHOe Y'IaCTHe 13 HeH
rrpHHHMaJIH aKa)J.. C. <D. OJIb}.:(eH6ypr, A. I1. HHKHcpOpOB H H. D.
AH)J.peeB. B C60pHHKax KOMHCCHH rry6JIIIKOBaJIHCb 0630p bI HOBbIX
3arrHceH PYCCKHX CKa30K, CTaTbH rro BonpocaM cHcTeuMaTH3a I1H, Kap-
TorpacpHpoBaHHH H MeTOll.HKe c06HpaHHH Hapo)J.HoH y Tl-IOH rrp03bI.
B c06HparIllH yKpaHHcKHx CKa30K, JIereH)J. H rrpe)J.aHlIH, rrpeHMYII.:(e-
CTBeHHO raJIlIUHlrCKHX H 3aKaprraTcKHx, 13bI)J.alOII.:(YlOcH pOJIb HrpaJIO
.ITbBOBCKoe HayqHOe 06II.:(eCTBO HM. IlleBLleHKo, H3)J.aBrnee C 1895 IT?
1916 r. 38 TO MOB «ETHorpacpiLIHoro 36ipHHKa» rro)J. pe)J.aKll.HeH
B. fHanOKa.
113 CKa3KOBe)J.qeCKHX HCCJIe)J.OBaHHH, HMelOII.:(HX HCXO}.:(HbIM MaTe-
K. JI. KAEAI1JHMKOB
KA3KA 4APAJJ:3EVl.HA51 6., KA3KA 4APIBHA y.- CM.
CKa3Ka BOJlU1.e6HaH..
CKA3KA IOMOPI1CTI14ECKA51 p., KA3KA fYMAPbI-
CTbll..Jl-!A51 6., KA3KA fYMOPI1CTH4HA y.- 3rriHqeCKHH cpGJIb-
KJIDpHbIH paccKa3 rnYTJIJIBOrO xapaKTepa. B C. 10. KpHTHKa rropo-
KOB H 'He)J.oc-:aTK013 JIlO)J.eH BeAeTCH 13 60JIee MHrKGH cpopMe, LJeM 13
caTHpHLleC OH, He rrpH)J.aBaH 06JIHLleHHlO COUHaJIbHOH OOC'TpOTbI H
3Ha'IHMOCTH. Me2K}.:(y C. 10. 11 caTHpHLleCKOII HeT LleTKOH rp-aHH, Taff<:
KaK lOMOp BXO)J.HT 13 caTHpy K3JK OAHa H3 ee 'cpOpM. C. 10. 6Jl'lI3Ka K
aIHeK)J.OTY, lOT KOToporo OTJIHLlaeTC5-I rnHpDTOH COAep2KaHHH, MHoro-
3rrH30}.:(HOOCTblO. B03HHKHYB rr03}.:(Hee 'BoJIrne6HOII 'CKa3KH H 2KHBOTHOro
3rroca, C. 10. }J:ornJIa 13 aKTHBHOM 6bITOBaHH'lI ,lJ,0 -Harnero BpeMeHH.
CM. TaK2Ke CKa3Ka caTUpUtteCKaH. H JIHT.
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pIIaJIOM BOCTOLIHOCJIaBHHCKHH, rnHpOKYlO Me}KJ.:(YHapOJ.:(HYlO II313eCT-
HOCTb nOJIyqHmI MOHorpacpHII B. 5L TIporrrra «MopcpOJIOrH5I CKa3KH»
(JI.. 1928; 2-e H3J.:(.: .M., 1969) II «HCTopHLlecKHe KOpHII BOJIrne6HOll
CKa3KII» (J1., 1946). CTPYKTYPIW-MopcpOJIOrWleCKHII MeTOJ.:( aHaJIH3a
BOJIrne6HOH CKa3KH rro rroBTOpHlOII.:(HMCH B 3TOM 2KaHpe CPYI1KUHHM
rrepCOHa}Kel!, pa3pa60TaHHbIll lIM, npHBJIeKaeT TOLIHOCTblO. OH CJIY-
)KHT rrpe.'1rrOCbIJIKoi-i lICTOpHKO-TIlIIOJIOrH'IeCKOrO aHaJIH3a. JJ:aJIbHeH-
rnee pa3BlITHe IICTOpliKO-THrrOJIOrHqeCKHI-i MeTOJ.:( HCCJIeJ.:(OBaHHH CKa-
30K rrOJIYLIHJI 13 pa60Tax aKa)J.. B. M. )I(HPMYHcKoro, E. M. MeJIeTHH-
CKoro, C. IO. HeKJIlO,Li,OBa, CE5!3aHHbIX C TpaJ.:(Hll.HHMH A. H. BeCeJIOB-
CKoro, KaK H pa60TbI B. 5L Dporrrra.
B 20-50-e rOJJ.bI XX B. 13 BOCTOL HOCJIaBHHCKOM C. oII.:(YII.:(aJIc 3a-
MeTHbIll pa3pbIB Me)!{)J.Y c06HpneJIbCKOH H HCCJIe)J.oBaTeJIbCKOll pa-
60Toii. TO.iIbKO C 1960-x ro,n:OB CTaJIH 13bIXO)J.HTb MOHorpacpwlecKHe
HCC.'leAOBarnI5I, I10CBHill.eHHble CKa30qHbIM )!{aHpaM PyccKoro, YKpaHH-
CKoro H 6eJIOpyccKoro 4JOJIbKJIOpa 13 HX B3aHMo)J.eHcTBHH Ha ClO2KeT-
HOM, 06pa3HoM Ii CTHJIHCTHLleCKOM ypOBHHX C Y'IeTOM He }OJIbKO 3T-
HWleCKorO cBoeo6pa3HH, HO II perHOHaJIbHbIX oc06eHHOCTeH, KOHTaKT-
HbIX H TlIIIOJIOfn'IeCKHX CB513eli C HHOH3blqHbIM cpOJIbKJIOpOM 13 ac-
,neKTe iICTopHLleCKoro pa313HTHH II COBpeMeHHoro COCTOHHHH YCTHOH
CKa30 L II-IOH Tpa;unum. 3TO HCCJIe)J.OBaHIIH 3. B. DOMepaHll.eBOH, B. 5L
TIporrna, H. B. HOBHKoBa, B. D. AHHKHHa, H. B. BeJ.:(epHIIKoBOH,
E. I1. lllaCTIIHOfI, 10. I1. IO)J.IIHa, B. A. EaXTlIHOfI, M. IO. rHpHKa,
r. c. Cyx06pyc, H. n. Eepe30BcKoro, J1. <D. JJ:YHaeBcKoH, A. IO.
EPHll.HHOfI, K 11. Ka6arnHHKoBa, A. C. <De)J.ocHKa, I1. I1. KpYKa,
E. A. KOCTlOXHHa, B. A. I03BeHKo, J1. r. Bapara.
3Ha L IHTeJIbHbIM orrbITOM paCKpbITHH 3aKoHoMepHocTeH 3BOJIIOll.IIII
cKa30 L IHOIi Tpa)J.Hll.HH Ha OCHOBHbIX IICTopHLlecKHx ,narrax HBJI5!eTCH
KHHra 3. B. TIoMepaHueBoH «CY)J.b6bI PYCCKOH CKa3KH» (1965). JJ:PY-
raH cpVHJ.:(aMeHTaJIbHaH MOHorpacpIIH II 13MeCTe C TeM 13Y30BcKoe rro-
coolIe' B. 5L II ponrra «PYCCIWH CKa3Ka» (1984) 130 BceH CJIQ)KHOCTH
OCBeII.:(aeT OTHOilleHHe CKa30qHbIX }KaHpOB K lIcTopwlecKoH 2KH3HH,
rrp06JIeMY 06ruero H caM06bITHoro 13 PyccKOI! CKa3Ke. H. B. HOBHKOB
13 MOHorpacpl-IH «06pa3bI BOCTOLIHOCJIaB5IHCKOH BOJIrne6HOH CKa3KH»
(1971) BrrepBbIe )J.aJI J.:(eTaJIbHbIH cOrrOCTaBlITeJIbHbIH aHaJIH3 CHCTe-
MbI 06pa30B CKa30K Tpex CJIaBHHCKHX Hapo)J.oB rrYTeM rrpII13JIeqeHHH
K 3TOMY aHaJIII3Y 60.ITbrnOrO orry6mIKoBaHHoro MaTepHaJIa XVIII,
XIX II XX 1313.
3aMeTIIOe MeCTO cpeJ.:(II cpaBHHTeJIbHbIX HCCJIe)J.oBaHlIH BOCTOLIHO-
CJIaBHHCKlIX CKa30K 3aHHM310T KHHrI-I 11. DOJIHBIUI' (Slovanske po-
hadky. 1. Praha, 1]32), K. rOpaJJeKa (Pohadkoslovne Studie. Praha,
1964; Studie ze srovnovaCi folkloristiky. 1966), A. J1eBIIca ocp Me-
Hapa (Del' Held in deutsche und fU'ssischen Marchen. Jena, 1912)
H )J.p.
lI3Y L leHIle COCTOHHHH Tpa)J.lIll.Hll HepeJ.:(Ko CO'leTaeTCH C BHIIMa-
1-!HeM K IIH,lJ,HBIIJ.:(yaJIbHbIM CTHJIHM H MacTepcTBy BbI)J.alOII.:(HXCH CKa-
30 l IHHIWB. B pa60Tax A. 1-1. HlII\.HcpopoBa, CJ.:(eJIa13rnerO oco6eHHo
MHoro ueHHbIX Ha6JIloJ.:(ernrli Ha,n: ceBepHopycCKOH cKa3KoII KaK 06-
rueHapoJ.:(HOM HBJIernIH, M. K. A3a)J.oBcKoro, 3. B. TIoMepaHIleBolI,
A. H. HeLweBa, H. B. HOBHKoBa, E. H. lllaCTHI-IOII, P. TI. MaTBeeBoH,
D. B. J1IIHTypa, r. A. EapTarneBIFI, K. TI. Ka6arnHIIKoBa cneunaJIb-
HO HCCJIe,n:yeTcH MaCTepcTBo CKa30 L IHI!K013 C YlJeTOM KOJIJIeKTHBHorO
xapaKTepa cpOJIbKJIOpHOrO TBopLlecTBa.
TpaJ.:(lIUHoHHaH YCTI-raH pycCI{a51 CKa3Ka 13 ee CJID1KHOM OTHOIllernIH
C rrpoH313e)J.eHHHMII rrHCaTeJIeH H JIy60 L IHbIMH rrpoII313e,n:eHHHMII rro-
pa3HoMY OCHOBaTeJIbHO HCCJIeJ.:(yeTcH 13 pa60Tax D. r. EoraTbIpeBa,
NL K. A3aJ.:(oBcKoro, 3. B. TIoMepaHll.eBOH, JJ:. H. Me)J.pHrna, B. D.
AHHKHHa, H. 11. CaByrnKHHOIi, I1. A. J1yrraHoBoH, T. r. J1emloBoH,
K. E. Koperro13oH, T. B. 3ye13oii. HeCKOJIbKO MeHbrne, LleM pyccKaH,
H3YLleHbI 13 )J.aHHOM OTHorneHHiI YKpaHI-ICKaH H 6eJIOpyccKaH CKa3KH.
3TI-IOrpacpHLlecKHe acneKTbI ClJOJlbKJIOpHCTHKH B UeJIOM H CKa3KO-
BeJ.:(eHHH 13 lJaCTHOCTH aKTyaJIbHO paccMaTpHBalOTcH 13 KHHre K. B.
LJHCTo13a «HapO,lJ,Hble TpaJ.:(Hll.HH H cpOJIbKJIOp» (1986).
B rrOCJIe)J.HIIe ,n:eCHTIIJIeTHH rrOHBlIJIOCb MHoro ueHHbIX CKa3KOBeA-
LleCKHX pa60T 3a py6e)KoM. C 19?,7 r. H3J.:(ae cH 13 EepJIIIHe )K)J.YHa-
PO)J.HbIH 2KypHaJI HCCJIeJ.:(OBaTeJIeli CKa30 L IHOH II HeCKa30qHOH HapO,lJ,-
HOH rrp03bI «Fabula». JJ:eBHTbIH roJ.:( H3)J.aeTCH OCHOBaHHaH K. PaHKe
ClJYH)J.aMeHTaJIbHaH «3Hll.HKJIOrre)J.HH CKa30K - HaCTOJIbHOe PYKOBO,n:-
CTBO ,n:JIH HCTOpIIqeCKHX H cpaBHHTeJIbHbIX CKa3KOB:)J.'IeCKIIX HCCJIe-
lI.OBaHHH» 13 12 TOMax (60 KHHrax)- Ha aHrJIIIHCKOM H3bIKe 13
HblO-VIopKe II Ha HeMeUKOM H3bIKe 13 EepJIHHe. Me2K)J.YHapo)J.HbIMH
HBJIHlOTCH H MHorOTOMHble HaYLIHble cepHH CKa30K Hapo)J.oB MHpa
AKa,n:eMIIH HaYK 13 EepJIIIHe. Bo Bcex 3TIIX H3)J.aHHHX ny6JIHKYlOTCH
pa60TbI H COBeTCKHX cpOJIbKJIOpHCTOB-cKa3KoBe)J.oB.
Pa313IITHlO HaY'lHbIX cBH3efI CKa3K013eJ.:(OB crroc06cTBYlOT, KpoMe
FFC, Me2K,lJ,YHapo)J.Hoe 06II.:(ecTBo HCCJIe,n:oBaTeJIeH Hapo)J.HoH rrp03bI
II Me2K)J.YHap0)J.Hoe 06II.:(eCTBO 3THOJIOrHH H cpOJIbKJIOpa EBporrbI, a
TaK2Ke Me2K)J.YHapo)J.HbIII KOMIITeT CJIaBHCTOB.
J1I1T.: MelteTUHCKUii E. M. fepoH Bonllie6HOH CKa3KU: I1pouCXOR(.lI:eHlIe 06-
pa3a. M., 1958; )K,Up;,tYHCKUii B. M. CKa3aHIIe 06 AJIrraMbIllie U 60raTLJp Ka
CKa3Ka. M., 1960; OH J/ce. TIOpKcKHH repOHqeCKHH 3110C. J1., 1974; Ka6aulHlIwy
K. JI. EeJIapycKaH Ka3Ka y Ka3a'IHLIM 3nace CnaB5IH. MH., 1968; Eapa,c JI. r:.
I3eJIapycKaH Ka3Ka: I1bITaHHi BbIByq3HHH 51e H b15lHaJIbHaH caMa6blTHac lIapay-
HanbHa 3 iHlliblMi YCXO.ll:HeCJIaBRlICKiMi Ka3KaMl. MH., 1969; MelleTUHC1WU E. M.,
He1c1w80B C. 10., H06UK E. c., Ceca.1IJ 11.. M. I1p06JIeMbI CTPYKTypHoro OIIIICaHlI51
MOJ(eJIH BOJIllie6HOH CKa3KH II Tp. rro 3HaKOBbIM CUCTeMaM. TapT)', 196 . T. 4;
Eepes06cIJ/wii I. JI. YKpalHcbKi Ka3KH i CXiJ(HOCJIOB'51HCbKa HapO.ll:Ha OnOB1.ll:aJIbHa
TpaAH iH II HTE. 1974. .N'!? 5; Be8epHlIK06a H. M. PyccKaH HapoJ(HMI CKa3Ka. M.,
1976; CYC. 1979; IlJacTUHa E. If. CKa3KH, CKa3 lJHH H, cOBpeMeHHocTb. I1I?KYTCK,
1981; rUpfiK M. YKpalHcbKi HapoiJ.Hi Ka3KlI CXliJ.HOl CJIOBaqqmm. I3paT c:IaBa-
I1p5llliiB, 1983; Ka6aumiKa(.j K. JI., EapTGW36i t l r. A. CYCTp3'lbI Ka3Kall. j\ih .,
1984; KOCTWXUH E. A. THllbl II (lJOpMLJ )KIIBOTHoro 3noca. M., 198t; jI,Yflae6clJKa
JI. <P. YKpalHcbKa HapO.ll:Ha Ka3Ka. I\lIlB, 1987; Eapa2 JI. r. COCT05lHUe BOCTO:HO-
C,'laB5IHCKOH YCTIWH CKa30qHOH TpawIwm II cOBpeMeuHble !IapO.ll:HbIe CKa30qHIIKU I(
TpaAI1 1I1I B cOBpeMeHHoM !jJOJIbKnOpe I OTB. peJ(. B. K COKOJIOB . M., 1988,
KPYK If. H. BOCTOqHOCJIaD5IHCKlIe CKa3KH 0 )K"BOTHbI . M., 1989; J5'pIliuHa ..0. 10.
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329
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JI.r.EAPAr
DO}.:(LlepKIIBaH pOJIb C. 13 pa3BIITHH cKa3KII, MHorIIe cKa3KOBe)J.bI
('IIHTaIOT I.:(eJIeC006pa3HbIM II3)J.aHHe rrpOH3Be}.:(eHHII 3Toro )!\:aHpa
lie rro ClO2KeTHbIM THllaM JIH60 perHOH3M, a rro CKa30'IHHKaM. DpHMe-
!ILl H3)J.aHHH C60pHHKOB CKa30K O)J.Horo C. eCTb 13 6eJIOPYCCKOH, PYC-
{'(mH H YKpaHHCKOH cpOJIbKJIOpHCTI1Ke.
CKA30LJHHK, EAXAPb, EA51H p., KA3A LJHIK, EAVIKAP 6.,
KA3KAP y.- TaJIaHTJIHBbIH HCrrOJIHHTeJIb (pacCKa3qHK) CKa30K,
BJIa}.:(elOII.:(IIH }.:(OCTaTOqHbIM penepTyapoM, xpamneJIb cKa30 L IHoH Tpa-
}.:(Hll.HH, oKa3bIBalOll1.HH cYII.:(eCTBeHHoe BJIHHHHe Ha ee COCTOHHHe. Ero
2KH3HeHHbIH OrrblT, oc06eHHocTH MHpoB033peHII5I, xY}.:(O)KecTBeHHoe
LIYTbe, BJIa}.:(eHne BocrrpHHHToH OT Y'IHTeJI5I (YLIUTeJIeII) cpOJIbKJIOpHOH
Tpa}.:(Hll.IleH 13 rnHpoKoM ee TOJIKOBaHIIH rrpHMo HJIH KOCBeHHO oTpa-
:tKalOTCH 13 paccKa3bIBaeMblx HM CKa3Kax, orrpe)J.eJIHlOT BbI60p perrep-
Tyapa, oc06eHHocTH CTHJI5-!, HarrpaBJIeHlle pa3pa60TKII Toro HJIH HHO-
ro Tpa}.:(Hll.HOHHOro ClO.tKeTa. Ha Ba2KHYlO pOJIb C. B pa3BIITHII 2KaHpa
06paII.:(aJIH BHHMaHHe MHOrne c06HpaTeJIH H HCCJIe}.:(OBaTeJIH CKa3KH:
H. E. OWIYKOB, .lX. K 3eJIeHIIH, C. B. CaB'IeI-IKO, A. K Cep2KrrYToB-
CKHH, 6paTbH COKOJIOBbI, M. K. A3a)J.oBcKHH. B pa60Tax 3THX H )J.PY-
rnx YLleHbIX }.:(aHbI TBOpqeCKHe rropTpeTbI MHorHX BbI)J.alOII.:(HXCH C.
npornJIoro H cOBpeMeHHocTH, BbI}.:(BHralOTCH pa3JIWIHble KpHTepHH, rro
KOTOpbIM C. MOIKHO 6bIJIO 6bI OTHeCHI K TOMY HJIH HHOMY THrry. 0606-
II.:(a5-! 3TH rrOHCKH, B. 51. f1porrrr rrHCaJI, LITO THrr C. M02KeT 6bITb orrpe-
}.:(eJIeH rro xapaKTepy ero perrepTyapa (CKa30qHHKII-3rrHKH, THrOTelO-
ll1.l1e K BOJIUIe6I-IOH CKa3Ke, HOBe.1JJIHCTbI, rrpe}.:(nOqHTalOII.:(He 6bITOBYIO
H aHeK}.:(OTHLleCKYlO CKa3KY, MOpaJIIICTbI, CKJIOHHble K HpaBOYLHneJIb-
HOH JIereH)J.e, «YHHBepCaJIbl», B.1Ja)J.elOII.:(He BceMH BH}.:(aMH CKa30K),
rro MaHepe HJIII crroc06y HCrrOJIHeI-IHH (C.-6aJIaryp, C.-peaJIHCT), rro
CTerreHH caMOCT05ITeJIbHOCTH TBopLlecTBa (HMrrpoBH3aTopbI, Tpa)J.H-
ll.HOHaJIIICTbI). B 'non cxeMe He HarnJIH OTpa2KeHHH 13 bI}.:(eJIeHIIble
JJ:. K. 3e.'1eHHHbIM rro COCJIOBHO-COll.HaJIbHOMY rrpH3HaKY rpyrrrrbI
C. - peMeCJIeHIIlIKOB, C. -COJI)J.a T, C. - 6ypJIaKOB, rrp HHa)J.JIe:tKHOCTb KOTO-
pbIX K Tall HJIH HHOIi rrpocpeCCHOHaJIbHOH HJIH COll.HaJIbHOll cpe)J.e orr-
pe)J.eJIeHHbIM 06pa30M CKa3bIBaJIaCb Ha HX TBopLleCTBe.
Y BOCTOLIHbIX CJlaBHH CYII.:(eCTBOBaJIO rrpocpeCCHOHaJIbHOe HCrrOJI-
HlITeJIbCTBO CKa30K, HaqaJIO KOTOPOMY 6bIJIO rrOJI02KeHO CKOMopoxa-
MH, O}.:(HaKO 13 60JIbIDHHCTBe cBoeM C. He HBJIHJIHCb rrpocpeCCHOHaJIaMII
,KpOMe H3BeCTI-IbIX 13 CBoeM perHoHe H rrpH3HaHHblx CJIyrnaTeJIHMH c.,
CKa3KH }.:(JIH CBOHX )J.eTeii LlaCTO paccKa3bIBalOT HX pO}.:(HTeJIH, )J.e)J.yrn-
KH H 6a6yrnKH. B HCTopmo cpOJIbKJIOpa BOCTOqHbIX CJIaBHH rrpoLIHo
BOrnJIH HMeHa TaKHX BbI)J.alOII.:(HXC5I cKa30 L IHHKOB, KaK A6paM HOBO-
rrOJIbI.:(eB, A. K EapblrnHHKoBa, H. O. BHHoKypoBa, <D. D. rocrro)J.a-
peB, II. <D. KOB3JIeB, M. M. KopryeB, A. H. KOpOJIbKOBa, M. A. CKa3-
KHH, E. 11. COpOKOBIIKOB-MaralI, 11. A3eMrna, 51H JJ:e2KKa, TI. rYJIe-
BH'I, B. MIIXaHJIOB, M. CaBIIUKIIH, Pe)J.KHH, E. M. MeJIbHHKOBa, B. l1.
BeprYH, P. <D. LfMbIXaJIO, B. B. KOPOJIOBWI, A. C. KaJIHH, M. M. ra-
JIHI.:(a II MHorHe )J.pynle.
J1I1T.: OrroBi.ll:aHH5I P. I'!>. 4MHXaJIa./ 3i6p. BOJIO.ll:UMHP J1eceBiq I ETHorpa!jJ.
:6. 1904. T. 14; 0H'IY1W6 H. E. CeBepHbIe CKa3KH. CI16., 1909; Cep nYT06c1Wii
/1. K. CKa3Ku U paccKa3bI 6eJIOpycoB-rrOJIelliYKoB. CI16., 1911;' 3eReHUI-I JI.. K.
13eJIl1KOpyccKue CKa3KU I1epMcKoH ry6epHuH. I1r., 1914; C01WR06bl E. M. U /0. M.
CKa3KH U rreCHU EeJI03epcKoro KpaH. M., 1915; 3aKaprraTcbKi Ka3KU AHJ\piH I\a-
.IIlllIa. Y:;KropoA, 1955; Ca6tteHKO C. B. PyccKa51 HapoJ(Ha51 CKa3Ka. KHeB, 1914;
ilsao06cKuii M. K. PyccKue CKa30qHUKU II CT. 0 JIllTepaType U Q.>OJIbKJIOpe. M.; J1.,
1960; JIoMepaHl{e6a 3. B. CYAb6bl PYCCKOH CKa3KH. M., 1965; lllacTllHa E. H.
CKa3Ku, CKa30qHllKU, cOBpeMeHHocTb. I1PKYTCK, 1981; rUpRI{ M. YKpalHcbKi Ha-
1)().lI: Hi Ka3KU Cxi.ll:Hol CJIOBaqqUHu. EpaTicJIaBa-I1p5llliiB, 1983; Eapa2 JI. r. Ee-
JlapycKaH Ka3Ka. MH., 1984; JIponn B. fJ. PYCCKaH CKa3Ka. M., 1984; Ka6aumi1wfJ
1\. JI., EapTaw36itt r. A. CYCTp3'lb1 3 Ka3KaH. MH., 1984; 3aqapOBaHi Ka3KOIO:
YKpalHcbKi HapoJ(Hi Ka3Kll 3aKaprraTT5I B 3allicax I1. B. J1hlTypa. Y:;KropO.ll:, 1984.
K. JI. KAEAlllHHKOB
CKJ1AJJ: AKKOP.lXOBO-rAPMOHl1LJECKl1VI p., CKJ1AJJ: AKOP-
J\ABA-rAPMAHILJHbI 6., CKJ1AJJ: AKOP.lXOBO-rAPMOHILJ-
IIl1V1. y.- MY3bIKaJIbHbIH CKJIa)J. (CM.), B KOTOpOM JIOrIIKY MY3bI-
KaJIbHoro pa3BlITHH orrpe}.:(eJIHeT rapMOHH'IeCKaH CPYHKI.:(HH C03BY'IHH.
B rreceHHOM Cl)OJIbKJIope BCTpeLJaeTcH B rr03)J.HHX HarrJIaCTOBaHHHX,
'1aII.:(e 13 2KaHpaX IIHCTPYMeHTaJIbHOH MY3bIKH (rapMorneLIHble H 6a-
,lIaJIaeLIHble HaHrpblrnH) H CBH3aHHbIX C HHMH rrJIHCOBbIX rreCHHX.
CM. TaK2Ke C,uzad MY3bllWJlbl-lblU II JIIIT.
A. 11.. TPOHlI,KAH
CKJ1A,LL lV1Y3bIKAJ1bHbIVI. p., CKJ1AJJ: MY3bILJHbI 6.,
<:I(J1AJJ: MY311LJHHVI y.- rrpHHI.:(Hrr opraHH3aI.:(HH MY3bIKaJIbI-IOH
IVILICJIH, orrpe)J.eJI5IIOII.:(HH BHYTpeHHlOlO JIOrHKY ee pa3BHTHH. <DOpMOH
IIblpa}KeI-IlIH C. M. HBJIHeTC5I MY3bIKaJIbHaH cpaKTypa - crroc06 erD
1I::JI02KeHHH. B cpOJIbKJIOpe BOCTO'IHOCJIaBHHCKHX Hapo)J.oB BCTpe-
'I UOTCH CJIe)J.YIOII.:(He THrrbI C. M.: MOHO}.:(HH (CM.), rrOJIHcpomI5I (CM.),
:1I\KOp)J.oBo-rapMOHH'IeCKHH CKJIa)J. (CM.); rrpoMe2KYTOqHble TIIrrbI:
"!'TepocpoHlI5I (CM.), rOMocpOI-IHH (CM.).
J1ET.: Hw,eHlw JI. YKpaiHcbKe HapOJ(He 6araTOrOJIOCC5l. KHlB, 1962; TfOJlUH
10. H., JIPU6aT-iO H. r. TeOpeTllqeCKHe OCHOBLI rapMoHHu. M., 1965; MaseRb JI. A.
IIpo6JIeMbI KJIaCCHqeCKOH rapMoHuu. M., 1972; TIORUH /0. H. YqeHHe 0 MY3bI-
1,:J.1II.IIOH !jJaKType H MeJIO.ll:UqeCKOH qmrypa nH: MY3bIKaJIbHaH !jJaKTypa. M., 1976;
/;"{1ff1a(JcIWJI T. C. J1eKlI.HU 110 rapMoHHu. J1., 1978; XOJlOn06a B. l'!>aKTypa. M.,
1 170.
A. 11.. TPOl1lI,KAfl
330
c
c
CKOMOPOX p., y., CKAMAPOX 6. 3THMOJIOrHH CJIOBa He BbI-
HCHeHa. CYill.eCTByeT 60JIee J.:(13a.IJ:r aTH rHnOTe3 (OT D. VI. lllacpapHKa
,)J.O CrreI.:(HaJIbHbIX cTaTeH JIHHfBHCTOB XX B.). HaH60JIbrnee rrpH3Ha-
I-IHe rrOJIy1J:HJIa rHrrOTe3a A. 11. KHprrWIHHK013a (OT rpeLI. skomma-
rnYTKa+arho - HaqaJIbCTBYlO)- cKOMMapx, cKOMpax (CTapOCJIaB.),
CKOMOpOX. B J.:(peBHepyccKOM JIeTOrrHCaHHiI (<<DOBeCTb BpeMeHHblx
JIeT») BrrepBble yrroMHHalOTcH rro)J. 1068 r. TepMHl-I C. 0603Ha L laeT
cpe)J.HeBeKoBblx KOMe)J.HaHTOB, MY3bIKaHToB, rre13I.:(013, CPOKYCHHKOB,
nJIHcYHo13, J.:(peccHpOBII.:(IIK013. rIa cBHJ.:(eTeJIbCT13Y rraMHTHHKOB )J.pe13-
HepyccKoH rrHCbMeHHOCTH XI-XIII 1313., C. yqaCTBOBaJIiI 13 H3bI'IeC-
KHX 06pHJ.:(ax H Hapo)J.HblX npa3)J.HHKax. rIoCJIe rrpHl-I5ITHH xpHcTHaH-
CTBa C. rrOCTOHHHO 06JIHqaJIIICb ll.epKOBblO, HX HCKYCCTBO 6bIJIO
D6"bHBJJeHO rpexoBHbIM. KaK 3HaTOKH Hapo)J.HbIx 06pH,lJ,OB OHH rrpH-
rJIarnaJIHCb Ha 6paTqlIHbI, cBa)J.b6bI, rrOMHHKlI. C. }KHJIH rrpII )J.Bopax
KHH3eii:, 3HaTHblX 60Hp, BoeBOJ.:(, Y13eCeJIHH HX. OHH COCTaBJI5IJIlI TaK-
2Ke opraH1I30BaHHbIe 6p0J.:(HqHe apTeJIH rro HeCKOJIbKO J.:(eCHTKOB 'Ie-
JIOBeK. PacUBeT IlX HCKYCCTBa rIpHXO)J.HTC51 Ha XIV-XVI 1313. B rrHC-
ll.0BbIX KHHrax XV-XVII 1313. 3aperHCTpHpOBaHo 60JIee LleTblpexcoT
oce)J.JIbIX CKOMOpOXOB. HCKYCCTBO CKOMOpOXOB OCTaBHJIO 3aMeTHbIH
CJIe,lJ, 13 <pOJIbKJIOpe BOCTOLIHbIX CJIaBHH. MacTepcTBo HCrrOJIHeHII5I, 3JIO-
60)J.He13HbIH perrepTyap (cueHKH II rJIYMbI, rreCHH 13 cOrrpOB02K)J.eHIfH
rYCJIeII, correJIelr, BOJIbIHKH, rY)J.Ka, CYPHbl, )J.OMpbI) OTpa2KeHbI 13 6bI-
JIHHaX (<<BaBHJIO H CKOMOpOXH», «rOCTb TepeHTbHII.:(e», «CTapHHa 0
60JIbrnOM 6bIKe» H J.:(p.), 13 rreCHHX (<<CKOMOpOX HJ.:(eT rro YJIHI.:(e»,
«CKoMopornKH - JIIO)J.H J.:(06pble», «KaK Ha MOJIO)J.ll.e CMYP KacpTaH»
H )J.p.), 13 CKa3Kax H rrOCJIOBHll.aX (<<Y BCHKoro CKoMopoxa CBOH rro-
rY)J.KH», «He yqH rrJIHCaTb, 51 caM CKOMOpOX», «CKoMopornbH rrOTeXH
caTaHe 13 YTexy» H )J.p.). 3IIlIqeCKHe rnYTOqHble rreCHII, HHorJ.:(a rrapo-
J.:(I1pYIOII.:(He rr03THKY 6bIJIHH, IIocTpoeHHble Ha He6bIJIHll.aX, Ha3bl-
13alOTCH CKoMopornHHaMH (CM.). HHCTHTYT CKoMopornecTBa Ha PY-
CH 6bIJI 3arrpeII.:(eH Crrell.HaJIbHbIMH YKa3aMII 13 rreplIoJ.:( KpeCTbHHCKHX
130JIHeHIIH 13 XVII B. MaCKH H HHCTpYMeHTbI C. C2KHramI, rrpH 06Ha-
PY2KemIH lIX rrO,lJ,BepraJIH )J.eHe2KHoMY rnTpacpy H HaKa3aHHIO KHYTOM.
C. HeKoTopoe BpeMH YKpbIBaJIHCb Ha oKpaHHax PYCH. B 6eJIapycH
CKoMopornecTBo C13060,lJ,HO cYII.:(eCTB013aJIO 13 XVI-XVII 1313.
B XVIII-XIX 1313. Tpa)J.HI.:(HH CKoMopornbero HCKYCCT13a 6bIJIH OT'IaC-
TH BocrrpHHHTbI Me,lJ,Be,lJ.'IHKaMH, 130JIoqe6HHKaMH, KYKOJIbHHKaMlI,
paernHHKaMH, ll.HpKaLlaMH, HapO,lJ.HbIMH rreBll.aMlI, CKa3HTeJIHMH, CBa-
,lJ.e6HbIMlI ,lJ.PY2KKaMH H «cTOJI60BbIMH» (6eJI.).
l'KaH aKa.ll:3MiH II I3eJIapYCb. 1946. .N' 4; COllOoyxa H. Me.ll:Be)!{bH aKa.1(CM1I5I II COB.
ITllpK. 1959. N 3; Bce60.nooCKUii-repH2pocC B. H. 1959; Ee.ll1WI-I A. A. PyccKlIe
mmwpoxu. M., 1975; B.nac06a 3. H. I\ Borrpocy 0 Tpa.ll:U UH B !jJOJIbKJIOpe: «Cra-
pIma 0 60JIblliOM 6bIKe» B CBeTe HCTOpIIKO-3THorpacpHqeCKUX .lI:amlbIX II Pyc. .ITIIT.
[982. N 2; OHa J/ce. CJIe.ll:bl TBopqeCTBa CKOMOpOXOB B Tpa.ll:H HOlIHOM rreceHHOM
IfJO.1JbK.!Jope II TaM )j(e. 1985. N 2; OHa J/ce. CKOMOpOXU H CKa3Ka II Ta l Me. 1988.
N 2; OHa e. CKOMOPOXH H BOJIOqeOHHqeCTBO /1 TaM Me. 1989. N 2; 01-W e.
CKOMOpOXU H !jJOJIbKJIOP'// PI'!>. J1., 1987. Ebm. 24; KOllle.lle6 B. B. CKOMOPOXH:
nYTH H3yqeHH5I OT 11..IJ:. EeJI5IeBa .lI:O HalliHX .lI:HeH II C3. 1991. N!? 1; 01-1 e.
,-B epKBH - 06pa3a, B KeJIbe - rY.ll:O'IHHK» 115!3bIqecTBo BOCTOqHblX C.!JaB5II-I. J1.,
1991; OH J/ce. I( BOIIPOCY 0 MeABeAqHKaX, Me.1(Be.ll:HHKaX U CKoMopoxax 113peJIHllJ,Ho-
HrpOBbIe cpOpMbI HapO.ll:HOH KYJIbTypbI. J1., 1991; 01-1 e. «.IJ:Y.lI:lUJHo rrJIeM5I» B .lI:peB-
IIepyccKHX AOKYMeHTaJIbHbIX rraM5ITHHKaX KOH a XV - Ha'JaJIa XVII B. II .TIeToIIIIclI
pOCClIHCKHX ApeBHocTeH. HOBocu6HPCK, 1991. I(H. 1; 01-1 e. CKOMOpOXU, KpeCTb5lHe
iIallieHilbIe U HerrallieHHbIe II 3KOHOMHqeCKUe II CO HaJIbHO-no.!JUTUqeCKlle npo6neMbI
';CTOPHH KpeCTb5lHCTBa ceBepO-3arra.ll:a XIX-XX BB. HOBrOpO.ll:, 1991.
3. H. BJ1ACOBlJ.
CKOMOPOlllHHA p.- rpyrrrra np01I313e)J.eHHii: caTHpHKO-lOMO-
j1I1CTHqeCKOrO xapaKTepa, rrpe)J.rrOJI01KHTeJIbHO B03BO)J.HMbIX K TBOp-
'reCTBY CKOMOpOXOB (CM.). C. - He e)J.HHCTBeHHaH cpop Ma HX T130p-
'JeCTBa (Harrp., 6bIJIIIHa «BaBHJIO II CKOMOPOXII»), TaK 2Ke KaK He
Bce rrpOH3BeJ.:(eHHH, HMeHyeMble c., C03)J.aHbI CKOMopoxaMH. COCTaB
C. T13ep)J.O He orrpe)J.eJIeH. OJ.:(Ha LJaCTb !IX (ClO2KeTHble) COOTHOCHTCH
C 3rrIILleCKHMH rreceHHbIMII 2KaHpaMH, rIapO)J.HpYH HX CTHJIb IIJIII rrpeA-
l'TaBJIHH 13 CMernHOM CBeTe )J.eHHHH CBOHX rrepCOHa2Keii: TaK, 13 3arreBe
«AracpOHyrnKII» (<<BbICOKa JIH 13bICOTa rrOTOJIOqHaH, II rJIy60Ka rJIY-
OaT a rrOJ.:(rrOJIbHaH») 130313blrneHHbIII 3rrHLleCKHH MHp CHIUKaeTCH ,lJ.0
CiLITOBOrO, a )J.aJIbrne BMeCTO 60raTblpcKOro Cpa2KeHHH H306pa2KaeT
l'H )J.paKa «C13eKpbI co cHoxoii» H3-3a IIlIpora rrpeJ.:(MeTaMH KYXOHHorr
YTBapH. B C. 6aJIJIa)J.Horo THrra «(YCbI», «CTapHHa a 60JIbrnOM 6bI-
I\e», «rOCTb TepeHTbHII.:(e») 06blfpbIBatOTC5I KOMIIqeCKHe KOHcpJIIIKTbI
f}bITOBOrO, 3pOTHqeCKOrO II COll.HaJlbHOrO cOJ.:(ep2KaHHH.
OC06ylO rpyrrny C. COCTaBJIHlOT He6bIJIHI.:(bI - rreCHII, rrpeHMY-
IU,ecTBeHHo nJIHCOBble rro PlUMY, 6e3 CK1303Horo ClO2KeTa, H3 pH)J.a (13
ObITOBaHHH 13eCbMa HeYCTOHLIHBoro) He60JIbrnIIX 3a6aBHbIX CI.:(eH. a6-
l'YPJ.:(HbIX cHTyall.HH, rrepeBepTblrneH; 13 J.:(eiicTBHe BOBJIeKalOTCH )J.O-
MaIllHHe H J.:(HKHe 2KHBOTHble, IITHI.:(bI, HaceKOMble, rrpe,lJ.MeTbI - Bce
"U1leJIOBeLIIIBaeTCH», HO C H3HaHOqHOii CTOpOHbI, B03HHKaeT «CMexo-
IHJii MIIp»; CPOPMYJIbI HeB03M01Imoro, aJIOrH3MbI, KOMWleCKoe npeYBe-
,lIIJlleHIIe H rrpeYMeHbrneHHe H T. n. CPOpMHPYlOT OC06LIH CTHJIb C.
J1IlT.: H6.ne6a JI. M. CKOMOpOlliIlHbI: 06llJ,ue IIp06JIeMbl H3yqeH1I5I II CJlaBRfI:
""lIi[ !jJOJIbK,!JOp. M., 1972; BJzac06a 3. H. CJIe.1(bl TBOpqeCTBa CKOMOpOXOB B Tpa'
!UII(1l0HIIOM neceHHOM cpO.!JbKJIOpe II Pyc. J1HT. 1985. .N' 2.
J1I1T.: Ee.nJlC6 H. a CKOMopoxax II Bpe:VleHHHK UMn. MocKoBcKOro O-Ba ue-ro-
pHU 1I .lI:peBHOCTell POCCUIICKUX. 1854. I(H. 20; Bece.ll06c1cuii A. H. Pa3bIcKaHuH B
06JIaCTH PYCCKUX .1(YXOBHbIX CTHXOB. CI16., 1883. Bbm. 4; <PaMUI-Il{blH A. C. CKm.W-
POXH Ha PYCH. CIl6., 1889; KUpllUlLHlUW6 A. H. a .lI:peBHepYCCKHX CKOMopoxax.
CI16., 1891; Mu.1.11ep B. <P. OqepKH PYCCKOH HapO.ll:HOH C.!JOBeCHOCTII. M., 1897.
T. 1; Kapc1cuii E. <P. I3eJIOPycbI. 1916; <PuHociiseH H. OqepKH rro UCTOpHU MY3L1K1I
B POCClIH C ApeBHeHlliHx BpeMeH .1(0 KOH a XVIII B. M., 1928. T. 1; MOpOS06 A. A.
CKOMOpOXU Ha ceBepe If CeBep. ApXalIreJIbCK, 1946; OH e. I( Bonpocy 06 HCTO-
pHqeCKoi! pOJIIi H 3HaqeHHH clmMopoxoB./1 PI'!>. J1., 1976. BbIII. 16; H. I. CMaproH-
I<p. M. CEJ7/lBAHOBI
CKOPorOBOPKA p., CKAP Ar ABOPKA 6., CKOPOMOBKA
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J.:(ep)KaHHH C. H T. YCJIOBHO rrO)J.pa3J.:(eJIHlOTCH Ha CJIYXH-Ha)J.e2K)J.bI,
CJIYXH-CTpaXH H CJIYXH- MII.:(eHHH. 0 pe)J.MeTOM cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKH 5113-
JIHeTC rrepBa5I H 'IaCTHqHO BTopaH pa3HOBH)J.HOCTH. ECJIH CTerreHb
BbIMbICJIa H cpaHTaCTHKH, HCrrOJIb30BaI-!l:Ie cpOJIbKJIOpHbIX MOTHBOB r:
06pa30B CJIYXOB-Ha)J.e)!\:J.:( H CJIYXOB-CTpaXOB 06YCJIOBJI HbI 06bI'IHOH
HeHI-IcpopMHpOBaHHOCTbIO, TO )J.OMbICeJI CJIYXOB-MII.:(eHlIH HOCHT OC03-
HaHHO KJIeBeTHWleCKHH xapaKTep. 3CTeTWleCKHH ypoBeHb C. H T. 3a-
BHCHT aT 2KH3HeI-IHOrO H xYJ.:(02KeCTBeHHoro OrrbITa paCCKa3 L IHKa.
J1ET.: Jl.06POR10606 H. A. «CJIYXII» II rIom!. c06p. COq.: B 6 T. M., 1937. T. 4;
rpYWUH E. A. MHemuI 0 ;\mpe H IvlHp MHeHIIH. M., 1967; MUWaHl-lf{ C. B. YCHi Ha-
pO.ll:Hi onoBi aHH5I: rIHTaH!15I rroeTHKU. I\HlB, 1986.
3bI, rroCTpOeI-IHOe Ha COLleTaHHH (rrOBTopemIH) CJIOB H 3BYKOB, 3a-
TpY)J.HHTeJIbHOM )J.JIH rrpoH3HorneHHH. 06bILIHO HMeeT CPOPMY pHTMH30-
BaHHoH rrp03bI, HHorJ.:(a pHcpMoBaHHOII. EbITyeT rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M 13
)J.eTcKOH aY)J.IITOpHH. Pa3BJIeKaTeJIbHOCTb C. crroc06CTByeT peaJIH3a-
ll.HH rrpaKTH'IeCKOH CPYHKll.HH pa3BHTHH opraHoB peqH pe6eHKa.
J1I1T.: r. B. Jl.06 eHOI(' YKpalHcbKuH jJ,HTHqUH 1j:J0JIbKnop: BipllioBaHi MaHpu.
I\ulB, 1981; MeRIJHUlW6 M. H. PYCCKHH .lI:eTCKUH !jJOJIbKJIOp. M., 1987.
CJIOBOOEPbIB p., CJIOBAAEPbIY 6.- rrpHeM pacrnHpeHHH
rr03TWleCKOf'0 TeKCTa 13 rreceHHOM HarreBe, 3aKJIlOLlalOII.:(HHCH B rrpe-
pbIBaHHH CJIOBa Ha YJ.:(apHoM CJIore C rrOCJIeJ.:(YlOII.:(HM BOCrrOJIHHTeJIb-
HbIM nOBTopoM 3TorO CJIOBa J1H60 C caMoro Ha'IaJIa (xapaKTepHO )J.JIH
rrpOT5ILlmOH JIHpWleCKOII rreCHH, pe2Ke cBa)J.e6HOH H XOpOBOJ.:(HOH rrec-
HH), JIII60 rrOCJIe rraY3bI - C rrOBTopemleM 6porneHHoro rJIaCHOrO H
rrOCJIe)J.YIOII.:(HM 3aBepliIeI-IHeM rrpepBaHHoro CJIOBa (xapaKTepHO )J.JI5I
rrpH'IHTaHHH) :
113-3a rOp-TlI JIH rap (bI) BbI-CO... OH, J.:(a rop BbICO-KH-HX
(DecmI H CKa3KH rryrnKHHcKHX MeCT. JI., 1979. N2 13)
C. B. MHlllAHHCf
M. A. JIOEAHOB
CMEX (B cpOJIbKJIOpe) p., 6., y.- O)J.HO H3 rrpOHBJIeHHH Hapo)J.HoH
cMexoBoII KYJIbTypbI, oXBaTbIBalOII.:(eH 06pH)J.oBo-3peJIHill.Hble cpOpMbI,
rrpa3,lJ,HHKH, CJIOBeCHble CMeXOBble npoH3Be)J.eHII5I, rrJIOII.:(aJ.:(HYlO peqb
(M. EaxTHH). C. B cpOJIbKJIOpe HMeeT HCTOpHLICCKYlO H HaUHOHaJIb-
HYlO CrreI.:(HcpI-IKY.
1) C. pluyaJIbHbIII CBH3aH C apXaIgleCKHMH MHpOB033peHLleCKH-
MIl CTpyKTypaMH, rrpOTlIBOrrOCTaBJIeHlIeM )IUI3Hb-CMepTb II HBJIHeTCH
aTplI6YTOM MHpa )KHBbIX, aCCOI.:(HHpyeTc C )IUI3HeHHbIM Ha'IaJIOM H
uAeelI rrJIO)J.opO)J.HH, 3aHHMaH 3Ha L IHTeJIbHOe MeCTO 13 3eMJIeJ.:(eJIbqeC-
KOH H ceMeHHOH 06PH)J.HOCTH. B cOBpeMeHHOM BOCTO'IHOCJIaBHHCKOM
(POJIbKJIOpe cOXpaHHJIHCb JIHrnb PYJ.:(HMeHTbI 06pHJ.:(OBbI > cpOpM H OT
J.:(eJIbHble cKa30 L IHble MOTHBbI, CBH3aHHble C pIITyaJIbHOH cpYHKll.HeH
CMexa. B TO 2Ke BpeMH cpOJIbKJIOp COXpaHHJI CBH)J.eTeJIbCTBO a cYII.:(e-
CTBOBaBrnlIX paHee 3arrpeTax Ha CMex H 06H3aTeJIbHbIX pIITyaJIbHbIX
CMeXOBbIX HBJIeHHHX.
2) C. COI.:(HaJIbHO-rrCIIXOJIOrWleCKHH, cnoc06CTBYIOII.:(HH pa3pyrne-
rullO II C031IJ.:(aHII1O. Pa3pyrna YCTaHoBHBrnHecH HOpMbI H rropH)J.KII,
OH C03)J.aeT MHP, cB060)J.HbIH OT YCJIOBHOCTeH, pa306JIaqaeT Hecrrp -
ne)J.JIHBOCTb H Hepa3YMHocTb Tex HJIH HHbIX COll.HaJIbHbIX OTlIOrneHlIH,
lICKpbIBaeT LleJIOBeLleCKHe He)J.OCTaTKH. C. Hepe)J.Ko HOCIIT aM61IBa-
.lIeHTHbIH xapaKTep, oJ.:(HoBpeMeHHo CHH2KaH II B03BeJIHLIHBaH. Crrell.H-
(!JWleCKOII LlepToH TaKoro C. HBJIHeTCH ero HarrpaBJIeHHOCTb He TOJIb-
KO Ha 06'beKT OCMeHHHH, HO H Ha caMoro CMelOII.:(erOCH, oc06eHHO
HpKO npOHBJIHIOII.:(aHCH B 06pa3e CKa30qHOrO J.:(ypaKa, 13 cplIrype lOp 0-
JUIBoro, 13 TBopLleCTBe )J.bHKOB-rrHBope30B, 13 pa3JIHLIHbIX cpopMax Tpa-
IH'CTllpOBaHHH, rrepeOJ.:(eBaHHH, «BaJIHHHH AypaKa», CTOJIb xapaKTep-
IJJ,IX )J.JIH pa3JIWIHbIX BHJ.:(OB HapO)J.HOH KYJIbTypbI. C. TaKoro xapaKTe-
pa QY)K)J. O)J.HOCTOpOHHOCTH, pa3pyrnaH, OH «Y)J.ep2KIIBaeT» MbICJIb 0
OOI'3TCTBe IJ pa3Ho06pa3HH MHpa H He HaBH3bIBaeT. TaKHM 06pa30M,
BbI He rro...OHTe-Ka
(DpHoKcKHe HapoAHble rreCHH. M., 1970. N222)
HarrOMHHaH rro HaLlaJIY arroKorry, rrpHeM 3TOT, OJ.:(HaKO, He OCTaB-
JIHeT 13 rreCCHHOM TeKCTe COKpaII.:(eHIlble cpOpMbI CJIOBa C BbIIIaBrnHMH
KOHe'IHbIMH 3BYKaMH.
J1IlT.: 3elill{06c1.uii H. H. PYCCKaH rrpOTHMHa51 neCHH: OrrbIT HCCJIe.ll:0BaHuH.
J1., 1967.
CJIYXH H TOJIKI1 p., l..IYTKI, OAr AlIOCKA 6., qYTKH, 00-
rOJIOCKI1, rYTIPKI1 y.- rrOBeCTBOBaHHH, B03HHKrnHe BCJIe)J.CTBHe
He)J.ocTaToLIHoII IIHcpOpMHpoBaHHocTH a cpaKTax H C06bITHHX H3 COB-
peMeHHoH (no OTHorneHHlO KO BpeMemI rroBecTBOBaHlI5I) 2KH3HH Ha-
pO)J.a, rropa3HBlllIIX HapO)J.Hoe Bo06pa2KeHHe. B HHX Bblpa2KeHa
cy6'beKTHBHaH HlITeprrpeTaI.:(HH rrpe)J.MeTa «rro aHaJIOrHH», OKa3bIBalO-
1.Ua BJIH5!HHe Ha cpOpMHpoBaHHe 06II.:(eCTBeHHoro MHeHHH. PaCCKa3-
LIIIK CB060,L(HO rrepeHOCIIT rOTOBble cpOJIbKJIOpHble MOTHBbI, 06pa3bI H
J.:(a)Ke ClO2KeTbI Ha rrpe)J.MeT 6eceJ.:(bI, T. e. 06'bHCHHeT nOCJIe,lJ,HHH cpeA-
CTBaMH, Bblpa60TaHHbIMH H rrpOBepeHHbIMH Tpa)J.III.:(HeH. CTerreHb
0606II.:(eHHH :iKH3HeHHoro MaTepHaJIa M02KeT 6bITb pa3JIHLIHOH, 1303-
MOIKeH H HHJ.:(HBH)J.yaJlbHbIH rro)J.xoJ.:( rrOBeCTBOBaTeJIH K C03J.:(aHHlO 06-
pa3a npe)J.MeTa, HO BC5! cOBoKyrrHocTb C. H T. 13 KOHTeKCTe 6ece)J.bI
334
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e)J.UHbIX pell.errTOB erO YJIyqrneHII5I. Pa3rpaHHIHmaeTCH TaK)Ke C. lOMO-
pHCTWIeCKHIi H CaTHpHLJeCKHiI, KaK CMex ).:(06pO,lJ,yrnHbIii, 6e33JIo6HbIH
H pa3HII.:(HH, YHHIITO)!{310II.:(HH.
COE,!]JIHEHI1E CTPOK lJ,EDHOE p., 3J1Y43HHE PAJJ:KOY
.JIAHlJ,Yf ArIAJJ:OEHAE 6.- rr03TwlecKHII rrpHeM, 13 OCHOBe KOTO-
para .J1e2KHT rrOBTOp OKOHqaHHH CTHxa HJIH rrOJIYCTHrnHH 13 HaLlaJIe
CJIe)J.YlOII.:(erO CTHxa. lJ,errHoII CTHX, 3rrH30).:(HLleCKH yrroTpe6JIHeMbIH 130
Bcex rreceHHbIX H rrp03a11 L leCKHX 2KaHpaX cpOJIbKJIOpa, HBJIHeTCH OJ.:(-
IIHM U3 HaLJaJlbHbIX rrpHeMOB pIITMH3all.HH pe'IH H Bcer).:(a rrOCTpoeH
.TlorHLIeCKH.
Pa3JIWlaeTCH HeCKOJIbKO BH).:(OB C. C. ll..: 1) coe).:(HHeHIle CTpOcp,
COCTOHII.:(HX H3 )J.BYX CTHXOB, rrYTeM rrOJIHOrO rrOBTopeHHH CTHxa npe-
).:(bI).:(YII.:(eii CTpOq)bI B HaLlaJIe CJIe,lJ,YlOII.:(eII (HaH60JIee rrpOCTOH BHA
'c. c. ll.., HMelOlIl.HH KOMrr03Hu.HOHHYlO cxeMY TfIIIa: AB-BC-CJJ:-
'JJ:E H T. )J..); 2) JIOfHLJeCKaH rrOCTOHHHaH ueDb, Kor).:(a TeKCT COCTOHT
1I3 pH)J.a CBH33HHbIX rro CMbICJIY CTpOK, rrOJIHOCTblO OXBaLleHHblX He-
npepbIBHbIM C. c. u..; 3) JIOrWleCKaH rrOCTOHHHaH u.errb C ).:(eJIeHHeM
IIa rpyrrrrbI CTpOcp; 4) JIOrWleCKaH rrOCTOHHHaH u.errb C rrpHrreBoM;
5) rrpImeBHo-3a L IHHHoe coe)J.I-IHelme CTpOcp. JJ:Harra30H rrpHMeHeHH5!
nepBblx Tpex BH)J.OB C. C. ll.. 13 eJIlI K. HaH60JIee rnHpoKo HCrrOJIb3yeTcH
13 BOCTO'IHOCJIaBHHCKHX JIHpHLlecKHx rreCHHX, KaK 06PH)J.OBbIX, TaK H
He06pH)J.oBbIX (y PYCCKHX oc06eHHo B JIllpWleCKoH rrpOTH)KHOH). 4eT-
BepTbII j BH)J. Ha6JIlo)J.aeM 13 rreCHHX, CBH3aHHblX C )J.BH2Ker-meM (xopo-
BO)J.HbIM, rrJIHCOBbIM). DpHrreBHo-3a L UIHHa51 cpopMa coe)J.lUleHII5I
CTpOcp, xapaKTepH3YIOII.:(aHCH OTCYTcTBHeM CMbICJIOBOrO coe)J.I-IHeHHH
Me)K)J.Y CTpOcp3MH, COCTaBJIHeT Crrell.HcpHKY PyccKoro rrecer-IHoro
cpOJIbKJIOpa, 6Y)J.Y'IH yrroTpe6HTeJIbHOll B JIHpHqeCKHX rrpOTH2KHbIX
neCHHX HCTopHLlecKoH H 3IIHLlecKoH TeMaTHKH.
CM. TaK)Ke flOOXBaT H JIHT.
J1I1T.: EaxTuH M. TBopqecTBo I'!>paHcya Pa6JIe U HapO.ll:HaH KYJIbTypa Cpe.n:-
HeBelWBbH U PeHeccaHca. M., 1965; JI ponl! B. H. I1p06JIeMbI KO'\1H3J1;Ia II CMexa.
M., 1976; Ou ()fce. PI1TyaJIbHLIH CMex B !jJOJIbKJIOpe: flo rrOBO.n:y CKa3KlI 0 HeCMe5l-
He II 1'!>0JIbKJIOP 1I .n:eHcTBuTelIbHocTb. 1976; cJ>J100CiiC A. C. I1pa6JIeMbI 6eJIapycKaH
HapoAHai'I CaTbIpbl. MIL, 1978; JIllxa t te6 11.. c., JIaH'teHKO A. M., JIOHIJlp1W H. B.
CIIIex B .IJ:peBHeH Pycu. J1., 1984; CMeX'bT B'bB !jJoJIIi:JIopa. CO!jJH5I, 1987.
A. 10. EPHIl,bIHA
COEHPATEJ1b p., 3EIPAJ1bHIK 6., 3EHPAt-1 y.- qeJIOBeK,
Bb!5IBJI5!1OII.:(Hli 13 Hapo,lJ,r-roi-i: cpe)J.e DpOH3Be).:(eHHH cpOJIbKJIOpa H 3amI-
CbIBalOII.:(HH (cpHKCHPYlOII.:(Hli) HX. C06HpaTeJIeM M02KeT 6bITb KaK
rrpocpeccHOHaJIbHbIH cpOJIbKJIOpnCT, TaK H JII061ITeJIb, nOCTflrrnHH oc-
HOBbI c06HpaTeJIbCKOII pa60TbI. 06bNHO C.-JI1061ITeJIlI CBH3aHb! C
HaYLIHbIMH, H3).:(aTe.'1bCKHMH, apXHBHbIMH yqpe2K)J.eHHHMH JIH60 C OT-
).:(eJIbHbIMH yqeHbIMH, KOTOpbIM rrepe)J.alOT CBOH 3arrHCH. TaK, IT. B.
lller"IH B CBOHX cpOJIbKJIOpHO-3THorpacpwlecKHx TpY)J.ax OIII-IpaJICH Ha
rrOMOII.:(b CBb!rne 300 C., cpeAH KOTOpbIX 6bIJIH KaK JIl06HTeJIH, TaK H
rrpocpeCCHOHaJIbI (H. 5L HHKHcpOpOBCKHH, A. E. Eor)J.aHOBH'I H )J.p.).
YCIIJIHHMH C. C03)J.aHbI 60raTeilrnHe cpOJIbKJIOpHble apXHBbI rrpH
I1PJ1H AH POCCHlI, H113<D AI-I EeJIapYCH, HH<D3 AH YKpaHHbI
HAp. HayqHbIX H yqe6HbIX u.eHTpax. HeKOTopble C. C03).:(alOT C06CT-
BeHHble apXHBbI, oc06eHHo rrapeMHOJIOrHLleCKHe, 06MeHIIBalOTCH c06-
paI-IHbIMH KOJIJIeKll.HHMH. EOJIbrnOH BKJIa)J. 13 c06HpaHHe cpOJIbKJIOpa
BHeCJIH: 13 POCCIUI - D. B. KHpeeBCKUH, B. H. JJ:aJIb, A. <D. fHJIb-
cpep).:(HHr, D. H. PbI6HHKOB, A. JJ:. fpHropbeB, H. E. OWIYKOB, E. B.
EapCOB, A. B. .NlapKoB, B. D. DpoKYHHH, D. 11. 51KyrnKHH, A. M. J1H-
CTorraAoB, ,l],. K. 3eJIeHHH, <D. 11. HCTOMHH, H. H. BHHorpa).:(OB.
6paTbH E. M. HID. .M. COKOJIOBbI, B. 11. CHMaKoB, A. B. PY).:(HeBa,
E. 3. J1HHeBa, A. M. ACTaxoBa, E. B. flIIIrrHYc; B EeJIapycH-
M. A. JJ:MHTpHeB, H. H. HOCOBHLI, 5I. l..JeLIOT, D. NL lllrrHJIeBCKHH,
H. R HHKHcpOpOBCKHH, A. E. Eor)J.aHoBwI, E. P. POMaHoB, M. B.
JJ:oBHap-3aDOJIbCKHH, 3. <D. Pa).:(LleHKo, M. <De).:(epoBcKHH, A. K Cep2K-
rrYToBcKHH, M. 11. fOpell.KHH, A. fpHHeBwI, r. P. lllnpMa, f. H. lJ,H-
TOBU'-I, C. D. CaxapoB; Ha YKpaHHe - 6paTbH OClm H <De)J.op EO).:(HH-
CKue, M. A. Mar cHMoBWI, 11. P. PY)J.1J.eHKO, B. M. fHaTlOK, H. 51.
<DpaHKO, 5I. <D. fOJIOBall.KHII, D. D. 4y6IIHCKHH, E. JJ:. fpHHLJeHKO,
A. 11. JJ:bIMHHCKHII, K. B. KBHTKa, <D. M. KOJIecca, JJ:. 11. 51BOpr-UIU.-
KHH, D. O. KYJIHHl, H. B. .TlblceIIKo, 11. 11. MamKypa, TI. B. J1HHTYP,
H. A. DpHCH)KHlOK, H. T. TaHll.lOpa. HeKoTopble C. rrpoII3Bo).:(HJIII 3a-
rrHCH He Y O)J.Horo, a cpe).:(H ).:(BYX BOCTOqHOCJIaBHHCKHX HapO).:(OB
(3. JJ:OJIeHra-Xo)J.aKoBcKHH, B. H. Ll06pOBOJIbCKHH, D. B. llleliH).
Cpe)J.H C. 6bIJIH H BbI,lJ,alOII.:(HeCH rrHCaTeJIH If KOMD03HTOpbI.
H. K. Jl.MllTPEHKO
J1I1T.: )l(Up,UYHC1Wii B. I(oMn03u lIH JIlIpUqeCKHX CTUxoTBopeIluH. I1r., 1921;
JIasYTlIH C. r. I\oMrr03U U5I PYCCKOH HapoAHoH JIUpUqeCKOH rreCHU II PI'!>. M.; J1.,
1960. BbIIl. 5; Jl.06p060RbCKUii E. M. lJ.enHa51 CTpo!jJuKa PYC KIIX Hapo HI,:IX r:ec I .I1
PI'!>. M.; J1., 1966. EbIII. 10; Jl.eii O. I. floeTUKa YKpalHCbKOl HapoAIIol mCH!. I\I1lE,
1978.
T. K. THJIKOBA
COTBOP4ECTBO ME/K3THI14ECKOE p., CATBOP4AClJ,b
MDK3THP-IHA5I 6., CDIBTBOpLIICTb MI)KETHI4HA y.- rrpo-
u.ecc H pe3YJIbTaT C03).:(aHHH cpOJIbKJIOpHbIX rrpoH3Be).:(eHHH COBMecnIO
lJ;BYMH IIJIH HeCKOJIbKHMH 3THocaMH. C. M. KaK Crrell.HcpHLlecKoe rrpo-
HBJIeHlle 06ilI.HOCTH 13 cpOJIbKJIOpe COCe,lJ,CTBYlOII.:(HX Hapo).:(oB xapaK-
TeplI30BaJI D. f. EoraTblpeB 13 )J.OKJIa,lJ,e H3 IV Me)K).:(YHap0)J.HoM
Cne3).:(e CJIaBHCTOB (1958) Ha rrpHMepe KapIIaTcKHx ll.HKJIOB 6a JIa).:(
IW3HbIX Hapo)J.oB, HCCJIe)J.OBaHHblX 10. fopaKoM, O. 3HJIHHCbKHM,
<P. KOJIeCcoH. OH OTMeLIaJI, qTO C. M. Ha6JIID)J.aeTCH He TOJIbKO 13 Bep-
OaJIbHOM cpOJIbKJIOpe, HO II 13 <mapO)J.HOM H306pa31ITeJIbHOM HCKYCCT-
Be, II B TaHI.:(aX, H 13 )J.paMaTHLleCKOM )J.eHCTBe H 13 ).:(PyrHx BH).:(ax HC-
"YCCTBa». DYTfI H cpOpMbI C. M. MorYT 6bITb pa3JIlILIHbIMH. HalI60JIee
IIOJIHO BbU1BJIHeTCH OHO IIPH corrOCTaBJIeHlIlI Bcex H3BeCTHblx pa3HO-
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CH O HOH H3 Ba2KHbIX rrpHqlIH CXO).:(CTBa cpOJIbKJIOpHbIX perrepTyapoB
13 paHOHax co CMernaHHbIM CJIaBHHCKIIM HJIH CJIaBHHCKIIM H HeCJIa-
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IIl'rrOJIHHeTCH 130 B3aHMOCBH31I C IIHcTpYMeHTaJIbHOH MY3bIKOH, TaH-
lI,eM, 3JIeMeHTaMH Hapo)J.Horo TeaTpa H T. rr. B03HHK pH)J. rrpocpeccHo-
II<lJIbHbIX H caMO)J.eHTeJIbHbIX aHCaM6JIeH, rJIaBHOe HanpaBJIeHHe pa-
OOTbI KOTOpbIX - 06pa60TKa II C. cpOJIbKJIOpHbIX rrpoH3Be)J.emIH.
J1I1T.: TpOUl{KUii B. fO. CTUJJH3a HH II CJIOBO H 06pa3. M., 1964; ARexHo-
,;/Ill O. M. I\orJ(a 3ByqHT HapO.ll:Ha51 neCHH II MacTa TBa EeJIapyci. 1989. N2 7.
O. M. AJIEXHOBHCf
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110-06pa3HoH opraHH3all.HH, peLleBblx, MY3bIKaJIbHbIX H )J.p. oc06eHHoc-
TeH cpOJIbKJIOpa. Crrell.HcpHKa KacaeTCH Bcex KOMrrOHeHTOB cpOJIbKJIOp-
1I0ro npoH3Be)J.emm; 13 Y3KOM CMbICJIe C. cp.- cBoe06pa3He peqeBOrO
Bblpa2KeHH5I. C. cpo (13 060HX 3Ha'IeHHHx) Tpa)J.HI.:(HOHeH, OTJIHLlaeTCH
II3JIWIHeM YCTOHLIHBbIX CJIOBOCOLleTaHHH, 3rrHTeTOB (rrocToHHHble),
onpe)J.eJIemIH, KJIHrnHpOBaHHblx cpOpM peLleBoro, MY3bIKaJIbHOrO,
IIJIaCTHLleCKoro BbIpa)!{eIUIH. CTHJIHCTHLlecKaH xapa {TepHOCTb Ka-
caeTCH OC06bIX Tpa).:(HI.:(HOHHbIX cpOpM BOrrJIOII.:(eHHH H)J.emIoro CMbICJIa,
IrpHBbILIHbIX ClO)!{eTHbIX CTPYKTYP, orpaHHLleI1HOrO LIHCJIa MOTHBOB, Ha-
oopa TeMaTWleCKHX rrpe)J.MeTl-IbIX )J.eTaJIeII, a paBHo opHaMeHTaJIbHbIX
IIpHeMoB (3aneBoB, 3a1J:HHOB, KOHI.:(OBOK, oKoHLlaHHH), T. Ha3. 06II.:(HX
MeCT. KpoMe CTHJIHCTHLlecKoi1 xapaKTepHocTH cpOJIbKJIOpa 13 ll.e-
,110M CYII.:(eCTByeT CTHJIb 2KaHpa, B rrpe,lI,eJIax KOToporo - CBOH xapaK-
TepHOCTb rrpHeMOB H cpe)J.CTB peLleBoro Bblpa2KeHHH. Harrp., 6bIJIHH-
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\I MHoro06pa3HH ero rrHCaTeJIbCKHX rrpOHBJIeIHUI. C. cpo JIHrnen aBTOp-
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CJIaB5IHCKUX HapoJ(oB. M., 1958; CMUpH06 10. H. CJIaBHHCKue 3rrUqeCKUe Tpa.ll:U-
UH. M.,. 1974; ERaT06 B. H. I1ecHH BOCTOqHOCJIaB5IHCKOH 06Il.(HOCTH. MIL, 1977;
Ka6au<HIKay K. Jl. EeJIapycKa-pycKiH !jJaJIbKJIOpHbl51 CYBH3i. MH., 1988.
CDAJJ:LIbIHA <DAJ1bKJ10PHA5I 6., CDAJJ:IILI1HA <DOJ1bK-
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rrHCaTeJIH, KOMrr03HTopa, cpOJIbKJIOpHOrO )J.HaJIeKTa.
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338 .
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C. JJ,. AeJIHTCH Ha clJpa3bI, rpyrrrrbI cppa3, THpaJJ,bI (13 HapO)J.HOH TepMH-
HOJIOrIIH «YCTyrrbI») 13 3aBHCIIMOCTH aT JIOrIILleCKHX l.:(e3YP Bep6aJIb-
Horo TeKCTa H cppa3HpOBaHHH MY3bIKaJIbHOH pel.:(HTal.:(HH, 'COBMeCTHO
co CTHXOM CPOpMHpYlOII.:(eH aCTpocpWleCKYlO CTPYKTYPY. JJ:JIH C. )J.. TH-
rrWIHbI HenepIIO)J.lFIHOCTb aKll.eHTyall.HH, aCCOHaHCbI, rJIarOJIbHaH pHcp-
Ma.
JII1T.:.. KG/zecca CP. Ilpo reHe3Y ypKalIIcbKuX HapO.ll:HUX .lI:YM. J1bBiB, 1921;
rpul{a C. H. Me/1Oc YKpalHcbKol Hapo.ll:Hol eniKH. KUlB, 1979.
C. H. rPHIlA
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qeCKoH) JIl1TepaType, HaLIaBrneH pacrrpOCTpaHHTbCH Ha PYCH rrOCJIe
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II.:(eBOcTOLIHOCJI3BHHCKHH 13 TeLleHHe pH)J.a BeKOB; C cepe,n:. XVII B.
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B cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKe rrpHHHTo )J.eJIeHHe C. )J.. Ha cTaprnHe (3mgleCKHe)
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1'I)JI3HaHHH a6COJIlOTHOH He3Ha L JIIMOCTli rrO JIe,n:Hero; He06xo)J.IIMOCTb
IIpaBe)J.HOH 2K1I3HH (c06JIIo,n:eHHe 3arrOBe,n:eH E02KbHX) H CBoeBpeMeH-
IIOro rrOKaHHlIH 13 60JIbrnHX Ii MaJIbIX rpexax; rrpe,n:yrrpe2K)J.eHHe a BeLI-
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(Ilarrp., 13 H306pa2KeHHH 3arp06Horo MHpa), HHor)J.a HcrrOBeJJ,YlOT epe-
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1(bHBOJIa rocno,n:CTBO rrOCJIe,n:Hero Ha 3eMJIe). OHII rrpOTeCTYlOT rrpo-
T'IlB COll. aJIbHOH HecrrpaBe)J.JIHBOCTH (rrpeHMYII.:(eCTBeHHO CTapo06-
pH)J.LleCKHe H ceKTaHTCKHe CTHXH), OJJ,HaKO He 30BYT K B03Me3)J.IUO,
IIcTaBaHCb rr033HeH CTpa)J.aHlIH, HerrpOTHBJIeHHH 3JIY HaCHJIHeM, MlI-
.Ilocep)J.HH H yrroBaHliH Ha cnpaBeJJ,JIHBOCTb E02KberO cY)J.a. HpaBCT-
IIC'IIHbIH HMrrepaTHB C. )J.. Ba}KHee era peJIHrH03HbIX MOTHBHpOBOK..
XY,lI,02KeCTBeHHbIII MHp C. )J.. - 3TO MHp LIY)J.ec (HCl.:(eJIeIUIH 60Jlb-
II "IX, BOCKpeceHHH, rrepeMeII.:(eHHH BO BpeMeHH H rrpOCTpaHCTBe rrpH
('Ilax H BII)J.eI-UIHX, rOBopHII.:(He HKOHbI H T. rr.), TBOpHMbIX EorOM, CBH-
IUMH H repOHMlI, rrplI06peTrnliMII CB5ITOCTb. HaCbIII.:(eHHOCTb H3bIKa
(:. )J.. ll.epKOBHOCJIaBHHH3MaMH (qaCTO JI02IUlbIMH,- HCrrOJIHIITeJIH II
lll'perrHC'IliKH )J.aJIeKO He Bcer)J.a BJIa,n:eJIH uepKOBHOCJIaBHHCKHM H3bI-
"OM) 6bIJIa HeH36e2KHOH, 3Toro Tpe60BaJIO cO)J.ep2KaHHe, 3alIMcTBye-
Moe H3 peJIlIrH03HO-KJIepHKaJIbHOH ccpepbI. B HaH60JIee rrorrYJIHpHbIX
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J1I1T.:C6opHUK PYCCKUX J(YXOBHbIX CTIIXOB, COCTaBJIeHHbIII B. BapeH oBbIM.
(:116.. 1860; KaJIeKu rrepexo)!me: C60PHUK CTIIXOB U HCCJIe.ll:OBalIHe fl. EeccoHoBa.
M., 1861-1864. BbIII. 1-6; I1ecHu PYCCKUX ceKTaHTOB-MUCTIlKOB I C6. COCT. T. C.
I'O)KAeCTBeHcKuM H M. I1. YcrrefICKIlM. CI16., 1912; CTUXU .lI:yxoBHbIe I COCT.,..BcTyrr.
(''1'., nOAroT. TeKCTOB U KOMIIIeHT. I'!>. M. CeJIUBalIOBa. M. 199!J BeCejf06CKUU A. H:
l'a:!bICKaHII5I B 06JIaCTU PyccKoro .lI:YXOBHOro CTlIxa. CI1o., 18/9-1891. BbIII. 1-6,
t\/lpIlU'lHUlC06 A. H. CB. reoprHII II EropHH Xpa6pbIiL .n6., 1879; Caxap06 B.
:-h'xaTOJIOrWreCKue COqHHeHUH U Cb:a3aHUH B .lI:peBHepyccKoH rrHcbM:H.IOCTH U BnH5I-
IIlIe HX Ha HapoAHbIe J(yxoBHbIe CTHXH. TYJIa,. 1879; MOttYjfbCKUU B. I1CTOpIlKO-
,II11TcpaTypHbIII aHaJIH3 C'rHxa 0 rony6uHoH KHure. BaplliaBa, 1887; EYC.We.,6 CP. 11.
l'yccKHe .lI:yxoBHbIe CTHXH: HapO.ll:Ha51 rr033U5I. I1CTOpUqeCKHe OqepKH. CIlo., 1887;
t,;tpClwii E. CP. EeJIOPycbI. 1916; AiJpuaH06a B. p. )KuTHe AJIeKCeH qeJI BeKa
lio)KH5I B .lI:peBHeH PYCCKOH JIUTepaType II HapoJ(HoH CJIOBeCHOCTH. I1r., 1917, CPe-
.111'/'06 r. CTUXH J(YXOBHbIe: PYCCKaH HapOJ(IIa51 Bepa nO AYXOBHbIM CTuxaM. M.,
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HJIH YAapeHHe, rrOAqepKHBalOII.:(ee HaH60JIee 3Ha'IHMble 13 CMbICJIOBOM
OTHorneHHH CJIOBa HJIH CJIOBOCOLleTaHH5!. Ha 3TY oc06eHHocTb HapoA-
HOH BepcHcpHKall.HH 06paTHJI BHHMaHHe H3BecTHbIH c06HpaTeJIb 6eJIo-
PyccKoro cpOJIbKJIOpa 11. HOCOBI1'I. B rrpe)J.HCJIOBHH K C60PHHKY «Ee-
JIOpyccKHe rreCHH» (1874) OH rrOA'IepKHYJI: «Bo Bcex 6eJIOPyccKHX
rreCHHX, H oc06eHHo ApeBHHx, rrpe06JIaAaeT TOI-IWleCKOe CTHXOCJI02Ke-
HHe, 13 HHX YAapeHHe rJIaBHOrO rro CMbICJIY CJIOBa rrOA'IHHHeT ce6e Bce
OCTaJIbHble CJIOrH H YAapeHH5! TaK, 'ITa 6eJIOPYCCKHH CTHX COCTOHT H3
rreppHXHeB H «cyry6bIX» aMcpH6paXHeB He3aBHCHMO aT KOJIWleCTBa
CJIOrOB ...» CpeAH I-IHX HaH60JIee pacrrpOCTpaHeHHble H rrpOAYKTHB-
,Hble cpOpMbI ABYX-, TpexYAapHoro TOHH'IeCKOrO cTHxa, rnHpOKO 6bI-
TYlOII.:(He H 13 COBpeMeHI-IbIX rreceHHbIX 2KaHpax. OAHaKO rropaJIJIeJIbHO
C 3THM rrOA BJIHHHHeM JIHTepaTypHbIX TpaAHll.HH 13 cpOJIbKJIOpe AO-
BOJIbHO pacrrpOCTpaHeHbI rH6pHAHble HJIH rrepeXOAHble cpOpMbI CHJI-
JIa60-TOHHqeCKoro. 11 Ha060pOT, 13 Ha'I. XX B. C. H. OKa3aJIO 3Ha'IH-
TeJIbHOe BJIH5!HHe Ha JIHTepaTypHble cpOpMbI BepCHcpIIKall.HH. Ha OCHO-
Be CHHTe3a JIHTepaTypHbIX H cpOJIbKJIOpHbIX cpOpM M. EorAaHOBHq
BbIABHraeT TeopHlO «CTHXOB 6eJIOPYCCKoro CKJIaAa» (CTaTbH «3a6bI-
TbI rnJIHX». 1915), a 5L KyrraJIa H MHorHe era cOBpeMeHI-IHKH H rro-
CJIe)J.OBaTeJIH lliHpOKO HCrrOJIb3YlOT rrpHHll.HrrbI rreceHHOH TOHH3all.HH
KaHOHHqeCKHX cpOpM cHJIJIa60-TOI-IHqeCKOrO CTHxa.
J1I1T.: EeJIOPyccKue rreCHU, c06paHHbIe I1. HOCOBUqeM. CTI6., 1874; llIToKMap
M. JI. I1cCJIeAOBaHu5I 13 06JIaCTU pyccKoro HapO.ll:HOrO CTUXOCJIOlKeIIH5I. M., 1952;
rpblH'iblK M. M. llIJIHXi 6eJIapycKara BeplliaCKJIa.ll:aHII5I. MH., 1973.
H. M. rpl1HCfl1K
CTI1X PAEllIHbIVI p., BEPlii PAVIKA 6.- BOJIbHbIH CTHX, B
KOTOpOM KOJIHqeCTBO CTorr, pacrrOJI02KeHHe CJIOrOB H YAapeHHH CBO-
60AHO BapbHpYlOTCH 13 Ka2KAOH CTpoKe. EAHI-ICTBeHHoe opraHH3YlOIIlee
Ha'IaJIO - pHcpMoBKa CTpOK (06bI'IHO CMe2KHaH pHcpMa). OTMeqeHO
CTpeMJIeHHe rrpoH3HoCHTb pa3HocTorrHble CTpOKH 3a rrpmVlepHO OAHO
BpeMH (AJIHHHble - cKoporoBopKoH, KopoTKHe - MeAJIeHHo). B rrpo-
H3BeAeHHHX HpMapOqHOH KyJIbTYPbI C. p. HepeAKo pa36HBaeTcH He-
60JIbrnHMH rrp03aH'IeCKHMH BCTaBKaMH.
C. p. HCrrOJIb30BaJIH paernHHKH, 6aJIaraHHble «)J.e)J.bI», TOprOBll.bI-
pa3HOC'IHKH, rreTpymeqHHKH, Me)J.BeAqHKH; C. p. yrroTpe6JIHJICH TaK-
2Ke 13 rrOArrHCHX K JIy60qHbIM KapTHHKaM, 13 HapOAI-IOH ApalVle, Cll.eH-
Kax p5!2KeHbIX.
A. f/J. HEKPblJIOBA
c
341
CTbIK p.- CM. llo()xBar.
CY)KEHBE OEPA3A CTYTIEH4ATOE p., 3BY)K3HHE BOE-
p1\3A CTYTIEHb4ATAE 6., 3BY)K3I--H--I5I OEPA3Y CTYTIIH4A-
I'E y.- rrpHeM 13 HapoAHoH JIHpHKe, 3aKJIlO:,alOIIlHHcH 13 rrOp5!)J.Ke
(IIIHcaHHH rrpHpoAbI, 2KHJIHII.:(a, O)J.e2K)J.bI, ceMeHHbIX H COll.HaJIbHbIX OT-
lIorneHHii aT 06II.:(ero K 'IaCTHOMY, aT MH02KeCTBeI-IHOrO K OAHHOLIHOMY
(lIarrp., 13 PYCCKOH neCHe: «113 60py, 60py I I 113 3eJIeHOrO I I llIYMeJIa,
I'peMeJIa II EbICTpaH pe'IKa. II TIo TOH, no pe'IeI-IbKe II KaJIHHa, MaJIH-
lIa, II KaJIHHOBbIH MOCTHK; II Ha TOM Ha MOCTOLIKe II J1e2KHT M9CTOBH-
lIa; II Ha TOH MOCTOBHHe II Cll)J.IIT rOJIy6HHa»; _ 6eJIOpYCCKOH BOJIO-
'IC6HOH rreCHe: «Y HH)J.3eJIbKY rrapaHIoceHbKa II ;Y3blrnJIO COHll.a BeCH-
,/lloceHbKa, il Y3blrnJIO HI-IO, a6YTpaJIa, II ACBHll.iJIa JIyri, 6apbI, II
,II yri, 6apbI, 'IbICTae IIOJIe, 1/ 4bICTae rrOJIe, 2KbITa H)J.paHoe»; 13 YKpaHH-
\'1\011 JIHpWleCKoH rreCI-Ie: «Oli BH}I)J.y 51 I-Ia ropy, I I TIO)J.IIBJIlOCH 13 )J.O-
./limy: II A 13 AO,TIHI-li BHrnHHH caA, II A B TiM caAY BHHorpaA. II TaM
mJIOBellKo I-IOLlYBaB, II TOHKHH rOJIOC BHTeraB»).
B PYCCKHX rreCHHX 3TOT rrpHeM BrrepBble BbIHBJIeH H OIIHcaH E. M.
(:OKOJIOBbIM, KOTOpbIH BHAeJI 13 HeM I1pOHBJIeHHe 60JIee rnHpoKoro II
IIcC06'beMJIlOII.:(erO 3aKOHa - «BHYTpeHHero Cll.errJIeHHH 06pa30B».
JJ:JIH E. M. COKOJIOBa Ba2KHa 6bIJIa MblCJIb 06 orrpeAeJIHlOllieH po-
.1111 13 Hapo)J.HoH JIHpHKe CMbICJIOBOH KOMII03Hll.HH H a BTOpHLII-IOCTIl
IIlIemI-IerO (<<pHTMHKo-cHHTaKCH'IeCKoro») rrocTpoeHHH, 5113 JI 51 lOII.:(erO-
01 KaK 6bI «AOIIOJII-IHlOII.:(HM H YKperrJIHlOII.:(HM, ll.eMeHTHpYlOII.:(HM cpaK-
n>pOM» rrocTpOeHH5! rreCHH. K C02KaJIeHHlO, 13 IIOCJIe)J.ylOII.:(eM HayqHoM
lIocrrpHHTHH 3Ta rrJIOAOTBopHaH H)J.eH He TOJIbKO He rrOJIyqIIJIa AOJI2K-
lIoro pa3BHTHH, HO H 6bIJIa BbIXOJIOII.:(eHa. TIpHeM CTaJI TpaKTOBaTbC5!
,'IIICTO cpopMaJIbHO, KaK 3JIeMeHT CTHJIH, qTO 06e)J.HHeT era 60JIee YI-IH-
IIl'pCaJIbHbIH xapaKTep. TIOMHMO pa3I-IbIX BH)J.OB JIHPHKH, C. O. C. HC-
Ilo.lIb3yeTcH 13 6bIJIHHaX, 6aJIJIa)J.ax, AYXOBHbIX cTHxax, AeTcKoM
'IH)JlbKJIOpe, 13 Ka2KAOM CJIYLlae HMeH CBOlO CMbICJIOBYlO HarrOJIHeH-
IIOCTb. tl
AHaJIOrHqHbIH KOMrr03Hll.HOHHbIH rrpHeM rpaAall.HH 13 YKpaIIHcKOll
II a pOAHOH rr093HH BbI)J.eJI5!JIH A. A. TIoTe6HH (<<ABH2KeI-IHe MbICJIH rro
I'll npaJIH K ll.eI-ITpy»,- IIOHCHH.1 OH) - 13 rreCHe «JJ:YHalO, JJ:YHalO, Lle-
MY CMYTeH Teqern?», 11. 5L <DpaHKO - 13 JIHpH'Ie KHX TeKCTax (Ilepe-
.\Ol «aT ll.eJIoro K qaCTH, OTClO)J.a K eII.:(e MeHbrnell qaCTH 11 TaK )J.aJIee,
1I1I./IOTb AO KaKoH-To TOqKH»), A. 11. JJ:eH - 13 KaJIeHAapHblx, 6bITO-
IIJ.IX, Jl1060BHbIX rrecHHx, 6aJIJIa)J.ax H )J.yMax (OH 06paTHJI BHHMaHHe,
'1'1'0 rro)J.06HaH rpa)J.all.HH OTpa2KaeT r;p.H6JIH2KeHHe K rrpe)J.Me:y: LI M
t),IIIDKe - TeM y2Ke rrOJIe 3peHHH): «Oll 13-3a ropH, 3-3a 3eJIeHOl II PI'I-
1\:1 BHIIJIHBa, IIJlaBHHHH Hece I (VIa 13 TiM rrJIaBIIHI-IlO CHBHH OJIeHlO, 1/
f'\oMY Ha pi2KKaX XlnaH-KOJIHCKa, II VIa 13 TiH KOJIHCll.i rpeLIHaH rraH-
11:i! »
BCTpeLraeTCH C. o. c. TaK2Ke 13 rreCHHX 6eJIOpYCCKHX (Hal1p., 13 KY-
11:i,lIbCKOH: «l yce rJIH)J.2KY Y ll.eMeH JIec, II A Y ll.eMI-IbIM JIece arOI-Ib
1:1 pJ.lllb, II KaJIH arHH KyrraJIKa CH)J.3ill.b») HAp. HapO)J.OB.
342
c
J1I1T.: COKO_106 E. M. 3KCKYPCbI 13 06JIaCTb rr03TIIKH PYCCKOrO qJOJIbKJIOpa II
XYJ(Q)K. !jJOJIbK.IIOp. M., 1926; cfJpaHi'w I. H. 13 cCKpeTiB rroeTlIqHOI TBOpqOCTi.
J1bBiB, 1961; AKUklOBU T. M. a rr03TuqecKoM rrpupoJ(e HapoJ(HoH JII1pUqeCKOH rrec-
HU. CapaToB, 1966; KOJl1taiW6a H. JI. J1UPUK3 PyccKoa cBai.(b6bl. .11., 1973; JJ.eii
O. I. I1oeTlIK3 YKP3lHcbKol Hapo.ll:Hol rricHi. KUlB, 1978; OH. ce. KOM03u ii-iHlr
rrpUH llIIU Ta 3ac06u IIiceHHocTi CXi.ll:HUX U 3axiAHux CJIOB'51H. KUlB, 1978; Ko!J-
TYH B. CBHTJlO H3poAHara CJ10Ba. MH., 1984; MaJlbl{e6 r. H. Tpa.ll:H UOHHbIe !jJop-
MYJIbI PYCCKOH HapOi.(IIOH He06p5l.ll:0BOH JIUPUKU. JI., 1989.
B. A. EAXTHHA
CQI1TAJ1KA p., J1IQbIJ1KA 6., JIIQI1J1KA y.- )KaHp nrpoBoro
AeTCKoro cpOJIbKJIOpa, COCTaBJI5IlOII.:(HII BlVlecre C }Kepe6beBbIMII rrpH-
rOBopKaMH, MOJI'IaHKaMH, rrepecLleToM HrpOBble rrpeJIlO)J.IIII, BbIIIOJI-
HHlOII.:(He 'IeTKO OLlepLleHHYlO rrpHKJIa)J.HYlO CPYHKUHlO. c.- CJIOBeCI-IbIe
CPOPMYJIbI, LlaII.:(e Bcero CTHXOTBopHble (pncpMoBaHHbIe) rrpoH3Be)J.eHHH
rrpeHMYII.:(ecTBeHHo IOMOpHcTwlecKoro xapaKTepa, C rrOMOII.:(blO KOTO-
pbIX orrpe)J.eJIHeTCH oLlepeAHocTb 13 Hrpe, H36HpalOTcH ee Be.rr.YII.:(He HJIH
yqacTHHKH. TIpoIIcxmKAeHHe TepMHHa CBH3aHO KaK C CPYHKIJJleH 9THX
rrpoH3BeAeHHH, onpe)J.eJIHlOII.:(eH crroc06 HCrrOJIHeI-IHH (rrepeCqeT Bcex
yqaCTI-IHKOB nrpbI), TaK H C HaJIHLIlIeM 13 HHX JIeKCHKH, cBH3aHHoH C
rrpHMblM H 3aByaJIIIpOBaHHbIM ClleTOM. KaK H )J.Pyrne )! aHpbI )J.eT-
CKoro cpOJIbKJIOpa, C. CBOHMH HCTOKaMH CBH3aHbI C pHTyaJIbHO-6bI-
TOBOH rrpaKTHKoH B3pOCJIbIX. XOTH HaLlaJIO 3arrHCH BOCToqHOCJIaB5JH-
CKIIX C. OTHOCHTCH K )J.opeBOJIlOUHOHHoMy BpeMeHII, TeOpeTIlqeCKOe
HCCJIeAOBaHHe 3Toro 2KaHpa HaLlaJIOCb 13 1930-e roAbI 6JIaro)J.apH )J.eH-
TeJIbHOCTH nepBoro KpynHoro HCCJIe)J.OBaTeJIH AeTCKoro, OJIbKJIOpa
r. C. BHHorpa)J.oBa. B cpOJlbKJIOpnCTWleCKI1X pa60Tax rrOCJIe)J.HIIX
JIeT 9TOT )KaHp HCCJIe)J.OBaH 13 (POJIbKJIOpe PyCCKI1X, YKpaIIHueB, 6e-
JIOPYCOB.
J1I1T.: BWiOcpaiJoB r. c. PyccKuM AeTCKUH !jJOJIbK!JOp. I:1pKYTCK, 1930. KH. 1;
AHUlWIi B. JI. PyccKue HapO.ll:HbIe rrOCJIOBU bI, rroroBopKu, 3ara.ll:KH H AeTcKui-i
!jJOJIbK,IIOp. M., 1957; EapTaW36i'i r. A. BeplliaBaHbl5I }!{aHpbI 6eJI3pycKara A3i 51-
qara !jJaJIblGIOpy. MH., 19'76; )J,O(] eHOK r. B. YKpalHcbKIli1. i.(UTHqIlii !jJOJIbKJIOp.
KUlB, 1981; Me/1bHUlW6 M. H. PYCCKUH .lI:eTCKUH !jJOJIbKJIOp. M., 1987.
r. A. EAPTAllfEBHCf
CIO)KET p., y., CIO)K3T 6.- OpraI-IH30BaHHoe YCToHLIIIBoe rro-
BeCTBOBaHIIe, rrOCJIeAOBaTeJIbHOCTb C06bITHH CKa30 L IHoro, 3IIlFleCKoro,
6aJIJIa)J.Horo HAp. HappaTIIBa, TeM caMbIM - OCHOBa rrpOII3Be)J.eHII5I.
AHaJIl13 ClO)!{eTHKH COCTaBJIHeT Ba2KHeHrnylO 'IaCTb cpOJIbKJIOpnCTWle-
CKHX HCCJIeAOBaHHH. He06xo)J.HMO pa3JIl1 L laTb c06cTBeHHO C. 13 era
xY)J.O)! eCTBeHHOH KOHKpeTHOCTH, ClO2KeTHylO cxeMY - C2K3TOe 0606-
II.:(eHHe y3JIOBbIX MOMeHTOB rrOBeCTBOBaHI1H H ClO}KeTHylO TeMY - HH-
BapHaHTHYlo CPOPMYJIY, 06'beAHHHlOII.:(YIO CXO)J.Hble C. H BbIHB.1J5!1OII.:(YIO
HX THrroBYlo KOJIJIII3HlO. CIO)! eTHble TeMbI npeACTaBJIHlOT C06010 YHII-
BepCaJIInr lVIHpOBOro cpOJIbKJIOpa H COCTaBJIHIOT era OCHOBHOfI ClO-
2KeTHbIH cpOHA. I1x peaJIH3aI.LHH 13 KOHKpeTHblx C. BcerAa 06YCJIOBJIe-
c
343
11:1 IICTOpWleclwi-i THrrOJIOrHeH, HaUHOHaJIbHOH crreUHcpHKoII H )KaH-
II\'BOfl )J.II epeHIJ,HaUHeH cpOJIbKJIOpa. CXO)J.CTBO C. 13 cpOJIbKJIOpe
1I:1j)())J.OB MHpa (BIIJIOTb )J.O 3Ha L IIITeJIbHbIX cOBrra)J.eHHH) HMeeT CBOH-
Mil I1DWIIIHaMH 13 rrepBYlO OLlepe)J.b 06II.:(He 3aKoHoMepHocTH ClO)KeTO-
1',1I0)! eHIIH. e)J.IIHbIH cpOH)J. ClO)!{eTHbIX cxeM, rropO)!\:)J.eHHbIH e)J.HI-ICTBOM
1':t3BIITHH qeJIOBeLlecTBa, II rroBTopHeMocTb OCHOBHbIX MOMeHTOB HC-
I"OPHKO-TIIrrOJIOrWleCKoro rrpouecca 13 cpOJIbKJIOpe. B pH)J.e CJIyLlaeB K
'ITHM cpaKTopaM )J.06aBJIHeTCH 3THoreHeTlI'IeCKOe pOACTBO, a 13 H3-
IleCTHbIX YCJIOBH5-JX rrpOHcxOAHT B3al1MHbIH 06MeH C. H MHrpaUHH C.
I apXa!ILleCKOM H KJIaCCWleCKOM cpOJIbKJIOpe rrpe06JIa)J.alOT c., OCHO-
lIaHHble I-Ie Ha C06bITIIHHOi:\" 9MrrHpllKe, HO Ha 3aKOHOMepHO 06YCJIOB-
,IIeHHblX XY)J.01KeCTBeHHbIX 0606II.:(eHIlHX, HCXO)J.HbIM MaTepHaJIOM )J.JIH
hOTOpblX HBJIHlOTCH THrrOBble CTOpOHbI H HBJIeHHH 06II.:(eCTBeHHOH )! H3-
1111 KO.1JJ'leKTHBa, COI,LHaJIbHble H 6bITOBble HHCTHTYTbI, paHHHe rrpeA-
I'TaB:leHIl5J a rrpHpO.il.e H 06lII.eCTBe H !IX rrpeJIOMJIeHHe 13 06pHAax, PH-
rvaJIax II T. )J.. <DOJIbKJlOpHaH ClO2KeTHKa 130 MHorOM 06H3aHa rrepBHLI-
II-hIM 6eCC03HaTeJIbHO-XY)J.0)!{eCTBCHHbIM 0606II.:(eHHHM 13 MHcpOJIOrHH.
B u,eJIO:VI aHa xapaKTepH3yeTcH TaKHMH TpaAHUHOHHbIMH rrpH3HaKa-
MII (rro-pa3HOMY rrpOHBJIHlOII.:(HMHC5J Ha pa3HbIX 3Tarrax HCTOpHH
'1IOJIbK.1JOpa H 13 pa3HbIX jKaHpax), KaK CTepeOTHrrHOCTb II CPOPMYJIb-
IIOCTb, YCJIOBHOCTb MOTHBHpOBOK, YCTaHOBKa Ha BbIMbICeJI. B 2KHBOII
IIOBeCTBOBaTeJIbHOII Tpa)J.HI,LIUI O.lIbKJIOpHble C. peaJIH3ylOTCH 130
MHOMeCTBe BapHaHTOB (CM.), BepCHH (CM.), pe)J.aKUHH.
J1I1T.: BeceJl06clwii A. H. I1CTopUqeCKa51 rr03TUKa. J1., 1940; cfJpeiiiJeH6epc
0, M. TI03T1IKa CIOllieTa U lliaHpa. J1., 1936; JIYTUJl06 E. H. a CTpYKType CIO)KeTO-
oiJpa30B3Hu5I 13 6bIJIUHaX U IOHa KUx rreCH5IX II MaKeAOHCKU !jJOJIKJIOp. CKonje, 1970.
l'oJ]J1Ha 111. Epoj 5-6.
E. H. JIYTHJlOB
CIO)KET «EPO,r:UIQI1YI», CTPAHCTBYIOIll.I1fI, CKI1TAIO-
1IJ,I1fIC5I (A. H. BeCeJIOBCKHH) p., CIO)K3T «BAHJJ:POYHbl» 6.,
(:ID)KET «MAHJJ:PIBHI1YI» y.- TepMHH, B03HHKrnHH 13 CBH3H C
pacnpocTpaHeHHeM HAeH rnKOJIbI 3aHMCTBOBaHHH, 060cHOBaBrneH
reopHlO MHrpaurnr ClO)KeTOB, cOrJIaCHO KOTOpOH HaJIWIIIe 13 cpOJIbKJIO-
pe pa3HbIx HapOAOB OAHHaKOBbIX ClO)KeTOB 06'bHCHHeTCH 3aHMCTBO-
U:1HHeM, rrepeAa'IeiI 3THX ClO2KeTOB 0'1' OAHoro HapO)J.a )J.pyrOMY, CBoe-
oGpa3HbI:l1 HX «cTpaHcTBoBaHHeM». 06HJIHe Talmx ClO2KeTOB )J.alOT
('l\a3KH, pa3pa6aTbIBalOTcH OHH H 13 ApyrHx 2KaHpax cpOJIbKJIOpa, a
TaK)Ke 13 .'lHTepaType. EeHcpeH, Harrp., paccMaTpHBaH HCTOpHlO «TIaH-
'IaTaHTpbI», ee rrepeBo)J.bI Ha pa3JIWIHble H3bIKH, BH)J.HT 13 3TOM c60p-
IIIIKe rrepBOHCTO'IHHK pHAa eBporreHCKHX JIHTepaTypHbIX rrpOH3Be)J.e-
IIlIii, 13 TOM LIHCJIe 6aCHH J1acpOHTeHa I-Ia ClO2KeT AT 1430 «MeLITbI a
IHlraTCTBe», H3BecTHbIH TaK2Ke 13 CI{a30 L IHOM 9rroce MHorHX HapoAoB
Mllpa. KaK OTMeqaJI C. B. CaBqeHKO, O)J.HH H TOT 2Ke C. 6. MOiKeT
p :l3pa6aTbIBaTbcH 13 rrpoH3BeAeHHHx pa3JIWIHbIX 2KaHpoB.
ClVL TaK)Ke Teopu51 3auMcTBoBaHtdl, llhwJLQ MU2pal.{uoHHa51 II JIlIT.
K. Jl. KAEAWHHKOB
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345
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lI(aH B COOTBeTCTBHH C rrpHCYII.:(IIM Ha )J.aHHOM 3Tarre pa3BHTHH ll.HBH-
,111I3all.HH MHpOC03ep aHHeM ll.eJIeHarrpaBJIeHHOe 06II.:(eHHe KaK C IIPH-
pO)J.OH H COll.HYMOM, TaK H C caMHM C060H, co CBOHM BHYTpeHHHM MII-
pOM.
TPY)J.OBble IIpOll.eCCbI, HMHTall.HH EX B 06p5!Ae CblrpaJIH 60JIbrnYIO
pOJlb 13 3ap02K)J.eHHH HCKYCCTBa T. HCTOKaMH era CTaJIH, KpOMe Taro,
II.IIHCKa, CTHXHHHO BbIpa2KaIOII.:(aH 13 )J.BH2KeHHHX KYJIbMHHaUHIO 3MO-
1(IIOHaJIbHOrO COCTOHHHH LreJIOBeKa, a TaK}Ke pHTyaJIbHble TOp2KeCTBa
II 06PHD:bI, rrJIaCTHIJeCKa5! CTOpOH3 KOTOpbIX HMeJIa orrpeAeJIeHI-IYlO pe-
r,llaMeHTall.HlO H ceMaHTHKY. OT60p ABH2KeHHH, OTTaIJHBaHHe HX rrJIa-
'''I'HqeCKOll cpOpMbI, opraHH3all.HH 13 3CTeTwreCKH II 3THHIJeCKH 06yc-
JIOBJIeHHYlO 06II.:(HOCTb crroc06CTBOBaJIH rrOCTerreHHOH KpHCTaJIJIH3a-
II,III! HCKYCCTBa T. COCTaBJIHH O)J.IIH H3 CYII.:(eCTBeHI-IbIX pa3)J.eJIOB
II)OJlbKJIOpa, T. rrOHaIJaJIY BblcTyrraJI 13 CHHKpeTHIJeCKOM eAHHCTBe co
1',1l0BOM, HarreBOM, MY3bIKOH, HO co BpeMeHeM 060c06HJIC5J 13 caMO-
I'TOHTeJIbHOe HCKYCCTBO. B HeM 3arreqaTJIeHbI Ba2KHble LrepTbI Ha HO-
113JIbHOrO xapaKTepa, AyxoBHoro MHpa Taro HJIH HHoro HapOAa.
KJIaCCIIcpHKall.H5! T. OCYII.:(eCTBJIHeTCH rro OAHOMY HJIH HeCKOJIbKHM
II(HI3HaKarvr, KOTopbIe HCCJIeAOBaTeJIb BbI)J.BHraeT KaK rrepBOCTerreH-
II hIe. Pa3JIHLlalOT, HaIIp., cpOJIbKJIOpHbIH, 6bITOBOII, CaMOD:eHTeJIbHbIH
II rrpocpeCCHOHaJIbHbIH T. B. cpOJlbKJIOpHOM T. cOCYII.:(eCTBYlOT rrJIaCT
Tpa)J.HIJ,IIOHHbIX HapO)J.HbIX TaHI,LeB (y BOCTOLIHOCJIaBHHCKHX Hapo-
}(OB - Pyc. «EapbIHH», «KaMapHHCKaH», 6eJI. «JIHBoHixa», «KpbI-
il\.aIJOK», YKp. «forraK») H 06pa3ll.bI 60JIee rr03)J.l-me, 13 H3BeCTHOH Me-
)Ie BTOpHqHble, HCrrbITaBrnHe CHJIbHOe BJIHHHHe ropO)J.CKOH, cpa6pH'IHO-
I'JI060D:CKOII KYJIbTypbI (Ka)J.pHJIH, «JIaHll.e», «TY-CTerr» H T. rr.).
n rrOCJIe)J.HHe AeC51THJIeTHH oc06eHHO 3Ha L IHMbI IIpoueCCbI, CBH3aHHble
(' pO.iKAeHIIeM T. Ha3. HBJleHHH cpOJIbKJIOpH3Ma, 13 TOM IJHCJIe H 13 ccpepe
'1'.: cpOJIbKJIOpHO-3THorpacpH'IeCKHe II )J.PyrHe aI-ICaM6JIH opHeHTHpo-
I:aHbI Ha CI,LeHWleCKoe BocrrpOH3BeAeHHe T. H 13 TO )!,:e BpeM5I I1bITalOT-
nr 13 TOH HJIII HHOH CTeIIeHH coxpaHHTb rrpHqaCTHOCTb K cpOJIbIWOpHOH
'l'p 3)J.Hll.Hli.
TIpocpeCCHOHaJIbHbIH T., HCIIOJIb3Y5! OrrbIT cpOJIbKJIOpHOro H 6bITO-
Bora T., 13 CBoeM CTpeMJIeHIIH OTMe2KeBaTbCH aT HHX BbIABHraeT He-
)le)J.KO IIHble 3CTeTl1qeCKHe ll.eHHOCTII H KaHOHbI. Pa3)J.eJI rrpocpeCCHO-
113JIbHOrO T., OCHOBY KOToporo COCTaBJIHeT IIJIaCTWreCKIIH MaTepHaJI,
IIO'IeprrHYTbIH 13 cpOJIbKJIOpHOM T., Ha3bIBaeTCH «HapOD:HO-XapaKTep-
II hIM» (<<Ha P0)I.HO-CueHwreCKHM») .
CM. TaK2Ke flAJIC/W, Xope02pa£jJUJI.
TAHEU p., 6., TAHEIJ.b y. (OT HeM. tanz)- pHTMwreCKH opra-
HH30BaHHoe pHTyaJIbHO-IIrpOBoe rrOBeAeHHe, 06peTrnee orrpeAeJIeH-
HYlO rrJIaCTHqeCKYlO cpoprvry, 06bIIIHO 3CTeTHIJeCKH OCMbICJIeHHYlO' 5113-
JIHeTCH OC06bIM BHD:OM AYXOBHOH )J.eHTeJIbHOCTH, 13 KOTOpOH rrJIaC;H!{a
IJeJIOBeKa peaJIH3yeT era IIpe)J.CTaBJIeHHe a rvrnpe H caMOM ce6e a TaK-
2Ke cpopMax B3aHMoAeHcTBHH IJeJIOBeKa C peaJIbHbIM H Bo06pa2Kae-
MbIM oKpY2KeHHeM. OCHoBa T. - Cl1e HaJIbHO oT06paHHble, CHCTeMa-
TH3HpoBaHHble" JIH60 CO'IHHeHHble H, KaK rrpaBHJIO, KaHOHH3HpoBaH-
Hble Tpa)J.H HeH )KeCTbI, ABH2KeHI-I5I, II03bI. CymecTBeHHbI TaK2Ke TIIrr
B3aHMoAeHcTBH HCrrOJIHHTeJIeH C IIpoCTpaHcTBoM H Me)K)J.y C0601i,
KOJIH'IeCTBeHHbIH COCTaB, pa3MeII.:(eHHe 13 rrpoCTpaHcTBe (CM. PUCYHOK.
TaHl.{ ), rrpHHI,LHIIbI opraHH3a HH HeKoero ll.eJIOCTHOro TaHll.eBaJlbHO-
ro )J.eHCTBa.
TepMHH yrroTpe6JIHeTC5! 13 rnHpoKoM H Y3KOM 3Ha'leHHHX. B rrep-
130M BKJIlOIJaeT Bce cpOprvrbI TaHI,La, 13 TOM 'IHCJIe H paHHHe; 130 BTOpOM
OTHOCHTCH JIHrnb K 60JIee rr03)J.HHM cpopMaM, r)J.e 3CTeTHIJeCKaH CPYHK-
ll.HH CTaHOBIITC5! 3Ha'IHTeJIbHOH H T. 06peTaeT cTaTYc BH)J.a HCKYCCT-
Ba. B 3TOM 3HaIJeHHH rrpoTHBoCTOHT IIJIHCKe (CM.).
TIpH )J.ecplmH HH 06bIIJHO HlvlelOT 13 BH)J.Y BTopoe (Y3Koe) 3Ha L re-
HHe TepMHHa: T.- BH)J. HCKyccTBa, MaTepHaJIOM KOTOpOro HBJIHlOTCH
)J.BH2KeHH5! HJIH 1103bI 'IeJIOBeIJeCKOrO TeJIa, rr03THIJeCKH OCMbICJIeHHble,
opraHH30BaHHhIe 130 BpeMeHH H rrpocTpaHcTBe, COCTaBJIHlOII.:(He e)J.II-
HYlO xYA01KecTBeHHYlO cHcTervry.
OpraHII3YlOII.:(HM Ha'IaJIOM T. BblcTyrralOT pHTM H rrJIaCTH'IeCKaH
HAe5I. PHTM 13 p5!D:e CJIyqaeB rvr02KeT cYII.:(eCTBOBaTb JIHrnb 130 BHYTpeH-
HeM OII.:(YII.:(eHHH TaHll.Opa, HO IJaII.:(e rvraTepHaJIH30BaH 13 orrpe)J.eJIeHHbIX
3BYKOBbIX 06pa3ax. 3BYKOBoe corrpoB01K)J.eHHe MmKeT oCYII.:(ecTBJIHTb-
CH XJIOrrKaMH, y)J.apaMH CTorr HJIH Ka6JIYKOB, KacTaHbeTaMH, ,n:PynIMH
YAapHbIMH HHCTpYMeHTaMH, a TaK2Ke rreHlleM H MY3bIKOH.
TIJlaCTWrecKaH HAeH M02KeT 6bITb rrO'IeprrHYTa B Ha6JIlO)J.eHHHx
Ha;:: AeHCTBlITeJIbHOCTblO H HOCHTb H306pa3HTeJIbHO-iiOApa2KaTeJIb-
HbIH xapaKTep, HO MO)!{eT B03HHKaTb KaK pe3YJIbTaT 0606II.:(eHHH II
THrrH3all.HH pH)J.a HBJIeHHII, 13 TOM Lp1CJIe npHHa)J.JIe2KaII.:(HX BHYTpeHI-Ie-
MY AYXOBHOMy MHPY IJeJIOBeKa.
T.- aKTHBHaH, )J.eHCTBeHHa5! cpopMa IIOBe)J.eHHH, YCTaHaBJIHBaIO-
J1ET.: JIonyx06 A., llIupJle6 A., EO'WP06 A. OCHOBbI xapaKTepHoro TaH a.
,II.; M., 1939; TKa'ieHlW T. C. HapoAHbIH TaHe . M., 1967; rYMeHIOK A. f. YKpa-
IIIl'bKi Hapo,'J,Hi TaH i. I\ulB, 1969; AJleKCIOT06Wt JI. K. EeJIOpyccKue HapO.ll:HLIe xo-
po 'lO.lI:hl , TaI-I Ll, Urpbl. MH., 1978; BaCUJleliiW K. YKpauHcKHH HapoAHbIH TaHe .
M., 198!; COKOJW6 A. A. TIp06JIeMa u3yqeHUH TaH eBaJIbHOrO !jJOJIbKJIOpa II MeTo-
'1,1,1 1I3yqeHHH !jJOJIbKJIOpa. J1., 1983; Cfyplw fO. M. EeJIOPyccKUH xopeorpa!jJUqeCKUH
IIJ(J,/lhKJIOp. MH., 1990.
A. A. COKOJIOB-KAMHI-fCKHFf
346
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T
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TBOP4ECTBO HAPO)]JIOE p., TBOP4ACIJ.b HAPO,lJ,HA5I
6., TBOP4I Tb HAPOJJ:HA y.- cOBoKyrrHocTb xYA02KeCTBeHHbIX
rrpoH3Be)J.eHIIH pa3JIHQHbIX BH)J,OB H :}IWHPOB, C03AaHHbIX MHormVIH rro-
KOJIeHII5IMH napo)J,a H 6bITYlOII.:(IIX (6bITOBaBUlHx) 13 era cpeAe. B HeM
HarnJIH OTpa}KeHHe TPYAOBOii H COll.HaJIbHbIH orrbIT, 3CTeTWIeCKHe II
3TIILleCKHe II)J,eaJIbI TpYAHII.:(HXC5I, C03)J,aBrnHX BbI)J.alOII.:(HeCH rro rJIY-
6HHe MbICJIH H xY)J.02KeCTBeHHOMY COBeprneHCTBY rrpOH3Be)J,eHII5I. 3a-
pO)J.HBrn Cb B rJIy60Koii ApeBHocTH, T. H. 13 CBoeM pa3BIITIU! rrpornJIo
CJIOIKHbIH rrYTb, B06paB B ce65! OT3BYKII pa3Hblx 3rrox, H3MeHeIfIIH 13
MHpoB033peHIIH era c03)J.aTeJIeH, 13 HX 06II.:(ecTBeHI-IOM II ceMelIHOlvI
6bITe. B 3TOM )J.HHaMwIHoM rrpOI,LeCCe cpOpMHpoBaJlcH }KaHpOBbIH co-
CTaB pa3JIH'lHbIX BII)J.OB T. H., 060ram:aJIliCb pro IllleHHO-TeMaTWIec-
ROe COAep}K3HHe II XY)J,01KeCTBeHHaH rraJIliTpa, BbIKpHCTaJIJIII30BbIBa-
JIHCb HenpeXO)J,5!II.:(He )J,YXOBHble H xY)J,02KeCTBeHHble I.:(eHHOCTH CO-
CTaBHBrnHe OCHOBY MHpOBOH Ky.TIbTYPbI. '
Onpe)J.eJIHIOJII,et'I QepToii T. H. HBJIHeTCH era KOJIJIeKTHBHOCTb (CM.),
npeeMCTBeHI-IOCTb Tpa)J.IIll.HH, XOTH KOJIJIeKTHBHOCTb He HCKJIIOqaeT
npOHBJIeHHH HHAIIBH)J.yaJIbHOra HaqaJIa 13 cpOJIbKJIOpe (CM.). TIpOII3-
Be)J,eHHe T. H. 06bILIHO }KHBeT 13 BapHaHTax (CM.), BepCHHX (CM.), CO-
BOKyrrHocTb KOTOpbIX OTpa2KaeT era HCTOpHlO. T. H. 06'bemIH5IeT rr03-
TWIeCKoe (CM.), MY3bIKaJIbHOe (CM.), )J.paMaTHQeCKOe (CM.), xooeo-
rp acpH'IeCKOe (CM.), )J.eKopaTHBHO- rrpHKJIa)J.Hoe (CM.) H)J,p. B )J,bI
xYA02KeCTBeHHoro TBOpqeCTBa HapO)J,a.
T. H.- Ba:xmeHWa5! COCTaBJIHlOII.:(aH JII060li Hall.HOHaJ'lbHoli KYJIb-
TYPbI, ee OCHOBa, 6e3 KOTOPO!! HeB03M02KHO cpOpMHpOBaHHe Hall.HO-
HaJIbHOrO caMOC03HaHIIH n Hall.HOHaJIbHOrO npocpeCCIWHaJIbHOrO HC-
KYCCTBa, aHa YKpeDJI5IeT AYXOBHYlO CB5I3b rrOKOJIeHHH H 3rrox.
CM. TaK)Ke CPOJ1bK;Wp H JIHT.
I'0BKY, H306peTaTeJlbHOCTb. OCHOBOH T. H. a. HBJI5IeTCH 'TJ-IIIIILIHaH )J.JI5!
IIl'CX BII,iWB HapOAHoro TBOpqeCTBa oc06eHHOCTb: YCTIIa5I rrepe)J,aLla
IHiLITa aT rrOKOJIeHIIH K rrOKOJIeHHlO C paC'IeTOM Ha JIHLIHYlO TBOp'IeC-
"YIO HHIIll.IIaTHBY Ka;'K)J.oro HOBOro rrOKOJIeHIIH CTpOHTeJIeH H Ka2K)J.oro
IloBoro M3CTepa.
B CH.llY IIC'fopWleCKHX YCJIOBHH Y CJIaB5!H T. H. a. 6bIJIO rJIaBHbIM
II nepBIIQI-ILIM 3JleMeHTOM rro OTHorneHHIO K rrpocpeCCHOHaJIbHOH,
,IUKOJIbHoi1» apxHTeKType. HMeHHO HapO)J.I-IbIe MaCTepa rrOABeprJIH
''ICHOBaTeJIbHOMY rrepeCMOTpy MHpOBble apXIITeKTypHo-xYA02KeCTBeH-
IIble CTIIJm: rOTHKY, peHeccaHC, 6apOKKO, KJIaCCHIIH3M, rrpHAaB HM
lierrOBTopIIMbIe MeCTHble oc06eHHOCTII.
MaCTepa T. H. a. 130 Bce BpeMeHa HCXOAHJIH H3 rrpHHwma CPYHK-
I(lIOHaJIbHOCTH B03BO)J.HMbIX 3)J.aHHi1, LITO rrpeAYCMaTpHBaJIO TIIrrHq-
1I0CTb npOCTpaHCTBeHHhIX H KOHCTPYKTHBHbIX pernem!lI. H Bce 2Ke
T. H. a. He 3HaeT rrOHHTHH «TImOBOH rrpoeKT», TaK KaK pa3BH3KII TH-
IIWIHbIX Y3.1JOB 13 HeM HeH3MeHHO HaKJIa)J,bIBaJIHCb Ha HerrOBTopHMoe
neJIOCTHOe perneHHe H36bI, xaThI, ll.epKBH, rnKOJIbI, qIITaJIbHH. BCHKoe
YCliJIeHIle rOCY)J,apCTBeHHoro HJIH 06II.:(eCTBeHHoro KOHTpOJIH rrJIaHHpO-
11aHH5I 11 CTpOHTeJIbCTBa 3)J,aHIIH HeraTHBHO BJIHHeT Ha T. H. a., He
cnoc06cTByeT era paCll.BeTY. OTpHI,LaTeJIbHble rrOCJIeACTB1I5! IIMeeT 13
XX B. CTpOHTeJIbHaH I1HAYCTpH5I, BbITeCHHBrnaH HH)J.HBH)J.yaJIbHOe
I!pOeKTnpOB3HHe H CTpOIITeJIbCTBO Ha rJIy60KYlO rrepHcpepHlO apXH-
TeKTypHO-CTpOHTeJIbHOrO AeJIa. B HaCTOHm:ee BpeMH T. H. a. HaXOAHT-
0113 COCTOHHIIH rJIy60Koro KpH3Hca.
JUIT.: IOp'teH/W JI. r. .IJ:epeB'5IHa apxiTeKTypa YKpalHu. KIJIB, 1970; TapaHY-
lIleH/W C. A. NloHYMeH'raJIbHa jI,epeB'HIJa apxiTeKTypa J1iB06epe)/{Hol YKpalHu.
KlllB, 1976; Ca. WiijW6U<l B. JI. HapOjI,IIOe apxuTeKTypHoe TBOpqeCTBo: flo MaTe-
pHa./IRM YKpalIHcKoH CCP. KueB, 1977; HKiM06i'i 10. A. .IJ:payJI5IHae .lI:oHJIijI,CTBa
fieJIapycKara I1aJIeCcH. MH., 1978; Cepcatte6 C. A. EeJIOpyccKoe HapOAI-IOe 30Aqe-
l'TBD. [V1H., 1992.
J1I1T.: CfwlepoB B. H. BorrpocbI Teopuu U UCTOpUU HapoAHoro TBOpqeCTBa. M.,
1959; ryce6.B. E. 3CTeTuKa !jJOJIbKJIOpa. J1., 1967; EocarblpeB JI. r. BOIIpOCLI
TeOp1I1J HapO.ll:Horo UCKyccTBa. M., 1971; JI ponn B. H. 1'!>0JIbKJIOp II .n:eikTBIITe.lIb-
HOCTb. 1976; CfucTo6 K. B. HapO.ll:Hble Tpa).(HlU1H H <POJIbKJIOp. J1., 1986.
p. B. CTEJIOBHK
K. JI. KAEAJJJHJIKOn
TBOPLfACIJ.b I-IAPOJJ:HA5I BYCHA5I 6.- CM. TBOP'leCTBO lia-
poi)lioe YCTlioe.
TBOP4ACIJ.b HAPOJJ:HA5I BbI5I;VJ1EH4A5I 6.- CM. TBopife-
,CTBO liapo(;lioe u306paaUTeJlblioe.
TBOPLIECTBO HAPOJJ:HOE JJ:EKOP A THBHO- TIPHKJ1AJJ:-
HOE p., TBOP4ACIJ.b HAPO)]J-IA5I .l.X3KAPATbIYHA-TIPbI-
I(J1A,lJ,HA5I 6., TBOP4ICTb HAPOJJ:HA ,lJ,EKOPATlIBHO-TIPI1-
I\JIA,lJ,HA y.- 06JIaCTb HapoAHoH KYJIbTypbI, BKJIIOLIalOII.:(aH 113ro-
TOBJIeHIIe xY)J.02KeCTBeHHo ocpopMJIeHHbIX OPYAHH TpY)J.a, AOMarnHeII
YTBapII. 6bITOBOrO 060PY)J.oBaHHH, TpaHcnopTHbIX cpe)J.cTB, rrOCYAbI,
Ojj,e2K)J,bI II rrp. KaK II ApyrHe BH,rr,bI MaTepnaJIbHOII II )J.YXOBHOH KYJIb-
TypLI HapoAa, HMeeT HpKO BbIHBJIeHHbIH Hall.HOHaJIbHbIH xapaKTep,
]I HeM npOHBJI5!eTCH caM06bITHOCTb HapO)J,a, era 3CTeTHQeCKHe B3rJI5!-
TBOP45CTBO HAPqJJ:HOE APXHTEKTYPHOE, 30JJ:4ECT-
BO HAPOJJ,HOE p., JLOTIJ1I.l.XCTBA HAPOJJ:HAE 6., 30JJ:LIECT-
BO HAPOJJ:HE y.-- cOoppKeHHe If xY)J.O)!{eCTBeHHoe YKparneHIIc
}KHJIbIX, KYJIbTOBbIX H 06II.:(eCTBeHHblx 3AaHIIH Ha OCHOBe C,IIOIKHBrnIIX-
C5! 13 )J,aHHOH MeCTHOCTII KOHCTPYKTHBHO-XY)J.02KeCTBeHHbIX Tpa)J,HI.:(IIii,
HaJIH'IH5! onpe)J.e.lIeHHbIX CTpOHTeJlbHbIX MaTepIIaJIOB, oc06eHHOCTcii
KJIHMaTa, peJIbecpa H )J.p. eCTeCTBeHHbIX YCJIOBHH. B OTJIWme aT rrpo-
cpeCCHOHaJIbHOii apXIITeKTypbI 13 T. H. a. HOCHTeJIeM KOMrrJIeKCa 3ua-
HHH no CTpOHTeJIbCTBY CJIY)!{HT He rnKOJIa C ee CHCTeMHbIM 06Y'IC-
Hl!eM, a TpaAIIUHH C ee yrropoM Ha rrpaKTIIKy, HaBbIKH, YMeI-IlIe, CHO-
347
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KYJIbTypHbIe B3aHMOBJIHHHHH BbI3bIBalOT aHaJIOrHqHOCTb xapaKTepa
H 6JIH3KHe qepTbI 13 T. H. A.-rr. coce)J.HHX HapO)J.OB. Y BOCTOLIHbIX CJIa-
B5IH HaH60JIee pacrrpOCTpaHeHHble BII)J.bI: pe3b6a rro AepeBY, TKa-
LleCTBO, BhIrnHBKa, rOHqapCTBO, rrJleTeHHe, KOBKa, pocrrHCb (y PYC-
CKHX, YKpaHHI.:(eB), rYTHoe CTeKJIO (y YKpaHHll.eB). I1crrOJIb3YlOTCH
06bI'IHO AerneBble rnHpOKO)J.ocTyrrHble MaTepHaJIbI: )J.epeBO, fJIHHa,
JIeH, rnepCTb, JI03a, COJIOMa H rrp., H3 KOTOpbIX II3rOTOBJI5!1OTC5! He06-
Xo.aHMble 13 HapO)J.HOM 6bITY BeII.:(H. B OCHOBe T. H. A.-rr.- rapMOHH-
qeCKOe COqeTaIfHe YTHJIIITapHbIX, rrpaKTHqeCKHX CPYHKI,LHH H3)J.eJIHH C
xy.a02KeCTBeHHbIMH 3a.aa L laMH, KOTopble AOCTHralOTC5! yMeJIbIM HC-
rrOJlb30BaHHeM .aeKopaTHBHbIX B03M02KHOCTeH MaTepHaJIa, rrpOCTOTOli
KOMrr03Hll.IIH, HCIfOCTblO xYAp02KeCTBeHHoro 5!3bIKa. B u,eJIOM )J.JIH II3-
,.aeJIIIH BOCTOqHbIX CJIaB5!H xapaKTepHO rrpe06JIa)J.aHHe CKYJIbrrTypHo-
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II.:(ero )J.peBHee CHMBOJIWleCKOe rrpOHCX02K)J.eHHe. Bo MHorHX BH)J.ax
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K CHlVIMeTpHH H paBHOBeCHlO, 0606II.:(eHHlO II CTHJIH3aI,LHII MOTHBOB,
COOTBeTCTBHlO oc06eHHOCTHM MaTepHaJIa H TeXHOJIOrHH I1pOH3BO)J.CT-
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pO)J.a.
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TeM caMbIM corrpHKacaHcb C H306pa3HTeJIbHbIM Hapo)J.HbIM TBOp'IeCT-
\30M (CM.).
.J1I1T.:Hapucu 3 icTopil YKpalHcbKoro .lI:eKOpaTuBHO-npUKJIa.ll:HOrO MUCTe TBa.
J1,bBlB, 1969; PaSU1ia T. M. PyccKoe HapoAHoe TBOpqeCTBo. M., 1970; HeKpacoBI/
.1\<1. A. HapO.ll:HOe UCKYCCTBO JWK qaCTb KYJlbTypbI. M., 1983; CraH/{)IW6WI T. B.
HapOAI-IOe AeKopaTlIBHO-H306pa3UTeJIbHOe UCKYCCTBO II 3THorpa!jJH5I BOCTO'-jHLIX
CJIaB5IH: OqepJm TpaAH HOHI-!OH KYJIbTypbI. M., 1987; CaxYTa E. M., rOBOp B. A.
XY.lI:OJKeCTBeHHble peMec.'Ia II npoMbIc.TJbI EeJlOpyccUH. MIl., 1988.
E. M. CAXYTA, P. B, CTEJIOBH1\
TBOPYECTBO HAPOJJ:HOE JJ:PAMATI1YECKOE p., TBOP-
4AClJ,b HAPOIU-IA5I jlPAMATbI4HA5I 6., TBOP4ICTb HA-
POJJ:HA JlPAMATI14I-IA y.- cOBoKyrrHocTb .apaMaTHqeCKHX cpOpM
HapoAHoro TBOpqeCTBa. HCTOKH )J.paMaTH'IeCKOrO TBOpqeCTBa - Be]l-
6aJIbHble 3JIeMeHTbI .QpeBHHx 06PH)J.OB, Hrp, pH2KeHHH, Ha rrO'IBe 1\0-
T
349
HJpbIX B03HHKJIH rrpocTeHrnHe ApaMaTHqeCKHe Cll.eHKH (B02KAeHHe
IW3bI», «KOHH», «2KOpaBa», CBHTOqHble HrpbI «)KeHHTb6a TcpernKH»,
MeJIaHKa», «B 6apHHa» HAP.). Pa3BIITaH HapOAHa5! )J.paMa (CM.)-
IIOBbIH ::narr 2KH3HH ApaMaTHqeCKOrO HCKycCTBa HapO)J.a. B pa3HbIX
,haI-Ipax HapOAHOH ApaMbI: 13 KOlVleAHHHbIX Cll.eHaX KYKOJIbHOrO TeaT-
pa, 13 T. Ha3. pa360HHHqbHX rrbecax (<<JIO)J.Ka», «II1aHKa pa360HHH-
hOB»), 13 )J.p aMe «lJ,a pb IvlaKcHMHJIHaH» HarnJIH BOI1JIOII.:(eHHe CTpeM:
,/lCRHe K cB060)J.e H BOJIe, 60pb6a 3a Bepy H y6e)K)J.eHHH, COI,LHaJIbHbIH
:IIITarOHH3M. T. H. )J.. OCYII.:(eCTBJIHeTCH 13 paMKax cpOJIbKJIOpHOH Tpa-
,1Ulll.HH; BapHaHTaM CUeHOK H rrbec CBOI[cTBeHHbI YCTOH'IHBOCTb ClO-
,hCTOB, MOTHBOB H rr03TWleCKHX cpeACTB, YCTHOCTb rrepeAaLIH, 6bITO-
lIaHHe 13 orrpe)J.eJIeHHble CpOKH (CBHTKH, MaCJIeHHll.a).
CM. TaK2Ke TeaTp cpOJlb1UlOpflblU H JIHT.
J1I1T.: BOJlOlUUH I. O. .IJ:)KepeJIa HapO.ll:HOrO TeaTpy Ha YKpalHi. KUlB, 1960;
/;I/JlalllOB p. M. .IJ:paMa U 06p5l.ll:0BOe .lI:eHCTBo: K rrp06JIeMe AP31MaTuqecKo!'o pOAa
1\ !jJOJIbKJIOpe If HapoAHbIH TeaTp. J1., 1974; OH e. a pO,n:OBOH U BU.lI:OBOuU CHCTe-
MaTU3a HU !jJOJIbKJIOpa II PI'!>. J1., 1977. T. 17; CaBYUlKuHa H. H. PYCCKHII HapoA-
lII.lii TeaTp. M., 1976; OHa e. PYCCKa5I YCTI-Ia5I Hapo,n:Ha5I ApaMa. M., 1978. BblII. 1;
1')79. BblII. 2; fyceB B. E. I1CTOKU PYCCKOro Hapo,n:Horo TeaTpa. J1., 1977; OH e.
IlapoAHble Hrpbl, ApaMbI U TeaTp 113THorpa!jJu5I BOCTOqHblX CJIaB5IH: OqepKH Tpa-
1I.11 UOHHOH KYJIbTypbl. M., 1987; fiCTOpbI5I 6eJIapycK ra T9aTpa. Y 3 T. MH., 1983.
'1'_ I; Warner E. The russian folk theatre. Hague; Pans, 1977.
H. H. CABYWKHHA
TBOP4ECTBO HAPOJJ:HOE I130EPA3I1TEJIbHOE p.,
TBOP4AClJ,b HAPOJJ:HA5I BbI5IYJIEH4A5I 6., TBOP4ICTb
IlAPOJJ:HA OEPA30TBOP4A y.- 06JIaCTb Hapo)J.HOH KYJIbTypbI,
l'BH3aHHaH C C03)J.aHHeM rrpoH3Be)J.eHHH 2KHBOrrHCH, rpacpHKH, cKYJIbrr-
TypbI HapOAHbIMH MaCTepaMH, KOTopble He HMelOT crrell.HaJIbHOH XY-
,11.01KeCTBeHHOH rrO)J.rOTOBKH, orrHpalOTC5! Ha TpaAHll.HH HapOAa, era
IIOHHMaHHe rrpeKpaCHoro, 3CTeTHLlecKHe B3rJIHAbI H xYA02KeCTBeHHble
YCTpelVIJIeHHH. OCHOBHOH TBOpqeCKHH MeTO)J. MaCTepOB T. H. H.-
II:lHBHO-peaJIHCTWleCKoe oT06pa)!{eHHe )J.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH. T. H. H.
IICOT)J.eJIHMO aT APyrHx BHAOB MaTepHaJlbHOH H )J.YXOBHOH KyJIbTYPbI;
opraHWleCKaH CB5!3b YCTHorr03TWleCKoro, MY3bIKaJIbHOrO H H306pa-
:IIITeJIbHOro cpOJIbKJIOpa rrpOCJIe2KHBaeTC5! 13 TeMaTHKe, 06pa3HbIX
I'pC)J.CTBax, ccpepe CPYHKll.HOHHpOBaHH5! H T. A.
B cpaBHeHHH C AeKopaTHBHO-npHKJIa)J.HbIM HapOAHbIM TBOpqeCT-
110M (CM.), KOTopoe HOCHJIO MaCCOBbIH xapaKTep H rrpOHH3bIBaJIO BeCb
lIapO)J.HhIH 6bIT, T. H. H. 3aHHMaJIO 60JIee CKpOMHoe MeCTO, HBJIHHCb
Y) CJIOM TaJIaHTJIHBbIX MaCTepOB-OAHHO'IeK. HaH60JIee HpKO aHa
,lIpOHBIIJIOCb 13 ccpepe Y)J.OBJIeTBOpeHHH rroTpe6HOCTeH ll.epKBH-
(1IO.lIbKJIOPHOM TeqeHHH, napaJIJleJIbHOM rrpocpeCCHOHaJIbHOMY HCKYC-
,"my. B 06pa3ll.aX HapO)J.HOH )J.epeBHHHOH CKYJIbrrTypbI (oc06eHHO
I':I:IBIITOH 13 3arraAHbIX perHOHax YKp aHHbI H EeJIa PYCH, r)J.e rrpe06-
,/I:l) aJIH KaTOJIHll.H3M H yHHaTCTBO), HapO)J.HOH HKOHorrHCH ('I'. Ha3.
<:,l'l'IIC}Hlble nHCbMa» Ha PYCCKOM CeBepe, 2KHBOrrHCb Ha CTeKJIe 13
350
T
TIpHKaprraTbe) rrpOHBIIJIOCb 'IHCTO HapO)J.Hoe, cpOJIbK,IIOpHOe rrOHHMa-
HHe KaHOHHqeCKHX TeM H ClO2KeTOB.
3Ha'IHTeJIbHOH ccpepOH )J.e5!TeJIbHOCTH MaCTepOB T. H. H., KaK' H 13
eKopaTHBHO-npHKJIaAHOM HapO)J.HOM TBOpqeCTBe, 6bIJIO xYA02KeCT-
BeI-IHOe perneHHe rrpe)J.MeTOB HapO)J.Horo 6bITa, KOTopble yKparnaJIHCb
CI02KeTI-IO-TeMaTHqeCKHMH H306pa2KeHH5IMH (PYCCKa5! JIaKOBaH MHHH-
aTrOpa, YKpaHHCKHe pacnHCHble H3pa3ll.bI, cBaAe6Hble CKpbIHH C ClO-
.2KeTalVIH a Ka3aKe NlaMae, 6eJIOPYCCKHe H YKpaHHCKHe paCIII1CHbJe
KOBpbI C cpOJIbKJIOpHbIMli ClO2KeTaMli H rrp.) HJIH 2Ke pernaJIHCb 13 BHAe
H306pa3HTeJIbHbIX cpOpM (HapOAHaH KepaMH'IeCKaH CKYJIbrrTypa,
AepeBHHHaH HrpyrnKa). B Harne BpeMH pa3JIWIHble cpopMbr H306pa-
3HTeJIbHOrO TBopLlecTBa CTaHKOBoro xapaKTepa rrOJI IalOT Bce 60JIee
3aMeTHoe pa3BI1THe, 130 MHorHX CJIyqaHX TeCHO rrepeIIJleTa5!Cb C )J.e-
KopaTHBHO-rrpHKJIa)J.HbIM HapOAHbIM TBOp'IeCTBOM H rrpocpeCCHOHaJIb-
HbIM HCKYCCTBOM.
J1I1T.: EYTHuK-Cu6epClwii E. HapO.ll:HbIe YKpauHcKue PUCynKU, M., 1971; W/w-
pOBCKafi H. HapoAHoe CaMO.ll:eHTeJIbHOe UCKYCCTBO. J1., 1975; }KecaJlO6a C. K.
PyccKa51 HapO.ll:HaH 2KIlBOIIUCb. M., 1975; JIeoH06a A. K. HapoAHaH .lI:epeBHHHaH
CKYJIbIITypa EeJIoPYccuu. MH., 1977; Caxyra E., r060p B. XY.lI:Q}KccTBeHi-IbIe pe-
MeCJIa U rrpOMblCJIbI EeJIoPYccuu. MH., 1988.
E.M.CAXYTA, p.B.CTEJIOBHA
TBOP4ECTBO HAPOJJ:HOE I1HCTPYMEHTAJ1bHOE p.,
TBOP4ACU,b I-IAPO,LLI-IA5I IHCTPYMEHTAJ1bHA5I 6., TBOP-
4ICTb HAPOJJ:HA IHCTPYMEHTAJ1bHA y.- Bai1uraH COCTaB-
HaH qaCTb xYA02KeCTBeHHoH MY3bIKaJIbHoi:i KYJIbTYPbI Hapo)J.a, BKJIlO-
LlalOII.:(aH H3rOTOBJIeI-IHe MY3bIKaJIbHbIX HHcTpYMeHTOB H HCrrOJIHHTeJIb-
CTBO. B MaTepHaJIe, KOHCTPYKI.:(HH, cTpoe, TeXHIrqeCKHX H HCnOJIHII-
TeJIbCKIIX B03M02KHOCTHX MY3bIKaJIbHbIX HHcTpYMeHToB BOCTOqHbIX
CJIaBHH rrpOHBHJIHCb MHorlie 06II.:(He qepTbI. B TO 2Ke BpeMH 13 HHX 130-
rrJIOTHJIHCb Tpa)J.HUHH MY3bIKaJlbHOII KYJIbTYPbI, THrrHLIHble )J.JIH Ka2K-
oro H3 3THX HapO)J.OB. 3BOJIlOll.H5! MY3bIKaJIbHOrO MblrnJIeHHH BJIeK-
JIa 3a C060H peKOHCTpYKll.HlO, YCOBeprneHCTBOBaHHe HapO)J.HbIX HHCT-
PYMeHTOB. B CBora OqepeAb ycoBeprneHCTBOBaHHble HHCTpYMeHTJ,1
OKa3bIBaJIH BJIHHHHe Ha 3BOJIlOI,LHlO caMOH MY3bIKH. Harrp., BBeAeHII<'
xpOMaTH'IeCKOrO 3BYKopH)J.a Y ll.HM6aJI, pacrnHpeHHe HX AHarra30Ha
rrJIO)J.OTBOpHO B03)J.eHCTBYlOT Ha HCrrOJIHHTeJIbCKOe HCKYCCTBO.
B COBpeMermOH KJIaCCHcpHKall.HH Hall.HOHaJIbHbIX MY3bIKaJIbHblX
HIfCTpYMeHTOB BbIAeJIHlOTCH CJIe)J.YlOlI-LHe HX rpyrrnbI: IIAHOcpOHbI (ca-
M03ByqaII.:(He), MeM6paHocpOHbI (Y)J.apHble), a3pocpOHbI (AYXOBble) II
XOPAOcpOHbI (CTPYHHble). Ha pOAHaH HHCTpYMeHTaJIbHaH MY3bI1GI
CYII.:(eCTByeT 13 COJIbHOM H aHCaM6JIeBOM HCrrOJIHeHIiH. B 6bITOBOii
rrpaKTHKe 3TH BHAbI TBOpqeCTBa CBH3aHbI C AocyroM LleJIOBeKa. Kilh
COJIbHble HHCTpYMeHTbI HCnOJIb3YIOTCH CKpHnKa, 6aJIaJIaHKa, MaII/Lc,
JIHHa, rapMOHHK, AYAa, JIHpa, AY)J.Ka HAp. 3TH 2Ke HHcTpYMeHThI co
npOB02KAarOT neHHe HJIH HCrrOJIb3YlOTC5! 13 pa3JIHqHbIX aHCaM6JICB(,IJ\
T
351
,', ICTaBax. B lIHCTPYMeHTaJIbHOH MY3bIKe BbIAeJIHlOT pa3JIWIHble
1I:IIIrpbIrnH, 13 TOM LIHCJIe CHrHaJlbHble, rreceHHble, TaHll.eBaJIbHble,
1Vl:lprnH H HMrrpOBH3aI,LHH. Be)J.YII.:(HMH )KaHpaMII T. H. H. HBJI5IIOTC5!
II\TeHHble H TaHI.:(eBaJIbHble, HaH60JIee ApeBHHM - CHrI-IaJIbHble
II :lIIrpblrnH.
J1I1T.: <PaJ}tuHl{blH A. C. .IJ:oMpa H CpO,n:HLIC eH MY3blKa,/IbHble HHcTpYMeHTbI
p)'ccKoro HapoAa...: I1CTopHqeCKH oqepK. CTI6., 1891; JIpbWaJwfj H.. I: Hapo).(HblH
M)'3bIqHbl5I iHcTPYMeHTbI EeJIapycl. MH., 1928; XOTKeBU<t r. MY3HqHl lHcTPYMeHTII
l'''palHcbKoro HapO.ll:Y. XapbKiB, 1930; AJlbX06iK M. EeJIapycKaH HapoAHa,H lHCTPY:
Ml'lITaJ1bHaH MY3blKa II EeJIapycb. 1952. N 3; JIuceHlco J.:!. B.. HapO.ll:H MY3UqH
1I,,"rpYMeHTu Ha YKpalHi. KlllB, 1955; rYMeH/{)K A. YKpalHcbKl Hapo,n:H1 MY3HqHI
lI,npYMeHTu. I\ulB, 1967; }KUHOBU'i H. H. IlIKoJIa urpbI Ha uM6aJIax. 2-e U3.l1:.
Mn., 1974; BepT/co6 K., EJlaCOaaT06 r., HS06Ul{IWJI 3. ATJIaC MY3blKaJIbHbIX UHCT-
PYMeHTOB HapoAoB CCCP. 2-e U3A. M., 1975; BepTK06 K. PyccKue HapoAHbIe
MY3LIKaJIbHble UHcTpYMeHTbl. M., 1975; HasuHa H. p. EeJIOPyccKue Hap AHbIe
MY3LIKaJIbHbie UHcTpYMeHTbI: CaM03ByqaIll.Ue, YAapHble, AyxoBLle. MH., 1979, OH
I/t't'. EeJIOPyccKue HapoAHbIe MY3bIKaJIbHbIe IlHcTpYMeHTbI: CTPYHHbIe. MH., 1982,
IIp06JIeMLl Tpa.ll:H UOHHOH UHcTpYMeHTaJIbHOH MY3bIKU HapoAoB CCCP II J1eHuH-
I'paAcKui'I rocYAapcTBeHHbIH UHCTUTYT TeaTpa, MY3LIKU U KUHeMaTorpaljJuu HM.
II. I\. 4epKacoBa. J1., 1986; TpaAH uOImoe HapOAHoe MY3 IKaJIbHOe IlCKYCCTBO
':I 'CTOqHbIX CJIaBHH (BorrpocbI TUrrOJIOmu) II focYAapcTBeHHbIlI MY3bIKaJlbHO-rreAa-
1'II/'HqeCKUH UHCTUTYT UMeHU fI-IeCIlI-IblX. C6. Tp. M., 1987. Bbm. 91; HapoAHbIC
IY3bIKaJlbHLIe HHcTpYMeHTbI U uHCTpYMeHTaJIbHaH MY3bIKa: C6. CT. H MaT.: B 2 q.
IV\., 1987. 4. 1; 1988. 4, 2.
O. M. AJIEXHOBHCf
TBOP4ECTBO HAPO,LLHOE MY3bIKAJIbHOE - CM. MY3bl-
1,-a t-tapoiJHa51.
TBOP4ECTBO HAPOJJ:HOE TI03TH4ECKOE p., TBOP-
I fACU,b HAPOJJ:HA5I TIA3TbI4I-IA5I 6., TBOP4ICTb HAPOJJ:HA
I JOETvP-IHA y.- TepMHH, 0603HaqalOII.:(HH TY 'IaCTb CJIOBecHoro
\IJOJIbKJIOpa, KOTOpOH npHcYII.:(H rrpeHMYII.:(eCTBeHHo xyA02KeCTBeHHble
(' BOHcTBa, 06YCJIOBJIeHHbIe C03Ha TeJlbHO- xY A02KeCTBeHHbIMH (cKa3-
1"1, 3araAKH, He06pHAoBble rreCHH H np.) HJIH Heoc03HaHHo-xy)J.02KeCT-
IICHHbIMH YCTaHoBKaMH TBOPll.OB (13 06pH).LOBOM TBOp'IeCTBe, 3arOBO-
pax, 6bIJIWIKaX H I1p.). B Y3KOM 3HaqeHHH TepMHH OTHOCHTCH K CTII-
XOTBOpHbIM cpopMaM YCTHoro Hapo)J.Horo TBOp'IeCTBa.
CM. T60pttecT60 HapO()Hoe YCTHoe, YCTHOCTb II JIHT.
B. Jl. AHHl(HH
TBOP4ECTBO HAPO,LLHOE CAMO,LLE5ITEJ1bHOE - CM.
(: a/VlOiJe51TeJlbHOCTb xY()OiJICeCT6eHHa51.
TBOP4ECTBO I--IAPOJJ:HOE YCTHOE p., TBOP4ACU,b I--IA-
I'O,LLI--IA5I BYCHA5I 6., TBOP4ICTb I--IAPOJJ:HA YCHA y. - 06-
IILcnpHHHTbIH TepMHH AJIH 0603I-ra L leHHH BceH cOBoKyrrHocTH pOAOB IT
IIII.D,OB CJIOBeCHOro cpOJIbKJIOpa, OCHOBaIf Ha rrpH3HaHHH: 1) HX YCTI-IO-
1'0 xapaKTepa 13 OTJIHqHe aT JIHTepaTypHbIX opoH3Be)J.eHHii; 2) HX
352
T
'TBOp'IeCKOH rrpHHaAJIe}KHOCTH HapOAY (Bcex era COI.:(HaJIbHbIX CJIOeB,
COCJIOBHH H rrpocpeCCHOI-IaJIbHbIX rpyrrrr); 3) HX OTJIHqHH aT )J.pyrnx
BH)J.OB HapO)J.Horo HCKYCCTBa: MY3bIKaJIbHOrO, xopeorpacpH'IeCKOr ,
ll306pa3HTeJIbHOrO HAp. B HayqHOM OTHorneHHH TepMHH HeCTp'orHH:
TaK KaK He paCKpbIBaeT APyrHx CYII.:(eCTBeHHbIX CBOHCTB cpOJIbKJIOpa.
era TpaAHIJ,HOHHOCTH, KOJIJIeKTHBHOCTH, BapHaTHBHOCTH uH rrp., JIHrnen
KOHKpeTHoro YKa3aHHH Ha COI.:(HaJIbHylO I1pHPOAY CaMOH HapO)J.HOCTII
H He 3aKJIlOqaeT 13 ce6e )J.HcpcpepeHll.Hall.HH xYAO)!{eCTBeHHblx H Hexy-
)J.02KeCTBeHHblx CBOHCTB cpOJIbKJIOpa. TIpH Bcex HeAOCTaTKax TepMHIJ
y)J.06eH AJIH KpaTKoro 0603Ha'IeHHH cOBoKyrrHocTH cpOJIbKJIOpHbIX
rrpoII3BeAeHHH C 06blqHbIM I1pHcoe)].HHeHHeM YKa3aHHH Ha HaI.:(HOHaJIb-
HYlO rrpHHaAJIe2KHOCTb (pyccKoe, 6eJIOpyccKoe, YKpaHHcKoe TBOp-
qeCTBo). B KaLleCTBe CHHOHHMOB yrroTpe6JIHlOTC5I TepMHHbI «TBopLle-
CTBO HapoAHoe CJIOBeCl-Ioe», «TBOpqeCTBO YCTHorr03THqeCKoe», «Ha-
pOAHaH CJIOBeCHOCTb», «cpOJIbKJIOp».
J1I1T.: AHWiK06 E. B. LITO TaKoe HapO.ll:IIa5I CJ10BeCI-!,OCTb l! I1C-:OPU5I PycCKoii
M 1908' MUJlJlep B. CPo J1eK uu rro PYCCKOU HapOAHOI1 CJIOBeCHOCTJ1.
R;lTef;[f.PC Ko OB /0: M. PYCCKUH !jJOJIbKJIOp. M., 1941; 1'!>0JIbKJIOp KaK n:Y T;3 )
CJI' Ba I rIOA peA. H. I1. KpaB OBa. M., 1966. Bbm. 1; M., 1969. Bbm. 2; ., .>.
Bbm. 3; M., 1980. Bbm. 4; M., 1981. Bbm. 5.
B. Jl. AHHKHll
TBOPqECTBO HAPOJJ:HOE XOPEOfPA<DHqECKOE - CM.
Talie1.1, Xope02pa£jJU5l. "'
TEA TP <DOJIbKJIOPHbIVI p., T3A TP <DAJIbKJI PHbI 6.,
TEA TP <t>OJIbKJ10PI-II1VI y.- TepMHH, 0603Ha,qalOII.:(HH orrpe)J.e-
JIeHHbIH THrr Hapo)J.Horo TeaTpa. B XIX - HaLl. XX B. TepMHI-I «TeaT))
Ha pO)J.HbIH» yrroTpe6JIHJIC5I )J.JI5! 0603Ha'IeHllH: a) rrpOCBeTHTeJIbCKOrO
npocpeccnOHaJIbHOrO TeaTpa «AJI5! HapoAa»;u 6) JI106HT JIbCKOrO, I. e-
rrpocpeccHOHaJIbHOrO TeaTpa 13 KpecTbHHcKOH, ropo)J.cKOH (pa60qeu),
COJIAaTCKOH cpeAe; B) Tpa)J.Hll.HOHHOr , c06CTBeHHO HapO)J.Horo )J.pa
MaTHqeCKOrO TBOpqeCTBa. B cOBeTCKOH HayKe TepMHH «TeaTp HapOJ -
HbIH» rrpH06peJI eII.:(e H ApyrHe 3HaqeHH : 13 rnHpOKOM CMbICJIe 06():
HaqaeT Bce BHAbI MaCCOBOH TeaTpaJIbHOH caMO)J.e5!TeJIbHOCTH, a Tah
)Ke yrroTpe6JIHeTCH KaK ocpHI,LHaJIbHOe rrOqeTHOe 3BaHHe JIyqrnHX 1111-
CTOHHHO AeHCTBYlOII.:(HX TeaTpaJIbHbIX caMOAe5!TeJIbHbIX KOJIJIeKTHBolI.
MHOr03HaqHOCTb 3Toro TepMHHa rr06Y2KAaeT COBpeMeHI-IYlO cpOJIl,h-
JIOpHCTHKY HapH)J.Y C HHM Bce qaII.:(e rrOJIb30BaTbCH TepMHHOM «TC;\'I'P
cpOJIbKJIOpHbTH» )J.JIH 0603Ha'IeHH5! Tpa)J.Hll.llOHHOro HapO)J.Horo ApaM:I-
THqeCKOrO TBopLleCTB3. OAHaKO OTCYTCTByeT eAHHoe, a 6II.:(errpHII5l'n Jl'
npeACTaBJIeHHe 06 06'beMe TepMHHa T. cpo EOJIbrnH CTBo CPOJIhJ\.II )
pHCTOB 06'be)J.HI-I5IeT HM Bce BH)J.bI 3peJIHII.:(HO-HrpoBoH KYJIbTYPhl I :I.
POAHl.,IX Macc - 06P5I)J.bI, HrpbI, xOpOBOAbI, pmKeHbe, KJIoYHa)].y. ' ,I
JIaraHbI H rrp. B KpaHHeM Bblpa2KeHHH 3Ta TeH)J.eHll.H5! rrpHBoJ I11 h
pacrrpocTpaHeHHlO TepMHHa Ha HrpoBble H ApaMaTHqeCKHe 3JIeM('IITI.1
T
353
II IfCrrOJIHeHHH 9rrHqeCKHX H JIHpHQeCKHX rrpoH3Be)].eHHH cpOJIbKJIOpa
(l"epOnqeCKHH 3rroc, cKa3Ka, neCI-IH, qacTyrnKH, rrpHQHTaHHH). TIpeA-
JIO'ITHTeJIbHee pa3JIH'IaTb )].oTeaTpaJIbHble H TeaTpaJIbHble cpOpMbI Ha-
pO,lJ,HOrO ApaMaTHQeCKOrO TBOp'IeCTBa H rrOH5!THe T. cpo OTHOCHTb
J'lJJIbKO K c06cTBeHHo ApaMaTwlecKllM npe,lJ,cTaBJIeHH5!M Ha OCHOBe
(1)()JIbKJIOpHOrO HJIH cpOJIbKJIOpll3HpOBaHHoro ApaMaTHLleCKoro TeK-
1"!'J.-Hapo)J.Holi )J.paMbI (CM.). TaKoe OrpaHHQeHHe TepMHI-Ia rr03BOJIH-
1''1', rrpH3HaBaH 13 p5!Ae CJIY'IaeB reHeTHLleCKYlO CBH3b HJIH rrpeeMCTBeH-
IIOCTb )J.BYX cpOpM HapO)].Horo ApaMaTWleCKoro TBopLleCTBa, YCTaHO-
IIIITb CTaAIIaJIbHble H THrrOJIOrll'IeCKHe pa3JIHQHH Me2K)J.Y HHMH, TOLI-
lice orrpeAeJIHTb npeAMeT HCCJle)J.OBaHHH 13 Ka2KAOM OTAeJIbHOM CJIY-
'!ae. B HCKYCCTB03HaHIIH H 3THorpacpI1H CYII.:(eCTByeT TaK2Ke TepMHH
"'Tpa)J.Hll.llOHHbIH TeaTp», KOTOpbIH, O)].HaKO, He T02KAeCTBeH TepMH-
lIaM «TeaTp HapO)].HbIH» H T. cp.: OH 0603HaQaeT orrpeAeJIeHHble KaHO-
IIWleCKHe, CJIO}KHble (CHHTeTHQeCKHe) cpOpMbI TeaTpa, B03HHKrnHe Ha
oCHOBe HapO)J.HbIX Tp3)J.Hll.HH, HO OCJI02KHeHHble KYJIbTOBOH ApaMOH H
IIpH06peTrnHe xapaKTep HaIJ;HOHaJIbHbIX rrpocpeCCHOHaJIbHbIX TeaTpOB
B KYJIbType I-IapOAOB I1HAHH, I1H)J.OHe3HH, KHTaH, Kopell, 5IrroHHH H
Jwyrnx CTpaH A3HH.
TIpHHaAJIe}Im K Toil 2Ke 3CTeTHqeCKOH CHCTeMe, QTO H APyrHe BHAbI
<IJOJIbKJIopa H 06JIaAaH rrpH3HaKaMH, xapaKTepHbIMH )J.JI5I cpOJIbKJIOpa
B ll.eJIOM (CM. CPO,;lbKJWp), T. cpo KaK OC06bIH BHA HapOAHoro TBOp-
'IeCTB3 06JI3AaeT P5!AOM Crrell.HcpllLleCKllX rrpH3HaKOB, orrpe)J.eJI5!1O-
II.:(HX ero c06CTBeHHO TeaTpaJIbHYlO rrpllpOAY - )J.eHCTBHe KaK cpopMa
OTpa2KeHHH )J.eilCTBHTeJIbHOCTII, rrepeBOrrJIOII.:(eHHe HCrrOJIHHTeJI5! 13
HHOH, 06'beKTHBH3HpOBaHHbIH 06pa3, 3CTeTWleCKaH HanpaBJIeHHOCTb
rrpeACTaBJIeHHH. B OTJIHQne aT AOTeaTpaJIbHbIX cpOpM HapOAHoro Apa-
MaTH'leCKOrO TBOp'IeCTBa T. cp.- 3peJIHIIle, rrpH KOropOM rrpOllCXOAHT
pa3AeJIeHHe HCrrOJIHHTeJIeH H aYAHTopHH, OAHaKO coxpaHHeTCH aK-
THBHOCTb KOJIJIeKTHBHOro BocrrpHHTH5!. TIpeBpaII.:(eHHe Hap0)J.HbIX Hrp
13 T. cpo Y BOCTOLIHbIX CJIaB5!H HCCJIe)J.OBaTeJIH OTHOCHT K XVII B.
DpeAcTaB,neHHe 13 T. cpo rrpllypOLIHBa,IIOCb K Tpa)J.Hll.HOHHbIM cpOKaM
HapOAHbIX npa3)J.HF!KOB (TeaTpaJIbHbIH ce30H cOBrraAaJI 13 OCHOBHOM
co CBHTKaMH H OT'I3CTH - C MaCJIeHHI.:(eH). <DOpMHpOBaHHlO T. cpo
crroc06CTBOBaJIa YHHBepCaJIbHa5I AeHTeJIbHOCTb CKOMOpOXOB (CM.).
T. cpo pa3)J.eJI5!eTCH Ha TPH OCHOBHble cpOpMbI: TeaTp «2KHBOrO aK-
Tepa» (CM.), KYKOJIbHbIH TeaTp H TeaTp TeHeH. COOTHorneHHe
9THX cpOpM 13 KYJIbType pa3HbIX HapOAOB pa3JIHqHO. B T. cpo BOCTOQ-
HbIX CJIaBHH rrpe06JIa)J.alOT rrepBble ABe cpOpMbI. OCHOBOII ApaMaTH-
qeCKOrO rrpe)].cTaBJIeHI-I5I 13 T. cpo CJIY)KaT aHoHHMHble, rrepe)J.aBaeMble
rro YCTHOii Tpa,rr,HI.:(HH ClO2KeTbI (Hapo)J.Hble AP31VlbI), KOTopble, O,lJ,HaKO,
He HMelOT cTa6HJIbHOrO TeKCTa H BapbHpYlOTCH 13 rrpOI.:(ecce HCrrOJI-
HeHII5I. JJ:JIH HIIX xapaKTepHO COQeTaHHe pa3H01KaHpOBbIX 3JIeMeHTOB
(TparrrqeCKHX, KOMHQeCKHX, rrOAQac cpapcOBbIX H 6YCPcpOHaAHbIX), a B
npe)].cTaBJIeIUm - CO'IeTaHHe rrJIaCTH'IeCKHX (MHMWlecKHx), xopeo-
rpacpHqeCKHX, aKp06aTHQeCKHX H MY3bIKaJIbHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB. HapOA-
HaH ApaMa OTHOCIITC5! K THrry ,rr,paMbI rrOJI02KeHI-IH, a He xapaKTepOB,
12. 3aK. 519
T
355
354
T
H T. cpo 13 [(eJIOM HBJIHeTCH TeaTpOM rrpe.n.CTaBJIeHII5I, a He rrCIIXOJIOrH-
'IeCKOrO rrepe}KHBaHHH, TeaTpOM KOJIJIeKTHBHoil HMrrpOBH3ar,LHH. B OT-
JIwme aT npocpeCCHOHaJIbI-IOrO TeaTpa T. cpo He 3HaeT C[(eHbI, rrOAMOCT-
KOB H rrOJIb3yeTcH !,Io)J.BmKI-IbIM YCJIOBI-IbIM HrpOBbIM rrpOCTpaHCTBOM;
Hrpa HCrrOJIHHTeJIel1 H ocpopMJIeHIle rrpeACTaBJleHIIH (peKBII3HT, KOC-
TlOM, MaCKH, rpmVI H rrp.) OTJIHqalOTCH YCJIOBHOCTblO. 3TH 06II.:(He,
THrrOJIOrHqeCKHe qepTbI peaJIH3YlOTCH 13 KYJIbType PyccKoro, 6eJIoPYc-
CKoro H YKpaHI-ICKoro HapO)J.OB 13 cneIwcpWleCKH Hall.HOHaJIbHOH cpop-
Me H 13 ee perHOHaJIbHbIX BapHaHTax. HapH)J.Y C 06II.:(IIM AJI5I T. cpo
Bcex BOCTOqHbIX CJI3BHH perrepTyapoM (<<IJ.apb MaKCHMHJIIIaH» 13 Te-
aTpe }KHBOrO aKTepa, «IJ.apb HpOA» B PYCCKOM H yKpaHI-IcKoM Bep-
Terre H B 6eJIOpYCCKOH 6aTJIeilKe) cYII.:(eCTBYlOT rrpe)J,cTaBJIeHH5!. OCO-
6eHHO xapaKTepHble AJI5! T. cpo Ka2K)J.oro HapO)J.a (<<J10)J.Ka», «MaB-
PYX», «TIeTpyrnKa»- )J.JI5! PycCKoro; 60JIee pa3BHTble, qeM 13 PYC-
CKOM, KOMrr03H[(HOHHO pa3JIH'IHbIe npe)J.cTaBJIeHI-IH «IJ.apH I1poAa» 13
YKpaIIHCKOM BepTerre H 13 6eJIOPYCCKOH 6aTJIeiiKe; HHTepMe)J,HHHbIe
CI,LeHKH, OTJIWI3i0II.:(HeC51 HaI,LHOHaJIbHOH crreUHcpHKOH y K31KAoro Ha-
pO)J.a: «BHcpJIeeMCKHe HrpbI» II «J1orraTKH» (rrpeACTaBJIeHHH 130 BpeMH
noxopOH) y HaCeJIeHHH 3arraAHOH YKpaHHbI H )J.p.). CBoe06pa3Ha
KOHCTPYKll.H5! KYKOJlbHOrO TeaTpa y K31K)J.oro H3 BOCTOLIHOCJIaBHHCKHX
HapOAOB, pa3JIHqHO MY3bIKaJIbHOe corrpOB01K)J.eHHe npeACT3BJIeHHH
(neceHHbIH uperrepTyap, CTHJIb xopOBoro rreHHH, MY3bIKaJlbHbIH HI-ICT-
pyMeHTapHH H perrepTyap aHCaM6JIeu HHCTpYMeHTaJIbHOH MY3bIKH).
CM. TaK)Ke Be,men, llerpyulfca, Jl.paAlU l-lUpOiJHWI II JIHT.
J1I1T.: EeJWl{KUii A. H. CTapuHHbIH TeaTp 13 Poccuu. M., 1923; l1.ex1-/06U-
l{ep 0., EpehtUH oH. TeaTp TIe1PYlliKIJ. M.; J1., 1927; Oc neHKo H. K. H3 uCTopmI
TeaTpa 3arra)J:HolJ YKpauHbl II a TeaTpe. J1.; M., 1940; FlocuneHKO M. K. I)J:elIIm-
Bopq.i 3B'5I3KU y pal!1CbKOI Ta.. pociHCKol TeaTpaJILHIJX KYjJbTYP II POciHCbKO-YKpa-
lHCbKl MIJCTe bKl 3B 5I3KU I\HlB, 1955; Bce6oJwuCKlItl-repfl pocc B. H. PYCCKIIii
TeaTp: aT UCTOKOB )J:O cepe)J:IJHbI XVIII B. M., 1957; OH lce. PYCCIW5I YCTHa5I Ha-
P?.lI:HaS!: .lI:paMa. M., 1959;0 BOJIOUlUH I. O. .IJ::!KepeJIa HapoAHoro TeaTpy Ha YKpal-
H1.u KHlB, 1960; EapblUiay r. L CaHHiKay A. K. EeJIapycKi Hapo)J:HbI T9aTp 6a1-
JIellKa. MH., 1962; rpul{au M. c. J15IJIbKOBUH HapoAImH TeaTp-BepTerr 3a paAHHcb-
Koro qacy II HTE. 1962. N 3; Ka6aUlHuKoB K. Jl. «Dapb MaKCUMIJ.IIIWH» B rro-
CTaHOBKe 6eJIOPyccKUX pa60qUx-creKJIOAYBOB II HapoAHbIH TeaTp I C6. CT. J1.,
1974; EocaTbipeB JI. r. BorrpocbI Teopuu HapoAHoro IJCKycCTBa. M., 1976; Ca-
6Yli}KuHa H. H. 'yCCKUH HapOAHbIlj TeaTp. M., 1976; ApXUM06U'i JI. E. CTapIIH-
HbIH MY3bIKaJIbHbIH TeaTp YKpauHbI II HOBbie qepTbI 13 PYCCKOH JIIJTepmype 11
IJCKYCCTBe (XVII - HaqaJIO XVIII B.). M., 1976; CPpeiiueH6epc O. M. CeMaI-ITn-
Ka apxuTeKTypbl BepTeIIIiOro TeaTpa II .IJ:eKopaTIlBIme IJCKYCCTBO. 1978. .Nb 2;
ryce6 B. E. PYCCKIIH !jJOJIbKJIOpHbIH TeaTp. 1980; OH e. Hapo)J:HbIe IJrpbI, ApaMa,
TeaTp II 3TImrpa!jJIl5I BOCTOqHbIX CJIaB5IH: OqepKU TpaAu uoHImH KYJIb1YPbI. M.,
1987 (1aM :!Ke cM.6u6JIuorpa!jJmo Ha IlHOCTpaHHbIX 513.); ficrOpbI5I 6eJIapYCKara T3-
aTpa: Y 3 T. MH., 1983. T. 1; /(aJiausiHcKi M. A. EeJIapycKi Hapo)J:HbI T3aTp If
Hapof\HbI T3aTp. _MH., 1983; 1'!>0JIbKJIOpHbIH TeaTp Hapo)J:oB CCCP. M., 1985; CPe-
uac Fl. /0. YKpaIHcbKIIH HapOAI-IHH BepTerr: Y AocJIi)J::!KeHH5IX XIX-XX CT. KnlB,
198!; HeKpblJlOBa A., CaBYUlKuHa H. PYCCKUII !jJOJIbKJIOpHblii Tea1p II 1'!>0JIbKJIOp-
HLIH TeaTp. M., 19"88.
TEATP /KI1BOrO AKTEPA p., T3ATP /KbIBOrA AKIJ.:EPA
,j., TEATP )I(I1BOrO AKTOPA y.- pa3HoBHAHOCTb HapoAHbIX Te-
:ITpaJIbHbIX npeACTaBJIeHHH, pa3blrpbIBaBrnHxcH MOJIOAbIMH MY2KqH-
IlaMH 13 XIX - HaLl. XX B. 13 )J.epeBI-I5IX, cpa6pH'IHbIX H COJIAaTCKHx
h<l3apMaX, YQe6HbIX 3aBeAeHHHx, 13 OTJIlFIHe aT KYKOJIbHOrO TeaTpa
(oaTJIeHKH, BepTerra, «TIeTpyrnKH») H paHKa (CM.). HapO)J.Hble HC-
IIOJIHHTeJIlI He 6bIJIH rrpocpeCCHOHaJIaMH, YQHJIH TeKCT H BbIXOAKY
(eM.) co CJIOB H rrOKa3a 3HaTOKOB Tpa)J.HIWII. CoxpaHHOCTb Tpa)J.H-
II,!III 06eCrreqHBaJIaCb ee HerrpepbIBHOCTblO, rrpeeMCTBeHHOCTblO OT rro-
I\OJIeHH5! K nOKOJIeHHlO. MHorHe HapO)J.HbIe aKTepbI 3HaJIH He TOJIbKO
'I'CKCT CBoeH pOJIH, HO H BceH rrbeCbI, QTO rr03BOJIHJIO rrOCJIe rrOBce-
MCCTHoro rrpeKpaII.:(eHHH rrpe)J.CTaBJleHHH 13 nOCJIeBOem-Ible rOAbI c)J.e-
./laTb 110JIHOI,LeHHble 3anHCH )J.paM (<<J10)J.Ka», «IJ.apb MaKCHMHJIHaH»)
OT OTAeJIbHbIX HCnOJIHHTeJIeH.
CM. TaK)!{e llpeiJcra6/teHUe H JIHT.
J1I1T.: KpynJlHcKafi B. 10. HapO)J:HblH TeaTp II PYCCKoe HapO.l]Jme n03TUqe-
.'[we TBOpqeCTBo. 2-e U3)J:. M., 1956; BCe60JlOUCKUii-fepHcpocC B. H. 1959;
IVarner E. The russian folk theatre. Hague; Paris, 1977.
H. H. CABYWKHHA
TE311C I1HTOHAIJ.HOHI-IbIfI p., T33IC II-ITA HAIJ.blfIH bI
'I., TE3HC IHTOHAIJ.lfIHl1fI y.- TepMHH, BBeAeHHbIH 11. 11. 3eM-
II,OBCKHM AJIH 0603HaQeHHH HCXOAHOH MeJIo)J.wlecKoH MbICJIH pyccKoi-i
IIPOTH)!UIOH JIHpHQeCKOH rreCHI-I. T. H. 13 BH)J.e norreBKH HJIH KOpOTKOH
MY3bIKaJIbHOH cppa3bI rrpe)J.cTaBJIHeT C060H HHTOHall.HlO, Ha pa3BHTHH
hOTOpOH rrocTpoeH BeCb HarreB. MeJIo)J,HLlecKaH KOIVIII03HI.:(H5! TaKHX
IIcceH BKJIlOQaeT T. H., 06bILIHO KOHCTPYKTHBHO BbIAeJIeHHbIH 13 3arre-
Ill', HerO rrOCJIeAYlOII.:(YlO cBoe06pa3HYlO «aprYMeHTaI.:(HlO». TIo cpopMe
T. H. 6 bIB a lOT 3aMKHYTble H pa30IVIKHYTble, rro HHTOHall.HOHHOMY CO-
,W p2KaHHIO (HO He 065!3aTeJIbHO rro )J,Harra30HY) - «KBapTOBble»,
..'KBHHTOBble» H rrp.
J1J1T.: 3elitl{OBCKuii H. H. KOMrr03H UOHHbIe 3aKOHOMepHOCTIJ MeJIO.ll:UqeCKOrO
I';[CrIeBa 13 rrpOT5I:!KHOH rreCHe II BorrpOCbI Teopun II 3CTeTIIKU My3bIKU. J1., 1963.
(;,.m. 2; OH e. a KOMrr03u un PYCCKUX «KBIJHTOBbIX» JIUpUqeCKUX rreceH II Borr-
(lOCh! Teopuu IJ 9CTeTUKU MY3bIKU. J1., 1967. BbIII. 5; OH e. PyccKa51 npOT5I:!KHaH
IIl'l"H5I: OrrbIT UCCJIeAOBaI-IH5I. J1., 1967; BYJlbqJUYC JI. A. Y IICTOKOB JIHpUqeCKOH
1I:IPOAUOI1 rreCIm: C1aTblJ. BOcrrOMHIIaHU5I. TIy6JIIl IJCTuKa. J1., 1980.
H. H. 3EM11.0BCKHFI
B. E. rYCEIJ
TEKCT0J10fl15I <DOJlbKJ10PA p., T3KCTAJ10n5I <DAJ1bK-
./IOPY 6., TEKCT0J10n5I <D0J1bKJ10PY y.- 1) COBoKyrrHocTb
IIprreMOB H rrpaBHJI $l-fKcau.nn rrpoH3Be)J.eHHH cpOJIbKJIOpa (Bep6aJIb-
IlurO, Bep6aJIbHO- H HeBep6aJIbHO-MY3bIKaJIbHOrO, TaHll.eBaJIbHOrO, pH-
Ty:l./IbHO-HrpOBoro H T. )J..), apXHBH3au.nn C06paHI-IbIX MaTepHaJIOB,
l'acLUuc}JpOBKIl aYAHO- H BH)J.e03anHceH, AocToBepHoH AOKyMeHTHpo-
I' .,.
356
T
T
357
BaI1HOH ny6mIKall.HM (BKJIIOqa5! aKa)J.eMHqeCKHe H ApyrHe AecpHHHTHB-
Hble 3.lXHI.:(HH C KOMMeHTapHHMH H rrpHMeqaHH5!MII). fJIaBHaH ll.eJlb
rrpaKTHqeCKOH T. cp.- aYTeHTHqHOCTb H3AaBaervroro MaTepHaJIa-
.lXOCTHraeTCH BceCTopOHHeH aTeTe30H (rrpOBepKa cpO bKJIOpHOH rroA-
JIIIHHOCTH), BbI5IBJIeI-meM CKpbITbIX rreperreqaTOK H TeKCTOB, BblYLleH-
HbIX H3 KHHr, OTKa30M aT KaKHX-JIH60 rrepe.lXeJIOK H HCKa2KeHHH rrOJIe-
BbIX 3arrHceH, aTpH6YMpOBaHHeM rrpm!3Ee)J.eHlIH orrpe.lXeJIeHHOH JIO-
KaJIbHOH Tpa)J.Hll.HII (npH OTCYTCTBHII rrpHMbIX apXHBHbIX )J.aHHbIX)
HAp. cpeACTBaMH TeKCTOJIOrWICCKOH 3KcrrepTII3bI. MC2K.lXHCI.:(HrrJIII-
HapHble np06j1eMbI T. cpo pa3pa6aTbIBaJIH E. 3. JIHHeBa, <D. M. Ko-
JIeCca, K. B. KBHTKa, E. B. fHrrrrIIYc H .lXp. JJ:OBOJIbHO .lXOJIro ccpepa
rrpaKTwlecKoH T. cpo OrpaHH'IHSa,lIacb 3.lXHll.HOHHbIMH acrreKTaMH, 'ITa
6bIJIO HerrpaBHJIbHO, rrOCKOJIbKy npe.lXrrOCbIJIKH KaLleCTBeHHbIX 3AHll.Hli
3aKJIaAbIBalOTcH eII.:(e Ha 3Tarre c06HpaHII5!. COBpeMeHHble HayqHble
Tpe60BaHHH oc060 aKTyaJIH3HpYIOT rrporpaMMHpOBaHHbIH c06IIpa-
TeJIbCKHH rrOHCK - rJIy6IIHHYlO repMeHesTHKY TpaAMu.ni-i, I1pIIMeHe-
HHe TeXHHqeCKHX cpeAcTB MHoroacrreKTHoH cpHKCall.HH cpOJlbKJIOpHbIX
HBJIeHIIH. CooTBeTcTBeHHO YMHO:tKalOTcH 065!3aTeJIbHble rrapaMeTpbI
3)J.Hll.HOHHOro BocnpoH3se)J.eHM5! npOII3BeAcHI-IH cpOJIbKJIOpa B cHHKpe-
TH3Me HX BOrrJIOII.:(em-rH H KOHTeKcToB, qTO Tpe6yeT AOrrOJIHeHH5! TeK-
CTOJIOrIiH neqaTHOrO CJIOBa H HOT aY)J.HO- II BHAeo- T. cpo
2) TeopHH cpOJIbKJIOpHOrO TeKCTa, rrpH3BaHHaH 060cHoBbIBaTb
rrpaKTHqecKYlO T. cp., H3yqaTb nOJIH3JIeMeHTI-IOe (CJIOBeCHOe, My3bI-
KaJIbHOe H T. A.) BOrrJIOII.:(eHHe rrpoH3BeAeHHH 13 CIIHXpOHHOM, )J.Hax-
pOI-IHOM, 13 rnHpoKoM CMbICJIe HCTopwlecKoM COOTHeCeHHl-I C Tpa)J.H-
ll.HeH (BKJIlOqa5! AHCKYTIIpyeMYlO B HaYKe rrp06JIeMY rrpaTeKcT3 H,IIH
npoTOTeKCTa). Ha 6a3e TaKHX AaHHblx yrJIy6JIHeTCH pa3rpaHH'IeHHe
H 3BOJIlOI.:(HOHHa5! Oll.eHKa BepcHH, peAaKI,LHH, BapHaHToB rrpoH3Be)J.e-
HlIH, era B03M01KHbIX cpmmall.Hli 13 IIIfOH3bI L IHOH cpeJl,e H T. )J.. B Kpyr
TeM, HccJIeAyeMblx TeOpeTHqeCKOH T. cp., BXOA5!T cYII.:(ecTBeHHble ac-
rreKTbI «cpOJIbKJIOpHOH rraM5!TII», coxpaHHeMocTH 3HaHHH H rr03THqeC-
KOH «MaTepHH» (cpaKTypbI) KOHKpeTHblx rrpoH3Be)J.eHHH 130 BpeMeHlI
(MaTepHaJIOM AJIH 3TOro CJIY2KaT pa3HoBpeMeHHble 3arrHCH aT OAHIIX
H Tex 2Ke HCrrOJIHHTeJIei1, TeKCTbI «yqHTeJIeil» H «yqeHHKOB», HaCJIe-
)J.He CKa3HTeJIbCKHX .lXHHaCTHH - cpIII\,CaUHH aT HeCKOJIbKIIX rrOKOJIe-
HHH). TeopeTWleCKaH T. cpo crroc06CTByeT c03AaHHlO Ifall.IIOHaJIbHhIX
H Me2KHall.HOHaJIbHbIX CIICTeMaTHK }KaHpOB H rrpOH3Be.lXeHHH cpOJIbK-
JIopa, pa3pa60TKe npHHll.HrrOB rvrarnHHHblX Te3aYPycoB H rrOHCKOBbIX
CHCTeM.
1 lIilj; YXOB JI. p. ATpu6y uu PYCCKUX 6bIJIIIH. M., 1970; TeKcToJIorIlqecKoc !l3Y-
'willie :moca. M., 1971; 1'!>0JIbKJIOp: }!3Amme :moca. M., 1977; ral{al{ B. M. YCTHaH
"lIl'leCKaH Tpa.ll:U UH 130 BpeMeHu: HCTOpUqeCKOe HCCJIeAOBaIme rr03TlIKlI. lV1., 1989;
I ',,'Kcee6 3. HOTHaH 3aIIllCb Hapo.n:1-!OH MY3blKU. M., 1990; TIp06JIeMbI TeKCTOJIOrHU
'1"1.llbKJIOpa 1/ PI'!>. J1., 1991. T. 26.
B. M. r AIlAK
J1I1T.: JIponn B. H. TeKcToJIomqecKoe pe.n:m<THpOBmme 3anuceH !jJOJIbKJIOpa II
PI'!>. M.; J1., 1956. T. 1; JIYTU/l06 E. H. TeKcToJIornqecKue 3aMeTKU K rreCH5IM
pa3uHcKoro UKJIa /1 PyccKaH l-!apoAHaH n033UH. rOpLKUH, 1961 (I'!>O.lLKJIOPIICTH-
qeCKUe 3aIIUCKII. .N 1); OH e. Bonpocbl TeKCTOJIOmU npOU3Be.ll:eHHH PYCCKOI'O
!jJOJIbKJIOpa II H3AaHue KJIaCCUqeCKOII JIIITepaTypbI: II3 orrbITa «Eu6JIuOTeKU rrOCJ-
Ta». M., 1963; CfucT06 K. B, COBpeMeHHbIe rrp06JIeMbI TeKCTOJIOrlIU PycCKoro !jJom,-
KJIOpa: .IJ:oKJIa.ll: Ha 3ace.n:mmu 3AU UoHHo-TeKCTOJIOrIILIeCKoH KOMlICCI!U V MelliAY-
HapO.ll:HOrO C'be3Aa CJIaBHCTOB. M., 1963; OH e. HapoAHbIe Tpa.ll:U Uu U (pom.-
KJIOp. J1., 1986; TIpuH urrbI 1eKCTOJIOrWreCKoro u3yqeHUH !jJOJIbKJIOpa, M.; JI.,
TEKCTOJ10fI151 <DOJlbKJIOPA KOMTIJIEKCHA5I p., T3K-
( :TAJIOrI5I <DAJlbKJIOPY KOMTIJIEKCHA5I 6., TEKCTOnOfI51
.!JOJIbKJIOPY KOMTIJIEKCHA y. rrpeArrOJlaraeT MHororvrepHocTb
lIo.lXxo)J.a K aHaJIH3Y H ny6JIHKall.HH rrpOII3Be)J.eHHII HapoAHoro TBOp-
'I!'CTBa, rrpH KOTOpOM CJIOBeCHbIH, MY3bIKaJIbHblii H ,lJ,paMaTWreCKIIli
l\oMrrOHeHTbI paCCMaTpHBaIOTCH 13 !IX cOBoKyrrHoCTH. B HaCT05!II.:(ee
IIpCM5I TeXHWleCKHe cpeACTBa rr03BOJI5!1OT cpHKCHpOBaTb He TO,lIbKO
('('KCT cpOJIbKJIOpHOrO rrpOH3Be)J.eHHH, HO H BeCb rrpOI.:(ecc era !IcrrOJI-
IIl'IUIH. I1CCJle,n,OBaHHe TpaAHll.Hli HapO)J.Horo TBopLleCTBa, OCHOBaHHoe
11:\ aHaJIH3e aYAHO- H BH)J.e03arrHceH, MeHHeT CJIO)!,:HBrneeCH rrpeA-
,'TaBJIeHHe a TeKCTOJIOrHH cpOJIbKJIOpa, rrOCKOJIbKY caM TeKCT rrpe)J.-
("raeT MHorOMepHbIM HI-IcpopMaUHOHHbIM rrOTOKOM. T. cpo K. )J.eJIaeT
,1l,ocTynHbIM AJIH H3yqeI-IHH MHOrO'IHCJIeHHble CB5!3II CJIOBa C 2KeCTOM,
M IIMHKOH, IIHTOHall.Heii, cera peaJIH3aI,LHeH 13 MY3bIKe. T. cpo K. rrpeOAO-
./ll'BaeT HeAOCTaTKH «JIHHeHHoro» H3yqeHH5! TeKCTa H rr03BOJIHeT 60-
,!we a)J.eKBaTHO rrpeACTaBJIHTb CPYHKUHoHHpoBaHIIe 13 cHcTervre «Tpa-
,1I,IIIUIH - rreBeu, - TeKCT». MHoroacrreKTHbIH yqeT CTHJIIICTH'IeCKHX
,)('o6eHHoC'reIi yrJIy6JI5!eT KpHTepHH rrO)J.JIHHHOCTH cpOJIbKJIOpHbIX TeK-
('TOB, 060raII.:(aeT rrpeACTaBJleHIIe a COOTHorneHIIH «KaHOHa» H IIMrrpo-
111I3all.HH 13 rrpoll.ecce HCnOJIHeHHH. CTaHoBHTcH B03M02KHbIM CI!HXpO-
1/lI'IeCKOe (13 MOMeHT HCrrOJIHeHHH) H )J.H3xpOHHqeCKOe IICCJIe)J.OBaHHe
Tl'KCTa 13 CB5!3H C MY3bIKa,lIbHbIMH H )J.paMaTwlecKHMH cpe)J.cTBaMH
111.1 p a3IITeJIbHOCTH.
T. cpo K. pernaeT pHA 3a;.La L I, CB5I3aHHblX C rvraKcliMaJIbHO BepHbIM
(l'I'pa2KeHHeM cpoHeTIlqeCKOrO 3BY'IaHHH pacneToro TeKCTa, rrOCKOJIbKY
11,lIaJIeKTHbIe qepTbI pa3roBopHoll peqH rrpH pacrreBe BH)J.OH3MeH5IlOTCH
II 1I0A'IHHHlOTCH HHbIM npoH3HOCHTeJIbHbIM HopMaM.
T. cpo K. rrpeArrOJIaraeT TaK2Ke cpHKcHpoBaHHe H OTpa2KeHHe B H3-
'1,;/lIlUI cpOJIbKJIOpHOrO H 3THorpacpHqeCKOrO KOHTeKCTa rrpoH3Be)J.eHHH
(xapaKTep IICrrOJIHeHH5!, YCJIOBHH 3anHCH, OTHomeHHe caMHX ncrrOJI-
IIIITE'JIeH K TOMY HJIH HHOrvry rrpoH3Be)J.eHHIo, HX perrepTyap; YCJIOBH5I
II npeMH 3aCeJIeHII5! MeCTHOCTH, nOJIOB03pacTHoII H Hall.HOIfaJIbHbIH
('OCTaB yqaCTHHKoB HCnOJIHeHHH H T. )J..). Hap5!AY co c60pHIIKaMH,
1"!l'npOII3Bo)J.HII.:(HMH oc06eHIfocTH MaTE'pHaJIa rreLlaTHO, T. cpo K. npeA-
IIIJ,IlaraeT pa3BHTHe HayqHOII BH,rr,eOTeKCTOJIOrHl-I.
./lET.: CfuCTOB K. B. COBpeMeHHble rrp06JIeMbI TeKCTOJIOrIm pYCCKoro !jJOJIb-
'..'Hlpa: .IJ:OKJIa.ll: Ha 3aceAaHIIH 3AU 1I0HHO-TeKCTOJIOrHLIeCKOH KOMUCCIIH V Me}K-
/1,VllapOAHoro C'be3.n:a CJIaBUCTOB. M., 1963; TIpUH IIIJbI TeKCTOJIOrlIqeCKOrO u3yqe-
1111>1 (POJIbKJIOpa. M.; J1., 1966; TeKCTOJIOrnqeCKOe 1I3yqeHHe 3rroca. M., 1971.
E. B. MHHEHOK
358
T
T
359
TEOPHII B <DOJlbKJ10PHCTI1KE p., T30PbII SI <DAJ1bKJ1A-
PbICTbIlJ.bI 6., TEOPII Y <P0J1bKJ10PHCTHlJ,I y.- KOHll.eIITY-
aJIhHOe rrOHHMaHHe cpOJIbKJIOpHOrO TBopLlecTBa, KaCalOII.:(eeCH era HaH-
60Jlee cYII.:(ecTBeHHhIx CBOHCTB. Hx HHTeprrpeTaI.:(H5! 3aBHCIIT aT
TeopeTIflleCKoii pa3pa60TKH rrp06JIeMhI reHe3Hca cpOJIbKJIOpa, era
CPYHKIJ)Iii 13 napo)J.Hoil 2KH3HH, CTPYKTYPHbIX CBOHCTB, COOTHOrneHH5!
COjlep2K3TeJ1hHbIX II tj}opMaJIbIfbIX Ka'IeCTB H APyrHx Ba2KHbIx Borrpo-
COB. B (POJIbKJIolmcTfIKe II3BeCTHbI TeopHH apHcTOKpaTH1J:eCKOrO rrpo-
HCXO)!{jleHHH ct;O,llbKJIOpa (CM.), TeopHH 3aIIMCTBOBaHHH (CM.), TeopH5!
caM03apmK)J.eHHH ClO)!,eTOB (CM.) II )J.p.
ClVI. TaK2Ke H Onp06JleftUJI U lUKOJlbl 6 £jJOJlbKJlOpUCTUKe II JIHT.
B. Jl. AH11K11H
TEOPH5I 3AHNlCTBOBAHH5I p., T.30PhI5I 3ATIA3bF-IAI-I-
1[51 6., TEOPI5I 3ATI03H4EHb y. o6'bHCHHJIa CXO)J.CTBO cpOJJ.bKJIOp-
III>J.X rrpoH3BeAeI-IHH Y HapOjlOB Mllpa 13 C101KeTax, MOTHBax, 06pa3ax
IfpHMbIM EJIH KOCBeHHbIM 3aIIMCTBOBaI-meM, EX pacrrpOCTpaHeHIleM
113 O)J.Horo IIJIII HeCKOJIbKIIX 01J:arOB. JJ:Pyroe ee Ha3B3HHe - «TeOpI1H
IVIIIrpall.HII», COCTaBHaH qaCTb KOTOpOli - «TeOpH5! 6pOA5!LIHX, CTpaH-
('TBYIOII.:(HX CIOlKeTOB». T. 3. B03HlIKJIa 130 BTOpoii nOJI. XIX B. (Teo)J.op
),eHCpeH 13 repMaHHH, 13 POCCI1I1 - I1. I-I. )K)J.aHoB, r. H. TIoTaHIIH, Ha
YKpaIIHe - M. JJ:paroMaHoB, A. TIOTe61-I5I). T. 3. rrpHHHMaJI A. H.
BeCeJIOBCKHH 13 paHIIIIX CBOHX pa60Tax, O)J.HaKO rr03jlI-Iee BHec cYII.:(e-
nBeHHYlO K HeH norrpaBKY: «3aHMCTBOBaHIIe rrpe)J.rrOJIaraeI' BCTpe1J:-
IIYlO cpeAY C MOTHBaMI1 H CIO)!{eTaMH, CXO)J.IfbIMH C TeMII, KOTopble
JlpHHOCHJIHCb CO CTOpOHbI» (I1CTopH1J:eCKaH rr03THK3. J1., 1940.
C 506). CTOpoHHHKn T. 3. YKa3aJIH Ha peaJIbHOe CXOACTBO MHOrHX
(IJOJIbKJIOpHbIX rrp0I13Be)J.eHHH Y HapO)J.OB 3arraA3 H BOCTOKa, YHCHIIJIH
apeaJIbI pacrrpOCTpaHeHHH CXO)J.HbIX rrpOH3Be)J.eHHH. B HaCTOHII.:(ee
IIpeMH rrpH3HaeTCH JIHIIIb LlaCTIflIHaH rrpaBHJIbHOCTb TeopIIl'I - ee BbI-
IIO)J.OB a CYII.:(eCTBOBaHHH Me}K)J.yHapoAHbIX CBH3eH H OTHOIIIeHIli1. TIpH-
IIIIHbI CXOACTBa YCTHbIX rrpOH3Be)J.eHHII rrpeHMYII.:(eCTBeHHO 06'bHC-
II5IIOTC5! TilnOJIOrIflleCKHM YHHBepCaJIII3MOM MHpOBoro KYJIbTypHoro
pa3BHTHH (CM. T eopUJI COJ1W3apOJICOeHUJI CIOJlCeT06).
CM. TaK2Ke ill KOJla klUcPWfUOH1WJI H JIIIT.
TEOPH5I APHCTOKPATI14ECKOrO DPOI1CXO)KJJ:EHH5I
<D0J1bKJ10PA p., T.30PbI5I APbICTAKPATbI4HAfA TIAXO-
JJ:)KAI-H-I5I <DAJ1bKnOPY 6., TEOPI5I API1CTOKPATI14HOrO
TIOXOL!.)KEI-U-I51 <D0J1bI\J10PY y. cpOpMHpOBaJIaCb 13 TpYAax Y1J:e-
HbIX PYCCKOH IICTopHLlecKolI rnKOJIhI (CM.) 13 KOHll.e XIX - Ha1J:. XX B.
TeopHH OTpHll.aJIa TBopLlecKIIe crroc06HoCTH Hapo)J.a II KOJIJIeKTHB-
HOCTb TBOp1J:eCKoro rrpoll.ecca 13 CpOJIbKJIOpe. BblcKa3aHHaH rrepBoHa-
1J:aJIbHO rrpHMeHIneJIbHO K 6bIJIHHaM XaJIaHCKHM, 3Ta HAeH 6bIJIa pa3-
BHT3 ./Vln,'1,llepOM (KOTOpbIH jlOnycKaJI CYII.:(eCTBOBaHHe H OTAeJIbHbIX
6bIJIIIH «rrpoCTOHapo)J.Iforo rrpOHCX02KAeHHH»), pacrrpoCTpaHeHa Ha
APynle }KaHphI - Ha HCTOpn1J:eCKUe neCHH (c. K. IllaM6m-Iaro),
CK33IUI (H. J1. EpO)J.CKHM), )J.YXOBHble CTHXH (M. H. CrrepaHcKHM),
JIflpIIIIeClme rreCHlI (B. H. 4epHbIrneBbIM). KpaHHee Bblpa2KeHHe KaK
YHIIBepcaJIbHa5! TeOpII5! H)J.eH «apncToKpaTHLlecKoro rrpOHcx02KAeHH5!»
(PO.'IbKv'IOpa (Bcex }KaHpOB H BIIAOB) IIpH06peJIa Y B. A. KeJITYHJIbI.
TIo era YTBep}KAeHHlO, «...Bce pO;J;bI II BII)J.bI YCTHoro TBOp'IeCTBa 3a-
pO)J.IIJIHCb He 13 HapO.lU-WH Macce, a 13 ee Bepxax, 13 cpeAe apncToKpa-
TWleclwii» (KeJITYHJIa B. A. Kypc HCTOpIIH PyccKoii JIHTepaTypbI.
2-e H3,rr,. CTI6., 1913. KH. 1, 'I. 1. C. 11.). TeopHH OCHOBbIBaJIaCb Ha
OTIHII,LaHlHI caMara cpaKTa TpajJ,IIll.HOHHOro HerrpocpeCCHOHaJIbI-IOrO
rrpee}ICTBeHHoro TBOpqeCTBa 13 I-Iapo)J.e, Ha Te3Hce, 1J:TO Bce aKTbI TBOp-
LleCTB3 HOCHI' HCKJIIOqHTeJlbHO III-I,lI,HBIljJ,yaJIbI-IbIH xapaKTep. I-1a )J.OJIIO
Hapo.IT.HOII MaCCbI 6bIJIO OTHeceno IICKa}KeHIIe BbICOKHX 06pa3uoB rrpo-
cpeccIIOHaJIbHOrO (1,apncToKpaTwlecKoro») TBOp'IeCTBa. O)J.HoBpe-
MeHHO cTopmIHEKH TeopEH 6e3 OCHOBaHHH OTOLKAeCTBJI5!JIH cpeAY
TBOpHII.:(YlO H cpeAY H306pa}KeI-II-IYlO. B 1930-e rO)J.bI 13 06II.:(eCTBeI-IHO-
rrOJmTHLlecKoii rreqanI JI02KHOCTb TeopEH 6bIJIa ECrrOJIb30BaHa )J.JIH
rneJIbMOBaHHH BbI)J.31OII.:(IIXCH aKajJ,eMWleCKHX Y1J:eHbIX (B. <D. MHJIJH'-
pa II .IT.p.).
J1I1T.: CnepaHcKua M. H. PYCCIWH YCTH35I CJIOBeCHOCTb. 1\1., 1917; C10B'51HCb-
h:l !jJOJIbKJIOpUCTuKa. KU1B, 1988.
B. JI. AHHKHH
JIB.T.: COKOJW6 /0. M. PYCCKHii 6b!JIIIHHbIH :'IIlOC: I1p06JIeM3 CO UaJIblIOI'O
reHe311ca II JIuTepa1ypHbIII KpHTUK. 1937. N2 9; EhteJlbJlH06 JI. 11. MeTo.ll:oJIonf
qeCKUe BOIlpOCbl !jJOJIbK.1IOpnCTuKu. J1., 1978.
TEOPI151 HEOMH<D0J10rH4ECKA5I (HJIH pHTyaJIbHO-MHcpO-
,!JorIflleCKa5J rnKOJIa) p., T30PbI5I HEAM1<DAJ1An4HA5I (a60 PbI-
TyaJIbHa-MicpaJIariLIHaH rnKOJIa) 6., TEOPI5I HEOMI<D0J10n4HA
(a60 pHTyaJIbHO-MicpoJIori'IHa rnKOJIa) y.- TepMIIHOJIOrn1J:eCKUe 0603-
lIaqeHHH, OTHOCHII.:(HeC5! K I-IarrpaBJIeHmO, B03HHKrneMY Ha OCHOBe YLle-
HUH 06 apxeTHrrax (rnBeHU3pcKoro rrCHXOJIOra K. IOHra) II 3THOJIO-
I'U'IeCKHX TeopHH nepBoH rro.'1. XX B. CcpOpMHpOBaJIOCb 13 OCHOBHOM
IWK CHHTe3 KYJIbTypOJIOrH1J:eCKOiI KOHll.enll.HH JJ:2K. <Dp33epa, lOHreaH-
I"TBa H HAeIi KeM6pH)J.}KCKOH rpyrrrrbI I1CCJIe)J.oBaTeJ1eII )J.peBHIIx KYJIb-
TYp. HaHBblcrnero pa3BI1THH D:OCTHrJIO 13 1950 - 60-e rOAbI. HeoMII-
(IJOJIOnI CBOA51T cpOJIbKJIOpHble 06pa3bI H ClO2KeTbi cpOJIbKJIOpa II mne-
paTypbI K CHMBOJIH1J:eCKH rrepeOCMbICJIeHHbIM apxeTHrraM II K MOTH-
II;! M )J.peBHeI1rnHx MHcpOB, a MncpoTBOp1J:eCTBO CqUI'alOT 06'b5!CHeHlleM
MarUqeCKOrO pHTyaJIa. KpyrrHellrnne rrpejJ,cTaBllTeJIH HarrpaB.'1eIIIIH:
(1IJJaHll.Y3bI )K. JJ:lOMe3IIJIb H Ill. OTpaH, aHrJIWlaIfHH <D. P3rJIaH,
!'1).7IJlaHAeI.:( 5IH Ae <Dpnc, P. KaprreI-ITep, L!.)K. K3Mrr6eJIJI, f. J1eBH 13
( :llIA HAP.
B. JI. A Hl1I(I/I I
J1ET.: MeJleTUHCKui!. E. M. Teopnn :'Irroca 13 cOBpeMeHHoII 6ypm:ya3lwii Hay-
hi' II Borrp. J1HT. 1957. J\J 3; OH lCe. I1polIcxmK).(eIme repOHqeCKoro :'Irroca: PaHHue
'1"'PMbI H apX3UqeCKUe rraMHTHUKIl. M., 1963 (BBe.n:eHue); OH ;}{(:e. I1oolTlm3 MlICPa.
T
361
360
T
B. E. rYCEB
J1I1T.: CnepaftcKuii M. H. PYCCI<aH YCTHa51 CJIOBeCHOCTb. M., 1917; BeCeJlOB-
.1>1/11 A. H. C06p. COq. M.; J1., 1938. T. 16; Oft 31ce. I1CToplIqeCIW5I rr03TlIKa. J1.,
11),10; KOKKbRpa Jl,31C. I1CTOpU5I !jJOJIbKJIOpUCTlIlili 13 EBporre I I1ep. C HTaJI. M.,
I <)(i0; AsaDoBcKuii M. K. I1ClOpU5I PYCCKOH !jJOJIbKJIOpUCTHIm. M., 1963. T. 2.
/,/!wie R.-H. The history of ethnological theory. L., 1937.
M., 1976 (CM. PllTya.1bflO-,uuq;OJlOcll'IeCKafi UlKOJla B JlUTepaTypoBeDeftuu); Myth
and symbol. Lincoln, 1963; Myth and literature. Contemporary theory and
practice. Lincoln, 1966.
B. E. rYCEB
TEOPI15! CAM03APO)KJJ:EHI15! CIO)KETOB p., T30PbI5!
CAMA3APAJJ:)I(3HH5! CIO)I(3TAsr 6., TEOPI5! CAM03APOJJ:-
)KEHH5I CIO>KETIB y. B03I-IHKJIa B AHrJIHH B 60-e rO)J,bI XIX B. B
parlmax aHTpOrrOJIOrWreCKoH (3THorpacpwle oH) lllKOJIbI. B MHpO-
BOIi I-IaYKe 6bIJIa pacnpoCTpaHeHa )J.O Haq. XX B. OCHOBOnOJI02KHHKH
T. c. C.- 3.-E. TalIJIop H A. JIaHr, KPYTII-IeHrnHe ee npe)J.cTaBHTeJIH-
3. C. XapT.TJeH,rr" D)K. JJ:2K. <Dp33ep, A.-E. H JI.-E. fOMM, P.-P. Map-
peT (AHrJIIIH), B. l\lar-Ixap)J.T, f. Y3eHep, 3. PO)J.e, A. JJ:HTepHx (fep-
MaHI!5I), C. Per1HaK, 3. JJ:lOprellM (<DpaI-Ill.II5I), B. Eoac (ClllA) H )J.p.
B POCCIUI T. c. c. OKa3aJIa B03.n.ellcTBHe Ha H. <D. CYMll.OBa, A. 11.
KHpnwIHHKoBa 11 ,rr,p., OC06eI-IH0 - Ha A. H. BeCeJIOBCKOro, BMeCTe C
TeM KpIITWreCKII BocnpIIHHBrnero HeKoTopbIe nOJI02KeHHH T. c. c.
Cxo)J.Hble HBJIeHIUI B !v1HcpOJIOrHH II (PO.1bKJIOpe pa3Hblx Hapo)J.oB H
pac (THnbI, MOTIIBbI, ClO)KeTbI) T. c. c. 06"bHCHHJIa 06II.:(HOCTblO nCH-
XnqeCKHX 3aKOHOB H 3aKoHoMepHocTeH )J.YXOBI-roro TBOpqeCTBa .n.JIH
Bcero qeJlOBeqeCTBa. 3TY 06II.:(HOCTb T. C. c. BbIBo.n.HJIa H3 «T02K.n.eCT-
BemrocTH qeJIOBeqeCKOII npHpo)J.bI» (TaHJIOp), T. e. JIHrnb H3 6HOJIO-
rIlqeCKOH CYII.:(HOCTH qeJIOBeKa. HeKoTopbIe npe)J. TaBHTeJIH T. c. c.
npHHIIMaJII1 BO BHIIMaHHe TaK)Ke CKO)J,CTBO YCJIOBHH 6bITa pa3HbIX Ha-
pOn:OB H nJIeMeH, BC.ne)J,CTBHe Llero aHa mmr)J,a CPOPMYJIHpOBaJIaCb
KaK «TeopHH UbITOBOro nCHXOJIOrWreCKoro caM03ap02K.n.eHHH» (A. H.
BeCeJIOBCKHII). O,rr,HaKo )J,aJIee npH3HaHHH «6bITOBbIX OCHOB» CPOJIbK-
JIOpU T. c. c. He lliJIa. 3HaMeI-IYH nporpeCCHBHoe ya3BHTHe cpOJIbKJIO-
pIICTIIKH rro cpaBHeHHlO C npe)J.rneCTBYlOII.:(HMH eH TeopHHMH (MHqJO-
JIOrWreCKOll, 3aIIMCTBOBaHHl!: CI02KeTOB), T. C. c. eII.:(e He )J.aBaJIa r:!y-
60Koro 06"b CHeHHH reHe3Hcy H pa3BHTlilO CXO)J.HUX HBJIeHHH 13
cpOJIbKTJOpe. T. C. c. BBeJIa B cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKY rrOHHTHe <nepe)KHTKoB»
(survivals), 0603r-ra'IIIB HM 3JIeMeHTbI «nepB06bITHOH KYJIbTypbI»
(6bIToBble H peJIIIrH03Hble OTHomeHHH, cyeBepHH H T. n.), YHaCJIe)J.o-
BaHHbie «ll.HBHJIII30BaHHbIMII» Ha HHMH H coxpaHHBrnHecH B cOBpe-
M eHIIO Ii KYJIbType. HeKoTopbIe npe.n.cTaBIITeJIII T. c. c. (A. JIaHr) K
«ncpeIKHTKaM» CBO)J.HJIII CYII.:(HOCTb cpOJIbKJIOpa, LITO 3a L raCTYlO BeJIO
K ero apXaII3all.IIH. BMeCTe C TeM 60raTCTBO BBO)J.HMbIX B HaYKY CPaI -
TaB IIlHpOTa conOCTaBJIeI-IHil, HayqHaH KpIITHKa HCTOqHHKOB H 06"beK-
THB;-roCTb BbIBO,rr,OB, xapaKTepHble .n.JIH MHOrHX TPY)J.OB npe)J.CTaBHTe.
JIeH T. c. C., n03BOJI5UOT CqHTaTb ee O)J.HIIM II3 BbICIIII1X .rrOCTmKeI-III !
<pOJlbKJIOpIICTHKH XIX B.; aHa coxpaHHeT 3I-Ia'Iemle )J.JIH COBpeMeHHOII
HaYKH.
T. c. c. npe)J,cTUBJIHeT TaK)! e HRTepec II .n.JI HCTOpHKOB MIIcpOJIO-
nIB II pCJI!IrHH (pa3pa60TaHHble T. c. c. rHnOTe3br 06 aHHMH3Me, TO-
TeMII3Me, MarHH H np.).
TEOPI15! <DOJIbKJIOPA p., T30PbI5! <DAJIbKJIOPY 6., TEO-
PI5! <DOJIbKJIOPY y.- cpaBHHTeJIbHO He)J.aBHO 06peTrnaH caMOC-
'!'oHTeJIbHOCTb HayqHaH H )"-Ie6HaH )J.HCll.HnJIHHa, paHee cYII.:(eCTBOBaB-
IIlaH B COCTaBe 06II.:(eH cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKH H 3THOJIOrrm (TeopeTwrecKaH
')THOrpacpHH 13 nopy cocYII.:(eCTBOBaHHH cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKH H 3THorpa-
'IIIIII). Ba2KHeHrnHe pa3)J.eJIbI TeopHH cpOJIbKJIOpa: Cnell.HcpHKa CPOJIbK-
,llopa KaK Tpa)J.Hll.HOHHOro xY)J.02KeCTBeHHoro TBopLlecTBa Hapo)J.a;
Tl30pqeCKaH npHpo)J.a Tpa)J.Hll.HH; COOTHomeHHe 06II.:(eHapo)J,HbIX, pe-
I'nOHaJIbHbIX H JIOKaJIbHbIX CBOHCTB cpOJIbKJIOpa; Hapo)J.HocTb CPOJIbK-
.111>pa KaK HCTopwrecKaH KaTeropHH; HHTepHall.HOHaJIbHbIe II Hall.HO-
lIaJIbHbIe oc06eHHocTH cpOJIbKJIOpa; rrpHHll.HnbI HCTopwlecKoro H3yqe-
IIIIH cpOJIbKJIOpa Hero CHCTeMHbrH aHaJIH3. T. cpo HCCJIe.n.yeT nOHHTHH:
IlapHaTHBHOCTb cpOJIbKJIOpa (JIOKaJIbHble H XpOHOJIOrWreCKHe BapHaH-
TbI H BepcHH), nOJIHcpYHKll.IIOHaJIbHOCTb cpOJIbKJIOpa; P0)J.bI, 2KaHpbI H
BU)J.bI cpOJIbKJIOpa, BHYTpH2KaHpOBble pecypcbI Tpa)J.Hll.HH. Dpe)J.MeToM
T. cpo HBJIHlOTCH TaK2Ke: ClOlI\:eTbI, MOTIIBbI H )J.PyrHe KOMrrOHeHTbI
II>OJIbKJIOpI-IOH CTPYKTypbI B HX 06pa3HoH H THnOJIOrWleCKoH xapaK-
Tl'pHOCTH; KOHTaMHHall.HH; CTHJIe06pa3YlOII.:(He qJaKTOpbI B cpOJIbKJIO-
pc; n03THKa cpOJIbKJIOpa; OCHOBbJ Hapo)J.I-IOro CTHXOCJI02KeHHH, HapOA-
lIoli MY3bIKH H .n.p. B OTJIWme aT TeopHH JIHTepaTypbI T. cpo OCBeII.:(aeT
TOJIbKO np06JIeMbI, IICKJIlOqHTeJIbHO CBH3aHHble co Cnell.HcpHKoH
(1)OJIbKJIOpa KaK oc060ro BH)J.a Tpa.n.Hll.HOHHOro TBOp'IeCTBa HapO)J.a.
(;(mpeMeHHaH T. cpo cpopMHPyeTcH Ha OCHOBe KpHTHqeCKOH nepepa-
()OTKH 60raTeHmero HaCJIe)J.CTBa cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKH rrpOIIIJIoro.
J1I1T.: ryceB B. E. 3CTeTUKa !jJOJIbKJIOpa. J1., 1967; CfucToB K. B. HapoJJ:Hble
"p<lJJ)I uu U !jJOJIbKJIOp. J1., 1986.
B. n. AHHKHH
TEPMI1HOJIOfI15! <DOJIbKJIOPI1CTI14ECKA5! HAPOJJ:-
1[1\.71 p., T3PMIHAJIOfI5! <DAJIbKJIAPbICTbI4HA5! HAPOJJ:-
IIA5! 6., TEPMIHOJIOfI5! <DOJIbKJIOPI1CTlI4HA HAPOJJ:HA
1/.- cOBoKynHocTb HapOAHbIX nOHHTHH II HaHMeHOBaHHH, 6bITYlOII.:(HX
11:lpaJIJIeJIbHO C TepMHHaMH HaYLIHbIMII H r-re3aBHCHMO aT HHK. Bo MHO-
I'IIX CJIyqa x T. cpo H. HBJIHeTCH HCTOqHHKOM cpOpMHpOBaHHH HayqHOH
'('('pMHHOJIOrHH, 'ITa npOHBHJIOCb B oc06eHHOCTII B TepMHHax, CBH3aH-
II blX C KaJIeH)J.apHo-06pH)J.OBbIM cpOJIbKJIOpOM (neCHII KOJIH)J.Hble, Mac-
.f1!'IIIlqHble, pycaJIbHbIe, KynaJIbCKHe, 2KaTBeHHbIe, TOJIOqHble II T. .n..),
"pOIIHO 3aKpenHBrnHKCH 13 HayqHOM 06HXO)J.e. T. cpo H. OTJIHqaeTCH
362
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<DOJIbKJIOpHbIII THn peaJIH3yeTcH B ClO2KeTHbIX )J.eHCTBIlHX, KOTO-
phle nepBHqHbI rro OTHOIIIeIIHlO K HeMY. OH 3aBHCHT aT MeCTa II pOJIH
II ClO2KeTHOH apXHTeKTOHHKe (KOMn03Hll.HH - CM.).
B CKa3Ke aHHMaJIHCTHqeCKOH rJIaBHbIe repOH npIIHaAJIe)!{aT K OA-
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BeKa HJJH )KHBOTHoro, o.n.ypaqIIBaIOIll.erO, H THny 06MaHYToro, o,rr,ypa-
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COI-Ia)!{H rrepBoro THna Bcer.n.a MaJIeHbKHe II CJIa6ble, HO XHTpble, .n.o-
ra)J.JIHBble, HaCMeIIIJIHBble H )!(H3Hepa)J.OCTHbIe. BTopbIe cpaBHHTeJIbHO
C nepBbIMH - 60JIbIIHle H rJIynbIe, HeAora.n.JIl1BbIe, 3JIbIe, KOpbICTHbIe,
JlHor.n.a rrpOCTo.n.yIIHIO- HenOBopOT JIHBbIe H HepaCToponHbIe. XHTpOCTb
:::,rr,eCb - opY)KHe MaJIeHbKHX H CJIa6bIX I1JIH opy)KHe qeJIOBeKa.
B CKa3Kax BOJIIIIe6HbIX Bbl)J.eJIHlOTCH pa3JIWIHbIe THnbI repoeB:
repOII-2KepTBa H repOH-HCKaTeJIb, «HH3KHH» H «BbICOKHH» repOH, re-
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'rY)J.OBHII.:( H rrp., BOJIIIIe6HbIe nOMOII.:(IUIKH H )J.apHTeJIH, CKa30 l IHbrii
napb, ll.apeBHa II ,rr,p.
EbITOBaH CKa3Ka rro.n. pa3HbIMH 6bITOBbIMH JIWIHHaMH BBO.n.HT B
Kpyr ClO2KeTHOrO .n.eHCTBHH pa3HOBII)J.HOCTH .n.BYX THnOB: XIITpOyMHO-
1'0 rnYTa II npOCTOBaTO-MY)J.poro .n.ypaKa. I1x .n.BOIIHIlKaMH 6bIBalOT
MHIIMbIe .n.ypaKH H IIIYTbI, TepnHIll.He HaCMelUKH H nOpa)!{eHIle aT nep-
IIbIX. HaIIBbIcrnaH cTyneHb pa3BHTIlH 06pa3a 6bITOBOrO CKa30qHOrO
repoH npe.n.cTaBJIeI-Ia CJIHHHHeM ,iJ,BYX THnOB B e.n.HHbIH THrr XIITPOYM-
,IIoro )J.ypaKa HJIH rnYTa, nonepeMeHHo HJIII O)J.HoBpcMeHHo Hrp alOII.:(erO
o6e POJIH.
THn 60raTbIp5I repowlecKori 6bIJIHHbI OTJIHqaeT MOHyMeHTaJIb-
1l0CTb, Ha era H306pa2KeHHH Hepe.n.Ko cKa3bIBaCTcH HAeH npe)J.onpe-
) CJIeHHOCTIi H cY)J.b6bI, 3aJI02KeHHaH 13 ClO2KeTax. B 6bIJIlIHaX 06 OT-
palKeI-IHH Bpa2KeCKOrO (TaTapclwro) HaIIIeCTBHH CJImKIIJICH TIIll
l!.n.eaJIbHOrO 60raTbIpH-BoHHa.
Hap0)J.I-raH ApaMa 3HaeT YCToiiqIIBbIe THnbI 6apIIHa, DCTpyrnKII,
I ipo.n.a, JIeKapH, COJI.n.aTa H T. rr.
OC06bIH cpOJIbKJIOpHbIH TIm npe.n.CTaBJICH B )!{aHpaX, B KOTOpbIX
L'JIOBO OT02K)J.eCTBJIHeTCH C TeM, KTO 13 .n.3HHbIH MOMeHT era npOII3HO-
rIIT KaK CBoe JIWIHOe BbICKa3bIBaHHe (qacTyrnKa, nOCJIOBHll.a, noro-
BOlma). nIIpWleCKIIH repOH qacTyIIIKII, Hanp., OTqaCTH HanOMIIHaeT
I eIITpaJIbHbIe THnbI 6bITOBOH CKa3KH CBoeH npOCTO)J.YIIIHOrI HaCMern-
JIIIBOCTblO, H3BHTeJIbHbIM rnYTOBCTBOM, caMOHpOHHeH, HemKII.n.ar-!HOH
My,rr,POCTblO. OH TaK2Ke cOe.D:HHHeT B ce6e KaLleCTBa, H.n.YII.:(IIe aT JIH-
pWleCKOH neCHH.
T. 13 cpo rro OTHOIIIeHHlO EO MHOrI1M }KaHpaM H3yqeHa He)J.OCTaTOq-
110. 3TO oc06eHHO KacaeTCH 2KaHpOB C rnIIpOKHM crreKTpOM HMnpOBH-
,;:IIUIOI-!HbIX B03MO)!{HOCTeH (npWlHTaHIle, JIllpWleCKaH rreCHH H .n.p.).
(lan60JIee onpe)J.eJIeHHO BbIrJIH)J.5IT cpOJIbKJIOpHble THnbI B 06pH)J.OBOM
(1)(),JIbKJIOpe (cBa.n.e6IIbIe qHHbI, KOJIH)J.YIOII.:(HC H np.).
60raTCTBOM CHHOHIIMOB (onpe)J.eJIeHHH), 6JIarO)J.apH qeMY TO HJIll
HIme cpOJIbKJIOpHOe HBJIeHHC xapaKTepH3YCTCH C pa3JIWIHbIX CTOpOH.
Hanp., 6aJIJIaAa y 6eJIOpYCOB Ha3bIBaeTCH «AoyraH», «CMYTHaH» JIH-
60 <GK3JIOCHaH» neCHH, qeM nOAqepKHBaeTcH, C O)J.HOH CTOpOHbI, pa3-
BiiTOCTb ee ClO}KeTa, a C )J.PyroH - onpe)J.eJIeHHaH 3MOI.:(HOHaJIbHaH
oKpacKa, )J.paMaTH3M. Hapo)J.HbIH TepMHH «III3rrTbl» (6eJI.), 0603Ha-
qalOII.:(HH 3aroBopbI, OTpa2KaeT oc06eHHocTH HCnOJIHeHHH 3TIIX npoH3-
Be.rreHllI-i, a TepMHHbI «npHcyulKa, oTcyIIIKa», BOIIIe)J.IIIHe TaK2Ke H B
HayqHbIH 06HXO)J., pacKpbIBalOT MarHqeCKOe Ha3HaqeIme 3THX 3arOBO-
pOB. Pa3I-ro06pa3HeM CMbICJIOBbIX II 3MOll.IIOHaJIbHbIX OTTeHKOB OTJIII-
"lIarOTCH MHor01.IlIUIeHHble Hapo.n.HbIe Ha3BaHIIH MOI-rocTpmlmqeCKIIX
neceI-I: npbme-Y'Ki, na.n.CKOKi, Tapa.n.aiiKi, 6paH)J.YIIlKi - 6eJI.; npHneB-
Kn, KopoTyrnKH, npII6aCKH, MaT3HH, CTpa.D:aHHH, eJIell.KIle, COpMOBC-
KHe n np.- pyc.; qaCTi, Bl-ITpe6eI-IbKH, .n.pi6YlInm, KopoTyrnKH, TpmI-
)J.IIqKIl, Ta.lIaJIaiiKH, BiBaTH - YKp. MHOrOqIICJIeHHbI perHOHaJIbHbIe
rr33BaHII5I neceH BeceHHero 06pH)J.OBoro ll.HKJIa. Ha YKpaHHe 3TO
raimm, porYJIbKII, HriJIKH, JIarOJIOHKM H )J.p. BMeCTe C TeM HeKOTopbIe
Hapo.n. Hble TepMIlHbI 0606II.:(alOT HeCKOJIbKO 2KaHpOB; TaK, nOHHTlIe
-«CTapIUla» y PYCCKHX OTHOCHTCH K 6bIJIHHaM, HCTOPHqCCKHM rreCH5IM,
'6a.1JJIa)J.aM, HeKOTopbIM .n.YXOBHbIM CTHxaM. B OTJIWIHe aT HaYLIHoII
T. cpo H. He HB.IIHeTCH 13 CBoeH Macce 06II.:(eHall.HOHaJIbHOH, CKJIa.n.bI-
naeTCH H3 MeCTHbIX, perHOHaJIbHbIX )J.HaJIeKTHbIX TepMHHOB, aHa cy-
II.:(eCTBeHHO 060raII.:(aeT nOHHTHfIHbIit annapaT cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKH, npH-
AaeT eMY HOBbIe KpaCKH H OTTeHKH.
TI1DI13AIJ.115I B <DonbK.J10PE p., TbIDI3AIJ.bI5I Sf <DAJIbK-
JIOPbI 6., TI1DI3AIJ.I5I Y <DOJIbKnOPI y. B OTJIHLIHe aT peaJIHCTH-
LleCKOH JIHTepaTypbI, r)J.e THrr 0606IllaeT OT)J.eJIbHble qepTbI H CBOHCTBa
J1H)J.HB H .n.yaJIbHbIX xapaKTepOB, B qJOJIbKJIOpe THn npe)J.CTaBJIHeT H.n.e-
aJIbHbIH BHYTpH)KaHpOBbIii xy.n.mKeCTBeHHbIH 06pa3, Ha.n.eJIeHHbIH 60-
JIee HJIH MeHee HH.n.HBH)J.yaJIH3HpOBaHHbIMH OTJ1WIHHMH, orpaHwleH-
HbIMII B CBoeM pa3Ho06pa3HH paMKaMH rr03TIIKII Taro HJIH HHoro
)!{3Hpa. I1.n.eaJIbHbIe qepTbI cpOJIbKJIOpHOrO THna CKJIaAblBarOTC5I no)J.
onpc.rr. eJI5IlO II.:(IIM (npHMbIM HJIH KOCBeHHbIM) BJIHHHHeM MacpOJIOrWleC-
KIIX npe)J.CTaBJIeHHH, 06PH)J.OBbIX .n.eHCTB, 06II.:(HHHbIX OTHOIIIeHHH II
MOpaJIbHbIX HOpM, a TaK)Ke HBJIeImH peaJIl,HOH 6bITOBOH H COll.HaJIb-
HOH HCTOpHH. <DOJIbKJIOpHbIH THn pa3BHBaeTCH He rrYTeM ll.eJIOCTHOii
II BceCTopOIIHeH TpatIccpopMall.IIH npeAbI.n.YII.:(ero, a nYTeM rrpH6aBJIe-
HHH K Tpa.n.HUIIOHHbIM qepT n03)J.HetiIIIeH KyJIbTypbI H OC.'Ia6JIeHHfI .n.o
py.n.IIMeHTapHoro COCT05IHH5I 3JIeMeI-ITOB 60JIee TpaAHll.IIOHHbIX H )J.peB-
HIIX. <DOJIbKJIOpHbIH 2KaHp CTpeMHTC5I OXBaTIlTb ClO2KeTHbIMH )J.eHCT-
BH5IMH repoeB era THna pa3Ho06pa3Hble c<jJepbI 2KH3HH. HOBbIe )KaH-
pbI, nopmK.n.alOIllHe HOBbIe TIITIbI, B03HHKalOT, CMeH5IH Te, KOTopbIe B
HHbIX HCTOpnqeCKHX YC.IIOBHHX HaLIHHarOT YTpaLIHBaTb cnoc06HOCTI,
K yCBoeHHlO aKTyaJIbHOrO 2KH3HeHHoro MaTepHaJIa (6bIJIHHa II
364
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365
P02K.n.eHFle HOBOrO cpOJIbKJIOpHOrO THrra BCer.n.a 6bIBaeT OTKpbITHeM
KaKOH-TO CYII.:(eCTBeHHOH CTOpOHbI npHpO)J.bI qeJIOBeKa, HaUHOHaJIbHO-
TO HCTOpWleCKOrO XapaKTepa. B 3TOM CMbICJIe IIHTepeCHYlO, HO He.n.O-
CTaTOqHO 1I3yqeHHYlO rrp06JIeMY COCTaBJI5IeT OCMbICJIemle Taro, KaK
cpOJIbKJIOpHbIH THn OBJIa)J.eBaeT MHoro06pa3HeM H rreCTpOTOH 2KH3HeH-
Horo MaTepH3JIa B paMKax YCTOHqrIBOH rr03TIlqeCKOH KOHCTPYKUHH
TaKUX )KaHpaX, KaK 6bIJIHqKa, npe.n.aHHe, JIereH.D:a, COBpeMeHHbIH
YCTHbIH paCCKa3.
B 3aBIICHMOCTII aT 2K3Hpa pe3KO pa3JIWlaeTCH CTeneHb HH.n.HBH-
.n.yaJIH3all.HH cpOJIbKJIOpHOrO THna. ECJIn, I-Ianp., CKa30qHbie THnbI
npe)J.CTaBJIHlOTCH 06pa3aMH 60JIee IIJIH MeHee Ha O)J.HO JIlIllO, TO 6bI-
JIl!HHble repOH HMelOT HH.rrHBH.D:yaJIbHble HMeHa, OTMeQ31OII.:(He 3aMeT-
Hoe cBoe06pa3He BHYTpeHHero H BHelllHero 06JIlIKa.
J111T.: CfuCT06 K. B. PyccKue CO UaJIbHO-YTonUqeCKHe JIereHAbI. M., 1967;
n ponn B. fl. Mop!jJOJIOrHH CIW3KH. M., 1969; lOaUH lO. H. TurrL! repoeB B repou-
qeCKlIX PYCCKHX 6bIJIHHaX II PI'!>. J1., 1974. T. 14; OH lCe. TlITIOJIOmH repoeB 6bl-
'TOBOH CKa3EU /1 PI'!>. J1., 1979. T. 19.
TWleCKoro pO)J.CTBa (B. 1\11. )KlIPMYHCKHH, B. E. fyceB, K D. Ka6aIII-
IIHKOB, H. C. lllYMa)J.a).
CM. TaK)!{e MeToo UCTOpUTW-TUnO.l102UtfeCKUT1.
J1I1T.: )l(UPlvlYHCKUii B. M. HapO.ll:HbIH repOUqeCKlIH "IilOC: CpaBHllTeJIbHO-
IICTOpUqeCKUe OqepKlI. M.; J1., 1962; ryce6 B. E. a MeTO.ll:aX u3yqeHU51 !jJOJIbKJIO-
pa II MeTo.ll:oJIorHqecKue rrp06JIeML! COBpeMeF!HOrO UCKYCCTB03HaHU5l: C6. CT. J1.,
1975. BblII. 1; JIponn B. fl. 1'!>0JIbKJIOp 1I .lI:eHCTBUTeJIbHOcTb. 1976; JIYTUA06 E. H.
JVl.eTO.ll:OJIOru5I. 1976; Ka6aumiKay K. Jl. EeJlapYCKi !jJaJIbKJIOp Y napaYHaJIbHbIM
aCB5ITJIeHHi. MH., 1981; MeTO.ll:bl u3YQeHH5I !jJOJIbKJIOpa: C6. CT. J1., 1983.
E. H. JIYTHJlOB
lO. H. lOJl.HH
TPAfI1KOMEJJ:I15I HAPOJJ:HA5I p., TPAfIKAMEllbI5I HA-
POJJ:HA5I 6., TPAfIKOMEJJ:I5I HAPOJJ:HA y.- BH)J. Hapo.n.HoH
JwaMbl TIlpaH060pqeCKOrO xapaKTepa (<<Dapb MaKCHMHJIHaH»,
,<Dapb I1po)J.»). B T. H. HaJlllqeCTBYlOT TparWleCKHe KOHcpJIHKTbI H
l'QeHbI - 60pb6a 3a Bepy 1I y6e2KAeHHH, Ka3Hb A.D:OJIbcpa H ca!v1O-
y6HHCTBO rraJIaqa, CMepTeJIbHble rroe)J.HHKH, H36IIeHHe H CMepTb HeBH-
1I0BHbIX. O)],HoBpeMeHHo B T. H. npHCYTCTBYlOT KOMWleCKHe Cll.eHbI C
YQaCTHeM cTapHKa H CTapYXH, )J.OKTopa, nopTHoro, rycapa HJIH Ka3a-
Ka, BOHHOB, ll.blraI-Ia, qepTelr II T. )J.. CJIe)J.YH 3a TparWleCKHMH 3nH30-
J aMH, 3TH Cll.eHbI (KOMWIeCKHe nOXOpOHbI rrorH6IIIllX BOHHOB, A)J.OJIb-
11>3, KOMWleCKaH paCnpaBa C THpaHOM I1pOAOM) CJIY2KaT cBoe06pa3-
IIOH pa3pH)J.Koi:r HanpH2KeHHH II Bblpa2KalOT I-IapO)J.HbIH OnTHMH3M H
uepy B TOp)KeCTBO CrrpaBe.D:JIHBOCTH.
CM. TaK2Ke )1,paMa IWpOOflaJl H JIHT.
TI1DOJIOn15I B <DOJIbKJIOPE p., TbIDAJIOfI5I Y <DAJIbK-
JIOPbI 6., TI1nOJIOfI5I T <DOJIbKJIOPI y.- 3aKoHOMepHa5I,
06YCJIOBJIeHHaH pH)J.OM cpaKTopoB H rrOJIY'lalOII.:(aH pa3JIHqHbie (TII-
rroBble) Bblpa2KeHlIH YHHBepCaJIbHaH nOBTopHeMocTb, 3aXBaTbIBalO-
lUa5! Bce 06JIaCTH cpOJIbKJIOpHOrO TBOpqeCTBa; cOBoKynHocTb rrpH3Ha-
KOB, onpe)J.eJI5IlOII.:(lIX HaJIWIHe, xapaKTep nOBTopHeMOCTII. THnOJIOrH-
'IeCKHe OTHorneHHH 06II.:(HOCTH (Cxo)J.cTBa, nO)J.06HH, T01K)J.eCTBa, COB-
na.n.eI-IHH, aHaJIOrHlr, nepeKJIHqeK HAP. rrpOHBJIeI-mH II30MOpcpr: 3Ma )
pacnpOCTpaI-IHlOTC5! Ha cpOJIbKJIOp 13 ll.eJIOM KaK Crrell.Hcpw eCKHII TlIn
KYJIbTypbI (06II.:(I-IOCTb OCHOBHbIX npH3HaKOB, yI-IHBepCaJIHH, 3aKOHOB
B03HlIKHOBeHH5I, CTa)J.HH pa3BHTH5I), Ha npIIHll.HnbI B3aIIMooTHorne-
HlIH cpOJIbKJIOpa H .n.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH (cpYHKll.HOHa bHble CB5I3lI,
cpOJIbKJIOpHOe C03HaI-me, pOJIb MHcpOJIOrWleCKHX CBH3eH), Ha )!{aI-IpO-
Bble CTpyKTypbI, Ha cHcTeMbI ClO2KeTOB, MOTHBOB, 06p a30B, Ha CPOJIbK-
JIOpHbIH H3bIK, cpOpMbI H cnoc06bI 6bITOBaHHH, BocnpOH3BeAeHH5I,
06yqeHlIH. THnOJIOrH'IeCKHe OTI-IOrneHHH He orpar-mqHBalOTCH KaKHMH-
JIH60 BpeMeHHbIMH, TeppHTOpHaJIbHblMH H .n.p. BHernHIIMlI cpaKTOpaMI1
H onpe.rreJIHIOTCH B KOHeqHOM C'leTe CXOACTBOM (e.n.IIHCTBOM) HCTOplI-
l.IeCKoro pa3BlITlIH HapOAOB, COll.IIaJIbHO-KYJIbTypHbIX, 6bITOBbIX, nCH
XOJIOrHqeCKHX oc06eHHOCTeH, a TaK)Ke e.n.HHCTBOM cpOJIbKJIOpHOH
KYJIbTYPbI 13 Me2K.n.YHapo.n.HOM f1JIaHe. THnOJIOrI-JTleCKlIe oTI-rorneHIIH on-
pe)J.eJIHlOT xapaKTep H MexaHH3M Me)!{3THWleCKHX cpOJIbKJIOpHbIX CBH-
3eH (<<3aHMCTBOB3HHH»), a TaK)!{e CXO.n.CTBO H pa3JIHqHH cpOJIbKJIOpa
HapOAOB C 06II.LHM rrpOHCX01KAeHHeM.
TIInOJIOrH51 paCCMaTpHBaeTC5I TaK)Ke JIHrnb KaK o.n.Ha 1I3 B03M02K-
HblX 3aKOHOMepHOCTeH, BbI3bIBalOII.:(HX cpOJIbKJIOPHYlO 06II.:(HOCTb, Ha-
pH,rr,y C B03)J.eHCTBHeM Me2K3THHqeCKIIX KOHTaKTOB H cpaKTopOB reI-Ie-
J1I1T.: BCeBO/lOaCKUii-repHcpOCC B. H. 1959; ryceB B. E. PYCCKUH !jJOJIbKJIOp-
IILIH TeaTp. 1980; HeKpblAoBa A. CP., ryce6 B. E. PYCCKHII HapO.ll:HbIH KYKOJIbHbIH
TeaTp. J1., 1983.
H. H. CABJlll1KHHA
TPA,QI1DI1I1 «OCTPOBHbIE» p., TPAJJ:bIDbII «ACTPAY-
I-IbI5I» 6.- 0603HaqeHHe MeCTHbIX, JIOKaJIbHO orpaHwleHHbIx Tpa)J.II-
l HH B YCJIOBHHX npe06rra.n.aHHH )J.pyroro HX THrra B .n.armO!I MeCTHOC-
TH, a paBHo 0603Ha L leHHe 3aKoHcepBHpoBaHHblx Hall.IIOHaJIbHbIX Tpa-
JUIll.HH cpOJIbKJIOpa B YCJIOBHHX I!HOra HX 3THWleCKoro oKpY2KeHHH.
T. o. IIeCYT 13 ce6e CRe)], npOIIIJIbIX HCTopwlecKHx COCTOHHHH cpOJIbK-
.Hopa, HX CMeII.:(eHHH B npoll.ecce 3THWIeCKoro, HCTopwlecKoro npe06-
pa30BaHIIH.
J1UT.: CfuCTOB K. B. HapO.ll:Hble TpaAU UH U !jJOJIbIWOp. J1., 1986.
B. Jl. AHHKHH
TPAJJ:yIlJJIOHHOCTb p., TPAJJ:bIDbIPIHACDb 6., TPAJJ:I1-
IUVIHICTb y.- TepMlIH, 0603HaqalOII.:(lIH YCTOHqlIBbIe CBoHcTBa II
1\;t'leCTBa cjJO.lIbKJIOpHOii Tpa)J.IIQHH (CM.), KacaeTCH Bcex KOMrrOHeH-
T
367
366
T
TaB xY)J.O)!{eCTBeI-IHOrO rrpOH3BeAeHHH: cro H)J.eIi, CHCTeMbI 06pa30B,
KOMn03Hll.HH, TCMaTwlecKHx pCaJIHH H CTHJI5!. T. Bblpa)!{aeTCH 13 nOB-
TOp5IeMOCTH Bcex BaLKHCHIIIIIX oc06eHI-IocTeH H COCTaBHbIX qaCTeH
cpOJIbKJIOpHOro npOH3BC)J.eHHH He3aBHCHMO aT MaI-IcpbI H cnoc060B
TpaKTOBKH ClO2KeTOB H MOTHBOB Y OT)J.eJIbHbIX HOCHTeJIeH cpOJIbKJIOpa.
3THM 06'b5ICHHeTCH HaJIHLIHe YCTOIlqHBOH «HOMeHKJIaTypbI» ncpCOHa-
)!{CH, ClO2KeTHbIX nOJI01KeHHH, CTHJIHCTWICCKliX OC06CHHOCTeII 06II.:(e-
cpOJIbKJIOplmrO H 2KaHpOBOro THIIOB. T. onpe)J.eJI5ICT cnoc06 CYII.:(CCT-
BOBaHHH cpOJIbKJIOpI-roro TCKCTa 13 C)J,lIHCTBe cTa6HJIbHOCTH H 1I3MeH-
LIHBOCTH.
CM. TaK}Ke Tpaoul{uJl £!JOJlbKJlOpHWl H JIHT.
n;:oro H YKpaI1HCKOrO HapoAoB, perHOHaJIbHbIH H JIOKaJIbHbIH xapaK-
Tep T. cpo Y Ka2K)J.oro HapoAa. .'
CM. r:fJOJlblCJlOp 6eJlOpYCCKUU, r:fJOJlbKJlOp PycCKuii, r:fJOJlbKJlOp
!/lCpaUHclCut1.
J1I1T.: COKO/lOB /0. M. PyccImH !jJOJIbKJIOp. M., 1941 ryceB B. E. 3CTeTHKa
,j)OJIbKJIOpa. J1., 1967; AI-IUKllH B. JI. Teopu5I !jJOJIbKJIOpHOU TpaJJ:u IJ:u IJ: ee 3Haqe-
Hue JJ:JI5I UCTopUqeCKOrO UCCJIeJJ:OBami5I 6blJIUH. M., 1980; 01-1 lCe. 06ll1. e ?yccKoe U
JIOKaJIbHOe TBOpqeCTBO B !jJOJIbKJIOpe II 1'!>0JIbKJIOp HapoJJ:oB DOBOJI2Kb5l. I1p06JIe-
JIIbI perHOI-WJILHOrO u3yqeHu5I. 110lliEap-OJIa, 1989; CfucToB K. B. HapO.ll:HbIe Tpa-
!(Ill(HH U !jJOJIbKJIOp. J1., 1986; llJYPOB B. M. I02KHopyccKa51 neceHHaH TpaAU U5I.
Ivl., 1987.
B. Jl. AHl1Kl1H
B. Jl. AHl1Kl1H
TPAJJ:I1IJJI5I <DOJIbKJIOPHA5I p., TPAJJ:bIlJ.bI5I <DAJIbK-
JIOPHA5I 6., TPAJJ:I1lJ.I5I <DOJIbKJIOPHA y.- HCTOpHqeCKH CJIO-
2KHBrnHCC5I xapaKTepHbIc )J,JIH Hapo)J.Horo TBOpqeCTBa cpOpMbI H cno-
C06bI xY)J.02KeCTBeHHoro oT06pa2KCHIIH )J.eHcTBHTeJIbHOCTH, CTaBrnHe
HOpMOH H nepe)J.alOII.:(HeCH aT rrOKOJICHHH K nOKOJIeHHlO. T. cpo onpe-
)J.eJIHCT OTHOCHTeJIbHYlO YCTOHqHBOCTb H rpaHHll.bI 1I3MeHcHlIH 13 H)J.eII-
HaM cO)J.ep2KaHHH, CTPYKTypHbIX OCHOBax, CTHJIe npOII3Be)J,eHHH. 113-
MeHeHHH JIH60 Be)J,YT K qaCTWIHOH 3aMeI-Ie KOMnOHCHTOB (3BOJIlOll.HOH-
HbIH THrr), JIH60 K 06II.:(eH CMeHe HX (TpaHccpopMaUHOHHbIH TIm).
CoxpaHeHHe H H3MCHCHHC T. cpo Bcer)J.a npOIICXO)J,HT no)J, BJIHHHHCM
HCTOPWICCIUIX rrpHqHH. T. cpo CBH3aHa C KOHKpCTHOIi YCTOHqI1BOCTblO
rrpOH3BCAeHHH, a He TOJIbKO C coxpaHeHHeM THnOJIOrHqCCKHX
CBOHCTB - CXO)J,CTBOM 06II.:(HX MOTHBOB, CXCMbI ClO2KeTOB, KOMn03H-
UHII H oc06eHHocTeH CTHJIH. Tpa.DJIll.HH npHcyII.:(a cpOJIbKJIOPY KaK
CBOHCTBO, 06II.:(ee )J,JIH MHorHX 5IBJIeHIIH 6bITa H HapOAHOII KYJIbTypbI
B ll.eJIOM. Ha OCHOBe 3Toro Hepe)J,KO T. cpo OT02KAeCTBJIHlOT C 6bITOBbI-
MH HBJIeI-IlI5IMlI'- TeM caMbIM He)J,OOll.eHIIBaeTCH npHpoAa C06CTBCH-
HO cpOJIbKJIOpHOH Tpa)J.Hll.HH KaK npOHBJICHHH xY)J.02KCCTBeHI-roro TBOp-
qeCTBa. a caMbIH cpOJIbKJIOp ll.CmIKOM npHpaBHI1BacTcH K Hapo,rr,HbIM
TpaAlIll.H5IM 6C3 YQCTa Cnell.HcpwIHoCTH xY)J,02KeCTBCHHoro TBOpqeCT-
Ba. lJ.eJIcC006pa3I-IOCTb BbI)J,eJIeHHH T. cpo H3 06ilJJIX Hapo)J.HbIx Tpa-
AH!UIH YTBCp2K)J,eHa 13 PYCCKOH HaYKe 6JIarOAapH TpY)J.aM 6paTbcB
E. M. H 10. M. COKOJIOBbIX, M. K. A3a,rr,oBcKoro, E. A. AcacpbcBa H lIX
rrOCJIe)J.oBaTeJIeIi. Ha OCHOBe 06II.:(ecpOJIbKJIOpHbIX Tpa)J,HuHH B rpaHII-
uax ee 3THWICCKOli xapaInepHOCTH pa3BIIBalOTCH TpaAHll.HII OTACJIb-
HbIX pemOHOB (pCrnOI-IaJIbHaH T. cp.), MCCTHbIe (JIOKaJIbHaH T. cp.),
a TaK)Ke TpaAHuHH OT)J,eJIbHbIX ceJI, Aa2Ke ceMclIHbIC TpaJI,lIll.HH (CM.
)1,UfWCTUU UCnOJlHUTeJleii). JIoKaJIbHO BapbIIpycMble Tpa)J,Hll.HOHHbIC
ClO)KeTbI, CTHJIb II 2KaHpOBbIe OC06CHHOCTH 13 perHOHaJIbHOII T. cpo II
JIOKaJIbHOII T. cpo He TOJIbKO «TCXHOJIOrI15I>.\ a IIpOHBJIeHI-IC TBOpQCCT-
Ba pa3JIHLIHbIX Cy63THH'ICCKIIX II C0ll.HaJIbHbIX rpyIIrr. CJIeAyeT pa3-
JIWlaTb 06U.:(y1O T. cpo Y BOCTOqHbIX CJIaBHH, T. cpo 6eJIOpYCCKoro, PYC-
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IU'('l\aSO'lliOU npOSbl, 'J'K.aSaTeJlb TUnOB neCeH.
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YKA3ATEJIb CIOIK.ETOB CKA30K p., DAKA3AJIbHIK CIO-
II,:'HAY KA3AK 6., DOKA)I(4I1K CIOIK.ETIB KA3AK y. DpHH-
1I,lllIbI COCTaBJIeHHH T. c. c. I-raqaJIH pa3pa6aTbIBaTbcH co BTOpOH
IIOJI. XIX B., KOr)J.a H3AaHHe HayqHbIX C60pHHKOB CKa30K HapO)J.OB
!I('CX KOHTlIHeHTOB npH06peTaJIO BCe 60JIbIIIHH pa3MaX H B03HHKJIa
lIC'o6xOAHMOCTb 13 THnOJIOrH3all.HH CKa30qHbIX ClO2KeTOB 13 Me}K)J.yHa-
pO)J,HbIX H Hall.HOHaJIbHbIX MacrnTa6ax. 3Ta pa60Ta 6bIJIa 13 ll.eHTpe
IIIIIIMaHH5I HeCKOJIbKHX Me2K)J.YHapo)J,HbIX CKa3KOBe)J,qeCKHX KOHrpec-
,'OB.
DonbITKH CBeCTH pa3Ho06pa3HbIe ClO2KeTbI CKa30K K PH)J,y cxeM-
IIU)PMYJI Ha OCHOBe OrpaHlIqer-nroro MaTepHaJIa, KOTopbIe npeAnpHHH-
.1111 3apy6e2KHbIe yqeHbIe npornJIoro BeKa (raH), a 3aTeM H pYCClme,
lIanp. D. B. BJIa)J,HMlIpoB (1896), He 6bIJIH AOCTaTOqHO KOHCTPYK-
I'IIBHbIMH. I1HTepecHbIH onbIT KJIaCCHcpHKall.HH CKa30K no rrepCOHa-
Il\aM 13 60JIrapCKOM He3aBeprneHHOM KaTaJIOre M. ApHaYAoBa (1905)
T02Ke He pernaJI 3a)J.aQy npaKTWIHoro HayqHOrO CnpaBOqHHKa. He
peIIIaJI ee H OTIHCaTeJIbHbIH, rpoM03)J,KHfi, BeCbMa HenOJIHbIH Y. c. c.
1\. M. CMHpHoBa (1911-1914).
Ba)!{HbIM )J.JIH conOCTaBHTeJIbHOrO H3yqeHHH Hall.HOHaJIbHbIX CKa-
.:OK 6uJIO H OCTaeTCH H3Aar-me CPYH)J.aMeHTaJIbHOrO TpY)J.a 11. EOJIbTe
II r. DOJIlIBKH (1913-1932), 13 KOTOpOM YKa3aHbI ClO)!{eTHble napaJI-
.lIeJIH H3 ony6JIHKOBaHHblx CKa30K MHorHX HapoAoB MHpa K CKa3KaM
opaTbeB rpIIMM. Oc06eHHo cYII.:(eCTBeHHa pOJIb 13 AeJIe KJIaCcHcpHKa-
II,IIB CKa30K BHAHoro rrpe)J,cTaBHTeJIH reorpacpo-HcTOpHqeClmH CPHH-
('I{QH rnKOJIbI cpOJIbKJIOpHCTIIKH AHTTH AapHe. Era CBO)J.HbIH Me)KAY-
lIapoAHbIH «YKa3aTeJIb CKa30 L IHbIX THnOB» H3 HeMeUKOM H3bIKe 13 ce-
pnHHoM H3)J.aHHH Me2K)J,YHap0)J.Horo 06II.LeCTBa qJOJIbKJIOpHCTOB
(FFC, .NQ 3, 1910) H H3.n.aHHbIe 13 TOH 2Ke cepHH era 3CTOHCKHH (1918)
I[ cpHHCKHH (1920) YKa3aTeJIlI rrOJI02KUJIH HaqaJIO npaKTHqeCKoMY
IIpHMeHeHHlO Hall.HOHaJIbHbIX Y. c. c. rro CHCTeMe AapHe (13 1920-
HO-e rOAbI HX orry6JIlIKOBaHo 60JIee 150). CHcTeMa 3Ta HCXOAHT H3
lIpHHll.Iwa pa3MeII.:(eHHH )!{aHpOBbIx rpynn CKa30K rro 2400 TeMaTWlec-
I\IIM rHe3)J.aM; 13 HYMepall.IIH HX eCTb np06eJIbI )J.JIH 3an0.TIHeHH5I HO-
BhIMH ClO)KeTaMH. BbI)J.eJIeHbI CKa3KH a 2KHBOTHbIX, c06cTBeHHo CKa3-
I\II (BoJIrne6I-Ible, JIereH,il,apHble, HOBeJIJIHCTHqeClme, CKa3KH 06 OAypa-
'1eHHOM LlepTe) H aHeK)J.OTbI. TIepeH3)J,aBaBrnuHcH 13 1928, 1961, 1964
I[ 1971 rr. Ha aHrJIHHCKOM 5I3bIKe C )J,onOJIHeHHHMH H YToLIHeHHHMH
:tMepHKaHcKoro CKa3KOBe)J.a CTHCl)a TOMncor-ra Y. c. c. AapHe BOIIIeJI
1\ cpOJIbKJIOplICTWlecKHH 06HXO)J. KaK yKa3aTeJIb AapHe-TOIvmcoHa
(AT). K HeMY npHMbIKaeT rneCTHTOMHbIH Me)!{1KaHpOBbIH yKa3aTeJIb
l'IO.lKeTHblX MOTHBOB (Motif-index of folkliterature) TOMncoHa, lI3-
/I,ar-nlbIH 13 1955-1958 rr. 13 KoneHrareHe. Ha OCHOBe Y. c. c. AapHe
YKA3 CBAJJ:EEHbIPI p., YI\A3 B5ICEJIbHbI 6.- KOMHqeCKHH
MOHOJIOr, BXO)J,HII.:(HH 13 cBa.n.e6HYlO 06PH.n.HOCTb, HaCbIII.:(eHHbIII HpO-
HHqHbIMH H BycMbICJIeI-IHbIMH IIIYTKaMH 13 a.n.pec 2KeHHXa 11 HeBeCTbI,
CBaXH, rOoCTeH, npH)J.aHoro, yrOII.:(eHHH; BKJIlOqaeT 3JIeMeI-ITbI He6bIJIlIll.,
HapO)J, OH CaTHpbI. I1cnoJIHeHHe Y. c. nopyqaeTCH 6aJIarypy (CBa-
)J.e6I-IbI!1 ApY2KKa), BJIa.n.elOII.:(eMY paeIIIHbIM CTlIXOM, nplIeMaMH Ha-
pO)J.HOH KOMHKH (13 CJIOBe H HCrrOJIHeHHl!), 3HalOII.:(eMY )J.OCKOHaJIbHO
BeCb cBa)J,e6HbIH 06PH H YMelOII.:(eMy HMnpOBH3HpOBaTb, npHMeHHHCb
K 06CTaHOBKe Ka2K)J.OH KOHKpeTHOH CBa)J.b6bI. AHaJIOrWIHbIII xapaK-
Tep HMeJIH «YKa3bI», BXO)J,HBIIIHe 13 MaCJIeHWIHYlO 06PH)J,HOCTb.
CB,?-)J.e6HbIe YKa3bI TeCH a CBH3aHbI C nonYJIHpHOH JIy60qHOH Kap-
THHKOH «P cnHCb npH)J.aHoro» H rrpOH3Be)J.eHHHMH 1OIVWpHCTHqeCKOH
PYKonHCHOH JIHTepaTypbI no)J. TeM 2Ke Ha3BaHHeM.
J1!1T.: E/lOlvlKBUCT E. 3. CBa.ll:e6HbIe YKa3bI POCToBcKoro ye3.l1:a II XYJJ:02Kec _
HlbIH !jJOJIbKJIOp. M., 1927. BblII. 2, 3; PycCKa51 .lI:eMOKpaTUqeCKa51 caTIJ:;a
i97 . BeKa I nOJJ:roT. TeKCTOB, CT. II KOMMeHT. B. n. AJJ:puaHOBOH-nepeT . M.,
YKA3ATEJIb CIO)KETOB p., TIAKA3AJIbHIK CIO)K3TAY
6., DOKA)K4I1K CIO)KETIB y.- HayqHOe CnpaBOqHOe H3)J,aHHe
(KaTaJIO ), 13 KOTOpOM yqTeHbI H cHcTeMaTH3IIpoBaHbI no e)J.HI-IOII
rrpHH5ITOH cxeMe Bce BbIHBJIeHHbIe C101KeTbI onpe)J.eJIeHI-IOrO CPOJIbK-
JIOpI-roro 2KaHpa p.I-roro HJIH HeCKOJIbKHX 3THOCOB. CYII.:(eCTBYlOT Y. c.
cKa30K, npe)J.aHHH II JIereH)J" 6 aJIJIaJ.l" H3BeCTHa nonbITKa KaTaJIOrH-
, 3all.IIH )J.pyrlIx )!(aHpOB YCTHon03THLIecKoro TBOpl.feCTBa. B HeKoTopbIX
YKa3aTeJIHX HeCKa30QHOH np03bI CHCTeMaTH3all.lIH rrpoBO)J.HTCH rro TH-
naM, MOTIIBaM, 3JIeMeHTaM, rrp5!MO II,IIH KOCBeHHO COOTHOC5!llJ,HMC5! C
ClO2KeTaMH. C03)J,aHHe Y. c. 6bIJIO BbI3BaHO rroTpe6HocTHMH HaYKH 13
ClICTeMaTH3all.HII Bce B03pacTaBrnero KOJIWleCTBa ny6JIIIKOBaBIIIHxcH
cpOJIbKJIOpHbIX MaTepIIaJIOB" 13 BbIpa60TKe 06II.:(HX (eAHHHx) KJIaCCII-
cpHKall.HOHHbIX npHHll.HnOB II cxeM, rr03BOJIHlOIIU1X He TOJIbKO yqHTbI-
BaTb, I-IO H conOCTaBJIHTb cpOJIbKJ'lOpHHe MaTepHaJIbI pa3HbIX HapOAOB.
/
I
H. D. AH)J.peeBbIM 6bIJI C03)J.aH '. C. C. PYCCKHX CKa30K, H3AaHHbIi/ 11
1929 r., H B OCHOBHOM nOAroTOBJIeH YKa3aTeJIb YKpaHI-ICKIlX CKa3f)I,.
XOTH CHCTeMa AapI-Ie He JIHIIIeHa n TeopeTWleCKOM OTHOrneH!IH p )J.a
He)J.OCTaTKOB (He BnOJIHe rrOCJIe)J.OB3TeJIbHOe pacnpe)J.eJIeHHe ClOmc-
TaB no OCHOBHbIM rpyrrrraM, HeqeTKOCTb pa3JIHqeHHH ClO2KeTa II MOTII
Ba H ,rr,p.), Y. c. c. rro 3TOH CIiCTeMe, B qaCTHocTH Y. C. C. BOCTOLIHO'
CJIaBHHCKHX Hapo.n.OB, CTaJIH He06xo)J.HMbIMH B HCCJIe)J.OBaTeJIbCKOii
pa60Te. JIYLlrnHe H3 Hall.HOHaJIbHbIX Y. C. C., COCTaBJIeHHbIX no CHCTC-
Me AT, TaKIIe, KaK nOJIbCKHH 10. KIIIH2KaHOBCKoro (BaprnaBa-BpoI.:(-
JIaB- Kp almB, 1962-1963), 5!nOHCKHH X. I1Ke)J.bI (XeJIbCHHKH, 1971),
pa3BIIBalOT H KOppeKTllpYlOT 3TY clIcTeMy.
Y. c. c. IlMelOT He TOJIbKO nparMaTHqeCKOe 3HaqeHHe, HO B H3BeCT-
Hall Mepe H I-Ienocpe)J.CTBeHHO paCKpbIBalOT 06II.:(ee II OC06eI-IHOe B CK(]-
30 L IHOJ'v1 TBOpqeCTBe pa3Hblx Hapo.n.OB.
370
y
.nUT.: RwaU.IlUpOB JI. B. BBe.ll:eHHe B HCTopmo PYCCKOH CJIOBeCHOCTH. I\Hen.
1896; C1UlpH06 A. M. CUCTeMaTUqeCKHH YKa3aTeJIb TeM U BaplJaHTOB PYCCKIIX
HapoAHbIX n::a30K I 11313. OP5IC. 1911. XVI. I\H. 4; 1912. XVII. I(H. 3; 1914.
XIX. I\H. 4; AHapeeB H. JI. YKa3aTeJIb CIW30qHblX CIOlKeTOB rro CUCTeMe AapHl'.
.n.. 1929; CYC. 1979; Hahn van L. G. Marchen llnd Sagenform II Griechisclll'
llnd albanische Marchen. Leipzig, 1864; ApHayaoB M. E'bJIrapCKUTe HapO.ll:HII
npUKa3I-m: C60pHHK 3a. HapoJJ:Hu YMoTBOpemi5I, HaYKa U KHHlKHUHa. CoIjJU5I, 1905.
I\H. 21; Bolte J., PolLVlw G. Anmerkllngen Zll der I\inder- llnd Hallsmiirchell
Zll der Bruder 'Grimm. Leipzig, 1913-1932.
JI. r. EAPAJ'
YKA3ATE,TIb TI1I10B (MOTI-mOB) HECKA304HOPI TIPO-
3bI p., DAKA3AJIbHIK TbIDAY (MATbIBAY) H5IKA3KABAn
I1P03bI 6., rrOKA34I1K TI1DIB (MOTIBIB) HEKA3KOBOr
I1P03I1 y. B OTeqeCTBeHHOH H 3apy6e2KHOH (HeMell.KOH, LJeIIICKOii,
CJIoBall.KOII, roJIJIa H.n.CKOH, AaTcKOH, cpHHCKOH) Ha IHoH JIHTep3TYpL'
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J111T.: .IJ:pemme poccui'IcKue CTUXOTBOpeHU5I, coopaHHbIe I\upllieIo .IJ:aHUJIO-
III>IM. M., 1977; O'iepeT 10. B. I\ Bonpocy 06 orrpe.ll:eJIeHUU 2KaHpa !jJa6JIuo II Yq.
::arr. MocKoBcKoro roc. rre,IJ:. UH-Ta UM. B. 11. J1eHuHa. 1970. N 382.
/0. /i, /OJI,/iH
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J1HT.: CfucT06 K. B. I1p06'1eMa KaTeropHii YCTIIOH Hapo.n:Hoii np03bI He-
CKa30qHOrO xapa. Tepa II Fabula. 1967. B. 9. H. 1-3; Sydov C. W. I\ategorien
der Prosa-Vo ksQ[chtung II Sydov. C. !V. Selected papers on folklore. Copenha-
n, 1948?.. Tdlhagen C.-H. Was 1st eme Sage? Eine Definition und Vorschlag-
fur eur?palsches Sagensystem II Acta ethnographica Academiae scientiarum
Hungancae. Budapest, 1964. T. 13, fasc. 1-4.
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B PYCCKOIl JIUTepaType XVII B. M., 1962; KpeKOTe/-lb B. I. OrroBiAaHH5I AHTOHi!l
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COKOJIOB). B COBpeMeHlIOH HayqI-IOH .!JHTepaType Ha BOCTOqHOCJIaBHH-
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HOCTblO, 6bITOM, 06bIqaHMH HapO)J.a. <D. KaK «KYJIbTypa HapOAHbIX
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CKOll ,rr,eHTeJIbHOCTH.
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J1I1T.: Kacap B E. r. CfTo. TaKoe <pOJIbKJIOp II XY;J:oLKecTBeHI{bJ}[ !jJOJIbKJIOp.
J1., 1929. T. 4 5, )f(UPlvlYflCKUU B. M. Dp06JIeMa !jJOJIbKJIOpa II CepreIO l'!>eAo-
BHqy ?JIb.ll:eHo)'pry; K n5lTHAeC5ITUJIeTUIO HayqIIO-06Il!eCTBeHHoH ;J:e5lTeJIbHOC1H.
., 1 34, . YKpalHcbKa HapO.ll:Ha nOeTUqHa TBopqicTb. I\HlB, 1958; ryceB B. E.
1'!>0JIbKJIOp. IIcTopH5I TepMIlHa Hero COBpeMeHHbIe 3HaqeHU5I II C3. 1966. N2 2;
l3eJIapycKa51 HapO,l(Ha51 BycHarra3TbI.qI-Ja51 TBOpqaC1(b: ricTOpblIW-T3ap3TbIqHae .lI:a-
Je.ll:aBaHHe. MH., 1967; 3elvll{oBcKUU H. H. Hapo;J:mm MY3bIKa U COBpel\1eHiIocTb'
" rrp06JIeMe onpe.ll:eJIeHUH !jJOJILKJIOpa II COBpeMeHIIOcTb H !jJOJIbKJIOp: CTaTbH I;
MaTepUaJIbl. M., 1977; cfJaaeeBa /1. E. C1pYKTypa !jJ0.1bKJIOpa: K Bonpocy 0 .lI:BYX
c!jJepax HapOJ.l.HOrO TBOpqeCTBa II AKTyaJIbHbIe rrpoo.1JeMbI cOBpeMemlOlI !jJ0.1bKJIO-
PUCTI1Ku. J1., 1980; CfucTOB K. B. 1'!>0JILKJIOp H HapOAHble Tpa,ll,II1(HH. J1., 1986.
B. E. rJlCEB
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Ba, KOTopoe 6bIJIO C03IJ.aHO eII.:(e B AOImeBCKHH nepHO.n., a TaKLKe B
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lIM. A. H. AcpaHacbeB, A. H. BeCeJIOBCKHH H )J.pyrne yqeHble, peKOI-I-
CTPYHPY5I 06II.:(YlO KapTHHY II OT,rr,eJIbHble 3BeHb5I B ll.enH cpOJIbKJIOp-
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npellCTTa* JIeIIHble TBOpqe )J.Pyrnx BOCTOqHbIX CJIaBflH (C lC
-122N , -126*'", -160"' 'H, 285 A, -297B*** -311C* 314B*
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o B3aHMOBJIHHHHII 6bIJIHHHOII II CKa30'IHOII TpallHll.HH C BII lleTeJIb-
cTByeT rpynrra 6eJIOpyccKHX CKa30K Ha 6bIJIl1HHble ClO2KeTbI. Hap H llY
co CKa3KaMI! 13 <D. 6. 60JIhrnOe pa3BIITIIe rrOJIyqHJIH JIereH,rr,bI, rrp e ll a -
HHH, oTpa3HBrn}le MHorHe IICTOpHqeCKHe C06bITHH, npOIlcxo)J.HBrnIH:
H 6eJIOpyccKOH 3eMJIe, a TaK2Ke 6bIJIH'IKII, a HeK1l0TbI, YCTHbIe pac-
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a 2KH3 Il H" nOllBHraX COBeTCKIlX JIlO,rr,eIi 130 BpeMH BeJIIIK0l1 OTeqeCT-
BeHHOlI BOIlHbI.
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YTBep}K,rr,eHlle BhICOKHX HpaBcTBeHHblx H)J.eaJIOB. Hapo,rr,HbIH TeaTp'
nOCJIe,rr,HHe rrOCTaHOBKil KOTOpOro 3acpHKcIIpoBaHbI 13 1962 r., pa3BIl
lIa.rICH 13 llBYX OCHOBHbIX cpopMax: KYKOJIbHbIH - 6aTJIeHKa (CM.) H
Tl'aTp «2KIIBOrO aKTepa». B HeM rrpOHBHJIHCb 06II.:(He qepTbI C YKpaIIH-
I"KlIM, PYCCKIIM H rrOJIbCKHM TeaTpOM, H B TO 2Ke BpeMH TeCHa5I CBH3b
" xY1l02KeCTBeHHbIMH Tpa)J.HllHHMH 6eJIOpYCCKoro HapOlla, llIIIpOKoe
IICnOJIb30BaHlIe neceH, CKa30qHbIX ClO2KeTOB H 06pa30B orrpe)J.eJII1JIH
('1'0 Hall.HOHaJIbHOe cBoe06pa3He.
Oc06aH 06JIaCTb <D. 6.- lleTCKHH cpOJIbKJIOp, npe)J.cTaBJIHlOII.:(HII
('060H TBOpqeCTBO llJIH )J.eTeH H caMHX lleTeH; 06'bellHHHeT npoH3Be-
,l eHHH pa3JIH'IHbIX 2KaHpOB H BH1l0B: KOJIbI6eJIbHbIe neClm, nOTernKIl,
IIccTyrnKH, )J.pa3HIIJIKII, CqIlTaJIKH, 3aKJIHqKH H T. n.
C KOHll.a XIX B.-Haq. XX B. 13 EeJIapycH pacnpocTpaHHeTcH pe-
1I0JIlOll.IlOHHaH rr033HH, cpopMHpyeTcH cpOJlbKJIOp pa60qnx, rro npeHMY-
lIJ;ecTBY neceHHbII1. TIpo)J.OJI2KaeT 6bIToBaTb Tpa)J.Hll.HOHHbIH CPOJIbK-
.110p, pacrnilpHlOTcH TeMaTHqeCKHe paMKH neCCH H LIaCTyrneK, aHeK-
IlOTOB. EOJIbrnOe KOJIHqeCTBO npOII3Be)J.elmH 6bIJIO C031laHO 13 rO)J.bI Be-
,III-IKOII OTeqeCTBeI-IHOH BOHHbI. TIapTH3aHcKHH cpOJIbKJIOp, KaK H caMO
lIapTH3aHcKoe llBH2KeHHe B EeJIapyclI, rrOJIyqHJI IIIIIpoKoe pa3BIlTHe.
B HeM 3aneqaTJIeH BCeHapOllHbIH xapaKTep 60pb6bI C 3aXBaTqIIKaMH,
I'CpOlI3M napTH3aH, pa306JIaqalOTCH Y2KaCbI npIIHeceIIHoro cparnncTa-
MH «HOBoro rropH,rr,Ka», rrOKa3aHbI CTpallaHIlH JIlOlleH, OCTaBrnHXCH Ha
::axBaqeI-IHOH BparoM 3eMJIe, n Tex, KTO 6bIJI yrHaH B cparnHcTcKYlO
lIeBOJIlO, Bblpa2KeHa YBepeHHocTb B n06elle Hall cparnII3MOM.
PaCCMaTpHBaH <D. 6. KaK 06II.:(eHall.HOHaJIbHOe HBJIelme, MbI 13 TO
iKe BpeMfl BbIlleJIHeM 13 HeM TaKlIe perHOHbI, KaK lI.eHTpaJIbHbIII, Bo-
CTOqHbIH (TIOllHerrpOBCKHH), TIo03epbe, BOCTOqHOe TIOJIeCbe, 3anall-
1I0e TIOJIeCbe, OTJIHqalOII.:(IleCH llpyr aT )J.Pyra 13 nepBYlO Oqepe)J.b CJIO-
iKIIBrnHMIICH 31leCb cpOJIbKJIOpHO-3THorpacpH'IeCKlIMII KOMnJIeKCaMH H
06pH,rr,OBOH rr0331IeH. JIyqrnlIe npOH3BelleHIIH <D. 6. ony6JIHKOBaHbI 13
.to TOMax cepHH «EeJIapycKaH Hapo)J.HaH TBOpqacll.b».
J1I1T.: KapcKuii E. ifJ. EeJIOPycbI. 1916; TiJle6i'l H. C. Hallia pO,i(HaH rreCH5I.
M.H., 1963; OH lce. I1a3TbIKa 6eJIapYCKix 3ara.ll:aK. MH., 1976; EJWT06 B. 11. J1a-
!(UBbIe OCHOBLI 6eJIOpyccKOH HapoAHoH MY3bIKU. MH., 1964; OH e. PIITMHqeCKHe
OCliOBbl 6eJIOpycCKOH HapO.ll:HOH MY3bIKU. MH., 1966; ON e. NleJIo.n:I1'IeCKUe
OCHOBbI 6eJIOPyccIWH Hap0,LI.HOH MY3bIKH. MH., 1970; OH lCe. rIecHH BOCTO'IHOCJIa-
BHHCKOH 06mHoCTU. MH., 1977; Eapac .T!. r. EeJIapycIw5I Ka3Ka. N1H., 1969; rpblN-
'lhlK M. l'!>aJIbKJIOpHblH TpaAbI bIi y 6eJIapycKaH .lI:aKaCTpbIqHi Kail rra33ii. MH.,
1969; Ka6aumiKay K. JI. A,LI. TpaAbI blHHara !jJaJIbKJIOpy Aa p3BaJIIO bIHHai'I rra33ii.
MH., 1969; ON e. EeJIapYCKa-PYCKi51 !jJaJIbKJIOpHbI5I CYBH3i. MH., 1988; 3axapa6a B.,
/'aBil{Ki B. 3 2KbIBaTBOpHbIX KpblHi . N1H., 1970; ll,iLU'IaHKa I. K. EeJIapycKaH
'iacrYlliKa. MH., 1971; Mo eiiKO 3. H. I1eceHHaH KYJIbTypa 6eJIOpyccKoro I10JIeCbH:
(:CJIO TOHe2K. MH., 1971; OHa e. I\aJIeH.lI:apHO-rreceHHaH KYJIbTypa EeJIOpyccHII.
Mil., 1985; .TIic A. C. I\yrraJIbCKiH rrecHi. MH., 1974; /JJblplita PblcOp. rIecHH -
!I.yma HapoAa. MH., 1976; EapTaLU36iti r. A. BeplliaBaHblH 2KaHpbI 6eJIapycKara
!(.,i Hqara <i>aJIbKJIOPY. MH., 1976; OHa e. EeJIapYCKaH HapOAHaH rra33iH BeCHa-
Bora '-'bIKJIa i CJIaBHHCKa51 !jJaJIbKJIOpHaH TpaAbI bI5I. MH., 1986; OHa e. Mariq-
II:lC CJIOBa. N1H., 1989; Ca;w6eii .T!. M. EeJIapycIwH HapoAHaH 6aJIaAa. MH., 1978;
chldociK A. C. I1pa6JIeMbl 6eJIapycKaii HapO.ll:HaH caTbIpbl. N1H., 1978; BacuJte-
1111'1 B. A. BOCTO'IHOCJIaBHHCKaH IOMOpUCTUqeCKaH rreCHH. MH., 1979; rypcKuii A. 11.
:JIIMIIHH rr033UH 6eJIOpycoB. MH., 1980; JIeTp06CKafi r. A. EeJIOpyccKHe COW-IaJIb-
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Ho-6bITO bIeu rreCHII. MH., .1982; EeJIapYCKaH BycHarra3TbIqHaH TBOpqaC b I K II.
I\a6alliHIKay, A. C. I'!>.HAOCIK,. A. C. J1ic i iHlli. MH., 1983; Ta6/laii r. B. EeJIoPYl'
CKoe I\yrraJIbe. MH., 1986; JIIC. A. C. BaJIaq06HbI.H rrecHi. MH., 1989; CfypKo /0. JVI.
EeJIOPyccKIIii xopeorpa!jJUqeClmH !jJOJIbKJIOp. MH., 1990.
K. JI. KAEAlllHI1KOll
<DOJlbK.TIOP BHEOEP5IJJ:OBbITI p., <DA.TlbK.TIOP TIA3AAE-
PAJJ:ABbI 6., <DO.TlbI\.TIOP TI03AOEP5IJJ:OBHTI y. OXBaTbIBaeT
rrpOH3Bel1eHHH pa3.TIH'IHbIX BH110B H 2KaHpOB, He CBH3aHHble C KaJIeH-
AapHbIMH, ceMeHHbIMH JIH60 OKa3HOHaJIbHbIMH 06pH)J.aMH H He BXO)J.H-
II.:(Hue 13 IIX CTPYKTYPY. OTHOCHTeJIbHO cB060)J.eH aT pHl1a perJIaMeHTa-
ll.lIlI, B T M qHCJIe H no BpeMeHH IICnOJIHeHHH, XOTH 13 CHJIY MeCTHbIX
Tpal1lIll.lUI HeKOTopbIe BHe06pH110BbIe neCHH THroTelOT K onpel1eJIeH-
HbIM 06pHl1aM, C03)J.aBaH rrepHcpepHlO 06pH)J.OBoro H)J.pa.
CM. TaK)Ke C:PO/lbKJWp n030HeTpaouquoHHblU H JIHT.
K. JI. KAEAlllHI1KOn
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CM. C:PO/lbK/lOp cBaoe6HblU.
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<D0uJIbKJIOP MICbKHTI y.- cpOJIbKJIOp, C03l1aHHbIH H nCrrOJIHHe-
MbIlI pa3JInqHbIMH CJIOHMH rOpOl1CKOrO HaCeJIeHHH, B TOM qnCJIe pe-
MeCJIeHHHKaMH H pa60qHMH, a TaK2Ke T. Ha3. rOpOl1CKHMH rm3aMH -
JIaKeHMH, rrpa'IKaMH, KyxapKaMII, H3B03qHKaMH, MeJIKHMH qHHOBHII-
KaMH, pa3HOC'IIIKaMH H T. II.
HaH60JIee paCIIpOCTpaHeHHbIe II THrrHqHble 2KaHpbI <D. L- JIlO-
60BHaH JIHpIIKa, pOMaHCbI, qacTyrnKH, aJIb60MHble CTIIXH, CaTllpHqe-
CKHe, O JIHqHTeJIbHbIe neCIU pa60qHX, C0311aBaeMbIe rro THrry rrpOII3-
Bel1eHIIH rrpocpeCCIlOHaJIbHOH JIHTepaTypbI (JIeKCHKa, KyrIJIeTHOCTh,
pHcpMa, rr03THqeCKHe rnTaMrrbI n rrp.); aHeK)J.OTbI, npe)J.aHHH, MeMopa-
TbI. B nOHHTue <D. r. BKJIlOqalOTCH H 2KaHpbI nJIOII.:(a)J.Horo, HpMapOll-
HorO cpOJIbKJIOpa.
<D. L PYCCKHX, YKpaHIIIJ.eB H 6e.'10pYCOB B 60JIbrneli HJIII MeHbrnci'l
CTerreHII onHpaeTCH Ha Hall.HOHaJIbHbIe Tpal1Hll.HII H 13 TO 2Ke BpeMIi
nMeeT MHoro 06II.:(HX qepT, oc06eHHO 13 neceHHOM perrepTyape, 3IIaqH-
TeJIbHYlO 'IaCTb KOTOpOro COCTaBJIHlOT cpOJIbKJIOpH3HpOBaHHbIe rrpo-
H3Bel1eHHH rr03TOB, a TaK2Ke B penepTyape ropO)J.CKHX 6bITOBbIX Tan
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J1I1T.: KYSb/illlHa B.)1,. PYCCKUH AelvlOKpaTIIqeCKUH TeaTp XVIII BeKa. M.,
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.1]IO IIOHHblII rrepIIO.ll:. J1., 1971; EOcaTfJtpe6 JI. r. XYAO}/{eCTBeHHble cpeAcTBa II
IOMOpnCTIIqeCKOIvI HpMapOqHOM !jJOJIbKJIOpe II EocaTfJtpe6 JI. r. BorrpocbI TeOpJfIl
HapO.ll:HOrO HCKyccTBa. M., 1971; lllan06a/l06a r. r. .IJ:epeBeHcKaH qaCTYlliKa 1\
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,"pllite (J1eHIIHrpaA) II 3THOrpa!jJIIqeCKOe IICCJIe,ll,OBaHIIe CeBepo-3anaA CCC :
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11,,/,p/JI/l06a A. <P. HeIwTopbIe oc06eHHoCTII CTIIJIH rOpO,ll,CKOrO 3peJII:lIJ. HOrO !jJOJIb-
, ,Hllpa II I103TuKa UCKyccTBa CJIOBa. BopOHeLK, 1978; OfIa e. pyccKHe I-IapOAHbIe
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(:III'PAJIOBCK, 1980. BbIIl. 5; 116afw6 E. JI. l'VleTKoe MOCKOBCK?e CJIOBO. l ., 1982:
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A. <P. HEKPb!.TIOBA
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1'1\1!I1, 71. QeqOT, TI. B. IIIeI1H, 3. Pal1qeHKO, E. POMaHoB). TIpon3Be-
Ill'lIUH <D. )J.. KJIaCcHcpHll.HPYlOTC5I pa3HbIMH yqeHbIMH B 3aBHCHMOCTH
0'1' (PYHKll.HOIIaJIbHOH pOJIH, oc06eHHocTeH npOHCX02K)J.eHHH H 6bITOBa-
IIUIl, xY1102KeCTBeI-IHOli cpOpMbI H cnoc060B ucnOJII-IeHHH. 011 HOB peMeH-
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CTH, )J.eJIHTCH Ha cpOJIbKJIOp HrpOBOH H BHeHrpOBOH. K HrpOBOMY
cpOJIbKJIOpy CJIel1yeT OTHOCHTb He TOJIbKO npOII3Be)J.eHlI5I, CBH3aHHble
C ClO2KeTHO-OpraHII30BaHHbIMH MOTOpHbIMH )J.elrCTBHHMH, HO H T. Ha3.
CJIOBeCHbIe HrpbI. 3TO H caMH IIrpbI, H conYTCTBylOIl.:(IIe HM KOMnOHeH-
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C'IHTaJIKH (CM.), .iKepe6beBKH, a TaK)!{e necTyrnKH, nOTernKH. K CJIO-
BeCHbIM HrpaM, KpOMe CKoporOBopOK, npHHHTO OTHOCHTb MOJIqaHKH,
CeqKH, JJ,HaJl0rHqeCKIIe Cll.eHKII H )J.p. BHeHrpoBoH <D. )J.. qpe3BbIqaHHO
pa3I-I006pa3eH: rreCHII, 3aKJIHqKH, npH6aYTKH, npHrOBopbI, )J.pa3HHJIKH,
H3)J.eBKH, 3aral1KH, CTHrnKH, CKa3KH, CTparnHJIKH, aHeKAOTbI.
<D. )J.. npHcyII.:(a nOJIHcpYHKll.HOHaJIbHOcTb. YTHJIHTapHO-npaKTHqe-
CKaH CPYHKUHH npoH3Be)J.eHHlr pa3HbIX 2KaHpOB COqeTaeTCH C )J.pyrH-
MH _ rr03HaBaTeJIbHOH, BocnHTaTeJIbHOH, MHeMOHHqeCKOH, 3CTeTHqe-
CK0I1. TIpHKJIaA!-IOH xapaKTep <D. 11. onpeAeJIHeT era xY1102KeCTBeHHYlO
CPOPMY, pHTMI1KY, 06pa3HYlO CHCTeMY, nO)J.60p KOHKpeTHbIX cpeACTB
xY)J.02KeCTBe!-IHOH Bblpa3HTeJIbHOcTH. Ha cO)J.ep2KaHIIe H CPOPMY Ka2K-
)J.OH rpynnbI <D. )J.., KpOMe Taro, CYII.:(eCTBeI-IHO BJIHHlOT B03paCTHble
oc06eHHOCTH nCHXOJIOrr-III II MHpOBocnpHHTHH )J.eTeH, a TaK)Ke COll.H-
aJIbHO-HCTOpHQeCKHe II 6bITOBbIe YCJIOBIIH pa3BHTHH 06II.:(eCTBa. KaK
HIIKaKHe ApyrHe BHl1bI. 2KaHpbI, <D. 11. BocnpHHMqIIB K H3MeHeHHHM.
3BOJIlOll.HH nOl1BepralOTCH H caMH npOH3Be)J.eHHH <D. A., H )KaHpOBbIH
COCTaB era. XapaKTepHaH oc06eH!-IOCTb <D. 11. Ha cOBpeMeHHoM 3Ta-
ne _ YMeHbrnelme pOJII-I TpaAHll.IIOHHbIX cpOpM 3a CqeT YCHJIeHHH ro-
pOl1CKOrO TBOp'IeCTBa.
J1I1T.: BUI-IOcpaa06 r. .IJ:eTCKa51 caTHpUqeCKaH JIUplma. I1pKYI.CK, 1925; 0/-1 lCe.
PYCCKHH JJ.eTCKUH !jJOJIbKJIOp. I1PKYTCK, 1940. I\H. 1; EapTaUl36l'1 r. A. Bepllia-
BaHbIH :;KaHpbI 6eJIapycKara A3i Hqara !jJaJIbKJIOPY. MH., 1976; J],06 e1 oK r. 1 :
YKpalHcbKuH JJ.UTHqIIH !jJOJIbKJIOp. KHlB, 1981; MeAbHlIK06 M. H. PYCCKHU AeTCKilll
!jJOJIbKJIOp. M., 1987.
r. A. EAPTAlllEBI1'/
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JIOP JJ:AKJ1ACABArA rPAMAJJ:CTBA 6., cDOJIbKJ10P JJ:OKJIJ\..
COB oro C lCTIIJIbCTBA y.- CPOJIbK.'1OP pa3JIHqHbIX IICTOPWIl'
CKIIX nepIIo;:r,OB, npe)J.llIeCTBYlOII.:(HX 3noxe KJIacco06pa30BaHHH. JJ:.1I\1
0603HaqeHHH Taro }Ke nOHHTHH mror)J.a HCnOJIb3YlOTCH orrpe)J.eJIeHJI\I
«,rr,OIICTOpIIqeCKIIlr» HJIH «p aI-IHeTp aAHll.HOHHbIH» cpOJIbKJIOp (CM.) .
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<D. 11. o. HeT. PeTpocrreKTHBHbIH aHaJIH3 apXaHqeCKHX 2KaHpOB 6eJIII
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C cpOJIbKJIOpOM )J.pyrHx HapO,D,OB Ha CTa)J.HH pO)J.onJIeMeHHOH 06Il.:(JIII
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IH JIlOLlaBrnHX rreCHH, IIrpbI, pHTyaJIbHble AeHCTBa. Pa3BIIT 6bIJI noxO-
pOI-IHbIH 06PH)J., COrrpOB02K)J.aBrnIIi'rcH npHqHTaHHHMH. B paMKax
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.IKCI-IbI qepTbI C0103HO-)J.orOBopHbIX OTHOllIeHHH qeJIOBeKa co 3BepCM,
'ITa xapaKTepHO )J.JIH TOTeMH3Ma. B BOJIrne6HbIX CKa3Kax npOCJIe2KH-
nalOTCSI CTPYKTypHbIe ocoqeHHocTH II nepCOHa2KH 06pH)J.a HHHll.IIaUHH
na OXOTHHqbelr H paHHeH arpapHOH CTa)J.HII (MIIp CMepnI, KYAa nona-
JlaeT rep0I1; rrOHCKII HeBeCTbI; HcnbITaHHe repOH H T. n.). K ApeBHeH-
lUHM cpOJIbKJIOpHbIM MOTHBaM 110KJIaCCOBOro 06II.:(eCTBa, IWllIe)J.rnHM
OTpa}KeIIHe B 6bIJIHHaX, OTI-IOC5ITCH KynaHHe, OMOBeI-IHe, HcnHTHe 130-
,rr,bI l1JIH npH06peTeI-IHH cBepx06blqI-IbIX CBOHCTB (KYnaHHe JJ:06PbII-III
H BaCHJIHH EYCJIaeBa, HCll.eJIelme HJIbH MYPOMll.a H T. n.), nOIICKH
.IKeHbI (MIIXaHJIO I10TbIK H )J.p.), 60pb6a C qy)J.OBHIl.:(eM )J.JIH OCB0602K-
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CJIO)KHee II np06JIeMaTHqI-Iee Bonpoc a npHypOqeHHH K 3noxe AO-
KJIaCCOBOro 06Il.:(eCTBa cBa)J.e6I-Ioro cpOJIbKJIOpa (peqb M02KeT H)J.TH
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IIOH JIHplI'IeCKOlr rreCI-IH.
B OTJIHqHe aT I-IayqHOlr rnKOJIbI E. JJ:. rpeKOBa TaKHe COBpeMeH-
lIbIe HCTOpHKII, KaK H. 5L <DpOHI-IOB H )J.p., paCCMaTpHBalOT nepHO)J.
JlpeBHepYCCKOH HCTOpHH )J.O XIII B. KaK )J.ocpeoAaJIbHbIH II )J.OKJIaCCO-
BbIH. OTclO)J.a pa3JIHqHH B TpaKToBKe ClO2KeTOB H 2KaI-IpOB, 'ITa OCO-
6eHHO KacaeTCH 6bIJIHI-II-IOrO 3rroca (I-Ianp., OTHeceHHe ClO2KeTa a JJ:1O-
KC K paI-II-IeKHeBCKOli 3noxe HJIH K XVI-XVII 1313., HCKOHHOCTb IIJIII
IIpI1BHeCeHHocTb 13 ClO2KeT a JJ:06pbII-Ie-3Mee60pll.e xpHcTHaHcKIIx MO-
TIIBOB II T. n.).
J1I1T.: JIoTe6HJI A. a MH!jJHqeCKOM 3Ha<IeHUU HeKOTopbIX 06pHAOB H rrOBe-
pUH. M., 1865; ANU'lIW6 E. B. 5!3bIqeCTBO H ApeBHHH PYCb. CI16., 1914; Bece-
A06CKUii A. H. I1CTopHqeCKaH rr03THKa. J1., 1940; rOUl06CKUii B. JI. Y HCTOKOB
napoJJ:HoH MY3Wlli CJIaBHH. M., 1971; 116afw6 B. B., Tonop06 B. H. I1cCJIe.ll.OBa-
HIIH 13 06JIaCTH CJIaBHHCIlliX .lI:peBHocTeH. M., 1974; Pbl6aK06 E. A. 5!3bIqeCTBO
lweBHllx CJIaBHH. lVl., 1981; <PpOJlH06 11. H., lOaw{ /0. 11. 06 HCTopH<IecKux oc-
HOBax pycCKoro 6bIJIeBOrO 3rroca II Pyc. JIUT. 1983. N2 2; ralilKpeAUaSe T. B.,
llcafw6 B. B. I1HJJ.oeBporreHcKHH H3W{ II HHAoeBpOrreH bI. T6HJIUCH, 1984. I\H. 1-
2; flponn B. H. I1CTopHqeCKHe KOpHH BOJIllie6HOH CKa3Im. 2-e II3A. n., 1986.
10. 11. 1OJ],I1H
cDOJ1bKJIOP D,OPEBOJIIOUI10HHbITI p., <DAJIbKJ10P JJ:A-
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TepMHH, B03HHKllIHH 13 cOBeTcK0I1 cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKe B CBH3H C He06xo-
JlHMOCTblO pa3rpaHHqeHHH HOBoro 3Tana pa3BHTHH IwpOl1HOrO TBOp-
qeCTBa, OTJIWIalOII.:(erOCH aT cpOJIbKJIOpa npe)J.bI)J.yII.:(HX 3rrox II)J.eliHo-
TCMaTH'IeCKHM cO)J.ep2KarmeM, CTHJIHCTHKOH H )J.p. OC06eHl-IOCTHMH.
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,JJ,orrYCKaJI CYIl.:(eCTBOBaHHe HCTOpHqeCKHX neceH, CTaBrnHX O)J.HHM H3
UCTOqHHKOB HCTOpHqeCKOrO JIeTOrrHcaHHH. B CB5I3H C Heo,rr,HOKpaTHbIM
YIIOMHI-IaHHeM B nHCbMeH!-IbIX HCTOqHHKaX CKOMOPOXOB, nJIHCOK, MY-
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HbIX rreceH, npImeBOK K TaHuaM, 3ap02Kl1eHHe )J.paMaTHqeCKOrO )J.eli-
CTBa, lOMOpHCTHqeCKOli H CaTHpH'IeCKOH IIp03bI. HapO)J.HaH IIp03a
6bIJIa npe)J.CTaBJIeHa TaK)Ke BOJIlIIe6HbIMH CKa3KaMH H CKa3KaMH a
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l'TBa H OTpa3HJIO HOBbIH 3Tan 06Il.:(eCTBeHHoro caMOC03HaHHH. llHKJIH-
:WUHH 6bIJIHH BOKpyr KHeBa H HOBropO)J.a He HCKJIlOqaeT, 110 MHeHHlO
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MHoro 06Il.:(HX qepT 13 2KaHpOBOM COCTaBe, rr03THKe, <D. )J.. H. B TO 2Ke
BpeMH cOXpaHHJI HeMaJIO MeCTHbIX OTJIHqHH, 06YCJIOBJIeHHbIX HeO)J.H-
llaKOBbIM KYJIbTypHbIM ypOBHeM 06'beAHHeHHbIX B e)J.HHoe rOCY)J.apCT-
no I1JIeMeI-I, MeCTHbIMH Tpa)J.Hll.HHMH, pa3JIH'IHHMH B H3bIKe H )J.p.
<j>aKTopaMil. B pH)J.e CJIyqaeB 3TH OTJIHqHH 3aKpeIIHJIHCb H npe)J.OIIpe-
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.Hopa.
J1I1T.: KapCKuii E. <P. EeJIOPycbI. 1916; rpyme6cbKuii M. kropi51 YKpalHcb-
KOl JIiTepaTYpu. KUlB; J1bBiB, 1923. T. 1-4; flt.IKUCPOp06 A. 11. 1'!>0JIbKJIOp I\neB-
CKoro rreplIOAa II I1CTOpHH PYCCKOH JIHTepaTypbI. M.; J1., 1941. T. 1; P06w-lco/-l
.IL H. 1'!>0JIbKJIOp II I1CTOPUH KYJIbTypbI .IJ:peBHeH PyCU. 1\11.; n., 1951. T. 2; J1u-
Xll'te6 )1,. C. HapoAHoe rr03THqeCKOe TBOpqeCTBO BpeMeHH pac BeTa APeBHepyc-
,'Iwro paHHe!jJeO.ll.aJIbHOrO rocY,ll,apcTBa: X-XI BB. II PycCKoe HapoAHoe rr03TlI-
'ICCKoe TBOpqeCTBo. M.; J1., 1953. T. 1; 0/-1 e. HapoAHoe rr03THqeCKOe TBOpqeCT-
'\0 13 rOAbI !jJeO,ll,aJIbHOH pa3AP06JIeHHOCTH PYCH - AO Ta1:apO-MOHrOJIbCKOrO
ll;ImeCTBH5I: XII- Haq. XIII B. II TaM JKe.
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311aBaJIOCb ua IIpOTH2KeHHH pH)J.a 3nox, BnJIOTb )J.O Haq. XX B. B <D. A.
HaI160JIee nOJIHO H IIOCJIe,rr,OBaTeJIbHO rrpOHBJIHlOTCH TaKHe CBOHCTBa
cpOJIbKJIOpa, KaK KOJIJIeKTHBHOCTb, Tpa)J.Hll.HOHHOCTb, YCTHOCTb, Ba-
pHaHTHOCTb, npe)J.CTaBJIeHbI BCe BH)J.bI H 2KaHpbI Hapo,rr,Horo TBOpqe-
CTBa BOCTO'IHbIX CJIaBHH. <D. A. OCTaeTC5I Ba2KHOH COCTaBHOII 'IaCTblO
COBpeMeHImil )J.YXOBHOH KYJIbTypbI.
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[-IAJIbHbI 0., <DOJIbI\JIOP HAUIOHAJIbHHI1 y.- pe3YJIbTaT
TpaHccpopMall.I1I1 panr-IIIX cpOJIbKJIOpr-IbIX cpOpM (CM. <POJlbKJWp o61qe-
T-lal.{UOT-taJibT-lblii), orrpe)1eJIHeMOH Hall.I10HaJIbHbIM xY)J.02KeCTBeHHbIM
C03HaI-IIIeM H oc06eHHOCTHMI1 MI1pOBOCnpHHTHH KOHKpeTHoro HapO)J.a,
06YCJIOBJIenribIMlI cBoe06pa3IIeM era 6bITHH II Hall.HOHaJIbHOH I1CTO-
pIlIl. 3Ta 06II.:(aH 3aKOHOMepHOCTh cpeHOTHrra HaUIIOHaJIbHoro 13 pa3-
HbIX )!(aHpOBbIX CI1CTeMaX HMeeT CBOH 3aKOHbI 3CTeTH'IeCKOH peaJIIl-
3all.IIII. Hx xapaKTep H Cnell.HcpHKa Hall.HOHaJIbHOrO BOrrJIOII.:(eHHH 130
I'vIHOrOM 3aBHCHT aT Taro 6bITOBoro I'vIaTepHaJIa, KOTOpbIH «H36paH»
TeM I1JIH IIHbIM .iKaHpOM. Harrp., 06II.:(e3THorpacpH'IeCKaH OCHOBa CKa-
30'IHOrO TIma a «HH3KOM» repoe Ha BOCTO'IHOCJIaBHHCKOH rrOqBe B
COOTBeTCTBI1H C 3THIIQeCKHMH oc06eHHOCTHMII MIIHopaTa peaJIIl30Ba-
JIaCb B 1I3BeCTI-IOH ClO2KeTl-IOII TeMe «CHBKa-EYPKa» (AT 530) C HpIm
Bblpa2KeHilbIMII HaUHOHaJIbHblMH rrpH3HaKaMII 13 pa3BHTIIH ClO2KeTa
H 13 oc06eHHocTHX H)J.eaJIH3all.HlI «xapaKTepa» MJIa)J.rnero 6paTa. (B
CKa3Kax Hapo,rr,oB, nepe)KHBrnHX HHYlO CPOPMY MHHopaTa, cBH3almYIo
C pa3JI02KeI-IIIeM aBYHKYJIaTa (MeJIaHe3HHll.bI, naJIeOa3HaTbI), ll.eIIT-
paJIbHbIM repoeM CTaJI 6eAHbIli CI1pOTKa.)
HCxo)J.Hble cpOpMbI Hall.IIOHaJIbHoro pa3HoBpeMeHHbI. OI-III Mary-I'
6bITb 60JIee parmIIMI1 (apXaHqeCKHMH) II 13 onpe)1eJIeHHOM CMbICJH'
J1I1T.: MeJleTUHCKuii E. M. repoH BOJIIJIe6HOH CKa3KM: flPOucxoiKAeHue 06-
pa3a. M., 1958; ral{aK B. M. I1p06JIeMbI u3yqeHHH KOHKpeTHo-Ha HOHaJIbHOrO U
o6IIJ.ero 13 !jJOJIbKJIOpe I I HaIlHOHaJIbHOe H HHTepHa IlOHaJIbHOe 13 JII1TepaTYPe,
(POJIbKJIOpe H 513bIKe. I\I1lliI1HeB, 1971; H06UK06 H. B. 06pa3bI BOCTOqHOCJIaBHHCKoH
BOJIllie6HOH CKa3KH. J1., 1974; Eapac .T!. r. 31HHqeCKOe U MeiK3THllqeCKOe 13 CKB-
;JO'IHOM 3noce BOCTOqHOCJIaBHHCKllX HapoAoB II I1p06JIeMbI !jJOJIbKJIOpa. M., 1975;
COKOJlOBa B. K. COOTHollieHue Ha UOHaJIbHbIX H 06mux 3JIeMeHTOB 13 rrpeAaHl!5IX II
llp06JIeMbI !jJOJIbKJIOpa. Nt, 1975; JIYTUJl06 E. H. I1p06JIeMbI TUrrOJIOrml 3THorpa-
cjmqeCKHX cBH3eH !jJOJIbKJIOpa II 1'!>0JIbKJIOp U 3THorpa!jJuH: CBH3H !jJOJIbli:JIOpa C
!weBHHMu rrpeACTaBJIeHUHMll H 06pH.lI:aMu. J1., 1977; Ka6aumiKay K. JI. IHT3p-
JIB bI5IHaJIbHae i Ha bI5IHaJIbHae Ba YCXO,ll,HeCJIaBHHCKaH HapoAHaH rra33ii BHJIiKBIJ.
AiiqblHHaH BaHHbI. N1H., 1982; ryce6 B. E. 1'!>0JIbKJIOp KaK !jJaKTop B3aHMOJl,eHCT-
HUH COBpeMeHHbIX KYJIbTYP BOCToqHOCJIaBHHCKUX HapOAOB: IX NleiKAYHapoAHbdi
C"Le3,l1, CJIaBHCTOB: I1CTOpllH, KYJIbTypa, 3THorpa!jJHH H !jJOJILKJIOp CJIaBHHCKIIX Ha-
pOAOB. M., 1983; COKOJl06a B. K. Oc06eHHoCTM KaJ1eH.lI.apHbIX 06p5lAOBblX rreceH
nOCTOqHbIX U lOiKHbIX CJIaBHH II TaM Me; Ka6aLUHUK06 K. JI., Q'>e80CUK A. C. Tpa-
!(U l!OHHbIH !jJOJIbKJIOp 13 HalliU AHM II 1'!>0JIbKJIOpHOe HaCJIeAHe HapO}J.OB CCCP U
,'oBpeMeHHOCTb. I\HlliuHeB, 1984.
E. M. llIACTI1HA
392
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<DOJIbKJIOP 05JIACTHOVI p., <I:>AJIbKJIOP AE.TIACHbI 6.,
<I:>OJIbK.TIOP OEJIACHI1VI y.- cpOJIbKJIOp 06JIaCTH, pemOHa, 13 Toi-i
IIJIH UHOl I CTeneHI-I OTJIH'IalOII.:(I1HCH 01' cpOJIbKJIOpa Bcero )J.aIIHoro 3T-
HWleCKoro MaCCHBa IIJIH 06II.:(eHall.IIOHaJIbHoro. B 3TOM CMbICJIe Tep-
MIIH COBna,rr,aeT C 6JII13KHM no 3HaqeHIllO -- «perilOHaJIbHbII1» (CM.),
OTlfaCTlI - C TepMIIHOM «aYTeHTHqHbIH» (CM.). YrroTpe6JIeHile no-
CJIe].I.HIIX 13 HaYKe rrpe,rr,nOqTIITeJIbHee, TaK KaK TepMIUJ: <D. o. HeceT Ha
ce6e OTrre'IaTOK all!\HIHI1CTpaTHBHoro )J.eJIeHHH, KOTopoe qaCTO He
COBna)J.aeT C peaJIbHbIMU cpOJIbK.'IOpHO-3THorpacpHqeCKIIMII perHOHa-
MIL D03TOMY npIIHHTble 13 I13AaTeJIbCKOH npaKTHKe Ha3BaHHH c60p-
HIIKOB cpO.'IbKJIOpa no cyII.:(eCTBYlOII.:(eMY a)J.MHHHCTpaTHBHOMY HaHMe-
HOBaHIIlO HMelOT YCJIOBHbIli xapaKTep.
J1ET.: EeJIapycKi !jJaJIbKJIOp Y cyqaCHbIX 3arricax: Ep3C KaH B06JI. TpaAbI-
bIHHLlH }/'mHpLi I CKJIaA. B. A. 3axapaBa. N1H., 1973; EeJIapycKi !jJaJIbKJIOp Y cy-
qaCHbIX 3arricax: TpaJJ:bI bIHHbIH LKaHpbl. rOMeJIbCKaH B06JIaC b I YKJIaA. B. A.
3axapaBa, P. M. I\aBaJIeBa, B. .IJ:. J1i BiHKa. YKJIa.ll:. MY3. qac1I\i Y. I. ParoBiq.
MH.. 1989; JIasapeB A. 11. 06pa30BaHue 06JIaCTHbIx eHTpoB pyccKoro HapoAHo-
n03TH'J(,CKoro TBOpqeCTBa 13 npouecce !jJOpMupoBaHHH PYCCKOH Ha IIU ;1 Yq. 3arr.
EuikKoro rrejJ,. UH-Ta. 1958. BbIII. 2; EJlaT06 B. 11. flecHu BOCTOqHOCJIaBHHCKoH
!jJOJIbKJIOpHOH 06ll\HOCTlI. N1H., 1977; MeAbHuK06 M. H. PerHOHaJIbHOe cBoe06pa-
3ue !jJ0_1LKJIOpa CU6IIpHKOB II PI'!>: I10JIeBble UCCJIeAOBaHUH. J1., 1984; l11.yp06 B. M.
a pernOHaJIbHbIX TpajJ,II IIHX 13 PYCCKOM HapOAHOM MY3bIKaJIbHOM TBOpqeCTBe II
MY3bIKaJILHaH !jJOJIbKJIOpHCTHKa. M., 1986. BbIII. 3.
K. JI. KAEAlllHI1KOB
<I:>OJIbKJIOP OEP5IJJ:OBbIVI p., <DAJIbK,TIOP AEPAJJ:ABbI
6., <DO.TlbK.TIOP OEP5IJJ:OBHVI y.- CJIOBeCHO-MY3bIKaJIbHbIe, )J.pa-
MaTHlJ.eCKHe, I1rpOBble, xopeorpacpH'IeCKIIe 2KaHpbI, HBJIHlOII.:(HeCH op-
raHIIqCCKOH qaCTblO Tpa)J.Hll.HOHHbIX HapO)J.HbIX 06PH)J.OB. BKJIlOqaer
TaK2Ke pa3JIII'IHble rrp03aHqeCKne 2KaHpOBble cpOpMbI: 3arOBopbI, 3a-
K.'IIIHaTeJIbHble CPOPMYJIbI, npHrOBopbI II T. n. <D. o. BOCTOqHbIX CJIaBHH
YXOllHT KOpHHMil 13 llpeBIleHrnylO 06II.:(eCJIaBHHCKYlO KYJIbTYPY. B HeM
OTpa)KeH TPY1l0BOH onbIT BOCTO'IHOCJIaBHHCKHX HapO)J.OB, HX 06II.:(eCT-
BCI-IHblii II ceMefIHbIII 6bIT, MIIcpOJIOrHqeCKHe npellCTaBJIeHHH 06 YCT-
pOlicTBe lVlHp03,rr,ar-HIH, nOCTerreHHO H3MeHHBrnHecSJ. 13 xo,rr,e HCTOpHqe-
CKoro pa3BIITIU! II nOA B03)J.eIlcTBHeM xpncTHaHcTBa. 01lHa H3 Ba2KHblX
era npaKTIILleclmx cpYlmll.HH - perJIaMeI-ITall.H51 npOH3BOllCTBeHHoH
)J.e5!TeiILHOCTII, 06Il.:(ecTBeI-IHOrO H ceMeliHoro 6bITa. B BOCTOqHOCJIa-
BHIICKOii TpaAI1ll.IIH HaI160JIee cTa6HJIbHO ocpopMJIeHl-IbIe 06pH)J.oBble
)J.ellcTBIIH II cpOJIbKJIOp KaK COCTaBHaH qaCTb 06pH)J.a BOrnJIH 13 KaJIeH-
Aapr-IbIII II CCMeHHbltr cpOJIbKJIOpHO-3THorpacpIIqeCKile KOMrrJIeKCbI. B
OKa3IIOIIa.'1bHbIX 06pH)J.ax <D. o. He Bcer)J.a HBJIHeTCSJ. 065I3aTeJIbHbIM
CTPYETypHbIM :meMeHTOM, qaCTO HOCHT !IMnpOBH3all.HOHHbIH xapaK-
Tep. cD. O. CPYHKll.I1OHaJIbHO He O)J.HOpOlleH, O)J.HII 2KaHpbI nMelOT HC-
KOHl-lOe II HCKillOqHTeJIbHO 06pHll.OBOe rrpOlICX02KACHHe I1 npHypO'IeH-
HOCTb (Hanp., rrpI1qHTamm), Apyme - 60JIee rnHpOKYlO ccpepy 6bITO-
BaHIIH (06pH)J.OBbIC JIHpI1qeCKlIe neCHil COll.lIaJIbHO-6bITOBOli TeMaTII-
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ne C TeM Hall.HOHaJIbHbIM cBoe06pa3ueM.
CM. TaK)Ke CPOJlbKJWp lWJteHiJapJ-lo-o6pfliJOBbIU, CPO;lbl-CJWP Ct!Atell-
No-o6pfliJ08blll H JIHT.
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P5IJJ:OBHVI y.- CM. CPO;lbK/lOp 6J-leo6pfliJo6blU.
<DOJIbKJIOP TIAPTH3AHCKHVI p., <DAJIbKJ10P TIAPTbI-
3AHCKI 6., <DOJIbKJIOP TIAPTH3AHCbKI1VI y.- Hapo;u me
TBOpqeCTBO, KOTopoe 6bITOBaJIO cpe)J.n napTII3aH H HaCeJIeHIIH OEKY-
IlHpoBaHHblx rHTJIepOBll.aMH TeppilTOpHH 13 nepHo)J. BeJIHK0I1 OTe'IeCT-
BCI-IHOH BOHHbI 1941-1945 rr. n 13 3HaqI1TeJIbHOH qaCTII C03)J.aBaJIOCb
IIMH. <D. n. OTpa2KaJI 60pb6y rrapTH3aH C HeMell.Ko-cparnIIcTcKHMII 3a-
XBaTlJ.HKaMH, 'IYBcTBa II nepe2KHBaHIISJ. norraBrnero 13 HeBOJIlO Hapo].I.a.
HeOT'beMJIeM0l1 'IaCTblO <D. n. CTaJIH TpaAHll.HOHHble HapOllI-Ible yCTHO-
II03TI1'IeCKIIe npOl13BelleHH5!, C03BY'IHbIe no COAep2KaHillO C cOBpeMeH-
1I0CTblO. BmlmelirnHMH 2KaHpaMlI <D. n. 6bIJIH rrapTI13aHCKHe rreCHII
(CM.), 'IacTyrnKI1, nOCJIOBHll.bI, noroBopKII, aHeK,rr,OTbI, CEa3bI, JIereH)J.bI,
npellaHIIH. EOJIbrnOH rronYJIHpHOCTblO rrOJIb30BaJIHCb TaK)Ke canlpH-
'leCKIIe nap01l11H, rrepepa60TKH HapOllHbIX rreceH H rreceH COBeTCKHX
KOMrr03HTopOB. I1cnOJIb3YH HX cO)J.ep2KaHIIe H rrapOllI1pYH CTHJIb, Ha-
pO)J.Hble MCTI1TeJIH BbICMeIIBaJIII cparnilCTOB H HX rJIaBapeH. HAeHHo-
TeMaTI1qeCKOe COllep2KaHIIe npon3Be)J.eI-IHH <D. n. 6bIJIO 06YCJIOBJIeHO
peaJIbHOH )J.eikTBIITeJIbHOcTblO: Ol-IH OTpa2KaJIH C06bITHH CypOBbIX 130-
CHHbIX JIeT, CJIaBHJIH nO)J.BI1rH repoeB, HX 6eccTparnHe, MY2KeCTBO,
lIaTpilOTII3M H HerroKopeHHocTb B CMepTeJIbHOH CXBaTKe C BparoM.
J1I1T.: EeJIapycKi !jJaJIbKJIOp BHJIiKaH Afl'lbIHHaH BaHHbl. MH., 1961; PYCCKUH:
(I>OJIbKJIOp BeJIUKOH OTeqeCTBeHHOH: BOHHbI ; OTB. peA. B. E. ryceB. N1.; n., 1964;
l1a33iH 6apa 6bl. MH., 1985; MyxapuHc1wJI .T!. EeJIOpyccKaH HapoAHaH rrapTH-
"ilHCKa51 rreCHH. MH., 1968; EapraW36i'l r. A. TpaAbI bIHHaH neCHH y 6e.T[apyn:ai'r
lIapoAHaH TBOpqac i rrepbIHAY BHJIiKaH AH<IbIHHaH Bai'IHbI II rIpa6JIeMbI cyqaCHa-
I'a 6eJIapycKara !jJaJIbKJIOpy, N1H., 1969; ryce6 B. E. CJIaBHHCKue rrapTH3aHcKIIe
lIeCHH. n., 1979; q,J180ciK A. C. HapoAHaH rra33iH 6apa b6bl. MH., 1981; lllYJlta-
,Ja M. C. I1icni 60POTb6i ii nepelvlOrii /1 tlTE. ]985. NQ 3; XY.lI:OiKHH KYJIbTypa
"palH CXiAHOi i f1iB.lI.eHHOI EBponu 13 60pOTb6i rrpOTH !jJalIIIl3MY. I\HlB, 1990_
A. C. q,EJJ,OCI1 K
<DOJIbKJ10P TI03JJ:HETPAJJ:HDI10HHbIVI p., <DAJIbI\.JIOP
I I03HETPAJJ:bIDbIVIHbI 6., <DOJIbK.TIOP TII3HbOTPAJJ:I-IDIVI-
IIBPI y.- BH,rr,bI H cpOpMbI HapO)J.Horo TBOpqeCTBa XVIII-XX 1313.;
11I\.l1lO'IaeT 13 ce6H COJI)J.aTcKHli cpOJIbKJIOp, ApaMY, pOMaHcbI II neClUI
II pocpeccIIOHaJIbHOrO H nOJIyrrpocpeccHOHaJIbHOrO npOIICXOlI\:,rr,eHHH.
Yl'BOeHHble H TBOpqeCKH 113MeHeHHbIe Hapo)J.oM, qacTyrnKH, rOpO].I.CKOH
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cpOJIbKJIOp (aHeKAOTbI, OCTpOCJIOBlIe H np.), HOBeHrnHe 06pa3ll.bI lleT-
CKoro H xopeorpacpI1qeCKOrO cpOJIbKJIOpa. Ha <D. n. JIe2KI1T rreqaTb
Tp HccpopMall.I1H «KJIaCCI1'IeCKoro» cpOJIbKJIOpa H BJIHSIHHH JII1TepaTYP-
HOH 3CTeTIlIHI. HCCJIe)J.YSI n03)J.HeTpa)J.Hll.HOHHYlO JIHpHKY, B. H. EJI<I-
TaB OTMeTIIJI 60JIee 60raTbIH rro cpaBHeI-HrlO C npellrneCTBYlOIl.:(HM
TB p'IeCTBOMu apCeHaJI MY3bIKaJIbHO-Bblpa3HTeJIbHbrX CpellCTB: rnI1po-
KHI1 JIa,rr,OBbIH )J.Hana30H, pa3BHToe MHOrOrOJIOCHe, 3JIeMeHTbI CPYHK-
ll.HOHaJIbHO-rapMOHHqeCKHX COOTHornelmH. TIpor-I3Be)J.eHHSI <D. n. JIerKO
aCCI1MHJIHPYlOT H 13 HOBOH cpeAe, CTaHOBHTCH AOCTOHHHeM 06rnI1pHbIX
3THI1qeCKHX paHOHOB.
J1I1T.: COKO/lOB /0. M. PYCCKllH !jJOJIbKJIOp. Nt, 1941; JIOTJl61l1{ B. M. Co.
BpeMeHHbIe PyccIme HapoAHbIe rreCHH. I\eMepoBo, 1976; COBpeMeHHocTb U !jJOJII.-
J(JIOP: CTaTbu II MaTepIlaJIbI I COCT. A. A. fopKoBeHKo, B. E. ryceB. M.. 1977;
E/laT06 B. 11. I1ecHH BOCTOqHOCJIaBHHCKoH 06rn:HOCTII. MH., 1977.
IIhle apxHBHble 3am-rCH H MaTepHaJIbI nOJIeBbIX I1CCJIeAOBar-HIH. OTMe-
'laeTCH 06II.:(HOCTb <D. p. PYCCKI1X, YKpaHHueB H 6eJIOpYCOB, aKTHBHoe
1I:1aHMOnpoHHKHoBeHHe H B3aHMo060raII.:(eHHe, 'IeM 06'bHCHSIeTCSI
"XO)J.CTBO HX neceHHoro penepTyapa, 13 qaCTHOCTH rnHpoKoe pacrrpocT-
paHeHHe TaKIIX rreceH, KaK «I13MyqeHHbIH, HCTep3aHHbIf'r» Ha CJIOBa
n. r. fopoxOBa. B TO .iKe BpeMSI <D. p. Ka2KllOrO H3 3THX HapO)J.OB
IIMeeT CBOH Crrell.HcpHqeCKHe qepTbI B 2KaHpOBOM COCTaBe, TeMaTilKe H
T. )J..: ypaJIbCKHe TaI1HbIe CKa3bI 13 pyCCKOM cpOJIbKJIOpe, rnaXTepCKHe
lIeC!HI H rrpHrreBKH - 13 YKpaHHCKOM, neCHH rOHqapOB - 13 6eJIopyc-
CKOM. ECTb OTJIHqHSI H 13 CTerrer-UI pa3BI1THH <D. p. Y PYCCKHX, yKpaHH-
lJ;eB H 6eJIOpYCOB.
B. Jl. AHI1KI111
J1I1T.: YcneHCKuii r. HOBbIe HapOAHbIe CTIIlliKU: I13 .lI:epeBeHCKHX 3aMeTOK II
Pyc. Be.ll.OMOCTU. 1889. 21 anp.; BaCU/lbe6 H. K. K. Borrpocy 0 HOBbIX MOTUBax
'I MaJIOpyccKoH HapO.ll.HOH 1I033IIII: I13 YKpauHcKux caxap03aBoAcKIIX neceH If
-)THOrpa!jJ. 0603peHIIe. 1897. T. 33, N2 2; COKO/lOB /0. M. rIecHII !jJa6puKH II Ae-
peBlm II BeCTH. npocBern:eHHH. 1925. N2 4; 1'!>0JILKJIOp !jJa6pUqHO-3aBoAcKuX pa60-
'1HX: CT. II TeKCTbI / I1o.ll. pe.ll:. npo!jJ. M. I1. C060JIeBa. CMoJleHcK, 1934; llbllit-
mUl{ A. JI. OCHoBHble BorrpocbI HCTOpIIqeCKoro II3yqeHUH !jJOJIbKJIOpa !jJa6pHqHO-
:,aBOACKHX pa60qHX II HaTUCR. 1935. N2 8-9; JIO/lUU{YK H. C. YCTHaH rr033IIH
pa60qux Poccuu: C6. CT. I I10.l\ peA. B. f. Ea3aHOBa. M.; n., 1965; Pa60qIIH
(\)OJIbKJIOP: CIIMrr03uYM. Tp. VII lVle:iI'.lI.YHapo.ll.Horo KOHrpecca aHTpOIIOJIOrUqeCKllX
II 3THorpa!jJIIqeCKUX HaYK. M., 1969. T. 6; A/lCKCeeBa O. E. YCTHaH rr033llH Pyc-
<,KUX pa60'II1x: .IJ:opeBOJIIOu:uOHHLIH rrepno.ll.. J1., 1971; JIO/lUU{YK' H. C. YCTlIO-
1I03TIIqeCKIIH perrepTyap HUiKHeTamJIbCKUX pa60qIIX II KpynJlHCKafi B. /0., JIO/lU-
I/{YK H. C. I\YJIbTypa U 6bIT pa60qIIX ropH03aBoAcKoro YpaJIa (KoHe XIX-
llaqaJIO XX B.). M., 1971; Ka6aulHiKay K. JI. AA TpaAbl blHHara !jJaJIbKJIOpy Aa
p3BaJIIO bIHHaH rra33ii. MH., 1976; KYSIJlitlll-ta JI. n. HapO.ll:HOe n03TII'IeCKoe TBOp-
'1eCTBO pa60qux CII6upu: Pa60qUH !jJOJIbKJIOp KaK UCTOpUqeCKHH HCTOqHHI\. YJIaH-
YAe, 1977; BaxHuHa JI. K. CJIaBHHCKHe pa60que rreCHU (cOilIIaJIbHbIH I\OHTeKCT,
xYAoiKecTBeHHo-3CTeTIIqeCKUe oc06eHHocTn). I\ueB, 1986; 1'!>0JIbKJIOp B AYXOBHOH
KYJIbType cOBpeMeHHoro pa60qero KJIaCca. CBep.ll.JIOBCK, 1986; JIasape6 A. 11. Pa-
(iOqnH !jJOJIbKJIOp YpaJIa. I1PKYTCI{, 1988.
<DO.TlbKJIOP PAEOqH:f:I p., <DAJIbKJIOP PAEOqbI 6..
<DOJIbKJIOP POEITHHqI1l1: y.- qaCTb HapollHoro TBOpqeCTBa,
HCTOpHqeCKH CBSI3aHIIaH C cpOpMlIpoBalmeM npOJIeTapHaTa, C pa60-
qHM H peBOJIlOll.HOHHbIM JI,BI12KeHHeM, OTpa2KalOII.:(aH 2KI13Hb H MI1pO-
B033pelme pa60qero KJIaCCa, yCJIOBIIH era TpY)J.a H 6bITa, 60pb6y 3a
CBOH npaBa. B03HI1KHYB Ha OCHOBe 06II.:(eI-rapo)J.I-IOH cpOJIbKJIOpHOi"l
Tpa)J.Hll.HH 13 XVIII B., K Haq. XX B. <D. p. Y BOCTOqHbIX CJIaBHH ccpop-
MlIpOBaJICH 13 cBoe06pa3HYlO 2KaHpOBYlO CHCTeMY, BKJIlO'IalOIl.:(YlO nec-
HI1, 'IacTyrnKH, CTHXOTBopeHHH, YCTHbIe CKa3bI, rrpe)J.aHHSI, rrOCJIOBH-
ll.bI, rrorOBopKH. Be)J.yII.:(ee MeCTO 13 HeH 3aHHMalOT neceHHble 2KaHpbI.
Cpe)J.I1 rreceH no npocpeCCHOHaJIbHO-TeMaTHqeCKOMY rrpHIII1.Hny M02KHO
BbI)J.eJIHTb rrpHHCKOBble, rnaXTepCKHe, cpa6pHqHO-3aBOllCKHe, TKa-
'Ien, rOHqapOB H )J.p. B3aHMO)J.eHCTBile cpOJIbKJIOpI-IOH H JIHTepaTypHoi"l
Tpa)J.I1ll.I1H 06YCJIOBJlI1BaeT HX cneUHcpHKY, CTeneHb npOHBJIeHHH KOTO-
pOH 3aBlICHT aT KOI-IKpeTHbIX cpOpM 6bITOBaHHH Ka.iKllOrO npOH3Be)J.e-
HHH, aKTHBHoCTH era lICnOJIb30BaHHH 13 pa60qeH cpe)J.e. 3Ta 3aKOHO-
MepH,?CTb apaKTepHa H )J.JISI CTHJIHCTHKH pa60qero cpOJIbKJIOpa, KO-
TOpOH CBoHcTBeHeH OTXO)J. aT Tpa)J.Hll.HH KpeCTbSIHCKoro cpOJIbKJIOpa II
06pa30BaHI-re HOBbIX YCTOnqHBbIX MY3bIKaJIbHO-n03TH'IeCKI1X cpOPM,
cpaKTorpacpH3M H 1l0KYMeHTaJIbHOCTb.
BrrepBbIe <D. p. rrpaBJIeKaeT BHHMaIme c06HpaTeJIeH 130 BTOpofi
nOJI. XIX B., XOTSI pH)J. 3arrHceH OTHOCHTCH eII.:(e K XVIII B. (13 qaCT-
HOC'fI1, 13 C06paHI1H IT. B. KHpeeBcKoro). JJ:JIH 60JIbrnHHCTBa HCCJIellO-
BaTeJIeH 6bIJIa xapaKTepHa npOTIIBOpeqHBaH, qaCTO OTpI1ll.aTeJIbHaH
Oll.eHKa <D. p. KaK llerpa)J.all.I-IH KpecTbSIHcKoro cpOJIbKJIOpa. B KOHll.V
XIX B. Ha He06xo,rr,IIMOCTb H3YQeHHH <D. p. 06paIl.:(alOT BHI1MaHIIl'
r. lcneHcKlIH, B. ITepeTU, B. MlIJIOpa,rr,oBwI, H. BaCHJIbeB. CilCTeMa-
THqeCKOe H3yqeIU1e cD. p. npoBollHTCH 13 1920-30-e ro)J.bI. B rrOCJlt'-
BOeHI-IbIll rrepIIo)J. <1>. p. 6bIJI npellMeToM 06cY2K)J.eHI1H pHAa 06II.:(cco-
103HbIX I1 Me}K,rr,YHap0)J.HbIx KOHcpepeHll.HII, ny6JIHKYlOTCH MaJIOH3BCCT-
.T!. K. BAXHI1HA
<DOJIbKJIOP PA3EOl1:Hl1qI1l1: p., cDAJIbKJIOP PA3EOl1:-
HIUKI 6., <DOJIbKJIOP P03EIl1:HHUbKI1l1: y. TIoll 3THM TepMI1-
HaM 13 PYCCKOH HaYKe Tpa)J.HUHOHHO 06'be)J.HHHlOTCH npOH3Be)J.eHHH
pa3HbIX .iKaHpOB H pa3JIHqHoli I-ranpaBJIeI-IHOCTII. BbI)J.eJIHlOTCH TPH
OCHOBHbIX rrJIaCTa <D. p. DepBbII1 - 6aJIJIa)J.bI a .iKeCTOKHX )J.eJIax pa3-
UOIiHilKOB, a TparH'IeCKI1X KOJIJIH3IIHX, BbI3BaHHbIX pa360eM: «Pa3-
UOnHHKI1 H ceCTpa», «MY2K-pa360IiHHK», «MOJIo)J.ell. y6HT pa360J;irm-
h:aMH 13 Ka6aKe» H )J.p. EaJIJIa)J.bI Ha 3TII )! e ClO.iKeTbI I13BeCTHbI 6eJIo-
pyCCKOMY I1 YKpaI1HCKOMY cpOJIbKJIOPY. B HeKOTopbIX 6aJIJIallaX
pa360HHH'IbH rrO)J.BHrH orrHCbIBalOTCH 13 lOMOpHCTI1qeCKOM ,rr,yxe II C
IUJ.!.eBKOH no a)J.pecy .iKepTB rpa6e)!{a (<< lCbI», «Xoporna Harna )J.epeB-
IIH»).
BTOpOH rrJIaCT COCTaBJIHlOT npellaI-IHH (13 60JIbrnHHCTBe - MeCT-
II.bIC) a pa360HHlIKax-rpa6HTeJIHX H y6Hlill.ax, 06 HX rrOIIMKe, H3Ka3a-
11l!I1 II T. 11., a CKpbITbIX HMH KJIa)J.ax.
396
<I>
TpeTI1"i'r IIJIaCT BKJIlO'IaeT npOH3Be)J.eIUm (rreCHH H npe)J.aHIUI) 0
pa360ihuIKaX KaK «BOJIbHbIX JIlOllHX», «YAaJIbIX MOJIOllll.ax», 6YHTapHX
II CTpa)J.aJIbuaX. Hx lleHHIl5J H306pa2KalOTCH 13 rr03THqeCKH-B03BbIrneu-
HaM llyxe, I-IAeaJIIl3HpyeTcH IIX BHernHHH BIl)J., rrOBellemle. OHI-I 6po-
calOT BbI30B BJIaCTHM, Harra)J.alOT Ha HX npe)J.CTaBHTeJIeH, CB0601lI-IO
rY.1JHlOT rro BOJIre (<<qTO nOHH2Ke 6bIJIO ropOAa CapaTOBa», «BHI-I3
no MaTyrnKe no BOJIre», «TbI B30H)J.H-Ka, B30H)J.H, COJIIII1.e KpaCHoe» U
IIp.). TIecHH 3TorO TIIlla 6JIH3KH K cpOJIbKJIOpy a CTerraHe Pa3HHe, a
Ka3a'IbeH BOJIbHHue. B COBeTCKOli cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKe HX qaCTO Ha3bI-
BalOT «YllaJIbIMII neCHHMIl», OTlleJIHH TeM caMbIM aT c06CTBeHI-I0
<D. p. ClO)J.a 2Ke npilMbIKalOT rreCHII a rreqaJIbI-IOH yqaCTH BOJIbI-IbIX
JIlO,rr,eII-pa360HI-IHKOB: IlX JIOBSIT, 3aTOqalOT 13 TlOPbMY, OI-IIl 02KH)J.alOT
Ka3I-IIl, ropbKO pa3MblrnJISI5J a CBoeH cY)J.b6e, rrpOIl.:(alOTCH C 6JIH3KHMH
(<<He rnyMH, MaTH 3eJIeI-IaH )J.y6paByrnKa»; «He 6bIJII1HyrnKa 13 'IH-
CTOM nOJIe 3allIaTa.'IacH»).
K <D. p. OTI-IOCHTCH TaK2Ke norrYJIHpI-IaH I-Iapo)J.I-IaSi llpaMa «JIoAKa»
(<<lllaIIKa pa360HI-IHKOB»). C cD. p. THrrOJIOrIIqeCKH CXO)J.HbI YKpaHH-
CKIlH onpHrnKoBcKuH cpOJIbKJIOp, a TaK2Ke aI-IaJIOrUqHble ll.UKJIbI rre-
ceH, npeAaHHH H TaI-ru.eB 13 cpOJIbKJIOpe )J.PYrIIX CJIaBHI-ICKUX I-Iapo)J.oB.
<P. p. I-IarneJI rnilpOKOe OTpa2KeI-IHe 13 JIHTepaType XVIII-XX 1313.
(rrpoU3BelleI-IIIH TIyrnKHI-Ia, Hape2KI-Ioro, JIepMOI-ITOBa, KocToMapo-
Ba) .
J1I1T.: PyccKaH 6aJIJIa.ll:a I I1pe.ll.UCJI., peA. H rrpUMeq. B. 11. 4epHbIllieBa.
BCTyn. CT. H. fl. AH.lI:peeBa. J1., 1935; ApUCT06 H. H. 06 UCTopu<IecKoM 3Haqe-
HUH PYCCKUX pa360HHHqbIIX rreceH. BOpOHeJK, 1875; A1W.li!06a T. M. a JKaHpOBOH
rrpupo,'J,e PYCCKHX «Y.lI:aJIbIx» rreceH II PI'!>: MaTepHaJIbI H co06 eHUH. M.; J1.,
1960. T. 5; OHa e. O<IepKH UCTOpUU PYCCKOH HapO.ll:HOH rreCHH. CapaToB, 1977.
E. H. nnl1JIOB
<DOJIbKJIOP PAHHETPAJJ:HlI.HOHHbITI p., <DA.TlbKJIOP
PAHHETPAJJ:bIlI.bITIHbI 6., <DOJIbKJIOP PAHHETPAJJ:HlI.ITI-
HI1TI y.- Ha3BaI-IHe cOBoKynI-IOCTII Bcex )J.peBHeHllIHx pO)J.OB H BH,rr,OB
cpOJIbKJIOpa, npe)J.rnecTBYlOII.:(HX 06pa30BaI-IHlO c06CTBeHHO XYA02KeCT-
BeI-IHOrO TBOp'IeCTBa HapO)J.a. <D. p. BKJIlOqaeT 13 ce6H: 06pH1l0BbIH
cpOJIbKJIOp, 3arOBopbl, TPY)J.oBble neCI-III II )J.PYrIIe cpOpI'vIbI nepBOHa-
qaJIbHOrO CIII-IKpeTHqeCKOrO TBOpqeCTBa, OpraI-IIIqeCKII CBH3a!-I!-IOrO
C npaKTHqeCKOH 2KH3I-IblO H MHcpOJIOrHeH pO)J.orrJIeMeI-IHoro 06II.:(eCTBa.
Tpa)J.Illl.HH <D. p. CJIaBHI-ICKHX nJIeMeI-I 13 nepeOCMbICJIeI-II-IOM H pa3BIl-
TO ! BlIlle BOrnJIII 13 cpOJIbKJIOp Bcex BOCTOqI-IOCJIaBHI-ICKIIX HapO)J.OB.
J1I1T.: B/la8uMUp06 JI. B. BBe,ll,eHHe 13 UCTopmo PYCCKOH CJIOBeCHOCTH. I\ueB,
1896; C01W/l06 /0. M. PYCCKHH !jJOJIbKJIOp. lVl., 1941; E/laT06 B. 11. I1ecHu BOC-
TOqHOCJIaBHHCKOH 06 HOCTU. MH., 1977.
B. JI.AHI1KI1H
<I>
397
<DO.TlbKJIOP PO)J}IHHO-OEP5IJJ:OBHTI y.- CM. <POJlblUWp
CCMe UT-lO-o6 pfliJOBbUl.
<DOJIbKJIOP P lCCK:HTI p., <DAJIbKJIOP PYCKI 6., <DO.TlbK-
.nop POCITICbKHTI y.- YCTHorr03TwrecKoe TBOpqeCTBO pycCKoro
IWp O ll a ; 13 rnilpOKOM 3HaqeI-IHU TepMHI-I 0603I-IaqaeT nOMHMO CJIOBeC-
IIoro pyccKoe Hapo,rr,Hoe TBOpqeCTBO MY3bIKaJIbHOe, xopeorpacpH'Ie-
CKoe, )J.paMaTHqeCKlI-HrpoBoe II np. (CM. <POflblUWp). reI-IeTU'IeCKil
cBH3ar-rI-IbIH C cpOJIbKJIOpOM npe)J.rnecTBYlOII.:(HX 3nox <D. p. B06paJI 13
ce6H 3I-IaqHTeJIbI-IYlO qaCTb npOH3BelleI-IHH, C03)J.aHHbIX BOCTOqr-rOCJIa-
BHr-rCKHMH rrJIeMeHaMII eII.:(e 13 1l0KJIaCCOBOM 06II.:(eCTBe H 13 LLpeBHepyc-
CKOM rOCYAapCTBe. CJIe)J.bI 06II.:(eH rrpI-IHallJIe)!G-IOCTil )J.peBHeHrneH
<raCTH <D. p. BOCTO'II-IOCJIaBSII-ICKHM HapO)J.aM npOCJIe2KHBalOTCH no Tpa-
JJ.Illl.IlSIM HaIl60JIee apXaHqeCKHX 2KaI-IpoB: 3aroBopoB, 06pH)J.OBoro
TBOpqeCTBa (CM. <POflblUWP paT-lT-lCTpaiJUl{UOT-lT-lblii, <POJlblUWp iJoKflac-
GOB020 061l{eCTBa). <1>OJIbKJIOp KHeBCKOH pYCil H3BeCTeI-I no oT,rr,eJIb-
HbIM cpparMeHTaM, BKJIlO'IeHHbIM 13 JIeTOrrUCH H rrepBbIe naMHTI-IHKU
!1HCbMeHHOCTH (nOCJIOBHll.bI, rrJIaqH, 3aroBopbI, rrpe)J.aHHSI, JIereI-IAbI,
CTHJII1CTH'IeCKHe cpparMeHTbl )J.pyrIIx 2KaHpOB H P0)J.OB) (CM. <POJlbK-
flOp iJpeBT-lepYCC1WU T-tapOiJT-lOCTU). B npoll.ecce cpOpMIIpOBaHHH <1>. p.
B06paJI B ce6H TaK2Ke oT)J.eJIbI-IbIe 'KOMnOI-IeI-ITbI KYJIbTypbI cpHHHO-
yropcKHx rrJIeMeI-I, cpOJIbKJIOpa KO'IeBbIX I-Iap01l0B BOCTOKa, Haxo)J.IlB-
rnHXCH B KOI-ITaKTaX C )J.peBI-IepycCKIlMH KHSI2KeCTBaMH. B <D. p. C Te-
<re!-IHeM BpeMeI-IIl npOH30rnJIO CrJIa2KHBaI-IHe H YCTpaI-IeHHe Cnell.HcpH-
QeCKIlX nJIeMeHI-IblX CBOHCTB Il oc06eI-II-IOCTeH, B0306JIa)J.aJIH 06II.:(epyc-
CKHe Ka'IeCTBa, HO MeCTI-IaSi Crrell.ucpHKa rrpOCJIe2KHBaeTCH B 06JIaCT-
HbIX Tpa)J.Hll.HHX PYCCKOro CeBepa, DOBOJI2KbH, lO2KHOPYCCKHX KpaeB
H IIp. B XVI B. npouecc )J.ucpcpepeI-Ill.Hall.I-IH II 06pa30BaI-IHH cpOJIbKJIOpa
Ka2K)J.oro H3 Tpex 6paTcKHx BOCTOqI-IOCJIaBHI-ICKHX I-Iapo)J.oB 6bIJI 3a-
BeprneI-I, II )J.aJIbHeHrnee HCTOpHqeCKOe pa3BIITHe <D. p. llIJIO caMOCTOH-
TeJIbI-IbIM nYTeM.
<D. p. 13 nOJII-IOM CBoeM COCTaBe 06pa3yeT Tpa)J.Hll.Hor-rr-rylO xY)J.o-
)KeCTBeHI-IYlO CHCTeMY. )KaI-IpOBbIe H CTHJIHCTUqeCKile KOMnOI-IeHTbI ee
B3aHMI-I0 CBH3aHbI H 06pa3YlOT eAHHCTBO, OTpa2KalOII.:(ee OC06eI-IHOCTH
HCTOpHqeCKHX 06CTOHTeJIbCTB 2KH3I-IH pyccKoro HapOlla, cpOpMIIpoBa-
HIlH era KYJIbTypbI 130 BceM MI-Ioro06pa3HH MeCTI-IbIX H perIIOI-IaJIbI-IbIX
CBOHCTB. Ka2KAbIH Il3 pO)J.OB II 1K3I-IpOB <D. p. 13 COCTaBe 6blTDBOH U
xY)J.02KeCTBeI-IHOH KYJIbTypbI BbIIIOJII-IHeT CBOH CPYI-IKUHH, CBH3aI-IHbIe C
BOrrJIOII.:(eI-IHeM KOlleKCa rpa2K)J.ar-rcKoro nOBe)J.eHHH (3rroc), coxpaHe-
IIHeM HCTOpHqeCKOli rraMHTII (rrpe)J.aHHH, neCI-IH), MHcpOJIOrHqeCKIIX
npe)J.cTaBJIelfHli (6bIJIHqKH) II peJIHrI-I03I-IbIX BepOBaI-IIIH ()J.yxoBHbIe
CTHXIl, JIereI-IllbI), C rrepe)J.a'IeH 3TIIqeCKIIX HOpM (13 CKa3Kax, 6aJIJIa-
)J.ax, JIIIpIlLleCKlIx neCI-IHx) H rrp. 3CTeTHqeCKaSi CPYI-IKll.HOI-IaJIbHOCTb 130
MHorOM npe06JIa)J.aeT 13 cpOJIbKJIOpe H Ha rrpaBax I-IeOC03I-IaI-IH0-xY1l 0 -
iKeCTBeHHoro KOMrrOI-IeIITa BXOAHT 130 Bce era BII)J.bI.
B Ka<reCTBe YCTOH'IHBOH COCTaBI-IOli qaCTH PYCCKOH HaUUOI-IaJIbI-IOH
KYJIbTypbI <P. p. rrOBJIHH.n I-Ia CJI02KeI-IIIe HOpM JIUTepaTypHoro H3bIKa,
(I)OpMHpOBaHile CTHXOCJI02KeI-IHH, I-Iall.HOI-IaJIbI-IOH rrpocpeccHOHaJIbI-IOH
398
<I>
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399
MY3bIKH, OTpa3IIJICH B 3CTeTHqeCKHX npe)J.CTaBJIeHIUIX PYCCKHX rmca-
TeJIeH H KOMn03HTOpOB. D03AHIle BHAbI cpOJIbKJIOpa, B CBOlO O'IepeAb,
HCrrbITaJIH B03)J.eHCTBIIe npOcpeCCHOHaJlbHOrO xY)J.02KeCTBeHIIOrO TBOp-
'IeCTBa. PHll 2KaHpOB ()J.paMa, 'IacTyrnKH, rr03)J.HeTpaAIIll.IIOHHbIe rrec-
HH HAP.) rrpOHCX02K)J.er-UIeM H xapaKTepOM 130 MHorOM 06H3aH CHJIb-
HOMY BJIHHHHlO npocpeCCHOHaJIbHOrO TBOpqeCTBa, 13 IUIX CcpOpMHpOBa-
JIHCb c06CTBeI-IHbIe, OTJIII'IHbIe aT Tpa)J.Hll.HOHHOH CTHJIHCTHKH. OCO-
6eHHOCTH (pOMaHCOBaH JIHpHIm, nOXO)J.HaH neCHH, pa60'Ia5I rreCHH
H rrp.). B rr031lHeM cpOJIbKJIOpe npOI-ICXO)J.HT CMerneHHe II TpaHCcpop-
Mall.IIH KOMnOHeHTOB rrpe)KHeH CPYHKll.HOHaJIbHOCTH: 13 3nHqeCKIIX
neCHHX B0306JIa)J.aJIo BbIpa2KeHHe 3THqeCKHX HOpM; cBa)J.e6HbIH
cpOJIbKJIOp YTpaTIIJI cTporylO 06H3aTeJIbHOCTb KaK 06pH)J.OBOH lOpH)J.H-
qeCKOH HOpMbI H T. A. CY2KeI-IHe cpOpM B031leHCTBHH cpOJIbKJIOpa Ha Ha-
P0)J.HYlO Maccy OTqaCTH KOMrreHcIIpyeTcH pa3HbIMH BH)J.aMH T. Ha3.
cpOJIbKJIOpH3Ma (HOBaH )KH3Hb cpOJIbKJIOpa Ha 3CTpa)J.e, TeaTpaJIbHOH
cLlene, 13 MOJIO)J.e2KHOH xYl102KeCTBeHHOH caMo)J.eHTeJIbHOCTH H )J.p.)
(CM. <POflblUWPU3/11).
J1I1T.: BHCeJIJIe. flecHi. 1980-1982. T. 1-6; BeciJIbHi rricH}. 1982. T. 1, 2;
/1HUKUH B. JI. I\aJIeHAapHaH If cBaAe6HaH rr033lf5l. M., 1970; KOA1WK06a H. fl.
,l\upUKa PYCCKOH cBaAb6bI. M., 1973; KpycA06 /0. r. PyccKue cBaAe6HbIe neCHI!.
/11., 1978; AKuM06a T. M. PyccKa51 HapOAHa51 rreCHH. CapaToB, 1987.
T. K. THflKOBA
B. Jl. AH 11 KI1 H
<DOJlbKJIOP CEKTAHTOB p.- TepMHH, KOTOpbIM HCCJIe)J.oBa-
TeJIH XIX B. 0603Haqa.'1H rrpOI13Be)J.eHHH cpOJIbKJIOpa, 6bIToBaBrnIIe 13
cpe,rr,e pa3JIHqHbIX peJIHrH03HbIx rpyrrrr, OTKOJIOBrnHXCH aT ocpIILlHaJIb-
1I0ro rrpaBOCJIaBHH (3a HCKJIlOqeHUeM cpOJIbKJIOpa cTapo06pH)J.LleB).
BpeMH aKTHBHoro 6bITOBaHHH - KOHell. XVII - Haq. XX B. B HaCTO-
HII.:(ee BpeMH 13 )KHBOM 6bITOBaHHH COXpaHHJICH JIHrnb 13 3apy6e2KHbIX
IIOCeJIeHHHX (Hanp., y )J.YX060pOB 13 KaHalle). TIoCJIe 1 17 r. CHCTeMa-
THQeCKI1 He H3yqaJICH H He 3annCbIBaJICH. )l(aHpoBbIH COCTaB npe)J.-
CTaBJIeH rrpeHMYII.:(eCTBeHHO n03TlIqeCKIIMH npOH3Be,rr,eHHHMH - AY-
XOBHbIMH CTHxaMH, rIIMHaMH H neCHHMII (rrCaJIMaMH), HO H3BeCTHbI
II rrp03aWIeCKHe paCCKa3bI Ha3H)J.aTeJIbHOrO CO)J.ep)KaHHH, a TaK)Ke
I1pe)J.aHIIH.
OC06bIH OTlleJI <D. C. COCTaBJIHlOT np03aH'IeClme nepeJIOLKeHHH llY-
XOBHbIX CTHXOB, nCaJIMOB, a TaK2Ke «cKa3aHHH». JJ:JIH HHX xapaKTep-
no B03)J.el'rcTBHe cpeAHeBeKOBOH Ha3H)J.aTeJIbHOH np03bI: «JIecTBHLlbI»
HoaHHa JIeCTBHqHI1Ka, npOH3Be)J.eHHIi B. MOHOMaxa, HJIJIapIIOHa,
CnJIbBeCTpa, HHKOHa qepI-IOrOpll.a.
OCHOBHaH TeMa <D. C.- rrporrOBe)J.b xpHCTHaHCKoro CMHpeHI15I 13
COqeTaHHH C HerrpHHTHeM OKpY2KalOII.:(erO «rpeXOBIIOro» MHpa. O)J.HaKO
C XVII B. HaqmWeTCH 6bITOBaHHe rreceH CaTHpHqeCKOrO COAep}KaHHH,
1',rr,e npe06JIa)J.aeT TeMa 06JIHqeHHH «MHpCKorc:» (rrpa3)J.HHKOB, «rYJIb-
ObI, BapBapCKHX HaYK, rnKOJI peKpYTCKHX, 6YHCTBa, rnTYK»).
BCJIe)J.CTBHe rrOCTOHIIHOH MIIrpall.HH HOCHTeJIeH (H3-3a npe CJIe ll O -
BaHIIH BJlaCTeII) Ha BceH TeppI-ITOpHI-I 6bITOBaHHH (EBponeHCKaH
POCCI15I, CH6HPb, YKparm3 H EeJIapYCb) CJIOLKHJICH 1l0CTaTOqHO O,rr,HO-
PO)J.HbIII no TeMaTHKe H CTHJIeBbIM oc06eHHOCTHM penepTyap <D. C.
O,rr,HaKO AJIH YKpaHHCKoro perHOHa xapaKTepHO 6bITOBaHHe HapO)J.HbIX
nepepa60TOK CTIIXOTBopeI-mH r. CKOBOPO)J.bI, paCCKa30B, BOCXOllHII.:(HX
K nOJIeMH'IeCKOH JIHTepaType (KI-IHraM H. raJIHTOBCKoro «EorH 110-
1'3HCKHe», «rpeXII p03MaHTH» H )J.p.).
CHMBOJIHKa H Bblpa311TeJIbHbIe cpe)J.CTBa <D. c. 130 MHorOM 06yc
JIOBJIeHbI He06xo,rr,HMOCTblO CKpbIBaTb cO)J.ep2KaI-me npOII3BeLleHHH
OT «HerrOCBHII.:(eHHbIX». TIOMHMO KOHKpenIoro, 13 Ka)!\:llOM npOH3Be,rr,e-
ImH rrpHCYTCTByeT BTOpoii, CHMBOJIH'IeCKHil nJIaH, peaJIH3yeMbIIl C rro-
MOIl.:(blO MeTacpop H pa3J1U'IHbIX BH)J.OB aJIJIerOpUH,: 0
OCHOBIIbIe 06pa3bI CPo c. CXOllHbI C HapOllHOH neCHeH (KpYTaH
1'opa, 6epe}KOK rJly60KIIii, ClIHe Mope, ca,rr,-BHHorpa)J.) H repOH'IeCKHM
'JiIOCOM (3ervr.TJH no,rr,BCeJIeHHaH, CTOJIbI ,rr,y60BbIe). lIlHpoKO npe,rr,CTaB-
.1IC'HbI 3aHMCTBOBaHH5I H3 KI-II1r EH6JIHH H HKOHorrHCH (CKprnKaJIb IvloH-
J1I1T.: EYCAae6 <P. 11. I1cTOpUqeCKUe o<IepKu PYCCKOH HapO,'J,HOH CJIOBeCHOCTH
II IICKYCCTBa. Cfl6., 1861. T. 1; CnepaNcKuCi M. H. PyccKaH YCTHaH CJIOBeCHOCTb.
M., 1917; BeceJ1.06CKUii A. H. I1cTOpIIqeCKaH rr03TUKa. J1., 1940; COKOA06 /0. M.
PycclmH !jJOJIbKJIOp. M., 1941; Cfur-lep06 B. 11. PyccKoe HapO.ll:HOe TBOpqeCTBo. M.,
1959; JIoTe6NJI A. A. 3cTeTuKa U rr03TUKa. M., 1976.
<DOJIbKJIOP CBAJJ:EEHbIYI p., <DA.TlbKJIOP B5ICE.TlbHbI 6.,
<DOJIbKJIOP BECIJIbHI y. rrpe)J.cTaBJIHeT C060H cOBoKyrrHocTb
CJIOBeCHbIX, )J.paMaTHqeCKHX, MY3bIKaJIbHbIX, xopeorpacpnqecrmx, CJIO-
BecHo-MY3bIKaJIbHbIX rrpoH3Be)J.eI-mH H HBJIHeTCH OpraHHqeCKOH
qaCTblO Tpa)J.lIll.HOI-IHOrO BOCTOqHOCJIaBHHCKoro cBa)J.e6I-IOrO 06pHAa.
<D. c. BKJIlOIJaeT rreCI-m (CM. llecHu cBaae6Hble); rrpH'IHTaHHH (CM.);
3aKJ1HHaHIIH; rrpHroBopbI (CM.) H pe'IH CBaTa, )J.PY)!{KH, CToJI60BOrO,
II n03THqeCKHe n02KeJIaHHH, BbICKa3bIBaeMble pO)J.HbIMH 2Ker-UIxa H He-
BeCTbI, CBaAe6HbIMH rOCTHMH npH O)J.apHBaHHH MOJIO,rr,bIX; llpaMaTH-
3HpOBaHHbIe Cll.eHKH C nepeO)J.eBaHIIeM; HrpbI B «ll.blraH», «,rr,OKTopa»,
«)KeHHXa H HeBeCTY», «KceH)J.3a» II IIp. OT)J.eJIbHbIe HCCJIe)J.OBaTeJIH
OTHOCHT K <D. c. qacTyrnKH, 3ara)J.KH, nOCJIOBHll.bI H rrorOBopKH.
TIpoH3Be;l,eHHH <D. C., pa3I-I006pa3HbIe no CO)J.ep)KaHHlO H cpopMe,
xapaKTepy I1CnOJIHeIIHH, Bcer)J.a 6bIJIH OpraHHqHO CBH3aHbI C orrpe)J.e-
J'leHHbIM 3TarrOM cBa,rr,e6Horo 06pH)J.a II HeCJIlI B ce6e Ba)KHYlO H,rr,eHHO-
3CTeTII'IeCKYlO CPYHKll.HlO. lViI-IOrHe npOI13Be)J.eHHH <D. C. (BeJIH'IaJIbHble,
lOMOpHCTIIqeCKHe, JIHpHqeCKHe cBalle6HbIe neCIIH) )J.ornm-I ,rr,o HarnHX
llHe!! H rrpOllOJILKalOT "KHTb 13 HOBOM 06pH,rr,e CeJIbCKOH CBallb6bI. JJ:py-
rIle, OTopBaBrnHCb aT CBoe11 OCHOBbI - Tpa,rr,Hll.HOHHOro 06pH)J.a, ne-
pernJIlI 13 pa3pH,rr, BHe06pH,rr,OBbIX JIIIpHqeCKliX rreceH.
CM. TaK2Ke lleCHfl CBaae6Hafl II JIHT.
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ceeBa, AYX CBHTOH, B36pamIOH BOeBOAa), ll.epKOBHO-Y'IHTeJlbHOH JIIITe-
paTypbI (BepTOrpaA MHOrOll.BeTHbIH, HeKTap CJIaAKHlr, MJIeKO )J.YXOB-
HOe, Me'I AYXOBHblii). Ha'IHHa)I C 30-x rOAOB XIX B. perrepTyap <D. c.
HaqHHaeT rrOnOJIHHTbCH nepe)J.eJIKaMH ('IaCTO MaJIOxY)J.01KecTBeHHbI-
MH) CT IxoTBopeHHH f. P. JJ:ep2KaBHHa, A. C. I1yrnKHHa, a n03)J.Hee
A. C. XOMHKoBa H <D. TlOT'IeBa. J11060I1bITHO TaK2Ke OTMeTlITb nOHB-
JIeHlle 13 KOHll.e XIX B. p51Aa nepecKa30B npoII3BeAeHHII J1. TOJICTOrO
Ha peJII-IfH03Hble TeMbI, 13 'IaCTHOCTH 6pornlOpbI «lI.apcTBo E01KHe».
('pe)J.H HHX - BeJIII'IaJIbHble. KOJIII'IeCTBeHHo npe06JIaAaJIH lOMopn-
l'THIIeCKHe. HCnOJII1)IJIHCb TaK2Ke 130 BpeMH KpeCTlIHHOrO Top:rKecTBa
\)l'CeAHble neCHlI.
EoraTcTBoM COAep2KaHHH, 2KaHpOBbIM H TeMaTllqeCKHM pa3Ho06:
pa3HeM xapaKTepH3yeTcH cBa)J.e6HbIH cpOJIbKJIOp (CM.) BOCTO'lHOCJIa-
IIHHCKHX HapoAoB, oc06eHHo 6eJIOPycoB H YKpaI-IHll.eB. 06PH)J.bI H rr03-
::IIH HMelOT MHoro 06II.:(ero Y Tpex 6paTcKHx HapoAoB H BMeCTe C TeM
Y HHX HeMaJIO OpHrIIHaJIbHbIX Hall.HOHaJIbHbIX H Aa2Ke MeCTHblX qepT,
"POHBJIHlOII.:(HXCH 13 H3bIKe, n03THKe, lOMope.
B noxopoHHo-nOMlrnaJIbHOM ll.HKJIe oc060e MeCTO 3aHHMalOT npH-
lllITaHHH _ HMnpoBlI3HpoBaHHble npoH3Be)J.eHHH, HCnOJIHHBrnHeCH C
l(eJIblO OnJIaKHBaHHH YMeprnHx. C03)J.aHbI OHH C nOMOII.:(blO TpaAHll.H-
OHHbIX HapoAHbIX xYA02KeCTBeHHblx npHeMoB H cpe)J.cTB. Tpa)J.I1ll.HOH-
IIble 06pa3bI YCTHOH n033HH, YCTOHqHBble cTepeoTHnbI nepexOAHJIII H3
O)J.Horo npoH3BeAeHHH 13 APyroe, OTpa2KaJIH nCHXHqeCKoe HacTpoeHlle
lleJIOBeKa 13 MHHYTbI cKop6H H rreqaJIH.
CM. TaK2Ke fleCHJl KpeCTUJlbHaJl, fleCHJl cBaoe6HaJl, fleCHJl ceMetl-
1-/.aJl H JIHT.
J1I1T.: JIu6aHo6 <P. B. PaCKOJIbHUKU U OCTpOLKHlIKU. CI16., 1872-1873.
T. 1-4; rYCJIU II C6. CI16., 19'02; CYlill{06 H. <P. OqepKU lICTOpUU lOLKHOPYCCKHX
arroKpuljJUqeCKHX cKa3aHuH U rreceH. I\lIeB, 1888; MaTepUaJIbI no H3yqeHHIO
PYCCKOro ceKTamCTBa I Christchurch, Hanis Err gland. 19'01-19'03. BbIII. 1-6;
EOHtl-Epye6utl B. Jl,. )I(uBoTHa51 KHHra )].yx060p eB. CI16., 19'09; Cfenuca H. JI.
AHTUKaTOJIUqeCKUe TpaKTaTbI I1. raJIHTOBcKoro (U3 lICTOpUU nOJIeMUqeCKo-rry6JIII-
I(UCTUqeCKOH JIUTepaTypbI XVII - Haq. XVIII 1313.) II Pa,l\HHCbKe JIHTepaTyp03H3B-
CTBO. 1968. NQ 9.
<P. C. /(AJIHIlA
<D0J1bKJ10P CEMEPIHO-EbITOBOYI p., <DAJ1bKJ10P C5I-
MEYIHA-6bITABbI 6., <D0J1bKJ10P CIMEYIHO-I10EYTOBHPI y.
npeACTaBJIeH rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M ceMeHHo-6bITOBbIMH He06pHAOBbIMI1
JII-IpWleCKHMH neCHHMH (CM.). C onpeAeJIeHHOH AOJIeH YCJIOBHOCTH
ClOAa M02KeT 6bITb OTHeceHa 'IaCTb )J.eTCKoro cpOJIbKJIOpa - KOJIbI-
6eJIbHble neCHlI (CM.), nOTernKH (CM.), paccKa3bIBaeMble AeTHM CKa3-
KH H APyrHe npoH3BeAeHH51, CPYHKll.HOHaJIbHO H TeMaTH'IeCKH CBH3aH-
Hble C ceMeHHbIM 6bITOM. B <D. c.-6. rnHpOKO OTpa2KeH naTpHapXaJIb-
HbIH 6bIT, 2KH3Hb 2KeHII.:(IIHbI 13 ceMbe MY2Ka, ee B3aHMOOTHOrneHlI5I co
cBeKpOBbIO, cBeKpoM, AeBepbHMH, 30JIOBKaMH, cYAb6a BAOBbI, CHpOT.
CM. fleCHJl ceMeuHo-6blTOBaJl H JIHT.
J1I1T.: CYlitl{06 H. a cBa,l\e6HbIX 06pHAax, rrpeuMYIl(eCTBeHHO PYCCKIIX. Xapb-
KOB, 1881; JIacjJap JI. CBaAe6HbIe rreCHU U 06bIqall II JIacjJapc JI. OqepKH 110
nCTopllu KYJIbTYPbI. 2-e U3)].. M.; J1., 1928; /(OJ!naK06a H. JI. PyCCKa51 HapoAHaH
iiblTOBa51 neCHH. M.; J1., 1962; PYCCKHH HapoAHbIH cBa)].e6HbIH 06pHA: I1ccJIeAO-
B3HU5I II I\IaTepUaJIbI. 31., 1978; /(pyUW6 10. r. PYCCKue CBa)].e6HbIe rreCHlI. M.,
1978; CfucTo6 l(. B. HapO,l\HaH rr03Tecca VI. A. l'!>eAocoBa. I1eTp03aBO,l\c,K, 1955;
<]JJliJociK A. C. CHMeHHa-a6paAaBaH rra33iH II /(a6auLHi1wy l(. JI., <PJliJOClIi: A. c.,
Hic A. C. i iHUl. EeJIapycKaH BycHana3TbIqHaH TBOpqaC b. MH., 1988.
A. C. <PEJl,OCHK
l(. fl. /(AEAllIHH/(OB
<D0J1bKJ10P YKPAI1HCKHYI p., <DAJ1bKJ10P YKPAIHCKI
6., <D0J1bKJ10P YKPAIHCbKHYI y.- 06II.:(ee Ha3BaHlle CJIO)!UIB-
rnerOCH 13 Te'IeIUle MHorHX BeKOB H aKTHBHO 6bITYlOII.:(erO 13 MaCCOBOM
np051BJIeHHH - KaK opraHWlecKaH, HeOT'beMJIeMaH H Ba2KHeHrna5!
'laCTb Tpa)J.Hll.HOHHO-6bITOBOH KYJIbTypbI 3THoca - xYA02KeCTBemlOro
TBOpqeCTBa YKpaIIHll.eB 13 era pa3JIH'IHbIX BHAax: CJIOBeCHOM (ycTHaH
n033HH, Hapo)J.HaH CJIOBeCHocTb), MY3bIKaJIbHOM, xopeorpacpHqeCKOM
(HCKYCCTBO TaHll.a), 3peJIHII.:(HO-ApaMaTlI'IeCKDM (HapoAHaH )J.paMa),
II306pa3HTeJlbHOM (BblrnHBKa, pe3b6a, YKparneHlI5I H T. n.).
<DOJIbKJIOp YKpaHHcKoro HapOAa cpOpMHpOBaJICH H pa3BHBaJICH 13
TecHeHrneH, OpraHH'IeCKOH CBH3H C aHaJIOrH'IHbIMH cpopMaMII TBOp-
'-IeCTBa ABYX APyrHx BOCTOLIHOCJIaBHHCKHX Hapo)J.oB - PYCCKHX H 6e-
JIOpYCOB - II BOCXOAHT K 06II.:(eH )J.JI51 BOCTO'IHbIX CJIaBHH o'CHOBe.
Cnell.HcpHKa <D. y. HaXO)J.HT CBoe Bblpa2KeHlle npe)!\:Ae Bcero 13 xa-
paKTepe era 2KaHpOBOH CTPYKTYPbI Ha pa3Hblx 3Tanax 3THHqeCKOH
IICTOpHH YKpaHHcKoro Hapo)J.a, 13 oc06eHHocTHX nCHXOJIOrlIlI D6pa30B,
o6mero xapaKTepa 06CTOHTeJIbCTB H nocTynKoB nepCOHa2KeII, 13 pa3-
.HIlLmOlr, Cnell.IIcpIIqeCKOlr AHHaMIIKe cpOpMHpoBaHIIH II oc06eHHocTHX
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qeCTBa, HMelOII.:(HH CBOlO CHCTeMY 2KaHpOB, OpraHllqeCKH CBH3aHHblX C
orrpeAeJIeHHbIMH pIITyaJIaMII ceMeHHblx npa3AHIIKoB. <D. c.-a. reHeTlI-
qeCKII CB513aH C ApeBHeCJIaBHHCKHM KYJIbTOM npe)J.KoB II )J.PyruMH
BepoBaHHHMH. JJ:oMHHaHTHOlr CPYHKll.Helr era paHee 6bIJIa YTlIJIIITapHO-
MarH'IeCKaH, cnoco6cTBYIOII.:(aH C'IaCTJIHBOi1 cY)J.b6e, 6JIaronoJIY'Imo,
HO aHa nOCTeneHHO YTpa'IHBaJIa CBoe 3Ha'IeHlle, YCTynaH MeCTO ll.epe-
MOHHaJIbHOH U 3CTeTH'IeCKOlr. OCHOBHble 2KaHpbI: neCHH, 'IacTyrnKH,
npHrOBopbI, n03ApaBJIeHHH, 6JIaron02KeJIaHHH, npH'IHTaHHH, nJIa'IIl
(rOJIOrneHHH) .
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np 3HaTb 06PHAOBy'1O n0331I1O. C ApeBHeHrnlIX BpeMeH, 6YAY'IH opra-
HII IeCKH CBH3aHHOH C pa3JIHqHbIMH 06bIqaHMlI H plITyaJIaMH, 06p}[
AOBa51 n033lIH pa3BHBaJIaCb Ha cpaBHIITeJIbHO YCTOH'IIIBOH OCHOlll'
OTpa)KaH BeCb KOuMnJIeKC B033peHlIH 'IeJIOBeKa TpYAa, aKKYMYJIHPY ;
era IICTopWleCKHH, 03HIICTBeHHbIH II KYJIbTypHO-6bITOBOH onbIT.
CpeAH npOH3BeAeHlIH AaHHOH rpynnbI, rnHpOKO npe)J.CTaBJIeHHbIX II
<D. y., CJIeAyeT Ha3BaTb npe2KAe Bcero 3arOBopbI (3aMOBJIHHHH), K3-
JIeHAapHo-06pHAOBYlO n033HlO - xapaKTepHble BeJIHqa.'lbHble nec-
HH - KOJIH.II.KH II II.:(eApOBKH, BeceHHlIe neCHH (<<ralBKII», «BeCH5III-
KH») , PycaJIbH Ie, KynaJIbCKHe rreCHH neCHH, HCnOJIHHeMble rrpH c60p('
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rrpHypOqeHHble K orrpe.II.eJIeHHbIM AaTaM H C06bITHHM X03HHCTBeHHor;;
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CBaAe6Hble (<<BeCIJlbHl») neCHH, conpOB02KAalOII.:(He Bce 3TarrbI CBaAe6-
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rO'IHCJIeHHble npOH3BeAeHlIH 06II.:(eCTBeHHo-6bITOBoro cO)J.ep2KaHHH-
eCHlI Ka3all,KHe, peKpYTCKHe II COJIAaTCKHe, 6ypJIall.KHe, 6aTpall.KHe,
"YMall.KHe II Ap., ClO)J.a 2Ke CJIeAyeT OTHeCTH H rnlipOKO pacnpOCTpa-
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(<<13 H3aHKII»). JJ:JIH BOCTOqHbIX 06JIaCTeH YKpaHHbI cpeAH MOHOCTpOcp
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pOHqeCKOrO cO)J.ep"';\:aHH51, HCTOplI'IeCKlIe rreCHlI a KOHKpeTHblx C06bl-
TIIHX HCTopWleCKOl1 i:KH3HH YKpalIHcKoro HapOAa, 6aJIJ1a)J.bl neCHlI-
XpOHHKII (CM.), HapoAHbIe CTHXH (<<HapOAHa Biprna») Ha' caMYIO
pa3HYlO 6bITOBYlO TeMaTHKY II Ap.
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TeJIbHOe TBOpqeCTBO YKpalIHll,eB. CKa30 L IHaH np03a npeACTaBJIeHa
c06cTBeHHo CKa3KaMH B HX pa3JIH'IHbIX 2KaHpOBbIX pa3HOBII1I-HOCT5!X
(C r Ka3KH a 2KHBOTHbIX, repOIIKo-cpaHTaCTII'IeCKHe, HOBeJIJIHCT qeCKHe,
K) YJI51THBHble, 6aCHlI, npHT'IH II Ap.), aHeK)J.oTaMII H TaKoH 2KaHpO-
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HOH np03bI OTHOCHTCH JIereH)J.bI H npe)J.aHH51, HapOAHble paCCKa3b1,
6bIJIH'IKH, MeMopaTbI II )J.p.
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II J p. HaKoHell., xapaKTepHYlO rpynny cOCTaBJIHlOT npOlI3BeAelUI51
Ill'TCKoro cpOJIbKJIOpa (AeTCKlIe cKa3KH, KOJIbI6eJlbHble necHH, C'III-
l'aJIKH, CKoporOBopKII II AP.). CYII.:(eCTBeHHDe pa3BlITHe nOJIyqHJI Ha-
PO}1- HbIH TeaTp, npe2K)J.e Bcero KYKOJIbHbIH.
EY)J.Y'IH 13 TeLleHlle MHorlIx BeKOB aKTIIBHOH, AeHCTBeHHOH qaCTblO
lIoBceAHeBHoro KYJIbTypHoro 6bITa HapOAa, YCTHaH CJIOBeCHOcTb
VKpaIlHll.eB CblrpaJIa 13 )J.aJIbHeHrneM BeCbMa Ba2KHYlO pOJlb 13 CTaHOB-
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I,eTCKOH JIlITepaTypbI, )J.paM aTyprlIlI, n0331I1I), neceHHOH, XOpOBOH
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:<lIIO 60raToe II caM06bITHoe MY3bIKaJIbHOe TBOp'IeCTBo. Era CIIell,lI-
(I!lIKa npocMaTplIBaeTnj 13 JIaAOBbIX OCHOBax HapoAHoH MY3bIKII, 13
IIc06eHHocTHX MeJIOCa pa3JIH'IHbIX 2KaHpOBbIX cpOpM, MHOrOrOJIOCIIII,
"Boe06pa31I1I MY3bIKaJIbHbIX 06pa30B, Hall.lIOHaJIbHOM CTlIJIe 13 Ha-
pO)J.HOH MY3bIKe. He MeHee HpKO, cBoe06pa3Ho H TaJIaHTJIIIBO npo-
HBIIJI ce651 YKpalIHcKlIlI HapoA 13 APyrlIx BII)J.ax HapoAHOro TBOp'IeCT-
11<1 _ TaHll.aX, 1I306pa3lITeJIbHOM IICKyccTBe - 13 pa3JIII'IHbIX Tpa.II.lI-
1I,1I0HHbIX npOMbICJIaX II peMeCJlax.
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/1,lIll.IIOHHbrlI cpOJIbKJIOp, OTAeJIbHble cpOpMbI KOTOpOro CTaJIII npe)J.Me-
TOM nepeOCMbICJIeHHH II TBOp'IeCKOrO IICnOJIb30BaHIIH. TaK, Hanp.,
IIpe)J.npHHIIMaJUICb nOnbITKII B03p02KAeHl!5I HapOAHbIX )J.YM, HanOJIHe-
111151 HX HOBbIM CO.II. e p2KaHlleM. 3HaqlITeJlbHOe pa3BlITlIe nOJIY'IIIJIO
lIapO)J.Hoe TBOp'IeCTBO 13 rO)J.bI BeJIlIKOH OTeqeCTBeHHOH BOHHbI. B
IIOCJIeBOeHHbIe rO.II.bI YKpaHHCKIIH cpOJIbKJIOp Bce 60JIee CTaHOBIITCR
II pe)J.MeTOM nJlaHOBoro, cnell.HaJlbHOrO 1I3Y'IeHIIH. u OCYIlI.eCTBJIHeTCH
11./laHOMepHoe 1I3)J.aHlle era JIyqrnlIX rrp01I3Be)J.eHlUI 13 Cnell.lIaJI.bHbIX
cl'j)l!5IX _ MHoroTOMHoe 1I3)J.aHlIe «YKpalHcbKa HapOAl!a TBOpqICTb»:
< Gi6JIiOTeKa YKpalHcbKoi YCHoi HapOAHOl TBOp'IOCTl», «Hapo)J.HI
lIinri 13 3aTIlICaX TIlICbMeHHlIKiB» II )J.p.
J1I1T.: JIoTe6Hfl A. A. 06'b5lCHeHHlI MaJIOpycCKIIX U CpOAHblX HapoAHblX neceH.
l\aplliaBa, 1883. LI. 1; 1887. LI. 2; AHiJpie6cb1wii O. Ei6JIi rpapiH JIiTepaTypn 3
VI,paiHcbKoro !jJOJIbKJIOpy. I\UlB, 1930. T. I; l(o/lecca <P. Kpa!HCbKa Ha CJIO-
I "'<"HieTb. J1bBiB, 1938; YKpalHcbKa HapoAHa rrOeTIIqHa TBOpqlC!.b: KU B, 1958.
T. 1 2' BO/IOUlUH I. O. .IJ:LKepeJIa HapoAHOro TeaTpy Ha YKpalI . I\UlE, 1960;
IlIJcl iJ/oK O. A. J1aAoBi OCHOBH YKpalHcbKol HapoAHoi MY3UKU. KUlB, 1961; l(up-
dlll'l E. JI. YKpauHcKue HapoAHble .lI:yMbl (XV - aq. XVll B.). M,. 1962; Hw,eH-
I;" JI. I. YKpalHcbKe HapoAHe 6araToroJIOCCH. I\UlE, 1962; rYliieHIOK A. I. HapoA-
'"' xopeorpa!jJiqHe MUCTe TBO YKpal!:u. KIIlB, 1963; Eoii1W" B. r. I1o,eT'!.qHe .CJIOBO
lIapOAY i JIiTepaTYPHuH npOl(ec. KUlE, 1965; .!)epeso6cbKU I. JI. YhpalHCbKa Ha-
1'''/(l1a TBopqicTL (20-30 pOKU XX CT.). I\UlB, 1..973; Jl,eu O. I.: 1l0e:.lIKa YKpa:
11(!'I.Kol HapoAHoi nicHi. I\lIlB, 1978; rpul{a C. f!. M.eJIoc YKP l1{cbK01 HapoA 01
,'lIiKIT. KIIlB, 1979; llIyliwiJa H. C. CyqaCHa mceHHlCTb CJIOB 51HCbKHX .!",apo.ll:lE.
1'lIiB. 1981; Jl,06 lceHoK r. B. YKpalHcbKuH AUT5IqUH !jJOJIbKJIOp.. KU .B, 1981;
1/ !ltlli(}IOK O. A. MiLKHa1(ioHaJIbHi 3B'513KU 13 MY3UqH01\lY !jJOJIbKJIOpl. KUlB, 1982;
404
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405
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fpul{D:ii M. C., EOUKO B. r., J{YHae6CbKa JI (j) ..
TBOpqlCTb. KUlB, 1983; JIaSfiK M. MY'" " YKpalI C Ka HapoAH3 nOeTHqH3
1984;.. MUmaHU'l C. B. YCHi Ha o.n;Hi .0no;alHCbI<1 rrI-:!",cJI1B 51 Ta rrpliKa3Ku. I\UIIl
YKPaIHCbK . HapoAHa Ka3Ka. I\ IB, 1987' l:J; HH. I):HlB, 1986; !JYHaeBcbKa .n. (j):
BepTerr. I\UlB, 1987; Epil{ufla 0 10 Y '.. a,c PI,. 10. YKpaIHCbKHH HapoAHuii
1989; HyiJb a r. A. YKpalHcbK rri H5IKpalH b l 0 1a.JIbHO-rr06YToBi Ka3KU. I\Hlll
13 CBITI. ,u,OCJIlA1KeHH5I. I\UlB, 1989. '
<D. cpo OTpa3HJI JIII'IHble pa3Ho06pa3Hble nepe2KHBaHHH H 06II.:(eCT-
IICHHoe caMoc03HaHHe cOBeTcKHx BOYIHOB. OH HMeeT 60JIbliiOe IICTOplI-
I\O-n03HaBaTeJIbHOe H BocrrHTaTeJIblIOe 3HaqeHHe.
.. J1I1T.: I'!>pOHTOBOH cjJOJIbKJIOp i 3an., BCTyrr. CT. U KOMMeHT. B. 10. I\pyn5lH-
nWH. I10A pe.n;. H C rrpeAlICJI. M. K A3a.n;oBcKoro. M., 1944; HapoAHoe TBOpqeCTBO
II AHU BeJIUKOH OTeqeCTBeHHoH BOllHbI i COCT. B. A. TOHKOB. BOpOHe)K 1945'
r,eJIapycKi !jJaJIbJ{JIOp B5IJIiKaH AH%IHHaH BaHHbI I I1aA p3A. fl. I'!>. rJI uKi i
I. B. fYTapaBa. MH., 1961; PyccKHH !jJOJIbKJIOp BeJIUKOH OTeqeCTBeHImH BOllHbl I
OTB. pe,!\. B. E. ryceB. M.; J1., 1964; rOH'lap06a A. B. YCTHbIe pacCKa:3bI BeJIH-
KOll OTeqeCTBeHHoII BOllHbJ. I\aJIUHUH, 1974; Ka6amHiTwy /(. JI. IHT3pHa bI5IHaJIb-
lIae i Ha LI5IHaJIbHae Ba ycxoAHeCJIaB5IHCKaH Hapo.n;Haii rra33ii B5IJIiKaH Ai1qbIH-
\laH BaHHbl. MH., 1982; llIYJ1wiJa H. C. fyMop Ta caTHpa B CJIOB'51HCbKOMY !jJOJIb-
KJIopi nepio,!\y ,!\pyrol CBiTOBOI Bii'IHU Ii HTE. 1983. .N2 1; Epil{UHa O. 10. OCOUJIJI"
1I0cTi P03BUTKY Hapo.n;Hol rriceHHocTi BeJIuKol BiTqH3H5IHOI BiHHH II HTE. 1985.
.N 3; /(upiJaH E. JI. 1'!>0JIbKJIOp U MaCCOBoe n03TuqeCKOe TBOpqeCTBO 13 rOAbl
BeJIUKOH OTeqeCTBeHHoH BOIlHbI: I1p06JIeMbl B3allMOBJIU5IHU5I !jJOJIbKJIOpa U JIliTe-
P3TypbI il MeLlmY3. c6. HaY". Tp. M., 1986.
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pO,!.!,HOro UCKYCCTBa. M., 1971; jJ,lii T ue ocaTblpe6 JI. r. BorrpocbI TeopHu Ha-
BbIe qepTbI B PYCCKOH JIUTe aT e p /0. A. fl03AHee CKOMopOllieCTBO II Ho-
1976; Ca6yw1wHa H H Py P p U UCKYCCTBe: XVII - HaqaJIO XVIII M
H . . CCKUU Hap0)J.HbI. 13
elwTopbIe oco6eHHocTu CTHJI5I rop H TeaTp. lVl., 1976; HeKpbulOBa A. q;'
UCKyccTBa CJIOBa. BOpOHe2K, 1978; O c o 3peJIHIl(Horo !jJOJIbKJIOpa II I103;m«;
HUKH, YBeCeJIeHUH H 3peJIIIIl(a: I\oHe XVilIPyccKHe HaP?AHbIe ropO,!.I,CKl1e rrpa3A-
- HaqaJIO XX BeKa J1., 1988.
A. CPo HEKPbIJIOBA
<DOJIbI\J10PI131Vl p., <DAJIbKJIAPbI3M
y. ,(.cppaHl!' Ie folklorisme, HeM. der Folkl ". 6., <DOJIbKJIOPH31Vl
JI02KeHI-lbIH cp p ar-uJ; Y 3CKI1M ,+, OJIb onsmus) - TepMIIH, n p c)J.-
6 't' KJIOpHCTOM XIX 13 0 C U
a 03Ha'IeHHH pa3JIWIHbIX 3aHHTHH II u' OJIeM e6HHo ,n:JIH
HII, HCKYCCTBe II 'I' rr ) B COBe YBJIeqeHHH q)OJIbKJIOpOM ( 13 }KH3-
( M . .. TCKOH '+'0 -Ib
1 . K. A3a,n:OBCKI1H IO 1\ ' 1 C 't' J KJIOpHCTHKe 1930-x ro)J.on
, . . OKO.TIOB H )J. p ) 6
)J.eMU'IeCKHX» '+'0 P M 06 p aTTT eH ,+, . bW rrpMHHT )J..TIH «HeaKa-
6 't' '-'-\ HH K 't'0JlbKJIO py M v A
yrroTpe JI5!JI TepMHH <D ,n:JIH xa p a " ,. 3aAoBcKuii
. KTepHCTHKI-I «cpOv%KJIOpHbIX I-IHTepC-
J1I1T.: Asaa06c1wt1 M. [(. I1CTOPUH PYCCKOH !jJOJIbKJIOpI1CTIIKIL M., 1958.
T. 1; ryce6 B. E. I'!>OJIbKJIOPU3M KaK !jJaKTop CTaHOBJIeHlIH Ha 110HaJIbHbIX KYJIb-
TYP CJIaB5IHCKIIX HapoAoB II 1'!>0pMupoBaHHe Hal(UOHaJIbHbIX KYJIbTYP 13 cTpaHax
HeHTpaJILHOH H lOro-BoCTOqHOH EBpOI1bI. M., 1977; OH e. 1'!>0JIbI{J]0P U co-
QIWJIUCTUqeCIWH KYJIbTypa: I\ rrp06JIeMe cOBpeMeHHoro !jJOJILKJIOpU3Ma II COBpe-
JIIeHHOCTb H !jJOJIbKJIOp. J1., 1977; OH Ice. 1'!>0JIbKJIOp 13 CUCTeMe cOBpeMeHHoi'r KYJIb-
TYPbI CJIaB5IHCKUX HapoAoB II I1CTOPU5I, KYJIbTypa, 3THorpa!jJH5I U !jJOJIbKJIOp CJIa-
BHHCKHX HapoAoB. M., 1978; 3eliil{06cKut1 H. H. a COBpeMeHHoM !jJOJIbKJIOpU3Me II
TpaAH HoHHblil. !jJOJIbKJIOp 13 cOBpeMeHHoH xY)J.02KeCTBeHHo H 2KII3HlI. J1., 1984;
'lucT06 K. B. HapoAHble TpaAu uU II !jJOJIbKJIOP, J1., 1986; Moser H. Vom
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B. E. rYCEB
408
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l"BOHM cpaKTIIqeCKHM MaTepHaJIO , XOTH npe06 a)J.alOII.:(aH 'IaCTb TeK-
naB nepeBO)J.HJlaCb Ha nOJIbCKIIH JIH60 PYCCKIIH H3bIK, 06pa6aTblBa-
,lIaCb, neqaTaJIaCb HeTOqHO. H Bce 2Ke AeHTeJIbHOCTb nepBbIX c06Hpa-
reJleH 6eJropYCCKoro cpOJIbK"'1Opa CbIrpaJIa nOJIOIKIITeJIbHYlO pOJIb 13
CTaHOBJleHlIH 6eJIOPYCCKOH cpOJlbKJIOpHCTHKII, 13 bIpa60TKe npHHLJ,H-
naB H MeTO)J.IIKlI c60pa HapO)J.HbIX npon3Be)J.eHlIlI, IIX ny6JIHKaUIIlI II
II 3yqeHlIlI.
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1851; JJ:. EYJIraKoBcKoro, 1890; M. JJ:oBHap-3anOJlbCKOro, 1895), Mo-
rHJleBII.:(IIHbI (E. TIaBJIOBCKOH, 1853; A. JJ:eM60BeuKoro, 1882), c60p-
lurK nOCJIOBHIl, D. IllmIJIeBcKoro (1853), C60PHHK neceH TI. EeccoHo-
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T. 1-4; ryce6 B. E. 06 u3yqeHHH UCTOpHU PYCCKOH !jJOJIbKJIOPUCTUKII II I13B. All
CCCP. OTA. JIUT. U 513. 1956. T. 13, BblII. 3; OH /ce. I1p06JIeMbI !jJOJIbI{JIOpa II
UCTOPUII 3CTeTHKII. M.; J1., 1963; OH e. 1'!>0JIbKJIOpUCTIIKa 13 PHAY 06l1J,eCTBeHHhIx
HaYK II aT «CJIOBa 0 rr.oJII<Y I1ropeBe» ,l\0 «Tuxoro .IJ:oHa». J1., 1969; AsaiJo6cKl/li
M. l(. I1CTOpU5I PYCCKOH !jJOJIbKJIOpUCTIIKU. M., 1958. T. 1; 1963. T. 2; YKpalHcbK"
f;apO,l\Ha rrOeTH Ha TBOpqicTb. I\UlB, 1958. T. 1; l(oKKbJlpa fJ, /C. I1CTOpUH !jJOJII,-
KJIOPUCTUKH 13 EBporr I I1ep. C UlaJI. M., 1960; EepesoBcb1WU I. Jl. YKpalHCblGI
q. JIbKJIOpUCTuKa. I\UlB, 1962; EG;/iiJap'lbIK B. K. fiCTOpbI5I 6eJIapYCKaH 3THarpa-
!jJn XIX CT. MH., 1964; OH lCe. fICTOpbI5I 6eJIapycKai1 3TI-rarpa!jJii: I1aqaTaK XX CT.
MH., 1970; CfucTo6 K. B. a B3aUMOOTHOllieHIIH !jJOJIbKJIOpHCTHKII II 3THorpmjJl1u II
C3. 1971. N 5; 3eliil{OBC1Wii H. H. 1'!>0JIbKJIOpUCTIIKa KaK HaYKa II CJIaBHHCKuii
MY3bmaJIbHbIH !jJOJIbK:'!Op. M., 1972; fJ,eu O. I. CTopiHKII 3 iCTopii YKpalHcbKol
!jJOJIbKJIOP CTHKH. I\HiB, 1 75; JI paBiJlOK O. A. YKpaiHcbKa MY3UqHa q.OJIbK.rJOpll-
CTUKa. I\ulB',1978; qJJliJOCIK A. C. EeJIapYCKa51 caBe KaH !jJaJIbKJIapbICTblKa. MH.,
1987; CJIOB 51HCKa !jJOJIbKJIOpUCTHKa: Hapucu p03BU1KY. MaTepiaJIH I ABTOpIl:
M. M. FaHAaH, B. E. ryceB, K I1. I\a6allIHHKoB, H. C. llIYMaAa, B. A. lO3BeH-
KO. ISH1 , 1988; EeJIaPYCKa51 !jJaJIbKJIapbICTbIKa: 3noxa !jJeaAaJIi3MY I r. A. I\a-
xaHoyc ([, J1. p:. MaJIalli, K A. LLBipKa. MH., 1989; EeJIapYCKa51 !jJaJIbKJIapbICTLI-
Ka: 361 aHHe 1 ,l\aCJIe aBaJme HapO)J.HaH TBOpqac i y 60-x raAax XIX - rraqaTKY
XX CT.! r. A. I151TpOYCKa5l, I. K IJ,illiqaHKa, Y. A. BaciJIeBiq i iHlli. MH., 1989.
<DOJIbK.HOPHCTHKA EE.TIOPYCCK.A5I p., <DAJIbKJIAPbIC-
TbIKA EEJIAPYCK.A5I 6., <DO.TlbKJIOPHCTHKA EIJIOPYCbKA
y. CHcTeMaTHqeCKoMY c06IIpaHHI{) H H3Y'IeHHlO 6eJIOpyccKoro CPOJIbK-
JIopa rrpe)J.rneCTBOBaJIO IICrrOJIb30BaHHe HapO)J.HbIX npoH3Be)J.eHHH 13
JleTOnHCHX, AOKYMeHTax, nHCbMax. DOCJIOBHIl,bI H norOBopKH 3acpHK-
CHpOBaHbI, Hanp., 13 rrHCbMax oprnaHCKoro CTapOCTbI <D. KMHTbI-qep-
H06bIJIbCKOrO (1573-1574). B 1618 r. 13 JIID6Qe BMeCTe C nOJIbCKII-
MH 6bIJIII ony6JIHKOBaHbI 6eJIOpyccKHe nOCJIOBHll.bI, 3arrHcaHHbIe
C. PbICHHCKHM Ha DOJIOqqHHe H BHTe6II.:(HHe. <DOJlbKJIOpHO-3THorpa-
cpHqeCKHe MaTepHaJIbI rrpe)J.CTaBJIeHbI 13 «OrrHcaHHH KplIQeBCKOro
rpacpcTBa» A. MeHepa (1786).
B nepBoii rrOJI. XIX B. c06HpamIeM H H3yqeHlIeM 6eJlopyccKoro
HapoA:roro TBOpqeCTB. 3aHHMaJIIICb yp02KeHll.bI EeJIapycH K BYH-
THll.KHH,.,JI. EOPOBCKHH, 3. JJ:OJIeHra-Xo)J.aKOBcKIIli, 5I. qe'IOT, 51. Eop-
II.:(eBCKIIH, A. PbmlIHcKHli, JI. rOJIeM6eBCKHlr, E. TbIlllKeBHq, P. 3eH-
KeBHq, B. CbIpOKOMJIH, pYCCKHe cpOJIbKJIOpHCTbI H. CHerHpeB, A. Te-
peII.:(eHI ?, H. CaxapoB, f1. KHpeeBcKHH H ,n:p. B 1816-1817 rr. BH-
JIeHCKHll ymmepCIITeT pa3pa60TaJI IIHCTPYKIl,HlO no c06IIpaHHI{)
cpOJIbKJIOpHbIX H 3THorpacpwlecKHx MaTepIIaJIOB. Ha ee OCHOBe
M. :-IepHOBCKaH 13 1817 r. orry6JIHKOBaJIa pa60TY «OcTaTKH CJIaBHH-
CKOH MHcpOJIOrHII, KOTopble COXpaHHJIHCb 13 06bI'Ia5IX CeJIbCKOrO Hace-
JIeHHH Ha EeJIOpYCCHH (MOrrIJIeBCKaH ry6.) ». MHoro rreceH pa3HbIX
)KaHpOB H ,n:pynlx 6eJIOpYCCKHX YCTHon03TH'leCKHX rrpOH3Be)J.eHlIH 130-
rnJIO 13 KHlIry A. PbInHHCKoro «EeJIapYCb» (DapH2K, 1840), 5I. TbUll-
KeBiJQa «OnHcaHHe EOpHcoBcKoro ye3)J.a» (BHJIbHO, 1847), c60pHmm
51. leLIOTa (BHJIbHO, 1837-1846). KpaTKaH xapaKTepHCTJ1Ka 6eJIo-
pyccKoro Hapo)J.Horo rreCeHHoro TBOp'IeCTBa cO)J.ep2KIITCH 13 CTaTJ,('
412
q,
D03Hll.HH 60JIbrnIIHCTBa cpOJlbKJIOpHCTOB 6bIJIH npOTHBOpeqHBbIMU
HenOCJIeAOBaTeJIbHbIMH. EOJlee qeTKOe OTHOllIeHHe K TeopHHM Te';
IIJIII IIHbIX llIKOJI npOHBHJIOCb 13 HCCJIe)J.OBaHHHX 6eJIOPYCCKoro CPOJIbK-
JIopa, KOTopble Be.TIHCb PYCCKHMH HJIII YKpaHHCKHMH YLleHbIMH
06CTO TeJIbHbIe c06paHHH 6eJIOpYCCKHX YCTHon03THqeCKH npo-
C3 e)J.eHHH H3)J.aJIH H. H. HOCOBII'I (C60pHHK 6eJIOPYCCKHX nOCJIOBHll.
6., 186/; EeJIOpyccKHe neCHH II 3an. HMrr. Pyc. reorp O-Ba n
OT)J.-HHlO 3THorpacpHH. Cn6., 1873. T. 5; C60pHIIK 6eJIOPy cKHX noc-
JIOBHll.. CD6., 1874); n. B. IlIeHH (EeJIOPycCKHe Hapo)J.Hble necmr II
3an.. HMn. Pyc. reorpacp. O-Ba no OT)J.-HHI{) 3THorpacpHH. Cn6., 1873.
C T. 5, MaTepIIaJIbI )J.JIH H3yqeHHH 6bITa H 513bIKa PYCClwro HaCeJleHH51
eBepo-3ana)J.Horo KpaH. Cn6., 1887-1902. T. 1-3)' E P P
OB (EeJlopycCKHll c60pmlK. KIIeB, 1886. BbIn. 1-2. BIIT 6c 108 -
bm. 3; BHTe6cK, 1891. BbIn. 4; BHTe6CK, 1891. B Ill. 5' B JIbHO.
1901. BbIll. 6; B!lJIbHO, 1910. BbIn. 7; BIIJlbHO, 1912. BbIll. 8,9); H, 51'
HHKHcpOpOBCKHH (EeJIOpyccKHe rreCHIl-'-IacTyrnKH. BHJIbHO 1911 :
ilOJIynOCJIOBIIll.bI H nOJIyrroroBopKH, ynoTpe6JIHeMble 13 B Te6cK0l1
eJIOpyccHII II 3an. CeBepo-3anall,HOrO OT)l-HHH HMn. pyc. reorpalp
O-Ba. BHJIbHO, 1 1O. KH. 1); B. H. JJ:06pOBOJIbCKIIH (CMOJIeHCKHil
3THorpacpwlecKHII C60PHHK. 1891-1903 q 1-4 ) ' A 1 1' C "
a - u ( c .. , .,. ep2Kny-
'I' BCKIIH Ka3 H paccKa3bI 6eJIOpycoB-nOJIellIYKoB. CD6., 1911)'
M. <De)J.epoB KHH (JllO)J. 6eJIopyccKHII. KpaKoB, 1897-1903. T. 1-3)'
e pYCC HH cpOJIbKJIOp C06HpaJIH, H3Y'IaJIII H nv6JIHKOBaJIlI TaK)K '
. HI.:(KHH, H. 5IHqYK, C. MaJIeBHq, 11. Cep60B, 51. KapJIOBHq
O. KOJIb6epr, B. BepHra, 3. fJIorep, JI. K v 6a A. qe p HbI TX - nOJIHB
Ka II )J.p. J , , 1"l.
OTlI,eJIbHble npOH3Be)J.eHlI5I 6eJIopycClwro cpOJIbKJIOpa aHaJIH3H-
A POB A aJIHCb B Tpy)J.ax A. BeCeJIOBCKOro, A. DOTe6HH H. C Y Mll.OBa
. HHqKOBa H rr p KpaTKO - ' ,
p, ., xapaKTepH30BaJIHCb 13 npeAHCJIOBH51X K
HeKOTopbIM C60pHHKaM, 13 peI.:(eH3HHX Ha HHX. reHe3Hc OCHOBHbIX
)KaHp II BH)J.OB 6eJlopycCKoro cpOJIbKJIOpa, H)J.er"IHo-TeMaTH'IeCKOe
cO)J.ep)! aHHe, XY)J.01KeCTBeHHaH CrreI.:(HcpI1I(a, np06JleMbI HapOAHoro'
CTHXOCJI02KemI5I, 3nHqeCKOrO TBOpqeCTBa H )J.pyrHe Ba2KHble Bon OCbI
: epBble IICCJIe)J.YlOTCH 13 cpYH)J.aMeHTaJli?HOM TpY)J.e E. <D. KaptKoro,
eJIOpycbI». Dp06JleMbI pa3BHTHH 6e.TIOpyccKoro cpOJIbKJIOpa pac-
cMaTpHBaJII1Cb TaK2Ke 13 pa60Tax H. 5IwlYKa A. EorAaHOBIIqa A JI -
60ll,bI HAp. " . a
COBpeMeHHaH <D. 6. BoCrrpHHHJla JIY'IrnIIe Tpa)J.Hll.HH )J.opeBOJIlO-
ll.H HHOH: npo)J.oJl2KaJIOCb c06HpaHI1e npoH3Be)J.eHHii Tpall,Hll.HOHHorO>
cpOJlbKJIOpa, pa3BHBaJIOCb TeopeTwrecKoe OCMbICJIeHHe cpOJIbK.'lOpHOrO
HaCJIe)J.HH, H3)J.aBaJIHCb aHTOJIOrI1H H CBO)J.bI npoH3Be)J.eHlIH Hapo)J.Ho-
ro TBOpqeCTBa, HCCJIe)J.OBaJIHCb cOBpeIVIeHHble cpOJIbKJIOpHble npOI.:(ec-
CbI, B3aHMOCBH3H 6eJIOpYCCKoro cpOJIbK.TIOpa C TBopLleCTBOM A py rHx
CJIaBHH.
B 1920-e O)J.bI npo)J.OJI)!{aJIlI pa60TaTb A. Cep2KnYTOBCKHii
A. IlIJII{)6CKHII, 11. Cep60B H lI,p. OHH H3)J.aJIH C60PHHKH TpaAHll.HOII '
HbIX cpOJIbKJIOpHO-3THorpacpHqeCKHX MaTe p HaJIOB. B 192 8 r bl
. 13 rnCJl
q,
413
1\ CBeT C60PHHK «Hap0)J.Hble neCHH C MeJIO)J.IIHMH», nO)J.roTOBJleHHbIII
M. rOpell.KIIM II A. EropoBbIM. MHoro'IHCJleHHble npoH3Be)J.eHHH ne<-ra-
TaJIHCb 13 )!WpHaJIaX, ra3eTax (60JIbrne Bcero 13 )!WpHaJle «Ham
l,paH») . MHOro BHHMaHIIH YAeJIHJI pa3BIITIIlO cpOJIbKJIOpIICTIlIm
H. KOJIac, B03rJIaBHBrnIIH 13 1935 r. cpOJIbKJIOPHYlO KOMliCClII{)
i\H ECCP. B 30-e ro)J.bI npOBOll,HJIHCb HayqHble 3Kcne)J.HI.:(IIH, KOH-
"ypCbI Ha JIY'Irnero c06IIpaTeJIH Hapo)J.HbIX npoH3Be)J.eHHH, 6bIJI C03-
,1 aH 60raTbIH apxHB. BbIUJJIH 13 CBeT nHTb TeMaTWleCKHX cpOJIbKJIOp-
IlbIX C60pHIIKOB H nepBbIH TOM TpeXTOMHoro H3)J.aHHH 6eJIOpYCCKIIX
I!eCeH (MH., 1940. COCT. M. 5L fpI1H6JIaT).
P a3BHTHe cpOJIbKJIOpIICTIIKH 3Ha L IlITeJIbHO 3aTopM03lIJIOCb 130 Bpe-
MH MaCCOBbIX penpeccHH, 60pb6bI C «HaI.:(HOHaJI-)J.eMoKpaTH3MoM» 130
Bcex 06JIaCTHX HaYKH. Tpa)J.Hll.IIOHHble Hapo)J.HbIe npoII3Be)J.eHHH He-
}.I,OOI.:(eHHBaJIIICb, IICTOpIIqeCKIIH no)J.xo)J. K HIIM HCKJIlOqaJICH, MHorHe
1I3 HIIX OTHOCIIJIIICb K KYJIall.KHM. B HHCTPYKll.IIHX cO)J.ep2KaJIHCb Tpe-
60BaHII51 c06IIpaTb II H3Y'IaTb TOJIbKO cOBeTcKIIH cpOJIbKJIOp, 13 pe-
:3YJlbTaTe 'Iero 13 c60pHHKax H nepI1o)J.H'IeCKOH neqaTH ny6JIIIKOBaJIOCb
MHoro npIIMHTHBHbIX, cJla6bIX 13 xY)J.02KeCTBeHHblx OTHOIlleHlI5IX npo-
Il3Be)J.eHHH, He HMeBrnIIX OTHorneHHH K cpOJIbKJIOPy, HO oTBeqaBrnHX
Tpe60BaHIIHM ocpIIll.HaJIbHOH II)J.eOJIOrHH. TIo u CYII.:(eCTBY, C03HaTeJIbHO,
B yro)J.y BJIaCTb HMyII.:(IIM HCKa2KaJIaCb )J.eIICTBHTeJIbHOCTb, Henpa-
BHJIbHO OCBeII.:(aJICH cpOJIbKJIOpHbIH npOI.:(ecc.
<DOJIbKJIOpHble npOII3Be)J.eHHH ne'IaTaJIIICb Ha CTpaHHI.:(aX ra3eT H
iKypHaJIOB 13 nepHO)J. BeJIHKOH OTe'IeCTBeHHOII BOHHbI; 13 1944 r. ony6-
JII1KOBaH c60PHI1K «EeJIOpyccKIIe Hapo)J.Hble rreCHII» (COCT. E. 5IPYc-
TOBCKHH). TIocJIe n06e)J.bI Ba)J. cparnHcTcKoH repMaHHeH B0306HOBHJI
pa60TY ceKTop 3THorpacplIII II cpOJlbKJIOpa 13 AH ECCP, a 13 1957 r.
6bIJI C03)J.aH I1HCTHTYT HCKyccTBOBell,eHIIH, 3THorpacpHH H cpOJIbKJIOpa,
B era cpOJIbKJIOpHOM apxHBe HaCLIHTbIBar{)TCH COTHII TbICHq n oII3Be-
)J.eHHH, 13 TOM 'lHCJle nO'ITII 40 TbICWI MarHHTocpOIIHbIX 3amIceH 13 cpo-
HorpaMMapxHBe.
<DOJlbKJIOpHCTbI IIHcTHTYTa nO)J.roTOBIIJIII H H3)J.aJIlI C60PHHKH Ha-
P0)J.HbIX npoH3Be)J.eHHH nepHo)J.a BeJIIlKOH OTeqeCTBeHHoH BOHHbI
(1961, 1985), IICTOpHKo-TeOpeTH'IeCKOe HCCJIe)J.OBaHHe «EeJIOpyccKoe
Hapo)J.Hoe YCTHon03THqeCKOe TBOpqeCTBo» (1967), pH)J. yqe6HbIX no-
C06UH H yqe6HHKOB AJIH By30B, MOHorpacpHH, nOCBHII.:(eHHbIX OT)J.eJlb-
HbIM cpOJIbKJIOpHbIM )!{aHpaM II aKTyaJIbHbIM np06JIeMaM HaYKH.
I13l1,aeTCH TaK2Ke MHOroTOMHbIH CBO)J. 6eJIOpyccKoro Hapo)J.Horo TBOp-
qeCTBa (13 1992 r. II3)J.aH 41-H TOM).
EOJIbrnOH BKJIa)J. 13 pa3BHTHe 6eJIOpYCCKOH cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKH BHec-
JIH r. P. IlIHpMa (ony6JIIIKOBaJI qeTblpeXTOMHoe c06pamle neceH 13
1959-1976 rr. II APyrHe cpOJIbKJIOpHble C60pHHKII), r. 11. lI.HTOBHq
(H3)J.aJI TpII aHTOJIOrIIH 6eJIOpyccKHX neceH, C60PHHK HaYLlHbIx CTa-
TeH, 6pornlOpy), H. qYPKHH (ony6JIlIKOBaJI lI,Ba C60pHHKa, 3annCaJI
TbICH'-IlI HapOll,HbIX MeJIo)J.IIH), H. C. rIIJIeBHq (nHTb C60pHHKOB
(IJOJIbKJIOpHbIX npoH3Be)J.eHHH, qeTblpe MOHorpacplIII, pH)J. 6pornlOp I-JI
MI-I02KeCTBO cTaTeH).
414
<})
B MOHOrpacpHHX lL f. Eapara, M. 5I. fplIH6JIaTa, K. n. Ka6<1111
HHKOBa, A. C. <De)J.OClIKa, f. A. EapTarneBH'I, A. C. J1Hca, 11. K 'I'll
II.:(eHKO, A. H. fYPcKoro, B. A. BaClIJleBIILla, f. A. DeTpOBCKOH, H. I L
KpYKa, J1. M. COJIOBelr, H. B. COJIOMeBH'Ia, H. B. HOBHKOBa, H. 1\.
5IHKoBcKoro H )J.p. HCCJIe)J.YlOTCH 2KaHpOBO-BII)J.OBoe cBoe06pa3I1\'
cpOJIbKJIOpa, era H)J.eliHO-TeMaTWleCKoe cO)J.ep2KaHHe, n03THKa, 133<1
HMOCB.H3H II B3alIMo,n:eiicTBHe YCTHOII rr033HH CJIaBHHCKliX Hapo,n:OJl,
AeHTeJlbHOCTb BbI)J.alOII.:(IIXCH cpOJlbKJIOplICTOB H T. n. 3aBeprneHO II:!
)J.aHHe TpeXTOMHOH IICTOpHII 6eJIOpYCCKOH cpOJlbKJIOpIICTHKlI.
P51)J. perHOHaJIbHbIX CPOJlbK.IJOPHbIX C60pHHKOB ony6JIHKOBaJIII
cpOJIbKJIOpHCTbI EfY B. A. 3axapOBa, P. M. KOBaJIeBa, P. 11. 5Ipoc-
JIaBu,eBa II )J.p. neceHHoe TBOpqeCTBO, HapOAHaH xopeorpacplIH, IIHCT-
PYMeHTaJIbHaH MY3bIKa HCCJle,n:OBaHbI 13 MOHorpacpHHX B. 11. EJIaTOB<I,
J1. C. MyxapH cKoH, 3. 5I. M02KeHKO, IO. M. LJYPKO, f. B. TaBJIaii,
H. JJ:. Ha31IHoll, T. E. BapcpOJIOMeeBoH.
EeJIOpyccKHe cpOJIbKJIOplICTbI rrpO)J.OJI2KalOT 06CJle)J.oBaHHe perHO-
HOB pecny6JIlIKH, HCCJIe,n:YlOT Bce 2KaHpbI II BlI)J.bI 6eJIOPYCCKoro
cpOJIbKJIOpa 13 IICTOpHKO-TeOpeTlI'IeCKOM H 3CTeTllqeCKOM acneKTax,
3aHHMalOTCH cpaBHHTeJIbHbIM H3Y'IeHHeM HapO)J.Horo TBOpqeCTBa CJIa-
BHH, nplI 3TO npeBaJIHpyeT HOB IH IIO)lXO)J. K aHaJIH3Y cpOJIbKJIOpHbIX
npOII3Be)J.eHHH 1I ,n:PYrIIX HBJIeHlIH ,n:YXOBHOH KYJIbTYPbI HapO)J.a.
J1I1T.: JIbtnUH A. H. I1CTOpU5I PYCCKOH 3THorpa!jJuu. CI16., 1892. T. 4; Cao-
tteH/W C. B. PYCCIWH Hapo.n;Ha51 CKa3Ka. I\IIeB, 1914; [(apC/wii E. CPo EeJIOpycbl.
1916; lIj/l106C/'-l A. MaTap'51JIbI .n;a 6eJIapYCKae 6i6JIi5lrpa!jJii. MH., 1927. T. 4; Ee-
JIapycKl !jJaJIbK Op (1926---1963): I\apoTKi 6i6JIi5lrpa!jJiqHbl .n;aBeAHiK I CKJIa)(.
1.. Y. C JIaMeBlq. MH., 1963; BeJIaPYCKaH 3THarpa!jJiH i !jJaJIbKJIapbICTbIKa: EiG,
JIl51rpa!jJl.qH rr3Ka3aJIbI-IiK (1945-1970) I CKJIaJJ:. M. 51. rpbIH6JIaT. MH., 1972;
[(a6aw!,uwy l(. JI. EeJIapycKl !jJaJIbKJIOp y rrapaYHaJIbHbIM aCB5ITJIeHHi. MH., 1981;
CPJliJOGtK A. C. EeJIapYCKa51 caBe Ka51 !jJaJIbKJIapbIcTbIKa. MH., 1987; Ka;xaHofj-
CKi r. ., Il.6ip1W K. A., Ma;ww .n. A. BeJIapYCKa51 !jJaJIbKJIapbIcTblKa: 3rroxa
!jJeaJJ:aJI13MY. MH., 1989; EeJIapYCKa51 !jJaJIbKJIapbICTbIKa: 36ipaHHe i AaCJIeJJ:aBau-
He HapO.ll:HaH. TBopqaCl(i y 60.x ra.ll:ax XIX - rraqaTKY XX CT. I r. A. I151TPOY-
CKa5l, 1. K LLllliqaHKa, Y. A. BaciJIeBiq i iHlli. MH., 1989.
A. C. CPE/l.OCH[(
<D0J1bKJ10PHCTHK.A .MAPKCI1CTCK.A5I p., <DAJ1bKJ1A-
PbICTbII\A MAPKCIClU<.A5I 6., <D0J1bKJ10PHCTHI\A MAPK-
CI1CTCbKA y. TepMHH 3aKpeTIJleH 13 «I1CTOpHH PYCCKOII cpOJIbKJIO-
PHCTHKH» 1\<1. K A3aAOBcKoro. <D. M. pa3pa6aTbIBaeT np06JIeMbI Teo-
pHH II HCTOplIlI cpOJIbKJIOpa, 06paII.:(a51cb K TpYAaM MapKca, 3HreJIbCa,
JIacpa.pra, MepHI-Ira, fpaMrnH, f!JleXaHOBa, J1eHHHa, J1YHaqap-
CKOro. Cnell.HcpHKa xY)J.02KeCTBeHHOH KYJlbTypbI AOKJIaCCoBoro 06II.:(C-
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HHe 13 cpO.IJbKJIOpe; IIpHpO)J.a cpOJlbKJIOpa Hero COll.HaJIbHble CPYHKll.IIII;
CBH3b cpOJlbKJIOpa C oCB060)J.HTeJlbHbIM )J.BII2KeHHeM HapOAHbIX Macc;
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"'I'lIa; B03HHKHOBeHHe HOBbIX cpOpM HapO)J.Horo TBOp'IeCTBa 13 3IIOXY
1Il'II0JIlOll.HOHHOro pa60'Iero ABII2KeHlI5I II ,n:p. B )J.opeBOJII{)UIIOHHOH
I 'OCClIH <D. M. KaK ll.eJIOCTHOe HaYLIHoe HanpaBJleI-lHe He OcpopMIIJIaCb,
\lITH HeKOTopble H)J.eH TeopeTHKOB MapKCH3Ma npOHlIKaJIII 13 TPY)J.bI
IIHJJIbKJIOpHCTOB. HapH)J.Y C HeKOTopbIMH n03HTlIBHbIMH pe3YJIbTaTa-
M II OBJIa)J.eHlI51 MapKClI3MOM 13 pa60Tax nOCJIe)J.YlOII.:(HX AeCHTHJIeTlrlI,
II peTeH)J.OBaBllIHX Ha OpTO)J.OKCaJlbHOCTb, npOHBJIHJIHCb HaqeTHH'IeCT-
110, )J.orMaTII3M, HlIrIIJIHCTlIqeCKoe OTHorneHHe K )J.OCTH2KeHlIHM OTe'Ie-
I'TBeHHOII H 3apy6e2KHOH HeMapKCHCTCKOH HaYKlI.
J1I1T.: Cfu'Iep06 B. H. BonpOCbI TeopuH U UCTOPUII HapoAHoro TBOpqeCTBa.
rv\., 1959; ryce6 B. E. MapKcu3M U pycCKa51 !jJOJIbKJIOpUCTIIKa I{oH 3 XIX-
11:\'1. XX B. M.; J1., 1961; AsaiJ06cKuu M. l(. J1CTOPUH PYCCKOH <pOJlbKJIOpIICTllKU.
M., 1963. T. 2; J1eHuHcKoe HaCJIeAUe II u3yqeHUe !jJOJIbKJIOpa: C6. CT. J1., 1970;
1/ !/TU/l06 E. H. B. I1. J1eHIIH U !jJOJIbKJIOpUCTUKa II C3. 1980. N2 3; MeTOJJ:bI H3Y-
'lI'IIH5I !jJOJIbKJIOpa: C6. CT. J1.. 1983; CJIOB'51HCbKa !jJOJIbKJIOpUCTuKa. I\IIlB, 1988.
B. E. rYCEB
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,!lopa, npe)J.cTaBJIeHHblii C60pHlIKaMH B. TpYToBcKoro (1776),
I I. J1bBOBa-H. TIpa'la (1790), KlIpllIH JJ:aHHJIOBa (1818), K J11I-
1IIIIICKoro (1833), M. MaKCHMOBIIQa-A. AJIH6beBa (1834), M. Map-
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II )J.p.; IICCJIe)J.OBaHHH A. CepoBa «MY3bIKa I{)2KHO-PYCCKHX neCl'lI
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ceHKO «XapaKTepHcTHKa MY3bIKaJIbHbIX oc06eHHocTeH YKpalIHCI{1I x
AYM H neceH, HCnOJIHHeMblX K063apeM BepecaeM» (1874), A. <DaMIIII
UbIHa «JJ:oMpa H Cpo)J.Hble eH MY3bIKaJIbHble HHcTpYMeHTbI PyCCKO!'1I
Hapo)J.a» (1891) II )J.p.
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KaJIbHOH cpOJlbKJIOpHCTHKe 13 TpY)J.e n. COKaJIbCKOrO «PyccKaH II:!
pO)J.HaH MY3bIKa, BeJIlIKopyccKaH H MaJIOpyccKa51 13 ee CTpoeHHH Me
JIOAHqeCKOM II HTMlIqeCKOM ...» (1888); C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM cpoHorp:1
cpa )J.JIH 3anIICel1 cpOJIbKJIOpa Hero pacrnHcppOBOK (E. JIHHeBa «BeJIII
KOpyccKHe nec. H 13 Hapo,n:HoH ra pMOHII3all.HH», 1904 H 1909 rr.;
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1906-1908; <D. KOJIecca «MeJIo)J.ii YKpaiHcbKHX Hapo)J.I-IIIX )J.YM»:
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II.:(eCTBe JI1061ITeJIeH eCTeCTB03HaHIIH, aHTpOnOJIOrHH H 3THorpa(lmll
npH MOCKOBCKOM YHHBepcHTeTe (1901). Ha 3TOM 3Tarre nOHBJIHelTH
cepHH TeopeTwlecKHx TPY)J.OB YKpaIIHcKHx cpOJIbKJIOpHCTOB <D. KOJIl'1'
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KHX Ha P0)J.HHX TIlCeHb» (1907), )J.aBliiaH KJIaCcHcpHKall.HI{) rreceHJIII ii
pHTMO-CTpOcpbI, «Hapo,n:Hi nicHi 3 faJIHll.bKOi JIeMKiBII.:(HHH» (192!J),
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BbI C CTeMa K K HTKH - «nepBicHi TOHOpH)J.II» (1926), «AHreM i
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qeHHlO n ocpecCH )HaJIbHbI?, H pO.,n: bIX neBll.OB II MY3bIKaHToB-
«npocpecIOH JIb .I H pOAHI Cr.:IBUl I MY3IIKaHTH Ha YKpaiHi: nporp:[
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lHcbK3 MY3UqHa !jJOJIbKJIOpIICTuKa. KUlB, 1978; rpul{a C. MY3uqHa !jJOJIbKJIOPUCTU-
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M. K. A3a,n:oBcKHH, H. D. AHApeeB Ii AP.). HapH)J.Y C 3THM nOJIY'IHJIIl
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lICTopHorpacpHH HayKH.
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J1I1T.: JIbtnllH A. H. I1CTOpU51 PYCCKOH 3 a? I1CTO 51 c06upaHHlI u u3yqeHU5I.
4; Ca6 t leHKo C. B. PYC Ka51 HapOA a Ka TH 51 CJIO CHOCTb. M., 1917; COKOIW6
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/0. M. PYCCEIIH !jJOJIbKJIOp.., .
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ayq. 3"rr. lleccKoro rre.ll:. HH-Ta. 1941. T. 6; paBblooBa 0 A I\
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IIHH rreCKa Ha KaMHe (<<JJ:a KorAa neCOK B30H)J.eT-BblpaCTeT I 151 Tor-
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MeHHO-6bITOBbIX neCHHX) .
.,'II-IT.: BeceJW6cKuii A. H. I-IcTOpHqeCKa51 rr03THKa. J1., 1940; EocaTblpeB JI. r.
<!>opMYJIa HeB03MolKHOro 13 CJIaBHHCKOM !jJOJIbKJIOpe /1 CJIaBHHCKI-IH !jJUJIoJIOrUqeCKUH
C60PHUK. Y!jJa, 1962. BbJII. 9; Kupoal-l E. JI. 1'!>0pMYJIa «HeB03MOlKHoro» 13 CJIa-
BHHCKHX rreCHHX KaprraTcKoH 30HbI: IX MelK.lI:YHapO.ll:HbIH C'be3.l1: CJIaBI-ICTOB. I1CTO-
]HIH, KYJIbTypa, 3THorpa!jJuH I-I !jJOJIbKJIOp CJIaB5IHCKlIX HapO.ll:OB. M., 1983.
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J1I-IT.: BeceJWBcKuii A. If. HCTopwleCKa51 rr03THKa. J1., 1940; JIy1WllTeH1W If. r.
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Ml'TOtJ.H IX .lI:OCvli,lIlKeHH5I. I\HlB, 1972; COKofloBa B. K. Oc06eHHOCTI-I KaJIeH.lI:apHbIX
oi"iPH.lI: OBbiX neceH BOCTOqHbIX II IORCHbIX CJIaBHH: IX MelK.lI:YlwpOAHblH C'be3.l1: CJIa-
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1!IH3; JIic A. C. BaJIaq06HbI5I rrecHi. MH., 1989.
O. H. lliAPAH
426
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CBH30K Me2K)J.Y HHl\II1.
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'Ha HHHll.HaJlbHble, MeAHaJIbHble H cpHHaJIbHble.
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TeJIH 113 MHpa BOJIrne6HOro 13 peaJIbHbIH, pa3pyrnHTb aTMoccpepy
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Bora TOHa. M.,e)J.HaJIbHble CPOPMYJIbI rnHpOKO npe)J.CTaBJIeHbI 13 BOCTOq-
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nepCOHa2KeH (repoeB H 11X npOTHBHHKOB), )J.pyraH rpynrra CPOPMYJI
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CKa30 L IHoe nOBeCTBOBaHHe, HacTpoHTb era Ha BocnpHHTHe C06bIT11il
JIe06bIKHoBeHHblx, qY)J.ecHblx. OHH qeTKO AeJIHTCH Ha BpeMeHHble 11
np?,CTpaHcTBeHHble. BpeMeHHble 11HHll.HaJIbHble CPOPMYJIbI 13 BOJIrne6-
HOli CKa3Ke BOCTOqHbIX CJIaBHH BCTpe'IalOTCH pe)J.Ko H HBJIHlOTCH 06-
II.:(HMH C .n:pyrlIMH 2KaHpOBLIMH pa3HoBH)J.HOCTHMH CKa3KH (AaBHbIM-
AaBHO, )J.aBHHM-)J.aBHO, )J.aYHbIM-)J.aYHo H T. A.). TIpoCTpaHCTBeHHble
HHHll.HaJIbHbIe CPOPMYJIbI qpe3BbI L IaHHO pa3Ho06pa3HbI H MHOra'IUC-
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TOCY)J.apCTBe 2KH.'l ... H T. )J..).
U:!l\IeHeHU5IX II a TpaAU IUIX H HOBaTopcTBe 13 JIInepaType H YCTIIOM HapO.ll:HOM
1'B0pqeCTBe. Y!jJa, 1964; POlUURI-IY H. TpaAII UOHl-Ible !jJOPMYJIbI CKa3KH. M., 1974.
B. A. EAXTHHA
<DOPMYJIA <DHHAJIbHA5I- CM. KOfll{OB1W.
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HICTb y.- xapaKTepHaH oc06eHHocTb rr03TWlecKoII CTHmrCTHKH
MHOrIIX cpOJIbKJIOpHbIX 2KaHpoB. OHa CCPOKYC11pOBaJIa 13 ce6e )J.JIII-
TeJIbHbIH H CJI02KHbIII npouecc AeCaKpaJIlI3all.H11 cpOJIbKJIOpa 13 npe-
IIMYII.:(eCTBeHHo 3CTenI3HpOBaHHYlO n03THQecKYlO CT11XHlO, XOTH H
coxpaHHBrnylO 13 HeKoTopolI CTeneHH reHeTWlecKYlO pIITyaJIbHO-Ma-
rHLlecKYlO HanpaBJIeHHocTb. CeMaHTHKo-CPYHKuHOHaJIbHbIH crreKTp
(POPMYJIbHOCT11 AOBOJIbHO lIIHpOK. <DOPMYJIbI 3aKpenJIHJIH pHTya.rlbHo-
3HaQHMble, CMbICJIOOrrpeAeJIHlOII.:(11e cerMeHTbI TeKCTa, crroc06cTBoBa-
.'lH JIYLIlileH coxpaHHocTH Ta6YHpoBaHHblx 3JIeMeHTOB ClO2KeTa.
HCnOJIb30BaHHe YCTOHQHBbIX CTHJIHCTUqeCKHX cpHryp xapaKTep-
HO npe)!{.ll.e Bcero .ll.JUI np03aH'IeCKO-noBecTBOBaTeJIbHbIX 2KaHpoB.
ECJIH 13 rreceHIIOH JIHpHKe Ba)!meli!IIYlO HopMaTHBHYlO pOJIb 11rpaeT
MeJIOAHH, CTHrHBalOII.:(aH BOKpyr ce6H n03THKo-KOMn03Hll.HOHHble 3JIe-
MeHTbI rrpOH3Be.ll.eHHH, TO 13 nOBeCTBOBaTeJIbHbIX 2KaHpaX :ny 2Ke pO.'lL
BbIIIOJIHHlOT CPOPMYJIbI-CTepeOTHnbI. B rrJIaHe )J.IIaxpOHIIH, O'IeBHAHO,
CJIe)J.yeT rOBopHTb a <D. KaK 60JIee n03)J.HeM HBJIeHHH 13 CpOJIbKJIOpe.
<D.- 3TO pe3YJIbTaT TBopLleCKoro nOHCKa 3CTeTHKH COBeprneI-IHOH
cpOpMbI, KOTOpbIH CTHMYJIHpOBaJICH BepOH 13 pHTyaJIbHO-MarlI'IeCKYlO
CIIJIY CJIOBa. HMeHHO rr03TOMY 5JpKHe n03TWleCKHe CPOPMYJIbI conpo-
B02K)J.alOT Ba2KHble 06pH)J.OBble .ll.elicTBHH, CBH3aHHble, Hanp., C P02K-
)J.eHHeM pe6eHKa (<<nOCTeJIb M5JTKa H )!UI3Hb JIerKa»), co cBaAb60H
MOJIOAbIX JIlO)J.eH (npHrOBOpbI-IlO2KeJIaHHH: «Aapy 2KMeHlO MeA3i, Kao
)J.3ell.i 6bIJIi, 5IK MH.ll.3Be,'J,3i») .
CM. TaK2Ke 3aiiUH, KOHupBKa, cJJopMY/la MeaUa/lbHaJi H JIHT.
JII1T.: AOJwii6a ll.. H. He!jJopMYJIbHO-rrOBecTBOBaTeJIbHa51 CTepeoTHrrHH 13 BOJI-
me6HoH CKa3Ke 1/ TIIrrOJIOrH5I U B3aUMOCBH3H !jJOJIbKJIOpa HapO.ll:OB CCCP: n03THKa
II CTHJIHCTIIKa. M., 1980; CfucToB K. B. HapO.ll:Hble Tpa.ll:H UH H !jJOJIbKJIOp. J1., 1986;
BblcOTCICuii A. C. nCUXOJIOrH5I UCKyccTBa. M., 1987; EapTatuiJBitl r. A. Mari'IHae
CJIOBa. MH., 1990.
H. H. [(PYK
, I1T.: BO.'lKOB P. M. CKa3Ka: Pa3blcKaHuH rro ClOllieTOCJIOllieHHlO HapO.ll:HOii
<:Ka3KH. 1. OAecca, 1924; JIoMepaHLleBa 3. B. PyccKaH Ha p O.ll:HaH CKa3Ka 'I\. 1963 '
Ba p ac J[ r a '> . l' ., .
. . TpaAH UOHHOH CTUJIUCTH'IeCKOII !jJopMe 6eJIOpYCCKUX CKa30K U CC
<DYHKIJ.I10HAJIH3M p., <DYHKU,bI5IHAJII3M 6., <DYHKIJ.IO-
HAJII3M y.- TepMHH, 0603Ha'IalOII.:(HII HanpaBJIeHHH B 3THorpacpHH
II CpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKe, pa3pa6aTbIBalOII.:(He pa3JIHqHbIe TeOp11H CPYI-IK-
1 1l0HHpOBaHnH 5IBJIeI-IHH Hapo)J.HoH KYJIbTypbI H Hapo)J.Hora HCKyccTBa
(Ilarrp., <D. «aHTpOIIOJIOrHLIHbIH» E. MaJI11HOBCKOro, <D. CTpYKTypaJIb-
IIhlii A.-P. Pa;:r.KJIHCpcpa-EpaYHa, <D. «CHHXPOHHbIH» D. r. EoraTbIpe-
lIa, <D. 3THOMY3bIKOBeAQeCKHH 11. !v1IIJIJIepa-EJIaTTay H r. MepcMaH-
11:1). Oco6eHHo 3aMeTHoe MeCTO <D. 3aH5IJI B HCCJIe)J.OBaHHHX MlIcpO-
428
<l>
429
TBOpqeCTBa, 06PH)J.OB H 06pHAOBOro cpOJIbKJIOpa, HCTOpHH ::moca II
CKa3KH, TeopHH H HCTOpHH HapOAHOH MY3bIKH.
B KaqeCTBe oc060ro HanpaBJIeHHH CPo B03HHK 13 1920-e rO)J.hI II
AHrJIlIH KaK Onn03Hll.HH 3BOJIlOll.HOHH3MY H KYJIbTypHO-HCTopwlecKoi'l
!IIKOJIe, B 1930 -- 40-e rO)J.bI CTaJI O)J.HHM H3 BeAYII.:(HX 13 aMepHKau..
CKOH 3THorpacpHH H cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKe, rr03AHee - B COll.HOJIOrJIII
KYJIbTypbI. B CJIaBHHCKoH HaYKe CBH3aH C HMeHeM TI. r. EoraTblpc-
Ba: AOKJIa)J.bI Ha I H II C'be3Aax CJIaBHHCKHX 3THorpacpoB H reorpa-
4>013 B qexDCJIOBaKHH (1924) H TIOJIbrne (1927), MOHorpacpHH «Ma-
rn'IeCKHe ).:(effcTBHH, 06P5IAbI H BepoBaHHH 3aKapnaTbH» (DapH}K,
1929, Ha cppaHll.. 513.). OCHOBHOH MeTOAO.i.IOrWleCKHH rrpHHll.Hrr <D.-
113yqeHHe Hapo.n:HOH KYJIbTypbI KaK CHCTeMbI, B KOTOpOH Ka)K)J.bIH el'
.3JIeMeHT HInepnpeTHpyeTcH 13 KaLleCTBe COCTaBHorr 'IaCTH onpe)J.eJIetI-
HOH ll.eJIOCTHOCTH, a CPYHKI.:(HH Taro IIJIH HHoro .3JIeMeHTa paCCMaTpu-
BalOTCH KaK «CTpYKTypa.'!bHO CBH3aHHble Me2KAY C060H» (0. r. Eo-
raTblpeB). DpH H3Y'IeHHH cpOJIbKJIOpa Ba)!WbIH npIIHll.Hrr <D.- yqeT
pa3JIHqHbIX BHecpO.'lbKJIOpHbIX CBH3eH.
CM. TaK2Ke qyYHKt{U5l, llOiwifJYHKt{UOHa/lbHOCTb.
JlIHH pa3JIHQHble 3I-IaQeHHH B pa3HbIX 3THorpacpHQeCKHX H CpOJIbKJIO-
I II1CTH 'IeCKHX TeOpU5!X (<<CPYHKI.:(HOHaJIbHaH rnKOJIa» E. MaJIHHOBCKO-
1'0 «cpopMaJIbHa5I rnKOJIa», ceMIIOTHKa, CTpYKTypaJIII3M H .ll.p.). B co-
lIe cKoH cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKe ynoTpe6JIHeTCH 13 3Ha L leHHHX: «pOJIb» HJIH
«Ha3Ha'IeHHe» Taro HJIH HHoro npeAMeTa, nepCOHa)!{a, era aTpH6YTa,
' JIeMeHTa nO.3THKH H T. rr. (0. r. EoraTblpeB); «.ll.eHCTBHe» (B. 5L
Oponrr), «0606II.:(eHHbIll: nocTyrroK» ,?epcOHa)!{a (E. M. MeJIeTHH-
CKHH); «n-1IT cBH3eM H 3aBHCHMOCTeH», «CBH3H cpOJIbKJIOpHbIX CTPYK-
TYP C BHecpo.'!bKJIOpHbIMH CTpYKTypaMI1» (E. H. DYTHJIOB). BCJIeA 3a
A. <D. JIocesbIM npe)J.nOqTHTeJIbI-IO HCXO)J.HTb aT MaTeMaTHQeCKOrO
orrpe)J.eJIeHHH <D. KaK HBJIeHHH, 3aBHCHII.:(erO aT .n:Pyroro H H3MeHHlO-
llJ;erOCH no Mepe H3MeHeI-IHH ::HOro )J.Py oro HBJIeHHH. 3TOM CMb:CJIe
nOHHTHe <D. onpeAeJIHeT He e)J.HHHqHbIH, O.ll.HOKpaTHbIH aKT (<<)J.eHC -
BHe», «nocTyrrOK» II T. n.), a MHorOKpaTHOCTb II nOBTop5!eMOCTb .ll.eII-
CTBHH, OTHorneHHH, Bblpa)!{3lOII.:(HeCH 13 HX BapHaTHBHOC!H - KaK pe-
3YJIbTaT H3MeHeHHH 3aBHCHMocTei'r pa3JIH'lHbIX HBJIeHHH cpOJIbKJIOpa
II HX B3aIIMOCBH3elI. DOHHTHe <D. npII.'lO)!WMO He TOJIbKO K IIHBa-
piiaHTHbIM CB5I35IM, HO H K BapIIaI.:(HOHHbIM CBH3HM, He TOJIbKO K
«BHYTpeHHHM», HMMaHeHTHbIM OTI-IOrneHHHM (13 CTpYKType cpOJIbK-
.'lOpHOrO npOH3Be)J.eHHH, 2KaHpa), HO II K «BHernHHM», CHCTeMHbIM OT-
HorneHHHM cpOJIbKJIOpa. B nOCJIe)J.HeM CJIyqae <D. 0603HaqaeT H3Me-
neHHe ::weMeHTOB H CBOHCTB CpO.'lbKJIOpa B 3aBHCHMOCTH aT H3MeHe-
HIIH Tex YCJIOBHH, 13 KOTOpbIX CYII.:(eCTByeT II pa3BHBaeTCH (HJIH )J.e-
rp a)J.HPyeT) cpOJIbKJIOp.
CM. TaK)!{e QYYHKt{UOHa/lU3/Yt, QYYHKI{UOHa/lbHOCTb, llO/lUifJYHKt{UO-
Ha/lbHOCTb H JIHT.
J1I1T.: MeJteTUHCKUii E. M. repOH BOJIllie6HOH CKa3KU. M., 1958; JIponn B. H.
MopljJoJIorI-m CKa3KH. M., 1969; EocaTblpeB n. r. BorrpocbI TeopIIH Hapo.ll:i mro uc-
K)TCTBa. M.,1971 (CM. rrpe.ll:MeTHbJH YKa3aTeJIb-I'!>YH U5I); I\oH!jJepeH H5I
«I'!>YHK H 1jJ0JIbKJIOpa» (J1eHuHrpa.ll:, 1973) II C3. 1974. .NQ 3 T!!CeB B., E. DOJIH-
4) 'lIK HOHaJIbHOCTb !jJOJIbKJIOpa II MaKe.ll:OHCKH !jJOJIbKJIOp. CKOlIje, 1"976. rO.ll:UHa
If, Gpoj 18; JIYTUJW6 E. H. oBp'eMeHHbIe rrp06JIeMbI HCTOpUqe KOH rr03TUKU 13
cneTe HCTOPHKO-THilOJIOmqeCKOH TeOeUH II 1'!>0JIbKJIOp. !103TUqeCKaH cncTeMa. M.,
1977' rpwi a C. H. I'!>YHK HOHaJIbHbIl! MHoroypOBHeBb1H aHaJIH3 HapoAHoro TBOp-
'IccT a II MeToJ(bI H3yqeHHH 1jJ0JIbKJIOpa. J1., 1983.
J1I1T.: EocaTblpeB JI. r. MaruqeCKue .lI:eHCTBU5I, OGpH.lI:bl H BepoBaHHH 3aKap-
naTb51 Ii EocaTblpeB JI. r. Borrpocbl TeopHH HapoAHoro UCKYCCTBa. M., 1971 (CM.
TaK)/(e npeAMenIbIH YKa3aTeJIb - I'!>YH H5I); MeJ1eTul-lcKuii E. M. D03TuKa MH!jJa.
M., 1976 (pa3,iJ,eJI «PuTyaJIH3M U !jJYHK HOHaJIU3M»); TO/capeB C. A. I1CTOpU5I 3a-
py6e)KHOfI 3THorpa!jJIIH. M., 1976 (rJIaBa «I'!>YHK UOHaJIUCTCKOe HarrpaBJIeHue»);
Cfe1wHoBc1W A. MY3bIKaJIbHa51 3THorpa!jJU5I: MeTOAOJIOrU5I U MeTOAUKa. M., 1983
(pa3.l1:eJI «I'!>YIIl( UOHaJIU3M»).
B. E. rJ1CEB
<DYHKIJ.HOHAJlbHOCTb p., <DYHKIJ.bI51HAJIbHACIJ.b 6.,
q,YHKIJ.IOHAJIbHICTb y.- TepMHH, 0603HaqalOII.:(HH npOHBJIeHHe
B3aHMo06paTHMblx BHYTpeHHHx (CTPYKTYPHbIX) B3aHMocBH3eH 13
q,OJIbKJIOpe ()!{aHpOBbIX, ClO2KeTHbIX, 06pa3Hblx, CTHJIHCTII'IeCKHX
II T. rr.) II BHernHHX (cHcTeMHblx) B3aHMooTHorneHHH cpOJIbKJIOpa C
nO.'lHTII'IeCKIIMH, COll.HaJIbHbIMH, 6bITOBbIMH, 06pH.ll.OBbIMH H T. n.
CTpYKTypaMH. <D. - HCTOpHqeCKH H3MeHHlOII.:(aHCH HanpaBJIeHHOCTb
B03)J.eHcTBHH cpOJIbKJIOpa Ha HapoAHoe caMOC03Halme H Ha 06II.:(ecT-
BeHHoe C03HaHHe HaI.:(HH, Ha KYJIbTYPY HaI.:(I1H H npocpeccHOHaJIbHOe
IICKYCCTBO, cpaKTop B3aHMo)J.eHcTBHH CpOJIbKJIOpa pa3Hblx Hapo)J.oB
(HHTepHaI.:(HOHaJIbHbIe CBH3H). <D. rrpOHBJIHeTCH KaK )J.HHaMHqeCKaH
KOHKpeTHo-nCTOpHQeCKaH CHCTeMa MHO)!{eCTBeHHOCTH CPYHKll.HII
4;>OJIbKJIOpa.
CM. TaIOKe llO/luifJYHKt{UOHa/lbHOCTb, QYYHKt{UOHa/lU3M, QYYHKt{U5l
II JIHT.
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I1HHM. B cpOJIbKJIOpe no,lI, X. nOHHMalOT Bce, 'lTO CBH3aHO C )J.BH)!{e-
UHeM, pHTMHqeCKH opraHH30BaHHbIM H n09TH'IeCKH OCMbICJIeHHbIM.
B npocpeCCHOHaJIbHOM HCKyccTBe TepMHH X. yrroTpe6JIHeTCH )J.JIH
0603HaLJelmH KOMrrJIeKCa MY3bIKH H TaHll.a H KaK CHHOHHM «TaHll.a»,
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M., 1964; Py8HeBa A. B. I\YPcKue TaHKU U KaparO.ll:bI. M., 1975; POZa'leBCKaR E. M.
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JIopa II MeTO.ll:bI u3yqeHUH !jJOJIbKJIOpa. J1., 1983; CfypKo /0. M. EeJIOPyccKUH xo-
peorpa!jJuqecKHii !jJOJIbKJIOp. MH., 1990; KY1CUH A. CP., JIanuH B. A. I\ rrp06JIeMe
PYCCKHX XOpOBO.ll:OB II HapoAHLIH TaHe : I1p06JIeMbI H3yqeHII5I. JI., 1991.
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1869. T. 3; AHlI'iIWB E. B. BeceHH5I5I 06p5l.ll:0Ba51 rreCH5I Ha 3ana.ll:e 11 Y CJIaB5IH.
CI16., 1903. 4. 1; KacapoB E. r. PeJIl!ru5I .lI:peBHIIX CJJaB5IH. M., 1918; Cfu'iepoB
B. H. 3UMHUH nepl!o.ll:. 1957; l£eii O. HapoJJ.Ho-rriceHHi RWHpl!. I\UiB, 1977. Bun. 1;
1983. Bl!rr. 2; CPpeiiiJeH6epz O. M. M.mp U JIUTepaTypa .lI:peBHocTu. Nt, 1978; Ka-
JIeH.n,apHble 06bIqaU U 06P5l.ll:bl 13 CTpaHax 3apy6eRmoH EBporrbI: I1CTOpl!qeCKUe KOp-
HH U pa3BuTne 06LIqaeB, M., 1983; COKolloBa B. K. I\aJICH.lI:apHble rrpa3.l1:Hl!KH II
06PHAbi 113TlmrpaljJl!51 BOCTO'lHbIX CJIaB5IH. OqepKU Tpa.ll:U UOHHOH KYJIbTypbl. M.,
1988; Moszynski K. 1967. T. 2.
r. A. EAPTAWEBHCf
J1I1T' KOJI5IlI,KU Ta e.n,piBKU. 1965; 3iMOBbI5I rrecHi. 1975; PycCKaH HapO.ll:HaoH
n033l!51: 06p5l;I:OBa51 rr033H5I II COCT. II rroAroT. TeKCTa K. LIucToBa. U eLI T BO;;.
BCTyrr. CT.. npeAI1CJI. K pa3AeJIaM U KOMMeHT. K. LIucToBa. JI., 1984, M P 1980:
3 "e 110.11: 1957' rypcKuii A. H. 3UMHH5I rr033U5I 6eJIOpyCOB. H., '
B :;aao a J7: H. 3 MH5IH KaJIeHAapHa51 rr033U5I 3anaA/-ibIX U BOCTO'lHbIX CJIaB5IH:
feHe3l1C II Tl1ilOJIOmH KOJI5IAOBaHUH. M., 1982.
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Kpyr p02K)J.eCTBeHCKO-HOBorO)J.HIIX npa3AHHKOB: «CBHTKII» (pyc.),
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J1I1T.: I1rpH Ta nicHi. 1963; pyccKaH HapO.l(H H n033HH: 06pH.I(OBaH n033UH I
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JIaM H KOMMeIIT. K 4HCTOBa. J1., 1984; I\ynaJIbCKiH i rrHTpoycKiH rrecHi. 1985;
TiAeBi'l H. C. Hallia pOA!iaH neCHH. MH., 1968; JIic A. I\yrraJIbCKi51 rrecHi. MH.,
1974; COKo/wBa B. K. 1979; AnuKuH B. n. PyccImH !jJOJIbKJIOP, M., 1987.
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BaTeJIeli 06DHoHHeTcH BJIH5IHHeM 6e OPYCCKOH Tpa)J.HI.:(HH 13 npHrpa-
HH'I'HbIX 06JIa'CTHX 'C BeJIaPYCblO. B. TI. AHHKHH, GTHOC5! 2KHIIBiHbre
neOHH K JIeTHeMY ll.HiKJIY, nOq'TH nOJIHOe OTCYTcTBHe OC06bIX oceHiHHX
K3>JIeH)J.apHbIx 06PH)J.OB 'II neceH Y PYCCKHX CTaBII1'T 13 CB5I3b 'C xapaK-
TepOM TpY)J.OBOH AeHTeJIbH-OCT'H 3eMJIe)J.eJIbll.a. BbI)J.eJIeHHe B 6eJIo-
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Hro)J., rpH60B, opexOB .Il T. n.; 'clO)J.a 2Ke OTHOOCH'J1CH neCHH TOJIOLlaIH-
CWIIe (TaJIO'IHbIH) H nocH)J.eJIO'IHbIe (<<Ha cynpaJI;Kax»), TeMaTwrecKll
CBH3aiHHbIe C ceMeHH.o-6bTTOBOII JIH'P'IIKOH (CM. llecliu oceliliue). CY-
II.:(eCTBOBaHHe oceHHHx neceH BIHe CBH3H C arpapiHbIM .o6P5!)J.OM Be)J.eT
K CrJIa2KHBaHHlO HX 2KaHpOBbIx H 'CPYHiK1I.:(HOHaJIbJIbIX npH3H3'KOB.
K L(. 00. MorYT 6bITb OTHeC6HbI TaK2Ke OCe'HHHH 06pH)J. nOIMHHOBelHllH
npe)J.KOB (<<)J.35!)J.bI»), 'KOTOpbIII BKJIlO'IaJI HapH)J.Y C HMnpOBH3all.HOH-
HbIMH npHrJIarneHHHMH npe,lIiKOB II npOII.:(aHHeM 'C -HoHMH )J.ocTaTOLIHO
YC110II'IIIBbIe npIIDOBopbI; n03AHee K iHHM )J.06aBHillHCb XipnCTHaHCKHe
MOJIHTBbI.
J1., 1 ;' % oTBa lJic;Ji. 1963; BecHaBbIH rrecHi. 1979; PycCKa51 HapO.l(HaH rr033UH.
1903. 4 l' 1905 4 . 2 ' . c Be eIIIIHH 06pHAoBaH rreCHH Ha 3arra.l(e U y CJIaBHH. CI16.
., .., 01,o.n.oea B K 1979' EapTalUiJ6" r A E '
pOAHaH rra33iH EeCHaBora bIKJIa i JI B5IHCK a ' 51 m 1'1.. eJIapYCKaH Ha-
1985. 'i'aJIbKJIOpHaH Tpa.ll:LI bIH. MH.,
L(I1KJ1 J1ETHI1H p., L(bIKJ1 J1ETHI 6., L(I1KJ1 J1ITHI1H -
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If CJIeAOBaTeJIHMH no-pa3HOMY. l1iHor.zr.a era 06De)J.HHHlOT C BeceH-
H M (CM.), 'CBH3bIBaH C KYJIb'I'OM paCTHTeJIbHOCTH. lICXDAH 2Ke H3
,nPHY O'Ie)IH Tll K nepnoAY y60pKII ypO)!{aH, 06D )J.HIHHlOT 'c oceH-
HHM 'CM.. e30I10BOOpO'I'HO K L(. JI. IBceMH HCCJIe)J.OBaTeJI5I'MH G11HO-
C TCH n?33HH npa3A H:KOB KynaJIbI H TIeTpoBa )J.HH. LITO KacaeTCH
{HHBHDH 06pHAOBOH n033HH, TpaAIIIIJ,HO'H'HOO OTHOCHMOH K L( JI
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e ( , HOO :MH IICCJIe)J.OBaTeJIHMH OHa npHcoe)J.HiHHJIaCb !K oceHHeIi
, . . II'IepO , H. l1. CaByrn.KII'Ha, H. l1. KpaBll.OB, C. f. J1a3Y-
THH). B. TI. AHHKHH npeAnOJIaraeT CYII.:(eCTBOBaHHe, KpOMe 2K'HHB-
HbIX, ApyrHx neceH L(. JI. (neC'lIOneHHH 13 'IeCTbi COJIHll.a Ha TIeTpoB
AeHb C npIIneBOM «OH JIaAO! IRa KYP'I'aiHe»). OLleB'HAHO, lI,eJIeco06-
pa3lHO C TaKHMH neCHHMH conOCTa,BHTb 6eJIOpY'CCKHe KynaJIbCKHe 11
neTpOB>CKHe nueCHH C nOB'TOpe'HneM pecppeHa «GO'HeHKa» 13 HaLlaJIe H
KOHlI,e Ka2K)J.OH CTpOKH.
B 2KaHpOBOM OTHorneHHH L(. JI. npe)J.CTaBJIeH neCHHMH (CM. KY-
J1I1T.: BoceHbcKiH j TaJIO'IIIbIH rrecHi. 1981; CfwiepoB B. I1. pyccKoe HapO.l(HOe
TBOpqeCTBo. M., 1959; AHUlWH B. n. PyccKUH !jJOJIbKJIOp. M., 1987.
r. A. EAPTAlllEBI1Cf
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11.
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rrpHHHTOH. B 3rrHLleCIWH rr0033HM B. M. )I\HpiMYHCKHH BbI.n-eJIHJI 6IIO-
rpacpH'IeOKYlO 11,., KOrAa pH)J. np0'll3BeAeHHH 06 O)1JHOM repoe COCTaB-
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rnn», OllHCbIBalOII.:(He 60eBOII nYTb cBoelI repOIIIHH B rO)J.bI BeJIH'KOIi
OTe'iJ:eCTBeHiHOH BOHHbI. IllHpoKO pacnpocTpaHeHa 11,. B qacTyrnKax.
HepeAKO HX HCrrOJIHHTeJII-I H COCTaBUTeJIH 'C60PHHKOB CTpeM5I'TCH
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OCBoeHIIH KOCMoca H T. )J..). Ha6JIlOAaeTCH 11,. IIacTyrneK, npe2K)J.e
Bcero rrJIHOOBbIX, 1l:Ia pHTMHKO-MeJIOAH'IeCKOH OOHOBe (<<CeMeHOBHa»,
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J1I1T.: BeCeJlOBC1Wii A. H. I1cTOpllqeCKa51 rr03TUKa. J1., 1940; }!(UPliLYHC1Wii B.
HapO.l.(HbIH repOUqeCKUH 3rroc. M.; J1., 1962.
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BJIeKaTb pa3.TJHIIHbIe MemI3M I. cp ll.JIH H-Cn JIHHTeJIbCKOII rrpaKl1IlKII
aprre)J.MHpOBa'HHbIe aKKop)J.bI II )J.P;aKOII rr IIeM HrpbI Ka'K rJIymeHIIe
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HCTOKH HX MOLKHO 06HapY2KIITb 13 TaHll.eBaJIbHbIX neCHHX II npHrreB-
Kax H JI.:a2Ke 13 06pH)J.OBOH n033HH. TIoBceMeCTHoe pacnpOCTpaHeHIle
rrOOJIYLIIIJIH 'K 20-M rOAaM XX B. B CBoeH 06pa3HOH 'CHCTeMe H Te-
aTlIKe Y. HaCJIeAYlOT TpaAHll.HH HapO)J.HOH JIHpHLIe'CKOH neC'HH HO
OOJIee OT3bIBqHBbI K 5!BJIeHHHM COIBpeMeHHOll AeHCTBHTeJIbHO'CTII.
lllHpoKO BXOAHBrnHe B XIX B. B HapOJI.:HbIH penepTyap neCHH JIHTe-
paTYp'Horo rrpOHCX02KAeHlI5I OKa3aJIH B03)J.eIICTB'IIe Ha CPOPMY HOB oro
2KaHpa: 13 Y. CTaJIa 06H3aTeJIbHOii pHcpMa (a a B 2-CTPOqHbIX, a b C 1>,
446
II
Xa'paKTepHCTHKa I-I. 'KaK 06H3aTeJIhHO ;BeCeJIbIX, 030p,HbIX, 3a)J.1I
pHCTbIX neCeHOK CJI02KHJIaCb BCJIeACTBHe 'Ha6JIlOAeHHH 3a HX nCrrOJI
H6lJ1HeM «co 'CTOpOHbI» 130 BpeMH nJIHCOK H rYJI5!HHII. I-I. neJIH rrpu-
TH)!{HO H CKOpO, rpYCTiHO H BeCeJIO, XOpOM H 13 O)J.HHO'IKY npH XO)!{-
AeHIIH no YJIHll.e, B Aopore, 13 1IT0JIe, 13 JIecy, 3a pa60TOH (oc06eHiHo
130 BpeMH AepeBeHcKHx nOCHAeJIOK). TIeLlaTHble H3AaHHH II apxHBr.J
cBHAeTeJIbCTBYlOT a TOM, 'ITa KOMll'IeCKIIe, «3a)J.HpnCTbIe» I-I. CO-
CTaBJIHlOT MeiHbrnylO .II AaJIeKD He JIY'IrnylO no XYA02KeCTBeHHbIM
AOCTOHHCTBaM AOJIIO 06II.:(ero pe,rrepTyapa I-I. EII.:(e 13 Ha'IaJIe Harnero
BeKa D. A. <DJIOpeHCKHH rrOCTa'BHJI I-I. 13 pH.D. rneAeBpOB MHpOBOi-i
JIHpIIKH «MaJIbIX» cpOpM. B 'CBoeII rr03TH'Ke I-I. omlpalOTCH na Bce
II306pa3HTeJIbHO-'Bblpa3HTeJIbHbIe cpeACTBa, BbIpa60Ta:HHbIe 13 HapOA-
HaM TBOp'IeC:TBe 13 Te'IeHHe BeKOB.
B YCTHOM 6bITOBaHHH I-I. COXpa'HHlOTCH rrOKa rrOBceMeCTHO, OA-
HaKO B03paCT,HaH rpaHHll.a HCrrOJIHHTeJIelI HeYKJIOHHO nOBbIrnae'J1CH,
Aa II rrOBce)J.HeBHOCTb rreHiHH I-I. 'CM6HHJIa,Cb cnOpaAH'IeCKHMH BC.IIJIe-
CKaMH era Ha rYJIHHbHX. JJ:a2Ke CeJIbCKaH MOJIO)J.e2Kb, CTaBrnaH TOJIb-
KO «noTpe6HTeJIeM» TeXHHLleCKH Bo:crrpOH3BOAHMOH MY3UKH, I-I. 3HaeT
cJIa60. BeCbMa WHTeHCIIBHO B'J10pH'IHOe 6bITOBaiHHe I-I.- 13 caMO)J.eH-
TeJIbHbIx KOJIJIeKTHBax, 13 xopax HapOAHOH rreCHH.
J1I1T.: g;.wpeHc1cuii Jl. A. C06pauue qacTYllieK KOCTpOMCKOH ry6. HepexTcKo-
ro ye3.l1:a. KOCTpoMa, 1909; CUlflaTWB B. C60pHUK .lI:epeBeHcKux qaCTYllieK. 5Ipoc-
JIaBJIb, 1913; C60pHUK BeJIUKOpYCCKIIX LIaCTYllieK I flo.ll: pe.ll:. E. H. EJIeOHcKoH. M.,
1914; EeJIapycKi51 qacTYlliKi I CKJIa.ll:. K. fl. Ka6alliHiKay, I. K. DilliqaHKa. MH.,
1960; LIacTyrnKu B 3arrUC5IX COBeTCKoro BpeMeHu I I13.l1:. rrOJ(roT. 3. I1. BJIaCOBa U
A. A. fOpeJIOB. M.; J1., 1965; LIacTYlliKII 4epH03eMb51 I I1o.ll: pe.ll:. C. r. J1a3YTuHa
II A. VI. KpeToBa. BOpOHeJK, 1970; I1pblIIeYKi. 1989; JIasYTuH C. r. PyccKa51 qa.
cTYlliKa: BorrpocbI npOUCX02K.lI:eIIH5I II !jJOpMupOBaHU5I JKaHpa. BOpOHeJK, 1960;
BJWCOBa 3. l1. a rrpueMax KOMrr03U UU B qaCTYlliKe II PI'!>. M.; J1., 1960. T. 5;
KOJlnaK06a H. JI. TunbI HapO.ll:JIOH qacTYlliKu II PI'!>. 1966. T. 10; ilU'l.aHlW I. K.
EeJIapycKa51 qacTyilIKa. MH., 1971; 3blpRHOB l1. B. TI0.3TUKa PYCCKOH qacTYlliKH.
TIepMb, 1974; CCJ/ll6aHOB g;. M. 3BOJIIO U5I crroc060B pU!jJMOBKU B qacTYlliKax II
1'!>0JIbKJIOp: I103TuKa II Tpa.ll:H U5I. M., 1982.
Ig;. M. CEJIl1BAHOB I
I-IYKHKAJIKA (fYl1.HKAJIKA) y.- iHapO)1!HOe ,Ha3BaiHHe no-
TerneK, COnpOB02KAalOII.:(HX Ka'IaHHe HJIH nO)J.6paCbIBalJlne pe6eHKa
Ra CTYIIHe HJIH KOJIeHe B3pOCJIOro. 06JIa)J.alOT 'Iel'KHM pH'TMOM II
cBoeo6pa3HOH 3'KCn03Hll.HeH,COCTOHII.:(eH H3 pa3JIH'IHbIX CO'IeTaHHH
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IIIara ,cBoeH BbI'pa3HTeJIbiHOCTblO H pHTMHLlecKoH
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na3aA H 13 'CTOPO B Ta eBaJI HbII rnarOB: rrpocTbIe rnam, Ha
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II 6eJIOpyccKoro HapoAHbIX TaHll.eB,
MHorIIe Ta'Hll.eBaJIbHbIe 3JIeMeHTbI.
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J1I1T' T1W'l.eHKO T. HapO.ll:HbIH TaHe .., " TaHe M 1981.
. ". K ," 1969' BaCUJleH1W K. YKpalIIIcKIIli HapoJ(HbIH ." ,
P0J(HI TaH l. liIB, , M 1981
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KOM )!(e 3Ha L leHHH yrroMHHaeTCH II 06bIrpbIBaeTcH BOu MlHOrHX T<;:KcTax
pa360HHwlbeH ApaMbI" 2) KOJIJIeK'J1HB HCnOJIHHTeJIeH HapoAHoH )J.pa-
MbI 06bI'IHO MOJIO)J.bIX'MY2K'IH'H HJIH rrapHeH ,/.I;OrrpH3bIBHoro B03pacTa.
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- CTI6 1911' BeJlel(Kafi
J1I1T.: Oit,r'Y1W6 H. E. CeBepHble Hat°J(HbIe ,'(p ,\[bl. - 11 "C3 '1963 No 5.
H H a rr03,l.\HeM ::narre IICTOpIIU PYCCKOH HapO.ll:HOH .lI:paMh . . r
O a e .IJ:paM,n}'prw-!eCKJie, rrOCTaHOBOqHO-UCrrOJIHUTeJIbCKIIe rrpIlH Urrb1 .pycc 0
. P a' Ha p orrHa51 J( p aMa «Dapb MaKCUMH.TIHaH» B rrOCJIeJ(HIIU rrepuo.ll:
HapOJ(JIOrO TeaT. A T
)KH3HU JKaHpa II Tp. VII MI\A3H. M., 1969. . b.
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MY3bIKaHT c rnapMa'HKoH. TIepBbIe lll. rr05!BHJIHiCb 13 POClCHH 13 IHa'1.
XIX B., 3TO 6bIJIH 13 OCHOBHOM BbIX:OAll.bI, H3 fepMaHHiH. YaCTO Ill.
IIMeJI rrpH ce6e norryraH, 06e3b5IHKY, KOTOpbJe rro)J. 3ByKH rnapMa-
HO'IHbIX MeJIO)J.HH 3a 'He6DJIbrnylO rrJIaTY BbIHHMaJIH CJIyrnaTeJI5IM
rraKeTHKII CO «CLraCTbeM». fOpO)J.CKIIe lll. .Hepe)J.'l{O XO:IT,HJIH 'C ABY-
MH-TpeMH aKpo6aTaMH HJIH rreBIl,aMH, 'BbIcTyrraJIH npHMO IRa YJIHll.C,
130 )J.Bopax rYCT03aCeJIeHiHbIX )J.OMOB. HeKOTopbIe 1ll.CDnpOB02KAaJIII
Hrpy Ha HHCTpYMeiHTe AeMOHCTpalI,HeH KY-KOJI, rrpHBOAH'MbIX 13 ABU-
2KeHHe BpaII.:(eHHeM pyqKH rnapMaHKH. ,.
2) MY3bIKaHT .II )J.eH,cTBYlOII.:(ee JIHll.O 13 KDMe)J.HiH 'C TIeTPyrnKoH.
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6ece,rr;HHKDM DeTpy.rnKH, BMernHBaJICH ,13 XOA AeHcTBHH KOMeAHH,
BbIcTyrraJI KaK nocpe)J.HHK Me2KAY KYKJIaMH II 3pHTeJI5IMH.
A. CPo HEKPhIJIOBA
H anpaBAeliUR.,
lllKOJ1bI B <D0J1bKJ10PHCTHKE - 'CM.
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lllKOJ1A HCTOPHKO-fEOfPA<DHYECKA5I - CM. 1l1,wAa
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PHYHA y.- tHanpaBJI6HHe 13 PYCCKOH cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKe 2-H rrOJI.
XIX - Ha'I. XX 'E., xapaKTepH3YlOII.:(eeCH OC06bIM MeTDAOM C0011He-
ceHIIH cpOJIhKJIOpa C HCTOpHqeCKOH )J.eH'cTBHTeJIbHDCTblO, 13 TOM LHICJIC
nOHCKaMH HCTOpH'IeCKHX npOTOTHrrDB repoeB 6bIJIHHHOrO 3rroca.
3apOi/l.HJIaCb ,13 pa60Tax J1. H. MaII-KOBa (<<0 6bIJIHHaX BJIa)J.IlIMU-
pDBa ll.HKJIa», 1863), H. J1. JJ:arnKeBHLla (<<K Bonpocy 0 npOHCXO)!{-
)J.eHHH PYCCKHX 6bIJIHH», 1883) H M. E. XaJIaHCKDro (<<BeJIHKDpy,C-
CKHe 6bIJIHHbI KHeBCKoro lI,HKJIa», 1885), oc06eHHo rrOJIHOe pa3BHTJIl'
rrpH06peJIa 13 'TpYAax Kpy.rrHeHrnerD 'OBoerD rrpe)J.cTaB'HTeJI5I - B. ((>.
MHJIJIepa (<<O'IepK PYCCKOH IRapOAHOH 'CJIOBeCiHOCTIH», 1897 -192/J.,
T. 1-3) Hero Y'IeUHKOB - A. B. MapKDBa, A. JJ:. fpHropbCIW,
C. K. llla'M6m-raro, M. H. CrrepaHcKoro, 13 paiHHHx pa60Tax E. M.
H 10. M. CO,KOJIOBbIX HAP. HOCJIe)J.YH 6 bIJIHHbI, H-CTOpWlecKHe nec-
HH, YLleHbIe Ill. H. 'CTpeMHJIHCb peKoHcTpYHpoBaTb «DCH013HOH» ap-
xeTHn 'ClO2KeTa, HK06bI cOBpeMeHHbIH o1'pa2KaeMbIM C06bITlIHM. Pea-
JIH3alI.II5I 3TOro rrpHHlI,Hrra rrpH-BOAHJIa pa3HbIx HOCJIe)J.oBaTeJIeii K
pa3JI-H'IHbIM BbIBO)J.aM 0 'CJI02K6HHH OTAeJIbiHbIX rrpoH3BeAeHHH H pyc-
CKoro 3noca 13 ll.eJIOM (MaHKDB H JJ:awKeBH'I DTHOCHJIH ero K 3I10Xl'
KHe13cKoH PYCH, XaJIa.HcKMH - 'K rrepHo)J.Y Me2KAY XIV H XVI BB.,
MHJIJIep - K XVI-XVII 1313., MapKoB - KO BpeMeHH pa{'I J1l'T:t
HDBrDpo.rr:cKOH )J.eMoKpaTHH). CTpeMJIeHiHe ,K peKoHcTpYKll.HH «'OC'II1I1I-
HarD ClO2KeTa» BbITeKaJIO H3 y6e2K)J.eHH5I YLleHbIX lll. H. 13 TDM, '1"1'11
TOJIbKO OH npe)J.CTaBJIHeT HCTOpHLIeCKYlO H 3CTeTHqeCKYlO ll.eIIIIOl"Th,
a Bce rrOCJIe)J.YlOII.:(He H3MeHeHHH B 6bIJIHHaX 'II H-CTOpH'IeCKHX IICl'iIIHX
III
449
LBJIHlOTCH HCKa2KeHHeM II «rrOpqeH». Cy6'beKTIIBHO CTP€MHCb K 06-
IlapY2KeHHlO 'IICTOpHqeCKOH OCHOBbI 3rroca, YLI€Hble Ill. H. G6'beKTIIB-
110 06e)J.HHJIII npe)J.cTaBJIeHHe 0 ero H'CTDpH3Me, 3aKJIlOLIalOII.:(eMCH
1\ xY)J.02KeCTBeHHoM 0606II.:(eHHH IICTOpnqeCKOH )J.eHcTBIITeJIbHOCTH,
Jle)J.oOll.eHHBaJIH TBOpqecKYlO 3BDJIlOlI.IIlO OT)J.eJIbHOrO npoII3Be)J.eHHH
II 3nH'IeCKOrOHaCJIeAII5I 13 ll.e.'JOM. C Ill. H. 'CBH3aHa H)J.eH «aplIcTo-
KpaTWlecKoro npoIIcxo2KAeHIIH cpOJIbKJIOpa», COrJIaCHO KOTop'OH
npoH3BeAeHIIH C03)J.aBaJIIICb 13 cpeo)J.aJIbHbIX Bepxax H TOJIb'K!O Brro-
CJIe.IT!CT,BHH «'cnycKaJIIIcb» 13 iHap0)J.HYlO cpeAY. Ill. II. DKa3aJIa BJIlHI-
HIle Ha pa3BHTHe cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKH 1920-x W)J.OB. B HeKoTopbIX BbI-
CKa3bIBaHHHX caMara MHJIJIepa, 13 pa60Tax MapKOBa, ,6paTbe13 Co-
KOJIOBbIX H HeKOl'OpbIX )J.PyrHx HaMe'IaeTC5I caMOKpHTHqeCKOe DTHO-
rneHHe K AorMaTaM Ill. H., OCYII.:(eCTBJIHeTCH cpaKTII'IeCKHH OTXOA
HeKOTopbIX Y'IeHbIX aT Hee (A. MapKoB, 10. COKOJIOB). MeTo)J.OJIO-
rH5I Ill. H. 6bIJIa nOABepmYTa DCTpOH, 'He BcerAa 06'beKTHBHOH KPH-
TIIKe 13 COBeTCKOH HaYKe 13 cepe)J.. 1930-x rOAOB. B OlI,eHKe Ill. H. 13
OT)J.eJIbHbIX pa60Tax 06HapY2KHBalOTCH KpaHHocTH: JIH60 HHrHJIII-
CTH'IeCKOe K HeH OTHorneHHe, JIH60 rrOnbITKH B03pO)J.HTb Ill. H. 13
ll.eJIOM. B Ae5ITeJIbHOCTII 'KPyrrHellrnHx rrpe)J.cTaB-HTeJIeH Ill. II. H
npe2K)J.e BcerD B. <D. MHJIJIepa 6bIJIH II rHeCOMHeHHble )J.OC'I10HHCTBa-
CTpeMJIeHIle CBH3aTb cpOJIbKJIOp 'C 'Hall.HOHaJIbHOH HCTopHeH (13
. npOTHBOnOJI02KHOCTb MO)J.HOH TeopHH 3aHMCTBOBaHHII), BHHMa,HHe
K JIWIHOCTH CKa3IITeJIeH, 60JIbrnHe ycrrexH 13 c06HpaTeJIbCKDH AeH-
TeJIbHOCTH. HM Y)J.aJIOCb OCYII.:(ecTBHTb HeMaJIO HHTepeCHbIX 'KO:H-
KpeTI-IbIX IICCJIe.lI.:DBaHHH (13 'IaCTHOCTH - HCCJIe)J.OBaHHe MHJIJIepOM
cY)J.e6 3noca H HCTopWleCKIIX rreceH 13 Ka3a L lbeH cpe)J.e). TIOJI02KH-
TeJIhHbIH orrbIT KpyrrHbIx YLJeHbIX, rrpHHaAJIe2KaBrnHX K lll. H., MO-
)!{eT 6bITb OCBoeH JJ:IIrnb rrpH KpHTHqeCKOM OTHorneHIlH K HeIr. PHA
IICCJIeAOBaTeJIeiI - npeeMHHKOB lll. H. 13 COBpeMeHHOH cpOJIbKJIOp.u-
cTIIKe - M02KeT 6bITb OTHeceH K <<HeOHCTDpHLleCKOH rnKOJIe», «HCTO-
pH'IeCKOMY -HarrpaBJIeHIIlO».
J1HT.: COi:O"1Gi3 ,'0. M. PYCCI{j!fl I]"JOJlb;WOp. ,'\1.., 1941; llu'lepoB B. I1. PyccKoe'
IIapo.QHoe TBOP"CCTBo. lv\', 1939; A3atloBCKuii M. K. HCTOpli51 PYCCKOH !jJOJIbKJIOplI-
CTHKlI. M., 1963. T. 11; AHUIWH B. II. I1cTOprtKO-!jJOJIbKJIOpHaH KOH err IIH A. B.
MapKoBa II O'lepKII UCTOplIU PyccKoii ::JTHOrpalIJHH, !jJOJIbKJIOpIICTHKU II aIITpOrro.TlO-
mu. M., 1963. BhIII. 1i; TyceB B. E. I1cTopwlecKaH lliKOJla B PyccKoii .lI:OpeBOJIIO-
WIOHIIOH !jJOJIbK.nopIlCTHKe II TaM The. M., 1965. BbIII. 3; CfuCI'06 K. B. I1cToplI'Ie-
CKaH lliKOJIa II KJ13. M., 1966. T. 3.
B. E. TJlCEB
illKOJ1A MHfPAL(HOHHA5I p., MlfPAL(blfIHA5I 6., Mlf-
P AL(IfIHA y. D6'be)J.IIHHJIa yqeHbIX, pa3AeJIHBrnHX OCHOBHble n'OJIO-
)KeHII5I TeopHH 3aHMCTBOBaHHH. B 3ana)J.HoeBponeHcKoH HaYKe 3a-
p02K)J.eHHe Ill. M. CBH3aiHO C Hl\WHeM HeMell.KOrO cpHJIOJIOra T. EeH-
cpe5I. Ha'IaJIo cpOpMHpoBaHHlO ill. M. 13 POCCHH rrOJID2KHJIIH pa60TbI
A. H. TIbIIIIIHa (<<OqepK JIHTepa'TypHoH HCTOpIIH crapHHHbIX nOBe-
CTeH H CKa30K PYCCKIIX», 1857) H B. B. CTacOBa (<<TIpm1!CXmKAe-
'RHe PYCCKIIX 6bIJIHH», 1868).
15. 3aK. 519
450
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CPOJIbKJIOpHCTHKH. B TOH HJIH HHOH Mepe rrpeACTaBHTeJIHMH ee, KpO-
Me A. H. TIbInHHa iH B. ,B. CTacoBa, 6bIJIH <D. 11. EYCJIaeB, 11. H.
)KAaHoB, A. 11. KHprrH''lHHKOB, A. M. J1060Aa, 11. TI. C030HOBIl'I,
r. H. TIoTaHHiH, M. E. XaJIa'HCKHH HAp. HeKOTopoe BJIlnHHHe TeOpHJI
3aH'MCTBOBa:HHII nCrrbITaJIH 13 CBDHX paHHHX pa60Tax A. H. BeCeJIOB-
CKHi1, B. <P. MHJIJIep. MeTO.D.HKY Ill. M. HCnOJIb30BaJIH TaK2Ke H. <1).
CYMlI,OB H E. B. AHH'IKOB, 06'beKTOM aHaJIH3a KOTOpbIX 6bIJI iHapH,lI,y
C PYC-CKHM 6eJIOpYCCKHH H YKpailiHCKHH cpOJIbKJIOp.
B YKpaHHCKOH cpOJIbKJIOOpHCTHKe aKTHBHbIM 'CTOpOHHH-KOM Ill. M.
6bIJi M. TI. JJ:parOMaHOB, KOTOpbIH Bce cpOJIbKJIDp'Hble 3a.lJMCTBOBaHIHI
)J.eJI'HJI Ha )J.Be rpyrrrrbI: 1) Te, KOTopble OTpa)!{3IOT H3IJ,IIOHaJIbHYIO
HapoAHYlO 2KH3Hb, M'HpOB033peHHe, 6bIT, HCTOpUlO; 2) rrpolI3Be)J.eHIIH
c- «6POA5I'IHMIJI» ClO2KeTaMH.
B 6eJIoPyccWOII cpOJIbKJIOpnCTHKe He 'lICKJIlOLlaJI B03M02KHOC'TII
3aHMCTBOBaHHH, KOTOpbIMH M02KHO 06'bHCHHTb CXO)J.CTBO cpOJIbKJIOp-
HbIX 5IBJIeHHll Y pa3HbIX HapOAO'B, E. <D. KapeKHH. O)J.HaKO ero
B3rJIHAbI cyII.:(eCTBeHHO OTJIHqaJIHCb OT B3rJIH)J.OB nOCJIeAOBaTeJIbHbIX
CTOpOHHHKOB Ill. M. TIo MHeHHlO YLleHoro, 3aHMC:TBOBaHHe, rrOCTaB-
JIeHHOe B YCJIOBH5I, COOTBeTCTBYlOII.:(He 6bITY H HpaBaM )J.aHHoro Ha-
pO)J.a, CTa'HOEIHTCH ero Hall.HOHaJIbHbIM AOCTOHHHeM (cp. C A. H. Be-
CeJIOBCKHM) .
JJ:OCTOH,HCTBaMH Ill. M. HBJI5!1OTCH nOCTaHOBKa Borrpoca 0 KYJIb-
TypHO-HCTopBTleCKHX CBH3HX Me2K)J.Y HapO,lJ,aMII H HCC,TIe,lIiOBaHHe
cpOJIbKJIOpa C rrpHBJIeqeHHeM 06rnHpHbIX pa3HOH3bl'IHbIX MaTepHa-
JIOB, a TaK2Ke BHHMaHHe 'HeKOTOpbIX ee npe)J.CTaBHTeJIeH K Ha'D:H0-
HaJIbHbIM BepOHHM «6PO)J.HLIIIX» ClO)!{eTOB, MOn1BOB, 06pa30B >II )J.p.
K He)J.OCTaTKaM Ill. M. CJIe)J.yeT OTHeC:TH Llpe3MepHoe YBJIeLleHIIe cpop-
MaJIbHO-CXeMaTWleCK.lJMH nOCTpoeHHHMH, npI1BO)J.HBrnHMH K ornII"
60'IHOCTH CY)!{AeHHii.
B. 5I. Dp,onn 13 MHrpall.HOHH3Me BbI)J.eJIHJI )J.Ba TeLleHIIH, 'IIJIH ABe
rnKOJIbI: «opHeHTaJIHCTCKYIO» H c06CTBeHHD «rnKOJIY 3aHMCTBOBa-
HHI1» (MHI'pall.HOHHYlO rnKOJIY), HJIH KOMrrapaTHBHCTCKYlO. TepMUHLI
«KOMnapal'HBH3M» H «MHrpalI,HOHHa5I rnKOJIa» KaK 6JI1I3KHe CUHO-
HHMH'IHbIe nOHHTHH paCCMaTpHBaJI M. K A3aAOBCKUi1.
JII1T.: KapC/wii E. rp. ECJIOPYCbl. 1916. T. 3, q. 1; Asaoosc1cuii M. K. I1CTOpU
PYCCKOll !jJOJIbKJIOPliCTUKM. M., 1963. T. 2; TOKapeB C. A. I1CTOPUH 3apy6elKHoii
3THorpa!jJuH. M., 1978; Ka6awHiKay K. JI. I3eJIapycKi !jJaJIbKJIOp y rrapayuaJIbHbIM
aCBHTJIeIIHi. MH., 198i; JIponn B. H. PyccKaH CKa3Ka. J1., 1984; CJIOB'51HCbIGI
!jJOJIbK.TIOpUCTuKa. I\HlB, 1988.
A. B. TI1TOBEll,
IllKOJ1A MH<p0J10fl1YECKA51 p., MI<DAJ1AnYHA51 6., MI-
<p0J10fIYHA y.- HaY 1 IHoe 'HarrpaBJIeHHe, B03HHKrnee B !:moxy po-
MaHTH3Ma. KOHlI,errlI,HH Ill. M. OCHOBaHbI Ha 3CTe'fiIIKe <D. IlleJIJIIUII'<J
H 6paTbeB A. H <D. IllJIereJIeH, COrJIaCHO KOTOpOH MHcpOJIOrH5I 6bIJJa
lU
451
IICTOLIHHKOM 'II «H)J.POM» 'IICKyccTBa. TIpHMeHHTeJIbHO :K cpOJIbKJIOpy
'-:JTY H)J.elO pa3pa6OTaJIH reHAeJIb6eprCKHe pOMaHTlIKH (J1. ApHlliM,
K. BpeHT3Ho, H. reppec). Ha.n6oJIee nOJI'HOe BbIpa2KeHHe MeTO)J.O-
./I0rHH Ill. M. rrpH06peJIa '13 )J.eHTeJIbHOCTH 6paTbeBi B. H 51. fpHMM.
COrJIaCHO HX TeopHH, U3 Mncpa B rrpoll.ecce ero 3BOJIlOll.HlI u B03HIIKJIH
CKa3Ka 3noc, JIereHAa II )J.p. BHAbI cpOJIbKJIOpa, KOTOpbIH B lI,eJIOM
5IBJI5IeT 5I 6ecc03HaTeJIbHbIM .II 6e3JIH'IHbIM TBoopLlecTBO'M KOJIJIeKTIIB-
HOH «AyrnH HapO.D.a». TIoCJIe)J.OBaTeJI\H Ill. M.- A. KYH, B' A IllBap,ll. ) '
B MaHHrapAT (fepMaHHH), M. MlOJIJIep, JJ:2K. KORC ( HrJIHH ,
A. Ae fy6epHaTHc (l1TaJIH5I), A. TIHKTe (IllBeHlI,apHH), M. EpeaJIb
(<D aHll!H5I) A. H. AcpaHacbeB, <1). 11. BYCJIaeB, O. <D. MHJIJIep
(pgCCHH) B Ill. M. pa3JfHqalOT ABa TeqeHHH: «3THMOJIOrWleCKoe»
(JIHHrBHC H'IeCKaH peKOHCTpYKll.HH MHcpa) H «aHaJIDI1WleCKoe»
(cpaB'Helme MHcpOB, 'CXOAHbIX rro COAep2KaHHlO, H T. rr.). B POCCHH
n HHll.HnbI JI'lIHrBHCTHqeCKoro 'H3Y L IeHH5I MHcpOJIOrHH rrpUMeHHJI <D. 11.
E P aeB 13 pa60Tax 1840-50-x rOAOB (.c06paHbI 13 KHoHre «l1nop'lI-
'I CC:He OqepKH PYCCKOH HapO)J.HOH 'CJIOBeCHOCTH», 1861, T. 1-2).
COJI5IpHO-MeTeOpOJIOrU'IeCKaH TeopHH pa3pa60TaHa O. <D. MH.!JJIe-
pOM (<<l1JIb51 MypOMell. H 60raTbIpCT 0 KHeBcKoe», 1869). CBDeo
pa3HbIM CHI-ITe30M pa3JIWIHbIX TeopHH Ill. 'M. 6bIJI TpYA A. H. Acp
naCbeBa «TI03TH'IeClme B033peHI15I CJIaBHH Ha npHpo)J.Y» (1866-
1869, T. 1-3). B03)J.ellcTBHe Ill. M. OII.:(YII.:(aeTCH B paH x pa60T3x
A. H. TIbIIIHHa H A. H. BeCeJIOBCKoro. BrrOCJIeJI.:CTBHH yc ae :
DbIIIHH H BeCeJIOBCKHH OTDrnJIH OT Ill. M. H rro)J.BeprJIH ee Hay IHOH
I{ HTHKe. HeKo'wpbIe HAeH Ill. M. pa3)J.eJI5IJI A. A. TIoTe6HH, O)J.HaKO
O OTpHll.aJI TeopHlO M. MlOJIJIepa «60JIe3I-Ill H3bIKa» K3K HCTOqHHKa
MHcpOJIOrnqeCKHX 06pa30B. MeTO)J.OJIOrHH H TeDpHH Ill. M. He npH-
HHTbI rrOCJIe)J.ylOII.:(HM pa3BHTHeM HaYKH, HO ee HCTOpn'IeCKOe 3Ha'Ie-
IIHe BeJIHKO, rrOCKOJIbKY OHa crroc06CTBOBaJIa ,:Kl'1IBHOOMY H3 IeHHlO
(lJOJIbKJIOpa 3aJI02KHJIa OCHOBbI cpaBHHTeJIb'HOH MHcpOJIOrHH H no-
CTaBHJIa p )J. CYII.:(eCTBeHHbIX TeopeTWleCKiIX rrp06JIeM B cpOJIbKJIOpII-
CTHKe.
CM. TaK2Ke TeopuR neOMucpOJl02UtieCTWR.
J1ET.: Taib! P. POMaHTIIqeCKaH IHKOJIa I I1ep. C HeM. M., 189.1; eTY U! B
Mu!jJoJIoruqeCKlIe Teopuu II 1VIHpHHH TPY.lI:. 1902. N2 2; /(acapoB E. a IepK C .I
MeIUIoro COCTOHHU5I MH!jJOJIOrUqeCKOii I-JaYKII II BorrpOCbI TeopUH u rrCIIXOJIOrHl!
'l'I>OpqeCTBa. XapbKoB, 1914. T. 5; )f(uP_'JyHCKUii B. M. I1p06JIeMa 3C;eTUqeCKO
J'Y'IbTypbJ B IIpOl13Be.ll:eHlIHX reH.lI:eJIb6eprCKux pOMaHTuKoB II 3arrucK!,I eo!jJHJIOJIO
1 II:JeCKOrO O-Ba. 1915. BbIII. 8; Asaoo6cKuii M. K. I1CTOpH5I PYCCKOU '¥OJIbKJIOPlI:
". M 1963 T 2' Tyce6 B. E. flp06JIeMbI !jJOJIbKJIOpa B UCTOpIIU 3CTeTIIKU. M.,
IKr963:' OH aI e. '!vhI!jJOJIOrnqeCKaH lliKOJIa II I\paTKa51 .1JHTepaTy-pHa51 3H lIKJIOrre-
, M ' 196 7 T 4, AKarreM1I'JeCIme lliKO.TlbI 13 PYCCKOM JIUTepaTYPOBe.ll:CHUU. M.,
WI5I. ., . . ., "
1975. B. E. TYCEB
lllKOJ1A <DI1HCKA51 p., <DIHCKA51 6., <pIHCbKA y.- 13
(l)oJIbKJIOpHcTHKe TepMH'H, CHHOH'HMH'IHbIH rrOH5ITH5IM «HCTOPHKO-
rcorpacpHqeCKa5I, HJIH reorpacpo-HcTOpH'IeCKaH, rnKOJIa», «CKa'H-
Iii.
452
III
)J.HHaBCKaH rnKOJIa»; TpaKTyeT,cH HHOr:l.:(a Ka'K «reorpacpO-IIeTO-
,pHqeCKaH pa3HOBHAHOCTb MHrpall.HOHHOro HarrpaBJIeHHH» (B. II.
AHHKHH, 10. f. KpyrJIOB). KaK HaYLIHoe HarrpaBJIeHHe OcpopMIIJIaCI,
B HOCJIeAOBaHHHX 'CPHHCKHX Y'IeHbIX 10. KpoHa Hero CbIHa K. Kpo-
ria. TIoCJIeAOBaTeJIHMH Ill. cpo 6bIJIH npeHMYII.:(eCTBeHHO yqeHbIe CTpa'JI
CeBepHOH EBpOnbI. CpeAH HHX TaKHe H3BeCTHbIe HCCJIeAoBaTeJIlI,
KaK A. AapHe, A. OJIbpHK, K. B. CH)J.OB H )J.p.
CTOpOHH'HKH cpHHCKOH rnKOJIbI CTOHJIH Ha n03Hll.HHX KOMnapa-
THBH3Ma II CLIHTaJIH 3aHMCTBOBaHHe OCHOBHbIM cpaKTOpm.'! pa3BHT!J}(
YCTHorr03THLleCKOII Tpa.IJ.Hll.IUI. fJIaBHYlO 3a)J.aqy HCCJIe)J.oBaHH5I OlIIl
BHAeJIH B H3yqeHHH ClO2KeTOB: YCTaHOB.1JeHHe «npacpDpMbI», a BMeCTC
C TeM H «rrpapO)J.HHbI» 3a'HMCTBOBaHHoro ClO2KeTa II orrpe)J.eJIeHIJe
BpeMeHH ero B03H'HKHOBeHHH. OAHaKO npaKTWleCKH UCCJIe)J.OBaHIIH
CTOpOHHHKOB Ill. cpo CBO).!,HJIHCb K rrpOCJIe2KHBaHlIlO MHrpau.IUI CIO-
2KeTHbIX cxeM, K BbI5IBJIeHHlO HX «rrpacpopMbI», ,II MelOII.:(elI TeopeTU-
LleCKH BepOHTHYlO CPOPMY, qTO C6JIH2KaeT HX co rnKOJIOII MHrpall.HOn-
HO!l (CM.). B OTJIWme OT 10. KpOHa MJIaArnHH KpOH CLIHTaJI, LITO
BCKpbITb nepBOHaqaJIbHYlO CPOPMY rrpOH3Be)J.eHHH eII.:(e 'He caMO('
Ba2KHOe B HCTopHKo-reorpacpnqeCKOM IIOCJIe)J.OBaHHH, qTO Bce )!{C
60JIee cYII.:(ecTBeHHo «... rrpOCJIe)J.HTb IH3MeHeHHH, KOTOpbIM rro)J.Bepr-
JIaCb 3Ta nepBOHaLlaJIbHaH cpopMa BO BpeMeHH II rrpocTpaHcTBe B
pa3JIHLIHbIX BapHaHTax» ()J,2K. KOKKbHpa). <DOJIbKJIOpHble rrpoll.ec-
CbI B HX IICTOpH'IeCKOM 'pa3BHTHH 'He H3YQaJIHCb, MI-IOOro06pa3He 1I3-
MeHeHHH 06'bHCHHJIOCb BHernHilIMH cpaKTopaMH; IJTHopHpOBaJIIICb TaK-
2Ke pOJIb cpe)J.bI, B KOTOpOH 6bITOBaJIO TO HJIH IIHoe 3aHMCTBOBaHHC',
H HCTOpHqeCKOe pa3BHTHe 06II.:(eCTBa.
TIpH CBOIIX KpaHHOCTHX MeTO)J.HKa Ill. cpo 'll.eHHa cBoefi opraHII-
3alI.HGHHOH, cpaInWleCKOH H TeKCTOJIOrWleCKoH 'CTOpOHOH. BecbMa
Ba1KHbIM AOCTH1KeHHeM, OKa3aBllIHM BJIHHHHe Ha MIIPOBYlO CPOJIb-
KJIOPHCT,HqecKYlO HaYKY, HBHJI'CH pa3pa60TaHHbIH II COCTaBJIeHHbIii
A. AapHe «YKa3aTeJIb CKa30 L IHbIX THnoB», nepeBe)J.eHHbIH C TeMII
HJIH IIHbIMH OnOJIHeHHHMH Ha MHorHe H3bIKlH. Pa3pa60TaHHa51
A. AapiHe CIICTeMa HCrrOJIb3yeTcH H B Ha'CT05!II.:(ee BpeM5I rrpn COCTaB-
JIeHHH Hall.HOHaJIbHbIX OTeQeCTBeHHbIX H 3apy6e2KHbIX YKa3aTeJIeii
B 3aCJIyry OCHOBaTeJIHM Ill. cpo Heo6xOAHMO nOCTaBHTb o6'be.IJ.u-
HeHHe eBponelICKHX cpOJIbKJIOpHCTOB B Me2KAYHapo)J.HYlO OpraHI-I3a-
ll.HlO «Folklore Fellows» (coKpaII.:(eHHO - FF) C neLIaTHbIM opraHoM
«Folklore Fellows Communkation» (FFC), a TaK2Ke rrOCTaHOBh.Y
rrp06JIeMbI HapoAHoII JIHTepaTypbI, HMelOII.:(eH 3Ha L leHlIe A.'1H Bccii
HCTOpHH KYJIbTypbI.
B OTeLIeCTBeHHoH cpOJIbKJIOpHCTHKe MeTO)J.HKY Ill. cpo npHMeH'IIJI
BnepBble B. H. AH)J.epcoH B 11C-CJIe)J.OBaH'HII «PoMaH ArrY.'leH H Hil
pOAHaH CKa3Ka» (Ka3arHb, 1914, T. 1),c HCrrOJIb3'OBaHlIeM 3Ha l II/I-
TeJIbHOrO KOJIWleCTBa pyccKoro MaTepnaJIa. YCTaHOBJIeHlleM MeeT;!
H BpeMeHH B03HHKHOBeHHH ClO2KeTa, ero nepBOHaLlaJIbHOrO Bn)J.a II
nYTeH pacnpOCTpaHeHlI5I 3aHHMaJICH H. TI. AH)J.peeB. OH CTpeMlIJ]('H
YCTaHOBHTb rrpHqnHbI B03HHKHOBeHH5I, )J.BH)!ZeHH5I H Il3MeHeHII5! ClO-
III
453
"iKeTa, YAeJIHJI BHHMaHHe Ha6mOAeHH5IM Ha)J. OT)J.eJlbHblr.:,II TC (C.TaM
B HX 2KHBOM 6bITOBaHHH, 'ITO BbIAeJI5IeT ero pa60TbI H.:> lIUCJ1d I!(,"
CJle)J.OBaHHII CTOpOHHHKOB cpm-ICKOH Ill OJIbI.
J1I1T' CO"OlIOB 10. M. PycClmii <!JOJIbK,1JOp. lVI.., ]941; KOKKbHpa ;'1,;1IC. IkfOplI!i
c')O%FJIOP;ICTlI I1 13 EBpone. M., 1960; ASaOOBC[,UU At K. HCTOplIH PYCCKOH
I ;O bK:nOPHCTUKH. M., 1963. T. 2; y . 1979; Aqr!w A. Leitfa en d<:f ::l'r.l ld-
l henden Marchenforschung. Helsmk1, 1913 (FFC:, N 1?2; Ole foJl,101.1 hscl?e
J\rbeitmethode begri.indet von JL2lius Krohn und welter gewhrt von nOi chschui:lI
Forschern, erHiutert von I\aarle Krohn. Oslo, 1926.
A. B. TlIT013Ell
IllMA Tf AJ10CCE 6. - CM. MliOcOco/wcue.
IllOTIKA 6.- CM. BepTen.
Ill3DTbI 6.- CM. 3aco6op.
Ill3CUE 6.- CM. 06xoo.
. .
.,.
k' ..
. "
:, /'
.f
3DAHOCTPOc1>A p.- CM. flooxBar.
3I1HTET p., 3TIIT3T 6., EDITET y.- CJIOBO, onpeAeJIHlOIl(Cl'
npe)J.MeT HJIH HBJIeHl-Ie H nOALlepKHBalOII.:(ee KaKHe-JIH60 ero CBoii-
CTBa, KaLIeCTBa HJIH rrpII3HaKH. A. H. BeCeJIOBCKHH BbIAeJIHJI 3. Tan-
To.TJ:OrHLlecKIIe, KorAa 'II CYII.:(eCTBHTeJIbHOe, JJj npHJIaraTeJIbHOe BbI-
pa)!{alOT OAHY II TY 2Ke 'HAelO (COJIHll.e KpaOHoe, cBeT 6eJIbIH), II
nOHCJ-IIITeJIbHble, B OCHOOBe KOTOpbIX JIe2KHT KaKOII-HH6YAb O)J.HH rrpII-
3HaK: .1II160 qHTalOllI.IIIkH CYII.:(eCTBeHHbIM 13 npeAMeTe, JIH60 xapaK-
TepII3YIDII.:(HH era no OTHOrneHl-110 K rrpaKTH'IeCKOH I.:(eJIH 'II H)J.eaJIb-
HOMY COBeprneHCTBY. Cpe)J.H 3. nOH:CHHTeJIbHbIX OH OTMeTHJI Ta'K)!{l
3.-MeTaq)OPY II 3. CH:HKpeT-H'IeCKuH. 3. B cpOJIbKJIOpe BbIpa2KaeTcsr
npeHMyr.u:ecTBeHHo npHJIaraTeJIbHbIM, HO HepeAKo TaK2Ke H 'HMeHeM
CYII.:(eCTBHTeJlbHbIM. 3. MorYT 6bITb rrpocTbIMH (<<BirnHeBbI caA») II
CJIO"KHbI:vm (<<6eJIOKaMeHHa5I rraJIaTa»). <DYHKll.H'H 3. IB pa3JIH'IHbIX
)KaHpaX CPOJIbKJIOOpa HeO.lUI'HaKOBbI. B 'CKa3Kax 3. CJIY2KaT C03AaHIIIO
He06wI'Horo, YAHBHTellbHoro MHpa (<<1136yrnKa Ha KypbHX H02KKax»,
«nY LJa-ApaMyrnqa») 'H ero CKa30IJ:,HbIX 06pa30B (<<TpeXrJIaBblii
3Mew>, «naraHbI lJ,MOK»). B 6bIJIH-HaX 3. nOA'Iep'KHBalOT MacrnTao-
HOCTb H306pa)!{aeMOra (<<'IHCTOe nOJIe, pa3AoJIbe illupoKoe»), CJIY-
)!{aT cpe)J.cTBoM H)J.eaJIU3all.HII (<<MorYLIHe 60ra TbIp:n», «KYHbH rny-
6a»). B OTJIHqHe OT CKa30K H 6LIJIHH, r)J.e 3. BbmOJIHHlOT rJIaBHblM
06pa30"I II306pa3HTeJIbHbIe CPYHKll.HH, B JIHpn'IeCKHX 2KaHpaX 3.
HBJImDTC5I npeHMyII.:(ecTBeHHo BbIpa3IITeJIbHbIMH, 3MOll.HOHaJIbHO-Oll.e-
HOq:HbIMH (<<poAHaH MaTyrnKa», «JIanyrnKa-roJIy6yrnKa», «MaJIaAJ,1
)J.3Hll.iHKa», <Ap06HbI5I CJIe3bI», «6i)J.Ha roJIOBOHbKa», «IJ:op'Hil 6po-
BID». B Tpa)J.HWIOHHbIX JIllpH'IeCKHX 'neCHHX 3. Hepe)J.Ko HMelOT CIIM-
BOJIIILleCIme 3HaqeHl-Ie: «PYll.bBHHbI BHHOK» OIIMBOJIII3HpyeT )J.eBUIJ:bIO
'IHCTOTY, )J.eBCTBeHHOCTb. B LlacTyrnKax <HapHAY 'C Tpa)J.Hll.HOHHbIMII 8.
(<<MIJ.1IeHbKHii )J.PY)KOLleK» ) AOBOJIbHO illiHpOKO ynoTpe6JIHlOTCH Bo-
BbIe 3. (<<pacxopornHII napeHeK», «MH.'laH 3a6aB<HHll.a»). B (l)oJrI.-
K.'1ope rnHpOKO ynoTpe6HTeJIbHbI 3. rrOCTOHHHble (CM.).
JUIT.: BeCel/OeCK/Iii A. J-l. HCTOpII1JeCKRH rr03TUKa. J1., 1940; EBceHbeBa ./I. /1.
O JePI H 110 513bmy PYCCI<OH YCTIlOii rr033UU B 3arrUC5IX XVII-XX BB. M.; J1., I!Hi:!;
rLteB£'l H. C. fIa3ThlKa 6eJIapycKaii HapO.ll:HaH JIipbIKi. MH., 1975; EpeJVlt./Ha n. ll.
1:)
455
1103TH'leCKIIll CTpOH PYCCKOll HapoJJ.HoH JIIJpUKU. J1., 1978; 3II1ITCT B YCCKOM na,:
PU.lI: HOM TBop'lecTBe. M., 1980; HH1COfjCKi M. A. fla3TbIKa 6eJIapycKau HapOj(IJaH
np03bI. MH., 1983; JIasynm C. r. I103TuKa PyccKoro !jJOJIbKJIOpa. M., 19t\9.
C. r. .nA3YTlIlI
3TIHTET META<I>OPHIfECKI1H p., 3TIIT3T META<I>APbI4-
HbI 6., EDITET MET A<DOPI1IfHI1H y. 0603Ha L laeT npII3H:.1h IIJIII
KaLleCTBO, rrepeHeceHHble Ha OOHOBe 6JI1I30CTH, CXD)J.CTBa C o.rrJIoro
rrpe)J.MeTa Ha onpe)J.eJIHeMbIH. 3TO rr03TWJeCKoe cpe)J.cTBo .JI3u6pa-
3HTeJIhHOCTH H Bblpa3HTeJIbHOCTH, rrpHcYIl(ee MHOPHM )!\:<1HpaM:
CKa3KaM (<<2Kap-rrTHI.:(a»), 6bIJIH-HaM (<<ycTa caxapHble»), IIeCH5IM
(<<'peLIyrnKa CJIe30BaH», «IJ:ac ropbKHH», «cep)J.ll.e peTlIBoe»), LIaCTyrn-
KaM (<<KaMeHHo cepAeLIKo», «m060Bb TpexKoneeLIHaH»). B rreCH5IX
BOCTOIJ:!HbIX CJIaBHH 3. M. HBJIHlOTCH Ba2KHbIM cpe)J.cTBoM C03)J.aHHH
06pa30B )J.OJIH, 'cY)J.b6bI: «AOJI5I ropbKaH, JIHXaH». B 6eJIOpyccIWii
pOAIIHHOH rreCHe 3. M. K CJIOBY «,lIiOJI5I» rrpHAalOT eMY HOBbIe OTTem\:H.
HOBOp02K)J.eHHOMY 2KeJIalOT:
JJ:aH yci TpbI )J.oJIi:
I rparnoBYlO,
I 36a2KOBYlO,
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Tpa)J.IIll.IIII B 06JIaCTll ClO}KeTIIKII, CHCTeMbI rrpeACTaBJIeHIIH, II)J.eaJIOn,
repoeB, TI03THKII. EoraTbIpcKlIe )J.eHHHH nOJIYLlalOT xapaKTep rraTplIO-
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3
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prrqeCKHH OnbIT HapoAa rr:pepa6aTbIBaeTcH H TpanccpopMIIpyeTcH,
()KparnH'BaHCb cpaHTacTHKoH H xY,lIi02KeCTBeHHbIM BbIMbICJIOM. yxe
')IIHqeCKorO HCTopH3Ma OCBaHBalOTCH H nepepa6aTbIBaIOTC5I I Pd)J.H'
IUIOHHbIe )J.JIH 3. H. ClO2KeTHble TeMbI 60pb6bI C LIY)J.OBHII.:(3'M'II, repoH-
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pOACTBBHHHKOB (oTll.a H 'CbIHa, 6paT II cecTpbI), MOTHBbI q )J.l'C!lOIO
p02K)J.eHHH rrOJIY'IeHH5I 60raTblpcKOII CHJIbI H 'IY)J.ecHoro hOH5I, no-
IICKOB rep eM cY2KeHOH, cTpaHcTBHH B «)J.PyroiI» MHp, 60raTbI cKIIX
1I0e)J.HHKOB H T. )J.. 3. K. He AaeT OCHOBaHIIH )J.JIH rrp5IMO.'IIIiHeIIHOro
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,lIwnm 13 HeM 1TOJIOCKOB II peaJIHH HCTOpHH. OAHa H3 OCHOBHbIX
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KII, YTBep2K)J.aeTcH HeH36e)K!HOCTb TOp)!{eCTBa' 'crrpaBe)J.JIllB.oCTII. 3TI1Io
'IeCKoe BpeMH, 3nH'IeCKHII COll.HYM 13 3. K. He nO)J.)J.aeTCH KOHKpeTHOH
IICTOpWleCKOH H)J.eHTIIcpHKall.llH, XOTH II 3aKJIlO L raeT B ce6e pa3Horo
pO)J.a peaJIHH. 3. K. H3BeCTeH B ABYX OCHOBH IX cpOpM3X: HYMeH:
TaJIbHbIX MHorocI02KeTHbIX rr03M (KIIprH3CKII . «Ma 1 Hac»,. y. oeKC {lIH
«AJInaMblrn» C pSlAOM cpe,il!Hea3IIaTcKHx BepcHH, KaJIMbIll.KIUi «JJ:2KaH-
rap» Ka3aXCKHe rr03MbI H )J.p.) H O)J.HoClO)!{eTHbIX rreceH (PYCCKH
6bIJI- HbI lO2KHOCJIaB5IiHCKHe IOHall.KHe neCHll, BOCTOLIHopoMa-r-rcKHH
')noc H p.p.). OOHOBHaH Macca naMHTHHKOB 3. K. no CBoeMY cO)J.ep-
TaHHlO H)J.eaJIaM reHeTWleCKIIM CBH3S1l\1 II 6bITOBaHHlO npHHa)J.JIe-
I IIT H PO)J.HOH Tpa)J.Hll.Hll. 3TOli Tpa)J.Hll.IIII, B LraCTHOCTII, MIIpoBaH
;{YJIbTypa o6H3aHa 1J10HBJIeHIIeM H pa3BIITneM IICKyccTBa CKa3IITe-
'leH - 3IIWleCKHX rreBll.OB. »
. CJIe)J.YlOII.:(HM TIOCJIe 3. K. 3TanOM B IICTOpWIeCKOli THnO.'lOrIUI 3II,II-
'leCKoro TBopLlecTBa BblcTyrralOT n03)J;HHe cpOpMbI 3. H., xapaKTepll-
'yeMbIe OCJIa6JIeHIIeM cpaHTaCTHKII H YCJIOB!HOCTH, npeO)J.OJIeHIleM
OHll.enll.HII 3IIH'IeCKOrO BpeMeHII H TeH)J.eHu,'IIHMH K HCTopnLleCIWMY
BpeMeHH (CM.), HaJIHLmeM rrp5IMbIX CBH3eH cO)J.ep2KaI-IH5I 11 repoeB, C
IlCTOpn'IeCKOH KOHKpeTHKOH (YKpmmCKIle AYMbI, lO2KHOCJIaBHHCKII ) e'
l'aH)J.YQKHe neCHII, HCTopHLleCEHe rreCHH pa3HbIX HapO)J.OB II )J.p. .
K rr03,lIiHHM cpopMaM 3. H. rrpHHaAJIe2KaT TaK)!{e 6a.1JJIaAbI (CM.).
J1I1T' Ko -?ecca rp. YKpalHcbKi HapOJ1.Hi J1.YMU. J1bBiB, 1920; n pov nn B. ff. P!c:
..J .. ..., M 1958' }J(WJ.Ml'HCKlIii B. At HapOJ1.HLII! repOUqc. hHH
I f(ll!f repOnqeCKHU :,JI1OC. ., " ,'Y 1\ 1. ' J1 f9 ?' OH /ce. TlOpKCKHil re-
, . CpaBHI IT e JIbHo'licTO p UqeCKUe OqepKil. ,., ., \L,
>!wc. . ' M ' v E ' I I1poI ' CXO '.,-rr e uue re p OIllJeCKorO'
.. " 1 ' J1 1975' eJ/eTllHCKUU < 1\. ',. fl';.>.
pOH'leCKIiU 3DOC. '\.,., " " , 1. 1963 ' F p UHl ! e p n A. Kup-
. P " m P MbI 1I a p XaUqeCKUe rraM5!THliKII. l' ." ,".,
,nuca. a".me 't'0'.. - v . iV1 196 ' rpUHU,ep JI. A. L!.peBUCUH,lJ.lI11-
,1<11'1" E. JI. 3 I l,Kpam:CKI1H. HapO : b n /I rro '974:' I1a", TlmKU KumKHoro 3rroca: CTUJIb
"",ll" 3110C: eHe3liC II TUllO." .., , JI E fl repml'leClmH ,moc'
II TCKCTOJIOflI'leCKlie oc06eHlIOCTU. M., 1978; ynl,1OB . .
II )(dicTBIITeJ1bHocTb. J1., 1988.
E. fl. nYTI1JIOB
458
a
3DOC EEJ10PYCCKHfI p., 3TIAC BEJ1APYCKI 6. 13 POAOIIIIIVI
3Ha L lemm: TepMHHa npeJ1:CTaBJIeH rrpmI3'BeAeHIIHMH pa3HbIx 2KaupoJt,
06'be)J.IIHeHHbIMH repoHLlecKHM H HCTOpH'IeCKHM Ha'IaJIOM: GoraTI.ql
CKHMII CKa3KaMII 'II CKa3KaMH Ha 6bIJIHHHble ClO2KeTbI, pa3JIWIH],IMIl
no BpeMeHII B03HIIH;HOBeHHH H TeMa'IiHKe HCTopuLlecKHMH rreCH.HMII II
rrp, e,n,amIHMH a TaK2Ke 3rrHLleCKlIMH rrpoII3Be)J.eHHHMH, oTpa3HBIUuMil
COII.IIa.'!bHO-OCB060AHTeJIbHOe ABH2KeHHe, He HMeH KJIaCCHqeCKU 11-
311IFleCKIIX cpOpM, LITO AaJIO nOBOA HeKOTopbIM HCCJIe)J.OBaTeJIHM ro-
BOplITb 06 OTCYl'CTBHH 3rroca Y 6eJIOPycoB, 6eJIOpyccKHH IHapo)J. 1\
3TlIX rrpoH3BeAeHHHx C AocTaToLIHoH nOJIHOTOH OTpa3HJI CBOlO H:J-
ll.HOHaJIb, IYlO HCTOpHlO, BeJIIIqHe Hapo)J.Horo Ayxa. 3. 6. pa3B-I1BaeW'1!
13 TeCHon 'B3aIIMOCBH3II C 3nOCOM )J.pyrnx CJIaBHHCKHX Hapo)J.oB.
rrpe}"}.!,e Bcero BOCTOLIHbIX 'CJIaBHH, II HMeeT C HIIMH HeMaJIO 06IIJ.lIX
lepT.
Hau60.'!ee paHHIIMH cpopMaMH 3rroca, npe)J.cTaBJIeHHbIMH 13 6eJIo-
PYCCKOIl'I cpOJIbKJIOpe, M02KHO CLIHTaTb BOCXO)J.5IIIJ.'He eII.:(e K AOKJIaC-
COBOMY 06II.:(eCTBY npe,n,aHH5I H CKa3KH 0 60raTblp5IX (aciJIKaX, 130-
JIaTax), npHMo I-IJIH KOCBeHHO CB5!3aHHbIe 'co CJIaB5!ECKOH Mn<pOJIO-
meii. I1x repoH (JJ:y6iHa, rapaBiK, BYCbIHH, TIaKall.irapox H- )J.p.)
nOKa3aHbI KaK X03HeBa eII.:(e He n03HaHHbIX 'IeJIOBeKOM pa3JIIlqHbIX
CIIJI npHpO)J.bI, n06e)J.IITeJIH M-HOi'OrOJIOBbIX 3MeeB H )J.pyrHx LlY)J.O-
BHII.:(, BOrrJIOII.:(aBrnHX Bpa:tKAe6Hble JIlOAHM HaLlaJIa. HeKOTopbIe
CKa3K'H H rrpeA3'HHH 06 aCHJIKaX OTpa2KaIOT ApeB'H1Ie MncpwlccKHe
rrpeACTaBJIeHHH JIlO)J.eH 0 'CBOHX npeAKax.
CJIe)J.YlOII.:(HH 3Tan pa3BHTHH 3noca BOCTOLIHbIX 'CJIaBHH - 1303-
HHKHOBeHIle H cpOpMHpOBaHHe repOH"IeCIWrO 6bIJIIIHHOrO 3noca -
TaK)!{e OCTaBHJI 3aMeTHbIH CJIe)J. 13 6eJIOpYCCKOM cpOJIbKJIOpe. OH CO-
3)J.aBa.'lCH -B pa3JIH'IHbIX per-HOHax, B TOM qHCJIe H B TIOJIOIlJ,KOII 3eM-
JIe, H, KaK nOJIaralOT HeKoTopble HccJIeAOBaTeJIlH, 'OTpa3HJI Hapo)J.Hble
npeACTaBJIeHHH 0 rrOJIOll.KOM KHH3e BCeCJIaBe 'B 06pa3e BOJIxa Bce-
CJIaBOBH'Ia. BeJIOpYCCKHH HapoA YHaCJIeAOBaJI MHorne H3 3THX npo-
H3Be)J.eHlIH, KOTopbIe, KaK YTBep2KAaJI E. <D. KapCKHH, BrrJIOTb AO
XVI B. 3)J.eCb 6bIl'OBaJIH, OKa3bIBaH CYII.:(CCTBeHHoe B03AeHcTBHe Ha
pa3BIITHe Hall.HOHaJIbHOH 3HIIKII, .0 qeM cBHAeTeJIboCTBYlOT 6eJIopyc.
CWHe CKa3KH Ha 6bIJIH'HHbIe ClO2KeTbI, OTAeJIbIIbIe AyxoBHble CTHXII,
3aHMCTBOBaBrnHe MHorHe qepTbI rr03THKH 6bIJIIIH.
C 'HaLIaJIOM cpOpMHpoBaHHH 6eJIOpyccKOH HapoAHocTH 3. 6. Ea-
nOJIH5IeTCH HOBbIM H'CTOpWleCK-IIM cO)J.ep2KaHHeM, OTpa2KaH MHorHe
Ba2KHbIe BeXH 13 IICTOpHH HapoAa. HCTOpHqeCKlJle rrpeAaHH5I II rreCHU
nOCBHIIJ.eHbI 60pb6e C HH03eMHbIMlI 3aXBaT'IHKaM'II, KOTopbIe He-
O.lI.:HOKpaTHo BTOpraJIHCb Ha 6eJIOpyccKIIe 3eMJIH: TaTapaMH, KpecTo-
HOCll.aMH, rnBe)J.aMH, cppaHll.Y3aMH. OHH OTpa3HJIH rraTpHoTH3M II MY-
2KeCTBO 6eJIOpyccKoro Hapo)J.a. HapH)J.y .c rrpoH3BeAeHHHMH, B03HHK-
rnHMII 13 pycJIe Hall.HOHaJIbHOII cpOJIbKJIOpHOII TpaJ1:HII.HII, -B EeJIapycH
6bITOBaJIH TaK2Ke PyocKHe IH YKpaIIHcKHe HCTopHLlecKlie neCHII,
OpraHlI'IeCKII Borne.n.rnHe 13 HapoAHbIH penepTyap, Harrp. neCHH 0
KOCTplOKe, 6eJIOpyccKHe BapHaHTbI KOTOpOH CYIl(CCTBeHHo OTJIIFla-
a
459
loTCH OT PYCCKHX KaK cOAep2KaHIIeM, TaK u H cpopMoii. 3Ha L IlITE'JIbIIaH
'iaCTb yrrOM5IHYTbIX 3)J.eCb rrpDH3BeAeHHH coxpamIJIaCb B }KJIBOM
()hITOBaHHH AO HarnHX AHeH.
J1I1T.: EeJIapycKi 3rrac, 1959; JIo6oiJa A. M. Ee,lopycCK3H Hapo.D:lIaH lIC!:.>.mH
II PYCCKUH 6bJ.1JeBOH :.>rroc 1/3THorpa!jJ. 06o,:peIII!e. 18 5. N 2; MUJl.Jll'p 13. I\ Obl-
!,mlaM 06 I1JIbe MypoM e II O<IepKu PYCCKOI1 Hap0.ll:HOU CJIOBeCHOCTH. E .I.!!.l1Hhl.. .?
I 97; Kapclwii E. <P. CJIe.ll:bI 60raTbIpCKoro :moca II.EeJIoPycLI. 1916; I\ /()all.IHlMI!I
K. n. fepai<IHLI i riCTapbIqHbI 3rrac II HapblcbI rra o JIapycKaMY !jJaJILh.lOp). Mu.,
]963; OH e. EeJIapycKa-PycKi51 !jJaJIbKJIOpHbIH CYBH31. MH., 1988.
K. Jl. KAEAIlIHIIl(OB
3TIOC PYCCKHfI p., 3DAC PYCKI 6., ETIOC POCIVICb-
KHH y. KaK pO)J. cpOJIbKJIOpa 06'be IIH5IeT pa3HocTa)J.HaJIbHble rro
rrpOHCX02KAeHHlO np03aHqeCKHe -II 'CTIIXOTBopHble rrOBeCTBOBaTeJIb-
IIble 2KaHpbI: MHcpOJIOrHQeCKHe CKa3aHH5I, CKa3KH pa3JIIIQHbIX 2KaH-
pOBbIX p a3HoBH)J.HocTeH, npeAaHHH, JIereH)J.bI, 6 u bIJIIIHbI, _ HCT'OPHQ -
l:KHe neCHH H T.)J.. TpaAHll.HOHHO 2Ke B PYCCKOII cpOJIbKJIOpIICTIIKC
no)J. 3. p. pa3YMeel1C5I cOBOKyrrHocTb rreceHHo-noBecTBOBaTeJIbHbIX
jKaHpOB - 6bIJIHH (H 6bIJIHH-CKOMopornHH), AyX:OBHbIX CTHXO , nCTO-
pH'IeCKHX rreCCH, 06'b.eMJIlOII.:(IIX pa3'BHTHe Py,ccKoro cpOJIbKJ'lOpa C
)J.peBHeHmHx nop AO XVIII-XIX BB. OT co6CTBeHHo 3nWIeCKHX
(I)OpM rroBecTBoBaHHH 0 60raTblpHx K JIHpG3rrHLlecwHM (6amla)J.aM),
a 13 n03)J.HeHrnHx 06pa3ll.aX - K JIHpIIIW-neceHHbIM (ncTopIFlecKHe
neCHH XVIII-XIX BB.). Y 'Ka2K)J.oro U3 3TIIX :tKall-IpOB CBOH C102KeT-
rrO-TeMaTH'IeCKHe H n03TH'IeCKHe np1I3HaKn, HO B TO 2Ke BpeM5I Me2K-
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CTHXII, paHHHe 6aJIJIa)J.bI 'II HCTopWleCKHe neC:HlI no cn .xy II n03TH-
Ke 6JI1I3KH 6bIJIHHaM. B perrepTyap MHorHX CKa3FITeJIeH KpOlVle 6bI-
JIHH BXO)J.I1JIII rrpOH3'Be)J.eHH5I xpHCTHaHCKoro H IICTopWleCKoro 3noca.
Ha6JIlO)J.aJIaCb H Me2KAY)!WHpOBaH 06II.:(HOCTb IHaneBOB, JJ.UcpcpY3HH
II306pa3HTeJIbHLIX cpOpM H APyrHx xY)J.02KeCTBeHHO-H306pa3IITeJIh-
HblX KOHCTaHT.
CM. TaK2Ke EblA.U1-la, EaA.A.aaa, llecHfl UCToplttteC1Wfl, CTllX ay-
XOBT-lbtu, JIe2eT-laa, C,W3,W H JIHT.
3DOC YKPAHHCKHfI p., 3TIAC YKPAIHCKI 6., EDOC YK-
P AXHCbKHH y. TepMHH ynOTpe6JIHeTCH B Y3KOM (KaK }IWHp) ill
nmpOKOM (KaK pOA) CMbICJIe. B :tKaHpOBOM 3Ha L leHI1H - YKpamI-
eKHe I-IapOAHble )J.YMbI - CJIOBeCHO-MY3bIKaJIbHble rrpOH3Be.D,eHHH,
nOBeCTBYlOII.:(He 0 Ba2KHellrnHX HCTopWleCKHx C06bITIIHX B }KII3HH
YKpaHHCKoro Hapo.D,a II 06pa30BaBrnue cy6cTaHII.HOHaJIbH e H)J.pO
' nHLlecworo pO)J.a. B rnHpOKoM CMbICJIe 0603IIa ' IaeT CnCTeMy n_eceH-
IIbIX H rrp03aHLleCKHX 2KaHpOB. Ee cOCTaBJI5IeT BC5I nap,paTIIBHaH
3rrHKa: 6aJIJIa)J.bI, HCTOpn'IeCKHe rrecHFI, CIIlIBaHKH-xpOHIIl\.H, ;\UICPH-
'Iecrme, repOIIKO-(paHTaCTH'IeCKIIe n 6bITOBbIe cKa3KiJI, nereH)J.bI.
IIpe)J.aHH5I, YCTHbIe paCCKa3bI, aI-IeK)J.OTbI H np. B CBoeM _ pa3BIITHH
;:). y. nporneJI HeCKOJIbKO 3TanOB. 3apOAHBrnHCb 13 nepIIO)J. KneB-
460
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3
461
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JIHTbCH, 3a HCKJIlO'IeHl'IeM HeKaTapbIX yqe6HbIX KypCOB (B. ClIrraB-
CKHII) .
HaH60JIee HHTepecHYlO qaCTb 3. x. npe,rr,cTaBJIHIOT T. Ha3. JlereH-
;'I,bI a CBHTbIX. I1x YCTHble nepepa60TKH HBJIHlOTC5! pe3YJlbTUTOM
CHHTe3a MHOraqHCJIeHHbIX KGMnaHeHTOB, rJIaBHbIMH cpe)J.II KOTOphIX
Ma2KHG Ha3BaTb xpHcTHaHCKIII! KaHOH, anoKpHcpH'IeCKlIe CI01KeTbI II
;'I,peBHeHrnHe MHcpOJIOrnqeCKHe 06pa3bL l..IeTKO onpeJ],eJI5!IOT 1 -II CJIe-
;'I,bI BOiJ)J.encTBHH cpe)J.HeBeKoBaH JIlITepaTypbI, KaK PYCCKOlI, T<:1I\ Ii
CJIaBHHCKHX CTpaH. Cpe)J.H HIiX - YCTHble BepcHlI TaKHX naMHTHII-
KOB, KaK «TIO'BecTb 0 COJIOMaHe H KHToBpace», oTpa3HBUIaHCH Ha
PYCH B 6bIJIHHe 0 ll.ape BaCHJIHH OKYJIOBWle, nOBeCTH a ll.ape Arree,
06 AKHpe TIpeMY)J.poM. CKa3a L 1Hble ClO2KeTbI npe CTaBJIeHbI paccKa.
3aMH 0' qY;'I,ecax H 'IY)J.ecHblx npe;'I,MeTaX (<<BeIl.:(HI1 caH», «4Y)J.ecHbIII
cTpaHHHK») H 60JIbrneH qaCTblO BaCXD)J.HT K PYKonncHbIM HJIH !Ie-
Lia1"HbIM BapHaHTaM «TIpOJIora» (0. A. JJ:ep2KaBllHa).
Hau60Jlee norrYJIHpHbIM repoeM -60JlbrnUHCTBa CKa3aHlIH B Pyc-
CK05!3blqHbIX paHaHax HBJIHeTC5! HHKOJIaH-qy,n;oTBOpell., Ha YKpaHHe
H B EeJIapycH - CBHTOII EropHii (feDprnH). TIpH 9TOM 'CJIe)J.yeT
aTMeTHTb cOBna)J.eHlle 6aJIbrnHHCTBa ClO}KeTOB He3aBHCHMO OT UMe-
HH CBHTaro.
Oc060 cJIe)J.yeT BbI)J.eJIHTb KaMnJIeKC JIereH)J. Ha ClO2KeT 0 60pb6e
CBHTOro feOprH5! CO' 3MeeM. He3aBHcHMO OT cpOpMbI 6bITOBa:HHH-
IIpa3aw:recKoH llJI'H n03THLIeCKOII - aHH 06HapY2KHBalOT LleTKoe B03-
)J.eIICTBlIe 6bIJIHHbI. I1ccJIe)J.oBaTeJIH BbI;'I,eJI5IlOT )J.Be BepouI, KpaT-
KYlO H 6aJIee npocTpaHHYlO. TIpocTpaHI-Ia5! caaTHO'CIiTCH no CI02Ke1'Y
C 6bIJIHHOH «I1JIbH MypoMell. H I1;:I,OJII-III.:(e» H 13 ee OCHOBe JIe2KHT
2KI-ITHe CBHToro feaprHH, a KpaTKa5!, Ba3HlIKrna5I Ha OCHOBe npo-
JI01KHOrO paccKa3a,- C 6bIJIHHaMH a 3Mee60pcTBe. H3BecTeH 11 Ba-
pHaHT, CO'IeTaIOII.:(HII cpparMeHTbI HeCKOJIbKHX ClO2KeTaB, cpe)J.H KOTa-
pbIX _ «TpH noe3)J.KH I1JIbH MypaMll.a», «3acTaBa 60ra blpcKaH»,
«CcDpa I1.'lbH C KHH3eM BJI3J],HMHPOM» 1I «JJ:a6pbIHH H 3Mell» (A. H.
BeCeJIGBCKHH) .
J1HT.: BeceJ1OBC1cuii A. H. OnblTbl no HCTOplIU pa3 HTU5I XPUCTIWHCKOii reH-
JJ,bI f//KMHrI. 1875. N!! 2, 5; 1876. NQ 2-4, 6; 1877. Q 2, 5; OH ce.,.Pa3blcKalIll
B 06JIacTIl PYCCKHX JJ,YXOBHblX CTlIXOB. CrIG., 1879-1891. BblII. 1-6, W:OBCI':I
B. B. IIc-ropn5J PYCCKOH CJIOBeCnOCTli. Cfl6., 1906. LI. 1, BblII. 1 (CM. TO LKe. EaK)!,
1921); [-[06111'06 lO. A. K Bonpocy 06 9BOJIlOUIUI AYXOBHLIX CTI1XOB II PI'!>. J1., 1 71.
T. 12; l1ep'JiClJ6liHQ O. A. flpOJlOr B TBOpqeCTBe PYCCKlIX KJ]aCClIKOB II B !jJOJlbhJIO-
pe II J!In. co, XVI BeKa (rIpOJIOr). M., 1978.
<P. C. KAlll1L/,A
CKOII PYClI, OH )J.aCTI-Ir yaCll.BeTa B XV-XVII BB. B nepHa)J. Ka3all.l\ll
oCB060,rr,HTeJIbHbIX BaHH H 6apb6bI YKpaiI-IHCKOrO HapO rr,a 3a ro('y-
)J.apCTBeHHOCTb. HauoaJIee nOJIHOe Bblpa2KeHHe 3. y. HarneJI B 1(11 i,.
JIe repaHqeCKHX )J.YM 0 Ka3aKe faJIOTe, CaMOHJIe KHrnKe, aT3Ma)I\'
MaT5!rne CTapaM, B HCTapHqeCKHX neCHHX a EaH)J.e, Heqae, Mopl'
3eHKO, CHpKO, 13 ,rr,YMax H neCHHX a Eor)J.aHe XMeJIbHIill.KaM, a 1'<11\
2Ke B onpurnKoBcKaM 3Hoce, 061>e)J.HHeHHaM BOKpyr cpHrypbI OJIC'h
CbI ,QoB6yrna. JJ:JIH 3. y. xapaKTepHo HaJIH'-IHe pa3HocTa)J.HaJIblI!olX
HanJIaCTOBaHHH H J],HaJIeKTHbIX pa3JIH L mH, 0'6YC'JIaBJIeHHbIX aca6ell
HaCT5!MH pa3BHTU5! YKpaHHcKoro 9THoca, MHoro06pa3He ClO}KeT()(\,
CTI1JIIICTHQeCKIIX cpe)J.cTB, ero OTJIHLlaeT KOHll.enTyaJIbHa5! u.e.'lOCT-
HaCTb, e;'I,HHCTBO n03TIIQeCKOra H MY3bIKaJIhHOrO CTHJI5!, 13 LleM 60'J1),-
rnYIO pOJIb 'CblrpaJIa 3nWleCKa5! cpe)J.3 K063apel! H JII1pHHKOB.
T. illeB'leHKo H cppaHll.Y3cwHH HCTOpHK A. Parvr60 cpaBHIIBaJIH HX ('
ApeBHerpeLlecKIIMH 33)J.3J'vUr.
3HaqHTb'lbHyro LIaCTb 13 CHCTeMe 3. y. 'Hap5!)J.y C ,rr,YMa!\HI COCTaB-
JIHeT CKa3a'-IHbIH 3rroc: repGHKa-cpaHTacTwlecKHe CKa3KH, CB5!3aHHbll'
CIO)!{eTaMH C 6bIJIHHaMH, CKa3KlI 0 }KUBOTHbIX, CKa3KH CO'WlaJIbHO-
6bITOB !e, cKa3KH-<He6bIJIHll.bI, ,coxpaHHBrnHeC51 'Ha YKpaH-He. CKa-
30 L IHbIII 3noc YKpaHHcKoro :Hapa)J.3 xapaKTepH3yeTC5! rnHpoToH ClO-
2KeTHbIX napaJIJIeJIeH co CJIa'BHHCKOII H MHpOBOH cKa3KaH, 60raTCT-
BOM ca)J.ep2K3HlIH, KpacOL1HO'n JIeKCHKOH, oTpa3HBrneH MHara06pa-
3He JIaKaJIbHbIX )J.HaJIeKTaB, LleM OTJtHqaeTC5! 3an3)J.HOYKpaHHCKaH
CKa3Ka. lIlHpoKa npe)J.cTaBJIeHa B 3. y. 'HeCKa3tQLIHaH npa3a - JIe-
reH)J.bI, CKa3aHHH, T5!I'OTelOII.:(He K nO)J.JIHHHOCTH 6bITaOnnCaHHH
nepeMe2KalOII.:(HeCH 13 p5!Ae CJIyqaeB C JIeTOHHC5!MH H xpOHHKaMH (Ea:
TbIH-6araTblpb, I1BaH CHPKO, XMeJIbHHll.KHH Ii Eapa6arn, OJIeKCO
;!J,oB6yrn H )J.p.). HaXO)J.5!Cb y HCTOKOB pa3BHTHH YKpaHHCKOH KYJIb-
TypbI, 3. y. CblrpaJI orpoMHYlO pOJIb B pa3BHTHlI Hall.HOHaJIbHOH JIIf-
TepaTypbI, MY3bIKH, H306pa3HTeJIbHoro HCKYCCTBa.
CM. TaK2Ke P,YMa, C1W3Ka, Ealllla8a H JIHT.
J1HT.: A1iTOHOBlI'l B., lJ.pacoMaHoB M. Hc-roplIqeClme neCHlI MaJIOpyccKoro
HapO.ll:a C OG'L5ICI1eHIIHMH. KueB, 1874. T. 1; 1875. T. 2; YKpalHcbKi HapO.ll:Hi Ka3KII,
JI reHJJ,H, alIeK.lI:O I! Yrrop. r. Cyx06pyc i B. 103BeHKo. KIIlB, 1957; CniBaHKH-xpO-
HlKI;. 1972; fCpoliw-qJaHTaCTUqHi Ka31<H. 1984; HapoJJ,Hi onoBi)].aHH5I. 1983; rplll{a
C. /1. MeJIoc YKpalHcbl{o1 napoJJ,Hol erriKi. 1(1IlB, 1979.
3TIOC XPI1CTI1AHCKI111 p., 3TIAC XPbICll.I5IHCKI 6.,
ETIOC XPI1CTI15IHCbKI111 y.- TepMHH, npe)J.JI02KeHHbIH pH;'I,OM
HCCJIe)J.oBaTeJIelI KOHll.a XIX -IHa'I. XX B. ;'I,JIH 0603HaqeHH5! YCTHO-
n003TWleCKHX npmI3Be;'I,eHI-III, Ba3HHKrnHX Ha OCHOBe XpH-CTHaHCKHX
.JIereHJ], II CKa3aHHll. TeM3TWleCKII 3. x. a61>e)J.HHHJI J],OCTaTOLIHO
pa3HOpO,D;Hble npaH3Be)J.eHHH: npe)J.aHHH, )J.YXOBHble CTHXH, JIereH)J.LI
H CKa3K'H. K 30-M rO)J.aM TepMHH npaKTWleCKH nepeCTaJI ynOTpe6"
3TIOCOBEJJ:EHI1E p., 3TIACA3HAYCTBA 6',,,ETIOC03HAB-
CTBO y._ pa3,UeJI qWJIbKJIOpHCTlU\H, nOCB5I eHIIbIH H3Y'IeHlIIO Ha-
pO)J.Horo 3naca. TIpe)J.MeT 3.- 3noc HapO)J.HbIH (CM.) B ero pa3JIH'I-
IIUX TIInollanl'leCKIIX cpopMax II pa3HoBII; HOCTHX, a TaK}Ke - KHII2K-
lIb!e :mWleCKHe cpOpMbI, B03HHKaBwHe Ha OCHaBe 3noca HapG)J.Horo.
452
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OCHOBHbIe HanpaBJIeHlI5I H np06JIeMbI COBpeMeI-IHOrO 3.: MeTO)J.bI co-
6HpaHH5! (3am-IcH), Hayq'HOrO xpaHeHII5!, CHCTeMaTI-I3aUHH, (3)J.a:HI!}l
naMHTHHKOB 3noca; H3YIIeHl-re 2KHBOrO 6bITOBaHH5! 3noca, CKa3II-
TeJIbCKOrO li'CKyccTBa - 06yqeHHH, nepe)J.aqH, aKTOB nCnOJIHeHlUI;
H3YLIeHHe 3aKOHOB 3nHlJeCKOrO CI02KeTOCJI02KeHH5!, BapbIIpOBaHlUJ,
yqeT II aHaJIH3 cpOfI)J.a 3nHqeCKHX ClO2KeTOB H MOTHBO'B; 3nH'IeCKOe
TBo.plJeCTBO KaK 3aKoHoMepHbIII npoI.:(ecc, eroHcTopWIeCKa5! nITIO-
JIOI'H5!, 'CTaAHaJIbHble TIInbI 3noca, HX B3aHMOCB5!3H, 2Ka'HpOBbI cpop-
MbI; CBH3II TeKCTa IJj HaneBa, MY3bIKa 3noca; IICTOpHH HaUHOHaJIb-
HbIX 3nOCOB, aHaJIH3 HX cneUHcpIIKH H Me2KHaUIIOHaJIbHbIX cB5!3e1J,
HCCJIe)J.OBaHHe OT)J.eJIbHbIX naMHTHHKOB; TIITIOJIOrII5! 3nHqeCKOrO HCTO-
pH3Ma, aHaJIH3 CB5!3eH 3TIHqeCKHX ClO2KeTOB C AeHCTBIITeJIbHOCTblO
(3THorpacp'HLleCK:OH, KOHKpeTHo-HCTOpHqeCKoH); n03THKa 3noca 13
ll.eJIOM H B OT)J.eJIl>HbIX nal.:(HOHaJIbHbIX Tpa;'I,Hll.HHX.
J1HT.: MeJIeTuHCKUlI E. M. HapO.ll:HblH 9rroc II TeopIIH JIlITepaTypbI: OCHOBHble
rrp06JIeMbI B HCTOpIIqeCKOM OCBern:eHlIlI. PO.ll:bl II }KaHpbI JIllTepaTypbl. M., 1964;
ACTGX06a A. M. ELIJIIIHLl: 1'1T0m II rrp06JIeMhl H3yqeHIIH. M.; J1., 1966.
)J.a, ero 3CTeTH'IeCKOI'0 I-I)J.eaJIa; 3aKoHoMepHocTH npOI.:(eCca HCTOplI-
LlecKoro pa3BHTHH cpOJIbKJIOpa; MOpcpOJIOrIUI cpOJIbKJIOpa, ero IotaC-
cHcpHKaUH5!, reHOJIOr'H5! pO)J.OB, BH,D;OB H 2KaHpOB; KOJIJI(:KTIII HOC' b
TBoopLlecKoro npouecca B cpOJIbKJIOpe; cneI.:(HcpIIKa 3CTeTII ICCIWI 0
BOCnpH5!THH cpOJIbKJIOpa; oc06eHH CTII npOHBJIeHHH B q)OJIbI{ Ope
OOCHOBHbIX 3CTeTwlecKHx KaTeropIIH; B3aHMocBH3H cpOJIbKJIGpa II
)J.PYrI-IX BH)J.OB HapO)J.Horo HCKyccTBa KaK C'HCTeM e)J.HHc: li xy.n:mKeC'I:
BeHHoH KYJIbTypbI; MeCTO cpOJIbKJIOpa B H3I.:(HOHaJIbHOH II MIIp0J30U
xY;'I,02KeCTBeHiHOH KYJIbType; cpOJIbKJIOp KaK cpe)J.cTBO 3cTeTIPIeCKOrO
BocnHTaHH5!.
J1HT.: ryce6 B. E. flpoGJIe m CpOJ1bEJIOpa B UCTOpIIII 3CTeTllKU. M.; J1., 1 63:
OH I(c. 3cTeTIFIcCKIIil I1AeaJI B !jJOJIbKJIOpe I I Borrpocbl !jJllJlOCOqJlIIi. 1966. .N!! 2,
OH iCe. 3CTeTIlI{3 qJOJILKJIOpa. J1" 1967; .J7asapc6 A. H. 3cTeTwIec aH rrpllpo;'\a p -
60LJero !jJOJibKJIOpa II PI'!>. M.; J1., 1966. T. 10; 3cTeTwlecliJ-Ie ocooeHHOCTII !jJOJIbK-
.'-lOpa. YJI3II-Yil3, 1969; I7oTC6HR A. 3C'r TIlKa II rr03TIIKa. M., 1976; I7ponn B. H:
1'!>0JIbIWOP II Aeiic'rBllTeJIbHoCTL. M., 1976; <POJIbKJIOp II napoAHa5J 9CTeTUKa. CMO
JIeHCK, 1979; HeKfJacoBa lH. A. HapoAHoe UCKYCCTBO J(aK 1JaCTb KYJILTyphI. M.,
1983.
B. E. rYCEB
E. H. IIYTHJIOB
3CTETHKA <D0J1bKJ10PA p., 3CT3TbIKA <DAJ1bKJ10PY 6.,
ECTETHKA <D0J1bKJ10PY y.- 1) COBoKynHocTb cBoIIcTB II xY-
jlO2KeCTBeHHo-o6pa3Hblx cpe,D;CTB cpOJIbKJIOpa, Bblpa2KalOII.:(lIx GTHO-
rneHHe Hapo)J.a K )J.eHcTBHTeJIbHOCTH, ero 3CTeTIIqeCKIIH H)J.eaJI, 3CTe-
TWleCWHe 13 KYCbI H cY2K)J.eHH5!, IIpe)J.cTaBJIeHH5! 0 npeKpacHoM H
6e306pa3HoM, B03BblrneHHOM H iHH3MeHHGM, TparH'IeCKOM H KOMlIqe-
CKOM, repGWleCKOM H aHTHrepOHqeCKOM. 3TH rrpe)J.CTaBJIeHHH BbI-
pa2KalOTC5! KaK Henocpe)J.CTBeHHO (nOCJIOB'Hll.bI H norOBopKH, xapaK-
TepHCTHKH nepCOHa2KeH 6bIJIHH, CKa30K, neceH, 6aJIJIa)J.), TaK II
lIMnJIHI.:(HTHO (BcelI CHCTeMOII xYAOO2KeCTBeHHo-o6pa3HbIX cpe)J.CTB.
Bep6aJIbHbIX H HeBep6aJIbiHbIX) H BbI5IBJI5!IOTCH B TaKOM CJIY'Iae HC-
CJIe)J.OBaTeJIeM. 3CTeTH'IeCKOe c03HaHlle HapO)'I,a 06HapY2KHBaeTC5! B
e)J.IIHCTBe lIJIH B 'cooTHOrneHH'II cpOJIbKJIOpHOrO npOH3Be)J.eHHH Hero,
IICnOJIHeHIIH, n03TOMY 3CTeTHqeCKHe Oll.eHKH GTHOCHTCH He TOJIbKo.
K cpOJIbKJIOpHOMY npOH3Be)J.eHHlO, HO H K HCnOJIHlITeJIlO, npII 3TOM
B03M02KHO IIeCOBna)J.eHHe Toro H ;'I,Pyroro. 3CTeTlIKa IHCnOJIHIITeJIb.,
CKOro MaCTepCTBa cBoe06pa3HO HOp!\mpOBaHa B 3acpIIKCHpOBaHHbIX
c06npaTeJIHMH CY}K)J.eHHHX KaK caMHX HCnOJIHlITeJIefI, TaK II CJIY-
rnaTeJIeH 1I3 HapO)J.HOH cpe)J.bI (E. P. POMaHoB, A. K. Cep)!mYToB-
CKHll, Xp. BaKapeJICKH, B. M. ill,YPOB, K. KBHTKa, <D. KOJIecca).
2) CMe2KHaH HaYLmaH )J.HCI.:(IITIJIHHa, H3Y L IalOII.:(a5! cpO.1JbKJIOp 13
CBH3H C np06JIeMaTIIK:OH H MeTo)J.OJIOrIIeH 3CTeTHKH KaK cpIIJIOCOcp-
CKOH 'HaYKII, pa3pa6aTbIBalOII.:(aH no)J. 9THM yrJIOM 3peHII5! TeopeTII-
qeCKHe np06JIeMbI cpOJIbKJIOpHCTIIKII: OTHorneHHH Me)!{)J.Y cpOJIbKJIO-
pOM H )J.elICTB'HTeJIbHOCTblO (np'Hpo)J.H'oii, COll.IIa.rlbHoi:'r); reHe3IIC
cpOJIbKJIOpa Hero CTIell.HcpHKa KaK pO)J.a TBOpqeCKOH )J.e ITeJIbHGCTn
IIeJIOBeKa; npOHBJIeHHe B cpOJIbKJIOpe 3CTeTWleCKoro C03HaHH5! Hapo..
3TH0J1HHfBHCTI1KA p., 3THAJ1IHfBICTbIKA 6., ETHO-
J1IHfBICTI1KA y.- )J.HCll.HTIJIHHa, B03HIIKrnaH Ha CTbIKe H3bIKO-
3HaHHH H 3THorpacpm-r, KOTopaH HCCJIe;'I,yeT Tpa)J.I1ll.:HOHHYlO ;'I,YXOB-
HYlO KYJIbTYPY Hapo)J.a C TO'IKH 3peHlIH ee 5!3bIKOBoro oTpmKeHII.\I;
T. e. paccMaTpIIBaeT«coOTHorneHHH II CBH3H .\l3bIKa H )J.YXOBiHOH
KYJIbTYPbI, 5!3bIKa H HapG)J.Horo MeI-ITaJIHTeTa, H3bIKa II 'Hapo)J.Horo
TBGpqeCTBa, HX B3aHM03aBHcHMOCTH H pa3Hblx BH)J.OB HX woppecnoH-
)J.eHUIIH» (H. H. TOJICTOH). 3. B 3TOM nOHHMaHHH OcpopMHJIaCb B
BOCTDqHOCJIaBHHCKOH BeTBH CJIaBHHCKoro H3bIK:03HaiHHH 13 cepe)J..
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C T. Ha3. «KYJIbTYPHOH aHTpOnOJIOrI-IeH», KOTopaH B03HHKJIa B rpa-
HHll.aX KJIaCCHLIecKoII 3THorpacpmlj3THOJI0I1lIH H aKTHBHO pa3BI-IBa-
eTCH B HaYKe pa3HbIX CTpaH Bcex KOHTHHeHTOB.
TIo)J. 3. B Tpa)J.HUHOHJHOM 3HaqeHI-IH HMeeTCH 13 BH)J.Y HanpaBJIe-
nHe 13 aMepHKaHcKoH 3THo 'pacpIIH (<<aHT'p0nOJIOruH»), B03HIIKrnee
KaK OTBeTBJIeI-Hle H3BeCTHOH llCTOpH'IeCKOII rnKOJIbI 1O-30-x rO)J.OB
XX B. (<D. Eoac, M. MII)J., 3. Cennp, E. J1. Yopcp H )J.p.). B onpe-
)'I,eJIeHHOM CMbICJIe 3TY 3. M02KHO onpe;'I,eJIHTb aK «06II.:(YI?,» B.. OT-
JIWme OT «qaCTHbIX», 13 TOM LIH'CJIe CJIaB5!HCKOH, C )J.aJIbHeHrnea ee
lJ.ucpcpepeHll.Hall.HeH KaK B rpaHI-Ill.aX OT)J.eJIb'HbIX 3THOCOB, TaK II B
eO)J.ep)!{aTeJIbHOM nJIaHe. ..
TIpe)J.rneCTBeHHHKaMH COBpeMeHHOH ;BOCTOqHDCJIaBHHCKOH HCTO-
pWiecKoH 3. M02KHO CqHTaTb pH)J. KPynHeHrnUx OTeqeCTBeHH Ix JIa-
IIIICTOB, ;'I,HaJIeKTOJIOrOB H 3THorpacpoB, HO ;HaH60JIee BeCOMbIH BKJIa)J.
1\ ce CTaHOBJIeHI1e BHeCJII-I A. A. TIoTe6H5!, A. A. llIaX!\ aTOB, E. H.
I'pJIWleHKO, M. B. JJ:oBHap-3a'nOJIbCKHH, E. <D. KapcK1!11, JJ:. K. 3e-
.lIl'lIIlE, E. f. KarapoB, A. K. Cep2KnYTOB'CKHII II )],p.
II
464
a
Kpyr 3THOJIHHrBI-ICTH'IeCKHX np06JIeM, KOTOpble pa3pa6aTbIB310T
COBpeMeHHble HCCJIeAOBaTeJIlI, OXBaTbIBaeT pa3JIH'IHble np05!BJI0HIUJ
Tpa)J.l-Ill.HOHHOH AYXOBHOH KYJIbTypbI BOCTOLIHbIX CJIaBHH, npe)!{)J.e
BCerO CeMeHHYlO H KaJIeH)J.apHYlO 06P.5I)J.HOCTb, l\mcpOJIOrmO, npe)J.-
CTaBJIeHII5I 0'6 oKPY2KaJOII.:(elI cpe)J.e, paCTIiTeJIbHOM H )!{IIBOTIIOM
MHpe !JI T. A. KOOP)J.HHI-IPYlOII.:(HM ll.eJ-ITpOM 3THX .pa6oT, cpeAH IWTO-
pbIX «DoJIeccKHH 3THOJIHHrBHCTwlecKHH aTJIac» H «3THOJIHHrBHCTII-
'IeCKHH CJIOBapb CJIaB5!HCKHX )J,peBHocTeH», HBJI5!eTC5! ceKTop CJIa-
BHHCKoro cpOJIbKJIOpa H 3THOJIHHrBHCTHKH HHCTlITYTa CJIaBHJ-IOBe)J.e-
HHH 'II 6aJIKaHHCTHKH AH P<D (3aBe)J.YIOII.:(HH - aKa;'I,eMHK AH P<D
- - fA T u )
11. .< . OJICTOH.
B nOCJIe,IT,HHe rO)J.bI cepHlO JIlIHrBO-3THorpacpHqeCKIIX aTJIaCOB II
OllHCaHI-III H3AaJIH H nO)J.rOTOBHJIH K ny6JIlIKaUHH YKpaHHcKHe YLIe-
Hble, pa3BepHYJIaCb pa60T3 no nO,[lrOTOBKe «EeJIOPyccKoro 3TJ-IO-
JIHHrBHCTH'IeCKOrO aTJIaca».
J1I1T.: TO./lCTOlI H. H. HeKoTopble BorrpOCbI COOTHOllieIIIi51 JIIIHrBO- Ii 9THorpa-
!jJnqeCKIIX I1CCJIe.i\oBaHuiI II I1p06JIeMbI KapTorpa!jJIIpoBaHIIH B 513bIK03HaHIiIl II 9THO-
rpa!jJllIi. J1., 1974; TO./lCTOll H. H., TO./lCTaJl C. M. I\ peKOHCTpYK I1Ii .lI:peBHeCJIa-
B5IHCKOH .lI:YXOBHOii KYJIbTYPbI: J1HHrBO-9THorpa!jJIi'leCKHH acrreKT II CJIaBHHCKoC
H3bIK03HaHne: VIII lVle1K.i\YHapOAj'IbIH C'be3.i\ CJIaBIICTOB (.IJ:OKJI. COB. .lI:eJIerawm).
N1., 1978; HUKOH'lYK M. B. lVlaTepiaJIjj .lI:O JIeKCIIqHOrO aTJIacy YKpalHCbKOI MOBIl:
I1paB06epeRUIe I10JIiCCH. I\IilB, 1979; TO./lCTOli H. H. HeKoTopbIe np06JIeMbI CJIa-
B5IHCKOH II 06rn:eH 9THOJIIIHrBIICTIIKII II MAH 0J15-1. M., 1982. T. 41, Ebm. 5; OH alce.
a npe.ll:MeTe 9THOJl!mrBIICTliKII II ee pOJlII II I13yqellHn H3bma II 9THoca II ApeaJILHbIC
IICCJIe.lIOBaHHH B H3bIK03HaHIiIi U 9THorpa!jJIIH (513bIK Ii 9THOC). J1., 1983; I1oJIec-
ClmH 9THOJIIIHreUCTUqeCKlIJ'i C60pHUK. M., 1983; MaTepUaJIbI K I10JIeCCKoMY 9THO-
JIHHrBUCTUqeCKoMY aTJIacy: OrrblT KapTorpaqmpoBaHIi5I II CJIaB5IHCImH U 6aJIKaH-
CKIIH !jJOJIbKJlOp: .IJ:YXOBHa5'1 KYJIbTypa [IOJIeCbH Ha 06rn:eCJIaBHHCKoM !jJoHe. M.,
1986; AHypOna!/ M. fl. EeJIapycKa51 .lI:hIHJIeKTaJIoriH i 9THaJIiHrBicTbIKa: I1blTaIlHi
KaHTaKTay 1/ EeJIapYCKaH JIiHrBicTbIKa. MH., 1991. BbIII. 39.
H. Jl. AHTPOJIOB
3THOMY3bIKOBEJJ:EHI1E - CM. CPOJlbfUlOPUCTU1W JltYSbl-
fWJlbl-taR.
3THO<DOHH5i p., 3THA<DOHI5i 6., ETHO<DOHI5i y. TepMIIH
3. BnepBbIe ynoTpe6HJI K B. KBHTKa npHMeHIITeJIbHO K 3TJ-IWIeCKOir
Cnell.HcplIKe TeM6poBbIX oc06eHHocTeH 3BYKa. B cOBpeMeHHb!X HC-
CJIe;'I,OBaHfIHX no MY3bIKaJIbHOII cpOJIbKJIOpHCTlIKe 'TepMHH 3. rnHpOKO
Hcno.'lb3YlOT )J.JIH onpe)J.eJIeHHH CTlWeH H MaHep HCnOJIHeHH5!.
J1ET.: KeUT1W K. M36paHHbIe TPY.lI:bl: B 2 T. M., 1973. T. 2.; MaljUe6C!wii
Ji, B. 1'!>0pMupoBalIIic cIicTeMHo-3THorpa!jJIiqeCKoro MeTo)],a B OpraHOJIOnm II Me-
TO.lIbl ll3yqCHII5I epOJILKJIOpa. .1., 1983.
M. H. XAFf
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IOMOP HAPOJJ:HblfI p., fYMAP HAPOJJ:HbI 6., fYMOP
HAPOJJ:HI1fI y.- cBoe06pa3Hoe npeJIOM.n. HI-Ie 06II.:(HX 3aKono-
MepHocTeH KOMH3Ma H CMexa 13 J-IapO IT,J-IOH KYJIbType Ii B cpOv'Ib-
KJIOpe. u
PIITyaJIbHbIH xapaKTep HOCHT CMex 13 3eMJIe)J.eJIbQeCKOH KaJIeH-
n,apHoH 06PH)J.HOCTH H HeKoTopbIX KYJIbTaX 60JIee )J.peBHero npoIIc-
02K)J.eHHH. B BOJIrne6HOH CKa3Ke CMex H36aBJIfleT OT LIap HHoro
MHpa H B'03BpaII.:(aeT 2KH3Hb (uapeBHa HeCMe5!Ha). CMex J-Ia CB5!:KII
H MaCJIeHI-Ill.Y np06Y2K)J.aeT 3eMHoe nJIOAopo)J.lIe. KOMUqeCKHe u ObI -
TOBble !JI 3pGTH'IeCKHe Cll.eHKH H3 06PH)J.OBbIX npeJI,CTaBJIeHIIlI II
npa3)J.HecTB, HanOJIHHHCb aKTyaJIbHbIM COll.HaJIbHbI]I. cO)J.ep2KaJ-IHel\ ?
13 XVII-XVIII BB. nepexo)J.HT B Cll.eHbI Ha.po)J.HoH CaTUpHQeCKOII
aMbI. (
CMex 6bITOBOII CKa3KH H 'Hapo)J.Horo aHeK)J.OTa OTqaCTH 'IacTyrn-
KH nOCJIOBHll.bI) 065!3aH CTO.'lKHOBeHIIIO ;'I,peBH:lIX pO;'I,OBbIX BepoBa-
HH , npe)J.cTaBJIeHIIII, nCHXOJIOrH'IeCKHX H JIOrHqeCKlIX HaBbIKOB.
06blqaeB -II 06P5!)J.OB C HopMaMH 2KH3HH, OTJ-IOrneHIIHMH KJIaCCOBO-
COCJIOBHOrO 06II.:(eCTBa. JJ:ypaK H rnYT 6bITOBOH CKa3KH II aHeK)J.OTa
KaK 6bI HBJIHlOTCH B pea.'lbHbIH MUP U3 MHpa )J.aBHO yrne;'I,rnero,
HeC5! C C06010 Bce06II.:(ee OCMeHHHe, pOJloBoe «xHTpoe» 3HaHHe, KO-
Topoe n03BOJIHeT eMY Bb!CMeHBaTb npe)J.cTaBHTeJIeH 60raTcTBa, BJi3-
CTH, cY)J.a, ll.epKBH 1I rocY)J.apcTBa, KpeCTb5!HCK'0 0 naTpHapXaJIbH ro
MHpa. KOJIJIH3IIH, nop02K)J.aeMble cpeo)J.aJIbHO II nOCJIe)J.YlO!lJ,lblII
3nOX3MH, Oll.eHHBalOTCH H pa3pernaroTcfI CKa3KOH B PycJIe 3Ton CMe-
XOBOH KYJIbTypbI.
<DOpMbI CMexa, Bblpa60TaHJ-IOrO B 06Il.:(IIHHOM KpecTbHHcKDM MII-
pe npoHHKaJOT B ropo)J.cKYlO KYJIbTYPY B BlI)J.e J-Iapo)J.HbIX npaS;'I,HHKOB,
np'e)J.cTaB.'leHHH -eKOMOpOXOB, KYKOJIbHIIKOB, 6a.'l3raHHbIX )J,eJIOB,
paernHHKoB H T.,)J.. . _
Hapo)J.Ha5! CMeXOBaH KYJIbTypa BpaCTaeT B xpncTnaHcKYlO, no
p02K)J.a5!, Hanp., cBoe06pa3HbIH Tlm PYCCKOro lOpO;'I,HBOPO ;- ero TP ,-
r-ImOMWIeCKHM BOCIIpIIflTHeM MIIpa, 13 KOTOpOM OH CBoeH HarOTOl..
OTBep2KeHI-IeM HepaBeHcTBa H HenpaB)J.bI KaK 6bI )J.eMoHCTpaT1!IBHO
466
10
BO (03)J.aeT CaMO)J.eHTeJIbHO BBerr eIIHbJ I P
x. aH Ha 3eMJIe BOII p e H ca-
MOH O'IeBH)J.HOCTH.
CM. TaK2Ke CaTupa I-tap08l-tafl H JIHT.
J1I1T.: 10iJuH 10. H. CBoe06pa3ue IICT PUK U
PYCCKIIX 6bITOBbIX CKa301, 0 lliYTax II Hayq 0 -xY.lI:O}!{eCTBeHHolI npOOJIeMaTIIKII
1975. T 41(134" O' \-1" . -rp. "ypcKoro roc. ne.ll:. IIH-Ta. I\YPCK,
T 16' iI ), d lce. . apO.l(Ha51 6bIToBaH CKa3Ka II UCTOplIH II PI'!> J1 1976
. , pOllll B. H. I1p06JIeMbl KOMlI3Ma II CMexa lVl 1976' JIll /1. . C" .
'ieHl,O A. k!. «CMexOBOH MlIp» .IJ:peBHeii Pycu. JI.," 1976. ' Xa'ieB . ., JIaH-
10. H. IO/1.HH
.II
"
,
, I
01,
Ilul ll,
YCJIOBHblE COKPAIU.EHIUI *
EaJIa}J.bI
E aJIa}J.II. 1987
EaJIa,alI. 1988
EeJIapYCKi .9rrac. 1959
EeCCOHOB D. EeJIOPyccKlIe
rreCHII. 1871
BaJIaq06HbIH rrecHi. 1980
BeciJIbHi rricHi. 1982
BeCHaBbl5I rrecHi. 1979
BoceIIbCKiH i TaJIO'lHbIH rre-
CHi. 1981
BCeBOJIO.ll:CKUfi-repHrpocc
B. H. 1959
B5ICeJI,1e. DecHi
- EaJIa.ll:bI: Y 2 KH. I YKJIa}J.., ciCT.9MaT., YCTyrr. apT.
i KaMeHT. J1. M. CaJIaBei'I; YCTyn. apT., YKJIa.ll:. i
ciCT3MaT. HaneBay T. A. .IJ:y6KOBa. MH., 1977.
KH. 1; MH., 1978. KH. 2.
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- EaJIa;J:II: P0.ll:IIHHo-rr06YToBi cTocymUI I YrropH}J..
O. I. .IJ:eH, A. 10. 5!ceHqYK (TeKcTu), A. I. IBa-
HU bKIIH (MeJIo.ll:ii). I\lIiB, 1988.
- EeJIapycKi .9rrac 1 CKJIa}J.. C. I. BaciJIeHaK, M. 5I.
rpblH6JIaT, K D. Ka6alliHiKay. MH., 1959.
- EeccoHoB D. EeJIOpyccKue rreCHII, C rrO.ll:p06HbIMlI
06'bHCHeH1l5lMII ux TBOpqeCTBa II H3bIKa, OqepKaMll
Hapo;J:Horo 06p5l.ll:a, 06bIqaH II Bcero 6bITa. M.,
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- BaJIa1.IOOHb151 rrecHi I CKJIa}J.. r. A. EapTalIl3Biq,
J1. M. CaJIaI3eH; CKJIa}J.. MY3. qaCTKi B. I. 5IJIaTay.
MH., 1980.
- BeciJIbHi rricHi: Y 2 KH. I\H. 1/ YrropH.lI:., rrpIIMiTKH
lVl. M. llly6paBcbKol; HOTHIIII MaTepiaJI yrrop5l}J..
A. I. 1BaIlIi bKIIH. I\lIlB, 1982; I\H. 2 I Yrrop5l.ll:.,
rrpIIMiTim M. M. llly6paBcbKol; HOTimH MaTepi-
aJI yrrop5l.ll:. I-I. A. EyqeJIb. I\lIlB, 1982.
- BeCHaBbI5I rrecHi I CKJIa}J.. r. A. EapTalli3Biq, J1. M.
CaJIaBeii; CKJIa.ll:. MY3. qacTid B. 1. 5!JIaTay. MH.,
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_ BoceHbcKiH i TaJIOqHbI5I rrecHi I CKJIa.n:. A. C. J1ic;
YKJIa.n:. i KaMeHT. TaJIOqHbIX rrecellb C. T. ACTalli3-
Biq; MY3. qaCTKa B. 1. 5!JIaTay. MH., 1981.
__ BCeBOJIO.lI:CKIIH-repHrpocc - B. I-I. PyccKa51 YCTIIaH
HapO.ll:HaH .lI:paMa. M.; J1., 1959.
_ BnceJIJIe. DecHi: Y 6 KH. I CKJIa.!(. J1, A. MaJI3lli;
MY3. .lI:aJ(aTaK 3. 5I. Ma}!{3HKa. MH., 1980. KH. 1;
1980. KH. 2; 1983. I\H. 3; 1985. I\H. 4; 1986. I\H. 5;
1986. KH. 6.
* B crrUCOK BHeceHbI Ha3BamIR HCTO'lHIIKOB, I-IaII60JIee '!aCTO BCTpC!JaIorn:nxC5I B
CTaTb5lx. I\poMe HaY'lHOH JIIITepaTypbI 13 KOH e CrrIICI{a }J.aHbI II APyme YCJIOBHbIe
COKparn:eHIIH.
,
I
I
i '
468
469
BbICJIOYi. 1979
repOIKO-!jJaHTaCTlIqHi Ka3-
XII. 1984.
fyceB B. E. PYCCKlIH !jJOJIb-
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A3iI.\H'lbI !jJaJIbKJIOp. 1972
,l!,UTHqlIH !jJOJIbKJIOp. 1984
.LI:UT5IqHH !jJO.'IbK,'IOp. 1986
QUTHqj rricHi Ta pClHITaTI-I-
BU. 1991
,L:L06POBO.1bCKIIH B. H.
)1(a pm. 1984
)I(apTiBo'IImi nicHi. 1967
)l(apTiBJIHBi Ta CaTllpHllHi
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)I(apTOYHbIH rrecHi. 1974
IKlIPMYHCKlIH B. M. 3rru-
QCCKOe TBOpqeCTBO. 1958
)KI,dYHbl5I necHi. 1974
3ara.ll:KlI. 1962
3arMKi. 1972
3eMl\OBCKIIH VI. I1. 1970
3iMOBbI5I rrecHi. 1975
Irpu Ta rricni. 1963
IcTOpiqHi nicHi. 1961
Ka3Id upa lKbIBeJI. 1971
Ka3J<II rrpo TBapIlH. 1976
- BbICJIoyi I CKJIa}./.., cicT9MaT. T9KcTay, YCTyn. apT.
i KaMeHT. M. 5L rpbIH6JIaTa rrpbI YJJ.3eJIe y rra}J.60-
pH MaT9pbI5IJIay C. T. ACTalli9Bi'l. MH., 1979.
- fepolKo-!jJaHTacTlIqHi Ka3KU I Yrrop5l.ll:., rrepe.ll:MOB3
Ta rrpIIMiTKII 1. I1. Eepe30BcbKoro. I\IIlB, 1984.
- ryceB B. E. PyccImH !jJOJIbKJIOpHbIH TeaTp XVII-
HalJaJIa XX BeKa. J1., 1980.
- .IJ:3i HlJbI !jJaJIbKJIOp I CKJIa.ll:. 1'. A. EapTalli9Bi l l;
CKJIa.ll:. MY3. qacTKi B. 1. 51JIaTay. MH., 1972.
- .IJ:IITHqIIH qJOJIbKJIOp: KOJIIICKOBi rricHi Ta 3a6aB-
JI5IlIKU I YrropH.lI:., rrpIIMiTKII r. B. .IJ:oBlKeHoK; HOT-
HIIII MaTepiaJI rri.ll:roT. K. M. J1yraHcbKa. KIIlB,
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- .IJ:UT5IqUll !jJOJIbKJIOp I YrropH.lI:., BCTyrr. CT. Ta rrpu-
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- .IJ:IIn;qi niCHi Ta peqllTaTI-iBii I Yrrop5l.ll:. r. B. .IJ:OB-
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- .IJ:06pOBOJIbCKUH B. H. CMOJIeHCKIIH 9THorpa!jJIIqe-
CKUH C60pHIlK. Cfl6., 1891. LI. 1; 1893. L1. 2; 1894.
4. 3; M., 1903. Ll. 4.
- /Kap1'bI, aHeK.i\OTbI, rYMap3cKi I CKJIa.ll:. A. C. I'!>H-
.lI:OciK, yC'ryn. apT. A. C. 1'!> .i\OciKa, KaMeIiT. J1. P.
Eapara i A. C. I'!>H.lI:ociKa. MH., 1984.
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qemw (1'eKCTII), A. I. rYMeHIOI{ (MeJIo.ll:ii). KIIIB,
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KaJIeH;J,apHo-06p5l.ll:0Bi nic-
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KapcKliH E.I'!>. EeJIOpycbl.
1916
KBIITIW K. B.
KHpecBcKHi'1 I1. B.
KOJIeCCa I'!>. 1938
KOJ1naKOBa H. I1. 1962
KO.1HAKU Ta meApiBKI!.
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KynaJ1bCKiH
necld. 1985
nHTpoycKiH
JIcrCH.lI:U Ta nepelw3u.
1985
JlereHAbl i rraAaHHi. 1983
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- )l(apToYHbI5I neCHl I CKJIa.ll:., ClCT9MaT. T9KcTay,
YCTyrr. apT. i KaMeHT. I. K. L(illi'IaHKi; MY3. qaCT-
Ka i YCTyn. apT. .lI:a He C. 1'. HicHeBi'l. MH., 1974.
- B. M. IKUpMYHcImH. 3rrIIqeClCOe TBOpqeCTBO CJIa-
BHHCKIIX HapO.ll:OB II rrp06JIeMbI cpaBHHTeJIbHoro
113YQCHIIH 9noca. M., 1958.
- )KHiYHbI5I uecHi I YCTyrr. apT., YKJIa.ll:., ciCT9MaT.
T9KCTa)r i KaMCHT. A. C. J1ica; YCTYU. apT., YKJIa.ll:.
i ciCT3MaT. HarreBay B. 1. 51JIaTaBa. MH., 1974.
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I. I1. Eepe30BcbKoro. KIIIB, 1962.
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MH., 1972. .
-- D0331151 KpeCTb5lHCKIIX rrpa3,lIJUIKOB I BCTyn. CT.,
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-- 3iMOBbIH uecld: KaJI5I.lI:Ki i lliqa.ll:po5'Ki I YKJIa.ll:.,
ciCT3<\1aT., xapaKTapbIcTbIKa, YCT}'II. apT. i KaMeHT.
A. I. rypcKara; YKJIaA., CicT31IIaT., xapaKTapbI-
CTbIKa i p3.l1:. HaneBay 3. 5I. MaM3HKa. MH., 1975.
- IrplI Ta niclIi: BeCH5IHO-JIi'rH5I rroe3i51 TpY.ll:OBOrO
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-- ICTOpi'-IHi rricui I Yrrop5l.ll:. I. I1. Eepe30BcbKHi1:,
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_ KaJIenAapHo-06p5lAOBi nicui [Ynol:51).(.,.. IJc 'yrr.
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_ E. I'!>. I\apcKlIiL EeJlopycbl: OqCpIm CJI( CClIOCTU
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_ I ;Ka K. B. H36p. Tp.: B 2 T. M., 19n. T. 2.
_ I1CCHII c06paHHbIe D. B. KHpeeacImM. HO!Hu\ e-
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_ KOJ1ecca <P. YhpalHcLKa YCHa CJIOI3eC!I1CTb. hBl,
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_ KOJlIIaKOBa I-I. I1. PyccKan HapONIaH UbITOB,UI ne-
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_ KOJIH)1KIl Ta meJ\pimm: 3uMoBa 06pHJ( n;a IlO?3Ul
TpY.lI,OBOro POKY I YnopH)]..: nepeAMOBa 1, rrpl!MlTIdI
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__ KynaJlbCKi51 i IlHTPO)'CKi51 n cH1 YKJIa.lI. T3KCT3Y
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T'iica: KaMeHT. C. T. ACTalli3Bi1J; Ap:!., CICT9MaT.
i pa;UlbIqJpo)hza HarreBay r; B. Ta)rJIau. MH" 1?8?
_ J1ereHNI Ta nepeKa3I1 I 110p5l.ll:. 1'a np"MlT 'I1
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_ JIereH).(bl i na.ll:aI-IHi I CK,la.ll:. M. 5I. rpbIlI6JIaT,
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_ MnqJoJIOrnqeCKne paccIw3bI pyccKoro HaCe.'.leHiIH
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C. R rpII a, O. I. lJ.eii, M. r. MapqeHIw. KUlB,
_ i O}J.iIi onoBi.ll:aHI-1H I Ynop5lA., IlpIlMiTKII C B.
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HeQIlCTOH ClIJIe. BlI.1bHa, 1907. ... . , , ",
_ fIaxaBaHI-li. naMiHId. ra,JIalli9HHl { K. a . T3I\cTa
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MH., 1986. C r A Ea p 1"!IlI9Biq'
_ I1ecHi caBe Kara 'lacy I KJ1a.J(. ' < ,
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_ rIicHi JIiTepaTypHoro rroXO.ll:jKeHUH I nopHA. B'.T.
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_ I1icHi Ta pOMaHcu YKpaHICbKI1X nocT .R. ',. .
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_ DpI!CJIiB'H Ta nplIKa3KlI: B. aeMliHII MI,K JIlOAbMU I
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_ B. 51. nporrn. 1'!>0JJbKJIOp II .n:encTBIlTeJIbI10CTb.
I-b6paJIHhIe CTaTbIl. M., 19?6. . _
_ flpblIIevKi I YI{J]aA. T3KcTay, YCTyrr. arT. l.. , MCI-IT.
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470
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PeKPYTCbKi Ta COJI.lI:aTcbId
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PO.ll:IfHnO-rr06YToBa JIipIf-
Ka. 1964
POMaHoB E. P.
CaBYlliKUHa I-I. I1. PYCCIWH
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Cal.\bI5IJIbHa -6bITaBbI5I Ka3-
KL 1976.
Ca bI5IJIbHa-6bITaBbIH rrec-
IIi. 1987
COKOJIOBa B. I\. 1979
CO iaJIbHO-rr06YTOBi rricHi.
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CrriBaHKu-xpOHiKU. 1972
CYC. 1979
Cm.IeHHa-6bITaBblH rrecHi.
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YKpalHcbKi HapOj Hi .lI:YMH
Ta iCTOPUqHi rricui. 1955
YKpalHcbKi HapO.ll:Hi po-
MaH.cH. 1961
4ap a .n:3enHbIH Ka3Ki
4HqepOB B. I1. 3UMHUH rre-
pIfO,n:. 1957
4y6uHCKUiJ: I1. I1.
qYMa bKi rricH!. 1976
- IIYTUJIOB E. H. M.eTo.n:OJIOrIIJ1 CpaBIUlTeJIbHO-UCTO-
pUqeCKoro H3yqeHI-IH !jJOJIbKJIOpa. J1., 1976.
- Pa.ll:3iHHafl rra93iH / lKJIa.ll:., cicT9MaT. T9KcTay,
YCTyrr. apT. i KaMeHT. M. 5I. rpblH6JIaTa; I1a.ll:60p
HOT, xapaKTapbICTbIKa HarreBay i MY3. KaMeHT.
B. I. 5IJIaTaBa. MH., 1971.
-- PeKPYTcbKi Ta COJI.n:aTcbKi rricHi / YrropH.lI:. A. J1.
IoaHi.n:i, O. A I1paB.lI:IOK. KUIB, 1974.
- PO.n:uHHo-rr06YToBa nipuKa / Yrropflli. r. K. CU.lI:o-
peHKO. KUlB, 1964.
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BbIII. 1, 2; BflTe6cK, 1887. BbIII. 3; 1891. BbIII. 4,
5; MOr/weB, 1901. BWI. 6; BUJlbHa, 1910. BblII. 7;
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.-- Ca bIHJIbHa-6bITaBblH Ka3Ki I CKJIa,l(. TOM a i aYTap
YCTyrr. apT. A. C. 1'!>51.l1:ociK; CKJIa.ll:. IWMeHT. J1. P.
Eapar. Mn., 1976.
- Ca bI5IJIbHa-6blTaBbIH necui I YKJIa.n:., cicT9l\1aT.
T9KcTay, YCTyrr. apT. i KaMeHT. 1. K. IJ:illiqaHId,
B. I. CKi.lI,aHa; ApT., YKJIa.ll:. i cicT9MaT. HarreBay
r. B. TaYJIai\. MH., 1987.
- COKOJIOBa B. K. BeCeHHe-JIeTHUe KaJIeH.lI:apHbIe 06-
pH.n:bI PyccKnx, YKpauH eB II 6eJIOpycoB XIX-
Haqa.1a XX B. M., 1979.
- CO iaJIbnO-rr06YToBi rricHi / }lnop5l.n:. O. M. XMi-
.1JeBCbIWI. KUIB, 1985.
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(TeKcTu), C. II. rpu a (Me.1Jo.ll:iI). KnIB, 1972.
- CpaBHHTeJIbHbIH YKa3aTeJIb CIO}KeTOB: BOCTO'IHO-
CJIaB5IHCKa51 CKa3IW I COCT. J1. r. Eapar, H. I1. Ee-
pC30BCKHii, K. n. I\a6allifIIIKoB, I-I. B. HOBIIKOB.
J1., 1979.
- CHMeiiHa-6bITaBbl5I rrecni / CK.1a.n:., cicT9MaT. T9K-
cTay, YCTyrr. apT. i KaJvleHT. I. K. UilliqaHId; YCTY!!.
apT., YJ(JIa.ll:. i dCE/MaT. HarreBay r. B. TaYJIaH.
MH., 1984.
-- YKpaIHcbKi Hapo.n:Hi ,l(plH Ta icTOPllqHi nicHi /
Yrrop5l.ll:. n..IJ:. flaBJIin, M. C. PO.ll:iHa, M. fl.
CTeJlbMax. I\IflB, 1955.
- lKpaIHcbKi Hapo.n:Hi pOlViaHCII I YrropH.lI:., nepe.n:Mo-
Ba Ta rrpnMiTIiH J1. 5Irn:eHKa. I\IflB, 1961.
-- qap a .ll:3eiIHbIH Ka3Ki. CK.1Ja.J:. K. n. I\a6alliHiKay,
r. A. EapTalli,mi'I. ,'1.H., 1973. LI. 1; 1978. 4. 2.
- B. 11. LInqcpoB. 3mmIfii rrepuo.iI: PYCCKOro HapO.ll:-
Horo 3Cl\1JIe.ll:e,ijLqeCIWrO Ka.1Jen.n:apH XVI-XIX Be-
KOB: OqepI<H no HCTOpUII lIapO)J:HbIX BepoBaHIIii II
TpY.lI:h! IIHcTHTYTa 9THorpaqJHu HM. I-I. H. MUKJIY-
XO-MaKJIa5l. I-IoBa51 cepu5I. T. 40. M., 1957.
- TpYl bI 3THorpaqmqeCKO-CTaTUCTnqeCKOH 9J(crrC,i\H-
llII B 3arra.i\HO-PYCCKHH Kpali, cHapmKeHHoH UMrr.
PYCCKHM f'eorpaqmqeCKIIM 06rn:eCTBOIvl. IOro-3a-
ua.n:. OT.i\eJI. MaTepHaJIbI 11 UCCJle.n:OI3mUI5I, c06pm!-
Hble .n:. !jJI. n. I1. 4y6uHCKHM. CI16., 1872-1877,
BbIII. 1--7.
- qYM8I br{i rricHi I Ynop5l.n:. O. 1. .IJ:eH, A. 10. 5ICCH-
'IYK (TCKCTU), A. I. IBamu.(bKHii (MCJIo,n:ii). KIIin,
1976.
Hlelm n. B. MaTepr.:aJIbI
Federowski M.
MOSZYllski K.
KJ13
MKA3H
HTE
PI'!>
C3
- BeJIlIKopyc B CBOr.:X neCH5IX, 06paNlx, 1, a5l :
BcpOBaHII5IX, CKa3IWX, JIereIl1\aX 11 T. 11. l'vLnC)ma
JibI, c06paIIHLle II rrpUBe.ll:CHHbIC II 110j15JJIOK I1. B.
llleilHoM. CI16., 1898. .
- MaTepHaJIbI .lI:,lH If3yqeHI151 6bIT3 11 5131>lI\a PY(TI.Oro
HaCeJIeHUH CeBepo-3arra.ll:HOrO "paR, 1:?Gp IIIII ': GII
rrpHBCD,CHHble B rrOp5l.ll:OK n. B. IllenIlOM. C .,
1887. :r. 1, '1. 1; 1890. T. 1, q. 2; 189:{. T. 2; I )02.
- J rowski M. Lud bialoruski na Rusi Lilews dcj.
Krakow, 1897. T. 1; 1902; T. 2, CL i hI; UJ03:
T. 3, CZ. 2; \Varszawa, 1905. T. 4; 1 08. T. 5,
1960 T. 6; 1969. T. 7; 1981. T. 8. . T. 2.
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- I\paTKaH JJI!TepaTypHa51 3n 1II(J]0I!e.ll:n51 ,
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