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,l.BYM.JI IIJH3H'ICCKIiIl1H 3aIWna111i: a) 3aIWHOM'L Jl.HI<PY3iu If B) 311IWIIOJlI'L 0 CHJIb-
HOIII'L H3MtHCHill o6"bcllfa ra3a C'L 113MtneIliC1ll> TCllfncpaTypbI. BC.l1>.J.CTBic I1Cp-
muo 3aKOHa .1Icmiii ra3'b nOCTO.JIIIIIO BhITCKaeTb M3'b 060JI01JKH 'ICpC3'L lIOpbl e.ll 1),
a U1\I1>CTO HeI'O BXO,:l.HT'L T.JIJI\C.1bIM B03)1.)'Xo: 3Ha'IMT'b, nOJl.'bC1ma.JI cn.1a mapa BCC
npCMH YICHbIllat'Tcn, OT1JCI'O a3pOCTa'l""b H.'I:eT'b It'L 3CIIl.1t. Bc....hJl.CTBic BTOpOro
3aIWUa a3pOCTa.1''b HCH3111>1I110 onYCKaeTC.JI npH nona)I.aHiH B'L cpe,ll.Y 60Jl1>e XO-
JIO]]JIYIO, (1I0TOIIIY 1JTO IIpn TOM'b JKC B1>C1> 001,e111>, H)III 3ammamlhlH, pfCHbmaCTCJI),
Ii nOBlJlllIaCTCH liP" IICPCXO,ll,1> Bo 60JItc BblCOKYIO anwcII/cpy, (nOT01\lY 1JTO 061,CIIf'b
mapa nCMllor.) YBc..lII'nmaCTcn); B'L nCpBml'L CJIY1Ja-I>-HYJlmo B03c.TaHOBHTb paBnoo'l>-
cie 06JIer<w lIic 1111, HaI'pY3Im, T. c. OTJl.a1JCll 6:t.1I.1JacTa.; BO DTOpOM'L c.1IY1Ja'l;, eCJIII
1I0)l.'LCM'b HCJKCJIaTe.leH'L, na,ll,O YMCHl,WHTb nO:J,'LC)IIIYIO CIfJIY BbllIYCIW1\I0 1Jacm
1'a3a 1JCpe30 K.1aIlall'L... CJI1>Jl.oBaTe.ilbHo, OaJIJIaCT"b DO BCC BpCllm nYTemCCTBi.JI
YllfeUbWaCT'L lIarpY3KY 3a CtJCT'b TOM: YTC1JIW ra3a, YCTpallHTb IWTOpylO ueB03IOJlmo.
TlO.Wlnbt flU (JO-1iJYlltn'bIXo 1ll0]JltXO.
!\'L COBCpl1lCllilO nO.1l'Ta lIa B03J1.ymllmn. map'l> IIpIlcTynalOT'b Ta.It'b. Ha
pOBIiC/M'J, M1>CT1, paCKJlaJl.bIBaeTC.JI 060JIO'IKa KJIanaIlOM'b BBCPXo, a amICIIJl.IIKCOM1.
HHH3'b. 1I0Bepx'b ne.JI aKKypaTHo paCICll)(bIBaCTC.II d,Tb. ED anncII,II.m.cy 110)(811-
.lI..JIT1, IlIJIaIlry 01'0 nl30llpOBOJl.a H TaHHM'b 00pa3ml'h lIa1JHHalO'!"b nalloJIHcnic ra-
30111'10. )l:JlHTC.IJ 31'0 1JaC'b-)l.Ba-Tpn, B'h 3aBIItHMOCTil OT'L pa3)I'hpOll'b mapa
Ii TOM ObIC:TPOT1j, e'L KOTOpOM narnCTaCTC.JI ra31, 'H'PC3'!. I1lJIanry. !(mIaH,'la
JIIOACii, CTO.lllIIIIX'b ItpyrOJlI'L, Y,ll.Cp1KHBaeT'L I10CTClIenIlO Ha)(YBalOwYloc.JI 060-
.1I0'IKY IIpli nOMOII1f lIf'IJIIll\oB'L C'L oa..l.laCTOIII'b, HOTOpblC 1I0)l;B1>IlIlIllaIOTC.JI 110
M'Lp'}) na)l.06UOCTH CBOMMH KpI01Jh.lJMH cD BepXJIMX'L K.il1>TOE'L c1JTI(H lIa I1HJKHiH.
110 HallOJII/CHiH ra301l1'L, lInlll'II;I.HKC'L 3:JJlmMaCTC.l1 pC3MJlOBhUI'L EOJIJ,JO)I'L, a oa.l-
JlOII'h IH\'lIIUlae'J"(:n BBCPXo, YJl.epJKlIBaCMWii nO.JICHbllllH BepCBI!aIllH (UAYlllllIIIH OT'},
;nmaTopa IlIapa). Tor;I.a. 1I0AnOCIITC.l1 JI IIpHKp1>n..!ICTC.JI J{'L oOPY1JY Eop3Hna, 311-
JlOJIlIcnna.JI 6aJI.1IaCTJIlHm IIrlmm:aMH. HI, oi'5pY1Jo npoJl.'IJBaCTClI np01J.Hbltl HalIaT"L,
1I0.!ICllbl.!I llf'pCBlUI BhlXJIeCTblBaIOTC.l1 1i3'b nCTe.I'b, 1I a3pollaBThl 3aHM)la10To CBOII
M'tcTa ll'b EOp311H1>. OCTaCTCJI CIllC ypaBlloBi;cliTh B'b B03,11.YX'}) a3pOCTaT'L, 'ITO
,n:t..mCTC.l1 IIY; CI'b BJ.lIIlIMaHi.JI oa.I.1laCTllhlX'b 11.trnKoHl, H lIOC.1I'l>;I.OBaTCJIhliaro oTny-
eEani.!I KalIaTa AO T'l>X'b IICp'L, 1I00,.a lIe 1I0JIY1JHTC.lJ JICI'IWH clIOI\OllHaH 'f.Ilra BBCpXh.
3m..tlll'b cpbIBaCTC.JI pC311HOBoe 1\O.lIbll,O y alIIlCHJI,HKClI,-1J.TOOhl )I..1H ra3a BCcr)la
6blJIo CB060Jl.llblM HhlXOJl.1, B'L CJIY1Ja1> pacwupcHiJi cro,-Ii npll nO;lXOJl..IJIllelll'b
JlOpbIB'h BiJTpa mapo pa30M'L lIyclmcTc.IJ B'L B03.n.yX'L.
(l>paJlUY3Ll 3aM'h'laTCJIbllO B'tPIIO xapmncpU3YIOTb I1YTemeCTuie na B03)(YIli-
I1bIX 0 IlIa pax'!, CJI'});I.YIOIllMm mCCTblO CJIOBaMH: "nO)l,l,eM'b-JICrOl,'L, nOJIe'C'L-npiJJ-
TeH'b, clIyeKo-onaCCII'b". lJO,ll.'LCM'L, ;I.1>HCTBHTCJIbnO IIHlmEIIX'b 3aTpYJl,HeHiii IIC
npC)l.CTaB.'\.IlCT'b H npIJ Yl\!1>.!Jml'b "CTapTOBaniH" (BhIllyeRaHiH) mapa p1>mIlTe.1bHO
IIllKaRHX'b I/cc1JacTiii OblTb I/e IIIOJKCT"b. O.'l:lflJaHOBO OC30IlaCCn'b H can, nOJICTb,
pa30 a;)poe.'raTo Hax,,;," rc.!I B'L MCUpaDI/OIII'b BIi.J.1J, H cro "IIHJIOTl," (yupaB.1mOllliii)
;lIIaCTo CBoe ,11.1>..10. UCC 31'0 yn 1 .'aBJICHie mapOM'L DO I!pCMH no..IeTa CBOJl.HTCH H'b
IrhJIeco06pa3HOllIY paCXO,ll.OBaHilO oa.IJIacTa, HOTOpblii IIpe)(CTaBJI.JIeTb COOOH eJl,HH-
("rnCnHOC C!1CJl.CTBO )(.:111 M3M'hncniJI XOTb H'})IWTOpbIX'b yc.oBiii 1I0.11(''1'a. KaR'b Yj!W
ynOlllllnaJIOCb, rnapo IICeCTC.II ll.\11>eT1> eo OI"PYjKaIOIllCM ero llJaCCOM B03.!1:yxa, EaR'L
') TaKRII YTe'IICR COCT8I1J11leT"I, np1HI'BpHO 80 'laC'h 1 e,ll.ItllItl.\Y Ita 1.000 e,ll.lIHHl.\'I.
ncero o6'beta.
.....

13
II\cm.<1 HeCeTC.H no Te'IClliIO p I>Kll. C.'I-B)lOBaTeJIbHO. X03fl1mOM"b B"b BbI6up"h na-
npaBJIelIi.H rrYTII .HBJI.HCTC.H 1'0 B03)1,ymuoe TC'leHie, B"b &01'OpOM"b II:tXO)l,ll1'CJI a3po-
CTaTb, T. C. Bt1'Cp1>. A3pOHaB1'bI Mory1''b .'IUmb 113MtH.HTb BblCOTY nOJIe1'a: Bblopa-
CbIBan oa.'IJJ11,CTL-..'I:"'IH nO)l"bCMa, 0 BI.rnYCltaJI ra3'b--)I,JI.H cnYCI\a. IIpll JKcJIallin
COBCpIIHlTb B03lOiK1l0 Oo.n-BC npO)l,OJIJKHTem,noe nYTcmCCTBi p , 1I<t)l0, Bo-nCpnbIX'L,
YMt1'b 3ROUQ}1H0 parXO)l,onaTI. 0 TO, II )l,PYI'oe, II, BO-BTOpbIX"b, IIIwt1'b II"hIW1'OpbIJI
n0311alliJI m, MCTeOpOJIorill, 'l1'06bl rrpaBllJIr.HO BhI6llpa1'b ce6-B )l,opory (D'L BCpTll-
I.aJlbIIOll lI.mCIWCTH) cpe;J:H BCTp"h<ralOII.{OXCJI TYlIlaIlOn"b. 06JIaIWB"b T11,K'b, 'I1'OOW no
B03MOJKHO('TH II.JlbITI. IIPII O)l,HOH II Toil "iKe TCMncpaTyp-B, OC3'b p'h3KllX'L ncpCM.tIll.
on Ten.'la K'b XOJIO,!!,Y O.UI lIaooopOTo, 'ITO O)lOllaIWBO Tpe6yeTo paCXO,ll,OBalliJI
lUll 6a:I.naCTa, llJIII ra3a. B"b OCOOerIIIOCTII BlWKno 6bIBae1'1. BCCl')I,a y.'IOBllTI. lIa'la.rro
CIlIlj!(ClliH mapa, T01'llaC'b - JKe Rr.l6pOCHB'L 3a OOpT'b II-BCIWJIbKO COBKOB'L nCCKY:
()CJIU 3TOT'b MOll1CIi T"I. npOUYCTOl'b, TO map'b npll na,'{cHill npi06p-BTaCT'b YJI(e 3Ha-
QIlTeJIbHYIO HHeprUlo OTh npHTJIJKcHin 3eMJIU, II )I,.UI ypaBHOB-BWCHiJl ero <repe3'b
HtCKQ..lbI\O ceKYH,1.o nOTpe6YCTCJI Bw6poCUTb 6aJIJIaCTY HeCpaB!ICHIIO 60JIbIUC,
'l"I>M'b npIlIU.I0Cb-OLI Bua'Ia.'I-B. qTO )I.e KaCaC1'CJI npi.HTliOCTII nYTemCCTBiJI, TO
I10.'lCT"j, Ha CBo(0)l,HOWI. a3pOCTaT"1; npc.n:CTaBJIJICTh wl>'lTO COBcpmeHHO HCli'JIIO-
'HITO.ILIIOC. AOCO.1I01'lIbIii nOKoii II TllIUlllia Kpyrml"b, 3Ta oTopnallllOCTb O1''b 3ClIIJIIf
II IIpc6LIBalfic Bo npOCTpaIICTB-B, T-B .n:HBBbIJI KpaCOTbI. I\QTOpbIJI npllXO)l,lITCJI Ha-
6.1\o.1aTL B'b naHOpallIaX'b cncpXy,-BCC 31'0 nopOJK1'{aeTh n'b .l(ym-B a3pOllaBTa
1"aKiJJ pIIBll1'CJIr.IIO npiJITllLI.H oII.{yII.{eHi.H, TaI-;iJI <rYBCTBa ImlWU-1'O He3CMlIOll pa-
)l,OCTH U OJIarO,ll,aTII, ImKOX1. Ha 3CMJI'1> ne MOil\CTh .l(a1'b IIII O.l(HO llHoe naCJIaJl(,lI,cnic.
TpY,lI,eH'b,-H .n:aJIW IfHOr)l,a onaCCHo,-.UlIUb cnYCK'b IIa 3elllJII0 II')CJI'h nO.'IeTa.
]It.1O B"b TOM'b, 'l1'O Iwr)l,a npll f"TKpLITill KJ1arrana a3poc-raTh ll,'{eT'b BII1I3'b, II
I,Op3IlIIa RacacTCJI llaKOnC'b 3CMJIII, MorYTh ObITb CIfJIblILIe TOJI'lIUf. II TOJI'llm
nODTopIlLIC, 1'aK'b KaK'b npu Me.n:JICHIIO1'b BLIXO)l,-B ra3a <repC30 K.1<1llaH'b map'L
)l,OJIroe npellllI MO»W1'b OblTb naCTOJILKO .1crOK1" 'ITO O-BTepo 6Y)l,eTh ero BOJIO'lHTI.
no 3e}IJIt, Bce BpPMJI Y.n:apJIJI lCOp31lIIY 0 ;:eMJIIO. 3.J;-BCb BOTh 6C3YCJIOBllO HYJKHa
OnbITHOCTL II1lJ101'a-1I B'b BbI60p-B yn;06Haro f-BCTa ,Tl)I.H cnYCKa, II Bo orrpe)l,'I;,,'IeniH
MmlCH1'a )l.JI1I OTKpLI1'iJI I\JIanarra, H rrp" C!\IHI"IeHill y)l,apOB'b 00'1. 3C1fJIIO BbI6pacu-
EaniC1I'L 6a.1.1aC1'a, II B'b rrpoM"mCHill rrpll COJIbHOlll'b B'£TP-B pa3pMBIIoro I1pHCIIU-
C06JIeHin, 'lTOObI cpa3Y BMIlYCTII1'b 03'b OOOJIO'lKII Bceb ra3'b. IT pll CIUhIlUlII"b no-
pLIBUCTOM'b BtTp-B, CCJIII K'b T01IY-)IW npnXO.l(llTcn crrYClaTbcn Ha HCpOBIlOll
!\d;CTIJOCTII, a3pOHaBTLI ,11,-BilC1'BlI'I'CJIhll0 MorY'rb rrepelleCTII Il"hcKO,,1bIW RCCbllIa
TJJil,CJIbiXo MIIHYTh 0 PHCKYIOTh ,TI,aJKC OJ.\1'b CHJILHO nOKa..Th'lCHIILnm... O)lHaIW
TaRin HerrpiJITHOCTH He MOI'YT'J, OC1'aHOI!IITL YBJIe'LCllie nOJICTa!\fH na IDapaX'b, 0
QCJIOB1;I>'b, XOTb O.JI.Ha.iK)I,J,J HcrrblTaRIUiii 31'0 y)l,OBOJILCTBic, OCTaHeTcn Bcer.l(a D"hp-
HbIM'b npIIBepiKeHD,CM'L nO)l.o61laro crropTa.
IhaK'b, nOJIeT"b Ha cnOoo)l,nolll'b a3pOC1'aT-B eCTb npOCTOC rrJIaBaIlie no B03-
)l,ymHbI}!'b Te'IeHiJIM'b, na TOll II.IH .l(pyroii BLICOT-B OTh 3e!\IJIH 6e3'L BCJIKUX'I.
npOJJBJIeHiu a3pOIIaBTMm aRTHBHbIX'b Cpe)l,CTB'b )l,JI.H rrCpC,'I,BIIJKeniJI. .HCIlO, 1J1'O
n03TOMY H BCt :MellIeHTLl TaKoro IIYTCllleCTBiJI-llarrpaBJIeHie rrYTH. CI\OpOCTb
Jl.BIlJlWIliJJ, IlpO,'I.0JIJKII1'C.1LHOCTb H .l(a.1bIlOCTL nOJICTa-IDI-BIO'I'11 CJIY'IaHIIblll xapaK-
TOp'b, B'b 3aBHClIMOCTH 01'0 aTlllOc(fJcpHUX'b YCJIODiii. HarrpaBJIenic IIYTH 06YCJIO-
BJIIIBaeTCJI HanpaB.1CllicMo B'I>Tpa, H H3M-BnII1'b ero MOJKIIO HIlOr)l.a TOJILIW rrepc-
XO.lI.OM'b BBepxo II.'III BHll3'b B'b )l.pyroe B03.'l:YIUIIOC Te'lcnie. CKOpOCTr. nO.1e1'a
paDHJJCTCJ\ CKOpOCTII Bt1'pa, T. e. 6LIBaC1''b OTh 10-15 )1.0 100 BCpCTh B'b 'Iac'b;
upn BtTpt 6LIBaroclIIo npHM'hpHO ll3'b 365 ,llIlCll D'b ro)l,y ISO pan, Cpe.l(HJIlI
CKOpOCTb BOJIeTa 6Y.lI.eT'b 30-40 BepCTI. B'b 'lac'L.
TIpO,!!,OJIjKHTeJIbHOCTb nOJIeTa 3aBIfCHT'b: a) orb COCTOJIHiJI aTllIOC!fJepLI-rrplf
paBHoii TeMrreparyp-B .n.oJIbme; 6) OTh Ko.'lIl'leC1'Da HlII'hIOarOl'JI 6aJI.'IacTa: B) OTh
i

11
onLITIIOCTH: nH.'10Ti1. Haum RoeHlIr.JC Iliapbl (1500 m 3 ), oTnpaB.l1wcb B'L nOJleTl.
(Ha CtrfiTHJIbHOM1, ra3-B) C'h treTLlphM.ll naccadKHpaMlI, 3a6HpmOT'b 5-8-10 M-BW-
ROB1. 6a.1J1aCTa (n'J, 3aBlICHMOCTII OT'h B-BCa. naCCaJKHpOB'h H TCMn<,paTyphI B03-
).yxa) II nYT()JuecTBYIOT'b B'b npo:r.oJlJKeHin 3-6 )1,0 15- 20 'JaCOB'b. 3a rpallll-
leD, a3pOCTaTaIlI'b OOJlhlllllX'b pa3M-BpOBo YAallaJloch n.laBaTL H )l,0.lLWC-20-
30-40 '1aCOB'b. PCI<Op)l,lILllIlo C'IHTaeTC.H nO.Jf'T'b IlIBeih.{apcJmro II0JlIWBHIIRa
IHcJ\a J1'I>TOIll'b 1908 ro)l,a na map'E "rCJlbBen,in": on'b npOJI.epj!laJlcn 72 '1aca..
)l,aJlbIlOCTb nOJlC1a 3aBlJ(IIT'h 0'leBH)I,1I0 OT'h CIWpOCTH H npO)l.OJljJiIlTeJlbHOCTII.
CpeAH.!J.H ;J:aJlbllOCTb 300-500-8UO BepCT'h. HaH60JlblllCll )l.aJlbIlOCTII )l:OCTIlf'b
no 1900 ro.n:y H3n-BCTIILlii <f>pa.J11Y3cKiii B03)1,yxOIuaBaTeJlL rpa<f>o .IJ:e..ITa-Bo,
IWTOPUH IIpoJlcr1.1J'L I1a wap'l; "UCHTaBpo" orb napllma ,'J:O r. KOpOCTbllIlCBa
KiCBCK-Oll ry6., C)I,'I>J1aR'h Bccro 1900 Bepcrh B1. 36 tIaCOH'h.
llTo RaCaCTC.JI Br.JCOTbI 11(1 J1<'Ta , TO 'faKOna.JI B'h Cpe)l,IICM'h 6bIBaeT'b 1000-
2000-3000 IIICTpOB'b Ha)l,o 3elllJleli (T. e. 1-2-3 BepcTbl). 'MOdKHO nO),IIHMaTbCH
11 BbllI1e-)I,O 8000 MeTpOBo. Eme B"'111C Y}J{f' onaCIIO, TaI\o I"aK'b CIIJlbllO pa3p-B-
<Kf'HllbIii: B03.n.yX'b IIpe,RCmIlJl.JIeT'b 3aTPY!l.I1ClIic )l,J1.JI :.{blxalliH. CallIOD 60JIbWeM
nbICOTJ,J y.n:aJlOCb )l,OCTHmYTb J1-BTOIII'b 1909 rO)l,a lITaJlLHHcKOMY J1CMTeHaHY MUlI'b
na 1lI:lp-B "A.'lhOaTpOC'L"-Ol\O.'IO 13 RepCT'b H:lA'b 3ellI.'Ieii.
lJPU..lllblle1tie ueynpa6AIlC,UbtXo a:JpOC11IamOOo 00 ,J/CIf3/tU.
IIoHHTHo, 'lTO npH CJlYtJaMnolllo xapaKTCp-B nYTellIecTBiii IIcynpan..l.JIeMbIX'b
a3pOCTaTOB'b IIpHI'I>Hcllie IIX'b B1, npm,THqCCKOii JKH3I1H lie IIIOjJ\CT'h 6blTh IlIHpO-
J\UIII'L. CnatlaJla, KOfJl.a )1:'1;..10 OUJlO I101lIlHKOH, TaKHlllU 1I0JlCT.l:\1II 3aIlHIIIa..mCL,
TaWl, CKa3aTI., npo<f>ecdOHaJIbI, Jl10)l,H .n:elllOHeTpHpOBaHwie clloe I!('I\YCCTBO nepe,ll,'b
IJIHpOl\OM ny6..umoii. 3arI>M'b .'IeTalIic Ha llIapaxo CTaJlO npHmmaTbcfl KaJ,1,
enOpT'b. C'b IWHl.{a XlX B-BI\a B1, 31maJl,HOD EBpOn-B CTaJlIl n03HHRaTb pa3.'lHtJHLle
lw'1YOLJ H B03JlyxOllJlaBaTe.'lbHM.!1 oumecTBa, KOTopble HCI{JllOtJHTeJlbHO pa.J:H }JlO-
IJOJlbCTBi.n CBOHX'b 'l.'leHOBo opraHH30BLlBaJlH nOJleTbI Ha CB06o,RHbIX'b a3pocTaToBo;
TenepL 'l'aImX'b '06Il.{eCTB'h lIa 3aIIaJJ:-B Macca H 0 A-t.JITeJlhIlOCTII UX'b 1O}J\1I0
CY)I,HTb, HanpHIIt1.p'b, 110 TOIlIY, 'ITO 3a 1909 ro)l,'L B't. O)l,IIOH rf'pralliH ObIJlO H3pac-
XO)l,OBallO lIa no.neTbI 60Jl-Be 1.000.000 m S ra3a.
B'h eMl>1CJI-B-JKe '1UCTO npaKTHqeCKOM'b, a3pocTaTbI llIOfJlIl no.nytJHTJ, IIpHM'I>-
. lIeHic .1I1Wb Talll'b, r,ll,-B Tpe6yeTc.!I JlpeoblBaHie ,lI,Jl.!1 KaKoii-.1H60 IrI.J1H B'h Ha.B.-
:rCIIIHLIX1, CJlO.!lX'b aTMoc<fJepbI, H.m r)l,-B B03)1,YllIHa.!l cpe.n.a npe)l,CTaB.'l.HeT'b e)l,l1Il-
CTBCHHO n03MOJKIIOC Cpe)l,CTBO )l,J1H ("o06I11,cllin. 1'aKuMH nO)l,XO)l,flllHIIIIf 06J1aCT1DUI
.lIBMIIOTC.lI lIaYRa II BoellHoe )I,-BJlO.
Ih PYIti1X'b IIICTeOpOJloriH, H3yqalOll.{cii CBOllCTBa HallieD aTlIIoc4>epLJ, OKa-
3a.l0Ch JlOBO(' op)'Jlie. HpJlocpe,ll,CTBeHHbl.JI H3CJI'!>)J.OBalli.JI TelIIepaTypbI II B.'l.aJK-
1I0CTll B03)1:yxa, HaJlpanJlelliH H eKopOCTH B-BTpa, C)I,-B.'IaIlJlLl.JI lIa pa3.JJU'IlIhlX'"
DJ,ICOTaxo, .il.aIOT'L BPCbll1a l.{-BJJlIJ.J.II CB-B)I,-BBi.JI, a n01'OIII)' IIpH I\a;R)I,OM'b no.'leTt,
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C'b 1907 rO)l,a 3TH 1l3111'l>peJli.JI CTaJlH )I,-BJI.LTb )l,ame HC C'b a3pocm:rOB'L, ynpa-
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eCJIH IIepe.JUnIiKcnic UO lIen 3aTPY;!;IIIITC.1bHO (IIYCTbIHJJ, rreCRH, OOJIom).
ECTh "mc CJIY'laJi rrpIUI'J>HCHi.fl a3pOCmTOB'b B'b HaYKh. J(lH naOJIlo,J;cllin
pa3.111'lllLIX'b .flB,1eHiii B'b BepXHHX'b CJIO.flXl. aTllJOc<fJcphI Ii.'1Ji 3a IIpcxJ>.lam namcii
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R1lK'h Y nOBf!pXUOCTH 3eI.'1H B03.nyX'b p-B,'I;RO 'lIlCn, TO nllOI'.a:a rro.'1L3YIOTCSI
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CilllIiii, 3aTllIeHiii JIYHM II COJ1HQa, pa3.UI'IHbIXo aCTpoHomI'ICcKnX'b HBJleHiii II T. n.
B'b uplIwlmcHin h"'b Q'J>JIJlM'b BonHhI HeyrrpaBJISICMMC aapocTaTbI ,J;alJi B03-
A!OJ(H.lCTI) .mrno IIa6JII0;tHTh 3a rrpOTJInHIIIWM'I) CD JIIOOon BLJCOTbI, BLJCMaTpmJa.fl
Bet ero nepe)(BIlj/,elliH, p,terroJIO.iKcuie Ha rr03HQi.Hx'h, Ji TtM'b oouapY.iKIIBaH cro
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cro }Itl.'1T. r.lJaBHOC ua3ua'lenie lIeyrrpaBJISIellIaI'O HapocTaTa Bl:, BOCHHO}I'h )I,-BJI'£-
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JU)Bu IIl'paen pOJlL ImKo B'b apMin, TaWb " BO <fJ.'10T'J>, I'Jl'J> B'b oc06eHHOCTn
6hIBaen Bilj/lHO paHbIlIC YBII;!;.J>Tb npOTIIBIUII{a, IIT06bI nO)lrOToBHTbC.fl It'b 6010 H.1M
UpHIIJlTL JmKOC-JIH60 p'£IlIcuic. IIcpBoe rrplIM-BneHie aapOCTaTOB'b )l,JIH BoeHllbIXo
l\'l;.leii 6LljlO c,lI;£.nano CIllC 1J'b KOHQ'B xvrn B-BKa, BO npellI.fl BeJIHKOll rppaHLlY3-
eKoii pCBo.ml1,iII. J[OTOAI'b UXo UPIIM-BIf.fl.1H I1'b BoiiHY rrpyccKo-H'J>MCQKYIO 1870-
1871 l"O)(a, B'b PyccKO-.flrrOllcRYIO 1904-5 I'O)l,a U B'b MapOlmClwti aKcnc)J.I1Llilf
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fpaHLlY3cImii BoiiubI 1870-71 ro){a, uaIlpml'tp'b, rp pall LlY3bI BeCbMa ynMllo
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16
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CTHJKeIliJI YIlpaBJlJleIOCTH a3poCTaTOB"b: HCIIOJIb30BaHie JKOBOH CHJILI cYIQeC'l'BYIO-
IIX'b B03,n:YIllHLIX"b 06lITaTeJIeit, no npuM1>py aICCnJIOaTaI.{iH na 3CMHOii nOBepxHoCTH
aABOEBAHIE 803)];. OKY-AHA. 2
.1

18
MYCRYJIbHOii CHJILI JIoma;n:eii, EO.JIOB'b, nep6JIIO.n;OB'b. BWIH JIIO.n;H, I\OTOpble ccpbe3IIO
npe.n;JIara.JIH Bnp.flraTb B'b aapOCTaTo H1>CROJIbRO ;n:peCCHpOBaHHbIX'b OpJIOB'b, a IIa-
npaBJIeHieM'b IIX'b nOJIeTa PYROBO.n;UTb nOMOII.{H RYCKOB'b r.mca, ROTopbHm MomHO-
6bl nOMaXHBmrb nepe,R'b rOJIOBaMH TITHII,'b B'b meJIaCMYIO CTOPOHY (cJmr. 9).
IIpOCJI1>.n;IfM'b Tenepb nOCJI1>.n;oBaTC'JIbIlO BC1> 'H3111>HeHi.fl II .n;orrOJIHeHiJI, lCO-
TOpbl.fl npHIlJJIOCb BBeCTH B'b aapOCTaT'b .n;JI.fI COOOII.{eIDJI eMY ynpaBJI.fIeMOCTIi.
OpzaU'bt o6U01Ceui./!.
IhaR'b, nOCJI1> BceB03MOJKHblX'b OIlbITOB'b H TeOpeTII'ICCRHX'b H3CJI1>.n;0-
BaHm 'IeJIOB1>1J:eCTBO He MOrJIO He npiiirn It'b 3aKJIlOtJeHilO, 1J:TO pa3p1>IlJHTb
ynpaBJI.fIeMOCTb a3pOCTaTOB'b MOJKHO TOJIbRO o.n;Hml'b nYTCM'b: ;n:aB'b caMO:WY
a3pOCTaTY aRTHDHYIO CHJIY, T. e. nOM1>cTHB'b Ha HeM'b CaMOM'b IfCTO'lIIlIK'b ;n:BH-
mYII.{eii aHepriH. Bo I\a1J:eCTB1> 3Toro opraHa .n;JIfl coooII.{eHiJI a3pOCTaTy c06-
CTBeHHOH CROpOCTlI 6bIJIo npHr.rlmcHo TOT'b caMLIll BRIlTo, ROTOpuii C'b H36p1>TC-
meM'b napoBoii MaIlJHHbl 6bIJI'b nOCTaBJIeH'b Ha Koprl; CY,ROB'b, ,RJlJI .n;BIImeHiJI HX'b
rro BO.n;1>. 'l'OJIblW rrpml1>HeHie B03.n;YIlJHaro BHHTa
lIe MOrJIO COBepIlJIITbCJI TaR'" ObICTpO, RaE'b
BUHTa BO,n:JIJIOro. rpor.m.n;Hafl T.HJKeCTb ,RBHraTe-
.'ICll, BpaII.{aIOIIHX'b 3TH BHHTbl, 01J:eHb .n;o_'1roc
BpeMJI He n03BOJI.HJIa HMH 1I0JIb30Ba.TbC.fI .n;JI.fI
aapOCTaTOB'b, y lCOTOpbIX'b YBeJIHtJeHie rro.n;'b-
cr.mOH CHJIbl corrpJJ.JKeHO C'b ROJIOCCa-JlbHLUI'b
YBCJIH1J:eHicM'I, pa3M1>pOB'b. '1'1> napOBbl.fl Ma-
IlJHHLI, ROTOphI.fI npHM'l;JIJIJIHCb B'b MOPCRQMo
.n;1>JI1> , 6bI"'III 01J:CIIL TflmeJILI H BO BTOpoii no-
.'IOBHH1> XIX B1>R1>, Ror;n:a OCOOCHHO MHoro pa-
60TaJIH na,R'b pa3p1>meHicI'b BOllpOCOB'b YlIpa-
BJIReMOCTH. JIMeHHo, lIapOBbIfl r.IaIlJHHhI no CBO-
(])ur.9. IIpoeRT'L HKoBa Kaiiaepepo.
C1I;iln&TL a3pOCTo.T'L ynpaBnHeMLIM'L. CMY B1>CY Jl.aBa-JlH B'b TO BpeMR 6 nY,ROB'b Ha
JIOma;n:HHYIO ClfJIY 1). CJI1>.n;OBaTeJIbHO, .n;BHra-
TeJIb B'b 50 JIOIlJa.n;HHLIX'b CJJJlb (H P), RaHOBbIe CTaBflTCJI CeH'IaC'b Ha HCOOJIbIlJHX'b
aapOCTaTaXD CMKOCTblO Bo 1.500-2.000 m 3 , B1>CHJIo.6L1 300 nY,ROB1:, T. e. Tpe-
60Ba.JI'b-ObI ,R.'I.fI nO,Roer.m TOJlbRO CI'O O,RIIOrO 4.8000 m 3 Bo.n;opo.n;a, He CtJlITaJl
B1>ca OOOJlO1J:KH no.n;B1>cKH, rOH.n;O,lbI If BC1>Xo OCTaJlLHLIXo 1J:aCTeH; IIOHRTIIO, 1J:TO
np" TaRHXo YCJlOBiRX'b MO<HHO OhIJlO nOJlytJUTL TOJlbRO caMYIO HC3HaQHTeJlbBYIO
CROpOCTb COOCTBeHHaro nC'pcM1>II.{eHiJI a8pOCTaTa. 4>paHII,Y3CldH HHJKCHep'b JKucJl-
cpap'l> Bo 1852 ro.n;y nOCTpOHJI'b ,R.TIfl CBoero a3pOCTaTa napoBylO MaIlJHHY, RO-
TOpan: B1>cHJla H1>CROJlbICO 60Jl1>e 3 ny.n;oB'b lIa i HP (I JlOIlJa,RHHYlo CHJJY),
BO H 3'1'0 ObIJlO HerrpHM1>HHMO lIO TflmeCTH. <I>paHII,Y3CRiH rrOJlROBHHK'b PCHap'b
B'b 1884 ro,RY nOCTaBHJI'b Ha BbICTpoeHHbdi miD .n;HpHmaOJlb ,,<I>paHII,iJI" 3J1eRTpH-
1J:eCIUH ,RBHraTeJlb, C,R1>JlaIlHLIH H3'b caMaro JlerKaro r.IaTepbflJla; HO H aTOT'b .n;BH-
raTeJlb .n;aBaJl'b Ha i HP OKOJlO 2 1 / 2 nY,ROBo. TOJlbHO ,il.aJIbH1>HIlJee pa3BHTie
TeXHHRH H H306p1>TcHie ra30BbIX'b .n;BHraTeJleH BHYTpeHHJIrO rop1>niJI (r.IOTOpOB'b
6eH3IIHoBbIX'b, ra30JlIlHOBbIX'£, II T. n.), I\OTOpLIe B1>CJIT'L Ha JIOIlJa,RHuylO CHJlY
Bcero 10-8-5 <f>YHTOB'b, H )lame MeH1>e, )la.'IO B03MOJKHOCTb npH3HaTb 3a)I,a1JY
ynpaBJI.fICMOCTH aapoCTaTOB'b OTHOCHTeJlLHO p1>IlJeBHoll.
. 1) JIomo..n;UHaH CDJIa, paBHo.H 75 RDJIOrpaMMOMeTp&M'L, npeACT&n':IJJeT'L TY po.60TY.
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IroJOII'L (4 ' / 2 nY1l;o.) Ho. IIblCOTY 01l;HOl'0 MeTpa (ORono 1/2 C8JIteBU).

19
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.meTCJI nepBMM'b marOM'}, b'b ,R1>JI'£ npeBpaIl{CHiJI aapOCTaTa HeynpaBJIJIeMarO B'b
yupaBJIJle&lbIii.
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<l>opMa HeynpaBJI.HCIIIbIX'b a3pOCTa'lOBo p1>IllIITeJIbHO HHRaRoro BJIi.mriJI Ha
:xapaK'lCp1> UX'}, nOJIeTa ORa3a'lb He MOJIWT"b. IIo pa3'b aapOCTaT'b 06JIa,RaeT'b
c06cTBeHHoii CROpOThIO ,RBHJKeuiJI, eMY HCo6xO)i,HMO C1JHTaTbCJI C'b T1>M'b con po-
TlIBJICHiCM'b, ROTopoe npe)i,C'laBJI.flCT'b npn aTmI'b oRpYJKalOmaH cro cpc,Ra, T. e.
C'b conpomBJIeHjcr'b B03)i,yxa. IIo3TOMY nplImJIOCb no,n;BeprHYTb &PHTHR1> H tfJOPMY
CcjJcpWIeCImrO aapOCTaTa.
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BCJIRtLHHa 3TOro conpOTHBJIeHiJI 3aBHCHT'b 0T'b nJIoIl{a,R1I c1>qeHiJI, nCpnCH,RHKYJI.flp-
lIal"O HanpaBJIeuilO ,RBHJKCuilo, II OT'b tfJOPMbI RaR'b nepen;Heii nOBepXHOCTH T1>JIa,
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I'JIaBIIOC BHHMame H 6bIJIO OOpaIl{eHO Ha OTbICRaHie HaHOOJItc nO;ll:xo)i,JIIl{eii tfJOPMbI
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eme MCHbillaro conpOTHBJIeHi.fl nplI .1lBHJKeHiH. 3Ta nOCJI'R;II:HJIJI tfJ0pMa, npe,n;.lIO-
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cjJOPMY 0T'b )i,aBJIeHi.fl rOH,ROJILI. B'b replIIaniH, rpatfJ'b D:emrCJIHH'b, llOcTpoHBmiii
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lIanOJIlIelIHbIC ra30)11" -na II H JI b 0 H bI,- pacnOJIaraeMbIC Ha
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T.lliI\eCTll CHc-rel\1bI, H B'L ropH30HTaJIbHOH nJIOCIWCTII, H B'L BepTHKaJIbHoH. IIepBbIc
lI3'b HIIX'L npOTIlBO,n:tnCTBYlOTL OnpOlm)l,LlBaHilo a3pocTaTa, }'cTpau.H.H .HBJIcHic
TRHraJKa, a RTopLle 06e3I1e'1llBaIOTL YCTOH'IHBOCTh B'L
ropH30nTaJlblioH IIJIOCROCTll, He )l,OnYCIta.H YKJIOHCm.H OCII
060JlO'lI(If OTL HanpaB,'Ieni.fI nYTH a3pOCTaTa, eCJIH 3TOT'L
nYTh np.fIMOJlHHenHblii, lIJiH OTL HanpaBJIeHi.H ItaCaTeJIhHOn
K'b TpaaItTOpiH )l,BHJlWHi.H, eCJIH nocJI1;)I,nee cOBeprnaeTC.fI
no I{PllBOH JIlIHin elm I' . 18).
EllJ,e O;l:HO yc.lIoBie KpaMHe He06xo)l,Hl\10 )l,JI.fI coxpa-
HCRin )'cTOJi'lHnOCTII: COBM'!JIlJ,CHie B'L O)l,nOH ropll30HTaJiH
C06CTIJeHHOn ClropOCTII a3pocTa-ra (Jt) II paBHO,1J;1;t!CTBYIO'
rn.Cll OTh COnpOTIIBJICHi.H B03)1,YIIIHOii Cpe)l,LI nepClwtIl\eHilO
060JIO'lKH (R I ) H rOH)I,OJILI C'L nO)l,B"tcItoii (R;o!)-qmr. 19.
HeCOBM1;Il\eHic 3THXo CHJI'L To:me BI>I3bIBaCT'L He60JIbliiOe
OnpOIID)I,bmRIOllJ,ee YCHJIic, TOpJlI03.fIIl\CC XOJl,'L. IIa npaK-
1'II&t BbInoJIHenie :11'01'0 Tpe6oBaHi.H CBO)l,lITC.H It'L HCOOXO-
)J,IIMOCTII nOllltIl\aTL opraJlbI: .a.BIIJKeHiH - npOnP,JIJICpLI -
B'b npocTpaHcTB1; I\1CJK)I,Y 6aJJ.iIOHO:\I'L H roH)I,OJIOll, '11'0,
O;I,Hmro, TpY)I,nO BLIIIOJIIIIHIO npH OTCYTCTBiH TBep)l,OM 060-
.'{ O'llill...
11Tal, YCTOll'lHBOCTb )l,lIpHJKa6,,'IH 06e3Ile'1lmaeTCH CJI1;)I,YlOIlJ,HMII )I1;paIl1H:
1) Pau,ionaJIbHLUI'L pacnoJIoJKeHieIII'b Bc1;x'L '1aCreM, C'L C06JIlO)I,eHiml'L paBHo-
BtchI aapocTa-ra Ha l\1"tcrt Ii Ha xo.n.y.
2) lIeIl3M1;HHeIlIOH CHCTCl\10M IIOJl,-
Btclm.
3) II pHIII1;HeHieM'b 6a.lJJ10HeTa IlJIli
JJ\eCTKoll 060JI0'1I\H.
4) OpraHaJlI1l YCToti'mBOCTII-XBOCTO-
BbIM'b onepenielll'L.
Ha,1J;o O)l,HaI\O 3a11"1iTHTb, '11'0 JIll OJl,HH'I,
1I3'b HbIH1; cyIl\ecTBYlOIl\HX'L Jl,uplIJKa6JIcii He I11O:meT'L IIOXBaCTaThC.fI nOJIHOll YCToii-
'IHBOCTLlO, TaKb EaK'L .n:OCTII'Ib ee BeCbIlla H BeCLl\1a 'rpYJI,HO... J!:OCTa'rO'1HO CIta-
BaTb, '11'0 HCH361;jIWaH YTe'1I\a ra3a II3'L 060JIO'lItH, OCJIa6JI.fI1OIl\a.fI nO)l,1.>eI\1HYlO
CH.l)", II cropaHie 6eH3HHa, YI\1eHbWalOIl\ee HarpY3Ky, OI\a3bIBalOTL CBoe BJIiHllie,
JI,.B aBTOlaTHtjeCI,aro )'CTpalleHiH IWTOparo CpC)I,CTB'L eIl\e He naii.il:eHO. Uo06Il\e,
BOnpOC'L 061, YCToii'mBOCTH )l,Hpn:ma6.TJH O.n:HH'L 1I3'L CaIlIbIX'L cepbe3HbIX'b II ca-
MbIX'b TPY)I,IILIX'L BOIlpOCOB'L COBpeJ\1CHHOii a3pOCTaTIIlm.
21
«>nr, 16.
«>81'. 17.
 
--r ' J u ...:.
<Dur, 18. (Dill'. 19.

22
OptaUbt ynpa(J.leuilt.
AapOCTaT'D c<peplI'recldii yupaBJUIeTC.H JIH!!.!5 B1> O.D:HOI'1o HanpaBJIenin -B
'BepTUI"aJlbIIOM'1o. ,II,Hp'i_,.;a6.1J:C:lI'L-C Ha)J.O npamrrb .D:nomw: a) B'1o BepTHRaJIbHOII
nJIOCIWCTII-nBepX'1o H BUH3'1o; B) B'1o rOpJI30HTaJII,HOii-nrrpaBO H BJIimo.
a) Bbl6paCbIBaHie 6aJIJIaCTa-.!(JI.H nO.D:HIIMaHi.H,-II BbIuym,,'1o ra3a qepe31>
RJIanaHo-.D:JI.H onYCKaHi.H-IIIOJKHO nplIMim.HTb H n'1o )J.HpHJKa6JI.Hx'1o, HO aTO CpC)J.-
CTBO CJI1UIIIWM'1o ,,)J.oporoe u : ra3'1o H 6aJIJIaCT1>, 3anaC'1o ROTOpbIX'1o Ha B03)J.yx1;
nonOJIHHTb HCJIb3.H, 06YCJIanJIIiBaIOT'1o Bpelll.H npe6bmaHi.H B'b B03.D:yx1; H nOTOMY
HX'1o Ha,l;O 6epe1J:b. II pHllI1;HeHie 6 aJI JI 0 H eTa II 3.D:1;Cb .D:aeT'h 60JIbllIYIO BblI'O)J.Y,
n03BOJI.H.H 3ROHOMHTb 3anaCLI 1'01'0 H .D:pyroro.
C'1o HaqaJIa nOJIeTa 6aJIJIOHeTo, C'b rrOIlIOII.(blO crreIJ,ia.nbHaro BeHTHJI.HTOpa.,
HarrOJIHeH'1o B03.D:YXOM'1o )J.O npe.D:1;JIa. IIpH rrO.D:HHlIIaIIiII BnOpX'1o, ROr)l:a 01''10 YMeHb-
mmo.H )J.aBJIeHi.H aTMoc<pepbI ra3'b Ha'IHHaeT'b paCllIlIp.HTbC.H, H3'b 6a.nJIOHCTa Bbmy-
CI"aIOTo nOHelllHory B03.DYX'1o; nO)J.'belllHa.H r.HJIa a3pOCTa1'a OT'D 31'01'0 YBeJIH'IHBaeTC.:I,
H OH'b CB060.D:HO H)J.eTI, BBepX'b. ECJIH aapOCTaTY Ha)J.O onYCI\aTbC.H, TO )J.OCTaTO'lHO,
He BbIlIYCI.afl call1Oro ra3a, HaqaTb uarHeTaTb B03)J.YX'b B'b 6aJIJIOHeTo: nO)J.'belllHan
CHJIa a3pOCTaTa YMeHhIIHITC.H, H OH'1o nOH)J.eTo R'b 3eMJI't. ,II,.n.H caMoro-:iIW )J.nu-
Eem.H BneDX'1o QJIU BHH3'b npHlldmfleTC.H )J.HHalllH'IeCRiii cnoc06'b. Y ROpMbI 060-
JIOQI.II YI"p1;nJ1.HeTC.H rOpH30HTa.nbH8Jl 1I0-
BCPXHOCTb, IIlOryII.(8Jl HI\I1;T5 .D:BIIJKelIie OIW-
JIO rOpH30HTaJIbHOH nOnepe'lHOH (OTHOClI-
TeJIblIO a3pocTaTa) OCII. Pa3'1o 3Ta nOBepx-
HOCTb YRJIOHHTC.H OT'D roplI30HTaJIblIaro no-
JIoJKeni.H, OHa 6Y.D:eT'h BCTp1;QaTb conpo-
TIIBJIenie B03)J.yxa-B'1o HarrpaBJIeHilI, K'1o
Hen nepneH)J.IIRYJI.HpHOM'1o. Pa3JIar8Jl 31'0
onpOTlInJIeHie ua )J.B1; COCTaBJI.HIoII.(i.H,-no OCII aapOCTaTa H rrepneH)J.lmYJ1.HpHO
K'1o 3TOB OCII,-MLI nOJIY'lIIM'b: roplI30nTaJIbHaJI COCTaBJIRlOII.(a.H 6Y.D:CT'b OT'laCTII
rOpll103HTb XO.D:'1o )J.IIpHJKa6JIfl, a BepTIII"aJIbHa.H IIJIII IIO)J.IIIIMaTb IWPIlIY (<pur. 21),
UJIH onycRaTb ROPlllY (<PHI'. 20). HCHo, 'lTO B1> nepBOM'b cJIY'la1; a3pOCTaTh non-
)J.eT'D BHII3'1o, a BO BTOpOM'b-nBepX'b. Tarw.H nonepxllocTb Ha3bIBaeTC.H roplI30H-
raJIbHbIM'1o PYJIeM'b, pYJleM'1o I'JIy6IIlIbI (nLlcoTLI): YRp1;IIJI.HfbC.H OH'L MO-
meT'b RaR'b Ha ROpM1;, TaI"o H Ha HOCY aap OC: aTa.
BM1;cTO TaKoro rOplI30lITaJIblIarO py.1J:fl IIIO:KHO npIIM'Im.HTL H nepeM1;II.(eHic
IJ,eHTpa T.HJI;;eCTlI CHCTeMbI 0YTOIII'b nepe)J.BIIJKeHi.H OO)J.BIIJKHOrO rpY3a IIJIII neper.a-
'lHBaHieM'1o B03)J.yxa B'b )J.BYX'b 6aJIJIOHeTaX'b, pacnOJIOJKeHHblX'1o no ROHIJ,aM'b 060-
JIO'lI"H,-II3'1o O;l:lIoro B'b )J.pyroii.
OIIblTLI C'1o npHM-tHeHielll'b BHHTOB'1o na BepTHRaJIbHOH HJIII naRJIOIIHOii OCB
fcn1;xa He HIII'BJIIi.
6) YnpaB.nenie B'b I'OpII30HTaJILHOH nJIOCROCTH .D:OCTlITaeTCfl BepTIII"aJIb-
HbIM'1o nOBopOTIILIM'b pYJIeM'1o, )J.1;ncTBYIOII.(HIII'b coneprneHHo no TO:lIY-JKe 3a-
IWIIY, UaI,,'b II PYJIb ropJI30HTa.nbHblii-cOlIpOTIIBJIeHielll'b BCTP1;QHOH cpe)J.LI, YRJIO-
H.flIoII.(eii HOC'}, )J.HpHJKa6JI.H B'1o CTOPOHY YI\.JIOHeIIi.H 3a.!(Heii 'laCTH PYJI.H. Conep-
meHHO TaI,,'b-JK.e )J."BiicTBYIOT'D PYJIII II Y Ha.D:nO)J.HhIX'1o HJIII nO)J.BO)J.HhIX'b CY)J.OB'b...
II B'1o a3pOCTaTaX'1o 3TOTh PYJIL nOIlI1;II.(aeTC.H n03a.D:II,-06LIRHOBeliHO MeJKJJ;Y rOH-
lJ,OJIOH II 060JIO'lIwn...
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1
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0014iJt yc./r,o(Jilt ynpa(JJtlte:MOC1nU.
,II,JIR ynpaBJI.HelllOCTIi a3pOCTaTa MaJIO O)l:HOH HaJIH'lHOCTH c06CTBeHHoii CIW-
pOCTH .D:BIIJIi.CHi.H: Ha,1,O Qr06bI 3Ta CIWpOCTb npeBOCXO)J.II.1J:a ellle CIWpOCTb B'BTpa.

23
Pa30epel\1'b TpH cJlyqa.H: I,orAa. cmopOCTE, B l>Tpa 60Jlbme, palma H llteHbme c06-
CTBeHH08 CIWpOCTH ,1I.npHJKa6J1.H.
Ha Ijmrypax'b 22, 23, 24.: A -TO'lI,a OmpaBJlem.H ,1I.HpIIJlta6JI.H; AC = x-
HanpaBJIeHie II CIIJIa Bi>Ta 3a pa3Cl\1aTpHnael\1Llii npol\1e:m,yroI''b npellteHH; AB-
0)1,110 H3'b B03l\10JKHLIX'b !LJI.H ,1I.npIIJKa6JI.H HanpaBJIeHiii nYTH. TaK'b KaK'b npH
BtTpi> a3pOCTaTD COBCpmaeT"b c06CTBeHHO ,n:BHJ£eHie B'b ,n:nIIJltyeiic.H cpe,n:i>,
KaIi.'b Hanp. qeJIOBi>K'b, KOTOpbIii 6i>1KHT'b no nJIOTY, nJIbIByeMY no TeqeHiIO pi>I'H,
'f0 pe3YJIbTa1''b Talwro nepel\fi>eHi.H llfOJltHO 1I0JIyqIITb pa3JIOJKeHiel\1'b .HBJIem.H
Ha ABt qaCTIf: nepeHeCTH CHa1.laJia a3pOCTaT'b, I,aK'b HeynpaBJI.Hel\1blii, B'b TY
m'lRY, I,y.n.a ero OTHeCeT'b Bi>TCp'b 3a pa3ClIIaTpHnaCIIILIii npOIlICJltYTOI_'b BpeMeHH
(T01lRU C), a 3a:d3111'b B'b 'fOl\1'b HanpaBJIeHiH, KY,1I.a ,n:HpnJKa6J1b ,1I.epJKaJl'b l_ypC'b,
OTJIOJKHTb pa3CTOflHie, KOTopoe OH'b npome.1'b 6bI 3a ,1I.aHHoe Bpelll.fI B'b aoco-
JlIOTHO cnOIwiiHoii aTllfOc4>epi>. TaK'b I,al_o Jl.HpHJKa6JIb l\101KeT'b ,1I.epJltaTb l,ypC'b
BO Bet CTOpOHLI, TO .HCHO, '11'0 B'b KOHI\i> ,1I.aHHarO nepioJ[(1 Oll'b oqymTC.H Ha
O)l.H08 1I3'}. 1'O'leK'b OI'PYJKHOCTCii C, npOBe,1I.eHHbIX'b pa,n:iycoIII'b, paBHbll\1'b cot>.
1 X >\1'.
c])Hl'. 22.
II>nl'. 23.
V.L<..1I:
C1>Hl'. 24.
CTBCHHOii CROpOCTII ,n:npHJlta6JI.H V. B'b lIepBOl\1'b CJIyqai> (4)Hr. 22) ,1I.lIpHJKa6JIb
IOJKeTh 0I,a3aTbCJl 1'OJIbRO B'b panoHi>, orpaHH'IeHHOl\1'b ,n:BYIII.H RaCaTeJILHbIMH I,'b
OIi.PYJKHOC1'U C H3'b 'rO'IKH A; BC.H OC1'aJIbHa.H 06J1aCTb, 3amTpHxOBaHHa.H, )l;JI.H
Hero HeJl.OcTynHa. TaI_'b II ,1I.OJlJKHO 6blTb: ,n:a.JKe eCJIH OH'b H,1I.eTD H np.HMO npo-
THB'b Bi>Tpa, B'b 06paTllYIO CTOPOHY 0T"b C, TO Bce - TaKII nona.n;eTb HaROHel\'b
B'b TO'lRY D, TaK'b IWJ,'b ero CIWpOCTb Y < x. Bo B1'OpOIlI'b cJlY'lai> (4)Hr. 23)
paiiOH'b ,1I.OCTIfJltIIIIIOCTH ,1I..'I.Il ,n:lIpIDKaOJl.H paBH.!IeTC.H nOJlOBHIIi> Bcero npocTpaHcTBa
B'b CTOPOHY HanpaBJleHi.ll Bi>Tpa; ,1I.a1Ke eCJIH OH'b ,n:epJKHT'b l,ypC'b IIp.HMO IIpOTHB'b
BtTpa,-To TOJIbRO CTOHT'b Ha 1111JCTt, TaR'h I,al_'b Y =x. B'b TpeTbeM'b Jlte
cJlY'lat ,1I.JI.Il aapocTaTa He,1I.OcTynHbIX'b TOqm,'b Hi>1''b; ,n:ep:ma KYPC'b H npOTHB'b
B'krpa, OH'b no,n:BHraeTC.H Bnepe,n:'b II nona,1I.ae1''b B'b TO'IKY D, nOTolllY '11'0 Y> x.
41'0 Jlte l_aCaeTC.H HanpaBJleHi.H nyrH a3pOCTaTa, TO OHO CJlaraeTC.H 110
3aKOHY napaJIJleJIorpaJIll\1a CHJI'h H3'b c06CTBeHnOll CIWpOCTII ,1I.BHiKem.H H CHJIL{.
BtTpa. A Tal,'b RaK'b npH IlOJleTaX'b H3ni>cTHo 06bIRHOBeHHo Mi>CTO Ha3HaqeHi.ll,
T. e. HCTIfHIIoe I1anpaBJleHie nym, TO HanpaBJIeHic l,ypca-l_aiKyeeC.!I-onpe-
,J(tJIJlCTC.H TaR'b, KaR'b 31'0 C,1I.i>JlaIlO Ha 4>HrypaX'b 22, 23 II 24, npH YCJIOBiH, '11'0
'fO'IRa B 3a,1I.aHa II CIIJIa B'])Tpa H3ni>cTHa: I_YpC'b onpc,n:i>JI.HCTC.H np.HMOll npo-
Be)l.eHHoii: H3'b TOqRH A napa.JIJICJIbHO B C.
lhal_'!" JI,JI.H nOJIHOll ynpaBJI.HCIIIOCTII, T. e. ,n:JI.H B03111OJKHOCm BbIllOJIHeHi.ll
JI.IlpIDKa6Jl.!IMH JlI06bIX'!, 3a,n,a'l'b npH JIIOObIX'b YCJIoni.Hx'b, Hc06xo,n:Hl\10, 1J:T06u

24
c06CTBCmmH CltOpOCTb a3pOCTaTa 6W.'Ia 60JlLlIIC CKOpOCTlI B"tTpa. .\ 'fal.-L ItaIt'\,.
CHJIa B-BTpa 6WBaCT'b DCCLMa 3Ha'IUTC..JII,I1a, TO II ynpaDoil.!!CMOCTb )I,upHJKa6J1H
UY)l.C'f'b BCer)l.a 60Jrtc IfJIn IIlcn1;c 0 T II 0 C II T C JI b U 0 ii. 1ltlo 60JlbWC co6-
CTBCHUaJl CIWpOCTL a3pOCTaTa, TIIII'b MCHhlIIC 0I1'I, 3aBUcnT'b npll 1I0.'ICT'1; OTb
COCTOJluiH aTMocqJCphI. ::hy 3annCHMOCTb MOjKHO yqCCTL, CCJlII p.!!)I.0lll'L rrpaItTn-
'leCKnX'L Ha6JIIO)l.CIIiii YCTaIIOBHTb, ICaIC'L 'mCTO B'L ro)I,y 6bIBalOTb U"I;TPbI pa3Jlll'lHOH
CHJIbI. Tald.!! 1I3CJIt)I,OBaHi.!!, C)l.1,J1aIlUb1.!l B'L IIlaJI3-Me)l.OIICKml'L lIapKI; no)l.'L IIapn-
.1KeM'L, )I.aJIU CJI"tJl.YIomYIO Ta6.'IImy:
B1IpOI1THOC'IJ. UM1I'IL B'tpOIlTHOCTb lIM'!>'Ib
Cuna B"IITpa. B1>'Iep'h 60JI1Ie cm- Cu:ra B1ITra. B1ITep'h 6oJI"he c:ra-
6hln. 6hllt
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MeTpbI I BepCTbI BT.qeDi/' \ B"h MeTpbI I BepCTbI BT.'IeHie I B1>
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B"I> ceR. B'h 'I aC'h. ADell 11'10 B'h CeK. 1I'h 'I aC"L. ADe 111>
rOAY. . TI\X'h. rOJlY, TaX'b.
2,5 9 30 \ 10,9°/.. 17,5 60 I 342 93,7'" 0
5,0 17 117 32,3°{0 20 68 350 96,6 0 /0
7,5 I 26 197 54,3°,'0 25 85 358 98.6°;0
I
10 34 I 258 70,8°/n 30 102 363 99,5%
12,5 43 I 297 81,5°jo 35 tlO 364 99,8°{0
15 I 51 323 88,6% 40 I 135 305 99,9°/ 0
I\OHctJHO, )I.J1.!! 1{a)l{,1I.Oll J\I"tCTIIOCTH I) TaKaJI Ta(j.lUua anIOC(CpIILIX"b TCtJCHiii
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)I.-BJlCHl:Ib1C ncpio,1I.1>I CDoero pa3BHTiJI In, 'rc'ICHic CYTOI\'L I1.lU rO;I.a. llpIlDC,!I,CHHall
TaOJIIIua JIB.1JJICTCJI .lUllib lIIaOJlOIIOM'L
)I,JIfl npmrtpa. llo U3'L nCH lIIOiKHO
UbIBCCTH 3aICJlIO'lcuie, O,!l,IIUaIWDO cupa-
DCJI..!lHBOC )loilH lIllIOrlIX'L CJly'laCll1...
I1MCIIHO: eC.'I1I C06CTDClIIIa.fI CIWpOCT5
)I.upl-GIla6.m paBII.!!cTc.!!, l:IaIlp. lu 1I1CTp.
B'L Celt., 'fO OIl h MOJKCT'Jo cODeplIIaT)'
D03,.'1,YWIIbUi nYTcmCCTB1Ji B'L TClJCllie
258 ,!i.Hen D'L ro,1I.y, mrtn lID;!"), 3a-
rrpe1'OlIlo 30% DCCI'O upC?tICHH; )1.\1'
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y,KC 60Jl'tc lllHpOIwe IIpmrtHcnie-
323 )I,1I.!! B'L ron.y, U.1II no.J.1. 3allpe-
1'01111, 01\0.10 12% c.lytJaelfb, Kona
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I'CHepa;Ia MeHLe (1784 1'.). 'rtM'L cro CIWpOCTb. Ta nOCJlt,!l,lI.!!n
CKOpOCTL .HBJI.fICTCJI D'L UaCTOJm,Ce
Bpelll.H lIpC,1I.1JJIbIlOii, IWTOpylO y)l.aJIOCb IWlIIy-.UI60 }(OCTHrHYTL U 1I0TOllIY yupa-
BoilJ1elllOCTb conpeIllCIlIILIX'L ,!I.HpuJKa6.llcn OC3YC.10BUa .1II1IIb IJ'L 88 cJlY'laJIx'L
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.. "  'fi; 1L
\.  . \1'\\":' .:l Iy . _
'\, \-:\14""  .
...)II
,. i ... I ¥ I I ,.
. -"'" ==---...........
1) II )l;aJIte n"!o O)l;UOU M'J!CTllOCTl1 nil. paann'lBLIX'L nLICO'l"aX"h OT"h ae.l.lnu.


25
r .1 A B A III.
-
,
r*
13:. ...  ....,
I os, 
':.  '"
.._ Ir ·
Jirr .(
, ,r
#
HCTopia paaBHTia )J;HpHmaOJIeif.
JI('p6uit npomono.
EIl\C Do 1784 rOJl.y, T. c. 'lCpC3'h ro;I,'L noc;rn onLITOB'L 6p. MOIIrOJIb«pM,
if1panUY3CHiii IfHJKCIICpHLIll oqJHl\ep'L, nnocJI-B)J.cTBin: rClIcpa.1J'L Me II I, C, )J.e-
TaJibliO pa3pa6OTa.'!l. npOCl\T'L ynpaDJI.!Ie1\laro aapOCTaTa (CPRI'. 25), IWTOpLlii
)J.JI.!I TOro B peMcIIII MOJKCT'L 61>1TL CM-B.'10 IIa3BaH'L rcnia.lbIILnI'L, TaItD ImKh
TO.'Ibl>O 'Irpe3'b ('TO .1"tTo noc;r!> Hero, TOiKe IjJpaHu,Y3CH01IY O(I1I\CPy, Y;I,a-
JIOCb npaKfH'ICCl\1I ;J:OJea.3aTb He06xoJl,HMOCTb Bcero Toro, 'ITO IIpOeKTilpoua.Jn,
Menbe. STOTh npOeItTo unepBbIC YKa3aJI'L Ha npml'tHeIIic Bb Bn;l,'n aJ.nmnoii
CIUbI B03;I,ymBI.IX'L BIIIITOB"L, '11'0 OC06CHHO 3arl)'laTeJILHO n01'OIY, 'ITO B'b TO
BPPMSI TaJde BHIITLI lie 6blJIH BBe)J.eHbl eme H Ha IIlOpCIWX'L CY)J.aX'b. STOTb
cJ)nr. 26. yo npammem>lii a:JpocTa'l""L JRu<jJofJapa
(.185.1 1'.).
:"111...1" 1 ' 
'. \III. .1. .
\\\\\\\"'1 .:"1" '7t!1.
<,,' . I  "
. ,,. . /'J/' :i l
;" . (.'.. 'j \
'\iir;
 t /
\:11... 1 ..
.....,. -,,,. \
(Dill'. 27. Ynpan.:meMblii aapOCTaT"h
;n;IOnIOu-;J.e-.rroIa (1872 1'.).
nporl,To OlIpe,it;t.m.l"L BnepBLIe II y.n:.lHIIeIlHYIO (OPMY 060.,'IO'IKII, 11 HeH3M'nII.!ICIIIOCTb
nO)l,BtcI\U, H IICH3M'nU.!ICII1Llii BIf)J.'L 6aJI.iJ01l:1 nocpc.n:CTB01l0 6aJUOHeTa, HaIea'IU-
BaC1Hlro n03)1,yxorL, H nplll,p'nn.'Icnie nO..'l.B-nClm K'L oc060IY nO.lI C y, lIanm:Bae-
MOIY n,l,O.lL OIeppKHOCTH 060JIO'lKH, H )\.a:n;:c COBeplilCHIIO IIpamIJIbliO pacnOJIO;I{HJI'L
BIIlITLI IIICjJ{J.Y rOIl;I,o.lOii II 060JIotmoii. na TOM'L ypOBH'n, r;J:-B IIaXO;J:UTC.H I\CIITpo
conpOTIIB.1Clli.!I B03)J.YIIIHOH Cpe)l,bI... II TOJIbIW Ie'L ocyeCTB.'Icni1o cro IlCJIb3.!I 6bI.I0
)J.a;KC npilCTYIIIITL, leal.'L Bc.-B)J.cTBie rpaH;t.i03I1LIX'L pa311'!> pOB1. aapOCTaTa -
60.000 m 3 (B'L 'lCTLIpC ra3a 60JIblile COBpellleHHaro ILeIIUeJIHna),-Ta.Wh II H3'L-3a
OTCYTCTBi.!l B1. TO BpmIH I,aKJlX'L-.m60 )J.BHraTeJICM.
lle]J6bdi JlemCl6Utiii (J'UPUJICU(jAb 6bIJI'L «paIeTl1'IeCKIi ocymeCTBJIeH.b Bo 1851 f.
q,paHu,Y3cmm'L HHJKenepmlo .II" u cp (p a p 0 1110 (cpHr. 26). ElJtoCTb ero 060.10'llm
6uJIa 3.500 m 3 , npII )l,JIIIH-B B'L 44 lIIeTpa. BaJIJIOHeTa ne 6LJ.10 BOBce. IIo.!l:B'!>cKa
IllJIa lIenocpe)J.CTBeHUO OTo c'nTH, napa.1JJIe.1JbHblllllI nYT.!um, CHa'laJIa Ie'L npole-
JIiY'ro'lHoJi Oa.iJIe-B, a 3aT"nlll'L I.'L rOIl;I,oJI-B. TPCXCHJIT,I1blii )J.BHraTeJIb-napOEaH
MaililiHa B-BCOl\1'L Bl, 159 I\H.wrpallll\10B'L (OKOJIO 10 nY)I,OB.,,)-npHBO;J;HJI1. BO Bpa-
leHic OAIIU'L TpCXJIOIIaCTHoll BUHTh ;I:iallleTpOl\1'L OItoJIO 3'/2 MeTp. (5 aplII.). Tpe-
yro.lbHbIll napyc'L C3a)l,lI IIrpaJI'L pOJIb IIOBopOTnaro py.'Ifl. nO.leThI aTOro )J.HpH-
jlia6.'IH XOT.H II ,:'I,a.U1 B03111OJKHOCTb ..'I.BHmTbC.!I IIPH 6e3B-BTpiH B'L JII060lol'L Ha-
npaB.oleHin, 06HUPFKu.m O)J.HaIW OtIeHL He60.1JbIIIYIO CIWPOCTb-Bcero JIHlIIb 3 MeTpa

26
B'b cm.YH.n:y. CJIa60CTL napoBoii: MallIRHbI npn rpOIa.n:nml'f. C.H n-tc'b (53 I.JIrp.
Ha CHJIY) HC MOrJIa .n:aTb 60JIbllICJi nOCTYnaTCJIbHOii CIIJIbI 01'0 BpaJl.(cnhI mnITa.
BTOpa.H IIIO.n:CJIb, BbIcTpOmma.H JKM<I)cI>apml'b B'b 1854 ro.n:y, HC )1.aJIa HH-
'lcro HOBaro, TalC'b KaE'b llIalliUna OCTaJIaCb Ta-JIW caMaR. no no.n:C'lCTalIlo JKucp-
cpapa .n:JI.fI B031\10JImOCTH .n:OCTIJ1Ib CKOpOCTH 20 IIrCTpOB'b B'b cmeYH.n:y na)l,O 6bIJIO
CTpOHTb .n:npmlra6JIb eMItOCTblO n'b 200.000 m 3 (13 "l(cnnCJIHHOB"b") C'b naponoH
MallIHHoii: B1>C.!IJl.(eH He 6oJI1>e He II!CH1>C I.aE'b 30 TOHIn. (900 ny.n:ono).
A10'Y/.wu-iJe-JloJ.£7J, <ppalIIJ;Y3cIdii lllOpCEOii: HHJlteHCp'b, 6WIo BTOpOii: 'lCJIOB1>Rb,
IIO)(BnIlynllIiH eJl.(e HeMHOI'O BnCpC)I,'b OCYJl.(CCTBJICnie Jl,upHJIca6JIH. Era a3pOCTaT'b
(<pur. 27j IIIII1>JI'b BIICpBbIe 6aJIJIOHeTo II TpCyroJIbHYIO no.n:n1>cEY. 060JIoqlw.
CUMlIteTpH'lIIOH CJl.(C <pOplllbI, liM1>JIa eMKOCTb 3.450 m 3 npn AJIHH-t B'b 36 1 / 2 IIleTp.
(18 CaJli.). rpOlllaJl,Hblll BlIIlTb C'b .n:iaI\1CTpOM'b B'b 9 MCTpOn'b (4 1 / 2 CaJIWHH) npll-
BO)1.HJIC.H n'b .n:BlUKeHic He lltalliHIIOH,.- BO H36"t.JKaHic IIO.JKapa,-a nocmrblo nac-
Can\Hpall1H. ,n:HpII.1Ka6JIb 31'01'0 pa3nHJI'b CEOpOCTb JIUIIIb B'b 21/" IIlcTpa no cmeYH;'{Y
(OEOJIO 8 BCpCTb B'b qaC'b), HO IIOKa3am XOpOIIIYIO YCTOii:IIHBOCTb H p;aJI'b Ha-
Jl,eJK)I,Y Jl,06HTI>C.H YCII1>xOn'b C'b II306ptTCHicM'b JICrKIIX'b .n:nHraTeJICH.
IIo'Y/.'btm'ICu npuJol1bueuiJl iJpyUA.Xb iJ6uwmeAeu. B'b TO BpCl\l.H I.ale'b .l!:lomoH-
.n:c -.110M'b nplI!lriHIII.TL B'b l{aQCCTB1> )l,BHfaTeJI.H IleJIOB1>'lCCI.YIO lIIym.YJIbHYIO CHJIY,
H1>l\1eIl,Kiit nmIWHep'b X 3 II-
JI C ii: H 'b pa3pa60TaJI'b npOCRT'b
C'b npmltHcniel\1'b fa30narO .n:nll-
raTCJIH, npnQCIII'b ra3'b AOJI1I\CII'b
ObIJI'b 6paTbCJI IIcnocpc;rCTBCHHO
1I3'b 060JIOlII\II. B'b repManilI 6LI-
JIa c.n:1>JIalla JIIIIIIb MO)l,CJ1b Ta-
Iwro aapOCTaTa, TaI.'b I.m.'b U30-
6p1>TaTCJIb HC HaIIIeJI'b Tal\1"b
<DBI'. 28. YupannHeMblH aapOCT8T'I> Xaullellu3 HY.JKHbIX'b CpCJI,CTno. 3a TO n'L
(1872 1'.). A . 6
BCTplH cro IIpOmeT'b LlJI'b ocy-
Jl.(CCTBJICH'L (<plIr. 28), H n'L ltOHIJ;1> 1872 ro.n:a a3pOCTaTo cp;"])JIaJI'L p;Ba IIOJIC-ra,
AaB'b CIWpOCTI> .n:aJKC )1,0 5 MeTp. B'b CCKYH,w,-npaBp;a 31'0 6bIJIO cp;1>JIaHO 6C3'L
BC.!II\HX'b naCca.ilmpon'b, Tal{'L l{aI.'b 6bIJI'b 60JIhIIIOll pl1Cle'b OTb lJ3pLIlla. Pa3-
1111>pbI 060JI01J.EH--2.400 m a , npM P;JIHH1> B'b 50 IIleTp.; p;BHraTCJ1b pa3BIIBa.'b
OEOJIO TIJITU JICiIIIa.n:HHLIX'b CHJI'b, IIpn nOTpc6JICHin p;o 7 m 3 !'aaa B1, 'lac'b.
B'l, 1883 roJl,Y 6bIJIa c.n:1>JIalla nCpBaJI nOnbITI{a IIpHlll1>HHTb P;JI.H npaJl.(eHiH
BnHTOB'b a JI C Ie l' p 11 'I C C E Y 10 3 H cpr i 10, leaICb HC npc.n:CTaBJIJIlOIII,YIO onaCHOCTII
,II...'1JI B3pbIlJa ra3a n'b 060JIOlm1>. J],Ba <ppaHII,Y3a 6paTbH ']'HCCaHJI.bC IIOCTpOUJIII
.n:lIpIl.JKa6JIb (<pur. 29), KOTOpLIH IIpHBO.n:HJIC.H n'b .n:lJH.1Kcnie 6JIaro.n:apH 1 1 / 2 CII.lb-
HOIIIY 3JIeKTplI'ICCK011Y MOTOpy CIIl\leHCa, nOJIY'IanmelllY 3ucpriIo OTb IICTl>IpeX"E,
oaTapCH BOJIbTOBa cTo.'I6a. 060JIOtlKa 6bIJIa CHIIIreTpII'IHa.H, el\1KOCTbIO n'b 1.060 m 3 ,
npH OTHOCUTeJIbHOii .n:JIHH1> = 3. JIcnbITalliH 3TOro aapocTa'fa, cp;.t.'IaHHbIJI B'L
1884 ro.n:y, nOKa3aJIH, '11'0 p;HpH.JKa6JIh 06JIap;aCT'b C06CTBeHHOH CIWpOCTblO P;BII-
,)lceHiJI B'b 4 MCTp. lJ'b ceI.yn.n:y, HO Ul\11>eT'b IIJIOXYIO YCToii'lHBOCTb BCJI1>;J;CTnie
OTCYTCTBiJI 6aJIJIOIlcTa. Bcc-TaKH a3pOCTaT'b JIeTaJI'b BTe'lCIlic .n:BYX'b 'laCOB'b, p;1>-
JIa.H pa3JIII'lHbIJI 3BOJIIOu,iu, HO He npOTHB'b B1>'I'pa.
AupU{)ICa6Ab Pe1lapa U Kpe6ca-" Wpafl/lI;iJI" ,-noc'rpOCUIlblfi D'b '1'01\1'b JICC
1884 roJl,Y, 6bIJI'b o.n:HalW ncpBbIIII'b, IWTOpbIii cOnepIlIHJI'b BIIcpBbIe nYTeIlIcCTBic
no 3 a 1\1 K II Y l' 0 ii: JI !I II i II H Bo06Jl.(e CJIYJIiHJI'b nc TOJILIW nTC'leHi"} H1>CKOJIbKHX'b
OnbITOB'b, IIO 3Ha'lIlTC.1JbIlO 60JI.tc IIpgP;OJIJICIITeJIbHOe npelll.!I, 6YAY'IH )l.a.JKC 0«P<PH-
lJ,iaJIbHO 3a 1 lIICJIen'b Ha CJIYJIc6y nOCHIIal'O n1>.n:oIlICTBa. KOHCTPYI{TOI)LI el'O,-Ha-
'laJibIlllli'b llIaJIc-Mc:r.oIIcimro B03AyxoD.'1aBa'l'CJILHarO naplea KanWraIl'b PClIap'b n
i..:;i1,*;}::';;..:".
'. ......... . ",
. .!?-.;
l: r ..:,.
 -.. :......:.:....'.:v:.  '\4\' " I  JI. .
, : .-,," '::... 1Si. '- .
 ...-:-.-....--------.-.--.............--
. .. ..,!.lil"..C-., ,; ,.:-
.'-::::;.: ii: .-/ph"' - _' 
-.i-:'.'
!OJ

ero nOMOmHIII.'h I.amlTall'h Kpe6co,-OCYllleCTBIJ.m BC1> Tpe6oBaHi.H, BbI.HcneHHbI.H
eme renep3JIOM'h MeHLe, BBe;I..H lllIIOm CROIIX'h YCOBepmeHCTBOnanill II YJIY'lme-
Hiii. ,,<I>paHIhI" (4mr. 30) lIl\11>eT'1o
HeCilMlIIeTlm'lHOll <pOplllbI rneJ1-
KOBYIO o6oJIo<my, C'1o TOJICTbU,I'1o
KOHllOl\1'h Brrepe,1l.H, emWCTblO
B'b 1864 ru s , npll )(JIHH1> rn.
51 M. IIIJlllpllWh B'h 8,4 III. (OTllo'
CHT. YJI.JIHllenie = 6). rOIl,1l.0JI1\
6blJIa c,1I.tJIana ;I,epeB.fIllllan, B'h
Bll)l,t JI.JIIIIIHOii ptrneT'IaTOll 6aJI'
1m, '1T06bl, 1I361>JI\aB'1o l\aIWrO-
JIH60 npoMeJKYTollHaro opraHa,
TtM'b He IIleH1>e pacnpe,1l.-BJIlITh
JI.aBJICIne Ha 060JIO'lI.y B03IOJl\IIO
pasnoMtpH'he. )(JIlIHa rOll,1l.0JILI
6b1JIa 32 IIIeTpa, npll rnllpllHt B'1o
1,3 M. II BLlmHn-B BD 1,8 lit.;
MaTepbJIJI'h - 6aIl16YI.'1o. IIo,1l.-
BtCKa-,1I.BOiiHaJI: napaJIJIeJlbHbl.H
I1HTH K'1o roH,LI,oJl'h OTl> IlO.HCa, IIplIrnllTaro I.'1o HltiKHeii nOJlOBlfH-B 060JlO'lI.1I no
Bceii lLJIIfHt. H ellie IDOrOHaJlLHbl.fI CB.H311, o6e3ne<lllBaIOllli.fI HeIl3M-BH.HelllOcTb. IIa
ROCy rOHAOJlLI-BHHT'b, .n.iallteT-
pOIlI'h B'1o 7 llteTpOB'b. C3a)(I1,
lIa'l,'1o rOH,1I.OJlOll, BepnUCaJlbHblll
PYJlh-nOBOpoTa II ropIt30HT::tJIL-
liblll - BLICOTLI. 8J1eI.Tpn'leCKHi
lIIOTOp'1o pa3BllBaJlo 9 J1orna.n.n-
HLIX'1o CIIJI'b IIPH ntc.t B'b 96 I.IJ-
nOrpal\1MOB'b. BaTape.H aJleIlICH-
rOB'1o, - O'lellb J1eI'KIIXo, crrpo-
er.THpoBaHlILIx'b J111'1II0 PCHa-
I)Ol\1'h,-B'hcuJla TInl'h He MC-
u'he 400 I.UJlOrp. AUpmKaOJlb
,1I.aJlo IIpll OnbITaX'1o C06CTBCllIIYlO
CK pOCTb B1> 6 1 /2 IIIeTPOBo B'h
CCltYH)(Y.
IIepULlii nOJIeT'b ,,<I>pallll,in"
12-ro CeHT.fI6pn 1884 rO,1l.a 6LIJI"b
naCTOJlmml'1o l'plYMq>OIlI'1o, a lIOJIeTl> 25-1'0 cellTn6p.ll1885 rOAa, KOr)(a )(npU.iKa6J1h CO-
BeplllHJI'h IIYTerneCTBie 1I3'1o naplca 8'h IlapllJK'1o II 06paTHO npOTIIB'h u'hTVa.-o6e3IIe.
'lHJI'b 3a mnn, CJIaBY nepBaro !\taJlO-l\IaJlbCI.II npaKTII'lnarO ynpaBJI.He!\laro aapOCTaTa.
Bcero ,,<I>paIfIiciI" 6LIJIO cOBeprneHo 69 IIOJIeTOB'1o.
27
'i.:!."
 .. ,1;;"..
..
\DBI'. 29. YnpaBnHcMuii a:JpocTaT'L Gp. TBccBsp;he
(1883 1'.).
l:
«
, \. ." 
I,;" .I j ., .t,!:L... 1;'7'
i {Of . . .'.. . .... . . JL." :{ .J .
;." . . '''.' It ',; ..,:'p:..f .I.;....::
i"'1
.
-_-'r;I . /  I
: _.c (" _ ....
'/4::(-i! '<'<,,",j;", "-".' "; J
,poy;
!"(,o.,
(l)nl'. 30. Yup. a:JpocTaT"Io PeHlI.pa B RpeOca-
,,\DpasiH" (1884 1'.).
Ilpu.mb1lcuie W306blXb 06UW1ltCJ/e1t. Pa6o'ln'bt Camnoca-lI.1Q....t01la.
fIa .n.llUO JIendii no IWHCTpYKl\ill, a.1eKl'pIlIICCI.iif )(BllraTCJIb Pcnapa 6bIJI"b
o;J.llaKO Bce-Tar.1I CTparnHO T.HJKeJl'b )(J1.H aapOCTaTa, :{a K'b TOIY-iKe He MOI"b pa-
60TaTb .n.OCTaTO'lHO npO)(OJDItIITe.1bHoe Bpelll.fI, Tpe6y.H 3ap.fI)(I.ll 6ampen. II03TOIIIY,
If!paHY3CKoe npanllTeJIbeTBO Onm3aJIO D'b aCCllrHoBaniu Cpe)(CTB'1o )«1.fI npo-
JI.oJI_Ecni.H Da6oT'b Penapa.

28
II BOOOIllC JO na'laJIa XX f:TOJI'LTi.!l, Kor.n:a HOJI)'11ll.'m pa3B1ITic I'330BLIC
lI.BllraTCJIli (aBTOllIOOII.11H3111'h), mmaI\MX'L CCpbC3HhIX'b paOOTh HC OI,I.I0. BLI.a,
npaB.n: a , nonhlTRa IItMl\a IliBapl\a BI,ICTpOHTh .n:IIplla6.h nt.'1I1IWM1, 113'h a.1.1I0-
millin, (1Mr. 31), no 110 HCJl1moCTli IWIICTPYKl\ill, olla JI.8a,K.!I.(,( nOTCpn-BJIa nc-
y.n:a1IY: Bo i893 roJl.Y Y nac"b, B'b Pocein,
II B'b 1 b97 ro.n:y B'b l'ppManiu, OKO.1l0 Bcp-
:nma.
C'b 1898 rOJl.a Bcc061llce 8UlUfauic
OI,t.10 npliB.'1C'ICHO pa60Ta1U III1IJIJlioncpa
CaHTOC'b-]LIO)lOlta, 6pa3H.1hna no IIpOHCO-
dlt)],C'uiIo, ,Immuaro Bce np(,lIfH OIWJIO IIa-
plI.iKa. 1I0cJI.t cnOHX1, YBJlC 1 1CHiii aBTOMO-
6I1JI.!IMII, Oll'b 3a,1.a.'1CH lrt.lblo C03.IJ,aTb yupa-
HJIflCMI,Iii <L3pOCTaT'b Ii BTe 1 ICni(' 'ICTI,lpCXo
:rtTI, nocTpoII.l'b 1ICTLlpna.UI,aTh IIIOJl.eJIciJ,
 .HJ1HIO cOBCpWa.!l nO.1CT'I, IIa l<ail\JJ:Oll II
110r:Tene1lHO COllcpmcncTBYJI TIIH'b. IICpBI,lii
ero a3pOCT<LTo 6I,I.TL O'lcnI, Ma.'1CHbltIIXo
pa:urtpoBo (180 m3, IIpIl .il,JlHlrt B'L 25
ICTp. II i(ia.McTp'l; B'h 3,5 I.) II 01''1> lIe-
YllpaB..!ICII(bIX'b OT.1H'Ia.CH .1 Ii/II I, CII.I,IlO
BLIT.!IUYTOii OOOJIOlIl.oii, C'I> BCpT(1I\a.I,uI,UI'l>
PYJlC)I'h lIa IWpwt, JI,<l )'CTaIlOUIwii 8'1> I.Op-
:UlIl'lj nCTpOJICBaro )lBlIraTe.'1.!1 B'I> P/4 JIOIJI. CHJlI,I. D"b  2 «(PIlI'. 32) OI,IJI"b
y,;IW npml.tIlCIl1, OaJl.loHeT'I>, )(.'1.H 'Iero 060JIO'lIW. ntclw.1I,IW ync.'1H'Iella (.n:o 200 m 3 ).
::hOT'h a3pOCTaT'h DOTepnt.l"b al3apiIo, nOTOMY 111'0 113'1>-3a n0p'I11 BCnTIJJlJl1'Opa,
narncTanwaro B03)J.YX'L B'},
6a.l.l0HeT h,- 'l'tM'I> coxpan.!l-
JlaCb q)l)Pllta 060JIO'lKH,-nO-
c.'!t.Jl.I1JJ.H cornYJIaCL nonOJIall1'L;
a3pOCTaT'I> ynaJl'I, lIa 3CIIJ.110,
HO Call11, a3I)OItaBT'b OCTaJlCJ\
HCBpC)I,nllI"L, TaIt'b K3K'I> no-
na.'!'}, Ha JI.cpeUbJI 60Tam1'IC-
Clmro CaJl3. Tor)l,a CaIlTOC'b-
)(IOMOIl'l> CTpOllT'b  3, fBC-
JIII'iHUa.H 06be1.lo )1.0 500 m a .
3a C'ICTL IIOBCpe'iIlHlta, npo-
113DO;l.IIT'L II11I0I'O onbITOB'L lJa)l,'I,
BI,JpaOOTlWll JIY'IlIJarO 'mila
nO)l,n'tclm, BBo.n.n npmlCjl\Y-
TO'IIIYIO 6aJll_y, a B'I> CJI'IjiI.PO-
IJI,CM'L n3)1,anill 1900 rO;I:a-
J\ 4 npHlII-BH.!IeT'b cuocoo-r, 1I0.lIWBJlIIlta Pmmpa: ron)l.oJIY )I,-BJIaeTh B'I> BIl)l.'!; npo-
cToii 6aJlJ\lI )l,JIlIHOll B'h 18 MCTp., npH ClIUWCTII 060.'IO'II\1l B'I> 420 m a . 3iI.-BCb
OI,I.l0 nplIl\l-BnCnO npllcnocooJleHic )l,JIfl McxaIlII'ICClmro nO)1.'I>ClIm II cIIycI.a aapo-
C'Ia'Ia: )l,Ba Tpoca C'I> 0a.'IJI3CTIIJ.11I1II IIrlmlKam, cnYCK<'lBlIJicc.H C'I> JWHnOB'}, 1'011-
)lO,lhl, n03UO.'IflJIII Yh.l0nenimlo lIX'I> B'I> 'IY lUll )l,pyrYlo CTopony IIO)(IIlIl\1aTI, 1l.111
onYClmn, HOC'I> 060JIO'HtlI, nallpaBJI.!I.!ICI, BnCpX'I> HJlH Bun30. Ce:\II1-CII.1LHI,lll 1110-
TOpo pa60TaJI'I> na BIIIITh )l,iMICTpml'l> B'I> 4 MeTpa, pacno.'1OiI\CHHI,Jll Ha IWplllt
rOIl.!lO.II,I; ClWpOCTb Bpal1CHiH elllY )I.aBaJlaCb B'I> 10 pa3'1> IIlCllblIJa.!l, '1-BIII'I> y
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J\I2 2 (1899 1'.).

29
JlpeJKI/JlX"L nUIITOBI,. )T COnepIIIellcTny.H aTO'l"'!. aapOCTaTb 1I )J.06I1BaHCb 60JlbIIIeit
CKOPOCTJI rrOJICTa., CaIITOC'L-)I)OIlIOU'L IIPOOYCT"L lIa CUOCM'b N 5 n3HTb npH3'L
H3ntcTHaro «ppalIpcI,aro Mell.elIaTa n03J1,yxon"lanalliR .D:eii'{,h-.n.e-.m-1\Iepm Bo
100.000 <pp., YCTanoBo!lcmlLlii .n:,1JI TOro, 1.'1'0 nTC'Iellip, 1900 - 1904 rOJ.a cy-
MteT'b cOBepwlITb nOJIm'"b lIa
YJlpaBJUleroM'b aapocTart 1I3'b
CCH'b-K'lY .n.o IIaprDlia, o60rnYTI.
Tam, 8i1tprJIcny oaIIIHlo II, mlr.n.'I;
I/C cnyclw,HCb lIa 3eM.'HO. ncp-
IIYTbC.H oopaTHo n"h I1ym.Th BJ,J-
JlCTa IIC 1I03JKe, mm'b '\CpC3u 110.1-
'Iaca I10CJltOTllpaB.llcnin) BeCL I1YTb
COCTaB"lJICTh OKOJlO 11 nepCT'L).
ITocJlt ;J:nYX"b UP06'b, C.-,J,. CO-
ncprnaCT1. nOJ1CT'L S-ro aBrycTa
1901 ro.m, IIO 1I3u-;m OCTaHODlW
MOTopa BIIOBb TepIllIT-r, allapiIo:
na)(aCTh Bu CaMOIlf1. ropo.n.t, ua
Jl,BOp'b O;J:IIOI'O oTe.an, 110 OCTaeTC.H
onSITb Hellpe;J.IDI'L II n'L aTOTo-.me
BC'lCp'b COCTaHJI.HCT1, 'IrpTe,I\1, c.w!>-
Jl,YlolI.\aro aapocTaTa ). 6. ::.hOTh
IIocJlt.n.nHi (qm:r. 33) IUltJlu, I;aH'L II N 5 .n."1UHII)"IO roH.n.oJIY, IIO YJIW nI. nn.n.t
ptrnCT'laTOii 6a.um, C'b OUJlLWmlu BIIJITOIII'L n03a.n.u; IIIOTOP'b-BI, 12 lIP.; 060-
.1l0'lKa 630 m 3 , UpH OTIIOCIITCJILUOIl\"b y.:I.JIlfIleHic = 5; 6aJ1JlOIICTo-m GO m 2 .
19-1'0 m_Tfl6pn Toro JI{C 1901 ro;r.a,
nu IIpncYTcTniu clleiaJIblIOii IW-
IIIIICCiIl, CaIlTocI,- JLlmroH'L HbIllOJI-
IIM.n Tpc(jyelOc yc.'1onic .n.JlII IJO-
J1Y'lCllifl npu3a }J:ell1Ia, cOBeplllIlB'L
lIyrellIccTBie B"b '29 1 / 2 nmYTh-
l,pOI'!> npIi3a 6b1.1'L lIarpaJK;wrn
30J10TOH IIle;J.aJILIO 0'1' b npaBllTeJlL-
CTBa.
3aT"tM'L lIeYTlnnnmii 6pa311-
JlC'L OTlIpaBJIHCTCfl n'b i\lOllaIw.
ConepmaCT"b TaM'L nOJ1CTLI, 'rcp-
IIIiT'L eme anapilo - lIa,!!,aCTI, B'L
Mope, 110 OIlIlTb ibarOHOJlY'III0. IIo
n03Dpamcuill n'L lJaplliK"b 0117, I1bl-
TaCTCJ.I 6h1JIO CTpOIlTb 60.'1bIIIOil
CpaUIIII'l"e.lhHO aapocTaTI.-.n.o
1.300 m 3 C'L JI.B!lraTC.JIerb U"b
60 lIP, 110 HC I1axo;r.H ceo-t Ill!
1I'b Iwrb no.n..n:e, pJKIiIl OCTauall"'IlIBaCTCfl na CaMml'L IIlaJleUbI,mn" ItC1K'b TOJIblW
D03IOJKHO: 260 m 3 (.n:JllIIIa 15 III. II .n.iaM el'p-r, 5 III.) eMKOCTII II g'X'L-:m:JlbUbIH
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Oll'b .n.cpJKaJlcn Ha n03;r.yx.t nCCbta YCTOH'IUBO. BTCqellie 1902-3 rO,J:on'{, CaH-
'l"OC'L-.'I.lfHIOH'L conepwu'L na IIClb Maccy no.lleTOB'L, nOIm3LIBaRCb mCT) no ro-
pod:;, B'b napld;, Ha Clta'maX'h, lIa BoellHblX'b nap:1.n.aXo,-O)l.l1l1M'L CJIOnUM b ncIO,'{y.
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TI>Ipe MO.n.eJlH.
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,n,nHraTe.'I1> H .n.ORaSa.'1"b nOJlHYIO BOSAIOJKHOCTb :noro 6e3"b onaCHOCTH B"b uo.map.
HQ;\lo OTHOmeHill, 'ICMY pallLmC HHRTO He XOrl.wb B-£PlITb. CBoeH :meprieH II
ynopCTDOIlI'b OH'b n060pOJlo OTpHI.(aTeJlbllOe OTIlOilleHie R"b CBoeH nepBOHa1JaJlbHOii
pa60rl co CTOpOllbI o6.meCTBa H .n.aJKe BC-£X'b .n.PyseH II nOlCa3aJI'b ,n,-£HCTBIITeJIbHO
B-£pHbIH UYTI> ,n,JIJI noc-rpOHRH ,n,HpHJKa6J1eH. BOTb peSYJlbTaTbI ero pa6OTI>I: 006-
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YCOBCPlllCHcTBoBalIbI .n.o B-£ca JI Hill b B"b 4 KJlrp. Ha O,n,HY J10111a,n,. ClUY.
rpaifro I..{enneAu11/l>.
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lIiclIl'b ynpaBJlJIelllaro aapOCTaTa pa6OTa.JI"b ,n,PyroH 1JeJlOB-£In, sacJlyra ROTOparo
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ICaBaJlepiHCIdH rCHcpa"wb rpacJrb OTI'O l{enneJlHH'b-sa.n.a.ncJI -£J1bIO nOCTpOHTb
BOS,n,YlllHNH Kpeiicep"b HCRJlI01JlITeJlbHO ,H,JIJI BOeHHI>IX"b -£J1eii, T. e. Talwii
aapocTaTo, KOTOpuii, HM-£JI lIa ce6-£ 1JeJlOB-£K"b 15-20, MOI"b BnOJlH-£ YB'B-
pcnHO cODeplllaTl> nYTeilleCTBiJI C"b 60JlbilloH CI<OpOCTbIO II B"b npo,n,oJljKeme
60JIbilloro npollle.mYTKa BpeMeHH, lie cnycRaJlCb Ha SCMJlIO Hanp. B"b Te1JeHie
20-30 tIaco B'I.. Hb 1895 ro,n,y, HM-£JI OTb po,n,y YjKe 57 JrBTb, rpa(V"b npE',n,cTa-
BUJI'b JhmcpaToPY fcpMaHcRoMY UpOCRT"b cBoero .n.nplljKa6J1JI. O,n,HaRo ROMHCci.H,
paSClItaTpHBaBillaJI npOeRTb, BbICRaSaJIaCI> OTpHl(aTeJlbHO OTIIOClITeJlbHO BOSMOJK-
HOC'fH ero BbInOJllIeHiJI H upllM-£lIeHiJI Ha ,!I:-£J1-£. fpacJrb IenneJlnlrb, T.maTeJlbHO
IIPOB'l3PHB"b COml"l3cTHo C"b H-£CRO.JIbRHIIIH lIH.i1WnepalllH BC-£ pac'ICTbI, npHH.HJICJI 33
pa60TY caMOCTOJITe'.blIO, Ha CBOH cpe,n,CTBa, nOJlY1JHB"b J111illl> on ROpOJIJI BlOp-
TClII6cprcRaro M-£C'fO OROJlO 4>pn.il:pllxcra4>ena., Ha 6epery Bo,n,elICIcaro osepa.
TaAID, B'b H-£KOT'JpOl\l'b y,n,a.JIellill OT"b 6cpera, 6bIJI"b BbICTPOCH"b B'b 1898 ro,n,y
nJlaBY1J.iii aJl.'1HIII"b, B"b R-OTOpOM'b H saICHU-£J1<1 paoOTa no nocTpoHR-£ "l{enUeJlHH3".
IIoJlTOpa MHJlJlioHa MapOR"b HSpacXO,n,OBaJI'b rpacJn, Ha BC-£ coopy.meHiJI H 1JepeS"b
lI,Da ro,n,a BblIIYCTHJI"b Ha BOS,n,yX'b CBOe nepBoe JJ;-£T(ul(e-"Z I".
OTOT"b aapOCTaTJ. npe,n,CTaBJI.HJI'b c060H 060Jlo'lRY Bo BII,n,-£ npaBHJlbHOH 24rpaIl-
IIOH IIpHSlIlbI C"b OBa.;rbHO saI<pyr_,eHHblAlH KOHaMll, C"b ,n,BYIllJI rOH,n,OJlal\IH, uo,n,Jffi-
lllaHHbI1I1H Hc.n.aJleRO OT"b lroHl(OB"b. JRecTRiii aJIJlIOMllHieDbIH ICaplmC'b 06esue1JHBaJI'I>
IICHSM-£HJlCIIIOCTb 060Jlo1JI(H, nOSBOJlRJI"b 6J1HSRO II npO'lHO npHRp-£lIIlTb rOH.n.OJlLl
11 pal(iOHaJlbHO paCIIOJlo.mHTL npone.'1J1CpbI-no OCII conpOTHBJIeHiH. RapRac'I>
B11"l3rn.aJl"b B"b ce6-£ CClIlHa,n,aTb OT,n,-£J1bHbIX"b oOOJlO1JeKo, HanOJlHCHlIbIX"b raSOIlI'I>.
C"b 06meii ellmOCTbIO B'b 11000 m 3 . TIpH l'aROM"b KOJlOCCaJlbIlOM'b 06"beM-£ ,n,JIHH3
aapocTaTa COCTaB.'1JIJla 128 MeTp., a .n.iaMeTp"b-ll,7 IIICTpa. B"b RaJK,n,OH rOHJJ;OJl'B
J/aXO)l,IlJlOCL no 16-'fHCHJlbJlbHOIlIY MOTOpy, BpaIl(aBllleMY no ,n,Ba '1eTLlpeXJlOnaCT-
HLlXo IIleTaJlJlH'IeCRllX"b BHIITa, BbIHeCCHlIbIX"b Ha RpOHillTeiinax'b no 60RaM"b 060-
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2-1'0 ilOJIJI 1900 ro.n.a, B'b UPllCYTCTBiH IIIHorO t IHCJleHHOH uy6J1llliH, Bos,n,ym.
HLlit Rpeiicep'b 6bIJI'b HSBJIe1JeH"b IISo CBoero aJl_lllIIra If BbIIIYIl(CII'b Ha CB060.n.y
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H-BIiOrOpLIJI HSIII-£HelllH, II B"b ORTJI6p-£ TOrO-.me ro.rr;a "Z I" COBCpIllHJI"b CIl(e .n.Ba.
UOJleTa, 06HapY.JKIIB"b llSB-£CTHYIO cnoco6HOCTb ,n,epjKaTI>CJI H ynpaBJlHTbC.H H .n.aB'I>
CKOpOCTb xOJ/.a 8 MeTp. D"b ceRYH.rr;y.

31
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C'l>'!;3,l{'b IIIIiKCHCpom, B.b I\.H.1"B, Ky)(a 06paTIfJIC.!I rpa(I" OTIIOCCfI Ii.b I1,'1:C"B IIC-
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1904 roJl,Y )l.a.l0 TbIC.!I'I'b ,n:BaJIJ.laTb MapoK.b, 110 :noro 6WIO MaJIO. Bce-Tar.1I ycooep-
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2 MeTpa, )1,0 CAIIWCTif 10400 m 3 . 17 .!IHBapH 1906 ro)(a COCTO.!I.1CH nOJIcn, 110
HeY)l,a'lIIo: I.peiiccp.b B3BIIJICJI C.'lIlIlIKmrb BLICOKO, 6WI'b YHeceH.b R'I3TpOI.b K'b
6epery, II XOT.!I CYM"BJI.b CIIYCTIITbC.!I TaM.b cpaBHHTeJIbHO 6.laroIIO.1Y'1lI0, HO 3a
HO'ib 6l>IJfb COBcpmeIIIIO YIIII'ITOJKeH1, 6ypeii.
BeJIIIKO 6LIJIO rope nO'ITIf ceAIH,n:CCHTlI.'I"BTlUIrO rpacpa, 110 c06paBlUlICb C'b
CH.mlII, IIpll 1I0)(JI,ep.mK't Y'Ipe.iK,n:euIIaro Hlf1epaTopOI.b lIaY'III0-B03,llyxOIIJIaOaTOJIL-
IIaro o6IIleCTBa, OWb 6bICTpO CTpOIlT'b TpcTiii a3pOCTaT1., TaI.lfX1,-jIi:C pa3MtpOO.b,
I\aIt1. H IICpBLIii, uo co 3Ha'lIlTeJIhIlO 60JI"Be CIIJIbHLIMIl l\IOTOpaMlI-;J;lJa IIO 85 lIP.-
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B03J1,YX'B ooJrhc )(BYX'I, 'JaCOB.b, C.b 11 'IeJIOB"BKaMII 31IIIIaJKa, 06HapYJKHBaH
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.nYlOillaro "Z 4". EIY Jl,aIOT'.b CIllO 60JILmic pa3Al"tpbI: 15000 m eMKOCTH, IIPH
)l.1HH'B B'b ] 36 II IIonepC'IHlm"B n.b 13 MeTp. H 2 MOTopa Y./KC IIO 11 0 HP I1t1l-
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cnoco6IIOCTb ,n:cp"'aTbCJI ua B03)(YX"B Wb Te'leHic OOCbMII 'JaCOB'.b, 3a KOTOpbIe Oll'.b
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24 QaCOB1., 1I0Ia3aB.b B03rojIWOCTb )(OCTlfraTb BLICOTbI 1200 AleTpOB1, II 6e3l1pe-
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I.'L Tml)" npeMClII1 JlOJl.IIJ1JIaCL 6ypJl. .bpocTa:r'b 61>1,110 Bh]PB1LII'.b IJ:n PYKo ,n;cp-
1fi1LBIllPii cro ROMall;I.hI IIlImIHIx,o 'lIlIlOB'b, D1:, rry1'U 3arop-h.'IcJI on nCrrL]XIIYBIllaro
-oeH3mm, II B'.b PC3YJILTa1'i> OCTaJIUCL O,J.IIU rreqaJlhHLIC 06JIolItu. O;I.lIaItO ::no
1I0EOe ropc rrplIlll'c.1I0 rpaljJy I(cJlllc.umy H 06c3rre'ICHie Bcero 6y;r:ylLl,aro CI'O
PO,lIlJ.lX"L IJ03,l,YlUllhIX'L I,PCllCCpOR'.b: H3B'!>CTic 0 ru6cJlII "Z 4"" BL]3Ba.'10 BO
Been cTpalli> TaIwii nO;t:oCI'b lIacTpocniJl II 'IYUCTB1" '11'0 O1'RpbITMI lIalio-
na.'1LIIafl rro)\.III1CR11 3a 0),1I1I0 JlIi>C.flIl,'b )\.a..'Ia OIWJIO CCI1I Jluu.lIioHOB1, lIapo;r:HL]Xl.
1I0il\CpTBOnalliii lIa )\.'tJIO ;r:a.lIr.Jdiiimaro C03,!l11l1iJl 1'al.IIXo ,'lup"JKa6JIeii. TaRo '11'0
B03)IOiKIIOCTL )\.a!ILlrtlllllcii pa60 I'Ll 6L].'1a 06C3rreqClla.
J) ;r:.tiiCTBIITCJIbIlO, lll. Hcrrpo)\.o.uWTCJIbIiOMl. BPCMCIIU 6M.1I0 yqpc:sIt,l.CIIO
"OOI1leC1'BO 1I0C1'pOlll'll l(crrrreJIIIHOBo". "Z 3" JlCpCIlleJI1> 8'".b BoeHlloe n't;r:oM-
CTEO rrO;'l,'L IUICIICJln, "Z I", nIiOBl, 1I0cTpoellllLIll "Z 11" 6bIJll. TO»{C npulIH1'o lILt
nocIIIIYIO c.lp;:6y, JI"I>TO)r.b 1909 rO,'l,a 3aKOII'rell1> "Z 11[", a It'b BecHi> 1910 r.
.l'bYIOlu,iii "Z IV". II3"b IIIIX'.b "Z [[" 1101'1161> 11 anp't.lIH uno I'o;r:a, yncccHllJ,Jii
B'IiTpowL IIpli BhIIIYiIt.J,CIllIO:\I"b crrycld, 110 fmem] B030palLl,eHi.H cD Ihmcpa1'opCRaro
B03,!!,Ylliliaro napa),a B'L ra:\l0ypI"t, a "Z IV" rroTcpui>,1H, RaTaC1'po<fJy 29 ilOIUI.
l....U1ICIllP?/1CIJ;iu J[{w.uio-J[ euoou.
Y cn-I;xlI CaH1'oca- ](loMona II CJIYXH 0 pa60Tax'L, a 3ar-I>M'b II OUL]1'b] rpailla
lJ,eIllICJlHHa IIC MOrJIU IIC ynJIC'lL II ;I,pyrnx'.b... BOraTLIe <fJpallY3CRic caxap03aBO.il.-
"lIlKIl opaTLfl J[C60;r:1I, rrpIlI'JIaCUB"b IIlImellcpa JKlo.'I.'Iio, C'L 1899 ro)\.a C1'aJlII BL]pa-
oaTbIBaTb TIIII'!: ynpaB.'1ncIaro 11apoc1'a;ra, 1I0JIb3YJlCb pC3yJILTaTa!lm OULI1'OB'.b CBO-
HX'L IIpe)\.lIIecTBCIIHlIIWB'L. B'L C1'pCMJlCllili 06e3rrC'I1ITL JlyqIlle nCII3M"tIl.HeJlIY!0
qloInlY 060.1I0'IKJI, 1136.tiICaB'L O;'l:IIalCO rpOM03;I,]WCTIi Irt.UIIW)I'b meCTlWll 060JlOqKH,
"Ta,l,tIITJIUBLIii .IIIO.lI"lio C03,l,a.1'I. HOBLIIf 'l'lIrr'.b 060JIO'lKII C'.b npm]JIIOcHY1'Oll W.b IIcfi
IIH3Y 1'BCp)\.Oll n.laTcpop)lOn. HepBbIM1, aapOCTaTOM'I, TaRoif nO.'Iy:mecTltOH CllC1'eMbl
JlEJlJlCJI ...TJ:()oo;r:J1", IIp03Balll{.b]ll (ppalllJ,y3MIR 3a CBOit :mCJITL]!i o,Bi>1''L "Le Jaune"
{qIlIl'. 38). IIeClIJlUICTPU'I1IOll IPOPMb], cD 3aOCTpmlIlLIMII IWIlu,am 060JloqRi> ero
{)LI.'Ia .ll:aHa PMlCOC1'b 2300 m 3 , IIpli ;r:JIHldi O"b 58 H lIalI60JIbUleMo rrOrrepCqHHR"t
B'L 9,8 MCTpOB'b. l\I11.lICIILRaH rOIl,J,OJla lIa MCTaJIJllI'IeCRUX'b c1'py"aX'.b rro;r:Bi>Illclla
upmlO I.'L lI.lanIIOpJl{'t. COp0J;11CUJIbHbJii JlIOTOp'b rrpllBo;r:IITh BO npalll,cllie )lBa
."WYXJIOrraCTUblX'L, JIICTaJIJUIqCCICIIX'b BUIITa .!I:ia)ICTpOM'b OROJlO 2,5 MCTp., paclloJlo-
.iJ(PIIIILIX'.b 110 06'I>IUI1, cTOpOlla)Io rOIl,n;OJlL]. OpraIlOM'.b YC1'OllqllBOC1'H J1B.lI.HeTC.H
:!)I:!>CL CT ptJl a rr.1IaTfllOpI('], nLITJIlly-raH lIa3a.!l:'L II lIrpalOlLl,an pO.lb lIC TOJIL]CO
lill.m--OT'b 60RORLIX'L I..a, 'Jail iii, 110 II OT'b Bcp1'IIRa.lILHbIX'.b cBoeH roplI301l1'aJILIIOH
il.'10CKOCTbI0.
1l0C'l'pOeIlHLlH Bo 1902 row ".1IC60;r:1I" )\.0 ]COHa 1903 ro)\.a cOBCpmUJI'b
060!I'BC 30 1I0.1CTOB'L, nplIqc}I'b 'fO.'IL]CO 0,1,1111'.b pa30 BepllY JlCJI 06pa1'lIO He ca!llO-
.cronTCJlLIIO. C06CTBCllllafl CKOpOC.1'b )\.BII»ccuin UI'b 6b]JIa ;I.OC1'urHYTa 10 MCTpOB'.b
B'L CC].yu.!l:y. 20-ro HO.HOpH 1903 1'. IIpU crrycR t 1I0CJI.t UOJIeTa B'h llIaJle-Mc;r:oll'.b,
.,1,np"dl;:a6JIL rroTcplrl>Jll. ],pYllicuie OTh BtTpa-OCTaJlHCb 'tJILIMU JlUlllb rOH;r:OJla
" 1IOTOp-L.
TO'f'IaC'.b-SK.e )lupu.iI.a6JIr. 6b]JI'.b B03CTaIlOUJICH'b. OT.lIlIqie ero OT'L rrcpnal'O
.cOC'l'Ofl.'IO n'r. YBc:mqcllilI CMROCTII 060JlOqlHI ;r:o 2500 m 2 II IIIOUUlOC1'II. MO'l'Opa )\.0
O lIP., B'L OI,.pyrJIcuilI 3a;1,1ICii qaCTH 060JlOIIJ;U, B'b YCTpoilc1'Bi>-nUOcJIi>MTBill-
Jm ]WIHIi> 060.'10'11"1 orrepelliH 1I3'L ncpTlllnt.lILllaro 11 ropll30HTaJIbllarO lI"laBIIlIICa
3AnOEDAIIIE noaA. OKEAHA.
3

34
n B1. I1pml"l;Hellin Py.1fl r.1YOIIIIJ,I R(' 1:111,1,'1; Jl.BYXT:o 1I0;1,1I1I,"IILJX'h ropu30IlTa.n.IILJX'b
1I0BCpXIIOCTCM, paCnOJlOmfHIHbIX'(, Uax.b II.1aT<pOplOrr.
Ill, l!J04 rOAY HOBbIii ..:rc60Jl.II" COBPpUIII.T(, 1-t nO.;1('TOI:I'I., it 111. 1905 1'.,_
nO('.TI; wImoTopMx'.b u:nl"l;np IIi ii, Y.l,a'III0, XOTII TUil\C ('1. al:lapil'ii, BLI)/,cp,"aJI"h nd;
nCllhlTalliJJ, H<t3I1aqenll(,!fl eMY ,n,.!f1I nepC,I,a'lII no BOPIIIW() Bi;.!1.0ICTBO. OJl.IIOBpe-
eIlIIO C'.b ::ITID!'(' <fmp)Ja .'Ie60.!I,H UO.lyqll.!f,t 31t1m:r!, PIII,C lIa wtCKO.1LI>O BOCII-
IILIXo ,n,HplliI;:a6.1cil TaROro-J/lC THlla. JIppBJ,Jii II;n, III1X'b-" Patrie" (<flllr. 39)
6LI.r.b c,n,-J;.'J:UI1, no TOIlIY-JKe 06pa3u,y, KaK'J, II ".'£c60;I,H", TOJlbKO 60.lhIlIIIX'.b
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<Dur. 39. )J;npna;a(jJlL "La Patric" 1896 1'.
pa3rtpOB'b-C:OIl\OCTL 060.10'lKII 3(100 m 3 . COHCplUHB'b ]1"£(,KO.!lLKO y,n,a'lIIbIX'b 110-
.!lCTOB'.b no ]\Olllrh 1906 rO:Li1 II .'I1HO'0 1907 r., IiOJ'Aa ;l,lIlm."a6.:{(, COBPplUlI.Tb
Cellfll'IaCOBOll lIepe.leT"]' H3'b-I10,n,'.b TIaplIiKa 1I'.b Kp'JmocTb Bep.J.311'.b,-"Patrie"
npeil\',n,eBpe:OlelUlO 1I0rno.'Ia 30 Hon6pfl 1907 rO.1a, 6YJl.Y'I11 HLlpmwa CIVIJ,I'hIM'"
B1rrpml'b H30 PYWb ,n,ep,J\aBIllCii cro ];:o:.tall,'l,LI cO.'1.l,aT'.b, no('.,.t BbmYiK;J:cllllaro
cnYCI;:a: )l,upmI\a6.1J(' 6w]'.b YHecclIo B1;TPOM'(, 3a II pJlall)l,iIO, rxh H 3aToIIYJI'.b
'IepC3'.b WI;ClW.'1b]W ,1,lIeii B'h lIIop1;.
<:. <:: _n  
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nLe Jnunc"-1902 I'. "I:abaudc"-1904 r, "La Putl"it>" 1906 I'.
40 1I0;.I;"hmIODD, CROp. 10 C. M. 39 nO,'I,"heMOBf" CI.Op. 11 C. M. 12 110)l."hCMOII'b, CROp. 13 e, 11.
(J>nr. 40. UocTcrrennoe paanliTic Jl.upumau:ICii TIlDa :J:I{IOnnio-.Tle6oJl.u.
Eu\e 60Jl'he ne'IaJ1[,Uan I\a-raCTpO(pa UOCTIII'.m. C.'I'!;)I,YIOll.\iii a3pOCTaT'.b 6p. .111'-
60;I1, C)I,a1111 hIii BOCUHO:OIY n'!;,'"\O:\ICTBY 3-ro iIO.!lfl 1908 1'01,a II OI_pcUlellllbIii "Re-
Jlublique". IIoCJI.t u'tClW.!fbImX b y,n,a'IIILlX'b nOJleTOB'.b, ,n,Hpmlta6.lb YCJI"hWHO npll-
IIHMaJl'.b y'Iacrie B'(, OCCHIUlXo lIIaUcnpax'(, 1909 l'O,'I,a Ha 10r'J; c:))pallu,in, a UpH n03-
JJpaUlClliH oTTYJI,a, uaXO)I,.HCb Ol\OJlO r. My JlClla concpwcuHO IICOilm.1.aHlro Ylla.l'b C'b I'pO-
1I1a;t.lloij 6bICTpOTOM C'.b BbICOTb] 400 IIICTI)OB'h, pa36uBlUIICb BJI,pc6e3nI ('aI'(, H 1I0l'pPOJI
1I0,l,'.b c060ii JJ.fITh 'lc.lOn'J;I;:'h: oKa3a..,loCL, 'lTO y 0.i1.l101'0 BlIIIT3 OTCIW'Uf.'Ia JlOllaCTh,
I\OTOpafl npll 3'1'0)\'1. Y)I,aIm.mcb B'" 060JlO'II;:Y. IIpopBa.a ec B"(' )l,BYX'b rtcTaX'.b II
lIIOMCIITa.lbIlO BbmYCTlUa nCCL ra3'L. TaI;:'b 1I01'116'.b TpCTiii ,1,1f1JHiKa6J1L 6p. .,1Jc60.!l.II.
TIoc.!J't "Republique" Toro jitC TIIIUt 6bl.1II nOCTpoClILi: ".lc6c,U,"-)I,JUI POC-
CiH, "Liberto" )I,.'IJI (IJpaHI\Y3clwro BOClIIIaro :OlIllIHcTepcTBa 11 110 O)l,lfIIOIllY Jl,Hpn-
:;J(.a6J110 )I,.1J1 ABCTpiu U AIII'."Iill. 'f!'IIPph CTpOHTCfl f'1U,C O)l,HII'b, ]WTOPbIH up. .Jlcuo,D,n
npcno,n,HOCJlT1. I'OC Y)I,apCTny B3a rlj[l1, n0l1:louwli ., RIpU bliq ue".

35
liou.cmp!JlCltin Cmp/(!H{Ja. "Astra".
HI, I !J06 I'O)I,Y ro-l.y lpalll\P(,ldii lell,ellaTh J 0 if 'I 1, -)I, 0-.1 a - M CpT 1>
nopY1JH.n HIljJ\('JICpy C 10 P It Y II' y, nOCTpOIlTb )1,.111 HCro J,lfpH;Im6.1b. ClOp-
KYJ1, IIpr)l,Jloa\ll.n IIcnO.lb30RaTb H:!.CIO
nO.lI\OB1II1I\3 PrlIap!!, YCOBCpruCII(,TBO-
RaB'h Tlfll"l, cro 113poeraTa "cf>pallll,ifl".
TamHI'b 06p(30)11> OM.H, C03:J:all"b ;{If-
pna;a6.1I, .,nlle de Paris", (IJlllr. 41)
CII{C 0)1,1101'0 Tlllla - no .1 Y )1 fl I' K 0 if
C B C T e 31 bl. CII.101l/1Ian 3lfll"l..a.!I 060-
.10'lIm, f'mmCTLIO 3.:WO m 3 IIpn .n:.1JUwJ;
B'h 60 1/ 2 II l,ia"cTp'h B"b 10 1 / 2 MeT-
pOB'b Obl.l<1 CllaO;I\CJIa lIa Iwp:wh 'Il'-
TLlpbm cTa6H.;I113aTOpa31I1-(lIalln.1.lb_
Ollll}lII) - )l,nYMfl ropH30IlTa.'Il.lIbDIII II
}J.Rpm Bf'PTIllw'.lbllbDIH, - npll'Ie31"b
KajKbIii H3"b lIIiX1, md;.n. BII,J,1> ;J:BYX"h
'tIJ.nlllJJ.IJII'leCI\lfX"b l"IilUl\OB"h, lIallO.l-
Hf'lIl1blX'b l'a3031"b H CIqrtn.'ICllllbIX'.b
BM"tcT'h B}{OJIb OCII. fOIl,1l,O.111 )I,.llIl1oil
B'b 30 IOTp" 6bI.'Ia cxh.mlla 113"b ;{r-
peBa B'b BlIxt )l,JlHIIHOIi F1mCT'Ia'foii
6a.lKII; B"b 1'0.100-13 en 6b1Jl"b YKp'h-
n.rll"b Ie.lI)leHJIO Bpalll,aJOIIiiic.!I B1IIIT"b,
.nJ3Il'TpOMo B"b 6 'PTpOB'.b. EMROCTb 6a.l.l0JICTa = 500 m 3 . CHJIa ,'WHraTC.lfl-
70 HP. IIocJI'h ru6r.1H .,Patrie", .D:cii'ID-,1I,cJIa,;\1rpT.b JI106c3110 npC)I,.'IOjKJlJr.b rocy-
.l.apcTHY cBoil .n:JlpnmaOJlL, 'ITO II 6bJ.1I0 IIpHIIJITO. ] 5-1'0 .!IlInapn ] 908 ro:l.a "ViIle
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8UYTPU 060nO'IKU, Ha KOTOpOH HaXop;UJIHCL upoaennepLl u C'b KOTOpOH B'b BH,lI,1I
meCTKoii: CIICTCMLI 6L1na cKpilIIneHa rOHp;ona
de Paris" cOBcpnm.'I:t nepe.leT.b H3"b CapTYPBH,l.lH B'.b Itp'huocn Bep.lI. 3U "b, r.n:'h
H3\O)l,HTrfl H )1,0 ('IUn 1I0p'b.
T-tf"b BpeMelicm. Itmpm "Clement Bayard". B3flBWaflC.!I CTJWI-ITb .n:npn;l\a6.1II
THlia ., Ville de Paris", ycn'h.'Ia I10CTpOHTI. n'hCRo.lbI\O TllfWHLIX'b: "VilIe dc Bor-
deaux", ., Ville de Nancy-'. "Colonel Renard", no o,'J:UfnIY )l,npIDKao.1J1O .n:.lfl Poc-
ciH, Ikllallin, AllfJliu u eu\e ., \Tille de Lucerne", "Clement Bayard II".
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36
]-;01/CmP.ljlil{iJl lIlljlCCaa.Ul. On'Tamloii rCptallClmJ miiop'l, llapceBa.'IL, 311-
,IWBIIIIICL Irt.'1LIO HOCTpOHTL ;I.lIpJlil\aO.1L lIaIlOO.T[;e 1I0pTaTIIBHhlU H YJWOHhlii 111>
o6paucJliH II a 3C;\IJl't, ('03;W.'I'!. qCTOPpThIii nnr1, a3pOCTa1'Oll1>-mlrIwii ('."eTCJr.r.
IIe,lIOa'l1lblll 1wu,clI/jJYlil{in.
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COTt 1.000 MCTpOll L UU('II."laMCII!I.1Cjl ra3'J., a3pOCTaT1> PYXIIYJI'I, lilt 3PMJIIO It
n0l'l)Co"J. CBopro JWIICTPYI,Topa II em IImlOIl(HllI\a.
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41
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6Jraro,ll,apn 'lelllY OIl'I, IOJKeT'b 1I0,ll,I1HMaTb B'b rOH,lI,o.rr'£ 7-8 qe.1OB'I;I<'b. JI:JrJl
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1I0Ilcpe'HIUKOIII'b BlrepeJl,If, U U'£CI<O.'II,I(() 60.II'£e BLITJIIIYTOH.
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TII6e.1H "Republi(Juc": MeTa.'IJIH'lCclde BUIITbl 6LI,,'IH 3a11'£u(,IILI )\,epcBmruLulH, oOJr'tc
CTOHI\HMll B'h ClIIbICJr'£ B03111OJKHOem 1I0JrOMKU.
Bo06uc TI1II'b ,/I,IIpuJKa6Jrcn .'Ie6o,ll,u-JI(.loJlJrio MOJKIIO oxapaI\TCpU30BaTL 1'8-
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Ta."OBOii If lJ'b Clf.UHO nepec'£1lCIIIlOii 1I!"l;cTlIOCTIf.

45
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5) BLIXO,/l'b 83'b ro 11)/,0..1 bl, )l1I0 I\OTopoii lIaxO,'lIITCH 1\1, ,il,JlYX'L upIllHmLX1.
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:Mtp't, npnCYIIlH KaK'b "Lcbaudy II", TaKI> U "JIc6CjIJo", eIllC B03MOJKHO YCTpa-
JIHTh, TO TOJILKO 1I0C.1"t Id.JIal'o p.H!la 1IcnI.ITauifi; a TaICORJ.IC He 6LIJIU 3aKOU-
"WIII.I I,'b UCCIIU 1910 ro,/la II DO <I>p:uIIliu C'b "Libert('... (no I\:paiillen I'Iwt IW
(jLIJIO I1H O,il,HOrU 1I0JleTa 60JIb/IIaro 110 npO,3.0.1iI\IfTC.'11>1I0CTU, q'!;ML ConepIIli1JIi1
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JIo.lJY.iIrecmorr CIICTmILI, COopYJI\CllnI.Ill 81. 1907 ro.'lY, flOCJI'!; ycutxOJl'b "Le-
baudy II", mDKeHepOIlI'b I3a3eJIaX'b IIpU yqacTiIl I<OMalI,II,Hpa JIpycclcaro B03,1.YXO-
!lJ/aUi1Te.:fLllaro oaTa""hoHa Manopa I'puCC'b (aapOCTa'l'b II ImaLlBa('TC.H 110 HIIICIUI
I10C.'I't,'lIl.HrO ).
,llpu;)lm6Ah "rpOCC'b". IIcpBaJI IIIO,'l(,JII> OLI.'la JICOOJIl>llJan: 1.800 m S cmco-
(TII, II ,'lBlfraTe.lIh MOlIllIOCTl>lO 8CCI'0 B'I. 25 UP. UO)l,'b calOii: 060JIUIIlwii 6WIa
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CY1l1'1>.'1'1> JIpO,/lepJI\aTI>CJI D'b n03JlYx'I; mCCTL qaCon'b, II 3'1'0 n06YJlII.10 HoeHIIOC
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paX"b !IIOIllroCThlO l<aiJ\J:LIH B1> 75 HP. I(OIlCTpYI"in ,lJ;lIpu;"a6.m OCTaJIaCL TOIO
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Ha IWpJf'l; 060.10(lICU II CIIe RTOpoii 6a"1.10IlCT"b. OrrhlTbl C"b ,,:\1. £I" JI.a m HCCMIa
6.mrorrpi.1ITllhlC PC:JY.'1LTaTl.r. 13-1'0 CCIl-
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11111.10 II01IIWii IIOJIC'T'b 1131> 1I0'l,'b Bcp-
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OLIB'L D'b Boa;r:yx'I, 13 1JaCOR'b II C,1rt-
.1aB'L RCCro 01>0.10 300 Bf'pCT'b, a (IC-
pC:\"f, 1'0;1.1., B'b nC'pBLIX"L (IIIr.mx'I. 1tB-
rye-fa 1909 1'0;l:a, c:rI>.'Ia.l'b nYT('lIIc-
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OCIIIlO lIoTmlr, 'ITO y 4>paIllI:Y30D"b }f.O
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8.000 m 3 mllwenf, (lCTLIPC JlfOTOpa 110
75 lIP, 60Jlf.UlaJf rOIl,o.Ia C'b 3.1CI,Tp"-
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cmoii CHCTeM.t.
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130cHllhlii HTa"lLJIIICldii )l,IIp","aOJIL ,,; 1 bis" (ifJIfI'. 49) lIOCTpOCllllr.Iii D'b
1909 ro;'lY I>l1UUTaHallfl[ "Cueu,iaJIMIOH 6pIH'aJI.LI" I{',pOl,rco II PU'Ia.[,JI.OIIII,
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.n: J;.'IhIlLIK oa.'1.10IlC1'1> C"" n03;1,YXO\l'h.
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I,ax'b 113'1. rOIl)\,OJIbI. Ben 060.'I01I1\a
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Nama H 3anaci IIHTaHi.H )(JIIl rnecTH-Ce1R 'laCOB'b fiYTH. I13BtCTl'II'b CI'O nOJICT'b
1-1"0 HO.lll)p.ll 1908 I'. li3'h CapTpYBRJIJIL B'b KOMnLeHb II o6paTIIO tlepe3'Io TIa-
JlHiK'b. ROr)(a aapOCTa,T'b 3a 5 'IaCOB'b npOrneJI'h )(HCTaHI(iIO 81, 200 11I.1I01lICTpOB'b,
1I0)/,BepraJICb Bce Bpelllli )(OBOJIbHO CIfJIbH01fY B'I>TPY. B'b L 909 roil.Y ,ll,HpHma6JIL
cOBepUlaJI'b MHoro Ho.rWTOB'b cD PYCCEOH npiE1MHOH KOlllHccieii, npH'leMJ, O)(HH'b
H3'b I{OJIeTOBo OIWII'III.1IC.II aBapicM: npH cnycK1; l'OMaH)(a He cYlIrl>JIa Y,II,epJ"aTL
)/,Hp1lHia6JIb B'I, PYR1tX'b, a TaR'b Iml,'b 6aJIJIaCTY Ha HCM'b Y.iKe He 6LIJIO, TO, npo-
:IC'1'"I>B'b II1;KOTopoe pa3c'fo.llllie, OH'b CTaJI'b onycI,aTLC.II H B'I. aal,.'Jlo'leHie ynaJIb
B'b CeilY (IfInl'. 56), Ha)!,'b liOTOpOH l,aR'b pa:n. O'lY'J'I]JIC.II. XOT.H uaccajJmpLI H
CnaC-lIHCL BCt "PH 3TOIlI'b, HO aaTOHYJIa 1'0H,II,OJIa H paaopBa.TIaCb 060JIO'lRa. 110-
'I'pe60BaBUliHCJI peMOIIT'b 3a.?J:ppjJmJI'b upiCllmy, I( ,ll,HpH.iKa6JIL IIpHObI,7I1. B'b Poccilo
.1IIUIL 1,'1, 3HIII'I>.
'f'hM'b BpeMeJlelll'b 3aBO)('b "ACTpa" ycn'I>JI'b nocTpolffh II,1;JIYIO ccpilo a::Jpo-
CTaTOB'b Tarwro-e Tllua, eA"OCT"'O 3.000-4.000 m 3 . 1I3}rl>lIeJliJi 6bl,'1H CKI>JI.lIILI
_lHUlb B1, )!,eTaJUlX'b-Y)JIJlIlelia H upH6JIR.iKeHa E'L 060.10'lKI; rUII.'I.OJIa, lI'I;CIW.?lLRO
:mocrpclILI naUUJIbOHU C3a)(JI, YBe.'lJl'leHa !\IOIII,IIOCTb MOTopa)l,o 150 lIP, YBCJIH-
tleH'b ,1iaIlICTp'b BHHTa )(0 6 MCTI>OB1" )I,JIH I'OpU30Il'ra.1JbHaI'O py.1JJI CTa.1If opaTL
.JI.Bt 1I0.lOTHHilLIJI uOBepxHocTH mt ,ll,CpeBJIHIHnlo OCTOB'I> Ii '1'. H. JlIpllil\a6:1H
.,Ville de Bordcaux", "Ville de Nancy" HH'I'hIlI'b OC06CIIJILUI'b cet5.II IIC 3aJlBH_1II.
IIecTpoellJlLIii )!,.111 BOellllal'O B'I3)(OMCTBa " Colonel Renanl" ((PHI'. 5i) 6J.1.n
.
_;v-
::;;: ¥ . " ,
.'?  f<
.:  l1t. (
." .. n

52
JrtTOlll'b 1909 rO,1.a Hit PdhlCIWX L aBiau,ioIllU.IXo COCT.JI3auiJIxo, no TOi1ie xopo-
IIIUX'b pe3YJILTaTOBo He OUHapYjl\UJn.; na060poTD, DCJI-t)l.Cl'Bie 6oJII.woro y,n:JlU-
neniJI 060.1I0 t IIW, OIl'b OIm3a:ICJI IIJ10XO ypauHOB-tIIIellnLIM'b. C.T);.'I.YIOiii )l.llpll-
2In6JIr,- JI,.TlJI ucnaII('Imro B03i'U'IImaro 4,.1I0m - Tf'pn.tJl'b WhCKO.1LI.0 ana pill, HpC.iI\;I.e
'r1lt1'L D"L 1910 rOAY 6wJI'b
('an'b 110 na;ma'lClliIo,
('JI-tJJ:YlolIiii - Jl.JlJI AII-
r.1JiH'  UhlJI'b CllaujJ{{'1I1,
.
YjKC )l,RpIn ltIOTOpalII:
onLIThI C'h IIIUI'h .Tt'rol1,
rorO-jl\C r01a ,)I,a.rm 6.'1a-
ronpiJrrHLH' }1eJYJlhTaTl,I.
}f
"
,
....11"-
I .
, .
; .\
.,
,
I
,"
--"
lloo6u:te cBniicTBa ,n:n-
I' II jJ{a6.1 eii 'rIma "KjlC-
MaII"L-Ballpo" M O.il\ 110 (OP-
Ir.lIIpOBaTl. T111,'L:
AOCllwlwcllwa. 1) 1T.Hr-
RaJl 06n.l0'lIw, II rOIlAo.la,
CHocn6Han TIl'peB03HThClI
TlO 3eM.T1, oo.lCrlJaIOTh
MalleBpLI C'h:IIpllilta6J1eM'b
IIpIl IHIS0iK)l.Clliu el'O na
HI!"!> 3.'mllra--nCCI',!I,a MOiKIIO
. .
I
,
........
, ." "

 --
--
q)ur. 56. )J,upuilta6n:h D'b lJOp,-h "Rn:eMaB'b-BaHp'b".
cyrn-t II YCTpaHJIIOTh OIlaCIIOCTL rU6eJIII a3pOCTaTa
JIemo BLIIIYCTIITL m3'h n CBcpnYTL o60JIotJKY.
2) A;}pOCTaT'b 06.1a)l,aeT'h xopoIIIeii nOBOpOTJlUBOCTLIO BO BC"ljX'L nalipaBJle-
Hi.JIx'b BC.l-B)l.CTBie pau,ioHaJihImro' pacnoJIojI;cniJI PY Jlell r. 1 lyolIIlLl }/,OCTaTU'lIlO ,u:a-
JIeRO on IeJlTpa TJI1KeCTH If PYJlJI nOBopOTHaro B'L CTpy-t B03Ayxa, ronlnlOii BUIITOM'b.
..
'--
\ __ }/ I 11//.
<CB... . I-fi.. - I!I.. ..--
<Dur. 57. )J,upuma6:Ib "Colonel Renard".
3) COBltI1>CHic II.1aT4JOpIlILI C'b rOIl)l.o.lIoii }(aen BLIlrrphIIII'b B'b IIlepTBOM'b
IrEd" cOJrtiicTBY JI 60.1LIIIeii CIWPOCTU II n03BO.'1IlH BeChllla y,!I,06HO pa311rtcTuTb
l\OlIJaIl,u:y, uaccaiKlIpOB'L II IItaIUUIILI.
HciJocmmlt1('u. 1) )LJIUllllaJI rOH,n:OJIa (}(O 18 CaJIeel!"L) 3aTpY)I,IIHCT'b npolI3-
IJO,u:CTBO cHycI_a, Tal,o l,aKL HC BCCI',u:a II lie Be3)1,1; IIIOJKHO HaihH pOBIIOC nOJ{-
xo,u:JIee }(.1IJ1 Toro III'hcTO; npu I1CpOBIIOCTU-JKe BCCLlIta n03\101K1I3 nO.lIOl1I1,a.

53
2) rpoMaJJ:HbIll BRIIT'b lIIOJKcn BpaIl\aTbCJI TO.1LIW Tor;J;a, Kor,J,a rOH)I.o.l[t
np}jno,HJlTa YJKC Ira,1J;'b 3ClIIJIell; npH cnycKB npIIXO,'I,I1TCH 3a.)l:0:lro OCTallaBJIHBaTh
MOTOp'b,
CROJIb1i:O
_b
r-i:tI . _ 
 \r /', '
HHa'lC BpaII\aIoIl\incn JIOl/acJ'II ltlOrYT'b C.lIOMaTbCJI 0 3CI.'I10, Ita!>'b TO Irt-
pa3'b H CJI)''1aJIOCL. Kpo.-fJ Toro ::JTOT'b BUIlTT" l/aXO,J,JICL nIlepC',!I,U rOIl-
,D;OJlhI, rOIlIIT'b I/a l/aCCa<ltupOB'L CIUL-
Hblf( B03JI.YWIlhlii DUX pL, :JxrpY)I;IUlIO-
mill YllpaB.lIcuic II )I.t. 1 IaIOIL\iii: YTmllI-
TCJIhIlLUI'b )(o.'IrOC npcoLlBauic B'b I/YTII.
3) CTaOI/JII/3aTOphI, )(aBaJI a;}po-
CTaTY xopomYlo YCTOll'IHBOCTL, npe;.
CTaBJIHlOTL 3Ha'IUTC.H.IlOC conpOTIIBJIC-
Hie B03)1:YXY, YfCHLUJaJI COOCTBCHHJIO
CKOpOCTh XO)(a.. IIpaB)I.a, B'b )(BYXL
IfOCJIt,ll,IIIIX'b 1f3,1J,aHiJIx'b 4J1f pm,f "Ac'rpa"
::JTOT'b IW)lOCTaTOI;:'b YJlW HenpaBJICm,:
"Espana" 1I "Cl(ment Ba)aI'd II.'
(clJI/r. 58) TaIWX'b cTaulf.1ff3aTOpOB'b
IIC lnl'BIOT'b.
i ". I'
,

t..
Il- 
--..
11pYII'C ulljJu:J!Ca6.Jfu no.JfY-
.1/J/l1iOU ClICme.l/b/.
EIL\c nOl'.'l1J nOCTpoihm II y)(aTI-
IrhIX'b OIlLITOB'h )(l/pmI(a6.lIJI" Ville de
Paris", H3B'IJCTIlLIii (paHlY3cI{jii B03-
;J;)XOllJIaBaTC"lL rpall!'b .J.c JIa-Bo IfOCTpOHJI'b I/O TaJ{oIY-l\e 'fUllY O'leHb MaJlcHbKiii
,I.Hpnmao"lL, mlIWCTbIO BCeI'O JUIUJb B'b 700 fila, pa3C'I1ITaIlIlLIll )(JIJI I10,ll,'bCMa
HC oOJI'lJe )BYX'b '1cJIoBin,L. ::hoTL TUH'h IrOJIY'lIfJI'b Ira3Ba-Hic ..3 0)( i a K 'b". ,,30-
,!I,iaK'b III" (cVHr. ;J9), nOCTpocfIlILIll B'b 1909 ro.'(y, nO.1Y'/JI.1"I. mnW('Th B1, 1.400 m 3 ,
C'b )(DlIraTe.'ICAI'b B'b 40-45 UP:
opraHa1If YCToii'llfBOCTlI Y HerO ,..
CJIpUiT L O:HIl'b BCpTHImJILnLIii
IIJIaBlIUIt'L UOAl, IWplOll n )(Ba
Ma.JICULI\lfX'b HJIOC]HIX'h ropIf3011-
Ta.'ILIlLIX'b lI.laBIllIIi;a Ira Kopllrt
OOOJIO'JKII; PYJIL IIOBOpOTIlLlii-
3a BCpTlflm:ILIlLUI'b 1I.'IaDIIIIlWIIn.,
PYJIb rJIyouubI BnCpe)(H, BIiJIT'b-
C3a,'I,R roIl:O.:ILI. lJacTLlIIUI 1I0:1C-
Ta1II .1I'IJTOlll'h 1I 31UIOll t 909-
191 () I'O),a ,,3o)l:iaI\'b" cyrlJ.q'b
3aJJBIITI, ce6n xopowml'b aapo-
CTaTml'b )l.JIfl cIIopm n 6JIHJKHCii
pa-3B't;l,I-aI B'b BOCHHOIll'b A1JJI't.
On'b l\IQjfte'rI, ,ll,epJKaTLcJI B'L B03-
AYX.t 6C3'b cnycKa,ll,O 4 'lacOB'b, ml1>n Ha cc6'1J 'lCTLIpCX'b lIaccamlfpOB'b II pa3-
RUBaJI CIwporTL )(0 11 MCTp. B1> CCIt)" IIAY ()(O 40 BCpCT L B'L 'IaC'b). If pli aTom,
OIl'I, BeCLIi1 1I0pTl1TfIBCH'b, pa30lIpanCL If -couupanCb B1> 4-5 'mCOB'L H YKJIa,'J,bI-
BasICb lIa 1-2 npOCTLIX'b fIO,'l,B0/'l,L!.
1I B'L )(PYI'I:IX'b cTpalIax'L uLI.m Ol/biTLI cD a::JpOC'l'aTMfIf Tm;:orO-JIW THna, II
,ll,aJlW eIl\C 3a H1JCKO:ILIW .TtTb.n;O rpacjJa .n;c-:m-Bo. 110 GOJILIIIIIX'h ycntxOB'L
olIn lIe mrlJ.1If. Ih A II r .TJ. i II HmJCCIICp1> Vncuccpl, npOIf3BO)(H.'J!, OfIbITLI co.
\.
<Jhm 58. <DpaHl\yacICiii )l.opOmaO.:Ib
"Clement-Bayard II" 1910 1'.
.......
..-
,--, -
'\"... . ,.' 'u
-,
--- ....
<Dn!'. 5U. (l)paul\yacRiii .ll;npuma6n:h ,,3o)l.iaR"h III".

1 !)02 no 1 f)05 r, cD O'ICIIT. IfCOOJ1LIIIIHn. 'I.upuJKafi.rIeI'I), B1> pO,a:1> CaHToca-,'1.lo-
lOlIa J\; 9. B1, II 'f .. JI i II Bo 1905 ro,'l.Y
COIJepllla.II'b nOJ1C1'b a<1pOCTaT'b I'paqm
.\lIIepHl'o-JI.a-\Iio "Iha.lIin" (lfm-
I'ypa GO),HlIIiJBlIlHi CIKOCTL 1.200 m 3 ; B'b
UC}I1, OpIfl'lmaJILHOii JIBJ1JIJ1aCL 060-
JlO'lJ{a, IfllJlnUm 'laCTL KOTOpoii )(.'111
B031110JKUOCTU paCT1mlfJalliJI o'n, ,JI,a-
l!J1cuiJI l'a3a or,ua c)('I>.'lana n;n. pe-
;IUHr.J; lIP" IIO.IIC'I..t IJ'b anpiJ.T); 1909 ro-
Aa Oll'b 1I0Tcpn-t.II'L ccpbe3ULIJI 1I0npc-
JIl)l,CniJl, no IfcnpaIJJ1elliu ]WTOPbIX'I.
UIIOBb nOTcpII'I>.JI'b auapiIO JI-BTOM'b 1!} 1 n
I'o)J.a. Bo A I C PH]; -I> C'b a3pOCTaTOM'J.
TaIWrO-JIW TIIIIa npOII3BO)J.IlJI1. OllhlTbi
]ial/lfTall'b Ba.I,'I,HII'b; CI'O }l.Hpllil\aOJlb
6bJ.ln. IIpmu]'J'L BOellHhUI'L Irl;JI.()M-
CTBOn..
O(IIHI(,pOR'b y I] ('oua 1'0 I!03.'lYXOIl.'Iamn(,J1L-
.::..;.  -

,-- .. 
 Ji
. """1 '
<1>nl'. 60. ¥ITaJlbHHCJdii p;upIIHm6m, r}Ja4>a
AMepul'o.p;a-'-Jio. 1905 r.
110 Poccin B"J, 1908 r. Tpy.n,amf
Haro naJl]ta UbI.II'b nOCTpOClI'h
a3pOCTaTD" Y 'I e 0 If... ii (, (rIml'. (i 1),
TOIJ(C npHHaJl..:J(',jl\alIiii 110 'HillY
]\1. 1I0.IIYIJII'Iwli CllcTcrJ;.
Ill, 1909 roJI.Y opm'ullaJlh-
II"'" Jlllpml\ao.lIL ObI.1I"b coopy-
JJ(PII'L B'L Am'.lIiu -- "B a by"
(B611) (rfml'. (2). .
B" ]','}).I((/Iliu TOil\C OLIJ1'I.
0)1,1111'" 'IaCTlILI" .'!.upllil,ao:lb 3TOl'II
Tlfna-".JI c Ii x JI If III' ell 'b" (rIm 1'.
(3), cOBepnlHBJlIiii O;OIll'b no-
.1JeT'b-B'b m\TJlop.t 1909 I'o}!.a,
" 3artM'b Tparn'II'CKII ]]01 "omiii
fi&l"tCT'J; co CBOI1Mo 3KHlJaJKCM'L
D'b hOed; HIIO rO.lIa.
iii.
_- I ...:._ f".ti;."
- ..;--.....:....,,,-- - ,'--
. -, ........

,
1
\
< .
 -!Io'. 
<DRI'. 62. Anl'n:iiiClciii HpumIl6:u. "Bnby.
]1109 1'.

54
.
,j,,11"111;1
i!JUI'. 61. Pycclciii aapOCTIlT'L _Tqe6B1,jii" I!){)S I'.

 /
,- I I "r:a:.(
-- -
-
- 
. .
. . .
. .
.
.

. ...,.
'- ,j.
.
.: .4"z=.....,: .....:...
--
_ft;"
([JUl'. US. H'l;M()ldii ,!\l1pnma6nh JIeiix-
nIlHl'eou (3p6cJlo).

55
r .11 A B.\ YII.
MHrRaH CRCTeMa ynp. aapOCTaTOB"b.
lHma.H CIICTeIa YllpaB.l1IeMLIX'L a::>pOCTaTOB1, XapaI\TcpIl3yeTC.H aOCOJlIOTIIO
1J\rIWH 060JIOqlWH II OTCYTCTBiem, IWIWX'b-.1II00 IICIIOMOraTl'.'ILULIX'b opranOB'L
)..'IJI coxpaneni.H 1KCCTKOCTn: CHCTeM....
B'b UaCTOJlUee BpCIJI eCTL Bcero .'IlnUb O.a.UII I> 'flllI1, TaIWll CIICTeI"'. pa3-
paOOTaUHI>IU rcp}IaUCI<mn )miiopoI1, JIapcOBa.1h. OnncalliIo cro If 1I0CBnUClla
<ITa rJIaBtl.
?lIaiiopl. ITapCeBitJ'If. aa,l,aJlcn ILICJILIO IIOCTI>OHTb TaIwii .'I.HplliKilO.1L, 1.0'1'0-
pLlii 6WI1,-OLI II pllI'O)/,CIIl. ;l.JIJ\ lI,t:lcij BoeIlIlO-IIO.lIeBLIX1" T. l'. 'JT06b1 a;)pOCTa'\"L
IIpe)/,CTaBJ1J1J'I'b BO;UlOiItHO MeUhIlle 3ilTPy.a.IIClIiii IIpn: 06C.1Y.iKIiBallilt oro \I ,1,0-
IIYClta.'l'L .wmYlo It Y.'I.06I1YIO IICpl'B03lty ero lIa cyw1J, C'L IImlUI\J,LIO OOLIltlIO-
BCHHLIX'b 1I0,ll,BO}\.'I>. II 3'1'0 y)/,a:lOCL anTOpy 6.'leCTnI\J,C, IIpH'!(nn. BLlpaoOTallllr.Iii
Inl'b TIUI'b 11110 TeXllHqCCmlM1, CBOIIIlI'b
,lIaHHLIAl1, OIta3aJICJ\ nlfCltOJILIW II('
HUJKC JI.pyfIfX'b. l'JIaBHaJl 3a}\.aQa,
IWTOprIO npe,ll,CTOJlJIO pa3p.twlITb n'h
TaRoii ItOHCTPYKlI,ilI, 3aItJIIOQaeTCJI
B'b oue3ue'Jcnill II C1I3A1'tlUlCIIIOCTII
qJOpMLI 060JIOQltU, 'JTo6LI ,!I.tlJllC Ta-
IWH cocpe,ll,OTOQCIIIILlll rpY3'b, ItaItOli
Upe.'l.CTaBJIJ\eT'b 1131, Ce6JI rOIl;1:o.'Ia
C'I> ;}ltllllaJKCIII'b n: r.raWIIIuum, pac-
II peJI.1>JIJlJIC.H Bo ,ll,OCTaTOqlloii CTe-
lIClln paBHOI\l'BpUO nu Bceii 060-
.'lOQK'B. IIOHJ\TIIO, QTO 'rtAl'b mnK\'
paCIIOJIOJllIITL rOH,II,OJIY, T"tl1. Y,ll,06-
n'te ,ll,OCTII'IJ, 3TOll paBHOM"l>pllocTII
Irb paCllpC.'I.-tJIClIill ,ll,aBJIolliJI (lIpll-
I1rt{YL CallToca .II.IOIIIOHa), HC IIpn6-t-
1'.tJl-ImIt"L YCJ\oB.'leHO-1I11 1,1, I<aRIfM'b IIpmleJKYTO'lIILUI I. tecTI.ml1, OpI'alIaI1, II
lie y,'I,JIIIIUIJI I'OH)I,OJIY CBCpX'b JrtiicTB\lTCJ1LlIOll I10TpeOIlOCTII. 110 I1PH HII:1ROM1,
IIOJIOJlwllin 1'0U.'I.0.11Ll JIB.1JICTCJI UOJII,mOC 1I0Boe 3aTJlY)l,lIcllie: IIpOIlC:IJ\Cp1" IWTopwii
MOJlte'rL lUl'BTb OCIIOBallieM'b TO.'ILIW caIY rOIl)0",1Y, 6Y)I,CT'L )l,Bllra'fb I'JIaBllblM'L
{)UPa3011'J, ec, a JIcmiii 6aJl.OH'b, lIaXO.'l.JII\J,ii1cn BLlllIH II IIpe.'cTaBJIjJJoI\J,Hi 1I111100JII.-
wec )l,JIJI B03,11,yxa COIlPOTlIB.1Cllic, 6}',II,CT'b ImK'b-6u 'faI\J,IITLcn BC.1J'B,1,1" IIpll'lCn.
IIPH I1taJI'BllmCM1, Imqallill 6Y,II,eTh 311,!1,ltpaTI, nocmn. BBCpX'b. O),IIII1I'b C.1()BU\'I.,
IIPH 11ll3KOM'b pacno.lIU;KCllill rOIl)/,OJIbI lIeJIb3JI .'I.OOIlTl,Cn IIU.lIHaro cOPIIr1I\J,ClliJI
70Qh'11 IIplI.'lOiIWlli.II ,ll,BllraTc.'lblloJi CII.'ILI 1'1, lI,ClI'fpml'L COllpOTIIB.lICllin, OT'ICI'D
'rpY,II,HO 06e311CQllTb a3pocTaTy XOPOWYIO YCToil'IIIBOC.'fb II 60JIt.wY10 (,IWP0t'TL.
Pau,iolla.'ILHO YC'J'pOCIIHOll 1I0,ll,BiiClWll II )l.BYIIIn 6a.1.'lOHCTaIlI, U011'11/J.ell-
IILIMII 110 IWlIlI,aM'b OOOJIOqltIl, IIapccBaJJL .'OOIl.J1(,H IIcII3:.r1Iure:'IOCTlr (,IICTCIIlt.1 H
UpH neocouclIIIO 1II13IWIII'b (110 KOHeQIlO 60;rl>e Im3ItOI'b, 'rIal'b WL ;J.I'YI'IIX't. TU-
nax'L) 1I0.110JKellill rOIl,ll,o.11LI. A IIYTCM'L Yltp'l;nJIelli.H I'01l,1.0JILI It'L I10,J,B-tcI\'1 lie B't.
IIlCpTBYIO, a C'L B03I1IU1KIIOCTLIO I1CpC,!l.BIIra'fLCJI BllepC;l.1. II lIa3a}\.1" 6Ll.1l1 06C3IIC-
'JClla YCToH'nmocTL IIpU;J.0.1LIIOll (JCll OOOJIOq"U II I'OpII301I'ra.n,HOC'I'I, ca:'lOll rOIlJ(J.1Ll
I1PH ncpcM'1111> CltOpUCTlI .n.uH.iKelliJI lI.lU IO)o B.1inniPM'L B'kl'pa... I10CTpOCIIlJ/,lii
mt TaI,IIX1, ua'la.mX:"L ncpllJ.\R )lIpIIJKao.1L lIap{"('Ba:IJl-"P I" «11111". 64) 1I0C.!l't
.

(DBI'. 64. ,D,npBlIm6nL IIapceBa':1H - "1"'1".

56
J
MUQrIlX'L HcnhlTalll1l II YCOBeplIIeHCTBOBaHiIl .I1'I>Tml'L 1906 ro)(a II saT'lnrI. .rhTOM'b
II oceHI.lO 1907 rO)l,a BIIOJIH'B )(OKa3aJl'b CBOlO JKII3HeClloc06110CTb II 'npllro}l.1I0CTb
Bo06Il\c, a ROr)(a 25 OR'1'JI6pn Oll'b COBCPIUIIJI'I. ell.\c cellIlJacoBoii 1I0.I1OO'b IIS'b-
1I0,!!,'h BCpJIlIlla ,lI,0 BpaH)(ell6ypra II 06paTIIO, ;J,aDo C06C'1'BCHllYIO CKOpOCTb
11 AIC'll)OB'h B'b celYII;J,Y, TO Boelllloe B1»)(OCTBO !)"hIUIf,10 npUHJI'I'L ern K'b ceo'!>
Ha cJlym6y. 06'J,(,M'I. :noii nepBou 1I10)(e.1JIf 6LIJI'J, 2.800m 3 ("'b )l.BllraTe.'1ml'L D'b 6:JIIP.
Jhopan AIO)leJlh,-"P H",-sa.IwlI-
'leIlllaJI I_'b JI-tTY 1908 rU)l.a., OTJlII-
'm.'laCI. 6UJlI.lIIlIm pa3l"tj)aAIII II
H'lmOTophDUI llsArBllelliJIMII. Ee pa3-
CMO'1'pIHI'b 110 tlaCTHM'b,
06o.llo'luQ. ,;Pll" uM'l3e'1''b IJ,l:-
JIIIH)l.plllJeCI_YIO (1)opIY co BLITHH)"-
TOU :Jaoc'1'pellHcii ROpMOli H CJIem,t
OBa.'1I.HLIM1. 1I0COMo (4ml'. 65 H 66).
Emwc'1'h 060JIOlJKlI 3,!:mO m 3 , npll
)I..uIIl"b Bo 58 M. II IIOlIepClJHlIH1;.
B'b 9,4 AI. CnapYJI,1I en, no 06'lml'I:.
cTOpOHa'b, npotIllo npHIIJIlThl B)l.OJlb
OCII )(Ba JKeC'1'KIIX'b nonca, )l;JlIIHoii
<Dur. 65. ;D;npuma6nb IIapceBanH M II 1909 r. Ra:m)l;hIll B'h 40 M., R'b ROTOpLIAI'b
npm,p'lm.'I1IeTCJI nO)l;Bi>cha. CODUY-
TPH, Ha KOpM-t II Ha 1I0CY, paCnOJlOJKeHhl )(ra 6aJIJlOHeTa, ellll>OC'1'I.IO I,a:m)l,hlH OROJI()
450 m 3 . lllJIaIlrn OT'b 6aJIJIOJIeTOB'b, npOXO)I,JI no,ll,o 060.'lOlJl>Oll, coe,J,IIUJIIOTC.H B'b O)(HY
Ha)('b rOH)(OJIOll. Qepe3'b IIJJIIlIII'Y 1II0.iKHO JIalmlJllBa'1'I. B03,l1,YX'L JIll60 B'b ooa 6aJIJIo-
HCTa, Jmuo TOJILI\O B'J, O)l,UJI'L "S'h JIIIX'J" npll'IeM'b B'L nOCJli>)I;JIelll'b CJlYlJai> eCTI. B03-
MOJKHOCTb aBTOAIaTIllJeCI\II BhInycKaTI. BOS)(Y:X'b IIS'L )l,Pyroro 6aJI.1JOne'1'a lJepes'L
cIIeujaJlLlII.Ill R.1JanaU'b 9 (<fJur. 67). 060.10lJI\II 0601lx'b 6aJIJIOneTOB'b nO)l;T.HlIYTLI
KBepxy TpocallllI (f), l>OTOpI.IC, IIpOXO.1lJI UJI pOJIl-max'J, (a, a), CBJI3aUhI 06rneii
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r
<Dur. tJ6. ,u;upU)J.(aOnb liapCeUa;JH-c60RY Ii cBaAH.
'}I.fll'oii nO)l;'L Bepxneii lJaCThIO 060JlOtll>1I caIaro 6a.Jl.lona, a 3Ta TJlra COe)(lII1ena
C'L )l;BYIII.H aBTOlaTlI'ICCI_mm KJIalJana.III- h 1I i, IIS'b ROTOPLlX'}, O)l,lIUo (h) fOiKll(}
OTI_pLlBaTL II p)"IWll 113'L rOIID,OJlI.I. ECJlII OT'I. paclllllpClIiJl ra3a 6aJIJIOneThI 6Y,!l,fT'b
CJI\IIAIaTLC.H, TO TpOCI.I t, f CBOIm'L onycKQuiCM'b OTKpOIO'l''b ItJlanaUbI h lI.m i 11
BLIIIYCTJlTh .'llllIIuiii m3'J" lJ'1'06r.[ )l,Q.1JhI/'tliIIJPC YAICIJI,IIJeuic 06'Le1l1OB'h 6a..1JJIU-
IIeTOB'b IIC mta3a.lOCI. Bpe)(I1LIM'b B'L CMLlC.1J'h coxpaHcuiJl 060JlOlJIWH cBoeli
<POpAtI.l.
B'b lJe'1'hrpeX'b IIrLCTaX'h OOOJIOlJlm, D'L oceBuii ropH30nTa.'lbUOH n.1JOCIWCTlf,
mrhIOT'L paspI.IBIILIJI npuclIoc06.'1eHin 1>'b BIIJrt npO.!J,o.lLIII.IX"h pa3p"t30B'h, sa)l.t-
JlfiUHI.IX'b ocu6I.Hm 1J0.1I0THIIUQMIf.

llOO6lW1W t£ wlluo.lla. CHCTeMa. rYCHlIbIX'b .1aUOK'L, upIllqrl>U.lellHLIX'b WI,..
nO.IICa\1, 060.10 1 IKlI, 3aKaUQUBaeTCJI MeTaJIJIIIQeCmuru TpOCa\m. (taCTb IfX'b, Haxo-
)J;lIa.llCJI na)J,'b ca.\lOii ron,1,o.lOli, rrpmtp'l>-
JI.'IeHa It'b noc.l"t,1l;lI('ii B'b lCpTByIO (lIe-
nO;umJKHO), a Kpaiinit' TpOCbI, u.n:Yl.l\ie no
06.t1H10 CToponaMl, ],1> IIOCY II ]WPI'J;.
rrp e .n: CT aBJIflIOT1> COOCTncuuo, C'b Itailt,1l;OIr
CTOpOilLJ, O.n:HO I1>.lOe, B'b Bn,l,1> cB060)J;no
6e3'b naT1DItI>II BnCJlUaro KauaTa.. Ha :)TU
.n:Ba I£aRaTa, ItaR'L lIa pe:lbCbl, H nOCTa-
BJIeUa I'OH,1I;OJa CBOH\III pO.lnm1t\1II - co
'IeTblpe CD KaiK,1,oii CTOpOUW (IPllr. 68).
\'Dill'. 67. CxeMa acno.l1OJ!(eBiH oa.1.110- II pIf BpaIICHili nponC.1,IIepOB'L I'Ou)J,0"1a
BeTOD"L If p;'!luCTBiJl RnananOB7>. MOJKeTh CKO"1L3HTb IIO 3TH\I'b RanaTa\l1>,
rrCpe,1l;BHfa.llCb ua IJ,"I>JIbIIi MeTp'b 1131>
CBocru ncpBOlIa'JaJIbHaro nOJIoJKcHhr, npnQml'b HaTJIJItcuie Tpoca, no IWTopmlY
npOIlCXO,1l;IIT'b CIW.'lJ.nlCllie, YCTpmUleT1> B03\lOilOIOCTb 3a.n:npanin BBCpX1> '1'01'0
I(oHIa 060.1J0'um, H'L '11.10 CTOPOUY
a;)pOCTaT'b ;l,lllliKI'Tcn (11\11;CTCJJ II
3a;I,uiii XO,1,'b).
rOR.n:O.1la C,l,'I>.'Iana H3'b no,
.1bIX'L CTa.'ILUbIX'bTpy60I\1> «}:mr.69)
)J,.lIma C1I paBua 6,8 M., llnrpnHa-
1,26 \teTPY. Y.n.aJJcllie ('.11 OT'L OCI'
o60-10Qml paBIInCTcn 12,5 \ICTpa}I"r,
IhrtcT'13 C'L )l,BHraTC.1IC\I'b B"tC'L CJI
COC-raB.l,neT1> 240 ImJIOI'p. (15 ny-
,!I,OR'L), a el.l\e co BC1>\IH npuna.n:.1IC-
JI\JIOCTmm If oCHacTKoii-I,400 I\U-
JI{)rp. (85 ny.a.OIJl.).
OpU/lIb£ oou;)/ceuin. ouepri.ll
paJBHIIaCTcn 10U-CII.ILIILIM'L \IOTO-
pmll., lIaXO)lIUlI:.lCn B'I. I'OH,.1,O.1I'J;,
H uCpe,1l;aeTCn npouC.1J. 1 ICPY, ycm-
IIOB.'ICIIIIOMY lIa ocu60ii ,ll,JIJI HCro
nO)J,cTaBKI3 ('12) BbICOTOii ORO.'IO
31/ IIICTpOBL co ;J,lIa 1'011), 0.1 LI.
IIponrJI.'ICp'b 1U1'l3cTJ. COBepmCIIIIO
op"rIllra;lbTII,lll BIf)J,'L II He IIIOJKPTl,
6WTL ,ll,aiKO lIa3nall'r, llIlIITOM'b. 0'1'0
'ICTLlpC KrCI\a taTcpilI, Toii JKe,
1I3'b J\(HOpOH c.n:t.'lalla II 060.110(1-
Ita., - IIIIIPllllOii B'L 0,4 :'lcTpa II
..'I..lIIIIoii OI\OJJO MeTpa (11/ apm.),
npllKp'lm.1clIIlLW ],'L MCTa:I.'IH'ICCIW-
lilY 6apa6aIIIIo:'IY Or-roBY (6), Bpa-
ma.mlmlY HaBPpxy nO)J;CTam.n upn
IIocpe)J,cTB.t ucpe;l,a'nr, n,weii
CII1I3Y OTh MOTopa. Ror,il,a IIIOTOp'L
ne paOOTL1CTh, 3'1'11 IIO.'IOTI1.i RoIfl .'lOIIaCTH (.4,.4) BHCJIT'b CB060)l,HO BHH30, 110
npH pa60T"h ;I,BlIraTC.ur. Iwr)l,a 6apa6aH'b na.QHHaPT'b 6oICTpO BpaaTbCJI, 011"13
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58
BbITJIrIIUaIOTC.H IJc.rtAc'fuie l.\CIITpOO.tJKIIOii CnJIb! U C03).310'rb TalYIO JIW T.fIry Jl.JUI
nocTynaTeJILlIarO ,ll,BJlJKelliJI, RURYIO U 06LIKHOBellHlILIe )I.epeB.JIUllbTe UJIII MPTaJI-
JIH'!Ccltie IJIIIITbI. qTOOhl 3TH J\I.JII'IdJI JIOnaCTU 6blJIH ell.\e 60.'11>c JIWCTKUMU np"
npall\enin, ua IWHl.\3X'b UX'b 3amnBalOTCJI KYCInI CBUIIl.\a, ycu.'IHBaIoll\ie .n:tiiCTBip
l.\eIlTp061JJ1lHOii CUJILI. lh pa60T't npOlleJIJIep'b HlIl1>CT'b )(i3ICTp1. B'b 3,75 !lH'Tpa
(51 I, apm.); Bo }UtUYTY Oll'b )I.1>JIteTh ,11,0 300 060pOTOB'b. Ha TOll JKe 110)1,-
cTamd., IWTopaH ,ll,epjl\llT'b npone.1JIep'b, U'!>CIW.IlbRO IIJ1)Ke U Bnepe,l.u, YCTaJlO-
l!JIeu'b BeUTII.'1HTOP'b (6), lIarOIl.HIOIIill B03)I,YX'b B'b 6a.1I.l0IlCTLI 'lepe3'b WJI3lIry la.
Oll'b pa60TaCT'b lfJII-I 01''' AIOTopa OC06LIM'b npUUO)(OM'L, IIJIII I3py'mylO. Pe3Cp-
ByapD CD 6eH3UHOAlo )(JIJI MOTopa, BM1HIJ.3101liii 500 .'IlITpOB'L, IIOMtll\aeTC.H IJ'Jo
3a)l.IIeii 'laC'HI I'OIl)I.OJIb!, Y lIal(JIOHUoii cTtHlm (p).
O}JW1t'bl ynp1l6J(('11ill. PYJIb nOBOpOTIlLIli n3XO,1J.lfTC.H I10,l.'b IWpAlOii 6a.IIJIOHa,
noaa)l.u BepTIIK3JIblIarU 1l.1I3BIlUl{a. IIpmlOyrOJILIiOll 4JOpAILI, ua )I.epClUlHHoM1,
OCTOBt Oll'b IlpC)I,CTLlIJ.'1J1CTI. lIu.'1U'fII.JIIILIii AI"I.mOI{l" IUl)l,YBalOndiicJI B03JI.YXUM'b.
CneIl,i3JILHbIX'L PYJIcii IJLICOTLI II"I>T'L BOBce. Y npaB.'Iellie 1J'b lJepTlll\aJILIIOM'b Ilallpa-
II.'I('IIi" n.OCTI'ITa.P.TCH lIaml.'JJlBallip-III1, B03J1.yxa B1, OJUIII'b oa.1I.'10lle'l"" II BbnC-'\.'lUBa-

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([Inr. 69. ron.ll;ona "PII".
llielll'L 1t3'b ;J.pYI'OI'O, BCJrt)l.CTBie 1Jero 01"b I1Cpe1\l1>mclliJI l.\CIlTpa TjlilWCTIl B'b CTO.
pony 60Jlt(' llaIlO.1IlIelllIaro 6aJIJIOHeTa OCb a3pOCTaTa llaI£JIOII.JICTC.JI B'L TY JK(' CTOPOHY
II )!.fiJIbutumee JUJIIJKcJlie CI'O lI)1,eTh IIO lIaK.1IOHIIOU JIHHiu BBCPX'L IVIII BIlH3'L.
OPUlU"t ycmoii;'/;1l60cmn. TaIWBL1J\1Jt JIBJImOTCJI ,ll,Ba I'OpH30IlT3JIbllLIX'L n,,1aB-
IIltlla Ila RUP!\l't 060JIO'IKI-I CD 06tUX'b cTopOlrb C1I, II O)l,HH'L BCpTlUmJIbIiLIU,
YI(p'tIIJIeIIIILlii TaM'" mc 1I0)l.'L 060JIOtIKoi. KaJK)I.blU 113'(, 3THX'b II.TIaBIIHKOB'L HM1>CT'(,
110 )!.na .cJlO.l1 AHLTCpiu, IIanmYTLIXD IIa Jl,CpeBjIHHbIX'b palllax'b. R03J1.YX'L, IHtllOJI-
HJIlOll\iif HX'b IIPH )l.BlIJKeIliH, )(ac'fo UAI'L ,ll,OCTaT01JIIYIO jl\CCTIWCTb H 06C311e t lll-
BaCT'L ucnp3BIIOC ULIIIOJIIICuie CBOUX'b 4JYHl{l.\iit. rOpU30HTa.'1LIILIl' n.'JaBIIUKH It:\ltlOT'},
1I0BepXHOC'fL .IIO 16 m 2 , Bepnma.'ILIIblii-18,5 m 2 .
B'tc'(, BCel'O 33pOCTaT.a "PH" CJI3raeTCJI U3D: B"tta 1'01l,],O.1LI C'L lIIalIlIIllalII,
OCII3CTKOii, p33.'III'lIlLIJ\!H UllcTpYMelITaAIH U :JaHara oCII31111a Ha 12 'JaCOB'b nYTIt-
1,400 I(JlI"pM., (J'l>ca IIO)l,B1)("IH It I{aIlaTOlJo ,1I,.1UI 06JICl''lCIIiJ1 cllycKa-200 KJII'P"
Btca 060.'10'lIm-7 50 I,JII'pl. T. c. BeCb BtC'b p3BII.I1CTCJI 2,350 I,JII'Inl. .\ TaI'L
I.ilK'b I3CJI IIO;J,'Lell1ll3n CIMa l'aaa Bo OOOJIO'IK"t COCTaB.1HleT'L 3,100 K1I'IHI. TO
,d,JIJI IIO.lIC3IlarO I'pY3a OCTaCTC.I1 3,100 - 2,350 = 750 KJU'p, (45 IIYJl.OB'L). Ih.
33unCHIOCTU orL KOJIII'leCTBa 6ePYIl\31'0CJI 130 1l0JIeTl. ol,.1IlacTa (15-20 n)';l.OB'(,),
a:JpoCTa'f'L :llmKl'T"(' I10,1.IU!T(, ClIC 5-6 'lC.lIon-I;Ko.

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cra C'L IIIf1'L IIpOlI:JOIl1.'Ia aBapin If3'L-3a noptlIl XO.I0)J,II:ILIIIJ[;:a MOTopa; a:)pOCTa'l"L
IIbIHYJK;t,CII'L 6LIJI'L CIIYCTHTLeJI B'L no:r};. 1'.'1,"1> U3'L ncro BLIIIYCTH.JIII ra3'L (6101.11,
fH.ILHhIU BtTCp'L), pa300paJIlf no tlaCT{llIl'L, y.loJ/\If.m ua )l,B'); <VYPJ.I If yue3JIH
o6paTHo. HI, cCIITn6pt Oll'h J/pO/l,o:lilm.'I"Io I10JICTLI }IJIn BLII/o.mcuhI yc.lloniii I1pir\mH
11'1> BOe/lIlOe n'B,'{ollICTBO: )l,CCJlTlIlH1COBOlt 6e3upl'pLIB/lLlii no.1eTh, lIuJJ,'LCrL lIa
1,500 1('TpOB'L II raIlCBp'L cD J/O.!J.'LClIIOAI'L B'L OTI_p,.ITQ:.I'L 1I0JIt. 15 CeUTfiTp"
"PH" COBCpllIll.1'L Il l /2-'1aCOBOC nYTcllIecTuic, UJ.Iii I.n H3'L Tr1'eJIJI (no).'b Bl'P-
.1Hllml'L) I_'L Epall)l,ell6ypry If BCP"YULlIH('b 06paTHO tICpc3'b l(1I3aF" II IIoTc)J,1I \1'1,;
Bcero Obl.IIO npOMl,CnO OKO.'IO 300 I.IIJI. llplI 1I0.1CTt na c.'I'I>,1.Y IOI LlHi )J.CHL "PI I"
.'I.ajfb BeCh\la 60JIbllIYI0 C06cTBcllnYlo CIWpOCTb )l,DlliKClliu-OIW.:10 };3 'ICTp. B'1.
ce'-Y"AY. R'L eom::t.rlmiIO, 3TOT'L nO.TJeT1> OIW/ltm:ICfl ccpLr3110ii auapicfi: OIW.ao
rplOueBa.JIL)I,a Clf.1r,/lLIii B'I>TCp1> e.TJOMa:n, .!J.cpeBmIllYlo pimy 0)1,1101'0 113'L J'OpH-
30UTa.'ILHLIX'L n.II:tIlIllIlWB"lo II RycKa\1II en npo6n:n, 06U.10II1_r: lIectIacTin Cl. ;w:u-
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najJlCM'L ne 61,1.10, )l,a1KC rO/l)J.oJIa I10Clpa;I;a.'Ia Ma.TJu, Ta..-" KaKb a::JpoCTaT'b ynaJI'L
B'b JI1JC'L, no 060JIOtJKa 0I-a3aJJaCL COBepUlcIIIIO H30puaHIIOll. llOC.?It"' peMOIITa,
"PII" COBCpIUIfJI'L emc B'L OInn6p.t IIO.TJCT'I, B'b BJ.ICOTY, BLIII0.1II11111:. n a,'I,1JCI.
1I0CTaBJICIIIIOe CMY TpCOOBanie: npIf IlmIOU1I CBOIfX"b 6aJIJlOlIeTOB'b 0111, ,'I,OCTIfJ"h
BbICOTl>I I,50U MeTpOBo 113)1,1, 3CMJIeii. lloC.II'); 31'01'0 "PH" 6blJI'b IlpUH.HTb ua
CJIYJK6y B"b Boelllloe B'I>.'mlcTBo, a 06ecTBo, 00pa30Ballnoe AJIn nocTpniitm
:t3pOCTaTOB"b 3'1'01'0 Tuna, npnCTYllIfJIO I_'L COOPYJlCl1ilO eJIt. 'l.Ylocii \1O;t,e.lII, CC
QOJIblllllX'L p1t3I'l>pOln.
B"b 06meM'b TlllI'b OCT:t.1CJI 6C3'L 1I3M.tncllin, TO.ILICO 01"-111 ;'I,alll>l 60JIl.llIil
pa3\J'!ipLl. ITOC.?I1J nCpBLIX'L OIlbITOB'L BecHoH 1909 l'O)J.a 6bl.1If C)I,tJIallLI 111JIWTOPLIJI
ycoBcIHuenCTBOlJallin, a B'b aBrYCT-1> It ceuTJI6pJI 1I0Bwii "P III" COBeplllltJJ'l. IIlUI'O
nOJICTOB'L ]JO 'I'paI1K4JYPT1J ua Maiin't, na BceMiprroH B03,J.yxOUJIitBaTeJILIIoii ULI-
TaBK.t "Ita", 1')1,'1> Ha nCM'L )l,JIJI pa3BJIeQenin (If 3a IIJIaTY KUIICtJHO) COBCplll3JIIICL
uaccai/mpCldn U(3)1,YlllllbIJI UpOI'YJUCIf. "P III.' IUI1JC1"h 6.700 m 3 mlKocTII, npll
J(HYX'L 1IlTOpax'L no 100 lIP 1\:tiK,q,L]H n )J.BYX'L npone.TJJlepaX'L; I10,J.nHMael V b UO.1C3-

60
Hal'O rp}'3a ,n:o 1.500 K.'Irpr. (12-14 'JcJIOldm'b) " CIIOCOOCH'b 1I0,1.HIIMa1'LCJ\ na
BLICOTY ,n:o 1.500 MCTpOB'b.
XOTJI OCOOCIIHO ,u:.'IIIJIIILIX'L I1YTemeCTHiii "P 1[[" ne cOBcpma.l1., no IIOKa3a.'b
cc6J1 Bo06nc OlJCHL BhIHOCJIlrnr.JI'b II GLIC'fpOXO;I,IIIHI'b. JH3Tml'b 1910 rOJl,a Oll'b
Drpl'llleJI'b ll'b DoeHllOC B-tJlOMCTBO.
IIoCJI'h "P IlL" OCPIILIO 1909 rO.1.a 6bI.'I'b rUTOB'b "P [\''', CMIWC1'hlO lib
2.800 m 3 . IJpo.!J.aHllhIn aBCTj)iiicKUMY IIpalllITCJILCTBY, 3TOT1, <IpoC'raT'b cOBcpmn.1'b
B'L KOUl!;b rO,ll.a 1II0ro Hc60.%mnx'b 1I0.'ICTOll'b OhO.'IO B'tHLI.
CJI'b;I.Ylolll,iii "P YII (lIllII'. 70) 6hlJI'I. cOOpY]I,CII'b ,n:JIn U:h.1Cii cllopra, K31i'h
BO 4>paIllJ,iu ,,30,ll.im\'b". IIcelOTpn lIa CBon Ia.'ILlii 060e\'L-1.200 m 3 , "PV" Cl.
caia\'O Ha'IaJIa 3<I.fIHUJI'L ce6J1 DeCLla XOpOlllO, cOBrplllnll'b 1 mpTa 1910 rO)\<1
3 1 / 2 'JacoBoii IIO.leT'L 113"I. EIIHe} £l!CJII.}Ja B'b Eep.'IIHI'b.
1(0 OCCHII 1910 ro,u:a B'b nocTpoiiIt'l; naXO)l,II.'1UI"I> CllI,C TpIl a3pOCTaTa pa3-
JlLIX'b pa3M']ipOB'b.
Oonl.iJl cBoiicTBa a3pOCTaT0ll1. ITapceBaJIn MUJKno OlrlHIIITI. n3'L c.'I1;.'I.YlOnWX'b
1I0.'1uJKeniii:
,lI,ocmou'Hc11Iou. 1) OTCYTCTBic B'b a3pocTaT'Ii JKCeTIWX'b 'laC1'eU, Kpml'h ron-
)l.OJ1LI II ourpcllin, ,n:aCT'b B03IOJKnOCTh: a) I1cnOJIb30naTI. no,n:'beIIIYlo ClIJIY Dcero
raaa 060JIo'JIm C'L JIY'JlUeii BLIrO.!l.oii Bo C31LIcxb 60.1I.lllOro B'hca 1I0.1C3110ii H:1-
rpY3IUI (,n:JIJI nO,ll.'beltla 20 'JeJIOBtK'b "Z,o Tpe6yel'b 15.000 m 3 raJa IIPH )1,.11111"1>
o(OJIO'II\U B'b 136 MeTp., TOr,ll.a IWIC'[, "P" ,u:OCTaTO'lHO 8.000 m 3 ra3a npn ;I..mllt
o60JIo'IRU MeTpOn'b B'b 75-80); b) CUBCplUaTh MancBpbl C'b a3pOC1'arml'b na
3CMJI-t llCCLltIa npOCTO, eC3'b 60JILlUoro pllc.Ka CJIObIa1'h .K<lldn-:m6o qaCTn, If C'b
nOCToflImoll B03MQ;I\IIOCTLI0 6LICTpO pa306paTh a3pOCTaT'b, CIOJKIITh Ha 06mmo-
llelllILIJI I10,ll.BO;I.LI II YBe3TII.
2) Cnocoo'b ynpaoJIcni.JI a3pOCTaTOM'b B'L BepTIIIWJILIIOll nJIOCIWC1'1f npll
IImIOIl(1f nrpeI<a'lUnallin l103,l1.yxa 1I3'b OAlIoro 6a.l.l0HCTa B'b ,lI.pyroii BCCb'HI.
y,u:06CJI'L, Tm.o I\aK1, 06/HIILIC py.m DL/COTb! lOryr'b ,lI.tuCTHOBaTI. TOJILKO Ila XoP.y,
"IIapceua.m "-.il,C C'b 1I1'BCTti. I/o,u:HII)lmOTCJI, BBI/II'IlIlIanCI. B'L B03)J:YX'b )l.lI1raIIf'IeCKn,
a lie TOJlbI\O no,n:IIIImJICb a3pOCTaTII'leCKII, BC.l'{;;I.CTBic CBodi JICrKOCTII, Kan
IfpJTie nprrific'ltf.Trr. Crr.'IhHO ofl.ref"lIc'lH rCIirr.ff"h OOP,13(JAr"h B3.1eT"b, arOTL Cllvco6'b
06.'ICf'JaeT'b TO'IlI0 TaIOICC II cnYCIC'b na 3PI.'110, a npn MaHcnpllpOBanill B L B03;t.YX:'\>
IIUCKO.'IhI\O lIe B.lineT'b Ha YMCIILlllellie ClwpoeTII )l,1I11j\{el/in, IWKI. TO mr];CT'I. )!"IiCTO
Y pYJIeii BbICOTbl, I10r.'I0Il(aIOII{IIX'L nJlu pa60T']} IIX'b 'JaCTb pa60TLI 81I111'OII'I..
3) !\['tcTopacno.lOJK('nie TO'UW npn.1JoJKcHin IIocTynaTeJIbHOn CH.'ILI, T. e.
nponr.'1JIcpa, na,n:'b rOHJI;u:IOii 6e3yc.'IOBI/O BblrO}l,II"!>c, q'IiM'b y palIlI.Y3C1\I/Xb
T11I10Bo.
4) Tlln'b npOlleJI.'Iepa, JIC mrIilolll,aro TBepAbixo 'JacTcii, .a.o.JKen'b 6bl1'b
npII3nalI'b neCI,ltIa y,u:atlIlbul'b, TaIn. I\aK'b IImIlD:O .KOIIOMili B'b B'tc'Ii, a CJI'Ii;r;OBa-
TeJII.IIO U B'b 3lIcprin, YCTpalIJleTcn cme B03MOJl\HOCTh aBapiii OT'b nO.'1mmll .11011[1.-
("feu BUJITa, Ea.KOlJhIJI CJIY'la.'IU( I. II 1J0 rrp}lalIin, n BO «I>pal/u.iu.
5) IJpOCTOTa II Y)l.06CTBO J10 pa360pld> nO,ll.B'];cEII, B0310j\{I/OCTb .'I.JIn aspu-
('TaTa 3a)l.Ilnro xo;r;a, ,n:OCTaTO'JlIan nOM'icTuTC.'Ibl/OCTh rOU.!I.o.lbl II y,u:06cTBO no-
ca,n:Iclf If BbICa,ll.I\U.
lIciJocma1n1,u. 1) }T npa B.1CIlie 6a.1.'IOneTaIII, ua 'IeM'b OCI/OBanO co'{paHenie
pallnoB'];cin a3poCTaTa npll IlOIC11> II'I. rOpIf30JlTilJILI/OM'L nanpaBJIClliu, CKpLITO
IIUYTPII 060JIo'Jl\JI, 'f"IiM'b 3aTpYAI/flCTCn nOB.tplm ero uCllpaBIlOCTI/.
2) Cnoc060 npnKFIiII.lcnin J_'b 6a.1.10IIY I/C BnOJIII"t IIa.'l.CiKCI/'h.
3) CpaBlIlITCJIbl/O )I..'IIfHHan nOJI;B'tC.Ka Tpe6yeT'b YCTpollcTBa ,n:OEO.1bl/0 BbICO-
KHX'b 3.'IlfHl'OB'b.

,
LIAOTb II.
JI ETA HIE ME X A H II q E C It 0 E.
r .11 A B A '"II I.
MOH:mo-Jul H KaRRM"h OOpaaOM"h no.n;pam.aTb JIeTaHiIo
B""b npHpO.n;'B.
RaIt'b ynmnmaJIOCb panbwe, nepBl,Ul nonrURH 'ICJIOB-B'IeCTBa JICTan, cTpe-
MIunCb Bocnpoll3BcCTH nOJIeT'b 111'1111;1,. YB.IC1tauwicCJI aToll: lI.n;eeii JIIO.n;II CTpOHJIII
"pl,lJIbJI H, IIlaxan mIll B'b B03.n;YX-B, )l,YMa.m Jl.OOIlTl,CJI B03MOJlWOCTU ncpCl\dmCHiJI.
B'b cpe.n;HHX'b B-BI\aX'b TaI>IIX'b IIonLlTOIt'b 6uJIO O'ICHl, IIlII0ro, HO Dc'I; owt JCOHqa-
.UlCh O)l,HuaRoBo ucy.n;aqHO II qaCTO C'b CCpbC311bDm IIOCJI-B,WTBiJIllIIf .n;JIJI 3.n;OpOBhJI
aMIIX'b a;)pOHaBTOB'b. ::ha-JKC 1(,ICJIl, ClIJIbHO 3aHlUlaJIa II rCIIiaJIbuaro .JIcouap.n;o-
.na-BUH'1If, IWTOpbIii B'b CBOIIX'b 3anllCJtax'b OCTaBlI.l'b pnCYHItu T-BX'b'lICRYCCTBeu-
JlbIX'b Rpbl.'IbCB'b, cnpocRTHpoBaHUbIX'b Uo 06pa:JII;y RpbIJIbCB1> .JICTYlIeii MbIWlI,
I\OTOpblH )l,OJIJKULI 6bIJIli IIpHBo.n;lfTbCn B'b .n;BII,KCHic II PYltaMH, II HoraMH.
'l'exIIIPIccRiii reuiii JIeonap)l,o-,!I;a BIIHqll YIm3aJIo emc II Ha )l,pyroii CIIoc06'b
)lexalmqeCRaro JIeTaHiJI-npli nOMOmn BIIHTa Ha BepTIIKaJIbHOM OCH, ROTOphUI'b
aImapaT'b MmKeT'b BBI1II'HlUaTbCJI B'b B03)1,YX'b; It'b COJKaJI-BHiJo, aBTOp'b ynmIll-
JlaCT'b TOJIbRO, '11'0 CIIIY y;J;a.l0Cl, 1I0.n;UJI1'l, B'b B03)1,YX1:o Tal,IIM'b nYTCM'b 6YlaiKUYIO
.MO,!t:eJIl" HO Jill C.'10Ba lIe rOBOpHl"L 0 T-BX'b cpe.n;CTBax'l" RaKH1H ero BIIHT'b npn-
1J0,Il,II.ICJ1 B'b )l,BII.iKCUie.
O,Il,uaRO, 1I1110m BpC1ICHIi npolJIJIO, IIpeiK;I;e q'I;M'b qeJIOBJKY y.n;a.JIOCl, ,n:06nTl,CH
nepBblX'b, XOTJI CaMbIX'b ne3Ha'JIITeJIl,Hl,IX'b YCH-BXOB'b JIcTaniJI allnapaTOB'b 60JI-Be
TJI'KC;IbIX'b, .q"tMl, B03,I1,YX'b. IIe.n;OCTaTOqUaH MYCRYJIl,HaH CIIJIa qe.loB'I;I\a .n;'I;"1aJIa
oBcplUem((J HeB03MOiKHhUf'b 1I0JICT"b IIICXaHUqCcKiit no IIPUM-BPY nTIIIJ,'b, 6C3'b
nmlOIllH II I JKYCCTBCUIILLX1, .n;onraTCJIeM, a cJIa60 pa3BIITan TCXHIIRa He MOrJIa .n;aTl,
R'b TOIY Ee IIlNel'O y.n;OR.leTBOpHTCJIr,lIarO .n;o Ca11al'O XX B-Blta. XpOHllqCCKiJI lIey.n;aqll
BC-BX'b nCpBblX'b OnblTOB'b T-BM'b 60.11 l>e pacxo.lo,Il,IIJIH JIlOncit, pa60TaBIllUX'b Ha,'I;'b
TlIMlI BOllpocam, '11'0 C'b KOIIIJ,a BOCCMHaJJ;lI;a;raro CTOJJ-BTiH, co BpcMeHlI OnbITOB'b
{Jp. l\IoHrOJIhqJbe, HacTynlI.la nopa Bce061llaI'o yn..lcqcuiH a3pOCTaTaMII, pa3p"I;-
WHBWHIH, ,Il,JIJI Ha'IaJIa, 3a.n;aqy "lcTalliJI IJCCLMa npoCTO II .n;OCTaTO'IHO y6'I;.n;II-
TCJIhHO... II TOJIbRO Kor.n;a BO BTOpOll cTa;6H pa31111Ti.H aapOCTaTHqeCRaro B03)1,YXO-
nJIaBalIiJI qCJIOB-BqCCTBO BCTlyI;TH..I0 HCOJlm.n;aHIIO rpmla.n;HblJI 3aTpY)l,HCIDJI B'b pa3-
p'I;wcnili Bonpoca ynpanJIJIelllOCTH aapOCTaTOBD,-TOJIl,RO TOr,l:a 6bI.10 BHOBl,
{)6paUeHo )l,OJIHOe BHHI\Iauie Ha BonpoCbI JIcTauiJI MCXaUHqeCKarO H TOJILKO
I10CJI-B aToro 6LIJIII ,Il,OCTIfI'HYTLI ll-BROTOpIJe, II TO BeCbMa CJIa6bIe peaY"ll,TaTbl.

62
BO.'lLIUOH 'l'O,'4OIn, H1, 3TOM'b HallpaB.lelliH 6wrL ),aH'I, B'b Tuii JKC I}>paHlJ,iH.
Ih 1852 ro,Il,Y 'l'pn 'IeJloBim1l, rJlYOOKO 3aoHTepeCOBaIlHbie )I,-BJlOM'b,.-IIoHTOH'b
XAMCKYP'b, }l,c-.lJa.mH,II,CJIJlb II Ha,Il,ap'b,-COCTaBIIJlH TpiYIBUpa'l"b, nOCfaBHBlliHi:
cBorn 3a,Il.a t len OCYIlI,eCTBJlCuie 1I0JlCTa McxaHUtlCCKaro "YTCM'b H3Y'4CHiJI 0 Bocnpo-
113BC,Il.ClliJI Clloc060B'b .'1eT<llIin IIpC,Il.CTaBDTCJlJIMU Mipa nTHIJ,'b H HaC"l,RoMbIX'b.
Ono BCnOIlIIIIf.1JU orpymKY, 0300p'l>TCUHYlO CIlI,C B'b 1784 ro,Il.Y EbcnBcnlO (4mr. 71)
H ,!.O.1JI'OC BpCMJI 1f('lIbl'fblBaJlH pa3.1JO t IHblJI JI(wl,iJI IIW,n:(,JlH, 3aCTaBJlJIJI OX'b B3J1CTaTb
U'I> B03,I1,YX'b npH IImlOIlI,li BpaIll,CHiH BHHTOB'b IIa BCpTIfI,aJlI,HOH oeH... (TaIdc
auuap:LTbl I10.JIY'lHJlO Ha3Banie rCJlHIWnTCpOB'b-BIIIITOK,PLIJlLIJI MalIJlIIlI,I). lIa,Il,'b
1l0CTpOHKOll rc.UfKOJlTCpa, cnocooHaro C.JIYiKO'l'l. ,n:JlH nO,Il,HHManin B'L H03,n:yx'b
lfCJlOB'Jma, 11 CTaJl'b rJlaBllbllIl'b 06pa30M'b pa60TaTb TpiYMBopan, OOOAPCHHblii
)'.JI.atIllLIIIIli nOJlCTaMH IItaJlCnblmX'b JlIO,n:CJlCH 0 urpymcI\'L. O)J.uaKo, alInapan, C03-
)l,aHHLln III1I1f B'b 1862 rOAY (.JJ,BIfI'aTCJlCM'L 6wIa napOBall MamHlla), ycn-Bxa IIC
1IIII'l,JI'L-ObIJl'b CJlHlIJl\OM'b TJIJlCCJI'b. T-BIII'I, HC !\Iclrbc pa60TLI npo,n:o.1JJKa.JJllch.
,ajI\C 60JlblliC-'l'piYMBllpa'l'1" no IfHOll,ianlB-B lIa)l;apa, p-BlliH:n IIpH3BaTL lIa no-
1I101IJ,b BC-BX'b JlIO,iI,cii, IfIITCpCCYIOIll,OXCJI B03JJ.yxOIIJlaBaHiclIl'b, y6'b-
,n:IIB1. D,\:'L OCTaBOTb HaBCCI')Ia aapoCTaTbI 0 3alUIThCJI )l;iJ.1JOM'h .1Jl'-
'raniJI IIICXaIlO'ICCKaro. rJly601\.iii ;)lrl'Y3iacn Bb ,n:ywiJ, n06I.IBaB-
miii B'b cBoeii .iKH3110 nOCJI-B;r;OBa'l'CJlb1l0 }l,OItT0Po:If'L, .mTepaTOpOlll'h,
XYJlOil,JI}IIWM'b H, uaKOIICII,'b, (OTOrpa(OM'b,-lIaAap'b o6paTD.'1C}1
C'I. nmpOKUlIlo B033BallieI'L CHa'JaJIa h"'h IIliPY Y'4CllhIX'L, a no-
TOM'b H KO BCCMY 06Il1,CCTBY, 20-ro ilO.JIH 1863 rO),a, IJ'L c06paHill
uan60Jl'1;c Bbl,n:mOIll,IIXCH JIIOJl.CH lIaYKH, HI'KyccTBa H JllfT('paTYP"',
Obl.'I'b TOp.iKeCTilCHHO npOtlHTall'b "l\taHO(CCrL BO:UYlUIIOH aYTo-
III o lI,i 0 " , OIlYOJlIIKOBalllIbdi 3aT-BM'b "y'rcm, IIC'IaTIf. CYlltllOCTb Ma-
IIHlJ!ccTa JICHa 03'b C.lI-BJI.YIOlIl,UX'b eTpoli;h...
"A;}POC'J'aT'b pOJK.)I;CII'b nOllJlaBKOWI, JI Ol"TaIlC'l'CH O"'b Bccr,n:<I.
A.JIJI 'foro, tJT06bl OOpOTbCJI CD B03)1,yxmn., IIa,Il,o 06J1a,n,aTb Y.JI:bJlb-
HLIIIl'b iI'tCOM'b, 60.'IbHllIl\l'b 'l't,IJ'b B03)1;YX.... tle.'IolrtK'I, AOJlJKCII'L
cmpaTbCII Jlan'l'If cc6-B onopy B'b B03Jlyx'1; 110)1;06110 IITHlI,t,
y)l;'1;JlbHblH BtC'b KOTOPO" 60.1JblUC B03,I1,YlUII0li ("PC]I,M. II y"aro
rOCnO)l;CTBOBa'fb Ha)l;'b B03,I1,YXOIlI'b mrbC'l'o '1'01'0, 'lTOOM ca}IOlIry
6LITb HrpymIwH cro; a )I,.'IJI TOro llan,o lIaiiTH onopy B'b nCWb, 3
IIC C JlY.iKH'fh onopoii ,Il,JlJI ncro. OTlia3aBllIHCh 0'1'1. <lapOC'l'<I-rOill.
BCJIlmro pO,Il,a, HYJKHO ncpciiTli 1\1, IICIIO,lbaOB3Hii0 3a KOIIO B1, }l,1I-
lIal1l11'leCliarO :ICTaHiJI. BHIITh,-CHIITOU BIfII'f'b, - JW.'IiKCH'b 8"1>
6J1JJ.iKaiilllelll'b 6Y}I,YI.I.lClIl'L B03nCCTo lIac'I. l"b oO.TImmlll'b. T()TL
HHH'f''', KOTOpLdi oypaBolllo BXO)l;Ul'b B'b .JJ.CpCBO, ('nOIlID BpaIll,C-
lIicM'h B'L B03,I1.YX-B, MOJK(,T'h YBJlC'IL BBCPX'L H 'IC.JIOB'1;Ka"...
.iRe.'IaJI 0311allteHOBaTb tl'tllrL-1I1I6Y..'I.h CBOC I)Tpc'lcnie 01'1>
3apOC'faTOll'" It )l;a",e a<lBCplUHTb B-BI''b BJla)l;I.I'ICCTBa a'l'ox'b 1I0CJI'£AIIHX'b, lIa,n:ap1,
IIpe)l;lIpOIlJIJI'b 1I0CTpoiil,y IWJlOCCaJIbHarO B03;I;YlUnaro lUapa "rlIraIlT'b" (C:'IIWCTbIO
10,000 ma). C06paB'b III) 1I0JIJIIICK't 15,000 IJ!panKOB1., OH'b )l;1,uCTBoTe.'IhIlO .'1,0-
lIC.TIo ;)'1'0 ,n:'t.'IO ,Il,0 lWIIIJ,a II COBCplUlIJI'I. HiJCKOJlbKO 1I0JICTOIrI" BCChMa 1),II,IIalW
IICYJl,a t HlLIX'b. llepilMH 1I0JlCT'h, B'b KlITOpOM'b npHIIIIlItaJlO Y'lacTic TplIlla;IJ,aTr.
lIaCCa.iKllpOB'L, npO)l;JlO,lCJI BCCro .JIHlUb TPIl- tIaca, a BTOpOH OI\OII'III.'ICn CIlI,e IJ('-
'laJlblrt('-lIoc.1J't HellpO)to.'I.iKUTCJlbHarO TO.iKC 1I0JlCTa. map-L Kpallnc neYjl,MHO
OIlYC'I'HICJI B'b rOJl.mll,Il,in, C]I,Ba HC JlJII'I;u'L npll aTOM'}, CTOJlRHOBCllic CD 1I0't3)1;OM'I>
II BhlTPJIXIJYB'L H3D KOp3HIJhI noo,n:IIHO'II\'1; Bc'IjX'" CBOOX'b )l;CBHTL lIaccaiKllpOB'h,
EO BpCMII ('H.'ILliarO BO.l0'Il'lIhl cro 8"t-rpml'L 110 3CM.'I'1;. (IIo(,JI'1; 'foro "l'III'aIlTI.'"
tOlleplIllI.'I'I> elltC Tpn no.'ICTa; TOilW O)l,lIaKO IIC OC06CHIII) YJOB.1CTiI(JpH'l'CJlbHhlXo).
WUI'. 'il. l\Io-
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nalOl1I.aHCH 61f-
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II an eTae'l''h
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63
)'BJIC'lL'JlIlI,IH CBoeH H)J.ceii, Ha)l;ap'b )J.-!Jikl'BOBa.'I'b II )l;pymMIi CIIocooaMn.
Ero CTapaHiHMII OI,IJIO Y'lpCJK)I;cno .,0omCCTBO noOmpcniH )J.IIHa.IIf'leCIarO B03)J.Y-
xon,,1aBaniHMH". OIl'I, JKe opraIIlI30BaJI'I> nepBhIH CnCD;iaJJhHI,IH JKypnaJI'I>-" L' Aero.
naute"... II Jl:hUCTBIITCJIhHO ero TPY)l;LI He OCTaBaJIDCh Oe3nJI())I;IIhHfH. qlICJIO 113-
c.'1'tJl.ollaTr.'1di ;UlllaMH'leCKUX'I> CIIOC060B'b JIeTaJliH YBCJIUtlUIk'tJIOCb, II pa60Ta }IX'b
noneMllory )l;BHra.JJaCh BIICPC)I,'b. <I>paHI\Y3'1> JIello (1870 r,) cO:J}J,a.1J"I. Maccy lllO)I;C-
.WH, BOCJlpOH3BO)l;HIlJ,HX'b nO.1eThI nTHD;'b II pa3JIIi'IIIhIX'I> HacimoMI,Ix'h; If XOTH :no
fihlJIII TO.1hI\O .'1errdfl lllO)J.eJIH, JIeTaIOIlJ,iH OT'b pacKPY'IlIRaniH pC3HnRH, BpaIlJ,aIOIlJ,eii
BHIIT'b lUll XJIOllalOm;rll Kp...JIh1Um, no II OH13 cLlrpa.'111 CBorO POJII. B'b HCTOpiu,
1I0Ka3aB'I>, I\ah"'h BCe-TaI,U l!CJIOB'tIt'b MOiKeT'I> MCXaHIflIeClm nO)l,paJKaTh JIeTallilO,
ocYU\eCTB.'IfleMoIIIY B'I> JlpllpOJl:t. Ih TO J/\C BPC!\U1 )l;pyroii <l>paHl\Y3cldii yqCHLlii
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OCHOBaniH BeCbMa 06CTOJITCJlbHbIX'b TPY,D;OB'b IIIHOI'HX'b 113CJl1>,D;OBaTeJlcii, npOD3-
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lIanp., 3a.BHCHMOCTb !\IC.JKny CHJIoii COnpOTHBJIeHiJl B03,D;yxa II yr JIOM'b BCTp1>'lH
nOBepXHOCTH 6LIJJa BbIBe,n:eHa na OCHOBaHiH MHOrHX'b J1aOOpaTOpHbIX'b onbITOB'b,
npOH3Bo,n:IfBIUIfXCJI nOJIIWBlIlffiO'l1'b PeHapOIlI1" 4>paHl:\Y3CKUM'b npo(eCCOpOM'b
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TIJB.leHiJl MHoro pa60TaJl'b 1fJ1f31fK'b AJII,60PII'b, np01l3Bo,n:HBlUiii onbITbI C'b
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cryrn;eHie IfX'b If onpe,n:1>JIJIJIO M1>CTO TaE'b ua3. IJ,eHTpa conpOTHBJIeHiJl. Ilpo-
lfJecCOp'b Copo na OCHOBaHiH CBODX'b OnbITOB'b ,D;aJJ'b If 4>OPMYJIY, onpe,n:1>JIJlIO-
rn;ylO pa3CTOJlHie lIIeJK,JI,Y IJ,eHTpaMH TJlJKeCTu If conpOTlIB.1J('HiJl B'b 3aBlfCH!\IOCTH
0T'b BCJIIf'IMHbI yrJIa BCTp1J'lIf: { 2 (1': 2tgi) . 1
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BCTp"n'lalOT'b M('Hbmee conpOTHBJIeHie, 'l1>!\10 nplf nepeM1>rn;eHiII IfX'b JKe B'b
nanpaBJIeHilf OOJI1>e KOpOTEOii CTOpOHbI (4)Hr. 81). 3aTtM'b BblJICHIfJIOCb e.rn;e,
'lTO nOBepxHocTH, BOl'HYTbIJI CH1l3y, J1er'le HaXO,D;JIT'b ceot onopy Bo B03,n:yx1>,
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TIJ'leCKll, 'JTO B'b nOBepXHOCTlI TaIOOro pO,D;a 06pa3yeTcJI ,n:ajIi.e CHJla KOHTp'L-CO-
IlpoTIIB.1JeuiJl, YBeJIII'lIfBaIOluaJI H1>CEOJIbKO CKOpOCTb HacTyuaTeJIbHarO ,D;BHJKeHiJI.
3TlI 3aKJIIO'leHiJI HaXO,J.J1Tb ce61> nO,D;TBep.JK,D;eHie If aD npnpo,D;1>: KpblJlbJl nTUIJ,o
MI1>IOTb BorHyrocTb CHH3Y II BblTJIHYTbl IfMeHHO B'b nOnepe'lHOM'b HanpaBJIeHiH
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Haro B03,J.ymHaro 3M1>J1, 3anYCKaeMaro Ha OIf'lCUE1>.
BOT'b cxeMa, IIJIJIIOCTPIfPYIOXUaJI YCJIOBiJI, npII KOTOP"'X'b JIeTaeT'b Kam,n:blH
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onpe,D;1>JIeIIHOii ,D;.'1HHbl na O)l,HOIIIO If TOM'b JKe M1>CTt, TO ,D;J1J1 paBlioB1>ciJl ero
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2) FHJIie, y,D;cpJKIII3alOluee 3Mtii 3a TpOC'b,-no HanpaB.:leHilO Tpoca BHD3'b;
3) cOnpOTllBJIellie B03)\.yxa, oEa3blBaIOluaro, no,n:'b BJIimlieM'b CIfJIbl BtTpa, ,n:aBJIeHie
CBOI1MII 'laCTlIIJ,a!\1lI Ha BCIO naEJIOHeHHYlo nOBepxHocTb, B'b HanpaBJIeHiH, nepneH-
,J.DKYJlflPHO!\I'b K'b 3TOH nOBepXHOCTlI BBCpX'b (TaE'b Y'IHT'b TeopiJl). Pa3JIO.JKIIB'b
nOCJI"l;,D;HIOIO CHJIY Ha ,D;B1> COCTaBJIflIOIUiJI, D3'b EOTOpbIX'b O)l,Ha HaUpaBJleHa Bep-
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70
,IJ;JIJI paBHOB'tciJl CHCTeJllhl B'b B03.n;yX't HeOOXO.n;RlIlO TOJILKO paBeHCTBO Mem.n;y
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oy.n;eTh BCer.n;a rrOrJIOlI\aThCJI T'tM'h YCHJlieM'h, KOTOphIM'b TpOC'h y.n;epJKHBaeTC.H Ha
SeMJI't (PYI\OU 'leJIOB'tKa HJIH COrrpOTIfBJlemeM'h KaKOrO-JIH60 npe.n;MeTa).
JICHO, 'lTO npH H3M'tHCHiH O.n;HOU H3'h aTRX'h CHJI'h HapymHTCJI H paBHOB't-
cie 3M'tJl. TaK'h, rrpH YBCJIH'IeHiH CIIJIhl B'tTpa, C'h YBeJIR'IeHieMo COrrpOTHBJlemR
B03.11:yxa, 3M'tU rrOll.n;eT'h BBCpX'h, H3I'tH.flJl yrOJI'h YKJlOHa CBoeu rrOBcpXHOCTH,
rrOKa BepTHKaJlblla.fl COCTaRJI.flIOmaJl He rrpHpaBH.fleTC.fl Ko B'tCY CHCTeMLI. YDeJIH-
'lHBaJl rrOBepXHOCTL 3M-Ij.fl rrpIl TOM'h-JKe B'tTp't, 1I1OJKHO CHJIbHO yneJIH'IHTb H
COOCTBeHHLlii B'tC'h cro, .n;06aBllB'h .n;aJKe H3D'tc'I'HYIO HarpY3KY («pOTorpa<<pH'IeCKili
arrrrapaTh, 'lCJIOB'tKa-Ha6JIIO.n;aTeJI.fl), TaK'h KaK'h rrpH 60JIbmeU rrOBepXHOCTH H
conpOTHBJIeHie B03.n;yxa 6y.n;eT'h 60JILmc.
CxeMa nOAema aapon.!laua. BC3'h B'tTpa 3M'tU JIeTaTh He MOJKeT'h. Ho
MOJKHO 3aCTaBliTL 3I'tU IIO.n;H.flTLCJI C'I> 3eMJIH H Tor.n;a, Kor.n;a BHlf3Y B'tTpa H'tTh:
CTOHTL JIHmL rr06'tJKaTh C'b 6e'IeBIwH. .D:pyrlfMR CJIOBa1H, CHJIY B-BTpa MomHO
B03M'tCTHTL cHJIon .n;BllJKCHiJl caMorO 3M't.fl. Ho CKOpOCTb 3Toro C06cTBcHHaro
it

J\
r.:- - -
:Jlc . cu..w.

(Dur. 82.
(l)nr. 83.
}J.BHJKem.fl MOJKHO nOJIY'lHTb H He C'h 3CM.'IIf, 'Iepe3'h 6C'IeBKY, a HCnOCpC,IWTBCHHO
y caMoro 3M't.fl, cHa6.n;HB'b cro aKTHBIiOU CHJlOH-MOTOPOM'b, BpamalOlI\HM'b B03-
.n;ymHhlll BHHTh. TaKoii 3M'tU H 06palI\aCTCJI B'h a3pOrrJIaH'h, KOTOpblll YJKe HR-
'I'tM'h HC npHB.fl3aH'h Ko 3CMJI't, a rrpH .n;OCTaTO'IHbIXo pa3I"I)paxO crrOC06CH'b
JIo.n;HHMaTh H COJIH.n;HYIO HarpY3KY.
BOT'b CXCMa JlCTalOII\aro apOnJIaHa, 31'01'0 B03.n;ymHaro 3M't.fl, KOTOpblll
"CaM'h CCo't .n;'tJIaCTh B'tTCpo" (<<PHI'. 83).
TaI\a.fl JIrc HaKJIOHCHHa.fl K'b ropH30IlTY nOBcpxHOCTL 1I0.n;BepraCTC.fl )I,'tilcTBiIo
CJI't.n;YIOII\HX'h CRJI'h: 1) C06cTDCHHa.fl rrocTynaTCJIblIaR CHJIa .n;IJRJ((CHiJl-T.Hra Bpa-
IWlIOIWlroc.fl BHHTa-ropH30HTaJIbHO BncpCJ{'h; 2) C06CTD(,HHbIH D'tC'h a3pOrrJIaHa-
BCpTHKaJIhHO BHH30; 3) COrrpOTHBJICHic B03,1.yxa-BBCpX'h rrcpncuJ{IlKYJl.flpnO K'h
rroBcpxIIOCTH. Pa3JIaraJl rrOCJI't.JJ.HIOIO CHJIY Ha rOpH30UTaJlbHYlO H BCpTHKaJIbHYIO
COCTaBJI.fllOlI\i.fl, 1I1bl YBHJ{RM'h, 'ITO rrepBaH H3'h IIHX'b rrOrJIOTHTC.fl THroll BHHTa,
T, c. OHa 6y.n;CT'b TOpM03HTh XO.JJ.o a3pOrrJIaHa, a BTOpa.fl 1I1OJKCTo rrOrJIOTHTh CHJIY
c06CTBeHHaro B'tca, 06C3rre'lHB"b a3pOrrJIaHY BHc-Jmic B'h B03,!!:YX't npH aTOM'b
.n;BlIJKeHiH. TaKoe COOTHomeme MCJK.n;y BC-BMH 3TllMH CRJIalllll, rrpH KOTOpOM'h B'b
pe3YJILraT't HXo B3aJtMO.n;'tii:CTBi.fl OCTaeTC.fl TOJILKO OJ{Ha, narrpaBJIeHHa.fl ropH-
30HTaJILHO Brrepe.n;'h, 3aBHCHT'h rJIaBHbIM'h 06pa30M'h OTh CKOpOCTH .n;BHJKem.fl H
-OTh HaKJIOHa X'b ropH30Hry rrOBepXHOCTH a3pOnJIaHa. C'b I13M']meHielllo CIWpOCTH
H yrJIa HaXJIOHa nOBepXHOCTH (yrJIa BCTp't'lH) lII'tH.fleTCJI If corrpOTHDJIeuie B03-
.ll;yxa. q-BM'b CKOpOCTb II yroJl'b BCTp't'lH 60JIbme, T'tMo OOJIbme H BepTllKaJILHaJI
OCTaBJI.fllOlI\a.fl CHJlbl corrpOTHBJIeHi.fl B03.n;yxa (UO)l,'beMHaH ClfJIa), HO T'tMo 60JILme

71
II TOp103JIllleC :rtllcTBie (rOpll30HTaJIbHaH COCTaB.151IOaJI). II TO, II }J.Pyroe
RbIBOJlIITb aapOllJIaH'b lI30 paBHOB'Eci51, 3aCTaBJI5151 ero YCTPCllfJIJITbCH BBCPX'b.
C'b YMCHLmCIIicM'b CKOpOCTli YMCHbmaeTC51 TOp10351ee }J.'EiiCTBie COllpOTIIBJIeHi51
t!03}J.yxa, 110 YIIICIILllIaeTC51 II 1I0)l'bCMIIOe }J.-BHCTBie.
Ca'CNa 'KoucrnpY'K1iu aapon.wua. CXCIIIbI .1eTaHiJI B03}J.ymHaro 3111'E51 H aa-
pOIlJIaHa, }J.aunbl51 ua /fJllr. 82 II 83, H-BCKOJIbKO l'p-tmaT"b I1pOTHB"b IICTlIHbI, 110-
"TmlY '1'1'0 CIIJIY conpOTllBJICHi51 B03}J.yxa Ha}J.O nplIJIaraTb He eo LleIITp-B T51JKCCTli
-CW:TeIlILI, a II'ECKOJIbKO Bllepe.'lll ero. IIplI TaKOMo HOBOIII'b pacllpc}J."I>JICHilI CllJI'b,
BCpTIII\aJILHa51 COCTaBJIHIOIIla.51 CliJILI conpOTIIBJIeHifl B03}J.yxa lIe COBlla)laCTb C'b
HanpaBJICHielll'L CIIJILI C06CTBcIIHaro B'ECa "anllapaTa (/fJllr. 84), BCJI'E}J.cTBie 'Iero
51BJI51eTC51 napa Cll.no, CTpeIJIaJIC51 ncpcBepnYTI, CIICTCMY. B'I. B03}J.ymHOM'b
.3M'E'E 3'1'0 51BJIeHic YCTpaHJIeTC51 npllcoc}J.llHeHiml'L XBOCTa, nOlllIIlI1O '1'01'0, '1'1'0 Y3-
]le'Ilta 3M'E51 }J.'E.1JaCTCH mlCHHO Bo BepxIIcii ero 'IaCTII, rJl'E II HaXO}J.lITCH LleHTp'b
-conpOTIIBJIeHi51. B'b a3poII.1IaH'1> MOJKHO I1plIt'EHIITL YCTpOii:CTBO TaKOrO-JKe "XBO-
-em" Bo BII)l'E BTOpoii HecyeM norcpxHocTII, pacIIOJIOJKCHHOii C3a}J.lI, IIJIII }J.aJKe
-enepe}J.1I OTb rJIaBlloll. I1pll }J.BYXo TaKIIXo 1I0BepXUOCTJIX'b, BapLlIpy51 lIXo pa3-

.
 >
(J).HI'. 84.
([)nI'. 85.
td'Epa1lI H Hal\JIOHeHiml'b K'b roplI30HTy, IIIO)/(HO }J.06MTbCH Toro, 'ITO paBHO}J.'Eii:-
-eTBYIOaH BepTIIKaJIbHLIXo COCTaBJI51IOIIXo CIIJI'b conpOTIIBJIeHi51 B03}J.yxa 06'E-
IIX'b nOBcpXHOCTeH IIpoit}J.eT'b (Iepe30 LleHTpo T51JKeCTll Bceit CIICTeMLI, q-Bl\I'b II
YCTpaHIITC51 BpC}J.IIOC OIlpOlII,'J,hIBallie (/fJlIr. 85).
IIo a3pOllJIanbI lie TOJIbKO Bo 3TOlo O}J.HOlllo 3aHIIICTBOBaJIli !f}J.elO KOH-
eTPYlwjH B03}J.YUIIILIXo 3l\1'ECBo, 3TlIXo "aapOllJIaHOBo Ha 51KOp-t", KaKo IIXo IIpO-
3BaJI'b KaIlIITaH'b ct>cp6cpo. RorAa B03}J.yullILIe 3f'ElI C'IaJlII IIpUlll'EH51TLC51 }J.JI51
-ecpbe3Hoit HayKll,-}J..1JJI MeTeOpOJlOrII(ICCItllX'b 1I3CJI'h}J.oBaHiii aTMocqJephI, IIYTellf'b
1I0}J.oCllIa ua HllX'b aBTOIaTII(IeCKUX'b IIpll60pOBo, lIJIli }J.JI51 B03}J.ywHaro /fJ oTO l'pa-
.qmpoBaHiJ4,-TO IIpllmJlOCb 03a60T!fTbC51 lUll CIIJILUhIM'b YBe.nII'IeHielo IIX'b 110-
BepxllocTcit,-(ITO O(IeHL neY}J.06Ho,-IlJlll YBCJlII'ICHielo 'lIICJIa 3M'EeBo, 3anYCKae-
1.JbIXo lIa 0}J.1I0M'b TpOC'E. A npll 1I0CJI'E}J.IIClllo clloc06'1>. C'b C6JIlIJKeHieMo }J.ByX'b
COC'E]lnllXo 3M'I>CB'b, cala c060it OllpCJl'EJllIJlacL KOHCTPYKLli51 O)lHOrO 3111'E51 C'b
}J.BYllIJI napaJIJleJIbHLtMII lIoBepXHOC'1'51IlIlI, COC;I.lIHeHHbIIIIlI ce IIHor}J.a BepTIffiaJIL-
HhIlI1lI neperopO)lKaMlI; 06JIa}J.a51 3Ha(IIITCJILHO 60JILmeii: 1I0}J.'beMHoii: ClIJIOH, q'EIII'b
.3l\1"tH cD O}J.HOii: TaKOIO .iRC I10BCpXIIOCTbI0,-3TOTb CJlO:iKlIhIH 3l\1'I>H 06JIa}J.aeTb eIIle
II 60JlLllleit YCTOH(IllBOCTLIO. BO'1'o II CB060}J.UbIe a3pOllJIaULI Cl'aJIII 1I;"I>JIaTb 110 Ta-
IWH-iI\e CXCM'I>-Co }J.B)'III51 1I0BCpXIIOCT.fll\m, O}J.Ha Ha}J.o }J.pyroii; TaKie anllapaThI
nOJIy'lllJIII na3BaHie 6 If II JI a II 0 B 'b, Bo OTJlII(lie OTb alIIIapaTOB'b C'L O}J.HlIM'b P51-
)l.OM'b 1I0BCpXHOCTCii-1I1 0 H 0 II JI a HOB 'I.. IIa}J.o O}J.llaEO 3aM'ETHTL, '1'1'0 TaKoe
OTJIII(lie T'EXo II }J.PYI'llX'b a3pOllJIalIOR'b nO(ITII lICEJllO'IlITeJILlIO BH'EmlIee; 06JIa)la.ll

72
60JIF.IIICll nOBOpOTJIIIBOCTLIO n 1I1CHbmIUlo COnpOTlIB.1CuicMo B03,n.yxa, MOHOnJIaIlLJ
YCTynaIOT'b 6HIIJIalIa1\lo Bo ClIfbICJI-B IJpOCTOTbI I\OHCTpYKl.{iH II YCTOll(IHBOCTII B1>
II03JLYX't (npII O)J.IIlIalWBoii Co6CTBeHHoii CKOpOCTII), TaKb KaK'L Moit B03,n.yxa,
Haxo)J.JIII.{iitC.H Me.m)J.Y nOBcpXIlOCTJIMlI, cnoc06elI'b 0&a3aTL II3B'tCTlioe npOTHBO)J.'tii-
CTBie I1pII OnpO&H)J.WBalIill.
OCTa,JIOCb ynOlluIHyn, IIpO pa3.1II'IIILIe opraHbI aapOII.,1aHOB'b.
0pW'H/bt d6UOICeuiJl. R,atr'b II )J.lIplliI\a6JHI, a3pOIIJIaHbI cHa6JKaIOTC.H 1\IOTOpaMII,
IIpaIl.{aIOIl.{IIMII BlIHT.l>I. l\loTOp'b YCTaHaB.UmaeTcn lIa npO)J.OJILHOH OClI, MCJK)J.Y
&PbIJILJIMlI. BIfHT'b, 06WKHOBelIIlO TO.1b&0 O)l.IIII'L, I10MtIl.{aCTC.H lI.m C3a)J.U (TOJIbKO
y 611nJIaHOB1», IIJIII cnepe)J.1I (npeII1\IYII.{eCTBeHHO Y 1\IOHOnJIaHOB'L). ClIJIa 1\IOTOpa,
B'b 3aBlICIIMOCTII OTb B-BCa annapaTa 1I .iIWJIaeMOU CI\OpOCTII ,n.IJIUIWHi.H, 6bIBacT'b
01''b 25 )J.O 100 JIOma,n.IIHbIXo CIIJIo. MOTOpLI npll1\f'tH.HIOTCJI MCK.IIIO'IHTeJILHO BHYTpeH-
H.Hro cropaHi.H (6eH3IIHOBbIe); B'tco HX'b )J.oc'rnrnyT'b BeCb1\Ia IIC60JILIIIOii-1-2_
S KJIrp. Ha HP. BHHTbI 3a nOCJI't)J.Hee npeMJI ynoTpe6JIJlIOTC.H IIO'ITlI lICKJIIO(IlI-
TeJILHO )J.epeBJIIIHLle; HaCaJKIIBaIOTC.H OHII 06LI&HOBClIHO lIenOcpe)J.CTBeIIHo Ha IIaJI1>
1\IOTopa.
OPWUbt ynpa6.1leuiR U ycmo11;1l'u6ocm'u.
YnpaBJIeHie .,1crlW )J.OCTlIraCTC.H TaKo-1Ke,
RaKo 1I Bo )J.llpMJKa6JIJJxo. )J,JIJI nepe1\I'tIl.{cHiJI
B'L roPM301ITJ,.,IbUOH nJIOCKOCTII cYII.{eCTByeT'b
'py.1Jb nOBopoTnLlii-He60JILlIIaJI IICpTH&aJIbHaJI
nOBepXIIOCTL, YI,p'tn.,1Rc:llaJI IIo CaMO}lo XBO-
CT't aUIlapaTa; O'1CBII)J.HO, '11'0 YK.l.IoHeuie
'aToi1 1I0DepXHOCTIf Bo IcaKYIO-JIIf60 CTOPOHY
01'"1> DCpTlU,aJILHOH IIJIOC&OCHI, npoxo)J.JIII.{cii
(ICpe30 npo.:w.l.IbHYIO OCb annapa:ra, DbI30DeT'b
COOTB.tTCTBYIOIl.{CC YKlOHeuic Bcero aapon.lIaila
01'0 nepBOHa'IaJILIIarO lIyr'u. BLlcoTa nO.,1CTa pery-
.:mpyeTCJI py JIC1\lo r.1y6IIIILI - ropu30IITaJILHOU no-
BepxIIOCTLIO, nOM1>m.aellIOi1 lIJIII Dnepe)J.lJ, lIJIlI To.me
n03a)J.H annapaTa; JICHO, (11'0 IIO,n.HM:llaHie nepe)J.H.HrO
&pa.H aTOll IIOIlepXHOCTII 6Y)J.eT'b BLI3WBaTL nO)J.HmraHie COOTBtTC1'BYIOIl.{eH (lacTII
aaponJIana, 1I Ha060pOT'b. 06a aTII PYJIJ1 npIIBO:J:JITC.H D'b ,n..tiiCTBic npll nocpe)J.-
CTB't TJIr'b, TpOCOB'b, CD nOMOIl.{LIO pbI(larODo 1I.1H IIITypDaJIODo, MaXOBlIItOBo.
Iho &aCaeTCJI YCTOH(IlfDOCTII anIIapaTOBo, TO 1I 3)J.'tCb, RaK'b IIo )l.upmKa6-
JI.HX'b, IIa)J.O pa3JIII(laTL YCTOH<JMBOCTL n p 0 .II; 0 JI I, II Y IO II II 0 n e p C (I n Y 10, 6 o-
K 0 BY 10. IIepBa.H 06e311e'lllIlaCTCJI aBTOMaTII'ICCI>H nocpe)J.CTBOMo TOro XBOCTa, 0
&OTOpOM'b YJKe ynoMlIIlaJIOCL. PacnOJIaraCIbIii 06bIKHODeHno n03a)J.II, aT01'o XBOCT'b
)J.aeT'b BTOpyIO TO'IKY onopbI )J.JI.H annapaTa D'b II03)J.yX1J, (11)1110 II YCTpaHHeTC.H II0311101K-
HOCTL npO)J.OJILHOH &a(IKlI. IIonLITRa II03JIO.iI\IfTL PO.,'lL aToro XiiOCTa Ha PYJIb rJIy6IHILI
YCII1>xa He 1I1\I'tJIa, TaK'b &a&o aUIIapaT'b npIf 31'01110 )J."tJla.'IC.H CIIJIbHO neYCTOH<JllBLI1\lo.
CYIl\HOCn, 60KOIloii YCTOll<JHBOCTIl aapOnJIaHa 3a:&JIIO'IacTCJI II1> 1'01\10, (IT06bI 06e3IIe-
'IIITL rOpll30HTaJILHOCTI> nOnepe'IHOH ero OClI. IIOMHJ\IO UOpLIBOB'b B.I>Tpa, 1\lory.
Il\IIXo IIcer)J.a HaKpeHuTL annapaTh, Hapymeuie aTOll YC'l'OlltJUDOCTIl IIpOllCXO.D.IIT'b
Bcer)J.a npn )J.BIIJKenill aapOnJIaHa no IpIfBOii .'lllllill, T. e. npll COBepmeHiu nOBO-
pOTOB'b lIJIlI TaIC'b Ha3LIBae1\ILIX'b II H P a.iJC e ii. ..'I.'tJIO Bo T01\I'b, 'ITO Ha BllpaJl\1>
KOHeu,'b BUYTpeHH.HrO RpLIJIa B (1'. e. l\pLIJIa., 06paIl.{eHHaro BHYTPL &1> u,eHTpy Kpll-
!loit) )J.'tJIaeT'b nYTb 60.,1'te I<opondii, '1-I>Mo I.OHeQo DH'tmHJII'O &pLIJIa A (qmI'. 87);
CJl1>,IJ;OIlaTeJILHO, IIHyrpeHllee &PLlJIO 6Y)J.eT'b )J.BlII'aTLC.H cD lIIeHLmCll Cl\OpOCTblO,
'1'tM'b IIH'tmBee, CJI1>)J.OBaTeJILHO OHO 6Y)J.eT'b BCTp't(IaTb IIo D03,n.yX't 1\feHbmee
.....
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'tiff" 4"-'
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73
conpOTHB"l('JIie II, 3Ha t IIITo, C"b YMeHbilieHieMo BepTIIRa"lbHOii COCTaDJI,flIOmeii
ClULI COnpOTIIBJleHi.H B03}J.yxa DHYTpeHHee ICpbIJlO H"I>CKOJIbKO HaKJlOHlfTC.H, Tor.na
1\aK'b DH'l>mHCC H'tCKO.1IbKO nO}J.HlDleTC.H. .D:JUI npOTIIBO:J;'tiicTBiJl :)TOMY Bpe}J.HOMY
KpeHY eCn, pa3JIlfQHbI.H CpC}J.CTBa. IIplfno}J.u.HD"b 3a.nHiii yroJlo BII'tillllnro I\pbIJIa
II OIIYCTMB"b TaIWBOH-JKC yrOJIo Y KpbIJIa BHYTpeHH.HrO, 1I1O.JI"tHO npOTHBo,II:hiicTBO-
BaTb Bpe}J.HOllIY HaKJIOHeHiIo nonepetIHoii OClI Ha BlIpaJKaXo If Jill nplI naKpeHeHiH
OT'b B'I>Tpa (<<pIII'. 88); TaKoii cnoco6'b Ha3LIBaeTC.H n e p e K a ill If B a Hie M 'b
R P bI JI b e B o. .lI.Pyroii cnoco60-6 0 K 0 B bI.H K P bI JI bI ill K 1I, YKp-I>IIJIJICMbIJI no
KOHIJ,all!o HecymlfX'b nonepXHOCTeii (<<PilI'. 89); IIo}J.lllfllfaHie O.ZJ:Horo ICpbIJlbIlliKa
II o}J.HoBpeMeHHoe oIIycKaHie }J.pyroI'o, }J.'tiiCTBY.H no 60ICal"b a3pon.1IaHa, KaK'b
PYJlII rJly61IHbI. 113M1HlneT'b no.:I01KeHie nOnepeQHoit OCII. Eme O:J;HII'b cnoco60
.L ... '-'1etqht.
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}J.ocTllraeT'b TOro-Jlte aBTOMal'UtICCRII, HO C'b IIIeHbililIlIl"b ycn'txOIl!"b: 3TO B e p T 11-
K a JI L H bI.H n C per op o}J. K II, YCTpaIIDaeMbI.H Bo 611nJIallaX"b l\!eJK}J.y o6-lmMH
nOBepXIIOCTJlMII (<<p l1r . 90); npII BlIpa.JliaX'b II 60KOBOM'b D1np't 3TH nepero-
pO}J.KII, )l,BlIraJlCb B'b CII.lIY lIHepu,i1I no np.HMOH _lHHilI, BbI3bIBaIOT'b conpOTHBJleHie
D03.n.yxa CD BHYTpeIlHeii CTOpOHbI II T'tM'b npeIlJlTCTBYIOT'L HaIcpeHeIliIo a3pOIIJlaua.
Ha.no, O.nHaKO, 3alll'tTIITb, tlTO 60KOna.H YCTOlltllIBOCTb a3pOnJiana npe}J.CTa-
&lJ1CTo Bonpoco naCTOJILKO cymecTBeIlHblll, tlTO OKOHQaTeJILIIOC pa3p".BIIIeHie ero
MmKeT'b }J.aTb JIIIIIIb XOpOIIIa.H aBTOll!aTHtleCKaJI YCTOlltIlIBOCTb, He Tpe6Y IO maJI HII-
KalCOro YtIaCTIJI aBiaTOpa 11 )J;OCTIIraeMaJl }J.aJKC npII caMbIXo CIIJlbHLIXo HapYillC-
Hinx'b OOKOBoro paBHOD'tciJl.
Opla1e be d.ur, 63.Jccma t£ cnYC1ca. A3pon.'IaH'b IIlOiKeT'b IIO:J;HJITbCH TOJIbKO
npio6p:l>T.H .n.OCTaTOtIHYIO CKOpOCTb; }J.JI.H 3TOrO no}J.'b KOpnycm!o era )I,:I>JIaIOT'L KO-
-'mca )J;JI.H pa36'tra no 3ell!JI"I>, YKp'l>nJIJleMLI.H I1a OC06bIXo TeJI:I>JKICaX'b-UI a C C If.
IIpII cnYCK't I1a.a.o npe)J;OXpaIlHTb annapaT'b OT'b TOJItIROB'L; 3TO }J.OCTlIraCTCJI
'pml'tHellieWb llOJI03bCB'b, pCt:COp"b II .npyrrrx'b pa3JIHQHbIXo MIOpTH3RTOpOB'b.

74
r JI A B A X.
HCTOpHQeCRiH 4»a3bI pa3BI1TiH aBiaIl.iH.
RaR'b cOBpcMeHHble JI:llpllJf{a6JIll 6bIJII BeCbMa OocTo.flTe.Jlblio OIIlIcalILI B1>
npOeRrn MeHLe sa CTO JI'tT'b JI:O llX'b nepBaro npaRTUqeCRaro OCYIIW, CTB.'1ClIin
TaRb II npOeRT'b nepBaro aaponJIaua nOnBlIJIC.H 60JI'te CTa JI'hT1, TOIY na3a,J,'L, He
06paTlfB'b na ce6n oc06eHHaro BHlulaHin, XOT.H 06miii TllITh U"IJI'L Bo Helll'b npc,1-
CRaSaIl'b C'b llSYlIIlITeJILIIOH TO'lHOCTLIO.
nHaH.'lOIlCHHaJI R'b rOpllSOHTY nOBepxHOCTb .n.aeT'b npu60py IIOJI:oeI'L. Bpa-
mmomiiicn BllHTh-Cos.naeTI. nepelll'tmeuie. JIemiii JI:BllraTeJIb, napODaH MaUIIIHa
lIJIIi B3pT,IB'laTbIH lIIOTOpo, pa-
60TalOmiii OTo BSPLIBOB"L ClII'£CIf
rasa 1I Bos.nyxa,-)lOryTI. c.:fY-
JreUTb llCTO'IIIIfIWM'L aHcpriu.
ABOCTI. .n.m YCToii'IIfBOCTll, B03-
MO.JKHOCTb nepCM'tmCHiH :u.euTpa
.naBJIeHiSI II aDTOMaTll'IeCRan
perYJIlfpOBR8 YCToii'IllDaro UO-
JIO.JKcui.H - DOTI. rJIaBlIOC, 'ITO
nYJKHO B'L aUTlapar't".
TaR'L IIMCi1.'!o emc lJo
1809 ro;l:Y aHrJIll'lalIlIIn, I" a 11-
.'1 e ii, JI:aBo nOJIuYlO nporpa\l-
lilY JI:JISI llLIIIOJIIIClIiH sa,J,a'lu. II
T'lllll'b ne 1IICII"BC TO.1JbRO 'Iepe3"b
CTO JI'Irr'b TaRoii npOCRT'b )10I"b
_A.l. " -- ..L 6
"'f:-I', ,'"  ,-. bITL ocymeCTDJICn'b.
Callio RaiiJIcii, lIe orpa-
HU'lImaHCb O,:J:IUBIo IIpOeKTOlll"b,
C,lrBJIaJIo nOnbITI{Y npliBeCTU
cro II Bo ncno.J1Hcnie,-Ho no-
Tcplrt.1D IIcYJI:a'IY. TaRan 41\('
HCYJI:a'Ia nOCTMrJIa 1I JI:pyroro 8UrJlll'IalIlfHa r C H co H a, ROTOpbIH DS.nYlIIaJIo B'I>
1842 roJI:Y nOCTpOHTb annapaT'b TO.JKe no ll,:J:e't ItaitJIcSI (qmr. 91). Pa:u.io-
HaJIbHO pas pa60TaHllbIit npOCRTI. ero He 1I10l"}, lIM'tTb ycn'llxa, 'faRo IWR'b npIl
ROJIOCCaJIbHOll nOBCpXHOCTlI RpI>lJILCD'b Bo 300 MCTpOB'b aiinapaTh 6bIJI'L cna6SKcu'L
)J;BlIffiTeJIeM'b Bccro JIllllIL Bo 20 JIOlllaJI:. CllJI"b.
ROlllY YJI:aJlOCL BncpBbIe CODCpIIllfTL nOJIeTo no npllH:u.Muy uapenin,-),ono-
)J;J1l1UHO HellSB-BCTHO. Bo BCSIROM'b CJIY'Ia't nepBLIH TaKOH onblTo 6blJI'b COBCplllCII"b
Ha auuaparn OC3'b JI:DlIraTeJIn, T. c. na TaRl, Ha3bmaClIIOlIio HLIII't n JI a II cpt
(IlJIaHcp'b JI:iJJIacTI. CRO.1Jb3Jlmic cnycRlI 1I0CJI'B pas6'tra 'Ie"loB'tRa no sCM.'11> nplI
cnpblrImauili C'b nIIlIIo cD BOSDblIIleHHOCTII, l]JIll Jf{e npn sanYCKaIIill ero Ha Ka-
HaT't, ItaR'b SM'tn).
Emc Bo 1781-85 rO)l,ax'b H'tllle:u.'b Me C p D c)i n 'b JI:.tJIa.1Jo onLITJ,J C"b
BeCbMa npOCTblM'b annapaTOM'b, lIS06paJKeIIlILIlIIo na qml'. 92: aTO upoo6pa3"b
nJIaHCpODo XX B'tI{a. Bo 4:JpaH:u.ill Raldc-To onblTbI, HC TO co slIrteM'h, He TO
C'b I1J1aHCpOM'b, npOllSBO)I,IlJIo Bo 1856 ro)l,y lIIOpnRl, JI e-B p II, a 'lCpe30 ;I.CCJJTb
JI'llT'b I10CJI't nero Ha HaCTOnClII'b IIJIaHcp'B TpllIIJI8HHarO 06pas:u.a (Tpll pJI)I,a
nOBCpXHOIJTCH) ynp8.JKilnJICJI B e H r a III 'b.
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75
B'b CeMH.n:CC.lITbIX"b rO}J.aX'b, rrpH ::meprIf'IHOM .n:iHITCJIbHOCTIf DO paHI.rjU
HaMpa, IToHTelI'b ){'AMcKypa H .n:c-JIaJIaH.n:eJIJIJI, .n:1>JIO nOillJIO Drrepe}J.o H't-
CKOJILKO JKHD'l>e. IT e H 0, cpe.n;H CBOllX'b lIIHOro'IHCJICIlIIbIXo 1\!O.n:eJIcii no pa3JIH'I-
HUM'b npllIIIJ,IIIralD, nOCTpOIlJIl, Do 1871
ro,n:y o.n:ny, KOTOpan JIeTaJIa DeCbMa
YAaIJHo napmIJ,ml'b rrOJIeTOMo. cha 1\10-
.n:CJTh, np03BaHHa11 JIM'b rr JI a H 0 4> 0 p 0 M 'J,
(rJmr. 93), npH DCCM cBoeii He3MILI-
CJIODaTOCTli (Kopnyco - JICrKoe .n:cpeBo,
KpLIJIL.H-illCJIROBaJI 6YlImm, BUIITl,-II3'b
KapToHa, .n:BlIraTCJIL - CKpyqeHIraJI pe-
3HHa)-JIeTaCT'b 01:JeHL xopomo II ,n:o
cera BpcMeHlI HM'teTo ycn'tx'b KaKl>
BeCLMa y.n:a'IHa.H B03.n:YillHa.H HrpYilllca.
T1lliYIO JKe y.n.a'IHYIO MO,D;eJIb - lIrpYillKY
nocTpOHJI'b Bo 1877 ro.n:a aBcrpiHcKiii IIHiKeHep'b R p C C C 'b; ero 1I1O.n:eJIb, CIla-
6J1tCHHa.H JIeI'KlIl\!ll no.1J03bHMlI, caMOCTOJlTCJIbHO no.n;HlI)la.1IaCb co CTOJIa H JICI'KO
JICTaJIa Bo 3aJI'I>. B'b 1879 ro.n:y 4>paHIJ,Y3l> B H K TOp 'b TaT:3 H'b y.n:a1:JHO ,D;C-
1\IOHCTplipOBaJI'b B'b illaJI:3-Me.n:oH't rrOJIeT'b MO}J.eJIH a:3po-
 TIJIaHa (qlB:r. 94), r.n.'t }J.DlImTeJIellll> JlDIfJIC.fl yme 3a-
", . nac'b cmaTaro B03.n:yxa, npMBo.n:IIBillaro BO BpaIIJ,eHie .n:Ba
-.- ""-. BIIHTa: 1II0.n:eJIL, rrpMBJI3amlaJl Ha DepeBK'I>, no.n:H.HJIaCL 1I
. npOJIeT'tJIa B'I. B03.n:yX't I10JIHLIU KPYfD. Bo BOCLMH,D;eCJI-
 ". - . TbIX'b rOn;ax'b y}J.a'lIIbIe OIIblTbI C'b Mo.n:eJI.HMJI,
. 8';';;P npllBO}J.II1\lbIMH Bl, }J.BnJKCHi KaKl, caTbIMo
 " '. B03.n:YX01\ID, TaKo H napoBoIl MaillHHolI, IlpO-
 } .. ";.. H3BO}l.llJI'I> H3CJI't.n:oDaTCJIb X a p r p a B e, 113-
"\ D'tCTHbIM CBOllMH pa60TaMH D'b 06JIacTFI KOH-
CTpYKIJ,in B03.n:YillIlbIXl> 3M'tCBo; ero MO.n:CJIH
(4)lIr. 95) JIeTaJIlf Ha npOT.HJKeHiH .n:o 50 ca-
mell'b. B'b TO me BpeM.H Bo repMaHiH rrpo-
II3BO,J,HJIo OIlLlTbI na 0pUfaHaJIbHOMo rrJIaHep't
(qmr. 96) C a H.n: e p B a JI b, lIO.n.n'tmlfsaBlIliii CDOU aIlnapaT'L. .n:JI.H 60JILillcii
6e30naCHOCTH, Ha TpOC't co CKOJIb3.IIIIJ,II1\10 KOJIbIJ,01\I"b K'L KaHaTY, rrpOTJlHYT01\IY
Ha){'b JI.OJIJlHOll. lIIeJKJJ:Y BepIrnmaJlIIl )J,n3'x'L XO.nfOB"l..
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-=--- -=- ---
-- r"-\...
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---
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.-
(Dn:r. 92. ll.rraaop" Meepneua3. 1781 r.
((In:r. 93. D.rraao4>op"
Deao 1871 r.
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<Dur.94. MO)l.Onh Bn:ICTopa TaT3aa 1879 r.
Wn:r. 95. Mop;enb XaprpaBe 1883 r.
1890 ro.n:o 03HaMeHOBaJIC.H rpaH.n:i03HOii pa60ToM, npe.n;rrpHH.HTOll 3IIa1\fCHlI-
TblMo BJIa.n:'tJIbIJ,CMl> aHrJIiiiCKIfXo Opy.n:iHHLlX'b 3aBo}J.ODo X a it p a 1\1 OM 'I> M aK cu-
MOM 'b. Orrl> coopy.n:UJI"b, rrOCJI't lIIHOI'nx'b llo.n:rOTOBJlTeJlbHbIX'b pa60Tb, rpOllla.n:HbIH
a:3pOnJIaH'}" HM'tBilliii B'b illlfPllHY 60JI'te 15 CaJlteH'b H B'b BbICOTY 60JI'te 5 r.a-
men'b; npn 06IIJ,CM'b B'tC't 60JI'I>e .n:BYXCOT'L rry.n:OBo, :3TO coopYJKeHic HM'BJIO OIWJIO
300 RB. MeTpOS'b Ilo.n:.n:epJKlIBalOIIJ,lIxo 1I0BepXHocTeH II 6bIJIO cIlatiIZeHo IIapoBoll

MallIHIIOll MOIJ\IIOCTLIO B'b 180 JIOlil. CIIJI'b, BM KOHCTPYI,u,iH OT.11I(Ia"laCL 3arB(Ia-
TeJIbBOll TIlI,aTCJILIIOCTblO BbIJI:'tJIKII H rJly6oKoll np0JI:YIIIaIiIlOCTbIO. O.J;lIaKO, CJlOJK-
UOCTL }f :n:oporoBu3Ha OIJ[>lTOB'J, (MaKCIn1'I. 3aTpaTllJlo Bcero CBbllIle 1I0.'IY-MMJI"lioHa
Py6JIeii) 3aCTaBIIJIli npeEpaTIITL }l.aJIb-
H'tllWiJI pa60TbI, lIeC!\JOTp.H II Ha
JI:ocTIIrlljTbIH aCTIPJHblH ycn'tx'b:
a3pOnJIalio (IfJMr. 97), nOCTaB.lleH-
HbIll CBOmm KOJleCallIM lIa peJlLCbI
.'  '.: JI:.'I.H COBeplIleHi.H pa36'l>ra, OTJI:'tJIIIJlC.H
OT'b peJlLC'b, npoG'tJlC11Bo CaJKelio CTO,
II nOKaTIf.IICH no BepXHlUio peJlbCaM'b,
npo.10iKeHIlLUI'b HaJI:o alInapaTOMo
.D:JI.H YCTpaHeuiH CJIHWKO!\I'b BbICOKaro
'UOJI:'LCl\ra II ;n:JI.H 1I3111'tpeHi.H pa3BII-
BaC!\lOll Ilpll aTOIlI'b nO)I.'LcIIUIoii CIIJIbI;
nIm 3TO!\lo 3TII BepXHie pOJlbCbI ;n:aJKe
lie BLIJI:ep1KaJlH lIaTIiCKa annapaTa
no;n:H.fiTbM I1BepX'b Ii C"lO!\faJIIICb, nOla3aB'L JI:aBJIeuie B'b 270 IIy;n:OBo (T. e.
60JIblIle, tIf,II,'L B'tC'b caMoii MalIlIIIlLl), a aapOIIJlalI'b 0I\a3a.'1C.H CII.:lbIiO 1I0Bpe-
JIG;n:enllLJ)1'J,.
B'J. TOM'L JIW ro)I.y Ha)I.o IIOCTpoihwii a3pOIIJJaIIa, TOJKe cD napOBi>Ulo ){BJfra-
Te.r.eI>I'b, Muoro pa60Ta.n }pall-
u,YS'b A JI: e P 'b. Oll'b BSJJJI'b sa
06paaeIJ,'L JI:JIH KOHCTIJYEJ.J,i.H nplI-
M'tpo call1Oii npnpOUI: I_PLJJILJI
ero anIIapaTa, np03Bammrc
a B i 0 H 0 M 'b (IfJm'. 98), Bo
TO'JHOC'l'H BO CIlPOllSBO){HJII1
Itp!>IJIb.H JIeTYtIeii bIbllIlll, a BHII-
']'1>1 6LIJIII c;r.l3JJaIJbI COBeprneIJHO
Ha IJo)I.o6ie 06bII\HOBelilIbIX'b
IITHtIbllX'b IIcpLeBo. IIpn 3TOMo
KOHCTpjltIJ,isr KpLIJILeBo 6LIJIa
naCTOJIbKO cOBeplilclilIa, qTO 01111 MOr,,1H CIwla;n:bIBaTbC.H, J>(lli,b xtiiCTUllTOJIbliO
CliJlaJI:blBaIOT'b CBOll KpLJJIL.H "lCTY(IiH MLIlIIll (rfmr. 99). chon aBiom.. cOBep-
lIIllJI'b nepBbIll CB060JI:ULlH nOJleT'L ee 9 OKT.HOp.H 1890 rOJI:a, a (JCpC3'I> lIIeCTb
JI'tT'b .D:pyroll 'faKoii JKe annapaTo B'L npncYTcTBiH olfJlfJmda.'1LHLlx'i> npCJI:CTaBIl-
.

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Bo TOr'h JKC 1896 ro,n:y Y.ZJ:aquull \
IIOJWT"b COBcpwlI.1Ia 60JlLIHan MO,J:eJl[, a3po-
IIJIaUa, nocTpoennaro aJlepmmHCmHf'b lIpO-  I, '. I(
4>eccOpOM"L JI a II f JI e C M 'b. "A3 po- 1 _ '
.ZJ: P 0 M 'h" ,-Ta 1\1, 6L1.1a np03naHa 3Ta MO;I-CJlL,  "
(4mr. 100).- ------...
.,., rI!\rtJl'b JI. Bt
napLl !_PWIL-
CBo, pacnoJlo-
JKeHHLlX'b o,n:Ha 3a .ZJ:PYl'oit, MC;le:lY KOTopLDm
HOM'EIII;aJlIICb ,n:na BIIHTa, npllno,n:IfMbIX'b B'b .ZJ:°hli-
c'l'Bie Ma:IeHbKOIi naponoli ManHmoli, !Dr 1>Bweii
3anac'b Ha 5 nIHYT'b xO.ZJ:a. cha 1O.'I.CJlL,
UM'RBWaH pa3Maxo KpLlJlI.eB1, Bo 2 caillCHlI.
c,n:'tJla.'1a IHm60Jlf,wiit HO.1IeT'b B'b 11/2 nepCTbI:
nOA1.CAlo CR B'b B031,YX1, npOII3BO,1,IIJlC.H co
cnCI\ia.'1blIoli npnCTaHII, lIOCTpOCUIIOii BOJlU3H
BallllurrTolla lIa p'tId; I1oToMaKo: MO}l,CJlf, lea-
TIIJlaCb CllaqaJla Ha TCJI'R,KKt, npi06ptm.H nep-
BOlIaqa.1If.IryIO cn:opIJCTb, a C'b ICOIrI\a nJlaTcpopMLI
JlCT"h.'I11 YJlre caMOCTO.HTeJlI,IIO... 110CTpOlIBo 3a-
Tt[o 60JlbIllOll a3pOTIJlaH'h TaKoro JKe TlilIa,
,Il,JlJI UOJleTa CD (IC.'10B'tKOM'h. .JIaHfJlcii lIOTep-
n'BJlo O:UIaKO Hey}I,aqy: m, OICT.H6p-t 1903 ro,n:a
3TOTo a3!JOnJiaIl'b, He nOJI.H.HDWIICI, ,n:a<KC Ha
B03,D;YXo, CDalIlJlC.H Bo FElty I3M'tCTt C'b aBia-
TOpOM'h.
TaKo Jf,e IIcy,n:a(IHbI 61,1.1111 nOIlLlTI\if II hMI\:L
r 0 cp 1\1 a II a If yuo[.HuYTaro Y<KC aBcTpiHcrearo
IIHJKCHCpa Rpecca. MO.ZJ:CJlb nepBaro (cpur. 101) JlCT8J1a ,n:onOJILIIO xopowo,
1I0,Il,HUMa.HCb cD 3eMJln OTTaJIKlIDallieMo CHOHX'b f'I'HOaJorI\I1XCII nor1,. no allnapaTI"
IIOCTpoeHllbIit B'b 1896 fO.ZJ:Y .ZJ:.'1JI (IC.
JloBiJKa, 6bIJI'b YHeCeH'b B1;TPOM'b II
YHIf<JTOJKeIl'b B'b TO npellrJI, KOI',n:a CI'O
IIepCHOCHJlH .ZJ:JI.H npOII3Bo.n:C'I.'Ba nep.
BOM np06LI; OTCYTCTBie CpC,D;CTRo HC
n03BO.1IHJlO 1I306ptTaTCJlIO npO.ZJ:OJlJKaTb
OllliITbI,n:aJlbwe. lho KaCaeTCJI Rpecca,
TO nocJI't onLITOB'b CD pa3J1II<IHbIMII
MO,n:CJlJIMII, OHo TOJfW TIOCTpOHJI'b B'h
1898 ro.ZJ:Y 0plfrIIHaJlr.Hblll a3pOnJlaH'b
(cplIr. 102), KOTOpbJii: 6LIJI'I. upC,D;Ha3Ha.
(!CHo coneprnaTh OTILITLI ua}l,'b 03e-
POMo, CIWJlL3.H cua(IaJla TIO nOBCpx-
HOCTH BO}l,bI Ha aJlJlIOllllmiCBblXo (!CJI-
HOKaXo, a 3aT1;Mo YJKe IIO.ZJ:IIHMaJlCb
Db B03.ZJ:YX'L. ROI',n:a HaKOHelJ,'b Bo
1902 fO,'ly KOllcTpYIcropy Y.ZJ:aJlocb
77
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-
TCJlOll BorHHaro IHIIHrTcpcTBa, CYOCM.ZJ:II-
pODrnaro OlIbITLI, c.a:'B.1Ia.'Ib IIOJleTo Ha npo-
THJKCllili 150 cail",t' no.
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.HsllaY-Mop:eJIL sa npncTasH ne-
pe)l;'n DaJIeTOM'no
(Duro 99. ADios'L A)l.Oplo. cu
CJIOmeHHh\:II II )i:pLIJIbJJ MIl.
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lJ)ur. 101. 1.1 o.u;eJIb ro<l>A1a1la 1896 r.

78
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Bc.n.mill K'J. TaHOH iI\C KamcTpo4>1>, KaR'J. 1I OnLITb JlaHrJIeJI: pa3013r'J. no DO.n.1>
OICa3aJICJI }1)IHHHLIMo HaCTOJILKO, '11'0 IIplf B3JICT'1> aapOIIJIaII'J. O'IYTIIJICJI OKOJIO
ImMeHHoii CT1>HHlI, r.n:t ynaJIo lIa OOIC'J. If BCKOp't 3aTOHYJIo.
Bc1> lIepe'lllCJICIIIILle OIlLITLI, 1I MHoro eme }l.pymx'J., He YIIOMJIHyrhIXo,
H1wI>JIM C06CTBeIIHO }l.B1> rJIaDHbIXo npM'JllULI nOCTOJIIIUbIX'J. HCY}l.a'lo: 1) He.n:OCTa-
TO'JHoe 3HaKOMCTBO C'J. 3aKOliaMlI B03.n:ymHoll CpC.n:L1; 2) OTCYTCTBic .n:OCTaTO'JHO
JICrKUX'b ltIOTOpOB'J.. ECJIH lIapOnLIJI ilIamllULI MaKcuMa, A.n.cpa If 6LIJIM 'Jy.n:OMo
'rCXIIIIItll I/O JIernOCTM, TO DCC-TaliM }l.JIH a3pOllJIa1lOB'J. 0111> 6blJIII HCIIOMtpHO
TJIJKCJIbl, .n:aBaJI Ha 1 JIom. CHJIy 15 KIIJIOrp. D1>CY; .n:BlIraTCJIH ra30DLlc, }!,1>H-
CTDYIOic B3pLIDaillll CMtClI napoB'J. 6CH311IIa cD D03}1.yxml'J., 6LIJIU .n:o 1904 ro.n:a
TOJKe CIlle CJInmROil!'J. TJIJI;CJILI .n:JIJI IIpnM1>HcuiJI Bo aBiau:ilI-10 KIIJIOrp. ua CIIJIY.
TOJILKO 1I0cJI'£.n:onanmce ClIJIbHOe pa3BIITie aBTOM0611JILIIarO cIIop'ra cOKpaTllJIO B'J.
2-3 pa3a 3'fOTb DtC'J., Bblpa60TaBo .n:JIJI JICTaTCJIbUhIX'J. iltamllH'J. ltlOTOpLI ce
OOJI1>c JIcrKie, U TOJILKO Tor.n:a ymrtxo 3TIfX'J. arrllapaToD'J. 6bIJIo 06e3ne'ICII'J.
DIIOJIH1>. 1103TOMY pa60Ta TtX'J. JIUU:o, KOTOpLIH Do KOHU:'B IIpomJIaro CTOJI'I>11H
3aIIDMaJIlICL U3CJI'b.n.OBaHieM'J. 3aIWnOB'b JIeTauiJI Ha annapaTaxo 6e30 1IIOTOpa,
CblrpaJIa 60.1I1>c cepLC3HYIO pOJIb
no IICTopill aBiau,iM. Bo 'IHCJI13
TaKlIXo JIllU:o UYJKHO Ha3DaTL
npeJK.n:c Bccro H13!CU:Karo IIH<Ke-
Hcpa 0 'rTO JI IIJIie H TaJiSf.
CepLC3HO 3alllITCpeCOBaH-
IILIH }l.1>JIOill'J., C'J. IILITJH!BbIMo
rrpOHlIu:aTeJIbHbl1ll0 YIIIOM'J., 60JIb.
mlI1II1I 1I03HaHimlll 1I rpm!a.n:Hoii
HaCTOllllHBOCTLIO, - JIlIJIieliTaJIb
Do Te'lCHie mCCTIi J11>Tb CIICTe-
MaTIIQCCKlI .n:tJIaJIo orrblTbI 1I0JIe-
TODD Ha nJiaHepax'J., BhIpa6aTbIBaJI Han.1Y'Jmiii TlIno KOHCTPYKu:ilf II HalI.1Y'JmiJI
Cpc.n:CTBa )l,JIJI yrrpaBJICIIiJI allllapaTOill'J. Bo D03.n:yx1>. IICpBLIH llJIaIIepo ero, no-
CTpoeIIHblll D'J. 1890 ro.n.y, COCTOJIJI'J. 1I3'J. }l.BYXo KpbIJILeD'J., c.n.1>JIaHllblx'J. 110 npn-
Mtpy KpLIJIbeDo IITnu,o 113'b IIBOBaro OCTOBa, 06TJIHYTal'0 IIOJIOTHOll!'J., II lIJIOCKarO
XDOCTa c3a.n:1I, Ha}l.'J. KOTOpbIMo B03Bblma.1JCJI 3aKpyr.lIeHHblH 1I0DOpOTHbl1i PYJIb. IIa
TaKOM'J. arrllapaT13 .111JIieHTaJlb CTaJI'J. )l,"tJIaTL IIpbIJKKII co clleD,iaJlLI!O nocTpoeHHoH
6ameHHlI (4)lIr.103); DCTpt'IaJI no.n:.n:cpJKlcy D'J. CJIa60M'J. DCTptlJHOM'J. D'l>Tp'1>, OHo
H13CKOJIbKO nO}l.Hllil!aJICJI DBCPX'J., a 3aT13M'J. IIJIaDHO CKOJIb311JI'J. 110 IIaKJIOIiHOH
JIUI!iu. IIOCTelleIIHO pa3H006pa3JI OllblTbl, npbIraJI C'J. OOJILmOll BbICOTbl, .n:1>JIaJI Bo
D03.n:yx1> nonopoTbl PYJIeMo, 6aJIaHclIpYJI BCC DpeMJI HoraMII H Kopnycolllo, 'Cr06M
IIpOTMDOCTOJI'rb CJIY'IaHHbIM'J. 60KODblilio 1I0pbIDa!\!0 D-BTpa, JIlIJIicHTaJib ,lI,06lIJICJI
60JIbmoro IIcKycCTDa D'J. nOJIeTax'J., B'J. CBJI31I C'J. '1131110 U ycoDcpmcHCTBODaJIo CDon
aIInapaTb. .lI.JIJI 60JILmen YCTOH'IlIBOCTII B'J. B03}1.yx1> OHo C}l.13JIaJIb }l.Ba pJI,iI,a
I\pLIJIbeDo-O.n:lIH'b Ha.n:'J. .n:pyrnM'J.; II C'J. 3TII!\I'J. HODLliI!o llJIaHepOM'b D0306HOBllJIl:,
OIIblTbI (4)lIr. 104), cIIymcancL C'J. XOJIMa DblCOTOll Do 7 1 / 2 ca:meII'J.. Pe3YJIb-
TaTbl 6LIJIlI emc OOJI1>e y.n:ODJICTBopIITeJIbHble. JIIIJJiCHTaJIL no.n:HHilIaJICJI nplf
DtTpt ClIJIOH B'J. 6-7 ceKYH.n:o-il!eTpoB'J., HOClIJiCH Ha pa3JIlI'IHbIX'J. DLICoTaxo,
nOIl,IIIIltlaJICL u DbIllie XOJIMa, .n:1>JIaH KplIBbIJI D'J. D03}1.yxt II y}l.a'lHO 6aJIailcupyn
c06CTBeHHbIM'J. T-BJIOM'J.. ED 1906 ro}l.y OH'J. nepclIcc'J. CBon OllbITLI B'J. XOJIlIllI-
CT)'IO ill13CTHOCTL, r.n:1> CllYCKaJICH co 70-80-MCTpOBOH BbICOTOii, .n:061IBlll1ICb IIpO-
.n:0JI;KlITeJIbHOCTlI nOJICTa .n:o 1I0JIY-IIIl1HyrbI, II }l.aJIbHOCTH }l.0 'IeTDCprn nepCTbl,
npll'ICill'J. IIIIor}l.a. CODCplllaJIo 1I0JIeTbi rrO'lTIi 110 3a!\lItUYTOH KpllBOH JIlIIIilI. JIllJIieH-
.
...
.... ':;"
t ..;
 =+-0,.
<I'lir. 102. .M.O)l.enL a3pOIIJJaH:l Rpecca 1898 r.

Ta.lb cOOUpa.1C.H Yjj\C CTaBliTL Ha CBon anuapaT'b ,n:DllfaTeJIL, KaIo BO DpeM.H
1I0JIeTa 10 aBrycla 1896 fo,n:a Oll'b OLIJI'b H1I3BepmeH'I, Ha 3CM.110 nOpbIBOl'b
BtTpa, ncpeJIolaJI"b upu na:I.C-
lIill n03DOUOtfUblii CTO"lOo II TYTo
il\e YMCpo, ycn13Bo JIIIIllL upo-
1O.1BIITb: "MH'E HC XBaTa.lO 'IYTLH
HTIIu.LI, 'ITOOLI yra,n:aTb Hanpa-
BJIellic B'ETpa"...
OnLITbI JIuJIicUTaJIJI ml'EJIII
rpmm.:uwe 311a tfcllie, Heu03pe.n.-
CTBeliHO DLI.HCHIIB'b UIorie DO-
IIpOCbI 0 conpOTlIBJIellill D03.n.yxa,
.n:aB.lCHill s'l>Tpa, HaUBLlfOJJ:!I'1ii-
lI1elo B"lrIIot nOBepxllocTen, 0
caWlo paII,ioUaJILUOMo pacrro-
"lO.mclIin: u.mITpa THJIWCTn:, u.CII-
Tpa COnpOTIIDJIClliH 1I T. n. J,py-
foe 3l1a'lCllic CfO ,lI:1WTCJIbHOCTlI-
u:I>JIblii pJl,n:o nOCJI't,n:oBaTeJIeH,
BOCrrpllIl.HBlllHXo 3TU MeTo,n:bI
JKCUepmICIITaJIbllarO 1I3Y'IeHin
aTMOC(jlepbl 1I ){OOllBIIIUXCH D'b
I;OIlD:1> KOIIu.ODo XOPOIIIUXo pe-
3y.'ILTaTOB1>.
B1> AHfJIiu paoomml .1n-
.1ieuTa.'IH 3auIITepecoDaJICJI n n JIb-
'I e p 'b, Ha'IaBIUiii nOJlC'fbl Ha TaKUX'b jKe nJIaJlepax'b. 110 11 HalCo ero YtfllTeJIb,
0110 YMep1> nOC"l'E lIonpeilc)LeHiii, nOJIY'IOIlI-lI,IX'b npu 0){1I0Mo Hey,n:atfHOlllo na,n:ellill
(1899 f.). Y;r.atfHi;c paOOTaJI7.
ill'b A!\Iepllld> IIpo4>ecCOp'b III a-
n IO 'I' 'J., I\:b I\OTOpOMY nOTml'L
:npIIcoe,n:lIImJIC.f1 r e p II II f 'I..
'0,n:1I0 BpCMH, ){OOUBaJICL YCToii-
lI\lUOCTlI, llIaHIOT'b lICllblfLlBaJI'b
1I.llauop7, C'b IIIeCTbW pn:I.a!\1U
nOIepXHOC'fen, 110, B'b BlI.n.y ero
"paiille cJIa60ii IIO,n:UlIJlCHOCTII,
IICpeIIIeJI'b 3aT'I>M'b R'L OllllJlaU-
HOlllY TlIl1Y. ChOTo nJIallep'I.
(4)nf. 105) OI,I.'I'b YiKe ,n:pyrofo
lIma, 'l'EM'b JIWIieIlTa,,'1eDCIiii,
"OTJIlItfa.HCL 0T'b nOCJI'E,n:II.HI'O H
aYtfIIIell YCToii'lliBOCTbIO.
Bo pallu.ill C'b 1899 fo,n:a
JI:tJIaJIo OIILlTbl cD IIJIaHepOM'b
T:amrrauo epoep'b, YCTpOlm-
will nOTmlo ,n:JI.H nOJICTOD'b Ra-
PYCC.llb, Ha ROTOpoii II lIcnbl-
TbIBa.,11ICb pa3"llI l IHLIJI 1\IO,n:eJIIi.
B'b l'cpMallill ;r,'EJIO JIIIJIielrraJIJI npo,n:OJIiKaJI'b B 0 JI L 4> 1\110 JI JI e p 'b, IWTOphIll
cTpeMII.1IC.H .n.OOIITLC.II YCTOn'lHBOCTII n.llauepa nYTcm, YCTpollcTBa Y PY,,'1eii Cll-
\
.
79
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f'
<!JUl'. 103.
llmle:l''J> Jln.rrieHTa.!I1I Ha ImaHep'j, 1890-1893 r.
IJ)m'. 10-1.
BTOpoii TIm" TI.rraH3pa JInniCHTa.!IH 18{)4-1896 r.

80
r
I
.
.ll.aBIniii TO.JKC xopomie
Ho HaUJIY1JIIIIIX'Io
JIlImcHTaJIJI, ,n,06IIJIHCb
P aUT'Io.
Ee II/OJIOJJ:bIe JIIO}{n, BJIa,n,1JJIbbI BeJIOCII-
neJJ:HOH <fJa6pmtlf, OIUI 3aIIHTepeCOBitJIUCb pa60Toii
llIaHIOTa n repIIllra II C.lI:tJIa.'1IICL HX'lo yqeHIIIalIf.
C'Io 1900 lIO 1903 rOJJ:'Io 01I1I ycep,n,Ho aaIIlIMa-
JIIICb nOJIeTalII, OTJJ:tJIIIBHIIICL CIWpO 0T'b CBO-
ero Y 1 llITeJIlI II BbIpa60TaB'Io c06cTBeHHbIll TIIII'Io
nJIaHepa (<fJur. 1 08). OHn OTUa3aJIIICb 0T'b BII-
ctHiJI Ha nJIaHopt Ha JIOItTJIX'I" RaIn l{tJIaJIH
IIXo npe,n,meCTBeHlIlmu, a JJ:aJIII 'l'aEYIO ROHCTPYI(-
WIO, IIplI IWTOpOli lleJIOBtR'Io JIO.iKIITCJI Ha HIIJI;-
HIOIO nonepxHOCTb. 3aT'BM'Io omI OTRa3aJIIICb 0T'b
([>I1I'. 106. nn:auep'}, BO:Ih4>MIO.:Inepa
IIlbICJIH perYJIllpOBaTb YCToIiIIlIBOCTb anuapaTa 1898 I'.
IIepelll-teHieM'Io I.{eHTpa TJI.JKeCTU II BBeJIII 110-
CTeneHHO Bct opraHbI ,n,JIJI ynpaBJIeHiJI: PYJIb nOnOpOTlILIIi-C3a,!I;lf, PYJII, r.'1Y-
6uHLI-Bnepe.n: II , U crue JJ:JIlI 60Iwnoii YCTOii1JIIBOCTII npIIM-tmIJIH lIepeItaIIlIfBaIIie
KpLIJIheB'Io, T. e. o,n:HOBpeMeHHLIii 3a-
fH6'1o ROHI.{a oJJ:Horo UpLIJIa BBepX'Io,
a JJ:Pyroro BHII3'1o, .II:JIJI B03CT:1IIOBJICHiJI
ropII30HTaJIbHOCTU nOnepellHOll OCII npn
60IWBOM'Io I\pcnt. COBepIUlIB1> Bcero
BbIIIIe TbICJI'l1I nOJIeTOB'Io Ha TaRHX'Io
UJIaHepaX'Io C'}, nOBepxHocTHIIIH 0T'b 15
JJ:O 45 I.B. MeTpOB'Io II BnOJIH-t ORJIa-
.n:1>B'Io TexlIluwIi HX'Io, 6pa'l'hlI Paii'f'Io
P'BIIIIIJIH cJrtJIaTb anuapa'f'Io C'Io ,n,BII-
raTeJIeM'Io. fIOCTpOlIB"L allnapan co-
nepIIlellHo '1'aIWro JKe TIlIIa, I(aK'Io II
paHLme C'Io nonepxHocTl,lO B"L 48 m 2 ,
nplI pa3Max'B KpLIJILeB'Io B'Io 12 MeT-
POB1,,-OHII CH116,'1,IIJIII oro ra30BLnl1>
II/OTOpOM'Io C06CTBCHlloii IWHCTpYEI.{in
CTelllbI TJIr'b, II.II:YHX1> HenocpeJJ:cTBeHHo 0'1''10
rpy.n:II II PYI('Io uBiaTOpa, llT06bI Tpe6yellIOe ,'(.111
n03CTaHOBJIelliJI paBHon-tciJI ,n,BIIJKCHie JIBJIJIJIOCb
PC3Y JIbTaTOIII'lo lIlICTHJII,THBIIaro OTIJIOHeHilI ero
B'Io TY IVIII UHYIO CTOPOHY (<fJlIr. lOG).
B'Io ABCTpiu 0PUrHIIUJILHLlll nJIaHep'lo 6LIJI"b
1J0CT!WCH'Io IIHJKeHepOIlI'lo )T 3 JI b COlli '10, npllHH-
BIIIIIIII'Io 3a 06pClaeI{'Io {POPIY c-tMellIta R"'IeIIa, 3a-
WBllaTeJIl,HO XOpOlliO JIeTaIOIJ(am no B'BTPY. Em
nJIaHep'lo (<fJllr. 107) aanYCIt11JICJI CI\aTbIBaHieM'Io
110 peJIbC11M'Io lIa TeJI-tmKt; YCTOn l 1HBOCTb ero B"L
B03,n,yxt 6bIJIa BnOJIH-t YJJ:OBJIeTnopIITeJIbUa 6JIa-
1'o,n,a pJI aarnYTLIIII'Io RlJepX'Io IWIII(alll'lo I(pl:JJILeB'Io,
<DIll'. 105. IIJraaep'D IInnh'lepa a callIH nOJICTbI OTJIlIllUJIIfCl, II npo.n:OJIjjmTeJIb-
1896-1899 1'. 1l0C'f(,IO, II 60JIbIIloii BI,TCOTOiL. BUOCJI-t,n,CTBill 3TOTb
nJIaHep'lo 6bTJI'Io npeBpalI.{eH'Io B'Io a3pOnJIaH'Io,
peay JIbTaTLI.
ycntxOB1>, H paHbIIle nc-tx'lo .II:PyruX'Io I10CJI-t,'(OBaTe.'1eii
B'Io AMepuKt 6 paT b JI
F- f 5\

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<DHl'. 107. l1naaep'D Yan:Lca (8TPIlxaJ.

MOHOCTbIO B'Io 16IIP (npH R-BCil ll'lo 63
KlIJlOrp.). n'lo ,n,m.a6pil 1903 rO,'l:a IIX'b
aapon.1Jall1, c,n,ilJJaJl'lo H"tCIWJlLIW He60Jlb-
IIIIIX"h B3J1CTOB'Io, ,n,OIta3aBIIIlIX'Io, 'ITO anna-
paTb It!OJ!tCT'Io JleTaTh ('aIOCTO.H'l'CJlI>HO.
Tor)l:a B'!, 1904 ro,n,y 01111 nCpeHeCJlH CBOIl
OnblThI B'Io yc,n,IIueHHOC M-BCTO OKOoll0
.lathona If TaM'Io C'Io I'Jly60IWii TaIlHCTBOH-
HOCTbIO, TaTOJlI,I1O CKpI,IBan CnOlI ycnilxlI
)l:aJltc OT'h cJlY'IaiillhIX'Io npOXOjKIIXo, npo-
.n:OJ1JKa.'I1I JJ:-BJlO ;J:a.1Jf>IIIe. HI> CCHT.H6p-B
1904 rop:a 01i1I P:061IJlIICb YJKC TOro, 'ITO
)I:-BJlaJlII na aaponJlan-B I,PIIBbl.H II MOI'JlII
JleTaTb no 3aMI.HYTbB!'Io JlIIHim!'10. Ee
'lepe30 ro.'!:'10 OlIlI cOBcpIIla.1JlI IlOJlCTbI ,n,JlII-
TCJlbHOCTblO plW B'Io 20-30 II 60Jl-Be
MlIHYTo, npn cpe)l:lIcii CKOpOCTII OlW,,'1O 60 BepCT'Io B'Io [laC'Io, A B'b 1 g07 ro,n,y 01I1I
06paTlIJllfCb BO (l>paHIdlO C'Io npe)l:JlojJteHieM'Io npoJJ:aTb CBOC II306p-BTenie 3a 2 MlIJI.
JliOHa <fJpamwB'h, 06.H3Y.HCb c,n,-BJlaTb np06HbIll: nOJleTo B'Io Te'Icnic '-Laca C'Io 6cn31I-
1I0M'Io lIa 100 IWJlOllleTpOBo nYTII. RamnaHY <I>cp6cPY y,n,aJlOCb 3aIIIITCpCCoBaTL
CIIH,n,IIKaT'Io, KOTOpbIll: YCJlOBIIJlCn C'Io Paih'h 0 npi06p-BTeHilI naTcnTa 3a MlIJlJlioH'Io
4JpaHIWB'b; HO BoenHOC B.t,n,MCTBO, nC}}('I.ynlfBIIIee 1I306p"tTeHie, no nOJla,n:IIJlO
C'b aICplIlmllI.\atII B'Io ncperOBOpaX'Io, II ,n,'1>.'I0 3arJlOXJlo. TOJlbI\O B'Io 1908 ro,n,y )l:PY-
rOB CIIllJJ:lfKaTb I.YlIIIJI'b HaKOnel.\'l> CCKpCTb PauToBcI.aro aapOIlJlana 3a If2 MIfJl-
JIiona, II npnobIBIIIiii Bo EBpony K'Io IWIlI.\Y rO;J:a c-rapIIliH 1I3'b 6paTbcB'Io 6J1CCT.He
IJbIlIO.1JlIlIJlo BC-B IIOCTaBJleIllIbI.H .n..1J.H IIpiel\JU:1f YCJlOBi.H.
T-BM'Io npCMCnCl\lo BO <I>paHI.\ilI, OT'IaCTIf nO)l:'b BJli.HuioM'b CJlYXOB'Io 1I3'1o AIC-
plII\II, OT[laCm II 110 CaIOCTO.HTeJlbHOii IIHIll.\iaTIIB-B, OIlbITbI Co nJlauepal\1II
He OCTaB.1J.HJlIICI>. IImIMl\1O ImlIllTaUa <Pep6epa, lICnbITbIBaBIIIaro aIlIIapaTbl Ha
KapyceJllI, 60JlbIIlOe Y'IacTie B'Io aTlIX'b onbITaX'lo nplUIIIMaJlII ApIII.n.aItOH'Io
D CaHTOC'Io- ,TI,IO!\IOIrh, OCTaBlmmill YJlte CBOIf aapOCTaTbl. IIocJliI,n,Hie 1I3CJI-B J{OBaTeJlII
Bblpa6aTbma.1Jll Tlm'lo nJlaIlCpa, lICXO,n,.H 1I3'1o B03.n.ymHhIX'Io 3M-BCB'b, nplI'IeM'b ,n,JI.H
IICnhITaHi.H 3auYCKa.1J1I IIX'b (IIJlaHepbI) Ha,n,'b llO,n,OU, nOJlb3Y.HCb 6hICTpOH l\IOTOpHOB
oIl0)l:ROU (4JllI'. 109). 3aBoeBaHie B03,n,yxa nOIIl.1JO 6YIwaJlbIlo IIO <fJOPMYJl-B <I>ep-
6epa: "man 3a marolll'lo, CKa1JOK'Io 3a cI.atIKOM'Io, B3J1eTb 3a B3J1eTOM'b". IIplI
OIlbITaX'b C'Io aunapaTaMII, cHa6JKcnHbIl\1II YJKe MOTopalllll, nepBaro ycn-Bxa .n.o-
OIIJlCJI CaUTOC'Io-r'.(lOIOU'lo: 13 cenT.H6pn 190() ro.n.a OHo B3.HJI'Io npll3'h aapo-KJly6a
3a nOJlCT'Io CllhIllie 100 MeTpOB'Io. An-
Hapan ero npe,n,cmBJlilJI'Io JJ:B-B no-
BCPXUOC'I'H, pacnOJlOJKCllIIbIX'h no.n.'Io
'l'ynhIM'b ,n,nyrpaHHbIM'Io yrJlOM'b C'b
H-BCKOJlbmmlI BepTHlta..1MIhIMH nepe-
rop0,n,I.al\1ll MCJIt.n.y HlfMIl Ii C'Io ,n,aJleIW
-,s;' HbIHeCClIHbll\I'Io Bnepe)l:'b XBOCTOl\lo
YCTOIl1JIIDOCTII.
Tpy,n,hI <I>ep6cpa, <I>apIlJaHa, .D:e-
JlarpamKa, BJlcpio .n.aJlH B'Io 1908ro.n.y
:nY'IIIIie YCII-BXlI, II C'Io T-BX'Io nop'b B'Io
TeXHlIKB allial.\ionuaro ,n,'BJla <l>pau-
l.\i.H D,!l;eT'h Bncpe,n,1I BC-BX'Io ,n,pyrlIXb
rocY).l;apcTll'lo.
., 'lit
.
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...,. -
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<l>ur, 109. IInaHop Apm)];alWHa B CaHTOC':L-
.IJ:IO:MOHa 1906 r.
8A.BOEBABIE B08)];. OREAR.\..
81
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<Dnr. 108. llnaHe}J'b (jp, l'aiiT'b 1900-
1903 r.
6

82
r .1] A 13 A XI.
BHnn.aHbI RMepHRaHCRarO THna.
AaponJiaIl'l, 6paTLCB'Io PanT!. (<<jJlIr. ] 10), ncpBI,lllf"I. .!I;06UUllIiiicJI IIpaKTII1!CCKII-
IIpIIM'IJHIfMbIX'Io PC3Y JIbTaTOB'b, JIBJIJIeTCJI B'Io TO JKe npClI1JI npOTOTIIIIOIll1> BC1>X1>
OCTaJiblIhIX'Io JICTaTeJII)HbIX1> annapaTOB'Io, ltOHCTPYKIJ,iJI IWTOphIX'Io,!!.O 1I3B1>CTHOit
CTeneHlI 6I,IJIa BocnpOlI3BC,JI:ella 110 a1ICplIItaHCItOIIIY 06pa3I\Y. OCTaBanCb ,JI:JIJI
CBpOneHIJ,eBD ncn061>.!I;IIIIII,IIII'Io no CBOlI"I'b pClwp,!!.alll'lo B'Io Te'leuie nO'lTU l.\1>JIaro ro.n.a
IIOCJI1> '1'01'0, I'aK'b annapaTh 6WI'I, Y.JKe IIOKa3aU'lo no <!'paHIJ,iIf, aapOllJIaUl. Paiha
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IIICTaJIJIHlJeCltllllIH cTpYHaml, npUIJeM'Io cpe.n.lli.H CTOHI,lI (nccro IICTblpC) CItp.tnJIenI,I
C'Io nporolIalllIf narJIYxo, 06C3nCIJHna.H 1I0.'IlIYI0 .JKCCTIWCTI) cpe.n.HoH 'laCTII aapo-
nJIalIa, a coe.n.IIHcHie OCTaJII)HbIX'Io IIacTcii .n.onycRaeTh WIJKOTOPYIO no.n.BIIJKIIOCTIh
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l(opnyco ciapon.w1tu. OT,n:1>JIbHarO KOPUYC<1 Y a3pOnJIaIla c06cTBeHIIo lI1>'I'b.
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fpaHjlm, IlO.JIyqnD'Io 'l'O.iIW II'BKOTOpbI1I YCOBc,pIIleIICTBOnalli.fl, coxpaHII.'lCn C'Io xapaK-
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BeCbMa 60JIbIIlOe pacIlpocTpaHelIie 6JIaro)l.ap.fl JIerlWCTH 06yqelIi.fl nOJICTallfb Ha HOMo.
3TH )l.Ba cOBpeMeHHLIX'Io THIla MbI pa3CIOTpIfM'Io OT)I.'BJILHO.
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Bwn.Ul1l'b Bya3ena (<fmr. 115).
HecyU{iR n06CpX1l0Cmu, y,n:a.JIeHHWI O)l.Ha 0T'b )l.pyroii Ha P / 'l. MCTpa, I1111-B-
lOTI> 06myIO nJIOIlta.JI.b B'Io 40m'\ npn )l.JIIIH-B B'Io 10 II IIlllpllII'B B'Io 2 IlteTpa n:aJK-
)l.a.fl. Ob JIerKOll BornYTOCTbIO CIIII3Y II yrJIollfo BCTp-BIIlI 0T'b 6°_8°, OH-B npc,n:- 4
CTaBJIJIlOT'b O,'I,Hy TOqIy OIlOpLI }1)I1I IlpOAOJILIIOii OClI a3pOIIJIalia. JLpyralI TOqKa
)l.aCTC.fl x B 0 CT 0 I '10 Y C TO it 11 II B 0 C T II, OTHeCeIlIILlM'I. lIa 4 IlteTpa I1a3a,!I,0 11
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.

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Toil IIa l'Opn30IlTa.TJ:bHLIH n.'HtHItH, coe.'l.uIIJIloll\iJI cToiiItlI. XBOCTh COe]l,lIIIJICTCH Cl,
OUOPULUIli 1I0BepXIIOCTJI.\UI <ICTbIpbMfl ,n:epClJmlIIbI1li rrporollMIII, CI{p1m.:ICIlIILIMII
no ,II.DYXo rtcTaxo ,n:cpenJIIIHbIMn-irw DepI'lIIWJIbHI.BIII c1'oiilm1II II CTaJlLllbIMIi
.ll.iaroIla.'n,HbIMII paCTJIilnml\UI. K 0 p n Y C 'b a a p 0 II .1 a II a B'b BliXt ,II.epCBJIHllarO
ImpltaCa, TOiKe 06T1IHYTaro cuapYilW IIOJlOTHOrb, BI.IXO,n:I1T'b IIa 2 ICTpa rrepe,II.'b
rrepe,II.umlo oop't3mlo l_pLIJILeJlo, 3aImU'mllaJICh 110<11'11 Y 3a,IJ:Hflru 06pt>3a I1X'b;
Bo XBOCT"l> ero rroM'tll\ae1'Cfl MOTOpo, a IIf,CII:O.1JI.IW II03a),1I 01'0 cep£',n:lll1bI uaxo-
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CT1> Iwprryca aaporr.'Iaua, rrpllRo,n:IITb B'b ,n:mGKCllie O,IJ:IIII'b ;'I.DYXJlOIIaCTHoii DHHTL"
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1.20n 060pOTOIJ0 B'b IIIIIYTY. .!LBHraTeJII. CTaDlIJICJI paUbliJe "AuTyaIlCT'b" lie
cJla6'tc 40 CIIJIo; DIIUT'b npml'!;IISI.'1CJI MeTa.lJJIII'WCIdfi, ('0 CT1I"'1bIlLUIII cTe6J1Hl\1II II
aJlJlIOl\lIIl1ieBLIMII .'10naCTJIMIl. Tcncpl> MOTOp'b 'mll\e CTaBH fCJI 60-65 CIIJlblILIii (IIPMhl
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1130 CKlJeCHLIXo ,n:OCOIto, cnCIJ,iaJILilO H3rOTOBJlflCMhlii ]l,JlJI .n:I1puJlm6.'1cii n a;)po-
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I hl3Iwe pacrroJIojIwllie MOTopa, I1UjIW IJ,CIlTpa corrpoTuB.'lCIIin BcerO anna.
paTa, 06c3nC'IIWaCTb ,n:o Ir!;IwTopon CTCIICIIII YCTofi'llIBUCTb D'b B03,II.yx1>.
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60ii Bo o;'l.lIoil rrJIOCIWC1'I'I ropH30llTa. T lbHon OCbIO Do pa3CTOfllliu 1/ S IlIlIpnHLI aTOll
1I0DepXnOCTH OTo eJI uepe.n:Uflro 06p1>3a (rImr. 115 II JlIl'. 116). 8m OCb IO-
JIWTb Dpall\aTbCfl Bo ml.3ax'b BLITSIlIYTaro nOca Iwpn)'ca a;)ponJIaua rrOCpC.D:CTBOM'b
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II 3aI,aH'lUpaCTCSI rrcpe;:.o cJI.D:1>uicn, aDia1'opa py.lJCDbDlo IWJleCOI'b (t), D'b
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rrpop'll3SIXo). I3pallellimlo KOJIeCa, npH IImIOIl1f IlPOTSIllYTLIX'b 'IC!W30 6J10l0l
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peJ'y.mpyeTcSI BhlCOTa nO.lJe-ra. .!L'!;ilCTBie 3Tmlo I\O.'1CCm\'b BIIO.'IH't cor.lJ1ICOBall0
C'b lIHCTlJIIl_TliDllLIMII n;mlJl\Cuimm aBia'fopa: Upil iI\C.lJaHin rroiiTIi JlBCPX'b,-IIIlJlOTI"
YltJIOHSISICb I\Opnycmlo Ha3a,II.o, TJIIICT'b I\OJleCO Ha ce6JI, a npil nOBopa'lIwallin
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... Uya3ell'b" He 06JIa;J.aC'J.vb; 3Ta pO.lJL ,n:o H3H'BCTHOll CTeneJIII BbIIlO.llIfleTCSl aB1'O-

91
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COBeprnaTL I,Q.TIc6ani.H BOKpyn., IIpO.D:O.'lLHOii OCli.
OpzaU'bt iJAR 63Acma u cnYCh"a. IIe6o.1LwiH IW.1JeCa nf'."/OClIlIC;l,naro THlla,-
YJ\p'1lIJIeHIILI.H 110 ,1I:TTa 110,'('1> I,Opll)"COMo IIIC-
J!r.D:Y III0TOpOl\l'h II aBiaTopmlo n y nepek
IUIro o6p'13a XBOCTa YCToii'1If130CTll,-;t:a10T1.
ailnapaTY B031\IOJKIIOCTL ,'I,-BJlaTb no 3e11IJrt
pa36-Bf'b nCpe.D:'L TT3JIeTOIII'h, JI,JIJI IlOJ1YQCllin
TOll mWpOCTIf, IIpll IWTOpOll I,pbIJIL.fI IIpio6pt-
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3TfHIW qeTLlpe I\O.1JCCa a3pOllJIall'L CIIY-
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1I0CTIf cnym,a IICPC.D:n.H.!I napa IW.1JCCo YItp'1-
llJICHa lIe Ha IICll0Jl.BllJKIILIX"b B!JJIRaX'h, a na
waplIllpnOl\l'L IIpnclloco6.1JCHiu, C'b 1l0lOilI,LIO
KOToparo CH.1Ja TOJI'II:a no 3IIa'I1ITl'.1JLIIOll
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(Ifmr. 115). TaI,iJI-iKC pe3RllIoI YCTPOCIILI H
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JIOIIIJ\lI Bo CJIy'w:t; OC0I1H a3poII.'Jalll, I\.1JIO- B1/tt3Y.
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Eun,fauo rcnpuxa Wap.lla1ta (4mr. 117, 118 H 119).
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BHIl3Y: ,,(])apMaH'I." HJ09 roa; CIIpaBa BHIl3y-"cI>apMII.H"I>" C'I. MOHOImaHIlhlM'h XBOCTOM'h.

IIUJKC OnlICano 6111I.1allo r. (I>apIaHa Tlllla 1910 rO,Il,a, npU'Ielo B'h CI\06-
I\aXo 1I0CTaBJICHbI I1,LHI'pLr, OTHOCJIW;iHCH Ito JlIO,n:c.m 1909 ro,n:a.
Hecyu(iJl nooepX'HOCIIHt. BepxlIHfl nOBcpxlIOCTL mrlJcT'b pa:mnpbI 10,5 X
X 2,18 MeTpa, mGJOIHH-7 X 2,11' IIIcTpa (TlllIo 1909 r.-l0 X 2 Mcrpa); paa-
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nODcpxHOCTH BLIpi>aallbI Ha 1'.1Y61111Y 0,6 JlICTpa II 1I0 ,n:.1JIIUi> B'b 2 MCTpa C'b
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36m:! (Tuno 1909 r.-40m 2 ). CTpOCIIic I,PLI.1JbCB1> TaIWC JIi:C I.aIt'b II y .. Bya-
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cD HH3Y 110 'I.l{JICCIIbI II 1I0}I.IUIITLI 1I0JIOCbI TItalIIf TOJILIW no,n:o I1pOrOIla1II II pC-
6paJlHJ OCTOBaj 3a,n:UHH Itpor.ma TImIIlf nOj(OrHYTa BIIII30 II 1I0,'l:I(JI£CJIa TaIo.
XDOCTo YCTOR'lHBOCTII Imi>cT'b OAIIY H.1JIf ,1I.Bi> UOBCPXIIOCTIf JlJIOIll.a,'l:LIO B1,
5m 2 KaJK)I;aJl; COC)l:IIHHCTCH 0110 C'h r.IaDIILIJlIII OIlOpHuDlII 1I0DCpXIIOCTmm, ImK'b
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O)I.IUIo )I.BYXJIOllaCTlIoii )l,epCBHllHhIii BUilTh,
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HHIIaJlIII Ito caJ\lOii HccYIII,cii 1I0BCpXIIOCTII,
a CCMb II,IIJIIIII)l:pODo, pacuO.'10J/{CIlllbIX'b
3Bi>3)1:006pa3HO, DpalI\<lIOTCJI BOKPYI'"h Ba.JIa
BJlIi>CTi> BUHTmlo, lIaXO.J:JlCb ll03a,n:u BIIII-
Ta (!J>lIr. 120). 1\IOTOpo calo 110 cc6i>
BeCLJlIa Ha)I.mltCH'h, )l:OCTaTO'IIIO JICrOI.o Ii Y)l:06CHo Ti>Jllo, 'ITO Bpaw;cHic II,H.1JIIII-
ApOB'b )l:aeTh HJllo aBTOJllaTII'lecrw XOpOIUCC OX.'laiK)l:ClIic (lIlIOrAa CTaBIITCJI JIIOTOpo
PCHO, TOJKC 50-TII CUJILHhlll, IIJIIl JIce GO-TIl-CHJIbllblll: E. N. V.; OJ!"L TJliKC.li>C, 110
Tpc6ycT'b ropa3)1:0 JlICIILIUC J\lac.1Ja )I:.1Jl mra3KH II Do06w;(' 3H:J.'IIITC.lbIi0 IIpoe no
KOHCTPYI\lI,iu). BHlIT'h-)l:epCsHIIIIbIii, TlfTIa IIIoBbepa; )l.iaJIICTpo c1'o-2,6 JIICTpa.
Opzau'bt ynpaoJteuiJl. Py.1Jb rJIy6I1IIbl, BbIHCCCIIHl.Iil IlCTblpLJ\1fl nporollMIII Ha
2,5 MCTpa OTo nepC)l:HJlro 06p-n31L l.pLI.lbCBo, ml'lJcT'b 1I0BCpXIIOCTL 3Xl,2111CTpa
(Bo TIUl-n 1909 r.-5X1 MCTpn). IIporolIbI It'b Py.uo COC)l:HIIClIbl Do lJCpTIII\aJIb-
IILIXo lIJIOCIWCTHXo ,1I,BYIJI CTOllJ;aIII, TOJKC CBJl3alIIILDIII Ha3a)l:o )l:iaromtJIblILDIlI
paCTJlJlmaJ\llI. PYJIb nOlJOpOTIILIii YI,p-tnJIHC'fCn Do XBOCT.t Bo DHl!,"!> O)l:IIOU Bcpm-
RaJILHOii nOBcpXIIOCTIi no OCII au II apaTa, lIJIlf 130 DH,J,i> )l;I3YX'L 1I0BCpXIIOCTCH,
pacnOJIaraCJlIblXo nO 60Jmlll b XDOCTa. Opralllt1H ,J..JIJI 60IWBOii YCToti'I1I130CTU
JlBJIHlOTCH )l:Ba Iqnl.'IhIWKa cD I10U('PXHOCfblO B1> 2XO,6 JIICTpa I.aJl\)l:OC, YKpi>-
nJICHHbI.fl B"b DbIpi>3axo 3a)l:HCU KpOJlII\II IWlIlI,OBo BCpXIICll olIoplloii nODcpXHOCTH
(Bo TImi> 1909 rO;I,a-clIC )l:l3a 'faIWX'h JKC I,PbIJIbIWKa Bo IIIIJlwcii I10BCpXIIOCTII).
Ihli>JI D03J110JlmOCTb Bpaw;aTbCJI CDOHMII 3ltJl,IIIIJlIH 06p-h3aJ1l1I OIWJIO 3a,'l,lInrO npo-
rOlla onoplIoii I10BCpXHOCTII, 3TII I,Pbl.'lbIllIInI IIPH lIaxoJK)I.cHilI a;)polI.1nlla 1111, 3ClII.'1"J;
CB06o)l:II0 OTBIICaIOT'b mIlI3'L, a npH )l:BllmCllill DbITJll'IIlJaIOTCJI I10'ITII ropIl30HTa.1JLIIO,
COCTaB.r..HJ1 ImI\o 6bI IIpO)l,OJIIKClIic I3ccii olIoplloii nODCpXHOCTII. IIpu I,pcIr]; anIla-
.....
gg
..
(Dnl'. 120. PaCIJOHOlIteHie MOTopa II CllAiI-
niB )I.:1B aBiaTopa Bn ..(lJapMaHiI".

paTa B'L IWItYIO-.1II6U C1'opony, ,J,OCTa1'O'JIlO onYC1'HTb C'b TOll CTOpOnI>I KpLlJIblIIIIW
'ITO(h,I 3aCTaBIITb COOTB-nTCTBYIOrrdll IWIICII.o IIOBCpXHOCTn nOJ1:II.fl1'bCJI I10)l:o .1rl>ii-
CTBiclIIo TOll nCpTlmaJILJlOll COCT8-BJIflIOIl\Cll CIf.'lL1 COnpOTHBJICllifl n03J1.yxa, ROTOpan
JIBHTC.fl C'h ync"lII'lclliml'h yua BCTp-n'ln nOBCpXIIOCTII :noro I.pLI.lhIwIta «(fmr. 121).
YIIpanJIcnic a3pOllJIaII0\'b IIpOn3BO,1I:t'ITcn TaKiDl b 06pa30M"b. CU)I:'l>HbC aBiaTopa
YI\p'tllJICHO Bncpc.n:u MOTopa, Jla T'l>xo ')Ite .n:BYxo IIOIICpC 1 lIlblXo CTammaxo, .'ImKa-
UUIX'b lIa nporona.xo I\pIoIJIbCB'h (qmf. 120). 1\0 1I(,11Y IIo.n:XO;t:m'"h clUmy .n:Ba Tpoca,
OT'h nOBopOTHaro py.'1.fl, YEp'I>nJIelflIbIC In, nOJKHOll
lIICTa.1JIIIIICCROii T -oopa3lIOii I1C)l:aJIII (n); IIpll naJKU-
Manill 1.:lIwii-JIII6o IIOrOll lIa COOTB-tTC1'BYIOII\iii PLI-
'mf'b )Toii nc.n:aJIIf, TpOC'L OTE.'10HJIC1''b B'b TY JKC CTO-
POllY \I nOBopOTIILlii PYJIL: a3j101IJIaIl L lIoBopa 1 1lIBaCTb
B'h TY CTOPOIIY, CD KOTOpoii :wiaTop'b lIajJm'1'b HOJK-
IIOll pw'mr'b. BLICOTa II 60IWBall YCTOH'lIIBOC1'b pe-
ry JIlIPYIOTCJl O;I.IIUMo Tpy6 1 IaTLllllo pw'mrOlllo, pac-
nO.'10iKl'IIIILIMo BnpaBO 0'1'0 nllJIOTa II Bpan\alorn.IDlC.Il
OIWJIO I\pCCTOOopa3l1aro IIIapHHpa «(Imr. l:W). JfJIu-
1KCllicMo pbI'lara BJI-nUO H lllIpano onYCRalOTCJI no-
CpC)l:CTBml'b UpOTJIHYTbIX'b TpOl"OBo (qml'. 121) KpbI-
.1LIWEII-('OOTB'I>TCTBCIIHO C'" npaBoii II C'I, JI-tBOH
CTOpOIILT, OTlJCrO, I\aIto 6u cJI'B.n:yn eCTecTBcHIlOMY
YI\.'10IlClliiO T'BJIa If pyml aBiaTopa, 1\ a3poll.'1aH'b Ha-
RpCllflCTCJI B'b TY .iRC CTOPOIIY, TaI\o EaI,'h ROIICIJ,'b
IIceYIIcii nOBepxlIocTII C'b olIyrn.cmlLIMo &PLI.'lbIIIIIOOMo Ha'lIIIIaCT'b IIO)l:HIIMaTLC.H.
...'{Bllrall 1'0'1'0 .mc calLIii pLI'laro BnCpC)I:"b II Ha3a.n:o, aBiaTOp'b YK1OJUlCT"b ncpc.n:-
Ifill 06p-t3'b' I1Cpe.n:Hcii PYJICBOll 1I0BCpXIIOCT!1 BIIII3'(, UJIH BBCPX'b, OT'lerO II .n:BIlJKC-
lIie a;)pOIIJIalla 113l\1'BllfleTCJI 80 (OOTB'I>TcTnYIOIIWIO nCC cTopony; lIepl',J,a'la 3TOro
--
94
<Dnr. 121. CxeMa ynpaBneHiH
6mwnoii YCToii"IlJBOCTI>IO B'I>
,,)ap:.JaB-B" .
<Dill'. 122. llIacclI <1>al-'IaHa c601'Y. AI-MOTOp'!..
S-DHIIT'L. G-peacpDYo.p'L 1I.:1In 6eH8l1ua. K-
clI1I.'Imhe nDiaTopa. C-pyncnoii phi "Iar'!.. F-
1I0)l.HOJRKn, }I'L KOTOpoii Yl>p'lmneHo Imp01.II.rcno
(ne)l.alIh) 1I.III1 ynpaJl:IeRin pYJIeM'L nOIJOpoTa.
..
,
C1>lIr. 123. ,II,eTalll> ruaCClJ. Cnepxy-
IHI)I.'Lc6oRY. CnI[3y-nll)l."Ln'l> n:1InH'B.
A-ynpyran, RBa1I.paTHaI'o C-B'IeBiH,
pe81lBRa, nOCpe1I.CTBOM'L KOTOpOli no-
:1I08"L n01I.B-BmeB'L 1.'L cI,aTY ROneC'L.
Jl.BII,)KCl1iJI conCpIIIaC'l'CJI C'b IJO!llOrn.bIO ;I.llYX'b TI>OCOB"b, Y"I)"I>UJICllIlbIX'b OAI1HMIl
ROHII.aMH y PYJICBorO pbl'mra, a '!!'pynnm KUIlII.aMH Ha KOHII.aXo BepTHlm.l1,HbiXo
Pbl'IaJl\IWlJo, npll.n:1>JIaIIJlbIX'I, HCnO,!l,BlDKIIO ED nOBepXIIOCTH py.'1H r. T ly61IlILI {rJ>ur.
118 II (fmr. 119).
OPW'Hibt (JJfR 63J/cma u cnyC1ca. Ta TCJrInlma, ItlJTopoii "ll>apMaHo" CTOIlT"b lIa
3ClIIJI'I;, COC'fOUTb 1130 )l:BYX'h nOJI03bCn'h, COC,!!,lIlIJIlOrn.HXo HII1nBiJl oClloBauiJi CJIcnm
lJaI.JIOIIHbIX'I, CTOCIo, OTXO.n:JJII\lIX'L (110 'rpII CD RaJK.n:oii CTOpOlrLI) 01'0 CHTpa.'ILIIOii
'laCTU HlI.iKlIJlfO ItpLl.'1a, II l'rn.c 1I3'L ;l.BYXo nap'b I.O.'1CCo, paCI10.'10jJ{(,IIh1Xo 110 06.tlUlo

95
CTOpOHaM'L nO.1J03bCB'h (4JHI'. 122). BUpO'lCMo, 31'0 YCTpoiicTBO B]' pa3.1JII'lnhIX'L
Tlmaxo pa3JUI'lnO; B'I, n'BKOTOpLIXo MO.J.CJUIX'h nepc.n;Hic IroULI IIOJI03bCB'h
ena6:H(CHbI ClUC 110 nap-E l\WJICHbKHX'h IWJICCHIWBo; B'b H'EIWTOPLIXo-U'BT'h ItO-
.1JCCo 110)(0 XBOCTOMo YCTOi1'lHBOCTH. Ho BC3J1:'B OCb I\aJlr.n;oii napLI KOJICC'h CItp'B-
IUCHa C'h IIpOXO;J:JImHl\IH MCJK)l:Y mum nOJIOSLJIMlI npn nOl\IOlI\U PCSUHOBblXo TJI-
)IWH, na KOTOpbIXo B'h 06bI'lHOC BpeMJI a3pOnJIano nOlWH'rH, KaIt'b ua pCCCO-
pax'h. nM'BJI IIO"'IO::!LH B'h BOS.n;yX'B; eCJIH .JKC nplI cnYCK'B Rapon.lIan'L CH,1JbHO y.n;a-
....., ""!!
. i
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I
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I
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<DIII'. 124. BUUnaH1> Mopuca <DapMaua.
plITC.fl 06'1. SCMJIIO, TO TO.1J'lCK'b KOJICC'b 3aCTaBllT'h HX1, no.n;U.flTf.CH BBepX'h, Bb!-
TJlnYBo 'IJIJKII, H 'fOf.ll.a annapaT'I, 6y.n;cn CItOJILSIITb Ha nO.1I0SbHXo, 1I0Ita,-C1.
nor.1Jo!eHiml'I, CllJILI Y)l:apa,-pc:mUbI He CO,!rMYTCH BIIOBb If BHOBb He nOCTi1U.HT'L
a3pOnJIallo na 0.n;1I11 IW"lcca.
TaI\oe ym"poi1cTBO npCKpaCIIO IIpC;1.0xpaH.IlCTD allnapaT'L 01'1, BCpTlIIaJIL-
nbIXo y)I.apOB'L IIpn cnyCI'B. TOJI'IKII II y.n;apLI Bo 601WBOMo HaupaB.1CHin XOpOIlW
nOfJIOmaIOTCJI AIJyruM'L npllcnoc06JIcnicl\I1,: lIa OCII I\a,Ir,n:aro ClW-Ta EO.1CCo, MCJK,!!.Y
UX'b BTY JIlml\1II II IWJIhCBL1l\1lI ynopaMlI OKOJIO 1I0JIOSLCB'h, Ha)J,'BTbl npYJKIIUhl,
I10Sll0"1.mOtW.!I IWJICCaMo C,!!.BHraTbC.Il nO OCH npn 601\OB01\l0 .n;BHj{\Cllin BO npCMH
c-nymm, '11>1'010 BCC maccII n IIpe.n;oxpallHCTCJI 01'1. nO.10l\nU (WHr. 123).
OUIl{iJ! c6u;ic1n6a 6WnJla1£a r. c]Jap.Ma1£Cl. OOJIa,n:aJI xopollIcii YCTOi1'IHBOCTblfI
Bo B03J.YX'B n clloc06uoCTbIO 1I0;1.IlllJ\taTL, I\pOM'B IIIIJIOTa, ('mc .n;BYXD naccaiKlI-
pOllo HJIII sanacD 6en3Ima na BpCM.!I .n;o 5 'laCOBo I1o.1JCTa, a3pOIlJIallbI r. <I)ap-
l\WIIa JIBJIJJlOTCJI Bo uacTO.mucc BpCMJI O;1.HHl\IU HS'h cal\IbIX'h JIY'lllIIIX'h .1.JI.Il
lIoTpe6nocTcn I1paI\TII'lCCKOii "alsnu. DOJILllIaJI C06cTBcIIuaH el\opOCTb nOJICTa
(.n;o ;5 BCpCT'L B'h tIaco), B03MOJlmOCTb ,n:OBO.%1I0 JICrI\O IJO.1.IIHMaTLC.fl IIa BeCbMa
3I1alJHTC:JbHYIO BbICOTY, nCCJIOJKHOCTb ynpaBJleHiJI a3pon.TJaUOl\lo (JI1maJI pYIm
nOCTOJIIInO cll060.n;Ha) H nO.TlHaJI COrJIaCOBaHHOCl'L BC'BXo MaHHny.'l.!Iuiii C'b
IIIICTIlHKTHBIIbam J T I,.1JOHCuimlll 'f-BJIa cal\IOro aBiaTopa, llaIWHC'L - yJl,OUCTBO
I3S"'IeTa, cnYCIta, XOpOllI3.!I YCTOM'lHIIOCTb II npeItpaclloe YCTpOitCTllO aMopTH3a-
TOPOBo,-I!CC 31'0 COCTaB_'IHCT'h nO.10<l.HTC.lILUhI.H J\a'ICCTBa 6UIIJIaHOBo rCHplIxa
lI>apl\Jaua. ITo cpaBlieHiIO C'h "PanTOl\lo", " <I)apMaII1," YC1'ynacTo CMY B'h
clloe06110CTII IICUpaBJI.!ITL KOJIc6aHiJI BOKPYI"b npo,n:OJIbHOH OCIl (coxpall.!ITb 601WBYlO
YCToiiljIfBOCTL), II BCJI'B,n:CTBic HaJIH'lIlOCTII XBoCTa IIC 06JIa,n:aCT'b Talwii 1I0BOpOT-
.lHBOCTLIO; II 3aTpaTa ;mcprill y <J.IapMaHa SHatIlITCJILUO 60JIbUle: 50 CIL10 "PH
-WIll:! JIOBCpXUOCTIf I\.pLI.1ILCBo,Tor.n;a EaIt'h y "PaiiTa" 30 eUJIo npn 50m 2 IJOBCpXHOCTll.
o CpaBllilTe.l{,lILIX'b )()CTOlIIICTBaxo "lpapl\JaUOBo" IOJKUO CY,!!.IlTb X06H-OI>I no rGl\IY,
'11'0 Ho OI\TJIOpIO 1910 rOAa ua HUXo .1ICTaJIU 1II1JIOTOBo CTOJIbI\o-JI\C, CIWJILIW Ha
6HITJIaIIaX'h IIC'BX'b .n;PYI'liXo CMCTel\I'b B'L CYl\IM't; cpaBHIITCJIbIIO-JKC cD tJlICJIOM'L
BC'I>Xo Bu061C Im.TJOTOBo-aBiaTopOBD, nOJIytJlIBIIIHXo .n;o TorO-llte BpCMCIIII .D.Hn-
JIOM'h 110 4f>palluiu, "tl1apl\laIllICTLI" COCTaBJI.!IIOT'h UO'JTII 'rpCTLIO 'IaCTL. Taltie

BLI)l:aIoudCCJJ TIlfJIOTbI, 1(11K1, l'aI'b fCH-
IHIX'b <l'apIaH'b, 4JpaHlI,Y3'I, .JJ Yff 1I0JIa.U'I>,
PycCIdii 1\1. H. E4J1fIOB'I" I'O.T1JIan.n;clI,'b
Bano-.n;cHo-Bopu'b, I1.t.1f'10 <I>pcii, npe-
ItpacHO .n;CMoHcTpnpona.1U :ym a3pOlIJIaHM
ua d,JI-B 110 BceH ESPOIrJ; II .n;aiKC B'j,
Al\fCpll"-B, II TOTh ([JaItTh, 'ITO IHOI'iJJ
1'0cy.n.apcTBa (T'panIJ,iJJ, fopMa niJJ, Poc-
cin, AIII'.lIi.n, AlJcTpin, Iha.liJJ) 063aBC-
:/IIm. .n;JI.fl BOCUHLIXo IrtJICU 1'.1aBULlM'L
<l\uI'. 125. Buunau'I> Poacepa COJdlolcpa 06pa30Mo ,,<I>apManaIII"-.lY'IlliC BCCro
1910 r. rOlJopUTo ill, ffXo IIO.lb3Y.
/l,pyie 6unJ{,au'bt gJpauY3C1Cazo muna. I'cnplIX'b <I>aplano HC obl.n C)l:ffH-
CTBCHHbIlIl'b 'ICJIOB'EKOMo, KOTOpbIH 3ammaJIc.fl YCOBCPlllCUCTBOBaHiclIl'L a3pOliJIa-
1I0Bo, JIIIqHO npOB'Bp.fl.fl Bce Bpel\1.H Ha I1paI>nm-B 1I,-BJICC006pa3lIOCTb CBOUX'b
H3M'tncuifi. ItamITano <I>cp6ep'b XOT-BJI'b JJ;06HTLC.fl 60I\OBOll YCTOit'IIlBOCTH, nYTCM'b
paCIIOJIoJKeni.fl ItpLiJIbeB'b He I'OpII30n-
TaJILHO, a B'b Bll)J,-B 6YItSbI V, KOUC'IHO
J1HIllb C'b TY"bH.lo YI'JIOM'b MeJIC)l:Y HHIlI;
TaKan JKC 1fJ0pMa 6bI.T1a .n;aHa II .n;JIHIIHOMY
XBOCTY; o.n;naKO 3TOT'L a:3ponJIan'b YCII'Exa
He HM'BJI'b.
.l1yqrnc y.n;aJIIfCb OlIbITLI MopDca
<l>apMaHa, 6paTa fcnpHxa <I'apMana, II
POJlccpa COMMcpa, KOTOpLIC Bn.1l.o1I3I-1;.
IIIfJIU nepnOHaqaJIbHLlit TUllo Bya3cHa
H-BCItOJIbIW Db .1I.pYl'ml'b po.n;1; (IfJIfI'. 124
U IfJHI'. 125).
06a anin'fopa BCItUP-B .n;o611JInCb
XOpOlllUX'b ycn'I;XOB'b: uepBbIH CBOIIMIl IIOJIeTaMH, HC1(JIlO'IIITCJlbHO BU'B a3po-
.1I.pOl\lOB'b, a IIOcJI'J;.n;nii1 nOJICTaMH Ha npo.n;OJIJKIlTCJIbIlOCTb (OlIo nepBuii no-
6HJIo B'b 1909 ro.n;y pCIWJlJI.'b tJpaTben'I. PaUT'b) H IIO 111lCJlY IIo.n;IIllMaeJlILTX'b liMo
naCCaJKffpOB'b (21 aUp-BJIH
1910 I'o.n;a OHo nepBbIMo
c)I,-BJIaJI'b nO_leT'b C'b 3-1.I1
IIaccaJKlIpaIU).
IIoCJIt nepc.n;-BJIOIt'b <I>ap-
taHa D COMMepa, 6paTb.fl
llya3cu'b TOJKC 1I3M-BHIIJIII
cBoii TIHl'b a :3 p 0 n JI a H a
«pm'. 126): omI BbIUPOClUil
lJep1'HIHWIbHLI.fl rrcpCI'opO.n;I\lI,
SaM-BIIIIR1, IIXo I,pbI.'1bIIllIta-
1lI, H c.n;-BJIaJlH X BOC'1 v l, MO-
UOIlJIaHHLIii.
O,1.HOBpCICJ[HO C'b 'f"1,M'b
1I0HBHJIliCb 61IliJIaHLI apMa-
1I0BCIw,ro TUlIa B'b fcpMalIiu
(Aviata), B'b Am'JIilI (Zodiak)
II Y lIaco B'b Pocciu (POC-
ci.IJ .-\).

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Wnr. 126. Buuna.H'h DyaacflA 1910 r.
---..

97
r .1I A B .A XIII.
MOHOllJIaHbl.
Dc'i; I1epnolIa'm.lbilLIC I1pOeRTLI .'1CTaTeJIbHLIXo almapaTOB'b (I\aiiJIeii, reH-
CeWb), paBlIO I;aIi:'b II nepBbIff y,n:a'lHLUI MOJl:CJIII II a3pOII.1aHLI (TaT3I1a, IIeHo,
41JaIIrJIe.fl, rO<pl\lalla, A;I.epa) 6LIJIII roHon"Iallnaro Tlma. TOJIbIW CTpCl\IJIeHic 06es-
lIe 1 111Tb .1JY'lWYIO YCTo!i'IIInOCTb 1I OT'laCTIf 1I36-B1KaTb .'IlIWHlIX'b OCJIo"weIIifi Bo
1,0IlCTpYIailI rr06y,llI.1JO 6paTbeB'b'
PanTL, a 3a IImm II 60JIbIIUm-
CTBO (}JpaHnY3Cl\HXo IWHCTPYR-
TOpOBo SaHJlTbC.fl CHa'mJIa pas-
}>a60TIwn 6I1I1JIaHOB1,. IIo 1Il\[eHHO
BO <I)paIlliIl IHlWJIOCb CROpO H.t
CIWJIbRO JIlo;ei1, ROTopbIe BIIOBL
BCPllY JIRCb 1\0 )IOIIOII.'1allal\1b II
pa60TLI IWTOPbIX'b B'b 3T01\['b lIa-
npaBJIelliIl .n:aJIII 6JIeCTJlIIde pe-
ilY JIbTaTbI.
Bo 1JlICJI'i; TaItHXo JIRII,o
lIa.n:o IIt.SBaTb rrpCJlc)l:e Bcero
1IIIiKeHcpa JIYH B.1Jcpio, I1MH RO-
'Toparo rrOCJI-B ero ItpaCRBaro rrepeJIeTa 'lepes'b JIa-l\laHmo lISB'i;CTHO BC.flROl\lY.
)1,0 1907 ro,n:a BJIepio IIp01I3BO.n:1I.1J'b OlIbITbI C'b 61IrrJIanal\m, cna'laJIa naJl:'b
BO.1l:0ll - COBl\I-BCTHO C'b O.n:HHl\Io US'b 6paTbeB'b ByaseH'b (4mr. 128), a HO-
'TObl"L lIa)l:o cyrnelO. 0.n:IIaIW 3TII OIlbITbI YJl.a1JlI He I1l\I'i;.1H. Tor.n:a BJIepio rrepe-
meJI'b IIa lIIO II 0 nJIall LI. IIepBLIll ero 1I10HOIIJIaHo, 1I3B-BCTHLIfi rro.n:"L Ul\ICHm['b
"BJIepio V "-(qJUr. 129) H)I'i;JIo 06pa3II,Ol\lo )I:.IT.fl cBoeii <POpMbI T'B CaMhIJI c.t-
lIleHa "UaHOHi.fl", ROTOpbUl6bIJIR Bocnpo-
RSBe.n:eIlLI II B'b I1JIaIIep't :,hpuxa. Ho
1111 3Ta loW;I.eJIb, r.n:'i; .n:JIH YCTO!i1JHBOCTH
IWHII,LI Ii:pbl.,1ben'b 6bIJIlI rrpIlIIO)l:H.flTLI
Imepxy, Jill CJI'i;.n:YIOrn;aH-J't; VI,-rJl.'i;
It'b KOlinalllo Ji:pbIJIhCB'b I1P H .n:'i;JILIBaJIIICh
no.n:BlI1KHbUl rro BepxHocTlI, cnOC06J1bUl
Bparn;aThC.fl Bo paSJIH'lHbIXo nanpaBJIe-
!IIi.flxo,-ycn-Bxa oc06aro He IIl\1'i;JIlI. C.1J1>-
.n:YlOll\ill "BJIcpio VII", CJI.-BJIaJlHLJll rro
06pasII,y IIIO.n:eJIII .1JaHr.'1C.fl, COBCpWIIJI'b
rrapy rrO.IeTOB'b .n:o rro.Iy-nepcTbI.n:JIIIHOll,
HO B'b SaKJIIO'lCHie TO;Ke rrOTeprr-BJI'b
ImTaCTpo<py, ItaI\o 1I rrpe.n:L1.J:Ylli,ie. IIpo Cal\lOro B.Iepio lIna'Ie He 1'0BOplIJIII, KaIth
npo 'leJIOB"I>Ita, ROTOpLIii "JIOl\laeT'b CBOII a3pOrrJIallbI". JIo OHo lIeYTOl\UIlolO npo-
.n:OJI.iKaJIo pa60TLl ,:I,a.Ibrne. II BOTo Y.iKe IIIO.n:eJIL .M VIII - lIepBLIll IIpo06pa30
conpel\ICnnaro IIJa.1JCIILJ\aro "B.1Cpio XI", ,n:aCTh pesYJIhTaTLI y,n:oBJIeTBOplITeJIhilLIe
HaCTO.1JbRO, 'ITO 31 ORT.fl6pn 1908 l'o,n:a, lIa CJI-B,.'I.YIOIII,iii ,n:eHL I10CJI'i; nepnaro
BOS.:I.yrnHaro rrYTerneCTBiJI <Pap)IaHa 1131, lliaJIolia Bo Pl'ibIC'b, BJIepio rrpO)l:'t.ILI-
BaeT'b TaRoll JKe OIlLIT'b, COne!JlilaH IIepeJIeT'L 1131, r. TyplI B'b r. Ap'fHe ii 1I
06paTHo (60 BepCT'b) JIIIWh cD )J.nYIlUl OCTanOBRa1\1II B1, IIYTlI. Ern;e JI'i;CROJILRO
.n:aJIhII-BnrnHX'b YCOBeprneIICTBOBalliii )J.aJIli B'b 1909 1'0,1.Y TlIUo COBpClIICIIHbIX'b
3ADO.lWABIE B03p;. OREAB.A.. '1
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 \t ,.
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<Dllr. 128.
O)l.IIS'I. 113'1. nnaSepOB'I. Bnepio Hap;'I. BO)l.oii.
,;
1\ ".
"I.
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<1>111'. 129. "Hnepio V",

98
MOIIOnJIaHOBo: IaJICUbItarO "BJIcpio XI", 60JIblliOrO "B:wpio XII" II B'b IIOCJI"I>.n;-
Hee Bpmw emc "BJIcpio X[ bis".
"EJtepio XI",
lIecyu,in n06epXItOCI1lU. JI:na ItpLIJIa, cD 3aKpyrJIClIHbUtIII KOHal',m II IIapa.1I-
JICJIbHLIl\IH 06p'1>3al\1H (cncpeJl.II II C3a,il,lI) pacnO.tIOJKCUbI 1I0,n:o yrJIOMo BCTp"l>'IJj:
OIWJIO 7° II cD JICrmnI"b 1I0;J;oCMmlo Ito KOIIIJ,al\I"b (Bo BII,n:'B V). OCTOB"b
ItaJK.n;aro I{PLIJIa. COCTOHTo H3"b .n;B-t.Ha,n:lJ,aTII pc6cp'b, HaIIJ13aIIHr.JXo lIa .n;BYX"b
nporonaxo, 3aJtp-ImJICIIIILIXo y Iwpllyca aunapaTa; OCTOBLI c.n;-I>JIaUbI 113'b JIcrnaro
.n;cpCBa II o 6TJIHYTbI CD 06"1>ux'b CTOpOU'b JIaKllpOBaHHLDlo IIcpraICHTOl\ID. .n:JUl
}KeCTl oaTil CllCTClIlLI 06a ItpLIJIa CTHIIYTbI CBCPXY, Bo 'WTbIpCX'b To'maxo K.aJKJl.Oe,
l\ICTa.1JIU'feCIaIl\1H CTPYHa.lIIH, YItp"l>I1JICIIHbUtIIl lIa IW3CJIlt'l> n30 I10JILIXo CTaJIbHLIXo
Tpy6'L, nOCTaBJIeHHOlllo Ha IWpUYC"I> anuapaTa MeiK.n;y KpbIJIbfll\lII. IIpll i3TOM'b
qCTLIPC ncpe.n;ullx'b CTPYULI, IIplfItp-l>nJICHHbIX'b Ito nope,n:HIIMo npOrOHal\I"L 0601lx'b
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(Dur, 130. "Bnepio XI".
ItpLIJIbCB'L, 3aI>pimJICIlM I1a IW3eJIIt-B B'b MCPTBYIO (ucnOJ{BnJKHO), a .n;B'B 3a.n;HIIX'b,
1I0n,,n:cp.il\llBalOmlD.. 'b 3a,n:ui.fl 'IaCTll KPLIJILCBo, nponymeubI Ha K03CJIIt.t CKB03b
Tpy60'nm, J{aBaH B03l\IOjImOCTL npuno.n;IIIIl\laTb 31i.,II,IIlOIO 'laCTL o.n;I1oro ItpLIJIa, B'b
TO BpCMH, Iwr.n;a 3aJ{UH.fl 'laCTb Jl.pyroro 6yneT'b no.n;IIIIl\IaTbCH, - II I1a060pOT'b.
Pa3M.tpLI onopllbIXo nOBcpXIIOCTcn: o6ma.fl nJIOma.n;L 15 m 2 , IDllpllHa ItpLIJIa
1,8 m II 06miii pa311laXo 8,6 m. K 0 P II Y cD a i3 p 0 II .1 a II a UpC,n:CTaBJIHCT'b
C060ll CJIO}/{IIYIO .n;CpCBHIIHYIO 6aJIKY p"l>llicHaTorr CflCTCl\lbI, ,n:JIIIIIOrr Bo 7 1.ICTpOB'b,
CT.flUYTYIO ED OT.n;'I>,lbIlLIXo ItJI'I>TItaX'b CTaJIbULIi\1H ,n:iorOUaJIbULIMU paCT.fliKItMIll.
Ito roJIOBHOll 'IaCTII 6aJIKII, 6oJI"I>e llIllpOIWit, I1pImp'BUJICllbI ooa ItpLIJIa; nO;l:'b
KOHIJ,Dr.I'L 3a.n;ncrr. 6oJI'BC Y3IWM, - x B 0 C l' 0 Y C l' 0 ii q II B 0 C l' fl. IIoCJI-BJ{Hiii co-
CTOllT'b JIUllib II30 o.n;lIon I1(,BepxllocTII, I1JIOIl\a,n:LIO Bo 1 m 2.
OPWU'bt 06U:JlCeuiJl. l\IOTOP'b, MOIl\1I0CTblO Bo 24 JIOlll. CUJILI, I10lll'tmaeTcH
B'L roJIOBHOll qaCTII Kopnyca. Hcnocpc,n:CTBCHIIO lIa llaJIY cro IIaCanCCH1, )l,CpC-
BJJlIIILlll lllOBbC POBCI,iii BUIIT'L, ;l,ial\l eTpmlo B'b 2,] 1\1 cTpa, ,n:'BJIaIomiii Bo l\I!IIIYTY
1,400 060pOTOBo. 1\J0TOp'b 3-};'L-lIIJIlIIl.n;pOBbIM, C'b B03.n;YlllHbIl\lo OXJIaJK,n:cHiml'b,
Jl.OBOJIbUO l/a.n;ciKllbIii, 110 nCClloc06HLIrr pa60TaTb .n;O.lro.
OPW1t'bt ynpa6Jteui-ll. PY.l" rJIyolluLI COCTOIIT'b n3'b .n;BYX'b IIc60JILIIIIIX'b
nOBepxliocTeii, HaxO.lJ,.flIl\IIXCH no 06'l>ml'b CTOpOllallio >..BOcToBon nOBepXIIOCTn-

99
B'}, BH,nj; rrpOJI.O.lIJI\eHi.fl C.fl, H HMiHOlllHX'}, BpallleIne OEOJIO rOpI1S0HTaJII.HOii OCD.
PYJII. nOBopOTHbIii YItpimJICHo Ha caMOlllo XHOCT-B Kopnyca; nJIOllla.n;L ero COCTa-
BJI.fleTh OItOJIO 1 m 2 . .D:.1I.fl ynpaB.lIem.fl 60ItOBOii YCToiiH.flBOCTI.1O BJIcpio yrroTpe-
6JI.flJI'}, paSJlH'lHbI.H cpe.n;cTBa. BHa'laJI-B, emc B'L IIIO.n;eJIH J\! VIII, DIII'L 6LIJlD
YCTPOCHbI KpblJIbIWItH YCToii'lMBOCTn no KOHD;alllo 60JIbWHX'L EpbIJlbeB'L; YEJlOHe-
HcmCMo aTHXo KpbIJIbIWeEo B'L npOTHBOnOJIOJKHbI.fl CTOpOHbI npD O,llHOBpellleHHOM'L
YI\JIOHCHiH Bo COOTB-BTCTBYlOllli.fl me paSRbI.fl CTOpOHLI nOBepxHocTeii PYJI.fl rJlY-
6HHbI e.\IY y.n;a.nOCI. paSp-BWHTb MOT'L BOrrpOC'b )l,OBOJII.HO y.n;oBJleTBOpHTeJIbRo.
IIpH .1I.aJIbH"I;llwclllo YCOBCPWCHcTBoBaHiH OHo npHIII"I;H.flJI'L )!;JI.fl TOro O)!;HO Bpelll.fl
sa)l,Hi.fl PYJIeBbI.H nOBcpxHOCTH, HOTOMo TOJIbI\O 60I\OBbI.fl KpLIJILIWItH no ltOHD;aM'L
rJIaBHblXo KpbIJIbeBo, rrOIta HaItOHCU,o He BBeJIo TaItOe me nepeEaWHBanie Recy-
WHX'L nOBcpXHOCTeii, KOTopoe npaKTn'lCCKH BBeJlH BnepBLIe 6paTb.fl PaiiT'L.
,
.,
,
.

,

... .
---..---
c1Jur. 131. CxeMa (B'I. uepcIIeRTHB'h) IIcero YIIpa-
BneRiH Ro. .Rnepio". IIYHRTDp'l. lIao6palRaeT'I.
O'lepTaHie RpLl.:rLeB'L, aamTpllXOno.HHLIH "IaCTU
caap;u-PY.lID rJJy6UHLI U IIOBOpoTRun.
<DR!'. 132. ITonepe"lHuii paap:ha'l.
nBnepio" ORono Cu,u,:hHiJI o.niaTopa.
POnUK'I. cBepxy-6nOR'n RoaenRa,
"Iepea'IoKOTOpuii IIepeKIIRYThillepx_
RiH po.CTHIRKU RpU.IIheB'I.. HUlRe--
'leTLIpeX"hyronhHo.H po.Ma RopIIyca
MOHOIIno.Ho., BHYTPU ROTOjJOH Py_
neBoa PLl"lo.r'J> C'I. Mo.XOBIIKOM'I. II
ROnOKO.II:'I. (ot). Ee Hume-BblHe-
ceHHOe Ha IIO)l.ROCo.X'l. KopOMhicno
(1C), Oi''Io ROi'OpaI'O n.u.yr'Io R'I.
RpLI.lI:hHM'I. RUmHie TpOChi.
Bcc yrrpaBJICHie cOCpe'!J:OTO'lHBaeTC.fl B'b
O)!;nOlll'b pLI'lar-B, BepTI-IItaJlbHO YCTaHOBJICHHOIII'b
rrepC)!;'L cH.n;tnieWh aBiaTOpa, TOT1JaC'L me sa
IIIOTOpOlll"b MCiK)W KpbIJIb.flMH. BcpxHiii KOHeD;'L
aTOro pbI'lara saRa n'lHBaeTCH ropHSOIlTaJILnbIIII'L
IaXOBHKOlll'b, Ha ItOTOpOlllo nOKO.flTC.fl pYIm nM-
.1I0m, a llHJKUiii KOllCD;o YJtp"l;nJIeHo Ito Kopnycy
YHHBCpCaJibIlbIlllo WapIlJlpOIlI'b, HIII"I;.fl npHltp-BrrJIeHHOii Ko cc6"1; nOJIYIO 'lawy-
IroJIOKOJIo (lfJllr. 131). IIpH YRJIOHCHiH pbI'lara Brrcpe.n;'L H RaSa)!;'L sa,!l.ui.fl
nOBepxRocTH PYJl.fl rJIy6HHbI HJIH npHno.n;I1HlllaIOTC.fl (CBOHIIIH sa.n;HHMII 06p"l;-
salim) H.lIH orrYCItaIOTC.fl, TaE'b I\aR'L BCpTHKaJIbHbIll )l,BynJIetIHbIit pU'IaJKOIt'b,
cItp"l;nJleHHIilii Heno.n;BHJKIIO C'L HXo OCblO, T.flHCTC.fl npH aTOIII'L Bnepe:u;o J1H60 sa
BcpxIIee nJIe'lo, J1H60 sa IlflJKUCe-rrpH nOMOmH TpOCOB'b, npoxo.n;.fllllHX'b .n;pyrHIIIH
ROHD;aMH 'lCpcso }JOJlHItH H YItp-BnJIeHHbJX'L Ito 'law"I; Bo ncpe.n;Hcii II sa.n;Heii C.fl
'laCT.HX'L. .D:Ba .n;ryric Tpoca, OTxo.n;.flID;ie OT'}, 'IaWH To.m.e 'lepcs'L pOJlIum, cD 60-
ROB'L e.fl, H.n;YTh CKpCID;HB8JlCI. BHH3'L, no)l,o ItOpnyco aapOnJlaRa, r.n;"I; Cltp"l;nJl.fleTCJI
C'L nJIe'laMH KOpOlllbICJIa (X); a aTn flJIC'lH coe.n;HHCHbI TaKHIIIH.m.e TpocalllH C'L
sa.n;RHIIII1 'lacT.flI\IH KpbIJlbeB'L, B'b T-BXo TO'lIta,xo, r.n;"I; K'b HHIII"}' nplllip"l;IlJleHLl
Bepxui.fl paCT.fl1KEH, npOXO)!;.flID;i.fl CKB03b Tpy60'lRH WIH 'lepes'}, 6JIOItH KOSeJiKa.
*

100
rRJIOH.HH PYJIeBOH pblqaI"b BJIi>BO HJIH BIIpaBO (qmr. 132), aBiaTOp'b 6y.n:en THUYTb
BBepX'b JIJf60 JI1>noe, JIH60 npaBoe nJIeqo ROpoMblc.na, 'ITO nOBJIeqeT'b 3a C060H
B'b nepBOM'b C-TIY'la1> oTrH6ame BHH3'b 3a,llJleii qaCTH npaBaro RpbIJIa H BBepX'b-
JI1>Baro RpbIJIa, a BO BTOpOM'b cJIyqa1> BbI30BeT'b 06paTHoe .n:1>HcTBie; HCHO, qTO
B'b nepBOM'b cJIyqa1> npaBoe KpLIJIO nO,IIJIHMeTcH, a JrhBOe onycTHTC.H, T. e.-
MOHOnJIaH'b HaRpeHHTC.H BJI1>BO; BO BTGpOM'b cJIyqa1>-C03.n:acTcH RpeH'b B'b 06pal"t"-
nyIO CTOPOHY-BlIpaBo. CJI1>.n:oBaTCJIbHO, npn HapyrneHHOM'b nOnepeqHOM'b paBHo-
B1;ciH aapOnJIaHa, aBiaTOp'b .n:OJI;ReH'b YUOHHTb pblqan B'b CTOPOHY 06paTHYIO
nOJIyqHBlIIeMycH «peHY, T. e. HMCHHO B'b TY CTOPOHY, Ry.n:a HHCTHHRTHBHO OH'b
yxnOHHTCH CaM'b RopnYCOllf'b CBoero T hJIa.
ITOBOPOTbI aapOnJIaHa perYJIHpYIOTCH HOJKHbIM'b IWpOMbICJIOM'b, Rah."'I. H Y
4>apMaHa: ,n:JIH nOBopoTa BnpaBO aBiaTOp'b HaJKHMaeTI. npaBOH HorOH, Bm>BQ-
JI1>BOH HorOH.
IhaR'b. rJIaBHOC
ynpaBJIeHie aapOnJIaHOM'b BJIepio 3al(JIIOqaCTcH JIHlIlb B'b
MaHHnYJIHpOBaHiH O;I;HHM'b OpraHOM'b; a TaR'b RaR'b
C'b HapymeHieM'b ropH30HTaJIbUOCTH nOnepeqHOH HJlB
npo.n:OJIbHOH OCH MOHOnJIaHa (YCJIOBLH ero YCTO-
Bocm) HapymaeTcH H BepTlmaJIbHOCTb pYJIeBOro PbI-
'lara, TO BCJl 3a60Ta nHJIOTa 6y.n:eT"b 3aUIOqaTbCH
JIUmb B'b TOM'b, qT06bI aTOT'b pLlqaI"b 6bIJI'b no-
CTOHHHO B'b BepTHRaJIbHOM'b nOJIoJEeHiH, HJIn, qTO TO
JItA caMoe,-co6JIIO.n:aJIaCL 6bl rOpH30HTaJlbHOCTb Ha-
xo.n:HarOCH y Hero B'b PYRax'b pYJIeBoro MaXOBHRa.
Op'lO/H/bt OM 63Aema u cnYC1ca. rOJIOBHaJl qaCTb
ROpnyca MOHOnJIaHa, no.n:'b RpbIJIbHMH, nOROHTCH Ha
TeJI"hJItR1> H3'b nOJIbIX'b CTaJIbHLIX'b Tpy6'b, CTOHm;eH
Ha .n:BYX'b ROJIeCaX'b BeJIOCHne.n:Haro THna. TpeTbeH
TOqROH onopLI ,n:JIH MOHOnJIaHa Ha 3eMJI1> HBJIHeTCJJ
ROJIeCO no)!;'b RopnYCOM'b H1>CROJIbRO Bnepe,JJ;1I XBO-
CTOBOH qaCTH. RaR'b H BO BC1>X'b aaponJIaHaX'b
<ppaHI\Y3CKaro THna, am TPH KOJIeCa CJIYJItaT'b H
.n:JIH pa361>ra npH B3JIern, H .n:JIH cnyCKa. CHJIa TOJI'l-
ROB'b B'b I10CJI1>.n:HeM'b CJIY'la1> BOCnpnHllMaeTCJI aMOp-
TH3aTopaMH, YCTPOHCTBO KOTOpbIX'b 06'bJICHeHO Ha
cfmr. 133: A-CTOHKH TeJI1>JKKH; a-mapHHpbI, B'b
ROTOpbIX'b Bpam;aIOTcH BMKH C, cKp1>nJIeHHbIH C'b
OCLIO KOJIeC'b; o-no.n:BnJItHbIJI 060HMLI, CKOJIb3JIm;iJI npH y.n:apax'b BBepX'b no
CTOHI\aM'b H HaJKHIdaIOm;iJI Ha npYJKHHbl r; B-COe,IIJIHHTeJIbHaH IIITaHra. ITpH
cnycK1> Ha 3eMJIIO, KOJIeCa no.n:aIOTCJI BBepX'b, Bpam;aJICL Y mapHHpOB'b (a, a) H
3aCTaBJIHH BHJIKH C CKOJIb3HTb CBOHMH 060MMaMH 6 no CTOHKaM'b paMbI (a, a);
HanpJIJKeHic CJKHMaIOm;HXCJI npYJItHH'b r r norJIOm;aeT'b CHJIY aToro TOJIqI\a, npH-
Bo.n:H 3aT1>l\/'b BCIO CHCTeMY B'b HOpMaJIbHOe COCTOJIHie. ECJIH npH CnyCK1> MOHO-
nJIaH'b .n:BHJKeTCH He no HanpaBJIeHiIO CBoeH npo.n:OJlbHOH OCH (T. e. 60KOM'b),
TO KOJIeca-6JIaro.n:apH YHHBepCaJIbHOCTH mapHHpOB'b a. a--c.n:BHraIOTCJI B'b CTO-
POHY, He .n:eIjJOpMHPYH lIIaCCH: aMopTH3aTopaMH TaROro c.n:Bnra HBJIJIIOTCH .n:iaro-
Ha.JIbHbIH paCTJJJItKH C'b npYJKHHaMH HJIU pe3HHaMH, COC,IIJIHHIOm;iH lIIapHHpbI a, a
C'b KOHl\aMH IIITaHrH B.
B'b nOCJI1>.n:HHX'b THnaX'b BJIepio aMopTH3HpYIOm;iH npYJKHHbI r, r 6bIJIH
8aM1>HeHbI pe3HHaMH KpyrJIaro c1>qeHiH, pacnOJIaraeMbIMH OT'b 060HM'b b, b BHH3'b,
B.n:OJIL CTOeh."'I.; paCTSfJIWHie TaKUX'b pe3HH1> ,JJ;1>i1CTByeT'b aJI.,'IacruqH1>e, q'BM'b
CJKHMaHie npYJKHH'b.
:::
II 11
::'.;":'-.'-
<Dur. 13. maCCH "Bnepio".
A-CTOURU paMI>!; a, a-YHH-
BepCanLHl>!e mapHUpl>!; b,
b-06oHMI>!, C1(OlILaHH no
cToiixaM"D; c, C-BHJIRU; r, r-
npymUHI>!; B - mTaHra.
:"::"-':::'::

101
B'b 3a.n:He)I'b I<OJlec1> .n:1>JlaJlIICb ailIOpTII3aTOpbI TaI<oro me Tiina. TOJlbRO
Tenepb BM1>CTO :noro ROJleCa CTaBIlT'b He60.'lbmOH .n:epeBHHHblii nO.1J03'b llJIH npo-
CTO napy MaJlCHbRIIX'b 6aM6YROBLIX'b .n:yr'b.
06U{iJr, C6oucm6a "B.;eepio XI". Becb1a He60JlbIIIHX'b pa3M1>pOB'b, co cJla-
6LIM'b CpaBHHTeJIbHO MOTOpOM'b, UeCJIO.IKHLIH no ROHCTPYRWH II npocToH no ynpa-
BJIeHiIo, Jlemo B3.JIeTaIOJiii H caHrWHCJI Ha 3eMJlIO, .n:OCTaTO'HIO YCTOH'lIIBbIH,
nOBOpOTJlHBbIH H XOpOIIIO nJlaHIIPYIOiii B'b B03.n:YX'!;-"BJlepio XI" RB.1JHeTCH
npeRpaCHbIM'b aapOnJlaHOM'b MH cnopTa H .n:JIH T1>X'b Ha.n:06HoCTeii npaKTII'leCROll
JKII3HH, r)l,"t He Tpe6yeTcH )l,OJlroc npe6bIBauie aapOnJlaHa B'b B03.n:yx1> H Y'lacTie
B'b nOJIeT1> 60Jl1>e o.n:Horo qeJloB1>Ra. He60JlbIIIaIl nO)l,'bCMHaH CIIJla, He )l,03BO-
.!JIlIOII\aIl 6paTL IIIH0ro 6eH3IIHa H T-JJM'b 60.1J1>e naccaiKlIpa, He60JlbIIIaH C06CTBeH-
HaIl CROpOCTb (.n:o 65 BepCT'b B'b qac'b), Hecnoc06uOCTb MOTopa pa60TaTb 60Jl'JJe
qaca HJlH nOJlYTopa qaCOB'b, H ec MaJleHbRiH Hen;OCTaTOR'b 1I10HOnJIaHa-CTpe-
MJIeHie HHOr)l,a "RJIeBaTb HOCOM'b"-npH YBeJlIIqeHiH no.n:'bCMHOii CHJlbI xBocTa,-
npe)l,CTaBJlRIOT'b e)l,HHCTBeHHoe, '11'0 MOlY.eT'b M1>IIIal'b IIIUPOROMY pacnpocTpaHeHiIO
aToro TlIrra. JiI XOTH B'b CJI1>.n:YIOCH 1O]{eJlH-".M XI bis"-am He)l,OCTa.TKIl YCTpa-
HeHbI, HO 3a THnOM'b, H3B1>CTHbIM'b no.n:'b HIeHelll'b "JIaMaHIIIcRaro" (Ra.JIa-)IYBp'b)
OCTaIOTCH ellie npeHMYlliecTBa, RaK'b aaponJlaua cneI\ia.'lLHO )l,JlH JlI06HTeJleii-
aBia:ropoB'b H HaqHHaIOIIQIX'b, BCJl1>)I,CTBie )l,CIUeBII3I1bI H HeCJlOiKHOCTIl IIIOTOpa C'b
O)l,uoi! C'fOpOHLI H He60JIbIUOH CROpOCTIi H npOCTOTbI ynpaBJlema-C'b )l,pyroii.
"B.Jfepio XII".
ROHCTPYRI\iR: aToro annapaTa OTHOCIITCH R'b 1909 ro)l,Y, ROr)l,a BJlepio 6bIJI'b
3aHIlT'b MbICJlbIO nOCTpOHTh aaponJlau'b, cnoc06HLIH He TOJIbRO nO)l,UHMaTL .n:BYX'b
.'IIO)I,eH, HO H ORa3aTb 3Haq:IITCJlbHYIO CROpOCTb B'b nOJleT1>, Iero on oc06eHHO
.n:06HBaJICH HM1>H B'b BII)I,Y B3RTb 60JlbIIIOH npH3'b H Ry601,,"'}, rOp,.'l;OH'b BeueTfa
ua JI"hTHHX'b PeHMCRIIX'b COCTH3aHiHX'b. O)l,HaRO aTOT'b aaponJlaITb He ORa3aJlCH Ha
npaRTllli"h )l,OCTaTO'lHO Y.il:06HbIM'b, noqeMY H npocyecTBOBaJl'b BeCbMa HC)I,OJIro.
HM"hH TOT'b me THII'b ROUCTPYRrUH, RaR'b H B'b npe)l,bI)I,yeH MO)l,eJIH,
"BJlepio XII" nOJlyqHJI'b pa3M"hpLI: pa3MaX'b RpLIJlbeB'b 10 1 /2 MeTpOB'b, )l,JlHHa
O'l''b rOJlOBbI )1,0 XBOCTa 11 MeTpOB'b, 06m.eH nOBepxHocTb RpbIJlbeB'b 22 M2.
MMKiH IOOHCTpYRTIIBHbIH OTJllI'liH 0T'b "BJlepio XI" 3aRJIIOqaIOTCR B'b CJI"h)l,YIO-
llieM'b. IIoBepx'b Ropnyca )l,JIH YCTpaueHiH RaramH B'b ropH30HTaJIbHOH nJlOCROCTII,
6wI'b YCTaHOBJleH'b BepTHRaJIbHLIH HCnO)l,BHmHLIH RHJIb, 3aRaHqHBaIOiiicH nOBO-
pOTHbIM'b PYJIeM'b. XBOCT'b YCTOll'lHBOCTH 6bIJI'b c)I,"hJlau'b H3'b )l,BYX'b roplI30HTaJIb-
HbIX'b nOBepxHocTeH, pacnOJlOJIteHULIX'b YCTynaMH B'b )l,Ba aTaiKa; O)l,Ha H3'b UHX'b-
3a)l,HM - HrpaJIa pOJIL PYJlH rJly6HUbI. CaMH RpbIJlbH He HM"hJIH nepepbIRa
Y IOOpnyca annapaTa, a npe)l,CTaBJlJLJIH O)l,ny HenpepbIBIIYIO nOBepXHOCTb; CH-
)I,"hHiH )l,JIH BHJlOTa II naCC8JKnpa, nepBoe Bnepe)l,H BTOpOro, -- HaXO)l,lIJIHCL no)l,'b
call1OH nOBepXHOCTbIO, )l,JIH qero H Ropnyc'b aapOnJlaHa B'b aTOM'b M"hCT1> HM1i.'I'b
pa3M"hpbI HecpaBHeHHO 60JlbIIIie ROHeqHO, ,n:JIH TaKOro arrnapaTa H opraHbI ynpa-
BJleHiH 6bIJlH npHM1>HeHbI 60JI"he IIIOHble, q1>M'b B'b JIaMauIIICRO!\I'b THn"h; MOTOp'b
6bIJI'b nOCTaBJleH'b B'b 60 HP, 6eJlbriHCRaro TUna E. N. Y. C'b BOCblllbIO V-06pa3Ho
paCnOJlOiKeHHbIMH I\HJlHJI)I,paMII, a BHHT'b ynoTpe6J1HeTCH ,n:iaMeTpOM'b B'b 2,7 MeTpa,
()I,epeBRHHbIH), CHaqaJIa ,n:BYX'b-JIonacTHoii, a 3aT"hM'b 4-x'b JlOnaCTHOH.
Ha TaKOM'b annapaTh JI. BJlepio COCTH3aJICH B'b PeHMc"h B'b 1909 ro)l,Y
Ha CROpoCTb C'b a!\lCpHKaHl\eM'b RYPTHCC"b. O.D;HaRO HecMOTpJI Ha nOJ1yqeHllbIH
l-ii npH3'b 3a CROpOC'l'b npOJleTa 10 RHJlOMeTpoB'b (B'b 7 M. 47 c.), rJlaBHbIH
npH3'b,-3a npoJleT'b 30 RHJlOMeTpOB'b,-,n:ocTaJICH aMepHKaHI\Y, TaR'b RaR'b Y
BJIepio npH O,n:HOM'b nOJlerl CJlrrHJlOCb RaROe-TO nOBpeJKJJ;eHie B'b MOTOp"h, BcnblX-
HY.'!'b 6eH3HU'b II BeCb aapOnJlaH'b crop"h.1J'b. ,,"
c.
4, *
:s:.. " I!: I 1
. ':£ .os .
.'1 ' 0' .... .t.
'L "C C
-;:., (
., ..... r oT
-' ,
::

102
B'b ,ll;aJIbH1>nmeM'b BJIepio 3allHMaJiCH em.e H1>(,KO.'1bKO KOHCTPYIIrien 3TOrO
a3pOnJiaHa, no He oc06eHHO 3Hepm'IHO, TaK'L 'ITO,ll;O oceHH 1910 HHKaKHX'b
ocoOellnbIX'b ycn1>xOB'b OHa He ,ll;06H.JIaCb.
"E.fepio XI bis".
CTpeMJICHie nOJIYQHTb 60JIbmyIO CROpOCTb nOJIeTa n06Y.lI.HJIO BJIepio em.e
B'b 1909 ro,ll;y nOCTaBHTb lIa CBon MOHOllJIaH'b oM XI 60JI'JJe CHJIbHbIH MOTOp'b.
TaIWBbIM'b 6uJI'b ]3w6p8JJ'r, pOTaI:ioHHblii (C'b BpaIlla10m.HJlIHC.fl II,HJIHH,II;paJlm) "fHOM'b",
IWTOpbIH npeKpacHo 3aJIBHJ1'b ce6H Ha 6IfnJIaHaX'b
<I>apMaHa. llepBbIe onbiTbI C'b TaKHM'b a3pOnJIaHOM'b
npOH3BO,ll;HJIHCr, ,ll;BYIlIJI Y'IeHimaMH BJIepio-,l(eJIa-
rpaH.ffieJlfb H JIe6JIOHOJlI'b. Ho o6a 3TH nHJIOTa, He
OY,II;Y'lIf caMH OllbITHbI1H ROHCTpYKTOpaMH, He
CnpaBHJ1IfCb C'b TaKon 3a,ll;aIeii H C.lI.1>JIaJIHCb
.iftepTBoii CBOHX'b onbITOB'b. llOCTaBHB'b na "BJIepio
-.J XI" HOTOp'b "fnoM'b", B,ll;BOC 60JI1>e CHJIbHbIll TOro
"AH3aHH", ItOTOpbIH CTaBITJICH paHbIIIe, OIlH He
H3M1>HHJIH KOIICTPYKII,iH caMoro annapaTa, Ha 'ITO
oe3YCJIOBHO CJI1>,II;onaJIO 06paTHTb BHHMaHie. II BOTh
CJIY'IH.JIOCb TO, QTO ,ll;OJIJItHO 6bIJIO CJIY'IHTbC.H: CJIa-
6aJI IWHCTPYRII,i.fl MOHOnJIaHa, paC'lHTaHllaro Ha T.flry
JIHmr, B'b 24 CIIJIbI, He CMOrJIa BbI,II;ep:1KHBaTb ,ll;OJIro Ha B03,11;YX-B T.Hry 50-TH CHJIb-
Haro MOTopa, nOCTeneHHO C.lI.aBa.JIa H B'b KOHI1> KOHII,OB'b BbI3bIBaJIa KamCTpo<py.
TaI'b nom6'b 4 .flHBapH 1910 rO,ll;a on pa3pbIBa BepXUHX'b CTPYH'b MOHOnJIaHa
.1I.eJIarpamK'b, a 'IeTbIpe M1>cHII,a cnycTH, Ha cocTH3aHi.flx'b B'b HHII,II,1>, pa36IfJIC.H 0
npH6peJItHLILW CKaJIbI Y CeH'b-Ce6aCTLHHa .lIe6JIOH'L, anuapan KOTop:>ro Tome
nU,II;BeprCJI B'b B03,11;yx1> KaIWH-TO ,ll;e-
1fI0pMaIriH.
KUIIe'IHO, npll'IHHa ne'IaJIbnoii
Y'IaCTH HeC'laCTHbIX'b aBiaTOpOB'b 6bIJIa
B'b ,ll;aJIbH1>ihnCM'b Y'lTeHa, H nocrl,ll;Hie
THnbI JlIOHOnJIaHa "BJIepio XI" C'b 50-Tn
CllJIbHLIM'b MOTOpOM'b ,ll;a.JIll Ha npaKTH-
K1; npcKpacHbIC pe3YJIbTaTbI.
CpaBHHTeJIbHO C'b THnOJlI'b "JIa-
MaHIIICKH.II'b" 6bIJIH C,II;-BJIaIILI CJI1>,II;YIO-
IIJ,iJI H3M'BHeHiR:. "BJIepio Xl bis" (<pHr.
135) 6bIJI'b II1>CKOJIbKO ,ll;ame YllleHb-
meH'b, TaK'b KaR'b 60JIbma.fl CHJIa MO-
Topa n03BOJI.flJIa 060HTHCb C'b MeHbmeH nJIom.a.lI.bIO onOpHbIX'b nOBepxHocTeii.
KpbI.'lbH 6bIJIH H-BCI<OJIbKO 60JIbIIIe npHnO,ll;H.flTbI KBepxy CBOllMH KOHlaMH (MeHb-
IIIiH yroJI'b V). B3aM-BH'b HenO.lI.BlrnmOn nOBepxHoCTH XBOCTa YCTOH'lHBOCTH 6bIJIIf
C,II;1>JIaHbI: ,ll;B1; nO,ll;BHJItHbIX'b CeI'MeHT006pa3HbIX'b nOBepxHocTH (a,a), HM1>IOm.HX'b
Bpam.eHic OROJIO nOnepC'IHOH OCH 0-0-0, H ,ll;B1> TpeyroJILHOH 1fI0PMbI HenO,ll;BHJK-
HbIX'b nOBepxHocTH (b,fJ) MeJIt,ll;Y KopnycolIl'b anIIapaTa (k) H OCbIO 0,0. IJO)l,BHJK-
HLW nOBepxIIocTH (a,a) cJIYJKaTb PYJIJIMII rJIy6HHbh a nepe.iJ;HiH Heno-
,ll;BHJItHbW (li,li)-cm6uJIIf3aTOpaillH. PYJIb nOBopoTllblii OCTaBJICH'b Ha npeJItueJlfb
M1>CT1>,-B'b XBOCT-B Kopnyca,-H JIHIIIb IIeMHoro npnnO,ll;HJIT'b BbIIIIe. CaM'b IOp-
nyc'b MOHOnJlalIa 6LIJI'b YIIIUpCII'b B'b rOJIOBHOii 'laCTH ,ll;JI.fl B03MomlIOCTH nOM-B-
rn;eHi.fl p.H,II;OIlI'b C'b IIHJIOTOIII'b cm.e naCCaJKHpa; )I.JIH JIY'IIIIarO cKQJIb.JKeuiR: B'b
.B03)1.YIIIHOH c<pep1> ero 06T.flHY JIH em.e TOH JIte TKaIIbIO, KaK'b H KpbIJILJI.
'. ,
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<Dur. 133 bis. "Bnepio XI bis" B'b
DoxoA:h: l_pbIJIhH ero, TaR'b me
RRR'b u y "BJIepio XI", JICrRO
CRJIRP;b1BRIOTCH.
,
/'t
It'
j  .' .
1 7'1 , I II. :"" t
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" '4"- ;i:-. -!!II __ Jla..
,. ,. 
11>111'. 134. BJIepio XII 1Q09 r.

103
CJIi>.n.YIOell IIIO,n:CJIbIO .HBIIJlCH "BJIcpio XIII bis", KOTOpbIll OT.lJllqaeTCH OTI,
"BJIepio .1IaMaHIlicRaro" TOJIbRO IIIOTOpOIll'b-50-TH CII.1bllbnl'b IlJIH .n.aJI{e 100 ClUb-
BLIM'b "rnOlllO"'b" H YCIIJIeIIHLnm OT.n.i>JIbIlLBIH tIaCT.HIIIII.
llpercpacHbIH I;:a'lCCTBa MOHorr.'IaHUB'b TaICOro TIIIIa lie 3MICJJ;JIIIJIU CICa3aTb CH
Ha npaIITHKt IIPH yqacTiH HX'b B'b JIi>TUIIX'b COCT.H3aniHX'b 1910 I'o.n.a. IIa PCll}l-
clwii aBiaIQOHHOii lIe.n.'tJ!"l; (3-10 iIo.IJJI) Ha 3Tml'b anrrapaTi> 6bI.1II rrOCTaU.lcnbI
HOBLIe PCIWp.n.L1 Ha npo.n.O"lJIUfTeJIbHOCTb nO.lJeTa H Ha CKOpOCTb: rOJIJlaHJJ;eI\'b
OJIJIHCJlarCp'b JIeTaJI'b Ha TaIWIII'b IIIOIlOIlJlani> HcnpepbIBIIO 5 '1. 3 III., a IjJpaIlI\Y3'b
Mopan'b )l,aJI'b Ha .n.ucTaHII,iH B'b 20 RHJIOIIICTpOB'b CJWpOCTb nOJle1a B'b 110 BCpCT'b
B'b qaC'J,. Eo BpCMJI I\pyroBoro n<'peJIem a3pOrrJIa1lOB'b B'b aBrycrl; (Circuit
dc rEst) rrepBLIIII'b rr06i>.n.uTeJICJlI'b BLIIIIeJI'b aBiaTop'b Ha l\IOHOnJlaHi> "BJIepio Xl
bis". lloCJIi> Toro, Ha COCT.H3aHiax'b B'b raBp-t, MOpaH'b na 3TO)I'b .me arrnapaT"B
,
I
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CL
 ,
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t
c.t
(Dur. 135. "Bnepio Xl bis.
CTaBHJI'b peROp)l,bI BLiCOTbi nOJIeTa, IIo.n.nI1I1IaHCb nOCJIi>.n.oBaTeJlbUO 2.000 H 2.500
MeTpOB'b (2-21/2 BepCTbI), a IIIaBe Ha 2.700 IIleTpOB'b.
TaKHIII'b o6pa301l1'b R'b ocellH 1910 rO)l,a 3TO IIIOHOnJlaULl BJIepio no6u.'IH BCi>
cYlII,eCTBOBaBIIIie ncpc.n.'b Ti>M'b peRop.n.L1 Ha IIpO)l,OJI>KHTeJlbIlOCTb, CImpocTb 0 BbICOTY
rrOJleTa.
M01lon.ra1l'O Rep.
ROHCTPYh."TOp'b ero, IIIOJlo.n.oii IjJpaHI\Y3cKiH HHJKeHep'b Po6ep'b OCHO lleJlbTpH,
pa6OTaJI'b B'b aBiaIl,iu eIII;C C'b 1903 ro.n.a, 3aHlIMaHCb H3Y'leHielll'b BonpOCOB'b
conpoTIIUJIeniH B03.n.yxa ,JJ;BH.mYIII;UJlICH nOBepxIIOCTHM'b pa3J1HqHarO THIIa RaR'b
TeOpeTH'lCCImM'b nYTeM'b, TaR'b H npaRTllqeCRHM'b-JleTanieM'b lIa nJIanepax'b.
J1.n.H caMOCTOmeJlbHblM'b IIYTCM'b H nOCTaBllB'b ceoi> 3a;J:aqcii OCycCTBJIeHie
aapOnJIalia B03111OJlCHO oOJIi>e rrpO'lHarO H npocTOI'O no ROIICTpYRI!,iII, oCilo-llcJIbTpH
BblpaOOTaJI'b R'b 1908ro.n.y THrr'b MOHOnJlaHa Rep (<PHI'. 136), Ha ROTOpmI'b OLIJIO
cOBepIIIello ,JJ;OBOJlbHO Amoro MCJIRHX'b nOJleTOB'b.
BOT'b r.IaBHbIH ocooeHHocTII 1II0HOrrJlaHa Rep. Koprryc'b c:J;i>JIaH'b H3'b CTaJlb-
HbIX'b TPYO'b II aJlJIIOMUuiH H IIMi>eT'b BH.n.'b Ti>JIa naci>xoMaro. ItpLI.1bH oTorHYTbI
CBOHMH ROHII,aMH He HBepX'b, a ni>CROJIbRO BHH3'b. MaTepiaJloJlI'b .n.JIH KpbIJlbCB'b
TaKJKC CJlYJICHT'b OT'laCTH CTaJIb H aJIJIIOMIDIiii, a nOTOMY ni>T'b HeOOXO)l,HlllOCTH B'b

10.1
TiJX'L 1I1I10rO'IIfC.'lCIIJILlX'b paCT.HJlmaX'b, ROTOpLHI Inl'1lOTCfl BOL Jl.pyrI1X"b a3pOlI.'Ia-
UaX'L: 3J1.'l;m, K'b I\aJICI,Ol\IY Rpbl.'lY HJl.YTh CHH3Y .1l1illb no Jl.Ri> CTa.lbHblX'b T.HI'II.
Do.n;'b Ropnycml'I: YKp'1n.1Jell'b nepTIUtaJIbHblll KliJIb, 3aKan t mumomilic.H C3a}l,U IJOBO-
pOTIILHn py.'leM'b. B'b KOHII,iJ Ropuyca YI,pi>nJIClla XBOCTOBa.H nOBcpXHOCTb
CentellT006pa3HOll <J:!OpILl, no.n;.n;cp;l\IlUaC-
ra.fl Jl.BYMfl CTaJIbHLnm T.HraMH. HaJl.'b XBO-
CTmn-eme OJl.RH'b I\llJIb. B'b ro.'lOBi> KOp-
nyca paCnOJIOJKCH'b BbIHeCCHHLlii BuepeJl.'b
3a 06pi>3'b Rphl.'IbeB'b OpHI1-1HaJIbHOH l\OH-
CTpYI\II,iH MOTOp'b (Rep), Ha na.'lY KOTopaI'O
HacaJI\eH'b 'ICTblpeXJIOnaCTIIbIii MeTa...'I.1Rqe-
cRill BRHTh. CHJl.i>Hie aBiaTopa - MejK;'I,Y
RpI.IJIbmm, B'b Kopnyci> annapaTa. IIa HHjl,-
HeM'b I\HJI'l; YKp1mJIeHbl, 0.n;II0 3a .n;py-
rmn, .n;ua KO.'leCa .n;JUI pa36i>i'a; Ha Kon-
I1,ax'b KpbIJIbeB'b - eme no OJl.HOMY KOJICCY:-
Kor.n;a MOHOnJIaH'b He ypaBHoBiJilleII'b, KaI,'b
BeJIOCHneJl.'b, Ha nepBbIX'b .n;BYX'b ROJIC-
Ca.X'b, TO TpeTbCll TO'lliOll onopbl CJIYJKIIT"b O.n;HO H3'b 60KOBbIX'b KOJIeC'b. EII.'ll,a
nepc.n;HHro I\OJIeca, no.n;BepJKeHIIaro TO.'I'lKaM'b H y.n;apaM'b npH cnyrKi>, H!IIi>eT'b
nHCBMarnQCCKiii aMopTH3aTOp'b: OCL BHJIKII no;ui>mcHa uaBepxy B'b 3aKpLlTyID
Tpy6y C'b TaKIIM'b.me BHYTpeHHUM'b .n;iaMeTpOM'b, B'b ROTOpOH HaJIHTO Mac.10.
HMi>IOlII,ee ]I,JlH BbIxo.n;a .1Hillb Y3Iwe OTBepCTie HaBepxy-:no npH y.n;apax'b H
.n;aeT'b peccopHoe .n;i>ncTBie. XBOCTOBa.fl nOBepXHOCTL nM-BeT'b B03MO.mHOCTb no-
JIY'laTb pa3JIH'IHbIe YKJlOHbI no OTHOilleHilO };,"J, ropu301ITY; R3Ii>HeHien :noro
YKJIOHa (yrJIa BCTpi>QH) H pery.'lHpyeTC.fl
BbICOTa nOJleTa,-.n;pyrHX'b PYJleii rJly611HLI
U1;T'b. .D:JlH II3Mi>HeHiH HanpaBJlCHiH B'b ro-
pn30HTaJlbHOH nJlOCKOCTll CJlYJKIITh py JIb
nOBopOTHblH, YKpi>nJleHHblH no)l,'b XBOCTO-
BOll nOBcpXIIOCTbIO. B'b 3a.n;HCH QacTH HIIjK-
u.I:Iro KIIJIH. EOKOBaH YCTOH.'lIlBOCTb Mono..
n.laHa peryJlHpyeTCJl II3Ii>ncuieI'b yrJIOB'I
BCTpi>'lH 060IIX'b ItpLI.lbCB'b; O.n;HOBpCMeHIIO,
C'b nmlOmbIO 'lCTLlpCX'b ynorJJIIYTLIX'b THl'"b, cI>ur. 137 MOHOll:.IaH'D Rep.,onpOlmHY-
B'b O.n;H 0M'b ItpbIJli> no.n;HIIMacTCH 3a.n;HJJfl Tblii sa CIIIIHY.
'Iacn II onYCKaeTCfl nepeJl.II.flH, a B'b .n;py-
rOM'L onYCItaCTCJl 3a.n;Hfl.fl H nO;I,HlnraeTC.H nepe.n;H.fl.H 'IaCTL: B'b pe3)"JIbTarn nep-
Boe KpLlJlO onYCKaeTCH, a BTopoe 1I0.n;HmraCTC.H-H Ha060poTh. .D:JI.H TnpaBJIeHi.fl
BCi>MII :mum py JIflMU cJlYjKaTh, KaIt'b II PaiITa, .n;Ba pbI'lara, Haxo.n;Hmiec.H B'b
06iJlIx'b PYl\aX'b aBiaTopa. TOJlbKO ynpaB.1euie pLJtIarmm )Pyroe. DpaBbIH PbI-
Qar'b CJIYJKHT'b TOJIbIW .n;JlH nOBopatllfBaHifl B.'l'1BO IT BnpaBo; JltBLlii,-YKpi>n.'leH-
ilbIll BIIH3Y Ha YHIIBepcaJlLHoJ\I'b illapHllp-B,-.n;JIH coxpalIeui.H YCToii'lIIBOCTlI: eC.m
pbI'Iar'b nOBOpatJllBaTh BJli>BO H BnpaBo,-To B'b COOTB-BTCTBYIOmyIO CTOPOHY 6y-
.n;eT'b naItpeHJITbC.H, OT'b nepeKallillBaHi.fl RpLI.'IbeB'b, H annapaT'b, a npll .n;Bn;KeHin
pbI'lara Bnepe.n;'b H IIa3aJl.'b annapaT'b 6y.n;eT'b onYCItaTbCfl lUll 1I0.n;lImraTbC.H OTh
113Mi>HemH yr.'la BCTpi>'l1l XBOCTOBOH nOBepXHOCTI1.
Do CBOHJ\I'b pa3I'tpaM'b MOHon.11tH'b "Rep" npH6J1l1J1\aCTC.fl K'b "B.lepio XI":
pa3MaX'b 8 MeTpOB'b, .n;JIHHa 7,8 1IleTpa, nJIOma;'l,b I<pbI.'IbeB'b-15 m 2 . CJlOJKHOCTb
MOTopa "Rep" II nOBH.1J,luIOMY He.n:OCTaTO'lHan npO;'l,o.lbHaH YCTOH.QIIBOCTb npeuHT-
CTBYIOT'b ycn'bxy :noro MOHon.laHa...
..
--
_6J





?..".-
(Dur. 136. MOHOnnaH'1> Rep.
,
,
 I

 (
.....
 .....
, .
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>.

.

105
r .1 A B A XIV.
AapOnJIaHbI nOa;U;H"BHWHX'D KOHcTpyinI.iH.
CMfO C060ll pa3YlteTCJI, 'lTO ycntxH 6paTI,eB'b PauTh H nepBbJH Y,II;a'lu
IIII\OJlbI 6paTbeB'b Bya3eH'b H B.lJepio no.n;BHHYJlU Bnepe.n;'I> pa60TY TtX'b H3CJlt-
.n;oBaTeJlen, KOTopble He .n;06H.IJUCb caMOCTOflTCJIbHLIX'b pe3YJlbTaTOB'b, H .n;aJIH
60raTbIii mTcpia.1'b .n;JIH HOBbIX'b Jf3CJI"h.n;OBaHiii. IIoaToMY O'leHb CKOpO nOflBHJlaCb
Macca ,ll;pyrnx'b THnOB'b aapOnJIaHOB'b, UM"hIOIUHX'b-npaBM-MHoro 06aro C'b
nepllLIMH lWHCTPYRIUHMII, HO OTJIU'laIOlll.lIMUCH H H"hIWTOPbIMH 0pUrHHaJIbHbIMU
HOBOBBe.n;eHiHMU.
HJfJKe onHCbIBaIOTCJI H"hKoTOpbJe H3'b TaI<UX'b aapOnJIaHOB'b, ,Il.aBIIIHX'I> J1Y'lIllie
npaRTlf11eCKie pe3YJII,TaTbI.
lIIo1lonauo Aum.1J a ue1n'O.
3TOT'b THn'I>, C03.n;aIlHbIll: BO <I>paHWH HHJKeHepOM'I> .J1eBaccepOM'I> npH Y'lacTiH
KanHTaHa <I>ep6epa, BbI.n;"hJIHeTCH lIlorum nOJlOmUTeJlbHbIMH KaqeCTBaMH KOIl-
CTPYKWU. BbIpa60TaHHbIU He TaKHM'I> nyreM'I>, KaK'I> ,ll;pyrie aapOnJlaBbI,-IIOCJI"h-
Jl:OBaTCJlbHbIM'I> YCOBepmeHCTBOBameM'I> npocrlHIIIHX'b annapaTOB'I>, Ha'lHHaJI C'b
nJlaHepOB'I>,-a Ha OCHOBaHiH cTporo 060CHOBaHHbIX'I> TeXHHlleCKHX'I> H3CJI"h,ll.OBaHiii
H paC'leTOB'I>, aTOT'b aapOnJlaH'I> ,Il.06HJlCH BO MHOrOM'I> J1yqmux'}, pe3YJlbTaTOB'b,
'l"hl\!'b ero CTapIllie TOBapHH, H nOTOMY Cpe,ll;H BC"hX'I> HX'I> OH'I> 3aHHMaeTh
OT)J,"hJlbHOe M"hCTO. <I>upMa "AaHTyaHeTh" , BbIpa6aTbIBaIOmaH aTH MOHOnJlaBbI,
HM"heT'b emc 'IY 3aCJlyry, llTO eIO (Tome JIeBaBaCCepOM'I» 6WI"b C03.n;aH'I> nepBbIH
.lJerKiH aBiau,ioHHbIH MOTOp'b, KOTOpLIM'I> nOJlb30BaJIHCb H up. Bya3eH'I> H BJlepio.
HecyufiJl n08epXUOc1nU (<1mI'. 138). .II.Ba KpbIJIa Tpaneu,cH.n;aJlbHOH <fJOPMbI,
pacno.'IOJKeIlHbIJI B'I> BHJ1.'J> 6YXBbI V, 06pa3YIOT'I> 06mYIo nOBepxHocTb B'I> 35m2,
npH pa3Max"h B'b 14 MeTpOB'I>. CTpoeHie KpbI.JIbeB'I>, H3'I> pe6pblmeh."'I> H npOrOHOB'I>,
OT.'IHtIaeTCH 3aMi;'laTeJlbHOH TaTeJlbHOCTbIO BbI,II;"hJlKH, npOtJ:HocTLIO H B'I> TO .m:e
BpmlH J1erKOCTbIO; pe6pa npe.n;CTaBJlJIIOT'b C060H KaK'I> 6bI <fJepMO'lSH p"hIIICT'laTOH
TpeyrO.lbHOH <fJOPMbI, CBJI3aHHbIH C'I> nOMOmbIO J1HCTOBoro aJIIOMHHiJI, BC"h llaCTH
KOTOpbIX'I> o.n;ullaKOBo npHHHMaIOT'b yqacTie B'I> 06men pa60rl KpbIJla. BepTH-
RaJIbHbIJI CToiffiu, YKp"hnJleHllblH na KpbIJlbHX"b He.n;aJIeKO OT'b KOHII,OB'b HX'I>, CBJI-
3aHbI MeTa.,lJIH'lCCl\HMH THraMH (CTpYHaMH) C'I> TaIOOll me CTOHKOH, YKp"hnJleHHOH
, MeJK.n;y RpbMbHMH Bb Iwpnyc"h aapOnJliWa, tJ:"hI"b ,ll;OcTuraCTCJI H3B"hcTHaH mecTKocTb
,Il.J1H HIIX'I>.
Ropnyeo aaponaua ml"heT'I> BH.n;'I> JIO.n;O'lKH C'I> TpeYI'OJlbHbIM"b nOnepe'lHbIM'I>
c13'leHiel'I>. C.n:13JIaH'I> 01l'I> H3'I> ,ll;epeBa, CKp13nJleHHaro aJIIOMUmeBbIMH HaKJIa,ll;KaMH.
IIepe.n:HH.H tJ:acTb ero 06IIIHTa <fJaHepKoH, 3aJl:HHH-06TJIHYTa nOJlOTHOM'I>. B'I> rOJlOB13
I:oprryca YRp13rrJleHbI C'b 601<0B'I> KpbIJlbJI, B'b 3a,ll;llell 'laCTH-XBOCT'b YCTOHtJ:H-
BCCTII. CeHtJ:ac'I> .m:e 3a KpbIJIbHMH, B'I> RopnYC13 YCTpoeHa Y,II;06HaJI, 06HTa.H C'I>
60KOB'I> BOHJlOKOM'I>, Ka6HHa ,Il.JIH aBiaTopa. Bnepe,ll;u eH YCTaHOBJleH'I> pe3epByap'I>
,Il.JLJI 6eH3HHa II ,ll;a.JI13e lOTOp'b.
X8QC11lo YC1nOU'l/U80C'mU (<fJnr. 138) HM13eTb CXO,ll;CTBO C'I> XBOCTOM'I> J1aCTOtJ:KH.
.1I:B13 rJpU30H'raJlbHbIJI nOBepXHOCTH TpeyrOJIbHOH tfJOPMbI 06e3rre1JHBaIOT'b YCToa-
'lIlBOCTL npO,ll.OJILHYIO, Tor.n;a KaK'b o.n:Ha nOBepxHocTb BepTIlliaJIbHa.H, To.m:e Tpe-
l r OJIbHOH tfJOPMbI, YCTpaHJIeTb Ka'1amH Bcero XBOCTa BnpaBo U BJI13BO.
Opzau'bt i)8?OIceui.Je. BOCbMUU,HJIHH.n;POBbIH 55-TH CH.IIbHbIH MOTOp'I> "AHryaHeT'b"
YRp13nJleH'I> B'I> rOJlOB13 Kopnyca, Bnepe,ll.H nepe.n;IIHro 06p133a KpbIJlbeB'I>, UM13.H
Ha CBOeM'I> Ba.1Y ,ll;BYXJlOnaCTHbIH aJIIOMUmeBbIH BUIlT'b, ,n.iaMeTpOM'b Bb 2,2 MeTpa,
--- -

106
Tlma TO.me "AHTyalleT'b". MOTop'b IUrEeT'b BO,ll;.HIIOe OXJw1KJ/:ellie, ,ll;Jl.H qero C'b
OOIWB'L Iwpnyca B'L nepe,ll;l!eii ero 'laCTli YRp1mJIelI'b pa,ll;iaTOp'b-pfl,ll;'b TOHRIIX'b
aJIIOMlllliCBbIX'b TPYOOtIelt'L, B'b I<OTOPbIX'b IIIPRYJIllpyeT'b OXJIam)/,aIOrn;an BO,ll;a.
IIpeJKHiii IItOTOp'b "AHTyaHeTb" BCCbllla HeY,ll;OB.JJCTBOpIlTCJIbHbIii no paOOT-t.
It'b 3Ul1I1> 1910 rO,ll;a rfJHPll1a BbmYCTll.la HOBbIll MOTOp'b, OT'b ROToparo .JK,II;}'T'L
XOpOllIJfX'L pe3YJIbTaTOB'L.
OPWU'bt ynpaoJ!euM. PYJIb rJIyoIlHI,I COCTaBJIHeT'L npO,ll;o.JJ.meHie rop1I30H-
TaJIbHarO onepeHiH XBOCTa YCTOH'lHBOCTH; JfIlI1>n Tome TpeyroJIbllYIO <POPMY, OH'b
Bpaw;aeTCJI OROJIO nOnepeqHOll OCH, YRp1>nJIeHHOii B'L 3a,ll;Heii 'laCTII ynCM.HUYTaI'O
onepeHiH. TaR'L .JKe YRp1>nJIeH'b H PY Jib nOBopOTIiLIli, COCTOHw;iii H3'b Jl.BYX'L
,,--

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t-'=- .......'-t..o.._-
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 LA Tfflll1 50"1leel
,
<Dur. 138. MononJInn'D "AnTynneT'L". Hanepxy-nn)l."I> annapaTa cnepxy, Imr)l.R on'},
ynaJI'L II'L nOAY npn neYAR'lnOu'L no.u:en JIRTRUR 'lepea'L JIRMROW'L.
qaCTeH, RaJK,II;aH B'b BH,II;1> TpeyroJIbllHKa: BepXHJIH nOJIOBIIHa lIaXO,ll;HTCH Ha,ll;1>
ropH30HTaJIbHbIM'b onepeHieM'b, npHMbIRaH R'b BepTJfRaJIbHOlllY nJIaBHHI.y, B'b 3a)1;-
Hel\fb oop'I;a1> 1i0Toparo H YKp1>nJIeHa OCb ero Bpaw;eHiH, a HJf.JKHJUI nOJIOBHHa
cB1>IIIHBaeTC.fI BHH3'b, Ha TOM .me npO,ll;OJI.m:eHIIOH OCH. .n.JIH pcrYJIHpOBaHiJI OOROBOii
YCTOHtlHBOCTbIO paHLlIIe npHIII1>HHJIHCL RpbIJIbllIIRH n03a,ll;U ROHII,OB'b no.n.zr;ep.JKHBaro-
IIUIX'b nOBepXHOCTeii, I;:aK1> B'L ,,$apMaH1>", HO TenepI. BBC,II;eHO nepelialIIHBanic
ItpbIJILeB'b, RaR'b y PajiTa. .n.1>JIaeTCJI aTO Hano,ll;ooic Toro, RaR'b II B'L "BJIe-
pio XI": 3a,ll;lIiH CTOpOHLI KpLIJILeB'b COe,ll;HHellbI IIlem)l;Y coooii cBepxy JlleTaJI-
JIHqeCRHMH TpO, calllH nepCRHHYTbIMH qepe3'b YKp1>nJICHHble Ha,ll;'b ROPIIYCOI'L
OJIORH, B'b TO BpCllIJI, RaR'b napa n;pyrHX'b TpOCOB'b OTXOAUT'L OTb T1>X'b .me
TO'leR'b RpWII.eB'b BHH3'b, COe)l,HIIHHCL nO)l;'b I\OpnYCOM'L I1,1>nLIo, npoxo,ll;JIrn;eii
nO)l;'b 3YOQaTbIM'b RO.'1eCOl\l'L (<pHr. 139). Bpaw;eHie 3YO'laTarO IWJIeCa oOYCJIOB.1JH-
BaeT'}, BbIrn6anie BHH3'b 3a,ll;HCll 'laCTH O,ll;HOro I\pLIJIa, H-BBepX1>-)I,pyroro. BCH

CHCTe;\la ynpaB,'ICHi.H COCpe,ll;OTO'leHa B'b .n;BYX'b BepTUltaJILllbIX'b IIlaXOBUltaX'b,
Haxo.n;.HIl{UXCH UO OOltaM'b cu.n;1mi.H aBiaTopa, H B'b HomHoii nC,II;aJIu. IIoCJI1>.n;Hfl.H
ynpaBJIHeT'b OOOHMH PYJI.HMH nOBopOTHMMH: TOJIKaH npaBoii HorOH ne,ll;aJIL,
aBiaTOp'b YItJIOII.He'l''b PYJICBLIC I10BepXHOCTU BlipaBO H BnpaBO .iKe UOBOj..atIHBaeT'b
aapOnJIaH'b; UpH TOJIKaHiu JI1>BOll HorOH - npOHCXO,ll;UT'b oopaTHoe. IIpaBLIii
MaXOBHK'b I1PH BpaIl{eHiH ero Buepe.n;'b YRJIOH.HeT'b BHII3'b UOBepXHOCTL PYJIJI
rJIYOHHbl, oTl{ero XBOCT'b UPUUo.n;HUMaeTC.H, a aapOUJIall'b II.n:CT'b BIIUS'b; oopaTHOC
.n;1>ltcTBie BbI3LIBaCT'b OOpaTHblll a4J4JeltT'L. JI1>BbIH MaXOBUIt'b YUpaBJI.HeT'b ncpe-
l\aIIIHBaHieM'b RpbIJILeB'b; BpameHieM'b ero .n;OCTHraeTC.H Bparn;eHie ROpOMLICJIa, YKp1>-
nJIeHHarO Ha O,ll;HOit OCH C'b "'JYO'IaTbIM'b ROJICCOM'b, ROTopoe perYJIlIpyCT'b no.n.HH-
Manie 3a.n;HHX'b 'lacTeii Toro UJIH .n;Pyroro RpbIJIa: HanpHl\I1>p'b, Bparn;eHic Maxo-
lJIilia Enepe.n;'b T.HHeT'b JI1>Boe IIJIe'lO ROpOMbICJIa, 3YO'laTOe ROJIeCO UpH Bparn;eHiu
nO,ll;rnoacT'L BIlH3'b npaBoe RpbIJIO (3a.n;HlOIO 'l8CTL), a BepXHH!\I'b TpOCOM'b aTO
)l,BH.iKeHie BbI3LIBaeT'b nO,ll;'beM'b JI1>Baro RpbIJIa--B'b 3aRJIIO'leHie nOnepe'lHa.H OCL
aaponJiana HaItpeH.HeTC.H Ha JI1>BYIO CTOPOHY.
OpW'H/bt OAR, 6:JAema u cnYC1ca. Kopnyc'b IIIOHOnJIaHa B'b cpe.n;HeH cBoeii
'IaCTU (r.n;1> h."'L HelllY nO,ll;xo.n;.HT'b 3a,ll;Hie
IIpOrOHbI KpLIJILeB'b) JIM1>CT'b BepTHltaJILHYIO
OCL, Yl'p1>UJIeHlIYIO BHH3Y Ha CRaT1> .n;BYX'b
BeJIOCHlIe.n.Haro TlIna I\GJIeC'b. BepTlIKaJIL-
Ba.H OCL BM1>maeT'b B'b ceo1> nneBlllaTH'le-
CRiii aMOpTH3aTOp'b: HHJKH.HJl 'laCTh e.H,
Kalt'b nopIIIeHL, HIII1>eT'b B03M01KHOCTL CROJIL-
3UTL BHYTPH BepxHeii, ltaR'b B'b HJIIIH.n;p1>,
CJKHlltaJI Haxo.n;JImiiic.H TaM'b B03.n.yX'b HT1>M'b
c03.n.aBaH peccopHoe .n;1>licTBie. TaRUlIl'b
OOpa301ll'I" RopnyC'b aapOnJIaHa npe.n:oxpa-
HeH'b OT'b TOJI'lItOB'b npH cnYCR'B. XBOCT'L
JlIOHOIIJIana, npn Haxo.m,ll;eHin Ha 3eMJI1>,
1I0Jl.,lJ;ep.mBBaeTCJI HeOOJILIIIHlI1'b .n;epeB.HH-
HbIM'b nOJI030M'b. ,ZJ;JI.H npe.n;oxpaHeHiJI Hoca
MOHOII.JIaHa, nepe,ll;'b XOJIeCaMII, no.n;'b BHH-
TOM'b, Yltp1>UJIeHa eme o.n;Ha IIInopa.
06uiJ1, C6oUCm6aJlf01l0nAaua "Aumya-
fl,em7J". 3TOT'b MOHOnJIaH'b B'b pJl,ll;Y .n;PY-
rlIX'b aapOnJIaHOB'b OTJIH'laeTCJI TtM'b, 'lTO
XBOCT'b YCTOHIJHBOCTH ero, "PH ,ll;BHJlteHiH
B'b rOpH30HTaJILHOM'b HanpaBJIeHm, Be OOJIa.n.aeTL .n;OCTaTOIJHOH nOlI'beJlIHOll
CUJIOH ,ll;JI.H C,II;ep1KaHiJl ceo.H caMoro, nO'leMY BHc1>Hie ero B'b B03.n;yx1> ooy-
CJIaBJIHBaeTC.H 3a CIJ:CT'b T.HrH nepe,ll;Heii 'laCTH, T. e. 3a C'lCT'b JIHIIIHeH paOOTbI
MOTopa. IIoaTOMY, IIPH CBOnX'b OOJILIIIIIX'b PU31111>paX'b (II IIIupe H ,ll;JIHHH1>e OHIiJIa-
HOB'b), "AHTyaHeTL" C'b OOJILIIIHM'b TPy.n;OM'b 1I0,ll;HHMaCT'b .n;BYX'b 'leJIOB1>R'b,
COBepmaH OObIRHOBeHHO IIOJIeTLI TOJILItO C'b O.n;HHM'b nHJlOTOM'b. Ho aTo.me
OOCTOJITeJlLCTBO nOMOraCT'b 1II0HOnJIaHY COBepIIIaTL CROJIL3.Hmiit cUYCIt'b Ha 3elllJIIO
npu OCTaHOBh.-t MOTopa, Tah."'L RaR'b Tor.n;a C'b YMeHLmeHieM'b CROpOCTII YMeHL-
maeTCJI n ,ll;aBJIeHie B03,11;yxa Ha XBOCT'L, II aUUapaT'b aBTOMaTII'leCItIi npHHHMaeT'b
HaHBbIro.n;H1>iiIIIee nOJIoJKeHie.
,ZJ;OCTOHHCTBaMH "AHTyaHCT'b" .HBJI.HIOTCJl eJl npeRpaCHaH YCTOH'lUOCTL B'b
B03.n;yx1>, OOJILmaJl CItOpOCTL UOJIeTa, cnoc06HOCTL npexpacHo UJIaHHpOBaTL H
BeCLMa BbICORO IIO.n;HHM8TLCJI Ha.n;'b 3eMJIeii H XOpOIIIaJI nOBopOTJIIIBOCTL, OJIaro-
Jl,apJl pacno.'Io1KeHiIO BC1>X'b PYJIeH .n;a.'IeRO on l\eHTpa TJI.meCTH aunapaTa. He,ll;o-
-r-----
107
" '
'..,'
R,lb().lf--"P"f.t
<Dur.l:S9. CxeMaynpanneHiH n""AHrya-
BeT'D"-nepcnexTuBHoe uso6paHteHie.
Hanepxy-cnpana nOnepe'lHhlU pas-
pils'D y maccu: BepTUKaJILHO BUepX"D---
TpOChl, BpaaIOie npu nOMOR ro,
pRsOHTanLHaro ROpOMhlcna sy6'laTOe
Roneco (B'D cepe,o;UH1I ur.); TpOCLI
HAyie 'lepes'D sy6'laTOe Roneco Ha-
IClIOHHO:B'D 0611 CTOpOHLI BBepX'D, Beno-
cpe,o;cTneHHo nepeRamUllaIOT'D KphlnLH.

108
CTaTKII "AIlTyaneT"b: CJIOjIlHOCTb Bcell IWHCTPYKU;ilf, c.ly",amcii ;1..1n IJO.n;IUlTi.H
JIUllib O)I.lforo qeJIoBim:a, Hena,'I;e.iKIIOCTl. roTopa, 'IaCTO KanplI3HnQalOw;aro, Tpy.n;-
HOCTl. o6Y'leuin ynpan.'leHilo (Tpn opraHa, 1I3'L IWTOPl.IX'b Yllpa8.'IeHie o.n;HnM'b-
JIi>BbIM'b mXOBIUWM'h-ue cor.'IaCOBauo C'b CCTeCTBCUlIbDIII pecp"leKcam aBiaTO, pa)
ueCOBeplliCHCTBO OpraHOB'b cnYCKa-aropTH3aTOp'b qaCTO JIOMaCTC.H npn cnYCKi>,
nODpe.n;an II Kopnyc'b.
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\J)nr. 140. n.aTRM'.b BR MOHonnaBii "ABTYRHeT'.b" nepeA'.b na:.IeTOM'.b.
Eun.Kauo J(ypmuca.
3aHlITepeCOBaBllillCl. aBiau;ieii ew;e B'b HaqaJIi> 1907 ro.n;a, aMepHl\auCU;'b
rJIeu'b RYPTHc'b, MHoro 3amlMaBlliiiic.H paHl.llie aBTOM06uJIbULIM'b CIIOpTOM'b,
cTpOHTb B'b KOMnamH C'b TpeM.H .n;pyrHMH JIIIu;alH ui>CKO,,'IbIW 6WlJIaHOB'b. IWTopl.Ie
O,D.HaKO He HMi>JIH 60JIblliOrO ycrrtxa. He YHl.IBaH, OH'b npo.n;o"lJKaeT'b pa60TY
.n;aJIl.llie COBMi>CTHO C'I: .n;pyruM'b H3CJIi>.n;oBaTeJIeM'b BOnpOCOB'b aBiau;iII _ repnHrOM'b,
H K'b 1909 ro.n;y, ycni>lliHo HCnOJIL30BaB'b PC3YJIl.TaTl.I H <fJpaHU;Y3cRHX'b onbITOB'b
H OnLITOB'b 6p. PailT'b, BbIpa6aTbIBaeT'b KOHCTPYKUirO He6oJIl.IIJoro II BeCl.Ma p"B3KarO
6HnJIaua. IIoCJIi> U13CRO.'1bI>HX'b y.n;aqHbIX'b nOJIeTOB'L B'b AMepHK13, RYPTIIC'b npi-
133JKaen C'b aTHM'b aapOIlJIaHOJlI'L MeJK.n;yuapO)I.HbI.H COCT.H3allin B'b PeihlC'b II Ta1'L
BbIHrpLIBaCT'b nepDl.Ill I1PIl3'b II l..yOOl,,"L rOp.n;OH'b BeHeTTa 3a CIWpOCTh nOJleTa
Ha .n;lIcTauu;ill B'b 30 Im.loMeTpOB'b.

109
Bon :nOTh OIlIT.'laH'h (qmr. 141).
Hecyw,iR n06epx.uocmu pacnOJIOJrWHbI O,D:lla HaJl:'b ;r:pyroii, C'b CTporo I'OplI-
SOHTaJIbHbIMH oop1>3aIlIH, nplI OOJIbUIOM'b yrJI1> BCTp1>qH. P<13Y1>pu Ka;K,D:oii-
8,8Xl,4 1tteTpa; pa3CTOJIHie Mem)l,Y HIIII!H-1,4 MeTpa; 06rnaJi nOBepxHOCTb-
24m 2 . CTpoeme RpUJlbeB'b H cRpJmJIeHie MeJI.,W HInlll-KaK'h y PaiiTa; TO.'lbKO
OCTOB'b OOTJIHfTb He C'b ,D:UYX'b CTOpOH'b, a C'b O,D:Hoii BepxHeii. B'b T8ex'b IIleTpaX'b
1I03a,D:II onOpHbIX'b 1I0BepXHOCTeii HaXO,D:IITCJI, RaR'b R'b nrrr1> "Bya3(,H'b", X B 0 C T 'b
Y C TO if q II B 0 C T H, TOJlbRO MOHOIIJIaHHarO oopa3a: O,n:H<1 nOBepXHOCTb, COCTaB-
JIJIlOrnaJI Bcero O,D:UH'b KBa,D:paTHbIH IIICTp'b.
PYAb UYUWH/bt, OHnJlaHHarO pallTOBCKaro Tuna, BbIHeCeH'b n<1 TaKOe me
pasCToJIIJie Bnepe,D:'b; B'b cepe.D:HH-B pYJleBbIX'b nOBepxHocTei1, OOrnaJI ITJIOrna,n:b
KOTOpbIX'b COCTaBJlJIeT'b 2, 25m 2 , YKp1>UJICHa HenOJl.BII,IWO, KaK'b II B'b "Pai1T1>"
" "'""'-
---r:J.. "
. .1 '1
. -4
"
"-- . .........
\} ...--
"- 
'" , I' - () .
, .
(])uI'. 141. EUnnaH'L RypTlIca. Bu.ll.'D ClJepe)l.H 11 cHuay.
ne60JIbliIaJI, Tpeyro.IbHaro BII,D:a, BepTHKaJIbH<1n nOBepXIIOCTb. P y .11 b no BOp 0 T H LI H,
E'b BH,n:t OqeHb HeOOJIbUIOll nOBcpXIIOCTII. paCITOJIo.meH'b no 061>HM'b CTOpUHaM'b
XBOCTa YCTOllqIIBOCTII. .n.J1H perYJIllpOBaHiJI OOROBOH YCTOH'lHBOCTII, IIICJK,D:Y KOII-
aMU oo1>nx'b OIlOpHbIX'b nOBepXHOCTeii, nOIlI"hrnCHbI RP bIJlbIUIRII YCTOH'lIIBOCTII,
HIII1>IOIlI,iJI BOSMOJKHOCTb O,D:HOBpeIlICHHO YKJlOIlJITbCJI B'b pa3.JIH'lHbIH CTOpOHl,I.
IICTOqIlIIIWM'b :mepriH JIBJIJIeTCJI OpnrllHaJIbHbIll III 0 TOp 'b KOHCTPYKII.iH caMoro
Eyprnca; no nmy OH'b HanmlHHaeT'b "AHTyaHeTb", Cb 8-10 TaK'b Jlte pacnoo'IO-
,)l\eHHbIIIIH HJIIIH,D:pal\lH, TOJI\C C'b BOJLJIHbIM'b OXJI<1;K,D:eHiellf1, H IIlOrnUOCTLIO OKOJlO
50 J101na,D:HHLIX'b clI.n. .MOTOp'b nOIlI-BrneH'b IIIeJK,D:y oo1>mm nOBepxlIocTmlll.
OKOJIO Sa,D:HJIrO oop-Bsa IIX'b Ha OCOOOll YCTaHoBK1>; Ha BaJIY ero, co CKOpOCTLIO
B'b 1.400 OOOpOTOB'b B'b lIIHHYTY, BparnaeTCJI nOS<1,D:1I KpLlJ1LeB'b ,D:CpeBJIHllbIH
,D:BYXJIOnaCTHbIH B II H T 'b .n:iallleTpOM'b B'I> 1.8 MeTpa. BecL aaponJI<1I1'b CTOHT'b Ha
TpeX'b K 0.11 e C a x 'b: ,D:Ba 1I0,D:'b l<pLIJILJI1\1H, a O,D:HO MCJK)I;Y KpbIJlLJIlIIII II py.'lelll1,
r.IyoIIHbI, no npOJl.OJIbHOH OCH.
AMopTH3aTOpoBo KOJIeCa He IIM1>IOT'b, HO n('pe)l,Hee ROJleCO ml1>eT'b TopMa3Hoe
npIIcnoc06JIeHie, n03Bo.'lJIlOr.u;ee OQCHb ObICTpO OCTaH<tB.'lIiBaTLCJI nOC.I-B CUYCI{a.

110
Cucme.1/.a .llnpaMeuill aaporr.JaHO\l'b TaKOBa. .\BiaTOp1>, IIOhf-Bu.(aflCI, Bnepe,1l;H
MOTopa «(ur. 142), IrhcKOJIbKO BhIllie HIIiKueH OIIOpUOH IIoBepxHocTU, uM'hen rrepe,1l;'b
c06aH BepTllKaJlbHbIii lIIaXOBfIK'b, KaRl> II Bo "Bya3cwl;": ,1I;BIIJReHieMl> ero Bnepe){'b
II Haaa,1l;'b ,1I;OCTlIraeTCR yrrpaB.lIcHie BbICOTOll IIO.lICTa (IliTaHl'a, I1,n:YlI.(aR on Maxo-
Blma Brrepe,1l;'b, ,n:1JHcTByeT1> lleuOcpe;J:cTBellHo Ha BepTimaJIbHLIll pLl'Iar'b, Herro-
)l,BIIJKIlO IIpIlKp-BrrJleUHbIH In PYJIeBbnIl> 1I0BepXHOCTRhll», a BpalI.(eHic MaXOBIIKa
)l,acn nOBOpOTbI (rrOMOlI.(bIO TpOCOBo). BOKOBaH YCTOll'IlIBOCTb perYJlIIPyeTcR
OTKJIOlleuieID B'b COOTB-BTCTBYIOlI.(YIO CTOPOUY Koprryca calOro aBiaTopa: I'b no-
,1I;BII.JKHOn CmmK-B ero CIIJI.-BHiR rrO;J:Be,n:CUbI TpOCbI OT'b IpbI.lIbIIIICIo YCTOllqIlBOCTII
TaIo, 'ITO npH YI>JIOHeuiIl eR (cnIlHlI1), Hanp., Bmmo, orrYCKaeTCR aa,1l;Hiii 06p'h3'b
npaDaro KpbIJIa, II rrO,1l;HlmaeTCR-Jl-BBaI'O. HOJKllbIMII nC,1I;aJIRm aBiaTOp'b yrrpaBJIReT'h
MOTOpOlll'h n TopMa30M'h nepe,1l;HJIro KOJIeca.
.....
\ -
,_)J ,_-o.-
I '  -  " .\, -
,4. " " '. \,....i
. -. 
t--' .... 'e, 
)0 ., "'
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--:.= --4_ 1!.. ·
. "_.I
.. ", .
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<Dur. 142. BUmIaH"I> RYPTHca cnepe.u;u.
06w,i.R C60UC11l6a "K.lIp11luca". ItOIlCTPYITOp'b CTpOBJIo aTon aaporrJIaH'b
crreI.(iaJIbHO ,1I;JIR COCTR3aHiii Ha CKOpOCTb; Bo 3TOIo OTIIomeuiIl C'h HIIlo roryT'h
KOHItypnpoBaTb ,1I;aJKe He BC'h lIroIlOIIJIaHbI. TaKau 6bICTpma ,1I;OCTlII'HYTa, nOIlIMO
CIIJIbI MOTopa, aKOHOmIbIM'h pacnpe,1l;-BJIeHielo MaTepiaJIa (BeCb B-BC'h C'h rrIlJIOTOMl>
MeH'he 18 IIY,1I;OB'h), He60JIbIIIII1lI paaI'hpa)1II IIoBepxIIocTCii n BeCMra 6JIIIaIlIlIlo
pacnoJIOJKeHieM'h l.(eHTpOB1> TRiKeCTII H COnpOTlIBJlemJI. AapOnJIaH'h, IpOM-B Toro,
xopomo rrOBOpOTJIIID'h, ,1I;OCTaTOqHO YCTOnQUB'b. ElI.(e ,1I;OC'l'OI1IICTBO-nO,1l;HIIMaeT'h
)l,BYX'b tIeJIOB'hIn. ItaR'b Ha lle,1l;OCTaTOIto MOJKHO YKaaaTb Ha HeconeplIIeHcTBo
OpraHOB'b cnYCIia, He I1M'BIOlI.(I1X'h XOpOIIIIIX'b aropTll3aTOpOB'h.
ltlouon.lfauo Canmoca j(wJ.wua "Demoiselle".
C)I,'hJIaB1> B'h 1906 ro)l,Y O,1l;I1Ho Y)I,aQHbIH B3JIeTl> .D:JIIIHoii Bo 220 MeTpOB'h
Ha CBOeM'h 3HaMeHIITOM'h no I1cTopiIl aapOIIJIaH-B ;M 14 bis, CaHTOC'h-.IJ:IoMOH'h
OCTanIlJI'h O)l,HO BpmlJI aBial.(ho, KOr,1l;a BCt ero ,1I;aJILH"l;urniJI IIorrhITKU elI.(e cOBep-
IIIHTb nOJIen, XOTR 6bI n Ha TaKYIO MIIKpOCIWnrrQecKYlo ,1I;IICTaHI.(iIO, OCT3BaJlIlCb
6e3pe3YJIbTaTIIbIMII. IIo CTOIIJIO reIIpIlxy <I>apMaHY B'h OKTJI6p'J; 1907 ro,1l;3 npo-
JIeTBTb pa3cToRHie B'h 770 MCTpOBo, IaIo I1eYToMHlbIii 6pa3llJICI.('h BIIOBb npIl-
HJlJICR aa CTpOHTeJIbCTBO aapOnJIaHOB'b. ITa BTOTh paa'h, TaKo JKe, KaIt'b n B'h
..

111
CBOnx'b pa60Tax'b no a3pOCTaTaM'b, -Olfb 3a,D;aJlC.H -BJlblO COOpY,D;IITb annapaT'b
MHHIIMaJIbHbIX'b pa3M-BpOB'b II B-BCa. B'b 1908 ro,D;Y 3TH pa60TbI 6b1JIH 3aKOH-
'leHbl. II HOBblU anllapaT'b CaHToca-.D:loMoHa,  19 - KOHCqHO, 3TO 6b1JI1> MOHO.
llJIaH'b-6b1JI'b IIpi06meH'b K'b 'lIICJlY IICRYCCTBeHHbIX'b nTIl'b cfJpaHl.!,Y3CKon ROH-
CTpYRiII. IIo CBoen JlerROCTII 3TOT'b a3pOnJlaH'b IIpeB30liIeJl"b BC-B. cymecTBOB3.BliIie
1.0 cnx'b nop'b. OH'b B-BCIIJI'b Bcero JIIIIIIb 110 RHJIOrpaMIOB'b (6 ny,D;. 28 (YHTOB'b,
II3'b KOIIX'b J1/ 2 nY,D;a npIIXO,1I;J1TC.H Ha 20-TII CIIJlbHblii MOTOp'b), npIIqeM'b pa3MaX'b
Kpbl.DbCB'b ero He IIpeBOCXO,D;IIJI'b 3 CaJlteH'b.
O,1I;HaKO II 3TOT'b a3pOnJIaH'b npli 1I0nblTRaX1> ROIIRyplipoBaTb C'b cI>apMa-
HOM'b He ,D;aJI'b XOpOJllIIX'b pe3YJIbTaTOB'b. TOJlbKO ,D;a.JIbH-BUrniH II3M-BHemH II
y.nyqIlIeHiJl C03,D;a.JIII, HaROHe"b, ROHCTpYRIJ,i1O )!,OBO.'lbHO Y,D;aquylO, XOT.H II C'b
Y3KHM'b nplilIf-BHeHieM'b Ha npaKTIlK'h. MOHOnJIalfb 3TOT'b, 1I0JIY'lIIBliIiii Ha PYC-
CKOM'b .H3bIK-B IIM.H "OrpeK03bl" (aBTOp'b ,1I;aJI'b eMY Ha3BaHie "Demoiselle"), co-
BepIlIa.JI'b no)!,'b ynpaBJleHieM'b CaHTOC1>-.D:IOMoHa MROro OT)!,-BJIbHbIX'b 1I0JleTOB'b,
B'b 1909 II HaqaJI'h 1910 rO,D;a, 06HapYJKIIBaH 60JIbIlIYI0 ClWpOCTb XO,D;a (,D;O
85 BepCT'b B'b 'lac'b), HO Hc60JlbIlIyIO npO,D;OJlJKIITeJIbHOCTb npe6bIBaHi.H B'b B03-
,D;yx'h (He CBblliIe 15 MIIHYT'b). C'b BeCHbI 1910 rO,D;a .HBIIJIliCb II ,1I;pyric IlIIJlOTbl
Ha "OrpeR03'h", II TOr,1I;a OHa CTaJIa nO.HBJIHTbC.H II lIa ny6J1II1JHblXo COCT.H3aHiHX'b
B'b pa3JIII'lHbIX'b MIfTIIHraX'b.
BOT"b RpaTKoe onlIcaHie 3Toro
MOHOnJIaHa (cfJIIr. 143 II 144).
Ep'bU!M npe,D;CTaBJI.HIOT'b ,1I;B'h
np.HMoyroJlbHoii cfJOPMbl 1I0BepxHocTII,
YRp'hnJIeHHbIX'b no,D;'b 60JIbliI1IM'b yr JIOM'b
BCTp'h'lii f\aJK)!,aJI B'b OT)J,-BJIbHOCTlI B
B'b BII)J,'h 6YKBbI V B'b oTHoIlIeHilI O,1I;Ha
R'b ,D;pyron. Pa3M'hpbI RaJK)J,aro Rpbl-
.'la - 2,8 X 2 MeTpa, C'b 06meii no-
BCpXHOCTblO B'b 11 m. CTpYKTypa
RpblJIbeB'b - 06bl1JHaro Tuna: ,D;Ba npo-
rOHa H P.H)I,'b (no BOCbMII) pe6pblliIeR'b
IIPO(IIJlbHaro ,D;epCBa; 06TJIJKRa TRaHblO ,D;'hJlaeTC.H II cBepxy. II CHH3Y, KaR'b
Bo06me BO BC'hX'b MOHOnJIaHaX'b. PJI,D;OM'b CTaJIbHbIX'b paCTHJKeR'b KpblJIbJI CRp-B-
IlJIelIbl C'b ltOpnYCOM'b II liIaCCli annapaTa.
Eopnyco MOHOnJlaHa npe,D;CTaBJIJIeTb c060ii CJIOJKHYIO 6aJIRY p-BliIeTqaTOii
CliCTeMbI C'b TpeyroJlbHbIM'b nOnepeqHbIM'b c-B1JelIieM'b, KblTopoe nOCTeneHHO
YfeHblIIaeTCJI B'b lIanpaBJIemii OT'b rOJlOBbl R'b XBOCTY; MaTepiaJl'b-TOHRi.H CTaJIb-
HLIJI Tpy6bI. Ha Ropnyc'h YRp-BnJleHbl: cBepxy - RpbIJIbH II opraHbl ,!I:BUJKem.H,
HHJlte-BOJI CHCTeMa ynpaBJIeHiJI H KOJleCa ,1I;JI.H pa36'hra, a C3a)!,H - PYJIli.
Op'tauaMU o6uJlCeniR .R6Jt.RlOmCR: 24-x'b CIIJIbHbln MOTOp'b Ba.Hp'b-KJIeMaR'b
(paHbliIe 6bIJI'b eIIJ,e MOTOp'b .D:appaKa B'b 30 HP), C'b rOpII30HTaJIbHO pacnOJlO-
JKeHHblMII IJ,IIJIIIH,1I;pallfII, H ,1I;epeBJIHHbIll ,D;ByxJlonacTHLlll BHHTb liIoBbepoBcRaro
TIlna C'b .n.iaMeTpOM'b B'b 2 MeTpa. .D:BIIraTeJIb pacnoJlOJKeII'b Ha.n;'b RpbIJlbJIMH,
npnxO,D;JICb npli nOJIeT'h HenOCpe,D;CTBeHHo Ha,D;'b roJlOBOn aBiaTopa; Ha)!,'b ,D;BIIra-
TeJleM'b pacnOJIOJKeHLI eme pe3epByapbl ,D;JIJI 6eH3HHa H BO,D;bl, CJIYJltamen ,D;JIJI
oXJIaJK,1I;eHi.H IIfOTOpa; pa,D;iaTOp'b, r,1I;'h 3Ta BO,D;a IIPRYJlIIpyeT'b ,D;JlJI c06cTBeHHaro
OXJlaJIt,D;cHi.H, npe,D;CTaBJIHeT'b pH,D;'b Tpy60K'b, pacnOJIOJlteHHbIX'b napaJlJIeJlbHO npo-
)!,OJIbHOii OCII annapaTa no,D;'b RpbIJIbJIMII C'b 06'hIIX'b CTOpOH'b Ropnyca. KaR"b
pM'b B'L TOM'b III'hCT'h, r,D;'h pacnOJIOJKeHbI 3TI1 Tpy6RH, RpbIJIbJI ml'hIOT1> crre-
pe)!,II HerJly60Kiii Bblp'h3'b, B'b ROTOpOM'b pa60'faeT'b BIIRT'b - OROJlO 1,500 060-
pOTOB'b B'b MlmYTY
(DUI'. 143. MOHom:rsH'I> CSHTOCS .D;IOMOHS
"Demoiselle" 1909 1'.

OPWUbt ynpa6J!e?l1.R, IIa 3a)I.Hel'tID KOH1> Iwpnyca, Bo BII.J,'h RpeCTOo6pa3-
naro XBOCTa paCIIOJIOJKeHbl PYJIII rJIy6lIHbl II nOBOpOTllblii. IIpn nmfOn YHHBep-
CaJlI.UarO npnCIlOC06JI(,Hi.H neCL XBOCTb lI:Il1>eT'b B03MOj){HOCTb YK;JOH.HTbC.H JmOO
BBepX'L II BHH3'L-)l.JI.H ll3I1>HeHi.H BbICOTbi nOJIeTa, JIlI60 BnpaBO H BJI'lmo-,J,J1.11
nepeM'h11bl HanpaBJIelIi.H B'b roplI30HTaJlI.HOll IIJlOCKOCTII. IIepBoe Jl.BlDKelIie nepe-
)l.aeTC.a cooTB1>TcrnYIOIl\IIM'L YK.!JoueHi(,!IIo pbJtlara, pacnOJlOj){eHHaro C'b npaBoii
CTOpOHbl OT'b aBiaTopa, a BTopoe - HpameuieM'b BepTlIKa.JII.Haro MaXOBII'IKa, no-
M1>rqeHuaro C'b J11>noii
CTOpOHbl OTb aBiaTUpa.
)-lIpaBJlenie 60KOBOll
YCTOll1JIIBOCTI.IO a3po-
nJlaHa ,1I;OCTlIraeTCR lIe-
peKamHBaHieM'b KPbUb-
em,. ,II:J1.H aToro OTb 3a;I.-
HHX'L nporOHOBo no-
CJI'h)l.HIIX'b II)l.YTl> T.IIrII
K'b pbl'Iary, HaXO,1l;.Hme-
MYC.II n03a)l.lI CII,1I;1>Hi.ll
aBiaTOpaj BO BpeM.H no-
.!Jem 3TOT'b pbl'lar'b npn-
B.II3bIBaeTC.II 0 C 0 6 bl M II
1I0,1l;T.IIJKKa1\[lI K'b cllIm1>
nH.'IOTa, KOTOpblll, npll
KpeH1> annapaTa,-HH-
CTlIHKTIIBHblMII YK.1JOHe- ,
lIi.HMII CDoero T1>JIa, lIe..
peKalIJlJBaeT'b B'b COOT-
B1>TcTBYIOmi.ll CTOpOHbl
KpblJIbH II TtM'b B0300-
HOBJI.HeTb HapyrneHHoe
6,6 - pesepnyap'I> paBHoB1>cie. CalllO CD-
C'I> ueHSRBOM'I>. )l,1>Hie npe,1l;CTaBJlHe'f'"n
lImpoKiii pellleHI., no)l.-
x,x - PYIIL rny- B1>rnaHHblH: K'b UillKHlOl'b
URHhI. 6a.'Il\aM'b KOpuycaj HorlI
aBiaTOpa ynnpaloTCH II'b
 - MaXODRX'}, P;IIS oco6YlOnO)l.HOj){KYOKOJlO
ynpaDlIenis no- OClI lWJleC'b maCCH.
OpzaU'bt OAR 63Acma
u cnYC1Ca. JIerKi.H CTaJlb-
A,A-TPOChI OT'}, MS- Hbl.H TPYObl, YKptnJleH-
XODIIXS C I('}, py- Hbl.ll B'b rOJlOBt KOPUY-
1110 nODopOTS. ca, nO)l.)I.epJKIIBaIOT'b OCb,
Ha KOHaX'L KOTOpoii,
HaKJlOHHO R'b rOpII30HTY,
YKp1>n.1eHbl ,1I;Ba llfle-
BMaTIIQeCRllX'L ROJleca. TpeTI.e ROJleCO nO)l.B1>meHo K'b 3a)l.Hen 1JaCTII Iwpnycaj
TaM'b JKe, y xBOCTa, HM'BeTC.H ee He60JlI.moii DOJl03'b, npe)l.oxpalIJlIOll\iii cneiaJlbHO
PY.DII. lllaccH He HM'heT'b HlIl.armX'L aMOpnI3aTOpOB'bj npH He60JlLrn011'b BtC1>
annapaTa, ynpyrOCTb CTaJII.HbIX'L Tpy60 OKa3b1BaCT'b caMa H1>KoTopoe peccopHoe
)I,'hficTBie, a Hal\J10HIIOCTb IWJleCl> n03BOJl.lleTo H npn HeY,J,a'lUOM'b cnYCKt (nplI
112
,
,
I
I I
..".. .... ...._ -.--------.--..--.........- -..-....-57';00 .-. ....--.--..____...______. ______ _..._ ._...._
M-MOTOp'I>.
6 - BRnT'D.
B -DTYIIXS BRHTS.
n,n-.npOl'OHhI OCTO-
DOD'I> xphIIILeD"h.
lII.nl-py6xn: pap;i-
aTops.
p,p-pe6phlmxR oc-
!l"ODOD'I> XPhlIIL-
eD'I>.
K,K-xopnyc'I> sapo-
nnsns.
c'J>ur. 144
DopOTaMB.

113
HerOpII30HTaJIbJIOCTH rrorrepetUJOH ocn) XOTb O)l.HmlY lCOJIecy Y)l.a PIITI,C.H 0 3eMJlIO
B'h HOpMa.bHOI'h 1I0JImIieniH.
06ud.R C60ucrn6a "CmpCK03bt". 06JIa)l.aJI MIIllIIllta.%nbIMII pa3111.tpa1lI (Bech
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paCXO)l.OB'f. lIa o6:mne)l.enie II cO)l,epJ/tallie, a no I1o.eT1> OTJIlitIaC'rC.H JlerKlDl'h, 61.1-
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BADOBDAHIE DOB]I.. OKEAHA.. 8

114
lIa.n'b 3eM.1Jcii B'b TetlClIie H'tClWJILItIIX'b II1I1YT1" 110 )l,aJIbll1>iiIllIlX'b ycrrtxOB'b H
.nOCTIIraJiH. II03TOllIY aBTOp'b IIX'l, II nepCIIICJI'b I,'I, TIIIIY CaHTOC'b-)l)OlOlIa, II3M'1-
IIlIB'b ero D'b )l,eTa-JIJJX'b. 'faRo, rpa;J,c 1131111>I1IU'b .pOpIY ItpbIJII,CB'b, )l,aD'b Inn.
1I3B'I>CTlII,Iii 1I3n16'b 1J'l. nonCpCtIHOIlI'b (OTIlOCIITC.llbIlO allnapaTa) lIanpaB"lCHiu 11
3aOCTpIIB'b nXb 3a.1.Hie KOIILl,bI, npll 3aItpyrJICllllbIX'I, nCpC)I,III1X'b. Ropnyc'b "CTpC-
K03bl"-UbI.1J'I, H1>CIWJIbRO YllpOII\ello. lI1>CIWJII,IW UllYIO <POpIlIY nOJIY'IIlJI'b II XBOCT'b.
YnpaDJIClIie 6blJIO TOjKC BBC)I,eHO WI>CIWJI},}W lI.pyroc. 1I0 06Il1,ii1 TlIno OCTaJICJI
CaHTocoBCKiii: MIIHIIMa-.'IbHI,IC pa3l\rtpLI, HU3Roe pacno.loihellie IJ,eHTpa T.HjKeCTII,
nOM'l>LLI,CHie IIIOTOpa Ila)l,'b It(Jbl.1I,,H)IIJ, OTCYTCTBic neII0.il.BII;J{III,IXo nOBepxHocTeii
YCToiiqnDOCTIl II T. )1,. (<pm'. 145).
B'b IlaqaJI.t 1910 ro.n:a rpa)l,e npIIlIHl\ta.1J'b yqacTie Ha CBOCl\I'b l\IOHOnJian-B
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1I0CJI1> TOro Il3M'tHIIJI'b H"tCKO.1I,IW CBOIO ItOHCTPYI{LI,iIO, c.n:'t.JIaB'b annapaTh CIIO-
C06HI,I!\I'b 1I0)l,HmmTI, )l,aiJiC }l,BYX'b qeJIoB'hR'b.
IJlononAUllb Ehnpu,xa.
ABC'l'piiiCRiii IUlJKeHCp'b lIro 8TPIIX'b, 3aHIIlItaBIllllfCJI B'b 1907 II 1908 ro.n:y
IlOJIeTa1lI Ha nJiaHep'l> OpllrnHaJII,HarO BIIAtt (B'b .pOpM't pa3p1>3a C1>l\ICIIH IIII)I,Hi-
Clcaro pacTrHi.H " l{alloHi.H"), npucTyuUJI'b R'b nocTpoiiR1> annapam TaIWro-JKC
TIlna C'b MOTOpOM'b, 1I0CJI1> TOro RaIt'b nJiallep'b ero OI{a3a.ncn pa3pYlIIellHbUI'b B'b
anrycrl 1909 rO)I,a. nCpBI,IC OnLITbI C'b TaI>UIII'b a3pOnJiaHOIlI'b 6WlU IIpOIl3Be)I,eHI,I
Bo lIoJI6p1> 1909 rO)l,a, Ha K111ICIIIIOM'L 1I0.q.t, OROJIO B1>HI,I, npUqeM'b ,,8TpUX'b I"
JJ,aJlo BCCbMa xopolIIie pe3y.u,TaTLI: 1111.'101"0 el'O, IIleXaHnR'b UJIbHCpo, Yjli.C lIa
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.JI:a.'Il1 BecHoii 1910 rO)l,a Tnn'b ,,8TpIlX'b II", OItpeLLl,eHUbIll "rOJIYOClln.". 8TOT"h
alillapaTh 1I0.1JytHf.1J'b 60JII,llIiii pa3la>.. 'b ItpLI.'ILCB'b IIpn MCllblIIeii IIInpIIlI't \lX'b U
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rrOJICTOB'b, 06l1apYilCIIBl, BCCb1Ia xopomiH Ra'ICCTBa: OUo .:ICrIW 1I0CJI'1> oqem,
KOpOTl\aro pa36-hra R3JIeTaJIo Bo ll03.YX'b, CB060.n:1I0 II rr.1JaBnO np0l13R01J:IfJI'b
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Ha3a.n:'b II rrpllIIO)I,ll.HTbI KOHLI,a1II BBCPX'h, '11>11'b arrnapa1'O nOJIY'1aCT'b ,lI;O H1>KO-
Topon CTcrrClIlI aBT01IaTlI'1CCI,YI0 YCTOM'IUBOCTb. lloJI:nr6aHie 3TUX'b IWULI,OB'b
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OTXO,J.lfT'h HenOCpeJl,CTBeHllo OT'b r.'laBllOfi, nOCTerreHIIO paCWllp.ll.llCb It'h KOIIIJ,y;
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116
lIocJI./bihtie uJpO?UrrUbl 1910 waa.
Car.lO COGoii pa3YM1;CTCJf, '11'0 YCII1>xH B.cpio, <l>apMaHa II .n:PYrIlX'b He
r.lOr JIU He BLI3BaTb .mxopa.n:o'lIIoil paVOTE'! II cpe,'l,II )l,pymx'b KI)HCTPYKTOpOB'b,
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HOBLIMU YCOBCplIJeHCTBOBauimm, II no Bccil Enpon"t CTaJIll npOHimO)l,lITbCJI IIpal\:-
TlIQecl\iJl IICII(,ITaHiJl 1I0BLIX'b IICKYCCTBCHIILIX'b nTuu.o. 1I0 1>0 cml;:aJI"tniIo, EeCbr.m
ncmlOrin II30 1IllXo 6LI.m B'b COCTO.HHiu )l,OKa3aTb CBOIO JKII3neCIIoc06HOCTL, a 1'1;,
I.:oTOpLIMo Y)I,a.OCL STO C)I,tJIaTb, MaJIO BlleCJIll )l,tiiCTBlITCJIbIlO HOHaro, orpauu-
'IIIBIIJHCb pa3.1JlIqllbBI1, BIIJl.OIl3M'hIlCllicM'b npCJKHIIX'b o6paau.oB'b.
I13'b alInapaTOIJ'b, IJLI)I,'hJIllBlIJlfXCJI B'b 1910 rOAY, CJI13'1.)'CT'b Ha3BaTb 1111)110-
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cOBepmaTb xopolIJie IIOJIeTbi If BH"t aspO)l,pOIa, II lIa 60.blIJoii BbICOT-E.
113'b 6IIIIJlanOB'b 06paTIIJIII Ha ce6JI BHHIlIaHic anna-paTLI Bperc II l'YUII,-
I\OHCTPYIiTOPOBo, I\OTOpbIC )'.iKe )l,aBHO pa60Ta10T'b B'b SToil 06JIacTII. nCpBbIfi
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CaMO c060M pa3YM1>eTC.H, IITO B'h 6Y,1l;ymcr.n, ICOr)I,a TIIn'b n03)lYlllHaro
3ICHlli1<Ka UJIII cY)I,ua 6YJl.eT'h YCTaHOBJIeH'b OKOHIIaTeJIbIlO, IIeJIOB1;K'b CYM1>CTh
o60iiTHcb COBepJIleHHO 6e3'h TorO ,,3anaca IIJIaBYIIecTu". UCTOIIIIIII\a IIO)l,'bCMHOll ClIJILI,
IWTOpbIll B'b BII;I:1> JICrIearo ra3a COCTaBJIflCT'b cymHocTb .1CTi1ui.H a3pocTa-
THll('CKaro. B03MOjJ{1I0, IITO TOr)l,a COBpCMClIllbIC a3pou"laHbI GY)l,YT'h C)I,aHbI B"b
i1PXIIB'h, leaK'b lI'tIITO CIUhllO YCTap1>BlIIec... JIo Tencpb, KOr)l,a pmWp)l,IlLIMU nplllwIi-
pa1lI COIJCplIIelllILIX'b B03;I.YlIIIILIX'b TIYTclIIecTBiIi .Hll.'I.HIOTCJI nOJICTbl:-)I,UpIljJ{a6JICll
(sleIlIlaJll1, ,11;0 20 IIeJIOB1>IC'h) 6c3npepblBHo B'b TCIIeuic r.YTOICo - I10JIYTopa, co
clmpocTblO )1,0 15 CCI,.-MCTpOBo II cnocoouoCTbIO nO)l,UmIaTbCH lIa BblCOTY )to
1.500 IeTpOB'r, (11/2 BepCTbI), II a3pOIlJIaIlOB'h (31mnaJKo B'b 2 - 3 IICJIOB'lma)
6e3IlpepbIBuo B'L Teqcuip. ).0 5 qaCOB'b, co ClWpOCTbIO )1,0 100-110 BCpCT'h
1) CeplIqeKie sapOCTaTbI nyhIOT'h neCLYa, yaltYIO cepy npnMimeHiH, KSKonalL
yme paaCMa.Tpllna:Ia.Cb noL I l'iIsn-h.
I
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118
B1, IJaC'b, IlpI! enOCOOIlOC'fII rrO,Il,IlIIMaTJ,CJI lIa Bh)('OTY ;w 2.500 -3.000 MCTpOB b
(21/2-3 BCpCTbI);-EOrJla, IlpnrOIlI'b nOJIC'1'LI II TtX1, II .n.pyrnxo npllOOpOB1,
rroqnl o,JI:rlHaIWBO aaBHI'JITI, OTI. COCTOJIHi.H rroro.n.bT n O.n.HIJaIWBO tJaCTO IWillJaIOTCjl
aBapi1JlI1Il OTI. BceBOHIIIO.iKllbIX1, 1IH'.1I1,.IlX1, IlIHIl11lIJ1, II IIe('oB('pmCIICTB'b EOHCTPYKliii,-
Tcrrcpb II .n.llpmIWOJIII, II a3pOIlJIall'" IIM'IHOT1, OT)1.'J;.lLIILUI 06JIaCTn npmrtllcuiH D'J,
ilUfaHII II, CJI1>.n.onaTeJILHO, O;IlIlaIWEOC IIpano 1111, CYI1eC'l'BOBaIlie. 1I03TOllIY B'!.
"aiI,)I,ml'b OT.n.tJl!.HOIlI1, CJIytJa't ".lYIJme" OIW:;I\eTCJI TOT'b anrrapaTh, IWTOpblii
60.'I'te uo.n.oiiJJ:CTb K1, Tp('6oBaHiJIIII'h lamIaI'O c.'IYIJaJI n Bcen 06cTaIlomm... Tml'b,
r.n.t nOlla W6IIITJI B03.n.)'IIilIOC npCIUCCTBie na 60JIhliIOC pa:J('TOflHie .n..1IH IIIHOrIIX'b
IIYTeWCCTBCIIIIIIIWB'b 11.11:1 60JIbliIOro rpY31" lIe:JaDnrmIO 0'1'1, CTOlUIOCTlI 'mKoiI
rrepCB03KI!, - Ha.n.o rrOJIh30naThCJI }l,upuj],a6.1Imm... TaI'b, rJI.t 1I0Tp(,OYCTCJI Ol,ICTpoe
nepe.n.BI!.iKeuie Ha cpe.n.IllOIO .n.urTaI1IilO (OTI. 100 .n.o 300 BCPC'f'[,), IIpll BC('],M3
0I'p3II1flICIlIlOM1, IJnc.wt lIaCCail\I1IJOD1, (1-2-3 IJeJIOBtEa),-'raM1, lIa;lO npIlMtllllTb,
IWHeIJrrO, a3pOIlJl3n'b. ,J,npII:;Kao.1Jh-3TO lIapoBoc Cy;J,HO, TpC(jYloce 11 OOJILlIJIlXl,
.n.CIICiI,lIb1X1, 3aTpaTI. ua 1I0CTpoiiIty, II BCCbMa 60.1JbulUx'!. Cpe)I,CTB'I, ,Il,JUl OOCJI)"-
.iI\HBalliJI n eo.n.ep:iKanin nil, 3Cl\I.WI> (3.1JllIlrn-aHrapbl, naIlo.ml'lIic ra30m" IWMaU)I,a).
ASpOIlJIall1,-MaJI('Ill,IWfl 6bICTpoxo.n.IlaH IIIOTOpna.n .10)l,I;a, .wnw 'npaBJIJIeMaH
O,nIlIIMo IJeJIOlr£ItOIlI'b II He TpCOYlOllI,ajl 60JIbllJlfX'b aa60T'h HU en Co,n('J!iKaHiIO...
I'd> .ilee l!JaKTlIqCCKII IIIO)ItIiO IIplIrI>H.Hrb '1'.» II JlPyric nIJlJOOpI,I?
BOT'b lrtitOTOpbIC IIpml.tpbl I1:J'b ohIBweil IIpaItTIIIII.
B'I, rCpmniII, r,nt .n.nplIilm6.1III I10JIYIJII:1II uan60.1IbllJeC paCH pocTpaneHie II
onbITbl C1, IIJIMII 6bIJIII IIOCT:WJICHbI .3.0BO.1IbHO 1111I, pOIW o,nml1, n;i'b .n:upII:il,a6JIcii
rpaq1a IJ:errIIeJIlIlIa-"Z II" COnCplIJIIJI'" D'b Mat 1909 ro.n.a HenpepbIBHoe 36-'1'11
'IaCOBOC "YTelIJeCTBic, IIM1>.H na 60PTY )l:B'I>IIa.l.IaTb nacCa:il\I1pOD'b n npOll){fl Bccro
OKOJIO 1.300 Bcpcn. ASpOCTaTL IIapceBa.m .\ III no DpCMU BCl'lIlipnon B03,nyxO-
rrJIaBaTe"lbHoii BbICTaBKIJ BO 4>paIlHlllypTt (" lIa "-1909 r.) cODepulII.lo IIIHOrU
rracCaJKnpCKUX'L PCiiCOB1" rrpo,n:OJIj'\IIl'l'JIbHOCTLlO 0'1'1, 2 )1:0 (i '!aCOin. C'b 8-10 lIacca-
:iKIIpalllH. DocmIl,lll .n.uIHl.ilm6JIb ,,1\1 II" HYTlliICCTBOn3JI1, BCCI,m y}atIIlo, COBCplIJ:1JI
p:13JIIIIJHbIC IIIaHCBpbI rrpml'»IIlITc.u.1l0 1t1, BOCIIII"'III"I. 1I;I>JIHI\I'b, rrplIIJCI1, ObIJI'b (' JIYIJalf
ucrrpCpbIBnal'O nOJlJTa BTetICHic 16 IJaCOB'b. rcpMaHcKoP IIpaBilTc.lbCTBO YC'fpalloaJlo
II crrCliaJJ.bHbIC IIIaHenp'" .n.JIfl CBOUX1, BoellllblXl, 1I03,11,YlIJllhIX'b EpCHCCpOB'b,-
OCCHblO 1 g09 1'0,la Ii ncclloli 1910 rO.J.a,-r;1> BhlHCHfl.1IIICb cpaBnMTeJIbHbI.H
}l,OCTOIIHCTBa pa3"1lI l lllblX1, 'rIlIIOO1,. IIprm.'1PK:1.1IIICb ,nIIpHiI,a6.1I1I II Ha ooic BoeH-
nbIC IalleJlpbI, r.n.'I; Kb IllDI1, IIpIJltmmll,JI:UpOBbIBa,1JIICb 041l11Cpbl reIIcpa..1IbHarO
wTa6a, IIpOII3BO)l,1IBlllic CllCPXY pa:iB1>,1I,Jw II 'f"tM'b Cll.1IbHO 06JIerIJanlUic 3a,naIJII
CBOIIX1, OTpn,IJ,OB1,. CIlciaJlbHO ,nJIlI BoellHbIX1, 1>.1Jeii IUllpeEo DC.mc!' 11 BCJI,Y1'CH
orrbITbi C'b 6c3rrpOBOJIOIJll"'M'b 'fcJIcrpa4mpoBaniplo C'b .n.lIplIiIca6JIcJi; ,,1\1 Ill" II
0.n.HHl, 1131, "Icnne.1I1IIIOB'I," lIl\djlO'f'[, IIa cc6,t cuelia,lhHO .n..1Ifl lIUX1, IIOCTpoenHbHI
CTaHiII IICI,pOBoro TeJIeI'pacpa, upn nOl\lOIlU KOTOpblX'L IIM'(jIOT1, B031O:;"HOCT"
ncpcrOBapUIJaTLCH C'b 3ClIlJIcii 1111, paJcTojllliII AO 200 BcpeTb. BblJIa nOnbITl;t
rrpulII.tnellifl .n.lIlmJKa6.1I.H II ,nJIJI lIaCCa.ilmpCKlIx'j, pcncoB'l,; TaKon Jl,lIpm'm6JIb-
"Z Yll" (19.000 m: 1 eIlWCTII)-lmt.1I1, OCOOYIO naccail\upCI,YIO rOH;I.OJIY-l\aIOTY
1I0.n.1, ccpe,n:ulloii ooO.1I0'lI\H (C'b 06CT31100HOll, 6YllJ('Tom, II yoopnoii) II ,noJI.ili:cn1,
6hIJJ'b COBCpIlJaTb UOJICTbl IIleJJ\,Ji.Y pa3JIIl'IlIbIlIIlI ropo.n.aU1 l'ncIIjaJIbllO .n.JI.H y.n:OBOJIb-
CTBhl lIy6J1UEIL. BUJICTbI 6bl;U1 3apmrtc pacnpo.n.arrbI na lIIoro peiicoll1, BlIepc.n.1"
HO-I,"!, cOJKa.1I1>niIo-y,na t lHbIIII'l. DLlWJIa TO.1Ib1\0 o.n.lIa nO-B3.1I.Im 22-1'0 ilOIIJI 1910 r.,
npl1 ItoTopoii a31)QcTaT'b e'b 13 nacCaJImpall1II (nOM1I1\I0 ItOlllaH.n.bI), rrpOOLIJI1, Bl.
B03.n.yxt 9 1 / 2 'laroo'h, C}I,'».1IaB'b Bcero 400 BepcTl.. BTopoe :il\e rryreliIecTBie
OlWnIJU.1I0Cb lWTaeTIJotfJoii: .,Z VlI" rronaJl'b B1, 6yplO, .n.OJII'O HOtlf.1JCjl no B'krpy
II HaItOHCl. c1>.'1l, B'b lIay 'l'cBT06yprCKal'0 .!rI>ca, CII.1JbIlO IIpIl 3TOM'b. IWIIC'IHO,
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119
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"aEo y ]rtlllII)B'J" HO 0 IIpIIM.tIlCHiM IfX'L B'L JKM31I1f Bce-TaRIi 3a6OTII.'IIICb 1IU10ro.
BOCHllh]e Jl.UIHl.iKa6.lI1 lIeIl3l1mll0 1I1)HIIIDIa.'I1I )"IaCTic B'L 60.1hIllIIX'b IItallCnpaX'b
H napaJlax'J., a qaCTHhlC, Tuua "Astra". npHcnoca6.'1I1BaJIUCb )l:JI.H lIaCCa1ImpCKIIX'h
YBCcc.luTeJILIILIX'b peliCOB'L. TaRo, B'J. 1909 rOJl:Y IIllioro .'1CTa.'I'L B'b HallclI uspo-
CTen " Ville de Nancy", U a<lT.tm" no 1910 ron:y, ., Villc de Pan", "ViIle de Bruxel-
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HUX'I> )l.DpBJJ",ao:Jeii-a1E'pItRaOCl(aI'O DHHieRe}JS MopemlL. llo;J.ounllllICL B'L I1e[.BhllI
pas'b OROIIO Cao'L-(J)paOl\ItCKO B"L Mail 1908 I'OJI:a, )l.upUJlta6nb ynalI'b as seMlI10 II CI'O-
pillI'L, numb TOllhKO OUllD nYlleBU lI'b XOP;'I> eI'O MOTOpLi. CeMOa)l.l\aTb naCCaHtnpOB'L,
naxop;nllmUXCH B-" llleCTn 1'0Rp;0IIaX"h, OCTSIIIICL RllnLl TonbKO nOTOMY, '1TO ynanlI aa
I'OJIOBbI nIlTUTblCfl'IROii TO!IUbI, c06pSBmeiicII Ha pil;:t;[(oe spilJIlIII(e.
leg", Ville de Lucerne". IIoc.'11>Jl.lIiii }l,I11))fjKu6.'1b cn:tJIu.1J.o C'h 24 i]oJI.H nO 14 aBry-
em 35 1I0JICTOB'b 6e3'b IIJaJI'l;lililCii aBapill, IIepeB03HB'J. lIa ce6'J> 150 naccaJKlIpOB'h.
B03hlllCilIo aSponJIallLI.
UX'b npml1>lIeuie OrpUIIIf'llInaeTC.H no IIUCTO.HWCC BpeM.H, rJlaBHblMo 06pa-
301ll'L, cnOpTOIII'L, 'faE'b ],aWb ('mc CJIIHrnWlIl'b IICJl.unHO 01111 BL]JIYlIUJIIICb n30 CIWp-
JIYIfl>I. IIpuBi'!:u, Bc'l; apllliu o63ano))..HTC.H S'fmm IICKyCCTBClillbllIlII IITlIlJ,alllll, no}l,-
roTUB"lIIIJaJOTh Ka;LpLI IIHCTpyltTOpOB'b II JICTq, HIWBo 110 3'1'0 lIa'Ja.'10CI. C.'1lfWKOM'J,
He,'!:anIlO, TOJILIW C'L naqa.'1a 1910 rOJl.a, qT06LI IIIOJlmO 6L].'10 nOJIY'IlITI. HarJIJlJl.HLle
pe3y.'1bTaTI.I Talwii pa601'L]. 3aTo 1'1> IIpmd3pLI, IWTOpLIC nUIII'b Jl.aIOT'h aniaTopbI-
enop1'mmlIlJ II IIpo<!JecciollaJlLI, IIC OC1'aBJIHlOT1. 1111 lIIaJI1>iilllaro COIIIH1>ni.H n'L 1I0JI-
Hoii IIpnrO,'l.I10cTIf uspon.TJaIlOIJo ){JIJI npaI\Tnqcclwii JKII3IIII. lIaqllHaJJ cD 30 ORTJl6p,)f
1908 roJl.U, RorJl.a. r. <}JapIaIl'L concpllIu.'1'L IIcpnoe B'L IIcTopiu B03,!!,ywHoe IIFc-
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120
UleCTBie Blrt aapo.n:pOla, II C'h Jl.CKaOpLCJmX'h IIOJJeTOB'h TOro JKe roAa BIIJIboypa
PaiiTa, JWTOPT,lIl: 31-ro ,ILCImOpfl IIOCTanll.11> npoJl.cpJIwBwiiicn IIOJIrO,ILa pCKOPJl.'b
)l,..11ITe.'IbHOCTII IIOJICTa B1, 2 11. 20 liT., -- :\1J.l BlT.'I.lnl'b Ob1CTpOTe11HOC I100'BJl.IIOe
UlCCTBic aniardll BIIOpC)1.'L, C'L OTBoenanicM1> mar'L 3a marml'b Bce HOBbIX'L II
HonblX'L II03uu,ifi Y IlelIOlwpnOll Jl.0 Ti>X'L IIOp'b CTIIXiH. B'L TO HpCM.n, ItaIt'L ooy-
IUIBwieCfl Y PallTa IICpBt.1C Y1Jemmli ero TuccaHAbe II rp. .n.c-JIallloep'L YCOBep-
meHCTBOnaJIIICb WI> UCKYCCTBi> JICTaHin Ila aMclnmaHCKIIX'L aapOllJIaHaX'b, cppan-
U,Y3LI OMCTpO IlOiJ,rOTOBII.'l1i CHOU TIIIILI: Bya3CH'L, BJIcpio II AllTyaHCT'b. 25 iIoJIJI
1909 rO'l,a BJIcpio ncpCJICTaCT1, JIa-l\ianw'b 1i3'L ItaJI3 B'L }J:YBp'b, BbI3BaB'L OAII-
HaRoBI.Ill aIITY3ia3M'L I,alt'L R'L AurJIiu, TaKb II BO q)paUu,iH. lIepe3'b .'I.B'£ ue;TBJ1H
1l0CJI1> TOro Comlel)'}, IIa OHIIJIalrt }aplaHOBCKaro TlIIIa uoouBaeTb pmWpJl.1.
B. PaiiTa, ;'):epiKacb B1. B03J1.YX-£ 2 'l. 27 Ill.. a, 11cpe30 Jl.Ba IIIi>cHlJ:a, ua 3Hall1C-
IUITMX'L PeibIC&IIX'b COCT.fl3aui.nx'b, r. <l>ap:\la1l'L IIOOIIBaeT'b PCIWPJl.1. CBoero
Y'leIlIIKa, .'leTaJI oC30cTaHOBO'1II0 3 11. 5 III. Ha TOIII'L C III1fTllllri> .JIaTaM'L Ha
CBOCll "AHTyaIlCT'b" CTaBUT1, pCIWPJl.'L nbICOTbI-155 :\IeTpOB'L-CYJU,ii:i IIYCT.nKo Jl.JUI
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aBiaILioUHbIX'b IleJl.'£.lJ.b B'L BpeclJiu (IlTa.'lin), JK10BU3H H TIapU1Ki> (cpaHli.fl), Bcp-
JIHII'£ II Kem,Hi> (I'cplltaui.n), I>.'laKnpt n BypnCIIIYTi> (AIlrJIi.n), JIOC'L-AUil\CJICCt.
(A:\lcplIKa), I'eJIiOIIOJIHci> (ErHIICT'J,) UOBbIC pcrWPJl.M C.'l1>Jl.OBa.'lH OJl.lfH'L 3a JJ:PY-
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1910 rOAY Jl.0 BMCOTb1 B'b 1.000 IIIC'i'POB1,. r. aplllaH1, 3-1'0 HO.nOp.n JICTaCT'h
YJKC 4 'Jaca 17 IIIIlIJYT'b. Emc paIlbrnc rp. }l.e-JIaM6cp'L (ua PallTi» BbI3Lmacn
Bceoomiii BOCTOpro nOJIeTOlllo U8.;'):O TIaplIiKCIII'L BOI'PYro 8ll(pe.'lCBOii oanIIm H8
Bb1CO'f'£ OKOJIO 200 CaJ/WU'b. C'L ua 1 Ja.1l01l1'b 1910 ro;r.a Tf'MU'b He 3alllO,n:.1l.flCTC.H.
12-1'0 .nuBap.n KYPTUC'b JICTaeT'b C1, IIaCCaJlwpml'L n:I>JILIll 11aC'b, ,n:i>.'laJI 85 ncpCT1.,
a ITOJIaH'L,-B'h TOT'b JKe call1bIll Jj:eIlf" - cOBeprnacT1. B03J1.YIJIIIY10 IIpOry.JIKY 1I3'h
JIoC'L-AHJKeJIeCa ;n:o oCTpona C.-Ka'ra:IIIHa, JleJKlJl.aro n'L 35 nepcTaxo 0T'b ocpera.
H Bo 70 BepCTaX'L OT'b IIyuKTa IIMJIeTa, o:mroIlo.'lY11HO B03Bp a m a .flCb oopaTllu.
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I a 'lCpC3'b 11/ IIItc.Hu,a nx'L Y11uTeJIb JIcmcT'b oOJI'lJe 'laca (,"}, 2 IIaCCallmpalH.
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UblXo PYKaXo peropAbI lIa BbICOTY. 1.365 III. (Mopauo), 1.720 III. (O.'1HCJIarCp'L),
1.793 (IIIaBe), 2.582 (MopaH1.), 2.680 (IIIaBc). IIaKoHcu,l., ccpb03Haro BlIlll\lanin
3aCJIyJI\UBaeT'b opraHll30BaIlIJblii BO <l>paHu,iu "Circuit de l'Est"-IIepeJIeT'(, aapo-
IIJlaHOB'h MCJK,Jl.Y ropo;n:alllH, C'L OOlIJ:IIM'L IIpOT.nmeniel\I'L Bo 700 BepCT'b, IICpBOC
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3a.JIn ceo.n Cb BeCbMa xoporncii CTOpOHbI, IIepeJIeT'b llIaBc 11epe30 MonoJIaH'h,
IIpHlleI'b- YBLI -nCpCA'b CMIJ,lllfo CIIYCKO:\I'L Y lI,-tJIII OIl'L pa30nJIC.H H YMep'L
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nepeKalIJlIBaTbCH II, KpOM'B '1'01'0, CHaOJKaH allIIapaT'b BcnolOraTCJlbHbIMII lIoBepXHo-
CTHMII, "OTOpLIH "PII B03MOJKHOCTU H3M'BHeHi.H IIX'b paCIIOJlOJKeHiH IIrpaJIII-6bI
pOJlli PYJlcii. .
II pu TaKIIX'L YCJlOBiHX'b CII.'lLI, nOTpe6HbIH .n;JlH y"paBJlcmH a3pOnJiaHOM'b,
pOCJIB 6bI B'b OAUHaROBOH npOnOpll,iH cd CII_laMII, CTpeMHIIMIICH HapymHTb paBlIO-
B'Bcie aImapaTa, II TaKaH CUCTeMa 1_a3aJIaCL IIpml'BHIilIOH K'b anlIapaTaM'b CROJIb
yro,n,HO 60Jlbm1IX'b pa3M'BpOB'b. TIepeKaIIJHBaIlie KOlIlI,OB'b rJlaBHbIX'b nOBepXHOCTeii,
T. e. H3M1meHie yrJlOB'b I1aKJIOHa ItpbIJILeB'b B'b 06paTHbIH CTOpOIlLI AJiH IlpOTU-
BO,n,'BUCTBiH 60KOBbIM'b HaKpeHeHiHM'I, anllapaTa, II ee pacnoJloJKeHie BlIepe,n,H
*

132
rOpIl30HTaJILllaro PY"UI ,n:JI.H )"lIpaBJITHi.H BblCOTOii 1I0JIeTa-BOT'b OCUOBlmJI xa-
paKTepuaH 'IepTa uamero a3pOIlJIalla.
nepBble cephe3Hble OIThITbl.
Bo OKT.H6p'h 1900 ro,n:a MI.l IIpHC-rynIl.'lIf WI. HamIDI'b HaCTO.Hm,mn, OIILITam,
Bo }\UTTH raYKo (C'hBepnaH KapOJIIIHa).
IIama IIlamllHa Ao.1JJKHa 6bI.1Ja JIe'faTh HaIlO'l,o()ie 6YMa,jKHaro 3rI).fl, Co
O;'l,lIl1:\l'L 'ICJIOB'hKOM'b 1111, OOPTY, IIpIl CKOpOCTII B'hTpa 0T'b 7 ]1.0 9 IIteTpOB'L 110
cel,YH.J.Y. Ho OllblTLI 1I0Ia3aJI\I, 'ITO )l:JI.H nOAOem Hamo alIllapaT'b HYJK)l.a.JICJl
Bo ropa3,n:0 oOJI'he CHJIbHOlllo n'I>Tp'h. TaKo I>aK'b CTOJIb CIIJIbULIC BtTpM 6LIBalOT b
p'h,n:KO, !\II.I BhIHYjIOJ:eHLl. 6hlJIH 3aCTaBJI.HTL JIeTaTI. OAHY tamIlHY Ha1l0JJ:06ie
0YlllaJKuaro 3111'hJl. npml'hIl.H.H )l:JI.H Y"p:1B.'Ie-
HiH ('10 CIICTeIY pI.I{rarOB'b II BcpenOKo, 100-
TOpOll. IIII.I YllpaB.1H.1II cD 3elJm.
.TJ.'hTOIlI'b 1901 1'0)1.(1, !\ILl BeTymIJIII B'b
JIHllllLUI Cliomelli.H C'L lIIamoTml'b. Y 3uaBo,
'{ITO 111M 3ammaellle.H ania1l.ieit Bo !>a'1ecTwh
elIopTa, a HC cD 1I.'hJIhIO lIaXCIIBLI, 0110 CTaJIo
060JJ:pJITL naco BC'hllllI CHJIallU1. no IHtmOMY
npurJIamellilO OH'b npOBeJI'b C'b IIMIII n'h-
CKOJILlW lIe.n:'hJIh Bo KIIJII.- ,TLeBUJII,- XUJIJI'h, Bo
meCTII IIJIII eellIH KUJIOIllOTpaX'b Ito lory 0'1'0
KUTTII raYlt'b, BO BpelllJl HaIlIIIX'b OlIblTOB'b
1901 1'0)1:11, II ABYXo CJI'hJJ:YIOI1I.lIX'b 1'0AOBo.
OU'b npIIcYTcTBOBaJI1, TaKJKO npll OAHml'L
1I3'b nO.lIeTOB"b lIamoro a3pOIlJIana C'b 1110'1'0-
pOllio 6JIu30 .lI:aHTOlIa (Bo mTa1''h Orio), B'b
OKTH6p'h II>CH1I.t 1904 ro.n:a.
Ham'b amlapaTh 1901 rO)l.a IIlIItJIo
I1o.n:.1I: e pil\I1BalOm,i.H I10BepXHOeTlI, KaKo B"b
annapaT'h JbIJIierlTaJI.H: npoqJUJIL I1X'b IIpc;'{-
CTaB.UIJIo Ayry I1apaOOJII.l co cTp'I>JIoii IIpO-
II;J[j.Hep'h up. PaiiT'Io. moa B'b 1/ 12 ; IIO 1I.1JOrn;aJJ:b 6I.I.,'la yneJUI{ICHi1
cD 15)1:0 29 m 2 . TaKolr 60JIhmoH 3alHtC'I.
!\ILl JJ:OIIYCTlIJIH C'b Toli 1I.1>JII.IO, '1T06LI OblTb 60JI.tc YB'hPOUHWIII Bo Tmlo, {ITO
nO}I,'Lomra..H ClIJIa Hamero amrapaTa 6y,leTo )l.OCTaTO'IHO Bemma, Ital"o Y 6YlllaJK-
1111,1'0 :nl'h.H, )I:.'1.H JIeTaui.H IIpIl B1>Tpaxo CIIJIOH Bo 7 -9 ceKYHAo-lIIeTpoBo.
lIOCIIIOTpH, OJI;rraKO, 1111, 3TO, I10)l:oCMHaH CIIJIa Hamoro anliapaTa 0Ia3a-
JIaCL Bo )I:'I>iicTBIITeJlbilocTU 3Ha l lIITOJIbil0 !\ICIILmen, '11>1110 !\ILl npe),I10JIaraJIU,
II IIOTOMY upHm.l0CI. OTI>a3aTbCH OTh IIlhIeJIII JIeTaTb Ha annapaT'B, 1I0CTpOeH-
no1'L na npuu1l.mrh 6ptailmaro 3d>H. IIIaIIIOT'b, npHCYTCTBOBaBmiii IIpIl HanIIIXo
OlIbITaxo, 3a.H, BU.l0 liTO HOYAa'la OTHIO,lI,L ne AOJIJKHa 6blTb IIpilillICaUa UCAOCTaT-
l>a!\lo KOHCTPYIOJ:ill. tho J\acaCTC.H naco, TO !\ILl HamJIII e,n:I1UCTBOHlloe 060.Hcuouie
Hamon neY)l.a{rh, a I1I11CUUO. '11'0 6 bl B m i R B'b Y nOT p C 6 JI 0 H i II '1' a 0 JI II II, bl
)I: a B .'1 0 H i.H B 0 3 .n: Y x a 6 bl JI II U e '1' 0 '1 H LI.
Tor)I.a IIIbl ptmuJIII "pOIl3BO;I:HTb lIapHm,ie I10JIeTbl, ClIyeKaftCb no CKJIO-
HaI'L XO.1JIlIOB1>,-3TO 6L1.1Jo eAIHIcTBeHHLln clIoc060 u3y{IlITI. YCJIOBiH paBlIoB'hci.H
Ha a3pOIIJIaH'h. II 0 C JI t II 'h C K 0 JI L It II X 'b III II U YT'b '1' a K II X 'b Y rr P a JK H 0 H i if
!\ILl ULIJIU B'b COCTOHHin npOIl3BO,l,HTI. 1I0JIeTbl rrpOTJDlteuielllo OIWJIO n.HTUAC-

133
(,.HTII CailieH'h, a IJCpC3'b H1>CKOJIbKO '{uell fbI yme C'h YB'I>PCIIIIOCTbIO )laIlCBpnpo-
Ba.ilU npH B1>Tp-l, CUJIOll B'b 12 MC1pOBo.
Hawn OJIblTbI I) npUBc.lIll nac'b cOBepweHlIO HeOJiCll;I,aUUO It'b J/pn:mauilo C.TI>-
.J.YIOIIJ,aro qJaltTa: Mbl OT&pI.J.1n, 111'0, BOllpeml K.aCCH'leCKOMY )"'Il'UiIO, Y .'I.BIIJKY-
Illl'tic.H I\plIBOll J/OBCpXHOCTH I1,CHTp'h )(aBJIcJ/i.H ncpe,J,uuraeTCJI Bce OOJI'1>c lIa3a.'l.'h
no M1>p1> TOro, KaRo yroJIo 1I1CJK,n:y IIfJBCpXUOCTblO II uaJIpau.l(,lIico n1>Tpa CTa-
nOBIITC.H Bce 60JI-l>c II 60.11>e OCTpbUI'b. l\1I.I OTI(PI.I.'III Talo/Ce, 111'0 IWr.'l:a I,PI.I.%H
npn 1I0JICT1> pacnO.l0JKenLI no)('h pa3JIH1JIlI.IMII yrJIam K1, nanpaB.ll'uiIo n1>Tpa, I,pbl.l0
COOTB'1>TCTBYIOlIl,ee 60.1bIIICMY YJ'JIY, onYCKaJIOCb, II annapaT'b UaItpeunJIC.H U'}, CTOPOIlY,
KaRo pa3'h npOTHBOnOJIOJl{llYIO TOll, lIa ltoTOpylO 011"1" 110 naurC1IY MH1>uiIO, ,'{0.1-
.iKeno 61>1.11. 6bl HaRpCUHTbC.H, CCJlII ObI cro ,n:BIIJI\Cllin BJIOJIwh COOTnt.TBona.1H J/O-
.1ery 6YMaJKUarO 3M'lJR. YBc.1H'IeIlic yrJ1a (lIICJli.'l:Y ItpbI.I0m, II lIallpaBJIelJic10
w1>Tpa) YCUJIHBaJIO COIJPOTlIB.Icuic ,n:BUiKenilO BnCpc,1.o, YMCllbllIan CIWpOCTJ, COOT-
B'1>TcTllYIOIII.aro RpbIJIa, npn1JC1I1'b YMeHbl11eHie CROpOCTII B03paCTaJIO 6blcTp1>e, 1J'1>M'b
YlIe.'IIl 1 /CHic yrJIa B C l' P 1> 'III,
npHCYTCTBie BCpTHKaJIbHarO lII,IITa C3a,n:II eIII.e yxy,n:IIIaJIO 1I0JIOJKCIlic, ;l."1>.1I3.fl
"aIIIHHY YJKe COBCpl11CHHO onacHoti. HaI'b IIOTpeOOBa.'10Cb Ut.IWWPOC Bpel.H ,lI.JIfl
1'01'0, 1JT06bI nalhlI CpC,n:CTBO R'h J/pC)(OBpalIl,eHiIO ;)1'Oll OJIaCIIOCTII: cpe,n:CTBO ;)1'0
6bIJIO Haii,n:cno Bo YIlOTpe6JIeuill 1J0)(BlI,KHbIX'b PYJIefI 1J0BOpOTa, ,n:t.liCTB)"lOlII,IIXo
B'h corJIaciu COb lJepCItaIIIIIBaHie1l10 Rpbl.lbeB'b.
OnblTbl 1901 ro,n:a OTI[IO)(b HC MOJ'JIU BIlYiliaTh Ha)lo P030BblXo Ha;(CJIi),'b II
)(t.iicTBonaTb lIa naco 060,n:pJllOlII,c. HecMoTpn na ;no, IIIaIlIOT'b YBt.pJI.'I'L, 1JTO
pe3YJII.TaTbl, nOJIY1JellnbIC HaMil, RaK'b B'b ClIlblCJIt. ynpan.'lClliJI alllJapaTOWb, TtU,o
H B'h OTIIOilicnin nC.'lII 1 IUnI.l 1I0,n:Hu:.mero rpY3a, npeBocxo,n:IIJIII pe3y JIbTaTI.I Bc1;xo
I1aIIIIIX'h npC)I,I11CCTBeHIIIIROBo.
Mbl JlW, CD ('Boell CTOpOHbl, AOJIJKHbl 6bIJIII ROHCTarnpOBaTI. l}JaRT'b, '11'0
BCt. I1,IIrpPI.I, CJIYJKHBlUin ocnOBalliHMo npn paC1JeT-B a3pOII.1anOB'h. 6blJIlI lIeT01JnbI
II '11'0 J/pIIXIJ.lHTcn UJIYJIi:(aTb BIIOTbMaX'h.
llpnCTYIIUBo K'h pa6OT1, C'h aOCOJIIOTHOH Bt.poii B'b CYlII,eCTBYlOlII,i.H .1.aHIIbI.H
I1aYRIf, 1IIbl I1pUIIIJIII Ko TO My, '11'0 CTaJIII I10J(BepJ'aTb COMHt.lliIo O)l.no I10JIO)Kellie
3a )l,pyrnlll'b, TaIto 1JTO Bo ROHII,'B KOHLlOBo, 1I0C.lt. )I,BYXJIiJTIIIIX1, OlIbI-
TOB'h, 1IIbl RI.16pOCHJIH 3a 60pT'h BCCb Halli'b 6araJ!('[, H ptl1111.:m Bllpe,n:L ,n:OB'!J-
pnTbC.H lIeKJI10 1 IHTCJILHO PC3Y.lbTa1'a1l1'b Hal11I1Xo C06CTBeIlHI.IX'b II3CJI"i,J(oualliii.
IIcnlHa II 0l11110IUI 6bIJIU 1'al,1. I1CpCII.'lCTenLI :'IeJliAY C06010, 111'0 B'b KOIIC'IU03I'b
C1JCTt. I10JIY'IUJIC.H 6e3Bblxo,n:HblH CY1I10YP'b.
HemloTpn, o,n:HaKo, na :no, BP(,1II.H, I10CBnlIl,CIlHoe HMUI II3Y 1 1eHilO cIJCII,ia.lb- _
HbIX'b TPYAOBo, IIC O"'JIO uOTepnHo, 1160 TPYAbI ;)TlI I103naKOMIfJIlI HaC'b cD IIHTC-
peCYlOI1.\UM'h HaC'b npe,n:ICTOl\lo BO BCeM'b cro 06'bC1f'h 11 I103BOJIIIJIII HaM'h II3u1>-
JKaTb C'b CMIaJ'O Ha'IaJIa MHOJliCCTBa OllJIfOOKo, KOTOpbUl :llbl MOrJIII c,n:'I>.1aTb Bo
oe3KOHC 1 1I10 pa3JIII1JHbIXo naupaBJleninx'b.
ITapeHie H Me.xaHHqeCROe JIeTRHie.
BTe 1 ICHic CCHTn6pfl 11 0l'1'n6p.H Mt.C.HeBo 1902 roAa MLI COBCpIIIIIJIII Ha
n.naHepa)!.o 01\0.110 TbICJl'I1I nOJIeTOB'b, 1130 KOTOpbIXo Irl>IWTOjJLIe Obl.llI ua upO-
TJIJJwmu 60JI'1>e 200 MCTPOB'[. (600 I}JY'fOB'b). II-1>mw;Jb&o IIOJIeTUB"L, cOBt'jJlIlellllblxo
np01'lIB'b B'1>Tpa CIIJIOH ,n:o 18 Celi:ynJI;O-MCTpOB'b, )l,OI,a3aJIII HaM'b IIOJIIIYlO I1,'1>JIeco-
1) Bcil Boo6e nOneTLJ npOll8BOJUI.1IBCh npOTBD'Io B-t,Tpa. llpn He OqeHh cum,-
HOM'Io BilTP'h TpYAHOCTh 8IUc.uIOQaeTCJl OTHIOAh He D'Io ABumeuin npOTBD'Io D08AywHal'O
TeqeBiJl. a 11'10 coxpaHeHin paDHOBilCiJl.

134
06pa3HocTb II I1paBI1JIbHOe .n;1;HCTBie BC'hXo npliCnOC06JIeHiii, BBe.n:eUHbIX'b IJ;JUI
COxpaHcHi.n paBHOB-Bci.n.
OceHblO 1903 rO)l.a MbI cOBepumJIIf Ha TOM'b JKe anrrapaT-B 60JIblIIOe 1JI1CJIO
rrOJIeTOBo, BO BpClII.n KOTOpLlX'b Y)l.amtJ!ocb )l.epJKaTbc.n B'b B03)1.YX-B 60JI'he MflHYTbI,
'laCTO rrap.H 3Ha1JlITeJIbHOC Bpmf.n BbllIIe nCpBOHa'laJIbHarO IIYHKTa.
1I0JIY'lflB'b T01JHbIH JlaHHbl.n )l.JIH HalIIlIX'b BbI1JlJCJIeHiH II .n;06I1BIIIUCb paBHo-
B'hci.n, )l.OCTaTO'lHO YCTOH1JIIBaro KaK'b IIPli B-BTp'h. TaIto II B'b cnOlwHHoii aTMO-
clj>ep'h, !llbl C01JJIU B03MOJKHblMo rrpIIcTymITL K'b nocTpoiht'h arrrrapaTa Co MOTOpOlo.
Bna1JaJI'h MbI paCtIllTbIBaJiH a3pOrrJIaH'b Hi:\. rpY3'b Bo 280 RflJIOrp. BRJIlOtla.n
CIO)l.a MaUlHHlIeTa II MOTOp'b Bo 8 JIOllIa)l.IIHbIX'b CIIJI'b. Ho Ha )I.-BJI-B CIIJIa MOTOpa
OKa3aJIaCb 60JIblIIeii, 1JeM'b Mbl IIpC)l.rrOJIaraJIII, 'lTO II03BOJIflJIO HaM'b YBeJIII1JUTb
B'hC'b Ha 70 KIIJIOrp., C)I.-BJIaB'b lIpOtIH-Be RpbIJIb.n II APyri.n qaCTli arrnapaTa.
BbltJepTIITb :hp!>IJIb.n Ha OCHOBaHiu nalIIHX'b Ta6JIfI0 6bIJIO HeTpY)l.HO, a
TaK'b l_aK'b rrporreJIJIepbI IIpCACTaBJI.HJIII rrpOCTbl.fl IIoBepxHocTlI, rrpuBO)l.UMbI.H Bb
BflHTOBoe )I. BIIJIteHie, Mbl C'b 3TOll CTOpOHbI He npC)l.BII)I.-BJIIf HUKaKOH onaCHOCTR.
MbI Ha.n;-B.nJIlICb IIo-npOCTY 3allMCTBOBaTb Y IIlDKeHCpOB'b TeopilO CY)l.OBbIXo BIIHTOB'b
II, no.n;CT11BJW.n B'b IIXo qJOPMYJILI )l.anHbI.n nalIIIIX'b Ta6JIIIII,'J> COnpOTlJBJIeHi.H B03-
)l.yxa, nOJIytIHTb B03MOJItllOCTb BbI1JepTIITb nponeJI.'lepbI, nplfcnoc06JICHlibie Ro Ha-
IIIUM'b Tpe60Bani.nM'L. JIo, HaCKOJIbRO IIlbl ycn'hJIli y6-BJl:IITbC.H, B'b
pacnop.njKeHill Kopa6cJIbHbIX'b IIHJKeHCpOBo IIM-BIOTCH TOJIbKO 3MnlI-
pII'leCKi.n qJOpllIYJIbI pa60TbI BIIHTOB'b, Talto 'lTO TO'lHOe )I.'l>llcTBie
npOIIeJIJIepOB'b, HCCMOTp.n HaB'hItOBOe rrpIfM'l>lleHie IfXo,OCTaeTCJI
H e p a 3 r a A a H H bI III 'b.
He 6Y)l.Y1JII B'b cocTo.nmII npe.n;npllHJlTb )l.JIIIHHbIii pnJl:o npaRTlI1JeCKflX'b onbI-
TOB'b, KOTOpLIii: n03BOJIflJI'b 6bI HaM'b orrpe.n;-BJIIITb IIpOIIeJIJIep'b, IIpliCIIOC06JIeHHblH
R'b HalIIelllY anuapaTY, ML! nOJIaraJIII Hc06xOAIIlIlbIM'b, IICXOA.n II3'b Teopil1 pealtll,iit
BIIHTa, COCTaBIITb ce6'h 60.'I-te IIJIH Men-Be .nCHoe IIpe.n;cTaBJIeHie 0 HeM'b 1I IIO-
.1JYlIUTb B03MOJKHOCTb BbIlIepT1ITb em na oCHoBaHiII O)l.Horo TOJIbRO Bbl1JIICJIem.n.
IIpollIJIO H'hCROJIbRO M'hcnqeB'b, B'b Te'lCHie ROTOpbIX'b MLI OCHOBaTeJIbHO
II3Y'laJIU I,a>liAYIO lIaCTh 3a.n;a1JII, II JIIIlIlb TOr)l.a Mbl CTaJlII y.nCH.nTb ce6t BC'h
3.neMCHTbl COIIpOTIIBJICHin B03Ayxa BpaU\aIOIlleMYc.n BliliTY.
XopolIIee A'hHcTBie IIpOIIeJIJIepa He 3aBIICIIT'b O'I'b Toii IIJIII Jl:PYI'OR CIIe-
lI,ia.1bHoH qJOpMbI ero; II a U JI Y 1J III a r 0 nponeJIJIepa Boo6I1C He IOJKeTo 6blTb.
ITpoIIeJIJIep'b, OKa3bl&'tIOru.iiI BLICOI\Oe IIOJIe3HOC )I.-BiiCTBie )l.JIJI O)l.HOll MalIIlJHbl,
MOJKeT'h OIm3aTbCJI COBcplIIeHIIO HCrOJl:HbIM'b )l.JI.n )l.Pyroii.
Tal\lIM'b o6pa30Mo, Bo KaJKAOM'b )l.aHHOM'b cJlY1Ja-B nponeJ1JIep'b rrpflXO;t.llTCJI
ROHCTPYIlpOBaTb oc060, 1JT06bl 0110 y.n;OBJIeTBOpJlJIo clIell,iaJIbHLIM'b Tpc60BaHiJlM'b
TOll MalIlllHbI, )l.JIJI ROTOpOH cro )I.-BJIalO'I'b.
HallIII nepBbIe npOIlCJIJIepbl, CKOHCTpYIIpOBallHble IICRJIlOlIU1'eJIbHO Ha OCHO-
BaHiu BbI1JIICJIeniii, Jl:OC1'aBJIJlJIli HaM'b nOJIe3HyIO pa6OTY, Bo pa3M-Bp'h 660/0
3aTpalIIIBaeMOll 3Hepriii t): Mbl nOJIY1JIIJIII pe3YJIbTa'I'b, npeBOCXO)IJIBlIliii rrO'lTlJ Ha
t /a pe3Y JIb1'aTbI, nOJlYtIeHHbIe JIaHrJICeM'b II MaItCIIIIWM'b.
ITepBble nOJIe1'bI Ha aIInapaT'h C'b M01'OpOM'b 6bIJlII IIpOII3Be)l.ellbl 17 ceH-
1'.n6p.n 1903 rOAa. ITepBblii IJOJIe'I'b )l.JIu.nCJJ 12 CeltYH)I.'b,-npaB)l.a, 01Jellb He)l.OJIrO,
eCJIII cpaBIIII1'b C'b IIOJleTOM'b n1'HII,'b, HO 31'0 6bIJI'b nepBblii CJIYtIaii B'b MipOBOii
IIC1'OpiII, Ror)l.a MaIIlHHa, HecyaJl Ha ce6'h lICJIOB'hRa, nO)l.lUlJIaCb C06CTBeJIHOH
CIIJIOH Ha B03)1.YX'b, Bb CB0(0)l.HOM'b IIOJIeT-t npOIIIJIa II3B-BC1'HOe rop1l30H1'aJIbHOe
pa3CTo.nHie, HIfCROJIbRO He YMeHbllIM CBoeH CIropOC1'H, II, HaKOHeo, cnYC1'HJIacb
Ha 3eMJIIO, HC nOTepn'hBIIIlI IIOBpCJK)l.elIiii. B1'OpOH II 1'perill nOJICTbl 6LIJIli lI'I;CKOJIbKO
t) ,D;PYI'BMB CJIOnaMB, Roacl>cl>BieH1''Io nOJIeaHRI'O ;D;:hiic1'nin panHHJICJl 0,66.

135
npo.n:OJIJKHTeJIbll'he, a 1JCTBepTbIH nO.llen .n:JIUJIC.a yme 59 ceRYH.n:o: "Pli STOIlI'b
no.1JCT'h npoi1)1.ello 6LIJIO npOTlfBo B'hTpa CIfJIOH B'b 8 CCKYIIAO'ICTpOB'b pa3cToHHie
B'b 852 !fIym, u3M'hpcHHoe lIO 3CIIIJI'h.
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- AapOHaBTh-pa6'b B-BTpa!-TaltoBa qJopMYJIa B03.n.yxonJIaBaTeJI.H .n: 0 6paro
CTapam BpellleHII.
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He pa6ml'b B'l;Tpa, a JJ(CJIaJI'b CTaTL "rOCnO,'l,HHOM'b B03.n.yxa".
BpamaJlCb B'b Kpyry aapolIaBToBo BC-BX'L KaTeI'fJpHi, II3Ytla11 HCTOpilD B03){yxo-
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,JI,OCTaTO'IHO CIIJIhHaro .n:BlIraTC.llH. ECJIIJ Bhl npnI-BHIITe napOBYID MamUHY, BaC'b
.n.eT'b Ta JKe ucy.n.atIa, ItaKaJI 1I0CTlIrJla reHiaJIhHarO .iRlIqJqJapa. HeMblCJIIIMO
opaTb B'L rOH.n;OJIY CTOJIb rpOllI03.n;laii allnapaT'b, KaE'b napOBaH lIIallllfHa C'b KOTJIOMo,
C'b 3anacaMII yrJIJI II BO.n;bI.
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6IIpae1'CJI IIpc,'I,IIpiuM1JHBbIii 6pa3HJIl''b:

139
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IIOJl.OJK)]J1Te, IIOKYAa HMl0, 3J1eKTpOTCXllllKaMo, y.n.aCTCH BbIJl.YMaTb 1JTO - HHOy.n.b
6oJl'Be paIUOHaJlbHOC. IIOMHlITC qJOPMYJlY Toro JKe .JKmf>qJapa? B03.n.YXOIIJlaBaHie
CTaneT'b Ha Horn TOJIbKO Tor.n.a, RorAa 6y.n.eT'b CROHCTpyupOBaHa MaWIiHa B-BCOM'b
{''b 60Jlbwie KapMaHHbIe 1JacbI, pa3BnBalOllI.aH cnJlY O.n.HOH napoBoH Jlowa.n.u. He
paHbwe. A HaWlI 3J1CKTpOMOTOpbJ IIoKYJl.a Tpe6YlOT'b B-BCa, 1JYTb JlU lIC R'b CTO
pa30 60Jlbwaro..f--Ho CaHTOC'b-.n;lOMOII'b HC MlIplITC.fl C'b 3TIiM'b lIpllroBopmn..
ECJllI' 11(' ro.n:.flTC.fl napoBbUI 1\IalIIIiHbI, eCJllI lIeJlb3.fl BOCIIOJlb30BaTbC.fl 3J1CRTpO-
MOTopallllI,-TO H-BT'b JIll .n.pyrnxo .n:BlI-
raT(' Jleii?
IIocJI-B.n:nie ro.n:bI .n:eBnTHa.n:aTaro
B"IJKlI ObJJIlI 03HaMCllOBaHbI B03HJIKIIOBe-
HieM'b n CKa30'IHO 6bICTpbIlItD pOCTOM'b
aBToM06u.lbHOH IIpOMbllIIJleHHocTlI. II paB-
.n.a, CCJlIi paBlluTb aBTOMOOlIJlH IIaWnX'b
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CTaHOBnTCH CM-BmllbIlllo TO YBJle'ICllic
aBTO106HJleMo, KOTopoe OT1\I-B'1eHO UCTO-
pielo T-BX'b .n.Hei-i:; HO pa3'b P01UIBWHCb,
aBTOM06IfJlb, IIp1I1\I-BHlIBmill Jl.JlH IIepeJl.Bu-
;I,eBin .n.aBHO H3B'BCTHYlO CIi.1JY OKa3aJl'b
OrpOIl1HOe BJlinHie na IIIeXaIIII'lecKYlO IIpO-
IIlblIlJ.1JeHHOCTb, nOHYJK.n:a.n crpoHTb BCC 60-
JI'he MorY'lie ABI1J'aTeJlII IIIaJlaro B'J;ca.
BCHHlIHOltIOTOpbl Obl.1Ii 3HaROMbl
CaHTocy-.n;lolllOuy: OJlHam.n:bl, B'b ncpBLle
ro.n:bI CBOCro IIpeobIBaHin Bo IIaplIm-B,
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TOCo-)J,IOlllOlI'J. CTOJIJI'b Ha CBOellto, - H
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1\Ia.1J0 Toro: IICIIJ.lTaB'b 6CII3HII0-)IOTOP1, 1I'b ]I.'tJI'I;, CaUTOC'b pa3D HaBcerJUt
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paBlln, '11'0 no)l,'b oo'mOll C'b 1I0POXOMo pan,.IIa)l,LlBaTb IWCTepo! A3pOCTaTo B30l--
nrTC.fI nplI nepHO)lo JKC nOlI1,p:lI'I;...
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mllp.fJIOll\arOC.fI ra3a Ha ooo.1JOql,Y 1I3IIHyrplI npen30ll,l,CT"h H3B"tCTHblll Mat;ClI-
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cOBepllleHHbIlI 110 (Op}'I't, 6M.'I'b C03.;J,aHo miD Bo 1898 ro)l,Y.
81'0 6LIJIo 6aJIJIoJI'b ltIU11H,'I.pllQeCKOH IpOpMLI, IIpaBlIJIhH.tc CRa3aTb-Cnrapo-
06pa3ublll. ITo]l.ommYlo CJ-lJIY }lOC1'aBJIH.10 BO)l,0P0)l,o. 1\I01'upo lIoM"tl.l{a.1cH 111\
1I0.JI.U'tllICHIIOIi I{o 6aJIJIOHY KOp3111.-J3.
H cY)b6"t 6WIO yro.JI.uu, qT06Ll nepBbIli nOJI,oeMo, nepBLlll 6.1UII'b BbIllICJI'I.
KOMUMo. 1I0)l,;'!:anlUIIcL con't1'aMo .fIBUnmJ-lXCH BO MHojJ\ecTB'1; nOCMOTp'B1'b ua nO.1eTh
CTapLIXo H OIILITHLIX'b B03,l.yxoIl.TIaBa1'eJIcii, CaHToco-)1,lmIOHo, BonpCl\J-1 CU6CTBCIl-
JILIMo onacPllimlo, IIPC;UIfJIIIIJl.1J'b IIO)l,'LCMo Co M'l;cTa, Im3aBIlIarocn C)IY omlCHLIM'b.
l1cpe30 JI'l;CKOJIbKO cm,Yll,l,'b rup.JI.O nO,Il.IIHMaBUliill'J1 l!BepX'h a3pOCTaTl. mrtC'c-t C'b C'B-
.JI.OKO},I'b oLI.;n. IIaIlCCCII'b lIup),1ll0m, B'BTpa Ha rpynllY J.epeB)'cBo II 113UpBaIl'b H'b
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TOC1,-.110:lIUHo Bo cnOIlXo MC;llyapaxo.
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IIwceCJI: jl 3aCTanllJI'b pauoTaTb Irl;.lYIO :lIaCCY .1IO,Wll, QmUI a3pOCTaT'h, II 'lepC30
.JI.Ba )l.II.fI Moil B03AYWII),lii Kopa6Jlb 6),1_11, OIlHTh rOTUB1, H'b nYTI.. Ha 3TUT L pa30
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lIa 3111lJlill 3'I'JlX'b a3puCTaTOII'b, a ,.II lIaXO.JI.II_1C.fJ Ha 3:JpocTaT'1; ynpaB.1HmlOr.I1,.
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a:JpocTaTo llJIaBaJIo no B03,I1.YXY B'b CYlI\IIOCTIf, BlICpBbIC, l1 pucKoBaTb nO.J.Hl1-
IlIaTbCJI BblCOKO lIa,Il.o 3NIJIClO 6hlJIO 6C3r:1lblCJICHII0, 6c3Lrno1LHo, naIWIICl\o-
onacllo. nOltp.a a3pOCTaT'b nO)l,IIHlIlaJICJI, 0110 OTJIli'1II0 COXpall.flJIo CBOlO lfJoP1\lY,
lIano.1l1ml 060JIOqKY pa31101l1'BpIl0. IIo BOT'b, lIpHXO,Il.H'fC.fl CIIYCKa'I'bC.II. OiJOJIOql{(J,
nO)l,BcpraCTC.fl 60JIbWOIY )l,aBJIClliIO anlOclfJcpllaro Bos.J.yxa, a Ba¥fpu ra3-L C;ItlI-
MaCTC.fl, IIOqC)IY 060JIOqKa lIaqUBaCT'b IllOp-
lLlHTbCH, 06pa30BI>188Tb CltJIa;J:KH..H IIYCWlIO
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l'apa" CJIOBIIO Ha;via1\II>lBaC'fCJI, 3amOaJICL
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)l,aB'b CMY Hllm H306p'BTaTCJI.fl H OTM'BTHBo HOMCp01\l'b Bo O'l'JIliqic OT'b TOro, Cn
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CTaT'b, IIpe,n:HaSHaqaBllIiiic.!I IIepe.n;BlIraTbCH npll nOMOIll,II KaRHX'b-TO KpbIJIbeB'b...
He1Jero II rOBOpllTb, '1'1'0 IIS'b npe,n:npi.HTiH HlIqCrO He BbIllIJIO: "BOs.n;YllIHbIii
Kopa6JIh" He TOJIbRO He MOI"b BbIcTynlITb npOTIIIfb Bpara, HO Hli pasy He 110](-
HHBllIHCb Bo BOS,n:yX'b Bo06Il1,e, caMo cn-tIlIHO 61>j{{aJIo 110 cyxy npIT npII6.1H-
JKeHili cppaHII,YSOB'b.
B'b 1847 ro,n:y npOHSOllIJIa ncpBaJI Bo Pocciu ItaTacTp04Ja C'b a3poHaBTml'b.
H1>mo JIe.n;e, CblHo 6aJIeTHarO TaHlI,OBIII,HKa II CMlo TaHII,OBIII,HRo, IIpe;t:nplllUlBo
80 ITeTep6yr-t nOJIeT'b Ha llIap1>, 6bIJIo saHeCeH'h B-tTPOMo B'h JIa,'l,Oj[\CKoe osepo,
r,!l,-t II 1I0ruO'h.

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Cpe}!,II MUOrIIX'b YBl'l"l'.1I1Te.1bHbIXo nOJIeTOB'b }!,aJIJ.H-ElllIIarO BpeMeHII Ha;'l:O
BLI}!,t.lllTb nOJICTbl Co IIaY1JHOii 11, 13.1LIO, IIpe}!,IIpIlH.H'fble l\I. \. PbIKa1JeBf,JM'b; O}!,HHo
TaI\Oll nOJICTh OLIJIo COBepIlleHo B'b 1868 r., H }!,Ba }!,pyrie B'b 1873 r., npIl1JeWh
B'b nocJI-B}!,uiii paB'b ObIJI'h I1CnO.lb30BaH'b a3poCTaT'b ".iIlOJIL-<I>aBp'b", IJpmJa}!,.!le-
jl\aIll,ili <vpaHlI,Y3Y DIOUeJIb. Ilo.'leTLI 3Tn OUJIII YJJ:a'JHo HCIJO.'Jb30BaIIhI H }!,a.11I
xopoIlJiH HaplHLIii lIIaTepb1I.n.
EIlI,c paHbIlle, mleHIIO Bo 18G6 ro}!,y,- I10CJI-B Ol\OH'JaHi.H c1JBepO-aMcpn-
KaHcKoii BOMHbI (1861-1865 r.), r}!,"t npllllrtllJIJIIICL B03}!,YIllHbIe IllapLI,-no
I1Jl1Iu,iaTHB'B reHCpaJIa TO'I'.lcocHa B'h BoeIIHOMo MHHHcTepcTB"t 6bIJIa 06pa30Balla.
ROlIIHCci.H I13'b 04mll,epoB'L HHiKeHepHI.IX'r., apTlIJIJIepiiicItllX'b H reHCpaJiLHarO IIITa6a.
.1I:JI.H BbI.HCHCHi.H Bonpoca 0 npIlIll"tlwHilI a3pOCTaTOBD K'b BoeHHoMY .nj>JIY. IIo
npocYIHC!'TBOnaB'b OKOJIO }!,CC.HTII Jl1>T'b, 3Ta KOMHCci.H HlillerO He BLlpa60TaJIa,
1"ilIt'b 1JTO Bo BOllH"t cd TYPll,icii Pyc-
CEa.H apMi.H 6LIJIa Oe3'b a3poCTaToBo.
TOJIbIW CJI'l>}!,YIOIlI,aJ1 TOIlKIIHcKan
ItaMnaHin (1884 r.) BHOBb oopaTllJIa
BIIHMaHie Ha He06xo}!,HMOCTb BItJIIO'Ieliin
"B03.11:YIllllOii OTpaCJIH" Bo BoeHlloe }!,"t.
JlO, T-ElIfb oOJI'.f:;e, 'ITO B'b aTO JKe BpeM.H
1I3'b <l>paHlI,iu CTaJIH }!,OXO}!,HTb 1I3B"tCTi.H
OO'b ycn"tIllHbIX'b nOJIeTaX'b }!,HpIlJ!m6J1JI
PCHapa II Kpe6ca. Pacnop.HJKeHieI'b
BocHIIaro lIlllIIHcTpa BaHHoBCKaro Bo
}!,eKa6p"t 1884 r. OblJIa oopaaoBaHa HO-
Ba.H KOMIICci.H "no npIlllI"tHeHito B03,il.Y-
:\:on.'lasaHi.H, rOJIy6IIJloll n01JTLI II CTOpO-
;!(eBbIXo BbIIlJCK'b Ito BOeHHLIM'b lI,t-
.amlo". Pe3YJIbTaTOMo paooTb KOMIIC-
'.:in .HBHJIOCb C<VOpMlipoBaHic 15 4JeBpaJI.H
1&85 ro}!,a Ka}!,poBoii BOB}!,yxOIIJIaBaTeJlb-
Hon KOlllaH}!,bI Bo COCTaB-B O}!,Horo olfJn-
lI,cpa, }!,nyx-b YHTep'b - oqmn.epOB'b II
:W P.H.lI.OBLIXo - HBo JlIIJKIUlX'b 1JIIHOBo
}'1JeOHOH raJIbBaHII'lecKoH pOTbl. IIa-
1JaJIhJlHK'b KOMaH}!,w, nopY1JIIK'b hO-
BaIlbRO, OLIJI'b KOMaH}!,lIpOBaHo TOH JKe BCCIIOll: B.a rpallllll,y }!,JIn 03HaKmfJICHi.H cD
.JI."t.'lml'b Ii }!,JI.H npi06p"tTeHi.H a3pOCTa'rOB'b. B'b lloJI"t B03}!,yxOnJIaBaTeJIbHOii
KOMaH;J:-B, nonOJIHCHHOii eIll,e TpCM.H O<VlIlI,Cp11MH, ObIJIO OTBe;J:eHO oo.'lbIllOe lIl-BCTO
Ha Bo.mOBOlIfo nOJI"t; KOMaH.1I:a IIpllH.HJIa }!,Ba npll6bIBIlJie H30-3a rpaHIIn.bI a3po-
CTaTa "OpeJI'b" II "COKOJl'b" (ellIKOCTblO IIO 1.000 m 3 ) II IIpllCTymlJla Ko cBoeii
HOBOii CJIYJ!.o"t. BoeHHbIH lIlIIHIICTpo BaIIIIOBcKiii IIepBblii IIOKa3aJIo IIpllMtp'h,
,,'1'1'0 II H11 BOB}!,YX"t MOJKHO CJIYJKHTL n.aplO H OTe'IeCTBY"-lmIto OHo BbIpa3HJiC.H
11 anryC'ra, ca}!,.HCb B'b KOP3llHY aapOCTaTa "COKOJI'b", BnepBbIe nO}!,H.HTaI'O Hr,
RaHaT-E. IIOCJI'B MHOrHX'b nO}!,'beMOBo npHB.H3J1bIlllo CllOCOOOI'b, 6-1'0 HO.HOp.H Toro
,)hC 1885 ro}!,a COCTO.HJIC.H nepBLIn cB060}!,HbIH nOJIe'J"b. B'b KOTOpOMo npmIllMaJIH
Y1JacTic nopY'HU\'b KOBaHbKo, nO}!,IIOpY'IIIKo TPOlfJlIlIlOBo H HHoCTpaHell,'b pY}!,OJIb4JH.
COBCpIllllBIlliii paHbIllc B'b POCCill lImoro IIOJICTOBo. Bo 1887 ro}!,y KOMaH}!,a OLIJIa
npe06paBuBaHa B'b .,napI{'b". Bo 1888 ro.JI:Y KOlIIaH}!,UPOMo naplta 6LIJIo Ha3Ha-
'leHo nopY1JIIK'b A. )1. KOBaUbKO, KOTOpbIll II }!,O CIIXo IIOpo CTOIlTb BO rJIaB-B
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Bo 1590 ro.1l:Y, KaiKJJ:LIii ro.1l:'b Ito uapKI npnKOMaIl,!I.HpOBLIBa.10cL }!,JI.H npoxoJK}!,eHi.1l
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nOCTHbUI nos,n:yxOn.laBaTCJIbHbT.H OT,D;i>JICHifl" (UO BOCbMlI I_pi>noCT.HX'h).
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HYID OTpaCJlb npIlM'lmelli.H K'b JKII3HeHHI,Ulo nOTpct5HOCT.fnI'h.
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.nllpHJKa6JIJI KOC'fOBFllfa, Sa.HBJICHllbIH ce B'b KOHIi> 80-xo rO,D;OBo, T. e. BCKOp'l;
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,n:o )LlIpIlJIlat5J1n, TO lla nocTpoiiKY ero t5blJIa oTnyeHa Bo pa3Hoe BpeM.H npaBHTCJIb-
CTBeHHan cy6CIIJti.H Bo pa3:\I-Bp-B ,n:o 150.000 Py6J1eii, 1I0 Cpe,D;cTBb a1'lIXo OKa-
3aJIOCb HC,D;OCT3T01J:HO (no paclfeTY KOHCTpYKTopa 1'pe60Ba.locb eIIe 400.000 p.),
II nOTolllY pa60TbI SaKOH'JeHbI He 6bIJIH. BOTh ocot5eHHocTli aapocTam "pyccKaro
l(cnncJIlma". 0t50JIO'IKa, clIrapoBn,n:Hoii <pOp:\lbI, ,n:OJIilma 6blJIa HM-B'fb eMKOCTL B'b
5.000m 3 , npH ,n:JIHII't Bo 30 CaiIWH'h II Hallt5o.TIbllie!tlo nOnepe1JHIIK-t B'b 6 CaiK.eH'b;
6eH3I1HOBbllr: MOTOpo B'b HO-IOOHP ,D;OJI.iKeHo 6bIJI'b npIlBO.ILHTb BO BpacHie
BlIHTLI, paCnOJIOJIWHIIbIe no OCli 060.101Jlm. MaTCpb.HJIo 1J;JI.H nocJI-t,n:Heii I1pe;'l:I1a-
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KOCTb IItaTepb.HJIa, no paClfeTaIlI'b IWHCTpYKTopa, ,D;aeT'b aapOCTaTY IIlepTBblH B.tco
J1l1llib OKOJIO 50% Bceii ero nO,D;oeMHOii CIIJIbI, TaIto llTO Ha ,D;OJIIO nOJIe3UOH
HarpY3I>lI OCmCTe.H t5o.'I-Be 150 nY,D;OBo (y "l(eIlueJ1I1110Bo" upn 15.000 m 3
e:\IKOCTli B-BCo nOJIe3HOll HarpysKII COCTaBJI.HCTo 120 UY;I:OB'b).
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call1Ou cyecTBeHHoii sa,D;alfll aapocTaTIIKII-yperyJIlIpOBaHie 1I0CTO.HHHOH nOJ!.1>-
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6y.n:eTo nO)I,)I,cpJKlIJJaTbC1I nOCToflHHOH, nYTeMo 60JILIlJaro lIJlll )leHLiliaro nO)l,orp1J-
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Ilo,'J:1>eMnOH CIIJI1J) KOJIIl'leCTBa ra3a,-TO He 6y.n:eTo HIUWKIIX'h npIllJHllo Ito uapy-
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aTIIX'b C006pa.iI\CHiIl, TCopcTlI'1eCKH 6e3ycJIoBHO npaBIlJIbHblXo, .QiOJIKOBCKiiI npo-
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no npe)l,JIo.meHiJIMo, 1I0cTynaBllIlIM'h I13"L-3a rpaUlIlI,LI.
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